f 


ACCENT. 


121.  Words  ending  in  acal  and  ical  hare  the  accent  on  the  ante- 
penultimate syllable  ; as,  heliacal,  alphabet' ical,  j anal' ical,  geo- 
graphical, poet' ical,  &c.  In  words  of  this  termination,  the  vowels 
in  the  accented  syllables,  if  followed  by  a consonant,  are  short,  ex- 
cept v,  which  is  long  ; as,  cu'bical,  mu' steal,  scorbu'lical. 

122.  Words  ending  in  ic  generally  have  the  accent  on  the  penulti- 
mate syllable ; as,  algebra' ic,  metallic,  epidem'ic,  scientific,  harmon'- 
ie,  par  alyl'  ic.  If  a consonant  immediately  precedes  the  i,  the  vowels 
in  the  accented  syllable  are  short,  except  the  vowel  it,  which  is  long,  if 
it  is  followed  by  a single  consonant;  as,  client' bic,  scorbu'tic,  sulpha' - 
ric,  telly' ric,  &c.  But  i£  u is  followed  by  two  consonants,  it  is  some- 
times shoit;  'As*  fit  s' tic,  rus'tic;  and  sometimes  long ; as,  ru'bric,  lu!- 
bric.  . The  following  words,  which  are  exceptions  to  this  rule,  have  the 
accent  on  the  antepenultimate  syllable : ar'scnic  (as  a noun),  arith- 
metic, bishopric,  catholic,  choleric,  ephem'eric,  hcr'eiic,  lu’natic, 
politic,  rhetoric,  and  tur'meric.  The  following  words,  climacteric, 
empiric,  phlegmatic,  plethoric,  splenetic,  according  to  •some  ortlio- 
epists,  are  conformed  to  the  rule,  and,  according  to  others,  they  are 
exceptions  to  it.  (See  these  words  in  the  Dictionary.) 

123.  Words  of  three  or  more  syllables,  ending  in  cal,  have  their 
accent  on  the  antepenultimate  syllable;  as.  bo' real,  corpo'real,  incor- 

‘ — po'real,  cu'neal,  empyr'eal,  cthe'real,  funereal  homage' neal , lietero- 
f - ge'neal,  lac' teal,  lin'eal,  or' deal ; except  hymene'ol,  which  has  the 
penultimate  accent. 

rrl  124.  Of  words  ending  in  can,  the  following,  being  conformed  to 
the  English  analogy,  have  the  accent  on  the  antepenultimate  sylla- 
ble : cerbe'rean,  cern'lean,  hyperbo'rean,  Ilercu'lean,  marYno'reau, 
vied i terra' man,  subterra' nean,  Tartarean  ; but  the  following  are  pro- 
nounced by  the  principal  orthoepists,  in  accordance  with  the  best 
usage,  with  the  accent  on  the  penultimate  : adamante'  an,  antipodet- 
an,  Atlanta' an,  colosse'an,  empyrdan,  Epicure' an,  Europe' an,  htjmc- 
ne'an,  pygme'an.  With  regard  to  European,  Walker  remarks  as 
follows  : “ This  word,  according  to  the  analogy  of  our  own  language, 
ought  certainly  to  have  the  accent  on  the  second  syllable ; and  this 
is  the  pronunciation  which  unlettered  speakers  constantly  adopt ; but 
the  learned,  ashamed  of  the  analogies  of  their  own  tongue,  always 
place  the  accent  on  the  third  syllable,  because  Europeans  has  the 
penultimate  long,  and  is  therefore  accented  in  Latin.  Epicurean  has 
the  accent  on  the  same  syllable,  by  the  same  rule ; while  herculean 
and  cerulean  submit  to  English  analogy,  and  have  their  accent  on  the 
second  syllable,  because  their  penultimate  in  Latin  is  short.” 

125.  Words  ending  in  hide,  efy,  ify,  ety,  ity,  graphy,  logy,  loquy, 
athy,  metry,  tomy,  mefer,  gonal,  jluous,  fluent,  and  porous,  have  their 
accent  on  the  antepenultimate ; as,  fortitude,  rar'efy,  diversify, 
variety,  liberality,  geog'raphy,  geology,  soliloquy,  sym'pathy, 
gcom'etry,  anatomy,  baront eter,  diag'onal,  superfluous,  affluent, 
omp'arous. 

126.  Words  of  three  or  more  syllables,  ending  in  idons,  inons, 
erous,  and  orous,  have  the  accent  on  the  antepenultimate ; as,  sed'u- 
lous,  volu'minous,  vociferous,  earnin'  orous ; except  cano'rous  and 
sono'rous,  which  have  the  accent  on  the  penultimate. 

127.  Words  of  three  or  more  syllables,  ending  in  alive,  have  the 
' accent  on  the  antepenultimate,  or  on  the  preceding  syllable ; as,  rel'- 
- alive,  appellative,  commit' nicative,  spec' illative.  The  only  exceptions 

are  crea'tioe,  colla'tive,  dila'tive. 

128.  Words  ending  in  tive,  preceded  by  a consonant,  have  the 
accent  on  the  penultimate;  as,  attract  tive,  invec'tive,  presump't&ve; 
except  adjective  and  substantive. 

129.  There  is  a class  of  adjectives  ending  in  ose,  as,  acrlosc,  adi- 
pose,anhclose,  operose,  &c.,  with  respect  to  which  there  is  much  di- 
versity among  orthoepists  in  relation  to  placing  the  principal  accent. 


Walker  says,  “ From  the  decided  prevalence  of  the  accent  on 
last  syllable  of  these  words,  we  may  easily  guess  at  the  analogy 
pronunciation,  and,  with  very  little  hesitation,  determine  that  the  a 
cent  ought  to  be  placed  on  the  last  syllable  of  them  all.”  Smart 
however,  and  some  other  respectable  orthoepists,  place  the  primary 
accent  of  a great  part  of  this  class  of  words  on  the  first,  or  antepe- 
nultimate syllable.  But,  with  respect  to  most  of  these  words  the 
primary  and  secondary  accents  are  so  nearly  equal,  that  it  is  of  little 
importance  whether  the  primary  accent  is  placed  on  the  last  or  on 
the  first,  or  antepenultimate  syllable;  that  is,  whether  the  follow- 
ing words  are  noted  thus,  dd-i-posd,  dn-he-lose,'  bp-e-rosd ; or  thus, 
ad'i-pose,  an'he-lose,  op'c-rose.  A few  of  these  words  are  errone; 
ously  pronounced  by  some  orthoepists  with  the  accent  on  the  penul- 
timate syllable  ; as,  a-ce'tose.  ' 


130.  There  is  a class  of  words  ending  in  or,  which,  when  used,  in 
law  language,  in  connection  with  their  correlative  terms,  have  the  ac- 
cent on  the  last  syllable.  The  following  words,  with  their  correla- 
tives, are  of  this  class : — 


Appellor 

Assignor 

Bargainor 

Consignor 

Devisor- 

Donor 


appellee 

assignee 

bargainee 

consignee 

devisee 

donee 


Grantor 

Guarantor 

Legator 

Mortgageor 

Obligor 

Recognizor 


grantee 

guarantee 

legatee 

mortgagee 

obligee 

recognizee 


Some  of  these  words,  when  not  used  in  immediate  connection  with 
the  correlative  word,  do  not  have  the  accent  on  the  last  syllable ; as, 
! devisor,  do'nor. 

The  reference  of  one  word  to  another,  in  a sentence,  sometimes 
changes  the  usual  seat  of  the  accent.  Thus  we  say,  To  give  and 
for' give;  we  compare  probability  and  plan sibil ity.  “He  must 
in' crease,  but  I must  del crease.” 

Poets  sometimes  take  the  liberty  to  place  the  accent  on  a syllable 
on  which  it  is  not  placed  by  common  usage. 

Last  tile  bright  consummate  flower 
Spirits  oclo'rous  breathes.  Milton. 

Our  nation  reads  the  written  word, 

That  book  of  life,  that  sure  record'.  Watts. 


131.  The  following  words  form  a class  of  botanical  terms  encline 

J o 

in  phyllous  (from  cpMor,  a leaf),  which  are  of  recent  introduction 
into  the  language ; ahd  in  most  of  the  pronouncing  dictionaries  they 
are  not  to  be  found. 


Adenophyllous 

Anthophyllous 

Aphyllous 

Caryophyllous 

Coleophyllous 

Decaphyllous 

Diphyllous 


Endecaphyllous 

Endophyllous 

Epiphyllous 

Exophyllous 

Gantophyllous 

Hcptaphyllous 

Heterophyllous 


Hexaphyllous 

Hypophyllous 

Macrophyllous 

Microphyllous 

Monophyllous 

Myriophyllous 


Pcntaphyllous 

Polyphyllous 

Quadriphyllous 

Rhizophyllous 

Tetraphyllous 

Triphyllous 


With  respect  to  placing  the  accent,  it  is  evident  that  all  these  words 
should  be  conformed  to  one  rule ; and  that  they  should  all  have  the 
accent  either  on  the  penultimate  or  the  antepenultimate  syllable.  But 
with  respect  to  the  pronunciation  of  such  of  them  as  are  found  in  the 
dictionaries,  there  is  a great  want  of  uniformity  and  consistency. 
With  respect  to  words  thus  formed,  and  derived  from  the  Greek, 
analogy  would  seem  to  require  the  accent  to  be  placed  on  the  penul- 
timate syllable  : but  there  is  a strong  tendency  in  English  pronuncia- 
tion to  throw  the  accent  farther  hack ; and  this  tendency  has  pre- 
vailed, with  those  lexicographers  who  have  given  the  pronuncia- 
tion of  any  of  these  words,  in  the  proportion  of  about  two  to  one. 
Walker  has  not  given  any  one  of  these  words  in  liis  Pronouncing 


XXI 


PRINCIPLES  OF  PRONUNCIATION. 


I 


Dictionary;  but  he  has  inserted  quadripTnjllous,  in  his  Rhyming 
D/ctionary,  with  the  accent  on  the  antepenultimate;  thus,  quadriph'- 
y/lous.  Smart,  who  is  the  most  eminent  orthoepist  whose  authority 
/an  be  made  use  of  in  relation  to  any  number  of  these  words,  has  given 
the  pronunciation  of  thirteen  of  them,  placing  the  accent  on  the  penul- 
timate syllable  of  seven,  and  on  the  antepenultimate  syllable  of  six ; 
so  that  his  authority  is  completely  neutralized. 

The  following  table  exhibits  the  number  of  these  words  found 
in  several  of  the  recent  dictionaries.  The  first  column  exhibits 


the  number  of  words  found  in  each  dictionary;  the  second,  the 
number  having  the  antepenultimate  accent;  and  the  third,  the  num- 
ber having  the  penultimate  accent. 


JVo.  Words. 

Antcp. 

Pen. 

JVo. 

Words. 

Antep. 

Pen. 

Knowles,  9 

9 

0 

Maunder, 

n 

10 

1 

Smart,  13 

6 

7 

Boag, 

10 

8 

2 

Craig,  16 

9 

7 

Clarke, 

14 

6 

8 

Ogilvie,  12 

6 

6 

Webster, 

10 

9 

1 

ORTHOEPY  AND  ORTHOEPISTS. 


132.  The  pronunciation  of  the  English  language,  like  that  of  all 
living  languages,  is  in  a great  measure  arbitrary.  It  is  exposed  to 
the  caprices  of  fashion  and  taste.  It  is  liable  to  change  from  one  age 
to  another ; and  it  varies,  more  or  less,  not  only  in  the  different  and 
distantly  separated  countries  in  which  it  is  spoken,  but  also  in  the 
different  divisions  and  districts  of  the  same  country.  No  two  speak- 
ers or  orthoepists,  though  inhabitants  of  the  same  place,  would  be 
likely  to  agree  in  the  pronunciation  of  all  its  words.  The  standard 
of  pronunciation  is  not  the  authority  of  any  dictionary,  or  of  any 
orthoepist;  but  it  is  the  present  usage  of  literary  and  well-bred 
society. 

133.  The  question  may  be  asked,  Where  is  this  standard  to  be 
sought,  or  this. usage  to  be  ascertained  P To  this  it  may  be  answered, 
that  London  is  the  great  metropolis  of  English  literature,  and  that 
it  has  an  incomparably  greater  influence  than  any  other  city  in  giving 
law,  in  relation  to  style  and  pronunciation,  to  the  many  millions  who 
write  and  sjieak  the  language.  The  English  orthoepists  naturally 
refer  to  the  usage  of  the  best  society  in  London  as  their  principal 
standard ; but  the  usage  of  good  society  in  that  city  is  not  uniform, 
and  no  two  orthoepists  would  perfectly  agree  with  each  other  in 
attempting  to  exhibit  it. 

134.  It  may  be  further  asked,  How  far  is  it  proper  for  the  people 
of  the  United  States  to  be  guided,  in  their  pronunciation,  by  the 
usage  of  London  P To  this  it  may  be  answered,  that  it  is  advisable 

K-  for  American  writers  and  speakers  to  conform  substantially  to  the 
best  models,  wherever  they  may  be  found ; and  so  long  as  London 
holds  its  rank  as  the  great  metropolis  of  the  literature  of  the  English 
language,  so  long  it  must  have  a predominant  influence  with  respect 
to  writing  and  speaking  it.  If  the  influence  of  the  usage  of  London 
were  discarded,  where  should  we  seek  for  a usage  that  would  be  gen- 
erally acknowledged  as  entitled  to  higher  authority  ? There  is  no 
one  city  in  the  United  States  which  holds  a corresponding  rank  as  a 
centre  of  intelligence  and  fashion,  — no  one  which  is  the  central  and 
undisputed  metropolis  of  Anglo-American  literature,  as  London  is  of 
English  literature.  Pronunciation  in  the  United  States  is,  indeed, 
now  substantially  conformed  to  the  usage  of  London.  The  works  of 
some  of  the  English  orthoepists,  who  have  regarded  the  usage  of 
London  as  their  standard,  have  been  as  generally  circulated  and  used 
in  this  country,  as  they  have  been  in  England ; and  there  is,  undoubt- 
edly, a more  general  conformity  to  London  usage  in  pronunciation 
throughout  the  United  States,  than  there  is  throughout  Great  Britain. 

135.  Although  it  is  not  to  be  questioned,  that,  with  respect  to  the 
many  millions  who  speak  the  English  language,  the  usage  of  London 
is  entitled  to  far  more  weight  than  that  of  any  other  city,  yet  this  is 
not  the  only  thing  to  be  observed.  The  usage  of  the  best  society  in 
the  place  or  district  in  which  one  resides  is  not  to  be  disregarded.  If 
our  pronunciation  is  agreeable  to  the  analogy  of  the  language,  and 
conformed  to  the  practice  of  the  best  society  with  which  we  have 


intercourse,  we  may  have  no  sufficient  reason  to  change  it,  though  it 
should  deviate,  more  or  less,  from  the  existing  usage  of  London.  A 
proper  pronunciation  is,  indeed,  a desirable  accomplishment,  and  is 
indicative  of  a correct  taste  and  a good  education ; still  it  ought  to 
be  remembered,  that,  in  speech  as  in  manners,  he  who  is  the  most 
precise  is  often  the  least  pleasing,  and  that  rusticity  is  more  excusa- 
ble than  affectation. 

136.  “For  pronunciation,”  says  Dr.  Johnson,  “the  best  general 
rule  is  to  consider  those  as  the  most  elegant  speakers  who  deviate 
least  from  the  written  words.”  There  are  many  words  of  which  the 
pronunciation  in  England  is,  at  present,  better  conformed  to  the  spell- 
ing than  it  was  formerly ; and  the  principle  of  conformity  of  the  man- 
ner of  writing  to  that  of  speaking  the  language  has  been  carried 
somewhat  farther  in  the  United  States  than  in  England.  This  is  a 
principle  which  seems  worthy  of  being  encouraged,  rather  than 
checked.  With  respect  to  the  want  of  conformity  of  the  pronuncia- 
tion of  words  to  their  orthography,  Smart  says,  “ Fortunately,  the 
number  of  these  anomalies  is  daily  decreasing,  so  that  many  words, 
which,  in  Walker’s  Dictionary,  are  marked  as  haring  a customary 
irregular  pronunciation,  appear  in  this  with  their  regular  sounds,  and 
yet  with  usage  in  their  favor.” 

137.  Much  ingenuity  and  labor  have  been  employed  by  various 
orthoepists  in  their  efforts  to  settle  the  pronunciation  of  the  language  ; 
and  different  systems  of  notation  for  designating  the  sounds  of  the  let- 
ters have  been  adopted.  But  it  has  been  found  difficult  to  form  such 
a system  as  will  correctly  represent  all  the  various  sounds  of  the  let- 
ters, and  not  be  liable  to  mistake ; and  if  such  a system  were  formed, 
it  would  be  a difficult  and  delicate  matter  to  make  a correct  applica- 
tion of  it  to  all  cases.  The  language,  as  it  respects  pronunciation,  has 
many  irregularities,  which  cannot  be  subjected  to  any  general  rules ; 
and  with  regard  to  the  pronunciation  of  particular  words,  the  instances 
are  numerous  in  relation  to  which  there  is  a disagreement  among  the 
best  orthoepists. 

138.  In  the  preparation  of  this  work,  PRONUNCIATION  has  been 
made  a special  object,  and  has  received  particular  attention.  A prom- 
inent feature  in  the  plan  consists  in  the  exhibition  of  authorities 
respecting  words  of  various,  doubtful,  or  disputed  pronunciation ; and 
this  work  is  so  constructed  as  to  exhibit,  with  respect  to  all  this  class 
of  words,  for  which  a pronouncing  dictionary  is  chiefly  wanted,  the 
modes  in  which  they  are  pronounced  by  all  the  most  eminent  English 
orthoepists.  The  number  of  primitive  words  respecting  which  the 
authorities  are  presented  amounts  to  upwards  of  two  thousand ; and, 
in  addition  to  these,  the  process  here  pursued  also  determines  the  pro- 
nunciation of  a large  number  of  derivatives.  As  the  pronunciation  of 
these  words  is  regulated  by  usage,  and  as  there  is  a great  diversity, 
with  regard  to  them,  both'  among  good  speakers  and  professed  ortho- 
epists, the  exhibition  of  the  different  authorities  seems  to  be  the  most 
satisfactory  method  of  treating  them. 


ORTHOEPY  AND  ORTHOEPISTS. 


\N 

139.  The  following  table  exhibits  the  manner  in  which  the  pronun- 
ciation of  a number  of  words  is  represented  by  Sheridan,  Walker,  J ones, 
Jameson,  Knowles,  and  Smart,  together  with  the  mode  adopted  in  this 
work.  These  several  orthoepists  have  each  his  own  peculiar  system 
of  notation  ; but  as  their  different  methods  of  marking  the  letters  can- 


Sheridan. 

Walker. 

A-bll'i-ty 

a-bil'e-te 

a-bll'y-ty 

a-bll'e-te 

Av'er-age 

av'er-aj 

av' e-raj  e 

av'ur-Idje 

De-lib'er-ate,  v. 

de-lib'  er-at 

de-lib' e-rate 

de-llb' er-ate 

De-lib'er-ate,  a. 

de-lib'  er-at 

de-llb' e-ret 

de-lib'er-ate 

Ed'u-cate 

ed'yu-kat 

ed'u-kate 

ed'ju-kate 

Feat'ure 

fet'yur 

fe'tshiir 

fe'tshure 

Im-pet'u-ous 

im-pet'yu-us 

Im-pet'tu-us 

im-petsh'u-u£ 

In'ter-est,  v. 

In'ter-est 

In'ter-est 

In'ter-est 

In'ter-est,  n. 

in'ter-est 

In'ter-est 

In'ter-est 

In'ti-mate,  v. 

in' t e-mat 

In'ty-mate 

In'te-mate 

In'ti-mate,  a. 

In'te-mat 

In'ty-met 

In'te-mat 

Mod'er-ate,  v. 

mod' er-at 

mod'der-ate 

mod'der-ate 

Mod'er-ate,  a. 

mod' er-at 

mod'der-et 

mod'der.-at 

Nat'u-ral 

nat'yu-ral 

nat'tshur-el 

nat'tshu-ral 

Nat'ure 

nat'yur 

na'tshur 

na'tshure 

O-be'di-ent 

o-be'de-ent 

o-be'dzhSnt 

o-be'je-ent 

Virt'u-ous 

virt'yu-us 

ver'tshu-us 

ver'tshu-us 

140.  In  relation  to  all  the  words  here  exhibited,  these  orthoepists 
agree  with  respect  to  two  of  the  most  important  points  in  the  pro- 
nunciation of  words,  namely,  the  syllable  on  which  the  accent  is  to 
be  placed,  and  the  quantity  of  the  vowel  in  the  accented  syllable. 
Though,  with  regard  to  the  modes  of  representing  the  pronunciation 
of  most  of  these  words,  there  is  a considerable  diversity,  yet  it  is  doubt- 
less true  that  the  pronunciation  intended  to 'be  expressed  differs,  in 
reality,  much  less  than  it  would  seem  to  do ; and  that,  in  numerous 
instances,  these  orthoepists  agreed  much  better  in  their  practice  than 
in  their  mode  of  indicating  it. 

141.  There  is  an  obvious  difference  in  the  quantity  and  in  the 
stress  of  voice  with  which  the  last  syllable  of  the  words  deliberate 
and  moderate  are  pronounced,  when  verbs  and  when  adjectives.  All 
these  orthoepists  mark  the  a long  in  the  last  syllable  of  these  words 
when  used  as  verbs ; Jameson  and  Smart  also  mark  it  long  when 
they  are  adjectives  ; Walker  shortens  the  a in  the  adjective  moder- 
ate ; Sheridan  changes  the  a in  both  of  the  words,  when  adjectives, 
into  short  e.  But  there  seems  to  be  no  advantage  in  changing  the 
letter  in  such  cases.  It  is  but  slightly  pronounced,  and  has  not  the 
distinct  sound  of  either  short  e,  or  short  or  long  a ; and,  with  respect 
to  most  of  the  instances  in  which  the  vowels  in  this  Dictionary  have  a 
dot  placed  under  them,  they  are  so  slightly  pronounced,  that  to  mark 
them  with  a distinct  sound,  either  long  or  short,  would  tend  rather 
to  mislead  than  to  assist  in  pronouncing  them.  If  the  syllables  on 
which  the  primary  and  secondary  accents  fall,  are  correctly  pro- 
nounced, the  comparatively  indistinct  syllables  will  naturally  be  pro- 
nounced right. 

142.  With  respect  to  words  variously  pronounced,  Walker  says, 
“ The  only  method  of  knowing  the  extent  of  custom,  in  these  cases, 
seems  to  be  an  inspection  of  those  dictionaries  which  professedly 
treat  of  pronunciation.  We  have  now  so  many  works  of  this  kind, 
that  the  general  current  of  custom,  with  respect  to  the  sound  of 
words,  may  be  collected  from  them  with  almost  as  much  certainty 
as  the  general  sense  of  words  from  Johnson.  An  exhibition  of  the 
opinions  of  orthoepists  about  the  sound  of  words  always  appeared  to 
me  a very  rational  method  of  determining  what  is  called  custom. 
This  method  I have  adopted.”  The  method  thus  countenanced  by 
Walker  has  been  carried  out  in  this  Dictionary  much  more  thoroughly 
than  he  had  the  means  of  doing  it,  inasmuch  as  the  greater  part  of 


XXJ11 

V 

not  be  here  exhibited  without  much  inconvenience,  and  without  causing 
great  confusion  to  the  reader,  their  respective  modes  of  the  respelling 
of  the  words  are  presented ; and  instead  of  their  marks  on  the  vowels, 
those  employed  in  this  work  are  substituted,  indicating,  in  all  cases, 
the  sounds  of  the  letters  as  given  by  them. 


Jones. 

Jameson. 

Knowles. 

Smart. 

a-bll'y-ty 

a-bil'c-te 

a-bll'It-e 

a-bll'e-te 

av'er-edzh 

av'er-aje 

av'er-ej 

av'er-aje 

de-lib'er-ate 

de-lib'er-ate 

de-llb' er-at' 

de-llb' er-ate 

de-lib'  er-et 

de-lib'er-ate 

de-llb' er-at' 

de-llb' er-ate 

ed'u-kate 

ed'u-kate 

cd'u-kat' 

ed'u-kate 

fe'tshure 

fete'yer 

fet'yur 

fet'ch’oor 

Im-petsh'u-us 

Im-pet'u-us 

Im-pet'u-us 

Im-pet'u-us 

In'ter-est 

In'ter-est 

In'ter-est 

In'ter-est 

In'ter-est 

In'ter-est 

In'ter-est 

In'ter-est 

In'ty-mate 

In'te-mate 

In'tlm-at' 

In'te-mat 

In'ty-met 

In'te-mate 

In'tlm-et 

In'te-mat 

mod'der-ate 

mod'der-ate 

mbd'er-at' 

mod'er-at 

mod'der-et 

mod'der-ate 

mod'er-et 

mod' er-at 

nat'tshu-rul 

nat'u-ral 

nat'yur-al 

nat'ch’oo-ral 

na'tshur 

nate'yur 

nat'yur 

ma'ch’oor 

o-be'dy-ent 

o-be'de-ent 

o-bed'yent 

o-be'de-ent 

ver'tshu-us 

vlr'tu-us 

ver'tu-us 

ver'ch’oo-us 

the  works  which  are  made  use  of,  as  the  principal  authorities,  have 
been  published  since  his  time.  With  respect  to  many  of  these  vari- 
ously pronounced  words,  it  is  difficult  to  decide  what  method  is  to  be 
preferred  ; and  it  is  not  to  be  supposed  that  the  mode  for  which  the 
compiler  has  indicated  a preference  will,  in  all  cases,  be  esteemed 
the  best ; but  when  it  is  not,  the  mode  which  the  reader  may  deem 
preferable  will  be  found  included  within  the  brackets,  and  supported 
by  its  proper  authority. 

143.  Two  modes  of  pronouncing  a word  are,  in  many  instances, 
given,  besides  the  forms  included  within  the  brackets ; and  alterna- 
tives of  this  sort  would  have  been  presented  in  other  cases,  if  different 
modes  had  not  been  cited  from  respectable  authorities.  The  com- 
piler has  not  intended,  in  any  case,  to  give  his  own  sanction  to  a 
form  which  is  not  supported  either  by  usage,  the  authority  of  ortho- 
epists, or  analogy.  He  has,  however,  in  some  instances,  in  defer- 
ence to  the  weight  of  authorities,  given  the  preference  to  a mode, 
which,  in  the  exercise  of  his  own  judgment,  independent  of  the  au- 
thorities, he  would  not  have  preferred  ; for  it  would  be  unreasonable 
for  him  to  make  a conformity  to  his  own  taste,  or  to  the  result  of  his 
own  limited  observation,  a law  to  those  who  may  differ  from  him, 
and  yet  perhaps  agree  with  the  more  common  usage.  But,  though 
it  has  not  been  his  design  to  make  innovations,  or  to  encourage  pro- 
vincial or  American  peculiarities,  yet  he  has  not  always  given  the 
preference  to  the  mode  of  pronunciation  which  is  supported  by  the 
greatest  weight  of  authorities  cited ; and,  where  orthoepists  are 
divided,  he  has  generally  been  inclined  to  countenance  that  mode 
which  is  most  conformable  to  analogy  or  to  orthography. 

144.  In  giving  the  authorities  for  pronunciation  in  this  Dictionary, 
neither  the  respelling  nor  the  notation  of  the  orthoepists  cited  has 
generally  been  exhibited,  as  it  was  necessary  to  reduce  them  all 
to  one  system.  Their  precise  difference  is  not  always  presented 
with  exactness ; yet  the  cases  of  failure  are  not  important.  The 
different  editions  of  the  authors  used  as  authorities  differ  in  various 
instances ; and  it  is  sometimes  impossible  to  ascertain  whether  the 
intention  of  the  writer  has  not  been  frustrated  by  an  error  of  the 
press. 

145.  The  English  authorities  mostJreauently  cited  in  this  volume 
are  Sheridan,  Walker, Terry,  Jones,  Enfield,  Fulton  and  Knight,  Jane 

UiM-**'  l & 


;tiv 


XXIV 


PRINCIPLES  OF  PRONUNCIATION. 


son,  Knowles,  Smart,  Reid,  Craig,  and  Wright,  all  of  whom  are  authors 
of  Pronouncing  Dictionaries.  In  addition  to  these,  various  other 
English  lexicographers  and  orthoepists  are  frequently  brought  forward, 
as  Bailey,  Johnson,  Kenrick,  Ash,  Barclay,  Entick,  Scott,  Ogilvie, 
Boag,  Clarke,  Nares,  and  several  others,  besides  the  distinguished 
American  lexicographer,  Dr.  Webster.  The  edition  of  Webster’s 
Dictionary  made  use  of  is  that  of  1841,  which  is  the  latest  that  was 
published  during  the  life  of  the  author. 

146.  The  different  English  orthoepists,  who  are  made  use  of  as 
authorities,  are  entitled  to  very  different  degrees  of  respect.  There 
is  no  one  of  them  who  has  obtained  a higher  and  more  widely 


extended  reputation  than  Walker;  and  no  one  appears  to  have 
bestowed  longer  and  more  patient  attention  in  studying  the  analogies 
of  the  language,  and  in  ascertaining  the  best  usage.  But  there  has 
been  considerable  change  since  his  time ; and  some  who  have  suc- 
ceeded him  have  corrected  some  of  his  mistakes,  and  made  improve- 
ments on  his  system ; and  they  may,  in  many  cases,  be  considered 
better  guides  as  to  the  present  usage  than  Walker. 

147.  Of  the  successors  of  Walker,  Mr.  Smart  appears  to  have 
given  the  most  careful  and  discriminating  attention  to  the  subject; 
and  he  may  therefore  be  regarded  as  the  best  single  authority  for 
present  usage. 


ORTHOGRAPHY 


REMARKS  ON  ORTHOGRAPHY. 


Before  the  invention  of  the  art  of  printing,  little  attention  was 
paid  to  the  mode  of  spelling  words  either  in  the  Anglo-Saxon  or  the 
English  language  ; and  the  orthography  of  most  of  the  words  being 
wholly  unsettled,  every  writer,  having  no  guide  but  his  own  ear,  was  at 
liberty  to  follow  his  own  fancy  or  judgment.  In  the  writings  of  the 
Anglo-Saxons  and  the  early  English  authors,  almost  all  the  words 
are  spelt  in  more  than  one  way ; and  for  a long  time  subsequent 
to  the  invention  of  the  art  of  printing,  the  orthography  of  the 
English  language  remained  in  a very  unsettled  state.  As  an  illus- 
tration of  this  unsettled  state  nearly  a century  after  this  invention, 
it  may  be  mentioned  that  in  the  translation  of  the  New  Testament  by 
Tyndale,  who  was  distinguished  for  talents  and  learning,  the  pronoun 
it  is  spelt  in  no  less  than  eight  different  ways,  as  follows  : it,  iit,  yt, 
ytt,  hit,  liitt,  hyt,  Tiytt ; and  in  some  cases  four  or  five  of  these  different 
modes  are  to  be  found  in  the  same  chapter. 

The  orthography  of  the  language  has  been  undergoing  continual 
changes  from  the  time  of  its  first  formation  to  the  present  day, 
although  for  a century  or  upwards  it  may  be  regarded  as  having 
assumed  a comparatively  settled  form.  If  we  look  into  books  printed 
in  the  reign  of  Queen  Anne,  we  meet  with  many  words  having  an 
orthography  different  from  that  which  is  now  in  use.  If  we  carry 
our  observation  back  as  far  as  the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  we  find 
the  difference  in  orthography  greatly  increased ; and  when,  in  our 
retrospective  examination,  we  reach  the  age  of  Chaucer  and  Wickliffe, 
we  find  many  words,  which,  though  they  are  words  now  actually  in 
use,  are  so  disguised  in  their  orthographical  form,  and  are  of  so  odd 
and  uncouth  an  appearance,  that  they  can  hardly  be  recognized. 

The  early  productions  of  English  literature  which  are  still  much 
read,  such  as  the  works  of  Bacon,  Hooker,  Shakespeare,  and  the  com- 
mon version  of  the  Bible,  appear  now  in  an  orthography  very  different 
from  that  in  which  they  were  at  first  printed.  The  first  four  verses 
of  the  thirty-second  chapter  of  Deuteronomy,  in  the  first  edition  of  the 
common  version  of  the  Bible,  printed  in  1611,  stand  thus:  “ Giue 
eare,  0 yee  heauens,  and  I will  speake  ; and  heare,  O earth,  the  words 
of  my  mouth.  My  doctrine  shall  drop  as  the  raine ; my  speach  shall 
distill  as  the  deaw,  as  the  smal  raine  vpon  the  tender  herbe,  and  as 
sh.owres  vpon  the  grasse.  Because  I wil  publish  the  Name  of  the 
Lord ; ascribe  yee  greatnesse  vnto  our  God.  He  is  the  rocke,  his 
worke  is  perfect : for  all  his  wayes  are  Iudgement : A God  of  trueth, 
and  without  iniquity,  iust  and  right  is  he.”  In  these  few  fines,  which 
may  be  taken  as  a specimen  of  the  whole,  there  are  twenty-seven 
instances  in  which  the  words  appear  in  an  orthography  different  from 
that  in  which  they  are  now  printed.  It  is  not  uncommon  to  find  the 
same  word  spelt  in  more  ways  than  one  on  the  same  page,  as  is  often 
the  case  with  works  even  of  the  most  distinguished  writers,  printed  in 
the  early  ages  of  English  literature. 

It  is  incumbent  on  a lexicographer,  in  adjusting  the  orthography  of 
the  language,  to  have  regard  to  etymology,  analogy,  and  the  best 
usage  of  his  time  ; and  if  we  examine  the  early  English  dictionaries, 
we  shall  find  that  the  orthography  is  conformed  to  the  general  usage 
of  the  age  in  which  they  were  published.  This  unsettled  state  of 
orthography  has  been  regarded  as  a reproach  to  the  language.  It  is 
an  evil,  however,  which  is  unavoidable,  and  to  which  living  languages 
generally  are  more  or  less  subject.  It  has  arisen  from  the  want  of 

d 


some  fixed  standard,  not  varying  like  usage ; but  such  a standard  it 
is  in  vain  to  seek.  Some  ingenious  men  have  attempted  to  introduce 
a uniformity,  and  establish  an  invariable  standard  ; but  these  attempts 
have  been  attended  with  little  success. 

Dr.  Johnson  says,  in  the  Preface  to  his  Dictionary,  “In  adjusting 
the  orthography , which  has  been  to  this  time  unsettled  and  fortuitous, 
I found  it  necessary  to  distinguish  those  irregularities  that  are  inherent 
in  our  tongue,  and  perhaps  coeval  with  it,  from  others  which  the  igno- 
rance or  negligence  of  later  writers  has  produced.  Every  language 
has  its  anomalies,  which,  though  inconvenient,  and  in  themselves  once 
unnecessary,  must  be  tolerated  among  the  imperfections  of  human 
things,  and  which  required  only  to  be  registered,  that  they  may  not 
be  increased,  and  ascertained,  that  they  may  not  be  confounded ; but 
every  language  has  likewise  its  improprieties  and  absurdities,  which 
it  is  the  duty  of  the  lexicographer  to  correct  and  proscribe.” 

The  Dictionary  of  Johnson  was  first  published  in  1755,  a little  more 
than  one  hundred  years  since ; and  in  reference  to  it,  Mr.  Nares,  in 
his  “Elements  of  Orthoepy,”  published  in  1784,  remarks,  “The 
English  Dictionary  appeared ; and,  as  the  weight  of  truth  and  reason 
is  irresistible,  its  authority  has  nearly  fixed  the  external  form  of  our 
language ; and  from  its  decisions  few  appeals  have  yet  been  made.” 
It  will  be  readily  admitted,  that  no  other  work  ever  had  so  great  an 
influence  on  the  English  language  as  this ; yet  it  is  not  possible  that 
the  work  of  any  man,  or  any  body  of  men,  should  so  fix  the  external 
form  of  the  language  as  to  put  a stop  to  further  alterations.  Johnson 
justly  says,  “ No  dictionary  of  a living  language  ever  can  be  perfect, 
since,  while  it  is  hastening  to  publication,  some  words  are  budding, 
and  some  are  falling  away.”  And  he  also  remarks,  “ The  orthography 
which  I recommend  is  still  controvertible.”  It  is  undoubtedly  true, 
that  there  never  was  so  great  an  influx  of  new  words  into  the  English 
language  during  any  century,  from  the  time  of  its  first  formation 
to  the  time  of  the  first  publication  of  Johnson’s  Dictionary,  as  there 
has  been  during  the  century  that  has  elapsed  since  that  event.  Various 
other  changes  have  taken  place  in  the  language.  Some  words  then 
obsolete  have  been  revived,  some  then  in  use  have  now  become  obso- 
lete, and  many  have  changed  their  orthography. 

In  adjusting  the  orthography  of  this  Dictionary,  much  care  has 
been  taken ; in  doing  it,  attention  has  been  paid  to  etymology,  analogy, 
and  usage  ; and  in  cases  in  which  good  usage  is  divided,  etymology 
and  analogy  have  been  consulted  in  deciding  disputable  points.  But 
no  innovation  has  been  made  with  respect  to  those  cases  hi  which 
usage  is  invariable  and  settled. 

Two  of  the  most  noted  diversities,  with  regard  to  orthograph 
found  in  the  two  classes  of  words  ending  in  ic  or  ick,  and  in  or  or 
our ; as,  music,  public,  or  musick,  publick ; favor,  honor,  or  favour, 
honour . Johnson,  in  accordance  with  the  general,  though  not  invari- 
able, usage  of  his  age,  wrote  these  words  with  the  k or  the  u. 

The  use  of  the  k in  the  former  of  these  two  classes  of  words  was  laid 
aside  by  many  writers  before  the  time  of  Johnson ; and  it  is  omitted 
in  Martin’s  Dictionary,  the  first  edition  of  which  was  published  in  1740. 
Martin  says,  in  his  Preface,  “ In  this  respect  [orthography]  our  diction- 
aries most  certainly  want  reformation  ; for  they  all  retain  the  old  way 
of  writing  technical  words  with  the  redundant  final  k after  c,  as  logick, 
rhetor  ick,  musick,  &c.,  which  later  writers  have  justly  discarded,  and 

(xxv) 


XXVI 


ORTHOGRAPHY. 


more  neatly  write  logic,  rhetoric,  music,  See.  ; and  accordingly  they 
here  stand  in  that  form  in  this  Dictionary.” 

In  a review  of  Johnson’s  Dictionary  given  in  the  “ Monthly  Redew,” 
in  1755,  the  tear  in  which  the  work  was  published,  it  is  said, 
“ Among  these  alterations  [in  orthography]  may  be  reckoned  the 
restoration  of  the  k to  many  words  from  which  modem  writers  have 
generally  banished  it ; particularly  in  the  terms  of  science,  such  as 
conic,  elliptic,  optic,  sudorific,  and  many  more  of  that  sort ; to  all 
which  Mr.  Johnson  adds  a final  k.”  — And  Dr.  Ash,  in  the  Preface 
to  his  Dictionary,  published  in  1775,  says,  “The  final  k,  after  c,  in 
words  derived  from  the  learned  languages,  though  carefully  retained 
by  Johnson  and  other  writers,  has  been  omitted,  in  conformity  with 
modern  custom  and  the  originals.” 

In  the  class  of  words  referred  to,  the  k is  still  retained  in  the  re- 
cent editions  of  Johnson’s  Dictionary;  also  in  the  Dictionaries  of 
Sheridan,  Walker,  Jameson,  Richardson  (his  larger  Dictionary),  and 
some  others  ; but  in  most  of  the  English  dictionaries  which  have  been 
published  since  the  first  publication  of  that  of  Johnson,  it  is  omitted; 
and  "Walker,  although  he  retains  it  in  his  Dictionary,  condemns  the 
use  of  it,  and  observes,  that  “ the  omission  of  it  is  too  general  to  be 
counteracted  even  by  the  authority  of  Johnson.”  The  general  usage 
is  now  so  strongly  in  favor  of  its  omission,  that  there  is  no  longer  any 
good  reason  for  retaining  it  in  the  dictionaries.  It  is,  however,  retained 
in  monosyllables  ; as,  stick,  brick,  lock,  Sec. ; and  in  some  dissyllables  ; 
as,  hillock,  hemlock,  Sec.  The  verbs  to  frolic,  to  mimic,  to  physic,  to 
traffic,  and  to  bivouac,  are  written  without  the  final  k in  the  present 
tense ; but  on  assuming  another  syllable,  in  forming  the  past  tense 
and  participles,  the  k must  be  used  in  order  to  keep  the  c hard  ; as, 
trafficked,  trafficking. 

The  question  with  respect  to  the  insertion  or  the  omission  of  the 
letter  u in  such  words  as  favor,  honor,  or  favour,  honour, — is  attended 
with  much  more  difficulty.  Most  of  the  words  of  this  class  are  originally 
from  the  Latin,  and  are  regarded  as  coming  into  the  English  through 
the  French,  having  the  termination,  in  that  language,  of  cur ; as,  fa- 
veur,  lionneur ; and  this  is  the  reason  assigned  by  Johnson  for  retaining 
the  u.  But  he  is  far  from  being  consistent  in  applying  the  principle ; 
for,  with  respect  to  the  class  of  words  which  have  the  termination  or 
in  Latin,  and  eur  in  French,  he  gives  many  of  them  with  the  u,  and 
many  of  them  without  it. 

The  following  words  are  found  in  Johnson’s  Dictionary  with  the  u 
in  the  last  syllable  : — 


ambassadour 

emperour 

interiour 

saviour 

anteriour 

endeavour 

labour 

splendour 

arbour 

errour 

misbehaviour 

successour 

ardour 

favour 

misdemeanour 

succour 

armour 

fervour 

neighbour 

superiour 

behaviour 

flavour 

odour 

tabour 

candour 

fulgour 

oratour 

tenour 

clamour 

govemour 

ostentatour 

terrour 

clangour 

harbour 

parlour 

tremour 

cognisour 

honour 

possessour 

tumour 

colour 

horrour 

rancour 

valour 

demeanour 

humour 

rigour 

vapour 

dishonour 

inferiour 

rumour 

vigour 

dolour 

intercessour 

savour 

warriour 

The  following  words  are  found  in  Johnson’s  Dictionary  without  the 
u in  the  last  syllable  : — 


actor 

doctor 

languor 

professor 

antecessor 

editor 

lentor 

protector 

assessor 

elector 

lictor 

rector 

auditor 

equator 

liquor 

sculptor 

author 

executor 

manor 

sectator 

captor 

expositor 

mediator 

sector 

censor 

exterior 

mirror 

senator 

collector 

factor 

motor 

senior 

conductor 

gladiator 

pastor 

stupor 

confessor 

inquisitor 

posterior  * 

tailor 

creditor 

inspector 

preceptor 

torpor 

director 

junior 

predecessor 

tutor 

The  same  principle  will  apply  to  the  orthography  of  the  last  syllable 
of  most  of  the  words  in  the  two  lists  ; and  the  inconsistency  will  be 
obvious  by  merely  comparing  the  words  anteriour  and  interiour  (in  the 
former  list),  which  are  written  by  Johnson  with  the  u,  with  posterior 
and  exterior  (in  the  latter),  which  are  written  without  it. 

In  some  of  the  recent  abridgments  of  Johnson’s  Dictionary,  the  u 
is  omitted  in  a part  of  the  words  in  which  he  inserted  it.  Some  of  the 
English  dictionaries  which  have  been  published  since  the  first  publi- 
cation of  Johnson’s,  scrupulously  follow  him  in  retaining  the  u ; yet 
they  do  not  insert  it  in  the  words  in  which  he  omitted  it.  Several  of 
the  English  dictionaries  omit  it  in  all  these  words,  except  most  of  the 
dissyllables  in  the  former  of  the  preceding  lists,  and  the  following 
words,  which  are  not  derived  from  the  Latin ; behaviour,  demeanour, 
endeavour,  enamour,  and  the  derivatives  of  the  words  from  the  Latin,  as 
disfavor,  favorable,  honorable,  Sec.  If  we  turn  from  the  dictionaries 
to  inquire  what  is  the  general  usage  of  those  who  write  the  language, 
we  shall  find  it  in  a very  unsettled  state.  In  the  United  States,  it  is 
the  prevailing,  though  not  the  universal  usage,  to  omit  the  u in  all 
words  of  this  class;  but  “in  England,”  says  Mr.  Smart  (1836),  “ such 
is  not  the  practice  of  the  day,  although  some  years  ago  there  was  a 
great  tendency  towards  it.  The  following,  indeed,  are  inclined  to  the 
Latin  termination,  and  some  of  them  so  decidedly,  that  to  write  them 
with  our  would  incur  the  opinion  of  great  singularity,  if  not  of  fault : 
error,  emperor,  governor,  warrior,  superior,  horror,  tremor,  dolor, 
tumor,  tenor,  clangor,  fidgor,  savor.”  To  these  he  might  have  added 
a number  of  others  with  equal  propriety ; yet  in  England  it  is  the 
prevailing  practice  to  retain  the  u in  most  of  the  dissyllables  in  the 
former  of  the  two  lists,  and  also  in  such  of  the  other  words  as  are 
not  derived  from  the  Latin.  A very  few  writers  have  retained  the  u 
in  the  above  enumerated  words  tvhich  are  not  of  Latin  origin,  and 
omitted  it  in  all  the  others. 

The  eye  is  offended  at  seeing  a word  spelt  in  a manner  to  which 
it  is  unaccustomed ; and  the  eyes  of  most  readers  would  now  be 
offended  at  seeing  emperor,  inferior,  orator,  possessor,  successor, 
and  error  written  with  the  u;  and  those  of  many  are  offended  by 
seeing  favor,  honor,  and  especially  savior  written  without  it.  It 
is  difficult  to  fix  the  limit  for  a partial  omission  ; and  the  rule  which 
entirely  excludes  the  u from  this  class  of  words,  and  which  is  in 
accordance  with  the  prevailing  usage  in  the  United  States,  if  not  the 
most  unexceptionable,  is  the  most  convenient. 


RULES  OF  ORTHOGRAPHY. 


xxvn 


RULES  OF  ORTHOGRAPHY. 


1.  Verbs  of  one  syllable,  endingf  with  a single  consonant,  preceded 
by  a single  vowel  (as  plan),  and  verbs  of  two  or  more  syllables,  ending 
in  the  same  manner,  and  having  the  accent  on  the  last  syllable  (as 
regret),  double  the  final  consonant  of  the  verb  on  assuming  an 
additional  syllable ; as,  plan,  planned ; regret,  regretted ; — but  if  a 
diphthong  precedes  the  last  consonant  (as  in  join),  or  the  accent  is  not 
on  the  last  syllable  (as  in  suffer),  the  consonant  is  not  doubled;  as, 
join, joined;  suffer,  suffered. 

There  is  an  exception  to  the  last  clause  of  the  preceding  rule,  with 
respect  to  most  of  the  verbs  ending  in  the  letter  l,  which,  on  assuming 
an  additional  syllable,  are  allowed,  by  general  usage,  to  double  the  l, 
though  the  accent  is  not  on  the  last  syllable ; as,  travel,  travelling, 
travelled,  traveller ; libel,  libelling,  libelled,  libeller,  libellous.  But 
the  derivatives  of  parallel  are  written  without  doubling  the  final  l ; 
as,  paralleled,  unparalleled.  — The  nouns  petal,  peril,  novel,  and 
viol,  on  assuming  an  additional  syllable,  do  not  double  the  l ; as, 
pctalous,  perilous,  novelist,  violist. 

The  following  list  comprises  the  verbs  ending  in  l,  which,  though 
they  have  not  the  accent  on  the  last  syllable,  yet  commonly  double 
the  final  l : — 


apparel 

dishevel 

handsel 

model 

rival 

bevel 

drivel 

hatchel 

panel 

rowel 

bowel 

duel 

imperil 

parcel 

shovel 

cancel 

embowel 

jewel 

pencil 

shrivel 

carol 

enamel 

kennel 

peril 

snivel 

cavil 

empanel 

label 

pistol 

tassel 

channel 

equal 

level 

pommel 

trammel 

chisel 

gambol 

libel 

quarrel 

travel 

counsel 

gravel 

marshal 

ravel 

tunnel 

cudgel 

grovel 

marvel 

revel 

unravel 

The  derivatives  of  these  verbs  are  spelt,  in  the  Dictionaries  of  Perry 
and  Webster,  wilh  a single  l ; and  this  mode  is  also  more  or  less 
favored  by  the  lexicographers  Ash  and  Walker;  and  although  it 
better  accords  with  the  analogy  of  the  language,  yet  the  prevailing 
usage  is  to  double  the  l. 

2.  Some  words,  having  a secondary  accent  on  the  last  syllable, 
double  the  last  letter  on  assuming  an  additional  syllable.  The  verb 
to  kidnap  always  doubles  the  p on  assuming  an  additional  syllable  ; 
as,  kidnap,  kidnapped,  kidnapping,  kidnapper ; — also  the  following 
words;  compromit,  compr omitted ; carburet,  carburetted ; sulphuret, 
sulphuretted ; — also  various  compound  words ; as,  \alf-wit,  half- 
witted; liare-lip,  hare-lipped,  &c. 

3.  The  verb  to  bias  commonly  doubles  the  s on  assuming  an 
additional  syllable ; as,  biassing,  biassed,  biasser ; as  also  the  verb 
to  worship,  in  like  manner,  commonly  doubles  the  p ; as,  ivorship, 
worshipping,  worshipped,  worshipper. 

4.  There  is  some  diversity  in  usage  with  respect  to  several  other 
verbs  ending  in  p,  which,  although  the  accent  is  not  on  the  last  sylla- 
ble, are  sometimes  allowed  to  double  the  last  consonant,  when  another 
syllable  is  added.  But  the  more  correct  and  regular  mode  is  to  write 
them  without  doubling  the  final  consonant ; as,  gallop,  galloping.  — 
The  derivatives  of  a few  words  ending  in  t are  sometimes  erroneously 
written  with  the  t doubled  ; as,  benefited,  instead  of  benefited ; com- 
batted, instead  of  combated. 

5.  Most  of  the  words  in  the  English  language  which  end  in  ise, 
and  almost  all  which  end  in  ize,  are  verbs ; and  with  regard  to  a 
number  of  these  verbs  there  is  a diversity  in  the  English  dictionaries, 


as  well  as  in  common  usage,  in  relation  to  this  termination,  the  same 
verbs  sometimes  ending  in  ize  and  sometimes  in  ise.  With  regard 
to  this  termination,  the  following  rule  is  generally,  though  not  invari- 
ably, observed : — 

Verbs  derived  from  Greek  verbs  ending  in  t£ w,  and  others  formed 
after  the  same  analogy,  have  the  termination  ize ; as,  agonize, 
characterize;  — but  words  derived  from  the  French  prendre,  have 
the  termination  ise ; as,  apprise,  surprise,  enterprise. 


The  following  list  comprises  most  of  the  English  verbs 
generally  written  with  the  termination  ise  : — 

which  are 

advise 

compromise 

emprise 

misprise 

advertise 

demise 

enfranchise 

premise 

affranchise 

despise 

enterprise 

revise 

apprise 

devise 

exercise 

supervise 

chastise 

disfranchise 

exorcise 

surmise 

circumcise 

comprise 

disguise 

divertise 

franchise 

merchandise 

surjjrise 

In  relation  to  the  following  words,  catechise  or  catechize,  criticise 
or  criticize,  patronise  or  patronize,  recognise  or  recognize,  the  diction- 
aries and  usage  are  divided,  though  the  most  of  the  dictionaries 
give  the  termination  ise  to  these  verbs.  — There  are  other  words  with 
regard  to  which  there  is  a want  of  uniformity  in  usage ; as,  civilize, 
disseize,  epitomize,  patronize,  &c. 

6.  There  are  a few  verbs  which  are  derived  from  nouns  ending  in 
th  hard  or  sharp,  as  in  thin,  and  which  have  e added  to  th,  making 
the  sound  of  th  soft  or  vocal,  as  in  this.  Such  are  the  following : 
from  bath,  bathe  ; from  breath,  breathe ; from  cloth,  clothe ; from 
loath,  loathe;  from  sheath,  sheathe;  from  sooth,  soothe  ; from  swath, 
swathe ; from  wreath,  wreathe  and  inwreatlie ; but  the  following  verbs 
are  commonly  written  without  a final  e,  viz.,  to  beqiieath,  to  mouth , 
and  to  smooth.  — See  Soothe. 

7 . V erbs  ending  in  ie  change  the  ie  into  y,  on  adding  ing ; as, 
die,  dying ; lie,  lying ; tie,  tying ; vie,  vying. 

8.  Verbs  ending  with  a single  e omit  the  e when  ing  is  added;  as, 
place,  placing  ; relate,  relating. 

The  following  words  are  exceptions  : dye  (to  color),  dyeing ; hoe, 
hoeing  ; shoe,  shoeing : — and  when  ing  is  added  to  the  verbs  singe, 
swinge,  and  tinge,  the  e is  properly  retained,  as,  singeing,  swingeing, 
and  tingeing,  in  order  to  distinguish  these  participles  from  singing, 
swinging,  and  tinging. 

9.  All  verbs  ending  in  y,  preceded  by  a consonant,  retain  the  y on 
adding  ing;  as,  spy,  spying;  deny,  denying;  — but  when  ed  is 
added,  the  y is  changed  into  i;  as,  spy,  spied ; deny,  denied;  and 
when  s is  added,  y is  changed  into  ie ; as,  spy,  spies ; deny,  denies. 

10.  Verbs  ending  in  y preceded  by  another  vowel,  on  adding  i j, 
ed,  or  s,  do  not  change  y into  i ; as,  delay,  delaying,  delayed,  delays. 

The  following  words  are  exceptions  : lay,  laid ; pay,  paid ; say, 
said  ; stay,  stayed  or  staid. 

11.  The  greater  part  of  verbal  nouns  end  in  er,  as  from  advertise, 
advertiser ; but  many  of  them  end  in  or,  as  from  imitate,  imitator ; 
from  instruct,  instructor ; and  some  are  seen  in  both  forms,  as  visitor, 
visiter.  — The  verbal  nouns  from  beg  and  lie  are  irregularly  formed 
beggar  and  liar.  From  peddle  the  regular  verbal  noun  would  be 
peddler ; but  the  noun  is  commonly  written  pedler,  and  sometimes 
pedlar.  — See  Pedler. 

12.  There  is  a class  of  words,  ending  in  tre,  as  centre,  metre,  &c., 


ORTHOGRAPHY. 


xxviii 

which  are  by  some  written  center,  meter,  & c. ; but  the  former  mode 
is  supported  by  the  prevailing  usage. 

13.  There  is  a numerous  class  of  English  adjectives  ending  in  able 
or  ible,  amounting  to  nearly  a thousand,  more  than  three  fourths  of 
which  end  in  able.  — A part  of  these  adjectives  are  derived  from  Latin 
adjectives  ending  in  abilis  or  ibilis ; a few  of  them  are  adopted  from 
the  French;  and  many  of  them  are  of  English  growth;  and  these 
are  chiefly  derived  from  verbs,  as  from  allow,  allowable,  from  move, 
movable , sometimes  from  nouns,  as  from  action,  actionable,  from 
peace,  peaceable. 

14.  With  respect  to  the  orthography  of  these  adjectives  which  are 
of  English  origin,  it  is  difficult  to  give  any  general  ride ; and  in  some 
cases  it  is  difficult  to  determine  whether  they  should  end  in  able  or 
ible ; and  in  a few  cases  usage  is  more  or  less  variable ; as,  addible 
or  addable,  conversable  or  conversible,  referrible  or  referable. 

15.  Latin  adjectives  ending  in  abilis  are  derived  from  Latin  verbs  of 
the  first  conjugation;  as,  mut  abilis,  from  muto,  mutare;  and  from 
adjectives  with  this  termination  in  Latin,  are  formed  Engbsh  adjectives 
ending  in  able;  as,  mutable.  — Latin  adjectivesending  in  ibilis  are 
derived  from  verbs  of  the  second,  third,  or  fourth  conjugation;  as, 
docibilis,  from  doceo,  docere ; legibilis,  from  lego,  legere ; audibil'is 
from  audio,  aadire ; and  from  adjectives  with  this  termination  in 
Latin,  are  formed  English  adjectives  ending  in  ible ; as,  docible, 
legible,  audible. 

16.  Derivative  adjectives  ending  in  able  are  written  without  an  e 
before  a ; as  blamable,  movable,  not  blameable,  moveable ; except 
those  of  which  the  primitive  word  ends  in  ce  or  ge ; in  such  the  e is 
retained  to  soften  the  preceding  consonant ; as,  peaceable,  changeable. 

17.  Compound  words,  formed  by  prefixing  a word  or  a syllable  to 
a monosyllable  ending  in  all,  commonly  retain  the  double  l ; as, 
appall,  befall,  bethrall,  downfall,  forestall,  fuzzball,  headstall,  install, 
inthrall,  laystall,  miscall,  overfall,  recall,  saveall,  thumbstall,  ivater- 
fall,  windfall ; but  some  of  these  words  are  very  often,  if  not  more 
commonly,  seen  with  a single  l ; as,  appal,  befal,  bethral,  inthral,  & c. 
— Withal,  therewithal,  and  wherewithal  end  with  a single  l. 

18.  A class  of  other  compound  words  commonly  retain  the  final 
double  l which  is  found  in  the  simple  words  ; as,  bridewell,  downhill, 
uphill,  molehill,  watermill,  windmill,  handmill. — With  respect  to 
foretel,  enrol,  and  unrol,  or  foretell,  enroll,  and  unroll,  the  authorities 
and  usage  are  divided. 

19.  Nouns  of  the  singular  number  ending  in  ey  form  their  plural 
by  adding  s only  to  the  singular ; as,  attorney,  attorneys ; money, 
moneys ; valley,  valleys.  These  plurals  are  often  erroneously  written 
attornies , monies,  and  vallies. 


20.  Nouns  ending  in  o,  preceded  by  another  vowel,  form  their 
plural  by  the  addition  of  s ; as,  cameo,  cameos  ; folio,  folios ; but  if 
the  final  o is  preceded  by  a consonant,  the  plural  is  commonly  formed 
by  adding  es ; as,  cargo,  cargoes.  The  following  nouns,  however, 
canto,  cento,  grotto,  junto,  portico,  rotundo,  salvo,  solo,  tyro,  duo- 
decimo, octavo,  quarto,  and  some  others,  commonly  have  their  plural 
formed  by  the  addition  of  s only  to  the  singular ; as,  canto,  cantos. 
Yet,  with  respect  to  the  plural  of  some  of  these  words,  usage  is  not 
uniform;  as  the  plural  of  quarto,  for  example,  is  sometimes  seen 
written  quartos,  and  sometimes  quartoes. 

21.  There  is  a class  of  words  which  have,  in  their  derivation,  a 
twofold  origin,  from  the  Latin  and  French  languages,  and  are  indiffer- 
ently written  with  the  first  syllable  en  or  in,  the  former  being  derived 
from  the  French,  and  the  latter  from  the  Latin.  With  respect  to 
some  of  these,  it  is  difficult  to  determine  which  form  is  best  supported 
by  usage  ; as,  for  example,  inquire  or  enquire,  insure  or  ensure.  A 
few  of  this  class  of  words  are  found  in  the  following  Vocabulary,  and 
others  are  noticed  in  the  Dictionary. 

22.  There  is  a small  class  of  words  ending  raped,  or  pede  (L.  pes, 
foot) ; as,  biped,  centiped,  milleped,  multiped,  palmiped,  plumipcd, 
quadruped,  soliped,  and  a few  others.  Of  these  words,  biped  and 
quadruped  are  always  written  without  the  final  e,  but  with  respect  to 
the  others,  the  dictionaries  and  usage  are  divided  ; and  although  it 
has  heretofore  been  the  more  common  mode  to  write  most  of  these 
words  with  a final  e,  yet  there  seems  to  be  no  good  reason  why  they 
should  not  all  be  conformed  to  the  same  rule.  — See  Milleped,  and 
Soliped. 

23.  There  is  a class  of  chemical  terms  many  of  which  signify  that 
which  contains  the  essence  of  the  kind,  as  an  extract,  and  which  are 
variously  written  with  the  termination  ine  or  in ; as,  asparagine, 
chlorine,  olivine,  or  asparagin,  chlorin,  olivin;  but  the  prevailing 
usage,  with  respect  to  most  of  these  words,  favors  the  use  of  the  final 
e ; as,  asparagine,  chlorine ; but  tannin  is  written  without  a final  e. 

24.  The  following  words  are  generally  written  without  an  e after 
g;  abridgment,  acknowledgment,  and  judgment ; though  many  write 
them  with  it,  — abridgement,  acknowledgement,  and  judgement,  — 
as  Johnson  and  other  lexicographers  spell  lodgement.  — See  Judg- 
ment. 

25.  In  some  cases,  words  are  so  variously  affected  by  etymology, 
analogy,  and  general  usage,  that  it  is  difficult  to  determine  what 
orthography  is  best  supported ; as,  for  example,  connection  or  con- 
nexion, despatch  or  dispatch,  hinderance  or  hindrance,  jail  or  gaol, 
preterite  or  preterit,  recognizance  or  recognisance,  shew  or  show, 
sceptic  or  skeptic,  thrasli  or  thresh,  and  various  others. 


VOCABULARY  OF  WORDS  OF  DOUBTFUL  OR  VARIOUS  ORTHOGRAPHY. 


The  following  Vocabulary  contains  only  a few  of  the  words  which 
belong  to  the  several  classes  referred  to  in  the  preceding  remarks ; 
but,  with  the  exception  of  these  classes,  it  comprises  nearly  all  the 
English  words  with  regard  to  which  a diversity  of  orthography  is  now 
often  met  with. 

The  orthography  in  the  left-hand  column  is  deemed  to  be  well 
authorized,  and  in  most  cases  preferable ; but  with  respect  to  the 


authority  of  that  in  the  right-hand  column,  there  is  a great  diversity. 
In  some  cases  it  is  nearly  or  quite  as  well  authorized  as  that  on  the 
left  hand,  and  in  some  it  has  but  a very  feeble  support.  Both 
orthogra]ihies  of  some  of  the  words  are  right,  the  words  being  differ- 
ently spelt  when  used  in  different  senses ; as,  draught  or  draft,  forte 
or  fort,  subtle  or  subtile,  abetter  or  abettor,  canvass  or  canvas,  caliber 
or  calibre,  caster  or  castor,  controller  or  comptroller,  &c. 


WORDS  OF  DOUBTFUL  OR  VARIOUS  ORTHOGRAPHY. 


xxix 


1 

Aara 

Abatis 

Abbey 

Abetter,  and 

Abnormal 

Abreuvoir 

Ab  idgment 

Accessary,  and 

Accountant 

Acetimeter 

Ache 

Achieve 

Acknowledgment 
Acronycal  | 

Addible 

Adipocere 

Adjudgment 

Admittible 

Adopter 

Adscititious 

Adulteress 

Advertise 

Advoutry 

Advowee 

Advowson 

Adze 

JEdile  ; see 

./Enigma ; see 

ASolic ; see 

AEolipile ; see 

Aerie 

/Esthetic 

/Esthetics 

/Etiology  ; see 

Atf'eetor 

A fleer 

Affiliate 

Affiliation 

Afraid 

Aghast 

Agriculturist 

Aide-de-camp 

Aisle,  church, 

Ajutage 

Alchemical 

Alchemist 

Alchemy 

Alcoran 

Alexipharmic 

Alkahest 

Alkali 

Allege 

Allocution 

Alloy 

Almacantar 

Almanac 

Almonry 

Alnager 

Alum 

Amassment 

Ambassador 

Ambergris 

Ambs-ace 

Amercement 

Amiability 

Amice 

Amortise 

Anademe 

Ananas 

Anapest 

Anapestic 

Anbury 

Ancestral 

Ancient 

Ancientry 

Andiron 

Anemone 

Angiography 

Angiology 

Angiotomy 

Ankle 

Annotto,  Arnotto 

Antechamber 

Antelope 

Antiemetic 

Apostasy 

Aposteme 

Apothegm 

Appall 

Appalment 


Awm 

Abbatis 

Abby 

Abettor 

Anormal 

Abbreuvoir 

Abridgement 

Accessory 

Accomptant 

Acetometer 

Ake 

Atchieve 

Acknowledgement 

Acronychal 

Acronical 

Add  able 

Adipocire 

Adjudgement 

Admittable 

Adapter 

Ascititious 

Adultress 

Advertize 

Avoutry 

Avowee 

Advowzen 

Adz,  Addice 

Edile 

Enigma 

Eolic 

Eolipile 

Ayry,  Eyry 

Esthetic 

Esthetics 

Etiology 

Attecter 

Affear,  AfFere 

Adfiliate 

Adflliation 

Aft'raid 

Agast 

Agriculturalist 

Aid-de-camp 

Isle 

Adjutage 

Alchymical 

Alehymist 

Alehymy- 

Alkoran 

Alexipharmac 

Alcahest 

Alcali 

Alledge 

Adlocution 

Allay 

Almucantar 

Almanack 

Almry,  Ambry 

Alnagar,  Aulnager 

Allum 

Amasment 

Embassador 

Ambergrise 

Ames-ace 

Amerciament 

Amability 

Amess 

Amortize 

Anadem 

Anana 

Anapaest 

Anapaestic 

Ambury 

Ancestrel 

Antient 

Anchentry 

Handiron 

Anemony 

Angeiography 

Angeiology 

Angeiotomy 

Ancle 

Annotta,  Arnotta 

Antichamber 

Antilope 

Antemetic 

Apostacy 

Apostume 

Apophthegm 

Appal 

Appalement 


Ananave  5 Appanage 

Apanage  ^ Appenage 

Appraise  Apprize 

Appraisement  Apprizement 

Appraiser  Apprizer 

Apprise  Apprize 

Appurtenance  Appertenance 

Apricot  Apricock 

Arbitrament  Arbitrement 


Archaeological 

< Archeological 
? Archaiological 

Archaeology 

i Archeology 
( Archaiology 

Archduchess 

Archil 

Argol 

Arquebuse 

Arrack 

Artisan 

Arvel 

Asbestos,  or 
Ascendency,  or 

Archdutchess 

Orchil 

Argal 

< Arquebus 

^ Harquebuse 
Arack 

Artizan 

Arvil 

Asbestus 

Ascendancy 

Ascendent,  or 

Ascendant 

Askance 

Askaunce 

Askant 

Askaunt 

Askew 

Askue 

Assafoctida 

Asafoctida 

Assize 

Assise 

Assizer 

Assiser 

Assuage 

Asswage 

Athenaeum 

Atheneum 

Auger 

Augre 

Aught 

Ought 

Autocracy 

Autocrasy 

Avoirdupois 

Averdupois 

Awkward 

Aukward 

Awn 

Ane 

Axe 

Ax 

B. 

Baccalaureate 

Baccalaureat 

Bachelor 

Batchelor 

Bade,  from  bid 

Bad 

Balance 

Ballance 

Baldrick 

Bawdrick 

Balk 

Baulk,  Bauk 

Ballister 

Balister 

Baluster 

Banister 

Bandanna 

Bandana 

Bandoleer 

Bandolier 

Bandore 

Pandore 

Bandrol 

Bannerol 

Banian 

Bannian,  Banyan 

Banns 

Bans 

Barbacan 

Barbican 

Barbecue 

Barbacue 

Barberry 

Berberry 

Bark 

Barque 

Barouche 

Barouch 

Baryta 

Baryte 

Barytone 

Baritone 

Basin 

Bason 

Bass,  Mus. 

Base 

Bass-viol 

Base-viol 

Bastinado 

Bastinade 

Bateau 

Batteau 

Battledoor 

Battledore 

Bawble 

Bauble 

Bazaar 

Bazar 

Beadle 

Beadel 

Beaver 

Bever 

Befall 

Befal 

Behoove 

Behove 

Bellflower 

Belflower 

Belligerent 

Belligerant 

Bellman 

Belman 

Bellmetal 

Belmetal 

Bellwether 

Bel  wether 

Benumb 

Benum 

Bequeath 

Bequeathe 

Bergamot 

Burgamot 

Bergander 

Birgander 

Berth,  in  ship 

Birth 

Bestrew 

Bestrow 

Betel 

Betle 

Bevel 

Bevil 

Bezant 

Byzant 

Biassed 

Biased 

Biestings 

( Beastings 
^ Beestings 

Bigoted 

Bigotted 

Bilge 

Bulge 

Billiards 

Balliards 

Billingsgate 

Bilingsgate 

Binnacle 

Binacle,  Bittacle 

Bistre 

Bister 

Bivouac 

Biovac 

Bizantine 

Byzantine 

Blanch 

Blench 

Blende,  {Min.) 

Blend 

Blithely 

Blithly 

Blitheness 

Blithness 

Blithesome 

Blithsome 

Blomary 

Bloomary 

Blouse,  Blowze 

Blowse 

Bodice 

Boddice 

Boil,  a tumor 

Bile 

Bolt 

Boult 

Bombard 

Bumbard 

Bombast 

Bumbast 

Bombazette 

Bombazet 

Bombazine 

< Bombasin 
( Bombasine 

Borage 

Burrage 

Bourgeois 

Burgcois 

Bourn 

Borne 

Bourse 

Burse 

Bouse 

Boose 

Bousy 

Boosy,  Boozy 

Bowlder 

Boulder 

Bowsprit 

Boltsprit 

Brakeman 

Breakman 

Bramin  ) 

t Bracliman 

Brahmin  £ 

? Brahman 

Brawl 

Broil 

Brazen 

Brasen 

Brazier 

Brasier 

Brazil 

Brasil 

Brier 

Briar 

Brokerage 

Brokage,  Brocage 

Bronze 

Bronz 

Brooch 

Broach,  Broche 

Brunette 

Brunet 

Bryony 

Briony 

Buccaneer 

Buccanier 

Buffalo 

Buffaloe 

Buhrstone 

Burrstone 

Bulimy 

Boulimy 

Bumblebee 

Humblebee 

Bunn 

Bun 

Bunyon 

Bunion 

Burden 

Burthen 

Burdensome 

Burthensome 

Burganet 

Burgonet 

Burin 

Burine 

Burlesque 

Burlesk 

Burr 

Bur 

Buzz 

Buz 

By,  n. 

Bye 

Cabob 

c. 

Kabob 

Cacique 

Caesura 

Cag,  or 
Calcareous 

Cazique 

Cesura,  Cesure 
Keg 

Calcarious 

Caldron 

Cauldron 

Calendar 

Kalendar 

Calends 

Kalends 

Caliber,  or 

Calibre 

Calipers 

Callipers 

Caliph 

Calif,  Kaliph 

Calk 

Caulk 

Calligraphy 

Caligraphy 

Calotte 

Callot 

Caloyer 

Kaloyer 

Caltrop 

Calthrop 

Calyx 

Calix 

Cameo 

Camaieu 

Camlet 

Camblet,  Camelet 

Camomile 

Chamomile 

Camphor 

Camphire 

Canal,  Cannel 

Candle,  Kennel 

Cannoneer 

Cannonier 

Canoe 

Canoa 
f Cantiliver 

Cantilever 

< Cantaliver 

C Cantelirer 

Canvas,  and 

Canvass 

Capriole 

Cabriole 

Car 

Carr 

Carabine 

Carbine 

Carabineer 

Carbineer 

Carat 

Caract,  Carrat 

Caravansary  j 

Caravansera 

Caravanserai 

Caravel 

Carvel 

Caraway 

Carraway 

Carcass 

Carcase 

Carle 

Carl 

Carnelian  ^ 

Carnelion 

Cornelian 

Carolytic 

Carolitic 

Cartel 

Chartel 

Cartridge 

Cartrage 

Cassada,  Cassava 

Casava,  Cassavi 

Cassimere 

Kerseymere 

Cassowary 

Cassiowary 

Caste,  class 

Cast 

Castellan 

Castellain 

Caster, 

Castor 

Castlery 

Castelry 

Castrel 

Coistrel,  Kestrel 

Catchpoll 

Catchpole 

Catchup 

Catsup.  Ketchup 

Catechise 

Catechize 

Catherine  j 

Catharine 

Katharine 

Cauliflower 

Colliflower 

Causeway,  or 

Causey' 

Cavazion 

Cavation 

Caviare 

Caviar,  Cavier 

Caw 

Kaw 

Cayman 

Caiman 

Cedilla 

Cerilla 

Ceiling 

Cieling 

Celt 

Kelt 

Celtic 

Ke'tic 

Centiped 

Centipede 

Cess 

Sess 

Chalcedony 

Calcedony 

Chaldron 

Chalder 

Chalice 

Calice 

Chameleon 

Camcleon 

Chamois 

Shamois 

Champaign 

Champain 

Champerty 

Champarty 

Chant 

Chaunt 

Chap 

Chop 

Chaps 

Chops 

Char,  or 

Charo,  Chore 

Chase 

Chace 

Chastely 

Chastly 

Chasteness 

Chastness 

Check,  or 

Cheque 

Checker 

Chequer 

Cheer 

Chear 

Chemical 

Chymical 

Chemist 

Chymist 

Chemistry 

j Chymistry 
> Chimistry 

Chestnut 

Chesnut 

Chiliahedron 

Chiliaedron 

Chillness 

Chilness 

Chimb 

Chine 

Chintz 

Chints 

Chloride 

Chlorid 

Choir 

Quire 

Choke 

Choak 

Choose 

Chuse 

Chorister 

Quirister 

Chyle 

Chile 

Chylifactive 

Chilifactive 

Cider 

Cigar 

Cyder,  Sider 
Segar 
( Cimiter 

Cimeter 

Scymitar 

Cymetar 
! Scymetar 

I Scimitar 

F Simitar 

Cion ; see 

Scion 

Cipher 

Cypher 

Clam,  v. 

Clamm 

Clarinet 

Clarionet 

Cleat 

Cleet 

Clew 

Clue 

Clinch 

Clench 

Cloak 

Cloke 

Clodpoll 

Clodpole 

ClofF,  or 

Clough 

Clothe 

Cloathe 

Clothes 

Cloaths 

Cluck 

Clock 

Clyster 

Glister,  Glyster 

Cobbler 

Coblcr 

Cocoa 

Cacao 

Coddle 

Codie 

Cmliac 

Celiac 

WORDS  OF  DOUBTFUL  OR  VARIOUS  ORTHOGRAPHY. 


Coif 

Quoif 

Coiffure 

Quoiffure 

Coke 

Coak 

Colander 

Cullender 

Colic 

Cholic 

College 

Colliery 

Colter 

Colledge 

Coalery 

Coulter,  Culter 
Cumfrey 

Comfrey 

Comraandery 

Commandry 

Commissariat 

Commissariate 

Compatible 

Competible 

Complete 

Compleat 

Concordat 

Coneordate 

Confectionery 

Confectionary 

Confidant,  n. 

Confident 

Congealable 

Congelable 

Connection 

Connexion 

Connective 

Connexive 

Consecrator 

Consecrater 

Contemporary 

Cotemporary 

Contra-dance 

Country-dance 

Contributory 

Contributary 

Control 

( Controul 
( Comptrol 

Controllable 

Controulable 

Controller 

Comptroller 

Conversable 

Conversible 

Cony 

Coney 

Cony-burrow 

Coney-borough 

Coomb,  4 bushs. 

Comb 

Copier 

Copyer 

Coping 

$ Copping 
( Caping 

Copse 

Coppice 

Coquette,  n. 

Coquet 

Coranach 

5 Coronach 
f Coranich 

Corbel 

Corbeil 

Cordovan 

Cord  wain 

Corpse 

Corse 

Correlative 

Corelative 

Cosey 

Cosy,  Cozey 

Cot 

Cott 

Cotillon 

Cotilion 

Counsellor,  and 

Councillor 

Courant 

Corant,  Couranto 

Courtesan 

Courtezan 

Courtesy 

Curtesy 

Covin 

Covine 

Covinous 

Covenous 

Cozen 

Cosen 

Cozenage 

Cosenage 

Craunch 

Cranch 

Crawfish 

Crayfish 

Creak,  v. 

Creek 

Crier 

Cryer 

Croslet 

Crosslet 

Crowd 

Croud 

Crowfoot 

Crow’s-foot 

Cruet 

Crewet 

Crumb 

Crum 

Crusade 

Croisade 

Cruse,  cruet 

Cruise 

Crystal 

Chrystal 

Cucurbit 

Cucurbite 

Cue 

Queue 

Cuerpo 

Querpo 

Cuish 

Cuisse 

Cuneiform 

Cuniform 

Cupel 

Cuppel,  Coppcl 

Curb 

Kerb 

Curb-stone 

Kerb-stone 

Curtain 

Courtine 

Cutlass 

Cutlas 

Cyclopaedia 

Cyclopedia 

Cyst 

Cist 

Cysted 

Cisted 

Czar 

Tzar,  Tsdr 

D. 

Dactyl 

Dactyle 

Daily 

Dayly 

Daisied 

Dazied 

Damaskeen,  v. 

Damaskin 

Damson 

Damascene 

Dandruff' 

Dandriff 

Danegelt 

Dangelt 

Daub 

Dawb 

Dawdle 

Daudle 

Dearn 

Dem 

Debarkation 

Debarcation 

Debonair 

Debonnair 

Decoy 

Duckoy 

Decrepit 

Decrepid 

Defence 

Defense 

Defier 

Defyer 

Deflection 

Deflexion 

Deflour 

Deflower 

Delft 

Delf,  Delph 

Delphine 

Delphin 

Deltoid 

Deltoide 

Demain  ) 
Demesne  j 

Demean 

Demarcation 

Demarkation 

Democrat 

Democrate 

Denizen 

Denison 

Dependant,  n. 
Dependence 

Dependent 

Dependance 

Dependent,  a. 

Dependant 

Deposit 

Deposite 

Desert,  n. 

Desart 

Desolater 

Desolator 

Despatch,  or 

Dispatch 

Dessert,  n. 

Desert 

Detecter 

Detector 

Detorsion 

Detortion 

Detractor 

Detracter 

Develop 

Develope 

Development 

Developement 

Devest,  or 

Divest 

Dexterous 

Dextrous 

Diadrom 

Diadrome 

Diaeresis 

Dieresis 

Diarrhoea 

Diarrhea 

Dike,  or 

Dyke 

Dime 

Disme 

Diocese 

Diocess 

Disburden 

Disburthen 

Discount 

Discompt 

Disfranchise 

Diffranchise 

Disfranchisement 

Diffranchisement 

Dishabille 

Deshabille 

Disinthrall  < 

Disenthrall 

Disinthral 

Disk,  or 

Disc 

Dispatch,  or 

Despatch 

Disseize 

Disseise 

Disseizin 

Disseisin 

Disseizor 

Disseisor 

Dissolvable 

Dissolvible 

Distention 

Distension 

Distil 

Distill 

Distrainor 

Distrainer 

Diversely 

Diversly 

Divest,  or 

Docket 

Devest 

Doquet 

Doctress 

Doctoress 

Dodecahedron 

Dodecaedron 

Doggerel 

Doggrel 

Domicile 

Domicil 

Doomsday-book 

Domesday -book 

Dory,  Dorec 

Dorey 

Dote 

Doat 

Doubloon 

Doublon 

Dowry 

Dowery 

Downfall 

Downfal 

Drachm,  or 

Dram 

Dragoman  j 

Drogoman 

Druggerman 

Draught,  or 

Draft 

Dreadnaught 

Dreadnought 

Driblet 

Dribblet 

Drier 

Dryer 

Drought 

Drouth 

Dryly 

Drily 

Dryness 

Driness 

Duchess 

Dutchess 

Duchy 

Dutchy 

Dulness 

Dullness 

Dungeon 

Donjon 

Dunghill 

Dunghil 

Duress 

Duresse 

Dye,  color 

Die 

Dyeing,  coloring 

Dying 

n 

J 

Eavesdropper 

E. 

Evesdropper 

Eccentric 

Excentric 

Echelon 

Echellon 

Economics 

Economics 

Ecstasy 

Ecstacy,  Extasy 

Ecstatic 

Extatic 

Ecumenical 

(Ecumenical 

Edile 

-Edile 

Eke 

Eek 

Embalm 

Imbalm 

Embank,  or 

Imbank 

Embankment 

Imbankment 

Embargo 

Imbargo 

Embark 

Imbark 

Embarkation 

Embarcation 

Embase 

Imbase 

Embassy 

Ambassy 

Embed,  or 
Embedded,  or 

Imbed 

Imbedded 

Embezzle 

Imbezzle 

Embezzlement 

Imbezzlement 

Emblazon 

Imblazon 

Embody 

Imbody 

Embolden 

Imbolden 

Emborder 

Imborder 

Embosk 

Imbosk 

Embosom,  or  • 

Imbosom 

Emboss 

Imboss 

Embowel 

Imbowel 

Embower 

Imbower 

Embrasure 

Embrazure 

Empale 

Impale 
f Empannel 

Empanel,  or 

< Impanel 

C Impannel 

Empoison 

Impoison 

Empoverish,  or 

Impoverish 

Empower 

Impower 

Empress 

Emperess 

Encage,  or 
Encenia 

Incage 

Encaenia 

Enchant 

Inchant 

Enchase 

Inchase 

Encircle 

Incircle 

Enclose,  or 

Inclose 

Enclosure 

Inclosure 

Encroach 

Incroach 

Encumber 

Incumber 

Encumbrance 

Incumbrance 

Encyclopaedia 

Encyclopedia 

Endamage 

Indamage 

Endear 

Indear 

Endict  ; see 

Indict 

Endite  ; see 

Indite 

Endorse  ; see 

Indorse 

Endow 

Indow 

Endue,  or 

Indue 

Enfeeble 

Infeeble 

Enfeoff 

Infeoff 

Enfranchise 

Infranchise 

Engender 

Ingender 

Engorge 

Ingorge 

Engrain 

Ingrain 

Enhance 

Inhance 

Enigma 

^Enigma 

Enjoin 

In join 

Enlard 

Inlard 

Enlarge 

Inlarge 

Enlighten 

Inlighten 

Enlist 

Inlist 

Enlumine 

Inlumine 

Enquire,  or 
Enquiry,  or 

Inquire 

Inquiry 

Enroll 

Enrol,  Inrol 

Enrolment 

Inrolment 

Enshrine 

Inshrine 

Ensnare,  or 

Insnare 

Ensure,  or 

Insure 

Entail 

Intail 

Entangle 

Intangle 

Enterprise 

Enterprize 

Enthrone 

Inthrone 

Enthymeme 

Enthymem 

Entice 

Intice 

Entire 

Intire 

Entirety 

Entierty 

Entitle 

Intitle,  Intitule 

Entomb 

Intomb 

Entrance,  v. 

Intrance 

Entrap 

Intrap 

Entreat 

Intreat 

Envelop,  v. 

Envelope 

Envelopment 

Envelopcment 

Eolipile 

iEolipile 

Epaulet 

Epaulette 

Epigraph 

Epigraphe 

Equerry 

E query 

Equiangular 

Equangular 

Equivoke 

Equivoque 

Era 

.Era 

Eremite 

Heremite 

Escalade 

Scalade 

Eschalot 

Shallot,  Shalote 

Escritoire 

( Escritoir 
l Scrutoire 

Escutcheon 

Scutcheon 

Estafette 

Estafet 

Esthetics,  or 

-Esthetics 

Estoppel 

Estopple,  Estopel 

Etiology 

-Etiology 

Exactor 

Exacter 

Expense 

Expence 

Exsanguious 

Exanguious 

Exsect 

Exect 

Exsiccate 

Exiccate 

Exsiccation 

Exiccation 

Exsiccative 

Exiccative 

Exsuccous 

Exuceous 

Extrinsical 

Extrinsecal 

Exudation 

Exsudation 

Exude 

Exsude 

Eyry 

-Erie 

F. 

Faeces 

Feces 

Fagot 

Faggot 

Fairy 

Faery 

Fakir 

Faquir,  Faqueer 

Falchion 

Faulchion 

Falcon 

Faulcon 

Fantasy 

Phantasy 

Farther,  or 

Further 

Farthest,  or 

Furthest 

F arthingale 

Fardingale 

Fattener 

Fatner 

Fearnaught 

Fearnought 

Fecal 

Faecal 

Felly 

Felloe 

Felon 

Fell  on 

Felspar 

Feldspar 

Ferrule,  or 

Ferule 

Feud 

Feod 

| Feudal 

Feodal 

Feudality 

F eodality 

j Feudatory 

Feodatory 

: Feuillemorte 

Fueillemorte 

[ Fie 

Fy 

Filanders 

Felanders 

Filbert 

Filberd 

Filigrane 

Filigree 

C Filligrane 
< Filagree 
(_  Filligree 

! Fillibeg 

Filibeg,  Philibeg 

Filly 

Filley 

Finery,  a forge 

Finary 

j Firman 

( Firmaun 
l Phirman 

| Fizgig 

Fishgig 

Flageolet 

Flagelet 

1 Fleam 

Phleme,  Flern 

' Flier 

Flyer 

Flotage 

Floatage 

Flotsam 

Floatsam 

Flour,  meal 

Flower 

Fleur-de-lis 

Flower-de-luce 

Flugelman 

( Flugleman 
( Fugclman 

Fluke 

Flook,  Flowk 

Fluoride 

Fluorid 

Foetus 

Fetus 

Forestall 

Forestal 

Foretell 

Foretel 

F orray 

F oray 

Forte,  strong  side  Fort 

Fosse 

Foss 

Foundery,  or 

Foundry 

Franc,  coin 

Frank 

Frenetic 

Phrenetic 

Frenzy 

Phrensy 

Frieze 

Frize 

Frigate 

Frigat 

Frit 

Fritt 

Frizzle 

Frizle 

F ro  wzy 

Frouzy 

Frumentaeeous 

Frumentaeious 

Frumenty 

( Furmenty 
( Furmety 

Frustum 

Frustrum 

Fuel 

F e wel 

Fulfil 

Fulfill 

Fulfilment 

Fulfillment 

Fulness 

Fullness 

Furlough 

Furlow 

Further,  or 

Farther 

WORDS  OF  DOUBTFUL  OR  VARIOUS  ORTHOGRAPHY. 


xxxi 


Furthest,  or 

Farthest 

Fusee 

F usil 

Fusileer 

Fusilier 

Fuze,  or 

Fuse 

* 

G. 

Gabardine 

Gaberdine 

Galiot 

Galliot 

Gallipot 

Galipot 

Galoche 

Goloche 

Gamut 

Gammut 

Gangue,  in  ore 

Gang 

Gantlet 

Gantelope 

Gaol,  or 

Jail 

Garish 

Gairish 

Garreteer 
Gauge,  or 
Gauger 

Garretteer 

Gage 

Gager 

Gault 

Galt,  Golt 

Gauntlet,  glove 

Gantlet 

Gayety 

Gaiety 

Gayly 

Gaily 

Gazelle 

Gazel 

Gear 

Geer 

Gelatine 

Gelatin 

Geliy ; see 

Jelly 

Genet 

Girinet,  Jennet 

Gerfalcon 

t Gyrfalcon, 

( Jerfakon 

Germ 

Germe 

Ghastly 

Gastly 

Ghibelline 

Gibelline 

Ghyll,  ravine 

Gill 

Gibberish 

Geberisli 

Gibe 

Gybe,  Jibe 

Giglot 

Giglet 

Gimlet 

Gimblet 

Gimmal 

Jymold 

Gingle ; see 

Jingle 

Girasole 

Girasol 

Girth,  or 

Girt 

Glair 

Glaire 

Glave 

Glaive 

Glazier 

Glasier 

Glcde 

Glead 

Gloar 

Glour 

Gloze 

Glose 

Glue 

Glew 

Gluey 

Gluy,  Glewy 

Gnarled 

Knarled 

Gneiss 

Gneis 

Good-by 

Good-bye 

Gore 

Goar 

Gourmand,  or 

Gormand 

Gormandize 

Gourmandize 

Governante 

Governant 

Graft 

Graff 

Grandam 

Granam 

Granddaughter 

Grandaughter 

Granite 

Granit 

Grasshopper 

Grashopper 

Gray,  or 

Grey 

Greeze,  a step 

C Greece 
< Grice 

C Grise 

Grenade 

Granade 

Grenadier 

Granadier 

Greyhound 

Grayhound 

Griffin,  Griffon 

Gryphon 

Grizzled 

Grisled 

Grocer 

Grosser 

Grogram 

( Grogoram 
} Grogran 

Grotesque 

Grotesk 

Groundsill 

Groundsel 

Group 

Groupe 

Guarantee,  or 

Guaranty 

Guild,  or 

Gild 

Guilder,  or 

Gilder' 

Guillotine 

Guillotin 

Gulf 

Gulph 

Gunwale 

Gunnel 

Gurnet 

Gournet 

Gypsy 

Gypsey,  Gipsey 

Gyre 

Gire 

Gyve 

Give 

H. 

Haggard  Hagard 

Haggess  Haggis 


Ha-ha 

Haw-haw 

Hake 

Haick 

Halberd 

Halbert 

Halo,  healthy 

Hail 

Halibut 

Holibut 

Halyards 

Halliards 

Halloo 

Hollo,  Holloa 

Hame,  or 

Haum 

Handicraftsman 

Handcraftsman 

Handiwork 

Handywork 

Hards 

Hurds 

Harebell 

Hairbell 

Harebrained 

Hairbrained 

Harem 

Haram 

Harrier 

Harier 

Harslet 

Haslet 

Hatchel,  Hackle 

Hetchel,  Heckle 

Haul,  to  dray 

Hale 

Haurn 

Halm,  Hawra 

Haunch 

Hanch 

Ilaust,  cough 

Ho’ast 

Hautboy 

Hoboy 

Havoc 

Havock 

Hawser 

Halser 

Hazel 

Hazle 

Headache 

Headach 

Hearse 

Hcrse 

Heartache 

Heartach 

Height 

Hight 

Heighten 

Highten 

Heinous 

Hainous 

Hemistich 

Hemistiek 

Hemorrhoids 

Emeroids 

Heptamerede 

Heptameride 

Herpetology 

Erpetology 

Hexahedron 

Hexaedron 

Hibernate 

Hybernate 

Hibernation 

Hybernation 

Hiccough,  or 

Hickup 

Hinderance,  or 

Hindrance 

Hip,  v. 

Hyp 

Hip,  n. 

Hep 

Hippocras 

Hippocrass 

Hodge-podge 

Hotch-potch 

lloiden 

Hoyden 

Holiday,  or 

Holyday 

Hollo,  Halloo 

Holloa,  Hollow 

Holster 

Holdster 

Hominy  - 

Hornony 

Hommony 

Homonyme,  or 

Homonym 

Hone 

Hoane 

Honeyed 

Honied 

Hoop,  or 

Whoop 

Hooping-cough, or  Whooping-cough 

Hoot 

Whoot 

Horde 

Hord 

Horehound 

Hoarhound 

Hornblende 

Hornblend 

Hostler 

Ostler 

Household 

Houshold 

Housewife 

Huswife 

Howlet 

Houlet 

Hub 

Hob 

Hurrah 

Hurra 

Hydrangea 

Hydrangia 

Hypothenuse 

Hypotenuse 

r 

Icicle 

1. 

Isicle 

Illness 

Ilness 

Imbank ; see 

Embank 

Imbitter 

Embitter 

Imbody,  or 

Embody 

Imborder 

Emborder 

Imbosom 

Embosom 

Imbound 

Embound 

Imbox 

Embox 

Imbrue 

Embrue 

Impair 

Empair 

Impanel 

Empanel 

Imparlance 

Emparlance 

Impassion 

Empassion 

Implead 

Emplead 

Imposthume 

Impostume 

Impoverish,  or  Empoverish 

Incage  Encage 

Incase  Encase 

In  clasp  Enclasp 

Incloister  Encloister 

Inclose,  or  Enclose 

Inclosure,  or  Enclosure 

Incondensable  Incondensible 


Increase 

Encrease 

Incrust 

Encrust 

Indefeasible 

Indefeisible 

Indelible 

Indeleble 

Indict 

Endict 

Indictment 

Endictment 

Indite 

Endite 

Inditer 

Enditer 

Indocile 

' Indocil 

Indorsable 

Endorsable 

Indorse 

Endorse 

Indorsement 

Endorsement 

Indorser 

Endorser 

Indue,  or 

Endue 

Inferrible 

Inferable 

Inflection 

Inflexion 

Infold 

Enfold 

Infoliate 

Enfoliate 

Ingraft 

Ingraft',  Engraft 

Ingraftment 

Engraftment 

Ingrain 

Engrain 

Ingulf 

Engulf 

Innuendo 

Inuendo 

Inquire,  or 

Enquire 

Inquirer,  or 

Enquirer 

Inquiry,  or 

Enquiry 

Insnare,  or 

Ensnare 

Install,  or 

Instal 

Instalment 

Installment 

Instil 

Instill 

Instructor 

Instructer 

Insurance 

Ensurance 

Insure 

Ensure 

Insurer 

Ensurer 

Intenable,  or 

Intenible 

Interlace 

Enterlace 

Interplead 

Enterplead 

Interpleader 

Enterpleader 

Inthrall 

Inthral,  Enthrall 

Intrinsical 

Intrinsecal 

Intrust 

Entrust 

Intwine 

Entwine 

Inure 

Enure 

Inurement 

Enurement 

Invalid,  n. 

Invalide 

Inveigle 

Enveigle 

Inventor 

In venter 

Inwheel 

Enwheel 

Inwrap,  or 

Enwrap 

Inwreathe 

Enwreath 

Isle 

lie 

J. 


Jackal 

Jackall 

Jacobin 

Jacobine 

Jag 

Jn  errr 
w cno 

Jagghery 

Jagary 

Jail,  or 

Gaol 

Jailer,  or 

Gaoler 

Jalap 

Jalop 

Jamb,  n. 

Jam,  Jaum 

Janizary 

Janissary 

Janty 

Jaunty 

Jasmine 

Jessamine 

Jaunt 

Jant 

Jelly 

Geliy 

Jenneting 

< Geniting 
( Juneating 

Jettee,  Jetty 

Jetta,  Jutty 

Jewellery,  or 

Jewelry 

Jiffy 

Giffy 

Jingle 

Gingle 

Jointress 

Jointuress 

Jole,  or 

Jowl 

Jonquille 

Jonquil 

Judgment 

Judgement 

Julep 

Julap 

Junket,  or 

Juneate 

Just,  n. 

Joust 

Justle,  or 

Jostle 

K. 

Kale 

Kail,  Cail 

Kamsin 

Khamsin 

Kayle 

Keel 

Keelhaul 

Keelhale 

Keelson 

Kelson 

Keg,  or 

Kerseymere,  or 

Cag 

Cassimere 

Khan 

Kan,  Kann 

Knapsack 

Snapsaclt 

Knarled,  or 

Gnarled 

Knell 

Knel 

L. 

Lackey 

Laquey 

Lacquer 

Lacker 

Lair 

La  re 

Lambdoidal 

Lamdoidal 

Lance 

Launce 

Landscape 

Landskip 

Landsman 

Landman 

Lantern 

Lanthorn 

Lanyard 

Laniard 

Launch 

Lanch 

Laundress 

Landress 

Laureate 

Laureat 

Lavender 

Lavendar 

Lea,  a plain 
Leach,  or 

Lee,  Ley,  Lay 
Leech,  Letch 

Leaven 

Leven 

Ledger 

Leger 

Lettuce 

Lettice 

License 

Licence 

Lickerish 

Liquorish 

Licorice 

Liquorice 

Lief 

Lieve,  Leef 

Lilac 

Lilaeh 

Lily 

Lilly 

Linguiform 

Lingueform 

Liniment,  and 

Linament 

Lintstock 

Linstock 

Litharge 

Litherage 

Llama,  animal 

Lama 

Loadstar 

Lodestar 

Loadstone 

Lodestone 

Loath,  a. 

Loth 

Loathe,  v. 

Lothe 

Lode,  a vein 

Load 

Lodgement 

Lodgment 

Lower 

Lour 

Luff 

Loof 

Luke 

Leuke 

Lustring,  or 

Lutestring 

Lye,  from  ashes 

Lie,  Ley 

M. 

Maggoty 

Maggotty 

Maim,  or 

Mayhem,  Maihem 

Maize 

Maladministra- 

Maiz 

tion,  or 
Malecontent 

Maladministration 

Malcontent 

Malefeasance 

Malfeasance 

Malepractice 

Malpractice 

Maltreat 

Maletreat 

Malkin 

Maukin 

Mall 

Maul 

Malanders 

Mallenders 

Mameluke 

Mamaluke 

Mandarin 

Mandarine 

Mandatary 

Mandatory 

Mandrel,  and 

Mandril 

Manifestable 

Manifestible 

Manikin 

Mannikin 

Manoeuvre 

Maneuver 

Mantle,  or 

Mantel 

Mark 

Marc 

Marque,  license 

Mark 

Marquee 

Markee 

Marquis,  or 

Marquess 

Marshal 

\ Marshall 
> Mareschal 

Marten,  or 

Martin 

Martingale 

Martingal 

Mask 

Masoue 

Maslin,  Meslin 

Mastlin,  Mislin 

Mastic 

Mastich 

Matins 

Mattins 

Mattress 

Matress,  Mattrass 

Meagre 

Meager 

Mediaeval 

Medieval 

Meliorate,  or 

Ameliorate 

Menagerie 

Menagery 

Merchandise 

Merchandize 

Mere,  a pool 

Mcer 

Metre,  and 

Meter 

Mew 

Meaw 

Mewl 

Meawl 

Mileage 

Milage 

Milleped 

Millepede 

xxxii 


WORDS  OF  DOUBTFUL  OR  VARIOUS  ORTHOGRAPHY. 


Millrea 

Millree,  Millreis 

Miscall 

Miscal 

Misle,  Mizzle 

Mistle 

Misspell 

Mispell 

Misspend 

Mispend 

Misy 

Missy 

Mistletoe 

Misletoe 

Misseltoe 

Mitre 

Miter 

Mizzen 

Mizen 

Moccason 

Moccasin 

Moggason 

Mocha-stone 

Mocho-stone 

Modillion 

Modillon 

Molasses 

Melasses 

Molosses 

Moneyed 

Monied 

Mongrel 

Mungrel 

Monodrame 

Monodram 

Mood,  or 

Mode 

Moresque 

Moresk 

Morion 

Murrion 

Mortgageor 

Mortgagor 

Mosque 

Mosk 

'Moscheto 

Moschetto 

Mosquetoe 

Mosquetto 

Mosquito 

Musquito 

Muscheto 

Muschetto 

Musketo 

Musqueto 

Musquetoe 

Musquitto 

Mould 

Mold 

Moult 

Molt 

Mulch 

Mulsh 

Mullin 

Mullein 

Multiped 

Multipede 

Mummery 

Mommery 

Murder 

Murther 

Murderous 

Murtherous 

Murky 

Mirky 

Murrhine 

Myrrhine 

Muscle,  and 

Mussel 

Musket 

Musquet 

Mustache 

Moustache 

Myth 

Mythe 

N. 

Nankeen 

N ankin 

Naught 

Nought 

Negotiate 

Negociate 

Net,  a.,  clear 

Neat 

Nib 

Neb 

Nobless 

Noblesse 

Nombles 

Numbles 

Novitiate 

Noviciate 

Nozle 

Nozzle,  Nosle 

Nuisance 

Nusance 

0. 


Oblique 

Oblike 

Octahedron 

Octaedron 

(Economics  ; 

see  Economics 

(Ecumenical 

Ecumenical 

Offence 

Offense 

Offuscate 

Obfuscate 

Olio 

Oglio 

Omer 

Homer 

Opaque 

Opake 

Orach 

Orache 

Orison 

Oraison 

Osier 

Ozier 

Osmazome 

Ozmazome 

Osprey 

Ospray 

Ottar 

Otto 

Outrageous 

Outragious 

Oxidate 

Oxydate 

Oxidation 

Oxydation 

Oxide 

Oxyde,  Oxyd 

Oxidize 

Oxydize 

Oyes 

Oyez 

P. 

Pacha 

Pasha,  Bashaw 

Packet 

Paquet 

Painim 

Paynim 

Palanquin 

Palankeen 

Purblind 

Poreblind 

Palette 

Pallet 

Purlin 

Purline 

Palmiped 

Palmipede 

Purr 

Pur 

Pandore,  or 

Bandore 

Purslain 

Purslane 

Panel 

Pannel 

Pursy 

Pussy 

Pansy 

Paney 

Putrefy 

Putrify 

Pantagraph  ) 

Pentagraph 

Pygmean 

Pigmean 

Pantograph  $ 

Pygmy 

Pigmy 

Pappoose 

Papoos,  Papoose 

Pyx 

Pix 

Parallelopiped 

Parallelepiped 

Paralyze 

Paralyse 

Parcenary 

Parcenery 

o 

Parol,  a. 

Parole 

Paroquet 

Parrakeet 

Parral 

Parrel 

Quarantine 

( Quarantain 

Parsnip 

Parsnep 

l Carentane 

Partisan 

Partizan 

Quartet 

Quartett 

Patin 

Patine 

Qnatercousin 

Catercousin 

Patrol 

Patroll,  Patrole 

Quay,  a mole 

Key 

Paver 

Pavier,  Pavior 

Quinsy 

( Quinsey 

Pawl 

Paul 

< Quinzy 

Pedler 

Peddler,  Pedlar 

Quintain 

C Squinancy 

Pedlery 

Peddlery 

Quintin 

Peep 

Piep 

Quintal 

Rental,  Kentle 

Penance 

Pennance 

Quitter 

Quittor 

Penniless 

Pennyless 

Quoit 

Coit 

Pentahedral 

Pentaedral 

Pentahedron 

Pentaedron 

Pentile 

Pantile 

R. 

Peony 

Piony 

Perch 

Pearch 

Persimmon 

Persimon 

Raccoon 

Racoon,  Rackoon 

Persistence 

Persistance 

Raillery 

Rallery 

Pewit 

Pewet 

Ransom 

Ransome 

Phantasm 

Fantasm 

Rarefy 

Rarify 

Phantom 

F antom 

Raspberry 

Rasberry 

Phenomenon 

Phsenomenon 

Ratafia 

Ratifia,  Ratafee 

Phial,  or 

Vial 

Rattan 

Ratan 

Philibeg ; see 

Fillibeg 

Raven,  prey 

Ravin 

Philter 

Philtre 

Raze 

Rase 

Phlegm 

Flegm 

Razure 

Rasure 

Phoenix 

Phenix 

Real,  coin 

Rial,  Ryal 

Phthisic 

Tisic 

Rear 

Rere 

Picked,  or 

Piked 

Rearmouse 

Reremouse 

Picket,  and 

Piquet 

Rearward 

Rereward 

Picturesque 

Picturesk 

Recall 

Recal 

Pie 

Pye 

Recognizable 

Recognisable 

Piebald 

Pyebald 

Recognizance 

Recognisance 

Pimento 

Pimenta 

Recognize,  or 

Recognise 

Pincers 

Pinchers 

Recognizee 

Recognisee 

Placard 

Placart 

Recognizor 

Recognisor 

Plain,  and 

Plane 

Recompense 

Recompence 

Plane-sailing 

Plain-sailing 

Reconnoitre 

Reconnoiter 

Plaster 

Plaister 

Redoubt 

Redout 

Plat,  or 

Plot 

Redoubtable 

Redoutable 

Plethora 

Plethory 

Reenforcement 

Reinforcement 

Pleurisy 

Plurisy 

Referable  ) 

Referible 

Pliers 

Plyers 

Referrible  j 

Plough 

Plow 

Reflection 

Reflexion 

Ploughman 

Plowman 

Reflective 

Reflexive 

Ploughshare 

Plowshare 

Reglet 

Itiglet 

Plumber 

Plummer 

Reindeer 

( Raindeer 

Plumiped 

Plumipede 

( Ranedeer 

Pluviameter 

Pluviometer 

Reinstall,  or 

Reinstal 

Poise 

Poize 

Relic 

Relique 

Poltroon 

Poltron 

Renard,  or 

Reynard 

Polyanthus 

Polyanthos 

Rennet,  or 

Runnet 

Polyhedral 

Polyedral 

Replier 

Rcplyer 

Polyhedron 

Polyedron 

Rcposit 

Reposite 

Pomade 

Pommade 

Resin,  or 

Rosin 

Pommel 

Pummel 

Resistance 

Resistence 

Pontoon,  and 

Ponton 

Respite 

Respit 

Pony 

Poney 

Restiff,  or 

Restive 

Porpoise 

Porpus,  Porpess 

Restiffness 

( Restifness 

Portray 

Pourtray 

t Restiveness 

Portress 

Porteress 

Retch,  to  vomit 

Reach 

Postilion 

Postillion 

Reverie,  or 
Reversible 

Revery 

Potato 

Potatoe 

Reversable 

Pottage 

Potage 

Rhomb,  and 

Rhumb 

Practise,  v. 

Practice 

f Riband 

Praemunire 

Premunire 

Ribbon 

J Riban 

Premise 

Premiss 

I Ribband 

Pretence 

Pretense 

[ Ribin 

Preterite,  or 

Preterit 

Rider 

Ryder 

Pretor 

Praetor 

Rinse 

Rince 

Prison-base 

Prison-bars 

Risk 

Risque 

Probate 

Probat 

Riveted 

Rivetted 

Profane 

Prophane 

Robb  in 

Robin 

Protector 

Protecter 

Rodomontade 

Rhodomontade 

Prothonotaryship  Prothonotariship 

Roquelaure 

Roquelo 

Prunello 

Prunella 

Route,  course 

Rout 

Pumpkin 

( Pompion 
( Pumpion 

Rummage 
Runnet,  or 

Romage 

Rennet 

Puny,  and 

Puisne 

Rye 

Rie 

Pupillary 

Pupilary 

Sabianism,  or 
Sag,  or 
Saic 

Sainfoin 

Salic 

Saltcellar 

Sandarach 

Sandiver 

Sanitary 

Sarcenet 

Sat 

Satchel 

Satinet 

Savin 

Saviour,  or 

Scalade 

Scallop 

Scath 

Scenery 

Sceptic 

Sceptical 

Scepticism 

Schist 

Schistose 

Scholium 

Schorl 

Sciagraphy,  or 
Sciomachy,  or 
Scion 
Scirrhosity 
Scirrhous 

Scirrhus 


Scissors 

Sconce 

Scotfree 

Scow 

Screen 

Scrofula 

Scymitar ; see 

Scythe 

Seamstress 

Sear 

Searce 

Secretaryship 

Seethe 

Seignior 

Seine,  a net 

Seizin 

Sellenders 

Selvage 

Sentinel 

Sentry 

Sequin 

Sergeant,  or 
Sergeantry,  or 
Sess,  or 
Sesspool,  or 
Sevennight 
Shad 
Shard 
Shark,  or 
Shawm 
Sheathe,  v. 
Sheer,  pure 
Sheik 

Shemitic,  or 

Sherbet 

Sherry 

Shorling 

Show 

Showbread 

Shrillness 

Shroud 

Shuttlecock 

Shyly 

Shyness 

Sienite 

Silicious,  or 

Sill 

Sillabub 

Simar 

Siphon 

Siren 

Sirloin,  or 

Sirocco 


s. 


Sabaism 

Swag 

Saik 

Saintfoin 

Salique 

Saltseller 

Sandarac 

Sandever 

Sanatory 

Sarsenet 

Sate 

Sachel 

Satinett 

Snvine,  Sabine 

Savior 

Escalade,  Scalado 

Scollop 

Scathe 

Scenary 

Skeptic 

Skeptical 

Skepticism 

Shist 

Shistose 

Scholion 

Shorl 

Sciography 

Sciamachy 

Cion 

Skirrhosity 
Skirrhous 
( Schirrhus 
( Skirrhus 
f Cissors 

< Cizars 

C Scissars 
Skonce 
Shotfree 
Skow 
Skreen 
Scrophula 
Cimeter 
Sithe,  Sythe 
( Sempstress 
( Semstress 
Sere 
Sarse 

Secretariship 

Seeth 

Signior,  Signor 
Sein,  Seen 
Seisin 
Sellanders 
Selvedge 
Centinel 
Sentery,  Centry 
f Cecchin 

< Chequin 
C Zechin 

Serjeant 

Serjeantry 

Cess 

Cesspool 

Sennight 

Chad 

Sherd 

Shirk 

Shalm 

Sheath 

Shear 

Sheikh,  Sheick 

Semitic 

Scherbet 

Sherris 

Shoreling 

Shew 

Shewbread 

Shrilness 

Shrowd 

Shittlecoclc 

Shily 

Shiness 

Syenite 

Siliceous 

Cill 

Syllabub 

Chimere,  Cymar 

Syphon 

Syren 

Surloin 

Scirocco 


WORDS  OF  DOUBTFUL  OR  VARIOUS  ORTHOGRAPHY. 


xxxiii 


Sirup 

Sit,  to  incubate 

Site 

Sizar 

Size,  glue 

Skate 

Skein 

Skeptic  ; see 

Skilful 

Skulk 

Skull 

Slabber 

Slake,  to  quench 
Sleight,  n. 

Sley,  a reed 

Sluice 

Slyly 

Slyness 

Smallness 

Smirk 

Smooth,  v. 

Soap 

Socage 

Socle 

Solan 

Solder,  or 

Soldier 

Soliped 

Solitaire 

Solvable 

Somerset  ) ( 

Summerset  $ ^ 

Sonneteer 
Soothe,  v. 

Sorrel 

Souse 

Spa 

Spicknel 

Spinach 

Spinel 

Splice 

Sponge 

Spongy 

Spright 

Sprightful 

Spunk 

Spurt,  or 

Stable 

Staddle 

Stanch 

Stationery,  n. 

Steadfast 

Steelyard 

Sterile 

Stillness 

Stockade 

Strait,  n. 

Strap,  or 

Strengthener 

Strew 

Stupefy 

Sty 

Style 

Subtile,  thin 
Subtle,  slg 
Subtract 
Subtraction 
Suit 
Suitor 
Sulky,  n. 
Sulphuretted 


Syrup,  Sirop 

Set 

Scite 

Sizer 

Cize,  Cise 

Scate 

Skain 

Sceptic 

Skillful 

Sculk 

Scull 

Slobber 

Slack 

Slight 

Slay,  Slaie 

Sluce,  Sluse 

Slily 

Sliness 

Smalness 

Smerk 

Smoothe 

Sope 

Soccage 

Sokle,  Zocle 

Soland,  Solund 

Soder 

Souldier 

Solipede 

Solitair 

Solvible 

Somersault 

Summersault 

Sonnetteer 

Sooth 

Sorel 

Sowse 

Spaw 

Spignel 

Spinage 

Spinelle,  Spinell 

Splise 

Spunge 

Spungy 

Sprite 

Spriteful 

Sponk 

Spirt 

Stabile 

Stadle 

Staunch 

Stationary 

Stedfast 

Stillyard 

Steril 

Stilness 

Stoccade 

Streight 

Strop 

Strengthner 

Straw,  Strow 

Stupify 

Stye 

Stile 

Subtle 

Subtile 

Substract 

Substruction 

Suite 

Suiter 

Sulkey 

Sulphureted 


Sumach 

Sumac,  Shumac 

Suretyship 

Suretiship 

Surloin,  or 

Sirloin 

Surname 

Sirname 

Surprise 

Surprize 

Surreptitious 

Subreptitious 

Survivor 

Surviver 

Survivorship 

Survivorship 

Swag,  or 

Sag 

Swale 

Sweale 

Sward 

Sord 

Swath,  n. 

Swarth 

Sweepstakes 

Sweepstake 

Swipple 

Swiple 

Swop,  or 

Swap 

Sicamore 

Sycamore 

Sycamine 

Sylvan- 

Silvan 

Synonyme,  or 

Synonym 

Syphilis 

Siphilis 

Systematize 

Systemize 

r. 

Tabard 

Taberd 

Taft’ety 

Taffeta,  Taffata 

Taffrail 

Taii'erel 

Taillage 

Tallage 

Talc,  a stone 

Talk,  Talck 

Tallness 

Talness 

Talmud 

Thalmud 

Tambour 

Tambor 

Tambarin 

Tambourine  < 

\ Tambourin 
Tamborin 

Tarpauling 

Tarpawling 

Tarpaulin 

Tartan 

Tartane 

Tassel 

Tossel 

Tawny 

Tawney 

Tease 

Teaze 

Teazle,  Teasel 

Tassel,  Tazel 

Tenable 

Tenible 

Terrier 

Tarrier 

Tether 

Tedder 

Tetrastich 

Tetrastick 

Theodolite 

Theodolet 

Thraldom 

Thralldom 

Thrash,  or 

Thresh 

Threshold 

Threshhold 

Throe,  a pang 

Throw 

Thyine,  wood 
Thyme 

Thine 

Thime 

Ticking,  or 

Ticken 

Tidbit 

Titbit 

Tie 

Tye 

Tier,  a row 

Tire 

Tierce 

Terce 

Tiger 

Tyger 

Tincal 

Tinkal 

Tint 

Teint 

Tiny 

Tyny 

Tippler 

Tipler 

Tithe 

Tythe 

Toilet 

Toilette 

Toll,  to  allure 

Tole 

Tollbooth 

Tolbooth 

Ton,  or 

Tun 

Tonnage 

Tunnage 

Tormentor 

Tormenter 

Touchy,  or 

Techy 

Tourmaline 

Tourmalin 

Trance 

Transe 

Tranquillity 

Tranquility 

Tranquillize 

Tranquilizc 

Transferable 

Transferrible 

Transferrence 

Transference 

Treadle 

Treddle 

Treenail 

Trenail,  Trunnel 

Trellis 

Trellice 

Trentals 

Trigintals 

Trestle 

Tressel,  Trussel 

Trevet,  or 

Trivet,  Trevit 

Trousers 

Trowsers 

Truckle-bed,  or 

Trundle-bed 

Tumbrel,  and 

Tumbril 

Turkey 

Turky 

Turkois 

5 Turquois 
( Turquoise 

T urnip 

Turnep 

Turnsole 

Turnsol 

Tutenag 

t Tutanag 
( Tutenague 

Twecdle 

Twiddle,  Twidle 

Twibil 

Twibill 

Tyrnbal 

Timbal 

Tyro 

Tiro 

u. 

Umbles 

Humbles 

Unbias 

Unbiass 

Unbiassed 

Unbiased 

Unbigoted 

Unbigotted 

Unroll 

Unrol 

Until 

Untill 

Y. 

Vaivode 

Vales,  money 

Valise 

Vantbrace 

Vat,  a vessel 

V audevil 

Vavasor 

Veil,  cover 
Vender,  or 
Veneer 

W aiwode 

Vails 

Vallise 

Vanbrass 

Fat 

Vaudeville 
i Vavasour 
^ Valvasor 

Vail 

Vendor 

Fineer 

Venomous 

Venemous 

Verdigris 

5 Verdigrise 
( Verdigrease 

Vermilion 

5 Vermillion 
( Virmilion 

Vermin 

V ermine 

Verst 

Berst,  Werst 

Vertebre,  or 

V ertebra 

Vervain 

Vervane 

Vial,  or 

Phial 

Vice,  a screw 

Vise 

Vicious 

Vitious 

Villain,  and 

Villein,  Villan 

Villanous 

Villainous 

Villany 

Villainy 

Visitatorial 

Visitorial 

Visitor 

Visiter 

Visor 

Vitiate 

Vizier 

Volcano 


Vizor 
Viciatc 
Vizir,  Visier 
Vulcano 


w. 


Wagon,  or 
Waif 

Waive,  to  defer 

Wale 

Walrus 

Warranter,  and 
War-whoop 
Waul 
Wear,  v. 

Wear,  n. 

Wcasand 

Welsh 

Whang 

Whelk 

Whippletree 

Whippoorwill 

Whiskey 

Whitleather 

Whoop 

Whooping-cough 

Widgeon 

Wilful 

Windlass 

Wintry 

Wiry 

Witch-elm 
With,  n. 

Withal 

Wizard 

Woe 

Woful 

Wondrous 

Woodbine 

Woodchuck 

Woollen 

Wreathe,  v. 

Wreck 

Wriggle 


Waggon 

Waift 

Wave 

Weal 

Walruss 

Warrantor 

W ar-hoop 

Wawl 

Ware 

Weir,  Wier 

Wesand,  Wezand 

Welch 

Wang 

Welk 

Whiffletree 

Whippowill 

Whisky 

Whiteleather 

Hoop 

Hooping-cough 

Wigeon 

Willful 

Windlace 

Windlas 

Wintery 

Wicry 

Weech-elm 

Withe 

Withall 

Wizzard,  Wisard 
Wo 

Woeful 

Wonderous 

Woodbind 

Woodchuk 

Woolen 

Wreath 

Wrack 

Riggle 


Y. 


Yawl 

Yaul 

Yearn 

Yern 

Yeast 

Yest 

Yelk,  or 

Yolk 

Yerk 

Yark 

Yew 

Eugh 

Z. 


Zaffre 

Zechin  ; see 
Zinc 

Zymology 


Zaffir 

Zaffar 

Zaffer 

Sequin 

Zink 

Zumology 


e 


ENGLISH  GRAMMAR 


In  tills  Dictionary  care  has  been  taken  to  give  all  the  irregular 
grammatical  forms  of  words.  All  the  verbs  of  the  language  which 
are  often  met  with,  whether  regular  or  irregular,  are  conjugated;  the 
plural  forms  of  irregular  nouns  are  exhibited ; and  occasional  obser- 
vations are  made  in  relation  to  the  grammatical  construction  and  use 
of  words. 

It  is  not  deemed  expedient  to  give  here  any  general  system  or 
outline  of  grammar ; but  the  design  is  merely  to  furnish,  on  various 
topics  of  practical  grammar,  some  notices  and  remarks,  which  could 


not  properly  be  introduced  into  the  body  of  the  Dictionary  and 
which  may  facilitate  the  use  of  the  work. 

The  parts  of  speech  in  the  English  language  are  commonly  reckoned 
nine,  or,  if  the  participle  is  considered  a distinct  part  of  speech,  ten ; 
namely,  the  Article,  Noun,  Pronoun,  Adjective,  Verb,  Participle, 
Adverb,  Conjunction,  Preposition,  and  Inteijection.  — The  parts  of 
speech  which  are  not  declinable,  viz.,  the  article,  adverb,  conj miction, 
preposition,  and  inteijection  are  called  particles. 


THE  ARTICLE. 


The  article  is  a word  prefixed  to  nouns  to  point  them  out,  or  to 
limit  their  signification.  The  articles  are  a,  or  an,  and  the ; as,  a 


book,  an  apple,  the  man. — For  the  use  of  the  articles,  see  A,  An, 
and  The,  in  the  Dictionary. 


THE  NOUN. 


A noun,  or  substantive,  is  the  name  of  any  thing  that  exists,  or  of 
which  we  have  any  idea.  Proper  nouns  are  the  names  of  individuals, 
whether  persons  or  things ; as,  Alexander,  America,  London.  Com- 
mon nouns  are  the  names  of  genera  or  classes.  English  common 
nouns  are  the  appellatives  or  substantives  of  the  English  language,  or 
are  such  as  are  contained  in  dictionaries  of  the  language. 

English  nouns  are  mostly  formed  by  affixing  to  the  radical  parts 
of  words  the  terminations  an,  ance,  ant,  ar,  ard,  art,  ary,  eer, 
ent,  er,  ier,  ist,  ive,  or,  ster,  ate,  ee,  ite,  acy,  age,  ancy,  ence,  ency, 
head,  hood,  ion,  ity,  ism,  ment,  mony,  ness,  on,  ry,  ship,  t,  th, 
tude,  ty,  ure,  y,  dom,  cide,  cle,  el,  il,  et,  in,  ine,  kin,  let,  ling, 
ock,  ule. 

Nouns  have  three  cases,  nominative,  possessive,  and  objective; 
three  genders,  masculine,  feminine,  and  neuter;  and  two  numbers, 
singular  and  plural. 

The  plural  number  is  generally  formed  by  adding  s to  the  singular ; 
as  book,  books ; dove,  doves.  But  if  the  singular  ends  in  s,  ss,  sh, 
cli  soft,  or  x,  the  plural  is  formed  by  the  addition  of  es ; as,  rebus, 
rebuses  ; mass,  masses ; lash,  lashes ; church,  churches  ; fox,  foxes. 
If  the  singular  ends  in  ch  hard,  the  plural  is  formed  by  adding  s only  ; 
as,  monarch,  monarchs.  If  the  singular  ends  in  o,  preceded  by 
another  vowel,  the  plural  is  formed  by  the  addition  of  s ; as,  folio, 
folios ; cameo,  cameos ; bamboo,  bamboos ; embryo,  embryos ; but 
if  the  final  o is  preceded  by  a consonant,  the  plural  is  commonly 
formed  by  adding  es ; as,  cargo,  cargoes ; hero,  heroes.  The  following 
nouns,  however,  canto,  cento,  grotto,  junto,  portico,  rotundo,  salvo, 
solo,  tyro,  and  some  others  derived  from  foreign  languages,  and 
hardly  Anglicized,  as  albino,  domino,  Ac.,  commonly  have  their 
plural  formed  by  the  addition  of  s only  to  the  singular ; as,  canto, 
cantos.  But  there  are  some  respecting  which  usage  is  not  uniform  ; 
as,  duodecimo,  octavo,  quarto,  Ac. 

There  is  a class  of  norms,  forming  the  names  of  various  arts  and 
sciences,  which  have  a plural  termination  in  ics,  but  have  no  singular 
termination ; as,  ethics,  mathematics,  mechanics,  metaphysics,  mne- 


monics, politics,  Ac.  All  nouns  of  this  class  are  generally  considered 
by  grammarians  as  properly  plural ; though  w'e  sometimes  see  them, 
or  some  of  them,  joined  to  verbs  m the  singular  number  by  respectable 
writers.  (See  Mathematics.) 

Nouns  of  the  singular  number  ending  in  y preceded  by  a consonant, 
form  their  plurals  by  changing  y into  ies ; as,  lady,  ladies ; body, 
bodies  ; but  those  ending  in  y preceded  by  a vowel,  form  their  plurals 
regularly,  by  the  addition  of  s only  to  the  singular ; as,  valley,  val- 
leys ; attorney,  attorneys,  &c.  These  plurals  are  sometimes  errone- 
ously written  vallies,  attornies,  &c. 

There  is  a class  of  nouns  ending  in  f or  fe,  viz.,  beef  calf,  elf,  half, 
knife,  leaf,  life,  loaf,  self,  sheaf,  shelf,  wife,  wolf,  which  form  their 
plurals  by  changing  f,  or  fe,  into  ves ; as,  beeves,  calves,  Ac.  The 
word  wharf,  according  to  the  prevailing  American  usage,  is  conformed 
to  this  class,  having  for  its 'plural  wharves;  though,  according  to 
English  usage,  the  plural  is  wharfs.  — Staff  commonly  has  staves  in 
the  plural ; but  other  nouns  ending  in  ff,  and  also  in  /,  except  those 
above  enumerated,  form  their  plurals  regularly,  by  adding  s to  the 
singular;  as,  muff,  muffs;  proof,  proofs,  Ac. 

There  is  a considerable  number  ot  words  derived  from  the  Greek 
and  Latin  languages,  which  are  often  used  in  English,  and  are  more 
or  less  Anglicized,  and  of  which  the  Greek  and  Latin  plurals  are 
sometimes  used,  and  sometimes  plurals  formed  according  to  the 
analogy  of  the  English  language.  Of  this  class  are  encomium,  mem- 
orandum, medium,  radius,  dogma,  of  which  the  Latin  plurals  are 
encomia,  memoranda,  media,  radii,  dogmata  ; the  English,  encomi- 
ums, memorandums,  mediums,  radiuses,  dogmas.  The  two  plurals 
are  generally  given,  in  this  Dictionary,  under  such  Words  as  admit  the 
use  of  both. 

There  are  some  words  which  have  the  plural  form,  but  which  are 
used  in  both  the  singular  and  the  plural  number,  or  respecting  the 
number  of  which  there  is  a want  of  agreement  among  grammarians. 
Of  this  class  are  alms,  bellows,  gallows,  means,  news,  and  pains. 
(See  these  words  in  the  Dictionary.) 


( xxxiv ) 


THE  NOUN,  THE  PRONOUN,  THE  ADJECTIVE,  THE  VERB. 


XXXV 


Nouns  formed  by  the  addition  ef  ful  (from  the  adjective  full)  to 
another  word,  as  mouthful,  spoonful,  are  regarded  as  indivisible  com- 
pounds, and  form  their  plurals  in  a regular  manner  by  the  addition  of 
s;  as,  mouthfuls,  spoonfuls.  But  some  compound  nouns,  which 


have  the  parts  of  which  they  are  compounded  connected  by  hyphens, 
have  the  plural  termination  affixed  to  the  first  part ; as,  aide-de-camp, 
aides-de-camp  ; cousin-german,  cousins- german  ; court-martial, 
courts-martial ; father-in-law,  fathers-in-law. 


THE  PRONOUN. 


The  different  kinds  of  pronouns  are  specified  in  the  notice  of  the 
word  Pronoun,  in  the  Dictionary,  where  they  are  also  severally 


enumerated  and  noticed, 
tionary.) 


(See  Pronoun,  and  Mine,  in  the  Dic- 


THE  ADJECTIVE. 


An  adjective  is  a word  added  to  a noun  to  express  its  quality, 
or  limit  its  meaning ; as,  a good  man ; a green  field ; three  ap- 
ples. 

A great  part  of  the  adjectives  of  the  English  language  are  formed 
by  affixing  to  the  radical  parts  of  words  the  terminations  ac,  al,  an, 
ar,  ary,  en,  ic,  ical,  id,  He,  ine,  ory,  ate,  ful,  ose , ous,  some,  y,  ish, 
like,  ly,  ive,  able,  ible,  uble,  less. 

Most  adjectives  have  two  variations  from  the  simple  or  positive 
form  of  the  word,  called  degrees  of  comparison,  namely,  the  com- 
parative and  superlative. 


In  words  of  one  syllable  the  comparative  is  commonly  formed  by 
adding  r or  er  to  the  positive  ; as,  wise,  wiser ; soft,  softer  ; and  the 
superlative,  by  adding  st  or  est ; as,  wise,  icisest ; soft,  softest. 

Adjectives  of  more  than  one  syllable  are  commonly  compared  by 
prefixing  more  and  most  to  the  positive  ; as,  useful,  more  useful,  most 
useful.  — The  termination  ish,  annexed  to  the  positive,  denotes  a 
diminution  of  the  quality  ; as,  black,  blackish. 

Several  adjectives  form  their  degrees  of  comparison  in  an  irregular 
manner.  These  are  good,  bad,  little,  many,  much,  near,  late,  and 
old.  (See  these  words  in  the  Dictionary.) 


THE 

A verb  is  a part  of  speech  which  signifies  to  be,  to  do,  or  to  suffer ; 
or  it  is  a word  by  means  of  which  something  is  affirmed  respecting 
some  person  or  tiling ; as,  I am ; you  hear ; he  is  instructed. 

The  person  or  tiling  respecting  which  any  thing  is  affirmed,  is  called 
the  subject.  A verb  in  the  infinitive  mode  is  not  connected  with  any 
subject,  and  no  affirmation  can  be  made  by  it. 

Verbs  are  divided  into  active  or  transitive,  and  neuter  or  intransitive. 
In  this  Dictionary,  as  well  as  in  most  other  modern  English  diction- 
aries, verbs  to  which  v.  a.  is  annexed  are  active,  or  transitive,  verbs ; 
and  those  to  which  v.  n.  is  annexed  are  neuter,  or  intransitive,  verbs. 

An  active,  or  transitive,  verb  expresses  an  action  passing  from  an 
agent  or  actor  to  some  object  acted  upon ; and  it  requires  the  addition 
of  an  object  to  complete  the  sense ; as,  “ The  master  teaches  the 
pupil"  or  “ The  master  teaches  him”  Here  pupil  and  him  denote 
objects  acted  upon,  and  are  in  the  objective  case,  governed  by  the 
active  or  transitive  verb  teach. 

A neuter,  or  intransitive,  verb  expresses  being  or  state  of  being ; 
and  it  does  not  require  the  addition  of  an  object  to  complete  the 
sense;  as,  “He  is;”  “The  sun  shines.”  — There  is  a class  of  verbs 
which  are  generally  ranked  among  neuter  verbs,  and  which  denote 
action  confined  to  the  subject,  without  any  object  acted  upon ; as, 
“ I run  ; ” “ He  walks.”  These  are,  by  some  grammarians,  styled 
active-intransitive  verbs,  in  distinction  from  active-transitive  verbs. 

A passive  verb  is  formed  by  associating  the  perfect  participle  of  an 
active  verb  with  some  tense  of  the  verb  to  be;  and  it  implies  an  object 
acted  upon,  and  an  agent,  by  which  it  is  acted  upon ; as,  “ Caxsar  was 
slain  by  Brutus  ” 

A regular  verb  is  one  which  forms  its  imperfect  tense  and  perfect 


VERB. 

participle  by  adding  d or  ed  to  the  present ; as,  love,  loved ; call, 
called. 

An  irregular  verb  is  one  which  does  not  form  its  imperfect  tense 
and  perfect  participle  by  adding  d or  ed  to  the  present ; as,  present 
write,  imperfect  wrote,  perfect  participle  written. 

All  the  verbs  of  the  English  language,  which  are  often  used,  w'hether 
regular  or  irregular,  are  carefully  conjugated,  where  they  severally 
occur,  in  this  Dictionary.  It  is,  therefore,  not  deemed  necessary  to 
insert  here  a table  of  irregular  verbs. 

Auxiliary  verbs,  called  also  helping  verbs,  are  those  by  means  of 
which  English  verbs  are  principally  conjugated.  They  are  do,  be, 
have,  must,  may,  can,  shall,  will,  with  their  inflections.  Might, 
could,  should,  and  would,  which  are  regarded  as  the  imperfect  ox- 
past  tenses  of  may,  can,  shall,  and  will,  commonly  imply  past  time ; 
yet  they  are  sometimes  used  in  the  conditional  present  and  future  tenses. 

Many  vei’bs  are  formed  by  affixing,  to  the  radical  parts  of  words, 
ate,  en,fy,  ish,  ise,  ize. 

THE  CONJUGATION  OF  VERBS. 

The  conjugation  of  a verb  is  the  regular  combination  and  an-ange- 
ment  of  its  several  numbers,  persons,  moods,  and  tenses. 

Grammarians  differ  much  with  respect  to  the  number  of  voices, 
moods,  and  tenses  in  the  English  language.  According  to  some 
grammarians  there  is  but  one  voice,  the  active,  two  moods,  the  in- 
dicative and  the  infinitive,  and  two  tenses,  the  present  and  past  or 
preterite ; according  to  others,  there  are  tw-o  voices,  the  active  and 
passive,  four  moods,  and  six  tenses;  as  in  the  following  conjugations. 


XXXVI 


ENGLISH  GRAMMAR. 


The  auxiliary  and  the  active  verb  To  Have  is  conjugated  in  the 
following  manner : — 

TO  HAVE. 

Indicative  Mood. 


PRESENT  TENSE. 

Singular.  Plural. 

1st  Person,  I have.  1.  We  have. 

2d  Person,  Thou  hast.  2.  Ye  or  you  have. 

3d  Person,  He,  she,  or  it,  hath  3.  They  have. 
or  has. 

IMPERFECT  TENSE 


Singular. 

1.  I had. 

2.  Thou  hadst. 

3.  He,  &c.  had. 


Plural. 

1.  We  had. 

2.  Ye  or  you  had. 

3.  They  had. 


p E 

Singular. 

1.  I have  had. 

2.  Thou  hast  had. 

3.  He  has  had. 


FECT  TENSE. 

Plural. 

1.  We  have  had. 

2.  Ye  or  you  have  had. 

3.  They  have  had. 


PE  u PE  R 

Singular. 

1.  I had  had. 

2.  Thou  hadst  had. 

3.  He  had  had. 

FIRST  FI 

Singular. 

1.  I shall  or  will  have. 

2.  Thou  shalt  or  wilt  have. 

3.  He  shall  or  will  have. 


•ECT  TENSE. 

Plural. 

1.  We  had  had. 

2.  Ye  or  you  had  had. 

3.  They  had  had. 

HIKE  TENSE. 

Plural. 

1.  AVe  shall  or  will  have. 

2.  Ye  or  you  shall  or  will  have. 

3.  They  shall  or  will  have. 


SECOND 

Singular. 

1.  I shall  have  had. 

2.  Thou  wilt  have  had. 

3.  He  will  have  had. 


FUTURE  TENSE. 

Plural. 

1.  We  shall  have  had. 

2.  Ye  or  you  will  have  had. 

3.  They  will  have  had. 


IMPEKFEC; 

Singular. 

1.  1 might,  could,  would,  or  should 

have. 

2.  Thou  mightst,  couldst,  wouldst, 

or  shouldst  have. 

3.  He  might,  could,  would,  or 

should  have. 

PERFECT 

Singular. 

1.  I may  or  can  have  had. 

2.  Thou  mayst  or  canst  have  had. 

3.  He  may  or  can  have  had. 

PLUPERFEC 

Singular. 

1.  I might,  could,  would,  or  should 

have  had. 

2.  Thou  mightst,  couldst,  wouldst, 

or  shouldst  have  had. 

3.  He  might,  could,  would,  or 

should  have  had. 


P T E N 3 E . 

Plural. 

1.  AYe  might,  could,  would,  or 

should  have. 

2.  Ye  or  you  might,  could,  would, 

or  should  have. 

3.  They  might,  could,  would,  or 

should  have. 

TENSE. 

Plural. 

1.  AVe  may  or  can  have  had. 

2.  Ye  or  you  may  or  can  have  had. 

3.  They  may  or  can  have  had. 

T TENSE. 

Plural. 

1.  AVe  might,  could,  would,  or 

should  have  had. 

2.  Ye  or  you  might,  could,  would, 

or  should  have  had. 

3.  They  might,  could,  would,  or 

should  have  had. 


Subjunctive  Mood . 

PRESENT  TENSE. 

Singular.  Plural. 

1.  If  I have.  1.  If  we  have. 

2.  If  thou  have.  2.  If  ye  or  you  have. 

3.  If  he  have.  3.  If  they  have. 

It  is  very  common  to  vary  the  terminations  of  verbs  in  the  subjunc- 
tive mood  in  the  same  manner  as  in  the  indicative ; as,  “ If  thou 
hast,  if  lie  has,”  instead  of  “If  thou  have,  if  he  have.”  — “If  thou 
lovest,  if  he  loves ; ” instead  of  “ If  thou  love,  if  he  love.”  So  also, 
“ If  I am,  if  thou  art,  if  he  is  ; if  we  are,”  &c.,  “If  I was,  if  thou 
toast,  if  he  was  ; ” instead  of  “ If  I be,”  &c. 

The  remaining  tenses  of  the  subjunctive  mood  are,  in  general, 
similar  to  the  correspondent  tenses  of  the  indicative  mood. 


Infinitive  Mood. 


Imperative  Mood. 


Present,  To  have. 


Perfect,  To  have  had. 


Singular. 

1.  Let  me  have. 

2.  Have  thou,  or  do  thou  have. 

3.  Let  him  have. 


Plural. 

1.  Let  us  have. 

2.  Have  ye,  or  do  ye  or  you  have. 

3.  Let  them  have. 


Participles. 

Present  or  Active,  Having.  Perfect  or  Passive,  Had. 

Compound  Perfect,  Having  had. 


Potential  Mood. 

Mayst  and  mightst  were  formerly,  and  they  are  still  by  some, 
written  mayest  and  mightest.  The  second  persons  singular  couldst, 
shouldst,  and  wouldst,  were  formerly  written  couldest,  shoiddest,  and 
wouldest. 

Though  might,  could,  shoidd,  and  would  are  preterite  and  past 
tenses,  they  are  frequently  employed  to  denote  the  present  time. 
Their  use  to  denote  both  past  and  present  time  may  be  illustrated  as 
follows  : — 

He  should  have  done  this  yesterday ; and  he  might  or  he  could 
have  done  it,  if  he  would.  — He  should  do  it,  and  he  might  or  he 
could  do  it  to-day,  if  he  would. 

May,  though  of  the  present  tense,  is  also  sometimes  used  to  denote 
the  future;  as,  He  may  come,  and  probably  will  come,  to-morrow. 

PRESENT  TENSE. 


The  auxiliary  and  the  neuter  verb  To  Be  is  conjugated  as  follows:  — 


TO  BE. 


Indicative  Mood. 


Singular. 

1.  I am. 

2.  Thou  art. 

3.  He,  she,  or  it  is. 


PRESENT  TENSE. 


Plural. 

1.  AVe  are. 

2.  Ye  or  you  are. 

3.  They  are. 


Singular. 

1.  I was. 

2.  Thou  wast. 

3.  He  was. 


IMPERFECT  TENSE. 

Plural. 

1.  We  were. 

2.  Ye  or  you  were. 

3.  They  were. 


PERFECT  TENSE. 


Singular. 

1.  I may  or  can  have. 

2.  Thou  mayst  or  canst  have. 

3.  He  may  or  can  have. 


Plural. 

1.  We  may  or  can  have. 

2.  Ye  or  you  may  or  can  have. 

3.  They  may  or  can  have. 


Singular. 

1.  I have  been. 

2.  Thou  hast  been. 

3.  He  hath  or  has  been. 


Plural. 

1.  AVe  have  been. 

2.  Ye  or  you  have  been. 

3.  They  have  been. 


CONJUGATION  OF  VERBS. 


xxxvn 


PLUPERFECT  TENSE. 


Singular. 
I had  been. 

Thou  hadst  been. 

He  had  been. 


Plural. 

1.  We  had  been. 

2.  Ye  or  you  had  been. 

3.  They  had  been. 


FIRST  FUTURE  TENSE. 


Singular. 

I shall  or  will  be. 
Thou  shalt  or  wilt  be. 
He  shall  or  will  be. 


Plural. 

1.  We  shall  or  will  be. 

2.  Ye  or  you  shall  or  will  be. 

3.  They  shall  or  will  be. 


SECOND  FUTURE  TENSE. 


Singular. 

I shall  have  been. 
Thou  wilt  have  been. 
He  will  have  been. 


Plural. 

1.  We  shall  have  been. 

2.  Ye  or  you  will  have  been. 

3.  They  will  have  been. 


Imperative  Mood. 


Singular. 

Let  me  be. 

Be  thou,  or  do  thou  be. 
Let  him  be. 


Plural. 

1.  Let  us  be. 

2.  Be  ye  or  you,  or  do  ye  or  you  be. 

3.  Let  them  be. 


Potential  Mood. 


PRESENT  TENSE. 


Singular. 

I may  or  can  be. 

Thou  mayst  or  canst  be. 
He  may  or  can  be. 


Plural. 

1.  We  may  or  can  be. 

2.  Ye  or  you  may  or  can  be. 

3.  They  may  or  can  be. 


IMPERFECT  TENSE. 

Singular.  Plural. 

I might,  could,  would,  or  should  1.  We  might,  could,  would,  or 
be.  should  be. 

Thou  mightst,  couldst,  wouldst,  2.  Ye  or  you  might,  could,  would,  or 

or  shouldst  be.  should  be. 

He  might,  could,  would,  or  3.  They  might,  could,  would,  or 
should  be.  should  be. 

PERFECT  TENSE. 

Singular.  ' Plural. 

I may  or  can  have  been.  1.  We  may  or  can  have  been. 

Thou  mayst  or  canst  have  been.  2.  Ye  or  you  may  or  can  have  been. 

He  may  or  can  have  been.  3.  They  may  or  can  have  been. 

PLUPERFECT  TENSE. 

Singular.  Plural. 

I might,  could,  would,  or  should  1.  We  might,  could,  would,  or  should 
have  been.  have  been. 

Thou  mightst,  couldst,  wouldst,  2.  Ye  or  you  might,  could,  would,  or 
or  shouldst  have  been.  should  have  been. 

He  might,  could,  would,  or  should  3.  They  might,  could,  would,  or 
have  been.  should  have  been. 


Subjunctive  Mood. 


PRESENT  TENSE. 


Singular. 


1.  If  I be. 

2.  If  thou  be. 

3.  If  he  be. 


Singular. 

1.  If  I were. 

2.  If  thou  wert. 

3.  If  he  were. 


Plural. 

1.  If  we  be. 

2.  If  ye  or  you  be. 

3.  If  they  be. 


IMPERFECT  TENSE. 


Plural. 

1.  If  we  were. 

2.  If  ye  or  you  were. 

3.  If  they  were. 


The  remaining  tenses  of  this  mood  are,  in  general,  similar  to  the 
correspondent  tenses  of  the  indicative  mood. 


Infinitive  Mood. 

Present,  To  be.  Perfect,  To  have  been. 

Participles. 

Present,  Being.  Perfect,  Been. 

Compound  Perfect,  Having  been. 


CONJUGATION  OF  REGULAR  VERBS. 

ACTIVE. 

A regular  active  verb  is  conjugated  in  the  following  manner : • 

TO  LOVE. 

Indicative  Mood. 

PRESENT  TENSE. 

Singular. 


I love. 

Thou  lovest. 

He,  she,  or  it  loves  or  loveth. 


Plural. 

1.  We  love. 

2.  Ye  or  you  love. 

3.  They  love. 


Singular. 

I loved. 

Thou  lovedst. 

He  loved. 


Singular. 

I have  loved. 

Thou  hast  loved. 

He  hath  or  has  loved. 


IMPERFECT  TENSE. 

Plural. 

1.  We  loved. 

2.  Ye  or  you  loved. 

3.  They  loved. 

PERFECT  TENSE. 

Plural. 

1.  We  have  loved. 

2.  Ye  or  you  have  loved. 

3.  They  have  loved. 


Singular. 
I had  loved. 

Thou  hadst  loved. 
He  had  loved. 


PLUPERFECT  TENSE. 

Plural. 

1.  We  had  loved. 

2.  Ye  or  you  had  loved. 

3.  They  had  loved. 

FIRST  FUTURE  TENSE. 

Singular.  Plural. 

I shall  or  will  love.  1.  We  shall  or  will  love. 

Thou  shalt  or  wilt  love.  2.  Ye  or  you  shall  or  will  love. 

He  shall  or  will  love.  3.  They  shall  or  will  love. 


SECOND  FUTURE  TENSE. 


Singular. 

I shall  have  loved. 
Thou  wilt  have  loved. 
He  will  have  loved. 


Plural. 

1.  We  shall  have  loved. 

2.  Ye  or  you  will  have  loved. 

3.  They  will  have  loved. 


Imperative  Mood. 


Singular. 

Let  me  love. 

Love  thou,  or  do  thou  love. 
Let  him  love. 


Plural. 

1.  Let  us  love. 

2.  Love  ye  or  you,  or  do  ye  love. 

3.  Let  them  love. 


Potential  Mood. 

PRESENT  TENSE. 

Singular.  Plural. 

1.  I may  or  can  love.  1.  We  may  or  can  love. 

2.  Thou  mayst  or  canst  love.  2.  Ye  or  you  may  or  can  love. 

3.  He  may  or  can  love.  3,  They  may  or  can  love. 

IMPERFECT  TENSE. 

Singular.  Plural. 

1.  I might,  could,  would,  or  should  1.  We  might,  could,  would,  or 

love.  should  love. 

2.  Thou  mightst,  couldst,  wouldst,  2.  Ye  or  you  might,  could,  would, 

or  shouldst  love.  or  should  love. 

3.  He  might,  could,  would,  or  should  3.  They  might,  could,  would,  or 

■ love.  should  love. 


ENGLISH  GRAMMAR. 

/ 


XXXV111 


PERFECT  TE  NSE. 

Singular.  Plural. 

1.  I may  or  can  have  loved.  1.  AVe  may  or  can  have  loved. 

2.  Thou  mayst  or  canst  have  loved.  2.  Ye  or  you  may  or  can  have  loved. 

3.  He  may  or  can  have  loved.  3.  They  may  or  can  have  loved. 

PI.  UPERFECT  TENSE. 

Singular.  Plural. 

1.  I might,  could,  would,  or  should  1.  We  might,  could,  would,  or  should 

have  loved.  have  loved. 

2.  Thou  mightst,  couldst,  wouldst,  2.  Ye  or  you  might,  could,  would,  or 

or  shouldst  have  loved.  should  have  loved. 

3.  He  might,  could,  would,  or  should  3.  They  might,  could,  would,  or 

have  loved.  should  have  loved. 


Subjunctive  Mood. 


PRESENT  TENSE. 


Singular. 

1.  If  I love. 

2.  If  thou  love. 

3.  If  he  love. 


Plural. 

1.  If  we  love. 

2.  If  ye  or  you  love. 

3.  If  they  love. 


The  remaining  tenses  of  this  mood  are,  in  general,  similar  to  the 
correspondent  tenses  of  the  indicative  mood. 

Injinitive  Mood. 

Present,  To  love.  Perfect,  To  have  loved. 


Participles. 

Present,  Loving.  Perfect,  Loved. 

Compound  Perfect,  Having  loved. 


PASSIVE. 

Verbs  passive  are  called  regular  when  they  form  their  perfect 
participle  by  the  addition  of  d or  ed  to  the  verb, ; as,  from  the  verb 
to  love  is  formed  the  passive,  I am  loved,  I was  loved,  I shall  be 
loved,  &c. 

A passive  verb  is  conjugated  by  adding  the  perfect  participle  to  the 
auxiliary  verb  to  be,  through  all  its  changes  of  number,  person,  mood, 
and  tense,  in  the  following  manner : — 

TO  BE  LOVED. 

Indicative  Mood. 


PRESENT  TENSE. 


Singular. 

1.  I am  loved. 

2.  Thou  art  loved. 

3.  He  is  loved. 


Singular. 

1.  I was  loved. 

2.  Thou  wast  loved. 

3.  He  was  loved. 


Plural. 

1.  We  are  loved. 

2.  Ye  or  you  are  loved. 

3.  They  are  loved. 


IMPERFECT  TENSE. 


Plural. 

1.  We  were  loved. 

2.  Ye  or  you  were  loved. 

3.  They  were  loved. 


PERFECT  TENSE. 


Singular. 

1.  I have  been  loved. 

2.  Thou  hast  been  loved. 

3.  He  has  or  hath  been  loved. 


Plural. 

1.  AVe  have  been  loved. 

2.  Ye  or  you  have  been  loved. 

3.  They  have  been  loved. 


PLUPERFECT  TENSE. 


Singular. 

1.  I had  been  loved. 

2.  Thou  hadst  been  loved. 

3.  He  had  been  loved. 


Plural. 

1.  We  had  been  loved. 

2.  Ye  or  you  had  been  loved. 
3 They  had  been  loved. 


FIRST  FUTURE  TENSE. 

Singular.  Plural. 

1.  I shall  or  will  be  loved.  1.  We  shall  or  will  be  loved. 

2.  Thou  shalt  or  wilt  be  loved.  2.  Ye  or  you  shall  or  will  be  loved. 

3.  He  shall  or  will  be  loved.  3.  They  shall  or  will  be  loved. 

SECOND  FUTURE  TENSE. 

Singular.  Plural. 

1.  I shall  have  been  loved.  1.  AVe  shall  have  been  loved. 

2.  Thou  wilt  have  been  loved.  2.  Ye  or  you  will  have  been  loved. 

3.  He  will  have  been  loved.  3.  They  will  have  been  loved. 

Imperative  Mood. 

Singular.  Plural. 

1.  Let  me  be  loved.  1.  Let  us  be  loved. 

2.  Be  thou  loved,  or  do  thou  be  2.  Be  ye  or  you  loved,  or  do  ye  be 

loved.  loved. 

3.  Let  him  be  loved.  3.  Let  them  be  loved. 

Potential  Mood. 

PRESENT  TENSE. 

Singular.  Plural. 

1.  I may  or  can  be  loved.  1.  AVe  may  or  can  be  loved. 

2.  Thou  mayst  or  canst  be  loved.  2.  Ye  or  you  may  or  can  be  loved. 

3.  He  may  or  can  be  loved.  3.  They  may  or  can  be  loved. 

IMPERFECT  TENSE. 

Singular.  Plural. 

1.  I might,  could,  would,  or  should  1.  AVe  might,  could,  would,  or  should 

be  loved.  be  loved. 

2.  Thou  mightst,  couldst,  wouldst,  2.  Ye  or  you  might,  could,  would, 

or  shouldst  be  loved.  or  should  be  loved. 

3.  He  might,  could,  would,  or  should  3.  They  might,  could,  would,  or 

be  loved.  should  be  loved. 

PERFECT  TENSE. 

Singular.  Plural. 

1.  I may  or  can  have  been  loved.  1.  AVe  may  or  can  have  been  loved. 

2.  Thou  mayst  or  canst  have  been  2.  Ye  or  you  may  or  can  have  been 

loved.  loved. 

3.  He  may  or  can  have  been  loved.  3.  They  may  or  can  have  been  loved. 

PLUPERFECT  TENSE. 

Singular.  Plural. 

1.  I might,  could,  would,  or  should  1.  AVe  might,  could,  would,  or  should 

have  been  loved.  have  been  loved. 

2.  Thou  mightst,  couldst,  wouldst,  2.  Ye  or  you  might,  could,  would,  or 

or  shouldst  have  been  loved.  should  have  been  loved. 

3.  He  might,  could,  would,  or  should  3.  They  might,  could,  would,  or 

have  been  loved.  . should  have  been  loved. 

Subjunctive  Mood. 

PRE  SENT  TENSE. 


Singular. 

1.  If  I be  loved. 

2.  If  thou  be  loved. 

3.  If  he  be  loved. 


Plural. 

1.  If  we  be  loved. 

2.  If  ye  or  you  be  loved. 

3.  If  they  be  loved. 


IMPERFECT  TENSE. 


Plural. 

1.  If  we  were  loved. 

2.  If  ye  or  you  were  loved. 

3.  If  they  were  loved. 


Singular. 

1.  If  I were  loved. 

2.  If  thou  wert  loved. 

3.  If  he  were  loved. 

The  remaining  tenses  of  this  mood  are,  in  general,  similar  to  the 
correspondent  tenses  of  the  indicative  mood. 

Injinitive  Mood. 

Present,  To  be  loved.  Perfect,  To  have  been  loved. 

Participles. 

Present,  Being  loved.  Perfect,  Been  loved. 

Compound  Perfect,  Having  been  loved. 


THE  PARTICIPLE.— THE  INTERJECTION. 


xxxix 


THE  PARTICIPLE. 


The  'participle  is,  by  some  grammarians,  considered  as  a distinct 
part  of  speech,  and  by  others  it  is  regarded  only  as  a form  of  the  verb. 
It  is  derived  from  the  verb,  and  partakes  of  the  signification  and 
properties  of  the  verb.  It  is  an  adjective  form  of  the  verb,  and,  like 
an  adjective,  belongs  to  a noun ; and  it  signifies  doing,  being,  or 
suffering,  without  affirming  any  thing.  It  becomes  a noun  by  pre- 
fixing to  it  the  definite  article  the.  — There  are  three  participles : the 
present,  ending  in  ing,  as  moving ; the  perfect,  past,  or  passive,  ending 
(if  the  verb  is  regular)  in  ed,  as  moved ; and  the  compound  perfect, 
as  having  moved. 

The  participle  in  ing,  though  properly  and  generally  active,  is  some- 
times used  in  a passive  sense ; as,  “ Forty  and  six  years  was  this  temple 
in  building.”  Johnu.  20.  — “While  the  ark  was  a preparing.  1 Peter 
iii.  20.  — “ The  nation  had  cried  out  loudly  against  the  crime  while 
it  was  committing.”  Bolingbroke.  — “ My  Lives  are  reprinting.” 
Johnson. — Dr.  Johnson,  in  the  Grammar  prefixed  to  his  Dictionary, 
remarks,  with  respect  to  this  use  of  the  present  participle,  “ There  is 
a manner  of  using  the  active  participle  which  gives  it  a passive  signifi- 
cation ; as,  ‘ The  Grammar  is  now  printing  ; ’ ‘ The  brass  is  forging.' 
This,  in  my  opinion,  is  a vicious  expression,  probably  corrupted 
from  a phrase  more  pure,  but  now  somewhat  obsolete  : ‘ The  book  is 
a printing ; ’ ‘ The  brass  is  a forging ; ’ a being  properly  at,  and 
printing  and  forging  verbal  nouns,  signifying  action,  according  to 
the  analogy  of  this  language.” 

Although  Johnson  thus  censured  this  use  of  the  participle  in  ing, 
yet  he  afterwards  made  use  of  it  himself  in  the  instance  above  cited. 

Within  a few  years,  as  a substitute  for  both  of  the  above  forms,  a 


neologism  has  been  introduced,  by  which  the  present  passii  > - arli- 
ciple  is  substituted,  in  such  cases  as  the  above,  for  the  participle  in 
ing ; and  in  the  above  examples,  instead  of  “ in  building,”  “ a pre- 
paring,” “ ivas  committing,”  and  “ are  reprinting,”  the  modern- 
innovators  would  say,  “ in  being  built,”  “ being  prepared,”  “ was 
being  committed,”  “ are  being  reprinted.”  This  new  form  has  been 
used  by  some  respectable  writers,  as  in  the  following  instances  : “For 
those  who  are  being  educated  in  our  seminaries.”  11.  Southey.  — 
“It  was  being  uttered.”  Coleridge.  — “The  foundation  was  being 
laid.”  Brit.  Critic. — The  Eclectic  Review  remarks,  “That  a need 
of  this  phrase,  or  an  equivalent  one,  is  felt,  is  sufficiently  proved  by 
the  extent  to  which  it  is  used  by  educated  persons  and  respectable 
writers.” 

This  phrase,  styled  by  Abp.  Whately  “ uncouth  English,”  has  been 
censured  by  various  grammarians  and  critics.  — “ It  [zervppivog] 
signifies  properly,  though  in  uncouth  English,  one  who  is  being 
beaten.”  Abp.  Whately.  — “ The  bridge  is  being  built,  and  other 
phrases  of  the  like  kind,  have  pained  the  eye.”  D.  Booth.  — “The 
phrase  ‘ is  being  built,’  and  others  of  similar  kind,  have  been,  for  a 
few  years  back,  insinuating  themselves  into  our  language ; still  they 
are  not  English.”  M.  Harrison’s  Rise,  Progress,  and  Present 
Structure  of  the  English  Language.  — “ ‘ The  house  is  being  built.’ 
— This  mode  of  expression  is  becoming  quite  common.  It  is  liable, 
however,  to  several  important  objections.  It  appears  formal  and 
pedantic.  — It  has  not,  so  far  as  I know,  the  support  of  any  respecta- 
ble grammarian.  — The  easy  and  natural  expression  is,  ‘The  house  is 
building.’”  Prof.  J.  W.  Gibbs. 


THE  ADVERB. 


An  adverb  is  a word  added  to  a verb,  an  adjective,  and  sometimes 
to  another  adverb,  to  express  some  quality  or  circumstance  respecting 
it ; as,  “ He  writes  well “A  truly  excellent  scholar  j ” “ He  speaks 


very  correctly.”  A great  many  adverbs  are  formed  from  adjectives 
by  the  addition  of  ly,  or  by  changing  e to  y ; as,  wise,  wisely ; noble, 
nobly. 


THE  CONJUNCTION. 


The  conjunction  is  a part  of  speech,  or  a particle,  which  connects 
words  and  sentences  together;  consisting  principally  of  two  sorts, 


copulative  and  disjunctive;  but  there  are  other  divisions  given  by 
many  grammarians,  as  adversative,  causal,  illative,  See. 


THE  INTERJECTION. 


An  interjection  is  a word  used  to  express  some  affection  or  emotion  of  the  mind. 


xl 


ENGLISH  GRAMMAR. 


THE  PREPOSITION. 


Prepositions  show  the  relations  between  words,  and  are  generally 
plac'  I before  nouns  and  pronouns  in  the  objective  case. 

There  are  many  nouns,  adjectives,  verbs,  and  participles,  which  are 


followed  by  their  appropriate  prepositions ; and  there  are  instances  in 
which  it  is  a matter  of  some  difficulty  to  determine  what  preposition 
is  most  suitable  to  be  used. 


A LIST  OF  WORDS  WITH  THE  PROPER  PREPOSITION  ANNEXED. 


A. 

Abandoned  to. 

Abate  of. 

Abhorrence  of. 

Abhorrent  to,  from. 

Abide  in,  at,  with,  by. 
Abominable  to. 

Abound  in,  with. 

Abridge  of  from. 

Absent  from. 

Abstain  from. 

Abstinen  ce  from. 

Abut  on,  upon. 

Accede  to. 

Acceptable  to. 

Access  to. 

Accessory  to. 

Accommodate  to,  with. 
Accompanied  by,  with. 
Accord,  v.  n.  with  ; v.  a.  to. 
Accordance  with. 

According  to. 

Account  of  for,  to. 
Accountable  to  a person  \for 
a thing. 

Accuse  of,  by. 

Acquaint  with. 

Acquaintance  with. 
Acquiesce  in. 

Acquit  of. 

Adapted  to. 

Add  to. 

Address  to. 

Adequate  to. 

Adhere  to. 

Adjacent  to. 

Adjourn  to,  at,  for. 

Adjudge  to. 

Adjust  to. 

Admonish  of  by,  against. 
Admission  (access)  to ; (en- 
trance) into. 

Admit  of. 

Advantage  over,  of. 

Advise  of,  to. 

Advocate  for. 

Affection  for. 

Affinity  to,  with,  between. 
Agree  with  a person  ; to 
things  proposed  ; upon 
things  or  conditions. 
Agreeable  to. 

Aim  at. 

Alienate  from. 

Allude  to. 

Alteration  in. 

Ambitious  of,  to. 

Amenable  to. 

Analogous  to. 

Analogy  to,  between. 

Angry  with  a person ; at  a 
thing. 

Annex  to. 

Animadvert  on,  upon. 
Answer  for,  to. 

Antecedent  to. 

Antipathy  to,  against. 
Anxious  about. 

Apologize  for. 

Apology  for. 

Appeal  to. 

Appertain  to. 

Applicable  to. 

Apply  to. 

Apprehensive  of 
Appropriate  to. 


Approve  of. 

Argue  with,  against. 

Array  with,  in. 

Arrive  at. 

Ask  of  a person ; for  or 
after  a person  or  thing. 
Aspire  to. 

Assent  to. 

Assimilate  to. 

Associate  with. 

Assure  of. 

Astonished  at. 

Aton  o for. 

Attached  to. 

Attain  to. 

Attend  to. 

Attentive  to. 

Averse  to,  from. 

Aversion  to,  from. 


B. 

Ballot  for. 

Banish,  from. 

Bare  of. 

Bargain  for. 

Bear  up,  upon,  with . 

Beguile  of. 

Believe  in,  on. 

Belong  to. 

Bereave  of. 

Bestow  on,  upon. 

Betray  to  a person;  into  a 
thing. 

Betroth  to. 

Bigoted  to. 

Bind  to,  in,  up,  upon. 

Blame  for. 

Blush  at. 

Boast  of. 

Border  on,  upon. 

Brag  of. 


c. 

Call  on,  upon,  at,  for ; — on 
a person  ; at  a house. 
Capable  of. 

Cure  for,  to. 

Careful  of,  for. 

Careless  of,  about. 

Carp  at. 

Catch  at,  up. 

Caution  againit. 
j Certify  of 
Change  for,  with. 

Charge  on  or  against  a per- 
son ; with  a thing. 

Clear  of. 

Coalesce  with. 

Coincide  with. 

Commune  with. 

Commit  to. 

Communicate  to,  with. 
Compare  to,  in  respect  to 
quality ; with,  by  way  of 
illustration. 

Compelled  to. 

Compliance  with. 

Comply  with. 

Composed  of. 

Concede  to. 

Conceive  of. 

Concerned  at,  for. 

Concur  with,  in,  on,  to. 


Condemn  to. 

Condescend  to. 

Conduce  to. 

Confer  on,  upon. 

Confide  in. 

Conform  to. 

Conformable  to. 

Conformity  to. 

Congenial  to,  with. 
Congratulate  on,  upon. 
Connect  with. 

Conscious  of. 

Consecrate  to. 

Consent  to. 

Consign  to. 

Consist  of,  in,  with. 
Consistent  with. 

Consonant  to. 

Consult  with. 

Contend  with,  against. 
Contest  with. 

Contiguous  to. 

Contrast  with. 

Contrary  to. 

Conversant  in,  with,  about. 
Convert  to,  into. 

Convict  of 
Convince  of. 

Copy  from,  after. 
Correspond  to,  with. 
Correspondence  to,  with. 
Correspondent  to. 

Covenant  with,  for. 

Cure  of. 


D. 

Dash  against,  upon. 

Deal  in,  by,  with. 

Debar  of,  from. 

Decide  on,  upon. 

Defend  against,  from. 
Deficiency  of. 

Deficient  in. 

Defraud  of 
Demand  of. 

Denounce  against  a person ; 

on  a thing. 

Depend  on,  upon. 

Dependent  on,  upon. 

Deprive  of. 

DerogateyVom. 

Derogation  from,  to. 
Derogatory  to. 
DescendedyVom. 

Deserving  of. 

Desirous  of 
Desist  from. 

Despair  of. 

Despoil  of. 

Destined  to. 

Destitute  of. 

Detach  from. 

Detract  from. 

Deviate  from. 

Devolve  on,  upon. 

Devote  to. 

Dictate  to. 

Die  of  a disease ; by  the  sword 
or  famine  ; for  another. 
Differ  with  a person  in  opin- 
ion ; from  a person  or 
thing  in  some  quality. 
Different  from. 

Difficulty' in. 

Diminish  from. 

Diminution  of 


Disabledybom. 

Disagree  with,  to. 
Disagreeable  to. 
Disappointed  of  a thing  not 
obtained;  in  a thing  ob- 
tained. 

Disapprove  of. 

Discourage  from. 
Discouragement  to. 
])isengaged,/)'o»t. 

Disgusted  at,  with. 

Dislike  to. 

Dismission  from. 
Disparagement  to. 

Dispense  with. 

Dispose  of,  to,  for. 
Dispossess  of. 

Dispute  with. 

Disqualify  for,  from. 
Dissatisfied  with. 

Dissent  from. 

Distinct  from. 

Distinguish  from,  between. 
Distrustful  of. 

Divested  of. 

Divide  betiveen  two  ; among 
many. 

Dote  on. 

Doubt  of,  about. 

Dwell  in,  at,  on. 


Eager  in,  for,  after. 

Embark  in,  for. 
Embellished  icitli. 

Emerge  from. 

Employ  in,  on,  upon,  about. 
Emulous  of. 

Enamoured  of. 

Encounter  with. 
Encouragement  to. 

Encroach  on,  upon. 
Endeared  to. 

Endeavor  after. 

Endowed  with. 

Endued  with. 

Engage  in,  with,  for. 

| Enjoin  on,  upon. 

' Enter  on,  upon,  into. 
Entrance  on,  upon,  into. 
Envious  of,  at. 

Equal  to,  loith. 

Equivalent  to. 

Espouse  to. 

Estimated  at. 

Estranged  from. 

I Exception  from,  to,  against. 
j Excluded  from. 

Exclusive  of. 

Expelled/rom. 

Expert  in,  at. 

Exposed  to. 

Expressive  of. 


F. 

Fall  under,  on,  upon,  from. 
Familiar  to,  with. 

Fawn  on,  upon. 

Fearful  of. 

Feed  on,  upon. 

Fight  with,  against,  for . 
Filled  with. 

Fond  of. 


Fondness  ybr. 

Foreign  to,  from. 

Founded  on  or  upon  a basis ; 

in  truth. 

Free  from. 

Friendly  to. 

Frightened  at. 

Frown  at,  upon. 

Fruitful  in,  of. 

Full  of. 

Furnished  with. 


G. 

Give  to. 

Glad  of,  at. 

Glance  at,  upon. 

Glow  with. 

Grapple  with. 

Grateful  to  a person  ; for  a 
favor. 

Greedy  of,  after. 

Grieve  at,  for. 

Guard  against. 

Guilty  of. 


II. 

Hanker  after. 
Happen  to,  on. 
Healed  of. 
Hinder  from. 
Hiss  at. 

Hold  in,  of,  on. 


I. 

Ignorant  of. 

Immersion  in. 

Impatient  at,  for,  of. 
Impenetrable  by,  to. 
Impervious  to. 

Impose  on,  upon. 
Inaccessible  to. 

Incapable  of. 

Incentive  to. 

Incorporate  into,  with. 
Inconsistent  with. 

Inculcate  on,  upon. 
Independent  of,  on. 
Indifferent  to. 

Indulge  with,  in. 

Indulgent  to. 

Influence  over,  with,  on. 
Inform  of,  about,  concerning. 
Initiate  into,  in. 

Initiation  into. 

Inquire  of,  after,  for,  about. 
Inroad  into. 

Insensible  to,  of. 

Inseparable  from. 

Insinuate  into. 

Insist  on,  upon. 

Inspection  into,  over. 
Instruct  in. 

Insult  over. 

Intent  on,  upon. 

Interfere  with. 

Intermeddle  with. 

Intervene  between. 

Intimate  with. 

Introduce  into,  in. 

Intrude  on,  upon,  into. 
Inured  to. 


THE  PREPOSITION. 


xli 


Invested  with. 

Irritated  against  or  by  a per- 
son ; at  or  by  a thing. 


J. 

Jealous  of. 
Jeer  at. 

Join  ivith,  to. 


K. 

Knock  at,  on. 
Known  to. 


L. 

Laden  with. 

Land  at. 

Laugh  at. 

Lean  on,  upon , against. 
Level  with. 

Liberal  to,  of. 

Liken  to. 

Live  in,  at,  with,  on,  upon. 
Loaded  with. 

Long  for,  after. 

Lord  over. 


M. 

Made  of. 

Marry  to,  with. 
Meddle  with. 
Mediate  between. 
Meditate  on,  upon. 
Meet,  v.,  with. 
Militate  against. 
Mingle  with. 
Minister  to. 
Mistrustful  of. 

Mix  with. 


N. 

Necessary  to,  for. 
Need  of. 
Neglectful  of. 
Negotiate  with. 


0. 

Obedient  to. 

Object  to,  against. 
Observant  of. 
Observation  of. 
Obtrude  on,  upon. 
Obvious  to. 

Offend  against. 
Offensive  to. 

Offer  to. 

Operate  on. 

Opposite  to. 
Overwhelmed  with,  by. 


P. 

Parcel  out. 

Parley  ivith. 

Part  from,  with. 

Partake  of. 

Partial  to. 

Partiality  to,  for. 

Participate  in,  of. 

Patient  with,  of,  under. 

P ay  for. 

Peculiar  to. 

Penetrate  into. 

Persevere  in. 

Pertain  to. 

Pitch  upon,  on. 

Play  on,  upon,  with. 

Pleasant  to. 

Pleased  with. 

Plunge  into. 

Possessed  of. 

Pounce  on,  upon. 

Pour  on,  upon,  into. 

Tray  for,  with. 

Predisposed  to. 

Prefer  to,  before,  above. 
Preferable  to. 

Preference  to,  over,  above, 
before. 

Prefix  fo. 

Prejudice  against. 
Prejudicial  to. 

Prepare  for. 

Preserve  from. 

Preside  over. 

Press  on,  upon. 

Presume  on,  upon. 

Pretend  to. 

f 


Prevail  on,  upon,  with  (to 
persuade),  over,  against  (to 
overcome). 

Prevent  from. 

Previous  to. 

Prey  on,  upon. 

Prior  to. 

Productive  of. 

Profit  by. 

Profitable  to. 

Prone  to. 

Pronoun  c er  against  a person  ; 

on  a thing. 

Propose  to. 

Protect  others  from,  our- 
selves against. 

Protest  against. 

Proud  of. 

Provide  with,  for,  against. 
Purge  of,  from. 

Pursuance  of. 

Pursuant  to. 


Q. 

Quarrel  with. 

Quarter  on,  upon. 
Questioned  on,  upon,  by. 


R. 

Rail  at. 

Reckon  on,  upon,  with. 
Recline  on,  upon. 

Reconcile  to,  with. 

Recover  from. 

Reduce  to,  under. 

Refer  to. 

Reflect  on,  upon. 

Refrain  from. 

Regard  for,  to. 

Rejoice  at,  in. 

Relate  to. 

Release  from. 

Relieve  from. 

Relish  for,  of. 

Rely  on,  upon. 

Remain  in,  at. 

Remark  on,  upon. 

Remit  to. 

Remonstrate  with  a person ; 

against  a thing. 

Remove  from. 

Repent  of. 


Repine  at. 

Replete  with. 

Repose  on,  upon. 
Repugnant  to. 

Rescue  from. 
Resemblance  to, .between. 
Resolve  on,  upon. 

Rest  in,  at,  on,  upon. 
Restore  to. 

Restrain  from,  of. 
Retire  from,  to. 

Return  to. 

Rich  in. 

Rid  of. 

Rob  of. 

Rove  about,  over. 

Rub  against. 

Rule  over. 

Rush  against,  on,  upon. 


s. 

Sated  with. 

Satiate  with. 

Saturate  with. 

Save  from. 

Seek  for,  after,  to. 

Seize  on,  upon. 

Send  to,  for. 

Sensible  of. 

Sick  of. 

Significant  of. 

Similar  to. 

Sink  into,  in,  beneath. 
Sit  on,  upon,  in. 

Skilful  in,  at. 

Smile  at,  on,  upon. 

Snap  at. 

Snatch  at. 

Sneer  at. 

Solicitous  about,  for. 
Sorry  for. 

Stay  in,  at,  with. 

Stick  to,  by. 

Strip  of. 

Strive  with,  against,  for. 
Subject  to. 

Submissive  to. 

Submit  to. 

Substitute  for. 

Subtract  from. 

Suitable  to,  for. 
Surprised  at. 

Suspected  of,  by. 

Swerve  from. 
Sympathize  with. 


' T.  * 

Taste  of  a thing  possessed  ; 
for  a thing  desired  or  rel- 
ished. 

Tax  with,  for. 

Tend  to,  towards. 

Thankful  for. 

Think  on,  upon,  of,  about. 
Thirst  after,  for. 

Touch  at,  on,  upon. 
Transmit  to. 

Triumph  over. 

Troublesome  to. 

True  to. 

Trust  in,  to. 


u. 

Unison  with. 

Unite  with,  to. 

Useful  for,  to. 

V. 

Value  on,  upon. 

Versed  in. 

Vest  in  a person,  with  a 
thing. 

V oid  of. 

w. 

Wait  on,  upon,  for,  at. 
Want  of. 

Weary  of. 

Weep  at,  for. 

Witness  of. 

Worthy  of. 

Y. 

Yearn  towards,  for. 

Yield  to. 

Yoke  with. 

z. 

Zealous  for. 


ORIGIN,  FORMATION,  AND  ETYMOLOGY 

O F 

THE  ENGLISH  LANGUAGE. 


In  the  formation  of  the  English  language,  most  of  the  languages 
here  enumerated  have  contributed  more  or  less ; yet  the  English 
has  been  formed  mainly  from  the  Anglo-Saxon  ; and  the  contributions 
to  it  next  in  importance  to  those  from  the  Anglo-Saxon  are  derived 
from  the  Latin,  through  the  Norman  French. 

The  family  of  Indo-Germanic  or  Indo-European  languages  may 
be  considered  as  comprising  six  branches,  two  belonging  to  Asia,  and 
four  to  Europe. 

1.  The  Indian  branch,  comprising  the  Sanscrit  and  its  derivative 
dialects. 

2.  The  Medo-Persic,  or  Arian  branch,  at  the  head  of  which  stands 
the  Zend,  or  Old  Persian. 

3.  The  Graeco-Latin  branch,  comprising  the  Greek,  Modem 
Greek,  Latin,  Italian,  Spanish,  Portuguese,  Norman  French,  and 
French. 

4.  The  Teutonic  branch,  with  the  Gothic  at  its  head,  comprising 
the  different  Germanic  dialects,  the  Anglo-Saxon,  English,  Friesic, 
Flemish  or  Belgic,  Dutch,  German ; — the  Scandinavian  dialects, 
Icelandic,  Norwegian,  Danish,  and  Swedish. 

5.  The  Slavonic  or  Slavic,  comprising  the  Lithuanian,  Russian, 
Polish,  &c. 

6.  The  Celtic,  comprising  the  Welsh,  Cornish,  Armorican,  Gaelic  or 
Highland  Scotch,  Dish  or  Erse,  and  the  Manks. 

The  translation  of  the  four  Gospels  (the  Codex  Argenteus ) by 
Ulphilas  into  the  Gothic  or  Moeso-Gothic  language,  about  A.  D.  360, 
is  regarded  as  the  earliest  specimen  now  in  existence  of  any  Teutonic, 
German,  or  Gothic  dialect,  and  it  preceded  any  known  Anglo-Saxon 
MS.  by  about  four  hundred  or  five  hundred  years. 


THE  LORD’S  PRAYER  IN  VARIOUS  LANGUAGES. 

The  version  of  the  Lord’s  Prayer  [Matt,  vi.]  is  here  exhibited  in 
all  the  languages  which  have  contributed,  in  any  considerable  degree, 
to  the  formation  of  the  English  language. 

GREEK. 

From  the  text  of  Tischendorf,  seventh  edition,  Leipsic,  1859,  8vo. 

TIuTf  o r(.ufalr  6 in  roig  oiiounoZg, 

(xyiaaOrgo)  to  bro.uu  aov 
iWhibt  r]  Buaikela  aov 

yevydi\Tb)  to  Gifojgb  aov  &g  In  ovgard > y.al  ini  yyc; 
t6v  uqtov  t bn  imovaion  dog  ygZv  ay/UEQov 

v.ul  dqtsg  iyuZv  id  dcpe ikr^guiu  fyuwn,  big  xul  ii/UEig  dcyryxagev 
TOlg  bcpedltaig  few- 
xal  lUrj  elaeniyxrjg  f[urig  elg  neiqaagbn , 
dlld  qvaui  ij/rug  (mb  tov  nonr/Qov. 


The  following  is  added  in  the  “ Textus  Receptus  ” : 

bit  aov  iaun  ^ fiaadela  xul  ^ dvnagig  xul  y db^a  elg  Tobg 
alibnug.  ‘ Agi\n. 

MODERN  GREEK,  OR  ROMAIC. 

From  the  version  of  Maximus  Kalliupolites,  as  published  in  Lon- 
don, 1824,  12mo.  (First  printed  in  1638.) 

’SI  nuiiqu  gag  onov  elaai  elg  t oiig  obqanovg- 
tig  uyiaadr^  to  ovogd  aov. 

"Ac  eldr)  f)  ftaodela  aov 

tig  yinr/  to  6eh]gd  aov,  xuOoig  elg  tov  obQunon,  et'Ci  xul  elg  t^v  y^n. 
To  i yogi  gag  to  xudygeginon  dbg  gag  to  ar^geqon. 

Kul  avy/UQ/jai  gag  tu  xqiy  gag,  xudwg  xul  igeZg  avyxwqovgen 
t ovg  %QEb)q>eil.iTag  gag. 

Kul  gryn  gag  cpiqrfi  elg  neiQaagbn • 

Celia  ilevdigwoi  gag  (mo  t on  nonyqon- 

bn  idixrj  aov  elnai  y fiaadela,  xal  i j bvnagig  xal  y do£a  eig 
TOvg  alibnug.  ’ Agr\n. 

LATIN. 

From  the  version  made  by  St.  Jerome  in  the  latter  part  of  the 
fourth  century, — the  “Vulgate,”  — as  edited  by  Tischendorf  in  his 
“ Novum  Testamentum  Triglottum,”  Leipsic,  1854. 

Pater  noster  qui  es  in  caelis, 
sanctificetur  nomen  tuum, 
adveniat  regnum  tuum, 
fiat  voluntas  tua  sicut  in  caelo  et  in  terra, 
panem  nostrum  supersubstantialem  da  nobis  hodie, 
et  dimitte  nobis  debita  nostra  sicut  et  nos  dimittimus  debitoribus 
nostris, 

et  ne  inducas  nos  hi  temptationem, 
sed  libera  nos  a malo. 

ITALIAN. 

From  the  version  of  Giovanni  Diodati,  original  edition,  Geneva, 
1607,  4to. 

Padre  nostro,  che  sei  ne’  cieli, 
sia  santificato  il  tuo  nome. 

II  tuo  regno  venga, 

la  tua  volonta  sia  fatta,  sicome  in  cielo,  cosi  anche  in  terra. 

Dacci  hoggi  il  nostro  pane-  cotidiano. 

E rimettici  i nostri  debiti,  sicome  noi  anchora  gli  rimettiamo 
a’  nostri  debitor:. 

E non  indurci  in  teritatione, 
ma  liberaci  dal  Maligno : 

percioche  tuo  e il  regno,  e la  potenza,  e la  gloria,  in  sempitemo. 
Amen. 


(xlii) 


ORIGIN,  FORMATION,  AND  ETYMOLOGY  OF  THE  ENGLISH  LANGUAGE. 


xliii 


SPANISH. 

From  the  version  of  the  Bible  by  Father  Phelipe  Scio  de  San 
Miguel,  original  edition,  Valencia,  1790-1793,  10  vols.  folio. 

Padre  nuestro,  que  estas  en  los  Cielos : 
santificado  sea  el  tu  nombre. 

Venga  el  tu  Reyno  : 

hasrase  tu  voluntad,  como  en  el  Cielo  asi  tambien  en  la  tierra. 
Danos  hoy  nuestro  pan  sobresubstancial. 

Y perdonanos  nuestras  deudas,  asi  como  nosotros  perdonamos 

a nuestros  deudores. 

Y no  nos  dexes  caer  en  la  tentacion : 
mas  libranos  de  mal.  Amen. 

PORTUGUESE. 

From  the  translation  of  Antonio  Pereira  de  Figueiredo,  1781— 
1783,  as  published  by  the  British  and  Foreign  Bible  Society,  London, 
1855,  8vo. 

Padre  nosso  que  estas  nos  Ceos  : 
santificado  seja  o teu  nome 
Venha  a nos  o teu  Reino. 

Seja  feita  a tua  vontade,  assim  na  terra,  como  no  Ceo. 

0 pao  nosso,  que  he  sobre  toda  a substancia,  nos  da  hoje. 

E perdoa-nos  as  nossas  dividas,  assim  como  nos  tambem  perdoa- 
mos  aos  nossos  devedores  : 

E nao  nos  deixes  cahir  em  tentaqao. 

Mas  livra  nos  do  mal.  Amen. 

FRENCH. 

From  the  Geneva  version  of  1588,  as  revised  by  David  Martin, 
original  edition,  Amsterdam,  1707,  fol. 

Notre  Pere  qui  es  aux  cieux, 
ton  Nom  soit  sanctifie. 

Ton  Regne  vienne. 

Ta  volonte  soit  faite  en  la  terre  comine  au  ciel. 

Donne  nous  aujourd’hui  notre  pain  quotidien. 

Et  nous  quitte  nos  dettes,  comme  nous  quittons  aussi  les  dettes 
a nos  debiteurs. 

Et  ne  nous  indui  point  en  tentation, 
mais  delivre  nous  du  Malin. 

Car  a toi  est  le  regne,  & la  puissance,  & la  gloire  a jamais.  Amen. 

OLD  FRENCH.  (Twelfth  century.) 

As  given  by  Adelung,  Mithridates,  II.  590,  591. 

Sire  Pere,  qui  es  es  Ciaux, 

Sanctifier  soit  li  tuens  Nons ; 

Avigne  li  tuens  Regnes ; 

Soit  faite  ta  Volante,  si  comme  ele  est  faite  el  Ciel,  si  soit  ele 
faite  en  Terre ; 

Nostre  Pam  de  chascun  Jor  nos  done  hui; 

Et  pardone  nos  nos  Meffais,  si  come  nos  pardonnons  a cos  qui 
meffait  nos  ont ; 

Sire  ne  soffre,  que  nos  soions  temptd  par  mauvesse  Temptacion ; 
Mes  Sir  delivre  nos  dc  Mal. 

WELSH. 

From  the  edition  of  the  Welsh  Bible  published  by  the  British  and 
Foreign  Bible  Society,  London,  1837,  8vo. ; being  essentially  Bishop 
Parry’s  version,  first  printed  in  1620. 


Ein  Tad,  yr  hwn  wyt  yn  y nefoedd, 
sancteiddier  dy  Enw. 

Deled  dy  deyrnas. 

Gwneler  dy  ewyllys,  megis  yn  y nef,  felly  ar  y ddaear  hefyd. 
Dyro  i ni  heddyw  ein  bara  beunyddiol. 

A maddeu  i ni  ein  dyledion,  fel  y maddcuwn  ninnau  i’n  dyledwyr. 
Ac  nac  anvain  ni  i brofedigaeth ; 
eithr  gwared  ni  rhag  drwg. 

Canys  eiddot  ti  yw  y deymas,  a’r  nerth,  a’r  gogoniant,  yn  oes 
oesoedd.  Amen. 

GAELIC. 

From  the  version  of  the  New  Testament  by  the  Rev.  James  Stuart, 
as  published  by  the  Society  for  Propagating  Christian  Knowledge, 
Edinburgh,  1813,  12mo.  (First  printed  in  1767.) 

Ar  n-Athair  a ta  air  neamh, 

Gu  naomhaichear  t’ainm. 

Thigeadh  do  rioghachd. 

Deanar  do  thoil  air  an  talamh,  mar  a nithear  air  neamh. 

Tabhair  dhuinn  an  diugh  ar  n-aran  laitheil. 

Agus  maith  dhuinn  ar  fiacha,  amhuil  mar  a mhaitheas  sinne  d’ar 
luchd-fiach. 

Agus  na  leig  am  buaireadh  sinn, 
ach  saor  sinn  o ole : 

Oh  is  leatsa  an  rioghachd,  agus  an  cumhqchd,  agus  a’  ghloir,  gu 
siorruidh.  Amen. 


IRISH. 

From  the  version  of  Uilliam  O.  Domhnuill,  or  William  Daniel,  as 
published  by  the  British  and  Foreign  Bible  Society,  London,  1817, 
8 vo.  (First  printed  in  1602.) 

Ar  Nathan-  ata  ar  neamh, 

Naomhthar  hainm. 

Tigheadh  do  rioghachd. 

Deuntar  do  thoil  ar  an  thalamh,  mar  do  nithear  ar  neamh. 

Ar  naran  laethamhail  tabhair  dhuinn  a niu. 

Agus  maith  dhuinn  ar  bhfiacha,  mar  mhaithnn'dne  dar  bhfei- 
thcamhnuibh  fein. 

Agus  na  leig  sinn  a ccathughadh, 
aclid  saor  inn  o ole : 

Oir  is  leachd  fein  an  rioghachd,  agus  an  chiimhachd,  agus  an 
ghloir,  go  siorruighe.  Amen. 

GOTHIC.  (Fourth  century.) 

%From  the  edition  of  Ulfilas  by  Gabelentz  and  Loebe,  Leipsic, 
1836-1846,  4to. 

Atta  unsar  thu  in  himinam. 

Veihnai  liamo  thein. 

Qimai  thiudinassus  theins. 

Vairthai  vilja  theins  sve  in  himina  jail  ana  airthai. 

Hlaif  unsarana  thana  sinteinan  gif  uns  himma  daga. 

Jah  aflet  uns  thatei  skulans  sijaima  svasve  jah  veis  afletam  thaim 
skulam  unsaraim, 

Jah  ni  briggais  uns  in  fraistubnjai. 

Ak  lausei  uns  af  thamma  ubihn. 

Unte  theina  ist  thiudangardi  jah  mahts  jah  vulthus  in  aivins. 
Amen. 


xliv 


ORIGIN,  FORMATION,  AND  ETYMOLOGY 


ICELANDIC. 

From  the  Icelandic  Bible  printed  at  Copenhagen  in  1813,  after  the 
edition  of  1747,  for  the  British  and  Foreign  Bible  Society. 

Fader  vor  thu  sern  ert  a himnum, 
helgest  tliitt  nafn. 

Tilkome  thitt  rike. 

Verde  thinn  -vile  so  a jdrdu  sem  a himne. 

Gef  thu  oss  i dag  vort  daglegt  braud. 

Og  fyrergef  oss  vorar  skullder,  so  sem  ver  fyrergefum  vorum 
skulldunautum. 

Og  mnleid  oss  eige  i freistne, 
helldur  frelsa  thu  oss  fra  illu. 

Thviad  thitt  er  riked,  og  mattur  og  dyrd  um  allder  allda.  Amen. 

DANISH. 

From  the  Danish  Bible  published  by  the  British  and  Foreign  Bible 
Society,  London,  1855,  8vo. 

Vor  Fader,  du  som  er  i Himlene! 

Helliget  vorde  dit  Nava ; 

Komme  dit  Rige ; 

Skee  din  Villie,  som  i Himmelen,  saa  og  paa  Jorden ; 

Giv  os  i Dag  vort  daglige  Br^d; 

Og  forlad  os  vor  Skyld,  saa  som  vi  forlade  vore  Skyldnere ; 

Og  leed  os  ikke  ind  i Fristelse, 
men  frie  os  fra  det  Onde ; 

Tlii  dit  er  Riget,  og  Kraften,  og  Herligheden  i Evighed,  Amen. 

SAVEDISH. 

From  the  Swedish  Bible  printed  in  Stockholm,  1850,  8vo.,  for  the 
British  and  Foreign  Bible  Society. 

Fader  var,  som  list  i himlom, 
helgadt  varde  ditt  Namn. 

Tilkomme  ditt  rike : 

Ske  din  vilje,  sasorn  i himmelen,  sa  ock  pa  jordene. 

Gif  oss  i dag  vart  daghga  brod : 

Och  forlat  oss  vara  skulder,  sasom  ock  vi  forlate  dem  oss  skyl- 
dige  aro. 

Och  inled  oss  icke  i frestelse ; 
utan  frals  oss  ifran  ondo.  * 

Ty  riket'ar  ditt,  och  magten,  och  hiirligheten,  i evighet:  Amen. 

FRIESIC. 

# 

From  Bon.  Vulcanius  “ De  Literis  et  Lingua  Getarum,”  Leiden, 
1597,  p.  98. 

Ws  haita  dw  derstu  biste  yne  hymil, 

Dyn  name  wird  heiligt. 

Dyn  ryk  to  komme. 

Dyn  wille  moet  schoen,  opt  yrtryck  as  yne  hymil. 

Ws  deilix  broe  jow  ws  jwed. 

In  veriou  ws  ws  schylden,  as  wy  vejae  ws  schyldnirs. 

In  lied  ws  naet  in  versieking, 
din  fry  ws  vin  it  qweed. 

Din  dyn  is  it  ryck,  de  macht,  in  de  heerliekheyt  yn  yewicheyt. 
So  moet  et  wese. 


FLEMISH. 

From  the  edition  of,  the  New  Testament  printed  at  Brussels  in 
1838,  as  given  by  Auer  in  his  “ Vater  Unser,”  2e  Abtheilung, 
Vienna,  1847. 

Onzen  Vader,  die  in  den  hemel  zyt : 

Geheyligt  zy  uwen  naem. 

Dat  uw  ryk  aenkome. 

Dat  uwen  wil  geschiede,  op  der  aerde  als  in  den  hemel. 

Geeft  ons  heden  ons  dagelyks  broodt. 

En  vergeeft  ons  onze  schulden,  gelyk  wy  vergeven  aen  onze 
schuldenaeren. 

Ende  en  leydt  ons  niet  in  bekoringe  : 

Maer  verlost  ons  van  den  quaeden.  Amen. 

DUTCH. 

From  the  version  made  by  authority  of  the  Synod  of  Dort,  (first 
printed  in  1637,)  as  published  by  the  British  and  Foreign  Bible 
Society,  London,  1856,  8vo. 

Onze  Vader,  die  in  de  hemelen  zijt! 
uw  naam  worde  geheiligd. 

Uw  Ivoningrijk  kome. 

Uw  wil  geschiede,  gelijk  in  den  hemel,  alzoo  ook  op  de  aarde. 
Geef  ons  heden  ons  dagelijksch  brood. 

En  vergeef  ons  onze  schulden,  gelijk  ook  wij  vergeven  onzen 
schuldenaren. 

En  leid  ons  niet  in  verzoeking, 
maar  verlos  ons  van  den  boozen. 

AVant  uw  is  het  koningrijk,  en  de  kracht,  en  de  heerlijkheid,  in 
de  eeuwigheid,  Amen. 

GERMAN. 

From  Luther’s  version,  as  edited  by  Tischendorf  in  his  “ Novum 
Testamentum  Triglottum,”  Leipsic,  1854.  The  orthography  is 
modernized.  Luther’s  translation  of  the  New  Testament  was  first 
published,  anonymously,  in  1522. 

Unser  Vater  in  dem  Himmel. 

Dein  Name  werde  geheiliget. 

Dein  Reich  komme. 

Dein  Wille  geschehe  auf  Erden  wie  im  Himmel. 

Unser  tiiglich  Brot  gib  uns  heute. 

Und  vergib  uns  unsere  Schulden,  wie  wir  unsern  Schuldigern 
vergeben. 

Und  fiihre  uns  nicht  in  Versuchung, 
sondern  erlose  uns  von  dem  Uebel. 

Denn  dein  ist  das  Reich  und  die  Ivraft  und  die  Herrlichkeit  in 
Ewigkeit,  Amen. 

ANGLO-SAXON. 

From  Thorpe’s  edition  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  Gospels,  London, 
1842,  12mo. 

Feeder  ure,  thu  the  eart  on  heofenum, 

Si  thin  nama  gehalgod. 

To-becume  thin  rice. 

Geweorthe  thin  willa  on  eorthan,  swa  swa  on  heofenum. 

Ume  deeghwamlican  hlaf  syle  us  to-deeg. 

And  forgyf  us  ure  gyltas,  swa  swa  we  forgifath  urum  gyltendum. 
And  ne  geMede  thu  us  on  costnimge, 
ac  alys  us  of  yfle : Sothlice. 


OF  THE  ENGLISH  LANGUAGE. 


xlv 


WICKLIFFE.  (About  1380.) 

From  the  edition  of  the  Rev.  J.  Forshall  and  Sir  F.  Madden, 
Oxford,  1850,  4to. 

Oure  fadir  that  a’-,  iJt uent  , 

hahvid  be  thi  name  ; 

thi  kyngdom  cum  me  to  ; 

be  thi  wille  don  as  in  heuen  and  in  earthe  ; 

gif  to  vs  this  day  oure  breed  ouer  other  substaunce  ; 

and  forgeue  to  vs  oure  dettis,  as  we  forgeue  to  oure  dettours ; 

and  leede  vs  nat  in  to  temptacioun, 

but  delyuere  vs  fro  yuel.  Amen. 

TYNDALE’S  VERSION. 

His  revised  edition  of  1534,  as  printed  in  “ The  English  Hexapla,” 
London,  1841,  4to. 

O oure  father  which  arte  in  heven, 
halowed  be  thy  name. 

Let  thy  kyngdome  come. 

Thy  wyll  be  fulfilled,  as  well  in  crth,  as  it  ys  in  heven. 

Geve  vs  this  daye  our  dayly  breedc. 

And  forgeve  vs  oure  treaspases,  even  as  we  forgeve  oure 
trespacers. 

And  leade  vs  not  into  temptaeion : 
but  delyver  vs  from  evell. 

For  thyne  is  the  kjugedome  and  the  power, 
and  the  glorye  for  ever.  Amen. 

KING  JAMES’S  VERSION. 

From  a copy  of  the  first  edition  of  1611. 

Our  father  which  art  in  heauen, 
hallowed  be  thy  Name. 

Thy  kingdome  come. 

Thy  will  be  done,  in  earth,  as  it  is  in  heauen. 

Give  vs  this  day  our  dayly  bread. 

And  forgiue  vs  our  debts,  as  we  forgiue  our  debters. 

And  leade  vs  not  into  temptation, 
bvt  deliuer  vs  from  euill : 

For  thine  is  the  kingdome,  and  the  power,  and  the  glory,  for 
euer,  Amen. 


The  earliest  authentic  event  recorded  in  the  history  of  Britain  was 
the  landing  of  Julius  Csesar  on  the  eastern  shore,  fifty-five  years 
before  the  Christian  era.  The  country  was  then  inhabited  by  the 
Britons,  a Celtic  race,  who  continued  to  hold  possession  of  it  till  the 
middle  of  the  fifth  century.  Of  their  language,  styled  the  Celtic,  or, 
with  reference  to  Britain,  the  British,  few  traces  now  exist  in  England, 
except  in  geographical  names,  as  those  of  some  towns,  mountains, 
rivers,  lakes,  &e. ; but  the  remains  of  it  are  to  be  found  in  the  Gaelic 
of  the  Scottish  Highlands,  in  the  Welsh,  the  Erse  or  Irish,  and  the 
Manks  language,  in  the  Isle  of  Man. 

About  the  middle  of  the  fifth  century,  the  Saxons  from  Lower 
Germany  invaded  the  island ; and,  before  many  years  elapsed,  they 
established  their  authority  over  the  most  of  that  part  of  it  which  is 
now  called  England ; and  the  Britons  were  driven  into  Wales.  From 
a leading  branch  of  the  Saxons,  called  Angles,  the  country  received 
its  name  of  England,  and  the  new  language  was  denominated  from 
them  the  Anglo-Saxon ; often  also  called  simply  the  Saxon.  At  the 
time  of  their  invasion,  the  Saxons  were  an  illiterate  people ; but  they 
afterwards  cultivated  learning  to  some  extent;  their  language  was 


spoken  nearly  in  its  purity  till  the  Norman  conquest,  and  among  their 
principal  writers  were  Gildas,  Ccedmon,  vElfric,  Bede,  and  King 
Alfred.  — vElfric  was  the  author  of  an  Anglo-Saxon  and  Latin 
vocabulary,  the  first  writer  of  a bilingual  dictionary,  ancient  or  mod- 
ern, whose  name  has  been  preserved. 

The  Anglo-Saxon  dynasty,  after  having  continued  about  six  hundred 
years,  was  terminated,  in  1066,  by  the  invasion  of  William,  Duke  of 
’ ' eommonly  called  the  Conqueror.  The  Norman-French 
now  Oeeuri  ■ • ' re  of  the  court  and  the  upper  classes,  and 

continued  to  be  so  W . . ’'Q«  while  the  Anglo-Saxon,  (or 

the  Semi-Saxon,)  continued  to  be  .1  ’•  common  people 

or  peasantry;  and  in  the  course  of  time,  these  tv, - 1 me 

blended  into  one,  forming  the  basis  of  the  present  English.  lv 
end  of  the  second  century  after  the  Conquest,  may  be  dated  the  be- 
ginning of  the  English  language,  which  at  length  triumphed  over  the 
Norman-French,  and  was  gradually  improved  till  the  accession  of 
Queen  Elizabeth  to  the  throne,  during  whose  reign  the  language  may 
be  regarded  as  having  assumed  substantially  its  present  form,  as  ex- 
hibited in  the  works  of  Sidney,  Spenser,  Hooker,  Shakespeare,  Ra- 
leigh, and  Bacon.  But  the  writings  of  several  of  the  reformers  previ- 
ous to  the  reign  of  Elizabeth,  as  Tyndale  (the  translator  of  the  New 
Testament),  Cranmer,  Latimer,  &c.,  attracted  much  attention.  The 
works  of  Sir  Thomas  More,  as  Ben  Jonson  tells  us,  “ were  considered 
as  models  of  pure  and  elegant  style ; ” and  according  to  Mr.  Hallam, 
his  “ History  of  Richard  III.  is  the  first  example  of  good  English 
language ; pure  and  perspicuous,  well  chosen,  without  vulgarisms  or 
pedantry.” 

The  following  statement  respecting  the  changes  which  took  place  in 
the  language  spoken  by  the  inhabitants  of  England  is  given  by  Mr. 
Craik.  — The  first  century  after  the  conquest,  during  the  reigns  of 
William  I.,  William  II.,  Henry  I.,  and  Stephen,  may  be  called  the 
infancy  of  English ; the  second  century,  during  the  reigns  of  Henry 
II.,  Richard  I.,  John,  and  Henry  III.,  the  childhood ; the  third 
century,  during  the  reigns  of  Edward  I.,  Edward  II.,  and  Edward  III., 
the  boyhood ; and  from  that  period  (1377)  to  the  beginning  of  the  reign 
of  Elizabeth  (1558),  the  youth ; — then  commenced  the  manhood. 

Mr.  Hippisley,  in  his  “ Chapters  on  Early  English  Literature,” 
says : “ Although  neither  the  origin  nor  subsequent  progress  of 
English  can  be  assigned  to  any  specified  dates,  yet,  for  the  sake  of 
perspicuity,  we  may  (as  in  the  case  of  general  history)  establish 
arbitrary  and  conventional  divisions.  Thus  we  say,  generally 
speaking,  that  about  1150  may  be  dated  the  decline  of  pure  Saxon; 
about  1250  the  commencement  of  English ; and  that  the  century 
between  these  two  dates  was  occupied  by  a kind  of  Semi-Saxon 
language.” 

After  the  Norman  conquest,  the  Saxon  laws  were  continued  in 
force,  and  were  translated  into  Norman-French.  “ The  proceedings,” 
as  stated  by  Blackstone  (Commentaries,  Book  III.  chap.  21),  “were 
all  written,  as  indeed  all  public  proceedings  were,  in  Norman  or  law 
French,  and  even  the  arguments  of  the  counsel  and  the  decisions  of 
the  court  were  in  the  same  barbarous  dialect.  This  continued  till  the 
reign  of  Edward  III.,  who,  having  employed  his  arms  successfully  in 
subduing  the  crown  of  France,  thought  it  unbecoming  the  dignity  ol 
the  victors  to  use  any  longer  the  language  of  a vanquished  country. 
By  a statute,  therefore,  passed  in  the  36th  year  of  his  reign  [1362], 
it  was  enacted,  that,  for  the  future,  all  pleas  should  be  pleaded,  shown, 
defended,  answered,  debated,  and  judged,  in  the  English  tongue,  but 
be  entered  and  enrolled  in  Latin.”  This  is  the  date  of  the  tri- 
umph of  the  English  language  over  the  French  in  the  English  courts 
of  law. 

“ The  Saxon  power,”  Dr.  Bosworth  remarks,  “ ceased  when  William 
the  Conqueror  ascended  the  throne,  but  not  the  language  ; for  Anglo- 
Saxon,  after  rejecting  or  changing  many  of  its  inflections,  continued 
to  be  spoken  by  the  old  inhabitants  till  the  time  of  Henry  III.,  A.  D. 
1258.  What  was  written  after  this  period  has  generally  so  great 


/ 


xlvi 


ORIGIN,  FORMATION,  AND  ETYMOLOGY 


* 

a resemblance  to  our  present  language,  that  it  may  evidently  be  called 
English.” 

In  the  fourteenth  century  flourished  Sir  John  Mandeville  [ob.  1372], 
the  traveller,  whose  Travels,  which  appeared  in  1356,  formed  the  first 
English  work  in  prose ; John  Wicldiffe,  the  reformer  [ob.  1384], 
who,  with  the  aid  of  some  of  his  followers,  translated  the  Bible  into 
English,  though  the  whole  translation,  including  both  Testaments,  was 
not  printed  till  1850;  and  Geoffrey  Chaucer  [ob.  1400],  the  great 
early  English  poet,  author  of  many  works  in  poetry  and  prose,  (the 
most  celebrated  of  which  are  the  “ Canterbury  Tales,”)  who  exerted  a 
greater  influence  on  the  early  state  V>f  the  language  than  any  other 
writer,  and  who  introduced  many  words  from  the  French.  “ But 
though  [Edinburgh  Review,  vol.  cxii.]  the  importations  from  the 
French  are  large,  relative  to  the  like  element  of  such  writers  as 
Mandeville  and  Wickliffe,  they  are  not  such  as  defraud  his  works  of 
the  praise  of  Spenser’s  celebrated  eulogy,  that  in  them  is  to  be  found 
‘ the  well  of  English  undefiled.’  ” 

But  the  times,  long  after  the  age  of  Chaucer,  continued  barbarous, 
and,  till  after  the  invention  of  printing  and  the  revival  of  learning, 
few  writers  of  any  distinction  appeared  to  cultivate  and  improve  the 
language,  or  to  enrich  it  with  valuable  works.  — In  1471,  the  art  ol 
printing  was  introduced  into  England  by  William  Caxton,  who  was 
one  of  the  most  considerable  writers  in  the  language  between  the 
time  of  Chaucer  and  the  Reformation. 

SPECIMENS  OF  EARLY  ENGLISH. 

A Proclamation  of  Henry  III.  to  the  people  of  Huntingdonshire, 
A.  D.  1258.  “It  currently  passes  for  the  earliest  specimen  of  Eng- 
lish.” — Latham. 

“ Henry,  thurg  Godes  fultome,  King  on  Engleneloande,  lhoaurd  on 
Yrloand,  l)uke  on  Normand,  on  Acquitain,  Eorl  on  Anjou,  send  I 
greting,  to  alle  hise  holde,  ilscrde  & ilewerde  on  Iluntingdonschiere. 

“ That  witen  ge  well  alle,  thoet  we  willen  & unnen  thact  ure  raedes- 
men  alle  other,  the  moare  del  of  hcom,  thact  beoth  iehosen  thurg 
us  and  thurg  thact  loandes-folk  on  ure  Kuneriche,  habbith  idon,  and 
schullen  don,  in  the  worthnes  of  God,  and  ure  threowthe,  for  the 
freme  of  the  loaude,  thurg  the  besigte  of  than  toforen  iseide  racdes- 
men,  beo  stedfaest  and  ilestinde  in  alle  thinge  abutan  acnde,  and  we 
heaten  alle  ure  treowe,  in  the  treowthe  thact  heo  us  ogen,  thet  heo 
stede-feslliche  healden  & weren  to  healden  & to  swerien  the  isetnesses 
thet  beon  makede  and  beo  to  maluen,  thurg  than  toforen  iseide 
raedesmen,  other  thurg  the  moare  del  of  heom  alswo,  alse  hit  is 
before  iseide.  And  thet  aehcother  helpe  thet  for  to  done  bitham 
ilche  other,  aganes  alle  men  in  alle  thet  heo  ogt  for  to  done,  and  to 
foangen.  And  noan  ne  of  mine  loande,  ne  of  egetewhere,  thurg  this 
besigte,  muge  beon  ilet  other  iwersed  on  oniewise.  And  gif  oni 
ether  onie  cumen  her  ongenes,  we  willen  & heaten,  thact  alle  ure 
treowe  heom  healden  deadlichistan  And  for  thact  we  willen  thact 
this  beo  staedfast  and  lestinde,  we  senden  gew  this  writ  open,  iseined 
with  ure  seel,  to  halden  amanges  gew  ine  hord.  Witnes  us-selvcn 
aet  Lundacn,  thaene  egetetenthe  day  on  the  monthe  of  Octobr,  in  the 
two  and  fowertigthe  geare  of  ure  crunning.” 

A literal  translation  of  this  Proclamation,  taken  from  Henry’s  His- 
tory of  Great  Britain,  vol.  viii. 

“ Henry,  through  God’s  support,  king  of  England,  lord  of  Ireland, 
duke  of  Normandy,  of  Acquitain,  earl  of  Anjou,  sends  greeting,  to  all 
his  subjects,  learned  and  unlearned,  of  Huntington-shire. — This 
know  ye  well  all,  that  we  will  and  grant,  what  our  counsellors  all  or 
the  more  part  of  them  that  be  chosen  through  us  and  through  the 
land-folk  of  our  kingdom,  have  done,  and  shall  do,  to  the  honor  of 
God,  and  our  allegiance,  for  the  good  of  tire  land,  through  the  de- 
termination of  those  before  said  counsellors,  be  steadfast  and  perma- 
nent in  all  things  without  end,  and  we  enjoin  all  our  lieges,  by  the 


allegiance  that  they  owe  us,  that  they  steadfastly  hold  and  swear  to 
hold  and  to  maintain  the  ordinances  that  be  made  and  be  to  be  made, 
through  the  before  said  counsellors,  or  through  the  more  part  of  them 
also,  as  it  is  before  said.  And  that  each  other  help  that  for  to  do  by 
them  each  other,  against  all  men,  in  all  that  they  ought  for  to  do, 
and  to  promote.  And  none  either  of  my  hum,  nor  of  elsewhere, 
through  this  business,  may  be  impeded  or  damaged  in  any  way.  Aid 
if  any  man  or  any  woman  cometh  against  them,  we  will  and  enjoin 
that  all  our  lieges  hold  them  deadly  foes.  And  for  that  we  will  that 
this  be  steadfast  and  lasting,  we  send  you  this  writ  open,  sealed  with 
our  seal,  to  keep  amongst  you  in  store.  Witness  ourself  at  London, 
the  eighteenth  day  of  the  month  of  October,  in  the  two-and-fortieth 
year  of  our  crowning.” 

An  extract  from  Sir  John  Mandeville’s  Travels. 

“ And  I John  Maundevylle  knyghte  aboveseyd,  (alle  thoughe  I be 
unworthi,)  that  departed  from  oure  contrees  and  passed  the  see, 
the  zeer  of  grace  1322,  that  have  passed  manye  londes  and  manye 
yles  and  contrees,  and  cerched  manye  fulle  straunge  places,  and  haue 
ben  in  manye  a fulle  gode  honourable  companye,  and  at  many  a 
fane  dede  of  armes,  (alle  be  it  that  I elide  none  myself,  for  myn 
unable  insuffisance,)  now  I am  comen  hom  (mawgree  my  self)  to  reste : 
for  gowtes,  artetykes,  that  me  distreynen,  tho  diffynen  the  ende  of  my 
labour,  azenst  my  wille  (God  knowethe.)  And  thus  takyngc  solace 
of  my  wrecched  reste,  recordynge  the  tyme  passed,  I have  fulfilled 
theise  thinges  and  putte  hem  wryten  in  this  boke,  as  it  wolde  come 
into  my  mynde,  the  zeer  of  grace  1356  in  the  34  zeere  that  I departede 
from  oure  contrees.  Wherefore  I preye  to  alle  the  rederes  and  hereres 
of  this  boke,  zif  it  plese  hem,  that  thei  wolde  preyen  to  God  for  me  : 
and  I schalle  preye  for  hem.  And  alle  tho  that  seyn  for  me  a Pater 
noster,  with  an  Ave  Maria,  that  God  forzeve  me  my  synnes,  I make 
hem  partneres  and  graunte  hem  part  of  alle  the  gode  pilgrimages, 
and  of  alle  the  gode  dedes  that  I have  don,  zif  ony  be  to  his  plesance : 
and  noghte  only  of  tho,  but  of  alle  that  evere  I schalle  do  unto  my 
lyfes  ende.  And  I beseclie  Almyghty  God,  fro  whom  alle  godenesse 
and  grace  cometh  fro,  that  he  vouchesaf,  of  his  excellent  mercy  and 
habundant  grace,  to  fulle  fille  hire  soules  with  inspiracioun  of  the 
Holy  Gost,  in  makynge  defence  of  alle  hire  gostly  enemyes  here  in 
erthe,  to  hire  salvacioun,  bothe  of  body  and  soule ; to  worschipe  and 
thank ynge  of  him,  that  is  three  and  on,  withouten  begynnynge  and 
withouten  endynge ; that  is  withouten  qualitee,  good,  and  withouten 
quantytee,  gret ; that  in  alle  places  is  present,  and  alle  thinges  con- 
tenynynge ; the  whiche  that  no  goodnesse  may  amende,  ne  non  evelle 
empeyre ; that  in  perfeyte  trynytee  lyvethe  and  regnethe  God,  be 
alle  worldes  and  be  all  tymes.  Amen,  Amen,  Amen.” 

An  extract  from  Caxton’s  translation  of  the  renowned  apologue  of 
the  Middle  Age,  entitled  “The  Hystorye  of  Iteynart  the  Foxe.” 
Caxton  says,  “ I have  not  added,  ne  mynusshed,  but  have  followed  as 
nyghe  as  I can,  my  copye,  whyche  was  in  Dutche  [German],  and  by 
me  William  Caxton  translated  into  this  rude  and  symple  Englyssh, 
in  thabbey  of  Westmestre  (1481).” 

“ How  the  Lyon,  kynge  of  alle  bestis,  sent  out  his  mandementis 
that  alle  beestis  sholde  come  to  his  feest  and  court. 

“ It  was  about  the  tyme  of  Penthecoste  or  Whytsontyde,  that  the 
wodes  comynly  be  lusty  and  gladsom,  and  the  trees  clad  with  levys 
and  blossome,  and  the  ground  with  herbes  and  flowris  swete-smclliyng, 
and  also  the  fowles  and  byrdes  syngen  melodyously  in  theyr  armourye, 
that  the  Lyon,  the  noble  kynge  of  all  beestis  wolde  in  the  holy  dayes 
of  thys  feest  holde  an  open  court  at  Stade,  whyche  he  dyde  to  know 
over  alle  his  land,  and  commanded  by  his  strayte  commyssyons  and 
maundements  that  every  beest  shold  come  thyder,  in  such  wyse  that 
alle  the  beestis  grete  and  smale  cam  to  the  courte,  sauf  Reynard  the 
Foxe,  for  he  knew'e  hymself  fawty  and  gylty  in  many  thynges  agenst 


OF  THE  ENGLISH  LANGUAGE. 


xlvii 


many  beestis  that  thyder  sholde  comen,  that  he  durste  not  aventure 
to  go  thyder  whan  the  kynge  of  alle  beestis  had  assembled  alle  his 
court,  ther  was  none  of  them  alle  but  that  he  had  complayned  sore 
of  Reynart  the  Foxe.” 


The  Saxon  or  Anglo-Saxon  language,  which  is  a branch  of  the 
Teutonic,  the  language  of  the  Teutones,  a people  who  inhabited  a 
large  part  of  Central  Europe,  while  the  Celts  overspread  the  west,  is 
the  parent  language  of  the  English.  Some  of  the  other  north  Euro- 
pean languages,  of  the  great  Teutonic  or  Gotho-Teutonic  family,  which 
have  contributed  to  enrich  the  English  tongue,  are  the  Danish, 
Swedish,  Norwegian,  and  Icelandic,  of  the  Scandinavian  branch,  and 
the  German  and  Dutch,  of  the  Germanic  branch.  The  south  Euro- 
pean languages,  which  have  furnished  the  largest  contributions,  are 
the  Greek,  Latin,  and  French ; especially  the  Latin,  through  the 
medium  of  the  French  or  Norman-French ; also  the  Italian,  the 
Spanish,  and  various  other  languages,  have  afforded  more  or  less. 
“Suppose,”  says  Dr.  Trench  (“English  Past  and  Present”),  “the 
English  language  to  be  divided  into  a hundred  parts ; of  these,  to 
make  a rough  distribution,  sixty  would  be  Saxon,  thirty  would  be 
Latin  (including  of  course  the  Latin  which  has  come  to  us  through 
the  French),  five  would  be  Greek;  we  should  then  have  assigned 
ninety-five  parts,  leaving  the  other  five,  perhaps  too  large  a residue, 
to  be  divided  among  all  the  other  languages  front  which  we  have 
adopted  isolated  words.” 

The  Anglo-Saxon  is  the  language  to  which  the  English  owes  its 
general  form  and  structure,  all  the  particles  on  which  its  syntax 
depends,  all  its  pronouns  and  conjunctions,  nearly  all  its  prepositions, 
most  of  its  monosyllables,  and,  indeed,  all  the  words  that  are  most 
frequently  repeated  on  the  same  page.  “ The  Anglo-Saxon,”  says 
Dr.  Trench,  “ is  not  so  much  one  element  of  the  English  language, 
as  the  foundation  of  it,  — the  basis.  All  its  joints,  its  whole  articu- 
lation, its  sinews  and  its  ligaments,  the  great  body  of  articles,  pro- 
nouns, conj mictions,  prepositions,  numerals,  auxiliary  verbs,  all  smaller 
words  which  serve  to  knit  together  and  bind  the  larger  into  sentences, 
— these,  not  to  speak  of  the  grammatical  structure  of  the  language, 
are  exclusively  Saxon.  The  Latin  language  may  contribute  its  tale 
of  bricks,  yea,  of  goodly  and  polished  hewn  stones,  to  the  spiritual 
building;  but  the  mortar,  with  all  that  holds  and  binds  these 
together,  and  constitutes  them  into  a house,  is  Saxon  throughout.” 

The  predominance  of  Anglo-Saxon  will  readily  be  seen  by  analyzing 
a passage  in  any  common  English  writer.  Of  the  sixty-six  words 
which  are  comprised  in  the  authorized  English  version  of  the  Lord’s 
prayer,  there  are  only  five  that  are  not  Anglo-Saxon.  Mr.  Sharon 
Turner,  in  his  “History  of  the  Anglo-Saxons,”  has  adduced  from 
popular  English  writers  sixteen  extracts,  in  which  he  has  discrimi- 
nated, by  Italics,  the  words  which  are  Anglo-Saxon  from  those  of 
foreign  origin.  Two  of  his  extracts  are  here  quoted,  and  also'  the 
results  of  the  comparisons  of  all  of  them  are  given.  The  words  which 
are  not  Anglo-Saxon  are  in  Italics  in  the  following  extracts  : — 

“And  they  made  ready  the  present  against  Joseph  came  at  noon; 
for  they  heard  that  they  should  eat  bread  there.  And  when  Joseph 
came  home,  they  brought  him  the  present  which  was  in  their  hand 
into  the  house,  and  bowed  themselves  to  him  to  the  earth.  And  he 
asked  them  of  their  welfare,  and  said,  Is  your  father  well,  the  old 
man  of  whom  ye  spake  P Is  he  yet  alive  P And  they  answered,  Thy 
servant  our  father  is  in  good  health,  he  is  yet  alive.  And  they 
bowed  down  their  heads,  and  made  obeisance.  And  he  lift  up  his 
eyes,  and  saw  Iris  brother  Benjamin,  his  mother’s  son,  and  said,  Is 
this  your  younger  brother,  of  whom  ye  spake  unto  me  ? And  he 
said,  God  be  gracious  unto  thee,  my  son.” — Gen.  xliii.  25-29. 

“ Of  genius,  that  power  which  constitutes  a poet ; that  quality 
without  which  judgment  is  cold  and  knowledge  is  inert ; that  energy  \ 


which  collects,  combines,  amplifies,  and  animates ; the  superiority 
must,  with  some  hesitation,  be  allowed  to  Dryden.  It  is  not  to  be 
inferred,  that  of  this  poetical  vigor  Pope  had  only  a little,  because 
Dryden  had  more ; for  every  other  writer  since  Milton  must  give 
place  to  Pope ; and  even  of  Dryden  it  must  be  said,  that  if  he  has 
brighter  paragraphs,  he  has  not  better  poems."  — Johnson. 

In  the  following  table,  the  figures  in  the  left-hand  column  show 
the  whole  number  of  words,  exclusive  of  proper  names,  in  the  above 
two,  and  also  in  the  fourteen  other,  extracts  or  passages  from  popular 
English  writers ; and  those  in  the  right-hand  column,  the  number  of 
words  in  each  which  are  not  Saxon  : — 


Genesis,  . 

Wot  ds. 

.128 

N at  Sacon. 

. 6 

John  xi.  32-36, 

74  . 

2 

Spenser,  . 

. 72 

. 14 

Shakespeare, 

83  . 

13 

Milton, 

. 89 

. 16 

Cowley, 

77  . 

10 

Thomson, 

. 78 

. 14 

Addison, 

79  . 

15 

Locke, 

. 94 

. 20 

Pope,  . 

83  . 

27 

Young, 

. 96 

. 21 

Swift,  . 

90  . 

10 

Robertson, 

.113 

. 34 

Hume,  . 

101  . 

37 

Gibbon, 

79 

. 32 

Johnson, 

81  . 

21 

Total,  1427 

291 

Of  the  total  number  of  words,  exclusive  of  proper  names,  in  these 
sixteen  passages,  the  proportion  not  Saxon  is  about  one  fifth.  It  is 
to  be  observed,  that,  in  this  computation,  every  repetition  of  a word  is 
counted.  In  the  verses  quoted  from  Genesis,  the  word  and,  for 
example,  is  repeated,  and  therefore  counted,  twelve  times.  — In  a 
longer  passage  from  Shakespeare  than  the  one  refei-red  to  in  the 
table,  giving  Wolsey’s  soliloquy  on  the  favor  of  princes,  beginning 
with  “ So  farewell  to  the  little  good  you  bear  me,”  found  in  the  play 
of  Henry  VIII.,  there  are,  in  twenty-three  hues,  containing  one 
hundred  and  ninety-six  words,  only  fourteen  words  not  Anglo-Saxon, 
only  about  seven  in  a hundred. 

In  the  first  chapter  of  the  common  version  of  St.  John’s  Gospel, 
there  are  one  thousand  and  three  words,  of  which,  excepting  fifty- 
three  proper  names,  there  are  only  fifty-five  that  are  not  Anglo-Saxon. 
In  this  chapter  the  particle  the  occurs  sixty-eight  times;  and,  sixty- 
one  times ; of,  thirty-nine  times ; that,  nineteen  times ; unto,  fifteen 
times ; to,  thirteen  times.  Of  the  thi-ee  personal  pronouns,  I,  thou, 
and  he,  including  their  oblique  forms,  those  of  the  first  person  occur 
thirty-three  times ; those  of  the  second,  thirty  times ; those  of  the 
third,  eighty  times.  The  verb  to  be,  in  its  different  inflections,  occurs 
forty-six  times.  All  these  words,  of  so  frequent  occurrence,  are 
Anglo-Saxon.  There  is,  perhaps,  no  book  in  the  English  language 
in  which  Anglo-Saxon  words  more  abound  than  in  the  common 
version  of  the  Bible.  Works  which  treat  of  the  common  affairs  of 
life  have  the  greatest  proportion  of  such  wrords,  and  scientific  works, 
the  least. 

“ If  we  look  not  merely  at  the  number  of  the  words  which  the 
Anglo-Saxon  has  contributed  to  the  English,  but  to  the  kinds  of 
words,  as  well  as  to  the  share  it  has  had  in  its  formation  and  develop- 
ment, -we  shall  at  once  see  that  there  is  no  comparison  between  the 
importance  of  this,  and  that  of  any  other  element.  English  grammar 
is  almost  exclusively  occupied  with  what  is  of  Anglo-Saxon  origin. 
Our  chief  peculiarities  of  structure  and  of  idiom  are  essentially  Anglo- 


xlviii 


ORIGIN,  FORMATION,  AND  ETYMOLOGY 


Saxon ; while  almost  all  the  forms  and  classes  of  words,  which  it  is 
the  peculiar  office  of  grammar  to  investigate,  are  derived  from  that 
language.  And  though  these  peculiarities  of  structure  may  occupy 
little  space,  and  these  words  be  very  few  compared  with  those  to  be 
found  in  Johnson’s  Dictionary,  they  enter  most  vitally  into  the  consti- 
tution of  the  language,  and  bear  a most  important  part  in  shaping 
and  determining  its  character.  Thus,  what  few  inflections  we  have, 
are  all  Anglo-Saxon.  The  English  genitive,  the  general  modes  of 
forming  the  plural  of  nouns,  and  the  terminations  by  which  we  express 
the  comparative  and  superlative  of  adjectives,  er  and  est ; the  in- 
flections of  the  pronouns ; of  the  tenses,  persons,  and  participles  of 
the  verbs,  whether  regular  or  irregular ; and  the  most  frequent  termi- 
nation of  our  adverbs  (?//),  are  all  Anglo-Saxon.  The  nouns,  too, 
derived  from  Latin  and  Greek,  receive  the  Anglo-Saxon  terminations 
of  the  genitive  and  the  plural ; while  the  preterites  .and  participles  of 
verbs  derived  from  the  same  sources,  take  Anglo-Saxon  inflections. 
As  to  the  parts  of  speech,  those  which  occur  most  frequently,  and  are 
individually  of  most  importance,  are  almost  wholly  Anglo-Saxon.  Such 
are  our  articles  and  definitives  generally ; as,  an,  the,  this,  that,  these, 
those,  many,  few,  some,  one,  none ; the  adjectives  whose  comparatives 
and  superlatives  are  irregularly  formed,  and  which  are,  in  every  lan- 
guage, among  the  most  ancient,  comprehensive  in  meaning,  and  ex- 
tensively used ; the  separate  words  more  and  most,  by  which  we  as 
often  express  the  forms  of  comparison  as  by  distinct  terminations ; all 
our  pronouns,  personal,  possessive,  and  interrogative  ; nearly  every  one 
of  our  so-called  irregular  verbs,  including  all  the  auxiliaries,  have,  he, 
shall,  will,  may,  can,  must,  by  which  we  express  the  force  of  the 
principal  varieties  of  mood  and  tense ; all  the  adverbs  most  frequently 
employed,  and  the  prepositions  and  conjunctions  almost  without 

exception The  English  language  consists  of  about 

38,000  words.  This  includes,  of  course,  not  only  radical  words,  but 
all  derivatives,  except  the  preterites  and  participles  of  verbs  ; to  which 
must  be  added  some  few  terms,  which,  though  set  down  in  the  diction- 
aries, are  either  obsolete,  or  have  never  ceased  to  be  considered  for- 
eign. Of  these  about  23,000,  or  nearly  five-eighths,  are  of  Anglo- 

Saxon  origin In  Bosworth’s  Anglo-Saxon  Lexicon, 

there  are  from  25,000  to  28,000  words,  counting,  of  course,  com- 
pound words  as  well  as  roots.  Supposing  one  fifth  of  these  obsolete, 
there  would  remain  nearly  the  numbers  already  stated.” — Henry 
Rogers. 

“ The  peculiar  structure  of  the  English  language  is  far  from  having 
been  investigated,  as  yet,  with  that  degree  of  attention  and  accuracy 
that  it  deserves.  Among  other  things,  we  do  not  find  that  any  gram- 
marian has  been  at  the  pains  to  take  a full  comparative  view  of  its 
two  great  component  parts ; by  which  we  mean,  on  the  one  hand, 
those  words  that  are  derived  from  the  Saxon,  Danish,  and  other 
northern  languages,  and,  on  the  other  hand,  those  from  the  Greek, 
Latin,  French,  and  other  idioms  of  the  south  of  Europe.  These  two 
sets  of  vocables  are  so  dissimilar  from  each  other,  that  they  appear, 
at  first  view,  incapable  of  being  amalgamated  together,  so  as  to  form 
an  harmonious  whole;  yet  who  is  there  that  can  read,  feel,  and 
understand,  and  does  not  admire  the  sublime  harmony  which  Milton, 
Dryden,  Pope,  Shakespeare,  Bolingbroke,  and  the  other  immortal 
poets  and  prose  writers  of  Great  Britain,  have  produced  out  of  those 
discordant  elements?  To  analyze,  therefore,  those  elements,  from 
which  have  resulted  such  inconceivable  effects,  is  well  worth  the 
trouble  of  the  grammarian  and  philologer;  and  the  interesting  dis- 
coveries to  which  such  an  inquiry  will  lead,  will  amply  repay  their 
learned  labors.  — As  far  as  we  have  been  able  to  judge  from  a super- 
ficial investigation  of  the  subject,  we  are  apt  to  believe  that  the 
English  words  of  northern  derivation  are  to  those  derived  from  the 
ancient,  as  well  as  the  modern  languages  of  Southern  Europe,  in  the 
proportion  of  something  more  than  three,  but  not  quite  as  much  as 
four,  to  one.  As  the  southern  words  are,  in  general,  polysyllabic, 
and  make  a conspicuous  figure  wherever  they  occur,  many  are  apt  to 


think  their  number  greater  than  on  examination  it  really  appears  to 
be.”  — P.  S.  Duponceau. 

The  number  of  words  belonging  to  the  English  language  has  never 
been  accurately  ascertained,  and  it  is  difficult  to  ascertain  it  with 
exactness ; for  it  is  difficult  to  form  and  apply  the  rules  for  computing 
the  number.  The  number  which  is  stated  in  the  preceding  extract 
from  Mr.  Rogers,  is  thirty-eight  thousand,  which  is  considerably 
less  than  the  number  found  in  Johnson’s  Dictionary,  as  it  was 
left  by  him.  Of  the  great  number  of  words  w'hich  have  been  in- 
troduced into  the  language,  in  the  various  sciences,  since  the  first 
publication  of  Johnson’s  Dictionary,  very  few  are  of  Anglo-Saxon 
origin.  By  adopting  so  restricted  a mode  of  computing  the  number 
of  English  words,  as  to  exclude  all  compound  and  obsolete  words, 
and  all  words  introduced  by  the  arts  and  sciences  within  the  past 
century,  and  thus  to  reduce  the  number  to  38,000,  the  proportion  of 
Anglo-Saxon  words  would  probably  not  be  far  from  that  above  stated ; 
that  is,  five  eighths.  The  computation  of  Mr.  Duponceau  of  the 
proportion  between  the  two  classes  of  English  words,  those  of 
northern  and  those  of  southern  derivation,  must  have  been  formed, 
not  by  analyzing  the  vocabulary  of  an  English  dictionary,  but  by 
examining  the  words  as  they  occur  on  the  pages  of  English  books  ; 
and,  as  Anglo-Saxon  words  are  much  more  frequently  repeated  than 
those  of  a different  origin,  there  may  be  no  material  inconsistency 
between  his  computation  and  that  of  Mr.  Rogers. 

The  following  are  the  principal  Anglo-Saxon  prefixes,  namely,  a, 
he,  ern,  for,  fore,  mis,  out,  over,  un,  and  under ; as,  ahead,  befriend, 
embody,  /brbid,  fore  bode,  misdeed,  outdo,  overact,  wnbind,  wnlike, 
undergo. 

Some  of  the  common  Anglo-Saxon  terminations  are  the  following, 
namely,  er,  ful,  hood,  less,  ly,  ness,  ship ; as  writer,  mindful,  child- 
liood,  helpfrs.s,  just/y,  goodness,  partnership. 

The  contributions  of  the  Latin  language  to  the  English  are  next, 
in  importance  and  amount,  to  those  of  the  Anglo-Saxon ; and  these 
contributions  came  chiefly  through  the  medium  of  the  French,  or 
Norman-French,  in  consequence  of  the  Norman  conquest.  These 
contributions,  which  appear  much  less,  in  proportion,  on  a page  of  an 
English  book  than  in  a dictionary  of  the  language,  are  great  and 
important,  and  they  enter  extensively  into  the  etymology  of  the  lan- 
guage. The  Latin  has  served  not  only  to  refine  and  polish  the 
English,  but  to  enrich  its  vocabulary  with  many  necessary  and 
indispensable  words.  It  has  furnished  duplicates  or  synonym  es 
of  many  words,  applied  to  common  and  familiar  objects,  which 
add  much  to  variety  and  harmony  of  expression.  Many  common 
things,  not  necessarily  offensive  in  themselves,  appear  more  gross 
when  expressed  in  common  Anglo-Saxon  words  than  in  words 
derived  from  the  Latin.  It  has  furnished  a large  portion  of  the  ab- 
stract and  general  terms,  especially  in  the  departments  of  theology, 
moral  and  political  philosophy,  and  all  the  moral  sciences ; also  a 
great  part  of  the  terms  used  in  polite  literature,  and  the  language  of 
polite  life.  A great  part  of  the  military  terms  in  English  come 
directly  from  the  French.  The  number  of  Greek  and  Latin  derivatives, 
which,  within  the  last  fifty  years,  have  been  introduced  into  the  lan- 
guage, in  consequence  of  the  extension  of  the  sciences  of  chemistry, 
mineralogy,  geology,  botany,  and  conchology,  has  been  very  great. 
These  words,  which  greatly  increase  the  vocabulary  of  a complete 
dictionary  of  the  language,  are  found  chiefly  in  works  of  science,  and 
do  not  enter  into  the  dialect  of  common  life,  of  poetry,  eloquence,  or 
historical  composition. 

A single  Greek  or  Latin  word,  in  some  cases,  forms  the  root  of 
numerous  English  words.  — For  instance,  from  the  Latin  verb  muto, 
to  change,  are  derived  the  following  English  words : commute,  com- 
mutahle,  commutability , commutation,  commutative,  commutatively, 
immutable,  immutably,  immutableness,  immutability,  immute,  im- 
mutate,  immutation,  intermutation,  intransmutable,  mutable,  mutable- 
ness, mutability,  mutation,  mutiny,  mutineer,  mutinous,  mutinously, 


OF  THE  ENGLISH  LANGUAGE: 


xlix 


mutinousness,  permute,  permuter,  permutation,  transmute,  trans- 
muter,  transmutable,  transmutably,  transmutability,  transmuted, 
transmuting,  transmutation.  Some  Latin  words  have  much  more 
numerous  English  derivatives ; as  the  verb  pono , to  place,  is  re- 
garded as  the  root  of  about  two  hundred  and  fifty  English  words ; 
the  verb  plico,  to  fold,  about  two  hundred  ; duco,  to  lead,  and  fero, 
to  bear,  each  upwards  of  one  hundred.  — The  Greek  word  ypdcpw,  to 
write,  to  describe,  forms  the  root  of  more  than  a hundred  and  fifty 
English  words,  and  Uyog,  reason,  word,  discourse,  the  root  of  more 
than  two  hundred. 

The  following  are  Latin  prefixes : a,  ah,  abs,  from ; as,  avert, 
abjure,  abstract ; — ad,  a,  ac,  afi,  ag,  at,  an,  ap,  ar,  as,  at,  to;  as, 
adduce,  accede,  affix,  &c. ; — ante,  before ; as,  antecedent ; — circum, 
about;  as,  circumjacent ; — con,  co,  cog,  col,  com,  cor,  together,  with; 
as,  conform,  coeval,  collect,  See. ; — contra,  against;  as,  contradict;  — 
de,  down,  from ; as,  deface,  degrade ; — dis,  asunder;  as,  disarm  ; — 
e,  ex,  out  of;  as,  eject.,  exclude  ; — extra,  beyond;  as,  extrajudicial ; 
— in,  ig,  tl,  im,  ir  (when  prefixed  to  a verb),  in ; as  indue  ; (when 
prefixed  to  an  adjective),  not ; as,  invisible  ; — inter,  between  ; as, 
intermix  ; — intro,  within  ; as,  introduce  ; — ob,  oc,  of,  op,  for,  in 
the  way  of;  as,  o&ject,  occur  ; — per,  through  ; as,  pervade  ; — post, 
after  ; as,  postscript ; — pre,  before  ; as,  precede  ; — preter,  beyond  ; 
as,  preternatural ; — pro,  for,  forward;  as,  proconsul ; — re,  back, 
again  ; as,  ?'eturn,  rebuild  ; — retro,  backward  ; as,  retrospect ; — se, 
9 


aside ; as,  secede  ; — sine,  without ; as,  sine  cure ; — sub,  sue,  sif, 
sug,  sup,  sms,  under,  after ; as,  sw&dean,  suffice,  suggest,  supplant, 
suspect ; — super,  above  ; as,  swperabound,  supernatural ; — trails, 
beyond ; as,  transcend  ; — ultra,  beyond  ; as,  tdtramarine. 

The  following  terminations  are  derived  from  the  Latin  or  French : 
able,  ible,  cle,  He,  ial,  al,  ian,  an,  ant,  ent,  fy,  lar,  ity,  or,  ous,  tion, 
tire,  tude,  ture. 

To  the  Greek  the  English  language  is  indebted  for  most  of  the 
terms  in  physical  science,  and,  indeed,  for  a great  part  of  the  terms 
employed  in  all  the  arts  and  sciences. 

The  following  are  Greek  prefixes  : a (a),  without ; as,  acephalous ; 

— amphi  (u/iqt),  about,  on  both  sides  ; as,  amphitheatre  ; — ana 
(drd),  through,  again  ; as,  anabaptist ; — anti  frit),  against ; as, 
aniichristian ; — apa  (dn6),  from;  as,  apostate  ; — cata  (xard), 
down,  from  side  to  side  ; as,  cataract ; — dia  (Sid),  through ; as, 
ctiagonal ; — en  (ir),  in ; as,  endemic ; — epi  (ini),  upon ; as,  epidemic ; 

— lnjper  (Snip),  above;  as,  liypercritic  •, — hypo  (Sn6),  under;  as, 
hypocrite ; — meta  (fieri),  beyond;  as,  metaphysics  ; — para,  (mtpd), 
by  the  side  of,  near;  as,  paragraph; — peri  (nr pi),  about;  as,  peri- 
meter;— pro  (a 06),  before  ; as,  prologue  ; — syn,  sy,  syl,  sym  (avr), 
together,  with;  as,  synonymous,  sytlogism,  symmetry. 

The  following  terminations  are  from  the  Greek : ic  and  ical,  from 
the  Greek  txng  and  Latin  icus ; logy,  from  loyog ; graphy,  from 
yndcfo) ; ize,  from  t'l co. 


ARCHAISMS,  PROVINCIALISMS, 


AND 

AMERICANISMS. 


The  English  language,  from  the  time  of  its  first  formation,  has 
been  subject  to  continual  changes.  Old  words  have  been,  from  time 
to  time,  falling  away,  and  new  ones  have  been  formed  and  brought 
into  use.  A large  part  of  the  words  found  in  the  early  productions 
of  English  literature,  such  as  those  of  Peter  Langtoft,  Robert  of 
Gloucester,  Robert  Langland,  (the  reputed  author  of  “ Piers  Plouh- 
man,”)  Gower,  Chaucer,  Wickliffe,  and  Mandeville,  are  now  obsolete  ; 
and  in  order  to  understand  these  works,  further  assistance  is  neces- 
sary than  is  afforded  by  modern  dictionaries  and  grammars.  Very 
few  of  the  English  writers  who  preceded  the  reign  of  Elizabeth,  are 
now  much  read ; and  most  of  the  obsolete  words  which  their  works 
contain  may  properly  be  consigned  to  glossaries  accompanying  the 
works,  or  to  dictionaries  of  archaic  words. 

Several  of  these  early  productions  have  been,  published  with 
glossaries  attached  to  them,  as  the  Chronicles  of  Peter  Langtoft  and 
Robert  of  Gloucester,  by  Hearne  ; and  the  works  of  Chaucer,  by 
Tyrwhitt.  Glossaries  have  also  been  appended  to  Spenser,  Shake- 
speare, and  Milton.  Some  works  of  a more  general  nature,  relating 
to  obsolete  or  archaic  and  provincial  words,  have,  not  long  since, 
appeared  ; as  Nares’s  “ Glossary  or  Collection  of  Words,  Phrases, 
&c.,  found  in  Shakespeare  and  his  Contemporaries,”  Toone’s  “ Glos- 
sary and  Etymological  Dictionary  of  Obsolete  and  Uncommon 
Words,”  Holloway’s  “ General  Dictionary  of  Provincialisms,”  Halli- 
well’s  “ Dictionary  of  Archaic  and  Provincial  Words,”  and  Wright’s 
“ Dictionary  of  Obsolete  and  Provincial  English.”  The  first  edition 
of  Halliwell’s  Dictionary,  which  was  published  in  1846,  contains  no 
less  than  51,027  words,  and  yet  it  is  far  from  being  complete.  Jamie- 
son’s “ Etymological  Dictionary  of  the  Scottish  Language  ” also  con- 
tains numerous  archaic,  as  well  as  provincial,  words.  The  publication 
of  Boucher’s  “ Glossary  of  Archaic  and  Provincial  Words  ” (designed 
to  be  a large  work  in  4to.)  was  commenced  in  1832 ; but  only  two 
numbers  of  it  have  appeared.  Numerous  other  glossaries  relating  to 
the  different  counties  and  districts  of  England  have  been  published, 
the  most  of  which  will  be  found  mentioned  on  page  lix.  “ From  the 
writings  of  Sir  Thomas  Browne,  Jeremy  Taylor,  Donne,  and  about 
a score  more  of  our  authors  of  that  period,  might  probably  be  col- 
lected two  thousand  or  three  thousand  words,  which  have  since 
become  obsolete.”  Ed.  llev.  cxii.  p.  325. 

The  early  bilingual  dictionaries,  such  as  English  and  Latin,  and 
English  and  French,  contain  many  obsolete  words ; and  this  is  the 
fact  with  respect  to  many  of  the  English  dictionaries,  as  those  of 
Bailey,  Johnson,  Ash,  Richardson,  and  others.  Johnson  says,  he 
“ fixed  Sidney’s  work  [Sir  Philip  Sidney,  who  died  in  1586]  for  the 
boundary,  beyond  which  he  made  few  excursions.”  Johnson’s 
Dictionary,  however,  as  he  left  it,  contains  many  obsolete  words,  a 
considerable  portion  of  which  were  taken  from  Bailey’s  Dictionary, 
though  of  such  words  he  did  not  take  near  all  that  are  found  in 
Bailey.  Of  the  words  added  by  Mr.  Todd,  a much  larger  proportion 
are  obsolete  than  of  those  admitted  by  Johnson ; and  of  Todd’s 
additional  words,  particularly  in  his  second  edition,  there  are  many 
which  are  of  merely  local  or  provincial  use,  and  some  of  them  are 
unworthy  of  being  inserted  in  a general  dictionary  of  the  language. 


A dictionary  of  the  English  language,  in  order  to  be  complete, 
must  contain  all  the  words,  whether  obsolete  or  not,  found  in  books 
which  are  much  read,  such,  for  example,  as  the  common  version  of 
the  Scriptures,  and  the  works  of  Shakespeare  and  of  Milton  ; though 
there  are  many  words  in  these  works  which  are  now  obsolete,  and 
many  which,  though  not  obsolete,  are  used  in  an  obsolete  sense,  that 
needs  explanation. 

William  Caxton,  who  first  introduced  printing  into  England,  in 
his  Preface  to  a Translation  of  Virgil’s  EEneid,  printed  in  1490, 
speaking  of  the  innovations  then  made  in  the  English  language,  and 
the  differences  of  the  language  in  the  different  parts  of  the  kingdom, 
says,  “ When  I had  advised  me  in  this  sayd  booke,  I delybered  and 
concluded  to  translate  it  into  Englyshe,  and  forthwyth  I toke  a pen 
and  ynk,  and  wrote  a leaf  or  tweyne,  which  I ouersawe  agayn  to  cor- 
recte  it ; and  when  I saw  the  fayr  and  straunge  termes  therein,  I 
doubted  that  it  slioldc  please  some  gentylmen  which  had  late  blamed 
me,  saying,  that  in  my  translacyons  I had  over  curyous  termes,  which 
coude  not  be  understande  of  comyn  people,  and  desired  me  to  use 
olde  and  homely  termes  in  my  translacyons,  and  fayn  wolde  I satis- 
fye  every  man ; and  so  to  do,  toke  an  olde  boke  and  redde  therein, 
and  certaynly  the  Englisshe  was  so  rude  and  brood,  that  I coude  not 
wele  understande  it.  And  also  my  Lord  Abbot  of  Westmynster  ded 
do  shewe  to  me  late  certain  evydenccs  wryton  in  old  Englisshe,  for 
to  reduce  it  into  our  Englisshe  now  usid  ; and  certaynly  it  was  wreton 
in  such  wyse,  that  it  was  more  lyke  Dutche  than  Englisshe.  I coude 
not  reduce  ne  bryne  it  to  be  understonden.  And  certaynly  our 
language  now  used  varyeth  ferre  from  that  which  was  used  and  spoken 
when  I was  born.  For  we  Englissh  men  ben  borne  under  the  domy- 
nacyon  of  the  mone,  which  is  never  stedfaste,  but  ever  waverynge,  wex- 
yng  one  season,  and  waneth  and  discreaseth  another  season ; and  that 
comyne  Englisshe  that  is  spoken  in  one  shyre  varyeth  from  another, 
insomuche,  that  in  my  dayes  happened,  that  certain  merchauntes  were 
in  a shipp  in  Tamyse,  for  to  have  sailed  over  the  see  into  Zelande, 
and  for  lacke  of  wynde  they  taryed  atte  Forland,  and  went  to  lande 
for  to  refreshe  them ; and  one  of  them,  named  Sheffelde,  a mercer, 
came  into  an  hows,  and  axed  for  mete,  and  specyally  he  axed  for 
egges , and  the  goode  wyf  answerde,  that  she  coude  speke  no  Frenshe. 
And  the  marchaunt  was  angry,  for  he  also  coude  speke  no  Frenshe, 
but  wolde  have  hadde  egges,  and  she  understode  him  not.  And  then 
at  laste  another  sayd,  that  he  wolde  have  eyren  ; then  the  goode  wyf 
sayd,  that  she  understode  him  well.  Loo  what  sholde  a man  in  thyse 
days  now  wryte,  egges  or  eyren  ? Certaynly  it  is  hard  to  playse 
every  man,  by  cause  of  dyversyte  and  chaunge  of  langage ; for  in 
these  days  every  man,  that  is  in  ony  reputacyon  in  his  countre,  will 
utter  his  communicacyon  and  matters  in  such  manners  and  termes, 
that  fewe  men  shall  understonde  them ; and  som  honest  and  grete 
clerkes  have  been  wyth  me,  and  desired  me  to  wryte  the  moste  curyous 
termes  that  I coude  find.  And  thus  between  playn,  rude,  and  curious, 
I stand  abashed.  But  in  my  judgmente,  the  comyn  termes  that  be 
dayli  used,  ben  lighter  to  be  understonde  than  the  olde  auncyent 
Englisshe.” 

England  still  abounds  in  provincialisms  and  local  dialects ; and  in 

(1) 


ARCHAISMS,  PROVINCIALISMS,  AND  AMERICANISMS. 


li 


some  districts  of  the  country,  the  peculiarities  of  the  language  are 
so  great,  that  the  speech  of  the  common  people  can  be  but  imperfectly 
understood  by  those  who  are  unacquainted  with  them  peculiar  dialect. 
These  peculiarities,  or  archaisms,  are  of  great  antiquity,  and,  as  stated 
by  Forby,  “ are  all,  in  substance,  remnants  and  derivatives  of  the 
language  of  past  ages,  which  were,  at  some  time  or  other,  in  common 
use,  though  in  long  process  of  time  they  have  become  only  locally 
used  and  understood.” 

Of  the  local  dialects,  one  of  the  most  noted  is  the  Craven 
Dialect,  which  is  spoken  in  the  deanery  of  Craven,  a district  of 
upwards  of  thirty  miles  in  length  and  nearly  as  many  in  breadth, 
situated  in  the  northern  part  of  the  west-riding  of  the  comity  of 
York.  Mr.  Carr,  the  author  of  the  “ Craven  Dialect  and  Glossary,” 
maintains  that  it  was  “ the  language  of  crowned  heads,  of  the  court, 
and  of  the  most  eminent  English  historians,  divines,  and  poets,  of 
former  ages.”  These  provincialisms  now  form,  to  a great  extent,  the 
colloquial  language  of  the  lower  classes ; and  many  of  them  are  found 
in  the  early  productions  of  English  literature  ; but  in  books  of  modern 
origin,  they  are  seen  chiefly  in  glossaries. 

The  Edinburgh  Review  (vol.  lxxix.  1844)  contains  the  following 
statement : — 


“ The  number  of  provincial  words  that  have  hitherto  been  arrested 


by  local  glossaries,  stand  as  follows  : — 

Shropshire, 

1,993 

Essex, 

. . 589 

Devonshire  and  Cornwall, 

878 

Wiltshire,  . . . 

. . 592 

Devonshire,  (North,)  . . 

1,146 

Hallamshire,  . . 

. . 1,568 

Exmoor, 

370 

Craven,  .... 

. . 6,169 

Herefordshire,  .... 

822 

North  Country,  . . 

. . 3,750 

Lancashire, 

1,932 

Cheshire,  .... 

. . 903 

Suffolk, 

2,400 

Metropolitan,  (Grose  & 

Norfolk, 

2,500 

Pegge,)  . . . 

. . 3,500 

Somersetshire,  . . . . 

1,204 

Sussex, 

371 

Total, 

. . 30,687 

“ Admitting  that  several  of 

the  foregoing  are 

synonymous, 

superfluous,  or  common 

to  each 

county,  there  are, 

nevertheless, 

many  of  them  which,  although  alike  orthographically,  are  vastly 
dissimilar  in  signification.  Making  these  allowances,  they  amount  to 
a little  more  than  20,000 ; or,  according  to  the  number  of  English 
counties  hitherto  illustrated,  at  the  average  ratio  of  1,478  to  a county. 
Calculating  the  twenty-six  unpublished  in  the  same  ratio,  they  will 
furnish  38,428  additional  provincialisms,  forming,  in  the  aggregate, 
59,000  words  in  the  colloquial  tongue  of  the  lower  classes,  which  can, 
,br  the  chief  part,  produce  proofs  of  legitimate  origin ; about  the 
same  number,  in  short,  of  authorized  words  that  are  admitted  into 
Todd’s  edition  of  Johnson’s  Dictionary.  Besides  these  and  the  private 
compilations  made  by  individuals,  in  the  course  of  their  miscellaneous 


reading,  there  are  some  very  copious  early  English  Vocabularies  lying- 
in  manuscript  in  the  cathedral  libraries  of  Durham,  Winchester,  and 
Canterbury,  in  the  British  Museum,  lung’s  College,  and  other  de- 
positories, deserving  collection ; as  well  as  rare  lexicographical  vol- 
umes, which  issued  from  the  press  in  the  infancy  of  typography.” 


A considerable  number  of  these  provincialisms  are  to  be  found 
in  Ash’s  English  Dictionary,  and  also  among  the  additions  of  Mr. 
Todd  to  Johnson’s  Dictionary.  But,  as  they  are  not  found  in  the 
classical  or  in  the  popular  literature  of  England,  and  are  rarely  seen 
in  print,  except  in  the  glossaries  in  which  they  have  been  collected, 
they  have  little  claim  to  a place  in  a general  dictionary  of  the  lan- 
guage. Were  education  universally  diffused  throughout  the  country, 
and  the  children  accustomed  to  use  the  same  or  similar  elementary 
books  of  instruction,  most  of  these  provincialisms  would  soon  be 
disused  and  forgotten. 


The  English  language  as  it  is  spoken  and  written  in  the 


United  States,  differs  somewhat  from  the  language  as  written  and 
spoken  in  any  part  of  England  ; and  it  differs  also,  more  or  less,  in 
the  different  States ; but  there  is  nothing  here  at  all  to  be  compared 
with  the  local  dialects  of  England.  The  greater  uniformity  of  lan- 
guage which  exists  in  this  country,  is  to  be  attributed  to  the  frequent 
removals  of  the  inhabitants  from  one  place  to  another,  their  free 
intercourse  with  each  other,  and  to  the  fact  that  elementary  education 
is  much  more  generally  diffused  among  the  middle  and  lower  classes 
here,  than  in  England.  The  Americans  have  formed  their  language 
more  from  books,  and  less  from  oral  speech,  than  the  English  ; and 
they  are  more  in  the  habit  of  having  recourse  to  a dictionary  for 
instruction  respecting  the  pronunciation  and  use  of  words. 

Although  it  is  not  to  be  denied  that  in  respectable  American 
writers  there  are  to  be  found  some  innovations  or  some  deviations  from 
what  is  regarded,  in  England,  as  good  usage  with  respect  to  lan- 
guage, they  are  not  chargeable  with  all  the  innovations  of  which  they 
have  been  accused.  Mr.  Boucher,  in  the  Introduction  to  his  Glossary, 
written  in  1800,  says,  “ The  United  States  of  America,  too  proud,  as 
it  would  seem,  to  acknowledge  themselves  indebted  to  this  country 
for  then-  existence,  their  power,  or  then-  language,  denying  and  re- 
volting against  the  two  first,  are  also  making  all  the  haste  they 
conveniently  can  to  rid  themselves  of  the  last.  With  little  or  no 
dialect,  they  are  peculiarly  addicted  to  innovation ; but  such  as  need 
not  excite  our  envy,  whether  we  regard  their  elegance,  or  their  pro- 
priety  I here  set  down  a few  Americanisms,  collected 

from  some  of  their  recent  publications,  merely  to  justify  what  is 
asserted  respecting  their  passion  for  innovating,  and  at  the  same 
time  to  show  how  very  poorly  they  are  qualified  to  set  up  for  re- 
formers of  language ‘ Who  has  dared  to  advocate  the 

interests  of,’  &c.  Morse's  Sermon  at  Charlestown,  in  1798.  — ‘ De- 
moralizing principles.’  Morse.  — ‘ If,  as  a nation,  we  progress  in 
impiety,  demoralization,’  &c.  Morse.  — ‘ A man  who  has  risen 
through  all  the  grades  of  office  to  the  highest,’  &c.  Morse.  — 
‘ Mons.  Chevalier  de  Luzern  memorialized  Congress,  last  year.’ 
Political  Pamphlet printed  at  Philadelphia,  in  1798. — ‘ ....  made 
Dr.  Franklin  the  alone  minister.’  Pamphlet  printed  at  Boston.  — 
‘ It  is  too  deep,  too  hazardous  a game,  and  too  inimical  for  a friend 
to  play.’  Id.  — ‘ Virginia  has  produced  some  of  the  most  influential 
men.’  Morse's  Geography.  — ‘ Repentance  and  reformation  are  a 
mean  of  averting  the  displeasure  and  punishment  of  the  Almighty 
Governor  of  the  world.’  Abercrombie's  Sermon  at  Philadelphia." 

With  respect  to  the  words  in  Italics,  in  the  passages  here  cited,  if 
all  of  them  are  not  now  in  established  good  use  in  England,  they 
have  all  been  used  by  respectable  English  writers.  With  respect  to 
the  two  words,  alone  and  mean,  which  are  used  in  an  improper  man- 
ner, it  may  be  remarked  that  the  word  mean  has  been  often  used  in 
the  same  manner  by  respectable  English  writers ; and  that  it  would 
probably  be  as  difficult  to  find,  in  an  American  as  in  an  .English 
writer,  another  instance  in  which  alone  is  used  in  the  same  manner  as 
in  the  pamphlet  cited. 

The  settlement  of  this  country  was  commenced,  upwards  of  two 
centuries  ago,  chiefly  by  emigrations  from  different  parts  of  Great 
Britain.  The  emigrants  brought  with  them  not  only  the  common 
language  of  the  country  in  the  state  in  which  it  then  existed,  but  also 
more  or  less  of  the  local  peculiarities  ; and  in  this  way  some  of  the 
English  provincialisms  have  been  widely  diffused  in  the  United  States, 
and  have  been  regarded  as  of  American  origin.  The  changes  in  the 
language,  which  have  taken  place  within  the  last  two  centuries,  have 
not  been  precisely  the  same  on  the  two  sides  of  the  Atlantic ; yet 
the  difference  is  less  than  might  reasonably  have  been  expected ; 
and  it  is  doubtless  a fact,  that,  among  the  great  mass  of  the  people 
throughout  England,  the  deviations  from  what  is  there  deemed 
the  correct  standard  of  speaking  and  writing  the  language,  are 
much  greater  than  among  the  mass  of  the  people  of  the  United 
States. 


lii 


ARCHAISMS,  PROVINCIALISMS,  AND  AMERICANISMS. 


The  Americans  have  derived  some  words  from  the  Indians, 
and  they  have  formed  some  new  ones  ; to  some  old  ones  they  have 
affixed  new  significations ; they  have  retained  some  which  have  become 
obsolete  hi  England ; some  English  provincialisms  they  have  brought 
into  common  use  ; and  there  are  many  neologisms,  consisting  in  part 
of  new  words,  and  in  part  of  old  words  with  new  significations,  in  use 
both  in  England  and  in  the  United  States,  with  regard  to  which  it  is 
difficult  to  determine  in  which  country  they  originated. 

A great  part  of  the  differences  with  respect  to  the  language 
of  the  educated  classes  in  the  United  States  and  in  England,  grow 
out  of  the  different  institutions  and  the  different  circumstances  and 
employments  of  the  people  of  the  two  countries.  There  is  a con- 
siderable number  of  words  which  owe  their  origin  to  American  insti- 
tutions, social  relations,  and  occupations,  and  which  are  properly  used 
by  Americans,  but  which  Englishmen  have  no  occasion  to  employ, 
except  in  speaking  of  American  a flairs.  On  the  other  hand,  there  is 
quite  as  large  a number  of  words  which  relate  to  the  civil  and 
religious  institutions  and  social  relations  of  Great  Britain,  and  which 
are  never  used  in  the  United  States,  except  with  reference  to  that 
country.  Such  differences  as  these  have  a legitimate  origin,  and 
may  be  regarded  as  proper,  and  not  as  corruptions  of  the  lan- 
guage. But  there  are  many  neologisms,  or  new  words,  some  of 
American,  and  some  of  recent  English  origin,  which  are  entitled 
to  little  countenance.  A considerable  number  of  such  have  been 
noticed  in  this  Dictionary  ; but  many  have  been  passed  by  as  plants 
suffered  to  remain  and  die  in  their  native  soil,  being  regarded  as  not 
worth  transplanting. 

Among  the  words  ‘which  owe  their  origin  or  peculiar  use  to 
American  institutions,  are  the  following : congress,  congressional, 
president,  presidential,  senate,  senatorial,  gubmiatorial,  state, 
territory,  town,  general  court,  general  assembly,  selectmen,  message, 
& c.  The  words  executive  and  judiciary  are  often  used  in  the  United 
States  as  nouns,  but  not  often  in  England.  The  words  electioneer 
and  electioneering,  which  are  much  used  here,  are  also  used,  in  some 
degree,  in  England  though  the  more  common  terms  used  there,  in 
the  same  sense,  are  canvass  and  canvassing,  which  are  rarely  used 
in  this  manner  in  the  United  States.  The  word  caucus  is  of  undis- 
puted American  origin.  Among  the  American  ecclesiastical  terms 
may  be  noted  association,  associational,  consociation,  consociational, 
result,  approbate,  &c. 

Among  the  terms  relating  to  the  political  and  civil  institutions 
of  England,  rarely  used  in  this  country,  except  with  reference  to 
England,  may  be  enumerated  the  following : parliament,  parlia- 
mentary, prorogue,  prorogation,  Jmstings,  exchequer,  postman,  tub- 
man , sergeant-at-law,  assize,  excise,  bailiff,  lords,  commons,  peerage, 
baronetage,  knightage,  & c. ; among  the  ecclesiastical  terms,  establish- 
ment, conformity,  non-conformity,  dissenters,  dean,  deanery,  arch- 
deacon, archdeaconry,  prebend,  prebendary,  canon,  canonry,  vicar, 
vicarage,  curate,  curacy,  dignity,  dignified,  benefice,  beneficed, 
advowson,  commendam,  donative,  preferment,  impropriation,  im- 


propriator, &c.  Among  the  many  neologisms  which  may  claim  the 
undisputed  honor  of  English  origin,  are  constituency,  borough-monger, 
squirarchy,  shopocracy , conservatism,  radicalism,  liberalism,  chart- 
ism, Anglicanism,  high-churchism,  dissenterism,  voluntaryism,  & c. 

I here  is  a difference  between  the  two  countries  in  relation  to 
the  terms  employed  to  designate  their  respective  literary  institutions, 
and  also  with  respect  to  the  technical  terms  used  hi  their  universities 
and  colleges.  The  following  English  university  terms,  for  example, 
are  not  at  all  used  here  in  the  same  sense : act,  wrangler,  optime, 
bursar,  commoner,  sizar,  pensioner,  servitor,  batteller,  foundationer ; 
and  the  following  American  terms  do  not  appear  to  be  used  in  the 
same  sense  in  England,  namely,  commencement,  senior,  junior, 
sophomore,  freshman,  sahdatory,  beneficiary. 

Some  words,  more  or  less  in  use,  are  regarded  as  of  Indian 
origin;  as,  calumet,  chocolate,  hackmatack,  hominy,  hommock,  maize, 
moose,  musquash,  moccason,  mush,  pappoose,  pecan,  pemmican, 
potato,  poicwow,  quahaug,  raccoon,  sachem,  sagamore,  samp,  succo- 
tash, squash,  squaw,  terrapin,  tobacco,  tomato,  tomahawk,  wampum, 
wigwam,  Yankee. 

Of  the  English  provincialisms  which  are  often  used  in  the  United 
States,  may  be  enumerated,  to  wilt,  to  slump,'  to  rile  or  to  roil, 
stumpy,  slosh,  slush,  sloshy,  slushy,  rily  or  roily,  spunk,  spunky, 
spry,  squirm,  squiggle,  quackle,  shote,  &c. 

There  is  a considerable  number  of  words  the  propriety  of  which 
has  been  disputed,  but  which  are  now  often  used  both  in  the 
United  States  and  in  England.  Such  are  the  following  : to  advocate, 
to  base,  to  demoralize,  to  derange,  to  expatriate,  to  jeopardize,  to 
locate,  to  obligate,  to  test,  to  veto,  prayerful,  prayerless,  profanity, 
unwell,  & c.  The  following  words,  which  are  more  or  less  used  in 
the  United  States,  are  little  used  in  England : to  approbate,  to  belittle, 
to  clapboard,  to  eventuate,  to  loan  ; sundown,  boatable,  freshet,  sled, 
sleigh,  clapboard,  shingle,  prairie,  snag,  sawyer,  vendue,  sparse, 
bookstore,  bindery  or  bookbindery,  lot,  as  a building  lot,  a house  lot, 
a wood  lot. 

The  following  words  have  senses  affixed  to  them  in  the  United 
States  different  from  the  senses  in  which  they  are  commonly  used  in 
England : baggage,  balance,  clever,  cob,  corn,  creek,  fall,  lumber, 
merchant,  quite,  spell,  stage,  store  ; also  the  verbs  to  improve,  to 
notify,  to  girdle,  to  guess,  &c. 

There  are  some  words  which  both  English  and  American  recent 
writers  have  used  in  a new  sense ; as,  to  realize,  to  solemnize,  to 
transpire ; obnoxious,  temper,  &c.  Many  of  the  neologisms  which 
have  been  stigmatized  as  American  innovations  or  corruptions,  have 
been  sanctioned  by  the  use  of  English  authors.  The  adjective 
lengthy,  and  the  verb  to  progress,  with  the  accent  on  the  last  syllable, 
are  reputed  to  be  of  American  origin ; but,  though  they  may  probably 
have  originated  here,  yet  they  seem  to  have  been  adopted  in  England ; 
and  comparatively  higher  authorities  may  be  adduced  in  support  of 
their  use  from  English,  than  from  American,  writers.  (See  the  words 
Lengthy,  Progress,  Clever,  &c.,  in  the  Dictionary.) 


HISTORY  OF  ENGLISH  LEXICOGRAPHY 


Lexicography  is  a branch  of  literature  which  appears  to  have 
been  but  little  cultivated  in  ancient  times.  It  is  doubtful  whether 
the  ancient  Greeks  and  Romans  ever  wrote  what  would  be  properly 
called  dictionaries  of  their  respective  languages.  No  such  works 
written  by  them  are  now  extant ; nor  is  there  positive  evidence  that 
any  such  ever  existed.  The  terms  lexicon  and  dictionarium  were 
not  in  use  during  the  classic  period  of  the  Greek  and  Roman  lan- 
guages; but  they  are  of  comparatively  modern  introduction.  Varro, 
who  died  27  B.  C.,  wrote  a work  entitled  “Be  Lingua  Latinu ,”  which 
consisted  of  twenty-four  books,  of  which  only  six,  and  these  much 
mutilated,  are  now  extant.  One  of  the  books  contained  a sort  oi 
glossary  of  Latin  terms.  Apollonius  of  Alexandria,  commonly  sup- 
posed to  have  lived  in  the  time  of  Augustus,  though  some  suppose 
him  to  have  been  much  later,  wrote  a sort  of  glossary  to  Ilomer. 

“ The  oldest  extant  Greek  lexicographer,”  says  the  Penny  Cyclo- 
ptrdia,  “is  Apollonius  the  Sophist,  a contemporary  of  Augustus. 
His  work,  entitled  siting  ‘Ogi/oixul,  or  ‘Homeric  Words,’  though 
much  interpolated,  is  very  useful.  All  the  other  original  Greek  lexi- 
cons and  glossaries  we  have,  such  as  the  ‘ Onomasticon ’ (or  Collection 
of  Synonymes)  of  Julius  Pollux,  the  lexicons  of  Suidas,  Ilarpocra- 
tion,  and  Ilesychius,  and  the  1 Etgmologicon  Magnum ,’  sometimes 
attributed  to  Marcus  Musurus,  although  of  the  authors  of  some  of 
them  the  exact  age  is  disputed,  were  undoubtedly  compiled  subse- 
quent, and  most  of  them  probably  long  subsequent,  to  the  commence- 
ment of  the  Christian  era.  It  is  supposed,  indeed,  that  they  were 
founded  upon  older  compilations  of  the  same  kind ; but  of  the  form 
of  those  lost  works  we  know  nothing.  It  may  be  reasonably  doubted 
if  either  the  Greeks  or  Romans  were  in  the  habit  of  making  use  of 
dictionaries  in  studying  a foreign  language  or  dialect,  as  has  been  the 
general  practice  in  modern  times.” 

The  following  is  a brief  notice  of  a few  of  the  earliest  lexicograph- 
ical works  that  are  now  extant.  — Julius  Pollux,  a native  of  Naucra- 
tis,  in  Egypt,  and  a teacher  of  rhetoric  at  Athens,  in  the  early  part 
of  the  third  century  of  the  Christian  era,  was  the  author  of  the 
“ Onomasticon,”  a Greek  Vocabulary,  divided  into  ten  books.  It 
contains  a vast  variety  of  synonymous  words  and  phrases,  arranged 
under  general  heads,  but  not  alphabetically,  and  it  partakes  more  of 
the  nature  of  an  encyclopaedia  than  of  a dictionary.  The  first  edition 
of  it  was  printed  at  Venice  in  1502. 

Ilesychius  of  Alexandria,  by  some  stated  to  have  lived  as  early  as 
the  third,  and  by  others  not  before  the  fifth  or  sixth  century,  was  the 
author  of  a Greek  lexicon  or  glossary,  consisting  of  short  explanations 
of  uncommon  Greek  words  and  technical  terms.  The  first  edition  of 
it  was  printed  at  Venice  in  1513. 

Valerius  Ilarpocration,  a Greek  rhetorician  of  Alexandria,  wrote  a 
work  entitled  “ Lexicon  Decern  Oratovum”  (“Lexicon  to  the  Ten 
Orators”),  which  contains  an  account  of  many  of  the  persons  and 
facts  mentioned  in  the  orations  of  the  ten  principal  orators  of  Athens. 
“We  have,”  says  the  Penny  Cyclopaedia,  “no  particulars  of  his  life, 
nor  of  the  time  in  which  he  lived.”  Mr.  Watt  styles  him  “an  Alex- 
andrian rhetorician  of  the  fourth  century,”  and  entitles  his  work 
“ Lexicon  in  decern  llhetores.”  It  was  first  printed  at  Venice  in  1503. 

Photius,  patriarch  of  Constantinople,  who  died  in  891,  was  the  au- 
thor of  the  eaiv  Svvayory^,  a Greek  glossary  or  lexicon,  an  edition 
of  which,  edited  by  Hermann,  was  published  at  Leipsic  in  1808 ; 
and  another,  edited  by  Porson,  was  published  in  London  in  1822. 


Suidas,  whose  age  and  country  are  not  ascertained,  but  who  is 
supposed  to  have  lived  between  900  and  1025  A.  I).,  was  the  author 
of  a Greek  Lexicon,  styled  by  some  an  “ Historical  and  Geographical 
Dictionary,”  also  an  “ Encyclopaedia. ” It  comprises  the  names  of 
men  and  places,  as  well  as  the  words  which  properly  belong  to  a 
dictionary.  The  first  edition  was  printed  at  Milan  in  1499. 

John  Balbus,  or  Balbi,  or  John  of  Genoa,  (being  a Genoese,)  who 
died  in  1298,  was  the  author  of  the  “ Catholicon,”  a Latin  dictionary 
containing  between  seven  hundred  and  eight  hundred  pages  folio ; 
first  printed  at  Mentz,  in  1460,  by  Gutenberg.  “ Although  this 
work,”  says  Watt,  “contains  many  errors,  it  has  the  singularity  of 
being  the  first  Latin  dictionary  after  the  destruction  of  the  language.” 

Johannes  Crestonus  (Placentinus),  a native  of  Piacenza,  was  the 
author  of  the  “ Lexicon  Orceco-Latinum,”  the  first  Greek  and  Latin 
dictionary  extant.  The  first  edition,  supposed  to  have  been  printed 
at  Milan,  is  without  date.  The  earliest  edition,  with  a date,  was 
printed  at  Vicenza  in  1483. 

Calepin,  or  Calepino,  a native  of  Calepio,  near  Bergamo,  in  Italy, 
who  died  in  1510,  was  the  author  of  the  “ Dictionarium ,”  a Latin 
dictionary,  one  of  the  earliest  works  of  the  kind,  first  printed  at 
Reggio  in  1502.  It  went  through  many  editions,  and  received  such 
additions  as  made  it  almost  a new  work.  Facciolati,  assisted  by  his 
pupil  Egidio  Forcellini,  prepared  and  published  a new  edition  in  1731. 
“ It  was,”  as  is  stated  by  the  Penny  Cyclopaedia,  “ in  the  course  of 
his  joint  labors  with  Facciolati,  that  Forcellini  conceived  the  plan  of 
a totally  new  Latin  dictionary,  which,  after  more  than  thirty  years’ 
assiduous  application,  he  brought  to  light  under  the  title  of  ‘ Totius 
Latinitatis  Lexicon ,’  four  volumes  folio,  Padua,  1771.  This  work 
has  superseded  all  other  Latin  dictionaries.”  An  enlarged  edition  of 
this  work,  edited  by  James  Bailey,  was  published  in  London  in  1828; 
and  it  also  formed  the  principal  basis  of  the  “ Lexicon  of  the  Latin 
Language,”  edited  by  F.  P.  Leverett,  and  first  published  at  Boston 
in  1836. — “ Cornucopia ,”  “ Dreviloquus  Vocabularius,”  and  “ Gem- 
ma Vocabulorum  atque  Medulla,”  are  titles  of  other  early  lexico- 
graphical works  on  the  Latin  language. 

The  earliest  lexicographical  labors  in  England  were  performed  near 
the  end  of  the  fifteenth  century;  and  their  object  was  to  facilitate  the 
study  of  the  Latin  language.  The  title  of  the  earliest  work  of  the 
kind  published  in  that  country,  as  given  in  Dr.  Dibdin’s  “ Typographi- 
cal Antiquities,”  was  as  follows  : “ Promptorius  Pueromm.  Promp- 
torium  Parvulorvm,  sive  Clericorum.  Medidla  Grammatice.”  It 
was  first  printed  by  Richard  Pynson,  in  1499,  in  folio.  Editions  of  it 
were  printed  by  Wynkyn  dc  Worde,  in  1510,  1512,  1516,  and  1528. 
“ Richard  Fraunces,  a preaching  or  black  friar,”  as  is  stated  by  Wil- 
liam Herbert,  the  typographical  antiquary,  “ was  the  author  of  this 
first  English  and  Latin  dictionary,  in  which  are  many  old  English 
words  nowhere  else  explained.”  “This  book,”  says  Dr.  Dibclin,  “is 
printed  in  double  columns ; the  English  before  the  Latin  ; the  nouns 
first,  under  each  letter  of  the  alphabet,  the  verbs,  adverbs,  &c.,  after 
them ; both  nouns  and  verbs  are  declined  very  particularly.  The 
work  was  intended,  as  the  commencement  of  the  account  of  the  third 
edition  of  it  specifies,  as  a companion  to  the  ‘ Ortus  Vocabulorum ,’ 
in  Latin  and  English.” 

In  1500  (the  next  year  after  the  first  publication  of  the  work  above 
noticed)  was  printed  by  Wynkyn  de  Worde  the  first  edition  of  the 
work  bearing  the  following  title,  as  stated  in  Dr.  Dibdin’s  “ Typo- 

(liii) 


liv 


HISTORY  OF  ENGLISH  LEXICOGRAPHY. 


graphical  Antiquities  : ” — “ Ortus  Vocabulorum : alphabetico  ordine 
fere  omnia  quce  in  Catholico  breviloquo  Cornucopia  Gemma  Vo- 
cabulorum atque  Medulla  Grammatices  ponuntur  cum  perpulcris 
Additoribus  Ascens,  et  vernacidce  Linguae  Anglicance  expositionem 
continens.”  This  is  the  first  edition  of  the  first  Latin  and  English 
dictionary,  — “a  work,”  says  Dibdin,  “ of  considerable  importance  to 
grammatical  antiquaries,  and  the  parent  production  of  our  popular 
Latin  and  English  Dictionary  by  Ainsworth.”  Subsequent  editions 
were  printed  in  1508,  1509,  1514,  1516,  and  1518. 

The  next  lexicographical  work,  and  the  first  entitled  a dictionary, 
( dictionarium ,)  that  was  published  in  England,  was  the  “ Dictio- 
narium  ” (Latin  and  English)  of  Sir  Thomas  Elyot,  who  was  a dis- 
tinguished scholar  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VHI.,  a friend  of  Sir  Thomas 
More,  and  the  author  of  various  works.  It  was  first  published  in 
1538  ; and  the  dates  of  other  editions  which  appeared  before  the 
author’s  death,  in  1546,  are  as  follows  : 1541,  1542,  and  1545.  The 
title  of  the  edition  of  1542,  as  given  by  Ames,  is  “ Bibliotheca 
Eliotce,  Eliotis  Librarie.”  It  was  dedicated  to  Henry  VIII. ; and 
the  following  is  an  extract  from  the  dedication  : “ To  the  moste 
excellent  prince,  and  our  moste  redoubted  souerayne  lorde  Kinge 
Henry  the  VIII.,  Supreme  head  in  erthe  immediately  vnder  Christo, 
of  the  Churche  of  Englande.  . . . About  a yere  passed,  J be- 
ganne  a Dictionarie,  declaring  latine  by  englishe.  But  whyles  J was 
printyng,  and  vneth  the  half  deale  performed,  your  hyghnes  being 
informed  therof,  by  the  reportes  of  gentyll  maister  Antony  Denny, 
for  his  wysedome  and  diligence  worthily  callyd  by  your  hyghnesse  into 
your  priuie  chamber,  and  of  AVyllyam  Tildisley,  keper  of  your  gracis 
lybrarie,  and  after  mooste  specially  by  the  recommendation  of  the 
most  honourable  lorde  Crumwell,  lorde  priuie  seale,  &c.,  eonceyucd 
of  my  labours  a good  expectation,  and  declaryng  your  moste  noble 
and  beneuolent  nature,  in  fauouryng  them  that  wyll  be  well  occupied, 
your  hyghnesse,  in  the  presence  of  diuers  of  your  noble  men,  com- 
mcndynge  myne  enterprise,  affirmed,  that  if  J wolde  ernestely  trauayle 
therin,  your  highnes,  as  well  with  excellent  counsaile,  as  with  suche 
bokes  as  your  grace  had,  and  J lacked,  wolde  therm  ayde  me. 
AVherfore  incontinent  J caused  the  printer  to  cesse,  and  beginninge 
at  the  letter  M,  where  J lefle,  J passed  forth  to  the  last  letter  with  a 
more  diligent  study.  And  that  done,  J eftesones  returned  to  my  fyrst 
letter,  and  with  a semblable  diligence  performed  the  remnant ; — and 
under  your  gracious  governance,  your  hignesse  being  myn  onely 
mayster,  — hauyng  fynished  for  this  tyme  this  symple  Dictionarie, 
wherin,  J dare  affirme,  may  be  found  a thousand  mo  latine  wordes, 
than  were  together  in  any  one  Dictionarie  publyshed  in  this  royalme 
at  the  tyme  when  J fyrste  began  to  write  this  commentarie,  which  is 
almost  two  yeres  passed.  — Gyuynge  to  your  maiestie  mooste  hartye 
thankes,  as  to  the  chiefe  author  thereof,  by  whose  gracious  meanes 
menne,  beinge  studious,  may  vnderstande  better  the  latine  tunge  in 
syxe  monethes,  than  they  mought  haue  doone  afore,  in  thre  yeres, 
withoute  perfyte  instructours,  whyche  are  not  many,  and  suche  as  be, 
are  not  easy  to  come  by : the  cause  J nede  not  reherse,  sens  J ones 
declared  it  in  my  booke  called  the  ‘ Gouemour,’  which  about  VIII 
yeres  passed  J dydde  dedicate  vnto  your  hyghnesse.” 

“ This  is  a work,”  says  Dr.  Dibdin,  “ of  considerable  ability,  and 
deservedly  held  in  high  estimation,  as  one  of  the  earliest  and  best 
attempts  in  the  promotion  of  lexicographical  literature.”  After  the 
death  of  Sir  Thomas  Elyot,  his  Dictionary  was  corrected  and  enlarged 
repeatedly  by  Thomas  Cooper,  “ Schole  maister  of  Maudlens  in  Ox- 
forde,”  afterwards  bishop  of  Lincoln;  and  in  the  edition  of  1563,  the 
title  was  changed  to  “ Thesaurus  utriusque  Lingua;  Latince  et  Bri- 
lannicce ; ” Cooper  having,  according  to  Anthony  Wood,  “ augmented 
and  enriched  it  with  33,000  words  and  phrases.” 

After  the  appearance  of  some  smaller  Latin  and  English  diction- 
aries, the  “ Alvearie,  or  Triple  Dictionarie,  in  English,  Latin,  and 
French,”  by  John  Baret,  a scholar  of  Cambridge,  was  published  in 
1573;  and  to  the  second  edition,  published  in  1580,  he  added  the 


Greek,  and  entitled  it  the  “ Alvearie,  or  Quadruple  Dictionaiie.”  In 
his  address  “ To  the  Reader,”  he  gives  a singular  account  of  the  man- 
ner in  which  the  “ Alvearie  ” was  formed,  from  which  the  following 
extract  is  given  : — 

“ About  eyghteene  yeares  agone,  hauing  pupils  at  Cambridge  stu- 
dious of  the  Latin  tongue,  I vsed  them  often  to  write  epistles  and 
themes  togither,  and  daily  to  translate  some  peece  of  English  into 
Latin,  for  the  more  speedy  and  easie  attaining  of  the  same.  And 
after  we  had  a little  begunne,  perceyuing  what  great  trouble  it  was  to 
come  running  to  mee  for  euery  word  they  missed,  (knowing  then  of 
no  other  Dictionarie  to  helpe  vs,  but  Sir  Thomas  Eliots  Librarie, 
which  was  come  out  a little  before,)  I appoynted  them  certaine  leaues 
of  the  same  booke  euery  day,  to  write  the  English  before  ye  Latin, 
and  likewise  to  gather  a number  of  fine  phrases  out  of  Cicero,  Ter- 
ence, Caesar,  Liuie,  &c.,  and  to  set  them  under  seuerall  Tytles,  for 
the  more  ready  finding  them  againe  at  their  neede.  Thus  within  a 
yeare  or  two  they  had  gathered  togither  a great  volume,  which  (for 
the  apt  similitude  betweene  the  good  scholers  and  diligent  Bees 
in  gathering  their  wax  and  hony  into  their  Hiue)  I called  then  their 
Aluearie,  both  for  a memoriall  by  whom  it  was  made,  and  also  by  this 
name  to  incourage  other  to  the  like  diligence,  for  that  they  should  not 
see  their  worthy  prayse  for  the  same  vnworthily  drowned  in  obliuion. 
Not  long  after,  diuers  of  our  friendes  borrowing  this  our  worke  which 
we  had  thus  contriued  and  wrought  onely  for  our  owne  priuate  vse, 
often  and  many  wayes  mooued  mee  to  put  it  in  print  for  the  common 
profit  of  others,  and  the  publike  propagation  of  the  Latin  tongue ; 
or  else  to  suffer  them  to  get  it  printed  at  then-  proper  costes  and 
charges.  But  I both  vnwilling,  and  halfe  ashamed  to  haue  our  rude 
notes  come  abrode  vnder  the  viewe  of  so  many  learned  eyes,  &c.  . . . 
at  length  comming  to  London,  . . . there  came  vnto  mee  a printer 
shewing  mee  Hulaets  Dictionarie  (which  before  I neuer  sawe)  and 
tolde  me  he  intended  to  print  it  out  of  hand,  augmented  with  our 
notes  also  if  I woulde.  But  this  bargaine  went  not  forward  with  him 
for  diuers  causes.  . . . Now  therefore  (gentle  Reader)  looke  not 
to  finde  in  this  booke,  euery  thing  whatsoeuer  thou  wouldest  seeke 
for,  as  though  all  thinges  were  here  so  perfect  that  nothing  lacked,  or 
were  possible  to  be  added  hereunto.  But  if  thou  mayst  onely  here 
finde  the  most  wordes  that  thou  needest,  or  at  the  least  so  many  as  no 
other  such  Dictionarie  yet  extant  or  made  hath  the  like  : take  then,  I 
saye,  in  good  part  this  our  simple  Aluearie  in  the  meane  time,  and  giue 
God  the  praise  that  first  moued  mee  to  set  my  pupils  on  worke  there- 
about, and  so  mercifully  also  hath  strengthened  vs  (thus  as  it  is)  at 
length  to  atchieue  and  finish  the  same.” 

The  Latin  and  English  Dictionary  of  Dr.  John  Rider  (an  Oxford 
scholar,  and  afterwards  bishop  of  Killaloe)  was  published  in  1589. 
His  additions,  as  he  states,  “ amount  to  4,000  words  more  than  any 
one  dictionarie  now  extant  affords ; ” and,  in  his  Preface,  he  says,  “No 
one  dictionarie,  as  yet  extant,  hath  the  English  before  the  Latine,  with 
a full  index  of  all  such  Latine  words  as  are  in  any  common  diction- 
arie.” Rider’s  Dictionary  was  subsequently  enlarged,  first  by  Francis 
Holyoke,  and  afterwards  by  his  son  Thomas  Holyoke.  The  Latin 
and  English  dictionaries  of  Gouldman,  Coles,  and  Littleton,  which 
appeared  within  a few  years  of  each  other,  passed  through  various 
editions,  — that  of  Coles,  as  many  as  eighteen;  but  they  were  all 
superseded  by  the  Latin  and  English  Dictionary  of  Robert  Ainsworth, 
which  was  first  published  in  1736,  in  one  volume  4to.  The  second 
edition,  edited  by  Patrick,  appeared  in  1746,  in  two  volumes  4to.  In 
1752,  it  was  published  in  two  volumes  folio  ; in  1773,  “ a new  edition 
with  great  additions  and  amendments,”  by  Dr.  Thomas  Morell, 
appeared;  and  an  improved  edition,  edited  by  Dr.  Carey,  was  pub- 
lished, in  1816,  in  one  volume  4to.  “ There  have  been,”  as  stated  by 
Lowndes,  “ abridgments  of  this  work  by  Young,  Thomas,  Morell,  and 
Jamieson.” 

Of  the  early  English  lexicographers,  the  object  of  whose  labors 
was  to  facilitate  the  study  of  foreign  modern  languages,  may  be  men- 


HISTORY  OF  ENGLISH  LEXICOGRAPHY. 


lv 


tioned  Percivale,  the  author  of  a “ Spanish  and  English  Dictionary,” 
Cotgrave,  author  of  a “ French  and  English  Dictionary,”  (with  the 
English  part  by  Sherwood,)  and  also  Minsheu,  author  of  the  “ Guide 
into  the  Tongues,”  first  published  in  1617,  in  eleven  languages,  — the 
English,  British  or  Welsh,  Low  Dutch,  High  Dutch,  French,  Italian, 
Spanish,  Portuguese,  Latin,  Greek,  and  Hebrew.  A new  edition  was 
published  in  1627,  in  nine  languages,  but  with  a considerable  increase 
in  the  number  of  radical  words.  “In  this,”  says  Sir  John  Hawkins, 
“ the  author  undertakes  to  give  the  etymologies  or  derivations  of  the 
greater  part  of  the  words  therein  contained  ; but,  as  they  amount,  at 
the  most,  to  no  more  than  14,173,  the  work  must  be  deemed  not 
sufficiently  copious.” 

The  object  of  the  first  lexicographical  labors  in  England  was  to 
facilitate  the  study  of  the  Latin  language,  afterwards  that  of  the 
Greek,  and  also  of  foreign  modern  languages ; and  it  was  in  these 
bilingual  dictionaries,  such  as  Latin  and  English,  and  French  and 
English,  that  the  common  English  words  were  first  collected.  The 
early  dictionaries,  which  were  designed  for  mere  English  readers,  were 
very  limited  and  meagre  productions,  then-  chief  object  being  to  ex- 
plain what  were  styled  the  “ hard  rvords  ” of  the  language.  Two  of 
the  earliest  of  these  works  were  those  of  Bullokar  -and  Cockeram. 
The  former,  the  “ English  Expositor,”  by  Dr.  John  Bullokar,  was  first 
published  in  1616.  It  passed  through  many  editions  ; and  the  title 
of  the  edition  printed  at  Cambridge,  in  England,  hi  1688,  is  as  fol- 
lows : “ An  English  Expositour,  or  Compleat  Dictionary ; teaching 
the  Interpretation  of  the  hardest  Words  and  most  useful  Terms  of 
Art  used  in  our  Language ; first  set  forth  by  J.  B.,  Dr.  of  Physick, 
and  now  the  eighth  time  revised,  corrected,  and  very  much  augmented.” 
It  is  a little  volume,  18mo.,  and  contains  only  5,080  words. 

The  English  Dictionary  of  Blount,  often  written  Blunt,  was  a 
larger  work  than  any  other  of  the  kind  that  preceded  it ; and  it  was 
soon  followed  by  a still  more  considerable  one,  that  of  Edward  Phil- 
lips, the  nephew  and  pupil  of  Milton.  The  title  of  Phillips’s  dictionary 
is  “The  New  World  of  English  Words,  or  a General  Dictionary,  con- 
taining the  Interpretations  of  such  hard  Words  as  are  derived  from 
other  Languages,  whether  Hebrew,  Arabick,  Syriack,  Greek,  Latin, 
Italian,  French,  Spanish,  British,  Dutch,  Saxon,  &c.,  their  Etymologies 
and  perfect  Definitions.”  Sir  John  Hawkins  says  of  this  work,  “ ‘ The 
New  World  of  Words,’  which,  as  it  is  much  more  copious  than  that 
of  Blount,  and  contains  a great  quantity  of  matter,  must  be  looked 
on  as  the  basis  of  English  lexicography.”  Though  Phillips  is  entitled 
to  the  credit  of  having  advanced  the  progress  of  English  lexicography, 
yet  his  “World”  is  hardly  deserving  of  being  regarded  as  its  “basis.” 
The  first  edition  is  a small  folio,  of  only  three  hundred  pages,  con- 
taining only  about  13,000  words.  Of  these  words,  a large  proportion 
are  such  as  do  not  properly  belong  to  a dictionary  of  the  English 
language,  but  rather  to  an  encyclopaedia,  consisting  of  geographical 
and  other  proper  names ; and  it  contains  but  few  words  of  genuine 
English  growth ; but  the  subsequent  editions  of  the  work  were  very 
much  enlarged. 

Phillips  gives  a list  of  the  names  of  thirty-four  “ learned  gentlemen 
and  artists  who  contributed  their  assistance.”  He  quotes  from  another 
author  the  following  remark  : “ A dictionary  for  the  English  tongue 
would  require  an  encyclopedic  of  knowledge,  and  the  concurrence  of 
many  learned  heads.”  “ Such  an  encyclopedy,”  he  says,  “ I present 
the  reader  with ; . . . a volume  which  the  so  many  years’  industry 
of  myself  and  others  hath  brought  to  such  perfection.”  In  the  pub- 
fisher’s  advertisement  of  the  work,  it  is  thus  characterized  : “ The  so 
long  expected  work,  The  New  World  of  English  Words,  or  a General 
Dictionary,  containing  the  terms,  etymologies,  definitions,  and  perfect 
interpretations  of  the  proper  significations  of  hard  English  words 
throughout  the  arts  and  sciences,  liberal  or  mechanic,  as  also  other 
subjects  that  are  useful,  or  appertain  to  the  language  of  our  nation ; 
to  which  is  added  the  signification  of  proper  names,  mythology  and 
poetical  fictions,  historical  relations,  geographical  descriptions  of  the 


countries  and  cities  of  the  world,  especially  of  these  three  nations, 
wherein  then-  chiefest  antiquities,  battles,  and  other  most  memorable 
passages,  are  mentioned  : a work  very  necessary  for  strangers,  as  well 
as  our  own  countrymen,  — for  all  persons  that  would  rightly  under- 
stand what  they  discourse,  write,  or  read.”  After  the  death  of  the 
author,  the  sixth  edition,  edited  by  John  Kersey,  was  published  in 
1706,  “revised,  corrected,  and  improved,  with  the  addition  of  near 
20,000  words  from  the  best  authors.” 

Phillips’s  Dictionary  was  followed  by  those  of  Coles  and  Kersey, 
which,  though  they  were  printed  in  a much  smaller  form,  contained 
many  more  of  the  common  words  of  the  language.  Dr.  Watts,  in 
his  “Art  of  Heading  and  Writing  English,”  published  in  1720,  thus 
notices  the  work  of  Kersey : “ The  best  dictionary  that  I know  for 
this  purpose  [spelling]  is  entitled  ‘ A New  English  Dictionary,’  &c., 
by  J.  K.  The  second  edition,  1713,  in  small  octavo.” 

After  Kersey’s,  and  soon  after  1720,  appeared  the  celebrated 
Dictionary  of  Nathan  Bailey,  which  was  the  first  English  dictionary 
in  which  an  attempt  was  made  to  give  a complete  collection  of  the 
words  of  the  language.  Mr.  Watt,  in  his  “ Bibliotheca  Britannica,” 
thus  notices  this  work  : “ Bailey’s  English  Dictionary,  printed  in 
1728,  (fourth  edition,)  was  long  the  only  one  in  use,  and  still  continues 
a favorite  with  many  readers.  It  was  afterwards  enlarged  into  two 
volumes  8vo.,  and  some  years  after  printed  in  folio,  with  additions  in 
the  mathematical  part  by  G.  Gordon,  in  the  botanical  by  Philip  Miller, 
and  in  the  etymological  by  T.  Lediard  ; the  whole  revised  [1764]  by 
Dr.  Joseph  Nicol  Scott,  a physician.  The  octavo  [24th  edition]  was 
revised  by  Dr.  Harwood,  1782.” 

A part  of  the  long  title  of  the  first  volume  of  the  edition  of  1728 
is  as  follows  : “ An  Universal  Etymological  English  Dictionary ; com- 
prehending the  Derivations  of  the  Generality  of  Words  in  the 
English  Tongue,  either  Ancient  or  Modern,  from  the  Ancient  British, 
Saxon,  Danish,  Norman  and  Modern  French,  Teutonic,  Dutch,  Span- 
ish, Italian ; as  also  from  the  Latin,  Greek,  and  Hebrew  Languages, 
each  in  their  proper  Characters ; and  also  a clear  Explication  of  all 
difficult  W ords  derived  from  any  of  the  aforesaid  Languages ; . . . 
containing  many  thousand  Words  more  than  either  Harris,  Phillips, 
Kersey,  or  any  English  Dictionary  before  extant.”  The  second  vol- 
ume was  first  published  in  1727,  as  a supplement  to  the  first;  and  it 
consists  of  two  parts : — “I.  An  Additional  Collection  of  some 
Thousands  of  Words  not  in  the  former  Volume.  II.  An  Ortho- 
graphical Dictionary,  showing  both  the  Orthography  and  Orthoepia 
of  the  English  Tongue.” 

In  his  Preface  to  the  first  volume,  Bailey  says,  “As  for  the  ety- 
mological part,  or  those  words  from  foreign  languages,  whence  the 
English  words  were  derived,  I think  I am  the  first  who  has  attempted 
it  in  English,  except  what  Mr.  Blunt  has  done  in  his  ‘ Glossography,’ 
which  is  but  a very  small  part,  and  those  of  a Latin  derivation  chiefly, 
besides  a small , extract  of  Dr.  Skinner’s  ‘ Etymologicon.’ ” In  Iris 
Introduction  to  the  second  volume,  he  remarks,  “ I have  placed  an 
accent  over  that  syllable  on  which  a particular  stress  or  force  of  sound 
is  to  be  laid  by  the  voice  in  pronouncing.”  This  appears  to  be  the 
first  instance  in  which  any  such  aid  to  pronunciation  was  furnished  in 
an  English  dictionary.  The  parts  of  speech  were  not  noted  in  tliis 
nor  in  any  previous  English  dictionary. 

This  lexicographer,  who  was  a schoolmaster  at  Stepney,  was  the 
author  of  several  other  works,  among  which  were  the  “ Didionarium 
Domesticum,  or  a Household  Dictionary,”  and  “ An  Introduction  to 
the  English  Tongue ; ” and  he  was  the  editor  of  several  classical  au- 
thors for  the  use  of  schools.  He  died,  as  it  is  stated  in  the  “ Gentle- 
man’s Magazine,”  in  174^.  The  following  remarks  are  extracted  from 
the  Encyclopaedia  Perthensis  : “ It  is  somewhat  surprising  that,  though 
this  work  [Bailey’s  Dictionary]  is  universally  known,  haring  gone 
through  at  least  twenty-six  editions  since  the  first  edition,  dedicated 
in  Latin  to  Frederick  Prince  of  'Wales,  and  Iris  royal  sisters,  (his 
majesty’s  [George  III.]  father  and  aunts,)  was  published,  yet  no  ac- 


lvi 


HISTORY  OF  ENGLISH  LEXICOGRAPHY. 


count  whatever  has  hitherto  been  given  of  the  learned  and  laborious 
author,  who  excelled  Dr.  Johnson  himself,  in  industry  at  least,  by 
introducing  a far  greater  number  of  words,  in  his  small  work  of  one 
volume  8vo.,  than  the  doctor  has  inserted  in  both  his  volumes  folio. 
We  have  searched  in  vain  for  an  account  of  this  learned  lexicogra- 
pher.”— In  reference  to  the  above  comparison  of  the  number  of 
words  found  in  the  dictionaries  of  Bailey  and  Johnson,  it  may  be 
remarked,  that  Johnson  omitted  many  words  that  are  in  Bailey’s 
Dictionary,  because  they  were  not  in  use ; but  he  inserted  many  not 
found  in  it.  He  speaks  of  “ the  deficiencies  of  dictionaries,”  with  re- 
spect to  the  number  of  words,  and  says,  he  “ has  much  augmented 
the  vocabulary.” 

Dvche’s  Dictionary,  a work  in  one  volume  8vo.,  “ originally  begun 
by  the  Rev.  Thomas  Dyche,  and  finished  by  William  Pardon,”  has 
had  an  extensive  circulation  in  England.  The  seventh  edition  was 
published  in  1752,  and  the  sixteenth  in  1777.  This  statement  seems 
hardly  consistent  with  the  remark  of  Watt,  above  quoted,  that 
Bailey’s  Dictionary  “ was  long  the  only  one  in  use.” 

Benjamin  Martin,  an  ingenious  man,  and  the  author  of  several 
publications  on  scientific  and  philosophical  subjects,  published  a 
dictionary  of  considerable  merit.  The  first  edition  was  printed  in 
1749;  the  second,  in  1754. 

In  1747,  Dr.  Johnson  published  a “Plan  for  a Dictionary  of  the 
English  Language,”  addressed  to  the  Earl  of  Chesterfield ; and  soon 
afterwards  he  made  a contract  with  some  eminent  London  book- 
sellers for  performing  the  labor  of  preparing  the  work,  for  the  sum 
of  £1,575. 

The  following  account  of  liis  method  of  proceeding  is  given  by 
Sir  John  Hawkins : “ He  had,  for  the  purpose  of  carrying  on  this 
arduous  work,  and  being  near  the  printers  employed  in  it,  taken  a 
handsome  house  in  Gough  Square,  and  fitted  up  a room  in  it  with 
desks  and  other  accommodations  for  amanuenses,  whom,  to  the  num- 
ber of  five  or  six,  he  kept  constantly  under  his  eye.  An  interleaved 
copy  of  Bailey’s  Dictionary  in  folio,  he  made  the  repository  of  the 
several  articles,  and  these  he  collected  by  incessant  reading  the  best 
authors  in  our  language,  in  the  practice  whereof  his  method  was  to 
score  with  a black-lead  pencil  the  words  by  him  selected,  and  give 
them  over  to  his  assistants  to  insert  in  their  places.  The  books  he 
used  for  this  purpose  were  what  he  had  in  his  own  collection,  a copi- 
ous but  a miserably  ragged  one,  and  all  such  as  he  could  borrow ; 
which  latter,  if  ever  they  came  back  to  those  that  lent  them,  were  so 
defaced  as  to  be  scarce  worth  owning ; and  yet  some  of  his  friends 
were  glad  to  receive  and  entertain  them  as  curiosities.” 

Johnson,  who  is  styled,  by  Dr.  A.  B.  Evans,  “ the  great  captain  of 
English  lexicography,”  completed  his  task,  after  seven  years’  arduous 
labor,  in  1755 ; and  it  is  justly  regarded  as  one  of  the  greatest  liter- 
ary achievements  ever  performed  by  any  man  within  the  same  space 
of  time.  In  a notice  of  the  work  in  the  “ Gentleman’s  Magazine  ” 
for  April,  1755,  just  after  its  publication,  the  following  language  is 
used  : “ Let  not  any  one  attempt  to  withhold  the  honor  which  is  due 
to  him  who  alone  has  effected,  in  seven  years,  what  the  joint  labor  of 
forty  academicians  could  not  produce  in  a neighboring  nation  in  less 
than  half  a century.” 

The  publication  of  this  Dictionary  formed  a greater  era  in  the 
history  of  the  language  than  that  of  any  other  work.  No  other 
dictionary  has  had  so  much  influence  in  fixing  the  external  form  of 
the  language,  and  ascertaining  and  settling  the  meaning  and  proper 
use  of  words.  Johnson  was  the  first  to  introduce  into  English  lexi- 
cography the  method  of  illustrating  the  different  significations  of 
words  by  examples  from  the  best  writers ; and  his  Dictionary,  from 
the  time  of  its  first  publication,  has  been,  far  more  than  any  other, 
regarded  as  a standard  for  the  language.  It  has  formed  sub- 
stantially the  basis  of  many  smaller  works,  and,  as  Walker  remarks, 
it  “ has  been  deemed  lawful  plunder  by  every  subsequent  lexi- 
cographer.” 


The  next  year  after  the  publication  of  his  Dictionary,  Johnson  pre- 
pared the  octavo  abridgment;  and  he  revised  the  large  work  for  the 
edition  of  1773,  without,  however,  making  great  additions  or  alter- 
ations. Supplements  to  it,  by  Mason,  Seager,  and  Jodrell,  have  been 
published  in  a separate  form. 

In  1814,  an  edition  of  Johnson’s  Dictionary,  with  numerous  cor- 
rections, and  with  the  addition  of  about  14,000  words,  by  the  Rev. 
Henry  John  Todd,  was  published;  and,  in  1827,  there  was  a second 
edition,  with  the  addition  of  about  one  thousand  more  words,  by  Mr. 
Todd.  The  words  added  by  Mr.  Todd,  in  his  first  edition,  were,  in 
great  part,  if  not  chiefly,  derived  from  the  English  writers  of  the  17th 
century ; and  a considerable  part  of  them  are  obsolete  ; and  of  those 
added  in  his  second  edition,  a large  proportion  are  provincial  or  local 
words,  some  of  them  hardly  worthy  of  a place  in  a dictionary  of  the 
English  language. 

The  merits  of  Johnson’s  Dictionary  have  been  by  some  exaggerated, 
and  by  others  underrated.  But  though  many  defects  have  been 
pointed  out,  yet  no  one  of  his  countrymen  has  yet  produced  a work 
that  has  superseded  it.  It  would  be  unreasonable  to  expect,  from  the 
labor  of  seven  j ears,  a work  for  which  “ a whole  life  would  be  insuf- 
ficient.” If  it  had  been  perfectly  adapted  to  the  language  at  the  time 
of  its  first  publication,  it  would  be  very  defective  now.  Many  changes 
have  taken  place  in  the  language  within  the  last  century,  and  there 
has  been  a vast  influx  of  new  words  from  the  various  departments  of 
the  arts  and  sciences.  In  relation  to  these  matters  this  Dictionary 
was  not  designed  to  treat  largely ; and  the  scientific  terms  which  it 
contains  generally  need  to  be  defined  anew,  and  a great  many  new' 
ones  need  to  be  added ; but  in  these  departments  Mr.  Todd  made 
few  improvements  or  additions. 

The  “Penny  Cyclopeedia”  speaks  of  the  work  as  follows:  “John- 
son’s Dictionary  has  been  accounted  the  standard  work  of  its  class 
since  its  appearance  in  1755  ; but,  although  it  was  a great  achievement 
for  an  individual,  and  its  definitions,  in  particular,  afford  remarkable 
evidence  of  its  author’s  ingenuity  and  command  of  expression,  it  is, 
in  many  respects,  as  far  as  possible  from  being  what  a dictionary 
should  be.  Its  etymological  part  (as  Horne  Tooke  has  long  ago 
shown)  is  little  better  than  so  much  rubbish ; and  it  is  characterized 
throughout  by  a total  want  of  method  and  philosophical  views.  Some 
valuable  matter  has  been  added  by  the  Rev.  Mr.  Todd ; but  the 
philosophical  character  of  the  work  has  received  no  inqn'ovement  in 
his  hands.” 

“ I have,”  says  Sir  John  Stoddard,  “ spoken  freely  of  the  errors 
and  defects  in  Johnson’s  Dictionary ; but  it  must  be  remembered  that 
the  English  language  could  never  boast,  until  his  time,  of  a collection 
of  its  words  accompanied  with  authorities  for  different  significations, 
by  our  best  writers.  His  work  was  one  of  immense  labor ; and  we 
cannot  but  lament  that  during  great  part  of  the  time  which  he  devoted 
to  it,  he  was  in  fact  writing,  from  day  to  day,  for  bread.” 

Of  Johnson’s  Dictionary  Lord  Brougham  says,  “ He  conferred 
upon  English  literature  the  important  benefit  of  the  first  even  toler- 
able good  dictionary  of  the  language,  and  one,  the  general  merit  of 
which  may  be  inferred  from  the  fact,  that  after  the  lapse  of  nearly 
a century  filled  with  the  monuments  of  literary  labor  incalculably 
multiplied  in  all  directions,  no  similar  work  has  superseded  it.  . . . 
The  dictionary,  with  all  its  faults,  still  keeps  its  ground,  and  has  no 
successor  that  could  supplant  it.  This  is  owing  to  the  admirable 
plan  of  giving  passages  from  the  writers  cited  as  authorities  for  each 
word  ; and  this  part  of  the  design  is  well  executed.  Hence  the  book 
becomes  almost  as  entertaining  to  read,  as  useful  to  consult.  The 
more  difficult  task  of  definition  has  been  less  happily  performed, 
but  far  better  than  the  etymological  part,  which  neither  shows  pro- 
found knowledge,  nor  makes  a successful  application  of  it.  The 
compiler  appears  to  have  satisfied  himself  with  one  or  two  authori- 
ties, and  neither  to  have  chosen  them  well,  nor  consulted  them  with 
discrimination.” 


HISTORY  OF  ENGLISH  LEXICOGRAPHY. 


lvii 


Of  this  work  Lord  Macaulay  says,  “ It  was  indeed  the  first  diction- 
ary that  could  be  read  with  pleasure.  The  definitions  show  so  much 
acuteness  of  thought  and  command  of  language,  and  the  passages 
quoted  from  poets,  divines,  and  philosophers  are  so  skilfully  selected, 
that  a leisure  hour  may  always  be  agreeably  spent  in  turning  over  the 
pages.  The  faults  of  the  book  resolve  themselves,  for  the  most  part, 
into  one  great  fault.  Johnson  was  a wretched  etymologist.  He 
knew  little  or  nothing  of  any  Teutonic  language  except  English, 
which  indeed,  as  he  wrote  it,  was  scarcely  a Teutonic  language ; and 
thus  he  was  absolutely  at  the  mercy  of  Junius  and  Skinner.” 

Since  the  first  publication  of  Johnson’s  Dictionary,  many  other 
English  dictionaries,  of  various  degrees  of  merit,  have  appeared  in 
England,  the  titles,  dates,  and  names  of  the  authors  of  which  may 
be  seen  in  the  following  Catalogue ; but  they  cannot,  all  of  them,  be 
here  particularly  noticed.  The  most  considerable  of  these  works  is 
Dr.  Richardson’s  “ New  Dictionary  of  the  English  Language,”  pub- 
lished in  1838.  This  is  an  elaborate  work,  in  which  much  greater 
attention  was  paid  to  etymology  than  had  been  bestowed  by  Johnson 
or  any  other  English  lexicographer.  The  author  himself  says  of  his 
work,  “ As  an  Etymological  Dictionary,  1 may  affirm,  that  my  own  is 
the  first  that  has  been  attempted  in  the  English  language  since  the 
publication  of  the  works  of  Junius  and  Skinner,  and  that  it  is  the 


only  one  which  professes  to  combine  with  etymology  an  exact  expla- 
nation of  meaning,  and  a copious  deduction  of  usages.” 

The  Quarterly  Review  says  of  this  work,  “ It  is  an  admirable 
addition  to  our  lexicography,  supplying  a great  desideratum,  as  ex- 
hibiting the  biography  of  each  word,  its  birth,  parentage,  and  edu- 
cation, the  changes  that  have  befallen  it,  the  company  it  has  kept, 
and  the  connections  it  has  formed,  by  a rich  series  of  quotations,  all 
in  chronological  order.”  Dean  Trench  says  of  it,  “ It  is  the  only 
English  dictionary  in  which  etymology  assumes  the  dignity  of  a 
science.”  This  dictionary  indicates  an  extensive  and  laborious  research 
into  the  early  and  almost  forgotten  productions  of  English  literature ; 
and  it  is  highly  valuable  and  interesting  to  one  who  is  desirous  of 
studying  the  history  of  the  language. 

In  1828,  the  first  edition  of  the  “American  Dictionary  of  the 
English  Language,”  by  Noah  Webster,  LL.  D.  was  published,  — a 
work  of  great  labor  and  learning,  comprising  a much  more  full  vo- 
cabulary than  Johnson’s  Dictionary,  and  containing  many  and  great 
improvements  with  respect  both  to  the  etymology  and  definitions  of 
words.  This  dictionary  has  been  much  enlarged  and  greatly  improved 
in  succeeding  editions,  by  the  Rev.  Chauncey  A.  Goodrich,  D.  D., 
and  it  has  received  numerous  and  high  commendations,  and  has  met 
with  great  success. 


ENGLISH  ORTHOEPISTS. 


But  little  attention  was  bestowed  upon  orthoepy,  by  English  lexi- 
cographers, till  after  the  first  publication  of  Johnson’s  Dictionary. 
Since  that  time,  many  dictionaries  have  been  published  in  which  the 
pronunciation  of  the  language  has  been  made  the  principal  object. 
One  of  the  first  works  of  this  sort  was  the  Dictionary  of  Dr.  Kenrick, 
in  a large  quarto  volume,  published  in  1772.  This  was  followed,  in 
1775,  by  Perry’s  “Royal  Standard  English  Dictionary,”  a small  work, 
which  had  an  extensive  circulation,  both  in  Great  Britain  and  in  the 
United  States.  “ The  Synonymous,  Etymological,  and  Pronouncing 
English  Dictionary,”  a much  larger  work,  by  the  same  author,  in 
royal  octavo,  was  published  in  1805. — This  latter  is  the  work  of 
Perry  which  is  referred  to  by  the  abbreviation  P.  in  this  Dictionary. 

Li  1780,  Thomas  Sheridan,  a native  of  Ireland,  who  had  been  an 
actor  of  some  note  upon  the  stage,  and  was  a distinguished  lecturer 
on  elocution  in  London,  at  Oxford,  Cambridge,  and  elsewhere,  pub- 
lished his  “ Complete  Dictionary  of  the  English  Language,  both  with 
Regard  to  Sound  and  Meaning,  one  main  Object  of  which  is  to 
establish  a plain  and  permanent  Standard  of  Pronunciation.”  This 
work  commanded  much  more  attention,  as  a pronouncing  dictionary, 
than  any  other  of  the  kind  that  preceded  it. 

In  1784,  the  Rev.  Robert  Nares,  afterwards  archdeacon  of  Stafford, 
and  one  of  the  first  editors  of  the  “ British  Critic,”  published  the 
“ Elements  of  Orthoepy,  containing  a Distinct  View  of  the  Whole 
Analogy  of  the  English  Language,  so  far  as  it  relates  to  Pronunciation, 
Accent,  and  Quantity.”  Tins  is  a judicious  and  valuable  work,  though 
not  in  the  form  of  a dictionary. 

In  1791  appeared  the  first  edition  of  the  celebrated  Dictionary  of 
John  Walker,  entitled  “ A Critical  Pronouncing  Dictionary  and  Ex- 
positor of  the  English  Language  ; in  which  not  only  the  Meaning  of 
every  Word  is  clearly  explained,  and  the  Sound  of  every  Syllable 
distinctly  shown,  but  where  Words  are  subject  to  different  Pronunci- 
ations, the  Authorities  of  our  best  Pronouncing  Dictionaries  are  fully 
exhibited,  the  Reasons  for  each  are  at  large  displayed,  and  the  pref- 
erable Pronunciation  is  pointed  out ; — to  which  are  prefixed  Princi- 

h 


pies  of  English  Pronunciation.”  The  author  had  previously  published 
a valuable  work,  entitled  “ A Rhyming  Dictionary ; in  which  the 
whole  Language  is  arranged  according  to  its  Terminations.”  And  he 
afterwards,  in  1798,  published  his  “ Ivey  to  the  Classical  Pronunciation 
of  Greek,  Latin,  and  Scripture  Proper  Names.” 

Li  the  preparation  of  his  Dictionary,  Walker  made  pronunciation 
his  leading  object ; and  for  this  it  is  chiefly  valued.  His  design  was, 
as  he  expresses  it,  “ principally  to  give  a kind  of  history  of  pronunci- 
ation, and  to  register  its  present  state.”  His  Dictionary  has  been 
very  extensively  circulated  both  in  Great  Britain  and  the  United  States. 
“ The  settlement  of  the  pronunciation  of  the  English  language  upon 
analogical  principles,  and  according  to  the  best  usage,”  as  stated  by 
the  Penny  Cyclopaedia,  “ was  certainly  attempted  by  Walker  more 
systematically  than  by  any  preceding  writer.  — It  [his  Dictionary] 
has  been  eminently  successful,  having  gone  through  between  twenty 
and  thirty  editions,  and  having  superseded  all  other  previous  works 
of  the  same  nature.”  Walker  was  long  a distinguished  teacher  of 
elocution  in  London,  was  a careful  observer,  and  favorably  situated  to 
become  acquainted  with  the  best  usage.  No  other  Englishman, 
probably,  ever  gave  a longer,  more  laborious,  and  thorough  attention 
to  the  subject  of  orthoepy  than  he,  and  no  other  ever  obtained  so 
high  and  widely  extended  a reputation  as  an  orthoepist.*  In  modern 
English  literature,  Walker  holds  a similar  rank,  as  an  orthoepist,  to 
that  of  Johnson  as  a lexicographer.  Then-  labors  have  been,  in  sev- 
eral dictionaries,  blended  together ; and  their  names  are,  in  a manner, 

* Walker’s  employment,  as  a teacher  of  elocution,  was  among  the  higher  classes 
and  best  educated  people  of  England.  The  following  testimony  to  his  merit,  from 
the  eminent  statesman  and  orator  Edmund  Burke,  is  found  in  “Prior’s  Life  of 
Burke.”  “ One  of  the  persons  who  particularly  solicited  Mr.  Burke’s  exertions  on 
this  occasion  was  Mr.  or  (as  he  was  commonly  termed)  Elocution  Walker,  author  of 
the  ‘ Pronouncing  Dictionary,’  and  other  works  of  merit,  and  who  had  given  lessons 
in  the  art  to  young  Burke.  . . . Mr.  Burke,  one  day,  in  the  vicinity  of  the 

House  of  Commons,  introduced  him  to  a nobleman,  accidentally  passing,  with  the 
following  characteristic  exordium  : ‘ Here,  my  Lord  Berkcloy,  is  Mr.  Walker,  whom 
not  to  know,  by  name  at  least,  would  argue  a want  of  knowledge  of  the  harmonics, 
cadences,  and  proprieties  of  our  language.’  ” 


lviii 


HISTORY  OF  ENGLISH  LEXICOGRAPHY. 


proverbially  associated  with  each  other,  as  being  each  the  first  in  his 
respective  department,  — Johnson  for  the  authority  and  signification 
of  words,  and  Walker  for  then-  pronunciation. 

Since  the  first  appearance  of  Walker’s  Dictionary,  various  other 
pronouncing  dictionaries  have  been  published  in  England,  the  majority 
of  them  smaller  works,  designed  especially  for  the  use  of  schools. 
In  pronunciation,  fashion  is  changeable,  as  well  as  in  other  things ; 
and  though  Walker  may  be  esteemed  the  best  guide  for  ascertaining 
what  was  the  pronunciation  of  the  language  at  the  beginning  of  the 
present  century,  yet  a considerable  change  has  taken  place  since  Ins 
time,  and  on  this  account,  some  of  the  more  recent  orthoepists  may, 
in  some  cases  at  least,  be  looked  upon  as  better  guides,  in  relation  to 
present  usage,  than  Walker. 

Of  the  dictionaries  which  have  been  published  in  London  since  the 
first  appearance  of  Walker’s,  the  one  which  evinces  much  the  most 
investigation  of  the  subject  of  orthoepy,  is  that  of  Mr.  B.  H.  Smart, 
entitled  “ A New  Critical  Pronouncing  Dictionary  of  the  English 
Language,  adapted  to  the  present  State  of  Literature  and  Science,” 
published  in  1836.  The  same  work,  reduced  in  size,  entitled 
“ Smart’s  Pronouncing  Dictionary  of  the  English  Language  epit- 
omized,” was  published  in  1840.  To  the  title  of  this  Dictionary  is 
prefixed  “ Walker  remodelled ; ” though  it  is  more  of  an  original 
work  than  most  English  dictionaries  ; and  the  author  has  introduced, 
as  he  states,  “ some  twenty  thousand  words  not  found  in  Walker.” 
“ With  changes,”  he  remarks,  “ that  extended  to  every  part  of  the 
Dictionary,  it  is  plain  that  the  altered  work  was  mine,  not  Walker’s. 
The  title  ‘Walker  Remodelled,’  which  the  proprietors  chose  to  give 
it,  had,  in  fact,  no  other  foundation  than  the  original  purpose  for  which 
they  had  engaged  me.” 

The  following  remarks  are  extracted  from  Mr.  Smart’s  Preface : 
“Walker’s  Dictionary,  in  reality  a transcript  of  Johnson’s,  with  the 


addition  of  the  current  pronunciation  affixed  to  each  word,  and  the 
omission  of  the  etymologies  and  authorities,  supplied  for  many  years 
all  that  was  demande’d  in  a dictionary  of  its  kind.  But  the  fifty  or 
sixty  years  which  helve  elapsed  since  its  first  publication  have  pro- 
duced changes  in  science,  in  opinions,  in  habits  of  thought,  greater, 
perhaps,  than  any  similar  space  of  time  in  any  past  age  has  witnessed ; 
changes  that  have  materially  affected  our  language,  and  rendered  all 
dictionaries  in  some  degree  obsolete,  that  fairly  reflected  its  extent 
and  application  only  forty  years  ago.  The  proprietors  of  Walker’s 
Dictionary,  finding  it  would  slide  entirely  out  of  use  unless  it  were 
adapted  to  the  present  day,  engaged  me,  as  a teacher  of  elocution, 
known  in  London  since  Walker’s  decease,  to  make  the  necessary 
changes.  They  believed  that  they  imposed  no  greater  task  upon  me 
than  the  insertion  of  new  words,  and  the  revision  throughout  of 
Walker’s  pronunciation ; but  I soon  found,  that,  with  any  chance  of 
success,  much  greater  innovations  must  be  attempted.  . . . Dis- 
posed, on  general  points,  to  think  entirely  with  my  predecessor,  I 
have  not  had  any  very  extensive  occasion  for  differing  from  him  in 
particulars  ; but  some  occasions  have  occurred,  as  might  be  expected, 
from  the  distance  between  his  day  and  mine.  In  short,  I pretend  to 
reflect  the  oral  usage  of  English,  such  as  it  is  at  present,  among  the 
sensible  and  well-educated  in  the  British  metropolis.  ...  I am 
a Londoner,  have  lived  nearly  all  my  fife  in  London,  and  have  been 
able  to  observe  the  usage  of  all  classes.  As  a teacher  of  the  English 
language  and  literature,  I have  been  admitted  into  some  of  the  first 
families  of  the  kingdom  ; as  one  partial  to  books,  I have  come  much 
into  contact  with  bookish  men  ; while,  as  a public  reader  and  lecturer, 
I have  been  obliged  to  fashion  my  own  pronunciation  to  the  taste  of 
the  day.  Thus  prepared,  I may  not  unwarrantably  believe  that  my 
opinion  may  have  some  value  with  those  who  seek  the  opinion  of 
another  to  regulate  their  pronunciation.”  — See  p.  xx. 


A CATALOGUE  OF  ENGLISH  DICTIONARIES 


The  first  part  of  the  following  Catalogue  comprises  not  only  dic- 
tionaries of  English  words,  or  of  the  English  language,  but  also  many 
bilingual  dictionaries ; that  is,  dictionaries  containing  a vocabulary  not 
only  of  the  English,  but  also  of  some  other  languages,  ancient  or  mod- 
ern, as  English  and  Latin,  English  and  French,  &c.,  — dictionaries 
which  were  written  for  the  purpose  of  facilitating  the  study  of  ancient 
languages  and  of  foreign  modern  languages.  All  the  earlier  lexicograph- 
ical labors  in  England  were  spent  on  works  of  this  sort.  No  attempt  has 
been  made  to  exhibit  here  a complete  list  of  these  bilingual  dictiona- 
ries, except  in  the  earlier  part  of  the  period  embraced  in  the  Catalogue. 

Within  a century  past,  a great  many  dictionaries  have  been  pub- 
lished in  England,  and  a considerable  number  also  in  the  United 
States,  for  the  purpose  of  facilitating  the  study  of  several  ancient,  and 
of  numerous  modern,  languages.  A few  of  these,  that  are  particular- 
ly connected  with  English  iiterature,  are  included  in  the  following 
Catalogue ; but  the  most  of  them  are  entirely  omitted. 


There  are  many  points  relating  to  English  lexicography  that  are 
not  easily  ascertained.  Many  of  the  dictionaries  have  had  then-  titles 
changed  from  those  which  were  given  them  in  the  first  edition  ; many 
of  them  have  been  much  altered  by  the  labor  of  subsequent  editors ; 
with  respect  to  some,  it  is  not  easy  to  ascertain  the  date  of  the  first 
edition ; and  some  have  undoubtedly  been  published  which  have 
passed  into  oblivion,  and  are  now  entirely  unknown. 

It  is  not  easy  to  form  an  unexceptionable  classification  of  dictiona- 
ries ; and  there  are  some  respecting  which  it  is  difficult  to  determine  to 
what  class  they  most  properly  belong.  The  fist  of  the  dictionaries  of 
the  various  arts  and  sciences,  contained  in  the  following  Catalogue,  is 
not  complete.  The  object  has  been  to  insert  all  the  most  important 
ones ; though  there  are,  doubtless,  some  that  are  omitted  more  im- 
portant than  some  that  are  inserted.  Dictionaries  of  facts,  comprising 
biography,  geography,  history,  mythology,  &c.,  also  most  of  the  glos- 
saries to  individual  authors,  are  intentionally  omitted. 


I.— ENGLISH  DICTIONARIES  OF  WORDS. 

Date.  Author.  Title. 

1499.  Richard  Fraunces.  > . . Promptorium  Parvulorum,  sive  Clerico- 
Friar  Galfridus.  > rum  Lexicon.  Anglo-Latinum  Prin- 

ceps. 

1500.  (Anonymous.) Ortus  Vocabulorum. 

1530.  John  Palsgrave L’Eclaircissement  de  La  Langue  Fran- 

caise. 

1538.  Sir  Thomas  Elyot.  . . . Dictionarium,  (Latin  and  English.) 

1542.  do.  do.  . . . Bibliotheca  Eliotis  Librarie.  (Third  edi- 

tion.) 

1547.  William  Salesbury.  . . Dictionarie  Englishe  and  Welshe. 

1552.  Richard  IIuloet Abecedarium  Anglico-Latinum  pro  Ty- 

runculis. 

1552.  John  Yeron Dictionariolum  Puerorum. 

1559.  John  Witiials A Little  Dictionarie  for  Children,  (Latin 

and  English.) 

1562.  Henry  Sutton The  Brefe  Dyxcyonnry. 

1563.  Thomas  Cooper Thesaurus  Linguae  Romance  et  Britan- 

nicae  cum  Dictionario  Historieo  et  Po- 
etico.  (Elyot’s  Dictionarium  or  Bibli- 
otheca, enlarged.) 

1568.  John  Withals A Shorte  Dictionarie  for  Yonge  Begin- 

ners. (A  new  edition.) 

1570.  (Anonymous.)  Dictionarie,  French  and  English. 

1572.  John  Higgins Huloet’s  Dictionarie  newelye  correct- 

ed, amended,  set  in  Order,  and  en- 
larged. 

1572.  Lewis  Evans A Shorte  Dictionarie,  most  profitable 

for  Yonge  Beginners. 

1573.  John  Baret An  Alvearie,  or  Triple  Dictionarie,  in 

English,  Latin,  and  French. 

1580.  William  Bullokar.  . . . Booke  at  Large  for  the  Amendment  of 

Orthographic  for  English  Speech. 

1583.  Richard  Hutton Lexicon  Latino-Grieco-Anglicum. 

1584.  Rodolph  Waddington.  . Dictionarie  in  Latine  and  English,  new- 

ly corrected  and  enlarged.  (Yeron 's 
Dictionariolum,  enlarged.) 

1588.  Thomas  Thomas Dictionarium  Latino-Anglicanum. 


Date.  Author.  Title. 

1589.  John  Rider Dictionarie  in  Latine  and  English. 

1592.  Richard  Percivale.  . . Dictionarie  in  Spanish  and  English. 

1593.  Claudius  Hollybard.  . . Dictionarie,  French  and  English. 

1598.  John  Florio A Worlde  of  Wordes;  a most  copious 

Dictionarie  of  the  Italian  and  English 
Tongues. 

1599.  John  Minsheu Percivale’s  Dictionarie  in  Spanish  and 

English,  enlarged  and  amplified. 

1606.  Francis  Holyoke Rider’s  Latin  and  English  Dictionary, 

corrected  and  augmented. 

1611.  Randle  Cotgrave A Dictionarie  of  the  French  and  Eng- 

lish Tongues. 

1616.  John  But.lokar An  English  Expositour  of  Hard  Words. 

1617.  John  Minsheu Guide  into  the  Tongues  : — English, 

British  or  Welsh,  Low  Dutch,  High 
Dutch,  French,  Italian,  Spanish,  Por- 
tuguese, Latin,  Greek,  and  Hebrew. 

1632.  Henry  Cockeram An  English  Dictionarie,  or  an  Inter- 

- preter  of  Hard  Words. 

1632.  Robert  Sherwood.  ...  A Dictionarie,  English  and  French. 

(Annexed  to  Cotgrave’s  French  and 
English  Dictionary.) 

1655.  William  Walker The  Taste  of  English  and  Latin  Phrase- 

ology, or  a Dictionary  of  English  and 
Latin  Idioms. 

1656.  Thomas  Blount Glossographia,  or  Dictionary  interpret- 

ing the  Hard  Words  now  used  in  our 
refined  English  Tongue. 

1658.  Edward  Phillips The  New  World  of  English  Words,  or  a 

General  Dictionary,  containing  the 
Interpretations  of  such  Hard  Words 
as  are  derived  from  other  Languages. 

1660.  James  Howell '.  Lexicon  Tetraglotton,  an  English- 

French-Italian-Spanish  Dictionary. 

1662.  Christopher  Wase.  . . . Dictionarium  Minus,  a Compendious 

Dictionary,  English-Latin  and  Latin- 
English. 

1664.  Francis  Gouldman.  ...  A Latin  and  English,  and  English  and 

Latin  Dictionary. 

(lix) 


lx 


A CATALOGUE  OF  ENGLISH  DICTIONARIES. 


Date.  Author.  Titlb. 

1673.  James  Howell.  .......  Cotgrave’s  French  and  English  Diction- 
ary, revised. 

1677.  Thomas  Holyoke An  English  and  Latin,  and  Latin  and 

English  Dictionary.  (Francis  Hol- 
yoke’s Rider’s  Dictionary,  enlarged.) 

1677.  Elisha  Coles An  English  and  Latin,  and  Latin  and 

English  Dictionary. 

1677.  do.  do An  English  Dictionary,  explaining  the 


difficult  Terms  that  are  used  in  Divin- 
ity, Husbandry,  Physick,  Philosophy, 
Law,  Navigation,  Mathematics,  and 
other  Arts  and  Sciences. 


1677.  Guy  Miege A New  Dictionary,  French  and  English; 

with  another,  English  and  French. 

1678.  Francis  Gouldman.  ...  A Latin  and  English,  and  English  and 

Latin  Dictionary.  (Fourth  edition, 
with  many  thousand  words  added  by 
Dr.  Scattergood.) 

1678.  Adam  Littleton A Latin  and  English,  and  English  and 

Latin  Dictionary. 

1688.  Guy  Miege French  and  English,  and  English  and 

French  Dictionary. 

1691.  William  Sewel A Dutch  and  English  Dictionary. 

1699.  Abel  Boyer Royal  Dictionary  ; French  and  English, 

and  English  and  French. 

1701.  J.  Jones Practical  Phonography,  or  the  New  Art 

of  rightly  Spelling  and  Writing  Words 
by  the  Sound  thereof. 

1704.  Edward  Cocker English  Dictionary. 

1707.  (Anonymous.) Glossographia  Anglicana  Nova,  or  a Dic- 

tionary interpreting  such  Hard  Words, 
of  whatever  Language,  as  are  at  pres- 
ent used  in  the  English  Tongue. 

1708.  John  Kersey’ A General  English  Dictionary,  compre- 


hending a Brief  but  Emphatical  and 
Clear  Explication  of  all  Sorts  of  Diffi- 
cult Words,  that  derive  their  Origin 
from  other  Ancient  and  Modern  Lan- 
guages. 

172-.  Nathan  Bailey- An  Universal  Etymological  English  Dic- 

tionary, comprehending  the  Deriva- 
tions of  the  Generality  of  Words  in 
the  English  Tongue,  either  Ancient 
or  Modern.  (Soon  after  1720.) 

1724.  J.  Hawkins Cocker’s  [Edward]  English  Dictionary, 

Enlarged  and  Altered. 

1731.  Philip  Miller Gardner’s  Dictionary. 

1735.  B.  N.  Defoe A Compleat  English  Dictionary,  con- 

taining the  True  Meaning  of  all  the 
Words  in  the  English  Language. 

1736.  Robert  Ainsworth.  ...  An  English  and  Latin  Dictionary. 

1737.  (Anonymous.) A New  English  Dictionary,  containing  a 

large  and  almost  complete  Collection 
of  English  Words. 

1749.  Benjamin  Martin A New  Universal  English  Dictionary. 

1752.  Thomas  Dy'Che  and  ) . . A New  General  English  Dictionary,  pe- 
William  Pardon.  > culiarly  calculated  for  the  Use  and 

Improvement  of  such  as  are  unac- 
quainted with  the  Learned  Languages. 
(Seventh  edition.) 

1755.  Samuel  Johnson A Dictionary  of  the  English  Language, 

in  which  the  Words  are  deduced  from 
their  Originals,  and  illustrated  in  their 
different  Significations  by  Examples 
from  the  best  Writers. 


1756.  do.  do.  The  Dictionary  of  the  English  Lan- 

guage, abridged. 

1757.  James  Buchanan A New  English  Dictionary. 

1759.  J.  Peyton A New  Vocabulary,  or  Grammar  of  the 

True  Pronunciation  of  the  English 
Language,  in  the  Form  of  a Dic- 
tionary. 

1760.  Joseph  Baretti A Dictionary  of  the  English  and  Italian 

Languages. 


Date.  Author.  Title. 

1761.  Daniel  Fenning The  Royal  English  Dictionary,  or  Treas- 

ury of  the  English  Language. 

1764.  Joseph  Nicol  Scott.  . . Bailey’s  Dictionary,  Enlarged  and  Re- 
vised. (Folio  edition.) 

1764.  Daniel  Faruo The  Royal  British  Grammar  and  Vocab- 

ulary, being  an  entire  Digestion  of  the 
English  Language  into  its  proper 
Parts  of  Speech. 

1764.  William  Johnston.  . . . A Pronouncing  and  Spelling  Dictionary. 

1764.  John  Entick A Spelling  Dictionary  of  the  English 

Language. 

1765.  J ames  Elphinston.  . . . The  Principles  of  the  English  Language 

digested. 

1766.  William  Rider New  Universal  English  Dictionary. 

1771-  J.  Seally- The  London  Spelling  Dictionary. 

1772.  Frederick  Barlow.  . . . The  Complete  English  Dictionary. 

1773.  William  Kenrick.  ...  A New  Dictionary  of  the  English  Lan- 

guage. 

1774.  James  Barclay- A Complete  and  Universal  English  Dic- 

tionary. 

1775.  John  Ash The  New  and  Complete  Dictionary  of 

the  English  Language. 

1775.  William  Perry- The  Royal  Standard  English  Dictionary. 

1775.  John  Walker A Rhyming  Dictionary. 

1778.  Joseph  Baretti A Dictionary  of  the  English  and  Span- 

ish Languages. 

1779.  (Anonymous.)  A Pocket  Dictionary,  or  Complete  Ex- 

pository. 

1780.  Thomas  Sheridan A Complete  Dictionary  of  the  English 

Language,  both  with  Regard  to  Sound 
and  Meaning,  one  Main  Object  of 
which  is  to  establish  a Plain  and  Per- 
manent Standard  of  Pronunciation. 

1782.  Edward  IIaryvood.  . . . Bailey’s  Dictionary,  Enlarged  and  Cor- 
rected. (Twenty-fourth  edition,  8vo.) 

1784.  Robert  Nares Elements  of  Orthoepy,  containing  a 

Distinct  View  of  the  Whole  Analogy 
of  the  English  Language. 

1784.  William  Fry- A New  Vocabulary  of  the  most  Difficult 

Words  of  the  English  Language. 

1790.  George  Picard A Grammatical  Dictionary. 

1791.  John  Walker A Critical  Pronouncing  Dictionary,  and 

Expositor  of  the  English  Language. 

1796.  (Anonymous.) A Dictionary  of  the  English  Language, 

both  with  Regard  to  Sound  and  Mean- 
ing. 

1797.  William  Scott A Spelling,  Pronouncing,  and  Explana- 

tory Dictionary  of  the  English  Lan- 
guage. (A  new  and  improved  edi- 
tion.) 

1798.  Stephen  Jones A General  Pronouncing  and  Explana- 

tory Dictionary  of  the  English  Lan- 
guage. 

1801.  George  Mason A Supplement  to  Johnson’s  English 

Dictionary. 

1802.  George  Fulton  and  ) . . A General  Pronouncing  and  Explana- 

G.  Knight.  > tory  Dictionary  of  the  English  Lan- 


guage. 

1805.  William  Perry The  Synonymous,  Etymological,  and 

Pronouncing  English  Dictionary. 

1806.  Thomas  Browne The  Union  Dictionary,  containing  all 

that  is  truly  useful  in  the  Dictionaries 
of  Johnson,  Sheridan,  and  Walker. 
(Second  edition.) 

1806.  Benjamin  Dawson,  ...  A Philological  and  Synonymical  Dic- 

tionary of  the  English  Language. 
(Only  from  A to  Adornment.) 

1807.  William  Enfield A General  Pronouncing  Dictionary. 

1809.  W.  F.  Mylius A School  Dictionary  of  the  English  Lan- 

guage. (Second  edition.) 

1810.  B.  II.  Smart A Practical  Grammar  of  English  Pro- 

nunciation. 

1811.  Nicholas  Salmon Sheridan’s  Dictionary,  corrected  and  im- 

proved. 


A CATALOGUE  OF  ENGLISH  DICTIONARIES. 


lxi 


Date.  AuTnon.  Title. 

1818.  Henry  John  Todd.  . . . Johnson’s  Dictionary  of  the  English 

Language,  with  Numerous  Correc- 
tions, and  with  the  Addition  of  Several 
Thousand  Words. 

1819.  John  Seager A Supplement  to  Johnson’s  Dictionary. 

1820.  Richard  P.  Jodrell.  . . Philology  on  the  English  Language. 

(Supplement  to  Johnson’s  Diction- 
ary.) 

1820  (about).  Christopher  l ..  A New  Pronouncing  English  Diction- 
Earnsiiaw.  ) ary. 

1820.  Alexander  Chalmers.  . Johnson’s  Dictionary,  as  corrected  and 

enlarged  by  Todd,  abridged. 

1821.  George  Fulton Johnson’s  Dictionary  in  Miniature. 

1826.  Alfred  Howard Walker’s  Dictionary,  arranged  for  the 

Use  of  Schools. 

1826.  Tiiomas  Rees Todd’s  Johnson’s  Dictionary  in  Minia- 

ture. 

1827.  R.  S.  Jameson A Dictionary  of  the  English  Language, 

by  Johnson  and  Walker,  with  the 
Pronunciation  greatly  simplified,  on 
an  entire  new  Plan. 

1830.  JonN  Davis Walker’s  Critical  Pronouncing  Diction- 

ary, Corrected  and  Enlarged. 

1830.  Samuel  Maunder A New  and  Enlarged  Dictionary  of  the 

English  Language. 

1833.  David  Booth An  Analytical  Dictionary  of  the  English 

Language. 

1835.  James  Knowles A Pronouncing  and  Explanatory  Dic- 

tionary of  the  English  Language. 

1836.  B.  H.  Smart A New  Critical  Pronouncing  Dictionary 

of  the  English  Language,  (“  Walker 
Remodelled.”) 

1836.  (Anonymous.)  A New  and  Enlarged  Dictionary  of  the 

English  Language. 

1837.  Charles  Richardson.  . . A New  Dictionary  of  the  English  Lan- 

guage. (Two  vols.,  4to.) 

1839.  do.  do.  . . A New  Dictionary  of  the  English  Lan- 

guage, abridged  from  the  Quarto  Edi- 
tion. (New  edition,  1856.) 

1840.  B.  H.  Smart Smart’s  Pronouncing  Dictionary  of  the 

English  Language,  epitomized. 

1844.  Alexander  Reid A Dictionary  of  the  English  Language. 

1847.  Robert  Sullivan A Dictionary  of  the  English  Language. 

1848.  John  Boag The  Imperial  Lexicon  of  the  English 

Language. 

1849.  John  Craig A New,  Universal,  Etymological,  Tech- 

nological, and  Pronouncing  Diction- 
ary of  the  English  Language. 

1850.  John  Ogilvie The  Imperial  Dictionary,  English,  Tech- 

nological, and  Scientific. 

1855.  Thomas  Wright Universal  Pronouncing  Dictionary  and 

General  Expositor  of  the  English 
Language. 

1855.  Hyde  Clarke A New  and  Comprehensive  Dictionary 

of  the  English  Language. 

1856.  Charles  Richardson.  . . Supplement  to  a New  Dictionary  of  the 

English  Language. 


n.  — AMERICAN  DICTIONARIES  OF  TIIE  ENGLISH 
LANGUAGE. 

1798  (about).  Johnson  and  i , ^ . 

Elliot  4 • • A School  Dictionary. 

1806.  Noah  Webster A Compendious  Dictionary  of  the  Eng- 

lish Language. 

1807.  do.  do.  A Dictionary  of  the  English  Language, 

for  the  Use  of  Common  Schools. 

1813.  An  American  Gentle-  ) . . A New  Critical  Pronouncing  Dictionary 
man.  ) , of  the  English  Language. 

1816.  John  Pickering A Vocabulary  of  Words  and  Phrases 

which  have  been  supposed  to  be  pecu- 
liar to  the  United  States. 

1825.  Richard  Wiggins The  New  York  Expositor. 


Date.  Author.  Title. 

1S27.  J.  E.  Worcester Johnson’s  English  Dictionary,  as  im- 

proved by  Todd  and  abridged  by  Chal- 
mers, with  Walker’s  Pronouncing 
Dictionary  combined. 

1827.  Lyman  Cobb An  Abridgment  of  Walker’s  Dictionary. 

1828.  William  Grimshaw.  . . Etymological  Dictionary. 

1828.  Noah  Webster An  American  Dictionary  of  the  English 

Language. 

1829.  do.  do An  American  Dictionary  of  the  English 

Language,  abridged  from  the  Quarto 
Edition. 

1829.  do.  do A Dictionary  of  the  English  Language, 

for  the  Use  of  Primary  Schools  and 
the  Counting-House. 

1829.  William  Grimshaw.  . . The  Ladies’  Lexicon  and  Parlour  Com- 
panion. 

do.  do.  The  Gentleman’s  Lexicon. 

1829.  William  W.  Turner.  . . The  School  Dictionary. 

1830.  J.  E.  Worcester A Comprehensive  Pronouncing  and  Ex- 

planatory Dictionary  of  the  English 
Language. 

1834.  Noah  Webster A Dictionary  for  Primary  Schools. 

1835.  J.  E.  Worcester An  Elementary  Dictionary  for  Common 

Schools. 

1845.  Noah  Webster A Dictionary  of  the  English  Language, 

abridged  from  the  American  Diction- 
ary. — University  edition. 

1845.  William  Bowles An  Explanatory  and  Phonographic  Pro- 

nouncing Dictionary  of  the  English 
Language. 

1846.  do.  do.  ....  A Phonographic  Pronouncing  Diction- 

ary. — Abridgment. 

1846.  J.  E.  Worcester A Universal  and  Critical  Dictionary  of 

the  English  Language. 

1848.  John  R.  Bartlett Dictionary  of  Americanisms. 

1850.  William  Grimshaw.  . . A Primary  Pronouncing  Dictionary. 

1850.  J.  E.  Worcester Primary  Dictionary. 

1851.  (B.  II.  Hall.)  A Collection  of  College  Words  and  Cus- 

toms. 

1855.  J.  E.  Worcester A Pronouncing,  Explanatory,  and  Sy- 

nonymous Dictionary  of  the  English 
Language. 

1855.  Dan  S.  Smalley The  American  Phonetic  Dictionary  of 

the  English  Language. 

1856.  Chauncey  A.  Goodrich.  A Pronouncing  and  Defining  Dictionary 

of  the  English  Language,  abridged 
from  Webster’s  American  Dictionary. 
1859.  Alexander  H.  Laidlaw.  An  American  Pronouncing  Dictionary 

of  the  English  Language. 

1859.  Alfred  L.  Elwyn.  . . . Glossary  of  Supposed  Americanisms. 

1860.  (Anonymous.)  A New  Pocket  Dictionary. 


in.— ENGLISH  GLOSSARIES. 

1674.  John  Ray A Collection  of  English  Words  not  gen- 

erally used. 

1725.  (Anonymous.)  A Dictionary  of  the  Terms  of  the  Cant- 

ing Crew. 

1771.  (Anonymous.)  Exmoor  Scolding  and  Exmoor  Court- 

ship, with  a Glossary. 

1787.  Francis  Grose A Glossary  of  Provincial  and  Local 

Words. 

1793.  (John  Collier.) A View  of  the  Lancashire  Dialect,  [with 

a Glossary.] 

1796.  Francis  Grose A Dictionary  of  the  Vulgar  Tongue,  or 

of  Buckish  Slang,  &c. 

1805.  R.  Anderson Ballads  in  the  Cumberland  Dialect,  with 

a Glossary. 

1808.  R.  Polwhele A Cornish  English  Vocabulary. 

1811.  Robert  Willan A Glossary  of  Words  used  in  the  West 

Riding  of  Yorkshire. 

1814.  Samuel  Pegge Anecdotes  of  the  English  Language,  with 

a Supplement  to  F.  Grose’s  Glossary. 


lxii 


A CATALOGUE  OF  ENGLISH  DICTIONARIES. 


Date.  Author.  Title. 

1816.  White  Kennett  (Bp.).  . A Glossary  to  explain  the  Original,  the 

Acceptation,  and  the  Obsoleteness  of 
Words  and  Phrases. 

1820.  Roger  Wilbraham.  ...  A Glossary  of  Words  used  in  Cheshire. 

1822.  Robert  Nares A Glossary  of  Words  and  Phrases  found 

in  the  Works  of  Shukspeare  and  his 
Contemporaries. 

1823.  Jon  Bee.  (John  Badcock.)  Dictionary  of  the  Turf,  the  Ring,  the 

Chase,  the  Pit,  &c. 

1823.  Edward  Moor Suffolk  Words  and  Phrases. 

1821.  James  Maxder Derbyshire  Miner’s  Glossary. 

1825.  John  T.  Brockett A Glossary  of  North  Country  Words. 

1825.  James  Jennings A Glossary  of  Words  used  in  Somerset- 

shire, &c. 

1828.  (AVilliam  Carr.) The  Dialect  of  Craven,  with  a Copious 

Glossary.  (Two  volumes.) 

1829.  Joseph  Hunter The  Hallamshire  Glossary. 

1S30.  John  Forby The  Vocabulary  of  East  Anglia,  Nor- 

folk and  Suffolk.  (Two  volumes.) 

1832.  William  Toone A Glossary  and  Etymological  Dictionary 

of  Obsolete  and  Uncommon  Words. 

1833.  Jonathan  Boucher.  ...  A Glossary  of  Archaic  and  Provincial 

Words,  edited  by  Joseph  Hunter  and 
Joseph  Stevenson.  (Two  numbers 
published.) 

1837.  James  F.  Palmer A Glossary  of  Devonshire  Words. 

1839.  Abel  Bywater The  Sheffield  Dialect. 

1839.  William  Holloway.  . . A General  Dictionary  of  Provincial- 
isms. 

1839.  Charles  Clark A Glossary  of  Words  peculiar  to  Es- 

sex. 

1839.  (Anonymous.)  A Glossary  of  Provincial  Words  used  in 

Herefordshire. 

1839.  (Anonymous.)  A Glossary  of  the  Yorkshire  Dialect. 

1839.  John  Phillips A Glossary  of  the  Devonshire  Dialect. 

1839.  (Anonymous.)  A Glossary  of  the  Westmoreland  and 

, Cumberland  Dialects. 

1842.  John  Y.  Akerman.  ...  A Glossary  of  Provincial  Words  in  Use 

in  Wiltshire. 

1846.  James  O.  Halliwell.  . . A Dictionary  of  Archaic  and  Provincial 

Words.  (Two  volumes,  8vo.) 

1846.  John  T.  Brockett A Glossary  of  North  Country  Words. 

(Third  edition,  two  volumes.) 

1848.  Arthur  B.  Evans Leicestershire  Words. 

1849.  (Anonymous.)  A Glossary  of  Words  used  in  Teesdale, 

Durham. 

1851.  Thomas  Sternberg.  . . . The  Dialect  and  Folk-lore  of  Northamp- 
tonshire. 

1851.  (Anonymous.)  A Glossary  of  Cumberland  Provincial 

Words. 

1851.  (Anonymous.)  A Glossary  of  Dorsetshire  Provincial 

Words. 

1851.  (Anonymous.)  A Glossary  of  Gloucestershire  Provincial 

Words. 

1852.  (Anonymous.)  A Glossary  of  Berkshire  Provincial 

Words. 

1853.  (Anonymous.)  A Glossary  of  the  Provincialisms  of 

Sussex. 

1854.  Anne  E.  Baker A Glossary  of  Northamptonshire  Words. 

1855.  (Anonymous.)  A Glossary  of  Yorkshire  Words  and 

Phrases. 

1856.  R.  Garnett A Glossary  of  Words  used  in  Warwick- 

shire. 

1857.  Thomas  Wright A Volume  of  Vocabularies  [Anglo- 

Saxon  and  Early  English]  from  the 
Tenth  Century  to  the  Fifteenth. 

1857.  do.  do A Dictionary  of  Obsolete  and  Provincial 

English. 

1857.  ( Ducange  Anglicus) The  Vulgar  Tongue.  Two  Glossa- 

ries of  Slang  and  Flash  Words  and 
Phrases. 

1859.  A London  Antiquary . ...  A Dictionary  of  Modern  Slang,  Cant, 

and  Vulgar  Words. 


IV.  — DICTIONARIES  AND  GLOSSARIES  OF  THE 
SCOTTISH  DIALECT. 


Date.  Author.  Title. 

1782.  John  Sinclair Observations  on  the  Scottish  Dialect. 

1787.  James  Beattie Scotticisms  arranged  in  Alphabetical 

Order. 

1799.  Hugh  Mitchell Scotticisms  and  Vulgar  Anglicisms. 

1808.  John  Jamieson An  Etymological  Dictionary  of  the  Scot- 

tish Language.  (Two  volumes.) 

1818.  do.  do An  Etymological  Dictionary  of  the  Scot- 

tish Language,  abridged. 

1825.  do.  do Supplement  to  the  Etymological  Dic- 

tionary of  the  Scottish  Language. 
(Two  volumes.) 


1858.  Clcishbotham  the  Younger.  A Handbook  of  the  Scottish  Language. 


V.  — ETYMOLOGICAL  DICTIONARIES. 

1671.  Stephen  Skinner Etymologicon  Linguae  Anglicanae. 

1703-5.  George  Hickes Linguarum  Veterum  Septentrionalium 

Thesaurus  Grammatico-criticus  ct 
Archaeologicus. 

1734.  Jacob  Serenius Dictionarium  Anglo-Sueth.-Lat.  in  quo 

Voces  Anglicanae  quotquot  Gothis  de- 
bentur  ad  Origines  suas  revocantur. 

1737.  John  G.  Wachter.  . . . Glossarium  Germanicum,  continens 

Origines  et  Antiquitates  totius  Lin- 
guae Germanicae. 

1743.  Francis  Junius Etymologicon  Anglicanum. 

1769.  John  Ihre Glossarium  Suio-Gothicum. 

1779.  Robert  Kelham A Dictionary  of  the  Norman  or  Old 

French  Language. 

1783.  George  Wm.  Lemon.  . . English  Etymology,  or  A Derivative 

Dictionary. 

1786.  John  Horne  Tooke.  . . . Diversions  of  Purley. 

1800-25.  Walter  Whiter.  . . Etymologicon  Universale,  or  Universal 

Etymological  Dictionary. 

1826.  John  Thomson Etymons  of  English  Words. 

1833.  Heinrich  Meidinger.  . . Vergleichendes  Worterbuch  der  Goth- 

isch-Teutonischen  Mundarten. 

1834.  John  Oswald An  Etymological  Dictionary  of  the  Eng- 

lish Language. 

1834.  Robert  Sullivan A Dictionary  of  Derivations. 

1838.  J.  Rowbotham A New  Derivative  and  Etymological 

Dictionary. 

1847.  H.  Fox  Talbot English  Etymologies. 

1850.  Auguste  Jal Glossaire  Nautique,  Repertoire  Poly- 

glotte  des  Termes  de  Marine,  ancicns 
et  modernes. 

1851.  Lorenz  Diefenbach.  . . Lexicon  Comparativum  Linguarum  In- 

do-Germanicarum. 

1853.  Wm.  Pulleyn The  Etymological  Compendium. 

1853.  Frederick  Diez Etymologisches  Worterbuch  der  Ro- 

manischen  Sprachen. 


VI.  — SAXON  AND  ANGLO-SAXON  DICTIONARIES. 

1659.  William  Somner Dictionarium  Saxonico-Latir.o-Angli- 

cum. 

1701.  Thomas  Benson Vocabularium  Anglo-Saxonicum. 

1772.  Edward  Lye Dictionarium  Saxonico-  et  Gothico-La- 

tinum. 

1838.  J.  Bosworth A Dictionary  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  Lan- 

guage. 


A CATALOGUE  OF  ENGLISH  DICTIONARIES. 


Ixiii 


VII. —ENGLISH  SYNONYMES. 

Date.  Author.  Title. 

1794.  John  Trusler The  Distinction  between  Words  es- 

teemed Synonymous  in  the  English 
Language. 

1794.  Hester  Lynch  Piozzi.  . British  Synonymy,  or  An  Attempt  to 

regulate  the  Choice  of  Words  in  Fa- 
miliar Conversation. 

1813.  William  Taylor English  Synonyms  Discriminated. 

1816.  George  Crabb English  Synonymes  Explained. 

1842.  Wm.  Carpenter A Comprehensive  Dictionary  of  English 

Synonymes.  (Third  edition.) 

1845.  John  Platts A Dictionary  of  English  Synonymes. 

1846.  B.  F.  Graham English  Synonymes. 

1852.  Abp.  Whately  ) A Selection  of  English  Synonyms.  (Sec- 

(Edited  by.)  $ ond  edition.) 

1852.  Peter  M.  Roget Thesaurus  of  English  Words  and  Phrases 

Classified  and  Arranged. 

1854.  D.  L.  Mackenzie A Practical  Dictionary  of  English  Syn- 

onyms. 

1855.  Thomas  Fenby A Copious  Dictionary  of  English  Syno- 

nymes. 


On  the  Study  of  Words. 

English  Past  and  Present. 

A Select  Glossary  of  English  Words 
used  formerly  in  Senses  different  from 
their  Present. 


VIII.— THEOLOGICAL  AND  BIBLICAL  DICTIONARIES. 

1622.  Thomas  Wilson A Complete  Christian  Dictionary. 

1732.  Samuel  D’Oyly  and  £ . . Calmet’s  Dictionary  of  the  Bible,  trans- 
John  Colson.  ) lated  from  the  French. 

1769.  John  Brown A Dictionary  of  the  Bible. 

1779.  Alexander  Macbean.  . Dictionary  of  the  Bible. 

1784.  Peter  Oliver Scripture  Lexicon. 

1801.  Charles  Taylor A New  Edition  of  Calmet,  with  Frag- 

ments. 

1802.  Charles  Buck A Theological  Dictionary. 

1815.  John  Robinson A Theological,  Biblical,  and  Ecclesias- 

tical Dictionary. 

1816.  William  Jones The  Biblical  Cyclopsedia,  or  Dictionary 

of  the  Holy  Scriptures. 

1830.  Howard  Malcom A Dictionary  of  Important  Names  and 

Terms  found  in  the  Holy  Scriptures. 
183-.  (Frederick  A.  Packard.)  The  Union  Bible  Dictionary. 

1831.  R.  Watson Biblical  and  Theological  Dictionary. 

1832.  Edward  Robinson.  . . . Taylor’s  Edition  of  Calmet,  revised,  with 

Additions. 

1833.  do.  do A Dictionary  of  the  Holy  Bible. 

1841.  Walter  F.  Hook Church  Dictionary. 

1843.  Wm.  Goodhugh  and  ) . . The  Pictorial  Dictionary  of  the  Holy 

Wm.  C.  Taylor.  ) Bible. 

1844.  John  Kitto A Cyclopaedia  of  Biblical  Literature. 

1846.  Robert  Eden Churchman’s  Theological  Dictionary. 

(Second  edition.) 

1849.  John  Eadie Biblical  Cyclopaedia. 

1849.  J.  R.  Beard The  People’s  Dictionary  of  the  Bible. 

1851.  John  Kitto A Cyclopaedia  of  Biblical  Literature  for 

the  People.  — Abridgment. 

1852.  J.  Farrar Biblical  and  Theological  Dictionary. 


1851.  Richard  C.  Trench.  . . 
1854.  do.  do.  . . 

1859.  do.  do.  . . 


Date.  Author.  Title. 

1729.  Giles  Jacob A New  Law  Dictionary. 

1764.  Timothy  Cunningham.  . A New  and  Complete  Law  Dictionary. 

1792.  Richard  Burn A New  Law  Dictionary. 

1810.  Thomas  E.  Tomlins.  . . The  Law  Dictionary. 

1829.  James  Whishaw A New  Law  Dictionary. 

1843.  John  Bouvier A Law  Dictionary,  adapted  to  the  Con- 

stitution and  Laws  of  the  United 
States,  and  of  the  several  States. 

1850.  Alexander  Burrill.  . . A Law  Dictionary  and  Glossary. 


X.  — MILITARY  AND  MARINE  DICTIONARIES. 


1769.  William  Falconer.  ...  A Marine  Dictionary.  (A  new  edition, 

by  Dr.  William  Burney,  1815.) 

1802.  Charles  James A New  and  Enlarged  Military  Diction- 

ary. 


1810.  William  Duane A Military  Dictionary. 

1841.  R.  H.  Dana,  Jr Dictionary  of  Sea  Terms. 

1844.  E.  S.  N.  Campbell.  ...  A Dictionary  of  Military  Science.  (A 

new  edition.) 

1852.  Robert  Burn Naval  and  Military  Technical  Dictionary. 

1853.  J.  H.  Stocqueler Military  Encyclopredia. 

1855.  J.  S.  B Glossary  of  Military  Terms. 


XI.  — MEDICAL  DICTIONARIES. 


1719.  John  Quincy Lexicon  Physico-Medicum,  a New  Med- 

ical Dictionary. 

1745.  Robert  James A Medicinal  Dictionary,  including  Phys- 

ic, Surgery,  Anatomy,  Chemistry,  Bot- 
any, &c. 

1749.  John  Barrow A New  Medicinal  Dictionary. 

1759.  Thomas  Wallace The  Farrier’s  and  Horseman’s  Com- 

plete Dictionary. 

1796.  James  Hunter A Complete  Dictionary  of  Farriery  and 

Horsemanship. 

1798.  Robert  Hooper A Compendious  Medical  Dictionary. 

1803.  Thomas  Boardman.  ...  A Dictionary  of  the  Veterinary  Art. 

1806.  John  J.  Watt An  Encyclopa:dia  of  Surgery,  Medicine, 

Midwifery,  Physiology,  Pathology, 
Anatomy,  Chemistry,  &c. 

1809.  Bartholomew  Parr.  . . The  London  Medical  Dictionary. 

1818.  Samuel  Cooper Dictionary  of  Practical  Surgery. 

1833.  Robley  Dunglison.  ...  A Dictionary  of  Medical  Science  and 

Literature. 

1833-58.  James  Copland Medical  Dictionary.  (Fourvols.) 

1835.  Forbes,  Tweedie,  ) A Cyclopiedia  of  Practical  Medicine, 
and  Connolly.  > 

William  B.  Costello.  > _ 

(Commenced  1841.)  ( The  Cyclopedia  of  Practical  Surgery. 

1844.  Richard  D.  Hoblyn.  . . A Dictionary  of  the  Terms  used  in  Med- 
icine and  the  Collateral  Sciences. 

. A Pentaglot  Dictionary  of  Anatomy, 
Physiology,  Pathology,  Practical  Med- 
icine, Surgery,  &c. 

. Medical  Dictionary. 

. A New  Medical  Dictionary. 


1845.  Shirley  Palmer. 


1854.  R.  D.  Hoblyn.  . 

1855.  D.  P.  Gardner. 


IX. — LAW  DICTIONARIES. 

1607.  John  Cowell A Law  Dictionary,  or  the  Interpreter  of 

Words  and  Terms  used  in  either  Com- 
mon or  Statute  Laws. 

1671.  Thomas  Blount A Law  Dictionary  and  Glossary  of  Ob- 

scure Words  and  Terms  in  Ancient 
Law,  Records,  &c. 


XII.  — DICTIONARIES  OF  CHEMISTRY,  MINERALOGY,  &c. 

1795.  Wm.  Nicholson A Dictionary  of  Practical  and  Theoret- 

ical Chemistry. 

1807.  A.  & C.  R.  Aiken A Dictionary  of  Chemistry  and  Mineral- 

ogy- 

1820.  Andrew  Ure A Dictionary  of  Chemistry  and  Mineral- 

ogy- 

1824.  A Practical  Chemist.  ...  A Dictionary  of  Chemical  and  Philo- 
sophical Apparatus. 


lxiv 


A CATALOGUE  OF  ENGLISH  DICTIONARIES 


Date.  Author. 

1826.  W.  C.  Ottley 

James  Mitchell.  . . . 
1839.  George  Roberts.  . . 

1S54.  Robert  D.  Thomson. 


Title. 

A Dictionary  of  Chemistry  and  Mineral- 
ogy- 

A Dictionary  of  Chemistry  and  Geology. 
An  Etymological  and  Explanatory  Dic- 
tionary of  Geology. 

Cyclopaedia  of  Chemistry. 


Date.  Author. 

1843.  William  Waterston.  . , 

1844.  Thomas  Webster 

1844.  Cutiibert  W.  Johnson.  . 

1844.  Joseph  Gwilt 

1848.  Samuel  Maunder 


1850.  John  Weale, 


Xm.  — DICTIONARIES  OF  TIIE  VARIOUS  ARTS  AND 
SCIENCES. 

1705.  (Anonymous.)  The  Gentleman’s  Dictionary.  — In  three 

Parts. — I.  Horsemanship.  II.  The 
Military  Art.  III.  Navigation. 

1731.  Philip  Miller The  Gardener’s  and  Botanist’s  Diction- 

ary. 

1736.  Nathan  Bailey Dictionarium  Domesticum,  or  a House- 

hold Dictionary. 

1736.  (Anonymous.)  Dictionarium  Polygraphicum,  or  the 

whole  Body  of  Arts. 

1744.  (Anonymous.)  Builder’s  Dictionary,  or  Gentleman’s 

and  Architect’s  Companion. 

1756.  Richard  Rolt A New  Dictionary  of  Commerce. 

1764.  Malachy  Postlethwayt.  Dictionary  of  Trade  and  Commerce. 
1778.  Mawe  & Abercrombie.  A Dictionary  of  Gardening  and  Botany. 
1795-6.  Charles  Hutton.  ...  A Mathematical  and  Philosophical  Dic- 
tionary. 

1810.  Thomas  Mortimer.  ...  A General  Dictionary  of  Commerce, 

Trade,  and  Manufactures. 

1811-12.  Peter  Nicholson.  . . An  Architectural  Dictionary. 

1814.  Peter  Barlow A New  Mathematical  and  Philosophical 

Dictionary. 

1815.  Charles  Hutton A Philosophical  and  Mathematical  Dic- 

tionary. 

1816-20.  Thomas  Green A Universal  Herbal,  or  Botanical,  Med- 

ical, and  Agricultural  Dictionary. 

1822.  John  C.  Loudon Encyclopedia  of  Gardening. 

1823.  George  Crabb Universal  Technological  Dictionary. 

1823.  James  Mitchell A Dictionary  of  the  Mathematical  and 

Physical  Sciences. 

1825.  James  Elmes A General  and  Bibliographical  Dictionary 

of  the  Fine  Arts. 

1825.  Walter  Hamilton.  ...  A Concise  Dictionary  of  Terms  used  in 

the  Arts  and  Sciences. 

1825.  J.  F.  Danneley An  Encyclopaedia  or  Dictionary  of  Music. 

1826.  John  C.  Loudon Encyclopaedia  of  Agriculture. 

1829.  Alexander  Jamieson.  . Dictionary  of  Mechanical  Science,  Arts, 

Manufactures,  and  Miscellaneous 
Knowledge. 

1832.  J.  R.  McCulloch A Dictionary  of  Commerce. 

1833.  Thomas  Valentine.  ...  A Dictionary  of  the  Terms  of  Music. 

(Third  edition.) 

1836.  John  C.  Loudon Encyclopaedia  of  Plants. 

1838.  do.  do.  Encyclopaedia  of  Cottage,  Farm,  and 

Villa  Architecture. 

1838.  John  Britton A Dictionary  of  the  Architecture  and 

Archaeology  of  the  Middle  Ages. 

1838.  William  Grier The  Mechanic’s  Pocket  Dictionary. 

(Third  edition.) 

1839.  Andrew  Ure A Dictionary  of  Arts,  Manufactures,  and 

Mines. 

1840.  Samuel  Maunder Scientific  and  Literary  Treasury. 

1840.  J.  S.  Henslow A Dictionary  of  Botanical  Terms. 

1840.  William  Humble Dictionary  of  Geology  and  Mineralogy. 

1841.  Edward  Scudamore.  . . A Dictionary  of  Terms  in  Use  in  the 

Arts  and  Sciences. 

1842.  G.  Francis The  Dictionary  of  the  Arts,  Sciences,  and 

Manufactures. 

1842.  Wm.  Brande A Dictionary  of  Science,  Literature,  and 

Art. 

1842.  Gibbons  Merle The  Domestic  Dictionary  and  House- 

keeper’s Manual. 

1842.  John  C.  Loudon Encyclopaedia  of  Trees  and  Shrubs. 


1852.  do.  do.  

1852.  J.  Russell  Hind 

1854.  F.  W.  Fairholt 

1854.  John  W.  Moore 

1854.  Charles  Tomlinson.  . . 

1855.  Charles  Davies.  ) . . . . 
Wm.  G.  Peck.  ) 

1856.  J.  W.  Griffith.  ) 
Arthur  Henfrey.  ) ' 

1857.  William  Fleming.  . . . 

1857.  J.  P.  Niciiol 

1858.  J.  Smith  Homans.  > 

J.  Smith  Homans,  Jr.  ( ' 

1858.  William  Baird 

1858.  P.  L.  Simmonds 


XIV.  — ENCYCLOPAEDIAS 
OF  ARTS 

1710.  John  Harris 


1728.  Ephraim  Chambers.  . . 


1745.  Dennis  de  Coetlogon.  . 


1751-4.  John  Barrow 

1763- 4.  A Society  of  Gentlemen. 

1764- 5.  Croker,  Williams,  > . 

and  Clark.  J 

1771.  William  Smellie 


1795-1801. 


1797-1829.  Begun  by  John  t . . 

Wilkes.  ) 

1802.  A.  F.  M.  Willich.  . . . 


1802-19.  Abraham  Rees. 


1807.  Alexander  Aitchison.  . 

1807-8.  George  Gregory.  . . . 

1809.  William  Nicholson.  . . 

1809-14.  Wm.  M.  Johnson  ) . 
and  Thomas  Exley.  5 


Title. 

A Cyclopaedia  of  Commerce. 

An  Encyclopedia  of  Domestic  Economy. 

The  Farmer’s  Encyclopedia  and  Dic- 
tionary of  Rural  Affairs. 

An  Encyclopedia  of  Architecture. 

Treasury  of  Natural  History,  or  Popular 
Dictionary  of  Animated  Nature. 

Rudimentary  Dictionary  of  Terms  used 
in  Architecture,  Engineering,  Fine 
Arts,  Mining,  etc. 

A Dictionary  of  Machines,  Mechanics, 

. Engine-work,  and  Engineering. 

An  Astronomical  Vocabulary. 

Dictionary  of  Terms  of  Art. 

Complete  Encyclopedia  of  Music. 

Cyclopedia  of  Useful  Arts. 

Mathematical  Dictionary,  and  Cyclope- 
dia of  Mathematical  Science. 

The  Micrographic  Dictionary. 

Vocabulary  of  Philosophy. 

A Cyclopedia  of  the  Physical  Sciences. 

A Cyclopedia  of  Commerce. 

A Cyclopedia  of  the  Natural  Sciences. 

A Dictionary  of  Trade  Products,  Com- 
mercial, Manufacturing,  and  T echnical 
Terms. 


AND  GENERAL  DICTIONARIES 
AND  SCIENCES. 

Lexicon  Technicum,  or  an  Universal 
Dictionary  of  Arts  and  Sciences.  (Two 
vols.,  folio.) 

A Cyclopedia,  or  General  Dictionary  of 
Arts  and  Sciences.  (Two  vols.,  folio. 
— Sixth  edition,  1778,  four  vols.,  folio.) 

An  Universal  History  of  the  Arts  and 
Sciences,  and  a Comprehensive  Illus- 
tration of  all  Sciences  and  all  Arts. 
(Two  vols.,  folio.) 

A New  Universal  Dictionary  of  the  Arts 
and  Sciences.  (Two  vols.,  folio.) 

A New  and  Complete  Dictionary  of  the 
Arts  and  Sciences.  (Four  vols.,  8vo.) 

A Complete  Dictionary  of  the  Arts  and 
Sciences.  (Three  vols.,  folio.) 

Encyclopaedia  Britannica,  or  Dictionary 
of  Arts,  Sciences,  and  Miscellaneous 
Literature.  (Three  vols.,  4to.) 

The  English  Encyclopaedia,  or  a Dic- 
tionary of  Arts  and  Sciences.  (Ten 
vols.,  4to.) 

, Encyclopaedia  Londinensis,  or  Universal 
Dictionary  of  Arts,  Sciences,  and  Lit- 
erature. (Twenty-four  vols.,  4to.) 

The  Domestic  Encyclopaedia,  or  a Dic- 
tionary of  Facts  and  Useful  Knowl- 
edge. (Four  vols.,  8vo.) 

The  Cyclopaedia,  or  Universal  Dictionary 
of  Arts,  Sciences,  and  Literature. 
(Forty-five  vols.,  4to.) 

Encyclopaedia  Perthensis,  or  Universal 
Dictionary  of  Knowledge.  (Twenty- 
three  vols.,  large  royal  8vo.) 

A Dictionary  of  Arts  and  Sciences.  (Two 
vols.,  4to.) 

The  British  Encyclopaedia.  (Six  vols., 
8vo.) 

The  Imperial  Encyclopaedia.  (Four  vols., 
4to.) 


A CATALOGUE  OF  ENGLISH  DICTIONARIES. 


lxv 


Date.  author.  Title. 

1810.  James  Millar Encyclopaedia  Britannica.  (Fourth  edi- 

tion, twenty  vols.,  4to.) 

1810-30.  Sir  David  Brewster.  The  Edinburgh  Encyclopaedia.  (Eigh- 
teen vols.,  4to.) 

1813.  John  M.  Good,  O.  Greg-  > Pantalogia,  with  a General  Dictionary  of 
ory,  and  N.  Bosworth.  5 Arts,  Sciences,  and  Words.  (Twelve 
vols.,  royal  8vo.) 

1815-24.  Macvey  Napier.  . . . Supplement  to  the  fourth,  fifth,  and 

sixth  editions  of  the  Encyclopaedia 
Britannica.  (Six  vols.,  4to.) 

1816.  James  Millar Encyclopaedia  Edinensis,  or  Dictionary 

of  Arts,  Sciences,  and  Miscellaneous 
Literature.  (Six  vols.,  4to.) 

. Encyclopaedia  Metropolitana,  or  Univer- 
sal Dictionary  of  Knowledge,  on  a 
New  Plan.  (Twenty-nine  vols.,  4to.) 

1826-34.  Thomas  Curtis The  London  Encyclopaedia,  or  Universal 

Dictionary  of  Science,  Art,  Literature, 
and  Practical  Mechanics.  (Twenty- 
two  vols.,  royal  8vo.) 

1829-33.  Francis  Lieber,  E.  Encyclopaedia  Americana,  or  a Popular 
Wigglesworth,  and  > Dictionary  of  the  Arts  and  Sciences, 
Thos.  G.  Bradford.  J on  the  Basis  of  the  Seventh  Edition  of 


1818-44.  Edward  Smedley,  1 
Hugh  James  Rose,  I 
and  Henry  John  1 
Rose.  J 


Date.  Aothok.  Title. 

the  German  “ Conversations-Lexi- 
con.”  (Thirteen  vols.,  8vo.) 

1833-43.  George  Long The  Penny  Cyclopaedia  of  the  Society  of 

Useful  Knowledge.  (Twenty-seven 
vols.,  large  royal  8vo.) 

1835-38.  C.  F.  Partington.  . . The  British  Cyclopaedia  of  the  Arts, 

Sciences,  Geography,  Natural  History, 
and  Biography.  (Ten  vols.,  8vo.) 

1842.  Macvey  Napier.  .....  Encyclopaedia  Britannica.  (Seventh  edi- 

tion,  twenty-one  vols.,  4tp.) 

1852.  J.  G.  Heck,  (Am.  Editor, ) } The  Iconographic  Encyclopaedia  of  Se;- 
Spencer  F.  Baird.  ) ence,  Literature,  and  Arf.  (Six  vols.) 

1853.  ....  National  Cyclopaedia  of  Useful  Knowl- 

edge. (Twelve  vols.,  8vp.) 

1853- 59.  Thomas  Stewart  ) . . Encyclopaedia  Britannica,  (Eighth  edi- 

Traille.  j tion.  Vol.  I.  — XVII.  A — Plato.) 

1854- 59.  Charles  Knight.  . . The  English  Cyclopaedia.  A New  Dic- 

tionary of  Universal  Knowledge.  Ge- 
ography, four  vols. ; Natural  History, 
four  vols. ; Biography,  six  vols. ; Sci- 
ences and  Arts,  to  be  completed  in 
six  vols.,  imperial  8vo. 

1857-59.  George  Ripley  and  ) New  American  Cyclopaedia.  (Vols.  I. — 
Charle*  A.  Dana.  $ VII.  A — Fperos  ) 


A LIST  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  SCIENTIFIC  WORKS 


USED  IN 

THE  PREPARATION  OE  THIS  DICTIONARY. 


This  list  contains  the  titles  of  such  Scientific  works  as  are  not  mentioned  in  the  preceding  Catalogue  of  English  Dictionaries. 


Dats.  Authob.  Title. 

1816.  Parker  Cleaveland.  . . An  Elementary  Treatise  on  Mineralogy 

and  Geology.  Boston. 

1819-59.  American  Journal  of  Science  and  Arts. 

New  Haven. 

1820.  C.  J.  Temminck Manuel  d’Ornithologie.  Paris. 

1822.  John  Farrar An  Elementary  Treatise  on  the  Appli- 

cations of  Trigonometry.  Boston. 

1822.  Samuel  Parxes The  Chemical  Catechism.  London. 

1823.  Henry  J.  Brooke.  A Familiar  Introduction  to  Crystallog- 

raphy. London. 

1824.  Jacob  Bigelow Florula  Bostoniensis.  Boston. 

1825.  H.  M.  Ducrotay  De  > . . Manuel  de  Malacologie  et  de  Conchyli- 

Blainville.  J ologie.  Paris. 

1826-59.  The  Edinburgh  New  Philosophical  J our- 

nal.  Edinburgh. 

1827.  Edward  Griffith  ) . . . The  Animal  Kingdom,  &c.,  by  Cuvier, 
and  others.  > with  additional  descriptions,  &c.  Rr.n- 

don. 

1827.  John  Farrar An  Elementary  Treatise  on  Astronomy. 

Boston. 

1828.  James  Wood The  Elements  of  Optics.  Cambridge, 

Eng. 

1829.  William  Henry ihe  Elements  of  Experimental  Chem- 

istry. London. 

1829.  J.  B.  Fischer Synopsis  Mammalium.  Stuttgart. 

1829.  M.  Le  Baron  Cuvier.  . . Le  Regne  Animal.  Paris. 

1829.  Library  of  Useful  Knowledge.  (Natural 

Philosophy.)  London. 

1830.  Soc.  for  the  Diffusion  ) Geometry,  Plane,  Solid,  and  Spherical. 

of  Useful  Knowl.  ) London. 

1830.  William  T.  Brande.  . . A Manual  of  Chemistry.  London. 

1831.  Humphrey  Lloyd A Treatise  on  Light  and  Vision.  London. 

1831.  Henry  Kater  and  ) 

Dionysius  Lardner.  > 

1831.  Sir  David  Brewster. 

1832.  Dionysius  Lardner.  . 


A Treatise  on  Mechanics.  Boston. 


A Treatise  on  Optics.  London. 

A Treatise  on  Hydrostatics  and  Pneu- 
matics. Boston. 

1832-59.  The  London  and  Edinburgh  and  [since 

1840]  Dublin  Philosophical  Magazine 
and  Journal  of  Science.  London. 

1833.  Baden  Powell A Short  Elementary  Treatise  on  Exper- 

imental and  Mathematical  Optics.  Ox- 
ford. 

1835.  J.  J.  Berzelius Traite  de  Chimie.  Paris. 

1835.  Leonard  Jenyns A Manual  of  British  Vertebrate  Ani- 

mals. Cambridge,  Eng. 

1835.  Edward  Turner Elements  of  Chemistry.  (Reprinted 

from  the  London  edition.)  Philadel- 
phia. 

1835.  J.  S.  Henslow The  Principles  of  Descriptive  and  Phys- 

iological Botany.  London. 

1835.  David  Brewster A Treatise  on  Optics.  London. 

1835-7.  William  Swainson.  . Lardner’s  Cabinet  Cyclopaedia,  (Quad- 
rupeds and  Birds.)  London. 

1836.  J.  B.  P.  A.  de  Lamarck.  Histoire  Naturelle  des  Animaux  sans 

Vertebres.  Paris. 

1836.  William  Yarrell A History  of  the  British  Fishes.  London. 


Date.  Authob.  Title. 

1836.  Hermann  Burmeister.  . A Manual  of  Entomology,  translated  by 

W.  E.  Shuckard.  London. 

1837.  Thomas  Bell A History  of  British  Quadrupeds,  in- 

cluding the  Cetacea.  London. 

1837.  William  Buckland.  . . . Geology  and  Mineralogy.  Philadelphia. 
1837.  William  Phillips An  Elementary  Introduction  to  Min- 

eralogy, augmented  by  Robert  Allan. 
London. 

1839.  Thomas  Bell . A History  of  British  Reptiles.  London. 

1839.  J.  O.  Westwood An  Introduction  to  the  Modern  Classifi- 

cation of  Insects.  London. 

1839.  J.  Frederic  Daniell.  . . An  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  Chemi- 
cal Philosophy.  London. 

1839.  John  Lindley An  Introduction  to  Botany.  London. 

1839.  Robert  Hamilton The  Natural  History  of  the  Amphibious 

Carnivora,  including  the  Walrus  and 
Seals;  also  of  the  Herbivorous  Ceta- 
cea, &c.  Edinburgh. 

1839-55.  Michael  Faraday.  . Experimental  Researches  in  Electricity. 

London. 

1840.  Thomas  Nuttall A Manual  of  the  Ornithology  of  the 

United  States  and  of  Canada.  Boston. 

1840.  Dionysius  Lardner.  ...  A Treatise  on  Geometry,  and  its  Appli- 
cation to  the  Arts.  London. 

1840.  Robert  Hare A Compendium  of  the  Course  of  Chem- 

ical Instruction  in  the  Medical  De- 
partment of  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania. Philadelphia. 

1841.  A.  A.  Gould Report  on  the  Invertebrate  Animals  of 

Massachusetts.  Cambridge,  U.  S. 

1841.  Edward  Forbes A History  of  British  Star-fishes  and 

other  Animals  of  the  Class  Echino- 
dermata.  London. 

1842.  Thomas  Graham Elements  of  Chemistry.  London. 

1842.  J.  J.  Audubon The  Birds  of  America.  New  York. 

1842.  Robert  Kane Elements  of  Chemistry.  London. 

1842.  Justus  Liebig Chemistry  in  its  Application  to  Agricul- 

ture and  Physiolpgy,  with  Notes  and 
Appendix  by  John  W.  Webster.  Bos- 
ton. 

1842.  do.  do Animal  Chemistry,  or  Organic  Chem- 

istry in  its  Application  to  Physiology 
and  Pathology,  with  Notes  and  Ap- 
pendix by  John  W.  Webster.  Boston. 
1842-1846.  Louis  Agassiz.  . . . Nomenclator  Zoologicus.  Soleure. 

1843.  Joseph  Y.  Watson.  ...  A Compendium  of  British  Mining,  with 

Statistical  Notices  of  the  Principal 
Mines  in  Cornwall.  London.  (Printed 
for  private  circulation.) 

1843.  Wm.  Yarrell A History  of  the  British  Birds.  London. 

1844.  John  W.  Draper A Treatise  on  the  Forces  which  produce 

the  Organization  of  Plants.  New  York. 

1844.  Edward  A.  Parnell.  . . Applied  Chemistry  in  Manufactures, 

Arts,  and  Domestic  Economy.  London. 

1845.  Thomas  Young A Course  of  Lectures  on  Natural  Phi- 

losophy and  the  Mechanical  Arts. 
London. 


(lxvi) 


SCIENTIFIC  WORKS  USED  IN  THE  PREPARATION  OF  THIS  DICTIONARY. 


lxvii 


Date.  Author.  Title. 

1845.  L.  F.  Kaemtz A Complete  Course  of  Meteorology, 

translated  by  C.  V.  Walker.  London. 

1845.  John  F.  Daniell Elements  of  Meteorology.  London. 

1845-6.  C.  F.  Peschel Elements  of  Physics,  translated  by  E. 

West.  London. 

1846.  D.  Humphreys  Storer.  . A Synopsis  of  the  Fishes  of  North 

America.  Cambridge,  U.  S. 

1846.  J.  J.  Audubon  and  ? ...  The  Viviparous  Quadrupeds  of  North 
John  Bachman.  > America.  New  York. 

1846.  George  B.  Emerson.  . . A Report  on  the  Trees  and  Shrubs 

growing  naturally  in  the  Forests  of 
Massachusetts.  Boston. 

1846.  Richard  Owen A History  of  British  Fossil  Mammals 

and  Birds.  London. 

1846.  G.  R.  Waterhouse A Natural  History  of  the  Mammalia. 

London. 

1847.  Jacob  Bigelow The  Useful  Arts  considered  in  Connec- 

tion with  the  Applications  of  Science. 
New  York. 

1847.  John  Lindley The  Vegetable  Kingdom.  London. 

1847.  Jacob  Bigelow Elements  of  Technology.  Boston. 

1848.  J.  Muller Principles  of  Physics  and  Meteorology. 

Philadelphia. 

1848.  Leopold  Gmelin Hand-Book  of  Chemistry,  translated  by 

Henry  Watts.  London. 

1848.  Sir  W.  Snow  Harris.  . . Rudimentary  Electricity.  London. 

1848.  Alex.  K.  Johnston.  . . . The  Physical  Atlas.  A Series  of  Maps 

and  Notes  illustrating  the  Geograph- 
ical Distribution  of  Natural  Phenom- 
ena. London. 

1850.  William  Baird The  Natural  History  of  the  British  En- 

tomostraca.  London. 

1851.  S.  P.  Woodward A Manual  of  the  Mollusca,  or  a Rudi- 

mentary Treatise  on  Recent  and  Fos- 
sil Shells.  London. 

1851.  Sir  H.  T.  de  la  Beche.  . The  Geological  Observer.  London. 

1851.  Charles  Darwin Geological  Observations  on  Coral  Reefs, 

Volcanic  Islands,  and  on  South  Amer- 
ica. London. 

1851.  G.  F.  Richardson An  Introduction  to  Geology  and  its  As- 

sociate Sciences,  Mineralogy,  Fossil 
Botany  and  Conchology,  and  Palaeon- 
tology. London. 

1851.  Sir  Charles  Lyell.  . . A Manual  of  Elementary  Geology.  Lon- 

don. 

1851-3.  Dionysius  Lardner.  . Hand-Book  of  Natural  Philosophy  and 

Astronomy.  London. 

1852.  Thaddeus  W.  Harris.  . A Treatise  on  some  of  the  Insects  of 

New  England  which  are  injurious  to 
Vegetation.  Boston. 

1852.  Charles  U.  Shepard.  . . A Treatise  on  Mineralogy.  New  Haven. 

1853.  F.  J.  Pictet Traite  de  Paleontologie.  Paris. 

1853.  Edward  Forbes  and  ).  . A History  of  British  Mollusca  and  their 
Sylvanus  Hanley.  ) Shells.  London. 

1853.  Thomas  Bell A History  of  British  Stalk-eyed  Crus- 

tacea. London. 

1853.  Michael  Faraday.  . . . Lectures  on  the  Non-Metallic  Elements. 

London. 

1853.  Asa  Gray The  Botanical  Text  Book.  New  York. 

1853.  Thomas  C.  Archer.  . . . Popular  Economic  Botany.  London. 

1853.  M.  Pouillet Elements  de  Physique  Experimentale  et 

de  Meteorologie.  Paris. 

1853.  Sir  J.  F.  W.  Herschel.  . Outlines  of  Astronomy.  Philadelphia. 
1853.  Sir  Charles  Lyell.  . . . Principles  of  Geology.  Boston. 

1853.  E.  S.  Winslow The  Foreign  and  Domestic  Commercial 

Calculator.  Boston. 


Date.  Author.  Title. 

1854.  James  D.  Dana A System  of  Mineralogy.  New  York. 

1854.  Jonathan  Pereira.  . . . Lectures  on  Polarized  Light.  Edited  by 

Rev.  Baden  Powell.  London. 

1855.  M.  Milne  Edwards.  . . . Cours  Elementaire  d’Histoire  Naturelle, 

(Zoologie.)  Paris. 

1855.  Richard  Owen Lectures  on  Comparative  Anatomy  and 

Physiology  of  the  Invertebrate  Ani- 
mals. London. 

1855.  Thomas  Rymer  Jones.  . General  Outline  of  the  Organization  of 

the  Animal  Kingdom,  and  Manual  of 
Comparative  Anatomy.  London. 

1855.  T.  F.  Hardwich A Manual  of  Photographic  Chemistry. 

London. 

1855.  John  H.  Balfour A Manual  of  Botany.  London  and  Glas- 

gow. 

1855.  Luther  S.  Cushing.  . . . Rules  of  Proceeding  and  Debate  in  De- 
liberative Assemblies.  Boston. 

1855.  John  Brocklesby Elements  of  Astronomy.  New  York. 

1855.  James  F.  Johnston.  . . . The  Chemistry  of  Common  Life.  New 

York. 

1855-7.  William  A.  Miller.  . Elements  of  Chemistry,  Theoretical  and 

Practical.  London. 

1856.  John  Johnston A Manual  of  Chemistry.  Philadelphia. 

1856.  David  T.  Ansted Elementary  Course  of  Geology,  Mineral- 

ogy, and  Physical  Geography.  London. 

1856.  M.  V.  Regnault Elements  of  Chemistry,  translated  by 

T.  F.  Betton.  Edited  by  James  C. 
Booth  and  William  L.  Faber.  Phila- 
delphia. 

1856.  W.  H.  C.  Bartlett Elements  of  Natural  Philosophy.  New 

York. 

1856.  John  Wilson A Treatise  on  English  Punctuation. 

Boston. 

1856.  William  Gregory.  ...  A Hand-Book  of  Organic  Chemistry. 

London. 

1857.  Louis  Agassiz Contributions  to  the  Natural  History  of 

the  United  States  of  America.  Boston. 

1857.  William  Youatt The  History,  Treatment,  and  Diseases 

of  the  Horse.  Philadelphia. 

1857.  Asa  Gray Manual  of  the  Botany  of  the  Northern 

United  States.  New  York. 

1857.  James  Eaton A Treatise  on  Arithmetic.  Boston. 

1857.  Asa  Gray' First  Lessons  in  Botany  and  Vegetable 

Physiology.  New  York. 

1858.  M.  F.  Billet Traite  d’Optique  Physique.  Paris. 

1858.  George  B.  Wood,  i ■ ■ • The  Dispensatory  of  the  United  States 

Franklin  Backe.  ) of  America.  Philadelphia. 

1858.  J.  Van  Der  Hoeven.  . . Hand-Book  of  ZoOl:gy,  translated  by 

Rev.  Win.  Clarke.  Cambridge,  Eng. 

1858.  Thomas  Sutton A Dictionary  of  Photography.  London. 

1858.  Sir  John  Stoddart.  . . . Glossology,  or  the  Historical  Relations 

of  Languages.  London  and  Glasgow. 
1858.  Thomas  Graham Elements  of  Inorganic  Chemistry,  in- 

cluding the  Applications  of  the  Science 
in  the  Arts.  Philadelphia. 

1858.  Spencer  F.  Baird Catalogue  of  North  American  Birds, 

j chiefly  in  the  Museum  of  the  Smith- 

sonian Institute.  Washington. 

1858.  Benjamin  Greenleaf.  . . The  National  Arithmetic.  Boston. 

1859.  James  D.  Dana Synopsis  of  the  Report  on  Zoophytes  of 

the  United  States  Exploring  Expedi- 
tion round  the  World.  New  Haven. 

1859.  Henry  W.  Herbert.  . . Hints  to  Horse-Keepers.  A Complete 

Manual  for  Horse-Keepers.  New  York. 
1859.  Sir  Wm.  Hamilton.  . . . Lectures  on  Metaphysics  and  Logic. 

Boston. 


ABBREVIATIONS  AND  SIGNS 


USED  IN  THIS  DICTIONARY. 


ETYMOLOGY. 


Arab,  stands  for 

Arabic. 

Arm 

Armoric. 

A.  S 

Anglo-Saxon. 

Belg 

Belgic  or  Flemish. 

Bret 

Breton. 

Brit 

British. 

Celt 

Celtic. 

Chal. . .' 

Chaldee,  Chaldaic. 

Corn 

Cornish. 

Dan 

Danish. 

Dut 

Dutch. 

Eng 

English,  England. 

Eth 

Ethiopic. 

Fin 

Finnish,  Finland. 

FI 

Flemish  or  Belgic. 

Fr 

French. 

Frs 

Friesic,  Frisian. 

Gael 

Gaelic. 

Ger 

German. 

Goth 

Gothic. 

Gr 

Greek. 

Heb 

Hebrew. 

Hind 

Hindoo,  Hindostanee. 

Hun 

Hungarian. 

Icel 

Icelandic. 

Ir 

Irish  or  Erse. 

It 

Italian. 

L 

Latin. 

Low  L 

Low  Latin. 

M.  Goth 

Moeso- Gothic. 

Norm.  Fr 

Norman  or  Old  French. 

Norse 

Norse  or  Old  Danish. 

Norw . 

Norwegian  or  Danish. 

Old  Fr 

Old  or  Norman-French. 

Per 

Persian. 

Pol 

Polish. 

Port 

Portuguese. 

Rus 

Russian. 

Sansc 

Sanscrit. 

Sax 

Saxon. 

Scot 

Scottish,  Scotland. 

Slav 

Slavonic. 

Sp 

Spanish. 

Su.  Goth 

Suio- Gothic  or  Norse. 

Sw 

Swedish. 

Syr.  . ' 

Syriac,  Syrian. 

Turk 

Turkish. 

W 

Welsh. 

ARTS  AND  SCIENCES. 

Agric.  stands  for  . 

Agriculture. 

Alg 

Algebra. 

Anat 

Anatomy. 

Ant 

Antiquities. 

Arch 

Architecture. 

Arith 

Arithmetic. 

Arts  Sf  Sci 

Arts  and  Sciences. 

Astrol 

Astrology. 

Astron 

Astronomy. 

Bib 

Biblical  Matters. 

Bot 

Botany. 

Carp 

Carpentry. 

Chem 

Chemistry. 

Chron 

Chronology. 

Com 

Commerce. 

Conch 

Conchology. 

Eccl 

Ecclesiastical  Matters. 

Eccl.  Hist 

Ecclesiastical  History. 

Elec 

Electricity. 

Ent 

Entomology. 

Fort 

Fortification. 

Geog 

Geography. 

Geol 

Geology. 

Gram 

Grammar. 

Her 

. Heraldry. 

Herp 

. Herpetology. 

Hist 

. History. 

Hort.  stands  for  Horticulture. 


Hgd Hydrostatics. 

Ich Ichthyology. 

Law (not  abbreviated.) 

Lit Literature. 

Logic (not  abbreviated.) 

Man Manege  or  Horsemanship. 

Math Mathematics. 

Meek.  Mechanics. 

Med.  Medicine. 

Met. Metaphysics. 

Meteor Meteorology. 

Mil Military  Affairs. 

Min Mineralogy. 

Mus Music. 

Myth Mythology. 

Nat.  Hist Natural  History. 

Nat.  Phil.  ....  Natural  Philosophy. 

Naut Nautical  or  Marine  Affairs. 

Opt Optics. 

Ornith Ornithology. 

Paint Painting. 

Pal Paleontology. 

Persp Perspective. 

Phren Phrenology. 

Phys Physiology. 

Pros Prosody. 

Rhet Rhetoric. 

Sculp Sculpture. 

Surg Surgery. 

Theol Theology. 

ZoOl Zoology. 


AUTHORITIES. 

( Such  as  are  abbreviated , and  not  commonly  found  in 
Tables  of  Abbreviations.) 

fi  fj')  / ) 

§ Fl  $ stan<^s  f°r  Beaumont  and  Fletcher. 

Brit.  Crit British  Critic. 

Ch.  Ex Christian  Examiner. 

Ch.  Ob Christian  Observer. 

Ec.  Rev Eclectic  Review. 

Ed.  Rev Edinburgh  Review. 

Ency Encyclopaedia. 

Eng.  Cyc English  Cyclopaedia. 

Farm.  Ency.  . . Farmer’s  Encyclopaedia. 
For.  Qu.  Rev.  . . Foreign  Quarterly  Review. 
Gent.  Mag.  . . . Gentleman’s  Magazine. 

Glos Glossary. 

Mil.  Ency Military  Encyclopaedia. 

Mir.  for  Mag.  . . Mirror  for  Magistrates. 

Month.  Rev.  . . . Monthly  Review,  (London.) 
N.  A.  Rev.  . . . North  American  Review. 

N.  B.  Rev.  . . . North  British  Review. 

P.  Cyc Penny  Cyclopaedia. 

P.  Mag Penny  Magazine. 

Phil.  Mag.  . . . Philosophical  Magazine. 
Phil.  Trans.  . . . Philosophical  Transactions. 

Pol.  Diet Political  Dictionary. 

Qu.  Rev.  (Land.)  Quarterly  Review. 

Shah Shakespeare. 

Trans Translation. 

w v ( Webster’s  Encyclopaedia  of 

•ncy.  . j j)omestic  Economy. 

West.  Rev.  . . . Westminster  Review. 


It e * The  preceding  list  contains  the  names  only  of  such 
authorities  for  the  use  and  meaning  of  words  as  are  com- 
monly abbreviated  in  this  Dictionary,  being  but  a small 
part  of  the  whole  number  cited.  With  respect  to  lexi- 
cographers, as  Cotgrave,  Bailey , Johnson.  Richardson. 
Brandt , &c.,  and  the  most  distinguished  authors  in  litera- 
ture and  science,  as  Chaucer , Bacon,  Spenser , Hooker , 
Milton , Browne  (Sir  T.),  Locke.  Dry  den.  Pope , Swift.  Ad- 
dison, Blackstone , Franklin , Cowper,  Paley , Blair , Camp- 
bell, Whately.  Trench , &c.,  only  the  surname  is  commonly 
given,  without  any  title.  With  respect  to  the  authorities 
for  pronunciation,  the  initial  letters  of  .the  names  of  the 
most  eminent  orthoepists  are  given,  as  in  the  following  list. 


PRONUNCIATION. 


S.  . stands  for  . Sheridan. 

W. Walker. 

P Perry. 

J.  Jones. 

E Enfield. 

F. Fulton  and  Knight. 

Ja Jameson. 

K.  Knowles. 

Sm Smart. 

R Reid. 

C Craig. 

0  Ogilvie. 

B Boag. 

Cl. Clarke. 

Wr Wright. 

Wb Webster. 

GRAMMAR,  &c. 

a.  . stands  for  . Adjective. 

ad. Adverb. 

comp Comparative. 

conj. Conjunction. 

dim Diminutive. 

f. Feminine. 

jig Figurative. 

1  Imperfect  or  Preterite  Tense. 

id The  same. 

i.  e That  is. 

imp Imperative. 

interj. Interjection. 

m Masculine. 

mod Modern. 

n Noun. 

nom Nominative. 

Obs Obsolete. 

p Participle. 

p.a . Participial  Adjective. 

pi Plural. 

pp Participles. 

prep Preposition. 

pret Preterite. 

priv Privative. 

pron Pronoun. 

R Rarely  used. 

sing Singular. 

sup Superlative. 

Syn Synonymes. 

v.  a Verb  Active. 

v.  n Verb  Neuter. 

U.  S. United  States. 


SIGNS. 

Parallel  lines  [ ||  ] are  prefixed  to  two  or 
more  words  that  come  under  the  same  prin- 
ciple of  pronunciation. 

IPiP  A dagger  [+]  is  prefixed  to  words  or 
meanings  of  words,  that  are  obsolete  or  anti- 
quated. 

The  figures  occasionally  annexed  to  the 
pronouncing  words,  refer  to  paragraphs  in  the 
“ Principles  of  Pronunciation." 

ISP  Words  printed  in  Italics,  in  the  Vo- 
cabulary, (as  Calculus  and  NaXveti,')  are  words 
which  belong  to  foreign  languages,  and  are 
not  properly  Anglicized. 

HEP’’’  The  two  parts  of  such  compound  words 
as  are  not  properly  written  as  simple  words, 
are  separated  by  a lengthened  hyphen;  as, 
Felhw-commoner.  The  two  parts  of  such  words 
are  commonly  and  properly  separated,  when 
written  or  printed,  by  a hyphen. 

The  double  accent  mark,  when  used 
in  pronunciation,  denotes  that  the  aspirated 
sound  of  the  succeeding  consonant  is  thrown 
back  on  the  preceding  syllable ; thus,  peti"tion 
(petish'on.) 

(lxviii) 


XN&'isA 


A 


DICTIONARY 

OF  THE 

ENGLISH  LANGUAGE. 


A ’ 1 ABANDON 


pronounced  a as  a letter,  but  3 as  a word, 
i 1.  The  first  letter  of  the  alphabet,  and  a 
vowel.  It  has  various  sounds,  of  which  the 
three  principal  are,  the  long,  as  in  fate,  the 
short,  as  in  fat,  and  the  broad,  as  in  fall.  — See 
Key  to  the  Sounds  of  the  Vowels,  and  Principles 
of  Pronunciation,  No.  4. 

2.  [A.  S.  an,  one.]  The  indefinite  article, 
set  before  nouns  in  the  singular  number,  and  sig- 
nifying one,  any,  some  ; as,  “a  man,”  “a  tree  ” : 
— each,  every;  as,  “two  dollars  a day,”  “ten 
cents  a bunch.”  — It  is  also  put  before  collective 
nouns,  as,  “ a multitude,”  “ a dozen,”  “ a thou- 
sand” ; and  it  is  used  in  connection  with  plural 
nouns  when  they  are  preceded  by  the  adjective 
few  and  the  phrase  great  many,  as,  “ a few 
men,”  “ a great  many  men  ” ; but  in  these  cases 
it  implies  one  whole  number,  or  an  aggregate  of 
few  or  many.  — Before  words  beginning  with  a 
vowel  or  a vowel  sound,  it  retains  n after  it  for 
the  sake  of  euphony,  as,  “an  ox,”  “an  hour”  ; 
this  having  been  the  original  form  of  the  indef- 
inite article.  — See  An. 

“Any,  an,  a,  one,  seem  all  to  be  nearly  equivalent 
words,  and  derived  from  one  origin ; I mean  from  ane, 
the  name  of  unity.  Hence  a,  or  an,  and  any  are  fre- 
quently synonymous  ; ‘ a considerate  man  would  have 
acted  differently  ’;  that  is,  any  considerate  man.” 

Dr.  Crombie. 

“In  the  generality  of  grammars  the  definite  article 
the  and  the  indefinite  article  an  are  the  very  first  parts 
of  speech  that  are  considered.  In  no  language,  in  its 
oldest  stage,  is  there  ever  a word  giving,  in  its  primary 
sense,  the  ideas  of  a and  the.”  Latham. 

3.  A contraction  for  at,  on,  or  in,  before  par- 

ticiples or  participial  nouns.  “ Long  a com- 
ing.” Bacon. 

They  go  a begging  to  a bankrupt’s  door.  Dryden. 

4.  f A barbarous  corruption  for  he. 

Stand  here  by  me.  Master  Robert  Shallow  ; I will  make  the 
king  do  you  grace  : I will  leer  upon  him  as  u comes  by.  Shah. 

5.  f A barbarous  corruption  for  have. 

I had  not  thought  my  body  could  a yielded.  Beaum.  FI. 

KiF  In  composition  the  prefixed  syllable  a,  in  words 
from  the  Anglo-Saxon,  is  derived,  in  some  cases,  from 
a preposition  ; as,  aboard , ablaze,  arow,  adays,  aloft,  for- 
merly written  on  board,  on  blaze,  on  row,  on  days,  on 
loft.  In  other  cases,  according  to  Lye,  “it  was  ori- 
ginally merely  an  initial  augment,  altering  nothing  in 
the  sense  of  the  word  ” ; and  hence,  in  some  words 
from  that  language,  it  is  sometimes  retained  and  some- 
times dropped,  as,  abidan  or  bidan,  to  abide  or  hide, 
abrecan,  to  break  ; and,  when  retained  in  some,  it  seems 
to  add  an  intensive  effect,  as,  awake,  arise,  in  Milton’s 
line, 

Awake,  arise,  or  be  for  ever  fallen. 

In  many  words  to  which  it  is  prefixed,  it  has  a pecu- 
liar significance  not  easily  defined,  as,  afresh,  aloud, 
anew  ; and  in  some  cases  of  colloquial  usage  it  seems  to 
be  expletive,  and  may  have  originated  in  a careless 
pronunciation,  as,  aweary,  acold,  used  by  Shakspeare: 
“ I ’gin  to  be  aweary  of  the  sun  ” ; “ Poor  Tom ’s  acold.” 

In  words  of  Greek  origin,  a is  a prefix  of  privative  or 
negative  meaning;  as  in  achromatic,  from  a,  not,  or 
without,  and  xpd>ya,  color,  i.  e.  without  color. 

AAM  (km),  n.  [Dut.  aam.~\  {Com.)  A Dutch  liquid 
measure,  varying  in  different  cities  : — at  Am- 
sterdam, it  is  nearly  equal  to  41  English  wine 
gallons ; at  Antwerp,  to  36J ; at  Hamburg,  to 
38];  and  at  Frankfort,  to  39  gallons.  McCulloch. 


AA-RON'IC,  (3-ron'jk),  ) a%  Relating  to 

AA-RON'I-CAL  (a-ron'e-kal),  ) Aaron,  the  Jew- 
ish high  priest,  or  to  the  priesthood,  of  which 
Aaron  was  the  head. 

AB — A prefix  to  words  of  Latin  origin,  as  in  ab- 
solve, from  absolvo  {ab  and  solvo,  to  loosen).  It 
is  a Latin  preposition,  and  signifies  from.  It 
becomes  abs  before  words  beginning  with  c,  q, 
or  t ; as,  abs-tain,  from  abstineo  {abs  and  teneo, 
to  hold). 

At  the  beginning  of  the  names  of  English 
places,  it  generally  shows  that  they  have  some  rela- 
tion to  an  abbey  or  abbot ; as,  Abingdon.  Gibson. 

AB,n.  [Heb.  DiR,  verdure.]  The  fifth  month  of  the 

ancient  Hebrew  sacred  year,  but  the  eleventh 
of  the  civil  year,  or,  in  intercalary  years,  the 
twelfth.  P.  Cite. 

Ab'A-CA,  n.  A sort  of  hemp  or  flax  which  grows 
in  the  Philippine  Islands.  Herbert. 

AB-A-CIS'  CUS,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  dim.  of  a(Sa{,  a 
slab.] 

1.  {Arch.)  A small  square  stone  in  a tessel- 
lated pavement.  Britton. 

2.  An  abacus.  Gwilt. 

Ab'A-CIST,  n.  One  who  casts  accounts  with  an 

abacus,  [r.]  Todd. 

A-BAck',  ad.  [A.  S.  on  bate,  on  the  back,  behind.] 

1.  Backwards. 

They  drew  aback,  ns  half  with  shame  confound.  Spenser. 

[Still  used  in  the  north  of  England.  Brockett.] 

2.  {Naut.)  Noting  the  situation  of  the  sails 
when  pressed  against  the  masts  by  the  force  of 
the  wind. 

Taken  all  aback,  i.  e.  by  surprise  or  unawares. 

t AB'ACK,  n.  [L.  abacus ; Fr.  abaque.\  An  aba- 
cus. B.  Jonson. 

f Ab'A-c6t,  n.  The  cap  of  state,  wrought  into 
a figure  of  two  crowns,  once  used  by  English 
kings.  Brande. 

A-BAC ' TOR,  n.  [L.,  from  abigo,  abactus,  to  drive 
away.]  '{Law.)  One  who  steals  cattle  in  herds, 
in  distinction  from  the  thief  who  steals  one  or 
two.  Crabb. 

A-BAC'  U-LTJS,  n.  [L.,  dim.  of  abacus .]  An  aba- 
ciscus. 

AB'A-cCs,  n. ; pi.  ab'a-c1.  [L.,  from  Gr.  £/?<<{, 
a slab,  or  from  Phoenician  abak,  sand,  strewn 
upon  a surface  for  writing.] 

1.  A sideboard  ; a table  placed  against  the 
wall,  serving  as  a cupboard  or  buffet. 

2.  An  ancient  Roman  game  played  on  a 
board. 

3.  An  instrument  employed  to  facilitate  ar- 
ithmetical calculations, 
being  a parallelogram, 
divided  by  parallel 
wires,  on  which  perfo- 
rated beads,  or  little 
ivory  balls,  were  strung 
as  counters,  or  by  bars  on  which  the  counters 
were  slid  along  in  grooves  ; the  counters  on  the 


lower  wire  or  bar  representing  units,  those  on 
the  next  above  tens,  and  so  on,  increasing  by 
multiples  of  10.  The  left  side  of  the  cut  repre- 
sents the  number  153,968.  Brande. 

4.  A table  strewed  with  dust,  on  which  math' 
ematicians  were  in  the  practice  of  drawing  their 
diagrams. 

5.  {Arch.)  The  upper  part,  or  crowning  mem- 
ber, of  the  capital 
of  a column,  upon 
which  the  architrave 
is  laid. 

6.  A rectangular 

slab  of  marble,  stone, 
porcelain,  &c.,  used 
for  coating  the  walls 
of  rooms  in  panels, 
or  over  the  whole  sur- 
face. Fairholt. 

Abacus  harmonicas, 
the  structure  and  dispo- 
sition of  the  keys  of  a 
musical  instrument. 

Crabb. 

f A- BAD  'DON,  n.  [Heb.  ynix,  destruction.] 

1.  An  evil  angel. 

The  angel  of  the  bottomless  pit,  whose  name  in  the  Hebrew 
tongue  is  Abaddon,  but  in  the  Greek  tongue  hath  his  name 
ApoUyon.  Rev.  ix.  11. 

2.  The  bottomless  pit  itself ; hell. 

In  all  her  gates  Abaddon  rues 
Thy  bold  attempt.  Milton. 

A-bAfT'  (11),  prep.  [A.  S.  a and  ceftan,  behind.] 
{Naut.)  Denoting  towards  the  stern  or  hinder 
part  of  a vessel ; behind ; as,  “ Abaft  the  main- 
mast ” ; — often  contracted  into  aft,  in  which 
case  it  becomes  an  adverb. 

A thing  is  abaft  the  foremast  when  it  is  be- 
tween the  foremast  and  the  stern  ; and  a distant  object 
is  abaft  the  beam,  when  it  is  situated  in  an  arc  of  the 
horizon  embraced  between  the  direction  of  the  ship’s 
beams,  or  of  a horizontal  line  perpendicular  to  the 
keel,  and  the  point  to  which  the  ship’s  stern  is  directed. 

AB'A-GUJV,n.  [Eth.,  stately  abbot.]  An  Ethio- 
pian fowl,  remarkable  for  its  beauty,  and  for  a 
sort  of  horn  on  its  head.  Crabb. 

f A-BAI'SANCE,  n.  [Fr.  abaisscr,  to  let  down, 
bow  down.]  Obeisance.  Skinner. 

AB-Al'IEN-ATE  (ab-al'yen-at),  v.  a.  [L.  abalieno  ; 
ab,  from,  and  alienus,  belonging  to  another.] 
[i.  ABALIENATED  J pp.  ABA  LIEN  A TING,  ABAL- 
IENATED.] 

1.  fTo  estrange.  Abp.  Sandys. 

2.  {Civil  Law?)  To  transfer  the  title  of  prop- 
erty from  one  to  another  ; to  alienate. 

AB-AL-IEN-A'TION  (jb-al-yen-a'slmn),  n.  [L.  ab- 
alienatio .]  {Civil  Law.)  Act  of  transferring  the 
title  of  property  from  one  to  another ; aliena- 
tion. [r.]  Bailey. 

fA-BAND',  e.  a.  1.  To  abandon. 

And  Vortiger  enforced  the  kingdom  to  ahand.  Spenser. 

2.  To  banish.  “The  enemies  to  ahand .” 

Mir.  for  Mag. 

A-BAN'DON,  v.  a.  [Menage  derives  this  word 
from  L.  ab,  from,  and  bandum,  a flag,  i.  e.  to 


Corinthian. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  {,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  IIER;  MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR, 

SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  £,  g,  soft;  C,  fi,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  ? as  gz;  — THIS,  this. 


ABANDON 


2 


ABBACY 


desert  one’s  flag.  Pasquier  and  Johnson  give 
Fr.  a,  to,  ban,  an  edict,  banishment,  or  pro- 
scription, and  donner,  to  give.  It.  abbandonare ; 
Sp.  abandonar;  Fr.  abandonner .]  \i.  aban- 
doned ; pp.  ABANDONING,  ABANDONED.] 

1.  t To  give  up  freely  and  without  reserve  ; — 
in  a good  sense. 

He  that  loveth  God  will  do  diligence  to  please  God  by  his 
works,  and  abandon  himself  with  all  his  might  well  for  to  do. 

Chaucer. 

2.  fTo  drive  away;  to  banish.  “ Abandon 


fear.”  Milton. 

But  a Vespasian  and  Titus,  &c.,  abandoned  them  out  of 
their  dominions.  Bp.  Hall. 

3.  To  give  up ; to  surrender ; — followed 
by  to. 

If  she  be  so  abandoned  to  her  sorrow 

As  it  is  spoke,  she  never  will  admit  me.  Shak. 

So  abandoned  to  sottish  credulity.  South. 


4.  To  give  up ; to  cast  off ; to  surrender  : — 
in  an  ill  sense ; as,  “To  abandon  religion.” 

Watts. 

5.  To  desert;  to  leave;  to  quit;  to  forsake; 
to  relinquish ; to  surrender ; to  forego ; to  re- 
nounce ; to  resign  ; to  abdicate. 

6.  {Law.)  To  relinquish  to  insurers,  in  case 

of  a partial  loss  by  perils  of  the  sea,  whatever 
may  be  saved,  with  a view  to  claim  the  full 
amount  of  the  insurance  as  if  a total  loss  had 
occurred.  Burrill. 

t Abandon  over , to  give  up.  Dryden. 

Syn. — Bad  parents  abandon  their  children;  men 
abandon  the  unfortunate  objects  of  their  guilty  pas- 
sions ; men  are  abandoned  by  their  friends  ; they  aban- 
don themselves  to  unlawful  pleasures.  — A mariner 
abandon s his  vessel. and  cargo  in  a storm  ; we  aban- 
don our  houses  and  property  to  an  invading  army  ; we 
desert  a post  or  station;  leave  the  country;  forsake 
companions  ; relinquish  claims  ; quit  business  ; resign 
an  office  ; renounce  a profession,  or  the  world  ; abdicate 
a throne  ; surrender  a town  ; surrender  what  we  have 
in  trust ; abandon  a measure  or  an  enterprise  ; forego 
a claim  or  a pleasure  ; banish  offenders.  — See  Abdi- 
cate. 

f A-BAN'DON,  ?i.  1.  A forsaker. 

A friar,  an  abandon  of  the  world.  Sir  E.  Sandys. 

2.  A relinquishment. 

These  heavy  exactions  have  occasioned  an  abandon  of  all 
mines  but  what  are  of  the  richer  sort.  Ld.  Kamcs. 

A-BAN'DONED  (a-ban'dund),  p.  a.  1.  Given  up  ; 
forsaken;  relinquished;  deserted;  — sometimes 
followed  by  of ; as,  “ Abandoned  of  his  velvet 
friends.”  Shak. 

2.  Corrupted  in  a high  degree  ; sinning  with- 
out restraint ; profligate  ; reprobate  ; very  vi- 
cious. 

Where  our  abandoned  youth  she  sees, 

Shipwrecked  in  luxury  and  lost  in  ease.  Prior. 

Syn.  — Abandoned,  profligate,  and  reprobate  are 
terms  applied  to  a character  that  has  become  extreme- 
ly vicious.  An  abandoned  person  is  one  who  has  re- 
nounced all  restraint,  is  governed  by  his  passions,  and 
naturally  becomes  profligate  in  his  habits,  and  so 
reprobate  as  to  be  beyond  hope  of  recovery. 

A-BAN-DON-EE',  n.  (Law.)  One  to  whom  some- 
thing is  abandoned.  Price. 

A-BAN'DON-ER,  n.  One  who  abandons  or  for- 
sakes. 

A-BAN'DON-ING,  n.  Act  of  leaving  or  forsaking; 
desertion.  Bp.  Hall. 

A-BAN'DON-MENT,  n.  [Fr.  abandonnement.] 

1.  Act  of  abandoning ; dereliction ; relin- 

quishment; desertion.  “ A universal  abandon- 
ment of  all  posts.”  Burke. 

2.  (Law.)  The  act  of  relinquishing  to  insur- 

ers, in  case  of  partial  loss  by  perils  of  the  sea, 
all  that  may  be  saved,  with  a view  to  recover 
the  total  amount  insured.  Burrill. 

f A-BAN'DUM,  n.  (Law.)  Any  thing  sequestered 
or  confiscated.  Cowell. 

AB'A-NET,  or  AB'NIJT,  n.  [Heb.  D338,  a belt.] 

1.  A girdle  worn  by  Jewish  priests.  Crabb. 

2.  (Surg.)  A girdle-like  bandage.  Hooper. 

fAB-AN-NA'TION,  > n.  [Low 

AB-AN-Nr'TION  (ah-fm-nlsh'mi,  94),  ) L.  aban- 
natio  ; ab,  from,  and  annus,  a year.]  ( Old  Law.) 
A banishment  for  one  or  two  years  for  man- 
slaughter. Bailey. 

AB-AP-tIs'TA,  or  AB-A  P-  T/S ' TO.V,  n.  [Gr.  a 
priv.  and  Hunrl^oi,  to  dip  in  water.]  (Surg.) 
The  perforating  part  of  a trephine,  being  a saw 


with  a circular  edge,  made  of  a conical  shape, 
so  as  not  to  dip  into  the  brain.  Iioblyn. 

fA-BAllE',  v.  a.  [A.  S.  abarian,  to  make  bare.] 
To  make  bare,  uncover,  or  disclose.  Bailey. 

— See  Bare. 

AB-AR-tIc-U-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  abarticulatio  ; ab, 
from,  and  articulus,  a joint.]  (Anat.)  A spe- 
cies of  articulation  of  the  bones,  admitting  of  a 
manifest  motion  ; diarthrosis.  Dunglison. 

A-bAs',  n.  A weight  used  in  Persia  for  pearls, 
equal  to  grains.  Crabb. 

A-BASE',  a.  [Low  L.  abasso,  from  basis,  or  Gr. 
Boot;,  the  base  or  lower  part ; It.  abbassare  ; Sp. 
abaxar ; Fr.  abaisser.\  [i.  abased  ; pp.  abas- 
ing, ABASED.] 

1.  To  cast  down  ; to  depress  ; to  lower,  [r.] 

And  will  she  yet  cibase  her  eyes  on  me?  Shak. 

2.  To  bring  low;  to  humble;  to  degrade;  to 
disgrace ; to  debase. 

Whosoever  shall  exalt  himself  shall  be  abased.  Matt,  xxiii.  12. 

Syn.  — The  proud  should  be  abased,  the  lofty  hum- 
bled ; the  unworthy  become  degraded  ; the  vicious  dis- 
grace and  debase  themselves  by  their  follies  and  vices. 

A-BASED'  (a-bast'),  a.  1.  Lowered;  humbled; 
degraded. 

2.  (Her.)  Used  of  the  wings  of  eagles  when 
their  tops  or  angles  are  turned  downwards  to- 
wards the  point  of  the  shield ; or  when  the 
wings  are  shut.  The  pale  or  the  chevron  is 
abased  when  its  point  terminates  below  the 
centre  of  the  shield. 

A-BASE'MENT,  n.  Act  of  abasing,  or  bringing 
low ; depression  ; humiliation  ; degradation  ; 
debasement. 

Syn.  — Abasement  is  the  passage  downwards  ; base- 
ness tile  state  of  being  low.  An  act  of  humiliation  or 
self -abasement;  depression  of  spirits;  degradation  in 
rank  ; debasement  of  the  character,  or  of  coin. 

A-BASH',  v.  a.  [Fr . csbahir,  to  affrighten.  Bai- 
ley.— “Perhaps  from  abaisser,  Fr.”  Johnson. 

— Richardson  says,  “The  past  tense  and  past 
part,  of  abase  was  anciently  written  abaisit, 
abayschid ; whence  the  word  abash  appears  to 
be  formed.”  — Probably  from  Old  Fr.  esbahir. 
The  following  is  from  Cotgrave  : “ Esbahir,  to 
be  astonished,  esbahi,  abashed.”  Chaucer  has 
abaived  in  the  sense  of  abashed .]  [i.  abashed  ; 
pp.  abashing,  abashed.]  To  put  to  confu- 
sion ; to  make  ashamed ; to  confuse ; to  con- 
found. 

Nor  could  the  gods,  abashed , sustain  their  sovereign’s  look. 

Braden. 

Abashed  at  what  they  saw  and  heard.  Swift. 

Syn.  — Abash  expresses  more  than  confound,  and 
confound  more  than  confuse.  Shame  abashes  ; any  sud- 
den or  unaccountable  tiling  confounds  ; while  basliful- 
ness  and  a variety  of  emotions  may  tend  to  confuse. 
Let  the  haughty  be  abashed ; the  ignorant,  the  supersti- 
tious, and  the  wicked  are  often  confounded ; the  mod- 
est, the  diffident,  and  the  weak  are  frequently  confused. 

A-BAsh'MIJNT,  n.  State  of  being  abashed;  con- 
fusion. Ellis. 

A-BAS'ING,  n.  The  act  of  bringing  low.  Bacon. 

A-bAs'SI,  n.  A Persian  silver  coin,  equal  to  10 
pence,  or  20  cents.  Ency.  Met. 

A-BAt'A-BLE,  a.  (Law.)  That  may  be  abated; 
as,  “ An  abatable  nuisance,  or  writ.”  Dane. 

AB-A-TA-MEJT'TUM,  n.  [L.]  (Old  Law.)  An 
entry  by  interposition  of  a mediating  friend  or 
agent.  Tomlins. 

A-BATE',  v.  a.  [A.  S.  beatan,  to  beat ; It.  abba- 
tere ; Sp.  abatin',  Fr.  abattre,  to  beat  down.] 
[*.  ABATED  ; pp.  ABATING,  ABATED.] 

1.  To  beat  down ; to  cast  down ; to  lower. 

For  misery  doth  bravest  minds  abate.  Spenser. 

2.  To  diminish ; to  lessen  ; to  remit ; as, 
“ To  abate  a demand,  or  a tax  ” : — to  moderate  ; 
to  assuage  ; as,  “ To  abate  zeal,  or  pain.” 

The  innocence  of  the  intention  abates  nothing  of  the  mis- 
chief of  the  example.  B.  Ball. 

3.  (Latv.)  To  destroy ; to  remove;  as,  “To 
abate  a nuisance  ” : — to  defeat ; to  overthrow  ; 
to  put  an  end  to;  to  quash;  as,  “To  abate  a 
writ : ” — to  get  possession  of  a freehold  to  the 
prejudice  of  the  lawful  heir. 

BSP  Bate  is  another  form  of  the  same  word. 

Alxite  thy  speed  and  I will  bate  of  mine.  Dryden. 


A-BATE',  v.  n.  1.  To  grow  less  ; to  dimmish  ; to 
decrease  ; to  lessen  ; to  subside. 

When  winter’s  rage  abates.  Dryden. 

2.  (Law.)  To  be  defeated,  frustrated,  or  over- 
thrown ; as,  “ The  appeal  abateth  by  covin,”  i.  e. 
the  accusation  is  defeated  by  deceit;  or,  “The 
writ  abates,”  i.  e.  is  rendered  null. 

3.  (Man.)  To  leap  or  bound  with  regularity; 
— said  of  a horse,  in  performing  curvets,  when 
he  brings  down  or  abates  his  motions,  putting 
both  his  hind  legs  to  the  ground  at  once,  and  ob- 
serving the  same  exactness  successively.  Crabb. 

Syn.  — Abate  respects  the  vigor  of  action  ; the  storm 
abates-,  pain,  ardor,  anger, and  passion  abate:  a tiling 
grows  less,  diminishes,  or  decreases  in  size  or  quantity  ; 
numbers,  days,  or  stores  decrease  ; tumults  and  com- 
motions subside.  — See  Qualify. 

A-BAt'ELLE-MEJVT  (a-bit'el-ment),  n.  [Fr.]  A 
consular  edict  forbidding  those  merchants  to 
carry  on  any  trade,  who  disavow  their  bargains 
or  refuse  to  pay  their  debts. 

A-BATE'MENT,  n.  1.  Act  of  abating;  diminu- 
tion ; decrease.  Swift. 

2.  (Com.)  Discount  or  allowance  in  price  ; 
deduction  or  sum  withdrawn,  as  from  an  ac- 
count. 

3.  (Law.)  The  act  of  intruding  upon  a free- 
hold vacant  by  the  death  of  its  former  owner, 
and  not  yet  taken  up  by  the  lawful  heirs : — 
overthrow  or  defeat,  as  of  a writ : — removal  of 
a nuisance. 

Plea  of  abatement,  a plea  that  the  suit  of  the  plaintiff 
may  cease  for  the  time  being.  Burrill. 

4.  (Her.)  A mark  of  disgrace  annexed  to  a 

coat  of  arms  on  account  of  something  dishon- 
orable in  the  bearer.  Dr.  Spencer. 

Syn.  — See  Allowance. 

A-BAt'ER,  n.  1.  One  who  abates. 

2.  A thing  that  abates,  [r.] 

Abaters  of  acrimony  or  sharpness  are  expressed  oils  of  ripe 
vegetables,  ...  as  of  almonds,  &c.  Arbuthnot. 

AB'A-TIS  (ab'a-tis  07'  ab-?-te')  [ab'a-tis,  Ja.  K. 
Wb. ; a-bat-tf',  Sm.l,  n.  [Fr.,  from  abattre,  to 
beat  down,  to  fell.]  (Mil.)  An  intrenchment 
formed  by  trees  felled  and  laid  together  length- 
wise, with  the  branches  pointing  outwards,  to 
prevent  the  approach  of  an  enemy,  while  the 
trunks  serve  as  a breastwork  to  the  defendants. 

Ency.  Brit. 

A-BA'TIS,  n.  [Low  L.,  a,  from,  batus,  a measure  ; 
Heb.  D3-]  (Ant.)  An  officer  of  the  stables, 

who  had  the  care  of  measuring  out  the  proven- 
der ; an  avenor.  Todd. 

AB'A-T!§ED  (ab'?-tlzd),  p.  a.  Provided  with  an 
abatis.  Qu.  Rev. 

AB-At-JOUR'  (ab-a-zhor'),  n.  [Fr.,  from  abattre, 
to  throw  down,  and  jour,  day,  or  light.]  (Arch.) 
A skylight,  or  any  sloping  aperture  for  the  ad- 
mission of  light  to  a room.  Britton. 

A-BA'TOR,  n.  (Law.)  One  who  abates  : — one 
who,  having  no  right  of  entry,  gets  possession 
of  a freehold  to  the  prejudice  of  the  lawful  heir 
or  devisee,  after  the  death  of  the  possessor,  and 
before  the  heir  or  devisee  enters.  Burrill. 

AB-AT-TOIR'  (ab-a-twor'),  n.  [Fr.,  from  abattre, 
to  knock  down.]  A large  public  slaughter- 
house for  cattle.  P.  Cyc. 

f AB'A-TUDE,  n.  (Law.)  Any  thing  diminished. 

Bailey. 

+ AB'A-TURE,  n.  Spires  of  grass  trodden  down 
by  a stag  in  passing.  Bailey. 

+ A-bA  WED',  a.  Abashed.  — See  Abash.  Chaucer. 

ABB,  n.  [A.  S.  «£>.]  A term  used  by  clothiers  for 
the  yarn  of  a weaver’s  warp.  They  say  also  abb- 
wool  in  the  same  sense.  Ency.  Brit. 

Ab  'BA,  n.  [Heb.  2!*  ; Chaldee,  K2N-]  A Syriac 

word,  which  signifies  literally  father,  and  fig- 
uratively a superior.  Ayltffe. 

Yc  have  received  the  Spirit  of  adoption,  whereby  we  cry, 
Abba , Father.  Bom.  vm.  15. 

Writers  of  the  middle  ages  gave  the  name  of 
Abba  to  the  superior  of  a monastery,  usually  called 
Abbot. 

AB'BA-CY,  n.  [Low  L.  abbatia .]  The  office,  dig- 
nity, rights,  or  possessions  of  an  abbot. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  !,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  1,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure  ; FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


ABBATIAL 


ABECEDARIAN 


rt 

o 


AB-BA'TIAL  (ab-ba'shal),  a.  [Low  L.  abbatialis  ; 
Fr.  abbatial .]  Relating  to  an  abbey.  “ Abba- 
tial government.”  Sir  F.  Eden. 

AB-BAT'I-CAL,  a.  Relating  to  an  abbey,  [it.] 

AB' BlS  {French,  ab-ba';  Anglicized,  ab’be),  n.  [Fr.] 

1.  A French  term  for  the  superior  of  an  ab- 
bey ; an  abbot. 

2.  An  ecclesiastical  title  in  France  for  an  ec- 

clesiastic who  has  no  assigned  duty  ; an  unem- 
ployed secular  priest.  Hume. 

BSP  This  anomalous  class  of  persons  seems  to  have 
arisen  from  the  great  number  of  abbeys,  the  revenues 
of  which  were  allowed  to  be  bestowed  upon  laymen, 
upon  condition  of  their  taking  orders  within  a year  ; 
but  this  was  frequently  evaded.  The  abbes  occupied  a 
very  conspicuous  place  in  French  society,  and  dis- 
charged a variety  of  functions.  In  many  families  they 
had  charge  of  the  household.  Some  acted  as  private 
tutors.  Others  were  professors  in  the  university  ; and 
a great  many  employed  themselves  as  men  of  letters  ; 
in  which  capacity  their  labors  have  given  to  the  title 
of  abbe  an  honorable  celebrity.  Brande. 

Ab'BIJSS,  n.  [L.  abbatissa  ; It.  badessa  ; Sp.  aba- 
desa;  Fr.  abbesse.)  The  governess  or  supe- 
rior of  an  abbey  or  convent  of  nuns,  or  of  a 
nunnery ; possessing  generally  the  same  dig- 
nity and  authority  as  an  abbot,  except  that  she 

. cannot  exercise  the  spiritual  functions  apper- 
taining to  the  priesthood. 

The  abbess  shuts  the  gate  upon  us.  Shak. 

AB'BIJY  (ab'be),  n.  [Low  L.  abbatia ; It.  badia; 
Sp.  abadia  ; Fr.  abbaye.]  pi.  Xb'buys. 

1.  A religious  community,  or  monastery,  un- 
der the  superintendence  of  an  abbot  or  abbess ; 
— a priory  ; a monastery  ; a convent ; a cloister. 

2.  A house  adjoining  or  near  a monastery  or 

convent,  for  the  residence  of  the  abbot  or  supe- 
rior. Brande. 

3.  A church  attached  to  a convent.  Brande. 

4.  A name  applied  to  a duchy  or  earldom  in 
the  early  times  of  the  French  monarchy ; the 
dukes  and  counts  calling  themselves  abbots, 
though  in  all  respects  secular  persons,  in  con- 
sequence of  the  possessions  of  certain  abbeys 
having  been  conferred  upon  them  by  the  crown. 

Ency. 

Syn. Sbbey,  priory,  monastery,  cloister,  convent, 

friary,  and  nunnery  are  all  used  to  denote  religious 
houses,  common  in  Catholic  countries.  Abbey  has  been 
used  to  denote  a religious  house  of  the  highest  rank. 
Priories  were  formerly  regarded  as  subordinate  to  ab- 
beys ; but  latterly  there  is  generally  little  or  no  differ- 
ence, except  that  the  former  are  under  the  direction  of 
a prior,  and  the  latter  of  an  abbot.  The  proper  idea 
of  a cloister  is  seclusion,  and  it  may  include  devotees 
of  either  sex.  Monastery  denotes  solitude,  and  is  com- 
monly appropriated  to  monks.  A convent,  of  which 
the  leading  idea  is  community,  is  the  residence  of 
monks  or  nuns.  A friary  is  a house  for  friars,  and  a 
nunnery  for  nuns  or  female  devotees. 

Ab'BIJY— LAND,  n.  (Laic.)  An  estate  in  ancient 
tenure  annexed  to  an  abbey.  Blackstone. 

AB'BFIY— LUB'BER,  n.  A slothful  loiterer  in  a 
religious  house,  under  pretence  of  holy  retire- 
ment and  austerity. 

This  is  no  Father  Dominic,  no  huge,  over-grown  abbey- 
lubber.  Dryden. 

AB'BOT,  n.  [Syr.  abba,  a father.  — L.  abbas,  abba- 
tis  ; It.  abbate  ; Sp.  abad ; Fr.  abbe.) 

1.  The  chief  governor,  father,  or  superior  of 

an  abbey,  convent,  or  monastery  of  monks,  or 
male  persons  living  under  peculiar  religious 
vows.  Hook. 

2.  A title  of  bishops  whose  sees  were  for- 
merly abbeys ; and  also  of  French  dukes  and 
counts  upon  whom  the  possessions  of  abbeys 
had  been  conferred. 

3.  A title  borne  formerly  by  the  civil  author- 
ities in  some  places,  especially  among  the  Gen- 
oese, whose  chief  magistrate  used  to  be  called 
abbot  of  the  people. 

Ab'BOT-SHIP,  n.  The  state  or  office  of  an  abbot. 

ABBREUVOIR,  n.  [Fr.]  See  Abreuvoir. 

AB-BRE'VI-ATE  [ab-bre'vj-at,  W.J.  F.Ja.  K.  Sm. 
C. ; fib-bre'vyat,  S.  E. ; ab-brev'e-at,  P.],  V.  a. 
[L.  abbrevio,  abbreviatus  ; ab,  from,  and  brevis, 
short ; It.  abbreviare ; Sp.  abreviar.)  \i.  ab- 
breviated ; pp.  ABBREVIATING,  ABBREVI- 
atedJ 

1.  To  shorten  by  contraction  of  parts ; to 
contract  words  or  sentences  in  writing,  print- 
ing, or  discourse. 


It  is  one  thing  to  abbreviate  by  contracting,  another  by  cut- 
ting off.  Bacon. 

The  only  invention  of  late  years,  which  hath  contributed 
towards  politeness  in  discourse,  is  that  of  abbreviating , or  re- 
ducing words  of  many  syllables  into  one.  Swift. 

2.  To  curtail ; to  cut  short ; to  abridge. 

The  length  of  their  days  before  the  flood,  which  were  abbre- 
viated after.  Browne. 

3.  (Math.)  To  reduce  fractions  to  the  lowest 

terms.  Brande. 

f AB-BRE'VI-ATE,  n.  An  abridgment ; an  epitome. 

This  true  abbreviate  of  all  his  works.  Brevint. 

AB-BRE'VI-ATE,  a.  (Bot.)  Having  one  part 
short  in  relation  to  another.  Loudon. 

AB-BRE-VI-A'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  abbreviating; 
contraction ; curtailment. 

This  book,  as  graver  authors  say,  was  called  Liber  Doinus 
Dei,  and,  by  abbreviation , Domesday  Book.  Sir  IVm.  Temple. 

2.  One  or  more  of  the  letters  of  a word, 
standing  for  the  whole  ; as,  N.  for  North,  Gen. 
for  General. 

3.  (Math.)  Reduction  of  fractions  to  the 

lowest  terms.  Brande. 

4.  (Mus.)  One  dash  or  more,  through  the 
stem  of  a minim  or  a crotchet,  or  under  a Q 
semibreve,  by  which  such  note  is  converted  1 
into  as  many  quavers,  semiquavers,  and 
demisemiquavers  as  it  is  equal  to  in  time, 

Moore. 

AB-BRE'VI-A-TOR  [jb-bre've-a-tor,  Ja.  K.  Sm. 
IKS.  ; ab-bre-ve-a'tpr,  IK.  J.  F.  ; ab-brev-ya'tor, 
S. ; jb-brev'e-a-tor,  F.\,  n.  [Fr.  abbreviateur.] 

1.  One  who  abbreviates  or  abridges.  “ The 

abbreviators  of  Dio  Cassius.”  West. 

2.  One  of  a college  of  seventy-two  persons 
in  the  chancery  of  Rome,  whose  business  it  is 
to  draw  up  the  pope’s  briefs,  and  to  reduce  pe- 
titions, when  granted  by  him,  into  proper  form 
for  being  converted  into  bulls. 

AB-BRE'VI-A-TO-RV,  a.  That  abbreviates  or 
shortens.  Todd. 

AB-BRE' VI-A-TURE,  n.  1.  A mark  used  for 
shortening ; an  abbreviation. 

The  band  of  Providence  writes  often  by  abbreviatures,  hi- 
eroglyphics, or  short  characters.  Browne. 

2.  A compendium  or  abridgment. 

This  is  an  excellent  abbreviature  of  the  whole  dutv  of  a 
Christian.  Bp.  Taylor. 

ABB— WOOL  (-wul),  n.  (Among  clothiers.)  Warp. 

A,  B,  C (a-be-se),  n.  The  first  three  letters  of 
the  alphabet,  as  designating  the  whole ; the  al- 
phabet. 

ABC  book,  a little  elementary  book  by  which  read- 
ing is  taught. 

Then  comes  answer 

Like  an  A B C book.  Sheik. 

AB'DAL§,  n.  pi.  [Perhaps  from  Ar.  abdallah, 
servant  of  God.  Ency.  Brit.)  A class  of  re- 
ligious fanatics  or  monks  among  the  Persians, 
corresponding  to  dervises  among  the  Turks. 

AB- OF.- LA’  PI,  n.  (Bot.)  An  Egyptian  plant  like 
a melon.  Crabb. 

AB'DiJ-RITE,  n.  An  inhabitant  of  Abdera,  a 
maritime  town  of  Thrace  ; — applied  especially 
to  Democritus,  the  philosopher. 

AB'D^ST,  n.  Mahometan  rite  of  ablution  before 
prayer.  Pitt. 

Ab'DI-cANT,  n.  One  who  abdicates.  Smart. 

Ab'DI-cAnT,  a.  Abdicating;  renouncing;  — 
used  with  of.  “Monks  abclicant  of  their  or- 
ders.” Whitlock. 

AB'DI-cATE,  v.  a.  [L.  abdico,  abdicatus,  to  re- 
nounce ; Sp.  abdicar;  Fr.  abdiquer.)  [i.  ab- 
dicated ; pp.  abdicating,  abdicated.] 

1.  To  renounce,  relinquish,  or  abandon,  as 
an  office,  station,  or  dignity,-  so  as  to  forfeit  all 
right  to  it ; as,  “ To  abdicate  a throne.” 

2.  To  resign ; to  give  up ; to  surrender. 

He  ought  to  lay  down  his  commission,  and  to  abdicate  that 
power  he  hath,  rather  than  to  suffer  it  forced  to  a willing  in- 
justice. Bp.  Hall. 

3.  To  deprive  of  right,  as  when  a father  dis- 
cards or  disclaims  a son.  Ency.  Brit. 

Scaliger  would  needs  turn  down  Homer,  and  abdicate  him, 
after  the  possession  of  three  thousand  years.  Dn/den. 

Syn.  — At  the  English  revolution  of  1688,  the  Par- 
liament declared  that  King  Janies  had  abdicated  the 
throne,  rather  than  deserted  it,  because  the  latter  might 
imply  that  lie  had  not  forfeited  his  right  to  return. 


See  Lord  Somers’s  speech  on  that  occasion.  — See 
Abandon. 

AB'DI-CATE,  v.  n.  To  relinquish  or  abandon  an 
office,  station,  or  dignity  ; to  resign  ; to  give  up 
a right. 

lie  cannot  abdicate  for  his  children,  otherwise  than  by  his 
own  consent  in  form  to  a bill  from  the  two  houses.  Su'i/'t. 

AB-DI-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  abdication]  Act  of  abdi- 
cating ; renunciation  of  an  office  or  dignity  by 
its  holder ; the  voluntary  renunciation  of  su- 
preme power ; — resignation. 

The  consequences  drawn  from  these  facts  (namelv,  that  they 
amounted  to  an  abdication  of  the  government ; which  indica- 
tion did  not  affect  only  the  person  of  the  king  himself,  but  also 
of  all  his  heirs,  and  rendered  the  throne  absolutely  and  com- 
pletely vacant)  it  belonged  to  our  ancestors  to  determine. 

lilac/,  stone. 

AB'DI-CA-TIVE  [ab'de-ka-tjv,  IK.  J.  F.  Ja.  Sm.; 
sib-dlk'si-tlv,  S.  E.  P.],  a.  Causing  or  implying 
an  abdication,  [r.]  Bailey. 

+ AB'DI-TlVE,  a.  [L.  abdo,  abditus,  to  hide.] 
That  has  the  power  of  hiding.  Bailey. 

AB'DJ-TO-RY,  n.  [L.  abditorium.)  (Laic.)  A 
place  to  hide  goods  in.  Cowell. 

AB-DO'M^N  (108)  [fib-do'nien,  S.  W.  J.  E.  F.  J(i. 
K.  Sm. ; ab-do'nien  or  ab'do-men,  P. ; ab'do-men 
or  ab-do'nien,  IK6.],  n.  [L.,  from  abdo,  to  hide, 
to  conceal.]  pi.  L.  ab-dQm’ i-na  ; Eng.  ab- 
do'men?. 

1.  (Anat.)  The  lower  venter  or  belly,  being 

below  the  diaphragm  and  above  the  pelvis,  and 
containing  the  stomach,  intestines,  liver,  spleen, 
pancreas,  kidneys,  &e.  Dunghson. 

2.  (Ent.)  In  insects  it  forms  the  third,  in 

arachnidans  the  second,  in  both  cases  the  hind- 
ermost  of  the  sections  into  which  the  body  is 
externally  divided.  Brande. 

AB-DOM'I-NAL,  a.  Relating  to  the  abdomen. 

Abdominal  or  inguinal  ring,  ( Ann! .)  a tendinous  ring 
in  the  groin,  being  the  aperture  of  the  inguinal  canal. 

Dunglison. 

AB-DOM'I-NAL,  n.  ; pi.  ab  d6m'i-nal§.  (Ich.) 
One  of  an  order  of 
fishes  which  have  the 
ventral  fins  under  the 
abdomen,  behind  the 
pectorals.  Brande. 

AB-DOM-IN-OS'CO-PY,  n.  [L.  abdomen,  and  Gr. 
nKoniw,  to  see,  to  examine.]  (Med.)  An  exam- 
ination of  the  abdomen  with  a view  to  detect 
disease ; gastroscopy.  Scudamore. 

AB-D<JM'IN-OUS,  a.  Large-bellied;  pot-bellied. 
Gorgonius  sits  abdominous  and  wan, 

Like  u fat  squab  upon  a Chinese  fan.  Cowper. 

AB-DLCE',  v.  a.  [L.  abduco,  to  lead  from  ; ab, 
from,  and  duco,  to  lead.]  \i.  abduced  ; pp. 
abducing,  abduced.]  To  draw  to  a different 
part ; to  draw  away  ; to  withdraw  ; to  separate  ; 
— used  chiefly  in  anatomy. 

If  we  abduce  the  eye  unto  either  corner.  Bromic. 

AB-DU'Cf.NT,  a.  (Anat.)  Drawing  away;  pull- 

‘ ing  away. 

AB-DUCT',  v.  a.  [L.  abduco,  abductus.)  To  carry 
away  a person  by  force  or  fraud ; to  kidnap. 

Roget. 

AB-DUCTION,  n.  [L.  abductio.) 

1.  Act  of  abducing  or  drawing  away. 

2.  (Anat.)  The  movement  which  separates  a 
limb  or  other  part  from  the  axis  of  the  body. 

3.  (Logic.)  A syllogism  of  which  the  minor 
is  not  sufficiently  clear  to  dispense  with  further 
proof. 

4.  (Law.)  Act  of  taking  away  a woman  or 

any  person  by  force  or  fraud.  Blackstone. 

AB-DOCT’ OR,  n.  [L.]  (Anat.)  A muscle  that 
moves  certain  parts  by  separating  them  from 
the  axis  of  the  body  ; — opposed  to  adductor. 

Dunglison. 

f A-BeAr'  (?-bir'),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  aberan,  to  bear.] 
To  bear;  to  behave. 

Thus  did  the  gentle  knight  himself  abear.  Spenser. 

A-BeAr' ANCE,  n.  (Law.)  Behavior.  ' 

The  other  species  of  recognizance  with  sureties  is  for  the 
good  abearance,  or  good  behavior.  Blackstone. 

A-B^-CJg-DA’RI-AN,  n.  A teacher  or  a learner  of 
the  alphabet.  Cockeram. 

A-BE-C^-dA'RI-AN,  a.  [LowL.  abecedarius,  from 


MiEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SSN  ; BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  <?,  q,  g,  soft;  E,  G,  £,  g,  hard ; § as  z ; If  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


ABECEDARY 


4 


ABJECT 


the  names  of  the  first  three  letters  of  the  alpha- 
bet, a,  b,  c.]  Relating  to,  or  containing,  the  al- 
phabet. 

Abecedarian  hymns , hymns  in  which  the  several 
verses  be"in  with  the  letters  of  the  alphabet  in  regular 
order,  like  the  acrostic  poetry  of  the  Hebrews.  Hook. 

A-Bp-CE'DA-RY  [a-be-se'd?-re,  K.  C.  Wb.  Ash ; 
a’be-se-dfi-re,  Johnson,  Richardson],  a.  [a,  b, 
c.]  Belonging  to,  or  containing,  the  alphabet; 
abecedarian.  Browne. 


f A-BE'C’HpD,  a.  [Old  Fr.  abcchcr  ; Fr.  abeouer, 
to  feed  with  the  beak.]  Satisfied  with  food. 

Gower. 

A-BED',  ad.  [A.  S.  on,  in,  and  herd,  bed.]  In 
bed  ; on  the  bed.  “ Lying  abed."  Sidney. 


A-BELE',  n.  ( Bot .)  The  white  poplar  ; Populus 

Loudon. 


alba. 

A-BEL'IAN, 
A'bel-ite, 
a-bel-6'ni-an, 


n.  (Ecc.  Hist.')  One  of  an 
ancient  sect  of  Christians, 
mentioned  by  St.  Augustine, 
which  arose  in  Africa  near 
the  beginning  of  the  third  century.  They  pre- 
tended to  follow  the  example  of  Abel,  who,  they 
said,  was  married,  but  lived  in  continence.  Buck. 


A'BEL-.MOSK,  n.  [Ar.  h abb  elmisk,  musk  seed.] 
(Rot.)  Musk  mallow,  producing  the  amber  seed 
or  musk  seed,  which  is  often  substituted  in  per- 
fumery for  animal  musk,  and  is  used  in  the  East 
for  flavoring  colfee  ; Abcbnoschus  moschatus  ; — 
written  also  abelmusk.  Loudon. 


A'BER— , n.  [Celt.]  The  mouth  of  a river,  or 
the  confluence  of  one  river  with  another;  — 
used  as  a prefix  to  the  names  of  several  small 
towns  situated  at  such  confluences  ; as,  Aber- 
deen. Crabb. 


A-BER'DE-VL\E,  n.  ( Ornith .)  The  European 
siskin,  a small  green  and  yellow  finch,  belong- 
ing to  the  same  sub-genus  as  the  goldfinch  of 
England ; Carduelis  spinus.  Brande. 

+ AB-ERR',  v.  n.  [L .aberro;  ab,  from,  and  erro, 
to  wander.]  To  wander  ; to  err.  Robinson. 

AB-ER'RANCE,  n.  Deviation  from  right;  error. 

Glanville. 


AB-ER'RAN-CY,  )(.  Same  as  ABERRANCE,  [r.] 

Broivne. 


AB-ER'RANT,  a.  [L.  aberro,  aberrans,  to  wander 
from.] 

1.  Deviating  from  the  right  way.  Bailey. 

2.  (Bot.)  Deviating  from  the  common  struc- 
ture. Loudon. 


AB-ER-RA'TION,  n.  [L.  aber ratio.] 

1.  Deviation  from  the  right  way,  or  from  the 
natural  state  ; — applied  to  the  mind. 

So  then  we  draw  near  to  God,  when,  repenting  us  of  our 
former  aberrations  from  him,  we  renew  our  covenants  with 
him.  Bp.  Hail. 

2.  ( Astron .)  The  change  of  the  apparent  po- 

sitions of  the  heavenly  bodies,  arising  from  the 
combined  effects  of  the  motion  of  light  and  the 
motion  of  the  earth  in  its  orbit.  Airy. 

3.  (Opt.)  The  deviation  of  the  rays  of  light 

from  the  principal  focus  of  a curved  lens  or 
speculum.  Lloyd. 

t AB-ERR' ING,  p.  a.  Going  astray.  Browne. 

f AB-p-RUN'CATE,  v.  a.  [L.  ab,  from,  and  erun- 
co,  eruncatus,  to  weed  out  with  a grubbing-hoe.] 
To  pull  up  by  the  roots.  Bailey. 


t A-BET'MIJNT,  n.  The  act  of  abetting.  Wotton. 

A-BET'T^R,  n.  One  who  abets;  an  abettor. 

A-BET'TOR,  n.  (Law.)  One  who  abets,  or  gives 
aid  or  encouragementTn  an  unlawful  or  crimi- 
nal act ; an  accessary  ; an  accomplice.  Cowell. 

Syn. abettors  propose,  set  on  foot,  encourage; 

accessaries  take  a subordinate  part,  assist,  aid,  help, 
further  ; accomplices  take  an  active  part. 

f Ab-E-vAc-U-A'TION,  n.  [L.  ab,  from,  and 
evacuo,  to  empty.]  (Med.)  A partial  evacua- 
tion. Crabb. 


A-BEY'ANCE  (a-ba'ans),  n.  [Fr.  abayer,  to  listen 
with  the  mouth  open,  to  gape  after,  to  long  for.] 
(Law.)  Expectation  or  contemplation  of  law. 

When  there  is  no  person  in  existence  in  whom  an  inherit- 
mice  can  vest,  it  is  said  to  be  in  abeyance,  that  is,  in  expecta- 
tion ; the  law  considering  it  as  always  potentially  existing,  and 
ready  to  vest  whenever  a proper  owner  appears.  Blackstone. 

A-BEY'ANT  (a-ba'jnt),  a.  (Law.)  Being  in  abey- 
ance. Qu.  Rev. 

f Ab'GRIJ-gAte,  v.  a.  [L.  abgrego .]  To  lead 
out  of  the  flock.  Bailey. 


f Ab-GRU-GA'TION,  n. 
flock. 


A separation  from  the 
Bailey. 


AB  HAL,  The  fruH  of  a species  of  Asiatic 
A B'H E L,  ) cypress  ; — used  in  medicine  as  an 
emmenagogue.  Dunglison. 


AB-HOR',  v.  a.  [L.  abhorreo,  to  shrink  back 
from ; ab,  from,  and  horreo,  to  shudder ; It.  ab- 
borrire;  Sp .aborrecer;  Fr.  abhorrer .]  [j.  ab- 

horred; pp.  ABHORRING,  ABHORRED.]  To 
hate  extremely,  or  with  contempt  or  acrimony  ; 
to  abominate  ; to  detest ; to  loathe  ; to  cherish 
a strong  dislike  to ; to  regard  with  horror. 

Thou  shalt  utterly  abhor  it,  for  it  is  a cursed  thing. 

Bent.  vii.  26. 

Syn.  — We  abhor  cruelty  and  inhumanity  ; hate 
pride  and  vice  of  all  sorts  ; hate  an  oppressor;  abomi- 
nate impiety,  profaneness,  and  indecency  ; detest  base- 
ness ; loathe  the  sight  of  offensive  objects,  and,  when 
sick,  food. 


AB-HORRED',  p.  a.  Hated  extremely ; detested. 

Thou  wast  a spirit  too  delicate 
To  act  her  earthy  and  alihorrcd  commands.  Shah. 


AB-HOR'R]£NCE,  n.  Act  of  abhorring;  detesta- 
tion ; great  hatred ; extreme  aversion ; utter 
dislike. 


It  draws  upon  him  the  hatred  and  abhorrence  of  all  men 
here,  and  subjects  him  to  the  wrath  of  God  hereafter.  South. 

AB-HOR'REN-CY,  n.  Same  as  Abhorrence  : — 
formerly  used  with  from. 

Iler  knowledge,  her  conjugal  virtues,  her  ahhorrency  from 
the  vanities  of  her  sex,  are  likewise  celebrated  by  our  author. 

Dry  den. 

AB-HOR'RIjlNT,  a.  1.  Struck  with  abhorrence; 
hating ; detesting. 

The  arts  of  pleasure  in  despotic  courts 
I spurn  atjhorrent.  Glover. 

2,  Contrary  to;  foreign  from;  inconsistent 
with; — used  with  to  or  from,  but  more  com- 
monly and  more  properly  with  to. 

This  legal,  and,  as  it  should  seem,  injudicious  profanation, 
so  abhorrent  to  our  stricter  principles,  was  received  with  a very 
faint  murmur  by  the  easy  nature  of  polytheism.  Gibbon. 

An  hypothesis  abhorrent  from  the  vulgar.  Glanville. 

A B-HOR'R  ENT-LY,  ad.  In  an  abhorrent  manner. 

AB-IIOR'RER,  n.  One  who  abhors.  Bonne. 

AB-HOR'RT-BLE,  a.  That  is  to  be  abhorred.  Bush. 

AB-HOR'RING,  n.  Object  or  feeling  of  abhor- 
rence ; abhorrence.  Donne. 


AB-E-ROiV'CA-TOR,  n.  A machine  for  weeding  ; 
a weeder.  Farm.  Diet. 

A-BET',  v.  a.  [A.  S.  abet,  better,  or  betan,  to 
make  better,  and,  applied  to  fire,  to  kindle.  — 
Old  Fr.  abetter,  to  incite,  to  animate.]  [i.  abet- 
ted ; pp.  ABETTING,  ABETTED.] 

1.  To  support,  aid,  help,  assist,  or  encour- 
age ; — used  chiefly  in  a bad  sense. 

And  you  that  do  a)jet  him  in  this  kind 

Cherish  rebellion,  and  are  rebels  all.  Shah. 

2.  (Law.)  To  encourage,  set  on,  instigate  to 

commit  a crime,  or  to  assist  in  some  criminal 
act.  Cowell. 

Syn.  — We  abet  a quarrel ; encourage  pretensions  ; 
support  an  interest ; maintain  a cause. 

t A-BET',  n.  The  act  of  abetting.  Chaucer. 

A-BET'TAL,  n.  Act  of  abetting;  aid.  West.  Rev. 


A' BIB,  n.  [Heb.  a ripe  ear  of  corn.]  The 

first  month  of  the  Hebrew  year,  more  generally 
known  by  the  Chaldean  name  of  Nisan  (blos- 
som) ; answering  to  part  of  March  and  April, 
and  so  called  because,  in  Palestine,  barley  was 
in  ear  at  that  time.  Crabb. 

A-BID'ANCE,  n.  Act  of  abiding;  abode,  [r.] 

Month.  Rev. 

A-BIDE',  v.  n.  [Goth,  beidan ; A.  S.  abidan,  or 
bidan,  to  abide,  to  bide.]  \i.  abode  ; pp.  abid- 
ing, ABODE.] 

1.  To  stay  in  a place  temporarily;  to  sojourn. 

Let  the  damsel  abide  with  us  a few  days.  Gen.  xxiv.  55. 

2.  To  dwell ; to  reside. 

The  Marquis  Dorset,  as  I hear,  is  fled 

To  Richmond,  in  the  parts  where  he  abides.  Shah. 

3.  To  remain;  to  continue. 


Let  every  man  abide  in  the  same  calling.  1 Cor.  vii.  20. 

4.  To  endure  without  offence ; to  bear. 

But  thy  vile  race, 

Though  thou  didst  learn,  had  that  in’t  which  good  natures 

Could  not  ubide  to  be  with.  Shak. 

Abide  with  a friend,  by  a promise,  in  or  at  a place. 

Syn.  — ybide  for  a night ; stay  a while  ; sojourn  for 
a week  or  month  ; dwell  in  a house  with  continuance ; 
reside  in  a street  or  a house  for  a season  ; remain  or 
continue  in  a situation  ; endure  or  bear  patiently.  — See 
Continue. 

A-BIDE',  v.  a.  1.  To  wait  for;  to  await;  to  at- 
tend. 

Bonds  and  afflictions  abide  me.  Acts  xx.  23. 

2.  To  bear  ; to  support. 

The  day  is  terrible  ; who  can  abide  it  ? Joel  ii.  11. 

3.  To  tolerate  ; to  bear  with. 

I cannot  abide  swaggerers.  Shak. 

4.  To  maintain  ; to  abide  by. 

Ah  me  ! they  little  know 

How  dearly  I abide  that  boast  so  vain.  Milton. 

A-BiD'ER,  n.  One  who  abides,  or  stays  by. 

They  were  the  masters  of  war  and  ornaments  of  peace, 
speedy  goers  and  strong  abiders.  Sidney. 

A-Bln'ING,  n.  Awaiting;  a continuance. 

The  patient  abidiny  of  the  righteous  shall  be  turned  to 
gladness.  Bible,  1532.  Prof.  x.  28. 

A-BID'ING,  p.  a.  Continuing;  constant;  as,  “An 
abiding  faith.” 

A-BlD'ING-LY,  ad.  Permanently.  Ogilvie. 

A ' BI-E§,  n.  [L.,fir.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  conifer- 
ous trees  abounding  in  resin,  including  the  fir 
and  the  spruce.  Brande. 

AB-I-ET'IC,  a.  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  extract- 
ed from  the  abies.  Hoblyn. 

A-BI'E-TINE,  n.  (Chem.)  A resinous  substance 
obtained  from  the  Strasburg  turpentine. 

Caillot. 

AB'J-GAILj  n.  A lady’s  waiting  maid;  a nick- 
name given  to  a female  servant.  Prior. 

f A-BIL'J-MENT,  n.  Ability.  — See  Habili- 
ment. Ford. 

A-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [L.  habilitas ; habeo,  to  hold, 
whence  "kahilis,  expert ; Fr.  habilite.  In  old 
writers,  liable  and  liability  frequently  occur.] 
pi.  a-bIl'i-tiej.  The  state  of  being  able  ; power 
to  do  any  thing,  whether  depending  on  out- 
ward condition  or  personal  qualities ; active 
power,  bodily  or  mental;  ingenuity;  capacity; 
talent ; faculty  ; dexterity  ; skill ; address ; — 
frequently  used  in  the  plural  for  the  faculties 
of  the  mind  or  parts. 

Ability  for  doing  that  which  we  apprehend  we  can  do. 

Hak  e will. 

They  gave  after  their  ability  unto  the  treasure.  Ezra  ii.  69. 

Natural  abilities  are  like  natural  plants,  that  need  pruning 
by  study.  Bacon. 

Syn. — Ability,  in  the  possession  of  wealth,  to  con- 
tribute to  charitable  objects  ; ability  to  discern,  act,  ex- 
ecute, mentally  or  corporeally  ; ingenuity  of  invention  ; 
capacity  to  understand,  comprehend,  retain  ; talent  for 
some  particular  art,  office,  or  profession  ; faculty  of 
seeing,  hearing,  understanding,  explaining;  power  of 
thinking,  acting,  &c. ; dexterity  to  elude  a blow,  to 
handle  an  instrument;  skill  in  executing;  address  to 
conduct  a negotiation.  He  had  great  abilities , parts 
to  discern,  and  cleverness  to  perforin. — See  Capa- 
city. 

Ab  rn-J"TI-0  (Sb  jn-ish'e-5).  [L.]  From  the 
beginning.  Blackstone . 

AB-IN-TES'TATE,  a.  [L.  ab,  from,  and  mtesta- 
tus , that  has  made  no  will.]  (Law.)  Inheriting 
from  one  who  died  without  making  a will. 

Johnson. 

AB-IR-RI-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  ab,  privative,  and  ir- 
ritatio,  irritation.]  (Med.)  Absence  of  irrita- 
tion : — debility  ; asthenia.  Dunr/lison. 

AB'JECT,  a.  [L.  abjicio,  ahjcctus,  to  cast  or 
throw  down  or  away  ; It.  abbietto ; Sp.  abyecto  ; 
Fr.  abject.]  Mean  ; low  ; beggarly  ; base  ; des- 
picable; vile. 

I was  at  first,  as  other  beasts  that  graze 

The  trodden  herb,  of  abject  thoughts  and  low.  Milton. 

To  what  base  ends,  and  bv  what  abject  ways, 

Are  mortals  urged  through  sacred  lust  of  praise!  Pope. 

Syn.  — Abject  in  spirit;  mean  in  nature;  a mean 
action  ; low  in  birth,  education,  habits,  and  sphere  of 
life  ; beggarly  in  turn  of  mind  or  in  appearance  ; a base 
or  despicable  traitor  ; a vile  malefactor. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short ; A,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure  ; 


FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


ABJECT 


5 ABOLITIONISM 


t AB'JECT,  n.  One  in  a miserable,  low,  or  des- 
picable condition. 

The  objects  gathered  together  against  me.  Psalm  xxxv.  15. 

Wc  are  the  queen’s  objects,  and  must  obey.  Shak. 

f AB-JECT',  v.  a.  [L.  abjicio,  abjeeius .]  To 
throw  or  cast  away  ; to  cast  down.  Spenser. 

AB-JECT'ED-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  an  abject. 
“ Sunk  to  the  bottom  of  abject edness.”  Boyle. 

AB-JEC'TION,  «.  1.  Act  of  humbling.  “An  ab- 
jection of  ourselves  before  God.”  Mede. 

2.  State  of  being  cast  away. 

Not  only  intercision  for  a time,  but  abjection  for  ever.  Bale. 

3.  Want  of  spirit.  “Betwixt  pride  and  ab- 
jection, the  two  extremes.”  L’ Estrange. 

Ab'JECT-LY,  ad.  In  an  abject  manner  ; basely. 

They  formerly  fawned  abjectly  upon  them.  Burnet. 

Ab'JECT-NESS,  n.  Abjection;  meanness;  ser- 
vility. Grew. 

+ AB-JU'DI-CATE,  v.  a.  [L.  abjudico.]  To  give 
away  by  judgment.  Ash. 

AB-JU-IM-CA'TION,  n.  Rejection.  C.  J.  Fox. 

+ Ab'JU-GATE,  v.  a.  [L.  abjugo.)  To  unyoke. 

Bailey. 

Ab-JI-R  A'TION,  n.  [L.  abjuratio .] 

1.  The  act  of  abjuring;  renunciation  upon 
oath,  as  of  a country  or  government. 

lie  gave  Iris  oath  to  forsake  the  realm  for  ever,  which  was 
called  (Ojuyntion.  Ayliffic. 

2.  A solemn  rejection  or  recantation,  as  of  a 
doctrine,  opinion,  or  heresy. 

The  oath  of  abjuration  in  England  is  an  oath  asserting  the 
title  of  the  present  royal  family  to  the  throne  of  England,  and 
expressly  disclaims  any  right  to  the  crown  of  England  in  the 
descendants  of  the  Pretender.  Bromic. 

AB-JURE',  v.  a.  [L.  abjuro,  to  deny  or  renounce 
upon  oath ; ab,  from,  and  juro,  to  swear ; It. 
abbiurare;  Sp.  abjurar ; Fr.  abjurer. \ [i.  ab- 

jured ; pp.  ABJURING,  ABJURED.] 

1.  To  cast  off  or  renounce  upon  oath ; as,  “ To 
abjure  allegiance  to  a government  or  a sover- 
eign.” 

And  thereupon  he  took  the  oath  in  that  case  provided,  viz. 
that  he  abjured  the  realm,  and  would  depart  from  thence  forth- 
with. Black-stone. 

2.  To  renounce,  recant,  or  retract  solemnly  ; 
as,  “ To  abjure  an  error.” 

Rough  magic  I here  abjure.  Sited:. 

3.  To  give  up;  to  reject; — as  if  by  a final 
resolution. 

No,  rather  I objure  all  roofs,  and  choose 

To  wage  against  the  enmity  o’  the  air.  Shak. 

Syn.  — Men  abjure  a government,  a religion,  or 
faitlt ; renounce  a profession  ; recant  an  opinion,  prin- 
ciple, or  doctrine  ; retract  a promise ; revoke  a decree  ; 
recall  an  expression  or  words.  — See  Recall. 

f AB-JURE',  v.  n.  To  swear  to  forsake  the  coun- 
try. Burnet. 

f AB-JURE'MENT,  n.  Abjuration;  renunciation. 

J.  Hall. 

AB-JUR'pR,  n.  One  who  abjures  or  recants. 

f AB-LAc'TATE,  v.  a.  [L.  ablacto,  ablactatus,  to 
wean ; ab,  from,  and  lac,  milk.]  To  wean  from 
the  breast.  Bailey. 

Ab-LAC-TA'TION,  n.  1.  (Med.)  Act  of  weaning 
from  the  breast.  Hooper. 

2.  ( Hort .)  A method  of  ingrafting  by  ap- 
proach or  inarching,  by  which  the  scion  of  one 
tree  is  united  to  the  stock  of  another  without 
being  cut  before  it  is  firmly  attached,  and  as  it 
were  weaned  from  the  parent  tree.  Ency.  Brit. 

f AB-LA'QUE-ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  ablaqueo,  to  disen- 
tangle.] To  loosen  the  earth  round  the  roots 
of  a tree.  Maunder. 

AB-LA-aup-A'TION,  it.  The  act  of  opening  the 

ground  about  the  roots  of  trees.  Evelyn. 

AB-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  ablatio  ; ab,  from,  and  fero, 
latus,  to  bear,  to  carry.] 

1.  t Act  of  taking  away.  Bp.  Taylor. 

2.  (Med.)  Extirpation;  — evacuation. 

Hooper. 

Ab'LA-TIVE,  a.  [L.  ablativus.] 

1.  t That  takes  away.  Bp.  Hall. 

2.  (Grain.)  The  name  of  the  sixth  case  of 
Latin  nouns,  noting  the  relation  expressed  by 
from,  with,  in,  or  by. 

J1  bln  tire  absolute,  the  ablative  case  of  a noun  con- 
strued witli  a participle,  expressed  or  understood,  in- 
dependently of  the  rest  of  the  sentence. 


A-BLAZE',  ad.  [A.  S.  on,  in,  and  blase,  a blaze.] 
In  a blaze ; on  fire.  Milman. 

A'BLE  (a'bl),  a.  [L.  habilis ; It .abile;  Sp.  habil ; 
Fr.  habile  : — Goth,  habel,  strength.  — See  Abil- 
ity.] Having  ability ; possessed  of  strong'fac- 
ulties,  great  strength,  knowledge,  riches,  or 
other  powers  of  mind,  body,  or  fortune  ; strong ; 
powerful;  skilful;  sufficient;  competent;  ca- 
pable ; efficient. 

An  able  seaman  is  one  who  is  not  only  able  to  work,  but  who 
is  also  well  acquainted  with  his  duty  as  a seaman.  Burney. 

Syn.  — We  become  able  by  long  experience ; strong 
by  exercise  ; skilful  by  deep  study  ; learned  by  great 
reading  ; efficient  by  practice  ; are  able  from  natural 
and  acquired  powers  ; competent  and  capable  by  nature. 

eSpMlc  is  much  used  as  a suffix  to  English  verbs, 
to  form  a very  numerous  class  of  adjectives,  which 
have  been  called  potential  passive  adjectives  ; as,  allow , 
allowable,  that  may  be  allowed  ; move,  movable,  that 
may  be  moved  : and  in  some  cases,  it  is  also  affixed, 
in  like  manner,  to  nouns  ; as,  action , actionable  ; com- 
panion, companionable. 

f A'BLE  (a'bl),  v.  a.  To  enable  ; to  uphold;  to 
maintain.  “ I ’ll  able  ’em.”  Shak. 

A'BLE— BOD'IED  (a'bl-bod'jd),  a.  Strong  of  body  ; 
robust.  “ A dozen  able-bodied  men.”  Addison. 

j-  Ab'LE-gATE,  v.  a.  [L.  ablego,  ablegatus,  to 
send  away.]  To  send  abroad.  Bailey. 

f Ab-LIJ-gA'TION,  n.  Act  of  sending  abroad. 

Bailey. 

Ab'LEN,  or  Ab'LJET,  n.  A small  fresh-water  fish  ; 
the  bleak.  [Local.]  Ash. 

A'BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  able  ; abil- 
ity ; capability. 

That  nation  doth  excel  both  for  comeliness  and  ableness. 

Sidney. 

Ab'LEP-SY,  n.  [Gr.  a/ttetpia,  a priv.,  and  (ll.imo , 
to  see  ; L.  ablepsia .]  Want  of  sight ; blind- 
ness. [r.]  Bailey. 

j"  Ab'LI-GATE,  v.  a.  [L.  ab,  from,  and  ligo,  to 
bind.]  To  tie  up  from.  Bailey. 

f AB-LI-G A'TION,  n.  Act  of  tying  up  from. 

Smart. 

j-  AB-LlG-U-Rp'TION,  n.  [L . abliguritio.]  Prod- 
igal expense  on  meat  and  drink.  Bailey. 

t Ab'LO-CATE,  v.  a.  [L.  abloco,  ablocatus.]  To 
let  out  to  hire.  Bailey. 

f Ab-LO-cA'TION,  n.  A letting  out  to  hire. 

Bailey. 

fAB-LUDE',  v.  n.  [L.  abludo,  to  play  out  of 
tune.]  To  differ.  Bp.  Hall. 

Ab’LU-ENT,  a.  [L.  abluo,  abluens,  to  cleanse  by 
washing;  ab,  from,  and  luo  (Gr.  Ao dco),  to  wash.] 
That  washes  clean  ; cleansing,  [it.]  Bailey. 

Ab'LU-ENT,  n.  (Med.)  A cleansing  medicine. 

Crabb. 

AB-LU'TION  (24),  n.  [L.  ablutio.] 

1.  Act  of  washing  or  cleansing. 

2.  Act  of  washing  or  bathing  the  body,  or  some 
part  of  it,  — among  many  nations  a religious 
rite.  It  formed  a part  of  the  Mosaic  ceremo- 
nial, was  practised  among  the  Jews,  and  is  still 
rigorously  enforced  by  the  Mahometans. 

There  is  a natural  analogy  between  the  ablution  of  the 
body  and  the  purification  of  the  soul.  Bp.  Taylor. 

3.  The  water  used  in  washing. 

Washed  by  the  briny  wave,  the  pious  train 

Are  cleansed,  and  cast  the  ablutions  in  the  main.  Pope. 

4.  (Chem.  & Med.)  The  washing  by  which 
chemical  preparations  and  medicines  are  sepa- 
rated from  extraneous  matters.  Dunglison. 

5.  (Roman  Catholic  Church.)  The  water  in 

which  the  priest  who  consecrates  the  host  washes 
his  hands,  or  the  drop  of  wine  and  water  an- 
ciently swallowed  by  him  immediately  after  the 
consecration  of  the  holy  wafer.  P.  Cyc. 

AB-LU'TION-A-RY,  a.  Relating  to  ablution. 

AB-LU'VI-ON  (24),  n.  [L.  abluvium,  a flood.] 

1.  Act  of  washing  or  carrying  away  by  water  : 
— a flood. 

2.  That  which  is  washed  off.  [r.]  Dwight. 

A'BLY  (a'ble),  ad.  In  an  able  manner;  with 
ability. 

Ab'NJJ-gAte,  v.  a.  [L.  abnego,  abnegatus .]  To 
deny,  [r.]  Burke. 


They  have  abnegated  tile  idea  of  independent  rights  of  the 
people.  l)e  Lolme. 

AB-Np-G A'TION,  n.  Denial ; renunciation.  “The 
abnegation  or  renouncing  of  all  his  own  inter- 
ests.” [it.]  Hammond. 

AB'NJE-GA-TIVE,  a.  Denying;  negative. 

Month.  Rev. 

f AB'NE-GA-TORj  n.  One  who  denies.  Sandys. 

AB'NF.T,  ii.  [Iieb.  t33SfcL]  A Jewish  priest’s 
girdle ; an  abanet.  “ : " Hooper. 

fAB'NO-DATE,  v.  a.  [L.  abnodo .]  To  cut  off 
the  knots  of  trees.  Ash. 

f AB-NO-DA'TION,  n.  [L.  abnodatio.]  The  act 
of  cutting  oft’  the  knots  of  trees.  Bailey. 

AB-NOR'MAL,  a.  [L.  abnormis;  ab,  from,  and 
norma,  a square  or  rule.]  Not  according  to 
rule ; irregular.  Brande. 

AB-NOR'MI-TY,  n.  Quality  of  being  abnormal; 
irregularity  ; deformity.  Ec.  Rev. 

f AB-NOR'MOUS,  a.  Irregular;  abnormal.  Bailey. 

A-BOARD'  (a-bord'),  ad.  [<i,  for  on,  and  board, 
from  A.  S.  a,  on,  and  bord,  plank  or  board ; It. 
abordo  ; Fr.  abord .]  (Naut.)  In  a ship  ; within 
a ship  ; on  board. 

lie  loudly  called  to  such  as  were  aboard.  Spenser. 

To  fall  aboard  of,  to  strike  against  another  ship  : — 
to  go  aboard,  to  enter  a ship;  to  embark.  — Aboard 
main  tack,  an  order  to  draw  one  of  the  corners  of  the 
mainsail  down  to  the  chess-tree. 

A-BOARD',  prep.  On  board  of ; to;  into. 

Wc  left  this  place,  and  were  again  conveyed  aboard  our 
ship.  Fielding. 

f A-BOD'ANCE,  n.  An  omen;  a prognostication  ; 
a foreboding.  — See  Bode.  Jackson. 

A-BODE',  n.  [From  abide.) 

1.  Habitation;  dwelling;  place  of  residence; 
domicile. 

But  I know  thy  abode,  nnd  thy  going  out,  and  thy  coining 
in.  2 Kings  xix.  27. 

2.  Stay ; continuance  in  a place ; residence. 

Sweet  friends,  your  patience  for  my  long  abode  : 

Not  I,  but  iny  affairs,  have  made  you  wait.  Shak. 

A-BoDE',  i.  and/i.  from  abide.  — See  Abide. 

f A-BODE',  v.  a.  To  foreshow.  — See  Bode.  Shak. 

f A-BODE',  v.  n.  [A.  S.  bodian,  to  announce.] 
To  bode  ; to  forebode.  Shak. 

f A-BODE'MENT,  n.  Prognostication;  forebod- 
ing. 

Tush!  man,  abodements  must  not  now  affright  us.  Shak. 

f A-BOD'ING,  n.  A foreboding.  Bp.  Bull. 

f Ab-O-LETE',  a.  Out  of  use  ; obsolete.  Skelton. 

A-BOL'ISH,  v.  a.  [L . abolco  ; ab,  from,  and  oles- 
co,  to  grow ; i.  e.  to  check  the  growth  of,  to 
destroy;  It.  abbo  lire ; Sp.  and  Fr.  abolir .]  [i. 

ABOLISHED  ; pp.  ABOLISHING,  ABOLISHED.] 

1.  To  make  void;  to  annul;  to  abrogate;  to 
revoke ; to  repeal. 

For  us  to  abolish  what  lie  hath  established  were  presump- 
tion most  intolerable.  Hooker. 

2.  To  cancel;  to  obliterate;  to  efface;  to  put 
an  end  to ; to  destroy. 

Or  wilt  thou  thyself 

Abolish  thy  creation,  and  unmake 

For  him  what  for  thy  glory  thou  hast  made  ? Milton. 

Syn.  — We  abolish  a custom  or  institution;  annul 
or  disannul  a contract ; abrogate  a law  ; revoke  an 
edict;  repeal  a statute ; cancel  an  obligation  or  debt. 
We  efface,  in  order  to  mend  ; we  obliterate , to  forget ; 
we  abolish , to  destroy. 

A-BOL/ISIi-A-BLE,  a . That  may  be  abolished. 

Cotgrave. 

A-BOL'ISH-JSR,  n.  One  who  abolishes. 

A-BOL  ISH-MENT,  n.  Act  of  abolishing;  aboli- 
tion. 

He  should  think  the  abolishment  of  episcopacy  among  us 
would  prove  a mighty  scandal.  Swift. 

AB-0-LI"TI0N  (94),  n.  Act  of  abolishing;  de- 
struction ; annihilation  ; abrogation. 

From  the  total  abolition  of  the  popular  power,  may  be  dated 
the  ruin  of  Rome.  Grew. 

Wc  all  know  that  many  well-meaning  men  voted  against 
the  abolition  of  the  slave  trade  because  it  was  advocated  by 
some  partisans  of  the  French  revolution.  Dr.  C.  Taylor. 

Syn.  — Abolition  of  slavery  ; emancipation  of  slaves. 

AB-0-LI"TI0N-I§M  (ab-o-llsh'un-lzni),  n.  The 
principles  and  measures  of  the  abolitionists. 
[Modern.]  Wilberforce,  1808. 


MiEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE. — 9,  (j,  9,  g,  soft ; !C,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § os  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  tfiis. 


ABOLITIONIST 


6 


ABRIDGED 


AB-0-LI''TI0N-!sT,  n.  One  who  attempts  to 
abolish  something,  especially  slavery.  Ec.  Rev. 

A-BOL'LA , n.  [L.]  A coarse  woollen  cloak 
worn  by  Roman  soldiers,  and  afterwards  by  ci- 
vilians. FairhoM. 

A-BO'MA,  n.  ( ZoOl .)  A species  of  large  serpent 
of  South  America,  living  in  fens  ; a boa. 

P.  Cyc. 

Ab-O-MA' SUM,  n.  [L.  ab,  from,  and  omasum, 
paunch.]  ’ ( Anat .)  The  fourth  stomach  of  a ru- 
minating animal,  as  next  to  the  omasum,  or 
third  stomach.  Barrow. 

A-BOM'I-NA-BLE,  a.  [L.  abominabilis .]  That 
is  to  be  abominated ; detestable ; execrable  ; 
hateful ; odious. 

This  infernal  pit. 

Abominable,  accursed,  the  house  of  woe.  Milton. 

Syn.  — An  abominable  person  or  action  ; a detestable 
tyrant  or  action  (worse  than  abominable) ; an  execra- 
ble monster  or  villain  ; a hateful  vice ; an  odious  tax  or 
measure. 

A-BOM'I-NA-BLE-NESS,  n.  Hatefulness;  odious- 
ness. Bentley. 

A-BOM'I-NA-BLY,  ad.  In  an  abominable  or 
shameful  manner  ; most  hatefully  ; detestably. 

A- BOM 'I- NATE,  v.  a.  [L.  abominor,  to  turn  from 
as  a bad  omen  ; ab,  from,  and  omen,  an  omen  ; 
It . abbominare  ■,  Sp.  abominar ; Fr.  abominer.] 
\i.  ABOMINATED  ; pp.  ABOMINATING,  ABOMI- 
NATED.] To  hate  with  strong  aversion  or  dis- 
approbation ; to  detest  as  sinful ; to  abhor ; to 
loathe. 

He  professed  both  to  abominate  and  despise  all  mystery, 
refinement,  and  intrigue.  Swift. 

Syn.  — See  Abhor. 

A-B6M-I-NA'TI0N,  n.  I.  Act  of  abominating; 
hatred;  detestation;  abhorrence. 

Who  have  nothing  in  so  great  abomination  as  heretics. 

Swift. 

2.  The  object  of  detestation. 

Every  shepherd  is  an  abomination  to  the  Egyptians.  Gen. 

3.  Wickedness  ; hateful  or  shameful  vice. 

The  adulterous  Antony,  most  large 

In  his  abominatioyis , turns  you  ofL  S/tak. 

There  shall  in  no  wise  enter  into  it  any  thing  that  defileth, 
or  worketh  abomination , or  maketh  a lie.  Revelation  xxi.  27. 

4.  The  cause  of  pollution,  physical,  ritual, 
and  spiritual. 

Ashtoreth,  the  abomination  of  the  Zidonians. 

2 Kings  xxiii.  13. 

A-BOON',  prep.  Above.  [Yorkshire  and  North 
of  England.]  Brockett. 

f A-BORD' , n.  [Fr.]  Address;  manner  of  ac- 
costing; approach.  “ Your  abord  was  too  cold 
and  uniform.”  Chesterfield. 

t A-BORD',  v.  a.  To  approach ; to  come  to.  Digby. 

AB-O-rTR'I-NAL,  a.  [L.  ab,  from,  and  origo, 
originis,  origin.]  Relating-  to  the  origin,  or  to 
the  aborigines  ; from  the  first  origin  ; primitive  ; 
pristine.  “ The  aboriginal  Britons.”  Wart  on. 

Their  language  is  accounted  aboriginal.  Swinburne. 

Ab-0-RI<?'!-NAL,  n.  One  of  the  aborigines,  or 
first  inhabitants  of  a country.  J.  Rogers. 

AB-O-rJg' 1-MES  (ab-o-rlj'e-nez),  n.  pi.  [L.]  The 
earliest  or  primitive  inhabitants  of  a country, 
as  distinguished  from  settlers  or  colonists. 

f A-BORSE'M£NT,  n.  Abortion.  Bp.  Hall. 

f A-BORT',  v.  n.  [L.  aborior,'  abortus .]  To  bring 
forth  before  the  time  ; to  miscarry.  Ld.  Herbert. 

f A-BORT',  n.  An  abortion.  Burton. 

A-BOR'TION,  n.  [L.  abortio.\ 

1.  The  act  of  bringing  forth  what  is  yet  im- 
perfect ; premature  delivery  ; miscarriage. 

Sandys. 

2.  The  product  of  an  untimely  birth.  Rowe. 

3.  A failure  in  any  enterprise. 

4.  ( Bot .)  Imperfect  development  of  any  organ, 
so  that  it  does  not  perform  its  function.  Loudon. 

A-BOR'TIVE,  n.  1.  That  which  is  bom  before 
the  due  time  ; an  abortion.  Shah. 

2.  (Med.)  Something  supposed  to  produce 
abortion. 

A-BOR'TIVE,  a.  [L.  abortivus.] 

1.  Brought  forth  before  the  due  time ; imma- 
ture ; untimely ; failing.  Shah. 


2.  Pertaining  to  abortion.  “Abortive  rem- 
edies.” Palmer. 

3.  (Bot.)  Noting  flowers  in  which  both  sta- 
mens and  pistils  are  defective.  Loudon. 

A-BOR'TIVE-LY,  ad.  As  an  abortion ; imma- 
turely.  Young. 

A-BOR'TIVE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  abortion. 

f A-BORT'MJfNT,  n.  An  untimely  birth.  Bacon. 

A-BOUND',  v.  n.  [L.  abundo,  to  overflow ; ab, 
from,  and  unda,  a wave,  as  flowing  wave  after 
wave  ; It.  abbondare ; Sp.  abundar ; Fr.  aboncler. 
— See  Redound.]  [i.  abounded  ; pp.  abound- 
ing, ABOUNDED.] 

1.  To  have  in  great  plenty  ; — followed  by  in 
or  by  with.  “ To  abound  in  corn  ” ; “To  abound 
with  blessings.” 

2.  To  be  in  great  plenty. 

Blessings  abound  where’er  he  reigns.  Watts. 

A-BOUND'ING,  p.  a.  That  abounds  ; abundant. 

A-BOUND'ING,  n.  Increase  ; prevalence.  South. 

A-BOUT',  prep.  [A.  S.  abutan.) 

1.  Surrounding;  encircling;  around  ; round  ; 
as,  “ About  the  neck  ; about  the  body.” 

2.  Near  to;  not  far  from;  — with  reference 
to  place,  time,  or  quantity ; as,  “ About  the 
house  or  situation ; about  noon ; about  a ton.” 

3.  Relating  to  ; with  respect  to  ; concerning ; 
as,  “ About  the  matter  or  subject.” 

4.  Employed  upon,  or  engaged  in  ; as,  “About 
one’s  business.” 

5.  Through  or  over,  in  various  directions ; 
as,  “To  travel  about  the  country”;  “A  man 
about  town.” 

A-BOUT',  ad.  1.  Around;  here  and  there;  as, 
“ To  cast  or  look  about  ” ; “ To  wander  about.” 

2.  Nearly;  not  far  from;  as,  “ About  as  hot 
or  cold.” 

3.  In  a state  of  readiness;  as,  “ About  to 
go  ” ; “ About  to  begin.” 

4.  The  longest  way  ; around ; as,  “ He  went 
about,  not  across.” 

fH3r- About  is  used  with  verbs  to  modify  their  mean- 
ing; as,  to  briny  about,  to  accomplish,  to  bring  to  the 
state  desired  ; — to  come  about,  to  occur  in  the  natural 
course;  — to  go  about,  to  prepare  to  do  a thing,  and 
(ATuut.)  to  change  the  course  of  the  ship  by  tacking. 

A-BOVE'  (a-buv'),  prep.  [A.  S.  abv.fan,  or  bufian  ; 
be,  by,  and  ufan,  aloft ; Dut.  boven .] 

1.  To  or  in  a higher  place  ; higher  than  ; as, 
“ Above  the  ground,  the  water,  or  the  surface.” 

2.  More  than  ; greater  than  ; superior  to  ; as, 
“ Above  a thousand  ” ; “ Above  a mile.” 

3.  Not  in  the  power  or  reach  of ; beyond ; as, 
“ Above  reason  ” ; “ Above  his  reach,  strength, 
or  authority  ” ; “ Above  temptation.” 

4.  Too  proud  for;  too  high  for;  as,  “ Above 
his  business,  employment,  or  associates.” 

A-BOVE'  (a-huv'),  ad.  1.  Overhead;  in  a higher 
place;  aloft;  — opposed  to  below,  as,  “The 
clouds,  regions,  or  things  above.” 

2.  In  or  from  heaven  ; as,  “Things  above,  or 
from  above.” 

3.  Before  ; as,  “ Was  above  said,  or  observed.” 

4.  (Late.)  Upper;  as,  “The  court  above”-, 
i.  e.  a superior  court,  as  opposed  to  an  inferior 
court,  or  court  below. 

Above  is  sometimes  used  as  an  adjective  by  good 
writers,  with  an  ellipsis  of  mentioned,  cited , &cc. , in  the 
sense  of  preceding  ; as,  “ The  above  remarks.”  Camp- 
bell's Rhet.  “ The  above  articles.”  Swift. 

A-BOVE'— ALL  (si-buv'iU),  ad.  In  the  first  place ; 
chiefly. 

A-BOVE'— BOARD,  ad.  [ above  and  board,  i.  e. 
with  the  hands  above  the  table,  as  in  games  of 
cards,  so  that  there  may  be  no  concealment.] 
In  open  sight ; without  artifice. 

It  is  the  part  of  an  honest  man  to  deal  above-board . Swift. 

A-BOVE'-CIT-ED  (a-huv'slt-ed),  a.  Cited  before. 
“ The  authority  above-cited.”  Addison. 

A-BOVE'-DECK  (a-buv'dek),  a.  Upon  deck ; 
without  artifice.  Smart. 

A-BOVE'— GROUND,  a.  Alive;  not  in  the  ground 
or  the  grave.  Beau.  § FI. 

A-BOVE'— MEN-TIONED  (a-buv'men-shund),  a. 
Mentioned  before  ; above-cited.  Addison. 

A-BOVE'— SAID  (a-buv'sed),  a.  Mentioned  be- 
fore. H.  More. 


A'BRA,  n.  A Polish  silver  coin,  worth  about  a 
shilling  sterling.  Boag. 

Ab-RA-CA-DAB  ' RA,  n.  A cabalistic  word,  writ- 
ten triangularly,  by  successive  repetitions,  and 
with  the  omission  of  the  last  letter  each  time ; 
— formerly  worn  about  the  neck  as  a charm 
against  agues,  &c.  Thus  : — 

ABRACADABRA 
ABRACADABR 
ABRACADAB 
ABRACADA 
A B It  A C A D 
A B R A C A 
A B R A C 
A B R A 
A B It 
A B 
A 

A-BRADE',  v.  a.  [L.  abrado,  to  scrape,  shave  off, 
grate  ; ab,  from,  and  rado,  to  scrape.]  [i.  abrad- 
ed ; pp.  abrading,  abraded.]  To  wear  away 
from  other  parts;  to  rub  off;  to  waste  by  fric- 
tion. Hale. 

A-BRAD'ING,  n.  The  act  or  process  of  wearing 
away.  Brande. 

A-BRA-HAM'IC,  a.  Belonging  to  Abraham.  Ash. 

A-BRA-HA-MIT'I-CAL,  a.  Relating  to  Abraham; 
Abrahamic.  Qu.  Rev. 

A'BRA-HAM— MAN,  71.  An  impostor  who  asks 
alms  under  a pretence  of  lunacy.  Disraeli. 

To  sham  Abraham , to  pretend  sickness.  Grose. 

fA-BRAID',  v.  a.  [A.  S . abredian.']  To  rouse; 
to  awake.  Spenser. 

A-BRAj\r'CHI-A,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  a,  without,  and  Ppiiy- 
Xla,  gdls.]  (Zoul.)  An  order  of  animals  of  the 
class  Anellidce,  having  no  gills  or  branchiae,  as 
the  leech.  Brande. 

A-BRAN'jGHI-AN,  n.  (Zoul.)  An  animal  having 
no  gills  ; one  of  the  abranchia.  Brande. 

A-BRAN'GIII-ATE,  a.  Devoid  of  gills.  Owen. 

f AB-RA§E',  a.  Rubbed  smooth.  B.  Jonson. 

AB-RA'SION  (jb-ra'zlmn,  93),  71.  [L.  abrasio. ] 

1.  The  act  of  abrading  or  rubbing  off ; attri- 
tion ; friction. 

2.  That  which  is  rubbed  off.  Berkeley. 

3.  (Med.)  A superficial  excoriation  : — an  ul- 
ceration of  the  skin.  Dunglison. 

A-BRAUM',  71.  A kind  of  clay  used  for  staining 
new  mahogany  red.  Ogilvie. 

a-BRAx'AS,  n.  (Ent.)  A genus  of  lepidopterous 
insects ; the  gooseberry  span-worm.  Brande. 

f A-BRAY',  «.  w.  To  awake;  to  arouse.  Spenser. 

A-BREAST'  (a-brest'),  ad.  [A.  S.  on,  in,  and 
breost,  breast.] 

1.  Side  by  side,  with  breasts  equally  advanced. 

“The  riders  rode  abreast.”  Dryden. 

2.  (Naut.)  Up  with,  opposite  to,  off;  as,  “A 
ship  abreast  a head-land.” 

f AB-Rg-NOUNCE',  v.  a.  To  renounce.  Fox. 

f AB-Rg-NUN-CI-A'TION  (66),  71.  [L.  abretmn- 

tio. ] Act  of  renouncing.  Mede. 

f AB-REP'TION,  n.  [L.  ab7-ipio,  abreptus,  to 
snatch  away.]  A carrying  away.  Halliwell. 

AB-REU-VOIR'  (ab-ru-vwbr'),  71.  [Fr.] 

1.  A watering-place.  Boyer. 

2.  (Masonry.)  A joint  or  interstice  between 
stones,  to  be  filled  up  with  mortar.  Britton. 

A'BRI-COCK,  n.  See  Apricot.  Drayton. 

A-BRlD^E'  (?-brIj|),  v.  a.  [L.  abbrevio  ; Fr . abre- 
ger,  to  shorten.]  [i.  abridged  ; pp.  abridg- 
ing, ABRIDGED.] 

1.  To  make  shorter  in  words,  still  keeping 
the  substance  ; to  epitomize. 

That  immortal  work  of  Niebuhr  which  has  left  other  writers 
nothing  else  to  do  except  either  to  copy  or  to  abridge  it.  Arnold. 

2.  To  curtail ; to  reduce ; to  contract ; to  di- 
minish. 

Such  determination  abridges  not  that  power  wherein  liberty 
consists.  Locke. 

3.  To  deprive  of ; to  cut  off  from;  — followed 

by  of  or  by  from. 

That  man  should  thus  encroach  on  fellow-man, 
Abridge  him  of  his  just  and  native  rights, 

Moves  indignation.  Cowper. 

Nor  do  I now  make  moan  to  be  abridged 

F)'om  such  a noble  rate.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Deprive. 

A-BRID£ED'  (a-brijd'),  p.  a . Made  shorter;  re- 
duced in  quantity. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  l,  6,  (j,  V,  short ; A,  J£,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


ABRIDGER 


ABSOLVE 


A-BRM)£'ER,  n.  One  who  abridges  ; a shortener. 

A-BRlD(?'MJgNT,  n.  [Fr.  abridgement.] 

1.  Contraction  of  a larger  work  into  a smaller 
one  ; a compend ; a summary  ; an  abstract ; an 
epitome. 

An  abridgment  or  abstract  of  any  thing  is  the  whole  in  little. 

Locke. 

2.  Diminution  ; contraction  ; reduction. 

The  constant  desire  of  happiness,  and  the  constraint  it  puts 
upon  us,  nobodv,  I think,  accounts  an  abridgment  of  liberty. 

Locke. 

3.  Restraint  from  any  thing  pleasing. 

It  was  his  sin  and  folly  which  brought  him  under  that 
abridgment.  South. 

Syn.  — An  abridgment  is  tile  reduction  of  a literary 
work  to  a smaller  compass.  A compendium,  compend, 
epitome , abstract,  and  summary,  are  all  used  to  denote 
a concise  view  of  any  science,  and  are  often  used  as 
nearly  synonymous  with  abridgment ; but  an  abstract 
and  summary  are  very  concise  abridgments.  A synop- 
sis or  syllabus  is  such  an  abridgment  or  abstract  as 
brings  all  the  parts  of  a subject  under  one  view.  A 
digest  is  a methodical  arrangement  of  the  different 
parts  of  a subject  or  science.  An  abridgment  of  the 
History  of  England  ; a compendium  or  compend  of  a 
science;  an  epitome  or  summary  ol  history  ; an  abstract 
of  an  act  of  Congress ; a synopsis  of  astronomy  ; a 
digest  of  Hie  laws. 

+ A-BROACH',  v.  a.  [A.  S.  abrecan,  to  break.] 
To  tap  ; to  set  abroach.  Chaucer. 

A-BROAOfl'  (a-broch'),  ad.  1.  In  a condition  to 
let  the  contents  run  out ; — spoken  of  vessels 
holding  liquor. 

The  jars  of  generous  wine 
lie  set  abroach.  Drjjclcn. 

2.  In  a state  to  be  diffused,  or  communicated. 

Alack  ! what  mischiefs  might  be  set  abroach.  Shak. 

The  doctrine  of  a metempsychosis  the  Greek  writers  agree 
to  have  been  first  set  abroach  by  the  Egyptians.  Warburton. 

A-BROACH'MENT,  n.  (Law.)  The  act  of  fore- 
stalling the  market.  Cowell. 

fA-BROAD'  (a-brawd'),  v.  n.  [A.  S.  breedan,  to 
enlarge.]  To  extend  ; to  issue.  Leaver. 

A-BRoAd'  (a-brihvd'),  ad.  [A.  S.  on,  in,  and 
breed,  broad.] 

1.  Without  confinement ; widely ; at  large. 

“The  fox  roams  far  abroad.”  Prior. 

2.  Out  of  the  house;  as,  “To  walk  abroad.” 

Pope. 

3.  Before  the  public  ; as,  “ What  news 
abroad  ? ” 

4.  Without,  as  opposed  to  within  ; as,  “ In- 
fluences from  abroad.” 

5.  In  another  country.  “ What  learn  our 

youth  abroad  ? ” Dryden. 

+ AB’RO-GA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  abrogated. 

II.  More. 

AB  RO-GATE,  v.  a.  [L.  abroyo-,  ab,  from,  used 
negatively,  and  royo,  to  ask,  to  propose  a law.] 

[ i . ABROGATED  ', pp.  ABROGATING,  ARROGATED.] 

To  repeal ; to  annul ; to  abolish  entirely,  as 
distinguished  from  derogate  and  obrogate.  — 
See  Derogate  and  Obrogate. 

All  statutes  made  by  King  Edward  were  revoked,  abrogat- 
ed, and  made  frustrate.  Hall. 

Syn.  — See  Abolish. 

f AB'RO-GATE,  a.  Annulled;  abolished. 

K.  Ed.  VI.  Injunc. 

Ab-RO-GA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  abrogating ; are- 
peal.  Clarendon. 

A-BRO  'MA,  n.  [Gr.,  from  a,  priv.,  and  0pSpa,  food, 
not  fit  for  food.]  ( Bot .)  A genus  of  plants  of  the 
same  order  as  Theobroma,  or  the  chocolate-tree. 

f A-BROOD',  ad.  [A.  S.  brod,  a brood.]  In  the 
act  of  brooding.  Sancroft. 

f A-BROOD'ING, ».  Act  of  sitting  abrood.  Barret. 

f A-BROOK'  (tt-bruk'),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  brucan,  to 
bear.]  To  brook;  to  bear;  to  endure.  Shak. 

A-BROT'  O-MIJM,  or  A-BROT'A-JYUM,  n.  [L. ; 
from  Gr.  tipyoTovov,  from  a priv.  and  (Jparbf , mor- 
tal.] (Bot.)  The  plant  southernwood ; Arte- 
misia abrotanum.  Loudon. 

AB-KUPT',  a.  [L.  abrumpo,  abruptus,  to  break 
off.] 

1.  Broken  ; craggy ; rough ; rugged ; steep  ; 

precipitous.  “ Rocks  abrupt.”  Thomson. 

2.  Blunt ; unseasonable  ; hasty  ; sudden  ; 

without  the  customary  or  proper  preparatives. 
“ Abrupt  departure.”  Shak. 

ly u ■ Used  by  Milton  as  a noun  ; as,  “ Over  the  vast 
abrupt.'  * 


AB-RffPT',  v.  a.  1.  f To  disturb;  to  interrupt. 

Browne. 

2.  To  break  off.  [r.]  Conybeare. 

AB-RUP'TION,  n.  Act  of  breaking  off;  violent 
and  sudden  separation.  Shak. 

AB-RUPT'LY,  ad.  In  an  abrupt  manner;  hastily; 
without  due  forms  of  preparation. 

Abruptly  pinnate,  (Bot.)  pinnate  without  an  odd 
leaflet  at  tile  end.  Gray. 

AB-RUPT'NESS,  n.  1.  State  of  being  abrupt; 
steepness  ; craggedness.  11  oodward. 

2.  An  abrupt  manner ; suddenness  ; roughness. 
“ Abruptness  of  the  sentences.”  Warton. 

A'BRUS,  n.  [Gr.  aflpig,  delicate.]  (Rof.j  A West- 
Indian  tree  with  papilionaceous  flowers  ; wild 
liquorice.  Necklaces  and  rosaries  are  often 
formed  of  its  seeds.  Loudon. 

Ab'SCESS,  n.  ; pi.  Xb'scess-e^.  [L.  abscessus  ; 
Fr.  abces,  a departure,  a suppuration.]  (Med.) 
An  inflammatory  or  purulent  tumor  ; an  im- 
posthume,  gathering,  or  boil.  Dunglison. 

AB-SCiND'  (ab-slnd’),  V.  a.  [L.  abscindo,  to  cut 
off;  Gr.  cr^w,  1:0  rend  asunder.]  To  cut  off. 
“Two  syllables  abscinded.”  Johnson. 

AB'SClSS,  n.\  pi.  Ab'scTss-e?.  (Geom.)  Aline 
used  in  reference  to  a point,  being  a 
portion  of  a line,  given  in  position,  and  AS 
called  the  axis  of  abscisses,  which  is  / I \ 

cut  of!'  by  a line  or  a plane  passing  tf » : 9 

through  the  point  and  parallel  to  a | 
given  line  or  plane.  Peirce. 

The  abscisses  and  ordinates  of  the  several  points 
of  a curve  determine  its  nature.  In  the  figure,  C D is 
the  absciss,  and  B D the  ordinate,  of  tile  point  B. 

AB-SCIS'SA,  n. ; pi.  L.  ab-scIs' sas  ; Eng.  pi.  ab- 
scissas. [L.]  (Geom.)  Sameas  Absciss. Brande. 

AB-SCf!J'SlON  (ftb-slzh'un,  93)  [?l>-slzll'uii,  IF.,/. 
F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  C. ; jb-slsb'un,  S.  P.],  n.  [L.  ab- 
scissio .] 

1.  Act  of  cutting  off.  Wiseman. 

2.  State  of  being  cut  off.  Broicne. 

I have  differed  from  Mr.  Sheridan  in  marking 
ss  in  this  word,  and  1 think  witii  the  best  usage  on 
my  side.  Though  double  ss  is  almost  always  pro- 
nounced sharp  and  hissing,  yet  when  a sharp  s pre- 
cedes, it  seems  more  agreeable  to  the  ear  to  pronounce 
the  succeeding  s flat.  Thus,  though  the  termination 
ition  is  always  sharp,  yet  because  the  sin  transition 
is  necessarily  sharp,  the  t goes  into  the  flat  sound,  as 
if  written  transizhion,  which  see.”  tValkcr. 

These  remarks  relating  to  the  pronunciation  of 
double  ss  in  abscission  are  applicable  also  to  file  double 
s in  scission  and  rescission,  and  also  in  file  word  scis- 
sors. 

AB-SOOND',  v.  n.  [L ..abscondo,  to  hide  away.] 
fi.  ABSCONDED  ; pp.  ABSCONDING,  ABSCONDED.] 
To  absent  one’s  self  privately  ; to  withdraw  ; to 
secrete  one’s  self  ; to  hide  ; to  steal  away. 
“ The  marmot  absconds  all  winter.”  Ray. 

fAB-SCOND',  v.  a.  To  conceal.  “Nothing  is 
absconded  from  us.  Bentley. 

f AB-SCOND'JJNCE,  n.  Concealment.  Phillips. 

AB-SCOND'ER,  n.  One  who  absconds. 

AB’S^NCE,  n.  [L.  absentia  ; absum,  to  be  away  ; 
Fr.  absence .] 

1.  The  state  of  being  absent,  opposed  to  pres- 
ence ; as,  “ During  my  absence.” 

2.  Carelessness  ; inattention.  “ The  little 

absences  of  mankind.”  1 Addison. 

3.  Want ; as,  “ In  the  absence  of  proof.” 

4.  (Laic.)  Non-appearance.  Burrill. 

AB'SIJNT,  a.  [L.  absens  ; Fr.  absent.] 

1.  Not  present.  “Absent  from  her  sight.” 

Shak. 

2.  Careless ; inattentive  ; abstracted  in  mind. 

Addison. 

Syn.  — A mail  is  literally  absent  when  lie  is  not 
present ; lie  is  figuratively  absent,  inattentive  in  mind, 
or  abstracted,  when  his  mind  is  occupied  with  some 
subject  not  connected  with  the  company  present. 

A B-SENT',  v.  a.  [i.  absented;  pp.  absenting, 
absented.]  1.  To  withdraw;  to  forbear  to 
come  into  presence  ; “ If  any  member  absents 

himself.”  Addison. 

2.  To  make  absent,  [it.] 

Go  — for  thy  stay,  not  free,  absents  thee  more.  Milton. 

f AB’Sf,NT,n.  One  who  is  not  present.  Bp.  Morton. 

f AB-S$N-TA'N E-Ops,  a.  [Low  L.  absentaneus .] 
Habitually  absenting  one’s  self.  Bailey. 


AB-SJfN-TA'TlON,  n.  An  absenting  one’s  self. 

Your  absentation  from  the  House  had  my  entire  concur- 
rence. Wakefield. 

AB-S^N-TEE’,  n.  One  absent  from  his  station 
or  country  : — a landed  proprietor  who  resides  at 
a distance  from  his  estate;  — a term  applied 
generally  by  way  of  reproach  to  Irish  landlords. 

A great  part  of  estates  in  Ireland  arc  owned  by  absentees. 

Child. 

AB-SEN-TEE'1$M,  n.  The  state  of  an  absentee; 
the  act  or  habit  of  residing  at  a distance  from 
one’s  real  estate.  Qu.  Rev. 

AB-SENT'ER,  n.  One  who  absents  himself  from 
his  place.  Thurlow. 

f AB-SENT'M^NT,  n.  A remaining  absent  from. 

Barrow. 

AB-SIN'THI- AN,  a.  Of  the  nature  of  wormwood. 
“ Absinthian  bitterness.”  Randolph. 

AB-sIn'THT-AT-ED,  p.  a.  Impregnated  with 
wormwood.  Bailey. 

AB-SIN'TH[NE,  n.  ( Chem .)  A peculiar  bitter 
principle  extracted  from  wormwood.  Brande. 

AB-SIJY-  Till ' TFf,  n.  [L.]  (Med.)  Wine  im- 
pregnated with  wormwood.  Dunglison. 

AB-sLy'THI-  um  ( ali-sin ’the-uin),  n.  [L.,  from  Gr. 
aipirtiioi  ; a priv.,  and  <J.inUos,  delight.]  Common 
wormwood  ; Artemisia  Absinthium.  Loudon. 

f AB-S1ST',  v.  n.  [L.  absisto,  to  withdraw.]  To 
stand  off;  to  leave  off.  Bailey. 

AB’SO-LUTE  (24),  a.  [L.  absolvo,  absolutus,  to  free 
from.] 

1.  Clear  from  other  things  ; independent  of 

any  thing  else  ; perfect  in  itself ; unrestricted ; 
unlimited  ; complete;  — applied  as  well  toper- 
sons  as  to  things  ; as,  “ Absolute  power  or  gov- 
ernment ” ; “An  absolute  command.”  “An 
absolute  master.”  Shak. 

2.  (Gram.)  Independent  as  to  syntax  ; not 
connected  grammatically  with,  or  governed  by, 
other  words  ; as,  “ The  case  absolute.” 

Syn.  — An  absolute  sovereign  is  above  tile  control 
of  law,  and  has  unrestricted  power  of  legislation.  Ail 
absolute  monarch ; despotic  authority  ; arbitrary  meas- 
ures. Absolute  or  unlimited  space.  Absolute  or  uncon- 
ditional promise.  Absolute  or  peremptory  refusal. 

Ab'SO-LUTE-LY,  ad.  In  an  absolute  manner  ; 
completely  ; in  the  fullest  sense  ; without  con- 
dition, limitation,  relation,  or  dependence. 

AB'SO-LUTE-NpSS,  n.  Freedom  from  limitation 
or  dependence  ; despotism. 

AB-SO-LU'TION  (24),  n.  [L.  absolutio .] 

1.  Act  of  absolving  ; acquittal ; a remission  ; — 
applied  especially  to  a ceremony,  performed  by 
a priest,  of  declaring  a repentant  sinner  absolved 
or  freed  from  sin  and  its  consequences.  South. 

2.  f (Rhet.)  Exhaustive  treatment  of  a sub- 
ject. B.  Jonson. 

Syn. — See  Pardon. 

AB'SO-LU-Tl§M,  it.  1.  Independence  of  control 
from  a constitution  or  laws  ; the  principles  of 
despotism  ; despotism.  Brande. 

2.  Predestination.  . Ash. 

AB’SO-LU-TlST,  n.  An  advocate  for  despotism. 

For.  Qu.  Rev. 

AB-SOL’U-TO-RY  [ab-sol’u-tur-e,  IF.  J.  E.  F.Ja. 
K.  Sm.',  ab’so-iu-to-re,  S.  P.  IF6.I,  a.  [L.  abso- 
lutorius.]  That  absolves  ; absolvatory  ; serv- 
ing to  acquit.  Ayliffe. 

AB-SOL’VA-TO-RY,  a.  Relating  to  pardon  ; for- 
giving ; absolutory. 

AB-^OLVE’  (fib-zolv’),  v.  a.  [L.  absolvo,  to  free 
from.]  [i.  absolved  ; pp.  absolving,  ab- 
solved.] 

1.  To  loosen  from ; to  clear ; to  acquit,  as 
from  guilt  or  punishment. 

For  God,  not  man,  absolves  our  frailties  here.  Rope. 

2.  f To  complete;  to  finish.  Milton. 

3.  fTo  explain;  to  solve. 

He  shall  absolve  the  doubt.  Sir  T.  Browne, 

Syn.  — A person  may  be  absolved  from  sin  and  its 
consequences  by  the  mercy  of  God,  acquitted  of  an  ac- 
cusation by  men,  cleared  from  a charge  by  evidence, 
and  have  punishment  remitted.  — See  Forgive. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — <?,  g,  soft;  £,  jC,  c,  g,  hard ; § as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


ABSOLVER 


AB-§OLV'ER,  n.  One  who  absolves.  More. 

AB-§OL'VI-TOR,  n.  (Law.)  A decree  of  abso- 
lution ; — a Scotch  forensic  term.  Jamieson. 

fAB'SO-NANT,  a.  [L.  absono,  absonans.]  Con- 
trary to  ; discordant  with  ; absonous.  “ Ab- 
sonant to  nature.”  Quarles. 

t Ab'SO-NATE,  v.  a.  (Law.)  To  avoid;  to  de- 
test. Ash. 

1 Ab’SO-NOUS,  a.  [L.  absonus.] 

1.  Unmusical.  Fotherby. 

2.  Absurd ; contrary  to.  “ Absonous  to  our 

reason.”  Glanville. 

AB-SORB',  v.  a.  [L.  absorbeo,  to  suck  up;  It. 
assorbire ; Sp  .absorver;  Fr  .absorber.)  [i.  AB- 
SORBED ; pp.  ABSORBING,  ABSORBED.] 

1.  To  imbibe  ; to  suck  up  ; as,  “ A sponge  will 
absorb  water.” 

2.  To  swallow  up,  as  a vortex  ; to  destroy. 

And  dark  oblivion  soon  absorbs  them  all.  Cowper. 

3.  To  engage  wholly ; to  engross;  as,  “To  be 
absorbed  in  business.” 

AB-SORB-A-BlL'l-TV,  n.  Quality  of  being  ab- 
sorbable. Knowles. 

AB-SORB'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  absorbed. 

Knowles. 

AB-SORB'JJNT,  n.  1.  (Med.)  A medicine  that 
dries  up  humors,  or  neutralizes  acids,  as  chalk, 
magnesia,  &c.  Dunglison. 

2.  (Anat.)  An  absorbent  vessel. 

AB-SORB'gNT,  a.  That  absorbs  moisture,  water, 
&c.  Todd. 

Absorbent  vessels , (Anat.)  sometimes  called  absorb- 
ents, are  the  lacteal  vessels,  which  take  tip  the  digested 
aliment  and  carry  it  into  the  system,  and  the  lym- 
phatic vessels,  which  absorb  and  convey  out  of  the 
system  all  matters  injurious  to  it. 

Absorbent  grounds.  ( Paint.)  picture  grounds  prepared 
in  distemper,  that  have  the  property  of  absorbing  re- 
dundant oil.  Fairholt. 

t AB-SOR-BF'TION,  n.  Absorption.  Browne. 

+ AB-SORPT',  p.  a.  [L . absorptus.]  Absorbed; 

swallowed  up.  “ Absorpt  in  care.”  Pope. 

AB-SORP'TION  (94),  n.  1.  Act  of  absorbing, 
sucking  up,  or  imbibing ; as,  “ The  absorption 
of  water  by  a sponge.” 

2.  State  of  being  swallowed  up. 

Its  (the  Greek  philosophy’s]  gradual  decay  and  total  absorp- 
tion in  the  schools.  Warburton. 

3.  Complete  occupation  ; engrossment ; as, 
“ Absorption  in  business.” 

AB-SORP'TIVE,  a.  Having  the  power  to  imbibe. 

Smart. 

ABS'QUF.  HOC,  [L.]  (Law.)  Without  this;  — 
words  of  exception,  formerly  made  use  of  in  a 
traverse,  or  denial  of  an  allegation.  Whishaw. 

AB-STAlN',  v.  n.  [L.  abstineo ; abs,  from,  and  te- 
neo,  to  hold,  to  keep  from ; It.  astenere ; Sp. 
abstenerse ; Fr . abstiner.]  [t.  abstained  ; pp. 
ABSTAINING,  ABSTAINED.] 

To  keep  from  ; to  forbear  ; to  refrain  from  any 
indulgence ; to  desist. 

Called  to  the  temple  of  impure  delight. 

He  that  atjstains , and  he  alone,  does  right.  Cowper. 

f AB-STAIN',  v.  a.  To  hinder.  Milton. 

AB-STE'MI-OUS,  a.  [L.  abstemius , abs,  from, 
and  temetum,  intoxicating  drink ; It.  astemio  ; 
Sp.  abstemio  ; Fr.  abstime.] 

1.  Practising  abstinence ; very  temperate  ; 
sober  ; abstinent ; refraining. 

Under  his  special  eye 

Abstemious  I grew  up  and  thrived  amain.  Milton. 

2.  Spent  in  abstinence  or  fasting. 

Till  yonder  sun  descend,  O,  let  me  pay 

To  grief  and  anguish  one  abstemious  day.  Pope. 

Syn.  — An  abstemious  man  lays  an  habitual,  and 
an  abstinent  man  a temporary,  restraint  upon  his 
appetites  ; a temperate  man  habitually  practises  mod- 
eration in  drink  ; and  a sober  man  is  free  from  intox- 
ication or  excess.  A man  may  be  sober , yet  not 
temperate  ; and  temperate , yet  not  abstemious  or  ab- 
stinent. 

AB-STE'Ml-OUS-Ly,  ad,  With  abstinence  ; tem- 
perately. 

AB-STE'MI-OUS-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  beincr  ab- 
stemious. Herbert. 

Syn.  — See  Abstinence. 


8 

t AB-STiCN'TION,  n.  [L.  abstentus , kept  away 
from.] 

1.  Act  of  restraining.  Bp.  Taylor. 

2.  (Law.)  Act  of  preventing  an  heir  from 
taking  possession. 

AB-STERtjlE',  v.  a.  [L.  absteryo,  to  wipe  off,  to 
dry  up  ; Fr.  absterger.]  [i.  absterged  ; pp. 
ABSTERGING,  absterged.]  To  cleanse  by 
wiping ; to  wipe.  Burton. 

AB-STER'tjJIjlNT,  a.  (Med.)  Having  a cleansing 
quality  ; purgative.  Dunglison. 

f AB-STERSE',  v.  a.  To  cleanse;  to  purify. 

Browne. 

AB-STER'SION,  n.  The  act  of  cleansing.  Bacon. 

f AB-STER'SIVE,  n.  A cleanser.  Sir  W.  Petty. 

f AB-STER'SIVE,  a.  Having  the  quality  of 
cleansing.  Pope. 

f AB-STER'SI  VE-N ESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  ab- 
stersive. Boyle. 

AB'STI-NENCE,  n.  [L.  abstinentia ; Fr.  absti- 
nence.]  Act  of  abstaining ; forbearance  of 
prohibited  food  or  drink  ; forbearance  of  neces- 
sary food,  or  of  any  thing  ; fasting. 

Abstinence  from  a present  pleasure,  that  offers  itself,  is  a 
pain,  nay,  oftentimes  a very  great  one.  Locke. 

Abstinence  in  extremity  will  prove  a mortal  disease,  but  the 
experiments  of  it  are  very  rare.  Arbuthnot. 

Syn. — Abstinence  and  abstemiousness  are  more  than 
temperance  and  sobriety.  In  abstinence  and  abstemi- 
ousness there  is  self-denial  ; in  temperance  and  sobriety, 
wisdom  and  decoruin.  A day  of  fasting  is  a day  of 
abstinence. 

AB'STJ-NEN-CY,  n.  Abstinence.  Hammond. 

AB'STI-NENT,  a.  [L . abstinens ; It.  astinente ; 
Fr.  abstinent.']  Using  abstinence  ; abstemious  ; 
very  temperate.  — See  Abstemious.  Hales. 

AB'STI-NENT,  n.  (Eccl.  Hist.)  Oue  of  a sect  in 
P’rance  and  Spain,  about  the  end  of  the  third 
century,  who  opposed  marriage  and  condemned 
the  use  of  flesh  meat.  Buck. 

Ab'STI-NENT-LY,  ad.  With  abstinence.  Donne. 

f All-SToRT'F, I),  a.  [L . abstortus.]  Forced  away 
by  violence.  Bailey. 

AB-STRAct',  v.  a.  [L.  abstraho,  abstractus,  to 
draw  away  ; abs,  from,  and  traho,  to  draw.]  [i. 
abstracted  ; pp.  abstracting,  abstracted.] 

1.  To  take  or  draw  from,  as  one  thing  from 
another  ; to  separate,  as  ideas  ; to  disunite. 

I deny  that  I can  abstract  one  [quality!  from  another. 

Berkeley. 

2.  To  take  away  surreptitiously  from  the 

property  of  another ; as,  “ To  abstract  money 
or  goods  from  a parcel.”  Rev.  J.  Hunter. 

3.  To  reduce  ; to  epitomize. 

Let  us  abstract  them  into  brief  compends.  Watts. 

4.  (Chem.)  To  drive  off  by  distillation  ; to 
extract.  “ Having  abstracted  the  whole  spirit.” 

Boyle. 

AB-STRACT',  v.  n.  To  separate  ideas.  “Brutes 
abstract  not.”  Locke. 

I own  myself  able  to  abstract  in  one  sense,  as  when  I con- 
sider some  particular  parts  or  qualities  separated  from  others. 

Berkeley. 

AB'STRACT  [Sb'strSkt,  S.  P.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  Wb. ; 
ah-strakt',  W.  C.  — See  Abstractly],  a. 

1.  Separated  from  something  else,  or  from  all 
other  things  ; existing  in  the  mind  only  ; not 
concrete  or  connected  with  sensible  objects  ; 
independent  of  others,  and  not  to  be  altered  by 
time  or  circumstances. 

Attract  terms  signify  the  mode  or  quality  of  a being,  with- 
out any  regard  to  the  suhjectin  which  it  is;  as,  whiteness, 
roundness,  length,  breadth,  wisdom,  morality,  lilc,  death. 

Watts. 

2.  f Refined  ; pure.  Donne. 

AB'STRACT  [ab'strakt,  S.  IF.  P.  J.  F.  K.  Sm. 
Wb.],  n. 

1.  The  concentration  or  essence  of  virtues, 

. powers,  or  properties  in  one  subject,  previously 

existing  in  another  larger,  or  in  many  others. 

Look  here  upon  thy  brother  Geoffrey’s  face  ; 

This  little  abstract  doth  contain  that  large 

Which  died  in  Geoffrey.  Shah. 

You  shall  there  find  a man  who  is  the  abstract 

Of  all  faults  all  men  follow.  Shak. 

2.  An  epitome  ; an  abridgment ; a summary. 

lie  could  give  a tolerable  analysis  and  abstract  of  every  trea- 
tise he  had  read.  Watts. 

3.  The  state  of  being  abstracted,  separated, 


ABSURD 

or  disconnected;  as,  “To  consider  a thing  in 
the  abstract.” 

Syn.  — See  Abridgment. 


AB-STrAcT'ED,  p.  a.  1.  Separated.  Milton. 

2.  Refined.  “ Abstracted  love.”  Donne. 

3.  Abstruse  ; difficult. 

4.  Inattentive  to  present  objects.  “ The  ab- 
stracted ear.”  Warton. 

Syn.  — See  Absent. 

AB-STRAcT'JJD-LY,  ad.  With  abstraction  ; sim- 
ply ; separately.  ' Dryclen. 

AB-STRAcT'FD-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  ab- 
stracted or  abstruse. 

The  abstractedness  of  these  speculations  is  no  recommenda- 
tion. Hume 


AB-STRAct'ER,  n.  One  who  abstracts. 

AB-STRAc'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  abstracting; 
separation,  as  of  ideas. 

Tlie  word  abstraction  signifies  a withdrawing  some  part  ot 
an  idea  from  other  parts  of  it.  ' II  arts. 

This  is  called  abstraction,  whereby  ideas,  taken  from  partic- 
ular beings,  become  general  representatives  of  all  of  the  same 
kind;  and  their  names  general  names. applicable  to  whatever 
exists  conformable  to  such  abstract  ideas.  Locke. 

2.  A theoretical,  impracticable  notion  ; as, 
“ To  propose  mere  abstractions.” 

3.  State  of  being  abstracted ; absence  of 
mind  ; inattention. 

4.  Separation  from  worldly  objects  ; recluse 
life. 

A hermit  wishes  to  be  praised  for  his  abstraction.  Pope. 

5.  \ (Chem.)  The  separation  of  the  volatile 
parts  in  distillation. 

f AB-STRAC-Tl''TIOUS,  a.  Abstracted  or  drawn 
from  vessels  without  fermentation.  Ash. 

AB-STRAC'TIVE,  a.  Having  the  power  of  ab- 
stracting. 

AB-STRAc'TIVE-LY,  ad.  In  an  abstractive 
manner.  Hammond. 

AB'STRACT-LY  [ab-strakt'le,  S.  IF.  P.  J.  F.  Ja. 
K.  Sm.  C.;  ab'strakt-le,  O.  Cl.  Wb.],  ad.  In 
an  abstract  manner  ; absolutely  ; without  refer- 
ence to  any  thing  else. 

tUff-  Consistency  requires  that  the  adverb  abstractly 
and  tile  substantive  abstractness  should  receive  the 
same  accent  as  the  adjective  abstract,  from  which  they 
are  derived  ; though  most  orthoepists  are  inconsistent 
in  their  mode  of  accenting  them. 

AB'STRACT-N£SS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  ab- 
stract. — See  Abstractly. 

f AB-STRICT'plD,  p.  a.  [L . abstringo,  abstrictus.] 
Unbound.  Bailey. 

f AB-STRlNtjJE'  (jb-strinj'),  v.  a.  To  unbind. 

Bailey. 

f A B-STRUDE',  v.  a.  [L.  abstrudo.]  To  thrust 
away.  Bailey. 

AB-STRUSE'  (24),  a.  [L.  abstrudo,  abstrusus,  to 
thrust  away  ; It.  astruso  ; Sp.  abstruso  ; Fr.  ab- 
struse] Remote  from  conception,  apprehension, 
or  view ; difficult  to  be  comprehended  or  un- 
derstood ; obscure  ; not  plain.  “ Thoughts  ab- 
struse.” Milton. 

AB-STRl/SE'LY,  ad.  In  an  abstruse  manner; 
obscurely. 

AB-STRUSE'N£SS,  n.  Quality  of  being  abstruse. 

Boyle. 

f AB-STRU'SI-TY,  n.  Abstruseness.  Browne. 

f AB-SUME',  v.  a.  [L.  absumo.]  To  waste ; to  eat 
up.  Hale. 

f AB-SUMP'TION,  n.  Destruction.  Bp.  Gauden. 

AB-SURD',  a.  [L.  absurdus  ; ab,  from,  and  surdus, 
deaf ; as  that  to  which  one  should  turn  a deaf 
ear ; or,  like  a reply  received  from  one  deaf, 
and,  therefore,  ignorant  of  that  to  which  he 
replies  ; It.  assurao  ; Sp.  absurdo  ; Fr.  absurde.] 

Contrary  to  reason  or  to  manifest  truth,  or  to 
the  dictates  of  common  sense  ; unreasonable  ; 
without  judgment ; irrational ; inconsistent ; 
preposterous  ; foolish. 

’T  is  phrase  absurd  to  call  a villain  great.  Pope. 

One  who  shows  it  [his  wit]  in  an  improper  place  is  imper- 
tinent and  absurd.  Addison. 

Syn. Absurd  signifies  contrary  to  manifest  truth 

or  the  dictates  of  common  sense  ; unreasonable  and  ir- 
rational, contrary  to  reason  ; inconsistent,  wanting  con- 
sistency or  accordance  ; preposterous,  perverted  in  or- 
der, or  impracticable;  foolish,  void  of  understanding. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  ('),  U,  Y,  short;  A,  E,  1,  O,  U,  y,  obscure  ; 


FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


ABSURDITY 


9 


ACALEPHiE 


An  absurd  opinion ; unreasonable  request  ; irrational 
views  ; inconsistent  statement ; preposterous  scheme  j 
foolish  conduct  or  remark.  — See  Paradoxical. 

AB-SURD'I-TY,  n.  1.  The  quality  of  being  ab- 
surd ; unreasonableness.  Locke. 

2.  That  which  is  absurd.  “ When  we  see 
the  absurdities  of  another.”  Addison. 

AB-SURD'LY,  ad.  In  an  absurd  manner. 

AB-SURI)'NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  absurd. 

A-BU'J\rA,n.  [Eth our  father.]  Thehigh  priest, 
or  sole  bishop,  of  the  Abyssinian  church.  Salt. 

A-BUN'DANCE,  n.  [L.  abundantia  ; It.  abbon- 
danza  ; Sp . abundancia;  Fr.  abondance. — See 
Abound.]  More  than  enough,  applied  to  quan- 
tity or  number  ; overflow  ; great  plenty  ; exu- 
berance. 

If  there  be  more  pleasure  in  abundance , there  is  more  secu- 
rity in  a mean  estate.  Bp.  Hall. 

Out  of  the  abundance  of  the  heart  the  mouth  speaketh. 

Matt.  xii.  34. 

Abundance  of  peasants  are  employed  in  hewing  down  these 
trees.  Addison. 

Syn.  — See  Plenty. 

A-BUN'DANT,  a.  [L.  abandons  ; It.  abbondante ; 
Sp.  abundante ; Fr.  abundant .]  Plentiful;  ex- 
uberant ; overflowing  ; abounding  ; plenteous  ; 
copious. 

Good,  the  more 

Communicated,  more  abundant  grows.  Milton. 

Abundant  number , ( Arith .)  such  a number  that  the 
sum  of  its  divisors  is  greater  than  the  number  itself, 
e.  g.  12,  divisible  by  1,2,  3,  4,  and  6 ; — opposed  to  a 
deficient,  number,  and  to  a perfect  number.  Braude. 

Syn. — See  Ample,  Exuberant,  Fertile. 

A-BUN'DANT-LY,  ad.  In  plenty  ; exuberantly  ; 
sufficiently. 

A-BUtji’A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  abused.  II.  More. 

f A-BO§'A£E,  n.  Abuse.  Wm.Whateley. 

A-BU§E'  (a-l)uz',  118),  v.  a.  [L.  abutor,  abusus  ; 
ab,  from,  and  utor,  to  use  ; i.  e.  to  turn  to  im- 
proper use.]  " [f.  abused;  pp.  abusing, 
ABUSED.] 

1.  To  make  an  ill  use  of. 

They  that  use  this  world  as  not  abusing  it.  1 Cor.  vii.  31. 

2.  To  injure  ; to  use  ill. 

The  gravest  and  wisest  person  in  the  world  may  be  abused 
by  being  put  into  a fool’s  coat.  Tillotson. 

3.  To  revile  ; to  vilify  ; to  reproach. 

Abuse  him  to  the  Moor.  Shak. 

4.  To  violate  ; to  defile  ; to  pollute.  Spenser. 

5.  To  impose  upon  ; to  deceive. 

He  perhaps, 

Out  of  my  weakness  and  my  melancholy, 

Abuses  me  to  damn  me.  Sbak. 

Syn.  — See  Revile. 

A-BUSE'  (a-bus',  11$),  n.  1.  Ill  use;  the  opposite 
of  good  use  ; as,  “ An  abuse  of  a privilege.” 

2.  A corrupt  practice.  “ Cries  out  upon 

abuses."  Shak. 

3.  Reproachful  language;  invective;  unjust 
censure  ; rude  reproach  ; contumely.  Milton. 

4.  Seducement ; violation  of  the  person. 

Sidney. 

Syn.  — See  Satire. 

t A-BUSE'FUL,  a.  Abusive.  lip.  Barlow. 

A-BU^'pR  (a-buz'er),  n.  One  who  abuses  or 
makes  an  ill  use  of  ; one  who  maltreats,  de- 
ceives, or  defiles. 

f A-BU'>j!ION  (st-bu'zhun),  n.  Ill  use  or  usage. 

Strype. 

A-BU'SIVE,  a.  1.  Practising  abuse;  as,  “An 
abusive  author.” 

2.  Containing  abuse  ; reproachful;  reviling; 

scurrilous  ; opprobrious  ; rude.  “ Throwing 
out  scurrilous,  abusive  terms.”  South. 

3.  f Deceptive.  “ An  abusive  treaty.”  Bacon. 

Syn.  — See  Offensive,  Reproachful. 

A-BU'SIVE-LY,  ad.  In  an  abusive  manner  ; re- 
proachfully. ‘ Boyle. 

A-BU'SIVE-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  abusive. 
“ To  rave  in  his  barbarous  abusiveness.”  Milton. 

A-BUT',  v.  n.  [Er.  aboutir ; a,  to,  and  bout,  end.] 
[l.  ABUTTED  ; pp.  ABUTTING,  ABUTTED.]  To 
be  at  the  end  or  border  ; to  end  at ; to  border 
upon  ; to  meet,  or  to  be  opposite,  and  near 
meeting ; — used  with  upon  or  against.  Shak. 

k/)  ‘ Johnson  pronounces  this  word  obsolete  ; but  it 


is  still  in  use,  particularly  as  a technical  word,  both 
in  law  and  in  architecture. 

A-BU'TI-LON,  n.  [Arab.;  name  of  a plant  analo- 
gous to  marsh-mallows.]  ( Bot .)  A genus  of 
plants  ; Indian  mallow.  Loudon. 

A-BUT'MENT,  n.  (Arch.)  That  which  receives 
the  end  of,  or  gives  support  to,  or  borders  upon, 
any  thing  : — a mass  of  masonry,  earth,  or  tim- 
ber at  the  end  of  a bridge  : — the  solid  part  of  a 
pier  from  which  an  arch,  less  than  a semicircle, 
springs  ; a fixed  point  from  which  resistance 
or  reaction  is  obtained.  — See  Alien. 

A-BUT'TAL,  n.  (Law.)  The  butting  or  boun- 
dary of  land  at  the  end  ; a headland.  Cowell. 

A-BUT'TER,  n.  He  who  or  that  which  abuts,  or 
borders  on  ; as,  “ A street  repaired  by  the  ab  ut- 
ters.” 

f Ab'VO-LATE,  v.  a.  [L.  ab,  from,  and  volo,  to 
fly.]  To  fly  from.  Ash. 

f A-BY'  (a- bl'),  v.  a.  [Perhaps  from  A.  S.  abigan, 
to  abide,  to  wait.]  To  endure  ; to  pay  for  ; 
to  suffer  for.  Shak. 

f A-BY',  v.  n.  1.  To  remain  ; to  abide.  Spenser. 

2.  To  pay  dearly.  “ He  dearly  shall  aby.” 

Spenser. 

f A-BY§M'  (j-btznT),  n.  [Old  Fr.  abysme.]  Abyss. 
“ The  dark  backward  and  abysm  of  time.”  Shak. 

A-BY^'MAL,  a.  Belonging  to  an  abyss  ; bottom- 
less. “ An  abysmal  cliff.”  II.  Smith. 

A-BYSS'  (a-bis'),  11.  ; pi.  A-BYSS'E§.  [Gr.  a(3unoo(, 
bottomless  ; a priv.  and  (ibooo;,  depth  ; L.  abys- 
sus.] 

1.  A depth  without  bottom  ; a great  depth  ; a 
deep  pit ; a gulf  ; an  immeasurable  space. 

Who  shall  tempt  with  wandering  feet 

The  dark,  unbottomed,  infinite  abyss  ? Milton. 

Thy  throne  is  darkness  in  the  abyss  of  Light.  Dryden. 

2.  Hell ; the  bottomless  pit.  Roscommon. 

3.  (Her.)  The  centre  of  an  escutcheon. 

Buchanan. 

Syn.  — See  Gulf. 

f A-BYSS'AL,  a.  Relating  to,  or  like,  an  abyss. 

Wm.  Law. 

AB-yS-SlN'l-AN,  ii.  A native  or  inhabitant  of 
Abyssinia.  P.  Cyc. 

AB-YS-SIN'I-AN,  a.  (Geog.)  Relating  to  Abys- 
sinia. P.  Cyc. 

Ac,  AK,  or  ARE.  Initial  syllables  in  the  names  of 
places,  from  the  Saxon  ac,  an  oak  ; as,  Acton, 
Oaktown.  Gibson. 

AC-A-CA'LIS,  n.  [Gr.  & KaKakisJ]  (Bot.)  A shrub 
bearing  a flower  and  fruit  like  those  of  a tama- 
risk. Crabb. 

A-CA'CI-A  (fi-ka'she-a,  66),  11.  [L.  ; Gr.  ana/da, 

from  aKrj,  a point.]  pi.  L.  a-ca  'ci-je  ; Eng. 
a-ca'ci-ak. 

1.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants  of  the  pulse 

family,  including  the  catechu  and  gum-arabic 
trees  : — the  name  is  popularly  applied  to  other 
genera,  as,  false  acacia,  the  common  locust-tree, 
llobinia  pscudacacia ; — rose-acacia,  a handsome 
shrub,  Robinia  hispida.  Loudon. 

2.  (Med.)  A drug ; being  the  juice  of  the 
unripe  fruit  of  the  Mimosa  nilotica  solidified  by 
evaporation,  and  used  as  an  astringent  medi- 
cine : — the  juice  of  unripe  sloes  prepared  in  a 
similar  manner,  and  for  the  same  purpose. 

3.  (Ant.)  A roll  or  bag  seen  on  medals  in 

the  hands  of  several  emperors  and  consuls  of 
the  lower  empire,  the  purpose  of  which  has  not 
been  discovered.  P.  Cyc. 

A-cA'CIAN  (66),  ii.  (Eccl.  Hist.)  A follower  of 
Acacius,  the  founder  of  an  ancient  Christian 
sect.  Ency. 

A-CA'CI-O  (a-ka'she-o),  n.  A heavy,  durable  wood, 
similar  to  red  mahogany,  but  darker  ; much  es- 
teemed in  ship-building.  Weale. 

f Ac'A-CY,  n.  [Gr.  i iKtiKia  ; a priv.  and  Kants, 
bad.]  freedom  from  malice.  Ash. 

f Ac'A-DEME,  11.  1.  The  Anglicized  form  of 

Academus,  the  name  of  the  original  owner  of 
the  grove  near  Athens,  where  Plato  held  his 
school,  called  after  him  Academia,  the  Academy. 
See  there  the  olive  grove  of  Academe , 

Plato’s  retirement.  Milton. 

2.  An  academy. 


Nor  hath  fair  Europe,  her  vast  bounds  throughout, 

An  academe  of  note  I found  not  out.  Howell. 

See  Academy. 

t Ac-A-DE'MI-AL,  a.  Academical.  Johnson. 

AC-A-DE'MI-AN,  n.  A scholar  or  member  of  an 
academy,  [it.]  Marston. 

AC-A-DEM'JC,  ii.  1.  An  academical  or  Platonic 
philosopher.  Milton. 

2.  A student  of  a university  or  academy.  “A 
young  academic.”  Watts. 

AC-A-DEM  H , ) Belonging  to  the  doc- 

AC-A-DEM'I-CAL,  ) trines  of  Plato,  or  to  an 
academy  or  university.  11  Academic  groves.” 
Pope.  “ That  academical  inscription.”  Smith 
on  Old  Age. 

AC-A-DEM'NCALS,  n.  pi.  The  dress  peculiar  to 
officers  and  students  in  a college  or  university. 

The  Etonian. 

AC-A-DEM 'I-CAL-Ly,  ad.  In  an  academical 
manner. 

A-CAD-IJ-Ml''CIAN  (j-kad-e-mlsh'sin),  at.  A mem- 
ber of  an  academy ; a man  of  science  or  litera- 
ture. “ The  French  academicians."  Swinburne. 

f A-CAD'f.-Ml-SM,  n.  The  academical  philosophy. 
“ The  great  principle  of  academism.”  Baxter. 

t A-CAD'E-MfST,  n.  A member  of  an  academy  ; an 
academical  philosopher  ; an  academic.  Baxter. 

A-CAD'JJ-MY  [a-kad'e-me,  P.  J.  F.  E.  Ja.  K.  Sm. 
C.  Wb.;  a-kad'e-me  or  ak'a-dent-e,  S.  W.],  11. 
[Gr.  axairipia,  a name  derived  from  Academus, 
the  original  owner  of  a garden  or  grove  in  the 
suburbs  of  Athens,  which  afterwards  came  into 
the  possession  of  the  public  by  the  bequest  of 
Cimon,  and  was  the  favorite  resort  of  the  lovers 
of  philosophy  and  meditation,  particularly  of 
Plato  and  his  followers  ; L.  academia  ; It.  acca- 
demia\  Sp.  academia ; Fr.  academic.} 

1.  A gymnasium  near  ancient  Athens,  where 

Plato  tauglit-philosophy  ; Plato’s  school  of  phi- 
losophy. South. 

2.  A society  of  learned  men  associated  for  the 
advancement  of  the  arts  and  sciences ; as,  “ The 
American  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences.” 

3.  A place  of  instruction  or  school  appropri- 
ated to  students  in  the  fine  arts,  or  in  some 
particular  art  or  science  ; as,  “ An  Academy  of 
Painting,”  “A  Military  Academy.” 

4.  A college  ; a university. 

Of  our  two  academies  [i.  e.  universities]  I named.  Donne. 

In  tliis  sense  it  is  not  now  often  used. 

5.  A seminary  of  learning,  or  school,  holding 
a rank  between  a university  or  college  and  a 
common  school; — first  applied  in  England  by 
the  nonconformists  to  their  collegiate  schools, 
and  now  in  common  use  in  the  United  States. 

Academy  figure,  (Paint.)  a drawing  usually  made 
with  black  and  white  chalk  on  tinted  paper  after 
a living  model. 

Syn.  — See  School. 

“ Dr.  Johnson  tells  us,  that  this  word  was  an- 
ciently and  properly  accented  on  the  first  syllable, 
though  now  frequently  on  the  second.  That  it  was 
accented  on  the  first  syllable  till  within  these  few 
years  is  pretty  generally  remembered  ; and  if  Shak- 
spearedid  not,  by  poetical  license,  violate  the  accentu- 
ation of  his  time,  it  was  certainly  pronounced  so  two 
centuries  ago,  as  appears  by  Dr.  Johnson’s  quotation 
of  him. 

‘ Our  court  shall  be  a little  academy. 

Still  and  contemplative  in  living  arts.’ 

But  the  accentuation  of  this  word  formerly,  on  the  first 
syllable,  is  so  generally  acknowledged,  as  not  to  stand 
in  need  of  poetic  authority.”  Walker.  — The  now  re- 
ceived reading  of  Shakspeare  in  the  above  passage  is 
academe  ; but  Holland,  his  conteni|>orary,  has, 

“ And  Vctus  now,  who  holds  thy  house,  fair  academy  liight ; ” 
and  Cowley,  in  a later  age, 

“ lie  that  only  talked  with  him  might  find 
A little  academy  in  his  mind." 

A-CA'DI-A-LlTE,  n.  [Acadia,  the  Indian  name 
of  Nova  Scotia,  and  Gr.  XtOo;,  a stone.  P.  Cyc.] 
(Min.)  A silicious  mineral  found  in  Nova  Sco- 
tia ; red  chabasite.  C.  T.  Jackson.  Alger. 

AC'A-.JOU,n.  [Fr.]  (Bot.)  Mahogany. — Aca- 
jou, or  acajaiba,  is  also  the  West  Indian  name 
of  the  cashew-tree. 

AC-A-LF. ' PIIJE,  n.  pi.  [L. ; Gr.  aKnXi'ifn,  a nettle.] 
(ZoOl.)  A class  of  zoophytes;  sea-nettles; 
acalephans.  — Sec  Acalephan.  P.  Cyc. 


MIEN,  SIR,  MOVE;  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — C,  <?,  c,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  § as 
2 


as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


ACALEPHAN 


10 


ACCEPT 


AC-A-LE'PHAN  [5k-j-15'f?n,  Cl.,  Brande ; rt-kdl'- 
e-fiin,  »S»t.],  n.  ; pi.  Ac  a-le'piian§.  (Zoiil.) 
One  of  a class  of  the  radiate  aquatic  and  ma- 
rine animals,  having  the  property  of  irritating 
and  inflaming  the  skin  when  touched,  as  the 
sea-nettle,  jelly-fish,  medusa,  Portuguese  man- 
of-war,  &c.  Brande. 

_ 

AC-A-LE'PHOID,  a.  [Png.  acalephan  and  Gr. 
Bios,  form.]  ( Zoil .)  Like  a medusa.  Given. 

A-CAL  Y-C1NE,  ? a |-(5r<  „ pr;v.  an(J  KdX.o(, 

AC-A-Ltc'I-NOUS,  ) a flower-cup;  L.  calyx.] 
( liot .)  Having  no  calyx  or  flower-cup.  Gray. 

A-CA MP'TO-SOME,  n.  [Gr.  a priv.,  Kaparto,  to 
bend,  and  m(M,  the  body.]  (Conch.)  One  of 
an  order  of  cirripeds,  in  which  the  body  is  so 
enveloped  and  attached  in  a shell,  that  it  can- 
not be  protruded-  Brande. 

A-  CAjY ' THA,  n.  [Gr.  axavOa,  a thorn  ; anj,  a point, 
and  rii'Oos,  blossom.] 

1.  (Bot.)  A thorn  ; a prickle.  Ency. 

2.  I Zoiil .)  A spine  or  prickly  fin. 

3.  (Aint.)  A spinous  process  of  a vertebra ; 
— the  spine;  the  vertebral  column.  Dunglison. 

AC-AJY-  THA  ’ CF.-JE,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  atcavOa,  a thorn.] 
(Bot.)  A natural  order  of  monopetalous,  dicot- 
yledonous, herbaceous  plants  or  shrubs,  of 
which  Acanthus  is  the  type.  Baird. 

AC-AN-THA'CEOyS  (ak-?n-tlu'shus),  a.  Armed 
with  prickles,  as  thistles,  &c. ; prickly.  Crahb. 

A-CAN'THINE,  a.  Relating  to  the  acanthus.  Ash. 

A-CAjy' THf-OJY,  n.  [Gr.  d*ai lOimv,  a porcupine.] 

( Zoil .)  A genus  of  porcupines.  Van  Der  Iloeven. 

A-CAjY'THO-PHIS,  n.  [Gr.  dnavOa,  a thorn,  and 
dtfm,  a serpent.]  (Zoiil.)  A genus  of  venomous 
serpents,  peculiar  to  Australia,  distinguished 
by  a little  spur,  or  horny  excrescence,  at  the 
extremity  of  the  tail.  Brande. 

A-CAN-THO-CEPH'A-LAN,  n.  [Gr.  unavOi,  a 
prickle,  and  ki^ aXy,  head.]  One  of  an  order  of 
intestinal  worms,  having  rows  of  hooked  spines 
around  the  head,  by  which  they  cling  to  the  in- 
terior of  the  intestines  of  animals.  Brande. 

A-CAjv-THO-DER  ’ MA,  n.  [Gr.  dxaiBa,  a prickle, 
an]  Sta/ni,  a hide.]  (Zoiil.)  A genus  of  fossil 
fishes  allied  to  Batistes.  Agassiz. 

AC-AN-THO’ DFf,  n.  [Gr.  Stand*,  a point,  and 
ilov f,  a tooth.]  (Zoil.)  A genus  of  fossil  ganoid 
fishes  of  diminutive  size.  Agassiz. 

A-CAN'THO-Por),  n.  [Gr.  atavOa,  prickle,  and 
voce,  Troilof,  a foot.]  ( Ent .)  One  of  a tribe  of 
spiny-legged  beetles ; the  rose-bug,  &c.  Brande. 

AC- A N-THOP-T p-R? Qr'I-AN,  n.  [Gr.  StanBa,  a 
prickle,  and  nreov(,  n ripv- 
yo 5,  a wing.]  (Ich.)  One  of 
an  order  of  fishes,  char- 
acterized by  bony  spines 
in  the  fins.  Brande. 

AC-AN  - THOP  - Tg-RY<?  'I- 

OUS,  a.  (Ich.)  Having  fins  which  are  bony  and 
prickly.  Baird. 

AC-AN-THU' RUS,  n.  [Gr.  StavBa,  a thorn,  and 
ovya,  a tail.]  (Ich.)  A genus  of  spiny-finned 
fishes  with  a very  sharp  movable  spine  on  each 
side  of  the  tail.  Van  Der  Hoeven. 

A-CAJY' THUS,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  Si cavda,  a thorn.] 
pi.  L.  a-c an'  tui  ; Eng.  a-can'thus-e^. 

1.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  spiny  herbaceous  plants 

with  pinnatifid  leaves,  one  species  of  which 
(Acanthus  mollis)  is  called  brankursine,  bear’s 
foot,  bear’s  claw,  or  bear’s  breech.  Loudon. 

2.  (Arch.)  The  broad,  ruffled  leaves  used  for 
the  enrichment  of  the  Corinthian 
capital ; said  by  Vitruvius  to  have 
been  suggested  by  seeing  a basket, 
which,  covered  with  a tile,  had  been 
set  accidentally  on  the  crown  of  the 
root  of  an  acanthus,  and  around  which  the 
growing  plant  sent  up  its  leaves,  till,  encounter- 
ing the  edges  of  the  tile,  they  gradually  curved 
back,  and  then  outwards,  in  a kind  of  volute. 

P.  Cyc. 

3.  An  unascertained  tree  or  shrub,  celebrat- 
ed by  Virgil,  and  afterwards  by  Milton.  Some 
suppose  acacia  to  be  meant,  others  holly. 


On  either  side 

Acanthus  and  each  odorous  bushy  shrub 
Fenced  up  the  verdant  wall.  Milton. 

A-CAN'TI-CON,  n.  (Min.)  A mineral,  called  also 
epidote,  and  pistacite.  Dana. 

AC'A-NUS,n.  [Gr.  atavo;,  a prickle.]  (Pal.)  Age- 
nus  of  fossil  fishes  allied  to  the  perches.  Agassiz. 

A-CAjy' ZJ-I.n. pi.  Turkish  lighthorse.  Clarke. 

A-CAR' DI-A,  n.  [Gr.  a priv.  and  L.  eardo,  a 
hinge.]  (Zoiil)  A genus  of  fossil  bivalve  shells 
of  the  oyster  kind,  in  which  the  hinge  is  want- 
ing. Brande. 

A-CAR'DI-AC,  a.  [Gr.  a priv.  and  naphta,  the 
heart.]  Without  a heart.  Bong. 

A-CAR  I-DJE,  X n pim  [Gr.  awifii,  a maggot.] 

A-CAR'!-dAN§,  S (Ent.)  A tribe  of  arachnidse, 
including  mites  and  ticks.  Owen. 

A-CAR'POUS,  a.  [Gr.  a priv.  and  tdpaos,  fruit.] 
(Bot.)  Sterile  ; not  bearing  fruit. 

AC'A-RUS,n.  [L.]  pi.  ac'a-rI.  (Ent.)  A ge- 
nus of  spiders  ; a mite.  Brande. 

A-CAT-A-LEC'TIC,  n.  [Gr.  utaraXriKTtKoe ; a priv. 
and  KiiTnXi/yu>,  to  stop,  to  end.]  (Pros.)  A 
verse  which  has  the  complete  number  of  sylla- 
bles, without  defect  or  excess.  Beck. 

A-CAT-A-LEC'TIC,  a.  (Pros.)  Not  halting  short ; 
not  defective  in  number  ; complete  ; as,  “ An 
acatalectic  verse.” 

A-CAT-A-LEP  SI-A,)  Ut  [Gr.  (Iieirri/iiy  L ; a priv. 

A-CAT'A-LEP-SY,  > and  KuTaXap&drtn,  to  com- 
prehend.] (Med.)  Uncertainty  in  the  diagno- 
sis or  prognosis  of  disease.  Dunglison. 

A-CAT-A-LEP'TIC,  a.  (Med.)  Not  discoverable  ; 
uncertain. 

f A-CA'TIJR,  n.  [Perhaps  Fr.  acheter,  to  buy.] 
A provider  of  provisions  ; a caterer.  Chaucer. 

AC-A-THAR  ' SI-A,  n.  [Gr.  a priv.  and  taBaipoi,  to 
cleanse,  or  purge.] 

1.  (Med.)  Omission  of  purgatives.  Dunglison. 

2.  (Surg.)  Filth  from  a wound  ; impurity. 

Craig. 

AC'A-THAR-SY,  n.  (Med.)  Same  as  Acathar- 
sia.  Buchanan. 

f A-CATES',  n.  pi.  Victuals;  viands;  cates.  See 
Cates.  Spenser. 

AC-AU-LES'CljjNT,  a.  [Gr.  a priv.  and  tavXot,  a 
stem.]  (Bot.)  Stemless;  — used  of  plants  which 
have  the  stem  very  short,  or  else  subterranean, 
and  therefore  apparently  none.  Gray. 

A-CAU'LINE,  ) [Gr.  „ pr;v.  and  KavX6;,  a 

Ac-Au-LOSE',  > stem.]  (Bot.)  Having  no  stalk 

A-C  AU'LOUS  1 or  stem  > stemless.  Ash. 

AC-CEDE',  v.  n.  [L.  accedo  ; ad,  to,  and  ccdo, 
to  go,  to  yield  ; Fr.  acceder.]  [i.  acceded; 
pp.  acceding,  acceded.]  To  come  to;  to 
come  over  ; to  assent ; to  become  a party  to  : 
as,  “ To  accede  to  a request,  to  a treaty.” 

Syn.  — See  Comply. 

AC-CF.L-F.-rAn'  DO,  a.  [It.]  (Mus.)  Hasten- 
ing ; faster  and  faster.  Dwight. 

AC-CEL'JJK-AtE,  v.  a.  [L.  accelero,  acceleratus, 
to  hasten;  It.  accelerare ; Fr.  acceUrer.]  [i. 
accelerated  ; pp.  accelerating,  acceler- 
ated.] To  cause  to  move  faster  ; to  expedite ; 
to  hasten.  “ To  accelerate  his  .journey.”  Hall. 

Syn.  — See  Hasten. 

AC-CEL'ER-AT-ED,  p.  a.  Hastened. 

Accelerated  motion,  (Mech.)  motion  in  which  the  ve- 
locity of  a moving  body  is  continually  increased  by 
force  acting  niton  it.  Grier. 

AC-CEL'ER-AT-INGj  p.  a.  Causing  acceleration  ; 
hastening. 

AC-CEL-ER-A'TION,  n.  Act  of  accelerating; 
an  increase  of  the  velocity  of  bodies  in  motion  ; 
a hastening. 

AC-CEL'ER-A-Tl  VE,  a.  Tending  to  accelerate  ; 
increasing  motion  or  velocity.  Newton. 

AC-CEL'f.R-A-TOR,  n.  [L.  accelero,  to  hasten.] 
(Anat.)  A muscle  which  contracts  to  acceler- 
ate the  passage  of  urine.  ‘ Quincy. 

AC-CEL'ER-A-TO-RY,  a.  Accelerating;  acceler- 

' ative.  ‘ Craig. 


Perch. 


t AC-CENDl,  v.  a.  [L.  accendo.]  "To kindle.  “De- 
votion sufficiently  accendcd.”  Decay  of  Piety. 

AC-CEA'-DI-BlL'j-TY,  n.  Inflammability.  Ed.  Bev. 

AC-CEN'IM-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  inflamed.  Smart. 

f AC-CEN'SION,  n.  A kindling.  Locke. 

ACCENT  (114),  jj.  [L.  accentus  ; ad,  to,  and  cano, 
to  sing ; It.  accento  ; Sp.  acento  ; Fr.  accent.] 

1.  The  modulation  of  the  voice  in  speaking, 
or  the  manner  of  speaking ; as,  “ The  Scotch 
accent." 

Your  accent  is  something  finer  than  you  could  purchase  in 
so  removed  a dwelling.  S/tak. 

2.  Language  ; words.  [Poetical.] 

How  many  ages  hence 
Shall  tills  our  lofty  scene  be  acted  o’er. 

In  states  unborn,  and  accents  yet  unknown  ! Shak. 

3.  A stress  of  voice  on  a certain  syllable  of  a 
word,  that  it  may  be  better  heard  than  the  rest, 
as  in  the  second  syllable  of  the  word  confess' . 

HSP  A great  part  of  the  words  in  the  English  lan- 
guage of  Three  or  more  syllables  have  two  accents  ; 
f he  greater  is  called  the  primary  accent , and  the  less 
the  secondary  accent.  Thus,  in  the  word  ap"pel-lartion , 
the  third  syllable  has  the  primary,  and  the  first  sylla- 
ble the  secondary,  accent. 

The  only  perceptible  difference  among  our  syllables  arises 
from  some  of  them  being  uttered  with  that  stronger  percussion 
of  voice  which  we  call  accent.  Jilair. 

4.  A mark  on  a syllable  to  direct  the  modula- 
tion of  the  voice:  — the  mark  ['],  noting  the 
accent  or  stress  of  voice,  as  in  e'  veil,  called  the 
acute  accent;  — the  mark  ['],  called  the  grave 
accent,  used  generally  to  indicate  the  falling  of 
the  voice;  — the  mark  [*]  or  ['],  called  the 
circumflex,  denoting  an  undulation  of  voice. 

5.  (Math.)  A mark  [']  over  a letter  to  indi- 
cate that  it  has  a value  or  a meaning  different 
from  that  of  the  same  letter  used  without  the  ac- 
cent : — a mark  [ ' ] over  a number  noting  a min- 
ute of  a degree,  or,  doubled  ["],  a second. 

6.  (Mus.)  Emphasis  given  to  notes  in  partic- 
ular parts  of  a bar.  Moore. 

Syn.  — See  Emphasis. 

AC-CENT' (114),  v.  a.  [i.  accented;  pp.  ac- 
centing, accented.]  To  pronounce,  utter,  or 
mark  with  accent ; as,  “ To  accent  a syllable.” 

AC-CENT'pi),  p.  a.  Pronounced  with  the  ac- 
cent ; marked  with  the  accent. 

AC-CENT'OR,  n.  1.  (Mus.)  One  who  sings  the 
highest  part  in  a trio.  Crabb. 

2.  (Ornith.)  A genus  of  birds;  the  hedge- 

chanter.  Gray. 

AC-CEJV-TO-RI' JYJE,  n.  pi. 

Ornith.)  A sub-family  of 
entirostral  birds  of  the 
order  Passeres  and  family 
Luscinidce ; accentors. 

Gray.  Enicocichla  ludoviciana. 

||  AC-CENT'U-AL,  a.  Relating  to  accent. 

II  AC-CENT'V-ATE  (ak-sent’yu-at),  l'.  a.  [i.  AC- 
CENTUATED ; pp.  ACCENTUATING,  ACCENTUAT- 
ED.] To  pronounce  or  to  mark  with  the  accent ; 
to  accent. 

||  AC-CENT-lj-A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  uttering 
or  of  marking  the  accent.  Lowth. 

AC-CEPT',  v.  a.  [L.  accipio,  acceptus  ; ad,  to, 
and  capio,  to  take  ; It.  accettare  ; Sp.  aceptar  ; 
Fr.  accepter.]  [t.  accepted  ; pp.  accepting, 

ACCEPTED.] 

1.  To  receive  favorably  or  kindly. 

Sweet  prince,  accept  their  suit.  Shak. 

2.  To  admit ; to  agree  to  ; as,  “ To  accept  an 
excuse  or  a proposal”;  “To  accept  an  amend- 
ment.” 

3.  To  take  as  offered ; as,  “ To  accept  an 
appointment  or  an  office.” 

4.  To  estimate  ; to  regard  ; to  value  accord- 
ing to  desert ; to  receive  as  worthy. 

For  if  there  be  first  n willing  mind,  it  is  accented  according 
to  that  a man  hath,  and  not  according  to  that  he  hath  not. 

2 Cor.  viu.  12. 

5.  To  respect  partially. 

Tie  will  surely  reprove  you  if  ye  do  secretly  accept  persons. 

Job  xiii.  10. 

6.  (Com.)  To  acknowledge  by  one’s  signature 
the  sum  named  in  an  order,  draft,  or  bill  of  ex- 
change, as  due,  and  to  promise  the  payment  of  it. 

Kg-  Accept  is  used  in  some  of  its  senses  with  of. 
“ Accept  of  my  hearty  wishes.”  Addison.  “ Perad- 
venture  he  will  accept  of  me.”  Gen.  xxxii.  20. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Yj  long ; A,  E,  I,  0,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  JJ,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure  ; FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


ACCEPTABILITY 


11 


ACCI  PITER 


AC-CEPT-A-BIL'i-TV,  n.  Quality  of  being  ac- 
ceptable ; acceptableness.  Bp.  Taylor. 

II  AC-CEPT'A-BLE  [ak-sep'ta-bl,  P.  Ja.  K.  Sm. 
Cl.  Wb.  Johnson,  Ash,  Dyche,  Barclay  ; ak'sep- 
tj-bl,  S.  W.  J.  E.  F.  C.],  a.  Sure  to  be  accepted 
or  well  received  ; welcome  ; grateful  ; pleasing. 

A sacrifice  acceptable , well-pleasing  to  God.  Phil.  iv.  18. 
This  woman,  whom  thou  mad’st  to  be  my  help. 

So  fit,  so  acceptable,  so  divine.  Jlilton. 

“ Within  these  twenty  years,  this  word  lias 
shifted  its  accent  from  the  second  to  the  first  syllable. 
There  are  now  few  polite  speakers  who  do  not  pro- 
nounce it  acceptable  ; and  it  is  much  to  be  regret- 
ted that  this  pronunciation  is  become  so  general. ” 
Walker.  — Such  was  the  fact,  as  stated  by  Walker,  near 
the  end  of  the  last  century  ; and  it  conformed  to  the 
usage  of  the  poets,  e.  g.  of  Jonson,  and  of  Milton. 
But  the  accent  of  the  words  acceptable  and  commenda- 
ble has,  in  a great  measure,  been  shifted  back  again 
from  the  first  to  the  second  syllable  ; and  they  are 
so  accented  by  several  of  the  latest  English  ortlioe- 
pists.  — See  Commendable. 

||  AC-CEPT'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing acceptable.  Grew . 

||  AC-CEPT'A-BLY,  ad.  In  an  acceptable  man- 
ner ; in  a manner  to  please  or  gratify. 

AC-CEPT'ANCE,  n.  1.  Act  of  accepting;  re- 
ception with  favor  or  approbation. 

Such  with  him 

Finds  no  acceptance , nor  cun  find. , Milton. 

2.  f Acceptation  ; meaning. 

An  assertion,  under  the  common  acceptance  of  it,  not  only 
false,  but  odious.  South. 

3.  {Com.)  The  writing  of  one’s  name  on  a 
bill  of  exchange  : — the  bill  itself  when  thus  ac- 
cepted. 

4.  (Laic.)  A tacit  agreement,  or  acceptance 

of  a contract  by  implication  ; as,  if  a husband 
and  wife,  holding  land  in  right  of  the  wife, 
jointly  make  a lease  reserving  rent,  and,  after 
the  death  of  the  husband,  the  wife  accepts  or 
receives  the  rent,  by  this  act  the  lease  is  con- 
firmed and  she  is  bound  by  it.  Crabb. 

Syn.  Acceptance  is  the  act  of  accepting  ; accepta- 

tion, tile  state  of  being  accepted.  The  acceptance  of  a 
gift  or  favor ; the  acceptation  or  meaning  of  a word  or 
phrase. 

AC-CEPT'ANT,  n.  [L.  accepto,  to  receive;  Fr. 
accei>tant.]  One  who  accepts  ; an  accepter. 

Spectator. 

Ac-CEP-TA'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  accepting  ; recep- 
tion ; acceptance  ; regard. 

"What  is  new  finds  better  acceptation.  Denham. 

2.  The  received  meaning  of  a word  or  phrase. 

My  words,  in  common  acceptation , 

Could  never  give  this  provocation.  Gray. 

Syn.  — See  Acceptance. 

AC-CEPT'pR,  n.  One  who  accepts. 

Chillingworth. 

AC-CEP-TI-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  acceptilatio  ; ac- 
ceptum,  a receipt,  and^/mt,  latus,  to  bear.] 

1.  (Civil  Laic.)  The  verbal  acquittance  of  a 
debt  by  a creditor  without  payment.  Cotyrave. 

2.  (Thcol.)  The  acceptance  of  a thing  as 
an  equivalent,  although  it  is  not  equal  to  that 
in  place  of  which  it  is  received. 

Bibliotheca  Sacra. 

t AC-CEP'TION,  n.  Acceptation.  Hammond. 

t AC-CEP'TIVE,  a.  Ready  to  accept.  B.  Jonson. 

AC-CEPT'OR,  n.  (Law.)  One  who  accepts  an 
order,  a draft,  or  bill  of  exchange.  Bouvier. 

AC-CEP'TR^SS,  n.  A female  who  accepts,  [r.] 

S.  Oliver. 

t AC-CERSE',  v.  a.  [L.  accerso .]  To  call  ; to 
call  together  ; to  summon,  as  an  army.  Hall. 

AC-CESS',  or  AC'CESS  [ak-ses',  W.  P.  J.  F.  Sm. ; 
ak'ses,  S.  E.  K. ; ak'ses  or  ak-ses1,  Ja.],  n.  [L. 
accessus,  from  accedo,  to  go  to,  to  yield  to  ; Fr. 
acc-S.) 

1.  A way  of  approach  ; an  external  passage  ; 
a corridor. 

The  access  of  the  town  was  only  by  a neck  ofland.  Bacon. 

2.  The  means  of  approach  ; liberty  to  ap- 
proach; admission. 

Forthrough  him  we  both  have  an  access  by  one  Spirit  nnto 
the  Father.  Jiph.  ii.  18. 

3.  Increase ; addition. 

I,  from  the  influence  of  thy  looks,  receive 
Access  in  every  virtue.  Milton. 


4.  A sudden  attack  of  disease  ; a fit. 

Relapses  make  diseases 

More  desperate  than  their  first  accesses.  JLudibras. 

Syn.  — See  Admittance. 

JSjf"  With  respect  to  the  pronunciation  of  this  word 
there  is  a difference  among  the  orthoepists  as  well  as 
in  usage.  Smart  says,  “ It  sometimes  lias  the  accent 
on  tlie  first  syllable.”  Walker  remarks  as  fallows  : — 
“ This  word  is  sometimes  heard  witii  the  accent  on 
the  first  syllable. 

‘ Hail,  water-gruel,  healing  power, 

Of  easy  access  to  the  poor  ! ’ 

But  lliis  pronunciation  ought  to  he  avoided,  as  contrary 
to  analogy  and  the  general  usage  of  the  language.” 

||  Ac'CES-SA-RI-LY,  ad.  In  the  manner  of  an 
accessary. 

||  AC'C^S-SA-RI-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
accessary.  Decay  of  Piety. 

II  Ac'cps-SA-RY  [ak'ses-sj-re,  S.  W.  P.  J.  E.  F. 
Ja.  K.  Sm. ; jk-ses'sa-re,  Ash],  a. 

1.  Contributing  to  a crime  ; assisting  ; acces- 
sory. “ Accessary  to  rebellion.”  Clarendon. 

2.  That  is  added  ; additional  ; accessory. 
“ Things  that  are  accessary  hereunto.”  Hooker. 

||  AC'C^S-SA-RY,  n.  [L.  accedo,  accessus-,  Low 
L.  accessorius .]  (Law.)  One  who  is  not  the 
chief  actor  in  an  offence,  nor  present  at  its 
performance,  but  is  concerned  therein,  either 
before  or  after  its  performance ; an  accomplice  ; 
an  abettor.  Bouvier. 

Syn.  — See  Abettor. 

An  accessary  before  the  fact  (Laic)  is  one  who,  being 
absent  when  the  crime  was  committed,  yet  counselled 
or  commanded  another  to  commit  it. 

An  accessary  after  the  fact  is  one  who  harbors,  con- 
ceals, or  assists  the  offender.  — See  Accessor y. 

figy  This  word  is  chiefly  used  in  legal  forms  ; hut  its 
orthography  is  quite  unsettled.  This  will  appear  evi- 
dent both  from  examining  the  dictionaries  and  from 
observing  common  usage.  With  respect  to  the  diction- 
aries which  were  published  before  that  of  Johnson,  the 
orthography  found  in  those  of  Baret,  Bullokar,  Cot- 
grave,  Phillips,  &c.,  is  accessary  ; in  those  of  Coles, 
Kersey,  Bailey,  Dyclie,  and  Martin,  both  accessary  and 
accessory ; and  all  t lie  principal  dictionaries  of  t lie 
English  language  published  since  that  of  Johnson,  give 
botli  forms.  — Johnson  says  of  accessary,  — “A  corrup- 
tion of  the  word  accessory,  hut  now  more  commonly 
used  than  the  proper  word  ” ; and  Smart  says,  “ Ac- 
cessory claims  a slight  etymological  preference,  but  is 
less  usual.” 

As  to  the  Law  Dictionaries,  the  orthography  of  those 
of  Whishaw,  Burn,  Bouvier,  and  Burrill,  is  accessary  ; 
those  of  Cowell,  Blount,  Cunningham,  Tomlins,  and 
Bell,  give  both  forms.  The  orthography  found  in 
Blackstone’s  Commentaries  and  Erskine’s  Institutes 
is  accessory,  that  of  Dane’s  Abridgment  and  the  Penny 
Cyclopaedia,  accessary.  Braude  gives  accessory  as  the 
orthography  of  the  word  when  a legal  term,  and  acces- 
sary or  accessory  when  used  in  the  arts. 

AC-CES-S1-BI L'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
accessible.  I.  Taylor. 

AC-CES'SLBLE,  a.  That  may  be  approached  ; 
approachable  ; easy  of  access.  Addison. 

AC-CES'SI-BLY,  ad.  So  as  to  be  accessible.  Clarke. 

AC-CES'SION  (ak-sesh'un),  n.  [L.  accessio .] 

1.  Increase  by  something  acquired ; addition  ; 

enlargement ; augmentation.  Clarendon. 

2.  Act  of  coming  to;  arrival;  as,  “The  king’s 
accession  to  the  throne.” 

3.  (Med.)  The  beginning  of  a paroxysm,  or  a 

fit  of  an  intermitting  fever.  " Crabb. 

4.  (Law.)  A kind  of  title  by  which  a person 
acquires  property  in  a thing  in  consequence  of 
its  growing  out  of,  or  being  combined  with,  an- 
other thing  : — in  international  law,  the  act  by 
which  one  power  enters  into  engagements  origi- 
nally contracted  between  other  powers. 

Burrill.  Bouvier. 

Syn.  — See  Increase. 

AC-CES'SION-AL  (jk-sesh'un-jl),  a.  Additional. 

AC-CESS'IVE,  a.  Additional.  Hopkins. 

AC-C^S-SO'RI-AL,  a.  Belonging  to  an  accessory. 

||  AC'CIJS-SO-RI-LY,  ad.  In  the  manner  of  an 
accessory. 

||  AC'CpS-SO-RI-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
accessory.  Smart. 

II  Ac'cps-So-RY  [Sk'ses-so-re,  S.  W.  P.  J.  E.  F. 
Ja.  K.  Sm.  C'. ; ak-ses'so-re,  Ash] , a. 


1.  Contributing  to  a crime  ; accessary. 

Clarendon. 

2.  Joined  to  another  thing ; additional.  Hooker. 

See  Accessary. 

||  AC'CJgS-SO-KY,  n.  [Low  L.  accessorius.] 

1.  That  which  advances  or  promotes  a design  ; 

an  accompaniment.  Gayton. 

2.  (Law.)  One  who  is  guilty  of  a crime,  not 
principally,  but  by  participation ; an  accom- 
plice ; an  abettor  ; accessary. 

3.  (Paint.)  An  object  in  a picture  not  abso- 
lutely necessary  to  the  figure.  Fairholt. 

See  Accessary. 

AC-CIA-CA-TU' RA  (At-cliii-kf-tu ' ra),  n.  [It.,  a 
squeezing .]  (Mus.)  A grace  note,  one  semi- 
tone below  that  to  which  it  is  prefixed,  being, 
as  it  were,  squeezed  in.  Braude. 

AC'CF-DENCE,  n.  [L.  accidentia,  accidents,  pi. 
of  accidens.]  A corruption  of  accidents,  being 
the  name  applied  to  a little  book  containing 
the  accidents  or  first  rudiments  of  grammar. 

I pray  you,  ask  him  some  questions  in  his  accidence.  Shak. 

Ac'ci-DENT,  n.  [L.  accido,  accidens,  to  happen 
to  ; ad,  to,  and  cado,  to  fall.] 

1.  An  event  proceeding  from  an  unknown 
cause,  or  happening  without  the  design  of  the 
agent ; an  unforeseen  event ; incident ; casualty  ; 
chance.  “ Some  unlooked  accident."  Shak. 

2.  A property  or  quality  of  any  being  that  is 
not  essential  to  it.  “ But  the  body’s  accident." 

Davies. 

3.  pi.  (Gram.)  The  properties  and  inflections 

of  the  parts  of  speech.  Holder. 

Syn.  — Accident  excludes  the  idea  of  design,  and 
event  excludes  tile  idea  of  chance.  Accident  refers  to 
what  has  happened  ; chance  to  what  may  happen.  An 
event  is  more  important  than  an  incident.  Whatever 
happens,  whether  by  chance  or  design,  may  he  calicd 
an  incident.  A casualty  is  an  unwelcome  accident ; 
and,  when  used  as  a law  term,  it  often  suggests  the 
idea  of  those  accidents  by  which  an  injury  has  been 
sustained,  or  for  which  a coroner  may  he  invoked. — 
See  Circumstance. 

AC-CI-DEN'TAL,  n.  I.  A property  non-essential. 

Pearson. 

Conceive,  os  much  ns  you  can,  of  the  essentials  of  any 
subject,  before  you  consider  its  accidentals.  Locke. 

2.  (Mus.)  A sharp,  flat,  or  natural,  iq ) k f ti) 

not  in  the  signature  of  a piece,  but  v ’ ’ ’ 

occurring  accidentally  before  a note.  Dwight. 

3.  (Paint.)  A chance  effect  produced  by  rays 
of  light  falling  on  certain  objects.  Fairholt. 

AC-CI-DEN'TAL,  a.  1.  Having  the  quality  of  an 
accident ; happening  by  accident ; happening 
unexpectedly  ; not  designed  or  planned  ; casual ; 
fortuitous;  as,  “An  accidental  occurrence.” 

2.  Non-essential ; incident.  “Circumstances 
accidental  to  the  tragedy.”  Rymer. 

Accidental  colors,  (Opt.)  those  colors  which  depend 
upon  the  reactions  of  t lie  eye,  in  contradistinction  to 
those  which  belong  to  light  itself. 

Accidental  lights,  (Paint.)  secondary  lights;  eflects 
of  light  other  than  ordinary  daylight.  Fairholt. 

Accidental  point,  ( Pcrsp .)  that  point  in  the  hori- 
zontal line  where  the  projections  of  two  lines  parallel 
to  each  other  meet  the  perspective  plane.  Ency.  Brit. 

Syil.  — Accidental  and  fortuitous  are  opposed  to 
what  is  designed,  planned,  or  foreseen  ; incidental,  to 
wliat  is  premeditated  or  intended  ; casual , to  what  is 
constant  and  regular ; contingent,  to  what  is  definite 
and  fixed.  An  accidental  circumstance  ; fortuitous  oc- 
currence; incidental  observation  ; casual  remark  ; con- 
tingent expenses. — See  Circumstantial,  Occa- 
sional. 

AC-C1-DEN'TAL-I$M,  n.  (Paint.)  The  effects 
produced  accidentally  by  rays  of  light.  Ruskin. 

See  Accidental. 

AC-CI-DEN-TAL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
accidental ; accidentalness,  [it.]  Coleridge. 

AC-CI-DEN'TAL-LY,  ad.  In  an  accidental  man- 
ner ; casually. 

AC-CI-DEN'TAL-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  acci- 
dental. Bailey. 

AC-CI-DfiN'TA-RY,  a.  Accidental.  Holland. 

f AC-CI-DEN'TI-A-RY  (ak-se-den'she-a-ie),  a.  Be- 
longing to  accidents  or  accidence.  Bp.  Morton. 

f AC-CIP'I-ENT,  n.  [L . accipio.]  A receiver. 

Bailey. 

AC-CIP'  1-TF.R,  n. ; pi.  a c-ctp' r-TRii.s.  [L.,  from 
ad,  to,  and  capio,  to  seize.] 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE;  Q,  <?,  <;,  g,  soft;  C,  U,  c,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  X as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


ACCIPITRARY 


12 


ACCORD 


1.  ( Omith .)  The 
order  of  rapacious 
birds,  whose  type  is 
the  hawk,  and  which 
includes  the  families 
Vulturidce,  Falconi- 
dce,  and  Strigidce. 

2.  (Surg.)  A bandage  applied  over  the  nose ; 

— so  called  from  its  likeness  to  the  claw  of  a 

hawk.  Dunglison. 

f AC-cTp'I-TRA-RY,  m.  A falconer.  Nash. 

nc-ciP-i-TRi'j<rJE , n. 
p'.  ( Omith.)  Sparrow- 
hawks  ; a sub-family 
of  birds  of  the  order 
Accipitres  and  family 
Falconidce.  Gray. 

AC-ClP’I-TRlNE,  a.  Re- 
lating to  the  hawk  or  Astur palumbaria. 

to  a bird  of  the  order  Accipiter. 

j1C-C1S'J\IUS , re.  [L. ; Gr.  dxxtep/k.]  ( Rhet .)  A 
feigned  refusal ; an  ironical  dissimulation. 

Smart. 

+ AC-CITE',  v.a.  [L .actio.)  To  call ; to  cite.  Shah. 

AC-CLA1M',  v.  a.  [L.  acclamo.\ 

1.  To  applaud.  “ In  acclaiming  thee.” 

Bp.  Hall. 

2.  To  declare  by  acclamation.  “ Acclaims 

thee  king  of  traitors.”  Smollett. 

AC-CLA1M',  n.  A shout  of  praise  ; acclamation; 
applause,  [r.]  Milton. 

■f  AC'C  LA-mAte,  v.-a.  To  applaud.  Waterhouse. 

AC-CLA-MA'TION,  n.  [L.  acclamation] 

1.  A shout  of  applause  ; applause.  “ Accla- 
mations loud.”  Milton. 

2.  A viva  voce  mode  of  electing  to  office.  Burke. 

Syn.  — See  Applause. 

AC-CLAAI' A-TO-RY,  a.  Pertaining  to  accla- 
mation. ‘ Todd. 

AC-CI.i' MATE  [jk-kli'mat,  C.  O.],  v.  a.  [L.  ad, 
to,  and  Gr.  K/ipa,  Kliparoi,  clime  ; Fr.  acclimater.] 
[«.  ACCLIMATED  ; pp.  ACCLIMATING,  ACCLI- 
MATED.] To  inure  or  adapt  to  a climate;  to 
acclimatize.  Load.  Med.  Rev.  Lord  Colchester. 

AC-,CL!'MATE-M$NT,  n.  Acclimation,  [it.] 

Coleridge. 

AC-CLI-MA'TION,  n.  Act  of  acclimating ; act  of 
making  or  of  becoming  inured  to  a climate. 

Dunglison. 

AC-CLI-MAT-1-ZA'TION,  n.  Act  of  inuring  to  a 
climate ; acclimation,  [r.]  Qu.  Rev. 

AC’-CLI'MA-TiZE,  v.  a.  [Fr.  acclimater.]  [i. 
ACCLIMATIZED  ; pp.  ACCLIMATIZING,  ACCLI- 
MATIZED.] To  inure  or  adapt  to  a climate  differ- 
ent from  what  is  natural ; to  acclimate.  — See 
Climate.  Lyell. 

AC-CI.I'M  A-TURE,  n.  State  of  being  inured  to  a 
climate. ' [r.]  Caldwell. 

+ AC-CLIVE',  a.  Sloping  upwards.  Aubrey. 

AC-CLl  V'I-TY,  n.  [L.  acclivus,  steep.  — A.  S.  clif, 
a cliff.]  Steepness  reckoned  upwards  ; ascent. 

— The  ascent  of  a hill  is  the  acclivity,  the  descent 
the  declivity. 

AC-CLl'VOljS  [»k-kll'vus,  S.  IV  J.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm. ; 
ak'kli-vus,  P.],  a.  Rising  with  a slope.  Johnson. 

t AC-CLOY',  v.  a.  To  stuff  full;  to  cloy. 

f AC-COIL',  v.  n.  To  bustle  ; to  coil.  Spenser. 

■f  AC-COI/,  v.  a.  [L.  collum,  the  neck.]  To  em- 
brace round  the  neck.  Surrey. 

AC' CO-LA,  n.  [L.]  1.  ( Law .)  A husbandman  ; 

a borderer.  Whishaw 

2.  (Ich.)  A delicate  fish  found  at  Malta. 

AC-CO-LADE',  or  AC-CO-LADE'  [Sk-o-lad',  K.  R. 
Wb. ; ak-o-lid',  S/re.],  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  ad,  to, 
and  collum,  the  neck.] 

1.  A blow  on  the  neck  or  the  shoulder,  or  an 

embrace; — a ceremony  formerly  used  in  con- 
ferring knighthood.  Iiallam. 

2.  (Mus.)  A brace  connecting  several  staves. 

1"  AC'CG-LENT,  re.  [L.  accolo,  accolens,  dwelling 

near.]  A borderer.  Bailey. 


AC-CuM-BI-NA'TION,  re.  [L.  ad,  to,  and  combi- 
natio,  a uniting.]  Act  of  combining  together. 

Qu.  Rev. 

AC-COM'MO-DA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  fitted  or 
adapted,  [it.]  Watts. 

f AC-COM'MO-DA-BLE-NESS,  re.  Adaptability. 

' Todd. 

AC-COM'MO-DATE,  v.  a.  [L.  accommodo,  ac- 
commodatus ; ad,  to,  and  commodum,  con- 
venience, advantage;  It.  accommodare ; Fr. 
accommoder.]  [i.  accommodated  ; pp.  ac- 
commodating, ACCOMMODATED.] 

1.  To  supply  with  conveniences  of  any  kind. 

Heaven  speed  the  canvas,  gallantly  unfurled 

To  furnish  and  accommodate  a world.  Cowper. 

2.  To  adapt;  to  fit;  to  suit. 

He  had  altered  many  things  that  he  might  accommodate 
himself  to  the  age  in  which  he  lived.  Dryden. 

3.  To  adjust ; to  reconcile  ; as,  “ To  accommo- 
date differences.” 

4.  ( Thcol .)  To  apply  one  thing  to  another  by 
analogy. 

5.  (Com.)  To  serve  by  lending. 

Syn.  — Soe  Fit. 

AC-COM'MO-DATE,  v.  re.  To  be  conformable. 

Browne. 

AC-COM  '.MO-DATE,  a.  Suitable  ; fit.  [r.]  Watts. 

AC-COM'MO-DAT-pD,  p.  a.  Supplied;  adapted; 
suitable. 


AO-COM'MO-DATE-LY,  ad.  Suitably;  fitly,  [li.] 

More. 


AC-COM'MO-DATE-NESS,  re.  Fitness,  [n.] 

Hallywell. 

AC-COM'MO-DAT-ING,  p.  a.  Affording  accommo- 
dation ; disposed  to  oblige  ; obliging  ; friendly. 

AC-COM-MO-DA'TION,  re.  1.  State  of  being  ac- 
commodated ; provision  of  conveniences  : — ap- 
plied often  in  the  plural  to  things  requisite  to 
ease  and  refreshment. 


The  king’s  commissioners  were  to  have  such  accommoda- 
tions as  the  other  thought  fit  to  leave  to  them.  Clarendon. 

2.  Adaptation  ; fitness  ; agreement. 

Socinus’s  main  design  was  to  bring  all  the  mysteries  of 
Christianity  to  a full  accommodation  with  the  general  notions 
of  man’s  reason.  South. 

3.  Reconciliation  ; adjustment ; as,  “ To  come 
to  an  accommodation .” 

4.  (Thcol.)  The  application  of  one  thing  to 
another  by  analogy. 


Many  ot  tnose  quotations  trom  tne  uui  lestament  weri 
probably  intended  as  nothing  more  than  accommodations. 

Paley 

XlRr"  This  word  is  often  used  adjcctively. 


Accommodation  bill , (Cow.)  a bill  of  exchange  given 
as  an  accommodation,  instead  of  a loan  of  money, 
and  which  it  is  generally  understood  the  drawer  will 
take  up. 

Accommodation  vote,  (Com.)  a note  not  given  for 
property  transferred,  but  to  raise  money  upon  ; — a 
note  lent  to  accommodate  the  bearer. 

Accommodation  stagc-coach  or  tram  of  cars , a stage- 
coach or  train  of  cars  designed  to  accommodate  pas- 
sengers, as  to  time,  in  distinction  from  the  mail-stage 
and  express  train. 


AC-COM'MO-DA-TIVE,  a . 
date  ; accommodating. 


Tending  to  accommo- 
Reeclcr. 


AC-C6M'M0-DA-T0R,  n. 
dates. 


One  who  accommo- 
Warburton. 


t AC-COM'PA-NA-BLE,  a.  Sociable.  Sidney. 
AC-COJM'PA-NI-^R,  n.  One  who  accompanies. 

Bailey. 

AC-COM'PA-NJ-MENT,  n.  1.  That  which  accom- 
panies ; an  appendage  ; something  attending 
as  a circumstance  or  added  for  ornament. 


An  cnithalmnium,  the  usual  indispensable  accompaniment 
of  a wedding.  Warton. 

2.  (Mus.)  A subordinate  part  which  accom- 

panies another,  enriching  the  melody, — espe- 
cially an  instrumental  part  which  accompanies 
a voice  or  voices.  Dwight. 

3.  pi.  (Her.)  Such  things  as  are  usually  ap- 
plied about  the  shield,  as  the  belt,  &c.  Crabb. 

AC-COM'PA-NIST,  re.  (Mus.)  One  who  performs 
an  accompanying  part.  Crabb. 


AC-COM'PA-NY  (jk-kum'pji-ne),  v.  a.  [Fr.  ac- 
compagner. — See  Company.]  [i.  accompa- 
nied ; pp.  ACCOMPANYING,  ACCOMPANIED.] 
To  be  with  another  as  a companion  ; to  keep 
company  with  ; to  attend  ; to  join  with  ; to  go 
along  with  ; to  escort. 


Sopater  of  Berea  accompanied  Paul  into  Asia.  Acts  xx.  4. 

It  is  wisely  ordered  by  nature  that  pain  should  accompany 
the  reception  of  several  ideas.  Locke. 

Syn.  — Accompanied  by  friends  or  associates;  at- 

tended by  servants;  escorted  by  troops.  — See  Attend. 

AC-GOM'PA-Ny,  v.  re.  1.  To  be  a companion. 

Now  came  still  evening  on,  and  twilight  gray 

Had  in  her  sober  livery  all  tilings  clad  : 

Silence  accompanied.  Milton. 

2.  To  cohabit.  Milton. 

3.  (Mus.)  To  perform  an  accompaniment. 

Moore. 

AC-COM'PLICE,  re.  [L.  ad,  to,  and  complico,  to 
fold  together  ; Fr.  complice.] 

1.  An  associate,  usually  in  an  ill  sense  ; an 

abettor.  Swift. 

2.  (Laic.)  One  of  several  concerned,  partici- 
pating, or  implicated  in  a felony  or  crime. 

Syn.  — See  Abettor,  Associate. 

AC-COM'PUCE-SHlP,  re.  State  of  being  an  ac- 
complice. [r.]  II.  Taylor. 

AC-COM-PLI^'I-TY,  re.  The  character  or  act  of 
an  accomplice  ; complicity,  [r.]  Qu.  Rev. 

AC-COM'PLISH,  v.  a.  [L.  ad,  to,  and  compleo, 
to  fill  up  ; Fr.  accomplir. — See  Complete.]  [ i . 
ACCOMPLISHED  ; pp.  ACCOMPLISHING,  ACCOM- 
PLISHED.] 

1.  To  complete  ; to  effect ; to  achieve  ; to  ex- 
ecute fully  ; to  bring  to  pass  ; to  obtain  ; as,  “ To 
accomplish  a design.” 

The  desire  accomplished  is  sweet  to  the  soul.  Prov.  xiii.  10. 

2.  To  end  or  finish,  as  to  time. 

The  daj's  of  jrour  dispersions  are  accomplished.  Jer.  xxv.  34. 

When  we  had  accomplished  those  days  we  departed. 

Acts  xxi.  5. 

3.  To  fulfil,  as  a prophecy. 

We  see  every  day  those  events  exactly  accomplished,  which 
our  Saviour  foretold  at  so  great  a distance.  Addison. 

4.  To  furnish  ; to  adorn. 

The  armorers  accomplishing  the  knights, 

With  busy  hammers  closing  rivets  up, 

Give  dreadful  note  of  preparation.  Shak. 

Syn.  — Accomplish  an  object ; effect  a purpose  ; com- 
plete an  undertaking  ; execute  a project  or  orders; 
finish  a work  ; perform  a task  ; achicec  an  enterprise  ; 
fulfil  an  obligation  or  an  engagement.  My  design  is 
accomplished , my  wishes  fulfilled , my  hopes  realized. 
— See  Complete. 

AC-COM'PLISH- A-BLE,  a . Capable  of  accom- 
plishment. Todd. 

AC-COM'PLISHED  (ak-kom'plisht)  [?k-kom'pljsht, 
J.  F.  K.  Sm.  B.  ; ak-kom'pljsh-ed,  S.  W.  P.  Ja. 

Sheridan,  Walker,  and  Jameson  pronounce 
- plished , in  unaccomplished , as  one  syllable.] 
p.  a.  Complete  in  some  qualification  ; well-edu- 
cated ; polished  in  manners  ; refined  ; elegant ; 
fashionable  ; polite  ; as,  “An  accomplished  schol- 
ar ” ; “An  accomplished  gentleman  or  lady.” 

Syn.  — Accomplished  commonly  refers  to  acquired 
qualifications  or  artificial  refinements.  An  accom- 
plished scholar  ; an  accomplished , well-educated , or  polite 
gentleman  or  lady  ; a perfect  artist ; elegant  manners  ; 
a complete  work  ; a finished  performance.  — See  Ele- 
gant. 

AC-COM'PLISH-ER,  n.  One  who  accomplishes. 

AC-COM'PLISH-MENT,  n.  1.  Act  of  accomplish- 
ing ; completion  ; full  performance  ; as,  “ The 
accomplishment  of  a design.’* 

2.  Ornament  of  mind  or  body  ; embellish- 
ment ; attainment. 

I was  then  young  enough,  and  silly  enough,  to  think  that 
gaming  was  one  of  their  accomplishments.  Chesterfield. 

Syn.  — See  Qualification. 

AC-COMPT'  (rik-kbunt'),  re.  [Fr.  compter,  and 
compte,  anciently  aceompter.]  An  account.  — 
See  Account. 

t AC-COMPT'A-BLE  (?k-kount'?-bl),  a.  Account- 
able. — See  Accountable.  Beau.  § FI. 

AC-COMPT'ANT  (ak-kbunt'?nt),  re.  A reckoner; 
computer  ; accountant.  South. 

ftfif  Accompt  and  a ccomptant  are  technical,  or  are 
often  used  when  the  words  are  officially  applied  ; as, 
Acxomptunt-Gcneral,  ail  officer  in  the  English  Court  of 
Chancery  ; hut  in  other  cases  they  are  generally  writ- 
ten account  and  accountant.  — See  ACCOUNTANT. 

f AC-COMPT'fNG— DAY  (jk-kiiunt' jng-da),  re.  Day 
of  reckoning.  Denham. 

AC-CORD',  v.  a.  [L.  ad,  to,  and  corda,  hearts, 
or  chorda,  the  string  of  a musical  instrument ; 
the  first,  says  Johnson,  implying  unanimity, 
the  second  harmony ; It.  accordarc ; Sp.  acor- 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  J,  O,  IT,  Y„  obscure ; FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


ACCORD 


far ; Fr.  accorder .]  [ i . accorded  ; pp.  accord- 
ing, ACCORDED.] 

1.  To  make  agree  ; to  adapt ; — with  to. 

Ilcr  hands  accorded  the  lute’s  music  to  the  voice.  Sidney. 

2.  To  bring  to  an  adjustment ; to  accommo- 
date. “ To  accord  all  difficulties.”  South. 

3.  To  grant;  to  give;  to  concede. 

The  heroes  prayed,  and  Pallas,  from  the  skies, 

Accords  their  vow.  Pope. 

Syn.  — See  Allow. 

AC-CORD',  v.  n.  To  agree  ; to  suit  one  with  an- 
other ; to  harmonize  ; to  correspond.  Shak. 

{Scotland.)  Used  impersonally  ; as,  “ As  accords ,” 
or  “ As  accords  of  law,”  i.  e.  conformable  to  law. 

Jamieson. 

AC-CORD',  n.  1.  A compact ; an  agreement ; an 
adjustment.  “ If  both  are  satisfied  with  this 
accord.”  Dry  den. 

2.  Union  ; concurrence  ; consent.  “ Accord 

of  friends.”  Spenser. 

3.  (Mas.)  Harmony  of  sounds ; concord. 

Bacon. 

4.  ( Paint .)  Harmony  of  light  and  shade. 

Own  accord,  voluntary  motion  ; spontaneous  feeling 

or  action.  “ Doing  that  of  his  own  accord.”  Hooker. 

f AC-CORD'a-BLE,  a.  Agreeable.  Goioer. 

AC-CORl)' ANCE,  n.  Agreement;  conformity; 
consent ; — followed  by  with  or  to  : — harmony. 

Syn.  — See  Melody. 

AC-CORD'AN-CY,  n.  Same  as  Accordance. 

Paley. 

AC-CORD'ANT,  a.  [Fr.]  Harmonizing;  being 
in  agreement ; agreeable  ; consonant.  Shak. 

AC-CORD'ANT-LY,  ad.  In  an  accordant  manner. 

AC-CORD'ER,  n.  An  assistant;  a helper.  Cotgrave. 

AC-CORD'ING,  p.  a.  Agreeing ; harmonizing. 
“ According  voice.”  Shak. 

Jarring  interests  of  themselves  create 

The  according  music  of  a well-mixed  state.  Pope. 

/JGr*  According  is  sometimes  followed  by  as,  and 
then  has  the  force  of  an  adverb.  Johnson  quotes  the 
phrase  according  as  from  Swift,  and  says,  “ It  is,  I 
think,  vicious.”  But  it  seems  to  have  good  use  in  its 
favor. 

According  as  we  hope  in  thee.  Ps.  xxxiii.  22. 

Arc  all  things  well 

According  as  I gave  directions?  Shak. 

A greater  or  less  degree  of  probability,  according  as  the 
things  compared  are  more  or  less  similar. 

Reid  on  the  Powers  of  the  Mind. 

AC-CORD'ING  TO,  prepositional  phrase.  In  ac- 
cordance with ; agreeably  to  ; as,  “ According  to 
his  best  judgment.” 

AC-CORD'lNG-LY,  ad.  Agreeably;  conformably; 
suitably. 

AC-COR'DI-ON,  n.  ( Mus .)  A modern  musical 
instrument,  the  sound  of  which  is  produced  by 
the  vibration  of  metallic  springs,  occasioned  by 
a current  of  air  rushing  from  a bellows,  where 
it  is  accumulated,  through  valves  attached  to 
the  keys,  .and  opened  by  the  fingers  of  the 
musician.  Francis. 

f AC-CORTO-RATE.u.a.  To  incorporate.  “Until 
she  accorporate  herself  with  error.”  Milton. 

AC-COST',  v.  a.  [L.  ad,  to,  and  costa,  a rib,  a 
side;  Fr.  accoster.]  [t.  accosted  ; pp.  accost- 
ing, ACCOSTED.] 

1.  t To  approach.  Shak. 

Lapland,  so  much  of  it  as  accosts  the  sea.  Fuller. 

2.  To  speak  to  first ; to  address ; to  greet ; 
to  salute. 

I first  accosted  him  ; I sued,  I sought.  Dryden. 

Tf  you  would  convince  a person  of  his  mistake,  accost  him 
not  upon  that  subject  when  his  spirit  is  ruffled.  IVatts. 

Syn.  — See  Address. 

f AC-COST',  v.  n.  To  come  near. 

Whether  high  towering,  or  accosting  low.  Spenser. 

AC-COST'A-BLE,  a.  Easy  of  access  ; familiar. 

The  F rcnch  are  a free,  debonnair,  accostahlc  people.  Howell. 

AC-CoST'£D,  p.  a.  1.  Addressed. 

2.  (Her.)  Placed  side  by  side.  Todd. 

ACCOUCHEMENT  (fik-kosh'mang),  n.  [Fr. ; ad, 
to,  couclie , a bed.]  (Med.)  Childbirth ; deliv- 
ery ; parturition  ; labor  ; travail.  Dunglison. 

ACCOUCHEUR  (ak-ko-shiir')  [ak-ko-shar',  Ja.  ; 
ak-ko'sbar,  K. ; ak-kosh-iir',  Sm.~\,  n.  [Fr.]  A 


13 


ACCUMB 


physician  who  assists  women  in  childbirth  ; a AC-COUNT'ING,  n.  The  act  of  reckoning  up  ac- 
man-midwife.  Todd.  counts. 


ACCOUCHEUSE  (ak-ko-shuz'),  n.  [Fr.]  A mid- 
wife. Smart. 

AC-COUNT',  n.  [Old  Fr.  accom.pt.  — See  Count.] 

1.  A register  of  debts  and  credits,  or  of  re- 
ceipts and  expenditures  ; a computation  applied 
to  sums  of  money. 

lie  keeps  hris  account  with  the  Bank  of  England.  Brandc. 

The  skill  of  keeping  accounts  is  a business  of  reason  more 
than  [of]  arithmetic.  Locke. 

2.  A reckoning  or  computation  applied  to 
numbers,  time,  weight,  or  measures ; an  inven- 
tory. 

Neither  was  the  number  put  in  the  account  of  the  Chroni- 
cles of  King  David.  1 Chron.  xxvii.  24. 

A beggarly  account  of  empty  boxes.  Shak. 

3.  Explanation ; reason. 

It  is  easy  to  give  account,  how  it  comes  to  pass,  Ac.  Locke. 

4.  Regard;  consideration;  sake;  as,  “ On  no 
account  would  I consent  to  it.” 

Ilis  judgment  led  him  to  oppose  men  on  a public  account. 

Atterbury. 

5.  Estimation  as  worthy  ; distinction  ; dig- 

nity ; consequence  or  importance.  “ Men  of 
account.”  Pope. 

Lord,  what  is  man,  that  thou  takest  knowledge  of  him!  or 
the  son  of  man,  that  thou  makest  account  of  him!  Ps.  cxliv.  3. 

6.  Profit ; advantage. 

We  would  establish  our  souls  in  such  a solid  and  substan- 
tial virtue  as  will  turn  to  account  in  that  great  day.  Spectator. 

7.  A narration  ; recital ; description  ; a state- 
ment. 

Give  an  account  of  thy  stewardship.  Luke  xvi.  2. 

A connected  and  probable  account  can  be  given  only  by 
comparing  the  evidence.  Bancroft . 

Account  current , {Com.)  a running  account,  or  tile 
statement  of  the  mercantile  transactions  of  one  person 
with  another,  drawn  out  in  the  form  of  debtor  and 
creditor. 

Syn. — Account  is  a term  of  extensive  application. 
Keep  an  account ; make  a computation  or  reckoning  ; 
send  a bill.  An  account  of  transactions  or  of  a battle  ; 
a narrative  of  a person’s  life  or  travels  ; a narration  of 
a story  ; a relation  or  recital  of  circumstances.  It  was 
on  your  account,  for  your  sake,  for  your  advantage  or 
benefit : — for  this  reason  or  purpose.  — See  Narra- 
tion. 

AC-COUNT',  v.  a.  [L.  ad,  to,  and  computo,  to 
count.]  [i.  ACCOUNTED  ; pp.  ACCOUNTING,  AC- 
COUNTED.] 

1.  To  esteem ; to  deem ; to  consider ; to 
think  ; to  hold  in  opinion. 

I was  accounted  a good  actor.  Shak. 

2.  To  reckon  ; to  compute.  “ The  sun,  where- 
by years  are  accounted.”  Browne. 

It  was  accounted  to  him  for  righteousness.  Gal.  iii.  6. 

AC-COUNT',  v.  n.  1.  To  give  an  account  or  ex- 
planation ; to  answer  in  judgment.  “ A reckon- 
ing whereby  pleasures  must  be  accounted  for.” 

Atterbury . 

2.  To  show  the  reason  ; to  assign  the  cause. 

I know  no  other  way  to  account  for  it.  Swift. 

AC-COUNT-A-BlL'I-TY,  n.  State  of  being  ac- 
countable ; accountableness ; responsibility. 
[A  modern  word,  but  in  good  use.] 

11.  Ilall.  De  Quincey. 

AC-COUNT'A-BLE,  a.  Liable  to  be  called  to  ac- 
count ; amenable  ; answerable.  Locke. 

Syn.  — See  Answerable. 

AC-COUNT'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  ac- 
countable ; accountability. 

f AC-COUNT' ANT,  a.  Accountable.  “ Account- 
ant to  the  law.”  Shak. 

AC-COUNT'ANT,  n.  One  skilled  or  employed  in 
accounts.  Browne. 

AC-COUNT'ANT— OEN'IJR-AL,  n.  The  principal 
or  responsible  accountant  in  a public  office,  or 
in  a mercantile  or  banking  house  or  company ; 
an  officer  in  the  English  Court  of  Chancery. — 
See  Accomptant-General.  Brande. 

AC-COUNT'ANT-SHiP,  n.  The  office  of  an  ac- 
countant. Crabb. 

AC-COUNT'— BOOK  (-bflk),  n.  A book  containing 
accounts.  “ Turning  to  my  account-book,  and 
seeing  if  I have  enough  left  for  my  support.” 

Swift. 


AC-COUP'LE  (ak-kup'pi),  v.  a.  [L.  ad,  to,  and 
copula , to  join  together  ; Fr.  accoitplcr.]  [i.  ac- 
coupled  ; pp.  accoupling,  accocpled.] 

To  join  ; to  link  together  ; to  couple.  Bacon. 

AC-COUP'LE-MENT  (jk-kup'pl-ment),  n.  1.  Act 
of  coupling  ; a junction.  Todd. 

2.  {Car.)  A tie  or  brace.  Wcale. 

+ AC-COUR'AljJE  (§dc-kur'?j),  V.  a.  [Fr.  accoura- 
ger.~\  To  encourage.  Spenser. 


t AC-COURT',  v.  a.  To  court.  Spenser. 

AC-COU'TRE  (jk-lcS'tur),  v.  a.  [Fr.  accoutre)', 
to  dress,  from  coudre,  to  sew  ; L.  ad,  to,  and 
consao,  to  stitch  together.  Skinner.  L.  ad,  to, 
and  cultura,  culture,  preparation.  GattelJ]  [i. 
accoutred  ; pp.  accoutring,  accoutred.] 

To  supply  with  equipage  or  accoutrements  ; to 
dress  ; to  equip.  “ Accoutred  as  I was.”  Shak. 


AC-COU'TRE-MENT  (?k-k6'tur-ment),  n.  Pouches, 
belts,  &c.,  of  a soldier ; military  dress  and 
arms  ; equipments  ; dress  ; equipage  ; trap- 
pings ; ornaments.  Shak. 


t AC-COY',  v.  a.  [Fr.  accoiser.)  To  quiet.  Spenser. 

AC-CRED'IT,  v.  a.  [L.  accredo  ; ad,  to,  and  cre- 
do, to  trust ; Old  Fr.  accrediter.']  \i.  accredit- 
ed ; pp.  accrediting,  accredited.]  To  give 
trust  or  confidence  to  ; to  countenance  ; to  pro- 
cure honor  or  credit  for.  Burke. 


AC-CRED-I-TA'TION,  n.  That  which  gives  credit. 
“ Letters  of  accreditation.”  [r.]  Pi.  Cumberland. 

AC-CRED'IT-JID,  p.  a.  Intrusted  ; confidential. 

AC-CRES'CENCE,  71.  Act  of  growing  to;  in- 
crease. [it.]  Coleridge. 

AC-CRES'C£NT,  a.  [L.  accresco,  accrescens  ; ad, 
to,  and  cresco,  to  grow.]  Growing  to  ; in- 
creasing. Shuckford. 

ACCRESCIMEJfTO  (?k-kresh-e-men'to),  n.  [It., 
increase .]  (Mas.)  The  increase,  by  one  half, 
of  its  original  duration,  which  a note  gains  by 
having  a dot  placed  at  the  right  of  it.  Brande. 

AC-CRETE',  a.  ( Bot .)  Grown  together.  Don. 

AC-CRE'TION,  n.  [L.  accretio , accresco,  to  grow.] 

1.  Act  of  growing  to  another ; increase  by 
the  addition  outwardly  of  new  parts.  Bacon. 

2.  {Med.)  A growing  together  by  juxtaposi- 

tion, as  of  the  fingers  or  the  toes  to  one  an- 
other. Dunglison. 

3.  {Law.)  The  gradual  and  imperceptiiile  ac- 
cumulation of  soil  out  of  the  sea,  or  a river. 

Burrill. 

AC-CRE'TI  VE,  a.  Growing  ; increasing  by  growth. 
“ Accretive  motion  of  plants.”  Glanville. 

t AC-CRIM-T-NA'TION,  n.  [L.  ad,  to,  and  crim- 
inatio,  an  accusation.]  Crimination.  Ogilvie. 

AC-CROACH'  (ak-kroch'),  v.  a.  [Fr.  accrocher  ; 
croc , a hook.]  \i.  accroached  ; pp.  ac- 
croaching, accroached.]  To  draw  to  one’s 
self,  as  with  a hook  ; to  assume  the  exercise  of 
royal  power,  [r.]  Blackstonc. 

f AC-CROACH'M^NT,  n.  Act  of  accroaching. 

Bailey. 

AC-CRUE'  (?k-kru'),  v.  71.  [L.  ad,  to,  and  cresco, 
or  accresco,  to  grow,  to  increase  ; Fr.  accroitre, 
accru.]  \i.  accrued  ; pp.  accruing,  accrued.] 

1.  To  accede  to  ; to  be  added  to.  “ Great 

good  will  accrue  from  it.”  Scott. 

2.  {Com.)  To  arise,  as  profits  : — to  follow,  as 
loss  ; but  used  less  properly  in  this  ill  sense. 

f AC-CRtJED',  p.  a.  Joined  together. 

Having  his  forces  all  in  one  accrued.  Spenser. 

AC-CRU'MfJNT,  7i.  Addition  ; increase,  [r.] 

Bp.  Taylor. 

AC-CU-BA'TION,  7i.  [L.  accubo,  to  recline.]  The 
ancient  reclining  posture  at  meals.  Browne. 

AC-CU' BI-TijS,  7i.  [L.,  from  accumbo,  to  recline.] 
A room  for  the  use  of  the  clergyman,  which  is 
annexed  to  large  churches.  Weale. 

fAC-CUMB',  v.  7i.  [L  .accumbo.']  To  recline  or 
lie  at  the  table  according  to  the  ancient  man- 
ner. Bailey. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  R(JLE.  — <?,  Q,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  £,  5,  g,  hard;  S}  as  7.;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


ACCUMBENCY 


14 


ACETIFY 


AC-CU.M'BpN-CY,  n.  State  of  reclining  on  the 
elbow,  or  being  accumbent.  Dr.  Robinson. 

AC-CUM'BpNT,  a.  [L.  accumbens.\  1.  Reclin- 
ing, as  at  a table  ; leaning.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  ( Hot.)  Lying  against,  as  when  one  part 
lies  close  upon  the  edge  of  another.  Henslow. 

t AC-CUM'B£NT,  n.  One  who  reclines.  Bp.  Hall. 

AC-CO'MU-LATE,  v.  a.  [L.  accumulo,  accumu- 
Intus,  to  heap  up  ; ad,  to,  and  cumulus,  a heap. 
It.  accumulare  ; Sp.  acumular ; Fr .accumuler.) 
[*,  ACCUMULATED  ; pp.  ACCUMULATING,  ACCU- 
MULATED.] To  heap,  as  one  thing  upon  an- 
other ; to  pile  up ; to  amass ; to  collect ; to 
bring  together  ; to  increase  ; to  gather. 

Abandon  all  remorse  ; 

On  horror's  head  horrors  accumulate.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Heap. 

AC-CU'MU-LATE,  v.  n.  To  be  heaped  up  ; to  in- 
crease ; as,  “ The  revenue  accumulates  rapidly.” 

AC-CU'MU-LATE,  a.  Heaped ; accumulated.  “A 
more  accumulate  degree  of  felicity.”  South. 

AC-CU-Mll-LA'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  accumulating. 

2.  That  which  is  accumulated ; increase;  col- 
lection ; as,  “ An  accumulation  of  rubbish.” 

3.  (Law.)  A concurrency  of  several  titles,  or 
of  several  proofs. 

AC-CU'MU-LA-TIVE,  a.  That  accumulates  ; caus- 
ing accumulation ; cumulative.  Johnson. 

AC-C  U ' M U-L A-Tl VE-LY,  ad.  In  an  accumulat- 
ing manner.  ’ Todd. 

AC-CU'MU-LA-TOR,  n.  One  who  accumulates. 

AC'CU-RA-CY,  n.  [L  . accuratio  •,  ad,  to,  and  euro, 
to  take  care  of.]  State  of  being  accurate  ; free- 
dom from  error ; correctness  ; exactness  ; nice- 
ty. “ Accuracy  in  the  calculations.”  Arbuth- 
not. “ Accuracy  in  the  expression.”  . Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Justness. 

Ac'CU-R  ATE,  a.  [L.  accuratus ; It.  accurato.) 

1.  Done  carefully ; free  from  error  ; con- 
formed to  truth  ; correct ; exact ; true  ; — said 
of  things  ; as,  “ An  accurate  calculation.” 

2.  Very  careful,  exact;  — said  of  persons; 
as,  “An  accurate  computer  or  observer.” 

Syn. Accurate  and  correct  are  not  as  strong  terms 

as  exact  and  precise.  An  accurate  or  correct  account  or 
description  ; an  exact  measure  or  model  ; precise  rule 
or  language.  — See  Strict. 

AC'CII-RATE-LY,  ad.  In  an  accurate  manner ; 
exactly ; without  error  ; correctly  ; precisely. 

AC'Cl-R  ATE-.NESS,  n.  Accuracy;  exactness. 

AC-CURSE',  v.  a.  [L.  ad,  to,  and  A.  S.  cursian, 
to  curse.]  [t.  accursed  ; pp.  accursing,  ac- 
cursed.] To  doom  to  misery  ; to  curse,  llookcr. 

AC-CURSED'  (15),  p.  a.  (ak-kiirst'  or  ak-kiirs'ed). 
Doomed  to  misery ; cursed  ; detestable  ; exe- 
crable ; hateful. 

Thither,  full  f raught  with  mischievous  revenge, 


Accursed,  and  in  a cursed  hour  lie  Hies.  ° ’ Milton. 

Accursed  tower,  accursed,  fatal  hand.  Shak. 

AC-CU'§A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  accused ; blama- 
ble  ; culpable.  Browne. 

AC-CU'lJAL,  n.  [L.  accuso,  to  accuse.]  Act  of 
accusing ; accusation,  [r.] 

The  council  of  Nicea  commenced  with  mutual  accusals  and 
recriminations.  Mihnan. 


t AC-CU'ijiANT,  n.  One  who  accuses.  Bp.  Hall. 

AC-CU-fJA'TION,  n.  [L.  accusation 

1.  Act  of  accusing  or  charging  with  an  of- 
fence ; blame ; censure. 

Thus  they  in  mutual  accusation  spent 

The  fruitless  hours.  Milton. 

2.  That  of  which  one  is  accused;  a formal 
charge. 

They  set  over  his  head  his  accusation.  Matt,  xxvii.  37. 

AC-C U'SA-Tl VE,  a.  [L.  accuso , to  accuse.] 

1.  Accusatory.  “ An  accitsati re  age.”  Dering. 

2.  (Gram.)  Noting  the  fourth  case  of  Greek 
and  Latin  nouns,  the  case  in  which  the  force  of 
the  active  verb  terminates,  corresponding  to  the 
objective  ease  in  English. 

AC-CU'^A-TIVE,  n.  The  fourth  case  of  Greek 
and  Latin  nouns.  Harris. 

AC-CU'§A-TiVE-LY,  ad.  As  the  accusative  case. 


AC-C  U-§A-TO  'R{-AL,  a.  Accusatory.  Ec.  Rev. 

AC-C  D-§}A-T6'  R 1- AL-LY,  ad.  By  way  of  accu- 
sation. [r.]  ’ Ec.  Rev. 

AC-CU'^A-TO-RY,  a.  Containing  an  accusation  ; 
criminatory.  “ An  accusatory  libel.”  Ayliffe. 

f AC-CU§E',  n.  Accusation;  accusal. 

By  false  accuse  doth  level  at  my  life.  Shak. 

AC-CUl-lE'  (?k-kuz'),  v.  a.  [L.  accuso,  to  call  to 
account ; ad,  to,  and  causa,  cause  or  charge ; 
It.  accusare-,  Sp.  acusar  ; Fr.  accuser.)  [i.  ac- 
cused ; pp.  ACCUSING,  ACCUSED.] 

1.  To  charge  with  a crime  or  an  offence  ; to 
inform  against ; to  impeach ; to  arraign ; to 
charge. 

And  they  asked  him,  saying,  Is  it  lawful  to  heal  on  the  Sab- 
bath days?  that  they  might  accuse  him.  Matt.  xii.  ID. 

2.  To  blame  ; to  censure. 

Their  thoughts  the  meanwhile  accusing  or  else  excusing 
one  another.  Rom.  ii.  15. 

Your  valor  would  their  sloth  too  much  accuse.  Dryden. 

Syn.  — To  accuse  is  a more  formal  transaction  than 
to  charge.  Accused  of  a heinous  crime  ; arraigned  at 
the  bar  ; charged  with  an  offence  ; impeached  for  mis- 
demeanor in  the  administration  of  government ; cen- 
sured or  blamed  for  misconduct. 

AC-CU§ED'  (ak-kuzd'),  p.  a.  Charged  with  a 
crime  ; censured  ; blamed. 

AC-UU§'ER,  n.  One  who  accuses,  blames,  or 
censures. 

t AC-CU§'£R-ESS,  n.  She  who  accuses. 

Sherwood. 

AC-CUSj'ING,  p.  a.  Bringing  accusation  ; cen- 
suring. 

AC-CUS'TOM,  v.  a.  [Fr.  accoutumer.  — See  Cus- 
tom.] [l.  ACCUSTOMED  ; pp.  ACCUSTOMING, 
ACCUSTOMED.]  To  bring  one  to  any  thing  by 
use  and  custom;  to  habituate;  to  inure;  to 
familiarize  : — applied  only  to  persons  or  to 
living  agents  ; as,  “ To  accustom  a child  early 
to  labor.” 

How  shall  we  breathe  in  other  air 
Less  pure,  accustomed  to  immortal  fruits  ? Milton. 

t AC-CUS'TOM,  v.  n.  To  cohabit.  Milton. 


exempt  from  the  jurisdiction  of  their  ordinary 
bishop  or  patriarch.  Buck. 

t A-CEI’H'A-I.IST,  n.  One  who  acknowledges  no 
head  or  superior. 

These  acephalists,  who  will  endure  no  head  but  that  upon 
their  own  shoulders.  Rp.  Ouuden. 

A-CEPII' A-LOUS  (a-sef'Mus),  a.  1.  (Zoiil.  & Bot.) 
Having  no  head,  as  an  animal  or  a plant ; head- 
^ess>  Braude. 

2.  (Pros.)  Deprived  of  its  first  syllable,  as  a 
line  of  poetry.  Brande. 

ACE'PolNT,  n.  A card  or  a side  of  a die  which 
has  only  one  point  or  spot.  Clarke. 

A'CF.R,  n.  [L.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  trees;  the 
maple.  P.  Cyc. 

A<J'E-RATE,  n.  (Chem.)  A salt  formed  of  aceric 
acid  and  a base.  Francis. 

A-CERB',  a.  [L.  acerbus,  unripe;  It.  Sj  Sp. 
acerbo  ; Fr.  acerbe.)  Acid,  with  an  addition  of 
roughness  or  astringency.  - Quincy. 

A-CER'BATE,  v.  a.  To  make  sour,  [r.]  Bailey. 

A-CER'BI-TUDE,  n.  Sourness;  acerbity.  Smart. 

A-CER'BI-TY,  n.  1.  A rough,  sour  taste,  like 
that  of  unripe  fruit ; sourness. 

2.  Severity;  harshness. 

Talents  for  criticism,  namelv,  smartness,  quick  censure, 
vivacity  of  remark,  indeed,  all  but  acerbity,  seem  rather  the 
gifts  of  youth  than  of  old  age.  rope. 

A-CER'JC,  a.  [L.  acer,  the  maple.]  (Chem.) 
Noting  an  acid  obtained  from  the  maple.  P.Cyc. 

A£-E-ROSE'  (129),  a.  [L.  acus,  a needle.] 

1.  (Bot.)  Sharp;  pointed,  like  a needle 

or  pine  leaf;  acerous.  Loudon. 

2.  [L.  acerosus  ; acus,  chaff.]  Chaffy ; 
like  chaff;  acerose. 

Ag'FR-OUS,  a.  [L .acerosus-,  acus,  chaff.] 

1.  Chaffy ; like  chaff.  Smart. 

2.  [L.  acus,  a needle.]  (Bot.)  Sharp  ; point- 
ed like  a needle  ; acerose. 

A-Cj£R'VAL,  a.  [L.  acervalis,  heaped  up;  acer- 
vus,  a heap.]  Occurring  in  heaps,  [r.]  Clarke. 


f AC-CUS'TOM,  n.  Custom.  Milton. 

f AC-CUS'TOM-A-BLE,  a.  Customary;  habitual. 
“ Accustomable  residence.”  Hale. 

f AC-CUS'TOM- A-BLY,  ad.  According  to  cus- 
tom. “ Fines  accustomdbly  paid.”  Bacon. 

f AC-CUS'TOM-ANCE,  n.  Custom;  use.  “Through 
accustomance  and  negligence.”  Boyle. 

AC-CUS'TOM-A-RI-LY,  ad.  Usually.  Cleaveland. 

AC-CUS'TOM-A-RY,  a.  Usual ; customary,  [r.] 
“ Ordinary  and  accustomary  swearing.”  Featley. 

AC-CUS'TOMED  (alc-kus'tumd),  a.  Frequent  ; 
usual ; familiar  ; customary.  Shak. 

AC-eCs'TOM-BD-NESS,  n.  Familiarity.  Pierce. 

ACE,  n.  [Gr.  ets,  one ; L.  as,  a unit ; It.  asso ; 
Sp.  4'  Fr.  as.) 

1.  A unit;  a single  point  on  cards  or  dica.:  — 
applied  commonly  to  a card  so  marked ; as, 
“ The  ace  of  clubs.” 

2.  A trifle  ; a particle  ; an  atom. 

I'll  not  wag  an  ace  farther.  Dryden. 

A-CEL' DA-MA,  n.  [Syro-Chaldaic,  Jjjjji.] 

A field  of  blood.  “Earth’s  aceldama.”  Young. 

— A'CEOUS  (a'shus),  (an  adjectival  termination.) 
Having  the  characteristic  qualities  of ; resem- 
bling ; consisting  of ; belonging  to ; as,  ceta- 
ceous, having  the  qualities  of  a whale  ( cetus ) ; 
farinaceous,  consisting  of,  or  like,  meal  (farina). 

• — See  — Acy. 

A-CEN'TRIC,  a.  [Gr.  a priv.  and  xivrpov,  a point, 
the  centre  of  a circle.]  Not  centred.  Ogilvie. 

A-CEPH'A-LA,  n.  pi.  [L.,  from  Gr.  a priv.  and 
Kctpah'i,  the  head.]  (Zoiil.)  A class  of  mollus- 
cous animals  withoutheads, as  the  oyster.  Brande. 

A-CEPH'A-LAN,  n.  (Zoiil.)  A molluscous  animal 
without  a head ; one  of  the  acephala.  Brande. 

A-CEPH'A-U,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  IlkI (paJ.oe,  headless;  a 
priv.  and  utt^nHj,  the  head.]  (Eccl.  Hist.)  A 
sect  of  Christians  in  the  fifth  century,  who 
acknowledged  ho  head: — bishops  who  were 


f A-CiiR'vATE,  v.  a.  [L.  acervo.)  To  heap  up. 

Scott. 

f A^-ER-VA'TION,  n.  Act  of  heaping  together. 

Johnson. 

Ac-F.R-VOSE'  (129),  a.  Full  of  heaps.  Bailey. 
f A-CES'CJJNCE,  n.  Acescency. 


A-CES'Cf.N-CY,  «.  [L.  accsccns,  turning  sour.] 

Act  of  turning  sour  ; moderate  sourness  ; acid- 
ity. “ The  milk  having  an  acescency  very 
prejudicial  to  the  constitution.”  Wm.  Jones. 


A-CES'CENT  (j-ses'ent),  a.  Tending  to  sourness 
or  acidity.  Arbuthnot. 


A (l- E-  TAB'  U-L  Ojil,  n.  [L.]  1.  (Rom.  Ant.)  A 

vinegar  cruet ; a cup.  Fairholt. 

2.  A measure  equal  to  one  eighth  of  a pint. 

3.  (Anat.)  The  cavity  or  socket  of  the  hip 

joint:— a lobe  of  the  placenta  in  ruminating 
animals.  Dunglison. 

4.  (Zoiil.)  A sucker  of  the  cuttle-fish  and 

other  cephalopods.  Brande. 

A-CE'TAL,  n.  [L.  acetum,  vinegar ; aceo,  to  be- 
come sour.]  (Chem.)  A colorless,  inflammable 
liquid,  convertible  by  slow  combustion  into  acetic 
acid,  and  obtained  by  the  action  of  spongy  plat- 
inum upon  the  vapor  of  alcohol.  Brande. 

Af-E-TA'RI-OUS,  a.  [L.  acetaria,  salad  plants.] 
(Bot.)  Belonging  to  vegetables  that  are  fit  for 
salad.  Don. 


AC'K-T A-R Y,  n.  [L.  acetaria.) 

1.  (Bot.)  An  acrid  pulp  found  in  some  fruits. 

2.  A salad.  Buchanan. 


Ac'U-TAte  [as’e-tat,  K.  Sm.  Cl.  Crabb,  Maunder, 
Dunglison  ; a-sc'tat,  P.  Cyc.),  n.  (Chem.)  A salt 
formed  of  acetic  acid  and  a base.  Miller. 


A-CET'IC,  a.  [L.  acetum,  vinegar.]  (Chem.) 
Noting  an  acid  contained  in  vinegar.  Brande. 

A-CET-I-FI-CA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  acetifying; 
the  operation  of  making  vinegar.  Ure. 

A-CET'I-FY,  v.  a.  [L.  acetum,  vinegar,  and  facio, 
to  make.]  [i.  acetified  ; pp.  acetifying, 
acetified.]  To  charge  with  acetic  acid.  Ure. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  ¥,  short;  A,  5,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  fAr,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


ACETIMETER 


ACKNOWLEDGE 


Ac-E-TlM'E-TIJR,  n.  [L.  acetum,  vinegar,  and 
'Gr.  ecrpu v,  a measure.]  An  instrument  or  ap- 
paratus for  measuring  the  strength  ot  vinegar 
and  other  acids  ; acidimeter.  Ure. 


AC-lJ-TJM'E-TRy,  n.  ( Chem .)  The  art  of  meas- 
uring the  strength  of  acids.  Ure. 

AQ'E-TITE,  n.  (Chem.)  The  name  formerly  ap'- 
plied  to  a salt  formed  of  distilled  vinegar  and  it 
base.  Crabb. 


Ay-p-TOM'p-Tpit,  n.  Acetimeter;  acidimeter. — 
See  Acetimeter.  Scudamore. 

AtJ'E-TONE,  n.  [L.  acetum,  vinegar.]  (Chem.) 
A very  mobile,  colorless,  inflammable  liquid, 
obtained  by  dry  distillation  from  the  acetates 
of  the  more  powerful  bases  ; — also  called  pyro- 
acetic-spirit.  Regnault. 

AQ-IJ-TOSE'  (129),  a.  [Fr.  aceteux.]  Acetous; 
sour.  Bailey. 

f A£-£-TOS'!-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being  acetose  ; 
containing  sourness.  Bailey. 

A-CE'TOUS  [f-sS'tus,  W.  J.  Sm.  R.]  as'e-tus,  A’.], 
a.  [L.  acetum,  vinegar.] 

1.  Having  the  quality  of  vinegar;  sour.  “Not 

any  vinous,  but  an  acetous  spirit.”  Boyle. 

2.  (Chem.)  Formerly  applied  to  distilled  vin- 
egar : — now  applied  to  that  degree  of  fermenta- 
tion which  produces  acetic  acid,  as  distinguished 
from  vinous  fermentation,  which  produces  al- 
cohol. 

If  gluten,  sugar,  and  water  be  mixed  in  certain  proportions, 
and  assisted  by  a proper  degree  of  heat,  they  will  pass  into  the 
vinous  fermentation,  and  a spirituous  liquor  he  the  result.  If 
gluten  unduly  abounds,  or  the  heat  be  too  strong,  or  the  pro- 
cess too  long  continued,  it  passes  into  the  acetous  fermenta- 
tion, and  vinegar  is  formed.  Francis. 

A^'E-TYLE,  n.  [L.  acetum,  vinegar,  and  Gr.  vi.rj, 
matter.]  (Chem.)  A hypothetic  radical  of  acetic 
compounds,  composed  of  carbon  and  hydrogen. 

Brande. 

A-CHAl'AN  (ri-ke'jn),  a.  (Geoy.)  Relating  to 
Achaia  or  Achtea.  Mitford. 

A-£HrE'AN,  n.  A native  of  Achsea  ; a Greek. 

A-£HA'IAN  (st-ka'yjn),  n.  An  Achaean  ; a Greek. 

Campbell. 

ACHE  (ak),  n.  [Gr.  d^oj. — A.  S.  ace,  ace.]  A 
continued  pain  ; aching. 

I’ll  rack  thee  with  old  cramps, 

Fill  all  thy  bones  with  aches.  Shak. 

ACHE  (ak),  v.  n.  [A.  S.  acan,  to  ache.  — Gr.  d\p;, 
pain.]  [t.  ached  ; pp.  aching,  ached.]  To 
be  in  pain ; to  feel  pain  ; to  be  painful. 

Teeth  are  contrived  to  eat,  not  to  ache.  Paley. 

AcH-5E-NE§E',  n.  sing.  & pi.  (Geoy.)  An  inhab- 
itant, or  the  inhabitants,  of  Acheen.  Earnshaw. 

AGII-F.E-NE§E',  a.  Belonging  to  Acheen. 

Earnshaw. 

A-CHE  'JV7-  UM,  n.  [Gr.  a,  not,  and 

to  gape.]  (Bot.)  A small,  dry,  indehis- 
cent  fruit,  containing  a single  seed,  as  I] 
that  of  the  buttercups.  Gray.  'SSS-J 

A-CHER'NJJR,  n.  [Ar.]  (Astron.)  The  name  of 
a large  star  in  the  southern  extremity  of  the 
constellation  Eridanus.  Crabb. 

ACH'B-RON,  n.  [Gr.  pain,  and  plow,  flow- 

ing.] (Myth.)  The  name  of  a river  in  the  in- 
fernal regions. 

Sad  Acheron,  of  sorrow,  black  and  deep.  Milton. 

AcH-5-RU'§IAN,  a.  Relating  to  Acherusia. 

Appleton. 

ACH'pR-SET,  n.  An  ancient  measure  of  corn, 
supposed  to  be  about  eight  bushels.  Crabb. 

A-CHIEV'A-BLE  (a-chev'j-hl),  a.  [See  Achieve.] 
That  may  be  done  or  achieved  ; practicable. 

To  raise  a dead  man  to  life  doth  not  involve  contradiction, 
and  is  therefore  an  object  of  power,  and  at  least  achievable  by 
Omnipotence.  Barrow. 

A-CHIEV'ANCE, n.  Achievement.  “Noble  acts 
and  aehievances.”  [r.]  Sir  T.  Elyot. 

A-CHIEVE'  (ri-chev'),  v.  a.  [Fr.  achever ; a,  to, 
and  chef,  head.  — See  Chief.]  [ i . achieved  ; 
pp.  achieving,  achieved.] 

1.  To  bring  to  a head  or  end  ; to  accomplish, 
as  some  great  enterprise  ; to  perform ; to  com- 
plete ; to  finish. 

And  now  great  deeds 

Had  been  achieved.  Milton. 


15 


2.  To  obtain  by  effort ; to  gain  ; to  bring 
about. 

Experience  is  by  industry  achieved.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Accomplish,  Complete. 

A-CIlIEVE'Mf  NT,  n.  1.  Act  of  achieving;  per- 
formance ; accomplishment ; as,  “ The  achieve- 
ment of  an  enterprise.” 

2.  An  heroic  deed  ; a great  exploit ; a feat. 

That  famous,  hard  achievements  still  pursue.  Spenser. 

3.  (Her.)  An  escutcheon,  or  ensign  armo- 
rial. Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Deed. 

A-CHIEV'^R,  n.  One  who  achieves.  Shak. 

A€H-IL-LE  ' A,  n.  [L.  Achilles,  who  is  said  to  have 
used  it  in  curing  the  wounds  of  Tclephus.] 
(Bt)t.)  A genus  of  plants  ; milfoil.  P.  Cyc. 

ACH'JNG , p.  a.  Suffering,  or  causing,  pain. 

What  peaceful  hours  I once  enjoyed! 

How  sweet  their  memory  still ! 

Cut  they  have  left  an  aching  void 
The  world  can  never  till.  Cowper. 

ACH'ING  (a'kjng),  n.  Continued  pain  ; uneasi- 
ness. “ Painful  girds  and  achings.”  South. 

ACH'I-RITE,  n.  (Min.)  A silicate  of  copper; 
dioptase  ; so  named  from  Achir  Maimed,  the 
merchant  by  whom  it  was  first  introduced  into 
Europe.  Phillips. 

AcH-LA-MYD'B-OUS,  a..  [Gr.  a priv.  and 
XlapiSot,  a cloak.]  (Bot.)  Having  neither  calyx 
nor  corolla,  and  consequently  destitute  of  any 
floral  covering.  Brande. 

ACH'MITE,  n.  (Min.)  A crystallized  brownish 
mineral,  composed  of  silica,  peroxide  of  iron, 

and  soda.  — See  Acmite.  Dana. 

A 'etlOR  (a'kbr),  n. ; pi.  A-piid'RE$.  [Gr.  n^uio, 
scurf.]  (Med.)  A species  of  herpes  ; the  scald- 
head  ; a scaly  eruption.  Quincy. 

A 'eimAs,  n.  [L.  ; Gr.  d^p&r,  a wild  pear-tree.] 
(Bot.)  A genus  of  tropical  fruit-bearing  timber- 

trees  ; the  sapota.  P.  Cyc. 

ACH-RO-MAT'IC  (ak-ro-mat'ik),  a.  [Gr.  a priv. 
and  xpiopa,  color.]  (Opt.)  Free  from  color;  — 
applied  to  ienses,  telescopes,  and  microscopes. 

Achromatic  telescope,  a telescope  furnished  witii  an 
achromatic  lens,  which  is  a combination  of  two  dis- 
similar substances,  as  crown  and  Hint  glass,  so  ar- 
ranged that  the  colored  or  chromatic  aberration  of  the 
rays  passing  through  a single  lens  is  corrected,  and 
tlie  light  passes  undecomposed,  and  is  therefore  free 
from  color. 

A-£HRO-MA-Tig'!-TY,  n.  Quality  of  being  achro- 
matic. Phil.  Mag. 

A-CHRO'MA-Tl^M,  n.  The  destruction  of  the 
primary  colors  which  accompany  the  image  of 
an  object  seen  through  a prism  or  lens  : — want 
of  color.  Brande. 

A-CHRO'M A-TIZE,  v.  a.  [Gr.  a priv.  and  Xpw/aa- 
nijw,  to  color.]  To  deprive  of  color.  Babbage. 

A-CHRON'I-CAL,  a.  See  Acronycal. 

a-C/C ' U-LA,  n.;  pi . A-clc' u-lje.  [L.,  a needle 
or  pin.] 

1.  (Bot.)  The  bristle-like  rachis  of  the  single- 
flowered  spikelets  of  certain  grasses.  Lindley. 

2.  (Zoiil.)  A spine  or  prickle.  Ogilvie. 

A-CIC'U- EAR,  a.  Slender,  sharp-pointed, 
and  rather  stiff,  as  a prickle  ; shaped 
like  a needle  ; aciculate.  Brande. 

A-CIC'U-L AR-LY,  ad.  In  the  manner  of 
needles  or  sharp  points.  Clarke. 

A-CfC'U-L ATE,  a.  (Bot.)  Needle-shaped; 
acicuiar.  P.  Cyc. 

A-CIC'U-LI-FORM,  a.  [L.  acicula,  a small  pin, 
and  forma,  form.]  (Min.)  Needle-shaped.  Craig. 

A^'ID  (as'jd),  a.  [L.  acidus  ; Fr.  acide ; A.  S. 
weed  or  eced .]  Sour  ; sharp  to  the  taste,  like 
vinegar  ; tart ; as,  “Acid  fruits.” 

A(I'|D  (as'jd),  n.  (Chem.)  A substance,  usually 
sour  and  sharp  to  the  taste,  that  changes  vege- 
table blue  colors  to  red,  and,  combining  with  an 
earth,  an  alkali,  or  a metallic  oxide,  forms  a salt. 

A(MD-IF'BR-OUS,  a.  [L  .acidus,  acid,  and  fero, 
to  bear.]  (Chem.)  Containing  or  producing 
acid.  Brande. 


A-CiD'J-Pl-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  acidified. 

A-CID-j-FI-CA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  acidifying. 

A-ClD'J-FI-lJR,  n.  [L.  acidus,  sour,  and  facio,  to 
make.]  (Chem.)  That  which  acidifies  or  con- 
verts into  acid. 

A-CID'I-FY,  v.  a.  [L.  acidus,  acid,  and  facio,  to 
make.]  [i.  acidified  ; pp.  acidifying,  acidi- 
fied.] (Chem.)  To  convert  into  an  acid;  to 
make  sour.  Brande. 

A(MD-iM'£-TpR,  ii.  [L.  acidus,  acid,  and  Gr. 
pirpov,  a measure.]  (Chem.)  An  instrument 
for  measuring  the  strength  of  acids  ; an  ace- 
timeter. Henry. 

Ag-ID-IM'B-TRY,  n.  (Chem.)  The  art  of  meas- 
uring the  strength  of  acids  ; acetimetry.  Henry. 

f A<J'ID-lST,  n.  One  who  maintains  the  doctrine 
of  acids.  Dr.  Slare. 

A-CID'I-TY,  n.  [L .aciditas;  Fr . acidite.]  Quali- 
ty of  being  acid  ; sourness  ; tartness.  “ This 
liquor  manifests  nothing  of  acidity  to  the 
taste.”  Ray. 

A^'ID-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  acid  ; acidity. 

A-CID’JJ-LJE  (a-sid'u-Ie),  n.  pi.  [L.]  Medicinal 
springs  impregnated  with  carbonic  acid.  Quincy. 

A-CID'U-LATE,  v.  a.  [L.  acidulus,  somewhat 
sour.]  [».  acidulated  ; pp.  acidulating, 
acidulated.]  To  imbue  with  acids  in  a slight 
degree.  Arbufhnot. 

A-ClD-U-LA'TION,  n.  [L.]  (Chem.)  Art  or 
process  of  acidulating:  — preservation  of  food 
by  use  of  vinegar.  Merle. 

A-CID'U-LOUS,  a.  1.  Somewhat  acid;  sourish. 
“ Dulcified  from  acidulous  tincture.”  Burke. 

2.  Containing  carbonic  acid  ; as,  “ Acidulous 
mineral  waters.” 

Ag'I-FORM,  a.  [L.  acus,  a needle,  and  forma, 
form.]  Needle-shaped.  Clarke. 

Ay-I-NA'CEOUS  (as-e-na'sh»s),  a.  [L.  acinus,  a 
grape-stone.]  Full  of  kernels.  Maunder. 

Ay-I-NAy'I-FORM,  a.  [L.  acinaces, 
a cimeter,  and  forma,  form.]  (Bot.) 
Cimeter-shaped.  P.  Cyc. 

A-ClN'I-FORM,  a.  [L.  acinus,  a grape- 
stone,  and  forma,  form.]  Having 

the  form  of  grapes.  Smart. 

Ag-I-NOSE'  (129),  i 0.  [L.  acintlSj  a 

Ay'I-NOUS,  ) grape-stone.]  Consisting  of 

minute  granular  concretions:  — noting  iron  ore 
found  in  clustered  masses.  Smart. 

A(j ' I-JYLtS,  n. ; pi.  Ap'i-Ni.  [L.]  1.  (Bot.)  A bunch 
of  fleshy  fruit, as  of  grapes,  or  a raspberry  .Lindley. 

2.  (Anat.)  A gland  or  granular  body  at  the 
termination  of  an  artery  : — pi.  glands  like  the 
pancreas,  arranged  in  clusters.  Dunglison. 

A(^-I-PEJ\r'SER,  it.  (Zoiil.)  A genus  of  reptilian 
fishes,  including  the  sturgeon.  Brande. 

Ay-!-iiR'£Y,  n.  [Gr.  then,  any  pointed  instrument, 
and  cpyor,  work,  action.] 

1.  A demonstration  of  surgical  operations. 

Ogilvie. 

2.  A description  of  surgical  instruments. 

Month.  Rev. 

ACK'ER,  n.  1.  A ripple  on  the  surface  of  the 
water.  Halliwell. 

2.  Fine  mould.  [Local,  Eng.]  Craven  Dialect. 

fAC-KNOVV'  (ak-no'),  v.  a.  [L.  agnosco,  to  rec- 
ognize.] To  acknowledge.  B.  Jonson. 

AC-KNOVVL'f,D(JE  (ak-nol'ej),  v.  a.  [L.  ad,  to, 
and  knowledge .]  [i.  acknowledged  ; pp.  ac- 

knowledging, ACKNOWLEDGED.] 

1.  To  own  the  knowledge  of ; to  own  in  a par- 
ticular character ; to  recognize. 

Trust  in  the  Lord  with  all  thine  heart ; in  all  thy  ways  ac- 
knowledge him.  Prov.  iii.  5,  6. 

None  that  acknowledge  God,  or  providence. 

Their  Amis’  eternity  did  ever  doubt.  Davies. 

2.  To  admit  to  be  true  ; to  grant ; to  approve. 

For  we  write  none  other  things  unto  you,  than  what  ye  read 
or  acknowledge  ; and  1 trust  ye  shall  acknowledge  even  to  the 
end.  2 Cor.  i.  13. 

3.  To  confess,  as  a fault. 

I acknowledged  my  sin  unto  thee.  I said,  I will  confess  my 
transgressions.  Ps.  xxxii.  5. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE. — 9,  <?,  9,  g,  soft ; C,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  $ as  z;  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


ACKNOWLEDGED 


16 


ACQUISITIVENESS 


4.  To  own  with  gratitude. 

I thankfully  acknowledge  to  the  Almighty  Power  the  assist- 
ance he  has  given  me.  Dryden. 

5.  To  declare  openly;  to  avow;  to  admit. 

Ye  that  are  near,  acknowledge  my  might.  Isa.  xxxiii.  13. 

6.  To  testify  to  the  genuineness  of ; to  own 
the  validity  of ; as,  “To  acknoivlcdge  a signa- 
ture ” ; “To  acknowledge  a deed.” 

Syn.  — A person  acknowledges  his  obligations  for 
favors  received.  He  acknowledges  or  owns  what  lie  is 
charged  with,  confesses  liis  faults  or  crimes,  and 
avows  his  principles.  A gentleman  acknowledges  or 
owns  his  error  or  mistake,  and  is  forsi  veil ; a prisoner 
confesses  his  crimes,  and  is  punished  ; a patriot  avows 
his  opposition  to  tyranny,  and  is  applauded.  — See 
Allow,  Recognize. 

AC-KNOW’L'EDQJED  (ak-nol’ejd),  p.  a.  Avowed; 
confessed  ; owned ; recognized. 

AC-KNU\VL'pD<?-ER,  11.  One  who  acknowledges. 

AC-KNO  WL'F.i)(J-ING  (jk-niSl'ej-Ing),  p.  a.  Mak- 
ing acknowledgment ; grateful. 

lie  has  shown  his  hero  acknowledging  and  ungrateful,  com- 
passionate and  hard-hearted.  Dryden. 

AC-KNOWL'EDQr-MENT  (ak-nol'ej-ment),  n. 

1.  Act  of  acknowledging ; admission  of  the 

truth  of  any  fact  or  position  ; concession  ; con- 
fession. Hale. 

2.  Expression  of  gratitude  for  a favor  re- 
ceived. 

3.  (Law.)  The  declaration  or  avowal  of  one’s 
signature,  or  of  the  validity  of  a document  to 
which  one’s  name  is  signed.  — See  Judgment. 

ACME,  n.  [Gr.  d/c/x/J.]  pi.  Ac'me?. 

1.  The  height ; the  summit ; the  top  ; highest 
point.  “ Its  acme  of  human  greatness.”  Burke. 

2.  (Med.)  Crisis  of  a disease.  Dunglison. 


Ac'MITE,  n.  [Gr.  avfiv,  a point.]  (Min.)  A sili- 
cate of  iron  and  soda  ; — written  also  achmite , 
and  so  called  from  the  form  of  its  crystals. Dana. 

JiC  .V/',  or  ciC  \Y.-3 , n.  [Gr.  a%nj,  or  a%va,  any 
thing  that  comes  off  the  surface.]  (Med.)  A 
small  pimple  or  tubercle  on  the  face.  Dunglison. 

AC’O-LIN,  n.  ( Ornitli .)  A kind  of  partridge  in 
Cuba.  Ogilvie. 

A-COLD',  a.  Cold.  “ Poor  Tom ’s  acold.”  Shak. 

A-C0L'0-<?Y,  ii.  [Gr.  ukoc,  a remedy,  and  A6yo;, 
a discourse.]  (Med.)  The  doctrine  of  remedies, 
or  the  materia  medica.  Brandc. 


A-COL'O-TIUST,  n.  [Gr.  an oAnvbeto,  to  follow,  to 
imitate.]  (Cath.  Church.)  An  inferior  church 
servant,  next  in  rank  below  the  sub-deacon ; 
one  whose  office  is  to  prepare  the  elements  for 
the  offices,  to  trim  the  lamps,  light  the  church, 
&c. ; an  acolyte  or  acolyth.  Aylijfe. 

AO’O-LYTE,  ) , „ . 

AC'O  lyth  S n'  *ame  as  Acolothist.  Brevint. 


A-CON-DY-LOSE  (129),  1 a_  [Gr.  a priy,  an(J 

A-CON'DY-LOUS,  ) kovIvAos,  a knuckle.] 

(Bot.)  Jointless  ; — used  of  stalks  without  joints. 

AC-O-Ni'TA,  n.  (Chem.)  See  Aconitine. 

AC'O-NITE,  n.  [Gr.  Ukovitov,  L.  aconi/um.) 
Wolfsbane  ; a genus  of  poisonous  plants,  includ- 
ing monkshood  ; Aconitum  Napcllus.  Loudon. 

A-CON'J-TINE,  n.  (Chem.)  An  alkaloid  princi- 
ple, obtained  from  the  roots  and  leaves  of  some 
species  of  aconite  or  wolfsbane,  and  very  poi- 
sonous ; aconita.  Gregory. 

A-CON'TJ-AS,  n.  [Gr.  asovrias,  a quick-darting 
serpent ; axoiv,  a dart.] 

1.  ( ZoOl .)  A genus  of  footless  lizards. 

Van  Der  lloeven. 

2.  ( Astron .)  A blazing  star,  shooting  like  an 

arrow.  Crabb. 


t A-COP',  ad.  [A.  S.  copp,  head,  apex.]  At  the 
top  ; high  up.  “ It  stands  acop."  B.  Jonson. 
A-COP'JC,  a.  [Gr.  a priv.  and  /cfeo;,  labor.]  (Med.) 

That  remedies  weariness.  Buchanan. 

A'CORN  (a'korn),  n.  [Goth,  akran,  fruit ; or  A.  S. 
accern,  from  ac,  an  oak,  and  corn,  corn,  grain.] 
The  seed  or  fruit  of  the  oak. 


A'CORN,  v.  n.  To  pick  up  and  feed  on  acorns. 
“ The  pigs  are  gone  acorning.”  Wilbraham. 

A'CORN— BAR'NA-CLE,  n.  A species  of  barnacle. 

Kirby. 


A'CORNED  (a'kornd),  a.  1.  Fed  with  acorns. 
“ Like  a fn\\-acorned  boar.”  Shak. 

2.  (Her.)  Having  acorns,  as  an  oak-tree  with 
acorns  on  it.  Ash. 

A'CORN— SHELL,  n.  1.  The  shell  of  the  acorn. 

2.  (ZoOl.)  A multivalve  crustacean. 

Brande. 

AC'p-RUS,  n.  [L. ; Gr.  aropo;.]  (Bot.)  A genus 
of  plants,  including  sweet  flag  (Acorus  Cala- 
mus),  with  sword-shaped  leaves  and  aromatic 
stems,  found  in  wet  places.  Its  stem  is  the 
Calamus  aromaticus  of  the  druggists.  Gray. 

A-COpMI-A,  n.  [Gr.  a priv.  and  Koagoe,  order.] 
(Med.)  Irregularity  in  the  critical  days. 

Dunglison. 

A-COT-Y-LE'DON,  n.  [Gr.  d,  without,  and  ko- 
TvA.r/Stiiv,  a cup-shaped  cavity.]  (Bot.)  A plant 
whose  seed  has  no  distinct  cotyledons,  or  seed- 
lobes. — See  Cotyledon.  Brande. 


A-COT-Y-LED'O-NOUS,  a.  (Bot.)  Having  no 
cotyledons  or  seed-lobes.  P.  Cyc. 

A-COU'CHY,  n.  (ZoOl.)  A small  species  of  agouti , 
having  a "tail  about  two  inches  long  and  resem- 
bling that  of  a rat ; olive  agouti.  Eng.  Cyc. 

A-COU'MJJ-TER,  n.  [Gr.  asouw,  to  hear,  and 
plrpov,  a measure.]  An  instrument  to  measure 
the  extent  of  the  sense  of  hearing.  Itard. 

A-COUS  1 IC,  A a.  [Gr.  cikovotik6s  ; anovu),  to 

A-COt)s'T!-CAL,  ) hear.]  Relating  to  hear- 
ing, or  the  sense  of  hearing ; relating  to  acous- 
tics. Faraday. 

A-COUS'TTCS,  n.  pi.  1.  The  doctrine  of  hearing, 
or  the  theory  of  sounds,  consisting  of  diacous- 
tics, or  sounds  refracted  by  passing  through 
different  media,  and  catacoustics,  or  reflected 
sounds.  P.  Cyc. 

2.  (Mccl.)  Medicines  or  instruments  to  help 
the  hearing. 

AC-GUAlNT'  (jk-kwant'),  v.  a.  [L.  ad,  to,  comi- 
tatus,  company,  or  cognitus,  known ; Fr.  ac- 
cointer .]  [i.  acquainted  ; pp.  acquainting  ; 

ACQUAINTED.] 

1.  To  make  familiar  with;  to  furnish  exact 
knowledge  of. 

Misery  acquaints  a man  with  strange  bed-fellows.  Shak. 

2.  To  make  known  to  ; to  inform  ; to  apprise. 

I must  acquaint  you  that  I have  received 
New-dated  letters  from  Northumberland.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Inform. 


f AC-GUAINT'A-BLE,  a.  Easy  to  be  acquainted 
with.  Chaucer. 

AC-GIMINT'ANCE,  n.  [Fr.  accointance .] 

1.  State  of  being  acquainted ; familiarity ; 
intimacy  ; fellowship  ; — applied  to  persons. 

Our  admiration  of  a famous  man  lessens  upon  our  nearer 
acquaintance  with  him.  Addison. 

2.  Familiar  knowledge; — applied  to  things. 

This  keens  the  understanding  long  in  converse  with  an 
object,  and  long  converse  brings  acguaintance.  South. 

3.  A person  or  persons  with  whom  we  are 
acquainted. 

They  sought  him  among  their  kinsfolk  and  acquaintance. 

Luke  ii.  44. 

We  see  he  is  ashamed  of  his  nearest  acquaintances.  Doyle. 

KGr*  “ In  this  sense  the  plural  is  in  some  authors 
acquaintance , in  others  acquaintances Johnson. 

Syn. Acquaintance  expresses  less  than  fain iliar- 

ity ; familiarity  less  than  intimacy.  Acquaintance  springs 
from  occasional  intercourse;  familiarity  from  daily  in- 
tercourse ; intimacy  from  unreserved  intercourse.  Ac- 
quainted, having  some  knowledge  ; familiar  from  long 
habit ; intimate  by  close  connection.  — See  Intimacy. 

AC-GUAINT'ANCE-SHIP,  n.  State  of  being  ac- 
quainted. Ch.  Ob. 

f AC-GUAINT'ANT,  n.  A person  with  whom  one 
is  acquainted.  Iz.  Walton. 

AC-Q.uAlNT'J5D,  a.  Familiar;  well  known. 

That  war  or  peace,  or  both  at  once,  may  be 

As  things  acquainted  and  familiar  to  us.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Acquaintance. 

AC-aUAINT'JJD-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  ac- 
quainted; acquaintance.  Dr.  J.  Pye  Smith. 

AC-GUEST',  n.  [L.  acquiro,  acquisitus .] 

1.  Acquisition  ; a thing  gained.  Bacon. 

2.  (Law.)  Acquest,  or  acquet,  property  ac- 
quired by  purchase,  not  by  inheritance.  Bouvicr. 

AC-GUI-ESCE'  (Sk-we-es'),  v.  n.  [L.  acquiesco, 


to  rest;  It.  acquicscere ; Fr.  acquiescer.)  [i. 

ACQUIESCED  ; pp.  ACQUIESCING,  ACQUIESCED.] 

1.  To  rest  in  or  remain  satisfied  with. 

lie  that  never  compares  his  notions  with  those  of  others 
readily  acquiesces  in  his  first  thoughts.  Adventurer. 

2.  To  forbear  opposition  or  complaint;  to 
submit  quietly  ; to  comply  ; to  yield. 

• He  [the  upright  man]fecleth  no  check  or  struggle  of  mind, 
his  judgment  approving  and  his  will  acquiescing  in  his  pro- 
cedure. Barrow. 

3.  To  agree  or  assent  to;  as,  “To  acquiesce 
in  an  opinion.” 

Syn.  — See  Comply. 

AC-GUI-ES'CJiNCE  (ak-we-es'ens),  11.  State  of 
acquiescing;  a silent  appearance  of  content; 
compliance  ; assent ; submission  ; satisfaction. 

An  implicit  and  perfect  acquiescence  in  the  will  of  the 
Supreme  Being,  is  the  highest  virtue  a creature  can  attain. 

Ii.  Hall 

Syn.  — See  Assent,  Contentment. 

AC-aui-ES'Cf,N-CY,  n.  Same  as  Acquiescence. 

AC-GUJ-ES'CJJNT,  a.  Easy;  submitting;  com- 
plying. Johnson. 

AC-GUI-ES'CENT-LY,  ad.  In  an  acquiescent  man- 
ner. Craig. 

f AC-GUI'ET,  v.  a.  [Low  L.  acquieto .]  To  quiet. 

Sir  A.  Shirley. 

AC-GUIR-A-BiL'I-TY,  n.  Quality  of  being  ac- 
quirable. Palcy. 

AC-GUIR'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  acquired  ; ob- 
tainable. Hale. 

AC-GIJlRE',  v.  a.  [L.  acquiro  ; ad,  to,  and  quatro, 
to  seek ; Sp.  adquirir ; It.  acquistare ; Fr.  ac- 
querir .]  p.  acquired;  pp.  acquiring,  ac- 
quired.] To  gain  by  one’s  labor  or  effort;  to 
obtain  ; to  win  ; to  earn  ; to  attain. 

That  which  we  acquire  with  the  most  difficulty  we  retain 
the  longest.  Cotton. 

Syn.  — To  acquire,  obtain , gain,  win,  earn,  attain. 
These  terms  all  denote  the  idea  of  getting,  but  by  dif- 
ferent methods.  A person  acquires  by  Ills  own  efforts  ; 
as  property,  knowledge,  reputation,  and  honor  are 
acquired.-,  — lie  obtains  by  tile  efforts  of  others  as  well 
as  by  his  own,  and  by  all  means,  whether  honest  or  dis- 
honest ; as,  an  inheritance,  office,  rank,  favors,  and  re- 
quests are  obtained  ; — lie  gains  or  wins  by  striving  or 
by  the  aid  of  fortune  ; as  an  advantage,  superiority, 
victory,  or  a battle  is  gained ; a game  or  prize  is  won  ; 
— lie  earns  by  labor  ; as  a living  or  subsistence  is 
earned.  Wealth  is  acquired  in  a course  of  years,  ob- 
tained by  inheritance,  or  gained  in  trade.  We  acquire 
tlie  knowledge  of  a language  by  study,  and  attain  to 
a degree  of  excellence  by  effort  or  perseverance.  — See 
Get. 

AC-GUIRED'  (ak-kwlrd')  [jk-kwlrd',  J.  K.  Sm. ; 
?k-kwlr'ed,  S.  IF.],  p.  a.  Gained  by  one’s  self, 
and  not  bestowed  by  nature;  procured;  ob- 
tained ; attained. 

AC-GUlRE'MpNT,  11.  1.  Act  of  acquiring;  ac- 

quisition. “ Rules  for  the  acquirement  of  a 
taste.”  Addison. 

2.  That  which  is  acquired ; acquisition  ; at- 
tainment; gain.  “These  his  acquirements." 

Hayward. 

Syn.  — Acquirement  and  attainment  both  denote  that 
which  is  acquired  or  attained  by  and  for  one’s  self,  and 
are  commonly  applied  to  what  is  moral  or  spiritual : 
acquisition  is  that  which  is  acquired  for  the  benefit  of 
one’s  self  or  another,  and  is  commonly  applied  to 
what  is  material.  Acquirement  of  knowledge  or  wis- 
dom ; attainment  of  excellence  ; acquisition  of  wealth. 

AC-GUlR'IJR,  n.  One  who  acquires. 

AC-GUIR'ING,  n.  Acquirement.  Naunton. 

f AC-GUl'RY,  n.  Acquirement.  Barrow. 

f AC'GUI-fjilTE  (ak'we-zlt),  a.  That  is  "gained; 

Barrow. 

AC-GUI-§I''TION  (ak-we-zisli'un),  n.  [L.  acqui- 
sition) 

1.  Act  of  acquiring;  acquirement.  South. 

2.  That  which  is  acquired ; acquirement ; 

attainment.  Swift. 

Syn.  — See  Acquirement. 

AC-GUl^'l-TlVE,  a.  1.  That  is  acquired.  “Not 
in  his  acquisitive,  but  in  his  native  soil.”  [it.] 

Wot  ton. 

2.  Disposed  to  acquire;  acquiring;  as,  “An 
acquisitive  disposition.” 

AC-GUl§'l-TlVE-LY,  ad.  By  acquisition.  Lilly. 

AC-GUi§'I-TlVE-NESS,  n.  (Phren.)  The  love 
of  acquiring  property  or  possession.  Combe- 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short ; A,  5,  J,  O,  y,  y,  obscure; 


FAKE,  FAR,  FAST,  FILL;  HEIR,  HER; 


ACQUIS1T0R 


17 


ACT 


AC-aUlij'I-TOR,  n.  One  who  makes  acquisition, 
or  gains,  [u.j  Richardson. 

t AC-UUlST',  n.  [Low  L.  acquis  turn.]  Acquest. 
“ New  acquist  of  true  experience.”  Milton. 

AC-aulT'  (sk-kwTt'),  v.  a.  [L.  ad,  to,  and  quietus, 
quiet;  Fr.  acquitter.  — See  Quit.]  [t.  ac- 
quitted; pp.  ACQUITTING,  ACQUITTED.] 

1.  To  discharge  from  an  accusation  ; to  clear 
from  imputation  ; to  set  free  ; to  exonerate  ; to 
absolve  ; as,  “ To  acquit  a prisoner.” 

The  Lord  will  not  at  all  acquit  the  wicked.  Nah.  i.  3. 

2.  To  clear  from  obligation ; to  bear  one’s 
self  well  in  the  discharge  of  a duty  or  under- 
taking. 

I have,  by  the  blessing  of  Goil,  overcome  all  difficulties,  and 
acquitted  myself  of  the  debt  winch  I owed  the  public  when  I 


undertook  this  work.  Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Absolve. 

f AC-aUlT'MpNT,  n.  Acquittal.  South. 

AC-ClUlT'TAL,  n.  (Law.)  A deliverance  from 

a charge  or  accusation  of  an  offence;  a judicial 
discharge  ; a verdict  of  Not  guilty.  Cowell. 

t AC-aulT'TANCE,  v.  a.  To  acquit.  Shah. 


AC-dUXT'TANCE,  n.  A discharge  from  a debt; 
a receipt ; a written  discharge  from  an  engage- 
ment or  debt ; quittance. 

The  poorer  citizens  were  continually  calling  out  for  a law 
which  should  entitle  them  to  a complete  acquittance,  upon 
paying  only  a certain  proportion  of  their  debts.  Adam  Smith. 

fA-CRASE',  or  fA-CRAZE',  v.  a.  To  craze. 
“ The  duke  was  somewhat  acrased.”  Grafton. 

AC'RA-SY,  n.  [Gr.  anpairia ; a priv.  and  Kpaais, 
temperament.]  (Med.)  Excess  ; irregularity  ; 
intemperance.  Cornish. 

A'CRE  (a'ker),  n.  [Gr.  aypoc;  L.  ager.  — Goth.nArs; 
A.  S.  atcer,  a field;  Ger.  acker  -.  Old  Fr.  acre.] 

1.  Any  open,  unmeasured  field;  as,  Castle 

Acre,  I Vest  Acre,  & c.  Crabb. 

2.  A piece  of  land  forty  rods  long  and  four 
broad ; 1G0  square  perches  or  rods ; or  4810 
square  yards ; or  43,560  square  feet. 

Acre  fight,  (Law.)  a sort  of  duel  fought  by  single 
combatants,  English  and  Scotch,  on  the  frontiers  of 
their  kingdoms.  Whisham. 

A'CRE-AQE  (a'ker-aj),  n.  The  number  of  acres 

in  a piece  of  land  : — measurement  of  land  by 
the  acre.  Ed.  Rev. 

A'CRED  (a'kerd),  p.  a.  Possessing  acres. 

Ileathcote  himself,  and  such  large-rrcrccZ  men, 

Lords  of  fat  Esham  or  of  Lincoln  Fen.  rope. 

Great  barons  and  many -acred  men.  Sir  W.  Jones. 

A'CRE-DALE  (a'ker-dal),  n.  Land  in  a common 
field,  different  parts  of  which  are  held  by  different 
proprietors.  [Local,  Eng.]  Brockett. 

AC’RID,  a.  [Gr.  am'i,  a point;  L.  acer,  sharp.] 

1.  Hot,  biting,  sharp  or  rough  to  the  taste ; 

bitter ; pungent.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  Acrimonious.  “Acrid  humors.”  Reid. 

“ Acrid  temper.”  Coicper. 

A-CRID'I-AN,  n.  [Gr.  atepis,  a locust.]  (Ent.) 
A family  of  orthopterous  insects,  having  for  its 
type  the  genus  Acridium.  Brande. 

A-CRlD'l-TV,  n.  Quality  of  being  acrid;  a 
sharp,  bitter,  biting  taste  ; pungency.  P.  Cyc. 

A-CRID ' I-  UM,  n.  [L.  ; Gr.  atepis,  a locust.]  (Ent.) 
A genus  of  insects  of  the  locust  family,  having 
wings  sloping  like  a roof,  and  legs  constructed 
for  leaping;  the  grasshopper.  Brande. 

AC'RID-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  acrid;  acridity. 

AC-RI-MO'NI-OUS,  a.  1.  Full  of  acrimony  ; cor- 
rosive. “ If  gall  cannot  be  rendered  acrimoni- 
ous, and  bitter  of  itself.”  Harvey. 

2.  Severe ; bitter ; sarcastic ; censorious. 
“ Acrimonious  contempt.”  Johnson. 

AC-RI-MO'NI-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  an  acrimonious 
manner ; severely. 

AC-RI-MO’NJ-OUS-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being 
acrimonious  ; severity.  Todd. 

AC'RI-MO-NY,  n.  [L.  acrimonia  ; acer,  sharp.] 

1.  Sharpness  ; corrosiveness  ; harshness. 

Those  milks  fin  certain  plants]  have  all  an  acrimony, 
though  one  would  think  they  should  be  lenitive.  Bacon. 

2.  Severity  ; bitterness  ; tartness  ; asperity  : 
— applied  to  language,  or  to  the  temper  of  per- 
sons. 


Like  a lawyer,  I am  ready  to  support  the  cause : and,  if  oc- 
casion be,  with  subtilty  and  acrimony.  Bolinybruhe. 

Syn. — tlcrimany  denotes  a bitterness  of  feeling, 
which  is  apt  to  he  manifested  in  the  manners  and  lan- 
guage. Acrimony  of  feeling  ; severity  of  temper  or  of 
censure  ; harshness  of  expression  or  of  reproof ; as- 
perity or  bitterness  of  language  or  of  feeling  ; tartness 
of  reply. 

A-CRIS’I-A,  n.  [Gr.  dteptaia  ; a priv.  and  tep'uns, 
judgment.]  (Med.)  A state  of  disease  of  which 
no  decided  opinion  can  be  formed.  Dunglison. 

AC'RNSY,  n.  Same  as  Ackisia.  Craig. 


Ac'ri-ta, 

ac'rntans, 

Ac'rites, 


n.  pi.  [Gr.  aspirin;,  undiscern- 
ible  ; a priv.  and  teoirw,  to  distin- 
guish.] (Zotil.)  The  lowest  di- 
visions of  the  animal  kingdom, 
in  which,  as  was  formerly  supposed,  there  is 
no  discernible  nervous  system.  It  included 
sponges,  infusoria,  polypes,  &c.  Brande. 

A-CRIT'|-CAL,  a.  (Med.)  Having  no  crisis ; not 
foretelling  a crisis.  . Dunglison. 

AC'RJ-TUDE,  n.  Acridness.  Grew. 

t Ac'RJ-TY,  n.  Sharpness;  acridness.  Bacon. 


Ac-ro-a-mAt'ic, 
Ac-ro-a-mAt'i-cal, 


a.  [Gr.  atcpoapaTiK6i  ; 
dtsponoyai,  to  hear.]  Of 
or  pertaining  to  deep  learning,  as  the  unwritten 
lectures  of  Aristotle  ; acroatic  ; abstruse  ; eso- 
terical. 

Aristotle  was  wont  to  divide  his  lectures  and  readings  into 
acroamatical  and  exoterical.  Hales. 


AC-RO-A-MAtTCS,  n.  pi.  Acroatics. 


Smart. 


AC-RO-AtTC,  a.  Relating  to  acroatics  ; acroa- 
matic.  Ency. 

AC-RO-At'ICS,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  atepoartien,  proper  to 
hearing;  atepodoptu,  to  hear.]  Aristotle’s  lectures 
on  the  more  subtile  parts  of  philosophy,  to 
which  none  but  intimate  disciples  were  admit- 
ted ; called  also  esoterical  lectures,  in  distinction 
from  exoterical.  Johnson. 


Ac'RO-BATE,  n.  [Gr.  anpoliaTtu),  to  run  on  tiptoe  ; 
dtepos,  extreme,  and  (Saivw,  to  go;  Fr.  acrobate .] 
A rope-dancer.  Ogilvie. 

AC-RO-CF-RAU'NI-AN,  a.  [Gr.  dtepos,  extreme, 
and  Kepavvos,  thunderbolt.]  (Geoq.)  The  name 
of  a range  of  mountains  in  Epirus,  whose 
peaks  are  often  struck  by  lightning.  Byron. 

AC-RO-f’ilOR'DON,  n.  [Gr.  ateno^oplubv,  a thin- 
necked wart ; L.  acrochordon.] 

1.  (Med.)  A kind  of  hard  wart.  Dunglison. 

2.  (Ilerp.)  The  wart-snake  ; Acrochorclus. 

AC-RO-CHO R' DUS,  n.  [Low  L. ; Gr . aKpo^oolutv, 

a kind  of  wart;  L.  acrochordon.]  (Ilerp.)  A 
genus  of  serpents,  having  small  scales,  which, 
on  being  distended  with  air,  assume  the  appear- 
ance of  warts  or  tubercles ; wart-snake.  Cuvier. 

AC' RO-DUS,  n.  [Gr.  dtepos,  extreme,  and  Mobs, 
tooth.]  (Pal.)  A genus  of  fossil  placoid  fishes, 
having  pavement-like  teeth,  with  transverse 
ridges.  Agassiz. 

AC-RO-GAS'  TF.R,  n.  [Gr.  dtepos,  at  the  end,  and 
yuoTyp,  the  belly.]  (Pal.)  A genus  of  fossil 
fishes  belonging  to  the  Percoids.  Agassiz. 

AC  RO-GEN,  n.  [Gr.  atspos,  extreme,  and  yfwnu, 
to  beget,  to  produce.]  (Bot.)  One  of  a class  of 
cryptogamous  plants,  including  ferns,  &e.  ; — 
growing  by  terminal  buds  only.  Gray. 

A-CROG'E-NO0s,  a.  (Bot.)  Noting  stems  that 
grow  from  the  apex  only.  Gray. 


A-CROG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  dtepos,  extreme,  and 
ypatpoj,  to  write.]  The  art  of  producing  blocks 
in  relief,  for  the  purpose  of  printing  from,  along 
with  types,  and  thus  to  supersede  wood-engrav- 
ing ; invented  by  M.  SchOnberg.  Francis. 

A-CRO'LE-lNE,  n.  [Gr.  dtepos,  on  the  surface,  and 
L.  oleum,  oil.]  (Client.)  An  acrid,  volatile  prod- 
uct, formed  during  the  destructive  distillation 
of  the  fat  of  oils.  * Brande. 

AC-RO-LF.-PIS’ I-DJE,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  dtepos,  extreme, 
and  Actt is,  a scale.]  (Pal.)  A ft^iily  of  fossil 
ganoid  fishes  with  ridged  scales.  Agassiz. 

Ac'RO-LITII,  n.  [Gr.  dtephEOtis,  with  ends  of 
stone  ; utepos,  extreme,  and  lidos,  a stone  ; L. 
acrolithus  ; Fr.  acrolithc.]  (Arch.  Sc  Sculp.)  A 
statue,  the  extremities  of  which  are  formed  of 
stone.  Elmes. 

A-CROL'I-THAN,  a.  (Arch.  & Sculp.)  Relating 
to  an  aerolith.  “ Acrolithan  statue.”  Brande. 


A-CRO'.Ml-A  L,  a.  Relating  to  the  acromion. 
“ Acromial  artery.”  Dunglison. 

A-CRO 'MI-ON,  n.  [Gr.  dtcpui/uov  ; dtepos,  extreme, 
and  utpos,  shoulder.]  pi.  a-cro' mi-a.  (Anat.) 
The  upper  process  of  the  shoulder-blade  articu- 
lating with  the  collar-bone.  Dunglison. 

A-CRON' jC,  a.  — See  AcitONYCAL.  Ogilvie. 

A-CRON'Y-CAL,  a.  [Gr.  dtepos,  extreme,  and  vb%, 
night.]  Opposite  to  the  sun,  or  rising  when  the 
sun  sets,  and  setting  when  the  sun  rises,  as  a 
star  ; — opposed  to  cosmical.  Brande. 

HOP  Written  sometimes,  also,  acronychal,  achrony- 
cal, ami  acronical. 

A-CRON'Y-CAL-LY,  ad.  At  the  acronycal  time. 

lie  is  tempestuous  in  summer,  when  he  rises  heliacally, 
and  rainy  in  winter,  when  he  rises  acronycally . Dry  den. 

A-CROP  ' 0-LIS,n.  [Gr.  aieptSnol.is  ; dtepos,  extreme, 
and  irikis,  a city.]  The  upper  or  higher  part  of 
a Grecian  city ; applied  especially  to  a citadel, 
as  that  of  Athens.  P.  Cyc. 

AC'RO-SPIRE,  n.  [Gr.  dtepos,  at  the  end,  and 
atnipa,  any  thing  wound  around  or  upon  anoth- 
er.] (Bot.)  A sprout  from  the  end  of  seeds 
when  germinating,  or  of  barley  when  malted  ; — 
termed  also  the  plume  cr  plumule.  Brande. 

AC'RO-SPIRED  (ak'ro-spIrti),yj.  a.  Having  sprouts. 

A-CROSS',  prep.  & ad.  Athwart ; crosswise  ; over 
from  side  to  side;  as,  “Across  the  street”; 
“ To  go  across.”  “ Their  arms  across.”  Dryden. 

A-CROS'TIC,  n.  [Gr.  dtepos,  extreme,  and  mi^os, 
a row  or  line.] 

1.  A Hebrew  poem  in  which  the  several  lines 

begin  with  the  letters  of  the  alphabet  in  regu- 
lar order.  Hook. 

2.  A poem  in  which  the  first,  or  the  first  and 

last,  letters  of  the  lines  spell  some  name,  title, 
or  motto.  “ Anagrams,  chronograms,  acros- 
tics.” Burton. 


A-CROS'TIC, 

A-CROS'TI-CAL, 


a.  Relating  to,  or  formed  like, 
an  acrostic.  Dryden. 


A-CROS'Tj-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  the  manner  of  an 
acrostic.  " Todd. 


AC-RO-Tf.-LEU'TlC,  a.  [Gr.  anpos,  extreme,  and 
Tc'/.tvTt'i,  end.]  (Theol.)  Noting  an  addition  to 
a psalm  or  hymn,  as  a doxology.  Ogilvie. 

AC' RO-TF.R,  n.  [Gr.  atepov,  a point,  a peak.] 
(Arch.)  A little  pedestal  to  support  statues,  &c. 

— See  Ackotekium. 

AC-RO-TK' RI-UM,  n.  [L.]  pi.  AC-no-TE' ri-a. 

1.  (Arch.)  Small  pedestals  placed  on  the  mid- 

dle and  two  ends  of  pediments  to  support 
statues.  — See  Antte.  Guilt. 

2.  (Anat.)  An  extremity  of  the  body,  as  the 

end  of  a finger.  Crabb. 

AC-RO-THYM'I-ON,  n.  (Med.)  [Low  L.  ; Gr. 
dtepos,  extreme,  and  dvpos,  thyme,  or  a warty  ex- 
crescence, so  called  from  its  likeness  to  a bunch 
of  thyme  flowers.].  A hard  and  rough  wart, 
broad  at  the  base  and  narrow  at  the  top.  Crabb. 

ACT,  v.  n.  [I,,  ago,  actus-,  It.  a giro  ; Fr.  agir .] 
[f.  ACTED  ; pp.  ACTING,  ACTED.] 

1.  To  he  engaged  in  carrying  into  effect  a 
purpose  or  conception  of  the  mind. 

Deliberate  with  caution,  but  act  with  decision.  Colton. 

2.  To  regulate  one’s  habits  or  behavior  ; to 
conduct  one’s  self ; to  behave. 

The  desire  of  happiness,  and  the  constraint  it  nuts  upon  us 
to  act  for  it,  nobody  accounts  an  abridgment  of  liberty.  Locke. 

3.  To  exert  power  or  influence  ; to  operate  ; 
as,  “ The  mind  acts  upon  the  body.” 

To  act  up  to,  to  conform  to  ; to  abide  by. 

ACT,  v.  a.  1.  To  perform  ; to  do  ; to  carry  into 
execution. 

Few  love  to  bear  the  sins  they  love  to  act.  Shah. 

Thou  wast  n spirit  too  delicate 
To  act  her  earthy  and  abhorred  commands.  Shah. 

2.  To  represent  as  real ; to  imitate  ; to  feign  ; 
as,  “ To  act  a part  on  the  stage.” 

A kingdom  !br  a stage,  princes  to  act , 

And  moliarehs  to  behold  the  swelling  scene  ! Shah. 

3.  To  perform  the  office  or  part  of;  as,  “Tc 
act  the  critic.” 

4.  fTo  influence  to  action  ; to  actuate. 

Most  people  in  the  world  are  acted  by  levity  and  humor. 

South. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 

?. 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — c,  (f  g,  soft ; IS,  fi,  c,  g,  hard;  1}  as  z; 


1$  as  gz. — THIS,  this. 


ACT 


18 


ACUMEN 


ACT,  n.  [L.  actus ; It.  atto ; Sp.  acto  ; Fr.  actc .] 

1.  Something  done  ; effect  of  power  exerted  ; 
an  action ; a deed ; an  exploit ; a perform- 
ance. 

And  the  rest  of  the  nets  of  Solomon,  are  they  not  written 
in  the  hook  ot'the  acts  of  Solomon  ! 1 Kings  xi.  II. 

Cato  said,  the  best  way  to  keep  good  acts  in  memory,  was 
to  refresh  them  with  new.  Bacon. 

2.  A decree  of  a court  of  justice,  or  edict  of 
a legislature  ; a statute  ; a law  ; as,  “ Judicial 
acts”  ; “An  act  of  Parliament”  ; “An  act  of 
Congress.” 

3.  An  exercise  performed  by  a student  at  a 

public  seminary  or  university,  before  he  is  ad- 
mitted to  a degree.  Brande. 

4.  A division  of  a drama  or  play,  subdivided 
into  scenes. 

Five  acts  are  the  just  measure  of  a play.  Roscommon. 

5.  A state  of  reality,  or  actual  existence,  dis- 
tinguished from  existence  only  as  a conception 
of  the  mind. 

All  other  things  besides  are  somewhat  in  possibility,  while 
as  yet  they  are  not  in  act.  llookcr. 

6.  A state  of  readiness  to  do  any  thing. 

Tier  legs  were  buskined,  and  the  left  before, 

In  act  to  shoot ; a silver  bow  she  bore.  Dnjdcn. 

Syn.  — An  act.  is  a single  exertion  of  power ; an  ac- 
tion a continued  exertion.  Bet  and  deed  are  both  used 
to  denote  the  thing  that  is  done.  A voluntary  or  in- 
voluntary net ; a good  or  bad  deed ; the  action  of  light 
or  heat.  — See  Deed. 

AC-TJE'A , n.  [L.  ; Gr.'dxrfa,  the  elder-tree.] 
(Bot.)  A genus  of  plants;  baneberry  ; herb- 
Christopher.  Prout. 

AC’TI-AN,  a.  ( Geog .)  Relating  to  Actium. 

Action  games  were  instituted  at  Actium  in  honor 
of  Apollo,  and  restored  by  Augustus,  in  memory  of 
his  naval  victory  at  that  place,  in  the  year  B.  C.  31, 
over  Antony.  Brande. 

ACT'ING,  n.  1.  Action.  “The  acting  of  your 
blood.”  Shak. 

2.  Performance  of  a stage-play.  Brevint. 

ACT'ING,  p.  a.  Performing  service,  duty,  or  labor. 

Acting  governor,  or  other  officer,  one  who  performs 
the  duties  of  governor,  though  not  elected  to  the  office. 

AC-T/JV' I- A,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  Akt!;,  or  Aktiv,  a 
ray.]  pi.  ac-tTn' irAS.  (Zo  l.)  A genus  of  pol- 
ypi with  very  numerous  tentacles,  which  extend 
like  rays  from  the  circumference  of  the  mouth. 
They  are  of  a soft,  gelatinous  texture,  and  when 
their  tentacles  are  expanded  they  appear  like 
many-petalled  flowers;  whence  they  are  called 
animul-JIowers,  sea-anemones,  and  sea-sunjlow- 
ers.  Brande. 

AC-TIN'l-FORM,  a.  ( Zoiil ■)  Having  a radiated 
form.  Craig. 

AC-TIN'IC,  a.  {Opt.)  Relating  to  actinism.  “ Ac- 
tinic or  chemical  force  of  the  solar  ray.”  Nichol. 

AC'TI X-is.M , ii.  [Gr.  Aktiv,  AktIvoc,  a ray.]  {Opt.) 
The  chemical  force  of  the  sun’s  rays,  distinct 
from  light  and  heat.  Herschel. 

AC-TIJV-O-CA  'J\IAX,  ii.  [Gr.  Aktiv,  ukt'ivoc,  a ray, 
and  Kaga |,  a stake.]  {Pal.)  A fossil  of  an  ex- 
tinct genus  of  ceplialopodous  mollusca.  Brande. 

AC-TIN-O-CRI'NITE,  n.  [Gr.  Aktiv,  Akt'ivo;,  a ray, 
and  koivov,  a lily.]  {Pal.)  An  extinct  animal 
of  the  enerinite  genus.  Brande. 

AC-TIN'O-GRApH,  n.  [Gr.  Aktiv,  AktTvo;,  a ray, 
and  ypafu),  to  write.]  {Opt.)  An  instrument  for 
registering  the  variations  of  the  chemical  influ- 
ence of  the  solar  rays.  Brande. 

AC-TIN'O-LITE,  it.  [Gr.  Aktiv,  Aktivoc,  and  kidos, 
a stone.]  (Min.)  A variety  of  hornblende  ; a 
mineral  of  a green  color  ; ray-stone.  Brande. 

AC-TIN-O-LIT'JC,  a.  Relating  to  actinolite.  Ure. 

AC-TI-NOL'O-fJY,  11.  [Gr.  Aktiv,  AktIvo;,  a ray, 
and  >.6yos,  a discourse.]  (Zoiil.)  The  science  of 
radiated  animals.  R.  Park. 

AC-TT-N OM'E-TKR,  n.  [Gr.  Aktiv,  Aktivos , a ray, 
and  ytTpov,  a measure.]  (Opt.)  An  instrument 
for  measuring  the  intensity  of  heat  in  the  sun’s 
rays.  Ilerschel. 

Ac'TI-NOTE,  n.  [Gr.  Aktiv , Aktivos,  a ray.] 
{Min.)  A radiated  mineral ; a species  of  horn- 
blende ; ray-stone ; actinolite.  Dana. 

AG'TION  (ak'slmn),  n.  [L.  actio ; It.  azione ; 
Sp.  accion ; Fr.  action. ] 

1.  State  of  acting,  as  opposed  to  rest ; activity. 


It  is  necessary  to  that  perfection  of  which  our  present  state 
is  capable,  that  the  mind  and  body  should  both  be  kept  in 
action.  Humbler. 

2.  An  act ; a deed. 

fiod  never  accepts  a good  inclination  instead  of  a good 
action.  South. 

My  actions  are  as  noble  as  my  thoughts.  iShak. 

3.  Agency  ; operation  ; influence  ; motion  ; 
movement ; function  ; as,  “The  action  of  light, 
heat,  &c.” 

Hu  has  laid  clown  rules  conformable  to  which  natural  bodies 
are  governed  in  their  actions  upon  one  another.  Cheyne. 

4.  A battle  ; an  engagement. 

But  he  in  heat  of  action 

Is  more  vindicative  than  jealous  love.  Shak. 

5.  The  series  of  events  in  a poem  or  fictitious 
composition. 

This  action  should  have  three  qualifications  : first,  it  should 
be  one  action  ; secondly,  it  should  be  an  entire  action  : and 
thirdly,  it  should  be  a great  action.  Addison. 

6.  Gesture  ; gesticulation  ; accommodation 
of  the  countenance,  voice,  and  gesture  to  the 
matter  spoken. 

Suit  the  action  to  the  word,  the  word  to  the  action.  Shak. 

7.  {Com.)  A share  in  the  capital  stock  of  a 

joint-stock  company;  — a French  use*  of  the 
word.  Brande. 

8.  {Law.)  A legal  process  or  suit. 

Real  action,  an  action  for  the  recovery  of  real  prop- 
erty, as  lands,  tenements,  or  rents.  — Personal  action, 
an  action  of  contract  or  of  tort,  that  is,  for  tile  recovery 
of  personal  property,  or  to  obtain  satisfaction  for  inju- 
ries received.  — Mired  action,  an  action  which  partakes 
of  the  nature  of  both  real  and  personal  actions,  being 
brought  for  the  recovery  of  real  estate  and  also  lor  per- 
sonal damages. — Action  upon  the  case,  an  action  for 
redress  of  wrongs  not  specially  provided  for  by  law, 
as  distinguished  from  an  action  upon  the  statute,  which 
is  brought  against  a person  for  breach  of  some  partic- 
ular law. — Civil  action,  action  for  the  recovery  of 
property. — Criminal  action,  a prosecution  for  a crime. 
— A chose  [ Fr.,  t/ung]  in  action  is  a right  claimed  but 
not  recovered.  Burrill. 

9.  (Paint.  & Sculp.)  The  attitude,  posture, 

or  expression  of  the  figures  represented  ; — the 
principal  event  which  forms  the  subject  of  a 
picture  or  bas-relief.  Fairholt. 

Syn.  — See  Act,  Case,  Gesture. 

AC’TION-A-BLE,  a.  (Law.)  That  admits  an  ac- 
tion. “ No  man’s  face  is  actionable.”  Collier. 

Ac'TION-A-BLY,  ad.  In  a manner  subject  to  a 
process  of  law. 

AC'TION-A-RY,  )n,  (Com.)  One  who  has  a share 

Ac'TION-IsT,  ) in  actions  or  stocks  of  a joint- 


stock  company  in  France.  Smart. 

t AC'TION-TAK'ING,  a.  Litigious.  Shak. 

AC'TION— THREAT'EN-ER,  n.  One  accustomed 
to  threaten  actions  at  law.  Ilarmar. 

t Ac-TI-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  actito,  to  perform  of- 
ten.] Frequent  action.  Bailey. 

f Ac-TI-VATE,  v.  a.  To  make  active.  Bacon. 

Ac'TIVE  (dk'tjv),  it.  [L . activus  ; It.  attivo  ; Sp. 
activo  ; Fr.  act  if.] 


1.  That  acts,  opposed  to  passive,  or  idle  ; en- 
gaged in  action  ; actually  employed ; busy  ; 
diligent ; as,  “ To  he  active  in  business.” 

2.  Alert ; brisk  ; nimble  ; agile  ; quick.  “ Ac- 
tive sinews.”  Drydcn. 

3.  Requiring  or  implying  action. 

Each  in  their  several  active  spheres  assigned.  Milton. 

4.  (Gram.)  Noting  that  kind  of  verb  which 
expresses  action  passing  from  an  agent  or  actor 
to  some  object ; transitive. 

Active  capital,  money,  or  property  readily  converted 

into  money. Active  commerce,  commerce  which  a 

nation  carries  on  in  its  own  ships. 

Syn.  — Active  is  opposed  to  quiescent,  or  being  at 
rest.  Active  in  business  or  the  pursuit  of  some  object ; 
busy,  habitually  employed;  brisk  at  play;  agile  or 
nimble  in  the  use  of  one’s  limbs  ; quick  in  movement. 
— See  Diligent. 

Ac'TIVE-LY,  ad.  In  an  active  manner  ; busily. 

AO'TIVE-NESS,  11.  Quality  of  being  active. 

AC-TlV'I-TY,  n.  State  or  quality  of  being  ac- 
tive ; the  virtue  or  faculty  of  acting ; nimble- 
ncss  ; agility.  “ Doing  is  activity.”  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Quickness. 

fACT'Lyss,  a.  Without  spirit ; insipid. 

A poor,  young,  acticss,  indigested  thing.  Southcrnc. 


ACT  OF  FAITH.  See  Auto  de  Fe. 

AC'TON,  ii.  [Fr.  hoqueton.]  A leathern  jacket 
or  tunic  worn  under  a coat  of  mail.  — See 
IIacqueton. 

ACT'OR,  n.  1.  One  who  acts  ; a doer. 

Young  men  may  be  learners  while  men  in  age  are  actors. 

Bacon. 

2.  A stage-player.  Drydcn. 

3.  (Law.)  The  party  who  institutes  or  prose- 
cutes an  action  ; a plaintilf.  Burrill. 

Ac'TRJJSS,  n.  A female  actor.  Addison. 

ACT'U-AL  (akt'yii-al,  10,  24),  a.  [L.  actualis.] 

1.  Really  acting;  really  in  act;  real;  cer- 
tain ; effective  ; positive  ; not  merely  in  specu- 
lation or  pretence. 

For  he  that  but  conceives  a crime  in  thought, 
Contracts  the  danger  of  an  actual  fault.  Dryden. 

2.  Present;  existing;  nowin  being;  as,  “The 
actual  government  of  France.” 

3.  f That  implies  or  requires  action. 

In  this  slumbery  agitation,  besides  her  walking  and  other 
actual  performances,  what,  at  any  time,  have  you  heard  her 
say  ? Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Real. 

||  ACT-U-Al'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being  actual. 
“Actuality  of  these  spiritual  qualities.”  Cheyne. 

||  ACT'D-AL-IZE,  v.  a.  To  make  actual.  Coleridge. 

II  ACTTJ-AL-LY  (akt'yu-al-le,  10,  21),  ad.  Posi- 
tively ; in  act ; really  ; in  fact. 

IIow  insensibly  old  age  steals  on,  and  how  often  it  is  octu- 
allt/  arrived  before  we  suspect  it!  Cowjier. 

||  ACT'U-AL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  actual. 

||  Act'U- A-Ry  (10,  24),  n.  [L.  actuarius,  one  who 
keeps  accounts.] 

1.  ( Civil  Law.)  A register  or  clerk  of  a court 

or  society.  Burrill. 

2.  The  managing  officer  of  an  insurance  com- 

pany or  corporation;,  one  skilled  in  the  doc- 
trine of  life  annuities  atid  insurance,  and  com- 
petent to  give  advice  upon  cases  of  annuities, 
reversions,  &c.  Brande. 

||  f AcT'IJ-ATE  (10,  24),  a.  Put  into  action. 

South. 

II  ACT'D-ATE  (akt'yu-at,  10),  V.  a.  [i.  ACTUATED  ; 
pp.  actuating,  actuated.]  To  put  into  ac- 
tion ; to  incite  to  action  ; to  make  active  ; to  im- 
pel ; to  induce  ; to  move  ; to  influence. 

It  is  observed  by  Cicero,  that  men  of  the  greatest  and  the 
most  shining  parts  are  most  actuated  by  ambition.  Addison. 

||  ACT-U-A'TION,  n.  Operation,  [r.]  Pearson. 

||  f ACT-y-OSE',  a.  That  has  strong  powers  of 
action.  Bailey. 

||  t ACT-U-OS'J-TY,  n.  Power  of  action.  II.  More. 

||  AC'D-ATEj  i’.  a.  [L.  acuo.]  To  sharpen.  “ In- 
flame and  acuate  the  blood.”  [r.]  Harvey. 

||  f Ac'U-ATE,  a.  Sharpened  ; pointed.  Ashmole. 

||  + AC-U-I''TION  (94),  n.  (Med.)  The  sharpening 
of  medicines  to  increase  their  effect,  as  by  the 
addition  of  a mineral  acid  to  a vegetable  acid. 

Crabb. 

t A-CO'I-TY  (fi-ku'e-te),  n.  Sharpness.  Perkins. 

A-CU'LIJ- ATE,  a.  [L.  aculeatus ; aculcus,  a sting.] 

1.  (Bot.)  Being  furnished  with  acu- 

lei  or  prickles  ; armed  with  prickles, 
as  the  rose  and  brier.  Gray. 

2.  fOf  stinging  force;  severe;  — 

applied  to  language.  “ If  they  [words] 
be  aculeate.”  Bacon. 

A-CU'LIJ-ATE,  n.  (Ent.)  A hvmenop- 
terous  insect,  having  a sting.  Brande. 

A-CIJ'L^-ATE,  v.  a.  To  form  to  a point. 

Month.  Rev. 

A-CO'LJJ-AT-PD,  a.  Formed  with  points;  hav- 
ing prickly  points  ; aculeate.  Pennant. 

A-CU'LIJ-OUS,  a.  (Bot.)  Having  points  or 
prickles ; aculeate.  Browne. 

A-CU' LF.-US,n.  [L.]  pi.  a-cu’le-i.  (Bot.  & Zo.l.) 
A prickle.  Brande. 

A-CU'MEN  (108),  n.  [L.  acumen,  a sharp  point ; 
acuo,  to  sharpen.]  The  faculty  of  nice  dis- 
crimination ; quickness  of  perception ; acute- 
ness ; sharpness  of  intellect ; discernment. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y',  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short; 


A,  J?,  I,  9,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL; 


HEIR,  HER; 


ACUMINATE 


19 


ADDER’S-TONGUE 


The  word  was  much  affected  by  the  learned  Aristarchus  in 
common  conversation,  to  signify  genius  or  natural  acumen. 

Pope. 

A-CU'MI-NATE,  v.  n.  To  rise  like  a cone.  Milton. 

A-CU'MI-NATE,  v.  a.  To  sharpen.  Cockcram. 

A-CU'MI-NATE,  a.  ( Bot .)  Tapering  to  a 
point ; acuminated.  Loudon. 

A-CU'MT-NAT-pD,  p.  a.  Sharp-pointed; 
sharp ; acuminate.  Browne. 

A-CU-MI-NA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  sharp- 
ening ; a sharp  point.  Pearson. 

A-CU'MI-NOUS,  a.  [Gr.  Ski;,  a point ; L. 
acumen,  a sharp  point.]  Sharp-pointed  ; acumi- 
nate. Craig. 

AC-U-PUNCT-U-RA'TrON  (-yu-,  10),  n.  [Gr.  Suck, ; 
L.  acus,  a needle,  and  punctura,  a puncture  ; 
pungo,  to  prick.]  {Med.)  A puncture  with  a 
fine,  sharp  point ; acupuncture.  Smart. 

AC-U-PUNCT'URE  (-yu-,  10),  n.  [L.  acus,  a 
needle,  and  punctura,  a puncture.]  {Med.)  A 
method  of  bleeding  by  many  small  punctures, 
by  the  insertion  of  ne'edles  into  the  skin  or 
flesh  ; — much  used  by  the  Chinese  and  Japan- 
ese. Dunglison. 

AC-UT-AN'GU-LAR  (-yut-,  10),  a.  {Bot.) 

Having  acute  angles.  Loudon. 

A-CUTE'  (si-kut'),  a.  [L.  acutus.] 

1.  Sharp;  ending  in  a point ; pointed; 
as,  “An  acute  angle.” 

2.  Sharp-witted;  discriminating;  ingenious; 
penetrating;  keen;  shrewd;  discerning;  sub- 
tle. “ The  acute  and  ingenious  author.”  Locke. 

3.  Quick  ; able  to  distinguish  rapidly  and 
with  precision  ; as,  “ An  acute  eye  or  ear.” 

4.  High  and  shrill  in  sound;  — opposed  to 
grave  or  low  ; as,  “ An  acute  tone.” 

Acute  disease,  (Med.)  any  disease  which  terminates 
in  a short  time  ; opposed  to  chronic.  — icutc  accent  [ ' ], 
that  which  raises  or  sharpens  tire  voice;  opposed  to 
grace  [ ' ].  — Acute  angle , any 
angle  less  than  a right  angle. — 

Acute-angled  triangle,  a triangle 
of  which  all  the  three  angles 
are  acute. 

Syn.  — Acute  is  applied  to  both  material  and  intel- 
lectual subjects.  An  acute  or  keen  understanding  or 
argument ; an  acute  or  sharp  pain  ; an  acute  or  subtle 
disputant ; an  acute  or  sharp  point ; a keen  edge  ; an 
acute , not  chronic,  disease. — See  Keen,  Sagacity, 
Subtle. 

A-CUTE',  v.  a.  To  make  the  accent  acute.  Walker. 

A-CUTE'LY,  ad.  Sharply  ; ingeniously  ; keenly. 
“ I cannot  answer  thee  acutely.”  Shalt. 

A-CUTE'NfSS,  n.  1.  Quality  of  being  acute  ; 
sharpness;  — applied  to  things.  Locke. 

2.  Quickness  of  the  intellect ; penetration ; 
ingenuity ; sagacity. 

M.  Colbert  was  a man  of  great  acuteness.  Adam  Smith. 

Syn.  — See  Sagacity. 

fA-CU-TI-A  'TOR  (j-ku-she-a'tor),  n.  [Low  L.] 
A sharpener  of  an  instrument.  Crabb. 

t Ay-Y-ROL'O-yy,  n.  [Gr.  dieupos,  without  au- 
thority, and  ?.6yo;,  speech.]  Careless  or  im- 
proper diction.  Crabb. 

AD—,  a prefix  of  Latin  origin,  signifying  to.  The  d 
is  often  changed  for  the  letter  that  begins  the 
word  to  which  it  is  prefixed ; as,  ac-cede,  af-fix, 
ag-gress,  al-literation. 

t AD-ACT',  v.  a.  [L.  adiyo,  ad  actus.)  To  drive  ; 
to  compel.  “ Vouchsafing  to  adact  them.” 

Fotherby. 

A-DAC'TYLE,  a.  [Gr.  a priv.  and  IoktvI.oc,  a fin- 
ger.] _ (Zosl.)  Applied  to  a locomotive  extrem- 
ity without  digits  or  fingers.  Brande. 

A D'AtjJE  (Sd'rij),  n.  [L.  adayium,  a proverb;  It. 
<Sf  "Sp.  adagio-,  Fr.  adage.)  A wise  observa- 
tion handed  down  from  antiquity ; a proverb ; 
an  old  saying  ; an  aphorism  ; a maxim.  Dry  den. 

Syn.  — See  Axiom. 

t A-DA'^I-AL  (si-da'je-al),  a.  Proverbial.  Barrow. 

AD-A'ClI-b,  a.  [It .,  at  leisure.)  {Mils.)  Slowly; 
in  slow  time  : — as  a noun,  a piece  of  music  to 
be  performed  in  slow  time.  Warton. 

t AD'A-^tY,  n.  Same  as  Adage.  Smith. 


AD-A-LID’ , n.  [Sp.]  A commander.  Irving. 
AD'AM,  n.  [Heb.  DTK,  to  be  red  or  ruddy;  a 

man,  from  his  ruddiness.  Gesenius.)  The  name 
of  the  first  man  ; the  progenitor  of  the  human 
race. 


AD'A-MAnT,  n.  [Gr.  alapm,  unsubdued;  a priv. 
and  dnpaui,  to  tame  ; L.  adamas.) 

1.  A very  hard  stone  ; the  diamond. 

Armed  in  adamant  and  gold.  Milton. 

2.  fThe  loadstone. 

You  draw  me,  you  hard-hearted  adamant.  Shak. 
AD- A-M  AN-TE'AN,  a.  Hard  as  adamant;  ada- 
mantine. 

[lie,]  weaponless  himself, 

Made  arms  ridiculous,  useless  the  forgery 
Of  brazen  shield  or  spear,  the  hammered  cuirass, 

Chaly  bean-tempered  steel,  and  frock  of  mail, 
Adamantean  proof.  Milton. 

AD-A-MAN'TINE,  a.  1.  Made  of  adamant. 

With  adamantine  columns  threats  the  sky.  Dryden. 


2.  Resembling  adamant ; hard  as  adamant ; 
very  hard.  “ Adamantine  bonds.”  Pope. 

Adamantine  spar,  {Min.)  corundum  ; a variety  of 
crystallized  alumina  of  extreme  hardness.  Dana. 

A-DAM'IC,  a.  Relating  to  Adam.  Southey. 

AD'AM-lTE,  n.  {Eccl,  Hist.)  One  of  a sect  of 
ancient  Christian  heretics,  who  imitated  Adam’s 
nakedness  before  the  fall,  from  a belief  that  they 
had  been  made  innocent  by  the  redemption  of 
Christ.  They  reappeared  in  the  fifteenth  cen- 
tury. Brande. 

Ad-AM-It'IC,  a.  Like  or  belonging  to  an  Ad- 
amite. 

Nor  is  it  other  than  rustic  or  Adamitic  impudence  to 
confine  nature  to  itself.  Bp.  Taylor. 

AD'AM’^-AP'PLE  (ad'atmz-ap'pl),  n. 

1.  ( Anat .)  A prominent  part  of  the  throat, 

being  the  projection  formed  by  the  thyroid  car- 
tilage in  the  neck.  Dunglison. 

2.  {Bot.)  The  fruit  of  the  plantain-tree  {Musa 

paradisiacal)  ; — so  called  by  Gerarde  and  other 
old  authors  from  a notion  that  it  was  the  for- 
bidden fruit  of  Eden.  Loudon. 

AD'AM’iji-NEE'DLE,  n.  A genus  of  American, 
mostly  tropical,  evergreen  plants,  whose  leaves 
end  in  a thorny  point ; Yucca.  Loudon. 

AD-AN-SO' NI-A,  n.  {Bot.)  A genus  of  plants; 
the  baobab  ; the  African  calabash-tree.  P.  Cyc. 

AD'A-PIS,  n.  {Zoiil.)  1.  A name  given  to  the 
hyrax,  or  cony  of  Scripture.  Gcsner. 

2.  A small  pachydermatous  quadruped,  now 
extinct.  Cuvier. 

A-dApT',  v.  a.  [L.  adapto,  to  adjust ; ad,  to,  and 
apto,  to  fit ; It.  adattare  ; Sp.  adaptar ; Fr. 
adapter.)  [i.  adapted  ; pp.  adapting,  adapt- 
ed.] To  fit  one  thing  to  another;  to  adjust; 
to  make  correspondent ; to  proportion ; to  ac- 
commodate ; to  suit. 

It  is  not  enough  that  nothing  offends  the  ear,  but  a good 

{>oet  will  adapt  the  very  sounds,  as  well  as  words  to  the  tilings 
le  treats  of.  Pope. 

Syn.  — See  Appropriate,  Fit. 

A-DAPT- A-BtL'I-Ty,  n.  Capability  of  adaptation  ; 
fitness  ; adhptableness  ; suitableness.  Todd. 

A-DAPT'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  adapted.  Todd. 
A-DApT'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Adaptability;  fitness. 

AD-AP-TA'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  adapting,  [n.] 
“ Adaptation  or  cement  of  one  to  the  other.” 

Browne. 

2.  State  of  being  fitted ; suitableness ; har- 
mony ; fitness.  “ Exquisite  adaptation.”  Boyle. 

A-D.\PT'pD,  p.  a.  Having  adaptation  or  fitness  ; 
suitable  ; as,  “ Adapted  to  the  purpose.” 

A-DAPT'IJD-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  adapted. 

A-DAPT'ER,  n.  1.  One  who  adapts. 

2.  {Chem.)  A glass  tube,  open  at  both  ends, 
used  to  connect  a retort  with  its  receiver,  when 
the  neck  of  the  former  is  too  short;  — called 
also  adopter.  Francis. 

A-DAP'TION,  n.  Act  of  fitting  ; adaptation. 
[r.]  “ Wise  contrivances  and  prudent  adap- 
tions.” Cheyne. 

A-DAP'TIVE,  a.  Tending  to  adapt.  Coleridge. 
A-DAp'T!  VE-NESS,  7i.  Suitableness.  Ec.  Rev. 


t A-dApt'LY,  ad.  In  a suitable  manner.  Prior. 

+ A-DAPT'NpSS,  il.  Quality  of  being  adapted. 
“ Some  notes  are  to  display  the  adaptness  of 
the  sound  to  the  sense.”  Bp.  Newton. 

Ad-AP-TO'RI-AL,  a.  Tending  to  fit.  [it.]  Mudie. 

A'  DAR,  n.  [Ileb.  "I— 5L]  The  twelfth  month  of 

the  Jewish  sacred  year,  and  the  sixth  month 
of  the  civil  year,  including  part  of  February 
and  March.  Calmet. 

AD  AR-BIT'  RI-  UM,  [L.]  At  will  or  discretion. 

A-DAR'MF.,  71.  [Sp.]  A small  Spanish  weight, 

the  sixteenth  part  of  an  ounce  troy.  Neuman. 

AD'  A-TA1S,  71.  A fine  Bengal  muslin.  Crabb. 

f A-DAUNT',  v.  a. — See  Daunt.  Skcllo7i. 

f A-DAW',  v.  a.  To  daunt;  to  subject.  Spenser. 

f A-dAw',  v.  n.  To  be  daunted.  Spenser. 

f A-DAVV',  v.  a.  To  awake.  Chaucer. 

A-DAVV'LiJT,  n.  {Law.)  An  East  Indian  word, 
denoting  a court  of  justice.  Hamilton. 

A-DAY§'  (a-daz'),  ad.  [A.  S.  on,  in,  and  da-y, 
day.]  On  days  ; every  day.  Spenser. 

In  use  in  composition. — Yoto-a-ilnys,  i.  e.  at  the 
present  time,  of  late-;  as,  “ Men  noie-a-duys  pretend.” 

AD  CAP-TAJY'  DUM,  [L.]  In  order  to  attract  or 
captivate,  i.  e.  by  something  specious. 

f AD-C6R'P0-RATE,  v.  a.  To  incorporate;  to 

accorporate.  Baileij. 

Add  (ad),  v.  a.  [L.  addo,  to  put  to.]  [i.  added  ; 

pp.  ADDING,  ADDED.] 

1.  To  join;  to  subjoin;  to  annex  ; to  give 
in  addition. 

And,  to  arid  greater  honors  to  his  age 

Than  man  could  give  him,  he  died  fearing  God.  Shak. 

2.  To  combine  or  unite,  as  numbers,  so  as  to 
form  one  sum  or  aggregate. 

Whatsoever  positive  ideas  a man  has  in  his  mind  of  any 
quantity,  lie  can  repeat  it,  and  add  it  to  the  former,  as 
easily  as  he  can  add  together  the  ideas  of  two  days  or  two 
years.  Locke. 

Syn.  — Tilings  or  numbers  are  added  by  having  the 
parts  put  together  so  as  to  form  a whole.  Two  things 
are  joined  by  being  attached  to  each  other  ; united  by 
being  formed  into  one  ; they  coalesce  by  being  mingled 
together.  Quantities  are  added  ; houses  are  joined  ; an 
afterthought  is  subjoined ; people  united ; parties  coa- 
lesce ; property  is  increased ; territory  annexed ; income 
or  salary  augmented. 

ADD,  v.  n.  To  increase  ; to  augment ; — followed 
by  to  or  unto. 

My  father  made  your  yoke  heavy,  and  I will  add  to  your 
yoke.  1 Kings  xii.  14. 

And  these  unseasoned  hours  perforce  must  add 
Unto  your  sickness.  Shak. 

AD' DA,  7i.  {Zool.)  A species  of  lizard,  about  six 
inches  long,  celebrated  in  the  East  for  its  pre- 
tended efficacy  in  the  cure  of  leprosy  and  other 
cutaneous  diseases.  P.  Cyc. 

AD'DA-BLE,  a.  — See  Addibee.  Cocker. 

AD' DAX,  n.  [Ar.  addas.)  {Zoijl.)  A species  of 
antelope  found  in  Africa.  P.  Cyc. 

AD-DE^'I-MATE,  v.  a.  [L.  ad,  to,  and  decimus, 
tenth.]  To  take  or  ascertain  tithes ; to  deci- 
mate. [r.]  Bailey. 

f AD-DEEM',  v.  a.  [A.  S.  deiiian,  to  judge.]  To 
award ; to  sentence.  Daniel. 

AD-DEN” DUM,  7i.  [L.]  ad-den' da.  Some- 
thing to  be  added  ; an  addition  ; an  appendix. 

Ad'DF.R,  n.  [Goth,  nadrs,  a serpent ; A.  S.  at- 
ter,  poison  ; nceddre,  utter,  or  attr,  a snake.] 

1.  {Heip.)  A venomous  reptile  or  serpent ; a 

viper.  Bell. 

2.  {Ich.)  The  fifteen-spined  stickleback,  a 
species  of  marine  fish  on  the  English  coast ; 
commonly  called  the  great  sea-adder.  Ogilvie. 

Ad'DT-R-FLY,  n.  A species  of  fly;  the  dragon- 
fly. Scott. 

Ad'DER-<?EM,  7i.  A species  of  charm.  Pennant. 

Ad'DIJR’^-GRAsS  (ad'dwrz-gris),  71.  A species  of 
plant.  Skinner. 

Ad'DER— STONE,  71.  A stone  or  bead  used  by 
the  Druids  as  an  amulet.  Brockctt. 

A D ' D F, It ’ .«-T 6 N G IJ E (Sd'durz-tung),  n.  A genus 


MIEN,  SIR  ; 


MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — G, 


<?,  Sj  sofi > £>  I>  hard;  ^ as  z;  If  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


ADDER’S-TVORT 


20 


ADHERENCE 


of  ferns,  so  called  because  its  leaf  puts  forth 
a spike  in  the  shape  of  an  adder’s  tongue  ; 
Ophioglossum.  Loudon. 

AD'DIJR’.S— WORT  (&d'durz-wUrt),  n.  An  herb; 
snake-weed ; Polygonum  bistorta.  Loudon. 

AD-DI-RlL'l-TY,  n.  Possibility  of  being  added. 
“ This  endless  addition  or  addibilitg.”  Locke. 

Ad'DI-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  added.  Locke. 

AD'DICE,  n.  [A.  S.  adesa,  or  adese.]  A cutting 
iron  tool; — now  written  adze.  — See  Adze. 

t AD-D1CT'  (?d-dikt'),  a.  Addicted.  Shah. 

AD-DICT',  v.  a.  [L.  addico,  addictus.]  [*.  ad- 
dicted ; pp.  ADDICTING,  ADDICTED.]  To  give 
up  one’s  self  to  ; to  devote  ; to  apply  ; to  ha- 
bituate ; to  accustom  ; — commonly  used  in  a 
bad  sense ; as,  “ He  addicted  himself  to  vice.” 

if;y-  It  was  formerly  sometimes  used  in  a good 
sense. 

They  addicted  themselves  to  the  ministry  of  the  saints. 

1 Cor.  xvi.  15. 

Syn. — Addict  is  commonly  used  in  an  ill  sense  ; 
devote  and  dedicate  commonly  ill  a good  sense  ; apply  in 
;m  indifferent  sense.  Men  addict  themselves  to  vicious 
liabits  ; devote  themselves  to  science;  dedicate  them- 
selves to  religion;  and  apply  themselves  to  business. 

AD-DICT'ED,  p.  a.  Accustomed;  devoted  to; 
habituated  ; abandoned  to. 

AD-DlCT 'ED- NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  ad- 
dicted. “ Addictedness  to  Pythagoric  whim- 
seys.”  Bogle. 

AD-DIC'TION,  n.  [L.  addictio.)  Habit ; addict- 
edness ; state  of  being  devoted.  Shak. 

Since  his  addiction  was  to  courses  vain; 

His  companies  unlettered,  rude,  and  shallow  ; 

His  hours  tilled  up  with  riots,  banquets,  sports.  Shale. 

AD-DIT'A-MENT  [ad-dlt'a-ment,  IF.  P.  F.  Ja. 
K.  Sm.;  ad'e-tj-ment,  S.  J.  /'!.],  n.  [L.  addi- 
tamcntum.~\  An  addition  ; something  added,  [it.] 

Bacon. 

AD-DP'TION  (jd-dlsh'un,  94),  n.  [L.  additio.] 

1.  The  act  of  adding  one  thing  to  another. 

This  endless  addition  of  numbers  is  that  which  gives  us  the 
clearest  idea  of  infinity.  Locke. 

2.  The  thing  added  ; accession  ; increase  ; 
augmentation. 

Some  such  resemblances,  methinks,  I find 
Of  our  last  evening’s  talk,  in  this  thy  dream, 

But  with  addition  strange  ! Milton. 

3.  ( Arith .)  That  branch  of  arithmetic  which 
treats  of  the  processes  of  adding  numbers. 

4.  (Law.)  The  title  given  to  a man’s  name, 
or  any  description  that  may  serve  to  distinguish 
him,  besides  his  Christian  and  surname  ; as, 
“ John  Lee,  Esquire,  Merchant,  London.” 

Only  retain 

The  name,  and  all  the  addition  to  a king.  Shak. 

5.  (Mus.)  A dot  marked  on  the  right 

side  of  a note,  denoting  that  its  length  is 
to  be  increased  by  one  half.  Moore. 

Syn.  — See  Increase. 

AD-Dl"TION-AL  (jd-dlsh'un-jd),  a.  That  is  added. 

AD-Dl"TION-AL,  n.  Something  added.  “Addi- 
tionals  to  the  ancient  civil  law.”  [u.]  Bacon. 

AD-DP'TION-AL-LY  (ad-d!sli’un-?l-le),  ad.  In 
addition.  “ Originally  or  additionally.”  Clerk. 

+ AD-DI"TION-A-RY,  a.  Additional.  “What  is 
necessary  and  what  is  additionary.”  Herbert. 

AD-DI-TI''TIOL'S,  a.  [L.  atltlo,  to  add.]  Added 
without  authority.  Ash. 

AD’Dl-TIVE,  a.  That  is  to  be  added  ; in  contra- 
distinction to  subtractive.  “Additive  quanti- 
ties.” Brande. 

AD'DI-TO-RY,  a.  That  adds;  adding.  “The 
additory  fiction.”  [it.]  Arbuthnot. 

AD'DLE  (ad'dl),  a.  [A.  S.  aidlian,  to  be  sick  or 
weak  ; AY.  had!,  rotten.]  Barren  ; unfruitful ; — 
originally  applied  to  such  eggs  as  produce  noth- 
ing. 

Thus  far  the  poet ; but  his  brains  grow  addle.  Dryden. 

AD'DLE  (ad'dl),  v.a.  [t.  ADDLED  ; pp.  ADDLING, 
addled.]  To  make  addle  ; to  corrupt.  “ [Eggs] 
that  are  addled  swim.”  Browne. 

AD'DLE,  (ad'dl),  v.  n.  1.  To  grow.  Tusser. 

2.  To  earn  by  labor.  [Still  used  in  the  north 
of  England.]  Brockett. 

AD'DLE,  n.  The  dry  lees  of  wine,  [n.]  Ash. 


AD'DLE—  IlEAD'ED  (ad'dt-hed'ed),  ) a.  Havingad- 

AD'DLE— PAT'ED  (ad'dl-pat'ed),  ) die  brains. 

Poor  slaves  in  metre  dull  and  addle-paled.  Dryden. 

AdD'LINCSJ,  n.  pi.  Earnings;  wages  for  labor. 
[Local,  England.]  Brockett. 

f AD-DOOM',  v.  a.  — See  Doom.  Spenser. 

AD-DdRSE',  v.  a.  [L.  ad,  to,  and  dorsum,  the 
back.]  (Her.)  To  place  back  to  back.  Todd. 

AD-DRESS',  v.a.  [Fr.  adresser.  — See  Dress. 1 
[*.  ADDRESSED  ; pp.  ADDRESSING,  ADDRESSED.] 

1.  To  prepare  for  ; to  get  ready. 

It  lifted  up  its  head,  and  did  address 

Itself  to  motion,  like  as  it  would  speak.  Shak. 

They  ended  parle,  and  both  addressed  for  fight.  Milton. 

2.  To  make  application  to ; to  directa  dis- 
course to  ; to  accost ; to  salute  ; to  speak  or 
apply  to  another  by  words. 

Are  not  your  orders  to  address  the  Senate  ? Addison. 

3.  To  court,  woo,  or  solicit,  as  a lover. 

4.  To  superscribe  or  direct,  as  a letter. 

Syn.  — To  address  is  a more  formal  act  than  to  ac- 
cost. Address  the  ruler  or  government,  or  persons 
generally  ; accost  a stranger  or  a person  unexpectedly 
met  with  ; salute  a friend  ; direct  a letter. 

AD-DRESS',  7i.  [Fr.  aclresse.]  1.  A verbal  or  writ- 
ten application  ; a petition. 

Most  of  the  persons  to  whom  these  addresses  are  made  are 
not  wise  and  skilful  judges.  Watts, 

2.  A discourse,  written  or  spoken  ; a speech  ; 
an  oration  ; as,  “ An  inaugural  address.” 

3.  Manner  of  addressing  another ; as,  “ A 
man  of  pleasing  address.” 

4.  Courtship  ; — used  in  this  sense  only  in 
the  plural  ; as,  “To  pay  one’s  addresses.” 

5.  Skilful  management ; dexterity.  Swift. 

6.  Direction  or  superscription  of  a letter,' or 
the  summary  of  particulars  respecting  the 
name  and  residence  of  the  person  addressed. 

Syn.  — See  Ability,  Air,  Direction. 

AD-DRESS'ER,  n.  One  who  addresses.  Burke. 

f AD-DRESS'FUL,  a.  Skilful.  Mallet. 

AD-DUCE',  v.a.  [L.adduco;  It.  addurre.]  [i. 
ADDUCED  ; pp.  ADDUCING,  ADDUCED.]  To 
bring  forward  ; to  offer  ; to  advance  ; to  urge  ; 
to  allege  ; to  assign  ; to  cite  ; to  quote. 

Celsus  adduces  neither  oral  nor  written  testimony  mrainst 
Christ's  miracles.  Cumberland. 

Syn. — See  Advance,  Allege. 

AD-d0'CENT,  a.  (Anat.)  Drawing;  — a word 
applied  to  such  muscles  as  draw  together  the 
parts  of  the  body  to  which  they  are  attached.  — 
See  Adductor. 

AD-DU'CER,  n.  One  who  adduces.  Coleridge. 

AD-DIJ'CI-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  brought  foi- 
ward;  as,  “ Adducible  arguments.” 

AD-DUC'TION,  n.  [L.  adductio .]  1.  The  act 

of  adducing,  or  bringing  forward.  “Adduction 
and  juxtaposition  of  parallels.”  Wart  on. 

2.  (Anat.)  The  action  of  the  adducent  mus- 
cles. Dunglison. 

AD-DUC'TIVE,  a.  That  adduces.  Taylor. 

AD-DUC'TOR,  n.  (Anat.)  A muscle  that  draws 
forward,  or  brings  parts  of  the  body  together; 
— opposed  to  abductor.  Dunglison. 

fAD-DULCE',  v.  a.  [L.  dulcis .]  To  sweeten. 
“ Addulce  all  matters  betweeh  [them].”  Bacon. 

A' DEB,  n.  (Com.)  An  Egyptian  weight,  less 
than  a pound.  Crabb. 

A-DEC'A-TIST,  n.  [Gr.  a priv.  and  StKardw,  to 
decimate.]  (Eccl.)  One  who  is  not  decimated, 
or  who  is  against  paying  tithes,  [r.]  Crabb. 

AD-E-LAN-  tA’  DO  [Sd-e-lan-til'do,  Ja.  K. ; ad-e- 
lan’-ta'do,  Stfi.]  n.  [Sp.]  A governor  of  a prov- 
ince in  Spain.  . B.  Jonson. 

f Ad'E-LING,  n.  [A.  S.  ee del,  illustrious,  and  the 
affix  ing,  denoting  son  of,  descendant  of.  Bos- 
icorth .]  A word  of  honor  among  the  Angles, 
appertaining  to  the  king’s  children.  Cowell. 

Ad'E-LITE,  n.  A sort  of  Spanish  conjurer,  or 
fortune-teller.  Ed.  Ency. 

A-DEL'O-PUD,  n.  [Gr.  a priv.,  byl.og,  manifest, 
and  ttovg,  a foot.]  (Zoiil.)  An  animal  whose  feet 
are  not  apparent.  Ogilvie. 


A-DEMP'TION,  n.  [L.  adimo,  ademptus,  to  take 
away.]  (Law.)  Act  of  taking  away,  as  a leg- 
acy. fVhishaw. 

Ad-E-JyAl  ' ni-J],  n.  [Gr.  afn'/v,  a gland,  and  a'/.yog, 
pain.]  (Med.)  Pain  in  the  glands.  Dunglison. 

A-DEN'|-FORM,  a.  [Gr.  abyv,  a gland,  and  L. 
forma.]  Gland-like  in  form.  Ogilvie. 

AD-E-NOG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  nSyv,  an  acorn,  a 
gland,  and  ypntpu>,  to  describe.]  (Anat.)  A trea- 
tise on  the  glands.  Dunglison. 

Ad'E-NOID,  a.  [Gr.  nby v,  a gland,  and  ilbog, 
form.]  Resembling  a gland.  Buchanan. 

AD-E-NO-LOG'!-CAL,  a.  Relating  to  the  glands. 

AI)-E-N6l'0-GY,  n.  [Gr.  abtjr,  a gland,  and  16- 
yog,  a discourse.]  (Anat.)  A treatise  on  the 
glands.  Dunglison. 

a-den-o-piiyl'loi  s,  or  Ad-e-noph'yl-lous 
(131),  a.  (Bot.)  Having  leaves  bearing,  or 
studded  with,  glands.  Cray. 

Ad-E-Nose  (129),  ) a Relating  to  a gland; 

Ad'E-NOUS,  ) shaped  like  a gland.  Smart. 

AD-E-NOT'O-MY,  n.  [Gr.  alijv,  a gland,  and  ropy, 
a cutting.]  (Anat.)  A dissection  of  the  glands. 

A'DEPS,  n.  [L.]  Animal  oil  or  fat.  Farm.  Ency. 

A-DEPT',  n.  [L.  adipiscor,  adeptus,  to  obtain  ; 
Fr.  adepte .]  One  who  is  completely  versed  in 
any  art.  “ Easy  to  all  true  adepts.”  Pope. 

A-DEPT',  a.  Completely  skilled  or  versed  ; dex- 
terous. “ Such  adept  philosophers.”  Boyle. 

fA-DEP'TION,  n.  Attainment  ; acquisition. 
“Adoption  of  a crown  by  arms  and  title.”  Bacon. 

Ad'E-HUA-CY,  n.  Sufficiency;  state  of  being 
adequate.  Smart. 

f Ad'E-Q-UATE,  v.  n.  [L.  adtrquo,  adaquatus,  to 
make  equal.]  To  resemble  exactly.  She  ford. 

Ad'E-HUATE,  a.  [L.  adwqnatus.]  Equal  to ; 
proportionate  ; correspondent  to  ; sufficient. 

Those  arc  adequate  ideas  which  perfectly  represent  their 
archetypes  or  objects.  Watts. 

Ad'E-CHJATE-LY,  ad.  In  an  adequate  manner  ; 
with  justness  of  representation;  with  exactness 
of  proportion.  South. 

Ad'E-CUTATE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
adequate;  exactness  of  proportion. 

f Ad-E-HUA'TION,  n.  Adequateness.  “ A just 
proportion  and.  adequation.”  Bp.  Barlow. 

f AD-ES-POT'JC,  a.  [Gr.  a priv.  and  ha-nory g,  a 
despot.]  Not  absolute  ; not  despotic.  Bailey. 

AD-ES-SE-NA'RI-AN§,  n.  pi.  [L.  adsum,  adessc, 
to  be  present.]  (Eccl.  Hist.)  An  ancient  sect 
of  Christians,  who  held  the  real  presence  of 
Christ’s  body  in  the  Eucharist.  Buck. 

Ad  E-llJ\r'DEM,  [L.]  To  the  same  ; i.  e.  to  the 
same  degree  (gradum). 

Persons  who  have  received  a degree  in  any  other  university 
may  be  admitted  ad  eundem. 

Laws  of  the  Univ.  in  Cambridge , Mass . 

AD-fIL'I-AT-ED,  p.  a.  [L.  ad,  to,  and  Jilius,  a 
son.]  Affiliated.  See  Affiliate. 

AD-FlL-!-A'TION,  n.  See  Affiliation. 

Ad  fI'JVEM,  [L.]  To,  or  at,  the  end. 

AD-IJERE',  v.n.  [L.  adhareo ; ad,  to,  and  lne- 

' reo,  to  stick  to.]  [i.  adhered  ; pp.  adher- 
ing, ADHERED.] 

1.  To  stick  to,  as  wax  to  the  finger ; to  be 
closely  united ; to  remain  firmly  fixed,  as  paint 
to  wood. 

2.  To  be  attached  or  devoted  to  ; to  be  true 
to. 

Two  men  there  are  not  living 
To  whom  he  more  adheres.  Shak. 

Singularity  is  laudable  when  it  adheres  to  the  dictates  of 
conscience,  morality,  and  honor.  Boyle. 

3.  f To  concur,  as  favorable  opportunities. 

Every  thing  adheres  together.  ShaJ:. 

Nor  time,  nor  place, 

Did  then  adhei'c.  Shak. 

AD-HE'RENCE,  n.  1.  State  or  quality  of  adher- 
ing ; tenacity  ; fixedness. 

2.  Adhesion  ; attachment ; constancy  ; fidel- 
ity. 

The  firm  adherence  of  the  Jews  to  their  religion  is  no  less 
remarkable  than  their  dispersion.  Addison. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  ¥,  short; 


A»  5)  !>  9,  V.  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


ADIIERENCY 


ADJUST 


3.  (Paint.)  The  effect  of  those  parts  of  a 
picture  which,  wanting  relief,  appear  to  adhere 
to  the  canvas  or  surface.  Fairholt. 

Syn.  — See  Adhesion. 

AD-IIE'RpN-CY,  n.  Steady  attachment;  adhe- 
rence. “ Adherencies  and  admirations  of  mens’ 
persons.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

AD-HE'R]JNT,  a.  1.  Sticking  to  ; united  with. 

Close  to  the  cliff’ with  both  his  hands  he  clung, 

And  stuck  adherent,  and  suspended  hung.  Pojie. 

2.  (Bot.)  Growing  to  ; adhering.  Henslow. 

AD-HE'RpNT,  n.  1.  One  who  adheres;  one  at- 
tached to  a party  or  a cause  ; a disciple  ; a fol- 
lower. “ Subjects  and  adherents."  Raleigh. 

2.  f Any  thing  outwardly  belonging  to  a per- 
son. 

His  humor,  his  carriage,  and  his  extrinsic  adherents. 

Gov.  of  the  Tongue. 

Syn.  — See  Follower. 

AD-HE'RENT-Ly,  ad.  In  an  adherent  manner. 

AD-IIER'IJR,  7i.  One  who  adheres.  Swift. 

AD-HE'SION  (jd-he'zlmn),  n.  [L.  adluesio .] 

1.  The  act  or  state  of  adhering  or  sticking  : — 

the  force  with  which  different  bodies  adhere  to 
each  other.  “ More  or  less  firm  adhesion  of  the 
parts,  as  hard  or  soft.”  Locke. 

2.  f Attachment ; adherence.  “ Obstinate  ad- 
hesion to  false  rules  of  belief.”  Whitlock. 

Syn.  — adhesion  and  adherence  are  both  derived  from 
the  verb  adhere,  — the  one  expressing  the  natural  or 
material  sense,  the  other  the  moral.  Adherence  to  prin- 
ciple or  party  ; adhesion  of  contiguous  parts  of  vege- 
table matter  or  bodies  ; cohesion  of  the  particles  of 
homogeneous  bodies  to  each  other  so  as  to  resist  sep- 
aration. 

AD-IIE'SIVE,  a.  Tending  to  adhere;  sticking; 
tenacious.  Hooper. 

Adhesive  inflammation,  ( Med .)  inflammation  which 
terminates  by  an  adhesion  of  inflamed  surfaces. 

AD-IIE'SJVE-LY,  ad.  In  an  adhesive  manner. 

AD-IIE’SIVE-NESS,  n.  1.  Viscosity.  Todd. 

2.  ( Phren .)  A propensity  to  form  attach- 
ments, or  to  live  together  in  society.  Combe. 

AD-HlB'IT,  v.  a.  [L.  adhibeo.]  To  apply;  to 
use.  “ Salt  was  adhibited."  [it.]  Forbes. 

f Ad-HI-BI''TION,  n.  Application.  Whitaker. 

AD  HOM ' I-JVF..M,  [L.,  To  the  man. \ (Logic.)  Ap- 
plied to  an  argument  drawn  from  the  acknowl- 
edged principles  or  practices  of  the  person  to 
whom  it  is  addressed.  Watts. 

f Ad-IIOR-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  adhortatio .]  Ex- 
hortation. “ The  sweet  adhortations,  the  high 
and  assured  promises.”  Peacham. 

AD-HOR'TA-TO-RY,  a.  Hortatory.  Abp.  Potter. 

AD-I-AK'TUM,  11.  [L.,  from  Gr.  abtauTo;,  dry.] 

(Bot.)  A genus  of  thin-leaved  ferns  ; the  pret- 
tiest of  all  the  ferns  ; maidenhair.  Loudon. 

f AD-I-APH'O-RA-CY,  «.  Indifference.  Todd. 

f AD-I-APH'O-RIST,  n.  A moderate  Lutheran; 
one  who  is  moderate  or  neutral.  Crabb. 

t AD-I-APH'O-ROUS,  a.  [Gr.  d<5«5?-opo5.] 

1.  Neutral;  indifferent.  Bp.  Taylor. 

2.  (Med.)  Doing  neither  good  nor  harm. 

•f  AD-I-APH'O-RY,  n.  [Gr.  abiaipopiai]  Neutral- 
ity ; indifference.  Bailey. 

A-DIEU'  (a-du')  ad.  [Fr.  a Lieu,  to  God;  It. 
addio ; Sp.  6.  Dios.]  An  expression  of  kind 
wishes  at  parting ; farewell ; good-by,  i.  e.  God 
be  with  you.  “Adieu,  my  turtle-dove.”  Chaucer. 

A-DIEU',  n.  A farewell ; act  of  taking  leave. 

Where  thou  art  gone. 

Adieus  and  farewells  are  a sound  unknown.  Coivper. 

Syn.  — See  Farewell. 

AD  IN-FT-JVI ' TUM,  [L.]  (Math.)  To  infinity; 
without  end. 

AD  IN-QUI-REN'DUM,  [L.,  for  inquiring .] 
(Laic.)  A judicial  writ,  commanding  inquiry 
to  be  made.  Whishaw. 

AD  7JY'  TER-IM,  [L.]  For  the  interim,  or  mean- 
while ; as,  “ To  act  ad  interim.” 

A-DIP'IC,  a.  [L.  adeps,  adipis,  fatness.]  (Chem.) 


21 

Noting  an  acid  obtained  from  oleic  acid  by  ap- 
plying nitric  acid.  Ogilvie. 

AD-I-PO^’E-RATE,  V.  a.  [i.  ADIPOCF.RATED  ; pp. 
adipocerating,  ADirocEitATED.]  To  convert 
into  adipocere.  Smart. 

AD-J-PO^-E-RA'TION,  ii.  (Chem.)  The  act  of 
changing  into  or  forming  adipocere.  Craig. 

Ad'I-PO-CERE',  n.  [L.  adeps,  fat,  and  cera,  wax  ; 
Fr.  adipoch-e. ] (Chem.)  An  oily  or  waxy  sub- 
stance, formed  from  the  decomposition  of  the 
soft  parts  of  animal  bodies,  in  moist  situations 
or  under  water.  Brande. 

Ad-I-P09’5-R0US,  a.  Relating  to  adipocere. 

AD-I-PO-CIRE' , n.  [Fr.] — See  Adipocere. 

AD-I-POSE'  (129),  a.  [L.  adeps,  soft  fat.]  Fat; 
fatty  ; consisting  of  fat.  P.  Cyc. 

Adipose  membrane,  the  tissue  which  encloses  the  fat 
in  animal  bodies.  Adipose  cells,  bags  containing  fat. 

fAD'I-POUS,  a.  Fat;  adipose.  Bailey. 

A-DIP'SI-A,  ) Hm  [Gr.  a priv.  and  bn pa,  thirst.] 

AD'IP-SY,  ) (Med.)  A species  of  disease;  the 
absence  of  thirst.  Dunglison. 

Ad’IT  [ad'it,  S.  W.  J.  F.  Ja.  Sm.j  a'djt,  P.  A'.], 
n.  [L.  adeo,  aditus,  to  approach  ; ad,  to,  and  eo, 
to  go.]  (Mining.)  The  horizontal  shaft  of  a 
mine  opened  for  the  purpose  of  ventilating, 
watering,  or  draining.  Weale. 

f A-Di''TION  (ad-Ish'un),  n.  [L.  adeo,  aditus,  to 
approach.]  Act  of  going  to.  Bailey. 

AD-JA'CpNCE,  i State  of  being  adjacent  ; 

AD-JA'CEN-CY,  j contiguity  ; as,  “ The  adjacency 
of  the  canal,  the  wood,  or  the  sea.” 

AD-JA'CIJNT,  a.  [L.  adjacens.]  Lying  near  or 
close  ; adjoining  ; contiguous  ; neighboring  ; 
bordering  upon  ; as,  “ An  adjacent  field.” 

Syn. — VVliat  is  adjacent  may  be  separated  by  the 
intervention  of  some  other  object ; what  is  adjoining 
must  touch  in  some  part ; and  what  is  contiguous  must 
touch  on  one  side.  An  adjacent  village  ; a neighboring 
village.  Lands  may  be  adjacent  to  a house  or  town  ; 
fields  adjoining  each  other;  houses  or  rooms  contigu- 
ous to  each  other. 

AD-JA'CpNT,  n.  That  which  lies  next  to  another. 
“No  adjacent,  no  equal,  no  co-rival.”  Locke. 

AD-JECT',  v.  a.  [L.  adjido,  adjectus. ] To  add 
to.  “ Adjected  to  Pembrokeshire.”  Shetford. 

AD-JEC'TION,  ii.  Act  of  adjecting;  addition. 
“ The  adjection  of  eternity.”  Pearson. 

AD-J)JC-Tl"TIOlJS,  a.  Added.  Maundrell. 

Ad'JEC-TIV-AL,  a.  Belonging  to  an  adjective, 
or  like  an  adjective.  Prof.  Latham. 

The  manifest  tendency  of  the  language  is,  as  it  has  long 
been,  to  rid  itself  of  these  [ brazen , oaten,  oaken , birchen , &e.j, 
and  to  satisfy  itself  with  an  adjectival  use  of  the  substantive 
in  their  stead.  Trench. 

Ad'JEC-TIVE  (5d  jek-tlv),  n.  (Gram.)  A word  or 
part  of  speech  added,  or  fit  to  be  added,  to  a 
noun  or  substantive,  to  express  its  quality  or 
some  circumstance  respecting  it;  as,  “A  good 
man.” 

Adjective  colors,  colors  which  require  to  be  fixed  by 
some  base  or  mordant. 

Syn.  — See  Epithet. 

Ad'JEC-TIVE,  v.  a.  [L.  ad,  to,  and  jacio,jactus, 
to  throw.]  [i.  ADJECTIVED  ; pp.  ADJECTIVING, 
ad.tectived.]  To  change  or  form  into  an  ad- 
jective. Bosworth. 

In  English,  instead  of  adjectiving  our  own  nouns,  we  have 
borrowed,  in  immense  numbers,  adjcclived  signs  from  other 
languages,  without  borrowing  the  vnadjectirea  signs  of  these 
ideas  ; because  our  authors  found  they  had  occasion  for  the 
former,  but  not  for  the  latter.  Horne  Tooke. 

AD'JEC-TIvED  (Sd'jek-tTvd.),  p.  a.  Formed  into 
an  adjective.  Bosworth. 

Ad'JEC-TIVE-LY,  ad.  In  the  manner  of  an  ad- 
jective. “ Eitlier  substantively  or  adjectively, 
it  matters  not.”  Knatchbiill. 

AD-JOIN',  v.  a.  [L.  adjungo,  to  unite  ; It.  aqgiun- 
gere ; Sp.  ajuntar  ; Fr.  adjoindre. ] [?.  ad- 

joined ; pp.  adjoining,  adjoined.]  To  join 
to  ; to  unite  to  ; to  place  in  contact  with. 

Among  the  pleasant  villages  and  farms 
Adjoined.  Milton. 

AD-JOIN',  ik  n.  To  be  contiguous  to.  “One 
man’s  field  adjoins  to  another’s.”  Blackstone. 


f AD-JOIN'ANT,  a.  Contiguous  to.  CareilK 

AD-JOIN'INO,  p.  a.  Close  to;  near  to;  con- 
tiguous. “ The  adjoining  fane.”  Dryden. 

AD-JOURN'  (ad-jurn'),  v.  a.  [Fr.  ajourner ; «, 
to,  and  jour,  day;  It.  aggiornare. ] [i.  ad- 

journed; pp.  adjourning,  adjourned.]  To 
put  olf  to  another  day  ; to  defer  to  some  future 
time  ; to  postpone  ; to  prorogue. 

The  rjueen  being  absent,  ’t  is  a needful  fitness 
That  we  adjourn  this  court  to  further  day.  Slink. 

Tt-ff*  This  verb  lias  sometimes  a neuter  signification  ; 
as,  “ The  Senate  adjourned  at  two  o’clock  ; ” “ Con- 
gress will  adjourn  on  tile  4th  of  March.” 

Syn.  — Congress,  a legislature,  or  a court,  &c.,  is 
adjourned  ; Parliament  is  prorogued  ; a matter  of  busi- 
ness is  postponed  or  deferred.  — See  Prorogue. 

AD-JOURN'M^NT,  n.  Act  of  adjourning;  post- 
ponement ; a putting  off  till  another  day,  or 
time  ; delay  ; procrastination. 

An  adjournment  is  no  more  than  a continuance  of  the  ses- 
sion from  one  day  to  another.  Blackstone. 

AD-JUD£E',  v,  a.  [L.  adjudico  ; Fr.  adjuger.]  [i. 
ADJUDGED;  pp.  ADJUDGING,  ADJUDGED.] 

1.  To  give  or  award  by  the  decision  of  a judge 
or  umpire. 

B3’  the  success  of  which  [dispute  in  the  schools]  victory  is 
adjudged  to  the  opponent  or  defendant.  Locke. 

2.  To  settle ; to  determine ; to  decree  by 
judicial  sentence;  as,  “To  adjudge  a case  in 
court.” 

3.  To  condemn;  to  sentence. 

Thou  art  adjudged  to  the  death.  Shah. 

4.  To  judge;  to  deem. 

lie  adjudged  him  unworthy  of  his  friendship.  Knollcs. 

AD-JUDG'IMp.NT,  n.  Adjudication,  [r.]  Temple. 

AD-JU'DI-CATE,  v.  a.  [L.  adjudico,  adjudicatusi] 
\i.  adjudicated  ; pp.  adjudicating  ; adjudi- 
cated.] To  sentence;  to  adjudge.  Bailey. 

AD-JU'DI-CATE,  v.  n.  To  pass  judgment;  as, 
“ To  adjudicate  upon  a cause.” 

AD-JU-DI-CA'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  adjudging ; sen- 
tence ; decision.  Clarendon. 

2.  (Scottish  Law.)  A process  for  attaching 
heritable  or  real  property.  Burrill. 

AD-JU'DNCA-TOR,  n.  One  who  adjudicates  or 
passes  sentence.  Ec.  Rev. 

t Ad'JU-gATE,  v.  a.  To  yoke  to;  to  join  to 
another  by  a yoke.  Bailey. 

t Ad'JU-MENT,  n.  [L . adjumentum.]  Help;  sup- 
port ; aid  ; assistance.  Waterhouse. 

Ad'JUNCT,  n.  [L.  adjungo,  adjunctus. ] 

1.  A thing  joined  to  another  ; an  addition  ; 

something  added.  “ An  adjunct,  not  a pro- 
priety, of  happiness.”  Dryden. 

Learning  is  but  an  adjunct  to  ourself.  Shak. 

2.  A person  joined  to  another  : “ An  adjunct 

of  singular  experience.”  I Votton. 

3.  (Gram.)  An  expression  added,  to  extend, 
explain,  or  modify  something. 

Ad'JUNCT,  a.  United  with  ; adjoined.  Shak. 

AD-JUNC'TION,  n.  [L.  adjuilctio .] 

1.  Act  of  adjoining  or  coupling  together. 

2.  The  thing  adjoined  ; addition. 

AD-JUNC'TIVE,  ii.  1.  He  that  joins. 

2.  That  which  is  joined. 

AD-JUNC’TIVE,  a.  Tending  to  join.  Todd. 

AD-JUNC'TJVE-LY,  ad.  In  an  adjunctive  man- 
ner ; in  connection  with  ; adjunctly. 

AD-JUNCT'LY,  ad.  Consequently  ; in  connection 
with ; in  an  adjunctive  manner. 

Ad-JU-RA'TION,  n.  Act  of  adjuring  or  charging 
another  solemnly  by  word  or  oath  : — the  form 
of  oath  proposed  to  another. 

Our  Saviour,  when  the  high-priest  adjured  him  by  the  liv- 
ing God,  made  no  scruple  of  replying  upon  that  adjuration. 

Clarke. 

AD-JURE'  (ad-jur'),  v.  a.  [L.  adjuro ; ad,  to,  and 
juro,  to  swear.]  [i.  adjured;  pp.  adjuring, 
adjured.]  To  entreat,  as  if  the  person  ad- 
dressed were  bound  to  comply  under  the  sanc- 
tion of  an  oath  ; to  charge  solemnly  or  earnestly. 

I adjure  thee,  by  the  living  God,  that  thou  tell  us  whether 
thou  be  the  Christ.  Matt.  xxvi.  G3. 

AD-JUR'BR,  ii.  One  who  exacts  an  oath,  or  en- 
treats another,  as  if  on  oath.  Cotgrave. 

AD-JUST',  v.  a.  [It.  aggiustarc  ; Sp.  ajustar ; F r. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  <?,  <;,  g,  soft;  G,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  ^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


ADMIT 


ADJUSTABLE 


22 


ajuster [(.  adjusted  ; pp.  adjusting,  ad- 
justed.] 

1.  To  regulate  ; to  put  in  order  ; to  arrange  ; 
as,  “To  adjust  the  parts  of  a machine.” 

The  names  of  mixed  modes,  for  the  most  part,  want  stan- 
dards in  nature,  whereby  men  may  rectify  and  adjust  their 
signification.  Locke. 

2.  To  prepare  or  put  in  order  for  settlement ; 
as,  “ To  adjust  accounts.” 

3.  To  adapt;  to  fit;  to  make  conformable. 
“Adjust  the  event  to  the  prediction.”  Addison. 

Nothing  is  more  difficult  than  to  adjust  the  marvellous  with 
tile  probable.  Blair. 

Syn.  — See  Fit. 

A D-jC'ST'A-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  adjusted. 

AD-JUST'A^E,  n.  Adjustment,  [r.]  Sylvester. 

AD-Jf'ST'ER,  n.  One  who  adjusts.  Dr.  Wharton. 

AD-JL'S'TI  VE,  a.  Tending  to  adjust.  Maunder. 

AD-JUST'MIJNT,  n.  1.  Act  of  adjusting. 

2.  State  of  being  adjusted ; settlement ; reg- 
ulation. “ Adjustment  of  each  part.”  Watts. 

3.  (Com.)  Settlement  of  a loss  incurred  at 
sea  on  insured  goods. 

4.  (Paint.)  The  manner  in  which  draperies 
are  chosen,  arranged,  and  disposed.  Fairholt. 

AD'JF-TAyE,  n.  See  Ajutage.  Ogilvie. 

AD'jy-TAN-CY,  n.  1.  The  office  of  an  adjutant. 

2.  Skilful  arrangement. 

It  was  no  doubt  disposed  with  nil  the  adjutanci/  of  defini- 
tion and  division,  in  which  the  old  marshals  were  as  able  as 
the  modern  martinets.  Burke. 

Ad'JU-TAnt,  n.  [L.  adjutant,  assisting;  It. 
ajutante  ; Sp.  ayudantc ; Fr.  adjudant.\ 

1.  (Mil.)  A military  officer,  whose  duty  it  is 

to  assist  the  commandant  or  major  of  a regi- 
ment ; — formerly  called  aid  major.  “He  would 
sit  in  his  pavilion,  and  manage  all  by  adju- 
tants.” Shaw. 

2.  An  assistant ; aid  ; helper.  “ A fine  violin 
. . . the  best  adjutant  to  a fine  voice.”  Mason. 

3.  ( Omith .)  A gigantic  bird  of  the  crane  fam- 
ily. P.  Cyc. 

A D'JU-T ANT— (jJEN'ER- A (.1A7.)  A staff  of- 
ficer, who  assists  a general  with  his  counsel  and 
personal  service.  Rrandc. 

+ AD-JOTE', , v.  a.  [L.  adjuro.~\  To  help;  to 
assist.  “ Adjuting  to  his  company.”  B.  Jonson. 

f AD-JU'TOR,  n.  A helper,  or  assistant.  Bailey. 

f AD-JU'TO-RY,  a.  That  helps,  or  aids.  Bailey. 

t AD-JO'TRIX,  n.  She  who  helps.  Bailey. 

||  A IJ  JF-VAnT  [Sd'jii-vSnt,  S.  W.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm. 
C. ; jd-ju'vant,  J.  R.  Wo.]  a.  [L.  adjuvant.] 
Helpful ; useful.  “ Meeting  with  apt  matter 
and  adjuvant  causes.”  Howell. 

||  AD'JL-VANT,  n.  1.  An  assistant.  Yclverton. 

2.  (Med.)  A medicine  that  assists  and  pro- 
motes the  operation  of  others.  Dunglison. 

t Ad'JF-VATE,  v.  a.  To  help  ; to  assist.  Bailey. 

AO-HJ-gA'TION,  n.  [L.  ad,  to,  and  leyatio,  an 
embassy ; lego,  to  send  as  ambassador.]  A 
joint  legation  or  embassy ; a right  formerly 
claimed  by  the  princes  of  Germany  of  joining 
their  own  ministers  with  those  of  the  empdror 
in  public  treaties.  Ash. 


AD  LIB ' I-tOm,  [L.]  At  discretion  ; at  pleasure. 

AD-mAr'^JN-ATE,  v.  a.  To  note  or  write  on  the 
margin,  [r.]  Coleridge. 

AD-MEA§'l;RE  (jd-mezli'iir),  v.  a.  To  measure 

by  a standard  ; to  apportion,  [n.]  Ash. 

AD-JlEAi-j'l  RE-SI  ENT  (jd-mezli'ur-meiit),  n. 

1.  The  result  of  measuring ; adjustment  of 
proportions  ; measurement. 

2.  (Law.)  The  adjustment  of  shares  o’f  some- 
thing to  be  divided.  Cowell. 

AD-MEN-SU-RA'TION,  n.  [L.  ad,  to,  and  men- 
sura,  a measure.]  Mensuration.  Bailey. 

+ AD-ME'TJ-ATE  (ad-me'she-at),  v.  a.  [L.  adtne- 
tior,  to  measure.]  To  measure.  Bailey. 


f AD-MlN'I-CLE,  n.  [L.  adminiculum,  a prop.] 

1.  Help  ; support ; assistance.  Bailey. 

2.  (Scottish  Law.)  A writing  or  deed  used 

for  evidence.  Crahh. 


t AD-MI-NICTt-LAR,  a.  Helpful.  Bailey. 


AD-MlN'jS-TF.R,  v.  a.  [L.  administro,  to  serve, 
to  manage  ; It.  amministrare ; Sp.  administrar ; 
Fr.  administrer .]  [(.  administered  ; pp.  ad- 

ministering, ADMINISTERED.] 

1.  To  give  ; to  supply  ; to  dispense. 

No  man  should  blame  us  in  this  abundance  which  is  ad- 
ministered by  us.  2 Cor.  viii.  20. 

Medicine  must  be  administered.  Shak. 

2.  To  superintend  the  execution  of ; to  man- 
age ; to  direct. 

For  forms  of  government  let  fools  contest; 

Whate’er  is  best  administered  is  best.  Pope. 

3.  To  tender,  as  an  oath. 

Swear  by  the  duty  that  you  owe  to  Heaven, 

To  keep  the  oath  that  we  administer.  Shale. 

4.  (Law.)  To  take  legal  charge  of,  as  the 

estate  of  a person  dying  without  having  made  a 
will.  Burrill. 

AD-MIN'IS-TER,  v.  n.  1.  To  contribute. 

There  is  a fountain  risine  in  my  garden,  which  administers 
to  the  pleasure  as  well  us  plenty  of  the  place.  Spectator. 

, 2.  (Law.)  To  act  as  an  administrator. 

The  order  was  never  performed,  because  the  executors 
durst  uot  administer.  Arbuthnut  Of  Pope. 

AD-MIN-IS-TE'RI-AL,  a.  [L.  ad,  to,  and  minister, 
a servant.]  Relating  to  an  administration,  or 
the  executive  part  of  government.  Craig. 

AD-MIN'IS-TRA-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  administra- 
tion. 

f AD-MIN'IS-TRATE,  v.  a.  To  administer.  “Ad- 
ministrated to  animal  bodies.”  Woodward. 

AD-MIN-IS-TRA'TION,  n.  [L.  administrate,  care 
of  an  affair  ; It.  amministrazione  ; Sp.  adminis- 
tration ; Fr.  administration .] 

1.  Act  of  administering ; management,  es- 
pecially of  public  affairs  ; government ; dispen- 
sation. 

lie  [the  Earl  of  Clarendon!  was  a good  chancellor,  only  a 
little  too  rough,  but  very  impartial  in  the  administration  of 
justice.  Burnet. 

2.  The  collective  body  of  ministers  who 
direct  the  government  of  a country  ; the  cab- 
inet. 

It  may  pass  for  a maxim  in  state,  that  the  administration 
cannot  he  placed  in  too  few  hands,  nor  the  legislature  in  too 
many.  Swift. 

3.  (Laiv.)  The  management  of  the  estate  of 
an  intestate,  or  of  a testator  having  no  execu- 
tor ; the  right  to  the  management  of  such  an 
estate,  conferred  by  what  are  termed  letters  of 
administration  : — in  a larger  sense,  manage- 
ment of  an  estate  by  an  executor,  the  corre- 
sponding term  execution  not  being  in  use.  Ad- 
ministration with  the  will  annexed,  administra- 
tion granted  in  cases  where  a testator  makes  a 
will,  without  naming  executors ; or  where  the 
executors  named  in  the  will  are  incompetent 
or  refuse  to  act ; or  in  the  case  of  the  death  of 
the  executors  or  the  survivor  of  them.  Burrill. 

Syn.  — Administration  of  government  or  justice; 
management  of  public  affairs,  or  of  private  concerns  ; 
conduct  of  business;  government  of  tile  country;  di- 
rection of  affairs. 

AD-MlN'jS-TRA-TiVE,  a.  That  administers. 

Ad-MLN-IS-TRA'TOR,  n.  (Law.)  1.  One  who  ad- 
ministers : — one  who  administers  on  the  prop- 
erty or  estate  of  a person  dying  intestate,  and 
is  accountable  for  the  same.  Burrill. 

2.  (Scottish  Law.)  A person  legally  empowered 
to  act  for  another,  whom  the  law  presumes  in- 
capable of  acting  for  himself.  Ogilvie. 

Ad-MIN-JS-TRA'TOR-SHIP,  n.  Office  of  admin- 
istrator. 

AD-MIN-IS-TRA'TRTX,  n.  A woman  who  admin- 
isters. Burke. 

Ad-MI-RA-BIL'J-TY,  n.  Admirableness.  Bailey. 

AD'MI-RA-BLE,  a.  [L.  admirahilis .]  To  be  ad- 
mired ; worthy  of  admiration  ; wonderful  ; of 
power  to  excite  wonder. 

The  more  power  he  hath  to  hurt,  the  more  admirable,  is  his 
praise,  that  he  will  not  hurt.  Sidney. 

What  admirable  things  occur  in  (he  remains  of  several  other 
philosophers!  short,  I confess,  of  the  rules  of  Christianity,  but 
generally  above  the  lives  of  Christians.  South. 

Ad'MI-RA-BLE,  n.  A drink  made  of  peaches, 
plums,  sugar,  water,  and  spirit.  1 V.  Ency. 

AD'MI-R  A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  ad- 
mirable. “ The  admirableness  of  its  pre- 
cepts.” Ellis. 

AD'MI-RA-BLY,  ad.  In  an  admirable  manner. 


AD'MI-RAL,  n.  [Ar.  amir,  a prince  or  command- 
er ; It.  ammiragliu  ; Sp.  almirante  ; Fr . ami- 
ral.] 

1.  A high  naval  officer,  who  has  the  same 

power  and  authority  over  the  maritime  forces  of 
a state  that  a general  has  over  its  land  forces ; 
the  chief  commander  of  a fleet.  Knolles. 

2.  A ship  that  carries  the  admiral ; a large 

ship.  “ The  admiral  in  which  I came,  of  about 
five  hundred  tons.”  Hawkins. 

Admiral  of  the  fleet,  the  highest  officer  under  the  ad- 
miralty of  Great  Britain.  — Vice-admiral , an  officer 
next  in  rank  to  the  admiral.  — Rear-admiral,  an  officer 
next  in  rank  to  the  vice-admiral. 

AD'MI-RAL— SHELL,  n.  (Conch.)  A beautiful 
shell  of  the  volute  genus  ; a voluta.  Scott. 

AD'MI-R  AL-SHIP,  n.  The  office  or  power  of  an 
admiral.  Johnson. 

Ad'MI-RAL-TY,  n.  [Fr.  amiraute.' ] The  power 
or  officers  appointed  for  the  administration  of 
naval  affairs  ; a board  of  naval  commissioners ; 
a jurisdiction  which  takes  cognizance  of  naval 
or  of  marine  affairs.  Bacon. 

Admiralty  court,  a court  which  has  jurisdiction  over 
maritime  causes,  botli  civil  and  criminal. 

f AD-MIR'ANCE,  n.  Admiration.  Spenser. 

AD-MI-RA'TION,  n.  [L . admiratio  \ It.  ammira- 
zione;  Sp.  admiration-,  Fr.  admiration .] 

1.  The  act  of  regarding  with  wonder  ; surprise  ; 

amazement.  “ There  is  a pleasure  in  admira- 
tion.” Tillotson. 

Admiration  seized 

All  heaven,  what  this  might  mean,  and  whither  tend 

Wondering.  m - Milton. 

2.  AVonder,  mingled  with  esteem,  love,  or 
veneration. 

There  is  a pleasure  in  admiration ; and  this  is  that  which 
properly  causeth  admiration,  when  we  discover  a great  deal 
in  an  object  which  we  understand  to  be  excellent.  Tillotson. 

3.  (Gram.)  The  character  marked  thus  [!  ] ; 
exclamation. 

Syn. — See  Wonder. 

f AD'MI-RA-Tl VE,  n.  The  point  of  exclamation 
or  admiration,  marked  thus  [ ! ].  Cotgrave. 

AD-MIRE',  v.  a.  [L.  aclmiror ; Fr.  admirer .] 
[j.  ADMIRED  ; pp.  ADMIRING,  ADMIRED.] 

1.  To  regard  with  wonder,  surprise,  or  vener- 
ation. 

All  things  are  admired , cither  because  they  are  new  or  be- 
cause they  are  great.  Bacon. 

2.  To  esteem  or  prize  highly;  to  like  much  ; 
as,  “ To  admire  a person  for  powers  of  mind.” 

Syn.  — See  Commend,  Praise. 

AD-MlRE',  v.  n.  To  wonder.  “ Admired  at  his 
own  contrivance.”  Rag. 

Let  none  admire 

That  riches  grow  in  hell.  Milton. 

AD-MlRED'  (?d-mlrd'),  p.  a.  1.  Held  in  admira- 
tion. “ Admired  Miranda  ! ” Shak. 

2.  Exciting  wonder.  “ Broke  the  good  meet- 
ing with  most  admired  disorder.”  Shak. 

AD-MIR'pR,  n.  One  who  admires  ; a lover. 

AD-MIR'ING-LY,  ad.  With  admiration.  Shak. 

AD-MlS-SI-BlL'I-TY,  «.  Quality  of  being  admis- 
sible. Ec.  Rev. 

AD-MtS’SI-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  admitted. 
“ Suppose  that  this  supposition  were  admis- 
sible.” Hale. 

AD-MIS'SI-BLY,  ad.  In  a manner  which  may  be 
admitted. 

AD-MIS'SION  (ad-mlsh'im),  n.  [L.  admissio.'] 

1.  Act  of  admitting  ; admittance. 

2.  State  of  being  admitted ; admittance  ; in- 
troduction. “ To  crave  admission.”  Drgden. 

3.  The  granting  or  allowance  of  an  argument, 
or  of  a position  ; as,  “ To  make  an  admission.” 

Syn.  — See  Admittance. 

AD-MlS'SION— MON'yY  (ad-mlsh'un-niun'e),  n. 
Money  paid  for  admission.  Sprat. 

AD-MIS'SO-RY,  a.  [L.  ad,  to,  and  mitto,  to  send.] 
Granting  admittance  ; admitting.  Ec.  Rev. 

AD-MIT',  v.  a.  [L . admitto -,  It.  ammettere  ; Sp. 
admitir ; Fr.  admettre. ] [i.  admitted;  pp. 

admitting,  admitted.] 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short 


A,  JJ,  I,  Q,  y,  Y,  obscure ; FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 

£ 


ADMITTANCE 


23 


ADSCRIPT 


1.  To  suffer  to  enter ; to  suffer  to  pass  ; to 
grant  entrance  to  ; to  receive. 

And,  if  I give  thee  honor  due, 

Mirth,  admit  me  of  thy  crew.  Jlilton. 

2.  To  allow,  as  an  argument  or  position  ; to 
grant ; to  concede. 

I cannot  easily  admit  the  inference.  Locke. 

3.  To  permit ; to  suffer  ; to  tolerate. 

We  shall  admit  no  parley.  Shak. 

Syn.  — Admitted  as  a member ; received  as  a friend. 
We  admit  the  truth  of  a statement ; allow  the  propriety 
of  a remark  ; grant  what  is  desired.  — We  admit  what 
we  profess  not  to  know,  or  seek  not  to  prevent ; we 
allow  what  we  know  and  tacitly  consent  to ; we  per- 
mit what  we  authorize  by  a formal  consent ; we  suffer 
and  tolerate  what  we  dislike,  but  do  not  think  proper 
to  prevent.  — See  Allow. 

AD-MIT'TANCE,  n.  1.  The  act  of  admitting; 
allowance  or  permission  to  enter  ; admission. 

A solemn  admittance  is  of  such  necessity  that,  without  it, 
there  can  be  no  church  polity.  Hooker . 

2.  The  power  or  right  of  entering. 

What 

If  I do  line  one  of  their  hands  ? — ’tis  gold 
Which  buys  admittance.  Shak. 

3.  Concession  of  a position. 

Nor  could  the  Pythagorean  give  easy  admittance  thereto, 

Browne. 

4.  f Custom  or  privilege  of  being  admitted  to 
great  persons. 

Sir  John,  you  arc  a gentleman  of  excellent  breeding,  of 
great  admittance.  Shak. 

5.  (Law.)  The  giving  possession  of  a copy- 

hold  estate.  Bun-ill. 

Syn.  — Admittance  is  applied  to  a literal  permission 
to  enter  some  place;  admission  is  used  in  both  a lit- 
eral and  a figurative  sense. — Admission  of  a disputed 
point ; right  of  admission  ; admittance  into  a piat;e  or 
society  , access  to  a person. 

AD-MIT-TA'TUR,  n.  [L.,  Let  him  be  admitted.] 
A certificate  of  admission.  Ilarv.  Reg. 

AD-MlT'TER,  n.  One  who  admits.  Bp.  Hall. 

AU-MIT'Tl-BLE,^.  Admissible,  [it.]  Harrison. 

AD- Mix',  v.  a.  [L.  admisceo,  admixtus;  A.  S. 
miscan,  to  mingle.]  [i.  admixed  ; pp.  admix- 
ing, admixed.]  To  mingle  with  ; to  mix.  [it.] 

AD-MIX'TION  (jd-mlkst  yun),  n.  The  mingling 
of  one  body  with  another  ; mixture.  Bacon. 

AD- MI  XT ' r it  E (ad-nnkst'yur),  H.  1.  That  which 
is  formed  by  admixtion.  Woodward. 

2.  The  act  of  mingling  ; mixture.  Bay. 

AD-MON'ISH,  v.  a.  [L.  admoneo  ; It.  ammonite  ; 
Sp.  ainonester ; Fr.  admon  '-ter .]  [;'.  admon- 

ished ; pp.  admonishing,  admonished.] 

1.  To  warn  of  a fault ; to  reprove  gently. 

Count  him  not  as  an  enemy,  but  admonish  him  as  a brother. 

2 Thess.  iii.  5. 

2.  To  advise;  to  counsel. 

Better  is  a poor  and  wise  child,  than  an  old  and  foolish 
king,  who  will  no  more  be  admonished.  Eccl.  iv.  13. 

3.  To  inform;  to  acquaint  with  ; to  remind. 

The  angel  bright, 

Ere  he  drew  nigh,  his  radiant  visage  turned, 
Admonished  by  ills  ear.  Milton. 

Syn.  — We  admonish  for  wliat  is  past ; advise,  coun- 
sel, and  warn,  with  respect  to  the  future.  — Admonish 
a person  on  account  of  the  errors  which  lie  lias  com- 
mitted : advise  or  counsel  him  as  to  his  future  conduct : 
■warn  him  of  his  danger.  — Admonish  for  tile  first  fault ; 
reprove  for  the  second  ; reprimand  for  tile  third. 

AD-MON'ISH-^R,  n.  One  who  admonishes.  “ Hor- 
ace was  a mild  admonisher.”  Dryden. 

t AD-MON'ISH-MENT,  n.  Admonition.  Shak. 

AD-MO-Nl''TION  (ad-mo-nish'un),  n.  [L.  admo- 

nitio .] 

1.  Act  of  admonishing ; hint  of  a fault  or 
duty  ; friendly  caution  as  to  the  consequences  of 
actions  ; gentle  reproof  or  reprimand.  South. 

2.  (Eccl.)  The  first  step  of  ecclesiastical  cen- 
sure, according  to  the  following  words  of  the 
apostle : 

A man  that  is  a heretic,  after  the  first  and  second  admoni- 
tion, reject.  Tit.  iii.  10. 

Syn  . — Give  admonition  to  tile  young  ; warnings  to 
tile  imprudent ; cautions  to  the  inexperienced  ; reproof 
and  reprimand  to  offenders. 

AIl-MO-N I "TION- FR  (ad-mo-nish'iin-er),  n.  A 
dispenser  of  admonition,  [it.]  ITooke. 

AD-MON'I-TIVE,  a.  That  admonishes.  “Instruc- 
tive and  admonitive  emblems.”  Barrow. 


AD-MON'I-TOR,  n.  An  admonisher.  [it.]  Hobbes. 

AD-MON'I-TO-RY,  a.  Admonishing;  monitory. 
“ Admonitory  of  duty.”  Barrow. 

AD-MOR-TJ-ZA'TION,  n.  [L.  ad,  to,  and  mors, 
mortis,  death.]  (Law.)  The  reduction  of  prop- 
erty in  lands  or  tenements  to  mortmain.  Ash. 

f AD-MOVE',  v.  a.  [L.  admoveo .]  To  bring  to 
another.  “ Admoced  unto  the  light.”  Udal. 

f AD-MUR-MIT-RA'TION,  n.  [L.  admurmuro.]  A 

murmuring  to  another.  Bailey. 

AD-NAS'CENT,  a.  [L . adnascens.]  Growingupon. 
“ Moss  is  an  adnascent  plant.”  Evelyn. 

Ad'NATE,  a.  [L.  adnascor,  adnatus,  to  otoiv  to.] 
(Bot.)  Growing  to  the  face  of  another,  and 
not  to  its  apex,  in  which  case  it  would  be  in- 
nate ; attached  by  the  whole  length.  Braude. 

AD-NoM'l-NAL,  a.  Relating  to  an  adnoun  or 
adjective ; adjectival ; genitive.  Prof.  Gibbs. 

AD'NOUN,  n.  [L.  ad,  to,  and  Eng.  noun.]** An 
adjective  ; a word  added  to  a noun.  Ash. 

A-DO ‘,n.  [a  and  do.]  1.  Trouble;  difficulty. 

I have  much  ado  to  know  myself.  Shak. 

2.  Bustle ; tumult ; unnecessary  turmoil. 
“Let ’s  have  no  more  ado.”  Shak. 

A-DO'  BE,  n.  [Sp.]  Unburnt  brick.  Stephens. 

AD-O-LES  CIJNCE,  )n  [L.  adolescent ia.]  Youth- 

AD-O-L.ES'CIJN-CY,  ) ful  age  or  growth;  the 
age  between  puberty  and  majority,  or  the  period 
between  puberty  and  the  time  at  which  the  body 
has  acquired  its  full  development ; among  the 
ancients,  the  period  from  twelve  to  twenty-five. 
“ A tedious  time  of  adolescence.”  Bentley. 

AD-0-LES'C£NT,  a.  Relating  to  adolescence; 
youthful.  Compel'. 

f AD-O-NA'TION,  n.  Union.  Boyle.  [Proba- 
bly a misprint.]  — See  Adunation. 

AD-O-NE'AN,  a.  [Gr.  "Aluivts,  Adonis.]  Re- 
lating to  Adonis  ; Adonic.  Faber. 

A-DON'IC,  a.  1.  (Myth.)  Relating  to  Adonis. 

2.  (Gram.)  Denoting  a kind  of  verse  first 
used  in  relation  to  Adonis.  Crabb. 

A-DON'lC,  n.  (Gram.)  An  Adonic  verse,  con- 
sisting of  a dactyle  and  a spondee.  Oyilvie. 

A-DO'JVIS,n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants  of  the 
order  Ranunculacca >,  including  pheasant’s-eye 
(Adonis  autumnalis).  Gray. 

f A-DOOR.ji'  (a-(lorz'),  ad.  At  the  door.  “When 
you  come  out  adoors.”  Beau.  § FI. 

A-DOPT',  v.  a.  [L.  adopto  ; It.  adottare  ; Sp. 
adoptar ; Fr.  adopter.]  \i.  adopted;  pp. 
adopting,  adopted.] 

1.  To  receive  and  treat  as  a son  or  daughter 
one  who  is  the  child  of  another ; to  affiliate. 

May  not  a king  adopt  an  heir  ? Shak. 

2.  To  take,  select,  or  assume  as  one’s  own. 

I have  adopted  the  Roman  sentiment,  that  it  is  more  hon- 
orable to  save  a citizen  than  to  kill  an  enemy.  Johnson. 

A-DOPT'p.D,  p.  a.  1.  Taken  as  one’s  own  soil  or 
daughter ; affiliated. 

2.  Selected  or  assumed  as  one’s  own. 

A-DOPT'F.D-LY,  ad.  By  means  of  adoption.  Shale. 

A-DOPT'ER,  n.  1.  One  who  adopts. 

2.  (Chem.)  A vessel  with  two  necks  placed 
between  a retort  and  a receiver,  serving  to  in- 
crease the  length  of  the  former;  — used  in  dis- 
tillation.— Written  also  adapter.  Henry. 

A-DoP'TION,  n.  [L.  adoptio.]  1.  Act  of  adopting. 

2.  State  of  being  adopted ; affiliation.  Shak. 

A-DOP'TIOUS,  a.  Adoptive.  “ Pretty,  fond,  adop- 
tions Christendoms  ” ; i.  c.  christenings.  Shak. 

A-DOP'TIVE,  a.  [L.  adopt ivus.] 

1.  That  adopts.  “ Adoptive  father.”  Ayliffe. 

2.  That  is  adopted.  “ Adoptive  son.”  Bacon. 

A 'DOR,  n.  [L.]  (Bot.)  A name  for  spelt.  Crabb. 

A-DOR-A-BIL'I-TY,  n.  Quality  of  being  adorable  ; 
adorablencss.  [it.]  Coleridye. 

A-DOR'A-BLE,  a.  That  is  to  be  adored;  worthy 
of  adoration;  divine.  “The  adorable  Author 
of  Christianity.”'  Cheyne. 


A-DOR'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  adora- 
ble; worthiness  of  divine  honors. 

A-DOR'A-BLY,  ad.  In  a manner  worthy  of  ad- 
oration or  worship. 

AD-C-KA'TroN,  n.  Act  of  adoring  ; worship  paid 
to  God,  or  homage  to  man.  Hooker. 

A-DORE'.,  v.  a.  [L.  adoro ; ad,  to,  and  oro,  to 
pray ; It.  adorare ; Sp.  adorar ; Fr.  adorer.] 
[f.  adoued  ; pp.  adoring,  adohed.]  To  wor- 
ship with  external  homage ; to  reverence ; to 
venerate  ; to  revere  ; to  honor  ; to  love  intensely. 

The  people  appear  adoring  their  prince,  and  their  prince 
adoring  God.  Tutler. 

Syn. — Pile  Supreme  Being  ought  always  to  bo 
adored,  and  reverenced,  and  worshipped,  at  stated  times. 
To  revere  and  venerate  are  applied  to  human  beings. 
A great  and  good  man  should  he  reverenced  while  liv- 
ing, and  las  memory  revered  after  his  death. 

f A-DORE'MgNT,  n.  Adoration.  Broivnc. 

A-DOR'yR,  n.  One  who  adores  ; a worshipper. 

A-DOR'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a reverential  manner. 

A-DORN',  v.  a.  [L.  adorno  ; It.  adornare ; Sp. 
adornar ; Fr.  adorner.]  [i.  adorned;  pp. 
adorning,  adorned.]  To  dress  with  orna- 
ments ; to  decorate  ; to  ornament ; to  embellish  ; 
to  beautify  ; to  bedeck  ; to  array. 

I John  saw  the  holy  city  prepared  as  a bride  adonied  for 
her  husband.  Jiev.  xxi.  2. 

Syn. Adorned  or  bedecked  with  jewels  ; decorated 

with  flowers;  embellished  and  beautified  with  orna- 
ments; arrayed  in  splendid  dress. — Adorned  with 
virtues  ; embellished  by  arts. 

f A-DORN',  n.  Ornament.  Spenser. 

t A-DORN',  a.  Adorned.  “ Made  so  adorn.” Milton. 

A-DORN'ING,  n.  Ornament.  1 Pet.  iii.  3. 

f A-DORN'MENT,  n.  Embellishment.  Raleigh. 

AD-OS-CU-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  adosculatio.]  (Bot.) 
The  joining  or  inserting  of  one  part  of  a 
plant  into  another  ; anastomosis  ; inoscula- 
tion. Grew. 

A-DoWN'  (?-diiun'),  ad.  [A.  S.  adim,  down.] 
Down  ; on  the  ground.  “ Thrice  did  she  sink 
adoicn.”  Spenser. 

A-DoWN'  (a-dofin'),  prep.  Down  ; towards  the 
ground.  “ Adown  her  shoulders  fell  her  length 
of  hair.”  Dryden. 

AD  QUOD  DAM'JYUM?  [L.,  To  what  damage ?] 
(Law.)  A writ  to  inquire  whether  a grant  will 
be  attended  with  injury  to  any  one.  Tomlins. 

AD'RA-GANT,  n.  Gum  tragacanth.  Brande. 

t A-DREAD'  (ii-dred'),  ad.  [A.  S.  adred .]  In  a 
state  of  fear.  Sidneg. 

AD  REF-E-RE M" DUM,  [L.]  To  be  further  con- 
sidered. Scudamore. 

A-DRIFT',  ad.  [A.  S.  adrifan,  to  drive.]  Floating 
at  random,  as  a vessel.  Milton. 

AD-RO-GA'TION,  n.  (Civil  Law.)  A form  of 
adopting  a child  among  the  Romans  ; the  adop- 
tion, at  an  assembly  of  the  people,  of  a person 
already  free  from  the  natural  parents.  Bouvicr. 

A-DROIT',  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  ad,  to,  and  directus , 
direct,  straight.]  Dexterous  ; active  ; expert. 
“The  most  adroit  cavalry  in  Europe.”  Evelyn. 

Syn.  — See  Cle  ve  r. 

A-DRolT'LV,  ad.  In  an  adroit  manner ; dexter- 
ously.  “ To  carve  adroitly.”  Chesterfield. 

A-DROIT'NESS,  n.  Dexterity;  activity;  readi- 
ness ; expertne^;.  “ In  the  skill  and  adroit- 
ness of  the  artist.”  Bp.  Home. 

A-DRY'  (a-drl'),  a.  [A.  S.  adrigan,  to  dry  up.] 
Athirst;  thirsty.  “Doth  a man  that  is  adry 
desire  to  drink  in  gold  ; ” Burton. 

AD-SCI-TI''TIOlTS  (ad-se-tTsh'us),  a.  [L.  adscisco, 
adscitus,  or  ascitus,  to  associate.]  Taken  to 
complete  something ; supplemental;  additional. 

This  fourth  epistle  on  happiness  may  be  thought  to  he  cid- 
scititious,  and  out  of  its  proper  plucc>  JDr.  Wartoiu 

AD-SCI-TI  "TIOUS-LY,  ad.  In  an  adscititious 
manner;  by  way  of’supplement.  Watson. 

AD'SCRIPT,  n.  [L.  ad,  to,  and  scriptus,  enrolled ; 
scribo,  to  write.]  One  who  is  held  to  service  in 
some  particular  place.  Ugilvie. 


MlEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — y,  0,  g,  g,  soft;  Id,  G,  g,  g,  hard;  ^ as  z; 


2C  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


ADSCRIPTUS  GLEByE 


24 


ADVANTAGEOUS 


Ad-SCRIP'TUS  GLE'BJE,  [L.]  Attached  to  the 
soil ; a serf. 

AD-STRlC'TlON,  n.  [L.  adstringo , adstrictus,  to 
bind.] 

1.  Act  of  binding  together  to  cause  contrac- 
tion. 

2.  {Med.)  Constipation.  Dunglison. 

AD-U-LA' RI-A,  n.  (Min.)  [From  Mount  Adula 
in  Switzerland.]  An  ornamental  stone ; the 
moonstone  ; a variety  of  felspar.  P.  Cgc. 

Ad'U-LAtE,  v.  a.  To  show  feigned  devotion  to  ; 
to  flatter ; to  compliment,  [k.]  Carpenter. 

AD-U-LA'TION  [ad-du-la'shttn,  S.  J.  Ja. ; ad-jii-la'- 
slmn,  IF.;  kd-yu-la'shun,  E.],n.  [L .adulatio; 
It.'  adulazione ; Sp.  adulacion ; Fr.  adulation .] 
Excessive  praise  ; flattery  ; extravagant  com- 
pliment. “Titles  blown  from  adulation.”  Shale. 

Flattery  corrupts  both  the  receiver  and  the  giver  ; and  ad- 
ulation is  not  of  more  service  to  the  people  than  to  kings. 

Burke. 

Syn. — Courtiers  practise  adulation  ; lovers  are  ad- 
dicted to  flattery;  fashionable  people  indulge  them- 
selves in  compliments. adulation  may  be  fulsome; 

flattery  gross  ; compliments,  though  not  incompatible 
with  sincerity,  may  be  unmeaning. 

f Ad'IT-lA-TOR,  n.  A flatterer.  Bailey. 

AD'U-LA-TO-RY,  a.  Implying  adulation;  flat- 
tering; full  of  compliments.  “ Adulatory 
verses.”  Mason . 

f AD'lI-LA-TRgSS,  n.  She  that  flatters.  Iluloct. 

A-DULT',  a.  [L.  adultus;  It.  & Sp.  adulto ; Fr. 
adulte .]  Grown  up  ; arrived  at  manhood  ; ma- 
ture ; as,  “An  adult  person.”  “Adult  age.” 

Adult  school,  a school  for  training  adults. 

A-DULT',  n.  1.  A person  grown  up,  of  age.  Sharp. 

2.  ( Common  Laic.)  One  of  full  age.  Burrill. 

3.  (Civil  Law.)  A boy  who  has  attained  the 
age  of  fourteen,  or  a girl  of  twelve,  years.  Burrill. 

A-DULT'ED,  p.  a.  Completely  grown.  Howell. 

)- A-DUL'TpR,  v.  n.  To  commit  adultery  ; to 
adulterate.  B.  Jonson. 

A-DUL'TER-ANT,  n.  That  which  adulterates. 

A-dCtL'TIJR-ATE,  v.  1 1.  [L.  adultero,  adulteratus ; 
ad,  to,  and  alter,  another ; It.  adultcrare ; Sp. 
adulterar;  Fr.  adulterer .]  [i.  adulterated; 

pp.  ADULTERATING,  ADULTERATED.]  To  Com- 
mit adultery.  Shak. 

A-DUL'TER-ATE,  v.  a.  To  corrupt  by  some  for- 
eign mixture,  or  by  intermixing  what  is  less 
valuable ; to  pollute. 

The  present  war  has  adulterated  our  tongue  with  strange 
words.  Spectator. 

A-DUL'TIJR-ATE,  a.  1.  Tainted  with  adultery. 
“ That  adulterate  beast.”  Shak. 

2.  Debased  by  foreign  mixture ; corrupted. 
“ Adulterate  copper.”  Swift. 

A-DUL'TyR-ATE-LY,  ad.  In  an  adulterate  or 
corrupt  manner. 

A-DUL'TER-ATE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  the 
state  of  being  adulterate  or  counterfeit. 

A-DUL-TpR-A'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  adulterating; 
contamination.  Bacon. 

2.  State  of  being  adulterated.  Felton. 

A-DUL'TJJR-FR,  n.  A person  guilty  of  adul- 
tery. Dryden. 

A-DUL'TiJR-ESS,  n.  A woman  who  commits 
adultery. 

By  the  famed  adulteress  brought.  Dryden. 

II  A-DOl'T^R-INE  [a-dul'ter-In,  S.  IF.  J.  Ja.  Sm.  ; 
a-dul'ter-In,  P.  A'.],  n.  [L.  aclulterimts,  spuri- 
ous.] (Canon  Late.)  A child  born  of  an  adul- 
teress ; spurious  offspring.  Johnson. 

||  A-DUL'TER-INE,  a.  Of  an  adulterous  inter- 
course ; spurious  ; adulterous.  Bp.  Hall. 

f A-DUL'TpR-IZE,  v.  7i.  To  commit  adultery. 
“ Gave  open  suspicion  of  adulterizing .” Milton. 

A-D&L'T)JR-OUS,  a.  [L.  adulter.)  1.  Guilty  of, 
or  tainted  by,  adultery.  “ The  adulterous  An- 
tony.” Shak. 

2.  Spurious ; corrupt.  “ Adulterous  and  for- 
eign mixtures.”  Coventry. 

A-DUL'TER-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  an  adulterous  man- 
ner ; with  the  guilt  of  adultery. 


A-DUL'TE-RY,  n.  [L.  ailulterium  ; It.  & Sp. 
adulterio ; Fr.  adultere .] 

1.  (Law.)  Criminal  intercourse  between  a 

married  person  and  one  of  the  opposite  sex, 
whether  married  or  single ; violation  of  the 
marriage  bed.  ■ Burrill. 

2.  (Eccl.  Hist.)  Act  of  introducing  into  a 
bishopric  during  the  rightful  bishop’s  life.  Buck. 

3.  f Adulteration  ; corruption.  “All  the 

adulteries  of  art.”  B.  Jonson. 

A-DULT'NJJSS,  n.  State  of  being  adult,  [r.1 

Bailey. 

AD-UM'BRANT,  a.  Giving  a slight  resemblance  ; 
shadowing  out  faintly.  Johnson. 

AD-UM'BRATE,  v.  a.  [L.  adumbro,  adumbratus  ; 
ad,  to,  and  umbra,  a shadow.]  [i.  adumbrat- 
ed ; pp.  adumbrating,  adumbrated.]  To 
shadow  out,  or  represent  faintly. 

Heaven  is  adumbrated  by  all  positive  excellences. 

Decay  of  Piety. 

AD-UM-BRA'TION,  n.  1.  A faint  sketch;  a 
shadowing  form. 

Our  knowledge  is  at  best  a most  confused  adumbration. 

Glanvill. 

2.  (Her.)  The  shadow  of  a figure  painted  of 
a color  darker  than  the  field.  Johnson. 

f Ad-U-NA'TION,  n.  [L.  aduno,  to  make  one.] 
State  of  being  united.  Cranmer. 

A-DUN'CI-TY,  n.  Crookedness.  Arbuthnot. 

A-DUN'COUS  (st-dung'kus),  a.  [L.  aduncus.] 

Crooked  ; hooked ; bending  inwards.  Durham. 

f A-DUNQ.UE',  a.  Crooked;  aduncous.  Bacon. 

f A-DURE',  v.  n.  [L.  aduro,  to  burn  up.]  To 
burn  up.  “ Heat  which  doth  mellow,  not 
aclure.”  Bacon. 

A-DUST',  a.  [L.  aduro,  adustus.)  (Med.)  Burnt 
up  ; scorched ; parched,  [r.]  Quincy. 

A-DUST'JjiD,  a.  Burnt ; dried  with  fire.  Milton. 

f A-DUST’ I- BLE,  a.  That  may  be  burnt  up. 

Bailey. 

A-DUS'TION  (a-dust'yun),  n.  1.  Act  of  burning 
up,  scorching,  or  drying.  Burton. 

2.  (Surg.)  Cauterization.  Dunglison. 

Ad  VA-LO'  RF.M,  [L.,  to  the  value.)  (Com.)  An 
ad  valorem  duty  is  one  that  is  levied  according 
to  the  value  of  the  goods.  Brande. 

AD-vANCE',  v.  a.  [It.  avvanzare ; Sp.  avanzar; 
Fr.  avancer .]  [t.  advanced  ; pp.  advancing, 

ADVANCED.] 

1.  To  bring  or  move  forward. 

Advance  our  waving  colors  on  the  walls.  Shak. 

2.  To  raise  to  preferment;  to  promote  to  a 
higher  office ; to  aggrandize. 

Those  that  are  advanced  by  degrees  are  less  envied  than 
those  that  arc  advanced  suddenly.  Bacon. 

3.  To  improve;  to  encourage  the  growth  or 
progress  of ; to  forward. 

What  laws  more  proper  to  advance  the  nature  of  man  than 
these  precepts  of  Christianity  i Tillotson. 

4.  To  heighten  the  value  of;  to  dignify;  to 
give  lustre  to. 

As  the  calling  dignifies  the  man,  so  the  man  much  more 
advances  his  calling.  South. 

5.  To  allege  ; to  adduce  ; to  propose  ; to 
bring  into  notice. 

I dare  not  advance  my  opinion  against  the  judgment  of  so 
great  an  author.  Dryden. 

6.  To  pay  beforehand  ; to  furnish  on  credit ; 
as,  “To  advance  money  on  a contract,  or  at  the 
outset  of  an  enterprise  in  expectation  of  work 
to  be  done  or  of  reimbursement  at  a future 
time.” 

7.  To  increase  ; as,  “ To  advance  the  price  of 
goods.” 

Syn. — ddennee  a doctrine;  adduce  an  argument; 
allege  a circumstance;  assign  a reason.  — See  Al- 
lege, Promote. 

AD-VANCE',  v.  n.  To  move  or  go  forward;  to 
proceed ; to  make  progress ; to  make  improve- 
ment. 

They  who  would  advance  in  knowledge  should  not  take 
words  for  real  entities,  till  they  can  form  clear  and  distinct 
ideas  of  those  entities.  Locke. 

Syn.  — To  advance  is  to  go  towards  some  point ; to 
■proceed  is  to  go  onward  in  a certain  course.  As  you 
advance  in  life,  proceed  in  wisdom. 

AD-vANCE',  n.  1.  Act  of  advancing  or  coming 
forward  ; progress  ; approach. 


So  like  the  sun’s  advance  your  titles  show.  Waller. 

2.  Progression  ; improvement. 

Mr.  Newton  has  demonstrated  several  new  propositions 
which  are  so  many  new  truths,  and  are  further  advances  in 
mathematical  knowledge.  Locke. 

3.  A tender  of  kindness  or  love ; an  offer  or 
proposition. 

The  advance  of  kindness  which  I made  was  feigned. 

Dryden. 

4.  (Com.)  Increase  of  price : — anticipation  of 
a claim;  — money  paid  before  it  is  due,  or  by 
way  of  accommodation  in  expectation  of  reim- 
bursement. One  who  has  paid  more  money  or 
furnished  more  goods  to  another,  than  the  latter 
is  entitled  to,  is  said  to  be  in  advance  to  him. 

To  go  in  advance,  to  go  before. 

Syn.  — See  Progress. 

ad-vAnce',  a.  Being  in  front;  advanced;  as, 
“Advance  guard,”  for  “Advanced guard. ”CVn64. 

Advance  money,  money  paid  in  advance. 

AD-VANCED'  (jd-v&nst'), p.  a.  Promoted;  come 
forward  ; having  made  progress  ; proceeded  far ; 
being  in  front. 

Advanced  guard,  a detachment  of  troops  which  pre- 
cedes the  main  body  ; van-guard. 

AD-vANCE'MENT,  n.  1.  Aetof  advancing;  prog- 
ress ; proficiency.  Swift. 

2.  Preferment ; promotion.  “ My  advance- 
ment to  the  throne.”  Shak. 

3.  Improvement.  “ The  advancement  of 

learning.”  Browne. 

4.  (Late.)  A payment  or  appropriation  of 

money,  or  a settlement  of  real  estate,  made  by 
a parent  to  or  for  a child,  in  advance,  or  in 
anticipation  of  the  distributive  share  to  which 
such  child  would  be  entitled  after  his  death  : — 
money  paid  in  advance.  Burrill. 

Syn.  — Adrancement  in  learning,  in  a profession; 
improvement  of  the  mind  ; proficiency  in  music  ; rapid 
progress ; regular  progression  ; promotion  to  an  office  ; 
preferment  to  a living  or  benefice.  — See  PROGRESS. 

AD-VAN'CER,  n.  1.  One  who  advances.  Bacon. 

2.  A branch  of  a stag’s  horn.  Ogilvie. 

AD-VAn'CJNG,  p.  a.  Going  forward ; making 
progress  ; as,  “ Advancing  armies  ” ; “Advanc- 
ing years.” 

AD-vAn'CIVE,  a.  Tending  to  advance,  [r.] 

Smart. 

AD-vAn'TA^E,  n.  [Fr.  avantage .]  1.  Superi- 

ority ; as,  “ To  have  the  advantage  of  or  over 
another.” 

2.  Favorable  opportunity,  condition,  state, 


circumstance,  or  situation. 

Advantage  is  a better  soldier  than  rashness.  Shak. 

True  wit  is  nature  to  advantage  dressed. 

What  oil  was  thought,  but  ne’er  so  well  expressed.  Pope. 

3.  Gain  ; profit ; benefit ; utility  ; good. 

Dying  so,  death  is  to  him  advantage.  Shak. 

4.  Overplus ; interest. 

There  is  a sold  counts  thee  her  creditor. 

And  with  advantage  means  to  pay  thy  love.  Shak. 


Syn.  — Advantage  relates  to  situation;  profit  and 
gam  to  trade.  A situation  has  its  advantages ; trade 
its  profits. 

The  support  of  friends  is  an  advantage  ; good  health 
is  an  inestimable  benefit;  a good  iiook  is  of  great  util- 
ity, and  of  service  to  readers  generally.  Some  persons 
have  great  advantages,  but  derive  little  good  or  benefit 
from  them.  — See  Account,  Avail,  Benefit, 
Good,  Utility. 

AD-VAN'TA£E,  V.  a.  [i.  ADVANTAGED  ; pp.  AD- 
VANTAGING, ADVANTAGED.]  To  benefit ; to 
profit.  “ Hurts  or  advantages  the  body.”  Locke. 

What  advantageth  it  me,  if  the  dead  rise  not  ? 1 Cor.  xv.  32. 

f AD-VAn'TA£E-A-BLE,  a.  Profitable. 

Sir  J.  Hayward. 

AD-VAn'TAGED  (jd-v&n’tajd),  p.  a.  Possessed 
of  advantages.  “ Advantaged  tempers.” 

Glanvill. 

AD-VAn'TAGE-GROUND,  n.  Ground  that  gives 
superiority,  and  opportunities  of  annoyance  or 
resistance.  Clarendon. 

AD-VAN-TA'GEOUS  (ad-van-ta'jns),  a.  [Fr.  avan- 
tageux.]  Affording  advantages  ; beneficial  ; 
profitable ; useful. 

TTere  perhaps 

Some  advantageous  act  may  be  achieved.  Milton. 

Syn.  — Advantageous  situation  ; beneficial  to  health  ; 
profitable  trade  ; useful  employment. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  I,  O,  IT,  y t obscure  ; FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


ADVANTAGEOUSLY 


25 


ADVISE 


AD-VAN-TA'<j}EOUS-LY,  ad.  In  an  advantageous 
manner  ; as,  “ Advantageously  situated.” 

AD-VAN-TA'<?EOUS-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being 
advantageous ; profitableness.  Boyle. 

t Ad-V£C-TI''TIOUS,  a.  Brought;  carried.  Coles. 

AD-VENE',  v.  n.  [L.  advenio  ; ad,  to,  and  venio, 
to  come.]  To  accede;  to  come  to.  Ayliffe. 

f AD-VE'NI-lpNT,  a.  Superadded.  Browne. 

Ad' VENT,  n.  [L.  advent.m ; ad,  to,  and  venio, 
ventus,  to  come.]  1.  A coming ; appropriately, 
the  coming  of  Christ. 

2.  A season  of  devotion  during  the  four 
weeks  before  Christmas.  Common  Prayer. 

Ad-V(JN-TI"TIOUS  (Sd-ven-tish'us,  94),  a.  Acci- 
dental ; incidental  ; supervenient ; not  essen- 
tially inherent ; additional ; added  extrinsically. 

Diseases  of  continuance  get  an  adventitious  strength  from 
custom.  Bacon. 

A D- V K X-TI  "TIOl/S-LY  (ad-ven-tisli'us-le),  ad. 
In  an  adventitious  manner  ; accidentally. 

AD-VEN-Tl  'TIOUS-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  ad- 
ventitious. Ogilvie. 

f AD-VEN'TIVE,  n.  The  thing  or  person  that 
comes  from  without.  Bacon. 

+ AD-VEN'TIVE,  a.  Adventitious.  Bacon. 

f AD-VEN'TRY,  n.  An  adventure.  B.  Jonson. 

AD-VENT'U-AL,  a.  Relating  to  the  season  of 
advent.  Bp.  Sanderson. 

AD- VENT'URE  (ad-vent'yur,  10,  24),  n.  [Fr. 
aventure .] 

1.  An  accident ; a chance ; a hazard ; as  in 
the  phrase,  “At  all  adventures.’’ 

2.  An  enterprise  in  which  something  is  at 

hazard ; an  event  in  which  we  have  no  di- 
rection. “ In  the  adventure  of  this  perilous 
day.”  Shak. 

3.  A remarkable  incident ; a strange  occur- 
rence. 

It  is  a pleasure  to  stand  in  the  window  of  a castle,  and  to  see 
a battle  and  the  adventures  thereof  below.  Bacon. 

4.  (Com.)  A speculation  in  goods  sent  abroad 
to  be  sold  for  profit. 

II  AD-VENT'yRE,  V.  11.  [i.  ADVENTURED  ; pp.  AD- 

VENTURING, adventured.]  To  try  the  chance  ; 
to  put  to  hazard;  to  dare  ; to  venture. 

Would  it  not  raise  and  inflame  any  courage  to  see  his  com- 
mander adventure  so  boldly  upon  all*  hazards  ? Barrow. 

||  AD-VENT'l'RE,  v.  a.  To  put  at  risk  ; to  trust  to 
unforeseen  events. 

My  father  fought  for  you,  and  adventured  his  life.  Ju.  ix.  17. 

||  AD-VENT'URE-FUL,  a.  Adventurous . Bentham. 

||  AD-VENT'CR-ER,  n.  One  who  adventures  ; one 
who  engages  in  hazardous  enterprises  ; one  who 
seeks  occasions  for  adventures,  or  is  fond  of 
taking  risks.  “ Their  great  adventurer."  Milton. 

II  AD-VENT'URE-SOME,  a.  Venturesome,  [n.] 

II  f AD-VENT'URE-SOME-NESS,  n.  The  quality 
of  being  adventuresome.  Bailey. 

II  AD-VENT'U-ROUS  (10,  24),  a.  Inclined  to  ad- 
ventures or  enterprises  ; willing  to  incur  haz- 
ard ; bold  ; daring ; courageous  ; venturesome. 

I thence  invoke  thy  aid  to  my  adventurous  song.  Milton. 

Was  never  known  a more  adventurous  knight.  Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Enterprising. 

II  AD-VENT'U-ROUS-LY,  ad.  Daringly.  Shak. 

II  AD-VENT'y-ROUS-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being 
adventurous  ; venturousness  ; boldness.  Todd. 

Ad'VERB,  n.  [L.  adverbium ; ad,  to,  and  verbum, 
a word.]  (Gram.)  A word  joined  to  a verb, 
adjective,  or  other  adverb,  to  express  some  cir- 
cumstance, quality,  degree,  or  manner  of  its 
signification.  Lowth. 

AD-VERB'I-AL,  a.  Relating  to,  or  having  the 
quality  or  structure  of,  an  adverb.  _ T'atler. 

AD-VERB'l-AL-LY,  ad.  In  the  manner  of  an 
adverb.  Addison. 

t AD-VERSA-BLE,  a.  Contrary  to.  Bailey. 

•AD-  VF.R-SA  ' RI-A,  n-  pl-  [L.,  books  in  which  all 
matters  are  temporarily  entered  as  they  occur  ; 
from  adversarius,  turned  towards  or  lying  be- 


fore the  eyes.]  Notes;  remarks;  a common- 
place book  ; an  account  or  note  book  ; a journal. 

These  parchments  are  supposed  to  have  been  St.  Paul’s 
adversaria.  Bp.  Bull. 

Ad-VJJR-SA'RI-OUS,  a.  Adverse,  [r.]  Ogilvie. 

Ad'VER-SA-RV,  n.  [L.  adversarius-,  ad,  to  or 
against,  and  verto,  versus,  to  turn.]  One  who 
belongs  to  a hostile  party  or  nation  ; an  enemy  ; 
a foe  ; an  opponent ; an  antagonist. 

Yet  am  I noble,  as  the  adversary 
I come  to  cope  withal.  Shade. 

Syn.  — See  Enemy. 

Ad'VIJR-SA-RY,  a.  Opposite  to  ; adverse;  hos- 
tile. “Adversary  forces.”  Bp.  King. 

AD-VIJR-SA'TION,  n.  [L.  adversatio .]  Opposi- 
tion. [r.]  New  Englander. 

AD-VER'SA-TIVE,  a.  [L.  adversativus.]  (Gram.) 
Applied  to  a conjunction  or  a particle  that  joins 
together  sentences  which  stand  more  or  less  in 
opposition  to  each  other  ; as,  but,  lioivever,  and 
yet,  which  are  often  used  as  adversative  parti- 
cles. 

“ Of  these  disjunctives,  some  are  simple,  some  ad- 
versative-, simple,  as  when  we  say,  ‘Either  it  is  day 
or  it  is  night’;  adversative,  as  when  we  say,  ‘It  is 
not  day,  but  it  is  night.’  The  difference  between 
these  is,  that  the  simple  do  no  more  than  merely  dis- 
join ; the  adversative  disjoin  with  an  opposition  con- 
comitant.” Harris's  Hermes. 

XFtr*  But  is  here  used  as  an  adversative  conjunction  ; 
and  its  meaning  might  be  fully  expressed  thus:  but  on 
the  contrary.  — See  But  and  However. 

AD-VER'SA-TIVE,  n.  An  adversative  word. 

Harris. 

Ad'VERSE,  a.  [L.  adverto,  adversus,  to  turn  to 
or  against.] 

1.  Acting  in  a contrary  direction  ; contrary  ; 
opposing  ; as,  “Adverse  winds.” 

2.  Hostile ; inimical ; as,  “ An  adverse  party.” 

3.  Thwarting  inclination  or  desire ; calami- 
tous ; afflictive. 

What  if  he  hath  decreed,  that  I shall  first 

Be  tried  in  humble  state,  and  things  adverse.  Milton. 

4.  (Bot.)  Applied  to  parts  that  stand  oppo- 
site to  one  another.  ITenslow. 

Syn.  — Adverse  fortune  ; calamitous  occurrence  ; 
afflictive  bereavement. Adverse  circumstances;  con- 

trary accounts  ; opposite  characters.  — Adverse  fac- 
tions ; hostile  measures  ; inimical  to  peace  ; repugnant 
to  good  order ; averse  to  restraint.  Hostile  is  more 
commonly  applied  to  public  enmity,  inimical  to  pri- 
vate. Those  who  are  averse  dislike  ; those  are  adverse 
who  oppose. 

f AD-VERSE',  v.  a.  To  oppose.  Goioer. 

AD-VERSE'LY,  ad.  Unfortunately.  Shale. 

AD'VERSE-NESS,  n.  Opposition.  “ A man 

known  unto  you  for  his  malignity  and  adverse - 
ness.”  Bp.  Morton. 

AD-VER-SI-FO'LI-ATE,  [L.  adversus,  op- 

AD-VER-Sj-FO'LI-OUS,  ) posite,  and  folium,  a 
leaf.]  (Bot.)  Having  opposite  leaves  ; applied 
to  plants  which  have  leaves  so  arranged  on  the 
stem.  Ogilvie. 

AD-VER'SI-TY,  n.  [L.  adversitas  ; It.  avversita  ; 
Sp.  adversictad  ; Fr.  adversity .]  Affliction  ; ca- 
lamity ; misfortune  ; distress ; severe  trial ; 
suffering ; trouble. 

Adversity's  sweet  milk,  philosophy.  Shak. 

Sweet  are  the  uses  of  adversity r. 

Which,  like  the  toad,  ugly  and  venomous, 

Wears  yet  a precious  jewel  in  his  head.  Shak. 

Syn.  — Adversity  is  a general  condition,  and  is  op- 
posed to  prosperity  ; distress  is  opposed  to  case. Ad- 

versity is  trying;  distress  overwhelming.  — Adversity 
of  circumstances;  deep  distress-,  severe  affliction-, 
dreadful  calamity  ; grievous  misfortune. 

AD-VERT',  v.  n.  [L.  adverto,  to  turn  to  ; ad,  to, 
and  verto,  to  turn  ; It.  avvertire  ; Sp.  advertir ; 
Fr.  avertir.]  [i.  adverted  ; pp.  adverting, 
adverted.]  To  observe  ; to  attend  to  ; to  take 
notice  ; to  remark  ; to  regard  : — used  with  to 
before  the  object. 

The  mind  not  being  capable  at  once  to  advert  to  more  than 
one  thing.  Ray. 

f AD-VERT',  v.  a.  To  regard  ; to  advise.  More. 

AD-VER  TENCE,  ) Attention  to  ; considera- 

AD-VER'TpN-CY,  ’ tion  ; heedfulness;  mindful- 
ness ; regard  ; vigilance.  Chaucer.  Swift. 


AD-VER'TENT,  a.  Attentive  ; heedful.  Hale. 

AD-VER'Tf.NT-LY,  ad.  In  an  advertent  manner. 

AD- VER-THjiE',  or  AD' VIJR-TlsjSE  [Sd-ver-tlz',  S. 
W.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  K.  R.  C.  117;. ; ad'ver-ilz,  *S7/l.j, 
v.  a.  [L.  adverto,  to  turn  to  ; Fr.  avertir.]  [t. 
advertised  ; pp.  advertising,  advertised.] 

1.  j-To  inform  ; to  give  notice  to. 

Let  me  advertise  you.  B.  Jonson. 

As  I by  friends  am  well  advertised.  Shak. 

2.  To  announce  ; to  publish  ; to  proclaim  ; 
to  make  known  publicly  : to  give  public  infor- 
mation about,  by  printed  notice  or  otherwise  ; 
as,  “To  advertise  a meeting,  the  loss  of  money, 
the  time  of  arrival  and  departure  of  public  con- 
veyances,” &c. 

3.  To  offer  for  sale  ; as,  “To  advertise  goods, 
a house,  a farm,”  &c. 

Estates  are  landscapes,  gazed  upon  a while, 

Then  advertised , and  auctioneered  awaj\  Cowper. 

JOGr*  According  to  Smart,  the  primary  and  secondary 
accents  of  advertise  “ have  now  changed  places.” 

Syn.  — See  Publish. 

AD-VER  T|§E-MENT,  ) [ad-ver'tjz-ment,  P.  Ja. 

AD-VER-TLSE'MENT,  S Sm.  R.  Wb.  Ash.  ; ad- 
ver'tjz-ment  or  ad-ver-ilz'ment,  S.  W.  J.  F. 
K.],  91. 

1.  Act  of  advertising ; notification. 

2.  Announcement ; intelligence  ; informa- 
tion ; notice  of  any  thing  given  to  the  public 
in  writing  or  in  print ; legal  notification.  Tatler. 

“ This  word,  if  use  would  permit,  should  have 
its  primary  accent  on  the  first  syllable,  and  a second- 
ary accent,  lengthening  the  i,  on  the  third.”  Smart. 
“ As  nouns  ending  in  merit  always  follow  the  accentua- 
tions of  the  verbs  from  which  they  are  formed,  we 
frequently  hear  advertisement  taxed  with  the  grossest 
irregularity  for  having  the  accent  on  a different  sylla- 
ble from  advertise .”  Walker.  — In  the  United  Stutcs  it 
is  a very  common  practice  to  pronounce  it  with  the 
accent  on  the  same  syllable  as  in  advertise. 

AD-V£R-Tl§'ER,  n.  1.  One  that  gives  intelli- 
gence or  information. 

The  great  skill  in  an  advertiser  is  chiefly  seen  in  the  style 
which  he  makes  use  of.  lie  is  to  mention  the  universal  es- 
teem or  general  reputation  of  things  that  were  never  heard 
of.  Tatler. 

2.  A newspaper. 

They  have  drawled  through  columns  of  gazetteers  aud  ad- 
vertisers for  a century  together.  Burke. 

AD-V£R-TI§'!NG,  p.  a.  Giving  intelligence. 

f AD-VES'PpR-ATE,  v.  n.  [L.  ad,  to,  and  vesper, 
evening.]  To  draw  towards  evening.  Bailey. 

AD-VICE',  n.  [Fr.  avis.]  1.  Counsel ; instruc- 
tion ; suggestion  ; recommendation. 

There  is  nothing  so  difficult  as  the  art  of  making  advice 
agreeable.  Spectator. 

2.  Prudent  consideration.  “ So  hot  a speed 

with  such  advice  disposed.”  Shak. 

3.  (Com.)  Intelligence ; information ; as, 
“ By  the  last  advices  from  Europe.” 

Syn.  — A physician  gives  advice  to  bis  patient;  a 
lawyer  or  counsellor  gives  advice  to  his  client ; par- 
ents give  counsel-,  teachers  give  instruction-,  an  am- 
bassador receives  instructions  from  his  government. — 
Prudent  advice ; sage  counsel-,  salutary  instruction. — 
He  sent  a letter  of  advice  ; received  information  ; had 
early  intelligence  of  tile  fact ; gave  public  notice.  A 
man  of  information  has  much  knowledge ; a man  of 
intelligence  lias  understanding  as  well  as  knowledge, 
and  is  capable  of  giving  wholesome  advice. 

AD-VICE'— BOAT  (tid-vls'bot),  n.  A small  vessel 
employed  to  convey  despatches  or  intelligence. 

f AD-VIG'IL-ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  advigilo.]  To  watch 
diligently.  Bailey. 

AD-VHjl-A-BIL'j-TY,  n.  Quality  of  being  advis- 
able ; advisableness.  Dickens. 

AD-VLji'A-BLE,  a.  1.  Fit  to  be  advised  ; expedi- 
ent. “ Some  judge  it  advisable  for  a man  to 
account  with  his  heart  every  day.”  South. 

2.  f Open  to  advice.  “ He  was  so  strangely 
advisable.”  Fell. 

AD-VHj'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
advisable  ; readiness  to  receive  counsel. 

AD-V f§'A-BLy,  ad.  With  advice  ; prudently. 

AD-Vf^E',  v.  a.  [It.  avvizare  ; Sp.  avisar ; Fr. 
aviscr.]  [i.  advised  ; pp.  advising,  advised.] 

1.  To  give  advice  to  ; to  counsel. 

I would  advise  all  gentlemen  to  learn  merchants’  accounts*. 

Locke - 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULB,  BUR,  RULE.  — O,  <?,  9,  g,  soft ; £,  G,  £,  |,  hard;  § as  z;  * as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 
4 


ADVISE 


26 


AERIE 


2.  To  inform  ; to  give  information. 

Such  discourse  brings  on 

As  may  advise  him  of  his  happy  state.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Admonish,  Exhort. 

AD-VT.'jE',  v.  n.  1.  To  consider  ; to  deliberate. 

Advise  if  this  be  worth 

Attempting.  Milton. 

2.  To  consult;  to  confer;  to  take  counsel 
with  ; as,  “ To  advise  with  a friend."’ 

ADVTSED  (aid-vi'zed  or  ad-vlzd')  [jd-vl'zed,  S.  IV. 
J.  F.  Ja.\  ad-vlzd',  K.  Sm.],  p.  a.  1.  Acting 
with  deliberation,  as  after  taking  advice  ; pru- 
dent ; cautious. 

With  the  well-adrisetf  is  wisdom.  rrov.  xiii.  10. 

2.  Performed  with  deliberation  ; well-consid- 
ered ; done  with  design. 

In  my  schooldays,  when  I had  lost  one  shaft, 

I shot  his  fellow  of  the  selfsame  flight, 

The  selfsame  way,  with  more  advised  watch, 

To  find  the  other  forth.  Shak. 

AD-Viij'pD-LY,  ad.  Soberly;  heedfully ; delib- 
erately. “ This  book  advisedly  read  and  dili- 
gently followed.”  Ascham. 

AD-Vljj'pD-NESS,  n.  Deliberation.  Sanderson. 

AD-VI§E'M(JNT,  n.  1.  Counsel ; advice.  Spenser. 

2.  Circumspection  ; deliberation. 

Among  those  that  do  all  things  with  adt  isemnd,  there  is 
wisdom.  Tror.  xiii.  10.  Translation  of  1530. 

AD-V’i.'j'f.R,  n.  One  who  advises.  Waller. 

AD-Vl§'£R-SHIP,  n.  The  office  of  an  adviser,  or 
counsellor,  [it.]  Ch.  Ob. 

AD-Vi§'ING,  n.  Counsel;  advice.  Shak. 

f AD-Vi^d,  n.  [Low  L.  adviso.]  Advice;  con- 
sideration. “ Counsels  and  advisos.”  Whitlock. 

AD-VX'SO-RY,  a.  Authorized  or  able  to  advise ; 
giving  advice  ; counselling.  Dr.  A.  lleed. 

AD'VO-CA-CY,  n.  1.  t A suit  at  law.  Chaucer. 

2.  Act  of  pleading ; vindication  ; defence. 
“ The  applause  or  advocacy  of  Satan.”  Browne. 

AD’VO-CATE,  v.  a.  [L . advoco,  advocatus  ; ad, 
to,  and  voco,  to  call.]  [i.  advocated  ; pp.  ad- 
vocating, advocated.]  To  plead  the  cause 
of ; to  support ; to  defend ; to  vindicate.  Whately. 

The  Parliament  itself  thought  this  petition  worthy  not  only 
of  receiving,  but  of  voting  to  d commitment,  after  it  had  been 
advocated  by  some  honorable  and  learned  gentlemen  of  the 
house.  Milton. 

This  is  the  only  thing  distinct  and  sensible  that  has  been 
advocated.  Burke. 

j&Jf*  The  verb  to  advocate  lias  been  characterized 
as  an  Americanism  by  Dr.  Franklin,  Mr.  Boucher, 
and  other  English  and  American  writers.  It  is  not 
found  in  ahy  dictionary  published  in  England  before 
Mr.  Todd  inserted  it  in  his  edition  of  Johnson’s 
Dictionary.  Mr.  Todd  inserted  it  as  an  active  verb, 
with  the  authority  of  Milton  and  Burke,  and  as  a 
neuter  verb,  with  the  authority  of  Dawbeny.  Dr. 
Webster,  however,  had  previously  inserted  it  in  his 
“Compendious  Dictionary  ot  the  English  Language,” 
published  in  1806.  — Mr.  Todd  says,  “It  is  a very 
common  old  Scottish  word,  . . . and  also  an  old 

English  word,  employed  by  one  of  our  finest  and  most 
manly  writers  [Milton].”  Mr.  Trench  remarks,  “ It 
would  be  difficult  to  find  an  example  of  the  word  to 
advocate  between  Milton  and  Burke.”  The  modern 
use  of  the  word  appears  to  have  had  its  beginning  in 
this  country  ; but  it  is  now  in  good  use  in  England, 
as  well  as  in  the  United  States. 

AD'VO-CATE,  v.  n.  To  act  as  an  advocate. 

Give  me  leave,  as  most  concerned,  to  advocate  in  my 
own  child's  behalf.  Dawbenp,  165'.). 

AD'VO-CATE  (117),  n.  1.  One  who  defends  or 
pleads  the  cause  of  another  in  a court  of  jus- 
tice ; a counsel  or  counsellor. 

An  advocate , in  the  general  import  of  the  word,  is  that  per- 
son who  has  the  pleading  and  management  of  a. judicial  cause. 

Aylijfc. 

2.  One  who  pleads  any  cause  ; a vindicator  ; 
a defender. 

Of  the  several  forms  of  government  that  have  been,  or  are, 
in  the  world,  that  cause  seems  commonly  the  better  that  has 
the  better  advocate.  Temple. 

3.  Intercessor,  as  applied  to  our  Saviour. 

We  have  an  Advocate  with  the  Father,  Jesus  Christ  the 

righteous.  \John\\.\. 

Judge  advocate , a lawyer  or  officer  who  manages  a 
prosecution  in  a court  martial. — Lord  advocate , the 
principal  crown  officer  in  Scotland,  who  prosecutes 
crimes  before  the  court  of  justiciary  ; attorney-gen- 
eral. The  faculty  of  advocates , in  Edinburgh,  con- 
stitute the  bar  of  Scotland. 

Syn.  — See  Lawyer. 


AD'VO-CATE-SIIIP,  n.  The  office  of  an  advo- 
cate. “ Leave  your  advocateship.”  B.  Jonson. 

f AD'VO-CAT-ESS,rc.  A female  advocate.  “God 
hath  provided  us  with  an  advocatess.”  Taylor . 

AD-VO-CA'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  pleading;  de- 
fence ; apology.  “ My  advocation  is  not  now 
in  tune.”  Shak. 

2.  ( Scottish  Law.)  A process  called  a bill  of 
advocation , by  which  an  action  is  carried  from 
an  inferior  to  a superior  court  before  final 
judgment  in  the  former.  Oyilvie. 

t AD-VO-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  ad,  to,  and  rolo,  to 
fly.]  Act  of  Hying  to  something.  Bailey. 

+ AD-VO-LU'TION,  n.  [L.  ad,  to,  and  volvo , to 
roll.]#  Act  of  rolling  to  something.  Bailey. 

t AD-VOU'TRER,  n.  An  adulterer.  Bale. 

+ AD-VOU'TRESS,  n.  An  adulteress.  Bacon. 

f AD-VOU'TROUS,  a.  Adulterous.  Tyndale. 

fAD-VOU'TRY,  n.  [Fr  .avoutrie.)  Adultery.  “It 
being  styled  alone  advoutry , as  contrary  to 
that  sacred  vow.”  Feltham. 

AD-VoW-EE',  n.  [Fr.  avouer.)  One  who  has  the 
right  to  present  to  a benefice.  Burrill. 

AD-VdW'^ON,  n.  [L.  adxocatio , a calling  to  or 
summoning.] 

1.  ( Eng . Law.)  The  right  of  patronage  or 

presentation  to  a church  or  ecclesiastical  bene- 
fice. Cowell. 

2.  (Scotland.)  A parsonage. 

JQSp- Advowson  is  so  called  because  it  was  a right 
to  nominate  a minister  to  a vacant  place,  granted  to 
the  patrons  or  benefactors  of  the  church,  lords  of 
manors,  or  other  large  land-owners,  who  erected 
churches,  and  set  apart  a portion  of  their  lands  to 
endow  them.  It  was  originally  a right  of  nomination 
merely,  the  bishop  of  the  diocese  reserving  the  privi- 
lege of  judging  of  the  nominee’s  fitness  for  the  office. 

A'DY,  n.  The  Malabar  foot,  equal  to  10£  inches. 

Simmonds. 

AD-Y-NA ' J\I1-A,  n.  [Gr.  a priv.  and  fibvapis, 
power.]  (Med.)  Diminution  of  vital  powers  ; 
debility ; impotence.  Dunglison. 

AD-Y-NAM'IC,  ? [Gr.]  {Med.)  Relating 

AD-Y-NAm'I-CAL,  ) to  adynamia;  weak;  desti- 
tute of  strength. 

Adynamic  fevers,  a term  employed  by  Finel  to  de- 
note malignant  or  putrid  fevers,  attended  with  great 
muscular  debility.  Ogilvie. 

Ad'Y-tGj\I , n. ; pi.  Xd'y-ta.  [L.]  .{Arch.)  The 
interior  or  most  sacred  part  of  a heathen  temple  : 
— the  chancel  or  altar  end  of  a church.  Britton. 

ADZE,  n.  [A.  S.  adese,  an  adze.]  A cutting  iron 
tool,  used  to  chip  surfaces  in  a horizontal  direc- 
tion ; addice  ; — also  written  ad:,  and  formerly 
addice.  Wcale. 

M.  “ A diphthong  of  very  frequent  use  in  the 
Latin  language,  which  seems  not  properly  to 
have  any  place  in  the  English.”  Johnson. 

ifir"  It  is,  however,  retained  in  some  words  of 
Latin  formation  which  are  in  common  use;  as,  7 ni- 
iiutite , litrnum-vit<£,  &.c. 

JE-CID' I-fjM,n.  [L.]  (Rot.)  A genus  of  parasitic 
plants  {Fungi),  including  the  red-gum.  Gray. 

M' DILE,  n.  See  Edile. 

tE-£E'AN,  n.  [Gr.  Aiyato;,  from  A tyebt,  the  name 
of  the  father  of  Theseus.  {Gccg.)  The  name 
given  by  Greek  and  Roman  writers  to  the  sea 
(now  called  the  Archipelago)  which  lies  between 
Greece  and  Asia  Minor. 

zE-^IE'AN,  a.  Belonging,  or  relating,  to  the  iEgean. 

On  the  sEfrean  shore  a city  stands, 

Built  nobly  ; pure  the  air,  and  light  the  soil  ; 

Athens,  the  eye  of  Greece,  mother  of  arts 
And  eloquence,  native  to  famous  wits 
Or  hospitable,  in  her  sweet  recess, 

City  or  suburban,  studious  walks  and  shades.  Milton. 

A3G'I-LOPS  (ej'e-lops),  n.  [Gr.  qiytktotp ; at|, 
niy6i,  a goat,  and  unp,  the  eye.] 

1.  {Med.)  An  abscess  or  fistula  in  the  corner 

of  the  eye.  Dunglison. 

2.  {Bot.)  A genus  of  plants  ; hard-grass,  in- 

cluding the  AZgilops  ovata,  a common  Medi- 
terranean grass.  Loudon. 

JE  ' GIS  (e'jjs).  n.  [L. ; Gr.  aiyt;.]  1.  A shield. 

2.  {Med.)  An  affection  of  the  eye.  Dunglison. 

f tEG'LOGIJE  (eg'log),  n.  An  eclogue.  Spenser. 

A3-G0FH'O-NY,  n.  [Gr.  aif,  atyi,,  a goat,  and 


tfiwri'i,  sound.]  {Med.)  A peculiar  sound  ob- 
served in  using  the  stethoscope,  resembling  the 
sound  made  by  a goat.  Scudamore. 

JE-GRO'tAt,  n.  [L.,  he  is  sick.]  {In  Eng. 
Universities.)  A certificate  from  a physician, 
showing  that  a student  named  therein  has  been 
prevented  by  sickness  from  attending  to  colle- 
giate duties.  The  Etonian. 

AE-GYP-Ti'A-Cl/jr  (E-jip-tlVkum),  n.  [L.  ] 
{Med.)  A detersive  ointment  of  honey,  verdi- 
gris, and  vinegar.  Quincy. 

ML,  or  EAL,  or  AL.  [A.  S.]  A syllable  in  com- 
pound names,  signifying  all,  or  altogether.  So 
sElwui  is  a complete  conqueror.  Gibson. 

MLF.  [Ger.  hiilfe.]  A syllable  in  compound 
names,  implying  help,  aid,  assistance.  So  x. Elf- 
win  is  victorious,  and  xElfwold  an  auxiliary 
governor.  Gibson. 

tENEID  (e-ne'jd  or  e'ne-id)  [e-nG'jd,  Sm.  Ash.-, 
e'ne-Id,  P.  Cyc.  Braude,  \Vb .]  The  Latin 
heroic  poem  of  Virgil,  of  which  iEneas  is  the 
hero.  Drxjden. 

zE-NIG’MA,  n.  — See  Enigma. 

tE-O'LI-AN  (e-o'te-an),  a.  [L.  rEolus,  god  of  the 
winds.]  Belonging  to  iEolus,  or  the  wind ; 
acted  upon  by  the  wind.  Ash. 

JEoiian  attachment,  an  attachment  to  the  piano- 
forte, by  which  it  may  be  converted  into  a wind  in- 
strument at  the  pleasure  of  the  player  ; the  same  keys 
that  act  upon  the  chords  being  so  made  as  to  operate, 
at  the  same  time  or  separately,  upon  reeds  through 
which  air  is  forced  from  a bellows  moved  by  tile  foot. 
It  was  invented  by  Obed  Al.  Coleman. 

zE-O'LI-AN—  HARP,  n.  A stringed  instrument 
played  on  by  a current  of  wind  issuing  through 
a crevice  or  hole.  Francis. 

tE-6l'!C,  a.  Belonging  to  iEolia.  Ency. 

AJ-OL'I-PiLE,  n.  — See  Eolipile.  Francis. 

AD'ON,  n. — See  Eon. 

A3-0-TA'NA,  n.  [Gr.  'tip,  air,  and  rehnv,  to  stretch.] 
{Mus.)  A very  small  musical  instrument,  con- 
sisting of  several  short,  elastic,  metallic  lamina; 
or  springs,  fixed  in  a frame  and  acted  on  by  the 
breath  of  the  performer.  P.  Cyc. 

A’F.R,  n.  [L. ; Gr.  ai/p.]  Air;  used  as  a prefix  in 
various  compounds.  Ainsworth. 

A3'R  A,  n.  — See  Era. 

A'p-RATE,  v.  a.  1.  To  impregnate,  supply,  or 
fill  with  carbonic  acid  or  with  air.  lire. 

2.  To  change  by  exposure  to  the  air,  as  the 
blood  in  the  lungs  of  animals.  Ogilvie. 

A'E-RA-Tf.D,  a.  [L.  aer,  air.]  Changed  by  the 
agency  of  air ; arterialized.  . Oyilvie. 

A-E-RA'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  aerating  or  impreg- 
nating with  carbonic  acid  or  with  air  ; exposure 
to  the  atmospheric  air.  Roget. 

2.  A change  effected  in  the  blood  or  circulat- 
ing fluid  of  animals  by  exposure  to  air  in  respi- 
ration ; arterialization.  >.  Ogilvie. 

A-E'RI-AL,  a.  [Gr.  aijp,  air  ; L.  ai’r,  atrius.] 

1.  Belonging  to  the  air  ; partaking  of  the  na- 
ture of  air.  “ Aerial  vapors.”  Milton. 

2.  Inhabiting  the  air. 

Aerial  animals  may  be  subdivided  into  birds  and  flies. 

Locke. 

3.  Heard  or  seen  in  the  air. 

Cherubic  songs  by  night  fiom  neighboring  hills 
Aerial  music  send.  Milton. 

Here  subterranean  works  and  cities  see, 

There  towns  aerial  on  the  waving  tree.  Pope. 

4.  High;  lofty.  “ Aerial  spires.”  Phillips . 
Aerial  figures , (Paint.)  figures  by  which  painters 

seek  to  represent  the  fabled  inhabitants  of  the  air, — 
dreams,  demons,  genii,  &c. 

Aerial  perspective,  that  branch  of  perspective  which 
treats  of  the  colors  of  objects  as  affected  by  distance  or 
by  the  interposition  of  mists,  clouds,  &c.  Fairholt. 

A-E'RI-AN§,  n.  pi.  (Eccl.  Hist.)  A small  sect 
of  Christians  of  the  fourth  century,  founded  by 
AOrius.  Hook. 

AE'RIE  (e're  or  a'e-re)  [e're,  IV.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  C.  ; 
a'e-re,  J.  F.  Wb.  ; a're,  S.],  n.  [A.  S.  cry ; 
Ger.  ey , an  egg.  In  old  English  authors  cyy  is 
written  ey,  and  thus  eyery  or  egg  cry.)  A nest 
or  brood  of  hawks  or  other  birds  of  prey  ; eyry. 
Your  aerie  buildeth  in  our  aerie's  nest.  Shak. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  V,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  l,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  1J,  1,  O,  U,  y,  obscure;  F.ARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


AERIFICATION  27  AFFECTED 


A-5-RI-FI-CA'TION,  ii.  [L.  afr,  air,  and  facio, 
to  make.] 

1.  The  act  of  passing  from  a solid  or  liquid 

state  into  air  or  gas.  Buchanan. 

2.  The  process  of  being  filled  with  air  ; the 
act  of  uniting  air  with  something.  Buchanan. 

A'B-RI-FORM  [a'e-re-forin,  .7. ; ar'e-fdrin,  Ja.  K. 
Sm.),  a.  [L.  air,  air,  suii  forma,  form.]  Hav- 
ing the  form  of  air  ; resembling  air  ; gaseous. 
“An  aeriform  fluid  or  gas.”  Adams. 

A'JJ-Rl-FY,  v.  a.  [L.  aer,  air,  and  facio,  to  make.] 
To  fill,  or  combine,  with  air.  Craig. 

A'E-RO-DY-NAM'ICS,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  <L/f>,  air,  and 
ibvapig,  power.]  The  science  which  treats  of  the 
motion  of  the  air,  and  of  the  mechanical  effects 
of  the  air  in  motion.  Brande. 

A-E-ROG'RA-PHY  [a-e-rog'ra-fe,  J.  C.  ; ar-og'ra-fe, 

Ja.  K.  Sm.],  n.  [Gr.  d>ip,  air,  and  ypnipio,  to  de- 
scribe.] A description  of  the  air  or  atmosphere, 
its  nature,  properties,  &c. ; aerology. 

A'E-RO-LiTE,  n.  [Gr.  at'/o,  air,  and  i.idog,  a stone.] 
A meteoric  stone,  or  mineral  mass,  falling  from 
the  atmosphere.  Brande. 

A'E-RO-LITH,  n.  An  aerolite.  De  Quincy. 

A-E-RO-LIT'IC,  a.  Relating  to  aerolites. 

A-]5-RO-L(>t?  !C,  ) a.  Relating  to  aerology. 

A-E-RO-LO<?'l-CAL,  $ Knowles. 

A-5-R0L'0-(?IST,  n.  One  versed  in  aPrology. 

A-E-ROL'O-^iY  [a-e-rol'o-je,  S.  W.J.  F.  C.  ; ar- 

ol'o-je,  Ja.  K.  Sm.],  n.  [Gr.  afjp,  air,  and  l.dyog, 
a discourse.]  The  science  of  the  air  or  atmo- 
sphere ; — generally  applied  to  medical  discus- 
sions respecting  its  salubrity.  Brande. 

A'F.-RO-mAN-CY  [a'e-ro-inan-se,  IV.  J.  F.  C.  ; 
ar'o-man-se,  Ja.  K.  Sm.],  n.  [Gr.  Hyp,  air,  and 
pavrda,  prophecy.]  A mode  of  divination  from 
certain  appearances  in  the  air.  Cotgrave. 

A-U-ROM'5-TER,  n.  [Gr.  dyp,  air,  and  pirpov,  a 
measure.]  An  instrument  for  weighing  or 
measuring  the  air  and  gases.  Francis. 

A-IJ-RO-MET'RIC,  a.  Relating  to  adrometry ; 
measuring  or  containing  air.  Loudon. 

A-F.-ROM'E-TRY  [a-e-rom'e-tre,  S.  W.J.  F.  C. ; 
ar-om'e-tre,  Ja.  K.  Sm.],  n.  [Gr.  ayp,  air,  and 
pirpov,  a measure.]  The  art  of  measuring  the 
atmosphere  or  air.  Francis. 

A'E-RO-NAUT  (a'e-ro-n&ut)  [a'e-ro-nAut,  IF.  J. 
ar'o-n&iit,  Ja.  K.  Sm.],  n.  [Gr.  ayp,  air, 
and  vabri )g,  a sailor  or  navigator.]  One  who 
sails  through  the  air  in  a balloon.  “ The  aero- 
nauts of  France.”  Burke. 

A-U-RO-NAUl  1C,  ) a.  Relating  to  aPronaut- 

A-5-RO-NAuT'!-CAL,  $ics  or  aerostation. 

F.  Cyc. 

A-E-RO-NAUT'ICS,  n.pl.  The  art  of  sailing  in 
and  navigating  the  air  in  balloons  ; aerostation  ; 
aerostatics.  Brande. 

A-F.-RO-PHO  'BT-A,  n.  [Gr.  ayp,  air,  and  tpd(}og, 
fear.]  (Med.)  A dread  of  wind  or  fresh  air  ; 
an  aversion  to  ventilation.  Scudamore. 

A'E-RO-PHYTE,  n.  [Gr.  aijo,  air,  and  ifniriv,  a 
plant.]  (Bot.)  A plant  which  derives  its  sus- 
tenance wholly  from  the  air  ; air-plant. 

ITenslow. 

A-lJ-ROS'CEP-Sy,  n.  [Gr.  ayp,  air,  and  oKinropai, 
to  examine.]  Same  as  Aeroscopy.  Kirby. 

A-E-ROS'CO-PY  [a-e-ios'ko-pe,  S.  IF.  J.  F. ; ar- 
os'ko-pe,  Ja.  K.  Sm.],  n.  [Gr.  ayo,  air,  and 
cKoneui,  to  examine.]  The  investigation  or  ob- 
servation of  the  air.  [r.]  Crabb. 

A'lJ-RO-SiTE,  n.  Antimonial  sulphuret  of  silver. 

A'F.-RO-STAT,  n.  [Fr.,  from  Gr.  ayp,  air,  and 
oruTiKrj,  statics.]  An  air  balloon. 

A-E-RO-SrAT  1C,  £ a Relating  to  aerosta- 

A-E-RO-STAt'I-CAL,  ) tion  or  aerostatics. 

A-5-RO-STAT'ICS,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  ayp,  air,  and 
arariKn,  statics  ; 'iorypt,  to  stand,  to  rest.]  The 
science  which  treats  of  the  weight,  pressure, 
and  equilibrium  of  air  and  other  elastic  fluids, 
and  of  the  equilibrium  of  bodies  sustained  in 
them.  Brande. 


A-E-ROS-TA'TION  [a-e-ros-ta'slmn,  P.  J.  F. ; ar- 
os-ta'slmn,  Ja.  K.  Sm.],  n.  [Fr.  aerostation .] 

1.  The  science  of  weighing  air.  Adams. 

2.  The  art  of  raising  heavy  bodies  and  of 

guiding  machines  in  and  through  the  air ; 
aeronautics.  Brande. 

/ER-F-GlN'E-OUS  (er-u-jln'e-us),  a.  [L.  cerugo, 
the  rust  of  copper.]  Rusty  ; having  the  rust  of 
copper,  or  verdigris.  Chambers. 

A3-RU'9!-NOUS,  a.  Same  as  yErugineous. 

JE-RU'ab  (e-rd'go),  n.  [L.  rust  of  copper,  or 
verdigris,  prepared  from  it.]  (Chem.)  The  hy- 
drated basic  acetate  of  copper.  Griger. 

TES'CU-LINE,  n.  [L.  cesculus,  the  horse-chestnut.] 
An  alkaloid,  in  the  form  of  a white  powder, 
obtained  from  the  bark  of  the  horse-chestnut 
tree.  Brande. 

iES-THET'IC  (es-tliet  jk),  i Relating  to 

TES-THET'I-CAL  (es-thet'e-k?l),  i aesthetics. 

“ Schiller’s  AEsthetic  Letters.”  Gent.  Mag. 

iES-THET'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  an  EEStlietical  man- 
ner ; artistically.  Smart. 

AES-THF.T'ICS,  n.pl.  [Gr.  a’iabymg,  perception  by 
the  senses.]  The  science  of  the  sensations,  or 
that  which  explains  the  cause  of  mental  pain 
or  pleasure,  as  derived  from  a contemplation  of 
the  works  of  nature  and  of  art ; the  science 
which  treats  of  the  beautiful,  and  its  various 
modes  of  representation  in  nature  and  art ; the 
philosophy  of  the  fine  arts.  Fleming. 

A2S-TI-VA'TION  (es-te-va'shun),  n.  [L.  astivas, 
belonging  to  summer.]  (Bot.)  The  arrange- 
ment of  the  parts  of  a flower  in  the  bud ; 
prsefloration.  “ The  (estivation  of  the  calyx.” 

P.  Cyc. 

A-E-THJJ-OG'A-MOUS,  a.  [Gr.  aijQris,  unusual, 
and  yapog,  marriage.]  (Bot.)  Propagated  in  an 
unusual  way  ; cryptogamous.  Brande. 

•E'THER,  n.  [Gr.  aWi/p.]  See  Etiier. 

TE'THI-OPS— MIN'ER-AL  (e'the-ops-niln  er-al),  n. 
(Med.)  A powder  formed  of  mercury  and  sul- 
phur, so  called  from  its  black  color.  Quincy. 

TE’TIIRI-O-SCOPE  (e’thre-o-skop),  ii.  [Gr.  at'Opiog 
clear  air,  and  oKonho,  to  examine.]  An  instru- 
ment invented  by  Sir  John  Leslie,  for  measur- 
ing the  relative  degrees  of  cold  produced  by 
the  pulsations  from  a clear  sky.  Brande. 

JE-TJfU'  SA  (e-thu'sa),  il.  [Gr.  a’iOio,  to  burn.] 
(Bot.)  A genus  of  plants  ; fool’s  parsley,  one 
of  the  most  poisonous  plants  known  in  Europe, 
and  so  called  from  its  resemblance  to  parsley, 
for  which  it  is  liable  to  be  mistaken.  P.  Cyc. 

7ET-j-OL'Q-<^Y,  ii.  See  Etiology.  Ogilvie. 

A-F-Tp  TF.S,  n.  [Gr.  acr6s,  an  eagle.]  (Min.) 
Eagle-stone  ; globular  clay  iron-stone.  — See 
Eagle-stone.  Brande. 

A-FAR',  ad.  At,  to,  or  from  a great  distance. 

From  afar,  from  a distant  place. 6 far  off,  distant. 

A-FEARD'  (a-f5rd'),  a.  [A.  S.  afered,  afecren , 
to  frighten.]  Frighted  ; afraid.  Spenser. 

A soldier,  and  afeard  ? Shak. 

Hortensio  is  afeard  of  yon.  Shak. 

“ Johnson  says  it  is  obsolete  ; but  it  is  still  a provin- 
cial word  in  England.”  Forby.  “And  also  used  by 
the  vulgar.”  Todd. 

Afeard,  though  not  now  in  good  use,  is  still,  ac- 
cording to  Trench,  in  provincial  use  in  England. 
“ Afeard , used  by  Spenser,  is  the  regular  participle  of 
the  old  word  to  affeur,  as  afraid  is  of  to  affray,  and  just 
as  good  English.”  Trench. 

A'FIJR,  n.  [L.,  the  south-west  icind,  i.  e.  from  Af- 
rica.] The  south-west  wind. 

Notus,  and  Afer  black  with  thunderous  clouds.  Milton. 

AF'FA,  n.  (Com.)  A weight  used  on  the  coast  of 
Guinea,  equal  to  an  ounce  Troy.  Crabb. 

AF-FA-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [L.  affabilitas  ; It.  affabili- 
ta  ; Sp.  afabilidad  ; Fr.  affabilite .]  Quality  of 
being  affable  ; civility  ; courtesy  ; courteous- 
ness ; urbanity. 

Syn.  — affability  results  from  good  nature ; cour- 
teousness from  fine  feeling.  Affable  by  a mild  and  easy 
address  towards  all  persons  ; courteous  manners,  ad- 
dress ; civil  behavior : complaisant  or  mild  disposition ; 
polite  person  or  manners ; courtly  style. 


Af'FA-BLE,  a.  [L.  affari,  to  speak  to,  affabilis .] 
Easy  to  be  spoken  to  ; easy  of  manners  ; court- 
eous ; civil  ; complaisant ; polite  ; courtly. 
Gentle  to  me,  and  affable  hath  been 
Thy  condescension.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Affability. 

AF'FA-BLE-NESS,  n.  Courtesy  ; affability.  “Ilis 
discreet  affableness.”  Bp.  Ilall. 

AF'FA-BLY,  ad.  In  an  affable  manner  ; courte- 
ously. “ Affably  and  modestly.”  Beau.  $ FI. 

Af'FA-BROUS  [af'fa-brus,  S.  W.  J.  Ja.  K. ; af-H'- 
briis,  Sm.],  a.  [L.  affaber,  skilful.]  Skilful- 
ly made  ; of  exquisite  workmanship.  Bailey. 

f AF-FAB-U-LA'TION,  n.  [Fr.  affabulation .]  The 
moral  of  a fable.  Anncay. 

AF-FAlR',  n.  [L.  facio,  to  do  ; Fr.  affaire  ; a,  to, 
and  faire,  to  do.] 

1.  Business  ; something  to  be  transacted  ; oc- 
cupation ; employment ; matter  ; concern. 

There  is  a tide  in  the  affairs  of  m'en 

"Which,  taken  at  the  flood,  leads  on  to  fortune.  Shak. 

2.  An  engagement  or  battle  ; a rencontre ; 
an  action  ; — generally  of  a partial  nature  or  of 
inconsiderable  consequence. 

In  this  little  a {fair  of  th  e advanced  post.  I am  concerned  to 
add  that  Lieut.  B.  was  killed.  YVellinffton's  Vcs/iatches . 

Public  affairs,  matters  relating  to  government;  pol- 
itics. 

Syn.  — An  affair  is  general ; it  respects  one,  many, 
or  all ; business  and  concern  are  personal.  An  inter- 
esting affair  ; a serious  business  ; a momentous  concern. 
Administer  your  affairs  ; transact  your  business  ; man- 
age your  concerns.  — See  Business,  Matter. 

f AF-FAM'ISH,  v.  a.  [L  .fames,  hunger;  Fr.  af- 
famcr. ] To  starve  ; to  famish.  Spenser. 

+ AF-FAM'ISII-MENT,  n.  Starving.  Bp.  Hall. 

+ AF-FEAR'  (tif-fer’),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  afeerenf)  To 
frighten.  — See  Afeak.  Spenser. 

AF-FEAR',  v.  a.  (Law.)  To  confirm  ; to  give  a 
sanction  to.  — See  Affeer.  Shak. 

f AF-FECT',  n.  Affection  ; passion.  Bacon. 

AF-FECT  , V.  a.  [t.  AFFECTED  ; pp.  AFFECTING, 
AFFECTED.] 

1.  [L.  officio,  affectus,  to  act  upon.]  To  act 
upon  ; to  influence. 

The  sun 

Had  first  his  precept  so  to  move,  so  shine. 

As  might  affect  the  earth  with  eold  and  heat.  Jlillon. 

2.  To  move  ; to  touch,  as  the  feelings  or 
passions. 

It  is  one  thing  to  make  an  idea  clear,  and  another  to  make 


it  affecting  to  the  imagination.  Burke . 

3.  f.affecto,  to  desire  ; to  hanker  after.]  fTo 
be  fond  of;  to  love. 

Study  what  you  most  affect.  Shak . 

lie  surely  affected  her  for  her  wit.  Shak . 

4.  To  aim  at ; to  aspire  to. 

But  this  proud  man  affects  imperial  sway.  Drydcn . 

5.  To  tend  to  ; to  endeavor  after. 

The  drops  of  every  fluid  affect  a round  figure.  Newton. 


6.  To  make  a show  or  pretence  of ; to  imi- 
tate unnaturally  ; to  attempt  to  imitate  ; to  pre- 
tend to  ; to  assume. 

No  more  of  this  ; lest  it  be  rather  thought  you  affect  a sor- 
row, than  to  have.  Shak. 

Spenser,  in  affecting  the  ancients,  writ  no  language. 

B.  Jonson. 

Syri. — Whatever  affects  must  concern , hut  all  that 
concerns  does  not  affect.  His  feelings  were  affected , 
and  he  became  concerned.  A hypocritical  person 
affects  virtues  which  lie  does  not  possess,  assumes  a 
character  different  from  his  own,  and  pretends  to  at- 
tainments which  lie  has  not  made. 

f AF-FEC'TAT-ED,  a.  Affected.  Barret. 

AF-FEO-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  affectatio  ; It.  affettazi- 
one ; Sp.  afectacion  ; Fr.  affectation^ 

1.  f Fondness  for  ; love  of.  Hooker. 

2.  The  art  or  quality  of  assuming  a manner 
or  character  not  one’s  own  ; insincerity  ; an  ar- 
tificial show  ; false  pretence  ; artifice. 

Affectation  is  an  awkward  and  forced  imitation  of  what 
should  be  genuine  and  easy.  Locke. 

In  man  or  woman,  but  far  more  in  man. 

And  most  of  all  in  man  that  ministers 

And  serves  the  altar,  in  my  soul  I loathe 

All  affectation.  Cotvpcr. 

AF-FECT'IJD,  p.  a.  1.  Moved  as  regards  the 
feelings  or  passions  ; touched  with  affection  ; 
disposed  or  inclined. 


MIEN,  SIR  ; 


MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE; 


9,  9,  i,  soft;  £,  ,G,  c,  |,  hard;  § as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


AFFECTEDLY 


28 


AFFLICTED 


Sound  thou  Lord  Hastings, 

How  he  doth  stand  affected  to  our  purpose.  Shade. 

2.  Full  of  affectation  ; formal ; artificial ; as- 
sumed ; feigned. 

He  is  too  spruce,  too  affected , too  odd.  Shah. 

These  antic,  lisping,  affected  phantasies.  Shuk. 

AF-FECT'F.D-LY,  ad.  In  an  affected  manner  ; 
feignedly.  “ Affectedly  ignorant.”  Swift. 

AF-FECT'f.D-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  af- 
fected ; affectation.  Johnson. 

AF-FECT'^R,  n.  One  guilty  of  affectation. 

These  [expressions]  weak  persons  are  apt  to  mistake,  art- 
ful disputants  to  pervert,  and  unlearned  or  unfair  affecters 
of  wit  and  free  thought  to  ridicule.  Abp.  Seeker. 

AF-FEC-TI-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
affectible.  Ogilvie. 

AF-FEC'TI-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  affected. 

AF-FECT'ING,  p.  a.  1.  Moving,  or  tending  to 
move,  the  passions  ; touching  the  feelings  ; ex- 
citing ; pathetic  ; as,  “ An  affecting  incident  ” ; 
“ An  affecting  scene  ” ; “ An  affecting  story.” 

2.  Making  pretences  ; assuming  ; feigning. 
“ Such  a drawling,  affecting  rogue.”  Shak. 

AF-FECT'ING-LY,  ad.  In  an  affecting  manner. 

AF-FEC'TION,  n.  [L.  affectio,  officio,  to  act 
upon  ; Fr.  affection .] 

1.  f State  of  being  affected  ; sympathy.  Shak. 

2.  f Affectation.  Shak. 

3.  A tender  sentiment  of  kindness  or  love  ; 
warm  regard  ; attachment ; good  will. 

For  you  he  lives,  and  you  alone  shall  share 

His  fast  affection,  as  his  early  care.  rope. 

4.  Passion  ; feeling,  in  a general  sense,  as 
implying  a state  of  the  mind. 

Affection. s,  as  joy,  grief,  fear,  and  anger,  being  the  sundry 
fashions  and  forms  of  appetite.  Hooker. 

The  motions  of  his  spirit  are  dull  as  night, 

And  his  affections  dark  as  Erebus.  Shak. 

5.  Quality  ; property. 

From  different  laws  of  union  there  will  arise  quite  differ- 
ent affections  of  compound  beings.  Bentley. 

6.  State  of  the  body,  or  its  parts,  as  respects 
disease  ; as,  “ Asthma  is  an  affection  of  the 
lungs  ” ; “A  rheumatic  affection.” 

Syn. — Affection  is  love  unaccompanied  with  de- 
sire; lo re  between  the  sexes  is  affection  accompa- 
nied with  desire.  Affection  to  relatives  ; tenderness 
to  the  weak  or  afflicted  ; kindness  to  all ; inclination 
to  the  arts,  &c. ; passion  for  glory,  poetry,  sensual 
indulgence,  gambling,  &c.  — See  Love. 

AF-FEC'TION-AL,  a.  [See  Affection.]  Relat- 
ing to,  or  implying,  affection.  Scars. 

AF-FEC'TION-ATE,  a.  Full  of  affection  ; warm- 
ly attached ; kind  ; loving ; warm  ; zealous  ; 
fond  ; tender  ; benevolent. 

Who  bidd’st  me  honor  with  an  artless  song, 
j\ffectionatc,  a mother  lost  so  long.  Cowper. 

Syn. Affectionate  relatives  ; fond  or  tender  parents  j 

kind  neighbors  ; attached  friends. 

f AF-FEC'TION-AT-ED,  a.  Disposed.  “Be  kind- 
ly affectionated  one  to  another.”  JV.  Test.  1683. 

AF-FEC'TION-ATE-LY,  ad.  In  an  affectionate 
manner  ; fondly  ; tenderly. 

AF-FEC'TION- AT  E-NESS,  n.  Fondness.  “The 
affectionateness  of  a woman.”  Qu.  Itev. 

AF-FEC'TION  ED  (af-fek'sliund),  a.  1.  f Affect- 
ed ; conceited.  “ An  affectioned  ass.”  Shak. 

2.  Mentally  disposed ; moved  in  feeling  or 
affection  ; inclined. 

Be  kindly  affectioned  one  to  another.  Rom.  xii.  10. 

+ AF-FEC’TIOUS-LY,  ad.  In  an  affecting  man- 
ner. Bailey. 

AF-FEC'TIVE,  a.  Capable  of  affecting.  Burnet. 

AF-FEC'TJ  VE-LY,  ad.  In  an  impressive  man- 
ner. Todd. 

AF-FECT'OR,  n.  — See  AffeCTER. 

+ AF-FECT-y-OS'l-TY,  n. Passionateness.  Bailey. 

+ AF-FECT'U-OUS,  a.  Earnest.  “Made  such 
affectuous  labor.”  Fabian. 

f AF-FECT'U-OUS-LY,  ad.  Earnestly.  “St.  Re- 
migius  prayed  so  affectuously.”  Fabian. 

AF-FEER',  v.  a.  [Fr.  affeurer,  to  appraise.] 

1.  ( Eng . Late.)  To  assess  or  reduce  to  a pre- 
cise sum,  as  an  arbitrary  fine.  Burrill. 

2.  [Fr.  afficr,  to  confide.]  To  settle  ; to  con- 
firm. 

The  title  is  affccred.  Shak. 


AF-FEF.R'F.R,  or  AF-FEER'OR,  n.  (Eng.  Law.) 
One  who,  upon  oath,  moderates  and  settles  fines 
in  courts-leet.  Cowell. 

AF-FEEIl'MpNT,  n.  Act  of  affeering.  Blackstone. 

AF'FE-RpNT,  a.  [L.  ad,  to,  and  fero,  to  bear.] 
(Anat.)  Applied  to  the  vessels  which  convey  the 
lymph  to  the  lymphatic  glands.  Dunglison. 

AF-FET-TU-O’SO  (af-fet-o-o'so),  a.  [It.,  affec- 
tionate.] (Mus.)  A direction  noting  something 
to  be  sung  or  played  with  tenderness.  Moore. 

AF-Fl'ANCE,  n.  1.  A marriage  contract ; plight- 
ed faith.  Spenser. 

2.  Confidence  ; trust ; reliance. 

Disclaiming  all  confidence  in  ourselves,  and  referring  the 
events  of  things  to  God  with  au  implicit  affiance.  Atterbury. 

AF-FI'ANCE,  v.  a.  [Fr .fianccr,  to  betroth  ; af- 
fier,  to  pledge  one’s  word.]  [i.  affianced  ; 


pp.  AFFIANCING,  AFFIANCED.] 

1.  To  betroth.  Shak. 

2.  To  inspire  with  confidence.  “ Affianced 

in  my  faith.”  Pope. 

AF-Fi'AN-CER,  n.  One  who  affiances.  Bailey. 

AF-FICHE',  n.  [Fr.]  A paper  or  bill  affixed  to 
a wall,  or  posted  up.  Crabb. 

f AF-FI-DA'TION,  n.  [Low  L.  affido,  to  plight 
one’s  faith.]  A mutual  contract  or  oath  of 
fidelity.  Bailey. 

f Af-FI-DAT'I  RE,  n.  Mutual  contract.  Bailey. 


AF-FI-DA'VIT,  n.  [Low  L.  affidavit,  he  has 
sworn  or  made  oath.]  (Law.)  A declaration  on 
oath  in  writing,  sworn  to  before  some  person 
who  has  authority  to  administer  it.  Burrill. 

f AF-FlE',  ) V'  [Fr.  affierl]  To  trust  ; to  rely 

fAF-FY',  ) upon  ; to  give  credit  to.  Chaucer. 

f AF-FIED'  (af-fld'),  p.  a.  Joined  by  contract ; af- 
fianced. “ That  we  be  affied.”  Shak. 

f AF-FILE',  v.  a.  [Fr.  affiler.]  To  polish.  Chaucer. 

AF-FIL'I-ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  ad,  to,  and  filius,  a son  ; 
Fr.  affilier .]  [i.  affiliated  ; pp.  affiliat- 

ing, affiliated.] 

1.  To  adopt  as  one’s  child. 

2.  To  establish  the  sonship  or  paternity  of. 

3.  To  associate  or  unite  with.  Qu.  Rev. 

Affiliated  societies,  local  societies  connected  with  a 

central  society  and  with  one  another. 

AF-FIL-I-A'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  affiliating ; 
adoption  ; act  of  taking  a son.  Cotqrave. 

2.  (Law.)  The  assignment  of  a bastard  child 
to  the  father  by  legal  authority.  Brande. 

AF'FI-NAtyE,  n.  [fir.affinage.]  The  art  of  refin- 
ing metals  by  the  cupel.  Bailey. 

AFFINED,  (?f-ITn'ed  or  sf-flnd'),  a.  [L.  affinis.] 
Joined  by  affinity.  Shak. 

AF-FLN'J-TA-TiVE-LY,  ad.  By  means  of  affin- 
ity. Phil.  Mag. 

AF-FIN'i-TY,  n.  [L.  affinitas,  affinis,  bordering 
upon  ; ad,  to,  and  finis,  boundary.]  pi.  af-fin'- 
1-TIE§. 

1.  Relationship  by  marriage  ; — opposed  to 
consanguinity , or  relationship  by  birth. 

Solomon  made  affinity  with  Pharaoh.  1 Kings  iii.  1. 

2.  Relation  ; connection  ; resemblance. 

Painting  hath  wonderful  affinity  with  poetry.  Dryden. 

3.  (Chem.)  That  kind  of  attraction  by  which 
the  particles  of  different  bodies  are  united. 

Elective  affinity'  is  that  attraction  between  tire  ele- 
ments of  different  substances,  by  which  they  are  de- 
composed and  new  compounds  formed. 

Syn.  — See  Alliance. 

AF-FIRM',  v.  a.  [L.  affirm o , to  make  firm  ; Fr. 
affirm.ir.]  [t.  affirmed  ; pp.  affirming,  af- 
firmed.] 

1.  To  declare  positively  : to  aver  ; to  assev- 

erate ; to  assert.  “ Whom  Paul  affirmed  to  be 
alive.”  Acts  xxv.  19. 

2.  To  ratify  or  approve  ; to  confirm  ; as,  “ To 

affirm  a judgment  or  law.”  Bacon. 

AF-FIRM',  v.  n.  1.  To  declare  or  assert  positive- 
ly ; — opposed  to  deny. 

I do  not  mean  to  affirm  generally  that  reason  is  not  a 
judge  in  matters  of  religion.  Horsley. 

2.  (Law.)  To  make  a solemn  promise  to  tell 


the  truth,  without  the  formality  of  the  custom- 
ary oath,  but  under  the  penalties  of  perjury. 

Syn.  — See  Allege,  Confirm. 

AF-FIRM'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  affirmed.  Ilale. 

AF-FIRM'A-BLY,  ad.  In  a way  capable  of  affir- 
mation. Todd. 

AF-FIRM'ANCE,  n.  Confirmation  ; declaration. 
“Which  was  itself  also  made  in  affirmance  of 
the  common  law.”  Bacon. 

AF-FIRM'ANT,  n.  1.  One  who  affirms.  Bailey. 

2.  (Law.)  One  who  makes  affirmation  in- 
stead of  an  oath.  Burrill. 

AF-FIR-MA'TION,  n.  [L.  affirmatin .] 

1.  The  act  of  affirming. 

2.  Thing  affirmed  ; assertion.  Ilammond. 

3.  (Law.)  A solemn  declaration  answering 
to  an  oath,  made  by  Quakers,  Moravians,  &c., 
under  penalties  of  perjury. 

Syn.  — See  Declaration. 

AF-FIRM'A-TIVE,  a.  1.  That  affirms  or  contains 
an  affirmation  ; as,  “ An  affirmative  proposi- 
tion.” 

2.  That  may  be  affirmed ; not  negative  ; as, 
“ Affirmative  quantities  in  algebra.” 

3.  Positive  ; dogmatical. 

Be  not  confident  and  affirmative  in  an  uncertain  matter, 
but  report  things  modestly  and  temperately.  Taylor. 

Affirmative,  or  positive,  sign,  the  sign  of  addition  ; 
thus,  -|-. 

AF-FIRM'A-TIVE,  n.  1.  That  tvhich  contains  an 
affirmation.  Stillinyffeet. 

2.  That  which  asserts  the  truth  of  a propo- 
sition, or  maintains  that  side  of  a question  to 
which  the  answer  yes  is  returned  when  a vote  is 
taken ; as,  “ A majority  voted  in  the  affirmative.” 

AF-FIRM' A-TI  VE-LY,  ad.  In  an  affirmative  man- 
ner. “ Concluding  affirmatively .”  Browne. 

AF-FIRM'p.R,  n.  One  who  affirms.  Watts. 

AF-FIX',  v.  a.  [L.  affiyo,  affixus,  to  fasten  to.] 
[(.  AFFIXED  ; pp.  AFFIXING,  AFFIXED.] 

1.  To  unite  to  the  end;  to  subjoin  ; to  fasten 
to  ; to  annex. 

lie  that  has  settled  in  his  mind  determined  ideas,  with 
names  affixed  to  them,  will  be  able  to  discover  their  differ- 
ences one  fromjmother.  Locke. 

2.  To  connect  with  ; to  attach.  “ Ideas  with 

names  affixed  to  them.”  Locke. 

3.  f To  fasten  or  fix. 

Her  modest  eyes,  abashed  to  behold 
So  many  gazers  as  on  her  do  stare, 

Upon  the  lowly  ground  affixed  are.  Spenser. 

Syn.  — A seal  is  affixed  to  a document ; a postscript 
is  subjoined  to  a letter ; blame  is  attached  to  a person  ; 
territory  is  annexed  to  a kingdom  or  a country.  — See 
Annex. 

AF'FIX  [af'jks,  S.  W.  J.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm. ; af-fiks', 
P.],n.  (Gram.)  A syllable  or  something  united 
to  the  end  of  a word  ; a postfix.  Clarke. 

AF-FIX'ION  (af-flk'slmn),  n.  Act  of  affixing ; 
state  of  being  affixed,  [r.]  Bp.  Hall. 

AF-FlXT'l  RE,  n.  That  which  is  affixed.  Knowles. 

AF-FLA'TION,  n.  [L.  affio,  afflatus,  to  breathe 
upon.]  Act  of  breathing- upon.  Bailey. 

AF-FLA  ' TUS,  n.  [L.,  a blast,  a breath.] 

1.  Communication  of  extraordinary  spiritual 
gifts ; divine  inspiration. 

The  poet  writing  against  his  genius  will  be  like  a prophet 
without  his  afflatus.  Spence. 

2.  (Med.)  A current  of  air  striking  the  body 

and  producing  disease.  Dunglison. 

AF-FLICT',  v.  a.  [L.  affliyo,  affiictus,  to  strike 
against;  It.  affiigere-,  Sp.  affigir  ; Fr.  affiiger.] 
[i.  afflicted  ; pp.  afflicting,  afflicted.] 

1.  f To  strike  down  ; to  rout ; to  overthrow. 

And,  reassembling  our  afflicted  powers. 

Consult  how  we  may  henceforth  most  offend 

Our  enemy.  Milton. 

2.  To  visit  with  sorrow  or  calamity ; to  put  in 
pain ; to  grieve  ; to  distress ; to  trouble ; to 
torment. 

O coward  conscience,  how  dost  thou  afflict  me ! Shak. 

Syn. — dfflictcd  by  the  death  of  a parent,  with  dis- 
ease, &c. ; grieved  on  account  of  calamity  To,  or  Tire 
misconduct  of,  a child ; distressed  by  misfortunes; 
troubled  by  domestic  difficulties.  — See  Distress, 
Sorrow'. 

AF-FLICT'ED,  p.  a.  Visited  with  affliction,  pain, 
or  sorrow' ; grieved. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  V Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  1J,  I,  O,  V,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


AFFLICTEDNESS 


29 


AFT 


AF-FLICT'JJD-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  afflicted; 
sorrowfulness  ; distress  ; grief.  Johnson. 

AF-FLICT'JJR,  n.  One  who  afflicts.  Iluloet. 

AF-FI.ICT'ING,  p.  a.  Striking  down  ; — causing 
affliction  ; grievou.  ; painful. 

We  fled  amain,  pursued  and  struck 

With  Heaven’s  afflicting  thunder.  Milton. 

AF-FLICT'JNG-LY,  acl.  In  an  afflicting  manner. 

AF-FIJC'TION,  n.  [L.  afflictio  ; It.  afflizione ; 
Sp . aficcion;  Fr.  affliction.'] 

1.  Cause  of  pain  or  sorrow ; calamity. 

Now  let  us  thank  the  Eternal  Power,  convinced 

That  Heaven  but  tries  our  virtue  by  affliction.  J.  Brown. 

2.  State  of  being  afflicted ; grief ; sorrow ; 
distress ; trouble. 

Some  virtues  are  only  seen  in  affliction,  and  some  in  pros- 
perity. Addison. 

Syn.  — Affliction  is  more  than  grief -,  and  grief  more 
than  sorrow.  Affliction  is  allayed  ; grief  subsides  ; sor- 
row is  soothed.  Severe  affliction  ; deep  distress',  great 
calamity.  — See  ADVERSITY,  SORROW. 

AF-FLlC'Tj  VE,  a.  Causing  affliction;  painful; 
tormenting.  “ Afflictive  horrors.”  Bp.  Hall. 

Syn.  — See  Adverse,  Troublesome. 

AF-FLIC'TIVE-LY,  ad.  Painfully.  Browne. 

AF'FLU-IJNCE,  n.  [L.  affluentia  ; It.  affluenza-, 

Sp.  aflucncia  ; Fr.  affluence.] 

1.  f Act  of  flowing ; concourse.  “ Affluence  of 
young  nobles  from  hence  into  Spain.”  Wotton. 

2.  Exuberance  of  riches  ; plenty  ; wealth  ; 
as,  “To  live  in  affluence." 

Syn. — See  Riches. 

Af'FLU-F.N-CY,  n.  — See  Affluence.  Johnson. 

AF'FLU-ENT,  a.  [L.  affluo,  affluens,  to  flow  to.] 

1.  Flowing  to.  “ Affluent  blood.”  Harvey. 

2.  Exuberant ; opulent ; abundant ; wealthy. 

“ Blest  with  all  the  affluent  store.”  Prior. 

Af'FLU-ENT,  n.  A stream  or  river  that  flows 
into  another  river.  P.  Cyc. 

The  Moselle  is  an  affluent  to  the  Rhine.  Trench. 

AF'FLU-pNT-LY,  ad.  In  an  affluent  manner. 

f Af'FLU-F.NT-NESS,  n.  State  or  quality  of  be- 
ing affluent.  Bailey. 

Af'FLUX  (if'fluks),  n.  [L.  affluo,  affluxus,  to  flow 
to  ; ad,  to,  and  fflto,  to  flow.]  Act  of  flowing  to. 
“The  afflux  of  colder  or  warmer,  clean  or  foul, 
water.”  Locke. 

AF-FLUX'ION  (af-fluk'shun),  n.  1.  The  act  of 
flowing  to  ; afflux.  Johnson. 

2.  That  which  flows  from  one  place  to  an- 
other. “ Sanguineous  affluxion."  Browne. 

AF'FOR-AtfE,  n.  [Fr.  afflorer,  to  take  a license 
for  the  retail  of  wine.  Cotgrave.]  ( French 
Law.)  A duty  paid,  in  France,  to  the  lord  of  a 
district,  for  the  privilege  of  selling  wine,  Ac., 
within  his  seigniory'.  Crabb. 

f AF-FORCE'M£NT,  n.  See  Afforciamext. 

t AF-FOR'CI-A-MENT,  n.  ( Law. ) A fortress;  a 
stronghold.  Whishaw. 

AF-FORD',  v.  a.  [“No  satisfactory'  etymology' 
has  been  given  of  this  word.”  Richardson. 
— Skinner  suggests  Ger . f order n,  to  forward; 
Johnson,  Fr.  afflorer,  to  set  a price.]  [*.  af- 
forded ; pp.  affording,  afforded.] 

1.  To  yield  or  produce;  as,  “The  earth  af- 
fords sustenance  for  all  animals.” 

2.  To  offer;  to  grant;  to  confer;  to  impart. 

The  purest  treasure  mortal  times  afford 

Is  spotless  reputation.  Shak. 

3.  To  be  able  to  sell,  part  with,  dispose  of, 
bear  the  expense  of,  or  pay  for ; as,  “ I cannot 
afford  it  at  that  price  ” ; “I  want  this,  but  can- 
not afford  it.” 

Syn.  — The  sun  affords  light;  religion  affords  con- 
solation ; tile  vine  yields  grapes  ; plants  produce  flow- 
ers ; vice  produces  misery. Afford  relief  to  persons 

in  distress  ; spare  something  of  your  income  for  char- 
itable uses.  A man  of  wealth  can  afford  to  give  to 
the  poor,  hut  one  who  has  no  property  cannot  afford 
either  to  give  or  to  lose  any  thing.  Afford  opportu- 
nity ; give  occasion. 

+ AF-FORD'MUNT,  n.  A grant;  donation.  Lord. 

AF-FOR'f.ST,  v.  a.  [Low  L.  afforcsto.]  To  turn 
ground  into  forest.  “ He  afforested  many 
woods  and  wastes.”  Sir  J.  Davies. 


AF-FoR-FS-TA'TION,  n.  Act  of  turning  ground 
into  forest  or  woodland.  llale. 

AF-FRAN'CHI§E,  v.  a.  [Fr.  affranchir.]  To 
make  free  ; to  enfranchise.  Johnson. 

AF-FRAn'CHI§E-MENT,  n.  Act  of  making  free  ; 
enfranchisement,  [r.]  Todd. 

Syn.  — See  Emancipation. 

t AF-FRAp',  v.  n.  [It.  affrappare,  to  cut  in  pieces  ; 
Fr. f rapper,  to  strike.]  To  strike;  to  make  a 
blow.  “ Both  ready  to  affrap.”  Spenser. 

t AF-FRAp',  v.  a.  To  strike  down  ; to  encounter. 
“To  affrap  the  warlike  rider.”  Spenser. 

AF-FRAY'  (af-fia'),  n.  [Fr.  effrayer,  to  frighten.] 

1.  fFear.  “Full  of  ghastly  fright  and  cold 

affray.”  Spenser. 

2.  A public  fight ; a brawl ; a quarrel ; fray. 
“ General  affrays  and  bloodsheds.”  Bp.  Hall. 

3.  (Law.)  A fight  between  two  or  more  per- 
sons in  a public  place,  to  the  terror  of  others. 

Burrill. 

Syn.  — See  Quarrel. 

f AF-FRAY',  v.  a.  [Fr.  effrayer,  to  frighten.] 

1.  To  fright;  to  terrify.  Spenser. 

2.  To  put  one  in  doubt.  Iluloet. 

f AF-FRA Y'MF, XT,  n.  Same  as  Affray.  Spenser. 

AF-FREET',  n.  See  Afrit. 

AF-FREIGIIT'  (af-frat'),  v.  a.  [Du.  rrachten,  to 
carry;  Ger.  fretter,  to  load;  Fr.  freter,  to  hire 
a ship. — See  Freight.]  To  hire  a ship  for 
freight.  Smart. 

f AF-FREIGHT'MfNT  (?f-frat'ment),  n.  (Law.) 
The  freight  of  a ship.  Crabb. 

f A F-FRET',  n.  Furious  onset ; immediate  attack. 
“ The  terror  of  their  fierce  affret.”  Spenser. 

f AF-FRIC'TION,  n.  [L . affrictio.]  Act  of  rub- 
bing one  thing  on  another.  Boyle. 

FAF-FRIEND'IJD,  p.  a.  [See  Friend.]  Recon- 
ciled ; made  friends.  Spenser. 

AF-FRIGHT'  (af-frlt'),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  aforhtian, 
to  tremble  with  fear  ; frightan,  to  terrify.]  [i. 
affrighted  ; pp.  affrighting,  affrighted.] 

To  affect  with  fear  ; to  frighten  ; to  terrify  ; 
to  appall ; to  dismay  ; to  shock  ; to  fright. 

Thy  name  affrights  me,  in  whose  sound  is  death.  Shak. 

AF-FRIGHT'  (af-frlt '),??.  1.  Terror;  fear;  fright. 
“ This  affright  of  the  Jews  was  foreseen  by  St. 
Peter  and  St.  Paul.”  Harris. 

2.  A frightful  object.  “ Dismal  affrights 
which  the  darkness  presents.”  Featley. 

AF-FRIGHT'JSD-LY,  ad.  With  fear.  Drayton. 

AF-FRIGIIT'ER  (af-frit'er),  n.  One  who  frightens. 
“ The  affrighter  of  giants.”  Shelton. 

t AF-FRIGHT'FUL  (af-frlt'fftl),  a.  Frightful.  Hall. 

AF-FRlGHT'MENT  (af-frli'ment),  n.  Terror.  “Su- 
perstitious fears  and  affrightments."  Barroic. 

AF-FRONT'  (jf-frunt'),  v.  a.  [Fr.  affronter.]  [i. 
affronted  ; pp.  affronting,  affronted.] 

1.  fTo  meet  face  to  face  ; to  front. 

That  he,  as ’t  were  by  accident,  may  hefc 

Affront  Ophelia.  Shak. 

2.  To  treat  with  insolence  ; to  insult  openly  ; 
to  offend  ; to  irritate  ; to  make  angry. 

How  can  one  imagine  that  the  Fathers  would  have  dared 
to  affront  the  wife  of  Aurelius!  Addison. 

Syn.  — See  Displease. 

AF-FRONT'  (af-frunt'),  n.  Open  insult  ; open  de- 
fiance ; wrong  ; abuse  ; contumely  ; outrage. 

Misdeem  not.  then, 

If  such  affront  I labor  to  avert.  Milton. 

Syn.  — An  intentional  breach  of  politeness  is  an 
affront ; if  accompanied  witli  any  external  indication 
of  hostility,  it  is  an  insult-,  if  it  breaks  forth  into  per- 
sonal violence,  it  is  an  outrage.  A mortifying  affront ; 
a provoking  insult-,  a violent  outrage.  — See  Of- 
fence. 

Af-FRON-TEE',  a.  (Her.)  Placed  front  to  front. 

AF-FRONT'ER  (af-frunt'er),  n.  One  who  affronts. 

AF-FRONT'ING  (sif-frunt'jng),  p.  a.  Contumelious. 
“ Words  affronting  and  reproachful.”  Watts. 

AF-FRONT'IVE  (af-frunt'iv),  a.  Causing  affront. 
“ How  affrontive  it  is  to  despise  mercy  ! ” South.  | 


F AF-FRONT'!  VE-NESS,  H.  The  quality  that  gives 
affront.  Ash. 

AF-FU1JE',  v.  a.  [L.  affundo,  affusus,  to  pour  to 
or  upon.]  To  pour.one  thing  upon  another  ; to 
pour  upon  ; to  sprinkle.  Boyle. 

AF-FU'ljjlON  (af-fu'zhun),  n.  [L.  affusio.] 

1.  (Med.)  The  act  of  pouring  water  upon  the 

body  ; a shower-bath.  Dunglison. 

2.  (Theol.)  Sprinkling  or  pouring  water  on 

the  head  as  in  baptism.  Hook. 

AF-FY',  v.  a.  [Fr.  affler,  to  pledge  one’s  word.] 
[ i . AFFIED  ; pp.  AFFYING,  AFF1ED.] 

1.  To  betroth  in  order  to  marriage. 

Daring  to  affji  a mighty  lord 

Unto  the  daughter  of  a worthless  king.  Shak. 

2.  To  bind;  to  join.  Montagu. 

f AF-FY'  (af-fi'),  v.  n.  To  put  confidence  in. 
“We  affy  in  your  loves.”  B.  Jonson. 

Af'GHAN,  n.  (Geog.)  A native  of  Afghanistan. 

AF'GHAN,  a.  (Geog.)  Belonging  to  Afghanistan. 

A-FIELD'  (a-feld'),  ad.  To  the  field;  in  the  field. 

Afield  I went  amid  the  morning  dew.  Gay. 

A-FIRE',  ad.  On  fire.  Beau.  Sy  FI. 

A-FLAt',  ad.  Level  with  the  ground,  [r.]  Bacon. 

A-FLOAT'  (a-flot'),  ad.  In  a floating  state.  Shak. 

A-FOOT'  (a-fut'),  ad.  On  foot ; in  action  ; in 
motion.  “ To  come  afoot  thither.”  Shak. 

A-FORE',  prep.  Before;  nearer  in  place  to  any 
thing  ; sooner.  “ Afore  the  harvest.”  Is.  xviii.  5. 

A-FORE',  ad.  1.  In  time  past ; in  front.  [Anti- 
quated.] “He  never  drank  wine  afore."  Shak. 

2.  (Aaut.)  Towards  the  head  of  the  ship  ; 
farther  forward  ; before.  Dana. 

A-FORE'GO-ING,  a.  Going  before,  [r.]  Lilly. 

A-FORE'HAND,  ad.  Beforehand.  [Antiquated.] 
“ Aforehand  in  all  matters  of  power.”  Bacon. 

A-FORE'MEN-TIONED  (-sliund),  a.  Mentioned 
before ; beforementioned.  Addison. 

A-FORE'NAMED  (a-for'namd),  a.  Named  before. 
“ Other  aforenamed  proportions.”  Peacham. 

A-FORE'SAID  (a-lor'sed),  a.  Said  or  named  be- 
fore. “ In  the  aforesaid  experiment.”  Bacon. 

A-FORE'THOUGHT  (a-for'tb&wt),  a.  (Law.)  Pre- 
pense ; premeditated.  “ Malice  aforethought.” 

Whishaw. 

A-FORE'TIME,  ad.  In  time  past.  Jer.  xxx.  20. 

A FOR-TI-O  'R/(a-for-she-o'iT),  [L.]  With  strong- 
er reason  ; with  greater  probability. 

A-FOUL',  a.  & ad.  (Naut.)  Not  free;  en- 
tangled. Preston. 

A-FRAlD',  a.  [A.  S.  afered,  of  reran,  to  fright- 
en.] Struck  with  fear;  fearful;  — requiring 
the  particle  of  before  the  object  of  fear. 

There  loathing  life,  and  yet  of  death  afraid , 

In  anguish  of  lier  spirit  thus  she  prayed.  Drydcn. 

Syn.  — See  Fearful. 

A-FREET',  n.  See  Afrit. 

A-FRESH',  ad.  Anew;  again.  Knollcs. 

Af'RIC,  a.  (Geog.)  Belonging  to  Africa  ; African. 

Or  whom  Biserta  sent  from  Afric  shore.  Milton. 

Af'RIC,  n.  (Geog.)  The  country  of  Africa.  Shak. 

Af'RI-CAN  (5f'fre-k?n),  a.  Belonging  to  Africa. 

Af'RI-CAN,  n.  1.  (Geog.)  A native  of  Africa. 

2.  A kind  of  marigold  from  Africa  ; African 
marigold  ; Tagetes  erecta.  Loudon. 

AF'RJ-CAN-I§M,  n.  A word  or  phrase  peculiar  to 
Africa.  Ash. 

AF'RJ-CAN— LIL'Y,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants, 
with  blossoms  of  a bright  agreeable  blue  color ; 
Agapanthus.  Loudon. 

A-FRlT',  n.  (Mahometan  Myth.)  A powerful 
evil  demon  or  genius  ; a spirit  of  Eblis.  Ogilvie. 

A-FRONT'  (a-frunt'),  ad.  [L.  ad,  to,  and  frons, 
frontis,  front.]  In  front.  Shak. 

AFT,  ad.  [A. S.  aft,  behind.]  (Naut.)  Abaft; 
astern;  behind;  opposed  to  fore-,  as,  “Fore 
and  aft.”  [In  provincial  use.  Brockctt .] 


MiEN,  SIR  ; MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  DULL,  BUR,  RpLE.  — r,  <?,  $,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  tliis. 


30 


AGARIC 


AFTER 

Af'TER,  prep.  [Goth,  afta,  n/taro,  behind;  A. 
S.  cefter.] 

1.  Following  or  later  in  time  ; since;  as,  “Af- 
ter dinner  ” ; “ After  next  week.” 

2.  Follow  ing  in  place  ;ln  pursuit  of  ; as,  “ lie 
pursued  after  him.” 

3.  In  relation  to ; about ; as,  “ He  inquired 
after  him.” 

4.  In  imitation  of ; as,  “ Made  a fter  a model.” 

5.  f According  to  ; in  proportion  to. 

lie  hath  not  dealt  with  us  after  our  sins.  Ps.  ciii.  10. 

Af'TER,  ad.  In  succeeding  time  ; afterward;  as, 
“ Soon  after  ” ; “ Long  after." 

AF'TpR,  a.  Succeeding;  subsequent.  “After 
editions.”  Coleridge. 

ir.:y-  This  word  is  sometimes  used  in  a separate  form 
as  an  adjective,  and  often  in  composition,  of  which 
several  examples  follow. 

Af'TF,R-AC-CEP-TA'TION,  n.  A sense  not  at 
first  admitted.  Dryden. 

AF'TpR— AC-COUNT',  n.  Future  reckoning. 

Af'TER— ACT',  n.  An  act  subsequent  to  another. 

Af'TIJR-AC’TION,  n.  A subsequent  action  or 
course  of  conduct.  Milton. 

AF'TER— A£E,  n.  ; pi.  Af'ter-a-<ve$.  Succeed- 
ing time  or  age  ; posterity.  Milton. 

Af'TER-ALL,  ad.  When  all  has  been  taken  into 
the  view  ; upon  the  whole. 

AF'TgR— AP-PLJ-CA'TION,  n.  A subsequent  ap- 
plication. Coventry. 

Af'TF.R-AT-TACK',  n.  An  attack  made  after- 
wards. “ After-attacks  of  envy.”  Warburton. 

Af'TER— BAND,  n.  A future  band  or  chain. 

If  death 

Bind  us  with  after-bands , what  profits,  then, 

Our  inward  freedom  ? Milton. 

t Af'TF.R-BeAr’ING,  n.  A subsequent  bearing 
or  product.  Browne. 

Af'TF.R-BIRTH,  n.  (Med.)  That  which  is  ex- 
pelled from  the  womb  after  the  birth  of  the 
child,  including  the  placenta,  a portion  of  the 
umbilical  cord,  and  the  membranes  of  the  ovum  ; 
the  secundines.  Dunglison. 

Af'TER-CAL-CU-LA'TION,  n.  A subsequent 
calculation.  Blackstone. 

Af'T F, R— C L A P,  n.  A subsequent,  unexpected 
event.  “ Those  dreadful  after-claps.”  South. 

AF'TIJR— CO JI'ER  (Sf'ter-kum'cr),  n.  A successor. 

AF'TIJR-COM'FORT,  n.  A subsequent  comfort. 

Af'TER— CON'DFCT,  ii.  Subsequent  behavior. 

Af'TER— CON'TRACT,  n.  A subsequent  engage- 
ment. Milton. 

Af'TER— CON-VIC'TION,  n.  Future  conviction. 

Af'TER-CoST,  n.  A subsequent  expense  or  cost. 

AF'Tf.R— COURSE,  n.  Future  course.  Browne. 

Af'TER— CROP,  n.  A second  crop  or  harvest  of 
the  same  year.  Mortimer. 

Af'TFR-D.\Y  (lifter-da),  n.  A future  day. 

AF'TpR-DlN'NF.R,  n.  The  time  just  after  din- 
ner. “ An  after-dinner's  sleep.”  Shah. 

+ Af'TER-EAT'A^E,  n.  An  after  or  second  crop, 
as  of  grass  ; after-math.  Burn. 

Af'TER— EN-DJEAV'OR  (Sf'ter-en-dev'or),  n.  An 
endeavor  made  after  the  first  effort.  Locke. 

t Af'TIJR— EYE  (Sf'ter-i),  v.  a.  To  keep  one  in 
view  ; to  look  after  one. 

Thou  shouldst  have  made  him 
As  little  as  a crow,  or  less,  ere  left 
To  after-eye  hi  in.  Shak. 

Af'TER— GAME,  n.  A subsequent  game  or  ex- 
pedient. “ To  play  an  after-game”  Addison. 

Af'TER— GRASS,  n . A second  crop  of  grass  ; af- 
ter-math. Loudon. 

Af'TER— GUARD,  n.  ( Naut .)  The  seamen  sta- 
tioned on  the  poop  and  quarter-deck  of  vessels. 

AF  TER-DOPE,  n.  Future  hope.  B.  Jonson. 

Af'TER— HOURS,  (ifter-ourz)  n.  pi.  . Succeeding 
hours. 

So  smile  the  heavens  upon  this  holy  act. 

That  after-hours  with  sorrow  chide  us  not.  Shah. 


Af'TER-! NGl?,  n.  pi.  The  last  milk  taken  from  a 
cow  ; strokings.  [Provincial  in  England.]  Grose. 

Af'TER— IN-aUX'RY,  n.  A subsequent  inquiry. 

Af'TIJR-KIng,  n.  A succeeding  king.  Shuckford. 

AF'TpR— LAW,  n.  A subsequent  law  or  statute. 

Af'TIJR— LIFE,  n.  I.  Remainder  of  life.  Dryden. 

2.  A life  after  this.  Butler's  Remains. 

Af'TIJR— LIV  ER,  n.  One  who  lives  in  later 
times.  “ Let  after-livers  ever  know.”  Sidney. 

Af'TFR-LIV'ING,  n.  Future  days.  Beau.  § FI. 

Af'TER— LOVE  (Sf'ter-luv),  n.  Second  or  later 
love.  “ To  win  thy  after-love.”  Shak. 

AF'TER— MAL'JCE,  n.  Succeeding  malice. 

AF'TgR-MATH,  n.  The  second  crop  of  grass 
mown  in  autumn  ; — called  also  after-grass, 
latter-math,  eddish,  rowen  or  roxoett ; and  when 
left  long  on  the  ground,  it  is  called  fogg  in 
some  places.  P.  Cyc. 

Af'TER— MED-I-TA'TION,  n.  Subsequent  medi- 
tation. Milton. 

Af'TF.R-MOST,  a.  superl.  (Naut.)  Hindmost; 
nearest  the  stern  ; — opposed  to  foremost.  “ The 
two  aftermost  guns.”  ' Hawkesworth. 

Af'TER- NOON,  n.  The  time  from  the  meridian 
to  the  evening.  Shak. 

Af'TER-NOON,  a.  Relating  to  the  latter  part  of 
the  day.  Congreve. 

Af'TER-NOUR'JSH-MENT,  n.  Future  nourish- 
ment. Shak. 

Af'TER— PAIN.j!  (M'ter-panz),  n.  pi.  The  pains 
after  child-birth,  attendant  upon  the  delivery  of 
the  secundine.  Dunglison. 

Af'TER— PART,  n.  The  latter  part;  the  hinder 
part.  Locke. 

Af'TER— PAST'I  RE,  n.  Pasture  after  the  grass 
is  mowed.  Burn. 


AF'TpR-PIECE  (Af'ter-pes),  n.  A farce,  or  any 
smaller  entertainment,  after  the  play.  Todd. 

Af'TER— PRACTICE,  n.  Subsequent  practice. 

Af'TFR-PROOF,  n.  Posterior  evidence  or  proof. 

Af'TER-RECK'ON-InG,  n.  An  account  given 
afterwards.  “No  rules  to  confine,  no  after- 
reckonings to  terrify.”  Burke. 

Af'TF.R-RE-PENT'ANCE,  n.  Future  repentance. 

AF'TpR-RE-PORT',  n.  A subsequent  report. 

Af'TER— ROT'TEN-NESS,  n.  Future  rottenness. 


Af'TER— SAIL.s,  n.  pi.  (Naut.)  The  sails  of  the 
mizzen-mast  and  the  stays  between  the  main  and 
mizzen-masts.  Mar.  Diet. 

All  sails  on  or  abaft  the  main-mast  are  after-mils.  Oyilvie. 
Af'TER— SONG,  n.  A"  subsequent  song.  Congreve. 
Af'TER— STATE,  n.  A future  state.  Glanville. 
Af'TER— STING,  n.  A subsequent  sting. 
Af'TER— STORM,  11.  A succeeding  storm. 
Af'TER— SUP'PER,  n.  The  time  after  supper. 


“ Our  after-supper  and  bedtime.”  Shak. 

Af'TER— TASTE,  ii.  Taste  remaining  after  eat- 
ing or  drinking.  Johnson. 

AF'TER-THOUGHT  (Sf'ter-tlrlwt),  n.  Reflection 

after  the  act ; a later  thought.  Dryden. 

AF'TER— TIME,  il.  Succeeding  time.  Hill. 


Af'TER-TOSS'ING,  n.  Motion  of  the  sea  after  a 
storm.  “ After-tossings  of  a sea.”  Addison. 

AF'TER-WARD  (after-ward),  ) [A.  S.  cef- 

AF'TER-WARD§  (if'ter-wurdz),  j ter,  and  weard, 
an  affix  meaning  direction  towards.]  In  suc- 
ceeding time. 

41®““  Sometimes  written  afterwards,  but  less 
properly.”  Johnson.  “ To  the  terminations  in 
ward,  as,  inward,  forward. , toward , an  added 
s begins  to  obtain  even  in  classical  books.” 
Mitford.  — See  Backward. 

AF'TER-Wl^E,  a.  Wise  afterward  or  too  late. 
“ Such  as  we  may  call  the  afterwise.”  Addison. 

AF'TER— WlT,  n.  Wit,  or  a resource  of  wit,  that 
comes  too  late  ; afterthought.  L’ Estrange. 


Af'TER— WIT'NESS,  n-  Future  witness. 

Af'TER— WRATH  (dfter-rdth),  n.  Anger  when 
the  provocation  seems  past.  Shak. 

Af'TER— WRIT'JpR  (df'ter-rlt'er),  11.  A succeed- 
ing writer.  Shuckford. 

AFT'WARD,  ad.  (Naut.)  Aftermost ; hindmost. 

AF-ZE ' Ll-A,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants;  — 
named  after  Dr.  Adam  Afzelius,  the  Swedish 
botanist.  Loudon. 

A'GA  (a'gj  or  a'gfi)  [a'g?,  S.  F.  J.  Ja.  Sin.  C. ; 
a'gj,  P.  K.],  n.  A title  of  dignity  among  the 
Turks  and  Persians,  given  to  various  officers  ; 
a common  epithet  of  respect  in  addressing  a 
distinguished  person,  and  equivalent  to  gentle- 
man in  English.  Brande. 

A-GAIN'  (a-gen')  [?-gen',  >S.  IF.  J.  E.  F.  Sill.  K.  ; 
?-gan',  Ja.),  ad.  [A.  S.  ongean,  ongen,  or  agen .] 

1.  Once  more  ; another  time. 

Question  was  asked  of  Demosthenes,  What  was  the  chief 
part  of  an  orator.  He  answered,  Action.  What  next?  Ac- 
tion. What  next  again?  Action.  Bacon. 

2.  Back.  “ Bring  us  word  again.”  Deut. 

Again  and  again , with  frequent  repetition. 

This  is  not  to  be  obtained  by  one  or  two  hasty  readings  ; it 
must  be  repeated  attain  and  again.  Locke. 

A-GAINST'  (ft-genst')  [a-gensf,  >S.  IF.  J.  E.  F. 
K.  Sm. ; j-ganst',  Ja.],  prep.  [A.  S.  ongean, 
against,  opposite.] 

1.  In  opposition  to. 

His  hand  will  be  against  every  man,  and  every  man’s  hand 
against  him.  Gen.  xvi.  12. 

2.  In  contradiction  to  ; as,  “Against  rea- 
son ” ; “ Against  conscience.” 

3.  In  a contrary  direction  to  ; as,  “ Against 
wind  and  tide.” 

4.  Opposite  to. 

Against  the  Tiber’s  mouth,  but  far  away.  Dryden. 

5.  In  provision  for  ; in  expectation  of. 

Against  the  promised  time  provides  with  care.  Dryden. 

t A-GAIN'WARD  (a-gen'ward),  ad.  Hitherward; 
again  this  way.  “ Turn  againward.”  Gower. 

fAG'A-LAX-Y  (ag'a-lak-se),  n.  [Gr.  a priv.  and 
yala,  milk.]  (Med.)  Absence  of  milk.  Bailey. 

AG'AL-LOL’H,  or  A-GAL'  LO-CHUM,  n.  [Gr. 
iiyrt/./.o^or ; dylud.cyai,  to  exult,  because  it  seems 
to  exult  in  exhaling  its  odors.]  (Med.)  Aloes 
wood  ; a resinous  and  aromatic  wood  of  the 
East  Indies  ; Excacaria  ayal/ucha.  Dunglison. 

A-GAL'  MA,  n.  [Gr.  ayalya,  an  image.]  (Law.) 
The  impression  or  image  of  any  thing  on  a seal ; 
a sculptured  ornament.  Tomlins. 

A-G AL-M AT'O-LITE,  n.  [Gr.  ayai.ya,  an  image, 
and  i.iOos,  a stone.]  (Min.)  A kind  of  clay- 
slate  ; bildstein  ; figure-stone.  Dana. 

A'GAL— WOOD  (-wud),  n.  The  kind  of  wood  sup- 
posed by  many  to  be  the  almug  wood  of  Scrip- 
ture; — usually  corrupted  to  eagle  wood.  Ogilvie. 

AG  ’ A-MA,  n.  [Gr.  ayuytat,  to  wonder  at.]  (Zoiil.) 
A genus  of  reptiles  belonging  to  the  order  of 
saurians.  P.  Cyc. 

AG'A-MI,n.  (Ornith.)  A species  of  pheasant 
or  crane,  sometimes  called  the  gold-breasted 
trumpeter.  P.  Cyc. 

Ag'A-MIST,  n.  [Gr.  a priv.  and  yayos,  marriage.] 
A person  unmarried,  [r.]  Coles. 

AG'A-MOUS,  a.  [Gr.  a priv.  and  yoyos,  marriage.] 
(Bot.)  Having  no  visible  flowers  or  sexual  or- 
gans ; cryptogamic.  Brande. 

AG'A-PJE,  n.  pi.  [L.  ; Gr.  hyfntrt,  love.]  Love- 
feasts,  or  feasts  of  charity,  common  among  the 
primitive  Christians,  and  celebrated  in  connec- 
tion with  the  Lord’s  supper,  but  not  as  a neces- 
sary part  of  it.  Hook. 

AG-A-PAJV'  THUS,  n.  [Gr.  aytturj,  love,  and  avQos, 
a blossom.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants  ; the  Af- 
rican-lily. Loudon. 

A-GAPE'  [?-g’4p',  W.  J.  F. ; j-gap',  P.  Ja.  .Sm.],  ad. 
[A.  S.  geyppan,  to  open.]  Staring  with  open 
mouth;  gazing  eagerly.  — See  Gape.  Milton. 

Dazzles  the  crowd,  and  sets  them  all  agape.  Milton. 

AG'A-PHiTE,  n.  [Gr.  iya-eros,  delightful.]  (Min.) 
The  turquoise  stone.  Phillips. 

Ag'A-RIC,  n.  [L.  agaricum  ; Gr.  nynpuah.] 


A,  E,  I,  6,  II,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  !,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  E,  !,  9,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


AGARICUS 


AGGRESSION 


1.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  fungi  comprehending 
many  hundred  species  ; a mushroom.  Brande. 

2.  (Med-)  A drug  used  in  physic  and  in  dye- 
ing ; touchwood  ; Boletus  igniarius.  Dunglison. 

Agaric  mineral,  (Mm.)  a very  soft,  mealy  variety 
of  the  carbonate  of  lime.  Brande. 

A-GAR'I-cBs,  n.  [L.  agaricum .]  (Bot.)  The  ge- 
neric name  of  mushrooms  ; agaric.  P.  Cyc. 

A-GAsT',  a.  [A.  S.  gast,  a ghost ; gescan,  to  see,  or 
egesa,  horror.  Johnson  says,  “ Not  improbably 
derived  from  agaze .”]  Struck  with  terror  ; — 
commonly  spelt  aghast.  — See  Aghast.  Milton. 

A-GATE',  ad.  [a  and  gate.]  On  the  way  ; a-go- 
ing. [Local,  Eng.]  “ Set  him  agate.”  Brewer. 

AG'ATE.  n.  [L.  achates,  so  called  from  the  name 
of  a river-  in  Sicily,  where  it  was  first  found  ; 
It.  & Sp.  agata;  Fr.  agate.] 

1.  (Min.)  A silicious,  ornamental  stone,  va- 
riegated in  color,  used  in  jewelry  and  for  some 
purposes  in  the  arts  ; sometimes  called  Scotch 
pebble.  It  is  a variety  of  chalcedony.  Dana. 

2.  A printing  type  smaller  than  minion,  as  in 
the  following  line  ; 

In  shape  no  bigger  than  an  agate,  stone.  Shale. 

A G 'A- THIS,  n.  [Gr.  aynOie.  a clew.]  (Bot.)  The 
dammar,  or  kawrie,  or  cowdie  pine.  P.  Cyc. 

AG'A-TIZE,  V.  a.  [i.  AOATIZED  ; pp.  AG  ATIZING, 
agatized.]  To  petrify  into  agate.  Peck. 

AG'A-TIZEP,  p.  a.  Converted  into  agate  ; re- 
sembling agate. 

Agatized  wood,  a species  of  hornstone  formed  by 
petrifaction. 

AG'A-TY  (ag'j-te),  a.  Of  the  nature  of  agate. 
“ An  agaty  flint.”  IVoodward. 

A-GA'  VF.,  n.  [Gr.  ayavo  c,  admirable;  Fr.  agave.] 
(Bot.)  A genus  of  American  plants  ; the  great 
American  aloe,  or  century  plant.  Gray. 

f A-gAze',  v.  a.  [A.  S.  gescan,  to  see.]  To  strike 
with  amazement.  Spienser. 

f A-GAZED'  (?-gazd'),  p.  a.  Struck  with  amaze- 
ment. “ The  whole  army  stood  agazed.”  Shah. 

A^E  (aj),  n.  [Goth,  airs  ; Old  Ger.  aa,  long  du- 
ration ; A.  S.  ece,  everlasting.  — Fr.  age-,  L. 
(tram.] 

1.  A period  of  time  spoken  of  as  the  whole  or 
a part  of  the  duration  of  any  thing  ; as,  “ The  age 
of  man  ; the  ages  of  the  world  ; the  golden  age.” 

One  man  in  his  time  plays  many  parts, 

His  life  being  seven  ages.  Shak. 

2.  A succession  or  generation  of  men. 

Happy  ancl  innocent  were  the  ages  of  our  forefathers,  who 
ate  herbs  and  parched  corn.  Bp.  Taylor. 

3.  The  time  in  which  any  institution  has 
flourished,  or  any  class  of  men  lived. 

But  the  age  of  chivalry  is  gone:  that  of  sophisters,  econo- 
mists, and  calculators  has  succeeded.  Burke. 

4.  The  numeral  term  which  a life  or  existence 
has  attained;  as,  “ His  age  is  twenty  years.” 

Of  twenty  years  of  age  he  was,  I guess.  Chaucer. 

5.  A hundred  years  ; a century  ; as,  “ This 
age  of  the  Christian  era.” 

6.  Old  age  ; decline  of  life. 

You  see  how  full  of  change  his  age  is.  Shak. 

Age  should  fly  concourse,  cover  in  retreat 
Defects  of  judgment,  and  the  will  subdue  ; 

Walk  thoughtful  on  the  silent,  solemn  shore 

Of  that  vast  ocean  it  must  sail  so  soon.  Young. 

7.  Maturity ; years  of  discretion. 

He  is  of  age  ; ask  him.  John  ix.  21. 

8.  (Law.)  The  period  at  which  individuals 

are  qualified  to  undertake  certain  duties  and  of- 
fices. A male  at  fourteen  years  is  said  to  be 
arrived  at  years  of  discretion,  and  may  consent 
to  marriage,  and  choose  a guardian,  &c.  A fe- 
male at  twelve  is  arrived  at  years  of  discretion 
or  maturity,  and  may  consent  to  marriage ; at 
fourteen,  she  is  arrived  at  years  of  legal  discre- 
tion, and  may  choose  a guardian.  At  twenty- 
one,  both  males  and  females  are  of  full  age,  and 
at  their  own  disposal.  Bouvier. 

Syn. — See  Time. 

A'QQD  (a'jed),  a.  1.  Old;  elderly;  stricken  in 
years.  Hooker. 

2.  Having  lived  any  time  ; old  by  a certain 
time  ; as,  “ Aged  three  years.” 

Syn.  — See  Elderly,  Old. 


31 


t A'GED-LY,  acl. 
person. 


After  the  manner  of  an  aged 
lluloet. 


AOE-HON'ORED  (aj-on'i 

count  of  age. 

Ag-E-LA-I’NJE,  n.  pi. 
[Gr.  ayihi,  a herd, 
a flock.]  ( Ornitli .) 
Troop-birds  ; a sub- 
family of  birds,  of  the 
order  Passercs,  and 
family  Sturnidce. 

Gray. 

fA-GEN',  ad.  Again.— 


•d),  a.  Honored  on  ac- 
Potter. 


Agelaius  phoeniccus. 

See  Again.  Dryden. 


A'GEN-CY,  n.  [L.  ago,  agens,  to  act.] 

1.  The  state  of  acting  or  being  in  action  ; ac- 
tion ; instrumentality.  “The  agency  of  Provi- 
dence in  the  natural  world.”  Woodward. 


Our  responsibility  must  be  in  proportion  to  our  free  agen- 
cy ; we  can  no  more  know  the  limits  of  the  one  than  we  can 
those  of  the  other.  W.  Dauby. 

2.  Office  or  business  of  an  agent  or  factor  ; 
as,  “ An  agency  for  the  sale  of  goods.” 

Syn.  — See  Office. 


f A'GF.ND,  n.  [L.  agendum,  to  be  done.]  An 
agendum.  “ Our  worship,  our  credents,  our 
agends.”  Wilcock. 

A-qiEM' DUM,n.  [L .,  to  be  done.]  pi.  a-p&n'da. 
Something  to  be  done  in  reference  to  the  service 
of  the  church  ; a ritual  or  liturgy  : — pi.  a mem- 
orandum-book. Brande. 


A'GENT,  a.  [See  Agency-.]  That  acts;  acting. 
“Force  of  the  imagination  upon  the  body 
agent.”  Bacon. 

A'GENT,  n.  1.  An  actor  ; one  having  the  faculty 
of  action  ; as,  “ Man  is  a free  agent." 

2.  One  who  is  authorized  to  act  for  another  ; 
a substitute;  a deputy;  a factor;  as,  “The 
agent  of  a corporation.” 

3.  That  which  has  the  power  of  operating  or 
producing  effects  ; as,  “ Light  and  heat  are  the 
chief  agents  in  the  processes  of  nature.” 

4.  (Gram.)  The  subject  of  a verb. 

Syn.  — See  Representative. 

A'GENT-SHtP,  n.  The  office  of  an  agent.  “Pun- 
ishment due  for  your  agentship."  Beau.  <Sp  FI. 

AGE'— WORN,  a.  Worn  or  wasted  by  ag e.Jodrell. 

t AG-GE-LA'TION  (ad-jc-la'shun),  n.  [L.  ad,  to, 
and  gelll,  cold.]  Concretion  into  ice.  Browne. 

■f  A9~£BN-JJR-A'TION  (?d-jen-ner-a'shun),  n.  [L. 
ad,  to,  and  genero,  to  beget.]  The  state  of 
growing  to  another  body.  Broivne. 

fACfiQER  (ad'jur),  n.  [L.,  a heap.]  A fortress 
or  trench.  Ilearne. 

t AG'GPr‘ATE,  v.  a.  To  heap  up.  Bailey. 

AG"G!?ff'A'TION,  n.  Accumulation;  heap.  Bay. 

f AG-G5k-OSE'  (129),  a.  Full  of  heaps.  Bailey. 

AG-GLOM'ER-ATE,  v.  n.  To  grow  into  one  mass. 
“ The  hard  agglomerating  salts.”  Thomson. 

AG-GLOM'ER-ATEj  v.  a.  [L.  agglomero , ag- 
glomeratus  ; glomus,  a ball  of  thread,  yarn.] 
[t.  AGGLOMERATED  -,pp.  AGGLOMERATING,  AG- 
GLOMERATED.] To  gather  up  in  a ball,  as 
thread ; to  gather  together. 

In  one  agglomerated  cluster  hung.  Young. 

AG-GLOM'f.R-ATE,  a.  (Bot.)  Collected  closely 
into  a ball,  head,  or  mass.  Crabb. 

AG-GLOiM-ER-A'TION,  n.  A close  gathering.  “An 
excessive  agglomeration  of  turrets.”  Warton. 

AG-GLOM'p.R-A-TlVE,  a.  Tending  to  collect  to- 
gether. Bp.  Taylor. 

AG-GLU'TI-NANT,  n.  [L.  ad,  to,  and  glutino, 
glutinans,  to  glue  together.]  (Med.)  A unit- 
ing and  healing  medicine  ; a viscous  or  adhe- 
sive substance.  Dunglison. 

AG-GLU'TI-NANT,  a.  Uniting  parts.  “ Some- 
thing strengthening  and  agglutmant.”  Gray. 

AG-GLU'TT-NATE,  v.  a.  [L.  ad,  to,  and  glutino, 
to  glue  together.]  [i.  agglutinated  ; pp.  ag- 
glutinating, agglutinated.]  To  unite  one 
part  to  another.  Harvey. 

AG-GLU-TI-NA'TION,  n.  Adhesion  of  parts,  as 
in  wounds  ; union  ; cohesion.  Howell. 


AG-GLU'TI-NA-TlVE,  a.  Tending  to  agglutinate 
or  unite.  “Agglutinative  roller.”  Wiseman. 

f AG-GRACE',  v.  a.  To  favor.  Spenser. 

f AG-GRACE',  n.  Kindness  ; favor.  Spenser. 

j~  AG-GRAN-DI-ZA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  aggran- 
dizing ; aggrandizement.  Waterhouse. 

AG'GRAN-DlZE,  v.  a.  [L.  ad,  to,  grandis,  great; 
Fr.  aggrandir .]  [i.  aggrandized  ; pp.  aggran- 
dizing, aggrandized.]  To  make  great;  to 
cause  to  excel  in  rank  or  dignity  ; to  enlarge. 

Can  place  or  lessen  us  or  aggrandize ? Young. 

AG'GRAN-DlZE,  v.  ii.  To  become  greater  ; to  in- 
crease. “ Follies,  continued  till  old  age,  do 
aggrandize.”  Hall. 

AG'GRAN-DIZE-MIJNT,  or  AG-GR  AN'DIZE-MENT 
[ag'rsui-dlz-ment,  .V.  W.  J.  F.  Sm.  B. ; ftg-gran'djz- 
ment , Ja.  116.;  ag'ran-dlz-ment  or  ag-gran'd  jz- 
ment ,P.C.],n.  [Fr.  aggrandissement.]  State 
of  being  aggrandized  ; exaltation.  “ Aggran- 
dizement or  diminution.”  Burltc. 

f AG  GRATE',  v.  a.  [L.  ad,  to,  and  gratia,  favor.] 
To  please  ; to  treat  with  civility.  Spenser. 

f AG'GRA-VA-BLE,  a.  Makingworse;  aggravat- 
ing. Dr.  II.  More. 

Ag'GRA-VAte,  v.  a.  [L.  aggravo,  to  make  heav- 
ier ; ad,  to,  and  gravis,  heavy.]  [i.  aggrava- 
ted ; pp.  aggravating,  aggravated.] 

1.  To  make  worse  ; to  enhance  in  evil ; as, 
“ To  aggravate  a pain,  grief,  or  misfortune.” 

Outrageous  penalties,  being  seldom  or  never  inflicted,  are 
hardly  known  to  he  law  by.ihe  public  ; but  that  rather  ag- 
gravates the  mischief,  by  laying  a snare  for  the  unwary. 

Blackstone. 

2.  To  provoke  ; to  irritate. 

jGQT  Aggravate  is  sometimes  improperly  used  in 
this  sense,  both  in  this  country  and  in  England. 
Crabb  says,  “All  these  words  [aggravate,  irritate,  pro- 
voke, exasperate,  tantalize],  except  the  first,  refer  to 
the  feelings  of  the  mind,  and  in  familiar  discourse 
that  also  hears  the  same  signification.”  Of  this  use 
of  the  word,  however,  lie  gives  no  example  ; and  prob- 
ably none  can  be  cited  from  a book,  in  which  the 
writer  did  not  intend  to  exhibit  a merely  colloquial, 
if  not  vulgar,  use.  “‘Why  do  they  make  aggra- 
vating rules,  then,  respecting  the  locomotives  ? 5 de- 
mands the  fireman  [who  is  on  a strike.]  ” Household 
Words. 

Syn.  — See  Heighten. 

AG'GRA-VAT-ING,/?.  a.  Causing  aggravation  : — 
provoking.  — See  Aggravate. 

AG-GR  A-VA'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  aggravating  ; an 
additional  provocation  or  offence  ; something 
which  increases  an  offence,  or  adds  to  a ca- 
lamity. 

Cornelius  Rufus  is  dead,  and  dead,  too,  by  his  own  act,  — a 
circumstance  of  great  aggravation  to  my  affliction.  Melmoth. 

2.  Exaggeration  ; caricature.  “ By  a little 
aggravation  of  the  features.”  Addison. 

Ag'GRJJ-GATE,  v.  a.  [L.  aggrego,  aggregatus,  to 
collect  in  flocks;  grex,  a flock.]  [i.  aggre- 
gated ; pp.  aggregating,  aggregated.]  To 
form  into  a collection  or  mass.  “Offences  ag- 
gregated of  so  many  bloody  crimes.”  Coke. 

AG'GRE-GATE,  a.  1.  Formed  by  the  collection 
of  parts.  “ Aggregate  forms.”  Bay. 

2.  (Bot.)  Koting  a dense  sort  of  in- 
florescence. Loudon. 

AG'GRIJ-GATE,  ii.  1.  The  sum  or  result 
of  parts  collected.  “ The  aqqrcqate  of  them 
all.”  Bentley. 

2.  (Min.)  A rock  composed  of  two  or  more 
simple  minerals.  Ure. 

AG'GRF.-GATE-LY,  ad.  Collectively.  Chesterfield. 

AG-GR E-GA'TION,  n.  Collection.  Woodward. 

AG'GRU-GA-TJVE,  a.  Taking  together.  Spelman. 

AG'GRp-GA-TOR,  n.  [L.]  A collector.  “Ja- 
cobus de  Dondis,  the  ayyregator.”  Burton. 

AG-GR  ESS',  v.  n.  [L.  aggredior,  aggressus,  to 
step  to,  to  attack.]  [i.  aggressed  ; pp.  aggress- 
ing, aggressed.]  To  commit  the  first  act  of 
violence  or  injury.  Prior. 

AG-GRESS',  v.  a.  To  attack,  [r.]  Qit.  Be v. 

fAG-GRESS',  n.  [Low  L.  aggressus .]  Aggres- 
sion. “Military  aggresses  upon  others.”  Ilale. 

AG-GRES'SION  (ag-gresh'un),  n.  [U.  aggressio  ; 
Sp.  agresioil ; Fr.  agression.]  The  first  act  of 


MIEN,  SIR,  MOVE;  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RtJLE.  — 9,  9,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  S;  as  z;  X as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


AGGRESSIVE 


32 


AGRARIAN 


injury  ; an  attack  ; an  assault.  “ A conspiracy 
of  common  enmity  and  aggression L' Estrange. 

Syn.  — See  Attack. 

AG-GRES'Sj  VE,  a.  Making  the  first  attack;  be- 
ginning a quarrel ; offensive.  Sir  Walter  Scott. 

Syn. — See  Offensive. 

AG-GRES'S!  VE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  bcins; 
aggressive.  Blackwood. 

AG-GRESS'OR,  n.  One  who  commences  a quar- 
rel, attack,  or  hostility  ; an  assailant.  Dryden. 

Syn.  — A quarrelsome  aggressor  ; a violent  assail- 
ant. An  aggressor  is  censurable  for  beginning  or 
giving  rise  to  quarrels  ; an  assailant  for  actually  making 
an  assault,  ami  for  the  mischief  which  he  does.  An 
aggressor  may  only  threaten  violence  ; but  an  assail- 
ant actually  commits  it. 

AG-GRIEV'ANCE,  n.  Injury. — See  Grievance. 

AG-GRIEVE',  v.  a.  [L.  acl,  to,  and  gravis,  heavy.] 
ft.  AGGRIEVED  ; pp.  AGGRIEVING,  AGGRIEVED.] 
To  give  sorrow  ; to  vex  ; to  harass  ; to  pain  ; to 
annoy  ; to  injure. 

Which  yet  aggrieves  my  heart  even  to  this  hour.  Spenser. 

f AG-GRIEVE',  v.  n.  To  grieve.  Mir.  for  Mag. 

AG-GRIEVED'  (ag-grevd'),  p.  a.  Afflicted  ; grieved  ; 
injured;  as,  “The  aggrieved  party.” 

AG-GROUP'  (ag-grop'),  v.  a.  [It.  groppo,  a knot  or 
bunch  ; Fr.  grouper,  to  make  a group.]  [t.  ag- 
GROtPF.D  ; ' pp.  AGGROUPING,  AGGRO  CP  ED.] 
(Paint.)  To  bring  together  ; to  group.  “ Ag- 
grouped  or  combined  together.”  Dryden. 

A-GI|AsT'  (j-gist'),  a.  [A.  S.  gast,  a ghost,  or 
egasa,  horror.  — See  Agast.]  Struck  with  hor- 
ror ; amazed. 

The  aged  earth  aghast. 

With  terror  of  that  blast, 

Shall  from  the  surface  to  the  centre  shake.  Milton. 

AG  ILE  (aj'jl),  a.  [L.  agilis,  moving  easily  ; It. 
agile-,  Fr  .agile.']  Moving  quickly  ; brisk  ; nim- 
ble ; ready  ; active.  “ Ilis  agile  heels.”  Shah. 

Syn.  — See  Active. 

AG'ILE-LV,  ad.  In  an  agile  manner.  Ogilvie. 

AG'ILE-NESS  (aj'jl-nes),  n.  Agility.  Johnson. 

A-G1L'I-TV,  n.  [L.  agilitas.]  Nimbleness  ; ac- 
tivity ; quickness.  “ Its  former  agility.”  Watts. 

A ft  /-  6 (a  je-o  or  ad'je-6)  [a 'je-o,  P.  J.  F.  K.  C. ; 
ad'je-o,  Ja.  Sm.),n.  ; pi.  a’ fir- 6s.  [It.  agio,  gain 
or  profit.]  (Com.)  The  difference  between 
the  real  and  nominal  value  of  moneys,  or  be- 
tween the  values  of  the  current  notes,  and  the 
standard  money  or  specie  of  any  place.  Brande. 

AG'!-9-TA<?E,  n.  [It.  agiotaggio,  stock-job- 
bing; Fr.  agiotage.]  Speculations  on  the  rise 
and  fall  of  tne  public  funds,  or  the  management 
or  manoeuvres  by  which  speculators  in  the 
public  funds  contrive,  by  disseminating  false 
rumors,  or  by  other  means,  to  lower  or  enhance 
their  price.  Brande. 

A-yiST',  v.  a.  [A.  S.  gist,  or  gest,  a guest ; Fr. 
giste,  a lodging-place.]  (Law.)  To  take  in  and 
feed  cattle,  and  take  the  money.  Blount. 

+ A-GIST'AGE,  71.  (Law.)  Same  as  Agistment. 

A-GlST'MF.NT,  n.  1.  (Latv.)  The  feeding  of  cat- 
tle in  a common  pasture,  for  a stipulated  price  : 
— tithe  due  for  the  profit  of  agisting.  Blackstone. 

2.  An  embankment  of  earth.  Boucher. 

A-GIS'TOR,  n.  An  officer  of  the  king  of  England’s 
forest.  “ She  hath  her  peculiar  officers,  as  for- 
esters, verderers,  regarders,  agistors.”  Howell. 

AG1-TA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  agitated,  [it.]  Hall. 

AG'I-TATE,  v.  a.  [L.  agito,  agitatus  ; It.  agitare.') 
[*.  AGITATED  ; pp.  AGITATING,  AGITATED.] 

1.  To  put  in  motion  by  disturbance  of  equi- 
librium ; to  shake. 

Winds  from  all  quarters  agitate  the  air.  Coivper. 

2.  To  disturb;  to  stir  up;  to  excite. 

We  must  all  have  observed  that  a speaker  agitated  with 
passion,  is  perpetually  changing  the  tone  and  pitch  of  his 
voice.  Sir  If.  Jones. 

3.  To  discuss  ; to  controvert. 

This  controversy  hotly  agitated  among  the  modems. 

Bogle. 

4.  To  revolve ; to  ponder  upon. 

Formalities  of  extraordinary  zeal  and  piety  are  never  more 
studied  and  elaborate  than  when  politicians  most  agitate 
desperate  designs.  A',  diaries. 


AG-!-TA'TI0N,  n.  [L.  agitatio .] 

1.  Act  of  agitating.  Bacon. 

2.  State  of  being  agitated  ; disturbance ; ex- 
citement. “ Tumult  or  agitation.”  Addison. 

3.  Discussion  ; deliberation.  “ The  project 

now  in  agitation.”  Swift. 

Syn. igitalian  is  an  excitement  or  excited  action, 

and  may  he  applied  to  the  body  or  to  the  mind,  and 
to  individuals  or  to  communities  ; a whole  com- 
munity may  be  in  a state  of  agitation  or  excitement. 
Emotion  refers  solely  to  the  movements  of  tile  mind, 
and  is  applied  to  an  individual,  and  there  may  he 
emotions  of  pain,  of  pity,  or  of  pleasure.  Jlgitation  or 
discussion  of  a political  question  ; excitement  of  feeling 
or  passion  ; disturbance  of  tile  temper  ; trepidation  of 
the  body. 

AG'J-TA-TIVE,  a.  [L.  agito,  to  hurry,  from  ago, 
to  drive.]  Tending  to  agitate.  Ogilvie. 

A(}-I-tA  ’ TO,  a.  [It  .agitated.]  (Music.)  Denot- 
ing a rapid  or  broken  style  of  performing.  Crabb. 

AG'I-TA-TOR,  n.  1.  One  who  agitates. 

2.  (Eng.  Hist.)  A person  chosen  by  the  army, 
in  1647,  to  watch  over  its  interests.  Herbert. 

AG-lA  '1-4,  n.  (Astron.)  An  asteroid  discovered 
by  Luther  in  1857.  Lovering. 

AG'LIJT,  n.  [Fr.  aiguillette,  a point.] 

1.  A tag  of  a point  carved  into  the  shape  of 

an  image.  “His  gown  addressed  with  aglets.” 
[Written  also  (liglet. ] Hayward. 

2.  (Bot.)  A pendant  at  the  ends  of  the  chives 
of  flowers;  an  anther;  — a catkin  of  the  hazel. 

AG'LIJT— IlEAD'GD,  a.  Pointed  with  a tag  at  the 
head.  Pukinton. 

A-GLOVV”,  a.  Glowing  ; hot ; warm.  Sears. 

f Ag'MI-NAL,  a.  [L.  agmen,  a troop.]  Belonging 
to  a troop.  Bailey. 

Ag'NAIL,  n.  [A.  S.  ange,  vexation,  trouble,  and 
natgel,  a nail.]  A disease  of  the  nails  ; a whit- 
low.— See  Hangnail.  Cotgravc. 

Ag'NATE,  c.  [L.  agnatus.)  Akin  by  the  father’s 
side;  — allied.  “ Agnate  words.”  Pownall. 

Ag'NATE,  n.  One  connected  by  the  father’s  side 
or  by  males.  Bouvier. 

AG-NAt'JC,  a.  Related  by  descent  from  the 
father.  “ The  agnatic  succession.”  Blackstone. 

AG-NA'TION,  n.  Descent  by  the  father’s  side,  or 
from  the  same  father  in  the  male  line.  Burrill. 

t AG-NI''TION,  n.  [L.  agnitio.)  Acknowledg- 
ment. “The  agnition  of  our  God.”  Pearson. 

f AG-NIZE',  v.  a.  [Old  Fr.  agniscr.)  To  acknowl- 
edge. “To  agnize  some  divine  excellency  or 
perfection.”  Whitby. 

AG-JVO'MEJV,  n.  [L.,  a surname-,  ad,  to,  and 
nomen,  a name.]  A name  derived,  among  the 
Romans,  from  some  illustrious  action  or  re- 
markable event,  and  given  to  a person,  although 
he  might  already  have  a praenomen,  nomen,  and 
cognomen.  “Africanus  was  the  agnomen  of 
the  two  Scipios.”  Brande. 

f AG-NOM'I-NATE,  v.  a.  [L.  agnomino.]  To 
name.  “ Agnominated  by  our  name.”  Locrine. 

AG-NOM-J-NA  TION,  n.  1.  Allusion  of  one  word 
to  another  by  resemblance  of  sound. 

Our  bards  hold  agno  ini  nations  to  be  the  greatest  elegance. 

Howell. 

2.  An  additional  name  ; agnomen.  Smart. 

AG-ATO-  THE  'RI-  Om,  n.  [L.  agnus,  a lamb,  and 
Gr.  t bipiov,  a wild  animal.]  (Geol.)  An  extinct 
fossil  animal,  allied  to  the  dog,  and  as  large  as 
as  a lion.  Roberts. 

AG  'A'US,  n.  [L.]  A lamb. 

Agnus  Dei,  (Rnm.  Cath.  Church.)  The  Lamb  of  God,  tile 
figure  of  the  Saviour  in  tile  form  of  a lamb,  in  accord- 
ance with  The  symbolical  words  of  St.  John,  in  the 
book  of  Revelation;  — a medallion  of  consecrated 
wax,  or  wafer  dough,  stamped  witli  the  figure  of  a 
lamb  supporting  the  banner  of  tile  cross.  Fairholt. 

AG’NUS  CAS'TUS.n.  [L.  agnus,  a lamb,  and 
castus,  chaste.]  The  chaste-tree,  a species  of 
vitex.  “ Wreaths  of  agnus  castus.”  Dryden. 

A-GO',  ad.  [A.  S.  gan,  to  go,  agan,  gone.]  In 
time  past;  since;  past;  as,  “Long  ago.” 

KTE  “ Reckoning  time  towards  the  present,  we  use 
since ; as,  1 It  is  a year  since  it  happened  ’ ; reckoning 
from  the  present  we  use  ago  ; as,  ‘ It  is  a year  ago.’ 
Tills  is  not,  perhaps,  always  observed.”  Johnson. 


A-GOG',  a.  or  ad.  [LowFr.  it  yoyo,  to  one’s  wish. 
Johnson. — It.  agognare,  to  long  for.  Brockett. 
A.  S.  gangan,  to  go.  Richardson. — “It* is 
strange  that  all  our  philologists  have  marked 
the  etymology  of  this  word  as  uncertain  ; as  it 
may,  I think,  be  satisfactorily  derived  from  It. 
agognare,  to  wish  ; to  long  for.”  Brockett .] 
In  a state  of  desire  or  excitement ; eager  in 
pursuit ; — a-going. 

Six  precious  souls,  and  all  agog 

To  dash  through  thick  and  thin.  Cowper. 

They  [the  gypsies]  generally  straggle  into  these  parts  about 
this  time  of  the  year,  and  set  the  heads  of  our  servant-maids 
so  agog  for  husbands,  that  we  do  not  expect  to  have  any 
business  done  as  it  should  be  whilst  they  are  in  the  country. 

Addison. 

Chime  right  to  the  humor  which  is  at  present  agog.  South. 

A-GO'JNG , p.  a.  In  the  act  of  going.  Dryden. 

f A'GOJV,  n.  [Gr.  dywv,  a contest.]  A contest 
for-  a prize  ; a struggle.  Abp.  Saner  oft. 

f Ag'O-NAREH,  p.  [Gr.  &yu>v,  a contest,  and 
a governor.]  A master  of  revels.  Blount. 

f A-GONE'  (rt-gon'),  ad.  Ago  ; past.  B.  Jonson. 

My  master  left  me,  because  three  (lays  agonr  I fell  sick. 

1 Saw.  xxx.  13. 

A-GON'JC,  a.  [Gr.  a priv.  and  ym-ia,  an  angle.] 
Noting  two  lines  on  the  earth’s  surface,  xvhere 
the  magnetic  meridian  coincides  with  the  geo- 
graphical. Ogilvie. 

Ag'0-N!§M,  n.  [Gr.  ayumoya.']  Contention  for 
a prize,  [r.]  Bailey. 

AG'O-NIST,  n.  [Gr.  dyurunv/s,  a combatant.] 

1.  A contender  for  prizes,  [it.]  Bailey. 

2.  (Church  Hist.)  A name  given  by  Donates 

to  such  of  his  disciples  as  he  sent  to  public 
places  to  propagate  his  doctrines.  Buck. 

t AG-O-NIs'TARGH,  n.  [Gr.  iyumorf/s,  a comba- 
tant, and  ap%6 s,  a governor.]  One  who  took  the 
charge,  in  ancient  times,  of  exercising  comba- 
tants. Crabb. 


AG- O-JVIS ' TE§,  n.  [Gr.]  A prize-fighter;  an 
agonist ; one  that  contends  at  public  games  for 
a prize.  “ Samson  Agonistcs.”  Milton. 

AG-0-N1S'TIC,  ) a-  Relating  to  prize-fight- 

AG-O-NIS'TJ-CAL,  Sing.  Blackwall. 

AG-9-NIs'TI-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  an  agonistical 
manner. 


AG-O-NIS’TICS,  n.  pi.  The  art  or  theory  of  prize- 
fighting. Qu.  Rev. 

AG'O-NIZE,  V.  a.  [Gr.  ayenvifa,  to  contend  for  a 
prize.]  [*.  agonized;  pp.  agonizing,  ago- 
nized.] To  afflict  with  agony.  “It  agonizes 
his  mind  perpetually.”  Feltham. 

Ag'O-NIZE,  v.  n.  To  feel  agony  ; to  suffer  pain. 

To  smart  and  agonize  at  every  pore.”  Pope. 

AG-O-NlZ'ING-LY,  ad.  With  great  agony. 

f AG'O-NO-TIIETE,  n.  [Gr.  ayiovoOtrijc.)  A pres- 
ident at  public  games.  Bailey. 

f AG-O-NO-THET'tC,  a.  Presiding  at  public 
games  ; giving  prizes  at  games.  Bailey. 

AG'O-NY,  n-.  [Gr.  aytovia,  a struggle.] 

1.  Struggle  under  severe  pain,  as  in  the  pangs 

of  death.  “ Dying  agonies.”  lhtme. 

2.  Violent  pains  of  body  or  mind  ; anguish. 

That  death  were  better  than  such  agony 

As  grief  and  fury  unto  me  did  bring.  Spenser. 

3.  (Eccl.)  The  severe  suffering  or  conflict  of 
our  Saviour  in  the  garden. 

This  very  prayer  of  Christ  obtained  angels  to  be  sent  to 
him  os  comforters  in  his  agony.  Hooker. 

Syn.  — See  Pain. 

j-  A-GOOD'  (j-gud'),  ad.  [a  and  good.)  In  ear- 
nest; not  fictitiously.  “ Weep  agood.”  Shak. 

AG'0-RA,n.  [Gr.  ayopa,  market-place.]  An  as- 
sembly ; a market-place ; a forum.  Craig. 

A-GOU'TJ  (a-go'te),  n.  (Zoijl.)  A genus  of  rodent 
animals,  abundant  in  South  America,  of  the 
size  of  a rabbit,  but  more  like  the  squirrel  in 
appearance,  with  the  exception  of  the  tail,  which 
is  most  commonly  a mere  naked  stump,  or  x’ery 
short,  as  in  the  species  called  acouchy.  Fng.Cyc. 

f- A-GRACE',  v.  a.  — See  Aggrace.  Spenser. 

f A-GRAM'MA-TISTj  n.  [Gr.  a priv.  and  ypiippa, 
a letter.]  An  illiterate  man.  Bailey. 

A-GRA'RI-AN,  a.  [L.  agrarius,  relating  to  land  ; 
ager,  a field.]  Relating  to  fields  or  lands ; 
agrestic  ; — applied  to  the  distribution  of  lands. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  1,  O,  D,  Y,  obscure;  F.-VRE,  FAR,  I-’AST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  1IER; 


AGRARIAN 


AIGRET 


Agrarian  law,  a Roman  law  for  the  distribution  of 
the  public  lands  among  plebeians  soldiers,  or  all  the 
citizens. 

A-GRA'RI-AN,  n.  An  advocate  of  agrarian  prin- 
ciples or  laws.  Qu.  Rev. 


A-GRA'RI-AN-I^M,  n. 
pies  of  agrarians. 


The  doctrine  and  princi- 
Sir  J.  Mackintosh. 


A-GRA'RI-AN-IZE,  v.  a.  To  distribute  among  the 
people,  as  lands.  Ch.  Ob. 

A-GREE',  v.  n.  [It.  aggradire  ; Fr.  agreer,  to 
concur,  from  a gre,  at  will,  at  concord.]  [i. 
AGREED  ; pp.  AGREEING,  AGREED.] 

1.  To  think  or  act  in  unison  ; to  be  in  concord. 

If  two  of  you  shall  agree  on  earth.  Matt,  xviii.  19. 

2.  To  grant;  to  admit;  — with  to ; as,  “To 
agree  to  a statement  or  a proposition.” 

3.  To  concur  in  the  same  opinion. 

Milton  is  a noble  genius,  and  the  world  agrees  to  confess  it. 

Watts. 

4.  To  settle  terms,  or  a price,  by  stipulation. 

Agree  with  thine  adversary  quickly.  Matt.  v.  25. 

Didst  not  thou  agree  with  me  for  a penny?  Matt.  xx.  13. 

5.  To  be  consistent;  to  harmonize. 

Their  witness  agreed  not  together.  Mark  xiv.  56. 

Thou  art  a Galilean,  and  thy  speech  agreeth  thereto. 

Mark  xiv.  70. 

6.  To  suit  with;  to  be  accommodated  to;  to 
tally  ; to  match. 

No  man  putteth  a piece  of  a new  garment  upon  an  old  ; 
the  piece  that  was  taken  out  of  the  new  agreeth  not  with  the 
old.  Luke  v.  36. 

7-  To  be  adapted  to  one’s  constitution,  or 
beneficial  to  one’s  health ; as,  “ This  kind  of 
food  agrees  with  me.” 

A-GREE  , ) aci _ [L,  gratus,  pleasing  ; It.  a gra- 

A-GRE',  ) do  ; Fr.  a and  gre.  Diez.)  In  good 
part ; kindly.  Chaucer. 

t A-GREE',  r.  a.  To  reconcile.  Spenser. 


A-GREE-A-BIL'I-TY, 

pleased. 


Willingness  to  be 
Chaucer. 


All  fortune  is  blissful  to  a man  by  the  agreeahUitg  or  by 
the  egality  of  him  that  suffereth  it.  Chaucer. 

A-GREE'A-BLE,  a.  [Fr.  agreable. ] 

1.  Suitable  to  ; consistent  with  ; accordant ; 
concordant ; conformable.  “ A thing  agreeable 
and  grateful  to  the  nature  of  man.”  Bacon. 

2.  Pleasing  ; pleasant ; charming  ; grateful ; 
delightful;  welcome;  as,  “An  agreeable  pros- 
pect ” ; “ Agreeable  intercourse.” 

Syn.  — Agreeable  to  reason  ; suitable  to  circum- 
stances ; conformable  to  custom  ; consistent  conduct. 
Agreeable  conversation  ; a pleasant  companion  ; a 
pleasing  address  ; charming  music  ; grateful  food  or 
drink;  & delightful  scene.  A gift  is  acceptable  to  a 
poor  man;  harmonious  sounds  are  grateful  to  a mu- 
sical ear  ; good  tidings  are  always  welcome. 

A-GREE'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  agree- 
able. “ Agreeableness  to  the  palate.”  Locke. 

A-GREE'  A-BLY,  ad.  In  accordance  with  ; pleas- 
ingly. “Advantageously  and  agreeably."  Sivift. 

A-GREED',  p.  a.  Settled  by  consent.  Locke. 

A-GREE'ING-LY,  ad.  In  conformity  to.  Sheldon. 

A-GREE’ING-NESS,  n.  Consistence;  suitable- 
ness. [r.]  Johnson. 

A-GREE'MENT,  n.  [Fr.  agrement. ] 

1.  Concord  ; harmony  ; unison. 

What  agreement  hath  the  temple  of  God  with  idols? 

2 Cor.  iv.  16. 

2.  Resemblance ; similarity. 

Expansion  and  duration  have  this  further  agreement , that 
their  parts  are  not  separable  one  from  another.  Locke. 

3.  Stipulation  ; compact ; bargain  ; contract ; 
covenant ; as,  “ He  did  not  comply  with  the 
agreement." 

4.  (Law.)  A mutual  contract  between  two  or 

more  parties;  — an  instrument  showing  what 
has  been  agreed  upon.  Burrill. 

5.  (Fine  Arts.)  A union  or  concord  of  all 

parts  of  a design.  Fairholt. 

Syn.  — Agreement  by  promise  ; express  stipulation  ; 
contract  in  writing;  covenant  by  deed;  compact  by 
common  consent ; bargain  for  goods.  — See  Assent. 

+ A-GRES'Tl-AL(a-grest'ye-al),  a.  Agrestic.  Sloan. 

A-GRES  TIC,  ) [L.  agrestis,  rustic ; ager, 

A-GRES'TI-CAL,  ) a field.]  Belonging  to  the 

country  or  to  fields  ; rude ; rustic.  “ A bar- 
barous and  agrestic  behavior.”  Gregory. 


j"  A-GRiC-O-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  agricolatio.]  Cul- 
ture of  the  ground.  Bailey. 

A-GRlC'O-LlST,  n.  An  agriculturist;  a husband- 
man. “ The  young  agricolist.”  Dodsley. 

A-GRlC'O-LOUS,  a.  [L.  ager,  a field,  and  colo, 
to  cultivate.]  Agricultural.  Sidney  Smith. 

Ag'RI-CULT-OR,  n.  A farmer.  Farm.  Ency. 

AG-RI-C&LT'y-RAL,  a.  Relating  to  agriculture. 
“ The  agricultural  systems  of  political  econ- 
omy.” ' Smith. 

AG-RI-CULT'U-RAL-IST,  — See  Agricultu- 
rist. [r.]  Thacher. 

AG'RI-CULT-URE  (ag're-kult-yur),  n.  [L.  agri- 
cultura ; ager,  a field,  and  cultura,  cultivation.] 
The  art  or  science  of  cultivating  the  earth ; 
tillage ; husbandry.  Browne. 

AG-RI-CULT'U-Rl§M,  n.  The  science  of  agri- 
culture. [r.]  Todd. 

AG-RJ-CULT'U-RIST,  n.  One  versed  in  agricult- 
ure ; a farmer ; a husbandman.  Todd. 

Syn.  — See  Farmer. 

AG'RI-MO-NY,  n.  [L.  agrimonia.)  (Bot.)  A genus 
of  perennial  herbs;  Agrimonia  : — a name  es- 
pecially applied  to  Agrimonia  eupatoria.  Gray. 

t A-GRl§E',  v.  n.  [A.  S.  agrisan,  to  fear  greatly.] 
To  shiver  for  fear,  or  pity  ; to  shudder.  Chaucer. 

t A-GRI§E',  v.  a.  To  affright;  to  disfigure. 
“ Eyes  that  should  be  sore  agrised.”  Spenser. 

A' GROM,  n.  (Med.)  A disease  of  the  tongue  in 
India.  Crabb. 

AG-RO-NOM  IC,  la.  Relating  to  agronomy  ; 

AG-RO-NOM'I-CAL,  ) agricultural.  Ed.  Rev. 

A-GRON'O-MY,  n.  [Gr.  aypdg,  a field,  and  vdpog, 
a rule;  Fr.  agronomies)  Theory  of  agricul- 
ture. Brands. 

AG-RO-STEM'MA , n.  [Gr.  aypog,  a field,  and 
arlppn,  a garland.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants  ; 
corn-cockle  or  rose-campion.  Loudon. 

A-GROS'  TIS,  n.  [Gr.  ayptnoTig.']  (Bot.)  A genus 
of  grasses  ; bent-grass.  Loudon. 

AG-ROS-TOG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  aypojartg,  and 
yprf  <pm,  to  describe.]  A description  of  grasses  ; 
agrostology.  Dr.  Black. 

AG-ROS-TOL'O-y  Y,  n.  [Gr.  ayp toang,  and  X6yog, 
a discourse.]  That  part  of  botany  that  relates 
to  grasses  ; agrostography.  Brands. 

f A-GRO'TED,  pp.  Cloyed;  saturated.  Chaucer. 

A-GROUND',  ad.  On  the  ground;  stranded;  ob- 
structed:— applied  to  a ship  when  it  rests  on 
the  ground  so  as  to  be  immovable.  Dryden. 

A'GUE  (a'gu),  n.  [Goth,  agis,  trembling;  A.  S. 
ege,  fear,  dread.]  An  intermittent  fever,  with 
cold  fits  succeeded  by  hot.  Dunglison. 

A'GUE,  v.  a.  To  strike  as  with  an  ague.  Ifeywood. 

A'GUE— CAKE,  n.  An  enlargement  of  the  liver  or 
spleen,  caused  by  the  ague.  Brands. 

A mere  ague-cake,  coagulated  of  a certain  fever.  Milton. 

A'GUED  (a'gud),  a.  Struck  with  an  ague.  “With 
flight  and  agued  fear.”  Shak. 

A'GUE— FIT,  n.  A paroxysm  of  the  ague.  Shak. 

A'GUE— PROOF  (a'gtt-prof),  a.  Proof  against  agues. 
“ 1 am  not  ague-proof."  Shak. 

-j-  A-GUER'RY,  v.  a.  [Fr . aguerrir.)  To  inure  to 
the  hardships  of  war. 

The  best  aguerried  of  any  troops  in  Europe.  Lyttleton. 

A'GUE— SPELL,  n.  A charm  for  the  ague. 


The  mountebank  now  treads  the  stage,  and  sells 
Ilis  pills,  iris  balsams,  and  His  ague-spells. 


Gay. 


A'GUE— STRUCK,  a.  Struck  as  with  an  ague. 

“ Ague-struck  with  fear.”  Hewyt. 

A'GUE— TREE,  n.  A name  sometimes  given  to 
sassafras.  Bailey, 

f A-GUI^E'  (a-glz'),  v.  a.  To  dress.  — See  Guise. 

“ Her  head  she  fondly  would  aguise.”  Spenser, 
f A-GUL^E'  (a-flz'),  n.  Dress. 

The  plory  of  the  court,  their  fash-ions, 

And  brave  aguise,  with  all  their  princely  state.  More. 

A'GU-ISH,  a.  Pertaining  to  ague.  B.  Jonson. 

A'GU-ISH-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  resembling  an 
ague.  Johnson. 


A ' G UL,  n.  [Ar.]  (Bot.)  A little  prickly  shrub ; 
Hcdysarum  alhagi.  Crabb. 

AH  (a),  inter].  [Ger.  ach,  och ; L.  oh.)  Some- 
times noting  dislike  and  contempt,  or  exultation 
and  joy ; but  most  frequently  regret,  compas- 
sion, and  complaint. 

Ah  happy  hills  : ah  pleasing  shade  ; 

Ah  fields  beloved  in  vain  ! Gray. 

When  followed  by  that,  it  expresses  vehement  de- 
sire. 

A-IIA',  A-HA' ! interj.  Noting  triumph  and  con- 
tempt. Ps.  xxxv.  21. 

A-HEAD'  (a-hed'),  ad.  (Naut.)  Farther  onward; 
onward ; in  advance.  “ Gets  ahead."  Dryden. 

To  go  ahead,  to  proceed,  to  go  onward. 

f A-HEiGHT'  (9-hit'),  ad.  Aloft;  on  high.  Shak. 

f A-HIGH'  (ti-hl'),  ad.  On  high.  Shak. 

A-HOLD',  ad.  (Naut.)  To  lay  a ship  ahold  is  to 
bring  her  to  lie  as  near  the  wind  as  she  can,  in 
order  to  get  her  out  to  sea. 

Lay  her  ahold,  ahold  ; off  to  sea  again  ; lay  her  off.  Shak. 

A-HOU'AI  (a-ho'a),  n.  A Brazilian  tree,  belong- 
ing to  the  genus  Cerbera,  the  kernels  of  whose 
nuts  are  a most  deadly  poison.  Loudon. 

A-IfOY',  interj.  (Naut.)  Noting  a call;  holla. 

AH'RI-MAN,  n.  [Per.]  One  of  the  chief  dei- 
ties of  the  ancient  Persian  theology.  Ahri- 
man  was  the  principle  of  evil,  Oromasdes  the 
principle  of  good.  Brande. 

A-HULL',  ad.  (Naut.)  The  situation  of  a ship 
when  all  sails  are  furled  and  the  helm  is  lashed 
on  the  lee  side.  Mar.  Diet. 

A-HUN'GRY,  a.  (a  and  hungry.)  Hungry.  Shak. 

The  expletive  an  is  thus  prefixed  to  hunger ; as, 
“ He  was  an  hungered . ” Matt.  xxv.  37. 

A 'I,  n.  (Zo'ol.)  An  animal  belonging  to  the  ge- 
nus Bradypus  ; the  three-toed  sloth.  Brande. 

AlD  (ad),  v.  a.  [L.  adjuto  ; It.  aiutare  ; Sp.  ayu- 
dar  ; Fr.  aider.)  [i.  aided  ; pp.  aiding,  aid- 
ed.] To  give  support  to  ; to  succor  ; to  help  ; 
to  assist.  “ Aid  me  in  this  enterprise.”  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Help. 

AID,  n.  1.  Help;  support;  assistance;  succor; 
relief ; as,  “ To  stand  in  need  of  aid." 

2.  An  assistant ; a helper  ; an  aide-de-camp  ; 
as,  “ A governor’s  aid.” 

3.  (Law.)  A subsidy ; pecuniary  tribute  paid 

by  a feudal  vassal.  Blackstone. 

4.  (England.)  pi.  Extraordinary  grants  made 
to  the  crown  by  the  House  of  Commons  ; sub- 
sidies ; supplies. 

Syn.  — Friendly  aid ; good  help  ; necessary  support 
or  assistance  ; timely  succor  ; salutary  relief.  Help  is 
necessary  for  the  weak  ; assistance  for  those  who  are 
overburdened  witli  work  ; aid  is  useful  to  encourage  ; 
succor  is  needed  to  ward  off  a calamity ; relief  to 
lessen  pain  or  want. 

fAlD'ANCE,  n.  Help;  support;  aid.  Shak. 

A AlD'ANT,  a.  Helping;  helpful.  Shak. 

AILE-DE-CAMP  (ad'e-kawng)  | ad  e-khwng',  IK. 
Ja. ; ad'e-kong',  E.  K.  Sm. ; ad'e-kamp,  Wb.),  n. 
pi.  aides-de-camp.  [Fr., fiekl-aid.)  A military 
officer  appointed  to  attend  a general  officer, 
to  receive  and  carry  his  orders;  — written  also 
aid-de-camp. 

AlD'ER,  n.  1.  One  who  aids  ; a helper. 

2.  (Laic.)  One  who  aids  or  promotes  the 
commission  of  a crime  ; an  accessory  before  or 
at  the  fact ; a principal  in  the  second  degree  ; 
an  abettor.  Burrill. 

AlD'FUL,  a.  Giving  aid;  helpful.  Ec.  Rev. 

AlD'lNG,  p.  a.  Affording  aid;  assisting;  helping. 

AlD'LJJSS  (ad'les),  a.  Without  assistance.  Shak. 

+ AID'— mA-JOR,  n.  The  former  title  of  the  adju- 
tant of  a regiment.  Booth. 

Al'GRE  (a'gur),  n.  [Dan.  eger,  the  ocean.]  The 
flowing  of  the  sea  ; eagre.  [Provincial,  Eng.] 
— See  Eagre. 

Al'GRJJT  (a'gret),  n.  [Fr.  aigrette.) 

1.  ( Zoiil .)  The  egret,  or  heron.  — See  Egret. 

2.  An  oriental  ornament  for  the  head,  in  the 

form  of  a heron’s  crest.  Tweddell. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — (J,  §1,  <;,  g,  soft ; £,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


AIGRETTE 


34 


AIRY 


AI-GRETTE',  n.  [Fr.]  {Bot.)  The  calyx  of 
composite  plants,  being  a kind  of  tuft,  down,  or 
membranous  coronet ; aigret.  Brande. 

AI-GUILLE' , n.  [Fr.]  A needle  ; an  instrument 
used  by  engineers  to  pierce  rock  for  the  lodg- 
ment of  gunpowder.  Buchanan. 

Al-GUIL-LETTE'  (a-gjl-let'),  n.  [Fr.]  {Mil.)  A 
point ; a tagged  point : a decoration  worn  on 
the  right  shoulder  of  a general ; an  aigulet. 

AI'GU-LET,  or  AIG'LpT,  n.  [Fr.  aguillette.] 

1.  A point  of  gold  at  the  end  of  fringes  ; a 
tagged  point ; a knot ; an  aglet. 

With  golden  aiffulets  that  glistered  bright.  Spenser. 

2.  {Naut.)  A lashing  rope  for  securing  the 
breeching  of  a gun  on  board  a ship.  Naut.  Diet. 
— See  Aglet. 

AiK'rAw,  n.  {Bot.)  A popular  name  of  a species 
of  lichen  or  moss.  Ogilvie. 

AIL,  r.  a.  [Goth,  agls,  troublesome  ; agio,  pain  ; 
A.  S.  eglian,  to  feel  pain,  or  aidlian,  to  be  sick.] 
[i.  ailed  ; pp.  ailing,  ailed.]  To  give  pain  to  ; 
to  pain  ; to  trouble  ; to  affect  in  any  manner. 

tl7p  This  verb  is  never  used  when  speaking  of  a 
definite  disease ; but  its  subject  is  always  indetermi- 
nate. Thus  we  say,  “ VVliat  ails  him  ” ? “ Something 
ails  him”;  “Nothing  ails  him  ; but  never,  “A 
fever  ails  him.” 

AIL,  v.  n.  To  feel  pain  ; to  be  in  pain  or  trouble. 

And  much  he  ails,  but  yet  he  is  not  sick.  Daniel. 

AIL,  n.  A disease  ; pain  ; illness  ; ailment.  Pope. 

AI-LAK'  TVS,  n.  [Sans,  ailanto,  tree  of  heaven, 
the  name  of  one  species  in  the  Moluccas.]  {Bot.) 
A genus  of  trees  or  plants  found  in  China  and 
the  East  Indies.  Craig. 

rlSf-  Sometimes  spelled  ailanthus,  (as  if  the  name 
was  related  to  avdos,  a flower,)  which,  Loudon  says, 
is  incorrect. 

Al-LETTES',  or  A/-LE-ROJVS',  n.pl.  [Fr.,  little 
wings.]  Small  square  shields  of  arms,  worn, 
during  a part  of  the  middle  ages  by  knights,  on 
the  shoulders.  They  are  the  prototypes  of 
modern  epaulets.  Fairholt. 

AIL'UNG,  p.  a.  Sickly  ; full  of  complaints. 

AlL'MpNT,  n.  Pain  ; disease  ; illness.  Granville. 

AIM  (am),  v.  n.  [L.  wstimo,  to  weigh,  to  con- 
sider; Sp.  asmar,  to  consider;  Old  Fr.  esmer, 
to  point  at.]  [i.  aimed  ; pp.  aiming,  aimed.] 

1.  To  endeavor  to  strike  with  a missile  weap- 
on ; to  direct  towards  ; to  point ; as,  “ To  aim 
at  a mark.” 

Let  all  the  ends  «hou  nim'st  at  be  thy  country’s, 

Thy  God’s,  and  truth's.  Shak. 

2.  To  endeavor  ; to  aspire  ; to  strive. 

AIM,  v.  a.  To  direct,  as  a missile  weapon. 

“ Who  aims  his  airy  spear.”  Drgden. 

Syn.  — Aim  at  a mark  or  a bird  ; point  a cannon 
against  a wall ; level  a cannon,  a gun,  or  a blow  at 
the  object  we  wish  to  injure  or  destroy. 

Aim  to  be  good  ; aspire  to  be  great ; endeavor  to  per- 
form your  duty  ; strive  to  excel. 

AIM,  n.  1.  The  direction  of  a missile  weapon  ; 
direction  towards  a point  or  object;  as,  “To 
take  aim  at  any  thing.” 

2.  View;  object;  end;  intention;  design; 
the  thing  after  which  one  endeavors.  Locke. 

And.  with  ambitious  aim. 

Against  the  throne  and  monarchy  of  God, 

Raised  impious  war.  Milton. 

3.  f Conjecture;  guess. 

It  is  impossible,  by  aim , to  tell  it.  Spenser. 

Syn. Aim  denotes  an  immediate,  end  an  ultimate 

object.  His  aim  is  to  improve;  his  intention  is  good  ; 
lie  has  a view  to  trade  ; his  design  is  to  live  in  peace ; 
his  put-pose  is  fixed  ; his  object  is  worthy  ; his  end  is 
important. 

Propose  an  aim  or  an  object ; have  an  intention  or  a 
design  ; form  a purpose ; keep  an  end  in  view.  — See 
Direction. 

AIM'flR  (a'mer),  n.  One  who  aims.  Wood. 

AlM'lNG,  n.  The  act  of  taking  aim.  South. 

AIM'LI^SS  (am'les),  a.  Without  aim. 

AIM'LESS-LY,  ad.  In  an  aimless  manner. 

AlR  (ir),  n.  [Gr.  a ftp ; L.  ah'r ; It.  acre  \ Fr.  air.] 

1.  The  fluid  which  we  breathe,  and  which  sur- 
rounds the  globe,  esteemed  by  ancient  philos- 
ophers a simple  element,  hut  found  by  modern 


chemists  to  consist  of  two  simple  substances, 
oxygen  and  nitrogen,  or  azote,  in  the  relative 
bulks  of  20.90  of  the  former  to  79.10  of  the  lat- 
ter ; or,  by  weight,  of  23.10  of  oxygen  to  7G.90 
of  nitrogen  ; the  atmosphere.  Hereford. 

As  broad  and  general  as  the  casing  air.  Shale. 

2.  Any  aeriform  fluid  ; gas  ; as,  vital  air,  for 
oxygen  ; fixed  air,  or  mephitic  air,  for  carbonic 
acid;  inflammable  air,  for  hydrogen. 

3.  Gentle  wind  ; a breeze. 

Fresh  gales  and  gentle  airs 

Whispered  it  to  the  woods.  Milton . 

4.  The  open  weather,  or  the  atmosphere  as 
affecting  health  or  the  sensations;  as,  “The 
morning  air  ” ; “ The  evening  air  ” ; “ A pleas- 
ant or  a bleak  air.” 

The  air  bites  shrewdly;  it  is  very  cold.  Shak. 

5.  Utterance  ; publication  ; exposure. 

I am  sorry  to  find  it  has  taken  air  that  I have  some  hand 
in  these  papers.  Pope. 

6.  f Intelligence  ; information. 

It  grew  from  the  airs  which  the  princes  and  states  abroad 
received  from  their  ambassadors  and  agents  here.  Bacon. 

7.  Attitude  ; manner  ; look,  or  appearance  of 
the  person  ; address  ; aspect ; mien  ; carriage. 

Ilcr  graceful  innocence,  her  every  air.  Milton. 

8.  An  affected  manner  or  gesture. 

They  naturally  give  themselves  airs.  Addison. 

9.  {Mtts.)  A rhythmical  succession  of  tones, 

forming  a tune  or  melody,  whether  for  a single 
voice,  or  for  the  leading  voice  or  part ; a melo- 
dy ; a tune  ; an  aria.  Dwight. 

10.  {Paint.)  The  medium,  as  transferred  to 

a picture,  through  which  natural  objects  are 
viewed.  Brande. 

Syn.  — An  agreeable,  nohle,  or  offensive  air;  a 
pleasing  or  awkward  address ; a sorrowful  or  cheerful 
aspect  or  mien  ; mild  demeanor  ; lofty,  haughty,  or  ser- 
vile carriage,  an  innocent  or  guilty  look-,  a beautiful 
or  unpleasant  appearance  ; rude  or  graceful  manners. 

AlR  (Ir),  v.  a.  [*.  aired  ; pp.  airing,  aired.] 

1.  To  expose  to  the  air ; as,  “ To  air  beds  or 
garments.” 

2.  To  admit  air  into;  to  ventilate  ; as,  “To 
air  a room.” 

3.  To  refresh  or  cool  by  the  air  ; to  gratify 
one’s  self  by  enjoying  the  open  air. 

As  I was  here  airing  myself  on  the  tops  of  the  mountains, 
I fell  into  a profound  contemplation  on  the  vanity  of  human 
life.  Addison. 

4.  To  expel  dampness  by  exposure  to  heat; 
as,  “ To  air  linen.” 

AiR'-BAL-LOON',  n.  A machine  filled  with  a gas 
lighter  than  common  air.  — See  Balloon. 

AlR'— BED,  n.  A bed,  formed  of  a bag  or  recepta- 
cle of  air-tight  cloth,  and  filled  with  air.  P.  Cyc. 

AlR'-BLAD-DlJR,  n.  {Ich.)  A bladder  or  vesicle 
in  fishes  filled  with  air.  Brande. 

AlR'-BLOWN  (Ar'blon),  a.  Wafted  or  blown  by 

the  wind. 

AlR'-BORN,  a.  Born  of  the  air.  Congreve. 

AlR'— BORNE,  a.  Borne  by  the  air. 

AlR'— BRAv-ING,  p.  a.  Defying  the  winds.  Shak. 

AlR'— BRED,  a.  Produced  from  or  in  air.  Potter. 

AlR'— BUILT  (Ar'bllt),  a.  Built  in  the  air.  Pope. 

AlR'— CELL,  n.  {Nat.  Hist.)  A cavity  in  the  stem 
or  leaf  of  a plant : — a membranous  receptacle 
communicating  with  the  lungs  of  birds.  Brande. 

AlR-CHAM'BER,ra. — See  Air-cell.  Ogilvie. 

f AlR'— DRAWN,  a.  Drawn  or  painted  in  air. 
“ This  is  the  air-drawn  dagger.”  Shak. 

Air'-EM-BRACED'  (Ar'em-brast/),  a.  Encom- 
passed by  air.  “ Air-embraced  waters.”  Sandgs. 

AlR'JER,  n.  One  who  airs  or  exposes  to  the  air. 

AiR'-ES-CAPE',  n.  A contrivance  for  letting  off 
the  air  from  water-pipes.  Weale. 

Al'REY,  n.  The  nest  of  hawks  or  other  birds  of 
prey.  — See  Aerie  and  Eyry.  Richardson. 

AlR'— FORMED  (Ar'formd),  a.  Formed  from  the 
air.  Jodrell. 

AlR'— GUN,  n.  A pneumatic  instrument,  resem- 
bling a musket,  to  discharge  bullets  by  the  elas- 
tic force  of  the  air.  Brande. 


AlR'— HOLD-1JR,  n.  A vessel  for  holding  air.  Davy. 

AlR'— HOLE  (Ar'hol),  n.  I.  A hole  to  admit  air. 

2.  {Founding.)  A cavity  in  a casting  caused 
by  air  which  is  arrested  on  passing  through  the 
liquid  metal ; called  also  blow-hole. 

AlR'I-LY,  ad.  In  an  airy  manner;  gayly.  Sterne. 

AlR'I-NESS,  n.  1.  Quality  of  being  airy  ; open- 
ness ; exposure  to  air  ; as,  “ The  airiness  of  a 
situation.” 

2.  Lightness;  gayety ; levity.  “A  certain 
talkativeness  and  airiness  represented  in  their 
tongue  [the  French].”  Felton. 

AlR'ING,  n.  1.  A short  excursion  to  enjoy  the 
fresh  air. 

To  give  their  ladies  an  airing.  Addison. 

2.  Admission  of  air  for  ventilation ; as, 
“ The  room  needs  airing.” 

3.  Exposure  to  the  air  for  drying,  removing 
odors,  &c.  ; as,  “The  airing  of  garments  or  of 
bedding.” 

AlR'— jAck-ET,  n.  A leathern  jacket  to  which  arc 
attached  bags  or  bladders  filled  with  air  ; used 
to  support  persons  in  the  water.  Buchanan. 

AlR'LESS,  a.  Wanting  communication  with  the 
free  air  ; destitute  of  air.  Shak. 

AlR'LING,  n.  A thoughtless,  gay  person,  [r.] 
“ Slight  airlings.”  B.  Jonson. 

AlR'— PIPE,  n.  A pipe  used  to  draw  foul  air  out 
of  a ship’s  hold,  from  mines,  &c.  Crabb. 

AlR'— PLANT,  n.  {Bot.)  A kind  of  plants  which 
derive  their  sustenance  wholly  from  the  air,  not 
being  connected  with  the  ground.  Gray. 

AlR'— P6I§E,  n.  An  instrument  for  weighing  air. 
“ Common  air-poises.”  Hist,  of  the  Royal  Soc. 

AlR'-PUMP,  n.  A machine  by  means  of  which 
air  may  be  exhausted  from 
closed  vessels,  invented  by  Otto 
Guericke,  a magistrate  of  Mag- 
deburg, about  the  year  1654. 

The  name  is  also  applied  to  a 
similar  machine  designed  to  force  air  into  closed 
vessels.  In  the  figure,  a syringe,  A,  B,  C,  com- 
municates, by  means  of  a small  pipe,  E,  with  a 
vessel,  D,  called  the  receiver,  from  which  the 
air  is  to  be  extracted. 

Air-pump  of  a steam  engine,  the  pump  of  a condensing 
engine,  by  which  the  injected  water  and  the  condensed 
steam  are  drawn  off  from  the  condenser. 

AlR'-SAc,  n.  A vesicle  or  receptacle  of  air  in 
birds,  &c. ; air-cell.  Buchanan. 

AlR'— SHAFT,  n.  A passage  for  the  air  into 
mines  and  other  subterraneous  places.  Ray. 

AlR'-SLACKED  (-slakt),  a.  Slacked  by  the  air  ; 
as,  “ Air-slacked  lime.” 

AlR'— STIR-RING  (Ar'sti’r-rjng),  a.  Putting  air  in 
motion.  “Air-stirring  northern  wind.”  May. 

AlR'— THREAD,  n.  A name  given  to  the  long  fil- 
aments seen  floating  in  the  air  during  summer 
or  autumn  ; gossamer.  Crabb. 

AlR'-THREAT'EN-ING  (ir'thret-tn-ing),  a. 
Threatening  the  air  ; lofty.  Mir.  for  Mag. 

AlR'— TIGHT  (Ar'tlt),  a.  Impervious  to  air;  as, 
“ An  air-tight  vessel.”  Francis. 

AlR'-TRAP,  n.  A contrivance  for  excluding  the 
effluvia  from  drains,  &e.  Francis. 

AlR'— VES-SEL,  n.  A vessel  containing  air,  or  a 
duct  for  the  passage  of  air.  Ray. 

AlR'Y  (Ar'e),  a.  I.  Composed  of  air  or  vapor. 

The  airt/  parts  of  bodies,  as  in  odors  and  infections.  Bacon. 

2.  Belonging  to  the  air  ; relating  to  the  air. 

“ The  airy  region.”  Boyle. 

3.  Exposed  to  the  air ; as,  “An  airy  situation.” 

4.  Resembling  air,  in  being  impalpable  or  in- 
visible ; unsubstantial.  “ Airy  ghosts.” 

And,  as  imagination  bodies  forth 
The  forms  of  things  unknown,  the  poet’s  pen 
Turns  them  to  shapes,  and  gives  to  airy  nothing 
A local  habitation  and  a name.  Shale. 

5.  Wanting  in  reality  or  sincerity;  vain  ; tri- 
fling. “ Airy  threats.”  Milton. 

6.  Gay  ; sprightly  ; vivacious  ; light  of  heart. 

He  that  is  merry  and  airy  at  shore  when  he  sees  a sad  tem- 
pest on  the  sea,  ordances  when  God  thunders  from  heaven, 
regards  not  when  God  speaks  to  all  the  world.  Taylor. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  E.  1.  9,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAr,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


AIRY-FLYING 


35 


ALBITE 


7.  (Paint.)  Expressing  distance  by  a proper 
recession  of  the  parts  of  a picture.  Fairholt. 

AlR'V-FLY'JNG,  a.  Flying  like  air.  Thomson. 

AlR'Y-LIGHT  (ar'e-llt),  a.  Light  as  air.  Milton. 

AISLE  (II),  n.  [L.  ala,  a wing  ; Fr.  aile,  a wing.] 
(Arch.)  A side  passage  in  a church,  partially 
separated  from  the  nave  by  columns  or  piers. 
Where  through  the  long-drawn  aisle  and  fretted  vault.  Gray. 

AISLED  (I'led  or  lid),  a.  Having  aisles.  Byron. 

A IT,  n.  [Corrupted  from  islet.  Skinner .]  An 
islet,  commonly  planted  with  osiers,  and  then 
called  a willow  ait ; an  eight.  Brande. 

AlTCH'BONE,  n.  Edgebone.  — See  Edoebone. 

A- 1- ZO 'ON  [a-e-zo'on,  Loudon , C. ; a-zoon',  Wb. 

O.  B.],  n.  [Gr.  cui,  always,  and  ££>oj,  living; 
A.  S.  a’izon,  or  alzoon.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of 
fleshy-leaved  plants.  Loudon. 

A-JAR',  ad.  [A.  S.  acyrran,  to  turn.]  Half  or 
partly  open  ; — applied  to  a door. 

AJ'U-GA,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  labiate  plants; 
bugle.  Loudon. 

AJ'U-TAyE,  n.  [Fr.]  A short  tube  used  in  hy- 
draulics to  regulate  the  size  and  form  of  the 
stream  of  water  discharged  ; the  spout  of  a jet 
d’eau.  Young. 

A-KAN'TI-CONE,  n.  (Min.)  A term  sometimes 
applied  to  the  mineral  epidote.  Cleaveland. 

AKE,  t i.n.  To  feel  pain.  — See  Ache.  Shah. 

A-KIM'BO,  a.  [See  Kimbo.]  Arched;  crooked. 
— The  arms  are  a-kimbo  when  the  hands  are 
on  the  hips,  and  the  elbows  turned  outwards. 

Arbuthnot. 

A-KlN',  a.  1.  Related  or  allied  to  by  blood  ; kin  ; 
kindred.  “Those  that  be  nothing  akin  to- 
gether.’’— See  Kin.  Vices. 

2.  Partaking  of  the  same  properties  ; allied 
by  nature.  “ Questions  akin  to  it.”  Watts. 

AL— . 1.  The  Arabic  article,  equivalent  to  the,  and 
retained  at  the  beginning  of  many  words  de- 
rived from  that  language  ; as,  al-coran,  al-cove, 
al-chemy,  al-embic,  al-manac. 

2.  A Saxon  prefix  to  some  words,  signifying 

noble  [pthel],  or  ancient  \cald).  Gibson. 

3.  A form  of  the  Latin  prefix  ad,  to,  when 
it  precedes  l,  as  in  al-legc,  al-lude,  al-literation, 
al-legation,  &e. 

A LA,  n.  ; pi.  a' las.  [L.,  a wing.] 

1.  (Bot.)  The  side  or  lateral  petal  of  a papil- 
ionaceous corolla.  Iloblyn. 

2.  (Ornith.  & Ent.)  The  wings  of  birds  and 

insects.  Brande. 

AL'A-BAS-TER,  n.  [Gr.  alrifiaerpov.]  1.  A white 
stone  used  for  ornamental  purposes.  It  is  of 
two  kinds  ; one  of  which  is  a carbonate  of  lime, 
the  other  a sulphate  of  lime  or  gypsum ; and  to 
this,  the  term  is  now  generally  applied.  P.  Cyc. 

2.  A box  or  vase  for  holding  perfumes  and 
ointments  ; so  called  because  originally  made  of 
alabaster.  Weale. 

AL'A-bAs-TIJR,  a.  Made  of  alabaster.  Addison. 

AL-A-BAs'TRI-AN,  a.  Relating  to  or  like  ala- 
baster. [r.]  Maunder. 

AL-jI-BAS'  TRUM,  n.  ; pi.  AL-A-EAS' TRA.  [Low 
L. ; Gr.  dlajaerpov,  or  akapaarpo; ; L.  alabaster.] 

1.  An  alabaster  vase  for  perfumes.  Ash. 

2.  (Bot.)  The  cup  or  bud  of  a rose  ; a flower- 

bud.  Craig. 

A-LACK'  (a-lak'),  interj.  [“This  word  seems  only 
the  corruption  of  alas.”  Johnson .]  Alas  ; — 
noting  sorrow.  Shah. 

A-LACK'  A-DA  Y,  interj.  Alas  the  day;  — noting 
sorrow  or  melancholy. 

+ A-LAC'RI-OUS,  a.  [L . alacer,  brisk.]  Lively. 
“ It  were  well  if  we  were  a little  more  alac- 
rious."  Hammond. 

t A-LAC'R!-OUS-Ly,  ad.  Cheerfully. 

Epaminondas  alacriously  expired,  in  confidence  that  he 
left  behind  him  a perpetual  memory  of  the  victories  he  had 
achieved  for  his  country.  Gov.  of  the  Tongue. 

f A-LAC'RI-OUS-N]JSS,  n.  Briskness;  liveliness. 
“ Some  life,  some  alacriousness.”  Hammond. 

A-LAC'RI-TY , n.  [L.  alacritas  ; It.  alacrita  ; Sp. 
alegria ; Fr.  allegresse.]  Cheerfulness;  spright- 


liness ; liveliness  ; gayety  ; readiness.  “ I have 
not  that  alacrity  of  spirit.”  Shak. 

Syn. — Alacrity  designates  mental  activity;  alert- 
ness, bodily  activity. 

A-LAd'IN-IST,  n.  A free-thinker  among  the 
Mahometans.  Crabb. 

A LA  FRAN^AISE  (i-l’i-fr’An-saz').  [Fr.]  After 
the  French  fashion  or  manner. 

AL'^-LITE,  n.  [ Ala  in  Piedmont,  and  Gr.  lido;, 
a stone.]  (Min.)  A variety  of  augite,  called 
also  diopside.  Dana. 

A- LA- Mt' RE  (a-Ia-me'ra),  [al-a-iiier',  Ja.  I Vb.\ 
51-j-ml'ra,  it.],  n.  The  lowest  note  but  one  in 
three  septenaries  of  the  gamut  or  scale  of  mu- 
sic. Grayton. 

AL-A-MOVE' , ad.  & a.  [Fr.]  1.  Fashionably  or 
fashionable  ; in  the  fashion.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  (Cookery.)  Applied  to  meat  dressed  in  a 
peculiar  manner ; as,  “ Alamode  beef.” 

AL-A-MODE',  n.  A thin,  silk  stuff.  Whitlock. 

A LA  MORT,  a.  [Fr.,  to  death.]  Depressed; 
melancholy.  — See  All-a-mort.  Ogilrie. 

A-LAND',  ad.  At  or  on  land;  on  dry  ground. 

And  in  mid  ocean  left  them  moored  aland.  Dryden. 

A L'  AN  GLAIVE  (a-lang-laz').  [Fr.]  After  the 
English  fashion  or  manner. 

A-LAN'TINE,  n.  An  amylaceous  substance  ex- 
tracted from  the  root  of  the  Angelica  arclian- 
gelica  or  garden  angelica.  Brande. 

A'LAR,  a.  Relating  to,  or  having,  wings.  Craig. 

A-LARM',  n.  [It.  all’  armi,  to  arms  ; Fr.  alarme.] 

1.  A signal  by  which  soldiers  are  summoned 
to  take  arms. 

When  the  angry  trumpet  sounds  alarm.  Shah. 

2.  A cry  or  other  notice  of  dapger ; as,  “An 
alarm  of  fire.” 

3.  A sudden  terror  ; a sense  of  danger  ; con- 
sternation ; fright  ; apprehension  ; as,  “ To 
excite  alarm.” 

4.  A tumult  or  disturbance  ; that  which 
causes  terror,  fear,  or  apprehension. 

O solitude!  where  are  the  charms 
That  sages  have  seen  in  thy  face? 

Better  dwell  in  the  midst  of  alarms 
Than  reign  in  this  horrible  place.  Cowper. 

5.  A mechanical  contrivance  for  rousing  per- 
sons from  sleep,  or  for  arresting  attention. 

Syn. — Harm  arises  from  announced  or  impending 
danger;  apprehension  from  that  which  is  expected.  A 
cry  of  alarm  ; a spectacle  of  terror-,  a sudden  fright-, 
an  overwhelming  consternation.  Apprehension  of  dan- 
ger makes  us  uneasy  ; alarm  affects  the  feelings,  terror 
the  understanding,  fright  the  senses;  consternation 
seizes  the  whole  mind  and  benumbs  the  faculties. 

A-LARM',  v.  a.  [Fr.  alarmer.]  \i.  alarmed  ; 

’ pp.  ALARMING,  ALARMED.] 

1.  To  call  to  arms,  or  summon  to  action  on  a 
sudden  emergency.  — See  Alarum,  v. 

2.  To  impress  with  a sense  of  danger  ; to 
surprise  with  fear ; to  terrify ; as,  “ The  ap- 
proach of  the  enemy  greatly  alarmed  the  in- 
habitants.” 

A-LARM'— BELL,  n.  A bell  that  is  rung  to  give 
alarm.  “ The  alarm-bell  rings.”  Dryden. 

A-LARM'— CLOCK,  n.  A clock  made  to  sound 
an  alarm,  or  to  strike,  at  any  given  time. 

A-LARM'— GUN,  n.  A gun  fired  to  give  notice  of 
an  enemy,  or  as  a signal  of  alarm.  Williams. 

A-LARM'ING,  p.  a.  Causing  alarm;  terrifying. 

A-LARM'ING-LY,  ad.  In  an  alarming  manner. 

A-LARM'IST,  n.  One  who  is  timidly  prone  to 
excite  alarm.  [Modern.]  Todd. 

A-LARM'— POST,  n.  A post  or  place  appointed 
for  a regiment  or  body  of  men  to  appear  at  in 
case  of  an  alarm.  Campbell. 

A-LARM'— WATCH  (a-liirni ’ wbch) , n.  A watch 
that  strikes  the  hour  at  any  given  time.  Herbert. 

A-LA'RUM  bi-la 'rum,  P.  Ja. ; a-lar'um,  F.  Sm. ; 
a-la'rum,  K.],n.  Same  as  Alarm.  — See  Alarm. 
“ What  new  alarum  is  this  same  ? ” Shak. 

A-LA'RUM,  v.  a.  [Corrupted  from  alarm.  John- 
son.] Same  as  Alarm. 

Alarumed  by  his  sentinel  the  wolf.  Shak.  \ 


AL'A-RV,  a.  [L.  alaris  ; ala,  a wing.]  Of  the 
nature  of  wings.  Craig. 

A-lAs',  interj.  [L.  ai,  denoting  grief,  and  lassus, 
weary  ; It.  ahi,  lasso  ; Fr.  betas  ; A.  S.  eala,  or 
heal.]  Noting  lamentation,  pity,  or  concern. 

A-lAS'  THE  DAY,  interj.  Ah,  unhappy  day.  Shak. 

A-LAS'  T Up  WHILE,  interj.  Ah,  unhappy  time. 

For  pale  and  wan  he  was  (at as  the  while!)  Spenser. 

t A-LATE',  ad.  Lately  ; not  long  since  ; of  late. 

Where  chilling  frost  aktfe  did  nip, 

There  flasheth  now  a tire.  Greene. 


A'LATE,  a.  [L.  alatus,  furnished  with  wings.] 
(Bot.  & Anat.)  Bordered  by  a leafy  or  membra- 
neous expansion.  Brande. 


A lAt’F.-RE,  [L.,  from  the  side.]  — The  cardinal 
legates  a latere  were  the  pope’s  assistants  and 
counsellors  in  ordinary.  Hamilton. 

Al-A-  TER  ' NUS,  n.  [L.  ala,  a wing,  and  terni, 
three.]  (Bot.)  A species  of  Rhamnus,  or  buck- 
thorn ; Rhamnus  Alaternus.  Loudon. 


AL-AU-DI'NrE,  n.  pi.  (Or- 
nith.) A sub-family  of 
birds  of  the  order  Passe- 
res  and  family  Fringilli- 
dee ; larks.  Gray. 


ALB,  n.  [L.  albus,  white.] 

Along  white  linen  vest-  Alauda  arvensis. 
ment  or  tunic  worn  by  Catholic  priests.  It 
differs  from  the  surplice  in  fitting  more  close  to 
the  body  and  being  tied  with  a girdle.  Brande. 


Al' BA,  [L.]  A white  sacerdotal  vest  worn  by 
Catholic  priests  ; an  alb.  1 Whishaw. 


AL'BA-CORE,  n.  A large  species  of  fish  of  the 
niackerel  family,  which  is  common’  in  the  Med- 
iterranean, and’  sometimes  taken  on  the  south- 
ern coast  of  England  ; the  bonito.  Ogilvie. 

AL-BA'NI-AN,  n.  A native  of  Albania.  P.  Cyc. 

AL-bA'NI-AN,  a.  (Geog.) 

Relating  to  Albania. 

AL'BA-TROSS,  n.  (Or- 
nith.) A genus  of  large 
web-footed,  aquatic 
birds,  allied  to  the 
gulls.  The  common 
albatross  is  often  met 
with  in  the  Southern 
Ocean.  P.  Cyc. 

f AL-BE',  or  Al-BEE',  ad.  [Contracted  from  albeit.] 
Although  ; albeit  ; notwithstanding.  Spenser. 

AL-BE'IT,  ad.  Although;  notwithstanding. 

Albeit  unused  to  the  melting  mood.  Shah. 

AL-BES'CpNT,  a.  [L.  albcsco,  albescens,  to  grow 
white.]  Becoming  white  or  whitish.  Smart. 

AL'BI-CORE,  n.  — See  Albacoke. 


t AL-BI-FI-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  albus,  white,  and 
facio,  to  make.]  Act  of  making  white.  Chaucer. 

Al-BI-(JEJV' SE$,  n.pl.  [L.]  (Eccl.  Hist.)  A sect 
of  Christians  that  first  appeared  in  the  twelfth 
century  ; — so  called  from  Albi,  in  Upper  Langue- 
doc, France,  or,  more  probably,  from  Albigesium, 
the  Latin  name  by  which  Narbonnese  Gaul  was 
known  at  that  time.  Brande. 


AL'BIN,  n.  [L.  albus,  white.]  (Min.)  A white 
variety  of  apophylite.  Dana. 

AL-BI'NlSjiM,  or  AI/BIN-I^M  [al-bl'nlzm,  Brande ; 
al-blu'Izui,  O. ; Sl'bjn-Izm,  C.],  n.  The  state  of 
an  albino ; a state  in  which  the  skin  is  white, 
the  hair  flaxen,  and  the  iris  of  the  eye  pink. 

AL-Bf'NO,  or  AL-BI'NO,  n.  : pi.  al-bI'no$  or 
al-bI'nos.  [Port.  A Sp.,  from  L.  albus,  white.]  A 
person  of  a preternatural  whiteness  of  the  skin 
and  hair,  and  peculiar  redness  of  the  pupil  of 
the  eye,  which  is  so  weak  as  not  to  be  able  to 
bear  the  light  of  day.  The  Portuguese  first  ap- 
plied the  term  to  the  white  negroes  whom  they 
found  on  the  coast  of  Africa ; but  it  is  now  used 
to  designate  persons  who  exhibit  similar  char- 
acteristics, of  whatever  race  or  country.  P.  Cyc. 

AL-BI'NO-I^M,  n.  The  state  of  an  albino.  Ogilcie. 

AL'BITE,  n.  (Min.)  A mineral  composed  of  sili- 
ca, alumina,  and  soda.  Dana. 


MIEN,  ElR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — Cl,  G,  9,  g,  soft;  tC,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  7.;  JC  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


ALBORA 


36 


ALE 


Al'BO-RA,  n.  (Med.)  A kind  of  itch  or  compli- 
cated leprosy.  Dunglison. 

Al'BO-RAK,  n.  [Ar.]  The  white  mule  on  which 
Mahomet  is  said  to  have  journeyed  from  the 
temple  of  Jerusalem  to  Heaven.  Craig. 

AL-BU-(^iJY'  F.-A,  n.  (Med.)  X.  A strong  fibrous 
membrane  enveloping  the  testicles.  Dunglison. 

2.  The  white  membrane  of  the  eye.  Craig. 

AL-Bl'-tJIN'p-oCrs,  a.  [L.  albugo,  whiteness,  a 
white  spot.]  Resembling  the  white  of  an  egg 
or  the  white  of  the  eye ; — a term  applied  to 
textures  which  are  perfectly  white.  Dunglison. 

t AL-BU'9!N-OUS,  a.  Albugineous.  Browne. 

J1L-BU' GO,  n.;  pi.  AL-Iti’ pt-N e$.  [L.,  white- 

ness, a white  spot.]  (Med.)  A white  speck  in 
the  eye ; a disease  in  the  eye,  by  which  the  cor- 
nea contracts  a whiteness  ; leucoma.  Dunglison. 

AL'BUM,  n. ; pi.  ai/bi/m?.  [L.,  a list  or  register, 
from  albus,  white.]  A blank  book  for  the  in- 
sertion of  autographs,  short  literary  composi- 
tions, &c.,  as  mementos  of  the  writers.  Wottoil. 

AL-BU'Mg- AN,  a.  Relating  to  an  album.  C.  Lamb. 

AL-BU'MF.Ar,  n.  [L.]  1.  A peculiar  thick,  glairy 
substance  found  in  its  purest  form  in  the  white 
of  an  egg,  and  existing  also  in  the  serum  of  the 
blood,  in  the  muscles,  bones,  &c.,  of  animals. 

2.  (Bot.)  A supply  of  nourishing  matter  in 
many  seeds  (as  in  wheat,  &c.)  external  to  the 
embryo  or  germ.  Gray. 

AL-BU'MpN-IZE,  V.  a.  [*.  ALBUMBNIZBD  ; pp. 
albumenizind,  albumenized.]  To  impreg- 
nate with  albumen,  as  paper.  Hall. 

AL-BU-MI-NOSE'  (129),  a.  Same  as  Albumi- 
nous. Smith. 

AL-BU'MI-NOUS,  a.  Relating  to,  or  containing, 
albumen ; resembling  albumen.  P.  Cyc. 

Al  burn,  n.  [L.  alburnus,  a white  fish.]  (Ich.) 
A small  fish  ; the  bleak,  or  blay  ; white  bait. 

AL-BUR'NOUS,  a.  Relating  to  alburnum.  Loudon. 

AL-BUR' ALUM,  n.  [L.  albus,  white.]  (Bot.) 
The  softer  and  whiter  part  of  wood,  next  to  the 
inner  bark  of  trees  ; the  sap-wood.  P.  Cyc. 

Al’CA,  n.  (Orniith.)  A genus  of  birds  of  the 
order  Anseres,  having  a large  and  singularly 
formed  bill,  wings  very  short,  and  the  feet  placed 
so  far  back  that,  when  sitting,  ’ hese  birds  as- 
sume an  erect  attitude.  — See  Alcin.e.  Eng. Cyc. 

AL-CADE',  n.  [Sp.  alcalde .]  See  Alcaid  and 
Alcalde.  Ency. 

Al'CA-HEST,  n.  [Ar.]  See  Alkahest.  Quincy. 

AL-CA'JC,  n.  (Pros.)  A kind  of  verse  used  by 
the  poet  Alcaeus,  consisting  of  two  dactyls  and 
two  trochees.  “ A copy  of  alcaics.”  Warton. 

AL-CA'IC,  a.  Relating  to  Alcaeus  or  his  verse. 

And  take  the  Alcaic  lute. 

Or  thine  own  Horace,  or  Anacreon’s  lyre.  B.  Jonson. 

AL-CAID',  n.  [Sp.  alcaydc,  or  alcaide,  Ar.  al, 
the,  and  kada,  to  govern.] 

1.  A governor  of  a castle  or  fort. 

2.  A keeper  of  a jail ; a jailer. 

AL-CAl ' DE,  n.  [Sp.,  from  the  Arabic  kadi,  a 
judge.]  A Spanish  magistrate  ; a judge  or 
justice  of  the  peace.  .Velasquez. 

Al-C A-LI M'y-TyR,  n.  See  Alkalimeter. 

A L-  cAat  ' ALA , n.  A plant.  — See  Henna. 

Al-CAR-rA'  ZA,  n.  [Sp.]  A species  of  porous 
pottery ; a large  earthen  vessel  for  cooling 
water.  IV.  Encyc. 

Al-CE-DIAF'Z-DJE,  n.  pi.  (Ornith.)  A family 
of  birds  of  the  order  Passeres,  containing  the 
sub-families  Bucconince,  llalcyonince,  Mcedi- 
nin<B,  and  Galbulince.  Gray. 

A L-  CE  D-  I- ATI  'ATJE, 
n.  pi.  (Ornith.)  A 
sub-family  of  fis- 
sirostral  birds  of 
the  order  Passe- 
res  and  family 
A 'cedinidec;  king- 
fishers. Gray. 


AL-CE'DO,  n.  [L.]  (Ornith.)  A 
genus  of  birds  of  the  family  Al- 
cid(c ; king-fisher.  Brande. 

AL-CHEM'JC,  ) a_  Relating  to 

AL-CHEM'I-CAL,  j alchemy;  pro- 
duced by  chemistry. 

AL-CHEM'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  the 
manner  of  an  alchemist.  “ Lully 
would  prove  it  alchcmically.” 


King-fisher. 

Camden. 


AL'jCHp-MJST,  n.  One  versed  in  alchemy.  Shak. 


Al-che-mIs'tic, 
Al-che-mIs'ti-cal, 


a.  Like  an  alchemist ; 
alchemical.  Burke. 


Al'jCHIJ-MIZE ,v.a.  To  transmute,  [it.]  Lovelace. 

AL'CHy-MY,  n.  [Ar.  al,  the,  and  Gr.  jpjp tin, 
chemistry;  It .alchimia;  Fr.  alchimie.] 

1.  The  science  of  chemistry,  as  practised  in 
former  times  ; or  the  pretended  art  of  the  trans- 
mutation of  the  baser  metals  into  gold  and  sil- 
ver, and  of  the  preparation  of  an  elixir  by  which 
disease  and  death  were  to  be  avoided ; occult 
chemistry. 

2.  A mixed  metal  of  which  kitchen  and  other 

utensils  were  made  ; — used  figuratively  by  Mil- 
ton  for  a trumpet.  Bacon. 

Fut  to  their  mouths  the  sounding  edehymy. 

fpg-  The  orthography,  when  the  pretended  science 
flourished,  was  alciiymy,  alchymie,  alchymical,  &c. ; 
now  alchemy  or  alciiymy,  alchemical  or  alchymical,  &c. 

Al' CI-DJE,  n.  pi.  (Ornith.)  A family  of  birds 
of  the  order  Anseres,  containing  the  sub-fami- 
lies Akin  a;  Phaleridinee,  Spheniscince,  and 
Urinw ; auks.  ^ ... . - Gray. 

Al'CI-ATJE,  n.  pi. 

(Ornith.)  A sub- 
family of  birds  of 
the  order  Anseres 
and  family  Alci- 
dee ; auks. 

Gray. 

ALC-MA'NJ-AN,  a.  Relating  to  Aleman,  a Greek 
lyric  poet.  — Alcmanian  verse  consisted  of  two 
dactyls  and  two  trochees.  Ogilvie. 

Al' CO,  n.  A kind  of  dog  kept  by  the  aborigines 
of  the  West  Indies,  allied  to  the  Mexican 
mopsy.  Ogilvie. 

Al'CO-HOL,  n.  [Ar.  al-kahol,  or  al-kool,  the 
spirit  or  essence.  Brande.  Ar.  alkahol , sulphu- 
ret  of  antimony  reduced  to  a fine  powder,  and 
used  by  Eastern  ladies  for  painting  the  eye- 
brows ; and  also  any  thing  raised  to  a high 
degree  of  purity.  Buchanan .] 

1.  The  intoxicating  principle  of  all  spirituous 

liquors  ; highly  rectified  or  pure  spirit,  obtained 
by  distillation  of  the  fermented  solution  or  in- 
fusion of  any  substance  containing  sugar,  and 
thus  capable  of  undergoing  vinous  fermentation  ; 
the  chemical  name  of  ardent  spirit;  spirits  of 
tvine,  so  called  from  having  been  first  obtained 
by  the  distillation  of  wine.  Ure. 

2.  A preparation  of  antimony  used  by  women 

in  the  East  to  tinge  their  eyelids  and  eyelashes 
of  a black  color.  Buchanan. 


Alca  impenms. 


Al'CO-HO-LATE,  n.  (Chan.)  A salt  in  which 
alcohol  appears  to  replace  the  water  of  crystal- 
lization. Brande. 


AL-CO-HOL'JC,  a. 
cohol. 


Relating  to,  or  containing,  al- 
Brande. 


AL-CO-IIi  >L-I-ZA'TION,  n.  1.  The  act  of  con- 
verting into  alcohol.  Smart. 

2.  The  act  of  reducing  to  powder.  Johnson. 

AL'CO-HOL-iZE  [ai'ko-ho-llz,  IF  P.  F.  Ja.  K. 
Sm. ; al-ko'ho-liz,  N.  JJ],  v.  a. 

1.  To  convert  into  alcohol ; to  rectify  spirits, 

or  remove  their  watery  quality.  Smart. 

2.  f To  reduce  to  powder.  Johnson. 

AL-C0-H6L'ME-TER,  n.  \ alcohol , and  Gr.  yi- 
rpov,  a measure.]  An  instrument  to  ascertain 
the  quantity  of  alcohol  in  wines  and  other  spir- 
ituous liquors.  Ure. 

Written  also  alcoholometer,  alcohometrr,  alcoholim- 
et.cr,  and  alcoometer. 

AL-CO-HOL-MET'RI-CAL,  a.  Relating  to  the  al- 
coholmeter.  Ure. 

AL'CO-RAn  [al'ko-vKn,  S.  IF.  P.  J.  F.  E.  Ja.  Sm. 


It.  ; ?l-k5'r?n,  K.  — “ Orientalists,  in  general, 
pronounce  this  word  ai-ko-rin'.”  Sm.~\,  n.  [Ar. 
al,  the,  and  koran,  reading ; karae,  to  read.] 
The  Mahometan  Bible,  or  the  book  written  and 
left  by  Mahomet,  and  containing  the  doctrines 
and  precepts  of  his  religion.  Dryden. 

AL-CO-rAN'JC,  a.  Relating  to  the  Alcoran,  or 
to  Mahometanism.  Jameson. 

Al-CO-RAN'ISH,  a.  Relating  to  the  Alcoran. 
“ Some  Alcoranish  doctors.”  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

Al-CO-rAn'IST,  n.  One  who  adheres  strictly  to 
the  letter  of  the  Alcoran.  Crabb. 

AL-COVE'  [sd-kov',  S.  IF.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm. 
R.  C.;  al'kov,  I Vb.],  ii.  [Sp.  alcoba,  from  Ar. 
alcobba,  a vaulted  apartment.] 

1.  A recess  in  a chamber,  or  place  for  a bed. 

2.  A recess  for  books  in  a library.  Smart. 

3.  An  arbor  in  a garden  or  pleasure  ground. 

“ Clifden’s  proud  alcove.’’  Pope. 

4.  A niche  for  a seat  or  a statue.  Fairholt. 

Al'CY-ON,  n.  (Eat.)  A species  of  insect.  Kirby. 

Al'CY-ON,  n.  See  Halcyon.  Brande. 

Al-CY-O-ATA  ' RI-A,  n.  pi.  (Zoill.)  The  higher  of 
the  two  orders  of  polypi,  the  individuals  of 
which  have  eight  tentacles.  Agassiz. 

Al-CY-ON'|C,  a.  Relating  to  the  alcyonium. 

AL-CY-ON'I-EQRM,  a.  Having  the  form  of  an 
alcyonium.  P.  Cyc. 

Al'CY-O-NIte,  n.  (Min.)  A fruit-like,  spongi- 
form flint  fossil,  found  in  chalk  formations ; a 
fossil  zoophyte.  Brande. 

Al-CY-O  ' ATI-UM,  n.  [L.]  A genus  of  polypes 
forming  the  type  of  the  order  Alcyonaria.  Brande. 

AL-DEB’A-RAN  [fil-deb'a-ran,  P.  Cyc.',  al-de-ba- 
ran',  Maunder-,  ald'e-ba-ran,  O.  ; al-do-ba'ran, 
Wb.  Crabb,  B.],  n.  (Astron.)  A large,  bright 
star  in  the  constellation  of  Taurus,  called  also 
the  Bull’s  Eye.  Iierschell. 

AL'DIJ-HYDE,  n.  [ alcohol , L.  de,  from,  and 

hydrogen ; i.  e.  alcohol  from  which  hydrogen 
has  been  taken.]  (Chem.)  A pungent,  volatile 
liquid,  obtained  by  the  oxidation  of  alcohol,  or 
by  distilling  alcohol  with  peroxide  of  manga- 
nese and  sulphuric  acid.  Brande. 

AL-DJJ-HYD'fC,  a.  Noting  an  acid  prepared  from 
aldehyde.  Hoblyn. 

AL'DER,  n.  [L.  alnus\  Fr.  aulne,  or  atme.]  A 
genus  of  plants  chiefly  found  in  damp  situa- 
tions ; the  alnus  of  botanists.  Brande. 

f AL-DER-LIEF'JJST,  a.  sup.  [Ger.  aller-liebst , 
best-beloved ; 1).  aller-liefst .]  Most  beloved. 
“ Mine  aldcr-liefest  sovereign.”  Shak. 

AL'D^R-MAn,  n. ; pi.  al'der-mEn.  [A.  S.  eald- 
erman  ; (elder,  older,  and  man,  man.] 

1.  f A senator  or  governor.  Cowell. 

2.  A magistrate  or  member  of  a town  or  city 
corporation,  next  in  order  to  the  mayor. 

AL-D^R-MAN'ICj  a.  Relating  to  or  becoming  an 
alderman.  Ed.  Rev. 

f AL-D^R-MAN'I-TY,  n.  The  character  of  alder- 
men ; the  body  of  aldermen.  “ Fight  dry  the 
battles  of  thy  aldermanity.”  Underwoods. 

AL'DER- MAN-LIKE,  a.  Like  an  alderman.  “ With 
an  alderman-like  pace.”  Shelton. 

AL'DpR-MAN-LY,  a.  Like  an  alderman.  Swift. 

AL'DJJR-MAN-RY,  n.  The  office  or  quality  of  an 
alderman.  Ed.  Rev. 

AL'Df.RN,  a.  Made  of  alder.  “Then  aldern 
boats  first  ploughed  the  Ocean.”  May. 

Al'dTnE,  a.  (Bibliography.)  Noting  editions 
of  books  which  proceeded  from  the  press  of 
Aldus  Manutius  of  Venice,  in  the  sixteenth 
century ; known  by  the  sign  of  the  anchor  and 
the  dolphin.  Recently  applied  to  elegant  edi- 
tions of  English  works.  Dibdin. 

Ale,  n.  [A.  S.  ealc,  eala,  or  (doth,  ale,  from 
aelan,  to  kindle,  to  inflame.]  A fermented 
malt  liquor;  a liquor  obtained  by  fermentation 
of  an  infusion  of  pale  malted  barley,  combined 
with  an  infusion  of  hops.  Ure. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  JJ,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure  ; 


FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HfilR,  HER; 


ALEAK 


37 


ALIDADE 


A-LEAK',  ad.  In  a leaking  state.  Hale. 

(. Naut .)  A vessel  is  said  to  spring  aleak , when  a leak 
in  any  part  of  her  commences.  Falconer. 

Al'B-A-TO-RY,  a.  [L.  alca,  a game  of  hazard, 
any  thing  uncertain.]  ( Civil  law.)  Noting  a 
contract  of  which  the  effects  depend  on  an  un- 
certain event.  Bouvier. 

AlE'-BENCH,  n.  A bench  in  or  at  an  ale-house. 

ALE'BER-Uy,  n.  A beverage  made  by  boiling  ale 
with  spice  and  sugar,  and  sops  of  bread.  “ Ale- 
berries , caudles,  possets.”  Beaumont. 

ALE'— BREW-^R  (al'bru-er),  n.  One  who  brews 
ale.  “ Disliked  by  our  ale-brewers."  Mortimer. 

ALE'-CON-NpR  (al'kon-ner),  n.  An  officer,  in 
England,  whose  business  it  is  to  inspect  the 
measures  of  public  houses.  Act  of  Pari. 

ALE'COST,  n.  [eile,  and  Gr.  kooto;,  L.  costum, 
an  aromatic  shrub.]  A plant  put  into  ale  ; 
eostmary  ; Balsamita  vulgaris.  Loudon. 

A-LEC-TO-ROM'A-EHY,  n.  [Gr.  alUruip,  a cock, 
and  paxp,  a battle.]  ’Cock-fighting.  Ogilvie. 

A-LEC'TO-RO-MAN-CY,  n.  Same  as  AleCTUY- 
OMANCY. 

A-LEC'TRURES,  n.  pi.  ( Ornith .)  A name  given 
to  a sub-family  of  birds ; alectrurinee.  Gray. 

A-LF.C-  TR  XJ-RI ' NJE,  n.  pi. 

[Ornith.)  A sub-family  of 
dentirostral  birds,  of  the 
order  Passeres,  and  family 
Muscicapidte ; alectrures. 

Gray.  Fluvicola  climacura. 

A-LEC-TRY-OM'  A-EIl  Y,  n.  [Gr.  ai.cKrpv ah,  a cock, 
and  paxc,  a battle.]  Cock-fighting.  [11.]  Bailey. 

A-LEC'TRY-O-MAN-CY,  n.  [Gr.  hleKrpvtov,  a cock, 
and  pavrda,  prophecy.]  Divination  by  a cock ; 
attempting  to  foretell  by  a cock.  Bailey. 

Ale'— DRA-PER,  n.  A keeper  of  an  ale-house; 
a seller  of  malt  liquor..  Bailey. 

A-LEE',  ad.  (Naut.)  Noting  the  position  of  the 
helm  when  pushed  down  to  the  lee-side  of  the 
vessel.  Mar.  Diet. 

ALE'— FED,  a.  Nourished  with  ale.  Stafford. 

f AL'IJ-GAR,  n.  [ale,  and  eager,  in  the  sense  of 
sharp;  or  Fr.  aigre,  sour.]  Sour  ale;  a kind 
of  acid  made  of  ale.  Bailey. 

f A-LEG'B-AUNCE,  n.  Alleviation.  Chaucer. 

+ AL'E-GER>«.  [L . alacrisf]  Cheerful.  Bacon. 

f A-LEGGE',  v.  a.  [Fr.  alleger. ] To  lessen;  to 
assuage.  “Alegge  this  bitter  blast.”  Spenser. 

t A-LEG'GP'AUNCE,  n.  Alleviation.  Spenser. 


all’  erta,  to  stand  upon  one’s  guard,  to  be  watch- 
ful, erta  (L.  erecta,  sc.  via)  meaning  the  steep 
ascent  of  a hill ; Fr . alerted) 

1.  Being  on  guard,  or  on  the  lookout ; watch- 
ful ; vigilant.  “ He  was  always  alert  and  at- 
tentive to  the  claims  of  friendship.”  Graves. 

2.  Nimble  ; prompt ; lively  ; brisk  ; smart. 

“ I saw  an  alert  young  fellow.”  Addison. 

On  the  alert,  on  one’s  guard  ; on  the  lookout.  • 

A-LERT'NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  alert; 
sprightliness  ; briskness.  Addison. 

Syn.  — See  Alackity. 

ALE —POLE,  iw.  a pole  or  post  set  up  for  a 

ALE'-POST,  $ sign  before  an  ale-house.  “ The 
ale-pole  doth  but  signify  that  there  is  good  ale 
in  the  house.”  Frith. 

ALE'— SlL-VER,  n.  A tribute  anciently  paid  to 
the  lord  mayor  of  London  by  the  sellers  of  ale. 

ALE'— STAKE,  n.  A stake  set  up  as  a sign  before 
an  ale-house  ; an  ale-pole.  Chaucer. 

Ale'-TAsT-JEK,  n.  An  officer  who  inspects  ale 
or  beer.  Cowell. 

AL-EU'RO-mAN-CY  (sd-yfi'ro-man-se),  n.  [Gr. 
al.evpov,  flour,  and  pan-da,  prophecy.]  Divina- 
tion by  means  of  flour.  Craig. 

A-LEU'TI-AN,  ) a_  [Rus.  aleut,  a bald  rock.] 

A-LEU'TIC,  ) ( Geog .)  Noting  certain  islands 
in  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

ALE'— vAt,  n.  A tub  in  which  ale  is  fermented. 

f A-LEW'  (ei-Io'),  n.  A shout ; loud  call ; halloo. 
“ Lament  with  loud  alew.”  Spenser. 

ALE'-WASHED  (al'wosht),  a.  Steeped  in  ale. 
“ Foaming  bottles  and  ale-washed  wits.”  Shah. 

ALE'WIFE,  n. ; pi.  ale'wIve$.  1.  A woman 
that  keeps  an  ale-house.  Swift. 

2.  ( Ich .)  An  American  fish  of  the  herring 
kind,  smaller  than  a shad.  Storer. 

AL-EY-An'DER§  (ai-eg-zin'derz),  n.  (Bot.)  A 
plant  of  the  genus  Smyrnium,  now  generally 
superseded  by  celery.  Loudon. 

AL-?Y-AN'D5R’§-FOOT,  n.  The  name  of  an 
herb ; alexanders.  Johnson. 

AL-BX-An'DRI-AN,  a.  Belonging  to  Alexander 
or  Alexandria.  P.  Cyc. 

AL-EJC-An'DRINE,  n.  A kind  of  verse,  borrowed 
from  the  French,  and  consisting  of  twelve  sylla- 
bles, first  used  in  a poem  called  the  Alexandriacl. 

A needless  Alexandrine  ends  the  song, 

That,  like  a wounded  snake,  drags  its  slow  length  along. 

Pope. 

AL-BY-An'DRINE,  a.  Relating  to  the  Alexan- 
drine verse.  War  ton. 


AL  GA-RoT,  ? j;.  [Named  from  Vittorio  Alga- 
AL'GA-ROTH,  ) rotti,  a Veronese  physician.] 
(Med.)  An  insoluble  oxychloride  of  antimony  ; 
— formerly  used  in  medicine.  Miller. 

t Al'gAte,  or  AL'gAtes,  ad.  [A.  S.  algeats.] 
Altogether  ; every  way  ; always.  Spenser. 

AL'GA-TRAnE,  n.  [Fr.  algatrane .]  ( Chem .)  A 
sort  of  pitch  or  bitumen.  Crabb. 


AL-GA-ZEL',  n.  [Ar.]  ( Zoiil .)  A beautiful  spe- 
cies of  antelope  ; the  gazelle.  P.  Cyc. 

AL'GB'BRA,  n.  [It.  Sp.,  from  Ar.  al,  the,  and 
geber,  philosopher,  according  to  some ; from 
gefr,  parchment,  according  to  others.  Menage 
suggests  algiabarat , the  restitution  of  things 
broken  ; Gilchrist,  al,  the,  andjn/u-,  consolida- 
tion.] A kind  of  universal  arithmetic ; that 
branch  of  mathematics  in  which  the  operations 
are  performed  by  means  of  letters  and  other 
symbols ; the  science  which  establishes  the 
rules  of  arithmetic  and  the  properties  and  re- 
lations of  numbers  by  general  reasoning. 

Al-GB-BRA'IC,  ) Relating  to  algebra; 

AL-GB'BILVI-CAL,  ) as,  “Algebraic  symbols.” 

Algebraic  curve,  a curve  sucli  that  the  relation  be- 
tween tire  coordinates  of  any  of  its  points  can  he  ex- 
pressed by  the  signs  and  terms  of  algebra.  Davies. 

AL-GB-BRA'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  By  means  of  algebra. 

Al'GB-BRA-IST,  n.  One  who  is  versed  in  algebra. 

Al'GB-NEB,  n.  (Astron.)  One  of  the  principal 
stars  in  the  constellation  Pegasus.  Iiind. 

AL-GB-RINE',  n.  A native  of  Algiers.  Murray. 

Al-GB-RINE',  a.  (Geog.)  Belonging  to  Algiers. 


fAL'GID,  a.  [L.  algidus,  cold.]  Cold.  Coles. 
f AL-GId'I-TY,  n.  Chillness;  cold.  Coles. 

f AL-GIF'IC,  a.  That  produces  cold.  Bailey. 
Al'GOL,  n.  (Astron.)  A fixed  star  in  the  con- 
stellation Perseus,  remarkable  for  periodical 
changes  in  brightness.  Herschel. 

AL-GOL'O-Gy,  n.  [L.  alga,  seaweed,  and  Gr. 
)■  oyos,  a discourse.]  (Bot.)  A treatise  on  the 
algae  or  seaweeds.  Landsborough. 

Al  ’ GOR,  n.  [L.]  Extreme  cold  ; chill.  Bailey. 
Al'GO-RAb,  n.  (Astron.)  The  chief  star  in  the 
constellation  Corvus.  Hind. 


t Al'GO-RI§M,  n.  [Ar.]  Same  as  Algorithm. 
“ Algorism  stones,”  i.  e.  counters.  Sir  T.  More. 

AL'GO-RlTHM,  n.  [Ar.]  The  art  of  computing 
by  numeral  figures  ; arithmetic  ; algebra  ; — the 
art  of  computing  in  any  particular  way.  Davies. 

f AL-GOSE',  a.  Extremely  cold  ; chill.  Bailey. 


ALE'HOOF,  n.  A plant,  so  called  from  its  use  in 
making  ale  before  the  use  of  hops ; a species  of 
ground  ivy  ; Glechoma  hederacea.  Temple. 

ALE'— HOUSE,  n.  A house  where  ale  and  beer 
are  sold.  Shah. 

Syn.  — See  Tavern. 

f ALE'— KNIGHT  (al'nTt),  n.  A pot-companion. 
“ The  old  ale-knights  of  England.”  Camden. 

AL-B-MAN'NIC,  a.  Belonging  to  the  Alemanni, 
an  ancient  people  of  Germany.  Bosworth. 

AL-B-MAN'NIC,  n.  The  language  of  the  Ale- 
manni, or  ancient  Germans.  Bosivorth. 

A-LEM'BIC,  n.  [Ar.  al,  the,  and  ambeeq,  R 
corrupted  from  Gr.  op/? if,  a cup  or  ves- 
sel.]  (Chem.)  A chemical  vessel,  of  va- 
rious  forms,  used  in  distillation  ; an  ob-  / || 
solete  form  of  still.  Brande.  viz 

A-LEM'BROTH,  n.  A term  applied  by  the  old 
chemists  to  a poisonous  salt,  which  they  called 
the  salt  of  wisdom,  composed  of  ammonia,  mu- 
riatic acid,  and  the  oxide  of  mercury.  Brande. 

ALE'— MEA^-URE  (al'mezh-ur),  n.  A liquid  meas- 
ure for  ale.  Ash. 

t A-LENGTFI',  ad.  At  full  length.  Chaucer. 

Al.' F.-PIS,  n.  [Gr.  a priv.  and  i.t-i(,  a scale.] 
(Ich.)  A genus  of  fishes,  with  broad  bodies  and 
small  heads,  and  nearly  scaleless.  Craig. 

A-LERT',  a.  [It.  all’  erta,  in  the  phrase  stare 


AL-BY-AN'DRITE,  }l,  (Min.)  A species  of  chrvs- 
oberyl.  Phillips. 

A-LEX-I-PHAR'MA-CAL,  a.  Counteracting  poi- 
son ; alexipharmic.  Dean  Pierce. 

A-LEX-I-PHAR'MIC,  n.  (Mccl.)  An  antidote 
against  poison ; — written  also,  with  more  pro- 
priety, alexipharmac.  Bryant. 

A-LEX-I-PHAR'MIC,  a.  [Gr.  to  ward  off, 

and  (ptippaKov,  a poison.]  Antidotal;  counteract- 
ing poison.  Dunglison. 

A-LEX-I-TER  IC,  ) a.  [Low  L.  alexiterium, 

A-LEX-I-TER'I-CAL,  \ from  Gr.  ai.c^rjT/ipiou ; al.t^ui, 
to  ward  off.]  That  drives  away  or  counteracts 
infection  or  poison.  Johnson. 

A-LEX-I-TER'ICS,  n.  pi.  (Mccl.)  Preservatives 
against  infection  or  poison.  Brande. 

Al'FBT,  n.  [A.  S.  alan,  to  burn,  and  feet,  vat.] 
A caldron  of  boiling  water,  into  which  an  ac- 
cused person  plunged  his  arm,  by  way  of  ordeal, 
to  show  his  guilt  or  innocence.  Tomlins. 

Al.' GA,  n. ; pi.  a l’ PA-:.  [L .,  seaweed.']  (Bot.) 
An  order  of  cryptogamous  plants,  comprising 
seaweeds,  lavers,  and  the  floating  scum-like 
substances  of  ditches  and  rivers.  Loudon. 

Al-GA-RO  ' BA,  n.  [Ar.  al,  the,  and  garoba, 
bean-tree.]  (Bot.)  A tree  bearing  pods  contain- 
ing a sweetish  pulp,  supposed  by  some  to  have 
been  the  wild  honey  on  which  St.  John  fed  in 
the  wilderness  ; Ceratonia  siliqua.  Loudon. 


AL'GOljS,  a.  [L.  alga,  seatveed.]  Abounding  in 
seaweed,  [it.]  Ash. 

AL'GUA-ZIL  (al'ga-zel)  [al  c-l-zel,  Ja.  Sm. ; al'gfi- 
ztl,  E.  ; al-gwa'zjl  or  al-ga-zEl',  A'.],  n.  [Sp. 
alguacil,  a constable.]  An  inferior  officer  of 
justice  ; a sort  of  bailiff  or  constable.  Smollett. 

AL-IIEN'NA,  n.  A plant;  Lawsonia. — See 
Henna.  Ogilvie. 

AL-I-A'CEOUS  (al-e-a'slms,  66),  a.  [L.  alivm,  or 
altium,  garlic.]  — See  Alliaceous.  Francis. 

A ' LI-As  (a'le-as),  ad.  A Latin  word,  signifying 
otherwise ; as,  “ Sirnson,  alias  Smith,  alias 
Baker.” 

A 'LI-As,  n.  1.  An  assumed  name;  another 
name. 

An  author  was  forced  to  assume  every  week  new  aliases 
and  new  disguises.  Macaulay. 

2.  (Law.)  A second  or  further  writ  issued 
after  a first  writ  of  capias.  Whishaw. 

Al.'I-Bi,  n.  [L.,  elsewhere.]  (Law.)  The  pica 
of  a person,  who,  to  prove  himself  innocent  of 
an  offence  or  crime,  alleges  that  he  was  else- 
where, or  at  another  place,  at  the  time  when  the 
act  was  committed.  Burrill. 

f AL'I-BLE,  a.  [L.  alibilis  ; alo,  to  nourish.]  Nu- 
tritive ; nourishing.  Bailey. 

AL'I-DADE,n.  [Ar.]  The  index. or  ruler  that 
moves  about  the  centre  of  an  astrolabe  or  quad- 
rant, carrying  the  sights.  Brande. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MdVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE. 


<?>  •?>  9>  I)  soft;  1 0,  tS,  £,  |,  hard;  § as  z;  Y as  Sz-  — THIS,  this. 


ALIEN 


38 


ALKE  RAILS 


AL'IgN  (al'yen),  a.  [L.  alius,  another  ; alienus, 
that  pertains  to  another.] 

1.  Foreign  ; not  native. 

Inglorious  shelter  in  an  alien  land.  Phillips. 

2.  Estranged  ; differing  in  nature  or  tendency. 

They  encouraged  principles  alien  from  our  religion  and 

government.  Swift. 

AL'IEN  (al'yen),  n.  1.  A foreigner,  as  distin- 
guished from  a natural-born  citizen  ; not  a den- 
izen or  native  ; a stranger.  Hooker. 

2.  (Laic.)  A foreigner  who  is  a resident  or 
Subject ; or  one  born  in  a foreign  country,  and 
never  naturalized.  Cowell. 

Syn.  — See  Stranger. 

AL'IFLX  (al'yen),  V.  a.  [i.  ALIENED  ; pp.  ALIEN- 
ING, aliened.]  To  make  any  thing  the  prop- 
erty of  another  ; to  alienate,  [n.]  Hale. 

AL-HJN-A-bIl'I-TY,  n.  (Law.)  State  of  being 
alienable  ; capacity  of  being  alienated.  Burke. 

AL'IEX-A-BLE  (al'yen-j-bl),  a.  Capable  of  being 
alienated.  “ Land  is  alienable.’’  Dennis. 

AL'IIJN-A^E,  n.  (Law.)  The  condition  or  state 
of  an  alien.  Lawes. 

AlTEN-ATE  (al'yen-at)  [al'yen-at,  S.  W.  J.  F. 
Ja.  K.  Sm. ; al'e-en-at,  P.  Kenrick ],  V.  a.  [L. 
alieno,  alienatus,  to  make  another’s ; alienus, 
another’s;  It.  alienare ; Sp.  alienar;  Fr. 
aliener.)  [i.  alienated  ; pp.  alienating, 

ALIENATED.] 

1.  To  transfer  property  to  another. 

The  countries  of  the  Turks  were  once  Ckristinn,  . . . 
though  now  they  utterly  alienated.  Bacon. 

2.  To  change  from  friendliness  to  aversion ; 
to  estrange. 

Any  thing  that  is  apt  to  disturb  the  world,  and  to  alienate 
the  affections  of  men  from  one  unothcr,  ...  is  either  ex- 
pressly, or  by  clear  consequence  and  deduction,  forbidden  in 
the  New  Testament.  Tillotson. 

AL'ipN-ATE  (al'yen-at),  a.  Withdrawn  ; alien- 
ated. “ Wholly  alienate  from  truth.”  Swift. 

AL'I pX-ATE  (al'yen-at), n.  An  alien;  a foreigner. 
“ He  is  an  alienate.”  Stapleton. 

A I.  - 1 E X-  A ' T I O \ (al-yen-a'shun),  n.  [L  .alicnatio; 
It.  alienazione  ; Fr.  alienation.) 

1.  (Laic.)  Act  of  transferring  property,  par- 
ticularly real  property  ; transfer.  Swift. 

2.  State  of  being  alienated.  “ The  estate  was 

wasted  during  its  alienation.”  Johnson. 

3.  Estrangement;  change  of  affection.  Bacon. 

Alienation  of  mind,  mental  derangement ; insanity. 

Hooker. 

Syn.  — See  Disagreement,  Insanity. 

A l.'I pX-A-TOR  (al'yen-a-tor),  n.  One  who  alien- 
ates or  transfers  property.  Warton. 

AL-IENE'  (al-yen'),  v.  a.  (Laic.)  To  convey  prop- 
erty to  another  ; to  alienate.  Blackstonc. 

AL-IpX-EE'  (sl-yen-s'),  «.  (Law.)  One  to  whom 
a transfer  of  property  is  made.  Blackstone. 

AL'IEN-ISJM,  n.  The  state  of  being  an  alien  ; 
alienage,  [it.]  Kent. 

AL-IEX-OR'  (al-yen-or'),  n.  (Law.)  One  who 
transfers  property  to  another.  Blackstone. 

t A-LIFE',  ad.  On  my  life.  Shak. 

f A-LIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  ala,  a wing,  and  fero, 
to  bear.]  Having  wings.  Bailey. 

AL'I-FORM,  a.  [L.  ala,  a wing,  and  forma,  form.] 
Having  the  form  of  wings,  [it.]  Owen. 

f A-LIG'pR-OIIS,  a.  [L.  aliger ; ala,  a wing, 
and  gero,  to  bear.]  Having  wings.  Bailey. 

A-LIGHT'  (Hit'),  a.  Lighted;  lit,  “The  lamps 
were  alight.”  Dickens. 

A-LIGIIT'  (Hit'),  v.  n.  [A.  S.  alihtan,  to  come 
down.]  [i.  alighted  ; pp.  alighting,  alight- 
ed ; alit,  Byron.) 

1.  To  stop  or  rest  after  descending. 

Like  a lark,  melodious  in  her  mounting,  and  continuing 
her  song  till  she  alights.  Jjryden. 

Should  a spirit  alight  upon  the  earth,  what  would  his  no- 
tions of  us  be?  Addison. 

2.  To  come  upon  the  feet  in  descending  from 
a carriage,  or  from  the  back  of  a horse  or  other 
animal ; to  dismount. 

The  sure  traveller. 

Though  he  alights  sometimes,  still  goeth  on.  Herbert. 

3.  To  fall  upon. 


But  storms  of  stones  from  the  proud  temple’s  height 

Pour  down,  and  on  our  battered  helms  alight.  Dryden. 

A-LIGN'  (Hln'),  v.  a.  [Fr.  aligner .]  To  adjust 
by  a line  ; to  form  in  line,  as  troops.  Vose. 

A-LiGNE'MIJNT  (a-lln'ment),  n.  [Fr . alignement.) 
(Mil.)  The  position  of  a body  of  men  in  a 
straight  line.  Glos.  of  Mil.  Terms. 

A-LIKE',  ad.  & a.  [ a and  like.)  With  resem- 
blance; without  difference. 

All  seasons,  and  their  change,  all  please  alike.  Milton. 

In  birth,  in  acts,  in  arms,  alike  the  rest.  Fairfax. 

Syn.  — See  Equal. 

A-LlKE'— MIND'jpD,  a.  Like-minded.  Bp.  Hall. 

Al'I-MENT,  n.  [L.  alimentum,  food;  alo,  to 
nourish.]  Nourishment;  nutrition;  food;  nu- 
triment ; things  necessary  for  the  support  of 
life.  Arbuthnot. 

AL-I-MENT'AL,  a.  That  nourishes.  Milton. 

AL-I-MENT'AL-LY,  ad.  So  as  to  serve  for  nour- 
ishment or  sustenance.  Browne. 

AL-I-MENT'A-RI-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  ali- 
mentary or  nourishing.  Bailey. 

AL-I-MENT'A-RY,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  aliment. 
“ The  alimentary  duct.”  Arbuthnot. 

2.  Nourishing.  “Of  alimentary  roots,  some 
are  pulpy  and  very  nutritious.”  Arbuthnot. 

Alimentary  canal,  a tube  or  cavity  in  an  animal 
body,  into  which  nutriment  is  taken  to  be  digested, 
and  by  which  it  is  conveyed  through  the  body. 

AL-I-MIJN-TA'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  nourishing. 

2.  State  of  being  nourished.  Bacon. 

Al-I-MEN'TIVE-NESS,  n.  (Phren.)  The  organ 
of  appetite  for  food  and  drink.  Combe. 

Al-I-MO'NI-OUS,  a.  That  nourishes.  Harvey. 

AL'l-MO-Ny,  n.  [L.  alimonia,  maintenance.] 
(Law.)  An  allowance  to  which  a married  wo- 
man is  entitled,  upon  a legal  separation  from 
•'her  husband,  when  she  is  not  charged  with 
adultery  or  an  elopement.  Burrill. 

A'LI-OTH,  n.  (Astron.)  A star  in  the  constella- 
tion Ursa  Major,  or  Great  Bear.  — See  Al- 
lioth.  Hind. 

AL'I-PED,  a.  [L.  ala,  a wing,  and  pes,  pedis,  a 
foot.]  Wing-footed  ; swift  of  foot.  Ash. 

Al'I-PED,  n.  An  animal  whose  toes  are  con- 
nected by  a membrane,  serving  for  a wing,  as 
the  bat.  Craig. 

AL'I-CIUANT  (al'e-kwant)  [al'e-kw&nt,  S.  P.  J. 
F.  Ja.  Sm.  C. ; Sl'e-kwont,  IV.  A'.],  a.  [L.  ali- 
quantus,  somewhat.]  (Arith.)  Aliquant  parts 
of  a quantity  are  such  as  are  not  contained  in 
that  quantity  an  exact  number  of  times  ; as,  3 
is  an  aliquant  part  of  10,  thrice  3 being  9,  four 
times  3 making  12.  Eaton.  Davies. 

AL'I-GUJOT  (al'e-kwot),  a.  [L.  aliquot,  some.] 
(Arith.)  Aliquot  parts  of  any  number  are  such 
as  will  exactly  divide  it  without  any  remainder ; 
as  3 is  an  aliquot  part  of  12.  Eaton.  Davies. 

AL-!-SAN'D1JR,  it.  A plant  used  as  a salad  and 
potherb  ; — written  also  alexanders.  IF.  Encyc. 

Al'ISII,  a.  Resembling  ale.  Mortimer. 

Al'I-TRUNK,  n.  [L.  ala,  a wing,  and  truncus, 
body.]  (Ent.)  The  segment  of  the  trunk  of  an 
insect,  to  which  the  wings  are  attached.  Braude. 

f AL'1-TUREj  n.  [L.  alitura,  a nourishing.]  Nour- 
ishment. Bailey. 

A- LIVE',  a.  [a  and  live ; formerly  on  live.  “ For 
prouder  woman  is  there  none  oh  lire.”  Chaucer.) 

1.  Having  life  ; living ; not  dead. 

Why,  then,  he  is  alive.  Nay,  he  is  dead.  Shak. 

2.  Showing  all  the  signs  of  life ; having  the 
senses  in  full  activity ; sensitive. 

Though  tremblingly  alive  to  nature's  laws, 

Yet  ever  firm  to  honor’s  sacred  cause.  Falconer. 

3.  In  existence  ; in  force  ; active. 

There  is  scarce  truth  enough  alive  to  make  societies  se- 
cure. Shak. 

4.  Lively  ; cheerful  ; joyous,  as  in  the  phrase 
“All  alive.” 

5.  In  the  world,  or  of  all  in  the  world  ; by 
way  of  emphasis. 

The  Earl  of  Northumberland  was  the  proudest  man  alive . 

Clarendon. 

A-LlZ'A-RINE,  n.  [alizari,  the  commercial  name 


of  madder  in  the  Levant.]  A peculiar  coloring 
principle  obtained  from  madder.  Brandc. 

Al'KA-HEST,  n.  [Ar.]  The  pretended  universal 
solvent  or  menstruum  of  the  ancient  alchemists. 

AL-KA-HES'TIC,  a.  Belonging  to  alkahest.  Ash. 

Al-KA-LES'CJEN-CY,  n.  A tendency  to  become 
alkaline.  Brande. 

AL-KA-LES'CIJNT,  a.  Tending  to  become  alka- 
line ; beginning  to  be  alkaline.  Arbuthnot. 

AL'KA-LI,  or  AL'KA-L!  [si'ka-le,  S.  IF.  P.  J.  E. 
F.  Sm.-,  Sl'kHl,  Ja.  K.  Wb.),  n.-,pl.  Xl'ka- 
lie$.  [Ar.  al,  the,  and  kali,  a plant,  from  the 
ashes  of  which  soda  was  originally  obtained.] 
(Chem.)  The  name  applied  to  a class  of  bodies 
which  have  the  common  characteristics  of  be- 
ing caustic  to  the  taste,  of  forming  neutral 
compounds  or  salts  with  acids,  and  of  changing 
vegetable  blue  to  green,  and  yellow  to  brown. 
The  alkalies  are  of  three  kinds  : — 

1.  Ammonia,  a gaseous  body,  composed  of 
hydrogen  and  nitrogen,  and  formed  by  the  de- 
composition of  animal  substances.  Being  very 
easily  evaporated  when  dissolved  in  water,  it 
was  formerly  called  volatile  alkali. 

2.  Potash  and  soda,  long  known  as  the  fixed 
alkalies,  lime,  magnesia,  strontia,  baryta,  called 
the  alkaline  earths,  and  lithia,  all  compounds  of 
certain  metals  and  oxygen,  and  none  of  them 
susceptible  of  decomposition  by  heat  alone. 

3.  Morphia,  quinia,  aconita,  digitalia,  &c., 

obtained  from  plants,  and  hence  called  vegeta- 
ble alkalies,  or  alkaloids,  consisting  of  oxygen, 
hydrogen,  nitrogen,  and  carbon,  all  decomposed 
at  high  temperatures,  giving  rise  to  new  prod- 
ucts. lire. 

AL-KAL'I-FI-A-BLE,  a.  [ alkali , and  L.  fio,  to 
become.]  That  may  be  alkalified.  Qu.  Jour. 

AL-KAl'I-FY,  v.  a.  [ alkali , and  L.  facio,  to 
make.]  [i.  alkalified  ; pp.  alkalifying, 
alkalified.]  (Chem.)  To  change  to  alkali  ; 
to  alkalize.  Smart. 

AL-KA-LIG'E-NOUS,  a.  [alkali,  and  Gr.  ycvvbm, 
to  produce.]  Generating  alkali.  Smart. 

AL-KA-Ll Jl'B-TpR,  n.  [alkali,  and  Gr.  nlrpov,  a 
measure.]  (Chem.)  An  instrument  for  ascer- 
taining the  strength  of  alkalies.  Hamilton. 

AL-KAL-I-MET'RIC,  I a.  Relating  to  alka- 

AL-KAL-I-MET'RI-CAL,  ) limetry.  Vre. 

AL-KA-LIM'E-TRY,  n.  The  art  of  measuring 
the  strength  of  alkalies.  Vre. 

AL'KA-LInE,  or  AL'KA-LINE  [al'ka-lm,  IF.  J. 
E.P.Sm.;  al'ka-lln,  S.  P.  Ja.  K.),  a.  Having 
the  qualities  of  alkali. 

Alkaline  earths,  lime,  magnesia,  baryta,  strontia. 

AL-KA-LIN'J-TY,  n.  The  distinctive  quality  or 
nature  of  an  alkali.  P.  Cyc. 

AL-KA'LT-OUS,  a.  Having  the  quality  of  an  al- 
kali. “An  acid  and  alkalious  nature.”  Kinnier. 

f AL-KAL'I-ZATE,  v.  a.  To  make  bodies  alka- 
line. Johnson. 

f AL-KAL'I-ZATE,  a.  Impregnated  with  alkali. 
“ Other  alkalizate  salts.”  Boyle. 

f AL-KAL-I-ZA'TION,  n.  Impregnation  with  al- 
kali. [r.']  ’ Johnson. 

AL'KA-LIZE,  v.  a.  To  impregnate  with  alkali ; 
to  make  alkaline  ; to  alkalify.  Ogilvie. 

AL'KA-LOID,  n.  [alkali,  and  Gr.  c'tos,  form.] 
(Chem.)  A substance  analogous  to  an  alkaline 
base,  of  vegetable  origin,  and  generally  possessed 
of  great  medicinal  activity  ; any  vegetable  prin- 
ciple which  has  alkaline  properties.  — See  Al- 
kali. Brande. 

AL'KA-LOID,  a.  Relating  to,  or  containing,  alkali. 

AL'KA-NET,  n.  A red  coloring  matter  procured 
from  the  root  of  the  Anchusa  tinctoria  ; — used 
for  coloring  unctuous  preparations.  Parnell. 

AL-KAR'SINE,  n.  (Chem.)  A compound  of  car- 
bon, hydrogen,  oxygen,  and  arsenic.  Brande. 

AL-KE-KEN ' (?J,  n.  (Bot.)  A species  of  Physalis 
or  winter-cherry.  Loudon. 

AL-KER'ME$,n.  [Arab.]  A confection,  of  which 
the  scarlet-colored  kermes  berries  form  the 
chief  ingredient. 

Alkcrmes  comforts  the  inner  parts.  Burton . 


A,  E,  I,  6,  0,  y,  long;  A,  E,  !,  O,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  E,  I,  O,  IT,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


ALKORAN 


39 


ALLEMANNIC 


AL'KO-RAN,  n.  See  Alcoran. 

ALL,  a.  [Gr.  <Uo{,  the  whole.  — Goth,  alls  ; A.  S. 
tel,  or  eal.]  The  whole  of ; every  one  of ; every 
part  of;  as,  “All  men”;  “ All  one’s  work”; 
“ All  day  ” ; “ In  all  Venice.”  Shak. 

Syn. fill  is  collective  ; every  is  distributive  ; each 

is  restrictive.  All  describes  persons  or  tilings  taken 
together;  every  describes  them  taken  singly;  encA  de- 
scribes them  taken  separately.  All  men  means  a body 
of  men  taken  together;  every  man  may  designate  the 
same  number  and  in  the  same  position,  but  considered 
singly  ; each  man  would  imply  that  they  are  consid- 
ered apart  from  each  other.  Each  relates  to  two  or 
more  individuals  ; every  always  to  several. 

ALL,  ad.  1.  Quite ; completely  ; altogether  ; 
wholly.  “ All  alone  Marcus  did  fight.”  Shak. 

2.  f Although  ; just  as.  Spenser. 

All  one,  quite  the  same.  — All  the  better,  better  by  so 
much,  or  better  to  that  extent.  — fit  all,  in  the  least ; 
in  the  least  degree;  to  the  least  extent;  under  any 
circumstances. 

It  {eloquence]  conies,  if  it  come  at  all , like  the  outbreaking 
of  a fountain  from  the  earth.  D.  IVcbstcr. 

ALL,  n.  The  whole ; every  thing. 

Our  all  is  at  stake.  Addison. 

Thou  shalt  be  all  in  all.  Milton. 

(Hap  All  is  much  used  in  composition  ; but,  in  most 
instances,  it  is  merely  arbitrary,  as  appears  in  the 
following  compounds. 

ALL-A-BAN'nONED  (&l-?-Mn'dund),  a.  Deserted 
by  ail.  “ This  all- abandoned  desert.”  Shelton. 

ALL-AB-HORRED'  (41-?b-hrird'),  Detested  by 
all.  “ All-abhorred  war.”  Shak. 

ALL-AB-SORB'ING,  a.  Absorbing  or  engrossing 
all.  Clarke. 

ALL-AC-COM'PLISIIED  (-pllsht),  a.  Completely 
accomplished.  Clarke. 

Al.L-AD-MIR'ING,  a.  AVholly  admiring.  Shak. 

ALL-AD- VI§ED',  a.  Advised  by  all.  Warburton. 

AL’ LAH,  n.  [Ar.,  the  Deity.']  The  Arabic  name 
of  the  Supreme  Being.  F.  Cyc. 

AlL-A-LONG',  ad.  Throughout;  in  the  whole. 
“ Soiomon  all-along  in  his  Proverbs.”  Tillotson. 

ALL-A-MORT',  a.  [See  Amort.]  Dispirited. 
“ What ! sweeting,  all  a-mort  ? ” Shak. 

AL'LAN-ITE,  n.  (Min.)  An  ore  of  cerium  and 
iron  found  in  many  places.  Dana. 

AL-LAN-TO'IC,  a.  (Chem.)  Pertaining  to  the  al- 
lantois ; — formerly  used  to  note  a supposed  acid 
contained  in  the  allantois  of  the  cow.  Miller. 

AL-LAN'TOID,  or  AL-LAN-TOID',  n.  (Anat.) 
Allantois.  — See  Allantois.  Dunglison. 

AL-LAN'TO-INE,  n.  (Chem.)  A substance  con- 
tained in  the  allantoic  fluid  of  the  cow.  Miller. 

AL-LAN’TOIS,  or  AL-LAN-TOIS',  n.  [Gr.  dilav- 
roei/it'isi  aV.fis,  a gut,  and  flSos,  form.]  (Anat.) 
A thin  membranous  sac  situated  between  the 


amnion  and  chorion  of  the  foetus.  Hoblyn. 

All— AP-PROVED',  a.  Approved  by  all.  More. 
ALL— A-TON'ING,  a.  Atoning  for  all.  Dryden. 

f A L-LA'TRATE,  v.  n.  [L.  allatro .]  To  bark. 
“ Let  Cerberus  . . . allatrate.”  Stubbes. 


AL-LAy',  v.  a.  [A.  S.  alecyan,  to  lay  down;  It. 
alleviare ; Sp.  aliviar ; Fr.  alleger .]  [t.  al- 
layed ; pp.  ALLAYING,  ALLAYED.] 

1.  To  repress ; to  quiet ; to  pacify  ; to  appease. 

If  by  your  art  you  have 

Put  the  wild  waters  in  this  roar,  allay  them.  Shak. 

2.  To  soothe ; to  assuage ; to  alleviate  ; to 
relieve. 

Gentle  stroking  with  a smooth  hand  allays  violent  pains 
and  cramps.  Burke. 

3.  f [Fr.  aloyer.\  To  mix  one  metal  with  an- 
other; to  debase  by  mixture.  — See  Alloyl 

Syn.  — Allay  heat  or  thirst;  appease  hunger  or 
wrath;  soothe  pain  or  care;  assuage  grief;  alleviate 
sorrow  ; relieve  distress.  — See  Appease. 

t AL-I.Ay',  v.  n.  To  abate;  to  subside;  to  grow 
calm.  “ When  the  rage  alloys."  Shak. 

AL-LAy',  n.  [Fr.  aloi.]  Same  as  Alloy. 


t AL-LAY'MIJNT,  n.  That  which  allays.  Shak. 

ALL-BE',  conj.  Although;  albeit.  Spenser. 

ALL-BEAR'ING  (9.1-bAr'jng),  a.  That  bears  every 
thing.  “ Earth,  all-bearing  mother.”  Milton. 

AlL-BEAU'TIJ-OUS  (al-bQ'te-us),  a.  Completely 
beautiful.  “Some  emanation  of  the  all-beaute- 
ous mind.”  Pope. 

AlL-B5-H6L1)'ING,  a.  That  beholds  all  things. 
“ The  all-behoiding  sun.”  Bryant. 

ALL-BIND'ING,  a.  That  binds  all.  Shak. 

AlL-BLAsT'I.YG,  a.  That  blasts  all  things. 
“ All-blasting  tongue.”  Marston. 

AlL-BOUN'TE-OUS,  / a-  Infinitely  bountiful. 

AlL-BOUN'TI-FUL,  ) Clarke. 

ALL-CHANG'JNG,  a.  Ever-changing.  Shak. 

ALL-CHEER’|NG,  a.  That  cheers  all.  Shak. 

ALL-COM-MAi\D'!NG,  a.  Swaying  all. 

The  all-commanding  image  of  bright  gold.  Raleigh. 

ALL-COM-PLY  ING,  a.  Complying  in  every  re- 
spect. “ All-complying  Mercury.”  More. 

AlL-COM-POSj'ING,  a.  That  quiets  all.  Crashaw. 

AlL-COM-PRE-HEND'ING,  a.  Comprehending 
all  things.  Dr.  Allen. 

ALL-COM-PRE-HEN'SIVE,  a.  Embracing  all 
things.  “ All-comprehensive  wisdom.”  Glantill. 

AlL-CON-CEAL'ING,  a.  That  conceals  all  things. 
“ All-concealing  night.”  Spenser. 

ALL-CON'aupR-ING  (kl-kong'ker-Ing),  a.  That 
subdues  every  thing.  Milton. 

ALL-CON'SCIOUS  (-kon'shus),  a.  Conscious  of 
every  thing.  “ All-conscious  night.”  Pope. 

ALL— CON-STRAiN 'JNG,  a.  That  restrains  all. 
“All-constraining  law.”  Drayton. 

AlL-CON-SUM'ING,  a.  That  consumes  every 
thing.  “ All-consuming  care.”  Pope. 

AlL-CON-TROL'LING,  a.  That  controls  all. 

All— CRE-AT'JNG,  a.  Creating  all  things. 

ALL— dAr'ING,  a.  That  dares  everything.  “The 
all-daring  power  of  poetry.”  B.  Jonson. 

ALL— Ilf.-SIGN  ING,  a.  Planning  all.  Bowring. 

All— D£-STROY  ING,  a.  Destroying  all  things. 
“ Thy  all-destroying  arrows.”  Fanshaw. 

f AlL-DP-vAst'ING,  a.  Wasting  all  things. 

And  all-dcvastiny  wnr  provides  her  food.  Sandys. 

ALL-DJJ-VOURING,  a.  That  eats  up  all. 

Destructive  war  aud  all-devouring  age.  Pope. 

ALL— DIM'MING,  a.  That  obscures  all  things. 

Then  close  his  eyes  with  thy  all-dimming  hand.  Marston. 

ALL— DI-RECT'ING,  a.  Directing  all.  Bowring. 

ALL-DI§-CERN'!NG,  a.  Discerning  all.  Ogilvie. 

ALL— DIS-CUV'pR-lNG,  a.  Disclosing  every  thing. 
“ All-discovering  time.”  More. 

ALL— DliJ-GRACED'  (M-djz-grast'),  a.  Completely 
disgraced.  “ Her  all-disgraced  friend.”  Shak. 

ALL— DIS-PENS'ING,  a.  That  dispenses  all  things. 
“ All-dispensing  bounty.”  Milton. 

Al.L-D|-VINE',  a.  Supremely  excellent.  Howell. 

ALL— DI-VIN'ING,  a.  Foretelling  all  things. 
“ Thy  all-divining  spirit.”  Fanshaw. 

ALL-DREAD'jJD,  a.  Feared  by  all.  Shak. 

ALL-DRO\V'§Y,  a.  Very  drowsy.  Browne. 

AL'L^-CRET,  n.  [Ger.  alles,  all,  and  kraft, 
strength.]  Light  armor  used  by  cavalry  and 
infantry  in  the  sixteenth  century,  and  especially 
by  the  Swiss.  Ogilvie- 

t AL-LECT',t;.n.  [L .aUecto.]  To  entice.  Chaucer. 

f AL-LpC-TA'TION,  n.  Allurement.  Coles. 

t AL-LEC'TIVE,  a.  Alluring.  Chaucer. 

f AL-LEC'TI VE,  n.  Allurement.  Sir  T.  Bigot. 

ALL— EF-FI-cA'CIOUS,  a.  Completely  efficacious. 

AlL-£F-f!"CIENT  (-ftsh'ent),  a.  Completely  ef- 
ficient. “ A Inefficient  light.”  Boyse. 


AL-LP-GA'TIO.Y,  n.  [L.  allcgatio.] 

1.  An  affirmation  ; a declaration.  More. 

2.  A thing  alleged;  an  excuse;  a plea.  Shak. 

3.  (Law.)  The  pleading  or  statement  of  a 

party  in  a cause.  Burrill. 

AI.-LEGE'  (al-lej'),  v.  a.  [L.  allego,  to  speak  to 
or  for;  Fr.  alleguer.  — A.  S.  alecyan,  to  lay 
down.]  [i.  alleged  ; pp.  alleging,  alleged.] 

1.  To  affirm  ; to  declare  ; to  maintain  ; to  ad- 
vance ; as,  “ To  allege  a fact.” 

2.  To  plead  as  an  excuse,  or  produce  as  an 
argument ; to  adduce  ; to  assign. 

ITadst  thou  alleged 

To  thy  deserted  host  this  cause  of  flight.  Milton. 

Syn.  — Allege  a fact  or  a charge  ; affirm  what  you 
know  ; declare,  what  needs  explanation,  or  what  is 
passing  in  the  mind  ; maintain  by  proofs,  facts,  or  ar- 
guments what  you  are  willing  to  abide  by  ; advance  a 
doctrine  or  opinion  ; adduce  a fact  or  an  argument ; 
assign  a reason.  — See  Advance. 

f AL-LE(rE',  ? v.a.  [Ft, alleger.]  To  alleviate; 

f AL-LE<^GE',  ) to  ease;  to  lighten.  Spenser. 

AL-LE^E'A-iiLE,  a.  That  may  be  alleged.  “Ex- 
cuse allcyeable .”  Browne. 

f AL-LE£E'M  £NT,  n.  Allegation.  Bp.  Sanderson. 

AL-LE(?'ER  (fil-lej'er),  n.  One  who  alleges.  Boyle. 

AL-LE'Qrl  ANCE  (fil-le'jans),  n.  [L.  alliyo,  to  bind  ; 
Fr.  alley eance.]  The  fidelity  or  obedience  which 
a citizen  or  subject  owes  to  the  government  or 
sovereign;  loyalty;  fidelity;  fealty. 

Love,  all  the  faith,  and  all  the  allegiance , then; 

For  nature  knew  no  right  divine  in  men.  Pope. 

t AL-LE'GIANT  (?l-le'j?nt),  a.  Loyal.  Shak. 

AL-Lf-GOR  IC,  > a Partaking  of,  or  like,  an 

AL-LE-GOR'I-CAL,  S allegory;  typical;  figurative. 
“Allegoric  precepts.”  Milton.  “ An  allegorical 
sense.”  Bentley. 

AL-LIJ-GOR'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  After  an  allegorical 
manner.  “ Understood  allegorically.”  Pope. 

AL-LE-GOR'I-CAL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
allegorical ; figurativeness.  Bailey. 

AL'Lly-GO-R[ST,  n.  One  who  teaches  or  describes 
in  an  allegorical  manner. 

The  pencil  of  Spenser  is  as  powerful  as  that  of  Rubens,  his 
brother  allegorist.  Warton. 

Al'LG-CO-RIZE,  v.  a.  \i.  allegorized;  pp.  al- 
legorizing, allegorized.]  To  treat  allegor- 
ically ; to  turn  into  allegory.  Raleigh. 

AL'LF]-GO-RiZE,  v.  n.  To  make  use  of  allegory. 
“ Pie  alleyorizeth  upon  the  sacrifices.”  Fv/ke. 

AL'LG  GO-RlZ-pR,  n.  An  allegorist.  Coventry. 

AL'LE-GO-RY,  n.  [Gr.  aU.yyopla  ; d /.  / 0 1 , another, 
and  iiyopiLiu,  to  speak.]  A figurative  represen- 
tation, in  which  the  words,  signs,  or  forms  sig- 
nify something  beyond  their  literal  and  obvious 
meaning;  a symbolical  writing  or  representa- 
tion ; the  expression  of  an  abstract  idea  by 
means  of  an  image  ; a fable ; a type. 

Which  tilings  are  an  allegory.  Gal.  iv.  24. 

A fable  spun  out  to  a great  length  becomes  an  allegory. 

Whately. 

Syn.  — See  Myth,  Parable. 

AI.-LF-GRET'  TO,  a.  [It.,  dim.  of  allegro.']  (Mas.) 
Denoting  a time  quicker  than  andante,  but  not 
so  quick  as  allegro.  Crabb. 

AL-LE’GRO  [al-le'gro,  S.  IV.  J.  E.  F.  K.  Sm.;  al- 
la'ero,  Ja.],  a.  [It.  ; L.  alacer,  brisk,  gay.] 
(Mas.)  Denoting  a sprightly  movement. 

Tile  word  properly  means  pay,  or  merry,  as  in 
tile  title  of  tlie  poem  of  Milton,  “ L’Xllegro.” 

ALL— EL'O-aUENT,  a.  Most  eloquent.  rope. 

AL-LF-LU'JAH,  (al-le-Ifi'y?h),  inter] . & n.  [Hcb. 
rT'1”tlb]bn,  Praise  ye  Jehovah.] 

1.  Praise  the  I.ord  ! 

And,  after  these  things,  T heard  a great  voice  of  much,  peo- 
ple in  heaven,  saying,  Allclvjah.  Red.  xix.  1. 

2.  A song  of  praise  ; as,  “ Loud  allelujahs.” 

Most  commonly  written  hallelujah. 

AL-LF.-MANDF.  ’ [Sl-e-mand',  Ja.  Sm.  ; al-e-tnind', 
A'.],  n.  [Fr.]  (Mas.)  A German  national 
dance,  formerly  of  a moderate  movement  in 
2—1  or  4-4  measure.  Warner. 

Al-LP-MAN'NIC,  a.  See  Ai.emannic.  P.Cyc. 


For  fools  are  stubborn  in  their  way, 

As  coins  are  hardened  by  the  allay.  Hudihras. 

AL-LAY'JjiR,  n.  One  that  allays.  Harvey.  | 


MiEN,  SIR;  MdVE,  NOR,  s6n  ; BULL,  BUR,  RtJLE.  — (j,  (},  g,  soft;  C,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  § as  i ; S.  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


ALL-EMBRACING 


40 


ALLONGE 


ALL-UM-BRAQ'JNG,  a.  Embracing  all  things. 

Of  this  unbounded,  all-embracing  song.  Crash  aw. 

AlL-END'ING,  a.  That  ends  all  things.  Shale. 

ALL— UN-LIGHT' EN-ING,  a.  Enlightening  all 
things.  “ All-enlightening  rays.”  C.  Cotton. 

ALL— UN-RA<JED',  a.  Greatly  enraged.  J.  Hall. 

ALL— ES-SEN'TIAL,  a.  Quite  essential.  Clarke. 

AL-LE'VlATE,  V.  a.  [L.  allevo  ; ad,  to,  and  le- 
xis, light;  Old  Fr.  allviance,  ease.]  [t.  alle- 
viated; pp.  ALLEVIATING,  ALLEVIATED.] 

1.  To  make  light ; to  lighten  ; to  mitigate  ; to 
assuage  ; to  relieve  ; to  ease  ; to  allay.  “ Ex- 
cellent medicines  to  alleviate  evils.”  Bentley. 

2.  To  extenuate.  “ He  alleviates  his  fault  by 

an  excuse.”  [r.]  Johnson. 

Syn.  — See  Allay. 

AL-LE'  Vl-AT-ING,  p.  a.  Affording  alleviation  ; 
relieving. 

AL-LE-VJ-A'TION,  n.  1.  The  act  of  alleviating; 
mitigati  on. 

2.  Extenuation.  “All  apologies  for  and  al- 
leviations of  faults.”  South. 

AL-LE'VI-A-TlVE,  n.  That  which  alleviates,  [n.] 

AL'LEY  (al'le),  n. ; pi.  Al'ley§.  [Fr.  allee,  a pas- 
sage ; alter,  to  go.] 

1.  A walk  or  passage  in  a building,  in  a gar- 
den, &c. 

And  all  within  were  walks  and  alleys  wide.  Spenser. 

2.  A passage  in  a town  narrower  than  a 

street ; a lane.  Shah. 

3.  A taw,  or  large  choice  marble  to  play  with, 

used  by  boys.  Halliwell. 

ALL-FLAM'ING,  a.  Flaming  in  every  direction. 

She  could  not  curb  her  fear,  but  ’gan  to  start 

At  that  all-flaming  dread  the  monster  spit.  Beaumont. 

ALL-FOOL^— DAY',  n.  The  first  of  April ; — so 
named  from  the  custom  of  making  fools  of  as 
many  as  possible  on  that  day.  Spectator. 

ALL-FOR-Glv'ING,  a.  Forgiving  all.  Dryden. 

ALL-FOUR§'  (ll-forz'),  n.  1.  A low  game  at 
cards.  The  all-four,  from  which  it  is  named, 
are,  high,  low,  Jack,  and  the  game,  i.  e.  the  high- 
est and  lowest  trump  cards,  the  knave,  and  the 
game,  which,  being  all  gained,  count  four. 

2.  The  four  legs  of  a quadruped,  or  the  arms 
and  legs  of  a biped ; as,  “ He  went  on  all-fours.” 

3.  Even  balance  ; symmetry ; parallelism. 
“No  simile  can  go  on  all-fours.”  “This  exam- 
ple is  on  all-fours  with  the  other.”  Macaulay. 

Ai.L-GIV'ER,  n.  The  Giver  of  all  things.  Milton. 

ALL— GLO'RI-OUS,  a.  Perfectly  glorious.  Ogilvie. 

ALL-GOOD'  (-gud'),  a.  Supremely  good.  Todd. 

ALL— GOOD'  (ai-gud'),  n.  A being  of  unlimited 
goodness  ; the  Supreme  Being. 

To  the  All-good  his  lifted  hands  he  folds, 

And  thanks  him  low  on  his  redeemed  ground.  Dryden. 

AlL-GRA'CIOUS,  a.  Perfectly  gracious.  Clarke. 

ALL— GUID'ING  (&l-gld'jng), a.  Guiding  all  things. 
“God’s  all-guiding  providence.”  Sandys. 

ALL— HAIL',  interj.  [all,  and  A.  S.  hael,  health.] 
All  health ; a term  of  salutation.  Matt,  xxviii.  9. 

t ALL— HAIL',  v.  a.  To  salute.  Shak. 

ALL— HAL  LOW  (ai-hal'lo),  ) n All-saints-day  ; 

AlL-IIAL'LOWS  (SH-hal'loz),  ) the  first  of  No- 
vember. Johnson. 

ALL— HALLOW-MAS,  n.  All-hallowtide.  Bourne. 

AlL-HAL'LOWN  (ai-hSl'lun),  a.  Relatingto  the 
time  about  All-saints-day.  Shak. 

AlL-HAL'LOW-TJDE  (il-hal'lo-tld),  n.  All- 
saints-day,  or  the  time  near  it.  Bacon. 

ALL— HAP'PY,  a.  Completely  happy.  Ogilvie. 

ALL-HEAL',  n.  A name  applied  to  several  spe- 
cies of  plants;  a panacea.  Stukeley. 

ALL— HEAL'ING,  a Healing  all  sickness.  Sclden. 

AlL-HELPTNG,  a.  Helping  in  all  things.  Selden. 

ALL— HfD'JNG,  a.  Concealing  all  things.  Shak. 

All-HO'LY,  a.  Perfectly  holy.  Bowring. 

All— HON'ORED  (a.l-on'nurd),  a.  Honored  by  all. 
“ The  all-honored  Brutus.”  Shak. 


AlL-HURT'ING,  a.  Hurting  all  things.  Shak. 

AL-LI-.V'CEOltS  (ai-le-a'slms,  66),  a.  [L.  allium, 
or  alium,  garlic.]  Having  the  smell  or  nature 
of  garlic  or  of  onions.  Brande. 

AL-LI'ANCE,  n.  [L.  alligo,  to  unite;  It.  § Sp 
allianza  ; Fr.  alliance .] 

1.  State  of  being  allied  ; a confederacy ; a 
league  ; union  ; combination  ; coalition. 

2.  Relation  by  marriage  or  by  kindred ; af- 
finity. Dryden. 

3.  The  persons  allied. 

I would  not  boast  the  greatness  of  my  father, 

But  point  out  new  alliances  to  Cato.  Addison. 

4.  (Politics.)  A league  between  two  or  more 
friendly  powers. 

Syn.  — Alliance  between  two  nations  ; a matrimo- 
nial alliance  ; tiie  Helvetic  league  ; tile  federal  union  ; 
a confederacy  or  confederation  of  different  states  ; a 
combination  of  individuals  ; a coalition  of  parties  nat- 
urally hostile  ; a natural  affinity. 

+ AL-LI'ANCE,  v.  a.  To  ally.  Cudwbrth. 

t AL-LI'ANT,  n.  An  ally  ; a confederate.  Wotton. 

f AL-LI"CIIJN-CY  (al-lish'en-se),  n.  [L.  allicio, 
to  entice.]  Attraction ; magnetism.  Glanvill. 

t AL-LI"CIUNT  (al-lish'ent),  n.  An  attractor. 

The  awakened  needle,  with  joy,  leapeth  towards  its  al- 
Uciejit.  llobinson. 

AlL-T'DOL-IZ-ING,  a.  That  idolizes  or  worships 
any  thing  and  every  thing.  Crashaw. 

AL-L1ED'  (?l-lid'),  p.  a.  United  by  kindred  or  al- 
liance ; confederated.  Spenser. 

AL'LI-GAtE,  v a.  [L.  alligo,  alligatus .]  To  tie 
one  thing  to  another ; to  unite,  [it.]  Hale. 

AL-LI-GA'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  tying  together. 

2.  ( Arith .)  A rule  relating  to  the  mixing  of 
simple  substances  of  different  qualities  to  pro- 
duce a compound  of  some  intermediate  quality. 

Alligation  Medial,  tile  process  of  finding  the  price  of 
a mixture,  when  the  quantities  and  prices  of  the  in- 
gredients are  given. 

Alligation  Alternate  is  the  process  of  mixing  quan- 
tities of  different  prices  so  as  to  obtain  a mixture  of  a 
required  intermediate  price.  Eaton. 

Al'li-gA-tor,  n. 

[L.  lacerta,  a 
lizard;  Sp.  § 

Port,  lagarto.] 

( Zolil .)  A large 
American  rep- 
tile, resembling 
the  Egyptian 
crocodile. 

j8Pjj“  Alligators  are  distinguished  from  the  rest  of  the 
Crocodile  family  by  their  feet  not  being  completely 
webbed,  by  their  being  less  aquatic  in  their  habits, 
and  by  the  canine  teeth  of  the  lower  jaw  fitting  into 
a pit  in  the  edge  of  the  upper  jaw.  They  have  a strong 
smell  of  musk.  The  Alligator  of  North  America  is 
a formidable  and  ferocious  creature,  prodigiously 
strong,  and  sometimes  attaining  the  length  of  eigh- 
teen feet.  Baird. 

Al'LI-gA-TOR-Ap'PLE,  n.  ( Bot .)  The  fruit  of 
the  West  India  tree  Annona  palustris  ; a species 
of  custard-apple.  Loudon. 

AL'LI-GA-TOR— PeAr,  n.  (Bot.)  The  fruit  of  the 
West  India  tree  Lauras  Persea.  Loudon. 

f AL-LIG'A-TURE,  n.  A link  or  ligature.  Bailey. 

AL-LIGN'MUNT  (al-lln'ment),  n.  [Fr.  aligne- 
ment.\ 

1.  Act  of  reducing  to  a right  line  or  a level. 

2.  The  state  of  being  in  a line;  a row.  — See 

Alignment.  Tanner. 

All— IL-LU'MI-NAT-ING,  a.  Illuminating  every 
thing ; enlightening  all  things.  Clarke. 

ALL— IM'J-TAt-ING,  a.  Imitating  every  thing. 
“ All-imitating  ape.”  Sir  T.  More. 

ALL— JM-POR'TANT,  a.  Very  important.  Clarke. 

ALL— IM-PRES'SIVE,  a.  Highly  impressive. 

AL-LlNE'MUNT,  n.  See  Alignment.  Craig. 

ALL— IN-FORM'ING,  a.  That  forms  or  actuates 
all.  “ The  all-informing  light.”  Sandys. 

ALL-TN-TER'PRET-InG,  a.  Interpreting  all 
things.  “ All-interpreting  voice.”  Milton. 

AL'LI-OTH,  n.  (I ilstron .)  A star  in  the  tail  of 
the  Great  Bear.  — See  Alioth.  Crabb. 


AL-Ll  "§ION  (al-IIzli'un),  n.  [L.  allido,  allisus, 
to  strike  against.]  The  act  of  striking  one 
thing  against  another.  Woodward. 

AL-l!t-£R-A'TION,  n.  [L.  ad,  to,  and  litera,  a 
letter.]  The  frequent  recurrence  of  the  same  let- 
ter, chiefly  at  the  beginning  of  different  words  ; 
as  in  the  following:  “ Apt  alliteration’s  artful 
aid.”  Churchill.  “ Behemoth,  biggest  born  of 
earth.”  Milton. 

We  travel  sea  and  soil;  we  pm,  we  prowl : 

W e progress,  and  we  prog,  from  pole  to  pole.  Quarles. 

AL-LIt'ER-A-TI VE,  a.  Relatingto  alliteration; 
denoting  words  beginning  with  the  same  let- 
ter. Warton. 

AL-LIT'JJR-a-TIVE-NUSS,  n.  Quality  of  being 
alliterative.  Coleridge. 

AL-LIT'ER-A-TOR,  n.  One  who  makes  use  of 
alliteration.  Connoisseur. 

AL'LI-tjM,  n.  [L. ; Celt,  all,  hot  or  burning.] 
(Bot.)  A genus  of  plants  ; garlic.  Loudon. 

AlL-JUD^'ING,  a.  That  judges  all.  Rowe. 

AlL-KNOW'ING  (al-no'jng),  a.  Omniscient.  “An 
all-knowing,  all-wise  Being.”  Atterbury. 

ALL— LI'CIJNSED  (al-ll'senst),  a.  Licensed  to  do 
everything.  “All-licensed  fool.”  Shak. 

ALL— LOV'ING,  a.  Of  infinite  love.  Sir  T.  More. 

ALL— MAK'INGj  a.  That  created  all;  omnific. 
“ All-seeing  and  all-making  mind.”  Dryden. 

AlL-MA-TUR'ING,  a.  That  matures  all  things. 
“ All-maturing  time.”  Dryden. 

AlL-MER'CI-FUL,  a.  Perfect  in  mercy.  Ch.  Ob. 

AlL-MUR'DUR-ING,  a.  Completely  destructive. 
“ One  all-murdering  stroke.”  Fanshaic. 

AlL-O-BE'DI-ENT,  a.  Absolutely  obedient. 
“ Then  bows  his  all-obedient  head.”  Crashaw. 

ALL-O-BEY'ING  (ai-0-ba'jng),  a.  Implicitly 
obeyed.  Shak. 

Tell  him,  from  his  all-obeying  breath  I hear 

The  doom  of  Egypt.  Shak. 

ALL-OB- LIV'I-OUS,  a.  Causing  entire  forget- 
fulness. Shak. 

'Gainst  death  and  all-oblivious  enmity 
Shall  you  pace  forth.  Shak. 

ALL-OB-SCUR'ING,  a.  That  hides  all  things. 
“ All-obscuring  earth.”  King. 

Al'LO-CATE,  v.  a.  [L.  alloco,  allocatus.]  To 
place  ; to  set  apart ; to  allot,  [r.] 

The  court  is  empowered  to  seize  upon  and  allocate , for  the 
immediate  maintenance  of  such  child  or  children,  any  sum 
not  exceeding  a third  of  the  whole  fortune.  Burke. 

AL-LO-CA'TION,  n.  1.  The  act  of  putting  one 
thing  to  another;  — applied  particularly  to  the 
admission  of  an  article  in  reckoning,  and  the 
addition  of  it  to  the  account.  Johnson. 

2.  (Late.)  The  allowance  of  an  account  in 
the  English  exchequer.  Brande. 

AL-LO-CA  ' TUR,  n.  [L.,  it  is  alloiced.]  (Law.) 
A certificate  given  by  the  proper  officer,  on  tax- 
ing a bill  of  costs,  showing  the  amount  taxed 
or  allowed.  Burrill. 

AL-LOCH'RO-lTE,  n.  [Gr.  al.l.o;,  another,  and 
Xpota,  color.]  (Min.)  A massive  variety  of  the 
iron-garnet.  Dana. 

AL-LO-CH'TION,  n.  [L.  allocutio. \ Act  of  speak- 
ing to  another,  [r.]  Wheeler. 

AL-LO’DI-AL,  a.  [Low  L.  allodialis ; allodium, 
a freehold  estate.]  (Law.)  Not  feudal ; not  held 
of  a superior  ; independent. 

This  allodial  property  no  subject  in  England  has.  it  bein'* 
a received  and  now  an  undeniable  principle  in  law  that  all 
the  lands  in  England  are  holden  mediately  or  immediately 
of  the  king.  Blackstone. 

AL-LO'DI-AL-LY,  ad.  In  an  allodial  manner. 

AL-LO'DI-AN,  a.  Same  as  Allodial. 

AL-LO'DI-UM,  n.  [Low  L.]  (Law.)  Land  held 
by  an  individual  in  his  own  absolute  right,  free 
from  all  feudal  obligation  ; — opposed  to  fee, 
fief,  or  feud,  which  imply  dependence. 

Writers  on  this  subject  define  allodium  to  be  every  man’s 
own  land,  which  he  possesseth  merely  in  his  own  richt,  with- 
out owing  any  rent  or  service  to  any  superior.  Blackstone. 

AL-LON^E'  (al-lunj')  [sl-lunj',  S.  W.  J.  Ja.  Sm.; 

' .jl-Ionj',  P.  K.\,  n.  [Fr.  allonge.'] 


Alligator. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  tr,  Y,  long ; A, 


I,  6,  0,  Y,  short;  A,  U,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


ALLONGE 


41 


ALL  TO 


1.  A pass  or  thrust  with  a rapier,  in  fencing ; 

a lunge ; — so  called  from  the  length  of  the 
space  taken  by  the  fencer.  Johnson. 

2.  A long  rein,  when  a horse  is  trotted  in  the 

hand.  Johnson. 

3.  A paper  attached  to  a bill  of  exchange, 

when  there  are  so  many  successive  indorse- 
ments to  be  made  that  they  could  not  be  writ- 
ten on  the  bill  itself.  Ogilvie. 

AL-LON<?E',  v.  n.  [Fr.  allonger,  to  lengthen.] 
To  make  a pass  or  thrust  with  a rapier ; to 
lunge.  Smart. 

AL-LOO',  v.  a.  To  set  on,  as  a dog,  by  hallooing. 
“ AUoo  thy  furious  mastiff.”  Phillips. 

AL-LO-PATH'IC,  a.  (Med.)  Pertaining  to  allop- 
athy, or  the  ordinary  method  of  medical  prac- 
tice. Dunglison. 

AL-LO-PAtH'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  accordance  with 
allopathy.  Weld. 

AL-LOP'A-THIST,  n.  One  who  adheres  to  allop- 
athy ; one  who  practises  allopithically.  Ells. 

AL-LOP'A-THY  [.jl-lopVthe,  Dunglison,  C.  O. 
CL],  n.  [Gr".  a/.i.o ;,  another,  and  iraOes,  suffer- 
ing.] (Med.)  The  art  of  curing  by  inducing 
symptoms  different  from  those  of  the  primary 
disease : the  ordinary  medical  practice,  as  op- 
posed to  homoeopathy . Dunglison. 

AL'LO-PHANE,  n.  [Gr.  ai.i.o;.  other,  and  tpetino, 
to  appear.]  (Min.)  An  argillaceous  mineral;  — 
so  named  in  allusion  to  its  change  of  appear- 
ance under  the  blow-pipe.  Dana. 

AL-LO-PHAN'IC,  a.  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid 

discovered  by  Wohler  and  Liebig,  and  formed 
by  passing  the  vapor  of  hydrated  cyanic  acid 
into  alcohol.  Gregory. 

fAL'LO-CUIY,  n.  [L.  alloquium.)  The  act  of 
speaking  to  another ; an  address.  Bailey. 

AL-LOT',  v.  a.  [A.  S.  Mot,  or  hlyt,  lot.]  [r.  al- 
lotted ; pp.  allotting,  allotted.]  To  dis- 
tribute, as  by  lot ; to  grant ; to  assign ; to  ap- 
portion ; to  appoint ; to  destine. 

As  no  man  can  excel  in  every  thing,  we  must  consider 
what  part  is  allotted  to  us.  Mason. 

Syn.  — Wot  a task  or  portion  ; assign  a reward  ; 
apportion  an  estate  ; distribute  gifts  ; appoint  a time  for 
a meeting,  or  an  officer  for  a service ; destine  to  a pur- 
pose. 

AL-LOT'MIJNT,  n.  1.  Act  of  allotting ; distribu- 
tion as  by  lot. 

2.  That  which  is  allotted ; part;  share.  “A 
vineyard  and  an  allotment  for  olives.”  Broome. 

Allotment  system,  (England.)  the  practice  of  allotting 
small  portions  of  land  to  be  cultivated  by  agricultural 
laborers  and  other  cottagers  at  their  leisure.  Bratule. 

AL-LO-TROP'IC,  a.  [See  Allotropy.]  (Chem.) 
Pertaining  to  allotropy.  Ogilvie. 

AL-LOT'RO-Pl§M,  ) n [Gr.  dV.os,  other,  and 

AL-LOT'RO-PY,  ) rodeo;,  mode.]  (Chem.)  A 
capacity  to  undergo,  without  change  of  chemi- 
cal composition,  a change  of  physical  and  chem- 
ical properties  ; — the  state  or  condition  result- 
ing from  such  change.  Faraday. 

t AL-LOT'TQ-RY,  n.  Allotment.  Shah. 

AL-LoW',  v.  a.  [A.  S.  lyfan,  or  alyfan,  to  per- 
mit ; L.  ad,  to,  and  loco,  to  place  ; Fr.  allouer.] 
[f . ALLOWED  ; pp.  ALLOWING,  ALLOWED.] 

1.  To  admit;  to  acknowledge;  to  own;  to 
confess  ; not  to  contradict;  not  to  oppose. 

The  power  of  music  all  our  hearts  allow.  Pope. 

2.  To  permit;  to  grant;  to  accord;  to  sanc- 
tion ; to  justify. 

The  law  allows  it,  and  the  court  awards  it.  Shale. 

3.  To  suffer ; to  tolerate. 

You  know  your  father’s  temper:  at  this  time 

He  ■will  allow  no  speech.  Shale. 

4.  To  bestow,  as  compensation  or  by  way  of 

favor ; to  appoint  for.  “Ho  allowed  his  son 
the  third  part  of  his  income.”  Johnson. 

5.  To  concede,  as  an  abatement  or  compen- 
sation for  something;  as,  “ To  allow  a certain 
percentage  for  tare  in  estimating  weights.” 

Syn  . — Allow  the  merit  of  a rival  ; admit  the  force 
of  an  argument ; acknowledge  an  error  ; own  or  confess 
a fault ; permit  what  you  do  not  care  to  prevent ; grant 
or  accord  a favor  ; suffer  what  you  are  not  able  to  re- 
move ; tolerate  different  religions  ; sanction  what  is 


right  or  just  ; bestow  alms  or  praise  ; concede  a privi- 
lege. — See  Admit,  Give,  Tolerate. 

AL-LCivV',  v.  n.  To  make  abatement,  concession, 
or  provision. 

They  both  agree  in  recording  the  great  actions  and  suc- 
cesses mi  war;  allowing  still  lor  the  different  ways  of  mak- 
ing  it.  Addison. 

AL-LovV'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  allowed;  ad- 
missible. “The  pursuit  of  it  [reputation]  is 
not  only  allowable,  but  laudable.”  Atterbury. 

AL-LOVV' A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  al- 
lowable ; exemption  from  prohibition.  South. 

AL-L(jW' A-BI.Y,  ad.  With  claim  of  allowance. 
“ More  allowably  used  in  poetry.”  Lowth. 

AL-LOW'ANCE,  n.  1.  The  act  of  allowing;  ad- 
mission ; acknowledgment. 

The  censure  of  which  one  must,  in  your  allowance , o’er- 
weigh  a whole  theatre  of  others.  Shak. 

2.  Sanction  ; license  ; permission. 

Without  the  king’s  will  or  the  state’s  allowance.  Shak. 

3.  f Established  character  ; reputation. 

His  bark  is  stoutly  timbered,  and  his  pilot 

Of  very  expert  and  approved  allowance.  Shak. 

4.  That  which  is  allowed  for  the  expenses  of 
maintenance  ; a settled  rate  ; stipend ; salary  ; 
pay  ; hire ; wages. 

And  his  allowance  was  a continual  allowance , given  him 
of  the  king,  a daily  rate  for  every  day.  2 Kings  xxv.  30. 

5.  ( Nant .)  A limited  portion  of  food  and 
drink ; as,  “ The  captain  was  obliged  to  put  the 
passengers  and  crew  on  allowance .” 

6.  (Com.)  Something  conceded  as  a compen- 
sation; abatement;  deduction. 

Syn.  — An  allowance  is  gratuitous,  and  may  be 
paid  in  any  form.  Stipend , salary , irages,  /arc,  and 
pay  are  more  fixed,  and  to  be  paid  at  stated  times,  for 
services  rendered.  A clergyman’s  or  professor’s  sti- 
pend or  salary  ; a laborer’s  or  servant’s  wages  or  hire  ; 

a soldier’s  pay. Abatement  of  excessive  charges  in 

a bill  or  account  ; allowance  for  extraordinary  ser- 
vice, or  for  something  not  stipulated. — See  Tol- 
erate. 

AL-LO\V'ANCE,  V.  a.  \i.  ALLOWANCED  ; pp.  AL- 
LOWANCING, allowanced.]  To  put  upon  al- 
lowance; to  limit  in  the  supply  of  food.  Smart. 

AL-LoW'ER,  n.  One  who  allows  or  approves. 

AL-LOX'.AN,n.  [Gr.  alio;,  other,  and  i|of,  vinegar.] 
(Chem.)  A product  of  the  action  of  nitric  acid 
on  uric  acid.  Brctnde. 

AL-LOY',  n. ; pi.  al-lo\§'.  1.  A combination  of 

metals  by  fusion;  as,  “To  make  an  alloy  of 
copper  and  zinc.” 

2.  A baser  metal  which  is  mixed  with  a finer 

one.  “Copper  or  other  alloy.”  Locke. 

3.  The  evil  which  is  mixed  with  good. 

I will  purge  in  the  furnace  thy  dross, 

And  I will  remove  all  thine  alloy.  Lowth's  Isaiah. 

ESP  Formerly  written  allay. 

AL-LOY',  v.  a.  [Fr.  aloyer,  to  make  of  the  legal 
standard,  from  aloi,  a standard,  as  applied  to 
metals  ; Old  Fr.  alloye,  permitted  by  law,  from 
a la  loi,  according  to  law  ; or  Old  Fr.  alloyer  or 
alloier,  to  unite,  from  L.  alligo,  to  bind.]  [ i . 
ALLOYED  ; pp.  ALLOYING,  ALLOYED.] 

1.  To  reduce  in  purity,  as  a metal  by  mixing 

it  with  one  of  less  value.  Ure. 

2.  To  corrupt ; to  debase  ; to  impair .v.  Roget. 

*\ Sf  Formerly  written  allay. 

AL-LO¥’'A<?E,  n.  The  act  of  alloying;  alloy. 

ALL— PEN'E-TRAT-ING,  a.  Pervading  all  things. 
“ Thy  all-penetrating  presence.”  Stafford. 

ALL— PER'FfiCT,  a.  AVholly  perfect.  Bolin gbroke. 

ALL— PER'FECT-NESS,  n.  Complete  perfection  ; 
the  perfection  of  the  whole.  More. 

AlL-PF.R-VAd'ING,  a.  Pervading  every  place. 

ALL—  PIERCING,  a.  Discovering  all  things. 

Lest  Phoebus  should,  with  his  all-piercing  eye.  Marston. 

AlL-PoW'IJR-FUL,  a.  Having  infinite  power ; 
almighty ; omnipotent.  Swift. 

ALL-PRAIIjED'  (3.1-prazd'),  a.  Praised  by  all. 
“ This  all-praised  knight.”  Shak. 

ALL— PRO-TECT'ING,  a.  Protecting  all.  Ogilvie. 

AlL-RUL'ING,  a.  Governing  all  things.  Milton. 

All§,  n.  pi.  All  one’s  goods.  [Vulgar.]  Todd. 


ALL-SAINTS-DAY' (ai-sints-da'),n.  The  first  of 
November,  the  day  on  which  there  is  a general 
celebration  of  the  saints  ; all-hallow. 

AlL-SANC'TI-FY-JNG,  a.  That  sanctifies  the 
whole.  “ All-sanctifying  names.”  West. 

AlL-SAV'ING,  a.  Saving  all  things.  Selden. 

ALL— SEARCH'ING,  a.  That  searches  all  things. 
“ All-searching  knowledge.”  South. 

ALL'— SEED,  n.  (Bot.)  An  English  plant ; Poly- 
carpon  tetraphyllum.  Loudon. 

ALL— SEE'ING,  a.  That  beholds  every  thing. 
“ All-seeing  and  all-making  mind.”  Dryden. 

ALL— SE'JpR,  n.  He  that  sees  or  beholds  every 
thing.  “ That  high  All-seer.”  Shak. 

ALL— SHAK'ING,  a.  That  shakes  all  things.  Shak. 

ALL— SHUNNED'  (ai-sliund'),  a.  Shunned  by  all. 
“ All-shunned  poverty.”  Shak. 

ALL-SOUL^— DAY',  n.  (Roman  Cath.  Church.) 
The  second  day  of  November,  on  which  day 
supplications  are  made  for  the  souls  of  the  de- 
ceased. Eden. 

ALL'SPiCE,  n.  The  dried,  immature  berries  of 
the  Pimenta  vulgaris,  so  called  from  their  taste 
being  thought  to  resemble  a composition  of  all 
other  spices  ; Jamaica  pepper.  Loudon. 

ALL'SPICE— TREE,  n.  (Bot.)  1.  The  plant  which 
produces  allspice  ; Pimenta  vulgaris.  Loudon. 

2.  A plant  so  called  from  the  scent  of  its 
flowers  ; Ca/ycanthus  floridus.  Loudon. 

ALL— SUB-MIS'SIVE,  a.  Perfectly  submissive  or 
obedient.  Bowring. 

ALL-SyF-FI"CIJgN-CY  (EU-suf-flsh'en-se),  n.  In- 
finite ability.  Bp.  Hall. 

All— SUF-FI"CH?NT  (ai-suf-fish'ent),  a.  Suffi- 
cient for  all ; all-powerful.  Hooker. 

ALL-SyF-FT"CIENT  (ai-stif-flsh'ent),  n.  The 
Deity.  “ Believing  a metamorphosis  possible 
with  the  AU-suffcient.”  Whitlock. 

ALL-SUR-VEY'ING  (M-sur-va'ing),  a.  Surveying 
all  things.  “ The  all-surveying  sun.”  Sandys. 

AlL-SUS-TAIN'ING,  a.  That  upholds  all  things. 
“ Ilis  all-sustaining  might.”  Beaumont. 

ALL— TELL' ING,  a.  That  divulges  all  things. 
“ All-telling  fame.”  Shak. 

ALL  TO.  Completely  ; entirely  ; altogether  ; 
very  much. 

This  expression  is  found  printed  in  the  following 
different  forms  : all  to,  all-to , al  to,  al-to,  alto,  and  all 
to--,  to,  in  the  last  form,  being  joined  to  the  following 
word  by  a hyphen,  though  often  immediately  so 
joined  without  a hyphen. 

But  on  whom  it  schftl  falle  it  selial  al  tn  brise  him. 

Mall  xxi.  44.  IVickliffe's  Translation.  1380. 

But  on  whomsoever  it  find,  it  wyll  alto  breake  him. 

Tyndale's  Translation.  First  edition.  1536. 

It  shall  all  to  grynd  him.  Cranmer.  15.39. 

It  shall  al  to  bruise  him.  Ithemish  Translation.  1582. 

Mercutio’s  icy  hand  had  al-to  frozen  mine. 

Brooke's  Koineus  and  Juliet.  1502. 

“ And  a certain  woman  cast  a piece  of  a millstone 
upon  Abimelech’s  head,  and  all  to  brake  his  skull.” 
Judges  ix.  53.  “ Where,”  says  Nares,  “ it  lias  some- 
times been  ignorantly  printed  all  to  break.”  In  Dr. 
Adam  Clarke’s  “ Bible  with  a Commentary  and  Crit- 
ical Notes,”  it  is,  to  use  tile  language  of  Nares,  “ ig- 
norantly printed,  ‘ And  all  to  break  his  skull  ’ ; ” while 
Dr.  Clarke  says,  in  respect  to  it,  “ A most  nonsensical 
version  of  iFls3;3~l*Nl  f “IPH,  which  is  literally, 

< And  she  brake  or  fractured  his  skull.’  ” 

“ It  is  used  also  by  Milton  in  a very  beautiful  pas- 
sage ; and  this,  being  the  last  known  instance  of  it, 
lias  been  much  misunderstood  : — 

* Where,  with  her  best  nurse,  Contemplation, 

She  [Wisdom]  plumes  her  feathers,  and  lets  grow  her  wings. 

That  in  the  various  bustle  of  resort 

Were  all-to  ruffled,  and  sometimes  impaired.’ 

This  has  been  read  ‘ all  too  ruffled,’  as  if  to  be  ruffled 
in  some  degree  was  allowable,  which  tire  autiior  cer- 
tainly did  not  mean.”  Nares. 

Examples  of  the  use  of  to  as  an  intensive  prefix  to 
verbs,  are  exceedingly  abundant  in  English  \\  ritersof 
the  fourteenth,  fifteenth,  and  sixteenth  centuries;  and 
on  this  subject  Mr.  R.  Taylor  makes  the  following 
remark,  sanctioned  by  Mr.  Dyce,  and  supported  by 
Mr.  Whittaker : — 

“ It  is  a mistake  to  suppose  that  in  these  instances 
all  is  coupled  witli  to,  and  tiiat  it  becomes  equivalent 
to  omnino  [altogether]  from  being  thus  conjoined.  It 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RITLE.  — <J,  £,  9,  g,  soft ; O,  jG,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  £ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 
6 


ALL-TRIUMPHING 


42 


ALMS 


would  have  this  sense  quite  as  much  if  to  did  not  fol- 
low ; as,  all  tattered  and  torn . all  forlorn  ; and  it  is  no 
more  coupled  with  to  than  with  be  in  all  be  smeared. 
In  such  expressions  as  all  to  tome , all  to  broke , the  to 
is  connected  with  the  following  participle  as  a prefix  ; 
and  frequently  occurs  without  being  preceded  by  a//, 
not  only  in  old  English  writers,  but  in  Anglo  Saxon 
and  in  other  Teutonic  dialects. ” 

lie  to-brac  the  ston  [Common  version,  lie  opened  the 
rock  1.  Wicklijfc,  Ts.  cv.  41. 

A rusty  gallande,  to-ragged  and  to-rent.  Skelton . 

ALL-TRT'UMPH-lNG,  a.  Every  where  trium- 
phant; triumphing  over  all  things.  B.  Jonson. 

t AL-LU-BES'CpN-CY,  n.  [L.  allubescens,  pleas- 
ing.] Willingness ; contentedness.  Bailey. 

AL-LUDE’  (24),  v.  n.  [L.  a/ludo,  to  do  any  thing 
by  way  of  Jest  or  sport,  to  play  upon  ; It.  allu- 
dere  ; Sp.  aludir.}  [t.  alluded  ; pp.  allud- 
ing, alluded.]  To  make  some  reference  to 
a thing  without  any  direct  mention  of  it ; to 
glance  ; to  suggest ; to  intimate  ; to  hint  at. 

True  it  is  that  many  things  of  this  nature  be  alluded  unto, 
yea,  many  things  declared.  1 looker . 

Syn. dllude  to  an  author  or  to  an  affair  , refer  to 

a date  ; glance  at  a subject  ; suggest  an  idea  ; intimate 
a wish  or  a purpose  ; hint  at  circumstances  ; insinuate 
what  may  be  offensive.  — See  Refer. 

Al-LU-MF.TTE',  n.  [Fr.]  A match  for  kindling. 

AL-LCt'MI-NATE,  v.  a.  [L.  ad,  to,  and  lumino, 
to  give  light.]  To  color;  to  embellish,  [it.]  Ash. 

AL-LU'MI-NOR,  n.  [Old  Fr.  alluminor .]  One 

who  colors,  decorates,  or  paints  upon  paper  or 
parchment ; a limner.  Cowell. 

AL-LURE'  (24),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  beltewan,  to  betray; 
Dut.  looren.  — Fr.  leurrer,  to  lure.]  [t.  al- 
lured ; pp.  ALLURING,  ALLURED.]  To  invite 
by  something  flattering  or  pleasing;  to  tempt; 
to  seduce  ; to  engage  ; to  entice  ; to  decoy ; to 
attract ; to  lure. 

The  golden  sun,  in  splendor  likest  heaven, 

Allured  his  eye.  Milton. 

He  tried  each  art,  reproved  each  dull  delay, 

Al/ured  to  brighter  worlds,  and  led  the  way.  Goldsmith. 

Syn.  — The  love  of  pleasure  allures  '. ; advantages 
invite  ; passions,  persons,  and  things  tempt ; bad  com- 
pany or  evil  example  seduces  ; manners  engage  ; flat- 
tering words  and  promises  entice  ; arts  and  stratagems 
decoy  ; moral  qualities,  charms,  graces,  attract ; nov- 
elty or  beauty  lures.  — Enticed  by  allurements  ; per- 
suaded by  enticements  ; overcome  by  temptations  ; en- 
gaged by  attractions  ; misled  by  seductions. 

f AL-LURE',  n.  Something  set  up  to  entice;  a 
hire.  “To  train  them  to  his  allure llaxjward. 

AL-LURE' M£ NT,  n.  That  which  allures  ; entice- 
ment ; temptation  of  pleasure  ; seduction. 

Adam,  by  his  wife’s  allurement , fell.  Milton. 

AL-LUR'ER,  n.  One  who  allures.  Drydefl . 

AL-LUR'ING,  n.  Allurement.  Beau.  $ FI. 

AL-LUR'ING,  p.  a.  Tending  to  allure  ; enticing. 

AL-LUR'ING-Ly,  ad.  Enticingly. 

AL-LUR'ING-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  alluring. 

AL-LU'§ION  (gd-lu'zhun,  24),  n.  [L.  allusio,  a 
sporting  with;  It.  allusione  ; Sp.  alusion ; Fr. 
allusion.]  Act  of  alluding ; a reference  to  some- 
thing supposed  to  be  already  known  ; a hint ; 
implication  ; indirect  or  incidental  mention. 

The  great  art  of  a writer  shows  itself  in  the  choice  of  pleas- 
ing allusions.  Addison. 

Syn. — See  Hint. 

AL-LU'SIVE,  a.  Making  allusion  ; hinting. 

Macaulay  is  the  most  allusive  writer  of  the  age.  Kc.  Rev. 

AL-LG'SI  VE-LY,  ad.  In  an  allusive  manner  ; by 
indirect  reference.  Hammond. 

AL-LU'SI  VE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  al- 
lusive. “ Allusiveness  of  style.”  More. 

Al.-LU'SO-RY.  a.  Allusive;  insinuating.  Heath. 

AL-LU'VI-AL,  a.  Relating  to,  or  composed  of, 
alluvium  ; as,  “ Alluvial  soil.” 

AL-LU'VI-ON,  n.  [L.  alluvio,  an  inundation;  Fr. 

’ alluvion .]’  Alluvial  land.  — See  Alluvium. 

The  civil  law  gives  the  owner  of  land  a right  to  that  in- 
crease which  arises  from  alluvion , which  is  denned  an  insen- 
sible increment,  brought  by  the  water.  Cowell. 

t AL-LU'VI-oCrS,  a.  Same  as  Alluvial. 

AL-LU’  VI-&M,  Jt. ; pi.  al-lu'vi-a.  [L.]  ( Geol .) 
Earth,  sand,  gravel,  &c.,  transported  by  rivers, 
floods,  or  other  causes,  and  deposited  upon 


land  not  permanently  submerged  beneath  the 
waters  of  lakes  or  seas.  Lyell. 

ALL-WATCHED'  (M-wocht'),  a.  Watched  quite 
through.  “ The  all-watched  night.”  Shah. 

ALL— Wi§E\  a.  Possessed  of  infinite  wisdom. 
“An  infinite,  all-icise  mind.”  South. 

ALL-WlT'TpD,  a.  Having  every  kind  of  wit  or 
mental  faculty.  “ All-witted  lady.”  B.  Jonson. 

ALL-WOR'SIMPPED  (al-wur'shjpt),  a.  Adored 
by  all.  “ All-worshipped  ore.”  Milton. 

AlL-WOR'THY,  a.  Most  respectable.  Shah. 

AL-LY'  (?1-1T),  v.  a.  [L.  alliyo,  to  unite;  Sp. 
aliarse  ; Fr.  allier .]  \i.  allied  ; pp.  ALLYING, 

allied.] 

1.  To  bind  or  unite  by  affinity  of  kindred, 
friendship,  or  mutual  interest;  as,  “Families 
are  allied  by  marriage  ” ; “ States  are  allied  in  a 
common  cause.” 

Wants,  frailties,  passions  closer  still  ally 

The  common  interest,  or  endear  the  tie.  Tope. 

2.  To  connect  by  resemblance  or  likeness. 

Two  lines  are  indeed  remotely  allied  to  Virgil’s  sense;  but 
they  are  too  like  the  tenderness  of  Ovid.  Tryden. 

AL-LY'  (al-H'),  n. ; pi.  al-lIes'.  1.  One  that  is 
allied;  a confederate  ; an  associate.  Temple. 

2.  pi.  States  united  in  a league  for  mutual 
defence,  or  to  obtain  a common  object. 

t; • “ A few  years  ago,  there  was  an  affectation  of 
pronouncing  this  word,  when  a noun,  with  the  accent 
oil  tile  first  syllable  ; and  this  had  an  appearance  of 
precision,  from  the  general  custom  of  accenting  nouns 
in  this  manner  when  the  same  word,  as  a verb,  had 
Ilie  accent  on  the  last.  But  a closer  inspection  into  the 
analogies  of  the  language  showed  this  pronunciation 
to  lie  improper,  as  it  interfered  with  a universal  rule, 
which  was,  to  pronounce  the  y like  c in  a final  unac- 
cented syllable.  But,  whatever  was  the  reason  of  this 
novelty,  it  now  seems  to  have  subsided  ; and  this 
word  is  now  generally  pronounced  witli  the  accent  on 
the  second  syllable,  as  it  is  uniformly  marked  by  all 
tlie  ortlioepists  in  our  language.”  Walker. 

Syn.  — A political  ally,  a wicked  confederate-,  an 
habitual  associate.  England,  France,  and  Turkey  be- 
came allies  in  tile  war  against  Russia.  Pizarro,  Al- 
magro,  and  Luque  were  confederates  in  overturning 
tile  empire  of  Peru. — See  Associate. 

AL'LYLE,  n.  [L.  allium , garlic,  and  Gr.  vAy, 
matter.]  {Chon.')  A hydro-carbon  constituting 
the  basis  of  the  oil  of  garlic  and  other  sulphu- 
retted essences.  Miller. 

Al  ’MA,  Al  ’ME,  or  Al  'MEN,  n.  [Ar.,  learned .] 
The  name  given  in  some  parts  of  the  East,  es- 
pecially in  Egypt,  to  girls  skilled  in  singing 
and  dancing,  who  are  employed  by  the  rich  to 
give  instruction  in  these  accomplishments,  and 
by  all  classes  to  furnish  amusement  at  enter- 
tainments and  shows,  or  to  sing  dirges  and 
utter  lamentations  at  funerals.  P.  Cyc. 

Al-MA-cAn'  TAR,  n.  [Ar.]  A term  used  by  the 
old  astronomers  to  denote  a small  circle  of  the 
sphere  parallel  to  the  horizon ; equivalent  to 
what  is  now  called  a circle  of  altitude.  Braude. 

AL-MA-CAN'TAR’§— STAFF,  n.  {Astron.)  An 
ancient  instrument  used  to  take  observations 
of  the  sun,  when  it  rises  or  sets,  to  determine 
its  amplitude,  or  angular  distance  from  the  east 
or  west  point,  and  thus  the  variation  of  the 
compass.  Chambers. 

AL'MA-DY,  n.  1.  {Com.)  A vessel,  in  the-  East 
Indies,  in  the  form  of  a weaver’s  shuttle.  Crdbb. 

2.  An  African  bark  canoe.  Crdbb. 

AL'MA-Q-EST,  n.  [Ar.  al,  the,  and  Gr.  yyiorri, 
greatest,  from  the  original  Greek  title  Xuvrafts 
Miyiary  (Greatest  Computation).]  The  name 
of  a celebrated  book  drawn  up  by  Ptolemy,  be- 
ing a collection  of  the  problems  of  the  ancients 
relative  to  geometry  and  astrology.  Hutton. 

AL-mA  ' ORA,  n.  [Sp . almagre.]  {Min.)  A fine, 
deep-red  ochre.  Smart. 

Al’ J\IA  mA' TER,  [L.,  nourishing  mother .]  A 
term  originally  used  in  reference  to  the  earth, 
but  employed  by  students  to  designate  the  uni- 
versity where  they  were  educated ; — said  to 
have  been  first  applied  to  Cambridge,  Eng- 
land. Riley. 

Al'MA-NAC,  n.  [It.  almanacco  ; Sp.  almanaque  ; 
Fr.  almanach ; according  to  some,  from  Ar.  al, 
the,  and  mana  or  manah,  a reckoning  or  diary. 


Verstegan  says,  “ The  Germans  used  to  en- 
grave upon  certain  squared  sticks,  about  a foot 
in  length,  the  courses  of  the  moons  of  the  whole 
year  ; and  such  a carved  stick  they  called  al- 
mon-gght,  i.  e.  al-moon-heed,  to  wit,  the  regard, 
or  observations  of  all  -the  moons  ; hence  is  de- 
rived the  name  of  almanac.”']  An  annual 
publication,  giving  the  civil  divisions  of  the 
year,  the  times  of  the  rising  and  setting  of 
the  sun  and  moon,  and  of  various  other  astro- 
nomical phenomena,  &c. ; an  annual  register  ; 
a calendar. 

Nautical  almanac , an  almanac  for  seamen,  contain- 
ing a copious  account  of  astronomical  phenomena 
as  calculated  in  advance  for  a given  observatory,  by 
comparing  which  with  observations  taken  at  sea  the 
navigator  lias  all  tile  elements  necessary  for  finding 
the  longitude. 

Syn.  — See  Calendar. 

AL'MAN-DlNK,  n.  [It.  almandina .]  {Min.)  An 
inferior  kind  of  ruby  ; precious  garnet.  Phillips. 

AL-MAYNE'— RIV'ETS,  n.  [Fr.  Allemagne,  Ger- 
many.] In  ancient  armor,  rivets  fitting  into 
slot-holes,  by  which  various  overlapping  plates 
were  fastened  together  so  as  to  allow  the  armor 
to  yield  to  the  motions  of  the  body.  Fairholt. 

AL-ME'NA,  n.  [Sp.]  An  East  Indian  weight  of 
about  two  pounds.  Neuman. 

AL'Mf-RY,  n.  Same  as  Almonry.  Britton. 

AL-MIGH'TI-NESS  (al-ml'te-nes),  n.  Omnipo- 
tence ; an  attribute  of  God.  Hoolcer. 

AL-MIGH'TY  (ftl-ml'te),  a.  Of  unlimited  power; 
omnipotent.  Gen.  xvii.  1. 

AL-MIGH'TY  (al-ml'te),  n.  The  Omnipotent ; God. 

Despise  not  the  chastening  of  the  Almighty.  Job  v.  17. 

f AlM'N^R,  n.  Same  as  Almoner.  Bailey. 

||  AL'MOND  (i'mund)  [a'nuind,  S.  IF.  J.  F.  K. 
Sm.  Ja.\  al'niund,  P.],  n.  [It.  mandorla ; Sp. 
almendra-,  Fr.  amande.] 

1.  The  nut,  seed,  or  fruit  of  the  almond-tree. 

2.  pi.  {Anat.)  Two  round  glands  at  the  basis 

of  the  tongue  ; the  tonsils.  Dunglison. 

3.  {Com.)  A Portuguese  measure  of  oil,  equal 

to  eighteen  quarts.  Crabb. 

||  AL'MOND— FUR-NACE  (a'mund-fur-nis),  ) „ A 

||  AL'M  AN— FUR-N  ACE  (a'mjn-fur-nis),  ) kind 
of  furnace  used  in  refining  metals  ; called  also 
the  siveep.  Chambers. 

||  AL'MOND— SHAPED'  ('I'mund-shapt'),  a.  Shaped 
like  an  almond.  P.  Cyc. 

||  AL'MOND— TREE  (a.'mund-tre),  n.  The  tree 
Amy gdalus  communis,  which  bears  the  sweet  al- 
mond, and  resembles  the  peach-tree.  Loudon. 

||  AL'MOND— WIL'LOW  (a'niund-wil'Io),  n.  A wil- 
low whose  leaves  are  of  a light  green  on  both 
sides  ; Salix  atnygdalina.  Shenstone. 

Al'MO-NER,  n.  [Fr.  aumunier.]  An  officer  of  a 
prince  or  of  a religious  house,  to  whom  the  dis- 
tribution of  alms  or  charity  was  formerly  com- 
mitted. The  term  is  still  applied  to  officers  in 
some  of  the  English  hospitals.  Brande. 

Al'MON-RY,  n.  The  place  where  the  almoner  re- 
sides, or  where  the  alms  are  distributed.  Burnet. 

Al'MOST  [ll'most,  IF.  Ja.  Sm. ; 41-most',  S.  P. 
J.  ; al-most'  or  al'most,  F.\,  ad.  [ all  and  most.] 
Nearly;  well-nigh;  for  the  most  part. 

I would  to  God  that  not  only  thou,  but  ail  they  that  hear 
me  this  day,  were  not  only  almost , but  altogether,  such  as  I 
am.  Acts  xxvi.  HO. 

f ALM'RY  (am're),  n.  Same  as  Almonry. 

alms;  (amz),  n.  sing.  & pi.  [Gr.  iA-cypoavvy, 
mercy,  alms ; L.  eleemosyna ; It.  limosina  ; Sp. 
limosna  ; Fr.  aumune  ; Old  Fr.  almoynes,  au- 
mozne. — Goth,  armaio;  A.  S.  eelmas,  telmtesa, 
atimessc.  This  English  monosyllable,  alms, 
has  descended  to  us  from  the  Greek  and 
Latin  word  of  six  syllables ; and  it  well  exem- 
plifies the  remark  of  Horne  Tooke,  that  “ let- 
ters, like  soldiers,  are  apt  to  desert  and  drop  off 
in  a long  march.”  It  was  written  in  the  fol- 
lowing different  modes  in  English,  before  it 
assumed  its  present  form,  viz. : almosinc,  al- 
mosie,  almous,  almose,  almesse,  almoyn,  and 
almes.]  A gift  or  benefaction  to  the  poor  ; a 
charitable  donation ; charity. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  F.4RE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


ALMS-BASKET 


43 


ALSO 


Xh^=-  Johnson  says  alms  “ has  no  singular”  ; Todd, 
that  it  is  “ without  a plural.”  Grammarians  regard 
it  as  of  both  numbers  ; some  say,  “Generally  singu- 
lar”; others,  “Generally  plural.”  — “ An  alms.” 
Acts,  Sliulc.,  Drydeu,  Swift.  — “ Alms  arc  of  diverse 
kinds.”  Rees’s  Cyc.  — “Some  say,  ‘ These  alms  are 
useful  ’ ; others  say,  ‘ This  alms  is  useful.’  The  An- 
glo-Saxon form  was  tclmesse.  lienee  the  word  alms 
is,  in  respect  to  its  original  form,  singular;  in  respect 
to  its  meaning,  either  singular  or  plural.”  Latham. 

ALMS'— BAS-KJJT  (amz'bis-ket),  n.  The  basket  in 
which  alms  are  put.  B.  Jonson. 

ALM^'DEED  (hmz'dsd),  n.  An  act  of  charity. 
“ Good  works  and  alms-deeds.”  Acts  ix.  36. 

ALMS'— DRINK  (amz'drlnk),  n.  “A  phrase  among 
good  fellows,”  says  Warburton,  “ to  signify 
that  liquor  of  another’s  share  which  his  com- 
panion drinks  to  ease  him.”  Shak. 

+ ALM§— FOLK  (amz'fok),  n.  pi.  Persons  sup- 
porting others  by  alms.  Strgpe. 

ALM1-!'— £HV-ER  ('4mz'gTv-er),  n.  One  who  gives 
alms.  “ A great  alms-giver  in  secret.”  Bacon. 

ALMi®!'— fJI V-ING  (amz-giv-jng),  n.  The  act  of 
giving  alms.  Conybeare. 

ALMSHOUSE  (imz'hnus),  n.  A house  devoted 
to  the  reception  and  support  of  the  poor ; a 
poorhouse.  ‘■‘Almshouses  for  the  poor.”  Hooker. 

ALM^'mAN  ("imz'man),  n.  1.  A man  who  lives 
upon  alms.  “ An  almsman’s  gown.”  Shak. 

2.  He  who  gives  alms.  Homilies,  b.  2. 

ALM§'— PEO-PLE  (amz'pe-pl),  n.  pi.  Members  of 
an  almshouse.  Weever. 

Al-MU-CAn'  TAR,  n.  Same  as  Almacantae. 

AL-MU-CAN'TAR’§i-STAFF.  Same  as  Almacan- 
tar’s-Staff.  Buchanan. 

AL'MUCE,  ) n_  [Low  L.  almutium.]  A furred 

AU'MUCE,  > hood,  har  ing  long  ends,  and  hang- 
ing down  the  front  of  the  dress; — worn  by  the 
clergy,  from  the  thirteenth  to  the  fifteenth  cen- 
turies, for  warmth  when  officiating  in  church 
during  cold  weather.  Fairholt. 

AL'MUDE,  n.  A Portuguese  wine  measure,  of 
which  twenty-six  make  a pipe.  Buchanan. 

AL'MUG— TREE,  n.  A tree  of  an  unknown  kind, 
mentioned  in  Scripture ; — supposed  by  some  to 
be  the  same  as  shittim  wood  ; by  others,  sandal 
wood ; by  Calmet,  an  “ oily,  gummy  wood,  par- 
ticularly the  tree  which  produces  gum  arable.” 

And  the  king  made  of  the  almug-trees  pillars  for  the  house 
of  the  Lord.  1 Kings  x.  12. 

AL'NApE,  n.  [Fr.  aulnage,  or  aunage.]  Ell- 
measure  ; measure  by  the  ell.  Blount. 

Al'NA-GER,  n.  A measurer  by  the  ell ; an  Eng- 
lish officer  who  used  to  inspect  the  assize  of 
woollen  cloth ; — written  also  alnagar  and  aul- 
nager.  Blount. 

f AL'NIGHT  (ai'nlt),  n.  [ all  and  night.']  A great 
cake  of  wax,  with  a wick  to  burn  a long  time. 

Al'OE,  n. ; pi.  Xl'oe§.  [Ar.  alloeh  ; Gr.  bl.irj ; L. 
aloe-,  Fr.  alois.] 

1.  A genus  of  evergreen  and  fleshy  plants 

of  several  species.  Loudon. 

2.  pi.  (Med.)  A resinous  substance  or  drug 

formed  from  the  juice  of  several  species  of  the 
plant.  Dunglison. 

HGF  The  plural  of  this  word  in  Latin,  XL  'o-e$,  is 
of  three  syllables.  “ This  word  (aloes]  is  divided 
into  three  syllables  by  Mr.  Sheridan,  and  put  into  two 
by  Dr.  Kenrick,  Mr.  Perry,  Mr.  Scott,  and  W.  John- 
ston. This  latter  is,  in  my  opinion,  preferable.  My 
reason  is,  that  though  this  plural  word  is  perfectly 
Latin,  and  in  that  language  is  pronounced  in  three 
syllables,  yet,  as  we  have  the  singular,  aloe,  in  two 
syllables,  we  ought  to  form  the  plural  according  to 
our  own  analogy,  and  pronounce  it  in  two  syllables 
likewise.”  Walker. 

Al'OE§— WOOD  (-wild),  n.  The  aromatic  wood 
agalloch.  Dunglison. 

AL-O-ET  jC,  Relating  to,  obtained  from, 

AL-O-ET'l-CAL,  > or  consisting  of  aloes.  Quincy. 

Al-O-ET'ics,  n.  pi.  (Med.)  Medicines  consist- 
ing chiefly  of  aloes.  Dunglison. 

A-LOFT',  ad.  [a  for  on,  and  A.  S.  lyft,  the  air.] 

1.  On  high  ; above. 

2.  (Naut.)  Above  the  deck.  Dana. 


A-LO'GI-AN§,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  a priv.  and  Xoyo;, 
word.]  (Eccl.  Hist.)  A sect  of  Christians  of 
the  second  century,  who  denied  that  Christ  was 
the  Logos,  and  who  therefore  rejected  the  Gos- 
pel of  John.  Buck. 

AL-O-GOT'RO-PIIY,  n.  [Gr.  aloyo;,  unfit  or  with- 
out proportion,  and  rpotpij,  nourishment.]  (Med.) 
A disproportionate  nutrition  in  different  parts 
of  the  body.  Bailey. 

f Al'0-<?Y,  ji.  [Gr.  a priv.  and  l.iyo;,  reason.] 
Unreasonableness  ; absurdity.  Bailey. 

AL'O-MAN-CY,  n.  [Gr.  aX;,  salt,  and  guvreia, 
prophecy.]  Divination  by  salt.  Ogilvie. 

f A-LONDE'  (a-lond'),  ad.  On  land.  Chaucer. 

A-LONE',  a.  [ all  and  one.  “ Within  a garden 
all  him  one.”  Gower.] 

1.  Without  another,  or  without  company  ; — 
spoken  of  one  ; single  ; solitary. 

It  is  not  good  that  man  should  be  alone.  Gen.  ii.  18. 

2.  No  other  or  others  being  present;  — 
spoken  of  more  than  one. 

When  they  were  alone,  he  expounded  all  things  to  his  dis- 
ciples. Mark  iv.  34. 

3.  Only. 

Solomon,  whom  alone  God  hath  chosen.  1 Chron.  xxix.  1. 

Man  shall  not  live  by  bread  alone.  Luke  iv.  4. 

To  let  alone , to  leave  untouched,  unmolested,  or  in 
the  same  state  as  before. 

Syn.  — That  is  alone  which  is  unaccompanied; 
that  is  only  of  which  there  is  no  other.  A person 
walks  alone,  ox  takes  a solitary  walk  in  a lonely  place. 
That  is  a lonely  or  solitary  place  in  which  one  can  be 
habitually  alone.  A child  alone  is  a child  left  to  it- 
self ; an  only  child  is  one  having  no  brother  or  sister. 
“ Virtue  alone  makes  us  happy,”  imports  that  virtue, 
unaccompanied  by  other  advantages,  is  sufficient  to 
make  us  happy  ; “ Virtue  only  makes  us  happy,”  im- 
ports that  nothing  else  can  do  it. 

f A-LONE'LY,  a.  Only.  “ Alonely  son.”  Huloet. 

f A-LONE'LY,  ad.  Merely  ; singly.  Gower. 

f A-LONE'NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  alone. 
“ His  aloneness  everlasting.”  Mountagu. 

A-LONG',  ad.  [A.  S.  andlang.']  1.  Through  any 
space  lengthwise. 

A firebrand  carried  along  leaveth  a train  of  light  behind  it. 

Bacon. 

2.  Onward ; forward. 

Come,  then,  my  frieiid,  my  genius,  come  along.  Pope. 

All  along , throughout.  — Along  with , in  company 
with  ; together  with. 

3.  [A.  S.  gelang.']  Owing  to ; in  conse- 
quence of. 

I cannot  tell  whereon  it  was  along , 

But  well  I wot  great  strife  is  us  among.  Chaucer. 

Who’s  this  along  of  ? Stubbcs. 

A-LONG',  prep.  By,  or  over,  in  a longitudinal 
direction  ; as,  “ Along  the  road.” 

A-LONG'— SHORE,  ad.  (Naut.)  Being  along  or 
near  the  coast.  Falconer. 

A-LONG'— SIDE,  ad.  (Naut.)  By  the  side  of,  as 
of  a ship,  &c.  Dana. 

f A-LONGST',  prep.  Along  ; through  the  length. 
“ Their  ports  alongst  the  sea-coast.”  Knollcs. 

A-LOOF',  ad.  [ all  ando^x]  At  a distance  ; apart. 
“ The  crowd  stood  yet  aloof.”  Milton. 

A-LOOF',  prep.  At  a distance  from  ; far  from. 

The  great  luminary. 

Aloof  the  vulgar  constellations  thick, 

That  from  his  lordly  eye  keep  distance  due, 

Dispenses  light  from  far.  Milton. 

A-Lo6f'NESS,».  State  of  being  aloof.  Coleridge. 

AL-O-PF.-CU' RUS,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  aXurf, 
h).u>-tKos,  a fox,  and  ojpa,  a tail.]  (Bot.)  A ge- 
nus of  grasses  of  the  foxtail  kind.  Loudon. 

AL'O-PE-CY,  n.  [Gr.  aX.unzucia  ; aXunrtj^,  a fox.] 
(Med.)  The  fox-evil  or  scurf,  a disease  which 
causes  the  hair  to  fall  off.  Bailey. 

Al'OR-ING,  n.  (Fort.)  The  horizontal  foot  and 
water  path  protected  by  the  parapet;  — applied 
also  to  any  passage  or  gangway.  Ogilvie. 

A-LOUD',  ad.  Loudly  ; with  great  noise. 

Break  forth  into  singing,  and  cry  aloud.  Isa.  liv.  1. 

A-LOW'  (ai-lo'),  ad.  In  a low  place ; not  aloft. 

And  now  alow , and  now  aloft  they  fly.  Dryden. 

ALP,  n.  [Perhaps  from  L.  albus ; Gr.  aX.ipds, 


white.]  Any  lofty  mountain ; that  which  is 
mountainous  and  high,  like  the  Alps. 

O’er  many  a frozen,  many  a fiery  Alp.  Milton • 

Pygmies  are  pygmies  still,  though  perched  on  Alps.  Young. 

AL-PAC'A ,n.  1.  (Zoul.) 

A South  American, 
quadruped  of  the  camel 
family ; a species  of 
llama  ; paco. 

2.  A thin  stuff  or 
cloth  made  of  the  wool 
of  the  alpaca  and 
silk. 

AL  PHA,  n.  [Gr.]  The 
first  letter  in  the  Greek 
alphabet,  answering 
to  our  A ; — therefore 
used  to  signify  the  Alpaca, 

first. 

I am  Alpha  and  Omega,  the  first  and  tile  last.  Rev.  i.  XL 

AL'PHA-BET,  n.  [Gr.  aXipa,  alpha,  and  tlgra,  beta, 
the  first  and  the  second  letters  of  the  Greek  al- 
phabet.] The  series  of  letters  belonging  to  any 
written  language. 

AL'PHA-BET,  v.  a.  To  range  in  the  order  of  the 
alphabet.  Smart. 


AL-PII A-BIJ-TA'RI-AN,  n.  One  who  is  learning 
the  alphabet ; an  ABC  scholar.  Sancroft. 


AL-PHA-BET'JC, 

AL-PHA-BET'I-CAL, 


a.  Relating  to,  or  in  the 
order  of,  the  alphabet. 


AL-PHA-BET'l-CAL-LY,,atf.  In  an  alphabetical 
order.  Holder. 


AL-PHE'NIC,  n.  [Ar.,  tender .]  (Med.)  White 
barley  sugar  ; sugar  candy.  Hooper. 

AL'PHjpST,  n.  (Ich.)  A small  fish.  Ogilvie. 

AL-PHIT'O-MAN-CY,  n.  [Gr.  aXi[urov,  barley,  and 
pavrtia,  prophecy.]  Divination  by  means  of 
barley-meal.  Ogilvie. 

AL-PHON'SIN,  n.  ( Surg .)  A surgical  instru- 
ment used  for  extracting  balls  from  wounds  ; — 
so  called  from  its  inventor,  Alphonso  Ferri,  a 
surgeon  of  Naples.  Brande. 

AL-PHON'SINE,  a.  Relating  to  Alphonso,  king 
of  Leon,  or  his  astronomical  tables.  Ed.  Ency. 

AL' PHOS,  v.  [Gr.  ; L.  albus,  white.] 

(Med.)  The  white  leprosy.  Dunglison. 

AL'I’I-A,  i The  seed  of  the  foxtail  grass, 

Al'PIST,  j used  for  feeding  birds.  Buchanan. 

AL'PI-OENE,  a.  [L.  Alpcs,  the  Alps,  and  gigno, 
to  produce.]  Growing  upon  the  Alps.  Craig. 

AL'PINE,  n.  A kind  of  strawberry.  Mawe. 

AL'PJNE,  or  AL'PlNE,  [al'pin,  W.  P.  Sm. ; al'pin, 
E.  Ja.  A'.],  a.  [L.  Alpinus.)  Belonging  to, 
or  resembling,  the  Alps,  or  mountains  ; high. 

AL'aUEER,  n.  A Portuguese  measure  of  about 
two  gallons;  — called  also  cantar.  Buchanan. 

AL'  QUI-FOU  (al'ke-fo),  or  Ar'  QCI-FOU,  n. 
(Min.)  A sort  of  mineral  lead  ore.  Crabb. 

AL-READ'Y  (SU-red'de),  ad.  1.  Even  now;  before 
the  time  expected. 

He  that  believeth  not  is  condemned  already.  John  iii.  18. 

2.  Before  the  present  time  ; before  some  past 
time. 

Is  there  any  thing  whereof  it  may  be  said,  See,  this  is  new? 
It  hath  been  already  of  old  time,  which  was  before  us. 

Eccl.  i.  10. 

f ALS,  ad.  Also  ; likewise.  Spenser. 

AL-SA'CIAN  (?l-sa'sh?n),  a.  (Gcog.)  Relatingto 
Alsace.  Ency. 

AL  SEGNO  (al-saii'yo),  n.  [It.,  to  the  sign  or 
mark.]  (Mus.)  A notice  to  the  performer  that 
he  must  recommence.  Brande. 


AL'SINE,  n.  [Gr.  aXtro;,  a shady  place.]  (Bot.) 
A genus  of  plants  ; duckweed.  Loudon. 

AL'SO,  ad.  [A.  S.  ailszva.]  In  the  same  man- 
ner ; likewise  ; too  ; in  addition. 

And  this  commandment  hove  we  from  him,  that  he  who 
loveth  God  love  his  brother  also.  1 John  iv.  21. 


AL'SO,  conj.  Noting  addition  or  conjunction  ; 
likewise ; and.  ’ Crombie. 

Th  r also  is  vanity.  Fed. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 


BULL,  BUR,  Rt'LE ; r,  9,  g,  soft;  J0,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  X as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


ALT 


44 


ALUMINA 


ALT,  a.  & n.  [L.  altus,  high.]  (Mus.)  High  ; 
a term  applied  to  the  high  notes  of  the  scale.  — 
See  Alto.  Brands. 

AL-TA'IC,  or  AL-TA'IAN  (-y?n),  a.  (Geog.)  Re- 
lating to  the  Altai  mountains  in  Asia.  Ency. 

AL'TAR,  n.  [L.  altars,  or  altarium ; Old  Fr. 
aulter ; Fr.  autel.\ 

1.  Among  the  Jews  and  heathen  nations,  an 
erection  on  which  offerings  were  laid  or  burned 
for  sacrifice. 

Noah  builded  an  altar  to  the  Lord.  Gen.  viii.  20. 

As  I passed  by  and  beheld  your  devotions,  I found  an  altar 
with  this  inscription:  To  the  unknown  God.  Acts  xvii.  23. 

2.  The  communion  table  in  modern  churches. 

It  [the  communion  table]  was  placed  at  the  east  end,  railed 

in,  and-denominated  the  altar.  Hume. 

Al'TAR-A<?E,  n.  [Low  L.  altaragium.]  (Law.) 
An  emolument  of  priests  arising  from  oblations 
through  the  means  of  the  altar.  Agliffe. 

AL'TAR— CLOTH,  n.  A cloth  thrown  over  the 
altar.  “ Hangings  and  altar-cloths.”  Peacham. 

AL  TAR-IST,  ) ji.  (Old  Late.)  The  priest 

AL'TAR-THANE,  ) to  whom  the  altarage  of  a 
church  belonged  : — a chaplain.  Ency. 

Al'TAR-PEAK,  n.  The  summit  of  a mountain, 
serving  as  an  altar.  E.  Everett. 

AL'TAR— PIECE,  n.  A painting  or  ornamental 
sculpture,  placed  over  or  behind  the  altar  of  a 
church.  Warton. 

AL'TAR— WI§E,  ad.  In  the  manner  of  an  altar. 
“ The  holy  table  ought  to  stand  . . . north 
and  south,  or  altar-wise.”  Abp.  Laud. 

AL'TER,  v.  a.  [Fr.  alt  ever,  from  L.  alter,  other, 
another.]  [ i . altered  ; pp.  altering,  al- 
tered.] To  change  partially ; to  make  other- 
wise or  different ; to  vary  ; to  modify. 

Do  you  note 

How  much  her  grace  is  altered  on  the  sudden?  Slialr. 

If  prayers 

Could  alter  high  decrees.  Milton. 

Syn.  — We  alter  a part ; change  the  whole.  To 
alter  an  opinion  is  to  modify  it ; to  change  an  opinion 
is  to  abandon  it  altogether,  and  adopt  another  in  its 
stead.  — See  Change. 

Al'TIJR,  v.  n.  To  change;  to  become  otherwise. 

Doth  not  the  appetite  alter  ? Shah. 

Al-TER-A-bIl'I-TY,  n.  Quality  of  being  alter- 
able ; alterableness.  Smart. 

Al'T^R-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  altered.  Rogers. 

Al'TF.R-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
alterable ; alterability.  Johnson. 

AL'TER- A-BLY,  ad.  In  an  alterable  manner. 

f AL'TpR-AQE,  n.  [L.  alo,  altus,  to  nourish.] 
The  fostering  of  a child.  “ The  alterage  of 
their  children.”  Sir  J.  Davis. 

Al'TF.R-ANT,  a.  Producing  change.  “ Wheth- 
er the  body  be  alterant  or  altered.”  Bacon. 

Al'TIJR-ANT,  n.  (Med.)  A medicine  which 
produces  a change  ; alterative.  Dunglison. 

AL-TER-A’TIOiY,  n.  1.  Act  of  altering. 

2.  State  of  being  altered ; variation  ; partial 
change. 

Syn.  — See  Change. 

Al'TIJR-A-TIVE,  a.  (Med.)  Producing  a gradual 
change.  Quincy. 

AL'TJyR-A-TIVE,  n.  (Med.)  Any  medicine  of 
such  a nature,  or  administered  in  such  doses,  as 
to  cure  disease  by  slow  and  imperceptible  de- 
grees ; alterant.  Dunglison. 

Al'TJJR-cAte,  v.  n.  [L.  altsrcor,  altercatus  ; 
It.  altercare ; Sp.  altercar  ; Old  Fr.  alterquer .] 
[*.  altercated  ; pp.  altercating,  alter- 
cated.] To  wrangle  ; to  dispute;  to  contend. 

Martin. 

AL-TER-CA'TION  [ill-ter-ka'shun,  S.  IF.  J.  E.  F. 
Ja.  K.  Sm. ; il-ter-ka'shun,  /'.  , n . [L.  alter- 

catio  ;It.  altercazions  ; tip.  altercation-,  Fr.  al- 
tercation.] An  angry  debate  ; dispute  ; con- 
troversy ; wrangle;  contest.  “We  have  had 
altercation  and  clamor  enough.”  Bp.  Hall. 

Syn.  — See  Quarrel.  . 

AL-TER'I-TY,  n.  [L.  alter,  another.]  State  of 
being  another  or  different,  [r.]  Coleridge. 


AL-TiiRN',  a.  [L.  altermis .]  f Acting  by  turns  ; 
reciprocal  ; alternate. 

The  greater  to  have  rule  by  day, 

The  less  by  night,  altem.  ‘ Milton. 

Altcrn  base , used  in  trigonometry,  in  distinction 
from  the  true  base. 

AL-TER'NA-CY,  n.  Action  performed  by  turns. 

The  alternate/  of  rhymes  in  a stanza  gives  a variety  that 
may  support  the  poet,  without  the  aid  of  music,  to  a greater 
length.  Mitford. 

f AL-TER'NAL,  a.  Alternative.  Sherwood. 

f AL-TER'NAL-LY,  ad.  By  turns.  May. 

AJL-TER'NANT,  a.  (Geol.)  An  epithet  noting 
rocks  composed  of  alternate  layers.  Ogilvie. 

AL-TER'NATE,  a.  [L.  alternus .] 

1.  Following  in  order  or  by  turns ; being  by 
turns  ; one  after  another  ; reciprocal. 

Friendship  consists  in  mutual  offices,  and  a generous  strife 
in  alternate  acts  of  kindness.  South. 

2.  (Bot.)  Noting  parts,  as  leaves,  &c.,  in- 

serted successively  on  different  sides  of  a com- 
mon body  and  at  different  heights.  Lindley. 

Alternate  angles,  ( Oeom .)  angles 
nude  by  two  parallel  lines  with  a 
third  that  cros.es  them.  If  the  an-  A 
gle<  are  within  the  parallels, they  are  c 

. called  alternate  internal  angles,  as 
A G 11  and  G H D ; if  without  the  ^ 

parallels, they  are  called  alternate  external  angles,  as 
A G E and  D H F. 

Alternate  generation,  ( Phys .)  that  modification  of 
generation  in  which  the  young  do  not  resemble  the 
parent,  but  the  grandparent. 

Syn.  — See  Successive. 

AL-TER'NATE,.  n.  Vicissitude,  [r.]  Prior . 

||  AL-TER'NATE,  or  AL'T£R-NATE  [al-ter'nat, 
IF.  P.  F.  K.  Sm.  ; al'ter-nat,  E.  I Vb . ; ai-ter-nat', 
Ja.],  v.  a.  [L.  alterno ; It.  alternare  ; Sp.  al- 
ternar ; Fr.  altcrner.]  [i.  alternated;  pp. 
alternating,  alternated.]  To  perform  al- 
ternately ; to  change  reciprocally. 

Who,  in  their  course. 

Melodious  hymns  about  the  sovereign  throne 
Alternate  all  night  long.  Milton. 

||  AL-TER'NATE,  v.  n.  To  succeed  by  turns. 

Good  alter  ill,  and  after  pain  delight, 

Alternate  like  the  scenes  of  day  and  night.  Drijden. 

AL-TER'NATE-LY,  ad.  In  alternate  succession. 

AL-TER'N  ATE-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  alter- 
nate or  of  happening  reciprocally.  Bailey. 

||  A L'TER-NAT-JNG,  p.  a.  Succeeding  or  chang- 
ing by  turns. 

AL-TER-NA'TION,  n.  [L.  alternation] 

1.  Act  of  alternating  ; reciprocal  succession  ; 
reciprocation  ; as,  “ The  alternation  of  day  and 
night.” 

2.  (Church  of  Eng.)  The  response  of  the 

congregation  to  the  minister  in  reading  the  lit- 
urgy ; — the  alternate  performance  of  singers 
in  the  choir.  Mason. 

AL-TER'NA-TIVE,  a.  [Fr.  alternatif.]  Imply- 
ing alternation.  “ Again  decline,  and  again 
return,  by  alternative  and  interchangeable 
course.”  Hakewill. 

AL-TER'NA-TIVE,  n.  [Fr.  alternative.]  The 
choice  given  of  two  things. 

This  hard  alternative,  or  to  renounce 

Thy  reason  or  thy  sense,  — or  to  believe.  Young. 

Alternative  writ,  (Law.)  a writ  which  requires  certain 
acts  to  be  done,  or  cause  to  be  shown  why  they  are 
not  done.  Burrill. 

AL-TER'NA-TIVE- LY,  ad.  By  turns  ; recipro- 
cally. Agliffe. 

AL-TER'NA-Tl  VE-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being 
alternative  ; reciprocation.  Bailey. 

f AL-TER'NI-TY,  n.  Reciprocal  succession. 
“ The  alternity  and  vicissitude  of  rest  ."Browne. 

AL-TIIJE'A,  or  AL-THE'A,  n. ; pi.  L.  al-thje' je  ; 
Eng.  al-the'a§.  [L.,from  Gr.  MOala  ;•  «/0w,  to 
heal.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  beautiful  flowering 
plants  or  shrubs  ; marsh-mallow.  Loudon. 

AL-THE'INE,  n.  (Chem.)  An  organic  base  found 
in  common  marsh-mallow;  asparagine.  Turner. 

AL-THOUGH'  (al-tlio'),  con/.  [From  all  and 
though.]  Grant  that ; however  ; though  ; not- 
withstanding. — See  Though. 


+ AL-TiL'O-QUENCE,  n.  [L.  altus,  high,  and 
loquor,  to  speak.]  Pompous  language.  Bailey. 

t AL-TIl'O-QUENT,  a.  Pompous  in  language; 
magniloquent  ; using  a lofty  style.  Bailey. 

AL-TIM'E-TER,  n.  [L.  altum,  height,  and  Gr. 
p Irpov,  a measure.]  An  instrument  for  taking 
altitudes  or  measuring  heights.  Smart. 

AL-TlM'JJ-TRY,  n.  The  art  of  measuring  heights, 
whether  accessible  or  inaccessible,  by  an  altim- 
eter. Davies. 

Al'TIN,  n.  A small  Russian  coin,  of  the  value 
of  about  three  cents.  Crabb. 

AL-TIN'CAR,  n.  Crude  borax,  now  usually  called 
tincal.  ' Buchanan. 

f AL-TIs'O-NAnT,  a.  [L.  altisonans .]  High- 
sounding.  “ Altisonant  phrases.”  Evelyn. 

t AL-TlS'O-NOUS,  a.  [L.  altisonus.]  High- 
sounding  ; altisonant.  Bailey. 

AL-T1S' SI-MO,  [It.]  (Mus.)  Very  high  ; the  su- 
perlative of  alto,  high.  ’ P.  Cyc. 

AL'TJ-TUDE,  a.  [L.  altitudo .] 

1.  The  perpendicular  distance  of  an  object 
from  the  ground  or  from  a given  level,  or  of  one 
object  above  another  ; height ; elevation  ; as, 
“•  The  altitude  of  a mountain  ” ; “ The  altitude 
reached  by  a balloon  or  a projectile.” 

2.  (Astron.)  The  angle  of  elevation  of  a ce- 

lestial object,  or  the  angle  which  a ray  of  light, 
coming  from  that  object  to  the  eye,  makes  with 
the  plane  of  the  horizon.  Herschel . 

Altitude  of  a triangle,  ( Gcom .)  the  perpendicular 
distance  from  the  vertex  to  the  base;  of  a cone,  the 
perpendicular  distance  from  tile  vertex  to  the  plane 
of  the  base. 

Meridian  altitude , (Astron.)  the  altitude  of  any  heav- 
enly body  measured  on  the  meridian. 

AL-TI-TU-DJ-nA'RI-AN,  a.  Having  altitude;  as- 
piring. Coleridge. 

f AL-TIV'O-lAnT,  a.  [L.  altivolans .]  Flying 

high  ; soaring  aloft.  Bailey. 

AL' TO,  n.  [It.]  (Mus.)  The  second  part  sung 
by  the  lowest  female  voices,  and  intermediate 
between  the  treble  and  the  tenor;  — formerly 
the  highest  pari  for  the  male  voice,  and  sung 
by  boys,  or  by  men  in  falsetto.  Dwight. 

AL ' TO  ET  BAS' so,  (DE),  [Low  L.]  (Law.) 
High  and  low  ; including  all  matters.  Bouvier. 

AL-TO-SETH' R,  acl.  1.  Completely  ; without 
restriction.  “ I am  not  altogether  an  ass.”  Shah. 

2.  Conjunctly  ; in  company.  “ Then  alto- 
gether they  fell  upon  me.”  Shah. 

“ This  is  rather  all  together ,”  says  Johnson, 
and  it  is  commonly  so  written. 

A I.'  TO-  6 T-  TA 1 TO,  n.  [It.]  (Mus.)  An  octave 
higher.  Moore. 

AL'TO-RI-LI-E'VO  (re-le-a'vo),  n.  [It.]  High 
relief ; a mode  of  sculpture  representing  figures 
standing  out,  or  relieved,  almost  entirely  from 
the  background.  Fairholt. 

AL'TO—Ri-PI-E'Jfb  (re-pe-a'no),  [It.,  high,  full.] 
(Mus.)  The  tenor  of  the  great  chorus  in  the 
full  parts  of  the  concert.  Moore. 

AL  ' TO—  VI-  O-LI  'NO,  n.  [It.]  (Mus.)  A small 
tenor  violin.  Moore. 

Al'U-DEL  (Sl'yu-del,  10,  24),  n.  (Chem.)  A pear- 
shaped  stone- ware  vessel,  open  at  each  end;  — 
used  as  a part  of  the  apparatus  for  distilling 
mercury  in  Spain.  Ure. 

A//  If- LA  (al'yu-la),  n.  [L.  ala,  a wing.]  (Ornith.) 
The  group  of  feathers  attached  to  the  joint  of 
the  carpus,  as  in  the  snipe  ; — called  also  bas- 
tard wings.  Brands. 

Al'UM,  n.  jX.  alumen.]  (Chem.)  One  of  a class 
of  double  isomorphous  salts.  Common  alum  is 
a sulphate  of  alumina  and  potash.  Miller. 

Al'UM-EARTH,  n.  (Min.)  Same  as  Alum-ore. 

Al'UMED  (il'umd),  a.  Mixed  with  alum.  Barret. 

A-LU'MEN  (10,  24),  n.  [L.]  (Chem.)  Common 
alum,  a salt  of  a sweetish,  astringent  taste, 
much  used  in  medicine  and  in  the  arts.  Turner. 

A-LU'MI-NA,  n.  (Chem.)  One  of  the  primitive 
earths  ; the  oxide  of  aluminum ; — called  also 
argil,  or  argillaceous  earth.  Turner. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  V,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  fj,  Y,  short;  A,  ?,  I,  O,  IT,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


ALUMINATE 


AMAZON 


45 


A-LU'MI-NATE,  n.  (Min)  An  earthy  combi- 
nation of  alumina.  Brande. 

AL'U-MlNE,  n.  Same  as  Alumina.  Crabb. 

A-LU-MI-NIF'E-ROUS,  a.  Containing  alumina. 

A-LU'MIN-ITE,  n.  (Min.)  Native  subsulphate 
of  alumina.  Brande. 

A-LU'MI-NOUS,  a.  Alumish:  — clayey.  Ansted. 

AL-U-MIN'l-UM,  )n  (Chem.)  The  metallic  base 

A-LU'MI-NUM,  ) of  alumina.  Brande. 

AL'UM-ISH,  a.  Having  the  nature  of  alum  ; 
somewhat  like  alum.  Hist,  of  the  Royal  Society. 

A-LUM'NUS , n. ; pi.  a-lDm'nT.  [L.,  a nursling  ; 
alo,  to  nourish.]  A foster-child  ; a pupil ; a 
disciple  ; — applied  particularly  to  a graduate 
of  a college  or  university,  regarded  as  his  alma 
mater.  Everett. 

AL-U-MO-CAL'ClTE,  n.  [L.  alumni,  alum,  and 
calx,  calcis,  lime.]  (Min.)  A silicious  mineral; 
an  impure  opal  with  a mixture  of  lime.  Dana. 

AI/UM— SLATE,  n.  (Min.)  An  argillaceous  schis- 
tose rock,  containing  coaly  matter  and  bisul- 
phide of  iron  ; — used  in  the  manufacture  of 
alum.  Graham. 

AL'UM— STONE,  n.  A silicious  subsulphate  of 
alumina  and  potash.  Brande. 

AL'UM-WA'TJJR,  n.  Water  impregnated  with 
alum.  Ash. 

AL'y-NiTE,  n.  (Min.)  The  alum-stone.  Phillips 

AL-U-TA'CEOUS  (-slius,  66),  a.  [L.  aluta,  a soft 
leather.]  Being  of  a pale-broivn  color,  or  the 
color  of  tanned  ieather.  Brande. 

f AL-U-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  aluta,  a soft  leather.] 
The  tanning  of  leather.  Bailey. 

Al'VJJ-A-RY,  n.  [L . alvearium.\  A bee-hive  : — 
something  resembling  a bee-hive.  Barret. 

Al'VE-AT-15D,  a.  [L.  alveatus .]  Formed  or 
vaulted  like  a bee-hive.  Blount. 

AL-VE'O-LAR,  or  AL'V^-O-LAR  [ql-ve'o-lar,  K. 
C.  Dunglison,  Brande ; al've-o-lar,  Sm.  Mb.],  a. 
Belonging  to  the  alveoli,  or  sockets  of  the 
teeth;  as,  “ Alveolar  membranes.”  Brande. 

AL-VE'O-LA-RY,  or  AL'VB-O-LA-RY,  a.  Same 
as  Alveolar.  Loudon. 

AL-VE'O-LATE,  or  AL'VU-O-LATE  [al-ve'o-lat, 
IC.  Brande',  al've-o-lat,  Wb.  Crabb],  a.  ( Bot .) 
Having  cells  or  pits,  like  a honeycomb,  as  the 
receptacle  of  the  cotton-thistle.  . Loudon. 

Al'VE-OLE,  n.  A socket  or  alveolus.  Clarke. 

AL-VE'O-LITE,  n.  [L.  alveus,  a cavity,  and  Gr. 
hiOa;,  a stone.]  (Pal.)  A fossil  compound  bry- 
ozoan  which  lived  in  prismatic  tubes.  Agassiz. 

AL-VE’ O-LVS,  n. ; pi.  al-ve' o-lI.  [L.,  a little 
cavity.)  A small  cavity ; a channel ; a sock- 
et of  a tooth  ; a cell ; an  alveole.  Bucklancl. 

Al'VINE  [al'vln,  Sm. ; 51'vln,  A'.],  a.  [L .alvus, 
the  belly.]  Relating  to  the  abdomen,  lower 
belly,  or  intestines.  Dunglison. 

AL-YV  AR’GRIM,  n.  (Ornith.)  The  spotted  plover, 
Charadrius  apricarius.  Pennant. 

f Ai.'wAy,  ad.  At  all  times  ; always.  Job  vii.  16. 

Al'wAy,?  (ai'waz),  ad.  [A.  S.  eallc-waega,  in  all 
ways.] 

1.  Perpetually;  through  all  time ; continually. 

That  which  sometime  is  expedient  doth  not  always  so 
continue.  Hooker. 

But  me  ye  have  not  always.  j0jul  xij.  g. 

2.  Invariably ; without  omission  of  any  in- 
stance or  occasion. 

I know  that  thou  hearest  me  always.  John  xi.  42. 

My  custom  always  of  the  afternoon.  Shak. 

Am,  v.  [Gr.  dpi. — Goth,  im ; A.  S.  eom .]  The 
first  person  singular  of  the  verb  to  be.  — See  Be. 

XJSr*  “Am  or  be,  past  was,  participle  been,  is  made 
up  of  three  distinct  verbs  (which  in  other  dialects 
are  declined  in  full),  each  signifying  to  exist,  or  to  have 
existence',  and  is  employed  as  an  auxiliary  verb  in 
English  to  form,  in  connection  with  the  past  partici- 
ple, the  passive  voice  of  active  verbs,  and  the  past 
tense  of  some  neuter  verbs.”  ./.  IV.  Gibbs. 

AM-A-BIL'i-TY,  n.  [L.  amabilitas.]  Quality  of 


being  amiable  ; amiability  ; loveliness.  — See 
Amiability.  Bp.  Taylor. 

AM-A-CRAT'JC,  a.  [Gr.  Spa,  together,  and  Kpdro;, 
strength.]  Applied  to  a lens  which  unites  all 
the  chemical  rays  into  one  focus  ; — styled  also 
an  amasthenic  lens.  llerschel. 

AM-A-DET'TO,  n.  A sort  of  pear.  Skinner. 

Am'A-DOT,  n.  A sort  of  pear.  Johnson. 

AM-A-DOU' , n.  [Fr.]  German  tinder  ; an  inflam- 
mable substance  used  for  tinder  or  touchwood, 
prepared  from  a fungus  (Boletus  igniarius ) 
which  grows  upon  the  cherry,  ash,  and  other 
trees,  by  steeping  it  in  a strong  solution  of  salt- 
petre and  cutting  it  into  thin  slices.  Brande. 

A-MAlN',  ad.  [A.  S.  mcegen,  power.] 

1.  With  vigor,  force,  or  vehemence  ; violently. 

“ Her  peacocks  fly  amain."  Shak. 

2.  ( Naut .)  By  yielding  or  letting  go  sud- 
denly ; all  at  once.  Dana. 

A-MAL'GAM,  n.  [Gr.  yMayya,  amalgama  ; pal.&a- 
frtij,  to  soften.  Voc.  degli  Accad.  della  Crusca. 
Ileyse.  — Gr.  aya,  together,  and  yaptw,  to  marry. 
Landais.  — Of  Sanscrit  origin.  Goodwin.  — Fr. 
amalgame.]  (Chem.)  A combination  of  mercury 
with  another  metal.  Boyle. 

A-MAL'GAM,  v.  n.  To  form  an  amalgam;  to 
amalgamate.  Boyle. 

fl-MAL' GA-MA,  n.  1.  Same  as  Amalgam. 

Wc  should  have  a new  amalgama.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  A mixture  of  different  ingredients.  Burke. 

A-MAL'GA-MATE,  V.  a.  [«.  AMALGAMATED  ; pp. 
AMALGAMATING,  AMALGAMATED.] 

1.  To  combine  mercury  with  other  metals. 

2.  To  mix  different  things,  or  different  races, 

as  the  white  and  black.  Burke. 

A-MAL'GA-MATE,  v.  n.  To  form  a union,  or 
combine,  with  something  different.  Smart. 

A-MAL-GA-MA'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  amalgamating. 

2.  State  of  being  amalgamated  ; a mixture  of 
different  things,  or  of  different  races. 

3.  (Mining.)  The  process  of  separating  gold 

and  silver  from  certain  of  their  ores  by  dissolv- 
ing these  metals  in  mercury.  Ure. 

f A-MAnd',  v.  a.  [L.  amando .]  To  send  one 
away.  Cockeram. 

t Am-AN-DA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  sending  on  a 
message.  Johnson. 

A-MAN'  DO-LA,  n.  A kind  of  green  marble  of  a 
cellular  appearance,  like  honey-comb.  Iurwan. 

A-JilAN' I- TINE,  n.  [Gr.  apnvTrai,  a sort  of  fungi.] 
The  poisonous  principle  of  some  fungi.  Francis. 

A-MAN-U-EN'SIS,  it. ; pi.  a-mXn-u-en'se§.  [L. ; 
ab,  from,  and  inanus,  the  hand.]  A person  w'ho 
w-rites  what  another  dictates,  or  who  performs 
the  manual  part  of  composition.  War  ton. 

AM'A-RANTIJ,  n.  [Gr.  «i pdpavros,  unfading;  a 
priv.  and  papains,  to  decay  ; L.  amarantus ; It. 
§ Sp.  amaranto  ; Fr.  amaranthe .] 

1.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants,  of  several  spe- 

cies ; a plant,  of  which  the  flower  long  retains 
its  color.  Loudon. 

2.  (Poetry.)  An  imaginary  flower,  which 
never  fades. 

Immortal  amaranth  ! a flower  which,  once 

In  paradise,  fast  by  the  tree  of  life 

Began  to  bloom.  Milton. 

3.  A color  inclining  to  purple.  Buchanan. 

AM-A-RAN'THINE,  a.  1.  Relating  to  amaranth ; 
consisting  of  amaranths. 

By  those  happy  souls  that  dwelt 
In  yellow  meads  of  asphodel, 

Or  amaranthine  bowers.  Pope. 

2.  Unfading ; undecaying  ; imperishable. 

The  only  amaranthine  flower  on  earth 

IS  virtue;  the  only  lasting  treasure,  truth.  Coivper. 

3.  Purplish.  Buchanan. 

t A-MAr'I-TUDE,  n.  [L .amaritudo.]  Bitterness. 

What  amaritutlc  or  acrimony  is  deprehended  in  choler,  it 
acquires  from  a commixture  of  melancholy,  or  external  ma- 
lign bodies.  Harvey. 

f A-MAr'U-LENCE,  n.  Bitterness.  Bailey. 

t A-MAR'U-LENT,  a.  [L . amarulentus .]  Bitter; 
full  of  bitterness.  Bailey. 


AM-A-RYL' LIS,  n.  [L.  ; the  name  of  a nymph 
mentioned  by  Virgil.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  beauti- 
ful bulbous  plants,  of  many  species.  Loudon. 

A-MASS'  (12),  v.  a.  [Gr.  pd^a  ; L.  massa,  a lump  ; 
It.  ammassare  ; Fr.  amasser .]  [i.  amassed  ; pp. 
AMASSING,  AMASSED.]  To  gather  a great  quan- 
tity of ; to  accumulate  ; to  collect  together ; to 
heap  or  pile  up. 

Do  not  content  yourself  with  mere  words,  lest  your  im- 
provements only  amass  a heap  of  unintelligible  phrases. 

Watts. 

Syn. — See  Heap. 

f A-MAss',  n.  [Fr.  amas.]  An  assemblage ; a 
mass.  “ A medley  or  amass.”  . Wotton. 

A-MASS'M£NT,  n.  Aheap;  an  accumulation. 

AM-AS-THEN'IC,  a.  [Gr.  Spa,  together,  and 
cQtvos,  strength.]  Noting  a kind  of  lens.  — See 
Amacratic. 

f A-MATE',  v.  n.  1.  [s  and  mate.]  f To  accom- 
pany ; to  entertain  as  a companion.  Spenser. 

2.  [A.  S.  mataii,  to  dream.]  f To  terrify;  to 
perplex  ; to  confound.  Spenser. 

II  AM-A-TEUR',  or  AM-A-TEUR'  [am-?-tar',  P.  Ja. 
K.;  am-q-tar',  W.  C.\  am-q-tor',  F.  ; am'a-tur, 
E. ; am-a-tUr',  Swi.],  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  amator,  a 
lover.]  One  versed  in,  or  a lover  of,  any  par- 
ticular pursuit,  art,  or  science,  but  not  engaged 
in  it  professionally.  Burke. 

||  AM-A-TEUR'SHIP,  n.  The  character  or  quality 
of  an  amateur.  Ed.  Rev. 

Am'A-TI VE-NESS,  n.  (Phren.)  The  organ  of 
sensual  desire;  the  propensity  to  love.  Combe. 

+ AM-A-TOR'Cl'-LIST,  n.  [L . amatorculus .)  An 
insignificant  lover.  Bailey. 

AM-A-TO'Rl-AL,  a.  Relating  to  love;  amatory. 

They  seem  to  have  been  tales  of  love  and  chivalry,  ama- 
torial  sonnets,  tragedies,  comedies,  and  pastorals.  Warton. 

AM-A-TO'RI-AL-LY,  ad.  In  an  amatorial  man- 
ner. Darwin. 

AM-A-T6'R1-AN,  a.  Relating  to  love ; amatory. 
[r.]  “After  the  manner  of  Horace’s  lusory, 
or  amatorian  odes.”  Johnson. 

f AM-A-TO'Rl-OUS,  a.  Relating  to  love.  Milton. 

This  is  no  mere  amatorious  novel ; but  this  is  a deep  and 
serious  verity.  Milton. 

Am'A-TO-RY.  a.  [L.  am  at  onus.]  Relating  to 
love  ; causing  love.  “ By  amatory  potions  not 
only  allure  her,  but  necessitate.”  Bp.  Bramhall. 

AM-AU-RO  1 SIS,  n.  [Gr.  apavpwcie,  a darkening.] 
(Med.)  Loss  of  sight  from  an  affection  of  the 
retina,  the  optic  nerve,  or  the  brain ; drop  se- 
rene ; gutta  serena.  Dunglison. 

A-MAu'sIte,  n.  (Min.)  A species  of  felspar. 

Phillips. 

A MAX' I-MIS  ADMIN'I-MA,  [L.]  (Logic.)  From 
the  greatest  things  to  the  least.  Hamilton. 

A-MAZE',  v.  a.  [See  Maze.]  [i.  amazed  ; pp. 
amazing,  AMAZED.]  To  confuse  with  terror 
or  wonder  ; to  astonish  ; to  perplex  ; to  con- 
found ; to  surprise. 

I will  make  many  people  amazed  at  thee.  Ezek.  xxxii.  10. 

Syn.  — Amazed  at  what  is  incomprehensible  or 
frightful;  surprised  at  W'hat  is  unexpected  ; astonished 
at  what  is  not  only  unexpected,  but  unlikely  to  hap- 
pen, or  beyond  com  prehension  ; confounded  or  per- 
plexed at  what  is  embarrassing. 

t A-MAZE',  n.  Astonishment;  confusion.  Milton. 

A-MAZ'ED-LY,  ad.  Confusedly  ; with  amaze- 
ment. “ Stands  Macbeth  thus  amazedlyl  ” Shak. 

A-MAZ'ED-NESS,  n.  Amazement,  [r.]  Shak. 

A-MAZE'iMENT,  n.  State  of  being  amazed  ; con- 
fusion either  from  fear  or  wonder  ; w'onder  ; 
extreme  fear  or  dismay  ; astonishment. 

He  answered  nought  at  all,  but  adding  new 
Fear  to  his  first  amazement , staring  wide 
AVith  stony  eyes,  and  heartless,  hollow  hue, 

Astonished  stood.  Spenser. 

Syn.  — See  Wonder. 

A-MAZ'ING,  p.  a.  Wonderful  ; astonishing. 
“Fall  like  amazing  thunder.”  Shak. 

A-MAZ'ING-LY,  ad.  Wonderfully.  Watts. 

AM'A-ZoN,  n.  [Gr.  a priv.  and./m^d;,  the  breast.] 

i.  One  of  the  Amazons,  a fabulous  race  of 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE. — 9,  Q,  9,  g,  soft  ; £,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  7;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  tills. 


AMAZONIAN 


AMBON 


46 


female  warriors,  famous  for  valor,  who  inhab- 
ited Caucasus  ; — so  called  from  their  cutting 
oft'  their  right  breast  to  give  greater  freedom  in 
the  use  of  the  bow.  Ency. 

2.  A warlike  woman  ; a virago.  Shak. 

®g““The  river  of  that  name  owes  its  appellation 
to  one  of  the  early  Spanish  navigators,  who  fancied 
he  beheld  armed  women  on  its  banks.”  Braude. 

AM-A-ZO'NJ-AN,  a.  1.  Like  the  Amazons;  war- 
like ; — applied  particularly  to  women.  Herbert. 

To  triumph  like  an  Amazonian  trull.  Shak. 

2.  (Geog.)  Relating  to  the  river  Amazon  or 
to  the  countries  bordering  upon  it. 

AM'A-ZON— LIKE,  a.  Resembling  an  Amazon. 

His  hair,  French-like,  stares  on  his  frighted  head, 

One  lock,  Amazon-like , dishevelled.  Bp.  Hall. 

AM B-,  [Gr.  ayupi ; L.  ambi,  or  amb  ; A.  S.  emb,  or 
ymb.\  A prefix  signifying  around,  about. 

AM-BA' QE§,  n.  pi.  [L.,  from  ambi,  or  amb, 
around,  and  ago,  to  drive.]  Windings  or  turn- 
ings, — particularly  applied  to  circumlocutions 
in  speech  ; a circuit  of  words. 

Without  long  ambages  and  circumlocutions.  Locke. 

AM-BAC'jN-OUS,  a.  Circumlocutory;  perplexed; 
tedious ; ambagious,  [it.]  Ch.  Ob. 

f AM-BA'9!-0US,  a.  Circumlocutory;  perplexed; 
tedious  ; ambaginous.  Cotgrave. 

AM-BA9'I-TQ-RY,  a.  Same  as  Ambaginous. 
[r.]  Scott. 

Am' BA- L Am,  n.  (Dot.)  An  Indian  tree.  Crabb. 

Am’ BA-BIF,,  n.  (India.)  An  oblong  seat  fur- 
nished with  a canopy  and  curtains,  to  be  placed 
on  an  elephant’s  back  for  the  accommodation 
of  riders.  Sir  J.  Mackintosh. 

Am'BA-RY,  n.  (Bot.)  An  East  Indian  plant; 
the  hibiscus.  Hamilton. 

t AM-BAS-SADE',  n.  [Fr.  ainbassadeJ]  Embassy. 

When  you  disgraced  me  in  my  ambassaile.  Shak. 

AM-BAS'SA-DOR,  n.  [A.  S.  ambeht,  embeht,  or 
ombiht,  a servant ; Low  L.  ambasciator,  a ser- 
vant; It.  ambasciatore ; Sp.  embajador ; Fr. 
ambassadeur.]  A foreign  minister  of  the  high- 
est rank  sent  on  public  business  from  one  sov- 
ereign power  to  another ; a plenipotentiary  ; 
an  envoy  ; a resident. 

Custom  has  established  the  orthography  of 
ambassador , instead  of  embassador , and  also  of  embas- 
sy, instead  of  ambassy.  “ Embassador  is  consistent 
with  embassy,  but  is  not  usual.”  Smart.  — The  im- 
mediate derivation  of  the  word  from  the  French  is  a 
reason  for  preferring  ambassador. 

Syn. — An  ambassador  and  plenipotentiary  imply 
the  highest  representative  rank.  An  envoy  and  resi- 
dent are  subordinate  officers  or  functionaries  of  the 
second  class  of  foreign  ministers  ; and  a charge  d’af- 
faires is  one  of  the  third  or  lowest  class.  An  ambas- 
sador and  resident , or  minister  resident,  are  permanent 
functionaries.  A plenipotentiary  is  employed  only  on 
special  occasions,  as  for  concluding  peace  or  making 
treaties.  Deputies  do  not  act  for  sovereigns  or  gov- 
ernments, but  for  some  subordinate  community  or 
particular  body. 

AM-BAS-SA-DO'RI-AL,  a.  Belonging  to  an  am- 
bassador or  an  embassy.  Ec.  Rev. 

AM-BAS’SA-DRESS,  n.  1.  The  wife  of  an  am- 
bassador. Johnson. 

2.  A woman  sent  on  an  embassy.  Rowe. 

f AM'BAS-SApE,  it.  An  embassy.  “Theformal 
part  of  their  ambassage.”  — See  Embassage. 

Bacon. 

t AM-BAS'SA-TRIE,  n.  Embassy.  Chaucer. 

+ Am'BAS-SY,  n.  An  embassy.  Howell. 

Am  'BE,  ii.  [Gr.  apliy,  any  rising,  an  edge.] 

1.  (Med.  & Surg.)  A superficial  eminence 

on  a bone.  Dunglison. 

2.  An  old  surgical  instrument  for  reducing 

dislocations  of  the  shoulder.  Dunglison. 

Am'BIJR,  n.  [Ar.  ambar ; Fr.  ambre ; derived, 
according  to  Skinner  and  Wacliter,  from  Ger. 
amberen,  for  anbrennen,  to  burn.  In  German 
this  substance  is  called  bernstein,  or  burn- 
stone.]  A fossil,  indurated,  vegetable  juice, 
transparent  or  translucent,  sometimes  color- 
less, but  usually  of  some  shade  of  yellow  and 
brown,  and'  negatively  electrified  by  friction. 
It  is  found  in  beds  of  lignite,  in  alluvial  soils, 
and  on  sea-coasts,  especially  the  Prussian 
coast  of  the  Baltic,  and  is  chiefly  used  for  or- 


namental purposes  and  as  the  basis  of  a var- 
nish. Eng.  Cyc.  Miller. 

The  spoils  of  elephants  the  roofs  inlay, 

And  studded  anther  darts  a golden  ray.  rope. 

AM'BER,  a.  1.  Consisting  of  amber. 

A belt  of  straw,  and  ivy  buds. 

With  coral  clasps  and  anther  studs.  Raleigh. 

2.  Clear  or  transparent  as  amber. 

And  where  the  river  of  bliss  through  midst  of  heaven 

Rolls  o’er  Elysian  flowers  her  a nicer  stream.  Milton. 

A.M'BIJR,  v.  a.  To  scent  with  amber.  Beau.  1$  FI. 

AM'BpR— LIRlNK,  ii.  Drink  of  the  color  of  am- 
ber. “ Your  clear  amber-drink  is  flat.”  Bacon. 

AM'BpR—  IIRUP'PJNG,  a.  Dropping  amber.  “Thy 
amber-dropping  hair.”  Milton. 

Am'BIJR-GRIS  (Sm'ber-gres,  17),  n.  [Eng.  amber, 
and  Fr.  gris,  gray.]  A substance,  supposed  to 
be  the  product  of  disease,  found  in  the  intes- 
tines of  the  spermaceti  whale.  It  is  also  found 
in  warm  climates,  floating  on  the  sea,  or  thrown 
upon  the  coasts.  It  is  fragrant,  of  a grayish 
color,  used  both  as  a perfume  and  to  improve 
the  flavor  of  wines  and  cordials.  Braude. 

AM'BER-SEED,  n.  Musk-seed,  somewhat  re- 
sembling millet ; abelmosk.  Chambers. 

AM-BER— TREE,  n.  A shrub  having  small  ever- 
green leaves,  which  emit,  when  bruised,  a very 
fragrant  odor  ; Anthospermum.  Loudon. 

AM'BgR-WEEP'ING,  a.  Distilling  amber.  “The 
amber-weeping  tree.”  Crashaiv. 

f AM'B^S-As,  n.  [Fr.  ambesas .]  Two  aces  at 

dice  ; ambsace.  Chaucer. 

Am-BJ-DEX'  TER,  n.  [L.  ambo,  both,  and  dex- 
ter, the  right  hand.] 

1.  One  who  uses  both  hands  alike,  the  left  as 

well  as  the  right.  Browne. 

2.  One  that  acts  with  both  sides.  Burton. 

3.  (Law.)  One  who  takes  money  of  both  par- 
ties for  giving  his  verdict  as  a juror.  Tomlins. 

AM-BI-DEX-TER'I-TY,  n.  1.  Quality  of  being 
ambidextrous.  Johnson. 

2.  Double  dealing.  Johnson. 

AM-BI-DEX'TROUS,  a.  1.  Having  equal  use  of 
both  hands.  Browne. 

2.  Double-dealing;  disingenuous.  “The 
double  practices  of  trimmers,  and  all  false  shuf- 
fling and  ambidextrous  dealings.”  V Estrange. 

AM-BLDEX'TROUS-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being 
ambidextrous  ; ambidexterity.  Bailey. 

AM'BHJNT,  a.  [L.  ambiens.]  Surrounding. 
“ Opening  to  the  ambient  light.”  Milton. 

AM-BI<)r']£-NAL,  a.  [L.  ambo,  both,  and  genu,  the 
knee.]  (Math.)  Noting  an  hyperbola  of  the 
third  order,  one  of  whose  infinite  branches  is 
tangent  to  the  asymptote  within,  and  the  other 
without,  the  angle  which  the  asymptotes  form 
with  each  other.  Davies. 

Am' BI-OU,  ii.  [Fr.]  A medley  of  dishes;  — a 
term  applied  to  a repast  when  all  the  dishes  are 
set  on  at  the  same  time.  King. 

AM-Br-GU'I-TY,  n.  State  of  being  ambiguous  ; 
equivocalness  ; doubtfulness  of  meaning. 

The  ambiguitt/,  and  even  penury,  of  all  languages  in  rela- 
tion to  our  internal  feelings  make  it  very  difficult,  in  treating 
of  them,  to  preserve  at  once  perspicuity  and  accuracy. 

Hr.  Campbell. 

AM-BIG'y-OUS  (am-blg'yu-us,  10,  24),  a.  [L.  am- 
biguus,  wavering.] 

1.  Occasioning  uncertainty  by  double  signi- 
fication ; having  two  meanings  ; equivocal ; un- 
certain ; as,  “ Ambiguous  expressions.” 

Ambiguous , and  with  double  sense  deluding.  Milton. 

2.  Using  doubtful  language.  “ [Antinofis] 

thus  ambiguous  spoke.”  Pope. 

Syn.  — The  language  is  so  ambiguous  that  the 
meaning  is  doubtful.  Equivocal  words  are  used  in 
order  to  mislead.  What  is  not  exactly  known,  fixed, 
or  decided  is  uncertain. 

“ An  honest  man  will  never  employ  an  equivocal 
expression  ; a confused  Ilian  may  often  utter  ambigu- 
ous ones  without  any  design.”  Blair.  — See  Doubt- 
ful. 

AM-BlG'U-OOS-LY,  ad.  Doubtfully;  uncertainly. 

AM-BIG'U-OUS-NESS,  n.  Uncertainty  of  mean- 
ing ; doubtful  signification ; ambiguity.  Smart. 

AM-BI-LE'VOUS,  a.  [L.  ambo,  both,  and  lawus, 


on  the  left  side.]  Left-handed  on  both  sides ; 

— opposed  to  ambidextrous.  Browne. 

t AM-BlL'O-^YjOi.  [L.  ambo,  both,  and  Gr.  >.6yos, 
a discourse.]"  Ambiguous  talk.  Bailey. 

f AM-BiL'O-QUOUS  (?m-hil'o-kwus),  a.  Using 
ambiguous  expressions.  Bailey. 

t AM-BIL'O-QUY,  n.  [L.  ambo,  both,  and  loquor, 
to  speak.]  Use  of  doubtful  expressions.  Bailey. 

Am'BIT,  n.  [L.  ambitus .]  Compass  or  circuit; 
circumference.  “ Measuring  by  the  ambit,  it  is 
long  or  round  about  a foot.  Grew. 

AM-BI"TION  (jm-blsli'un),  n.  [L.  ambitio,  from 
ambio,  to  go  around  ; referring  to  the  going 
about  of  candidates  for  the  purpose  of  canvass- 
ing for  posts  of  honor  ; It.  ambizione  ; Sp.  am- 
bition ; Fr.  ambition .] 

1.  +The  act  of  going  about  to  obtain  any 
office,  or  other  object. 

I,  on  the  other  side. 

Used  no  ambition  to  commend  my  deeds.  Milton. 

2.  Eager  desire  of  power,  honor,  fame,  or  of 
any  thing  that  confers  distinction  ; emulation. 

Vaulting  ambition,  which  o’erleaps  itself.  Shak. 

3.  Strong  desire  to  obtain  any  object ; aspi- 
ration. 

I had  a very  early  ambition  to  recommend  myself  to  your 
lordship’s  patronage.  Addison. 

AM-Bl"TION,  v.  a.  To  seek  eagerly,  [r.]  Clarke. 

AM-Bi''TION-LESS,  a.  Without  ambition.  Pollok. 

AM-BI"TIOUS  (tun-bisli'us),  a.  [L.  ambit iosus ; 
It.  ambizioso  ; Sp.  ambicioso  ; Fr . ainbitieux.\ 

1.  Possessed  of,  or  actuated  by,  ambition  ; de- 
sirous of  superiority  ; emulous ; aspiring ; eager  ; 

— followed  by  of  before  a noun.  “ Trajan,  a 

prince  ambitious  of  glory.”  Arbuthnot. 

2.  Indicating  ambition;  as,  “An  ambitious 
style  ” ; “ Ambitious  ornament.” 

AM-Bl"TIOt;S-LY  (am-bi'sh  us-lc),  ad.  In  an  am- 
bitious manner.  Dryden. 

AM-BF'TIOt-S-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
ambitious.  Bale. 

f AM'BI-TC'Dii,  ii.  Compass;  circuit.  Bailey. 

Am'BI-TUS,  ii.  [L.]  1.  The  extreme  edge  of 

any  thing  ; circuit ; circumference.  Brande. 

2.  (Arch.)  A space  round  a building.  Weak. 

3.  (Bot.)  The  border  of  a leaf.  Brande. 

4.  (Conch.)  The  outline  of  shells  of  bivalves. 

5.  (Roman  Politics.)  The  act  of  canvassing 

for  offices  and  honors.  Brande. 

Am'BLE  (am'bl),  v.  n.  [L.  ambulo,  to  walk;  It. 
ambulare  ; Sp  .ambular-,  Fr  .ambler.]  [/.am- 
bled ; pp.  AMBLING,  AMBLED.] 

1.  To  move  upon  an  amble  ; to  pace.  “ Sure 

to  amble  when  the  world  is  upon  the  hardest 
trot.”  Dryden. 

2.  To  move  easily,  or  at  an  easy  pace. 

Your  wit  ambles  well ; it  goes  easily.  Shak. 

Am'BLE  (am'bl),  n.  A movement  in  which  a horse 
moves  both  his  legs  on  one  side  at  the  same 
time  ; pacing.  “ A fine  easy  amble.”  B.  Jonson. 

AM'BLIJR,  ii.  One  that  ambles. 

An  ambler  is  proper  for  a lady's  saddle.  Hoicell. 

AM'BLING,  n.  The  motion  of  a horse  that  am- 
bles. Brande. 

AM'BLING,  p.  a.  Moving  with  an  amble.  Smart. 

AM'BLING-LY,  ad.  With  an  ambling  movement. 

Am'BLY-GON,  n.  [Gr.  apfllv;,  blunt,  and  yoivia, 
an  angle.]  An  obtuse-angled  triangle.  Bailey. 

AM-BLYG'O-NAL,  a.  Relating  to  an  amblvgon  ; 
having  one  obtuse  angle.  Davies. 

AM-BLYG'ON-lTE,  n.  (Min.)  A crystallized 
mineral,  consisting  of  phosphate  of  alumina  and 
lithia  ; — ’So  named  in  allusion  to  the  obtuse 
angles  of  its  prism.  Phillips. 

AM-BLY-O  PI-A,  i [Gr.  apples,  dull,  an  wij, 

AM'BLY-O-PY,  \ the  eye.]  Dulness  of  sight; 
incipient  amaurosis.  Dunglison. 

Am' BO,  ) n_  [Gr.  apfiioi.]  A reading-desk,  or 

Am'BOJY,  j pulpit;  any  raised  platform.  Britton. 

The  principal  use  of  this  ambo  was  to  read  the  Scriptures 
to  the  people.  Sir  G.  Uliceler . 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  £,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  J,  O,  U,  y,  obscure;  F.A1R,  fAr,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


AMBON 


47 


AMENTIA 


AM  'BON,  n.  [Gr.  appmv,  the-edge  of  a dish  which 
rises  above  the  centre.]  (Anat.)  The  fibro- 
cartilaginous margin  of  a socket  in  which  the 
head  of  a bone  is  lodged.  Dunglison. 

AM-BOY-NESE n.  sing.  & pi.  (Geoff.)  A native 
or  natives  of  Amboyna.  Ency. 

AM-BRF.-A  ' DA,  n.  [From  amber .]  A kind  of 
factitious  amber  made  in  Europe  for  the  Atri- 
can  market.  Offline. 

Am'BRE-ATE,  n.  ( Chcm .)  A salt  formed  of 
ambreic  acid  and  a base.  Buchanan. 

AM-BRE'IC,  a.  ( Chem .)  Noting  an  acid  made 
by  digesting  ambreine  in  nitric  acid.  Gregory. 

AM'BRU-INE,  it.  (Chem.)  The  fatty  matter  of 
ambergris,  convertible  by  nitric  acid  into  am- 
breic acid.  Gregory. 

AM-BROfl-A  (am-bro'zhe-a,  93)  [am-bro'zhe-a,  IF. 
P.  J.  F.  ja.  Sm. ; am-bro'sha,  S.  ; am-brozh'ya, 
K.  ; am-bro'zha,  IF6.],  n.  [L. ; Gr.  lip/Jpoola, 
from  apfSooros,  immortal.] 

1.  (Myth.)  The  food  of  the  gods,  the  use  of 
which  conferred  immortality. 

2.  Any  thing  pleasing  to  the  smell  or  the  taste. 

3.  ( Bot .)  A genus  of  weedy  plants.  Loudon. 

t AM-BRO'§[-AC  (-z)ie-),  a.  Ambrosial.  B.  Jonson. 

AM-BItO'i-51-AL  (fun-bro'zhe-jl,  93),  a.  Relating  to 

or  partaking  of  ambrosia  ; fragrant ; delicious. 

AM-BRO'§I-AN  (ain-bro'zhe-an),  a.  1.  Relating 
to  or  partaking  of  ambrosia;  ambrosial.  Dryden. 

2.  Pertaining  to  St.  Ambrose  ; as,  “ The  Am- 
brosian ritual  ” ; “ The  Ambrosian  chant.” 

A.M'BRO-SlN,  n.  An  old  Milanese  coin  bearing 
the  figure  of  St.  Ambrose  on  horseback.  Oyilvie. 

Am'BRO-TYPE,  n.  [Gr.  afiPporo;,  immortal,  and 
rfciros,  an  impression.]  A photographic  picture 
on  a film  of  collodion  coating  a glass  plate,  the 
lights  of  which  are  formed  by  a bright  surface 
of  reduced  silver,  and  the  shadows  by  a black 
background  showing  through  the  transparent 
portions  of  the  plate.  Sutton.  Harwich. 

Am'BRY  (am'bre),  n.  1.  [Fr.  aum'nerie.]  A 
place  where  the  almoner  lives,  or  alms  are  dis- 
tributed. — See  Almonry.  Johnson. 

2.  [Old  Fr.  am brey.  Kelham .]  A place  where 
utensils  for  house-keeping  are  kept ; a pantry. 

AMBiS— ACE'  (amz-as')  [amz-as',  IF.  J.  F.  Ja.  R. ; 
amz'as',  S.;  ainz'as,  P.  Sm.;  imz'as,  A.],  it. 
[Old  Fr.  ambes,  both,  and  Eng.  ace.]  A double 
ace ; two  aces  thrown  up  by  dice  at  once.  Shak. 

Am'BU-lAnce,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  ambulo,  to  walk.] 
A moving  hospital  attached  to  an  army  for  the 
purpose  of  rendering  immediate  assistance  to 
sick  or  wounded  soldiers ; first  introduced  by 
the  French  surgeons  during  the  wars  of  Na- 
poleon. P.  Cyc. 

Am'BU-lANT,  a.  Moving  from  place  to  place. 

A knight  dormant,  ambulant,  combatant.  Gayton, 

f Am'BU-LATE,  v.n.  [L.  ambulo,  to  walk.]  To 
move  about.  Boucher. 

AM-BU-lA'TION,  n.  [L.  ambulatio.]  A walk ; 
act  of  walking,  [r.]  Browne. 

t Am'BU-lA-TIVE,  a.  Walking.  Sherwood. 

Am'BU-lA-TOR,  n.  1.  One  who  walks  about. 

2.  (Ent.)  The  walking-stick.  Smart. 

3.  ( Ornith.)  A walking  bird.  Smart. 

4.  (Surveying.)  An  instrument  for  measur- 
ing distances ; perambulator.  Ogilvie. 

AM'BU-LA-TO-RY,  a.  1.  Having  the  power  of 
walking  or  of  locomotion. 

The  gradient  or  ambulator y are  such  as  require  some  basis 
to  uphold  them  in  their  motions.  Wilkins. 

2.  Formed  for  walking,  — applied  to  the  feet 

of  certain  birds  with  three  toes  be-'ore  and  one 
behind.  Brande. 

3.  Going  from  place  to  place  ; movable. 

Multitudes,  hearing  of  his  miraculous  power  to  cure  all 
diseases  by  the  word  of  his  mouth,  or  the  touch  of  his  hand 
. . . came  with  their  ambidatonj  hospital  of  sick.  Bp.  Taylor. 

4.  Happening  in  the  course  of  a walk  or 
journey. 

. Th®  princess  of  whom  his  majesty  had  an  ambutatori/  view 

_ ,n  h,s  travels.  IVotton. 

Am'BU-LA-TO-RY,  n.  A cloister,  gallery,  or  al- 

ley for  walking  in  ; a place  attached  to'  a large 
building,  and  enclosed  by  a colonnade,  or  by  an 
arcade,  as  a place  of  exercise.  Warton. 


AM'BU-RY,  ii.  [A.  S.  ampre .]  (Farriery.)  A 
bloody  wart  on  a horse’s  body ; anbury.  Johnson. 

AM-BUS-CADE',  n.  [It.  imboscata ; Sp.  emboscada  ; 
Fr.  embuscadc,  a lying  in  wait  for  by  going  into 
a thicket.  — See  Ambush.] 

1.  A private  station  in  which  men  lie  to  sur- 

prise others  ; a snare  laid  for  an  enemy  ; an  am- 
bush. Dryden. 

2.  A body  of  troops  in  ambush.  Campbell. 

Am-BUS-CADE',  v.  a.  To  lie  in  wait  for.  Smart. 

f AM-BUS-CA'DQ,  n.  An  ambuscade. 

Of  breaches,  ambuscadoes,  Spanish  blades, 

Of  healths  five  fathoms  deep.  Shak. 

f AM-BUS-CA'DOED  (am-bus-ka'dod),  a.  Privately 
posted.  Sir  2’.  Herbert. 

Am'BUSH,  n.  [Fr.  embuche,  from  en,  in,  and  bois, 
a wood,  or  bushes.] 

1.  A post  where  soldiers  or  assassins  are  con- 
cealed in  order  to  fall  unexpectedly  upon  an 
enemy ; an  ambuscade. 

Bold  in  close  ambush,  base  in  open  field.  Dryden. 

2.  The  act  of  surprising  by  lying  in  wait. 

Heaven,  whose  high  walls  fear  no  assault  or  siege, 

Or  ambush  from  the  deep.  Milton. 

3.  The  state  of  being  posted  privately  in  or- 
der to  surprise ; as,  ‘‘To  lie  in  ambush.” 

Am'BUSH,  V.  a.  [l.  AMBUSHED  ; pp.  AMBUSHING, 
ambushed.]  To  place  in  ambush.  “Having 
'ambushed  a thousand  horse.”  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

AM'BUSH,  v.  n.  To  lie  insidiously  hidden.  Pope. 

Am'BUSHED  (am'bfisht),  p.  a.  Placed  in  ambush. 
“ Bands  of  ambushed  men.”  Dryden. 

f Am'BUSII-MENT,  n.  Ambush;  surprise. 

In  ambushment  of  his  hoped  prey.  Spenser. 

t AM-BUST',  a.  [L.  ambustus.]  Burnt.  Bailey. 

AM-BUS'TION  (jm-hust'yun),  n.  [L.  ambustio .] 
(Med.)  A burn  or  scald.  Cockeram. 

Am-B-BE'AN,  a.  [Gr.  apofaios,  alternate.]  An- 
swering alternately. — See  Amcebean. 

A-MEER  ',  or  A-MIR  ',  it.  [Ar.]  A nobleman  ; 
same  as  Emir.  Hamilton. 

AM'BL,  n.  [Fr.  email.]  Same  as  Enamel.  Boyle. 

Am'JJL-CORN,  n.  A species  of  corn  used  for 
making  starch.  Smart. 

||  A-MEL'IO-RA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  ameliorated, 
or  made  better.  New  Ann.  Reg. 

||  A-MEL'IO-RATE  (a-mel'yo-rat)  [a-mc  le-o-rat , 
P.  J.  Ja.  ; a-mel'yo-rat,  Sm.],  V.  a.  [Low  L. 
amelioror,  amelioratus ; Fr.  ameliorer.]  [i. 
AMELIORATED  ; pp.  AMELIORATING,  AMELIO- 
RATED.] To  improve  ; to  make  better  ; to  mel- 
iorate. “ Their  lot  being  so  much  ameliorated.” 
— See  Meliorate.  Swinburne. 

II  A-MEL-IO-RA'TION  (a-mel-yoWahdrun),  n.  Act 
of  ameliorating ; improvement.  “ Robbers  and 
murderers  themselves  are  in  a course  of  amel- 
ioration.” Burke. 

Syn.  — See  Improvement. 

||  A-MEL'IO-RA-TOR  (a-mel'yo-ra-tur),  n.  One 
who  ameliorates.  Ed.  Rev. 

| f Am'ELLED  (am 'eld),  a.  [See  Amel.]  Enam- 
elled. “ Inchase  in  amellcd  gold.”  Chapman. 

A'MEN',  [a-men',  S.  P.  J.  E.  Ja.  K.  R.  ; a'men', 
IF  F.  Sm. ; a'men',  C.  In  singing  it  is  com- 
monly pronounced  a'men'],  ad.  [Hcb.  ]?2SU]  So 

be  it/;  verily  ; a term  used  in  devotions,  mean- 
ing, at  the  end  of  a prayer,  So  be  it ; at  the  end 
of  a creed,  So  it  is. 

One  cried.  God  bless  us ! and,  Amen  ! the  other. 

But  wherefore  could  not  I pronounce  Amen  ? 

I had  most  need  ot  blessing,  and  amen 
Stuck  in  my  throat.  . Shak. 

jB®=“This  is  the  only  word  in  the  language'that 
has  necessarily  two  consecutive  accents.”  Walker. — 
A number  of  compound  words  are  to  be  excepted  ; as, 
back-slide , strono-hold , way-lay , &c. 

A'MEN',  n.  The  term  itself,  as  signifying  He  who 
is  faithful  and  true.  “ These  things  saith  the 
Amen.”  Rev.  iii.  14. 

A-ME-NA-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being  amena- 
ble ; amenableness.  Coleridge. 

A-ME'NA-BLE,  a.  [Fr.  amener,  to  bring  to  or 
into ; referring  to  an  order  to  bring  a person 
into  court,  i.  e.  making  him  liable  to  be  brought 
to  account.] 


1.  Liable  to  be  called  to  account;  liable  to 
punishment ; responsible  ; accountable. 

The  sovereign  of  this  country  is  not  amenable  to  any  form 
of  trial  known  to  the  laws.  Junius. 

2.  f (Laic.)  [Fr.  amadnable,  from  main , the 

hand.]  Tractable  or  manageable ; applied  in 
the  old  books  to  a woman  that  is  governable  by 
her  husband.  Cowell. 

A-ME'NA-BLE-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  amenable  ; 
amenability.  ,/.  Pye  Smith. 

f Am'B-NA^E,  v.  a.  [Fr.  amener,  to  bring.]  To 
direct  or  manage  by  force.  Spenser. 

+ AM'E-NANCE,  or  AM'E-NAUNCE,  n.  [Fr. 
amener,  to  bring.]  Conduct ; behavior  ; mien. 
“ Arms  and  warlike  amenance.”  Spenser. 

A-MEND',  v.  a.  [L.  cmendo  ; e,  from  or  out  of, 
and  menda,  a spot  or  stain  ; It.  ammendare ; 
Sp.  emendar ; Fr.  amender.]  (i.  amended  ; pp. 
amending,  amended.]  To  reform  ; to  remove 
errors  from ; to  correct ; to  make  better ; to 
rectify  ; to  improve  ; to  emend. 

Do  thou  amend  thy  face,  and  I’ll  amend  my  life.  Shak. 

Syn. — To  amend,  correct,  rectify , emend,  and  re- 
form imply  the  lessening  of  evil ; to  improve  and  bet- 
ter, the  increase  of  good.  To  reform  implies  hotli  t lie 
lessening  of  evil  and  the  increase  of  good.  Amend 
wiiat  is  wrong  ; correct  what  is  erroneous  ; rectify 
mistakes;  emend  the' writings  of  an  author;  improve 
inventions  ; mend  garments  ; reform  the  life  ; better 
the  condition.  — See  Recall,  Redress. 

A-MEND',  v.  n.  To  grow  better;  to  improve  ; to 
mend. 

The  affliction  of  my  mind  amends.  Shak. 

A-MJEND'A-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  amendment ; rep- 
arable. Sherwood. 

A-MEND'A-TO-RY,  a.  That  tends  to  make  bet- 
ter ; that  amends  or  corrects.  Hale. 

AMEJVDE  (a-m&nd1)  [a-mond',  P. ; d-mongd',  Sm. ; 
il-mlnd',  A'.],  n.  [Fr.]  A fine,  by  which  rec- 
ompense is  made  for  the  fault  or  injury  com- 
mitted ; amends.  Smart. 

Amende  honorable,  (Law.)  a penalty  imposed  by  way 
of  disgrace  ; a species  of  infamous  punishment  for- 
merly inflicted  on  criminals  guilty  of  an  offence  against 
public  decency  or  morality  ; a compulsory  and  public 
confession  of  an  offence,  with  a begging  of  pardon. 
It  is  now  also  applied  to  reparation,  or  an  apology, 
made  for  injurious  language  or  treatment. 

A-MEND'BR,  n.  One  who  amends.  Barret. 

f A-MEND'FUL,  «.  Full  of  improvement.  “Your 
amendful  hand.”  Beau.  § FI. 

A-MEND'ING,  n.  The  act  of  correcting  or  of 
making  better.  Bp.  Taylor. 

A-MEND'MENT,  n.  1.  Improvement ; change 
for  the  better.  “ Defects  in  the  understand- 
ing capable  of  amendment.”  Locke. 

2.  (Law.)  A correction  of  an  error  in  any 

process,  pleading,  or  proceeding  at  law  or  in 
equity.  Burrill. 

3.  An  alteration  in  the  draught  of  a bill  or 
other  document  while  passing  through  the  stages 
of  legislation. 

Syn.  — See  Correction,  Reformation. 

A-MEND^'  (a-mendz'),  n.  sing.  & pi.,  and  used 
with  a singular  or  plural  verb.  [Corrupted  from 
Fr.  amende .]  A supply  of  a loss  or  defect; 
recompense ; compensation. 

If  our  souls  be  immortal,  this  makes  abundant  amend S for 
the  frailties  of  life  and  the  sufferings  of  this  state.  Tillotson. 
A large  amends  hv  fortune’s  hand  is  made, 

And  the  lost  Punic  blood  is  well  repaid.  Bowe. 

Syn.  — See  Compensation. 

A-MEN'I-TY  [j-men'e-te,  S.  TF  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  R. 
C.\,  n.  [L.  amoenitas;  Fr.  amenite.]  Pleas- 
antness; agreeableness  of  situation,  place,  or 
manners. 

Babylon  was  a seat  of  amenity  and  pleasure.  Browne. 

A MEN'SA  ET  THO'RO,  [L.]  (Law.)  From  bed 
and  board  : — a separation  or  divorce  which  does 
not  absolutely  dissolve  the  marriage.  Burrill. 

Am'ENT,  n.  Same  as  Amentum.  Hensloio. 

AM-BN-TA'CEOUS  (am-en-ta'slms),  a.  [L.  amen- 
tatus,  furnished  with  a strap.]  (Bot.)  Having 
amenta  or  catkins.  Brande. 

A-MEN'TI-A  (a-men'she-a,  94),  n.  [L. ; n priv. 
and  mens,  mentis,  mind.]  (Med.)  Mental  im- 
becility ; fatuity.  Dunglison. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RtJLE.  — £,  9,  g,  soft;  P,  6,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  7. ; If  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


AMENTUM 


48 


AMNIOS 


A-MEJV'  TUM,  n. ; pi.  a-men’ta.  [L .,athong.\ 
{Dot.)  A' kind  of  inflorescence,  i.  e.  a 
scaly  sort  of  spike,  as  of  the  bircli, 
the  alder,  the  willow,  the  poplar,  &c. ; 
a catkin  ; an  ament.  Drancle. 

f A-MEN'TY,  n.  [Fr.  amentie.)  Mad- 
ness. Todd. 

f A-MEN'U§E,  v.  a.  [Fr.  amenuiser.]  To  lessen  ; 
to  dimmish.  Chaucer. 


A-MERCE',  v.  a.  [Low  L.  amercio,  from  merces, 
reward,  or  goods  given  for  a remission  of  pun- 
ishment; Old  Fr.  amercier.)  (i.  amerced  ; pp. 
amercing,  amerced.]  To  punish  with  a pe- 
cuniary penalty  or  fine ; to  fine ; to  mulct. 
“ Amerced  with  penance  due.”  Spenser.  — Al- 
so followed  by  in  and  of  before  the  fine. 

They  shall  amerce  him  in  a hundred  shekels  of  silver. 

Deut.  xxii.  10. 

Millions  of  spirits  for  his  fault  amerced 
Of  heaven.  Milton. 

A-MERCE'  A-BLE,  a.  Liable  to  amercement.  Hale. 

A-MERCE'MIJNT,  n.  1.  (Law.)  A pecuniary  pun- 
ishment, penalty,  or  fine,  imposed  on  an  offender, 
at  the  discretion  of  the  judge  or  court.  Cowell. 

2.  f Loss  by  way  of  punishment.  Milton. 

A-MER'CpR,  n.  One  who  amerces.  Johnson. 

A-MER'CI-A-MENT  (a-mer'she-a-ment),  n.  (Laic.) 
A penalty  or  fine.  — See  Amercement.  Selden. 

A-MER'I-CAN,  n.  (Geog.)  A native  of  America  ; 
— especially  a native  of  the  United  States. 
Columbus  found  the  American  so  girt 
With  feathered  cincture.  Milton. 

A-MER'I-CAN,  a.  (Geog.)  Relating  to  America, 
or  to  the  United  States. 


A-MER'!-CAN-I§M,  n.  A word,  phrase,  or  idiom 
peculiar  to  America,  or  to  the  United  States. 

What  has  been  said  in  respect  of  much  of  our  provincial 
English  — namely,  that  it  is  old  English,  rather  than  bad 
English  — may  be  affirmed,  no  doubt,  with  equal  right  in  re- 
spect of  many  so  called  American  isms.  Trench . 

A-MER'l-CAN-IZE,  v.  a.  To  render  American  ; 
to  naturalize  -in  America.  Jackson. 

AMES— ACE'  (amz-as'j,  n.  Two  aces  on  the  dice. 
— See  Ambs-Ace.  Dryden. 

AM'IJSS,  n.  A priest’s  vestment ; amice.  Bailey. 

A-MET-A-BO'  LI-A,  n.  pi.  [L.]  (Ent.)  A sub- 
class of  insects  which  do  not  undergo  any  met- 
amorphosis, as  fleas,  lice,  &c.  Brande. 

A-MET-A-BO 'LI- AN,  n.  [Gr.  a priv.  and  ptru(lo- 
l.ij,  change.]  (Ent.)  An  insect  that  does  not 
undergo  any  metamorphosis.  Kirby. 

f AM-E-THOD'I-CAL,  a.  Out  of  method  ; in  dis- 
order ; irregular.  Bailey. 

f A-METH'O-DIST,  n.  [Gr.  aptOobos,  without  plan.] 
An  irregular  physician  ; a quack.  Whitlock. 

A M ' F.-Til  VST,  n.  [Gr.  ap tOimros,  a remedy  against 
drunkenness,  from  a priv.  and  pedtw,  to  be  in- 
toxicated with  wine,  from  the  supposition  that 
wine  drunk  out  of  an  amethystine  cup  would 
not  intoxicate.] 

1.  (Min.)  A clear,  purple  or  bluish- violet  va- 

riety of  quartz  crystal.  The  color  is  supposed 
to  be  due  to  a small  quantity  of  the  oxide  of 
manganese.  Dana. 

Oriental  amethyst , a rare  variety  of  corundum  ; vio- 
let sapphire.  Dana. 

2.  (Her.)  Purple  in  a nobleman’s  coat  of 

arms.  Johnson. 

Am-F-TIIYS'TINE,  a.  Resembling  an  amethyst. 

AM-HAR'IC,  n.  [ Amhara , a division  of  Abys- 
sinia.] The  language  of  Abyssinia.  P.  Cyc. 

AM’J-A,  n.  (Ich.)  A genus  of  reptilian  fishes, 
found  in  the  rivers  of  the  United  States ; the 
scaly  catfish.  Agassiz. 

A-MI-A-BI  L'I-TY,  n.  Quality  of  being  amiable; 
loveliness  ; amiableness.  Bp.  Taylor. 

K3C  Amiability,  from  the  adjective  amiable,  is  now 
much  more  in  use  than  amability,  derived  from  the 
Latin  amabilitas. 


A 'MI-  A-BLE,  a.  [L.  amabilis,  from  amo,  to  love  ; 
Old  Fr.  amiable-,  Fr.  aimable.)  Worthy  to  be 
loved;  lovely;  charming;  delightful;  pleasing. 

There  is  nothin"  more  amiahle  in  nature  than  the  charac- 
ter of  a truly  good  man.  Clarke. 

lie  had  a most  amiable  countenance,  which  carried  in  it 
something  of  magnanimity  and  majesty,  mixed  with  sweet- 
ness. Mem.  of  Hutch  inson. 

Syn.  — Moral  qualities  are  called  amiable-,  physi- 


cal good  may  be  called  lovely.  An  amiable  disposi- 
tion ; an  amiable  woman  ; a lovely  figure ; a lovely 
child  ; a charming  voice  ; a delightful  scene  ; pleasing 
manners.  — See  Friendly. 

A'MI-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Loveliness.  Burton. 

A'MI-A-BLY,  ad.  1.  In  an  amiable  manner. 
“ More  amiably  fair.”  Thomson. 

2.  Pleasingly.  “The  palaces  rise  so  amia- 
bly.” Sir  T.  Herbert. 

Am’I-ANTII,  n.  [Gr.  apiavTOi  ; L.  amiantus .] 
(Min.)  Earth-flax.  — See  Amianthus.  Phillips. 

AM-i-An'THI-FORM,  a.  Resembling  amianth ; 
amianthoid.  Phillips. 

AM-I-AN'THJN-ITE,  n.  (Min.)  A sort  of  miner- 
al, occurring  in  tufts,  flexible  and  elastic,  re- 
sembling amianthus,  but  stilfer.  Phillips. 

AM-I-AN'THoId,  a.  Like  amianth.  Phillips. 

AM-I-AN'THoID,  n.  [Gr.  apiavros,  amianth,  and 
ethos,  form.)  (Min.)  A mineral.  Phillips. 

AM-1-AN'THFS,  n.  [Gr.  apiavros,  undefiled;  u 
priv.  and  piaivw,  to  stain  ; L.  amiantus .] 
(Min.)  Earth-flax,  or  mountain-flax  ; a fibrous 
mineral  substance  resembling  flax  ; the  flaxen 
variety  of  asbestos,  so  named  because  it  can  be 
purified  by  fire  without  injury.  Brande. 

AM-I-CA-bIl'I-TY,  n.  Quality  of  being  amica- 
ble or  friendly ; 'amiableness.  Ash. 

Am'I-CA-BLE,  a.  Friendly;  peaceable.  “They 
live  in  an  amicable  manner.”  Johnson. 

Syn.  — Friendly,  which  is  from  the  Anglo-Saxon, 
is  a stronger  term  than  amicable,  which  is  from  the 
Latin.  Amicable  relations,  terms,  dealings  ; friendly 
intercourse,  advice ; amicable  with  those  between 
whom  and  us  there  has  been  no  discordance;  friendly 
with  those  for  whom  we  entertain  positive  feelings  of 
friendship ; a peaceable  citizen  ; a kind  neighbor  ; an 
obliging  friend  or  person See  Friendly. 

AM'I-CA-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
amicable  ; friendliness  ; good  will.  Bp.  Taylor. 

AM'I-CA-BLY,  ad.  In  an  amicable  manner. 
“ Sects  live  so  amicably  together.”  Phillips. 

A-Ml'CAL,  a.  [L.  amicus,  a friend.]  Friendly; 

amicable,  [r.]  Watson. 

Am'JCE  [am'js,  S.  W.  P.  J.  K.  Sm.  R. ; am-mis  , 
Ja.),  n.  [L.  amicio,  amictus,  to  clothe  ; Fr. 
amict .]  An  oblong  square  of  fine  linen,  worn 
under  the  alb  by  Catholic  priests;  — written 
also  ammis  and  amess.  Milton. 

A-M}'  CUS  CU  RI-JE,  n.  [L.]  (Law.)  A friend 
of  the  court ; — a stander-by  or  member  of  the 
bar  who  informs  the  judge,  when  doubtful  or 
mistaken  in  matter  of  law.  Tomlins. 

A-M  ID  , ) prep_  [A.  S.  amiddan,  in  the  mid- 

A-MIDST',  ) die.]  In  the  midst  or  middle  of ; sur- 
rounded by  ; mingled  with ; among. 

And  all  amid  them  stood  the  tree  of  life.  Milton. 

And  sees  on  high,  amidst  the  encircling  groves.  Beattie. 

AM'IDE,  n.  (ammonia.)  (Chem.)  A compound 
containing  a base  composed  of  one  atom  of 
nitrogen  and  two  atoms  of  hydrogen.  Brande. 

Am'I-DINE,  n.  [Fr.  amidon,  starch.]  The  solu- 
ble part  of  starch.  Brande. 

A-MlD'O-QEN,  n.  [Eng.  amide,  and  Gr.  yev- 
vdu,  to  produce.]  (Chem.)  A combination  of 
one  atom  of  nitrogen  and  two  atoms  of  hydro- 
gen, forming  the  base  of  the  compounds  called 
amides.  Miller. 

A-M1D'SHIPS,  ad.  ( Naut .)  In  the  middle  of  a 
ship  ; between  the  stem  and  the  stern  ; mid- 
ships. ‘ Falconer. 

Am'J-LOT,  ii.  (Ich.)  A white  fish,  found  in  the 
lakes  of  Mexico.  Ogilvie. 

A-MISS1,  ad.  [A.  S.  missian,  to  err.]  Wrong; 
faultily  ; improperly  ; criminally.  Hooker. 

f A-MISS',  n.  A fault ; culpability. 

Each  toy  seems  prologue  to  some  great  amiss.  Shah. 

A-MISS',  a.  Wrong;  faulty;  improper.  Dryden. 

f A-MIS'SION  (a-mish'un),  n.  [L.  amissio.)  Loss. 
“ Amission  of  their  church-membership.”  More. 

fA-MIT',  v.  a.  [L.  amitto .]  To  lose.  Browne. 


AM'I-TY,  n.  [Fr.  amitii-.)  Friendship  ; con- 
cord;’ good  will.  Addison. 

Am'MA,  n.  [Heb.  CSt,  mother.]  1.  An  abbess, 
or  spiritual  mother.  Ogilvie. 

2.  [Gr.  dppa,  a knot.]  (Surg.)  A truss;  — 
written  also  hamma.  Dunglison. 

AM  MAN,  ) [Ger.  amtmann.)  1.  (Sicitzer- 

AM'MANT,  ) land.)  A judge  in  civil  cases. 

2.  (Prance.)  A notary  public.  Buchanan. 

Am'MID,  n.  (Chem.)  Same  as  Amide.  Ogilvie. 

AM-MID'O-QEN,  n.  Same  as  Amidogen. 

f Am'MI-RAL,  n.  Admiral. — See  Admiral. 

His  spear,  to  equal  which  the  tallest  pine 
llewn  on  Norwegian  hills,  to  be  the  mast 
Of  some  great  ammiral,  were  but  a wand.  Jlilton. 

AM'MITE,  n.  [Gr.  afj/jog,  sand.]  (Min.)  Roe-stone  ; 
oolite  ; — written  also  hammite.  Buchanan. 

AM'MO-jEHRYSE,  n.  [Gr.  appos,  sand,  and  ^p- 
<ru{,  gold.]  (Min.)  A soft  stone,  used  to  strew 
over  writing-paper.  Crabb. 

AM'MO-DYTE,  n.  [Gr.  appos,  sand,  and  Pry;,  a 
diver.]  (Ich.)  One  of  a Linnaean  genus  of  apo- 
dal fishes,  of  which  the  sand-eel  and  the  sand- 
lance  are  examples.  Brande. 

AM-MO’NI-A,  n.  [Probably  from  the  temple  of 
Jupiter  Ammon  in  Egypt,  near  which  muriate 
of  ammonia  was  first  obtained  by  burning  the 
dung  of  camels,  the  word  Ammon  being  from 
Gr.  dppos,  sand,  and  applied  as  a surname  to 
Jupiter  in  the  temple  erected  to  him  in  the 
sandy  desert  of  Libya.]  (Chem.)  A gaseous 
substance,  of  pungent  smell  and  acrid  taste, 
consisting  of  azote,  or  nitrogen,  and  hydrogen  ; 
volatile  alkali.  lire. 

AM-MO'NI-Ac,  n.  The  drug  gum-ammoniac,  a 
concrete  juice  or  gum  resin  brought  from  the 
East.  Ure. 

AM-MO-Nf  A-CAL,  a.  Having  the  properties  of 
ammonia,  or  containing  ammonia.  “ Solutions 
of  ammoniacal  salts.”  P.  Cyc. 

AM-MO-NFA-CUM,  n.  [L.]  A gum-resin  used 
in  medicine ; gum-ammoniac.  Dunglison. 

Am'MON-Ite,  n.  [So  called 
from  a resemblance  to  the 
ram’s  horns  upon  the  statue 
of  Jupiter  Ammon.)  (Pal.) 

The  shell  of  an  extinct  or- 
der of  cephalopodic  mollusks, 
curved  like  a coiled  snake,  and 
vulgarly  called  the  snake-stone  ; cornu-am- 
monis.  Brande. 

AMMONj-UM,  n.  (Chem.)  A compound  of  one 
equivalent  of  nitrogen  and  four  of  hydrogen. 

Haefer. 

AM-MO-NI'F-RET,  n.  (Chem.)  A name  formerly 
applied  to  ammoniacal  metallic  salts.  Turner. 

AM-MU-NF'TION  (am-mu-nlsh'un),  n.  [L.  muni- 
tio,  a fortifying,  from  munio,  to  defend.]  (Mil.) 
The  materials  for  charging  fire-arms  ; military 
stores,  powder,  balls,  cartridges,  shells,  &c. ; — 
applied  in  composition  to  many  articles  served 
out  to  troops.  Glos.  of  Mil.  Terms. 

AM-MU-NF'TION-BREAD,  n.  Bread  for  armies 
or  garrisons.  Glos.  of  Mil.  Terms. 

AM-MEfl-A,  n.  [Gr.  a priv.  and  pvrjots,  remem- 
brance.] (Med.)  Loss  of  memory.  Dunglison. 

AM'NFS-TY,  n.  [Gr.  apuyoria,  from  a priv.  and 
pvyoTis,  remembrance.]  An  act  of  oblivion  or 
indemnity  ; a general  pardon  or  freedom  from 
penalty  granted  to  those  guilty  of  some  crime 
or  offence.  Swift. 

f AM-NIC'O-LIST,  n.  [L.  amnicola  ; amnis,  a 
river,  and  colo,  to  dwell.]  One  inhabiting  near 
a river.  Bailey. 

f AM-NIQ'g-NOUS,  a.  [L.  amnis,  a river,  and 
gigno,  to  beget.]  Born  of  a river.  Bailey. 

AM ' NI-ON,  i n_  [Gr.  ,) prior.)  1.  (Anat.)  The 

AM 'MI- OS,  \ membrane  that  surrounds  the  fe- 
tus in  the  womb.  Dunglison. 

2.  (Bot.)  A thin,  gelatinous  covering  of  the 
embryo  of  a seed.  Brande. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  tr,  Y,  short; 


A,  l,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


AMNIOTIC 


49 


AMPHIPOD 


AM-NI-OTTC,  a.  ( Chem .)  Noting  an  acid  be- 
longing to  the  liquor  of  the  allantois  ; — for- 
merly supposed  to  be  peculiar  to  the  liquor  of 
the  amnion  of  the  cow.  Brande. 

AM-CE-BJE'  UM,  n.  [Gr.  iyotPc,  a return.]  A 
poem  in  which  persons  are  represented  as 
speaking  alternately,  as  in  several  of  the  ec- 
logues of  Virgil.  Crabb. 

AM-CE-BE'AN,  a.  [Gr.  ayoifaio;,  mutual.]  Alter- 
nately responsive.  “ Amcebccin  verses  and  the 
custom  of  vying  ...  by  turns.”  Warton. 

f AM-O-LI "TION  (am-o-lish'un),  n.  [L.  amolitio.) 
A removal ; a putting  away.  Bp.  Ward. 

A-MO'MUM,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  ayoiyos,  blameless.] 
( Bot .)  A genus  of  plants  bearing  aromatic 
seeds,  known  as  cardamoms,  &c.  Brande. 

f A-MON'IJSTE,  v.  a.  [Old  Fr.amonester.)  To  ad- 
monish ; to  advise.  Chaucer. 

A-MONG'  (j-mung'),  I prep.  [A.  S.  among ; 

A-MONGST'  (a-mungst'),  \mmngan,  to  mix.] 

1.  Mingled  with ; in  the  midst  of ; making  a 
part  of. 

There  were  among  the  old  Roman  statues  several  of  Ve- 
nus, in  different  postures  and  habits.  Addison. 

2.  Noting  some,  or  some  one,  of  a number 
indefinitely. 

You  have,  among  you,  killed  a sweet  and  innocent  lady. 

Shak. 

Am'O-RET,  n.  [It.  amoretto.\  A lover ; a per- 
son enamoured,  [r.]  Warton. 

f AM-Q-RETTE'  (am-o-ret'),  ) n_  [Fr.  amou- 

f AM-OU-RETTE'  (am-6-ret'),  \rette.)  1.  An  am- 
orous woman.  Chaucer. 

2.  A love-token.  Chaucer. 

3.  A love-affair  ; a petty  amour.  Walsh. 

t AM'O-RIST,  £ n [L.  amo,  to  love.]  A lover  ; 

Am'OUR-IST,  ) a gallant.  “The  amorist’s  joys 
and  quiet.”  Boyle. 

f A-WORN'ING§,  ad.  In  the  mornings.  “ Walks 
into  the  woods  amornings.”  Beau.  § FI. 

am-o-ro'sa,  n.  [It.] 

[r.'] 

am-o-ro'so,  a.  [It.] 

ing ; winning. 


AM-O-RO'SO,  n.  [It.] 


A wanton  ; a courtesan. 

Sir  T.  Herbert. 
{Mus.)  Tender  ; affect- 
Warren. 
A man  enamoured.  “A 


gibe  . . . upon  an  amoroso.”  [it.]  Racket. 

Am'O-ROUS,  a.  [L.  amo,  to  love.]  1.  Inclined 
to  love  ; loving  ; fond.  Chaucer. 

2.  In  love  ; enamoured ; sometimes  with  on. 

“ Amorous  on  Hero.”  Shah. 

3.  Relating  to  love  ; arising  from  love. 

The  spirit  of  love  and  amorous  delight.  Milton. 

Syn.  — An  amorous  disposition  ; a loving  husband  ; 
a fond  parent. 

AM'O-ROfJS-LY,  ad.  In  an  amorous  manner; 
fondly ; lovingly.  Donne. 

AM'O-ROUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  amo- 
rous. “ Jealousy  of  his  amorousness.”  Sidney. 

A-MOR ' PHA,  n.  [Gr.  a priv.  and  yopifiri,  form.] 
(Bot.)  A genus  of  plants  ; bastard  indigo. 

Loudon. 

A-MOR'PHI§M,  n.  [Gr.  a priv.  and  yopiph,  form.] 
State  of  being  amorphous ; want  of  a regular 
form.  Itoyet. 

A-MOR'PHOtJS,  a.  Having  no  regular  form ; shape- 
less ; irregular.  [A  very  modern  word.  Todd.) 

A-MOR-P HO-ZO  'A,  n.  [Gr.  a priv.,  yoptp/j,  form, 
and  £< nor,  an  animal.)  ( Zoiil .)  A name  given  by 
Blainville  to  sponges.  Blainville.  St.  John. 

f A-MOR'PHY,  n.  Departure  from  established 
form.  “ Fastidiosity,  amorphy , oscitation.” 
[Used  contemptuously.]  Swift. 

A-MORT',  a.  [Fr.  amortir,  amorti,  to  deaden.] 
Lifeless  ; dejected  ; depressed  ; dispirited. 

How  fares  my  Kate?  What!  sweeting,  all  amort?  Shak. 

A-MOR’TISE,  or  A-MOR'TIZE  [a-mor'tjz,  W.  P. 
F Ja.  Sm. ; a-mor'tlz,  S.  E'.  K.  117;.],  v.  a. 
LFr.  amortir,  to  make  dead.]  (Laiv.)  To  trans- 
ter  real  estate  in  mortmain,  or  by  such  convey- 
ance that  it  is  held  without  the  power  of  change 
or  alienation  ; to  alien  lands  or  tenements  to  a 
corporation,  of  which  the  law  contemplates  no 
decease.  — See  Mortmain.  Bacon. 


A-MOR-TI-ZA'TION,  n.  [Fr.  amortissement .] 
{Laic.)  The  right  or  act  of  transferring  lands  in 
mortmain  to  a corporation.  Ayliffe. 

A-MOR'TIZE-MENT,  n.  Amortization.  Bailey. 

A-MO'TION  (a-mo'shun),  n.  [L .cunotio.]  (Law.) 
Removal ; ejection.  Blackstone. 

A-MOUNT',  v.  n.  [L.  ad,  to,  and  mons,  montis,  a 
mount  or  mountain,  i.  e.  up  a mount  or  ascent ; 
Old  Fr.  amonter .)  [i.  amounted  ; pp.  amount- 
ing, amounted.]  1.  To  rise  to  in  an  accumu- 
lative quantity  ; to  compose  in  the  whole  ; to 
result  in  the  sum  or  aggregate. 


Thy  substance,  valued  at  the  highest  rate, 
Cannot  amount  unto  a hundred  marks. 


Shak. 


2.  To  be  equivalent  to  in  effect,  substance, 
or  influence. 

The  errors  of  young  men  are  the  ruin  of  business  ; but  the 
errors  of  aged' men  amount  but  to  tills,  that  more  might  have 
been  done  or  sooner.  Bacon. 

A-MdUNT',  n.  1.  The  sum  total ; the  aggregate  ; 
as,  “ The  amount  of  debts  or  charges.” 

2.  The  effect,  substance,  or  purport  ; as, 
“ The  amount  of  what  he  said  was  this.” 

A-MOUR'  (a-mor'),  n.  [L.  amor,  love ; Fr.  amour.) 
An  affair  of  gallantry ; a love  intrigue  ; gener- 
ally in  an  ill  sense.  Swift. 

f A-MO'VAL,  n.  Total  removal.  Evelyn. 

f A-MOVE',  v.  a.  [L.  amoveo.)  1.  (Law.)  To 
remove  from  a post  or  station. 

Coroners  may  be  amoved  for  reasonable  cause.  Hale. 

2.  To  move  ; to  affect. 


At  her  so  piteous  cry  wns  much  amoved 
Her  champion  stout. 


Spenser. 


AM-PEL' I-DJE,  n.  pi.  ( Ornith.)  A family  of  trop- 
ical American  birds  of  the  order  Passeres,  con- 
taining the  sub-families  Pachycephalinee,  Pi- 
prince,  Ampelintr.,  Camphagince,  and  Dicrurincc ; 
chatterers,  or  fruit-eaters.  Gray. 

AM-PF.-LI'JVJE,  n.  pi. 

( Ornith.)  A sub-fami- 
ly of  dentirostral  birds 
of  the  order  Passeres, 
and  family  Ampelidce ; 

chatterers.  Gray:  Ampeii8  garrulus. 

AM'PE-LIS,  n.  (Ornith.)  A genus  of  passerine 
birds.  Brande. 

AM'PJJ-LITE,  n.  [Gr.  aynelos,  a vine.]  (Min.) 
A species  of  black  earth,  so  named  from  having 
been  used  to  kill  insects  on  vines.  The  name 
is  also  applied  to  cannel  coal,  and  to  some 
kinds  of  schist.  Crabb. 

A.M'PER,  n.  [A.  S.  ampre.)  A tumor,  with  in- 
flammation ; an  ambury.  [Local,  Eng.]  Grose. 

AM'PF.R-SAND,  n.  [and,  per  se  and.]  The  char- 
acter [&],  being  the  letters  of  the  Latin  con- 
junction et,  combined  in  one  character,  and 
used  for  and.  Hares. 

It  is  a corruption  of  and,  per  se  and  (and,  by 
itself  and).  “The  expression  is,  or  rather  was, com- 
mon in  our  nursery  books.”  Halliwell. 

AM-PHIB  7-.;?,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  ayipi,  on  both  sides,  and 
fios,  life.]  (Zo'jl.)  Reptiles  which  live  both  on 
land  and  in  water,  as  salamanders  and  frogs. 

Agassiz. 

ttTr  Seals  and  wall-uses  formerly  constituted  the 
tribe  Amphibia.  Cuvier. 

AM-PHIB'!- AL,  n.  (Zoiil.)  Same  as  Amphibian. 

AM-PIHB'I-AN,  n.  (Zoiil.)  An  amphibious  ani- 
mal ; an  animal  of  the  class  Amphibia. 

Agassiz.  Kirby. 

AM-PHlB'I-O-LITE,  n.  [Gr.  audios,  having  a 
double  life,  and  lidos,  a stone.]  (Pal.)  A frag- 
ment of  a petrified  amphibious  animal.  Brande. 

AM-PHlB-I-O-LO^'l-CAL,  a.  Relating  to  am- 
phibiology.  ’ Knowles. 

AM-PHIB-I-OL'0-<?Y,  il.  [Gr.  iyfifios,  having  a 
double  life,  and  liyos,  a discourse.]  A treatise 
on  amphibious  animals.  Knowles. 

AM-PIIIB'I-OOS  (rtm-flb'e-us),  a.  [Gr.  d,;0//bo;  ; 
a/rpi,  on  both  sides,  and  0io ;,  life.  Having  the 
faculty  of  living  in  two  elements,  as  in  air  and 
water;  capable  of  two  modes  of  life  ; of  a mixed 
nature.  Hudibras. 


AM-P111  B'l-OUS-NESS,  n.  State  or  quality  ofbeing 
amphibious. 

AM-PHIB' I- UM,  11.  [L.]  pi . AM-rniti'r-A.  (Zoiil.) 
An  amphibious  animal.  — See  Amphibian. 

AMTIII-BOLE,  il.  [Gr.  ayipifiol.os,  equivocal.] 
(Min.)  Hornblende  ; — so  called  because  it  may 
be  mistaken  for  augite.  Brande. 

AM-PIII-BOL'IC,  a.  Relating  to  amphibole  or 
amphiboly  ; doubtful.  Hamilton. 

AM-PHIB'O-LITE,  n.  [Eng.  amphibole,  and  Gr. 
l.ibos,  a stone.]  (Min.)  A crystalline  rock  con- 
sisting of  hornblende  ; trap-rock.  Hamilton. 

AM-PHiB-O-LOp'I-CAL,  a.  Doubtful ; ambigu- 
ous. “ An  amphibological  speech.”  Burton. 

AM-PHIB-O-LO^'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  an  amphibo- 
logical manner  ; doubtfully ; ambiguously. 

AM-PHI-BOL'O-py,  71.  [Gr.  Il  y<pi)3o  luyto  ; ayipi,  on 
both  sides,  fciV.oi,  to  throw,  and  ).6yo s,  a dis- 
course.] Discourse  of  uncertain  meaning  ; am- 
biguity in  speech  or  writing  arising  from  the 
order  of  words  ; — distinguished  from  equivoca- 
tion, which  is  uncertainty  arising  from  the 
double  signification  of  a single  word.  Glanville. 

AM-PIIIB'O-LOID,  n.  [Eng.  amphibole,  and  Gr. 
ilbos,  form.]  (Min.)  A rock  composed  of  am- 
phibole and  felspar,  the  former  predominating; 
a variety  of  greenstone.  Ogilvie. 

AM-PIllB'O-LOUS,  a.  [Gr.  &y<pi,  on  both  sides, 
and  pd/./.m,  to  throw.]  Tossing  from  one  to  an- 
other. “ An  amphibolous  quarrel.”  Howell. 

fi  AM-PHIB'O-LY,  il.  [Gr.  ayupifoUa.)  Ambiguous 
discourse.  “ Create  an  amphiboly , a double 
meaning.”  Whitlock. 

AM'PIII-BRAjEH,  il.  [Gr.  ayipi.  on  both  sides,  and 
(Spall's,  short.]  (Pros.)  A foot  of  three  sylla- 
bles, the  middle  one  long,  the  other  two  short. 

AM-PHIB ' RA-CHYS,  n.  Same  as  Amphibrach. 

Am'PHI-COME,  il.  [Gr.  ayepisoyog,  ay<pi,  around, 
and  K6prj,  hair.]  A kind  of  figured  stone,  an- 
ciently used  in  divination.  Buchanan. 

AM-PIlIC-TY-ON'IC,  a.  [Gr.  ’ Aypieroovia,  the 
assembly  of  the  Grecian  cities.]  Relating  to 
the  council  of  the  Amphictyons.  P.  Cyc. 

AM-PHIC'TY-O-NY,  n.  The  Amphictyonic  league 
or  council.  W.  Smith. 

AM-PHIC'TY-ON§,  n.  pi.  Members  of  the  cele- 
brated council  of  ancient  Greece,  called  the 
Amphictyonic  Council,  from  its  reputed  found- 
er, Amphictyon.  Mitford. 

AM-PHI-DES'MA,  il.  [Gr.  ayipi,  on  both  sides, 
and  Seo/ja,  a bond.]  (Conch.)  A genus  of  or- 
bicular, bivalve  mollusks,  with  long  siphons, 
and  a large  tongue-shaped  foot.  Van  der  Hoaven. 

AM-PHIG'A-MOUS,  a.  [Gr.  ayipi,  on  both  sides, 
or  doubtful,  and  yayos,  marriage.]  (Bot.)  Hav- 
ing no  traces  of  sexual  organs.  Brande. 

AM'PIir-GENE,  n.  [Gr.  ayipi,  on  both  sides,  and 
ytros,  kind,  genus.]  (Min.)  A silicate  of  alu- 
mina and  potash,  found  in  volcanic  rocks;  — 
called  also  leucite.  Dana. 

Am'PHI-HEX-A-HE'DRAL,  a.  [Gr.  ayipi,  on  both 
sides,  and  Eng.  hexahedral.)  (Min.)  Noting  a 
crystal,  the  faces  of  which,  counted  in  two  dif- 
ferent directions,  give  two  hexahedral  outlines, 
or  are  found  to  be  six  in  number.  Cleavcland. 

AM-PHIL'0-<?Y,  il.  [Gr.  ay </>l,  on  both  sides,  and 
hiyos,  a discourse.]  Amphibology' ; ambiguity  ; 
discourse  of  uncertain  meaning.  Bailey. 

AM- PHIM'A-  CER,  n.  [Gr.  ay(pi,  on  both  sides, 
and  yuitpos,  long.]  ( Rhet .)  A poetic  foot  of 
three  syllables,  a short  one  in  the  middle,  and 
the  others  long.  Crabb. 

AM-PIHP'NEUSTS,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  dyfl,  on  both 
sides,  and  nvtui,  to  breathe.]  (Zoiil.)  A term 
applied  by  Merrem  to  the  perennibranchiate  sal- 
amanders. Brande. 

AM'PHI-POD,  n.  [Gr.  iyipi,  on 
both  sides,  and  non;,  noli 6s,  a 
foot.]  (Zoiil.)  One  of  La- 
treille’s  third  order  of  crusta- 
ceans, characterized  by  sub- 
caudal  natatory  feet  coexist- 
ing with  sessile  eyes ; the 
sand-hopper.  Cuvier. 


Sand-hopper. 


MIEN,  SIR  ; MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RtJLE.  — O,  Q,  <;, 


g,  soft;  £,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  § as  z ; % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


AMPPIIPODA 


50 


AMYGDALOID 


AM-PHIP'O-DA,  n.  pi.  ( Zoiil .)  An  order  of  crus- 
taceans. — See  Amfhifod.  Cuvier. 

AM-l’fllP'O-DOUS,  a.  Belonging  to  the  amphip- 
oda.  P.  Cyc. 


AM-PHfP'RO-STYLE,  n.  [Gr. 
a p<pt,  on  both  sides,  irpd,  before, 
and  otD^.os,  a column.]  (Arch.) 

A temple  having  a portico  or 
porch  at  each  end,  but  without  columns  at  the 
sides.  Brande. 


AM-PIIIS-BJE'MA,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  apd/l,  both 
ways,  and  paium,  to  walk.]  (Zoiil.)  A genus  of 
legless  lizards,  whose  bodies,  from  one  end  to 
the  other,  are  of  nearly  a uniform  size,  supposed 
to  be  capable  of  moving  either  backwards  or 
forwards  with  equal  facility.  Van  der  Hoeven. 

Scorpion,  and  asp,  and  amjihisbcena  dire.  Milton. 


wide  space  or  field  ; an  extended  prospect ; a spacious 
house  or  garden;  capacious  vessel,  heart,  mind;  an 
abundant , plentiful , or  plenteous  harvest  ; a copious 
supply  ; liberal  reward  ; diffusive  light,  heat,  charity. 
— See  Broad, 

AM'PLE-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  ample.  South. 

f AM-PLpX-A'TION,  n.  [L.  amplexor,  amplexatus, 
to  embrace.]  An  embrace.  Bp.  Hall. 

AM-PLEX'J-CAul,  a.  [L.  amplexor , to 

embrace,  and  caulis,  a stem.]  (Bot.) 
Clasping  the  stem,  as  some  leaves.  Gray. 

Am'PLJ-ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  amplio,  amplia- 
tus  ; Old  Fr.  amplier.]  To  amplify,  [r.] 

“ To  add  and  ampliate.”  Browne. 

AM-PLI-A'TION,  n.  1.  Enlargement.  Aylijfe. 

2.  (Laic.)  A deferring  of  judgment  till  the 
cause  is  further  examined.  Whisliaw. 


AM-PHIS'C{-AN§  (jm-flsli'e-anz),  n.  pi.  Same 
as  Amphiscii.  Oyilvie. 


AM-PHIS' CI-I  (am-fish'e-l),  n.  pi.  [L.,  from  Gr. 
both  ways,  and  auta,  a shadow.]  [Eng. 
am-phIs'ci-an^.j  Inhabitants  of  the  torrid 
zone,  who  have  their  shadows  turned  to  the 
north  one  part  of  the  year,  and  to  the  sotith 
the  other  part.  Ency. 

Am-PHI-THE'A-TRAL,  a.  Amphitheatrical ; re- 
lating to  an  amphitheatre.  Craig. 

AM-PHJ-THE'A-TRE  (ain-fe-the'a-tur),  n.  [Gr.  ap- 
ipitllaTpov  \ aptpi,  about,  and  Btaopat,  to  see,  to 
behold.]  A double  theatre,  or  one  of  an  ellip- 
tical figure  ; a building  in  an  oval  form,  enclos- 
ing an  open  space,  called  the  arena,  around 
which  were  constructed  rows  of  seats,  rising 
one  above  another,  used  for  public  shows,  such 
as  combats  of  gladiators  and  wild  beasts. 

&g=-  The  Coliseum  at  Rome,  the  ruins  of  which 
are  still  standing,  was  the  most  extraordinary  edifice 
of  the  kind  ever  constructed,  having  walls  166  feet 
high,  covering  5j  acres  of  ground,  and  capable  of  ac- 
commodating nearly  100,000  spectators.  Braude. 

AM-PIII-THP-At'RIC,  l a.  Relating  to  an  am- 

AM-Pin-THp-AT'RI-CAL,  > phitheatre.  Warton. 

AM-PHI-THe-AT'RI-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  an  amphi- 
theatrieal  form.  Observer. 


JIM- PHI-  TRi ' TE  [am-fe-tri'te,  Brande , Cl. ; am'- 
fe-trlte,  K.  I Vh.  B.  O.  Cl\ , n.  [Gr.  'Apipirpiry, 
the  wife  of  Neptune  ; — used  also  for  the  sea.] 

1.  (Zoiil.)  A genus  of  tubicular  anellides 

having  short  golden-colored  bristles,  arranged 
like  a crown  in  one  or  two  rows  on  the  anterior 
part  of  the  head.  Brande. 

2.  (Astron.)  An  asteroid  discovered  by  Marth 

in  1854.  Lovering. 

AM-PHIT'RO-PAL,  ) a_  [Gr.  Ap<pi,  around,  and 

A.M-PHIt'RO-POUS,  ) rpeirio,  to  turn.]  (Bot.)  Not- 
ing ovules  that  are  transverse  to  their  insertion, 
and  have  a short  raphe  ending  about  half-way 
between  the  ehalaza  and  the  orifice.  Gray. 

A M-  P HO  D IJ-  LI  TE,  n.  (Min.)  A light-red  min- 
eral ; a silicate  of  alumina  and  lime.  Dana. 


AM’  P1IO-RA,  n. ; pi.  am’ PHo-R.m.  [L. ; 

Gr.  dp^opeve ; on  both  sides,  and 

tpcfxo,  to  bear.] 

A vessel  used  by  the  Greeks  and  Ro- 
mans for  holding  wine,  oil,  and  other 
liquids.  It  was  pointed  at  the  base,  so 
that  it  cotild  be  stuck  in  the  ground,  and 
had  a handle  on  each  side  of  the  neck, 
which  was  narrow.  Fairholt. 


AM'PHO-RAL,  a.  [L.  amphora,,  a wine-jar.]  Re- 
lating to,  or  like,  an  amphora.  Craig. 

AM-PHOR'IC,  a.  In  auscultation,  applied  to  a 
sound  in  the  chest  like  that  heard  on  blowing 
into  a decanter.  Ogilvie. 

AM-PHO-TER'IC,  a.  [Gr.  up<p6rzpo;,  both.]  Partly 
one  and  partly  the  other.  Smart. 

Am'PLE,  a.  [L.  amplus,  wide,  spacious  (Vos- 
sius)  ; Gr.  hvdirkcas,  quite  full ; Fr.  ample. J 

1.  Large  ; wide  ; extended  ; spacious  ; capa- 
cious. “ Nature’s  ample  lap.”  Thomson. 

2.  Abundant ; plentiful ; copious  ; liberal ; 
as,  “ An  ample  supply  of  food.” 

3.  Not  contracted;  diffusive;  as,  “An  am- 
ple narrative.” 

Syn.  — An  ample  or  large  store  or  allowance  ; a 


f AM-PLIF'I-CAtE,  v.  a.  [L.  amplifico.)  To 
amplify  ; to  enlarge.  Bailey. 

AM-PLI-FI-CA'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  amplifying; 
enlargement ; extension. 

Amplification  of  the  . . . figure  of  a known  object.  Reid. 

2.  (Rhet.)  The  lengthening  of  a discourse 
by  an  enumeration  of  many  minute  circum- 
stances, or  by  multiplying  words  and  phrases. 

Having  no  talents  for  amplification , when  he  had  told  Mrs. 
Wadman  once  that  he  loved  her,  he  let  it  alone.  Sterne. 

AM'FLI-FI-CA-TIVE,  a.  That  amplifies.  Booth. 

Am'PLI-FI-^R,  n.  One  who  amplifies  or  enlarges. 

AM'PLI-FY,  v.  a.  [L.  amplus,  ample,  and  facio, 
to  make.]  [?.  amplified  ; pp.  amplifying, 

AMPLIFIED.] 

1.  fTo  make  greater  or  larger. 

All  concaves  do  amplift/  the  sound.  Bacon. 

2.  (Rhet.)  To  make  more  copious  in  expres- 
sion ; to  enlarge. 

In  paraphrase,  the  author’s  sense  is  amplified , but  not  al- 
tered. Dryden. 

AM'PLI-FY,  ?>.  n.  To  speak  largely  in  many  words. 

To  amplify  too  much  would  make  much  more.  Slink. 

Am'PLI-TIJDE,  n.  [L.  amplitudo  ; amplus,  large.] 

1.  State  of  being  ample  ; extent ; largeness. 
“ Amplitude  of  the  world.”  Bacon. 

With  mqre  than  human  gifts  from  heaven  adorned, 

Perfections  absolute,  graces  divine, 

And  amjAitude  of  mind  to  greatest  deeds.  Milton. 

2.  (Astron.)  The  angular  distance  of  a celes- 
tial body  from  the  east  point  when  it  rises,  or 
from  the  west  point  when  it  sets.  Ilerschel. 

3.  (Gun.)  The  range  of  a gun,  or  the  hori- 

zontal line  subtending  the  arc  in  which  a shot 
or  other  projectile  moves  when  thrown  from  a 
gun.  Campbell. 

Magnetical  amplitude,  the  angular  distance  of  a 
heavenly  body,  at  the  time  it  rises  or  sets,  from  the 
east  or  west  points  of  the  horizon  as  indicated  by  the 
compass. 

AM'PLY,  ad.  Largely  ; liberally.  Milton. 

Am'PUL,  n.  [L.  ampulla .]  A small  vessel  for 
containing  consecrated  oil,  or  wine  and  water 
for  the  eucharistic  service  ; also  for  holding  the 
oil  used  by  the  ancients  for  anointing  the  body 
after  bathing.  Fairholt. 

AM- Pill.’  LA,  n.  [L .,  a bottle.) 

1.  A vessel  used  by  the  Romans,  having  a 

narrow  neck,  so  that  a liquid  could  be  dropped 
from  it ; a jug;  an  ampul.  Fairholt. 

2.  (Anat.)  A dilatation  at  one  end  of  the 
semi-circular  canals  of  the  ear.  Dunglison. 

3.  (Chem.)  A big-bellied  vessel.  Buchanan. 

4.  (Bot.)  A bladder-shaped  bag.  Henslow. 

AM-PUL-LA'CEOUS  (-slms),  a.  Shaped  like  a bot- 
tle or  bladder.  Kirby. 

AM- PUL-LA  ' RI-A,n.  (Conch.)  A genus  of  fresh- 
water mollusks,  having  a spiral,  globular,  uni- 
valve shell ; the  apple-snail.  Woodward. 

Am'PU-tATE,  v.  a.  [L.  amputo,  amputatus  ; It. 
amputarc;  Sp.  amputar ; Fr.  amputer.)  [i. 

AMPUTATED  ; pp.  AMPUTATING,  AMPUTATED.] 

1.  (Surg.)  To  cut  off,  as  a limb. 

2.  To  cut  off,  in  a general  sense.  Cockcram. 

AM-PU-TA'TION,  n.  (Surg.)  The  operation  of 
cutting  off  a limb,  or  part  of  a limb,  or  a pro- 
jecting part  of  the  body.  Dunglison. 


A-MUCK',  or  A-MOCK',  n.  [Perhaps  from  ah- 
mack,  mad.  Brown's  Zillah  Dictionary.']  An 
East  India  term  for  slaughter. 

To  run  amuck,  to  run  frantic  about  the  streets,  at- 
tacking every  person  who  conies  in  the  way.  Ency. 
Satire ’s  my  weapon  ; but  I ’m  too  discreet 
To  run  amuck  and  tilt  at  nil  I meet.  Pope. 

Am'U-LET,  n.  [L.  amuletum,  from  amolior,  to 
avert,  i.  e.  danger  or  disease;  Fr.  amulette .] 
Something  worn  about  the  person,  and  sup- 
posed to  have  the  effect  of  protecting  the  wearer 
against  disease  or  other  evil,  and  of  securing 
good  fortune  ; a charm.  Browne. 

t AM-U-LET'IC,  a.  Belonging  to  an  amulet.  Ash. 

f A-MUR-COS'J-TY,  n.  [Gr.  apdpyri;,  lees ; L.  amur- 
ca .]  The  quality  of  lees  or  mother.  Bailey. 

A-MUR'COUS,  a.  Full  of  dregs  or  lees,  [r.]  Ash. 

A-MU§'A-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  amused,  or 
entertained.  Sir  J.  Mackintosh. 

A-MU§E'  (j-muz '),v.  a.  [It.  musarc,  to  stand 
idle;  Fr.  muser,  to  loiter,  amuser,  to  divert. 
Sullivan  suggests  from  L.  musa,  muse,  i.  e.  to 
entertain  with  the  Muses.]  [ i.  amused  ; pp. 

AMUSING,  AMUSED.] 

1.  fTo  absorb  or  engage  in  meditation. 

Solemn  objects  to  amuse  the  pensive  part  of  the  soul. 

South. 

2.  To  entertain  with  tranquillity ; to  divert ; 
to  beguile  ; as,  “ It  is  easy  to  amuse  children.” 

3.  To  keep  in  expectation  by  flattery  or 
plausible  pretences  ; to  delude. 

Bishop  Henry  amused  her  with  dubious  answers,  and  kept 
her  in  suspense  for  some  days.  Swift. 

Syn.  — To  amuse  is  to  entertain  by  drawing  the 
attention  to,  and  to  divert  is  to  entertain  by  drawing 
the  attention  from,  our  present  occupation.  That 
amuses  which  relieves  idleness;  that  diverts  which 
supplies  a new  and  pleasing  object  of  attention  after 
serious  or  severe  occupation.  Trifles  that  amuse  chil- 
dren will  sometimes  divert  their  older  companions. 
To  be  beguiled  is  the  effect  or  consequence  of  being 
amused ; it  is  that  by  which  we  are  made  to  forget 
what  might  otherwise  give  us  uneasiness.  Travellers 
beguile  the  tedium  of  a journey  by  lively  conversa- 
tion. Entertained  by  an  interesting  discourse,  book, 
or  whatever  is  agreeable  ; diverted  by  whatever  draws 
the  attention  to  a pleasing  object;  beguiled  whenever 
the  mind  is  so  agreeably  occupied  as  to  lose'sight  of 
what  would  otherwise  be  taken  into  account. 

f A-AIU§E',  v*n.  To  muse,  or  meditate.  Lee. 

A-MUSE'M?NT,  n.  1.  f Profound  meditation. 
“ I fell  into  a deep  amusement .”  Fleetwood. 

2.  That  which  amuses ; entertainment ; di- 
version ; sport ; recreation  ; pastime  ; relaxa- 
tion. “ An  amusement  for  idle  people.”  Temple. 

Syn.  — Amusement  in  reading  or  gardening;  en- 
tertainment at  the  theatre  or  a’concert ; diversion  at  a 
jubilee,  or  at  the  sight  of  odd  and  fantastic  tricks  ; 
sports  in  the  chase,  fishing,. and  the  like  ; recreation 
or  relaxation  after  labor,  in  games,  from  company, 
music,  &c. ; pastime  for  the  unemployed.  — See  Play. 

A-MU§'ER  (a-muz'er),  n.  One  who  amuses. 

A-MU§'ING,  p.  a.  Affording  amusement;  enter- 
taining ; diverting ; pleasing. 

A-MU§'ING-LY,  ad.  In  an  amusing  manner. 

A-MU'SIVE,  a.  That  has  the  power  of  amusing. 
To  me  ’t  is  given  to  wake  the  amusivc  reed, 

And  soothe  with  song  the  solitary  hours.  Whitehead. 

A-MU'SIVE-LY,  ad.  In  an  amusive  manner.  “A 
south-easterly  wind  succeeded  . . . murmuring 
amusively  among  the  pines.”  Chandler. 

A-MYG'DA-LATE,  a.  [Gr.  aplybaly,  an  almond ; 
L.  amygdala .]  Relating  to,  or  made  of,  al- 
monds. Johnson. 

A-MYG'DA-I.ATE,  n.  (Med.)  An  emulsion  of  al- 
monds. Crabb. 

AM-YG-DAL'IC,  a.  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  ob- 
tained from  the  bitter  almond.  Miller. 

A-MYG'DA-LINE,  n.  (Chem.)  A crystalline  prin- 
ciple contained  in  the  bitter  almond.  Brande. 

A-MYG'DA-LINE  [?-inig'da-]In,  W.  P.  K.  Sm .; 
51-mig'da-lln,  fif.  Ja.],  a.  Relating  to  almonds  ; 
resembling  almonds.  Johnson. 

A-MVG'DA-LlTE,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the  spurge 
kind,  having  the  leaf  of  the  almond-tree.  Crabb. 

A-MYG'DA-LOID,  n.  [Gr.  aplyhahy,  an  almond, 

' and  ttios,  form.]  (Min.)  A variety  of  the  trap 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  J,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  p,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


AMY  GDALOIDAL 


51 


ANAGRAMMATIST 


AN-A-CAmP'TIC,  a.  [Gr.  avaKouTtro,  to  bend  back.] 
Reflecting,  or  reflected,  [r.]  “ An  anacamptic 
hill  ” ; “ An  anacamptic  sound.”  Johnson. 

AN- A-CAMP'TI-C AL-LY,  ad.  By  reflection,  as 
sounds  produced  anacamptically.  Hutton. 

AN-A-CAMP'TICS,  n.  pi.  1.  The  science  of  the 
reflection  of  sound,  especially  echoes.  Francis. 

2.  The  science  of  reflected  light;  a branch 
of  optics,  otherwise  called  catoptrics.  Crabb. 

AN-A-CAR'DTC,  a.  ( Chem .)  Noting  an  acid  found 
in  the  fruit  of  the  Anacardium  occidentale,  or 
cashew-nut.  Brande. 

AN- A- CAR ' DI-UM,  h.  [L.,  from  Gr.  ava,  up,  and 
saphia,  the  heart.]  (Bot.)  The  cashew-nut  tree  ; 
— so  named  from  the  heart-shaped  nut  situated 
on  the  pulpy  receptacle.  Loudon. 

AN-A-CjI-THAR'  SIS,  n.  [Gr.,  from  and,  upwards, 
and  naOaipu),  to  purge.]  (Med.)  A purgation  of 
the  lungs  by  expectoration.  Crabb. 

AN-A-CA-THAR'TIC,  a.  Purging  upwards.  Smart. 

(Med.)  Medicine  that 
Quincy. 

An- A- CE PH-A-LJE ' O- SIS  [an-a-sef-g-le'o-sls,  Ja 
Sm.  Ash  ; an-a-sef-a-le-o'sis,  K.  Johnson,  Crabb), 
n.  [Gr.  <5i'a/a0a/u(Wis ; ai  d,  again,  and  Ktipu- 
Ludio,  to  bring  under  heads,  to  sum  up.] 
(Rhet.)  A summing  up  of  the  heads  of  a dis- 
course ; recapitulation.  Smith  on  Old  Age. 

AN-A-PH  O-RET,  ? [Gr.  avu^biprirlj;  ; ava^uptui, 

AN-Aj0H'O-RITE,  > to  retire,  to  withdraw.]  An 
anchoret;  a retired  or  solitary  monk;  an  an 
chorite.  [r.]  Donne. 

f AN-A-jEHO-RET'I-CAL,  a.  Relating  to  a her 
mit,  or  anchorite.  Bp.  Taylor. 

AN-A-jGHRON'IC,  ) a.  Containing  a_n  anach- 
$ ro  ' 


AN-A-CA-THAR'TIC,  n. 
works  upward. 


AN-A-CHRONT-CAL, 


ronism.  [r.]  Coleridge. 


AN-ACH'RO-NI^M,  n.  [Gr.  aid,  up,  against,  and 
Xpdvos,  time.]  An  error  in  computing  time,  or 
in  chronology,  made  by  placing  an  event  earlier 
or  later  than  it  really  happened. 

The  famous  anachronism  [of  Virgil]  in  making  ^Eneas  and 
Dido  contemporaries.  Drydcn. 

AN-ACH-RO-NIS'TIC,  }a.  Containing  an  an- 

AN-A€H-RO-nIs'TI-CAL,  1 aehronism.  War  ton. 

AN-A-CLAs'TIC,  a.  [Gr.  dvaD.aaro;,  reflected ; 
avaKhiw,  to  bend  back.] 

1.  Noting  apparent  curves  seen  at  the  bottom 

of  a vessel  of  water,  caused  by  the  refraction 
of  light.  Francis. 

2.  Noting  a kind  of  funnel-shaped  vial,  made 
of  very  thin  glass,  and  with  a very  large  bottom, 
which  may  be  made  alternately  convex  or  con- 
cave by  applying  the  mouth  to  the  orifice  and 
blowing  in  the  breath,  or  sucking  out  the  air ; 
the  transition  from  one  form  to  the  other  being 
accompanied  by  a very  loud  noise.  Francis. 

An-A-CLAs'TICS,  n.  pi.  The  science  of  refracted 
light ; the  old  name  for  dioptrics.  Francis. 

AN-A-QCE-NO' SIS,  n.  [Gr.  avaKoivuiois,  from  avd- 
koivow,  to  impart.]  (Rhet.)  A figure  by  which 
the  speaker  applies  to  his  opponent  for  his 
opinion  upon  the  point  in  debate.  Walker. 

AN-A-CQ-LU'THIC,  a.  Wanting  sequence.  Lane. 

AN-A-CO-L  U ' TIION,  n.  [Gr.  dvardkovdov,  from  a 
priv.  and  aKo'/.ovOtw,  to  follow.]  (Rhet.)  The 
want  of  sequence  in  a sentence,  when  one  mem- 
ber does  not  grammatically  correspond  with 

another.  " Brande. 

An-A-c6n'DA,  n.  (Herp.)  A large  snake  of  trop- 
ical America  ; a species  of  boa.  Baird. 

A-NAC-RJg-ON'TIC,  n.  A little  poem  or  ode  in 
praise  of  love  and  wine  ; — so  called  from  the 
Greek  poet  Anacreon.  Brande. 

A-NAC-RE-6n'TIC,  a.  Relating  to  the  poems  or 
versification  of  Anacreon  ; amatory.  Gent.  Mag. 

AN'A-DEM,  n.  [Gr.  avttbrjpa,  a wreath.]  A crown 
of  flowers  ; a wreath  ; a garland  ; a band  or  fil- 
let worn  on  the  head.  Drayton. 


verse  or  a clause,  of  the  last  word  in  the  one 
preceding  ; as,  “ He  retained  his  virtue  amidst 
all  his  misfortunes,  — misfortunes  which  only 
his  virtue  brought  upon  him.”  Johnson. 

AN'A-DR6m,  n.  A fish  that  leaves  the  sea  and 
ascends  rivers.  Oyilvie. 

A-NAd'RO-MOUS,  a.  [Gr.  avd,  upwards,  and 
bpdpos,  course.]  Relating  to  the  classes  of  fish 
that  pass,  at  certain  seasons,  from  the  sea  into 
rivers.  Ash. 

AN-JES-THE  fl-A , n.  [Gr.  avmaOijata  ; <i  priv. 
and  aicQ&voyai,  to  feel;  Fr . ancsthesie.)  (Med.) 
Want  of  feeling  or  sensation.  Dunglison. 

AN-jES-TIIET'IO,  a.  [Gr.  a priv.  and  aiadyriKos, 
perceptive.]  Belonging  to  anaesthesia  ; having 
the  power  of  depriving  of  sensation.  Brande. 

AN-A3S-THET'IC,  n.  A substance  which  has  the 
power  of  depriving  of  sensation  or  feeling,  as 
sulphuric  ether  or.  chloroform.  Brande. 

A-NAJS'THJJ-TlZE  (fi-nes'the-tlz),  V.  a.  \i.  ANAES- 
THETIZED ; pp.  ANAESTHETIZING,  ANAESTHE- 
TIZED.] To  deprive  of  sensation  or  feeling;  to 
produce  anaesthesia.  P>'°f ■ Simpson. 

AN'A-GLYPH  (an'a-gllf),  n.  [Gr.  avd,  up,  and 
yiiitpoi,  to  carve.]  An  ornament  effected  by 
sculpture  ; chasing,  or  embossing. 

AN-A-GLYril'IC,  n.  [Gr.  avaylltpui,  to  carve  in 
relief.]  (Sculp.)  Chased  or  embossed  work  on 
metal,  or  any  thing  worked  in  relief.  Brande. 

AN-A-GIA  PH  IC,  ) 0'  Relating  to,  or  illus- 

AN-A-GLYPH'I-CAL,  i trating by,  anaglyphs  ; op- 
posed to  diaglyphic.  Britton. 

AN-A-GLYP'TIC,  a.  Relating  to  the  art  of  carv- 
ing, chasing,  engraving,  or  embossing  plate. 

AN-A-GLYP-TOG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  a idylvirro;, 
wrought  in  relief ; diaylidui,  to  carve,  and  ypa- 
<p w,  to  describe.]  The  art  of  copying  works  in 
relief  by  a process  of  machine-ruling  on  an 
etching-ground,  which  gives  to  the  subject  the 
appearance  of  being  raised  from  the  surface  of 
the  paper,  as  if  it  were  embossed.  Fairholt. 

AN’A-GO-QE,  n.  [Gr.  ava ywyij,  a lifting  up  of 
the  mind  to  abstract  speculation.] 

1.  An  extraordinary  elevation  of  mind. 

2.  The  mystical  interpretation  of  the  Scrip- 

tures ; one  of  the  four  ordinary  modes  of  in- 
terpretation, in  distinction  from  the  literal,  al- 
legorical, and  tropological.  Crabb. 

f AN-A-GO-^ET'I-CAL,  a.  That  exalts  the  mind  ; 
mysterious  ; superhuman.  Bailey. 

AN-A-g6<?'I-CAL,  a.  Mysterious;  mystical;  re- 
ligiously exalted.  Bacon. 

AN-A-g69'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  Mysteriously. 

AN-A-GOIJr'ICS,  n.  pi.  Mystical  or  allegorical  in- 
terpretations. L.  Addison. 

An'A-GO-^Y,  n.  Same  as  Anagoge.  Hammond. 

AN'A-GRAM,  n.  [Gr.  avaypappa  ; avd,  up  or  back, 
and  ypappa,  a letter.]  A word  or  sentence  of 
apt  significance  formed  by  transposing  the  let- 
ters of  another  word  or  sentence  ; as,  “ Est  vir 
qui  adest”  (It  is  the  man  who  is  present), 
formed  from  Pilate’s  question,  “ Quid  est  Veri- 
tas ? ” (What  is  truth  ?)  Or,  “ I nwyl  in  law," 
from  “ William  Noy,”  attorney-general  to 
Charles  I.,  and  a laborious  student.  The  fol- 
lowing is  an  example  of  anagrams  formed  from 
a single  word  : — 

Live , vile,  and  evil  have  the  selfsame  letters; 

They  live  but  vile  whom  evil  holds  in  fetters. 

An'A-GRAm,  v.  a.  To  transpose,  as  the  letters 
of  a name  ; to  anagrammatize,  [r.]  Warburton. 

AN-A-GRAM-MAt  IC,  ) a_  Relating  to  ana- 

AN-A-GRAM-MAt'I-CAL,  \ grams  ; forming  an 
anagram.  Swift. 

AN-A-GRAM-MAT'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  the  manner 
of  an  anagram. 

An-A-GRAm'MA-tT§M,  n.  The  act  or  practice 
of  making  anagrams.  Camden. 


rock,  containing  nodules,  agates,  &c.,  embedded 
like  almonds  in  a cake.  Lyell. 

A-MYG-DA-LOID'AL,  a.  Relating  to  amygdaloid. 

A-MYO' DA-LUS,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants  ; 
almond-tree.  Gray. 

AM-Y-LA'CEOyS  (am-e-Ia'shus),  a.  [Gr.  apohov  ; 
L . amylum,  fine  ineai.]  Being  of  the  nature  of, 
or  containing,  starch.  Loudon. 

Am'YLE,  n.  [Gr.  dpv/.ov,  fine  meal,  and  vhj,  mat- 
ter, principle.]  (Chem.)  The  hypothetic  radi- 
cal of  a series  of  compounds  derived  from  oil 
of  potato-spirit,  which  is  the  hydrated  oxide  of 
amyle,  and  analogous  to  alcohol.  Brande. 

A-MYL'IC,  a.  (Chem.)  Noting  a derivative  from 
the  hypothetic  radical  amyle. 

AM'Y-LINE,  n.  A farinaceous  substance;  the 
insoluble  part  of  starch.  Smart. 

Am  ' Y-L  UM,  ii.  [L. ; Gr.  dpvXov.)  (Med.)  Starch 
of  wheat.  Dunglison. 

AM'Y-RAL-Dl§M,  n.  (Eccl.  Hist.)  The  doctrine 
of  universal  grace  as  maintained  by  Amyraldus, 
or  Amyrault,  and  others  his  followers,  among 
the  reformed  in  France,  about  the  middle  of  the 
seventeenth  century.  Buck. 

An,  art.  [Goth,  an  ; A.  S.  ane,  cen,  or  ain,  one.] 

1.  One;  any;  some;  as,  “An  egg,”  “An 
orange.” 

2.  Each;  every;  as,  “ Twice  an  hour.” 

An  is  the  same  in  signification  as  the  indefinite  arti- 
cle a,  being  the  original  form  of  this  article,  but  now 
used  in  the  place  of  its  derivative  a only  for  tile  sake 
of  euphony.  A must  he  used  before  all  words  begin- 
ning with  a consonant,  as,  “a  man,”  or  with  the 
consonant  sound  of  w or  y,  as,  “ a oneness,  a unit  ” ; 
and  an  must  be  used  before  all  words  beginning  with 
a vowel,  as,  “an  apple,”  or  with  h mute,  as,  “an 
hour,  an  heir,”  and  before  words  in  which  the  initial 
h is  not  mute,  if  the  accent  is  on  the  second  syllable, 
as,  “An  heroic  action,”  “An  historical  account.” 
— See  A. 

t An,  conj.  [A.  S.  unnan,  to  give  or  grant.  Tooke.\ 
If.  “ Catch  me  an  thou  eanst.”  Ford. 

This  word  is  used  by  Shaltspeare  and  other  old 
authors  in  the  sense  of  if;  as,  “ An  it  were,”  Bacon ; 
but  it  is  now  no  longer  thus  used. 

A'NA,  [Gr.  a i'd.]  A prefix,  in  words  of  Greek 
origin,  implying  repetition,  upward  motion,  in- 
version, distribution,  parallelism,  or  proportion. 
It  often  stands  by  itself  in  the  prescriptions  of 
physicians,  denoting  repetition,  or  in  equal 
quantity  ; as,  “ Wine  and  honey,  a or  ana  3 ii  ” ; 
i.  e.  Wine  and  honey,  each,  two  ounces. 

A'NA,  n.  The  termination,  in  the  neuter  plural 
form,  of  Latin  adjectives  in  -anus,  which  is 
annexed  to  the  names  of  authors,  or  eminent 
persons,  to  denote  a collection  of  their  memo- 
rable sayings ; as,  Johnsoniana.  It  is  also 
sometimes  used  separately,  as  denoting  one  of 
this  class  of  literary  productions. 

The  Sealicerfnm  was  the  earliest  book  of  table-talk  which 
appeared  under  the  famous  appellation  Ana.  Qu.  Rev. 

They  were  pleased  to  publish  some  Tunbrigicma  [sayings 
of  persons  assembled  at  Tunbridge  Wells]  tins  season;  but 
such  anal  1 believe  there  never  were  so  many  vile  little 
verses  put  together  before.  Letter  of  West  to  Qi-aij. 

Selden’s  Table-talk  Johnson  preferred  to  all  the  French 
Ana.  Qu.  Rev. 

An-A-bAp'TI§M,  n.  The  doctrine  of  Anabap- 
tists. Featley. 

An-A-bAp'TIST,  n.  [Gr.  avd,  again,  or  anew,  and 
linitT'f.v,  to  dip  under,  or  to  wet.]  One  who  holds 
that  those  who  have  been  baptized  in  infancy 
should  be  rebaptized.  South. 

AN-A-BAP-TIS'TIC,  )a.  Relating  to  the  An- 

A N - A - B A P - T T S ' T ! - C A L , ) abaptists.  Milton. 

t AN-A-bAp'TIS-TRY,  n.  The  sect  or  doctrine 
of  the  Anabaptists’.  Pagitt. 

t An-A-bAp'tIze,  v.  a.  To  rebaptize.  Whitlock. 

AN' A- B As,  n.  [Gr.  avd,  up,  and  paivto,  to  go,] 
(Ich.)  A genus  of  acauthopterygious  fishes, 
having  cells  in  the  pharynx  capable  of  retain- 
ing water,  and  gradually  dropping  it  into  the 
branchial  cavity  so  as  to  moisten  the  gills, 
whereby  they  are  enabled  to  quit  the  water  and 
creep  about  on  land.  Brande. 

AN-A-BRO ' SIS,  n.  [Gr.,  from  diufufuIaKe),  to  eat 
up,  gnaw  away.]  (Med.)  A corrosion  ; a wast- 
ing away.  Dunglison. 


An- A- DI-PLO’ SlS,n.  [Gr.  avalt-trlaia;  \ ava,  again, 
anil  bm).6o>,  to  double,  to  fold.]  (Rhet.)  Redu- 
plication ; a repetition,  at  the  beginning  of  a 


AN-A-GRAM'MA-TIsT,  n.  A maker  of  ana- 
grams. “ An  ingenious  anagrammatist,  late 
turned  minister.”  Gamage. 


MIEN 


, SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — £,  9,  £,  soft;  (3,  6,  c,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


ANAGRAMMATIZE 


52 


ANASARCA 


AN-A-G  RAM'MA-TlZE,  v.  a.  & n.  To  form  into 
anagrams  ; — to  make  anagrams. 

Aff'A-GRAPil,  »i.  [Gr.  a v.rypmpfi,  a register.]  An 
inventory  ; a commentary,  [it.]  Crabb. 

An'  4-GROS,n.  A Spanish  dry  measure.  Ogilvie. 

A'NAL,  a.  [L.  anus,  the  fundament'.]  (Nat.  Hist.) 
Relating  to,  or  placed  near,  the  anus,  funda- 
ment, or  vent.  Brande. 

A-NAL'CIME,  n.  [Gr.  avnhcif,  weak,  in  allusion 
to  its  weak  electric  power.]  (Min.)  A hydrous 
silicate  of  alumina  and  soda.  Dana. 

AN-4- EEC' TA,  n. ; pi.  am-a-eec' tje.  [L.,  from 
Gr.  avuHyj),' to  gather,  to  collect.]  A servant 
in  a Roman  house  whose  duty  it  was  to  col- 
lect the  scraps  after  a meal.  Brande. 

AN-4-LECT4,  n.  pi.  [L.]  1.  f Fragments  or 

crumbs  gathered  up  after  a meal ; refuse. 

2.  Collections  of  extracts  from  different  au- 
thors ; selections  ; analects.  Crabb. 

AN-A-LEC'TIC,  a.  Collected  together;  relating 
to  "collections;  containing  selections.  Hall. 

AN'A-LECTS,  n.  pi.  [L.  analecta.)  Things  gath- 
ered together  ; — usually  applied  to  collections 
or  fragments  of  authors  ; select  pieces.  Smart. 

A.\~- .1-  L EM ' AM ,71.  [L. ; Gr.  d«Ui;p/ia  ; amlapfia- 
vui,  to  take  up.] 

1.  ( Astron .)  The  projection  of  the  sphere  on 

the  plane  of  the  meridian,  the  eye  being  sup- 
posed to  be  at  an  infinite  distance.  Brande. 

2.  An  instrument  of  brass  or  wood  on  which 

the  projection  is  made.  Brande. 

3.  A tabular  mark,  usually  in  the  shape  of  a 

figure  8,  on  an  artificial  terrestrial  globe,  to 
notify  the  sun’s  declination  on  any  day  in  the 
year.  Francis. 

AJY-4-LEP  ' Si-4,  ti.  (Med.)  See  Analefsis  and 
Analepsy.  Dunglison. 

AN-A-LEP' SIS,  n.  [Gr . avdhr^ts ; aval.ayjidvti),  to 
recover.] 

1.  (Med.)  Recovery  of  strength.  Dunglison. 

2.  A kind  of  epilepsy  ; analepsy.  Dunglison. 

An'A-LEP-SY,  n.  (Med.)  A species  of  epileptic 
attack ; analepsis.  Brande. 

AN-A-LEP'TIC,  a.  [Gr.  aval.r/ttriKis.]  (Med.) 
Comforting ; restorative.  Dunglison. 

AN-A-LEP'TjC,  n.  (Med.)  A restorative  or  in- 
vigorating medicine  or  diet.  P.  Cye. 

f A-NAL'O-GAL,  a.  Analogous;  having  rela- 
tion. “ Analogal  motions  in  animals.”  Hale. 

AN-A-L6<?'!-CAL,  a.  1.  Expressing  or  implying 
analogy.  “ By  analogical  representation.”  Stil- 
linqfleet.  “ An  analogical  word.”  Watts. 

&.  f Bearing  relation  or  resemblance  ; anal- 
ogous. 

Participating  something  analogical  to  either  [animals  or 
vegetables].  Ilalc. 

AN-A-LOG'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  an  analogical  or 
analogous  manner.  Potter. 

AN-A-LOG'I-CAL-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  ana- 
logical. " Johnson. 

A-N’AL'O-GGm,  n.  (Logic.)  1.  An  argument 
from  the  cause  to  the  effect.  Johnson. 

2.  Reasoning  by  analogy.  Ogilvie. 

A-NAL'O-GIsT,  n.  One  who  adheres  to  analogy  ; 
one  who  reasons  from  analogy.  Ogilvie. 

A-NAl'O-GIZE,  V.  a.  To  explain  by  way  of  anal- 
ogy ; to  put  in  the  same  class  by  analogy.  “ De- 
sire, which  is  analogized  by  attraction.”  Cheyne. 

4-nAl'O-GON,  n.;  pi.  a-nal'q-ga.  Something 
analogous  ; an  analogue,  [it.]  Coleridge. 

A-NAl'O-GOUS,  a.  Having  relation  or  resem- 
blance; similar;  as  “ Analogous  eases.” 

A term  is  analogous  whose  single  signification  applies  with 
canal  propriety  to  more  than  one  object,  — as  the  lea  of  the 
table,  the  leg  of  the  animal.  Whately. 

A-NAl'O-GOCS-LY,  ad.  In  an  analogous  manner. 

AN'A-LOGUE  (fin'a-log),  n.  [Gr.  Aealoyo;.]  A 
thing  analogous,  or  having  a resemblance,  to 
another  thing.  Kirby. 

A-NAL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  dval.oyta,  right  proportion  ; 
avd,  equally,  and  I.dyo c,  speech,  or  reason.] 

1.  Proportion  or  parallelism  between  things 
which  are  in  some  respects  different ; relation 


or  similarity  between  different  things  in  cer- 
tain respects. 

If  there  be  an  analogy  or  likeness  between  that  system  of 
things  and  dispensation  of  Providence  which  revelation  in- 
forms us  of,  and  that  system  of  things  and  dispensation  of 
Providence  which  experience,  together  with  reason,  informs 
us  of,  that  is,  the  known  course  of  nature;  this  is  a presump- 
tion that  they  have  both  the  same  author  and  cause,  at  least 
so  far  ns  to  answer  the  objections  against  the  former’s  being 
from  God,  drawn  from  any  tiling  which  is  analogical  or  sim- 
ilar to  what  is  in  the  latter,  which  is  acknowledged  to  be  from 
him.  Bp.  Butler. 

2.  (Geom.)  Equality  or  similitude  of  ratios  ; 

proportion.  Brande. 

3.  (Gram.)  Similarity  as  respects  derivation, 
inflection,  pronunciation,  &c.,  opposed  to 
anomaly ; correspondence  to  the  genius  and 
received  forms  of  any  language. 

4.  (Rhet.)  Resemblance  in  the  relations 
which  different  objects  bear  to  other  objects  ; 
thus  youth  is  called  by  analogy  the  dawn  of  life, 
not  because  of  an  actual  resemblance  between 
youth  and  morning,  but  because  -the  one  is  to 
life  what  the  other  is  to  day. 

Analog!/  does  not  mean  the  similarity  of  two  things,  but 
the  similarity  or  sameness  of  two  relations.  Ilp.  Coplcston. 

5.  (Nat.  Hist.)  Remote  or  incidental  relation- 
ship, as  distinguished  from  affinity,  or  near  re- 
lationship. 

Analogy  of  faith,  l Th col.)  the  proportion  that  the  doc- 
trines of  the  gospel  bear  to  one  another,  or  the  close  con- 
nection between  the  truths  of  revealed  religion.  Hook. 

A-NAL'Y-S1S,  n. ; pi.  a-nXl'v-se§.  [Gr.  iniXvms 
avai.hu,  to  unloose.] 

1.  A resolution  of  any  thing,  whether  an  ob- 
ject of  the  senses  or  of  the  intellect,  into  its 
first  elements  or  component  parts  ; — opposed 
to  synthesis. 

Among  the  varied  objects  of  a landscape,  I behold  a tree  ; 

I separate  it  from  other  objects,  I examine  separately  its  dif- 
ferent parts  — trunk,  branches,  leaves,  &e.;  and  then,  uniting 
them  into  one  whole,  I form  a notion  of  the  tree.  The  first 
part  of  this  process  is  analysis,  the  second  synthesis.  — The  in- 
struments of  analysis  are  observation  and  experiment  : of 
synthesis,  definition  and  classification.  Fleming. 

2.  (Met.)  The  process  of  resolving  intellect- 
ual operations  into  their  primary  principles. 

3.  (Math.)  The  method  of  resolving  problems 
by  means  of  algebraical  equations. 

4.  (Chem.)  The  determination  of  the  parts  or 
elements  of  compound  bodies  ; decomposition. 

5.  (Bot.)  A term  answering  to  dissection  in 

anatomy ; a display  of  the  parts.  Gray. 

6.  (Gram.  & Rhet.)  A synopsis,  outline,  or 
summary  ; — the  resolution  of  the  parts  of  com- 
position ; parsing. 

Geometrical  analysis,  (Math.)  the  application  of  al- 
gebra to  geometry. — Qualitative  analysis,  (Chan.)  the 
determination  of  the  component  parts  of  a body  with- 
out reference  to  their  relative  proportions. — Quanti- 
tative analysis,  (Chan.)  the  determination  of  the  com- 
ponent parts  of  a body,  together  with  the  weight  of 
each,  or  of  tile  parts  and  their  relative  proportions. 

AN'A-LYST,  n.  (Math.)  One  who  is  skilled  in 
analysis.  Berkeley. 

AN-A-LYT'IC,  I n.  Relating  to,  or  eontain- 
AN-A-LYT'I-CAL,  S ing,  analysis;  performed  by 
analysis;  as,  “Analytical  reasoning.” 

AN-A-JJYT'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  By  means  of  analysis. 

AN-A-LYT'ICS,  n.  pi.  The  analytical  science  ; 
the  act  or  art  of  analyzing.  Milton. 

AN-A-LYZ'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  analyzed,  or 
resolved  into  first  principles.  Phil.  Mag. 

AN-A-LYZ'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
analyzable.  Ogilvie. 

AN-A-LY-ZA'TION,  n.  Act  of  analyzing,  or  re- 
solving into  elementary  parts.  Gent.  Mag. 

AN'A-LYZE,  v.  a.  [Gr.  dvaihu,  to  unloose.]  [i. 
ANALYZED;  pp.  ANALYZING,  ANALYZED.]  To 
resolve  a compound  into  its  first  principles  or 
elementary  parts  ; to  solve  or  resolve  by  anal- 
ysis ; to  decompose;  as,  “To  analyze  a min- 

eral.”  M ClttS. 

AN'A-LYZ-IJR,  n.  1.  He  that  analyzes  ; analyst. 
“ No  better  analyzer  than  yourself.”  Bp.  Ilall. 

2.  That  which  has  the  "power  of  analyzing. 
“ Fire  . . . the  universal  analyzer."  Boyle. 

AN-AM-NE  'SIS,  n.  [Gr.  ivdyvriait ; ora,  again,  and 
livrjoif,  a remembering.]  (Rhet.)  A remembrance 
or  enumeration  of  things.  Crabb. 

f AN-AM-NES'TIC,  a.  Helpful  to  the  memory; 
assisting  recollection.  Ash. 


AN-4-MOR-PHO'SIS,  or  An-J-MOR  ' PIIO-SIS 
[an-a-mor-fo'sjs,  S.  IF.  J.  E.  P.  K.  C. ; hii-a-inur1- 
lo-sls,  P.  Ja.  Sm.  Wb.  Brande ],  n.  [Gr.  ava, 
backward,  and  yopipy,  form.] 

1.  (Persp.)  A distorted  representation  of  an 
object,  so  contrived  as  to  appear  symmetrical, 
or  an  exact  representation,  when  seen  from  a 
certain  point  of  view,  or  as  reflected  by  a curved 
mirror,  or  through  a polyhedron.  Brande. 

2.  (Nat.  Hist.)  The  change  of  form  which 

may  he  traced  throughout  the  species  or  higher 
members  of  a natural  group  of  animals  or 
plants,  either  in  the  actual  series,  or  as  they 
have  succeeded  each  other  in  the  course  of  time 
on  this  planet.  Brande. 

4-NA  'N4S  [a-na'nfts,  S.  IF.  P.  E.  K.  Sm.  R.  ; 
a-ni'nas,  Wb.] , n.  [Nanas,  the  Peruvian  name 
of  the  pine-apple.]  (Bot.)  A species  of  Brome- 
lia,  or  the  plant  that  produces  the  pine-apple  ; 

■ the  common  pine-apple.  Loudon. 

An-4-nAs' S4,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants  in- 
cluding the  pine-apple.  P.  Cyc. 

AN-AN'DROFS,  a.  [Gr.  n priv.  and  dvi/p,  a man.] 
(Bot.)  Destitute  of  stamens.  Brande. 

AN-AN'GU-LAR,  a.  Having  no  angle.  Good. 

AN'A-PEST,  71.  [Gr.  dvatraiaToq ; Ava-natu,  to  strike 
back.]  (Pros.)  A metrical  foot,  containing  two 
short  syllables  and  one  long  one  ; a dactyl  re- 
versed, or,  as  it  were,  struck  back.  Bentley. 

AX- A- RES’ TIC,  71.  The  anapestic  measure  ; an 
anapestic  verse ; — employed,  in  English,  only 
in  poems  of  the  lighter  sort,  e.  g.  : — 

For  I ’m  told  the  discourses  of  persons  refined 
Are  better  than  books  for  improving  the  mind; 

But  a great  deal  of  .judgment 's  required  in  the  skimming 
The  polite  conversation  of  sensible  women.  Anstey. 

AN-A-PES'TIC,  P a.  Relating  to  the  anapest ; 

AN-A-PES'TI-CAL,  5 consisting  of  anapests. 

AN-A-PES'TI-CAL-I/Y,  ad.  In  an  anaspestic 
manner.  Ch.  Ob. 

4-NAph' 0-R4,  71.  [Gr.  Avatpopd;  did,  hack,  and 
<Jfpw,  to  carry  or  bear.]  (Rhet.)  A repetition  of 
words  or  phrases  at  the  commencement  of  sen- 
tences or  verses ; as,  “ Where  is  the  wise  ? where 
is  the  scribe  ? where  is  the  disputer  of  this 
world  ? ” 1 Cor.  i.  20. 


f AN-A-PLU-ROT'IC,  a.  [Gr.  avatriripiu,  to  fill  up.] 
Filling  up  ; renewing  what  is  wasted.  Bailey. 


AN-A-PLIJ-ROTTC,  71.  (Med.)  A medicine  which 
renews  flesh  or  wasted  parts.  Ogilvie. 

An-A-POPII'  Y-SIS,  n.  [Gr.  did,  upwards,  and 
dm>(/,ii<7is,  offshoot.]  (Zoiil.)  A vertebral  process 
rising  just  above  the  transverse  process,  and 
projecting  more  or  less  backwards.  It  is  well 
developed  in  the  hare  and  most  rodents.  Bra/ide. 

fAN'ARCH,  71.  [Gr.  a priv.  and  ap^y,  govern- 
ment.] An  author  of  confusion ; anarchist. 
“ The  a7iarch  old.”  Milton. 

A-NAR’CHIC,  i a_  Without  rule,  govern- 

A-NAR'CHI-CAL,  \ ment,  or  order.  Howell. 

AN'AR-£Hl§M,  n.  Anarchy.  Sir  E.  Dering. 

AN'AR-CHiST,  71.  An  author  or  promoter  of  an- 
archy, confusion,  or  disorder.  Tooke. 


AN'AR-jCHY,  n.  [Gr.  avapyia  ; a priv.  and  opx,U 
government.]  Want  of  government;  a state 
of  society,  or  a condition  of  things,  unregulated 
by  any  principle  of  government,  law,  or  order ; 
confusion ; disorder. 

Arbitrary  power  is  but  the  first  natural  step  from  anarchy, 
or  the  savage  life.  Mr  {ft. 

Where  eldest  Night 
And  Chaos,  ancestors  of  Nature,  hold 
Eternal  anarchy.  Milton. 


4-nAr  'RHI-eilAS,  71.  (Ich.)  A Linntean  genus 
of  spiny-finned,  osseous  fishes ; the  wolf-fish 
or  sea-wolf.  Brande. 


A-NAR'THROOs,  a.  [Gr.  a priv.  and  apOpov,  a 
joint.]  (Ent.)  Without  limbs  ; applied  to 
worms,  leeches,  &c.  Agassiz. 

A’N4S,  n.  [L.]  (Ornith.)  A genus  of  anserine 
birds  ; the  duck.  ^ a7'rel. 

An-A-SAR'CA,  n.  [Gr.  dra,  through,  and  oip(, 
aapKii;,  flesh".]  (Med.)  A dropsy  of  the  whole 
body  ; a general  dropsy.  Quinnj. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  !,  O,  U,  Yi  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; 1IEIR,  HER; 


ANASARCOUS 


53 


ANCHOR-STOCK 


AN-A-SAR'COUS,  a.  Relating  to,  or  partaking  of, 
the  nature  of"  anasarca.  W isenian. 

AN-AS-TAL'TIC,  a.  [Gr.  am,  upwards,  and 
ard/.TiK6s,  contracting.]  (Med.)  Astringent ; 
styptic  ; binding.  Ogilvie. 

AN-AS-TAT'IC,  a.  [Gr.  aiianipi,  to  raise  up.] 
Raising  up  ; — applied  to  a kind  of  printing. 

Anastatic  printing  is  a process  by  which  any  design, 
made  on  paper  with  prepared  ink,  is  transferred  from 
the  paper  to  a metal  plate,  which,  on  being  exposed 
to  an  acid,  is  eaten  away  in  the  parts  not  covered  by 
the  lines  of  the  design,  while  these  lines  are  left 
raised,  or  in  relief,  and  are  capable  of  giving,  when 
inked,  any  number  of  copies.  Notes  Sf  Queries. 

A-NAS'TO-MOSJE,  V.  11.  [Gr.  avaaropdijj, 
to  furnish  with  a mouth.]  [f.  anas- 
tomosed ; pp.  ANASTOMOSING, 
ANASTOMOSED.]  (Bot.  & Ancit.)  To 
unite,  as  vessels  or  branches,  with 
one  another ; to  communicate  by 
anastomosis  ; to  inosculate.  P.  Cyc. 

A-NAS-TO-MO'SIS,  n. ; pi.  a-nXs-to-mo  ' se$. 
[Gr.]  (Bot.  & Anat.)  A junction  of  parts  by 
inosculation,  as  of  vessels  by  their  mouths. 

By  means  of  anastomosis,  if  the  course  of  a fluid  be  ar- 
rested in  one  vessel,  it  can  proceed  along  others.  Dunglison. 

A-NAS-TO-MOT'IC,  a.  [Gr.  avaaropoiTiKo;,  caus- 

" ing  to  open  like  a mouth.]  Aperient ; open- 
ing. Dunglison. 

A-NAS-TO-MOT'IC,  n.  (Med.)  An  aperient  med- 

• icine.  " ’ . Dunglison. 

A-NAS'  TRO-PIJF.,  n.  [Gr.  dnaorpoi/iii ; avaarylipui, 
to  overturn,  to  invert.]  (Pros.)  A species  of 
inversion,  or  departure  from  the  usual  order  of 
succession  in  words.  Walker. 

AN'A-TASE,  n.  [Gr.  amrams,  extension.]  (Min.) 
A mineral  composed  of  pure  titanic  acid  ; — so 
named  in  allusion  to  the  length  of  its  crystals, 
and  called  also  octahedrite.  Dana. 

A-NATH'JE-MA,  n.  ; pi.  a-nAth'e-ma?.  [Gr. 
amdepa,'  any  thing  devoted  to  evil,  accursed  ; 
aid,  up,  and  ridppi,  to  put;  — said  of  any  thing 
hung  up,  as  devoted,  consecrated ; and  used 
chiefly  in  a bad  sense,  as  devoted  to  destruction.] 

1.  A curse  pronounced  by  ecclesiastical  au- 
thority ; excommunication  ; malediction  ; curse. 

Her  bare  anathemas  fall  like  so  many  hruta  fulmina  [inef- 
fectual thunderbolts]  upon  the  schismatical.  booth. 

2.  A person  or  thing  anathematized. 

Anathema  signifies  persons  or  things  devoted  to  destruc- 
tion and  extermination.  The  Jewish  nation  were  an  anath- 
ema destined  to  destruction.  St.  Paul,  to  express  his  affection 
to  them,  says  he  could  wish,  to  save  them  from  it,  to  become 
an  anathema,  and  be  destroyed  himself.  . Locke. 

Syn.  — See  Malediction. 

A-NATH-E-MAT'I-CAL,  a.  Relating  to  an  anath- 
ema ; having  the  nature  of  an  anathema. 

Johnson. 

A-NATH-p-MAT'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  an  anathe- 
matical  manner. 

A-NATH'IJ-MA-TI^M,  n.  Act  of  anathematizing  ; 
anathematization.  Bp.  Taylor. 

A-NATH-E-MAT-I-ZA'TION,  n.  Act  of  anathe- 
matizing ; an  extreme  cursing.  Cotgrave. 

A-NATH'E-MA-TIZE  [rt-nath'e-inMIz,  S.  W.  J.  F. 
Ja.  Ii.  Sm.  R.  Wb. ; hii-;i-tlicnr'a-tlz,  P.  John- 
son],  v.  a.  [Gr.  dvaQtparifa  ; It . anatemizzarc  \ 
Sp.  anatematizar ; Fr.  anathematise)-.)  \i. 

ANATHEMATIZED  ; pp.  ANATHEMATIZING, 
anathematized.]  To  visit  with  an  anathe- 
ma ; to  pronounce  accursed ; to  excommunicate. 

They  were  therefore  to  be  anathematized  and  banished 
out  of  the  church.  Hammond. 

A-NATH'JJ-MA-TIZ-ER,  n.  One  who  anathema- 
tizes. “ The  censorious  anathematizer,  that 
breathes  out  woes  and  damnations.”  Hammond. 

AN'A-THEME,  n.  A curse;  — anathema  angli- 
cized. [it.]  — See  Anathema.  Sheldon. 

A-NAT' I--DJE,  n.  pi.  (Ornith.)  A family  of  birds 
of  the  order  Anseres,  containing  the  sub-fami- 
lies Phcenicopterince,  Plectropterinm,  Anseri- 
nat,  Cygnince,  Anatiiue,  Fuligulinee,  Erismatu- 
rince,  and  Mergiiue ; ducks.  Gray. 

A-NAT 'l-FER,n.  (Conch.)  The  barnacle.  Craig. 

AN-A-TIF']JR-OUS,  a.  [L.  anas,  a duck,  and 
fero,  to  bear.]  Producing  ducks.  Browne. 


AN-A-TI'NJE,  1l.pl. 

(Ornith.)  A sub- 
family of  birds,  of 
the  order  Anseres, 
and  family  Anati- 
dar,  river  ducks. 

Gray. 

A-NAT'O-CIfjM,  n.  [Gr.  aim-  Anas  boschus. 

roKiopd s ; L.  anatocismus .]  Interest  upon  inter- 
est ; compound  interest,  [r.]  Johnson. 

AN-A-TOM'IC,  ( ffl.  Relating  to  anatomy  or 

AN-A-TOM'I-CAL,  * dissection.  Watts. 

AN-A-TOM'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  an  anatomical 
manner  ; according  to  anatomy.  Browne. 

A-NAT'O-MIST,  n.  [It.  <Sf  Sp.  anatomista ; Fr. 
anatomistc .]  One  versed  or  skilled  in  anatomy. 

A-NAT-O-MJ-ZA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  anatomiz- 
ing. Ogilvie. 

A-NAT'O-MIzE,  v.  a.  1.  To  dissect,  as  the  body 
of  an  animal.  Hooker. 

2.  To  lay  open  by  minute  parts.  Shak. 

A-NAT'O-MY,  n.  [Gr.  amrop/j  ; avaripvui,  to  cut 
up  ; L.  It.  § Sp.  anatomia  ; Fr.  anatomic.) 

1.  The  art  or  act  of  dissecting  animal  bodies  ; 
dissection. 

Practical  anatomy , like  all  arts  in  which  an  aptness  and 
dexterity  of  the  hand  are  necessary,  is  to  be  acquired  npt 
hastily,  nor.by  precept ; but  an  ease  and  certainty  in  its  op- 
erations can  be  attained  only  after  much  labor.  Sir  C.  Hell. 

2.  The  science  which  treats  of  the  internal 
structure  of  the  human  'body. 

Let  the  muscles  be  well  inserted  and  bound  together,  ac- 
cording to  the  knowledge  of  them  which  is  given  us  by  anat- 
omy. JDryden. 

3.  f The  art  or  act  of  dividing  any  thing, 
whether  corporeal  or  intellectual. 

When  a moneyed  man  hath  divided  his  chests,  lie  seemeth 
to  himself  richer  than  he  was;  therefore,  a way  to  amplify 
any  thing  is  to  break  it,  and  to  make  anatomy  of  it  in  several 
parts.  Bacon. 

4.  f A skeleton.  “Rouse  from  sleep  that 

fell  anatomy ."  Shak. 

5.  f A thin,  meagre  person,  by  way  of  irony 
or  ridicule. 

They  brought  one  Pinch,  a hungry,  lean-faced  villain, 

A mere  anatomy,  a mountebank.  Shak. 

Comparative  anatomy  is  the  science  which  teaches  a 
knowledge  of  the  ditl'erences  in  the  structure  and  or- 
ganization of  tlte  classes,  orders,  and  species  of  the 
whole  animal  kingdom.  P.  Cyc. 

AN-A-TREP'TIC,  a.  [Gr.  avarprvriKd;.)  Over- 
throwing ; defeating  ; — applied  to  the  dialogues 
of  Plato,  which  represent  a defeat  in  the  gym- 
nastic exercises.  Enfield. 

AN-A-TRIP-SOL/O-gY,  n.  [Gr.  avarpoPn,  a rub- 
bing well,  and  hoyos,  a discourse.]  (Med.)  A 
treatise  on  friction.  Dunglison. 

AN'A-TRON,  n.  [See  Natron.] 

1.  The  scum  of  melted  glass.  Johnson. 

2.  The  salt  which  collects  on  the  walls  of 
vaults  ; nitrate  of  potash ; saltpetre.  Johnson. 

A-NAT'RO-POIJS,  a.  [Gr.  ana,  up,  and  rpiiro),  to 
turn.]  (Bot.)  Noting  ovules  inverted  on,  and 
cohering  to,  the  part  of  the  stalk  called  the 
raphe,  between  the  hilum  and  the  chalaza.  Gray. 

An'BU-RY,  n.  1.  (Farriery.)  A kind  of  wen  or 
tumor  in  an  animal ; an  ambury.  Bailey. 

2.  An  excrescence  on  turnips  or  cabbages, 

' occasioned  by  an  insect.  Marshall. 

AN'CES-TOR,  n.  [L.  antecessor  ; antecedo,  to  go 
before ; Fr.  ancestre. ] One  from  whom  a per- 
son descends  genealogically  ; a forefather ; a 
progenitor ; a predecessor. 

Syn.  — See  Forefather. 

AN-CIlS-TO'Rt-AL,  a.  Relating  to,  or  resembling, 
ancestors ; ancestral.  Wm.  Roberts. 

AN'CES-TR,yr,  [an'ses-tral,  S.  W.  P.  J.  F.  K.  Sm. 
R.  C.4  an-ses'tral,  Ja.  Wb.  Ash),  a.  Relating 
to  ancestors.  “ Ancestral  claims.”  Johnson. 


AN'CES-TREL, 


Same  as  Ancestral.  Hale. 


An'CJJS-TRESS,  n.  A female  from  whom  one  is 
descended  ; a female  ancestor.  II.  Martineau. 

An'CES-TRY,  n.  1.  Lineage ; a series  of  ances- 
tors. “ Rights  transmitted  from  a virtuous 
ancestry.”  Addison. 

2.  Honorable  descent ; high  birth. 

It  is  with  antiquity  asnvith  ancestry  ; nations  are  proud  of 
the  one,  and  individuals  of  the  other.  Colton. 


Title  and  ancestry  render  a good  man  more  illustrious,  but 
an  ill  one  more  contemptible.  Addison. 

f AN'^HIJN-TRY  (an'slien-tre),  n.  Properly  an- 
cientry. Shak. 

ANCH' I-LOPS,  11.  [See  iEGILOPS.] 

1.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants.  Crabb. 

2.  (Med.)  A sore  under  the  inner  angle  of 

the  eye.  Hoblyn. 

ANCH'OR  (angk'ur,  82),  n.  [Gr.  aympu  ; oys y,  a. 
hook  ; L.  anchora  ; It.  ancora  ; Sp.  ancora  or 
ancla ; Fr.  ancre.) 

1.  An  instrument  for  hold- 
ing a vessel  or  other  floating 
body,  made  generally  of  iron, 
and  consisting  of  a longitudinal 
part,  or  shank,  A B,  having 
curved  arms  at  one  end,  termi- 
nating in  barbs  or  flukes,  E C, 

F D,  and  at  the  other  a straight 
transverse  bar,  called  the  stock,  Anchor. 

G II,  placed  at  right  angles  with  the  plane  of 
the  arms,  so  as  to  cause  one  or  the  other  of 
the  flukes  to  hook  into  the  ground. 

2.  That  which  confers  stability  or  security. 

Which  hope  we  have  as  an  anchor  of  the  soul.  Heb.  vi.  19. 

3.  A liquid  measure  containing  about  ten 
gallons.  — Same  as  Anker. 

4.  (Arch.)  Part  of  an  echinus  ; an  ornament 

applied  to  mouldings,  somewhat  resembling  the 
fluke  of  an  anchor.  Britton. 

Sheet  anchor , (Naat.)  an  anchor  of  the  largest  and 
strongest  kind  ; bower  anchor , a smaller  anchor,  car- 
ried on  the  bows  ; hedge  anchor , an  anchor  of  the 
smallest  kind. 

To  cat  the  anchor , to  draw  the  anchor  up  to  the  cat- 
head.— To  fish  the  anchor , to  draw  up  the  flukes  by  an 
apparatus  called  a fish. — To  sweep  the  anchor , to  drag 
for  an  anchor  that  has  been  lost.  — To  shoe  the  anchor, 
to  cover  the  flukes  with  broad,  triangular  pieces  of 
plank.  — To  weigh  anchor , to  raise  the  anchor  in  order 
to  set  sail. 

f ANCHOR  (angk'ur,  82),  n.  [Gr.  dva^ajprjr/js. — 
A.  S.  ancra.]  An  anchoret;  a hermit. 

An  anchor's  cheer  in  prison  be  my  hope.  Shak. 

ANjCITOR  (angk'ur),  v.  n.  [i.  ANCHORED  ; pp- 
ANCHORING,  ANCHORED.] 

1.  To  cast  anchor. 

Or  the  straight  course  to  rocky  Chios  plough, 

And  anchor  under  Mimas’  shaggy  brow.  Tope. 

2.  To  stop  ; to  rest ; to  fasten  regard. 

Posthumus  anchors  upon  Imogen.  Shak. 

ANjCH'OR  (angk'ur),  v.  a.  1.  To  place  at  anchor  ; 
as,  “ To  anchor  a ship.” 

2.  To  fix  ; to  fasten. 

There  would  lie  anchor  his  aspect.  Shak. 

ANGH'OR-A-BLE  (angk'ur-a-bl),  a.  That  may  be 
anchored  ; fit  for  anchorage.  Herbert. 

ANjCH'OR-A(tE  (angk'ur-aj),  n.  1.  Ground  to 
anchor  on.  Wotton. 

2.  The  apparatus  for  anchoring  a ship.  Shak. 

3.  The  duty  paid  for  anchoring  in  a port. 

ANCH'ORED  (angk'kurd),  p.  a.  1.  Held  by  the 

anchor.  „ , 

2.  Shaped  like  an  anchor ; 

forked.  “ Shooting  her  anchored 
tongue.”  More. 

3.  (Her.)  Noting  a cross  with 
its  extremities  turned  back  like 
the  flukes  of  an  anchor. 

ANjOII'O-RESS  (angk'o-res),  n.  A female  recluse  ; 
a hermitess.  Fairfax. 

ANjCH'O-RET  (angk'o-ret),  n.  [Gr.  ; 

ava^mptoi,  to  retire.]  One  who  retires  from 
the  world  from  religious  motives  ; a hermit. 

Macarius,  the  great  Egyptian  anchoret.  Abp.  Usher. 

AN£H-0-RET'IC,  ) a.  Relating  to  an  ancho- 

ANjCII-O-RET'I-CAL,  ) ret,  or  hermit.  Taylor. 

ANX’H'OR— GROUND,  n.  Ground  suitable  to  anch- 
or on  ; anchorage.  Ogilvie. 

ANCH'OR-HOLD,  n.  The  hold  of  the  anchor. 
“ Assurance  and  fast  anchor-hold.” 


ANjCH'O-RITE  (angk'o-rlt),  11. 
“ The  ancient  anchorites.” 


Camden. 

An  anchoret. 
Pope. 

AN€H'QR— SMITH  (Sngk'ur-smlth),  n.  One  who 
makes  or  forges  anchors.  Moxoil. 

ANjCH'OR— STOCK,  n.  The  cross  piece  at  the 
head  of  the  shank  of  an  anchor,  to  make  the 
flukes  take  hold  of  the  ground.  — See  Anchor. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  Bl)LL,  BUR,  RULE.  — (1,  (?,  <;,  g,  soft;  C,  fi,  £,  g,  hard;  $ as  z;  y as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


ANCHOVY 


54 


ANENST 


AN-CHO'VY,  re.  [Sp.  anchova .]  A little  sea- 

’ fish,  resembling  the  sprat,  caught  in  great 
quantities  in  the  Mediterranean,  and  used  for 
sauce  ; Engraulis  encrasicolus.  Baird. 

AN-CHO'VY-PeAr,  re.  ( Bof .)  A plant  of  the 
West  Indies  and  its  fruit ; Grias.  Loudon. 

AN'jEHU-SINE,  n.  [Gr.  ayKovoa,  alkanet.]  The 
coloring  principle  of  the  alkanet  root.  Brande. 

AN'£HY-LO§E,  V.  a.  [t.  ANCHYLOSED  ; pp.  AN- 
chylosino,  anchylosed.]  To  make  stiff, 
or  immovable,  as  a joint ; to  stiffen.  Lyell. 

ANCH- Y-LO' SIS,  n.  [Gr.  ayKvhoots  ; ayuvL iw,  to 
hook, 'to  crook.]  (Med.)  An  affection  which 
produces  stiffness  of  a joint ; so  called  because 
the  limb  in  which  it  occurs  is  usually  bent ; 
— written  also  ankylosis.  Dunglison. 

ANGH-Y-LOT'IC  (angk-e-lot'ik),  a.  Pertaining  or 
relating  to  anchylosis.  Ogilvie. 

fAN'CIgN-CY  (an'shen-se),  n.  Antiquity.  “ An- 
ciencies  of  their  respective  sees.”  Jura  Cleri. 

AN'CIENT  (an'shent)  [an'shent,  S.  W.  J.  F.  Ja. 
K.  Sin.  R.\  an'shent,  P.  — See  Angel],  a. 
[L.  antiquus,  from  ante,  before  ; Fr.  ancien.\ 

1.  Old  ; of  old  time  ; not  modern. 

Many  are  the  sayings  of  the  wise 
• In  ancient  and  modern  books  enrolled.  Milton. 

2.  That  has  been  of  long  duration  ; of  great 
age ; — applied  generally  to  things,  but  some- 
times to  persons. 

Under  the  covert  of  some  ancient  oak.  Milton. 

And  made  Verona’s  ancient  citizens 

Cast  by  their  grave,  beseeming  ornaments.  Shah. 

3.  Antiquated ; antique  ; obsolete. 

4.  Past ; former. 

I see  thy  fury;  if  I longer  stay. 

We  shall  begin  our  ancient  bickerings.  Shah. 

Syn. — Ancient  and  antique  are  opposed  to  mod- 
ern, old  to  new,  antiquated  to  what  is  customary  and 
established,  obsolete  to  current.  An  ancient  temple 
is  one  built  by  the  ancients;  an  antique  temple  is  one 
built  in  the  style  of  the  ancients. 

Ancient  history,  manners,  customs  ; antique  piece  of 
art ; old  books  or  garments  ; antiquated  customs,  insti- 
tutions ; obsolete  words.  — See  Old. 

An’CIJJNT  (an'shent),  n.  1.  pi.  Men  of  times 
long  since  past ; — opposed  to  the  moderns. 

As  saith  the  proverb  of  the  ancients.  1 Sam.  xxiv.  13. 

2.  pi.  Old  men. 

The  Lord  will  enter  into  judgment  with  the  ancients  of 
his  people  and  the  princes  thereof.  Isa.  iii.  14. 

3.  f Senior.  “ In  Christianity  they  were  his 

ancients.”  Hooker. 

4.  pi.  {Local,  Eng.)  The  oldest  barristers  in 
Gray’s  Inn: — those  lawyers  in  the  Middle 
Temple  who  have  passed  their  readings.  Ogilvie. 

f AN'CIIJNT  (an'shent),  n.  [Fr.  enseigne .] 

1.  A flag  or  streamer  of  a ship. 

More  dishonorably  ragged  than  an  old  faced  ancient.  Shah. 

2.  The  bearer  of  a flag,  now  called  an  ensign. 

This  is  Othello's  ancient , as  I take  it.  Shah. 

AN'CI?NT-LY  (an'shent-le),  ad.  In  ancient  times. 

AN'CIENT-NESS  (an'shent-),  n.  Antiquity.  Bale. 

AN'CHJNT-RY  (an'shent-re),  n.  1.  The  honor  of 
ancient  lineage  ; dignity  of  birth. 

Most  foolishly  do  the  Irish  think  to  ennoble  themselves  by 
wresting  their  ancientry  from  the  Spaniards.  Spender. 

2.  The  imitation  of  antiquity  ; antiqueness. 

You  think  the  ten  or  twelve  first  lines  the  best;  now,  I am 
for  the  fourteen  last;  add,  that  they  contain  not  one  word  of 
ancientry.  Letter  of  West  to  Gray. 

f AN'CIpN-TY  (an'shen-te),  n.  [Fr . ancient) cU.\ 
Age  ; antiquity  ; ancientness.  Grafton. 

AN-Cl'LE,  n.  [L.]  The  shield  of  Mars,  which 
was  reputed  to  have  fallen  from  heaven,  and 
was  regarded  as  the  sacred  shield  of  the  Ro- 
mans. “ The  Trojans  secured  their  Palladium ; 
the  Romans  their  ancile.”  Potter. 

AN'CTL-LA-RY,  a.  [L.  ancillaris  ; ancilia,  a 
maid-servant.]  Subservient,  as  a handmaid; 
attendant  upon.  Blackstone. 

AN-ClP'I-TAL,  a.  [L.  anceps,  ancipitis,  having 
two  heads.]  (Boti)  Having  two  opposite  edges 
or  angles ; aneipitous.  Brande. 

AN-CIP'J-TOUS,  a.  (Bot.)  Having  two  opposite 
thin  edges,  as  a stem  compressed.  Brande. 

An’CLE,  n.  — See  Ankle.  Johnson. 


AN'COME  (Stng'kum),  n.  A small  ulcerous  swell- 
ing, formed  unexpectedly.  [North  of  Eng- 
land.] Boucher. 

AN'CON,  n.  [Gr.  ayuoiv  ; L.  ancon.) 

1.  (Anat.)  The  elbow.  Dunglison. 

2.  {Arch.)  An  angle  or  a corner-stone.  Weale. 

AN'  CONE,  n.  [Gr.  dyxuv,  the  bend  of  the  arm.] 

{Arch.)  A console  or  ornament  cut  on  the 
keystone  of  an  arch,  or  on  the  side  of  a door- 
case ; — applied  also  to  the  corners  or  quoins 
of  walls,  cross-beams,  rafters,  or  trusses,  and  to 
brackets  under  mouldings.  Brande. 

AN'CO-NY,  n.  {Iron  works.)  A bloom  wrought 
into  the  figure  of  a flat  iron  bar,  except  at  the 
ends.  Chambers. 

AN-CY-LOQ' E-RAS,  n.  {Pal.)  A genus  of  fossil 
cephalopodous  mollusks.  Baird. 

AND,  conj.  [A.  S.  and ; Ger.  und.\  A particle 
implying  addition,  by  which  sentences,  words, 
or  terms  are  joined. 

And  if,  a redundant  expression  for  if.  Luke  xii.  45. 

f AN'DA-BA-TI^M,  n.  [L.  andabata,  a kind  of 
Roman  gladiator  who  fought  hoodwinked.] 
Uncertainty.  Shelford. 

AN-DA-LU'sITE,  n.  {Min.)  A hard  mineral  com- 
posed of  silica  and  alumina  ; — so  called  from 
having  been  first  observed  in  Andalusia.  Brande. 

AN-  DAN ' TE,  a.  [It.,  from  and  arc,  to  go.]  (Mas.) 
Noting  a moderate,  decided,  equable  movement, 
neither  fast  nor  slow ; slower  than  allegretto  ; 
less  slow  than  adagio.  Dwight. 

AN-DAN-Tl'NO,  a.  [It.]  ( Mus .)  A little  an- 

dante, not  quite  so  slow  as  andante  ; a little 
slower  than  allegretto.  Dwight. 

An'DA-RAC,  n.  Red  orpiment.  Smart. 

AN-DE'AN,  a.  {Gcog.)  Pertaining  to  the  Apdes. 

AND'I-RON  (and'l-urn),  n.  [Perhaps  originally 
hand-iron .]  1.  An  iron  at  each  end  of  a fire- 
grate, in  which  the  spit  turns.  Johnson. 

2.  A utensil  to  lay  wood  upon  in  a fireplace. 
“ An  andiron  of  brass.”  Bacon. 

AN-DOUILLE'  (ang-dol'ye),  n.  [Fr.]  {Cookery.) 
A dish  or  preparation  from  the  entrails  of  a 
pig ; chitterlings.  Merle. 

AN-DRA-NAT'O-MY,  n.  [Gr.  uvt'ip,  avhpbs,  a man, 
and  avarofitj,  dissection.]  The  dissection  of  the 
human  body.  Dunglison. 

AN'DRp-O-LITE,  n.  {Min.)  Another  name  for 
harmotome,  cross-stone,  or  staurolite.  Phillips. 


rtralov,  a petal.]  {Bot.)  Noting  double  flowers 
which  are  produced  by  the  conversion  of  the 
stamens  into  petals,  as  the  garden  ranunculus. 
Most  double  flowers  are  of  this  nature.  Brande. 

AN-DROPH' A-(fI,  n.pl.  [Gr.  atnip,  avhpbs,  a man, 
and  tpaytu,  to  eat.]  Man-eaters  ; anthropophagi ; 
— a people  of  Sarmatia,  so  called,  [it.]  Beloe. 


f AN-DROT'O-MY,  n.  [Gr.  ovi'ip,  a man,  and  rtprui,  . 
to  cut.]  Dissection  of  human  bodies.  Bailey. 


AN'DROUS,  a.  [Gr.  uvrjp,  ailpbs,  a man.]  {Bot.) 

Denoting  the  male  sex.  P.  Cyc. 

ANE,  n.  See  Awn.  Johnson. 

f A-NEAL',  v.  a.  See  Anele.  Bp.  Taylor. 

f A-NEAR',  prep.  Near.  Bp.  Atterbury. 

AN'f.C-DOT-AGE,  n.  A collection  of  anecdotes, 
[it.]  Monthly  Mag. 

AN'f.C-DO-TAL,  a.  Relating  to,  or  containing, 
anecdotes ; anecdotic.  Gent.  Mag. 


AN'IJC-DOTE,  n.  [Gr.  actuluTov,  unpublished;  a 
priv.  and  Uhihupi,  to  give  out;  It.  aneddoto ; 
Fr.  anecdote .]  A biographical  fragment,  inci- 
dent, or  fact  ; a minute  passage  of  private  life  ; 
a short  story. 

Interesting  anecdotes  afford  examples  which  may  be  of 
use  in  respect  to  our  own  conduct.  Melmoth. 

Syn. — Anecdotes  are  told  as  matters  of  private 
history,  and  are  always  reported  to  be  true  ; stories 
may  he  either  true  or  fictitious.  Anecdotes  for  men; 
stories  for  children.  Lively  or  amusing  anecdotes ; 
entertaining  stories. 

AN-^C-DOT'IC,  ) a.  Relating  to,  or  partaking 
AN-EC-DOT'I-CAL,  ) the  nature  of,  anecdotes. 
“ Particular  anecdotical  traditions,  whose  au- 
thority is  unknown.”  Bolingbroke. 


AN'EC-DO-TIST,  n.  One  who  deals  in  anec- 
dotes ; a relater  of  anecdotes.  Ch.  Ob. 


AN'JJ-LACE,  n.  A knife  or  dagger  worn  at  the 
girdle  by  civilians  until  the  end  of  the  fifteenth 
century.  Fairholt. 

f A-NELE'  (a-nel'),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  on-elan,  to  anoint 
with  oil.]  To  give  extreme  unction  to.  Shak. 

AN-g-LEC'TRODE,  n.  {Elec.)  The  positive  pole 
of  a galvanic  battery.  — See  Electrode. 

A-NEL'LI-DAN,  n.  {Zniil  ) One  of  the  anellides. 

A-NEL'LI-DE§,  n.  pi.  [L.  anellus  (Fr.  annelet), 
a little  ring,  and  Gr.  tlhos,  form.]  ('/.obi.)  A 
class  of  articulate  animals,  having  cylindrical 
bodies,  divided  into  ring-like  segments  ; earth- 
worms. Brande. 


AN-DR6<?'Y-NAL,  a.  [Gr.  di/i5 piyvvos,  hermaph- 
rodite ; avrjp,  a man,  and  yum/,  a woman.]  Hav- 
ing two  sexes  ; hermaphroditical.  Johnson. 

AN-DR6<?'Y-NAL-LY,  ad.  In  the  form  of  her- 
maphrodites. “ Androgynally  born.”  Browne. 

AN-DROQ}  'Y-NE,  n.  [Gr.  arrjp,  a man,  and  yvvq, 
a woman.]  An  hermaphrodite.  Ilarmar. 

AN-DROty'Y-NOUS,  a.  (Bot.  & Anat.)  Having 
the  organ's  of  both  sexes  ; hermaphroditic ; mo- 
noecious. Brande. 

AN-DROf/'Y-NUS,  n.  [L.]  pi.  A N-D R tip  ' Y-Nl. 
An  hermaphrodite ; an  androgyne.  Johnson. 

AN'DROID,  n.  Same  as  Androides.  Brande. 

AN-DRO  'I-DEtj,  re. ; pi.  an-dro' i-dje.  [Gr.  avrjp, 
a man,  and  ethos,  form ; Fr.  andrside .] 

An  automaton  in  the  form  of  man,  which,  by 
means  of  springs,  weights,  or  other  contrivance, 
performs  some  of  the  natural  motions  of  a man  ; 
an  android.  Enc.  Brit. 

AN-DROM'F.-DA,  n.  [Gr.  ’Avlpoptha,  daughter 
of  Cepheus  and  Cassiope.] 

1.  (Astron.)  A constellation  in  the  northern 

hemisphere.  Ilind. 

2.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants.  Loudon. 

3.  ( Ent .)  A species  of  butterfly.  Craig. 

AN'DRON,  re.  [Gr.  dnipwi/  ; unrip,  a man  ; L. 
andron .]  (Arch.)  An  apartment,  cloister,  or 
gallery,  assigned  to  the  male  part  of  a monas- 
tic establishment ; — applied  also  to  the  space 
in  a church  by  which  the  men  were  separated 
from  the  women.  Weale. 

AN-DRO-PET'A-LOUS,  a.  [Gr.  avqp,  a man,  and 


AN-E-M6g'RA-PHY,  re.  [Gr.  avepos,  wind,  and 
ypaipm,  to  describe.]  A description  of  the  winds. 

AN-E-MOL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  a repos,  wind,  and  ).6- 
yof,  a discourse.]  The  doctrine  of  the  winds ; 
a treatise  on  the  winds.’  Ogilvie. 

AN-E-MOM'U-TER,  re.  [Gr.  avepos,  wind,  and 
perpov,  a measure.]  An  instrument  to  measure 
the  force  and  velocity  of  the  wind.  Brande. 

AN-E-MOM'E-TRY,  ii.  [Gr.  avepos,  wind,  and 
ptrpov,  a measure.]  The  process  of  measuring 
and  registering  certain  effects  of  the  force  or 
pressure  of  the  wind.  Brande. 

A-NEM'O-NE  [a-nem'o-ne,  S.  W.  P.  E.  F.  Ja.  K. 
Sm.  C.;  an-e-mo'ne,  Loudon,  Dunglison],  re.  [Gr. 
avepuivq;  avepos,  wind.]  (Bot.)  Agenus  of  peren- 
nial herbs  ; — so  named  because  the  flower  was 
thought  to  open  only  when  the  wind  blows.  Gray. 

AN-E-MO'NI-A,  or  A-NEM'O-NlNE,  re.  (Chcrn.) 
An  acrid,  crystailizable  substance,  obtained 
from  some  species  of  anemone.  Brande. 

A-NEM'O-NY,  re.  Same  as  Anemone. 

From  the  soft  wing  of  vernal  breezes  shed, 

Anernonics  ; auriculas,  enriched 

With  shining  meal  o’er  all  their  velvet  leaves.  Thomson. 

A-NEM'O-SCOPE  [a-nem'o-skop,  W.  P.  J.  F.Ja. 
Sin. ; an'e-tnos-kop,  S.  ; Sn-e-mo'skop,  E. ; an-e- 
mos'ko-pe,  K.},  re.  [Gr.  a repos,  wind,  and  oko- 
o6s,  one  who  watches.]  An  instrument  that 
shows  the  course  or  direction  of  the  wind;  a 
weather-vane;  a weather-cock.  -Brande. 

f A-NENST',  prep.  Opposite  to  ; over  against. 

And  right  oncost  him  a dog  snarling  er]  D.  Jonson. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  },  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  fAr,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


ANENT 


55 


ANGLICIFY 


A-NENT',  prep.  [A.  S.  nean,  nigh.]  Concern- 
ing; about;  — over  against.  [A  Scotticism.] 

AN'JJ-ROlD,  a.  [Gr.  a priv.,  iep<*5,  moist,  and 
clSos,  form.]  Noting  a kind  of  barometer.  It 
consists  of  an  air-tight  box,  formed  of  thin 
metallic  plates,  the  compression  of  which  is  re- 
sisted by  an  internal  spring.  By  a system  of 
levers  connected  with  the  box  and  spring,  mo- 
tion is  given  to  an  index  which  registers  the 
variation  of  atmospheric  pressure.  Brande. 

AN'EU-RI§M,  n.  [Gr.  avtvpiapi;,  a widening.]  A 
tumor  formed  by  the  morbid  dilatation  of  an 
artery  ; lesion  of  an  artery.  Wiseman. 

AN-Eli-RI§'MAL,  a.  Relating  to  aneurism. 

A-NEW'  (a-nu'),  ad.  Over  again ; again  ; in  a 
new  manner ;-  newly. 

A-NEWST',  or  A-NEUST'  (?-nust'),  ad.  Nearly  ; 
almost.  [Local,  Eng.]  Wright. 

AN-FRACT'U-OSE,  a.  [L.  anfractus.)  (Bot.)  Full 
of  abrupt  turns  or  bendings.  Gray. 

AN-FRACT-l  -OS'j-Ty,  ? State  of  being  an- 

AN-FRAOT'U-OyS-NESS,  > fractuous  : — a sinu- 
ous depression.  Dunglison. 

AN-FRACT'U-OUS,  a.  Having  sinuosities  ; wind- 
ing; anfractuose.  “ The  anfractuous  passages 
of  the  brain.”  Smith  on  Old  Age. 

t AN-FRACT'URE,  n.  A mazy  winding.  Bailey. 

+ AN-GAR-I-A'TION,  n.  [L.  angario,  to  exact 
service  of.]  Impressment.  Bp.  Hall. 

AN-<?EI-OG'RA-PHY,  11.  See  ANGIOGRAPHY. 

AN-yiEj-OL'O-yiY,  n.  See  Angiology. 

AN-^rEI-OT'O-MY,  n.  See  Angiotomy. 

AN'tJIFlL  (an'jel)  [an'jel,  >S.  W.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K. 
Sm.  B.),  n.  [Gr.  ayyel.os,  a messenger  ; L.  an- 
gelus;  It.  angelo  ; Sp.  angel ; Port,  an  jo.  — Ger. 
eng  el ; A.  S.  angel,  or  angel.  — Fr.  ange.) 

1.  f A messenger. 

But  best,  the  dear  good  angel  of  the  spring, 

The  nightingale.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  A spiritual  being  employed  by  God  in  hu- 
man affairs ; an  inhabitant  of  heaven  ; a good 
spirit. 

An  angel  touched  Elijah,  and  said,  Arise.  1 Kings  xix.  5. 

3.  An  evil  spirit ; as,  “ Angels  of  darkness.” 

They  had  a king  over  them,  which  is  the  angel  of  the  bot- 
tomless pit,  whose  name  is  . . . Abaddon.  Rev.  ix.  11. 

4.  f An  ancient  English  gold  coin,  equal  to 
about  ten  shillings,  stamped  with  the  figure  of 
an  angel,  in  memory,  as  some  assert,  of  the 
saying  of  Pope  Gregory,  that  the  pagan  Angli, 
or  English,  were  so  beautiful,  that  if  they  were 
Christians  they  would  be  angeli,  or  angels. 

Ere  our  coming,  see  thou  shake  the  bogs 
Of  hoarding  abbots;  imprisoned  angels 
Set  at  liberty.  Shak. 

/ISfThis  word  is  pronounced  an’ gel  by  all  the 
English  orthoepists.  In  this  country,  it  is  by  some 
pronounced  an’ gel ; and  I)r.  Webster,  in  the  early 
editions  of  his  Spelling  Book,  and  in  his  “ Compen- 
dious Dictionary,”  pronounced  the#vords  ancient  and 
angel,  an’ cient  and  an’ gel.  In  the  first  edition  of  his 
large  Dictionary  (1828),  he  pronounces  them  an’cient 
and  an’ gel ; yet  lie  says,  “ usually  pronounced  an’- 
cient  and  an’gel,  but  most  anomalously.”  In  his 
second  edition,  however,  (1811)  he  pronounces  them 
Bn' cient  and  an' gel,  without  remark. 


AN'tyEL  (an'jel),  a.  Belonging  to  angels;  re- 
sembling angels  ; angelical. 

Subjected  to  his  service  angel  wings.  Milton. 


AN'IJrJL— BED,  n.  A bed  without  posts.  Crabb. 


AN'yujL-ET,  n.  An  English  gold  coin  equal  to 
half  an  angel.  — 

See  Angelot. 

P.  Cgc. 

AN'^fL-FISH,  n. 

(Ich.)  A voracious 
fish,  of  the  shark 
tribe,  — so  named 

from  its  wing-like  Angel-fish, 

fins  ; monk-fish  ; squatina  angelus.  Cuvier. 


AN-*?EL  1C,  a.  Relating  to,  or  partaking  of,  the 
nature  of  angels  ; like  an  angel ; angelical. 

Here,  happy  creature,  fair  angelic  Eve.  Milton. 

My  fancy  formed  thee  of  angelic  kind. 

Some  emanation  of  the  all-beauteous  mind.  Pope. 


AN-pEL'I-CA,  n.  [L.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  um- 
belliferous plants ; — so  named  from  their  agree- 
able smell  and  medicinal  qualities.  Loudon. 

AN-pEL'I-CAL,  a.  Belonging  to,  or  partaking  of, 
the  nature  of  angels  ; angelic. 

Betwixt  the  angelical  and  human  kind.  Milton. 

AN-yiEL'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  an  angelical  manner. 

AN-yiEL'I-CAL-NESS,  n.  Resemblance  to  an- 
gels ; excellence  more  than  human.  Johnson. 

An'^JJL-ITES,  n.  pi.  ( Eccl . Hist.)  A sect  of 
ancient  heretics,  in  the  fifth  century,  who  held 
that  the  persons  of  the  Trinity  are  not  the  same  ; 
— so  called  from  Angelium,  a place  in  Alexan- 
dria, where  they  held  their  first  meetings.  Buck. 

AN'plJL— LIKE,  a.  Resembling  an  angel.  Shak. 

AN-IylJL-OL'O-^Y,  n.  [Gr.  ayytlos,  an  angel,  and 
Hdyos,  a discourse.]  The  doctrine  respecting  an- 
gels, or  a treatise  concerning  angels.  Ogilvie. 

AN'<?E-LOT,  n.  1.  A musical  instrument,  some- 
what resembling  a lute.  Johnson. 

2.  An  ancient  English  gold  coin  of  the  value 

of  half  an  angel  ; angelet.  Lacombe. 

3.  A kind  of  Norman  cheese.  Cotgrave. 

AN'9?L— SHOT,  n.  [Fr.  ange.)  Chain-shot ; a 

cannon  bullet  cut  in  two,  the  halves  being 
joined  together  by  a chain.  Baileg. 

AN'<jr(!L_ WA'TJgR,  n.  A mixture  of  rose,  orange- 
flower,  and  myrtle  water,  perfumed  with  musk 
and  ambergris.  Brande. 

An '<?EL— WINGED  (an'jel-wlngd),  a.  Winged 
like  an  angel.  Thomson. 

AN'PEL— WOR'SIIIP  (an'jel- wiir'slijp),  n.  The 
worship  of  angels.  Trapp. 

AN'GpR  (ang'gur,  82),  n.  1.  [Gr.  ayyyi,  to  choke  ; 
to  stifle.  L.  anno,  to  tease,  to  vex; — angor, 
vexation,  anguish.  — Dan.  angue,  to  repent  or 
be  sorry.  — A.  S.  ange,  vexation,  sorrow.]  Dis- 
composure of  the  mind,  excited  by  real  or  sup- 
posed injury  ; sudden  or  violent  passion  ; wrath  ; 
ire;  resentment;  choler. 

Anger  is  a short  fit  of  madness.  Tillotson. 

When  anger  rushes  unrestrained  to  action, 

Like  a hot  steed,  it  stumbles  in  its  way.  Savage. 

2.  f [L.  angor.)  Pain  of  a sore,  or  swelling. 
“ The  greatest  anger  and  soreness.”  Temple. 

Syn. Huger  is  often  persevering,  and  never  sat- 

isfied ; ire  and  wrath  are  hasty,  and  never  cool.  Re- 
sentment is  long-continued  anger , produced  by  a sense 
of  injury.  Sudden  anger ; dreadful  ire',  vindictive 
wrath  ; cruel  • resentment  ; rash  choler.  — See  Dis- 
pleasure. 

AN'GER  (ang'gur),  v.  a.  1.  To  make  angry  ; to 
irritate.  “Sometimes  he  angers  me.”  Shak. 

2.  To  make  painful,  as  a wound,  [it.]  Bacon. 

t AN'GER-LY,  ad.  Angrily.  Shak. 

L AN'GER-NESS,  it.  The  state  of  being  angry. 
“ Innocent  of  angerness.”  MS.  cited  by  Warton. 

AX-gi'XA,  n.  [L.,  from  ango  ; Gr.  ay^o>,  to  stran- 
gle, to  suffocate.]  ( Med.)  A disease  or  inflam- 
mation in  the  throat ; a quinsy.  Crabb. 

AX- G i 'XA  PEC'TO-R/S,  n.  [L.,  stricture  or 
spasm  of  the  chest.)  (Med.)  A dangerous  dis- 
ease, usually  connected  with  ossification  or 
other  morbid  affection  of  the  heart ; — charac- 
terized by  a sudden  attack  of  severe  pain  in  the 
lower  part  of  the  chest.  P.  Cgc. 

AN-(?!-0-CAR'P01jS,  a.  [Gr.  ayytiov,  a vessel,  and 
Kapitif,  fruit.]  (Bot.)  Noting  fruit  seated  in  en- 
velopes not  forming  part  of  the  calyx.  Lindley. 

AN-gi-OG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  Ayytiov,  a vessel, 
and  ypatliGi,  to  describe.]  (Med.)  A description 
of  the  vessels  in  the  human  body.  Dunglison. 

AN-^I-OL'O-CY,  il.  [Gr.  ayytiov,  a vessel,  and 
loyos,  a discourse.]  (Med.)  A description  of 
the  vessels  of  the  human  body.  Dunglison. 

AN-^I-O-MON-O-SPER'MOUS,  a.  [Gr.  Ayytiov,  a 
vessel,  giivos,  single,  and  otrtppa,  seed.]  (Bot.) 
Having  but  a single  seed  in  the  pod.  Johnson. 

An'CI-O-SPERM,  n.  [Gr.  Ayytiov,  a vessel,  and 
in rippii,  a seed.]  (Bot.)  A plant  which  has  its 
seed  enclosed  in  a pericarp.  Ogilvie. 

AN-(?I-0-SPER'MOUS,  a.  (Bot.)  Having  the  seed 
enclosed  in  a pericarp.  Lee. 


AN-(yI-US'PO-ROUS,  a . [Gr.  Ayytiov,  a vessel, 
and  airopa,  a seed.]  (Bot.)  Having  spores  en- 
closed in  a hollow  shell,  or  bag,  as  some  of  the 
fungi.  Brande. 

AN-^rl-OT'O-MY,  it.  [Gr.  Ayytiov,  a vessel,  and 
rcpvw,  to  cut.]  The  dissection  of  the  vessels  of 
the  human  body.  Dunglison. 

AN'GLE  (ang'gl,  82),  n.  [Gr.  AyitUr),  any  thing 
bent;  L.  angulus ; Fr.  angle.) 

1.  ( Geom .)  The  difference  of  direction  of  two 

lines  meeting  in,  or  tending  to,  a point,  or  of 
two  lines,  in  different  planes,  not  parallel  to 
each  other.  Pierce. 

2.  A point  where  two  lines  meet ; a corner. 

3.  [A.  S.  angel,  a hook.]  An  apparatus  for 
taking  fish,  consisting  of  a rod,  a line,  and  a 
hook,  or  of  a line  and  hook. 

The  patient  fisher  takes  his  silent  stand, 

Intent,  his  angle  trembling  in  his  hand.  Pope. 

Acute  angle , an  angle  less  than  90 
degrees  ; as,  A B D.  — Contiguous 
angles , angles  which  have  their  ver-  A 
tex  and  one  side  in  common  ; as, 

ADD  and  A B F. — Adjacent  an-  

gles , angles  which  have  one  side  in  D 
common,  and  their  other  sides  in  the  prolongation  of 
the  same  straight  line  ; as,  A B I)  and  A B E. — An- 
gle of  incidence , the  angle  made  by  a ray  of  light  fall- 
ing upon  a surface,  with  a line  perpendicular  to 
that  surface  at  the  point  of  incidence;  as,  the  angle 
made  by  A B with  B F.  — Angle  of  reflection , the 
angle  made  by  a ray  of  light  reflected  from  a sur- 
face, with  a line  perpendicular  to  that  surface  at  the 
point  of  reflection  ; as,  the  angle  made  by  B C with 
B F. — Curvilinear  angle , an  angle  formed  by  curved 
lines.  — Exterior  angle,  the  angle  lying  between  any 
side  of  a polygon  and  the  prolongation  of  an  adjacent 
one.  — Interior  angle,  an  angle  lying  between  two  ad- 
jacent sides  of  a polygon  and  within  it. 

— Mixed  angle,  an  angle  formed  of  one 
curved  line  and  one  straight  one. — Ob- 
lique angle,  an  angle  cither  more  or  less 
than  90  degrees. — Obtuse  angle,  an  an- 
gle greater  than  90  degrees;  as,  E A B. — Plane 
angle,  an  angle  formed  by  two  straight  lines  lying  in 
the  same  plane,  or  meeting  in,  or  tending  to,  a point. 

— Rectilinear  angle,  an  angle  formed  by  straight  lines. 

— Right,  angle,  an  angle  of  90  degrees,  as  B AC. — 
Solid  angle,  an  angle  formed  by  three  or  more  planes 
passing  through  the  same  point. — Spheri- 
cal angle,  an  angle  formed  by  arcs  of  two 
great  circles  of  a sphere,  as  ABC. — 

Visual  angle,  an  angle  whose  vertex  is  at 
the  eye  or  point  of  sight. 

Syn.  — See  Corner. 

AN'GLE  (ang'gl),  v.  n.  [A.  S.  angel,  a hook  ; 
Ger.  angeln,  to  angle.]  [i.  angled  ; pp.  an- 
GLING,  ANGLED.] 

1.  To  fish  with  a rod  and  hook. 

The  ladies,  angling  in  the  crystal  lake. 

Feast  on  the  waters  with  the  prey  they  take.  Waller. 

2.  To  try  to  get  hy  artifice,  as  in  catching 

fish  ; — followed  by  for.  Shak. 

AN'GLE  (ang'gl),  v.  a.  To  entice;  to  try  to  gain. 

lie  angled  the  people’s  hearts.  Sidney. 

AN'GLED  (ang'gld),  p.  a.  Having  angles. 

AN'GLE— ME'TJJR,  n.  [Eng.  angle,  and  Gr.  glrpov, 
a measure.]  An  instrument  used  by  geologists 
to  measure  the  dip  of  strata,  the  angle  of  joint 
planes,  &c.  Brande. 

AN'GLIJR,  n.  1.  One  who  fishes  with  an  angle. 

2.  (Ich.)  The  fishing-frog.  Eng.  Cgc. 

AN'GLE— ROD,  n.  A stick  to  which  the  line  and 
hook  are  hung.  Addison. 

AN'GLE.s  (ang'glz),  n.  pi.  [L.  Angli.)  (Geog.) 
An  ancient  people  of  Germany  ; the  name  from 
which  the  word  English  is  derived.  Temple. 

AN'GLJJ-SlTE,  n.  (Min.)  A sulphate  of  lead  ; 

— so  called  from  Anglesea.  Dana. 

AN'GLI-CAN,  a.  English  ; noting  the  established 

church  of  England ; as,  “ The  Anglican  church.” 

AN'GLI-CAN,  n.  A member  of  the  church  of 
England.  “ The  old  persecutors  . . . whether 
Catholics,  Anglicans,  or  Calvinists.”  Burke. 

AN'GLJ-CAN-iSM,  n.  The  principles  of,  or  ad- 
herence to,  the  established  church  of  England  ; 

— partiality  to  England.  Ec.  Rev. 

AX'GLI-CE,  ad.  [L.]  In  the  English  language 
or  manner;  as,  “St.  jEgidius,  Anglice  Giles.” 

AN-GLltt'I-FY  (tm-glls'e-fi),  v.  a.  To  make  Eng- 
lish ; to  anglicize,  [it.]  Month.  Mag. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — £,  £,  9,  g,  soft;  jK,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  § as  z ; if  as  gz. — THIS,  this. 


ANGLICISM 


56 


ANIMALISM 


AN'GLI-Cl§M,  n.  An  English  idiom  or  phrase; 
a peculiarity  of  the  English  language.  Milton. 

If  Addison’s  language  had  been  less  idiomatical,  it  would 
have  lost  something  of  its  genuine  Anglicism.  Johnson. 

AN'GLT-CiZE,  V.  a.  [t.  ANGLICIZED  ; pp.  ANGLI- 
CIZING, anglicized.]  To  give  an  English 
form  to ; to  introduce  into  the  English  "lan- 
guage. “ Greek  words  anglicized.”  Warton. 

AN'GLING  (82),  n.  The  art  of  fishing  with  a rod. 

He  that  reads  Plutarch  shall  find  that  angling  was  not  con- 
temptible in  the  days  of  Mark  Anthony  and  Cleopatra. 

Walton. 

AN'GLO— A-MER'I-CAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  de- 
scendants of  Englishmen  in  America. 

AN'GLO— A-MER'I-CAN,  11.  A descendant  from 
English  ancestors,  born  in  America. 

AN'GLO— DA'NISH,  a.  Relating  to  the  English 
Danes.  “ Anglo-Danish  coins.”  T Votton. 

AN'GLO— NOR'MAN,  n.  An  English  Norman. 
“ Charters  forged  by  Anglo-Normans.”  Wotton. 

AN'GLO— SAX'ON,  n.  1.  An  English  Saxon. 
2.  The  language  of  the  Anglo-Saxons. 

The  Anglo-Saxon  is  the  mother  tongue  of  the  present  Eng- 
lish. Latham. 

AN'GLO— SAX'ON,  a.  Relating  to  the  Anglo- 
Saxons.  “ In  the  vocabulary  of  our  Anglo-Saxon 
forefathers.”  Trench. 

AN’GLO— SAX'ON-IijM,  n.  A word  or  idiom  of 
the  Anglo-Saxon  language.  Latham. 

AN'GO-BER,  n.  A kind  of  pear.  Johnson. 

AN'GOR  (ang’gor,  82),  n.  [L.  angor. ] (Med.) 

Intense  bodily  pain ; anguish.  llarvey. 

AN'GRI-LY  (ang'gre-le),  ad.  In  an  angry  man- 
ner; wrathfully.  Shah. 

An’GRY  (ang'gre,  82),  a.  [See  Anger.]  1.  Excited 
by  anger ; feeling  wrath,  ire,  or  resentment ; 
irritated  ; provoked  ; exasperated. 

Be  not  hasty  in  thy  spirit  to  be  angry;  Ecclcs.  vii.  9. 

2.  Indicating  anger.  “ An  angry  counte- 
nance, a backbiting  tongue.”  Prov.  xxv.  23. 

So  frowned  he  once,  when,  in  angry  parle, 

lie  smote  the  sledded  Polacks  on  the  ice.  Shak. 

3.  (Med.)  Inflamed  ; painful.  “ Serum,  being 

accompanied  by  the  thinner  parts  of  the  blood, 
grows  red  and  angry.”  Wiseman. 

Syn. Angry  feelings  will  be  often  indulged  by 

one  who  has  a passionate  or  choleric  disposition  ; a 
hasty  or  irascible  temper.  Irritated  by  petty  annoy- 
ances ; provoked  by  impudence ; exasperated  by  re- 
peated injury. 

ANG-SA'NA,  or  ANG-SA'VA,  n.  ( Bot .)  An  East- 
Indian  tree  from  which  issues  a liquor  of  a 
gummy  consistence,  used  in  medicine.  Crabb. 

AJV-GU/L'LA,  n.  [L.]  (Ich.)  The  eel.  Brande. 

AN-GUI L'LI-FORM  (an-gwll'le-fcjrm),  a.  [L.  an- 
guilla,  an  eel,  and  forma,  form.]  (Ich.)  Eel- 
shaped ; pertaining  to  the  tribe  of  eels.  Brande. 

AN-GUIN'E-AL,  a.  [L.  anguis,  a snake.]  Re- 
sembling, or  pertaining  to,  a serpent.  Ogilvie. 
AN'GUlstl  (ing'gvvish,  82),  n.  j^L.  ango,  to  stran- 
gle.— Ger.  $ Dut.  angst.  — Fr.  ahgoisse.  See 
Anger.]  Acute  suffering  of  mind  or  body ; 
extreme  pain  or  sorrow ; agony. 

Deaths  of  such  ...  anguish,  that  only  the  manner  of  dy- 
ing was  the  punishment,  death  itself  the  deliverance.  South. 

Anguish  of  mind  has  driven  thousands  to  suicide;  anguish 
of  body,  none.  Colton. 

Syn.  — See  Pain. 

f AN'GUISH  (dng'gwlsh),  v.  a.  To  afflict  with 
anguish.  “ But  we  be  not  anguished.”  Wicliffe. 

f AN'GUlSHED  (Sng'gwTsht),  p.  a.  Seized  with  an- 
guish. “ Thine  anguished  soul.”  Bp.  Hall. 

AN'GIi-LAR  (82),  a.  1.  Having  angles  or  cor- 
ners. “ Angular  figures.”  Browne. 

2.  Consisting  of  an  angle.  “ The  angular 

point.”  Newton. 

3.  Measured  by  an  angle  ; as,  “ Angular  mo- 
tion ” ; “ Angular  distance.” 

Angular  motion,  the  motion 
of  a body  moving  circularly,  as 
in  the  arc  A B,  measured  by 
the  angle  A O B. 

AN-GU-LAR'I-TY,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  angular.  Sir  T.  More. 


AN’GU-LAR-LY,  ad.  With  angles  or  corners. 

AN'GL-LAR-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  angular. 

An'GU-LATE,  a.  (Bot.)  Having  angles;  of  an 
angular  shape.  Ogilvie. 

tAN'GL-L/VT-pD,  a.  Formed  with  angles.  “An- 
gulated  figures.”  Woodward.  a 

AN'GU-LO-DEN'TATE,  a.  (Bot.)  Angu-  M/jk/ 
larly  toothed,  or  angular  and  toothed ; UmS, 
applied  to  leaves.  Loudon.  )WMp 

AN-GL-LOM'E-TER,  11.  [Gr.  d yKvh),  any  thing 
bent,  and  perpov,  a measure.]  An  instrument 
for  measuring  external  angles.  Francis. 

f An-GU-JLOS'I-TY,  n.  [L.  anguloms,  full  of 
corners.]  Angularity  ; cornered  form.  Bailey. 

f An'GU-LOUS,  a.  Hooked  ; angular.  Glanville. 

t AN-GUST',  a.  [L.  angitstus.)  Narrow;  strait; 
straitened  ; contracted.  Burton. 

AN-GUS'TATE,  a.  Diminishing  in  breadth  ; nar- 
rowed ; attenuated.  Brande. 

f AN-GLS-TA  TION,  ii.  Act  of  making  narrow ; 
state  of  being  narrowed.  Wiseman. 

AN-GUS'TNCLAVE,  n.  [L.  angustus,  narrow, 
and  clavus,  a stripe  of  purple  on  the  tunic.]  A 
robe  worn  by  ancient  Roman  knights.  Knowles. 

AN-GUS-TI-FO'LI-ATE,  TT  • , 

• • a.  (Bot.)  Having  leaves 

AN-G IS-TI-FO' I.I-OUS,  ) of  small  breadth,  com- 
pared to  their  length.  Henslow. 

t AN-hAng',  v.  a.  To  hang.  Chaucer. 

AN-HAR-MON'IC,  ? a.  ( Geom.)  Noting  a kind 

AN-HAR-MON'I-CAL,  ) of  double  ratio.  Brande. 

AN-HU-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  anhelo,  to  pant.]  Act  of 
panting  ; difficulty  of  breathing.  Cockeram. 

f An-HIJ-LOSE'  (129),  a.  Out  of  breath.  Bailey. 

An’HY-DRIte,  n.  (Min.)  An  anhydrous  sul- 
phate of  lime.  Brande. 

AN-HY'DROUS  [an-lil'drus,  Sm.  C.  B. ; Sn'he-drus, 
Brande ],  a.  [Gr.  u priv.  and  Mwp,  water.] 
Destitute  of  water.  Brande. 

A'NI,  n.  (Ornith.)  A bird  of  the  sub-family  Cro- 
tophagince.  — See  Crotophagina;.  Gray. 

f AN'j-ENT-lJD, a.  [Fr. aniantir.)  I.  Frustrated; 
brought  to  nothing.  Piers  Plouhman. 

2.  (Law.)  Made  null ; abrogated.  Bouvier. 

f An-I-EN'TISSED,  p.  a.  [Old  Fr.  anienter .]  Re- 
duced to  nothing  ; annihilated.  * Chaucer. 

t A-NlGHT'  (a-nlt'),  ad.  In  the  night.  Chaucer. 

A-NlGIITS'  (?-nIts'),  ad.  In  the  night.  Shak. 

AN'IL,  n.  One  of  the  plants  yielding  indigo; 
West-Indian  indigo;  Indigo) era  anil.  Loudon. 

AN'ILE  [an'il,  Sm.  Maunder ; a'nll.  A'.],  a. 
[L .anilis;  anus,  an  old  woman.]  Weak  or 
doting  from  age ; like  an  old  woman.  JK.  Scott. 

AN'iLE-NESS,  n.  [L.  anilitas.]  Anility.  Bailey. 

A-NlL'l-TY,  n.  State  of  being  an  old  woman  ; 
dotage.  “ Marks  of  anility.”  Sterne. 

f AN'I-MA-BLE,  a.  That  may  have  life  put  into 
it,  or  receive  animation.  Bailey. 

f AN-I-MAD-VER'SALj  n.  That  which  has  the 
power  of  perceiving  ; a percipient. 

That  lively  inward  animadversali  it  is  the  soul  itself;  for  I 
cannot  conceive  the  body  doth  animadvert.  Sir  T.  More. 

AN-I-MAD-VER'SION,  n.  [L.  animadversio.] 

1.  f Power  of  perceiving;  perception.  “The 
soul  hath  animadversion  and  sense.”  Glanville. 

They  were  wise  enough  to  consider  what  a sanction  it 
would  give  their  performances  to  fall  under  the  animadver- 
sion of  such  a pen.  Examiner. 

2.  Act  of  animadverting ; censure  ; reproof ; 
severe  criticism ; stricture. 

Syn.  — Animadversion  includes  censure  and  re- 
proof ; criticism  implies  scrutiny  and  judgment, 
whether  for  or  against;  stricture,  some  examination 
mingled  with  censure.  Merited,  unjust,  or  ill-natured 
censures',  personal  animadversions ; literary  criticisms', 
strictures  on  public  measures. 

t An-I-MAD-VER'SIVE,  a.  Able  to  perceive; 
perceptive  ; percipient.  Glanville. 

f AN-i-MAD-VER'SIVE-N£SS,  n.  Power  of  ani- 
madverting, or  making  judgment.  Bailey. 


AN-I-MAD-VERT',  v.  n.  [L.  animadverto  ; animus, 
mind,  ad,  to,  and  verto,  to  turn.]  [i.  animad- 
verted ; pp.  ANIMADVERTING,  ANIMADVERT- 
ED.] 

1.  To  turn  the  mind  to  with  an  intent  to  no- 

tice ; to  perceive.  “ I cannot  conceive  the 
body  doth  animadvert.”  Sir  T.  More. 

2.  To  remark  upon  ; to  censure. 

I wish,  sir,  you  would  do  us  the  favor  to  animadvert  fre- 
quently upon  the  false  taste  the  town  is  in  with  relation  to 
the  plays  as  well  as  operas.  Steele. 

AN-I-MAD-VERT'yR,  n.  One  who  animadverts. 

An’I-MAL,  n.  [L.  animal-,  animo,  to  fill  with  air, 
breath,  or  life ; anima,  breath,  life ; It.  ani- 
mate ; Sp.  <S;  Fr.  animal .] 

1.  A living  being,  with  an  organized,  material 
body,  endowed  with  the  powers  of  sensation  and 
voluntary  motion. 

What  a piece  of  work  is  a man!  How  noble  in  reason! 
how  infinite  in  faculties!  in  form  and  moving,  how  express 
and  admirable!  in  action,  how  like  an  angel!  in  apprehen- 
sion, how  like  a god!  the  beauty  of  the  world!  the  paragon 
of  animals 1 shak. 

2.  (In  a restricted  sense.)  Any  living,  sensi- 
tive creature,  having  the  power  of  locomotion, 
but  inferior  to  man  ; an  irrational  creature. 

Were  they  as  vain  as  gaudy-minded  man. 

Their  arts  and  conquests  animals  might  boast, 

And  claim  their  laurel  crowns  as  well  as  we.  young. 

Sir,  he  hath  never  fed  of  the  dainties  that  arc  bred  in  a 
book;  his  intellect  is  not  replenished;  he  is  only  an  animal. 
only  sensible  in  the  duller  parts.  Shak. 

HOP  Animals  are  arranged  by  Agassiz  in  divisions 
and  classes,  as  follows  : — 


Divisions. 

Classes. 

Examples. 

1.  Vertebrata. 

(Having  a cavi- 

1. 

Mammalia 

Man,  whale. 

tv  above  and  a cav- 

2. 

Aves 

Eagle,  duck. 

Turtle,  frog. 

ity  below  a solid 

3. 

Reptilia  . 

axis.) 

4. 

Pisces  

Cod,  shark. 

2.  Articulata. 

(Animals  whose 

1. 

Insecta 

Beetle,  spider. 

body  is  composed 

2. 

Crustacea 

Crab,  shrimp. 

of  rings  or  joints.) 

3. 

Vermes 

Leech,  tape-worm. 

3.  Mollusc  a. 

(Having  a bilat- 

1. 

Cephalopoda  ... 

Nautilus,  squid. 

eral,  inarticulate 
body,  which  pos- 

2. 

Gasteropoda  . . t 

Snail,  clio. 

Pteropoda.  . . . S 

sesses  a single  cav- 

Acephala 

Clam,  bryozoa. 

ity.) 

3. 

Brachiopoda .... 

Lingula. 

4.  Radiata. 

(Organs  arranged 

1. 

Echinodermata.. 

Sea-urchins,  crinoids. 

around  a centre  ra- 

2. 

Acalcphai 

Jelly-fish,  hydra. 

diatingly.) 

3. 

Polypi. 

Sea-anemones,  corals. 

Syn.  — All  organized  bodies  endued  with  life 
and  voluntary  motion  are  animals-,  and  the  term  may 
include  man,  though  it  is  usually  restricted  to  irra- 
tional creatures.  Brute  and  beast  are  applied  to  irra- 
tional animals,  and  commonly  restricted  to  quadru- 
peds; as,  “ Beasts  of  burden,  or  of  the  field”; 
“ Brutes  of  the  forest.” 

AN'I-MAL,  a.  That  belongs  to  animals;  — op- 
posed to  vegetable,  and  to  intellectual,  spiritual, 
or  rational. 

Animal  food,  food  consisting  of  the  flesh  of  ani- 
mals.  Animal  kingdom,  the  whole  class  of  beings 

endowed  with  animal  life. Animal  magnetism,  mes- 
merism. See  Mesmerism Animal  spirits,  the  ner- 

vous fluid,  or  the  fluid  supposed  to  circulate  through 
the  nerves,  and  to  be  the  agent  of  sensation  and  mo- 
tion. Punglison. 

AN-I-MAl'CU-LAR,  ) a Relating  to,  or  resem- 

AN-I-MAL  CIJ-LlNE,  ) bling,  animalcules.  “ An- 
imalculine  putrefaction.”  Qu.  Rev. 

AN-I-MAl'CULE,  n.  [L.  animalculum,  a little 
animal.]  A very. small  or  minute  animal,  visi- 
ble or  invisible  to  the  naked  eye.  Ray. 

AN-I-MAL'CU-LIST,  n.  One  versed  in  the  science 
of  animalcules.  Keith. 

AN-I-MAL’ CU-LllM,  ii.  ; pi.  an-i-mal' cu-la. 
[L-i]  A minute  animal ; an  animalcule. 

UPS'  The  word  animalcules,  which  is  sometimes 
used,  is  a barbarism.  Smart. 

AN'I-MAL-FLOW'ER  (-flofi-),>t.  (Zoiil.)  The  sea- 
anemone  or  sea-nettle ; the  common  name  of 
several  species  of  animals  belonging  to  the 
genus  Actinia.  They  are  of  a soft,  gelatinous  tex- 
ture, and  when  their  tentacles  are  expanded 
they  appear  like  full-blown  flowers,  with  many 
petals.  — See  Actinia.  Brande. 

An'I-MAL-ISH,  a.  Resembling  an  animal ; brut- 
ish ; beastly,  [r.]  Cudworth. 

An'I-MAL-ISM,  it.  1.  Animal  nature  ; sensuality. 

2.  A physiological  theory,  which  supposes 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  o,  U,  Y,  short; 


A,  5,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


ANIMALITY 


57  ANNOTATE 


that  the  embryo  is  wholly  formed  from  the  sper- 
matic communication  of  the  male.  Roget. 

AN-I-MAl'I-TY,  n.  Animal  existence  or  nature. 
“The  parts  .’. . serving  to  animality.”  Smith. 

AN-I-MAL-I-ZA'TION,  n.  [Fr.  dramatisation.'] 

1.  Act  of  annualizing ; act  of  endowing  with 
the  properties  of  an  animal. 

2.  Conversion  to  animal  matter,  as  in  the 
process  of  digestion. 

AN'I-MAL-IZE,  v.  a.  1.  To  give  animal  nature  or 
life  to’;  to  endow  with  the  properties  of  an 
animal.  Warburton. 

2.  To  convert  into  animal  matter,  as  in  the 
process  of  digestion. 

AN'i-MAL-mAg'NET-I^M,  n.  See  Magnetism. 

f AN'I-MAL-N£SS,  n.  The  quality  of  an  animal; 
animality.  Bailey. 

AN'I-MATE,  v.  a.  [L.  animo,  animatus ; It.  ani- 
mare  ; Sp.  animar ; Fr.  animer.]  [t.  animat- 
ed ; pp.  ANIMATING,  ANIMATED.] 

1.  To  give  life  to  ; to  make  alive  ; to  quicken. 

But  none,  ah,  none  can  animate  the  lyre, 

And  the  mute  strings  with  vocal  souls  inspire.  Drydcn. 

2.  To  encourage;  to  inspirit;  to  inspire;  to 
enliven;  to  exhilarate  ; to  cheer;  as,  “To  be 
animated  with  new  hope.” 

3.  To  stimulate  ; to  incite. 

Wherever  we  are  formed  by  nature  to  any  active  purpose, 
the  passion  which  animates  us  to  it  is  attended  with  delight, 
or  a pleasure  of  some  kind.  Burke. 

Syn.  — To  animate  and  inspire  i niply  the  communi- 
cation of  the  vital  or  mental  spark  ; to  nilincn,  cheer, 
and  exhilarate  imply  actions  on  the  mind  or  body. 
Animated  with  life,  sense,  thought  ; inspired  with 
knowledge,  courage; — enliven  the  mind;  cheer  the 
heart  ; exhilarate  the  spirit ; — encouraged  by  the  pros- 
pect of  benefit ; incited  by  desire.  — See  Excite. 

An'I-MATE,  a.  Alive;  having  animal  life.  “The 
spirit  of  things  animate.”  Bacon. 

An'I-MAT-ED,  p.  a.  1.  Lively  ; vigorous  ; having 
animal  life.  “ Animated  nature.”  Goldsmith. 

2.  (Paint.  & Sculp.)  Appearing  as  if  en- 
dowed with  life.  Fairholt. 

f AN'I-MATE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  ani- 
mated or  endowed  with  life.  Bailey. 

An'I-MAT-ING,  p.  a.  Giving  life;  quickening  ; 
enlivening;  cheering;  as,  “Animating  strums.” 

AN-I-MA'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  animating. 

2.  State  of  being  animated ; vivacity  ; life  ; 
spirit ; liveliness  ; ardor  ; vigor. 

. The  love  of  God  ought  continually  to  predominate  in  the 
mind,  and  give  to  every  act  of  duty  grace  and  animation. 

Beattie. 

Syn.  — He  spoke  with  animation,  or  with  life  ; Ins 
vivacity  renders  him  a pleasing  companion  ; he  per- 
forms every  tiling  witll  spirit ; be  lias  great  liveliness  of 
disposition,  ardor  of  feeling,  and  exhibits  great  vigor 
inaction.  — See  Cheerfulness. 

AN'I-MA-TIVE,  a.  Having  the  power  of  giving 
life,  or  of  animating.  Johnson. 

An'5-MA-TOR,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  gives  life. 

AN'I-Mf,  n.  [Fr.  animi ; Sp.  anime.\  A trans- 
parent and  brittle  resin,  of  a pale-brown,  yellow 
color,  which  exudes  from  the  courbaril  or  locust- 
tree  of  South  America,  somewhat  resembling 
copal ; — called  also  gum-anime.  Ure. 

AM' I-ME,  a.  [Fr.]  (Her.)  Denoting  a color  of  the 
eyes  of  an  animal  different  from  that  of  the 
animal.  Crahh. 

An'I-MINE,  n.  An  oily  fluid  extracted  from  ani- 
mal oils  by  distillation,  and  odorous  like  harts- 
horn. Francis. 

A.\  [-MISM,  n.  [Gr.  avepo ;,  wind;  L.  anima , 
breath,  life.]  The  doctrine  of  the  anima  mun- 
di,  as  held  by  Stahl ; the  doctrine  that  all  the 
phenomena  of  animal  economy  are  produced  by 
the  agency  of  the  soul,  or  by  a vital  principle,  dis- 
tinct from  the  substance  of  the  body.  Fleming. 

AN'i-MIST,  n.  One  who  holds  to  animism,  or  re- 
fers all  phenomena  of  the  animal  economy  to 
the  soul.  Dunglison. 

AM'I-MO  F.T  COR  'PO-RE,  [L.]  (Law.)  By  the 
mind  and  by  the  body ; by  the  intention  and  by 
the  physical  act.  Burrill. 

AM'I-MO  FU-RAM'DI,  [L.]  (Law.)  With  the  in- 
tention of  stealing.  Burrill. 


fAN-I-MOSE'  (129),  a.  [L.  animosus  ; Fr.  ani- 
meux .]  Full  of  spirit ; resolute.  Bailey. 

f AN-I-MOSE'NBSS, n.  Spirit;  vehemence.  Ash. 

AN-I-MOs'I-TY,  n.  [L.  animositas  ; It.  animosi- 
td ; Sp.  anitnosidad ; Fr.  animosite.]  Passion- 
ate enmity ; vehement  hatred  ; malignity. 

How  apt  nature  is,  even  in  those  who  profess  an  eminence 
in  holiness,  to  raise  and  maintain  animosities  against  those 
whose  calling  or  person  they  pretend  to  find  cause  to  dis- 
like I Bp.  Hull. 

Syn.  — Fierce  and  vindictive  animosity,  deep,  bit- 
ter, or  malignant  enmity  ; deadly  hatred.  Animosity 
is  more  apt  to  betray  itself  than  enmity,  which  may  lie 
concealed  in  tile  heart ; hatred  is  sure  to  ensue  wiien 
men  of  malignant  tempers  come  in  collision.  Malig- 
nity characterizes  tile  wishes,  purposes,  or  designs 
which  excite  the  feeling  of  hatred.  — See  ENMITY. 

AM'I-MUS,  n.  ; pi.  An’  t-Ml.  [L.]  Mind  ; inten- 
tion ; purpose.  Qu.  Rev. 

AN'I-ON  [an'e-on,  Brande,  Cl.-,  a-nl'on,  Sot.],  n. 
[Gr.  and,  upwards,  and  icon,  going.]  (Chem.) 
The  element  or  part  of  an  electrolyte  which 
passes  to  the  anode,  as  oxygen  in  the  electroly- 
sis of  water  ; — opposed  to  cation.  Faraday. 

AN'ISE,  n.  [Gr.  avioov  ; L.  anisutn.]  A plant, 
the  seeds  of  which  arc  medicinal ; Pimpinella 
anisum.  Loudon. 

AN'ISE-SEED,  71.  The  seed  of  the  anise;  — an 
extract  from  it  used  as  a cordial,  or  employed 
as  a medicine  against  flatulence.  Smart. 

AM-I-^ETTE' , n.  [Fr.]  A liqueur  made  by  dis- 
tilling anise,  fennel,  and  coriander  seed  with 
brandy,  and  sweetening  the  product.  Brande. 

AN'KpR  (ang'ker,  82),  n.  [Dut.  ancker.)  A Dutch 
liquid  measure,  holding  about  ten  gallons,  Eng- 
lish wine  measure.  — See  Anchor.  McCulloch. 

t AN'Kf.R,  a.  Ahermit.  — See  Anchor.  Chaucer. 

AN'KIJR-ITE,  n.  (Min.)  A carbonate  of  lime, 
magnesia,  iron,  and  manganese.  Dana. 

AN'KLE  (ang'kl,  82),  n.  [A.  S.  ancle ; Ger.  enkel ; 
Swed.  ankel.]  The  joint  between  the  leg  and 
the  foot. 

AN'KLE— BONE,  n.  The  bone  of  the  ankle  ; the 
astragalus.  Peacham. 

AN'KLED  (ang'kld),  a.  Relating  to,  or  having, 
ankles.  “ Well  ankled.”  Beau.  <Sp  FI. 

AN'KLE-DEEP,  a.  So  deep  as  to  reach  to  the 
ankle,  as  mud,  snow,  &c.  Cowper. 

ANK'LET  (angk'let),  n.  A ring  or  ornament  for 
the  ankle.  P.  Muskau. 

AN-KY-LO'SIS,  n.  [Gr.  avKvhoois.]  (Med.)  An 
affection  which  produces  stillness  of  a joint. 
— See  Anchylosis.  Dunglison. 

AN'LACE,  n.  A short  sword  or  dagger,  formerly 
worn  by  civilians,  [r.]  — See  Anelace.  Byron. 

AM'MA,  n.  [Hindostanee.]  In  the  East  Indies, 
the  l’6th  part  of  a rupee,  worth  about  l£d.  ster- 
ling (about  $0.03).  C.  P.  Brown. 

AN'NAL-IST,  7i.  A writer  of  annals  ; an  histo- 
rian. “ The  Saxon  annalist.”  Milton. 

AN'NAL-iZE,  v.  a.  To  record  according  to  years. 

Deserving  a Baronius  to  annalize  it  [miracle].  Sheldon. 

AN'NA L§,  n.  pi.  [L.  annales,  chronicles,  from 
annus,  a year.]  The  events  of  history  digested 
in  series  according  to  years ; narratives  in 
which  every  event  is  recorded  in  the  exact 
order  of  time  ; records  ; chronicles. 

This  was  what  Tacitus  conceived  to  be  the  task  which  he 
had  undertaken  as  a writer  of  annuls , “to  keep  every  thing 
to  its  year.”  P.  Cyc. 

The  short  and  simple  annals  of  the  poor.  Gray. 

This  word  was  formerly  used  by  good  writers 
in  the  singular.  “ In  deathless  annul Young. — 
“Whether  it  be  a last  year’s  annul Warburton. — 
“ Rather  an  annul  than  an  annual  remembrance.”  Dr. 
Price. 

Syn.  — See  History. 

AN'NATS,  n.  jil.  [L.  annus , a year.]  {England.) 
A year’s  income  of  a vacant  bishopric  or  living ; 
the  estimated  value  of  a church  living  or  bene- 
fice for  one  year,  formerly  paid  as  a tax  to  the 
king  by  the  new  incumbent ; first  fruits. 

These  annafs  were  by  Henry  VIII.  taken  from  the  pope, 
and  vested  in  the  crown.  Queen  Anne  restored  these  funds 
to  the  church.  Eden. 

AN-NEAL',  v.  a.  [A.  S.  ancelan,  to  kindle,  to 


inflame.]  [*.  annealed  ; pp.  annealing, 

ANNEALED.] 

1.  To  heat  glass  in  order  to  fix  the  colors 
laid  upon  it. 

And  like  a picture  shone  in  glass  annealed.  Dryden. 

2.  To  subject  glass  or  metal,  after  being 
highly  heated,  to  a process  of  slow  cooling,  in 
order  to  render  it  less  brittle ; to  temper  by  a 
gradually  diminishing  heat. 

While  on  the  stithy  glows  the  steel, 

To  soften,  temper,  and  anneal.  Scott. 

AN-NEAL'JNG,  n.  1.  The  art  of  fixing  colors 
upon  glass  by  heat. 

2.  The  art  of  softening  and  tempering  glass, 
iron,  &c.,  by  heating  and  gradually  cooling.  Ure. 

AN-NEC'TANT,  a.  Annexing.  Ann.  Phil. 

An'NP-LID,  n.  An  anellidan.  Hitchcock. 

AM-MF.L-LA ' TA,  71.  pi.  [L.]  Anellidans. 

AN-NEL'LI-DAN,  n.  Same  as  Anellidan.  Kirby. 

AM-MEL  ' L1-DE§,  n.  Same  as  Anellides. 

AN-NEX',  v.  a.  [L.  annecto,  aimexus,  to  bind  to  ; 
It.  amiettcre ; Sp.  anexar\  Fr.  annexer.]  [(. 
ANNEXED  ; pp.  ANNEXING,  ANNEXED.] 

1.  To  add  or  unite  to  at  the  end,  as  a smaller 
thing  to  a greater  ; to  subjoin  ; to  affix  ; to  at- 
tach ; as,  “ To  annex  a codicil  to  a will.” 

2.  To  connect  as  a consequence. 

Industry  hath  annexed  thereto  the  fairest  fruits  and  the 
richest  rewards.  Barrow. 

Syn.  — dinner  papers  to  a document,  one  country 
to  another,  punishment  to  guilt  ; subjoin  a postscript 
to  a letter  ; affix  letters  to  words,  a title  to  a name  ; 
attach  blame  to  a person,  or  disgrace  to  a calling. — 
See  Add. 

t AN-NEX’,  n.  The  thing  annexed.  Bp.  Taylor. 

f AN-NEX' A-RY,  n.  Addition.  Sir  E.  Sandy s. 

AN-NpX-A'TION,  7i.  1.  Act  of  annexing;  con- 

junction ; addition. 

2.  (Law.)  The  fastening  of  chattels  to  the 
freehold,  so  as  to  give  them  the  character  of 
fixtures.  Burrill. 

AN-NEX'ION  (an-nek'shun),  7i.  Annexation.  “ By 
the  annexion  of  such  penalties.”  [it.]  Rogers. 

AN-NEX'MpNT,  n.  Act  of  annexing;  thing  an- 
nexed. “ Each  small  annexment.”  Shale. 

AN-NI'HI-LA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  annihilated. 
“ Mortal  and  a/mihilable.”  Cudworth. 

AN-Nl'HI-LATE,  v.  a.  [L.  annihilo,  annihilatus, 
to  bring  to  nothing  ; ad,  to,  and  nihil,  nothing  ; 
It.  a7inichilare -,  Fr.  annihilcr.]  [i.  annihi- 
lated ; pp.  ANNIHILATING,  ANNIHILATED.] 
To  reduce  to  nothing  ; to  destroy  ; to  annul. 

Spirits  that  live  throughout 
Vital  in  every  part,  not  as  trail  man. 

Cannot  but  by  annihilating  die.  Milton. 

AN-Nl'HI-LATE,  a.  Annihilated,  [r.]  Swift. 

AN-Nl-HI-LA'TION,  7i.  1.  Act  of  annihilating, 

or  of  reducing  to  nothing. 

2.  State  of  being  annihilated  ; destruction. 

AN-NI'HI-LA-TOR,  71.  One  who  annihilates. 

f AN-NI-VER'SA-Rl-Ly,  atf.  Annually.  Bp.  Hall. 

AN-NI-VER'SA-RY,  a.  Annual ; yearly.  Ray. 

AN-NI-VER'SA-RY,  n.  [L.  anniversarius  ; a7tnus, 
a year,  and  verto,  versus,  to  turn  ; It.  $ Sp. 
anniversario ; Fr.  anniversaire.]  A stated  day, 
celebrated  as  it  returns  in  the  course  of  the 
year. 

On  the  anniversary  of  the  revolution  in  1688,  a club  of  dis- 
senters have  long  had  the  custom  of  hearing  a sermon  in  one 
of  their  churches.  Burke. 

Syn.  — See  Yearly. 

fAN'NI- VERSE,  n.  Anniversary.  Drydcn. 

AM'MO  DOM'I-MI  (Sn'no  dom'e-nl),  [L.]  In  the 
year  of  our  Lord ; in  the  year  of  the  Christian 
era  ; — commonly  abbreviated  to  A.  D. 

t AN-NOi'SANCE,  n.  (Laic.)  A nuisance.  Blount. 

AN-NOM-I-NA'TION,  n.  [L.  annominatio.]  Al- 
literation ; agnomination,  [u.]  Tyrwhitt. 

AM'MO  MUM' Dl,  [L.]  In  the  year  of  the  world. 

AM-MO’MA,n.  [L.,  from  a7inus,  a year.]  (Laic.) 
Corn  or  grain,  or  whatever  is  laid  up  for  a year’s 
•subsistence.  Bun-ill. 

AN'NO-TATE,  v.  n.  [L.  annoto,  annotatus,  to 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  s6n  ; BULL,  BUR,  rGlE.  — £,  §1,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  * as  gz.  — THIS,  inis. 
8 


. ANNOTATION 


ANOMORHOMBOID 


58 


note  down ; It.  annotare ; Sp.  anotar  ; Fr.  an- 
noter.]  [i.  annotated  ; pp.  annotating, 
annotated.]  To  make  annotations,  notes,  or 
comments  ; to  comment.  Todd. 

AN-NO-TA'TION,  n.  A note  ; comment ; expla- 
nation ; gloss  ; scholium.  Boyle. 

Syn.  — See  Remark. 

AN-NO-TA'TIOiV-IST,  n.  One  who  annotates ; 
an  annotator  ; a commentator.  Worthington. 

AN'NO-TA-TOR,  n.  A writer  of  notes  or  com- 
ments ; a commentator.  Johnson. 

AN-NO'TA-TO-Ry,  a.  Relating  to,  or  containing, 
annotations.  Qu.  Rev. 

AN-NOT'I-NOUS,  a.  [L.  annotinus;  annus,  a 
year.]  (Bot.)  Noting  plants  which  are  a year  old, 
or  which  are  the  growth  of  one  season.  Lindley. 

AN-NOT'TA,  n.  See  Annotto.  Brande. 

AN-NOT'TO,  n.  A reddish-yellow  vegetable  dye, 
or  a drv,  hard  paste,  obtained  from  the  seeds 
of  the  tree  Bixa  orellana  ; used  in  dyeing,  and 
for  coloring  cheese,  butter,  and  liquors.  Ure. 

Written  also  arnotto , arnatto,  arnotta , annotta,  and 
anotta.  — - See  Arnotto. 

AN-NOUNCE',  v.  a.  [L.  annuncio ; It.  annun- 
ziare  ; Sp.  anunciar ; Fr.  annoncer .]  \i.  an- 

nounced ; pp.  ANNOUNCING,  ANNOUNCED.] 

1.  To  give  public  notice  of;  to  proclaim;  to 
declare ; to  publish. 

Of  thy  birth,  at  length 

Announced  by  Gabriel.  Milton. 

2.  To  pronounce  ; to  declare  by  judicial  sen- 
tence. 

Who  model  nations,  publish  laws,  announce 

Or  life  or  death.  Prior. 

Syn.  — Announce  an  arrival  or  publication;  pro- 
claim war  or  peace;  declare  or  proclaim  war;  publish 
news;  pronounce  sentence  or  judgment.  — See  De- 
clare, Publish. 

AN-NOUNCE'MF.NT,  n.  Act  of  announcing;  a 
declaration  ; an  advertisement ; a notification. 

AN-NOUN'CJpR,  n.  One  who  announces  or  pro- 
claims ; a declarer.  Cotgrave. 

AN-NOY',  v.  a.  [L.  noxius,  hurtful ; Norm.  Fr. 
annoycr ; Fr.  ennuyer.)  [/.  annoyed  ; pp.  an- 
noying, annoyed.]  To  molest ; to  tease  ; to 
incommode  ; to  vex  ; to  disturb  ; to  fret. 

Common  nuisances  are  such  inconvenient  and  troublesome 
offences  as  annoy  the  whole  community.  lilackstonc. 

Syn.  — See  Tease. 

AN-NOY',  n.  Injury ; molestation,  [li.]  Shale. 

In  mercy  to  your  sad  annoy.  Keble. 

AN-NOY' ANCE,  n.  1.  Act  of  annoying;  — state 
of  being  annoyed  ; vexation.  “ To  the  annoy- 
ance of  others.”  Hooker. 

2.  That  which  annoys  or  hurts  ; trouble. 

The  very  exercise  of  industry  immediately  in  itself  is  de- 
lightful, and  hath  an  innate  satisfaction,  which  tempereth  all 
annoyances , and  even  ingratiateth  the  pains  going  with  it. 

Barrow. 

AN-NOY'ER,  n.  One  who  annoys.  Sherwood. 

+ AN-NOY'FUL,  a.  Full  of  trouble  ; causing  un- 
easiness or  disquietude  ; hurtful.  Chaucer. 

AN-NOY'ING,  p.  a.  Molesting;  vexing;  disqui- 
eting ; troublesome. 

+ AN-NOY’OUS,  a.  Troublesome.  Chaucer. 

An'NIJ-AL,  a.  [L.  annus,  a year  ; Fr.  annuel .] 

1.  That  returns  every  year  ; yearly  ; as,  “An- 
nual sessions  of  a legislature.” 

2.  That  is  reckoned  by  the  year ; as,  “An- 
nual rent  or  interest.” 

3.  That  passes  through  the  stages  of  growth 
and  decay  in  the  course  of  a year  ; as,  “ An  an- 
imal plant.” 

Syn.  — See  Yearly. 

An'NU-AL,  n.  1.  A literary  publication  issued 
once  a year.  Ec.  Rev. 

2.  ( Bot .)  An  annual  plant.  Loudon. 

AN'NU-aL-IST,  n.  An  editor  of,  or  a writer  for, 
an  annual  publication,  [u.]  C.  Lamb. 

AN'NU-AL-LY,  ad.  Yearly;  every  year. 

f AN'NU-A-RY,  a.  Annual.  John  Ilall. 

AN'NU-ENT,  a.  [L.  annuo,  annuens,  to  nod  to  ; 
ad,  to,  and  nuo,  to  nod.]  Nodding,  as  when 
one  signifies  assent.  Smart. 


AN-NU'I-TANT,  n.  One  who  possesses  or  re- 
ceives an  annuity.  Idler. 

AN-NU'J-Ty,  n.  [L.  annus,  a year;  Fr.  annuite.] 
A sum  receivable  yearly  for  a term  of  years ; 
a yearly  rent  or  allowance.  Cowell. 

Life,  annuity,  a sum  payable  to  an  individual  an- 
nually during  life. 

AN-NUL',  v.  a.  [L.  ad,  to,  and  nullum,  nothing; 
Fr.  annuller. ] [i.  annulled  ; pp.  annulling, 

ANNULLED.] 

1.  To  reduce  to  nothing ; to  obliterate. 

Light,  the  pure  work  of  God,  to  rue’s  extinct. 

And  all  her  various  objects  of  delight 

Annulled.  Milton. 

2.  To  make  void ; to  abolish  ; to  nullify ; to 
abrogate  ; to  repeal ; to  revoke  ; to  invalidate  ; 
to  disannul.  — See  Disannul. 

Do  they  mean  to  invalidate,  annul,  or  call  in  question  that 
great  body  of  our  statute  law?  to  annul  laws  of  inestimable 
value  to  our  liberties?  Burke. 

Syn.  — See  Abolish. 

AN'NU-LAR,  a.  [Fr.  annulaire,  from  L.  annulus, 
a ring.]  Having  the  form  of  a ring.  Cheyne. 

Annular  eclipse,  an  eclipse  of  the  sun  in  which  a 
spectator  situated  in  nr  near  t lie  prolonged  axis  of  the 
umbra,  sees  the  whole  of  the  moon  on  tile  sun  with  a 
ring  of  the  sun’s  light  around  it.  Herschel. 

AN'NU-LAR-LY,  ad.  In  the  manner  of  a ring. 

AN'Nl-LA-RY,  a.  Ring-shaped.  “The  wind- 
pipe is  made  of  annulary  cartilages.”  Ray. 

AN'NII-LAtE,  a.  [L  annulatus.]  Formed  or 
divided  into  distinct  rings  or  marked  with  dif- 
ferently colored  annulations.  Brande. 

AN'NI  -LAT-ED,  a.  Having  rings  or  annulations  ; 
annulate.  Smart. 

AN-NU-LA'TION,  n.  (Bot.)  A ring  or  cir-  l//yjj 
ele  ; an  annulate  formation.  Brande.  in 

An'NU-LET,  n.  [L.  annulus.'] 

1.  A little  ring. 

2.  (Her.)  A mark  [O]  distinguishing  the  fifth 
son. 

3.  (Arch.)  A small, 
square  moulding,  which 
crowns  or  accompanies  a 
larger,  in  the  Doric  capi- 
tal ; — applied  also  to  a 
small,  fiat  moulding ; a fillet ; a list.  Wealc. 

AN-NUL'MENT,  n.  [Fr.  annullement .]  The  act 
of  annulling;  nullification.  Todd. 

AN-NU-LO'SAN,  n.  [L.  annulus,  a ring.]  (Zodl.) 
One  of  the  jointed  animals,  as  worms,  &c.  Kirby. 

AN-NU-LOSE'  (129),  ft.  Having  rings  ; composed 
of  rings  ; annulated.  Bogc-t. 

AN-NU'ME-rAte,  v.  a.  [L.  annumero,  annume- 
ratus .]  To  add  to  a former  number. 

Some  pleasures  which  . . . ought  to  be  reckoned  ns  pain, 
and  some  pains  that  may  be  annumerated  to  pleasures. 

Wollaston. 

AN-NU-Mp-RA'TTON,  n.  Addition  to  a former 
number,  [it.]  “ A new  annumeration.’’  Broiune. 

AN-NUN'CI-AtE  (an-nun'slie-at,  66),  v.  a.  [L.  an- 
nuncio, annunciatus .]  [i.  annunciated  ; pp. 

annunciating,  annunciated.]  To  bring  tid- 
ings of ; to  proclaim  ; to  report ; to  announce. 

Let  my  death  be  thus  annunciated.  Bp.  Bull. 

AN-NUN-CI-A'TION  (an-nuu-she-a'shun,  66),  il. 

1.  Act  of  announcing;  proclamation.  “The 

annunciation  of  the  gospel.”  Hammond. 

2.  A name  given  to  the  day  (March  25th)  cel- 

ebrated in  memory  of  the  angel’s  salutation  of 
the  Virgin  Mary.  Bp.  Taylor. 

3.  (Paint.)  A picture  representing  the  salu- 

tation of  the  Virgin  Mary  by  the  Archangel 
Gabriel.  Fairholt. 

AN-NON'CI-A-TOR  (66),  li.  One  who  announces. 

AN-NfJN'CI-A-TO-RY  (an-nun’she-a-to-re,  66),  a. 
Making  known ; giving  public  notice.  A.  Knox. 

A-Jro'A,  n.  (Zodl.)  A ruminant  found  in  the 
islantl  of  Celebes,  intermediate  in  structure  be- 
tween tho  buffalo  and  antelope.  Van  der  lloeven. 

AN'ODE,  n.  [Gr.  ava,  upwards,  and  6 60s,  way.] 
(Elec.)  The  negative  surface  of  an  electrolyte 
at  which  the  electric  current  enters,  and  which 
is  in  contact  with  the  positive  electrode  ; — op- 
posed to  cathode.  Faraday. 


AN'O-DON,  n.  [Gr.  a priv.  and  ibdiif,  dlovro;,  a 
tooth.]  (Conch.)  A genus  of  lamellibranehiate 
bivalves ; the  fresh-water  clam,  the  shell  of 
which  has  no  articular  processes  or  teeth  at  the 
hinge.  Oken. 

AN-O-DON' ta,  11.  pi.  (Conch.)  Bivalves  of  the 
genus  Anoclon ; fresh-water  clams.  Lamark. 

AN'O-DYNE,  n.  [Gr.  a.  priv.  and  ihburi,  pain.]  A 
medicine  which  assuages  pain.  Arbuthnot. 

An'O-DYNE,  a.  Assuaging  or  relieving  pain. 
“The  anodyne  draught  of  oblivion.”  Burke. 

An'O-DY-NOUS,  a.  Having  the  qualities  of  an 
anodyne  ; assuaging  pain.  Ogilvie. 

A-NOINT',  v.  a.  [Fr.  oindre,  oint .]  [i.  anointed  ; 
pp.  anointing,  anointed.] 

1.  To  rub  over  with  unctuous  matter,  as  oils 
or  unguents  ; to  smear. 

Wash  thyself,  therefore,  and  anoint  thee.  Ruth  iii.  3. 

2.  To  consecrate  by  unction.  Shak. 

I will  send  thee  a man,  and  thou  shalt  anoint  him  to  be 
captain  over  my  people  Israel.  1 Sam.  ix.  10. 

A-NOINT'f.D,  p.  a.  1.  Rubbed  over  with  unctuous 
matter ; smeared. 

2.  Consecrated  by  unction.  Shak. 

A-NOINT'iJR,  n.  One  who  anoints.  Grey. 

A-NOINT'JNG,  n.  Anointment.  Bp.  Taylor. 

A-NOINT'MIJNT,  n.  The  act  of  anointing,  or  the 
state  of  being  anointed  ; unction.  “ Holy 
anointment  from  God.”  Milton. 

A-NO'LIS  [a-no'ljs , Brande,  Sm.  O. ; an’o-lls,  P. 
C.  B.],  n.  [Antilles,  anoli,  a lizard.]  (Zodl.) 
An  American  genus  of  squamoid  lizards,  which 
change  their  color  like  the  chameleon.  Agassiz. 

There  are  a good  many  species  of  the  genus 
Anolis,  all  natives  of  America.  They  appear  to  take 
the  place  in  the  New  World  of  the  chameleons  of  the 
Old.  They  are  slender  and  graceful,  very  active  and 
restless,  and  perfectly  harmless.  Baird. 

An'O-MAi.,  n.  (Grain.)  An  anomalous  word; 
an  anomaly.  — See  Anomaly.  Gr.  Grammar. 

A-N5m'A-LI-PED,  n.  [L.  anomalies,  irregular, 
from  Gr.  av&pakos,  and  pes,  pedis,  a foot.]  An 
anomalous-footed  fowl  or  animal.  Smart. 

A-NOM'A-LllfM,  n.  Deviation  from  the  common 
rule  ; irregularity  ; anomaly.  Palcy. 

A-NOM-A-LIS'TIC, 

A-NOM-A-LIS'TJ-CAL 


. Irregular ; deviating 
from  established  rule. 


Anomalistic  year,  ( Astron .)  the  interval  of  time  in 
which  the  earth  completes  a revolution  with  respect 
to  any  point  in  its  elliptic  orhit ; being  longer  than 
the  tropical  year,  in  consequence  of  the  precession  of 
tile  equinoxes.  Brande. 

A-NOM-A-LIS'TI-CAL-LY,  ad.  Irregularly.  Ash. 

A-NdM'A-LiTE,  n.  [Gr.  dmopahis,  irregular,  and 
i.iOog,  a stone.]  (Min.)  An  irregular  mineral. 

A-NOM'A-LOUS,  a.  [Gr.  avmpalos.]  Deviating 
from  rule  ; irregular.  Locke. 

A-NOM'A-LOUS- LY,  ad.  Irregularly.  Browne. 

A-NOM'A-LY,  n.  [Gr.  avuipal.o;,  irregular,  a priv. 
and  opalos,  equal ; L.  anomalia .] 

1.  Deviation  from  rule  ; irregularity. 

There  are  anomalies  out  of  number  now  existing  in  our 
language,  which  the  pure  logic  of  grammar  is  quite  incapable 
of  explaining.  Trench. 

2.  (Astron.)  The  angular  distance  of  a planet 
from  its  perihelion,  as  seen  from  the  sun.  Hind. 

A-J\rd' Ml-A,  n.  [Gr.  a priv.  and  vipos,  a law.] 
(Conch.)  A genus  of  asymetrical  bivalves;  — 
so  called  on  account  of  the  inequality  of  the 
valves.  Agassiz. 

AN'O-MlTE,  n.  (Pal.)  A fossil  shell  of  the  ge- 
nus Anomia.  Knowles. 

AN-O-MCE'ANSJ,  n.pl.  [Gr.  a priv.  and  iipoto.,  like.] 
(Eccl.  Hist.)  A name  given  to  the  extreme  Ari- 
ans  of  the  fourth  century,  .because  they  held 
the  essence  of  the  Son  to  be  unlike  that  of  the 
Father.  Hook. 

f A-NOM-CE-OM'5-RY,  n.  [Gr.  avdpoioc,  dissimi- 
lar, and  ptpo<,  part.]  A dissimilar  atomology  ; 
unlike  constitution.  Cudworth. 

A-N0M-0-RH6m'B6Id,  n.  [Gr.  avopoc,  without 
law,  and  Eng.  rhomboid .]  (Min.)  An  irregular 
spar  or  crystal.  Smart. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


ANOMY 


59 


ANTALGIC 


fAN'O-MY,  n.  [Gr.  aeopia ; a priv.  and  vfyos,  a 
law.]  A breach  of  law.  Bramhall. 

The  delights  of  the  body  betray  us  through  our  over  in- 
dulgence to  them,  and  lead  us  captive  to  anoiny  and  disobe- 
dience. Glanville. 

A-NON',  ad.  [A.  S.  on  an,  in  one.]  1.  In  a 
short  time  ; quickly  ; soon. 

A little  snow,  tumbled  about, 

Anon  becomes  a mountain.  Shale. 

2.  At  times  ; sometimes  ; now  and  then. 

Full  forty  days  he  passed,  whether  on  hill 
Sometimes,  anon  in  shady  vale,  ... 

Or  harbored  in  one  cave,  is  not  revealed.  Milton. 

3.  A contraction  for  anonymously. 

Ever  and  anon,  now  and  then  ; frequently. 

And  ’twixt  his  finder  and  his  thumb  he  held 

A pouncct-box.  which  ever  and  anon 

He  gave  his  nose.  Shale. 

A-Nb’ATA,n.  [Malayan,  menona.]  (Bot.)  A ge- 
nus of  tropical  plants  ; custard-apple.  Brands. 

AN-O-JVA' CE-JE, n.pl.  ( Bot .)  An  extensive  nat- 
ural order  of  exogenous  plants,  whose  fruit  is 
sometimes  eatable,  as  the  custard-apple,  sweet- 
sop,  sour-sop,  &c.  Brands. 

JlSy  Plants  of  this  order  are  tropical,  except  one  ge- 
nus in  the  U.  S.,  viz.,  Ansimina.  or  papavv.  Gray. 

A-NON' Y-MOUS,  a.  [Gr.  dninupos  ; a priv.  and 
ovoya,  a name;  L.  anonymus ; Fr.  anonyme .] 
AVanting  a name  ; not  having  the  name  of  the 
author;  as,  “An  anonymous  publication.” 

A-NON'Y-MOUS-LY,  ad.  Without  a name.  Swift. 

A-NON'Y-MOUS-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  anony- 
mous, or  without  the  author’s  name.  Coleridge. 

AJV-O-PLO-THE' Rl-UM,  n.  [Gr.  dvoH.of,  un- 
armed, and  Onyioi,  a beast.]  (Pal.)  A genus  of 
fossil  pachydermatous  mammals,  resembling  a 
boar,  but  without  prominent  tusks.  Brande. 

A- Jit  OP  ’ SI- A,  [Gr.  a priv.  and  S\faf,  sight.] 

AN'OP-SY,  ) (Anat.)  Destitution  or  want  of 
sight ; a condition  of  monstrosity  in  which  the 
eye  and  orbit  are  wanting.  Dunglison. 

AN'O-REX-Y,  n.  (Med.)  [Gr.  arogt^ia  ; a priv.  and 
desire.]  Want  of  appetite.  Quincy. 

A-NOR'AIAL,  a.  [L.  anormis,  for  abnormis.\  Ir- 
regular ; abnormal.  — See  Abnormal.  P.  Cyc. 

A-NOR'THITE,  n.  (Min.)  A mineral  consisting 
of  silica,  alumina,  and  lime.  Dana. 

A-NOR'THO-SCOPE,  n.  [Gr.  a priv.,  6pd6s,  straight, 
and  aKoircui,  to  see.]  A philosophical  toy  in- 
vented by  M.  Plateau,  for  producing  a peculiar 
kind  of  optical  illusion.  Brande. 

A-NOS' MI-A,  n.  [Gr.  a priv.  and  dayrj,  smell.] 
(Med.)  A loss  of  the  sense  of  smelling.  Black. 

AN-OTH'y  R,  a.  [an  and  other .]  1.  Not  the  same  ; 
some  other. 

Art  thou  he,  or  do  we  look  for  another  ? Matt.  xi.  3. 

2.  One  more. 

I would  not  spend  another  such  a night.  Shak. 

For  stature  one  doth  seem  the  best  away  to  bear; 

Another  for  her  shape,  and  to  stand  beyond  compare  ; 

Another  for  the  fine  composure  of  a face  ; 

Another  short  of  these,  yet,  for  a modest  grace, 

Before  them  all  preferred.  Drayton. 

3.  Any  other  ; any  one  else. 

Discover  not  a secret  to  another.  Prov.  xxv.9. 

+AN-OTH'ER-GA[N§,  a.  Of  another  kind  or 
turn.  “I  tell  you,  I might  have  had  another- 
gains  husband  than  Dametas.”  Sidney. 

tAN-dTH'UR-GATES,  a.  Of  another  sort.  “An- 
othergates  manifestation  of  the  spirit  than  is 
ordinarily  to  be  found.”  Bp.  Sanderson. 

AN-OTH'JER-GUESS  (an-uth'er-ges),  a.  [another 
and  guise.  Richardson.']  Of  a different  kind. 
[Colloquial.]  “ I wish  you  anotherguess  wife 
than  Socrates  had.”  Howell. 

A-NOT'TA,  n.  Same  as  Annotto. 

+ A-NOUGH'  (j-nuf').  Same  as  Enough.  Todd. 

t A-NoW'.  Same  as  Enow.  Todd. 

f AN'SAT-IJD,  a.  [L . ansatus  ■,  ansa,  a handle.] 

Having  handles.  Johnson. 

ANSF.-DE-PANIER  (ans'de-pan-ya'),  n.  [I'r.,  bas- 
ket-handle.]  (Arch.)  An  arch  in  the  form  of 
a semi-ellipse,  the  major  axis  of  which  forms 
its  chord.  Ogilvie. 


AJY'SER,  n. ; pi.  an'se-r e$.  [L.,  a goose.] 

1.  ( Ornith .)  An  order  of  birds,  including  the 
families  Anatidce,  Colymbidcp,  Alcidce,  Procel- 
laridte,  Laridce,  and  Pelicanidce. 

igT  Birds  of  this  order  swim  by  means  of  web-feet 
or  of  lobe-feet.  Gray. 


Lobe-foot. 


2.  ( Astron .)  A star  of  the  fifth  magnitude  in 
the  milky  way,  between  Lyra  and  r 
Aquila.  Craig. 

AN'SER-At-ED,  a.  (Her.)  Not- 
ing a cross,  the  extremities  of 
which  are  formed  into  the  shape 
of  the  heads  of  lions,  eagles,  &c. 

AJV-SER-i'NAZ,  n.  pi. 

[L.]'  (Ornith.)  A 
sub-family  of  birds  of 
the  order  Anseres, 
and  family  Anatidce ; 
geese.  Gray. 

AN'SJpR-INE,  a.  Relat- 
ing to,  or  resembling,  Bernicla  brenta. 

a goose.  P.  Cyc. 

fAN'SLAIGHT  (an'slat),  n.  An  onslaught;  an 
attack ; affray.  — See  Onslaught.  Beau.  FI. 

An'SWER  (in'ser,  12),  v.  n.  [A.  S.  answarian, 
and,  against,  and  sivaran,  to  swear.]  [t.  an- 
swered ; pp.  ANSAVERING,  ANSWERED.] 

1.  To  speak  in  return,  or  in  reply  to  a ques- 
tion, to  a call,  to  a discourse,  argument,  charge, 
or  accusation  ; to  respond. 

Lives  he?  Wilt  thou  not  answer,  man?  Shake. 

And  when  they  bring  you  unto  the  synagogues  . . . take 
ye  no  thought  . . . what  thing  ye  shall  answer.  Luke  xii.  11. 

2.  To  be  accountable  or  responsible. 

If  there  be  any  absurdity  in  this,  our  author  must  answer 
for  it.  Locke. 

3.  To  be  like  ; to  correspond ; to  suit  when 
brought  into  comparison  or  correlation. 

As  in  water  face  answereth  to  face,  so  the  heart  of  man  to 
man.  l*rov.  xxvii.  19. 

Sizar,  a word  still  used  in  Cambridge,  answers  to  a servi- 
tor in  Oxford.  Swift. 

4.  To  be  suitable,  or  sufficient  for  a purpose  ; 
as,  “ I do  not  need  two  ; one  will  answer." 

See  Reply. 


An'SWER  (in'ser,  12),  v.  a.  1.  To  speak  in  return 
to  a question  ; to  reply  to. 

Are  we  succored?  Are  the  Moors  removed? 

Answer  these  questions  first.  Dryden. 

2.  To  meet  satisfactorily  by  argument  or  ex- 
planation ; to  refute. 

A speech  to  which  Mr.  Henley  replied,  but  [which]  he 
failed  to  answer.  Ed.  Rev. 

3.  To  he  equivalent  to,  or  sufficient  for. 

A feast  is  made  for  laughter,  and  wine  maketh  merry;  but 
money  answereth  all  things.  Eccles.  x.  19. 

4.  To  satisfy,  discharge,  or  pay,  as  a claim 
or  obligation. 

No  less  than  his  life  would  answer  it.  Sidney. 

5.  To  be  suitable  to;  to  correspond  to;  as, 
“ This  will  not  answer  the  purpose  ” ; “ It  does 
not  answer  our  expectation.” 

6.  To  return  in  opposition. 

And  blows  have  answered  blows.  Shak. 

7.  To  be  opposite,  or  over  against. 

Fire  anstvers  fire,  and  by  their  paly  beams 

Each  battle  sees  the  other’s  umbered  face.  Shak. 

An'SWER  (&n'ser),  n.  [A.  S.  andswaru.' ] 

1.  That  which  is  said  in  return  to  a ques- 
tion, demand,  or  position  ; a response  ; a reply. 

2.  The  result  of  a mathematical  operation  ; 
— used  chiefly  in  arithmetic  and  algebra. Davies. 

3.  ( Law .)  A confutation  of  a charge ; a de- 
fence in  writing  made  by  a defendant. 

Syn.  — An  answer  is  given  to  a demand  or  ques- 
tion ; a reply  to  an  answer  or  remonstrance  ? and  a 
rejoinder  to  a reply.  The  word  answer  is  far  more 
extensive  in  its  signification  than  either  reply  or  re- 
joinder, both  of  which  latter  words  suppose  a dispute, 
from  difference  of  sentiment,  whether  real  or  pre- 
tended. A repartee  is  a smart  reply,  or  witty  retort, 
to  some  jocose  observation.  Response  is  generally 


used  to  signify  alternate  answering , as  the  responses 
of  the  Liturgy.  — See  Repartee. 


AN'SWJ(5R-A-BLE  (4n'ser-.y-hl),  a.  1.  Admitting 
an  answer  ; that  may  be  answered  ; refutable. 

The  argument,  though  subtle,  is  yet  answcraUe.  Johnson. 

2.  Obliged  to  answer  ; accountable  ; respon- 
sible ; amenable. 

That  would  be  to  make  such  government  answerable  for 
the  errors  of  human  nature.  Swift. 

3.  Correspondent ; bearing  resemblance. 

It  was  but  such  a likeness  as  an  imperfect  glass  doth  give 
— answerable  enough  in  some  features  and  colors,  but  erring 
in  others.  Sidney. 

4.  Proportionate  ; corresponding  ; suitable. 

Only  add 

Deeds  to  thy  knowledge  answerable.  Milton. 

5.  Equal ; equivalent. 

There  be  no  kings  whose  means  are  ansuieraljle  unto  other 
men’s  desires.  Raleigh. 

Syn.  — We  ar  e answerable  for  a demand;  respon- 
sible for  a trust ; accountable  for  our  conduct;  amena- 
ble to  flic  laws.  Answerable  to  the  design  ; suitable  to 
the  purpose. 

An'SWER-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  an- 
swerable. Harinar. 

An'SWEI!-A-BLY  (4n'ser-a-ble),  ad.  In  propor- 
tion ; suitably.  Woodward. 

AN'SWf.R-f.R  (in'ser-er),  n.  One  who  answers. 

An'SWJvR-InG,  p.  a.  Corresponding.  “.With 
answering  looks  of  sympathy  and  love.”  Milton. 

An'SWER— JOB'Bf.R  (4n'sgr-j.ob'ber),  n.  One  who 
makes  a trade  of  writing  answers.  Swift. 

An'SWJJR-LESS  (4n'ser-les),  a.  Being  without 
an  answer  ; unanswerable.  Byron. 

Ant  (12),  n.  [A.  S.  cemete.]  (Ent.)  An  insect 
of  the  genus  Formica ; emmet ; pismire. 

The  ant's  republic  and  the  realm  of  bees.  Pope. 

A’N’T  (ant).  A vulgar  colloquial  contraction  for 
am  not,  are  not,  and  sometimes  for  is  not. 

I have  been  surprised  to  see  some  persons  of  edu- 
cation and  character  introduce  the  mere  vulgarisms 
of  discourse  in  the  pulpit  or  at  the  bar  ; such  as  1 
a' n’t,  I can’t,  I shan’t,  tt  itlwrspuon. 

f AN’T  (ant).  A contraction  for  an  it,  i.  e.  if  it. 


AN’TA,  n.  ; pi. 
ajv'r^i.[L.,from 
ante,  before.] 

(Arch.)  A pilas- 
ter or  square 
projection  ter- 
minating the 
side  wall  of  a 
temple.  A por- 
tico with  col- 
umns between 
the  antae  is  said  to  be  in  antis. 


Weale. 


ANT-A9TD,  n.  [Gr.  avri,  against,  and  Eng.  acid.] 
(Med.)  A medicine  to  neutralize  acidity  in  the 
stomach ; anti-acid.  Brande. 


AN-TAG'O-NISjM,  11.  Act  of  contending  against ; 
contest ; opposition  ; contrariety.  Taylor. 

AN-TAG'O-NlST,  n.  [Gr.  a v ray  drier //s  ; avri, 
against,  and  dyuml^oyai,  to  contend.] 

1.  One  who  contends  against  another  ; an  op- 
ponent ; a competitor.  Addison. 

2.  (Anat.)  A muscle  which  counteracts  an- 
other. Arbuthnot. 

Syn.  — See  Enemy. 

AN-tAg'O-NIST,  a.  Contending  against ; oppo- 
site ; antagonistic.  Ec.  Rev. 

AN-TAG-O-Nls  TIC,  £ a.  Contending  against ; 

AN-TAG-O-NlS'TI-CAL,  > acting  in  opposition  ; 
opposing ; opposite. 

Their  valors  are  not  yet  so  combatant, 

Or  truly  antagonistic , as  to  fight.  B.  Jonson. 


AN-TAG-O-NIS'TIC,  n.  [Gr.  avri,  against,  and 
aywpicri'is,  a combatant.]  (Anat.)  A muscle  op- 
posed to  another  muscle  in  its  action.  Brande. 

AN-TAG'O-NIZE,  v.  a.  & n.  [See  Antagonist.) 
To  contend  against,  [r.]  Ash- 

fi  AN-TAG'O-Ny,  11.  [Gr.  iirraywuia  ; avri,  against, 
and  ayuivla,  a struggle.]  Opposition.  “Antag- 
ony  . . . between  Christ  and  Belial.”  Milton. 

AN-TAL't-IIC,  a.  [Gr.  avri,  against,  and  a/.yog, 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — Q,  £,  9,  g,  soft;  J0,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  § as  z; 


y as  gz. — THIS,  this. 


ANTALGIC 


GO 


ANTERIORITY 


pain  ; Fr.  antalgique. ] (Med.)  That  relieves 
or  assuages  pain  ; anodyne.  Johnson. 

AN-TAL'<?IC,  n.  (Med.)  A medicine  to  relieve 
or  assuage  pain.  Brandc. 

ANT-AL'KA-L1,  or  ANT-Al'KA-LT,  n.  [Gr.  am’, 
against,  and'  Eng.  alkali .]  (Chon.)  A sub- 
stance that  counteracts  an  alkali.  P.  Cyc. 

ANT-AL'KA-LINE,  a.  Having  the  power  to 
counteract  alkalies.  Hooper . 

AnT-AN-A-  CLA' SIS,  n.  [Gr.  am,  against,  and 
avaiO.au>,  to  bend  back.] 

(R/iet.)  1.  A figure  by  which  that  which  is 
spoken  in  one  sense  is  turned  to  another  or 
contrary  sense;  as,  “In  thy  youth  learn  some 
craft,  that  in  old  age  thou  mayst  get  thy  living 
without  craft.”  Johnson. 

2.  The  repetition,  after  a long  parenthesis, 
of  the  word  or  phrase  which  preceded  it. 

AaTT-AAT-A-GO  ' GR,  n.  [Gr.  avri,  against,  and  au- 
aywyi'i,  a’ leading  up.]  (Iihet.)  Recrimination; 
an  answer  to  a charge  by  a counter-charge. 

ANT-APH-RO-Di"§!-AC  (93),  n.  [Gr.  dvr/,  against, 
and  aippoSiaiaKdi,  belonging  to  venery.]  (Med.) 
A medicine  to  quell  amorous  desires.  Brande. 

ANT-APH-RO-DIT'IC,  n.  Same  as  Antaphro- 
disiac.  Dunglison. 

ANT-AP-O-PLEC'TIC,  a.  [Gr.  avri,  against,  and 
apoplexy  ; nu6,  from,  and  jrL;<r<rw,  to 
strike.]  Good  against  apoplexy.  Johnson. 

ANT-ARC'TIC,  a.  [Gr.  avri,  against,  and  douros, 
the  Great  Bear,  or  Charles’s  Wain.]  Relating 
to  the  south  pole  ; opposite  to  arctic.  Milton. 

AATT-A’  RES,  n.  (Astron.)  The  bright  star  in  the 
constellation  Scorpio.  Hind. 

ANT-AR-THRIT'JC,  a.  [Gr.  ani,  against,  and 
apOp'ins,  the  gout.]  Good  against  the  gout. 

ANT-AR-THRIT'IC,  n.  A remedy  for  the  gout. 

ANT-ASTIl-MAT'IC  (ant-ast-mat’jk),  a.  [Gr.  rim-, 
against,  and  daOpa,  a panting.]  Good  against 
the  asthma.  ( Johnson. 

ANT-ASTH-MAT'JC,  n.  A remedy  for  the  asthma. 

ANT-A-TROPH’IC,  n.  [Gr.  dm,  against,  and 
urpoijiiu,  a wasting  or  pining  away.]  (Med.)  A 
medicine  to  cure  atrophy.  Dunglison. 

ANT'— BEAR  (Snt'bar),  n.  (Zo  il.)  The  great  ant- 
eater  ; Myrmecophaga  jubata.  Eng.  Cyc. 

ANT’— CATCH- £R,  n.  A kind  of  bird,  resem- 
bling the  thrush,  which  lives  chiefly  on  ants. 

Ogilvie. 

Ajy'TE  [L.]  A Latin  preposition  signifying 
before ; — frequently  used  in  composition;  as, 
antediluvian,  before  the  flood. 

AN'TE-ACT,  n.  [L.  ante,  before,  and  Eng.  act.] 
A preceding  act.  [r.]  Bailey. 

AN'Tg-AL,  a.  Being  before  or  in  front.  Clarke. 

Ant'-EAT-ER,  n.  (Zo- 
ol.)  An  edentate, 
hairy  animal,  of  the 
genus  Myrmecopha- 
ga, and  remarkable 
for  its  long  cylindri- 
cal tongue,  covered 
with  glutinous  saliva, 
by  which  it  entraps 
the  insects  on  which 
it  feeds.  Brande. 

ANTE  BliL'LUM,  [L.]  Before  the  war. 

f AN-TE-CE-DA'NIJ-OUS,  a.  Going  before  ; pre- 
ceding ; anterior.  Barrow. 

f AN-Tp-CEDE',  v.  n.  [L.  antecedo  ; ante,  before, 
and  cedo,  to  go.]  To  precede.  Hale. 

AN-T£-CE'D£NCE,  n.  1.  Act  of  going  before  ; 
precedence.  Hale. 

2.  (Astron.)  The  apparent  motion  of  a planet 
towards  the  west. 

AN-TIJ-CE'DIJN-CY,  n . Antecedence.  Fothcrby. 

AN-TIJ-CE'DBNT,  a.  Going  before  ; preceding; 
previous  ; anterior  ; foregoing  ; prior  in  order 
of  time  ; — opposed  to  subsequent. 


Syn. — intecalcvt  is  opposed  to  subsequent,  and 
marks  priority,  implying  some  relation  between  two 
objects  ; and,  in  logic,  the  premises  are  called  tile  an- 
tecedent, and  the  conclusion  the  consequent.  Preced- 
ing is  opposed  to  succeeding  or  following  ; anterior  to 
posterior  ; former  to  Lutter.  Antecedent  and  preceding 
denote  priority  of  time;  anterior,  prior,  and  former 
have  a relative  sense,  and  are  applied  to  things  more 
remote  in  time  or  position  than  others.  An  antece- 
dent event ; the  preceding  year  ; foregoing  statement ; 
prior  claim  ; previous  inquiry  ; anterior  part  of  the 
skull ; former  times.  The  eighteen  centuries  since  the 
birth  of  Christ  are  antecedent  to  the  nineteenth,  or  the 
one  we  live  in ; but  it  is  the  eighteenth  only  which 
we  call  the  preceding  one.  — See  Previous. 

AN-T]J-CE'DJJNT,  n.  1.  That  which  goes  before. 

A duty  of  so  mighty  an  influence,  that  it  is,  indeed,  the 
necessary  antecedent,  it  not  also  the  direct  cause,  ofa  sinner’s 
return  to  God.  South. 

2.  pi.  Previous  course,  conduct,  action,  or 
avowed  principles.  [Modern.] 

We  have  learned  lately  to  speak  of  men’s  antecedents  ; the 
phrase  is  newly  come  up  ; and  it  is  common  to  say,  “ If  we 
would  know  what  a man  really  now  is,  we  must  know  his 
antecedents,"  that  is,  what  he  has  been  in  time  past.  Trench. 

A collection  of  thoughts  . . . which  formed  a more  valua- 
ble capital  than  his  merely  literary  antecedents.  N.  Brit.  liev. 

3.  (Math.)  The  first  of  two  terms  composing 

a ratio.  Davies. 

4.  (Gram.)  The  noun  to  which  the  relative 

refers  ; the  first  of  two  terms  between  which  a 
relation  is  expressed.  Murray. 

5.  (Logic.)  The  first  member  of  a hypotheti- 
cal proposition.  Whately. 

If  the  sun  be  feted,  the  earth  must  move;  if  there  be  no  fire, 
there  will  be  no  smoke.  The  first  part  of  these  propositions, 
or  that  wherein  the  condition  is  contained,  is  called  the  ante- 
cedent, the  other  is  called  the  consequent.  H'atts. 

Syn. — See  Previous. 

AN-TB-CE'D?NT-LY,  ad.  In  the  state  of  antece- 
dence ; previously.  “We  consider  him  ante- 
cedently to  his  creation.”  South. 

AN-Tp-CIJ-DEN'TAL,  a.  Relating  to  antecedents. 

Ante.cedcntal  method,  ( Gcom.)  a mode  of  geometrical 
proportion  derived  from  an  examination  of  the  ante- 
cedents and  consequents.  Crabb. 

AN-TIJl-CES'SOR,  n.  [L.]  1.  One  who  goes  before, 
or  takes  the  lead  of  another  ; a predecessor. 
“ The  successor  seldom  prosecuting  his  ante- 
cessor's devices.”  Sandys. 

2.  (Law.)  One  who  possessed  the  land  before 
the  present  possessor  ; a prepossessor.  Brady. 

AN'TE-CHAM-BIJR,  n.  [L.  ante,  before,  and  Eng. 
chamber-,  Fr . antichambre.)  The  chamber  or 
room  before, or  leading  into,  the  principal  apart- 
ment; — sometimes  incorrectly  written  anti- 
chamber. 

AN'TIJ-CHAP-EL,  n.  That  part  of  the  chapel 
through  which  is  the  passage  to  the  choir  or 
body  of  it.  War  ton. 

AN-TE'CIAN.j>  (66),  n.  pi.  [Gr.  avri,  opposite, 
and  olkIo),  to  dwell  ; L.  antccci.]  (Gcog.)  The 
inhabitants  of  the  earth  who  live  on  the  same 
semicircle  of  the  same  meridian,  but  equally 
distant  from  the  equator,  the  one  part  north 
and  the  other  south  ; antoeci.  Hutton. 

An-TE-CUR’  SOR,  n.  [L.]  One  who  runs  before ; 
a precursor  ; a harbinger.  Bailey. 

AN'TE-DATE,  v.  a.  [L.  ante,  before,  and  Eng. 
date.]  [i.  antedated  ; pp.  antedating,  ante- 
dated.] 

1.  To  date  earlier  than  the  real  time  ; to  date 
beforehand,  as  a note  or  other  document. 

By  reading,  a man  does,  as  it  were,  antedate  his  life,  and 
make  himself  contemporary  with  the  ages  past.  Collier. 

2.  To  give  by  anticipation  ; to  anticipate. 

Our  joys  below  it  can  improve, 

And  antedate  the  bliss  above.  Tope. 

AN'TE-DATE,  n.  Anticipation.  Donne. 

AN-TB-DI-LU'Vr-AN,  a.  [L.  ante,  before,  and 
diluvium,  the  deluge.]  Existing  before  the 
deluge,  or  flood.  Woodward. 

AN-TJy-DI-LU'Vf-AN,  n.  One  who  lived  before 
the  deluge,  or  flood.  Bentley. 

f AN'TE-FACT,  n.  The  representation  of  a fact 
before  it  occurs.  Proceed,  of  some  Divines  (1641.) 

AW  TF.-FIX-JE,  n.  pi.  [L.  ante,  before,  and 
fixus,  fixed.]  (Arch.)  Ornaments  above  the 
eaves  of  a temple,  to  hide  the  ends  of  the 


joint  tiles  : — also  heads  of  lions,  &e.,  for  water- 
spouts below  the  eaves.  Gwilt. 


AN'Tp-LOPE,  n.  [Gr.  dvOoc,  a flower  or  ornament, 
and  uij/,  the  eye,  in  allusion  to  its  beautiful 
eyes  ; corrupted,  according  to  Cuvier,  from 
antliolops .]  (ZoOl.)  A genus  of  ruminating  an- 
imals, belonging  to  the  hollow-horned  family, 
resembling  the  deer  and  the  goat ; the  gazelle  ; 
— written  also  antilope.  Brande. 

A N - T E - LU ' C A N , a.  [L.  antelucanus  ; ante,  before, 
and  lux,  light.]  Before  daylight.  “ Antelucan 
devotion.”  Bp.  Hall. 

AN-TB-M?-R!d'I-AN,  a.  [L.  ante,  before,  and 
meridies,  midday.]  Before  noon. 

ANT-p-MET'IC,  a.  [Gr.  avri,  against,  and  ipiiu, 
to  vomit.]  — See  Antiemetic.  Johnson. 

An-TE-MUN'DANE,  a.  [L.  ante,  before,  and 
rnundus,  the  world.]  Before  the  creation  of  the 
world.  “ Great  antemundane  Father  ! ” Young. 

AN-Tp-MU'RAL,  n.  [L.  ante,  before,  and  mums, 
a wall.]  (Fort.)  An  outwork.  Ogilvie. 

AN'TE-Nl-CENE',  a.  Anterior  to  the  council  of 
Nice.  Jortin. 

AJV-TEN'JVA,  n. ; pi.  an-ten’ naz.  [L .,  a sail- 
yard.]  (Zool.)  A sort  of  horn  or  horn-like  pro- 
cess, or  movable,  tubular  organ,  on  the  head  of 
certain  insects  and  crustaceous  animals ; a 
tentacle  ; a feeler.  Brande. 

AN-TBN-NlF'ER-OtJS,  a.  [L.  antenna,  a sail- 
yard,  andybro,to  bear.]  Having  antennae.  Kirby. 

AN-TEN'NI-FORM,  a.  [L.  antenna  and  forma, 
form.]  Having  the  form  of  antennae.  Craig. 

AN-TB-NUM'BBR,  n.  A number  preceding  an- 
other. Bacon. 

AN-TJS-NUP'TIAL,  a.  [L.  ante,  before,  and  nup- 
tialis,  pertaining  to  a wedding.]  Before  mar- 
riage. Reid. 

AN-TE-PAG'MF.NT,  n.  [L.  antepagmentum  ; ante, 
before,  and  pango,  to  fix.]  (Arch.)  An  orna- 
mented jamb  of  a door.  Francis. 

AN-TE-PAS'eHAL,  a.  [L.  ante,  before,  and  pascha 
(from  Heb.  HOS,  a sparing),  the  Passover.] 
Before  Easter.  “The  antepaschal  fast.”  Nelson. 

AN'TE-PAsT,  n.  [L.  ante,  before,  and  pastus, 
a feeding.]  A foretaste  ; anticipation. 

A N - T E - P 1J - N U L T ' , n.  [L.  antcpenultima  ; ante, 
before,  pene,  almost,  and  ultimus,  the  last.] 
(Pros.)  The  last  syllable  but  two.  Walker. 

Ajv- TE-PF.-AilL' TI-MA,  n.  [L.]  (Pros.)  Same  as 
Antepenult.  Brande. 

AN-TE-PE-NUL'TI-MATE,  a.  (Pros.)  Relating  to 
the  last  syllable  but  two.  Walker. 

AN-TE-Pg-NUL'TI-MATE,  n.  Same  as  Antepe- 
nult. Walker. 

ANT-EP-I-LEP'TIC,  a.  [Gr.  avri,  against,  and 
epilepsy.]  Good  against  epilepsy. 

f AN'TB-PONE,  v.  a.  [L.  antepono.]  To  set  one 
thing  before  another  ; to  prefer.  Coles. 

AN'Tg-PORT,  n.  [L.  ante,  before,  and  porta,  a 
door.]  An  outer  port,  gate,  or  door.  Ogilvie. 

AN-TU-PO-§I"TION,  n.  1.  An  anterior  position. 

2.  (Gram.)  The  placing  of  a word  before 
another,  which,  by  common  rule,  ought  to 
precede. 

AN-TE-PRB-DIC'A-MENT,  n.  [L.  antepredica- 
mentum .]  (Logic.)  An  introduction  to  the  cate- 
gories ; a question  requiring  discussion  before 
entering  on  the  main  subject.  Johnson. 

AN-TE'RT-OR,  a.  [L.  anterior-,  ante,  before.] 
Going  before  ; preceding ; fore  ; former  ; prior 
in  point  of  time  ; — opposed  to  posterior. 

Syn.  — See  Antecedent. 

AN-TE-RI-OR'I-TY,  n.  State  of  being  anterior  ; 
priority  ; precedence.  Pope. 


A,  E,  !,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  B,  Y,  short;  A,  if,  !,  O,  IT,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


ANTERIORLY 


61 


ANTI-ARMINIAN 


AN-TE'RI-OR-LY,  ad.  In  an  anterior  manner. 

AN'TJJ-ROOM,  n.  [L.  ante,  before,  and  Eng. 
room.)  A room  leading  to  a principal  apart- 
ment. Shak. 

AN'TE.f  (Sn'tez),  n.  pi.  [L.]  (Arch.)  Square 
pillars  on  each  side  of  the  doors  of  temples, 
&c.  — See  Anta.  Johnson. 

AN'TE-STAT-IjRE  (24),  n.  (Fort.)  A small  in- 
trenchment  or  work,  made  of  palisades,  or  of 
sacks  filled  with  earth.  Crabb. 

AN-T$-ST6M'A£H  (an-te-stum'ak),  n.  A cavity 
which  leads  into  the  stomach.  Ray. 

f AN-TE-TEM'PLE,  n.  In  ancient  churches,  the 
part  now  called  the  nave.  Christian  Antiquities. 

f AN'TJJ-VERT,  v.  a.  [L . anteverto.]  To  pre- 
vent ; to  avert ; to  forestall.  Bp.  Hall. 

ANT-IIE  'LI-ON,  n.  ; pi.  ant-he'lt-a.  [Gr.  am', 
opposite,  and  the  sun.]  (Optics.)  Lumi- 
nous colored  rings,  or  glories,  observed  round 
the  shadow  of  the  spectator’s  own  head,  pro- 
jected on  a surface  covered  with  dew,  or  on  a 
dense  cloud  or  fog-bank.  Brande. 

ANTTfp-LlX,  n.  [Gr.  dvr/,  before,  and  ch(,  a 

spiral.]  (Anat.)  An  eminence  on  the  cartilage 
of  the  ear,  in  front  of  the  helix.  Dunglison. 

ANT-IIpL-MlN'TIC,  a.  [Gr.  hvri,  against,  and 
V-yivs,  a worm.]  That  kills  worms.  Arbuthnot. 

ANT-HEL-WIN'TIC,  n.  (Med.)  A medicine  to 

destroy  worms.  Dunglison. 

AN'TIipM,  n.  [Gr.  dm,  in  return,  and  !i//vo?,  a 
song,  i.  e.  sung  in  alternate  parts.]  (Mus.)  A 
composition  set  to  verses  from  the  Psalms,  or 
other  portions  of  Scripture  or  the  Liturgy,  and 
employed  in  public  worship ; a divine  song 
or  hymn. 

This  species  of  music  was  first  introduced 
as  a part  of  the  service  of  the  English  church 
in  the  beginning  of  the  reign  of  Queen  Eliza- 
beth. Buck. 

There  let  the  pealing  organ  blow 
To  the  full-voiced  quire  below. 

In  service  high  and  anthems  clear.  Milton. 

Where,  through  the  long-drawn  aisle  and  fretted  vault, 

The  pealing  anthem  swells  the  note  of  praise.  Gray. 

AJV ' THE- MI S,  n.  [L. ; Gr.  avdo;,  a flower.]  (Bot.) 
A genus  of  plants ; camomile.  Loudon. 

An'THJJM-WI^E,  ad.  In  the  manner  of  singing 
anthems.  “ By  catches,  anthem-wise.”  Bacon. 

AN'TIIIJR,  n.  [Gr.  avOripi 5t,  flowery,  blooming.] 
(Bot.)  The  case  or  part  of  the  flower  containing 
pollen ; the  essential  portion  of  the  stamen  or 
male  part  of  a flower.  P.  Cyc. 

AN'TH(;R-AL,  a.  (Bot.)  Relating  to  anthers. 

AN'TIUJR-DiJST,  n.  The  pollen  of  flowers.  Lyett. 

AN-THIJ-RlF'IJR-oCrs,  a.  [Eng.  anther,  and  L. 
fero,  to  bear.]  (Bot.)  Bearing  anthers,  or  the 
male  parts  of  flowers.  Loudon. 

An'THE-ROID,  a.  [Eng.  anther,  and  Gr.  tV>o;, 
form.]  (Bot.)  Resembling  an  anther.  Brande. 

AN-  THE  'S/S,  n.  [Gr.  dvBrjiris,  a blossom.]  (Bot.) 
The  period  when  flowers  expand.  Brande. 

AN-THES-TF.' RI-ON,  n.  [Gr.  ,ivOcoTiip«ii>.]  The 
eighth  month  of  the  Attic  year,  answering  to 
the  end  of  February  and  beginning  of  March  ; 
— probably  so  named  from  the  anthesteria,  or 
festival  in  honor  of  Bacchus,  which  was  cele- 
brated at  Athens  in  that  month.  Liddell  § Scott. 

ANT— HILL,  n.  A hillock  formed  by  ants.  Ray. 

AnT-HIL'LOCK,  n.  Same  as  Ant-hill.  Addison. 

AN-THO'B[-AN,  n.  [Gr.  dvbo ;,  a flower,  and  (Iniui, 
to  live.]  (Ent.)  A beetle  that  feeds  on  blos- 
soms. Kirby. 

AN-THO-CAR'POUS,  a.  [Gr.  avBoc,  a blossom, 
and.  Kafnrdi,  fruit.]  (Bot.)  A term  applied  to 
fruits  formed  of  masses  of  flowers  adherfhg  to 
each  other,  as  the  pine-apple.  Ogilvie. 

AN-THO' DI-UM,  n.  [Gr.  avdiibr/s,  like  flowers; 
arSo;,  a flower,  and  Bloc,  form.]  (Bot.)  A 
flower-head  consisting  of  an  aggregation  of 
florets,  surrounded  by  a common  invoiucrum, 
as  that  of  the  daisy  or  the  thistle.  Lindley. 

AN-THO-l6<?'1-CAL,  a.  Relating  to  anthology. 


AN-THOL'0-<?Y,  n.  [Gr.  ivBoXoyta,  a gathering 
of  flowers  ; avOo a flower,  and  iiyw,  to  gather.] 
A collection  of  flowers;  — applied  chiefly  to  a 
selection  of  poems,  or  of  elegant  extracts  from 
authors.  “ The  Greek  anthology.”  Warton. 

AN-THOL'  Y-SIS,  n.  [Gr.  avOos,  a flower,  and 
kvm s,  a setting  free  ; l.uuui,  to  loosen.]  A change 
of  flowers  from  their  usual  state  to  some  other, 
as  leaves,  branches,  &c.  Brande. 

AN-  THO-MA  INI-A,  n.  [Gr.  d'v0o5,  a flower,  and 
jiavia,  madness.]  An  extravagant  fondness  for 
flowers.  Dr.  Black. 


An'TIIO-NY’§  FIRE'  (an'to-njz-flr'),  n.  The  ery- 
sipelas.—See  Saint  Anthony’s  Fire. 

AN-THO-PHYL'LTTE,  or  AN-THOPII'YL-LITE 
(131),  7i.  [Gr.  avQ  s,  a flower,  ipbD.o v,  a ieaf,  and 
HBos,  a stone.]  (Min.)  A fibrous  silicate  of 
magnesia  and  iron.  Dana. 

ANT'HO-RI^M,  71.  [Gr.  avBop lo/ifc,  a counter  defi- 
nition ; dim,  against,  and  ooi^ui,  to  divide,  to 
determine.]  (Rliet.)  A definition  or  description 
contrary  to  that  of  an  opponent.  S//iart. 


AN-TIIO-SID'P-RITE,  n.  [Gr.  a iOu;,  a flower,  and 
oidrtpirrjs,  of  iron.]  (Min.)  A mineral  composed 
chiefly  of  silica  and  peroxide  of  iron.  Dana. 


AN-  TT/OX-AN ' THUM,  n.  [Gr.  dv6us,  a flower, 
and  (livOas,  yellow.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  grasses; 
the  sweet  vernal  grass.  Loudon. 


AN'THR A-CITE,  n.  [Gr.  aiOpaf  dvQpnsos,  coal.] 
A species  of  hard,  mineral  coal,  or  carbon,  which 
burns  without  flame  or  smoke.  It  is  difficult  to 
ignite,  but  burns  with  intense  heat.  Francis. 


AN'THR A-CITE,  a.  Noting  hard  coal.  Phillips. 


AN-THR  A-CIT'IC,  a.  Relating  to,  or  containing, 
anthracite.  De  la  Beche. 


AN-  T II RA-  CO-  THE  ' Rl-UM,  n.  [Gr.  avOpa(,  coal, 
and  Onpiov,  a beast.]  (Pal.)  An  extinct  quad- 
ruped belonging  to  the  boar  tribe,  and  found  in 
a fossil  state  in  coal  mines.  Van  der  Hoeven. 


AN' THRAX,  n.  [Gr.  avOpn%.]  1.  (Med.)  A scab 
or  blotch  ; a carbuncle.  Quincy. 

2.  Coal ; carbon  ; anthracite.  Ency. 

AN-TIIROP'O-GLOT,  71.  [Gr.  avOpu-ro;,  man,  and 
ylkiTTa,  the  tongue.]  An  animal  having  a 
tongue  like  that  of  man,  as  the  parrot.  Kwwles. 

AN-THRO-POG'RA-PHY,  71.  [Gr.  didpunun,  man, 
and  yp«'</>w,  to  describe.]  (Gcog.)  A description 
of  the  different  races  or  families  of  men,  their 
distribution,  physical  characteristics,  and  ac- 
tually existing  circumstances  ; — distinguished 
from  ethnography,  which  examines  their  origin 
and  affinities.  Brande. 

AN-THROP'O-LITE,  71.  [Gr.  aidpuuroj,  man,  and 
BOos,  a stone.]  (Pal.)  A petrifaction  of  the 
human  body,  or  of  parts  of  it,  like  that  found  in 
limestone  rock  at  Guadaloupe.  Ogilvie. 

AN-THROP-O-LOfjJ'I-CAL,  a.  Relating  to  an- 
thropology. Month.  Rev. 

AN-THRO-POL'O-^rlST,  71.  One  versed  in  anthro- 
pology. Knoivles. 

AN-THRO-POL'O-GY,  71.  [Gr.  ai/dponros,  man,  and 
l.dyos,  a discourse.] 

1.  (Anat.)  The  doctrine  of  the  structure  of  the 

human  body  ; anatomy.  Dunglis07i. 

2.  A discourse  on  man,  the  human  race,  or 

human  nature  ; the  science  which  treats  of  the 
physical  and  intellectual  properties  of  man  ; 
human  physiology.  o P.  Cyc. 

3.  (Thcol.)  That  mode  of  expression  in  the 

Scriptures,  by  which  human  parts  and  passions 
are  ascribed  to  God.  Ogilvie. 

AN-THRO-POM'AN-CY,  71.  [Gr.  nvOpuxos,  man, 
and  pnvTda,  prophecy.]  Divination  by  the  in- 
spection of  a human  body.  Dunglison. 

AN-THRO-POM'P-TRY,  71.  [Gr.  avOpui-o;,  man, 
and  plrpov,  a measure.]  The  measurement  of  the 
human  body.  Dunglison. 

AN-THRO-PO-MOR'PHI§M,  n.  [Gr.  nvBpwt ro?,  man, 
and  popitip,  form.]  The  representation  of  the  Dei- 
ty under  the  human  form ; the  doctrine  that  the 
Deity  exists  in  human  form.  P.  Cyc. 

AN-THRO-PO-MOR'PHIST,  n.  One  who  believes 


that  God  has  a human  form  ; an  anthropomor- 
phite.  P.  Cyc. 

AN-TIIRO-PO-MOR'PIlfTE,  n.  [Gr.  ai0pui:6pop- 
005,  of  human  form.]  One  who  believes  that 
God  has  a human  form.  More. 

AN-THRO-PO-MdR'PHfTE,  a.  Relating  to  an- 
thropomorphism. Glanville. 

AN-THRO-PO-MOR-PHIT'JC,  ) a_  Belonging 

AN-THRO-PQ-MOR-PHIT'I-CAL,  1 to  anthropo- 
morphism. [it.]  Mil/nan. 

AN-THR0-P0-M6R'PHIT-1§M,  n.  The  belief  that 
God  exists  in  human  form.  Wordsworth. 

AN-THRO-PO-MOR'PHOUS,  a.  Resembling  the 
human  form.  Lyell. 

AN-TtlRO-POP'A-THLjiM,  n.  Same  as  Anthro- 
popatiiy.  Ec.  Rev. 

AN-THRO-P6p'A-THY,  n.  [Gr.  dvBpwiroi,  man, 
and  Trritfos,  suffering.]  The  act  of  ascribing  hu- 
man passions  to  the  Supreme  Being.  Bp.  Hall. 

AN-  THRO-POPH  'A-  (fl,  7i.pl.  [Gr.  arBpuiem,  man, 
and  0dyw,  to  eat.]  Man-eaters ; cannibals. 

The  cannibals  that  each  other  eat, 

The  anthrojiophagi.  Shak. 

AN-THRO-PO-PHA^'I-CAL,  a.  Relating  to  can- 
nibalism. [u.]  Williams. 

f AN-THRO-POPH-A-$IN'!-AN,  n.  A cannibal. 
[A  ludicrous  word.]  “ He’ll  speak  like  an  an- 
tliropopliaghiian.”  Shak. 

AN-THRO-p6pH'A-GOUS,  a.  Feeding  on  human 
flesh.  Knowles. 

AN-TIIR0-P0PII'A-9Y,  n.  Cannibalism.  Browne. 

AN-TI1R0-P6s'0-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  avdpioiros,  man,  and 
ao0/a,  wisdom.]  The  knowledge  of  the  nature  of 
man.  Johnson. 

AN-THRO-PUT'O-MY,  71.  [Gr.  avOponro 5,  man,  and 
Topi'i,  a cutting.]  (A7iat.)  The  dissection  of  the 
human  body  ; anatomy.  Dunglison. 

AN’  THUS,  71.  [L.,  the  bunting.)  (Or nit. h.)  A ge- 
nus of  birds  ; the  pipit.  Yarrell. 

ANT-11  YP-NOT'IC,  a.  [Gr.  dvr/,  against,  and 
v 7tvos,  sleep.]  Counteracting  sleep.  Dmglison. 

ANT-HYP-n6T'IC,  71.  (Med.)  A remedy  for  sleep- 
iness or  stupor.  Dunglison. 

ANT-HYP-O-CHON'DRI-Ac,  a.  [Gr.  dvr/,  against, 
and  Irro^oubpiuKos,  affected  in  the  {ur o^dvdpwv,  the 
part  of  the  body  between  the  false  ribs  and  the 
navel.]  Good  against  hypochondria.  Dunglison. 

ANT-lfV-POPII' O-RA,  71.  [Gr.  dv0orro0opd  ; dvr/, 
against,  and  imoijiopu,  an  objection.]  (Rhet.)  A 
figure  whereby  the  objections  of  an  adversary 
are  brought  forward  in  order  to  be  answered. 

ANT-11  YS-TER'IC,  a.  [Gr.  dvr/,  against,  and  icrtpn, 
the  womb.]  Good  against  hysterics.  Dunglison. 

AN’TI,  [Gr.  dvr/.]  A Greek  preposition,  much 
used  in  composition,  and  signifying  opposed  to, 
contrary  to,  or  hi  place  of-,  as,  ‘‘Antimonarchi- 
cal,  opposed  to  monarchy.” 

AN'TI-AB-O-LF'TION-IsT,  71.  One  opposed  to 
the  principles  of  those  who  advocate  the  aboli- 
tion of  slavery. 

AN-TI-Ac'ID,  7i.  [Gr.  dvr/,  against,  and  Eng.  acid.) 
An  alkaline  absorbent ; a medicine  to  remove 
acidity ; antacid.  A7'buthnot. 

AN-T!-APH-RO-DI”f?!-AC,  ) Same  as  Ant_ 

AN-TI-APII-RO-DI-^I'A-CAL.  ) APHRODISIAC. 

AN-TI-AP-0-PLEC'T(C,  a.  Same  as  Antapo- 
PLECTIC. 

AN-TI-A-POS'TLE,  n.  [Gr.  dvr/,  against,  and 
a7roar6hoi,  a messenger ; uroorl/./.u),  to  send 
away.]  One  contrary  to  the  apostles.  Potter. 

An'TJ-Ar,  71.  A Javanese  poison,  the  milky 
juice  of  the  upas-tree.  Brande. 

AN-TI'A-RInE,  71.  A poisonous  principle  con- 
tained in  the  milky  juice  of  the  Antiaris  toxica- 
ria,  a large  forest  tree  of  Java,  commonly 
called  the  upas-tree.  Brande. 

AN-Tl-A  ’ RIS,  71.  (Bot.)  The  upas-tree.  Loudon. 

AN-TI-AR-MInTAN  (5n-te-ar-inln'y.jn),  71.  [Gr. 


MIEN,  SIR  ; MOVE,  NOR,  SON  ; 


BULL,  BUR,  rClE.  — y,  <?,  $,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  g,  g,  hard; 


fj!  as  z ; Y as  — THIS,  Hus. 


ANTI  ARTHRITIC 


G2 


ANTIFE  DE  RALISM 


avri,  against,  and  Eng.  Arminian.  ] One  who 
opposes  Arminianism.  Bp.  Barlow. 

AN-TI-AR-THRIT'IC,  a.  [Gr.  avri,  against,  and 
apOpiris,  belonging  to  the  joints.]  (Med.)  Good 
against  the  gout ; antarthritic.  Hooper. 

AN-TI-AR-THRIT'JC,  n.  (Med.)  A medicine  to 
assuage  the  gout ; an  antarthritic.  Hooper. 

AN-T!-ASTH-MAT'IC  (an-te-9st-mat'jk),  a.  (Med.) 
[Gr.  avri,  against,  and  hodpariKdi,  asthmatic.] 
Good  against  asthma  ; antasthmatic.  Hooper. 

AN-TJ-ASTH-MAT'IC  (Sn-te-ast-mat'jk),  n.  (Med.) 
A remedy  for  asthma  ; an  antasthmatic. 

AN-TI-AT-TRl"TION,  n.  A compound  applied 
to  machinery  to  prevent  the  effects  of  friction, 
as  a mixture  of  plumbago  and  grease.  Brande. 

A A-  TJ-  RA  C-  e HI  ’ US,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  avrifiK- 
^£?uf.]  (Pros.)  A poetical  foot  of  three  sylla- 
bles, the  first  two  long  and  the  last  one  short ; 
— the  reverse  of  the  bacchius.  Beck. 

AN-TI-BA-§IL'I-CAN,  a.  [Gr.  avri,  against,  and 
ffaeil.iKos,  royal.]  Opposed  to  royal  state.  Smart. 

AN-TI-BiL'IOyS*  a.  (Med.)  Useful  in  bilious 
complaints  ; checking  biliary  secretion.  Craig. 

AN-TI-BRA'GHI-AL,  a.  [Gr.  avri,  against,  and 
(ipn-^iuiv  ; L.  brachium,  the  arm.]  (Anat.)  Per- 
taining to  the  forearm.  Dunglison. 

J.  Cloquet  suggests  that  this  word  should  be 
written  antebrachial.  [L.  ante,  before.]  Dunglison. 

AN-TI-BURGH'ER,  n.  [Gr.  avri,  against,  and 
Burgher,  one  of  a class  of  seceders  from  the 
Church  of  Scotland.]  (Eccl.  Hist.)  A Scotch 
Presbyterian  dissenter,  who  differs  from  a 
Burgher  in  respect  to  the  lawfulness  of  taking 
the  Burgess  oath.  Buck. 

An'TIC,  a.  [L.  antiquus,  old.]  Odd  ; ridiculously 
wild ; grotesque  ; ridiculous  ; fantastic.  Shah. 

AVnC,  n.  1.  A trick  ; buffoonery.  “Some  de- 
lightful ostentation,  or  show  ...  or  antic."  Shak. 

2.  One  who  plays  antics  ; a buffoon. 

Were  he  the  veriest  antic  in  the  world.  Shak. 

3.  Odd  appearance,  or  fantastic  form. 

A work  of  rich  entail  and  curious  mould, 

Woven  with  antics  and  wild  imagery.  Sjienser. 

4.  (Arch.)  pi.  Figures  of  men  and  beasts 

used  as  ornaments  to  buildings.  Weale. 

+ AN'TIC,  v.  a.  To  make  antic.  Shak. 

AN-TI-CA-GHEC'TIC,  a.  [Gr.  avri,  against,  and 
Ka^c^ia,  a bad  state  of  health.]  (Med.)  Good 
for  cachexy,  or  a bad  habit  of  body. 

AN-TI-CA-GHEC'TIC,  n.  (Med.)  A remedy  against 
cachexy,  or  a bad  habit  of  body.  Dunglison. 

AN-TI-CAl' VIN-IST,  n.  [Gr.  avri,  against,  and 
Eng.  Calvinist .]  One  opposed  to  Calvinism. 

AN-TI-CAl-VIN-IsT'IC,  a.  Opposite  or  hostile 
to  Calvinism.  Ogilvie. 

A N - T I - C A N ' C F.  R - O U S , o . (Med.)  Opposed  to  can- 
cer, or  carcinomatous  diseases. 

AN-TJ-CAR-NIV'O-ROUS,  a.  Opposed  to  eating 
flesh  ; iiving  on  vegetable  food.  Qu.  Rev. 

An-TJ-CA-TAR'RHAL,  a.  Good  against  catarrh. 

AN-TI-CA-TAr'RHAE,  n.  (Med.)  A remedy  for 
catarrh',  or  cold  in  the  head.  Dunglison. 

AN-TI-CAU-SOD  IC,  ) a_  [Or.  avri,  against,  and 

AN-TI-CAu-SOT'IC,  > kiwoos,  a burning  fever  ; 
Kaiu>,  to  burn.]  (Med.)  Good  against  fever; 
antifebrile  ; febrifugal.  Dunglison. 

AN-TI-CAU-SOT'IC,  n.  (Med.)  A remedy  against 
inflammatory  fever.  Dunglison. 

AN'TI-CHAM-BER,  n.  [Fr.  antichambre .]  — See 
Antechamber,  which  is  the  true  orthography. 

AN'TI-GHRIST,  n.  An  enemy  to  Christianity. 

Littlechildren.it  is  the  last  time;  and  as  ye  have  heard 
that  antichrist  shall  come,  even  now  are  there  many  anti- 
christs; whereby  we  know  that  it  is  the  last  time.  1 John  ii.  18. 

He  is  antichrist  that  denieth  the  Father  and  the  Son. 

1 John  ii.  22. 

AN-TI-GHR!sTTAN  (an-te-krlst'yrtn),  a.  Opposed 
to  Christianity.'  South. 

AN-TI-GHRfSTTAN,  n.  An  enemy  to,  or  opposer 
of,  Christianity'.  Rogers. 

AN-TI-GHRIstTAN-ISM,  n.  Opposition  to  Chris- 
tianity. ' ' Decay  of  Piety. 


AN-TI-GIIRIsT-!-An'!-TY  (5n-te-kfist-ye-&n'e-te), 
n.  Contrariety  to  Christianity.  Trapp. 

AN-TI-GJIRISTTAN-IZE,  v.  a.  To  make  anti- 
christian.  More. 

AN-TI-GHRON'1-CAL,  a.  [Gr.  avri,  against,  and 
Xpovttais,  relating  to  time.]  Deviating  frobn  the 
proper  order  of  time  ; falsely  dated.  Ogilvie. 

AN-TlCH'RQ-NIijM  (an-tik'ro-nizm),  n.  [Gr.  avri, 
against,  and  %p6vos,  time.]  Deviation  from  the 
right  order  of  time  ; anachronism.  Selelen. 

AA-TICH'  THOA,  ii.  [Gr.  avri^Quiv',  avri,  against, 
and  %6wv,  the  earth.]  (Geog.)  An  opposite  or 
counter  land  ; land  of  the  antipodes.  Smart. 

AN-TI^'I-pAnT,  a.  That  anticipates  ; anticipa- 
tive.  “ Anticipant  of  hell.”  Southey. 

AN-TIi^'1-PATE,  v.  a.  [L.  anticipo,  anticipatus  ; 
ante,  before,  and  capio,  to  take;  It.  antic ipare ; 
Sp.  anticipar;  Fr.  anticiper .]  [i.  anticipated  ; 

pp.  ANTICIPATING,  ANTICIPATED.] 

1.  To  take  up  beforehand;  as,  “To  antici- 
pate a portion  of  a discourse.” 

2.  To  go  before  so  as  to  preclude  another  ; 
to  get  the  start  of. 

God  hath  taken  care  to  anticipate  and  prevent  every  man, 
to  draw  him  early  into  his  church.  Hammond. 

Time,  thou  anticipaVst  my  dread  exploits  ; 

The  flighty  purpose  never  is  o’ertook, 

Unless  the  deed  go  with  it.  Shak. 

3.  To  enjoy,  possess,  or  suffer,  in  expecta- 
tion ; to  foretaste. 

I would  not  anticipate  the  relish  of  anv  happiness,  nor  feel 
the  weight  of  any  misery,  before  it  actually  arrives.  Addison. 

f AN-TI(j;'I-PATE-LY,  ad.  By  anticipation.  “lie 
did  anticipately  promise  to  Peter.”  Barrow. 

AN-TI^-I-PA'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  anticipating. 

So  shall  my  anticipation  prevent  your  discovery.  Shak. 

2.  That  which  is  anticipated. 

This  payment  was  called  an  anticipation , which  is  to  say,  a 
thing  taken,  or  a thing  coming,  before  his  time  or  senson. 

Hall. 

3.  Immature  opinion. 

Many  men  give  themselves  up  to  the  first  anticipations  of 
their  minds  ; . . . they  are  often  as  fond  of  their  first  con- 
ceptions as  of  their  first-born.  Locke. 

4.  Foretaste;  antepast. 

We  shall  taste  it  [future  happiness]  by  way  of  anticipation 
and  forethought.  Atterbury. 

5.  (Mas.)  The  introduction  into  a chord  of 

one  or  more  of  the  component  notes  of  the 
chord  which  follows.  Dwight. 

AN-TlC^'l-PA-TI  VE,  a.  That  anticipates  ; giving 
anticipation,  [r.]  Coleridge. 

AN-TI^'I-PA-TOR,  il.  One  who  anticipates. 

AN-TI(^'I-PA-TO-RY,  a.  That  anticipates.  More. 

AN-TI-CLI'mAX,  n.  [Gr.  avri,  against,  and  Khipai, 
a ladder  or  staircase.]  (Rhet.)  A sinking  in 
thought,  as  in  a sentence  of  which  the  last  part 
expresses  something  lower  than  the  first ; — op- 
posed to  climax : for  example, 

Die  and  endow  a college  or  a cat.  Pope. 

AN-TI-CEI'NAL,  a.  [Gr.  avri,  against,  and  K/.ivto, 
to  incline.]  (Geol.)  Noting  an  axis  or  imagi- 
nary line  where  strata  dip  in  opposite  direc- 
tions. Brande. 

An'TIC-LY,  ad.  In  an  antic  manner.  Shak. 

An'TIC— MASK,  n.  Same  as  Antimask. 

One  request  is,  we  may  be  admitted,  if  not  for  a mask,  for 
an  antic-mask.  Ji.  Jonson. 

An'TIC-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
antic.  “ A port  of  humorous  anticness."  Ford. 

AN-TI-OON-STI-TU'TION-AL,  a.  Unconstitu- 
tional. “Anticonstitutional  dependency  ...  on 
the  crown.”  Bolingbrokc. 

AN-TI-CON-STI-TU'TION-AL-IsT,  n.  One  who 
is  hostile  to  the  constitution.  • Knowles. 

AN-TI-CON-TA'^ION-IST,  n.  An  opposer  of  the 
doctrine  of  contagion.  Knowles. 

AN-TI-CON-TA'(?IOyS,  a.  (Med.)  Good  against 
contagious  diseases  ; antipestilential.  Knowles. 

AN-TI-CON-VUL'SIVE,  a.  (Med.)  Good  against 
convulsions.  Flayer. 

An'TI-COR,  n.  [Gr.  avri,  against,  and  L.  cor,  the 
heart.]  (Farriery.)  A preternatural  swelling, 
of  a round  figure,  on  a horse’s  breast,  opposite 
to  his  heart ; a sort  of  quinsy.  Farm.  Eney. 


AN-TI-C0§-METTC,  a.  [Gr.  hurt',  against,  and 
Koapos,  ornament.]  Destructive  of  beauty.  “I 
would  have  him  apply  his  anticosmetic  wash  to 
the  painted  face.”  Lyttleton. 

An  I I-COURT  (Sn'te-kort),  a.  [Gr.  Avri,  against, 
and  Eng.  court.]  Opposed  to  the  court.  “ The 
anticourt  party  courted  him.”  Reresby. 

AN-TI-COURT'HJR  (&n-te-kort'yer),  ii.  One  who 
opposes  the  court.  Johnson. 

AN-Tl'COl'S,  a.  [L.  anticus,  fore,  in  front.]  (Bot.) 

1.  Noting  the  part  of  the  blossom  next  the 

bract,  as  the  keel  of  the  pea.  Gray. 

2.  Noting  anthers  whose  line  of  dehiscence 

is  intrors-e,  or  towards  the  pistil.  Lindleg. 

An-TI-CR5-A'TOR,  ii.  A creator  of  something 
which  amounts  to  nothing.  Milton. 

AN-TI-DAc'TYL,  ii.  [Gr.  avri,  opposite  to,  and 
laurv/.oz,  a dactyl.]  (Pros.)  A metrical  foot 
consisting  of  three  syllables,  the  first  two  short 
and  the  last  long;  a dactyl  reversed.  Craig. 

AN-TI-DEM-O-CRAT'IC,  ) Opposing  de- 

AN-TI-DEM-O-CRAT'I-CAL,  1 mocracy,  or  a gov- 
ernment by  the  people."  Ogilvie. 

A .V- 7 V- D K $ ' A I J) , n.  [Gr.  ai  r/,  instead  of,  and 
fitopa,  a band.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants, 
of  which  the  bark  is  used  for  making  ropes,  and 
the  leaves  are  regarded  as  an  antidote  to  the 
bite  of  serpents.  Loudon. 

An'TI-DO-TAL,  a.  (Med.)  Having  the  quality  of 
an  antidote  ; acting  as  a counterpoison.  Browne. 

AN'TI-DO-TAL-LY,  ad.  By  way  of  antidote. 
“ Antidotally  destroying.”  Browne. 

AN'TI-DO-TA-RY,  a.  Same  as  Antidotal,  [r.] 

An'TI-DO-TA-RY,  n.  A treatise  on  antidotes. 
“ Guianerius  iii  his  antidotary."  Burton. 

t AN'TI-DOTE,  v.  a.  To  furnish  with  preserva- 
tives ; to  preserve  by  antidotes.  More. 

AN'TI-DOTE,  il.  [Gr.  uvrilorog,  given  in  return, 
or  as  a remedy  ; avri,  against,  and  fiifuap i,  to  give.] 
A medicine  that  counteracts  poison  ; a remedy 
or  preservative  against  sickness. 

My  bane  and  antidote  arc  both  before  me.  Addison. 

One  poison  may  be  an  antidote  to  another.  Hume. 

AN-Tj-DOT'I-CAL,  a.  (Med.)  Useful  as  an  anti- 
dote or  remedy  ; antidotal.  Knowles. 

An-T!-DYS-EN-TER'IC,  a.  (Med.)  Good  against 
dysentery,  or  bloody  flux.  Dunglison. 

AN-TI-DYS-JJN-TER'IC,  n.  (Med.)  A remedy  for 
dysentery,  or  bloody  flux.  Dunglison. 

AN-TI-DY§'U-RlC,  a.  (Med.)  Good  against  dysury. 

AN-TI-E-MET'IC,  a.  That  checks  vomiting.  Ash. 

AN-TI-E-MET'IC,  ii.  (Med.)  A remedy  for  vom- 
iting; antemetic.  Hooper. 

AN-TI-EN-NE-A-HE'DRAL,  a.  [Gr.  a vri,  opposite, 
into,  nine,  and  tlpa,  a seat.]  (Min.)  Noting 
crystals  with  nine  faces  on  two  opposite  parts. 

AN'TIIJNT,  a.  See  Ancient. 

AN-TI-IJN-THU-SI-As'TIC,  a.  Opposed  to  enthu- 
siasm. “Antienthusiastic  poet.”  Shaftesbury. 

AN-TI-EPH-T-AL'TIC,  11.  [Gr.  avri,  against,  and 
iipial.rrii,  the  nightmare.]  (Mecl.)  A remedy 
for  nightmare.  Dunglison. 

AN-TI-EP-I-LEP'TIC,  a.  Antepileptic.  Hooper. 

AN-TI-EP-I-LEP'TICj  ii.  An  antepileptic. 

AN-Tr-JJ-PlS'CO-PAL,  a.  Adverse  or  opposed  to 
episcopacy.  “ Antiepiscopal  writers.”  Hickes. 

AN-TI-E-VAN-^EL'I-CAL,  a.  Not  evangelical. 

AN'TI-FACE  (an'te-fas),  n.  [Gr.  avri,  against,  and 
Eng  .face.]  An  opposite  face.  B.  Jonson. 

AN-TJ-FA-nAt'IC,  n.  An  enemy  to  fanatics  ; one 
opposed  to  fanaticism.  Milton. 

AN-TI-FEB'RILE,  [an-te-feb'ril,  W.  J.  F.  Ja.  Sin. ; 
hn-to-fG'linl,  S.;  an-te-fe'brjl,  P.  A’.],  a.  Good 
against  fevers  ; febrifugal.  Floycr. 

AN-TI-FED'JSR-AL,  a.  Hostile  to  federalism,  or 
the  principles  of  the  Federalists.  Adams. 


An-TI-FED'JJR-AL-I§M,  11.  The  principles  of 
Antifederalists.  Jefferson. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6.  U,  Y.  short;  A,  E,  J,  O,  U,  Y>  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  F.\LL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


ANTIFEDERALIST 


63 


ANTIPHONY 


AN-TI-FED'JJR-AL-IST,  n.  One  of  a political 
party,  in  the  United  States,  that  opposed  the 
adoption  of  the  Constitution.  Marshall. 

AN-TI-FLAT'TJGR-ING,  a.  Opposite  to  flatter- 
ing. “Satire  is  a kind  of  antiflattering  glass; 

. . . shows  us  nothing  but  deformities.”  Delany. 

AN-TI-FLAT'U-LENT,  a.  {Med.)  Counteracting 
flatulence.  Barton. 

AN-TI-GA-LAC'TIC,  a.  [Or.  am,  against,  and 
■yet). it , yd).t,KT0<,  milk.]  {Med.)  Preventing  the 
secretion  of  milk.  Dunglison. 

AN-TI-GAL'LI-CAN,  a.  [Gr.  dv ri,  against,  and 
L.  Gallia,  Gaul' or  France.]  Hostile  toFrance 
or  the  French.  Smollett. 

AN-TTg'O-RItE,  n.  A mineral  composed  chiefly 
of  silica,  magnesia,  and  protoxide  of  iron.  Dana. 

AiVTI-GRAPH,  n.  [Gr  avri,  against,  and  ypatjnn, 
to  write.]  A copy  ; a transcript.  Clarke. 

AN-TI-GUG'GLIJR,  n.  • [Gr.  avri,  against,  and 
Eng.  guggle .]  A siphon  to  admit  air  above  a 
liquid  flowing  from  an  inverted  bottle,  and 
thereby  to  prevent  agitation.  XJre. 

AN-TI-HEC'TIC,  a.  {Med.)  Good  against  hectic 
fever.  Dunglison. 

AN-TI-HY-DRO-PHOB'IC,  n.  {Med.)  A remedy 
for  hydrophobia.  Dunglison. 

AN-TI-HY-DROP'IC,  n.  [Gr.  avri,  against,  and 
IlSpun).,  dropsy.]  {Med.)  A remedy  for  dropsy. 

An-TT-HYP-NOT'IC,  a.  Same  as  Anthypnotic. 

AN-TI-HYP-O-jGHON'DRI-AC,  a.  {Med.)  Same  as 
Ant  hypochondriac.  Ogilvie. 

AJY-Tl-HY-POPH' O-RA,  n.  Same  as  Antiiy- 
pop’iiora.  ’ Knowles. 

AN-TI-HYS-TER'JC,  n.  Same  as  Anthysteric. 

AN-TMC-TER'IC,  n.  [Gr.  avri,  against,  and  iic re- 
pot, jaundice.]  {Mccl.)  A remedy  for  the  jaun- 
dice. Dunglison. 

AN-TI-LItH'IC,  n.  [Gr.  avri,  against,  and  /.Wo;,  a 
stone.]  {Med.)  A remedy  for  calculus  or  stone 
in  the  bladder.  Dunglison. 

AN-TI-LITH-O-TRIP'TIST,  ii.  One  opposed  to 
lithotripty.  Med.  Jour. 

AN-TI-l6g'A-RITHM,  11.  1.  The  arithmetical 

complement  of  a logarithm  ; — in  this  sense 
now  little  used. 

2.  A number  corresponding  to  any  given 
logarithm.  Thus  100  is  the  antilogarithm  of  2 
in  the  common  system,  2 being  the  logarithm 
of  100.  Davies. 

f AN-TIL'O-^Y,  il.  [Gr.  ivnl.oyia  ; avri,  against, 
and  i.lyw,  to  speak.]  A contradiction  between 
any  words.  Bailcg. 

AN-TI-LOI'MIC,  n.  [Gr.  avri,  against,  and  ).oip6;, 
pestilence.]  {Med.)  A remedy  used  in  the  pre- 
vention and  cure  of  the  plague.  Brande. 

An'TI-LOPE,  n.  See  Antelope. 

f AN-TlL'O-auIST,  n.  [Gr.  avn',  against,  and  L. 
loquor,  to  speak.]  A contradictor.  Bailey. 

f AN-TIL'O-CtUY,  n.  1.  A preface  ; a proem  ; — 
properly  written  anteloquy.  Boucher. 

2.  A stage-player’s  cue.  Cockeram. 

f AN-TI-MA-GiS'TRr-CAL,  a.  [Gr.  a vn',  against, 
and  L.  inagister,  a master.]  Against  magis- 
trates. “ Antimagistrical  assertions.”  South. 

f AN-TI-MA-NI'A-CAL,  a.  {Med.)  Good  against 
mania.  “Antimaniacal  virtues.”  Battle. 

AN'TI-MAsk,  n.  A ridiculous  interlude  dividing 
the  parts  of  the  more  serious  mask ; antic- 
mask.  Nares. 

Let  antimasks  not  be  long  ; they  have  been  commonly  of 
fools,  satyrs,  baboons,  wild  men,  antics , beasts,  &c.  Bacon. 

AN-TI-MA'SON,  n . One  opposed  to  the  order  of 
freemasons ; one  hostile  to  masonry  or  free- 
masonry. J.  Q.  Adams. 

AN-TJ-MA-SON'ICj  a.  Hostile  to  the  order  of 
freemasons  or  to  freemasonry.  Stevens. 

AN-TI-MA'SON-RY,  ii.  Opposition  to  the  system 
of  freemasonry.  Ward. 


AN-TJ-MAT-RI-MO'NI-AL,  a.  Hostile  to  matri- 
mony ; opposed  to  marriage.  Garrick. 

AN-TI-MEL-AN-jCHOL'JC,  ii.  {Med.)  A remedy 
for  melancholy.  Dunglison. 

AJV-  TI-ME-  TAB  1 0-LF.,  n.  [Gr.  avri,  against, 
and  ficTafto/.rj,  a change.]  (Rhet.)  A figure  of 
speech  in  which  things  are  changed  contrari- 
wise ; as,  “ A poem  is  a speaking  picture  ; a 
picture  a mute  poem.”  Crabb. 

AN-TlM'E-T£R,  n.  [Gr.  avri,  opposite,  and  pirpov, 
a measure.]  An  optical  instrument  for  accu- 
rately measuring  angles.  Davies. 

AN-TI-MET'RI-CAL,  a.  Contrary  to  the  rules  of 
metre  ; violating  prosody.  Ogilvie. 

AN-TI-MIN-IS-TE'RI-AL,  a.  Opposing  the  min- 
istry, or  executive  government.  Gray. 

AN-TI-MIN-IS-TE'RI-AL-IST,  n.  One  who  is  op- 
posed to  the  ministry.  Ash. 

AN-1 I-MO-NARUH  I-AL,  1 a_  Contrary  or  hos- 

AN-TI-MO-NAR;eH'!C,  1 tile  to  monarchy. 

AN-TI-MO-NArUH'I-CAL,  ) Addison. 

AN-TI-MO-NARCH'I-CAE-NESS,  n.  Opposition  to 
monarchical  government.  Ogilvie. 

AN-TI-MON'ARjGH-IST,  n.  An  enemy  to  mon- 
archy. Life  of  A.  Wood. 

AN-TI-MO'NI-AL,  a.  {Med.)  Relating  to  or  made 
of  antimony  ; containing  antimony.  Grew. 

AN-TI-MO'NI-AL,  n.  {Med.)  A medicine  con- 
taining antimony  Smart. 

AN-TJ-MO'NI-ATE,  n.  { Chimi.)  A salt  composed 
of  antimonic  acid  and  a base.  Smart. 

AN-TI-MON'IC,  ^ ) a.  {Chem.)  Noting  acids 

An-TI-MO'NI-OUS,  j composed  of  antimony  and 
oxygen.  Turner. 

AN'TI-MO-NlTE,  n.  {Chem.)  A salt  composed  of 
antimonious  acid  and  a base.  Crabb. 

AN-TI-MON-p-PHYL'LlTE,  or  AN-TI-MO-NOPH'- 
YL-L1TE,  n.  [Eng.  antimony,  Gr.  ipb'/Aov,  a 
leaf,  and  ).i0o;,  a stone.]  {Min.)  A grayish-white 
mineral  containing  oxide  of  antimony.  Dana. 

AN'TJ-MO-NY,  ii.  [Gr.  avri,  against,  and  /uSvot, 
alone ; so  named  from  being  seldom  found 
alone.]  {Min.)  A brittle  metal  of  a silvery 
white  color,  with  a tinge  of  blue,  a lamellar 
texture,  and  crystalline  fracture.  Ure. 

Crude  antimony,  the  ore  or  sulphuret  of  antimony. 

AN-TI-MOR'AL-IST,  n.  An  enemy  to  morality. 
“ A sect  of  antimoralists.”  Warburton. 

AN-TI-M0-§A'I-CAL,  a.  Opposing  the  authority 
of  the  books  of  Moses.  Bosivell. 

AN-TI-MU'§I-CAL,  a.  Opposed  to  music.  Ogilvie. 

AN-TI-N13-PHRIT'IC,  a.  [Gr.  avri,  against,  and 
vappins,  a disease  of  the  kidneys.]  Good  against 
inflammation  of  the  kidneys.  Dunglison. 

AN-TI-NE-PHR!t'!C,  ii.  A remedy  for  inflamma- 
tion of  the  kidneys.  Dunglison. 

AN-TI-NO'MI-AN,  11.  [Gr.  avri,  against,  and  vip o;, 
a law.]  {Eccl.  Hist.)  One  of  the  sect  who  denied 
the  obligation  of  the  observance  of  the  moral 
law,  under  the  Christian  dispensation.  South. 

AN-TJ-NO'MI-AN,  a.  Relating  to  the  Antino- 
mians.  “ Aiitinoinian  heretics.”  Bp.  Hall. 

AN-TI-NO'MI-AN-I^M,  ii.  The  tenets  of  the  An- 
tinomians.  Bp.  Hall. 

f AN-TI-NO'MIST,  n.  One  who  disregards  the 
law;  an  Antinomian.  Bp.  Sanderson. 

AN'TI-NO-MY,  or  AN-TIN'O-MY  [an'te-no-me, 
S.  P.  Sm.  C.;  an-iin'o-ino,  W.  J.  F.  Ja.\  ?ii- 
te'no-me,  K.],  11.  [Gr.  avri,  against,  and  vdpos, 
law.]  A contradiction  between  two  laws,  or 
two  articles  of  the  same  law.  Baker. 

AN-TI-O'jGHI-AN,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  Antiochus, 
the  founder  of  a sect  of  philosophers  contem- 
porary with  Cicero.  Ogilvie. 

2.  Noting  a mode  of  computing  time,  from 
the  date  of  the  proclamation  of  liberty  granted 
to  the  city  of  Antioch  ; as,  “ The  Antiochian 
epoch.”  Ogilvie. 


ilovrnXyta,  the  toothache.]  {Med.)  A remedy 
for  the  toothache.  Dunglison. 

AN-TI-P^E-DO-BAP'TIST,  n.  [Gr.  avri,  against, 
and  Eng.  paedobaptist .)  One  who  objects  to  the 
baptism  of  infants  ; a Baptist.  Buck. 

An-TI-pA'PAL,  a.  Opposing  the  pope  or  pa- 
pacy. “ That  antipapal  schism.”  Milton. 

AN-T|-PA-pIS'TI-CAL,  a.  Opposing  the  papacy  ; 
antipapal.  “Antipapistical  poets.”  Jortin. 

AN-TI-PAR'AL-LEL,  a.  Running  in  a contrary 
direction  on  a parallel  line.  “ Our  remedy  an- 
tiparallel to  their  disease.”  Hammond. 

AN-TI-PAR'AL-LEL^,  ii.  pi.  {Geom.)  Straight 
lines  which  make  equal  angles  with  two  given 
straight  lines,  but  in  a contrary  order.  Davies. 

AN-TI-PAR-A-LYT'IC,  {Med.)  Good 

AN-TI-PAR-A-LYT'I-CAL,  5 against  paralysis. 

AN-TI-PA-THET'IC,  Having  an  antipa- 

AN-TI-PA-THET'I-CAL,  ) thy  or  contrariety. 
“The  soil  is  fat,  luxurious,  and  antipathetical 
to  all  venomous  creatures.”  Howell. 

AN-TI-PATH'IC,  a.  [Gr.  avri,  against,  and  ml Oos, 
feeling.]  {Med.)  Relating  to  antipathy ; op- 
posite ; unlike  ; adverse.  Dunglison. 

AN-TIP'A-THIsT,  n.  That  which  has  antipathy. 

Sole  positive  of  night  1 

Antipathist  of  light!  Coleridge. 

f AN-TIP'A-THOUS,  a.  Adverse;  having  a natu- 
ral contrariety. 

As  if  she  saw  something  antipathous 

Unto  her  virtuous  life.  Beau.  8f  FI. 

AN-TIP'A-THY,  n.  [Gr.  avri,  against,  and  nados, 
feeling.]  A natural  aversion  ; a natural  contra- 
riety or  opposition  to  any  thing  ; repugnance  ; 
aversion  ; — opposed  to  sympathy. 

No  contraries  hold  more  antipathy 

Than  I and  sueh  a knave.  Shak. 

A man  may  have  an  antipathy  to  particular  smells  or 
tastes,  a turkey-cock  or  bull  to  the  color  red,  a horse  to  the 
smell  of  raw  flesh.  Locke. 

Syn.  — See  Repugnance. 

AN-TI-PA-TRI-OT'JC,  a.  Opposed  to  patriotic. 

AN-TI-PER-IS-TAl'TJC,  a.  Opposed  to  peristaltic. 

AN-  TI-PE-RIS1  TA-SIS,  11.  [Gr.  dvrnripitrraai;  ; avri, 
opposite,  and  mptariuris,  circumstance,  state.] 

1.  The  opposition  of  a contrary  quality,  by 
which  the  quality  it  opposes  becomes  height- 
ened or  gains  strength. 

The  antiperistasis  of  age 

More  inflamed  his  amorous  rage.  Cowley. 

2.  {Rhet.)  A figure  by  which  one  grants  what 
an  adversary  says,  but  denies  his  inference. 

AN-TI-PER-IS-TAT'IC,  a.  Relating  to  antiperis- 
tasis. Ash. 

AN-TI-PES-TI-LEN’TIAL,  a.  {Med.)  Good  against 
pestilence.  “Antipestilential  unguents. "Harvey. 

AN'TI-PHLO-IJUS'TIAN,  n.  [Gr.  avri,  against, 
and  p.oyurrt;,  burnt.  — See  Phlogiston.]  One 
opposed  to  the  theory  of  phlogiston.  Ogilvie. 

AN-TI-PHLO-^iS'TIC,  a.  {Med.)  Counteracting 
or  allaying  inflammation.  Fordyce. 

AN-TI-PHLO-<JHS'TIC,  n.  {Med.)  A medicine  that 
checks  inflammation.  Bp.  Berkeley. 

AN'TI-PHON  (an'te-fon),  n.  Same  as  Antiph- 
ony. Eden. 

AN-TIPH'O-NAL  (an-tlf'o-nal),  a.  Relating  to 
antiphony.  “Antiphoiial  chanting.”  B arton. 

AN-TIPH'O-NAL  (an-tif'o-n?I),  11.  A book  of 
anthems’;  an  antiphonary.  Burnet. 

AN-TIPH'O-NAR,  n.  An  antiphonary.  Burns. 

AN-TIPH'O-NA-RY,  n.  A service  book  of  the 
Catholic  church,’  in  which  the  antiphonies  were 
written;  a book  of  anthems  and  responses;  — 
called  also  a responsory . P.  Cyc. 

f AN-TIPH'O-NER,  n.  An  antiphonary.  Chaucer. 

AN-TI-PHON'I-CAL,  a.  Relating  to  antiphony  ; 
antiphonal.  Wheatley. 

AN-TIPH'O-NY  (fin-tlf'o-ne),  n.  [Gr.  uvrapoviu ; 
avri,  against,  and  fiovrj,  a voice.]  {Mus.)  A kind 
of  ancient  anthem,  the  verses  of  which  were 


AN-TI-0-DON-TAl'<?IC,  11.  [Gr.  avri,  against,  and 
MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — (J,  <;,  g,  soft;  £,  6,  £,  1,  hard;  § as  z;  y as  gz.  — THIS,  this, 


ANTIPHRASIS 


64 


ANTISTRUMOUS 


chanted  by  each  side  of  the  choir  alternately ; 
a response  ; an  antiphon. 

These  are  the  dear  antiphonies  that  so  bewitched  of  late 
our  prelates  and  their  chapters  with  the  goodly  echo  they 
made.  Milton. 

AN-TIPH'RA-SlS,  n.  [Gr.a  VTitfipaois  ; a vri,  against, 
and  a. speaking  or  phrase.]  (Rhet.)  The 

use  of  words  in  a sense  opposite  to  their  prop- 
er meaning.  South. 

AN-TI-PHRAS'TIC,  ) a_  Relating  to,  or  con- 

AN-TI-PHRAS'TI-CAL,  ) taining,  antiphrasis. 

AN-Tj-PHRAs'TI-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  the  manner  of 
antiphrasis.  Bp.  Morton. 

AN-TI-PHY§'I-CAL,  a.  Contrary  to  the  laws  of 
physics  or  of  nature.  Ogilvie. 

AN-TI-PLEU-RTT'IC,  a.  ( Med .)  Opposed  to 
pleurisy.  JJunglison. 

AN-TIP'O-DAL,  a.  Relating  to  the  antipodes. 

The  Americans  are  antipodal  unto  the  Indians.  Browne. 

An'TI-PODE,  71.  [See  Antipodes.]  One  of  the 
antipodes  ; one  who  is  in  opposition. 

My  soul  is  an  antipode,  and  treads  opposite  to  the  present 
world.  Stafford. 

This  word,  as  here  given,  is  Anglicized,  and  it 
is  found  in  the  Dictionaries  of  Todd,  Smart,  Ogilvie, 
Craig,  Boag,  Clarke,  and  Webster ; hut  it  is  not  coun- 
tenanced by  the  other  English  lexicographers.  Yet, 
as  the  Latin  word  antipodes  has  no  singular,  antipode 
may  be  sometimes  convenient. 

AN-TJ-PO'Dp-AN,  a.  Antipodal;  pertaining  to 
the  antipodes ; opposite.  Roget. 

AN-TIP'  0-DE§  [an-tlp'o-dez,  S.  II'.  P.  J.  F.  Ja. 
K.  Sm.  R. ; an-tlp'odz,  E. ; an'te-podz,  WbJ],  tl. 
pi.  [L.,  from  Gr.  ivri,  opposite,  and  j rocs,  roods,  a 
foot.]  (As  a Latin  word,  it  has  no  singular.) 
Literally,  those  who  stand  feet  to  feet  ; the  in- 
habitants of  the  parts  of  the  earth  diametri- 
cally opposite,  under  the  same  meridian,  and  in 
corresponding  parallels  of  latitude  on  different 
sides  of  the  equator  : — those  opposite  to  each 
other. 

Thou  art  as  opposite  to  every  good 

As  the  antipodes  are  unto  us.  Shak. 

tfir~  “ We  frequently  hear  disputes  whether  this 
word  should  be  pronounced  in  four  syllables,  as  it  is 
here,  with  the  accent  on  the  second,  or  in  three,  as  if 
divided  into  an-ti-podes,  with  the  accent  on  the  first 
syllable,  and  the  last  rhyming  with  abodes.  To  solve 
the  difficulty,  it  must  be  observed  that  the  word  is 
pure  Latin ; and  that,  when  wo  adopt  such  words 
into  our  own  language,  we  seldom  alter  the  accent. 
If,  indeed,  the  singular  of  this  word  were  in  use,  like 
satellite,  then  we  ought  to  form  the  plural  regularly, 
and  pronounce  it  in  three  syllables  only  ; but  as  it  is 
always  used  in  the  plural,  and  is  perfect  Latin,  we 
ought  to  pronounce  it  in  four.”  Walker. 

AN'TI-Poi-^ON,  n.  An  antidote  ; a counterpoi- 
son. “ Poisons  afford  antipoisons.”  Browne. 

AN'TI-POPE,  n.  One  who  usurps  the  popedom. 

AN'TI-PORT,  n.  See  Anteport. 

An-TI-PRIJ-lAT'I-CAL,  a.  Adverse  to  prelacy. 

AN'TI-PRIEST,  71.  An  enemy  to  priests.  “ Con- 
sent to  be  governed  by  antipriests.”  Walcrland. 

AN-TI-PRIEST'CRAFT,  71.  Opposition  to  priest- 
craft. “ I hope  she  is  secure  from  lay  bigotry 
and  antipriestcraft."  Burke. 

AN-TI-PrIn'CI-PLE,  71.  An  opposite  principle. 
“ There  was  an  antiprinciple  of  evil.”  Spencer. 

AN-TI-PROPH'JJT,  71.  An  enemy  to  prophets. 
“ So  many  atttiprophets  spring  up.”  Mede. 

AN-TIP-SOR'IC,  a.  [Gr.  dm,  against,  and  pa, 
the  itch.]  {Med.)  Curing  the  itch.  Dtinglisoti. 

AN-TIP-TO'SIS  [an-tip-to'sjs,  S.  W.  Ja.  K.  Sth.; 
an-tip'to-sis,  P.  Ik'/j.],  7i.  [Gr.  dmVnaaij ; ivri, 
against,  and  orwais,  a falling.]  ( Gra/n .)  A figure 
by  which  one  case  is  put  for  another.  Johnson. 

AN-TI-PCr'RJ-TAN,  n.  An  opposer  of  Puritans. 

AN-TI-PU-TRJIjl-FAC'TIVE,  a.  Antiseptic.  Brande. 

AN-TI-PY-RET'ICj  7i.  [Gr.  ivri,  against,  and 
TTuptros,  fever-heat.]  {Med.)  A remedy  for  fever. 

An-TI-PY-ROT'IC,  a.  [Gr.  avri,  against,  and  mpo>- 
tikHs,  burning.]  {Med. ) Good  for  curing  burns. 

AN-TI-CHJA'RI-AN,  a.  [L.  antiquarms.] 

1.  Relating  to  antiquity  or  to  antiquities. 

2.  Noting  a kind  of  drawing  paper. 


AN-TI-auA'RI-AN,  n.  One  devoted,  or  partial, 
to  antiquity  ; an  antiquary. 

I shall  distinguish  such  as  I esteem  to  be  hinderers  of  ref- 
ormation into  three  sorts  : antiquarians , for  so  I had  rather 
call  them  than  antiquaries  (whose  labors  are  useful  and  lau- 
dable) ; second,  libertines  ; third,  politicians.  Milton. 

And  what  the  painter’s  graphic  art, 

Or  antiquarians  searches  keen. 

Of  calm  amusement  could  impart.  Scott. 

Antiquary  and  antiquarian  are  now  both  in 
good  use  as  substantives.  The  latter,  which  is  used 
as  a substantive  by  Milton,  Warburton,  and  many 
more  recent  authors  of  reputation,  is  designated  by 
Todd  as  “improper.” 

AN-TI-GUA'RI-AN-I^M,  n.  Love  of  antiquities.  “I 
have  the  seeds  of  antiquarianism  in  me.”  Ilurd. 

AN'TI-QUA-RY,  7i.  [L.  antiquarius.]  One  versed 
in  a knowledge  of  antiquity,  or  in  the  minute 
facts  relating  to  antiquity ; an  antiquarian. 

With  sharpened  sight  pale  antiquaries  pore, — 

The  inscription  value,  but  the  rust  adore.  Pope. 

f AN'TI-ClUA-RY,  a.  Ancient;  antiquarian. 

Instructed  by  the  antiquary  times.  Shak. 

An'TI-CUJATE,  V.  a.  [L.  ailtiquo,  antiquatus .] 

[t.  ANTIQUATED  ; }i/7.  ANTIQUATING,  ANTIQUAT- 
ED.] To  make  obsolete  ; to  abrogate.  Hale. 

AN'TI-aUAT-?D,  p.  a.  Grown  old ; grown  out  of 
fashion;  out  of  use;  as,  “Antiquated  customs.” 

Syn.  —See  Ancient,  Old. 

AN'TI-OUAT-JJD-NESS,  7i.  The  state  of  being 
antiquated  or  obsolete.  Jolmsoti. 

f AN'TI-QUATE-NESS,  71.  The  state  of  being 
antiquated  ; antiquatedness.  Life  of  Mede. 

AN-TI-OUA'TION,  7i.  State  of  being  antiquated. 

Which  must  no  change  nor  antiquation  know.  Beaumont. 

AN-TiaUE'  (jn-tek',  17),  a.  [L.  atitiquus;  It.  an- 
tico  ; Sp.  antiguo  ; Fr.  antique.'] 

1.  Ancient ; old  ; not  modern. 

That  old  and  antique  song  we  heard  last  night.  Shak. 

2.  Of  genuine  antiquity.  “ The  seals  . . . 

which  we  know  to  be  antique.”  Hrydcti. 

3.  Made  to  imitate  what  is  ancient ; having 
the  appearance  of  antiquity,  as,  “ An  a7itique 
style.” 

4.  f Antic;  odd;  fantastic.  “Our  giddy- 

headed  a7itique  youth.”  JDotine. 

Syn.  — See  Ancient,  Old. 

AN-TIQUE'  (an-tek'),  n.  Any  thing  very  old ; an 
ancient  rarity  ; a piece  of  ancient  art.  Swift. 

lie  had  an  abundant  collection  of  ancient  statues,  not  to 
mention  numberless  other  antiques,  which  stood  neglected  in 
a lumber-room.  Melmoth. 

AN-TIQUE'LY,  ad.  In  an  antique  manner. 

AN-TiaUE'NpSS  (an-tek'nes),  71.  Quality  of  be- 
ing antique  or  ancient. 

We  may  discover  something  venerable  in  the  antimiencss 
of  the  work.  Addison. 

AN'Tl-QUlST,  71.  An  antiquary.  [In  disparage- 
ment.] “ Such  poor  antiquists.”  Pinkerton. 

AN-Tla'UI-Ty  (?n-tlk'we-te),  n.  [L.  antiquitas  ; 
It.  antichita  ; Sp.  antiguedad  ; Fr.  antiquite.] 

1.  Old  times ; ages  long  since  past. 

Aristotle,  Polybius,  and  Cicero,  the  greatest  philosopher, 
the  most  impartial  historian,  and  the  most  consummate 
statesman,  of  all  antiquity.  Addison. 

2.  The  people  of  old  times ; the  ancients. 

That  such  pillars  were  raised  by  Seth,  all  antiquity  has 
avowed.  Raleigh. 

3.  pi.  Things  relating  to  man  in  a social 
state  in  past  times ; relics  of  old  times ; as, 
“ Grecian  and  Roman  antiquities.” 

4.  Ancientness;  great  age.  “This  ring  is 

valuable  for  its  antiquity."  Johnson. 

5.  Old  age.  [In  a ludicrous  sense.] 

la  not  your  voice  broken?  your  wind  short?  your  chin 
double?  your  wit  single?  and  every  part  about  you  blasted 
with  antiquity ? Shak. 

AN-TI-REV-O-LU'TION-A-RY,  a.  Adverse  or 
opposed  to  revolutions.  Burke. 

AN-TI-REV-O-LU'TION-Ist,  n.  One  opposed 
to  change  in  the  form  of  government.  Guthrie. 

AN-TI-SAB-BA-TA'RJ-AN,  n.  One  who  opposes 
the  Sabbath.  Pagit. 

AN-TI-SAQ-F.R-DO'TAL,  a.  Hostile  to  priests. 
“ The  charge  of  . . . sacerdotal  craft, . . . laid  by 
antisacerdotal  pride  or  resentment.”  Waterland. 

AN-Tl"SCIAN§  (66),  7i.pl.  {Geog.)  Same  as  An- 
tiscii.  Brande. 


AN-TJ" SCI-i  (jn-tlsh'e-l),  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  ivri, 
opposite,  and  too,  a shadow.]  (Geog.)  The  peo- 
ple who  live  on  different  sides  of  the  equator, 
and  whose  shadows  at  noon  are  cast  in  oppo- 
site directions.  Brande. 

AA-T  I-SCOR-BU  TIL,  ? [Gr.  ivri,  against, 

AN-TI-SCOR-  BU'TI-CAL,  ) and  modern  L.  scor- 
butus, the  scurvy.]  (Med.)  Good  against  the 
scurvy.  “ Antiscorbutical  plants.”  Arbuthnot. 

AN-TI-SCOR-bO'TIC,  n.  (Med.)  A medicine 
good  against  the  scurvy.  Arbutlmot. 

f An'TI-SCRIPT,  7i.  [Gr.  avri,  against,  and  L. 
scribo,  scriptiis,  to  write.]  A writing  in  op- 
position to  another  writing.  Hacket. 

AN-TI-SCrIP'TIJ-RAL,  a.  Opposed  to  the  prin- 
ciples of  the  Scriptures. 

AN-TI-SCRIP'TU-RIiJM,  71.  Opposition  to  the 
Scriptures,  [r.]  Boyle. 

AN-TI-SCRlP'TU-RlST,  7i.  One  who  denies  rev- 
elation ; one  who  opposes  the  truth  of  the 
Scriptures.  “By  atheists  and  antiseripturists 
alleged  to  overthrow  . . . the  Scripture.”  Boyle. 

AN-T I-SEP  TIC,  ? [Gr.  avri,  against,  and 

AN-TI-SEP'TI-CAL,  ) atjrw,  to  putrefy.]  (Med.) 
Counteracting  putrefaction.  Battle. 

AN-TI-SEP'TIC,  n.  (Med.)  A substance  which 
prevents  or  checks  putrefaction.  Fordyce. 

An-TJ-SLA'VE-RY,  7t.  Hostility  to  slavery. 

AN-TI-SLA'VU-RY,  a.  Opposed  to  slavery  ; as, 
“ Antislavery  doctrines.” 

An-TI-SO'CIAL  (66),  a.  Hostile  or  averse  to 
civil  society.  Ch.  Ob. 

AN-TIS' PJi-SIS,  77.  [Gr.  avri,  opposite,  and  oaa'w, 
to  draw  out.]  (Med.)  The  turning  of  the-course 
of  the  humors  while  in  motion.  Hooper. 

AN-TI-SPA§-M6d'IC,  a.  (Med.)  Good  against 
spasms  or  cramps.  Dunglison. 

AN-TI-SPA^-MOD'IC,  71.  (Med.)  A medicine  that 
alleviates  or  cures  spasms.  jDutiglisoti. 

AN'TI-SPAST,  ) n.  [Gr.  am,  against,  and 

An-  TI-SpAS ' TUS,  ) airaw,  to  draw  out  or  forth.] 
(Pros.)  A tetrasyllable  foot  composed  of  an 
iambus  and  a trochee.  Ogilvie. 

AN-TI-SPAs'TJC,  a.  [Gr.  am,  opposite,  and  an a- 
otik6s,  pulling.] 

1.  (Med.)  Causing  a revulsion  of  humors. 

2.  (Med.)  Counteracting  spasms  or  cramps  ; 

antispasmodic.  Ogilvie. 

AN-TI-SPAs'TJC,  7i.  (Med.)  A remedy  which 
causes  the  revulsion  of  fluids  or  humors. 

AN-TI-SPLEN'B-TiC  [an-te-splen'e-tlk,  S.  W.  J. 
Ja.  K. ; an-te-sple-net'jk,  P.  C.  Wb .],  a.  (Med.) 
Efficacious  in  diseases  of  the  spleen. 

JN-TIS’  T-ft-SIS,  77.  [Gr.  imVrairq  ; am,  opposite, 
and  araais,  a standing  or  placing.]  (Rhet.)  The 
justification  of  an  action  by  showing  the  expe- 
diency of  having  done  it.  Crabb. 

jiN-TIS'  TFf,  71.;  pi.  AN-Tls'Tt-TEtf.  [L.,  a pres- 
ident.] The  chief  priest  or  prelate.  Milt077. 

rfJY-TIS'TRE-PHON,  71.  [Gr.  avriorptipopai,  to 
turn  back.1  (Rhet.)  An  argument  which  may 
be  retorted.  Milton. 

JJN-TIS'TRO-PIIE,  71.  [L.,  from  Gr.  avriarpoiPy ; 

ivri,  opposite,  and  arpiipw,  to  turn.] 

1.  The  stanza  opposed  to  the  strophe. 

It  was  customary  on  some  occasions  to  dance  round  the 
altars  whilst  they  sang  the  sacred  hymns,  which  consisted  of 
three  stanzas  or  parts;  the  first  of  which,  called  strophe,  was 
sung  in  turning  from  cast  to  west ; the  other,  named  antis- 
trophe, in  returning  from  west  to  east;  then  thev  stood  be- 
fore the  altar,  and  sang  the  epode,  which  wus  the  last  part  of 
the  song.  Potter. 

2.  (Rhet.)  An  alternate  conversion  of  the 

same  words  in  different  sentences  ; as,  “Tour 
servant,  sir.  — Sir,  your  servant.”  Crabb. 

AN-TI-STR6PH'IC,  a.  Relating  to  antistrophe. 

AN-TI-STRU-MAT'IC,  a.  [Gr.  am,  against,  and 
L.  struma,  a scrofulous  tumor.]  (Med.)  Good 
against  the  scrofula.  Wiseman. 

AN-TI-STRtJ'MOUS,  a.  (Med.)  Good  against 
scrofula  ; antistrumatic.  Ogilvie. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  J0,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


ANTIS  YNODALIAN 


65 


APATHETICAL 


AN-TI-SYN-O-DA'LI-AN,  n.  [Gr.  ivrl,  against, 
and  aivohoi,  an  assembly.]  One  opposed  to  syn- 
odals.  N.  E.  Elders. 

AN-TGSYPH-I-LJT'IC,  a.  [Gr.  avri,  against,  and 
syphilis,  the  venereal  disease.]  {Med.)  Good 
for  curing  syphilis.  Dunglison. 

AN-TI-SYPH-I-LIT'IC,  n.  {Med.)  A remedy  for 
syphilis.  Dunglison. 

AN-TI-THE'I§M,  n.  [Gr.  avri,  against,  and  dsds, 
God.]  Opposition  to  theism  or  the  belief  of  a 
God ; atheism.  Chalmers. 

AN-TI-THE'IST,  n.  An  opponent  of  theism  ; an 
atheist.  Chalmers. 

AN-TI-THE-IS'TI-CAL,  a.  Opposing  the  belief  of 
a God  ; atheistical.  Ogilvie. 

AN-TI-THJJ-Is'TI-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  an  atheistic 
manner  ; atheistically.  Ogilvie. 

AN-TITH'IJ-SlS,  n.  ; pi.  an-tItii'e-se?.  [Gr.  av- 
Tldems,  opposition  ; avri,  against,  and  r [Ur; fit,  to 
put.]  (Rhet.)  A figure  by  which  contraries  are 
opposed  to  contraries  ; opposition  in  words  or 
sentiments  ; contrast ; — as  in  these  lines  : 

Though  gentle,  yet  not  dull; 

Strong,  without  rage:  without  o’erflowing,  full.  Denham. 
I see  a chief  who  leads  my  chosen  sons, 

All  armed  with  points,  antitheses , and  puns.  Pope. 

AN-TI-THET'IC,  1.  Relating  to, or  con- 

An-TI-THET'I-CAL,  gaining, antithesis;  placed 
in  contrast.  “ Parallel  antithetical  expres- 
sions.” Mason. 

2.  Given  to  antithesis  ; addicted  to  antithesis. 

Tacitus,  who  is  one  of  the  most  antithetical , is  . . . one  of 
the  least  periodic,  of  all  the  Latin  writers.  Whately. 

AN-TI-THET'I-CAL-LYj  ad.  By  means  of  an- 
tithesis ; in  an  antithetic  manner.  Byron. 

AN-TITH' E-TON,  n.  ; pi.  AN-TITH  ’ E-TA.  [Gr. 
dvriOtrov  ; avri,  against,  and  rid lyi,  to  put.] 
{Rhet.)  Counterposition  ; antithesis. 

AM-TIT' RA-O  £rs,  n.  [Gr.  avri,  opposite,  and  L. 
tragus.  — See  Tragus.]  (Anat.)  The  process 
of  the  external  ear,  opposite  to  the  tragus,  and 
behind  the  ear-passage.  Brande. 

An-TJ-TRIN-I-TA'RI-AN,  a.  {Theol.)  Opposing 
the  doctrine  of  the  trinity. 

An-TI-TRIN-I-TA'RI-AN,  n.  {Theol.)  An  opposer 
of  the  doctrine  of  the  trinity.  Swift. 

AN-T{-TRIN-I-TA'R!-AN-i§M,  n.  {Theol.)  The 
doctrine  which  denies  a trinity  of  persons  in  the 
Godhead  ; the  denial  of  a triune  God.  Conder. 

AN-TlT'RO-PAL,  ?a.  [Gr.  avri,  opposite,  and 

AN-TIT'RO-POUS,  ) rpt'a-w,  to  turn.]  {Bot.)  Not- 
ing the  position  of  the  embryo  when  it  lies 
reversed  with  respect  to  the  seed,  its  cotyle- 
dons being  turned  towards  the  hilum.  Henslow. 

An'TI-TYPE,  n.  [Gr.  ivTirv nos,  copied  after  a 
type  or  model.]  {Theol.)  That  which  is  pre- 
figured or  represented  by  the  type,  and  there- 
fore stands  correlative  with  it ; — thus,  the 
paschal  lamb  was  a type,  to  which  our  Saviour, 
the  Lamb  of  God,  was  the  antitype.  Bp.  Taylor. 

AN-TI-TYP'I-CAL,  a.  Relating  to  an  antitype  ; 
corresponding  to  the  type.  Parkkurst. 

t AN-TJ-TY'POyS,  a.  Antitypical.  Cudivorth. 

AN-TI-VAC'CI-NIST,  n.  [Gr.  ivri,  against,  and 
L.  vaccina,  the  cow-pox.]  {Med.)  One  who  op- 
poses vaccination.  Ed.  Rev. 

An-TI-VA-RI'O-LOUS,  a.  [Gr.  avri,  against,  and 
Eng.  variolous .]  (Med.)  Opposing  or  coun- 
teracting the  small-pox.  Ogilvie. 

A.V-TI-  VF.-.Yi]  ' re-AL,  a.  (Med.)  Good  against 
the  venereal  disease  ; antisyphilitic.  Dunglison. 

f An'TI-WIT,  n.  An  enemy  to  wit.  Wycherly. 

ANT'LER,  n.  [Old  Fr.  entoillier;  Fr . andouiller.] 
A first  branch  of  a stag’s  horn  ; any  branch  of 
a stag’s  horn. 

A well-grown  stag,  whose  antlers  rise 

High  o'er  his  front.  Dryden. 

ANT'LERED  (ant'lerd),  a.  Having  antlers. 

A fowlwith  spangled  plumes,  a brinded  steer, 

sometimes  a crested  mare,  or  antlered  deer.  Vernon. 

AnT'LIke,  a.  Resembling  the  habits  of  ants ; 
industrious  ; provident.  Ogilvie. 


AN-TCE ' Cl  (em-te'sl),  n.  pi.  [L.,  from  Gr.  aV- 
roocoi]  Same  as  Antecians.  Brande. 

An-TO-JVO-MA  fl-A  (an-to-no-ma'zhe-a),  n.  [L., 
from  Gr.  dvroroyaaia  ; avri,  instead  of,  and  oroya, 
a name.]  (Rhet.)  A form  of  speech  in  which 
some  general  term  is  put  in  place  of  a proper 
name;  as,  “The  Stagyrite,”  for  Aristotle;  — or 
in  which  a proper  name  is  put  in  place  of  a com- 
mon noun  ; as,  “ a Cicero,”  for  an  orator  ; “ a 
Nero,”  for  a tyrant ; “ a Cromwell,”  for  a usur- 
per ; “ a Solomon,”  for  a wise  man.  Brande. 

AN-TO-NO-MAs'TI-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  the  manner 
of  the  figure  antonomasia.  Ogilvie. 

f AN'TRE  (Sn'ter),  n.  [L.  antrum,  & cave;  Fr. 
autre. \ A cave  ; a den.  Brande. 

Antres  vast,  and  deserts  idle, 

Rough  quarries, rocks,  hills  whose  heacls  touch  heaven.  Shale. 

AN-TRIM'O-LITE,  n.  [Antrim,  in  Ireland,  near 
the  Giant’s  Causeway,  and  Gr.  >.[ 60s,  a stone.] 
(Mm.)  A variety  of  mesotype,  occurring  in 
white  fibrous  stalactites,  about  as  large  as  the 
finger,  in  cavities  of  amygdaloid.  Dana. 

A-MU'BIS,  n.  (Myth.)  A deity  of  the  Egyptians, 
represented  by  a human  figure  with  the  head  of 
a dog.  Brande. 

A 'JVUS,  n.  [L.]  (Anat.)  The  excrementary  ori- 
fice of  the  alimentary  canal.  Dunglison. 

AN'VIL,  n.  [A.  S.  anfilt,  an  anvil.]  The  iron 
block  on  which  iron  and  other  metals  are  laid 
to  be  hammered. 

I saw  a smith  stand,  with  his  hammer,  thus, 

The  whilst  his  iron  did  on  his  anvil  cool.  Shale. 

Quick  on  the  anvil  lay  the  burning  bar.  Jago. 

To  be  on  the  anvil , to  be  in  a state  of  formation  or 
preparation. 

AN'VIL,  v.  a.  To  fashion  on  the  anvil. 

Lre  you  hear  it,  with  all  care  put  on 

The  surest  armor,  anvilled  in  the  shop 

Of  passive  fortitude.  Beau.  Sf  FI. 


ANJC-I'E-TY  (jng-zl'e-te),  n.  [L.  anxietas  ; anc/o, 
to  vex,  to  trouble  ; It.  ansieta  ; Sp.  ansia ; Fr. 
anxiete.]  Trouble  of  mind  about  some  future 
event;  continual  uneasiness  ; perplexity;  men- 
tal distress  ; concern  ; painful  solicitude. 


To  be  happy  is  not  only  to  be  freed  from  the  pains  and 
diseases  of  the  body,  but  from  anxiety  and  vexation  of  spirit. 

Tillotson . 

Syn.  — See  Care  . 


ANX'IOUS  (angk'slms,  82),  a.  [L.  anxius. ] 

1.  Full  of  anxiety  ; suffering  from  suspense 
or  uncertainty ; concerned  about  the  future  ; 
solicitous ; unquiet ; uneasy. 

Anxious , and  trembling  for  the  birth  of  fate.  Pope. 

2.  Attended  with  solicitude  or  uneasiness. 


God  hath  bid  dwell  tar  otf  all  anxious  cares.  Milton. 


Syn.  — See  Care. 


ANX'IOUS-LY  (hngk'shus-le),  ad.  In  an  anxious 
manner ; solicitously  ; unquietly  ; uneasily. 

Anx'IOUS-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  be- 
ing anxious  ; anxiety.  Spectator. 

AN'Y  (en'e),  a.  [A.  S.  cenig,  any.] 

1.  A single  one  of  many,  whoever  or  what- 
ever it  may  be. 

And  he  sent  him  away  to  his  house,  saying,  Neither  go 
into  the  town,  nor  tell  it  to  any  in  the  town.  Mark  viii.  26. 

There  is  no  one  book  extant  in  any  language,  or  in  any 
country,  which  can  in  any  degree  be  compared  with  it  [the 
Bible]  for  antiquity,  for  authority,  for  the  importance,  the 
dignity,  the  variety,  and  the  curiosity  of  the  matter  it  con- 
tains. Porteus. 

2.  Some,  however  few  or  many,  or  of  what- 
ever kind ; an  indefinite  number  or  quantity. 

And  Saul . . . went  unto  the  high  priest,  and  desired  of  him 
letters  ...  to  the  synagogues,  that  if  he  found  any  of  this  way, 
whether  they  were  men  or  women,  he  might  bring  them 
bound  unto  Jerusalem.  Acts  ix.  1,2. 

If  there  be  any  virtue,  if  there  be  any  praise.  Phil.  iv.  8. 

BSP  This  word  was  formerly  written  as  it  is  pro- 
nounced, eny.  “ If  ye  have  eny  thing  against  eny 
man.”  Mark  xi.  25.  Tyndale^s  Translation.  “ If  ye 
have  aught  against  eny  man.”  Cranmcr. 

teef*  “ Any,  an,  a,  one,  seem  all  to  be  nearly  equiv- 
alent words,  and  derived  from  one  origin ; I mean 
from  ane,  the  name  of  unity.  Hence  a or  an  and  any 
are  frequently  synonymous.  ‘A  considerate  man 
would  have  acted  differently’;  that  is,  ‘any  consid- 
erate mail.’  ” Crombie. 

It  is  used  in  composition  ; as,  anywhere,  & c. 

ANY  (en'e),  ad.  At  all ; in  any  degree ; some- 
what ; as,  “ Any  better.”  Atterbury. 

ANY-HOW  (Sn'e-hou),  ad.  In  any  manner  ; in 
any  way  ; in  any  case.  Nelson. 


ANY-VVHERE  (en'e-hwir),  ad.  In  any  place. 
“ Begun  anywhere  below.”  Locke. 

f ANY-VVIIITHER  (en’e-hwltli-er),  ad.  To  any 
place.  “Inveigle  — men  any  whither.”  Barrow. 
ANY-WI§E  (en'e-wlz),  ad.  In  any  manner. 
“ How  can  he  be  anywise  rich  ? ” Barrow. 


A-O'NI-AN,  a.  Relating  to  Aonia,  a part  of  Boeo- 
tia,  and  to  a fountain  near  Mount  Helicon  in 
Aonia,  sacred  to  the  Muses.  Pope. 

A'O-RIST,  n.  [Gr.  adptorof,  indeterminate  ; a priv. 
and  to  determine.]  (Gram.)  An  indefi- 
nite tense  in  the  Greek  grammar.  Valpy. 

A'O-RIST,  a.  (Gram.)  Indefinite  with  respect  to 
time ; aoristic.  Valpy. 

A-O-RIS  TIC,  1 a (Gram.)  Relating  to  the 

A-O-RlS'TI-CAL,  ) aorist ; indefinite.  Harris. 


A-OR'TA,  n.  [Gr.  dopn/,  the  great  artery  ; dttpoi, 
to  lift,  to  raise  up.  Liddell  A Scoff.] 

(Anat.)  The  great  artery  or  vessel  which 
arises  from  the  upper  and  back  part  of  the  left 
ventricle  of  the  heart.  It  is  the  common  trunk 
of  the  arteries  of  the  body.  Dunglison. 

TAL,  i a%  Relating  to  the  aorta,  or  great 
A-OR'TIC,  ) arterial  trunk.  Bell. 


A-PACE',  ad.  [«  and  pace.]  With  quick  pace ; 
quickly ; speedily  ; hastily.  Milton. 

Now  spurs  the  Iated  traveller  apace.  Shak. 

Ap  ’A-GO-gE,  n.  [Gr.  ditayoiyy,  a leading  away; 
an6,  from,  and  ayui,  to  lead.] 

(Logic.)  The  same  as  reductio  ad  absurdum  ; 
a demonstration  which  does  not  prove  the 
thing  directly,  but  shows  the  impossibility  or 
absurdity  of  denying  it.  Berkeley. 

AP-A-GO^'I-CAL,  a.  Proving  a thing  indirectly, 
by  showing  the  absurdity  of  denying  it.  Beattie. 

I demand  a reason  why  any  other  anagoqical  demonstra- 
tion, or  demonstration  ad  absurdum , sliould  be  admitted  in 
geometry  rather  than  this.  Berkeley. 

A-PA^'Y-NOUS,  a.  [Gr.  ana!;,  once,  and  ywt'/,  a 
female.]  (Bot.)  Applied  to  plants  that  fructify 
once  and  then  perish ; monocarpous.  Brande. 

f A-PAID',  a.  Satisfied  ; appayed.  Chaucer. 

He  was  apaid  with  the  choice.  Bp.  Hall. 

AP-A-LA'CHI-AN,  a.  — Same  as  Appalachian. 

AP'A-NA<?E,  [Low  L.  apanagium,  or  appena- 
gi'um ; panis,  bread.]  (Laic.)  An  allowance 
to  younger  branches  of  a sovereign  house,  out 
of  the  revenues  of  the  country ; generally  to- 
gether with  a grant  of  public  domains.  Brande. 

See  Appanage  and  Appenage. 


t A-PAN'TIIRO-PY,  n.  [Gr.  ait6,  from,  and  avdpoi- 
nos,  man.]  Aversion  to  human  society.  Crabb. 

Ap-A-RITH 'ME- sis,  [dp-a-rith'nie-sis,  Ja.  Sm. 
Wb.  ; ap-j-rjth-mS'sjs,  K.  Todd,  Crabb],  n.  [Gr. 
anaptOyyois,  a counting  over.]  (Rhet.)  Enumer- 
ation of  particulars.  Walker. 

A-PART',  ad.  [Fr.  d and  part,  separate ; by  one’s 

' self.] 

1.  Separately,  as  respects  space ; aside  from 
company. 

"When  he  had  sent  the  multitudes  away,  he  went  up  into 
a mountain  apart.  Matt.  xiv.  23. 

Then  came  the  disciples  to  Jesus  apart.  Matt.  xvii.  19. 

2.  Asunder  ; as,  “ To  pull  apart.” 

3.  Separately,  as  a subject  of  thought ; dis- 
tinctly; as,  “ It  is  best  to  consider  these  ques- 
tions apart”  ; “This  reason  is  sufficient,  apart 
from  all  others.” 

4.  Off ; away. 

Wherefore  lay  apart  all  filthiness.  James  i.  21. 

A-PART'M  ENT,  n.  [Fr.  appartement ; a part, 
separate.] 

1.  A room  in  a house  or  other  building;  a 
part  of  a house  separated  from  other  parts. 

2.  pi.  A suite,  or  suit,  of  rooms  ; lodgings. 

He,  pale  as  death,  despoiled  of  his  array, 

Into  the  queen’s  ajjartment  takes  his  way.  Dryden. 

A-PAT’E-LlTE,  n.  [Gr.  dnardo),  to  deceive,  and 
HOos,  a stone.]  (Min.)  A hydrous  sulphate  of 
peroxide  of  iron.  Dana. 

AP-A-THET'IC,  i [Gr.  a priv.  and  ndOos, 

AP-A-THET'J-CAL,  ) feeling.]  Having  no  feel- 
ing; insensible;  passionless.  “ Apathetic  . . . 
like  a statue.”  Harris. 


MIEN,  SIR  ; MOVE,  NOR,  SON  ; BI>LL,  BUR,  RlJLE. 
9 


— 9,  £>  soft;  C,  G,  g,  |,  hard;  f)  as  z;  3C  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


APATHIST 


APOCALYPT 


66 


AP'A-THlST,  n.  One  without  feeling.  Todd. 

AP-A-THIS'TJ-CAL,  a.  Indifferent;  unfeeling; 
apathctical.  “ Apathistical  disposition.1'  Seward. 

AP'A-THY,  n-  [Or.  a priv.  and  7 u!0o;,  feeling.] 
Want  of  feeling ; insensibility;  indifference. 

Of  good  anil  evil  much  they  argued  then, 

Passion  and  apathy , and  glory  and  shame.  Milton. 

In  this  sullen  apathy  neither  true  wisdom  nor  true  happi- 
ness can  be  found.  Hume. 

\ As  the  passions  are  the  springs  of  most  of  our  actions,  a 
state  of  apathy  has  come  to  signify  a sort  of  moral  inertia, 
the  absence  of  all  activity  or  energy.  According  to  the  sto- 
ics, apathy  meant  the  extinction  of  the  passions  by  the  ascen- 
dency of  reason.  Fleming. 

Syn.  — See  Indifference. 

AP'A-TITE,  n.  [Gr.  aiuiTau,  to  deceive.]  (A/m.) 
A mineral  composed  of  phosphate  of  lime  and 
fluoride  of  calcium.  Chloride  of  calcium  some- 
times replaces  part  of  the  fluoride.  Dana. 

Ape,  n.  [A.  S.  npa  ; Swed.  apa  ; Icel.  ape ; Ger. 
affe.  — W.  epa.] 

1.  ( Zoil .)  A name  applied  to  those  species  of 

the  Simiee  which  are  destitute  of  a tail;  — a 
genus  of  quadrumanous  mammals  closely  ap- 
proaching to  the  human  species  in  anatomical 
structure,  and  including  orang-outangs,  chim- 
panzees, and  gibbons.  Braude. 

1 will  be  more  newfangled  than  an  ape.  more  giddy  in  my 

‘ desires  than  a monkey.  Shak. 

2.  A servile  imitator. 

Mv  lady’s  ape , that  imitated  all  her  fashions  ; falling  as 
she  did,  and  running  the  same  course  of  folly.  A'abbes. 

APE,  v.  a.  [i.  aped  ; pp.  aping,  aped.]  To  imi- 
tate servilely  or  ambitiously,  like  an  ape  ; to 
mimic.  “ Aping  the  foreigners.”  Dryden. 

A-PEAK',  ad.  1.  In  a posture  to  pierce  ; formed 
with  a point.  Johnson. 

2.  (Naut.)  Perpendicular.  “ An  anchor  is 

said  to  be  apeak,  when  the  cable  to  which  it  is 
attached  is  drawn  so  tight  as  to  bring  the  bow 
of  the  vessel  perpendicularly  over  it.”  “ The 
yards  are  apeak  when  they  are  topped  by  con- 
trary lifts.”  Dana. 

t A-PEIRE'  (?-peer').  — See  Appaiii.  Chaucer. 

A- PEL' LOTS,  a.  [Gr.  a priv.  and  L .pellis,  skin.] 
Destitute  of  skin.  Brande. 


AP'pN-NlNE,  a.  [Gr. ’Airfuirof.]  (Geog.)  Relating 
to  a range  of  mountains  running  through  Italy. 

Ap'EN-NINE§,  n.  pi.  {Geog.)  A range  of  moun- 
tains extending  through  Italy. 

The  rugged  Apennines,  that  roll 

Far  through  Italian  bounds  their  wavy  tops.  Thomson. 

AP'EP-SY  [ap'ep-se,  IV.  K.  C. ; j-pep'se,  Sen . 1 17; . ] , 
n.  [Gr.  anrriti ; a priv.  and  rir.rio,  to  digest.] 
(Med.)  Want  of  digestion.  Quincy. 

AP'JJR,  n.  One  that  apes;  an  imitator.  Johnson. 

A-PE'RI-ENT,  a.  [L.  aperio , aperiens,  to  open.] 
(Med.)  Gently  opening;  laxative.  Bacon. 

A-l’E'RI-ENT,  n.  (Med.)  A gently  purgative 
medicine ; a laxative.  Dunglison. 

A-PER'I-TI  VE,  a.  (Med.)  Aperient.  Harvey. 

t A-PERT',  a.  [L.  aperio,  apertas,  to  open.] 
Open.  “ Apert  confessions.”  Fotherby. 


t A-PER'TION,  n.  Act  of  opening  ; an  opening. 
“ Either  by  ruption  or  apertion.”  Wiseman. 

+ A-PERT'LY,  ad.  Openly.  Bale. 


t A-PERT'NJgSS,  n.  Openness.  Holder. 

AP'ER-TUfiE  [fip'er-ture,  ,S.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm. 
R.  C.\  ap'er-chur,  IE.],  n.  [L.  aperio,  apertas, 
to  open.] 

1.  f The  act  of  opening.  Holder. 

2.  An  opening  ; a hole  ; a passage.  “ An 

aperture  of  an  inch.”  Newton. 

A'PFFRY,  n.  The  act  of  apiifg;  affected  imita- 
tion. “ The  apery  of  a country.”  Fcltham. 


A-P£T’A-LOUS,  a.  [Gr.  a priv.  and  ittraXov,  a 
leaf.]  (Bot.)  Noting  a flower  having  no  co- 
rolla. Gray. 


A ' PF.X  (a’peks),  n. ; pi.  L.  ap'  i-CF.y,  Eng. 
a'pex-ejj.  The  summit  or  highest  point 
of  any  thing,  as  of  a cone,  spire,  mountain, 
&c. ; the  top.  — See  Apices. 


A-PHJER! F.-SIS  [a-ler'e-sTs,  IV.  P.  J.  Ja. ; a- fG' re- 


sts, S.  K.  Sm.],  n.  [L. ; Gr.  afalptats ; d;nS,  from, 
aifitw,  to  take  away.] 

1.  (Gram.)  The  taking  away  of  a letter  or 
syllable  from  the  beginning  of  a word.  Johnson. 

2.  (Sury.)  An  operation  by  which  any  part 

of  the  body  is  removed.  Dunglison. 

A-PIIAN'JP-SIte,  n.  [Gr.  aipnves,  uncertain.] 
(Min.)  An  arseniate  of  copper;  — so  named 
from  the  difficulty  of  recognizing  it  by  its  crys- 
tals. Dana. 

APH-A-JVIP ' TE-RA,  n.pl.  [Gr.  atpavrH,  not  mani- 
fest, and  nripov,  a wing.]  (Ent.)  An  order  of 
apterous  insects,  of  which  the  common  flea 
may  be  regarded  as  the  type.  Brande. 

Aph-A-NIp'TE-ROUS,  a.  (Ent.)  Relating  to  the 
aphaniptera.  Brande. 

APH'A-NITE,  n.  [Gr.  oufxu'i'is,  unseen,  hidden  ; n 
priv.  and  ipairo/iai,  to  appear.]  (Min.)  Compact 
hornblende  rock.  Dana. 

A-  PHF.  'LI-ON,  n. ; pi.  a-phe'  li-a.  [Gr.  anti,  away 
from,  and  i)hos,  the  sun.]  (Astron.)  The  point 
of  a planet’s  orbit  that  is  farthest  from  the  sun, 
and  opposite  to  the  perihelion.  Herschel. 

A-PHER'p-SIS,  n.  Same  as  Appleresis. 

f A-PHE  ' TA,  n.  (Astrol.)  The  name  of  the  planet 
imagined  to  be  the  giver  or  disposer  of  life  in  a 
nativity.  Bailey. 

+ A-PHET'I-CAL,  a.  Relating  to  the  apheta. 

A-PHI  D'I-AN,  n.  (Ent.)  One  of  a genus  of  mi- 

nute hemipterous  insects,  injurious  to  vegeta- 
tion, commonly  called  plant-lice  ; Aphis.  Harris. 

APII-l-DlV'O-ROUS,  a.  [aphis,  and  L.  voro,  to 
devour.]  (Ent.)  Devouring  aphides. 

APII-I-LAN'THRO-PY,  n.  [Gr.  a priv.  t/nXIut,  to 
love,  and  dvOfiumo;,  man.]  Want  ef  love  to  man- 
kind ; want  of  benevolence.  Johnson. 

A ' PHIS,  n. ; pi.  apii'  r-nk.f.  (Ent.)  The  plant- 
louse  ; the  puceron  ; the  vine-fretter.  Brande. 

APH-LO-pIS'T[C,  a.  [Gr.  a priv.  and  <p).oyi(u>,  to 
burn.]  Without  flame.  Brande. 

APH  O-NOUS,  a.  [Gr.  a priv.  and  tpuu/j,  voice.] 
Destitute  of  voice.  Roget. 

APH'O-NY  (sfo-ne),  n.  [Gr.  aipuvta,  speechless- 
ness.J  (Med.)  A loss  of  voice.  Quincy. 

APH'O-Rl^M,  n.  [Gr.  atpoptopi; ; &<popi(u>,  to  define.] 
A principle  or  precept  expressed  in  few  words  ; 
a maxim ; an  adage ; a proverb. 

The  first  and  most  ancient  inquirers  into  truth  were  wont 
to  throw  their  knowledge  into  aphorisms,  or  short,  scattered, 
unmethodical  sentences.  Bacon. 

The  word  parable  is  sometimes  used  in  Scripture  in  a 
large  and  general  sense,  and  applied  to  short,  sententious 
sayings,  maxims,  or  aphorisms.  Porteus. 

Exclusively  of  the  abstract  sciences,  the  largest  and  wor- 
thiest portion  of  our  knowledge  consists  of  aphorisms,  and  the 
greatest  and  best  of  men  is  but  an  aphorism.  Coleridge. 

The  first  aphorism  of  Hippocrates  is,  “Life  is  short,  and 
the  art  is  long;  the  occasion  fleeting;  experience  fallacious, 
and  the  judgment  difficult.  Thcv  physician  must  not  only 
he  prepared  to  do  what  is  right  himself,  but  also  to  make  the 
patient,  the  attendants,  and  externals  co-operate.”  Fleming. 

Syn.  — See  Axiom. 

ApH-O-RI^-MAT'JC,  a.  Relating  to,  or  contain- 
ing, aphorisms  ; aphorismic.  Gregory. 

f Aph'0-rI§-M$R,  n.  A dealer  in  aphorisms. 
“ All  the  tribe  of  aphorismers.”  Milton. 


APH-0-RI§'MIC,  a.  Relating  to  aphorisms  ; 
aphoristic ; aphorismatic.  Coleridge. 

APH'O-RIst,  n.  A WTiter  of  aphorisms.  Nelson. 

APH-O-RIS  TIC,  ) a Relating  to  aphorisms  ; 

ApH-O-RIS'TI-CAL,  ) aphorismic.  Month.  Rev. 

ApH-O-RIS'TI-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  the  form  or  man- 
ner of  an  aphorism.  “ As  Hippocrates  like- 
wise doth  aphoristically  tell  us.”  Harvey. 

Aph'RITE,  n.  [Gr.  a<ppti;,  froth.]  (Min.)  A soft, 
friable  carbonate  of  lime.  Brande. 


Aph'RI-ZITE,  n.  (Min.)  A variety  of  tourmaline. 

APM-RO-DI"§!-AC,  n.  [Gr.  aippofuriaici;,  belonging 
to  venery  ; ' At/ipo flirt),  Venus  : Fr.  aphrodisiaque. J 
(Med.)  Medicine  or  food  supposed  to  excite 
sexual  desire.  Brande. 

APH-RO-D!''§!-AC  (fif-fro-dIzh'e-5k),  ) a.Re- 

ApH-RO-DI-^I'A-CAL  (af-fro-de-zlVM),  ) lating 
to  Venus;  exciting  sexual  desire.  Johnson. 


ApH'RO-DI-TIJ  [af'rn-dl-te,  Sm.  B. ; Sf'ro-dlt,  K. ; 
af'ro-dlt,  C.  Wbi],  n.  [Gr.  ’AiPpofirrj,  Venus,  from 
aipfiif,  froth  ; she  being  supposed  to  have  origi- 
nated from  the  froth  of  the  sea.] 

1.  (Zoiil.)  A beautiful  genus  of  annellidans 

adorned  with  silky  hairs  and  bristles,  of  which 
the  sea-mouse  is  an  example.  Brande. 

2.  (Min.)  A silicate  of  magnesia.  Dana. 

APII'  THJE,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  aipOai ; anrio,  to  in- 
flame.] (Med.)  A disease  consisting  of  sores 
or  ulcers  in  the  mouth  ; the  thrush.  Dunglison. 

APH'THONG  (S.p'thSng),  n.  [Gr.  a privative,  and 
ip8oyyi;,  the  voice.]  A letter,  or  combination  of 
letters,  having  no  sound.  Smart. 

APH'THOUS,  a.  (Med.)  Relating  to  aphtha1,  or 
thrush.  “Aphthous  fever.”  Dunglison. 

A-PHYL'LOLS,  or  APH'YL-LOl'S  (131)  [j-fil'us, 
Sm.  Brande,  Crabb;  Sf'e-lus,  Wb.  A'.],  a.  [Cir. 
a priv.  and  fiiD.ov,  a leaf.]  (Bot.)  Destitute  of 
leaves.  Hensloio. 

A-PI-A'RI-AN,  a.  [L.  apis,  a bee.]  Belonging  or 
relating  to  bees.  Jardine. 

A'PI-A-RlST,  n.  A keeper  of  bees.  Kirby. 

A'PI-A-RY,  n.  [L.  apis,  a bee.]  A place  where 
bees  are  kept ; a bee-house.  Brande. 

APT-GAL,  a.  Relating  to  the  apex,  or  top.  P.  Cyc. 

AP  ’I-CE§  [ap'e-sez,  Sm.  Ainsworth,  Leverett,  Ash ; 
?-pl'sez,  Ja. ; a'pe-sez,  F.  R.  Wb. ; a-pe'sez,  A'.], 
n.  pi.  [L.  apex,  a point.]  (Bot.)  Tips  ; points  ; 
tufts. — See  Apex.  Quincy. 

A-PIC'L-LATE,  > a_  apex,  a 

A-PlC'U-LAT-ED,  $ point.]  (Bot.)  Ab- 
ruptly short-pointed ; sharp.  Loudon. 

A-PIC  ' U-LUS,  n.  [L.  dim.  of  apex,  a 
point.]  (Bot.)  A small  point  formed 
by  the  projection  of  the  midrib  be- 
yond the  leaf.  Loudon. 

A-PIECE'  (a-pes'),  ad.  [a  and  piece.]  1.  To  the 
part  or  share  of  each. 

One  copy  of  this  paper  may  serve  a dozen  of  you,  which 
will  be  less  than  a farthing  apiece.  Swift. 

2.  For  one,  or  each  by  itself ; as,  “ How 
much  are  these  worth  apiece  ? ” 

f A-PIE'CpS  (a-pes'ez),  ad.  In  pieces. 

I’ll  be  first  cut  apieces.  Beau.  V FI. 

A'PI-lNE,  n.  [L.  apium,  parsley,  from  apis,  a 
bee;  so  named  on  account  of  the  fondness  of 
bees  for  it.]  A gelatinous  substance  obtained 
from  parsley.  Brande. 

A 'PIS,  n.  [L.]  (Ent.)  A Linnsean  genus  of  in- 
sects ; the  bee.  Brande. 

A'PISH,  a.  Having  the  qualities  of  an  ape  ; imi- 
tative ; foppish  ; affected  ; trifling. 

Duck  with  French  nods  and  apish  courtesy.  Shak. 

A'PISH-LY,  ad.  In  an  apish  manner.  Milton. 

A'PISH-NESS,  n.  Mimicry  ; foppery.  Congreve. 

A-PiT'PAT,  ad.  [Reduplication  of  pat,  to  imi- 
tate quick  motion,  from  Fr.  battre,  to  beat.] 
With  quick  palpitation  ; pitapat.  Congreve. 

A'PI-UM,  n.  [L.,  parsley. ] (Bot.)  A genus  of 
umbelliferous  plants  ; parsley.  Loudon. 

AP-LA-NAt'IC,  a.  [Gr.  a priv.  and  -tXavt),  a wan- 
dering.] (Opt.)  Noting  reflectors,  lenses,  and 
combinations  of  them,  capable  of  deviating 
light  without  spherical  aberration.  Bartlett. 

A-PLOME',  n.  [Gr.  fat l., jo;,  simple.]  (Min.)  A 
variety  of  crystallized  garnet.  Brande. 

A-PLOT'O-MY,  n.  [L.  aplotomia,  from  Gr. 
asUo;,  simple,  and  repvm,  to  cut.]  (Med.)  A 
simple  incision.  Dunglison. 

A-PL&S'  TRE  (fi-plus’tre),  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  aD-a- 
otov.]  An  ornament  of  wood  on  the  highest  part 
of  the  poop  of  ancient  ships.  Fairholt. 

A-POC'A-LYPSE,  n.  [Gr.  droKui.vdi;  ; nn OKaXiittroi, 

' to  reveal.]  1.  Disclosure  ; revelation. 

Revelation  or  . . . apocali/pse  of  all  state  arcana.  Sivi/t. 

2.  The  Revelation  to  St.  John. 

O for  that  warning  voice,  which  he.  who  saw 

The  Apocalypse,  heard  cry  in  heaven  aloud.  Milton. 

A-POC'A-LYPT,  n.  The  author  of  the  Apocalypse, 
or  “Revelation  of  St.  John.”  [r.]  Coleridge. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  ?,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL; 


HEIR,  HER; 


APOCALYPTIC 


67 


APOPLEXY 


A-POC-A-LYP'TJC,  ) a.  Relating  to  the  Apoc- 

A-POC-A-LYP'TI-CAL,  $ alypse  or  Revelation. 

t A-POC-A-LYP'TIC,  n.  An  apocalyptical  writer. 
“ The  divine  apocalyptic.”  Liy/itfoot. 

A-POC-A-LYP'TJ-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  such  a manner 
as  to  reveal  something  secret.  Johnson. 

AP-O-CAR'POUS,  a.  [Gr.  uxcJ,  from,  and  engird;, 
fruit.]  ( Bot.) ) Having  carpels  distinct  from  each 
other,  or  free  from  cohesion.  Hensloxo. 

A-POC'O-PATE,  V.  a.  [Gr.  diroedirrio,  to  cut  off.] 
( Gram .)  To  cut  off  or  omit  the  last  letter  or 
syllable  of  a word.  Smart. 

A-POC' O-PE,  n.  [Gr.  droxoTi;.]  (Gram.)  The  ab- 
scission, cutting  off,  or  omission  of  the  last 
letter  or  syllable  of  a word.  Johnson. 

AP-O-CRUS'TIC,  a.  [Gr.  awoKpovariKd;,  able  to 
drive  off;  a noKpouio,  to  beat  oft',  to  drive  back.] 
(Med.)  Repelling  ; astringent.  Dunglison. 

AP-O-CRUS'TIC,  n.  (Med.)  Astringent  medicine; 
a repellent.  Dunglison. 

A-POC'RY-PHA,  n.  pi.  [L.,  from  Gr.  an dupm/ws, 
hidden  ; dnoegoirTw,  to  hide.]  Literally,  things 
hidden  or  concealed  : — the  books  or  writings, 
of  which  the  authors  are  unknown,  appended  to 
the  Old  Testament. 

We  hold  not  the  Apocrypha  for  sacred,  as  we  do  the  Holy 
Scripture,  but  for  human  compositions.  Hooker. 

flgp  This  word  is  properly  plural,  though  sometimes 
used  as  singular.  “ The  Apocrypha  arc  a series  of 
books  not  admitted  into  the  canon  of  Scripture.” 
Scholey’s  Bible.  — '-'  The  Apocrypha  is  not  a canonical 
hook.”  Richardson's  Dictionary. 

A-POC'Ry-PHAL,  a.  1.  Relating  to  the  Apocry- 
pha. “ The  apocryphal  writers.”  Addison. 

2.  Not  canonical;  of  doubtful  authority. 

“ Jerome,  who  saith  that  all  writings  not  canon- 
ical are  apocryphal.”  Hooker. 


applied  also  to  that  point  in  the  apparent  orbits 
of  the  sun  and  planets  at  which  they  were  at 
the  greatest  distance  from  the  earth.  It  is  op- 
posed to  perigee.  Hind. 

A-PO(f-I-A-TU'RA,  n.  [It.]  (Mas.)  Properly 
Appoggiatura,  which  see.  Mason. 

AP'O-GRAPH,  n.  [Gr.  dnoygaipov.']  A copy  ; — op- 
posed to  autograph.  Todd. 

A-POG'RA-PHAL,  a.  Relating  to  a copy.  “ Apog - 
raphal  pieces.”  Lee. 

AP'O-LEP-SY,  n.  [Gr.  am iX.y\f,i;,  a stopping  ; 
air oXoyjtWw,  to  arrest.]  (Med.)  A retention  or 
suppression  of  any  natural  evacuation.  Hooper. 

A-POL-LI-NA  RI-AN,  ^ n_  One  0f  sect  0f 

A-POL-LI-NA'RIST,  ) Apollinaris  of  Laodicea, 
who  denied  that  our  Saviour  had  a human 
soul.  Hook. 

A-POL'LO— BEL'VE-DERE,  n.  A beautiful  statue 
of  Apollo,  found,  towards  the  end  of  the  fif- 
teenth century,  among  the  ruins  of  the  ancient 
Antium.  It  was  purchased  by  Pope  Julius  II., 
who  placed  it  in  the  Belvedere  of  the  Vatican, 
whence  it  takes  its  name.  P.  Cyc. 

A-POL'LY-ON,  n.  [Gr.  diroXXbtov  ; droXXbii),  to  de- 
stroy.] Same  as  Abaddon. 

In  the  Hebrew  tongue  is  Abaddon,  ...  in  the  Greek 
tongue  hath  his  name  Apollyon.  Rev.  ix.  11. 

A-POL-O-pET  IC,  )a.  [(Jr,  cnToXoyrjTtKdsi]  Re- 

A-POL-O-GET'I-CAL,  ) lating  to,  or  containing, 
apology  ; said  in  defence  or  excuse.  Milton. 

A-POL-O-^JET'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  the  way  of  de- 
fence or  apology.  Johnson. 

A-P()L-0-<?ET'ICS,  n.  pi.  (Theol.)  A systematic 
defence  ; especially  a philosophical  or  system- 
atic arrangement  or  exhibition  of  the  evidences 
of  Christianity.  P.  Cyc. 


A-POC'RY-PHAL,  n.  A writing  not  canonical. 
“ In  the  number  of  apocryphals.”  Ilanmer. 

A-POC'RY-PHAL-IST,  n.  An  advocate  for  the 
Apocrypha.  P.  Cyc. 

A-POC'RY-PIIAL-LY,  ad.  In  an  apocryphal  man- 
ner ; uncertainly  ; not  unquestionably.  Johnson. 

A-POC'RY-PHAL-NESS,  n.  State  or  quality  of 
being  apocryphal.  Perry. 

t AP-O-CRYPH'I-CAL,  a.  Doubtful  ; apocryphal. 
“Apocryphieal  and  ridiculous  stories. "Bp. Bull. 

AP'O-DAL,  a.  (Zoiil.)  Without  feet,  or  without 
ventral  fins ; relating  to  an  apodon.  Brande. 

AP'ODE,  n.  (Zoal.)  Same  as  Apodon.  Brande. 

AP-O  DIC  TIC,  I a.  [Gr.  dnodci^i;,  a showing 

AP-O-DIC'TI-CAL,  } forth,  a demonstration.]  De- 
monstrative ; evident  beyond  contradiction,  [it.] 
“ Holding  an  ajiodictical  knowledge.”  Browne. 

AP-O-DiC'TI-CAL-LY,  ad.  So  as  to  be  evident 
beyond  contradiction.  “ Synchronisms  apo- 
dictically  true.”  More. 

AP-O-DIX' IS,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  am5i5fi|i5.]  A man- 
ifestation. “ If  he  had  not  afterwards  given  an 
apodixis  in  the  battle.”  Sir  G.  Buck. 


A-POL'O-GIST,  n.  One  wdio  makes  an  apology 
for,  or  defence  of,  another.  “ Apologists  for 
Christian  religion.”  Barrow. 

A-POL'O-GlZE,  V.  n.  [Gr.  dnoXoyi^opai,  to  give 
in  an  account.]  [i.  apologized  ; pp.  apolo- 
gizing, apologized.]  To  make  ah  apology  or 
excuse ; to  plead  in  defence,  extenuation,  or 
explanation. 

I ought  to  apologize  for  my  indiscretion.  Wake. 

A-POL'O-GlZ-ISR,  n.  One  who  apologizes  ; an 
apologist.  Hanmer. 

AP'O-LOGUE  (ap'o-log),  n.  [Gr.  anSXoyo;,  a story.] 
A fabulous  story  or  fiction  contrived  to  teach 
some  moral  truth  ; a fable. 

Some  men  are  remarked  for  pleasantness  in  raillery; 
others  for  apologues  and  apposite,  diverting  stories.  Locke. 

In  all  ages  of  the  world,  there  is  nothing  with  which  man- 
kind hath  oeen  so  much  delighted  as  with  those  little  ficti- 
tious stories,  which  go  under  the  name  of  fables  or  apo- 
logues among  the  ancient  heathens,  and  of  parables  in  the 
sacred  writings.  Porteus. 

4£g=“The  difference  between  a parable  and  an 
apologue  is,  that  the  former,  being  drawn  from  human 
life,  requires  probability  in  the  narration,  whereas  the 
apologue , being  taken  from  inanimate  things  or  the 
inferior  animals,  is  not  confined  strictly  to  probabil- 
ity. The  fables  of  rEsop  are  apologues.”  Fleming. 

Syn.  — See  Fable. 


AP  ' g-DOJY,  n.  ; pi.  ap'o-da.  [L.,  from  Gr.  a 
priv.  and  nobs,  rrohii;,  a foot.]  (Zolil.)  An  ani- 
mal without  feet ; — a name  applied  to  several 
orders  or  classes  of  animals  without  feet,  and  to 
an  order  of  fishes  without  ventral  fins.  Brande. 

A-POD ' O-SIS,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  auddoais,  a resti- 
tution; diToblbiopi,  to  give  back.]  (Gram.)  The 
consequent  proposition,  or  conclusion,  in  a con- 
ditional sentence,  the  conditional  part  being 
called  the  protasis:  — the  first  part  of  a period. 

A-POD-  Y-TE  ' R l-  Cm,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  d iroSvTljpto I.' ; 
dirobuoi,  to  strip  oft'.]  (Arch.)  A dressing- 
room;  a room  for  undressing  at  baths.  Brande. 

\ AP-O-QJE’OM,  ?n  [L.,  from  Gr.]  Same  as 

AP-O-QJE  ’ DM,  ) Apogee.  Bailey. 

The  sun  is  in  his  apogceon  placed.  Fairfax. 

Ap’O-QEE,  n.  [Gr.  d-n6,  away  from,  and  yij,  the 
earth.]  (Astron.)  The  point  in  the  orbit  of  the 
moon  at  which  it  is  farthest  from  the  earth. 
Anciently,  when  the  earth  was  supposed  to  be 
the  centre  of  the  solar  system,  the  term  was 


f AP'O-LOG-UER  (ap'o-log-er),  n.  A relater  of 
apologues  ; a fabler  ; a fabulist.  Burton. 

A-POL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  anoXoyia,  a defence ; and, 
from,  and  X6yo;,  a discourse.] 

1.  A defence  ; a vindication  ; as,  “ Bishop 
Watson’s  Apology  for  the  Bible.” 

In  the  hook  that  is  called  mine  apology,  it  is  not  required 
by  the  nature  of  that  name  that  it  be  any  answer  or  defence 
for  mine  own  self  at  all;  but  it  sufficeth  that  it  be,  of  mine 
own  making,  an  answer  or  defence  for  some  other. 

Sir  T.  More. 

2.  An  excuse ; a plea  ; an  explanation. 

To  him  she  hasted ; in  her  face  excuse 
Came  prologue,  and  apology  too  prompt; 

Which,  with  bland  words  at  will,  she  thus  addressed.  Milton. 

Syn.  — He  made  a satisfactory  apology  for  his  con- 
duct, and  a good  excuse  for  his  absence ; his  vindica- 
tion was  sufficient. 

AP-O-Mp-COM'E-TRy,  n.  [Gr.  and,  from,  pijxoj, 
length,  and  pirpov,  measure.]  The  art  of  meas- 
uring things  at  a distance.  Kersey. 

AP-O-NEU-ROG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  anovtbpioais,  the 
end  of  a muscle,  and  ypaihio,  to  describe.]  (Anat.) 
A description  of  the  aponeuroses.  Dunglison. 


AP-O-NEU-RoL  0-<yY,  n.  [Gr.  dnovtipujait;,  the 
end  of  a muscle,  and  X.dyos,  a discourse.]  (Ancit.) 
The  anatomy  of  the  aponeuroses.  Dunglison. 

AP-O-NEU-RO ' SIS,  n.  ; pi.  ap-o-neu-ro  ' sky. 
[Gr.,  from  and,  from,  and  miipov,  a tendon ; dno- 
tnvpdoi,  to  change  into  a tendon.]  (Anat.)  The 
membrane  or  tendon  by  which  the  muscles  are 
attached  to  a bone,  called  aponeurosis  of  inser- 
tion-,— applied  also  to  a membrane  within  the 
substance  of  muscular  fibres,  called  aponeuro- 
sis of  intersection,  and  to  a membrane  sur- 
rounding a muscle  and  preventing  its  displace- 
ment, called  enveloping  aponeurosis.  Dunglison. 

AP-O-NEU-ROT'TC,  a.  (Anat.)  Belonging  or  re- 
lating to  the  aponeuroses.  Dunglison. 

AP-O-NEU-ROT'O-MY,  n.  [Gr.  d-novtupoiai;  and 
ropii,  a cutting.]  (Anat.)  Dissection  of  the  apo- 
neuroses. Dunglison. 

AP-O-PEMP'TIC,  a..  [Gr.  d-irdne/ntTos  ; dironipuoj, 
to  send  away,  to  dismiss.]  Denoting  a song 
among  the  ancients,  addressed  to  a stranger  on 
his  leaving  a place.  Knowles. 

A-POPH  'A-SlS,  n. ; pi.  a-pXoph’ A-sky.  [Gr.  dir6- 
iprtot;,  a denial,  a refusal.]  (Rhet.)  A figure  by 
which  the  orator  seems  to  waive  what  he  would 
plainly  insinuate.  Smith’s  Rhetoric. 

II  AP-O-PHLEG'MA-TIC,  or  AP-O-PHLfG-MAT'IC 
[ap-o-fleg'inn-tik,  S.  W.  P.  Ja.  K.  C. ; ap-o- 
fleg-mat'jk,  Sm.~\,  a.  [Gr.  ani,  from,  and  ip/.iyya, 
phlegm.]  (Med.)  Drawing  away  phlegm  ; able 
to  draw  away  phlegm.  Hooper. 

II  AP-O-PHLEG'MA-TIO,  n.  (Med.)  A medicine 
for  drawing  away  phlegm.  Hooper. 

AP-O-PHLEG'M A-TI§M,  n.  A medicine  to  draw 
away  phlegm.  Bacon. 

AP-O-PHLEG-MAT'I-ZAnT,  n.  (Med.)  Any  rem- 
edy which  causes  an  evacuation  of  mucous  or 
serous  humor  from  the  nostrils,  as  some  ster- 
nutatories. Quincy. 

AP'OPH-THEGM  (iip'o-tlliini),  n.  [Gr.  aniiilAiypa,  a 
pointed  saying;  ipUcyyogai,  to  speak;  L.  apojih- 
thegma  ; It.  apotemma  ; Sp.  apotegma  ; Fr. 
apophthegme.]  A short,  sententious  speech  or 
saying;  a valuable  maxim  ; a laconic,  instruc- 
tive remark.  — See  Apothegm. 

Julius  Ca*sar  did  write  a collection  of  apophthegms,  ns  ap- 
pears  in  an  epistle  of  Cicero.  Bacon. 

In  a numerous  collection  of  onr  Saviour’s  apophthegms , 
there  is  not  to  be  found  one  example  of  sophistry  or  of  false 
subtilty,  or  of  any  thing  approaching  thereunto.  Paler/. 

Tlie  two  orthographies  of  apophthegm  and 
apothegm  are  in  good  use,  and  both  are  more  or  less 
supported  by  the  best  English  Dictionaries.  The 
spelling  of  apophthegm , however,  is  the  one  best  au- 
thorized by  etymology  ; yet  the  spelling  of  apothegm 
is  perhaps  best  supported  by  common  usage. 

Syn.  — See  Axiom. 

Ap-OPH-THEG-MAt'I-CAL,  a.  Same  as  Aro- 
THEGMATICAL.  Todd. 

A-POPIl'Y-QE,  n.  [Gr.  dnmfivyl/,  an  escape  ; and, 
from,  and  ipbyy,  flight.]  (Arch.)  The  part  of  a 
column  where  it  begins  to  spring  out  of  its 
base,  usually  moulded  into  a hollow  or  cavetto  ; 
the  scape  or  spring  of  a column.  Brande. 

AP-O-PHYL'LiTE,  or  A-POPH'YL-LfTE,  n.  [Gr. 
dud,  from,  ipbXXov,  a leaf,  and  XiOo;,  a stone.] 
(Min.)  A mineral  composed  chiefly  of  silica, 
lime,  and  potash  ; — so  named  from  its  ten- 
dency to  exfoliate  under  the  blow-pipe.  Dana. 

A-POPH' Y-SIS,  n.  [Gr.  dn6,  from,  and  ipvais, 
birth  ; <pb<o,  to  produce.] 

1.  (Anat.)  A process  of  a bone.  Wiseman. 

2.  (Bot.)  The  swelling  regularly  lengthened 
downwards  beneath  the  theca  of  some  mosses. 

Lindley. 

AP-O-PLEC  TJC,  )n  Relating  to,  or  affected 

AP-O-PLEC'TI-CAL,  ) by,  an  apoplexy.  Wiseman. 

Ap-O-PLEC'TIC,  n.  [See  Apoplexy.]  One 
seized  with  an  apoplexy.  Knatchbull. 

f AP'O-PLEX,  n.  Apoplexy.  Slink. 

Repletions,  apoplex,  intestate  death.  Dryden. 

Ap'O-PLEXED  (Sp'o-plekst),  a.  Seized  with  an 
apoplexy.  “ Sense  ...  is  apoplexed.”  Shak. 

AP'O-PLEX-Y,  n.  [Gr.  a-rouX.yfta  ; dirozX/iouul , to' 
strike  to  tlie  earth.]  (Med.)  A disorder  which 


MtEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  rClE.  — Q,  (f,  9,  &,  soft;  C,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  § as  z ; % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


APORIA 


68 


APPARATUS 


suddenly  surprises  the  brain,  and  takes  away 
all  sense  and  voluntary  motion.  Arbuthnot. 

A-PO'  RI-A,  11.  [L.,  from  Gr.  anopia,  doubt  ; a 

priv.  and  ndoo;,  a way.]  ( Rhet .)  A figure  by 
which  the  speaker  intimates  that  he  is  in  doubt 
what  to  do,  or  where  to  begin.  Smith’s  Rhetoric. 

AP-OR-RHCE  '4  (ap-or-re'(i),  n.  [Gr.  andppai a,  a 
flowing  off.]  (Med.)  An  emanation  ; an  efflu- 
vium. “ Atomical  aporrhccas.”  Glanville. 

AP-O-SEP'E-DlNE,  n.  [Gr.  and,  from,  and  arjmfiwv, 
rottenness.]  ( Chem .)  A peculiar  crystallized 
substance  obtained  from  putrid  cheese.  Braude. 

A-PO^-I-O-PE  'SIS  (a-poz-e-o-pe'sjs),  n.  [Gr. 
a-oauum/ai;,  a becoming  silent.]  (Rhet.)  A 
form  of  speech  by  which  the  speaker,  from 
strong  feeling,  breaks  otf  suddenly,  suppress- 
ing a part  of  his  speech,  to  be  mentally  sup- 
plied by  his  hearers.  Smith’s  Rhetoric. 

A-POS'TA-SY,  n.  [Gr.  airotrraoia,  defection  ; atpl- 
arnpi,  to  revolt.]  Act  of  apostatizing  ; departure 
from  the  principles  which  one  has  professed; 
desertion  ; defection. 

The  affable  archangel  had  forewarned 

Adam,  by  due  example,  to  beware 

A post  my . Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Defection. 

A-POS'TATE,  n.  [L.  apostata,  from  Gr.  droordr^j.] 

1.  One  who  has  renounced  his  principles  ; — 

used  in  an  ill  sense.  Ayliffe. 

2.  (Rom.  Cath.  Church.)  One  who,  without 

a legal  dispensation,  forsakes  a religious  order 
of  which  he  has  been  a member.  Ogilvie. 

Syn.  — See  Convert. 

A-POS'TATE,  a.  False  ; traitorous.  Spenser. 

t A-POS'TATE,  v.  n.  To  apostatize.  Montagu. 

AP-OS-TAT'I-CAL,  a.  After  the  manner  of  an 
apostate.  “To  wear  turbans  is  an  apostatical 
conformity.”  [r.]  Sandys. 

A-POS'TA-TlZE,  v.  n.  [ i . apostatized;  pp. 
apostatizing,  apostatized.]  To  forsake 
one’s  principles  or  profession. 

The  Emperor  Julian,  that  most  bitter  adversary  of  Chris- 
tianity, who  had  openly  apostatized  from  it.  Porteus. 

A-POS'Tp-MATE,  v.  7i.  To  become  an  aposteme  ; 
to  swell  and  corrupt  into  matter.  Milton. 

A-POS-T|J-MA'TION,  n.  The  formation  of  an 
aposteme.  “ Apostemations,  salivations.”  Grew. 

AP-OS-TEiM'A-TOUS,  a.  Relating  to  an  abscess 
or  aposteme.  Smart. 

AP'O-STEME  [Sp'o-stem,  S.  W.  J.  Ja.  Sm. ; ?-pos'- 
tem,  P.],  n.  [Gr.  aitdoTypa  ; cuplani/H,  to  recede.] 
An  abscess  ; an  imposthume.  Wiseman. 

A POS-TE-RI-d'RI,  [L.,  from  the  latter. ] (Lo- 
gic.) A term  applied  to  a method  of  reasoning 
by  which  the  cause  is  proved  by  the  effect ; — 
opposed  to  a priori.  Crabb. 

A-POS'TIL,  n.  [Fr.  apostille.  See  Postil.]  (Lit.) 
A marginal  note  to  a book.  Brande. 

A-POS'TLE  (j-pos'sl),  n.  [Gr.  aitdOTolo;,  a mes- 
senger ; anoGTO.l.o),  to  send  forth  ; L.  apostolus .] 
Literally  a person  sent  by  another ; a messen- 
ger ; a missionary  ; — applied  especially  to  one 
of  the  twelve  deputed  by  Christ. 

Paul,  a servant  of  God,  and  apostle  of  Christ.  Titus  i.  1. 

He  chose  twelve,  whom  he  named  apostles.  Luke  vi.  13. 

Apostles'  creed , a confession  of  faith  supposed  an- 
ciently to  have  been  drawn  up  by  the  apostles  them- 
selves. The  whole,  as  it  now  stands  in  the  Liturgy 
of  the  English  church,  is  to  be  found  in  the  works  of 
St.  Ambrose,  who  was  Bishop  of  Milan  in  the  fourth 
century.  Brande. 

A-POS'TLE-SIIIP  ($-pos'sl-ship),  n.  The  office  of 
an  apostle.  “ Some  apostleship  in  me.”  Donne. 

A-POS'TO-LATE,  n.  [L.  apostolatus. ] Apostle- 
ship ; office  of  an  apostle.  Killingbeck. 

AP-OS-TOL  IC,  i Relating  to,  or  taught 

AP-OS-TOL'I-CAL,  ) by,  the  apostles. 

That  church  which  is  founded  upon  Scripture,  reason, 
apostolical  practice,  and  antiquity.  Hooker. 

The  triple  crown  and  apostolic,  key.  Brooke. 

2.  Existing  in  the  time  of  the  apostles  ; as, 
“ The  apostolic  church.” 

Apostolical  constitutions  and  canons,  two  collections 
of  ecclesiastical  rules  and  formularies,  once  attributed 


to  Clement  of  Rome  ; but  it  is  now  generally  supposed 
that  they  are  spurious.  They  appeared  first  in  the 
fourth  century,  hut  have  been  much  changed  and  cor- 
rupted since.  Buell. Apostolic  fathers,  the  writers 

of  tile  Christian  church  who  lived  in  the  apostolic 
age,  or  were  in  any  part  of  their  lives  contemporary 
witlt  the  apostles.  They  are  five : Clement  of  Rome, 
Barnabas,  Hennas,  Ignatius,  and  Polycarp,  of  whom 
the  last  suffered  martyrdom  A.  D.  147.  Brande. — 
Apostolical  succession.  — See  SUCCESSION. 

AP-OS-TOL'J-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  the  manner  of  the 
apostles.  “ Rightly  and  apostolically .”  Milton. 

AP-OS-TOL'I-CAL-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being 
apostolical.  “ Apostolicalness  of  doctrine. "More. 

AP-OS-TOL'!-Cl§M,  n.  The  quality  of  being  ap- 
ostolical ; apostolicalness,  [it.]  J.  Morison. 

A-POS-TO-LltJ'l-TY,  n.  (Theol.)  The  quality  of 
being  apostolical ; apostolicism.  Faber. 

AP-OS-T6l'ICS,  n.  pi.  A name  given  to  differ- 
ent sects  that  have  pretended  to  imitate  the 
simplicity  and  zeal  of  the  apostles.  Craig. 

A-POS'TRO-PIIE,  n.  [Gr.  anooTpoipi] ; anoOTphpui,  to 
turn  away  from.] 

1.  (Rhet.)  A figure  of  speech  by  which  the 
orator  or  writer  suddenly  changes  his  discourse, 
and  addresses,  in  the  second  person,  some  per- 
son or  thing  present  or  absent. 

Exclamation  and  apostrophe  operate  chiefly  by  sympathy, 
ns  they  are  the  most  ardent  expressions  of  perturbation  ill 
the  speaker.  Dr.  Campbell. 

2.  (Gram.)  The  mark  (’)  showing  that  a 
word  is  contracted;  as  “lov’d”: — the  sign 
of  the  possessive  case  ; as,  “man’s  life.” 

Abbreviating  words  by  apostrophes,  and  . . . lopping  poly- 
syllables. Sloift. 

AP-0S-TR6PH'IC,  a.  Relating  to  an  apostrophe; 
denoting  an  apostrophe.  Todd. 

A-POS'TRO-PH  1ZE,  V.  a.  \i.  APOSTROPHIZED; 

’ pp.  APOSTROPHIZING,  APOSTROPHIZED.]  To 
address  by  an  apostrophe. 

There  is  a peculiarity  in  Homer’s  manner  of  apostrophiz - 
ing  Eumaeus,  and  speaking  of  him  in  the  second  person;  it 
is  generally  applied  only  to  men  of  account.  Pope. 

AP'OS-TUME,  n.  Properly  Aposteme.  Harvey. 

AP-O-TAC'TITE,  n.  [Gr.  andra/cros,  set  apart.] 
One  of  an  ancient  sect  who  affected  to  follow 
the  example  of  the  apostles  in  renouncing  all 
their  worldly  goods.  Buck. 

f A-POT'E-LE§M,  n.  [Gr.  cnroTtleapa.'] 

1.  (Med.)  The  event  of  a disease.  Dunglison. 

2.  (Astrol.)  The  casting  of  a nativity.  Ash. 

AP-O-THE'  CA,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  AiroOijio),  a store- 
house or  repository  ; airoTidnpt,  to  stow  away.] 

1.  (Ant.)  A storehouse  for  oil,  wine,  &c. 

Brande. 

2.  An  apothecary’s  shop.  Sir.  W.  Petty. 

A-POTH' J5-CA-RY.  n.  [Gr.  inroBt'iKri,  a deposito- 
ry; L.apotheca.]  A keeper  of  a medicine  shop  ; 
a dispenser  of  medicines ; a vender  of  medi- 
cines ; a compounder  of  medicines. 

They  have  no  other  doctor  but  the  sun  and  the  fresh  air, 
and  that,  such  an  one  as  never  sends  them  to  the  apothecary. 

South. 

Syn.  — See  Physician. 

AP-O-THE' Cl- CM,  n.  , pi.  Ap-o-the  ' ci-A  (66). 
[Modern  L.]  (Bot.)  The  disk  containing  the 
reproductive  matter  in  most  lichens.  Gray. 

Ap'O-THEGM  (hp'o-tliem),  n.  [Gr.  atroipdOiypa,  a 
pointed  saying  ; and,  from,  and  ifidtyya,  a word.] 
A sententious  or  remarkable  saying  of  some 
distinguished  person  ; a terse,  pointed  saying  ; a 
valuable  maxim  ; a laconic,  instructive  remark. 

Nor  do  apothegms  only  serve  for  ornament  and  delight,  but 
also  for  action  and  civil  use,  as  being  the  edge  tools  of  speech, 
which  cut  and  penetrate  the  knots  of  business  and  aftairs. 

Bacon. 

By...  scattering  short  apothegms  end  little  pleasant  stories, 
. . . his  son  was,  in  his  infancy,  taught  to  abhor . . .vice.  Walton. 

It  is  astonishing  the  influence  foolish  apothegms  have  upon 
the  mass  of  mankind,  though  they  are  not  unfrequently  fal- 
lacies. S.  Smith. 

i®*  Originally  and  properly  written  apophthegm  ; 
now  commonly  apothegm.  See  Apophthegm. 

Syn.  — See  Axiom. 

AP-O-TH^G-MAt'IC,  Relating  to  an  ap- 

AP-O-THIJG-MAt'I-CAL,  (othegm;  sententious; 
aphoristic.  “A  witty , apothegmatical  compar- 
ison.” Warton. 

Ap-O-THEG'MA-TIST,  n.  On  who  deals  in  apo- 
thegms; a collector  of  apothegms.  Pope. 


AP-O-THEG'MA-TIZEj  v.  n.  To  utter  apothegms. 

Ap-O-THE'O-Sis  [ap-o-the'o-sls,  S.  W.  P.  J.  F.  Ja. 
Sm.  R. ; ap-o-the-o'sjs,  Crabb,  Todd,  B. ; hp-o- 
the-o'sjs  or  ap-o-the'o-sls,  A'.],  n.  [G.  cnroBtaioi;  ; 
anoBiow,  to  make  into  a God;  and,  from,  and 
Old;,  God.]  The  enrolment  of  a mortal  among 
the  gods  ; deification.  South. 

H&P  “ This  word,  like  metamorphosis,  has  deserted 
its  Latin  accentuation  on  the  penultimate  syllable, 
and  returned  to  its  original  Greek  accent  on  the  ante- 
penultimate. The  other  words  of  this  termination,  as 
anadiplosis,  antiptosis,  &.C.,  retain  the  Latin  accent, 
though  all  these  words  in  Greek  have  the  accent  on 
the  antepenultimate.  This  accentuation  on  the  ante- 
penultimate is  so  agreeable  to  the  genius  of  our  own 
tongue,  that  it  is  no  wonder  it  is  so  prevalent.  John- 
son, Sheridan,  Kenrick,  Ash,  Scott,  Buchanan,  Bai- 
ley, and  Perry  have  adopted  it  as  I have  done;  and 
only  Smith,  Barclay,  and  Entick  accent  the  penulti- 
mate. So  eminent  a poet  as  Garth  approves  of  the 
choice  1 have  made,  where  lie  says, — 

* Allots  the  prince  of  his  celestial  line 
An  apotheosis  and  rites  divine.’  ” Walker. 

Ap-O-THE'O-sIze,  v.  a.  To  deify.  Month.  Rev. 

A-POTH ’ E-SIS,  n.  [Gr.  andBtot;,  a laying  up  in 
store;  anorldripi,  to  place  away.] 

1.  (Arch.)  A repository  or  place  for  hooks, 

&c.,  on  the  south  side  of  the  chancel,  in  the 
primitive  churches.  Sir  G.  Wlieler. 

2.  (Surg.)  The  placing  of  a fractured  or  dis- 
located limb  in  its  proper  position  after  the  re- 
duction of  the  displaced  parts.  Dunglison. 

A-POT' O-JUE,  n.  [Gr.  in oripvu),  to  cut  off.] 

1.  (Gcorn.)  The  difference  between  two  in- 
commensurable lines  or  quantities.  Thus  the 
difference  between  the  side  of  a square  and  its 
diagonal  is  the  apotome,  and  is  represented 
numerically  by  the  expression  x/ 2 — 1.  Brande. 

2.  (Mus.)  The  remainder  of  a whole  tone  when 

diminished  by  a limma  or  smaller  semi-tone. 
As  the  tone  major  cannot  be  rationally  divided 
into  two  equal  parts,  the  Greeks  divided  it  into 
a greater  and  less  semitone,  the  greater  being 
the  apotome,  and  the  less  the  limma,  the  ratio 
of  the  two  being  as  2187  to  2048.  Brande. 

AP-O-TREP  ' SIS,  n.  [Gr.  dndrpeipi;,  a turning 
away  ; <i corn i rw,  to  turn  back.]  (Med.)  The  res- 
olution of  a suppurating  tumor.  Hooper. 

AP'O-ZEM,  n.  [Gr.  and,  from,  and  £ea>,  to  boil.] 
(Med.)  A decoction.  Wiseman. 

Squirts  read  Garth  till  apozems  grow  cold.  Gay. 

AP-O-ZEM'I-CAL,  a.  Like  a decoction.  “ Wine 
. . . adhibited  in  an  apozemical  form.”  Whitaker. 

fAP-PAlR',  v.  a.  [A.  S.  apeeran,  to  pervert.] 
To  make  worse,  or  less  ; to  injure  ; to  impair. 
“Gentlewomen,  which  fear  neither  sun  nor 
wind  for  appairing  their  beauty.”  Sir  T.  Elyot. 

fAP-PAlR',  v.  n.  To  grow  worse.  “All  that 
liveth  appaireth  fast.”  Morality  of  Every  Man. 

AP-PA-LA'CHT-AN,  a.  (Geog.)  Denoting  a chain 
of  mountains  in  the  United  States,  called  also 
the  Alleghany  mountains.  P.  Cyc. 

AP-PALL',  v.  a.  [L.  palleo,  to  be  or  look  pale ; 
Fr.  appalir,  to  make  pale.]  [i.  appalled  ; pp. 
appalling,  appalled.]  To  frighten;  to  ter- 
rify ; to  dismay;  — written  also  appal. 

Does  neither  rage  inflame,  nor  fear  appall. 

Nor  the  black  tear  of  death  that  saddens  all?  Pope. 

f AP-PALL',  V.  n.  To  be  dismayed.  Spenser. 

AP-PALL'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a manner  to  appall. 

f AP-PAL'M^NT,  n.  Impression  of  fear;  terror. 
“Discouragement  and  appalment."  Bacon. 

AP'PA-NAQE,  n.  [Low  L.  appanagium  ; pants, 
bread.]  (Law.)  Lands,  &c.,  set  apart  by  princes 
for  the  maintenance  of  their  younger  children. 
— See  Apanage.  Swift. 

AP-PAn'A-^IST,  n.  [Fr.  apanagiste .]  A prince 
to  whom  an  appanage  is  granted.  Ogilvie. 

f AP-PAR'AILE,  v.  a.  [Fr.  appareiller.]  To  pre- 
pare. “ Would  her  wedding  opparaile.”  Chaucer. 

f Ap'PA-RATE,  n.  Apparatus.  “ Such  apparate 
and  order  for  public  sacrifices.”  Sheldon. 

Ap-PA-RA'TUS,  n. ; pi.  ap-pa-ra'tvs  or  ap-pa- 

ra'tvs-e?.  [L.  apparo,  to  prepare.] 

1.  A collection,  or  combination  of  means  for 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short ; A,  5,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


APPAREL 


APPEND 


the  accomplishment  of  some  purpose.  “ This 
goodly  apparatus  of  the  universe.  Hale. 

2.  A complete  set  of  utensils  or  instruments 
for  performing  any  operation  or  business  ; as, 
“ Chemical  apparatus  ” ; “ Surgical  apparatus.” 

3.  ( Phys .)  A series  or  system  of  organs  con- 
cerned in  any  function  of  the  animal  economy  ; 
as,  “The  digestive  apparatus"  ; “Locomotive 
apparatus  ” ; “ Vocal  apparatus.” 

HSf  Murray,  Smart,  and  some  other  grammarians, 
regard  apparatus  as  both  singular  and  plural ; but  the 
regular  plural  form  is  sometimes  used  ; as,  “ Critical 
apparatuses .”  P.  Cyc. 

AP-pAr'IJL,  n.  [L.  apparo,  to  prepare;  Fr.  ap- 
' pareil,  preparation,  provision,  dress.] 

1.  Dress  ; clothes  ; clothing  ; attire  ; array  ; 
vesture  ; raiment ; external  habiliments. 

For  the  apparel  oft  proclaims  the  man.  Shak. 

2.  pi.  Embroidered  ornaments  attached  to 

ecclesiastical  vestments.  Fairholt. 

Syn. — Common  apparel ; elegant  dress ; suitable 
clothes  or  clothing-,  gay  attire-,  military  array.  Ves- 
ture and  raiment  are  used  on  serious  subjects  ; cloth- 

. ing,  clothes,  apparel,  and  dress,  on  common  occasions. 

AP-PAR'EL,  V.  a.  [l.  APPARELLED  ; pp.  APPAR- 
ELLING, APPARELLED.] 

1.  To  dress ; to  clothe  ; to  robe  ; to  attire. 

With  such  robes  were  the  king's  daughters  apparelled . 

2 Sam.  xiii.  18. 

2.  To  deck ; to  adorn  ; to  embellish. 

She  did  a/niarel  her  apparel,  and  with  the  preciousness  of 
her  body  made  it  most  sumptuous.  Sidney. 

3.  f To  fit  out ; to  furnish ; to  equip.  “ Ships 

well  manned  and  apparelled .”  Hay  tear  d. 

f AP-pAr'ENCE,  n.  [Fr.]  Appearance.  Chaucer . 

f AP-pAr'EN-CV,  n . Appearance.  Gower. 

AP-pAr'ENT,  a.  [L.  appareo , apparensy  to  ap- 
pear ; Fr.  apparent. ] 

1.  Plainly  or  easily  seen ; visible ; open. 

“ This  open  and  apparent  shame.”  Shak . 

2.  Not  real ; seeming ; as,  “ The  apparent  size 
of  the  moon.” 

3.  Obvious;  manifest;  indubitable;  evident. 

Hooker. 

Heir  apparent , the  immediate  and  indubitable  heir 
to  the  crown,  in  distinction  from  the  heir  presumptive. 

Apparent  time , ( Astron .)  true  time,  or  the  time  or 

hour  as  indicated  by  the  sun’s  passage  over  the  me- 
ridian ; — opposed  to  mean  time , which  is  that  which 
would  be  indicated  by  the  sun  if  its  orbit  coincided 
with  the  plane  of  the  earth’s  rotation  and  its  angular 
velocity  were  uniform. — Apparent  motion , {Opt.) 
seeming  motion  of  a body  arising  from  some  other 
cause  than  its  actual  motion. — Apparent  magnitude , 
{Opt.)  the  angle  under  which  any  line  appears  at  the 
eye,  or  the  angle  made  by  lines  drawn  from  its  ex- 
tremities to  the  eye. Apparent  or  sensible  horizon , a 

plane  passing  through  the  place  of  the  observer  at 
right  angles  to  a vertical  line,  and  bounded  by  the 
celestial  sphere  ; — opposed  to  rational  horizon,  which 
passes  through  the  centre  of  the  earth.  Hutton. 

Syn.  — The  apparent  size  of  the  visible  stars  in  a 
clear  night  ; obvious  tendency  ; manifest  contradic- 
tion ; plain  fact ; indubitable  evidence  ; seeming  truth  ; 
open  sessions  of  a court  or  legislature  ; certain  knowl- 
edge.— See  Clear,  Evident. 

f AP-pAr'ENT,  n.  Same^is  Heir  Apparent. 

I’ll  draw  it  [my  sword]  as  apparent  to  the  crown.  Shak. 

AP-PAr'ENT-LY,  ad.  1.  Evidently  ; obviously. 
“ If  he  . . . scorn  me  so  apparently .”  Shak. 

2.  Seemingly  ; in  show  ; in  semblance.  “ The 
horizon  . . . the  line  apparently  separating  the 
earth  and  sky.”  Brocklesby. 

AP-pAr'ENT-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  apparent.  Sherzvood. 

AP-PA-RF'TION  (ap-p^-rish'un),  n.  [L.  apparitio.] 

1.  Appearance ; visibility. 

When  suddenly  stood  at  my  head  a dream, 

Whose  inward  apjiantion  gently  moved 

My  fancy.  Hilton. 

2.  The  thing  appearing ; a visible  object. 

The  heavenly  bands 
Down  from  a sky  of  jasper  lighted  now 
In  Paradise,  and  in  a hill  made  halt; 

A glorious  apparition.  Hilton. 

3.  A preternatural  appearance ; a visible 

spirit ; a ghost ; a spectre ; a phantom. 

Tender  minds  should  not  receive  early  impressions  of  gob- 
lins, spectres,  and  apparitions.  Locke. 

4.  (Astron.)  The  reappearance  of  a luminary 

after  being  hid  below  the  horizon  or  behind 


69 

another  body  passing  over  it ; — opposed  to  oc- 
cultation. 

Circle  of  perpetual  apparition,  ( Astron .)  the  circle 
within  which  the  stars  never  set.  Herschel. 

Syn.  — Apparition  to  the  senses  ; vision  of  the  im- 
agination; a pale  ghost-,  a frightful  spectre-,  an  airy 
phantom . 

AP-pAr'I-TOR,  n.  [L.  apparo,  to  prepare  ; Fr. 
appariteur.\  {Law.)  Formerly,  an  officer  of 
any  court  of  judicature;  — now,  the  messenger  of 
an  ecclesiastical  court.  Ayliffe. 

j-  AP-PAY',  v.  a.  [Old  Fr.  appayer,  to  pacify.]  To 
satisfy.  “ Well  appaid  she  was.”  Sidney. 

f AP-PEACH',  v.  a.  [Old  Fr.  apescher .]  To  ac- 
cuse ; to  impeach  ; to  inform  against.  Spenser. 

f AP-PEACII'JJR,  n.  An  accuser.  Sherwood. 

t AP-PEACH'MENT,  n.  Impeachment.  Wotton. 

AP-PEAL',  v.  n.  [L.  appcllo,  to  address,  to  apply 
to  ; It.  appellare  ; Sp.  apelar  ; Fr.  appeler.] 
[i.  appealed  ; pp.  appealing,  appealed.] 

1.  {Law.)  To  transfer  a cause  from  one  to  an- 
other ; to  refer  to  another  as  judge,  or  umpire. 

I was  constrained  to  appeal  unto  Ciesar.  Acts  xxviii.  19. 

2.  To  refer  to  another  as  witness. 

Whether  this,  that  the  soul  always  thinks,  be  a self-evident 
proposition,  I appeal  to  mankind.  Locke. 

f AP-PEAL',  v.  a.  1.  To  charge  with  a crime.  “ I 
appeal  you  of  murder.”  B.  Jonson. 

2.  To  pronounce ; to  utter. 

Their  prayers  to  appeal , 

With  great  devotion,  and  with  little  zeal.  Spenser. 

AP-PEAL',  n.  1.  (Laiv.)  A removal  of  a cause 
from  an  inferior  to  a superior  court  or  jurisdic- 
tion for  the  purpose  of  reexamination: — an 
accusation,  or  criminal  prosecution  instituted 
by  a person  who  has  been  injured  by  some 
heinous  offence  : — a proceeding  by  which  one 
charged  with  crime  confesses  his  guilt,  and  ac- 
cuses his  acccomplices  in  order  to  obtain  his 
own  pardon.  Burrill. 

2.  A reference  to  another  as  a witness ; as, 
“To  make  appeal  to  another  for  the  truth  of  an 
assertion.” 

3.  A request;  a petition  ; an  entreaty. 

■Whenever  yet  was  your  appeal  denied?  Shak. 

4.  Resort ; recourse. 

An  appeal  to  arms  and  to  the  God  of  hosts  is  all  that  is 
left  us.  F.  Henry. 

AP-PEAL'A-BLE,  a.  Subject  to  an  appeal ; that 
may  he  appealed.  Ilotcell. 

fAP-PEAL'ANT  (ap-pel'ant),  n.  Appealer;  ap- 
pellant. “ Lords  appealants.”  Shak. 

AP-PEAL'^R,  n.  1.  One  who  appeals. 

2.  f An  accuser ; an  appeacher.  Fox. 

AP-PEAR',  v.  n.  [L.  appareo,  to  appear  ; It.  ap- 
parire-,  Sp.  apareeer ; Fr.  apparoir .]  [/.  ap- 

peared ; pp.  appearing,  appeared.] 

1.  To  he  in  sight ; to  be  visible. 

And  when  you  saw  his  chariot  but  apjiear , 

Have  you  not  made  a universal  shout?  Shak. 

2.  To  become  visible,  as  a spirit. 

There  appeared  to  them  Moses  and  Elias.  Hatt.  xxvii.  3. 

In  that  night  did  God  appear  unto  Solomon.  2 Chron.  i.  7. 

3.  To  come  before  another  to  give  account, 
or  receive  judgment ; to  stand  in  the  presence 
of  some  superior. 

When  shall  I come  and  appear  before  God?  Ps.  xlii.  2. 

We  must  all  appear  before  the  judgment-seat  of  Christ. 

2 Cor.  v.  10. 

4.  To  he  open  or  manifest  to  observation. 

Let  thy  work  appear  unto  thy  servants.  Ps.  ex.  16. 

5.  To  be  clear  by  proof  or  evidence;  to  be 
plain,  or  evident. 

It  doth  not  yet  appear  what  we  shall  be.  1 John  iii.  2. 

6.  To  seem  ; to  look. 

Ye  . . . outwardly  appear  righteous  unto  men,  but  within 
ye  are  full  of  hypocrisy  and  iniquity.  Matt . xxiii.  27,  28. 

Syn.  — See  Seem. 

f AP-PEAR',  n.  Appearance.  Fletcher. 

AP-PEAR'ANCE,  n.  1.  The  act  of  appearing. 
“ They  were  surprised  at  the  sudden  appear- 
ance of  the  enemy.”  Johnson. 

2.  That  which  is  seen ; a phenomenon ; as, 
“ The  appearance  of  the  clouds  betokens  rain.” 

3.  Semblance ; show. 


The  hypocrite  would  not  put  on  the  appearance  of  virtue, 
if  it  was  not  the  most  proper  means  to  guin  love.  Addison. 

Appearances  to  save,  his  only  care: 

So  things  seem  right,  no  mutter  what  they  are.  Churchill. 

4.  Personal  presence  ; mien  ; air. 

Wisdom  enters  the  last,  and  so  captivates  with  her  appear- 
ance, that  he  gives  himself  up  to  her.  Addison, 

5.  Apparition  ; supernatural  visibility. 

When  I,  even  I Daniel,  had  seen  the  vision,  . . . behold, 

there  stood  before  me  as  the  appearance  of  a man. 

Dan.  viii.  15. 

6.  f Probability  ; seeming  ; likelihood. 

There  is  that  which  hath  no  appearance.  Bacon. 

Syn.  — See  Air. 

AP-PEAR' gR,  n.  One  who  appears.  Browne. 

AP-PEAR'ING,  n.  The  act  of  appearing.  “The 
history  of  their  appearings.”  Spenser. 

AP-PEAR'ING-LY,  ad.  Seemingly;  apparently. 

A flourishing  branch  shall  grow  out  of  his  appearinglu 
sere  and  sapless  root.  Bp.  Hull. 

AP-PEA§'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  appeased  ; that 
may  be  reconciled,  or  propitiated.  Udal. 

AP-PEA$'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
easily  appeased  ; reconcilableness.  Johnson. 

AP-PEA§E',  v.  a.  [L.  ad,  to,  and  pax,  peace ; Fr. 
appaiscr.]  \i.  appeased  ; pp.  appeasing,  ap- 
peased.] To  calm  ; to  quiet ; to  pacify ; to 
allay ; to  assuage  ; to  reconcile  ; to  still ; to 
soothe ; to  compose ; as,  “ To  appease  the  pas- 
sions.” “ The  civil  wars  were  appeased.” Davies. 

Syn.  — Appease  wrath;  calm  the  feelings;  quiet 
or  pacify  the  child  ; allay  heat  or  hunger  ; assuage 
grief ; reconcile  enemies  ; still  commotion  ; soothe  care  ; 
compose  tlie  mind.  — See  Allay,  Satisfy. 

AP-PEA^E'MfNT,  n.  Act  of  appeasing.  “For 
its  appeasement  and  mitigation.”  Cudworth. 

AP-PEA§'£R,  n.  One  who  appeases  or  pacifies. 

AP-PEA§'IVE,  a.  That  mitigates  or  appeases; 
having  the  power  to  appease.  Sherwood. 

AP-PEL'LAN-CY,  n.  [L.  appello,  to  address.] 
Appeal  ; capability  of  appeal,  [r.]  Todd. 

AP-PEL'LANT,  a.  Relating  to  an  appeal;  ap- 
pealing. Const,  and  Canons  Eccl. 

AP-PEL'LANT,  n.  {Late.)  One  who  appeals  ; a 
person  or  party  by  whom  an  appeal  is  made  : 
— opposed  to  respondent  or  appellee.  Burrill. 

AP-PEL'LATE,  a.  {Law.)  Relating  to  appeals; 
having  cognizance  of  appeals.  “ Appellate  ju- 
risdiction.” Blackstone.  “ The  judges,  neither 
the  original  nor  the  appellate.”  Burke. 

Ap-PEL-lA'TION,  n.  1.  f An  appeal.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  The  name  by  which  any  thing  is  called ; 
a specific  or  distinctive  name  ; a title.  Broivne. 

Syn.  — See  Name. 

AP-PEL'LA-TIVE,  a.  {Gram.)  Common:  — ap- 
plied to  name,  and  opposed  to  proper.  Bp.  Bull. 

AP-PEL'LA-TIVE,  n.  1.  A common  name,  or 
noun,  as  opposed  to  a proper  one.  Watts. 

2.  A significant  name;  an  appellation;  a 
title.  “An  appellative  of  scorn.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

AP-PEL'LA-TI  VE-LY,  ad.  In  the  manner  of  nouns 
appellative.  “ Rendered  appellatively Fuller. 

AP-PEL'LA-TI V E-NESS,  n.  State  or  quality  of 
being  appellative.  Fuller. 

AP-PEL'LA-TO-RY,  a.  That  contains  an  appeal. 
“ An  appellatory  libel.”  Ayliffe. 

AP-PJJL-LEE'  [ap-el-e',  S.  W.  P.  Ja.  Sm. ; ?p- 
pei'e,  A'.],  n.  (Law.)  The  party  against  whom 
an  appeal  has  been  made:  — opposed  to  the 
appellant,  and  more  usually  termed  the  re- 
spondent. Burrill. 

AP-PEL'LOR,  or  AP-PEL-LOR'  [ap-pel'lor,  Ja.  K. 
Sm.  ; ap-pel-liir',  Wb.),  n.  (Law.)  One  who 
makes  an  appeal ; an  appellant.  Whishaw. 

fir  When  appellor  and  appellee  are  used  in  opposi- 
tion to  each  other,  they  are  both  commonly  accented 
on  the  last  syllable. 

AP'PpN-A^E,  n.  (Law.)  A child’s  part  or  por- 
tion. — See  Appanage.  Tomlins. 

AP-PEND',  v.  a.  [L.  appendo,  to  hang  or  attach 
to;  It  .appendere-,  Fr . appendre.]  [/.append- 
ed ; pp.  APPENDING,  APPENDED.] 

1.  To  hang  or  attach  to,  as  an  inscription  to 
a column,  or  a seal  to  a record. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RlJLE.  — ({,  <?,  q,  g,  soft;  13,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  y as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


APPENDAGE 

2.  To  add  to  something,  as  a supplement  to 
a book  ; to  subjoin  ; to  annex. 

AP-PEND'AOE,  n.  Something  added,  attached  or 
annexed  ; a concomitant. 

Modesty  is  the  appendage  of  sobriety,  and  is  to  chastity,  to 
temperance,  and  to  humility,  as  the  fringes  are  to  a garment. 

Bp.  Taylor . 

+ AP-PEND'ANCE,  n.  Something  annexed  or  at- 
tached ; an  appendage.  Bp.  Hall. 

AP-PEND'ANT,  a.  1.  Hanging  to  ; belonging  to  ; 
annexed  ; concomitant.  Bp.  Taylor. 

2.  (Laic.)  Appended  to  by  prescription,  as  a 
right  of  common  to  a freehold,  or  one  inherit- 
ance to  another  that  is  superior  or  more  wor- 
thy. Burrill. 

AP-PEND'ANT,  n.  That  which  belongs  to  anoth- 
er thing ; an  adventitious  part.  Hale. 

f AP-PEND'EN-CY,  n.  State  of  being  appendant. 
“By  right  of  appendency.”  Spelman. 

f AP-PEN'DI-CATE,  v.  a.  To  annex.  Hale. 

+ AP-PEN-DI-CA'TION,  n.  An  appendage.  Hale. 

AP-PEN'DI-CLE,  ».  A small  appendage.  Smart. 

AP-PpN-DIC'U-LATE,  a.  [L.  appendicula,  a small 
appendage.]  (Bot.)  Having  some  kind  of  ap- 
pendages. P.  Cyc. 

AP-PEN'DIX,  n. ; pi.  ap-pen'di-ces,  or  ap-pEn'- 
dix-e§.  [L.  appendix ; ad,  to,  and  pendo,  to  sus- 
pend.] Something  appended ; an  adjunct  or 
concomitant ; — a supplement  added  at  the  end 
of  a literary  w'ork.  Brande. 

AP-PENSE',  a.  [L.  appendo,  appensus,  to  attach 
to.]  (Bot.)  Hanging  from  above.  Gray. 

+ AP-PER-CEIVE',  v.  n.  [Fr.  appercevoir .]  To 
comprehend  ; to  perceive.  Chaucer. 

f AP-P^R-CEI  V'ING,  n.  Perception.  Chaucer. 

AP-PpR-CEP'TION,  n.  (Met.)  That  degree  of  per- 
ception which  reflects  upon  itself ; self-con- 
sciousness ; consciousness.  Reid. 

Consciousness  denotes  a state,  apperception  an  act,  of  the 
ego-,  and  from  this  alone  the  superiority  of  the  latter  is  ap- 
parent. Meiklejolm. 

t AP-PER'IL,  n.  Danger  ; peril.  Shah. 

AP-PpR-TAlN',  v.  n.  [Low  L.  appertineo ; It.  ap- 
partenere  ; Fr.  appartenir .]  [i.  APPERTAINED  ; 

pp.  APPERTAINING,  APPERTAINED.] 

1.  To  belong  to,  as  of  right  or  by  nature. 

The  Father,  to  whom,  in  heaven,  supreme 
Kingdom,  and  power,  and  glory  appertains.  Milton. 

2.  To  relate  to;  to  belong  to  by  custom. 

ITang  mournful  epitaphs,  and  do  all  rites 

That  appertain  unto  a burial.  Shak. 

t AP-PER-TAiN'MENT,  n.  That  which  apper- 
tains ; an  appurtenance.  Shak. 

AP-PER'T^-NANCE,  n.  Same  as  Appurte- 
nance. Browne. 

t AP-PER'TE-NANCE,  v.  a.  To  supply  as  of 
right.  “ Appertenanced  with . . . parks.”  Carew. 

f AP-PER'TI-NENT,  a.  Belonging  to. 

f AP-PER'TI-NENT,  n.  Any  thing  pertaining. 

To  furnish  him  with  all  appertinents . Shak. 

AP-PETE',  v.  a.  [L.  appeto,  to  seek  after.]  To 
desire.  “ Matter  appeteth  form.”  Chaucer. 

AP  Pf-TENCE,  ) yi.  [L.  appetentia;  It.  appe- 

AP'PIS-TEN-CY,  \tenza  ; Sp.  apetencia  ; Fr.  ap- 
petence.'] 

1.  Eager  desire  ; strong  appetite. 

Bred  only  and  completed  to  the  taste 

Of  lustful  appetence.  Milton. 

2.  Natural  tendency  or  inclination. 

The  present  example  precisely  contradicts  the  opinion 
that  the  parts  of  animals  may  have  been  all  formed  by  what 
is  called  ajjjietencf/,  i.  e.  endeavor  perpetuated,  and  Imper- 
ceptibly working  its  effect  through  an  incalculable  series  of 
generations.  Paley. 

f Ap'PE-TENT,  a.  [L.  appeto,  appetens,  to  seek, 
to  long  for.]  Very  desirous.  Sir  G.  Buck. 

t Ap-PE-TI-BI  L'!-TY,  n.  Quality  of  being  desira- 
ble. “Appetibility  of  the  object.”  Bramhall. 

t Ap'PE-TI-BLE,  a.  [L.  appetibilis .]  Desirable. 
“ The  most  appetible  object.”  Browne. 

AP'PF.-TITE,  n.  [L.  appetitus,  natural  desire; 
It.  appetito  ; Sp.  apetito  ; Fr . appetit.) 


70 

1.  Natural  desire  to  gratify  any  of  the  senses. 

Who  is  there  that  has  not  instigated  his  appetites  by  indul- 
gence? Joh  nson . 

2.  Desire  of  food  ; hunger. 

Wilt  thou  fill  the  appetite  of  the  young  lions? 

Job  xxxviii.  39. 

3.  The  object  of  eager  desire. 

Power  being  the  natural  appetite  of  princes.  Swift. 

f Ap'PE-TITE,  v.  a.  To  desire.  Sir  T.  Elyot. 

f AP-P$-TI''TION  (Slp-pe-tish'un),  n.  [L.  appeti- 
tio.\  Desire.  “Appetition  or  aversation.”  Hale. 

j-  AP-P5-TI"TIOUS, a.  Palatable;  desirable.  “Ap- 
petitious  . . . and  toothsome.”  Brief  Descr. 

Ap'PE-TI-TIVE,  a.  That  desires.  “The  appe- 
titive part  of  our  nature.”  Dr.  Sheldon. 

Ap'PE-TI'ZE,  v.  a.  [Fr.  appetissant,  exciting  ap- 
petite.] To  create  an  appetite.  Sir  IV.  Scott. 

A word  in  use  in  the  north  of  England.  Brockctt. 

Ap'P£-T!Z-]JR,  n.  That  which  appetizes.  Byron. 

AP'PI-AN,  a.  Relating  to  Appius  ; — denoting  a 
way  from  ancient  Rome  to  Brundusium.  Ency. 

AP-PLAUD',  v.  a.  [L.  applaudo,  to  clap  the  hands 
in  approbation ; It.  applaudire ; Sp.  aplaudir ; 
Fr.  applaudir .]  [i.  applauded  ; pp.  applaud- 
ing, APPLAUDED.] 

1.  To  praise  by  clapping  the  hands,  or  by 
acclamation. 

I would  applaud  thee  to  the  very  echo, 

That  should  applaud  again.  Shak. 

2.  To  praise ; approve  ; commend. 

O that  our  fathers  would  applaud  our  loves.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Commend. 

AP-PLAud'F.R,  n.  One  who  applauds.  Burton. 

AP-PLAU§E',  n.  Act  of  applauding;  a shout  of 
approbation  ; public  commendation  ; acclama- 
tion ; loud  praise. 

Applause  is  the  spur  of  noble  minds,  the  end  and  aim  of 
weak  ones.  Colton. 

Syn. — He  was  received  with  acclamation,  and  his 
speech  met  witli  unbounded  applause,  declamation  is 
expressed  by  the  lips ; applause,  in  part,  by  the 
hands. 

AP-PLAu'SIVE,  a.  Applauding.  Sir  R.  Fanshaw. 

AP'PLE  (ip'pl),  n.  [A.  S.  cepl,  apel,  or  crppeT, 
Ger.  apfel.]  (Bot.)  A species  of  Pyrus;  apple- 
tree  ; Pyrus  malus : — the  fruit  of  the  apple- 
tree,  or  Pyrus  malus.  Gray. 

dpple  of  the  eye,  the  pupil  of  the  eye.  Deut.  xxxii. 

10. Apple  of  discord,  cause  of  general  contention  : — 

a mythological  allusion  to  the  golden  apple  thrown 
into  an  assembly  of  the  gods  by  the  goddess  of  Dis- 
cord, on  which  was  written,  “ To  the  fairest,”  and 
which  gave  rise  to  a contention  between  Juno,  Mi- 
nerva, and  Venus,  to  the  last  of  whom  it  was  award- 
ed by  the  judgment  of  Paris. 

AP'PLE  (ap'pl),  v.  n.  To  form  like  an  apple. 
“ One  [turnip]  apples  above  ground.”  Marshall. 

AP'PLE— BLIGHT,  Jl.  (Ent.)  A species  of  aphis, 
covered  with  a white  cottony  secretion,  and 
which  multiplies  exceedingly  in  the  crevices  of 
diseased  apple-trees.  Harris. 

AP-PLE-BRAN  DY,  ) n rpj  gy]  ^ liquor  dis- 

AP-PLE— JACK',  ) tilled  from  cider  ; cider- 
brandy.  Boucher. 

AP-PLE-BUT'TJR,  n.  [U.  S.]  A sauce  made  of 
apples  stewed  in  cider  ; apple-sauce.  Oyilvie. 

AP'PLE— DUMP-LING,  n.  A dumpling  made  with 
apples.  Child. 

AP'PLE-GRAFT,  n.  A scion  or  graft  of  an  apple- 
tree.  “ Three  . . . sorts  of  apple-grafts.”  Boyle. 

Ap'PLE-HAR-V]3ST,  n.  The  time  of  gathering 
apples.  B.  Jonson. 

Ap'PLE-JOHN,  n.  See  John-Apple.  Shak. 

AP'PLE-PlE,  n.  A pie  made  with  apples.  Ash. 

AP'PLE— PIE  OR'DfR.  A colloquial  expression 
denoting  perfect  order.  Oyilvie. 

AP'PLE— SAUCE,  n.  Sauce  made  of  apples.  Parks. 

AP-PLE-SNAiI/,  n.  A term  applied  to  the  shells 
of  the  genus  Ampullaria.  Woodward. 

AP'PLE— TART,  n.  A tart  made  of  apples.  Shak. 

AP'PLE-TREE,  n.  [A.  S.  cepl-treow.]  A tree  which 
produces  apples  ; Pyrus  Malus.  Loudon. 


APPLY 

AP'PLE—  WO-MAN  (-wfim-un),  n.  A woman  who 
sells  apples.  Pope. 

t AP'PLE— YARD,  n.  An  orchard.  Prompt.  Parv. 

AP-PLI'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  applied.  Hooker. 

AP-PLl'ANCE,  n.  Act  of  applying;  application. 

Diseases,  desperate  grown, 

By  desperate  appliances  are  relieved.  Shak. 

AP-PLI'AN-CY,  n.  1.  Actof  applying. 

2.  The  thing  applied.  ' J.  Hunter. 

AP-PLI-CA-BIL'I-TY,  n.  Applieableness.  More. 

AP'PLI-CA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  applied  ; suita- 
ble. “ Justly  applicable  to  the  present  state  of 
mankind  in  general.”  Mason. 

Ap'PLI-CA-BLE-NESS,  n.  Fitness  to  be  applied  ; 
applicability.  Boyle. 

Ap'PLI-CA-BLY,  ad.  So  as  to  be  able  to  be  prop- 
erly applied.  ‘ Johnson. 

Ap'PLI-CAN-CY,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  be- 
ing an  applicant.  Oyilvie. 

AP'PLl-CANT,  n.  1.  One  who  applies ; a peti-* 
tioner  ; a suitor  ; a candidate.  Todd. 

2.  A diligent  student;  one  who  applies  him- 
self closely  ; — sometimes,  says  Pickering,  im- 
properly so  used  in  the  U.  S. 

AP'PLI-CATE,  n.  (Math.)  A chord  which,  is 
bisected  by  a diameter. 

dpplicate  numbers,  concrete  numbers. Applicate 

ordinate , an  applicate  with  reference  to  an  axis  of 
the  curve,  or  a double  ordinate  perpendicular  to  an 
axis  of  the  curve.  Davies. 

t Ap'PLI-cAte,  v.  a.  To  apply.  Pearson. 

Ap-PLI-cA'TION,  n.  [L.  application]  1.  Act  of 
applying ; as,  “ His  pain  was  relieved  by  the 
application  of  the  proper  remedies.” 

2.  That  which  is  applied  ; as,  “ He  proposes 
to  make  trial  of  a new  application.” 

3.  Solicitation;  entreaty;  appeal.  “A  pa- 

tent . . . passed,  upon  the  application  of  a poor, 
private,  obscure  mechanic.”  Swift. 

4.  Assiduity  ; industry  ; intense  study  ; close 
attention. 

I have  discovered  no  other  way  to  keep  our  thoughts  close 
to  their  business  but  by  frequent  attention  and  application. 

Locke. 

5.  Reference  of  one  thing  to  another,  in 
order  to  discover,  or  illustrate,  fitness,  agree- 
ment, or  correspondence. 

IIow  necessary  it  is  to  examine  scrupulously  the  applica- 
tion of  every  figurel  BolinyOroke. 

Syn.  — See  Attention. 

Ap'PLI-CA-TIVE,  a.  That  applies.  Bramhall. 

f Ap'PLI-CA-TO-RI-LY,  ad.  With  application. 
“ Instrumentally  or  applicatorily .”  Montagu. 

Ap'PLI-CA-TO-RY,  a.  Having  an  application. 
“A  home  and  applicatory  manner.”  Wilkins. 

Ap'PLI-CA-TO-RY,  n.  That  which  applies. 

There  are  but  two  ways  of  applying  the  death  of  Christ; 
faith  is  the  inward  applicatory.  Taylor. 

f AP-PLI'ED-LY,  ad.  By  application.  “ Of  them- 
selves, or  appliedly,  acts  of  religion.”  Montagu. 

AP-I'Ll'f.R,  n.  One  who  applies.  Montagu. 

f AP-PLI'MENT,  n.  Application.  Marston. 

AP-PLY'  v.  a.  [Gr.  n/.iiao;  L.  applico  ; It.  appli- 
care;  Sp.  aplicar;  Old  Fr.  applier;  Fr.  appli- 
quer .]  \i.  applied  ; pp.  applying,  applied.] 

1.  To  put,  lay,  or  place  upon. 

Apply  to  her  some  remedies.  Shak. 

2.  To  convert  to  use ; to  use ; to  appropriate. 

The  profits  thereof  might  be  applied  towards  the  support 
of  the  year.  Clarendon. 

3.  To  direct;  to  address. 

Sacred  vows  and  n^'stic  song  applied 

To  grisly  Pluto  and  his  gloomy  bride.  Pope. 

4.  To  direct  with  diligence,  or  attentively. 

Apply  thine  heart  unto  instruction,  and  thine  ears  to  the 
words  of  knowledge.  Prov.  xxiii.  12. 

5.  To  make  use  of  as  suitable  or  fitting. 

I repeated  the  verses  which  I formerly  applied  to  him. 

Dryden. 

6.  f To  busy  ; to  employ. 

She  was  skilful  in  applying  his  humors.  Sidney. 

Syn.  — See  Addict. 

AP-PLY',  *.  n.  1.  To  suit;  to  fit;  as,  “This 
applies  well  to  the  case.” 


A,  E,  !,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  short-,  A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


APPOGGIATUIiA 


71 


APPRISE 


2.  To  have  recourse  by  request  or  petition. 

I had  no  thoughts  of  applying  to  any  but  himself.  Swift. 


i f 

APPOGGIATURA  ('*p-poj-e-  \ & 

9-tu'rj),  n.  [It.  appoggiare,  p — 
to  lean  upon.]  (Mus.)  A 
note  of  embellishment  or 


The  small  notes  are 
appoggiaturas. 

expression  introduced  before  the  principal  note; 
passing  note;  fore  note  ; grace  note.  Dwight. 


AP-POINT',  v.  a.  [L.  ad,  to,  and  punctum,  a point ; 
It .appuntare-,  Sp.  apuntart,  Fr.  appoint er.\  [i. 
APPOINTED  ; pp.  APPOINTING,  APPOINTED.] 

1.  To  fix  ; to  set ; to  determine  ; to  prescribe. 

Thou  hast  appointed  his  bounds.  Job  xiv.  5. 

2.  To  settle  by  agreement. 

This  is  the  day  appointed  for  the  combat.  Shak. 

3.  To  decree  ; to  order  ; to  command ; to 
ordain  ; to  direct. 

Thy  servants  are  ready  to  do  whatsoever  my  lord  the  king 
shall  appoint.  2 Sam.  xv.  15. 

4.  To  assign  ; to  allot ; to  designate. 

Man  hath  his  daily  work  of  body  or  mind 
Appointed , which  declares  his  dignity.  Milton. 

5.  To  name  or  set  apart  for  an  office  ; to  con- 
stitute. 


Look  ye  out  among  you  seven  men  of  honest  report  . . . 
whom  we  may  apitoint  over  this  business.  Acts  vi.  3. 

6.  To  furnish;  to  equip;  to  supply;  — used 
in  this  sense  chiefly  as  a participle ; as,  “ The 
army  was  well  appointed.” 

7.  To  point  at  for  the  purpose  of  censuring; 
to  arraign  ; to  denounce,  [k.] 

Appoint  not  heavenly  disposition,  father.  Milton. 

8.  (Law.)  To  direct  a new  disposition  of  an 
estate  already  conveyed,  by  virtue  of  a power 
contained  in  such  conveyance  ; to  create  or  di- 
rect a use  ; to  limit  a new  use  ; to  substitute  a 
new  use  in  place  of  a former  one.  Burrill. 

Syn.  — Appoint  to  an  office;  appoint  a meeting,  a 
successor ; constitute  a leader  or  judge  ; constitute  gov- 
ernments, laws,  offices.  An  officer  orders  or  directs ; a 
physician  prescribes  ; Providence  ordains. — See  Al- 
lot, Constitute,  Fix,  Institute. 

AP-POINT',  v.  n.  To  decree  ; to  resolve. 

For  the  Lord  had  appointed  to  defeat  the  good  counsel  of 
Ahithophel.  2 Sam.  xvii.  14. 

AP-POINT'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  appointed. 


AP-POINT'ED,  p.  a.  1.  Settled;  established. 
“ There  was  an  appointed  sign.”  Judges  xx.  38. 

2.  Equipped  ; furnished  ; supplied. 

Goodly  appointed , in  clothing  sumptuous.  Barclay. 

AP-POINT-EE',  n.  1.  One  who  receives  an  ap- 
pointment ; one  appointed. 

2.  (Mil.)  A foot  soldier,  who,  for  long  or 
special  services,  has  greater  pay  than  other 
privates.  Scott. 

AP-POlNT'JJR,  n.  One  who  appoints.  Gregory. 

AP-POINT'MENT,  n.  1.  Act  of  appointing. 

2.  State  of  being  appointed,  or  named  for  an 
office  ; station ; office  ; as,  “ He  obtained  a lu- 
crative appointment.” 

3.  Assignation  ; previous  arrangement. 

They  had  made  an  appointment  together  to  come  to  mourn 
with  him.  Job  ii.  11. 

4.  Decree;  destination;  law;  as,  “All  must 
submit  to  the  appointments  of  Providence.” 

5.  Direction ; bidding ; order  ; command. 

That  good  fellow, 

If  I command  him,  follows  my  appointment.  Shak. 

6.  Equipment ; equipage. 

Up  higher  to  the  plain,  where  we  ’ll  set  forth 

In  best  appointment  all  our  regiments.  Shak. 

7.  Allowance;  salary;  pension;  pay. 

His  ambassadors  complain  of  nothing  more  frequently 
than  the  slenderness  of  their  appointments.  JIurd. 

8.  A part,  or  exercise,  assigned  for  com- 
mencement in  an  American  college. 

9.  (Law.)  A deed  or  instrument  which  is  exe- 

cuted in  pursuance  of  a power  contained  in  some 
preceding  deed,  and  which  operates  as  a con- 
veyance, by  limiting  a use,  or  by  substituting 
a new  use  for  a former  one.  Burrill. 


f AP-PURT'1JR,  n.  [Fr.  apporter,  to  bring.]  A 
bringer  in.  Hale. 

AP-POR'TION,  v.  a.  [Fr.  apportionner .]  [i.  ap- 
portioned ; pp.  APPORTIONING,  APPOR- 
TIONED.] To  set  out  or  divide  in  just  propor- 
tions ; to  distribute  ; to  allot.  Taylor. 

Syn. — See  Allot. 


+ AP-POR'TION-ATE-NESS,  n.  Adaptedness. 

The  apportionateness  of  the  English  liturgy  to  the  end  to 
which  it  wus  designed.  Hammond. 

AP-POR'TION-bjR,  n.  One  who  apportions ; a 
limiter  ; a bounder.  Cotyrave. 

AP-l'OR'TION-MENT,  91.  Act  of  apportioning; 
distribution  or  division  of  property  so  as  to 
give  each  interested  person  a just  share. 

fAP-POSE',  v.  a.  [L.  appono,  to  put  to;  Fr.  ap- 
poserJ 

1.  To  place  before.  “ Atrides  . . . food  suffi- 
cient apposed  before  them.”  Chapman. 

2.  To  put  questions  to ; to  embarrass  by 

questions  ; to  pose.  Bacon. 

AP-PO§'ER,  n.  (Law.)  An  examiner;  a ques- 
tioner : — applied  to  an  officer  in  the  English 
exchequer.  Burrill. 

AP'PQ-^lTE  (ap'o-zit),  a.  [L.  appono,  appositus, 
to  apply  to.]  Proper  ; fit ; suitable  ; well  ap- 
plied; relevant;  as,  “ An  apposite  remark.” 

Ap'PO-§ITE-LY  (ap'o-zlt-le),  ad.  Fitly ; suit- 
ably. “ Appositely  and  properly  ask.”  South. 

AP'PO-^ITE-NESS,  n.  Fitness  ; suitableness. 
“Fitness,  rightness,  appositeness.”  Hale. 

AP-PO-.‘jI"TION  (ap-o-zlsh'un),  n.  [L . appositio.) 

1.  Addition  ; application.  “ It  grows  by  the 

apposition  of  new  matter.”  Arbuthnot. 

2.  (Gram.)  The  putting  of  two  or  more 

nouns  or  pronouns,  meaning  the  same  thing, 
in  the  same  case.  Pearson. 

AP-PO§'I-TlVE,  a.  (Gram.)  Placed  in  apposi- 
tion. “ Appositive  to  the  words  going  imme- 
diately before.”  [r.]  Knatchbull. 

AP-PRAIiSE'  (jp-praz'),  v.  a.  [L.  ad,  to,  and  pre- 
tium,  a price,  i.  e.  to  set  a price  to  ; It.  apprez- 
zare;  Sp.  apreciar ; Fr.  apprecier .]  [i.  ap- 

praised ; pp.  APPRAISING,  APPRAISED.]  To 
set  a price  upon  ; to  estimate  the  value  of ; to 
vaiue  ; as,  “ To  appraise  goods.”  Blackstone. 

This  word  is  frequently  pronounced,  and  some- 
times written,  apprize  ; and  it  was  formerly  so  written 
by  good  English  authors,  as  Lord  Bacon,  Bishop  Hall, 
&c.  Dr.  Webster  spells  it  apprize  ; but  the  English 
dictionaries  uniformly  have  appraise  ; though  Todd, 
after  giving  the  word  appraisement,  adds,  “ Formerly, 
and  rightly,  apprizement .” 

AP-PRAl§E'MENT,  n.  Act  of  appraising;  set- 
ting a price  ; valuation.  Blackstone. 

AP-PRAIij'IJR,  n.  [Old  Fr.  appreisour .]  One 
who  sets  a price,  or  appraises.  Green. 

t AP-PRp-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  apprecor,  to  adore,  to 
pray  to.]  Earnest  prayer.  Bp.  Hall. 

f AP'PRf-CA-TO-RY,  a.  Praying  or  wishing  any 
good.  “Not  so  much  apprecatory  as  declara- 
tory benedictions.”  Bp.  Hall. 

AP-PRE'CI- A-BLE  (ap-pre'she-5-bl,  66),  a.  Capable 
of  being  appreciated  or  estimated.  Walker. 

AP-PRE'CI-ATE  (ap-pre'she-at,  66),  v.  a.  [Fr.  ap- 
precier. — See  Appraise.]  [t.  appreciated  ; 
pp.  appreciating,  appreciated.] 

1.  To  estimate  justly  ; to  set  a just  value  on  ; 
as,  “ To  appreciate  the  merits  of  a writer.” 

2.  To  raise  the  value  of.  [Improperly  so 
used  by  Dr.  Ramsay .] 

Syn.  — See  Estimate. 

AP-PRE'CJ-ATE,  v.  n.  To  rise  in  value;  to  be- 
come of  more  value.  [Sometimes  improperly 
so  used  in  the  U.  S.]  Pickering. 

AP-PRE-CI-A'TION  (ap-pre-she-a'shun),  n. 

1.  Act  of  appreciating ; valuation. 

2.  Increase  in  worth  or  value ; a rising  in 

value.  — See  Appreciate.  Ogilvie. 

AP-PRE'CI- A-TIVE  (ap-pre'she-it-ttv),  a.  That 
appreciates  ; capable  of  appreciating.  Ec.  Rev. 

AP-PRE'CI-A-TO-RY  (ap-pre'she-?-to-re),  a.  That 
appreciates  or  values.  ’ West.  Rev. 

Ap-PRE-IIEND',  v.  a.  [L.  apprehendo  ; ad,  to, 
and  prehendo,  to  take  hold  of ; It.  appremlere  ; 
Sp.  aprender ; Fr.  apprendre .]  \_i.  apprehend- 
ed ; pp.  apprehending,  apprehended.] 

1.  To  lay  hold  on  ; to  take  with  the  hands. 

There  is  nothing  but  hath  a double  handle,  or  at  least  we 
have  two  hands  to  apprehend  it.  Taylor. 


2.  To  seize  as  a criminal ; to  take  prisoner ; 
to  arrest ; to  seize  by  virtue  of  a warrant. 

The  governor  . . . kept  the  city  . . . with  a garrison,  de- 
sirous to  apprehend  me.  2 Cor.  xi.  32. 

3.  To  conceive  by  the  mind;  to  suppose;  to 
imagine  ; to  believe. 

Full  to  the  utmost  measure  of  what  bliss 
Human  desires  can  seek  or  apprehend.  Milton . 

We  apprehend  many  truths  which  we  do  not  comprehend. 

Trench. 

4.  To  think  on  with  fear;  to  fear;  to  dread. 

It  was  justly  apprehended  that  there  might  be  some  dan- 
ger in  acquainting  them  with  their  own  numbers.  Gibbon. 

Syn.  — Apprehend,  seize,  or  arrest  a person  accused 
of  a crime. — To  apprehend  and  to  conceive  are  com- 
monly applied  to  things  that  have  a real  existence ; to 
suppose  and  imagine,  often  to  things  which  exist  only 
in  the  imagination.  To  apprehend  is  simply  to  take 
an  idea  into  the  mind  ; to  conceive , to  form  an  idea. 
What  one  supposes,  may  be  doubtful  ; what  one  ima- 
gines, may  be  impossible.  — To  apprehend,  to  fear,  and 
to  dread,  all  imply  expectation  of  future  evil.  A 
faint  emotion  is  called  apprehension ; a stronger  one, 
fear',  a still  stronger,  dread.  Apprehend  an  unpleas- 
ant occurrence ; fear  misfortune  ; dread  great  calam- 
ity or  tyranny. 

AP-PRp-IIEND',  v.  n.  To  think;  to  suppose ; to 
imagine  ; to  conceive.  Atterbury. 

AP-PRIS-HEND'ER,  n.  One  who  apprehends. 

AP-PR^-HEN'SI-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  appre- 
hended or  conceived.  Browne . 

AP-PR^-HJEN'SION,  n.  [L.  apprehensio.] 

1.  Act  of  apprehending ; seizure  ; arrest. 

And  go  we,  brothers,  to  the  man  that  took  him, 

To  question  of  his  apprehension.  Shak. 

2.  The  faculty  by  which  ideas  are  conceived  ; 
understanding ; intellect ; intellection. 

In  apprehension  how  like  a god!  Shak. 

3.  Opinion  ; sentiment ; belief  ; conception. 

The  expressions  of  Scripture  are  commonly  suited,  in 

those  matters,  to  the  vulgar  apprehensions.  Locke. 

4.  Distrust ; fear  ; dread  ; suspicion. 

Better  to  be  despised  for  too  anxious  apprehensions  than 
ruined  by  too  confident  security.  Itnrhe. 

Apprehension,  in  logic,  is  that  act  or  condition  of  tire  mind 
in  which  it  receives  the  notion  of  any  object,  and  which  is 
analogous  to  the  perception  of  the  senses.  W /lately. 

Syn.  — See  Alarm. 

AP-PRE-HEN'SIVE,  a.  1.  Quick  to  understand. 
“Teach  such  apprehensive  scholars.”  Holder. 

The  soul-fraught  eye  and  apprehensive  air.  Scott. 

2.  + Sensitive  ; perceptive. 

Mangle  my  apprehensive,  tenderest  parts.  Milton. 

3.  Fearful;  distrustful.  “ Apprehensive  of 

evils.”  Tillotson. 

Syn.  — See  Distrustful,  Fearful. 

Ap-PRE-HEN'SIVE-LY,  ad.  In  an  apprehensive 
manner  ; with  apprehension.  Johnson. 

AP-PRE-HEN'SIVE-NESS,  n.  State  or  quality 
of  being  apprehensive.  Wotton. 

AP-PREN'TICE  (ap-pren'tjs),  n.  [L.  apprehendo, 
to  grasp ; Fr.  apprenti,  a learner;  apprendre, 
to  learn ; Sp.  aprendiz .]  A person  bound  by 
indenture,  for  a certain  time,  to  perform  ser- 
vices for  a master,  and  receiving  in  return  in- 
struction in  his  trade  or  occupation.  Cowcl. 

AP-PREN'TICE,  V.  a.  [i.  APPRENTICED  ; pp.  AP- 
PRENTICING, apprenticed.]  To  bind  or  put 
out  as  an  apprentice. 

Him  portioned  maids,  apprenticed  orphans,  blessed.  Pope. 

AP-PREN'TICE— FEE,  n.  A pecuniary  sum  paid  to 
the  master  of  an  apprentice.  Blackstone. 

f AP-PREN  TICE-HOOD  (-bud),  n.  Apprentice- 
ship. “ A long  apprentice-hood.”  Shak. 

AP-PREN'TICE-SHiP,  n.  The  state  or  term  of 
being  an  apprentice  or  learner. 

In  every  art  there  is  an  apprenticeship  necessary.  Diyby. 

f AP-PREN'TI-SAGE,  n.  Apprenticeship.  Bacon. 

AP-PR ESSED  , ) a_  p,.  apprimo,  appressus,  to 

AP-PREST',  ) press  to.]  (Bot.)  Pressed  close 
to  the  stem,  as  leaves  or  peduncles.  Loudon. 

AP-PRLSE',  v.  a.  [Fr.  apprendre,  appris. — See 
Apprehend.]  [?.  apprised  ; pp.  apprising, 
apprised.]  To  inform;  to  give  notice  to;  to 
acquaint ; — followed  by  of. 

It  is  fit  to  be  apprised  of  a few  things  to  prevent  his  mis- 
taking. Cheyne. 

Syn. — See  Inform. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  9,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


APPRIZE 


72 


APPULSE 


AP-PRIZE',  v.  a.  [L.  ad,  to,  and  pretium,  a price.] 

" [i.  APPRIZED  ; pp.  APPRIZING,  APPRIZED.] 
To  set  a price  upon  ; to  appraise ; to  estimate 
the  value  of ; to  value. 

More  commonly  written  appraise,  — See  Appraise. 

t AP-PRIZE',  n.  Information.  Goicer. 

AP-PRlZE'MfNT,  n.  Act  of  apprizing;  valua- 
tion ; appraisement.  Bacon. 

See  Appraise  and  Appraisement. 

AP-PRtZ'ER,  n.  One  who  apprizes.  Bp.  Ilall. 

AP-PROACH'  (jp-proch'),  v.  n.  [L.  approximo ; 
ad,  to,  and  proximus,  next ; It.  approcciare ; 
Fr.  approcher .]  [i.  approached  ; pp.  ap- 

proaching, approached.]  To  draw  or  come 
near  in  space  or  time ; to  make  progress  to- 
wards ; to  approximate. 

When  he  approacheth  to  your  presence.  Shak. 

The  days  approach  that  thou  must  die.  Bent.  xxxi.  14. 

AP-PROACH',  v.a.  1.  To  bring  near  ; to  cause  to 
be  near  ; to  approximate,  [r.] 

By  plunging  paper  thoroughly  in  weak  spirit  of  wine,  and 
ajtproaching  it  to  a candle,  the  spirituous  parts  will  burn 
without  harming  the  paper.  Boyle. 

2.  To  come  near  by  affinity  or  by  resemblance. 
“ The  cat  approaches  the  tiger.”  Johnson. 

AP-PROACH',  n.  1.  Act  of  drawing  near;  ad- 
vance ; nearness ; approximation  ; as,  “ The 
approach  of  day  ” ; “ The  approach  of  an 

army.” 

2.  Power  to  draw  near  ; access ; admittance. 

Honor  hath  in  it  the  vantage  ground  to  do  good;  the  ap- 
proach to  kings  and  principal  persons;  and  the  raising  or  a 
man’s  own  fortunes.  Bacon. 

3.  (Fort.)  A trench,  or  covered  way,  by  which 
a fortress  may  be  approached  without  exposure 
to  the  fire  of  its  garrison.  Glos.of  Mil.  Terms. 

Counter  approaches,  (Fort.)  works  carried  on  by  the 
besieged  against  those  of  the  besiegers. — Curve  of 
approach,  (Geom.)  the  curve  along  which  a heavy 
body  descending  by  the  force  of  gravity  makes  equal 
approaches  to  the  horizon  in  equal  times.  — Method 
of  approaches,  (Math.)  a method  of  resolving  certain 
problems  in  algebra  by  assigning  limits,  and  making 
gradual  approximations  to  the  correct  answer. 

AP-PROACH'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  approached  ; 
accessible. 

He  that  regards  the  welfare  of  others  should  make  his  vir- 
tue approachable , that  it  may  be  loved  and  copied.  Johnson. 

AP-PROACH'JER,  n.  One  who  approaches.  Shak. 

AP-PROACH'ING,  p.  a.  Coming  near;  approxi- 
mating. “ The  approaching  tide.”  Shak. 

AP-PROACH'ING,  n.  ( Gardening .)  The  act  of 
ingrafting  a sprig  or  shoot  of  one  tree  into 
another  without  cutting  it  from  the  parent 
stock ; — called  also  inarching . Orabb. 

AP-PROACH'LgSS,  a.  That  cannot  be  ap- 
proached ; inaccessible.  Stevens. 

f AP-PROACH'MIJNT,  n.  Act  of  coming  near. 
“ The  approachment  of  the  air.”  Browne. 

AP'PRO-BATE,  v.  a.  [L.  approbo  ; ad,  to,  and  pro- 
bo,  to  prove.]  [i.  approbated  ; pp.  appro- 
bating, APPROBATED.] 

1.  To  commend;  to  approve. 

The  cause  of  this  battle  every  man  did  allow  and  appro- 
bate, and  . . . promised  their  industry.  Hall. 

££jp  This  word,  once  in  use  in  England,  has  long 
been  disused.  It  is,  however,  employed  by  the  Amer- 
ican clergy  as  a sort  of  technical  term,  in  the  sense 
of  to  license,  or  to  gioe  license  or  approbation  to  preach. 

2.  ( Scottish  Law.)  A man  is  said  to  approbate 

and  reprobate,  who  takes  advantage  of  one  part 
of  a deed,  but  rejects  the  rest.  Ogilvie. 

AP'PRO-BATE,  a.  [L.  approbatus.'] 

1.  t Approved.  Sir  T.  Elyot. 

2.  ( Scottish  Law.)  Accepted.  Tomlins. 

AI’-PRO-bA'TION,  n.  [L.  approbatio  ; It.  appro- 
bations ; Sp.  aprobacion ; Fr.  approbation .] 

1.  The  act  of  approving ; approval ; com- 
mendation ; support. 

I am  very  sensible  how  much  nobler  it  is  to  place  the  re- 
ward  of  virtue  in  the  silent  approbation  of  one’s  own  breast, 
than  in  the  applause  of  the  world.  Melmoth. 

2.  f Conclusive  evidence  ; proof. 

That  lacked  sight  only,  nought  for  approbation 
But  only  seeing.  Shak. 

3.  Probation  ; trial. 

This  day  my  sister  should  the  cloister  enter. 

And  there  receive  her  approbation.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Assent. 


Ap'PRO-BA-TIVE  [Sp'pro-bj-tlv,  K.  Sm.  R.  T Vb. 
Todd ; ap-pro'ba-tiv,  Ja.],  a.  [Fr.  approbatif.] 
Approving ; commending.  Cotgrave. 

Ap'PRO-BA-TOR,  n.  [L.]  One  who  approves. 
“ Judges  and  approbators.”  [h.]  Evelyn. 

AP'PRO-BA-TO-RY  [5p'pro-ba-to-re,  K.  Sm.  R. 
Wb.  Todd',  Sp-pro-ba'to-re,  Scott,  Ash',  a-pro'- 
b?-to-re,  Maunder],  a.  Approving.  “ Letters 
. . . confirmatory  and  approbatory.”  Hackluyt. 

f AP-PROMPT',  v.  a.  To  excite;  to  quicken.  “To 
apprompt  our  invention.”  Bacon. 

f AP-PROOF',  n.  Approbation  ; commendation. 
“ Either  of  condemnation  or  approof.”  Shak. 

f AP-PROP'IJR-ATE,  v.  a.  [L . appropero.)  To 
hasten  ; to  set  forward.  Bailey. 

f AP-PRO-PIn'cIUAte,  v.n.  [L.  appropinquo .] 
To  draw  nigh  unto  ; to  approach.  Bailey. 

f Ap-PRO-PIN-QUA'TION,  n.  Act  or  power  of 
approaching  ; a drawing  near.  Bp.  Hall. 

AP-PRO-PInGUE'  (Sp-pro-pink'),  v.  a.  To  ap- 
proach; — used  ludicrously. 

"With  mortal  crisis  doth  portend 

My  days  to  appropinque  an  end.  Hudibras. 

AP-PRO'PRI-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  appropriat- 
ed. “ Fitly  appropriable  unto  trees.”  Browne. 

AP-PRO'PRI-ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  approprio,  appropri- 
ate ; ad,  to,  and  proprius,  one’s  own  ; It.  ap- 
propriare-,  Sp.  apropriar  ; Fr.  approprier .]  [ i . 
APPROPRIATED  ; pp.  APPROPRIATING,  APPRO- 
PRIATED.] 

1.  To  take  as  one’s  own  by  exclusive  right. 

Every  body  else  has  an  equal  title  to  it,  and  therefore  he 
cannot  appropriate , he  cannot  enclose  [itj,  without  the  con- 
sent of  all  his  fellow-commoners.  Locke. 

2.  To  consign  to  some  person  or  use;  to  set 
apart  for  some  person  or  use. 

Things  sunctified  were  thereby  in  such  sort  appropriated 
unto  God,  ns  that  they  might  never  afterwards  again  be 
made  common.  Hooker. 

3.  {Law.)  To  alienate  a benefice,  or  set  it 

apart  to  the  perpetual  use  of  some  spiritual 
corporation.  Ayliffe. 

Syn.  — To  appropriate,  usurp,  arrogate , and  assume 
all  imply  the  idea  of  taking  something  to  one’s  self 
by  one’s  own  act.  To  appropriate  is  to  take  from  an- 
other to  one’s  self,  with  or  without  violence  ; to  usurp 
is  to  take  from  another  to  one’s  self,  with  violence; 
to  arrogate  and  assume  imply  the  taking  of  something 
to  one’s  self,  but  do  not  imply  the  taking  from  an- 
other. He  appropriated  the  money  to  his  own  use, 
usurped  tile  government,  arrogated  undue  honor  or 
merit,  and  assumed  a false  title  or  character. 

AP-PRO'PRI-ATE,  a.  Consigned  to  some  partic- 
ular person  or  use ; peculiar  ; fit ; adapted  ; 
suitable.  “ lit  its  [parable]  strict  and  appropri- 
ate meaning.”  Porteus. 

Syn.  — An  appropriate  remark  ; a peculiar  opinion; 
ft  for  the  season  ; adapted  to  the  occasion  ; suitable  to 
the  circumstances. 

AP-PRO'PRI-ATE-LY,  ad.  In  an  appropriate  man- 
ner ; suitably  ; properly.  Browne. 

AP-PRO'PRI-ATE-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  ap- 
propriate ; fitness  of  application.  Mede. 

AP-PRO-PRI-A'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  appropriat- 
ing; application  to  a particular  use;  as,  “The 
appropriation  of  money  to  pay  for  certain  ob- 
jects ” ; “ The  appropriation  of  names  to 
things.” 

2.  Any  thing  appropriated,  as  money ; as, 
“ The  annual  appropriations  made  by  Con- 
gress.” 

3.  (Law.)  The  annexing  of  a benefice  to  the 

use  of  a spiritual  corporation,  a dean  and  chap- 
ter, bishopric,  or  college.  Hook. 

AP-PRO'PRI-A-TIVE,  a.  Making  appropriation  ; 
that  appropriates.  Ec.  Rev. 

AP-PRO'PRI-A-TOR,  n.  1.  One  who  appropriates. 

2.  (Law.)  One  who  is  possessed  of  an  ap- 
propriated benefice.  Ayliffe. 

AP-PRO-PRi'JJ-TA-RY,  n.  (I^aio.)  A lay  possessor 
of  the  profits  of  a benefice.  Spelman. 

AP-PRO  V'A-BLE,  a.  Meriting  approbation  ; laud- 
able ; praiseworthy.  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

AP-PROV'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  State  or  quality  of 
being  approvable.  Browne. 


AP-PROV'AL,  n.  Approbation  ; commendation. 

A censor  of  .justice  and  manners,  without  whose  ap- 
proval  no  capital  sentences  are  to  be  executed.  Temple. 

f AP-PROV'ANCE,  n.  Approbation ; approval. 
“ Approvance  of  his  own  reason.”  Spenser. 

AP-PROVE',  v.  a.  [L  .approbo'.  It.  approvare', 

Sp . aprobar  •,  Fr.  approuver.]  [i.  approved; 
pp.  approving,  approved.] 

1.  To  think  or  judge  favorably  of;  to  com- 
mend; to  express  a liking  to. 

There  can  be  nothing  . . . evil  which  God  approveth , and 
...  he  approveth  much  more  than  he  doth  command.  Hooker. 

2.  To  make  worthy  of  approbation. 

Study  to  show  thyself  approved  unto  God.  2 Tim.  ii.  15. 

3.  f To  prove;  to  confirm;  to  justify. 

What  damned  error  but  some  sober  brow 

Will  bless  it,  and  approve  it  with  a text?  Shak. 

4.  (Laic.)  To  enclose  for  the  purpose  of  cul- 

tivation ; to  increase  the  profits  of  by  enclos- 
ing and  cultivating  land  that  was  before  com- 
mon or  waste ; to  improve.  Burrill. 

Syn.  — See  Ratify. 

AP-PROVED'  (ap-provd'),  p.  a.  Commended;  ex- 
amined ; tried ; accepted.  Shak. 

AP-PROVE'MENT,  n.  1.  Approbation.  “I  did 
nothing  without  your  approvement.”  Hayward. 

2.  (Law.)  Enclosure  of  land  for  the  pur- 
pose of  cultivation  ; improvement  of  land  ; — 
an  obsolete  term  for  confession  by  a criminal 
and  his  accusation  of  his  accomplices,  answer- 
ing to  what  is  now  known  as  turning  king’s  evi- 
dence, or,  in  the  U.  S.,  state’s  evidence.  Burrill. 

AP-PRO V'^R,  n.  1.  One  who  approves.  South. 

2.  (Late.)  One  who,  being  indicted,  upon 
his  arraignment  confesses  the  indictment,  and 
accuses  his  accomplices.  Burrill. 

AP-PROV'ING,  p.  a.  Affording  approbation  ; jus- 
tifying ; as,  “ An  approving  conscience.” 

AP-PROV'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a manner  indicating 
approval  or  commendation. 

f AP-PROX'I-MANT,  a.  Approaching  in  charac- 
ter. “ Approximant  and  conformant.”  Dering. 

AP-PROX'I-MATE,  a.  [L.  ad,  to,  and  proximus, 
next.] 

1.  Near  to  ; approaching.  Browne. 

2.  (Math.)  Nearly  correct  or  true ; nearly 

accurate;  as,  “An  approximate  result”;  “An 
approximate  value.”  Davies. 

3.  (Zool.)  Noting  teeth  so  arranged  in  the 
jaws,  that  one  passes  on  the  side  of  the  next 
without  any  intervening  vacancy.  Brande. 

Approximate  quantities,  (Math.)  quantities  nearly, 
but  not  absolutely,  equal.  Brande. 

AP-PROX'I-MATE,  V.  a.  [i.  APPROXIMATED  ; 

" pp.  APPROXIMATING,  APPROXIMATED.]  To 
cause  to  come  near  or  to  approach  ; to  bring 
near.  “ Approximated  and  combined.”  Barrow. 

Time  past  is  gone  like  a shadow:  make  time  to  come  pres- 
ent; approximate  thy  latter  times  by  present  apprehension 
of  them.  Browne. 

AP-PROX'I-MATE,  v.  n.  To  come  near. 

Among  five  men,  . . . one  possessing  all  the  qualifi- 
cations of  a good  workman,  one  bad,  ana  the  other  three 
middling,  ana  approximating  to  the  first  and  the  last.  Burke. 

AP-PROX'I-MATE-LY,  ad.  By  approximation  ; 
in  an  approximate  manner.  Sharpe. 

AP-Pr6X-I-MA'TION,  n.  [It.  approssimamento ; 
Sp.  aproximacion  ; Fr.  approximation.)  - 

1.  Act  of  approximating;  approach.  Hale. 

2.  (Math.)  A continual  approach,  nearer  still 
and  nearer,  to  the  quantity  sought,  but  not  ex- 
pected to  be  found ; an  approach  to  the  true 
value  of  a quantity. 

The  method  of  finding  the  ratio  of  the  diameter  of  a circle 
to  its  circumference  affords  an  instance  of  geometrical  a/j- 
proximation.  Davies. 

AP-PROX'I-MA-TIVE,  a.  That  approaches  ; near 
to  ; approaching.  Ed.  Rev. 

AP-PROX'1-MA-TlVE-LY,  ad.  By  approxima- 
tion; approximately.  Hot.  Jacob. 

AP'PULSE,  or  AP-PULSE'  [Sp'puls,  S.  W.  J.  E. 
F.  Ja. ; ap-puls',  P.  K.  Sm.  R.  II  A.],  n.  [L. 
appello,  appulsus .] 

1.  The  act  of  striking  against.  “ The  ap- 
pulse  of  the  waters  to  the  shores.”  Bacon. 

In  all  consonants  there  is  an  appulse  of  the  organs.  Holder. 


A,  E,  f,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  V,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


APPULSION 


73  AQUILINE 


2.  ( Astron .)  The  approach  of  two  luminaries 
to  a conjunction.  “The  observation  of  the 
moon’s  appulses  to  any  fixed  star.”  Adams. 

AP-PUL'SION,  re.  The  act  of  striking  against; 
the  act  of  impinging.  Smart. 

AP-PUL'SIVE,  a.  Striking  against;  impinging; 
driving  towards.  Smart. 

AP-PUL'SIVE-LY,  ad.  In  an  appulsive  manner  ; 
with  appulsion.  Dr.  Allen. 

AP-PtiR'TJg-NANCE,  n.  [Fr.  appartenance ; ap- 
partenir,  to  belong  to.]  (Law.)  That  which 
appertains;  something  belonging ; an  adjunct. 
“ Appurtenances  of  majesty.”  Barrow. 

AP-PUR'Tp-NANT,  a.  [Fr.  appartenant .)  (Law.) 
Belonging  to,  as  an  adjunct.  “ Right  of  way 
. . . appurtenant  to  land.”  Blackstone. 

fAP'RI-CATE,  v.  n.  [L.  apricor,  to  sun  one’s 
self.]  To  bask  in  the  sun.  Ray. 

f A-PRIi^'l-TY,  n.  [L.  apricitas.]  Warmth  of 
the  sun  ; sunshine  ; sunniness.  Bailey. 

A'PRI-COT,  n.  [It.  albercocca-,  Sp . albaricoque  \ 
Fr.  abricot.\  A stone  fruit  resembling  a peach 
and  a plum  : fruit  of  the  Primus  Armeniaca  ; 

— formerly  called  abricock  or  apricock.  Loudon. 

A'PRIL,  n.  [L . Aprilis  \ It.  Aprils  ; Sp.  Abril \ 
Fr.  Avril.)  The  fourth  month  of  the  year. 
A'PRIL— FOOL,  n.  One  imposed  upon,  or  made 
a fool  of,  on  the  first  of  April.  Hay. 

A'PRIL— FOOL-DAY,  n.  The  first  day  of  April. 

A PRl-o'Ri , [L from  the  former.)  (Logic.)  A 
term  used  in  a method  of  reasoning  by  which 
the  effect  is  proved  by  the  cause,  or  by  which  a 
subsequent  fact  is  inferred  from  an  antecedent 
fact ; before  experience  ; theoretically. 

||  A'PRON  (a'purn  or  a'prun)  [a'purn,  W.P.J.F.K. 
C. ; a'prun,  .S'.  E.  Ja. ; a'prun,  colloquially  a'purn, 
S/re.],  n.  [Gael,  aparan,  apron ; Ir.  aprun ; 
Corn,  appran,  an  apron.  — Todd  says  that  the 
old  orthography  was  napron,  which  may  have 
come  from  the  Fr.  naperon,  a large  cloth  ; and 
Brockett  gives  the  word  as  written  nappern  in 
the  north  of  England.  The  Old  Fr.,  according 
to  Lacombe,  was  appronaire .) 

1.  A cloth  hung  before  to  keep  the  other 

dress  clean.  Shak. 

2.  A cover  worn  over  the  lap  in  a chaise. 

3.  The  fat  skin  covering  the  belly  of  a 

g°°se.  Johnson. 

4.  A piece  of  lead  covering  the  touchhole  or 

vent  of  a cannon  or  great  gun.  Campbell. 

5.  (Arch.)  The  sill  or  lower  part  of  a window ; 

— a platform  against  which 
the  gates  in  a dock  are  closed. 

Weak. 

6.  (Naval  Arch.)  A piece 

of  curved  timber  placed  just 
behind  the  juncture  of  the 
stem  and  keel.  Dana. 

||  A'PRONED  (a'purnd),  a.  Wearing  an  apron. 

The  cobbler  aproned , and  the  parson  gowned.  Pope. 

||  A'PRON— MAN  (a'purn-man),  n.  A workman  ; 
a manual  artificer.  Shak. 

||  A'PRON-STRlNG  (a'purn-strlng),  n.  The  string 
of  an  apron.  ' Savage. 

Ap-RO-POS'  (Sp-ro-po'),  ad.  [Fr.  u,  and  propos, 
purpose.]  To  the  purpose  ; opportunely. 

Ap'SI-DAL,  a.  1.  (Astron.)  Pertaining  to  the 
apsides. 

2.  (Arch.)  Of,  or  pertaining  to,  the  apsis  ; as, 

“ Apsidal  chapel.”  Ogilvie. 

AP'SIS,  n.  ; pi.  ap'si- de$,  some-  'x, 

times,  but  improperly,  ap'seq.  ¥ — O -O 

[Gr.  lifts,  an  arch,  airrui,  to  fix.]  x / 

1.  (Astron.)  One  of  the  two  opposite  points  at 
the  greatest  and  least  distance  from  the  sun 
in  the  orbit  of  a planet,  or  from  the  primary 
in  the  orbit  of  the  moon.  The  line  of  apsides 
is  the  line  which  joins  these  two  points.  Hind. 

2.  (Arch.)  The  bowed  or  arched  roof  of  a 
house,  room,  or  oven ; — the  canopy  of  a throne  ; 

the  rounded  end  of  a church,  opposite  to 
the  nave.  Sometimes  written  absis.  Fairholt. 

3.  (Ant.) i A reliquary,  or  case  in  which  the 
relics  of  saints  were  anciently  kept.  Britton. 


APT,  a.  [L.  aptus ; apto , to  fit ; It.  atto ; Sp. 


apto ; Fr.  apte.\ 

1.  Fit ; apposite  ; pertinent ; suitable.  “ Apt 

and  gracious  words.”  Shak. 

All  that  were  strong  and  apt  for  war.  2 Kings  xxiv.  IS. 

2.  Tending;  liable;  inclined;  disposed. 

How  apt  the  poor  are  to  be  proud!  ijhak. 

Brittle  beauty,  that  nature  made  so  frail  — 

Flowering  to-day,  to-morrow  apt  to  fail.  Surrey. 

3.  Ready;  quick;  dexterous. 

You  will  find  me  apt  enough  to  that.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Ready. 


f APT,  v.  a.  [L.  apto.)  To  suit ; to  adapt ; to  fit. 

In  some  ponds  apted  for  it  by  nature,  they  become  pikes. 

Walton. 

f ApT'A-BLE,  a.  That  can  be  adapted;  accom- 
modable ; suitable.  Sherwood. 

f Ap'tAte,  v.  a.  [L.  aptatus .]  To  make  fit  or 
suitable.  Bailey. 

Ap  ' TE-RJ1,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  a priv.  and  nrepov,  a 
wing.]  (Ent.)  A class  of  wingless  insects.  — 
See  Apteran.  Brande. 

Ap'TB-RAl,  a.  1.  (Ent.)  Noting  a class  of  wing- 
less insects  ; without  wings  ; apterous.  Stnart. 

2.  (Arch.)  Noting  a temple  without  columns 
at  the  sides.  P.  Cyc. 

Ap'TE-RAn,  n.  (Ent.)  One  of  a class  of  insects 
without  wings,  or  organs  of  flight.  Brande. 

AP'TE-ROUS,  a.  1.  (Ent.)  Noting  a class  of  in- 
sects without  wings  ; apteras.  Kirby. 

2.  (Bot.)  Noting  any  part  of  a plant  which  is 
destitute  of  membranous  expansions.  Brande. 

Ap-  TE- RY-(?i  'JfJE,  n.  pi. 

[L.]  A sub-family  of  birds 
containing  only  one  known 
species,  of  the  order  Stru- 
thiones,  and  family  Stru- 
thionida ; apteryxes.  Gray. 

AP'TE-RYX,  re.  [Gr.  a priv. 
and  irrepv(,  a wing.]  (Or- 
nith.)  A genus  of  birds, 
represented  by  an  extreme- 
ly rare  species,  found  in 
New  Zealand,  in  which  the 
wings  are  reduced  to  a sin- 
gle defensive  spur.  Brande. 

AP'TI-TUDE,  re.  [L.  aptus,  fit ; Fr.  aptitude.) 

1.  Fitness  ; suitableness.  “ Aptitude  . . . for 
the  end  to  which  it  was  aimed.”  Decay  of  Piety. 

2.  Disposition  ; tendency  ; inclination. 


He  that  is  about  children  should  learn  their  nature  and 
aptitudes , what  turns  they  easily  take.  Locke. 

t AP-TI-TU'DI-NAL,  a.  Fit;  suitable.  Baxter. 

f Ap-TI-TU'DI-NAL-LY,  ad.  Suitably.  Baxter. 

APT'LY,  ad.  1.  Properly  ; pertinently.  “ Irenae- 
us  very  aptly  remarks.”  Addison. 

2.  Readily  ; quickly  ; acutely ; as,  “ To  learn 
a thing  aptly.” 

APT'N£SS,  re.  1.  Fitness;  suitableness.  “ Apt- 
ness of  the  season  or  occasion.”  Shak. 

2.  Disposition  ; inclination. 


They  are  in  a right  aptness  to  take  all  power  from  the  peo-* 
pie,  and  to  pluck  them  from  their  tribunes  for  ever.  Snak. 

3.  Quickness  of  apprehension  ; docility. 

If  the  affection  or  aptness  of  the  children  be  extraordinary, 
then  it  is  good  not  to  cross  it.  Bacon. 

4.  Tendency;  aptitude. 

Seeds  of  goodness  give  him  a relish  of  such  reflections  as 
have  an  aptness  to  improve  the  mind.  Addison. 

Ap'TOTE,  re.  [Gr.  atmoros,  indeclinable  ; a priv. 
and  TtTuists,  a falling,  or  a grammatical  case.] 
(Gram.)  An  indeclinable  noun.  Johnson. 

AP-Y-RET'IC,  a.  [Gr.  a priv.  and  mper6s,  fever.] 
(tiled.)  Free  from  fever.  Dunglison. 

AP'Y-REX-Y,  re.  [Gr.  a priv.  and  rCpfis,  feverish- 
ness.] (tiled.)  Intermission  of  a fever.  Crabb. 

Ap'Y-ROUS,  a.  [Gr.  a priv.  and  nup,  fire.]  Not 
changed  by  the  effect  of  heat.  Brande. 

A 'QUjI  (a'kwj),  re.  [L.]  Water:  — almost  an- 
glicized in  some  compounds,  as  aqua-vitce. 

||  A ’ QUA-FOR'TIS  [a'kw?-fbr'tjs,  S.  P.  Ja.  K. 
Sm.  ; ak'wa-for'tjs,  TV.  J.  F.  R.],  re.  [L.,  strong 
water.)  (Chem.)  Nitric  acid.  Urc. 


\\a'QUA — W.d-  RI  'J\TA,  re.  [L .,  sea-water.)  (Min.) 
A stone  of  bluish  green  ; beryl.  Woodward. 

||  A 'QUJ — MI-RAB  '1-LIS,  re.  [L.,  wonderful  wa- 
ter.) (Med.)  Spirit  of  pimento.  Dunglison. 

WA'QUA-EE-gA'LIS,  re.  [L.,  royal  water.) 
(Chem.)  Same  as  Aqua-Regia.  Chambers. 

\\  A'  QUA-RE’  (y!I-A>n.  [L.,  royal  water.)  (Chem.) 
Nitro-muriatic  acid  ; a mixture  of  nitric  and 
muriatic  acids,  fitted  to  dissolve  gold.  Urc. 

A-auA'RI-AN,  re.  [L.  aqua,  water.]  (Eccl.  Hist.) 
One  of  a sect  who  consecrated  water  in  the 
eucharist  instead  of  wine.  Buck. 

A-QUA  ' RI-UM,  re.  [L.  aqua,  water.]  1.  (Ilort.)  A 
pond,  cistern,  or  place  in  a garden,  formed  for 
cultivating  aquatic  plants.  Brande. 

2.  A tank  with  glass  sides,  for  containing 
and  showing  aquatic  animals  and  plants,  and 
their  modes  of  living  ; a vivarium.  Gosse. 

A-QuA  ' RI-  US  (a-kwa're-us),  re.  [L.]  (Astron.) 
The  Water-bearer,  the  eleventh  sign  in  the 
zodiac.  Hind. 

A-QUAt'IC,  a.  [L.  aquaticus  ; Fr.  aquatique.) 

1.  Inhabiting  water  ; as,  “ Aquatic  animals.” 

2.  Growing  in  water  ; as,  “ Aquatic  plants.” 
A-QUAt'IC,  re.  (Bot.)  A plant  which  grotvs  in 

the  water.  Henslow. 

A-QUAt'I-CAL,  a.  Same  as  Aquatic.  Evelyn. 

t Aa'UA-TILE,  a.  Inhabiting  the  water  ; aquat- 
ic. “ The  aquatile  or  water  frog.”  Browne. 

A QUA-TINT,  ) [L.  aqua , water,  and  It. 

||  A’QUA-tLn-'TA,  )tinta,  tint.]  A kind  of  en- 
graving resembling  India-ink  drawings.  P.  Cyc. 
||  A QUA-TOF-fA  'NA,  re.  [L.  aqua,  water,  and 
Toff  ana.)  A poisonous  fluid  invented  about 
1659,  by  a woman  of  Palermo,  named  Toffana, 
who  was  instrumental  in  causing  the  death  of 
six  hundred  persons  by  the  use  of  it;  — subse- 
quently found  to  be  a solution  of  arsenic.  P.Cyc. 

||  A ' Q UA~  VI ' TJE, , re.  [L.,  water  of  life.)  Bran- 
dy, or  spirit  of  wine.  “ Aqua-vita;  bottle.”  Shak. 
Aa'up-DUCT  [ak'we-dukt,  W.  J.  F.  Ja.  Sm.  R. ; 
a'kwe-dukt,  S.  P.  K.),  n.  [L.  aqumductus ; aqua, 
water,  and  ductus,  a duct  or  canal.] 

1.  A conduit,  or  artificial  channel,  for  convey- 
ing water  from  one  place  to  another  ; — especial- 
ly applied  to  structures  erected  for  the  purpose 
of  supplying  large  cities  with  water. 

Modern  Rome  is  abundantly  supplied  with  water  by  three 
of  the  ancient  cupieducts , whicn  have  undergone  repairs  and 
restorations.  P.  Cyc. 

2.  (Anat.)  A canal  in  certain  parts  of  the 
body.  “ Aqueduct  of  the  cochlea.”  Dunglison. 

t A-QUE'I-TY,  re.  [L.  aqua,  water.]  Wateriness  ; 
aqueousness.  [Used  ludicrously.]  B.  Jonson. 

A'QUIS-OUS  (a'kwe-us),  a.  Containing  water; 
watery;  aquose  ; as,  “ An  aqueous  solution.” 

Aqueous  humor,  (Anat.)  the  fluid  which  fills  the  in- 
terior and  posterior  chambers  of  the  eye.  — Aqueous 
rocks,  ( Geol.)  rocks  formed  under  water,  and  charac- 
terized either  by  stratification  or  by  fossils,  or  by 

both;  sedimentary  rocks. dqueous  soil,  (Auric.) 

soil  naturally  abounding  in  water. 

A'aUB-OUS-NESS,  re.  Quality  of  being  aqueous  ; 
wateriness ; aquosity.  Johnson. 

Ad'UI-FORM  (ak'we-),  a.  [L.  aqua, water,  and  /bV- 
ma,  form.]  Having  the  form  of  water.  Kirby. 

AQUILA  (ak'we-la),  re.;  pi.  aquilas.  [L.] 

1.  (Ornith.)  A genus  of  accipitrine  or  rapto- 
rial birds  ; the  eagle.  Brande. 

2.  A constellation  immediately  above  Capri- 

cornus  and  Aquarius.  Crabb. 

AQ-UI-LE  'QUA  (Ak'we-),  re.  [L.  aquilegus,  wa- 
ter-drawing ; aqua,  water,  and  lego,  to  gather  — 
A corruption  of  aquilina,  Linnreus.]  (Bot.)  A 
genus  of  plants,  commonly  called  columbines, 
belonging  to  the  crow-foot  tribe.  Eng.  Cyc. 

AQ-UI-LI ' NJE,  n.  pi.  (Or- 
nith.) A sub-family  of 
birds  of  the  order  Ac- 
cipitres,  and  family  Fal- 
conidte ; eagles.  Gray. 

Aa'Ul-LiNE  (ak'we-lln  or 
ak'we-lln)  [ak'we-lln,  S. 

J.  F.  Ja. ; iik'ue-iin,  W.  Haliasetus albicilfa. 


WIEN,  SIR  ;^m6vE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RpLE  ; q,  <?,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  ? as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


ARBORETUM 


AQUILON 


74 


P.  Sm. ; Uk'we-lin  or  ak'we-lln,  A'.],  a.  [L.  aqui- 
linus ; aquila,  an  eagle  ; Fr.  aquilin .]  Per- 
taining to  an  eagle  ; hooked,  as  an  eagle’s  beak. 

ACl'Ul-LON  (Sk'we-lon),  n.  [L.  aquilo,  the  north 
wind;  aquila,  an  eagle.]  The  north  wind  ; — 
so  called  from  its  rapidity  and  violence,  resem- 
bling the  flight  of  an  eagle.  Shak. 

A-ain-TA'Nj-AN,  a.  (Geoy.)  Pertaining  to 
Aquitania,  one  of  the  ancient  divisions  of  Gaul. 

t A-QUOSE'  (s-kwos'),  a.  [L.  aquosus  ; aqua,  wa- 
ter ; Fr.  aqueux .]  Watery  ; aqueous.  Bailey. 

f A-QUOS'I-TY  (?-kw5s'e-te),  n.  [L.  aquositas  ; Fr. 
aquosite.]  Wateriness ; aqueousness.  Bailey. 

AR'AB,  or  A ' I!  A B [a'rjb,  K.  Ash  ; Sr'?b,  C.  Earxi- 
shaw,  Maunder'],  n.  (Geoy.)  A native  of  Arabia. 

Ar'A-BESCUJE  (ar'j-besk),  a.  [Fr.  arabesque.] 
{Paint.  & Sculp.)  Relating  to  the  Arabs,  and  ap- 
plied to  certain  fantastic  ornaments.  Fail-holt. 

Ar'A-BESCIUE  (ar'j-besk),  71.  1.  The 

Arabic  language.  [R.]  Guthrie. 

2.  A capricious,  fantastic,  or  heter- 
ogeneous species  of  ornament,  adopt- 
ed from  ancient  art  in  Arabian  and 
Moorish  architecture,  and  consisting 
of  fruits,  flowers,  foliage,  and  many 
other  forms,  except  those  of  animals, 
which,  in  pure  Arabesque,  were  ex- 
cluded by  the  law  of  Mahomet.  Brande. 

AR'A-BESQUED  (Sr'a-beskt),  p.  a.  Hav- 
ing arabesque  ornaments. 

With  its  vermilioned  initial  letters,  so  prettily  arabesqued. 

Ec.  Rev. 

A-RA'BI-AN,  a.  {Geoy.)  Relating  to  Arabia. 

A-RA’BI-AN,  n.  {Geoy.)  A native  of  Arabia  ; an 
Arab.  Is.  xiii.  20. 

AR'A-BIC,  a.  Relating  to  Arabia  ; Arabian;  as, 
“ A word  of  Arabic  origin.” 

Ar'A-BIC,  71.  The  language  of  Arabia.  “The 
original  Arabic  of  the  Alcoran.”  Worthington. 

A-RAB’I-UAL,  a.  Arabian;  Arabic.  Shelton. 

A-RAb'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  the  Arabian  manner. 
“Whose  name  Arabically  signifies.”  Herbert. 

AR'A-BlNE,  n.  {Chem.)  An  exudation  from  sev- 
eral species  of  Acacia ; gum-arabic.  Gregory. 

Ar'A-BI.'jM,  7i.  An  Arabic  word,  phrase,  or  idiom. 

Alt'A-BlST,  n.  One  versed  in  Arabic  literature. 

Ar’A-BLE,  a.  [L.  arabilis ; aro,  to  plough  ; A.  S. 
erian,  to  plough.]  Fit  for  the  plough  or  til- 
lage ; that  may  be  ploughed.  Addison. 

AR'A-BY,  n.  The  country  of  Arabia.  [Poetical.] 

Sabaian  odors  from  the  spicy  shore 

Of  Arabu  the  blest.  Milton. 

t A-RACE',  v.  a.  [Fr.  arracher,  to  pluck.]  To 
tear  away ; to  draw  away  by  force. 

The  children  from  her  arm  they  ’gan  aracc.  Chaucer. 

A-RA'CEOIIS  (j-ra'shus,  66),  a.  [ Ai'um , one  of 
the  genera  of  plants.]  ( Bot .)  Belonging  to 
plants  of  the  genus  Arum.  Gray. 

AR  'A-eHlS,  a.  A genus  of  papilionaceous  plants, 
which  produce  the  subterranean  pods  called 
peanuts.  Gray. 

A-RACH' NI-DA,  71.  pi.  [L.,  from  Gr.  apd^rr),  a 
spider.]  (Ent.)  A class  of  small  animals,  in- 
cluding spiders,  mites,  and  scorpions.  Baird. 

A-RA£H'NI-DAN,  71.  (Exit.)  One  of  the  arach- 
nida.  Braxide. 

A-RAjCH'NOID,  a.  [Gr.  apd^vp,  a cobweb,  and 
ethos,  form.] 

1.  (Axiat.)  Noting  several  membranes,  which 
by  their  extreme  thinness  resemble  spider- 
webs ; — applied  especially  by  the  ancients  to 
the  tunic  of  the  vitreous  humor  of  the  eye,  and 
by  the  moderns  to  one  of  the  membranes  of  the 
brain  between  the  dura  mater  and  pia  mater. 

Dunylison. 

2.  {Bot.)  Noting  surfaces  which  have  very 

long  and  loosely  entangled  hairs,  so  as  to  re- 
semble cobweb.  Lmdley. 

AR-A€H-J\r'6l ' DE$,  n.  [L.]  (Axiat.)  An  arach- 
noid membrane.  — See  Arachnoid.  Dee  ham. 


AR-ACH-NOL'O-^IST,  n.  One  versed  or  skilled 
in  arachnology.  Kirby. 

AR-APH-NOL'O-GY,  n • [Gr.  apa^vrj,  a spider, 
and  loyos,  a discourse.]  The  science  of,  or  a 
treatise  on,  the  arachnida.  Kirby. 

A-RAI’O-STYLE,  a.  [Gr.  apai6(trv?.0( -,  apatdg,  thin, 
rare,  and  otD/.oj,  a column.]  {Arch.)  Noting  an 
intercolumniation  equal  to  four,  and  sometimes 
five,  diameters  of  the  column.  Francis. 

A-RdJ-O-S'f'S'TYLE,  a.  [Gr.  apaidp,  thin,  rare, 
and  cvoTvXos  ; obv,  with,  and  otv),os,  a column.] 
{Arch.)  Noting  an  arrangement  in  which  the 
columns  are  placed  in  pairs,  throwing  two  in- 
tercolumniations  into  one.  Elxnes. 


AR-A-M.E  AN,  i Relating  to  the  country  of 
AR-A-MA'IC,  j Aram,  or  Syria  and  Mesopo- 
tamia. “ Aramaic  language.”  P.  Cyc. 

ARAIGNEE  (ftr-an'ya),  71.  [Fr.,  a spider.]  {Fort.) 
A branch,  return,  or  gallery  of  a mine.  Bailey. 


A-RA-1 ' NJE,  7l.pl.  [L.] 
{dr/iit  h.)  A sub- 

family of  birds  of  the 
order  Scansores,  and 
family  Psittacidce  ; 
macaws.  Gray. 

f A-RAl^E'  (st-raz'),  v. 
a.  [A.  S.  arasian.] 
To  raise.  Shak. 


AR-A-NET-DAN,  n. 

{Ent.)  A tribe  of  the  Comurus  nobilis. 

pulmonary  order  of  araehnidans.  Braxide. 


AR-A-NE'l-FORM,  a.  Resembling  a spider ; 
having  the  form  or  shape  of  a spider.  Ogilvie. 

A-RA'Ny-OUS,  a.  [L.  aranea,  a spider’s  web.] 
Resembling  a spider’s  web  or  cobweb.  Derham. 


A- RAJV'  GO,  71.  A species  of  bead  made  of  rough 
cornelian.  McCulloch. 


A-RA'TION,  7>.  [L.  aratio.]  Ploughing;  tillage. 

Lands  are  said  to  be  in  a state  of  oration  when  they  are 
under  tillage.  Brande. 

f AR'A-TO-RY,  a.  [L.  aro,  to  plough.]  Relating 
to  ploughing,  or  to  tillage.  Bailey. 

A-RAU-CA' RI-A,  7i.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  gigantic 
firs,  confined  to  a few  species  inhabiting  the 
southern  hemisphere.  Loudon. 

AR  BA-LEST,  \ [Contracted  from  arcubalist ; 

AR'BA-LET,  > Fr.  arbalcste.]  A crossbow.  — 

AR'BA-LiST  ) Arcubalist.  Camden. 

AR'BA-LIST-IJR,  n.  A crossbow-man.  Speed. 

Ar'BI-TJJR,  n.  [L. ; It.  arbitro  ; Sp.  arbitrador  ; 
Fr.  arbitre .] 

1.  {Laic.)  One  appointed  to  decide  a point 
in  dispute ; an  arbitrator ; an  umpire  ; a ref- 
eree ; a judge  with  discretionary  power.  Burrill. 

2.  One  who  directs  or  controls. 


His  majesty  seems  to  be  generally  allowed  for  the  sole  ar- 
biter of  the  affairs  of  Christendom.  Temjile. 

Syn.  Arbiters,  arbitrators,  umpires,  and  referees 

decide  according  to  their  best  judgment,  on  principles 
of  equity,  after  a full  hearing  of  the  cases  referred  to 
them  ; judges  must  decide  as  the  law  prescribes. — 
• See  Judge. 


AR'BI-TpR,  v.  a.  To  judge;  to  arbitrate.  Huloet. 

AR'BI-TRA-BLE  (hr  bp-tra-bl),  a. 

1.  Arbitrary ; depending  upon  the  will.  “ Such 

arbitrable  proportion.”  Spelman. 

2.  Determinable.  Bp.  Hall. 

Ar'BI-TRAGE,  7i.  Arbitration,  [r.]  R.  Cobde7i. 

AR'BI-TRAL,  a.  Relating  to  arbitration.  Craig. 

AR-BIT'RA-MENT,  7i.  1.  Will ; determination  ; 

decision  ; choice. 

Stand  fast ; to  stand  or  fall 
Free  in  thine  own  arbitrament  it  lies.  Milton. 

2.  {Late.)  Award  of  arbitrators.  Burrill. 

peff-  This  word  is  written  arbitrament  and  arbitre- 
ment.  Johnson  favors  arbitrament ; but  arbitrament 
is  better  authorized,  and  Smart  says,  “ Arbitrament  is 
the  more  English  form.” 

AR'BI-TRA-RI-LY,  ad.  In  an  arbitrary  manner. 

AR’BI-TRA-Rl-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  arbi- 
trary ; despoticalness  ; tyranny.  Temple. 

t AR-BI-TRA'RI-OOS,  a.  Arbitrary;  despotic. 
“ Devices  of  arbitrarious  superstition.”  More. 


+ Ar-BI-TRA'RI-OUS-LY,  ad.  According  to  mere 
will  and  pleasure  ; arbitrarily.  Glanville. 

AR'Bt-TRA-RY,  a.  [L.  arbitrarius ; arbiter,  a 
judge.] 

1.  Bound  by  no  law;  irresponsible;  abso- 
lute ; despotic  ; as,  “ An  arbitrary  monarch.” 

2.  Depending  on  no  rule  ; determined  only 
by  the  will ; voluntary.  “ Arbitrary  calcula- 
tions, and  such  as  vary  at  pleasure.”  Broxcne. 

Indifferent  things  arc  left  arbitrary  to  us.  Bp.  Hall. 

Syn.  — See  Absolute. 

AR'BI-TRAte,  v.  a.  [L.  arbitror,  to  judge  ; It.  or- 
bit rare  ; Sp.  arbitrar ; Fr.  arbitrer.]  \i.  ARBI- 
TRATED ; pp.  ARBITRATING,  ARBITRATED.]  To 
decide  or  determine  as  an  arbiter. 

’Tis  not  the  trial  of  a woman’s  war 

The  bitter  clamor  of  two  eager  tongues, 

Cun  arbitrate  this  cause  betwixt  us.  Shak, 

Yet  where  an  equal  poise  of  hope  and  fear 
Does  arbitrate  the  event,  my  nature  is, 

That  I incline  to  hope  rather  than  fear, 

And  gladly  banish  squint  suspicion.  Milton. 

AR'BI-TRAte,  v.  7i.  To  decide  as  an  arbitrator 
or  umpire;  to  give  judgment;  as,  “We  have 
been  chosen  to  ai'bitrate  between  them.” 

AR-BJ-TRA'TION,  71.  1.  Act  of  arbitrating. 

2.  {Laic.)  The  investigation  and  determina- 
tion of  a cause  or  matter  in  controversy  by  an 
unofficial  person,  or  by  persons  mutually Vhosen 
by  the  contending  parties.  'Burrill. 

AR-BI-TRA'TION-BOND,  n.  (Laic.)  A solemn 
obligation  to  submit  to  an  award.  Blackstone. 

AR'Br-TRA-TOR.  n.  [L.  arbitror,  to  judge.] 

1.  An  umpire  ; an  arbiter  ; a judge. 

The  end  crowns  all; 

And  that  old  common  arbitrator , Time, 

Will  one  day  end  it.  Shak. 

2.  A ruler  ; a sovereign ; a governor. 

Though  heaven  be  shut, 

And  heaven’s  high  Arbitrator  sit  secure.  Milton. 

3.  {Law.)  A disinterested  person,  to  whose 
judgment  or  decision  matters  in  dispute  are 
submitted  by  the  consent  of  parties.  Burrill. 

Syn.  — See  Arbiter,  Judge. 

AR'BI-TRA-TRfX,  n.  A female  judge  or  arbiter; 
arbitress.  Sherwood. 

AR-BIT'UIjl-MENT,  n.  1.  Decision ; determina- 
tion. “ Even  to  a mortal  arbitrement.”  Shak. 

2.  (Law.)  Award;  decision  of  arbitrators. — 
See  Arbitrament. 

AR'BJ-TRESS,  7i.  A female  arbiter  ; arbitratrix. 

Fell  Discord,  arbitress  of  such  debate.  Cowper, 

AR'BI-TRY,  7i.  [L.  arbitrium .]  Free  will.  Chaucer. 

AR’BOR,  n.  [L.  arbor-,  Fr.  ax-bre,  a tree.] 

1.  A place  covered  with  branches  of  trees, 
leaves,  or  vines,  so  as  to  be  shady ; a bower. 

For  noonday’s  heat  are  closer  arbors  made, 

And  for  fresh  evening  air  the  open  glade.  Dnjdcn. 

2.  (Mech.)  The  principal  spindle  or  axis 

which  communicates  motion  to  the  other  parts 
of  a machine.  Brande. 

f AR'BO-RA-RY,  a.  [L.  arbor arius.)  Belonging 
to  a tree ; arboreous.  Bailey. 

f AR'BO-RA-TOR,  n.  [L. ; Fr.  arborateur .]  A 
planter  or  pruner  of  trees.  Evelyn. 

AR  ’BOR-Di-A  'NJE,  7i.  [L.,  tree  of  silver,  that 

metal  having  been  called  Diana  by  the  old  chem- 
ists.] The  arborescent  crystallization  that  takes 
place  when  quicksilver  is  put  into  a solution  of 
nitrate  of  silver ; silver  precipitated  by  mer- 
cury from  its  solution  in  nitric  acid.  Brande. 

AR'BORED  (ar'burd),  a.  Furnished  with  an  ar- 
bor. Pollok. 

AR-BO'Rp-OUS,  a.  I.  Belonging  to,  or  growing 
on,  trees.  “An  ax-boreous  excrescence.” Browne. 

2.  Like  a tree.  “A  grain  of  mustard  be- 
comes arboreous.”  Browne. 

AR-BO-RES'C^NT,  a.  [L.  ax-boresco,  ax-boreseexis, 
to  grow  into  a tree.]  Resembling  a tree  ; grow- 
ing like  a tree ; having  a tendency  to  take  the 
form  of  a tree  ; dendritic.  Evelyn. 

AR’BO-RET,  7i.  [L.  ax-bor.]  A small  tree  or 

shrub.  “ Ai'borets  and  flowers.”  Milton. 

AR-BO-RE  ' TUM,  n.\  pi.  L.  ar-bo-rb’ta-,  Eng. 
ar-bq-re'tvm?.  [L.]  (Hox-t.)  A plantation  of 
trees  or  shrubs.  Loudon. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  O,  £j,  Y,  short;  A,  ?,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


ARBORICAL 


f AR-BOR'I-CAL,  a.  Relating  to  trees.  Howell. 

AR-BOR-I-CULT'U-RAL,  a.  Belonging  or  relating 
to  arboriculture.  Loudon. 

AR-BOR-I-CULT'URE,  n.  [L.  arbor,  a tree,  and 
cultura,  a cultivating.]  The  art  of  cultivating 
trees  and  shrubs.  Brande. 

AR-BOR-I-CULT'U-RlST,  n.  One  who  practises 
aborieulture.  Loudon. 

AR-BOR'I-FORM,  a.  [L  .arbor,  a tree,  and  for- 
ma, form.]  Having  the  form  of  a tree.  Ogilvie. 

AR'BOR-IST,  n.  One  who  makes  trees  his  study. 
“ Our  cunning  arborists.”  Evelyn. 

AR-BOR-I-ZA'TION,  n.  The  appearance  or  figure 
of  a tree  or  plant  in  minerals.  Ogilvie. 

AR'BOR-OUS,  a.  Of  the  nature  of  an  arbor ; 
formed  by  trees. 

But  first  from  under  shady,  arborous  roof 

Lowly  they  bowed  adoring.  Milton. 

JiR  'BOR—SA-TUR  ’XI,  n.  [L.,  tree  of  Saturn.] 
The  arborescent  crystallization  that  takes  place 
when  metallic  zinc  is  suspended  in  a solution 
of  a salt  of  lead.  Horsford. 

AR'BOR— VINE,  n.  A species  of  bind-weed 

Ar' BOR-Vl'  TJE,  n.  [L.,  tree  of  life.] 

1.  ( Bot .)  An  evergreen  tree  ; Thuja.  Loudon. 

2.  ( Anat .)  The  name  given  to  an  arbores- 

cent appearance  observed  on  cutting  the  cere- 
bellum longitudinally.  Dunglison. 

AR'BUS-<JLE  (ir'bus-sl),  n.  [L.  arbuscula.]  A lit- 
tle tree  or  shrub.  Bailey. 

AR-BUS'CU-LAR,  a.  Composed  of,  or  resembling, 
shrubs.  " ’ Craig. 

AR-BUS'TIVE,  a.  [L.  arbustivus.]  Planted  with 
trees  or  shrubs.  Smart. 

AR-BUS'  TUM,  n.  [L.]  The  classical  name  for 
an  orchard,  hopyard,  or  vineyard.  Brande. 

AR'BUTE,  n.  [L.  arbutus.]  A genus  of  evergreen 

shrubs  ; the  strawberry-tree.  Loudon. 

AR-BU'T£-AN,  a.  Relating  to  the  arbute.  Evelyn. 

AR-BU'TUS,  n.  [L.]  A genus  of  evergreen 
shrubs  ; arbute.  Gray. 

ARC,  n.  [L.  arcus,  a bow  ; It.  <Sf  Sp.  area  ; Fr.  arc.] 

1.  ( Geom .)  A part  of  the  circumference  of  a 

circle  or  other  curve.  Davies. 

2.  An  arch  ; a vault.  “Arcs  of  triumph. "Pope. 

AR’CA,n.  [L.]  1.  A chest ; a coffer.  Weak. 

2.  An  enclosed  space  ; a vaulted  cell.  Weale. 

3.  A beam  with  a groove  in  it.  Britton. 

4.  ( Zolil .)  A genus  of  bivalve,  inequivalve 
mollusks,  which  have  numerous  sharp  alternate 
teeth  at  the  hinge  of  the  shell.  Woodward. 

AR-cAde',  n.  [L.  arcus , a bow  ; Sp.  arcada ; Fr. 
arcade.] 

1.  {Arch.)  A series  of  apertures  or  recesses 

with  arched  ceilings  supported  by  piers,  form- 
ing the  ornamental  front  of  large  masses  of 
masonry.  Britton. 

2.  A covered  walk  along  the  side  of  a build- 

ing or  buildings,  with  columns  on  the  outer  edge 
supporting  arches.  Brande. 

3.  A single  arched  aperture  or  enclosure. 

The  aqueducts  required  constant  repairs,  especially  those 
on  arches.  The  spaces  between  the  piers  varied  much  in 
width.  Some  of  the  ai'cades  are  as  much  as  twenty-seven 
feet  in  diameter.  Gwilt. 

4.  A space  covered  by  a continued  vault  or 
arch  supported  on  piers  or  columns.  Weale. 

AR-cAd'JJD,  a.  Furnished  with  an  arcade.  P.Mag. 

AR-CA'DI-AN,  a.  {Geog.)  Relating  to  Arcadia. 
“Charmed  with  Arcadian  pipe.”  Milton. 

AR-CA'DIC,  a.  { Geog .)  Arcadian.  Ogilvie. 

AR'CA-DY,  n.  The  country  of  Arcadia.  Milton. 

fAR-CANE',  a.  [L.  arcanus.]  Secret;  mysteri- 
ous. “ The  arcane  mysteries.”  Cudworth. 

AR-CA'XUM,  n.;  pi.  ar-oa' na.  [L.] 

1.  A secret ; a mystery.  Swift. 

2.  (Chem.  &.  Med.)  Any  recipe  or  prepara- 

tion reputed  to  possess  great  efficacy,  whose 
composition  is  kept  secret.  Dunglison. 

Arc  'BOU-tAxt  (-ting),  n.  [Fr.]  {Arch.)  A 
kind  of  arched  buttress  formed  of  a flat  arch 


75 

or  part  of  an  arch,  and  abutting  against  the 
foot  or  side  of  another  arch  or  vault  to  sup- 
port it ; a flying-buttress.  Weale. 

ARCH,  n. ; pi.  arch'e?-  [L.  arcus,  a bow ; It.  # 
Sp.  arco  ; Fr.  arc,  or  arche .] 

1.  {Geom.)  Part  of  any  curved  line,  as  of  a 

circle  or  an  ellipse ; an  arc.  Locke. 

2.  {Arch.)  A self- 

sustaining  struc- 
ture, of  a bow-like 
form,  resting  at 
each  end  on  sup- 
ports, to  which  any 
strain  or  force  act- 
ing against  it  is 
communicated  by  lateral  pressure  through  the 
wedge-shaped  blocks  or  the  several  parts  of 
which  it  is  composed.  Francis. 

The  arch  itself  is  formed  by  tire  voussoirs,  or  stones 
cut  into  the  shape  of  a truncated  wedge,  the  upper- 
most of  which,  at  C,  is  called  the  keystone.  The  seams 
or  planes,  in  Which  two  adjacent  voussoirs  are  united, 
are  called  the  joints ; the  solid  masonry,  A E and  B F, 
against  which  the  extremities  of  the  arch  abut  or  rest, 
are  called  the  abutments  ; and  the  line  from  which 
the  arch  springs,  at  A a,  B b,  the  impost.  The  lower 
line  of  the  arch  stones,  A C B,  is  the  in  trades,  or  soffit ; 
the  upper  line,  the  extrados , or  back.  The  beginning  of 
the  arch  is  called  the  spring  of  the  arch  ; the  middle, 
the  croton  ; the  parts  between  the  spring  and  the 
crown,  the  haunches.  The  distance,  A B,  between 
the  upper  extremities  of  the  piers,  or  the  springing 
lines,  is  called  the  span,  and  C D is  the  height  of  the 
arch.  Brande. 

3.  A vaulted  roof  or  dome,  as  the  sky. 

Hath  Nature  given  them  eyes 
To  see' this  vaulted  arch't  Shah. 

4.  (Anat.)  Any  part  of  the  body  resembling 

an  arch  in  form  ; as,  “ The  arch  of  the  colon  ” ; 
“ The  arch  of  the  aorta.”  Dunglison. 

5.  f [Gr.  apx ds-]  A chief ; a leader. 

My  worthy  xrch  and  patroxr  comes  to-night.  Shade. 

ARCH,  v.  a.  \i.  arched  ; pp.  ARCHING,  arched.] 

1.  To  cover  with  an  arch  or  with  arches. 

The  proud  river  which  makes  her  bed  at  her  feet  is  arched 
over  with  such  a curious  pile  of  stones.  Howell. 

2.  To  form  into  an  arch. 

Fine  devices  of  arching  water  without  spilling.  Bacon. 

ARCH,  v . n.  To  build  or  make  arches. 

The  nations  of  the  field  and  wood 
Build  on  the  wave  or  arch  beneath  the  sand.  Pope. 

ARCH,  a.  [Gr.  apx'k’  a chief,  a leader.] 

1.  Chief  ; of  the  first  class. 

There  is  sprung  up 

An  heretic,  an  arch  one,  Cranmer.  Sheik. 

2.  Waggish;  mirthful;  shrewd. 

He  had  the  reputation  of  an  arch  lad  at  school.  Swift. 

4®- Dr.  Johnson  remarks  of  this  word  in  the  last 
sense : “ This  signification  it  seems  to  have  gained  by 
being  frequently  applied  to  the  boy  most  remarka- 
ble for  bis  pranks ; as,  ‘ The  arch  rogue  ’ ; unless  it 
be  derived  from  Arcliy,  the  name  of  the  jester  to 
Charles  I.” 

ARCH—,  [Gr.  <ip^<5i]  in  composition,  signifies  chief, 
or  of  the  first  class ; as,  archangel,  archbishop. 

AR-j0HA3-6g'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  ap^aioj,  from  the 
beginning,  ancient,  and  ypatpoi,  to  describe.]  A 
writing  or  treatise  on  antiquity.  Elmes. 

AR-CHrE-O-LO'^il-AN,  n.  One  versed  in  archte- 
ology  ; an  archaeologist.  J.  Murray. 

AR-CHAE-O-LO^  IC,  I a ^(Jr-  ap^aioloyiKos.] 

AR-jCHAi-O-LOtjr'I-CAL,  ) Relating  to  archaeolo- 
gy or  antiquities.  Ash. 

AR-£HA3-6l'0-£IST,  n.  One  versed  in  archaeol- 
ogy ; an  archaeologian.  Seager. 

AR-jCHA2-0L'0-<JIY,  n.  [Gr.  Apxal°loyta  ; apxaios, 
from  the  beginning,  ancient,  and  l.byos,  a dis- 
course ; Fr.  archeologie.]  Learning  in,  or 
knowledge  of,  ancient  art  and  ancient  things  ; 
a discourse  on  antiquities.  Warton. 

4®=  This  word  is  sometimes  written  archaiology, 
which  is  not  in  accordance  with  the  usual  ibrm  of 
derivations  from  the  Greek. 

AR-CHA'JC,  )a  [Gr.  dp^nbedj.]  Old  ; ancient ; 

AR-jCHA'I-CAL,  ) gone  out  of  use.  “ The  head- 
dress of  the  females  ...  is  peculiar,  and  so 
very  archaic.”  . Dawson. 

AR-CHAI-0L'0-£Y,  n.  See  Archaeology. 

AR'£HA-I§M,  n.  [Gr.  'apxa ‘a^s.]  An  antiquat- 
ed term,  expression,  phrase,  or  idiom.  Watts. 


ARCHDUKEDOM 

ARCH- An '9 (JL,  n.  1.  One  of  the  highest  order 
of  angels. 

Darkened  so,  yet  shone 

Above  them  all  the  archangel.  Milton. 

2.  {Bot.)  A genus  of  plants ; Lamium.  Loudon. 

AR£’H-AN-<jJEL'IC,  a.  Belonging  to  archangels. 

AReil-AX-QEL'I-CA,  n.  {Bot.)  A genus  of 
American  umbelliferous  plants.  Gray. 

ARCH-A-POS'TLE  (SLrch-jt-pBs'sl),  n.  Chief  apos- 
tle. “ The  highest  titles,  . . . such  as  arch- 
apostle,  supreme  of  the  apostles.”  Trapp. 

ARCH-AR'CHI-TECT,  n.  The  highest  architect. 

I’ll  ne’er  believe  that  the  Archarchitect 

With  all  these  fires  the  heavenly  arches  decked 

Only  for  show.  Ha  Bartas. 

ARCH-BEA'CON  (arch-be'ltn),  n.  Chief  place  of 
prospect  or  of  signal.  Carew. 

ARCH-BISH'OP,  n.  The  primate  of  a province 
containing  several  dioceses ; a bishop  of  the 
first  class,  who  superintends  the  conduct  of 
other  bishops,  his  suffragans  ; a metropolitan. 

The  Archbishop  of  Canterbury  is  stvled  Primate  of  all 
England  and  metropolitan,  and  the  Archbishop  of  York,  Pri- 
mate of  England.  There  are  two  nrovinces  or  archbishoprics 
in  England,  Canterbury  and  York.  The  Archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury has  the  precedency  of  all  the  other  clergy;  next  to 
him,  the  Archbishop  of  York.  Hook. 

ARCH-BISH'OP-RlC,  n.  The  state,  jurisdiction, 
or  province  of  an  archbishop.  “ The  archbish- 
opric of  Toledo.”  Shah. 

ARCH-BOTCII'pR,  n.  Chief  mender.  [Ironical.] 

Archbotcher  of  a psalm  or  prayer.  Bp.  Corbet. 

ARCH-BUF-FOON',  n.  The  chief  buffoon.  Scott. 

ARCH-BUILD'BR  (arch-blld'er),  n.  Chief  builder. 
“ Excellent  archbuilders.”  Harmar. 

ARCH-BUT' L^R,  n.  The  chief  butler  : — former- 
ly an  officer  of  the  German  empire.  Ash. 

ARCH— BUT'TRBSS,  n.  An  arc-boutant.  Britton. 

ARCH-CHAM'B£R-LAIN,  n.  Formerly  a high 
officer  of  the  German  empire.  Ash. 

ARCH-CHAn'C’BL-LOR,  n.  A great  officer,  who 
formerly  presided  over  the  secretaries  of  a 
court.  Ash. 

ARCH-ChAnT'JJR,  n.  The  chief  chanter.  Johnson. 

ArCH-jCHEM'IC,  a.  Of  the  highest  chernic 
power.  “ The  archchemic  sun.”  Milton. 

ARCH-CON-SpIr'A-TOR,  n.  A chief  conspirator. 
“Adversary  and  archconspirator.”  Maundrell. 

ARCII-CRIT'IC,  n.  The  chief  critic.  “Arch- 
critic of  the  sacred  muses.”  Trans,  of  Boccalini. 

ARCII-DEA'CON  (arch-de'kn),  n.  {Church  of 
England.)  An  ecclesiastical  dignitary,  ranking 
next  to  the  bishop,  by  whom  he  is  appointed  to 
preside  over  an  archdeaconry.  He  has  a kind 
of  episcopal  authority,  originally  derived  from 
the  bishop,  but  now  independent  of  his.  Burrill. 

Syn.  — See  Clergyman. 

ARCH-DEA'CON-Ry  (arch-de'kn-re),  n. 

1.  The  office,  jurisdiction,  or  residence  of  an 

archdeacon.  Swinburne. 

2.  A subdivision  of  a diocese  over  which  an 

archdeacon  presides.  Blackstone. 

ARCH-DEA'CON-SHIP,  n.  The  office  of  an  arch- 
deacon ; archdeaconry.  Johnson. 

ARCH-DI'O-CESE,  n.  The  diocese  of  an  arch- 
bishop. Gent.  Mag. 

ARCH-DI-VINE',  n.  A principal  theologian. 
“ One  of  their  own  archdivines.”  Burton. 

ARCH-DRIJ'ID,  n.  The  chief  of  the  Druids.  Ash. 

ARCH- DU 'CAL,  a.  Belonging  to  an  archduke. 

ARCII-DUCH'BSS,  n.  The  wife  of  an  archduke, 
or  the  daughter  of  the  emperor  of  Austria. — 
See  Archduke. 

ARCH-DUCH'Y,  n.  The  territory  of  an  arch- 
duke or  archduchess.  Butler. 

ARCH-DUKE',  n.  [ arch  and  duke.]  A title  given 
to  the  princes  of  the  house  of  Austria,  all  the 
sons  being  archdukes,  and  all  the  daughters 
archduchesses.  Buchanan. 

ARCH-DUKE' DOM,  n.  The  territory  of  an  arch- 
duke ; archduchy.  Guthrie. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — Q,  (j,  9,  g,  soft;  1 C,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


ARCHED 


76 


ARCH  PRIMATE 


ARCH'pD  (arch'ed  or  archt)  [arch'ed,  S.  IK.  Ja. 
E. ; arclit,  Sm.  A'.],  p.a.  Having  the  form  of 
an  arch.  “ Draw  his  arched  brows.”  Shak. 

t£g»Tliis  word  is  colloquially  pronounced  arclit. 

AR-CHEL'O-ljrY,  n.  [Gr.  ipXij,  a principle,  and 
kdyoi,  a discourse.]  A treatise  on  principles. 

Arc  fir  lot;!/  treats  of  principles,  and  should  not  he  con- 
founded with  archceology,  which  treats  of  antiquities,  or 
things  old.  Fleming. 

ARCH-EN'E-IViy,  n.  A chief  enemy;  — applied 
especially  to  Satan.  Milton. 

ARCII'pR,  n.  [L.  arcus,  a bow;  It.  arciere ; 
Sp.  archero  ; Fr.  archer. \ One  who  shoots  with 
a bow  ; a bowman. 

Draw,  archers , draw  your  arrows  to  the  head.  Shak. 

ARCH'ER-ESS,  n.  She  that  shoots  with  a bow. 

She,  therefore,  glorious  archeress  of  heaven.  Cowper. 

ARCH'ER-V,  n.  1.  The  skill  or  practice  of  an 
archer ; the  use  of  the  bow,  or  the  art  of  shoot- 
ing with  the  bow.  Camden. 

2.  f (Law.)  Anciently,  a service  of  keeping 
a bow  for  the  use  of  the  lord  in  the  defence  of 
his  castle.  Crabb. 

ARCH'E§— COURT  (arrh'ez-kort),  n.  An  ecclesi- 
astical court  belonging  to  the  Archbishop  of 
Canterbury,  being  the  superior  court  of  appeal 
in  his  bishopric.  It  is  so  called  from  having 
been  anciently  held  in  Bow  Church,  Lon- 
don, which  was  built  on  arches,  and  thence 
styled  St.  Mary -le-bow,  (de  arcubus.)  Eden. 

AR-GHIJ-TY'PAL,  a.  Having  the  nature  of  an 
archetype  or  pattern  ; archetypical. 

An  archetypal  world,  which  contains  intelligibly  all  that 
is  contained  sensibly  in  our  world.  Bolingbroke. 

AR’CHp-TYPE,  n.  [Gr.  apxtrvros -,  a pyh,  begin- 
ning, and  rimos,  pattern,  model ; L.  archetypum  ; 
It.  archetipo;  Fr.  archetype.] 

1.  The  original,  of  which  any  copy  or  resem- 
blance is  made  ; first  pattern  or  type. 

The  learned  eye,  versed  equally  in  nature  and  art,  easily 
compares  the  picture  with  its  archetype.  Gilpin. 

In  the  philosophy  of  Locke,  the  archetypes  of  our  ideas  are 
the  things  really  existing  out  of  us.  Fleming. 

2.  (Coinage.)  A standard  weight  by  which 

others  are  adjusted.  Buchanan. 

3.  ( Anat .)  That  ideal,  original,  or  funda- 

mental pattern  on  which  a natural  group  of 
animals  or  system  of  organs  has  been  con- 
structed, and  to  modifications  of  which  the 
various  forms  of  such  animals  or  organs  may 
be  referred.  Brande. 

AR-CHp-TYP'I-CAL,  a.  Relating  to  an  arche- 
type ; archetypal.  Warburton. 

ARCH-EU'NUCH,  n.  The  chief  of  the  eunuchs. 

Ash. 

AR-CHE  ' US,  n.  [Gr.  apxr'uto,  to  rule;  apXh, 
beginning.]  (Alchemy.)  According  to  Para- 
celsus, the  primum  mobile,  or  original  princi- 
ple in  nature,  pervading  all  things  and  presid- 
ing over  all  organic  phenomena.  Dunglison. 

ARCH-FEL'ON,  n.  The  chief  of  felons.  Milton. 

ARCH-FIEND'  (-fend'),  n.  The  chief  of  fiends. 
“ Huge  in  length,  the  archfiend  lay.”  Milton. 

•f  ARCH-FLA'MBN,  n.  Chief  priest.  “ The  magi 
or  archjlamens.”  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

ARCH-FLAT'TER-IJR,  n.  The  principal  flatterer. 

He  will  follow  the  archflatterer , ...  a man’s  self.  Bacon. 

ARCH-FOE',  n.  A grand  or  chief  enemy.  Milton. 

ARCH- FOUND '5 R,  n.  The  chief  founder.  Milton. 

ARCH-FRIEND',  it.  A chief  friend.  Arbuthnot. 

ARCH-GOV'ERN-OR,  n.  The  chief  governor. 
“ The  archgovernor  of  Athens.”  Brewer. 

ARCH-HER'p-SY,  n.  The  greatest  heresy.  Butler. 

ARCH- HER'5-tIc,  n.  Chief  heretic.  Pearson. 

ARCH-HYP'O-CRlTE,  n.  A great  hypocrite. 

AR-CHl'A-TER  [fir-kl'a-ter,  K.  C.  Todd,  Maun- 
der-, ar-ke-a'ter,  Ash,  Crabb),  n.  [Gr.  ap^iarpo;  ; 
aox6s,  chief,  and  iarp6;,  a physician  ; Fr.  archia- 
tre.\  A chief  physician,  or  a physician  to  a 
sovereign.  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

F AR'CHI-CAL,  a.  [Gr.  apyura;.]  Chief;  primary  ; 
authoritative.  “ Archical  rule.”  IJallywell. 


AR-CHI-DJ-AC'O-NAL,  a.  Belonging  to  an  arch- 
deacon. “ Archidiaconal  authority.”  Wotton. 

AR-CH[-?-PIS'CQ-PA-CY,  11.  The  state  or  dig- 
nity of  an  archbishop.  Sir  E.  Dering. 

AR-CHI-^-PIS'CO-PAL  far-ke-e-pis'ko-pal),  a.  [L. 
archiepiscopus .]  Belonging  to  an  archbishop. 
“The  archicpiscopal  see.”  Bp.  Hall. 

AR-CHI-p-PlS'CO-PATE,  n.  The  office  of  an 
archbishop  ; an  archbishopric.  Ch.  Ob. 

AR-GHlG'RA-PHpR,  n.  [Gr.  apx6s,  chief,  and 
ypiipui,  to  write.]  The  head  secretary.  Dr.  Black. 

AR'CHJL,  or  AR'GHIL  [dr'chjl,  Sm. ; ar'kjl,  1 Vb. ; 
ar'clijl  or  ar'kil,  A".],  n.  [Corrupted  from  Fr. 
orseille.  Brande .]  A violet-red  paste  used  in 
dyeing,  and  prepared  from  the  lichens  called 
Roc.ella  tinctoria  and  Rocella  fuciformis ; or- 
chilla.  It  is  procured  in  the  Canaries.  Brande. 

AR-CHJ-LO'CHI-AN,  a.  Relating  to  Archilo- 
chus, or  the  verse  of  Archilochus.  Crabb. 


AR-£HI-MAN'DKITE,  n.  [Gr.  apx6s,  chief,  and 
Syr.  mandrite,  monk  ; Gr.  ydvbpa,  a monastery  ; 
It.  archimandrita  ; Fr.  archimandrite.']  The 
chief  of  the  monks;  — a title  in  the  Greek 
church  equivalent  to  that  of  abbot  in  the  Catho- 
lic church.  Brande. 


AR-€IUM-£-DE'AN,  a.  Relating  to  Ar- 
chimedes, a Greek  philosopher.  — 
Archimedean  screw,  or  Archimedes’ 
screw,  a machime  for  rais- 
ing water,  consisting  of  a 
tube  rolled  into  a spiral  ^ 
form  round  about  a cylin- 
der. P.  Cyc. 


ARCH'ING,  p.  a.  Having  the  Archimedean  screw, 
form  of  an  arch ; vaulted. 


The  mole, . . . formed  ...  in  n curve,  arching  against  the 
stream,  so  that  it  resists  the  current.  Gilpin. 

AR-CHI-PP-lAG'IC,  a.  Belonging  or  relating  to 
an  archipelago.  Ed.  Rev. 


AR-CIM-PEL'A-GO  [ar-ke-pel'a-go,  IK.  J.  E.  F. 
K.  Sm . ; ircii-e-pel'a-go,  Earns  haw],  n.  [Gr.  op- 
x6i,  chief,  (or  Aiynios,  iEgean,  P.  Cyc.)  and  ttD- 
ayo;,  the  sea  ; Fr.  Archipel.]  The  modern  name 
of  the  JEgean  Sea ; and,  as  this  abounds  in 
small  islands,  the  name  is  applied  to  various 
clusters  of  islands  in  other  seas.  . P.  Cyc. 

AR'CHI-TECT,  n.  [Gr.  apXiTiKTinv -,  apX6;,  chief, 
and  tiktuiv,  a builder  ; L.  architectus ; It.  arch- 
itetto  ; Sp.  architecto  ; Fr.  architected] 

1.  A professor  of  the  art  of  building;  one 
competent  to  design  and  superintend  the  con- 
struction of  any  building. 

We  arc  by  an  architect  to  understand  a person  skilful  in 
the  art  of  building.  Evelyn. 

The  architect’s  glory  consists  in  the  designment  and  idea 
of  the  work.  Wotton. 

2.  One  who  designs  or  contrives  any  thing. 
“ The  divine  Architect  of  the  body.”  Ray. 

An  irreligious  Moor, 

Chief  architect  and  plotter  of  these  woes.  Shak. 

Syn.  — The  architect  plans  ; the  builder  constructs. 

AR-GII I-TEC'TI VE,  a.  Used  in  architecture. 
“ Architective  materials.”  Derham. 


AR-GHI-TEC-TON  [C,  i0i  Skilled  in  archi- 
AR-ein-TEC-TON'r-CAL,  j tecture.  “Geometri- 
cal and  architectonical  artists.”  Browne. 


f AR'CHJ-TEC-TOR,  n.  A builder;  an  architect. 
“ Like  a skilful  architector .”  Austin. 

t AR'CHI-TEC-TRESS,  n.  She  who  builds. 

If  Nature  herself,  the  first  architect ‘ress,  had  (to  use  an 
expression  of  Vitruvius)  windowed  your  breast.  Wotton. 

AR-CHJ-TECT'U-RAL,  a.  Relating  to  architect- 
ure. “ Architectural  ornaments.”  Stuart. 

AR'CIH-TECT-URE  (ir'ke-tekt-yur),  n.  1.  The 
art  or  science  of  building  according  to  certain 
proportions  and  rules  determined  by  natural 
laws  and  the  principles  of  taste. 

Our  fathers  next,  in  architecture  skilled, 

Cities  for  use,  and  forts  for  safety,  build.  Blackmore. 

2.  That  which  is  built  according  to  the  design 
of  an  architect. 

The  formation  of  the  first  earth  being  a piece  of  divine  ar- 
chitecture, ascribed  to  a particular  providence.  Burnet. 

Architecture  is  divided  into  civil  architecture, 
called  by  way  of  eminence  architecture  ; military 
architecture,  or  fortification  ; and  naval  architecture, 


which  includes  the  building  of  ships,  vessels,  ports, 
moles,  &c.  Johnson. 

AR'jEHI-TRA  VE,  n.  [It.  architrave , from  Gr. 
apX(>sf  chief,  and  L.  trabs,  a beam  ; Sp.  arqui- 
trabe\  Fr  .architrave.]  (Arch.)  The  lowest  of 
three  principal  members  of  the  entablature  of 
an  order,  being  the  chief  beam  employed,  and 
resting  immediately  on  the  columns.  Brande. 

Doric  pillars  overlaid 

With  golden  architrave.  Milton. 

Architrave  cornice,  ail  entablature  consisting  of  an 
architrave  and  corniceonly,  without  the  interposition 

of  a frieze. Architrave  doors,  those  which  have  an 

architrave  on  the  jambs  and  over  the  door.  Weale. 

AR-CHI'VAL,  a.  Relating  to  archives,  registers, 
or  records.  Gent.  May. 

AR'CIUVE,  n.;  pi.  ar'jEhive$  [dr'kivz,  S.  IK.  F. 
Ja.  K.  Sm.  R. ; ar'kevz,  J. ; dr'chevz  or  ar'- 
kevz,  P.].  [Gr.  apXtiov,  a government-house  ; 
<1  pX'i,  sovereignty  ; L.  archivum  ; It.  archivio  ; 
Sp.  archivo  ; Fr.  archives.] 

1.  The  repositories  of  the  public  records  of  a 
state  or  community  ; — the  place  where  ancient 
writings  or  records  are  kept. 

It  may  be  found  in  the  same  archive , where  the  famous 
original  compact  ...  is  reposited.  Warburton. 

They  carried  the  fire  to  the  archives , wishing  to  destroy 
the  documents  of  creditors.  Trans,  of  Josephus. 

2.  Public  records  ; — ancient  writings  or  rec- 
ords. “ Archive  or  register.”  Holland. 

I shall  now  look  a little  into  the  Mosaic  archives,  to  observe 
what  they  furnislx  us  with  upon  this  subject.  Woodward. 

Syn.  — See  Records. 

AR'CHI-VIST,  n.  A keeper  of  archives,  regis- 
ters, or  records.  Rees’s  Cyc. 

AR'CIII-VOLT,  n.  [It.  archivolto,  from  L.  arcus, 
a Ir  and  volwtus,  turned.]  (Arch.)  The  or- 
namented band  of  mouldings  round  the  vous- 
soirs  or  arch  stones  of  an  arch,  terminating 
horizontally  upon  the  imposts.  Brande. 

ARCH'LIKE,  a.  Built  like  an  arch.  Young. 

ARCH'LUTE,  n.  (Mus.)  A theorbo,  or  large  lute, 
the  base  strings  of  which  are  doubled  with  an 
octave,  and  the  higher  strings  with  a unison ; 
used  by  the  Italians  for  the  base  parts.  P.  Cyc. 

ARCH'LY,  ad.  [See  Arch.]  In  an  arch  manner  ; 
shrewdly ; jocosely  ; wittily.  Thyer. 

ARCH-MA-<?I"CIAN  (iirch-mj-jlsh'an,  66),  n.  Chief 
magician.  Spencer. 

ARCH-MOCK',  n.  Principal  mockery  or  jest. 

O ’t  is  the  spite  of  hell,  the  fiend’s  archmock.  Shak. 

ARCH'N^SS,  ii.  Sly  humor  without  malice ; 
shrewdness  ; roguishness.  Wart  on. 

AR  'CHON,  it.  [Gr.  apxoiv,  a ruler.]  The  chief 
magistrate  of  ancient  Athens. 

Establish  a doge,  a lord  arclion , a regent.  Bolingbi'okc. 

AR'CHON-SHIP,  n.  The  office  of  archon.  Mitford. 

AR-GHON'TICS,  it.  pi.  [Gr.  apXiov,  a ruler.] 
(Eccl.  Hist.)  A sect  of  Christians  who  ap- 
peared in  the  second  century,  and  who  taught 
that  the  world  was  made  by  archangels.  Eden. 

ARCH-PAs'TOR,  n.  Chief  pastor.  Barrow. 

ARCH-PHI-LOS'O-PIipR,  n.  Chief  philosopher. 
“ It  is  no  improbable  opinion,  which  the  arch- 
philosopher was  of.”  Hooker. 

ARCH-PI  L'LAR,  ii.  The  main  or  chief  pillar. 

Archpillar  and  foundation  of  human  society.  Harmar. 

ARCH-PO'BT,  n.  The  principal  poet  by  repute. 

The  title  of  archipoeta , or  archjjoet.  Pope. 

ARCH-POL-I-Tr'CIAN  (arcli-pol-e-tlsli'jn),  n. 
Chief  or  transcendent  politician.  Bacon. 

ARCH-PREE'ATE,  n.  Chief  prelate.  Hooker. 

ARCII-PRE§'BY-TI)R,  n.  Chief  presbyter.  Ayliffe. 

ARCH-PRE§'BY-TEK-Y,  n.  The  absolute  do- 
minion of  presbytery  ; chief  presbytery.  Milton. 

ARCH-PRIEST'  (arcli-prest'),  n.  Chief  priest. 
Ecclesiastical  dignity  which  included  the  archpriests.  Aylifle. 

ARCH-PRIEST'jpSS,  11.  Chief  priestess. 

ARCH-PRl'MATE,  n.  The  primate  over  other 
primates,  as  the  archbishop  of  Canterbury  over 
the  archbishop  of  York.  “One  archprimate, 
or  Protestant  pope.  Milton. 


A,  E,  i,  (i,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


ARCHPROPHET 


77 


ARETHUSA 


ARCH-PROPH'pT,  n.  Chief  prophet.  Warton. 

ARCH-PIU)T'£S-TANT,  11.  A principal  Protes- 
tant. “ These  sayings  of  these  archprotestants 
and  master  ministers  of  Germany.”  Stapleton. 

ARCH-PUB'LI-CAN,  n.  Chief  publican.  Bp.  Hall. 

ARCH-REB'EL,  n.  A principal  rebel.  Milton. 

ARCH-SAINT',  n.  Chief  saint.  Drayton. 

t ARCH-SEE',  n.  See  of  an  archbishop.  Drayton. 

ARCH-STONE',  n.  A stone  forming  an  arch.  Lyell. 

ArCH-TRAI'TOR,  n.  A distinguished  traitor; 
— applied  especially  to  Satan.  Hakewill. 

ARCH-TR EA^'lIR-f.R  (lrch-tiezh'ur-er),  n.  High 
treasurer.  “ Post  of  archtreasurer .”  Guthrie. 

ARCH-TY'RANT,  n.  Chief  tyrant.  Bp.  Hall. 

ARCH-VlL'LAIN,  n.  An  extraordinary  villain. 
“ An  archvillain  keeps  him  company.”  Shah. 

ARCH-VIL'LA-NY,  n.  Great  villany.  Beau.  § FI. 

ARCH'WAY,  n.  A vaulted  aperture  in  a build- 
ing, or  a passage  under  an  arch.  Tweddell. 

ARCH-WIFE',  n.  The  wife  of  a person  in  the 
higher  rank  of  society.  Chaucer. 

ARCH'Wi^E,  ad.  In  the  form  of  an  arch.  Ayliffe. 

ARCH'WORK  (-wiirk),  il.  Formation  of  arches. 

ARCH'Y,  a.  Resembling  arches  ; arching.  Todd. 

Beneath  the  black  and  archy  brows  shined  forth  the  bright 
lamps  of  her  eyes.  Partheneia  Sacra. 

AR-CI-FIN'I-OUS,  a.  [L.  arcifinius  ; arx,  a for- 
tress, and  finis,  a boundary.]  Serving  at  the 
same  time  for  a boundary  and  a defence,  as 
rivers  and  mountains.  C.  Cushing. 

f AR-ClT'E-NENT,  a.  [L.  arcitenens,  arcus,  bow, 
and  tenens,  holding.]  Bow-bearing.  Bailey. 

AR'CO-GRAPH,  n.  [L.  arcus,  a bow,  and  Gr. 
ypatjiui,  to  describe.]  An  instrument  for  drawing 
a circular  arc  without  the  use  of  a central 
point ; called  also  cyclograph.  Francis. 

ARC-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  arcto,  to  draw  close.] 
(Med.)  Contraction  of  a natural  opening  or  of 
a canal,  as  of  the  intestinal  canal  in  cases  of 
constipation.  Dunglison. 

ARC'TIC,  a.  [Gr.  apunsds;  apxTos,  a bear;  L.  arc- 
ticus ; It.  <Sf  Sp.  artico  ; Fr.  arctique.]  North- 
ern ; lying  under  theAretos,  or  Bear;  as,  “The 
Arctic  Ocean.”  Opposed  to  antarctic. 

Arctic  circle.,  one  of  tile  lesser  circles,  23  degrees  28 
minutes  from  tire  north  pole,  and  forming  the  south- 
ern limit  of  the  frigid  zone. 

ARC-TO-STAPH'Y-LOS,  n.  [Gr.  dpuros,  a bear, 
and  aratpuh),  a bunch  of  grapes.]  (Bot.)  A genus 
of  plants  ; bear’s  grape.  Loudon. 

ARC-TU ' RUS,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  apuros,  a bear, 
and  ovpo ;,  a watcher,  the  star  being  in  the 
knee  of  Bootes,  who  was  called  the  bear-keeper. \ 
(Astron.)  A star  of  the  first  magnitude  in  the 
constellation  Bootes.  Hind. 

AR'CU-ATE,  a.  [L.  arcuatus  ; arcus  a bow.]  Bent 
in  the  form  of  a bow.  “ Arcuate  lines.”  Bacon. 

t AR'CU-A-TILE,  a.  [L.‘ arcuatilis.]  Arched. 

AR-CU-A'TION,  n.  [L.  arcuatio,  an  arching.] 

1.  The  act  of  bending;  incurvation.  Johnson. 

2.  The  state  of  being  bent ; curvity ; crook- 
edness. Johnson. 

3.  f ( Hort .)  The  propagation  of  trees  by  lay- 
ers, the  shoots  being  bent  down.  Chambers. 

f AR'CU-A-TURE,  n.  The  bending  or  curvature 
of  an  arch.  Bailey. 

AR'CU-B  A-LIST,  n.  [L.  arcubalista,  a ballista, 
furnished  with  a bow ; arcus,  a bow,  and  ballista, 
a warlike  engine  to  shoot  stones  and  darts 
with.]  A crossbow ; an  engine  to  throw  stones. 
“ Richard  was  killed  by  the  French,  from  the 
shot  of  an  arcubalist.”  Warton. 

AR-CIT-BA-LIS'TER,  or  AR-CU-BAL'IS-TER  [iir- 
ku-b&l'is-ter,  S.  IF.  P.  - ar'ku-bal-js-ter,  Ja. ; 
ki-ku-ba-lls’ter,  K.  Sm.  C.  Wb.],  n.  A cross- 
bow-man  ; an  arbalister.  Camden. 

AR'CU-BUS,  n.  A species  of  gun  with  a trigger; 
an  arquebus  or  harquebus.  Fairholt. 

-ARD,  [Sax.]  An  affix  signifying  natural  disposi- 


tion ; as,  “ Goddard,”  a divine  temper ; 
“ Reinard,”  a sincere  temper;  “ Bernard " 
filial  affection  ; “ Giffard,”  a liberal  disposition, 
or  a disposition  to  give.  Gibson.  So  in  drunk- 
ard, niggard,  sluggard,  wizard,  &c. 

AR  ' DF.-A,  n.  [L.]  ( Ornith .)  A genus  of  birds  ; 
the  heron.  Gray. 

AR-DF.’  I-DJE,  n.  pi.  (Ornith.)  A family  of  birds 
of  tlie  order  Grallee,  containing  the  sub-fami- 
lies Psophina,  Gruince,  Ardeince,  Circoninee, 
and  Tantalinar,  herons.  Gray. 

AR-DE-I’  NJE,  n.  pi. 

(Ornith.)  A sub- 
family of  birds  of 
the  order  Grallae, 
and  family  Ardei- 
dce ; herons.  Gray. 

AR'DEN-CY,  n.  Ar- 
dor ; heat. 

Sir  T.  Herbert. 

AR'DIJNT,  a.  [L . ardens,  burning;  It.  ardente ; 
Sp.  ardiente ; Fr.  ardent.) 

1.  Hot;  burning;  causing  the  sensation  of 
heat ; as,  “ Distilled  liquors  are  ardent  spirits.” 

2.  Having  the  appearance  of  fire  ; fierce. 

With  flashing  flames  his  ardent  eyes  were  filled.  Drydcn. 

3.  Very  warm;  passionate;  fervent. 

Like  those  that  under  hot,  ardent  zeal  would  set  whole 
realms  on  fire.  Shak. 

Syn. — See  Zealous. 

AR'D^NT-LY, ad.  In  an  ardent  manner;  eagerly. 

AR'D(1NT-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  ardent ; 
ardency ; ardor.  Sherwood. 

AR'DOR,  n.  [L.  ardor-.  It.  ardorc-,  Sp.  ardor  ; 
Fr.  ardeur. J 

1.  Burning  heat ; heat,  as  of  fire  ; warmth. 

That  universal  fire  by  its  violent  ardor  may  vitrify  the 
whole  body  of  the  earth.  Howell. 

2.  Heat  of  affection  ; fervor  ; zeal. 

Do  men  hasten  to  their  devotions  with  that  ardor  that  they 
would  to  a lewd  play  ? South. 

Syn.  — See  Fervor. 

f AR-DU'I-TY,  n.  [L.  arduus,  high,  steep.]  Steep- 
ness ; difficulty  ; arduousness.  Waterhouse. 

AR'Dl'-OUS  [ar'du-us,  S..  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  Sm.  R. ; 
ar'ju-us,  IF.],  a.  [L.  arduus,  steep  ; It.  § Sp. 
ardtio .] 

1.  Steep  ; high ; hard  to  climb. 

And  pointed  out  those  arduous  paths  they  trod.  Pope. 

2.  Hard  to  perform  or  execute  ; difficult ; at- 

tended with  labor  ; laborious.  “ Fit  him  for  that 
great  and  arduous  employment.”  South. 

Syn.  — An  arduous  enterprise;  a difficult  task;  a 
laborious  performance. 

AR'Dy-OUS-NESS,  n.  Height ; difficulty.  Johnson. 

ARE  [ar,  S.  IF.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  Wb.].  — The 
indicative  mode,  present  tense,  plural  number, 
of  the  verb  to  be.  — See  Be. 

A'RE-A,  n. ; pi.  a're  as.  [L.,  any  open  surface.] 

1.  Any  open  or  fiat  surface  contained  be- 
tween any  lines ; a definite  space. 

In  areas  varied  with  mosaic  art, 

Some  whirl  the  disk,  and  some  the  javelin  dart.  Pope. 

2.  In  modern  built  houses,  the  portion  of  the 
site  which  is  not  built  upon  ; the  yard.  P.  Cyc. 

3.  ( Geom .)  The  superficial  content  of  any 
figure  ; as,  “ The  area  of  a triangle.” 

4.  (Med.)  A term  used  by  some  authors  to 

designate  a variety  of  alopecia,  in  which  the 
hair  changes  color,  but  does  not  fall  off; — ap- 
plied also  to  a disease  which  consists  of  patches 
of  baldness  without  decay  or  change  of  color 
in  the  surrounding  hair.  Dunglison. 

+ A-READ',  or  A-REED',  v.  a.  [A.  S.  arccdian,  to 
read,  to  tell,  to  discover.]  To  conjecture  ; to 
declare  ; to  explain  ; to  counsel.  — See  Ar- 
reed  and  Read.  Spenser. 

A-RE'CA,n.  [Malabar,  areec.]  (Bot.)  A genus 

of  palms  ; cabbage-tree.  Loudon. 

A-REEK',  ad.  [A.  S.  reac,  smoke.]  In  a reeking 
condition  ; smoking  ; steaming. 

A messenger  comes  all  areek.  Swift. 

AR-y-FAC'TION,  n.  [L.  areo,  to  be  dry,  and  fa- 
cio,  to  make.]  Act  of  growing  dry.  Bacon. 


AR'E-FY,  v.  a.  To  exhaust  of  moisture  ; to  dry. 

Heat  drieth  bodies,  ...  so  doth  time  or  age  urrfy.  Jtacon. 

A-RE'JYA,  n.-,  pi.  L.  a rk  ' nje  ; Eng.  a-re'nas. 
[L.,  sand,  a sandy  place,  a sanded  fighting- 
ground .]  The  place  of  combat,  covered  with 
sand,  in  an  amphitheatre. 

This  is  a hall  for  mutual  consultation  and  discussion,  not 
an  arena  for  the  exhibition  of  champions.  1).  Webster. 

AR-E-NA'CEOt;S  (ar-e-na'shus,  66),  a.  Having 
the  qualities  of  sand  ; sandy.  Browne. 

AR-y-NA'RI-OUS,  a.  Relating,  to  or  partaking  of, 
sand;  arenaceous.  Loudon. 

AR-5-NA'TION,  n.  (Med.)  The  cure  of  disease 
by  sprinkling  hot  sand  upon  the  body  ; a sort 
of  dry  sand-bath.  Brande. 

A-REN'DA-LITE,  n.  [ Arendal , in  Norway,  and 
Gr.  XiBoi,  a stone.]  (Min.)  A variety  of  epi- 
dote,  affording  fine  crystals.  Dana. 

AR  'ENG,  or  A-RF.N'  GA,  11.  (Bot.)  A genus  of 
palms  ; a palm  that  produces  sago  and  sugar  ; 
Arenga  saccharifera.  Loudon. 

A-REN-I-LIT'IC,  a.  [L.  arena,  sand,  and  Gr. 
lidos,  a stone.]  Relating  to  sandstone.  Smart. 

AR-y-NOSE'  (129),  a.  Full  of  sand;  sandy.  Bailey. 

f A-REN'U-LOUS,  a.  [L.  arenula,  fine  sand.] 
Full  of  sand  or  grit ; gravelly.  Bailey. 

A-RE' O-LA,  il.  ; pi.  a-rf.' o-LJE.  [a-re'o-la,  K. 
Ash,  Brande,  Maunder-,  Sr'e-o-la,  Crabb;  ar-e- 
o'la,  Wb.]  [L.,  a small  open  space.] 

1.  (Ent.&  Bot.)  One  of  the  little  spaces  into 

which  a wing  is  divided  by  ner- 
vures,  or  into  which  the  surface 
of  certain  lichens  is  divided  by 
cracks.  Brande. 

2.  (Anat.)  pi.  The  interstices  between  the 
fibres  composing  organs,  or  between  vessels 
which  interlace  with  each  other.  Dunglison. 

3.  (Anat.)  [L.  aureola,  a halo,  Chavssicr.] 

The  colored  circle,  or  halo,  which  surrounds 
the  nipple  ; — the  circle  or  margin  surrounding 
certain  vesicles,  pustules,  &c.,  as  of  small-pox 
and  cow-pox.  Dunglison. 

A-RE'O-LAR,  a.  Relating  to,  or  like,  an  areola. 

Areolar  tissue,  same  as  cellular  tissue. 

A-RE’O-LATE,  a.  1.  (Ent.)  Having  small  spaces 
or  areolations.  Brande. 

2.  (Bot.)  Divided  into  a number  of  irregular 
angular  spaces ; marked  out  into  little  spaces 
or  areolre.  * Lindley.  Gray. 

A-Rf-O-LA'TION,  n.  Any  small  space  distinctly 
bounded  by  something  different  in  color,  tex- 
ture, &c.  Brande. 

||  A-RE-OM'p-TyR  [a-re-om'e-ter,  Sm.C. ; ar-e-oin'- 
e-ter,  K.],  n.  [Gr.  ipatds,  thin,  rare,  and  plrpov, 
a measure  ; Fr.  areomUre.]  An  instrument 
used  for  measuring  the  density  or  specific  grav- 
ity of  fluids.  Brande. 

||  A-RE-O-MET  RIC,  I a.  Relatins  to  areom- 

||  A-RE-O-MET'RI-CAL,  S etry. 

||  A-RE-OM'E-TRY,  ii.  The  art  of  measuring  the 
density  or  specific  gravity  of  fluids.  Brande. 

||  AR-E-0P’A-£IST,  n.  A member  of  tire  Areop- 
agus ; an  areopagite.  P.  Mag. 

||  AR-E-6P'A-<?ITE  [&r-e-opVjit,  IF.  Ja.  K.  B. ; 
a-re-op'a-jit,  C.],n.  [Gr.  apiDuayirr/t;.]  A judge 
in  the  court  of  Areopagus.  Acts  xvii.  34. 

||  AR-U-OP-A-GIT'IC,  tt'  Relating  or  pertaining 
to  the  Areopagus.  Bunsen. 

[|  AR-E-OP'A-GOS,  It.  [Gr.  ’ Kpeibicayos  ; dnetos,  de- 
voted to  Ares  or  Mars,  and  itayos,  a hill.]  The 
highest  court  of  judicature  at  ancient  Athens ; — 
so  named  from  its  place  of  meeting,  which  was 
a rocky  eminence  near  the  Acropolis,  called 
the  Hill  of  Ares  (Mars’  Hill.)  IF.  Smith. 

t A-RE-(3T'IC,  a.  [Gr.  apaios,  porous.]  (Med.)  Effi- 
cacious in  opening  the  pores.  Bailey. 

fA-RERE'  (a-reer'),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  wwraii.]  To 

rear ; to  raise  up.  Surrey. 

AR-E-THU'SA,11.  [L.]  1.  (Myth.)  A nymph  who 
was  changed  into  a fountain  by  Diana. 

2.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants,  growing  in  moist 
places.  Loudon. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RtJLE.  — Q,  <?,  9,  g,  soft ; C,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  7.;  If  as  gz.— -THIS,  this. 


ARETOLOGY 


78 


A RIAN  ISM 


t AR-JJ-TOL'O-^Y,  n-  [Gr.  goodness,  and 

X 6yoi,  a discourse.]  The  doctrine  of  virtue ; 
a discourse  concerning  virtue.  Johnson. 

AR'GAL,  n.  Tartar  of  wine.  — See  Arcol.  Bailey. 

f AR'GAL,  ad.  A ludicrous  corruption  of  the 
Latin  ergo  ; therefore.  Shah. 

AR'GAND,  a.  Applied  to  a large  kind  of  lamp, 
invented  by  Aime  Argand,  about  1782,  having 
a circular  or  hollow  wick,  so  arranged  as  to  ad- 
mit a current  of  air  to  both  sides  of  the  flame, 
and  thus  increase  the  light  by  a more  perfect 
combustion.  Ency.  Brit. 

AR-QE-MO'JVE,  n.  [Gr.  apycpov,  a disorder  of  the 
eye.]  ( Bot .)  A genus  of  Mexican  plants  ; the 
prickly  poppy  ; — so  named  from  the  supposed 
virtue  of  one  species  to  cure  ophthalmia.  P.Cyc. 

AR'GPNT,  n.  [Gr.  apyr/s,  white;  L.  argentum, 
silver  ; It.  argento;  Fr.  argent.]  (Her.)  Silver  ; 
one  of  the  metals  employed  in  blazonry ; white 
or  silver  color  in  coats  of  arms.  It  is  represent- 
ed in  engraving  by  a plain  surface.  Brande. 

AR'0$NT,  a.  1.  Made  of  silver.  Smart. 

2.  Having  the  appearance  of  silver;  bright 
like  silver  ; silvery  ; argentine. 

Or  ask  of  yonder  argent  fields  above. 

Why  Jove’s  satellites  are  less  than  Jove.  Pope. 

AR'GEN-TAL,  a.  Consisting  of  silver.  Cleaveland. 

AR'GPN-TANE,  n.  An  alloy  of  copper,  nickel, 
and  zinc  ; German  silver.  Thomson. 

A R-G  F.X-TA'TION,  n.  An  overlaying  or  plating 
with  silver,  [it.]  - Bailey. 

AR'GENT— HORNED  (ar'jent-hornd),  a.  Silver- 
horned ; — applied  to  the  moon.  Lovelace. 

AR-GEN'TIC,  a.  Relating  to,  or  obtained  from, 
silver ; argentine.  Ure. 

AR-£EX-TlF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  argentum,  silver, 
and  fero,  to  bear.]  Containing  silver  ; produc- 
ing silver.  “ Argentiferous  lead  ores.”  Ure. 

A R-GEJV-tI 'ATA,  n.  [L.]  ( Ich .)  A genus  of 

fislies  belonging  to  the  salmon  family  ; — so 
called  from  the  silvery  appearance  of  their 
scales.  Brande. 

||  AR'GpN-TIN’E  [ir'jen-tin,  Ja.  K.  IVb.;  ar'jen-tin, 
S»t. ; ar-jen'tjn,  Ash],  a.  [L.  argentum,  silver.] 
Relating  to,  or  like,  silver  ; having  the  appear- 
ance of  silver,  or  sounding  like  silver.  Johnson. 

Argentine  Republic,  a name  given  to  La  Plata  (the 
Spanish  word  for  silver)  or  to  the  Provinces  of  the 
Rio  de  la  Plata,  ( Ricer  of  Silver.)  P.  Cyc. 

||  AR'GEN-TLNE,  n.  (Min.)  Nacreous  carbonate  of 
lime ; — so  called  from  its  silvery  lustre.Rratirfc. 

f AR'GEN-TRY,  n.  Materials  of  silver  ; plate. 
“ Pawning  his  . . . argentry  and  jewels. ’’Howell. 

AR’GIL,  n.  [Gr.  dpyM.o; ; L.  argilla,  white  clay  ; 
Fr.  argilel)  (Min.)  Potter’s  day ; white  clay  ; 
argillaceous  earth  ; alumina.  Kirwan. 

AR-GIL-LA'CEOUS  (ar-jjl-la'shus),  a.  (Min.) 
Containing  clay.  “ Soil  ...  in  which  the  ar- 
gillaceous ingredient  predominates.”  Kirwan. 

AR-GIL-LlF'f.R-OUS,  a.  [L.  argilla,  clay,  and 
fero,  to  bear.]  (Min.)  Producing  clay.  Smart. 

AR'GIL-LiTE,  n.  (Min.)  Clay-slate.  Dana. 

AR-yiL-LlT'IC,  a.  Relating  to  argillite.  Smart. 

AR-G?L'EO— AR-E-NA'CEOCS  (-situs),  a.  [L.  ar- 
gilla, clay,  and  arena,  sand.]  (Min.)  Contain- 
ing clay  and  sand.  De  la  Beche. 

AR-ylL  LO— CAL-CA'Rg-OLTS,  a.  [L.  argilla,  clay, 
and  calcareous,  pertaining  to  lime  ; calx,  lime.] 
(Min.)  Containing  clay  and  lime.  Thomson. 

AR'yn.-LO— CA I/CITE,  n.  (Min.)  A species  of 

calcareous  earth.  Smart. 

AR-GiL’EO— F£R-Rt;'G!N-OUS,  a.  [L.  argilla, 

clay,  ferrum,  iron,  and  gigno,  to  bear,  to  pro- 
duce.] Containing  clay  and  iron.  De  la  Beche. 

AR'G!L-LO— MU'RITE,  n.  [L.  argilla,  clay,  and 
muria,  salt  liquor,  brine.]  (Min.)  A variety  of 
magnesite. 

AR-GtL'LOlTS  [ar-jil'us,  S.  W.  P.  Ja.  K.\  ar'jjl- 
us,  Srn. ],  a.  [L.  argilla , clay.]  Consisting  of 
clay ; argillaceous  ; clayey.  Browne. 


AR'GO,  n.  [Gr.  ’A pyio,  from  ipybt,  swift.] 

1.  (Myth.)  The  ship  in  which  Jason  and  his 

companions  sailed  to  Colchis  in  search  of  the 
golden  fleece.  Mitford. 

2.  (Astron.)  A constellation  in  the  southern 

hemisphere,  named  from  the  ship  of  Jason ; 
— same  as  Argo-Navis.  " Herschel. 


AR'GOL,  n.  Tartar  of  wine;  an  acidulous,  con- 
crete salt,  which  is  deposited  by  wine,  and  used 
by  dyers  as  a mordant ; crude  bitartrate  of  pot- 
ash, or  cream  of  tartar ; argal.  P.  Cyc. 

AR-GOL'IC,  a.  (Geog.)  Relating  to  Argolis. 


AR'GO-NAIJT,  n.  [Gr.  ’Apyovnvrrjs,  a sailor  in 
the  Argo ; ’Apyii,  the  ship  of  Jason,  and  vuurijj, 
a sailor.] 

1.  One  of  the  companions  of  Jason  in  the 
ship  Argo  in  the  voyage  to  Colchis.  Mitford. 

2.  (Zo'ol.)  The  nautilus.  Brande. 


AR-GO-JYAU'TA,  n.  [L.] 
(Zoiil.)  A genus  of  eight- 
armed cephalopods,  the  fe- 
male of  which  forms  a 
shell  which  it  carries  about. 

Woodward. 


AR-GO-NAu'T|C,  a.  Relat- 
ing to  the  Argonauts. 

P.  Cyc. 


AR'OO-.VA  ' VIS,  n.  [L.,  the 
ship  Argo.]  (Astron.)  An 
extensive  southern  con- 
stellation ; — so  named  by  Nautilus, 

the  ancients,  and  subdivid- 
ed by  Herschel  into  four  parts  for  more  ready 
reference  to  its  stars.  Hind. 


AR'GO-SY,  n.  [ Argo , the  name  of  Jason’s  ship. 
Pope.]  A ship  of  great  burden  ; a carac.  P.  Cyc. 


He  hath  an  aryosy  bound  to  Tripolis.  Shak. 

AR'GIJ-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  argued  ; open 
for  argument ; admitting  argument.  Ed.  Rev. 

AR'GUE  (ir'gu),  v.  n.  [L.  arguo,  to  make  clear ; 
It.  arguire  ; Sp.  arglhr ; Fr.  arguer.]  [i.  ar- 
gued ; pp.  ARGUING,  ARGUED.] 

1.  To  use  or  apply  arguments  ; to  offer  rea- 
sons in  support  of  any  principle  or  fact;  to 
offer  reasons;  to  reason. 


You  urged  me  as  a judge;  but  I had  rather 

You  would  have  bid  me  argue  like  a father.  Shak, 

2.  To  dispute;  to  contend  in  argument;  — 
followed  by  with. 

I do  not  see  how  they  can  argue  with  any  one  without  set- 
ting down  strict  boundaries.  Locke. 

For,  e’en  though  vanquished,  lie  could  argue  still. 

Goldsmith. 


Syn.  — To  argue  is  to  defend  one’s  self,  or  to  ex- 
hibit reasons  or  proofs  in  favor  of  some  assertion  or 
principle  ; to  reason , to  argue  rationally  ; to  dispute. 
to  oppose  another  on  some  matter ; to  debate , to  dis- 
pute in  a formal  manner,  as  in  a public  body.  — Argue 
in  defence;  reason  on  the  subject;  dispute  in  refuta- 
tion ; debate  in  the  senate. 


AR'Gl'E,  v.  a.  1.  To  prove  ; to  show;  to  evince. 

Her  looks  do  argue  her  replete  with  modesty.  Shak. 

Not  to  know  me  argues  yourselves  unknown.  Milton. 

2.  To  attempt  to  prove  by  argument ; to  de- 
bate ; to  reason  upon  ; as,  “ To  argue  a cause.” 

3.  fTo  accuse  ; to  charge  with. 

Bold  enough  to  argue  him  of  cowardice.  Dryden. 

AR'GU-ER,  n.  One  who  argues  ; a reasoner. 

Neither  good  Christians  nor  good  arguers.  Atterbury. 

Men  are  ashamed  to  be  proselytes  to  a weak  arguer , as 
thinking  they  must  part  with  their  reputation  as  well  as  their 
sin.  Decay  of  Piety. 

AR'GU-FY,  v.  n.  To  import;  to  have  weight  as 
an  argument.  [Provincial.]  Forby, 

AR'GIMNG,  n.  Reasoning  ; argumentation. 
“ Heart  risings  and  internal  arguings Smith. 


AR'GU-MENT,  n.  [L.  argumentum  ; It.  argo- 
mento  ; Sp.  argumento  ; Fr.  argument .] 

1.  A reason  alleged  or  offered  in  proof ; a 
process  of  reasoning ; a syllogism  ; a plea. 

What  had  I 

To  oppose  against  such  powerful  arguments?  Milton. 

2.  A controversy  ; a disputation  ; a dispute. 

This  day,  in  argument  upon  a case, 

Some  words  that  grew  ’twixt  Somerset  and  me.  Shak. 

3.  Proof;  evidence. 

That  cumbersome 

Luggage  of  war  there  shown  me,  argument 
Of  human  weakness  rather  than  of  strength.  Milton. 


4.  Reason;  motive;  inducement. 

Rightly  to  be  great 

, Is,  not  to  stir  without  great  argument.  Shak. 

5.  The  subject  treated  in  any  literary  work. 

That  to  the  height  of  this  great  argument 
1 may  assert  eternal  Providence,  * 

And  justify  the  ways  of  God  to  man.  Milton. 

This  show  imports  the  argument  of  the  play.  Shak. 

6.  (Astron.)  An  arc  by  which  another  arc, 

bearing  a certain  proportion  to  it,  is  to  be 
sought : — the  angle  or  quantity  on  which  a se- 
ries of  numbers  in  a table  depends ; as,  for  ex- 
ample, the  altitude  would  be  termed  the  argu- 
ment of  the  refraction  in  a table  formed  to 
show  the  amount  of  refraction  at  every  degree, 
&c.,  of  altitude.  Brande. 

Syn. — Arguments  serve  for  defence,  and  are  ad- 
duced in  support  of  an  hypothesis  or  proposition  ; 
reasons,  for  justification,  and  are  assigned  in  matters 
of  belief  and  practice;  proofs,  for  conviction,  and  are 
presented  to  establish  a fact.  Defend  by  argument ; 
justify  by  reason  ; establish  by  proof  or  evidence. 

+ AR'GU-MENT,  v.  n.  To  reason.  Gower. 

AR-GU-MENT'A-BLE,  a.  Admitting  of  argu- 
ment ; that  may  be  argued,  [r.]  Chalmers. 

AR-GU-MENT'AL,  a.  Relating  to  arguments,  or 
to  reasoning.  “ Argumental  tyranny.”  Pope. 

AR-Gll-Mf  N-TA'TION,  n.  A process  of  reason- 
ing ; the  act  of  reasoning.  Watts. 

Syn.  — Argumentation  must  not  be  confounded 
with  reasoning.  Reasoning  may  be  natural  or  artifi- 
cial ; argumentation  is  always  artificial.  An  advo- 
cate reasons  and  argues  ; a Hottentot  reasons,  but 
does  not  argue.  Fleming. 

AR-GU-MENT'A-TIVE,  a.  1.  Consisting  of  ar- 
gument ; containing  argument.  “ The  argu- 
mentative part  of  my  discourse.”  Atterbury. 

2.  Giving  proof  or  evidence.  “ Another  thing 

argumentative  of  Providence.”  Rag. 

3.  Disposed  to  controversy ; given  to  dispu- 
tation ; disputatious.  Johnson. 

AR-GU-MENT'A-TIVE-LY,  ad.  In  an  argument- 
ative manner.  Bp.  Taylor. 

AR-GU-MENT'A-TlVE-N?SS,  n.  State  of  being 
argumentative.  Dr.  Allen. 

f AR'GU-MENT-IZE,  v.  n.  To  debate  ; to  argue. 
“ Argumentizing  philosophy.”  Mannyngham. 

AR'GU-MIJNT-I-ZER,  n.  An  arguer.  Brady. 

AR-  G U-MEJV ' TVM  AD  HOM'I-MEM,  [L.,  ar- 
gument to  the  man.]  (Logic.)  An  argument 
that  derives  its  force  from  its  application  to  the 
the  principles  or  practice  of  the  person  ad- 
dressed. Whately. 

AR-GU-MEAT'TUM  AD  IG-ATO- RAM ’ TEAM, 
[L.,  argument  to  ignorance .]  (Logic.)  The  em- 
ployment of  some  fallacy  towards  persons  like- 
ly to  be  deceived  by  it.  Whately. 

AR-GU-MEJ\r'TUM  AD  VF.R-E-CUAT'  DI-AM, 
[L.,  argument  to  modesty .]  (Logic.)  An  argu- 
ment drawn  from  the  sentiments  of  some 
wise,  great,  or  good  man,  whose  authority  is 
reverenced  by  the  party  addressed.  Whately. 

AR  ' G US,  n.  [L.]  A watchful  person  ; — so  named 
from  the  fabled  Argus,  who  had  a hundred 
eyes,  afterwards  set  in  the  peacock’s  tail.  Smart. 

AR'GUS— SHELL,  n.  (Conch.)  A species  of  shell, 
variegated  with  spots,  like  eyes.  Hill. 

f AR-GUTE',  a.  [L.  argutus,  sagacious.] 

1.  Subtle  ; witty  ; ingenious.  “ My  father 
. . . vigilant,  acute,  argute,  inventive.  Sterne. 

2.  Acute  in  sound ; shrill.  [r.J  Johnson. 

AR-GUTE'LY,  ad.  In  an  argute  manner.  Sterne. 

AR-GUTE'NJJSS,  n.  Wittiness  ; acuteness. 

Tickles  you  by  starts  with  his  arguteness.  Di'yden, 

A ' RI- A,  n.  [It.]  (Mus.)  An  air  or  tune ; a song. 

A-RI-AD'NIJ,  M.  (Astron.)  An  asteroid  discovered 
by  Pogson  in  1857.  Lovering. 

A'RI-AN,  n.  One  of  the  followers  of  Arius,  who 
denied  the  equality  of  the  Father  and  Son,  but 
taught  that  Christ  was  the  first  and  noblest  of 
created  beings.  Buck. 

A’RI-AN,  a.  Belonging  to  Arius  or  Arianism. 

A'RI-AN-LjjM,  n.  The  doctrines  of  Arius.  Leslie. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  11,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  tr,  Y,  short;  A,  (J,  !>  Q>  V>  Y>  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


ARIANIZE 


79 


ARMADILLO 


A'RI-AN-IZE,  v.  n.  To  admit,  or  conform  to, 
the  tenets  of  Arianism.  “ The  downfall  of  the 
Arianizing  Vandals.”  Worthington. 

A'RI- AN-IZE,  v.  a.  To  render  conformable  to 
Arianism.  Ch.  Ob. 

AR'ID,  a.  [L.  aridus ; It.  $ Sp.  arido ; Fr.  aride.] 
Dry  ; dried  up  ; parched  with  heat. 

His  hardened  fingers  deck  the  gaudy  spring; 

Without  him  summer  were  an  arid  waste.  Thomson. 

ar  '1-DAS,  n.  A kind  of  East  India  taffeta.  Ash. 

A-RlD'I-TY,  n.  [L.  ariditas  ; It.  aridita;  Sp.  ari- 
dez  ; Fr.  aridite.) 

1.  Want  of  moisture  ; dryness.  Arbidlinot. 

2.  (Med.)  The  diseased  state  of  an  organ  or 

part  for  want  of  moisture,  particularly  of  the 
skin  and  tongue  : — the  lanuginous  appearance 
of  the  hair  in  some  diseases.  Dunglison. 

3.  Insensibility;  want  of  unction  or  tender- 
ness. “ Aridities  and  dejections.”  Norris. 

A'RI-E$,n.  [L.]  1.  ( Astron .)  The  Ram,  a con- 
stellation; one  of  the  signs  of  the  zodiac.  It 
is  the  first  of  the  twelve  signs  which  the  sun 
enters  at  the  vernal  equinox,  on  the  21st  of 
March.  The  commencement  of  this  sign,  called 
the  first  point  of  Aries,  is  the  origin  from  which 
the  right  ascensions  of  the  heavenly  bodies  are 
reckoned  upon  the  equator,  and  their  longi- 
tudes upon  the  ecliptic.  Hind. 

2.  The  battering-ram  of  the  ancients.  Brande. 

f AR'J-f -TATE  [Sr'e-e-tat,  S.  P.  K.  Sm.  Ash; 
?-rl'e-tat,  W.  Johnson ],  v.  n.  [L.  aricto.]  To 
push  or  butt  like  a ram.  Bailey. 

f AR-I-E-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  arictatio.]  1.  Act  of 
butting  or  pushing  as  a ram.  Johnson. 

2.  Act  of  using  the  battering-ram.  Bacon. 

3.  Any  act  of  striking  or  impinging.  “ Tu- 
multuary motions  and  arietations.”  Glgnville. 


AR-I-ET'  TA,  n.  [It.]  ( Mus .)  A short  air,  or  song. 
A-RlGHT'  (ft-rlt1),  ad.  Rightly;  without  error. 
“ Understand  my  purposes  aright.”  Shak. 


AR  IL,  I ,j.  (Bot.)  A process  of  the 
A-RIL'  LUS,  > placenta,  or  seed-stalk  form- 
ing an  accessory  coating  or  appendage  of 
some  seeds,  as  the  mace  of  the  nutmeg. Loudon. 

AR'IL-LATE,  > a ( Bot .)  Relating  to,  or  formed 


AR'IL-LAT-^D,  ) like,  an  aril. 


London. 


AR-I-O-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  ariolatio,  or  hariola- 
tio.~\  Soothsaying;  vaticination;  prophecy; 
foretelling.  — See  Hariolation.  Browne. 

Ar'I-OSE  (129),  a.  [It.  arioso  ; aria,  an  air.]  Char- 
acterized by  melody,  as  distinguished  from  har- 
mony ; as,  “Ariose  beauty  of  Handel.’  Ogilvie. 

AR-I-O'SO,  a.  [It.]  (Mus.)  In  the  manner  of  an 
air,  contradistinguished  from  recitative.  P.Cyc. 


A-RI§E',  v.  n.  [Goth,  reisan  ; A.  S.  arisan  ; Du. 
ryzen  ; Ger.  reisen  ; Dan.  reise ; Sw.  resa.]  [i. 
AROSE  ; pp.  ARISING,  ARISEN.] 

1.  To  mount  upward ; to  ascend. 

No  grateful  dews  descend  from  evening  skies. 

Nor  morning  odors  from  the  flowers  arise.  Pope. 

2.  To  come  into  view  from  below  the  horizon, 
as  the  sun  or  moon ; to  rise. 

As  I point  my  sword  the  sun  arises.  Shak. 

3.  To  get  up  from  sleep,  from  any  state  of 
rest,  or  from  a reclining  posture. 

Aidse  ye,  and  depart,  for  this  is  not  your  rest.  Micah  ii.  10. 

4.  To  revive  from  death. 


The  graves  were  opened,  and  many  bodies  of  the  saints 
which  slept  arose.  Matt,  xxvii.  52. 

5.  To  start  into  action  ; to  be  excited. 

When  he  had  so  said,  there  arose  a dissension.  Acts  xxiii.  7. 

6.  To  spring;  to  proceed;  to  issue;  to  flow; 
to  emanate. 


emanates  from  the  sun.  — A person  rises  or  arises  from 
a scat ; a bird  rises  into  the  air,  mounts  aloft,  and  as- 
cends out  of  sight. 

A-RIS'TA,  n.  [L.]  (Bot.)  The  beard  or  awn  of 
grasses  or  of  corn.  Eng.  Cyc. 

AR'IS-TARjCH,  n:  [Gr.’ApiVrnp^ot,  a distinguished 
critic  of  Alexandria.]  A severe  critic.  Knowles. 

AK-lS-TAR'jEHJ-AN,  a.  Severely  critical  ; like 
the  ancient  critic  Aristarchus.  Ogilvie. 

f Ar'IS-TAR-CHY,  n.  [Gr.  aptoros,  best,  and 
aPX>i,  government.]  A body  of  severe  critics. 

The  ground  on  which  I would  build  his  chief  praise,  to 
some  of  the  aristarchy  and  sour  censurers  of  these  days,  re- 
quires first  an  apology.  Harrington. 

A-IUS'TATE,  a.  [L.  arista,  the  awn.]  (Bot.) 
Bearded,  as  the  glumes  of  barley.  Loudon. 

AR-JS-TOC'RA-CY,  n.  [Gr.  apioroKparla,  the  gov- 
ernment of  the  best ; apioros,  best,  and  Kpareui, 
to  rule  ; It.  aristocrazia  ; Fr  .aristocratic.'] 

1.  A form  of  government  which  places  the 
supreme  power  in  the  nobles  or  principal  per- 
sons of  a state. 

This  island  was  governed  rather  after  the  manner  of  an 
aristocracy , — that  is,  by  certain  great  nobles  and  potent  men, 
— than  under  the  command  of  any  one  as  an  absolute  mon- 
arch. Speed. 

2.  The  principal  persons  of  a state  or  of  a 
town  ; the  nobility  ; the  gentry. 

Syn.  — See  Republic. 

A-RIS'TO-CRAT,  or  AR'IS-TO-CRAT  [&r-js-to- 
krdt',  W.  P. ; ar'is-to-krat,  Ja.  Sm.  R. ; ar'js-to- 
kr&t  or  a-rls  tn-krat,  K. ; a-ris'to-krat,  C.  Wb. 
Sullivan ],  n.  [Fr.  aristocrate.\ 

1.  One  who  supports  or  favors  aristocracy. 

What  his  friends  call  aristocrats  and  despots.  Burke. 

2.  A haughty  or  overbearing  person. 

AR-IS-TO-CRAT'IC,  ?a.  y.  Relating  to,  or 

AR-IS-TO-CRAT'I-CAL,  > partaking  of,  aristoc- 
racy. “ May  be  changed  . . . into  an  aristocrat- 
ical  form  of  government.”  Ayliff'e.  “ Aris- 
tocratic both  in  wealth  and  strength.”  Glover. 

2.  Overbearing;  haughty; — now  most  com- 
monly used  in  this  ill  sense. 

AR-IS-TO-CRAT'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  an  aristo- 
cratical  manner.  Hammond. 


Ar-is-to-crat'i-cal-ness,  n. 
state  of  being  aristocratical. 


The  quality  or 
Johnson. 


AR-IS-T6c'RA-TIZE,  v.  a.  To  render  aristo- 
cratic. [r.]  Qu.  Rev. 

f Ar-IS-TOC'RA-TY,  n.  Same  as  Aristocracy. 

Pure  forms  of  commonwealths,  monarchies,  aristocraties , 
democracies,  are  most  famous  in  contemplation  ; but  in 
practice  they  are  temperate  and  usually  mixed.  Burton. 

A-RIS-TO-LO'CHI-A,  n.  [Gr.  apioros,  best,  and  lo- 
Xe‘a,  childbirth.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants  in- 
cluding the  Virginia  snake-root ; — so  called 
because  the  different  varieties  were  supposed 
to  aid  parturition ; birthwort.  Loudon. 

AR-1S-T6e'0-UY,  n.  [Gr.  aptorov,  luncheon,  and 
1.6-yos,  a discourse.]  The  art  of  preparing  din- 
ners. [Cant.]  Smart. 

Ar-IS-TO-PHAn'IC,  a.  Relating  to  Aristopha- 
nes, the  Athenian  comic  poet.  Beck. 

AR-IS-TO-TE'LI-AN,  a.  Relating  to  Aristotle, 
the  celebrated  Grecian  philosopher.  “ The  Ar- 
istotelian hypothesis.”  Reid. 

AR-IS-TO-TE'LI-AN,  n.  A follower  of  Aris- 
totle ; a peripatetic  philosopher.  Sandys. 

AR-JS-TO-TE'LI-AN-I^M,  n.  The  doctrine  or 
philosophy  of  Aristotle.  Coleridge. 

Ar-JS-TO-TEL'IC,  a.  Relating  to  Aristotle  or 
his  philosophy ; Aristotelian.  Warton. 


I know  not  what  mischief  may  arise  hereafter  from  the 
example  of  such  an  innovation.  Dryden. 

7.  To  appear ; to  come  into  being ; to  enter 
upon  active  life. 

There  arose  another  generation  after  them,  which  knew 
not  the  Lord.  Judges  ii.  10. 

See  Rise. 

Syn.  — To  arise,  rise,  spring,  issue,  and  emanate, 
all  express  the  idea  of  one  object  or  tiling  coming 
out  of  another,  but  differ  in  the  manner  or  circum- 
stances of  tlte  action.  Mist  arises  or  rises  from  the 
earth,  or  out  of  tile  sea  ; water  rises  or  springs 
out  of  the  earth  ; blood  issues  from  a wound ; light 


A-RITH'MAN-CY  [a-rlth'man-se,  S.  TV.  Ja.;  &r'- 
jth-inSn-se,  I Vi.],  n.  [Gr.  ipiQpds,  number,  and 
pavrtla,  prophecy.]  Divination  by  numbers  ; 
foretelling  by  numbers.  Bailey. 

A-RITH'ME-TlC,  n.  [Gr.  apiOpprcKf),  belonging  to 
numbers  ; apiOpd t,  number ; It.  <Sr  Sp.  aritmeti- 
ca ; Fr.  arithmetique.]  (Math.)  The  science  of 
numbers,  or  that  part  of  mathematics  which 
treats  of  the  properties  and  relations  of  num- 
bers ; the  art  of  computation  by  figures. 

On  fair  ground  I could  heat  forty  of  them; 

But  now ’t  is  odds  beyond  arithmetic.  Shak. 


AR-ITH-MET'I-CAL,  a.  Relating  to  arithmetic; 
according  to  the  rules  of  arithmetic. 

There  may  be  some,  who,  deluded  by  the  specious  show 
of  discovering  abstracted  verities,  waste  their  time  in  arith - 
metical  theorems  and  problems,  which  have  not  any  use. 

Bp.  Berkeley. 

Arithmetical  complement  of  a logarithm , {Math.)  the 
remainder  found  by  subtracting  the  logarithm  from 
10.  — Arithmetical  mean , of  any  number  of  quantities, 
is  the  quotient  obtained  by  dividing  their  sum  by  the 
number  of  quantities. — Arithmetical  progression , a se- 
ries of  numbers  in  which  the  difference  between  any 
two  consecutive  terms  is  the  same.  Davies. 

AR-ITH-MET'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  an  arithmetical 
manner ; according  to  the  principles  of  arith- 
metic. “ Arithmetically  regular.”  Arbuthnot. 

A-RITH-ME-TI"CIAN  (fi-rith-me-tish'fin),  n.  One 
versed  in  arithmetic,  or  the  science  of  num- 
bers. “ Forsooth,  a great  arithmetician.”  Sha/c. 

ARK,  n.  [L.  area,  a chest  or  box.  — Goth.  arka\ 
A.S.arc. — It.  § Sp.  area  ; Fr.  archef] 

1.  A chest  or  coffer  for  the  safe-keeping  of 
any  thing  valuable,  such  as  the  repository  of 
the  Israelitish  covenant. 

The  ark  of  the  covenant  of  the  Lord  went  before  them  in 
the  three  days’ journey.  Num.  x.  33. 

2.  A close,  large  vessel  or  ship ; usually 

applied  to  that  in  which  Noah  and  his  family 
were  preserved.  Bryant. 

3.  A large,  rudely-formed  boat,  used  on  the 
western  rivers  of  the  U.  S. ; a flat-boat.  Flint. 

ARKTtE,  a.  Relating  to  the  ark.  [r.]  Bryant. 

ARLE§,  n.  pi.  [Scottish.]  Earnest  money  given 
to  servants.  Jameson. 

ARM,  n.  [Gr.  ippis ; L.  armus.  — Goth,  arms; 
A.  S.  earm,  or  eorm  ; Ger.  arm.) 

1.  The  limb  of  the  body  which  reaches  from 
the  hand  to  the  shoulder. 

If  I lift  up  my  hand  against  the  fatherless,  . . . then  let 
mine  arm  fall  from  my  shoulder-blade.  Job  xxxi.  22. 

2.  The  bough  or  branch  of  a tree,  or  any 
thing  formed  like  an  arm. 

Where  the  tall  oak  his  spreading  arms  entwines, 

And  with  the  beech  a mutual  shade  combines.  Gay. 

3.  An  inlet  of  water  from  the  sea. 

We  have  yet  seen  but  an  arm  of  this  sea  of  beauty.  Norris. 

4.  Power  ; puissance  ; might  ; strength. 

O God ! Thy  arm  was  here. 

And  not  to  us,  but  to ’Thy  arm  alone 

Ascribe  we  ali.  Shale. 

5.  (Mil.)  A branch  of  the  military  service, 
as  cavalry  or  artillery.  — See  Arms. 

6.  (Naut.)  The  extremity  of  a yard  ; as  “ The 
yard-arm”  : — the  lower  part  of  an  anchor,  cross- 
ing the  shank  and  ending  in  the  flukes.  Dana. 

To  keep  or  hold  at  arm's  length,  or  at  arm's  end,  to 
prevent  from  attacking,  or  from  so  near  an  approach 
as  to  be  dangerous.  — To  work  at  arm's  length,  to  work 
at  a disadvantage  or  in  an  awkward  position. 

ARM,  n.  [Fr.  arme.)  (Mil.)  A weapon  or  in- 
strument of  warfare  ; — seldom  used  in  the 
singular,  except  in  the  compound  fir  e-arm. 
“ The  blunderbuss  ...  is  a fir  e-arm  shorter 
than  the  carbine.”  P.  Cyc.  — “ Musket,  the 
fire-arm  used  by  the  regiments  of  the  line.” 
Brande.  — See  Arms. 

ARM,  v.  a.  [L  .anno;  It  .armare;  Sp . armar  ; 
Fr.  armer .]  \i.  armed  ; pp.  arming,  armed.] 

1.  To  furnish  with  arms  or  weapons ; to 
equip  ; as,  “ To  arm  a company  of  soldiers.” 

2.  To  provide  with  means  of  defence  or  pro- 
tection ; to  fortify;  as,  “To  arm  a fortress.” 

Arm  yourselves  . . . with  the  same  mind.  1 Pet.  iv.  1. 

True  conscious  honor  is  to  feel  no  sin ; 

He’s  armed  without,  that’s  innocent  within.  Pope. 

3.  To  prepare ; to  fit  up  ; to  make  ready. 

You  must  arm  your  hook  with  the  line  in  the  inside  of  it. 

Walton. 

4.  (Magnetism.)  To  fit  or  furnish  with  an  ar- 
mature ; as,  “ To  arm  a loadstone.” 

ARM,  v.  n.  To  take  arms;  to  be  fitted  with  arms; 
to  be  provided  with  arms. 

Think  we  King  Harry  strong; 

And,  princcB,  look,  you  strongly  arm  to  meet  him.  Shak. 

AR-MA'DA,  n.  [Sp.,  a union  of  naval  forces  ; 
armar,  to  arm.]  A fleet ; a naval  or  military 
armament ; — especially  applied  to  the  fleet 
sent  by  Spain  against  England  in  1588.  [Often 
erroneously  written  armatlo .]  Brande. 

Against  the  proud  Armada , styled  by  Spain 

The  Invincible,  that  covered  all  the  main.  B.  Jonson. 

AR-MA-DIL'LO,  11. ; pi.  Xr-ma-dTl'l6$.  [Sp. ; — so 


MIEN,  SIR;  m6vE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — £,  <?,  9,  g,  soft ; C,  G,  $,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  £ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


ARMAMENT 


80 


AROMATICS 


called  from  being  protected  or  armed  by  a scaly 
covering  like  the  plate  armor  of  the  middle 
ages.]  ( Zoiil .)  A genus  of  South  American 
quadrupeds,  belonging  to  the  order  of  edentata, 
and  characterized  by  a defensive  armor  of  small 
bony  plates,  covering  the  head  and  trunk,  and 
sometimes  the  tail.  — See  Peba.  Braude. 

AR'MA- WENT,  n.  [L.  armamenta,  outfits.]  A 
force  equipped  for  war,  naval  or  military. 

The  whole  united  armament  of  Greece.  Glover. 

AR-MA-MENT'A-RY,  7i.  [L.  armamentarium .] 

An  armory ; an  arsenal,  [it.]  Bailey. 

AR'MA-TURE,  n.  [L.  armatura.) 

1.  Armor ; means  of  protection  and  defence. 

Others  armed  with  hard  shells;  others  with  prickles;  oth- 
ers have  no  such  armature.  Ray. 

2.  ( Magnetism .)  A piece  of  soft  iron  applied 

to  the  opposite  poles  of  magnets  or  of  electro- 
magnets to  preserve  their  strength.  Nichol. 

ARM'— CHAIR,  n.  A chair  with  arms  ; an  elbow- 
chair  ; an  armed-chair.  Todd. 

ARMED  (arm’ed  or  armil),  p.  a.  1.  Furnished  with 
arms  ; furnished  with  weapons  of  defence,  or 
means  of  protection  ; as,  “ An  armed  force.” 

2.  (May.)  Furnished  with  an  armature;  — 
noting  magnets  capped  or  cased  with  iron,  to 
preserve  and  increase  their  strength.  Hutton. 

3.  (Her.)  Applied  to  beasts  and  birds  when 

their  teeth,  horns,  feet,  beak,  talons,  &c.,  are 
of  a different  color  from  the  rest.  Crabb. 

4.  (Bot.)  Having  prickles  or  thorns.  Ogilvie. 

Armed  neutrality , that  state  of  a nation  in  which, 

though  taking  no  part  in  a war  between  other  na- 
tions, it  is  obliged  to  maintain  an  armed  force  in 
order  to  be  able  to  repel,  in  case  of  necessity,  any 
aggression  on  the  part  of  either  of  the  belligerents  ; a 
term  sometimes  specifically  applied  to  the  convention 
between  Russia  and  other  European  powers  against 
England  in  1780,  during  the  war  with  the  American 
colonies,  to  enforce  the  principle  that  “ free  ships 
make  free  goods,”  i.  e.  that  goods  carried  in  the  ves- 
sels of  neutral  nations  should  be  exempted  from  sei- 
zure by  belligerents.  Ency. 

ARMED'— CHAlR  (irmd'chir),  n.  An  elbow-chair. 
— See  Arm-Chair.  Johnson. 

AR-ME'NI-AN,  at.  (Geog.)  Relating  to  Armenia. 

Armenian  bole , a kind  of  earth,  used  as  an  absorbent, 
from  Armenia,  and  called  also  bole  Armeniac.  — Ar- 
menian stone,  an  earthy  mineral,  a variety  of  blue  car- 
bonate of  copper,  of  a greenish-blue  color,  resembling 
lapis  lazuli ; used  formerly  as  a purgative.  Dunglison. 

AR-ME'NI-AN,  n.  1.  A native  of  Armenia. 

2.  (Eccl.  Hist.)  A Christian  of  Armenia;  a 
follower  of  Eutyches,  who  maintained  that 
there  is  but  one  nature  in  the  person  of  Christ, 
or  that  he  is  God  only.  P.  Cyc. 

+ AR-MEN'TAL,  a.  [L.  armentalis.)  Belonging 
to  a drove  or  herd  of  cattle  ; armentine.  Bailey. 

f A R ' M E N - T I N K [ar'men-tln,  S.  IF.;  ar-men'tjn, 
Sm.  Ash],  a.  [L.  armentum,  a herd.]  Belong- 
ing to  a herd  of  cattle  ; armental.  Bailey. 

f AR-M1JN-TOSE'  (129),  a.  [L.  armentosus .] 
Abounding  with  herds  of  cattle.  Bailey. 

Alt'  MET,  n.  [Fr.]  A helmet  used  in  the  14th, 
15th,  and  16th  centuries.  Worn  with  the  bea- 
ver, it  was  called  ar  met  grand.  Worn  without, 
and  supplied  with  a triple-barred  face-guard,  it 
was  called  armet  petit.  Fairholt. 

ARM'FUL,  n. ; pi.  arm'f0l§.  As  much  as  the 
arm  can  hold. 

’T  is  not  the  wealth  of  Plutus,  nor  the  gold 
Locked  in  the  heart  of  earth,  can  buy  away 
This  armful  from  me.  Beaum. 

■f  ARM'GAUNT  (irm'gint),  a.  “ Worn  lean  and 
thin,”  says  Warburton.  [Supposed  to  be  a 
misprint  for  armgirt  by  Dyce  and  others,  and  for 
arrogant  by  Verplanek,  Hudson,  and  others.] 
And  soberly  did  mount  an  armyaunt  steed.  Shak. 

f ARM— GRETE,  a.  Thick  as  a man’s  arm.  “ A 
wreath  of  gold  arm-grete.”  Chaucer. 

ARM'HOLE,  n.  1.  The  cavity  under  the  shoul- 
der ; the  armpit.  “ Tickling  ...  in  the  soles 
of  the  feet  and  under  the  armholes.”  Bacon. 

2.  A hole  in  a garment  for  the  arm. 

AR-Mf F'pR-OUS,  a.  [L.  arma,  arms,  and  fero, 
to  bear.]  Bearing  arms,  [r.]  Blount. 

AR'MI-(jER,  n.  [L.  ; arma,  arms,  and  gero,  to 


bear.]  (Her.)  An  armor-bearer  ; — an  old  title 
of  dignity  given  to  one  next  in  rank  to  a knight, 
now  superseded  by  esquire.  Crabb. 

AR-MlG'BR-OUS,  a.  Bearing  arms.  Bailey. 

AR-MIL  'LA,  n.  [L. ; annus,  the  arm.] 

1.  A bracelet  for  the  wrist  or  arm.  Fairholt. 

2.  (Mech.)  An  iron  ring,  hoop,  or  brace  in 
which  the  gudgeons  of  a wheel  move. 

3.  (Anat.)  A circular  ligament  of  the  wrist 

binding  the  tendons  of  the  hand.  Hooper. 

AR'MIL-LA-RY  [ar'me-lj-re,  S.  IF.  E.  F.  Ja.  Sm. 
Wb.;  ar-inll'a-re,  P.  — See  Capillary.],  a.  [L. 
armilla,  a bracelet.]  Belonging  to,  or  resem- 
bling, a bracelet  ;— consisting  of  rings  or  circles. 

Armillary  sphere,  an  artificial  sphere,  composed  of 
circles  or  hoops,  and  designed  to  represent  the  imagi- 
nary circles  by  which  the  truths  of  geography  and 
astronomy  are  illustrated.  Hutton. 

AR'MIL-LAT-pD,  a.  Having  bracelets.  Bailey. 

AR'MjL-LET,  n.  [L.  armilla,  a bracelet.]  A 
small  bracelet ; an  armlet.  Craig. 

ARM'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  taking  arms. 

2.  (Naut. ) A piece  of  tallow  put  in  the  cavity 
at  the  bottom  of  a lead,  to  bring  up,  in  sound- 
ing, samples  of  the  bottom  of  the  sea.  Dana. 

3.  pi.  (Naut.)  Cloths  hung  about  the  out- 

side of  the  ship’s  upper  works,  fore  and  aft, 
and  before  the  cubbridge  heads  ; sometimes 
also  round  the  tops,  in  which  case  they  are 
called  top-armings.  Chambers. 

AR-MlN'IAN  (ar-min'ypin),  n.  A follower  of  James 
Arminius,  a native  of  Holland,  whose  system 
of  religious  doctrines  was  opposed,  on  several 
points,  to  that  of  Calvin.  Buck. 

AR-MIN'I  AN  (ar-min'yan),  a.  Relating  to  Ar- 
minius. “ The  Arminian  opinions.”  Brande. 

AR-MINTAN-I§M  (?r-min'y?n-Izin),  n.  The  reli- 
gious tenets  of  James  Arminius.  Brande. 

AR-MIP'O-TENCE,  n.  Power  in  war.  [r.]  Bailey. 

AR-MlP'O-TENT,  a.  [L.  arma,  arms,  and  potens, 
powerful.]  Powerful  in  arms.  “ The  mani- 
fold linguist  and  the  armipotent  soldier.”  Shak. 

AR-MIS'O-NOUS,  a.  [L.  armisonus ; arma,  arms, 
and  sono,  to  sound.]  Resounding  with  arms. 

AR'MJS-TlCE,  n.  [L.  armisticium ; arma,  arms, 
and  sisto,  to  stop  ; It.  armistizio ; Sp.  armisti- 
cio  ; Fr.  armistice.)  A cessation  from  arms  ; a 
suspension  of  hostilities  ; a truce.  Lyttleton. 

ARM'LIJSS,  a.  1.  Without  an  arm.  Chaucer. 

2.  Without  armor,  or  weapons  ; defenceless. 
“ Spain,  lying  armless  and  open.”  Howell. 

ARM'LET,  n.  [Dim.  of  arm.)  1.  A little  arm ; 
as,  “ An  armlet  of  the  sea.’  Johnson. 

2.  [L.  armilla .]  A bracelet.  Donne. 

ARMOIRE  (Hrin-w&r'),  n.  [Fr.]  A clothes-press  ; 
a closet ; a buffet.  Fairholt. 

AR-MO'NF-AC,  n.  Erroneously  for  Ammoniac. 

AR'MOlt,  n.  [L.  arma,  arms.]  Defensive  arms 
for  the  body ; defensive  clothing  of  metal ; a 
coat  of  mail. 

Your  friends  are  up,  and  buckle  on  their  armor.  Shak. 

AR'MOR— BEAR'f,R,  n.  One  who  carries  the  ar- 
mor of  another  ; an  esquire.  Dryden. 

AR'MOR-£R,  n.  I.  One  who  makes  or  sells  armor 
or  arms.  “ One  ZoYlus,  an  armorer.”  North. 

2.  One  who  fits  another  with  armor. 

The  armorers  accomplishing  the  knights, 

With  busy  hammers  closing  rivets  up.  Shak. 

AR-MO'RI-AL,  a.  Belonging  to  the  arms  or  war- 
like ensigns  of  a family  ; heraldic.  “ The  right 
of  armorial  ensigns.”  Blackstone. 

AR-MOR'IC,  ) o.  [Celt .armor,  near  the  sea.] 

AR-MOR'I-CAN,  S Relating  to  Armorica,  or  Basse 
Bretagne,  now  Brittany,  in  France. 

Begirt  with  British  and  Armoric  knights.  Milton. 

The  Armoric  language  spoken  in  Brittany  is  a dialect  of 
the  Welsh.  Warton. 

Armorican  league,  a league  which  existed  from  the 
most  ancient  times  among  all  the  tribes  of  Gaul, 
dwelling  near  the  sea-shore,  and  against  which  Cae- 
sar had  to  employ  a large  force.  P.  Cyc. 

AR-MOR'IC,  n.  The  language  spoken  in  Armor- 
ica (Brittany),  a dialect  of  the  Celtic.  P.  Cyc. 


f AR'MOR-IST,  n.  One  skilled  in  heraldry.  Bailey. 

AR'MO-RV,  n.  [L.  armarium , a place  for  tools.] 

1.  A place  in  which  arms  are  deposited. 

With  plain,  heroic  magnitude  of  mind, 

And  celestial  vigor  armed, 

Their  armories  and  magazines  contemns.  Milton. 

2.  Armor,  or  arms  ; warlike  implements. 

Celestial  armory , shields,  helms,  and  6pears.  Milton. 

3.  Armorial  ensigns. 

Well  worthy  be  you  of  that  armory.  Spenser. 

4.  A manufactory,  as  well  as  depository,  of 
arms.  [U.  S.] 

AR-MO-ZEEN',  n.  A thick,  plain  silk.  IF.  Ency. 

ARM'PlT,  n.  The  hollow  place  or  cavity  under 
the  arm  or  shoulder  ; the  axilla.  Swift. 

AR Mij,  7i.pl.  [L.  pi.  arma  ; It.  6$  Sp.  sing,  arma  ; 
Fr.  pi.  armes .]  (The  singular,  arm,  is  rarely 
used.  — See  Arm.) 

1.  Weapons  of  offence  and  defence. 

Arms  on  armor  clashing  brayed 
Horrible  discord.  Milton. 

2.  Warlike  exploits  ; war. 

Arms  and  the  man  I sing.  Dryden. 

3.  (Late.)  Weapons  or  any  thing  that  a man 

strikes  or  hurts  with.  Burrill. 

4.  (Her.)  The  ensigns  armorial  of  a family. 

“ Family  coats  of  arms.”  Brande. 

5.  (Mech.)  The  two  parts  of  a balance  or  other 
lever  on  opposite  sides  of  the  fulcrum.  Young. 

To  be  in  arms,  to  be  in  a state  of  hostility. — To  be 
under  arms,  to  he  armed  and  ready  for  service.  — To 
arms!  a summons  to  battle.  — Stand  of  arms , a com- 
plete set  of  arms  for  one  soldier. 

Syn. drms  and  weapons  botli  signify  instruments 

of  defence  and  offence  ; blit  we  say  fire-arms,  never 
fire-weapons.  Cannons,  muskets,  pistols,  are  fire- 
arms ; bows  and  arrows,  clubs,  stones,  &.C.,  are  weap- 
ons. Instruments  made  on  purpose  to  tight  with  are 
called  arms  or  weapons  ; such  as  are  accidentally  em- 
ployed to  fight  with,  weapons. 

ARM’§'— LENGTH,  n.  The  length  of  the  arm  ; 
arm’s-reach.  — See  Arm.  Ogilvie. 

ARM’S'— REACH  (armz'recli),  n.  [A.  S.  earm- 
gerece .]  The  extent  of  the  stretch  of  the  arm  ; 
arm’s  length.  Todd. 

AR'MY,  n.  [Low  L.  armata-,  arma,  arms  ; It. 
armata  ; Sp.  armada-,  Fr.  armee.] 

1.  A large  body  of  troops  distributed  in  divis- 
ions and  regiments,  each  under  its  own  com- 
mander ; the  whole  body  being  under  the  direc- 
tion of  the  general  or  commander-in-chief ; a 
host. 

So  sensible  were  the  Romans  of  the  imperfection  of  valor 
without  skill  or  practice,  that,  in  their  language,  the  name  of 
an  army  was  borrowed  from  the  word  which  signified  exer- 
cise [exercitus].  Gibbon. 

2.  A great  number  ; a multitude.  “ The  fool 

hath  planted  in  his  memory  an  army  of  good 
words.”  Shak. 

Syn.  — An  army  is  a limited  body  ; a host  may  be 
unlimited.  An  army  of  soldiers  ; a host  of  invaders  ; 
a host  of  evils. 

AR-NAT'TO,  n.  See  Annotto. 

AR'NA-UT,  or  AR'NA-OUT,  n.  (Geog.)  A native 
of  Albania ; an  Albanian.  Murray. 

AR  'JVI-CA,  n.  [Said  to  be  a corruption  of  ptar- 
mica,  from  Gr.  nraipui,  to  sneeze.  Loudon .] 

1.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants  having  important 

medicinal  properties.  P.  Cyc. 

2.  A medicine  prepared  from  the  plant  or  its 

flowers.  Dunglison. 

AR'NI-CINE,  n.  A bitter  principle  contained  in 
the  flowers  of  the  Arnica  montana.  Grahani. 

AR'NOT,  [Ger.  erd-nuss .]  The  earth-nut 

AR'NUT,  ) or  pig-nut ; the  root  of  the  Bunium 
bulbocastanum.  Clarke.  Halliwell. 

£R-NOT'TO,  n.  See  Annotto. 

A-ROINT',  interj.  See  Aroynt. 

A-RO'MA,  n.  [Gr.  dpmpa,  any  seasoning,  spice, 
sweet  herb,  &c. ; L.  aroma-,  It.  aromato ; Sp. 
aroma-,  Fr.  arome .]  (Bot.)  The  principle  of 
odor  in  plants ; a pleasant  odor ; the  spicy 
quality  of  a thing. 

AR-O-MAT'IC,  ) a.  Containing  aroma  ; spicy; 

AR-O-MAT'I-CAL,  ( fragrant ; high  scented. 

Breathing  an  aromatic  redolence.  Chaucer. 

Ar-O-MAT'ICS,  n.  pi.  Fragrant  spices,  plants, 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short ; A,  ?,  (,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  H£lR,  HER; 


AEOMATIZATION 


81 


ARREST 


and  drugs.  “ Rich  and  precious  balms,  and 
other  ointments  and  aromatics."  Fabyan. 

AR-O-MAT-I-ZA'TION,  n.  The  mingling  of  aro- 
matic spices  with  any  medicine,  [r.]  Holland. 

II  AR'O-MA-TfZE,  or  A-RO'MA-TIZE  [5r'o-m?-tIz, 
N.  IV.  E.  K.  R.  C.  -,  a-rom'a-tlz,  1J. ; a-ro'ma- 
tiz,  Ja.  Sm .],  v.  a.  [ i . aromatized  ; pp.  aro- 
matizing, AROMATIZED.]  To  tincture  with  ar- 
omatic substances  ; to  impregnate  with  spices  ; 
to  scent  with  spices  ; to  scent ; to  perfume. 

Drink  something  hot  and  aromatized.  Bacon. 

||AR'0-MA-Ti-Z]JR,  n.  That  which  aromatizes. 
“ Aromatizers  ...  to  enrich  our  sallets.”  Evelyn. 

A-RO' M A-TOUS,  a.  Containing  aroma ; aromatic; 
spicy ; fragrant.  Smart. 

A-RO§E',  i.  From  arise.  — See  Arise. 

A-ROUND',  ad.  In  a circle  ; on  every  side. 

A-ROUND',  prep.  About;  encircling;  encom- 
passing ; round.  Milton. 

A-ROU§E',  v.  a.  [A.  S.  arisan,  to  arise  ; or  Eng. 
a and  rouse..]  [i.  aroused  ; pp.  arousing, 
aroused.]  To  stir  up  from  a state  of  torpor 
or  inactivity  ; to  awake  from  sleep  ; to  excite  to 
action ; to  incite  ; to  raise  up  ; to  rouse. 

And  now  loud-howling  wolves  arouse  the  jades, 

That  drag  the  tragic,  melancholy  night.  Shak. 

A-ROW'  (a-ro'),  ad.  In  a row  ; in  order.  Shak. 

A-ROYNT'  (j-rbint'),  interj.  [Of  uncertain  ety- 
mology.— L.  roclere,  to  gnaw;  Fr.  roqncr. 
Equivalent  to  “A  plague  take  thee!”  Rich- 
ardson.— “ Aroynt  (or  roynt)  thee  ” is  still  said 
in  some  parts  of  England  by  milkmaids,  when 
the  cows  are  supposed  to  be  bewitched,  and 
will  not  stand  still.  Collier.]  Begone  ! away  ! 

And  aroynt  thee,  witch,  aroynt  thee ! Shak. 

AR-PF-0  ' Q I- O (ar-ped'je-o),  n.  [It.  arpeggiare, 
to  play  on  the  harp.]  (Mas.)  A striking,  or 
bowing,  if  on  an  instrument  of  the  violin  spe- 
cies, in  quick  succession,  the  notes  of  a chord 
so  as  to  imitate  the  harp.  Brands. 

AR'PfN,  or  ARPENT,  n.  [L.  arepennis ; Low 
L.  arripendiutn,  a word  of  Gallic  origin  ; Fr. 
arpent.]  An  acre  or  furlong  of  ground,  being, 
according  to  Doomsday  Book,  equal  to  100 
perches.  Tomlins. 

AR'PIJN-TA-TOR,  n.  [Low  L.]  {Laic.)  A meas- 
urer or  surveyor  of  land.  Bouvier. 

AR'Q,UAt-5D,  a.  [L.  arcuatus,  or  arquatus ; 
arcuo,  to  crook  in  the  form  of  a bow.]  Shaped 
like  a bow  ; arcuate.  E.  James. 

JiR-  Q UE-BUS-ADE ' (ir-kwe-bus-ad'),  n.  [Fr.,  a 
wound  from  the  arquebuse  ; hence  a liquor  good 
for  such  wounds.]  (Med.)  An  aromatic  spiritu- 
ous lotion  applied  to  sprains  and  bruises  ; — 
originally  invented  as  an  application  to  wounds 
inflicted  by  an  arquebuse.  Brande. 

Ar  ' QUE-B  USE  [ir'kwe-bus,  ,S\  w.  P.  J.  F.  Ja. 
K.  R. ; ar'kwe-buz,  S/«.],  n.  [Fr. ; It.  archibuso  ; 
Sp.  arcabuz .]  A sort  of  hand-gun  used  by  in- 
fantry before  the  invention  of  the  musket,  sim- 
ilar to  the  modern  carabine,  carbine,  or  fusee  ; 
written  also  arquebus,  harquebuse,  harquebuss, 
haquebut,  hakebut,  haybut,  hagbush.  P.  Cyc. 

AR-QUB-BUS-IER'  (ar-kvve-bus-er'),  n.  [Fr.]  A 
soldier  armed  with  an  arquebuse.  Knolles. 

AR'CtUB-RlTE,  n.  (Min.)  A native  silver  amal- 
gam, from  Arqueros,  near  Coquimbo.  Dana. 

ARR  (dr),  n.  A mark  made  by  a flesh-wound ; a 
scar.  [Used  in  the  north  of  England.] 

Tbc  arr  indeed  remains,  but  nothing  more.  Relph. 

t AR'RA,n.  [L.  arrha,  or  arra.]  A pledge.  “We 
have . . . our  arra  and  earnest-penny. ’ ’Anderson. 

Ar-RA-CA'  CHA,  n.  ( Bot .)  A genus  of  umbellif- 
erous plants,  one  species  of  which,  Arracacha 
esculenta,  bears  an  esculent  root,  and  is  much 
cultivated  in  the  cooler  districts  of  Colombia  in 
South  America.  Eng.  Cyc. 

Ar'RAUH,  n.  A plant.  — See  Orach.  Mortimer. 

AR-RACK'  [jr-rak',  IF.  P.  J.  F.  Ja. ; ar'?k,  S.  K. 
S/n.],  n.  [Ar.  arak,  perspiration,  juice,  sap.] 
A spirituous  liquor  distilled  from  various  sub- 
stances, but  chiefly  from  toddy,  the  sweet  juice 


of  the  unexpanded  flowers  of  palms,  especially 
of  the  cocoanut  tree  in  Ceylon.  P.  Cyc. 

AR-RACK'— PUNCH,  n.  A liquor  containing 
arrack.  “ Drunk  with  arrack-punch."  Warton. 

AR-RA-GON-E§E'j  n.  sing.  Si  pi.  ( Geog .)  A native 
or  natives  of  Arragon.  Ed.  Rev. 

Ar'RA-GON-ITE,  n.  (Min.)  A species  of  hard 
carbonate  of  lime  first  found  in  Arragon . Lycll. 

AR-RAlGN'  (jr-ran'),  v.  a.  [.Sir  Matthew  Hale 
and  Blackstone  derive  it  from  Fr.  araisonner, 
from  L.  ad  rationem,  to  account,  i.  e.  to  call  to 
account.  Cowell  supposes  it  to  be  formed  from 
Fr.  arranger,  to  put  a thing  in  order.  Lord 
Coke  says  it  is  from  Fr.  arraigner,  to  order  or 
set  in  the  right  place.  Spelman  derives  it  con- 
fidently from  Low  L.  arramo,  used  by  old  wri- 
ters on  law  to  indicate  the  act  of  choosing  the 
assize  as  a mode  of  trial  in  preference  to  the 
duel.]  [l.  ARRAIGNED  ; pp.  ARRAIGNING,  AR- 
RAIGNED.] 

1.  (Laic.)  To  set  forth  ; to  set  in  order ; as, 
“ To  arraign  a case  for  trial  ” : — to  call  to  an- 
swer to  an  indictment  before  a court.  Burrill. 

2.  To  accuse  ; to  charge ; to  censure. 

Censure,  which  arraigns  the  public  actions  and  the  pri- 
vate motives  of  princes.  Gibbon. 

Syn.  — See  Accuse. 

AR-RAIGN'M£NT  (ar-ran'ment),  ft.  1.  (Law.)  Act 
of  arraigning  ; the  calling  of  a prisoner  before 
a court  to  answer  to  an  indictment.  Brande. 

2.  An  accusation  ; a charge. 

In  the  sixth  satire,  which  seems  only  an  arraignment  of  the 
whole  sex,  there  is  a latent  admonition  to  avoid  ill  women. 

Dryden. 

t AR-R  ATMENT,  n.  [Fr.  arroi,  equipage,  array.] 
Clothing ; raiment ; dress  ; array.  Sheldon. 

f AR'RAND,  n.  [Goth,  aims  ; A.  S.  cerend ; Dut. 
arend .]  The  old  word  for  errand.  “To  go 
. . . upon  an  arrand."  Hoivell. 

AR-RAn^E',  v.  a.  [Fr  .arranger.]  [(.arranged; 

pp.  ARRANGING,  ARRANGED.] 

1.  To  put  in  regular  order  ; to  reduce  to  order  ; 
to  dispose  ; to  class  ; to  place ; to  range ; as, 
“ To  arrange  books  in  a library.” 

2.  To  adjust;  to  settle  ; to  determine  upon; 
as,  “ To  arrange  the  terms  of  a bargain.” 

Syn.  — See  Class. 

AR-RANQIE',  v.n.  To  come  to  a settlement;  to 
make  peace;  to  make  an  adjustment. 

We  cannot  arrange  with  our  enemy  in  the  present  con- 
juncture. Burke. 

AR-RAN^E'MBNT,  n.  1.  Act  of  arranging  ; the 
state  of  being  put  in  order ; orderly  dispo- 
sition of  things.  “ A proper  arrangement  of 
the  parts  in  elastic  bodies.”  Cheyne. 

2.  An  agreement ; an  adjustment ; a settle- 
ment; as,  “To  make  an  arrangement,  or  to 
come  to  an  arrangement,  in  reference  to  a mat- 
ter of  controversy.” 

3.  pi.  Things  done  in  anticipation  of  some 
event  or  occasion  ; preparations ; as,  “ To  make 
arrangements  for  a meeting.” 

AR-rAN'<?5R,  n.  One  who  arranges.  Burke. 

AR'RANT,  a.  [L.  errans,  wandering;  probably 

first  applied  to  vagabonds.]  Notorious,  in  a bad 
sense;  very  bad;  vile.  '■'■Arrant  knave.”  Shak. 

AR'RANT-LY,  ad.  Corruptly  ; shamefully. 

Funeral  tears  are  . . . arrantly  hired  out.  V Estrange. 

AR'RAS,  n.  Tapestry  or  hangings  for  rooms, 
first  made  at  Arras,  in  France,  in  the  four- 
teenth century.  It  consisted  of  woven  stuff’s, 
decorated  with  a simple  pattern,  like  a modern 
wall-paper.  FairhoU. 

AR'RAS-Wl§E,  ad.  (Her.)  Applied 
when  any  thing  of  a square  form 
is  placed  with  one  corner  in  front, 
showing  the  top  and  two  of  the 
sides,  in  the  same  way  as  lozenges 
are  set.  Ogilvie. 

+ AR-RAUGHT'  (jr-riwt'),  a.  [Fr.  arracher,  to 
seize.]  Seized  with  violence.  Spenser. 

AR-RAY',  n.  [It.  arredo,  furniture  or  implements  ; 
Sp.  arreo,  dress ; Fr.  arroi,  equipage;  array.] 

1.  Order  of  battle  ; disposition  of  an  armed 
force  for  attack  or  for  defence. 

The  strength  of  the  phalanx  depended  on  sixteen  ranks  of 
long  pikes,  wedged  together  in  the  closest  array.  Gibbon. 


2.  Regular  disposition  of  any  objects  for  show 
or  exhibition  ; as,  “ An  array  of  flowers.” 

3.  Ornamental  dress  ; apparel ; attire. 

That  women  adorn  themselves  in  modest  apparel,  with 
shamefacedness  and  sobriety,  not  with  broidered  hair,  or 
gold,  or  pearls,  or  costly  ami//.  1 Tim.  ii.  1). 

4.  (Law.)  The  setting  forth  in  order  of  ju- 

rors’ names  in  the  panel  or  list ; — the  panel 
itself  ; the  whole  body  of  jurors.  Burrill. 

To  challenge  the  array,  (Law.)  to  except  to  the  whole 
panel  of  jurors. 

Syn.  — See  Apparel. 

AR-RAY'  (ar-ra'),  v.  a.  [(.  arrayed  ; pp.  ar- 
raying, ARRAYED.] 

1.  To  put  in  order  ; to  dispose  in  order ; as, 
“ To  array  an  army  for  battle.” 

2.  To  dress ; to  deck  ; to  adorn. 

Solomon  in  nil  his  glory  was  not  arrayed  like  one  of  these. 

Luke  xii.  27. 

3.  (Laic.)  To  rank  or  set  in  order,  as  the 

names  of  jurors.  Burrill. 

To  array  a panel,  to  set  jurors’  names  in  order  in 
tile  panel  or  list,  placing  one  under  the  other. 

AR-RAY'IJR  (nr-ra.'er),  n.  One  who  arrays  ; — an 
officer  who  anciently,  saw  the  soldiers  duly  ap- 


pointed in  their  armor.  Cowell. 

f AR-REAR'  (ar-r5r'),  ad.  [Fr.  arr ilre.]  Behind. 

To  leave  with  speed  Atlanta  swift  arrear.  Spenser . 

AR-REAR',  n.  [Fr.  arriere,  behind.] 

1.  That  which  remains  unpaid  after  it  is  due  ; 

— commonly  used  in  the  plural.  “ The  arrears 
are  yet  to  pay.”  Dryden. 

2.  The  rear.  — See  Arriere.  “The  first 

comes  sometimes  in  the  arrear."  Howell. 


AR-REAR'A(JE,  n.  A sum  remaining  unpaid 
after  it  has  become  due  ; arrears. 

The  arrearages  of  the  rent  due  to  the  commonweal.  Xorth. 

+ AR-REAR'ANCE,  n.  See  Arrear.  Bailey. 

+ AR-RECT',  v.  a.  To  raise  up  ; to  erect.  Skelton. 

AR-RECT',  a.  [L.  arrigo,  arrectus,  to  raise.] 

1.  Erected;  erect;  raised  or  lifted  up. 

Having  long  ears  perpetually  exposed  and  arrcct.  SwiJ't. 

2.  Disposed  to  hear  ; attentive. 

God  speaks  not  to  the  idle  and  unconcerned  hearer,  but  to 
the  vigilant  and  aired.  Bji.  SmaViridge. 

f AR-REC'TA-R  Y,  n.  An  upright  post.  “ In  the 
arrectary,  or  beam  of  his  cross.”  Bp.  Hall. 

f AR-REED',  v.  a.  fA.  S . arcedan.] 

1.  To  advise  ; to  counsel ; to  warn. 

But  mark  what  I arreed  thee  now,  avaunt.  Milton. 

2.  To  guess;  to  conjecture.  Sir  T.  More. 

Ar-REN-TA'TION,  n.  [Low  L.  arrendare,  or 
arrentare,  to  rent;  Fr.  arenter ; a,  at,  and 
rente,  rent.]  (Law.)  The  licensing  of  an  owner 
of  lands  in  a forest  to  enclose  them  in  consider- 
ation of  a yearly  rent.  Bailey. 

+ AR-REP'TION,  n.  [L.  arripio,  arreptus.]  The 
act  of  taking  away.  Bp.  Hall. 

f AR-RBP-Tl”TIOFS  (5r-rep-tlsh'us),  a. 

1.  [L.  arripio,  arreptus,  to  snatch  away.] 
Snatched  away.  Johnson. 

_ 2-  [L.  arrepo,  arreptus,  to  creep  slowly.] 
Crept  in  privily  or  secretly.  Johnson. 

3.  [Low  L. arreptitius.)  Mad;  crack-brained. 
“Arreptitious,  frantic  extravagances.”  Howell. 

AR-REST',  v.  a.  [L.  ad,  to,  and  resto,  to  stop; 
It.  arrestare  ; Sp.  arrestar ; Fr.  arrester .]  [i. 

arrested;  pp.  arresting,  arrested.] 

1.  To  stop  ; to  stay  ; to  check  ; to  withhold  ; 
to  restrain  ; to  hinder ; to  obstruct. 

Ascribing  the  causes  of  things  to  secret  proprieties  hath 
arrested  and  laid  asleep  all  true  inquiry.  Bacon. 

2.  To- catch;  to  engage  ; as,  “ To  arrest  the 

attention.”  Bacon. 

3.  (Law.)  To  take,  seize,  or  apprehend  a per- 

son by  virtue  of  a legal  process  issued  for  that 
purpose.  Burrill. 

Syn.  — See  Apprehend. 

AR-REST',  n.  [Fr.  arrester,  to  stop,  to  stay.] 

1.  A stop  or  hinderance,  as  by  seizure.  “The 

stop  and  arrest  of  the  air  showeth.”  Bacon. 

2.  (Law.)  A seizure  of  a person  in  execution 

of  some  legal  process.  Burrill. 

Arrest  of  judgment,  (Law.)  the  act  of  staying  a 
judgment  after  a verdict,  for  some  reason  which 


WIEN,  SIR  ; MOVE,  NOR,  SON  ; 

11 


BULL,  BUR,  RCLE.  — 9,  9,  9,  g,  soft;  E,  «,  £,  g,  hard;  $ as  z; 


2/  as  gz.  — THIS,  tins. 


ARRESTER 


82 


ART 


would  render  the  judgment,  if  given,  erroneous  or 
reversible.  Bun-ill. 

3.  (Farriery.)  A mangy  humor  on  the  hind 
legs  of  a horse.  Johnson. 

AR-REST'ER,  or  AR-REST'OR,  n.  One  who  ar- 
rests. “ The  seizor  and  arrestor.”  Rastal. 

AR-REST'MpNT,  n.  ( Scottish  Law.)  An  arrest  of 
a criminal’s  person: — a process  for  seeming 
effects  in  the  hands  of  the  possessor,  or  of  a 
third  person.  Burrill. 

t AR-RET',  v.  a.  To  assign  ; to  allot. 

The  charge,  which  God  doth  unto  me  arret.  Spenser. 

AR-RET'  (fir-ret'  or  ?r-ra')  [ar-ret',  Ja.  Sm.  C.  ; 
?r-ra',  P. ; ar-ret'  or  ?r:ri',  K.],  n.  [Fr.  arret.] 

1.  The  decision  of  a court,  tribunal,  or  coun- 
cil ; a decree  published ; an  edict  of  a sover- 
eign prince  ; — applied  at  present  more  partic- 
ularly to  the  judgment  and  decisions  of  courts 
and  tribunals  in  f ranee. 

2.  A seizure  by  legal  process  ; an  arrest. 

t AIl-RET'TpD,  a.  Arraigned;  arrested.  Cowell. 

AR-RHA-PHCs'TIC,  a.  [Gr.  appmpoi,  without 
seam ; a priv.  and  paurui,  to  sew  together.] 
Made  of  one  piece  of  leather  without  a seam ; 
— applied  to  a kind  of  shoe.  Dr.  Black. 

AR'RH YTH-MY,  n.  [Gr.  a priv.  and  pvdp6s,  meas- 
ure, rhythm.]  Want  of  rhythm.  Beck. 

t AR-RlDE',  r.  a.  [L.  arrideo,  to  smile  upon.] 

1.  To  smile  upon  ; to  look  pleasantly  upon. 

2.  To  please  well ; to  delight.  B.  Jonson. 

AR-RIERE'  (fir-rer'),  n.  [Fr.  arriire,  behind.] 
The  last  body  of  an  army  ; the  rear.  Hayward. 

AR-RIERE'— B.\N,  n.  [Fr.  arriire,  behind,  and 
ban,  a proclamation.] 

1.  The  proclamation  by  which  the  arriere- 
vassals,  or  inferior  feudatories  of  a sovereign, 
were  summoned  to  military  service.  Burrill. 

2.  The  assemblage  or  mustering  of  the  vas- 
sals in  obedience  to  such  summons.  Burrill. 

3.  The  body  of  arriere- vassals  ; — written 
also  arriere-band. 

Thus  Vice  the  standard  reared  ; her  arriere-ban 

Corruption  culled,  and  loud  she  gave  the  word.  Thomson. 

AR-RIERE'— FEEb  ) n.  A fee  dependent  on  a su- 

f AR-RIERE'— FIEF,  ) perior  one.  Burrill. 

AR-RIERE'— VAS'SAL,  n.  The  vassal  of  a vassal. 

AR'RIS,  n.  [It.  a riseya * at  the  projection. 
Brande. — Fr  .arete.]  (Arch.)  The  edge  of  two 
surfaces  meeting  each  other,  or  the  line  of  con- 
course of  two  planes.  Gicilt. 

AR'RIS-FIL'LET,  n.  (Arch.)  A light  piece  of 
timber  of  a triangular  section,  used  in  raising 
the  slates  against  chimney-shafts,  &c.  Wealc. 

Ar'RIS-GUT'T^R,  n.  (Arch.)  A wooden  gutter, 
in  the  form  of  the  letter  V,  fixed  to  the  eaves 
of  a building.  Weale. 

t AR-RI"§ION  (jr-rtzh'un),  n.  [L.  arrisio .]  A 
smiling  upon  with  approbation.  Bailey. 

AR-RI'VAL,  n.  [Old  Fr.  arivail. ] Act  of  arriv- 
ing; a coming  to  a place.  “The  arrival  of 
Ulysses  at  his  own  island.”  Broome. 

f AR-JU' VANCE,  n.  The  coming  of  company  ; ar- 
rival. “ Expectancy  of  more  arrivance.”  Shak. 

AR-RlVE',  v.  n.  [L.  ad,  to,  and  ripa,  a bank  ; 
It.  arrivare  ; Sp.  § Port,  arribar  ; Fr.  arriver.] 
[*’•  ARRIVED  ; pp.  ARRIVING,  ARRIVED.] 

1.  To  come  to  shore,  or  to  any  place. 

Whither  to  arrive 

I travel  this  profound;  direct  iny  course.  Milton. 

2.  To  reach  any  point ; to  come  to;— withaf. 

, The  bounds  of  all  body  we  have  no  difficulty  to  arrive  at. 

Locke. 

The  virtuous  may  know  in  speculation  what  they  could 
never  arrive  at  by  practice.  Addison. 

3.  To  happen  ; to  befall  ; — with  to. 

Happy ! to  whom  this  glorious  death  arrives.  Walter. 

Syn.  — See  Reach. 

|-  AR-RlVE',  v.  a.  To  reach ; to  come  to. 

Over  the  vast  abrupt,  ere  he  arrive 

The  happy  isle.  Milton. 

fAR-RIVE',  n.  Arrival.  Drayton. 

AR-RO'  BA,  n.  [Sp.]  1.  A Spanish  and  Portu- 

guese weight  of  about  25  pounds.  P.  Cyc. 


2.  A Spanish  and  Portuguese  measure  of 
about  three  gallons  and  a half.  P.  Cyc. 

f AR-RODE',  v.  a.  [L.  arrodo.]  To  gnaw.  Bailey. 

Ar'RO-GANCE,  n.  [L.  arrogantia  ; It.  arroganza  ; 
Sp.  arrogancia;  Fr  .arrogance.]  A disposition 
to  make  exorbitant  claims  for  one’s  self ; as- 
sumption of  too  much  importance ; haughti- 
ness ; pride ; insolence  of  bearing ; presump- 
tion ; self-conceit;  vanity. 

Humility  it  expresses  by  the  stooping  and  bending  of  the 
head:  arrogance , when  it  is  lifted,  or,  as  we  say,  tossed  up. 

Dryden. 

Syn.  — Arrogance  of  demand  ; haughtiness  of  be- 
havior ; pride  of  heart ; presumption  of  youth;  vanity 
of  a weak  mind.  — See  Haughtiness. 

Ar'RO-GAN-CY,  n.  Same  as  Arrogance.  “The 
presumptuous  arrogancy.”  North. 

AR'RO-GANT,  a.  1.  Possessed  of  arrogance; 
assuming  too  much  ; supercilious  ; haughty  ; 
proud  ; insolent. 

An  arrogant  way  of  treating  with  other  princes  and  states 
is  natural  to  popular  governments.  Temple. 

2.  Arising  from  arrogance ; showing  arro- 
gance. “ This  arrogant  usurpation.”  Bp.  Hall. 

Syn.  — See  Magisterial. 

AR'RO-GANT-EY,  ad.  In  an  arrogant  manner. 
“ Arrogantly  tints  presumed.”  Philips. 

AR'RO-GANT-NESS,  n.  Arrogance,  [r.]  Bailey. 

AR'RO-GATE,  v.  a.  [L.  arrogo,  arrogatus;  It. 
arrogare;  Sp.  arrogar;  Fr . arroger.]  [i.  ar- 
rogated ; pp.  ARROGATING,  ARROGATED.]  To 
claim  proudly  or  vainly ; to  make  unjust  pre- 
tensions to ; to  assume. 

Who,  not  content 
With  fair  equality,  fraternal  state, 

Will  arrogate  dominion  undeserved 

Over  his  brethren.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Appropriate. 

AR-RO-GA'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  arrogating  ; proud, 
unjust  assumption.  More. 

Where  selfncss  is  extinguished,  all  manner  of  arrogation 
must  of  necessity  be  extinct.  More. 

2.  (Civil  Law.)  The  formal  adoption  of  an 
adult  person  by  authority  of  a vote  of  the 
people,  or  an  imperial  rescript.  Burrill. 

AR'RO-GA-TiVE,  a.  Claiming  in  an  unjust  man- 
ner ; assuming.  More. 

ARRONDISSEJHEfiTT  (?r-ron'des-m&ng'),  n.  [Fr., 
circuit,  district,  or  ward.]  A territorial  dis- 
trict ; a subdivision  of  a department.  Ed.  Rev. 

f AR-Ro'.j!ION  (ar-ro'zlmn),  n.  [L.  arrodo,  to 
gnaw.]  A gnawing  or  nibbling.  Bailey. 

Alt'ROW  (Sr'ro),  n.  [Goth,  arwazna  ; A.  S.  arewa.] 
A pointed  weapon  to  be  shot  from  a bow. 

Swifter  than  arrow  from  the  Tartar’s  bow.  Shak. 

Some  Cupid  kills  with  arrows , some  with  traps.  Shak. 

AR'ROW— GRASS,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants; 
Triglochin.  Loudon. 

Ar'ROW-IIEAD,  n.  1.  The  head  of  an  arrow. 

2.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  water  plants,  the  leaves 
of  which  resemble  the  head  of  an  arrow  ; Sagit- 
taria.  Louclon. 

AR'ROW-HEAD'ED,  a.  Shaped 
like  an  arrow-head  ; wedge- 
shaped  ; cuneiform ; — applied  to 
characters  in  inscriptions  found 
among  the  ruins  of  Babylon, 

Nineveh,  &c.  ; as,  “ Arrow- 
headed  characters  of  letters.”  P.  Cyc. 

AR'ROW— ROOT,  n.  1.  A genus  of  plants  ; — 
said  to  be  so  named  from  the  application  of  its 
root  by  the  Indians  of  South  America  to  wounds 
made  by  poisoned  arrows  ; Maranta.  Loudon. 

2.  A farinaceous  substance,  fecula,  or  starch, 
prepared  from  the  roots  of  the  Maranta  arundi- 
nacea  and  Curcuma  auyustifolia.  P.  Cyc. 

AR'ROW—  SHAPED  (-shapt),  a.  Shaped  like  an 
arrow.  J.  E.  Smith. 

AR'ROW-Y  (Sr'ro-e),  a.  1.  Consisting  of  arrows. 

How  quick  they  wheeled,  and  flying  behind  them  shot 

Sharp  sleet  of  arrow//  showers  against  the  face 

Of  their  pursuers,  and  overcame  by  flight.  Milton. 

2.  Like  or  resembling  an  arrow. 

The  lambent  homage  of  his  arrowy  tongue.  Coivper. 

AR-RU  ' RA,  n.  [Low  L.  for  arura,  which  see.] 


(Laic.)  One  day’s  work  at  the  plough  which  the 
tenant  was  obliged  to  give  his  lord.  Crabb. 

AR' SCHIJ\r,n.  A Russian  linear  measure  equal 
to  28  inches.  Simmonds. 

ARSE  (ars),  n.  [A.  S.«?rs;  Dan.  ars  ; Ger.  arsch .] 
The  buttocks  ; the  posteriors.  Johnson. 

To  hang  an  arse,  to  hang  back  ; to  be  tardy,  slug- 
gish. [Vulgar.]  Hudibras. 

ARSE'— FOOT  (irs'fut),  n.  A kind  of  water-fowl 
with  legs  very  far  behind ; the  didapper.  Bailey. 

AR'sp-NAL,  n.  [Low  L.  arsena;  It.  arsenale; 
Sp.  § Fr.  arsenal.] 

1.  A magazine  of  arms  and  military  stores. 

“An  arsenal  of  old  Rome.”  Addison. 

2.  A manufactory  and  depository  of  military 

or  naval  engines ; as,  “ The  arsenal  at  Wool- 
wich.” Brande. 


AR-SE'NI-ATE,  n.  ( Chem .)  A salt  formed  by 
the  union  of  arsenic  acid  with  a base.  Brande. 

ARSENIC  (ar'se-nlk  or  ars'njk)  [ars'njk,  S.  IV.  J. 
F.  K . ; ar'se-nlk,  Ja.  Sm.],  n.  [Gr.  dpaivtudv  ; 
L.  arsenium,  orpiment,  the  yellow  sulphuret  of 
arsenic  ; It.  8$  Sp.  arsenico  ; Fr.  arsenic.] 

1.  A volatile,  brittle,  steel-gray,  metalloid,  of 
metallic  lustre,  and  resembling  the  metals  in 
its  physical  but  not  in  its  chemical  properties. 
It  is  a violent  corrosive  poison.  Beynault. 

2.  The  white  oxide  of  the  metal,  or  arsenious 

acid,  called  also  white  arsenic.  It  is  in  this 
form  that  the  poison  is  usually  found  in  com- 
merce. Miller. 

3.  (Bot.)  A plant ; the  water-pepper.  Halliwell. 

AR-SEN  IC,  } a (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid 

AR-SEN'I-CAL,  > composed  of  five  equivalents  of 
oxygen  and  one  of  arsenic.  Graham. 

AR-SEN'I-CAtE,  v.  a.  (Chem.)  To  combine 
with  arsenic  acid.  Smart. 


AR-SE'NI-OUS,  a.  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  con- 
taining less  oxygen  than  arsenic  acid.  Graham. 

AR’Sp-NITE,  n.  (Chem.)  A salt  formed  by  the 
union  of  arsenious  acid  with  a base.  Kane. 


AR-Sp-NI'U-RET,  n.  A combination  of  arsenic 
with  a metallic  or  other  base.  Kane. 


ARSE'SMART,  n.  A species  of  polygonum  ; knot- 
grass. Coles. 

AR  'SIS,  n.  [Gr.  apatq,  a raising  ; at  pa,  to  raise.] 

1.  (Mus.)  The  raising  of  the  hand,  as  applied 

to  the  beating  of  time,  the  falling  of  the  hand 
in  the  beats  being  called  thesis.  Crabb. 

2.  (Pros.)  The  rising  inflection  of  the, voice, 
the  falling  inflection  being  called  thesis  ; that 
point  in  a measure  where  tne  ictus  is  put. 

AR'SON  [ar'sun,  Ja.  K.  Sm.-,  iir'sn,  Wb.],  n. 
[L.  ardco,  arsum,  to  burn  ; Old  Fr.  arson.] 
(Law.)  The  act  of  voluntarily  and  maliciously 
burning  the  house  of  another.  Blackstone. 

ART,  n.  [L.  ars,  artis;  It.  <5,  Sp.  arte-,  Fr.  art.] 

1.  The  power  of  doing  something  not  taught 
by  nature  ; as,  “ To  walk  is  natural ; to  dance 
is  an  art.”  The  application  of  knowledge  or 
science  to  effect  a desired  purpose  ; practical 
skill  as  directed  by  theory  or  science  ; a trade ; 
an  employment. 

The  object  of  science  is  knowledge;  the  objects  of  art  arc 
works.  In  art , truth  is  the  means  to  an  end;  in  science,  it  is 
the  only  end.  Hence  the  practical  arts  are  not  to  be  classed 
among  the  sciences.  W he  well. 

Of  all  those  arts  in  which  the  wise  excel, 

Nature’s  chief  masterpiece  is  writing  well.  Sheffield. 

2.  Skill ; address  ; adroitness  ; contrivance. 

Nothing  is  better  founded  than  the  famous  aphorism  of 
rhetoricians,  that  the  perfection  of  art  consists  in  concealin'; 
art.  Campbell. 

3.  Cunning;  astuteness;  craftiness;  strata- 
gem ; deceit ; duplicity ; artfulness  ; artifice. 

iiSf*  The  ancients  divided  the  arts  into  the  liberal 
arts,  which  were  seven  in  number,  — viz.  grammar, 
logic  or  dialectics,  rhetoric,  music,  arithmetic,  geom- 
etry, and  astronomy,  — and  the  servile  arts,  which 
comprised  the  mechanical  arts,  and  were  practised 
by  slaves.  The  moderns  divide  the  arts  into  the  fine 
arts  — us  poetry,  music,  architecture,  painting,  sculp- 
ture, &c. — and  the  useful  or  mechanical  arts.  Those 
arts  in  which  the  hands  are  more  concerned  than  tile 
mind  are  called  trades. 

Art  and  part,  ( Scottish  Law.)  a term  denoting  an  ac- 
cessory before  and  after  tiie  fact.  Art  expresses  the 
instigation  or  advice  given  towards  the  commission 


A,  E,  f,  6,  0,  Y,  long ; A,  £,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short; 


A,  £,  I,  O,  lj,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


ART 


83 


ARTIFICIALITY 


of  a crime  ; and  part,  the  assistance  given  to  the  crim- 
inal in  committing  it.  The  origin  of  the  phrase  is 
disputed  ; some  considering  that  it  is  only  a technical 
application  of  the  English  words  art  and  part ; others, 
that  it  is  an  abbreviation  of  the  Latin  artifez  et  par- 
ticeps  (contriver  and  partaker).  Burrill. 

Syn. irt,  cunning,  and  stratagem  are  sometimes 

lawfully  used  in  self-defence  ; but  deceit  and  duplicity 
are  the  marks  of  a base  mind. 

ART,  2d  per.  sing,  present  tense  of  the  verb  to  be. 

f ARTE  (art),  V.  a.  [L.  arto,  to  narrow  ] To  nar- 
row; to  constrain.  “ Love  arted  me.”  Chaucer. 

AR-TF.-MJ  " §I-A,  n.  [Gr.  aprepioia  ; L . artemisia.] 
{Bui.)  A genus  of  plants,  including  southern- 
wood and  mugwort ; wormwood.  Loudon. 

AR-TE'RI-AC,  n.  [Gr.  aprripiaKa.]  {Med.)  A med- 
icine for  diseases  of  the  windpipe.  Dunglison. 

AR-TE'RI-AL,  a.  1.  Belonging  to  an  artery. 
“ The  sides  of  the  arterial  tube.”  Arbuthnot. 

2.  Contained  in  an  artery ; as,  “ Arterial 
blood,  . . . red  blood.”  Dunglison. 

Arterial  navigation,  navigation  by  means  of  inland 
streams  or  of  artificial  watercourses. 

AR-TE-RI-AL-I-ZA'TION,  n.  The  transforma- 
tion of  the  venous  blood  and  chyle  into  arterial 
blood  by  respiration.  Dunglison. 

AR-TE'RI-AL-IZE,  V.  a.  \i.  ARTERIALIZED  ; pp. 
ARTERIAL  IZING,  ARTERIALIZED.]  To  endue 
with  the  properties  of  arterial  blood.  “To 
arterialize  the  venous  blood.”  Dunglison. 

AR-TE-RJ-OG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  aprypia,  an  artery, 
and  ypiiipoi,  to  describe.]  {Anat.)  A descrip- 
tion of  the  arteries.  Dunglison. 

AR-TE-RLOL'O-^Y,  n.  [Gr.  iprypia,  an  artery, 
and  >.6yos,  a discourse.]  A treatise  or  discourse 
on  the  arteries.  Dunglison. 

AR-TE-RI-OT'O-MY,  n.  [Gr.  aprypia,  artery,  and 
ro/n';,  a cutting.]  The  opening  of  an  artery ; let- 
ting blood  from  an  artery.  Dunglison. 

AR'T^-RY,  n.  [Gr.  aprypia,  from  ay p,  air,  and 
rypcm,  to  preserve  ; — this  name  in  Greek  having 
been  applied  also  to  the  windpipe;  L.,  It., 
(S;  Sp.  arteria ; Fr.  artere.]  One  of  the  cylin- 
drical tubes,  or  ramifications  of  the  aorta,  which 
convey  the  blood  from  the  heart  to  all  parts  of 
the  body.  Dunglison. 

AR-TE'^IAN— WELL  (ar-te'zhfin-wel),  n.  [Fr. 
Artesicn,  of  Artois,  in  France,  where  this  kind 
of  well  was  first  made.]  A perpendicular  per- 
foration or  boring  into  the  ground,  deep  enough 
to  reach  a subterranean  body  of  water,  of  which 
the  sources  are  higher  than  the  place  where 
the  perforation  is  made,  and  so  force  up  to  the 
surface  a constant  stream  of  water.  P.  Cyc. 

ART'FUL,  a.  1.  Made  with  art  or  skill. 

Our  psalms  with  artf  ul  terms  inscribed.  Milton. 

2.  Executed  with  skill ; performed  with  art. 

Thyrsis?  whose  artful  strains  have  oft  delayed 

The  huddling  brook  to  hear  his  madrigal.  Milton. 

3.  Practised  in  art  ; skilful ; dexterous. 
“ Though  he  were  too  artful  a writer.”  Dryden. 

4.  Cunning;  crafty;  as,  “ An  artful  rogue.” 

Syn.  — An  artful  contriver  ; a cunning  manager  ; a 

skilful  practitioner;  a crafty  politician.  — See  Cun- 
ning, Subtle. 

ART'FUL- LY,  ad.  With  art;  skilfully:  — cun- 
ningly ; craftily.  “Artfully  contrived.”  Dryden. 

ART'FUL-NESS,  n.  Practical  skill.  “ That  ex- 
pects artfulness  from  childhood,  and  constancy 
from  youth.”  B.  Jonson. 

AR-THRIT  IC,  ) a apdpirtKds,  belonging 

AR-THRlT'l-CAL,  5 to  the  joints;  apOpov,  a joint.] 

1.  Relating  or  pertaining  to  joints. 

Though  some  want  articulations , yet  have  they  arthritical 
analogies.  Browne. 

2.  Relating  to  the  arthritis  or  gout ; gouty. 
“ Late  experiment  in  arthritical  pains.”  Wotton. 

AR-TIIRI ' TIS  [ar-thrl'tjs,  Ja.  ; ar-thrlt'js,  P.  ; 
Irth'rj-tls,  AsK],n.  [Gr.  apQpins -apdpov,  a joint.] 
{Med.)  The  gout.  Dunglison. 

AR-THRO ' DI-A,  n.  [Gr.  apdpov,  a joint,  and 
ciSos,  form.]  (Anat.)  A species  of  articulation  ; 
a movable  joint  formed  by  the  head  of  a bone 
fitting  in  a shallow  socket,  so  that  motion  may 
be  free  in  all  directions.  Dunglison. 


AR-THRO'Dl-AL,  ) a_  Pertaining  to  arthrodia, 

AR-THROD'IC,  j or  to  that  kind  of  joint  called 
ball-and-socket  joint.  Ogilvie. 

AR-THRO-DYN'  I-A,  n.  [Gr.  apdpov,  a joint,  and 
dluvy,  pain.]  Pain  in  the  joints.  Dunglison. 

AR-THRO-DYN'IC,  a.  {Med.)  Relating  to  pain 
in  the  joints.  Brande. 

AR-THROL'O-tJfY,  n.  [Gr.  apdpov,  a joint,  and 
Xdyos,  a discourse.]  A description  of  the  joints; 
a treatise  upon  the  joints.  Dunglison. 

AR'TIC,  a.  See  Arctic.  Wyatt.  Browne.  Dryden. 

AR'TI-CHOKE,  n.  [Gr.  aprvriKpc,  fit  for  season- 
ing ; Ar.  kharciof ; It.  carciofo  ; Sp.  alcachofa  ; 
Fr.  artichaut ; Dut.  artisjok  ; Ger.  artischoke. ] 
A plant  like  the  thistle,  but  having  large,  scaly 
heads,  like  the  cone  of  the  pine-tree,  — cultivat- 
ed in  the  south  of  Europe  for  the  sake  of  what 
is  called  its  bottom,  or  the  fleshy,  sweet  recep- 
tacle of  its  flowers;  Cynara  scolymus.  Brande. 

Jerusalem  artichoke,  an  American  plant  which  bears 
a tuber  like  a potato,  — deriving  its  name,  not  from  the 
Holy  City,  but  from  a corruption  of  the  Italian  word 
girasole,  a sunflower  ; Helianthus  tuberosus.  Brande. 

AR'TI-CLE  (ar'te-kl),  re.  [L.  artieulus,  dim.  of 
artus,  a joint;  It.  articolo ; Sp.  artieulo;  Fr. 
article.] 

1.  A single  clause  in  any  writing  or  docu- 
ment ; a particular  item  of  several  that  make 
up  an  account ; a portion  of  a complex  whole. 

If  thy  offences  were  upon  record. 

There  shouldst  thou  nnd  one  heinous  article.  Shak. 

The  articles  of  our  faith  will  be  so  many  articles  of  accusa- 
tion. Tillotson. 

2.  A term  of  a bargain  ; a stipulation ; as, 
“Articles  of  partnership.” 

I embrace  these  conditions;  let  us  have  articles  between 
us.  Shak. 

3.  A substance  ; a commodity ; as,  “ An  arti- 
cle of  food  ” ; “ An  article  of  commerce.” 

4.  f Precise  point  of  time.  “ An  infirm  build- 
ing just  in  the  article  of  falling.”  Wollaston. 

5.  {Gram.)  A part  of  speech,  as  a,  an,  the, 
used  to  limit  the  signification  of  nouns,  and 
therefore  never  occurring  unconnected  with  a 
noun  expressed  or  understood. 

From  this  necessity  of  general  terms  follows  immediately 
the  necessity  of  the  article ; whose  business  it  is  to  reduce 
that  generality,  and  upon  occasion  to  enable  us  to  employ 
general  terms  for  particulars.  Tooke. 

6.  (j Lit.)  A complete  portion  of  any  literary 
work  which  treats  of  various  topics  separately  ; 
as,  “ An  article  in  a newspaper,  or  review.” 

Articles  of  faith,  points  of  religious  doctrine;  as, 
“The  thirty-nine  articles  of  the  English  Church.”- — 
Articles  of  war,  {Eng.  Law.)  laws  for  the  government 
and  discipline  of  the  army:  — {Am.  Law.)  laws  for 
tire  government  of  the  army  and  navy  of  tile  United 
States.  Burrill. 

Syn.  — Articles  of  indenture,  of  agreement ; terms 
of  peace,  of  settlement;  express  stipulations ; condi- 
tions of  sale. 

AR'TI-CLE,  v.  a.  [i.  articled  ; pp.  articling, 

ARTICLED.] 

1.  To  draw  up  or  set  forth  in  articles.  “ Fol- 
lies were  articled  against  him.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

2.  To  bind  by  articles  of  agreement,  as  an 

apprentice  or  pupil.  Smart. 

3.  To  charge  with  crime  by  articles.  “ He 
shall  be  articled  against.”  Stat.  33  Geo.  III. 

AR'TI-CLE,  v.  re.  To  stipulate ; to  bargain. 

Lady  Kent  articled  with  Sir  Edward  Herbert.  Selden. 

AR'TI-CLED,  a.  Bound  by  articles  to  render 
services  in  return  for  instruction,  as  apprentices 
and  pupils.  “ Miss  Sharp  was  an  articled 
pupil.”  Thackeray. 

AR-TlC'U-LAR,  a.  [L.  articularis .]  Relating 
to  the  articulations  or  joints.  “ The  superior 
articular  arteries.”  Dunglison. 

AR-TIC'U-LAR-LY,  ad.  Articulately.  Huloet. 

AR-TJC-U-LA  ' TA,  n.  pi.  [L.  articulatus,  jointed; 
artieulus,  a joint.]  {Zodl.)  A division  of  the 
animal  kingdom  including  animals  whose  bodies 
are  composed  of  joints  or  rings.  — See  An- 
imal. Agassiz- 

AR-TIC'lT-LATE,  a.  [L.  artieulus,  a small  joint.] 

1.  Having  articulations  or  joints  ; articulated ; 
jointed  ; as,  “ Articulate  animals.” 

2.  f Drawn  out  in  separate  items  or  articles. 

Henry’s  instructions  were  extreme  curious  and  articulate. 

Bacon. 


3.  Distinctly  uttered  and  marked  by  inflec- 
tion and  accent,  like  human  speech. 

Created  mute  to  all  articulate  sounds.  Milton. 

AR-TIC'li-LATE,  re.  (Zoul.)  One  of  the  Arficu- 
lata.  Agassiz. 

AR-TlC'U-LATE,  v.  a.  [t.  articulated  ; pp. 
articulating,  articulated.] 

1.  To  utter  articulately,  or  with  distinct  or 
distinguishable  sounds  ; to  form  into  distinct 
words  and  syllables ; to  speak  as  a man  ; to 
pronounce;  as,  “To  articulate  well  what  is 
spoken.” 

2.  fTo  specify  in  articles. 

These  things,  indeed,  you  have  articulated.  Shak. 

3.  fTo  joint.  “ The  scapula  is  articulated  to 

the  humerus.”  Smith  on  Old  Age. 

AR-Tlc'U-LATE,  V.  re.  1.  To  speak  distinctly; 
as,  “ He  does  not  articulate  as  he  ought.” 

2.  j-To  make  terms;  to  treat. 

AR-TIC'y-LAT-yD,  p.  a.  1.  Uttered  distinctly. 

2.  {Zodl.)  Having  articulations ; composed 

of  movable  pieces  fitted  into  each  other,  as  the 
joints  of  the  skeletons  of  insects  and  crusta- 
ceous  animals.  Brande. 

3.  {Bot.)  Jointed.  » Gray. 

AR-TIC'U-LATE-LY,  ad.  In  an  articulate  man- 
ner ; with  distinctness  of  sound.  “ Articulately 
pronounced.”  Sir  T.  Elyot. 

AR-TIC'y-LATE-NESS,  re.  Quality  of  being  artic- 
ulate. Ash. 

AR-TIC-U-LA'TION,  re.  1.  Act  of  articulating  or 
of  speaking  as  a man  ; the  forming  of  syllables 
by  the  organs  of  speech  ; distinct  utterance. 

Articulation  requlreth  a mediocrity  of  sound.  Bacon. 

2.  An  appulse  or  close  contact  of  two  of  the 
organs  of  speech,  represented  by  a consonant. 

3.  {Anat.)  The  connection  of  the  bones  of  a 

skeleton  by  joints.  Brande. 

Articulations  are  . . . divided  into  diarthroses,  or  movable 
articulations , and  synarthroses,  or  immovable.  Dunglison. 

4.  {Bot.)  A knot  or  joint  in  a plant,  as  in  the 
cane,  &c.  ; a separable  portion  of  a plant,  or 
the  place  where  a separation  takes  place.  Gray. 

AR'TI-FICE,  re.  [L.  artificium  ; ars,  art,  and  fa- 
do,  to  make  ; It.  <5,  Sp.  artificio  ; Fr.  artifice.] 

1.  f Skill  in  contriving ; art. 

The  sun:  . . . considerations  . . . such  as  illustrate  the 
artifice  of  its  Maker.  Browne. 

2.  f A skilfully  contrived  work. 

The  material  universe,  which  is  the  artifice  of  God,  the 
artifice  of  the  best  Mechanist.  Cudworth. 

3.  Wicked  contrivance  ; a crafty  device ; a 

trick  ; fraud  ; cunning  ; deceit ; duplicity  ; strat- 
agem ; finesse.  “ Artifices  of  ignorance,  . . . 
cloaks  and  coverings.”  South. 

Syn.  — Artifice  to  deceive;  a childish  trick-,  gross 
fraud ; low  cunning-,  shameless  duplicity  or  deceit ; 
adroit  finesse ; vile  imposition ; stratagem  of  war. 

AR-TIF'I-CER,  re.  [L.  artifex.]  One  by  whom 
any  tHing  is  made  ; a skilful  person  ; a superior 
mechanic  ; a manufacturer  ; an  artist.  “ In  the 
practices  of  artificers,  and  the  manufactures  of 
several  kinds.”  Locke. 

AR-TI-Fl"CIAL  (ar-te-flsh'al),  a.  1.  Made  by  art ; 
not  natural ; contrived  with  skill. 

Thus  covered  with  an  artificial  night, 

Sleep  did  his  office.  Dnjden. 

2.  Fictitious  ; feigned  ; not  genuine. 

Why,  I can  smile,  and  murder  while  I smile, 

And  wet  my  cheeks  with  artificial  tears.  Shak. 

3.  f Skilled  in  stratagem  ; artful ; cunning. 

The  jealousies  which  artificial  men  would  be  able  to  in- 
sinuate into  his  majesty.  Life  of  Clarendon. 

Artificial  arguments , ( Rhet .)  arguments  invented  by 
the  orator,  in  distinction  from  laws,  authorities,  ci- 
tations, and  the  like,  which  are  called  inartificial 
arguments.  Johnson. 

Artificial  lines , lines  marked  on  a sector  or  scale, 
and  so  contrived  as  to  represent  logarithmic  sines  and 
tangents.  By  these  lines  and  the  line  of  numbers, 
questions  in  trigonometry  and  navigation  may  be 
solved  with  tolerable  exactness.  Chambers. 

Artificial  members , logarithms.  Johnson. 

AR-TI-FI"CIAL  (ir-te-fish'al),  n.  The  production 
of  art.  [r.]  “ All  the  artificials.”  Sir  W.  Petty. 

AR-TI-FI-CI-AL'I-TY  (ar-te-fisli-e-al'e-te),  n.  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  artificial ; appearance 
of  art.;  artificialness.  “Trees  in  hedges  par- 
take of  their  artificiality.”  Shenstone. 


MiEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  s6n  ; BULL,  BUR,  RULE;  £,  £,  9,  g,  soft;  €,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  £ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


ARTIFICI ALIZE  84  ASCENDANT 


AR-T!-FI''CIAL-IZE,  v.  a.  To  render  artificial, 
[li.]’  ' Month.  Rev. 

AR-T!-F[ "CIAL-LY  (itr-te-fish'?l-le),  ad.  In  an 
artificial  manner’;  with  art  or  skill.  Sidney. 

AR-T|-Fl"CIAL-NESS  (Hr-te-fish'jl-nSs),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  artificial.  Bailey. 

f AR-Tl-FI"CIOUS,  a.  Made  by  art ; not  natural ; 
artificial.  Johnson. 

f AR'TI-LIZE,  v.  a.  To  make  to  appear  as  if 
formed  by  art ; to  give  the  appearance  of  art  to. 

Savs  Montaigne.  I would  naturalize  art,  instead  of  ' arti- 
lizing  nature.  Jsolingbroke. 

AR-TIL'LER-IST,  n.  One  who  manages  artillery  ; 
one  skilled  in  gunnery.  Byron. 

AR-TlL'LF.R-Y,  n.  [L.  ars,  artis,  art  (as  engine 
from  inyenium.)  Diez.  Old  Fr.  artiller,  to  de- 
fend bv  art ; Low  L.  artillaria ; It.  artiglieria ; 
Sp.  artilleria ; Fr.  arttll'erie .] 

1.  Weapons  of  war  ; missiles  used  in  war- 
fare; applied  particularly  to  missive  weapons. 

Jonathan  gave  his  artillery  unto  the  lad.  1 Sam.  xx.  40. 

His  heart  unworthy  is,  shootress  divine, 

Of  thine  artillery  to  feel  the  might.  Fairfax. 

2.  Gunnery ; large  ordnance,  as  cannon, 

howitzers,  mortars,  rockets,  and  engines  of 
war  of  all  kinds,  with  their  carriages,  ammuni- 
tion, and  apparatus.  Brande. 

3.  The  troops  appointed  for  the  management 

of  artillery.  Glos.  of  Mil.  Terms. 

Flying  artillery,  those  pieces  of  ordnance  which,  by 
means  of  horses,  can  be  carried  with  great  rapidity 
from  place  to  place. — Park  of  artillery , a place  in  a 
camp,  or  in  the  rear  of  an  army,  in  which  the  artillery 
is  placed.—  Train  of  artillery,  a number  of  pieces  of 
ordnance  mounted  on  carriages  and  ready  for  service. 

AR'T!-§Ai\,  or  AR-TI-^AN'  [dr'tc-zan,  P.  J.  K. 
Sm.  R.  C.  IVb.  ; ar-te-zan',  S.  IV.  P.  ,/((.],  n. 
[L.  ars ; It.  artiyiano  ; Sp.  artesano  ; Fr.  ar- 
tisan.] 

1.  f The  professor  of  an  art ; an  artist. 

Best  and  happiest  artisan. 

Best  of  painters.  Guardian. 

2.  One  who  practises  a mechanic  art ; a me- 
chanic ; a handicraftsman.  Addison. 

AR'TIST,  n.  [It.  <Sf  Sp.  artista  ; Fr.  artiste .] 

1.  One  skilled  in  the  arts  ; — one  who  prac- 
tises any  of  the  fine  arts,  especially  the  paint- 
er and  the  sculptor,  other  artists  being  gen- 
erally designated  by  a term  restricted  to  the 
department  in  which  they  excel,  as  a poet,  an 
architect,  &c. 

2.  A skilful  person  ; an  adept. 

The  wise  and  fool,  the  artist  and  unread.  ShaJc. 

AR-T/STE’  (sir-tSst'),  »•  [Fr-]  One  peculiarly 

dexterous  and  tasteful  in  any  art,  as  an  opera- 
dancer,  a cook,  &c.  As  used  in  English,  it  has 
a more  restricted  sense  than  artist,  though  it  is 
often  synonymous  with  this  word  in  its  French 
application. 

AR-TIS'TIC,  i a_  Relating  to  the  arts,  or  to 

AR-TIS'TI-CAL,  ) the  fine  arts;  relating  to  an 
artist ; made  in  the  manner  of  an  artist ; con- 
formable to  the  principles  of  art.  Qu.  Rev. 

AR-Tls'TI-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  an  artistic  manner. 

AR'TJST-RY,  n.  Works  of  art.  West.  Rev. 

t ART'I'/E,  v.  a.  To  form  with  art.  Florio. 

AltT'LpSS,  a.  1.  Ignorant;  unskilled. 

Tlu*  high-shoed  ploughman,  should  he  quit  the  land. 

Artless  of  stars  and  of  the  moving  sand.  JJrydcn. 

2.  Having  no  marks  of  a ; simple ; inarti- 
ficial. “Their  artless  tale.”  Gray. 

3.  Simple  in  manners  ; unaffected  ; sincere  ; 
ingenuous  ; frank  ; plain  ; honest ; guileless. 

They  were  plain , artless  men,  without  the  least  appearance 
of  enthusiasm  or  credulity  about  them.  Forteus. 

ART'LIj)SS-LY,  ad.  In  an  artless  manner;  nat- 
urally.  “ Openly  and  artlessly.”  Pope. 

ART'LIJSS-NESS, ' n.  AVant  of  art;  absence  of 
fraud ; simplicity ; ingenuousness.  Todd. 

AR-TO-CAR'PE-OUS,  («„*.)  Relating  t0 

AR-TO-CAR'POIS,  ) bread-fruit,  or  the  bread- 
fruit tree.  P.  Cyc. 

AR-TO-CAR  ' PUS,  n.  [Gr.  apro;,  bread,  and 
nao-mi;,  fruit. J (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants  contain- 
ing the  bread-fruit  tree.  Gray. 


AR'TO-TY-RlTE,  n.  [Gr.  aoro;,  bread,  and  rupil;, 
cheese  j {Reel.  Ilist.)  One  of  an  ancient  sect 
of  Christians,  who  celebrated  the  eucharist 
with  bread  and  cheese.  Buck. 

ARTS'MAN,  n.  A man  skilled  in  arts.  “Maketh 
the  arts/nan  differ  from  the  inexpert.”  Bacon. 

ART'SPUN,  a.  Spun  or  made  by  art.  Savage. 

^lRT— U'NION,  n.  An  association  for  the  purpose 
of  extending  the  knowledge  of  the  arts  of  de- 
sign, and  of  giving  encouragement  to  artists.  [A 
modern  word,  which  has  been  censured,  as  not 
compounded  according  to  the  English  idiom.] 

A'RUM,n.  [Gr.  door.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants ; 
the  cuckoo-pink  or  wake-robin.  Loudon. 

AR-UN-DE'LI-AN,  a.  Noting  a collection  of 
Grecian  marbles,  illustrative  of  the  history  of 
Athens,  &c.,  formed  by  Thomas  Howard,  Earl 
of  Arundel,  and  presented  by  his  grandson,  in 
1667,  to  the  University  of  Oxford.  P.  Cyc. 

AR-UN-dIf'PR-OUS,  a.  [L.  arundo,  a reed,  and 
fero,  to  bear.]  Producing  reeds.  Blount. 

A-RUN-D[-NA'CEOUS  (a-run-de-na'slms),  a.  [L. 
arundinaceus.\  Of,  or  like,  reeds.  Bailey. 

AR-IN-DIN'IJ-OUS,  a.  [L . arundineus.]  Abound- 
ing with  reeds.  Bailey. 

A-RLU\r'l>d,  n.  [L a reed.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of 
grasses  ; reed.  Loudon. 

A-RU'RA,  n.  [Gr.  apoupa,  arable  land;  apdw,  to 
plough ; L.  arura.] 

1.  A Grecian  measure  of  land. 

2.  (Latv.)  One  day’s  work  at  the  plough. 
[Sometimes  wrongly  written  arrura.]  Burrill. 

A-R&S'PEX,  n.  ; pi.  a-rus' pr-CEtf.  [L. ; hira, 
an  intestine,  and  specio,  to  look  at.]  A diviner 
by  the  entrails  of  victims  ; a soothsayer. 

The  public  notaries  and  arusjjex  wait.  Dnjden. 

A-RUS'P|CE  (st-rus'pjs),  n.  [L.  aruspex,  aruspicisi] 
A soothsayer,  [it.]  Bp.  Story. 

A-RUS'Pj-cy  (a-rus'pe-se),  n.  [L.  aruspiciumi] 
Divination  by  inspecting  the  entrails  of  vic- 
tims. “ Old  aruspicy  and  augury.”  Butler. 

AR'Vf.L,  n.  [W.  arwyl.\  A funeral.  — Arrel- 
bread,  or  arvel-supper,  bread  or  supper  given  at 
a funeral.  [North  of  England.]  Brockett. 

AR-VIC'O-LA,  n.  [L.  arvum,  a field,  and  colo, 
to  inhabit.]  (Zotil.)  A genus  of  rodent  animals 
of  the  family  of  the  rat  and  mouse.  Brande. 

AR'VIL,  or  AR'VAL,  n.  A funeral.  — See  Arvel. 

A-RYT'y-NOlD,  a.  [Gr.  apbrawa,  a ladle,  and 
ruios,  form.]  (Anat.)  Funnel-shaped;  — applied 
to  cartilages  of  the  larynx.  Dunylison. 

AS,  n.  [L.  as,  copper  or  brass.] 

1.  The  Roman  pound,  consisting  of  twelve 

equal  parts  or  ounces.  Blackstone. 

2.  An  ancient  Roman  coin,  which  originally 

weighed  one  pound,  but  was  subsequently  re- 
duced by  various  degrees  to  half  an  ounce.’  Its 
value  was  a little  more  than  three  farthings 
of  English  money.  Brande. 

3.  Any  integral  sum;  — frequently  applied 

in  civil  law  to  inheritances.  Burrill. 

(az),  ad.  and  conj.  [Ger.  als.\ 

1.  In  the  manner  that. 

I live  as  I did;  I think  as  I did;  I love  you  as  I did.  Swift. 

2.  fThat,  in  a consequential  sense. 

lie  had  such  a dexterous  proclivity,  as  his  teachers  were 
fain  to  restrain  his  forwardness.  Wotton. 

3.  Like ; of  the  same  kind  with ; in  the 
same  manner  with ; for  example. 

A simple  idea  is  one  uniform  idea,  as  sweet,  hitter.  Watts. 

4.  In  the  state  or  character  of. 

That  law  which  concemoth  men  as  men.  Hooker. 

5.  AVhile;  at  the  same  time  that. 

And  whistled  as  he  went  for  want  of  thought.  Dnjden. 

6.  Because ; since. 

But.  as  tlie  wind  was  favorable,  I had  an  opportunity  of 
surveying  this  amazing  scene  for  above  an  hour  and  a half 
together.  tip-  Berkeley. 

tar  As  sometimes  takes  the  place  of  a relative 
pronoun,  and  is  equivalent  to  who  or  which  ; as,  “ Help 
such  as  need  help.”  “Provide  such  tilings  as  are 
needed.”  The  propriety  of  classing  such  with  ad- 
jectives.and  as  with  relative  pronouns,  will  be  appar- 
ent when  it  is  considered  that  their  representatives  in 


Latin  and  Greek  are  talis,  qualis,  and  toios,  ulo;,  re- 
spectively. 

As  if,  in  the  manner  that  it  would  be  if.  By 
the  old  writers  as  is  sometimes  used  for  as  if.  “ It 
lifted  up  its  head, . . .like  as  it  would  speak.”  Shak. 

- . ale  to,  as  for,  witii  respect  to.  — As  well  as,  equally 

with. As  though,  as  if. As  it  were,  a qualifying 

phrase  used  to  soften  expressions  which  might  other- 
wise seem  harsh. As  yet,  up  to  the  present  time. — 

So  — as,  as— as,  suck  — os,  terms  implying  compari- 
son, or  reciprocal  senses  in  different  clauses  of  a sen- 
tence. 

AS-A-FCET'I-DA  (as-a-fet'e-d?),  n.  A fetid  gum 
resin.  — See  Assafcetida. 

AS-A-RA-BAC' CA,  n.  [L.  asarum,  wild  spike- 
nard, and  bacca,  a berry.]  (Bot.)  A perennial 
plant  found  in  mountainous  woods  ; Asarum 
Europaum.  Loudon. 

As'A-RINE,  n.  (Chem.)  A crvstallizable  sub- 
stance, resembling  camphor,  extracted  from  the 
roots  of  the  Asarum  Europa-um.  Brande. 

AS’A-RDm,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  aVnnor.]  (Bot.)  A 
genus  of  plants  ; the  Asarabacca.  Loudon. 

AS-BES'TIC,  a.  Relating  to, or  containing, asbes- 
tos ; asbestine ; asbestous.  P.  Cyc. 

AS-BES'T]-FORM,a.  Formed  like  asbestos.  Dana. 

AS-BES'TINE,  a.  Relating  to  asbestos.  Feltham. 

AS-BES'TOID,  n.  [Gr.  aafEaro;,  and  cllo;,  form.] 
(Min.)  A mineral  resembling  asbestos. Humble. 

AS-BES'TOS,  or  AS-BES'Tl’S,  n.  [Gr.  d<r/?f<rrot, 
inextinguishable ; a priv.  and  <r/? tvvupi,  to  ex- 
tinguish.] (Min.)  A mineral  substance  incom- 
bustible, of  fibrous  structure,  having  the  ap- 
pearance of  a vegetable,  often  of  flax.  It  con- 
sists essentially  of  silica,  magnesia,  and  lime. 
The  flaxen  kind  is  often  called  amianthus,  and 
is  sometimes  manufactured  into  cloth.  Brande. 

AS-BES'TOUS,  a.  Same  as  Asbestic.  Ed.  Ency. 

As'BO-LINE,  n.  [Gr.  aa(io).o;,  soot.]  A resinous, 
pitchy  matter,  obtained  from  wood  soot.  Brande. 

AS1  CA-RIS,  n. ; pi.  as-cXr'i-de$.  [L.,fromGr. 
acKapi; ; auuupi^io,  to  leap.]  (Zool.)  A genus  of 
round  worms,  with  a trilobite  or  tri-valvular 
head.  Two  species  infest  the  human  body,  one 
large,  found  in  the  small  intestines,  the  other 
of  a very  small  size,  found  in  the  rectum ; — 
so  called  from  their  continual  motion,  which 
causes  an  intolerable  itching.  Brande. 

f AS-cAUNCE',  ad.  See  Askance.  Spenser. 

AS-CEND'  (js-send'],  v.  n.  [L.  ascendo ; ad  and 
scando,  to  climb;  It.  ascendere-,  Sp.  ascender.) 
[i.  ascended  ; pp.  ascending,  ascended.] 

1.  To  move  upwards  ; to  rise  ; to  mount. 

Ye  birds, 

That  singing  lip  to  heaven-gate  ascend , 

Bear  on  your  wings  and  in  your  notes  his  praise.  Milton. 

2.  To  go  backward  in  the  order  of  time  ; as, 
“ To  trace  genealogies  in  the  ascending  line.” 

Syn.  — See  Arise. 

AS-CEND'  (?s-send'),  V.  a.  1.  To  climb  or  go 
up.  “ They  ascend  the  mountains.”  Delany. 

2.  Togo  towards  the  source;  as,  “To  as- 
cend a river.” 

AS-CEND'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  ascended. 

AS-CEND'AN-CY,  n.  Controlling  influence; 
power  ; ascendency.  “ Maintaining  an  abso- 
lute ascendancy  in  the  mind.”  Horsley. 

AS-CEND'ANT,  n.  1.  (Astrol.)  The  degree  of 
the  ecliptic,  which,  rising  at  a person’s  nativ- 
ity, was  supposed  to  influence  his  fate  ; as, 
“ This  planet  ruled  in  his  ascendant.” 

2.  Height ; elevation.  “ To  gain  instruction 

in  sciences  that  were  there  in  their  highest  as- 
cendant.” Temple. 

3.  Superiority ; predominating  influence. 

“ An  ascendant  over  them.”  Locke. 

4.  A person  high  in  authority.  Burke. 

5.  (Law.)  One  of  such  relations  as  have 

gone  before,  reckoned  backwards,  and  opposed 
to  descendant ; an  ancestor.  Burrill. 

To  he  ill  the  ascendant.,  to  have  commanding  power 
or  influence.  — Lord  of  the  ascendant,  (Astrol.)  the  first 
of  the  twelve  houses  of  heaven,  and  the  planet  or 
other  heavenly  body  which  rules  in  this  house : — one 
possessed  of  great  power  or  influence. 

AS-CEND'ANT,  a.  1.  Above  the  horizon  ; making 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  ?,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  H£lR,  HER; 


ASCENDENCY 


ASIARCH 


ascent;  rising.  “The  constellation  of  Pegasus, 
which  is  about  that  time  ascendant.”  Browne. 

2.  Superior ; predominant. 

AS-CEN'D^N-CY,  n.  Controlling  influence; 
sway;  power;  authority;  ascendancy. 

Custom  has  some  ascendency  over  understanding.  Watts. 

AS-CEND'pNT,  a.  Higher  ; superior  ; ascendant. 
“The  ascendent  duty.”  Sandy s. 

AS-CEND'ING,  p.  a.  Rising;  moving  upward. 

Ascending  parts,  (An at.)  parts  supposed  to  arise  in  a 
region  lower  than  That  where  they  terminate. as- 

cending latitude,  ( Astron .)  the  latitude  of  a planet 

when  moving  towards  the  north  pole. ascending  or 

northern  node,  that  part  of  the  orbit  of  a planet  or 
other  heavenly  body  in  which  it  crosses  the  ecliptic 
going  northward.  Button. 

AS-CEN'SION  (as-sen'shun),  n.  [L.  ascensio  ; It. 

ascensione  ; Sp.  &;  Fr.  ascension .] 

1.  Act  of  ascending  ; — applied  particularly 
to  the  visible  rising  of  Christ  to  heaven,  cele- 
brated on  Ascension-Day,  i.  e.  the  last  Thurs- 
day but  one  before  Whit-Sunday. 

And,  with  ascension  bright, 

Captivity  led  eaptive  through  the  air.  Milton. 

2.  f That  which  ascends  ; the  thing  rising. 

“ Vaporous  ascensions  ” Browne. 

Rirrht  ascension  of  a star , ( Astron .)  the  arc  of  t lie 
equator  intercepted  between  the  first  point  of  Aries 
and  the  point  of  the  equator  which  comes  to  the  me- 
ridian at  the  same  instant  with  the  star. — Oblique  as- 
cension. of  a star , ( Astron .)  the  arc  of  the  equator  in- 
tercepted between  the  vernal  equinox  and  that  point 
of  the  equator  which  comes  to  the  horizon  at  the  same 
time  witli  the  star.  This  varies  witli  the  latitude  of 
t lie  place  of  observation,  and  at  t lie  earth’s  equator 
coincides  witli  the  right  ascension.  Braude. 

AS-CEN'SION-AL,  a.  Relating  to  ascension  or 
ascent ; rising ; mounting.  Gent.  Mag. 

Ascensional  difference , ( Astron .)  the  difference  be- 
tween right  and  oblique  ascension.  This  term  is 
cliieffy  used  in  respect  of  the  sun,  because  when  the 
arc  which  it  denotes  is  turned  into  time,  it  show's  the 
time,  before  or  after  six  o’clock,  of  sunrise.  Braude. 

AS-CEN'SION— DAY,  n.  Holy  Thursday. — See 

Ascension.  Johnson. 

f AS-CEN'SIVE,  a.  Rising  higher  and  higher. 

We  observe  the  cold  to  augment,  when  the  days  begin  to 
increase,  though  the  sun  be  then  ascemive,  and  returning 
from  the  winter  tropic.  Browne. 

AS-CENT',  n.  1.  The  act  of  rising  ; rise. 

To  him  with  swift  ascent  he  up  returned.  Milton. 

2.  Way  by  which  one  ascends;  inclination 
upwards  ; acclivity. 

It  was  a rock 

Conspicuous  far,  winding  with  one  ascent.  Milton. 

3.  Elevation  ; eminence,  or  high  place. 

No  land  like  Italy  erects  the  sight 

By  such  a vast  ascent , or  swells  to  such  a height.  Addison. 

AS-CgR-TAlN',  v.  a.  [L.  ad  certum,  for  certain  ; 
It.  accertare;  Old  Fr.  acertener.]  \i.  ascer- 
tained ; pp.  ASCERTAINING,  ASCERTAINED.] 

1.  To  make  sure  or  certain  ; to  iix  ; to  estab- 
lish ; to  determine  ; to  settle. 

Money  differs  from  uncoined  silver  in  this,  that  the  quan- 
tity of  silver  in  each  piece  is  ascertained  by  the  stamp.  Locke. 

2.  f To  make  confident ; to  assure. 

This  makes  us  act  with  wonderful  tranquillity,  because  it 
ascertains  us  of  the  goodness  of  our  work.  * Dnjden. 

AS-CER-TAIN'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  ascer- 
tained, or  reduced  to  certainty.  Todd. 

As-CER-TAlN'fR,  n.  One  who  ascertains.  Ash. 

AS-CpR-TAlN'M?NT,  n.  Act  of  ascertaining; 
determination  by  a settled  rule  or  established 
standard.  “ Ascertainment  of  its  limits.”  Burke. 

AS-CET'IC,  a.  [Or.  a okiitiko;,  pertaining  to  exer- 
cise, from  aoKtio,  to  exercise;  — applied  by  the 
Greek  fathers  to  those  who  separated  them- 
selves from  the  world  for  the  purpose  of  exer- 
cise in  the  contemplation  of  divine  things.] 

Relating  to  ascetics  ; austere  and  contempla- 
tive ; employed  in  devotion  and  mortification. 
“A  constant  ascetic  course  of  the  severest  ab- 
stinence and  devotion.”  South. 

Syn.  — See  Austere. 

AS-CET'IC,  n.  One  who  retires  from  the  world 
to  practise  acts  of  devotion  and  mortification  ; 
one  devoted  to  a solitary,  austere,  and  contem- 
plative life  ; a hermit ; a recluse. 

He  that  preaches  to  man.  should  understand  what  is  in 
man;  and  that  skill  can  scarce  be  attained  by  an  ascetic  in 
his  solitudes.  Atterbury. 


85 

AS-CET'I-CUjM,  n.  The  state  and  practice  of 
ascetics.  If  arburton. 

AS' Cl,  n.pl.  [L.,  from  Gr.  acKos,  a pouch.] 

The  cases  in  which  the  spores  of  lichens, 
and  of  some  fungi  are  enclosed.  Brande. 

ASCIANS  (ash'ysmz),  n.  pi.  [L.  Ascii, 
from  Gr.  u priv.  and  mad,  a shadow.]  Those 
inhabitants  of  the  globe  who  at  certain  times 
of  the  year  have  no  shadow.  This  can  only 
happen  with  respect  to  the  inhabitants  of  the 
torrid  zone,  who  twice  a year  have  the  sun  in 
the  zenith.  Brande. 

AS-CID ' I-A,  n.  pi.  [L.,  from  Gr.  dcr*r<5s,  a bottle 
or  pouch.]  (Zoiil.)  A genus  of  acephalous 
mollusks,  having  a body  like  a pouch,  and  with- 
out organs  of  locomotion.  Baird.' 

AS-ClD'I-AN,  n.  One  of  the  Ascidia.  Brande. 

AS-ClD  ' I-UM,  n.  ( Bot .)  A hollow,  pitcher-shaped 
leaf  of  certain  plants,  as  of  Nepenthes,  Sara- 
cenia,  &c.  Gray. 

AS'CI-I  (ash'e-i),  n.pl.  [L.]  See  Ascians. 

AS-Cl ' TE§,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  amdrys,  a kind  of 
dropsy ; ckjk6s,  a bag  or  pouch.]  (Med.)  A col- 
lection of  serous  fluid  in  the  abdomen  ; a drop- 
sy of  the  belly.  Dunglison. 

AS-Cl  I IC,  ) a Relonging  to  ascites  ; drop- 

AS-CIT'I-CAL,  5 sical.  Wiseman. 

AS-C!-T!''TIOlTS,  a.  [L.  ascititius .]  Supplemen- 
tal; additional;  not  inherent. — See  Adsciti- 
tious.  “ An  ascititious  name.”  Pope. 

AS-CLE'PI-Ad,  n.  [Gr.  'AoKi.iruiahrn,  the  name  of 
the  inventor  of  this  measure.]  (Pros.)  Averse 
composed  of  four  feet,  the  first  a spondee,  the 
second  a choriambus,  and  the  last  two  dactyls. 

AS-CLE-PI-Ad'IC,  a.  Relating  to  an  asclepiad. 

AS-CLE  1 PI- AS,  n.  [L.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  her- 
baceous plants  ; milk  weed.  Gray. 

AS-CRl'BA-BLE,  a.  That  may  he  ascribed  ; at- 
tributable. “ More  fitly  ascribable  to  the  weight 
and  spring  of  the  air.”  Boyle. 

AS-CRIBE',  v.  a.  [L.  ascribo ; ad,  to,  and 
scribo,  to  write  ; It.  ascrivere  ; Sp.  ascribir.]  [i. 
ASCRIBED;  pp.  ASCRIBING,  ASCRIBED.] 

1.  To  attribute,  assign,  or  impute,  as  a cause 
or  as  a quality. 

Our  remedies  oft  in  ourselves  do  lie, 

Which  we  ascribe  to  Heaven.  Shak. 

I will  ascribe  righteousness  to  my  Maker.  Job  xxxvi.  3. 

2.  To  yield  as  due  ; to  allot. 

They  have  ascribed  unto  David  ten  thousands,  and  to  me 
they  have  ascribed  but  thousands.  1 Sam.  xviii.  8. 

Syn. dscribe  an  effect  to  its  proper  cause  ; ascribe 

honor  to  the  upright ; attribute  glory  to  God  ; assign 
to  all  what  is  due;  impute  praise  or  blame  to  men 
with  equity.  Ascribe  and  ascription  are  commonly 
used  in  a good  sense  ; impute  and  imputation,  in  a bad 
sense. 

AS-CRIP'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  ascribing.  Johnson. 

2.  The  thing  ascribed.  Fotherby. 

t AS-CR!P-TI"T[OOS  (as-krip-tish'us),  a.  [L.  as- 
criptitius .]  Enrolled ; added.  “ Ascriptitious 
and  supernumerary.”  Farindon. 

A-SEP'TIC,  a.  [Gr.  a priv.  and  atjnopai,  to  pu- 
trefy.] Not  liable  to  putrefy.  Oyilvie. 

ASH,  n.  [A.  S.  (esc  ; Ger.  esche.] 

1.  A genus  of  hardy  trees,  usually  valuable 

for  their  timber  ; Fraxinus.  Loudon. 

2.  The  wood  of  the  ash. 

My  grained  ash  an  hundred  times  hath  broke.  Shak. 

ASH,  v.  a.  To  sprinkle  with  ashes.  “They,  ash 
and  powder  their  pericraniums.”  Howell. 

+ A-SHAME',  v.  a.  To  make  ashamed  ; to  shame. 

It  should  humble,  ashame , and  grieve  us.  Barrow. 

ASHAMED  (fi-shaind'  or  a-slia'med)  [a-sha'med, 
S.  W.  J.  F.  Ja.  ; 51  shamd',  E.  K.  Stn.  R.],p.a. 
Touched  with  shame  ; confused  by  conscious- 
ness of  guilt  or  of  some  impropriety ; abashed. 

As  the  thief  is  ashamed  when  he  is  foun^l,  so  is  the  house 
of  Israel  ashamed.  Jer.  ii.  26. 

A-SHAm'UD-LY,  ad.  Bashfully;  shyly.  Huloet. 

Ash'— c6l-OR,  n.  The  color  of  ashes  ; — the  color 
of  the  bark  or  leaves  of  the  ash-tree.  Pennant. 

ASH’-COL-ORED  (Ssh'kul-urd),  a.  Colored  be- 


tween brown  and  gray,  like  the  bark  of  an  ashen 
branch.  Woodward. 

A-SHELF',  ad.  [a  and  shelf.']  (Xaut.)  On  a 
shelf,  or  rock.  “ That  we  . . . run  ashelf  on 
such  idolatry  and  manifest  sorcery.”  llarmar. 

ASH'JJN,  a.  1.  Made  of  ash-wood. 

His  ashen  spear,  that  quivered  as  it  flew.  Drydcn. 

2.  Resembling  ashes.  “ The  ashen  hue  of 
age.”  Sir  W.  Scott. 

ASH'E-RY,  11.  1.  A manufactory  of  potashes  or 

pearlashes. 

2.  A place  for  ashes  ; an  ash-hole.  Williams. 

ASH'ES  (ash'ez),  n.  pi.  [Goth,  azyo  ; A.  S.asca, 
dust;  Dut. asch  •,  Ger . asche.] 

1.  The  incombustible  earthy  or  mineral 
substances  which  remain  in  the  form  of  pow- 
der after  any  vegetable  or  animal  product  is 
burned ; the  remains  of  any  thing  burnt. 

2.  The  remains  of  the  human  body;  — so 
termed  from  the  ancient  practice  of  burning 
the  dead. 

Even  in  our  ashes  live  their  wonted  fires.  Gray. 

3.  (Com.)  The  incombustible  remains  of 

burnt  vegetable  substances,  as  barilla,  kelp, 
&c.,  from  which  are  extracted  the  alkalies  pot- 
ash and  soda.  McCulloch. 

1 asp  Used  sometimes  in  the  singular  by  chemists  ; 
as,  “A  heavy  ash,”  &e. 

ASH'— FIRE,  n.  The  subdued  or  low  fire  used  in 
chemical  operations.  Todd. 

Ash'— FLY,  n.  A fly  having  a head  of  an  ash- 
color; — called  also  oak-fly.  Walton. 

ASH'— HOLE,  n.  A place  for  ashes  ; a hole  in  the 
earth  of  a furnace  which  receives  the  ashes  to 
be  taken  away.  Crabb. 

ASH  LAR,  i n-  [It.  asciare,  to  chip.]  1.  Common 

ASH'LER,  ) freestones,  as  they  are  brought, 
rough  and  chipped,  from  the  quarry.  Brande. 

2.  Facing  made  of  squared  stones  on  the 
front  of  buildings ; hewn  stone  for  facing. 
Ashlar  is  said  to  be  plane,  when  it  is  smoothed ; 
tooled,  when  it  is  wrought  into  regular  flutes ; 
random-tooled,  when  cut  without  regularity ; 
chiselled,  or  boasted,  when  wrought  with  a 
narrow  tool ; pointed,  when  wrought  with  a tool 
still  narrower ; rusticated,  when  the  grooves  are 
sunk  by  cutting  off  the  arrises  or  angles  of  the 
stones ; and  prison  rustic,  when  pitted  into 
deep  holes.  • Francis. 

ASH'LpR-ING,  n.  1.  (Masonry.)  The  act  of 
bedding  ashler  in  mortar. 

2.  (Arch.)  Short  studs  between  the  rafters 
and  floor  in  a garret,  serving  as  an  attachment 
for  laths  in  plastering,  when  it  is  desired  to 
make  the  room  more  convenient  or  sightly  by 
side  walls.  Brande. 

A-SHORE',  ad.  I.  (Naut.)'  On  shore;  on  land  ; 
not  on  a -ship  ; — opposed  to  aboard  ; as,  “ The 
sailor  is  very  merry  when  he  is  ashore.” 

2.  To  the  shore. 

May  thy  billows  roll  ashore 

The  beryl  and  the  golden  ore.  Milton. 

3.  Aground ; not  afloat ; as,  “ The  ship  is 
ashore  on  the  bar.” 

ASH'— PAN,  n.  A pan  beneath  a grate  or  furnace, 
to  receive  ashes. 

ASH'-TUB,  n.  A tub  to  receive  ashes.  Quarles. 

ASH— WEDNESDAY  (ash-wenz'da),  n.  The  first 
day  of  Lent,  so  called  from  the  ancient  custom 
of  sprinkling  athes  upon  the  heads  of  those 
who,  on  that  day  especially,  were  sentenced  by 
the  church  to  do  public  penance.  Eden. 

ASH'— WEED,  n.  A name  given  to  the  herb  sEr/o- 
podium ; — called  also  gout-weed.  Johnson. 

ASH'Y  (ksh'e),  a.  1.  Ash-colored;  inclining  to 
whitish  gray  ; pale.  “ Ashy  semblance.”  Shak. 

2.  Turned  into  ashes;  consisting  of  ashes. 

That  sell-begotten  bird  {the  phoenix],.  . . 

From  out  her  ashy  womb  now  teemed, 

Revives,  reflourishes.  Mdton. 

ASH'Y-PAlE,  a.  Pale  as  ashes. 

’Twixt  crimson  shame  and  anger,  ashy-pale.  Shak. 

A'SIAN  (ash'yan),  a.  (Geog.)  Relating  to  Asia  ; 
Asiatic.  “ Asian  churches.”  Milton. 

A'SJ-ARCII  (a'sh?-4rk),  n.  [Gr.  imip^ys ; 'A ala, 


MIEN,  SIR  ; MOVE,  NOR,  SON  ; 


BULL,  BUR,  RllLE.  — 9,  £,  <;,  g,  soft ; C,  G,  £,  g,  hard ; § as  z;  $ as 


gz.  — THIS,  this. 


ASIATIC 


86 


ASPERSE 


Asia,  and  ao^io,  to  rule  ; L.  asiarcha.]  The 
pontiff,  or  highest  religious  official,  under  the 
Romans,  in  the  province  of  Asia.  Anthon. 

A-SI-At'IC  (a-she-athk),  a.  ( Geoff .)  Relating  to 
Asia.  “ Slid  into  Asiatic  softness.”  South. 

A-SI-AT'IC  (a-she-at'ik),  n.  ( Geog .)  A native  of 
Asia.  “ Fanatic  dogmata  of  the  Alcoran,  cred- 
ited by  most  Asiatics."  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

A-SI-At'I-CI^M  (a-she-at'e-sizm),  n.  Asiatic 
fashion,  style,  idiom,  or  manner.  Warton. 

A-SIDE',  ad.  [«  and  side.'] 

1.  To  one  side ; out  of  a straight  or  specified 

line.  “ Throwing  it  aside."  “ Draw  aside  the 
curtains.”  Shah. 

2.  Out  of  the  true  course  ; out  of  the  path  of 
rectitude. 

If  thou  hast  not  gone  aside  to  uncleanness.  Mian.  v.  19. 

3.  In  a state  of  separation  ; away  ; apart. 

He  took  him  aside  from  the  multitude.  Mark  vii.  33. 

To  lay  aside,  to  put  off;  to  put  away To  set  aside, 

to  put  by  for  a particular  use:  — {Law.)  to  render 
null,  or  to  make  of  no  effect ; as,  “ To  set  aside  a 
verdict.” 

A-SIDE',  prep.  By  the  side  of. 

Here  slake  your  thirst  aside  their  liveliest  rill.  Landor. 

f AS'I-NA-RY,  a.  Belonging  to  an  ass.  Bailey. 

As-I-NE'GO,  n.  See  Assinego. 

As'I-NINE,  a.  [L.  asinus,  an  ass.]  Belonging 
to,  or  resembling,  an  ass.  B.  Jonson. 

A-S/"TI-A,  n.  [Gr.  a priv.  and  olrog,  food.] 
(Med.)  Want  of  appetite.  Dunglison. 

Ask  (isk),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  ascian,  acsian,  or  axian, 
to  ask  (Old  English,  to  axe  and  to  ax).]  \i. 

ASKED  ; pp.  ASKING,  ASKED.] 

1.  To  question  ; to  inquire  of ; to  interrogate. 

Sent  priests  ...  to  ask  him,  Who  art  thou?  John  i.  19. 

2.  To  seek  out  by  interrogation ; to  inquire. 

He  asked  the  way  to  Chester.  Shak. 

3.  To  request;  to  solicit;  to  petition;  to 
beg ; to  beseech ; to  entreat ; to  crave ; to  sup- 
plicate ; to  implore. 

And  all  things  whatsoever  ye  6hall  ask  in  prayer,  believ- 
ing, ye  shall  receive.  Matt.  xxi.  22. 

4.  To  require,  claim,  or  demand,  as  price,  or 
in  return  for  something ; as,  “ What  do  you 
ash  for  this  ? ” 

To  whom  men  have  committed  much,  of  him  they  will  ask 
the  more.  Luke  xii.  48. 

5.  f To  require  by  necessity ; to  demand  ne- 
cessarily ; to  make  necessary. 

Any  exigence  of  state  asks  a much  longer  time  to  conduct 
any  design  to  its  maturity.  Addison. 

Syn. — To  ask  is  general. — dsk  for  information  ; 
ask  a price.  The  wanderer  asks  his  way ; the  spy 
questions  his  companions  ; the  magistrate  interrogates 
a culprit ; the  philosopher  inquires  concerning  a phe- 
nomenon. 

A person  asks  a favor,  requests  relief;  a mendicant 
begs  his  bread,  and,  in  distress,  craves  a morsel.  A 
person  beseeches,  entreats,  and  solicits  from  urgent  ne- 
cessity, and,  in  a state  of  distress,  supplicates  and 
implores. 

ASK,  v.  n.  1.  To  petition;  to  beg;  — usually 
withybr  ; as,  “ To  ask  for  a thing.’ 

I say  unto  you,  Ask,  and  it  shall  he  given  you.  Luke  xi.  9. 

2.  To  make  inquiry  ; to  inquire  ; to  question. 

Rather  muse  than  ask  why  I entreat.  Shak. 

ASK,  n.  ( ZoOl .)  A water-newt ; asker ; — so  writ- 
ten and  pronounced  in  Scotland  and  the  north 
of  England.  Craig. 

A-SKAnCE',  ad.  [A.  S . ascunian,  to  shun;  Dut. 
schuin,  awry,  oblique.]  Sideways  ; obliquely  ; 
askant.  “Eyed  them  askance."  Milton. 

A-SKANT',  ad.  Obliquely;  sideways;  askance. 
“ With  his  eyes  askant.”  Cowper. 

ASK'IJR,  n.  1.  One  who  asks  ; a petitioner  ; an 
inquirer.  “ To  give  to  every  asker.”  Hammond. 

2.  ( Zolll .)  A small  salamander  ; the  water- 
newt.  — See  Ask.  Agassiz. 

A-SKEW'  (a-sku '),  ad.  [Dan.  skicev,  wry,  crooked.] 

1.  Awry  ; aside  ; askance  ; asquint ; — partic- 
ularly by  way  of  envy  or  contempt. 

But  when  ye  lower,  or  look  on  me  askew.  Spenser. 

2.  Out  of  the  regular  way  ; obliquely.  “All 

things  . . . proceed  askew.”  Gayton. 


AS-KlLE',  a.  Askew ; askance,  [it.] 

What  though  the  scornful  waiter  looks  askile , 

And  pouts  and  frowns,  and  curseth  thee  the  while.  Bp.  Hall. 

ASK'ING,  p.  a.  Making  a request;  demanding; 
petitioning.  “ The  asking  eye.”  Pope. 

ASK'ING,  n.  The  making  of  a request ; a peti- 
tion ; as,  “ It  may  be  had  for  the  asking." 

f A-SLAke',  v.  a.  [A.  S.  aslacian,  to  loosen.]  To 
remit ; to  mitigate  ; to  slake.  Spenser. 

AS-LA  'JYI,  n.  A Turkish  silver  coin,  equal  to  115 
aspers.  Clarke. 

A-SLANT',  ad.  [a  and  slant.]  In  a slanting 
manner  ; obliquely.  “ Turned  aslant.”  Cowper. 

A-SLEEP',  ad.  In,  or  into,  a state  of  sleep.  “ It 
is  odds  but  he  will  fall  asleep.”  Bacon. 

A-SLEEP',  a.  [A.S.  aslapen,  sleepy.] 

1.  Sleeping  ; at  rest. 

Beauty,  which,  whether  waking  or  asleep , 

Shot  forth  peculiar  graces.  Milton. 

2.  Used  figuratively  for  dead. 

We  which  are  alive,  and  remain  unto  the  coming  of  the 
Lord,  shall  not  prevent  them  that  are  asleep.  1 T/iess.  iv.  15. 

3.  ( Naut .)  Noting  the  state  of  sails  when  the 

wind  is  just  strong  enough  to  fill  without  shak- 
ing them.  Dana. 

A-SLOPE',  ad.  [A.  S.  aslupan,  to  slip  away.] 
Not  perpendicularly  nor  on  a level;  with  decliv- 
ity ; obliquely.  “ Set  them . . . aslope.”  Bacon. 

+ A-SLUG',  ad.  In  a heavy  or  sluggish  manner. 
[r.]  “ Aslug  against  the  stream.”  Fotherby. 

A^-MA-TOG'R  A-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  an  pa,  a song,  and 
ypdipw,  to  write.]  The  art  of  song-writing.  Black. 

A§-MO-NA3'AN,  a.  Relating  to  Asmoneeus,  the 
ancestor  of  a race  of  Jewish  sovereigns.  P.Cyc. 

A-SOAK'j  a.  Soaking  in  water  ; in  a state  of 
soaking.  Holdstoorth. 

A-SO'MA-TOUS  [a-so'mfi-tus,  Ja.  Sm.  Wb.  ; 
j-som'a-tus,  P.  K.  C.],  a.  [Gr.  a priv.  and 
oibpa,  a body  ; L.  asomatus.]  Incorporeal ; with- 
out a body,  [r.]  Bailey. 

Asp,  n.  [Gr.  ao-rt'n  ; L.  aspis.]  A poisonous  ser- 
pent of  Egypt  and  Libya,  frequently  mentioned 
by  ancient  authors,  some  of  whom  describe  its 
bite  as  being  inevitably  mortal,  and  say,  that 
the  bitten  are  thrown  into  deep  sleep  and  die 
without  pain  within  three  hours  ; aspic.  Brande. 

ASP,  n.  See  Aspen.  Johnson. 

AS-PAL'A-TUCS,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  aonikaOos.] 

( Bot .)  1.  A genus  of  papilionaceous  plants  ; 
African  broom.  Loudon. 

2.  A plant  called  the  rose  of  Jerusalem,  or 

Our  Lady’s  rose.  Johnson. 

3.  A kind  of  wood  which  yields  an  aromatic 

oil ; rose-wood.  Chambers. 

AS-PAR'/i-GINE,  ji.  ( Chem .)  A white  crystalliza- 
ble  substance,  found  in  the  expressed  juice  of 
asparagus,  the  mallow,  &c.  Miller. 

As-PA-RAG'I-NOUS,  a.  ( Hort .)  Relating  to,  or 
resembling,  asparagus.  Brande. 

AS-PAR'A-GUS,  n.  [Gr.  aa-nipayo;,  air apaaato,  to 
tear  ; L.  asparagus ; It.  asparago ; Sp.  espar- 
rago-,  Fr.  asperge.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants, 
the  young  vernal  shoots  of  the  common  species 
of  which  (Asparagus  officinalis)  form  a well- 
known  esculent.  Gray. 

KJP  Formerly  this  word  was,  both  in  England  and 
the  United  States,  very  commonly  pronounced  spar- 
rowgrass  ; and  it  is  still  so  pronounced  by  some  per- 
sons, but  chiefly  by  those  who  are  not  well  educated. 
— See  Cucumber. 

AS- PAR 'TATE,  n.  (Chem.)  A substance  formed 
of  aspartic  acid  and  a base.  Henry. 

AS-PAR'TIC,  a.  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  formed 
by  boiling  asparagine  with  magnesia.  Henry. 

As'ppCT,  n.  [L.  aspectus,  a seeing;  aspicio,  to 
look  upon  ; It.  aspetto  ; Sp.  aspecto ; Fr.  aspect.] 

1.  Expression  of  the  eye ; look ; counte- 
nance ; visage  ; air. 

The  imnge  of  a wicked,  heinous  fault 

Lives  in  his  eye  ; that  close  aspect  of  his 

Doth  show  the  mood  of  a most  troubled  breast.  Shak. 

2.  Appearance;  view.  “The  aspect  of  a 

world  lying  in  rubbish.”  Burnet. 


3.  (Astrol.)  The  situation  of  the  stars  and 
planets  with  respect  to  one  another. 

To  the  blank  moon 

Her  office  they  prescribed:  to  the  other  five 

Their  planetary  motions  and  aspects.  Milton. 

4.  Bearing  ; direction  ; relative  position  ; as, 
“ The  house  has  an  eastern  aspect." 

The  different  sides  of  things,  and  their  various  aspects  and 
probabilities.  Locke. 

The  setting  sun 

Slowly  descended,  and  with  right  aspect 

Against  the  eastern  gate  of  paradise 

Levelled  his  evening  rays.  Milton. 

This  word,  which  is  now  uniformly  pro- 
nounced with  the  accent  on  the  first  syllable,  had  its 
accent,  two  centuries  ago,  on  the  second.  See  cita- 
tions from  Shakspeare  and  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Air. 

t AS-PECT',  v.  a.  To  look  upon  ; to  behold. 

Happy  in  their  mistakes  those  people  whom 

The  northern  pole  aspects.  Temple. 

+ AS-PECT'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  seen  ; visi- 
ble. “ What  is  in  this  aspectable  world.”  Ray. 

t As'PECT-pD,  a.  Having  an  aspect  or  look. 
“ A face  every  way  aspected.”  B.  Jonson. 

f AS-PEC'TION,  n.  Act  of  seeing;  beholding; 
view.  “ Aspection  of  the  picture.”  Browne. 

AS'PIJN,  n.  [A.  S.  a>sp\  Ger .espe,  the  asp-tree.] 
A species  of  poplar,  the  leaves  of  which  always 
tremble  ; Populus  tremula ; — sometimes  called 
the  asp.  Loudon. 

And  variable  ns  the  shade 

By  the  light,  quivering  aspen  made.  Sir  W.  Scott. 

AS'PIJN,  a.  1.  Belonging  to  the  aspen.  “Trem- 
ble like  aspen  leaves.”  Shak. 

Nor  aspen  leaves  confess  the  gentlest  breeze.  Gay. 

2.  Resembling  aspen  ; trembling.  “ Poor 
aspen  wretch.”  Donne. 

AS' PF.R,  n.  A small  Turkish  coin,  equal  to  about 
three  farthings  (about  1<[  cents.)  Beau.  § FI. 

fAs'PIJR,  a.  [L.]  Rough;  aspre.  “All  base 
notes  . . . have  an  asper  sound.”  Bacon. 

f As'PER-ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  aspero.]  To  roughen. 
“ The  level  surface  of  clear  water  being  by  agi- 
tation asperated.”  Boyle. 

f AS-P£R-A'TION,  n.  [L.  asperatio .]  Act  of 
making  rough ; roughness.  Bailey. 

\ASPERGEOIRE  (as-perzh-wtir'),  n.  [Old  Fr.  from 
asper  ger,  to  sprinkle.]  The  brush  with  which 
holy  water  is  sprinkled ; aspergillum.  Warton. 

As-PIJR-GIL'LI-FORM,  a.  (Bot.)  Shaped  like 
an  aspergillum  or  brush,  as  the  stigmas  of 
many  grasses.  Gray. 

AS-PER-QIL ' LUM,  n.  [Low  L.,  from  aspergo, 
to  sprinkle.] 

1.  The  brush  with  which  holy  water  is  sprin- 
kled in  Roman  Catholic  ceremonies. 

2.  (Zo/il.)  A genus  of  bivalve  mollusks,  the 

calcareous  sheath  of  which  is  dilated  or  club- 
shaped  at  the  lower  end  and  perforated  with 
many  small  holes,  and  hence  it  is  sometimes 
called  the  watering-pot  shell.  Brande. 

AS-PIJR-I-FO'LI-ATE,  ) a [L.  asper,  rough,  and 

AS-PIJR-I-FO'LI-OUS,  ( folium,  a leaf.]  " (Bot.) 
Having  rough  leaves.  Crabb. 

AS-PER'I-TY,  n.  [L.  asperitas,  roughness ; as- 
per, rough ; Fr.  aspdrite.] 

1.  Unevenness  or  roughness  of  surface. 
“ The  pores  and  asperities  of  bodies.”  Boyle. 

2.  Harshness  of  sound. 

Those  dissonances  and  asperities  which  adhered  to  our 
diction.  Warton. 

3.  Acrimony  ; tartness  ; sharpness.  “ The 
asperity  of  tartarous  salts.”  Bp.  Berkeley. 

4.  Roughness  or  sourness  of  temper ; mo- 
roseness ; crabbedness. 

Avoid  all  unseemliness  and  asperity  of  carriage.  Rogers. 

Syn.  — See  Acrimony. 

A-SPER'MOUS,  a.  [Gr.  a priv.  and  aatpua,  a 
seed.]  (Bot.)  Destitute  of  seed.  Brande. 

f AS-P£R-NA'TION,  n.  [L.  aspernatio.]  Disdain- 
ing ; neglect ; disregard.  Bailey. 

f AS'PpR-OUS  (Sis'per-us),  a.  [L.  asper.]  Rough. 
“ Craggy  and  asperous  ascent.”  Ricaut. 

AS-PERSE',  v.  a.  [L.  aspergo,  aspersus ; ad,  to, 


A,  E,  I,  O,  II,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  (,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


ASPERSER 


ASSAULT 


87 


and  spargo,  to  scatter  or  sprinkle.1  [ i . as- 
persed ; pp.  ASPERSING,  ASPERSED.] 

1.  f To  scatter  or  sprinkle  over.  “ Had  power 

to  asperse  upon  me.”  Heywood. 

2.  To  bespatter  with  censure  ; to  cast  reproach 

upon  ; to  vilify  ; to  slander  ; to  calumniate  ; to 
detract ; to  traduce  ; to  defame  ; to  revile.  “ Op- 
portunity to  asperse  the  king.”  Clarendon. 

Syn.  — Men  asperse  their  neighbors  by  insinua- 
tions ; defame  or  vilify  by  advancing  charges  to  injure 
their  character  ; slander , by  propagating  evil  reports 
of  them  to  others  ; calumniate  or  defame , by  spreading 
injurious  reports  of  their  own  invention  ; detract , by 
undervaluing  the  motives  of  their  good  deeds  ; revile, 
by  treating  them,  however  worthy,  with  contumely. 
— See  Slander. 

AS-PERS'ER,  n.  One  who  asperses. 

AS-PER'SION,  n.  [L.  aspersio,  a sprinkling.] 

1.  A sprinkling,  as  of  water. 

No  sweet  aspersions  shall  the  heavens  let  fall.  Shah. 

2.  Calumny  ; detraction  ; defamation  ; re- 
proach ; slander  ; censure. 

The  same  aspersions  of  the  king,  and  the  same  grounds  of 
a rebellion.  Dryden. 

3.  ( Eccles .)  The  sprinkling  with  water  in  the 
sacrament  of  baptism. 

Behold  an  immersion,  not  an  aspersion.  dip.  Taylor. 

Syn.  — See  Slander. 

AS-PER'SI  VE,  a.  [L.  aspergo,  aspersus,  to  sprin- 
kle.] Tending  to  asperse  ; aspersory  ; defama- 
tory ; calumnious  ; slanderous. 

AS-PER'SI  VE-LY,  ad.  By  way  of  aspersion. 

Many  envious  and  injurious  detractions,  which  the  igno- 
rant may  aspersively  cast  thereon.  Sir  F.  Drake  Revived. 

AS-PER'SO-RY,  a.  Aspersive.  [r.]  Ogilvie. 

AS-PHALT',  n.  Native  bitumen,  or  mineral  pitch. 

' — See  Asphaltum.  Weale. 

AS-PHAL'TIC,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  containing, 
asphaltum.  “ With  asphaltic  slime  . . . the 
gathered  beach  they  fastened.”  Milton. 

AS-PHAL'TUM,  n.  [Modern  L.,  from  Gr.  aafaX- 

' roc,  a priv.  and  aef i6D.ui,  to  slip ; — from  its  use 
as  a cement  in  ancient  building.]  (Min.)  Com- 
pact native  bitumen,  or  mineral  pitch.  It  is 

black  or  dark  brown,  very  fusible  and  inflam- 
mable, and  consists  of  bituminous  oil,  hydrogen 
gas,  and  charcoal.  It  is  found  upon  the  surface 
and  shores  of  the  Lacus  Asphaltites,  or  Dead 
Sea,  and  in  large  quantities  in  Trinidad  and 
Barbadoes.  The  anciehts  used  it  in  making 
cements  and  in  the  art  of  embalming.  It  is 
now  extensively  used  for  pavements  and  for 
covering  roofs.  Brande. 

AS-PHAL'TUS,  n.  Asphaltum  ; bitumen. 

Many  a row 

Of  starry  lamps  and  blazing  cressets,  fed 
With  naphtha  and  asphalt  us,  yielded  light. 

AS'PHO-DEL,  n.  [Gr.  am/itSehos  ; L.  asphodclus. 
(Bot.)  A genus  of  plants. 

Yellow  meads  of  asphodel.  Pope. 

Flowers  were  the  couch, 

Pansies,  and  violets,  and  asphodel. 

And  hyacinth;  earth’s  freshest,  softest  lap.  Milton. 

AS-PHYX  I- A,  > n_  [Gr.  deipv(ia,  intermission  of 

AS-PHYX'Y,  $ the  pulse;  a priv.  and  <r0t>£w,  to 
beat.]  (Med.)  Suspension  of  circulation,  or 
syncope  ; — applied  now  more  generally  to  sus- 
pended animation,  produced  by  the  non-con- 
version  of  the  venous  blood  of  the  lungs  into 
arterial  blood,  through  interrupted  or  defective 
respiration.  Dunglison. 

As'PIC,  n.  1.  A serpent.  — See  Asp.  Addison. 

2.  Name  of  a piece  of  ordnance.  Johnson. 

II  AS-PfR'ANT,  or  AS'PI-RANT  [as-plr'ant,  K.  Sm. 
R.  C.  Todd,  Wb.  ; as'pe-rant  or  js-plr'ant,  Jo . ] , 
n.  [L.  aspirans,  aspiring  ; Fr.  aspirant .]  An 
aspirer  ; an  ambitious  candidate.  “ Young  as- 
pirant to  the  name  and  honors  of  an  English 
senator.”  Hurd. 

||  AS-PlR'ANT,  a.  Aspiring  ; ambitious.  Southey. 

AS'PI-RATE,  v.  a.  [Gr.  ao-Kaipui,  to  pant ; L . aspi- 
ro,  aspiratus,  to  breathe.]  [i.  aspirated  ; pp. 
aspirating,  aspirated.]  To  pronounce  or 
mark  with  the  aspirate,  or  rough  breathing ; as, 
“We  aspirate  the  words  horse,  house,  hand.” 

AS'PI-RATE,  v.  n.  To  be  pronounced  with  a rough 
breathing.  “ Our  W and  H aspirate.”  Dryden. 


AS'PI-RATE,  a.  Pronounced  with  the  aspirate, 
or  rough  breathing.  Holder. 

AS'PI-RATE,  n.  1.  A mark  to  denote  an  aspi- 
rated pronunciation,  or  a rough  breathing. 

The  feeble  Eolic,  which  often  rejects  its  aspirate.  Pope. 

2.  A letter  to  whose  articulation  the  force  of 
a rough  breathing  is  given. 

As'PI-RAT-ED,  p.  a.  Pronounced  with  the  aspi- 
rate ; roughened ; aspirate.  Wilkins. 

AS-PI-RA'TION,  n.  [L.  aspiratiof] 

1.  Act  of  aspiring  ; a breathing  after  ; ardent 
wish  or  longing. 

A soul  inspired  with  the  warmest  aspirations  after  celestial 
beatitudes  keeps  its  powers  attentive.  Watts. 

2.  The  pronunciation  of  a letter  with  an  as- 
pirate, or  rough  breathing. 

If  is  only  a guttural  aspiration.  Holder. 

AS  PIRE',  v.  n.  [L.  aspiro,  to  breathe  ; It.  aspi- 
rare;  Sp . aspirar  ; Fr  .aspirer.]  [f.  aspired  ; 
pp.  aspiring,  aspired.] 

1.  To  desire  with  eagerness ; to  seek  ambi- 
tiously ; to  long  ; — usually  with  to. 

Till  then  a helpless,  hopeless,  homely  swain, 

I sought  not  freedom  nor  aspired  to  gain.  Dryden. 

2.  To  ascend  ; to  rise ; to  soar ; to  tower. 

My  free  soul  aspiring  to  the  height 
Of  nature  and  unclouded  fields  of  light.  Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Aim. 

f AS-PIRE',  v.  a.  To  aspire  to  ; to  try  to  reach. 

That  gallant  spirit  hath  aspired  the  clouds.  Shak. 

f AS-PIRE 'ME  NT,  n.  Act  of  aspiring. 

By  which  aspirement  she  her  wings  displays.  Brewer. 

AS-PlR'ER,  n.  One  who  aspires.  Milton. 

AS-PIR'ING,  n.  1.  Desire  of  something  great. 
“ Aspirings  of  the  worldling.”  Hammond. 

2.  f A rising;  an  elevation.  “ Fastidious  in 
pyramidical  aspirings.”  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

AS-PlR'lNG,  a.  Attempting  to  rise  ; ambitious. 
“ The  most  aspiring  philosopher.”  Goldsmith. 

AS-PlR'ING-LY,  ad.  In  an  aspiring  manner. 

AS-PlR'ING-NESS,  n.  Eager  desire  of  greatness  ; 
state  of  being  ambitious.  Ogilvie. 

AS-PI.E  'JYI-UM,  n.  [Gr.  aairh/vos  ; a priv.  and 
(jiri.r/v,  spleen  ; L.  asplenum .]  (Bot.)  A genus 

of  ferns,  formerly  thought  to  be  a remedy  for  the 
spleen  ; spleen  wort.  Gray. 

AS-POR-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  asportatio  ; abs,  from, 
and  porto,  to  carry.]  (Laic.)  A felonious  car- 
rying away  or  removal  of  goods.  Blackstone. 

t AS'PRE,  a.  [Fr.]  Rough;  bitter. 

And  in  her  aspre  plaint,  thus  she  said.  Chaucer. 

fAs'PRE-LY,  ad.  Roughly.  “ Assaulted  them 
so  asprely.”  Sir  T.  Elyot. 

f AS'PRE-NESS,  n.  Roughness;  bitterness.  “The 
aspreness  of  his  estate.”  Chaucer. 

A-SQUINT'  (a-skwlnt'),  ad.  [A.  S.  ascunian,  to 
shun  ;.  Dut.  schitins .] 

1.  Obliquely ; askance.  “ Who  . . . look 

asquint  or  shut  their  eyes.”  Swift. 

2.  Not  with  due  attention  ; slightly.  “T 
asquint  at  our  own  aims.” 

Ass,  n. ; pi.  Sss'es. 

[L.  asinus ; It. 
asino ; Sp.  asno ; 

Fr.  chief) 

1.  (Zool.)  The 

common  name 
of  animals  of 
the  family  Equi- 
dee  and  genus 
Asinus,  distin- 
guished by  long 
ears,  an  upright 
mane,  a tufted 
tail,  a streak  along  the  back  and  across  the 
shoulders,  and  by  a peculiarly  harsh  bray.  The 
domestic  ass  (Asinus  vulgaris)  is  remarkably 
patient,  hardy,  and  sure-footed.  Baird. 

2.  A stupid  fellow  ; a dolt.  Shak. 

As-SA-FCET'I-DA  (Hs-a-fet'e-da),  re.  [L.  laser,  the 
juice  of  the  plant  laserpitium,  and  fastidus, 
fetid,  from  its  smell.]  A gum  resin  obtained 
from  the  roots  of  the  Ferula  assafoetida,  from 
which,  on  incision,  it  exudes  in  the  form  of  a 


milky  juice,  which,  when  dried  by  exposure  to 
the  sun,  acquires  a mottled  appearance  and 
pink  color.  It  is  used  in  medicine  as  a stimu- 
lant, anti-spasmodic,  and  anthelmintic.  Its 
taste  is  bitter  and  sub-acrid,  and  by  the  Asiatics 
it  is  used  regularly  as  a condiment.  Brande. 

AS-SA'I  (as-si'e).  [It.  assai,  very.]  (Mus.)  De- 
noting increase,  as  allegro,  quick ; allegro  as- 
sai, very  quick  ; — adagio,  slow  ; adagio  assai, 
very  slow.  Crabb. 

AS-SAlL',  v.  a.  [L.  assilio,  to  leap  upon;  It. 
assalire ; Sp.  asalir  ; Fr.  assaillir. ] [i.  as- 

sailed ; pp.  assailing,  assailed.] 

1.  To  fall  upon  with  violence  ; to  attack  in  a 
hostile  manner ; to  assault. 

"With  greedy  force  he  ’gan  the  fort  to  assail.  Spenser. 

2.  To  attack  with  argument,  criticism,  or  rid- 
icule ; to  censure. 

All  books  he  reads,  and  all  he  reads  assails.  Pope. 

AS-SAlL'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  assailed. 

There ’s  comfort  yet,  they  are  assailable.  Shak. 

AS-SAIL'ANT,  n.  One  who  assails;  an  aggres- 
sor. “ The  obstinacy  of  the  assailants.”  Shak. 

Syn.—  See  Aggressor. 

AS-SAlL'ANT,  a.  Attacking ; invading.  Milton. 

AS-SAIE'EIt,  n.  One  who  assails  or  attacks  ; an 
assailant.  “ Pursued  our  assailers.”  Sidney. 

AS-SAIL'MENT,  n.  Attack  ; assault,  [u.] 

His  most  frequent  assailmcnt  was  the  headache.  Johnson. 

AS-SAM-ESE',  n.  sing.  & pi.  ( Geog .)  A native, 
or  natives,  of  Assam.  Earnshaw. 

f AS-SART',  re.  [Low  L.  assarto,  (of  uncertain 
etymology,)  to  pull  up  by  the  roots.]  (Eng. 
Law.)  An  offence  committed  in  the  forest,  by 
plucking  up  those  trees  by  the  roots,  which  are 
thickets  or  coverts  of  the  forest.  Cowell. 

f AS-SART',  v.  a.  (Law.)  To  commit  an  assart  ; to 
grub  up.  “ Power  to  assart  his  land.”  Ashmole. 

AS-SAS'SIN,  re.  [It.  assassino ; Sp.  ascsino  ; 
Fr.  assassin.  From  the  name  of  a military 
and  religious  order  formed  in  Persia  in  the 
eleventh  century,  probably  so  called  from  their 
immoderate  use  of  hashish,  an  opiate  made  of 
hemp  leaves,  or  from  Hassan  ben  Sabah,  the 
founder  of  the  order.  P.  Cyc. ] One  who  kills, 
or  attempts  to  kill,  by  violence  and  treachery 
or  secret  assault ; an  assassinator. 

Here  hired  assassins  for  their  gain  invade, 

And  treacherous  poisoners  urge  their  fatal  trade.  Creech. 

f AS-SAS'SJN,  v.  a.  To  murder  ; to  assassinate. 

With  him  that  assassins  his  parents.  Stilliugfleet. 

t AS-SAS'SI-NA-CY,  re.  Assassination.  “This 
spiritual  assassinacy.”  Hammond. 

f AS-SAS'SI-NATE,  re.  1.  An  assassin.  “Seize 
him  for  one  of  the  assassinates.”  Dryden. 

2.  The  crime  of  an  assassin  ; murder.  “As- 
sassinates and  popular  insurrections.”  Pope. 

AS-SAS'SI-NATE,  v.  a.  [It.  assassinare ; Sp. 
asesinar  ; Fr.  assassiner .]  [i.  assassinated  ; 

pp.  assassinating,  assassinated.] 

1.  To  kill  by  surprise,  by  secret  assault,  or 

by  lying  in  wait.  Dryden. 

2.  To  beset ; to  assail ; to  waylay,  [n.] 

Such  usage  as  your  honorable  lords 

Afford  me,  assassinated  and  betrayed.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Kill. 

AS-SAS'SI-NATE,  v.  re.  To  murder  by  secret 
assault.  “ Thieves  assassinate.”  Sandys. 

AS-SAS-SI-NA'TION,  re.  Act  of  assassinating  ; 
secret  murder ; murder  by  violence.  Shak. 

AS-sAS'SI-NA-TOR,  w.  One  who  assassinates ; 
an  assassin.  “ Some  heinous  offenders,  as  . . . 
the  assassinators  of  kings.”  Bates. 

f AS-SAS'SI-NOUS,  a.  Murderous.  Milton. 

t AS-SA'TION,  re.  [L.  asso,  to  roast ; Fr.  assa- 
tion. ] The  act  of  roasting.  Browne. 

AS-SAULT',  re.  [L.  assilio,  assultns,  to  leap  upon  ; 
It.  assalto  ; Sp.  asalto  ; Fr.  assaut. ] 

I.  Hostile  onset,  violence,  or  invasion  ; attack, 
as  opposed  to  defence. 

Able  to  resist 

Satan’s  assaults , and  quench  his  fiery  darts.  Milton. 


i.  Hall. 


MiEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — <[’,  <?,  g,  soft;  €,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  ^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


ASSAULT 


88 


ASSETII 


2.  An  open  attempt  to  carry  a fortified  post 
or  fortress  ; storm  ; — opposed  to  sap  or  siege. 

After  some  days’  siege,  he  resolved  to  try  the  fortune  of  an 
assault.  Bacon. 

3.  (Law.)  An  attempt  by  violence  to  do  cor- 

poral injury  to  another.  If  the  person  be  actu- 
ally touched,  it  is  battery.  Burrill. 

Syn.  — See  Attack. 

AS-SAULT',  V.  a.  [t.  ASSAULTED  ; pp.  ASSAULT- 
ING, assaulted.]  To  attack  with  hostility 
and  violence;  to  assail;  as,  “To  be  assaulted 
by  an  enemy.” 

By  steel  assaulted , and  by  gold  betrayed.  Dryden. 

AS-SAULT'A-BLE,a.  Capable  of  being  assaulted. 

The  xxviii  day  of  October  the  walls  were  made  low  and 
the  town  assaultublc.  Hall. 

AS-S.AULT'pR,  n.  One  who  assaults  or  attacks 
violently.  “ To  resist  . . . assaulters.”  Sidney. 

AS-SAULT'ING,  n.  The  act  of  making  an  as- 
sault. “ Engines  for  the  assaulting.”  Hall. 

AS-SAY'  (fis-sa'),  n.  [It.  assaggio,  a trial ; Old 
Fr.  assaie;  Fr.  essai.  — See  Essay.] 

1.  Examination  ; trial ; attempt ; essay.  “ By 

no  assay  of  reason.”  Shak. 

2.  (('Item.)  The  process  by  which  the  quality 
of  bullion,  coin,  plate,  and  all  articles  made  of 
silver  and  gold,  is  tested,  and  by  which  the 
quantity  of  certain  metals  in  an  ore  is  deter- 
mined. “ The  progress  of  the  assay.”  Ure. 

3.  The  thing  to  be  assayed.  “ Tongs,  by  which 
the  assays  are  charged  into  the  cupels.”  Ure. 

4.  (Law.)  A trial  of  weights  and  measures 

by  a standard,  as  by  constituted  authorities  : — 
a trial  or  examination  of  certain  commodities, 
as  bread,  cloths,  &c.  Burrill. 

5.  Real  value ; ascertained  purity. 

Of  pearls  and  precious  stones  of  great  assail.  Spenser. 

AS-SAY'  (as-sa'),  V.  a.  [i.  ASSAYED;  pp.  ASSAY- 
ING, ASSAYED.] 

1.  To  make  trial  of ; to  try  ; to  put  to  the 
test,  as  metals  or  ores. 

But,  seeing  thou  fall’st  on  me  so  luckily, 

I will  assay  thee;  so  defend  thyself.  Shak. 

2.  To  apply,  as  the  test  to  metals. 

Soft  words  to  his  fierce  passion  she  assayed.  Milton. 

AS-SAY'  (?s-sa'),  v.n.  To  try;  to  endeavor. 

She  thrice  assayed  to  speak;  her  accents  hung, 

And  faltering  died  unfinished  on  her  tongue.  Dryden. 

AS-S.A  Y'£R,  n.  One  who  assays  metals,  &c. ; — 
particularly  applied  to  the  officer  of  a mint  who 
tests  the  purity  of  bullion  and  coin.  Cowell. 

AS-SAY'ING,  n.  I.  The  act  of  ascertaining  the 
purity  of  the  precious  metals,  or  the  quantity 
of  metal  in  an  ore. 

2.  (Mus.)  A flourishing  previous  to  the  per- 
formance. Crabb. 

t AS'SIJ-CLE,  n.  [L.  dssecla.']  A dependant;  a 
servant.  “ The  pope  and  his  assecles.”  Sheldon. 

f AS-SEC-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  assectatio .]  Attend- 
ance, or  waiting  upon,  as  of  clients.  Bailey. 

f As-Sp-CUR'ANCE,  n.  [Low  L . assecurantia.] 
Assurance ; assecuration.  Sheldon. 

t AS-Sg-CU-RA'TrON,  n.  [Low  L.  assecuratio. ] 
Freedom  from  doubt;  assurance.  Bp.  Hall. 

t AS-SIJ-CURE',  v.  a.  [Low  L.  assecuro.\  To 
make  one  sure  or  certain.  Bullokar. 

t AS-Sg-CU'TION,  n.  [L.  assequor,  to  attain  to.] 
The  act  of  obtaining ; acquirement.  Ayliffe. 

AS-SEC'U-TlVE,  a.  That  obtains.  Barnes. 

AS-SEM'BLA^E,  n.  [Fr.]  1.  State  of  being 

assembled.  “ In  soft  assemblage.”  Thomson. 

2.  A collection  ; a group  ; a mass  ; — chiefly 
applied  to  things.  “ Assemblage  of  a great 
number  of  positive  ideas.”  Locke. 

Syn.  — See  Assembly. 

AS-SEM'BLANCE,  n.  Collection  ; assemblage. 
“ The  cause  of  their  assemblance ."  Spenser. 

AS-SEM'BLE  (sis-sem'bl),  v.  a.  [L.  ad,  to,  and 
simul,  together,  (Sullivan.)  ; It.  assembrare  ; 
Fr.  assembler .]  [L  assembled  ; pp.  assem- 
bling, assembled.]  To  bring  together  ; to 
collect ; to  call  together  ; to  convene  ; to  con- 
voke ; to  muster. 

He  . . . shall  assemble  the  outcasts  of  Israel,  and  gather  to- 
gether the  dispersed  of  Judah.  Isa.  xi.  12. 


Syn.  — Assemble  the  parliament,  congress,  or  legis- 
lature ; collect  debts,  or  curiosities  ; convene  the  inhab- 
itants ; convoke  the  clergy  ; muster  the  soldiers. 

AS-SEM'BLE  (tis-sem'bl),  v.  n.  To  meet  together. 

These  men  assembled,  and  found  Daniel  praying  and 
making  supplication  before  his  God.  Dan.  vi.  11. 

AS-SEM'BLED  (js-sem'bld),  p.  a.  Collected  to- 
gether. “Assembled  angels.”  Milton. 

AS-SEM'BLpR,  n.  1.  One  who  assembles  or  brings 
together.  “ Assemblers  of  the  mob.”  Burke. 

2.  One  who  meets  others  as  a member  of  an 
assembly.  “ Confession  of  faith  . . . published 
by  your  assemblers.”  Hammond. 

AS-SEM'BLING,  n.  A meeting  together.  “Rude 
and  riotous  assemblings.”  Fleetwood. 

AS-SEM'BLY,  n.  [It.  assemblea  ; Sp.  asamblea  ; 
Fr.  assemble.] 

1.  A company  met  together ; a collection  of 

persons  ; a congregation  ; a meeting,  — applied 
to  a political  body,  a legislative  body,  or  an 
ecclesiastical  body  collected  together ; a convo- 
cation ; a convention.  Bp.  Hall. 

2.  f A collection  of  things  ; an  assemblage. 

“ The  little  assembly  of  islands.”  Howell. 

General  Assembly  of  the  church  of  Scotland,  the 
legislature  of  the  Scottish  church; — held  annually, 
in  Edinburgh,  in  May.  — Westminster  Assembly,  a con- 
vocation of  divines,  held  in  July,  lfi-13,  for  the  purpose 
of  drawing  up  a formula  of  the  Calvinistic  Presbyte- 
rian faith. — Primary  assembly,  in  the  United  States, 
a meeting  held  under  a municipal  jurisdiction,  at 
which  every  legalized  voter  has  a voice. 

Syn. Assembly  is  applied  to  persons  ; assemblage 

to  things  ; an  assemblage  of  figures  or  objects  ; a group 
of  statues  ; a collection  of  books. 

Assembly  is  used  to  denote  a promiscuous  collection 
of  persons,  or  a political  or  an  ecclesiastical  body;  as, 
“ The  assembly  was  confused  ” (Acts  xix.  32) ; a le- 
gislative or  an  ecclesiastical  assembly.  A meeting  is 
public  or  private  ; as  a meeting  for  business  or  for  public 
worship.  A company  is  a number  of  private  individ- 
uals united  together  ; as  a private  company,  or  a com- 
pany of  friends,  or  of  soldiers.  Congregation  is  a pub- 
lic, and  more  commonly  a religious,  body  ; asa  Chris- 
tian congregation.  A council  is  a select  body,  either 
ecclesiastical  or  civil.  A convention  is  a select  body, 
called  together  sometimes  for  ecclesiastical,  but  com- 
monly for  political  purposes.  Convocation  and  synod 
are  ecclesiastical  terms  ; as  a convocation  of  bishops  and 
clergy  ; a Presbyterian  synod.  Parliament,  diet , and 
congress  are  political  terms.  Parliament  and  diet  are 
assemblies  under  a monarchical  form  of  government ; 
congress  and  convention,  under  a republican  govern- 
ment ; as  the  Parliament  of  Great  Britain,  the  Diet 
of  Germany,  the  Congress  of  the  United  States,  the 
National  Convention  of  France. 

AS-SEM'BLY— ROOM,  n.  A public  room  for  com- 
pany. “ Enter  the  assembly-rooms.”  Johnson. 

AS-SENT',  n.  [L.  assensus.]  Act  of  agreeing  to 
any  thing  ; consent ; agreement ; concurrence  ; 
acquiescence  ; approbation  ; compliance. 

Assent  of  the  mind  to  truth  is,  in  all  cases,  the  work,  not 
of  the  understanding,  but  of  the  reason.  Sewell. 

Royal  assent,  the  signature  or  assent  by  the  king  to 
a bill  or  act  of  Parliament. 

Syn.  — Assent  respects  reason  or  judgment;  con- 
sent, the  conduct.  He  assented  to  the  truth  of  the 
statement,  and  consented  to  act  in  accordance  with 
it.  Assent  of  the  judgment ; consent  of  the  will ; 
agreement  to  a bargain  ; concurrence  in  a measure  ; 
acquiescence  in  a proceeding  ; approbation  of  an  act ; 
compliance  with  a request. 

AS-SfiNT',  V.  n.  [ i . ASSENTED  ; pp.  ASSENTING, 
assented.]  To  express  concurrence  or  agree- 
ment ; to  concede  ; to  consent. 

The  Jews  also  assented,  saying  that  these  things  were  so. 

Acts  xxiv.  9. 

It  is  one  thing  to  assent  to  a moral  proposition;  another, 
and  very  different  thing,  to  have  properly  imbibed  its  influ- 
ence. Palcy. 

Syn.  — See  Comply. 

AS-SEN-TA'TION,  n.  Compliance  out  of  flattery. 
“ Fawning  assentation.”  Bp.  Hall. 

f AS-SgN-TA'TOR,  n.  [L.]  A flatterer  ; an  ob- 
sequious follower.  Sir  T.  Elyot. 

f AS-SEN'TA-TO-RT-Ly,  ad.  In  a flattering  man- 
ner. “ Assentatorily  to  represent.”  Bacon. 

AS-SENT'ER,  n.  One  who  assents.  “ An  as- 
senter  ...  to  that  Rabbinical  rule.”  Whitlock. 

AS-SEN'TI£NT  (js-sen'shent),  a.  Yielding  as- 
sent. Qu.  Rev. 

AS-SEN'TI£NT  (fis-sgn'shent),  n.  One  who  as- 
sents or  acquiesces  ; an  assenter.  N.  Brit.  Rev. 


AS-SENT'ING-LY,  ad.  By  way  of  assent.  Iluloet. 

AS-SEN'T!VE,  a.  Giving  assent.  Savage. 

f AS-SENT'MjpNT,  n.  Consent ; assent.  Browne. 

AS ' SER,  n.  [L.,  a small  beam.]  (Arch.)  A thin 
rafter,  board,  or  lath.  Francis. 

AS-SERT',  v.  a.  [L.  asscro,  assertus  ; ad,  to,  and 
sero,  to  connect ; It.  assertire.\  [i.  asserted  ; 
pp.  asserting,  asserted.] 

1.  To  affirm  positively  ; to  declare  ; to  main- 

tain ; to  asseverate;  to  aver.  “ Assert  eternal 
Providence.”  Milton. 

2.  To  vindicate  ; to  defend;  as,  “To  assert 
one’s  rights.” 

Syn.  — Assert  the  truth  ; maintain  it  by  argument ; 
affirm  what  you  know  ; aver  or  asseverate  it  with  so- 
lemnity ; declare  it  publicly  ; vindicate  a good  cause  ; 
defend  innocence. 

f As-Sf,R-TA'TION,  n.  Assertion.  Sir  T.  More. 

AS-SER'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  asserting  ; as,  “ To 
persevere  in  the  assertion  of  one’s  rights.” 

2.  That  which  is  asserted  ; a declaration  ; an 
affirmation  ; a position  advanced.  “ I will  not 
quarrel  with  his  assertion.”  Browne. 

AS-SER'TIVE,  a.  1.  That  asserts;  implying  or 
containing  an  assertion. 

The  distinction  of  a verb  as  assertive  or  unassertive  is 
called  its  mood  or  mode.  J.  llunter. 

2.  Positive ; dogmatical  ; peremptory. 

Proposing  them  not  in  a confident  and  assertive  form,  hut 
as  probabilities  and  hypotheses.  Gtanvill. 

AS-SER'TIVE-LY,  ad.  Affirmatively.  Bp.  Bedell. 

AS-SERT'OR,  n.  One  who  asserts.  Dryden. 

AS'S£R-TO-RY  [as'ser-tur -e,  Ja.  K.  Sm.  B.  Todd ; 
?s-ser'to-re,  \Vb.],  a.  Affirming;  supporting. 
“ It  is  the  assertory  oath.”  Bp.  Hall. 

But  whether  each  of  them  be  according  to  the  kinds  of 
oaths  divided  by  the  schoolmen  — one  assertory , the  other 
promissory ; to  which  some  add  a third,  comminatory — is  to 
me  unknown.  Fuller. 

t AS-SERVE',  v.  a.  [L . asservio,  to  serve.]  To 
serve  ; to  help  ; to  second.  Bailey. 

AS-SESS',  V.  a.  [L.  assideo,  to  sit  by  as  an  assist- 
ant ; Old  Fr.  assesser,  to  impose  a tax  ; taxes 
being  imposed  at  an  assize  or  session  of  men 
appointed  for  the  purpose.]  [i.  assessed  ; pp. 
ASSESSING,  ASSESSED.] 

1.  To  charge  with  any  certain  sum,  as  a due 
share  ; to  tax  ; as,  “ To  assess  the  citizens  of  a 
town,  or  their  property,  for  public  expenses.” 

2.  To  fix  or  determine  as  a proportion  to  be 
paid ; to  compute  ; to  estimate  ; to  appraise  ; to 
value  ; to  rate;  as,  “ To  assess  a tax.” 

f AS-SESS',  n.  Assessment.  Princely  Pelican. 

AS-SESS'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  assessed  or 
taxed  ; iiable  to  be  taxed.  Todd. 

AS-SESSED'  (?s-sest'),  p.  a.  Rated  or  fixed  by 
authority.  Smart. 

f AS-SES'StON  (?s-sesh'un),  n.  [L.  assessfo.]  A 
sitting  down  by.  Bailey. 

AS-SES'SION-A-Ry  (js-seshun-a-re),  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  assessors.  “Assessionary  court.”  Carew. 

AS-SESS'MENT,  n.  [See  Assess.] 

1.  Act  of  assessing;  as,  “ The  jury  did  not 
agree  in  the  assessment  of  damages.” 

2.  The  sum  assessed  or  levied  as  a due  share  ; 
a tax ; a charge  ; a rate. 

His  [Charles  I.’s]  Parliament  introduced  the  practice  of 
laying  weekly  and  monthly  assessments  of  a specific  sum 
upon  the  several  counties  ot  the  kingdom.  Blackstone. 

AS-SESS'OR,  n.  [L.  assessor;  assideo,  to  sit  by.] 

1.  One  who  sits  by'  another  as  an  assistant  in 
council,  or  as  next  in  dignity. 

Don  Quixote,  or  his  assessors,  the  curate  and  the  barber. 

Warton. 

Assessor  to  the  throne  of  thundering  Jove.  Dryden. 

2.  One  who  assesses  persons  or  property  for 
taxation.  “ The  assessors  of  taxes.”  Raleigh. 

This  is  the  usual  sense  in  the  United  States.  It  is 
seldom  now  so  used  in  England ; those  who  assess 
taxes  being  there  termed  surveyors.  Ogilvie. 

3.  (Law.)  One  skilled  in  the  law,  appointed 

to  advise  and  direct  the  decisions  of  judges  of 
inferior  courts  ; — especially  so  used  in  Scot- 
land. In  England  it  is  applied  also  to  a per- 
son chosen  to  assist  the  mayor  and  aldermen 
of  cities  at  the  ward  elections.  Rrande. 

AS-SETH',  n.  Sufficient.  — See  Assets.  Chaucer. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  |,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


ASSETS 


89 


ASSOCIATE 


AS'SETS  [as'sets,  S.  W.  P . J.  F ■ Ja.  K.  Sm.  R. ; 
js-sets',  C.  Wb.],  n.  pi.  [Fr.  assez,  enough.] 

1.  Property  or  effects  belonging  to  a merchant 

or  trader.  McCulloch. 

2.  (Law.)  The  property  or  effects  of  a bank- 
rupt applicable  to  the  payment  of  his  debts  ; or 
property  as  compared  with  liabilities.  Burrill. 

3.  (Law.)  Property  of  a deceased  person 
chargeable  with  his  debts  or  legacies.  Burrill. 

SSf-  This  word  originally  meant  property  of  a de- 
ceased person  sufficient  (assez)  to  pay  his  debts  and 
legacies  ; but  it  is  now  used  to  signify  any  property 
applicable  to  this  purpose, though  quite  insufficient  in 
amount  or  value.  Burrill. 


f AS-SEV  ER,  }v.a.  [L.  assevero,  assevera- 

AS-SEV'^R-ATE,  \tus,  to  act  with  earnestness; 
It.  asseverare ; Sp.  aseverar ; Old  Fr.  asce- 
verer.]  [i.  asseverated  ; pp.  asseverating, 
asseverated.]  To  assert  or  affirm  with  great 
solemnity  ; to  aver ; to  declare  positively. 
“ Anselmus  . . . assevereth  it.”  Fotherby. 


AS-SEV-IJR-A'TION,  n.  Act  of  asseverating ; 
solemn  or  positive  affirmation  or  assertion. 

Such  bold  asseverations  . . . largue  raslincs8.  Hooker. 


ASS'HEAD  (fts'llSd),  n.  One  slow  in  apprehen- 
sion ; a blockhead ; a dolt.  Shak. 


AS-SIB'I-LATE,  v.  a.  To  make  sibilant.  Dwight. 
AS'SI-DENT,  a.  [L.  assideo,  assidens,  to  sit  near.] 
(Med.)  That  accompanies  ; concomitant;  — ap- 
plied to  the  accessory  symptoms  and  general 
phenomena  of  a disease.  Dunglison. 

f AS-SID'(J-ATE,  a.  Assiduous.  Fabyan. 


AS-SI-DU'I-TY,  n.  [L.  assiduitas ; It.  assiduitt i; 
Sp.  asiduidcid ; Fr. assiduite.)  Diligence;  close- 
ness of  application  ; assiduousness. 


Syn.  — See  Industry. 

AS-SID'U-OUS  (js-sid'yu-us),  a.  [L.  assiduus.] 
Constant  in  application  or  attendance;  very 
diligent ; unremitting  ; indefatigable  ; sedulous. 

The  mind  that  lies  fallow  but  a single  day  sprouts  up  in 
follies  that  are  only  to  be  killed  by  a constant  and  assiduous 
culture.  Spectator. 

Syn. — See  Diligent,  Sedulous. 


AS-SlD'U-OUS-LY  (as-sTd'yu-us-le),  ad.  Diligent- 
ly. “Assiduously  bend  his  mind.”  Barrow. 

AS-slD'y-OUS-NESS,  n.  Close  application  ; as- 
siduity. “ Art  and  assiduousness.”  Todd. 

t AS-SIE^E'  (as-sej1),  v.  a.  [Fr.  assidger.]  To 
besiege.  “Assieged  the  castle.”  Fabyan. 

AS-SI-EN' TO,  n.  [Sp.  asiento,  a contract.]  A 
contract,  between  Spain  and  other  European 
powers,  for  furnishing  the  Spanish  dominions 
in  America  with  negro  slaves.  Burke. 


AS-SIGN'  (as-sln'),  v.  a.  [L .assigno;  It.  asse- 
gnare  ; Sp.  asignar  ; Fr.  assigner.)  [i.  as- 
signed ; pp.  ASSIGNING,  ASSIGNED.] 

1.  To  mark  out ; to  allot  by  apportionment ; 
to  appoint ; to  apportion. 


of  the  clergy  ; — so  termed  because  it  represent- 
ed land  which  might  be  transferred  or  assigned 
to  the  holder.  P.  Cyc. 

AS-SIG-NA'TION,  n.  [L.  assignation] 

1.  Act  of  assigning  ; a designation. 

The  assignation  of  particular  names  to  denote  particular 
objects  would  probably  be  one  of  the  first  steps  towards  the 
formation  of  a language.  A.  Smith. 

2.  An  appointment  to  meet;  — used  more 

particularly  for  love  appointments.  Swift. 

House  of  assignation,  house  at  which  meetings  for 
purposes  of  illicit  intercourse  are  appointed  to  take 
place. 

3.  (Law.)  An  alienation,  transfer,  or  con- 
veyance ; an  assignment.  Ashmole. 

AS-SIGN-EE'  (as-se-ne'),  n.  (Law.)  One  to  whom 
any  right  or  property  is  assigned  : — one  who  is 
appointed  by  another  to  do  any  act : — one  to 
whom  some  right  or  property  is  transferred, 
or  upon  whom  either  devolves  by  the  mere  op- 
eration of  law.  In  this  sense,  an  executor  is 
the  assignee  of  the  testator  ; and  an  adminis- 
trator, of  the  intestate.  Burrill. 

AS-SlGN'Jflt  (as-sin'er),  n.  One  who  assigns. 

AS-SlGN'MJ|JNT  (aa-sln'ment),  n. 

1.  Act  of  assigning ; designation  ; appoint- 

ment. “ If  it  were  in  his  power,  or  at  his  as- 
signment.” Grafton. 

2.  (Late.)  A transfer  by  one  person  to  an- 

other of  any  property,  real  or  personal,  or  of 
any  estate  or  right  therein  : — a transfer  by  a 
debtor  of  all  his  property  and  effects  to  one  or 
more  assignees  for  the  benefit  of  his  creditors  : 
— the  instrument  or  writing  by  which  a transfer 
of  property  is  made.  Burrill. 

Assignment  of  dower,  (Law.)  tiie  designation  by 
metes  and  bounds  of  one  third  part  of  a man’s  estate 
as  the  dower  of  ills  widow,  and  allotting  it  to  iier 

as  her  portion.  Burrill. 

AS-SIGN-OR'  (as-se-nijr',  130),  n.  (Laic.)  One  who 
makes  an  assignment ; — correlative  of  assignee. 

AS-SiGNlj'  (as-slnz'),  n.  (Laic.)  Persons  to  whom 
the  property  or  interest  described  in  a deed  or 
other  document  may  happen  at  any  future  time 
to  be  assigned,  either  by  deed  or  by  operation 
of  law;  assignees;  — now  used  only  in  the 
plural,  but  formerly  used  in  the  singular,  as 
synonymous  with  assignee.  Burrill. 

AS-SIM-I-LA-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
assimilable,  [r.]  Coleridge. 

AS-SIM'I-LA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  assimilated. 

AS-SIM'I-LATE,  v.  n.  [L.  assimilo,  assimilatus, 
to  make  like;  It.  assimigliare ; Sp.  asimilar  ; 
Fr.  assimiler .]  [*.  assimilated  ; pp.  assimi- 

lating, assimilated.]  To  grow  or  become 
similar  ; to  be  converted  into  by  digestion. 

Whatsoever  assimilateth  not  to  flesh,  turneth  either  to 
sweat  or  fat.  Bacon. 

AS-SlM'1-LATE,  v.  a.  1.  To  bring  to  a likeness  ; 
to  liken  to  ; to  make  similar. 


The  last  day  will  assign  to  every  one  a station  suitable  to 
his  character.  Addison. 

2.  To  fix;  to  specify;  to  determine. 

There  is  no  such  intrinsic,  natural,  settled  value  in  any 
thing  as  to  make  any  assigned  quantity  of  it  constantly  worth 
any  assigned  quantity  of  another.  Locke. 

3.  To  adduce  ; to  allege;  to  advance;  as, 
“ To  assign  a reason.” 

4.  (Law.)  To  make  over  a right  to  another  ; 

as,  “ To  assign  an  estate  or  other  property  ” : 
— to  appoint  a time  ; as,  “ To  assign  a day  for 
trial  ” : — to  select  or  designate ; as,  “ To  assign 
counsel  for  a prisoner  ” : — to  point  out ; to  set 
forth  ; as,  “ To  assign  errors  in  a writ  of  error  ” ; 
“ To  assign  breaches  of  a covenant.” — To  as- 
sign false  judgment,  to  declare  how  a judgment 
was  unjust.  — To  assign  waste,  to  show  wherein 
the  waste  was  committed.  — To  assign  dower, 
to  designate  by  metes  and  bounds  a widow’s 
portion  of  an  estate.  Burrill. 

Syn. — See  Advance,  Allege,  Allot,  As- 
cribe. 

AS-SIGN'A-BLE  (?s-sln'ft-bl),  a.  That  may  be 
assigned.  “ Any  assignable  quantity.”  Wallis. 

AS-SJG-JVAT'  (as-in-yi'  or  hs-jg-nat'),  n.  [Fr.] 
A certificate  of  a share  or  interest  in  the  public 
funds  ; a sort  of  paper  money  issued  by  the 
government  of  France,  during  the  revolution, 
and  based  on  the  confiscated  landed  property 


The  downy  flakes  . . . assimilate  all  objects.  Coivper. 

2.  To  turn  to  its  own  substance  by  digestion. 

lienee  also  animals  and  vegetables  may  assimilate  their 
nourishment.  Hewton. 

t AS-SlM'l-LATE-NESS,  M.  Likeness.  Bailey. 

AS-SIM-J-LA'TION,  n.  1.  State  of  being  assimi- 
lated or  made  like  something  else  ; likeness. 

It  is  as  well  the  instinct  as  duty  of  our  nature  to  aspire  to 
an  assimilation  with  God.  Decay  of  Piety. 

2.  Act  or  process  of  assimilating,  or  of  con- 
verting one  substance  into  another ; — especial- 
ly the  conversion  of  food  by  digestion  into  the 
substance  of  organized  beings.  “ The  very  act 
of  assimilation  of  nourishment.”  Bacon. 

AS-SIM'I-LA-TIVE,  a.  Having  the  power  of  as- 
similating. “ An  attractive,  a retentive,  an  as- 
similative, and  an  expulsive  virtue.”  Hakeicill. 

AS-SlM'I-LA-TO-RY,  a.  Assimilative.  Roget. 

t AS-SIM'U-L.ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  assimulo .]  To  feign  ; 
to  counterfeit ; to  simulate.  Bailey. 

f AS-SIM-II-LA'TION,  n.  Simulation.  Bailey. 

AS-SI-NE'GO,  n.  [Port,  asinego,  a little  ass.]  An 

ass.  “ Mules  and  assinegos.”  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

AS-SI'.sqr,  n.  (Scottish  law.)  A juror.  Whishaw. 

AS-SlST',  v.  a.  [L.  assisto,  to  stand  by  ; It.  as- 


sistere  ; Sp.  asistir  ; Fr.  assister.]  [i.  ASSIST- 
ED ; pp.  assisting,  assisted.]  To  help  ; to 
aid  ; to  succor  ; to  second. 

Receive  her  in  the  Lord; . . . assist  her  in  whatsoever  btisi- 
ness  she  hath  need  of  you.  Bom.  xvi.  2. 

Syn.  — See  Help,  Second. 

AS-SlST',  v.  n.  1.  To  help;  to  contribute. 

That  they  might  mutually  assist  to  the  support  of  each 
other.  Helton. 

2.  To  be  present,  as  at  a public  meeting.  [A 
French  idiom.]  Milman. 

AS-SIST'ANCE,  n.  [Fr.]  Help;  aid;  support; 
relief ; succor. 

Assistance  only  can  be  given  by  a genius  superior  to  that 
which  it  assists.  Drydcn. 

Syn.  — See  Aid. 

AS-SIST'ANT,  a.  Helping  ; aiding  ; auxiliary. 
“ Some  were  assistant  to  him.”  Hale. 

AS-SIST'ANT,  n.  1.  One  who  assists;  coadju- 
tor. “ Allied  to  eminent  assistants.”  Shah. 

2.  An  attendant,  [it.]  Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Coadjutor. 

AS-SIST'JpR,  n.  An  assistant;  a helper  ; an  aux- 
iliary. “ Chief  aiders  and  assisters.”  North. 

f AS-SIST’FUL,  a.  Helpful;  auxiliary;  aiding. 
“ Thou  hast  assistful  stood.”  C/iapman. 

AS-SIST'ING,  p.  a.  Helping;  aiding. 

AS-SiST'L^SS,  a.  Helpless  ; succorless. 

Stupid  he  stares,  and  all  assistless  stands.  Pope. 

AS-SIZE',  n.  [L.  assideo,  to  sit  by  or  near;  Fr. 
assise,  a session.  See  Assess.]  (Eng.  Law.) 

1.  f An  assembly  of  knights  and  other  sub- 
stantial men,  with  the  bailiff  or  justice,  in  a 
certain  place,  and  at  a certain  time  appointed. 

Grand  Coustumier  of  Normandy. 

2.  f A species  of  jury  introduced  by  Henry 

II.  as  a substitute  for  the  duellum  or  battel,  and 
established  particularly  for  the  trial  of  ques- 
tions of  seizin  of  land.  In  this  sense  the  term 
is  obsolete  in  England,  but  in  Scottish  law  it  is 
still  technically  applied  to  the  jury  in  criminal 
eases.  Burrill. 

3.  f A species  of  writ  having  for  its  object  to 

determine  the  right  of  possession  of  lands,  and 
to  recover  the  possession  ; — so  called  because 
the  sheriff  is  ordered  to  summon  a jury  or  as- 
size. Burrill. 

4.  f The  verdict  of  a jury  upon  a writ  of  as- 
size. Blackstone. 

5.  f An  ordinance,  statute,  or  regulation  ; 

as,  the  assizes  of  the  forest  (regulations  respect- 
ing the  royal  forests)  ; assize  of  bread  (a  statute 
fixing  the  weight  and  price  of  bread) ; assizes  of 
Jerusalem  (the  code  of  feudal  law  framed  for 
the  kingdom  of  Jerusalem.)  Brande. 

6.  f Any  thing  reduced  to  a certainty  in  re- 

spect to  time,  number,  quantity,  quality,  weight, 
measure,  &c. ; as,  a rent  of  assize  (the  rent  of 
the  freeholders  of  a manor).  Blackstone. 

An  hundred  cubits  high  by  just  assize.  Spenser. 

7.  A court,  or  the  sitting  of  a court;  — an 

ancient  sense  of  the  word,  but  now  applied, 
generally  in  the  plural,  to  the  periodical  session 
held  by  the  judges  of  the  superior  courts  in  the 
counties  of  England,  for  the  purpose  of  trying 
issues  at  nisi  prius,  and  delivering  the  jails. 
This  is  the  only  sense  in  which  the  word  is  an 
existing  law  term  in  England.  Brande. 

fAS-SlZE',  v.  a.  To  fix  ; to  appoint. 

Thou  shalt  have  (lay  and  time  assized.  Gower. 

AS-SIZ'^R,  n.  1.  An  officer  who  has  the  care  of 
weights  and  measures.  Chambers. 

2.  (Scotland.)  A juryman  ; — often  spelt  as- 
sisor  and  assizor-.  Burrill. 

Ass'LIKE,  a.  Resembling  an  ass,  or  what  per- 
tains to  an  ass.  “ Ass-like  braying.”  Sidney. 

f AS-SO'BJpR,  v.  a.  To  make  sober.  Gower. 

AS-SO-CJ-A-BIL'I-TY  (as-so-she-a-bll'e-fe),  n.  Ca- 
pability of  association  ; associableness.  Craig. 

AS-SO’CJ-A-BLE  (as-so'she-a-bl),  a.  That  may 
be  associated  with  ; companionable.  Cotgrave. 

AS-SO'CJ-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Socialness;  associa- 
bility.  Bailey. 

AS-SO'CI-ATE  (as-so'she-at),  V.  a.  [L.  associo, 
associatus  ; ad,  to,  and  socio,  to  join  together  ; 


MIEN,  SIR ; ^MO  VE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  (j,  9,  g,  soft;  G,  G,  j,  g,  hard;  S$  as  z;  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


ASSURE 

to  sew  on.]  A patch,  or  piece  set  on.  “ Assu- 
ment  or  addition.”  Lewis. 

AS-SUM'JJK,  n.  One  who  assumes.  South. 

AS-SUM'ING,  p.  a.  Arrogant;  haughty. 

This  makes  him  assuming  in  conversation,  and  peremp- 
tory in  answers.  Collier. 

AS-SUM'ING,  n.  Presumption  ; arrogance.  “The 
vain  assumings  of  some.”  B.  Jonson. 

AS-SUMP ' SIT  (as-suin'sjt),  n.  [L.,  he  undertook  ; 
perfect  tense  of  assumo,  to  take  to  one’s  self.] 
( Law .)  A voluntary  promise,  made  by  word, 
whereby  a man  takes  upon  himself  to  perform 
or  pay  any  thing  to  another. 

Jin  action  of  assumpsit,  an  action  brought  to  recover 
damages  for  breach  of  a parol  contract,  or  contract 
not  under  seal,  express  or  implied.  It  takes  its  name 
from  the  emphatic  words  or  phrase  in  the  writ,  “ Su- 
per se  assumpsit,”  i.  e.  took  upon  himself,  undertook, 
or  promised.  Burrill. 

f AS-SUMPT'  (?s-sumt'),  v.  a.  [Old  Fr.  assump- 
ter.\  To  take  up  to  a higher  place.  “ She  was 
assumpted  into  the  cloud.”  Bp.  Hall. 

f AS-SUMPT',  n.  That  which  is  assumed  or  taken 
for  granted  ; an  assumption.  Chillingworth. 

AS-SUMP'TION  (as-suin'shun),  n.  1.  Act  of  as- 

suming or  taking  upon  one’s  self.  “ His  as- 
sumption of  our  flesh.”  Hammond. 

2.  Act  of  appropriating;  adoption. 

It  is  evident  that  the  prose  psalms  of  our  liturgy  were 
chiefly  consulted  and  copied,  by  the  perpetual  assumjitions  of 
their  words  and  combinations.  Warton. 

3.  The  thing  assumed  or  taken  for  granted  ; 

a postulate;  a supposition.  “Your  assump- 
tion ’s  wrong.”  Dnjden. 

The  unities  of  time  and  place  arise  evidently  from  false 
assumptions.  Johnson. 

4.  A taking  up  into  heaven;  — particularly 
of  the  Virgin  Mary,  as  believed  by  the  Catholic 
church,  and  celebrated  by  a festival  on  the 
15th  of  August. 

Let  us  remember  that  this  is  the  day  of  the  assumption  of 
our  blessed  Lady,  and  trust  we  in  her.  Fabyan. 

5.  {Logic.)  The  minor  or  second  proposition 

of  a categorical  syllogism.  Fleming. 

Syn.  — See  Pretension. 

AS-SUMP'TIVE  (as-sum'tiv),  a.  [L.  assumptivus.] 
That  is  assumed.  Johnson. 


ASSOCIATE 

It.  associare  ; Sp.  asociar ; Fr.  associer.]  [/.as- 
sociated ; pp.  ASSOCIATING,  ASSOCIATED.] 

1.  To  join  as  follower,  confederate,  partner, 
or  companion. 

A fearful  army,  led  by  Caius  Marcius, 

Associated  with  Aufluius.  Shak. 

2.  To  join  or  unite  ; — applied  to  things. 

Language  and  fashion  associate  also  affections.  Sandys. 

3.  f To  keep  company  with  ; to  accompany. 

Friends  should  associate  friends  in  grief  and  woe.  Shak. 

AS-SO'CI-ATE,  v.  n.  To  unite  with  another  ; to 
be  in  familiar  intercourse  with. 

They  appear  in  a manner  no  way  assorted  to  those  with 
whom  they  must  associate.  Burke. 

AS-SO'CI-ATE  (as-so'she-jt),  a.  Confederate; 
united  with  ; conjoined;  acting  with  ; as,  “An 
associate  judge.” 

AS-SO'CI-ATE  (as-so'she-at),  n.  1.  An  intimate 
acquaintance ; a companion.  “ A noble  gen- 
tleman, no  unsuitable  associate.”  Wotton. 

2.  One  united  with  another  for  some  special 
purpose ; a partner  ; a confederate  ; an  ally. 
“ Their  defender  and  his  associates.”  Hooker. 

Syn.  — An  habitual  associate  -,  an  occasional  com- 
panion ; a partner  in  trade  ; a confederate  in  an  un- 
lawful enterprise ; an  allxj  in  politics  or  war ; an 
accomplice  in  crime. — See  Ally,  Colleague, 
Follower. 

AS-SO'CI-AT-fD  (as-so'she-at-ed),  p.  a.  Confed- 
erated ; united  together. 

AS-SO-CI-A'TION  (as-so-she-a'shun),  n. 

1.  Union  ; connection  ; conjunction  ; — ap- 
plied to  things  or  to  persons.  “ N ew  associa- 
tions and  motions  ...  of  particles.”  Newton. 

The  natural  tendency  whiqh  all  men  have  to  sociable  life, 
and  consent  to  some  bond  of  association.  Hooker. 

2.  A society  formed  for  a special  object ; a 
company  ; a combination  ; a confederacy. 

The  leaders  of  political  clubs,  associations,  and  neighbor- 
hoods.  Burke. 

3.  {Congregational  church.)  A body  of  cler- 
gymen or  pastors  of  neighboring  churches  unit- 
ed for  religious  purposes. 

Association  of  ideas,  {Met.)  that  connection  between 
certain  ideas  which  causes  them  to  succeed  each  other 
involuntarily  in  the  mind.  Crabb. 

If  several  thoughts,  or  ideas,  or  feelings  have  been  in  the 
mind  at  the  same  time,  afterwards,  if  one  of  these  thoughts 
return  to  the  mind,  some  or  all  of  the  others  will  frequently 
return  with  it ; this  is  called  the  association  of  ideas.  Tat/lor. 

Syn.  — An  ecclesiastical,  scientific,  or  literary  as- 
sociation ; a society  for  good  fellowship  or  mutual 
improvement;  a company  for  trade;  a combination  of 
individuals  ; a union  of  parties,  or  of  states  ; a confeder- 
acy of  states  ; a partnership  in  business  ; connection  by 
relationship  or  close  dependence. 

AS-SO-CI-A'TION-AL,  a.  Relating  to  an  associ- 
ation of  clergymen.  [A  word  sometimes  used 
in  the  United  States.]  Dwight. 

AS-SO'C{-A-TIVE  (js-so'she-j-tlv),  a.  Tending 
to  associate  or  unite,  [r.]  Coleridge. 

AS-SO'CI-A-TOR  (as-so'she-i-tor),  n.  A confed- 
erate. “ Associators  and  conspirators.”  Dryden. 

f AS-SOIL',  v.  a.  1.  [L.  absolvere ; It.  assolvere  ; 
Old  Fr.  assoiler.]  To  solve;  to  clear  up.  “To 
assoil  this  seeming  difficulty.”  Waterland. 

2.  To  release  or  set  free ; to  absolve. 

Of  all  the  sins,  that  we  have  done, 

To  be  assoiled  at  Ills  hand.  Percy's  Reliqucs. 

3.  [Fr.  souillcr.]  To  stain;  to  soil.  “Can 
with  unthankfulness  assoil  me.”  Beau.  § FI. 

t AS-SOIL'M^NT,  n.  The  act  of  assoiling;  ac- 
quittal ; absolution.  Speed. 

AS-SOIL'ZI5,  v.  a.  {Scotch  Law.)  To  acquit ; to 
absolve.  “ God  assoilzie  him  of  the  sin  of 
bloodshed.”  Sir  W.  Scott. 

AS'SO-NANCE,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  assono,  to  re- 
spond by  sound;  Sp.  asonancia .]  (Pros.)  A 
correspondence  of  sound  in  the  termination  of 
verses  less  complete  than  that  of  rhyme,  as  in 
some  kinds  of  Spanish  poetry  ; — distinguished 
from  consonance,  or  perfect  rhyme.  — See  As- 
sonant, n.  Brande. 

AS'SO-nAnT,  a.  Having  a resemblance  in  sound. 

As'SO-NANT,  n.  [Sp.  asonante,  from  L.  assono, 
to  answer  by  sound.]  (In  Spanish  verse.)  The 
last  word  in  a verse,  having  the  same  accented 
vowel  or  vowels  as  those  of  the  last  word  in  the 


90 

verse  to  which  it  is  intended  to  correspond ; 
as,  “ mocedad  — casar  ” ; “ desdichado  — ca- 
brello  ” ; “ gallordos  — hermano.”  P.  Cyc. 

f As'SO-NATE,  v.  n.  [L.  assono.]  To  sound,  or 
ring  like  a bell.  Cockeram. 

AS-SORT',  v.  a.  [L.  sors,  lot ; It.  assortire  ; Fr. 
assortir .]  [/.  assorted  ; pp.  assorting,  as- 

sorted.] 

1.  To  select  and  bring  together,  as  things  in 
some  respects  alike  or  suited  to  one  another  ; 
— sometimes  applied  to  persons. 

They  appear  in  a manner  no  way  assorted  to  those  with 
whom  they  must  associate.  Burke. 

2.  To  furnish  with  various  sorts.  “To  be 
found  in  the  well-assorted  warehouses.”  Burke. 

AS-SORT',  v.  n.  To  be  adapted;  to  be  suitable  ; 
to  agree  ; to  consort.  Smart. 

AS-SORT'MpNT,  n.  1.  Act  of  assorting,  arrang- 
ing, or  classing.  R.  Johnson. 

2.  A mass  or  quantity  assorted  or  properly 
selected  and  brought  together  ; a class. 

When  the  greater  part  of  objects  had  thus  been  arranged 
under  their  proper  classes  and  'assortments.  A.  Smith. 

3.  (Com.)  A collection  of  many  kinds  or  va- 
rieties ; as,  “ An  assortment  of  goods.” 

f AS-SOT',  v.  a.  [Fr.  assotcr.\  To  infatuate. 

That  monstrous  error  that  doth  some  assot.  Spenser. 

AS-SUA<?E'  (as-swaj'),  v.  a.  [Low  L.  adsuavio  ; 
suavis,  sweet ; A.  S.  aswefian  ; Old  Fr.  assoager 
or  assouager.  “ We  waver  between  a Saxon 
and  a Latin  root.  We  cannot  doubt  that  it 
comes  to  us  directly  from  the  Fr.  assouager, 
which  seems  unquestionably  formed  from  the 
Old  Fr.  souef,  soft,  sweet.  On  the  other  hand 
the  A.  S.  aswefian,  to  soothe,  to  appease,  &c., 
affords  a perfect  explanation  of  the  word.” 
Wedge  wood.']  [/.assuaged;  yip.  assuaging, 

ASSUAGED.] 

To  mitigate;  to  soften;  to  moderate;  to  al- 
lay ; to  appease  ; to  soothe. 

Ilaply  time  and  space  would  assuage  their  anger.  Holland. 

Refreshing  winds  the  summer’s  heats  assuage. 

And  kindly  warmth  disarms  the  winter's  rage.  Addison. 
God  will  assuage  thy  pangs  when  I am  laid  in  dust.  Campbell. 

Syn. — See  Allay,  Appease. 

AS-SIJA(?E'  (?s-swaj'),  v.  n.  To  abate;  to  sub- 
side ; to  moderate. 

God  made  a wind  to  pass  over  the  earth,  and  the  waters 
assuaged.  Gen.  viii.  1. 

AS-SUA<5!E'MpNT,  n.  Mitigation;  abatement. 
“ Hope  of  assuagement  or  release.”  Spenser. 

AS-SUAO'IJR,  n.  One  who  assuages,  or  appeases. 

AS-SUA'SIVE  ( fis-swa'sjv)f  a.  Assuaging. 

If  in  the  breast  tumultuous  joys  arise, 

Music  her  soft,  assuasive  voice  applies.  Pope. 

f AS-SUB'JIf.CT,  v.  a.  [Old  Fr.  assoubjcctir.]  To 
make  subject ; to  subdue.  Cot  grave. 

t AS-SUR'.IU-GATE,  v.  a.  To  subjugate.  Shak. 

f AS-SUE-FAC'TION  (as-we-iak'slmir),  n.  [L.  as- 
suefacio,  to  accustom.]  The  act  of  accustom- 
ing. “ From  use  and  tissue-faction.”  Browne. 

t AS'SUB-TUDE  (as'swe-tud),  n.  [L.  assuetudo. ] 
Custom.  “Assuctude  of  things  hurtful.”  Bacon. 

AS-SUME',  v.  a.  [L.  assumo  ; ad,  to,  and  sumo, 
to  take  up  ; It.  assumere  ; Sp.  asumir ; Fr. 
assumer. ] [/.  assumed  ; pp.  assuming,  as- 

sumed.] 

1.  To  take  ; to  take  upon  one’s  self. 

Sceptre  and  power,  thy  giving,  I assume.  Milton. 
If  it  assume  my  noble  father’s  person, 

I ’ll  speak  to  it,  though  hell  itself  should  gape.  Shak. 

2.  To  pretend  to  ; to  take  unjustly  ; to  put 
on  with  a view  to  deceive  ; to  affect. 

Assume  a virtue,  if  you  have  it  not.  Shak. 

3.  To  take  for  granted  ; to  consider  as  true. 

In  every  hypothesis,  something  is  allowed  to  be  assumed. 

Boyle. 

4.  To  apply  to  one’s  own  use ; to  adopt. 

Ilis  majesty  might  well  assume  the  complaint  and  expres- 
sion of  King  David.  Clarendon. 

Syn.  — See  Affect,  Appropriate. 

AS-SUME',  v.  n.  1.  To  claim  more  than  is  due; 
to  be  arrogant.  Burnet. 

2.  (Law.)  To  undertake.  — See  Assumpsit. 

f AS-SU'MpNT,  n.  [Low  L.  assumentum ; assuo. 


Assumptive  arms,  {Her.)  arms  assumed  with  the  ap- 
probation of  the  sovereign,  or  a grant  from  the  proper 
officer  of  arms  : — also,  armorial  bearings  improperly 
assumed.  Brande. 


AS-SUMP'TI VE-LY  (as-sum'tjv-le),  ad.  By  as- 
sumption. Dr.  Allen. 

AS-SUR'ANCE  (?s-shur'jns),  n.  1.  A pledge  of 
truth  or  certainty ; ground  of  confidence ; rea- 
son for  belief. 

Whereof  he  hath  given  assurance  unto  all  men,  in  that  he 
hath  raised  him  from  the  dead.  Acts  xvii.  31. 

2.  Freedom  from  doubt ; certain  knowledge. 

’T  is  far  off. 

And  rather  like  a dream,  than  an  assurance 

That  my  remembrance  warrants.  Shak. 

3.  Confidence ; courage ; intrepidity. 

With  all  the  assurance  innocence  can  bring  ; 

Fearless  without,  because  secure  within.  Dryden. 

4.  Boldness  ; want  of  modesty  ; impudence  ; 
as,  “ He  is  a man  of  unbounded  assurance.” 

5.  (Theol.)  Security  with  respect  to  a future 
state  ; certainty  of  acceptance  with  God.  Buck. 

6.  (Law.)  A deed  or  instrument  of  convey- 

ance. Thus,  common  assurances  are  modes  of 
conveyance  established  by  the  law  of  England, 
called  common,  because  thereby  every  man’s 
estate  is  assured  to  him.  Burrill. 

7.  Insurance,  as  applied  to  a contract  of  in- 

demnity for  life  contingencies  ; — formerly  also 
applied  to  a contract  to  pay  losses  by  fire  or  at 
sea,  but  now  restricted  to  life  contingencies.  — 
See  Insurance.  Brande. 

Syn. Assurance  is  excessive  confidence,  and,  un- 

accompanied by  a sense  of  propriety,  often  degener- 
ates into  impudence  or  shamelessness ; — bold  assurance  ; 
shameless  impudence. 

AS-StJRE'  (fi-shur'),  v.  a.  [Low  L.  assccuro ; It. 
assicurare-,  Sp.  asegurar;  Fr.  assurer.]  [/. 
ASSURED;  pp.  ASSURING,  ASSURED.] 

1.  To  make  certain  or  sure  ; to  free  from  ob- 
scurity or  uncertainty. 

So  reason’s  glimmering  ray 
Was  lent,  not  to  assure  our  doubtful  way, 

But  guide  us  upward  to  a better  day.  Dryden. 


A,  E,  1,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short ; A,  £,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


ASSURED 


91 


A ST  LI  I CTO  RY 


2.  To  make  confident ; to  exempt  from  doubt 
or  fear  ; to  confer  security. 

And  hereby  we  know  that  we  are  of  the  truth,  and  shall 
assure  our  hearts  before  him.  1 John  iii.  19. 

3.  To  bespeak  confidence  by  a promise,  or  by 
positive  and  earnest  assertion. 

I dare  assure  thee  that  no  enemy 

Shall  ever  take  alive  the  noble  Brutus.  Shak. 

4.  f To  affiance  ; to  betroth. 

This  diviner  laid  claim  to  me,  called  me  Dromio,  swore  I 
was  assured  to  her.  Shak. 

5.  {Laic.)  To  agree  to  indemnify  for  loss  ; to 
insure. 

Suppose  that  the  sum  assured  is  to  be  paid  at  the  end  of 
the  year  in  which  the  life  fails.  Brande. 

ASSURED  (st-shurd'  or  a-shur'ed),  p.  a. 

1.  Certain  ; indubitable  ; not  doubted.  “ An 

assured  experience.”  Bacon. 

2.  Confident  ; not  doubting.  “No,  be  as- 
sured, yon  shall  not  find  me.”  Shak. 

3.  {Laiv.)  Insured.  Burrill. 

AS-SUR'pD-LY  (a-shur'ed-le),  ad.  Certainly;  in- 
dubitably. “ Assuredly  you  know  me.”  Shak. 

AS-SUR'fiD-NESS  (si-shut'ed-nes),  n.  State  of 
being  assured  ; certainty.  Hakewill. 

AS-SUR'ER  (?-shur'er),  n.  1.  One  who  assures 
or  gives  assurance.  Burrill. 

2.  {Law.)  One  who  promises  to  make  good  a 
loss  ; an  insurer.  Burrill. 

AS-SiiR'GflNT,  a.  [L.  assurgo,  assurgens,  to  rise 
up.]  {Bot.)  Rising  upward  in  a curve.  Loudon. 

AS-SUR'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a way  to  assure.  Ogilvie. 

f AS-SWA^E',  v.  a.  See  Assuage. 

AS-TA'CIAN  (zts-ta'shan,  66),  n.  {Zool.)  A crus- 
tacean of  the  lobster  kind.  Eng.  Cyc. 

AS-TAC'O-LITE,  n.  [Gr.  aarrnto;,  a lobster,  and 
}.iBo t,  a stone.]  {Geol.)  The  fossil  remains  of  a 
lobster-like  crustacean.  Eng.  Cyc. 

As ' TA-CUS,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  aarards,  a lobster 
or  crab.]  {Zool.)  A genus  of  crustaceous  ani- 
mals ; the  fresh-water  lobster.  Agassiz. 

f A-START',  v.  a.  See  Astert.  Spenser. 

AS-TAR  'TE,  n.  {Myth.)  A Syrian  or  Phoenician 
goddess  ; — - called  by  the  Hebrews  Ashtoreth, 
Astoreth,  or  Ashtaroth.  2 Kings  xxiii.  13. 

With  these  in  troop 

Came  Astoreth,  whom  the  Phoenicians  called 

Astarte , queen  of  heaven;  with  crescent  horns.  Milton. 

AS-TAT'IC,  a.  [Gr.  aaTaro;,  unsteady.]  {Elec- 
tro-Magnetism.) Having  little  directive  power  ; 

— applied  to  a compound  galvanometer  needle 

of  great  sensibility,  composed  of  two  parallel 
magnetic  needles  of  nearly  the  same  strength, 
affixed  to  the  same  axis  of  suspension,  and  hav- 
ing their  similar  poles  oppositely  directed,  so  as 
nearly  to  neutralize  the  magnetic  influence  of 
the  earth.  Lovering. 

A-STAY',  ad.  {Naut.)  Used  of  the  anchor,  when, 
in  heaving  it,  an  acute  angle  is  formed  between 
the  cable  and  the  surface  of  the  water.  Ogilvie. 

AS'T^-I^M,  n.  [Gr.  aoTticrpdf,  a witty  saying; 
acrv,  the  city.]  {Rhet.)  Urbane  wit ; a kind  of 
delicate  irony  ; — opposed  to  rustic  coarseness 
or  simplicity.  Crabb. 

AS' TER,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  aanjp,  a star.]  {Bot.) 
A genus  of  plants  having  radiated  flowers,  re- 
sembling little  stars  ; the  starwort.  Loudon. 

AS-TE  ' RI-A,  n.  [L.]  {Min.)  A gem,  which,  seen 
obliquely,  emits  a radiance  that  disappears  in 
the  direct  light  of  the  sun  : — the  bastard  opal, 
a variety  of  sapphire.  Dana. 

AS-TE'RI-A-LTTE,  n.  [L.  aster,  and  Gr.  Was, 
a stone.]  {Pal.)  A fossil  asterias.  Buchanan. 

AS-TE’  RI-AS,  n.  [Gr.  iarf- 
pitt{.]  {Zo’il.)  A genus  of 
radiated  marine  animals  ; 
the  star-fish.  Agassiz. 

AS-TE'RI-AT-IJD,  a.  Radi- 
ated, as  a star.  Smart. 

AS'Tf,R-ISK,  TO.  [Gr.  aari- 
pujxoj.]  A little  star  used 
in  printing,  and  directing  to  a note  in  the  mar- 
gin or  at  the  bottom  of  the  page  ; an  asterism. 

— Asterisks  are  also  used  to  denote  an  omis- 
sion or  hiatus.  Brande. 


AS'T^R-I^M,  to.  [Gr.  aar/jp,  a star.] 

1.  (Astron.)  A constellation.  “ Poetry  had 

filled  the  skies  with  asterisms.”  Bentley. 

2.  {Pointing.)  Three  stars  ***  placed  befoie 
a long  note  : — an  asterisk.  “ Dwell  particu- 
larly on  passages  with  an  asterism* Dryden. 

As'TfR-ITE,  [L.]  The  star-stone  ; a kind 

AS-TE-RI 1 TE§,  S of  glittering  opal;  asteria  ; — 
called  also  astroite  and  astrite.  Smart. 

A-STERN',  ad.  [A.  S.  a and  steam .1  {Naut.) 

1.  Behind  the  ship,  as  opposed  to  ahead, 
which  is  before  her.  “ Finding  . . . the  Wager 
was  very  far  astern,  we  shortened  sail.”  Anson. 

2.  Backward;  as,  “The  current  drives  the 
ship  astern.” 

As'TB-ROID,  to.  [Gr.  noTi'iQ,  a star,  and  eJ5oj, 
form.]  {Astron.)  A small  planet ; — a term  ap- 
plied to  the  newly-discovered  planets  Ceres, 
Pallas,  Juno,  Vesta,  and  others,  whose  orbits 
are  between  those  of  Jupiter  and  Mars.  Hind. 

AS-TJJ-ROID'AL,  a.  Relating  to  an  asteroid. 

As-TE-ROL  'E-PUS,  to.  [L.,  from  Gr.  aar/jp,  a 
star,  and  fonts,  a scale.]  {Pal.)  A large  fossil 
reptile-like  fish  related  to  fish  of  the  genus 
Amia.  Miller. 

AS-TE-RO-PHYL'LITE,  to.  [Gr.  aari'ip,  a star, 
<ph).).ov,  a leaf,  and  XiBos,  a stone.]  {Pal.)  An 
extinct  fossil  equisetiform  plant.  LyeU. 

f A-STERT',  v.  a.  [A.  S.  astirian,  to  move.] 

1.  To  start  away  ; to  escape. 

Choose  which  thou  wilt,  for  thou  shalt  not  astert.  Chaucer. 

2.  To  startle;  to  frighten;  to  terrify. 

No  danger  there  the  shepherd  can  astert.  Spenser. 

AS- 7 HE- ATI  A,  ? n_  [Gr.  AaBivaa  ; a priv.  and 

AS'THE-NY,  ) cDti/o t,  strength.]  Debility  ; want 
of  strength;  feebleness.  Dunglison. 

AS-THEN'IC,  a.  [Gr.  a priv.  and  aBlvo;,  strength.] 
Feeble  ; marked  by  great  debility.  Brande. 

ASTH'MA  (ast'ma),  to.  [Gr.  aaOpa,  a panting  or 
gasping.]  {Med.)  A disease,  the  chief  symptom 
of  which  is  a difficulty  of  breathing,  accompa- 
nied with  cough  and  expectoration.  Dunglison. 

ASTH-MAT'IC  (ast-mat'ik),  > a_  Relatin"- 

ASTH-MAT'I-CAL  (?st-mat'e-k?l),  ) to,  or  afflicted 
with,  asthma.  Boyle. 

ASTH-MAT'JC  (stst-mat'jk),  to.  One  affected  with 
asthma.  Dunglison. 

ASTH-MAT'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  an  asthmatieal 
manner  ; with  asthma.  Richardson. 

A-STIG'MA-TLSM,  to.  [Gr.  a priv.  and  arlypa,  a 
spot.]  ( Optics.)  A defect  in  the  eye,  which  con- 
sists in  its  refracting  the  rays  of  light  differ- 
ently in  different  planes.  Brande. 

f as-tIp'U-lAte,  v.  to.  [L.  astipulor .]  To 
agree  to.  “ All,  but  an  hateful  Epicurus,  have 
astipulated  to  this  truth.”  Bp.  Hall. 

f AS-TIP-U-lA'TION,  to.  Agreement.  “Consent 
and  astipulation.”  Bp.  Hall. 

A-STIR',  a.  [A.  S.  astirian,  to  move.]  Stirring; 
active  ; in  motion.  Dickens. 

+ AS-TONE',  v.  a.  [A.  S.  stunian,  to  stun.]  To 
terrify  ; to  astonish.  Chaucer. 

AS-TON'I-BD,  p.  a.  Struck  with  amazement  or 
terror  ; astonished. 

Adam,  soon  ns  he  heard 
The  fatal  trespass  done  by  Eve,  amazed, 

Astonied  stood,  and  blank.  Milton. 

f AS-TON'I-IJD-NESS,  to.  State  of  being  aston- 
ished. “Astoniedness  or  dulness.”  Barret. 

AS-TON'ISH,  v.  a.  [L.  attono,  to  thunder  at,  to 
stun  ; A.  S.  stunian,  to  stun  ; Old  Fr.  astonneri] 
[i.  ASTONISHED  ; pp.  ASTONISHING,  ASTON- 
ISHED.] To  amaze;  to  impress  with  wonder 
or  terror  ; to  surprise  ; to  stupefy  ; to  confound. 

It  is  the  part  of  men  to  fear  and  tremble, 

When  the  most  mighty  gods  by  tokens  send 

Such  dreadful  heralds* to  astonish  us.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Amaze. 

AS-TON'lSH-pD-LY,  ad.  In  astonishment.  “As- 
tonishedly  waited.”  Bp.  Hall. 

AS-TON'ISH-ING,  p.  a.  Tending  to  astonish; 
amazing  ; as,  “ An  astonishing  spectacle.” 


AS-TON'ISH-ING- LY,  ad.  In  a surprising  man- 
ner. “Land  astonishingly  fruitful.”  Swinburne. 

AS-TON'ISH-ING-NESS,  to.  Quality  to  excite 
astonishment.  Todd. 

AS-TON'ISII-MENT,  to.  State  of  being  aston- 
ished; extreme  surprise;  amazement;  confu- 
sion of  mind  through  fear  or  wonder.  Sidney. 

Astonishment  is  that  state  of  the  soul  in  which  all  its  mo- 
tions are  suspended,  with  some  degree  of  horror.  Burke . 

Syn.  — See  Wonder. 

fAS-TON'Y,  it.  a.  To  terrify  ; to  astonish.  “Her 
astonying  looks.”  Spenser. 

f AS-TON'Y-ING,  to.  Astonishment ; terror.  “As- 
tonying of  heart.”  Geneva  Bible. 

AS-TOUND',  v.a.  [A.  S.  astundian;  Old  Fr.  es- 
tonner .]  [*.  astounded  ; pp.  astounding,  as- 
tounded.] To  strike  with  terror  ; to  astonish. 

These  thoughts  may  startle  well,  but  not  astound, 

The  virtuous  mind,  that  ever  walks  attended 

By  a strong-siding  champion,  Conscience.  Milton. 

t AS-TOUND',  v.  ra.  To  strike  terror. 

The  lightnings  flash  a larger  curve,  and  more 

The  noise  astounds.  Thomson. 

AS-TOUND'ING,  p.  a.  Causing  terror.  “A 
menacing  and  astounding  face.”  B.  Jonson. 

AS-TOUND 'MpNT,  to.  The  act  of  astounding,  or 
striking  with  terror,  [r.]  C.  Lamb. 

A-STRAd'DLE,  ad.  [A.  S.  stredan,  to  spread.] 
With  one  leg  on  each  side  ; astride.  Bailey. 

AS-TRJE  'A,  n.  [L.]  1.  The  goddess  of  justice, 

daughter  of  Jupiter  and  Themis.  She  is  rep- 
resented as  a virgin,  with  a sword  in  one  hand 
and  a pair  of  scales  in  the  other. 

2.  {Astron.)  The  sign  Virgo  : — one  of  the 
minor  planets  or  asteroids,  discovered  in  1845, 
by  the  Prussian  astronomer  Ilencke.  Hind. 

3.  (Zool.)  A genus  of  reef-building  corals,  the 

calcareous  skeleton  of  which  is  characterized 
by  star-shaped  lamellate  cells  crowded  upon  the 
surface.  Brande. 


cmki 


D 


AS'TRA-GAL,  TO.  [Gr.  a- 
orp/iyakos,  ankle-bone.] 

{Arch.)  A small  moulding  whose  profile  is  semi- 
circular, serving  as  an  ornament  at  the  tops 
and  bottoms  of  columns.  Weale. 


AS-TRAG  ' A-  J.  US,  TO.  [L.,  from  Gr.  aarpayako;.) 

1.  (Anat.)  The  ankie-bone,  sling-bone,  or 

first  bone  of  the  foot,  situated  at  the  upper  and 
middle  part  of  the  tarsus,  where  it  is  articu- 
lated with  the  tibia.  Dunglison. 

2.  {Bot.)  A genus  of  leguminous  plants,  of 
which  two  or  more  species  afford  the  gum  tra- 
gacanth  of  commerce  ; milk-vetch.  Loudon. 

AS'TRAL,  a.  [Gr.  aari'/p,  a star.]  Relating  to 
the  stars;  starry.  “ Astral  forms.”  Dryden. 

Astral  lamp,  a large,  standing  parlor  lamp,  of  which 
the  oil  is  contained  in  a horizontal  ring,  and  con- 
veyed to  the  burner  in  the  centre  by  two  or  more 
connecting  tubes. 

fAS-TRAUGHT',  a.  Aghast;  distraught.  Goldyng. 

A-STRAY'  (a-stra'),  ad.  [A.  S.  astreeged,  strayed  ; 
streegan,  to  stray.]  Out  of  the  right  way. 

That  knew  not  whether  right  he  went  or  else  astray.  Spenser. 

AS-TRICT',  v.  a.  [L.  astringo,  astrictus,  to  draw 
closely  ; ad,  to,  and  stringo,  to  bind.] 

1.  To  confine  ; to  astringe.  “ The  course  of 
water  astricted  . . . will  . . . burst  out.”  Hall. 

2.  {Med.)  To  contract,  [r.]  “Solid  parts 

. . . relaxed  or  astricted.”  Arbuthnot. 

3.  {Scottish  Law.)  To  restrict  the  tenure  of 

land  by  obliging  the  possessor  to  carry  his  grain 
to  be  ground  at  a particular  mill.  Burrill. 

fi  AS-TRICT',  a.  Brought  into  a small  compass. 
“An  epitaph  is  a superscription,  or  an  astrict, 
pithy  diagram.”  Weever. 

AS-TRlC’TION,  to.  1.  Restraint ; restriction. 

Any  divine  astriction  more  than  what  is  subordinate  to 
the  good  of  either  party.  Milton. 

2.  {Med.)  A contraction  ; — particularly  ap- 
plied to  the  action  of  astringent  substances  on 
the  animal  economy.  Dunglison. 

f AS-TRIC'TIVE,  a.  Binding  ; astringent ; styptic. 
“Bloodstone, ...  of  nature  astrictive." Bullokar. 

fi  AS-TRIC'TO-RY,  a.  Astringent.  Bailey. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  S6N  ; BULL,  I!UR,  RULE.  — 9,  <?,  9,  g,  soft;  P,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  § as  7.;  ^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


ASTRIDE 


92 


ATCHE 


A-STRIDE',  ad.  [A.  S.  st redan,  to  spread.]  With 


the  legs  apart.  “ Stand  astride.”  Boyle. 

t AS-TRIF'f.K-OUS,  a.  [L.  astrifer .]  Bearing 

stars  ; starry.  Bailey. 

f AS-TRt^'f  R-OC'S,  a.  [L.  astriger.]  Carrying 

stars  ; star-bearing.  Bailey. 


AS-TR!n<?E',  v.  a.  [L.  astringo-,  Fr.  astreindre.  1 

[ i . AST1UNGED  ; pp.  AST  RINGING,  ASTRINGED.] 
To  make  parts  contract;  to  draw  closely;  to 
constringe.  “Astringe  and  congeal.”  Holland. 

AS-TRlN'<?EN-CY,  n.  Quality  of  being  astrin- 
gent ; power  of  binding  or  contracting.  “ Bit- 
ter substances,  by  their  astringency,  . . . stim- 
ulate the  fibres.”  Arbuthnot. 

AS-TR[N'£ENT,  a.  Tending  to  contract  or  bind ; 
binding  ; contracting  ; styptic  ; — opposed  to 
laxative.  “Astringent  diet.”  Arbuthnot. 

AS-TRIN'G£NT,  n.  An  astringent  medicine. 
“ Astringents  inhibit  putrefaction.”  Bacon. 

AS-TRIN'9ENT-LY,  ad.  In  an  astringent  man- 
ner. Richardson. 

f AS-TR!n'9?R,  n.  [Old  Fr.  austour,  a gos- 
hawk.] A falconer.  See  Austringeii.  Shak. 

AS'TRlTE,  n.  Star-stone.  — See  Asteiute. 

AS-TROG 'NO-SY,  n.  [Gr.  aorpov,  a star,  and  yvtooi;, 
knowledge.]  'the  science  of  the  stars.  Francis. 

AS-TROG'R A-PIIY,  n.  [Gr.  aorpov,  a star,  and 
ypd(|)w,  to  describe.]  A description  of  the  stars. 

AS'TRO-lTE,  n.  [L.  astroites ; from  Gr.  aorpov,  a 
star  ; Fr.  astrolte. ] 

1.  A stone  sparkling  like  a star  ; asteria.  “ A 
species  of  the  astroite , or  starry-stone.”  Warton. 

2.  A species  of  petrified  madrepore.  Ogilvie. 

AS'TRO-LABE,  n.  [Gr.  di rrpov,  a star,  and  /.ap0a- 
vu,  to  take ; It.  <Sr  Sp.  astrolabio ; Fr.  astrolabe.'] 

1.  (Astron.)  An  instrument 

formerly  used  for  taking  al- 
titudes or  observations  of  the 
stars,  and  for  taking  angles 
generally ; — now  superseded 
by  the  altitude  and  azimuth 
circle,  the  equatorial,  the 
theodolite,  and  the  quad- 
rant. Hutton. 

2.  (Astron.)  A stereographic  projection  of 

the  sphere  upon  the  plane  of  one  of  its  great 
circles  ; a planisphere.  Brande. 

+ AS-TROL'A-BY,  n.  An  astrolabe.  Chaucer. 

f AS-TROL'A-TRY,  n.  [Gr.  aorpov,  a star,  and 
Xarptia,  worship.]  Worship  of  stars.  Cudworth. 

AS-TROL'O-tgPR,  n.  [Gr.  aorpov,  a star,  and 
/.dyo;,  a discourse  ; L.  astrologus .]  One  who  is 
versed  in,  or  who  practises,  astrology7.  Dryden. 

f AS-TRO-LO'Gl-AN,  n.  An  astrologer.  Camden. 

AS-TRO-LO^r'IC,  I a.  i Relating  to  astrol- 

AS-TRO-LOt^'I-CAL,  ) ogy.  Bentley. 

2.  Professing  astrology ; given  to  astrology. 
“No  astro  logic  wizard.”  Dryden.  “Some  men 
seem  a little  astrological.”  Wotton. 

AS-TRO-LO<y'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  an  astrological 
manner.  “ Plutarch’  interprets  astrologically 
that  tale  of  Mars  and  Venus.”  Burton. 

AS-TROL'0-£IZE,  v.  n.  To  practise  astrology. 

AS-TROL'O-OY,  n.  [Gr.  aorpoXoyia  ; aorpov,  a star, 
and  /.6yo;,  a discourse ; L.  astrologia.]  The 
science  of  the  stars  : — appropriately,  the  pre- 
tended science  or  art  of  foretelling  future  events 
by  means  of  the  position  or  aspects  of  the  heav- 
enly bodies,  which  was  generally  accepted  as 
true  by  all  the  nations  of  antiquity  except  the 
Greeks,  and  prevailed  throughout  the  whole 
world  in  the  middle  ages.  It  was  founded  on 
the  supposed  influence  of  the  heavenly  bodies 
on  sublunary  and  human  affairs.  P.  Cyc. 

Syn.  — See  Astronomy. 

AS-TRO-ME-TS-0-RdL'Q-<?Y,  n.  [Gr.  aorpov,  a 
star,  ptrliooos , lofty,  and  kayo;,  a discourse.]  The 
art  of  foretelling  the  weather  from  the  aspect 
of  the  moon  and  stars.  Ogilvie. 

AS-TRGM'JJ-TlifR,  n.  [Gr.  aorpov,  a star,  and 
ptrpov,  measure.]  (Astron.)  An  instrument  in- 


vented and  employed  by  Sir  John  Herschel  for 
the  purpose  of  comparing  the  intensities  of 
light  of  the  stars,  one  with  another,  by  the  in- 
tervention of  the  moon,  or  the  planet  Jupiter, 
or  some  other  natural  standard.  Brande. 

AS-TRON'O-llpR,  n.  [Gr.  aarpov,  a star,  and 
v6yo;,  a law.]  One  skilled  in  astronomy. 

An  undevout  astronomer  is  inad.  Young. 

t AS-TRO-NO'MI-AN,  n.  An  astronomer.  “ Astro - 
nomians  came  from  the  East.”  Wickliffe. 

AS-TRO-NOM  IC,  I a.  [Gr.  dorpovoptud;.]  Be- 

AS-TRO-NOM'I-CAL,  j longing  to  astronomy. 
“Astronomic  line.”  Blackmore.  “Set  them 
down  in  their  astronomical  canons.”  Browne. 

AS-TRO-NOM'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  an  astronomi- 
cal manner.  “Astronomically  calculated,  and 
erected  according  to  Tycho’s  table.”  Gregory. 

AS-TRON'O-AI IZE,  v.  n.  To  study  astronomy. 
“ Thus  they  astronomized  in  caves.”  Browne. 

AS-TRON'O-My,  n.  [Gr.  dorpovopta  ; aorpov,  a star, 
and  vopd s,  a rule  or  law.]  A mixed  mathemati- 
cal science  which  treats  of  the  heavenly  bodies, 
including  their  motions,  distances,  arrange- 
ment, and  magnitudes, — of  their  constitution 
and  physical  condition,  — and,  in  general,  of 
whatever  is  known  respecting  them.  Brande. 

Astronomy  . . . shows,  beyond  all  other  sciences,  the  mag- 
nificence of  His  creations.  Paley. 

Physical  astronomy  is  that  department  of  tile  science 
which  consists  in  the  combination  of  the  various 
phenomena  as  actually  observed,  in  order  to  find  out 
what  are  their  physical  causes,  and  according  to  what 
laws  those  causes  act.  P.  Cyc. 

Syn. — astronomy  is  founded  on  observation  and 
demonstration,  and  teaches  tile  motions  of  the  stars  ; 
astrology  treats  of  tile  supposed  influence  of  the  stars. 

AS'TRO-SCOPE,  n.  [Gr.  aorpov,  a star,  and  oko-oIoi, 
to  see.]  (Astron.)  A kind  of  astronomical 
instrument,  consisting  of  two  cones,  on  which 
the  constellations  are  depicted.  Hutton. 

f AS-TROS'CO-PY,  n.  (Astron.)  The  art  of  ob- 
serving the  stars  with  instruments.  Hutton. 

AS'TRO— THp-OL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  aorpov,  a star, 
and  OioXoyia,  theology.]  Theology  founded  on 
the  observation  of  the  celestial  bodies.  Dcrham. 

f AS-TRUC'T!  VE,  a.  Building  up  ; superadding  ; 
— opposed  to  destructive. 

The  true  method  of  Christian  practice  is  first  destructive , 
then  astructive  ; according  to  the  prophet,  “ Cease  to  do  evil, 
learn  to  do  well.”  Bp.  Hall. 

A-STRUT1,  a.  Acting  with  pomposity  ; strutting. 

Inflated  and  astrut  with  self-conceit.  Cowper. 

fA-STUN',  v.  a.  [A.  S.  stunian .]  To  stun. 
“ Breathless  and  astunned.”  Somerville. 

AS'TUR,n.  [li.astore  ; Fr.  autour.]  (Ornith.) 
A genus  of  hawks,  including  the  goshawk,  or 
Astur  palumbarius.  Yarrell. 

AS-TUTE',  a.  [L.  astutus ; astus,  craft.]  Cun- 
ning; shrewd;  wily;  crafty.  “We  term  those 
most  astute,  which  are  most  versute.”  Sandys. 

AS-TUTE'LY,  ad.  Shrewdly  ; cunningly. 

AS-TLTTE'NBSS,  n.  Cunning;  subtlety.  Maunder. 

A-STY'LAR,  a.  [Gr.  a priv.  and  oruX.os  a column.] 
Having  no  columns  or  pilasters.  P.  Cyc. 

A-SUN'DpR,  ad.  [A.  S.  asundran,  apart.]  Apart; 
in  two  parts ; separately. 

Severed  as  the  flax 

That  falls  asunder  at  the  toueh  of  fire.  Cowper. 

t A-SWEVED',  p.  a.  [A.  S.  asivefan,  to  stun.] 
Stupefied.  “ Astonied  and  asweved.”  Chaucer. 

f A-SWdoN',  ad.  [A.  S.  aswunan,  to  swoon.]  In 
a swoon.  “ Fell  to  the  ground  aswoon.”  Gower. 

A-SY'LUM  (a-sl'Ium),  n. ; pi.  L.  a-sy'la  ; Eng. 
as-y'hjm$.  [Gr.  aoo'/.ov,  a sanctuary;  a priv. 
and  oii/.Tj,  ’plunder  ; i.  e.,  inviolate,  because  they 
who  fled  to  it  were  secure  from  harm ; L.  asy- 
lum ; It.  A;  Sp.  asilo  ; Fr.  asyle .] 

1.  A sanctuary ; a place  of  refuge ; a place 
of  retreat  and  security  ; a shelter  ; — applied 
originally  to  places  in  which  criminals  and 
debtors  were  secure  from  arrest.  Ayliffe. 

2^A  charitable  institution,  as  for  the  blind, 
deaf  and  dumb,  lunatics,  &c.  Brande. 

Nothing  can  show  more  plainly  the  tendency 


of  our  language  to  an  antepenultimate  accent  than 
the  vulgar  pronunciation  of  this  word,  which  gener- 
ally places  the  accent  on  the  first  syllable.  This  is, 
however,  an  unpardonable  offence  to  a Latin  ear, 

. which  insists  on  preserving  the  accent  of  the  original 
whenever  we  adopt  a Latin  word  into  our  own  lan- 
guage without  alteration.”  Walker. 

Syn.— -An  asylum  or  sanctuary  for  offenders  ; an 
asylum  for  orphans,  for  the  deaf  and  dumb ; refuse 
from  danger;  shelter  from  a storm;  retreat  from  the 
cares  and  toils  of  life.  — See  Harisor. 

A-SYM'Mp-TRAL,  a.  Incommensurable.  “ Asym - 
tnetral  or  incommensurate.”  Cudworth. 

AS-yM-MET'RI-CAL,  a.  Incommensurable  ; ir- 
regular. “ Asymmetrical  or  unsociable.”  Boyle. 

t A-SYM'Mf-TRoOs,  a.  Asymmetrical.  Barrow. 

A-SYM'ME-TRY,  n.  [Gr.  doopperpta,  dispropor- 
tion ; a priv.,  ohv,  with,  and  ptrpiut,  to  measure.] 

1.  Want  of  symmetry;  want  of  proportion 

between  parts  ; disproportion.  Grew. 

2.  (Math.)  Incommensurability.  Barrow. 

As'YMP-TOTE  (Ss'im-tot)  [as’im-tot,  IF.  Ja.  Sm. 
B. ; s-slm'tot,  >S.  K.  Ash],  n.  ; pi.  as'ymp-totes. 
[Gr.  a priv.  cbv,  with,  and  tri-aru,  to  fall.] 
(Geom.)  A line  which  continually  approaches 
a curved  line,  without  ever  meeting  it.  Davies. 

AS-YMP-TO  P'JC,  ? a.  Relating  to  asymptotes; 

AS-YMP-TOT'I-CAL,  ) approaching,  hut  never 
meeting.  Barrow. 

A-SYN'  DF.-TON,  n.  ; pi.  a-syn[ df.-ta.  [Gr. 
dobvderov,  unconnected;  a priv.  and  ovvbtui,  to 
bind  together.]  (Rhet.)  The  omission  of  con- 
junctions in  a sentence;  as,  “ Veni,  Yidi, 
Vici,”  (I  came,  I saw,  I conquered.) 

At,  prep.  [L.  ad,  to,  at ; Goth,  at ; A.  S.  at.] 

This  word  primarily  denotes  nearness,  pres- 
ence, or  direction  towards. 

1.  Near  ; present ; in  ; as,  “ At  your  house  ” ; 
“At  home  ” ; “At  church  ” ; “ At  school.” 

2.  Coexistent  or  coincident  with ; as,  “ At 
the  same  time.” 

3.  In  the  state  of ; as,  “ At  best  ” ; “ At  the 
worst”;  “At  peace”;  “At  war”;  “ At  rest.” 

4.  Engaged  in  ; a7;,  “At  work  ”;  “At  play.” 

5.  Furnished  with  ; supplied  with. 

And  make  him,  naked,  foil  a man  at  arms.  S/iaJc. 

6.  To  the  burden  of;  to  the  charge  of;  as, 
“ At  the  trouble  ” ; “At  the  expense.” 

7.  In  consequence  • of;  in  compliance  with  ; 
as,  “ It  was  done  at  his  request.” 

8.  In  the  power  of ; obedient  to  ; under;  as, 
“ At  your  command  ” ; “ At  your  service.” 

9.  From. 

The  worst  authors  deserve  something  at  our  hands.  Pope. 

10.  Towards  ; as,  “ To  aim  at  a mark.” 

At  all,  in  any  manner  ; in  any  degree. — It  first,  in 

the  first  place.  — At  last,  in  tile  last  place. HI  once, 

all  together  ; in  the  same  instant.  — To  he  at,  to  at- 
tack. “Guards,  up  and  at  them  1 ” Wellington. 

AT'A-BAL,  n.  [Sp.,  a kettle-drum.]  A kind  of 
tabor  used  by  the  Moors.  Dryden. 

A-TAc'A-MlTE,  n.  (Min.)  A compound  of  chlo- 
ride of  copper,  oxide  of  copper,  and  water  ; — 
originally  found  in  Atacama,  a province  in  the 
northern  part  of  Chili.  Dana. 

AT-A-GHAN' , n.  A Turkish  short  sword  or  long 
dagger  ; — called  also  yataghan.  Clarke. 

A-TAKE',  v.  a.  To  overtake.  Chaucer. 

AT-A-LAN'TA,  n.  (Astron.)  An  asteroid  discov- 
ered by  Goldschmidt  in  1855.  Am.  Naut.  Alman. 

f AT-  A-  R AX'  I-  A,  ) I^(  Jr.  drnpnfin.]  Equanim- 

f AT'A-RAX-Y,  ) ity ; tranquillity.  Glanvill. 

A-TAUNT',  a.  (Naut.)  High  or  tall;  taunt;  — 
commonly  applied  to  a vessel’s  masts.  Dana. 

All-a-taunt-o,  {Naut.)  said  of  a vessel  when  she 
has  all  her  light  and  tall  masts  and  spars  aloft.  Dana. 

A-tAx'IC,  a.  [Gr.  a priv.  and  ra(is,  arrange- 
ment.] (Med.)  Irregular;  characterized  by 
great  irregularity.  Clarke. 

Ataxic  fever,  {Med.)  a name  given  by  Pinel  to  ty- 
phoid fever  when  malignant.  Ogilvie. 

f At'AX-Y,  n.  [Gr.  am|ia.]  Disorder.  “ Infi- 
nite ataxy  and  confusion.”  Hallywell. 

AT'CHF.,  n.  A small  Turkish  coin,  of  the  value 
of  two  thirds  of  a farthing.  Crabb. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  0,  Y,  short;  A,  ?,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure ; FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


ATE 


93 


ATOM 


ATE  (at  or  et)  [at,  S.  F.  Ja.  K.  R.  C. ; at  or  et, 
W. ; et,  Sm.],  i.  from  eat.  — See  Eat. 

Itgp“At.e  . . . frequently,  ami  perhaps  more  correct- 
ly, pronounced  £t.”  Walker.  “A,  in  ate,  many,  anti 
any,  has  been  shortened  into  e.”  Smart. 

A'TE,  n.  [Gr.  "Ary,  goddess  of  mischief;  draw,  to 
hurt,  to  harm.]  (Myth.)  The  personification 
of  discord,  revenge,  or  punishment.  Drande. 
With  him  along  is  come  the  mother-queen, 

An  Ate,  stirring  him  to  blood  and  strife.  Shale. 

AT'E-LENE,  a.  [Gr.  Arehtjs  ; a priv.  and  rO.og, 
end.]  (Min.)  Imperfect ; wanting  regular 
forms  in  the  genus.  Ogilvie. 

ATE'LI-ER  (at'le-a),  n.  [Fr.]  A workshop;  — 
applied  especially  to  the  work-room  of  sculptors 
and  painters  and  called  also  studio.  Fairholt. 


A-TEL'LAN,  n.  \Atclla,  a city  of  Campania, 
where  this  kind  of  comedy  had  its  origin  ; L. 
atcllanus. ] A satirical  or  licentious  drama. 
“ Atellans  and  lascivious' songs.”  Burton. 

A-TEL'LAN,  a.  Relating  to  the  dramas  at  Atella. 
“ Their  . . . Atellan  way  of  wit.”  Shaftesbury. 


A TEM'PO,  [It.,  in  time.]  (Mus.)  Signifying 
that,  after  any  change  of  motion,  the  original 
movement  is  to  be  restored.  Moore. 


A-THAL'A-MOUS,  a.  [Gr.  a priv.  and  BdXapog,  a 
bridal  bed.]  ( Bot .)  Applied  to  lichens  whose 
thallus  is  not  furnished  with  shields  or  beds  for 
the  spores.  Brande. 


ATH-A-MAN'TINE,  n.  ( Chem .)  A crystallizable 
substance  contained  in  the  root  of  the  Atha- 
manta  oreoselinum.  Gregory. 


||  ATH- A-NA'§IAN,  a.  (Feel.  Hist.)  Relating  to 
Athanasius,  a bishop  of  Alexandria  in  the  fourth 
century,  the  reputed  author  of  the  creed  which 
bears  his  name,  and  which  is  an  explicit  avowal 
of  the  doctrine  of  the  Trinity,  against  Arian- 
ism.  “ The  Athanasian  faith.”  Waterland. 


||  AtiI-A-NA'^IAN  (3.th-?-na'zh?n)  [kth-a-na'she- 
an,  Ja. ; ath-j-na'shan,  K.  ; ath-a-nazh'e-an,  Sm. ; 
5th-a-na'zhan,  jR.],  n.  A follower  of  Athanasius, 
or  a believer  in  his  creed.  Waterland. 


Ath'A-NOR,  n.  [Ar.]  A furnace  formerly  used 
by  alchemists,  and  so  constructed  as  continu- 
ally to  supply  itself  with  fuel.  Francis. 

A'TI1£-I§M,  n.  The  denial  or  disbelief  of  a God. 

It  is  a fine  observation  of  Plato  in  his  Laws,  that  atheism  is 
a disease  of  the  soul  before  it  becomes  an  error  of  the  under- 
standing. Fleming. 

A little  philosophy  inclineth  man’s  mind  to  atheism;  but 
depth  of  philosophy  bringeth  men’s  minds  to  religion. Bacon. 

Superstition  has  many  direct  sorrows,  but  atheism  has  no 
direct  joys.  Superstition  catches  at  appearances;  but  athe- 
ism starts  back  from  realities.  Dr.  Farr. 


often  spelt  atheneum,  athenevms.  [L.,  from 
Gr.  ’A Oyinuov,  the  temple  of  Minerva  ; ’AO; ?ru, 
Minerva.] 

1.  A public  edifice  at  Athens,  dedicated  to 

Minerva,  and  frequented  by  philosophers,  poets, 
rhetoricians,  and  other  professors  of  the  liberal 
arts.  Brande. 

2.  In  modern  times,  a public  seminary  or 

gymnasium;  — also,  a public  library  with  a 
reading  room,  furnished  with  periodical  works, 
newspapers,  &c.  Brande. 

A-TIIE'NI-AN,  a.  ( Geog .)  Pertaining  to  Athens. 

A sweet  Athenian  lady  is  in  love.  Shak. 

A-THE'NI-AN,  n.  (Geog.)  An  inhabitant  of 
Athens.  “ I am  no  true  Athenian.”  Shak. 

f ATH-E-O-LO'ljrl-AN,  n.  One  who  is  the  oppo- 
site to  n theologian.  Hayward. 

f A-THE-OL'O-GY)  n.  The  doctrine  of  atheism; 
the  doctrine  that  there  is  no  God.  Cudworth. 

+ A'THIJ-OUS,  a.  Atheistic;  godless.  “The 
hypocrite  or  athcous  priest.”  Milton. 

AtH-E-RI  'JVA,n.  [Gr.  aBeoivy,  a bony  fish.]  (Ich.) 
A genus  of  abdominal  fishes,  intermediate  be- 
tween the  cod  and  the  mullet.  Brande. 

A-THER'MA-NOUS,  a.  [Gr.  a priv.  and  Beppaini, 
to  heat.]  (Chem.)  Applied  to  transparent  or 
translucent  substances  which  resist  the  passage 
of  radiant  heat.  Miller. 

Ath-F.-RO  'AM,  n.  [Gr.  uBtpoipa,  a tumor  full  of 
matter  like  a fhipy,  porridge  of  groats.]  (Med.) 
An  encysted  tumor  ; a species  of  wen.  Sharp. 

ATH-E-ROM'A-TOUS,  a.  (Med.)  Relating  to  an 
atheroma.  Wiseman. 

A-T HIRST',  a.  [a  and  thirst.]  Thirsty.  “Never 
did  drink  but  when  he  was  athirst.”  Baker. 

ATH-LE'  TJE,  n.pl.  [L.,  from  Gr.  dOXyryg,  a com- 
batant.] Contenders  for  victory  at  the  public 
games  of  the  Greeks  and  Romans ; athletes  ; 
wrestlers  ; combatants  ; champions.  Crabb. 

ATII'LETE  [atldlet,  Ja.  R.  Todd ; ath-let',  Sm.], 
n.\  pi.  Xth  'letes.  [Gr.  aSlirjf,] 

1.  A contender  for  victory  in  the  games  of 
the  Greeks  and  Romans;  a wrestler.  Delany. 

2.  One  who  strives  for  the  mastery. 

Was  he  [the  wise  man]  in  adversity,  he  returned  thanks 
to  the  Director  of  this  spectacle  of  human  life  tor  having  op- 
posed to  him  a vigorous  athlete.  A.  Smith. 

ATH-LET'JC,  a.  1.  Belonging  to  wrestling,  or 
muscular  exercise  ; as,  “ Athletic  games.” 

2.  Strong  of  body  ; lusty  ; robust  ; vigorous. 

Seldom  shall  one  see  in  rich  families  that  athletic  sound- 
ness and  vigor  of  constitution  which  is  seen  iu  cottages,  where 
Nature  is  cook  and  Necessity  caterer.  South. 


A'TH(J-IST,  n.  [Gr.  a priv.  and  Qe6g,  God.]  One 
who  denies  the  existence  of  God. 

Atheists  are  confounded  with  Pantheists , such  as  Xenoph- 
anes among  the  ancients,  or  Spinoza  and  Schelling  among 
the  moderns,  who,  instead  of  denying  God,  absorb  every 
thing  into  him.  Fleming. 

A'THIJ-IST,  a.  Atheistical ; denying  God.  “The 
atheist  crew.”  Milton. 


A-TIIJJ-IS'TIC, 

A-TH$-!S'TI-CAL, 

atheism. 


a.  1.  Disbelieving  in  the 
existence  of  God  ; given  to 


It  is  an  ignorant  conceit,  that  inquiry  into  nature  should 
make  them  atheistic.  Bp.  Hall. 


2.  Pertaining  to,  or  partaking  of,  atheism. 
Men  work  themselves  into  an  atheistical  judgment  by 
atheistical  practices.  Dr.  Whichcote. 


A-THB-Is'TI-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  an  atheistical 
manner.  “Talking  atheistically.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

A-THEj-IS'TI-CAL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
atheistical.  Hammond. 

f A'THIJ-Ize,  v.  n.  To  argue  like  an  atheist. 
“ Carried  into  this  way  of  atheizing .”  Cudworth. 

A'THf-fZE,  v.  a.  To  make  an  atheist  of.  “En- 
deavored to  atheize  one  another.”  Bp.  Berkeley. 

f A'TH$-fZ-£R,  n.  One  who  atheizes.  Cudworth. 

ATHEL-,  ADEL-,  and  A3THEL-,  [from  A.  S.  cedel, 
Ger.  adel,  noble.]  A prefix  in  Saxon  names, 
as,  TEtheheft,  noble  counsel ; yEthel&rd,  noble 
genius  ; AEthelwivcA,  noble  protector.  Gibson. 

Ath-E-NJE'  UM,  n. ; pi.  L.  a th-k-nje  'a  ; Eng. 
a rn  k .\yi: ' ums,  ; as  an  Anglicized  word,  it  is 


ATH-LET'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a strong,  or  athlet- 
ic manner.  Ogilvie. 

ATH-LET'I-CI§M,  n Muscular  strength  ; athle- 
tism.  [r.]  Maunder. 

ATH'LIJT-l^M,  n.  The  act  of  contending  at  pub- 
lic games  ; muscular  strength,  [it.]  Ogilvie. 

A-TIIW ART', prep.  [A.  S.  thweorian,  to  thwart.] 

1.  Across  ; transverse  .to.  “ To  break  his 

bridge  athwart  the  Hellespont.”  Bacon. 

2.  (Naut.)  Across  the  line  of  a ship’s  course ; 
as,  “ We  sarv  a fleet  standing  athwart  us.” 

Athwart  the  fore  foot,  applied  to  a cannon  ball  fired 
from  one  ship  across  the  line  of  another’s  course 
ahead  of  her,  to  bring  her  to,  — Athwart  hawse , across 
the  direction  of  a vessel’s  head  ; across  her  cable. — 
Athwart  ships,  reaching  across  from  one  side  of  the 
ship  to  the  other. 

A-THWArt',  ad.  Across;  crosswise ; wrong. 

All  athwart  there  came 

A post  from  Wales,  loaden  with  heavy  news.  Shak. 

The  baby  bents  the  nurse,  and  quite  athwart 

Goes  all  decorum.  Shak. 

A-TILT',  ad.  [A.  S.  tealtian,  to  tilt,  to  waver.] 

1.  At  tilt ; in  the  manner  of  a filter.  “ Thou 

runn’st  atilt.”  Shak. 

2.  [Dut.  tillen,  to  raise.]  In  a tilted  posture, 
as  of  a barrel  raised  behind  to  make  its  con- 
tents run  out. 

. Such  a man  is  always  atilt ; his  favors  come  hardly  from 
him.  Spectator. 

At-LAN-TE'AN,  a.  [L.  Atlanteus.]  Resembling 
Atlas,  the  giant ; gigantic. 

Sage  he  stood, 

With  Atlantean  shoulders  fit  to  bear 

The  weight  of  mightiest  monarchies.  Milton. 


AT-lAW  TFf,  n.  pi.  [L.,  from  Atlas,  the  giant, 
who,  according  to  the  faille,  supported  the  globe 
on  his  shoulders.]  (Arch.)  Figures  or  half 
figures  of  men  used  in  the  place  of  columns  or 
pilasters,  to  sustain  an  entablature;  — called 
also  Telamones.  p.  Cyc. 

AT-LAn'TIC,  a.  [Gr.  ' ArlauTiKig,  belonging  to 
Atlas.] 

1.  Relating  to  Atlas,  the  giant.  “ The  seven 
Atlantic  sisters  ” ; i.  e.  the  Atlantides.  Milton. 

2.  Relating  to  Mt.  Atlas.  “ Citron  tables  or 
Atlantic  stone  ” ; i.  e.  from  Mt.  Atlas.  Milton. 

3.  (Geog.)  Noting  one  of  the  oceans,  so  called 
by  the  ancients  from  Mount  Atlas,  in  the 
western  part  of  Africa  whose  shores  this  ocean 
washes. 

The  gilded  car  of  day 
His  glowing  axle  doth  allay 
Iu  the  steep  Atlantic  stream.  Milton. 

AT-LAn'TIC,  n.  (Geog.)  The  Atlantic  ocean. 

AT-lAjv' TI-DE$,n. pi.  [L.]  (Astron.)  The  Pleia- 
des, or  Seven  Stars  ; — so  named  from  the  seven 
daughters  of  Atlas,  who  are  said  to  have  been 
changed  after  death  into  a constellation.  Crabb. 

AT'LAS,  n. ; pi.  XT'r.A$-E§.  [L.,  from  Gr.  * 'Arias,  a 
mythological  giant  who  was  said  to  support  the 
world  on  his  shoulders.] 

1.  A collection  or  volume  of  geographical 

maps  or  charts  ; — first  applied  in  this  sense  by 
Mercator  in  the  16th  century,  in  allusion  to  the 
fable  of  Atlas.  Brande. 

2.  A large,  square  folio,  resembling  a collec- 
tion of  maps.  Johnson. 

3.  A kind  of  silk  of  Eastern  manufacture. 

I have  the  conveniency  of  buying  Dutch  atlases  with  gold 
or  silver,  or  without.  Spectator. 

4.  A large  kind  of  draw  ing  paper.  Burke. 

5.  (Anat.)  The  uppermost  one  of  the  cervical 

vertebra?  ; — so  named  from  its  supporting  the 
whole  weight  of  the  head,  as  Atlas  w'as  sup- 
posed to  support  the  globe.  Dunglison. 

AT-MOM'£-T£R,  n.  [Gr.  drpdg,  vapor,  and  pirpov, 
a measure.]  (Chem.)  An  instrument  for  ascer- 
taining the  rate  of  evaporation.  Brande. 

AT'MOS-PHERE  (&t'mos-ler),  n.  [Gr.  arp6g,  vapor, 
and  o^taipa,  a sphere  ; Fr.  atmosphere.] 

1.  The  invisible  elastic  fluid  which  surrounds 

the  earth  to  a height  variously  estimated  from 
40  to  100  miles  from  its  surface,  and  which 
presses  by  its  weight  with  a force  of  nearly  15 
pounds  to  the  square  inch ; an  assemblage  of 
abriform  vapors  ; the  air.  Brande. 

2.  (Elec.)  A medium  conceived  to  be  dif- 
fused over  the  surface  of  electric  bodies,  and  to 
extend  to  some  distance  from  them.  Brande. 

3.  (Statics.)  The  weight  of  the  natural  at- 

mosphere on  a unit  of  surface;  — a term  of 
comparison  to  indicate  the  elasticity  or  pres- 
sure of  gaseous  bodies ; thus,  steam  of  two  at- 
mospheres, is  steam  the  pressure  of  which  is 
equivalent  to  double  the  pressure  exerted  by  the 
W’eight  of  the  natural  atmosphere.  Francis. 

AT-MOS-PHER'IC,  i a.  Relating  to,  or  con- 

AT-MOS-PHER'I-CAL,  j sisting  of,  the  atmos- 
phere. “ Our  atmospherical  air.”  Boyle. 

Atmospheric  pressure,  the  weight  of  the  atmosphere 
as  indicated  by  the  height  of  a column  of  mercury  in 
an  exhausted  tube. — Atmospheric  stones,  meteoric 

stones  ; aerolites. Atmospheric  tides,  certain  changes 

in  the  barometric  pressure  of  file  atmosphere,  depend- 
ing on  the  attraction  of  the  sun  and  moon. 

AT-MOS-l’H g-ROL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  drp6g,  vapor, 
mpaipa,  a sphere,  and  X'dyos,  a discourse.]  A dis- 
course on  the  atmosphere.  Bcswick. 

A 'TOLL,  ) n_  [A  Maidive  word.]  (Phi/s. 

A-TOL' LON,  S Geog.)  A chaplet,  ring,  or  circular 
reef  of  coral,  enclosing  a lagoon,  or  portion  of 
the  ocean  in  its  centre.  Somerville. 

AT'OM,  n.  [Gr.  aropog ; a priv.  and  rlpvoi,  to  cut ; 
i.  e.  a part  so  small  that  it  cannot  be  cut ; 
L.  atomus  ; It.  &;  Sp.  atomo  ; Fr.  atome .] 

Molecule  ...  is  something  real,  and  thus  differs  from 
atom , which  is  not  perceived,  out  conceived.  Fleming. 

1.  The  ultimate  particle  of  an  element ; an 

indivisible  particle  of  matter.  P.  Cyc. 

See  plastic  nature  working  to  this  end  ; 

The  single  atoms  each  to  other  tend.  Pope . 

2.  A minute  particle ; any  thing  extremely 
small  ; an  iota  ; a jot. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE-,  NiiR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  R1JLE.  — 9,  9,  9,  g,  soft;  C,  fi,  £,  hard;  ? as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


ATOM 


94 


ATTACHMENT 


f AT'OM,  v.  a.  To  reduce  to  atoms  ; to  atomize. 
“ When  he  is  atomeil  into  flying  dust.”  Feltham. 

A-TOM'IC,  a.  Relating  to  atoms  ; atomical. 

The  atomic  philosophy,  held  by  the  ancient  Epicu- 
reans, taught  that  atoms  are  endued  with  gravity  and 
motion,  by  which  all  things  are  formed  without  the 
aid  of  a Supreme  Being.  — The  atomic  theory , in  mod- 
ern chemistry,  is  the  doctrine  of  definite  proportions 
in  chemical  combinations,  ortho  theory  according  to 
which  the  atoms  of  all  bodies  have  definite  weights 
called  atomic  weights , and  which  is  based  on  the  tact 
that  when  two  substances,  A and  B,  unite  chemically 
in  two  or  more  proportions,  the  numbers  representing 
the  quantities  of  B combined  with  the  same  quantity 
of  A are  in  the  ratio  of  1,  2,3,4,  &c. ; that  is,  they  are 
multiples  by  some  whole  number  of  the  smallest  quan- 
tity of  B with  which  A can  unite.  If  A-|-B  is  the 
first  compound,  the  others  will  be  A-)-2  B,  A -(-3  B, 
&c.,  or  A w ith  some  multiple  of  B ; hence  the  name, 
law  of  multiples,  or  multiple  proportion,  sometimes  ap- 
plied to  this  fact.  Turner. 

A-TOM'I-CAL,  a.  1.  Relating  to  atoms  ; atomic. 

“The  atomical  philosophy'.”  Bentley. 

2.  Consisting  of  atoms.  “ Powders  and  atom- 
ical divisions.”  Browne. 

A-TOM'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  According  to  the  atomic 
philosophy.  “ Fmpedocles  . . . did  physiologize 
atomically."  Cudwortli. 

AT-O-MI "CIAN  (at-o-mfsh'.yn),  n.  An  adherent 
to  the  atomic  philosophy  ; an  atomist.  Be.  Rev. 

+ A-TOM'J-CI§M,  n.  Atomism.  “We  have  dis- 
armed atheism  of  atomidsm."  Cudwortli. 

AT'OM-I^M,  n.  [Fr.  atomisme.]  The  doctrine 
of  the  atomical  philosophy.  Cudwortli. 

AT’OM-IsT,  n.  One  who  holds  the  atomic  phi- 
losophy, or  doctrine  of  atoms.  Locke. 

At'O.M-IZE,  v.  n.  [See  Atom.]  To  speculate 
respecting  atoms.  Cudwortli. 

AT  OM-IZE,  v.  a.  To  reduce  to  atoms.  Baxter. 

At'OM-LIke,  a.  Resembling  atoms.  Browne. 

AT-OiM-OL'Q-<?y,  n.  [Gr.  aropbs,  atom,  and  liyos, 
a discourse.]  The  doctrine  of  atoms.  “ That 
atheistical  atomoloyy .”  Cudworth. 

fAT'O-MY,  n.  1.  An  atom.  “Drawn  with  a 
team  of  little  atomies."  Shak. 

2.  f A ludicrous  corruption  of  anatomy,  in 
the  sense  of  a skeleton. 

You  starved  bloodhound!  . . . thou  atom;/  thou!  Shah. 

A-TONE',  v.  n.  [at,  and  one,  in  the  same  manner 
as  the  L.  verb  aduno,  to  unite,  from  ad,  to,  and 
unus,  one.  “ The  origin  of  this  word  is  obscured 
only  in  the  pronunciation.”  Gibbs.  See  Fow- 
ler’s Grammar.  “To  atone,  according  to  the 
vulgar  etymology,  is  to  set  at  one,  that  is,  to 
reconcile  ; and  hence  atonement  is,  etymologi- 
cally explained,  at-one-ment.  Whether  this 
derivation  is  right  or  not,  reconciliation  seems 
to  have  been  the  primary  meaning  of  atonement 
with  our  earlier  writers.  Hence,  in  the  author- 
ized version  of  the  New  Testament,  the  same 
word  which  in  2 Cor.  v.  19  is  properly  rendered 
reconciliation,  is  in  Rom.  v.  11  rendered  atone- 
ment. The  word,  however,  soon  came  to  bear 
the  meaning  in  which  it  is  now  used ; and  such 
is,  in  fact,  its  ordinary  meaning  in  the  author- 
ized version  of  the  Old  Testament.”  P.  Cyc.] 
[i.  ATONED  ; pp.  ATONING,  ATONED.] 

1.  f To  agree;  to  be  at  one;  to  accord. 

lie  and  Aufidius  can  no  more  atone 

Than  violentcst  contrariety.  Shak. 

2.  To  stand  as  an  equivalent  for  something; 
to  answer  for  ; to  make  expiation. 

So  precious  a sacrifice  might  worthily  expiate  and  atone 
for  all  the  guilt  of  men.  Dr.  Barrow. 

The  murderer  fell,  and  blood  atoned  for  blood.  Pope. 

I desired  to  atone  for  this  fault.  Johnson. 

A-TONE  \v.a.  1.  f To  reduce  to  concord;  to 

reconcile. 

Lod.  Is  there  division  ’twixt  my  lord  and  Cassio? 

Des.  A most  unhappy  one:  I would  do  much 

To  atone  them  for  the  love  I bear  to  Cassio.  Shak. 

The  king  and  haughty  empress,  to  our  wonder, 

If  not  atoned , yet  seemingly  at  peace.  Dry  den. 

The  Hebrew  *153  signifies  to  appease,  to  pacify,  to  rec- 
oncile a person  offended,  to  atone  or  make  him  at  one  again 
with  the  offender.  Bp.  Beveridge. 

2.  To  expiate;  to  answer  for. 

Or  eacli  atone  his  guilty  love  with  life.  Pope. 


f A-TONE',  ) 

f AT-TONE'  \ a one  > toget^cr  i at  once. 

All  his  senses  seemed  bereft  attone.  Spenser. 

f AT-ONE'MA-KJpR  (-wun-),  n.  A reconciler;  an 
atoner. 

And  by  that  word  [mediator]  understand  an  atonemaker , a 
peace-maker,  and  bringer  into  grace  and  favor.  Tyndalc. 

A-TONE' NT,  n.  [See  Atone.] 

1.  Agreement ; concord ; reconciliation. 

Atonement.  — When  the  word  is  divided  into  sylla- 
bles, its  meaning  will  be  evident  to  every  reader  — 
At-one-ment.  Thus  to  atone  is  to  make,  one , or  to  rec- 
oncile parties  at  variance ; to  make  atonement  is  to 
bring  about  reconciliation  and  peace. 

Brown's  Diet,  of  the  Bible. 

By  whom  we  have  now  received  the  atonement.  Horn.  v.  11. 

He  seeks  to  make  atonement 

Between  the  Duke  of  Gloster  and  your  brothers.  Shak. 

And  like  as  he  made  the  Jews  and  Gentiles  at  one  between 
themselves,  even  so  he  made  both  at  one  with  God,  that  there 
should  be  nothing  to  break  the  atonement , hut  that  the  things 
in  heaven  and  the  things  in  earth  should  be  joined  together, 
as  it  were,  into  one  body.  Udal. 

2.  Expiation ; satisfaction  for  an  offence  ; 
propitiation  ; price  of  redemption  ; ransom. 

The  priest  shall  make  an  atonement  for  his  sin  that  he 
hath  committed,  and  it  shall  be  forgiven  him.  Lcvit.  iv.  36. 

The  price  of  redemption  (to  use  a scriptural  metaphor) 
has  been  paid:  the  justice  of  God  is  satisfied;  a full  and  com- 
plete atonement  has  been  made.  It.  Hall. 

See  Onement. 

A-TON'^R,  n.  One  who  atones.  Todd. 

A-TON'IC,  a.  [Gr.  a priv.  and  r6mc,  tone, 
strength.] 

1.  (Med.)  Wanting  tone,  or  tension ; re- 
laxed. Todd. 

2.  (Gram.)  Unaccented. 

A-TON'IC,  n.  (Gram.)  An  unaccented  word.  Ash: 

A-TON'ING,  p.  a.  Making  atonement ; reconcil- 
ing ; — making  satisfaction  or  compensation  ; 
expiating. 

AT'O-NY,  n.  [Gr.  aTovia,  slackness  ; languidness; 
a priv.  and  tovos,  strength  ; Fr.  atonic.]  (Med.) 
Want  of  tone  ; general  weakness.  Dunglison. 

A-TOP',  ad.  On  the  top.  “ The  oil,  which  often 
swims  atop  of  the  decoction.”  Arbuthnot. 

f AT-RA-BI-LA1RE'  ,a.  [Fr.]  Atrabiliary.  “Atra- 
bilairc  blasphemer  of  the  miracles.”  Warburton. 

At-RA-BI-LA'RI-AN,  a.  [L.  ater,  black,  and  bilis, 
bile.]  Melancholy;  full  of  bile.  “ The  a.trabi- 
larian  constitution.”  Arbuthnot. 

AT-RA-BI-lA'RI-OUS,  a.  Melancholic  ; full  of 
bile  ; atrabilarian.  Quincy. 

AT-RA-BI-LA'RI-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  state  of 
being  melancholy.  ’ Johnson. 

AT-RA-BTL'IA-RY,  a.  Melancholy  ; atrabilious. 

Atrabiliary  capsules,  the  renal  capsules,  arteries, 
and  veins.  Dunglison. 

AT-RA-BILTOUSj  a.  Melancholic  or  hypochon- 
driacal ; atrabilarious  ; atrabiliary.  “ The  atra- 
bilious temperament.”  Grant. 

AT-RA-MEN-TA'CEOyS  (-shus,  66),  a.  Black  as 
ink  ; inky.  “Atr amentaceous  mucus.”  Derliam. 

At-RA-MEN'TAL,  a.  [L.  atramentum,  ink.]  Inky ; 
black.  “ Atramental  and  denigrating.”  Browne. 

At-R  A-MEN-tA'RI-OUS,  a.  Suitable  for  making 
ink  ; black  as  ink  ; atramentaceous.  Smart. 

AT-RA-MEN'TOUS,  a.  Inky  ; black.  Swift. 

f A'TRED  (a'terd),  a.  [L.  ater,  black.]  Tinged 
with  black.  Whitaker. 

A-TRIP',  ad.  (Nautl)  Applied  to  the  anchor 
when  drawn  out  of  the  ground  perpendicularly  ; 
— also  applied  to  the  sails  when  hoisted  to  the 
top  of  the  mast.  Mar.  Diet. 

A ' TR1-  fjM,  n. ; pi.  a'trt-a.  [I..,  from  Gr.  a’iOpios, 
exposed  to  the  air.  Scaliyer.  Tuscan  town  Atria, 
where  this  style  of  architecture  originated. 
Varro.]  The  hall  or  principal  room  of  a Ro- 
man house.  W sale. 

A-TRO'CIOUS  (j-tro'shus,  66),  a.  [L.  atrox,  fierce, 
cruel  ; It.  atroce ; Sp.  atroz  ; Fr.  atroce.] 
Wicked  in  a high  degree  ; villanous  ; flagitious  ; 
heinous  ; outrageous  ; enormous.  “ Unless  it 
be  an  atrocious  offence.”  Ayliffe. 

Syn.  — See  Heinous. 


A-TRO'CIOIS-LY  (a-tro'shus-le),  ad.  In  an  atro- 
cious manner ; flagitiously.  Loxcth. 

A-TRO'CIOUS-NESS  (a-tro'slms-nes),  n.  The  qual- 
ity of  being  atrocious  ; atrocity.  “ The  atro- 
ciousness of  the  crime.”  Burke. 

A-TRoy'l-TY,  n.  Horrible  wickedness;  enor- 
mity. “The  . . . atrocity  of  the  fact.”  Wotton. 

AT' RO-PA,  n.  [Gr.  'Krponof,  inflexible  ; the 
name  of  one  of  the  Fates,  who  was  supposed 
to  cut  the  thread  of  human  life.]  (Bot.)  A 
genus  of  poisonous  plants.  Loudon. 

Atrapa  belladonna,  deadly-nightshade  or  dwale. 

AT'RO-PHIeD  (at'ro-fld),  p.  a.  Wasted  away,  or 
consumed  by  atrophy.  Spectator. 

AT'RO-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  aryoipla  ; a priv.  and  rp/ipoi, 
to  nourish.]  (Med.)  Emaciation  or  wasting  of 
the  body  for  want  of  nourishment. 

Pining  atrojthy , 

Marasmus,  and  wide-wasting  pestilence.  Milton. 

4-TRO  PI-A,  ) n_  (Chem.)  A vegetable  alkali, 

AT'RO-PInE,  (highly  poisonous,  obtained  from 
the  Atropa  belladonna,  or  deadly-nightshade ; 
— written  also  atropina.  Gregory. 

AT-TAC' CA,  [It.,  from  attaccare,  to  tie,  to  bind.] 
(Mas.)  A direction  which  denotes  that  the  next 
movement  is  to  follow  immediately,  without 
any  pause.  Moore. 

AT-TACH',  v.  a.  [A.  S.  toeacan,  to  add  to;  It. 
attaccare;  Sp.  atacar ; Fr.  attacher .]  [i.  at- 

tached ; pp.  ATTACHING,  ATTACHED.] 

1.  To  fasten;  to  tie;  to  join;  to  bring  into 
contact;  to  unite  closely  ; to  connect;  as,  “To 
attach  a label  to  a parcel  or  package  ” ; “ To  at- 
tach the  traces  to  a carriage.” 

A smaller  building  is  sometimes  attached  to  a larger. 

Crabb. 

The  play  which  this  pathetic  prologue  was  attached  to  was 
a comedy.  Cumberland. 

2.  To  bind  by  interest,  taste,  or  affection. 

Songs,  garlands,  flowers, 

And  charming  symphonies,  attached  the  heart 
Of  Adam.  Milton. 

The  great  and  rich  depend  on  those  whom  their  power  or 
their  wealth  attaches  to  them.  Boyers. 

3.  (Mil.)  To  place  or  appoint  by  authority. 

An  officer  or  soldier  is  said  to  be  attached  to  any  regiment 
or  company  with  which  he  may  have  been  ordered  to  do 
duty.  Campbell. 

4.  To  arrest ; to  seize,  as  by  authority. 

Bohemia  greets  you, 

Desires  you  to  attach  his  son,  who  has 

His  dignity  and  duty  both  cast  off.  Shak. 

5.  (Law.)  To  take  or  apprehend  by  virtue  of 

a writ  or  precept  called  an  attachment  ; — ap- 
plied both  to  persons  and  property.  Burrill. 

Syn.  — See  Annex,  Affix,  Fix. 

f AT-TACH',  n.  Attachment.  Pope. 

AT-tAch'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  attached  ; lia- 
ble to  attachment.  Scayer. 

ATTACHE  (at-A-sha'),  n.  [Fr.]  A person  at- 
tached to,  or  dependent  on,  another  person,  or 
a legation,  or  company  ; an  adherent ; a subal- 
tern. Mackintosh. 

AT-TACHED'  (at-tAclit'), p.  a.  1.  Closely  united  ; 
hound  by  interest  or  affection  ; as,  “ An  attached 
friend.” 

2.  (Law.)  Seized  under  attachment ; as,  “ At- 
tached property.” 

AT-TACH'M^NT,  n.  [Fr.  attachement .] 

1.  State  of  being  attached  ; bond  of  affection  ; 
fondness  ; love  ; liking  ; regard. 

The  Jews  are  remarkable  for  an  attachment  to  their  own 
country.  Addison. 

2.  That  which  attaches;  as,  “The  -attach- 
ments of  home.” 

3.  That  which  is  attached.  — See  -iEolian 
Attachment. 

4.  (Law.)  An  apprehension  by  virtue  of  a 

precept,  or  writ,  differing  from  an  arrest,  inas- 
much as  it  lays  hold  of  the  goods  as  well  as 
the  person  : — a species  of  mesne  process,  pecu- 
liar to  the  practice  of  some  of  the  Eastern  States 
of  the  United  States,  by  which  the  goods  or 
lands  of  a defendant  are  seized  at  the  com- 
mencement of  a suit,  and  held  as  security  to 
satisfy  such  judgment  as  the  plaintiff  may  re- 
cover. Burrill. 

Foreign  attachment,  (Eng.  Lair.)  ail  attachment  of 
the  property  of  a foreign  or  absent  debtor,  or  a debtor 


A,  E,  i,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A, 


I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL; 


HEIR,  HER; 


ATTACK 


95 


ATTENT 


out  of  tile  jurisdiction  within  which  the  property  is 
found:  — a similar  process,  in  the  United  States, 
against  tile  property  of  absent,  non-resident,  or  ab- 
sconding debtors,  is  called  in  some  of  the  States  trustee, 
and  in  others  garnishee , process.  — Court  of  attachments, 
the  lowest  of  the  forest  courts,  held  once  in  every 
forty  days  to  receive  from  the  foresters  or  keepers 
their  attachments  against  vert  and  venison  ; now  dis- 
used. Burrill. 

Syn.  — See  Love. 

AT-tAck',  v.  a.  [It.  attaccare ; Sp.  atacar  ; Fr. 

’ attaquer. j [t.  attacked  ; pp.  attacking,  at- 
tacked.] 

1.  To  commence  an  act  of  hostility  upon  ; to 

fall  upon  with  hostility  and  violence  ; to  as- 
sault ; to  assail.  “ Those  that  attack  generally 
get  the  victory.”  Cane’s  Campaigns. 

Unite  thy  forces  and  attack  their  lines.  Dryden. 

2.  To  impugn  in  any  manner,  as  with  satire, 
calumny,  or  severe  criticism. 

The  declaimer  attacked  the  reputation  of  his  adversaries. 

Johnson. 

AT-TACK',  n.  First  act  of  hostility  towards  ; an 
assault ; an  onset ; invasion  ; charge. 

Assigning  to  each  his  part,  — to  one  the  attack , to  another 
the  cry  of  onset.  D.  Webster. 

Syn. — attack,  assault,  and  aggression  all  denote 
the  first  act  of  injury  or  hostility,  and  are  opposed  to 
defence  ; and  they  may  be  made  by  an  individual  or  by 
an  army  upon  an  unoffending  party.  Encounter,  on- 
set, and  charge  require  at  least  two  opposing  parties. 
An  unprovoked  attack , assault,  or  aggression.  An 
attack  on  persons  or  property  ; a personal  assault ; an 
encounter  between  two  antagonists  ; an  impetuous 
onset  j a well-directed  charge  ; an  invasion  of  a coun- 
try. 

AT-TACK'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  attacked ; 
open  to  attack  ; assailable.  Ogilvie. 

AT-TAck'^R,  n.  One  who  attacks.  Elphinstone. 

At'  TA-qEJV,  n.  ( Ornith .)  A species  of  pheas- 
ant found  in  Greece  and  Sicily.  Agassiz. 

AT-TAIN',  v.  a.  [L.  attingo,  to  touch  upon,  to 
arrive  at;  Fr.  atteindre.]  [i.  ATTAINED  ; pp. 
ATTAINING,  ATTAINED.] 

1.  To  compass  or  get  by  efforts  ; to  gain;  to 
obtain  ; to  procure  ; to  acquire. 

My  umpire,  Conscience,  whom  if  they  will  hear, 

Light  after  light,  well  used,  they  shall  attain.  Milton. 

Two  classes  of  men  occupy  high  station;  those  whose 
time  has  been  spent  in  thinking  how  it  could  be  attained , 
and  those  who  have  mainly  bestowed  their  attention  to  the 
use  that  should  be  made  of  it  when  attained.  Dr.  C.  Taylor. 

2.  To  reach ; to  come  to  ; to  arrive  at. 

Canaan  he  now  attains  ; I see  his  tents 

Pitched  above  Sechem.  Milton. 


3.  t To  overtake;  to  come  up  with.  “Not 
attaining  him  in  time.”  Bacon. 

Syn.  — See  Acquire,  Reach. 

AT-TAIN',  v.  n.  To  reach  by  striving  for,  or  by 
progress  towards  ; — with  to  or  unto. 

Such  knowledge  is  too  wonderful  for  me;  it  is  high;  I can- 
not attain  unto  it.  Ps.  cxxxix.  6. 

The  more  part  advised  to  depart  thence,  ...  if  by  any 
means  they  might  attain  to  Phenice.  Acts  xxvii.  12. 

Milk,  . . . after  twelve  days,  attains  to  the  highest  degree 
of  acidity.  Arbuthnot. 

f AT-TAIN',  n.  Thing  attained;  an  attainment. 
“ Splendid  terrene  attains  are  akin.”  Glanvill. 

AT-TAIN-A-BIl'I-TY,  n.  State  of  being  attaina- 
ble ; attainableness.  Coleridge. 

AT-TAlN'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  attained. 
“ Good  which  is  attainable.”  Tillotson. 


AT-TAIN'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  at- 
tainable. Cheyne. 

AT-tAin'D^R,  n.  [L.  ad,  to,  and  tingo,  to  tinge, 
from  Gr.  rlyyio,  to  stain  ; Old  Fr.  attainder ; Fr. 
teindre,  to  tinge  or  stain.] 

1.  Taint ; blemish  ; sully  of  character. 

So  smooth  he  daubed  his  vice  with  show  of  virtue, 

He  lived  from  all  attainder  of  suspect.  Shak. 

2.  (Late.)  Corruption  of  blood,  or  extinction 

of  civil  rights,  in  consequence  of  being  con- 
demned for  a capital  crime.  Brande. 

By  attainder,  also,  for  treason  or  other  felony,  the  blood 
of  the  person  attainted  is  so  corrupted  as  to  bt  rendered  no 
longer  inheritable.  JJIackstone. 


AT-TAIN'MIJNT,  n.  1.  Act  or  power  of  attain- 
ing.  “ Government  is  an  art  above  the  attain- 
ment of  an  ordinary  genius.”  South. 

2.  That  which  is  gained  by  exertion ; acqui- 
sition ; acquirement. 

Our  attainments  are  mean,  compared  with  the  perfection 
of  the  universe.  Grew. 


Syn.  — See  Acquirement. 


AT-TAlNT',  v.  a.  [See  Attainder.]  [i.  at- 
tainted; pp.  attainting,  attainted.] 

1.  To  cloud  with  ignominy  ; to  disgrace. 

Lest  she  with  blame  her  honor  should  attaint.  Spenser. 

2.  To  taint.  “ Attainted  . . . flesh.”  Barret. 

3.  {Law.)  To  find  guilty  of  a crime,  especial- 
ly of  felony  or  treason,  and  thereby  subject  to 
forfeiture  of  civil  rights  and  corruption  of  blood. 


I must  offend  before  I be  attainted.  Shak. 

AT-TAlNT',  a.  Convicted;  attainted.  “Alien, 

abjured,  perjured,  or  attaint.”  [it.]  Sadler. 

AT-TAlNT',  n.  1.  f A taint ; a stain  ; a soil. 

2.  {Farriery.)  A blow  or  wound  on  the  hinder 

foot  of  a horse.  Crabb. 

3.  {Law.)  A writ  against  a jury  for  false 

judgment.  Burrill. 


AT-TAINT'JpD,  p.  a.  Disgraced  by  attainder. 

AT-TAINT'MJJNT,  n.  State  of  being  attainted. 
“ Wolsey,  upon  whose  attaintment.”  Ashmole. 

AT-TAINT'URE  (at-tant'yur),  n.  {Law.)  Legal 
censure  ; disgrace  from  attainder  ; attaintment. 

The  earl’s  lands,  which  were  forfeited  by  his  attainture. 

Speed. 

AT  TAL,  i n%  {Mining.)  Rubbish;  refuse;  stony 

At'TLE,  j cast-off  matter.  Weale. 

f AT-TAm'I-NAte,  v.  a.  [L.  attamino.']  To  cor- 
rupt ; to  defile  ; to  contaminate.  Coles. 

AT'TAR  {of  Boses),  n.  An  essential  oil,  made  in 
Oriental  countries,  from  the  petals  of  several 
kinds  of  rose  ; — called  also  ottar  of  roses  and 
otto  of  roses.  — See  Ottar.  P.  Cyc. 

f AT-TASK',  v.  a.  To  task  ; to  tax.  Shak. 

f AT- TASTE',  v.  a.  To  taste.  Chaucer. 

AT-TEM'PpR,  v.  a.  [L.  attempero  ; ad,  to,  and 
ternpero,  to  mix ; to  moderate.]  [i.  attem- 
pered ; pp.  attempering,  attempered.] 

1.  To  reduce  or  weaken  the  peculiar  force  of 
one  quality  or  substance  by  admixture  with 
another  of  a different  nature ; to  temper ; as, 
“To  attemper  cold  with  heat.” 

Nobility  attempers  sovereignty.  Bacon. 

2.  To  moderate  ; to  soften  ; to  mollify. 

Those  smiling  eyes  attempering  every  ray.  Pope. 

3.  To  mix  in  just  proportions  ; to  regulate. 

God  hath  so  attempered  the  blood  and  bodies  of  fishes. 

Pay. 

4.  To  adapt ; to  make  suitable. 

Let  arts  of  gods  and  heroes  old, 
Attempered  to  the  lyre,  your  voice  employ.  Pope. 

t AT-TEM'PpR-ANCE,  n.  Temperance.  Chaucer. 

f AT-TEM'PER-ATE,  v.  a.  To  attemper;  to  reg- 
ulate. “ If  any  one  do  attemperate  his  actions 
accordingly.”  Barrow. 

f AT-TEM'PER-ATE,  a.  1.  Temperate.  “ At- 
temperate  speech.”  Chaucer. 

2.  Adapted  ; suited  ; accommodated. 

Hope  must  be  proportioned  and  attemperate  to  the  prom- 
ise.  Hammond. 

t AT-TEM'PijR-LY,  ad.  Temperately.  Chaucer. 

AT-TEM'PpR-MENT,  n.  Act  of  attempering,  or 
mixing  in  just  proportions.  Dr.  Chalmers. 

AT-TEMPT'  (gt-temt'),  v.  a.  [L.  attento,  to  reach 
after ; It.  attentare  ; Sp.  atentar ; Fr.  attenter.) 
[t.  attempted  ; pp.  attempting,  attempted.] 

1.  To  try ; to  assay;  to  make  experiment  or 
trial  of. 

New  ways  I must  attempt  my  grovelling  name 
To  raise  aloft,  and  wing  my  flight  to  fame.  Dryden. 

2.  To  endeavor  to  accomplish  ; to  undertake. 

If  thou  attempt  it,  it  will  cost  thee  dear.  Shak. 

3.  f To  assail  with  temptations  ; to  tempt. 

I also  erred  in  overmuch  admiring 

What  seemed  in  thee  so  perfect,  that  I thought 

No  evil  durst  attempt  thee.  Milton. 

AT-TEMPT'  (at-temt'),  v.  n.  To  make  an  attempt 
or  a trial ; to  endeavor  ; to  try.  Browne. 

Not  that  they  durst  without  his  leave  attempt.  Milton. 

AT-TEMPT'  (at-temt'),  n.  An  effort  to  gain  a 
point ; endeavor  ; essay  ; experiment ; trial ; 
undertaking ; enterprise. 

The  state  that  strives  for  liberty,  though  foiled, 

Deserves  at  least  applause  for  her  attempt.  Cowper. 

Syn.  — A spirited  attempt-,  a mighty  effort.-,  an 
earnest  endeavor ; a feeble  essay ; a successful  exper- 
iment ; a persevering  trial ; an  arduous  undertaking  ; 
a hazardous  enterprise. 


AT-TEMPT'A-BLE  (at-temt'?-bl),  a.  That  may 
be  attempted,  [r.]  Shak. 

AT-TEMPT'JpR  (jt-temt'er),  n.  One  who  attempts. 

f AT-TEMP'TIVE,  a.  Enterprising;  ready  to 
attempt.  “Attemptive,  able,  worthy.”  Daniel. 

AT-TEND',  v.  a.  [L.  attendo  ; ad,  to,  and  tendo, 
to  stretch,  i.  e.  to  apply  the  mind  to  ; It.  at- 
tendere  ; Sp.  atender ; Fr.  attendre .]  [t.  at- 

tended ; pp.  attending,  attended.] 

1.  f To  apply  the  mind  to  ; to  regard. 

The  diligent  pilot  in  a dangerous  tempest  doth  not  attend 
the  unskilful  words  of  a passenger.  Sidney. 

The  crow  doth  sing  as  sweetly  as  the  stork, 

When  neither  is  attended.  Shak. 

2.  To  wait  on  ; to  serve. 

His  companion,  youthful  Valentine, 

Attends  the  emperor  in  his  royal  court.  Shak. 

3.  To  accompany  ; to  be  present  with  ; to  be 
connected  with  as  a part. 

Speaking  or  mute,  all  comeliness  and  grace 
Attends  thee.  Milton. 

4.  j-To  wait  for;  to  await;  to  be  in  store 

for.  “ A prospect  of  the  state  that  attends  all 
men  after  this.”  Locke. 

Thy  interpreter  attends  thee  at  the  orchard  end.  Shak. 

Syn.  — A physician  attends  his  patient;  we  wait 
on  and  accompany  our  friends.  — See  Accompany, 
Follow. 

AT-TEND',  v.  n.  1.  To  apply  the  mind  in  an 
effort  to  hear,  observe,  or  comprehend ; to  give 
heed  ; to  pay  regard. 

But  thy  relation  now:  for  I attend. 

Pleased  with  thy  words  no  less  than  thou  with  mine. 

Milton. 

My  son,  attend  to  my  words.  Prov.  iv.  20. 

2.  To  be  present,  or  near  ; to  be  within  call ; 
to  be  in  waiting. 

He  was  required  to  attend  upon  the  committee.  Clarendon . 

3.  f To  wait ; to  delay. 

Plant  anemones  after  the  tirst  rains,  if  you  will  have  flow- 
ers very  forward;  but  it  is  surer  to  attend  till  October. 

* Evelyn. 

AT-TEND'ANCE,  n.  1.  Act  of  attending  or  wait- 
ing on;  service;  ministration.  “After  many 
years’  attendance  upon  the  duke.”  Clarendon. 

"Why  might  not  you,  mv  lord,  receive  attendance 

From  those  that  she  culls  servants ' Shak. 

2.  The  person  or  persons  waiting  on,  or 
serving ; attendants. 

Attendance  noue  shall  need,  nor  train.  Milton. 

3.  Attention  ; regard  ; heed. 

• Give  attendance  to  reading,  to  exhortation,  to  doctrine. 

1 Tim.  iv.  13. 

4.  f A waiting  for ; expectation. 

That  which  causcth  bitterness  in  death  is  the  languishing 
attendance  and  expectation  of  it  ere  it  come.  Hooker. 

AT-TEND'ANT,  a.  1.  Accompanying  as  subor- 
dinate. “ Attendant  on  their  lord.”  Milton. 

2.  Connected  with  consequentially,  or  by  ac- 
cident ; as,  “ Attendant  circumstances.” 

3.  {Law.)  Owing  a duty  or  service  to  another ; 

waiting  or  depending  upon  another.  Burrill. 

AT-TEND'ANT,  n.  1.  One  who  attends  or  ac- 
companies ; one  of  a train  ; a follower.  “ Brave 
attendants  near  him.”  Shak. 

2.  One  who  is  present  on  any  occasion. 

He  was  a constant  attendant  at  all  meetings  relating  to 
charity.  Swift. 

3.  One  who  waits  the  pleasure  of  another,  as 
a suitor  or  agent. 

To  give  an  attendant  quick  despatch  is  a civility.  Burnet. 

4.  That  which  is  connected  with  something 
else,  as  concomitant  or  consequent. 

It  is  hard  to  take  into  view  all  the  attendants  that  will  be 
concerned  in  a question.  Watts . 

5.  {Late.)  One  who  owes  a duty  or  service  to 
another,  or  depends  upon  another.  Cowell. 

AT-TEND R,  n.  One  who  attends;  an  attend- 
ant ; an  associate.  B.  Jonson. 

AT-TEND'ING,  p.  a.  Attentive:  — giving  at- 
tendance ; waiting  on.  Shak. 

f AT-TEND'MpNT,  n.  An  attending  circumstance. 
“ Uncomfortable  attendments  of  hell.”  Browne. 

f AT-TEND 'R^iSS,  n.  A female  attendant.  “At- 
tendress  at  the  table.”  Fuller. 

f AT-TENT',  a.  Intent ; attentive  ; listening. 

Season  your  admiration  for  a while 

With  an  attent  ear.  Shak. 

f AT-TENT',  n.  Attention.  Spenser. 


MIEN,  SIR; 


MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RtiLE ; 


9>  9>  9.  g,  soft ; £,  6,  £,  hard ; § as  z ; 


as  gz. — THIS,  this. 


ATTENTATES 


96 


ATTRACTIVE 


AT-TEN'T.\TES,  n.  pi.  [L.  attentata,  things  at- 
tempted.] (Law.)  Proceedings  pending  a suit 
after  an  inhibition  is  decreed:  — things  wrong- 
fully innovated  or  attempted  in  a suit  by  an 
inferior  judge,  pending  an  appeal.  Burrill. 

f AT-TENT'LY,  ad.  Attentively.  Barrow. 

AT-TEN'TION,  n.  [L.  attentio  ; Fr.  attention.'] 

1.  Act  of  attending ; a steady  exertion  or 
application  of  the  mind ; heed ; regard. 

By  attention  ideas  are  registered  in  the  memory.  Locke. 

2.  Civility  ; courtesy  ; as,  “ To  show  atten- 
tion to  a guest.” 

Syn. — Give  attention  to  the  acquisition  of  knowl- 
edge or  learning;  application  is  necessary  in  order  to 
make  proficiency ; knowledge  is  gained  by  study ; 
use  vigilance  in  your  calling  ; take  heed  to  your  con- 
duct ; have  regard  to  your  reputation. — See  CARE, 
Regard. 

Attention  to  external  things  is  observation ; atten- 
tion to  the  subjects  of  our  own  consciousness  is  reflec- 
tion.— Attention  is  the  abstraction  of  the  mind  from 
all  tilings  else,  and -fixing  it  upon  one  object;  and 
abstraction  is  the  fixing  of  the  mind  upon  one  objeetto 
the  exclusion  of  others.  Fleming. 

AT-TEN'TjVE,  a.  Paying  attention;  vigilant; 
observant ; mindful ; heedful.  “We  gave  most 
attentive  ear.”  Hooker. 

A critic  is  more  attentive  to  what  is  wanting  than  to  what 
is  present.  Addison. 

Syn.  — See  Careful,  Diligent,  Mindful. 

AT-TEN'TI  VE-LY,  ad.  In  an  attentive  manner. 

AT-TEN'TI  V E-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  atten- 
tive. “ Attentiveness  to  . . . prayers.”  Addison. 

AT-TEN'U-ANT,  a.  Making  thin  ; diluting ; dil- 
uent. “ Things  that  be  attenuant.”  Holland. 

AT-TEN'U-ANT,  n.  (Med.)  Medicine  to  dilute 

the  blood,  or  make  it  thin.  Brande. 

AT-TEN'U-ATE  (rit-ten'yu-at),  V.  a.  [L.  attenuo, 
attenuatus.]  \i.  attenuated  ; pp.  attenuat- 
ing, ATTENUATED.] 

1.  To  make  thin  ; to  reduce  in  consistency. 

Of  such  concernment,  too,  is  drink  and  food, 

To  incrassatc  or  attenuate  the  blood.  Dryden. 

2.  To  lessen;  to  diminish;  to  make  slender. 

I come  now  to  the  Mahometans;  . . . this  fatal  sect  has 
justled  her  [the  church  of  Christ]  out  of  divers  large  regions 
in  Afric,  in  Tartary,  and  other  places,  and  attenuated  their 
number  in  Asia.  Howell. 

AT-TEN'U-ATE,  a.  Made  thin  ; attenuated.Bacon. 

AT-TEN'U-AT-ED,  a.  1.  Made  thin;  made  slen- 
der. “ Spider’s  most  attenuated  web.”  Young. 

2.  (Bot.)  Gradually  tapering  to  a point, 
without  becoming  flat.  P.  Cyc. 

AT-TEN-U-A'TION,  n.  [L.  attenuatio.] 

1.  Act  of  attenuating  ; a thinning  ; a dimin- 
ishing in  weight  or  consistency.  Bacon. 

2.  State  of  being  made  thin.  “ I am  ground 

even  to  an  attenuation.”  Donne. 

AT'TpR,  n.  Corrupt  matter  issuing  from  an 
ulcer.  [Local,  Eng.]  Skinner. 

f AT'T^R-rAte,  v.  a.  [Low  L.  atterro,  atterra- 
tus ; terra,  earth;  Fr.  atterrer,  or  atterrir .]  To 
make  land  by  carrying  earth,  or  by  alluvion. 

f AT-TIJR-RA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  making  land 
by  transporting  earth. 

AT-TEST',  v.  a.  [L.  attestor  ; ad,  to,  and  testor, 
to  be  a witness ; testis,  a witness  ; It.  attestare  ; 
Sp.  atestar ; Fr.  at  tester.]  [i.  attested;  pp. 
ATTESTING,  ATTESTED.] 

1.  To  bear  witness  to  ; to  witness  ; to  certify. 

Many  particular  facts  arc  recorded  in  holy  writ,  attested  by 

particular  pagan  authors.  Addison. 

2.  To  call  to  witness ; to  invoke  as  con- 
scious. 

I touch  the  sacred  altars,  touch  the  flames 

And  all  these  powers  attest,  and  all  their  names.  Dryrlen. 

3.  To  give  proof  of ; to  manifest. 

The  birds  their  notes  renew,  and  bleating  herds 
Attest  their  joy,  that  hill  and  valley  rings.  Milton. 

AT-TEST',  n.  Witness;  attestation,  [it.]  S/tak. 

AT-TIJS-TA'TTON,  n.  [L.  altestatio  ; It . attesta- 
zione  ; Sp.  atestacion  ; Fr.  attestation.] 

1.  Act  of  attesting  ; testimony  ; witness. 

Suffering  undergone  in  attestation  of  the  accounts  which 

they  delivered.  Paley. 

2.  (Mil.)  A soldier’s  certificate  signed  by  a 

magistrate.  Campbell. 


3.  (Law.)  Act  of  witnesses  in  attesting  the 
execution  or  signatures  of  a deed  or  other  in- 
strument. Burrill. 

AT-TEST'iJR,  n.  A witness.  “ Credit  of  the  at- 
testors, and  truth  of  the  relations.”  Spenser. 

AT-TES'TIVE,  a.  Attesting,  [r.]  Month,  liev. 

AT-TEST'OR,  n.  A witness  ; an  attester.  Dryden. 


AT'TIC,  a.  [Gr.  ’Arrocdf.]  Belonging  to  Attica, 
or  Athens,  its  capital;  — noting  especially  what 
is  pure,  classical,  or  elegant.  “Bone  in  an 
Attic  or  elegant  style.”  Hanmer. 

What  neat  repast  shall  feast  us,  light  and  choice, 

Of  Attic  taste.  Milton. 


Attic  base,  (Arch.)  the  base  of  a 
column  having  an  upper  and  low- 
er torus,  a scotia,  and  fillets  be- 
tween them.  — Attic  order,  (Arch.) 
a low  order  of  architecture  used 
over  a principal  order,  and  orna- 
mented with  pilasters,  never  with  columns. — attic 
story,  (Arch.)  the  upper  story  of  a house,  when  the 
ceiling  makes  a right  angle  with  the  sides,  by  which 
it  is  distinguished  from  a common  garret.  The  term 
is  now  frequently  applied  to  a garret.  IVealc. 

Attic  dialect , the  dialect  of  the  Greek  language 

spoken  by  the  Athenians. attic  faith,  inviolable 

faitlt. — attic  salt,  delicate,  poignant  wit. 


AT'TJC,  n.  1.  A native  of  Attica.  Bentley. 

2.  (Arch.)  A low  order  over  a principal  order, 
ornamented  with  pilasters,  never  with  columns  ; 
the  upper  story  or  garret  of  a building.  Weak. 


AT'TI-CAL,  a.  Relating  to  Attica;  pure;  clas- 
sical ; Attic.  Hammond. 


AT'TI-C1§M,  n.  [Gr.  arriKtcpoc.] 

1.  An  Attic  idiom  or  phrase ; an  elegant, 
concise,  or  witty  expression.  Milton. 

There  is  an  elegant  atticism  which  occurs  Luke  xiii.  9. 
“ If  it  bear  fruit,  well.”  Newcome. 


2.  Favoritism  towards  the  Athenians.  “ Put 
to  death  by  Ptedaritus  for  atticism.”  Hobbes. 
AT'TI-ClZE,  V.  n.  [Gr.  arroa|u.] 

1.  To  use  an  Atticism.  Bentley. 

2.  To  favor,  or  side  with,  the  Athenians. 

Smith , 'l'rans.  of  Thucydides. 
f AT-TIG'U-oClS,  a.  [L.  attiguus ; attingo,  to 
touch.]  Bordering  on  ; contiguous.  Craig. 


f AT-TIN^E',  v.  a.  [L.  attingo  ; ad,  to,  and  tan- 
go, to  touch.]  To  touch  lightly.  Coles. 

AT-TIRE',  v.  a.  [Fr.  atours,  dress;  atourner, 
to  clothe,  to  adorn.)  [t.  attired  ; pp.  attir- 
ing, attired.]  To  dress  ; to  clothe ; to  ar- 
ray ; to  apparel. 

Finely  attired  in  a robe  of  white.  Shak. 

AT-TIRE',  n.  1.  Clothes;  dress;  especially,  or- 
namental garments  ; apparel ; — a head-dress. 

Nature  hath  left  it  to  the  wit  of  man  to  devise  his  own 
attire.  Hooper. 

2.  (Her.)  The  horns  of  a stag  in  a coat  of 

arms.  Phillips. 

3.  f (Bot.)  A name  formerly  plied  to  the 

internal  parts  of  a flower;  — now  called  sta- 
mens. Bailey. 

Syn. — See  Apparee. 

AT-T1RED'  (gt-tlrd'),  p.  a.  1.  Furnished  with  at- 
tire ; dressed  ; decked  in  ornamental  garments. 

2.  (Her.)  Furnished  with  horns;  — used  in 
speaking  of  a buck  or  stag.  Bullokar. 

AT-TlR'lJR,  n.  One  who  attires.  Bailey. 

AT-TIR'ING,  n.  1.  The  head-dress.  Huloet. 

2.  Dress  ; apparel ; array. 

f AT-TI'TLE  (at-tl'tl),  v.  a.  To  entitle.  Gower. 

AT'TI-TUDE,  n.  [Low  L.  aptitudo  ; L.  apto,  to 
fit;  It . attitudine ; Sp.  actitud;  Fr.  attitude.] 

1.  The  posture  or  position  of  the  whole  body 
in  a state  of  immobility,  either  instantaneous  or 
continued  ; as,  “ A graceful  attitude  ” ; “ To 
assume  an  attitude.” 

2.  (Fine  Arts.)  The  position  of  a figure  by 
which  the  action  or  sentiment  of  the  person  is 
represented. 

They  were  famous  originals  that  gave  rise  to  statues,  with 
the  same  air,  posture,  and  attitudes.  Addison. 

Syn.  — See  Gesture. 

AT-TI-TU'DI-NAL,  a.  Relating  to  attitude  or 
posture.  Smart. 

AT-TI-TU-DI-NA’RI- AN,  n.  One  studious  of  atti- 
tudes ; one  who  attitudinizes.  Galt. 


AT-TI-TU'DI-NfZE,  v.  n.  To  assume  affected 
attitudes,  airs,  or  postures.  Ch.  Ob. 

AT-TOL'HJNT,  a.  [L.  attollo,  attollens,  to  raise 
up.]  (Anat.)  That  lifts  up  ; raising  up.  “ The 
attollent  muscles.”  Derhatn. 

AT-ToNE',  v.  n.  See  Atone.  Todd. 

AT-TORN'  (jt-tiirn'),  V.  a.  [A.  S .tyrnan,  to  turn  ; 
Low  L.  attorno  ; Old  Fr.  attorner.]  (Law.)  To 
transfer  the  service  of  a vassal,  [k.]  Sadler. 

AT-TORN',  or  AT-TURN'  (gt-tUru'),  v.  n.  (Law.) 
To  acknowledge  a new  possessor  of  property, 
and  accept  tenancy  under  him.  Blackstone. 

AT-TOR'Nf,Y  (at-tiir'ne),  n. ; pi.  at-tor'nev^. 
[Low  L.  attornatus ; Oid  Fr.  at  to  me,  or  attournr  ; 
attorner,  to  turn  over  to  another.]  One  who  is 
appointed  by  another  to  do  something  in  his 
place  or  stead  ; a proxy  ; a lawyer. 

Attorney-at-law,  one  legally  qualified  to  prosecute 
and  defend  actions  in  courts  of  law  ; a solicitor  ; a law- 
yer. In  England,  and  in  some  of  tile  United  States, 
an  attorney  is  distinguished  from  a counsellor,  as  one 
who  carries  on  tire  more  mechanical  parts  of  suits,  or 
such  as  do  not  require  to  be  conducted  in  open  court. 

attorney  in  fact,  a private  attorney  authorized  to 

transact  business  for  another  which  is  not  of  a legal 
character.  This  authority  is  conferred  by  an  instru- 
ment in  writing  called  a letter  of  attorney,  or,  more 
commonly,  a power  of  attorney.  Burrill. 

Syn.  — See  Lawyer. 

t AT-TOR'NjJY  (sit-tur'ne),  V.  a. 

1.  To  perform  by  proxy.  Shak. 

2.  To  employ  as  a proxy.  Shak. 

AT-TOR'NIJY— (jJEN'IJR-AL,  n.  A prosecuting 
officer  of  government ; a ministerial  officer  Who 
acts  for  a government  as  an  attorney  does  for 
his  employer.  Romilly. 

AT-TOR'NEY-tjJEN'ER-AL-SHlP,  n.  The  office 
of  attorney-general.  Month.  Rev. 

AT-TOR'NEY-SHIP  (gt-tiir'ne-sliTp),  n.  The  office 
of  an  attorney  ; agency.  Shak. 

AT-TORN'MpNT  (flt-turn'inent),  n.  (Law.)  A 
yielding  of  the  tenant  to  a new  lord,  or  the  ac- 
knowledgment of  him  as  such.  Cowell. 

+ AT-TOUR',  n.  [Fr.  atours.]  A head-dress. — 
See  Attire.  Chaucer. 

AT-TRACT',  v.  a.  [L.  attraho , attractus ; ad,  to, 
and  traho,  to  draw  ; It.  attrarre ; Sp.  atraer ; 
Fr.  attraire.]  [i.  attracted  ; pp.  attract- 
ing, attracted.] 

1.  To  draw  to  ; to  bring  into  proximity. 

The  single  atoms  each  to  other  tend, 

Attract , attracted  to,  the  next  in  place. 

Formed  and  impelled  its  neighbor  to  embrace.  Pope. 

2.  To  allure  ; to  win ; to  engage. 

Adorned 

She  was.  indeed,  and  lovely,  to  attract 

Thy  love.  Milton. 

Syn. — See  Allure,  Charm. 

f AT-TRACT',  n.  Attraction.  Iludibras. 

AT-TRACT- A-BiL'I-TY,  n.  Capability  of  being 
attracted.  Sir  IF.  Jones. 

AT-TRACT'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  attracted. 

f AT-TRAC'TI-CAL,  a.  Having  power  to  attract. 
“An  electrical  or  attractical  virtue.”  Ray. 

AT-TRAC'TILE,  a.  Having  power  to  attract. 

AT-TRACT'ING-LY,  ad.  In  an  attracting  man- 
ner ; attractively. 

AT-TRAc'TION,  n.  [L.  attraction] 

1.  Tendency  of  bodies  to  approach  one  an- 
other and  adhere  together ; the  power,  principle, 
or  tendency  in  bodies  to  unite  ; — distinguished 
into  the  attraction  of  gravity,  or  gravitation, — 
the  attraction  of  cohesion,  — and  capillary, 
electrical,  and  magnetic  attraction. 

Attraction  may  be  performed  by  impulse  or  some  other 
means;  I use  that  worn  to  signify  any  force  by  which  bodies 
tend  towards  one  another.  Newton. 

2.  Allurement ; fascination  ; charm. 

Setting  the  attraction  of  my  good  parts  aside,  I hove  no 
other  charm.  onafc. 

Syn.  — See  Allurement. 

AT-TRAc'TI  VE,  a.  Having  power  to  attract ; in- 
viting; alluring. 

For  contemplation  he  and  valor  formed. 

For  softness  she  and  sweet  attractive  grace.  Jlilton. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  0,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  (,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


ATTRACTIVE 


AUDITORY 


97 


AT-TrAc'T]  VE,  re.  That  which  draws  or  incites. 
“ The  attractives  of  his  discourse.”  Fell. 

AT-TRAc'T!  VE-LV,  ad.  With  the  power  of  at- 
tractin'*. Richardson. 

AT-TRAC'TIVE-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  at- 

tractive. “ Attractiveness  in  riches.”  South. 

AT-TRAC'TOR,  n.  A person  or  thing  that  at- 
tracts. “ True  attractors  of  love.”  Whitlock. 

AT'TRA-HENT  [St'ra-hent,  S.  W.  P.Ja.  K.  Sm. ; 
at-tra'hent,  Wb.],  n.  [L.  attraho,  attrahens,  to 
draw  to.]  That  which  attracts.  Glanville. 

f AT-TRAp',  v.  a.  To  clothe  ; to  dress.  Spenser. 

f AT-TRAPT',  p.  a.  Adorned.  Spenser. 

f AT-TRIJC-TA'TIQN,  n.  [L.  attrectatio.]  Fre- 
quent handling.  Bp.  Taylor. 

AT-TRl B'lT-TA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  attributed  ; 
imputable  ; ascribable.  Hale. 

AT-TRTB'UTE,  v.  a.  [L.  attribuo,  attributus ; It. 

’ atlribuire;  Sp .atribuir;  Fr . attribuer.]  [i.  AT- 
TRIBUTED ; pp.  ATTRIBUTING,  ATTRIBUTED.] 
To  ascribe  ; to  assign  ; to  impute. 

We  attribute  nothing  to  God  that  hath  any  repugnancy  or 
contradiction  in  it.  Tillotson. 

The  imperfection  of  telescopes  is  attributed  to  spherical 
glasses.  Newton. 

Syn.  — See  Ascribe. 

At'TRI-BUTE,  n.  1.  A thing  attributed  or  be- 
longing to  any  one;  a property;  a quality;  a 
characteristic. 

All  the  perfections  of  God  are  culled  his  attributes.  Watts. 

2.  {Gram.)  Quality  or  state  assigned  to  a 
noun  by  an  adjective  or  modifying  phrase. 

Attributes  are  usually  distributed  under  the  three  heads  of 
quality,  quantity,  and  relation.  Mill. 

3.  {Fine  Arts.)  A symbol  given  to  certain 
figures,  to  distinguish  and  characterize  them, 
as  the  trident  of  Neptune,  &c. 

The  ladder  of  Jacob  is  a striking  attribute  for  the  patriarclr 
Jacob,  and  tire  harp  for  King  David.  Fairholt. 

Syn.  — See  Quality. 

AT-TRI-BU'TION,  re.  1.  Act  of  attributing. 

Tile  attribution  of  prophetical  language  to  birds  was  com- 
mon among  the  Orientals.  IVarton. 

2.  Quality  ascribed;  attribute. 

Sucli  attribution  should  tile  Douglas  have.  Shak. 

AT-TRIB'U-TIVE,  a.  That  attributes;  attribut- 
ing ; expressing  an  attribute.  Shak. 

That  adjective  which  is  joined  immediately  to  a substan- 
tive, to  modify  and  restrict  its  meaning,  is  called  an  attritm- 
iire  adjective;  as,  “ A splendid  temple."  J.  IV.  Gibbs. 

AT-TRlB'y-TlVE,  re.  (Gram.)  A word  which 
denotes  something  attributed. 

All  attributives  are  either  verbs,  particles,  or  adjectives. 

Harris. 

AT-TRlTE',  a.  [L.  attero,  attritus,  to  rub.] 

1.  Ground  or  worn  by  rubbing,  [r.]  Milton. 

2.  {Theol.)  Sorry  for  sin  only  from  a sense  of 

shame  or  the  fear  of  punishment.  “ A man 
attrite  for  his  sins.”  Bp.  Bull. 

AT-TRITE’NIJSS,  w.  State  of  being  attrite  or 
much  worn ; attrition,  [it.]  Johnson. 

AT-TRl"TION  (at-trlsli'un,  94),  re.  [L.  attritio.] 

1.  Act  of  wearing,  as  when  bodies  rub  one 

against  another.  Woodward. 

2.  State  of  being  worn.  Johnson. 

3.  (Theol.)  Such  a grief  for  sin  as  arises  only 

from  fear  of  punishment  or  a sense  of  shame  ; 
— distinguished  from  contrition.  Tillotson. 

t A P TRY,  [A.  S.  wtter,  poison.]  Poison- 

+ At’TJJR-LY,  ) ous  ; virulent.  Chaucer. 

AT-TiJNE',  v.  a.  [L.  tonus,  from  Gr.  rdvoc,  a tone.] 
[j.  ATTUNED  ; pp.  ATTUNING,  ATTUNED.] 

1.  To  set  to  a tune  ; to  make  musical. 

Airs,  vernal  airs. 

Breathing  the  smell  of  field  and  grove,  attune 

The  trembling  leaves.  Milton. 

2.  To  make  accordant ; to  harmonize. 

This  is  what  Epictetus  calls  “ tn  attune  or  harmonize  one’s 
mind  to  the  things  which  happen.”  Harris. 

f A-TWAIN'.  (?-twan'),  ad.  [A.  S.  tweyan,  two.] 
In  twain  ; in  two  ; asunder.  Shak. 

A-TWEEL',  interj.  I wot  well.  [Scottish.]  Taylor. 

f A-TWEEN',  ad.  or  prep.  Between.  Spenser. 

t A-TWINNE'  (a-twln'),  ad.  In  two;  asunder; 
in  twain.  Chaucer. 


A-TWIST',  a.  [A.  S.  tivinan,  to  twist.]  Awry  ; 
distorted,  [r.]  Seager. 

f A-TWIXT'  (?-twTkst'),  prep.  Betwixt ; between. 

Great  love  was  atwixt.  them  two.  Chaucer. 

fA-TWO'  (a-t8')>  ad.  [A.  S.  twegan,  two.]  Into 
two.  “ An  axe  to  smite  the  cord  atwo.”  Chaucer. 

A-TYP'IC,  a.  [Gr.  a priv.  and  tuuo 5,  a type.] 
(Med.)  Having  no  type  ; irregular.  Dunglison. 

AUBAIJYE  (o-ban'),  re.  [Fr.  aubain,  a foreigner, 
from  L.  alibi,  elsewhere,  and  natus,  born. 
Spelman.  L.  advena,  a stranger.  Cujacius.] 
(Fr.  Law.)  Succession  to  the  property  of  a 
stranger; — droit  d’aubaine,  a prerogative  by 
which  the  kings  of  France  formerly  claimed 
the  property  of  a stranger  who  died  in  their 
kingdom,  not  having  been  naturalized.  P.  Cyc. 

Au ' BER-qiNE,  re.  [Fr.]  The  egg-plant,  or  mad- 
apple  ; Solatium  melongena.  Gent.  Mag. 

Au ' BER-QlST,  re.  [Fr.  aubergiste.]  An  inn- 
keeper ; a tavern-keeper.  [it.]  Smollett. 

Au'BUIlN,  a.  [A.  S.  byrnan, to  burn. — Fr.  a brun, 
It.  bruno,  brown.  Sullivan.  It  is  written  abron 
by  Beau.  § FI.  and  by  Hall,  and  aburne  by  Sir 
T.  Elyot  and  Shakspeare.  — See  Brown.] 
Reddish  brown  ; nut-brown  ; chestnut  color. 

For  him  with  female  care, 

She  combed,  and  set  ill  curls,  her  auburn  hair.  Drytlen. 

Au-CHE  'm-A,  re.  [Gr.  the  neck.]  (Zoiil.) 

A genus  of  ruminating  animals  ; the  lama  and 
paco,  paea,  or  alpaca; — characterized  by  the 
elongation  of  the  neck.  Brande. 

AU  COURAjYT  (o-ko-r'ing'),  a.  [Fr.,  in  the  cur- 
rent.'] Well  acquainted  with  what  is  going  on  ; 
having  the  run  of  ; — used  of  public  or  private 
matters.  Ugilvie. 

AUC'TION  (iwk'shun,  94),  n.  [L.  audio  ; ait  geo, 
auctus,  to  increase.] 

1.  A public  sale  of  property  to  the  highest  bid- 

der ; a vendue.  “ Goods  sold  by  auction  ” ; 
“ Any  sale  at  auction.”  McCulloch. 

2.  f Things  sold  by  auction. 

Ask  j'ou  why  Phrine  the  whole  auction  buys?  Pope. 

Dutch  auction , an  auction  in  which  the  auctioneer 
begins  by  naming  a high  price,  and  gradually  reduces 
it  until  some  one  closes  with  his  offer.  Loud.  Ency. 

Auc'TION,  v.  a.  To  sell  by  auction.  Johnson. 

AUC'TION-A-RY,  a.  Belonging  to  an  auction. 
“ With  auctionary  hammer.”  Dryden. 

AUC-TION-EER',  n.  One  whose  business  it  is 
to  offer  property  for  sale  by  auction  ; one  who 
invites  bids  at  a sale  by  auction. 

AUC-TION-EER',  v.  a.  To  sell  by  auction. 

Estates  are  landscapes,  gazed  upon  a while, 

Then  advertised  and  auctioneered  away.  Cowper. 

AUC'TION— ROOM,  re.  A room  where  an  auction 
or  vendue  is  held.  Boswell. 

fAuc'TIVE,  a.  [L.  augco,  auctus,  to  increase.] 
Of  an  increasing  quality.  Bailey. 

Au' CU-BA,  n.  (Bot.)  A Japanese  laurel-like 
evergreen  plant,  or  shrub,  remarkable  for  its 
shining  pale-green  leaves'’ mottled  with  yellow  ; 
the  gold  plant.  Eng.  Cyc. 

f AU-CU-rA'TION,  re.  [L.  aucupatio  ; avis,  a 
bird,  and  eapio,  to  take.]  Fowling;  bird-catch- 
ing. Bailey. 

AU-DA'CIOIiS  Qfw-da'shus,  66),  a.  [L.  audax ; au- 
deo,  to  dare  ; It.  amlcice;  Sp .auclaz  ; Fr.  auda- 
cieux.] 

1.  Daring ; venturesome ; fearless  ; intrepid. 

Thence  many  a league, 

As  in  a cloudy  chair  ascending,  rides 
Audacious.  Milton. 

2.  Bold  in  a bad  sense ; insolent ; impudent. 

Obey,  audacious  traitor;  kneel  for  grace.  Shak. 

3.  Proceeding  from  ahold,  insolent,  or  shame- 
less disposition.  “Audacious  eloquence.”  “Au- 


dacious wickedness.”  Shak. 

AU-DA'CIOUS-LY  (kw-da'slms-le),  ad.  Boldly: 
— impudently.  South. 

AU-DA'CIOyS-NESS  (0Lw-da'shus-nes),  re.  Qual- 
ity of  being  audacious ; audacity.  Sandys. 

AU-DAc'I-TY  (aw-das'e-te),  re. 

1.  Boldness  ; intrepidity ; fearlessness.  “ Such 
courage  and  audacity .”  Shak. 


2.  Impudence  ; effrontery  ; presumptuous- 
ness. “ The  most  arrogant  audacity."  Joyc. 

Syn. Audacity  marks  a daring,  boldness  a ready, 

character  ; hardihood  and  hardiness  signify  capacity 
to  endure.  The  audacity  of  a rebel ; the  boldness  of 
an  advocate;  the  intrepidity  of  a general  ; the  impu- 
dence of  a knave;  the  effrontery  of  a villain.  Auda- 
city, impudence , and  effrontery  are  used  in  a bad  sense  ; 
hardiness,  hardihood,  boldness , in  a good  or  bad  sense  ; 
intrepidity,  in  a good  sense. 

Au-DI-BIL'I-TY,  n.  Capability  of  being  heard; 
audibleness,  [r.]  Journal  of  Science. 

Au'DI-BLE,  a.  [L.  audibilis  ; audio,  to  hear.] 
That  may  be  heard ; perceptible  by  the  ear. 
“ With  audible  lament.”  Milton. 

Au'DI-BLE,  re.  The  object  of  hearing.  “ The 
smell  doth  not  once  dream  of  audibles.”  More. 

Au'DI-BLE-NESS,  re.  Quality  of  being  audible. 

Au'DI-BLY,  ad.  In  an  audible  manner.  Milton. 

II  Au'DI-ENCE  [aw'de-ens,  P.J.  Ja.  Sm.  R. ; kw'- 
dyens,  S.  F. ; Iwd'yens,  E.  K.  ; iw'je-eiis,  IF.], 
re.  [L.  audio,  to  hear  ; It.  audienza  ; Sp.  audi- 
encia-,  Fr.  audience.] 

1.  Act  of  hearing,  or  of  listening. 

llis  look 

Drew  audience , and  attention  still  as  night.  Milton. 

2.  The  ceremonial  hearing  of  ambassadors  or 
ministers  by  a sovereign  or  chief  authority. 

Let  me  have  audience;  I am  sent  to  speak, 

My  holy  lord  of  Milan,  from  the  king.  Shak. 

3.  An  assembly  addressed  by  a speaker  ; an 
auditory. 

The  hall  was  filled  with  an  audience  of  the  greatest  emi- 
nence for  quality  and  politeness.  Addison. 

4.  (Eng.)  A court  held  by  an  archbishop. 
“ Into  the  arches  or  audience."  Canons  Eccl. 

II  Au'DLENCE-CHAm'BPR,  re.  The  place  set 
apart  for  giving  audience.  Trans,  of  Boccalini. 

||  AU-DI-ENCE— COURT,  re.  A court  belonging 
to  the  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  of  equal  au- 
thority with  the  Arches  court,  though  inferior 
both  in  dignity  and  antiquity.  Burn. 

AU-DI-EN' DO  ET  TER-MI-JVAN  ' Dd,  [L.,/or 
hearing  and  ending.]  (Law.)  A writ  to  cer- 
tain persons  for  appeasing  and  punishing  any 
insurrection  or  great  riot.  Whishaw. 

fAU'DI-ENT,  re.  [L.  audio,  audiens.]  A hearer. 
“ The  audients  of  her  sad  story.”  Shelton. 

Au'DIT,  v.  a.  [L.  audio,  to  hear.]  [i.  audited  ; 
pp.  auditing,  audited.]  To  settle  by  an 
audit ; to  examine  and  settle  or  adjust,  as  ac- 
counts. “We  reckon  up  and  audit  the  ex- 
penses.” Fell. 

Au'DIT,  v.  re.  To  sum  up  ; to  settle  an  account. 

Let  Hocus  audit;  he  knows  how  the  money  was  disbursed. 

Arbuthnot. 

Au'DIT,  re.  1.  The  settling  of  accounts  by  examin- 
ing documents  and  hearing  parties  concerned  ; 
a final  account. 

And  how  bis  audit  stands,  who  knows  save  Ileaven  ? Shak. 

2.  Audience  ; a hearing.  “ Whoso  seeks  an 
audit  here, . . . pays  his  tribute.”  Cowper. 

AU'DIT— HOUSE,  re.  An  appendanee  to  ihost  ca- 
thedrals, for  the  transaction  of  affairs  belong- 
ing to  them.  Sir  G.  Wheler. 

fAU-Dl"TION  (ku-disb'un),  re.  [L.  auditio.]  A 
hearing  ; a listening  to.  Bailey. 

f Au'DI-TIVE,  a.  Capable  of  hearing.  Cotgrave. 

Au'DI-TOR,  m.  [L.  auditor',  It.  auditore ; Sp. 
auditor-,  Fr.  audit eur.] 

1.  A hearer  ; a listener. 

I was  surrounded  by  a multitude  of  auditors,  who  retailed 
my  maxims  and  my  jests.  Johnson. 

2.  One  who  audits ; a person  appointed  to 

examine  a particular  account,  and  state  or  cer- 
tify the  result ; or  an  officer  whose  business  it 
is  to  examine  and  verify  all  accounts  relating 
to  the  business  of  the  government,  corporation, 
or  other  authority  from  which  he  receives  his 
appointment.  P.  Cyc. 

AU-DI-TO'RI-AL,  a.  Auditory.  Sir  J.  Stoddart. 

Au'DI-TOR-SIlIP,  re.  The  office  of  an  auditor. 

Au'DI-TO-RY,  a.  Relating  to  the  sense  of  hear- 
ing, or  to  the  organs  on  which  it  depends.  “ Vi- 
brations ...  in  the  auditory  nerves.”  Newton. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON  ; BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — C,  fr,  c,  g,  soft;  £,  fi,  c,  g,  hard;  S as  z;  X as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 
13 


AUDITORY 


98 


AURICULAR 


AU'DI-TO-RY,  n.  [L.  auditorium.'] 

1.  An  audience ; an  assembly  of  hearers. 

I look  upon  you  as  an  auditory  fit  to  be  waited  on.  South. 

2.  A place  in  which  auditors  assemble. 

When  Agrippa  and  Bernice  entered  into  the  auditor v. 

Acts  xxv.  23.  WicUiJjc's  Tram. 

Au' DI-TRESS,  n.  A female  hearer. 

Adam  relating,  she  sole  auditress.  Milton. 

AU-DIT'U- AL,  a.  Relating  to  hearing;  audi- 
tive; auditory,  [r.]'  Coleridge. 

f Auf  (iwf),  n.  [A.  S.  alf,  an  elf ; Dut.  alf.]  A 
fool,  or  silly  fellow ; an  oaf.  Burton. 

AU  FAIT  (o'fa’),  [Fr.,  to  the  fact.]  Well-in- 
structed ; skilful ; expert.  Qu.  Rev. 

ATJ-£E'AN  [au-je'?n,  Sin.  Cl. ; au'je-tm,  C.  Ash],  a. 
[Or.  Arycia;,  a king  of  Elis,  whose  stable,  con- 
taining three  thousand  head  of  cattle,  and  un- 
eleansed  for  thirty  years,  was  cleaned  in  one 
day  by  Hercules.]  Belonging  to  Augeas  ; — full 
of  dirt  or  filth  ; as,  “ Augean  stable.”  Tooke. 

AU'EpIt,  n.  [A.  S.  nafegar , or  nafogar ; Dut. 
avegaar.]  An  iron  instrument  for  boring  holes. 

Sharp  augers  brought,  with  which  he  bored  the  beams. 

Cowper. 

Au'CpR— HOLE,  n.  A hole  made  by  an  auger. 
“ Hid  in  an  auger-hole.”  Shah. 

AUOET  (o'zha'),  n.  [Fr .,  a trough.]  (Mil.)  A 
long  wooden  case  containing  a pipe  or  hose, 
used  for  firing  a mine.  Campbell. 

AUGHT  (Iwt),  n.  [A.  S.  aught,  alit,  or  awiht.] 
Any  thing.  [Incorrectly  written  ought.]  Shak. 

If  aught  thy  wisdom  has  denied, 

Or  aught  thy  goodness  lent.  rope. 

AU'^fTE,  n.  [Gr.  avyiTi) ;,  the  turquoise  ; avyim, 
to  shine,  to  glitter.]  (Min.)  A compound  of  pro- 
toxide of  iron,  silica,  lime,  magnesia,  and  alumi- 
na, of  a dark  green  or  black  color,  found  in 
basaltic  and  volcanic  rocks.  Dana. 

AUG-MENT',  v.  a.  [L.  augmentum,  enlargement ; 
augmento,  augeo,  to  increase  ; It.  augmentare ; 
Sp.  aumentar;  Fr.  augment er.]  [f.  augment- 
ed ; pp.  augmenting,  AUGMENTED.]  To  make 
larger  ; to  enlarge  ; to  increase  ; to  multiply. 

Though  fortune  change,  his  constant  spouse  remains. 

Augments  his  joys,  and  mitigates  his  pains.  Tope. 

Syn. — See  Add. 

AUG-MENT',  v.  n.  To  grow  larger  ; to  increase. 

The  winds  redouble  and  the  rains  augment.  Dryden. 

AUG'MENT,  n.  1.  State  of  increase;  increase. 
“ 'I  bis  augment  of  the  tree.”  Walton. 

2.  (Gram.)  An  increase  at  the  beginning  of 
some  of  the  tenses  of  Greek  verbs.  When 
formed  by  prefixing  a syllable  or  two  syllables 
to  the  verb,  it  is  called  the  syllabic  augment, 
and  when  formed  by  changing  an  initial  short 
vowel  into  the  corresponding  long  one,  it  is 
called  the  temporal  augment.  Valpy. 

AUG-MENT'A-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  aug- 
mented or  increased.  Ashmole. 

AUG-MgN-TA'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  augmenting, 
or  state  of  being  augmented ; increase  ; enlarge- 
ment. “Augmentation  of  glory.”  Hooker. 

2.  (Her.)  An  especial  mark  (5f  honor,  borne 
either  on  an  escutcheon  or  a canton.  Johnson. 

3.  (Mus.)  Doubling  the  length  of  the  notes 

in  a fugue  or  canon.  Buchanan. 

AUG-MJJN-TA'TION-COURT,  n.  (Eng.  Hist.)  A 
court  erected  by  Henry  VIII.  for  the  increase 
of  the  revenues  of  his  crown  by  the  suppres- 
sion of  monasteries.  Warton. 

AUG-MEN'TA-TI  VE,  a.  Having  the  quality  of 
augmenting  ; tending  to  increase.  Todd. 

AUG-MEN'TA-TIVE,  n.  (Gram.)  A derivative 
word  formed  to  denote  an  excess  of  what  is  ex- 
pressed by  its  primitive.  Latham. 

AUG-MENT'JJR,  n.  One  who  enlarges  or  aug- 
ments. Johnson. 

AU'GRE  (Stw'gur),  n.  See  Auger.  Shak. 

AU'GUR,  n.  [L.  augur-.  It.  augure ; Sp.  augur-, 
Yx.  augure.  See  Augury.]  One  who  pretends 
to  predict  by  omens,  as  the  flight  of  birds  ; a 
soothsayer.  “ Interpreted  by.  the  augurs  as  a 
sure  presage.”  Gibbon. 


A,  E,  I,  O;  lr,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  T,  O. 


AU'GUR,  v.  n.  [L.  auguror,  to  make  auguries ; 
It.  augurare  ; Sp.  augurar-,  Fr.  augurer.]  \i. 
AUGURED  ; pp.  AUGURING,  AUGURED.]  To 
predict  or  conjecture  from  signs ; to  prognos- 
ticate ; to  guess.  “ My  auguring  hope.”  Shak. 
“ My  auguring  mind.”  Dryden. 

AU'GUR,  v.  a.  To  foretell ; to  presage  ; to  fore- 
bode ; to  betoken  ; to  portend.  “ 1 did  augur 
all  this  to  him  beforehand.”  B.  Jonson. 

Syn.  — It  augurs  ill  to  be  too  fond  of  pleasure  ; but 
it  presages  well  to  be  industrious;  diligence  betokens 
prosperity  ; clouds  portend  ox  forebode  a storm. 

AlJ'GU-RAL,  a.  Relating  to  augury.  Bryant. 

AU'GU-RATE,  v.  n.  To  judge  by  augury.  “I 
augurated  truly.”  [it.]  Warburton. 

f AU-GU-RA'TION,  n.  The  practice  of  augury. 
“ He  contemned  the  . . . augurations.”  Browne. 

AU'GUR-ER,  n.  An  augur  ; a soothsayer.  Shak. 

AU-GU'RI-AL,  a.  Relating  to  augury.  “ Augu- 
rial  and  tripudiary  divinations.”  Browne. 

AU'GU-RIST,  n.  An  augur,  [it.]  Booth. 

f Au'GU-RIZE,  v.  n.  To  practise  augury.  Bailey. 

f AU'GU-ROUS,  a.  Predicting ; prescient.  “Pre- 
saging in  their  augurous  hearts.”  Chapman. 

AU'GUR-SHIP,  n.  The  office  of  an  augur.  Bacon. 

AU'GU-RY,  n.  [L.  augurium,  prophecy ; sup- 
posed by  Vossius  to  be  equivalent  to  avegerium, 
the  conduct  or  action  of  birds,  from  avis,  a bird, 
and  gero,  to  bear  ; It.  <Sf  Sp.  augurio  ; Fr. 
augure .] 

1.  Prognostication  by  omens  or  prodigies. 

“She  knew  by  augury  divine.”  Swift. 

2.  An  omen  ; a sign  ; a prediction. 

Sad  auguries  of  winter  thence  she  drew.  Dryden. 

AU'GUST,  n.  [L.  auqustus  ; It.  § Sp.  agosto  ; Fr. 
aoht.]  The  eighth  month  of  the  year  ; — so 
named  in  honor  of  Augustus  Caesar.  Holland. 

AU-GUST',  a.  [L.  augustus ; augeo,  to  honor,  to 
reverence.]  Impressing  awe  ; imposing ; ven- 
erable ; stately  ; great ; grand  ; majestic  ; awful. 
The  Trojan  chief  appeared  in  ojien  sight, 

August  in  visage  and  serenely  bright.  Dryden. 

AU-GUS'TAN,  a.  Relating  to  Augustus. 

Augustan  age,  the  reign  of  Augustus,  the  most  bril- 
liant period  in  the  literary  history  of  Rome  ; applied  by 
analogy  to  similar  periods  in  the  literary  history  of 
other  countries;  as,  “ The  Augustan  age  of  English 
literature.”  — Augustan  confession,  the  profession  of 
faith  of  the  Protestant  Lutheran  church,  drawn  up  by 
Melanchthon,  with  the  approbation  of  Luther,  in 
order  to  be  laid  before  the  Emperor  Charles  V.  at  the 
Diet  of  Augsburg  (or  Augusta)  held  in  June,  1530; 
also  called  the  Augsburg  confession. 

AU-GUS'TINE§,  n.pl.  (Eccl.  Hist.)  An  order  of 
monks,  so  named  from  St.  Augustine  ; — called 
also  Austin  friars.  Milner. 

AU-GUST'LY,  ad.  In  an  august  manner.  Young. 

AU-GUST'NESS,  n.  Elevation  of  look  ; loftiness 
of  mien ; dignity.  Johnson. 

AUK,  n.  [L.  alca,  a penguin  ; Icel.  aulka ; Dan. 
alke.]  (Ornith.)  A bird  of  the  family  Alcidae 
and  sub-family  Alcina.  — See  AlcinvE.  Gray. 

AUK'WARD,  a.  See  Awkward. 

Au-LA'RI-AN,  a.  [L.  aula,  from  Gr.  avi.ij,  a hall.] 
Relating  to  a hall.  Smart. 

Au-LA'RI-AN,  n.  A member  of  a hall,  as  distin- 
guished from  a member  of  a college,  at  Oxford, 
England.  ' Life  of  A.  Wood. 

AULD,  a.  [A.  S.  aid.]  Old.  [Scotch.]  Shak. 

AULD  LANG—S  YNE.  [Scotch.]  A favorite 
phrase  used  in  Scotland  and  the  north  of  Eng- 
land to  express  days  long  since  past.  “ The 
days  of  auld  lang-syne."  Burns. 

AULD'-WARLD,  a.  [Scotch.]  Old-fashioned; 
antique ; ancient.  Ferguson’s  Poems. 

AU-LfiT'IC,  a.  [Gr.  alii s,  a wind  instrument,  a 
pipe.]  Belonging  to  pipes,  [r.]  Bailey. 

Au'LIC,  a.  [L.  aulicus ; aula,  a.  hall.]  Belong- 
ing to  the  court,  or  to  the  imperial  council. 

Aulic  council,  the  personal  council  of  the  emperor 
of  the  late  German  empire.  Braude. 


',  U,  Y,  short;  A,  p,  I,  O,  IT,  Y,  obscure;  FAKE, 


AULN,  or  AUNE  (awn),  n.  [Fr.  aulne .]  A 
French  measure  of  length;  an  ell.  Johnson. 

AUL'NA^E  (Iw'njj),  n.  Measurement  by  the 
ed.  Smart. 

AUL'NA-GER  (aw'n?-jer),  n.  A measurer  of 
cloth  ; alnager.  Blackstone. 

t AU-MAIL',  v.  a.  [Fr.  maille,  network,  or  email, 
enamel.]  To  variegate  ; to  figure.  Spenser. 

f AUM'BRY,  n.  A little  closet.  — See  Ambry. 

AUME,  n.  A Dutch  measure.  — See  Aam. 

AUN'CIJL— WEIGHT  (-wat),  n.  [L.  ansa,  a han- 
dle.] An  ancient  kind  of  balance,  or  mode  of 
weighing,  by  hanging  the  scales  at  each  end  of 
the  beam,  and  lifting  it  with  the  finger.  Boucher. 

AUNT  (ant),  n.  [L.  amita;  Old  Fr.  ante;  Fr. 
tante.) 

1.  The  sister  of  father  or  mother  in  relation 
to  their  children,  who  are  correlatively  nephews 
and  nieces. 

Who  meets  us  here  ? My  niece  Plantagenet, 

Led  by  the  hand  of  her  kind  aunt  of  Gloster.  Shak. 

2.  f A procuress.  Shak. 

3.  f Any  old  woman.  Shak. 

f AUN'TEI!,  n.  An  old  word  for  adventure.  Todd. 

f AUN'TItOUS,  a.  For  adventurous.  Chaucer. 

AU' RA,  n. ; pi.  Au'rje.  [L.,from  Gr.  oil,oa.] 

1.  A gentle  gale  or  breath  of  air. 

2.  (Med.)  A vapor ; an  exhalation  of  fine 
particles  from  a body  ; — a sensation  of  light 
vapor  passing  from  the  trunk  or  limbs  to- 
wards the  head,  being  a premonitory  symptom 
in  attacks  of  epilepsy  and  hysteria.  Dunglison. 

3.  (Ornith.)  A species  of  raven.  Crabb. 

f AU'RAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  air.  Maunder. 

Au'rATE,  n.  A sort  of  pear.  Miller. 

Au'rAte,  n.  [L.  aurum,  gold.]  (Chem.)  A sa- 
line compound  of  auric  acid  and  a base.  Miller. 

Au'RAT-ED,  a.  Containing  gold.  Smart. 

A U 'RE- ATE,  a.  [L.  aureatus.]  Golden.  Southey. 

AU-IlE' LI-a,  n.  [L.  aureus,  golden.]  (Zoiil.) 

1.  The  chrysalis  or  pupa  state  of  an  insect. 

2.  A genus  of  Acalephce;  jelly-fish.  Agassiz. 

AU-RE'LI-AN,  a.  Relating  to,  or  resembling,  an 
aurelia.  Ash. 

AU-RE'  O-LA,  n.  [L.,  of  the  color  of  gold.]  A 
circle  of  rays ; the  halo  of  glory,  or  luminous 
rays,  with  which  painters  envelop  the  body  or 
surround  the  head  of  Christ,  of  the  Virgin,  of 
saints,  &c. ; but  when  it  is  limited  to  the  head, 
it  is  usually  termed  by  artists  nimbus.  Fairholt. 

Au'RIC,  a.  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  composed  of 
oxygen  and  gold,  or  the  peroxide  of  gold,  hav- 
ing acid  properties.  Francis. 

AU-RI-jCHAL'CITE,  n.  [L.  aurichalcum,  erro- 
neously written  for  ortchalcum,  from  Gr.  luci- 
Xal.uos,  yellow  copper  ore,  and  the  brass  made 
from  it ; epos,  a mountain,  and  %ab(6s,  copper.] 
(Min.)  A mineral  composed  of  oxide  of  zinc, 
oxide  of  copper,  carbonic  acid,  and  water;  — 
so  named  because  it  contains  the  elements  of 
brass.  Dana. 

Au'RI-CLE  (Suv're-kl),  n.  [L.  auricula,  dim.  of 
auris,  the  ear  ; It.  orecchia;  Fr.  oreillc.] 

1.  The  external  ear. 

2.  (Anat.)  One  of  the  two  venous  chambers 

or  appendages  of  the  heart,  resembling  the  ex- 
ternal ear.  Dunglison. 

AU-RIC’U-LA,  n.  ; L.  pi.  AvrIc'v-laz  ; Eng. 
Au-rTc'u-la?.  [L.  auricula,  an  auricle.]  (Bot.) 
A species  of  primrose ; Primula  auricula.  Craig. 

AU-RIC'U-LAR,  a.  1.  Relating  to  the  ear;  con- 
veyed by  hearing ; within  the  sense  of  hearing. 

You  shall  bear  us  confer,  and  by  an  auricular  assurance 
have  your  satisfaction.  Shak. 

2.  Communicated  or  known  by  report. 

The  alchemists  call  in  many  varieties  out  of  astrology, 
auricular  traditions,  and  feigned  testimonies.  Aaron. 

3.  (Med.)  Belonging  to  the  ear,  or  to  the  au- 
ricles of  the  heart.  Dunglison. 

Auricular  confession,  (Eccl.)  confession  of  sins  niado 
to  the  ear  of  a priest  in  private. 


FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


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99 


AUTHOR 


AU-RlC'U-LAR,  n.  ( Ornith .)  The  tuft  of  feathers 
around  the  orifice  of  the  ears  of  birds.  Craig. 

AU-RIC'y-LAR-LY,  ad.  In  an  auricular  manner. 

AU-RIC'U-LATE,  i a , X.  {Bot.)  Like  the 

AU-RIC'U-LAT-gD,  ) ear  ; having  two 
lobes,  like  ears,  at  the  base.  P.  Cyc. 

2.  ( Conch .)  A term  applied  to  certain 
bivalves  which  have  a flat,  angulated  projec- 
tion on  one  or  both  sides  of  the  umbones  or 
bosses.  Ogilvie. 

AU-RIF'IJR-OUS,  a.  [L.  aurifer ; aurum,  gold, 
and  fern,  to  bear.]  Producing  gold.  Thomson. 

AU'RI-FORM,  a.  [L.  auris,  the  ear,  and  forma, 
form.]  Shaped  like  an  ear.  Craig. 

Au-RI' GA,  n. ; pi.  AU-Rl'pjE.  [L.,  a charioteer. \ 
{Astron.)  The  Wagoner,  or  Charioteer,  one  of 
the  constellations.  Hind. 

AU-RPgAL,  a.  Belonging  to  a chariot.  Bulwer. 

Au-Rl-GA'TION,  n.  [L.  auriga,  a charioteer.] 
Act  of  driving  carriages,  [it.]  Bailey. 

AU-rIg'RA-PIIY,  n.  [Gr.  avpor,  gold,  and  ypdtpio, 
to  write.]  Art  of  writing  with  gold:  Maunder. 

AU-RI-PHRYC'I-ATE,  a.  [L.  aurum,  gold,  and 
Low  L .phrygiare,  to  adorn  with  embroidery,  i.  e. 
Phrygian  needlework.]  Embroidered  with  gold. 

Nor  wore  he  [the  pope]  mitre  here 
Precious  or  auriphrygiatc.  Southey. 

Au-RT-PI O-MEJV ' T UM,  11.  [L.]  {Min.)  Yellow 
sulphuret  of  arsenic.  — See  Orpiment. 

AU'RJ-SCALP,  n.  [L.  auris,  the  ear,  and  scalpo, 
to  scrape.]  An  instrument  for  cleaning  the 
ears  ; an  ear-pick.  Smart. 

Au'RjST,  n.  [L.  auris,  the  ear.]  A surgeon 
who  treats  diseases  of  the  ear.  Dunglison. 

Au'RIT-ED,  a.  [L.  aurltus.]  {Zool.  & Bot.) 
Having  ears,  or  appendages  like  ears.  Hill. 

AU-RO-CEPH'A-LOUS,  a.  [Gr.  avoov,  gold,  and 
Ktifiah'i,  the  head.]  {Zool.)  Having  the  head  of 
a golden  color.  Craig. 

Au'ROGHS,  n.  [L.  urus,  a bison,  and  Ger.  ochs, 
an  ox.]  A species  of  wild  ox,  now  nearly  ex- 
tinct ; the  European  Bison  prisons.  Owen. 

AU-RO-CY'A-NIDE,  n.  [Gr.  ahpov,  gold,  and 
Kvavds,  blue.]  {Chem.)  A compound  of  the  cy- 
anide of  gold  and  a basic  oxide.  Brande. 

AU-RO'RA,  n. ; pi.  L.  Av-ro  ' rje  ; Eng.  Au-ito'- 
ras.  [L. ; from  Gr.  avptog,  golden,  and  (hint,  hour.] 

1.  Daybreak ; the  morning ; the  dawning  light 
before  sunrise. 

2.  (Mythol.)  The  goddess  of  Morning,  rep- 
resented by  the  poets  as  riding  in  a rose-col- 
ored chariot,  scattering  roses  from  her  hand, 
and  preceded  by  the  morning  star. 

Leaves  and  fuming  rills,  Aurora's  fan.  Milton. 

3.  {Bot.)  A species  of  crowfoot.  Johnson. 

Au-RO’ RA  BO-RF.-A'LIS,  n.  [L.,  northern  day- 
break.'] A nocturnal  luminous  meteor,  sup- 
posed to  be  electrical,  often  very  splendid, 
especially  in  high  northern  latitudes.  It  con- 
sists of  white  or  variously  colored  mellow 
light,  and  exhibits  various  and  changing  forms 
and  appearances,  as  the  arch,  columnar  up- 
shooting  streams,  beautiful  coruscations,  &c., 
which  sometimes  cover  the  whole  heavens.  It 
is  usually  preceded  and  accompanied  by  mag- 
netic perturbations;  and  the  summit  of  the  au- 
roral arch  is  always  in  or  near  the  magnetic 
meridian.  It  takes  its  name  from  its  resem- 
blance to  the  dawn,  and  is  called  also  northern 
lights  and  polar  ligh  ts. 

Aurora  australis , the  same  phenomenon  seen  to- 
wards the  south  pole. 

AlT-RO'RAL,a.  Relating  to  the  aurora  or  aurora 
borealis.  Phil.  Mag. 

AU-RO-TEL'LU-RITE,  n.  [L.  aurum,  gold,  and 
Mod.  L.  tellurium.]  {Min.)  An  ore  of  tellu- 
rium containing  gold  and  silver.  Dana. 

Au'RCTM  FUI.  A7/-A"Av$,  n.  [L.,  fulminating 
gold'.]  {Chem.)  An  explosive  preparation  made 
by  dissolving  gold  in  nitro-muriatic  acid,  and 
precipitating  it  with  ammonia.  Quincy. 

AUS-CUL-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  ausculto,  to  listen.] 


1.  A listening  to.  “You  shall  hear  what 

deserves  attentive  auscultation.”  Hickes. 

2.  (Med.)  A method  of  examining  diseases 
of  the  heart  and  lungs  by  listening  to  sounds  in 
the  chest  through  a stethoscope.  Dunglison. 

AUS'CUL-TA-TOR,  n.  {Med.)  One  who  practises 
auscultation.  Month.  Rev. 

AUS-CUL'TA-TO-RY,  a.  {Med.)  Relating  to  aus- 
cultation. Qu.  Rev. 

AUS'PI-UAL,  a.  Relating  to  auspices  or  omens  ; 
auspicatory.  Craig. 

Au'SPI-CATE,  v.  a.  [L.  auspicor,  auspicatus,  to 
foretell  by  observing  the  flight  and  singing  of 
birds.] 

1.  To  foreshow ; to  give  token  of. 

As  that  did  auspicate 

So  lasting  glory  to  Augustus’  state.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  To  take  the  first  step  towards  ; to  begin. 

One  of  the  very  first  acts  by  which  it  [the  government] 
auspicated  its  entrance  into  function.  Burke. 

AUS'PI-CA-TO-RY,  a.  Relating  to  auspices  or 
omens  ; auspical.  Ogilvie. 

AU'SPICE,  n. ; pi.  au'spi-ces.  [L.  auspicium, 
divination  by  the  flight  and  singing  of  birds ; 
avis,  a bird,  and  spicio,  to  look  at.] 

1.  Omen  or  omens,  such  as  used  to  be  drawn 

from  birds  ; augury.  Bp.  Story. 

2.  Protection  ; influence. 

By  whose  high  auspice  Rome  hath  stood 

So  long.  II.  Jonson. 

/)£§=•  In  this  sense,  it  is  generally  plural  ; as,  “ Un- 
der his  auspices  success  is  certain.” 

AU-SPI"CIAL  (lw-spish'?l),  a.  Relating  to  prog- 
nostics. Johnson. 


AU-SPI"CIOys  (aw-spTsh'us,  66),  a.  1.  Having 
omens  of  success  ; prosperous  ; fortunate. 
“ Auspicious  chief.”  Dryclen. 

2.  Favorable  ; propitious  ; lucky ; happy. 
'‘Auspicious  gales.”  Shak. 

Syn. — Auspicious  circumstances;  prosperous  or 
fortunate  in  business;  a prosperous  enterprise;  a fa- 
vorable wind  •,  a propitious  season;  a lucky  incident ; 
a happy  coincidence. 

AU-SPp'CIOUS-LY  (aw-splsh'us-le),  ad.  Prosper- 
ously ; favorably  ; happily.  Dry  den. 

AU-SPP'CIOUS-NESS  (aw-spish'us-nes),  n.  Prom- 
ise of  happiness  ; prosperity.  Johnson. 


AU-STERE',  a.  [Gr.  avarypos  ; L.  austerus  ; It.  &; 
Sp.  austero  ; Fr.  austere.] 

1.  Harsh  to  the  taste ; having  acerbity. 
“ Austere  wines  diluted  with  water.”  Arbuthnot. 

2.  Severe  ; harsh  ; rigid  ; ascetic  ; rigorous  ; 
stern ; crabbed. 

Be  not  unlike  nil  others,  not  austere 

As  thou  art  strong,  inflexible  as  steel.  Milton. 

3.  {F.  Arts.)  Scrupulously  truthful.  Fairholt. 

Syn.  dustere  master,  temper,  or  habit  ; severe 

punishment;  harsh  manners;  rigid  justice;  ascetic 
habit ; rigorous  discipline  ; stem  decree  ; crabbed  tem- 
per ; sour  aspect.  The  painter  is  austere  in  the  treat- 
ment of  a subject  when  he  rejects  all  ornament  or 
adventitious  aid.  — See  Harsh. 


Au-STERE'LY,  ad.  Rigidly  ; severely  ; sternly. 

Hypocrites  austerely  talk 

Of  purity,  and  place,  and  innocence.  Milton. 

Au-STERE'NBSS,  n.  1.  Quality  of  being  au- 
stere ; roughness  of  taste.  Johnson. 

2.  Severity ; austerity  ; rigor.  “ The  au- 
stereness of  my  life.”  Shak. 

Au-STER'I-TY,  n.  Severity ; excessive  rigor  ; 
mortified  life  ; harsh  discipline.  “ The  auster- 
ity of  a capuchin.”  Addison. 


Syn.  — Austerity  of  monastic  life;  severity  of  dis- 
cipline ; rigor  of  punishment  or  of  the  laws. 

Au'STRAL,  a.  [L.  australis ; auster,  the  south 
wind.]  Relating  to  the  south  ; southern. 
“ Austral  signs.”  Johnson. 

AU-STRAL-A'SIAN  (-a'shjn),  a.  {Geog.)  Relat- 
ing to  Australasia.  Smart. 


AU-STRAL-A'SIAN  (-a'shjn),  n.  {Geog.)  A na- 
tive of  Australasia.  P.  Cyc. 


AU-STRA'LI-AN,  a.  {Geog.)  Pertaining  to  Au- 
stralia or  New  Holland.  P.  Cyc. 

AU-STRA'LI-AN,  n.  {Geog.)  A native  of  Au- 
stralia or  New  Holland.  P.  Cyc. 


Au'STRAL-IZE,  v.  n.  To  tend  towards  the 
south,  as  one  pole  of  a magnet.  Broione. 


Aus'TRI-AN,  n.  [Ger.  lister,  eastern,  and  rcich, 
kingdom.]  {Geog.)  A native  of  Austria.  Coxe. 

AUS'TRI-AN,  a.  {Geog.)  Relating  to  Austria. 

f Aus'TR  INE,  a.  Southern  ; austral.  Bailey. 

f Au'STRING-ER,  n.  [Old  Fr.  austour,  a gos- 
hawk.] A falconer  ; an  astringer.  Cowell. 

AUS'TRO-MAN-CY,  n.  [L.  auster,  the  south 
wind,  and  Gr.  pavTtta,  prophecy.]  Divination 
by  the  winds.  Dunglison. 

h AU'TAR-jCHy,  n.  [Gr.  avmpyla  ; avrog,  self,  and 
apX’h  government.]  Absolute  power ; self-suf- 
ficiency. Milton. 

L Au'T^IR,  n.  [Fr . autel.]  An  altar.  Chaucer. 

AU-THEN  TIC,  i a_  [Gr,  nvOevTtKdg,  vouched 

Au-THEN'TI-CAL,  5 for,  warranted  ; dvOii ryg,  an 
absolute  ruler,  one  who  has  power  and  can 
delegate  it ; L.  authenticus  ; It.  S;  Sp.  autcntico  ; 
Fr.  authentique .] 

1.  Resting  on  proper  authority  ; properly  at- 
tested; genuine;  real;  true. 

Being  examined  on  these  material  defects  in  the  authenti- 
calness  of  a paper  produced  by  them  as  authentic , [they] 
could  give  no  sort  of  account  how  it  happened  to  be  without 
a signature.  Burke. 

2.  ( Greek  Mus.)  Noting  modes  or  keys  -whose 

tones  were  related  to  the  tonic,  in  contradis- 
tinction to  the  plagal  modes,  whose  tones  were 
related  to  the  fifth  or  dominant.  Dwight. 

Syn.  — Authentic  history  or  news  ; authentic  work  ; 
genuine  text ; genuine  materials  5 true  story  or  histo- 
ry ; real  occurrence. 

“ A genuine  book  is  that  which  was  written  by  the 
person  whose  name  it  bears  as  the  author  of  it.  An 
authentic  book  is  that  which  relates  matters  of  fact  as 
they  really  happened.  A book  may  be  genuine  without 
being  authentic , and  a book  may  be  authentic  without 
being  genuine.”  Bp.  Watson.  — Dr.  Hill,  in  his  “ Lec- 
tures,” reverses  the  definition  of  authentic , and 
changes  that  of  genuine  as  follows:  — “I  oppose 
tile  word  authentic  to  supposititious  (or  apocryphal ), 
the  word  genuine  to  vitiated.  I call  a book  authentic 
which  was  truly  the  work  of  the  person  whose  name 
it  bears.  I call  a book  genuine  which  remains  in  all 
material  points  the  same  as  when  it  proceeded  from 
the  author.”  Dr.  Hill. 

AU-THEN'TI-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  an  authentic  man- 
ner. “Not  yet  authentically  decided.”  Broione . 

AU-THEN'TI-CAL-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being 
authentic ; authenticity. 

Nothing  can  be  more  pleasant  than  to  see  virtuosos  about 
a cabinet  of  medals  descanting  upon  the  value,  rarity,  and 
authenticalness  of  the  several  pieces.  Audison. 

Au-THEN'TI-CATE,  V.  a.  [ i . AUTHENTICATED  ; 
pp.  AUTHENTICATING,  AUTHENTICATED.]  To 
prove  authentic ; to  give  credit  or  validity  to  by 
establishing  the  author  or  authority. 

I have  authenticated  two  portraits  of  that  prince.  Walpole. 

AU-THEN-TI-CA'TION,  n.  Act  of  authenticat- 
ing ; a proper  or  legal  attestation.  Gladstone. 

AU-TIipN-Tf^'l-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
authentic,  or  of  resting  on  proper  authority ; 
authenticalness ; genuineness.  Walpole. 

f AU-THEN'TIC-LY.  ad.  Authentically.  “Judi- 
cially and  authenticity  made.”  Hall. 

fAU-THEN'TIC-NESS,  n.  Authenticity.  “The 
authenticness  of  that  decree.”  Hammond. 

AU-TIIEN'TICS,  n.  pi.  {Civil  Law.)  A Latin 
translation,  from  the  Greek,  of  the  Novels  or 
New  Constitutions  of  Justinian,  made  by  an 
anonymous  author  ; — so  called  because  the 
Novels  were  translated  entire,  to  distinguish 
it  from  the  epitome  made  by  Julian.  Bun-ill. 

Au'THOR,  n.  [L.  auctor ; It . autore ; Sp.  autor ; 
Old  Fr.  autour;  Fr  .auteur.] 

1.  He  to  whom  any  thing  owes  its  origin  ; 
originator ; creator ; maker ; first  cause. 

Thou  art  my  father,  thou  my  author , thou 
My  being  gav’st  me.  Milton. 

2.  One  who  composes  a work  of  science  or 
literature  ; the  first  writer  of  any  thing,  distinct 
from  a translator  or  compiler ; a composer ; a 
writer. 

An  author  has  the  choice  of  his  own  thoughts  and  words, 
which  a translator  has  not.  Drydcn. 

An  author ! ’Tis  a venerable  name; 

How  few  deserve  it!  and  what  numbers  claim!  Pope. 

The  chief  glory  of  every  people  arises  from  its  authors. 

Johnson. 

Syn.  — Sec  Writer. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — r,  <?,  ?,  g,  soft;  £,  .0,  c,  g,  hard;  % as  z; 


Y as  gz. — THIS,  tliis. 


AUTHOR 


AUTUMN 


100 


t All'THOR,  v.  a.  To  occasion;  to  effect. 

“ What  hand  hath  authored  it.”  Beau.  $ FI. 

AU'THOR-ESS,  n.  A female  author.  Fope. 

This  word  is  now  well  established.  Heretofore 
author  was  commonly  applied  to  writers  of  both 
sexes ; and  some  still  so  use  it. 

Au-THO'RI-AL,  a.  Relating  to  an  author,  or 
authorship,  [r.]  Southey. 

Au'THOR-I§M,  n.  Authorship,  [r.]  Anna  Seivard. 

AU-TH6r'I-TA-TIVE,  a.  1.  Having  due  au- 
thority ; exercising  authority  ; commanding. 

It  is  of  perilous  consequence  that  foreigners  should  have 
authoritative  influence  upon  the  subjects  of  any  prince. 

Bui'row. 

2.  Dictatorial ; magisterial ; peremptory. 

The  mock  authoritative  manner  of  the  one,  and  the  insipid 
mirth  of  the  other.  Swg't. 

Syn.  — See  Magisterial. 

AU-THOR'I-TA-TIVE-LY,  ad.  In  an  authorita- 
tive manner.  Clarke. 

AU-THOR'I-TA-TIVE-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being 
authoritative.  Bailey. 

Au-THOR'I-TY,  n.  [L.  auctoritas ; It.  autorita ; 
Sp.  autoridad ; Fr.  autorite.] 

1.  Legal  or  genuine  power ; sovereignty  of 
established  government ; dominion. 

If  law,  authority,  and  power  deny  not, 

It  will  go  hard  with  poor  Antonio.  Shak. 

2.  pi.  Agents  of  established  government ; as, 
“ The  civil  authorities.” 

3.  Rule  ; sway  ; ascendency  ; influence  from 
superiority  of  endowment  or  condition. 

Truth,  wisdom,  sanctitude  severe  and  pure, 

Severe,  but  in  true  filial  freedom  placed, 

Whence  true  authority  in  men.  Milton. 

4.  Delegated  power. 

By  what  authority  docst  thou  these  things?  and  who  gave 
thee  this  authority'i  Mark  xi.  28. 

But  man,  proud  man, 

Dressed  in  a little  brief  authority , 

Plays  such  fantastic  tricks  before  high  Heaven 
As  make  the  angels  weep.  Shak. 

5.  A witness  ; a person  or  writing  that  offers 
corroborating  evidence. 

Something  I have  heard  of  this,  which  I would  be  glad  to 
find  by  so  sweet  an  authority  confirmed.  Sidney. 

With  regard  to  authority , it  is  the  greatest  weakness  to 
attribute  infinite  credit  to  particular  authors,  and  to  refuse 
his  own  judgment  to  Time,  the  author  of  all  authors,  and 
therefore  of  all  a uthoi'ity.  Bacon. 

6.  Cogency  of  evidence ; weight  of  testimo- 
ny. “ Authority  of  the  Scriptures.”  Ilooker. 

7.  A precedent,  or  an  act  or  decision  worthy 
to  be  followed  as  a precedent ; as,  “ The  au- 
thorities cited  in  courts  of  law.” 

Syn. Authority  of  a prince;  sovereignty  of  the 

constitution,  of  the  laws,  of  the  people ; dominion  of 
an  empire  ; rule  of  a monarch  ; sway  of  an  orator 
when  lie  gains  an  ascendency  over  the  multitude  by 
tile  influence  of  liis  abilities:  — authority  to  compel, 
influence  to  persuade. 

AU'THOR-I-ZA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  author- 
ized. “ A censure  author izable.”  Hammond. 

Au-THOR-I-ZA'TION,  n.  Act  of  authorizing ; 
establishment  by  authority.  Hale. 

Au'TIIOR-IZE,  v.  a.  \i.  authorized  ; pp.  au- 
thorizing, AUTHORIZED.] 

1.  To-endow  with  authority;  to  sanction;  to 
justify. 

Those  forms  are  best  which  have  been  longest  received 
and  authorized  in  a nation  by  custom  and  use.  Temple. 

All  virtue  lies  in  a power  of  denying  our  own  desires 
where  reason  does  not  authorize  them.  Locke. 

Be  a person  in  vogue  with  the  multitude,  he  shall  author- 
ize any  nonsense.  South. 

2.  To  make  legal  or  right. 

To  have  countenanced  in  him  irregularity,  and  disobe- 
dience to  that  light  which  he  had,  would  have  been  to  have 
authorized  disorder,  confusion,  and  wickedness  in  his  crea- 
tures. Locke. 

Syn.  — See  Commission. 

Au'THOR-IZED  (Iw'thor-izd),  p.  a.  Having  au- 
thority; supported  by  authority. 

AU'TIIOR-LESS,  a.  Without  an  author.  “Tra- 
dition and  an  authorlcss  pamphlet.”  Fuller. 

AU'THOR-LING,  n.  A petty  author.  Coleridge. 

AU'THOR-LY,  a.  Belonging  to  an  author.  “ He 
keeps  his  own  authorly  secrets.”  [it.]  Cowper. 

AU'THOR-SHXP,  n.  State  of  being  an  author. 

Au-TO-B!-OG'RA-PHER,  n.  [See  Autobiogra- 
phy.] One  who  writes  his  own  life.  Brydgcs. 


Au-TO-BI-O-GRAPHTC,  a.  Same  as  Autobio- 
graphical. Dibdin. 

AU-TO-BI-O-GRAPH'I-CAL,  a.  Relating  to  au- 
tobiography. Ed.  Rev. 

AU-TQ-BJ-OG'RA-PHIST,  n.  Same  as  Avtori- 
ographer.  ’ Month.  Rev. 

AU-TO-BI-6g'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  avrds,  self,  ft6;, 
life,  and  ypbfui,  to  write.]  The  biography  or 
life  of  a person  written  by  himself.  Braude. 

Syn.  — See  Biography. 

AU-TO-CAR'POUS,  a.  [Gr.  abr6s,  by  one’s  self, 
and  Kapnds,  fruit.]  ( Bot .)  Noting  fruit  not  ad- 
herent to  the  calyx ; superior.  Lindley. 

Au-TOCH’  THOJY,  n.  ; pi.  a u-  Toe  ft ' tiio-ne  $. 
[Gr.  avrd^Owv,  of  native  stock  ; nirds,  one’s  own, 
and  ^0 tin,  land,  country.]  One  who  is  supposed 
to  have  sprung  from  the  soil  itself  on  which  he 
lives  ; one  of  the  aborigines  or  first  inhabitants 
of  a country.  Eel.  Rev. 

AU-TOGH'THO-NAL,  a.  Aboriginal.  Ed.  Rev. 

AU-TOjCH'TIIO-NOUS,  a.  Indigenous;  aborigi- 
nal ; autochthonal.  Ogilvie. 

Au-TOC'RA-CY,  n.  [Gr.  abroKparda  ; avr6;,  self, 
and  Kyurtoi,  to  govern.]  Government  exercised 
by  a single  person ; self-derived  power.  "Au- 
tocracy and  supremacy  within  itself.”  South. 

AU'TO-CRAt,  n.  [Gr.  avTospnri/s,  ruling  by  one’s 
self.]  An  absolute  sovereign  or  ruler.  Qu.  Rev. 

AU-TO-CRAT  IC,  )«.  Relating  to  an  autoc- 

AU-TO-CRAt'I-CAL,  ) racy ; absolute.  Glover. 

AU-TO-CRAT'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  the  manner  of 
an  autocrat.  Ch.  Eng.  Rev. 

f Au-TOC ’ RA-TOR,n.  [Gr.]  An  autocrat.  Smart. 

f AU-TO-CRA-TOR'I-CAL,  a.  [Gr.  aiiroKparoptudgl] 
Same  as  Autocratical.  Pearson. 

AU-ToC'RA-TRICE,  )n  a female  absolute  sov- 

AU-T6c'RA-TRIX,  ) ereign  or  autocrat.  Davis. 

Au'TO-CRAT-SHIp,  n.  The  office  of  an  auto- 
crat ; autocracy.  Ch.  Ob. 

AUTO-DA-FE  (iu'to-dfi-la'),  n. ; pi.  AUTOS-A 
da-fe.  [Port.,  act  of  the  faith.')  ( 

AUTO—DE—FE  (lu'to-de-la'),  11.  ; pi.  autos-  f" 
be  fe.  [Sp.,  act  of  faith.)  j 

1.  A public  solemnity  held  by  the  Court  of 
the  Inquisition  in  Spain  and  Portugal.  It  was  a 
jail-delivery,  at  which  extracts  from  the  trials 
{autos)  of  offenders,  and  the  sentences  pro- 

. nounced  by  the  judges,  were  read  ; after 
which  absolution  was  conferred  on  those  who 
were  penitent,  and  those  condemned  to  death 
were  transferred  to  the  secular  authority.  Here 
the  auto , properly  so  called,  ended.  The  execu- 
tion of  the  victims  took  place  immediately  after- 
wards, under  the  authority  of  the  civil  judge,  a 
secretary  to  the  Inquisition  attending.  Brande. 

The  religious  import  of  the  auto  de  fe  was  intimated  by 
the  circumstance  of  its  being  celebrated  on  a Sunday,  or 
some  other  holiday  of  the  church.  Prescott. 

2.  A similar  solemnity  for  the  trial  and  sen- 

tence of  heretics,  at  which  only  the  officials  of 
the  Inquisition  were  present.  Brande. 

3.  The  sentence  or  condemnation  pro- 

nounced by  the  Inquisition  upon  a single  indi- 
vidual. Brande. 

tfif  As  the  details  of  an  auto-da-fi  were  first  made 
familiar  to  the  English  public  in  an  account  of  the 
Inquisition  at  Goa  (a  Portuguese  colony  in  the  East 
Indies),  published  in  the  seventeenth  century,  the 
Portuguese  form  of  the  phrase  lias  generally  prevailed 
in  English  literature,  even  when  the  Spanish  Inquisi- 
tion is  spoken  of. 

f AU-TO-<?E'NE-AL,  a.  [Gr.  abroytvhg.']  Self- 
begotten  ; autogenous.  Waterhouse. 

AU-TO<?']J-NOUS,  a.  Autogeneal ; — applied  par- 
ticularly to  soldering , and  signifying  that  the 
metals  are  united  by  fusing  part  of  their  own 
substance.  Ogilvie. 

AU'TO-GRAPH,  n.  [Gr.  ai>r6ypni[>ov ; avr6g,  self, 
and  ypQ0bi,  to  write  ; Fr.  outographe.\  A per- 
son’s own  handwriting;  an  original  signature 
or  manuscript,  in  opposition  to  an  apograph, 
or  copy.  “ The  author’s  autograph.”  Warton. 

f AU-TOG'RA-PHAL,  a.  Autographical.  Bennet. 


AU-TO-GRAPIUC,  r B.  Relating  t„  an  autQ_ 

AU-TO-GRAPIl’I-CAL,  ) graph.  Gent.  Mag. 

AU-TOG'RA-PHYj  n.  1.  A person’s  own  hand- 
writing ; autograph.  Knox. 

2.  A process  in  lithography  by  which  a writ- 
ing or  drawing  is  transferred  from  paper  to 
stone-  Ogilvie. 

Au-TOM'A-TAL,  a.  Automatic,  [r.]  Todd. 

AU'TO-MATH,  n.  [Gt.  avToyaBi’/g  • abrdg,  self,  and 
paQav,  to  learn.]  One  who  is  self-taught.  Smart. 

Au-to-mAt'jc,  , !.  Relating  t0  an  au. 

AU-TO-MAt'I-CAL,  jtomaton  ; noting  opera- 
tions carried  on  by  self-acting  machinery. 

It  is  in  our  modern  cotton  and  flax  mills  that  automatic 
operations  are  displayed  to  most  advantage.  Ure. 

2.  {Med.)  Acting  of  itself;  spontaneous;  — 
applied  to  those  muscular  actions  which  are 
not  dependent  on  the  will  or  other  act  of  the 
mind.  Dunglison. 

AU-T6m'A-TI§M,  n.  [Gr.  abropnTiapd;,  an  acting 
of  one’s  self.]  Automatic  action  ; — one  of  the 
theories  as  to  the  activity  of  matter.  Fleming. 

AU-TOM’A-TON,  n.  ; pi.  L.  A u-t6m' a-ta  ; Eng. 
au-tom'a-t6n!J  ; — both  in  good  use.  [L.  au- 
tomaton, from  Gr.  aiirdparov  ; avrtig,  self,  and 
pardon,  to  seek,  to  strive.] 

1.  A machine  so  constructed  as  to  appear  to 

be  self-moving  in  imitating  some  of  the  actions 
of  men  or  animals.  Ure. 

2.  Any  combination  or  structure  which 
moves  or  operates  by  an  extraneous  but  hid- 
den agency. 

God  may  rationally  be  supposed  to  have  framed  so  great 
and  admirable  an  automaton  as  the  world,  for  several  ends 
and  purposes.  Eoi/lc. 

It  is  greater  to  understand  the  art  whereby  the  Almighty 
governs  the  motions  of  the  great  automaton , than  to  have 
learned  the  intrigues  of  policy.  Glanvill. 

t Au-TOM'A-TOUS,  a.  Automatical.  Browne. 

AU-TOM’Jy-TlyR,  n.  [Gr.  aurdg,  self,  and  ptrpov,  a 
measure.]  {Chem.)  An  instrument  for  meas- 
uring the  quantity  of  moisture.  Weale. 

AU-TOM’O-LITE,  n.  [Gr.  abr6po?.og,  a deserter.] 
{Min.)  A silicate  of  alumina  mixed  with  the 
oxides  of  zinc  and  iron,  though  it  hears  no  re- 
semblance to  an  ore  ; called  also  gahnite.  Dana. 

A U-  TO-J\rd  'ME- A,  n.  (Zotll.)  A genus  of  crus- 
taceans found  in  the  Adriatic  Sea.  Cuvier. 

f AU-TO-NO'Mt-AN,  n.  One  who  practises  au- 
tonomy. Baxter. 


AU-TO-NOM'IC,  a.  Relating  to  autonomy ; hav- 
ing the  power  of  self-government.  Ec.  Rev. 

AU-TON'O-MOUS,  a.  [Gr.  aids,  self,  and  vdpot, 
a law.]  Self-governed ; autonomic,  [r.]  Craig. 

j-  AU-TON'O-MY,  n.  [Gr.  avrovopta  ; aids,  self,  and 
v6 pog,  a law.]  The  living  according  to  one’s  own 
law  or  mind ; self-government.  Bailey. 

AU-TOP  SIC,  ) a_  seen  with  one’s  own  eyes  ; 

Ay-TOP'SI-CAL,  ) autoptical.  Francis. 

Au'TOP-SY,  n.  [Gr.  airoi)ia;  airds,  self,  and 
btpts,  sight.] 

1.  The  seeing  with  one’s  own  eyes ; ocular 
evidence  ; examination  by  one’s  self.  Quincy. 

2.  {Med.)  A post-mortem  examination.  Mott. 

f AU-TOP'TI-CAL,  a.  Perceived  by  one’s  own 
eyes.  “By  autoptical  experience.”  Evelyn. 

t AU-TOP'TI-CAL-LY,  ad.  By  means  of  one’s 
own  eyes ; by  ocular  evidence.  Browne. 

LAU-TO-SjCHED-I-AS'TI-CAL  (Shv-to-sked-e-as'te- 
k?l),  a.  [Gr.  nurds,  self,  and  c^ihtaartKds,  done 
off-hand.]  Hasty ; slight.  Martin. 

AU-TO-THE'ISjM,  n.  The  doctrine  of  the  self- 
existence  of  God.  [r.]  Maunder. 


AU'TUMN  (SLw'tum),  n.  [L.  autumnus,  for  auc- 
tumnus;  avgeo,  audits,  to  increase;  It.  aut on- 
no  ; Sp.  otoho ; Fr.  automne .]  The  season  of 
the  year  between  summer  and  winter,  compris- 
ing, astronomically,  the  period  from  the  autum- 
nal equinox,  about  the  22d  of  September,  to 
the  winter  solstice,  about  the  22d  of  December. 
— “ Autumn  popularly  comprises  [in  Eng- 
land\ August,  September,  and  October”  {John- 


A,  E,  1,  O,  0,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  1,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  jj,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; IlEIR,  HER; 


AUTUMNAL 


AVERAGE 


son) ; but  in  the  United  States,  September,  Oc- 
tober, and  November. 

Spring  and  autumn  here 

Danced  hand  in  hand.  Milton. 

Then  came  the  autumn,  all  in  yellow  clad, 

As  though  lie  joyed  in  his  plenteous  store. 

Laden  with  fruits,  that  made  him  laugh,  full  glad 
That  he  had  banished  hunger.  Spenser. 

AU-TUM'NAL,  a.  Belonging  to  autumn. 

Foliage  rich  with  some  autumnal  tint.  Gilpin. 

Autumnal  equinox,  the  time  when  tiie  sun  crosses 
the  equator,  going  southward,  about  the  22d  of  Sep- 
tember. See  Equinox Also  the  point  at  which 

the  sun  is  at  tile  time  of  the  autumnal  equinox,  being 
one  of  tile  two  points  of  intersection  of  the  ecliptic 
witii  the  equator. 

f AU-TUM'NI-TY,  n.  The  season  or  fruits  of  au- 
tumn ; harvest  time,  or  harvest.  Bp.  Hall. 

AUX-E'SIS,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  av^qats,  increase.] 
( Rhet .)  Amplification.  Peacham. 

f Aux-ET'jC,  a.  Increasing.  Hutchinson. 

Au.y-lL'IAIt  (Iwg-zil'yar),  a.  Assisting;  auxil- 
iary. “To  meet  alone,  ...  or  seek  auxiliar 
force.”  Pope. 

f AUyc-lL'IAR  (awg-zll'yar),  n.  A helper;  an 
aider  ; an  auxiliary.  Glover. 

AUJC-lL'IAR-LY,  ad.  By  way  of  aid.  Coleridge. 

AU^-Il'IA-RY  (Iwg-zil'ya-re),  a.  [L.  auxilium, 
aid.]  Helping;  assisting.  “With  auxiliary 
or  aid  soldiers,  lightly  armed.”  Holland. 

AuX-Il'1A-RY  (3twg-zil'y?-re),  n.  1.  A helper; 
an  assistant ; a confederate.  South. 

2.  (Mil.)  pi.  Foreign  troops  assisting.  “Ore 
legion  and  a few  auxiliaries.”  Gibbon. 

Auxiliary  verb,  (Oram.)  a verb  that  helps  to  form 

some  of  tile  tenses  of  other  verbs. Auxiliary  scales , 

(Alus.)  the  six  keys  or  scales,  consisting  of  any  keys 
major  with  its  relative  minor,  and  the  attendant  key 
of  each. Auxiliary  quantity,  (Afath.)  a quantity  in- 

troduced to  simplify  some  mathematical  operation. 

f AUY-lL-I-A'TlQN,  n.  Help;  aid.  Bailey. 

f Aujc-ILTA-TO-RY,  a.  Assisting.  Sandys. 

A-vAlL'  (j-val'),  v.  a.  [L.  ralco,  to  be  able,  to 
be  worth  ; It.  valere  ; Sp.  valer  ; Fr.  valoir .]  [i. 

AVAILED  ; pp.  AVAILING,  AVAILED.] 

1.  To  profit;  to  benefit;  to  advance  the  in- 
terest of ; — with  of  before  the  thing  used  ; as, 
“To  avail  myself,  "yourself,  or  himseif  of  some 
advantage.” 

Now  will  it  best  avail  your  majesty 

To  cross  the  seas,  and  to  be  crowned  in  France.  Shak. 

Yet  all  this  availeth  me  nothing.  . Esth.  v.  13. 

2.  To  promote  ; to  prosper  ; to  assist. 

Meantime  he  voyaged  to  explore  the  will 
Of  Jove  on  high  Dodona’s  holy  hill, 

What  means  might  best  his  safe  return  avail.  Pope. 

To  avail  one’s  self  of  to  take  advantage  of. 

A-VAIL'  (a-val'),  v.  n.  To  be  of  advantage. 

The  prayer  of  a righteous  man  availeth  much.  Jamesv.  10. 
Nor  can  my  strength  avail,  unless  by  thee 
Endued  with  force  I gain  the  victory.  Drytlen. 

A-VAIL',  n>  [Old  Fr.  availe .] 

1.  Profit;  advantage;  benefit;  use;  service. 
“Truth  ...  of  no  more  avail  to  us.”  Locke. 

2.  pi.  Proceeds  arising  from  labor,  the  sale  of 
goods,  or  from  any  investment.  Stoddard. 

Syn.  — His  efforts  were  of  no  avail,  and  without 
profit'.  — he  conferred  no  benefit,  and  gained  no  ad- 
vantage.. Talents  are  of  use  when  employed  in  the 
service  of  tile  public. 

A-VAlL-A-BiL'J-TY,  n.  Quality  of  being  availa- 
ble ; suitableness  for  accomplishing  a purpose  ; 
availableness.  ' Ilaughton. 

A-VAlL' A-BLE,  a.  I.  That  maybe  used  with  suc- 
cess or  advantage  ; profitable  ; useful.  “ What- 
soever was  available  to  our  salvation.”  Udal. 

2.  Having  binding  force  ; valid. 

Laws  human  are  available  by  consent.  Hooker. 

A-VAIL'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  1.  Power  to  promote 
an  end.  “ Efficacy  or  availableness.”  Hale. 

2.  Legal  force  ; validity.  Johnson. 

A-VAIL'A-BLY,  ad.  1.  Powerfully;  profitably; 
advantageously.  Johnson. 

2.  Legally ; validly.  Johnson. 

f A-VAIL'MF.NT,  n.  Usefulness ; avail.  Bailey. 

AV-A-LAN9HE',  [Sv-^-lSmsh',  K.  ; av's-longsh, 
S»t.],  n.  [Fr.,  from  avaler,  to  descend.]  A 


101 

vast  body  of  snow,  ice,  earth,  &c.,  sliding  down 
a mountain.  Lyell. 

Once  more,  hoar  mount!  with  thy  sky-pointiug  peaks, 

Oft  from  whose  feet  the  avalanche,  unheard, 

Shoots  downward.  Coleridge. 

The  avalanche , — the  thunderbolt  of  snow.  Byron. 

t A-VALE',  v.  a.  [Fr.  avaler,  to  descend.]  To 
iet  fall ; to  depress.  Spenser. 

f A-VALE',  v.  n.  To  sink  ; to  descend.  Spenser. 

f A-VANCE'  (j-vins'),  v.  a.  [Fr.  avancer.]  To  ad- 
vance ; to  profit.  Chaucer. 

f A-VANT'AGE,  «.  [Fr.]  Advantage.  Chaucer. 

AVANT— COURIER  (a-viing'ko-rer)  [a-vong'ko-rer, 
Ja.  ; ft-vong'kor'ya',  K.  ; hv'ong-kor'er,  Sm.], 
n.  [Fr.  avant-coureur.]  A messenger  who  is 
despatched  before  to  notify  the  approach  of 
others  ; a harbinger ; a forerunner.  Todd. 

fA-VANTE'  (a-vint'),  v.  a.  [Fr.  vanter.]  To 
boast ; to  vaunt.  Chaucer. 

A-VANT'— GUARD  (?-vant'g&rd  or  ?-vang'ghrd) 
[a-vant'gard,  IF.  P.  J.  /'  . ; j-vlunt'gard,  >S. ; 
a-ving'gird,  Ja.  ; a-vong'gird,  K.  >S'»t.],  n.  [Fr. 
avant,  before  oy  forward,  and  garde,  guard.] 
(Mil.)  The  van  ; the  first  body  of  an  army. 

Hayward. 

A-VAN'Ty-RINE,  n.  See  Aventurine.  IV.  Ency. 

AV'A-RICE,  n.  [L . avaritia;  It.  avarizia ; Sp. 
avaricia;  Fr.  avarice .]  Insatiable  desire  of 

gain,  or  property  ; cupidity  ; penuriousness  ; 
covetousness. 

Avarice  reigns  most  in  those  who  have  but  few  good  qual- 
ities to  recommend  them.  This  is  a weed  that  will  grow  in  a 
barren  soil.  Hughes. 

Syn.  — Avarice  and  penuriousness  keep  what  is 
gained  by  covetousness  and  cupidity. 

AV-A-RF'CIOUS  (av-9-risli'us,  66),  a.  Having 
an  insatiable  love  of  gain  ; penurious  ; miserly  ; 
sordid  ; covetous  ; parsimonious  ; niggardly. 

Your  avaricious , money-getting  man  is  generally  a char- 
acter of  wonderful  discretion.  Horsley. 

Syn.  — The  avaricious  are  unwilling  to  part  with 
their  money  ; the  covetous  are  eager  to  obtain  money  ; 
tile  sordid  and  niggardly  are  mean  in  their  dealings 
witii  others  ; the  miserly,  tile  parsimonious,  and  tile 
penurious  are  mean  to  themselves  as  well  as  to  others. 

AV-A-RI"CIOUS-LY  (av-9-rish'us-le),  ad.  In  a 
sordid  or  niggardly  manner.  Goldsmith. 

AV-A-Rp'CIOyS-NESS  (av-?-rish'us-nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  avaricious.  Richardson. 

f AV'A-ROUS,  a.  Covetous;  avaricious.  Gower. 

A-VAsT',  interj.  [It.  Y Sp.  basta,  it  is  enough.] 
(Naut.)  Hold  ! stop  ! stay  ! enough  ! Dana. 

AV-A-TAR'  [av-?-t'4r',  Sm.  C.  Cl.  1(7).  ; a-va't'Ar, 
K.  Maunder ],  n.  In  Hindoo  mythology , an  in- 
carnation of  deity,  and  his  appearance  in  some 
manifest  shape  upon  earth.  P.  Cyc. 

f A-VAUNCE'M£NT,  n.  [Fr.  avancement.]  Ad- 
vancement. Bale. 

A-VAUNT',  interj.  Hence  ! begone  ! Shak. 

fA-VAUNT'  (a-vSLnt'),  V.  a.  [See  Vaunt.]  To 
boast ; to  vaunt.  Abp.  Crammer. 

fA-VAUNT',  v.  n.  [Fr.  avant,  forward.]  To 
come  before  ; to  advance.  Spenser. 

fA-VAUNT',  ) n.  Boasting.  “ If  he  gave 

f A-VAUNT'  ANCE,  V aught,  he  durst  make 
a-vAunt'RY,  ) avaunt.  Chaucer. 

A ' VE,  n.  [L.  arc,  hail ! be  thou  happy  ! imper- 
ative of  aveo .]  The  first  part  of  the  salu- 
tation, used  by  the  Roman  Catholics,  to  the 
Virgin  Mary ; an  abbreviation  of  Ave  Maria,  or 
Hail  Mary. 

Nine  hundred  paternosters  every  day, 

And  thrice  nine  hundred  aves,  she  was  wont  to  say.  Spenser. 

t A-VEL',  ti.  re.  [L . avello.]  To  pull  away.  “Yet 
are  not  those  parts  avellcd.”  Browne. 

A'UE  MA-Rl'A,  y A prayer  to  the  Virgin 

A'vy-MA'RY,  $ Mary,  beginning  with  these 
words. 

Mumbling  our  A re-Maries  with  our  beads.  Shak. 

2.  In  Bom.  Cath.  countries,  a particular  time, 
about  half  an  hour  after  sunset,  and  also  at 
early  dawn,  when  the  bells  ring,  and  the  people 
repeat  the  Ave-Maria.  Ogilvie. 


AV-E-NA'CEOyS  (iv-e-na'shus,  66),  a.  [L.  arena, 
oats.]  Belonging  to,  or  like,  oats,  [it.]  Ash. 

AV'BN-A^E,  n.  [L.  arena,  oats.]  (Law.)  A 
quantity  of  oats  paid  as  a rent.  Cowell. 

f AV-y-NAUNT',  a.  [It.  avvenente  ; Fr.  arenant .] 
Becoming ; well-looking.  Chaucer. 


AV'y-NfR,  n.  See  Avenor. 

A-VEN<?E'  (;i-veiij '),  v.  a.  [Fr.  vcngcr.\  [t. 
AVENGED  ; pp.  AVENGING,  AVENGED.] 

1.  To  treat  with  revenge ; to  take  revenge 
upon. 

Thou  shalt  not  avenge , nor  bear  any  grudge  against,  the 
children  of  thy  people.  Levit.  xix.  18. 

2.  To  award  just  punishment  for ; to  take 
satisfaction  for. 

He  will  avenge  the  blood  of  his  servants.  Dent,  xxxii.  43. 

3.  To  execute  punishment,  or  take  satisfac- 
tion, in  behalf  of  another  ; to  vindicate. 

And  shall  not  God  avenge  his  own  elect?  Luke  xviii.  7. 

Avenge.  O Lord,  thy  slaughtered  saints,  whose  bones 

Lie  scattered  on  tile  Alpine  mountains  cold.  Milton. 

Syn.  — To  avenge  is  to  punish  in  behalf  of  anoth- 
er ; to  vindicate  is  to  defend  another.  The  wrongs  of 
a person  are  avenged,  and  his  rights  vindicated.  To 
revenge  is  to  retaliate,  or  punish  for  one’s  self,  and  is 
unchristian.  — See  Retaliation. 

f A-VEN^E'  (j-venj'),  n.  Revenge.  Spenser. 

fA-VEN'CEANCE,  n.  Vengeance.  Philips. 

A-VENCE'FUL,  a.  Revengeful,  [it.]  Ec.  Bev. 

A-VEN<?E'M?NT,  n.  Act  of  avenging.  Spenser. 

A-VEN'G£R,  n.  One  who  avenges.  Dryden. 

f A-VEN'9 pR-ESS,  n.  A female  avenger.  Spenser. 

f AV'E-NOR,  n.  [Old  Fr.  avenor,  from  L.  arena, 
oats.]  (Feudal  Law.)  An  officer  of  the  king  of 
England’s  stable,  who  provided  oats  for  his 
horses.  Birch. 

Av'£N§,  n.  (Bot.)  The  herb  bennet,  a perennial 
rosaceous  plant ; Geum  urbanum.  Miller. 

AV'BN-tAie,  n.  [Norman  Fr.  aventaille;  Fr. 
avant,  before,  and  taille,  shape.]  The  face- 
guard,  or  movable  front  of  a helmet,  through 
which  the  air  was  breathed  ; ventail.  Fairholt. 

fA-VENT'URE,  n.  [Fr.  aventure ; avenir,  to 
happen.]  (Law.)  A mischance,  causing  a man’s 
death,  without  felony,  as  when  lie  is  drowned 
or  burnt ; — properly,  adventure.  Cowell. 

A-VEN'TU-RlNE,  n.  [Fr.]  (Min.)  A species  of 
quartz  minutely  spangled  throughout  the  mass 
with  yellow  scales.  Dana. 

AV'B-NUE  (Sv'e-nu),  n.  [Fr. ; a,  to,  and  venir, 
to  come.] 

1.  A way  by  which  a place  may  be  entered  ; a 
passage  ; an  entrance. 

Good  guards  were  set  up  at  all  the  avenues  of  the  city. 

Clarendon. 

2.  An  alley  or  walk  before  a house,  or  in  a 

garden;  — generally  lined  with  trees.  “Col- 
onnades and  avenues  of  trees.”  Burke. 

3.  ( 17.  S.)  A broad  street;  as,  “Pennsyl- 
vania Avenue,”  in  Washington. 

fAV'JJR,  n.  [Low  L.  averium,  property;  Fr. 
avoir.]  A work-horse.  Ferguson. 

A- VER’,  v.  a.  [L.  ad,  to,  and  verum,  the  truth; 
Fr.  averer.]  [i.  averred  ; pp.  averring, 
averred.]  To  declare  positively  ; to  affirm; 
to  assert ; to  asseverate  ; to  protest. 

We  may  aver,  though  the  power  of  God  be  infinite,  the 
capacities  of  matter  are  within  limits.  Bentley. 

AV'ER-A<yE,  n.  [Low  L.  uveragium  ; ad,  to,  and 
r erupt,  the  truth ; i.  e.  to  the  truth,  or  near 
the  truth.  Sullivan.  — Fr.  ouvrage,  work  ; i.  e. 
the  work  of  a day,  or  as  much  as  is  usually  done 
in  a day.  Spelman  and  Richardson.  — LowL. 
averare,  to  labor  or  perform  service  with  carts, 
horses,  oxen,  &c.  (averia).  Cowell.] 

1.  A mean  proportion ; a medium  of  any 
given  quantities  ; as,  “ An  average  of  prices.” 

2.  (Law.)  A service  by  horse  or  carriage  an- 
ciently due  from  a tenant  to  his  lord  : — a con- 
tribution made  by  all  the  parties  concerned  in 
a sea-adventure,  according  to  the  interest  of 
each,  to  make  good  a specific  loss  or  expense 
incurred  for  the  benefit  of  all ; sometimes 
called  general  average  : — a small  duty  paid  by 
shippers  of  goods  to  the  master  of  the  ship, 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.— 9,  Q,  9,  g,  soft;  C,  fi,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z ; X as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


AVERAGE 


102 


AVOUCHABLE 


over  and  above  the  freight,  in  consideration  of 
his  special  care  of  the  cargo  ; noted  in  bills  of 
lading  by  the  phrase,  “ With  primage  and  aver- 
age accustomed.”  Burrill. 

Upon  an  average,  talcing  a medium  of  all  the  cases. 

AV'ER-A£E,  V.  a.  [».  AVERAGED  ; pp.  AVERAG- 
ING, AVERAGED.] 

1.  To  reduce  to  a mean,  as  uneven  or  differ- 
ent quantities  ; to  make  equivalent,  as  a series 
of  unlike  terms  to  one  of  like  terms. 

2.  (Com.)  To  distribute  among  several  per- 

sons according  to  the  respective  shares  of  each  ; 
to  proportion  ; as,  “ To  average  a loss  among 
shippers  of  merchandise.”  Burrill. 

AV'JiU-A(JE,  v.  n.  To  exist  in,  or  form,  a medial 
quantity  ; to  result  in,  as  a mean  term.  Grant. 

AV'(lR-A(rE,  a.  Being  of  a mean  proportion  or 
quality.  “ Ordinary  or  average  rate.”  A.  Smith. 

A V'ER— C AKE,  n.  An  oatmeal  cake ; — called  also 
haver-cake.  [Local,  Eng.]  Halliwell. 

A V'ER-CORM,  n.  (Laic.')  Corn  drawn  to  the 
granary  of  the  lord  of  the  manor  by  the  working 
cattle,  or  avers,  of  the  tenant.  Boucher. 

AV-PR-DU-POIS'.  See  Avoirdupois. 

A-VER'MpNT,  n.  1.  Affirmation;  declaration. 
“ Publishing  averments  and  innuendos. ’’Burke. 

2.  (Law.)  An  offer  of  the  defendant  to  justify 
or  verify  an  exception,  or  of  either  party,  in 
pleading,  to  prove  what  he  asserts  : — a pos- 
itive statement  of  facts,  in  opposition  to  argu- 
ment or  inference : — proof  in  general.  Burrill. 

A-VER'NI-AN,  a.  (Geog.)  Relating  to  the  lake 
Avcrnus,  near  Naples.  P.  Cgc. 

AV'JER-PEN-NY,  n.  (Eng.  Law.)  Money  paid 
towards  the  king’s  carriages,  by  rent  from  land, 
instead  of  service  by  beasts  in  kind.  Burn. 

A-vi'.R  ' RHO-A,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants  be- 
longing to  the  wood-sorrcl  family.  P.  Cgc. 

A-VER'RO-IST,  n.  One  of  a sect  of  philoso- 
phers ; — so  called  from  Averroes,  or  Averrho- 
es,  an  Arabian  philosopher  and  commentator 
on  Aristotle.  P.  Cfk. 

AV-ER-rOn'CATE,  v.  a.  [L.  ah,  from,  and  erunco, 
to  weed  out.]  To  root  up.  [r.]  Iludibras. 

SKxT  More  properly  written  averuncate. 

t AV-ER-RUN-cA'TION,  n.  Act  of  extirpating. 
“ Averruncation  of  . . . diseases.”  Robinson. 

Av-P.R-RUN-CA'TOR,  n.  (Ilort.)  A pruning  in- 
strument, having  two  blades  fixed  at  the  end  of 
a rod  acting  like  scissors.  Loudon. 

f Av-ER-SA'TION,  n.  Hatred;  aversion.  “Pro- 
ductive of  aversation  and  disrespect.”  Barrow. 

A-VERSE',  a.  [L.  averto,  aversus,  to  turn  away.] 

1.  f Turned  away  or  in  another  direction. 

The  tracks  averse  a lying  notice  gave. 

And  led  the  searcher  backward  from  the  cave.  Hryden. 

2.  Disinclined ; unwilling ; reluctant ; loath  ; 
backward ; disliking. 

Averse  alike  to  flatter  or  offend.  Pope. 

HGT*  Johnson  says  of  this  word,  “ It  has  most  prop- 
erly from  before  the  object  of  aversion  ; very  fre- 
quently, but  improperly,  to.  ” Webster,  on  the  con- 
trary, says,  “This  word  and  its  derivations  ought  to 
be  followed  by  to,  and  never  by  from.”  Respectable 
authorities  may  be  cited  in  support  of  both  these 
views,  and  in  some  cases  the  same  author  may  be 
quoted  on  each  side  of  the  question.  “ Averse  from 
the  sun’s  beam,”  Milton.  “ Averse  from  all  obedi- 
ence.” Hooker.  “ Averse  from  peace.”  Clarendon. 
“ Averse  to  any  advice.”  Clarendon.  “ Averse  to  all 
innovation.”  Swift.  “ Averse  from  Venus.”  Pope. 

— The  prevailing  and  best  modern  usage  is  in  favor 
of  to,  instead  of  from,  after  averse  and  aversion , and 
before  the  object. 

“The  words  averse  and  aversion  are  more  properly 
construed  with  to  than  from.  The  examples  in  favor 
of  the  latter  preposition  are  beyond  comparison  out- 
numbered by  those  in  favor  of  the  former.  The  argu- 
ment from  etymology  is  here  of  no  value,  being  taken 
from  the  use  of  another  language.  If,  by  the  same 
rule,  we  were  to  regulate  all  nouns  and  verbs  of 
Latin  original,  our  present  syntax  would  be  over- 
turned. It  is  more  conformable  to  English  analogy 
with  to  ; the  words  dislike,  and  hatred , nearly  synony- 
mous, are  thus  construed.”  Campbell’s  Phil.  Rhct. 

Syn. Averse  to  study;  unwilling  or  disliking  to 

be  instructed  ; reluctant  or  disinclined  to  perform  a 
task  ; loath  to  receive  advice  ; backward  in  learning. 

— See  Adverse. 


A-VERSE'LY,  an.  In  a backward  direction  : — 
unwillingly  ; with  aversion.  Davenant . 

A-VERSE'N^SS,  n.  Backwardness  ; unwilling- 
ness ; disinclination.  Atterbury . 

A-VER'SION  (a-ver'slmn),  n.  1.  Repugnance ; 
antipathy;  moderate  hatred ; dislike. 

As  in  religion,  so  in  friendship,  he  never  professed  love 
when  he  had  it  not,  nor  disguised  hate  or  aversion. 

Mem.  of  Hutchinson. 

2.  Cause  of  aversion. 

Self-love  and  reason  to  one  end  aspire; 

Pain  their  aversion,  pleasure  their  desire.  Pope. 

t A-VER'S(  VE,  a.  Averse;  turning  away. 

Those  strong-bent  humors  which  aversive  grew.  Daniel. 

f A-VER'SIVE-LY,  ad.  Backwardly.  Chapman. 

A-VERT',  v.  a.  [L.  averto,  to  turn  away.]  [i. 
AVERTED  ; pp.  AVERTING,  AVERTED.]  To  turn 
aside  or  away  ; to  ward  off. 

Nor  Jove  averted  once  his  glorious  eyes 

From  that  dread  contest.  Cowper. 

0 Lord!  avert  whatsoever  evil  our  swerving  may  threaten 

unto  his  church.  Hooker. 

A-ViiRT',  v.  n.  To  turn  away. 

Cold,  and  avertiny  from  our  neighbor’s  good.  Thomson. 

A-VERT'yR,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  averts. 
‘‘Averters  and  purgers  ...  go  together  ."Burton. 

f A-VER'TI-MENT,  n.  Advertisement.  Milton. 

A'VI-A-RY,  n.  [L.  aviarium ; avis,  a bird.]  A place 

* enclosed  to  keep  birds  in.  Wotton. 

AV'ID,  a.  [L.  avidus. ] Eager  for  ; greedy,  [r.] 

Avid  of  gold,  yet  greedier  of  renown.  Southey. 

f A-VID'I-OUS,  a.  Greedy  ; avid.  Bale. 

f A-VID'I-OUS-LY,  ad.  Eagerly  ; greedily.  “Avid- 
ioushj  we  drink  the  wines.”  Leland. 

A-VID'I-TY,  n.  [L.  aviditas ; avidus;  aveo,  to 
desire  earnestly.]  Intense  desire  ; strong  ap- 
petite ; voracity  ; greediness  ; eagerness. 

Avidit 1/  to  know  the  causes  of  things  is  the  parent  of  all 
philosophy.  Reid. 

Syn.  — Avidity  is  in  mental  desires  what  greediness 
is  in  animal  appetites.  Avidity  and  greediness  respect 
tile  desire  of  possessing  ; eagerness,  the  general  de- 
sire of  attaining  an  object.  Avidity  of  desire  ; greed- 
iness of  gain  ; voracity  of  appetite  ; eagerness  in  tile 
pursuit  of  pleasure.  Seized  with  avidity,  devoured 
with  greediness  or  voracity. 

fA-VILE',  v.  a.  [Fr.  avilir,  to  make  vile  or 
cheap.]  To  depreciate.  B.  Jonson. 

A VIN’ CU-LO  MAT-RI-Mb’m-i,  [L.]  (Law.) 
“From  the  bond  of  matrimony”;  a form  of 
divorce ; a total  divorce.  Whishaw. 

A ’ VIS,  n. ; pi.  7\’ver.  [L .,  a bird.)  (Zoiil.)  The 
second  class  ofvertebrata,  comprising  the  feath- 
ered animals.  — See  Animal.  Cuvier. 

f Av'I-!JAND, p.  a.  [Fr.  aviser,  to  see.]  Observ- 
ing. Chaucer. 

fA-VlsE',  v.  n.  [Fr.  aviser .]  To  consider. — 
See  Avize.  Spenser. 

t A-VISE  > [Fr.  avis.)  Advice;  intelligence  ; 

+ A-VI'§0,  ) notice.  B.  jonson. 

t A-Vl§E'MENT,  7i.  [Fr.]  Advisement. 

Marriage  was  managed  with  a more  aviscinent.  B.  Jonson. 

f A-Vi''§lON,  n.  A dream  ; a vision.  Chaucer. 

f AV'I-TOCrS,  a.  [L.  avitus,  belonging  to  a grand- 
father.] Left  by  ancestors  ; ancient.  Bailey. 

f A-VfZE',  v.  a.  To  counsel;  to  consider;  to 
advise  ; — to  observe ; to  look  upon.  Spenser. 

f A-VIZE'FUL,  a.  Circumspect.  Spenser. 

AV-O-CA  ’DO,  n.  [Sp.]  (Bot.)  A tree  found  in  the 
West  Indies,  bearing  a fruit  much  eaten.  Miller. 

fAV'O-CATE,  V.  a.  [L.  avoco .]  To  call  off. 
“ A scholar  . . . avocateth  his  mind  from  other 
occupations.”  Barrow. 

Av-O-cA'TION,  n.  [L.  avocatio,  a calling  off 
from  any  action,  a diverting  of  the  attention.] 

1.  Act  of  calling  aside.  “ Powerful  avoca- 
tions from  sin.”  South. 

2.  Business  that  calls  aside  ; occasional  busi- 
ness. “ Visits  . . . and  . . . avocations.”  Boyle. 

1 am  at  a distance  from  the  business  of  the  town  and  the 
interruption  of  troublesome  avocations.  Melmoth's  Pliny. 


flip  This  word  is  sometimes  improperly  used  in 
the  sense  of  vocation,  a profession,  or  regular  pursuit. 

Syn.  — See  Business,  Occupation. 

f A-VOC'A-TlVE,  n.  Dehortation  ; dissuasion. 
“ Avocatives  from  vice.”  Barrow. 

Av'O-CET,  n.  See  Avoset.  Eng.  Cgc. 

A-VOID',  v.  a.  [Old  Fr.  vuidcr,  to  empty,  to 
void.]  [i.  avoided  ; pp.  AVOIDING,  avoided.] 

1.  To  shun  ; to  keep  away  from  ; to  eschew. 

Seek  not  temptation,  then;  which  to  avoid 

Were  better.  Hilton. 

We  hear  this  fearful  tempest  sing. 

Yet  seek  no  shelter  to  avoid  the  storm.  Shut. 

2.  fTo  evacuate;  to  quit. 

What  have  you  to  do  here,  fellow? 

Pray  you,  avoid  the  house.  Slink. 

3.  fTo  emit  as  excrement;  to  void.  “To 

avoid  that  serous  excretion.”  Browne. 

4.  (Law.)  To  render  void.  “How  a deed  may 
be  avoided,  or  rendered  of  no  effect.”  Blackstone. 

Syn. Avoid  quarrels  and  the  gaming-house  ; shun 

bad  company  ; escape  danger  ; elude  punishment ; es- 
chew evil.  — To  avoid  danger  is  in  general  not  to  fall 
into  it ; to  shun  it  is  with  care  to  keep  out  of  the  way 
of  it ; to  escape  it  is  to  tiee  from  it. 

A-VOID',  v.  n.  1.  To  retire;  to  withdraw. 

David  avoided  out  of  his  presence  twice.  1 Sam.  xviii.ll. 

2.  (Law.)  To  become  void  or  vacant.  Agliffe. 

A-VOID'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  avoided,  eluded, 
or  shunned.  Locke. 


A-VOID'ANCE,  n.  1.  Act  of  avoiding.  “The 
avoidance  of  what  is  hurtful.”  Watts. 

2.  An  emptying ; an  emission  ; a carrying 

off.  “ The  avoidances  and  drainings  of  water 
where  there  is  too  much.”  Bacon. 

3.  (Law.)  The  state  of  becoming  vacant  by 

death,  cession,  deprivation,  &e. ; the  condition 
of  a benefice  when  void  of  an  incumbent : — 
the  escaping  from  the  legal  effect  of  a plea  by 
alleging  new  matter  in  answer.  Burrill. 

A-VOID'yR,  n.  1.  One  who  avoids  or  shuns  any 
thing.  “ Avoider  of  . . . company.”  Beau.  <St  FI. 

2.  A person  who  empties  or  voids.  Bailey. 

3.  The  vessel  or  utensil  in  which  any  thing 

is  carried  away.  Johnson. 

A-VolD'LpSS,  a.  Unavoidable.  “Avoidless  ruin 
in  which  the  empire  would  be  involved.”  Dennis. 

Av-01R-Dy-Pql§'  (5v-er-du-puiz'),  n.  & a.  [Fr. 
avoir  du  pois ; Old  Fr.  aver  de  pes,  property 
or  merchandise  of  weight,  i.  e.  sold  by  weight ; 
translated  by  Kelham,  “Any  bulky  commodi- 
ties.”] A weight  of  which  a pound  contains  16 
ounces,  and  is  in  proportion  to  a pound  Troy 
as  175  to  144.  Thus  a pound  of  tea  (avoirdu- 
pois) contains  7000  grains;  a pound  of  gold 
(Troy)  contains  5760  grains.  It  is  applied  to 
all  goods  except  the  precious  metals  and  medi- 
cines. Brande. 

fA-VOKE',  v.  a.  [L.  avoco,  to  call  away.]  To 
call  from,  or  back  again.  Cockeram. 


t AV'Q-LATE,  v.  n.  [L.  a,  from,  androfo,  to  fly.] 
To  fly  away  ; to  escape  ; to  exhale.  Boyle. 


Av-O-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  avolo,  to  fly  away.] 
Flight ; escape,  [r.]  Glanvill. 


Av'O-SET,  i 
AC-O-SET’TA,  ) 

(Ormth.)  A bird 
of  the  order  Gral- 
la;  family  Scolo- 
pacidce,  and  sub- 
family Recurvi- 
rostrince.  Gray. 

A-VOUCFI',  v.  a. 

[Old  Fr.  voucher-, 

Fr.  avouer .]  \i. 

AVOUCHED  ; pp.  Avoset  (Recurvirostra  avocetta). 

AVOUCHING,  AVOUCHED.] 

1.  To  affirm  ; to  assert ; to  maintain. 


I ran  produce  a champion,  that  will  prove 

What  is  avouched.  Shah. 

2.  To  vindicate  ; to  justify  ; to  sanction. 

I could 

With  barefaced  power  sweep  him  from  my  sight, 

And  bid  my  will  avouch  it.  Shak. 


t A-VOUCH',  n.  Declaration  ; testimony  ; evi- 
dence. “ Avouch  of  mine  own  eyes.”  Shak. 


A-VOUCH'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  avouched,  [u.] 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short ; A,  JJ,  {,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL; 


HEIR,  HER; 


AVOUCHER 


103 


AWRY 


A- VOUCHER,  n.  One  who  avouches.  Barrow. 
f A-VOUCH'MpfT,  n.  Declaration.  Shak. 

f A-VOUR',  ) n<  [Fr.  avouer,  to  confess.]  Con- 

i’ A-VOURE',  j fession  ; acknowledgment. Spenser. 

f A-VOU'TE-RpR,  i [Fr.  avoutre,  a bastard.] 
t A-VOU'TRpR,  ) An  adulterer.  Chaucer. 

f A-VOU'TE-RIJJ,  ) jj.  [Fr.  avoutre,  a bastard.] 
f A-VOU'TRIJJ,  ) Adultery.  Chaucer. 

A-VO\V',  v.  a.  [L.  voreo  ; Fr.  avouer.  — See  A- 

VOUCH.]  [i.  AVOWED  ; pp.  AVOWING,  AVOWED.] 

1.  To  declare  openly;  to  affirm  ; to  acknowl- 
edge  ; to  confess  ; to  profess. 

Such  assertions  proceed  from  principles  which  cannot  be 
avowed  by  those  who  are  for  preserving  church  and  state. 

Swift. 

2.  (Law.)  To  acknowledge  and  justify  an 

act  done.  Burrill. 

Syn.  — See  Acknowledge,  Recognize. 
t A-VOYV',  n.  Determination  ; vow.  Gower. 
A-VOW'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  avowed.  Donne. 
t A-VoW'A-BLY,  acl.  In  an  avowable  manner. 

A-VOV\t'AL,  n.  Open  declaration;  voluntary  or 
frank  acknowledgment.  “ Open  encourage- 
ment and  avowal.”  Hume. 

A-VoW'ANT,  n.  (Law.)  One  who  makes  an 
avowry,  or  avows  or  justifies  a plea.  Blackstone. 

A-VOVVED'  (?-vbud'),  p.  a.  Declared  openly ; 
professed  ; as,  “Ilis  avowed  sentiments.” 

A-VoW'JgD-LY,  ad.  In  an  open  manner.  Seeker. 
AV-CivV-EE'  [£v-bu-e',  IF.  Ja.  Ash ; a-vbu'e,  S. 
I Vb.],  n.  One  to  whom  the  right  of  advowson 
of  a church  belongs.  — See  Advowee.  Bailey. 
A-VOVV'^R,  n.  One  who  avows  or  justifies. 

A-VOW'RY,  n.  (Law.)  A justification  advanced 
in  pleading  by  one  who  lias  been  sued  in  an 
action  of  replevin  for  distraining  property  to 
satisfy  arrears  of  rent,  damages,  & c.  Burrill. 

t A-VOYfy'TRY,  n.  See  Advowtry.  Bailey. 

A-VULSED'  (fi-vulst'),  p.  a.  [L.  avello,  avulsus, 
to  tear  away.]  Plucked  away.  Shenstone. 

A-VUL'SION  (a-vul'shun),  n.  Act  of  plucking 

away  ; separation  of  parts  from  each  other. 

Spare  not  the  little  offsprings,  if  they  grow 
Redundant;  hut  the  thronging  clusters  thin 
By  kind  avulsion.  Philips. 

A-VflN'CU-LAR  (-vung'ku-,  82),  a.  [L.  avunculus, 
an  uncle.]  Pertaining  to  an  uncle.  Thackeray. 
A-WAIT',  v.  a.  [Old  Fr.  aguetter,  to  watch; 
Ger.  abwarten,  to  expect.  — See  Wait.]  [i. 
AWAITED;  pp.  AWAITING,  AWAITED.] 

1.  To  wait  for  ; to  look  for  ; to  expect ; to  be 
in  readiness  for. 

Then  rising  in  his  rage,  he  burns  to  fight; 

The  Greek  awaits  him  with  collected  might.  Pope. 

2.  To  be  in  reserve  or  store  for  ; to  attend. 

To  show  thee  what  reward 

Awaits  the  good;  the  rest,  what  punishment.  Hilton. 
Syn.  — iwait.  trials  without  dismay  ; wait  for  an 
opportunity.  It  is  vain  to  look  for,  or  expect,  happiness 
without  virtue. 

t A-WAIT',  n.  Ambush ; a waylaying.  Spenser. 
A-wAke',  v.  a.  [A.  S.  awacian .]  [i.  awoke  or 

AWAKED  ; pp.  AWAKING,  AWOKE  Of  AWAKED.] 

1.  To  rouse  out  of  sleep  or  from  torpor;  to 
wake  ; to  awaken. 

The  cock,  that  is  the  trumpet  of  the  mom. 

Doth  with  his  lofty  and  shrill-soundiug  throat 
Awake  the  god  of  day.  Shah. 

2.  To  put  into  new  action. 

The  spark  of  noble  courage  now  awake.  Spenser. 
A-WAKE',  v.  n.  To  break  from  sleep  ; to  wake. 
Awake ! the  morning  shines,  and  the  fresh  field 
Calls  us.  Milton. 

A-WAKE',  a.  Not  asleep  ; in  a vigilant  state. 

There  are  some  men  formed  with  feelings  so  blunt,  that 
they  can  hardly  be  said  to  be  awake  during  the  whole  course 
of  their  lives.  Burke. 

A-WA'KEN  (a-wa'kn),  v.  a.  & n.  [*.  awakened  ; 
pp.  awakening,  awakened.]  To  arouse  from 
sleep  or  from  torpor  ; to  stir  up  ; to  rouse  ; to 
.excite ; — to  awake ; to  wake.  Pope. 

Syn.  — awaken  feelings  ; stir  up  wrath ; rouse  the 
passions  ; excite  mirth. 


A-WA'KEN-^R  (a-wa'kn-er),  n.  He  who  or  that 
which  awakens.  Stilling  fleet. 

A-WA'KEN-lNG  (a-wa'kn-ing),  n.  Act  of  awak- 
ing : — revival ; renewed  attention  to  religion. 

A-WA'KEN-ING,  p.  a.  Rousing  from  sleep ; 
alarming. 

A-WA'KEN-MENT,  n.  1.  Act  of  waking  or  awak- 
ing ; revival. 

2.  State  of  being  awake  ; vigilance.  Morell. 

f A-WAPED',  p.  a.  [A.  S.  wafian,  to  be  aston- 
ished.] Confounded. — See  Awhape.  Chaucer. 

A-WARD', a.  [Old  Fr.  a aarder,  to  be  guarded 
or  kept.  — See  Award,  m.J  [t.  awarded  ; pp. 
awarding,  awarded.]  To  adjudge;  to  de- 
cree ; to  give  by  judicial  sentence. 

A pound  of  that  same  merchant’s  flesh  is  thine; 

The  court  awards  it,  aud  the  law  doth  give  it.  Shak. 

A-WArD',  v.  n.  To  judge  ; to  determine. 

The  unwise  award  to  lodge  it  in  the  towers.  Pope. 

A-WArd',  n.  [Low  L.  awarda,  or  aivardum ; Old 
Fr.  ayard,  from  a garder,  to  be  guarded  or  kept ; 
— so  called  because  it  is  imposed  on  the  parties 
to  be  observed  or  kept  by  them.  Spelman.] 
(Law.)  The  judgment  of  an  arbitrator  or  ar- 
bitrators ; determination ; sentence. 

We  cannot  expect  an  equitable  award  where  the  judge  is 
made  a party.  Glanville. 

A-WARD'ER,  n.  One  who  awards. 

The  high  awarders  of  immortal  fame.  Thomson. 

A-wAre',  a.  [A.  S.  warian,  to  beware.]  Obser- 
vant; mindful;  conscious;  cognizant ; apprised. 

Temptations  of  prosperity  insinuate  themselves,  so  that 
we  are  but  little  aware  of  them.  Atterbury. 

And  she  glides 

Into  his  darker  musings  with  a mild 

And  gentle  sympathy,  that  steals  away 

Their  sharpness  ere  lie  is  aware.  Bryant. 

t A-wARN',  v.  a.  [A.  S.  warnian,  to  warn.]  To 
caution  ; to  warn.  Spenser. 

A-WASH'  (si-wosh'),  ad.  (Naut.)  Noting  the 

position  of  the  anchor  when  hove  up  to  the 
surface  of  the  water.  Brande. 

A-WAy'  (a-wa'),  ad.  [A.  S.  aweg.] 

1.  In  a state  of  absence  ; at  a distance  ; aside  ; 

off.  “ Any  of  them  being  awag.”  Locke. 

2.  On  the  way ; — variously  applied,  some- 
times being  equivalent  to  let  us  go,  sometimes 
to  begone. 

Away,  old  man.  Give  me  thy  hand;  auay.  Shak. 

Await , and  glister  like  the  god  of  war.  Shak. 

Away  with,  sometimes  used  as  having  the  nature 
of  a verb;  as,  “I  cannot  away  with"  (Isa.  i.  13), 
I cannot  endure;  “ Away  with  such  a fellow”  (Acts 
xxii.  22),  take  away,  cast  away.  — When  coupled 
with  verbs,  it  imparts  the  ideaof  distance,  absence,  or 
loss.  — To  throw  away,  to  throw  out  of  one’s  reacll  so 
as  to  lose.  — To  squander  away,  to  squander  until  there 
is  nothing  left.  — To  trifle  away,  to  lose  in  trifles. — 
To  make  away  with,  to  destroy,  to  kill. 

t A-WAY'WARD,  ad.  [A.  S.  aweg,  away,  and 
ward,  towards.]  Away  ; aside.  Gower. 

AWE  (SLw),  n.  [Goth,  agan,  to  be  afraid ; A.  S. 
ege,  or  aga,  fear,  dread.]  Reverential  fear ; 
dread  or  veneration  inspired  by  something  great 
or  sublime;  reverence.  “The  awe  due  from 
man  to  God.”  Bogers. 

Syn.  — Stand  in  awe  of  your  Creator  ; regard  sa- 
cred tilings  witli  reverence,  great  and  good  men  witli 
veneration. 

Awe  (kw),  V.  a.  [i.  AWED  ; pp.  AWING,  AWED.] 
To  strike  with  reverence  or  fear ; to  control, 
govern,  or  subdue  by  inspiring  feelings  of  awe. 
ITeaven,  that  hath  placed  this  island  to  give  law, 

To  balance  Europe,  and  her  states  to  awe.  Waller. 

f A-WEA'RY  (a-we're),  a.  Weary  ; tired. 

Cassius  is  aweary  of  the  world.  Shak. 

A-WEATII'ER,  ad.  (Naut.)  Noting  the  situation 
of  the  helm  when  it  is  put  in  the  direction  from 
which  the  wind  blows.  Dana. 

t AWE'— RAND  (aw'band),  n.  [ awe  and  band.] 
A cheek  ; a restraint.  Bailey. 

AwE-COM-mAnd'ING,  a.  Striking  with  awe. 

Her  lion  port,  her  awe-commanding  face, 

Attempered  sweet  to  virgin  grace.  Gray. 

AWE— COM-PEL'LING,  a.  Enforcing  awe.  Crabb. 

A-WEIGII'  (?-wa'),  ad.  (Naut.)  Noting  the  posi- 
tion of  the  anchor  when  it  is  lifted  out  of  the 
ground ; atrip.  Brande. 


I AWE'— STRUCK,  a.  Impressed  with  awe.  Milton. 

Aw'FUL,  a.  1.  That  strikes  with  awe;  that  in- 
spires awe  ; venerable. 

Abashed  the  devil  stood, 

And  felt  how  awful  goodness  is.  Milton. 

2.  Struck  with  awe  ; filled  with  awe. 

And  kings  sat  still  with  awful  eye, 

As  if  they  surely  knew  their  sovereign  Lord  was  by.  Milton. 

We  cannot  be  too  awful  of  thee,  nor  too  much  ashamed  of 
ourselves.  Bp.  JJall. 

3.  Dreadful ; fearful ; as,  “ An  awful  storm 
or  conflagration.” 

Syn.  — See  Fearful. 

Aw'FUL— EYED  (aw'ful-ld),  a.  Having  eyes  ex- 
citing awe.  “ Manly  and  auflul-cyed  forti- 
tude.” More. 

Aw'FUL-LY,  ad.  In  an  awful  manner.  Drgden. 

Aw'FUL-NESS,  n.  1.  The  quality  of  being  awful. 
“ The  awfulness  of  the  place.”  Addison. 

2.  fTfie  state  of  being  struck  with  awe. 
“ Excites  reverence  and  auf illness.”  Hale. 

t A-WHAPE'  (j-hwap'),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  awaped,  as- 
tonished ; wapean,  to  be  astonished.]  To 
strike  ; to  confound.  Spenser. 

f A-WHEELS' (a-hwelz'),  ad.  [A.  S .hweohl.]  On 
wheels.  “ The  world  runs  awheels.”  B.Jonson. 

A-WI1ILE'  (fi-liwll'),  ad.  [A.  S.  hwil,  awhile.] 
Some  time  ; for  a time.  Shak. 

f Awk,  a.  [Dut.  arer-recht,  contrary  to  right. 
Richardson.  ‘■'■Awk,  wrong,  sinister.”  Promp- 
tuarium  Parvulorum .]  Left,  not  right  ; left- 
handed  ; ungainly ; awkward. 

That  which  we  in  Greek  call  dptarepd v,  that  is  to  say,  on 
the  awk  or  left  hand,  they  say  in  Latin  sinistruni.  Holland. 

f AWK'Ly,  ad.  With  the  left  hand  ; awkwardly. 

Ignorant  and  untaught  persons,  . . . when  fortune  pre- 
senteth  herself  unto  them  on  the  right  hand,  receive  her 
awkly.  Holland. 

One  that  undertaketh  a thing  awkly  or  ungainly.  Fuller. 

AWK'WARD,  a.  \aiok  and  ward.] 

1.  Wanting  dexterity  or  skill;  unhandy; 

clumsy.  “ Awkward  at  a trick.”  Dryden. 

2.  Unpolite ; unpolished  ; rude  ; uncourtly  ; 
ungainly ; inelegant. 

Awkward , embarrassed,  stiff,  without  the  skill 
Of  moving  gracefully  or  standing  still.  Churchill. 

3.  Perverse  ; obstinate  ; contrary ; untoward. 

They  with  awkward  judgment  put  the  chief  point  of  god- 
liness in  outward  things.  Udal. 

And  twice  by  awkward  wind  from  England’s  bank 

Drove  back  again  unto  my  native  clime.  Shak. 

Driven  by  awkward  winds  and  boisterous  seas.  Drayton. 

Syn.  — An  awkward  gait ; an  unhandy  instrument ; 
a clumsy  shape  ; unpolished,  rude,  or  uncourtly  in  be- 
havior ; of  ungainly  figure;  of  impolite  or  inelegant 
manners  ; of  had  address. 

AWK'WARD-LY,  ad.  In  an  awkward  manner. 

AWK'WARD-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  awk- 
ward. I Vatts. 

Awl,  n.  [A.  S.  ale,  or  aiceel.]  A pointed  instru- 
ment to  bore  holes  with.  “ His  ears  bored 
through  with  an  awl.”  Hooker. 

Aw'LlJSS,  a.  1.  Wanting  awe  ; fearless.  “ The 
awless  lion.”  Shak. 

2.  Not  able  to  inspire  reverence. 

Upon  the  innocent  and  awless  throne.  Shak. 

AWL'— SHAPED  (-shapt),  a.  Shaped  like  an  awl. 

AWL'WORT  (al'wiirt),  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  with 
awl-shaped  leaves  ; Subularia.  Loudon. 

Awme,  or  Awm,  n.  A Dutch  measure  of  li- 
quids ; aam.  — See  Aam.  Arbuthnot. 

AWN,  n.  [Sw.  agn  ; Dan.  avn.]  The  beard  or  bris- 
tles of  grasses,  grain,  &c. ; the  arista.  Johnson. 

AWN'ING,  n.  A cover  spread  over  a boat,  the 
deck  of  a vessel,  or  any  place  without  a roof, 
for  shade.  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

AwN'LpSS,  a.  Having  no  awn  or  beard.  Smart. 

A-WOKE',  i.  & p.  from  awake.  • — See  Awake. 

f A-WORK'  (?-wUrk'),  ad.  At  work.  Shak. 

fA-WREKE'  (a-rck'),  v.  a.  [Sax.  awrecan.]  To 
persecute  ; to  take  vengeance  on ; to  avenge. 
“ To  awreke  him  on  his  foes.”  Chaucer. 

A-WRY'  (?-rl'),  ad.  & a.  [A.  S.  writhan,  to 
writhe.] 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  Rt'LE  ; 


9>  o>  sofi S £>  e>  £>  I)  hard;  § as  z;  $ as  gz. — THIS,  this. 


AXAL 


104 


AZUEE 


1.  Not  in  a straight  direction  ; obliquely  ; 

asquint ; askance.  “ If  she  steps,  looks,  or 
moves  awry.”  Spectator. 

2.  Perversely  ; not  reasonably  ; wrong. 

Much  of  the  soul  they  talk,  but  all  awry.  Milton. 

3.  a.  Oblique;  not  straightforward.  “His 
path  cannot  possibly  be  much  awry.”  Gilpin. 

AX'AL,  a.  [L.  axis.]  Relating  to  the  axis  ; axial. 

Aral  section,  a section  through  the  axis  of  a body. 

AX-A-YA ' CATL,  n.  ( Ent .)  A species  of  Mexican 
fly,  the  eggs  of  which,  deposited  on  rushes,  are 
collected  and  used  as  a caviare.  Buchanan. 

AXE  (aks),  n.  [Gr.  ifiuy ; L.  ascia. — Goth,  aqui- 
zi  ; A.  S.  cex,  or  eax.]  An  iron  instrument  with 
a sharp  edge,  for  hewing  and  chopping. 

No  sounding  axe  presumed  these  trees  to  bite, 

Coeval  with  the  world,  a venerable  sight.  Dryden. 

AXE,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  acsian,  and  ascian .]  The  old 
English  verb  for  ash.  “ Or  if  he  axe  a fish.” 
I Vickliffe.  It  is  still  in  use,  in  various  parts  of 
England,  among  the  common  people.  Forby, 
Brochett,  &c.  It  is  also  heard  in  some  parts  of 
the  United  States. 

AXE'IIEAD,  n.  The  head  of  an  axe.  “ The  axe- 
heacl  fell  into  the  water.”  2 Kings  vi.  5. 

AXE'STOXE,  n.  (Min.)  A tough  silico-magne- 
sian  stone  ; a sub-species  of  nephrite.  Brande. 

AX'J-AL,  a.  Relating  to,  or  resembling,  an  axis. 

Axial  line,  the  line  in  which  the  magnetic  force 
passes  from  one  pole  of  a horse-shoe  magnet  to  t lie 
other.  Faraday. 

AX'I-AL-LY,  ad.  According  to,  or  in  a line  with, 
the  axis.  Prout. 

AX-IF'IJR-OUS,  a.  [L.  axis,  an  axis,  and  fero, 
to  bear.]  (Bot.)  Noting  plants  which  have  an 
axis  or  stem.  Brande. 

Ax'IL,  n.  Same  as  Axilla.  Loudon. 

AX'ILE,  a.  (Bot.)  Lying  in  the  axis  of  any  thing; 
as  an  embryo  in  the  axis  of  a seed.  Buchanan. 

AX-IL’LA,  n.\  pi.  AX-tlJ LJE.  [L.] 

1.  (Anat.)  The  armpit.  Dunglison. 

2.  (Bot.)  The  angle  formed  by  the  stalk  of  a 

leaf  with  the  stem,  or  by  a branch  with  the 
stem.  Loudon. 

AX'lL-LAR,  a.  Same  as  Axillary.  Bailey. 

AX'IL-LA-RY  [ik'zjl-lj-re,  W.  Sm.  Wb.;  jk-zll'- 
lj-re,  S.  P .' — See  Capillary],  a. 

1.  Belonging  to  the  axilla,  or  armpit.  “ The 

axillary  artery.”  Browne. 

2.  (Bot.)  Occurring  in  an  axil,  as  buds 

in  the  axils  of  leaves.  Gray. 

Ax'IN-JTE,  n.  [Gr.  an  axe.]  (Min.) 

A mineral  of  vitreous  lustre,  composed 
chiefly  of  silica,  alumina,  lime,  and  per- 
oxide of  iron  ; — so  called  from  the  acute  or 
axe-like  edges  of  its  crystals.  Dana. 

AX-iN'O-MAN-CY,  n.  [Gr.  i^ivopavrtla  ; a(ivy,  an 
axe,  and  pavrela,  prophecy.]  A kind  of  divina- 
tion in  which  axes  were  used.  Crabb. 

AX'IOM  (Sks'yum)  [ak'shum,  S.  IE.;  ak'she-um, 

F.Ja . ; Sk'se-um ,J.Sm.;  aks  ynm,  A\],  n.  [Gr. 
a(ioipa ; attain,  to  deem  worthy ; to  take  for 
granted ; L.  axioma  ; It.  assioma ; Sp.  axioma  ; 
Fr.  axiome.]  A self-evident  truth  or  proposi- 
tion ; an  established  principle,  not  requiring 
proof  ; — a postulate,  or  general  proposition,  to 
which  assent  is  demanded  without  proof. 

Philosophers  give  the  name  of  axioms  only  to  self-evident 
truths  that  are  necessary,  ami  are  not  limited  to  time  and 
place,  but  must  be  true  at  all  times  and  in  all  places.  Reid. 

Axioms,  or  principles  more  general,  arc  such  as  this,  that 
the  greater  good  is  to  be  chosen  before  the  lesser.  J looker. 

Syn.  — Axiom,  maxim , aphorism , apophthegm,  adage, 
proverb,  saying,  by-word , saw,  truism.  These  several 
words  all  denote  phrases  which  affirm,  not  a particu- 
lar fact,  but  a general  proposition.  Axioms  are  self- 
evident  truths,  and  are  the  foundations  of  science  ; 
maxims  are  generally  admitted  truths  or  principles 
which  are  to  be  followed  in  practical  concerns,  and 
which  form  the  foundation  of  morals  ; but  axioms  are 
unchangeable,  and  maxims  may  vary.  An  intuitive 
truth  which  it  is  proper  to  specify  is  an  axiom’,  but 
if  needless  to  detail,  it  is  a truism.  Silly  saws  and 
quaint  sayings  often  become  by-words  among  the  vul- 
gar. Fenelon  compiled  the  “ Maxims  of  the  Saints.” 
The  “ Proverbs  of  Solomon  ” ; Spanish  proverbs  '. ; the 


aphorisms  of  Hippocrates  or  Lavater  ; the  apophthegms 
of  Plutarch  ; the  adages  of  the  ancients  ; the  sayings 
of  Johnson  or  of  Franklin’s  Poor  Richard ; the  say- 
ings of  the  wise ; the  saws  of  the  vulgar. 

AX-I-O-MAT  |C,  ) (ak-she-o-niat'jk),  a.  Re- 

AX-I-O-MAT'I-CAL,  lating  to,  or  consisting  of, 
axioms.  I Vh  i t lock . 

AX-I-O-MAT'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  By  the  use  of  axioms. 

AX'IS,  n. ; L.  pi.  Ax'£§.  [L.  axis  ; A.  S.  eax,  or  cex ; 
Ger.  achse ; It.  asse  ; Sp.  exe  ; Fr.  axe.] 

1.  The  line,  real  or  imaginary,  that  passes 
through  any  body,  on  which  it  may  be  supposed 
to  revolve. 

On  their  own  axis  as  the  planets  run.  Pope. 

2.  {Bot.)  That  part  in  plants  around  which 
particular  organs  are  arranged;  stem.  Brande. 

3.  {Anat.)  The  second  vertebra  of  the  neck, 

or  the  tooth  or  process  by  which  the  second  is 
attached  to  the  first  vertebra,  and  on  which  the 
head  moves.  Dunglison. 

4.  {Math.)  A straight  line  with  respect  to 
which  the  different  parts  of  a magnitude  are 
symmetrically  arranged.  Thus  the  axis  of  a 
cone  is  the  line  drawn  from  the  vertex  to  the 
centre  of  the  base;  and  the  axis  of  a cylinder , 
the  line  drawn  through  the  centre  of  its  two  ends. 

Anticlinal  axis,  {Oeol.)  an  imaginary  line  towards 
which  strata  inclined,  like  two  sides  of  a roof  in  op- 
posite directions,  rise. — Synclinal  axis,  an  imaginary 
line  running  through  the  centre  of  a valley,  where 
the  strata,  tilted  in  opposite  directions,  may  be  sup- 
posed to  meet.  Lycll.  — Axis  of  a’ balance,  the  imagi- 
nary line  about  which  it  turns. Axis  of  a curve,  a 

straight  line  which  bisects  a system  of  parallel  chords 
perpendicular  to  it.  The  ellipse  has  two  axes,  the 

circle  an  infinite  number. fixes  of  coordinates, 

( Grom .)  straight  lines  intersecting  each  other,  to 
which  points  are  referred  to  determine  their  relative 
position. fixis  in  pcritrochio,  (Mech.)  one  of  the  me- 

chanical powers;  the  wheel  and  axle.  — Axis  of  os- 
cillation, ( Mech .)  a horizontal  line  passing  through 
the  point  of  suspension  of  a pendulum,  and  perpen- 
dicular to  the  plane  of  oscillation. fixis  of  the  equa- 
tor, ecliptic,  horizon,  &c.,  {Astron.)  is  a straight  line 
passing  through  its  centre  and  perpendicular  to  its 

plane.  Hutton. fixis  of  the  eye,  or  the  optical  axis, 

(Optics.)  is  the  straight  line  which  passes  through 
the  centre  of  the  pupil,  and  is  perpendicular  to  the 
surfaces  of  the  several  humors  of  the  eye.  Wood. — 
Axes  of  a crystal,  (Crystallography.)  straight  lines 
passing  through  the  centre  of  the  crystal  around 
which  the  faces  are  symmetrically  arranged,  and 
which  connect  points  diagonally  opposite,  as  the 
apices  of  solid  angles,  the  centres  of  opposite  edges, 
or  the  centres  of  opposite  faces.  Rcgnault. 

AX'IS— CYL'IN-D$R,  n.  {Anat.)  The  central  sub- 
stance of  the  primitive  nerve-fibre.  Brande. 

AX'LE  (ak'sl),  ) [A.  S.  cex,  or  eax, 

AX'LE— TREE  (&k'sl-tre),  ) an  axis,  or  axle-tree.] 
A piece  of  timber,  or  bar  of  metal,  fitted  at  each 
end  to  be  inserted  in  the  nave  or  hub  of  a car- 
riage wheel  which  is  to  revolve  around  it.  Hall. 

AX'LED  (Sk'sld),  a.  Furnished  with  an  axle. 

In  Merlin’s  agate-axled  car.  Wharton. 

AX'O-LOTL,  n.  [Mexican.]  (Zoiil.)  A singular 
genus  of  batra- 
ehian  reptiles, 
found  in  the  lake 
of  Mexico,  be- 
longing to  that 
group  of  batra- 
chians  which,  even  in  their  adult  state,  possess 
both  lungs  and  gills.  Cuvier. 

AY,  or  AYE  (he)  [a'e,  IF.  Ja.  Sm.;  h’e,  P.  J. 
P.  R. ; I,  C.J,  ad.  [L.  aio,  I say  ; Fr.  oui ; A. 

S.  yea,  or  ja.)  Yes  ; — expressing  assent. 

if/)  ■ Very  commonly  written  aye. 

AY,  or  AYE  (ae),  n. ; pi.  ays  or  ayes  (iigz). 

1.  An  affirmative. 

Sometimes,  in  mutual  sly  disguise. 

Let  ays  seem  noes,  ami  noes  seem  ays.  Gay. 

2.  One  who  votes  in  the  affirmative  ; as,  “ The 

ayes  have  it.”  Hatsell. 

IKjr“Tlie  affirmation  ay  is  a union  of  the  sounds 
a’e,  at  least  as  that  word  is  commonly  pronounced  ; 
though  in  the  House  of  Commons,  in  the  phrase, 

‘ Tlie  ayes  have  it,’  it  seems  to  be  an  ancient  custom 
to  pronounce  the  plural  word  as  uniting  the  sounds 
aw'it,  or,  as  it  might  be  written,  oys,  rhyming  with 
boys.”  Smart. 

AYE  (a),  ad.  [Gr.  hii ; Goth,  airs,  aye  ; A.  S. 


awa  or  aa,  always.]  Always;  forever.  [Used 
only  in  poetry.]  — For  aye,  for  ever.  Davies. 

And  much  and  oft  he  warned  him  to  eschew 
Falsehood  and  guile,  and  «i/e  maintain  the  right. 

By  pleasure  unsubdued,  uuawed  by  lawless  might.  Beattie. 


AYE-AYE  (ae’ae'),  n. 
(Zo'.l.)  A singular  noc- 
turnal quadruped  of  Mad- 
agascar, so  named  from 
its  peculiar  cry.  It  is 
placed  by  Cuvier  in  the 
order  Rodentia,  under  the 
generic  name  Cheiromys, 
front  the  hand-like  struc- 
ture of  the  hinder  feet, 
approximating  the  genus 
to  the  monkey  tribe. 

Brande. 


Aye-aye. 


f AYE'GREEN  (a'gren),  n.  The  houseleek  ; Sem- 
pervivum  tectorum.  Kennet. 


f A-YEN',  t & prep. 
f A-YENST',  $ 


Again ; against. 

Chaucer. 


f A-YEN'WARD,  ad.  Back  ; backward.  Chaucer. 


AYLE,  n.  [Old  Fr.  ay  el,  a grandfather.]  (Laic.) 
A kind  of  writ  to  recover  possession  of  lands  of 
which  a grandparent  was  seized  on  the  day 
of  decease,  and  upon  which  a stranger  had  en- 
tered on  the  same  day  to  dispossess  the  lawful 
heir.  BurriU. 

AY  ME,  interj.  Implying  dejection ; same  as 
ah  me!  Milton. 


AY'RY  (a're),  n.  [A.  S.  cry,  an  egg;  equivalent 
to  eyyery.]  The  nest  of  the  hawk.  — See 
E yry.  Walton. 

A-  YUN-  TA-M1-F.JT ' TO,  n.  [Sp.]  In  Spain  and 
Spanish  America,  a corporation  or  body  of 
magistrates  in  cities  or  towns.  Velasquez. 

A-ZA'Lf-A,  n. ; pi.  a-za'le  a^.  [Gr.  afalto;,  dry, 
in  allusion  to  its  growing  in  dry  places.]  (But.) 
A genus  of  American  plants  or  shrubs  having 
beautiful  flowers  ; false  honeysuckle.  Gray. 

AZ'A-ROLE,  n.  [It.  azzeruola,  or  azzaruola  ; Fr. 
azerole.\  (Bot.)  A species  of  hawthorn  ; Cra- 
tceyus  azarolus.  Loudon. 

AZ'I-MUTH,  n.  [Ar.  assamt,  or  al-samt,  the  way, 
the  path;  or  azimut,  high;  It.  azzimutto ; Sp. 
<Sr  Fr.  azimut. \ (Astron.)  The  angle  which  is 
made  by  the  meridian  and  a vertical  circle 
passing  through  a celestial  body,  this  angle  be- 
ing measured  by  the  arc  of  the  horizon  inter- 
cepted between  those  circles  ; — said  to  be  the 
azimuth  of  the  body  at  the  time  and  place  of 
observation. 

Azimuth  circle,  or  vertical  circle,  a great  circle  of 
the  sphere  passing  through  the  zenith,  and  intersect- 
ing tire  horizon  at  right  angles. dzimuth  compass,  a 

compass  used  at  sea  for  finding  the  horizontal  dis- 
tance of  the  sun  or  a star  from  the  magnetic  merid- 
ian.  dzimuth  dial,  a dial  of  which  the  style  is  per- 

pendicular to  the  plane  of  the  horizon. 

AZ-J-MU'THAL,  a.  Relating  to  the  azimuth. 

Azimuthal  error , the  deviation  of  a transit  instru- 
ment from  the  plane  of  tlielneridian.  Hind. 

A-ZO'IC,  a.  [Gr.  a priv.  and  fan,  life.]  Desti- 
tute of  organic  life.  Oyilvie. 

AZ-O-LIT'MINE,  n.  (Chem.)  A dark-red  sub- 

stance forming  a great  part  of  tbe  coloring 
matter  of  litmus.  Brande. 


AZ'OTE  [az'ot,  Sm.  R.  Maunder,  P.  Cyc . ; a-z.5t', 
K.  C.  Wb.],  it.  [Gr.  a priv.  and  fat,  life,  i.  e. 
not  supporting  life.]  (Chem.)  A simple,  taste- 
less, inodorous,  inert,  uninflammable  gas,  so 
called  because,  when  inhaled  alone,  it  will  not 
support  respiration  ; — called  also  nitrogen.  — 
See  Nitrogen.  Graham. 

A-ZOT'jO,  a.  Relating  to  azote  ; nitric.  Graham. 

Az'O-TlTE,  n.  (Chem.)  A nitrite.  Graham. 

AZ'O-TIZE,  v.  a.  \i.  azotized  ; pp.  AZOTIZING, 
azotized.]  To  impregnate  with  azote.  Ure. 

A-ZO'TOUS,  a.  Nitrous  ; as,  “Azotous  acid.” 

AZ'RA-IJL,  n.  The  name  given  by  Arabs  and 
Turks' to  the  ^ngel  of  Death.  ’ Ogilvic. 

||  A'ZFRE  (a'zlmr  or  kzll'ur)  [a'zlmr,  .S.  E.  F.  A". 
R.  ; a'zliur,  lU.  Ja.  C. ; Szh'ur,  J.  Wb. ; a'zhor, 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  1,  o,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure; 


FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


AZURE 


105 


BACCIIANALIANLY 


Snit  ; o.zr\ii,  J°.],  a.  [Ar.  lazul,  a stone  of  blue 
color  ; Per.  lazur,  or  lajuur  ; It.  azzuro  ; Sp. 
azul ; Fr.  azur.]  Blue  ; sky-colored;  cerulean. 
“ The  azure  vault.”  Shak. 


| A'ZURE,  n.  1.  The  color  of  the 
sky.  “ Heaven’s  azure.”  Milton. 

2.  A blue  pigment,  consisting 
of  glass  fused  with  oxide  of  cobalt 
and  ground  to  powder ; smalt.  L re. 

3.  (Her.)  A blue  color  or  tinct- 

ure employed  in  blazonry,  and  denoted  by  hori- 
zontal lines,  Brande. 


||  A'ZURE,  v.  a.  To  color  any  thing  blue.  Elyot. 

||  A'ZURED  (a'zhurd  or  azh'urd),  a.  Colored 
blue.  “ The  pure  azured  heaven.”  Wotton. 

AZ'U-RlNE, a.  Azure.  “Dark azurine.”  Hackluyt. 

AZ'U-RITE,  n.  (Min.)  A blue  mineral ; the  lazu- 
lite.  P.  Cyc. 

UfA'ZURN  (a'zhurn  or  azh'urn),  a.  Of  a light 
blue  color.  Milton. 

Thick  set  with  agato  and  the  azurn  sheen 
Of  turkis  blue  and  emerald  green.  Milton. 


AZ  Y-GOS,  ) a.  [Gr.  n^vyof,  unpaired ; a priv.  and 
Az'Y-GOUS,  ) tyvydv,  a yoke.]  ( Anat .)  Noting 
parts  which  are  single,  and  not  in  pairs,  as  a 
process  of  the  sphenoid  bone,  or  a vein  of  the 
thorax.  Iloblyn. 


f AZ'yME  (az'jm),  n.  [Gr.  amigos,  unleavened;  « 


AZ'Y-MlTE,  «•  ( Eccl .)  One  who  administers  the 

sacrament  with  unleavened  bread.  Clarke. 


AZ'Y-MOUS,  a.  Unleavened.  Smart. 


Ethe  second  letter,  and  first  consonant,  of 
9 the  English  language,  is  a mute  and  a la- 
bial, being  pronounced  by  pressing  the  whole 
length  of  the  lips  together,  and  forcing  them 
v open  with  a strong  breath.  It  is  nearly  allied 
to  the  other  labial  letters,  and  is  interchange- 
able in  etymologies  with  p,  f.  and  v.  — As  a 
sign,  it  represents  the  seventh  note  in  the  musi- 
cal scale,  or  the  gamut,  and  among  the  Romans 
sometimes  stood  for  the  number  300,  and,  with 
a dash  over  it,  for  3000.  Brande. 

BAA  (ba),  n.  The  cry  of  a sheep.  Shah. 

BAA  (ha),  v.  n.  [L.  balo,  to  bleat.]  To  cry  like  a 
sheep.  “ He  . . . baas  for  help.  ’ Sidney. 

BA  'AL,  n.  [Ileb.  ^53,  a lord,  a master.]  (Ant.) 

The  principal  deity  of  the  ancient  Canaanites, 
Phoenicians,  &c. ; an  ancient  idol  representing 
the  sun.  Calmet. 

BA'ARD,  n.  (Naut.)  A sort  of  sea  vessel  or 
transport  ship.  Crabb. 

BAB'BLE  (bab'bl),  v.  n.  [From  the  existence  of 
this  word  in  many  languages,  some  have  sup- 
posed it  to  be  derived  from  the  sound  made  by 
children  in  their  earliest  articulations ; others 
trace  it  to  the  Hebrew  confusion  ; Gr. 

V T 

to  prattle;  Fr.  babiller  ; Ger.  babbeln  ; 
Dut.  babelen ; Dan.  bable.\  [«.  BABBLED ; pp. 
BABBLING,  BABBLED.] 

1.  To  talk  inarticulately ; to  prattle  as  a 
child ; to  chatter. 

My  babbling  praises  I repeat  no  more. 

But  hear,  rejoice,  stand  silent,  and  adore.  Prior. 

2.  To  talk  idly,  thoughtlessly,  or  much  ; to 
prate  ; to  tell  secrets. 

There  is  more  danger  in  a reserved  and  silent  friend  than 
in  a noisy,  babbling  enemy.  L' Estrange. 

The  baJMing  echo  mocks  the  hounds, 

Replying  shrilly  to  the  well-tuned  horns.  Shak. 

BAB'BLE,  v.  a.  To  prate  ; to  tell.  “ Not  one  of 
those  who  babble  their  griefs.”  Reade. 

BAB'BLE,  n.  Idle  talk  ; senseless  prattle. 

This  babble  shall  not  henceforth  trouble  me.  Shak. 
f RAB'BLE-MENT,  n.  Senseless  prate;  babble. 
“ Ragged  notions  and  babblements.”  Milton. 

BAB'BL£R,  n.  1.  One  who  babbles  ; an  idle  talker. 
2.  ( Ornith .)  A bird  of  the  sub-family  Tima- 
lince.  Gray. 

BAB'BLING,  n.  Foolish  talk ; prattle ; loquacity. 

Avoiding  profane  and  vain  babblings,  and  oppositions  of 
science  falsely  so  called.  1 Tim.  vi.  ‘20. 

t BAB'BLISH-LY,  ad.  Pratingly.  Whitgift. 

BABE,  n.  [Ar.  ba-ba,  an  infant. — Ir.  baban,  a 
baby;  Ger.  bube,  a boy.  — It.  babbo,  a child’s 
name  for  father.  This  word  may  be  traced  in 
many  languages;  and  Richardson  suggests  that 
it  consists  of  the  repetition  of  ba  (ba  ba),  the 
earliest,  because  the  easiest,  consonant  uttered 
by  children.]  An  infant  ; a baby. 

The  babe  had  all  that  infant  care  beguiles, 

And  early  knew  his  mother  in  her  smiles.  Dryrten. 
Bent  o’er  her  babe , her  eye  dissolved  in  dew.  Langhorne. 

f BABE'HOOD  (bab'hfid),  n.  Infancy  ; childhood. 
“ Strengthless  babehood  of  the  body.”  Udal. 


BA'B£L,  n.  [Heb.  b?3>  confusion.] 

1.  The  name  of  the  city  whose  language 

was  confounded.  Gen.  xi.  9. 

2.  A confused  mixture  of  sounds  ; a combi- 
nation of  discordant  utterances. 

That  babel  of  strange  heathen  languages.  Hammond. 

The  whole  babel  of  sectaries  joined  against  the  church,  the 
king,  and  the  nobility  for  twenty  years.  Swift. 

BA'Bp-RY,  n.  Finery  to  please  a babe.  Sidney. 

fBA'BI-AN,  n.  A baboon.  Drayton. 

BAB-I-A  'JYA,  n.  (But.)  A genus  of  Cape  plants, 
having  beautiful  flowers,  yellow,  purple,  or  red  ; 
— so  called,  by  the  Dutch  colonists,  because 
their  roots  are  eaten  by  baboons.  P.  Cyc. 

BAB  'IL-lArD,  n.  [Fr.  babbler.]  (Ornith.)  A 
small  frugivorous  passerine  bird  ; — called  also 
the  nettle-creeper.  Brande. 

bAb'ING-TON-ItE,  n.  (Mill.)  A crystallized  si- 
licious  mineral.  Dana. 

f BA'BI-ON,  n.  A baboon.  B.  Jonson. 

f bA'BISII,  a.  Childish;  babyish.  Ascham. 

f BA'BISH,  v.  a.  To  treat  one  as  a baby;  to 
baby.  “ The  Pharisees  had  babished  the  sim- 
ple people.”  Udal. 

fBA'BISH-LY,  ad.  Childishly.  A bp.  Usher. 

BAB  'LAH,  n.  The  shell  which  covers  the  fruit 
of  the  Mimosa  cineraria,  brought  from  the 
East  Indies  under  the  name  of  neb-neb.  It 
contains  gallic  acid,  tannin,  and  a red  coloring 
matter,  and  has  been  used  in  dyeing  cotton  to 
produce  various  shades  of  drab.  Ure. 

BA-BOON',  n.  [It.  babuino  ; Fr.  babouin ; sup- 
posed to  be  so  called  from  its  resemblance  to 
a babe.\  (Zoiil.)  A genus  of  quadrumana  ; a 
large  kind  of  monkey,  distinguished  by  the 
marked  resemblance  of  the  head  and  face  to 
those  of  a dog.  Baird. 

BA'BY  [ba'lie,  S.  W.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm. ; vul- 
garly, bab'e,  W.  Stw.],  n.  [See  Babe.] 

1.  An  infant ; a young  child;  a babe.  “The 

baby  beats  the  nurse.”  Shak. 

2.  The  image  of  a young  child ; a doll.  Bacon. 

BA'BY,  a.  Like  a baby;  babyish.  “Whose  in- 
firm and  baby  minds.”  Cowper. 

BA'BY,  v.  a.  To  treat  one  like  a baby.  “ Wealth 
babies  us  with  endless  toys.”  [r.]  Young. 

BA'BY— FEATURED  (ba'be-fet'yurd),  a.  Having 
infantine  features.  Cowper. 

BA'BY-HOOD  (ba'be-hfld),  n.  [Eng.  baby,  and 
A.  S.  had,  state.]  Infancy;  childhood.  Udal. 

BA'BY— HOUSE,  n.  A place  in  which  children’s 
dolls  and  playthings  are  set  up  in  order. 

BA'BY-ISH,  a.  Infantine;  childish.  Bale. 

BA'BY-ISM,  ii.  The  state  or  quality  of  a baby. 
[r.]’  Ec.  Rev. 

BA'BY— JUMP' ER,  n.  A frame  or  seat  connected 
with  the  wall  or  ceiling  by  some  elastic  medium, 
and  so  disposed  that  a baby  may  be  secured  in 
it,  and  allowed  to  jump  on  the  floor.  Ogilvie. 


BAB-Y-Lo'NI-AN,  a. 
Babylonia. 


Relating  to  Babylon  or 
P.  Cyc. 


BAB-Y-L6n'IC,  Relating 

bAB-Y-LON'{-CAL,  j Babylonian. 


to  Babylon  ; 
Harrington. 


BAB-Y-LO'NISH,  a.  Relating  to  Babylon  ; Bab- 
ylonian. “ Babylonish  captivity.”  Dr.  Blaney. 


BAB'Y-LON-JtE,  n.  The  arrow-headed,  Babylo- 
nish character.  Scudamore. 


f BA'BY-SHIP,  n.  Infancy.  Minsheu. 

BAC,  n.  [Ger.  back  ; Fr.  bac.~\ 

1.  A ferry-boat  for  passing  rivers  by  means 

of  a cord  stretched  across.  Crabb. 

2.  (Brewing.)  A tub  or  vat  for  cooling  wort 

or  liquids  ; a cooler.  Crabb. 

BAC'CA,  n.  [L.]  1.  (Bot.)  A succulent  fruit 

filled  with  pulp,  in  which  the  seeds  lie  loosely, 
as  in  the  gooseberry  ; a berry.  Brande. 

2.  [Low  L.]  (Arch.)  A lighthouse  ; a watch- 
tower  ; a beacon.  Britton. 

BAC-CA-lAu'R^-ATE,  ii.  [L.  bacca,  a berry, 
and  laureatus,  crowned  with  laurel ; laurus,  lau- 
rel. “ There  are  few  words  whose  origin  has 
been  more  controverted  than  baccalaureate,  and 
both  the  military  and  literary  classes  have  as- 
serted their  claims  to  this  honor  with  equal  zeal 
and  ingenuity.  While  the  former  maintain 
that  it  is  either  derived  from  the  baculvs,  or 
staff,  with  which  knights  were  usually  invested, 
or  from  bas  chevalier  (an  inferior  kind  of 
knight),  the  latter,  perhaps  with  more  plausi- 
bility, trace  its  origin  to  the  custom  which  pre- 
vailed universally  among  the  Greeks  and  Ro- 
mans, and  which  was  followed  even  in  Italy 
till  the  thirteenth  century,  of  crowning  distin- 
guished individuals  with  laurel ; hence  the  re- 
cipient of  this  honor  was  styled  baccalaureus 
(quasi  baccis  laurels  donatus).”  Brande.  — See 
Bachelor.]  The  decree  of  a bachelor  ; the 
first  or  lowest  academical  degree  in  the  liberal 
arts.  Maunder. 


BAc'CATE,  a.  [L.  baccatus ; bacca,  a berry.] 
(Bot.)  Of  a pulpy  nature  like  a berry.  Gray. 

BAc'cAT-ED,  a.  Having  berries:  — beset  with 
pearls.  Bailey. 

BAc'£HA-NAL  (bak'a-nal),  a.  [L.  Bacchanalis, 
of  or  belonging  to  Bacchus.]  Drunken  ; rev- 
elling. “ Bacchanal  feasts.”  Crowley. 

bAc'£HA-NAL,  ii.  A devotee  to  Bacchus.  “ Riot 
of  the  tipsy  bacchanals.”  Shak. 

bAc-CHA-JyA  ' Ll-4,  n.  pi.  [L.]  Feasts  or  rev- 
els, in  ancient  Greece  and  Rome,  in  honor  of 
Bacchus.  P.  Cyc. 

BAC-£HA-NA'LT-AN  [bak-fi-na'le-ftn,  S.  W.  P.  J. 
Ja. ; . liak-fi-nal'yan,  F.  K.],  n.  A votary  of 
Bacchus;  a bacchanal.  “Sculptures  of  the 
bacchanalians.”  Stukely. 

bAC-£HA-NA'LI-AN,  a.  Relating  to  revelry. 
“ Bacchanalian  catches.”  Graves. 

BAC-x[1]A_NA'Lr-AN-LY,  ad.  In  the  manner  of 
bacchanals  Ogilvie. 


MIEN,  SIR  ; MOVE,  NOR,  SON 
14 


; BULL,  BUR,  ROLE.— 9,  9,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  § us  -p/%  as  gz.  — THIS,  tfiis. 


BACCHANALS 


106 


BACKSIDE 


BA(?£HA-NAL§,  n.  pi.  The  drunken  feasts  of 
Bacchus  ; bacchanalia.  Shak. 

BAC'CHANT,  n.  [L.  bacchor,  bacchans,  to  rev- 
el.] A bacchanal ; a reveller ; a priest  of 
Bacchus.  Todd. 

B-IC-ChAatte',  n.  [Fr.]  A female  bacchanal 
or  priestess  of  Bacchus.  Todd. 

Bj}C-enJjr’TE§,  n.  pi.  [L.]  The  priests  or 
devotees  of  Bacchus.  • Jameson. 

BAC'CHIC,  ) a%  Relating  to  feasts  of  Bac- 

bAc'CHI-CAL,  > chus;  jovial  ; drunken.  “ Bac- 
chical  enthusiasm.”  Spenser. 

BAC-eni’  US,  71.;  pi.  BAC-pHlT.  [Gr.  (tau^tio;.] 
(Pros.)  A poetic  foot  having  one  short  and  two 
long  syllables  ; as,  a-ma-vl.  C/-abb. 

BAc'CHUS-BOLE,  n.  (Bot.)  A flower,  not  tall, 
but  very  full  and  broad-leaved.  Mortimer. 

BAC-CIF'ER-OUS  (bjk-slf'er-us),  a.  [L.  bacca,  a 
berry,  and  fero,  to  bear.]  (Bot.)  Bearing  or 
producing  berries.  Ray. 

BAC-CIV'O-ROUS  (bjk-slv'o-rus),  a.  [L.  bacca,  a 
berry,  and  V07’0,  to  devour.]  Feeding  on  berries. 

BACH'S- LOR,  n.  [L.  baccalaurens,  crowned  with 
laurel  berries.  Johnso/i. — L.  baculus,  a staff, 
because  a staff  or  baton  was  the  symbol  of 
promotion  to  the  first  degree  in  military  ser- 
vice, as  well  as  in  the  liberal  arts.  Spchnan. 
— Fr.  bas-chevalier,  a knight  of  the  lowest 
rank.  Menage.  — This  last  derivation  is  some- 
what confirmed  by  the  definition  which  La- 
combe,  in  his  Dictionary  of  the  Old  French  lan- 
guage, gives  to  the  word  bachelor,  viz.  “A 
young  squire  who  is  not  yet  made  a knight.” 
“ This  term,”  says  Sullivan,  “ whatever  may 
have  been  its  origin,  was  applied  first  to  young, 
and  consequently  unmarried,  persons,  and 
hence,  as  it  now  signifies,  to  a man  unmar- 
ried.” — See  Baccalaureate.] 

1.  A man  who  has  not  been  married. 

Let  sinful  bachelors  their  woes  deplore; 

Full  well  they  merit  all  they  feel,  and  more.  Pope. 

2.  [It.  baccellicrc,  and  baccellicro  ; Sp.  ba- 
ch i Her  ; Fr.  bacltelier;  A.  S.  bach  Her. One 
who  has  taken  his  first  degree  in  the  liberal 
arts  ; as,  “ A bachelor  of  arts,  of  divinity,”  &c. 

3.  t [Old  Fr.  bachcler.]  A knight  of  the  low- 
est order,  [r.]  Hody,  Hist,  of  Convocations. 

BACH  E-LOR-I§M,  n.  The  state  of  a bachelor; 
bachelorship.  Constable’ s Mag. 

BAcH'F,-LOR’§-B0t'TON,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant; 
the  double-flowering  Ranunculus  acris.  Loudon. 

BACH'e-LOR-SHIP,  n.  1.  The  state  of  an  un- 
married man.  Shak. 

2.  The  state  of  one  who  has  taken  his  first 
degree  in  the  liberal  arts.  Bp.  Hall. 

BA-CIB-lA  ’ Rl-JE,  7i.  pi.  [L.  bacillus,  or  bacillum, 
a small  staff.]  (Bot.)  A name  applied  to  two 
classes  of  Algce  (now  called  De7nidiacea  and 
Diatomacea ■)  by  Ehrenberg,  who  supposed  them 
to  be  animalcules.  Baird. 

B.1- Cl I.  'BUS,  n.  [L.,  a small  staffs 

1.  (Bot.)  The  cotyledon  of  the  hyacinth. Link. 

2.  (Zotil)  A genus  of  Phasmidie,  Cuvier. 

BACK,  n.  [A.  S.  bac,  or  brcc,  the  back.] 

1.  That  part  of  the  body  of  animals  in  which 
the  spine  is ; the  hinder  part  of  the  body  in 
man,  and  the  upper  part  in  other  animals. 

2.  A ridge  or  peak  resembling  that  made  by 
the  spine  in  animals. 

The  mountains  huge  appear 
Emergent,  and  their  broad  bare  backs  upheave 
Into  the  clouds.  Milton. 

3.  The  outer  part  of  the  hand.  “ The  backs 

and  palms.”  Donne. 

4.  The  rear,  opposed  to  the  van. 

lie  might  conclude  that  Walter  would  be  upon  the  king’s 

Clarendon. 

5.  The  hinder  part  of  a thing,  opposed  to  the 
front;  as,  “The  bark  of  the  leg”;  “The  back 
of  a chimney  ” ; “ The  back  of  a book.” 

6.  The  thick  part  of  any  tool,  opposed  to  the 
edge ; as,  “The  back  of  a knife.” 

7.  That  part  of  a thing  which  is  out  of  sight, 

or  less  observed  than  another  part ; as.  i‘  The 
bark  of  a hill.”  N 

8.  (Carp.)  The  upper  side  of  a ;iecc  d,f  tim- 


A, E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  in 'in  ; A , E,  I,  <J 


ber  when  fixed  in  a horizontal  or  inclined  posi- 
tion, as  the  upper  side  of  the  hand-rail  of  a 
staircase,  of  the  rafters  of  a roof,  &c. 

9.  A cooler  ; a large  tub  or  vat.  — See  Bac. 

Back  of  a hip,  (Brch.)  the  upper  edge  of  a rafter  be- 
tween two  sides  of  a hipped  roof,  formed  to  an  angle 
so  as  to  range  with  the  rafters  on  each  side  of  it. 

BACK,  ad.  1.  To  the  place  from  which  one  came. 

Where  they  are,  and  why  they  came  not  lack , 

Is  now  the  labor  of  my  thoughts.  Milton. 

2.  To  a former  state ; backward,  as  retreat- 
ing from  the  present  position. 

I’ve  been  surprised  in  an  unguarded  hour, 

But  must  not  now  go  back.  Addison. 

3.  Towards  what  is  behind;  away  from  the 
front. 

Are  fled  apace,  and  look  not  back.  Jer.  xlvi.  5. 

The  angel  of  the  Lord  rolled  back  the  stone  from  the  door. 

Man.  xxviii.  2. 

4.  In  a state  of  being  hindered,  restrained, 
or  prevented. 

The  Lord  hath  kept  thee  back  from  honor.  Kum.  xxiv.  11. 

5.  In  return  ; in  recompense. 

"What  have  I to  give  you  back?  . Shak. 

6.  Once  more  ; a second  time. 

I will  survey  the  inscriptions  back  agnin.  Stiak. 

BACK,  V.  a.  [i.  BACKED  ; pp.  BACKING,  BACKED.] 

1.  To  mount  on  the  back  of. 

That  roan  shall  he  my  throne. 

Well,  I will  back  him  straight.  Shak. 

2.  To  place  upon  the  back.  “ Great  Jupiter 

upon  his  eagle  backed.”  Shak. 

3.  To  assist ; to  aid  ; to  strengthen. 

Belike  he  means, 

Backed  by  the  power  of  Warwick,  that  false  peer, 

To  aspire* unto  the  crown.  Shak. 

4.  To  justify  ; to  Sustain  by  advocating. 

We  have  I know  not  how  many  adages  to  back  the  reason 
of  this  moral.  L'  Estrange. 

5.  To  second;  to  support. 

Their  wagers  back  their  wishes.  Dryden. 

6.  To  cause  to  move  backward;  as,  “To 
back  a horse  ” ; “ To  back  a steamboat.” 

7.  To  furnish  with  a back;  as,  “To  back  a 
book.” 

To  back  an  anchor,  to  attach  a small  anchor  to  a 
larger  one,  in  order  to  prevent  the  latter  from  drag- 
ging.— To  buck  astern,  to  manage  the  oars  in  rowing 
in  a direction  contrary  to  the  usual  method.  — To  back 
the  sails,  to  arrange  the  sails  so  that  the  ship  will 
move  backwards. — To  back  and  fill,  to  arrange  tile 
sails,  when  a ship  is  moving  with  the  tide  in  a river, 
and  against  the  wind,  so  as  to  keep  her  as  near  as 
possible  in  the  middle  of  the  stream,  and  to  avoid  ob- 
stacles by  advancing  or  receding,  as  the  case  may  be. 

To  back  out,  to  refuse  to  fulfil  a promise  or  engage- 
ment ; to  withdraw.  [U.  S.]  Bcdingcr. 

BACK,  a.  Being  behind;  — remote;  as,  ‘‘Back 
settlements.”  Smart. 

bAcK'bAND,  71.  1.  A part  of  the  harness  which, 

going  over  the  back  of  a horse,  keeps  up  the 
shafts  of  the  carriage  ; a back-chain. 

2.  (Scottish  Law.)  A counter-bond,  making 
another  bond  void.  Mackenzie. 

BACK'BAR,  n.  A bar  in  the  chimney  to  hang  a 
vessel  on.  Ash. 

BACK'BITE,  v.  a.  [back  and  bite.']  [f.  BACKBIT ; 
pp.  BACKBITING,  BACKBITTEN.]  To  Speak  ill 
of  one  whose  back  is  turned  so  as  not  to  be 
able  to  hear ; to  censure,  reproach,  defame,  or 
revile  the  absent ; to  traduce  secretly. 

Lord,  who  shall  abide  in  thy  tabernacle?  ...  He  that  walk- 
eth  uprightly;  ...  he  that  backbiteth  not  with  his  tongue,  nor 
doeth  Cvil  to  his  neighbor.  Ps.  xv.  2,  3. 

bAcK'BIT-ER,  n.  One  who  backbites.  “His 
backbiter  or  his  underminer.”  South. 

BAcK'bIT-ING,  71.  Secret  detraction  ; slander  of 
the  absent. 

Lest  there  be  debates,  envyings,  wraths,  strifes,  backbitings, 
whisperings.  2 Cor.  xii.  20. 

BACK'BiT-ING,  p.  a.  Slandering  secretly.  Ash. 

BACK'BlT-ING-LY,  ad.  Slanderously.  Barret. 

BACK'BIT-TEN  (bak'blt-tn),  p.  from  backbite.  — 
See  Backbite. 

BACK'— BOARD,  n.  1.  A board  placed  across  the 
after  part  of  a boat.  Craig. 

2.  A part  of  a lathe.  Wcale. 

BACK'BONE,  n.  The  bone  of  the  back  ; the  ver- 
tebral column  ; the  spine.  Dunglison. 


, U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  I,  O,  l1,  Y,  obscure;  FARE, 


f BACK'cAR-RY,  n.  (Forest  Law.)  A having  on 
the  back,  as  deer  unlawfully  killed.  Cowell. 

bAcK'CHAIN,  n.  A chain  that  passes  over  a 
cart  saddle  to  support  the  shafts.  Booth. 

bAcK'DOOR  (bak'dor),  n.  A door  opening  on  the 
backside  of  a building.  Addiso/i. 

BACKED  (\rj.\it),  p.  a.  Having  a back.  “Sharp- 
headed, . . . broadly  backed.”  Dryden. 

BACK'EN  (bak'kn),  v.  a.  To  put  back;  to  re- 
tard. [it.]  Bathurst. 

bAck'£R,  71.  1.  lie  who  or  that  which  hacks. 

2.  (Arch.)  A narrow  slate  laid  on  the  hack 
of  a broad,  square-headed  slate,  where  the 
slates  begin  to  diminish  in  width.  Bz-a/ide. 

bAcK'fAlL-F.R,  71.  A backslider  “With  many 
. . . backfallers  from  God.”  Joge. 

BAcK'fIlL-ING,  71.  The  act  of  restoring  to  its 
place  earth  which  has  been  removed; — the 
earth  so  restored.  Ta7incr. 

BACK'FRIEND  (bak'frend),  71.  An  enemy  in  se- 
cret. “ The  restless  importunities  of  tale- 
bearers and  backfriends.”  L’Estra/ige. 

BAcK-GAm'MON,  n.  [W.  bac,  little,  and  cam- 
maun,  cannnawn,  or  cainmon,  a battle.]  A game 
played  with  dice  by  two  persons,  on  a table  di- 
vided into  two  parts,  having  twelve  black  and 
twelve  white  spaces,  called  pohits  ; each  player 
having  15  pieces,  corresponding  in  color  to  the 
points.  Brande. 

bAcK'GROUND,  n.  1.  Ground  in  the  hack  part 

of  any  area ; as,  “ The  background  of  an 

estate.” 

2.  (Paint.)  The  space  behind  a portrait  or 

group  of  figures.  Pah-holt. 

3.  A position  of  retirement ; a situation  little 
noticed  ; as,  “ To  stand  in  the  backgroimd.” 

BACK'hAND-ED,  a.  1.  With  the  hand  turned 
back  ; as,  “ A backha7uled  blow.” 

2.  Unfair  ; indirect.  Craig. 

3.  Directed  or  inclining  to  the  left  hand  ; 
as,  “ Backhcmded  writing.” 

BACK'hAND-ED-NESS,  71.  State  of  being  back- 
handed  ; unfairness.  Ec.  Rev. 

BACK'HOUSE,  71.  A building  behind  a house  ; 
particularly,  a privy.  Carcw. 

BACK'— LASH,  n.  (Mech.)  The  reaction  upon 
each  other  of  a pair  of  wheels,  produced  by  ir- 
regularities of  velocity,  when  the  moving  power 
is  not  uniform.  Nicholson. 

BACK'— LEAN-ING,  a.  Inclining  towards  the 
hinder  part.  Savage. 

bAck'-LIGHT  (liak'llt),  7i.  A light  reflected  on 
the  hinder  part.  Fe7ito7i. 

BACK'— LIN-ING,  71.  (Arch.)  The  piece  of  a sash- 
frame  parallel  to  the  pulley  piece,  and  next  to 
the  jamb  on  each  side.  Ogilvie. 

BACK'-PAINT-ING,  n.  (Pahit.)  The  method  of 
painting  with  oil  colors  mezzotinto  prints  that 
are  pasted  on  glass.  Fairholt. 

BACK'— PAR-LOR,  7i.  A parlor  behind  another 
parlor  ; a parlor  which  is  not  in  the  front  part 
of  the  house.  Johnso7i. 

BACK'-PIECEj  71.  The  piece  of  armor  which 
covers  the  back.  Ca77idc/i. 

BACK'— PLATE,  7i.  The  metal  covering  for  the 
back  of  an  armed  soldier.  Fairholt. 

bAck'rAg,  7i.  A kind  of  German  wine.  Mason. 

BACIv'RENT,  71.  A rent  paid  subsequently  to 
reaping.  Loudoii. 

f BAcK'-RE-TURN,  71.  Repeated  return.  Shak. 

BACK'ROOM,  7i.  A room  behind  another  room  ; 
a room  in  the  back  part  of  a house.  Moxo/i. 

BACK'— ROPE,  71.  (Na7it.)  A rope  leading  from 
the  martingale  inboard  ; a gob-line.  Dana. 

BACKS,  7i.  pi.  (Leather  dealing.)  The  thickest 
and  best-tanned  hides.  Crabb. 

f BACK'SET,  p.  a.  Set  upon  in  the  rear. 

Israelites,  . . . backset  with  Pharaoh’s  whole  power.  Anderson. 

bAcK'SIDE,  7i.  1.  The  side  pr  part  of  any  thing 


FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


BACKSIGHT 


107 


BAFFLE 


out  of  sight,  or  least  observed.  “ The  backside 
of  the  town.”  Shak. 

2.  The  hinder  part  of  an  animal.  Addison. 

BACK'SIGHT,  n.  ( Surveying .)  The  first  sight  at 
the  levelling  staff,  or  the  first  reading  of  the  level- 
ling staff,  taken  from  any  position  of  the  level, 
and  usually  backward,  or  toward  the  point  at 
which  the  survey  is  commenced  : — the  bearing 
taken  by  the  compass  from  a new  station  back- 
wards to  the  last  station.  Davies.  Gillespie. 

BACK-SLIDE'  [liak-sllcT,  W.  E.  F.  Ja.  Sm.  I Vb.; 
bak'slld,  S.  P.  li.],V.  n.  [ i . BACKSLID  ; pp.  BACK- 
SLIDING, BACKSLIDDEN  or  backslid.]  ( Theol .) 
To  fall  off  from  what  has  been  professed  in  re- 
ligious faith;  to  relapse  into  transgression;  to 
apostatize.  Hopkins. 

BACK-SLID'^R,  n.  One  whi  backslides ; an 
apostate.  Prov.  xiv.  14. 

bAck-SLID'ING,  n.  Act  of  one  who  backslides  ; 
relapse  into  transgression  ; apostasy.  Jer.v.6. 

BACK-SLlD'ING,  p.  a.  1.  Sliding  backward. 

I hurried  on,  but  with  backsliding  haste.  IVest. 

2.  Apostatizing  ; revolting.  “ Backsliding 
Israel.”  Jer.  iii.  C. 

bAck'-SPEED,  n.  ( Mech .)  The  second  speed-gear 
of  a lathe.  Ogilvie. 

BACK'-STAfF,  n.  [ back  and  staff ; the  observer’s 
back  being  turned  towards  the  sun.]  An  in- 
strument used,  before  the  invention  of  the 
quadrant  and  sextant,  for  taking  the  sun’s  alti- 
tude at  sea ; — invented  by  Captain  John  Davis 
about  the  year  1590,  and  called,  also,  back- 
quadrant.  Brande. 

BACIv'STAlR§  (bak'st&rz),  n.  pi.  The  stairs  that 
communicate  with  the  different  stories  in  the 
back  part  of  a house.  Bacon. 

BACK'STAY,  n.  1.  ( Naut .)  One  of  the  ropes 
extending  from  the  topmast  heads  to  the  sides 
of  a ship,  to  support  the  topmasts,  and  to  as- 
sist the  shrouds  in  sustaining  the  masts.  Dana. 

2.  (Printing.)  A leather  strap  used  to  check 
the  carriage  of  a printing-press.  Brande. 

BACK'— STONE,  n.  A stone  to  bake  cakes  on. 
[Local.]  Halliicell. 

BACK'SWORD  (bak'sord),  n.  1.  A sword  with 
one  sharp  edge.  Johnson. 

2.  A rustic  sword,  or  a stick  with  a basket 

handle  used  in  games.  Todd. 

3.  The  game  of  single-stick.  Halliwell. 

BACK'TACK,  n.  [See  Tack.]  (Scotch  Law.)  A 
kind  of  deed  by  which  a mortgagee  of  land  gives 
a lease  of  it  to  the  mortgagor  on  condition  of 
payment  of  rent  until  redeemed.  Buchanan. 

BACK'— TRICK,  n.  An  attack  behind.  Shak. 

bAck'WARD,  a.  1.  Unwilling;  averse;  reluc- 
tant ; hesitating. 

Perish  the  man  -whose  mind  is  backward  now.  Shak. 

2.  Dull ; sluggish  ; not  quick  in  apprehen- 
sion. “ The  backward  learner.”  South. 

3.  Behind  in  progress  ; not  forward  ; late. 

“ Backward  fruits.”  Johnson. 

Syn.  — See  Averse. 

BACK'WARD,  > ad-  g.  bac>  back>  and 

BACK'W ARD§,  i weanl,  towards.] 

1.  With  the  back  turned  towards  the  point  to 
which  one  is  advancing ; as,  “ To  walk  back- 
ward or  backwards.” 

2.  Towards  the  back  ; as,  “To  throw  the  head 
backward  or  backxcards.” 

3.  On  the  back  ; as,  “ To  fall  backward.” 

She  cast  him  backward  as  he  strove  to  rise.  Dryden. 

4.  Towards  the  past. 

Men  should  press  forward  in  fame's  glorious  chase; 

Nobles  look  backward,  and  so  lose  the  race.  Young. 

5.  In  a contrary  direction  to  that  taken  to 
arrive  at  the  present  station  ; regressively. 

We  might  have  met  them,  dareful,  beard  to  beard, 

Aud  beat  them  backward  home.  Shak. 

6.  In  a reverse  order. 

What  is  a b spelt  backward  ? Shak. 

7.  From  a better  to  a worse  state. 

The  work  went  backwards.  Dryden. 

8.  Reflectively. 

The  mind  can  backward  cast 
upon  herself  her  understanding  light.  Davies. 


“ In  spite  of  Johnson  and  all  our  best  lexicog- 
raphers, numerous  words  are  enriched  with  a final  s 
unknown  to  our  forefathers.  To  all  terminations 
formerly  in  ward , as  inward , forward , toward , an  add- 
ed 5 begins  to  obtain  even  in  classical  books.”  Jllit- 
ford’s  Harmony  in  Language,  p.  370. 

The  following  words,  when  used  as  adverbs,  back- 
ward or  backwards,  forward  ox  forwards,  downward  or 
downwards , upward  or  upwards,  inward  or  inwards, 
outward  or  outwards,  and  homeward  or  homewards , are 
all  given  indiscriminately  in  Johnson’s  Dictionary  in 
both  forms,  with  and  without  the  final  s.  They  are 
also  thus  given  in  the  principal  English  dictionaries 
which  have  been  published  since  that  of  Johnson. 
The  final  s was  countenanced  by  English  lexicog- 
raphers who  preceded  Johnson ; and  both  forms  of 
these  several  words  have  been,  from  an  early  period 
of  the  language,  and  they  are  still,  in  good  use.  To- 
ward, or  towards,  as  an  adverb  and  preposition,  is 
given  in  the  English  dictionaries  in  both  forms,  and 
both  are  in  common  and  good  use;  hut  the  adverb  on- 
ward does  not  take  a final  s. 

f BACK'WARD,  n.  Duration  past. 

What  seest  thou  else 

In  the  dark  backward  and  abysm  of  time?  Shak. 

f BACK'WARD,  v.  a.  To  keep  back  ; to  hinder. 
“ Doth  so  clog  . . . and  backward  us.”  Hammond. 

f BACK'WARD-LY,  ad.  Backward;  aversely. 

And  does  he  think  so  backwardly  of  me  ? Shak. 

BACK'WARD-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  backward. 
“ Our  backwardness  to  good  works.”  Atterbury. 

bAck'WARD^,  ad.  Backward.  — See  Backward. 

BACK'WASHED  (bak'wosht),  a.  Cleansed  from 
the  oil  after  combing,  as  wool.  Ash. 

BACK'WA-TJJR,  n.  1.  Water  obtained  at  high 
tide  and  held  back  in  large  reservoirs  in  order  to 
be  discharged  at  low  tide,  for  clearing  off  de- 
posits at  the  mouth  of  a harbor.  Francis. 

2.  Water  which  is  forced  or  held  back  in  a 
millstream  by  the  obstruction  of  a dam  below, 
or  by  a rising  tide  from  the  sea. 

bACK'WOOD§-MAN  (bak'wudz-man),  n.  ; pi. 
bXck'wood§-men.  An  inhabitant  of  a newly- 
settled  country,  particularly  the  western  part 
of  the  United  States,  which  is  often  called 
backwoods,  or  back  settlements.  Month.  Rev. 

BACK'— WORM  (-wiitm),  n.  A disease  which 
breeds  small  thread-like  worms  in  the  reins  of 
hawks.  — See  Filanders.  Craig. 

bAcK'WOUND,  v.  a.  To  wound  behind  the  back. 
“ Backwounding  calumny.”  Shak. 

BACKWARD,  n.  A yard  behind  a house,  &c. 

BA'CON  (ba'kn),  n.  [Old  Fr.  bacon  ; A.  S.  bacan, 
to  bake  ; bacen,  baked.  Tooke  and  Richardson.] 
The  flesh  of  a hog  salted  and  smoked. 

To  save  one’s  bacon,  to  escape  unhurt ; to  avoid 
loss  ; — a phrase  which  originated  in  England  at  a time 
when  housewives  in  the  country  had  to  usc.many  pre- 
cautions to  save  their  principal  provision,  bacon,  from 
the  greedy  appetites  of  soldiers  on  the  march.  Prior. 

BA'CON-FED  (ba'kn-fSd),  a.  Fed  on  bacon.  Shak. 

BA-CO'NI-AN,  a.  Relating  to  Lord  Bacon  or  his 
philosophy ; inductive.  Brande. 

BAC'ULE,  n.  (Fort.)  A kind  of  portcullis.  — See 
Bascule.  Crabb. 

BAC'U-LlTE,  n.  [L.  bacxdus,  a staff  or  stick.] 
(Pal.)  A genus  of  fossil  tetrabranchiate  ce- 
phalopods,  somewhat  allied  to  the  ammonites 
in  the  structure  of  their  straight  shells.  Brande. 

B A 0 - 1;  - 1 , 6 M ' E - T E Y , n.  [L.  baculus,  a staff,  aud 
Gr.  pirpov,  a measure.]  The  art  of  measuring 
distances  by  baculi,  or  staves.  Davies. 

BAD,  a.  [Goth,  bauths,  insipid.  Junius.  — Dut. 
quoad,  bad.  Skinner.  — FI.  quade\  Belg.  quad, 
bad.  — Bayed,  past  participle  of  bay  (to  bark  at 
or  reproach).  Tooke.  — Persian  bad,  bad,  evil. 
Thomson,  Webster.]  [comp,  worse  ; sup. 
worst.]  Bad  is  opposed  to  good,  denoting  a want 
of  good  qualities,  whether  physical  or  moral, 
and  it  is  of  extensive  application  ; evil ; ill ; 
injurious  ; noxious  ; vicious  ; wicked ; dishonest ; 
as,  “A  bad  person  or  thing.” 

4ES=-  Written  by  Gower  quad  ; as,  “ None  quad.” 

Syn.  — Bad,  unprincipled,  or  dishonest  man  ; bad  or 
corrupt  principles  ; bad  or  immoral  life  ; bad,  vile,  or 
vicious  company  or  conduct ; bad  or  depraved  morals  ; 
bad  or  evil  example ; bad  or  pernicious  influence  or 


advice;  bad  ox  evil  inclination  or  disposition ; bad  or 
injurious  practice. 

Bad,  ill,  or  infirm  health  ; bad  or  unwholesome  food  ; 
bad  or  unfavorable  weather;  bad  or  noxious  air; 
bad,  poor,  or  sterile  soil ; bad  or  injudicious  manage- 
ment ; bad  or  unfortunate  voyage  ; bad  ox  unskilful 
workman  ; bad  ox  awkward  gait ; bad  or  unwelcome 
news  ; bad  or  unhappy  marriage.  — See  Awkward. 

bAd'A-LEER,  n.  [See  Bandoleer.]  A musket- 
charge  of  powder  in  a metal  tube,  used  before 
the  introduction  of  cartridges.  Stoequclcr. 

BADE  (bad)  [bad,  S.  IF.  J.  F.  K.  Sm.  B. ; bad,  E.], 
i.  from  bid.  — See  Bid. 

bAd£E  (baj),  n.  [A.  S.  beag,  a garland,  a neck- 
lace ; Fr.  baque,  a ring,  Richardson. — Dut.  bag- 
ghe,  a gem,  Minsheu  and  Skinner. — L.  bajulo,  to 
carry,  Johnson.] 

1.  A mark  or  sign  of  distinction  ; as,  “ A 
badge  of  nobility  ” ; “A  badge  of  office.” 

Yet  T like  it  not 

In  that  he  wears  the  badge  of  Somerset.  Shak. 

Sufferance  is  the  badge  of  all  our  tribe.  Shak. 

2.  A memorial. 

But  on  his  breast  a bloody  cross  he  bore, 

Tlie  dear  remembrance  of  Ins  dying  Lord; 

For  whose  sweet  sake  that  glorious  badge  he  wore.  Spenser. 

Syn. — See  Mark. 

bAd(JE,  v.  a.  To  mark  as  with  a badge.  Shak. 

BADGE'LJfSS,  a.  Having  no  badge.  Bp.  Hall. 

BADp'pR,  n. 

[Dut.  back , a 
cheek  or  jaw, 
as  noting  an 
animal  of 
strong  jaws. 

Skinner.] 

1.  (Zoiil.)  A Iudian  badser- 

frugivorous  and  carnivorous  quadruped  that  bur- 
rows in  the  g ound,  allied  to  the  bear.  Brande. 

2.  (Paint.)  A brush  made  of  the  hair  of  the 
badger;  used  to  blend  pigments.  Fairholt. 

3.  [L.  bajulus,  a carrier,  Johnson ; A.  S.  by- 
gan,  to  buy,  Webster .]  (Law.)  One  licensed 
to  buy  corn  and  victuals  in  one  place  to  be  sold 
in  another;  a cornfactor  ; a pedler.  Cowell. 

BADO'ER,  v.  a.  To  persecute  or  tease,  as  the 
badger  is  teqsed  when  hunted.  Lockhart. 

BAD(i'ER— LEGGED  (baj'er-legd),  a.  Having  legs 
of  an  unequal  length.  L’ Estrange. 

BAD- 1- A ' OA,  n.  (Med.)  A kind  of  sponge,  the 
powder  of  which  is  used  for  bruises.  Dunglison. 

bAd'I-^EM,  n.  Same  as  Badigeon.  Scudamore. 

BA-DIG'EON  (ba-dlj'im)  [ba-dlj'un,  K.  Sm.  ; bad- 
e-je'on,  Wb. ],  n.  [Fr.]  (Arch.)  A mixture,  as 
of  plaster  and  freestone,  to  fill  little  holes  in 
the  material  on  which  a sculptor  or  other  artist 
has  to  work : — a preparation  for  coloring 
houses,  consisting  of  powdered  stone,  saw- 
dust, slaked  lime,  alum,  &c. : — a composition 
of  sawdust  and  glue  used  by  joiners  to  fill  up 
chasms  in  woodwork.  Weale. 

BAd-I-NAQE  ' (bad-e-nazh'),  n.  [Fr.]  Light  or 
playful  discourse  ; raillery  ; foolish  talk. 

When  you  find  your  antagonist  beginning  to  grow  warm, 
put  an  end  to  the  dispute  by  some  genteel  badinage. 

Chesterfield. 

BA-DlW  E-RIE  (bsi-dln'e-re),  n.  [Fr.]  Non- 
sense ; badinage. 

The  fund  of  sensible  discourse  is  limited;  that  of  jest  and 
badinerie  is  infinite.  Shcnstone. 

BAD  'IS-  TER,  n.  (Ent.)  A genus  of  the  order 
Coleoptera,  forming,  with  some  others,  a leading 
group  among  the  carnivorous  beetles.  Brande. 

BAD'LY,  ad.  In  a bad  manner;  not  well;  ill; 
imperfectly ; wrongly.  Shak. 

BAD'NESS,  n.  State  of  being  bad  ; want  of  good 
qualities,  either  physical  or  moral.  Shak. 

f BAEL'FIRE  (hal'fir),  n.  [A.  S.  beelfyr.]  A fu- 
neral pile,  or  fire,  in  which  dead  bodies  were 
burnt.  — See  Bale-fire.  Craig. 

bAf'FE-tAs,  n.  A kind  of  calico  manufactured 
in  India.  Crabb. 

BAF'FLE  (baf'fl),  v.  a.  [It.  beffare,  to  mock ; 
Sp.  be- far ; Fr.  beffler,  to  befool,  to  mock  ; baf- 
ouer,  'm  deceive,  to  abuse.]  [*.  baffled  ; pp. 
BAFFLtf.Lv  BAFFLED.] 

Tug,  


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 


BULL,  BUR,  RtJLE.  — 9,  9,  9, 


g,  soft;  £,  £,  c,  g,  hard ; § 


^ -s  gz. — THIS,  this. 


BAFFLE 


108 


BAKED 


1.  To  elude  by  deceit  or  artifice. 

They  made  a shift  to  break  the  precept,  and  at  the  same 
time  to  baffle  the  curse.  South. 

2.  To  confound  ; to  defeat  by  perplexing. 

Etruria  lost, 

lie  brings  to  Turnus’  aid  his  baffled  host.  Dryden. 

3.  To  frustrate;  to  disconcert;  to  foil;  to 
circumvent. 

A foreign  potentate  trembles  at  a war  with  the  English 
nation,  ready  to  employ  against  him  such  revenues  as  shall 
baffle  his  designs  upon  their  country,  Addison. 

4.  f To  disgrace  ; to  insult ; to  mock. 

Alas,  poor  fool!  how  have  they  baffled  thee!  Shak. 

BAF'FLE,  v.  n.  To  practise  deceit,  [it.] 

To  what  purpose  can  it  be  to  juggle  and  baffle  for  a time? 

Harrow . 

BAF'FLE,  n.  A defeat,  [it.]  South. 

bAf'FLER,  n.  One  who  baffles.  “Experience, 
that  great  baffler  of  speculation,  assures  us  the 
thing  is  too  possible.”  Gov.  of  the  Tongue. 

BAF'FLING-LY,  ad.  In  a baffling  manner.  Boag. 

BAF'FLING-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  baffling.  Boag. 

B.\G,  n.  [A.  S.  batlg,  a bag ; Dut.  batgh  ; Ger.  balg.) 

1.  A sack  or  pouch  to  put  any  thing  in,  as 
money,  corn,  & c. 

See  thou  shake  the  hags 

Of  hoarding  abbots.  Shak. 

2.  That  part  of  an  animal  which  contains 
some  particular  Juice  or  secretion;  as,  “The 
bag  of  a cow.” 

3.  An  ornamental  purse  of  silk,  tied  to  men’s 
hair  behind. 

We  saw  a young  fellow  riding  towards  us  full  gallop,  with 
a bob  wig  and  black  silken  bag  tied  to  it.  Addison. 

4.  (Com.)  A determinate  quantity  of  goods, 

varying  in  size  according  to  the  commodity  ; 
as,  “ A bag  of  cotton.”  Maunder. 

BAG,  V.  a.  [7.  BAGGED  ; pp.  BAGGING,  BAGGED.] 

1.  To  put  into  a bag. 

Hops  ought  not  to  be  bagged  up  hot.  Mortitner. 

2.  To  load  with  a bag. 

Like  a bee  bagged  with  his  honeyed  venom.  Dryden. 

3.  To  make  tumid  ; to  swell. 

How  doth  an  unwelcome  dropsy  toy  up  the  eyes!  Bp.  Hall. 

4.  To  hook  up  and  gather,  as  grain.  Loudon. 

5.  To  cut  up,  as  wheat  stubble.  Ilalliwell. 

BAG,  v.  n.  To  swell  like  a full  bag.  Chaucer. 

BA-GASSE',  n.  [Fr. ; Sp.  baqazo.)  Crushed 
sugar-cane  as  delivered  from  the  sugar-mill ; — 
used  for  fuel  after  being  dried.  Ure. 

BAG-A-TELLE'  (hag-a-tel'),  11.  [Fr.] 

1.  A trifle  ; a toy.  Ilowel. 

2.  A game  played  on  a board  having  at  one 

end  nine  holes,  intotfhich  balls  are  to  be  struck 
with  a rod.  Ogilvie. 

B.AG'GAQE,  n.  [Fr.  bagage .] 

1.  (Mil.)  The  clothes,  tents,  provisions,  and 

other  necessaries,  of  an  army.  Brande. 

They  were  carried  among  the  baggage  of  the  army. 

Addison. 

2.  Trunks  and  other  articles  carried  by  a 

traveller ; luggage.  “ To  pack  up  bag  and 
baggage."  Arbuthnot. 

3.  [Fr.  bagasse. ] A worthless  woman; — a 

pert  young  woman  ; a flirt.  “ The  baggage 
would  not  speak  out.”  Guardian. 

f BAG'GA-QRR,  n.  One  who  carries  the  baggage. 
“ The  victuallers  and  baggagers.”  Raleigh. 

BAG'GING,  n.  1.  Materials  for  bags. 

2.  The  act  of  putting  into  bags. 

3.  Reaping  corn  or  pulse  with  a hook,  so 
that  the  straw  is  separated  from  the  root  by 
chopping  instead  of  by  a drawing  cut.  Brande. 

BAG'— NET,  n.  A net  in  the  shape  of  a bag,  for 
catching  fish.  Travis. 

BAgN'IO  (ban'yS),  n. ; pi.  bagnios  (han'yoz). 
[L.  balneum,  a bath  ; It.  bagno  ; Sp.  baho  ; Fr. 
bain.) 

1.  A bathing-house  ; a bath.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  A brothel.  Britton. 

BAG-NO'LJ-AN§,  n.  pi.  A sect  of  heretics  in  the 
eighth  century,  who  rejected  the  whole  of  the 
Old  Testament  and  a part  of  the  New;  — so 
named  from  Bagnoles,  in  Languedoc  '."where  it 
originated.  eo.fl  Craig. 


BAG 'PIPE,  n.  A musical  wind  instrument,  con- 
sisting of  a leathern  bag  and  pipes.  Chambers. 

BAG'PiP-ER,  ii.  One  who  plays  on  a bagpipe. 

BAG'REEF,  n.  (Xaut.)  A fourth  or  lower  reef, 
used  in  the  British  navy.  Crabb. 

BAg'SHOT— SAND,  n.  (Geol.)  One  of  the  middle 
eocene  formations  in  England,  in  which  marine 
shells  and  the  bones  of  a sea-serpent  more  than 
twenty  feet  long  have  been  found.  Lyell. 

BA-GUETTE’  (b?-get'),  ii.  [Fr.]  (Arch.)  A little 
round  moulding,  less  than  an  astragal ; — called 
also,  when  enriched  with  foliage,  a chaplet , and, 
when  plain,  a bead.  IVcale. 

BA-HAR ',  n.  1.  An  Oriental  measure  equal  to 
three  piculs.  Malcom. 

2.  A weight  used  in  the  East  Indies  ; the 
great  bahar  being  equal  to  524  lbs.  9 oz.,  and 
the  little  bahar  to  437  lbs.  9 oz.  Ogilvie. 

BA  ’ IIIR,  n.  (Ant.)  The  most  ancient  of  the  rab- 
binical books.  Ash. 

f BA1GNE  (ban),  v.  a.  [Fr.  baigner,  to  bathe,  to 
soak.]  To  drench  ; to  soak.  Carew. 

BAI-KA'LIJ-AN,  a.  Noting  the  range  of  moun- 
tains which  separate  Lake  Baikal  in  Russia 
from  the  lowlands  of  Siberia.  P.  Cxjc. 

bAI'KAL-ITE,  n.  [Lake  Baikal  in  Siberia,  and 
l.iOos,  a stone.]  (Min.)  A magnesian  epidote 
from  Lake  Baikal.  Brande. 

BAIL  (bal),  n.  1.  (Law.)  A release  of  a prison- 
er on  security  for  his  appearance  in  court : — 
the  person  or  persons  who  give  security  : — the 
sum  given  for  security  ; surety.  IF hisliaw. 

2.  The  handle  of  a pail,  bucket,  kettle,  or 

other  vessel.  Forby. 

3.  A division  between  stalls.  Loudon. 

4.  f A bound  within  a forest.  Spenser. 

BAIL,  v.  a.  [Low  L.  balliare,  to  deliver;  Fr.  bail- 
ler. ] [t.  BAILED  ; pp.  BAILING,  BAILED.] 

1.  (Lau\)  To  release  on  security  given  for  ap- 
pearance in  court ; to  admit  to  bail.  Blackstone. 

2.  (Law.)  To  give  bail  for. 

Let  me  be  their  bail.  — 

Thou  shalt  not  bail  them.  Shak. 

3.  (Law.)  To  deliver  in  trust  for  a certain 

purpose,  as  goods.  Blackstone. 

4.  [Fr.  bailie , a tub  or  bucket.]  To  free  from 
water  with  a bucket  or  dipper  ; as,  “ To  bail  a 
boat.”  — See  Bale. 

BAIL'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  bailed.  B.  Jonson. 

BAIL'— BOND,  n.  (Law.)  A bond  given  for  ap- 
pearance in  court.  Tomlins. 

BAIL-EE',  n.  (Law.)  The  person  to  whom  goods 
are  bailed,  or  delivered  under  a bailment ; — op- 
posed to  bailor.  Blackstone. 

BAIL'JJR,  n.  One  who  delivers  goods  to  another 
in  trust.  — See  Bailor.  Craig. 

BAI'HJY,  n.  [Fr.  bailie .]  1.  (Fort.)  An  area  or 

ground  within  the  walls  of  a fortress  ; — some- 
times applied  to  a prison  ; as,  “ The  Old  Bailey 
of  London.”  Weale. 

BAI'LIE  (ba'le),  ii.  [See  Bailiff.]  An  aider- 
man  ; a magistrate  who  is  second  in  rank  in  a 
royal  burgh.  [Scotland.]  Jamieson. 

BAIL'IFF  (ba'ljf),  n.  [Low  L.  balivus  ; Fr.  bailli.) 

1.  A subordinate  officer.  “ The  canton  of 

Berne  governed  by  a bailiff."  Addison. 

2.  (Eng.)  A deputy  appointed  by  a sheriff, 
whose  business  it  is  to  execute  arrests.  Swift. 

3.  An  under-steward  of  a manor.  Johnson. 

Bailiff  of  husbandry,  a chief  servant  to  a private 

person  of  good  estate;  a sort  of  steward,  in  respect 
of  farming  business.  — Bailiff  of  the  forest,  the  keeper 
of  a walk,  immediately  subordinate  to  the  verderer. 

BAIL'l-VVlCK,  n.  [Fr.  bailli,  a bailiff,  and  A.  S. 
U'ic,  L.  vicus,  a village.]  (Law.)  The  jurisdic- 
tion of  a bailiff  or  sheriff.  Brande. 

BAILLON  (b&l-ySng'),  n.  [Fr.,  a gag.)  (Surg.) 
An  instrument  used  for  keeping  the  mouth  open 
during  the  operations  of  the  surgeon.  Craig. 

BAIL'MENT,  n.  [Fr.  bailler,  to  deliver.]  (Law.) 
A delivery  of  a thing  in  trust  for  some  special 
object  or  purpose,  and  upon  a contract  ex- 
pressed or  implied,  on  the  part  of  the  bailee  or 


receiver,  that  the  trust  shall  be  faithfully  exe- 
cuted, as  in  transactions  with  carriers,  agents, 
pawnbrokers,  and  in  many  other  mercantile 
proceedings.  Brande. 

BAlL'OR,or  BAlL-OR',n.  (Law.)  One  who  bails 
or  delivers  goods  in  trust.  Blackstone. 

ligrWlicn  used  in  opposition  to  bailee,  it  has  the 
accent  on  the  second  syllable. 

BAIL'— PIECE,  n.  (Law.)  A slip  of  parchment 
or  paper  containing  a recognizance  of  bail, 
signed  by  the  person  who  gives  the  security, 
with  his  acknowledgment  before  the  proper 
officers,  and  filed  in  the  court  in  which  the 
action  is  pending.  Burrill. 

f BAIL'Y,  n.  X.  A bailiff.  Holland. 

2.  A bailiwick.  Wicklijfe. 

f BAIN  (ban),  n.  [L.  balneum-,  Fr.  bain.)  A bath. 
“ To  lie  sweating  ...  in  the  bains.”  Hakewill. 

t BAIN  (ban),  v.  a.  To  bathe.  Tubervile. 

BAl 1 RAM  [bar'ii m,  Sin.  C.),  n.  A Mahometan 
feast  instituted  in  imitation  of  the  Easter  of  the 
Christian  church,  and  following  the  fast  of 
Ramadan,  which  answers  to  our  Lent.  Brande. 

+ BAlR'MAN,  ii.  (Law.)  A poor  insolvent  debtor 
left  bare  and  naked.  Whishaw. 

BAlRN,  or  BARN,  ii.  [Goth,  barn,  a child;  A.  S. 
beam.)  A child. — [Scotland  and  North  of 
England.]  — See  Bearn.  Burns. 

BAIT  (bat),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  baton,  to  lure  fish  with 
food  on  a hook.]  [7.  baited  ; pp.  baiting, 
BAITED.] 

1.  To  put  food  upon,  as  upon  a hook,  trap,  or 
snare,  to  lure  fish  or  other  animals. 

All  the  traps  in  the  kingdom  were  baited  with  cheese. 

Goldsmith. 

2.  To  furnish  with  food  on  a journey;  as, 
“To  bait  a horse.” 

The  sun,  that  measures  heaven  all  day  long. 

At  night  doth  bait  his  steeds  the  ocean  waves  among.  Spenser. 

BAIT,  v.  a.  [Fr.  battre,  to  beat.]  1.  To  attack  with 
violence ; to  harass. 

As  chained  bear  whom  cruel  dogs  do  bait.  Sjienser . 

2.  v.  n.  To  flap  the  wings;  to  flutter,  as  a 
hawk. 

To  watch  her  as  we  watch  these  kites. 

That  bait , and  beat,  and  will  not  be  obedient.  Shak. 

BAIT,  v.  ii.  To  stop  for  refreshment. 

As  one  who  on  his  journey  baits  at  noon. 

Though  bent  on  speed,  so  here  the  archangel  paused.  Hilton. 

BAIT,  ii.  [See  Bait,  ».]  1.  Any  substance  used 
as  a lure  for  fish  or  other  animals.  Shak. 

2.  A temptation  ; an  allurement ; an  entice- 
ment. “ Pleasures  and  baits  of  sense.”  Addison. 

3.  Refreshment  on  a journey. 

Good  men  use  them  [the  good  things  of  this  world]  as  a 
viaticum  or  bait.  Bp.  Bull. 

BAIT'ING,  n.  The  act  of  furnishing  a bait;  — 
refreshment  on  a journey.  Donne. 

BAIZE  (baz),  n.  [Dut.  baai,  or  baaij,  a coarse 
woollen  stuff.  “ The  name  and  the  thing,”  says 
Crabb,  “ were  introduced  into  England  by  tiie 
Flemish  refugees.”]  A kind  of  coarse,  open, 
woollen  stuff  with  a long  nap.  IF.  Ency. 

BA.J’A-DERF,  n.  [See  Bayadere.]  An  Indian 
dancing  girl.  Brande. 

BAKE,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  bacan,  to  bake  ; Dut.  bakken.) 
[7.  baked  ; pp.  baking,  baked  or  baken. — 
Baken  is  seldom  used.] 

1.  To  dry,  or  harden,  by  heat. 

Whatsoever  the  fire  buketli , time  doth  in  some  degree  dis- 
solve. . Bacon. 

When  dusty  summer  baken  the  crumbling  clods.  Phillips. 

2.  To  cook,  as  in  an  oven. 

Ten  women  shall  bake  your  bread.  Lev.  xxvi.  2 G. 

3.  To  harden  by  cold.  “The  earth  when  it 

is  baked  with  frost.”  [r.]  Shak. 

BAKE,  v.  n.  1.  To  do  the  work  of  baking. 

I keep  Ills  house,  anil  I wash,  wring,  brew,  bake,  anil  <lo 
all  myself.  Shak. 

2.  To  become  cooked  or  baked  ; as,  “ The 
bread  or  the  meat  bakes  well.” 

3.  To  become  hard  or  crusty  ; as,  “ The  soil 
bakes  under  the  heat  of  the  sun.” 

BAKED  (liakt),  p.  a.  Hardened  by  heat ; cooked 
in  an  oven. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  ?,  J,  O,  U,  y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  I1EIR,  HER; 


BAKED-MEATS 


109 


BALEFULLY 


BAKED'-MEATS  (bakt'mets),  n.  Meats  cooked 
in  an  oven. 

Thrift,  thrift,  Horatio;  the  funeral  baked -meats 

Did  coldly  furnish  forth  the  marriage  tables.  Shak. 

BAKE'HOUSE,  n.  A place  for  baking  bread. 
“ Pantry  and  bakehouse  under  ground.”  Wotton. 

BAKE'— MEATS,  n.  Baked-meats.  Gen.  xl.  17. 

f bA'KEN  (ba'kn),  p.  from  bake.  — See  Bake. 
“ A cake  baken  on  the  coals.”  1 Kings  xix.  6. 

BA'Kflll,  n.  [From  bake  ; A.  S.  bcecere.) 

1.  One  who  bakes  bread,  &c.  _ South. 

2.  A small  portable  oven  of  sheet  iron  or  of 
tinned  iron  plate.  [U.  S.] 

B A 'lv  £ it— FOOT  (ba'ker-fut),  n.  A distorted  foot. 
“ Of  bow-legs  and  baker-feet.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

BA'Kf.R— LEGGED  (ba'ker-legd),  a.  Having  crook- 
ed legs  that  go  in  at  the  knees.  Shenvood. 

bAk'ER-Y,  n.  A bakehouse.  Smart. 

BA'KgR’§— SALT,  n.  Sub-carbonate  of  ammo- 
nia ; — so  called  from  being  sometimes  used  by 
bakers  as  a substitute  for  yeast.  Ogilvie. 

BAK'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  hardening  with  heat. 

2.  The  process  of  cooking  by  heat  in  an  oven. 

3.  The  quantity  baked  at  once.  Ash. 

BAK' SUISH,  n.  [Ar.]  A present,  or  gratuity, 
in  money.  — See  Bukshish. 

BA I.  'A- CIIONG,  n.  A substance  consisting  of 
pounded  or  bruised  fish,  and  used  in  the  East 
as  a condiment  to  rice.  McCulloch. 

BA-LJE' NA,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  Qnhuva,  a whale.] 
(Zoul.)  A genus  of  cetaceous  animals,  having  no 
dorsal  fin  and  the  belly  smooth,  including  the 
Greenland  whale  (Baleena  mysticetus)  ; the 
whalebone  whale.  Baird. 

BA'LA-LIME'STONE,  n.  ( Geol .)  A fossilifer- 
ous  series  of  slaty  calcareous  strata,  occurring 
near  Bala,  in  Wales.  Craig. 

BAL'ANCE,  n.  [L.  bilanx,  having  two  scales, 
from  bis,  in  two,  or  double,  and  lanx,  a dish; 
It.  bilancia ; Fr.  balance  ; Dut.  balance.) 

1.  A machine  for  weighing  substances,  usu- 
ally consisting  of  a lever  or  beam  of  equal  arms, 
with  two  dishes  or  scales  of  equal  weight  sus- 
pended from  it  at  points  equally  distant  from 
the  fulcrum  ; a pair  of  scales. 

I weighed  him  the  money  in  the  balances.  Jer.  xxxii.  10. 

2.  Equality  of  weight,  power,  or  advantage ; 
equipoise. 

These,  mixed  with  art  and  to  due  bounds  confined, 

Make  and  maintain  the  balance  of  the  mind.  Pope. 

3.  Excess  of  one  thing  over  another  when  the 
two  are  compared  by  weight  or  otherwise. 

Care  being  taken  that  the  exportation  exceed  in  value  the 
importation;  and  then  the  balance  of  trade  must  of  necessity 
be  returned  in  coin  or  bullion.  Bacon. 

4.  ( Com .)  That  which  is  wanting  to  make 
two  parts  of  an  account  even. 

5.  The  remainder  of  any  thing;  as,  “The 
balance  of  an  edition,  of  an  evening,”  &c.  [A 
corrupt  use  of  this  term,  not  uncommon  in  the 
U.  S.,  in  commercial  language.  Pickering .] 

6.  ( Astron .)  The  sign  Libra. 

Balance  of  trade,  (Com.)  the  difference  between  the 
value  of  the  commercial  exports  and  imports  of  any 
country. — Balance  of  power,  (Politics.)  such  an  ad- 
justment of  power  among  sovereign  states  that  no 
single  state  is  in  a condition  to  interfere  with  the  in- 
dependence of  the  rest.  — Balance  or  balance  wheel  of 
a watch,  that  which  regulates  its  motion,  and  which 
answers  the  purpose  of  the  pendulum  to  a clock. — 
Balance  knife,  (Cutlery.)  a table  knife,  tlie  handle  of 
which  counterbalances  the  weight  of  the  blade,  and 
thus  prevents  the  latter  from  touching  the  cloth. 

BAL'ANCE,  v.  a.  [Fr.  balancer.']  [i.  balanced  ; 
pp.  BALANCING,  BALANCED.] 

1.  To  weigh  in  a balance  ; to  compare  by  the 

balance,  or  by  reflection.  “ To  balance  the  good 
and  the  evil  of  things.”  V Estrange. 

2.  To  keep  in  a state  of  equipoise. 

Heaven  that  hath  placed  this  island  to  give  law, 

To  balance  Europe,  and  her  states  to  awe.  Waller. 

3.  To  counterpoise  ; to  neutralize  or  coun- 
teract. 

The  attraction  of  the  glass  is  balanced  by  the  contrary  at- 
traction of  the  liquor.  Newton. 

4.  (Com.)  To  sum  up  or  adjust,  as  an  account 
in  order  to  ascertain  gain  or  loss,  or  the  differ 


ence  of  debits  and  credits  ; to  make  equal,  as 
the  two  sides  of  an  account.  Addison. 

BAL'ANCE,  v.  n.  1.  To  hesitate;  to  fluctuate  be- 
tween conflicting  motives  or  opinions. 

Since  there  is  nothing  that  can  offend,  I see  not  why  you 
should  balance  a moment  about  printing  it.  Atterlmry. 

2.  (Dancing.)  To  move  forward  and  back, 
while  opposite  to  one’s  partner.  Ogilvie. 

BAL'ANCE— FISH,  n.  The  hammer-headed  shark  ; 
Zggcena  vulgaris.  Hill. 

bAl'AN-C]JR,  n.  One  who  balances.  Cotgrave. 

BAL'ANCE— REEF,  n.  (Naut.)  A reef  in  a spank- 
er or  fore-and-aft  mainsail,  which  runs  from 
the  outer  head-earing,  diagonally,  to  the  tack. 
It  is  the  closest  reef,  and  makes  the  sail  trian- 
gular, or  nearly  so.  Dana. 

BAL'ANC-ING,  n.  Equilibrium;  poise. 

Dost  thou  know  the  balancings  of  the  clouds?  Job  xxxvii.  16. 

BAL'A-NlTE,  n.  [Gr.  fiaXavlrris,  shaped  like  an 
acorn  ; fJcHuvos,  an  acorn.]  (Zo'ul.)  A barnacle 
which  is  fixed  by  its  shell.  Brande. 

BAL'AS— RU'By,  71.  [Fr.  balais,  pale  red.]  A 
rose-red  variety  of  spinel.  Kng.  Cyc. 

BA-LAUS'  TA,  71.  [L.]  (Bot.)  A kind  of  fruit 

having  a leathery  rind.  Brande. 

BA-LAlTS'TINE,  n.  [Gr.  PaXaianov.)  The  flower 
of  the  wild  pomegranate.  Crabb. 

f BAL-BO'TI-ATE  (b?l-bu'she-at),  V.  71.  [L.  bal- 

butio,  to  stammer.]  To  stammer.  Bailey. 

BAL-BU' TI-ES,  n.  [Low  L.]  (Med.)  Stammer- 
ing ; vicious  pronunciation,  in  which  b and  l are 
substituted  for  other  consonants.  Dunglison. 

||  BAL'CO-NIED  (bal'ko-njd),  a.  Having  balconies. 
“ The  house  was  double-balconied.”  R.  North. 

||  BAL'CO-NY,  or  BAL-CO'NY,  [bal-ko'nc,  S.  W.  P. 
J.  E.  F. ; bttl-ko'ne  or  bal'ko-ne,  Ja.  R. ; bal'ko- 
ne,  K.  Sm.  Wb.  P.  Cyc.  lisp“  The  accent  has 
shifted  from  the  second  to  the  first  syllable 
within  these  twenty  years.”  Sm.  (1836). 
“ Contemplate  is  bad  enough,  but  bal'cony 
makes  me  sick.”  Rogers,  Table  Talk.),  n. 
[A.  S.  bale,  a beam,  a balcony  ; Ger.  balck , a 
beam  ; It.  balcone  ; Fr.  balcon.)  (Arch.)  A pro- 
jection from  the  external  wall  of  a building, 
supported  by  consoles  or  columns,  usually 
placed  before  windows,  and  protected  on  the 
outer  edges  by  balusters  or  iron  framework  : 
— a projecting  gallery  in  the  interior  of  a build- 
ing, as  of  a theatre.  Weale. 

BALD,  a.  [W.  bal,  Johnson  and  Craig.  — L.  pi- 
latus  ; Fr.  pele ; Sp.  pelado  ; Scot,  pield,  de- 
prived of  hair,  Thomso?i. — Past  p.  of  the  verb 
to  ball,  i.  e.  reduced  to  the  roundness  and 
smoothness  of  a ball  by  the  loss  of  hair,  Rich- 
ardson. — Sp.  baldio,  untilled ; Port,  baldio, 
open,  common  ; baldar,  to  frustrate,  Webster. 
The  old  mode  of  spelling  this  word  ( balled ) gives 
probability  to  the  suggestion  of  Richardson  ; 
thus,  “ His  head  was  balled  and  shone  as  any 
glass.”  Chaucer .) 

1.  Deprived  of  hair  on  the  cranium  or  any 
part  of  it. 

There  is  no  time  for  a man  to  recover  his  hair  that  grows 
bald  by  nature.  Shak. 

lie  should  imitate  Caisar,  who,  because  his  head  was  bald, 
covered  that  defect  with  laurels.  Addison. 

2.  Deprived  of  the  natural  or  usual  covering 
on  the  head  or  top  ; as,  “ A bald  eagle  ” ; “A 
bald  mountain.” 

Under  an  oak,  whose  boughs  were  mossed  with  age, 

And  high  top  bald  with  dry  antiquity.  Shak. 

Hast  thou  a charm  to  stay  the  morning  star 

In  his  steep  course?  So  long  he  seems  to  pause 

On  thy  bald,  awful  head,  O sovereign  Blanc  1 Coleridge. 

3.  Destitute  of  appropriate  ornament;  una- 
dorned ; inelegant. 

Hobbes,  in  the  preface  to  his  own  bald  translation,  begins 
the  praise  of  Homer  when  he  should  have  ended  it.  Dryden. 

4.  Mean ; pitiful ; without  dignity  ; con- 
temptible. 

What  should  the  people  do  with  these  bold  tribunes?  Shak. 

it Or"  Bold,  when  occurring  as  the  first  or  as  the  final 
syllable  in  proper  names,  is  from  the  A.  S.  bald,  bold  ; 
as,  Baldwin,  bold  in  battle;  EthelMtf,  nobly  bold. 

BAL'DA-GHIN  [bal'da-kln,  Sm. ; bstl'dri-cbln,  A'.], 
n.  [It.  baldacchino .)  (Arch.)  A kind  of  cano- 
py of  wood,  stone,  or  metal  over  altars  or 
tombs,  as  that  over  the  principal  altar  in  the 
Church  of  St.  Peter’s,  at  Rome  ; sometimes 


supported  by  columns,  and  sometimes  suspend- 
ed from  above.  It  was  formerly  common  over 
portals,  thrones,  beds,  fireplaces,  &c.  Fairholt. 

bAld'-BUZ'ZARD,  ti.  The  fishing-hawk  ; the 
osprey  or  fishing  eagle.  — See  Osprey.  Yarrel. 

bAL'D^R-DASH,  n.  [A.  S.  bald,  hold,  and  dash. 
Skinner  and  Johnson.  — Icel.  bulldur,  the  prat- 
ing of  fools.  Dr.  Jamieson.  — Sp.  balda,  a trifle, 
or  baldonar,  to  insult  with  abusive  language  ; 
W.  baldorddus,  a babbling ; Gael,  bailisdearchd, 
balderdash.  — “ Balderdash,  in  its  primary 
sense,  probably  signified  (as  Mr.  Malone  has 
also  observed)  the  froth  or  foam  made  by  barbers 
in  dashing  their  balls  backwards  and  forwards 
in  hot  water;  it  afterwards  seemed  to  denote  a 
mixture  of  liquors.”  Todd.) 

1.  A frothy  or  rude  mixture  ; “ Bubbly  spume 

or  barbers’  balderdash.”  Nashe  (1599). 

To  drink  such  balderdash  or  bonny-clabber.  Ji.  Jonson. 

2.  A confused,  light,  or  frothy  discourse. 

I heard  him  charge  this  publication  with  ribaldry,  scur- 
rility, billingsgate,  and  balderdash.  Ilorne's  Trial. 

bAl'DJJR-DAsH,  v.  a.  To  mix  or  adulterate 
liquors.  “ Wine  or  brandy  . . . balderdashed  with 
two  or  three  simple  waters.”  [n.]  Mcindeville. 

bAl'D^-RIC,  n.  See  Baldric.  Buchanan. 

BALD'— HEAD,  n.  A head  that  is  bald  ; — a person 
having  his  head  bald.  2 Kings  ii.  23. 

BALD'LY,  ad.  In  a bald  manner ; nakedly ; 
meanly.  “Methinks  they  do  allegorize  but 
very  baldly."  Holland. 

BALD'MON-Y  (bald'mun-e),  n.  Gentian.  Johnson. 

BALD'NESS,  n.  1.  State  of  being  bald;  want  of 
hair  on  the  head. 

Bion,  seeing  a prince  weep  arid  tearing  his  hair  for  sorrow, 
asked  if  baldness  would  cure  his  grief.  Bp.  Taylor. 

2.  Deficiency  of  appropriate  ornament  in 
writing  ; inelegance  of  style.  “ Baldness  of  al- 
lusion, and  barbarity  of  versification.”  Warton. 

bAld'pAte,  n.  A head  without  hair.  Shak. 

BALD'PATE,  a.  Deprived  of  hair  on  the  head. 

Nor  periwig  with  snow  the  baldpate  woods.  JJryden. 

bAlD'PAT-JJD,  a.  Having  a bald  head.  Shak. 

bAl'DUIC,  n.  [Low  L.  haldringus',  L.  balteus,  a 
sword-belt ; Fr.  baudrier .) 

1.  A belt  worn  over  the  shoulder. 

A radiant  baldric  o’er  his  shoulders  tied.-  rope. 

2.  Figuratively,  the  zodiac. 

Which  deck  the  baldric  of  the  heavens  bright.  Spenser. 

BALE,  n.  [Fr .bade.  — Ger.  ballcn.  “Perhaps,” 
says  Skinner,  “ from  ball,  as  signifying  a round 
package  of  merchandise.”] 

1.  A bundle,  as  of  goods.  Sterne. 

2.  f A pair  of  dice.  B.  Jonson. 

3.  [A.  S.  bcel,  a funeral  pile.  See  Baelfike.] 
A signal  fire  ; a bonfire.  [Scotland.] 

Bale  guods,  goods  or  merchandise  done  up  in  bales. 

BALE,  v.  a.  [See  Bale,  n.)  [i.  baled  ; pp.  bal- 
ing, BALED.] 

1.  To  make  up  into  a bale  or  bundle,  as  goods. 

“ These  goods  are  baled  up.”  Goldsmith. 

2.  [Fr.  bailie,  a pail.]  To  free  from  water 
with  a bucket  or  dipper,  in  distinction  from 
pumping  ; as,  “ To  bale  a boat.”  — See  Bail. 

t BALE,  n.  [Goth,  hairs,  evil;  A.  S.  bealu,  mis- 
ery ; Ar.  bala,  misfortune.]  Misery.  Spenser. 

BAL-e-A'RI-AN,  ) a_  [L.  Balearis  and  Balcari- 

BAL-]J-Ar'!C,  ) CMS;  Gr.  fii.hn,  to  hurl,  the 
inhabitants  being  famous  as  slingers.]  Noting 
five  islands  in  the  Mediterranean,  Majorca,  Mi- 
norca, Ivi^a,  Formentera,  and  Cabrera. 

BA-LEEN',  n.  [L.  baleena,  a whale  ; Fr.  bale  me.) 
The  substance  called  whalebone ; the  whale- 
bone of  commerce.  Hamilton. 

BALE'— FIRE, re.  A beacon-fire.  — See  Bael-fiue. 

The  glaring  bale-fires  blaze  no  more.  Scott. 

bAlE'FUL,  re.  [A.  S.  bealoful,  baleful,  wicked.] 

1.  Fraught  with  evil.  “ Baleful  books.”  Spen- 
ser. “ Baleful  enemies.”  Shak.  “ Baleful 
breath.”  Dry  den. 

2.  Full  of  misery,  sorrow,  or  grief. 

Bound  lie  throws  his  baleful  eyes. 

That  witnessed  huge  affliction  and  dismay.  Milton. 

bAle'FUL-LY,  ad.  Injuriously;  — sorrowfully. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  ROLE.  — Q,  Q,  g,  soft;  G,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  X.  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


BALEFULNESS 


BALM 


110 


BALE'FUL-NESS,  n.  Wretchedness.  Spenser. 

BAL'|S-T5R,  n.  [L.  balista,  an  engine  for  throw- 
ing stones  or  other  weapons  ; Gr.  (W.kui , to 
throw.]  A crossbow.  — See  Ballister. 

BA-LISTES' , n.  pi.  [Fr.,  from  L.  balista,  a 
crossbow.]  (Ich.)  A genus  of  ganoid  fishes, 
characterized  by  their  solid  coat  of  mail  extend- 
ing over  the  head  as  well  as  the  body,  abounding 
in  the  seas  of  the  torrid  zone,  especially  in  the 
neighborhood  of  coral  reefs,  and  commonly 
called  trigger-fish.  Agassiz. 

BA-LIZE',  n.  [Sp.  valiza,  a buoy  ; Fr.  balise.\  A 
sea-mark ; a beacon  or  buoy.  Craig. 

BALK  (bSik),  «.  [A.  S.  bale,  a beam;  Dut.  balk, 

a beam  ; Ger.  balken,  a beam.] 

1.  A long  piece  of  timber  ; a great  beam  ; a 

piece  of  whole  fir;  drawn  timber.  Crabb. 

2.  [W.  bale,  a ridge.]  A ridge  of  land  left 

unploughed  between  furrows,  from  the  slipping 
of  the  plough.  Spenser. 

3.  A disappointment.  South. 

BALK  (blk),  v.  a.  [See  Balk,  n .]  [t.  balked  ; 

pp.  balking,  balked.] 

1.  To  disappoint ; to  frustrate  ; to  baffle. 

Is  there  a variance?  Enter  but  his  door; 

Balked  are  the  courts,  and  contest  is  no  more.  rope. 

2.  f To  heap  or  pile  up. 

Ten  thousand  bold  Scots,  two  and  twenty  knights, 

Balked  in  their  own  blood,  did  Sir  Walter  sec.  Shak. 

3.  f To  omit ; to  pass  over. 

The  spiritual  manna,  though  it  balks  no  day,  yet  it  falls 
double  on  God’s  day.  -op-  JIo.ll- 

4.  f To  leave  untouched ; to  neglect. 

But  sick  he  is, . . . and  balks  his  meat.  Bp.  Hall. 

f B.\LK  (bdk),  v.  n.  To  turn  aside  : — to  deal  in 
cross-purposes.  Spenser. 

BALK'pit  (buk'er),  n.'  One  who  balks:  — one 
who  watches  the  shoals  of  herring  and  gives 
notice  of  their  course  to  fishermen.  Carew. 

BALK'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a manner  to  balk.  Clarke. 

BALK'ISH,  a.  Ridgy  ; uneven.  “ In  that  crag- 
gy and  balkish  way.”  Ilolinshed. 

BALL,  n.  [Gr.  naUa,  any  thing  in  round  form  ; 
L.  pi  la  ; Ban.  bol ; Sw.  A'  Ger.  ball. — Fr.  balle.] 

1.  Any  thing  in  the  form  of  a globe  or  sphere, 
as  the  earth,  a bullet,  &c. 

When  from  under  this  terrestrial  ball 

He  fires  the  proud  tops  of  the  eastern  pines.  Shak. 

2.  Any  part  of  the  body  that  approaches  to 
roundness  ; as,  “ The  ball  of  the  thumb  ; 

“ The  ball  of  the  eye.” 

Why  was  the  sight 

To  such  a tender  ball  as  the  eye  confined?  Milton. 

3.  A cushion  formerly  used  for  inking  by 
printers,  now  superseded  by  the  roller. 

4.  A game  played  with  a ball. 

Those  I have  seen  play  at  ball  grow  extremely  anxious 
who  should  have  the  ball.  Sidney. 

5.  {Farriery.)  A form  of  medicine,  corre- 
sponding to  the  term  bolus,  in  pharmacy. 

6.  [Gr.  to  dance ; It.  hallo  ; Fr.  bal, 

an  assembly  for  dancing.]  An  entertainment 
of  dancing. 

He  would  make  no  extraordinary  figure  at  a ball.  Sniff . 

Ball  and  socket,  a joint  or  articulation  of  which  the 
inner  part  is  shaped  like  a ball,  and  tiie  outer  is  a hol- 
low socket  enclosing  the  greater  portion  of  the  ball, 
and  fitting  close  upon  it,  but  allowing  freedom  of 
motion  in  all  directions. 

bAl'LAD,  n.  [It.  ballata  ; Fr.  ballade.  Perhaps 
originally  a song  to  be  sung  at  a dance,  from  It. 
ballare,  to  dance.  Sullivan .]  A sentimental 
song ; a light  poem  ; a lyric  tale  in  verse. 

I knew  a very  wise  man  that  believed  that  if  a man  were 
permitted  to  make  all  the  ballads , he  need  not  care  who 
should  make  the  laws,  of  a nation.  Fletcher. 

No  more  the  farmer’s  news,  the  barber’s  tale. 

No  more  the  woodman’s  ballad  shall  prevail.  Goldsmith. 

Syn.  — See  Song. 

BAl'LAD,  v.  a.  To  celebrate  in  a ballad.  “Bal- 
lad us  out  o’  tune.”  [r.]  Shak. 

f BAL'LAD- JJR,  n.  A maker  or  singer  of  ballads. 
“Even  laid  aside  by  balladcrs.”  Overbury. 

BAL'LAD— FARCE,  n.  A musical  drama. 

bAl'LAD-IST,  n.  A writer  of  ballads.  Qu.  Rev. 

BAL'LAD— mAk'^R,  n.  One  who  writes  ballads. 
“ Ballad-makers  . . . cannot  express  it.”  Shak. 


BAL'LAD-MONG'BR  (biU'?d-mung-j'er),  11.  A 
trader  in  ballads.  Shak. 

f BAL'LAD-RY,  n.  The  subject  or  style  of  bal- 
lads. “ Base  balladry  is  so  beloved.”  B.  Jonson. 

BAl'LAD-SING'ER,  11.  One  who  sings  ballads. 

BAL'LAN,  n.  (Ich.)  A species  of  wrasse  of  a bluish- 
greeii  color  with  orange-tipped  scales.  Jenyns. 

bAl'LA-rAg,  v.  a.  To  threaten;  to  bullyrag. 
“ To  ballarag  us.”  [Vulgar.]  Warton. 

BAL'LAST,  n.  [A.  S.  behlastan,  to  load  a ship, 
from  bat , a boat,  and  hlcest,  a load  ; Dut.  ballastc .] 

1.  {Naut.)  Weight  or  heavy  matter,  as  gravel, 
stone,  iron,  &c.,  put  at  the  bottom  of  a ship,  to 
keep  it  steady.  “ Sandy  ballast.”  Dryden. 

2.  That  which  keeps  steady.  Flaminond. 

3.  That  which  is  used  to  fill  up  the  spaces 

between  rails  on  a railway.  Craig. 

BAL'LAST,  v.  a.  1.  To  keep  steady,  as  by  ballast. 
“ Charity  must  ballast  the  heart.”  Hammond. 

2.  To  fill  with  ballasting.  Simmonds. 

To  be  in  ballast,  said  of  a ship  when  she  sails 
carrying  nothing  but  ballast  and  the  necessary  stores 
for  the  use  of  the  crew  and  passengers. — To  freshen 
ballast,  to  shift  it.  — Shingle  ballast,  coarse  gravel. 

BAL'LAST-A<?E,  n.  {Law.)  A duty  paid  for 
taking  up  ballast  from  a port.  Bouvier. 

BAl'LAST-ING,  n.  1.  The  furnishing  of  a ship 
with  ballast. 

2.  That  which  is  used  to  keep  any  thing 
steady,  as  a boat ; ballast. 

3.  The  filling  in  of  earth  or  stone  above, 

below,  and  between  the  stone  blocks  and  sleep- 
ers upon  railroads.  Tanner. 

BAl'LA-TBD,  p.  a.  Sung  in  a ballad.  “ Balla- 
ted  . . . and  played  on  the  stage.”  [r.]  Webster. 

BAL- LA-TOON',  n.  A large,  heavy  bark,  or  lug- 
gage-boat, used  in  Russia.  Crabb. 

f BAL'LA-TRY,  w.  [See  Ballad.]  A jig;  a song; 
balladry.  “The  ballatry  and  the  gamut  of  every 
municipal  fiddler.”  Milton. 

BALL'— COCK,  n.  A stop- 
cock of  a supply  pipe, 
turned  by  a lever,  to  the 
outer  end  of  which  is  at- 
tached a hollow  ball  de- 
signed to  float  on  water,  or  other  liquid  in  a 
tank,  so  that  the  supply  may  be  self-regulating; 
the  cock  being  closed  by  the  upward  pressure 
of  the  liquid  upon  the  ball,  and  the  weight  of 
the  latter,  as  it  falls,  acting  in  a contrary  direc- 
tion to  open  it.  Weale. 

bAl'LIJT  (bal-la'  or  bal'Iet)  [b&l-la',  J.  Sm. ; 
bal'la  or  bal'Iet,  K.  ; bil'iet,  E.  W.  C.],  n.  [It. 
balletto ; Fr.  ballet .]  A theatrical  representa- 
tion cf  actions,  characters,  sentiments,  and 
passions,  by  means  of  mimic  movements  and 
dances,  accompanied  by  music.  It  is  divided 
into  three  kinds  — historical,  mythological,  and 
allegorical;  and  it  consists  of  three  parts  — 
the  entry,  the  figure,  and  the  retreat.  Braude. 

BAL'LETTE,  n.  A dance.  — See  Ballet.  Walker. 

BALL'-FLoW'JgR,  n.  {Arch.) 

An  ornament  like  a ball, 
placed  in  a circular  flower, 
the  petals  of  which  form  a cap  Ball-flower, 
round  it  ; — common  in  the  Gothic  buildings 
of  the  14th  century.  Weale. 

bAl'LT-AGE,  n.  {Law.)  A duty  payable  to  the 
city  of  London  for  the  goods  and  merchandise 
of  aliens.  Crabb. 

bAl'LIARDSj  (bkl'yrirdz),  n.  See  Billiards. 

BAL-LIS  ' TA,  n. ; pi.  bal-lIs'  tje.  [L.,  from  Gr. 
liaihii,  to  throw.] 

1.  An  ancient  warlike  machine  for  throwing 

heavy  stones  and  other  missile  weapons,  some- 
what resembling  a crossbow,  but  much  larger 
and  stronger.  Crabb. 

2.  {Anat.)  The  astragalus,  a bone  of  the  tar- 
sus. Ogilvic. 

BAL'LIS-TIJR  [b&l'js-ter,  Ja.  K.  Todd ; bsi-lis'ier, 
Sm.  Wb.],  n.  [L.  ballista.)  A warlike  engine, 
a crossbow.  — See  Balister. 

BAL-LlS'TIC,  a.  Relating  to  the  ballista  or  other 
missile  engines  ; projectile. 


Ball-cock. 


Ballistic  pendulum,  (Mil.)  an  instrument  with  a pen- 
dulum for  measuring  the  force  or  velocity  of  cannon 
and  musket  balls.  Braude. 


BAL-LIS'TICS,  n.  pi.  The  art  or  science  of 
throwing  missile  weapons  by  means  of  engines  ; 
projectiles.  Crabb. 

BAL  'Ll-  CM,  n.  [Low  L.]  {Ant.)  Anciently,  an 
outer  bulwark ; afterwards  an  area  or  court- 
yard contained  in  an  outer  bulwark  or  fortified 
castle:  — English,  bailey,  as  in  Old  Bailey, 
London,  and  the  Bailey  at  Oxford.  P.  Cyc. 

BAL-LOON',  it.  [It.  pallone ; Fr.  ballon.'] 

1.  A chemical  glass  receiver,  of  a spherical 

form,  for  condensing  vapors.  Johnson. 

2.  (Arch.)  An  architectural  ornament,  being 

a ball  placed  on  a pillar.  Weale. 

3.  A large,  hollow  ball,  or  bag,  generally  of 

silk,  filled  with  gas,  specifically  lighter  than 
the  atmosphere,  into  which  it  has  consequently 
a tendency  to  rise.  Wordsworth. 

4.  A kind  of  fireworks,  being  a ball  of  paste- 
board filled  with  combustible  matter,  which,  on 
exploding  in  the  atmosphere,  scatters  around 
brilliant  sparks  resembling  stars.  Johnson. 

5.  f A game  similar  to  tennis,  played  with  a 

hall  filled  with  air.  Burton. 

BAL-LOON'B-RY,  it.  The  management  of  bal- 
loons ; aeronautics.  Qu.  Rev. 

BAL-LOON'ING,  n.  The  art  of  making  and  man- 
aging balloons ; aeronautics.  Qu.  Rev. 

BAL-LOON '1ST,  ii.  One  who  constructs  or  man- 
ages balloons.  Knox. 

BAL'LOT,  ii.  [Sp.  balota  ; Fr.  ballote. ] 

1.  A little  ball,  a slip  of  paper,  or  any  thing 
which  is  used  in  giving  a secret  vote.  Brande. 

2.  A secret  method  of  voting  at  elections. 
“ America,  where  the  ballot  is  practised.” 

Brande. 


BAL'LOT,  V.  n.  \i.  BALLOTED  ; pp.  BALLOTING, 
balloted.]  To  vote,  or  to  determine  a choice 
or  judgment  by  ballot. 

The  judges  all  arose  from  tlieir  seats,  and  would  never  take 
their  balls  to  ballot  against  him.  Morth. 

BAL-LO'  TA,il.  [Gr.  paD-urr'i ; “ PaV.io,  to  repel,  in 
allusion  to  its  disagreeable  smell.”  Buchanan .] 
( Bot .)  A genus  of  perennial  plants ; stinking 
lioarhound.  Loudon. 


BAL’LO-TADE  [b&l’o-tid,  Sm.  ; bal'o-tad,  Ja. 
Wb.)',  n.  [Fr.]  (Man.)  The  leap  of  a horse 
between  two  pillars  or  upon  a straight  line,  so 
that  when  his  four  feet  are  in  the  air,  he  shows 
nothing  but  the  shoes  of  his  hind  feet,  without 
jerking  out.  It  is  thus  distinguished  from 
capriole.  Farrier's  Diet. 

BAL'LO-TANT,  n.  [Fr.]  A balloter.  “Un- 
known to  the  ballotants.”  Harrington. 

f BAL-LO-TA'TION,  n.  Act  of  balloting.  “ Elec- 
tion . . . consisting  of  ten  ballotations.”  Wotton. 

bAl'LOT-BOX,  n.  A box  used  in  balloting. 

Some  hold  no  way  so  orthodox 

To  try  it,  as  the  ballot-box.  Butler. 

bAl'LOT-ER,  n.  One  who  ballots,  or  votes  by 
bailor.  Qu.  Rev. 

BAL'LO-TlN,  n.  [Fr.]  One  who  collects  the 
ballots.  “ Eight  ballotins,  or  pages,  take  eight 
boxes.”  Harrington. 

bAl'LOT-ING,  11.  The  act  of  voting  by  ballot. 

bAl'LOT-IsT,  ii.  An  advocate  for  the  use  of  the 
ballot,  [r.]  Sidney  Smith. 

bALL'r66m,  n.  A room  for  assemblies  or  balls; 
a hall  for  dancing.  More. 


BALL'-VALVE,  n.  A valve  consisting 
of  a ball,  fitting  into  a hemispherical 
cup  which  has  a hole  at  the  bottom. 

The  ball  is  prevented  from  moving  up- 
wards or  sideways  beyond  a certain 
point,  by  a frame  of  wire  placed  over 
it.  Francis. 

BALL'-VEIN  (-van),  ii.  (Mining.)  A 

sort  of  iron  ore,  found  in  loose  masses  of  a 
circular  form,  containing  sparkling  particles. 

Ogilvie. 

BALM  (bam),  n.  [Fr.  baume ; see  Balsam,  of 
which  this  word  is  a contraction.] 

1.  An  herb  known  as  balm-mint  or  garden- 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  f,  6,  U,  Y,  short; 


A,  1J,  [,  O,  It,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  11E1R,  HER; 


BALM 


111 


BANDANNA 


balm,  — so  called  from  its  fragrance,  which  re- 
sembles that  of  the  balsam  ; Melissa.  Loudon. 

2.  A liquid  resin,  of  a whitish  or  yellow  color, 
of  a fragrant  smell,  and  of  a penetrating  aro- 
matic taste,  flowing  from  the  balsam-tree. 

Is  there  no  balm  in  Gilead?  Jcr.  viii.  22. 

3.  Any  valuable  or  fragrant  ointment. 

Thy  balm  washed  off,  wherewith  thou  wast  anointed. 

Shale. 

4.  Any  thing  that  mitigates  pain. 

A tender  smile  our  sorrow’s  only  balm.  Young. 

Balm  of  Gilead , ( Bot .)  the  oleo-resinous  juice 
drawn  from  the  balsam-tree  ; — called  also  Balsam  of 
Mecca,  and  much  used  by  the  females  of  Turkey  as  a 
cosmetic. — Calmct.  A species  of  poplar  found  in  the 
northern  parts  of  the  U.  S. ; Populus  Candicans.  Gray . 

BALM  (bam),  v.  a.  1.  To  anoint  as  with  balm. 

Balm  his  foul  head  with  warm  distilled  waters, 

And  burn  sweet  wood.  Shak. 

2.  To  soothe  ; to  refresh  ; to  assuage. 

Oppressed  nature  sleeps; 

This  rest  might  yet  have  balmcd  thy  senses.  Shak. 

fBAL'MI-FY,  v.  a.  To  render  balmy.  Cheyne. 

BALM'f-LY  (b'Am'e-le),  ad.  In  a balmy  or  sooth- 
ing manner.  Coleridge. 

BALM' Y (bam'e),  a.  1.  Having  the  qualities  and 
effect  of  balm  ; soothing ; refreshing. 

Soft  on  the  flowery  herb  I found  me  laid 

In  balmy  sweat.  Milton. 

Tired  Nature’s  sweet  restorer,  balmy  sleep  I Young. 

2.  Producing  balm. 

Let  India  boast  her  groves,  nor  envy  we 

The  weeping  amber  and  the  balmy  tree.  Pope. 

3.  Fragrant;  aromatic;  sweet-smelling. 

Now  gentle  gales. 

Fanning  their  odoriferous  wings,  dispense 
Native  perfumes,  and  whisper  whence  they  stole 
Their  balmy  spoils.  Milton. 

BALM'Y-BREATH'ING,  a.  Fragrant;  odorifer- 
ous. Thomson. 

f BAL'N^-AL,  a.  [L.  balneum,  a bath.]  Belong- 
ing to  a bath.  “ Balneal  heat.”  [u.]  Howell. 

f BAL'NU-A-Ry,  n.  [L.  balnearium.]  A bathing- 
room.  “ Balnearies  or  bathing-places.”  Browne. 
f bAl-N^-A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  bathing.  “Bal- 
neations, washings,  and  fomentations. "Browne. 

f bAl'N^-A-TO-RY,  a.  Belonging  to  a bath; 

balneal.  Coles. 

bAl'NF.-UM,  n.  [L.,  a bath.]  ( Chem .)  A ves- 
sel filled  with  water,  or  sand,  in  which  another 
vessel  is  placed  to  be  heated.  Bentley. 

bAl'O-TADE,  n.  See  Ballota.de. 
bAl'SA,  n.  [Sp.,  a raft.]  A kind  of  boat  used 
on  the  coast  and  rivers  of  Peru,  and  other  parts 
of  S.  America ; — written  also  balza.  Prescott. 

BAL'SAM,  n.  [Gr.  [W.aagov  ; L .balsamum. — A.  S. 
baldsam  ; Ger.  balsam.] 

1.  An  oleo-resinous  liquid  exuded  from  cer- 
tain trees,  and  containing  benzoic  acid.  Of  this, 
the  true  balsam,  there  are  five  varieties,  viz. 
balsam  of  Peru,  balsam  of  Tolu,  benzoin,  solid 
storax,  and  liquid  storax  or  liquid  amber.  Ure. 

2.  A liquid  containing  volatile  oil  and  resin, 

but  no  benzoic  acid,  — as  the  balm  of  Gilead,  or 
balsam  of  Mecca,  exuded  from  the  balsam- 
tree,  and  balsam  of  Copaiba  or  Copaiva,  the 
produce  of  a leguminous  plant.  These  are 
properly  turpentines.  Ure. 

3.  (Med.)  A medicinal  preparation,  resem- 

bling true  balsam.  This  name  is  given  to  a great 
variety  of  mixtures  which  contain  oil  and  resin, 
or  one  of  these  substances.  Dunqlison. 

4.  {Bot.)  A kind  of  tree,  the  balsam-tree  or 

balsam-fir ; Abies  balsamea : — the  garden-bal- 
sam ; balsamine.  Gray. 

Balsam  of  sulphur,  a solution  of  sulphur  in  olive 
oil ; — a brown  fetid  liquid.  Braude. 

t BAL'SAM,  v.  a.  To  render  balsamic.  Packet. 
t BAL-SAM-A'TION,  n.  Act  of  impregnating  with 
balsam.  Hist,  of  the  Royal  Soc. 

BAL-SAM  |C,  ? Having  the  qualities  of,  or 

BAL-SAM'I-CAL,  ) containing,  ha\sa.m.Arbuthnot. 

BAL-SAM'IC,  n.  That  which  has  the  qualities  of 
balsam  ; a balsamic  substance.  Berkeley. 

BAL-SAM'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a balsamic  manner. 

BAL-SAM-IF'p.R-OUS,  a.  [L.  balsamum,  and 
fero,  to  bear.]  Producing  balsam.  Smith. 


BAL'SAM-INE,?t.  (Bot.)  The  common  name  of  7m- 
patiens  balsamina,  or  garden-balsam.  Loudon. 

BAL-SAM-O-DEN'DRON,  n.  [Gr.  fdl.oapov  and 
(5t vbp'ov,  a tree.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  Oriental 
trees,  having  a powerful  balsamic  juice.  P.  Cyc. 

+ bAL'SAM-OUS,  a.  Balsamic.  “An  oily  and 
balsamous  substance.”  Sterne. 

BAL'SAM— SWEATING,  a.  That  yields  balsam. 
“The  balsam-sweating  bough.”  Crashaw. 

BAL'TIC,  n.  [L.  balteus,  a belt;  A.  S.  belt-,  Dan. 
belte,  a belt.]  ( Geog .)  Name  of  the  sea  which 
separates  Norway  and  Sweden  from  Jutland, 
Plolstein,  and  Germany.  P.  Cyc. 

BAL'TIC,  a.  (Geog.)  Pertaining  to  the  sea  of  that 
name  ; as,  “ The  Baltic  coasts.” 

BAL'TJ-MORE— BIRD,  n.  An  American  bird 
about  as  large  as  an  English  linnet;  iUeOriolus 
Baltimore  of  Wilson  ; — called  also  Baltimore 
oriole  and  Golden  robin.  Nuttall. 

bAl'US-TER,  n.  [Gr.  ful.atartov,  the  flower  of 
the  wild  pomegranate,  in  allusion  to  resem- 
blance of  form;  It.  balaustro  ; Fr.  balustre.] 

1.  (Arch.)  A small  column  or  pilaster ; one 

of  the  supporters  of  a rail  to  a flight  of  stairs, 
or  the  front  of  a gallery ; — often  corruptly 
written  banister.  Brande. 

2.  The  lateral  part  of  the  volute  of  the  Ionic 

capital.  Gwilt. 

BAL'yS-TJJRED  (bal'us-terd),  p.  a.  Having  balus- 
ters. “ Balconies  balustered  with  gold.”  Soane. 

BAl'US-TRADE,  n.  [Fr.]  (Arch.)  A range  of 
balusters  joined  by  a rail  on  the  top,  serving  for 
a guard,  protection,  or  support  in  porches,  stair- 
cases, balconies,  &e.  Brande. 

bAl  'ZA,  n.  See  Balsa. 

BAM—,  BEAM—,  beginning  the  name  of  any 
place,  usually  imply  it  to  have  been  woody;  — 
from  the  Saxon  beam,  a tree  or  beam.  Gibson. 

BAM,  71.  A cheat;  an  imposition.  [Cant.]  Smart. 

bAM-BOO',  n.  (Bot.)  1.  An  Asiatic  genus  of  ar- 
borescent grasses,  like  the  reed,  with  hollow, 
jointed  stems,  and  a hard,  woody  texture,  grow- 
ing sometimes  to  the  height  of  150  feet.  Gray. 

They  raise  their  houses  upon  arches  or  posts  of  bamboos , 
that  be  large  reeds.  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

In  the  cavities  or  tubular  parts  of  the  bamboo  is  found  at 
certain  seasons  a concrete  white  substance  called  Tabashecr 
or  Tabachir.  Loudon. 

2.  A cane-colored  porcelain  biscuit  used  in 
the  manufacture  of  numerous  utensils  of  do- 
mestic use.  Francis. 

BAM-BOO',  v.  a.  To  punish  or  strike  with  a bam- 
boo ; to  bastinado.  Wright. 

BAM-BOO'— IlAB'jT,  n.  A Chinese  contrivance  to 
keep  a person  from  sinking  in  the  water.  It 
consists  of  four  pieces  of  bamboo,  of  about  the 
length  of  a man’s  body,  crossed  in  such  a way 
as  to  leave  a square  opening  large  enough  for 
the  head  and  shoulders  to  get  through  it.  Crabb. 

BAM-b6o'ZLE,  v.  a.  [From  bam,  a cheat.]  To 
deceive  ; to  impose  on  ; to  confound.  [Vulgar.] 
“Bubbled,  abused,  bamboozled.”  Addison. 

bAM-BOO'ZLPR,  n.  A tricking  fellow.  “Aset 
they  call  banterers  and  bamboozlers.” Arbuthnot. 

bAj\I-BU'SA,  7i.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  chiefly  tropical 
Asiatic  arborescent  grasses  ; the  bamboo.  Gray. 

BAN,  7i.  A sort  of  fine  Indian  cotton.  Crabb. 

BAN,  77.  [Fr.  ba7i,  proclamation,  proscription, 
banishment. — A.  S.abannan,  to  proclaim,  to  de- 
nounce ; Ger.  bannen,  to  banish,  to  accuse.] 

1.  A proclamation  or  public  notice.  — See 

Banns.  Coxcell. 

2.  A curse ; a denunciation ; an  anathema. 

Thou  mixture  rank  of  midnight  weeds  collected, 

With  Hecate’s  ban  thrice  blasted,  thrice  infected.  Shak. 

3.  Interdiction  ; proscription  ; prohibition. 

Bold  deed  to  eye 
The  sacred  fruit,  sacred  to  abstinence. 

Much  more  to  taste  it,  under  ban  to  touch.  Milton. 

4.  A fine  exacted  from  a delinquent  for  of- 

fending against  a ban,  — or  exacted  by  a bishop 
from  one  guilty  of  sacrilege.  Du  Cange. 

5.  (Mil.)  A proclamation  by  beat  of  drum,  re- 
quiring strict  observance  of  discipline.  Maunder. 

Ban  of  the  empire,  (Germ.  Hist.)  an  imperial  edict, 


depriving  of  rank,  title,  privileges,  and  property  any 
prince  who  had  for  any  cause  become  obnoxious  to 


the  government.  Brande. 

BAN,  v.  a.  1.  To  curse;  to  execrate.  Shak. 
2.  To  forbid  ; to  interdict.  Bulwer. 

f BAN,  v.  n.  To  curse.  Spenser. 


BA'NAL,  a.  [Fr.]  Relating  to  a banality'.  Bonner. 

BA-NAL'I-TYj  n.  [Fr.  batxalite.]  The  pritilcge  or 
right  of  the  lord  of  the  manor,  by  which  he 
obliges  his  vassals  to  make  use  of  his  mill, 
wine-press,  &c.  Bonner. 

BA-NA'NA,  or  BA-NA'NA  [ba-na'n?,  S.  W.  J.  E. 
Sm. ; bj-ha'nri,  P.  Ja.  K.  Wb.],  n. 

1.  (Bot.)  A tall,  herbaceous  West-Indian 

plant,  of  the  nature  of  the  plantain,  but  having 
its  fruit  shorter,  rounder,  and  more  delicate  ; 
Musa  sapientutn.  Loudoxi. 

2.  The  fruit  of  the  Musa  sapientuni,  valued 

for  food.  Brande. 

BAN'  CAL,  n.  An  East-Indian  weight  of  10  ounces 
and  above.  Crabb. 

BAN'CHER-RY,  xi.  The  herb  Christopher.  Ash. 

BAjiT'cb,  7i.  [It.]  (Com.)  A bank;  — applied 

particularly  to  the  bank  of  Venice.  — It  is  used 
adjectively  to  denote  money  of  the  bank,  at 
Hamburg  and  other  places,  as  distinguished 
from  current  money.  — See  Bank.  Brande. 

BAND,  n.  [Goth,  bandi;  A,  S.  band,  bound; 
bindan,  to  bind  ; Dut.  bande.  — Gael,  .y  Ir.  ba/m. 
— It .be/ida',  Fr . bande.] 

1.  Something  that  binds ; a tie ; a cord ; a 
fetter. 

Immediately  all  the  doors  were  opened,  and  every  one’s 
bands  were  loosed.  Acts  xvi.  2(». 

2.  Any  means  of  union  or  connection. 

All  men  naturally,  by  indissoluble  bands  of  obligation,  are 
the  subjects  and  servants  of  God.  Barrow. 

3.  Any  thing  bound  round  another  ; a band- 
age ; a fillet. 

In  old  statues  of  stone  in  cellars,  the  feet  of  them  being 
bound  with  leaden  bands,  it  appeared  that  the  lead  dia 
swell.  Bacon. 

4.  Something  worn  about  the  neck,  especially 
by  clergymen. 

Little  plain  bands,  which  they  liked  not,  because  the  Jesu- 
its wore  such.  Bp.  Taylor. 

5.  A company  of  soldiers. 

There  was  a certain  man  in  Ccsarea  called  Cornelius,  a 
centurion  of  the  baud  called  the  Italian  band.  Acts  x.  1. 

6.  Any  company  of  persons  joined  together 
for  a common  purpose  ; a crew  ; a gang. 

All,  show  them  where  in  ambush  stand. 

To  seize  their  prey,  the  murderous  band.  Gray. 

7.  (Arch.)  A flat,  low,  square  profile  member 
or  moulding  ; a face  or  fascia. 

8.  (Bot.)  One  of  the  spaces  between 

the  elevated  lines,  or  ribs,  of  the  fruit 
of  umbelliferous  plants.  Loudon. 

Syn.  — Band,  company,  crew,  and  gamp  are 
terms  used  to  denote  a small  number  of  men  associ- 
ated together  for  a particular  object ; as,  a hand  of 
musicians,  a band  of  robbers;  a military  company,  a 
company  of  strolling  players;  a ship’s  crew ; a gang 
of  pickpockets  or  thieves. 

BAND,  V.  a.  \i.  BANDED  ; pp.  BANDING,  band- 
ed.] 

1.  To  unite  together  into  a company  or  troop. 

Among  the  sons  of  morn,  what  multitudes 

Were  bunded  to  oppose  his  high  decree.  Milton. 

2.  To  bind  with  a band,  or  bandage. 

With  wings  unfledged,  his  eyes  were  banded  over.  Dryden. 

3.  (Her.)  To  bind  with  a band  of  different 

color  from  the  charge.  Johtiso7i. 

4.  f [It.  bandire .]  To  banish.  Spc7iser. 

BAND,  v.  7i.  To  associate;  to  unite.  Milton. 

Certain  of  the  Jews  banded  together.  Acts  xxiii.  12. 

bAnD'A^E,  n.  [Fr.  bandage .]  1.  Something 

that  binds ; a fillet ; a piece  of  linen  or  cloth 
for  binding  up  a wounded  limb,  &c.  Addison. 

2.  (Arch.)  A ring  or  chain  of  iron  employed 
to  bind  together  masses  of  masonry. 

BAND'A<?E,  V.  a.  [i.  BANDAGED  ; pp.  BANDAG- 
ING, bandaged.]  To  bind  with  a fillet  or 
bandage.  Goldsmith. 

BAND'A-fylST,  7i.  [Fr.  bandagiste .]  One  who 
makes  bandages  for  hernia,  &c.  Du7xgliso7i. 

BAN-DAN'NA,  or  bAN-DAn'A,  a.  [Name  first 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — G,  ^1,  g,  g,  soft;  j0,  G,  g,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


BANDBOX 


112 


BANK-BILL 


applied  in  the  East  Indies,  where  this  fabric 
originated.]  Noting  a kind  of  silk  handkerchief, 
or  a style  of  calico-printing,  in  which  white  or 
brightly-colored  spots  are  produced  upon  a red 
or  dark-colored  ground.  lire. 

BAND'b6x,  n.  A slight  box,  generally  made  of 
paper,  used  for  bands,  bonnets,  &c.  Addison. 

BANDEAU  (b&n'do),  n. ; pi.  bandeaux  (ban'doz). 
[Fr.]  A fillet  or  head-band.  Surenne. 

bAnd'^D,  a.  Striated  with  colored  bands.  Drande. 

BAN'DIJ-LAiRE,  n.  [LowL.  badclaris  ; Fr.  bade- 
laire.]  A short,  broad,  curved,  and  pointed  two- 
edged  sword  ; a cutlass.  Stocqueler. 

bAN'DP-LET,  n.  [Fr.  bandelette .] 

(Arch.)  Any  little  band,  flat  moulding,  or  fil- 
let; — an  annulet.  Orrery. 

bAnd'F.R,  n.  One  who  bands  or  associates. 

BAN' DE-RET,  n.  [Fr.]  A general  or  commander 
of  an  army  in  Switzerland.  Chesterfield. 

bAn'DF.-ROLE,  n.  [Fr.  bander olle.\  A narrow 
flag  or  streamer.  — See  Bandrol.  Weale. 

BAND-FISH,  n.  (Ich.)  A genus  of  acanthopte- 
rygious  fishes,  very  thin  in  proportion  to  their 
length.  Otjilvie. 

bAn'DI-COOT,  n.  (Zoil.)  A species  of  marsupial 
burrowing  mammal  of  Australia.  Baird. 

B.\ND'!NG-PLANE,  n.  (Car.)  A plane  used  for 
cutting  out  grooves,  and  inlaying  strings  and 
bands  in  straight  and  circular  work.  Ogilcic. 

BAN'LUT,  n. ; pi.  bAn'dits.  [It.  bandito,  an  out- 
law; past  p.  from  band!  re , to  banish;  Fr.  ban- 
dit.] An  outlaw ; a robber. 

No  savage  fierce,  bandit , or  mountaineer.  Milton. 

BAN-DIT'TI  (ban-dit'tc),  n.  pi.  [It.  banditi , out- 
laws.] A band  of  outlaws,  robbers,  or  ruffians. 

/T'T'The  word  banditti , the  plural  of  banditto , is 
sometimes  used  as  a numerical  plural ; as,  “Among 
pirates  and  other  banditti .”  Hut  it  is  more  commonly 
used  as  a collective  noun  ; as,  “ A fierce  banditti 
Cowpcr  ; “ A military  banditti ,”  Sir  J.  Mackintosh. — 
See  Bandit. 

+ BAN-DIT'TO,  ?i.  ; pi.  ban-dTt'ti.  [It.  bandito , 
banished;  bandire , to  banish.]  A man  out- 
lawed ; a robber.  Shak.  Banditto  is  not  now 
in  use.  — Sec  Banditti. 

Wandering  like  an  exile  or  banditto  in  the  wilderness  of 
Engcdi.  Saner  oft. 

BAN'DLE,  n.  An  Irish  measure  of  two  feet  in 
length.  Cockeram. 

BAnd'HJT,  n.  Same  as  Bandelet. 

BAN'DOG,  >i.  [ band  and  dog,  i.  e.  a dog  bound, 

chained,  or  tied  up.]  A large,  fierce  dog. 

We  have  great  bandogs  will  tear  their  skin.  Spenser. 

The  time  when  screech-owls  cry  and  bandogs  howl.  Shak. 

BAN-DO-LEER',  n. ; pi.  bAn-do-leer:?'.  [Fr.  ban- 
douliere ; But.  band,  a girdle,  and  leer,  leath- 
er.] (Mil.)  A little  case  containing  musket 
charges,  appended  to  the  band  formerly  hung 
over  the  shoulders  of  musketeers.  Brande. 

f BAN' DON,  n.  [Fr.]  Disposal.  Chaucer. 

BAN-DORE',  n.  [Gr.  Ttnvtiuvfni , a musical  instru- 
ment with  three  strings.]  A musical  instru- 
ment like  a lute.  — See  Pandore.  Minsheu. 

bAxd'ROL,  or  bAn'DP-ROLE,  n.  [Fr.  bande- 
rolle .]  A little  flag  or  streamer  fixed  at  the  top 
of  a mast ; a pennon  ; bannerol.  Johnson. 

BAnD'STRING,  n.  The  string  appendant  to  a 
band,  or  neck-cloth.  Bp.  Taylor. 

BAn'DY,  n.  I.  A club  turned  round  or  bent  at 
the  end  for  striking  a ball  at  play.  Johnson. 

2.  The  play  itself.  Brewer. 

t BAN'DY,  a.  Flexible;  without  substance;  — 
applied  to  bad  cloth.  Stat.  43  Eliz.  Boucher. 

BAN'DY,  v.  a.  [Fr.  bander,  to  bend  a bow,  to 
drive  a ball  in  tennis.]  [i.  bandied  ; pp.  ban- 
dying, BANDIED.] 

1.  To  heat  to  and  fro ; to  toss  back  and  forth. 

They  do  cunningly  from  one  hand  to  another  bandy  the 

service  like  a tennis-ball.  Spenser. 

2.  To  exchange;  to  give  and  take  recipro- 
cally. “ Do  you  bandy  looks  with  pie  ? ” Shak. 


3.  To  agitate  ; to  cast  or  toss  about. 

Let  not  obvious  and  known  truth  be  bandied  about  in  a 
disputation.  Watts. 

BAn'DY,  v.  n.  To  contend,  as  at  some  game,  in 
beating  to  and  fro. 

Could  set  up  grandee  against  grardee, 

To  squander  time  away,  and  bandy.  Iludibras. 

bAN'DY-LEG,  n.  [Fr.  bande,  bent  as  a bow,  and 
leg.]  ' A crooked  leg;  a bow-leg.  Swift. 

BAN'DY— LEGGED  (bSn'de-legd),  a.  Having  crook- 
ed legs.  “ A . . . bandy-legged  prince.”  Collier. 

BANE,  n.  [Goth,  ban/a  ; A.  S.  bana,  destruction.] 

1.  A deadly  poison;  cause  of  injury;  that 
which  destroys  ; pest ; ruin. 

So  entertained  those  odorous  sweets  the  fiend 

Who  came  their  bane.  Milton. 

2.  A disease  of  sheep  ; the  rot.  Hunter. 

t BANE,  v.  a.  To  poison.  “ A rat . . . baned.”  Shak. 

BANE'BER-RY,  n.  A species  of  plant  whose  ber- 
ries are  poisonous  ; Actrea  spicata.  Loudon. 

bAnE'FUL,  a.  [ bane  and  full.] 

1.  Poisonous  ; venomous. 

By  sly  enticement  gives  his  baneful  cup.  Milton. 

2.  Injurious  ; destructive  ; noxious. 

The  nightly  wolf  is  banej'ul  to  the  fold.  Dryden. 

BANE'FUL-LY,  ad.  Perniciously  ; destructively. 

BANE'FUL-NESS,  n.  Perniciousness;  destruc- 
tiveness. Johnson. 

BANE'WORT  (ban'wiirt),  n.  Deadly  nightshade  ; 
Atropa  belladonna.  Loudon. 

BANG,  v.  a.  [Dut.  bcngelcr,  to  beat  with  sticks, 
to  beat.]  [t.  banged  ; pp.  banging,  banged.] 

1.  To  beat;  to  thump;  to  handle  roughly. 

The  desperate  tempest  hath  so  banged  the  Turks.  Shak. 

2.  To  heat ; to  surpass  ; to  excel.  Boucher. 

This  practical  denial  of  the  common  brotherhood  of  the 
same  family  bangs  heathenism.  Dr.  John  Mill. 

BANG,  n.  A blow;  a thump.  [Vulgar.]  Shak. 

BAJYG,  n.  An  acrid,  bitterish,  narcotic,  and  intox- 
icating drug,  essentially  composed  of  a resin 
that  exudes,  in  some  climates,  from  the  leaves, 
slender  branches,  and  flowers  of  hemp  (Canna- 
bis sativa).  It  is  used  by  the  Turks  under  the 
names  of  hadschy  and  malacli ; by  the  Arabians, 
under  the  name  of  hashish ; and  by  the  Hot- 
tentots, under  that  of  dacha.  Bindley. 

BANG'JJRj  n.  Any  thing  large  of  its  kind  ; a large 
person.  [Provincial.]  Brockctt. 

BAN' OIIY,  n.  (East  Indies.)  A sort  of  bamboo 
pole  to  be  carried  on  a person’s  shoulder  with 
a basket  suspended  at  each  end.  Stocqueler. 

BANG'ING,  a.  Huge ; large.  [Low.]  Forby. 

f bAn'GLE,  v.  a.  To  waste  by  little  and  little. 

IVe  bungle  away  our  days,  befool  out  our  times.  Burton. 

BAN'GLE,  n.  An  oriental  ornamental  ring  for 
the  wrist  or  ankle.  Malcom. 

BAN'GLE— EAR,  n.  An  imperfectly  formed  ear  of 
a horse  : — a loose,  hanging  ear,  like  that  of  a 
dog.  Farm.  Ency. 

RAN'GLE— EARED  (b'an'gl-erd),  a.  Having  loose 
and  hanging  ears  ; flap-eared.  Crabb. 

BANGUE  (bang),  n.  A drug.  — See  Bang.  Crabb. 

||  BAN-lAN'  (ban-yan')  [b&n-yan',  S.  IV.  J.  F.  Ja. 
Sm.;  ban'e-an,  P.  ; b&n'yan',  K.],  n.  [Sanscrit 
banij,  or  banik,  a merchant  or  trader,  Craig  ; — 
bamya,  a banker,  Buchanan .] 

1.  A peculiar  class  among  the  Hindoos  en- 
gaged in  trading  and  mercantile  pursuits.  They 
believe  in  the  doctrine  of  metempsychosis,  and 
therefore  abstain  from  animal  food.  Brande. 

2.  A morning  gown  resembling  that  worn  by 

the  Banians  of  India.  Buchanan. 

3.  The  Indian  fig-tree,  or  Ficus  Indica,  re- 
markable for  sending  down  from  its  branches 
roots  which,  striking  into  the  ground,  them- 
selves become  trunks,  so  that  a single  tree 
sometimes  covers  a space  of  1500  feet  iri  cir- 
cumference ;— written  also  bannian  and  banyan. 

II  BAN-lAN'  (biln-y&n'),  a.  (Naut.)  Noting  days 
when  seamen  have  no  meat  served  out  to  them  ; 
— probably  so  applied  from  the  practice  of  the 
Banians  of  Hindostan.  Falconer. 

bAN'JSII,  v.  a.  [Ger.  bannen,  to  banish ; It. 


bandire;  Fr.  bannir.]  [i.  banished;  pp. 

BANISHING,  BANISHED.] 

1.  To  condemn,  or  to  compel,  to  leave  one’s 
country ; to  exile. 

Six  years  we  banish  him.  S7iak. 

Those  evils  thou  repcatcst  upon  thyself 

Have  banished  me  from  Scotland.  * - Shak. 

2.  To  drive  away  ; to  put  out  of  mind. 

Banish  business;  banish  sorrow; 

To  tile  gods  belongs  to-morrow.  Cowley. 

Syn.  — Banished  to  a foreign  country  ; exiled  from 
borne  or  from  one’s  country  ; expelled  from  college  or 
from  a society.  Banishment  is  a disgraceful  punishment 
inflicted  by  a tribunal  or  a sovereign  upon  a delin- 
quent; exile  is  commonly  an  infliction  by  authority, 
though  it  may  be  a voluntary  removal ; expulsion  is  a 
violent  removal.  — See  Abandon. 


Let  it  be  no  bank  or  common  stock,  but  every  man  be  mas- 
ter of  his  own  money;  not  that  I altogether  dislike  banks,  but 
they  will  hardly  be  brooked.  Bacon's  Essay  on  Usury. 

6.  (Printing.)  A kind  of  table  used  by  print- 
ers. Francis. 

7.  (Law.)  A seat  of  judgment;  the  bench: 

— the  sitting  of  all  the  judges,  or  a full  court, 
for  the  hearing  of  arguments,  as  distinguished 
from  a sitting  at  nisi  prius,  or  a circuit  court 
held  by  one  of  the  judges  for  the  trial  of  causes 
before  a jury;  as,  “The  court  sit  in  bank,”  or 

in  banc,  or  in  banco.  Burrill. 

8.  (Carp.)  A long  piece  of  timber,  about  six 

inches  square.  Weale. 


BANK,  V.  a.  \i.  BANKED  ; pp.  BANKING,  BANKED.] 
To  enclose  or  protect  by  a bank  ; to  embank. 

And  burning  sands  that  bank  the  shrubby  vales.  Thomson, 

BANK'A-BLE,  a.  Receivable  at  a bank,  as  hills, 
notes,  &c.  Bartlett. 

BANK'— BILL,  n.  1.  (England.)  A promissory 
note  or  bill  of  exchange  issued  by  a banking 
company,  payable  at  some  future  specified  time  ; 


bAN'JSH-ER,  n.  One  who  banishes.  Shak. 

BAN'JSH-MENT,  n.  [Fr.  bannissement.] 

1.  Act  of  banishing.  “ He  secured  himself 
by  the  banishment  of  his  enemies.”  Johnson. 

2.  State  of  being  banished ; exile. 

Six  frozen  winters  spent, 

Return  with  welcome  home  from  banishment.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Banish. 

bAn'IS-TPR,  n.  (Arch.)  A wooden  railing  en- 
closing stairs,  &c.  A corruption  of  baluster, 
which  see.  Britton. 

BANJSR,  (m  [Corruption  of  bandore.]  A mu- 

bAn’JO,  ; sical  instrument  with  five  strings, 
having  a head  and  neck  like  those  of  the  guitar, 
and  a body  resembling  a tambourine,  or  a hoop 
over  which  parchment  is  stretched.  It  is  played 
with  the  fingers  and  hand,  and  is  a favorite 
instrument  of  the  negroes  in  the  southern  parts 
of  the  United  States.  Moore. 

Negroes  are  almost  always  fond  of  music,  . . . and  they 
are  always  awakened  and  alive  at  the  sound  of  the  banjer. 

Boucher. 

BANK,  n.  [A.  S.  banc,  a bench,  a hillock;  Dut., 
Dan.  bank;  Swed.  baenk.—  It.  banco,  a bench  or 
table  on  which  the  Venetian  money-changers 
displayed  their  money;  Fr.  bane,  banque.] 

1.  A ridge  or  slightly-elevated  mass  of  earth. 

They  besieged  him  in  Abel  of  Beth-maachah,  and  they  cast 

up  a bank  against  the  city.  2 Sam.  xx.  15. 

O,  it  came  o’er  my  ear  like  the  sweet  sound 
That  breathes  upon  a bank  of  violets, 

Stealing  and  giving  odor.  Shak. 

2.  The  earth  bordering  upon  a river,  canal,  or 
other  watercourse. 

O early  lost!  what  tears  the  river  shed, 

'When  the  sad  pomp  along  his  banks  was  led!  Pope. 

3.  A shoal  in  the  ocean  or  a sea  ; as,  “ The 
bank  of  Newfoundland.” 

4.  A seat  or  bench  in  a boat  for  rowers. 

Placed  on  their  banks,  the  lusty  Trojans  sweep 
Neptune’s  smooth  face,  und  cleave  the  yielding  deep.  Waller. 

5.  (Com.)  An  establishment  for  the  custody 
and  issue  of  money;  a joint-stoek  association, 
either  private  or  incorporated,  whose  business 
it  is  to  employ  in  loans,  or  other  profitable 
modes  of  investment,  the  common  fund  or  cap- 
ital, increased  by  the  issue  of  notes  to  a certain 
amount  payable  on  demand,  and  by  such  sums 
as  may  be  temporarily  deposited  in"  their  hands, 
by  others,  for  safe-keeping:  — the  place  where 
the  transactions  of  a banking  association  are 
carried  on. 


A,  E,  I,  0,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  $,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  I1ER; 


BANK-CREDIT 


113 


BAPTIZABLE 


negotiable,  but  not  strictly  forming  a part  of  the 
currency.  Brandc. 

2.  ( United  States.)  A promissory  note  of  a 
banking  company  payable  on  demand,  and  used 
as  currency  ; a bank-note. 

BANK— CRED'jT,  n.  (Scotland.)  A credit  by 
which,  on  proper  security  being  given  to  a bank, 
a person  is  authorized  to  draw  for  any  amounts 
within  an  aggregate  sum  agreed  upon. — - See 
Cash-account.  Ogilvie. 

bAnK'ER,  n.  1.  One  who  traffics  in  money,  or 
keeps  and  manages  a bank,  or  carries  on  the 
business  of  banking. 

Whole  droves  of  lenders  crowd  the  banker's  doors.  Dry  den. 

2.  A stone  bench  on  which  masons  cut  and 

square  their  work.  Francis. 

3.  A cushion  or  covering  for  a seat.  Weale. 

4.  (Naut.)  A vessel  employed  in  the  cod  fish- 
ery on  the  banks  of  Newfoundland. 

BANK'ER-LESS,  a.  Without  bankers.  Qu.  Rev. 

BANK'pT,  n.  [Fr  .banquette.']  A piece  of  wood 
used  by  brick-layers  to  cut  bricks  on.  Buchanan. 

BANK'— FENCE,  n,  A fence  made  of  a bank  of 
earth.  Ash. 

BANK'— HOOK  (-huk),  n.  A large  fish-hook, 
used  on  the  banks  of  Newfoundland.  Halliwell. 

BANK'ING,  n.  The  management  of  banks  or 
money  ; the  business  of  a banker.  Berkeley. 

BANK'ING,  p.  a.  Pertaining  to  banks. 

Had  every  particular  banking  company  always  under- 
stood  and  attended  to  its  own  particular  interest,  the  circu- 
lation could  never  have  been  overstocked  with  paper  money. 

A.  Smith. 

BANK'— NOTE,  n.  A promissory  note  issued  by 
a banking  company  ; a bank-bill.  Roberts. 

t bAnk'ROUT,  a.  Bankrupt.  Milton. 

t bAnk'ROUT,  v.  a.  To  make  bankrupt;  to 

break.  Shak. 

t bAnk'ROUT,  n.  A bankrupt.  Shak. 

BANK'RUPT,  a.  [It.  banco,  a bench,  and  rotto 
(L.  ruptus),  broken  ; in  allusion  to  the  custom 
practised  in  the  middle  ages  of  breaking  the 
benches  or  tables  of  those  money-changers  who 
had  become  insolvent ; Fr.  banqueroute.]  Un- 
able to  pay  debts  ; insolvent. 

The  king’s  grown  bankrupt , like  a broken  man.  Shak. 

BANK'RUPT,  n.  1.  A trader  who  fails  or  breaks, 
so  as  to  be  unable  to  pay  his  debts  : — one  who 
is  subjected  to  the  law  of  bankruptcy. 

All  persons  engaged  in  trade,  if  in  other  respects  capable 
of  making  valid  contracts,  arc  liable  to  be  made  bankrupts. 

Brunde. 

2.  One  who,  from  inability  to  meet  the  de- 
mands against  him,  is  obliged  to  close  his  busi- 
ness, and  whose  affairs  are  intrusted  to  his 
creditors,  or  to  assignees,  for  settlement. 

3.  (Eng.  Law.)  A trader  who  secretes  him- 

self, or  does  certain  other  acts  tending  to  de- 
fraud his  creditors.  Whishaw. 

.BSP  This  word,  as  first  used  in  English  statutes, 
carried  vvitli  it  the  sense  of  an  offender , which  in  some 
measure  it  still  retains  in  English  law,  and  has  al- 
ways been  restricted  in  England  to  merchants  and 
traders,  or  to  those  who  buy  and  sell  for  gain.  In 
the  United  States,  the  term  was  applied  technically 
by  act  of  Congress,  August  19, 1841,  to  other  persons 
besides  merchants  and  traders  ; but  the  repeal  of  that 
act  in  1843,  together  with  several  judicial  opinions 
adverse  to  this  extension  of  its  signification,  has  tend- 
ed to  aifix  to  the  word  at  present  very  nearly  the  same 
technical  definition  in  the  United  States  which  it  has 
in  English  law' ; though  by  popular  usage  it  is  nearly 
synonymous  with  the  word  insolvent , being  applied  to 
all  classes  of  persons  who  cannot  or  do  not  pay  their 
debts,  and  not  implying  generally  any  imputation  of 
fraud.  Burrill. 

BANK'RUPT,  v.  a.  To  make  deficient  in  pecu- 
niary resources  ; to  break.  Beau.  FI. 

"We  cast  off  the  care  of  all  future  thrift  because  we  are  al- 
ready bankrupted.  Hammond. 

BAi\K'RUPT-CY  (bank'rup-se),  n.  The  state  of  a 
bankrupt ; failure  or  inability  to  pay  debts  ; in- 
solvency.— (Law.)  An  act  of  bankruptcy  is  an 
act  on  the  part  of  a merchant  or  trader,  that 
makes  him  legally  a bankrupt : — a commission 
of  bankruptcy  is  a warrant  granted  in  conse- 
quence of  an  act  of  bankruptcy. 

Syn.  — Failure  is  the  act  which  necessitates  bank- 
ruptcy, bankruptcy  is  the  result  of  acknowledged  fail- 


ure. Failure  is  the  suspension  of  paying  debts  ; 
insolvency,  the  inability  to  pay  them.  Failure  in 
business  ; state  of  insolvency  ; act  of  bankruptcy. 

BANK'RUPT-LAW,  n.  (Law.)  A law  by  which 
a bankrupt,  upon  surrendering  all  his  property 
to  commissioners,  for  the  benefit  of  his  credit- 
ors, is  discharged  from  the  payment  of  his  debts 
then  existing,  and  all  liability  on  account  of 
them  in  future.  Burrill. 

Syn.  — A bankrupt-law,  in  its  proper  sense,  is  a 
remedy  intended  primarily  for  the  benefit  of  creditors  ; 
an  insolvent-law,  on  the  other  hand,  is  chietly  intended 
for  the  benefit  of  the  debtor.  Burrill. 

BANK  ' SI-A  (bangk'she-a),  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of 
Australian  plants;  — so  called  after  Sir  Jo- 
seph Banks.  Eng.  Cyc. 

BANK'— STOCK,  n.  Money  invested  in  the  joint- 
stock  of  a bank.  Tatler. 


BAJY'LTF.UE,  n.  [Fr.  ; Low  L.  banlcuca ; ban- 
nus,  jurisdiction,  and  leuca,  a league.]  The 
territory  without  the  walls,  but  within  the  legal 
limits,  of  a town  or  city.  Brande. 

bAn'NJJR,  n.  [Ger.  banner ; It.  bandiera ; Sp.  ban- 

dera  ; Fr.  banniere Skinner  derives  this  "word 

from  the  same  root  as  band ; and  Richardson 
suggests  a similar  etymology,  a banner  being  a 
band,  bond,  or  sign  of  union.]  A piece  of  drapery 
attached  to  the  upper  part  of  a pole  or  staff ; a 
flag ; a standard ; a streamer.— See  Standard. 

Terrible  as  an  army  with  banners.  Song  of  Sol.  vi.  4. 

The  star-spangled  banner , O,  Ion"  may  it  wave 

O’er  the  land  of  the  free  and  the  home  of  the  brave.  Key. 

t BAN'NfR-AL,  n.  A little  flag.  — See  Bannerol. 

BAN'NERED  (ban'nerd),  p.  a.  Displaying  ban- 
ners. “ A bannered  host.”  Milton. 


BAN'Nf.R-ET,  n.  [Low  L.  banneretus  ; Fr.  ban- 
niftre,  a banner,  the  privilege  of  the  title  being 
that  the  knight  was  to  have  a banner  of  his 
own.  Cotgrave.') 

1.  A knight  made  in  the  field  of  battle  ; an 

English  dignity  now  nearly  or  quite  extinct. 
“ Sir  Richard  Crofts,  made  banneret  at  Stoke, 
wa s a xvise  man.”  Camden. 

2.  A little  banner.  “The  scarfs  and  the 

bannerets  about  thee.”  Shak. 

bAn'NJJR-OL,  n.  [Fr . banderolle.)  A little  flag; 
a bandrol.  — See  Bandrol.  Camden. 


bAn-NIAn'  (bSn-y&n'),  n.  See  Banian. 


bAN'NING,  n.  [See  Ban.]  An  execration  or 
cursing  of  another.  P.  Cyc. 

BAN-NI"TION  (ban-n lsh'un],  n.  [Fr.  bannir,  to 
banish.]  Expulsion  ; banishment.  Apb.  Laud. 

BAN'NOCK,  n.  [Gael,  bonnach  ; Ir.  bunna.)  A 
kind  of  cake ; an  oaten  or  barley  cake,  baked 
in  the  ashes,  or  toasted  on  a griddle.  Ray. 

bAnn§,  n.  pi.  [Fr.  ban,  proclamation.  See  Ban.] 
The  proclamation  in  a church  of  an  intended 
marriage.  Tomlins. 

bAn'QUIJT  (bana'kvvet),  n.  [Ger . bankett  ■,  Dut. 
bancket,  from  the  root  of  bank,  in  the  sense  of 
bench  or  table,  at  which  messmates  sit  and  feast 
together;  It.  banchetto  ; Fr  .banquet.]  A grand 
entertainment  of  eating  and  drinking  ; a sump- 
tuous feast. 


Christianity  allows  us  to  use  the  world,  provided  we  do 
not  abuse  it.  It  does  not  spread  before  us  a delicious  banrptet , 
and  then  come  with  a “ Touch  not,  taste  not,  handle  not.” 
Syn. — See  Feast.  l’orteus. 


BAN'auiJT,  n.  1.  [Fr.  banquette .]  (Arch.)  The 
foot-way  of  a bridge  when  raised  above  the  car- 
riage-way ; — a foot-path. 

2.  [Fr.  banquet .]  (Man.)  The  small  rod- 
shaped part  of  a bridle  under  the  eye.  Bailey. 


BAN'aUJJT-ING,  n.  Feasting.  1 Pcf.  iv.  3. 

bAn'CIUET-ING— ROOM,  n.  A saloon  for  public 
entertainments.  Melmoth. 

BANQUETTE  (bang-ket'),  n.  [Fr.]  (Fort.)  A 
foot  bank,  behind  a parapet,  for  the  soldiers  to 
mount  upon  when  they  fire.  P.  Cyc. 

bAn'SHEE,  n.  A kind  of  Irish  fairy.  — See 
Benshie. 

bAn'STJ-CLE  (ban'stjk-kl),  n.  (Ich.)  A small 
prickly  fish,  called  also  stickleback.  Jamieson. 

BAN'TAM,  n.  1.  A small  species  of  dunghill 
fowl,  with  feathered  shanks,  brought  originally 
from  Bantam,  a town  in  Java.  Craig. 

2.  A kind  of  painted  or  carved  work,  resem- 
bling that  of  Japan,  only  more  gaudy.  Craig. 

bAn'T(?R,  v.  a.  [Of  doubtful  etymology.— Fr. 
badiner,  to  trifle,  to  jest.]  [».  bantered  ; pp. 
bantering,  bantered.]  To  rally  ; to  jeer ; 
to  joke ; to  ridicule  pleasantly ; to  play  upon 
with  humorous  raillery. 

It  is  no  new  thing  for  innocent  simplicity  to  he  the  subject 
of  bantenng  drolls.  L' Estrange. 

Syn.  — To  banter , rally , joke , jeer , and  mock  are 
used  to  denote  personal  acts.  One  may  banter , rally , 
and  joke  in  pleasantry  and  good  humor;  lmt  to  jeer, 
mock , or  ridicule  imply  contempt  and  ill  will. 

BAN'TI^R,  n.  Light  ridicule  ; a rally  ; raillery. 

No  truth  so  sacred  banter  cannot  hit.  Whitehead. 

Where  wit  hath  any  mixture  of  raillery,  it  is  but  calling  it 
banter , and  the  work  is  done.  Swift. 

Syn. — See  Ridicule. 

BAN'TER-ER,  n.  One  who  banters.  L'  Estrange. 

BAN'T^R-ING,  n . The  act  of  indulging  in  ban- 
ter ; raillery.  Swift. 

BANT'LING,  n.  [A  child  born  . . . before  the 
marriage  of  the  parents.  Perhaps  6aw-telling 
or  fome-telling.  Richardson.  — Bairnling , di- 
minutive of  bairn.  Johnson.']  A little  child. 

Frocks,  stockings,  shoes,  to  grace  the  bantling.  Prior. 

BAN-YAN',  n.  See  Banian. 

bA'O-bAb,  n.  (Bot.)  The  Adansonia,  a very  large 
African  tree  ; the  monkey-bread.  P.  Cyc. 

He  marks  the  baobab's  giant  stem  ; 

The  aloes  hard  as  crystal  gem.  P.  Dupont. 

bApH'O-MET,  n.  An  imaginary  idol  or  symbol, 
which  the  Templars  were  accused  of  employing 
in  their  mysterious  rites.  Brande. 

BAP-  TA-  TE  ' RI-  UM,  n.  [Gr.  0itnrt<jriipior  ; L.  bap- 
tisterium,  a bathing-place.]  A bark-mill  or 
fulling-mill.  Weale. 

BAP-Tl" §(-A,  n.  [Gr. /In'irru,  to  dye.]  (Bot.)  A 
genus  of  leguminous  plants ; wild  indigo.  Gray. 

BAP'Tl^M,  n.  [Gr.  ficatTiopd;,  a dipping.]  Act  of 
baptizing  ; a Christian  rite  or  sacrament,  sym- 
bolical of  initiation  into  the  church,  and  of  con- 
secration to  a pure  life,  performed  by  immer- 
sion, ablution,  or  sprinkling,  and  accompanied 
with  a form  of  words. 

To  his  great  baptism  flocked 
With  awe  the  regions  round.  Jlilton. 

Hypothetical  baptism , (Ena.  church.)  baptism  when 
administered  to  persons  in  respect  to  whom  it  is 
doubtful  whether  they  have  or  have  not  been  baptized 
before.  Eden. 

BAP-TI^'MAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  baptism. 

BAP-TI§'MAL-LY,  ad.  In  a baptismal  manner. 

BAp'TIST,  n.  1.  One  who  baptizes.  “ John  the 
baptist."  Matt.  iii.  1. 

2.  One  of  a denomination  of  Christians  w'ho 
deny  the  validity  of  infant  baptism,  and  main- 
tain the  necessity  of  immersion.  — See  Ana- 
baptist and  Antipajdobaptist. 


BAN'CIU^T,  V.  a.  [t.  BANQUETED  ; pp.  BANQUET- 
ING, BANQUETED.]  To  treat  with  feasts.  “ Visit 
his  countrymen  and  banquet  them.”  Shak. 

bAn'QU^T,  v.  n.  To  feast ; to  fare  daintily. 

The  mind  shall  banquet , though  the  body  pine.  Shak. 

BAN'CIUET-]JR,  n.  1.  A feaster.  Cotgrave. 

2.  He  that  makes  feasts.  Johnson. 

BAN'CIUJJT— HOUSE,  ^ t n.  A house  where 
bAn'OUBT-ING— HOUSE,  5 banquets  are  held. 
“ In  a banqueting -house,  among  certain  pleas- 
ant trees,  the  table  was  set.”  Sidney. 

Now  the  queen  . . . came  into  the  banquet-house.  Dan.  v.  10. 


BAP'TIS-TER-Y,  n.  [Gr.  paitTieryptov  ; L.  baptis- 
terium,  a bathing-place,  and  a baptismal  font.] 
A place  where  baptism  is  administered,  or  the 
part  of  a church  containing  the  baptismal  font. 
“ The  great  church,  baptistery,  and  leaning 
tower  are  well  worth  seeing.”  Addison. 

BAP-TIS  UC>  Relating  to  baptism  ; bap- 

BAP-TIS'TI-CAL,  j tismal.  Bp.  Bramhall. 

BAP-TIS'TI-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a baptistical  man- 
ner ; baptisnially.  Dr.  Allen. 

BAP-TIZ'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  baptized  ; suit- 
able for  baptism.  N.  E.  Elders. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — q,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  { J as  z ; as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 
Id 


BAPTIZATION 


BARBER 


+ BAP-TJ-ZA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  baptizing. 
“ His  baptization  with  water.”  Bp.  Ilall. 

BAP-TlZE',  v.  a.  [Gr.  to  dip  or  merge.] 

’[(.  BAPTIZED;  pp.  BAPTIZING,  BAPTIZED.]  To 
administer  baptism  to  ; to  immerse  in  water,  or 
to  sprinkle  with  water,  in  token  of  initiation 
into  the  Christian  church  ; to  christen. 

Them  who  shall  believe. 

Baptizing  in  the  profluent  stream,  the  sign 
Of  washing  them  from  guilt  of  sin.  Milton. 

If  he  he  baptized  without  penitence  of  his  old  guilt,  he  re- 
ceiveth  the  mark  of  baptism,  but  not  the  grace.  Chaucer. 

BAP-TIZED'  (bap-tlzd'),  p.  a.  Haying  received 
baptism ; christened. 

BAP-TIZE'MpNT,  n.  Act  of  baptizing  ; baptiza- 
tion ; baptism,  [r.]  Hobhousc. 

CAP-TlZ'ER,  n.  One  who  baptizes  or  christens. 

BAR,  n.  [L.  vara,  a defence  of  timbers  laid  across  ; 
or  A.  S.  beorqan,  to  protect.  Tooke. — It.  barra ; 
Sp.  barra  ; Fr.  barrek] 

1.  A piece  of  wood  or  metal  long  in  propor- 
tion to  its  width,  suitable  to  be  laid  across  any 
thing  as  a fastening,  or  to  hinder  entrance  to  a 
passage. 

Then  by  main  force  pulled  up,  and  on  his  shoulder  bore 
The  gates  of  Azza,  post  and  massy  bar.  Milton. 

2.  Any  obstacle,  hinderance,  or  obstruction  ; 
a barrier. 

Hard  thou  know’st  it  to  exclude 
Spiritual  substance  with  corporeal  bar.  Milton.  \ 

Fatal  accidents  have  set 

A most  unhappy  bar  between  your  friendship.  Boicc. 

3.  A bank  of  sand,  sunken  rocks,  or  other 

impediment  to  navigation,  at  the  entrance  of 
rivers  or  harbors.  Braude. 

4.  The  partition  in  the  English  Houses  of 

Parliament,  which  divides  from  the  body  of  the 
respective  houses  a space  near  the  door,  and 
beyond  which  none  but  the  members  and  clerks 
are  admitted.  Ogilvie. 

5.  The  area  in  front  of  the  judges’  seat  in 
courts  of  justice,  where  barristers  or  advocates 
plead  ; also  where  prisoners  accused  of  felony 
are  stationed  for  arraignment  and  trial.  Brandc. 

Some  at  the  bar  with  subtilty  defend. 

Or  on  the  bench  the  knotty  laws  untie.  Drydcn. 

6.  Any  tribunal  where  cases  may  be  tried 
and  judgment  awarded ; as,  “ The  bar  of  the 
House  in  a legislative  assembly,”  and  figura- 
tively, “ The  bar  of  public  opinion.” 

7.  (Law.)  The  aggregate  body  of  professed 

lawyers  who  are  admitted  to  practice  in  the 
courts  ; as,  “ He  is  a member  of  the  bar  ” ; — 
the  presence  of  the  judges  of  a court  either  ac- 
tual or  constructive ; thus,  a trial  at  bar  is  a 
trial  had  before  the  full  court  in  term,  in  con- 
tradistinction to  the  ordinary  trial  at  nisiprius  : 
— a special  plea  constituting  a sufficient  answer 
to  an  action  at  law.  Burrill. 

8.  A part  of  a room  in  a tavern,  or  other 
place  of  common  resort,  enclosed  by  a low  par- 
tition with  a counter,  at  which  the  reckoning 
is  received,  and  refreshments  are  sold.  Addison. 

9.  (Com.)  A solid  mass  of  metal,  as  of  iron, 
silver,  or  gdld,  wrought  into  a shape  that  has 
considerably  greater  length  than  breadth.  Ure. 

10.  (Mus.)  A line  drawn  across  the  staff  to 
mark  off  and  bound  equal  measures  of  time ; 
the  space  included  between  two  such  lines. 

11.  (Her.)  pi.  One  of  the  hon- 

orable ordinaries,  consisting  of 
two  horizontal  lines  drawn  across 
the  escutcheon.  Brando. 

12.  (Farriery.)  The  upper  part 

of  the  gums  of  a horse,  between 
the  tusks  and  grinders,  to  which 
the  bit  is  applied  : — a portion  of 
the  hoof  of  a horse.  Johnson. 

BAR,  v.  a.  [i.  barred  ; pp.  barring,  barred.] 

1.  To  fasten  or  secure  with  a bar  or  bolt. 

When  you  bur  the  window  shutters,  leave  open  tile  sashes 
to  let  in  air.  Swift. 

2.  To  hinder  ; to  obstruct;  to  prevent. 

If  you  cannot 

Bar  his  access  to  the  king,  never  attempt 

Any  thing  on  him.  Shak. 

3.  To  shut  out ; to  exclude. 

Shut  from  every  shore,  and  barred  from  every  coast.  Drydcn. 

I am  their  mother;  who  shall  bar  them  from  me?  Shak. 

4.  To  except;  to  leave  out. 

Nay,  but  I bar  to-night;  you  shall  not  gage  me 
By  what  I do  to-night.  Shak. 


114 

5.  (Laic.)  To  cut  off  or  destroy,  as  an  action 
or  claim.  Ayliffe. 

To  bar  a rein,  (Furriery.)  to  tie  it  above  and  below, 
after  the  skin  lias  been  opened,  and  then  strike  be- 
tween tile  ligatures.  Crabb. 

BAR-A-LIP  ' TOJV,  n.  (Logic.)  An  imperfect  syl- 
logism, consisting  of  two  universals  and  one 
particular  affirmative  proposition.  Crabb. 

BA-RATZ’ , n.  A Turkish  name  for  a letter  pa- 
tent given  by  the  sultan  to  the  grand  patriarch, 
the  bishops,  &c.  Crabb. 

BARB,  n.  [L.,  It.,  § Sp.  barba,  the  beard;  Fr. 

barbek] 

1.  Any  thing  that  grows  in  the  place  of  a 
beard,  or  that  resembles  a beard. 

The  barbel  is  so  called  by  reason  of  his  barb  or  wattles  at 
his  mouth.  Walton. 

2.  The  point  that  projects  backward  in  a fish- 

hook, or  on  the  side  of  an  arrow,  to  prevent  its 
easy  extraction.  Pope. 

3.  (Bot.)  ] l.  Hairs  forked  at  the  apex,  with 

the  divisions  of  the  fork  hooked,  or  curved  back 
at  the  point.  Lindley. 

4.  A covering  for  the  lower  part  of  the  face, 

reaching  midway  to  the  waist ; — formerly  worn 
by  nuns  and  widows.  Chaucer. 

5.  (Mil.)  Ancient  horse-armor  studded  with 

spikes.  Hayward. 

6.  [Contracted  from  Barbary. ] (Zoiilk)  A 
horse  of  the  Barbary  breed,  much  esteemed  for 
its  swiftness ; — a kind  of  pigeon  from  Barbary. 

To  fire,  in  barb,  or  en  barbe,  to  discharge  a cannon 
over  the  breastwork,  instead  of  putting  it  through  the 
loopholes.  Crabb. 

BARB,  V.  a.  [i.  BARBED  ; pp.  BARBING,  BARBED.] 

1.  t To  shave.  Shah. 

2.  To  jag  with  hooks,  as  arrows.  Philips. 

3.  To  furnish  with  armor,  as  horses. 

A brave  courser  barbed  and  trapped.  Holland. 

BAR'BA-CAN,  n.  [A.  S.  barbacan,  an  outwork  ; 
It.  barbacane ; Sp.  barbacana ; Fr.  barbacane.] 

1.  A fortification  and  watch-tower,  placed  in 

advance  of  the  walls  of  a town.  Johnson. 

2.  A fort  with  towers  at  the  end  of  a bridge, 
or  at  the  gateway  of  a walled  city.  Spenser. 

3.  An  opening  in  the  wall  of  a fortress  through 

which  guns  are  icvelled.  Brande. 

Often  written  barbican. 

BAR-BA'DI-AN,  n.  A native  or  inhabitant  of  the 
island  of  Barbadoes.  Ed.  Rev. 

BAR  ' BA-RA,  n.  (Logic.)  The  first  word  in  the 
technical  verses  intended  to  represent  the  vari- 
ous forms  of  the  syllogism.  It  indicates  a syl- 
logism, the  three  propositions  of  which  are  uni- 
versal affirmatives.  Crabb. 

BAR-BA'RI-AN,  n.  [Gr.  (36p(3aoo %,  foreign ; L. 
barbarus.  “ The  imitative  sound  of  barbar 
was  applied  [by  the  Greeks]  to  the  ruder  tribes, 
whose  pronunciation  was  most  harsh,  whose 
grammar  was  most  defective.”  Gibbon. — Bar- 
ber, or  barbar,  the  native  name  of  a part  of  the 
coast  of  Africa.  The  Egyptians,  fearing  and 
hating  its  inhabitants,  used  their  name  as  a 
term  of  contumely  and  dread,  in  which  sense 
it  passed  to  the  Greeks,  and  from  them  to  the 
Ilomans.  Bruce.] 

1.  t A foreigner.  “ I would  they  were  bar- 
barians, not  Romans.”  Shak. 

2.  A man  uncivilized  ; a savage. 

The  wild  barbarian  in  the  storm  expired.  Addison. 

3.  A term  of  reproach  for  a person  without 

pity  ; a brutal  monster.  Philips. 

BAR-BA'Rj-AN,  a.  1.  Savage  ; uncivilized.  “ A 
barbarian  slave.”  Shak. 

2.  Cruel ; inhuman  ; as,  “Barbarian  ferocity.” 

BAR-BAR'IC,  a.  [Gr.  Pap/Sapinos,  foreign  ; L.  bar- 
oaricits. \ 

1.  Foreign  ; far-fetched. 

The  gorgeous  east,  with  richest  hand. 

Showers  on  her  kings  barbaric  pearl  and  gold.  Milton. 

2.  Uncivilized  ; barbarous  ; barbarian. 

The  pure  Ramon  language  was  corrupted  by  barbaric  or 
Gothic  invaders.  ’ Warton. 

BAR'BA-RlSM,  n.  [Gr.  flnp(lapiapti;.] 

1.  Ignorance  of  arts ; want  of  learning. 
“ Times  of  barbarism  and  ignorance.”  Drydcn. 

2.  Brutality ; savageness  of  manners  ; inci- 
vility. 


Divers  great  monarchies  have  risen  from  barbarism  to  ci- 
vility, and  tallen  again  to  ruin.  Davies. 

3.  (Rhetk)  An  offence  against  purity  of  lan- 
guage, by  the  use  of  uncouth,  antiquated,  or 
improper  words ; an  unauthorized  word  or  in- 
flection. 

rile  Greeks  were  the  first  that  hrnndcd  a foreign  term  in 
any  of  their  writers  with  the  odious  uanic  of  barbarism. 

Dr.  Campbell. 

Syn.  — Barbarism,  solecism , and  impropriety  are 
terms  of  rhetoric,  and  denote  some  fault  or  offence  in 
the  use  of  language.  Barbarism  relates  to  single 
words  ; impropriety,  to  words  and  phrases  ; solecism, 
to  the  construction  of  words.  “ The  barbarism 
says  Dr.  Campbell,  “ is  an  offence  against  etymology, 
the  solecism  against  syntax,  the  impropriety  against 
lexicography.” 

BAR-BAR'I-TY,  n.  1.  Savageness  ; incivility:  — 
cruelty  ; inhumanity.  “ Rudeness  . . . reproach, 
and  barbarity.”  Clarendon. 

2.  f Impurity  of  speech  ; barbarism.  “ That 
. . . which  the  barbarity  and  narrowness  of  mod- 
ern tongues  cannot  supply.”  Drydcn. 

BAR'BAR-IZE,  v.  a.  To  reduce  to  barbarism;  to 
make  barbarous  ; to  corrupt.  Burke. 

BAR'BAR-IZE,  v.  n.  To  commit  a barbarism.  “Bar- 
barizing against  the  . . . Greek  idiom.”  Milton. 

BAR'BAR-OUS,  a.  [L.  barbarus ; It.  § Sp.  bar- 
baro  ; Fr.  barbare.) 

1.  Unacquainted  with  the  arts  ; uncivilized  ; 
savage. 

A barbarous  country  must  be  broken  by  war  before  it  he 
capable  of  government.  Davies. 

2.  Cruel ; ferocious  ; inhuman. 

By  their  barbarous  usage,  he  died  within  a few  days,  to  the 
grief  of  all  that  knew  him.  Clarendon. 

3.  f Foreign. 

The  trappings  of  his  horse  embossed  with  barbarous  gold. 

Lry  ten. 

4.  Contrary  to  good  use  in  language  ; as,  “ A 

barbarous  expression.”  Campbell. 

Syn.  — See  Cruel,  Inhuman.. 

BAR'BAR-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  a barbarous  manner. 

BAR'B  AR-OFS-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  barbarous. 

BAR'BA-RY,  n.  A Barbary  horse  ; a barb.  “ Thin- 
buttocked,  like  your  . . . barbaries.”  Beau,  fy  PI. 

BAR  ' BAS- TELLE,  n.  [Fr.]  A small  kind  of  bat ; 
Plccotus  barbastellus.  Brande. 

BAR'BATE,  a.  [L.  barbatusk]  (Bot.)  Bearing 
tufts,  spots,  or  lines  of  hairs  ; bearded.  Gray. 

BAR'BAT-ED  [biir-bat'ed,  Ja.  K.  Maunder-,  bar'- 
bat-ed,  Sm.  R.  Wbk],  a.  Jagged  with  points  ; 
bearded.  “ A dart  . . . barbated.”  Warton. 

BAR'Bf.-CUE,  n.  [Of  uncertain  etymology. 
Thomson  gives  biaribi,  a word  of  the  South 
American  Indians,  signifying  roasted k] 

1.  A hog  dressed  whole  in  the  AVest-Indian 
manner.  Johnson.  — Now  applied  to  an  ox  or 
other  large  animal  dressed  whole. 

2.  An  entertainment  at  which  an  ox  or  other 
large  animal  is  served  up  whole. 

BAR'BIJ-CUE,  V.  a.  [?.  BARBECUED  ; pp.  BARBE- 
CUING, barbecued.]  To  dress  a large  animal 
whole,  as  a hog,  an  ox,  &c.  “ A whole  hog 

barbecued.”  Pope. 

BARBED  (bhrb'ed  or  bithd),  p.  a.  1.  Bearded; 
jagged.  “ Arrows  barbed  with  fire.”  Milton. 

2.  Clad  in  armor.  “ Barbed  steeds.”  Shak. 

BAR'BEL  (bar'bl),  n.  [L.  barba,  a beard  ; Fr. 
barbel.] 

1.  (Ich.)  A 

fresh  - water 
fish,  so  called 
from  the  ap- 
pendages at  its 
mouth  termed 
barbels.  Brande.  Barbel. 

2.  pi.  Small  cylindrical  vermiform  processes 
appended  to  the  mouth  of  some  fishes.  Brande. 

3.  pi.  (Farriery.)  Knots  of  superfluous  flesh 
in  the  mouth  of  a horse  ; barbies.  Johnson. 

BAR' BEL-LATE,  a.  [Fr .barbelek]  (Bot.)  Noting 
bristles  of  the  pappus  of  some  composite  plants, 
when  beset  with  short  stiff  hairs.  Gray. 

BAR'Bf.R,  n.  [L.  barba,  the  beard.]  One  whose 
occupation  it  is  to  shave  the  beard  and  cut  or 
dress  the  hair.  Wotton. 


A,  E,  T,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure.  — FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


BARBER 


115 


BAR-IRON 


BAR'Bp.R,  v.  a.  To  dress  out  by  shaving  the 
beard  or  cutting  the  hair.  Shak. 

BAR'BfKED,  p.  a.  Dressed  by  a barber.  Shak. 

BAR'B£R-ESS,  n.  A woman  barber.  Minsheu. 

BAR'Bf.R— MON-6 JJR  (bar'ber-mung-|er),  n.  A 
man  decked  out  by  his  barber  ; a fop.  Shale. 

BAR'B1JR-RY,  «•  [Ar.  berberys  ; Mod.  L.  berbe- 
ris ; Sp.  berbcro.]  A shrub  and  its  acid  fruit ; 
pepperidge.  Farm.  Ency. 

BAR'BER-Si)R'<?EON,  n.  One  who  practises 
both  shaving  and  surgery.  B.  Jonson. 

BAR'BjpR-SilR'£E-RY,  »•  The  business  of  a 
barber-surgeon.  Craig. 

BAR'BIJT,  n.  [Fr.,  a shagged  dog.] 

1.  A species  of  dog,  having  long,  curly, 

coarse  hair  ; a poodle  dog.  Crabb. 

2.  A species  of  bird  having  a large  conical 
beak  bearded  with  five  tufts  of  stiff  bristles  di- 
rected forwards ; the  bucco.— See  Cafitoninas. 

3.  A small  worm.  Crdbb. 

BAR-BETTE',  n.  [Fr.]  (Fort.)  A platform  or 
breastwork  of  a fortification,  from  which  a can- 
non may  be  fired  over  the  parapet.  Buchanan. 

BAR'BI-CAN,  n.  A watch-tower.  — See  Barra- 
can.' Sir  W.  Scott. 

f BAR'BI-CAN- A^JE,  n.  Money  paid  to  support  a 
barbican.  Bouvier. 

BAR  ' BIER§,  n.  (Med.)  An  East-Indian  term  for  a 
chronic  affection,  or  species  of  paralysis. — See 
Beriberi.  Hoblyn. 

BAR'  BI-TOM,  n.  [Gr.  fiapfiiTov  •,  L.  barbitos.] 
(Mus.)  An  ancient  instrument  somewhat  re- 
sembling a lyre.  Brande. 

BAR'BLE§,  n.  pi.  (Farriery.)  A disease  incident 
to  horses  and  cattle.  — See  Barbel.  Crabb. 

BAR'BO-TINE,  n.  [Fr.]  A kind  of  grain  ; worm- 
seed.  Crabb. 

BAR'  BU-LA,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  mosses.  Gray. 

BAIt'BULE,n.  [L.  dim.  of  barba,  a beard.]  (Bot.) 
A finely-divided,  beard-like  apex  to  the  peris- 
tome of  some  mosses.  Brande. 

BAR  'BUS,  n.  (Ich.)  A genus  of  fresh-water  fishes, 
including  the  barbel.  Cuvier. 

BAR'BUT,  n.  (Ich.)  A small  river  fish.  Crabb. 

BAR' CA-ROLLE,  n.  [Fr.,  from  It.  barcaruolo,  a 
boatman.]  The  boat-song  of  the  Venetian 
gondoliers.  Brande. 

BAR'CON,  n.  [It.  barcone.]  A luggage-vessel 
used  in  the  Mediterranean.  I Veale. 

BARD,  n.  [W.  bardd ; Gael.  § Ir.  bard.  — Ger. 
barde.  — L.  tardus ; It.  hard  ; Fr.  barde.] 

1.  A Celtic  minstrel  ; a poet. 

There  is  among  the  Irish  a kind  of  people  called  barcls, 
which  are  to  them  instead  of  poets,  whose  profession  is  to 
set  forth  the  praises  or  dispraises  of  men  in  their  poems  or 
rhyme.  Spenser. 

The  bard  who  first  adorned  our  native  tongue 
Tuned  to  his  British  lyre  this  ancient  song.  Dryden . 

2.  [It.  barda,  horse-armor.]  Trappings  for  a 
horse;  caparison. 

3.  A strip  of  bacon  used  in  larding.  Ash. 

BARD'BD,  p.  a.  Caparisoned.  Ilolinshed. 

BAR-DELLE  ',  n.  [Fr.]  A quilted  or  canvas  sad- 
dle. Crabb. 

BAR-DES'A-NISTS,  n.  pi.  (Eccl.  Hist.)  A sect 
of  Christians,  the  followers  of  Bardesanes,  who 
lived  in  the  second  century,  and  taught  that  not 
only  the  actions  of  men,  but  of  Goa,  were  sub- 
ject to  necessity.  Hook. 

BARD'IC,  a.  Relating  to  bards.  Warton. 

BARDJGLIOME  (bir-dil-yo'na),  n.  (Min.)  A blue 
variety  of  anhydrite.  Weale. 

BARD'ISH,  a.  Written  by  bards  ; bardic.  Selden. 

BARD'I^M,  n.  The  quality  of  a bard,  [it.]  Elton. 

BARD'LING,  n.  An  inferior  bard.  Cunningham. 

BARE,  a.  [A.  S.  abarian,  to  strip  off ; bar,  naked.] 

1.  Wanting  clothes  or  covering;  naked. 

"Whereas  thou  west  naked  and  bare.  Ezek.  xvi.  7. 

The  trees  are  bare  and  naked.  Spenser. 


2.  With  the  head  uncovered. 

The  lords  used  to  be  covered  whilst  the  commons  were 
bare.  Clarendon. 

3.  Unadorned  ; plain  ; simple.  “ Manners 

. . . bare  and  plain.”  Spenser. 

4.  Poor  ; indigent ; destitute. 

Bare  as  the  apostles  when  they  had  neither  staff  nor  scrip. 

Hooker. 

5.  Much  worn.  “ Bare  liveries.”  Shak. 

6.  Nothing  more  ; nothing  else ; this  or  that 
only ; mere. 

It  appears  by  their  bare  liveries  that  they  live  by  your  bare 
words.  Shak. 

And  that  which  thou  sowest,  thou  sowest  not  that  body 
that  shall  be,  but  bare  grain,  it  may  chance  of  wheat,  or  of 
some  other  grain.  1 Cor.  xv.  37. 

Under  bare  poles,  tile  condition  of  a ship  when  she 
has  no  sail  set.  Dana. 

Syn.  — Bare  ground  ; naked  fields  ; bare  head , bare 
foot;  naked  body;  uncovered  plants;  bare  recital; 
plain  statement ; simple  fact ; unadorned  narrative ; 
mere  circumstance;  — bare  subsistence;  poor  accom- 
modations; indigent  circumstances;  scanty  supply. 

BARE,  v.  a.  [i.  bared;  pp.  baring,  bared.] 
To  make  naked  or  bare  ; to  strip ; to  uncover. 

He  bareil  an  ancient  oak  of  all  her  boughs.  Dryden. 

f B ARE,  i.  from  bear ; — now  bore.  — See  Bear. 

BARE,  n.  (Sculp.)  The  part  of  an  image  or  statue 
which  represents  bare  flesh  ; the  nude.  Francis. 

BARE'BONE,  n.  A very  lean  person.  Shak. 

bAre'BONED  (bir'bond),  a.  Having  the  bones 
bare.  “ A bareboned  death.”  Shak. 

bArE'fAcED  (bdr'last),  a.  1.  Having  the  face 
bare.  “ You  will  play  barefaced.”  Shak. 

2.  Without  concealment.  “ The  animosities 

increased,  and  the  parties  appeared  barefaced 
against  each  other.”  Clarendon. 

3.  Shameless  ; bold  ; impudent.  “ Barefaced 
bawdry  is  the  poorest  pretence  to  wit.”  Dryden. 

bArE'FACED-LY  (hir'fast-le),  ad.  Shamelessly. 

bArE'FACED-NIJSS  (bir'fast-nes),  n.  Effrontery  ; 
shamelessness ; assurance.  Johnson. 

bArE'FOOT  (bir'fut),  a.  Having  the  feet  un- 
covered. “ Naked  and  barefoot.”  Is.  xx.  2. 

bARE'FOOT-ED  (bir'fut-ed),  a.  Without  shoes. 
“ He  . . . barefooted  came.”  Sidney. 

BAREGE  (ba-razh'),  n.  [Fr.]  A thin  woollen 
stuff,  not  twilled.  Stoice. 

bArE'GNAwN  (b&r'nawn), -a.  Eaten  bare.  Shak. 

bAre'hAnd-BD,  a.  With  the  hands  bar o.  Butler. 

bAre'HEAD-BD  (bir'hed-ed),  a.  Having  the 
head  bare  ; uncovered  out  of  respect.  Shak. 

bArE'HEAD-ED-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  bare- 
headed. Bp.  Hall. 

bArE'LEGGED  (bAr'legd),  a.  Having  the  legs 
bare.  “ Barefoot  and  barelegged.”  Burton. 

bAre'LY,  ad.  1.  Nakedly  ; poorly.  Huloet. 

2.  Without  any  thing  more  ; merely  ; only. 
“Barely  in  title,  not  in  revenue.”  Shak. 

bArE'NECKED  (bdr'nekt),  a.  Having  the  neck 
bare.  “ Where  they  go  barenecked.”  Ileivyt. 

bAre'NF.SS,  n.  1.  Nakedness.  “And  mock  ns 
with  our  bareness.”  Shak. 

2.  Leanness. 

For  their  bareness,  they  never  learned  that  of  me.  — No, 
. . . unless  you  call  three  fingers  on  the  ribs  bare.  Sha/c. 

3.  Poverty  ; destitution.  “ The  bareness  of 

the  primitive  church.”  South. 

4.  Want  of  appropriate  covering  or  ornament. 

Sap  checked  with  frost,  and  lusty  leaves  quite  gone, 

Beauty  o’ersnowed,  and  bareness  every  where.  Shak. 

bArE'PICKED  (bar'pikt),  p.  a.  Picked  to  the 
bone.  “ The  barepicked  bone  of  majesty.”S/t«A. 

BARE'— PUMP,  n.  A pump  for  drawing  liquor  out 
of  a cask,  or  other  receptacle.  Crabb. 

bAre'rIbbed  (bir'rlbd),  a.  Lean.  Shak. 

BARE'WORN,  a.  Worn  bare.  “The  bareworn 
common.”  Goldsmith. 

BAR'— FEE,  n.  (Law.)  A fee  of  twenty  pence  which 
English  prisoners,  acquitted  of  felony,  pay  to 
the  jailer.  Crabb. 

f BAR'FUL,  a.  Full  of  obstructions.  Shak. 


BAR'GAIN  (b’ir'gin),  n.  [See  Bargain,  v.] 

1.  Arrangement  of  terms  upon  which  one 
party  buys  and  another  sells  any  thing ; an 
agreement  respecting  the  transfer  of  property. 

He  rails, 

Even  there  where  merchants  most  do  congregate, 

On  me,  my  bargains , and  my  well-won  thrift.  Shak. 

2.  Any  agreement  or  stipulation. 

Casca.  I will  set  this  foot  of  mine  as  far 

As  who  goes  farthest. 

Cassio.  There ’s  a bargain  made.  Shak. 

3.  A purchase  made  on  favorable  terms. 

Oft  as  the  price-deciding  hammer  falls, 

He  notes  it  in  his  book,  then  raps  bis  box. 

Swears  ’tis  a bargain,  rails  at  his  hard  fate 

That  he  has  let  it  pass,  — but  never  bids.  Cowpcr. 

Into  the  bargain,  moreover  ; besides.  “ Site  lost  a 
thousand  pounds  and  her  bridegroom  into  the  bar- 
gain .”  Addison. — To  sell  bargains,  to  frame  replies 
by  obscene  innuendos.  [Low  and  obsolete.]  — Bar- 
gain and  sale,  (Law.)  the  transfer  of  property  from  one 
person  to  another  for  a valuable  consideration  ; the 
word  bargain  denoting  the  terms  of  tile  sale,  and  the 
word  sale  expressing  the  completion  of  the  bargain  by 
an  actual  transfer  of  the  property.  Burrill. 

Syn.  — See  Agreement.  , 

BAR'GAIN  (bar'gjn),  v.  n.  [Goth,  bairgan  ; A. 

S.  beorgan,  to  protect. — It.  bargagnare  ; Fr. 
barguigner,  to  higgle  ; Old  Fr.  bargagner,  or 
bargaigner,  to  negotiate.]  [i.  bargained  ; pp. 
bargaining,  bargained.]  To  make  a con- 
tract or  agreement,  particularly  in  respect  to 
the  purchase  or  sale  of  any  thing  ; to  contract ; 
to  agree. 

The  great  duke  may  bargain  for  the  republic  of  Lucca  by 
the  help  of  his  great  treasures.  Addison. 

Syn.  — See  Buy. 

BAR-GAIN-EE',  n.  (Law.)  One  who  accepts  a 
bargain; — opposed  to  bargainor.  “If  money 
be  paid  by  one  of  the  bargainees.”  Clayton. 

BAR'GAIN-£R,  n.  The  person  who  makes  a bar- 
gain with  another.  Huloet. 

BAR'GAIN-ING,  n.  The  act  of  making  bargains. 
“ The  . . . bargaining  of  the  market.”  A.  Smith. 

BAR-GAIN-OR',  n.  (Law.)  One  who  contracts 
with  another,  called  the  bargainee.  Whishaw. 

BAR9E,  n.  [Dut.  barg,  a bark. — It.  § Sp.  barca  ; 
Fr.  barge.] 

1.  A large  boat  for  pleasure  or  for  state  occa- 
sions. 

The  barge  she  sat  in,  like  a burnished  throne, 

Burnt  on  the  water.  Shak. 

2.  The  boat  used  by  the  commander  of  a ship 
of  war. 

"When  I had  taken  my  barge,  and  gone  ashore.  Raleigh. 

3.  A flat-bottomed  boat  for  burden.  Brande. 

Syn.  — See  Vessel. 

BAR^E'-BOARD,  n.  pi.  (Arch.)  One  of  the  in- 
clined boards  placed  at  the  gable  end  of  a build- 
ing, and  covering  the  ends  of  the  horizontal 
timbers  of  the  roof;  — called  also  more  properly 
verge-board.  Weale. 

BARGE'— COUP-LE,  n.  pi.  (Arch.)  One  beam 
mortised  into  another  to  strengthen  the  build- 
ing. Weale. 

BARGE'— COURSE,  n.  (Arch.)  That  part  of  the 
tiling  of  a roof  which  projects  over  the  gable 
end  of  a building.  P.  Cyc. 

BARGE'MAN,  n.;  pi.  baR(JE'm£n.  The  manager 
of  a barge.  Spenser. 

BARGE'-mAs-TJER,  n.  The  owner  of  a barge. 
“ Common  carrier  or  barge-master.”  Blackstone. 

f BAR'GBR,  n.  A manager  of  a barge  ; barge- 
man. “ The  London  bargers.”  Carcw. 

BAR'-GoWN,  n.  The  gown  of  a lawyer.  Butler. 

BA-R1L'  I*A,  n.  [Sp.  barrilla,  salt- wort  or  Sal- 
sola  soda.]  Loudon. 

( Chem .)  The  name  given  in  commerce  to 
the  impure  carbonate  of  soda  imported  from 
Spain  and  the  Levant.  It  is  made  by  burning 
certain  plants  that  grow  upon  the  sea-shore, 
especially  the  Salsola  soda,  to  ashes,  which  are 
fused  into  gray  porous  masses.  Brande. 

BAR'IL-LET,  n.  [Fr.]  The  barrel  of  a watch  ; 
the  funnel  of  a sucking-pump.  Crabb. 

BAR'— I-RON  (b&r'l-urn),  11.  Iron  in  bars;  long 
bars  of  iron  prepared  from  pig-iron,  by  puddling 
and  rolling,  so  as  to  be  malleable.  ’ lire. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 0,  O soft;  C,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  $ as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this.. 


BARITONE 


116 


B AROSE LENITE 


BAR'l-ToNE,  n.  & a.  See  Barytone. 

Bji-RIT' 0-J\rd,  n.  [It.]  (Mas.)  A low  pitch  of 
voice,  or  a tone  of  voice  ranging  between  the 
bass  and  tenor  ; barytone.  Crabb. 

BA'RI-UM,  n.  ( Chem .)  The  metallic  base  of 
baryta,  of  the  color  and  lustre  of  silver.  Brande. 

BARK,  n.  [Dan.  4 Sw.  bark  ; Ger.  barke.  — A.  S. 
beorgan , to  protect,  to  defend ; the  bark  of  a 
tree  being  its  defence.  Tooke.) 

1.  The  rind  on  the  trunk  and  branches  of  a 

tree.  “ The  barks  of  trees.”  Shak. 

2.  (Med.)  The  medicine  called  Peruvian 

bark,  or  cinchona.  Dunglison. 

BARK,  n.  [Dut.  bark  ; Ger.  barke  ; It.  4 Sp.  barca  ; 
Fr.  barque .] 

1.  Any  small  ship  or  boat.  Prior. 

2.  (Naut.)  A three-masted  vessel,  having  her 
fore  and  main  masts  rigged  like  a ship’s,  and 
her  mizzen  mast  like  the  mainmast  of  a schoon- 
er, with  no  sail  upon  it  but  a spanker.  Dana, 

BARK,  n.  The  noise  of  a dog.  “ With  howl  and 
bark  of  dogs.”  • Mir.  for  Mag. 

BARK,  V.  a.  [«.  BARKED  ; pp.  BARKING,  BARKED.] 

1.  To  strip  the  bark  from  ; to  peel. 

These  trees,  after  they  are  barked , are  tumbled  down  from 
the  mountains  into  the  stream.  Addison. 

2.  f To  enclose;  to  cover,  as  bark  does. 

And  a most  instant  tetter  barked  about 

All  my  smooth  body.  Shak. 

BARK,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  beorcan , to  bark.] 

1.  To  make  the  sharp,  explosive  sounds  which 
a dog  makes  when  he  threatens  or  pursues. 
“ And  neigh,  and  bark,  and  grunt.”  Shak. 

2.  To  pursue  with  clamorous  and  reproach- 
ful language ; to  insult. 

Vile  is  the  vengeance  on  the  ashes  cold, 

And  envy  base  to  bark  at  sleeping  fame.  Spenser. 

BARK'— BARED  (b'irk'bird),  a.  Stripped  of  the 
bark.  “ Excorticated  and  bark-bared  trees  . . . 
preserved  by  ...  a shoot.”  Mortimer. 

BARK'— BED,  n.  A hotbed  for  plants  formed  of 
tanners’  bark.  Booth. 

BARK'— BOUND,  p.  a.  Compressed  by  the  bark 
so  as  to  be  hindered  in  growth.  Farm.  Ency. 

BAR'KEEP-JJR,  n.  One  who  tends  the  bar  of  an 
inn,  or  other  place  of  public  resort.  Somerville. 

BARK'gR,  n.  1.  He  that  barks.  “Enemies  of 
my  fame,  . . . these  barkers.”  B.  Jonson. 

2.  A name  given,  in  London  and  other  large 
towns,  to  a person  stationed  at  the  door,  where 
auctions  of  inferior  goods  arc  held,  to  invite 
strangers  to  enter.  Ogilvie. 

BARK'JJR-Y,  n.  1.  A tan-house,  or  place  where 
bark  is  kept.  Booth. 

2.  [Low  L . bercarium  •,  Fr.  bcrgeric;  berger, 
a shepherd.]  A sheepcotc.  Wealc. 

BARK'-GAlLED  (-gawld),  a.  (Ilort.)  Having 
the  bark  galled,  as  with  thorns.  Ogilvie. 

BARK'ING,  p.  a.  Making  the  noise  of  a dog. 

BARK'ING,  71.  1.  The  noise  of  a dog.  Oldys. 

2.  Act  of  taking  off  the  bark.  Ash. 

BARK'ING— IRON^  (-I-iirnz),  n.  Instruments  for 
removing  the  bark  of  trees.  Farm.  Ency. 

BARK'LIJSS,  a.  Being  destitute  of  bark.  Drayton. 

BARK'— LOUSE,  n.  ; pi.  bark'-ljce.  ( Ent .)  A mi- 
nute insect  that  infests  the  bark  of  tr  ees.  Harris. 

BARK'MAN,  n.  One  who  belongs  to  a bark.  “The 
barkmen  leap  . . . into  the  sea.”  Hackluyt. 

BARK'— PIT,  n.  A tanpit,  or  pit  for  steeping  or 
tanning  leather.  Booth. 

BARK'— STOVE,  n.  A hothouse  containing  a bark- 
bed  for  forcing  plants.  Craig. 

BARK'Y,  a.  Consisting  of,  or  covered  with,  bark. 
“ The  barky  fingers  of  the  elm.”  Shak. 

BAR-LE'  RI-A,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  East-Indian 
plants.  p.  Cyc. 

BAR'LIJY  (bsr'le),  n.  [A.  S.  here,  barley  ; Celt. 
bara,  bread.]  A kind  of  grain  or  bread-corn 
extensively  used  in  making  malt,  from  which 
beer,  ale,  and  porter  are  distilled  ; Ilordeum. 

Pot  barley,  barley  of  which  the  outer  skin  or  husk 
has  been  removed. — Pearl  barley,  the  small  round 


kernel  which  remains  after  the  skin  and  a portion 
of  the  barley  have  been  ground  olf.  It  is  thus  re- 
duced in  order  to  free  it  from  ess.-ntial  oil.  P.  Cyc. 

BAR'LjpY— BIRD,  n.  A name  of  the  siskin also 
the  nightingale  and  greenfinch.  Pennant. 

BAR'LIJY-BREAK,  n.  A rural  sport  of  great  an- 
tiquity ; a dance  in  a ring,  &c.  Drayton. 

BAR' LEY— BROTH,  n.  Broth  made  of  barley  and 
cabbage  or  other  vegetables,  with  meat ; much 
eaten  in  Scotland: — a cant  expression  for 
strong  beer.  Shak. 

BAR'LpY— CAKE,  n.  Cake  made  of  barley.  Pope. 

BAR'LEY-CORN,  n.  1.  A kernel  of  barley  divest- 
ed of  its  husk,  forming  what  is  called  pot  bar- 
ley. 

2.  A third  part  of  an  inch.  Tickell. 

3.  Ale  or  beer.  [Local,  Eng.]  Ilalliwell. 

BAR'LEY-FE'VER,  n.  Illness  caused  by  intem- 
perance. [North  of  England.]  Brockett. 

BAR'LEY—  MEAL,  n.  Barley  ground  into  flour. 

BAR'LEY— MILL,  n.  A mill  for  making  pot  and 
pearl  barley.  Ogilvie. 

BAR'LEY— MOW,  n.  A place  where  reaped  bar- 
ley is  stowed  up.  Gay. 

BAR'LEY— SICK,  a.  Intoxicated.  [A  cant  ex- 
pression used  in  Scotland.]  Jamieson. 

BAR'LEY— SUG'AR  (bar'le-shug'ar),  n.  A solution 
of  sugar  boiled  to  the  consistence  of  candy  ; — 
formerly  with  a decoction  of  barley.  Todd. 

BAR'LEY— WA'TER,  n.  A decoction  of  pearl  bar- 
ley, a drink  very  mucilaginous,  much  used  by 
invalids.  Crabb. 

BARM,  n.  [A.  S .bcorma;  Ger .barme\  Sw.  ber- 

ma.)  A fermenting  substance;  foam  or  froth 
of  beer  or  other  fermenting  liquor,  used  as  a 
leaven  ; yeast.  Bacon. 

BAR'— MAID,  n.  A woman  who  tends  a bar.  “ He 
mistook  you  for  the  bar-maid.”  Goldsmith. 

BAR'— MAS-T^R,  n.  [Ger.  bergmeister ; berg, 
mountain,  and  meister,  master.]  A chief  of- 
ficer among  miners.  Taylor. 

BARM'KYN,  n.  (Fort.)  The  rampart  or  outer 
fortification  of  a castle.  Weale. 

BARM'Y,  a.  Containing  barm  ; yeasty. 

Of  windy  cider  and  of  barmy  beer.  Dryden. 

BARN,  n.  [A.  S.  berern,  bern,  a barn  ; berc,  barley, 
and  affix  cm,  signifying  place.]  A building  for 
containing  hay,  grain,  and  other  produce  of  a 
farm,  and  also  for  stabling  cattle.  Addison. 

The  granges  and  barns  were  all  void,  and  the  fodder 
6pent.  Berners. 

BARN,  v.  a.  To  lay  up  in  a barn.  Shak. 

BARN,  n.  [A.  S.  beam;  Icel.,  Sw.  4 Dan.  bam.) 
A child.  [Provincial  in  England.]  — See 
Baiiin.  “ To  see  her  and  her  barns.”  Brunne. 

BAR'NA-BEE,  n.  An  insect ; lady-bird.  Booth. 

BAR'NA-BlTE,  n.  One  of  a religious  order, 
taking  its  name  from  St.  Barnabas.  Buck. 

BAR'NA-CLE  (b’ir'nj-kl),  n.  [Fr.  barnacle.) 

1.  (Conch.)  A family  of  sedentary  crustaceans 
protected  by  hard  shell-like  valves.  Agassiz. 

2.  (Ornith.)  A species  of  wild  goose,  fabled 

to  grow  out  of  the  barnacle-shell,  which  was 
supposed  to  be  produced  from  trees  or  rotten 
timber;  bcrnicle-goose.  Pennant. 

3.  pi.  (Farriery.)  An  instrument  for  holding 

a horse  by  the  nose.  Farrier’s  Diet. 

BARN'— DOOR  (barn'dor),  n.  The  door  of  a barn. 
And  to  the  stack  or  the  barn-door 
Stoutly  struts  his  dames  before.  Milton. 

BARN'— DOOR,  «.  Living  about  a barn ; as,  “ Barn- 
door fowls,”  i.  e.  the  common  fowls.  Coleridge. 

BARN'FUL,  n.  As  much  as  a barn  will  hold. 

BARN'oWL,  n.  (Ornith.)  The  common  owl ; — so 
called  from  being  found  in  barns.  Yarrell. 

BARN'— YARD,  n.  A yard  about  a barn.  Booth. 

BA-RO'CO,  n.  (Logic.)  A term  used  to  express 
a syllogistic  mode  of  reasoning,  in  which  the 
first  proposition  is  a universal  affirmative,  and 
the  other  two  particular  negatives.  Craig. 


BAR'O-LITE,  n.  [Gr.  Pdpos,  weight,  and  kiOos,  a 
stone.]  (Min.)  A carbonate  of  baryta. 

BA-ROL'O-GY,  n-  [®r.  Papes,  weight,  and  k<Syos, 
discourse.]  The  science  of  weight,  or  of  the 
gravity  of  bodies.  Ogilvie. 

BAR-O-M  A-CROM'JJ-TJJR,  n.  [Gr.  (idm,  weight, 
yuicpdi,  length,  and  ytryov,  a measure.]  (Med.) 
An  instrument  for  measuring  the  length  and 
weight  of  a new-born  infant.  Dunglison. 

BA-ROM'S-TER,  n.  [Gr.  Pdooc,  weight,  and  phpovf 
a measure.]  A weather-glass  ; an  instrument 
for  measuring  the  weight  or  pressure  of  the  at- 
mosphere. Its  chief  use  is  to  indicate  the  prob- 
able changes  of  the  weather.  It  is  also  some- 
times used  to  obtain  an  approximate  determi- 
nation of  the  height  of  mountains,  since  the 
density  of  the  atmosphere  diminishes,  as  we 
ascend,  by  a constant  ratio. 

BAR-O-MP-TROG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  /b/pof,  weight, 
pi irpor,  a measure,  and  ypdifu),  to  describe.]  The 
science  which  relates  to  the  barometer,  and  the 
observations  made  with  it.  Ogihqe. 

BAR-O-MET  RIC,  ) a.  Relating  to  the  barorn- 

bAR-O-MET'RI-CAL,  $ eter.  Derham. 

BAR-O-MET'RI-CAL-LY,  ad.  By  means  of  a ba- 
rometer. P.  Cyc. 

BAR-O-MET'RO-GRAPH,  n.  [See  Barometrog- 
raphy.]  An  instrument  for  inscribing,  of  itself, 
upon  paper  the  variations  of  atmospheric  pres- 
sure. Ogilvie. 

BAR'  O-METZ,  n.  (Bot.)  A prostrate,  hairy  stem 
of  a fern.  It  is  a singular  production,  of  which 
many  fabulous  stories  are  told.  From  its  pro-, 
cumbent  position  and  shaggy  appearance  it  has 
been  called  the  Scythian  lamb.  Brande. 

BAR'ON,  n.  [L . vir,  a man  ; It .baronc;  Sp.  4 
Fr.  baron;  A.  S.  beorn,  a prince.] 

1.  A degree  of  nobility  next  to  a viscount 
above  and  a baronet  below,  being  the  lowest 
in  the  English  Llouse  of  Peers. 

2.  The  title  of  the  judges  of  the  English  ex- 
chequer. 

3.  (Law.)  A husband,  opposed  to  feme, 
woman,  or  wife. 

Barons  of  the  Cinque  Ports , members  of  Parliament 
of  the  five  seaport  towns,  Hastings,  Dover,  Hythe, 
Romney,  and  Sandwich,  and,  more  recently,  of  Rye 
and  Winchelsea  also,  upon  whom  was  imposed  the 
feudal  service  of  bearing  a canopy  over  the  head  of 
the  king  on  the  day  of  liis  coronation.  Crain. 

Baron  of  beef,  two  sirloins  of  beef  joined  together 
by  a part  of  the  backbone See  Sirloin. 

BAR'ON-A£E,M.  [Fr .baronnage.)  1.  The  body 
of  barons  ; the  peerage.  “ Charters  . . . hardly 
. . . gained  by  his  baronage  at  Staines.”  Hale. 

2.  The  dignity  of  a baron.  Johnson. 

3.  The  estate  which  gives  title  to  a baron. 

BAR'ON-ESS,  n.  A baron’s  wife.  Johnson. 

BAR'ON-ET,  n.  [Fr.  baronnet .]  The  next  title 
below  a baron,  and  above  a knight,  and  the 
lowest  which  is  hereditary  in  England  ; insti- 
tuted by  James  I.  in  1611.  Cowell. 

bAr'O-NET-AGE,  n.  The  state  of  a baronet;  the 
body  of  baronets.  Gent.  Mag. 

bAr'O-NET-CY,  n.  The  rank  of  baronet.  Booth. 

BA-RO'NI-AL,  a.  Relating  to  a baron  or  barony. 
“ Captives  . . . in  the  baronial  castles.”  Warton. 

BAR'O-NY,  71.  1.  The  lordship,  honor,  or  fee  of  a 
baron.  Coxcell. 

2.  A territorial  subdivision  in  Ireland,  which 
nearly  corresponds  with  the  hundred  in  Eng- 
land. Each  barony  is  supposed  to  have  been 
originally  the  district  of  a native  chief.  There 
are  in  all  252  baronies  in  Ireland.  Brande. 

BAr'O-SCOPE,  11.  [Gr.  Pdpos,  weight,  and  cKoiriai, 
to  examine.]  An  instrument  for  determining 
variations  in  the  weight  of  the  atmosphere ; a 
barometer  ; a weather-glass.  Brande. 

bAr-O-SCOP'IC,  ) 0.  Belonging  to  a baro- 

BAr-O-SCOP'I-CAL,  j scope.  Boyle. 

BAR-O-SEL'JJ-NITE,  71.  [Gr.  (hipo;,  weight,  and 
aekf/vq,  the  moon  ; — in  allusion  to  its  great  spe- 
cific gravity  and  pearly  lustre.]  (Min.)  A sul- 
phate of  baryta.  Cleaveland. 


A,  £,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  !,  6,  0,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


BAROUCHE 


117 


BARYTA 


BA-ROUCHE'  (ba-roslT),  n.  [Ger.  barutsche-,  L.  bi- 
rota,  a two-wheeled  vehicle  ; Low  L.  barrota.] 
A four-wheeled  open  carriage  with  a movable 
top.  W.  Cyc. 

BAR-OU-yHET',  n.  A light  barouche.  W.  Cyc. 

BAR'— POSTS,  ti.pl.  Posts  driven  into  the  ground 
to  form  the  sides  of  a field  gate.  Craig. 

BARQUE  (bark),  n.  [Fr.]  See  Bark.  Goldsmith. 

BAR'RA,  n.  A Portuguese  measure  of  length,  less 
than  a yard.  Hamilton. 

BAR'RA-CAN,  jt.  [Low  L .barracanus:  It . bara- 
cane ; Sp.  barragan.)  A thick  kind  of  camlet. 

bAr'RACK,  n.  [It.  baracca;  Sp.  barraca ; Fr. 
baraquei]  A building  to  lodge  soldiers  in  ; a 
cabin  ; a hut.  Blackstone. 

BAR'RACK— mAs'TIJR,  n.  The  superintendent 
of  soldiers’  lodgings.  Swift. 

BAR'RA-CLADE,  «.  A home-made  woollen  gar- 
ment without  a nap.  [Used  in  the  city  of  New’ 
York.]  Bartlett. 

BAR-RA-COON',  n.  [Sp.  barraca,  a barrack,  a 
cabin.] 

1.  A negro  barrack,  or  slave  depot;  a bazaar 

for  the  sale  of  negroes  in  Africa,  Cuba,  Bra- 
zil, &c.  Ogilvie. 

2.  An  enclosure  in  which  the  field-negroes  of 

Cuba  are  quartered  at  night.  Ogilvie. 

BAR-RA-CU'DA,  n.  ( Ich .)  A large  species  of 
pike,  inhabiting  the  YVest-Indian  seas.  Craig. 

BAR'RAGE,  n.  A linen  stuff  interwoven  with 
worsted  flowers.  Crabb. 

BAR'RAS,  n.  [Fr.]  The  resin  which  exudes  from 
wounds  made  in  the  bark  of  fir-trees.  Brande. 

BAR'RA-TOR,  n.  [Fr.  barateur,  a deceiver.] 
(Law.)  One  guilty  of  barratry. 

A barrator  is  a horse-leech,  that  only  sucks  the  corrupted 
blood  of  the  law.  Fuller. 

BAR'RA-TROUS,  a.  (Law.)  Having  the  character 
of  barratry  ; fraudulent.  Story. 

BAR'RA-TROUS-LY,  ad.  (Law.)  In  a barratrous 
manner  ; by  means  of  barratry.  Kent. 

BAR'RA-TR  V,  n.  [Low  L.  barataria  ; It.  barat- 
teria,  deceit ; Sp.  barateria,  baratar,  to  cheat  ; 
Old  Fr.  barat,  deceit.] 

1.  (Law.)  Foul  practice,  as  the  moving  and 

maintaining  of  suits  in  disturbance  of  the  peace, 
Ac.  — (Scotland.)  Bribery  in  a judge.  — (Rome.) 
The  obtaining  of  benefices.  Brande. 

2.  (Com.)  An  act  or  offence  of  the  master  of 

a ship,  or  of  the  mariners,  by  which  the  owners 
or  insurers  are  defrauded.  Burrill. 

BAR'RIJL,  n.  [L.  vara,  a defence  of  timbers  laid 
across,  a barrel  being  fortified  by  bars  or  hoops. 
Sullivan. — W.  baril-,  It.  barile-,  Sp.  barril; 
Old  Fr.  barril-,  Fr.  baril.  — See  Bar.] 

1.  A round  wooden  vessel  made  of  staves 
held  together  by  hoops.  It  is  of  greater  length 
than  width,  of  less  diameter  at  the  ends  than 
in  the  middle. 

2.  A particular  measure  of  capacity,  or  the 
quantity  contained  in  a barrel,  as  31j  gallons  of 
wine,  36  gallons  of  beer,  or  196  pounds  of  flour. 

3.  Any  thing  cylindrical  and  hollow.  “Take 

the  barrel  of  a long  gun.”  Digby. 

4.  (Mech.)  The  cylinder  about  which  any 
thing  is  wound;  as,  ‘‘The  barrel  of  a watch.” 

Barrel  organ,  an  organ,  a part  of  tin  machinery  of 
which  consists  of  a cylinder  moved  by  the  hand. 

BAR'RIJL,  v.  a.  To  put  into  a barrel.  “ Barrel 
up  earth  and  sow  some  seed  in  it.”  Bacon. 

BAR'REL-BEL'LIED  (-bcl'ljd),  a.  Having  a large 

belly.  Dryden. 

BAR'R^L— BULK,  n.  (Com.)  A measure  of  capaci- 
ty for  freight,  equal  to  five  cubic  feet.  Ogilvie. 

BAR'RJJL— DRAIN,  n.  A cylindrical  drain.  Ogilvie. 

BAR'RIJLLED  (bar'reld),  p.  a.  Having  a barrel  : — 
put  in  a barrel.  Ash. 

BAR'REN,  a.  [A.  S.  bar,  naked;  Old  Fr.  bre- 
haignei] 

1.  Incapable  of  bearing  offspring;  not  pro- 
lific ; — applied  to  animals  and  plants. 

There  shall  not  be  male  or  female  barren  among  you. 

DeuX.  vii.  14. 


2.  Unproductive  ; unfruitful  ; sterile. 

The  situation  of  this  city  is  pleasant;  but  the  water  is 
naught,  and  the  ground  barren.  2 Kings  ii.  19. 

3.  Not  copious;  scanty;  without  store  or 
supply;  as,  “A  book  barren  of  ideas  or  useful 
matter.”  “ Barren  of  accusations.”  Shah. 

4.  Uninventive  ; dull ; stupid.  “ Barren  ig- 
norance ; ” “ Barren  spectators.”  Shah. 

BAR'REN,  n. ; pi.  bXr'renij.  A tract  of  unpro- 
ductive land  : — a term  applied,  in  the  western 
parts  of  the  United  States,  to  tracts  of  land  of 
a mixed  character,  partly  prairies  and  partly 
covered  with  stunted  or  dwarfish  trees.  — The 
Pine  Barrens  of  the  Southern  States  are  lands 
covered  with  pine  timber.  • Flint. 

bAR'RJJN-FLOYV'jjRED,  a.  (Bot.)  Having  flowers 
without  fruit.  Smith. 

BAR'REN— I' VY,  n.  Creeping  ivy,  that  does  not 
flower.  Booth. 

B.\R'REN-LY,  ad.  With  barrenness;  unfruit- 
fully.  Shah. 

BAR'RIJN-NESS,  n.  1.  Want  of  ability  to  pro- 
duce offspring. 

I prayed  for  children,  and  thought  barrenness 

In  wedlock  a reproach.  Milton. 

2.  Unfruitfulness  ; sterility. 

Lands  have  divers  degrees  of  value,  through  the  diversity 
of  their  fertility  or  barrenness.  Bacon. 

3.  Lack  of  mental  resources.  “ Barrenness 

of  invention.”  Dryden. 

4.  Want  of  matter ; scantiness.  “ The  bar- 
renness of  so  poor  a cause.”  Hooker. 

5.  Insensibility  ; indifference. 

The  greatest  saints  sometimes  ore  fervent,  and  sometimes 
feel  a barrenness  of  devotion.  Taylor. 

bAr'RJSN-SPIR'IT-ED,  a.  Of  a poor  spirit.  Shah. 

BAR'RBN-YVORT  (bar'ren-vviirt),  n.  (Bot.)  An  herb 
of  the  barberry  family  ; Epimedium.  Gray. 

BAR-RI-CADE',  n.  [Fr.]  1.  An  obstruction 

formed  in  the  streets  of  a city,  so  as  to  block 
up  the  access  of  an  enemy  ; a fortification  has- 
tily made  of  trees,  earth,  &c.  Brande. 

2.  An  obstruction  ; a bar.  “ Such  a barri- 
cade as  would  greatly  annoy  or  absolutely  stop 
the  currents  of  the  atmosphere.”  Derham. 

BAR-RI-CADE',  V.  a.  [i.  BARRICADED  ; pp.  BAR- 
RICADING, BARRICADED.] 

1.  To  fortify  with  trees,  stones,  &c.,  as  the 
passage  in  a street. 

2.  To  stop  up  ; to  block  up. 

And  the  mixed  hurry  barricades  the  street.  Gay. 

BAr-RI-CA'DO,  n.  [Sp.  barricacla. ] A fortifica- 
tion.— See  Barricade.  Bacon. 

BAR-RI-CA'DO,  v.  a.  To  barricade.  “ He  had 
not  time  to  barricado  the  doors.”  Clarendon, 

BAR'RI-BR  (bar're-er)  [bar're-er,  IF.  P.J.  F.Ja. 
K.  Sm.  ; bir'yer,  S.  E.  — Pope,  in  one  instance, 
by  poetic  license,  pronounces  it  ba-rer' : see 
No.  4.],  n.  [It.  barriera ; Ft.  bar  fibre  J] 

1.  A piece  of  woodwork  intended  to  defend 

the  entrance  of  a passage  or  intrenchment ; a 
barricade.  Crabb. 

2.  A fortification  or  strong  place,  as  on  the 

frontiers  of  a country.  “ The  queen  having 
possession  of  the  barrier.”  Swift. 

3.  A stop  ; an  obstruction. 

You  are  building  a most  impassable  barrier  against  im- 
provement. Watts. 

4.  A boundary  ; a limit. 

How  instinct  varies  in  the  grovelling  swine. 

Compared,  half-reasoning  elephant,  with  thine! 

’Twixt  that  and  reason  what  a nice  barrierl 

For  ever  separate,  yet  for  ever  near.  Pope. 

BAR'RING— OUT,  n.  The  act  of  shutting  out  a 
person  from  a place  ; — a boyish  sport. 

Not  schoolboys  at  a barrinei-out 

Raised  ever  such  incessant  rout.  Swift. 

BAR  ' RIS,  n.  (Zoiil.)  A large  baboon  of  the 
Guinea  coast.  Brande. 

BAR'RIS-TJER,  n.  [Low  L.  barrasterivs ; barra, 
a bar.]  An  advocate  admitted  to  plead  at  the 
bar  in  the  English  courts  of  law  and  equity  ; an 
advocate  ; a counsellor  at  law.  Shelton. 

Syn.  — See  Lawyer. 

BAr'ROW,  n.  [A.  S.  bearoto  ; beran,  to  bear. — 
Low  L.  barrotum  ; Old  Fr.  barrot  or  berroette.] 
A kind  of  carriage  moved  by  the  hand.  Gay. 


bAr'ROVV,  n.  [A.  S.  beorh,  a heap.]  A hillock 
or  mound  of  earth.  Warton. 

BAR'ROW,  n.  [A.  S.  bearh,  a barrow-pig.]  A 
hog  ; — properly  a gelded  boar.  “ I say  ‘ gentle,’ 
though  this  barrow  grunt  at  the  word.”  Milton. 

bAr'RU-LET,  n.  (Her.)  The  fourth  part  of  a 
bar.  Crabb. 

bar'rit-ly,  i A fiel(1  divkled  bar_ 

BARRY,  $ ways,  that  is,  across  from  side 
to  side,  into  several  parts.  Crabb. 

BAR-SA'NI-AN§,  n.  pi.  (Eccl.  Hist.)  Heretics 
who  first  appeared  in  the  sixth  century  ; — called 
also  Semidulites.  Ilooh. 

B ARSE,  n.  [A.  S.  bars  ; Ger.  bars ; Dut.  baars.)  A 
name  for  the  common  perch.  — See  Bass. 

BAR'— SHOE,  n.  A horse-shoe  in  which  the  usual 
opening  at  the  heel  is  filled  by  a connecting  piece 
or  bar  of  iron  to  protect  the  frog.  Farm.  Ency. 

CAR'— SHOT,  n.  Two  half-bullets  joined  together 
by  a bar,  for  cutting  rigging,  masts,  &c. ; doubia- 
headed  shot.  Crabb. 

BAR'SOW-lTE,  n.  (Min.)  A massive  snow-white 
mineral  composed  chiefly  of  silica,  alumina,  and 
lime,  and  so  named  from  Barsowski,  where  it 
occurs.  Dana. 

BAR'TER,  v.  n.  [It.  baratare  ; Sp.  baratar ; Fr. 
barater,  to  exchange.]  [i.  bartered  ; pp.  bar- 
tering, bartered.]  To  traffic  by  exchanging 
one  commodity  for  another ; to  trade  by  ex- 
change of  goods  in  distinction  from  trading  by 
the  use  of  money. 

A man  lias  not  every  thing  growing  upon  his  soil,  and 
therefore  is  willing  to  barter  with  his  neighbor.  Collier. 

BAR'TJJR,  v.  a.  To  give  in  exchange;  — sometimes 
followed  by  away.  “ He  bartered  away  plums 
for  nuts.”  Locke. 

Syn.  — See  Change. 

BAR'TER,  it.  1.  The  act  of  trafficking  by  ex- 
change of  one  commodity  for  another ; ex- 
change. Bacon. 

2.  (Arith.)  A rule  by  which  the  values  of 
commodities  of  different  kinds  are  compared. 

BAR'Tf.R-ER,  n.  One  who  barters.  Wakefield. 

f BAR'TER- Y,  n.  Exchange  of  commodities; 
barter.  Camden. 

BARTH,  n.  A warm,  enclosed  place  for  calves, 
lambs,  &c.  [Provincial,  England.]  Farm.  Ency. 

BAR-THOL'O-MEW— TIDE  (bfU-tlioTo-nm-tld),  11. 
(St.  Bartholomew  and  A.  S.  lid,  time,  season.] 
The  term  near  St.  Bartholomew’s  day.  “ Like 
flies  at  Bartholomew-tkle,  blind.”  Shak. 

BAR-TI-ZAN',  n. 

(Arch.)  A small  pro- 
jecting turret  on  the 
top  of  a house,  castle, 

&c. ; a wooden  tower. 

Francis. 

f B AR'TON  (bar'tn),  n. 

(Law.)  The  demesne  lands  of  a manor  : — the 
manor-house  and  out-houses.  Iluloet. 

BAR'TRAM,  n.  A plant ; pellitory.  Boucher. 

B A' RUTH,  n.  An  East-Indian  measure  equal  to 
51  or  58  pounds  of  pepper.  Crabb. 

BAR'WOOD  (-wud),  n.  An  African  wood  used 
for  violin  hows,  ramrods,  &c. ; — used  also  as  a 
red  dye-wood.  Weale. 

BAr-Y-GLOS  ' ST-A,  n.  [Gr.  heavy',  and 

yhooea,  the  tongue.]  Heavy  or  difficult  articu- 
lation ; baryphonia.  Craig. 

bAr-Y-0 § 'J\IA,  n.  [Gr.  PupG  heavy,  iayrj,  smell.] 
A genus  of  plants  with  fetid  leaves.  Loudon. 

BAR-Y-PHO  JV ri-A,  n.  [Gr.  ft  apt;  and  i/»f,  voice.] 
Heaviness  or  difficulty  of  pronunciation.  Craig. 

BAR-Y-STR6N'TI-AN-ITE  (-stroll 'she-an-It),  n. 
(Min.)  A mineral  of  a grayish  color,  consisting 
chiefly  of  carbonate  of  strontia  and  sulphate  of 
baryta  ; — called  also  stromnite,  from  its  being 
found  at  Stromness  in  Orkney.  Craig. 

BA-RY'TA  [ba-rl't?,  K.  Sm.  R.  Brande-,  b&r'- 
c-tri,  Wb.~\,  n.  [Gr.  (JrepG,  heavy.]  (Min.)  An 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RtJLE.  — £,  <?,  g,  soft;  G,  G,  c,  f,  hard;  § as  z;  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


BARYTE 


118 


BASILIC 


oxide  of  barium ; a heavy  alkaline  earth,  of  a 
gray  color,  not  easily  fused,  poisonous,  and 
forming  white  salts  with  the  acids.  Brande. 

RA-RYTE'  [ba-rlt',  Sm.  It.;  ha-rl'te,  K.),n.  {Min.) 
Same  as  Baryta. 

BA-RY'TEiJ,  n.  [Gr.]  {Min.)  A heavy  simple 
earth  ; baryta.  — See  Baryta.  P.  Cyc. 

B.\-RYT'IC,  a.  Eclating  to  baryta.  Brande. 

BAR'Y-TINE,  n.  {Chcm.)  A vegetable  base  ob- 
tained from  V crate  urn  album,  or  white  helle- 
bore ; — so  named  from  its  resemblance,  when 
precipitated,  to  baryta.  Hoblyn. 

B A-RY'TO— CAL'CITE,  n.  [Gr.  (nous,  heavy,  and 
L.  calx]  lime.]  {Min.)  A mineral,  occurring 
both  massive  and  crystallized,  composed  ot  car- 
bonate of  baryta  and  carbonate  of  lime.  Brande. 

BA-RY'TO— CE-LES'TJXE,  n.  [Gr.  (lapis,  heavy, 
and  L.  ccclestis,  of  the  sky,  blue.]  {Min.)  A 
sulphate  of  strontian.  Dana. 

t BAR'Y-TON,  n.  {Mus.)  A stringed  instrument 
of  music  now  disused.  P.  Cyc. 

BAR'Y-TONE,  ft.  1.  (Mas.)  Noting  a low  pitch 
of  voice,  or  a grave,  deep  sound.  Moore. 

2.  {Gram.)  Applied  to  Greek  verbs  having 
no  accent  on  the  last  syllable,  which  is  therefore 
to  be  sounded  as  if  it  were  marked  with  the 
grave  accent.  Walker. 

BAR'Y-TONE,  il.  [Gr.  @a puroros ; fiupi's,  heavy, 
and’riii’of,  tone.] 

1.  {Mas.)  A male  voice,  whose  compass  is 
between  that  of  the  tenor  and  the  basso.  P.  Cyc. 

2.  {Greek  Prosody.)  A word  not  accented  on 

the  last  syllable,  and  of  which  the  last  syllable 
is  therefore  to  be  sounded  as  if  it  were  marked 
with  the  grave  accent.  Walker. 

BA'SAL,  a.  Belonging  to  the  base.  P.  Cyc. 

BA-SALT'  [bj-sllt',  Ja.  Sm.  R.  ; ba-salt',  K.  ; bri- 

zolt',  Wb.J,  n.  [L.  basaltcs,  a hard  stone  of 
Ethiopia.] 

1.  {Min.)  A volcanic  rock  consisting  of  the 

minerals  augite,  felspar,  and  oxide  of  iron,  oc- 
curring in  columnar  or  globular  masses,  as  at 
the  Giant’s  Causeway  and  Fingal’s  Cave  ; a va- 
riety of  trap  rock.  Brande. 

2.  A kind  of  black  porcelain  made  to  imitate 

natural  basalt.  Chambers. 

BA-SALT'^  [ba-sil'tjk,  Ja.  Sm.  B.  \ bj-sal'tjk,  K. 
Davis;  bj-zol'tjk,  H i.],  a.  Kelating  to,  or  like, 
basalt.  “ Genuine  basaltic  columns.”  Pennant. 

BA-SAL'TI-FORM,  a.  Having  the  form  of  basalt. 

BA-SAL'TINE,  n.  {Min.)  1.  Basaltic  hornblende. 

2.  A column  of  basalt.  Smart. 

BAS'A-NiTE,  n.  [Gr.  (Jicaros,  a touchstone.] 
(Min.)  A silicious  stone  or  flinty  jasper,  used 
to  determine  the  purity  of  the  precious  metals 
by  the  color  they  leave  upon  the  stone  when 
rubbed  upon  it ; — called  also  Lydian  stone  and 
touchstone.  Dana. 

BAS-CUEVALIER'  (bl'shev-a-ler'),  n.  [Fr.,  low 
knight .]  A knight  inferior  to  a knight-ban- 
neret. ‘ Smart. 

BAs'CI-NET,  n.  A light,  basin-shaped  helmet, 
worn  in  England  in  the  14th  century;  — written 
also  basinet  and  basnet.  Brande. 

BAs'CULE,n.  [Fr.]  1.  A counterpoise,  or  lever, 
serving  to  lift  up  a draw-bridge.  Stocqueler. 

2.  A swing-gate.  — See  Baccle. 

BASE,  a.  [Gr.  foundation  ; Low  L.  bassus ; 
It.  basso  ; Sp.  baxo  ; Fr.  has.) 

1.  + Low  in  position  ; — applied  to  things. 

By  that  same  hole  an  entrance,  dark  and  base.  Spenser. 

2.  Low  in  birth ; without  dignity  of  rank. 

“ Peasants  and  baser  people.”  Spenser. 

3.  Born  out  of  wedlock  ; illegitimate.  “ Why 

bastard  ? wherefore  base  ? " Shak. 

4.  Of  mean  spirit ; without  dignity  of  senti- 

ment ; vile  ; contemptible.  “ I ’ll  ne’er  bear  a 
base  mind.”  Shak. 

If  you  call  a man  ungrateful,  you  have  called  him  every 
thing  that  is  base.  Beattie. 

5.  Of  little  or  inferior  value;  — applied  par- 
ticularly to  the  metals  as  compared  with  gold  or 
silver.  “Gold  without  any  alloy  or  baser  metal.” 
Watts.  “ Gold,  silver,  and  base  lead.”  Shak. 


6.  Deep  ; grave  ; — applied  to  sounds.  — See 
Bass.  “ Neither  loud  nor  base.”  Grafton. 

I have  sounded  the  very  t.use  string  of  humility.  Shak. 

Base  estate,  ( Law .)  that  estate  which  base  tenants 
have  in  their  land.  Cowell. 

Syn.  — What  is  base  excites  abhorrence  ; what  is 
vile  provokes  disgust;  what  is  mean  awakens  con- 
tempt. Base  ingratitude  ; dishonorable  conduct  ; vile 
flattery;  mean  compliances;  worthless  tiling;  dis- 
graceful proceeding ; wicked  action.  — See  Contempt- 
ible, Abject. 

BASE,  n.  [Gr.  (Liatc , foundation,  step  ; (Saivw,  to 
walk;  L.  basis;  It.  basa,  base;  Sp.  basa;  Fr. 
base.) 

1.  The  foundation  of  any  thing  ; basis. 

The  dreadful  summit  of  the  cliff 
That  beetles  o’er  his  base  into  the  sea.  Shak. 

2.  The  pedestal  of  a statue,  pillar,  or  column. 

Men  of  weak  abilities  in  great  place  are  like  little  statues 

set  on  great  bases,  made  the  less  by  their  advancement. 

Bacon. 

3.  fThat  part  of  any  ornament  that  hangs 

down,  as  housings.  “ Having  his  bases  and 
caparison  embroidered.”  Sidney. 

4.  f/jf.  A kind  of  military  vestment.  “ With 
gauntlet  blue  and  bases  white.”  Hudibras. 

5.  + The  place  from  which  racers  or  tilters 
run  ; a starting-post. 

He  said;  to  their  appointed  base  they  went.  Dryden. 

6.  f An  old  rustic  play;  — called  also  bays 
and  prison-bars. 

He  with  two  striplings  (lads  more  like  to  run 

The  country  base  than  to  commit  such  slaughter) 

Made  good  the  passage.  Shak. 

7.  {Chem.)  A term  applied  to  leading  con- 

stituents, for  the  most  part  electro-positive,  of 
many  chemical  compounds,  as  alkalies,  earths, 
metallic  oxides,  metals,  &c.  Thus  sodium  is 
the  base  of  chloride  of  sodium  or  common  salt ; 
oxide  of  zinc  is  the  base  of  sulphate  of  zinc, 
or  white  vitriol.  Graham. 

8.  (Math.)  The  lowest  side  of  any  figure,  as 

of  a triangle,  cone,  &c.  Davies. 

9.  {Mus.)  The  lowest  part  in  a concert, 
whether  vocal  or  instrumental  ; the  string  that 
gives  a base  sound.  — See  Bass. 

The  trebles  squeak  for  fear,  the  bases  roar.  Dryden. 

10.  {Dyeing.)  A mordant  or  substance  that 

has  an  affinity  for  both  the  cloth  and  the  color- 
ing matter.  Ure. 

11.  {Mil.)  A tract  of  country,  protected  by 

fortifications,  from  which  the  operations  of  an 
army  proceed.  Crabb. 

12.  {Fort.)  The  outer  side  of  the  polygon,  or 
the  imaginary  line  drawn  from  the  flanked  angle 
of  a bastion  to  the  angle  opposite.  Buchanan. 

13.  {Surveying.)  A line  measured  with  great 
exactness  on  the  surface  of  the  earth,  and  as- 
sumed as  an  origin  from  which;  by  a series  of 
triangles,  the  angular  and  linear  distances  of 
remote  objects  may  be  determined.  Somerville. 

14.  (Bot.  & Conch.)  That  part  which  is  op- 

posed to  the  apex;  as,  “The  base  of  a leaf”; 
“ The  base  of  a shell.”  Ogilvie. 

Syn.  — See  Foundation. 

BASE,  v.  a.  [Fr.  baser.)  \i.  rased  ; pp.  basing, 
rased.]  To  place  on  a basis;  to  lay  the  base 
or  foundation  of ; to  found.  Bp.  Blomfield. 

A Latin-English  Dictionary,  baaed  upon  the  works  of  For- 
cellini  and  Freund.  If'.  Smith. 

Its  demands  were  baaed  on  the  foundation  of  right.  Ed.  Rev. 

If  the  facts  were  so,  it  confirms  a theorv  as  to  the  descent 
of  genius  in  the  maternal  line,  which  has  been  baaed  on  the 
examples  of  Schiller,  Goethe,  the  Schlegels,  Curran, Canning, 
and  Lord  Brougham.  Ed.  Rev. 

Accurate  definitions  . . . baaed  upon  etymology.  Qu.  Rev. 

f BASE,  v.  a.  To  degrade;  to  abase;  to  lower. 
“ They  could  not  once  base  their  pikes.”  North. 

BASE'— BORN,  a.  Of  illegitimate  or  low  birth. 

But  see  thy  base-boni  child,  thy  babe  of  shame.  Gay. 

BASE'— COURT  (bas'kort),  n.  [Fr.  basse-rovr.) 

1.  f Back-yard  ; a court-yard.  Britton. 

2.  [ base  and  court.)  (Law.)  An  inferior 

court  that  is  not  of  record,  as  a court-baron, 
eourt-leet,  &e.  Whishaw. 

BASED,/),  a.  Clothed.  “ Based  in  ...  ye\vet.”Hall. 

BASE'L^SS,  a.  Without  foundation.  Shak. 

BASE'— LINE, n.  1.  {Persp.)  The  common  section 
of  a picture  and  the  geometrical  plane.  Hutton. 

2.  {Surveying.)  A base.  — See  Base,  No.  13. 

3.  (Mil.)  A line,  as  of  frontier  or  of  forts,  from 
which  military  operations  advance.  Burn. 


BA-SF.L 'LA,  n.  [Malabar.]  {Bot.)  A genus  of 
East-Indian  plants  cultivated  instead  of  spin- 
ach; Malabar  nightshade.  Loudon. 

BASE'LY,  ad.  In  a base  or  unworthy  manner; 
disgracefully ; dishonorably.  Shak. 

BASE'MIJN'T,  n.  (Arch.)  The  lowest  story  of  a 
building,  or  that  which  supports  the  main  order 
of  architecture  ; a story  of  a house  below,  or 
partly  below,  the  level  of  the  street,  or  ground ; 
the  ground  floor.  ■ Weale. 

BASE'— MIND'JJD,  a.  Mean-spirited.  Camden. 

BASE'— MIND'f.D-NESS,  n.  Meanness  of  spirit. 
“A  timorous  base-mindedness.”  Sandys. 

BASE'— MOULD'lNGip,  n.  (Arch.)  Projecting 

mouldings  placed  above  the  plinth.  Ogilvie. 

BASE'NpSS,  n.  1.  Meanness;  vileness. 

Your  soul’s  above  the  baaciteas  of  distrust.  Dryden. 

2.  State  of  being  base,  or  of  inferior  value. 

“ Baseness  of  metal.”  Swift. 

3.  Illegitimacy  of  birth  ; bastardy.  Shak. 

4.  Deepness  of  sound.  “The  baseness  or 

trebleness  of  tones.”  Bacon. 

Syn.  — See  Abasement. 

BASE'— PLATE,  n.  The  foundation  plate  of  a 
steam-engine.  Weale. 

bAsE'-SPIr'IT-FD,  a.  Having  a base  spirit; 
base-minded  ; low ; vile.  Baxter. 

BASE'-STRlNG,  n.  The  string  that  gives  the 
lowest  note.  Shak. 

BAse'-VI'OL,  n.  See  Bass-viol.  Addison. 

j-BASH,  v.  n.  [See  Abash.]  To  be  ashamed. 
“ They  bash  not  to  defile.”  Bale. 

BA-SHAw',  n.  A title  of  honor  among  the 
Moors ; a viceroy.  — See  Pacha. 

BASH'FUL,  a.  Apt  to  lose  self-possession  in  the 
presence  of  strangers ; wanting  confidence ; 
shy  ; coy  ; timid. 

And  baab/ul  in  his  first  attempt  to  write.  Addiaon. 

Syn.  — See  Basiifulness. 

BASH'FUL-LY,  ad.  Self-distrustfully  ; timorous- 
ly ; in  a coy  or  shy  manner.  , Davenant. 

bAsh'FUL-NESS,  n.  Want  of  self-possession  or 
confidence  ; rustic  shyness. 

There  are  two  distinct  sorts  of  what  we  call  bashfulness: 
this,  the  awkwardness  of  a booby,  which  a few  steps  into  the 
world  will  convert  into  the  pertness  of  a coxcomb;  that,  a 
consciousness  which  the  most  delicate  feelings  produce,  and 
tile  most  extensive  knowledge  cannot  always  remove. 

Mackenzie. 

Mere  bash  fulness,  without  merit,  is  awkward;  and  merit, 
without  modesty,  insolent.  Hughes. 

Syn.  — Basiifulness,  shyness,  and  diffidence  all  im- 
ply fear  of  blame  or  disapprobation.  Diffidence  implies 
a distrust  of  one’s  own  powers  for  the  performance 
of  some  duty  or  act ; basiifulness,  awkwardness  ; shy- 
ness, more  or  less  of  affected  reserve.  Diffident  or 
distrustful  of  one’s  self;  bashful  when  spoken  to; 
shy  of  company. 

BASH'LESS,  a.  Shameless,  [r.]  Mason. 

f BASH'MENT,  n.  Abashment.  “As  I stood  in 
this  bashment.”  Goicer. 

BA'SIC,  a.  (Chem.)  1.  Pertaining  to  a base,  or 
serving  as  a base.  Craig. 

2.  Noting  salts  having  more  than  one  equiva- 
lent of  base  for  each  equivalent  of  acid.  Kane. 

BA'SI-Fl-ljlR,  n.  (Chem.)  That  which  conxerts 
into  a salifiable  base.  Craig. 

BA'SI-FY,  v.a.  (Chem.)  To  convert  into  a sali- 
fiable base.  Craig. 

BA^'IL  (baz'jl),  n.  1.  The  angle  to  which  the  edge 
of  a tool  is  ground.  Moxon. 

2.  [Gr.  ffaaikixis,  royal;  Fr.  basilic.)  (Bot.) 

A genus  of  aromatic  plants,  whose  leaves  are 
used  as  a condiment ; Ocymum.  Loudon. 

3.  The  skin  of  a sheep  tanned  ; basil-leather  ; 

bawsin.  Farm.  Ency. 

BAij'IL,  v.  a.  To  grind  to  a proper  slope  or  an- 
gle. “ Chisels  . . . are  basiled  away.”  Moxon. 

BAS  I-LAR,  ) ri.  [L.  basis;  Low  L.  basilaris; 

BAS'I-LA-RY,  $ Gr.  jlaaif,  foundation.]  (Anat.) 
Belonging  to  the  base  ; chief ; principal ; — 
noting  an  artery  of  the  brain.  Dunglison. 

BA-^lL'IC,  n.  [Fr.  basilique.)  A large  hall;  a 
basilica.  — See  Basilica.  Johnson. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  tr,  Y,  short;  A,  ?,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR  I1ER; 


BASILIC 


BASTE 


119 


BA-^IL'IC,  > a [Gr.  fiamhicis,  royal.]  1. 

BA-slL'I-CAL,  ^ (Anat.)  Chief;  principal;  — ap- 
plied by  the  ancients  to  parts  which  they  con- 
ceived to  be  important  in  the  animal  economy  ; 
as,  “ The  basilic  vein  of  the  arm.”  Dunglison. 

2.  ( Med .)  A term  applied  to  ointments,  &c., 
supposed  to  be  of  great  virtue.  Dunglison. 

BA-flL  'J-CA,  n. ; pi.  BA-flD r-CA.y.  [Gr.  (Samhicfi, 
a royal  mansion  ; L.  basilica..]  1.  (Gr.  & 
Rom.  Arch.)  A regal  or  large  hall  for  public 
business.  Brande. 

2.  (Mod.  Arch.)  A magnificent  church,  built 

after  the  plan  of  the  ancient  basilica  which 
was  used  for  secular  purposes.  Brande. 

3.  [ Basil  I.,  Emperor  of  Constantinople.] 

A digest  of  the  laws  of  Justinian,  translated 
from  the  original  Latin  into  Greek,  by  order  of 
Basil  I.,  in  the  ninth  century.  P.  Cyc. 

BA-flL' I-COJV,  n.  [Gr.  Pamkixus,  royal.]  (Med.) 
An  ointment  of  great  virtue,  composed  of  yellow 
wax,  black  pitch,  and  resin,  of  each  one  part, 
and  of  olive  oil.  Quincy. 

BAS-l-Lln'  I-ajvs,  n.  pi.  (Eccl.  Hist.)  A sort 
of  heretics,  Followers  of  Basilides,  chief  of  the 
Egyptian  gnostics.  Hook. 

BA.^'I-LISK,  n.  [Gr.  0aai/.iiJKos  ; (iamlibs,  a king; 
L.  basiliscus.] 

1.  A fabulous  serpent,  so  named,  according 

to  Pliny,  from  a white  spot  upon  its  head 
which  resembled  a crown  ; and  from  a mod- 
ern fiction  that  it  sprang  from  a cock’s  egg  it 
was  called  also  cockatrice.  P.  Cyc. 

2.  (Zo'.'jI.)  A genus  of  reptiles  belonging  to 
the  Iguanian  family,  and  distinguished  by  an 
elevated  fin  or  crest  along  the  back.  Brande. 

3.  (Mil.)  A large  species  of  ordnance,  so 
named  from  its  supposed  resemblance  in  deadly 
effect  to  the  serpent  of  that  name.  Buchanan. 

BAS-I-LO-SAU' RUS,  n.  [Gr.  fiaml.U a king,  and 
aat'pos,  a lizard.]  (Pal.)  A large  fossil  mammal 
related  to  the  whale.  Pictet. 

BAS'IL— WEED,  n.  (Bot.)  Wild  basil;  a plant  of 
the  genus  Clinopodium  or  Calamintha.  Gray. 

BA'SIN  (ba'sn),  n.  [It.  bacino  ; Fr.  bassin.] 

1.  A small  vessel,  hollowed  out  circularly,  to 
hold  water  or  other  liquid. 

Let  one  attend  him  with  a silver  basin 
F nil  of  rose-water.  Shale. 

2.  A pond;  a bay;  any  enclosed  place  capa- 
ble of  holding  water,  as  a dock  for  ships. 

The  jutting  land  two  ample  bays  divides; 

The  spacious  basins  arching  rocks  enclose, 

A sure  defence  from  every  storm  that  blows.  Pope. 

3.  (Anat.)  A round  cavity  in  the  form  of  a 

tunnel  between  the  anterior  ventricles  of  the 
brain.  Johnson. 

4.  (Arts  & Mail.)  A dish  used  by  glass- 

makers  in  forming  convex  glasses:  — an  iron 
mould  used  by  hatters  : — the  scale  of  a bal- 
ance. Johnson. 

5.  (Phys.  Geog.)  The  portion  of  a country 
drained  by  a river  and  its  tributaries.  Brande. 

6.  (Geol.)  A depression  of  strata  in  which 

accumulations  of  more  modern  date  are  depos- 
ited. “ The  Parisian  basin."  “ The  London 
basin.”  Brande. 

liSP  Sometimes  written  bason-,  but  this  spelling  is 
less  authorized. 

BA'SINED  (ba'snd),  a.  Enclosed  in  a basin. 

Thy  basined  rivers  and  imprisoned  seas.  Young: 

BAS'I-NET,  n.  See  Bascinet. 

BA 'SIN-SHAPED  (ba'sn-slrapt),  a.  Having  the 
form  of  a basin.  P.  Cyc. 

BA'SIS,  n.\  pi.  ba'ses.  [Gr.  Pams,  step,  founda- 
tion ; jS'i hit),  to  go,  to  walk  ; L.  basis  ; It.  Sp. 
basa  ; F r.  base.  — SeeBASE.] 

1.  A base ; a foundation  ; that  on  which  any 
thing  is  raised. 

In  altar  wise  a stately  pile  they  rear; 

The  basis  broad  below,  and  top  advanced  in  air.  Dryden. 

2.  The  pedestal  of  a column. 

Observing  an  English  inscription  upon  the  basis,  we  read 
it  over  several  times.  Addison. 

3.  Groundwork  ; first  principle. 

Build  me  thy  fortune  upon  the  basis  of  valor.  Shak. 

4.  (Pros.)  The  smallest  trochaic  rhythm. 

5.  (Chon.)  Abase.  — SeeBASE. 


6.  (Med.)  The  principal  ingredient  in  a com- 
position. Dunglison. 

Syn.  — See  Foundation. 

BA-SlS'O-LUTE,  a.  [L.  basis,  base,  and  solvo, 
solutus,  to  loosen.]  (Bot.)  Prolonged  at  the 
base,  as  some  leaves.  Brande. 

BASK,  v.  a.  [Perhaps  Dut.  bakeren,  to  swathe  an 
infant  before  the  fire  or  in  the  sun.  Skinner.] 
[».  BASKED  ; pp.  BASKING,  BASKED.]  To  Warm 
by  laying  out  in  the  sun  or  in  heat. 

And,  stretched  out  all  the  chimney’s  length, 

Basks  at  the  fire  his  hairy  strength.  Milton. 

bAsk,  v.  n.  To  lie  in  the  sun  or  in  warmth. 

Some  in  the  fields  of  purest  ether  play, 

And  bask  and  whiten  in  the  blaze  of  day.  Pope. 

bAs'KF.T,  n.  [L.  bascauda.  — Welsh,  basged.] 

1.  A vessel  made  of  twigs,  rushes,  or  other 
flexible  materials  interwoven. 

And  bending  osiers  into  baskets  weaved.  Dryden. 

2.  The  quantity  of  any  thing  contained  in  a 
full  basket ; as,  “ A basket  of  peaches.” 

3.  (Arch.)  Part  of  the  Corinthian  capital.  — 

See  Acanthus.  Brande. 

4.  (Mil.)  A cylindrical  frame  of  wicker-work, 
bottomless,  filled  with  sand,  and  used  as  a de- 
fence against  small  shot;  a gabion.  Campbell. 

bAs'KJJT,  v.  a.  To  put  in  a basket.  Cowper. 

bAs'K^T— HILT,  n.  A hilt  of  a weapon,  so  made 
as  to  cover  the  whole  hand. 

With  basket-hilt  that  would  hold  broth, 

And  serve  for  fight  and  dinner  both.  Hudibras. 

bAs'K£T-HILT'ED,  a.  Having  a basket-hilt. 

BAs'Kf.T— WO'MAN  (-wum'an),  n.  A woman 
who  plies  at  markets  with  a basket.  Johnson. 

bAsK'ING— SHARK,  n.  A species  of  Squalus  or 
shark  ; the  largest  of  the  shark  tribe  ; the  sun- 
fish  of  the  Irish  ; — so  named  from  the  fact 
that  it  lies  much  on  the  surface  of  the  water, 
basking  in  the  sun.  Crabb. 

f BAS'LARD,  n.  A short  dagger  hung  in  front  of 
the  girdle,  in  the  fifteenth  century.  It  had  an 
ornamental  sheath,  and  was  considered  a mark 
of  gentility.  — Written  also  baselard.  Fairholt. 

BASQUE  (bask),  a.  [Fr.]  Relating  to  Biscay,  or  to 
the  language  of  the  natives  of  Biscay.  Bosworth. 

BAS'QUISII  (b&s'kjsli),  a.  Basque.  Browne. 

BASS  (bis),  n.  [A.  S.  beers,  a perch  ; Ger.  Jars.] 
(Ich.)  A name  applied  to  various  marine  and 
fresh-water  fishes  more  or  less  allied  to  the 
perch.  Gray. 

BASS,  n.  [A.  S.  beest,  the  bark  of  the  lime  tree  ; 
Dut.  <S|  Ger.  bast.] 

1.  An  American  tree  of  the  genus  Tilia,  re- 
sembling the  English  lime;  basswood.  Ency. 

2.  The  bark  of  the  bass  or  lime,  used  for 

mats,  &c. ; — called  also  bast.  Todd. 

-[BASS,  v.  a.  [It.  basso,  low.  — See  Base.]  To 
sound  in  a deep  tone.  • Shah. 

BASS , a.  (Mus.)  Low;  deep;  base.  Johnson. 

BASS,  n.  (Mus.)  The  lowest  part  of  harmony ; 
or  the  lowest  or  deepest  part  of  the  composi- 
tion, which  is  regarded  as  the  foundation  of  the 
harmony  ; — written  also  base.  Brande. 

BAS'SA,  n.  See  Basiiaw.  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

BAS'SpT,  n.  (Geol.)  The  emergence  at  the  sur- 
face of  mineral  strata  from  beneath  each  other; 
an  out-cropping  of  strata;  basseting.  I/yell. 

BAs'SJJT,  v.  n.  (Geol.)  To  incline  upwards  so 
as  to  appear  at  the  surface,  as  the  strata  of  a 
coal  mine ; to  crop  out.  Smart. 

BAS'SET,  n.  [Fr.  bassette.]  A game  at  cards. 
“ An  assembly  for  basset.’  Addison. 

BAS'SET— HORN,  n.  A musical  wind  instrument, 
being  a sort  of  enlarged  clarinet.  Buchanan. 

BAS'SET-ING,  a.  (Geol.)  Slanting  upward  to  the 
surface  ; cropping  out.  Humble. 

BAS'SIyT-ING,  n.  (Geol.)  Out-crop.  Hitchcock. 

BAS-SETTE',  n.  [Fr.]  1.  A game  at  cards; 

basset.  Addison. 

2.  (Mus.)  A small  bass  viol.  Brande. 

BASS'— HORN,  n.  A modification  of  the  bassoon, 
much  lower  and  deeper  in  its  tones.  Buchanan. 


BAS'SI-A,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  tall  tropical 
trees,  the  different  species  of  which  yield  a 
kind  of  thick  oil  like  butter,  used  for  food 
lamps,  and  soap-making;  and, by  distillation,  a 
kind  of  arrack  called  mowra.  Lindley. 

BAS'SI-NET,  n.  [Fr.]  A kind  of  wicker  basket 
with  a hood,  for  a young  infant.  W.  Ency. 

BAS'SOCK,  n.  A mat.  See  Bass.  Johnson. 

BAS-SOON',  n.  [Fr.  basson.]  (Mus.)  A reed  wind 
instrument  of  wood,  serving  as  the  proper  bass 
to  the  oboe  and  clarinet ; fugetto.  Brande. 

BAS-SOON'IST,  n.  One  who  performs  on  the 
bassoon.  Craig. 

BAS'Sb—RI-LJ-E'Vb  (rO-le-a'vo),  il.  See  Bass- 

relief.  Fairholt. 

BAS-SO'RINE  [bjs-so'rin,  Brande,  Cl.  ; bas'so-rln, 
Sm.  Wb.],  n.  A constituent  part  of  certain 
gum  resins,  originally  discovered  by  Vauquelin 
in  the  gum  from  Bassora.  Brande. 

BASS— RJJ-LIEF'  (bas-re-lef')  [bas-re-lef',  S.  W.  P. 
J.  F.  Jci.  K.  Sm.  R.  ; bas-re-15f',  ITS.],  n.  [It. 
basso-rilievo,  low  embossed  work  or  relief;  Fr. 
bas-relief.]  A species  of  low  sculpture,  the  fig- 
ures of  which  do  not  stand  out  far  from  the 
ground.  Gray. 

BASS'— Vi'OL,  n.  A musical  stringed  instrument 
with  four  strings  ; a violoncello.  Crabb. 

BASS'WOOD  (-wud),  n.  (Bot  ) A tree  of  the 
genus  Tilia,  or  linden  ; — especially  the  Tilia 
Americana.  Gray. 

BAST,  n.  [Ger.  bast,  inner  bark.]  Inner  bark 
of  the  lime  or  linden  tree,  used  for  cordage  and 
mats;  bass.  McCulloch. 

BAS'TA.  [It.]  (Mus.)  Enough!  stop!  — an  ex- 
pression used  by  the  leader  of  a band.  Crabb. 

bAs'TARI),  ii.  [W.  basdardd.  — Ger.  bastard.  — 
It.  Sp.  bastardo  ; Fr.  beiturd.] 

1.  A child  born  out  of  wedlock  ; an  illegiti- 
mate child. 

A bastard,  by  our  English  laws,  is  one  that  is  not  only  be- 
gotten, but  born,  out  of  lawful  matrimony.  Blackstonc. 

2.  A kind  of  sweet  wine. 

Then  your  brown  bastard  is  your  only  drink.  Shat-. 

3.  (Sugar  Refining.)  A large  loaf  of  inferior 

brown  sugar  made  of  the  lowest  sirup,  or  sirup 
which  has  previously  yielded  sugar  by  two  or 
more  boilings.  Brande. 

BAs'TARD,  a.  1.  Born  out  of  wedlock  ; illegiti- 
mate. “ Bastard  children.”  Shah. 

2.  Not  genuine;  spurious;  false.  “Such 
bastard  honors  as  attend  them.”  Temple. 

Bastard  stucco,  a coarse  kind  of  plastering.  — Bas- 
tard winy,  three  or  five  quill-like  feathers  at  a small 
joint  at  tile  middle  of  the  wing.  — Bastard  sugar, 
Sugar  Refining.)  inferior  brown  sugar,  made  of  sirup 
rom  which  sugar  lias  been  previously  extracted  by 
repeated  boilings.  Brande. 

f bAs'TARD,  v.  a.  To  make  illegitimate  ; to  bas- 
tardize. “ To  bastard  our  children.”  Burnet. 

BAs'TARD— AL'KA-NET,  n.  A plant  yielding  a 
deep-red  dye  ; Lithospennum  arvense.  Loudon. 

bAs'TARI)-DIT'TA-NY,  ii.  An  herb,  formerly 
used  in  medicine  ; Dictamnus  albus.  Hooper. 

bAs'TARD— In'DI-GO,  n.  A North  American 
shrub,  the  Amorpha  fruticosa,  from  which  in- 
digo was  formerly  obtained.  Loudon. 

f bAs'TARD-ISM,  ii.  Bastardy.  Cotgrave. 

bAs'TARD-Ize,  v.  a.  [*.  bastardize  ; pp.  bas- 
tardizing, bastardized.]  To  make  bastard, 
or  illegitimate : to  declare  to  be  illegitimate. 
“ By  statute  wherein  the  Lady  Elizabeth  . . . 
is  . . . bastardized."  Blackstonc. 

f BAs'TARD-LY,  a.  Spurious.  Bp.  Taylor. 

f bAs'TARD-LY,  ad.  Spuriously.  Donne. 

bAs'TARD-TOAD'FLAX,  11.  A perennial  wild 
plant ; Thesium  linophyllum.  Loudon. 

bAs'TAR-DY,  ii.  State  of  being  a bastard ; ille- 
gitimacy. “ Bastardy  in  heirs  to  crowns.”  Pope. 

BAS-TAR'NIC,  a.  (Geog.)  Pertaining  to  the  Bas- 
tarnae,  ancient  inhabitants  of  the  Carpathian 
Mountains  ; as,  “ Bastarnic  Alps.” 

BASTE,  V.  a.  \i.  BASTED  ; pp.  BASTING,  BASTED.] 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  <?,  9,  g,  soft ; G,  c,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  ? as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


BASTE 


120 


BATTA 


1.  [It.  bastonare  ; Fr.  bastonncr,  to  beat  with  a 
baton  ; Svv.  basa,  to  strike.]  To  beat  with  a stick. 

Quoth  she,  I grant  it  is  in  vain 

For  one  that ’s  banted  to  feci  pain.  Hudibras. 

2.  To  drip  butter,  gravy,  or  other  fatty  and 
liquid  mixture  upon  while  roasting,  as  meat. 

The  fat  of  roasted  mutton  falling  on  the  birds  will  serve  to 
haste  them.  Swift. 

BASTE,  r.  a.  [Sp.  bastear  ; Fr.  bastir,  to  stitch  ; 
Ger.  bast,  bark  to  bind  with ; It.  basta,  a long 
stitch.] 

1.  To  sew  slightly  or  with  long  stitches. 

2.  To  mark  with  tar,  as  sheep.  Brockett. 

BAS-TILE'  (bas-tel')  [bas-lel',  K.  Sm.  ; bas'tel,  W. 
If.  Totld\ , n.  [Fr.  bastille,  a fortress  or  castle 
with  towers.  Cotgrave.)  An  old  fortified  castle 
at  Paris,  built  in  the  14th  century,  and  used  as 
a state-prison  until  it  was  demolished  by  the 
populace  at  the  beginning  of  the  French  revo- 
lution, July  14,  1789.  Crabb. 

The  Bant ile. 

Ye  horrid  towers,  the  abode  of  broken  hearts.  Cowpcr. 

BAS-TI-MEAT'TO,  n.  [It.]  A ship. 

Then  the  bastimentoi  never 

Had  our  foul  dishonor  seen.  Glover. 

BAS-TI-NADE',  n.  & v.  a.  Same  as  Bastinado. 

BAS-TI-NA'DO,  n.  [It.  bastonata,  a blow  with  a 
stick;  bastone,  a staff;  Sp.  bastinado  ; Fr.  bas- 
tinade .]  A cudgelling  ; a mode  of  punishment 
practised  in  Turkey,  Persia,  China,  &c.  ; — 
commonly  inflicted  upon  the  soles  of  the  feet. 
“ Bastinadoes,  cuts,  and  wounds.”  Hudibras. 

BAS-TI-NA'DO,  V.  a.  [l.  BASTINADOED  ; pp.  BAS- 
TINADOING ; bastinadoed.]  To  beat  with  a 
cudgel,  especially  on  the  soles  of  the  feet. 

The  basha,  on  a summary  hearing,  orders  which  party  he 
pleases  to  be  bastinadoed , and  then  sends  them  about  their 
business.”  Blackstone. 

BAST'ING,  n.  1.  A dripping ; as,  “The  basting 
of  meat.” 

2.  Act  of  beating  with  a stick. 

3.  Act  of  sewing  with  long  stitches. 

BAST'ION  (bast'yun),  n.  [Fr.]  (Mil.)  A large, 
projecting  mass  of  earth  or  masonry  at  the  an- 
gles of  a fortified  work,  consisting  of  two  faces 
and  two  flanks,  and  so  constructed  that  every 
part  of  it  may  be  defended  by  the  flanking  fire 
of  some  other  part  of  the  works.  Campbell. 

Syn.  — See  Fortification. 

BAS'TIONED  (bast'yunil),  a.  Provided  with  bast- 
ions. Maurice. 


BAS' TO,  n.  [It.]  The  ace  of  clubs  at  the  games 
of  ombre  ana  quadrille.  Pope. 

f BAS'TON,  n.  A batoon.  Bacon. 


BAs'YLE,  n.  [Gr.  Pams,  a base,  and  vhtj,  matter.] 
(Chcm.)  The  metallic  radical  of  a salt ; thus  the 
base  of  sulphate  of  soda  is  soda  or  oxide  of 
sodium,  and  the  basgle  is  sodium.  Graham. 


BAT,  n.  [A.  S.  but ; bcatan,  to  beat.— It.  bas- 
tone ; Sp.  baston  ; Fr.  baton.) 

1.  A heavy  stick  ; particularly  a club  used  in 
driving  a bail,  as  in  the  game  of  cricket.  Todd. 

2.  A walking-stick.  [Local.  Sussex,  Eng.] 

A handsome  bat  he  held 

On  which  he  leaned  as  one  far  in  eld.  Spoiser. 

3.  A.  weapon  to  do  execution  by  its  weight 

in  opposition  to  a sharp  edge;  as,  “A  brick- 
bat”  ; “ A whirl-4af.”  Todd. 

4.  A mass  of  cotton  prepared  for  filling 

quilts,  &e. ; batting.  Ogilvie. 

5.  A term  given  by  miners  to  shale  or  bitu- 
minous shale.  " Ogilvie. 

6.  [It.  basto ; Fr.  bat.)  A pack-saddle. 


BAT,  n.  [Dan.  bakke ; 

Scotch  back,  and  backie- 
bird.  Jamieson ; “ backs  ™ 
either  rere-mice.”  I Vick-  'T&iJ 
lijfe. ] (ZoOl.)  A chiropte- 
rous  mammal,  belonging 
to  the  genus  Vespertilio  of  Linnaeus,  in  size 
resembling  a mouse,  and  having  its  fore-ex- 
tremities provided  with  a distended  skin  or  web- 
bing, which  gives  it  the  power  of  flight.  It  re- 
mains in  concealment  during  the  day  in  caverns, 
ruinous  buildings,  hollow  trees,  and  such  hiding- 
places,  and  flits  forth  at  twilight  in  search  of 
food,  which  consists  chiefly  of  insects.  Brande. 


BAT,  v.  n.  To  use  a bat  at  cricket.  Buncombe. 


BAT'A-BLE,  a.  1.  That  may  be  contended  for  ; 
debatable.  “ Batable  ground.”  Cowell. 

2.  f [A.  S.  bitan,  to  bite,  p.  bat.~\  Fattening; 
fertile.  — See  Battable. 

BA-TAR  ' DEAXJ  (-do),  n.  [Fr.,  a dam.)  A coffer- 
dam for  building  the  piers  of  a bridge.  Weale. 

BA-TA'TAS,  n.  [Sp.  batata.)  (Bot.)  A convolvu- 
laceous  American  plant,  having  fleshy,  sweet, 
tuberous  roots,  cultivated  in  the  hotter  parts  of 
the  world  for  food  ; sweet  potato ; Carolina  po- 
tato ; Convolvulus  batatas.  Gray. 

BA-TA'VI-AN,  a.  \Batavi,  the  ancient  inhabit- 
ants of  the  island  of  Betaw,  between  the  Rhine 
and  the  Waal.] 

1.  Relating  to  Batavia  or  Holland. 

2.  Pertaining  to  Batavia,  a city  in  the  island 

of  Java.  Ency. 

BA-TA'VI-AN,  n.  1.  A Hollander.  Ogilvie. 

2.  An  inhabitant  of  Batavia,  the  principal 
city  in  the  island  of  Java. 

BATCH,  n.  [A.  S.  bacan,  to  bake.] 

1.  The  quantity  of  bread  baked  at  one  time. 

2.  (Mining.)  A quantity  of  ore  sent  to  the 

surface  by  a couple  of  men.  Weale. 

BATCll'f.-LOR,  n.  See  Bachelor. 

BATE,  n.  [A.  S.  bate,  contention.]  Strife  ; con- 
tention ; debate,  [r.]  Shak. 

BATE,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  beatan,  to  beat  down.]  [i. 
bated  ; pp.  bating,  bated.]  To  abate  ; to  di- 
minish ; to  lessen. 

Yet  I argue  not 

Against  Heaven’s  hand  or  will,  nor  bate  a jot 
Or  heart  or  hope.  Milton. 

BATE,  v.  n.  To  flutter,  as  a hawk.  — See  Bait. 

BATEAU  (bat-o’),  n.  ; pi.  BATEAUX  (bat-oz'). 
[Fr.]  A long,  light  boat.  Hutchinson. 

f BATE— BREED'ING,  a.  Breeding  strife.  Shak. 

fBATE'FUL,  a.  Contentious.  Sidney. 

f BATE'LESS,  a.  Not  to  be  abated.  Shak. 

f BATE'MJJNT,  n.  Abatement.  Moxon. 

BAT'-FOVVl-IJR,  n.  One  who  practises  bat-fowl- 
ing. Barrington. 

BAT'— FoWL-ING,  n.  Biid-catcliing  in  the  night- 
time while  the  birds  are  roosting.  Shak.' 

f BAT'FUL,  a.  [Bat,  old  past  p.  of  bite,  and  full. 
Tooke .]  Fruitful.  “ Batful  pastures.”  Drayton. 

BATH,  n. ; pi.  baths,  [bath,  W.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  K. 
Sm. ; bath,  R.)  [A.  S.  berth , a bath.] 

1.  A receptacle  of  water  for  washing  the 
body,  or  immersing  it  to  cure  disease.  Ure. 

2.  An  edifice  containing  a bath  or  baths. 
“The  baths  of  Caracalla  at  Rome.”  Brande. 

He  went  and  visited  the  queen  at  the  bath,  where  he  staid 
only  a few  days.  Burnet. 

3.  Exposure  of  the  body,  for  cleanliness  or 
health,  to  water,  or  to  steam  or  vapor  of  any 
sort ; as,  “ The  physician  recommended  a bath  ” ; 
“ A warm  bath  ” ; “A  cold  bath  ” ; “A  vapor 
bath.” 

4.  (Chem.)  A medium  for  communicating 

heat ; as,  when  a vessel  is  placed  in  heated 
sand,  water,  or  steam,  it  is  said  to  be  in  sand- 
bath,  water-bath,  or  steam-bath.  Brande. 

5.  (Ant.)  A Hebrew  measure  equal  to  7J 

gallons,  or  thirty  wine  quarts.  Cruden. 

6.  (Metallurgy.)  The  fusion  of  metallic  mat- 
ter for  refining  or  other  purpose.  Crabb. 

Order  of  the  Bath,  a British  order  of  knighthood. 
Knights  of  the  Bath  were  so  called  from  the  ancient 
custom  of  bathing  previous  to  installation.  — Shower 
hath,  water  applied  to  the  body  by  falling  upon  it 
through  numerous  apertures  in  the  manner  of  a 
shower.  — Vapor  bath,  moisture  and  heat  applied  to  the 
body  by  means  of  steam  ; or  a medicinal  application 
made  by  means  of  a substance  in  the  form  of  vapor, 

as  a sulphur  bath Medicated  bath,  a liquid  or  vapor 

bath  having  medicinal  properties  from  the  substances 
mingled  with  it. 

BATH'— BRICK,  n.  A preparation  of  calcareous 
earth  used  in  cleaning  knives.  Craig. 

BATHE  (bath),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  batliian,  to  bathe  ; Ger. 
baden.)  [i.  bathed  ; pp.  bathing,  bathed.] 

1.  To  immerse  as  in  a bath,  or  to  wash  with 
water,  for  health  or  cleanliness. 

Chancing  to  bathe  himself  in  the  River  Cydnus,  through 
the  excessive  coldness  of  these  wuters  he  fell  sick.  South. 


2.  To  cover  with  a profusion  of  any  liquid. 

Phoenician  Dido  stood, 

Fresh  from  her  wound,  her  bosom  bathed  in  blood,  J Dnjden. 

BATHE,  v.n.  To  lave  one’s  body  in  water. 

They  bathe  in  summer,  and  in  winter  slide.  Waller. 

BATHE,  n.  Act  of  bathing,  [it.]  Stanley. 

bATH'J£R,  n.  One  who  bathes.  Chapman. 

BA-THET'IC,  a.  [See  Bathos.]  Relating  to  ba- 
thos; sinking,  [r.]  Coleridge. 

BATH'ING,  n.  The  act  of  immersing  in  a bath  ; a 
washing.  li Bathings  and  anointings.”  Iiakewill. 

BATH'ING— ROOM,  n.  A room  used  by  bathers. 
“ Little  bathing-rooms  fitted  up.”  Melmoth. 

BATH'ING— TUB,  n.  A tub  used  for  bathing. 

BAT— HORSE,  or  BAW-HORSE  (b&w'hbrs),  n.  A 
baggage  horse  which  bears  the  bat  or  pack-sad- 
dle. Crabb. 

bA'THOS,  n.  [Gr. /3<50os,  depth.]  (Rhet.)  A lu- 
dicrous descent  from  elevated  to  mean  thoughts  ; 
a sinking  ; an  anticlimax.  Arbuthnot. 

BATH'-STONE,  n.  A species  of  limestone,  quar- 
ries of  which  are  found  near  Bath,  England.  It 
consists  of  minute  globules  cemented  together 
by  yellowish  earthy  calcareous  matter,  and  pre- 
sents the  appearance  of  the  roe  of  a fish,  hence 
called  roe-stone.  Buchanan. 

BAt'ING,  prep.  Except;  abating. 

If  we  consider  children,  we  have  little  reason  to  think  that 
they  bring  many  ideas  M idi  them, bating,  perhaps,  some  faint 
ideas  of  hunger  and  thirst.  Locke. 

BAT-ISTE  ',  n.  [Fr.]  Fine  linen  cloth  or  lawn, 
made  in  Picardy,  Flanders,  &c.  Rawson. 

BAT'Lf.T,  n.  A square  piece  of  wood  for  heat- 
ing linen  and  clothes  in  washing; — written 
also  batler  and  battril.  Shak. 

BAT'-MAN,  or  BAW'-MAN  (baw'inUn),  n.  (Mil.) 
A man  in  the  army  who  takes  care  of  the  bat- 
horses,  cooking  utensils,  &c.  P.  Cyc. 

BAT'-MON-EY,  or  bAW'-MON-EY,  n.  Money 
paid  to  the  bat-man.  Washington. 

BAT'-NET,  n.  A net  to  put  over  the  nests  of 
bats.  Booth. 

BATOJV  (b'4-tong'  or  bat'on),  n.  [Fr.  a staff.) 

1.  A marshal’s  staff;  a batoon.  Beau.  FI. 

2.  (Mus.)  The  rod  used  by  a conductor  in 

beating  time.  Dwight. 

bAt'  OJf-JVlER,  n.  [Fr.]  An  elected  president 
of  ah  order  or  fraternity.  Brande. 

BA-TOON',  n.  [Fr.  baton.) 

1.  A staff  or  club.  Hudibras. 

2.  A staff  of  a field-marshal  ; a baton. 

3.  (Her.)  A staff  or  sign  to  denote  illegiti- 
mate descent.  Johnson. 

BA-  TRA  'CHI-A,  n.  pi.  [L.,  from  Gr.  Pdrpa^os,  a 
frog.]  (Zoul.)  An  order  of  reptiles  including 
toads,  frogs,  and  salamanders.  Brande. 

BA-TRA'jEHI-AN,  n.  (ZoOl.)  An  animal  belonging 
to  the  order  Batrachia.  Brande. 

BA-TRA'jCHI-AN,  a.  (Zoiil.)  Noting  an  animal 
belonging  to  the  order  Batrachia.  Brande. 

BAT'RA-jCHITE,  n.  (Min.)  Frog-stone;  a fossil 
resembling  a frog  in  color.  Smart. 

bAT'RA-GHoId,  a.  [Gr.  Parpn^o;,  a frog,  and 
iibos,  form.]  Relating  to,  or  resembling,  batra- 
chians  ; frog-like.  Qu.  Bev. 

BAT-RA-CHOM-Y-OM'A-£HY,  n.  [Gr.  Parpa^os, 
a frog,  yrs,  a mouse,  and  pappt,  a battle.]  A bat- 
tle between  the  frogs  and  the  mice  ; — the  title 
of  a parody  on  the  Iliad.  Warton. 

BAT-RA-LHOPH'A-GOUS,  a.  [Gr.  Parpa^o;,  a frog, 
and  ipiyui,  to  eat!]  Feeding  on  frogs.  Qu.  Rev. 

bAt'SIIELL,  n.  (Conch.)  The  dusky  brown  vo- 
luta.  Hill. 

BAT’S'MAN,  n.  (Cricket.)  The  man  who  has  the 
bat  in  the  game.  Craig. 

BAT ' TA,  n.  [Hindostanee,  deficiency,  discount, 
allowance.)  An  allowance  made  to  military 
officers  in  the  service  of  the  East  India  Com- 
pany, in  addition  to  their  pay.  P.  Cyc. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long  ; A,  E,  I,  0,  G,  V,  short; 


A,  5,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


BATTABLE 


121 


BAVIN 


t BAT'TA-BLE,  a.  [A.  S.  bitan,  to  bite,  p.  bat. 
— See  Batful.] 

1.  Causing  fatness ; fattening.  “ Grass  . . . 

fine,  wholesome,  and  battablc."  Holland . 

2.  Fertile,  as  land.  [Local,  England.]  “Parts 
of  Barbary  . ...  fruitful  and  battable.”  Burton. 

f bAt'TAI-LANT,  n.  A combatant.  Shelton. 

f ISAT'TAI-LOUS,  a.  Warlike.  “ Banded  powers 
in  battailous  aspect.”  Milton. 

BAT-TAL'IA  (bat-tal'ya),  n.  ; pi.  battalia^.  [It. 
battaqlia ; Sp.  batalla;  Fr.  bataille. ] 

1.  The  order  of  battle.  “ Next  morning  the 
king  put  his  army  into  battalia.”  Clarendon. 

2.  The  main  body  of  an  army.  “ Our  batta- 
lia trebles  that  account.”  Shah. 

BAT-TALTON  (b?t-tal'yun),  n.  [Fr.  bataillon.] 
A division  of  the  infantry  in  an  army,  variable 
in  number,  from  500  to  1000  men.  Brande. 

BAT-TAL'IONED  (-yund),  a.  Formed  into  bat- 
talions. Craig. 

f BAT'TEL,  or  BAT'TIL  (bat'tl),  V.  a.  [A.  S. 
bitan,  to  bite.  — See  Batful.]  To  render  fer- 
tile. “ To  battel  barren  land.”  Ray. 

BAT'TEL  (bat'tl),  v.  n.  1.  To  grow  fat. 

For  sleep,  they  said,  would  make  her  battel  better.  Spenser. 

2.  To  stand  indebted  in  the  college  books,  at 
Oxford,  Eng.,  for  what  is  expended  at  the  but- 
tery in  the  necessaries  of  eating  and  drinking; 
to  take  provisions  from  the  buttery.  At  Cam- 
bridge, size  is  used  in  a similar  sense.  At  Ox- 
ford there  is  a description  of  students  named 
battellers,  or  battlers  ; at  Cambridge,  sizars. 

BAT'TEL,  or  BAT'TLE  (bat'tl),  a.  Fruitful ; fer- 
tile. “ A fertile  field  or  a battel  soil.”  Holland. 

BAT'TEL  (bat'tl),  n.  [A.  S.  bitan,  to  bite.  — See 
Batful.] 

1.  A student’s  account  at  Oxford  : — a small 
allowance  of  food  at  Eton  College.  Tooke. 

2.  (Law.)  [Fr.  bataille.']  Duel  or  single  com- 

bat ; a species  of  trial  introduced  into  England 
at  the  time  of  the  Norman  conquest,  in  which 
a person  accused  of  felony  was  allowed  to  fight 
with  his  accuser,  under  the  idea  that  Heaven 
would  give  the  victory  to  the  innocent  or  in- 
jured party.  Burrill. 

BAT'TEL-LER  (bat'tl-ler),  or  BAT'TLER,  n.  A 
student  at  Oxford,  in  England.  — See  Battel. 

f BAT'TEN  (b&t'tn),  v.  a.  & n.  [A.  S.  bitan,  to 
bite.]  To  fatten  ; — to  grow  fat. 

Battening  our  flocks  with  the  fresh  dews  of  night.  Milton. 

Go  and  batten  on  cold  bits.  Shak. 

BAT'TEN  (bat'tn),  n.  [Probably  from  Fr.  baton, 
a staff,  from  its  slender  width.  Brande.] 

1.  A piece  of  timber,  usually  from  two  to  four, 
and  sometimes  seven  inches  broad,  and  one 
thick,  used  for  wainscot : — a scantling  used  in 
boarding  floors,  &e.  : — a thin  piece  of  wood. 

2.  (Naut.)  A thin  strip  of  wood  or  metal  put 

around  the  hatches  to  fasten  down  the  tarpau- 
ling  or  covering  ; also  put  upon  rigging  to  keep 
it  from  chafing.  ^ Dana. 

3.  ( Mech .)  The  movable  bar  of  a loom,  which 

serves  to  strike  in,  or  close,  the  threads  of  a 
woof.  Francis. 

Batten  door,  a door  on  the  surface  of  which  are 
fixed  battens,  so  as  to  give  it  the  appearance  of  a 
framed  door.  — Batten  floor,  the  same  as  a boarded 
floor. 

BAT'TEN  (b&t'tn),  v.  a.  To  fasten  with  battens, 
as  the  hatches  of  a ship,  &c.  Clarke. 

bAT'TEN-Ing,  n.  (Arch.)  Narrow  battens  fixed 
to  a wall,  to  which  the  laths  for  plastering  are 
nailed.  Brande. 

BAT'TJJR,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  beatan,  to  beat;  It.  bat- 
tere ; Sp.  batir ; Fr.  battre.]  [ i . battered  ; 

pp.  battering,  battered.] 

1.  To  beat  with  repeated  blows ; to  injure  by 
beating ; to  shatter. 

Now  were  the  walls  beaten  with  the  rams,  and  many  parts 
thereof  shaken  and  buttered.  Holland. 

Battering  the  pavement  with  their  coursers'  feet.  Dryden. 

2.  To  wear  out  with  service.  “I  am  a poor 

old  battered  fellow.”  Arbuthnot. 

BAT'TIJR,  v.  n.  (Masonry.)  To  slope  backward 
from  a line  perpendicular  to  the  base,  as  the 
face  of  a wall ; — opposed  to  overhang.  Brande. 


BAT'TfR,  n.  [Fr.  battre,  to  beat.]  1.  A mixture 
of  ingredients  beaten  together.  11  A thick  gruel 
or  batter.”  Holland. 

2.  (Masonry.)  An  inclination  or  sloping  back- 
ward of  the  face  of  a wall. 

3.  (Mil.)  A cannonade  of  heavy  ordnance 
against  a fortress. 

bAt'TJJR-IJR,  n.  One  that  batters.  Bp.  Taylor. 

BAT'T(5R-lNG— RAM,  n.  (Mil.)  An  ancient  mil- 
itary engine  for  battering  down  walls  of  cities, 
being  a suspended  beam,  long  and  heavy,  and 
having  one  end  armed  with  iron.  Brande. 

BAT'TIJR— RULE,  n.  An  instrument  consisting 
of  a plumb-line  and  a triangular  frame,  one 
side  of  which  makes  a given  angle  with  the 
plumb-line;  — applied  to  the  surface  of  an  in- 
clined wall  to  ascertain  whether  it  makes  the 
same  angle  with  a vertical  line.  Francis. 

BAT'TER-Y,  n.  1.  The  act  of  battering  ; attack. 

Earthly  minds,  like  mud  walls,  resist  the  strongest  bat- 
teries. Locke. 

Where  is  best  place  to  make  our  battery  next  ? 

I think  at  the  north  gate.  Shak. 

2.  (Mil.)  The  frame,  mound,  or  parapet  on 

which  cannon  or  mortars  are  mounted. 

3.  (Elec.)  A combination  of  coated  surfaces 

of  glass,  or  glass  jars,  so  connected  that  they 
may  be  charged  at  once,  and  discharged,  by  a 
common  conductor.  Craig. 

4.  (Galvanism.)  A combination  of  plates,  or 
other  forms,  of  copper  and  zinc,  or  of  other  dis- 
similar substances,  arranged  for  the  development 
of  an  electrical  current  by  immersion  in  a dilute 
acid  or  a saline  solution  ; — invented  by  Volta, 
and  hence  called  the  Voltaic  pile,  or  Voltaic 
battery.  — See  Voltaic. 

5.  (Law.)  The  unlawful  beating  of  another. 
— See  Assault. 

There  may  be  assault  without  battery ; but  batten/  always 
implies  an  assault.  Chambers. 

(Mil.)  Cross  batteries,  two  batteries  so  situated  as 
to  play  on  the  same  object  at  a given  angle.  — Battery 
d’enfiladc  is  one  formed  to  sweep  the  whole  length  of 
a given  straight  line. — A battery  en  ecltarpe  is  one 
that  plays  in  an  oblique  direction.  — Battery  de  rovers 
plays  oil  tile  back  of  the  enemy. — Camerade  battery 
is  one  in  which  several  guns  are  gugaged  on  the  same' 
object  at  t lie  same  time.  — Ricochet  battery  is  one  from 
which  cannon  are  discharged  with  a small  quantity 
of  powder  and  little  elevation,  so  as  to  carry  a ball 
just  over  a parapet,  and  cause  it  to  roll  along  to  the 
opposite  rampart  with  destructive  effect. 

BAT'TING,  n.  1.  Cotton  or  wool  in  mass  pre- 
pared for  quilts.  Craig. 

2.  A game  played  with  a bat.  Craig. 

BAT'TISH,  a.  Resembling  the  bat.  Vernon. 

BAT'TLE  (bat'tl),  n.  [It.  bcittaglia  ; Sp.  batalla  ; 
Fr.  bataille .] 

1.  A hostile  encounter  or  engagement ; a 
fight ; a contest ; a combat. 

The  race  is  not  to  the  swift,  nor  the  battle  to  the  strong. 

Bed.  ix.  11. 

2.  The  main  body  of  an  army ; the  battalia. 

Drawn  battle,  a battle  in  which  neither  party  gains 

the  victory.  — Bottle  royal,  ( Provincial , Eng.)  a battle 
with  fists  or  cudgels,  in  which  more  titan  two  are 
engaged  ; a melee  : — a fight  of  game  cocks,  in  which 
more  than  two  are  engaged.  Hallitcell. 

Syn.  — Fight  and  engagement  do  not  necessarily 
imply  the  use  of  weapons;  battle  and  combat  do.  A 
bloody  battle  ; a general  engagement ; a single  combat ; 
a fight  between  two  dogs,  or  between  two  armies. 

BAT'TLE,  v.  n.  [i.  battled  ; pp.  battling, 
battled.]  To  contend  in  battle  ; to  fight. 

The  Scipios  battled , and  the  Gracchi  6poke.  Dyer. 

BAT'TLE— AR-RAy',  n.  Order  of  battle.  “ Two 
parties  drawn  up  in  battle-array.”  Addison. 

BAT'TLE— AXE  (bat'tl-aks),  n.  An  ancient  mili- 
tary weapon,  purely  offensive.  Carcw. 

f BAT'TLED  (bat'tld)tt.  Embattlemented.  “Tow- 
ers battled  high.”  Tuber  villa. 

BAT'TLE-DOOR  (bat'tl-dor),  n.  [Perhaps  Sp.  bata- 
llador,  a combatant.] 

1.  An  instrument,  like  a bat,  used  in  playing 

with  a shuttlecock.  Locke. 

2.  f A child’s  horn-book.  Johnson. 

BAT'TLE-MENT  (bat’- 

tl-ment),  n.  (Arch.) 

A wall,  or  parapet,  on 
the  top  of  a building, 


with  embrasures,  or  open  places,  originally  de- 
signed for  military  purposes,  the  lower  part 
offering  facility  for  the  discharge  of  missile 
weapons,  and  the  higher  serving  as  a protec- 
tion against  the  enemy;  — now  used  in  church 
towers  and  other  buildings  as  an  ornament. 

Not  higli-raised  battlements  or  labored  mounds.  Sir  W.  Jones- 

BAT'TLE-MENT-£D,  a.  Secured  by  battlements 
or  parapets.  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

BAT'TLE— PIECE,  n.  A painting  representing  a 
battle.  Pope. 

BAT'TLER,  n.  Same  as  Batteller.  Crabb. 

BAT'TLING,  n.  Conflict ; encounter  ; battle. 

Swelled  the  growing  winds 

With  wild  surmises,  battlinys , sounds  of  war.  Thomson. 

f B AT-TOL'O-OIST,  n.  One  who  repeats  the  same 
thing.  “ A truly  dull  battologist."  Whitlock. 

fi  BAT-TOL'O-0lZE,  v.  a.  To  repeat  needlessly 
the  same  thing.  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

BAT-TOL'O-^rY,  n.  [Or.  fiarro/.oyiu  ; Barros,  the 
proper  name  of  a stammering  King  of  Cyrene, 
or  of  a tiresome  poet,  and  loyos,  discourse.]  A 
needless  or  tiresome  repetition.  “ Heathenish 
battology  of  multiplying  words.”  Milton. 

BAT'TON,  n.  That  part  of  a loom  which  closes 
the  work.  See  Batten.  Ash. 

BATTUE  (bat'tu),  n.  [Fr.] 

1.  (Hunting.)  A term  denoting  the  practice 

of  beating  the  bushes  for  the  purpose  of  turn- 
ing out  game.  Craig. 

2.  The  game  turned  out  by  beating  the 

hushes.  Smart. 

BAT-TURF.' , it.  [Fr.]  An  elevation  of  the  bed 
of  a river  to  the  surface.  Bouvier. 

BAT-TU ' TA,  it.  [It.,  a beating  of  time.]  (Mas.) 
The  motion  of  beating  with  the  hand  or  foot  in 
directing  the  time.  Brande. 

t BAT'TY,  a.  Belonging  to  the  bat.  Shak. 

BATZ,  n.  [Ger.  batzen.]  A German  coin  of  less 
value  than  a farthing.  Crabb. 

bAu-BEE',  n.  A halfpenny.  [Scotland.] 

A copper  Otho  or  a Scotch  baubee.  Bramston. 

BSr"  As  this  coin  bore  the  bust  of  James  VI.  when 
young,  some  have  imagined  that  it  received  its  des- 
ignation, as  exhibiting  the  figure  of  a baby.  But  the 
name,  as  well  as  the  coin,  Dr.  Jamieson  adds,  ex- 
isted before  bis  reign.  Pinkerton,  however,  with 
whose  derivation  Dr.  Jamieson  declares  himself  sat- 
isfied, ascribes  t he  first  use  of  the  word  to  a copper 
coin  struck  in  the  reign  of  James  VI.  He  derives  it 
from  bus-billon,  the  worst  kind  of  billon.  Richardson. 

BAU'BLE,  n.  See  Bawble.  Shak. 

BAu'DB-KIN,  n.  A rich  cloth  for  garments  used 
by  the  nobility  of  the  middle  ages,  and  com- 
posed of  silk  interwoven  with  threads  of  gold  ; 
— so  called  from  having  been  originally  manu- 
factured at  Baldeck,  or  Babylon.  Fairholt. 

bAU-DIS'SB-RITE,  n.  (Min.)  A carbonate  of 
magnesia ; magnesite.  Dana. 

bAuQE,  n.  A coarse  drugget  manufactured  in 
Burgundy.  Crabb. 

BAU-HIM'  1-A,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  arborescent 
plants  ; mountain  ebony  ; — so  named  in  honor 
of  the  two  botanists  Bauhin.  Loudon. 

bAuk,  or  BAULK,  n.  1.  A long  piece  of  timber, 
or  trunk  of  a fir  tree,  or  deal,  for  building.  Grier. 

2.  A ridge  of  unploughed  land  between  fur- 
rows.— See  Balk.  Loudon. 

BAu'LITE,  n.  (Min.)  Silicate  of  alumina  ; a 
white  transpa;jent  mineral,  in  thin  splinters, 
found  in  the  matter  ejected  from  a volcano  in 
Iceland.  Ogilvie. 

BAULK  (blwk),  v.  a.  See  Balk. 

bAu'LOIS,  ii.  A piece  of  punk  stuff  used  by 
miners  for  firing  a train.  Stocqueler. 

BA-VA'RI-AN,  a.  Relating  to  Bavaria.  Murray. 

BA-VA'RI-AN,  n.  A native  of  Bavaria.  Russell. 

BAv-A-ROY',  ii.  [Fr.  Ravarois,  Bavarian.]  A 
kind  of  cloak.  “ The  looped  bavaroy.”  Gay. 

BAV'IN,  ii.  1.  A fagot ; a stick  ; a piece  of  waste 
wood.  “Mounted  on  a hazel  bavin.”  Hudibras. 

2.  Impure  limestone.  Halliwell. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE. 

16 


’ <?>  £>  soft  i £,  Oj  £>  §>  hard;  § as  z;  ^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


BAWBLE 


122 


BEACON 


BAW'BLE,  n.  [Low  L.  baubella  ; Fr.  babiole  ; 
but  Spcbnan  suggests  Fr.  beau-belle,  masculine 
and  feminine  adjectives  for  pretty.} 

1.  t A short  stick,  having  a head  with  an 
ass’s  ears  fantastically  carved  upon  it.  Nares. 

2.  A trifling  piece  of  finery  of  more  show 
than  use  ; a trinket ; a gewgaw  ; a trifle.  Swift. 

t BAW'BLING,  a.  Trifling;  contemptible.  Shale. 

t BAW'COCK,  n.  [ Johnson  suggests  Fr.  beau, 
fine,  and  Eng.  cock.}  A fop.  Shah. 

BAWD,  n.  [Old  Fr.  baude,  bold,  riotously  joy- 
ous.] A procurer  ; a procuress.  Shah. 

t BAWD,  v.  a.  To  foul;  to  dirty.  Skelton. 

BAWD,  v.  n.  To  procure  for  vice ; to  pander  to 
licentiousness.  Spectator. 

R.AWD'BORN,  p.  a.  Descended  of  a bawd.  Shak. 

BAW'DI-LY,  ad.  Obscenely  ; filthily.  Johnson. 

BAW'DI-NESS,  n.  Obsceneness  ; lewdness. 

BAWD'— MON'E Y,  n.  A plant  having  leaves  as 
fine  as  hairs;  Meum  atliamanticum.  Loudon. 

BAW'DRICK,  n.  A belt.  — See  Balduicic. 

BAW'DRY,  n.  1.  Procuration  for  purposes  of 
lust.  L’  Estrange. 

2.  Obscene  language  or  conduct.  Bp.  Hall. 

BAWD'SHIP,  n.  The  office  of  a bawd.  Ford. 

BAW'DY,  a.  Filthy  ; obscene  ; lewd.  Shak. 

B.AW'DY— HOUSE,  n.  A house  used  for  lewdness 
and  prostitution  ; a brothel.  Dennis. 

B.AWK,  n.  A cross-beam  in  the  roof  of  a house, 
which  unites  and  supports  the  rafters  ; a tie- 
beam.  — See  Balk.  Clarke. 

BAWL,  v.  n.  [L.  halo,  to  bleat;  A.  S.  bcllan-, 
Ger.  bellen,  to  bellow ; W.  ballaro,  to  shout.] 
[t.  BAWLED  ; pp.  BAWLING,  BAWLED.] 

1.  To  make  vehement  or  clamorous  outcries  ; 
to  hoot ; to  shout. 

They  bawl  for  freedom  in  their  senseless  mood, 

And  still  revolt  when  truth  would  set  them  free.  Milton. 

2.  To  cry  as  a froward  child. 

A little  child  was  bawling,  and  a woman  chiding  it. 

L'  Estrange. 

BAWL,  v.  a.  To  proclaim  as  a crier. 

It  grieved  me  when  I saw  labors  which  had  cost  so  much 
bawled  about  by  common  hawkers.  Swift. 

BAWL,  n.  A vehement  clamor;  an  outcry,  rope. 

BAWL'JJR,  n.  One  who  bawls.  Echard. 

B.AWL'ING,  n.  The  act  of  crying  aloud  ; the  loud 
crying  of  a child. 

If  they  were  never  suffered  to  have  what  they  cried  for 
they  would  never  with  bawling  and  peevishness  contend  for 
mastery.  Locke. 

t BAWiV,  n.  [Irish,  properly  from  Goth,  bauan, 
to  dwell ; Ger.  bauen,  to  build  a habitation.] 

1.  A fortified  square,  in  which  the  people 

used  to  meet  for  the  settlement  of  differences 
between  parties  and  townships.  Spenser. 

2.  An  enclosure  with  mud  or  stone  walls  for 

securing  cattle  at  night.  Todd. 

3.  A large  house.  Swift. 

B.AVY'REL,  7i.  A kind  of  hawk  like  a linnet,  but 
having  a longer  body  antbtail.  Crabb. 

BAW'ijIN,  7i.  A badger  : — written  also  bawso7i. 

Ilis  mittens  were  of  bawson's  skin.  Drayton. 

BAX-TE'RI-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Richard  Bax- 
ter, or  to  his  doctrines.  Ch.  Ob. 

BAX-TE'RI-AN,  n.  ( Eccl . Hist.)  A follower  of 
Richard  Baxter.  Ch.  Ob. 

BAY  (ba),  a.  [L.  badius,  chestnut-colored ; It. 
bajo  ; Sp.  bayo  ; Old  Fr.  ba  ye  ; Fr.  bai.]  Brown 
or  reddish,  approaching  to  chestnut  color  ; — 
spoken  of  a horse.  “ To  ride  on  a bay  trotting 
horse.”  Shak. 

BAY  (ba),  7i. ; pi.  bay§.  [A.  S.  bugan,  to  bend, 
to  bow;  It.  baja  ; Sp.  bahia  ; Fr.  bale.} 

1.  Any  inlet  of  the  sea,  large  or  small,  bound- 
ed by  a curved  shore ; as,  “ The  Bay  of  Bis- 
cay”; “ Hudson’s  Bay.” 

Ilere  in  a royal  bed  the  waters  sleep  ; 

When  tired  at  sea,  within  this  bay  they  creep.  Drytlen. 

2.  An  opening  or  recess  in  a room  or  other 
place  caused  by  the  bend  of  a boundary  line. 


3.  ( Mech .)  A pond  head  made  high  to  keep 
in  water  for  the  supply  of  a mill.  Johnson. 

4.  (Arch.)  [Dut.  bayc.}  A low,  enclosed  place 

in  a barn,  in  which  corn  or  hay  is  deposited  ; — 
a space  left  in  a wall  for  a door  : — a compart- 
ment between  the  ribs  of  a groined  roof:  — a 
compartment  between  two  principal  posts  or 
beams,  or  between  two  buttresses  : — a part  of 
a window  between  the  mullions.  Crabb. 

Syn.  — See  Gulp. 

BAY  (ba),  7%.  [Fr.  bayc,  a berry,  from  L.  bacca. 

1.  f A berry,  as  of  the  laurel.  “The  bays, 

or  berries,  that  it  beareth.”  Holland. 

2.  The  laurel  tree  ( Laurus  nobilis),  of  which 
were  made  crowns  or  garlands,  such  as  reward- 
ed the  victor  in  ancient  games  ; bay-tree. 

IIow  will  a man  endure  all  painful  abstinence  in  order  to 
the  obtaining  of  a corruptible  crown,  a fading  garland  of 
Lays  ! Barrow. 

BAY  (ba),  n.  [Old  Fr.  abai,  the  barking  of  a dog; 
aux  abois,  at  the  last  extremity  ; or  abbayer,  to 
expect  to  wait.]  The  state  of  being  pursued  by 
enemies  and  obliged  to  stop  and  face  them 
through  impossibility  of  escape  ; a state  of  be- 
ing kept  off,  or  of  detention  and  expectancy. 

Nor  flight  was  left,  nor  hopes  to  force  his  way; 
Emboldened  by  despair,  he  stood  at  bay.  Dryden. 

The  Troian  chief,  who,  held  at  bay,  from  far 
On  his  Vulcanian  orb  sustained  the  war.  Dryden. 

B.AY  (ba).  v.  7i.  [Fr .aboyer,  to  bark  at,  to  revile.] 
To  bark  as  a dog  at  a thief,  or  at  his  game. 

The  wakeful  dogs  did  never  cease  to  bay.  Spenser. 

BAY  (ba),  v.  a.  To  bark  at. 

I had  rather  be  a dog,  and  bay  the  moon,  than  such  a Ro- 
man. Shak. 

When  in  the  wood  of  Crete  they  bayed  the  boar 
With  hounds  of  Sparta.  Shak. 

BA'YA-DERE,  7i.  [Port,  bailadera,  a female 
dancer.]  An  East-Indian  dancing  girl.  Smart. 

BAY'ARD,  n.  1.  [Old  Fr.  bayart.}  Abay  horse; 
applied  also  to  any  horse,  and  particularly  to  a 
blind  horse,  often  mentioned  in  old  romances. 
“ As  bold  as  is  Bayard  the  blind.”  Chaucer. 

“ Bayard,  the  blind  steed.”  Goivcr. 

2.  [Old  Fr.  bayard ; Fr.  bayeur ; baye.r,  to 
gape.]  fOne  who  gapes  or  gazes  earnestly  at 
a thing ; an  unmannerly  beholder.  B.  Jonso/i. 

f BA  Y'ARD-LY,  a.  Blind  ; stupid.  “ A blind  cre- 
dulity, a bayardly  confidence.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

BAY'BIJR-RY,  7i.  1.  The  fruit  of  the  bay-tree 

( Laurus  nobilis).  Craig. 

2.  The  wax-myrtle,  — an  American  shrub  that 
bears  a berry  covered  with  a wax-like  coating ; 
Myrica  cerifera.  Gray. 

BAY -CHER  R\  , ) A popular  evergreen  ( Pru - 

BAY— LAU'RpL,  ) 7ius  lauro-cerasus)  ; — called 
also  poiso7i  laurel.  Buchanan. 

BAYED  (bad),  a.  Having  bays,  as  a barn.  Drayton. 

BAY'ING,  71.  The  barking  of  a dog.  Hall. 

BAY'— LEAP,  71.  The  leaf  of  the  bay  or  laurel. 

BAY'O-NET  [ba'o-net,  J.  F.  K.  R.  ; ba'yun-et,  IF. 
P.  Ja.  Sm. ; bag'o-nut,  S.],  n.  [Fr.  bay07inette , 

so  named  from  having  been  first  made  at  Ba- 
yonne in  the  middle  of  the  17th  century.]  A 

short,  triangular  sword  or  dagger,  so  made  as 
to  be  fixed  upon  the  end  of  a musket.  Brandc. 

“ Frequently  pronounced  bag'p-net,  chiefly  by 
the  vulgar.”  Walker. 

Bayonet  clutch,  (Mcch.)  a clutch  with  two  prongs 
for  engaging  and  disengaging  machinery.  Francis. 

BAY'O-NET,  v.  a.  To  stab  with  the  bayonet. 

Troops  to  sabre  and  bayonet  us  into  submission.  Burke. 

BAYOU  (bl'o  or  bl'o),  n.  [Fr.  boiyau,  a gut  or 
bowel.]  An  offshoot  of  a river ; an  outlet  of  a 
lake  ; — a small  river  or  creek.  Baldwin.  [Used 
in  Louisiana  and  some  neighboring  states.] 

BAY'-SALT,  it.  [From  Bayonne  (Butler,  Eng. 
Gram.  1633),  or  the  Bay  of  Biscay,  where  this 
kind  of  salt  was  formerly  made  ; or  the  large, 
shallow  pits  (bays),  in  which  the  water  was 
evaporated.  Branded}  Common  salt,  as  ob- 
tained by  solar  evaporation  of  sea  water. 

BAY'— TREE,  n.  A small  evergreen  tree  ; the 
laurel  of  antiquity  ; Laurus  nobilis.  Loudon. 

BAY'-W!n'DOW  (ba'win'do),  n.  (Arch.)  A win- 
dow of  a curved  or  polygonal  form,  made  in  the 


projecting  part  of  a bay,  or  recess,  in  the  room, 
and  having  its  base  on  the  ground ; — called  also 
bow-window.  — See  Bay.  Shak. 

This  term,  in  its  origin,  had  reference,  in  the 
opinion  of  Mr.  Nares,  to  a principal  division  in  a 
building  between  the  beams,  and  not  to  its  resem- 
blance to  a bay  or  a coast  ; “ for,”  he  says,  “ it  was 
usually  square.”  And  Mr.  Tyrwhitt, in  his  Glossary 
to  Chaucer,  says  it  was  “probably  so  called  because 
it  occupied  a whole  bay,  i.  e.  the  space  between  two 
cross-beams.”  “ An  oriel  window ,”  says  Francis, 
“ is  a window  of  similar  shape,  but  unconnected 
with  the  ground,  being  supported  by  brackets.” 

BAY'— YARN,  n.  Woollen  yarn.  Chambers. 

B.AYZE,  n.  See  Baize. 

BA-ZAAR ' (ba-zar'),  n.  [Per.,  traffic,  or  merchan- 
dise ; Sp.  <Sr  Fr.  bazar.}  A large  square,  or 
street,  in  Eastern  cities,  where  various  kinds 
of  merchandise  are  exposed  for  sale  : — a place 
fitted  up  for  various  retail  shops,  all  under  one 
regulation: — a market-place.  Written  also 
bazar.  Brande. 

BAZ’AT,  n.  A fine-spun  cotton  cloth  from  Jeru- 
salem ; — called  Jerusalem  cotton.  Buchanan. 

BUELL  ’IUJII  (del'yum),  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  (Pll- 
l.ior.}  A resinous  juice  or  grim  resin  of  an  Ori- 
ental tree,  slightly'  bitter.  Dunglison. 

BDEE-LOM'E-TER  (del-lom'e-ter),  n.  [Gr.  (Sbil- 
hi,  a leech,  and  yirpov,  a measure.]  (Med.) 
An  instrument  used  instead  of  the  leech  in 
blood-letting,  and  so  contrived  as  to  measure 
the  quantity  of  blood  drawn.  Dunglison. 

BDEL'O-STOME  (del'p-stom),  n.  [Gr.  /?i5d77w,  to 
suck,  and  arbya,  a mouth ; i.  e.  a mouth  formed 
for  suction.]  (Ich.)  A genus  of  cyelostomous 
fishes.  Smart. 

BE,  v.  n.  [Sans,  bhu  ; Per.  buden  ; Rus.  buit ; A. 

S.  boon  ; Frs.  <\  Ger.  bin  ; Dut.  ben.]  \i.  was  ; 
pp.  being,  been.  — Present,  I am,  thou  art, 
he  is  ; we  are  : — i.  I teas,  thou  least,  he  was  ; 
we  were.] 

1.  To  exist;  to  have  existence. 

To  he  or  not  to  be,  that  is  the  question.  Shak. 

Blest  hour!  it  was  a luxury  — to  be  ! Coleridge. 

Troy  is  no  more,  and  can  no  more  offend.  Dryden. 

2.  To  exist  in  a certain  state,  or  with  a certain 
quality  or  accident. 

Man  never  is,  but  always  to  be,  blest.  Pope. 

What  joy  is  joy,  if  Silvia  be  not  by?  Shak. 

3.  To  have  existence  as  an  object  of  thought, 
or  as  a quality  or  attribute  conceived  by  the 
mind. 

Mine  speak  of  seventy  senators  that  died 

By  their  proscriptions,  Cicero  being  one.  Shak. 

He,  being  dead,  yet  speaketh.  Ifeb.  xi.  4. 

It  is  true,  indeed,  ’t  is  a strange  truth.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Exist. 

■tpr-  Tliis  verb  is  much  used  as  an  auxiliary  in  conju- 
gating other  verbs.  By  means  of  it  the  passive  voice  is 
formed.  When  it  is  not  separately  expressed,  its 
meaning  or  force  is  nevertheless  included  in  every 
other  verb  ; tints,  “ I go  ” is  equivalent  to  “ I am  go- 
ing.”  Hence  it  is  called  the  substantiae  verb,  or  verb 
of  existence. 

To  let  be,  to  leave  undisturbed.  — To  be  off,  to  de- 
part ; to  be  away  or  at  a distance. 

BE—.  [Goth  bi-  ; A.  S.  be-.]  A prefix  much  used 
in  composition,  often  conveying  intensive  pow- 
er ; as,  fieeharm,  iedeck. 

BEACH"  (becli),  n.  [Perhaps  A.  S.  beag,  that 
which  surrounds,  from  bugan,  to  bend.  Rich- 
ardson.] The  land-boundary  of  a sea  or  lake, 
washed  by  the  waves;  the  shore;  the  strand. 
“ The  billows  on  the  beach.”  Cotton. 

BEACII'pD  (liech'ed),  a.  1.  Having  a beach. 
“ The  beached  verge  of  the  salt  flood.”  Shak. 

2.  p.  a.  Driven  on  a beach. 

BEACH'— FLEA,  ii.  A small  crustacean.  — See 
Sand-flea. 

BEACH'ING,  n.  The  act  of  running  a vessel 
ashore  upon  a beach.  Ogilcie. 

BEACH'Y  (becli'e),  a.  Having  a beach  or  beaches. 
“ The  beachy  girdle  of  the  ocean.”  Shak. 

BEA'CON  (be'kn),  n.  [A.  S.  beacen,  a sign.] 

1.  A fire  lighted  on  a height  as  a signal  to 
navigators,  or  to  give  alarm  in  ease. of  invasion. 

No  flaming  beacons  cast  their  blaze  afar.  Gay. 

2.  The  place  where  signal  fires  are  made. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


BEACON 


123 


.BEAR 


Along  the  southern  coast  of  England,  many  of  the  highest 
hills  are  provincially  termed  “ beacons,"  from  this  circum- 
stance. Braude. 

3.  Any  conspicuous  mark  or  signal  on  sea  or 
land.  Weak. 


BEA'GLE-IIOUND,  n.  A species  of  hound. 

BEAK,  n.  [A.  S.  pycan,  to  peck ; \V.  pig ; It. 
becco  ; Sp.  pico ; Fr.  bee.] 

1.  The  bill  of  a bird. 


BEA'CON  (bu'kn),  V.  a.  [f.  BEACONED  ; pp.  BEA- 
CONING, BEACONED.]  To  raise,  or  kindle,  as  a 
beacon  ; to  light  up. 

We  have  looked  so  long  upon  the  blaze  that  Zuinglius  and 
Calvin  have  beaconed  up  to  us,  that  we  are  stark  blind. 

Milton. 

BEA'CON-A^fE  (be'kn-aj),  n.  Money  paid  for  the 
maintaining  of  beacons.  Minsheu. 

BEA'CONED  (be'knd),  a.  Having  a beacon. 

The  toss  that  skirts  the  beaconed  hill.  Warton. 


BEA'CON- LESS,  a.  Having  no  beacon.  Allen. 


BEAD,  n.  [A.  S.  bead,  a prayer ; biddan,  to  pray, 
because  one  was  dropped  down  a string  every 
time  a prayer  was  said.  Tookc.] 

1.  A small,  perforated  ball  made  of  glass, 
coral,  pearl,  or  other  hard  substance,  and  used 
in  necklaces,  and  in  the  rosaries  by  which  Ro- 
man Catholics  count  their  prayers. 

That  aged  dame,  the  lady  of  the  place. 

Who  all  this  while  was  busy  at  her  beads.  Spenser. 

2.  Drops  of  a liquid,  or  any  small  body  of  a 
globular  form. 

Thy  spirit  within  thee  hath  been  so  at  war. 

That  beads  of  sweat  have  stood  upon  thy  brow.  Shale. 


3.  ( Chem .)  A bubble  rising  on  the  surface  of 

spirituous  liquors  : — pi.  Glass  globules,  num- 
bered according  to  their  specific  gravities,  used 
formerly  for  trying  the  strength  of  spirituous 
liquors.  Ogilvie. 

4.  (Arch.)  A small  globular  ornament ; a 

moulding  ornamented  - ■ _ _ _ 

with  embossments  like  

beads  ; a moulding  whose  vertical  section  is 
semicircular.  Brande. 


To  say  over  one’s  beads,  to  tell  one’s  beads,  or  to  be 
at  one’s  beads,  is  to  say  one’s  prayers.  — Bidding  of 
beads,  a charge  from  the  priest  to  say  so  many  pater- 
nosters over  the  beads  for  a soul  that  is  deceased. 


BEAD'HOUSE,  n.  A residence  for  poor  religious 
persons.  Weak. 

BEA'DLE  (be'dl),  n.  [A.  S.  btrdel,  or  by  del', 
biddan,  to  bid.— Low  L.  bedellus  ; It.  bidello  ; 
Sp.  bedel.)  A messenger  belonging  to  a court, 
or  public  body,  who  cites  persons  to  appear 
before  it ; a petty  officer  in  a church,  parish, 
university,  &c.  Shah. 

BEA'DLE-RY,  n.  The  office  or  jurisdiction  of  a 
beadle ; beadleship.  . Blount. 

BEA'DLE-SHIP,  n.  The  office  of  a beadle.  Wood. 

BEAD— MOULDING,  n.  A bead. —See  Bead,  No.  4. 

BEAD'— PROOF,  n.  1.  The  standard  proof  of 
spirituous  liquors,  so  determined  by  small 
globular  glass  instruments,  now  superseded  by 
the  hydrometer.  — See  Bead,  No.  3.  Craig. 

2.  A rude  method  of  determining  the  strength 
of  spirituous  liquors  from  the  continuance  of 
the  bubbles  or  beads  on  the  surface  produced 
by  shaking.  Crabb. 

BEAD'ROLL,  n.  [See  Bead.]  A list  of  persons 
to  be  prayed  for  : — a list. 

Dan  Chaucer,  well  of  English  undefiled, 

On  fame’s  eternal  bead-roll  worthy  to  be  filed.  Spenser. 

BEAD^'MAN,  n. ; pi.  bGad$'men.  A man  em- 
ployed to  pray  for  another  ; a monk.  Shah. 

BF.AD'SNAKE,  n.  The  brown  coluber,  a spotted 
snake.  Hill. 


CEAD^'— WOM-AN  (budz'wfim-an),  n. ; pi.  beads- 
women (bsdz'wlm-en).  A woman  who  prays 
for  another.  B.  Jonson. 

BEAD'— TOOL,  n.  A turning-tool,  having  its 
edge  ground  to  a concave  curve,  so  that  it  may 
produce  a convex  moulding  when  applied  to 
the  work.  Ogilvie. 

BEAD'-TREE,  n.  ( Bot .)  A large  tree,  native  of  the 
East  Indies,  producing  pale  yellow  berries,  whose 
poisonous  pulp  encloses  a nut  which  is  strung 
as  beads  by  the  Catholics ; Melia  azedarach. 
It  is  much  cultivated  in  the  southern  portion  of 
the  United  States,  and  is  called  also  Pride  of 
India  or  Pride  of  China.  Gray. 

BEA'GLE  (be'gl),  n.  [Fr.  bigle.]  A small  hound 
for  hunting  hares.  Pope. 


He  saw  the  ravens  with  their  horny  beaks 

Food  to  Elijah  bringing.  Milton. 

2.  Any  thing  ending  in  a point,  like  a beak  ; 

a promontory.  “ Cudden  Beak.”  Carew. 

3.  (Araut.)  The  upper  part  of  the  stem  of  a 
ship  ; the  prominent  part  of  the  prow  of  an  an- 
cient galley. 

Which,  well  laid  o’er,  the  salt  sea-waves  withstand. 

And  shake  them  from  the  rising  beak  in  drops.  Dryden. 

Beak-head,  a small  platform  at  the  fore  part  of  the 
upper  deck.  Crabb. 

4.  (Bot.)  A hard,  sharp  point  of  any  part  of 

the  fructification.  Brande. 

5.  (Arch.)  A small  pendent  fillet,  forming  a 

channel  behind,  to  prevent  water  from  running 
down  the  lower  bed  of  the  cornice.  Weak. 

6.  (Mech.)  The  crooked  end  of  a piece  of 

iron  to  hold  any  thing  fast.  Weak. 

7.  (Farriery.)  A little  shoe  at  the  toe  of  a 

horse’s  foot,  turned  up  and  fastened  in  upon 
the  fore  part  of  the  hoof.  Johnson. 

BEAKED  (bulc'ed  or  bekd),  a.  Having  a beak,  or 
a projection  like  a beak. 

Every  gust  of  rugged  winds 
That  blows  from  off  each  beaked  promontory.  Milton. 

BEAK'ER  (be'ker),  n.  [Low  L.  baccharium  ; It. 
bicchiere  ; Ger.  becher  ; Dut.  beeker.]  A drink- 
ing cup.  “ Stampt  beakers,  cups,  and  por- 
ringers.” Butler. 

BEAK'— I'RON  (-I'urn),  il.  An  iron  tool  ending 
in  a point,  used  by  blacksmiths,  coppersmiths, 
and  workers  in  sheet  metal.  Ogilvie. 

t BEAL  (bel),  n.  [It.  bolla,  a pimple.]  A whelk 
or  pimple  ; a boil.  Bailey. 

f BEAL,  v.  n.  To  gather  matter,  as  a boil;  to 
suppurate.  Shenvood. 

f BE-ALL,  n.  All  that  is  to  be. 

That  hut  this  blow 

Might  he  the  be-all  and  the  end-all  here.  Shak. 

BEAM  (hum),  it.  [Goth,  bagms,  a tree  ; A.  S.  beam, 
a beam,  a tree  ; Ger.  baum  ; Dut.  boom  ; Dan. 
bom.] 

1.  Any  large  piece  of  timber  of  more  length 
than  thickness  ; — so  distinguished  from  a block. 

And  snatches  at  the  beam  he  first  can  find.  Drudcn. 

2.  A main  horizontal  piece  of  timber  in  a 

building,  or  in  a ship.  Weak. 

3.  The  width  of  a ship.  “ A wide  vessel  is  said 
to  have  more  beam  than  a narrow  one.”  Brande. 

4.  The  part  of  a balance  at  the  ends  of  which 
the  scales  are  suspended. 

In  justice*  equal  scales, 

Whose  beam  stands  sure.  Shak. 

5.  The  main  horn  of  a stag,  which  hears  the 

antlers.  “ His  clashing  beam.”  Denham. 

6.  The  pole  of  a carriage. 

Forced  from  the  beam  her  brother's  charioteer.  Dryden. 

7.  A cylindrical  piece  of  wood,  in  a loom,  on 
which  the  web  is  gradually  rolled  as  it  is  woven. 

The  staff  of  his  spear  was  like  a weaver's  beam. 

1 Sam.  xxii.  7 

8.  The  shank  of  an  anchor.  Johnson. 

9.  The  upper  principal  timber  into  which  the 

handles  and  all  the  other  parts  of  the  tail  of  a 
plough  are  fixed.  Farm.  Ency. 

10.  A collection  of  parallel  rays  of  light  ema- 
nating from  the  sun  or  some  luminous  body. 

With  glistering  spires  and  pinnacles  adorned, 

Which  now  the  rising  sun  gilds  with  his  beams.  Milton. 

11.  (Mech.)  The  main  lever  of  a steam  en- 
gine, which,  turning  upon  a centre,  communi- 
cates motion  from  the  piston  to  the  crank, 
through  the  piston  rod  at  one  end,  and  the  con- 
necting rod  at  the  other. 

Beam  ends,  (Jfaut.)  A ship  is  said  to  be  on  her 
beam  ends  when  she  inclines  so  much  to  one  side  as 
to  lie,  as  it  were,  on  the  ends  of  her  beams. — On  the 
beam,  in  a line  with  the  beams.  — Before  the  beam,  in 
an  arc  of  the  horizon  between  the  line  of  the  beams, 
or  a perpendicular  to  tile  side  of  the  ship,  and  the 
point  of  the  compass  towards  which  the  ship  is 
steered.  — Abaft  the  beam,  in  an  arc  of  the  horizon  be- 
tween the  same  perpendicular  and  the  point  towards 
which  the  stern  is  directed. — To  kick  the  beam,  to  rise 
as  the  lighter  scale  of  a balance  docs,  so  as  to  strike 
in  against  the  beam  as  it  becomes  oblique. 


See  which  prevails  : 

Which  in  the  balance  lightly  kick*  the  beam, 

And  which  by  sinking  we  the  victor  deem.  Churchill. 

Syn.  — See  Gleam. 

BEAM,  V.  n.  [A.  S.  beamian.)  \i.  beamed  ; pp. 
beaming,  beamed.]  To  emit  rays  or  beams ; 
to  shine. 

A mighty  light  flew  beaming  every  way.  Chapman. 

BEAM,  v.  a.  To  shoot  forth  ; to  emit  in  rays. 

The  sciences  they  beamed  out  to  enlighten  it.  Burke. 

BEAM'-BIRD,  n.  (Ornith.)  The  spotted  fly- 
catcher of  England;  Mttscicapagrisola.  Yarrell. 

BEAM'— COM-PASS,  n.  An  instrument  consisting 
of  a square  rod  or  beam  of  wood  or  metal,  on 
which  are  sliders  carrying  points;  — used  for 
describing  circles  of  long  radii.  Francis. 

BEAM'— EN-^JNE  (-en'jjn),  n.  A steam  engine  in 
which  the  motion  of  the  piston  is  transmitted 
to  the  crank  by  means  of  a beam  overhead, 
attached  to  the  piston  rod  at  one  end,  and  to 
the  connecting  rod  at  the  other.  Ogilvie. 

BEAM'— FEATH-]yR,  n.  A long  feather  of  a bird’s 
wing.  Booth. 

BEAM'— FILL-ING,  n.  1.  (Masonry.)  The  masonry 
or  brick- work  which  fills  the  interstices  between 
joists  or  beams.  Francis. 

2.  ( Naut .)  That,  portion  of  the  cargo  which 
is  stored  between  the  beams.  Ogilvie. 

BEAM'FUI,,  a.  Emitting  beams  ; radiant ; bright. 
“ Beamful  lamps.”  Drayton. 

BEAM'ING,  p.  a.  Bright ; resplendent. 

Of  beaming  sunny  rays  a golden  tiar.  Milton. 

BEAM'LfiSS,  a.  Yielding  no  ray  of  light  ; ray- 
less. “ The  beamless  eye.”  Thomson. 

BEAM'— TREE,  n.  (Bot.)  A deciduous  British 
tree,  of  small  growth;  — so  called  because  its 
wood,  hard,  compact,  and  tough,  is  used  for 
axletrees  and  the  like ; Pyrus  aria.  Brande. 

BEAM'Y,  a.  1.  Emitting  beams  or  rays  ; radiant. 
“A  bright,  beamy  shield.”  Beau,  if  I’l. 

2.  Large  as  a beam.  “Double-biting  axe 

and  beamy  spear.”  Dryden. 

3.  Having  horns  or  antlers.  “ Of  boars  and 

beamy  stags.”  Dryden. 

BEAN,  it.  [A.  S.  bean.]  A well-known  edible 

pulse,  both  of  the  garden  and  the  field,  of  many 
varieties;  Vida  fuba.  “A  great  bowlful  of 
beans.”  Piers  Plouhman 

BEAN'— CA-PpR,  it.  (Bot.)  A deciduous,  herba- 
ceous plant,  with  fleshy  leaves  and  whitish  yel- 
low flowers ; Zygophyllum  fahago.  Loudon. 

BEAN'COD,  71.  A small  fisfling-boat  or  pilot- 

boat,  used  on  the  coasts  of  Portugal.  Crabb. 

BEAN'FED,  p.  a.  Fed  with  beans.  Shak. 

BEAN'FLY,  it.  A beautiful  bluish-black  fly,  fre- 
quently found  on  bean  flowers.  Farm.  Ency. 

BEAN'GOOSE,  n.  A species  of  wild  goose,  so 
named  probably  from  its  fondness  for  beans 
and  other  pulse,  though  by  some  the  name  is 
thought  to  be  derived  from  the  shape  of  the 
nail  of  the  upper  mandible,  which  resembles  a 
horse-bean.  Eng.  Cyc. 

BEAN'— TRE-FOIL,  n.  A small  leguminous  tree, 
bearing  pods  ; Anagyris  feetida.  Loudon. 

BEAR  (b&r),  v.  a.  [Goth,  bairan ; A.  S.  beratt, 
or  beoran  \ Dut.  beuren.  — Gael,  if  Ir.  heir.]  [i. 
BORE  (f  BARE)  ; pp.  BEARING,  BORNE.] 

1.  To  hold  up,  uphold,  sustain,  or  support,  as 
a weight  or  burden. 

Pillars  upon  which  the  house  stood,  and  on  which  it  was 
borne  up.  Judges  xvi.  29. 

"With  Atlantean  shoulders  fit  to  bear 
The  weight  ot'mightiest  monarchies.  Milton. 

2.  To  carry  ; to  convey  ; to  transport. 

Bear  me,  O,  bear  me  to  sequestered  scenes.  Pope. 

3.  To  possess  ; to  have  ; to  hold. 

"When  the  wicked  beareth  rule,  the  people  mourn. 

Brov.  xxix.  2. 

"When  vice  prevails,  and  impious  men  bear  sway, 

The  post  of  honor  is  a private  station.  Addison. 

4.  To  carry  or  possess,  as  a mark  of  authority 
or  distinction  ; as,  “ To  bear  the  sword  ” ; “ To 
bear  arms  ” ; “ To  bear  a date  or  name.” 

For  he  beareth  not  the  eword  in  vain.  Rom.  xili.  4» 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  ^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


BEAR 


124 


BEAR’S-GREASE 


5.  To  have  or  cherish  in  the  mind,  as  love, 
hatred,  or  a grudge. 

For  the  love  I bear  to  Cassio.  Shak. 

6.  To  endure,  suffer,  support,  or  undergo,  as 
pain,  sorrow,  or  something  disagreeable. 

A wounded  spirit  who  can  bear?  Prov.  xviii.  14. 

7.  To  be  charged  with  or  be  answerable  for, 
as  loss,  expense,  or  blame. 

If  I bring  him  not  unto  thee, ...  let  me  bear  the  blame  for 
ever.  Gen.  xliii.  U. 

8.  To  exhibit  or  utter,  as  testimony. 

Thou  shalt  not  bear  false  witness  against  thy  neighbor. 

Exod.  xx.  1G. 

9.  To  maintain  ; to  keep  up. 

He  finds  the  pleasure  and  credit  of  bearing  a part  in  the 
conversation.  Locke. 

10.  To  admit  or  be  capable  of. 

The  most  favorable  interpretation  that  the  words  can  pos- 
sibly bear.  Swift. 

11.  To  afford  or  supply  with;  as,  “To  bear 
one  company.’* 

12.  To  conduct;  to  behave. 

Hath  he  borne  himself  patiently  in  prison  ? Shuk. 

13.  To  produce  or  yield,  as  fruit. 

There  be  some  plants  that  bear  no  flowers,  and  yet  bear 
fruit.  Bacon. 

14.  To  bring  forth,  as  a child  ; to  give  birth  to. 

What  could  the  Muse  herself  that  Orpheus  bore , 

The  Muse  herself,  for  her  enchanting  son  ? Milton. 

This  verb,  as  used  in  the  last  sense,  has  a pe- 
culiarity with  respect  to  the  past  participle.  In  the 
passive  form  it  is  born  ; as,  “ lie  was  born  blind,” 
John  ix.  2 ; and,  in  the  active  form  borne , as  for  the 
other  senses;  as,  “The  barren  hath  borne  seven.” 
1 Sam.  ii.  5.  This  distinction  between  bomi  and 
borne , though  not  recognized  by  grammarians,  is  in 
accordance  with  common  usage,  at  least  in  the  United 
States.  In  many  editions  of  the  Bible  it  is  found, 
and  in  many  it  is  not.  It  seems  to  have  been  more 
commonly  recognized  in  American  than  in  English 
editions. 

To  bear  down , to  overwhelm  ; to  crush  ; to  oppress : 
“ Truth  is  borne  down,  the  testimony  of  sober  persons 
despised.”  Swift.  — To  bear  in  hand , to  amuse  with 
false  pretences;  to  deceive;  — used  by  Shakspeare 
and  others,  but  now  obsolete. — To  bear  off,  to  carry 
away.  — To  bear  out , to  support  ; to  maintain  ; to  de- 
fend. “ I hope  your  warrant  will  bear  out  the  deed.” 
Shak. — To  bear  through,  to  manage;  to  conduct. — 
To  bear  up,  to  keep  from  falling  or  sinking.  — To  bear 
a hand , (Naut.)  to  be  quick  ; to  make  haste. 

Syn.  — Bear  a burden;  carry  a load: — conveyed 
in  a carriage  ; transported  in  a ship  : — bear  affliction  ; 
bear  or  support  a burden ; endure  suffering ; suffer 
pain;  undergo  trials.  — Animals  bear  their  young; 
trees  bear  fruit ; a garden  produces  fruits ; flowers 
yield  seed. 

BEAR  (bir),  v.  n.  \i.  bore;  pp.  bearing,  borne.] 

1.  To  suffer  pain. 

They  bore  as  heroes,  but  they  felt  as  men.  Pope. 

2.  To  be  patient ; to  endure. 

I cannot,  cannot  bear  ; ’t  is  past,  ’t  is  done  ; 

Perish  this  impious,  this  detested  son  ! Drydcn. 

3.  To  press;  to  be  oppressive. 

These  men  bear  hard  upon  the  suspected  party.  Addison. 

4.  To  be  fruitful  or  prolific. 

Betwixt  two  seasons  comes  the  auspicious  air  ; 

This  age  to  blossom,  and  the  next  to  bear.  Dryden. 

5.  To  take  effect ; to  succeed. 

Having  pawned  a full  suit  of  clothes  for  a sum  of  money, 
which,  my  operator  assured  me,  w as  flic  last  he  should  want 
to  bring  all  our  matters  to  bear.  Guardian. 

0.  + To  act  in  any  character  ; to  behave. 

Instruct  me 

IIow  I may  formally  in  person  bear 

Like  a true  friar.  Shak. 

7.  To  import ; to  purport;  to  imply. 

Although  the  pamphlet  bore  to  be  published  in  Lo  ldon, 
it  was  published  in  Edinburgh.  Arnot. 

8.  (Naut.)  To  be  situated  with  respect  to 
other  places  ; as,  “ The  lighthouse  bears  north- 
east from  the  ship.” 

Syn.  — See  Abide. 

To  bear  in  with,  (JVant.)  to  sail  towards;  as,  “ To 
bear  in  with  the  land.”—  To  bear  of,  (JVant.)  to 
steer  from  the  land — To  bear  up,  to  stand  firm  ; as, 
“ To  bear  up  tinder  misfortune.”  — ( JVaut .)  to  change 
t lie  course  of  a ship  so  as  to  make  her  sail  before 
the  wind. — To  bear  upon,  to  be  connected  with;  to 
relate  to  ; as,  “ To  read  whatever  bears  upon  a sub- 
ject.”— ( Gunnery ) to  aim  towards  in  pointing  a 
gun,  so  as  to  make  the  shot  take  effect.  “ Spinola 
with  his  shot  did  bear  upon  those  within.”  Hayward. 

• — To  bear  down  upon,  (JVant.)  to  approach  a vessel 
from  tile  windward. — To  bear  with,  to  have  patience 
with  ; to  endure.  “If  tilou  wouidst  be  borne  with,  bear 
with  others.”  Fuller. 


BEAR  (bir),  n.  [A.  S.  bera ; Ger.  btir ; Dut.  beer.\ 

1.  (Zoul.)  A planti- 
grade fierce  animal,  of 
the  genus  Ursus,  om- 
nivorous or  frugivo- 
rous,  heavy,  stout-bod- 
ied, and  thick-limbed. 

Brande. 

2.  (Astron.)  The 

name  of  two  constel-  l'oiar  Bear, 

lations,  called  the  Great  or  Greater  Bear  ( Ursa 
Major),  near  the  north  pole,  and  the  Less  or 
Lesser  Bear  ( Ursa  Minor),  which  includes  the 
pole-star. 

3.  (Naut.)  A square  piece  of  wood  made 

heavy  by  pieces  of  iron  attached  to  it,  for  clean- 
ing a ship’s  deck.  Ogilvie. 

4.  (Stock  Exchange.)  One  who  contracts  to 
sell  stocks  at  a future  time  for  a certain  price  ; 
one  interested  to  depress  the  value  of  stocks. 

<£3=-  Tlie  origin  of  the  term  in  this  sense  is  tints 
described  by  Dr.  Warton : “ lie  who  sells  that  of 
which  lie  is  not  possessed  is  proverbially  said  to  sell 
tile  skin  before  he  has  caught  the  bear.  It  was  the 
practice  of  stock-jobbers,  in  file  year  1720,  to  enter 
into  a contract  for  transferring  South  Sea  stock  at  a 
future  time  for  a certain  price  ; but  lie  who  contracted 
to  sell  had  frequently  no  stock  to  transfer,  nor  did  lie 
who  bought  intend  to  receive  any  in  consequence  of 
liis  bargain  ; the  seller  was  therefore  called  a bear,  in 
allusion  to  the  proverb,  and  tile  buyer  a bull,  perhaps 
only  as  a similar  distinction.  The  contract  was 
merely  a wager,  to  be  determined  by  the  rise  or  fall 
of  stock  ; if  it  rose,  the  seller  paid  tiie  difference  io 
tlie  buyer.”  If  it  fell,  the  difference  between  the 
ruling  rate  and  that  stipulated  in  tlie  bargain  was  to 
be  paid  by  tile  buyer  to  tlie  seller;  and  lienee  it  was 
tlie  interest  of  tlie  bear,  or  seller,  to  decry  tlie  value 
of  tlie  stock  which  formed  tlie  subject  of  tlie  negoti- 
ation, and  of  the  bull,  or  buyer,  to  enhance  it. 

BEAR,  or  BIG  BEAR,  n.  [A.  S.  here,  barley.]  A 
species  of  barley  having  six  rows  in  the  ear ; 
winter,  or  square  barley.  — See  Beiie.  Jamieson. 

BeAr'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  he  borne ; tolerable  ; 
endurable  ; supportable.  Perry. 

BeAr'A-BLY,  ad.  So  as  to  be  borne.  T Vest.  Rev. 

BEAR'— BAIT-ING,  n.  The  sport  of  baiting  bears 
with  dogs. 

lie  haunts  wakes,  fairs,  and  bear-baitings.  Shah. 

BEAR'— BER-RY,  n.  An  evergreen  trailing  plant; 
Arbutus  uva-ursi.  Loudon. 

BEAR'— BIND  (bir'blnd),  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of 
plants  resembling  bindweed.  Loudon. 

II  BEARD  (herd)  [herd,  W.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm. 
B. ; herd,  S.  Wb. ; bird,  Wm.  Johnston],  n.  [A. 

S.  beard  ; Ger.  hart ; Dan.  beerd ; Dut.  beard. 
— L.  barba ; It.  85  Sp.  barba.] 

1.  The  hair  that  grows  on  the  lips,  chin,  and 
sides  of  the  face. 

With  eyes  severe  and  beard  of  formal  cut.  Shak. 

2.  (Bot.)  Prickles  or  bristles  on  the  heads  of 

grain,  or  on  other  plants.  Brande. 

3.  (Ich.)  The  gills  of  oysters  and  other  bi- 
valve fish.  Brande. 

4.  (Archery.)  A barb  on  an  arrow.  Johnson. 

5.  (Farriery.)  The  part  of  the  lower  jaw  of  a 

horse  against  which  the  curb  bears.  Crabb. 

6.  ( Astron .)  The  rays  which  a comet  emits 
in  the  direction  in  which  it  moves,  in  distinc- 
tion from  the  tail,  or  rays  from  behind.  Francis. 

7.  (Printing.)  The  outer  angle  at  the  square 

shoulder  of  the  shank  of  a letter  projecting 
towards  its  face.  Crabb. 

tlTp  Beard  is  pronounced  bird  in  Suffolk  and  Nor- 
folk, in  England,  according  to  Forby  , and  it  is  tints 
pronounced  in  some  parts  of  New  England. 

“ This  word,  as  Dr.  Kenrick  observes,  is  frequently 
pronounced  so  as  to  rhyme  with  herd ; but  I am  of  liis 
opinion,  that  this  pronunciation  is  improper.  Mr. 

Scott  and  Mr.  Perry  give  it  both  ways.  Buchanan 
sounds  it  short,  like  Mr.  Sheridan.  W.  Johnston 
makes  it  rhyme  witli  laird,  a Scotch  lord.  The  stage 
lias,  in  my  opinion,  adopted  the  short  sound  of  tlie 
diphthong  without  good  reason,  and  in  this  instance 
ought  not  to  be  followed;  as  the  long  sound  is  not 
only  more  agreeable  to  analogy,  but  to  general 
usage.”  IVallcer. 

||  BEARD  (herd),  V.  a.  [*.  BEARDED;  pp.  BEARD- 
ING, bearded.]  To  take  or  pluck  by  the 
beard ; to  oppose  to  the  face ; to  defy  openly. 

No  man  so  potent  breathes  upon  the  ground 

But  1 will  beard  him.  Shak. 

And  dar’st  thou,  then. 

To  beard  the  lion  in  his  den  ? Sir  IV.  Scott. 


||  BEARD'JKD  (bcrd’ed),  a.  1.  Having  a heard. 

Then  a soldier. 

Full  of  strange  oaths,  and  bearded  like  the  paid.  Shak. 

2.  Prickly,  like  ears  of  wheat. 

As  when  a field 

Of  Ceres,  ripe  for  harvest,  waving  beuds 

Her  bearded  grove  of  ears.  ‘ Miller). 

3.  Barbed.  “ Bearded  steel.”  Dryden. 

||  BEARD’— GRASS,  n.  A species  of  grass  of  two 
varieties.  Farm.  Ency. 

||  BEARD'LESS,  a.  1.  Having  no  beard  ; youthful. 

2.  (Bot.)  Without  prickles  or  bristles. 

II  BEARD'LIJSS-NESS,  n.  Tlie  state  of  being 
beardless.  Smart. 

BEAR'pR  (liir'er),  n.  1.  One  who  bears,  supports, 
or  conveys. 

He  set  threescore  and  ten  thousand  of  them  to  be  hearers 
of  burdens.  2 Chron.  ii.  18. 

Forgive  the  bearer  of  unhappy  news.  Dryden. 

2.  One  who  carries  a body  to  the  grave,  or 
who  holds  the  pall  in  a funeral  procession. 

3.  (Com.)  The  holder  of  a check,  draft,  or 

other  order  to  pay  money  ; as,  “ Pay  to  A.  B. 
or  bearer.”  ' Crabb. 

4.  (Hort.)  A tree  that  yields  fruit;  as,  “A 

good  bearer.”  Loudon. 

5.  (Arch.)  Any  thing  used  by  way  of  support. 

6.  (Old  Laic.)  A person  who  bears  down,  or 

oppresses,  others.  Whishaw. 

7.  (Her.)  A supporter.  Johnson. 

BEAR'— FLY  (bir'fll),  n.  An  insect.  Bacon. 

BEAR'— GAR-DEN  (bAr'g&r-dn),  n.  A place  in 
which  bears  are  kept  for  sport : — any  place  of 
tumult  or  misrule.  Spectator. 

BeAr'-GAR-DEN  (h4r'gar-dn),  a.  Rude  or  tur- 
bulent. [it.]  “ Bear-garden  sport.”  Johnson. 

BeAr'HERD  (bir'herd),  n.  A keeper  of  bears. 

BeAr'JNG,  n.  1.  The  act  of  giving  birth. 

For  in  travail  of  his  bearing,  his  mother  was  first  dead. 

Robert  of  Gloucester. 

2.  Air  ; mien  ; behavior  ; deportment. 

That  is  Claudio  ; I know  him  by  his  bearing.  Shak. 

3.  Endurance  ; suffering  ; as,  “ An  evil  be- 
yond bearing.” 

4.  Connection  ; relation  ; dependency. 

I shall  diseuss  them  in  such  a manner  as  shall  appear  to 
me  best  adapted  for  showing  their  mutual  bearings  and  rela- 
tions. Burke. 

5.  (Naut.)  The  direction  of  one  place  or  thing 
from  another  by  the  points  of  the  compass  : — 
tlie  position  of  any  distant  object  with  respect  to 
that  of  a ship,  i.  e.  ahead,  astern,  abreast,  &c.  : 
pi.  the  widest  part  of  a vessel  below  the  plank 
sheer.  — To  take  bearings,  to  ascertain  how  ob- 
jects lie_with  respect  to  points  of  the  compass. 

6.  (Arch.)  The  span  of  a beam  or  rafter,  or 

that  part  which  is  without  support.  Weale. 

7.  (Mech.)  That  part  of  a shaft  or  spindle 
which  is  in  contact  with  the  supports.  Weale. 

8.  (Fine  Arts.)  pi.  The  mutual  relations  of 

the  parts  of  a figure.  Weale. 

9.  (Her.)  pi.  The  charges  that  fill  an  escutch- 
eon or  coat  of  arms.  Johnson. 

10.  (Hort.)  The  act  of  producing  fruit;  as, 
“ A tree  may  be  injured  by  prolific  bearing." 

BeAr'ING,/?.  a.  That  bears  ; sustaining;  yielding. 

BEAr'ING-CLOTH,  n.  The  cloth  with  which  a 
child  is  covered  when  carried  to  church  to  be 
baptized.  Shak. 

BeAr'ISH,  a.  Having  the  qualities  of  a bear.  “We 
call  men  . . . sheepish,  bearish.”  Harris. 

BeAr'LIKE,  a.  Resembling  a bear.  Shak. 

BEARN  (birn),  n.  [Goth,  barn  ; A.  S.  beam.]  A 
child.  — See  Bairn. 

They  say  beams  arc  blessings.  Shah. 

BEAR’S'— BREECH  (birz’brecli),  n.  A vulgar 
name  for  plants  of  the  genus  Acanthus ; — called 
also  brank-ursine.  — See  Acanthus.  Loudon. 

BEAR’S'— EAR,  n.  A plant ; auricula  or  sanicle  ; 
Cortusa  Matthioli.  Loudon. 

BEAR’S'— FOOT  (birz'fut),  n.  (Bot.)  An  orna- 
mental evergreen  bush,  with  deep-green  and 
finely-divided  leaves,  which  are  poisonous ; 
Hellcborus  fcctidus.  Loudon. 

BEAR’S'-GREASE,  n.  The  grease  or  oil  of  the 
bear,  used  as  a cosmetic.  Booth. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  Cr,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  V,  Y,  short;  A,  E,  I,  O,  V,  Y,  obscure.  — FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


BEAR-SKIN 


BEAUTIFY 


125 


BEAr'-SKIN,  or  BEAR’§'— SKIN,  n-  Tko  skin  of 
a bear  : — a thick  cloth  with  a long  pile. 

BeAr’S'-WORT  (birz'wiirt),  n.  An  herb. 

BEAr’-WARD,  n.  A keeper  of  bears.  Shak. 

BeAr'-WIIELP,  n.  The  cub  of  a bear.  Drayton. 

BEAST,  n.  [L.  bestia\  It.  § Sp.  bestia;  Fr.  bestc, 
or  bete.  — Dut.  beest  •,  Ger.  blest.']  An  animal, 
distinguished  from  insects,  fishes,  birds,  and 
man ; a four-footed  animal  ; a quadruped ; a 
brute  ; — an  irrational  animal,  opposed  to  man. 

O judgment,  thou  art  fled  to  brutish  beasts.  Shak. 

Syn. — The  words  beast  and  brute  are  applied  to 
animals  (commonly  to  quadrupeds),  as  distinguished 
from  birds,  fishes,  and  insects.  Beasts  of  the  forest  ; 
beasts  of  the  field  ; beasts  of  burden,  never  brutes  of 
burden.  — See  Animal. 

BEAST,  n.  A game  at  cards,  like  loo.  Scott. 

BEAST'ING§,  n.  pi.  See  Biestings. 

BE  AST1  LIKE,  a.  Resembling  a beast.  Mountain. 

BE  AST'LI-NESS,  n.  Brutishness;  brutality. 
“ Loathed  their  beastliness."  Spenser 

BEAST'LY,  a.  1.  Brutal ; having  the  nature  of 
beasts;  brutish.  “You  beastly  knave,  know 
you  no  reverence  ? ” Shak. 

2.  Having  the  form  of  beasts.  “ Beastly  di- 
vinities and  groves  of  gods.”  Prior. 

BEAST'LY,  ad.  In  the  manner  of  a beast,  [it.] 

BEAT,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  beatan  ; Ger.  batten ; L.  ha- 
tno  ; It.  battcre ; Sp.  batir  ; Fr.  battre.]  [ i . beat  ; 
pp.  BEATING,  BEATEN  Or  BEAT.] 

1.  To  strike  repeatedly;  to  knock;  to  hit; 

to  lay  blows  upon.  “ He  beat  his  breasts,  he 
tore  his  hair.”  Dryden.  “ I prithee  beat  thy 
drum.”  Shak. 

2.  To  pound;  to  bruise;  to  break  into  pieces 
or  into  powder  by  repeated  blows. 


Take  unto  thee  sweet  spices; 
some  of  it  very  small. 


and  thou  shalt  beat 
Exod.  xxx.  30. 


3.  To  free  from  straw  or  chaff ; to  thresh. 

She  gleaned  in  the  field,  and  beat  out  that  she  had  gleaned 
until  even.  Ruth  ii.  17. 

4.  To  hammer  ; to  forge. 

They  shall  beat  their  swords  into  ploughshares,  and  their 
spears  into  pruning-hooks.  Isa.  ii.  4. 

5.  To  agitate  by  repeated  blows.  “ Eggs  . . . 

are  often  beaten  up  raw.”  IF.  Ency. 

6.  To  dash  against. 

"While  winds  and  storms  his  lofty  forehead  beat , — 

The  common  fate  of  all  that’s  high  or  great.  rope. 

7.  To  go  over,  or  scour,  with  accompaniment 
of  noises  and  other  means  to  rouse  game. 

* Together  let  us  beat  this  ample  field; 

Try  what  the  open,  what  the  covert,  yield.  Pope. 

8.  To  tread,  as  a path. 

Pass  awful  gulfs,  and  beat  my  painful  way.  Blackmore. 

lie  that  will  know  the  truth  of  things  must  leave  the  com- 
mon and  beaten  track.  Locke. 

9.  To  conquer;  to  overcome;  to  subdue;  to 
vanquish ; to  excel  or  surpass  in  a contest. 

Pyrrhus  . . . beat  the  Carthaginians  at  sea.  Arbuthnot. 

10.  To  harass;  to  perplex;  to  subject  to 
painful  labor  ; to  overlabor. 

II  is  no  point  of  wisdom  for  a man  to  beat  liis  brains  about 
things  impossible.  Hukewill. 

To  beat  back , to  force  or  drive  back.  “ Levy  men, 
and  brat  him  back.”  Shak. — To  beat  down,  to  batter; 
to  overturn.  “ Will  you  beat  down  the  door  ? ” Shak. 
To  put  down  ; to  subdue.  “ Courage  may  brat  down 
our  foes.”  Shak.  To  cause  to  be  abated  or  lessened, 
as  the  price  of  any  thin".  “Usury  beats  down  the 
price  of  land.”  Bacon.  To  endeavor  to  get  abated. 

Beats  down  the  price,  and  threatens  still  to  buy.  Dryden. 
— To  beat,  hollow , or  to  beat  all  hollow , to  surpass  or  over- 
come completely.  [Vulgar.]  — To  beat  into , to  teach 
by  laborious  repetition.  [Vulgar.] — To  brat,  out.,  to 
flatten  by  hammering:  — to  overcome  by  fatigue. — 
To  beat  the  hoof , to  go  on  foot  ; to  walk. — To  beat 
time,  to  measure  time  by  a beating  motion  of  the  hand 
or  foot. 

(Mil.)  To  beat  an  alarm , to  give  notice  of  danger  by 
beat  of  drum. — To  beat  a charge , to  give  notice  to 
charge  the  enemy. — To  beat  a parley , to  give  a sig- 
nal for  a conference  with  the  enemy. — To  beat  the 
general,  to  give  notice  to  the  troops  to  march.  — To 
beat  the  reveille,  to  give  notice  for  leaving  quarters. — 
To  brat  the  tattoo,  to  give  notice  for  retiring  to  quar- 
ters.— To  beat  the  troop , to  give  notice  to  soldiers  to 
repair  to  their  colors.  — To  beat  to  arms , to  give  notice 
to  soldiers  to  repair  to  their  arms. 

Syn.  — To  beat  is  to  give  many  blows;  to  strike, 
to  give  a single  blow  ; to  hit,  to  touch  the  object  aimed 


at;  to  knock , strike  with  an  instrument  or  something 
heavy. 

BEAT,  v.  n.  1.  To  move  in  a pulsatory  manner, 
or  witb  frequent  repetitions  of  the  same  stroke. 

My  temperate  pulse  does  regularly  beat.  Dryden. 

2.  To  dash,  as  a flood  or  storm. 

Public  envy  seemeth  to  beat  chiefly  upon  ministers. 

Bacon. 

3.  To  act  upon  with  violence. 

The  sun  beat  upon  the  head  of  Jonah,  that  he  fainted. 

Jon.  iv.  8. 

4.  To  throb  ; to  be  in  agitation.  “ When 
this  heart  bath  ceased  to  beat.”  Campbell. 

A turn  or  two  I ’ll  walk 

To  still  my  beating  mind.  Shak. 

5.  To  be  incessantly  revolving  some  purpose 
or  idea ; to  pore  upon. 

Thine  eyes  and  thoughts 

Beat  on  a crown,  the  treasure  of  thy  heart.  Shak. 

Do  not  infest  your  mind  with  beating  on 

The  strangeness  of  this  business.  Shak. 

6.  (Mus.)  To  make  a motion  with  the  hand 

or  foot  for  measuring  time.  Moore. 

7.  ( Naut .)  To  make  progress  in  a direction 
contrary  to  that  of  the  wind  by  making  use  of  a 
part  of  its  force  to  impel  the  ship  at  an  angle 
to  the  desired  course,  alternating  on  the  right 
and  the  left. 

To  beat  about , to  search.  “ To  find  an  honest  man 
I beat  about."  Pope.  — To  beat  upon,  to  repeat ; to  en- 
force by  repetition.  “ How  frequently  doth  t lie  Scrip- 
ture bent  upon  tills  cause  ! ” Hake-will. — To  beat  up 
for,  (Mil.)  to  make  an  effort  to  enlist;  as,  “ To  beat 
up  for  recruits.” 

BEAT  [bet,  IF.  K.  Sm.  R.  Wb. ; bet,  P.],  i.  & p. 
from  beat.  — See  Beat. 

The  past  time  of  this  verb  is,  by  tile  English, 
uniformly  pronounced  like  tiie  present.”  Walker. 

BEAT,  n.  1.  A stroke  ; manner  of  striking. 

lie  with  a careless  beat 

Struck  out  the  mute  creation  at  a heat.  Dryden. 

2.  A pulsation  ; as,  “ The  heart  makes  from 
60  to  70  beats  in  a minute.” 

3.  A round  or  course  ridden  or  perambulat- 
ed ; as,  “ The  beat  of  a watchman  in  a city.” 

4.  (Mus.)  The  motion  of  the  hand  or  foot  in 
measuring  time:  — a reversed  shake  without  a 
turn;  a short  note:  — a pulsation  resulting 
from  the  joint  vibrations  of  two  sounds  of  the 
same  strength,  and  of  nearly  the  same  pitch. 

BEAT'EN  (be'tn),  p.  a.  1.  Marked  with  tracks ; 
much  travelled. 

What  makes  you,  sir,  so  late  abroad, 

Without  a guide,  and  this  no  beaten  road?  Dryden, 

2.  Rendered  trite  by  frequent  discussion  ; 
hackneyed;  as,  “ A beaten  topic.” 

BEAT'f.R,  n.  One  who  beats:  — the  instrument 
used  in  beating. 

The  greatest  schoolmaster  of  our  time  was  the  greatest 
beater.  Ascham. 

t BEATH,  v.  a.  To  bathe  in  fire  ; to  dry  or  harden 
by  exposure  to  fire,  as  wood.  Spenser. 

BE-A-TIF  IC,  [L.  bcatificus,  making  hap- 

BE-A-TIF'I-CAL,  \ py  ; beatus,  happy,  and  facio, 
to  make.]  Affording  heavenly  bliss ; making 
completely  happy.  “ Vision  beatific.”  Milton. 

BE-A-TlF'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  So  as  to  complete  hap- 
piness. Ilakewill. 

BE-AT-I-FI-cA'TION,  n.  [Fr.  beatification.]  Act 
of  beatifying.  — (Cath.  Church.)  A declaration 
by  the  pope  that  a person  is  happy  or  in  heaven 
after  death,  and  therefore  to  be  reverenced  as 
blessed,  but  not  to  receive  the  honors  due  to 
saints,  which  are  conferred  by  canonization. 

BE-AT'I-FY,  v.  a.  [L.  beatifico,  beatificatus  ; 
beatus,  happy,  and  facio,  to  make  ; Fr.  beatificr.] 
[i.  BEATIFIED  ; pp.  BEATIFYING,  BEATIFIED.] 

1.  To  make  happy;  to  bless  with  celestial 
enjoyment.  “ Beatified  saints.”  Hammond. 

2.  (Cath.  Chu'rch.)  To  pronounce  or  declare 
to  be  admitted  to  heaven  and  to  be  worthy  of 
reverence,  though  not  canonized. 

A hospital  erected  by  a shoemaker,  who  has  been  hr  at  i fed , 
though  never  sainted.  Addison. 

No  person  can  be  beatified  till  fifty  years  after  his  death. 

Eden. 

BE AT'ING,  it.  1.  Act  of  striking:  — correction 
by  blows.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  (Naut.)  The  making  of  progress  at  sea 
against  the  wind  by  a zigzag  course.  Crabb. 


3.  (Mus.)  A pulsation  produced  in  an  organ 
by  pipes  of  the  same  key,  when  they  are  not 
exactly  in  unison,  or  when  their  vibrations  are 
not  perfectly  equal  in  velocity.  Moore. 

BE-AT'I-TLrDE,  n.  [L.  beatitudo  ; beatus,  happy  ; 
Fr.  beatitude.] 

1.  Consummate  bliss  ; blessedness  ; felicity  ; 

heavenly  joy.  Bp.  Taylor. 

About  him  all  the  sanctities  of  heaven 

Stood  thick  as  stars,  and  from  his  sight  received 

Beatitude  past  utterance.  Milton. 

2.  A declaration  of  the  blessedness  belong- 
ing to  particular  virtues,  made  by  our  Saviour  in 
the  Sermon  on  the  Mount. 

Christ,  on  the  mountain,  taught  the  perfectioning  of  the 
law  when  he  pronounced  those  strange  beatitudes  never  afore 
heard  of.  Udal. 

Syn. — See  Happiness. 

BEAU  (bo),  n. ; pi.  Fr.  beaux',  Eng.  beaux  or 
beau§(Uoz).  [Fr.  beau,  fair,  beautiful.]  A man 
of  dress  ; a fop  ; a gallant ; a lover. 

What  will  not  beaux  attempt  to  please  the  fair?  Dryden. 

BEAUFET  (bo'let),  n.  [A.  S.  beod,  a table,  and 
fat,  a cup;  Fr.  buffet.]  A cupboard  or  niche, 
with  a canopy,  at  the  end  of  a hall.  Britton. 

BEAUFIN  (bo'-),  n.  A species  of  apple.  P.  Cyc. 

BEAU  IDEAL  (bo'e-da-51'  or  bo-I-de'fil),  n.  [Fr., 
ideal  beauty.]  A species  of  beauty  or  excel- 
lence created  by  the  fancy,  and  existing  only 
in  the  imagination  ; ideal  excellence.  Qu.  Rev. 

BEAU'ISII  (bo'ish),  a.  Foppish;  like  a beau. 

A beauish  young  spark  with  a sword  by  his  side.  Byrom. 

BEAU—  MONDE  (ho-mond'  or  bo-moud')  [ho-mond', 
IF.  Sm.  Mavor  ; bo'indnd,  P. ; l>o-mond',  Ja. ; ho- 
mond'  or  bo'mSng',  K.],  n.  [Fr.  beau,  fine,  fair, 
and  monde,  world.]  The  gay  or  fashionable 
world.  “ She  courted  the  beau-monde.”  Prior. 

BEAU-MONT'ITE  (bo-inont'lt),  n.  (Min.)  A hy- 
drosilicate of  copper.  Jackson. 

t BEAU-PEER',  01-  BEAU'-PERE  (bo-),  n.  [Fr. 
beau,  and  A.  S . fera,  a companion.]  A good 
companion  or  friend.  “The  snlnts  witli  tt.ir 


beau-peers." 


The  saints  with  their 
Fletcher. 


BEAU— PLEAD'ER  (bo-),  n.  [Old  Fr.  beau-plaidcr .] 
(Eng.  Law.)  Literally,  fair  pleading  ; but,  in 
reality,  specious  or  false  pleading;  — formerly 
punished  with  a fine.  Crabb. 

BEAU'SHJP  (bo'shtp),  n.  The  character  and 
quality  of  a beau:  — the  humorous  title  of  a man 
of  fashion.  “ What  his  beauship  says.”  Dryden. 

II  BEAU'TE-OUS  [Im'tc-us,  P.  J.  Ja.  R.  ; bu'tyus, 
E.  F.  K.  ; bu'chus,  S.  ; bu'che-us,  IF. ; bu'te-us 
or  but'yus,  Sm.],  a.  [Fr.  beaute,  beauty.]  Fair; 
beautiful.  [Seldom  used  in  prose.] 

I can,  Petruehio,  help  thee  to  a wife, 

With  wealth  enough,  and  young,  and  beauteous.  Shak. 

II  BEAU-TE-OUS-LY  (bu'te-us-le),  ad.  In  a beau- 
teous manner.  Bp.  Taylor. 

II  BEAU'TE-Ol’S-NESS  (bu'te-ns-nes),  ?).  Beauty. 
“ Less  virtue  and  less  beciutcousness.”  Donne. 

BEAU'TJ-Fl-pR  (hu'te-fl-er),  n.  He  who,  or  that 
which,  beautifies.  Costard. 

BEAU'TI-FUL  (bu'te-ful),  a.  Having  the  quali- 
ties that  constitute  beauty  ; pleasing  to  the  eye, 
to  the  ear,  or  to  the  mind  ; symmetrical ; fair  ; 
handsome;  fine;  pretty;  becoming;  graceful; 
elegant. 

The  most  important  part  of  painting  is  to  know  what  is 
most  beautiful  in  nature;  that  which  is  most  beautiful  is  the 
most  noble  subject.  Dryden. 

Syn. — Beautiful,  handsome , pretty,  fine,  fair,  and 
graceful  are  all  terms  applied  to  wliat  is  pleasing,  es 
pecially  to  the  eye;  but  of  these  epithets,  beautiful  is 
the  strongest  and  most  comprehensive,  and  it  is  very 
variously  applied  to  whatever  is  to  he  loved  or  ad- 
mired ; as,  A beautiful  woman  ; beautiful  scenery;  a 
beautiful  poem;  a beautiful  sentiment,  thought,  &.c. ; 
a handsome  man  ; a handsome  building  ; a handsome 
performance  ; a pretty  child  ; a fine  lady  ; a fine  pros- 
pect ; a fair  lady ; a fair  complexion  ; a graceful 
manner. 

BEAU'TI-FUL-LY  (bu'te-ful-le),  ad.  In  a beauti- 
ful manner.  “Beautifully  diversified.”  Melmoth. 

BEAU'TI-FUL-NESS  (hu'te-ful-nes),  n.  Beauty. 
“ Innate  . . . beautifulness  of  virtue.”  Tidily  well . 

BEAU'TI-FY  (bu'te-fi),  v.  a.  [Fr.  bcaute , beauty, 
and  L.  facio , to  make  ; Old  Fr.  bcautifer.']  [i. 
BEAUTIFIED  ; pp.  BEAUTIFYING,  BEAUTIFIED.] 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  <j,  g,  soft;  1 0,  £,  c,  g,  hard ; § as  z;  £ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


BEAUTIFY 


126 


BED 


To  make  beautiful ; to  adorn  ; to  add  beauty 
to  ; to  embellish  ; to  decorate  ; to  grace. 

There  is  charity  and  justice;  and  the  one  serves  to  height- 
en and  beautify  the  other.  After  bury. 

Syn.  — See  Adorn. 

BEAU'TI-FY,  v.  n.  To  grow  beautiful. 

It  must  be  a prospect  pleasing  to  God  himself  to  see  his 
creation  lor  ever  beaut'fying  in  his  presence.  Addison. 

BEAU'TI-FY-ING,  n.  The  act  of  rendering  beau- 
tiful. “ Artificial  beautifying.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

BEAU'TJ-LESS,  a.  Without  beauty.  “Unamia- 
ble,  beautiless  reprobate.”  [r.]  Hammond. 

BEAU 'TV  (bu'te),  n.  [It.  belta  ; Fr.  beaute.] 

1.  That  assemblage  of  graces,  or  proportion 
of  parts,  which  produces  a certain  agreeable 
emotion  or  feeling,  or  which  pleases  the  senses, 
especially  the  eye  and  the  ear. 

He  will  always  see  the  most  beauty  whose  affections  are 
warmest  and  most  exercised,  whose  imagination  is  the  most 
powerful,  and  who  has  most  accustomed  himself  to  attend  to 
the  objects  by  which  he  is  surrounded.  * Jeffrey. 

It  was  a very  proper  answer  to  him  who  asked  why  any 
man  should  be  delighted  with  beauty , that  it  was  a question 
that  none  but  a blind  man  could  ask.  Clarendon. 

The  criterion  of  true  beauty  is,  that  it  increases  on  exami- 
nation; of  false,  that  it  lessens.  Grevillc. 

2.  That  by  which  the  perception  of  truth  or 
of  traits  of  excellence  in  character  or  in  literary 
composition  is  adapted  to  please  the  mind  ; as, 
“ The  beauty  of  a theorem,  or  of  a demonstra- 
tion ” ; “ The  beauty  of  a good  life  ” ; “ The 
beauty  of  a fine  poem.” 

Pie  hath  a daily  beauty  in  his  life.  Shak. 

A thing  of  beauty  is  a joy  for  ever.  Keats. 

3.  A particular  grace  or  feature  that  is  pleas- 
ing ; any  part  more  excellent  than  the  rest  in 
the  productions  of  nature  or  the  works  of  man. 

The  ancient  pieces  are  beautiful  because  they  resemble 
the  beauties  of  nature.  Dryden. 

What  a piece  of  work  is  a man!  the  beauty  of  the  world  1 
the  paragon  of  animals!  Shak. 

This  gave  me  occasion  of  looking  back  on  some  beauties 
of  my  author  in  his  former  books.  Dryden. 

4.  A beautiful  person,  particularly  a woman. 

“ All  the  beauties  of  the  East.”  Milton. 

The  pale,  unripened  beauties  of  the  North.  Addison. 

5.  Comeliness  of  features  or  grace  of  person. 

To  give  pain  is  the  tyranny,  to  make  happy  the  true  em- 
pire, of  beauty.  Steele. 

Beauty  is  but  a vain  and  doubtful  good, 

A shining  gloss  that  fadeth  suddenly.  Shat. 

t BEAUr'TY  (bu'te),  v.  a.  To  beautify.  Shak. 

BEAU'TY— BEAM-1NG,  a.  Diffusing  beauty  ; ra- 
diant with  beauty.  Thomson. 

BEAU'TY— SPOT  (hu'te-spot),  n.  A patch  of  black 
silk  placed  to  heighten  some  beauty  by  contrast ; 
a foil.  “ A beauty-spot  of  black.”  Dryden. 

BEAU'TY— WAN'ING,  a.  Declining  in  beauty. 

A beauti/-waning  and  distressed  widow.  Shak. 

BEBUX-ESPRfTS  (boz'es-pre'),  n.  pi.  [Fr.]  Men 
of  wit  or  genius.  Qu.  Rev. 

BEA'Vf.R  (be'ver),  n.  [L  .fiber-,  A.  S.  befer ; Dut. 
barer  ; Ger.  biber ; Fr . inhere.] 

1.  ( Zoiil .)  An  am- 

phibious rodent  ani- 
mal of  the  genus  Cas- 
tor, valued  for  its  fur 
and  for  a peculiar 
substance  found  in 
its  groin,  and  known 
as  castoreum,  or  castor.  Beaver. 

Nor  is  the  provident  industry  of  animals  confined  to  in- 
sects, since  it  is  to  he  found  in  divers  of  the  greater  animals, 
particularly  in  hf  'tn  ,■■■.  Boyle. 

2.  The  fur  of  the  beaver  ; as,  “ A hat  made 
of  beaver.” 

3.  A hat,  so  called  from  being  made  of  the 
fur  of  the  beaver. 

V ou  see  a smart  rhetorician  turning  his  hat;  a deaf  man 
■would  think  he  was  cheapening  a beaver,  when  he  is  talking 
of  the  fate  of  the  nation.  Addison. 

BEA'VJyR,  a.  Made  of  the  fur  of  the  beaver.  “ In 
a mantle  and  a beaver  hat.”  Chaucer. 

BEA'VpR,  n.  [Fr.  bazih'c ; bare,  foam,  slaver; 
It.  baviera ; bava,  slaver.  — Fr.  bouvoir,  to  drink, 
as  enabling  the  wearer  to  drink.  Stevenson.] 

1.  The  movable  face-guard  of  a helmet. 

Haw.  Then  saw  von  not  his  face? 

Bor.  O,  yes,  my  ford;  he  wore  his  beaver  up.  Shale. 

2.  A helmet. 

I saw  young  Harry,  with  his  bearer  on. 

His  cuisses  on  his  thighs,  gallantly  armed. 

Rise  from  the  ground  like  feathered  Mercury.  Shale. 


BEA'VpRED  (bE'verd),  a.  Wearing  a beaver  hat. 

Ills  beavered  brow  a birchen  garland  wears.  Pope. 

BEA'VER-RAT,  n.  The  musk-rat.  Oyilvie. 

BEA'VpR-TEEN,  n.  Fustian  of  a strong  twilled 
texture  shorn  after  being  dyed.  IF.  Ency. 

f Bp-BLEED',  v.  a.  To  make  bloody.  Chaucer. 

BF-BLIND',  v.  a.  To  blind.  Gascoigne. 

t BF-BLOOD  (be-blud  ),  I jj.  a.  To  make  bloody. 

f BF-BLOOD'Y  (be-biud'e),  ) Sheldon. 

f BF-BLOT',  v.  a.  To  stain.  Chaucer. 

BJJ-BEUB'Bf.RED,  p.  a.  Swollen.  “ Pier  eyes  all 
beblubbered  with  tears.”  Shelton. 

BEC-A-Fl'Cb  (bek-?-le'k6)  [bek-?-le'ko,  S.  IF.  J. 

F.  ja.  K.  Sm. ; bek-?-fl'ko,  P-],  n.  [It.  bcccafi- 
co  ; beccare,  to  peck,  and  fico,  a fig  ; Sp.  beca- 
ftyo.]  A small  bird  that  feeds  on  figs  ; fig- 
pecker;  epicurean  warbler.  Pope. 

Bp-CALM'  (be-kim'),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  be  and  calm.] 
[t.  BECALMED  ; pp.  BECALMING,  BECALMED.] 

1.  To  cause  to  be  calm  ; to  keep  from  agita- 
tion ; to  make  tranquil  ; to  quiet ; to  calm. 

Perhaps  prosperity  becalmed  bis  breast; 

Perhaps  the  wind  just  shifted  from  the  east.  Pope. 

2.  To  detain  from  progress,  as  a ship,  by  a 

calm.  “ A man  becalmed  at  sea.”  Locke. 

These  small  ships,  sailing  along  the  const  of  Spain,  were 
suddenly  becalmed.  Hackluyt. 

Syn.  — To  calm  is  to  stop  motion  ; to  becalm  is  to 
withhold  from  motion.  Johnson . 

B|jj-CALM'JNG  (be-kdm'jng),  n.  A calm  at  sea. 

Other  unlucky  accidents  ofttimes  happen  in  these  seas, 
especially  in  becalmings.  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

B£-CAiME',  i,  from  become.  See  Become. 

BEC'ARD,  n.  (Oniith.)  A passerine  bird  of  the  fam- 
ily Muscicapidee,  and  sub-family  Tityrince.  Gray. 

B^-CAUsSE'  (be-kaz'),  conj . \by  and  cause.] 

1.  For  the  cause  that;  for  the  reason  that; 
on  this  account  that. 

Why  is  our  food  so  very  sweet? 

Because  we  earn  before  we  eat.  Cotton. 

2.  On  account ; by  reason  ; — followed  by  of. 

All  ye  shall  be  offended  because  of  me  this  night. 

Mutt.  xxvi.  31. 

3.  f In  order  that. 

And  the  multitude  rebuked  them,  because  they  should 
hold  their  peace.  Matt.  xx.  31. 

B Fi-CHAnuE',  v.  n.  To  befall ; to  happen. 

All  happiness  bechance  to  thee  at  Milan.  Shak. 

BF-CHAnCE',  ad.  Accidentally  ; by  chance.  “ We, 
bechance,  lost  our  sovereign  lord.”  Grafton. 

BF-CHARM',  v.  a.  To  captivate  ; to  charm.  “ My 
reason  long  hath  been  becharmed.”  Beau.  Sj  FI. 

BECIIE-DE-MER  (bish'de-mir),  n.  [Fr.]  Sea 
cucumber  or  trepang  ; a species  of  Ilolothuria. 
When  gutted,  pressed,  and  dried,  it  is  esteemed 
a luxury  by  the  Chinese.  Craig. 

t BE'UHIC,  n.  [Gr.  belonging  to  a cough  ; 

Ih'ii,  a cough.]  Medicine  for  coughs.  Cotgrave. 

BECK,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  bccnan,  or  bicnian.]  To  make 
a sign  by  a nod;  to  beckon. 

Who ’s  he  but  bowed  if  this  great  prince  bwtbeckedl  Drayton. 

BECK,  v.  a.  To  call  by  a motion  of  the  head  ; to 
beckon. 

Bell,  book,  nnd  candle  shall  not  drive  me  hack, 

When  gold  and  silver  beck  me  to  come  on.  Shak. 

BECK,  n.  [A.  S.  beacen , a sign.] 

1.  A sign  with  the  head  ; a nod. 

Quips,  and  cranks,  and  wanton  wiles, 

Nods,  and  becks , and  wreathed  smiles.  Milton. 

2.  [A.  S.  becc , a brook.]  A small  stream. 

The  brooks,  the  becks,  the  rills,  the  rivulets.  Drayton. 

BECK'FT,  n.  1.  (Naut.)  A piece  of  rope  placed 
so  as  to  confine  a spar  or  another  rope; — a 
handle  made  of  rope  in  a circular  form.  Dana. 

2.  A spade  used  in  digging  turf.  Hattiwell. 

BECK'ON  (bek'kn),  v.  n.  [A.  S.  bccnan,  or  bicnian, 
to  beckon  to.]  \i.  beckoned  ; pp.  beckoning, 
beckoned.]  To  make  a sign  or  call  attention 
by  motion  of  the  head  or  hand. 

Alexander  beckoned  with  the  hand,  and  would  have  made 
his  defence  unto  the  people.  Acts  xix.  33. 

BECK'ON  (bek'kn),  v.  a.  To  call  by  a sign. 


It  beckons  you  to  go  away  with  it.  Shak. 

I hear  a voice  you  cannot  hear. 

Which  says  I must  not  stay; 

I see  a band  you  cannot  see, 

Which  beckons  me  away.  Tickell. 

BECK'ON  (bek'kn),  n.  A sign  made  with  the  head 
or  hand  without  words  ; a beck. 

lie  runs  into  his  arms  at  the  first  beckon.  Bolingbrolc. 

f BF-CLIP',  v.  a.  [A.  S.  bcclyppan.]  To  embrace. 
“ lie  took  a child,  . . . and,  when  he  had  be- 
clipped  him,  he  said  to  them.”  Wickliff'e. 

BF-CLOUD',  V.  a.  [t.  BECLOUDED  ; pp.  BECLOUD- 
ING, beclouded.]  To  dim  ; to  obscure.  “ Storms 
of  tears  becloud  his  eyes.”  Fletcher. 

BF-COME'  (be-kum'),  v.  n.  [A.  S.  becuman,  to 
happen,  to  befall.]  [i.  became  ; pp.  becoming, 
become.]  To  enter  into  some  state  or  con- 
dition by  a change  from  some  other ; to  be 
changed  to  ; to  be. 

This  sensible,  warm  motion  to  become 

A kneaded  clod.  Shak. 

This  man  is  now  become  a god.  Shak. 

To  become  off  to  he  the  fate  of ; to  be  the  end  of ; to 
be  tlie  final  condition  of. 

Perplexed  with  thoughts,  what  would  become 

Of  me  and  all  mankind.  Milton. 

BF-COME'  (be-kum'),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  eweman,  to 
please  ; Ger.  bequemen.]  [ i . became  ; pp.  be- 
coming, become.]  To  be  suitable  to  ; to  be 
fit ; to  be  proper  or  appropriate  for. 

Write  them  together,  yours  is  as  fair  a name; 

Sounrl  them,  it  doth  become  the  mouth  as  well.  Shah. 

Wycherlv  was  of  my  opinion,  or,  rather,  I of  his;  for  it 
becomes  me  so  to  speak  of  so  excellent  a poet.  Dryden. 

BF-COM'ING,  a.  That  pleases  by  propriety  or 
fitness;  comely;  graceful;  suitable;  proper; 
fit ; meet.  “ Becoming  graces.”  Suckling. 

Syn.  — Becoming  dress  or  manner;  graceful  atti- 
tude ; suitable  furniture  ; comely  figure  ; proper  for  the 
purpose ; fit  for  the  season  ; meet  for  the  occasion. 

f BF-COM'jNG,  n.  An  ornament.  Shak. 

BF-COM'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a becoming  or  proper 
manner.  “ Becomingly  religious.”  More. 

BF-COM'ING-NESS,  n.  Suitableness:  fitness; 

propriety.  “ Becomingness  of  virtue.”  Delany. 

BF-CBlPTEE,  v.  a.  To  make  lame.  More. 

BF-CURL',  v.  a.  To  adorn  by  curling.  Search. 

BED,  n.  [A.  S.,  Icel.  §•  Dut.  bed  ; Ger.  bett.] 

1.  Something  made  to  sleep  on  ; a couch. 

On  my  knees  I beg 

That  you’ll  vouchsafe  me  raiment,  bed , and  food.  Shak. 

2.  Marriage,  [r.] 

George,  the  eldest  son  of  this  second  bed.  Clarendon. 

3.  A bank  of  earth,  or  raised  plot,  in  a garden. 

Ere  he  gives 

The  beds  the  trusted  treasure  of  their  seeds.  Coxcpcr. 

4.  The  bottom  of  a channel  or  watercourse. 

The  great  magazine  for  all  kinds  of  treasure  is  supposed  to 

be  the  bed  of  the  Tiber.  Addison. 

5.  (Masonry.)  The  horizontal  surface  on 

which  the  stones  or  bricks  of  a wall  lie  in 
courses.  The  under  surface  of  a stone  or  brick 
is  called  its  under  bed,  and  the  upper  surface 
its  upper  bed.  When  a stone  or  slate  is  used 
only  for  external  covering,  the  under  surface  is 
called  the  bed.  Weale. 

6.  ( Geol . & Mining.)  A seam  or  horizontal 
vein,  as  of  ore  ; a stratum  ; a layer.  Crabb. 

7.  ( Mcch .)  The  foundation  or  solid  and  fixed 
part  of  a machine  upon  which  the  working 
parts  are  fastened  ; as,  “ The  bed  of  a lathe  ” ; 
“ The  bed  of  an  engine.” 

8.  (Gunnery .)  The  thick  plank  at  the  top  of 

a gun  carriage:  — a thick  plank  hollowed  out 
to  receive  a mortar.  Crabb. 

To  be  brought  to  bed,  to  be  delivered  of  a child 

To  make  the  bed,  to  put  the  bed  in  order  after  it  lias 
been  used.  — From  bed  and  board.  (Law.)  applied  to  a 
partial  or  qualified  divorce,  by  which  the  parties  are 
required  to  live  separate,  the  wife  being  supported  by 
an  allowance  from  the  husband’s  estate. 

BED,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  beddian,  to  go  to  bed.]  [im- 
bedded ; pp.  BEDDING,  BEDDED.] 

1.  f To  place  in  bed. 

She  was  publicly  contracted,  stated  as  a bride,  and  sol- 
emnly bedded.  Bacon. 

2.  f To  make  partaker  of  the  bed. 

They  have  married  me. 

I ’ll  to  the  Tuscan  wars,  and  never  bed  her.  Shak. 

3.  To  place  in  earth,  as  seed  or  plants. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  F,  F 9,  V,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


BED 


BEE-FLOWER 


127 


4.  To  make  a bed  or  place  of  rest  for. 

A snake  bedded  himself  under  the  threshold.  U Estrange. 

5.  To  put  in  a lying  position.  “ Your  bedded 
hairs  . . . start  up,  and  stand  on  end.”  Shak. 

BED,  v.  n.  To  occupy  a bed;  to  cohabit. 

If  lie  be  married,  and  bed  with  his  wife.  Wiseman. 

Bp-DAB'BLE,  v.  a.  To  bespatter  ; to  besprinkle. 

Bedabbled  with  the  dew  and  torn  with  briers.  Shale. 

t BE-DAFF',  v.  a.  To  make  a fool  of.  Chaucer. 

BED’A-OAt,  n.  A name  applied  to  the  sacred 
books  of  the  Buddhists  in  Burmah.  Malcom. 

BE-D.\G'GLE,  v.  a.  To  bemire ; to  bedraggle  ; to 
smear  with  wet  dirt.  Richardson. 

BED'— ALE,  n.  An  entertainment  at  a country 
wedding  among  poor  people  in  England.  Ash. 

t BP-DARE',  v.  a.  To  defy  ; to  dare.  Pcele. 

f Bf.-DARK',  v.  a.  To  darken.  Gower. 

BE-DARK'EN  (-dir'kn),  v.  a.  To  obscure  ; to  dark- 
en. “ I bis  gloomy  day  bedarkened  him.”  Ilackct. 

B E-DASH',  v.  a.  To  strike  against ; to  dash  ; to 
besprinkle.  “ Trees  bedashed  with  rain.”  Shak. 

BF.-DAUB',  v.  a.  To  daub  over ; to  besmear. 
“ Bedaubed  in  blood.”  Shak. 

BE-DAZ'ZLE,  v.  a.  To  dim  by  lustre  ; to  dazzle. 
“ Bedazzled  by  the  sun.”  Shak. 

BED'-BUG,  n.  A fetid  house-bug  ; Cimex  lectu- 
larius.  Eng.  Cyc. 

BED'— CHAIR,  n.  A chair  for  the  sick  in  bed, 
with  a movable  back.  IK.  Ency. 

BED'CHAM-BER,  n.  A chamber  for  a bed. 

Lo rds  nf  the  bedchamber , ( Ena .)  officers  of  tile  royal 
household  under  the  groom  of  the  stoic.  Crabb. 

BED'CLOTHE^  (hed'klothz  or  bed'klo/,)  [bed'klo/,, 
,S.  IK.  J.  Ja.  K. ; hed'klothz,  P.  F.  R.;  hed'- 
klothz, colloquially  bed'klo/,,  S»i.],  n.  pi.  Cover- 
lets, sheets,  &c.,  for  a bed.  Shak. 

BED'DER,  in.  The  nether  stone  of  an  oil- 

BE-DET'TER,  ) mill.  Johnson. 

f BED'DERN,  n.  [A.  S.]  A refectory.  Wcale. 

BED'DING,  n.  [A.  S.  beding .]  The  materials  of 
a bed  ; a bed. 

Bedding  and  clothes  I will  this  night  provide.  Dnjden. 

BED' DING— MOULD 'ING,  n.  (Arch.)  Same  as 
Bedmoulding. 

fBE-DEAD'  (he-ded'),  v.  a.  To  deaden.  “ Be- 
deaded  and  stupefied.”  Hallyiocll. 

BE-DECK',  v.  a.  To  adorn;  to  deck.  “Shoes 
bedecked  with  precious  stones.”  Oldys. 

BED'E-GUAR,  or  BED'E-GAR,  n.  An  excrescence 
or  gall  termed  sweet-brier  sponge,  found  on 
various  species  of  wild  roses,  and  produced  by 
the  puncture  of  a small  insect.  Iloblyn. 

BEDE'— HOUSE,  n.  [A.  S.  bead,  a prayer,  and 
house.]  A hospital  or  almshouse,  where  poor 
people  prayed  for  their  benefactors.  Johnson. 

BE'DEL  (be'dl),  n.  A petty  officer.  — See  Bea- 
dle. 

BE'DEL- A-RY  (be'dl-?-re),  i n_  Extent  of  a bea- 

BE'DEL-RY  (he'dl-re),  j die’s  office. —See 
Beadleuy.  Blount. 

BEDE§'MAN,  n.  [A.  S.  bead , a prayer,  and  man.) 
One  who  resides  in  a bede-house ; one  who 
prays  for  another  ; a beadsman.  P.  Cyc. 

BE-DEV'lL  (be-dev'vl),  v.  a.  1.  To  overcome  by 
ill  treatment ; to  abuse. 

Recruited  once  more,  I forgot  all  my  pain. 

And  was  jilted,  and  burnt,  and  bedeviled  again.  Moore. 

He  had  been  flayed  alive  and  bedeviled.  Sterne. 

2.  To  corrupt;  to  spoil.  Halliwell. 

BE-DEVV'  (be-du'),  v.  a.  [ i . bedewed  ; pp.  BE- 

DEWING, bedewed.]  1.  To  moisten  with  dew. 

The  most  precious  tears  are  those  with  which  Heaven  be- 
dews the  unburied  head  of  a soldier.  Goldsmith. 

2.  To  wet  as  with  dew. 

Let  all  the  tears  that  should  bedew  my  hearse 

Be  drops  of  balm  to  sanctify  thy  head.  Shak. 

BE-DEVV'ER  (be-du'er),  n.  He  who  or  that  which 
bedews.  Sherwood. 


f RE-DEVV'Y  (be-du'e),  a.  Moist  with  dew.  “ Her 
bedeivy  wings.”  Breioer. 

BED'FEL-LOW,  n.  One  who  lies  in  the  same  bed. 

Misery  acquaints  a man  with  strange  bedfellows.  Shak. 

BED'HANG-ING^,  n.  pi.  Curtains  for  a bed. 
“The  story  of  the  prodigal  is  worth  a thousand 
of  these  bedhanyings.”  Shak. 

fBE-DIGHT'  (be-dlt'),  v.  a.  [From  dight.)  To 
dress  ; to  deck.  Johnson. 

BE-DIGHT',  ) p.  [From  bedight.)  Adorned; 

BE-IHGHT'ED,  $ decked.  “ A maiden  fine  be- 
dight.” Gag.  “ Whose  outward  garment  hath 
been  injured  and  ill  bedighted."  Milton. 

BF.-BlM',  v.  a.  To  make  dim  ; to  darken.  Sidney. 

f lSE-DIly'MAL,  v.  a.  To  make  dismal. 

BE-D1'ZEN  (he-dl'/.n)  [lie-dl'zn,  S.  IK.  P.  F.  Ja. 
K.  Sm.  R.  ; be-diz'zti,  IK6.],  v.  a.  To  dress  out ; 
to  decorate  gaudily.  Headley. 

BED'LAM,  n.  [Corrupted  from  Bethlehem,  the 
name  of  a religious  house  in  London,  converted, 
in  1.516,  into  a hospital  for  the  insane.] 

1.  A hospital  for  lunatics  ; a madhouse. 

A hundred  bedlams,  to  entertain  the . . . Puritans.  Spelman. 

2.  f A madman  ; an  inhabitant  of  bedlam. 

Let ’s  follow  the  old  earl,  and  got  the  bedlam 

To  lead  him  where  he  would;  liis  roguish  madness 

Allows  itself  to  any  thing.  Shak. 

BED'LAM,  a.  Belonging  to  a madhouse  ; insane  ; 
crazy.  “Bedlam  beggars.”  Shak. 

BED'LAM-ITE,  n.  A lunatic.  “The  nurse  en- 
ters like  a frantic  bedlamite.”  B.  Jonson. 

BED'LAM— LIKE,  a.  Resembling  a maniac ; like 
bedlam.  “ Bedlam-like  and  raving.”  Drayton. 

BED'LIN-EN,  n.  Linen  for  beds.  Smollett. 

BED'MAIv-ER,  n.  One  who  makes  beds.  Addison. 

BED'MATE,  n.  A bedfellow.  Shak. 

BED' MOULD- INC,  n-  (Arch.)  Any  moulding  be- 
tween the  corona  and  the  frieze.  Wcale. 

t BE-DOTE',  t>.  a.  To  befool ; to  deceive.  Chaucer. 

BED'OU-lN§,  n.  pi.  [Ar.  bedouai,  wanderers.] 
Tribes  of  nomadic  Arabs  who  live  in  tents,  and 
are  scattered  over  Arabia,  Egypt,  and  other 
parts  of  Africa.  Ed.  Ency. 

BED'PAN,  n.  A utensil  for  a person  confined  to 
his  bed  by  sickness.  Garth. 

f BED'PIIEER,  n.  [A.  S.  bed,  and  fera,  a com- 
panion.] A bedfellow.  B.  Jonson. 

BED'PLATE,  n.  (Mech.)  The  foundation-plate 
of  an  engine,  a lathe,  &c.  Ogilvic. 

BED'POST,  n.  A post  at  the  corner  of  a bed. 

BED'PRESS-ER,  n.  A heavy,  lazy  fellow.  Shak. 

BED'CUILT,  n.  A coverlet  or  counterpane,  quilt- 
ed with  cotton  wool  or  eider  down.  IP'.  Ency. 

BE-DRAG'GLE,  v.  n.  To  soil  in  the  dirt.  Swift. 

BE-DRENCII',  v.  a.  To  drench  ; to  soak.  Shak. 

BED'RID,  a.  [A.  S.  bedridda.)  Confined  to  the 
bed  by  age  or  sickness  ; bedridden.  Shak. 

BED'RID-DEN  (bed'rld-dn),  a.  Confined  to  the 
bed ; bedrid.  Paleg. 

BED'RlTE,  n.  The  privilege  of  the  marriage  bed. 

Whose  vows  arc  that  no  bedrite  shall  be  paid.  Shak. 

BED'ROOM,  n.  A room  to  sleep  in.  Todd. 

BE-DROP',  v.  a.  To  besprinkle.  Chaucer. 

BED'SIDE,  n.  The  side  of  the  bed.  Middleton. 

BED'STAff,  n.  A wooden  pin  formerly  stuck 
into  each  side  of  a bedstead  to  hold  the  clothes 
from  slipping.  B.  Jonson. 

BED'STEAD  (bed'sted),  il.  A frame  on  which  a 
bed  is  placed.  Swift. 

BED'STEP,  n.  A step  for  ascending  a bed  so  high 
as  to  require  it.  IK.  Ency. 

BED'STR  AW,  n.  1.  The  straw  used  for  beds.  Bacon. 

2.  (Bot.)  An  odoriferous  deciduous  trailing 
plant,  formerly  used  to  strew  beds  with  ; cheese- 
rennet  bedstraw  ; Galium  verum.  Loudon. 

BED'SWERV-F.R,  n.  One  who  is  false  to  the 


nuptial  bed  or  to  marriage  vows.  “ She  is  a 
bedswerver.”  Shak. 

BED'TICK,  n.  A case  to  hold  the  feathers  of  a 
bed.  Pennant. 

BED'TIME,  n.  Time  of  going  to  bed.  Shak. 

BE-DUCK',  v.  a.  To  put  under  water.  Spenser. 

BE-DUNG',  v.  a.  To  manure  with  dung  ; to  defile. 
“ Bedunged  with  calumny  and  filth.’’  Puller. 

f BE-DUSK',  v.  a.  To  smutch.  Cotgrave. 

BE-DUST',  v.  a.  To  cover  with  dust.  Sherwood. 

BED'wARD,  ad.  Towards  bed.  Shak. 

BE-DWARF',  v.  a.  To  make  dwarfish.  Donne. 

BED'WORK  (bed'wurk),  n.  Work  done  in  bed; 
secret  planning;  — opposed  to  open  action. 
“ Bedwork,  mappery,  closet-war.”  Shak. 

BE-DYE'  (be-dl'),  v.  a.  To  stain.  Spenser. 

BEE,  n.  [A.  S.  beo ; Dut.  bie  ; Sw.  bi  ; Ger.  bienc.) 

1.  An  insect  that  makes  honey  and  wax.  It 
belongs  to  the  genus  Apis,  which  contains  nu- 
merous species. 

The  bee,  amongst  the  flowers  in  spring,  is  one  of  the  most 
cheerful  objects  that  can  be  looked  upon.  l'aley. 

So  work  the  honey  bees. 

Creatures  that  by  a ruling  nature  teach 

The  art  of  order  to  a peopled  kingdom.  Shak. 

2.  A social  gathering  of  persons  to  do  a job 

of  work  gratuitously,  or  to  contribute  articles 
of  necessity  for  the  benefit  of  one  individual  or 
of  a family.  [Canada  and  U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

3.  pi.  (Xaut.)  Pieces  of  plank  bolted  to  the 

outer  end  of  the  bowsprit,  to  reeve  the  fore- 
topmast  stays  through.  Dana. 

BEE'— BIRD,  n.  (Ornith.)  The  spotted  fly-catcher  ; 
Muscicapa  gmsola ; — so  called  from  its  catch- 
ing bees.  Yarrell. 

BEE'— BREAD,  n.  The  pollen  of  flowers  collected 
by  bees,  as  food  for  their  young.  Crabb. 

BEECH,  n.  [A.  S.  bece  or  boc ; Ger.  biiche;  Dut. 
bucche.)  A well-known  forest-tree,  which  bears 
a triangular  fruit  or  nut ; Fayas. 

There,  at  the  foot  of  yonder  nodding  beech , 

That  wreathes  its  old* fantastic  roots  so  high.  Gray. 

BEECII'EN  (be'chn),  a.  Belonging  to  the  beech  ; 
made  of  beech.  “ Bcechen  vessels.”  Congreve. 

BEECII'gAlL,  n.  An  excrescence  on  the  leaf  of 
a beech,  containing  the  maggot  of  a fly.  Ash. 

BEECII'mAsT,  n.  The  fruit  of  the  beech ; — 
called  also  beechnut.  Booth. 

BEECIl'NUT,  n.  Beechmast.  Craig. 

BEECII'OIL,  n.  An  oil  made  of  beechmast.  Ash. 

BEECH'Y,  a.  Made  of  beech ; consisting  of 
beech.  “ A beecliy  garland.”  Fletcher. 

BEE-EAT'ER,n.  (Ornith.)  A bird  that  feeds  upon 
bees ; Merops  apiaster.  — See  M jeropinje. Gray. 

BEEF,  n.  [Gr.  jGoCs ; L.  bos,  bovis;  Fr.  boeuf  a 
bull,  an  ox,  or  a cow.] 

1.  The  flesh  of  neat-cattle,  or  of  bulls,  oxen, 
and  cows. 

Or  give  us  of  your  brawn,  if  ye  have  any, 

Bacon,  or  beef,  or  such  thing  as  ye  find.'  Chaucer. 

2.  f A bull,  ox,  or  cow 

These  arc  the  beasts  which  ye  shall  eat:  the  beef,  the  sheep, 
and  the  goat.  l)eut.  xiv.  4.  Trans,  of  1758. 

3.  pi.  BiiEvn?.  Oxen,  bulls,  and  cows  con- 
sidered as  fit  for  food. 

Ye  shall  offer  at  your  own  will  n male  without  blemish  of 
the  beeves , of  the  sheep,  or  of  the  goats.  Lev.  xxii.  ID. 

BEEF,  a.  Consisting  of  the  flesh  of  black-cattle, 
or  neat-cattle.  “ A beefsteak  and  . . ale.”  Swift. 

BEEF'— EAT-ER  (b£f£-ter),  n.  1.  An  eater  of 
beef : — -a  stout,  hearty,  fat  fellow. 

2.  [Fr.  buffetier,  an  officer  or  servant  who  at- 
tended at  the  buffet  or  sideboard.]  A yeoman 
of  the  King  of  England’s  guard.  Johnson. 

3.  ( Ornith.)  An  African  bird,  so  termed  from 

its  habit  of  taking  from  the  backs  of  cattle  the 
larvae  of  insects;  Buphaga  Africana. — See 
Buphaginaj.  Brando. 

BEEF'ING,  n.  A bullock  fit  for  slaughter.  [Lo- 
cal, English.]  Halliwell. 

BEE'-FLOVV-ER,  n.  (Bot.)  A species  of  the  plant 
foolstones ; Ophrys  apifera.  Loudon. 


MIEN,  SIR  ; MOVE,  NOR,  S6N  ; BULL,  BUR,  ROLE.  — C, 


<f,  O £>  soft;  C,  G,  £,  |,  hard;  § as  i ; ^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


BEEFSTEAK 


128 


BEGGARLY 


BEEF'STEAIv,  n.  A slice  or  steak  of  beef  broiled, 
or  for  broiling.  Garrick. 

f BEEF'-YVlT-TpD,  a.  Dull;  stupid.  “Thou 
mongrel,  beef-witted  lord  ! ” Shak. 

BEEF'-VVOOD  (-wud),  n.  The  wood  of  an  Au- 
stralian tree.  It  is  of  a reddish  color,  hard  and 
close-grained,  and  used  chiefly  for  fine. orna- 
mental work.  Craig. 

BEE'-GAR-DEN  (be'gar-dn),  n.  A place  for  bee- 
hives ; an  apiary.  Mortimer . 

BEE'-GLUE,  n.  A substance  with  which  bees 
cement  the  combs  to  the  hives  and  close  up  the 
cells  ; — called  also  propolis.  Buchanan. 

BEE'HIVE,  n.  A box  or  case  for  keeping  bees. 

Or  rob  the  beehive  of  its  golden  hoard.  Ticket l. 

BEE'-HOUSE,  n.  A house  or  repository  for  bees  ; 
an  apiary.  Goldsmith. 

BEELD,  or  BIELD,  n.  [A.  S.  behlidan,  to  cover.] 
Shelter;  protection;  refuge.  [North  of  Eng- 
land and  Scotland.] 

This  is  our  beeld  the  blustering  winds  to  shun.  Fairfax. 

But  thou  beneath  the  random  bicld 

O'  clod  or  stane.  Bums. 

BEE'-UNE,  n.  A straight  or  right  line,  such  as 
bees  take  in  returning  to  the  hive.  Robb. 

Bf-EL'Zp-BUB,  n.  [Heb.  3^3]  353 , Baal-zcbub. 

fly-god,  i.  e.  destroyer  of  flies.]  A god  of  the 
Philistines,  who  had  a famous  temple  at  Ek- 
ron  ; the  prince  of  the  evil  angels  or  demons  ; 
Satan.  Robinson. 

EEE'— MAS-TIJR,  n.  One  who  keeps  bees.  “They 
that  are  bee-masters.”  Mortimer. 

t BEE'MOL,  n.  (Mus.)  A semitone.  — See  Bemol. 

There  be  intervenient  in  the  rise  of  eight,  in  tones,  two 
beemolSy  or  half-notes.  Bacon. 

BEE1— MOTH,  n.  An  insect  pernicious  to  bees ; 
— called  also  the  wax-moth.  Harris. 

BEEN  (bln)  [bln,  S.  IF.  J.  Sin.  Wb.  ; ben,  P.  F. 
Ja.  K.  if.],  p.  from  the  verb  be.  — Been  as  well 
as  ben  was  anciently  used  as  a verb  in  the  pres- 
ent tense,  instead  of  be. 

Such  earthly  metals  soon  consumed  been.  Sjienscr. 

BEE’NEL,  n.  An  evergreen  tree  of  Malabar,  the 
leaves  of  which  are  good  for  the  headache.  Crabb. 

BEER,  n.  [A.  S.beor,  here,  barley;  Ger.  § Dut. 
bier,  beer;  Fr.  biire.'] 

1.  A fermented  liquor,  chiefly  made  of  malt 

and  hops.  Brande. 

2.  A fermented  liquor  made  from  an  infusion 
of  roots  and  herbs  with  molasses  or  sugar ; as, 
“ Spruce-fieer,”  &c.  — See  Spruce-beer. 

BEER'— BAR-R1JL,  n.  A barrel  which  holds  beer. 

BEER'— GLASS,  n.  A glass  for  beer.  Iludibras. 

BEER'— H'iUSE,  n.  A house  where  beer  is  sold. 

BEER'— MLA.s-l’RE  (ber'mezh-ur),  n.  The  meas- 
ure by  which  beer  is  sold.  Ash. 

BF.ER'-SHOP,  n.  A shop  where  beer  is  sold  ; a 
beer-house ; an  ale-house.  Ec.  Rev. 

BEEST'JNG^.,  n.  pi.  Sec  Biestings. 

BEES' WAX,  n-  The  substance  which  forms  the 
cells  of  bees.  Ure. 

BEET,  n.  [L.  beta  ; Ger.  beete  ; Dut . biet ; Fr. 
bette .]  A plant  and  its  sweet  esculent  root,  of 
the  genus  Beta,  of  which  there  are  several  vari- 
eties. The  two  most  common  are  the  red  and 
white  beet,  extensively  cultivated  in  gardens. 
The  latter  is  raised  in  great  abundance  in 
France  a ad  Germany,  for  the  sugar  which  it 
yields.  Loudon. 

BEE'TLE  i.  [A.  S.  bitl,  or  bytl,  a mallet.] 

1.  A heavy  mallet  or  wooden  hammer. 

By  the  help  of  wedges  and  beetles,  an  image  is  cleft  out  of 
the  trunk  of  some  well-grown  tree.  Stillmgfieet. 

2.  [A.  S.  betl,  or  bitel.\  ( Ent .)  An  insect  hav- 
ing horny  fore  wings  ; a coleopterous  insect,  of 
which  there  are  many  species  ; Scarabceus. 

The  poor  beetle  that  we  tread  upon, 

In  corporal  sufferance,  finds  a pang  as  great 
As  when  a giant  dies.  Shak. 

BEE'TLE,  v.  n.  To  jut  out;  to  hang  over. 

Or  to  the  dreadful  summit  of  the  clifF 

That  beetles  o'er  his  base  into  the  sea.  Shak. 


BEE'TLE-BLIND,  a.  Blind  as  a beetle.  Mirror. 

BEE'TLE— BROW,  n.  A prominent  brow.  “ His 
blobber  lips  and  beetle-brows.”  Dryden. 

BEE'TLE— BROWED  (bfi'tl-brbud),  a.  Having 
prominent  brows.  Howell. 

BEE'TLE— HEAD,  n.  A stupid  fellow.  Craig. 

BEE'TLE— HEAD-F.D  (be'tl-hed-ed),  a.  Having  a 
large  or  thick  head ; loggerheaded ; stupid ; 
dull.  “ Beetle-headed,  flap-eared  knave.”  Shak. 

BEE'TLE— STOCK,  n.  The  handle  of  a beetle. 
“ A beetle-stock  of  thy  master’s  will.”  Spenser. 

BEET'LTNG,  p.  a.  Jutting  out.  Craig. 

BEET  RAD-ISII,  > n p?r>  j etterave.]  A sort  of  red 

BEET'RAVE,  J beet ; Beta  vulgaris.  Loudon. 

BEEVE1J  (liGvz),  n. ; pi.  of  beef.  Bulls,  oxen,  and 
cows,  as  fit  for  food.  — See  Beef. 

B1J-FALL',  v.  a.  [A.  S.  befcallen,  to  happen.] 
[l.  BEFELL  ; pp.  BEFALLING,  BEFALLEN.]  To 
betide  ; to  happen  to  ; to  overtake. 

Plato  lays  it  down  as  a principle,  that  whatever  is  permit- 
ted to  befall  a just  man  shall  eitlier,  in  life  or  death,  conduce 
to  his  good.  Spectator. 

BE-FALL',  v.  n.  To  happen  ; to  take  place. 

O,  let  me  stay,  befall  what  may  befall.  Shak. 

BF.-FIT',  V.  a.  [i.  BEFITTED  ; pp.  BEFITTING,  BE- 
FITTED.] To  be  suitable  or  proper  for  ; to  suit ; 
to  fit ; to  become. 

I will  bring  you  where  she  sits 

Clad  in  splendor,  as  befits 

Her  deity.  Milton. 

B^-FIT'TING,  p.  a.  Becoming  ; suitable  ; fit ; 
proper.  “ Robes  befitting  his  degree.”  Drayton. 

BF-FLAt'TF.R,  v.  a.  To  cajole  by  flattery  ; to 
ply  with  flattery.  Qu.  Rev. 

BE-FI.OW'FR,  v.  a.  To  besprinkle  with  eruptions 
or  spots.  Hobbes. 

BIJ-FOAM',  v.  a.  To  cover  with  foam.  Eusden. 

Bp-FOG',  v.  a.  To  involve  in  fog.  Irving. 

BB-FOOL',  v.  a.  To  infatuate  ; to  make  a fool  of. 

Jeroboam  thought  policy  the  best  piety,  though  in  nothing 
more  befooled.  South . 

Bf-FORE',  prep.  [A.  S.  beforan .] 

1.  Preceding  in  space.' 

Who  shall  go 

Before  them  in  a cloud  and  pillar  of  fire.  Milton. 

2.  Preceding  in  time  ; prior  to. 

And  there  was  no  day  like  that  before  it  or  after  it. 

Josh.  x.  14. 

3.  Preceding  in  rank,  dignity,  or  worth. 

John  bare  witness  of  him,  saying,  lie  that  cometli  after  me 
is  preferred  before  me;  for  he  was  before  me.  John  i.  15. 

4.  In  the  presence  of;  face  to  face  with. 

lie  dressed  himself  in  his  best  habit  to  appear  before  his 
patron.  Dryden. 

5.  Under  the  cognizance  of,  for  trial,  for 
judgment,  or  for  some  purpose  of  legal  jurisdic- 
tion. 

Both  parties  shall  come  before  the  judge.  Exod.  xxii.  9. 

6.  Near  to  the  front  of;  as,  “ Before  the 
desk  ” ; “ Before  the  fire.” 

Before  the  wind , (Naut.)  moving  in  the  direction  of 
the  wind,  so  as  to  be  impelled  by  its  full  force. 

B If, -FORE',  ad.  1.  In  the  direction  of  the  front. 

Joab  saw  that  the  battle  was  against  him  before  and  behind. 

2 Sam.  x.  9. 

2.  In  advance  ; farther  onward. 

Thou  ’rt  so  far  before. 

The  swiftest  wing  of  recompense  is  slow 
To  overtake  thee.  Shak. 

3.  In  time  past;  formerly  ; of  old. 

The  Lord  gave  Job  twice  ns  much  as  he  had  before. 

Job  xlii.  10. 

You  tell  me,  mother,  what  I knew  before.  Dryden. 

4.  To  a certain  time  mentioned  ; hitherto. 

Lulled  in  her  ease  and  undisturbed  before.  Dryden. 

Bp-FORE'— CIT-^D,  a.  Cited  or  mentioned  be- 
fore. Dr.  Allen. 

t BIJ-FORE'— GO-ING,  a.  Preceding.  Milton. 

Bip-FORE'HAND,  ad.  In  a state  of  anticipation 
or  preoccupation  ; previously. 

By  laying  down  this  good  foundation  beforehand , all  things 
went  forward  in  due  course.  Drake. 

Bp-FORE'HAND,  a.  Supplied  with  an  accumu- 
lation of  property ; forehanded. 


Stranger’s  house  is  at  this  time  rich  and  much  tjrforehanrl ; 
for  it  hath  laid  up  revenue  these  thirty-seven  years.  Bacon. 

BJJ-FORE'— MEN-TIONED,  a.  Mentioned  before. 

Bp-FORF/TIME,  ad.  Formerly;  before. 

He  that  is  now  called  a prophet  was  ieforetime  called  a seer. 

1 Sam.  ix.  9. 

f B5-FORN',  prep.  & ad.  Before.  Fairfax. 

f BJJ-FORT'UNE  (be-fort'yun),  v.n.  To  happen  to. 

I wish  all  good  befortune  you.  Shak. 

BJJ-FOUL',  v.  a.  [A.  S .befglan.\  To  make  foul; 
to  soil ; to  pollute  ; to  foul.  Todd. 

BE-FREC'KLE  (-frek'lcl),  v.a.  To  freak;  to  color 
with  various  spots.  “ Hillock  . . . with  . . . 
primroses  befreckled.”  Fletcher. 

BIJ-FRIEND'  (be-frend'),  V.  a.  \i.  BEFRIENDED  ; 
pp.  BEFRIENDING,  BEFRIENDED.]  To  act  as  a 
friend  to  ; to  be  kind  to  ; to  favor. 

Be  thou  the  first  true  merit  to  befriend ; 

His  praise  is  lost  who  stays  till  ail  commend.  rope. 

Bf.-FRIEND'MpNT,  n.  Act  of  befriending.  Foster. 

BE-FRINGE',  v.  a.  To  adorn  with  fringes.  Fuller. 

BJJ-FUR',  v.  a.  To  adorn  with  fur.  F.  Butler. 

BEG,  or  BEGH,  n.  [Turk.]  A prince  ; a bey. — 
See  Bey. 

BEG,  v.  a.  [Ger.  begehren  ; Dut.  begheeren,  to  de- 
sire.] [t.  BEGGED  ; pp.  BEGGING,  BEGGED.] 

1.  To  seek  by  petition  ; to  entreat  for;  to  ask 
earnestly  and  with  humility. 

He  went  to  Pilate,  and  begged  the  body  of  Jesus. 

Matt.  xvii.  58. 

2.  To  take  for  granted ; to  assume  without 
proof ; as,  “ To  beg  the  question.” 

We  have  not  hedged  any  principles  for  the  proof  of  this. 

Burnet. 

Syn.  — See  Ask. 

BEG,  v.  n.  To  ask  alms,  as  one  in  want. 

I cannot  dig;  to  beg  I am  ashamed.  Luke  xvi.  3. 

BE'G.d,  n.  A Bengal  land  measure,  about  one 
third  of  an  acre.  Hamilton. 

Bf.-GAN',  i.  from  begin.  See  Begin. 

B1J-GEM',  v.  a.  To  adorn  as  with  gems.  “ The 
lawn  begemmed  with  dewdrops.”  Scott. 

B1J-GET',  v.  a.  [A.  S.  begetan,  to  get.]  [i.  begot 
or  begat;  pp.  begetting,  begotten  or  be- 
got.] 

1.  To  generate ; to  procreate ; to  be  the  fa- 
ther of ; to  get. 

’T  was  he  the  noble  Claudian  race  begat.  Dryden. 

2.  To  produce  as  effects  ; to  obtain. 

If  to  have  done  the  thing  you  gave  in  charge 

Beget  you  happiness,  be  happy,  then.  Shale. 

BF-GET'TFR,  n.  One  who  begets.  Dryden. 

BEG'GA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  begged.  Butler. 

BEG'GAR,  n.  1.  One  who  begs  or  asks  alms  ; 
one  who  lives  by  begging ; a mendicant. 

He  raiseth  up  the  poor  out  of  the  dust,  and  lifteth  up  the 
beggar  from  the  dunghill,  to  set  them  among  princes.  1 Sam. 

2.  One  who  takes  for  granted  what  ought  to 
he  proved,  [r.] 

These  shameful  beggars  of  principles  assume  to  themselves 
to  be  men  of  reason.  Tillotson. 

BEG'GAR,  V.  a.  [t.  BEGGARED;  pp.  BEGGARING, 
BEGGARED.] 

1.  To  reduce  to  beggary  ; to  impoverish. 

Arc  you  so  gospellcd, 

To  pray  for  that  good  man,  and  for  his  issue, 

"Whose  heavy  hand  hath  bowed  you  to  the  grave, 

And  beggared  yours  for  ever?  Shak. 

2.  To  exhaust;  to  surpass:  to  exceed. 

For  her  person. 

It  beggared  all  description.  Shak. 

BEG'GAR— BRAT,  n.  A child  that  begs  ; a beggar’s 
child!  Drayton. 

BfiG'GAR-LI-NESS,  n.  Meanness ; poverty.  Udal. 

BEG'GAR-LY,  a.  Like  a beggar  ; destitute  ; poor; 
indigent ; needy  ; mean  ; contemptible ; — used 
both  of  persons  and  things. 

In  short,  he  was  an  idle,  beggarly  fellow,  and  of  no  use  to 
the  public.  Taller. 

A beggarly  account  of  empty  boxes.  Shak. 

How  turn  ye  again  to  the  weak  and  beggarly  elements?  ^ 

Syn.  — See  Abject. 

BEG'GAR-LY,  ad.  Meanly;  poorly;  despicably. 
“ It  is  his  delight  to  dwell  beggarly.”  Hooker. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  [,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE 


, FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  IlfilR,  HER; 


BEGGAR-MAID 


129 


BEHIND 


BEG'GAR-MAiD,  n.  A maid  who  begs.  Shak. 
BEG'GAR— MAN,  n.  A man  who  begs.  Shak. 
BEG'GAR— WOM- AN  (b6g'gur-wum-?n),  M.  A wom- 
an who  is  a beggar.  Shak. 

BEG'GAR-Y,  n.  Indigence ; extreme  poverty. 
“ A state' of  beggary  for  endless  years.”  Swift. 

BEG'GJNG,  n.  The  act  of  asking  alms.  Spenser. 
BE-GHMRD  n.  [Ger.]  1.  An  importunate  beg- 

far  ; a mendicant ; — formerly  applied  to  the 
'ranciscan  and  other  mendicant  orders  of  the 
church  of  Rome.  Brande. 

2.  One  of  a class  of  persons  who,  in  the  thir- 
teenth century,  became  notorious  for  the  fre- 
quency and  ardor  of  their  prayers.  Brande. 

Bg-GILT',  p.  a.  Gilded  over.  B.  Jonson. 

Bp-GIN',  v.  n.  [A.  S.  bcginnan  ; Ger.  § Dut.  be- 
ginnen  ; Sw.  begynna .]  [*.  began  or  + begun  ; 

pp.  BEGINNING,  BEGUN.] 

1.  To  originate  ; to  take  rise. 

From  Nimrod  first  the  savage  chase  began.  Pope. 

2.  To  take  the  first  step  ; to  commence. 

I must  begin  with  rudiments  of  art.  Shak. 

From  that  time  Jesus  began  to  preach.  Matt.  iv.  17. 

BP-GIN',  v.  a.  To  enter  upon  ; to  commence. 

Ye  nymphs  of  Solyma,  begin  the  song.  Pope. 

Syn. — Brain  and  commence  differ  little  in  signifi- 
cation. Begin  a work  ; begin  to  write  j commence  an 
undertaking  or  operation  ; enter  upon  an  employment 
or  an  office. 

f Bp-GlN',  n.  A beginning.  Spenser. 

Bp-GIN'NpR,  n.  1.  He  who  begins  any  thing. 

Socrates  maketh  Ignatius  the  first  beginner  thereof.  Hooker. 
2.  One  in  his  rudiments ; a young  practi- 
tioner ; a tyro. 

They  are  to  beginners  an  easy  . . . introduction.  Hooker. 
B$-jGIN'NING,  n.  1.  The  first  origin  or  source. 
Wherever  we  place  the  beginning  of  motion,  the  body 
moves  and  acts  by  a consent  of  all  its  parts.  Swijt. 

2.  That  which  is  first ; the  commencement. 

In  the  beginning , God  created  the  heaven  and  the  earth. 

Gen.  i.  1. 

The  fear  of  the  Lord  is  the  beginning  of  wisdom.  Ps.  cxi.  10. 

3.  The  rudiments  or  first  grounds. 

Mighty  things  from  small  beginnings  grow.  Dry  den. 

Syn.  — See  Origin. 

f Bp-GIN'NING-LESS,  a.  Having  no  beginning. 
“ Beyinningless  and  endless  duration.”  Clarke. 

Bp-GIRD',  v.  a.  [A.  S.  begyrdan,  or  begirdan ; 
Ger.  begfirten .]  [i.  begirt  or  begirded  ; pp. 

BEGIRDING,  BEGIRT  Or  BEGIRDED.] 

1.  To  bind  with  a girdle  ; to  gird.  Johnson. 
2.  To  surround  ;.  to  encompass. 

Uther’s  son 

Begirt  with  British  and  Armoric  knights.  Milton. 

3.  To  besiege  ; to  beleaguer. 

The  noble  city  Nice,  so  strongly  walled, 

We  with  our  conquering  host  begirt  around.  Mir.  for  Mag. 

f Bp-GIRT',  v.  a.  To  begird.  B.  Jonson. 

BEG' LF.R-BEG,  n.  [Turk.]  The  chief  governor 
of  a province  among  the  Turks,  next  in  rank  to 
the  vizier.  Ricaut. 

BEG'LpR-BEG-LIC,  n.  A province  governed  by 
a beglerbeg.  P.  Cyc. 

Bp-GLOOM',  v.  a.  To  cast  a gloom  over  ; to 
darken.  Badcock. 

Bp-GNAW'  (be-n&w'),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  begnagan .] 
To  bite  ; to  eat  away.  Shak. 

f Bp-GOD',  v.  a.  To  deify  ; to  treat  as  a god.  “ To 
the  height  of  their  begodded  condition.”  More. 

Bp-GONE'  (be-gon'),  interj.  [imp.  be  and  gone. ] 
An  exclamation  of  command  having  the  force 
of  a verb  in  the  imperative  mode  ; — go  awayj 
haste  away.  “ Wretch,  begone!  ” Goldsmith. 

Bp-GONE',  a.  [A.  S.  prefix  be,  and  Eng.  p. 
gone.} 

1.  Gone  far,  as  in  weal  or  woe.  “Well  be- 
gone.” Goicer.  “ Worse  begone.”  Browne. 

2.  Decayed.  [Local,  England.]  Halliwell. 

BE- GO 'JVI-M,  n.  ( Bot .)  A genus  of  tropical  plants 
having  unequal-sided  leaves.  P.  Cyc. 

Bp-GORED'  (be-gord'f,  p.  a.  Smeared  with  gore. 
“ Monsters  . . . grisly,  all  begored.”  Spenser. 


Bp-GOT',  i.  & p.  from  beget.  See  Beget. 

Bp-GOT'TEN  (be-got’tn),  p.  from  beget.  See  Be- 
get. “Base  begotten  on  a Theban  sla \e.”  Drydett. 

f Bp-GRAVE',  v.  a.  To  bury  ; to  engrave.  Gower. 

BP-GREA§E',  v.  a.  To  daub  or  soil  with  unctu- 
ous or  fat  matter ; to  grease.  Minsheu. 

BP-GRIME',  v.  a.  To  soil  with  dirt  deep  im- 
pressed. “ Begrimed  and  black.”  Shak. 

Bp-GRUD^E',  v.  a.  \be  and  grudge .]  [t.  be- 

grudged ; pp.  begrudging,  begrudged.]  To 
envy  the  possession  of ; to  grudge.  Shaftesbury . 

Bp-GU1LE'  (be-gll'),  v.  a.  \be  and  guile.}  [i. 
BEGUILED  ; pp.  BEGUILING,  BEGUILED.] 

1.  To  impose  upon  ; to  delude  ; to  cheat. 

The  serpent  me  beguiled , and  I did  eat.  Milton. 

2.  To  evade  by  deception  ; to  deceive. 

’Tis  yet  some  comfort, 

When  misery  could  beguile  the  tyrant’s  rage, 

And  frustrate  his  proud  will.  Shak. 

3.  To  cause  that  to  be  unnoticed  or  forgot- 
ten which  may  be  attended  with  tedium,  unea- 
siness, or  pain  ; to  amuse  ; to  divert. 

My  spirits  grow  dull,  and  fain  I would  beguile 

Tne  tedious  day  with  sleep.  Shak. 

By  sports  like  these  are  all  his  cares  beguiled.  Goldsmith. 

Syn.  — See  Amuse. 

Bp-GUILE'MpNT  (be-gll'ment),  n.  The  act  of 
beguiling.  John  Foster. 

Bp-GUIL'ER  (be-gll'er),  n.  One  who  beguiles. 

f Bp-GUIL'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a manner  to  beguile. 

f Bp-GUIL'TY  (be-gll'te),  v.  a.  To  render  guilty. 
“ Beguilty  thine  own  conscience.”  Sanderson. 

BEGUIJV  (ba-gang'  or  beg-wln'),  n.  [Fr.]  A cer- 
tain tertiary  or  half  monk  of  the  13th  century 
professing  to  follow  the  third  rule  of  St.  Fran- 
cis ; — called  Bizzoco  in  Italy  and  Beghard  in 
Germany.  — See  Beghard  and  Bigot.  P.  Cyc. 

BE-GUIJVF. ' (ba-gen').  n.  [Fr.]  A sort  of  nun 
or  female  devotee  in  the  Netherlands  and  Ger- 
many. P.  Cyc. 

Bp-GfJM',  v.  a.  To  daub  with  gum.  Sivft. 

BE  'GUM,  n.  A title  given  to  a Hindoo  princess 
or  lady  of  high  rank.  Hamilton. 

Bp-GUN',  p.  from  begin.  See  Begin. 

Bp-HALF'  (be-hif'),  n.  [A.  S.  behefe,  gain.]  Ben- 
efit ; advantage  ; interest ; account ; behoof. 

It  shall  be  a statute  for  ever  ...  on  the  behalf  of  the  chil- 
dren of  Israel.  Exod.  xxvii.  21. 

The  eyesof  the  Lord  run  to  and  fro  throughout  the  whole 
earth  to  show  himself  strong  in  the  behalf  of  them  whose 
heart  is  perfect  towards  him.  2 Chron.  xvi.  9. 

f B^-HAp'PEN  (be-liap'pn),  v.  n.  To  happen. 

Which  unto  any  knight  behappen  may.  Spenser. 

B^-HAVE',  v.  a.  [A.  S.  behabban,  to  restrain  ; 
Ger.  behaben.~\  [t.  behaved  ; pp.  behaving, 

BEHAVED.] 

1.  +To  restrain;  to  govern;  to  discipline; 
to  subdue. 

But  who  his  limbs  with  labors,  and  his  mind 
Behaves  with  cares,  cannot  so  easy  miss.  Spenser. 

With  such  sober  and  unnoted  passion 

He  did  behave  his  anger.  Shak. 

2.  To  carry  ; to  conduct ; — used  with  the  re- 
flective pronoun  ; as,  “ He  behaves  himself  ill.” 

We  behaved  not  ourselves  disorderly  among  you.  2 Thess. 

Syn.  — To  behave  and  to  demean  are  commonly 
used  with  the  reciprocal  pronoun  in  the  same  sense  ; 
as,  “ He  behaves  himself  or  he  demeans  himself  well  or 
ill.”  To  conduct  is  often  used  in  the  same  manner,  to 
carry  sometimes,  and  to  comport  rarely  ; as,  “ He  con- 
ducts himself  well  ” ; “ He  carries  himself  well  ”; 
“ He  comports  himself  well.” 

B^-HAVE',  v . n.  To  act ; to  conduct  one’s  self ; 
as,  “ He  behaves  well.”  Johnson. 

B^-HAVED'  (be-havd'),  p.  a.  Conducted;  or- 
dered; as,  “ Well  behaved.” 

Bfj-HAV'IOR  (be-hav'y»n)>  n‘  Act  or  manner  of 
behaving ; conduct ; demeanor ; manner  ; de- 
portment ; carriage. 

And  he  changed  his  behavior  before  them,  and  feigned 
himself  mad  in  their  hands.  1 Sam.  xxi.  13. 

One  man  sees  how  much  another  man  is  a fool,  when  he 
dedicates  his  behatdor  to  love.  Shak. 

To  be  upon  one's  behavior , to  he  in  a state  of  caution 
or  restraint  from  the  idea  that  one’s  behavior  is  to 
be  noticed,  and  to  be  followed  by  important  conse- 
quences. — To  be , or  to  be  put  upon , one's  good  behavior , 


a phrase  of  the  same  import  as  the  preceding,  and 
now  more  frequently  used  than  that. — During  good 
behavior , ( Legislation .)  while  the  conduct  or  manner 
in  administering  the  duties  of  an  office  is  such  as  the 
law  contemplates. 

Syn.  — Behavior  relates  especially  to  the  corporeal 
actions,  and  to  the  minor  morals,  of  society  ; conduct , 
to  the  mental  actions,  and  to  the  higher  morals.  Be- 
havior is  more  versatile  than  conduct ; behavior  in 
company,  at  the  table,  or  in  public  ; conduct  in  one’s 
station  or  course  of  life.  Carriage,  manners,  deport- 
ment, and  demeanor  are  different  species  of  behavior. 
Carriage  and  manners  respect  education,  and  are  ac- 
quired ; deportment  and  demeanor  have  more  connec- 
tion with  disposition,  and  are  native.  Easy  carriage  ; 
polished  manners  ; modest  deportment ; mild  demeanor. 

B£-HEAD'  (be-hed'),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  beheafdian.~\ 
[l.  BEHEADED  ; pp.  BEHEADING,  BEHEADED. J 
To  decapitate  ; to  deprive  of  the  bead. 

I think  it  was  Caligula  who  wished  the  whole  city  of  Rome 
had  but  one  neck,  that  he  might  behead  them  at  a blow. 

Addison. 

B£-HEAD'ING,  n.  The  act  of  severing  the  head 
from  the  body.  Holland. 

Bp-HELD',  i.  Sl  p.  from  behold.  See  Behold. 

f Bp-HELL',  v.  a.  To  torture  as  with  the  pains 
of  hell.  “ Did  behell  and  rack  him.”  Ilewyt. 

BE'HE-MOTH  [be'he-moth,  IF.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  Sm. ; 
be-hem'oth,  S. ; be-hem'oth  or  be'he-mSth,  K. ; 
be-he'moth,  Ash,  Nares,  Maunder ],  n.  [Heb. 
rrittna,  great  beast.]  An  animal  described  in 

Job,  by  many  supposed  to  be  the  elephant;  but 
some  suppose  it  to  be  the  hippopotamus,  and 
others  the  extinct  animal  iguanodon,  the  fossil 
remains  of  which  are  found.  Brande. 

Behold  now  behemoth , which  I made  with  thee;  he  eateth 
grass  as  an  ox.  Job  xl.  15. 

BE'HJJN,  n.  [Ar.]  (Bot.)  An  old  name  of  the 
bladder  campion,  or  spattling-poppy  (Silene  in- 
fiata  or  Cucubalus  behen),  and  also  of  a species 
of  Ccntaurea.  Gray. 

B^-HEST',  n.  [A.  S.  behws,  a self-command, 
promise,  behest ; be  and  has,  a command.]  A 
command ; a precept ; an  injunction. 

Her  tender  youth  had  obediently  lived  under  her  parents’ 
behests.  Sidney. 

On  high  behests  his  angels  to  and  fro 
Passed  frequent.  Milton. 

f BJ5-HIGHT'  (be-hlt'),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  bchatan,  to 
promise.]  [i.  behot  ; pp.  behighting,  BE- 
HIGHT.] 

1.  To  promise.  “The  journey  which  he 

had  behight.”  Spenser. 

2.  To  intrust;  to  commit.  “The  keys  are 

to  thy  hand  behight.”  Spenser. 

3.  To  call ; to  name. 

Why  of  late 

Didst  thou  behight  me  born  of  English  blood?  Spenser. 

4.  To  command;  to  order;  to  direct. 

So,  taking  courteous  conge,  he  behight 

Those  gates  to  be  unbarred.  Spenser. 

5.  To  address  ; to  speak  to. 

Whom  soon  as  he  beheld  he  knew,  and  thus  behight.  Spenser. 

6.  To  inform;  to  assure. 

In  right  ill  array 

She  was,  with  storm  and  heat,  I you  behight.  Chaucer. 

7.  To  intend;  to  mean;  to  design. 

Words  sometimes  bear  more  than  the  heart  bchighteth. 

Mir.  for  Mag. 

8.  To  reckon;  to  esteem;  to  consider. 

A knight  much  better  than  thyself  behight.  Spenser. 

B?-HlND',  prep.  [A.  S.  behindan.] 

1.  In  a position  towards  tbe  back  of ; at  tbe 
back  of;  in  tbe  rear  of;  as,  “ Behind  the 
house  ; ” “ Behind  tbe  bill.” 

And  when  Saul  looked  behind  him,  David  stooped  with 
his  face  to  the  earth.  1 Sam.  xxiv.  8. 

2.  Remaining  after  tbe  death  of  a person. 

What  he  gave  me  to  publish  was  but  a small  part  of  what 

Be  left  behind  him.  Pope. 

3.  Coming  after  in  rank  or  excellence. 

For  I suppose  I was  not  a whit  behind  the  very  chicfcst 
apostles.  2 Cor.  xi.  5. 

BJE-IHND',  ad.  1.  At  tbe  back  ; in  tbe  rear. 

A certain  woman  came  in  the  press  behind , and  touched 
his  garment.  Mark  v.  27. 

2.  Backwards  ; back  ; as,  “ To  look  behind.” 

3.  Out  of  sight ; not  brought  forward. 

We  cannot  be  sure  that  there  is  no  evidence  behind.  Locke. 

4.  At  a distance  back  in  time  or  place. 

Forgetting  those  things  which  are  behind.  Phil.  iii.  13. 

The  tempest  itself  lags  behind.  Cowper. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 
17 


BULL,  BUR,  R(JLE. — p,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  G , 5,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  ^ as  gz. — THIS,  this. 


BEHINDHAND 


130 


BELIEF 


Bp-HIND'HAND,  ad.  In  a state  of  backwardness 
with  respect  to  something  to  be  clone,  or  of  de- 
ficiency in  the  means  of  meeting  expenditures. 
“ To  be  half  a year  behindhand .”  Addison. 

BB-HlND'HANT>,  a.  Backward;  in  arrears;  tardy. 

The  country  are  very  much  behindhand.  Spectator. 

Iu  my  behindhand  slackness.  Shak. 

BEHM'BN-IST  (bem-),  n.  One  of  a sect  of  mys- 
tics who  adopted  the  philosophical  views  of 
Jacob  Behmen,  a shoemaker  of  Upper  Lusatia. 

BB-HOLD',  v.  a.  [A.  S.  behealdan,  to  behold ; be, 
by  or  near,  and  healdan,  to  hold.]  \i.  beheld  ; 
pp.  beholding,  beheld.  — Beholden,  once 
used  as  the  past  participle,  is  not  now  used  ex- 
cept as  a participial  adjective.]  To  see,  in  an 
emphatical  sense  ; to  observe  attentively. 

The  Saviour  comes  by  ancient  bards  foretold. 

Hear  him,  ye  deaf;  and  all  ye  blind,  behold.  Pope. 

Syn.  — A person  beholds  that  which  excites  inter- 
est or  admiration  ; he  sees  involuntarily  ; looks  atten- 
tively ; observes  and  views  carefully. 

“ The  eyes  open  to  .see,  turn  to  look  at , fix  to  behold , 
and  roll  to  view.”  Trusler.  — See  See. 

BE-HODD',  v.  n.  To  direct  the  eye  towards. 

Then  Moses  trembled,  and  durst  not  behold.  Acts  vii.32. 

BE-HOLD',  inter j.  See  ; lo  ; observe. 

Behold,  I am  with  thee,  and  will  keep  thee.  Gteu.xxviii.  15. 

BE-HOL'DEN  (be-hol'dn),  p.  a.  [Participle  of 
behold,  taken  in  the  sense  of  its  primitive  Sax- 
on roots. — See  Behold.]  Obliged;  bound  in 
gratitude;  indebted. 

I think  myself  mightily  beholden  to  you  for  the  reprehen- 
sion you  gave  us.  Addison. 

f BE-HOLD'EN-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  obliged. 
“To  acknowledge  his  beholdenness.”  Sidney. 

BIJ-HOLD'UR,  n.  One  who  beholds  or  sees;  a 
looker-on.  “ Did  make  beholders  wink.”  Shak. 

f BE-HOLD'ING,  a.  Obliged  ; beholden.  “Shall 
we  be  beholding  to  you  ? ” Shak. 

BJJ-HOLD'JNG,  n.  1.  Act  of  seeing ; observation. 

The  revenges  we  are  bound  to  take  upon  your  traitorous 
father  are  not  fit  for  your  beholding.  ' Shak. 

2.  f Obligation.  “ Love  to  virtue,  and  not  to 
any  particular  beholdings.”  Carcw. 

f BB-HOLD'ING-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  obliged. 
“ I seemed  to  shun  beholdingness.”  Donne. 

BB-HON'BY  (be-hun'ne),  v.  a.  To  sweeten  with 
honey.  Sherwood. 

BB-HOOF',  n.  [A.  S.  bchofian,  to  be  fit ; behefe , 
gain,  benefit.]  Profit  ; advantage  ; behalf. 

No  mean  recompense  it  brings 
To  your  behoof.  Milton. 

t Bp-HOOV'A-BLE,  a.  Fit;  expedient.  Vdal. 

BB-HOOVE',  v.  a.  [A.  S.  behofian',  Dut . behoe- 
ven  ; Sw.  behofwa.\  [t.  behooved  ; pp.  be- 
hooving, behooved.] 

To  be  fit  for  ; to  be  meet  for  ; to  become;  — 
now  used  only  impersonally  with  it. 

Thus  it  behooved  Christ  to  suffer.  Luke  xxiv.  46. 

f BEHOOVE',  v.  7i.  To  be  fit ; to  be  meet.  “ Some- 
time  behooveth  it  to  be  counselled.”  Chaucer. 

+ BB-HOOVE',  n.  Advantage;  behoof.  “De- 
vised this  mean  for  my  behoove.”  Chaucer. 

Bp-HOOVE'FUL,  a.  Useful;  profitable.  “Ne- 
cessary and  behooveful.”  [u.]  Bp.  Hall. 

f BB-HOOVE'FUL-LY,  ad.  Usefully.  Spenser. 

f BJE-HOOVE'LY,  a.  Useful ; profitable.  Chaucer. 

f BE-HOT',  i.  from  behight.  Spenser. 

t BE-HOV'A-BLE,  a.  Fit.  — See  Behooyable. 

BE-HOVE',  v.  a.  See  Behoove.  Melmoth. 

f BB-Ho  VE'FUL,  a.  Fit.  See  Behooveful. 

f BB-HOVE'LY,  a.  See  Behoovely.  Gower. 

B E-HO\Vl',  v.  a.  To  howl  at. 

And  the  wolf  behowls  the  moon.  Shale. 

BE'ING,  p.  from  be.  Existing.  — See  Be. 

BE'ING,  n.  1.  Existence  ; opposed  to  nonentity. 

Merciful  and  gracious,  thou  gavest  us  being.  Bp.  Taylor. 

Consider  every  thing  as  not  yet  in  being.  Bentley. 

2.  Whatever  exists,  or  has  being. 

Being  is  either  substance  or  accident;  substance  is  either 
matter  or  mind.  Fleming. 


3.  A person,  animal,  or  thing  existing. 

It  is  folly  to  seek  the  approbation  of  any  being  besides  the 
supreme,  because  no  other  being  can  make  a right  judgment 
of  us.  ‘ Addison. 

Animals  are  the  only  beings  in  nature  which  manifest  sen- 
sation and  spontaneous  movements.  Brande. 

Syn.  — See  Existence. 

f BE'ING,  conj.  Since  ; because  that. 

Being  life  consistcth  in  the  union  of  the  soul  unto  the 
body,  death  can  be  nothing  else  but  the  solution  of  that  vital 
union.  Pearson. 

f BE'ING— PLACB,  n.  A place  in  which  to  be; 
local  existence.  Spenser. 

BE  IT  SO.  A phrase  of  anticipation,  Suppose  it 
to  be  so  ; or  of  permission,  Let  it  be  so.  Shak. 

BJ-JADE',  v.  a.  To  tire  thoroughly;  to  weary. 
“ Lest  you  bejade  the  good  galloway.”  Milton. 

f BF.-JApe',  v.  a.  To  mock  ; to  deceive.  “Flat- 
tery . . . the  worthy  prince  to  bejape.”  Gower. 

BB-JAUN'DICE,  v.  a.  To  infect  with  the  jaun- 
dice ; to  jaundice.  Qu.  Rev. 

t BU-JE§'l!-iT,  v.  a.  To  make  a Jesuit  of.  Milton. 

B£-JEW'f,L,  V.  a.  [; i . BEJEWELLED  ; pp.  BEJEW- 
elling,  bejewelled.]  To  adorn  or  decorate 
with  jewels.  Ec.  Rev. 

BE-JUM'BLE,  v.  a.  To  jumble;  to  put  into  a 
state  of  confusion.  Ash. 

BE'KAII,  n.  A half-shekel.  Ex.  xxxviii.  26. 

Bf.-KISS',  v.  a.  To  kiss  earnestly.  B.  Jonson. 

BB-IvNAVE'  (be-nav'),  v.  a.  To  call  knave. 

May  satire  ne’er  befool  ye  or  beknave  ye.  Pope. 

Bf-KNAW'  (be-niw'),  v.  a.  See  Begnaw.  Shak. 

BE-KNIGHT  (be-nlt'),  v.  a.  To  confer  knight- 
hood upon  ; to  knight.  West.  Rev. 

Bg-KNOW'  (be-nor),  v.  a.  To  acknowledge.  “He 
meekly  beknoweth  his  sin.”  Chaucer. 

BIJ-LA'BOR,  V.  a.  [i.  BELABORED  ; pp.  BELA- 
BORING, BELABORED.] 

1.  To  work  hard  upon  ; to  ply  diligently. 

If  the  earth  is  belabored  with  culture,  it  yieldcth  corn. 

Barrow. 

2.  To  beat  soundly  ; to  thump. 

ITomer  illustrates  one  of  his  heroes  encompassed  with  the 
enemy  by  an  ass  in  a field  of  corn,  that  hath  his  sides  bcla-t 
bored  by  all  the  boys  of  the  village.  Spectator.' 

f BB-LACE',  v.  a.  To  fasten  ; to  belay.  Bailey. 

BE-LAOE',  v.  a.  To  adorn  with  lace.  “ How 
to  belace  and  fringe  ...  I knew.”  Beaumont. 

BJ5-UAM',  v.  a.  To  beat;  to  bang.  [North  of 
England.] — See  Lamm.  Sherwood. 

f BEL'A-MOUR,  n.  [Fr.  bel  amour,  fair  love.] 
Gallant ; consort.  Spenser. 

■f-  BEL'A-MY,  n.  [Fr.  bel  ami,  fair  friend.]  An 
intimate  friend.  “ His  dearest  belamy.” Spenser. 

BE-LATE',  v.  a.  To  retard  ; to  make  too  late. 
Slowness  cannot  bclatc,  nor  hope  drive  on  too  fast.  Davenant. 

BB-LAT'BD,  p.  a.  Benighted;  made  late;  hin- 
dered ; tardy.  “ Some  belated  peasant  sees,  or 
dreams  he  sees.”  [r.]  Milton. 

BB-LAT'BD-NESS,  n.  Backwardness;  slowness. 
“ A certain  belatedness  in  me.”  [it.]  Milton. 

BIJ-lAud',  v.  a.  To  praise  highly.  West.  Rev. 

t BB-LAVE',  v.  a.  To  wash.  Cockeram. 

f BB-LAW'gIvE,  v.  a.  To  give  law  to.  “ To  have 
belaicgiven  his  own  sacred  people.”  Milton. 

BB-LAY',  v.  a.  [A.  S.  belrewan,  to  belay ; Dut. 
belaagen.']  \i.  belaid  or  belayed  ; pp.  be- 
laying, BELAID  or  BELAYED.] 

1.  To  block  up  ; to  bar.  [r.] 

The  speedy  horse  all  passages  belay.  Dryden. 

2.  To  besiege  ; to  invest,  [r.] 

So  when  Arabian  thieves  belaid  us  round.  Spenser. 

3.  fTo  overlay;  to  decorate. 

All  in  a woodman’s  jacket  he  was  clad 

Of  Lincoln  green,  belayed,  with  silver  lace.  Spenser. 

4.  ( Naut .)  To  make  fast,  as  a rope,  by  turns 

round  a pin  without  hitching  it.  Dana. 

[|  BELCH  [belch,  S.P.J.  K.  Sm.  R.  ; belsh,  W.  F. 
E.  Ja.~],  v.  n.  [A.  S.  bealcan.)  \i.  belched  ; 
pp.  BELCHING,  BELCHED.]  * 


1.  To  eject  wind  from  the  stomach  ; to  eruct. 

All  radishes  breed  wind,  and  provoke  a man  that  eateth 
them  to  belch.  Holland. 

2.  To  make  a sudden  or  violent  ejection. 

The  waters  boil,  and,  belching  from  below, 

Black  sands  as  from  a forceful  engine  throw.  Dryden. 

||  BELCH, v.  a.  To  throw  out  from  the  stomach; 
to  eject  with  force  ; to  cast  forth. 

And,  fat  with  acorns,  belched  their  windy  food.  Dryden. 
As  burning  iEtna  from  his  boiling  stew 
Doth  belch  out  flame.  Spenser. 

||  BELCH,  n.  1.  Eructation.  Johnson. 

2.  f Malt  liquor.  [Cant  term.]  “Muddy 
belch.”  Addison.  “Drunk  with  belch.”  Dennis. 

||  BELCII'ING,  n.  Eructation.  Arbuthnot. 

BEL'DAM,  n.  [Fr.  belle  dame,  fair  lady.] 

1.  An  old  woman  ; a grandmother. 

The  beldam  and  the  girl,  the  grandsire  and  the  bov. 

Drayton. 

2.  A hag ; an  ugly  old  woman. 

1 Witch.  Why,  how  now.  Hecate?  You  look  angerly. 

Hec.  Have  I not  reason,  beldams  as  you  are, 

Saucy  and  overbold?  Shak. 

t BB-LEAGUE',  v.  a.  To  besiege.  Holland. 

BB-LEA'GUBR  (be-Ie'ger),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  beliegan, 
to  surround  ; Dut.  belegeren ; Gcr.  belagern,  to 
besiege.]  [i.  beleaguered  ; pp.  beleaguer- 
ing ; beleaguered.]  To  invest,  as  a town  or 
fortress  ; to  besiege  ; to  beset. 

The  Trojan  camp,  then  beleaguered  by  Turnus  and  the 
Latins.  Dryden. 

BB-LEA'GUBR-BR,  u.  A besieger.  Shertvood. 

L BB-LEAVE',  v.  a.  [A.  S.  belifan,  to  remain.] 
To  leave.  “ There  was  nothing  beleft.”  Gower. 

BB-LECT'URE,  v.  a.  To  vex  with  lectures  ; to 
lecture  to.  Coleridge. 

BB-LEE',  v.  a.  (Naut.)  To  place  on  the  lee  side 
of.  “ I . . . must  be  beleed  and  calmed.”  Shak. 

BB-LEM'NITE,  n.  [Gr.  ii.tyior,  a dart.]  (Pal.) 
The  internal  shell  of  a fossil  cephalopod ; the 
thunderstone.  Brande. 

BE-LEM-M'TEfl,  n.  [Mod.  L.]  Belemnite. 

f BB-LEP'BR,  v.  a.  To  infect  as  with  the  leprosy. 
“ Belepered  with  . . . ingratitude.”  Beau,  if  FI. 

BEL  ESPRIT  (bel'es-pre'),  n. ; pi.  BEAUX  ES- 
prits  (boz'es-pre').  [Fr.,  fine  wit.\  A wit ; a 
man  of  wit ; a fine  genius.  Swift. 

BEL'FRY,  n.  [Low  L.  belfredus  ; Fr.  beffroi,  an 
alarm-bell,  a frame  for  a bell,  a watch-tower.] 
A tower  or  place  in  which  bells  are  hung.  Gay. 

f BBL-GARD',  n.  [Fr.  bel  egardi]  A soft  glance. 
“ Many  false  belgards.”  Spenser. 

BEL'UJ-AN,  n.  A native  of  Belgium.  Murray. 

BEL't-il-AN,  a.  Belonging  to  Belgium.  Ash. 

BEL't-HC,  a.  Relating  to  the  Belga,  ancient 
tribes  that  inhabited  the  north  of  Gaul  : — be- 
longing to  Belgium.  . Clarke. 

BE'LI-AL,  n.  [Heb.  ^9*123,  worthlessness.] 
A personification  of  evil ; a wicked  man ; Sa- 
tan. Cabinet. 

What  concord  hath  Christ  with  Belial  ? 2 Cor.  vi.  15. 

BB-Li'BBL,  v.  a.  To  traduce;  to  libel.  Fuller. 

BB-LIE'  (be-ll'),  v.  a.  [fie  and  lie.  — A.  S.  belecgan, 
to  falsify,  to  belie  ; Gcr.  beliigen .]  [ i . belied  ; 

pp.  BELYING,  BELIED.] 

1.  To  represent  falsely  ; to  falsify. 

He  was  not  bound  to  belie  himself.  Sir  T.  Move. 

2.  To  calumniate  ; to  slander. 

Thou  dost  belie  him,  Percy;  thou  beliest  him.  Shak. 

3.  To  give  the  lie  to  ; to  convict  of  falsehood. 

Their  trembling  hearts  belie  their  boastful  tongues. 

Dryden. 

4.  To  counterfeit ; to  mimic. 

Which  durst  with  horses’  hoofs,  that  bent  the  ground, 

And  martial  brass,  belie  the  thunder’s  sound.  Dryden. 

BB-LIEF'  (be-lef'),  n.  [A.  S.  geleafa,  belief,  faith, 
confidence  ; geliefan,  to  believe  ; Dut.  geloof. ] 

1.  Act  of  believing ; trust  in  the  certainty  of 
that  which  is  not  positively  known  ; credit  given 
to  testimony  ; conviction  of  the  mind  arising 
from  evidence. 

Future  in  hope,  but  present  in  belief.  Wnttnn. 

We  are  not  to  submit  our  understandings  to  the  belief  of 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  B,  ],  Q,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


BELIEFFUL 


131 


BELLUINE 


those  things  which  are  contrary  to  our  understanding.  We 
must  have  a reason  lor  that  which  we  believe  above  our  rea- 
son. Dr.  Whichcote. 

2.  Faith  ; confidence  in  the  truths  of  religion. 

No  man  can  attain  belief  by  the  bare  contemplation  of 
heaven  and  earth.  Hooker. 

3.  The  thing  believed  ; object  of  belief. 

Superstitious  prophecies  are  not  only  the  belief  of  fools, 
but  the  talk  sometimes  of  wise  men.  Bacon. 

4.  Doctrine  ; opinion  ; persuasion  : — creed. 

Mahomet  inculcated  the  belief  that  there  is,  was,  ami  ever 

will  be,  one  only  God.  IT.  Irving. 

Syn.  — Trust  in  opinion,  or  in  a statement  of  facts, 
is  called  belief ; in  religious  opinion  or  divine  testi- 
mony, faith ; in  pecuniary  worth,  credit ; in  moral 
probity,  confidence  : — the  articles  of  belief,  creed. 

t Bf,-LIEF'FUL,  a.  Having  faith.  Udal. 

f B$-LIEF'FUL-NESS,  n.  Fulness  of  faith.  Udal. 

Bp-LIEV'A-BLE  (be-lev'a-bl),  a.  Credible. 

Bg-LIEV'A-BLE-NESS,  ii.  Credibility.  Goodwin. 

BE-LIEVE',  v.  a.  [A.  S.  geliefan,  to  believe, 
to  trust  ; Dut.  gelooven .]  [t.  believed  ; pp. 
believing,  believed.]  To  exercise  belief  m; 
to  think  to  be  true ; to  credit ; to  put  confi- 
dence in. 

We  know  what  rests  upon  reason;  we  believe  what  rests 
upon  authority.  Hamilton. 

Ten  thousand  things  there  are  which  we  believe  merely 
upon  the  authority  or  credit  of  those  who  have  6poken  or 
written  of  them.  Watts. 

Syn.  — See  Think. 

BELIEVE',  v.  n.  1.  To  have  a firm  persuasion  ; 
to  exercise  faith. 

All  things  are  possible  to  him  that  bclieveth.  Hark  ix.  23. 

2.  To  suppose  ; to  deem  ; to  think. 

They  are,  I believe , as  high  as  most  steeples  in  England. 

Addison. 

To  believe  in,  to  hold  as  an  object  of  faith. — To  be- 
lieve on,  to  rest  upon  with  confidence. 

BE-LIEV'IJR,  n.  1.  One  who  believes  ; one  who 
accepts  any  thing  as  true  ; as,  “ A believer  in 
astrology.” 

2.  One  who  has  faith  in  the  doctrines  of 
Christianity  ; a Christian. . 

Mysteries  held  by  us  have  no  power,  pomp,  or  wealth,  but 
have" been  maintained  by  the  universal  body  of  true  believers 
from  the  days  of  the  apostles.  Swift. 

3.  (Eccl.  Hist.)  One  who  had  been  baptized, 
in  distinction  from  the  catechumen,  who  was  in 
a course  of  preparation  for  baptism.  . Buck. 

BJ1-LIEV' [NG,  n.  The  act  of  exercising  belief. 
“ Believing  of  historical  things.”  Cudworth. 

BE-LIE  V'lNG-LY,  acl.  After  a believing  manner. 

BE-LIGHT'  (be-llt'),  v.  a.  To  display  with  light ; 
to  illuminate.  Cowley. 

BE-LIKE',  ad.  Probably;  likely.  Shak.  [In 

use  as  a colloquial  or  vulgar  word.  Forby.~\ 

f BlJ-LlKE'LY,  ad.  Probably.  Bp.  Hall. 

Bg-LIME',  v.  a.  1.  To  entangle  as  with  bird- 
lime. “ As  a bird  in  lime-twigs,  the  more  he 
struggles,  the  more  he  is  belimcd.”  Hobbes. 

2.  To  smear;  to  soil.  “His  foul  hands  are 
belimed  with  bribery.”  Bp.  Hall. 

B^-LIT'TLE,  V.  a.  [i.  BELITTLED  ; pp.  BELIT- 
TLING, belittled.]  To  make  little  or  less  ; to 
diminish.  Jefferson. 

[A  word  not  authorized  by  English  usage.] 

BE-LIT'TLING,  p.  a.  Making  little.  “ Belittling 
cares.”  T.  D.  Woolsey. 

t Bp-LIVE',  ad.  Speedily;  quickly.  Spenser. 

BELL,  n.  [A.  S.  bell,  a bell ; bellan,  to  make  a 
hollow  sound  ; Dut.  ftef.] 

1.  A hollow  metallic  vessel  for  giving  a sound 
on  being  struck. 

Bid  the  merry  bells  ring  to  thy  ear.  Shak. 

2.  Any  thing  in  the  form  of  a bell. 

Where  the  bee  sucks,  there  suck  I; 

In  a cowslip’s  bell  1 lie.  Shak. 

3.  (Arch.)  The  body  of  a Corinthian  or  com- 

posite capital,  around  which  the  foliage  and 
volutes  are  arranged,  called  also  a tambour  or 
drum.  Weale. 

To  bear  the  bell,  to  be  the  first,  in  allusion  to  the 
bell-wether  of  a flock  of  sheep.  — Bell,  book,  and  can- 
dle, a phrase  descriptive  of  the  solemn  form  of  ex- 
communication  used  in  tile  Rom.  Oath.  Church  in  the 
tenth  and  eleventh  centuries.  The  bell  was  tolled  to 


summon  the  people,  the  sentence  read  out  of  a hook, 
and  a candle,  which  tile  priest  held,  thrown  upon  cite 
ground  and  extinguished  in  token  of  the  fate  of  the 
delinquent. 

Bell,  book,  and  candle  shall  not  drive  me  back, 

When  gold  and  silver  becks  me  to  come  on.  Shak. 

BELL,  v.  n.  To  take  the  form  of  a bell;  to  be- 
come bell-shaped,  [it.] 

Hops,  in  the  beginning  of  August,  bell,  and  are  sometimes 
ripe.  Mortimer. 

f BELL,  v.  n.  To  bellow.  Chaucer. 

BEL-LA-DON'NA,  n.  [It.  hello,  donna,  fair  lady.] 

1.  A poisonous  perennial  plant,  so  called 

from  its  having  been  used  by  ladies  as  a cos- 
metic ; the  deadly  nightshade ; Atropa  bella- 
donna. Loudon. 

2.  A species  of  Amaryllis,  so  named  on  ac- 

count of  its  beauty  and  delicate  blushing  flow- 
ers ; the  belladonna  lily.  Loudon. 

BF.L-LA ' TRlx,  n.  [L .,  a female  warrior.]  (,Ts- 
tron.)  A star  in  the  constellation  Orion.  Hind. 

BELL'— CRANK,  n.  (Mecli.)  A rectangular  lever 
by  which  the  direction  of  motion  is  changed 
through  an  angle  of  ninety  degrees  ; — so  named 
from  its  being  the  form  of  crank  employed  in 
changing  the  direction  of  bell-wires  of  house- 
bells.  Ogilvie. 

BELLE  (bel),  n.  [L.  hellus,  handsome ; Fr:  belle, 
feminine  of  beau,  beautiful,  fair.]  A young 
woman  or  lady  admired  for  beauty  and  fashion- 
able accomplishments  ; a gay  young  lady. 

My  beaus  . . . shepherds,  and  my  belles  wood-nymphs.  Tatler. 

And  just  as  humor  rose  or  fell, 

By  turns  a slattern  or  a belle.  Goldsmith. 

BELLED  (held),  a.  (Her.)  Having  bells  affixed 
to  it.  “ A hawk  rising  jessed  and  belled.”  Todd. 

BELLE-LET'TRIST,  n.  One  versed  in  belles- 
lettres.  [r.]  Coleridge. 

BELLE-L^T-TRlS'TIC,  i ra.Relatingto  belles- 

BELLE-Lf.T-TRls'TI-CAL,  $ lettres.  “ A bcllet- 
tristical  journal.”  [r.]  For.  Qu.  Rev. 

BF.L-LER ' O-PHOJY,  n.  (Pal.)  A genus  of  fossil 
Gasteropoda,  probably  allied  to  Argonauta, 
characteristic  of  the  carboniferous  formation 
and  some  of  the  older  strata.  Bratide. 

BELLES-LETTRES  (bel-let'tr)  [bel-la'tur,  W.  J. 
F.  K. ; bel-let'tr,  P.  Ja.  Sm.  R.\  bel'Iet-tr,  E. 
Wb  .],  n.pl.  [Fr.]  Polite  literature  ; the  fine 
or  elegant  departments  of  learning,  as  rhetoric, 
poetry,  criticism,  and  philology  ; the  writings 
of  classical  authors.  Tatler. 

BELL'— FASH-IONED  (-fash-und),  a.  Having  the 
form  of  a bell ; bell-shaped.  Mortimer. 

BELL'— FLoW-^R,  ii.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  decid- 
uous herbaceous  plants  ; — so  named  from  the 
resemblance  of  the  corolla  to  a little  bell ; 
Campanula.  Loudon. 

BELL'— FOUNDER,  'n.  One  who  casts  bells. 

BELL'— HANG-fJR,  n.  One  who  puts  up  bells. 

BELL'— HANG-ING,  n.  Act  of  putting  up  bells. 
“ Bell-hanging  requires  . . attention.”  IF.  Ency. 

f BEL'LI-BONE,  n.  [Fr.  belle,  beautiful,  et,  and, 
and  bonne,  good.]  A woman  excelling  in  beauty 
and  goodness  ; a bonny  lass.  Spenser. 

fBEL'LIC,  a.  Warlike;  martial.  “Archimedes 
...  by  his  machines  and  bellic  instruments.” 
Felling.  “The  bellic  Ctcsar.”  Feltham. 

BEL-LI-COSE  , l a [I,,  bellicosus  ; bellum,  war.] 

BEL'LI-COUS,  ) Inclined  to  war ; belligerent. 
“ Among  bellicous  nations.”  Sir  T.  Smith. 

BEL'LIED,  p.  a.  Having  a belly ; or  swelled  like 
the  belly;  — used  in  composition.  “Below 
the  usual  size,  and  big -bellied.”  Swift. 

t B£L-Ll(r'ER-ATE,  t>.  n.  [L.  belligero,  belliyera- 
tuin,  to  wage  war ; bellum,  war,  and  gero,  to 
bear.]  To  make  war.  Cockeram. 

BlJL-LI^l'^R-ENCE,  n.  Act  or  state  of  carrying 
on  war ; warfare,  [r.]  Ch.  Ob. 

BBL-LI(J'£R-ENT,  a.  Carrying  on  war  ; engaged 
in  war.  “ The  belligerent  parties.”  Chesterfield. 

BJgL-LIG'ER-ENT,  n.  A state  or  nation  carrying 
on  war.  # Dr.  Arnold. 


t BIJL-LIG'ER-OUS,  a.  Belligerent.  Bailey. 

BELL'ING,  n.  [A.  S.  bellan,  to  bellow.]  The 
noise  of  a roe  in  rutting-time.  Bailey. 

+ BIJL-LlP'O-TENT,  a.  [L.  bellipotens,  powerful 
in  war.]  Mighty  in  war.  Bailey. 

BEL' LIS,  n.  [L.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  pretty, 
herbaceous  plants  ; the  daisy.  Loudon 

f BEL'LI-TUDE,  n.  [L.  bellitudo .]  Beauty  ; love- 
liness ; elegance  ; neatness.  Cockeram. 

BELL'— L£SS,  a.  Being  without  a bell.  Scott. 

BELL'M AN,  n.  One  who  rings  a bell,  to  give 
notice  or  alarm  in  the  streets  ; a public  crier  ; a 
bell-ringer ; — written  also  belman.  Milton. 

BELL-MET'AL  (-met'tl  or  -met'al),  n.  The  metal 
of  which  bells  are  made,  an  alloy  of  copper  and 
tin,  having  four  pounds  of  copper  to  one  of  tin  ; 
— written  also  belmetal.”  Bratide. 

BELL'— MOUTHED,  a.  Expanded  at  the  mouth 
in  the  form  of  a bell.  Ogilvie. 

BEL-LO'NA,  n.  (Astron.)  An  asteroid  discovered 
by  Luther  in  1854.  Lovering. 

BEL'LOW,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  bellan,  to  roar ; L.  bclo, 
or  balo,  to  bleat ; Dut.  6$  Ger.  bcllen  ; Sw.  bola.~\ 
[i.  BELLOWED  ; pp.  BELLOWING,  BELLOWED.] 

1.  To  make  a noise  as  a bull ; to  roar. 

Jupiter  became  a bull,  and  bellowed.  Shak. 

2.  To  bawl  out;  to  vociferate;  to  clamor. 

This  gentleman  is  very  zealous  in  his  devotion;  but  then 
he  is  accustomed  to  roar  and  bellow  so  terribly  loud  in  the 
responses,  that  he  frightens  even  us  who  arc  daily  used  to 
him.  Tatler. 

3.  To  make  a loud,  continued  noise,  like  the 
roaring  of  the  wind  in  a tempest. 

Till,  at  the  last,  he  heard  a dreadful  sound. 

■Which  through  the  wood  loud  bellowing  did  rebound.  Spenser. 

BEL'LO Wtf  ii.  A loud  roaring  noise.  Todd. 

BEL'LOW-JR,  n.  One  who  bellows.  Chapman. 

BEL'LOW-ING,  n.  A loud  roaring  noise.  “Rend 
the  higher  regions  with  . . . bellowings.”  Herbert. 

BEL'LOWS  (bel'lus)  [bel'lus,  S.  IF.  F.  E.  J.  F. 
K.  Sm.  B.  ; bel'loz,  Ja.  1F6.],  n.  sing.  & pi.  [L. 
bulga,  a bag ; Goth,  balgs  ; A.  S.  blast-belg ; 
Dut.  blaasbalg,  blaseba/g ; Dan.  blresebtrlg .] 
A machine  used  to  urge  a fire  by  blowing  or 
forcing  a current  of  air  into  it  ; — usually  hav- 
ing two  corresponding  parts,  whence  its  name 
takes  the  plural  form. 

Which  art  he  lias  so  far  advanced  as  to  be  able  even  to 
make  a good  orator  of  a pair  of  bellows.  Tatler. 

One,  with  great  bellows,  gathered  filling  air, 

And  with  forced  wind  the  fuel  did  inflame.  Spenser . 

Most  lexicographers  and  grammarians  who 
treat  particularly  of  this  word  regard  it  as  properly 
used  only  in  the  plural ; as  is  the  fact  with  respect 
to  the  lexicographers  Johnson  and  Walker,  and  the 
grammarians  Lowth,  Murray,  Allen,  Crombie,  and 
fliley.  Dr.  Webster  and  some  other  grammarians, 
however,  regard  it  as  properly  used  in  both  numbers. 
There  are  respectable  authorities  for  using  it  in  the 
singular;  as,  “Like  a bellows Dryden:  — “The 
common  bclloios  is  formed,”  &c.,  Francis’s  Diction- 
ary of  the  Arts  and  Sciences : — “ Each  bellows P.Cyc. 
Smart  says,  “ Though  generally  considered  as  plural, 
some  authors  join  it  to  a verb  singular;  and  this  will 
justify  the  pronunciation  bel'lus — Walker  remarks 
that  “ the  last  syllable  of  this  word,  like  that  of  gal- 
lows, is  corrupted  beyond  recovery  into  lus — As  a 
plural  noun,  it  would  be  analogically  pronounced 
bel'ldz.  — See  GALLOWS. 

Hydrostatic  bellows , a philosophical  instrument  in- 
tended to  illustrate  the  truth  called  the  hydrostatic 
paradox,  that  a small  quantity  of  any  fluid  may  be 
made  to  counteract  a great  mechanical  resistance. 

BEL'LOWS— MEND'^R  (bel'lus-),  71.  One  who 
mends  bellows.  Shak. 

BELL— PEP'Pl^R,  w.  A species  of  Capsicuin  ; the 
red  pepper  of  the  gardens.  Buchanan. 

BELL'— PULL,  7i.  That  by  which  a bell  is  made  to 
ring  ; a bell-rope.  IV.  Ency. 

BELL'— RING-ER,  71.  One  who  rings  bells.  Bale. 

BELL'— ROOF,  71.  (Arch.)  A roof  the  cross  sec- 
tion of  which  resembles  a bell.  Crabb. 

BELL'-ROPE,  n.  1.  A rope  for  ringing  a bell. 

2.  An  appendage  to  the  vesture  of  a Catholic 
priest.  Couper. 

BELL'-SIIAPED  (-shapt),  a.  Shaped  like  a bell. 

BEL'LU-lNE  [bel 'lu-In,  S.  W.  F.  J.  S7n.  R.  ; bel'- 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SdN ; BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  9,  g,  soft;  E,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  $ as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


BELL-WEED 


BEN 


132 


lu-In,  P.],  a.  [L.  belluinus ; bcllua,  a beast.] 
Bestial  ; brutal  ; beastly.  “ The  animal  and 
belluine  life.”  Atterbury. 

BELL'WEED,  n.  A sort  of  weed  or  plant.  Ash. 

BELL'— WETH-pR,  n.  A sheep  which  leads  the 
flock  with  a bell  at  his  neck.  Howell. 

BEL'LY,  n.  [L.  bulga,  a bag  ; Goth,  balgs  ; A.  S. 
btelg,  btelig,  bylig,  or  bclg,  a bulge,  bag,  the  bel- 
ly ; Ger.  $ Dut.  balg .] 

1.  That  part  of  the  human  body  which  con- 
tains the  bowels  or  intestines,  reaching  from 
the  breast  to  the  thighs  ; abdomen. 

2.  In  the  lower  animals  the  under  portion  of 
the  body,  or  the  part  next  to  the  ground. 

And  the  Lord  said  unto  the  serpent, . . . Upon  th ygbelly 
shidt  thou  go.  uud  dust  shalt  thou  eat.  Gen.  in.  II. 

3.  The  receptacle  of  food ; the  stomach. 

He  would  fain  have  filled  his  belt!)  with  the  husks  that  the 
swine  did  eat.  Luke  xv.  16. 

4.  The  womb.  [Rare  or  obsolete.] 

Before  I formed  thee  in  the  belly  I knew  thee.  Jcr.  i.  5. 

5.  The  part  of  any  thing  which  swells  out. 

An  Irish  harp  hath  the  concave,  or  belli/ , not  along  the 

strings,  hut  at  the  end  of  the  strings.  Bacon. 

6.  A place  in  which  something  is  enclosed. 

Out  of  the  belly  of  hell  cried  I,  and  thou  heardest  my 

voice.  Jonah  ii.  2. 

7.  The  convex  or  bulging  side  of  any  thing ; 
as,  (Naut.)  “ The  belly  of  a sail  ” ; (Carp.) 
“ The  belly  of  a curved  timber.” 

BEL'LY,  v.  n.  To  swell  into  a larger  capacity. 

The  bellying  canvas  strutted  with  the  gale.  Dryden. 

BEL'LY,  v.  a.  To  fill;  to  swell  out.  [r.]  Shak. 

BEL'LY-AjEHE  (bel'le-ak),  n.  Pain  in  the  bow- 
els ; colic.  Beau.  FI. 

BEL'LY— BAND,  n.  X.  The  girth  of  a horse  in 
harness.  ^Sherwood. 

2.  ( Naut .)  A band  of  canvas  to  strengthen  a 
sail.  Ogilvie. 

BEL'LY— BOUND,  a.  Costive.  Johnson. 

t BEL'LY— CHEER,  i jj.  Good  cheer.  “ Loaves 

f BEL'LY  -CHEER'ING,  $ and  belly-cheer."  Mil- 
ton.  “ Riotous  banqueting,  pot-companioning, 
and  belly-cheering."  Udal. 

t BEL'LY-CHURL,  n.  A rustic  glutton.  Drayton. 

BEL'LY— DOUB-L^T,  n.  A doublet  covering  the 
belly!  “ Your  thin  belly -doublet.”  Shak. 

BEL'LY— FRET-TING,  n.  1.  The  chafing  of  a 
horse’s  belly.  Johnson. 

2.  A great  pain  in  a horse’s  belly  caused  by 
worms.  Bailey. 

BEL'LY-FUL,  n.  As  much  food  as  fills  the  belly, 
or  satisfies  the  appetite  ; — satiety. 

And,  of  their  bellyful  secure, 

Oversee,  or  overlook,  the  poor.  Lloyd. 

+ BEL'LY— GOD,  n.  One  who  makes  a god  of  his 
belly ; a glutton ; an  epicure.  Hakewill. 

BEL'LY-ING,  p.  a.  Bulging  out.  Crabb. 

tBEL'LY-PINCHED  (-plncht),  a.  Starved.  “The 
belly-pinched  wolf.”  Shak. 

BEL'LY— ROLL,  n.  ( Hort .)  A sort  of  levelling  roll, 
formed  with  a protuberance  to  fit  into  hollowed 
places  in  the  ground.  Mortimer. 

•f-  BEL'LY— SLAVE,  n.  A slave  to  the  appetites. 
“ These  beastly  belly-slaves .”  Homily. 

BEL'LY— TIM-BER,  n.  Food.  [Low.]  Hudibras. 

BEL'LY— WORM  (-wurni),  n.  A worm  that  breeds 
in  the  belly.  Ray. 

f Bf-LOCK',  v.  a.  To  fasten  as  with  a lock.  Shak. 

BEL'O-MAN-CY,  n.  [Gr.  llO.os,  an  arrow,  and 
yavTuu.,  prophecy'.]  Divination  by  means  of  the 
flight  of  arrows.  Brande. 

BEL'0-X'E,n.  [Gr.  (Rldm,  a needle.]  A kind  of 
mackerel  with  a long  body  and  snout.  Agassiz. 

B^-LONG',  v.  n.  [A.  S.  be,  by,  and  lengian , to 
prolong,  to  reach  ; belimpan,  to  belong  ; Ger. 
belangcn,  to  belong,  to  concern,  to  regard J [ i . 
BELONGED  ; pp.  BELONGING,  BELONGED.] 

1.  To  be  the  property  of ; to  be  possessed  by. 

ner  hap  was  to  light  on  a part  of  the  field  belonging  unto 
Boaz.  Jiuth  ii.  3. 


ne  . . . went . . . into  a desert  place  belonging  to  the  city 
called  Bethsuidu.  Luke  ix.  10. 

3.  To  have  relation  to  ; to  be  connected 
with  ; to  relate  to  ; to  appertain  to  ; to  regard  ; 
to  refer  to. 

4.  To  have  a legal  residence  or  inhabitancy ; 

to  be  a native  or  a legal  resident  of.  “ Bastards 
. . . are  settled  in  the  parishes  to  which  their 
mothers  belong.”  Blackstone. 

Syn.  — See  Refer. 

B^-LONG',  v.  a.  To  be  deserved  by.  [r.] 

We  should  find  more  evils  belong  us  than  happen  to  us. 

B.  Jonson. 

t B£-LONG']NG,  n.  Quality;  endowment.  Shak. 

BE-LONG'ING,  p.  a.  Pertaining;  attached  to. 

B E-LOP  ' TF.-RA,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  (Ickos,  an  arrow,  and 
Trrfp6vy  a wing.]  (Pal.)  The  bones  of  a species 
of  cuttle  fish.  Agassiz. 

Bg-LORD',  v.  a.  To  domineer  over,  [r.]  Calmet. 

f BE-LOUT',  v.  a.  To  treat  with  opprobrious 
language  ; to  stigmatize  as  a lout.  Camden. 

■f  Bfi-LOVE',  v.  a.  To  love.  Wodroephe. 

BIJ-LOVED'  (be-luvd'),  p.  [from  love.)  Loved. 
“ Thou  art  greatly  beloved."  Dan.  ix.  23. 

BIJ-LOV'^D  (be-luv'ed),  p.  a.  Much  loved  ; dear. 

And  lo,  a voice  from  heaven,  saying,  This  is  my  beloved 
son.  Matt.  iii.  17. 

BJJ-LOW',  prep.  [6e  and  low.)  1.  Under  in  place. 
“ All  below  the  moon.”  Shak. 

2.  Inferior  in  dignity  or  in  excellence. 

The  noble  Venetians  think  themselves  but  one  decree 
below  kings.  Add-on. 

3.  Unworthy  of ; beneath ; unbecoming. 

’T  is  much  below  me  on  his  throne  to  sit.  Dryden. 

Syn. — See  Under. 

B^-LOW',  ad.  1.  In  a lower  place  ; beneath. 

nc  led  them  up  the  mountain’s  brow, 

And  showed  them  all  the  shining  fields  below.  Dryden. 

2.  On  the  earth,  as  opposed  to  heaven. 

And  let  no  tears  from  erring  pity  flow 

For  one  that’s  blessed  above,  immortalized  below.  Smith. 

3.  In  hell ; in  the  regions  of  the  dead. 

What  business  brought  him  to  the  realms  below ? Dryden. 

f BEL'SIRE,  n.  A grandsire  ; an  ancestor.  Carew. 

BEL-SWAg'GIJR,  n.  A swaggerer.  Dryden. 

BELT,  n.  [L.  balteus  ; A.  S.  belt ; Ger.  § Sw.  belt.) 

1.  A girdle  ; a cincture  ; a sash  ; a suspender 
for  a sword  or  other  weapon. 

Hector  was  dragged  about  the  walls  of  Troy  by  Jlie  belt 
given  him  by  Ajax.  South. 

2.  (Gcog.)  A strait;  as,  the  Great  Belt  and 
the  Little  Belt,  at  the  entrance  of  the  Baltic  Sea. 

3.  (Astron.)  One  of  the  zones  across  the  sur- 

face, and  parallel  to  the  equator,  of  the  planet 
Jupiter.  Buchanan. 

4.  (Surg.)  A bandage  used  for  various  pur- 
poses. Buchanan. 

5.  (Arch.)  A line  of  stones  or  bricks  pro- 

jecting from  a wall ; a string-course  ; a block- 
ing-course. Francis. 

6.  (Mech.)  A band,  usually  of  leather,  con- 

necting by  wheels  and  pulleys  the  different 
rotary  parts  of  machinery.  Buchanan. 

7.  (Her.)  A badge  or  mark  of  the  knightly 

order.  Buchanan. 

8.  (Farriery.)  A distemper  in  sheep.  Crabb. 

Syn.  — See  Zone. 

BELT,  v.  a.  1.  To  encircle  as  with  a belt. 

These  ramparts  being  dug  out  of  a bed  of  chalk,  and  belt- 
ing the  hills  far  and  wide  with  white.  Warton. 

2.  (Agric.)  To  shear,  as  the  buttocks  and 
tails  of  sheep.  Farm.  Ency. 

BEL'TANE,  or  BEL'TEIN,  n.  [Gael.,  the  fire  of 
Baal,  Bel,  or  Bahts.)  May-day,  and  the  tradi- 
tional Celtic  customs  attached  to  it,  growing,  it 
is  supposed,  out  of  the  ancient  worship  of  Baal, 
or  the  Sun,  by  the  Druids.  Brande. 

BELT'ER,  n.  A prostitute.  [Local,  Eng.]  Halliwett. 

BEL'TIN,  n.  Same  as  Beltane.  Brande. 

BELT'ING,  n.  Leather  or  other  material  pre- 
pared to  be  made  into  belts  for  machinery. 

BE-LU' QA,  n.  (Ich.)  The  white  porpoise  of  the 
arctic  seas ; Delphinapterus  leucus.  Brande. 

BEL'VE-DERE,  n.  [It.  bcllo,  beautiful,  and  ve- 
dere,  a view ; Fr.  belvedere  or  belveder.) 


1.  (Arch.)  A small  building  constructed  on 
the  top  of  a house  or  palace,  for  the  purpose  of 
commanding  a fine  view  ; a cupola.  Britton. 

2.  A summer-house  on  an  elevated  site  in  a 

park  or  garden.  Britton. 

3.  A gallery  or  open  corridor  of  the  Vatican, 

at  Rome,  which  is  so  called  on  account  of  the 
fine  prospect  it  commands,  and  from  which  the 
celebrated  statue  of  Apollo  took  its  distinctive 
name.  Britton. 

BE'JllA,n.  [Gr.  Prjya.)  (Arch.) 

1.  (Ant.)  A raised  place  in  Athens,  whence 

orators  addressed  public  assemblies  of  the 
people.  W.  Smith. 

2.  (Eccl.)  f A chancel. 

The  bema , or  chancel,  was  with  thrones  for  bishops  and 
presbyters.  Sir  G.  Wlieler. 

BJP-MAd',  v.  a.  To  make  mad.  Shak. 

BE-MAn'GLE  (be-m&ng'gl),  v.  a.  To  tear  asun- 
der ; to  mangle.  Beaumont. 

Bp-MASK',  v.  a.  To  hide  ; to  mask.  Shelton. 

f BIJ-MAT'TJER,  v.  a.  To  cover  with  matter.  Swift. 

BE-MAUL',  v.  a.  To  beat  heavily  ; to  maul. 
“ Sore  bruised  and  bemauled.”  Shelton. 

Bp-MAZE',  v.  a.  To  bewilder;  to  perplex. 

With  intellects  bemazed  in  endless  doubt.  Cowper. 

BEM' BEX,  n.  [Gr.  a top.]  (Ent.)  A 

genus  of  hymenopterous  insects,  of  the  tribe  of 
Fossores,  or  burrowing  sand-wasps.  Brande. 

f Bp-METE',  v.  a.  To  measure.  Shak. 

BE-MlN'GLE  (be-mlng'gl),  v.  a.  To  mingle.  “ Gore 
beminglcd  with  . . . glue.”  Mir.  for  Mag. 

BE-MIRE',  v.  a.  To  drag  or  immerse  in  the  mire  : 
— to  pollute.  “ Bemired  with  sins.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

B£-MIRE'MpNT,  n.  The  state  of  being  bemired, 
or  soiled  with  mire,  [it.]  Qtt.  Rev. 

f BE-MIST',  v.  a.  To  cover  with  a mist.  “That 
judge  . . . bemisted  in  his  way.”  Feltham. 

B5-MOAN'  (be-mon'),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  bemaman,  to 
bemoan.]  [i.  bemoaned  ; pp.  bemoaning, 
bemoaned.]  To  bewail ; to  lament ; to  moan 
over  ; to  express  sorrow  in  behalf  of. 

Nineveh  is  laid  waste;  who  will  bemoan  her?  Nahum  iii.  7. 

They  bemoaned  him,  and  comforted  him  over  all  the  evil 
that  the  Lord  had  brought  upon  him.  Job  xlii.  11. 

Syn.  — See  Bewail. 

f BE-MOAN'A-BLE,  a.  Lamentable.'  Sherwood. 


Bf-MOAN'JJR,  n.  One  who  bemoans.  N.  Scott. 
Bp-MOAN'ING,  n.  Lamentation.  Bp.  Hall. 

f Bf-MOCK',  v.  a.  To  treat  with  mocks  ; to  deride. 
“ Bemock  tlie  modest  moon.”  Shak. 

To  bemock  at,  to  laugh  at.  Slialt. 

t Bg-MOIL',  v.  a.  To  bemire.  Shak. 


B]J-MOlST'EN  (be-mol'sn),  v.  a.  To  moisten. 
BE'MOL,  n.  [It.  molle,  soft.]  (Mas.)  B flat. 

f Bf-MON'ST^R,  v.  a.  To  make  monstrous. 
“ Bemonster  not  thy  feature.”  Shak. 

BIJ-MOR'AL-IZE,  v.  a.  To  apply  to  amoral  pur- 
pose ; to  moralize.  Ec.  Rev. 

Bp-MOURN'  (lie-morn'),  v.  a.  To  weep  over. 
“ Women  that  . . . bemourned  him.”  Wickliffe. 

B^-MUD'DLE,  v.  a.  To  stupefy.  Fo.  Qtt.  Rev. 

BF-MUF'FLE,  v.  a.  To  wrap  up,  as  with  a mulfler. 
“ Cloaked  up  with  sermons,  . . . bemujflcd  with 
the  externals  of  religion.”  Sterne. 

B^-MU^ED'  (be-muzd'),  p.  a.  Occupied  in  idle 
musing  or  stupid  reverie  ; muzzy.  “A  parson 
much  bemused  in  beer.”  Pope. 

Bemused  in  wine,  the  bard  his  duns  forgets.  Fawkes. 

-f-  BEN.  [A.  S.]  Formerly  used  for  are,  been, 
and  be.  Spenser. 

BEN,  n.  [Heb.  ]3.]  A prefix  to  proper  names, 

signifying  son.  “ Benjamin,  son  of  the  right 
hand,  i.  e.  of  good  fortune.”  Robinson. 

BEN,  or  BEN'-NUT,  n.  The  fruit  of  the  Moringa 
pterygosperma,  which  yields  an  oil  called  ben- 
oil  or  oil  of  ben,  which  is  used  as  the  basis  of 
several  perfumes,  and  by  watchmakers  for  lu- 
bricating watch  machinery.  Eng.  Cyc. 


2.  To  be  appendant  to  ; to  constitute  apart  of. 

A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure ; FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


RENAME 


133 


BENEFIT 


+ BE-NAME',  v.  a.  To  denominate. 

And  therefore  lie  a courtier  was  hammed.  Sidney. 

||  BENCH  [bench,  S.  P.  J.  K.  Sm.  Wb . ; bensll, 
\V.  /<’.  E.Ja.  It.},  n '.  [A.  S.  banc,  or  bene  ; It. 
banco  ; Fr.  banc.} 

1.  A seat  to  hold  several  persons  ; a long  seat. 

The  seat  and  benches  shone  of  ivory.  Spenser. 

2.  A seat  of  justice  ; a seat  where,  judges  sit. 

Cyriac,  whose  grandsire  on  the  royal  bench 

Of  British  Themis,  with  no  mean  applause, 

Pronounced,  and  in  his  volumes  taught,  our  laws.  Milton. 

3.  The  body  of  judges  ; the  court ; as,  “ The 
case  is  to  go  before  the  full  bench.” 

4.  (Carp.)  A carpenter’s  or  joiner’s  table. 

5.  (Engineering .)  A narrow  platform  left  on 
an  embankment  to  strengthen  it ; — called  also 
berme  : — a fixed  point  in  levelling.  Francis. 

King's  Bench,  or  Queen's  Bench,  the  highest  court 
of  common  law  in  England,  so  called  because  the 
sovereign  used  formerly  to  sit  there  in  person,  and  is 
still  supposed  to  do  so.  Burrill. 

||  BENCH,  v.  a.  1.  To  furnish  with  bencheg. 

’T  was  benched  with  turf,  and  goodly  to  be  seen.  Dryden. 

2.  To  place  on  a seat  of  honor. 

ITis  cupbearer,  whom  I from  meaner  form 

Have  benched , and  reared  to  worship.  Shak. 

||  BENCH,  v.  n.  To  sit  upon  a bench.  Shak. 
And  thou,  his  yoke-fellow  of  equity, 

Bench  by  his  side.  Shak. 

||  BENCII'ER,  n.  1.  (Laic.)  A senior  member  of  a 
society  governing  one  of  the  English  Inns  of 
court ; — formerly  called  ancients. 

I was  taking  a walk  in  the  gardens  of  Lincoln’s  Inn,  a 
favOr  that  is  indulged  ine  by  several  benchers,  who  are  grown 
old  with  me.  'latter. 

2.  An  alderman  of  a corporation. 

Thirteen  are  called  fellows,  and  ten,  aldermen  or  chief 
benchers.  Ashmole. 

3.  A judge.  “ Bencher  in  the  Capitol.”  Shak. 

||  BENCH'— MARKS,  n.pl.  (Levelling.)  Fixed  points 
left  on  a line  of  survey  for  reference.  Craig. 


BEND,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  bendan  ; Fr.  bander .]  [». 

BENT  Or  BENDED  ; pp.  BENDING,  BENT  Of 
bended.  — Bended  is  little  used.] 

1.  To  incline  from  a straight  direction  ; to 
inflect  in  the  form  of  a bow  ; to  crook  ; to  curve. 

They  bend  their  bows;  they  whirl  their  slings  around. 

Dryden. 

2.  To  turn  or  incline  towards. 


Why  dost  thou  bend  thy  eyes  upon  the  earth?  Shak. 
But,  when  to  mischief  mortals  bend  their  will, 

How  soon  they  find  fit  instruments  of  ill!  Dope. 

3.  To  put  in  order  or  prepare  for  use. 

As  a fowler  was  bending  his  net,  a blackbird  asked  him 
what  he  was  doing.  TJ Estrange. 

4.  To  apply  earnestly,  as  the  thoughts. 

He  was  no  longer  able  to  bend  his  mind  or  thoughts  to  any 
public  business.  Temple. 

5.  To  subdue  ; to  cause  to  submit. 

O thou  who  sweetly  bend'st  my  stubborn  will.  Beaumont. 

6.  (Naut.)  To  fasten  ; as,  “ To  bend  a sail,  or 
make  it  fast  to  the  yard  ” ; “ To  bend  a cable,  or 
make  it  fast  to  the  anchor.” 


To  bend  the  brow,  to  knit  tile  brow  ; to  frown. 
BEND,  v.  n.  1.  To  be  incurvated  or  crooked. 

Then  was  I as  a tree 

Whose  boughs  did  bend  with  fruit.  Shak. 

2.  To  lean  from  an  upright  position. 

There  is  a cliff,  whose  high  and  bending  head 
Looks  fearfully  on  the  confined  deep.  Shak. 

3.  To  bow  in  token  of  submission. 

The  sons  also  of  them  that  afflicted  thee  shall  come  bending 
unto  thee.  Isa.  lx.  It. 


BEND,  n.  1.  Flexure  ; a curve ; a bent. 

Where’er  it  [the  lawn]  winds,  and  freely  must  it  wind, 

She  bids,  at  every  bend , thick-blossomed  tufts 

Crowd  their  interwoven  tendrils.  Mason. 

2.  (Naut.)  A knot  by  which  one  rope  is  made 
fast  to  another  : — pi.  the  strongest  part  of  a 
vessel’s  side,  to  which  the  beams,  knees,  and 
foot-hooks  are  bolted  ; the  part  between  the 
water’s  edge  and  the  bulwarks. 

Dana. 

3.  (Her.)  A kind  of  belt  occu- 
pying the  shield  diagonally. 

j-  BEND,  n.  [A.  S.  bcend,  or  bend, 
that  which  binds.]  A band  or 
company.  Spenser. 

BEND'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  bent.  Shencooc 


BEND'IJR,  n.  1.  The  person  who  bends.  Spenser. 
2.  The  instrument  used  for  bending.  Wilkins. 

BEND'LET,  n.  A little  bend  ; the  diminutive  of 
bend.  Crabb. 


BEND'WITH,  n.  An  herb.  Bailey. 

BEN'DY,  a.  (ller.)  A term  ap- 
plied  when  an  escutcheon  is  di- 
vided diagonally  into  an  uneven 
number  of  partitions.  Craig. 

BENE,  n.  The  oil-plant,  Sesamum 
orientale,  introduced  into  the 
West  India  islands  &c.;  vanglo.  Loudon. 

BE  'JVE,  ad.  A Latin  adverb  signifying  well ; used 
in  the  phrase  Nota  bene,  Mark  well. 

BJ-PNEAPED'  (be-nept'),  a.  (Naut.)  A ship  is 
said  to  be  beneaped  when  the  water  does  not 
flow  high  enough  to  bring  her  over  the  bar  or 
off  the  ground,  as  at  neap  tide.  Crabb. 


BE-NEATH',  prep.  [A.  S.  beneoth,  or  benythan .] 

1.  Under  ; lower  in  place. 

Their  woolly  fleeces,  as  the  rites  required, 

He  laid  beneath  him,  and  to  rest  retired.  Dryden. 

2.  Under,  as  being  overborne  by  pressure. 

Our  country  sinks  beneath  the  yoke.  Shak. 

3.  Lower  in  rank,  excellence,  or  dignity. 

We  have  reason  to  be  persuaded  that  there  are  far  more 
species  of  creatures  above  us  than  there  are  beneath.  Locke. 


4.  Unworthy  of ; unbecoming. 

He  will  do  nothing  that  is  beneath  his  high  station. 

Atterbury. 

Syn.  — See  Under. 

B^-NEATH',  ad.  1.  In  a lower  place. 


Thou  slialt  be  above  only,  and  not  be  beneath.  Deut. 

2.  Below,  with  respect  to  heaven. 

Any  thing  that  is  in  heaven  above,  or  that  is  in  the  earth 
beneath.  Exod.  xx.  4. 


BE-JTE-DIQ  '1-TE,  [L.,  bless  ye.}  A canticle 

used  at  morning  prayer  in  the  church,  after  the 
first  lesson.  It  is  called  the  Song  of  the  Three 
Children  in  the  Fiery  Furnace.  Hook. 


f BEN'E-DICT,  a.  [L.benedicOjbenedictus.}  Mild. 
“ Benign  and  benedict  medicines.”  Sancroft. 

BEN'E-DICT,  n.  A cant  term  for  a married  man  ; 
— generalized  from  the  character  of  that  name 
in  Shakspeare’s  “ Much  Ado  about  Nothing.” 

None  but  her  priests  could  orthodoxically  transmute  a 
bachelor  into  a benedict.  N.  B.  Rev. 

BEN-E-DIC'TINE,  n.  (Eccl.  Hist.)  A monk  of  the 
order  of  St.  Benedict.  Buck. 

BEN-E-DlC'TINE,  a.  Belonging  to  the  monks  of 
the  order  of  St.  Benedict.  Braude. 

BEN-E-DIC'TION,  n.  [L.  benedictio,  a blessing; 
It.  benedizione  ; Sp.  bendicion  ; Fr.  benediction .] 

1.  A blessing  ; an  invocation  of  happiness. 

Hold  your  hands  in  benediction  o’er  me.  Shak. 

2.  An  expression  of  good  wishes,  or  of  kind 
words  or  grateful  feelings,  especially  at  parting. 

So  saying,  he  arose;  whom  Adam  thus 

Followed  with  benediction.  Milton. 

3.  (Theol.)  A solemn  act  of  imploring  the 
blessing  of  God,  performed  by  a priest  or  minis- 
ter in  the  official  services  of  the  church. 

Syn.  — The  benediction  of  a priest;  tile  blessing  of 
God  ; spiritual  or  temporal  blessings. 


f BEN-E-DIC'TION- A-RY,  n.  A collection  of 
benedictions.  “The  benedictionary  of  Bishop 
Athelwold.”  Richardson. 


BEN-E-DlC'TIVE,  a.  Pronouncing  a blessing. 
“ Benedictive  comprecations.”  Gauden. 

BEN-E-DIC'TO-RY,  a.  Declaring  a benediction  ; 
benedictive.  ’ Sat.  May. 

BE  'JVE  DIS-CES  'SIT,  [L.,  he  has  departed  honor- 
ably.} A phrase  used  in  an  English  universi- 
ty to  signify  that  a student  leaves  his  college 
to  enter  another  with  the  consent  of  the  master 
and  fellows.  Hall. 

BEN-E-FAC'TION,  n.  [L.  benefacio,  benefactus, 
to  do  good  to  one ; bene,  well,  and  facio,  to 
make,  to  do  ; Fr.  bienfait.} 

1.  Act  of  conferring  a benefit.,  Johnson. 

2.  The  benefit  conferred  ; a donation  ; a gra- 
tuity ; a gift. 

A man  of  true  generosity  will  study  in  what  manner  to 
render  his  benefaction  most  advantageous.  Melmoth. 


Syn.  — Benefactions  to  the  poor  ; donations  to  be- 
nevolent institutions  ; an  unexpected  gratuity  ; a free 
gift.  — See  Gift. 

BEN-E-FAc'TOR,  n.  One  who  confers  a benefit. 
“ Great  benefactors  of  mankind.”  Milton. 

BEN-B-fAc'TR^SS,  n.  She  who  confers  a bene- 
fit. “ A benefactress  to  . . . monasteries. "Delany. 

BEN'E-FlCE  (ben'e-f Is),  n.  [L.  benefeium,  a bene- 
faction ; It.  <S>  Sp.  beneficio  ; Fr.  benefice.']  Ad- 
vantage conferred:  — an  ecclesiastical  living; 
a certain  class  of  preferments  in  the  church  of 
England,  as  rectories,  vicarages,  perpetual  cu- 
racies, and  chaplaincies, — distinguished  from 
dignities,  as  bishoprics,  deaneries,  and  preb- 
ends. 

flfg“The  equivalent  Latin  term,  bert  rjirium,  tv  as  ap- 
plied by  the  Romans  to  a grant  of  land  made  to  a 
veteran  soldier.  Under  the  feudal  system,  it  signified 
an  estate  conferred  by  the  sovereign,  and  held  under 
him.  This,  afterwards  becoming  hereditary,  consti- 
tuted a fief,  properly  so  called.  In  the  middle  ages, 
the  term  was  applied  to  church  preferments,  on  the 
ground  that  they  were  held  under  tile  pope  as  a supe- 
rior lord.  Braude. 

Syn.  — See  Living. 

BEN'E-FICED  (ben'e-flst),  p.  a.  Having  a bene- 
fice. “ Benefited  clergymen.”  Burke. 

f BEN'E-FICE-LESS,  a.  Having  no  benefice. 
“ Our  beneficeless  precisians.”  Sheldon. 

BE-NEF'l-CENCE,  n.  [L.  beneficentia  ; bene,  well, 
and  facio,  to  do;  It.  beneficenza;  Sp.  benefi- 
cencia  ; Fr.  beneficence.}  Active  goodness  ; kind 
action  ; the  doing  of  “ liberal  things.” 

That  virtue  [benevolence],  if  it  be  in  operation,  or  . . . en- 
deavor, is  called  beneficence,  and  the  deed  (vulgarly  named 
a good  turn)  may  be  called  a benefit.  Elyot. 

There  is  no  use  of  money  equal  to  that  of  beneficence ; 
here  the  enjoyment  grows  on  reflection.  Mackenzie. 

Syn.  — See  Benevolence,  Bounty. 

BE-NEF'I-CENT,  a.  Doing  good ; performing 
kind  acts  ; bountiful ; munificent ; generous  ; 
liberal ; kind.  Hale. 

Syn.  — God  is  beneficent  and  bountiful  in  providing 
for  his  creatures.  A munificent  governor  or  benefac- 
tor ; a generous  disposition  ; a liberal  patron  ; a kind 
friend. 

BE-NEF'I-CENT-LY,  ad.  In  a beneficent  man- 
ner. “ Mortals  once  beneficently  great.”  Parnell. 

BEN-E-fF'CIAL  (ben-e-fish'fll),  a.  1.  Attended 
with,  or  conferring,  benefits  ; serviceable  ; use- 
ful ; advantageous ; helpful. 

God  designs  that  a charitable  intercourse  should  be  main- 
tained among  men,  mutually  pleasant  and  beneficial.  Barrow. 

2.  (Law.)  Producing  profit  or  advantage ; 
“ Beneficial  interest”:  — having  or  enjoying  a 
benefit  or  profit.  “ Beneficial  owner.”  Burrill. 

Syn.  — See  Advantageous. 

f BEN-E-FP'CIAL  (ben-e-flsli'al),  n.  A benefice. 
“ How  to  obtain  a beneficial.”  Spenser. 

BEN-E-FP'CIAL-LY  (ben-e-fish'al-Ie),  ad.  Ad- 
vantageously ; usefully.  Burke. 

BEN-E-FI"CIAL-NESS  (ben-e-flsh'ad-nes),  n.  Use- 
fulness ; advantageousness.  Hale. 

BEN-E-FP'CIA-RY  (ben-e-fish'ya-re),  a.  [L.  ben- 
eficiarius,  pertaining  to  a favor.] 

1.  Holding  in  subordination  or  dependence. 

The  Duke  of  Parma  was  tempted  by  no  less  a promise 

than  to  be  made  a feudatory,  or  beneficiary , king  of  England, 
under  the  seigniory  in  chief  of  the  pope.  Bacon. 

2.  Relating  to  fiefs  ; arising  from  feudal  ten- 
ure ; feudatory. 

Beneficiary  services  were  those  which  were  done  by  the 
middling  or  lesser  thanes  to  the  king.  Spelman. 

BEN-fl-FI"CIA-RY  (bSn-e-fish'ysi-re),  n.  {Eccl.) 

1.  One  who  holds  a benefice.  “ The  benefi- 

ciary is  obliged  to  serve  the  parish  church  in 
his  own  proper  person.”  Aylijfe. 

2.  A person  benefited  or  assisted. 

The  fathers  and  the  children,  the  benefactors  and  the  b<n- 
cficiary,  shall  bind  each  other  in  the  eternal  enclosures  and 
circlings  of  immortality.  Bp.  Taylor. 

3.  A student  assisted  by  the  charitable  funds 

of  a literary  seminary.  Sparks. 

f BEN-E-Fi"CIEN-CY  (ben-e-fish'en-se),  n.  Kind- 
ness in  action.  “ They  . . . make  bencficiency 
cool  into  acts  of  obligation.”  Browne. 

BEN-E-FP'CIENT,  a.  Beneficent,  [r.]  A.  Smith. 

BEN'E-FlT,  n.  [L.  bcneficium  ; Fr.  bienfait.} 


MIEN,  SYR  ; MOVE,  NOR,  SON  ; 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — (J,  <jr,  g,  g,  soft;  IB,  G,  g,  g,  hard;  ^ as  z;  as  gz.  — Till 


BENEFIT 


134 


BEQUEATH 


1.  An  act  of  kindness  ; a favor  conferred. 

Bless  the  Lord,  O my  soul,  and  forget  not  all  his  benefits. 

Fa.  ciii.  2. 

2.  Advantage  ; gain  ; profit. 

You  shall  find  a benefit  in  this  change.  Shale. 

3.  A performance  at  a theatre  the  proceeds 

of  which  go  to  one  of  the  company  as  a part  of 
his  or  her  recompense.  Moivatt. 

Bmefit  of  clergy.  ( Law .)  in  the  middle  ages,  in  va- 
rious states  of  Europe,  an  exemption  of  clergymen 
from  criminal  process  before  a secular  judge.  It  was 
variously  modified  in  England,  and  in  the  reign  of 
George  IV.  entirely  abolished.  Brande. 

Syn.  — Benefits  and  favors  are  granted  by  supe- 
riors ; kindness  between  equals.  — Princes  confer  ben- 
efits on  their  subjects  ; subjects  perform  services  for 
their  rulers,  servants  for  their  masters,  citizens  for 
their  country  ; neighbors  do  acts  of  kindness,  or  good 
offices,  to  one  another.  Advantage  of  situation  ; gam 
or  profit  in  trade.  — See  Account,  Advantage, 
Avail,  Good,  Utility. 

BEN'5-FIT,  v.  a.  [i.  benefited  ; pp.  benefit- 
ing, benefited.]  To  do  good  to ; to  be- 
friend ; to  be  useful  to  ; to  advantage. 

This  nohle  King  Cyrus  was  wont  to  say  that  they  who 
would  not  do  good  unto  themselves  were  constrained  to  ben- 
efit others.  Holland. 

BEN'E-FlT,  v.  n.  To  gain  advantage.  Milton. 

BEN'E-FlT— PLAY',  n.  A play  acted  for  the  ad- 
vantage of  one  of  the  company.  Hawkins. 

f BE-NE'GRO,  v.  a.  To  make  extremely  dark. 
“ The  sun  . . . benegroed  in  darkness.”  Hewgt. 

f Bp-NEME',  or  Bp.-NEMPNE'  (be-nem'),  V.  a.  [be 
and  A.  S.  nemnan,  to  name.] 

To  name ; to  pronounce.  Spenser. 

t Bg-NEMPT',  i.  & p.  from  beneme.  Spenser. 

BE  ' NE—PLAC ' I-  TO,  [It.,  good  will  and  pleasure.] 
(Musi)  A phrase  denoting  that  the  performer 
is  at  liberty  to  exercise  his  taste.  Crabb. 

f BEN-E-PLA^'I-TURE,  n.  [L.  bene,  well,  and 
placeo,  placttus,  to  please.]  Will ; good  pleas- 
ure. “Suitable  to  his  bcneplaciture."  Glanville. 

IlEN'ERTH,  or  BEN'JJ-RETH,  n.  (Old  Eng.  Law.) 
A service  which  a tenant  rendered  to  his  lord 
with  his  plough  and  cart.  Burrill. 

B1J-NET',  v.  a.  To  insnare  ; to  encompass  as  with 
a net.  “ Benetted  round  with  villains.”  Shah. 

B£-NEV'0-LENCE,  n.  [L.  benevolentia ; bene, 
well,  and  volo,  to  wish  ; It.  benevolenza .] 

1.  Disposition  to  do  good ; good  will ; kind- 
ness ; humanity  ; benignity  ; tenderness. 

He  is  touched  with  so  extensive  a benevolence,  that  it 
breaks  out  into  a passion  of  tears.  Steele. 

2.  (Eng.  Ilist.)  A species  of  tax  levied  by  the 
sovereign,  but  represented  by  him  as  a gratuity. 

After  that,  he  rode  about  the  land,  and  used  the  people  in 
such  fair  manner  that  he  raised  thereby  notable  sums  of 
money,  the  which  way  of  levying  of  his  money  was  after 
named  a benevolence.  Fahyan  of  Edw.  IV.  in  1475. 

This  tax.  called  a benevolence , was  devised  by  Edward  IV., 
for  which  he  sustained  much  envy.  It  was  abolished  by 
Richard  III.  Bacon. 

Syn.  — Benevolence  is  the  desire  of  doing  good; 
beneficence  is  actual  goodness.  A benevolent  man  de- 
lights in  beneficence.  The  great  should  manifest  a 
condescending  benignity  ; — humanity  extends  to  all 
mankind;  kindness  to  friends  and  neighbors;  ten- 
derness to  children,  and  to  the  weak  and  unfortunate. 
— See  Love. 

BE-NEV'O-LENT,  a.  Having  good  will ; disposed 
to  do  good;  kind;  humane;  benignant. 

Thou  good  old  man,  benevolent  as  wise.  Pope. 

Syn.  — See  Benevolence. 

BE-NEV'O-LENT-LY,  ad.  In  a benevolent  man- 
ner. “ Benevolently  minded.”  Sir  T.  More. 

Bf-NEV'O-L^NT-NESS,  n.  Benevolence;  kind- 
ness of  disposition,  [it.]  Johnson. 

f BE-N  E V'O-LOUS,  a.  [L.  benevolus,  well  wish- 
ing.] Kind.  “ Benevolous  disposition.”  Puller. 

BEN-GAL',  n.  A sort  of  thin  stuff,  made  of  silk 
and  hair,  originally  from  Bengal.  Johnson. 

BEN-GA-LEE',  or  BEN-GAL'LY,  a.  Relating  to 
Bengal ; of  Bengal.  ‘ Ch.  Ob. 

BEN-GA-LEE',  n.  The  language  of  Bengal.  Craig. 

BEN-GA-LE§E',  n.  sing.  & pi.  A native  or  natives 
of  Bengal.  P.  Cyc. 

BEN'GAL— LIGHTS'  (-llts),  n.  pi.  A species  of 


fire-work  producing  a steady  and  very  vivid 
blue-colored  fire  : — often  called  blue-lights,  and 
much  used  as  night  signals  by  ships.  Francis. 

BEN'GAL— STRIPES,  91.  pi.  A sort  of  cotton  cloth, 
woven  with  colored  stripes  ; gingham.  Francis. 

BEN ' ICKE  (-Ik),  91.  [Turkish.]  A kind  of  mili- 
tary fete  in  Turkey,  similar  to  the  tournament 
of  the  middle  ages  in  Europe,  but  without  the 
presence  of  ladies.  Ogilvie. 

Bp-NIGHT'  (be-nlt'),  v.  a.  [be  and  night.]  [i. 
BENIGHTED  ; pp.  BENIGHTING,  BENIGHTED.] 

1.  To  involve  in  darkness  ; to  darken. 

Those  bright  stars  that  did  adorn  our  hemisphere,  as  those 

dark  shades  that  did  benight  it,  vanish.  Boyle. 

2.  To  overtake  with  night. 

Bein^  benighted , the  sight  of  a candle  I saw  a good  way  off 
directed  me  to  a young  shepherd’s  house.  Sidney. 

3.  To  debar  from  intellectual  light ; to  cloud 
with  ignorance. 

But  he  that  hides  a dark  soul,  and  foul  thoughts, 
Benighted  walks  under  tile  mid-day  sun.  Milton. 

Bp-NlGHT'T.D,  (be-iut'ed),  p.  a.  Involved  in 
darkness ; overtaken  with  night.  “ Some  be- 
9iighted  angel  in  his  way.”  Dryden. 

BE-NlGN'  (be-nln'),  a.  [L.  benignus;  It.  § Sp. 
benigno ; Fr.  brnigne.] 

1.  Of  a gentle  disposition  ; kind  ; gracious  ; 
humane  ; favorable  ; benignant. 

They  who  delight  in  the  suffering  of  inferior  creatures 
will  not  be  very  compassionate  or  benign.  Locke. 

2.  Expressing  gentleness  or  kindness. 

To  whom  thus  Michael,  with  regard  benign.  dlilton. 

3.  ( Med.)  Of  a mild  nature.  “ A benign  med- 
icine ” ; “ A’  benign  disease.”  Dunglisoti. 

BJ-NIG'NANT,  a.  Kind;  gracious;  good  ; benev- 
olent ; benign.  “ Benignant  sovereign.”  Burke. 

B]J-NIG'NANT-LY,  ad.  Benignly.  Bostoell. 

BE-NIG'NI-TY,  9i.  [L . benignitas  ; It. benignita ; 
Sp.  benignidad ; Fr.  benignite .] 

1.  Kindness  of  disposition  ; graciousness  ; 
generosity  ; good-heartedness  ; friendliness. 

Although  he  enjoys  the  good  that  is  done  him,  he  is  un- 
concerned to  value  tlie  benignity  of  him  that  does  it.  South. 

From  the  instant  of  our  birth  wc  experience  the  benignity 
of  Heaven,  and  the  malignity  of  corrupt  nature.  Tr  osier. 

2.  Mildness  or  favorableness,  as  applied  to 

the  aspects  of  nature.  “ The  benignity  or  in- 
clemency of  the  season.”  Spectator. 

Syn.  — See  Benevolence. 

Bp-NIGN'LY  (be-nln'le),  ad.  Kindly;  gracious- 
ly. “ His  look  bciiignly  cast  around.”  Glover. 

f BEN'I-^ON  (ben'ne-znj,  n.  [Old  Fr.  benicon. ] 
Blessing;  benediction.  Shak. 

BEN'JA-MIN,  »i.  1.  A plant;  the  Styrax  benzoin 
of  Sumatra.  Johnson. 

2.  The  resinous  exudation  obtained  from  the 
plant.  — See  Benzoin.  I Ire. 

BEN' J A- MIN— TREE',  n.  (Bot.)  A deciduous 
medicinal  shrub  of  North  America ; Laurus 
be9tzoin , or  Benzobt  odoriferum ; — called  also 
Be?>jamin-bush  and  spice-bush.  Loudon. 

BfiN'-KIT,  n.  A large  wooden  vessel  with  a cover 
to  it.  [Local,  Eng.]  — See  Kit.  Thoresby. 

BEN'N£T,  n.  An  herb ;— same  as  avens.  Johnson. 

BEN'SHIE  (bgn'slie),  91.  An  Irish  fairy  or  a fairy’s 
wife.  — See  Banshee.  Pennant. 

BENT,  n.  1.  State  of  being  bent ; flexure ; cur- 
vature ; incurvation. 

Hold  your  rod  at  a bent  a little.  Walton. 

2.  Declivity  ; slope,  [r.] 

Beneath  the  lowering  brow,  and  on  a bent, 

The  temple  stood  of  Mars  armipotent.  Dryden. 

3.  Utmost  force  or  power,  as  of  a bent  bow. 

Then  let  thy  love  be  younger  than  thyself, 

Or  thy  affection  cannot  hold  the  bent.  Shak. 

4.  Inclination  ; disposition  ; turn ; tendency. 

It  is  his  rthe  legislator’s]  best  policy  to  comply  with  the 

common  bent  of  mankind,  and  give  it  all  the  improvements 
of  which  it  is  susceptible.  Hume. 

5.  (Bot.)  A kind  of  grass.  [See  Bent- 
grass.]  pi.  The  withered  stalks  of  grass  stand- 
ing in  a pasture  after  the  seeds  have  dropped. 
“Bents,  king-cups,  and  maiden-hair.”  Peacham. 

BENT,  i.  & p.  from  be9id.  See  Bend. 

BENT,  p.  a.  Inclined  from  a straight  direction  : 


— disposed;  resolute;  earnest.  “Each  other 
bent  his  enemy  to  quell.”  Spenser. 

BENT'— GRASS,  n.  A genus  of  grasses,  common 
in  pastures,  and  very  difficult  to  eradicate,  so 
strong  is  its  hold  upon  the  soil  by  shoots  from 
its  bent  and  creeping  stems  ; Ayrostis.  Loudon. 

BENT'ING— TIME,  n.  Time  when  pigeons  feed 
on  bents,  “Bare  benting -times.”  Dryden. 

Bp-NUMB'  (be-num'),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  beniman,  to 
stupefy  ; p.  benusnen,  benumbed.]  [i.  be- 
numbed ; pp.  BENUMBING,  BENUMBED.]  To 
make  torpid  ; to  stupefy  ; to  paralyze. 

It  seizes  upon  the  vitals,  and  benumbs  the  senses.  South. 

Syn.  — See  Numb. 

Bp-NUMB' pD-NESS  (be-nuin'ed-n6s),  n.  State  of 
being  benumbed  ; torpidness.  South. 

Bp-NUMB'MpNT  (be-num'ment),  n.  Act  of  be- 
numbing, or  rendering  torpid  ; torpidity.  Kirby. 

BEN'ZA-MlDE,  n.  (Chem.)  A compound  sub- 
stance obtained  by  exposing  chloride  of  benzule 
to  ammoniacal  gas.  Brande. 

BEN'ZILE,.  n.  (Chem.)  A substance  obtained  by 
heating  a mixture  of  benzoine  and  nitric  acid. 

Regnault. 

BpN-ZIL'IC,  a.  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  obtained 
by  boiling  benzoine  or  benzile  with  a concen- 
trated solution  of  potash.  Ogilvie. 

JJEN'ZINE,  91.  (CJtem.)  Another  name  for  ben- 
zole. Graham. 

BEN'ZO-ATE,  9i.  (Chem.)  A salt  composed  of 
benzoic  acid  and  a base.  Bra9ide. 

BpN-ZO'lC,  a.  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  obtained 
from  benzoin.  Bra?ide. 

Benzoic  acid,  an  acid  which  forms  a constituent  of 
many  balsams.  It  is  generally  obtained  by  heating 
benzoin,  and  collecting  the  vapor  which  is  evolved, 
and  which  condenses  in  brilliant  white  acicular  crys- 
tals. Having  a sweetish,  penetrating  odor,  it  is  much 
used  in  the  making  of  pastils  and  incense.  Francis. 

BpN-ZOIN',  n.  (Bot.)  A resinous  substance,  com- 
monly but  improperly  called  a gum  (gum-ben- 
jarnin).  It  is  an  exudation  of  the  Sty9-ax  benzoe 
or  benzoin,  a tree  of  Sumatra  ; has  a mottled  or 
amygdaloid  texture,  and  fragrant  odor  ; and  is 
used  by  perfumers.  Eng.  Cyc.  Brande. 

BEN'ZO-lNE,  n.  A crystalline  substance,  with- 
out odor,  taste,  or  color,  obtained  from  the  oil 
of  bitter  almonds.  Graham. 

BEN'ZOLE,  9i.  (Chem.)  A fluid  composed  of 
twelve  equivalents  of  carbon  and  six  of  hydro- 
gen, and  prepared  by  distilling  one  part  of 
crystallized  benzoic  acid  with  three  parts  of 
hydrate  of  lime.  It  may  also  be  obtained  from 
coal  tar  and  whale  oil.  It  is  used  for  producing 
artificial  light,  and  for  the  manufacture  of  var- 
nishes. — Called  also  benzine. 

BEN'ZONE,  91.  (Che99i.)  An  oily  liquid  composed 
of  hydrogen,  oxygen,  and  carbon,  and  procured 
by  subjecting  benzoate  of  lime  to  the  action  of 
heat.  Regnault. 

BpN-ZOYL',  n.  (Cfyem.)  The  hypothetical  rad- 
ical of  a series  of  compounds,  including  ben- 
zoic acid  and  oil  of  bitter  almonds,  — composed 
of  oxygen,  hydrogen,  and  carbon ; called  also 
be9izule  or  benzoile.  Graham. 

BEN'ZULE,  n.  (benzohi  and  illy.]  (Chein.)  See 
Benzoyl.  Bra9tde. 

BE-PAINT',  v.  a.  To  cover  with  paint.  Shak. 

f BI5-PALE',  v.  a.  To  make  pale.  Careic. 

BE-PER'I-WIGGED  (-wlgd),  a.  Adorned  with 
false  hair  ; periwigged.  Congreve. 

BE-PINCH',  v.  a.  To  mark  with  pinches.  “Sides, 
arms,  shoulders  all  bepincht.”  Chap9nan. 

BIJ-PLAs'TER,  v.  a.  To  cover  with  plaster;  to 
embellish.  “ Bcplastered  with  rouge.” Golds9nith. 

Bp-PoW'DpR,  v.  a.  To  dress  out ; to  powder. 
“ To  bepotvder  and  becurl  the  outside.”  Tucker. 

BIJ-PRAI^E',  v.  a.  To  praise  greatly.  Goldsmith. 

Bp-PUR'PLE,  v.  a.  To  render  purple.  Digges. 

BIJ-QUEATH'  (he-kweth'),  V.  a.  [A.  S.  beewee- 
than,  to  give  by  will.]  [ i . bequeathed  ; pp. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  lo9ig ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  V,  short;  A,  5,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


BESEEM 


BEQUEATHAL 

BEQUEATHING,  BEQUEATHED.]  To  leave  by 
will  to  another  ; to  devise  ; — sometimes  writ- 
ten bequeathe.  See  Soothe. 

My  father  bequeathed  me  by  will  but  a poor  thousand 
pounds.  Shak. 

For  freedom's  battle,  once  begun, 

Bequeathed  by  bleeding  sire  to  son, 

Though  baffled  oft,  is  ever  won.  Byron. 

Syn.  — See  Devise. 

BE-aUEATH'AL,  n.  A bequest,  [r.] 

Charter  of  Harvard  College. 

BIJ-CIUEATH'ER  (be-kwetti'er),  n.  A testator. 

“ The  bequeather  or  maker  of  any  will.”  Wilson. 

t BE-CiUEATH'MENT,  n.  A bequest.  Bailey. 

f BE-CiUEST',  v.  a.  To  bequeath.  “ Here  is 

all  I have  to  bequest."  Gascoigne. 

BJJ-aUEST'  (be-kwest'),  n.  Something  left  by 
will ; a legacy. 

lie  claimed  the  crown  to  himself,  pretending  an  adoption, 
or  bequest  of  the  kingdom  unto  him,  by  the  Confessor.  Ilale. 

Bf-QUOTE',  v.  a.  To  quote  frequently.  Ec.  Rev. 

f BlJ-RAlN',  v.  a.  To  rain  upon.  Chaucer. 

Bp-RATE',  v.  a.  [be  and  rate. ] [i.  berated  ; 

pp.  berating,  berated.]  To  abuse  in  vile 
language  ; to  revile  ; to  rate  ; to  rail  at. 

So  is  the  verity  of  the  gospel  Iterated  and  laughed  to  scorn 
of  the  miscreants.  Udal. 

BE-RAT'TLE,  v.  a.  To  fill  with  noise.  Shak. 

BJJ-RAU'NiTE,  n.  (Min.)  A phosphate  of  the 
peroxide  of  iron.  Dana. 

f BE-RAy',  v.  a.  [A.  S.  bewreon , to  cover.]  To 
foul ; to  befoul.  — See  Bewray.  Milton. 

BER'Bp-RINE,  n.  A yellow,  bitter  principle  con- 
tained in  the  alcoholic  extract  of  the  root  of 
the  berberry  or  barberry  bush.  Brande. 

BER  'BF.-RIS,  n.  [L.]  ( Bot .)  A genus  of  plants; 
the  barberry  or  pepperidge  bush.  Eng.  Cyc. 

BER'BJJR-RY,  n.  (Bot.)  A shrub  which  bears 
yellow  flowers,  and  red,  acid  berries  ; — called 
also  barberry.  — See  Barberry.  Brande. 

BERCEAU  (ber-so'),  n.  [Fr.]  (Arch.)  A full- 
arched  vault.  Crabb. 

BER'DASH,  n.  A kind  of  neck  dress  formerly 

worn  in  England.  Buchanan. 

BERE,  n.  [A.  S.  here,  barley.]  A species  of 
barley.  — See  Bear.  T.  Gray. 

Bp-RE'AN,  n.  ( Eccl . Hist.)  One  of  a sect  of 
Protestants  who  followed  John  Barclay  in  dis- 
senting from  the  Church  of  Scotland,  and  pro- 
fessed, like  the  ancient  Bereans  mentioned  in 
Acts  xvii.,  to  build  their  system  of  faith  and 
practice  upon  the  Scriptures  alone.  Buchanan. 

Bp-REAVE',  v.  a.  [A.  S.  berefian,  to  bereave  ; 
But.  berooven ; Ger.  berauben .]  [i.  bereft  or 

BEREAVED  ; pp.  BEREAVING,  BEREFT  Or  BE- 
REAVED.] To  strip  of ; to  deprive  of ; to  take 
away  from ; — generally  with  the  preposition 
of  before  the  object. 

To  deprive  as  of  metals  is  to  make  us  mere  savages  ; it  is 
to  bereave  us  of  all  arts  and  sciences.  Bentley. 

If  I be  bereaved  of  my  children,  I am  bereaved. 

Syn.  — See  Deprive.  Gen ■ xliii- 14‘ 

B^-RE AVE'MJJNT,  n.  Act  of  bereaving;  state 
of  being  bereaved ; loss ; deprivation,  particu- 
larly of  friends  by  death.  Ec.  Rev. 

B£-REAV'£R,  n.  One  who  bereaves.  Speed. 

BJJ-REFT',  i.  & p.  from  bereave.  See  Bereave. 

BER-PN-GA'RI-AN,  or  BER-EN-OE'RI-AN,  n. 
(Eccl.  Hist.)  A follower  of  Berengarius  orBeren- 
ger,  of  Tours,  in  France,  who,  in  1048,  denied 
the  doctrine  of  transubstantiation.  Eclen. 

BER-6-Ni'CE’§-HAlR,  n.  (Astron.)  A group  of 
seven  stars  in  the  constellation  Leo  ; — so  called 
from  Berenice,  wife  of  Ptolemy  Evergetes.  Hind. 

BER'5-SITE,  n.  (Min.)  A fine-grained  granite 
from  near  Beresof,  in  the  Ural.  Dana. 

f BERG,  n.  [A.  S.  beorg,  a hill ; berig,  or  burg , a 
city.]  A town.  — See  Borough.  Gibson. 

BER'GA-MO,  n.  A coarse  kind  of  tapestry,  so 
named  from  the  town  Bergamo,  in  Italy,  where 
it  was  first  manufactured.  Crabb. 

BER'GA-MOT,  n.  [Fr.  bergamotte .] 


135 

1.  A species  of  pear,  very  juicy,  and  shaped 

like  an  apple.  Johnson. 

2.  The  fragrant  fruit  of  the  Bergamot  orange 

tree,  or  Citrus  Bergamia.  Eng.  Cyc. 

3.  An  essential  oil  obtained  both  by  pressure 

and  by  distillation  from  the  rind  of  the  berga- 
mot orange,  and  much  used  for  a perfume ; — 
called  also  essence  of  bergamot.  Brande. 

4.  A sort  of  snuff,  so  named  from  being  per- 
fumed with  bergamot.  Johnson. 

BER'GAN-DJiR  [ber'gan-der,  K.  Ash  ; ber-gan'der, 
CIA,,  n.  [A.  S.  beorg ; Dut.,  Ger.,  k Swed.  berg, 
a hill,  and  A.  S.  ened,  Dut.  eend,  a duck.] 

(Ornith.)  A beautiful  species  of  duck,  nearly 
as  large  as  the  goose,  the  shelldrake  ; Tadorna 
vulpanser.  Yarrel. 

f BER'GE-RET,  n.  [Fr.  bergerette,  a pastoral 
song,  from  berger,  shepherd.]  A song.  Chaucer. 

BERG'MANN-lTE,  n.  (Min.)  A variety  of  scapo- 
lite.  Phillips. 

BERG'MAS-TER,  n.  [A.  S.  beorg,  a hill,  and  mas- 
ter.]  The  chief  officer  among  the  Derbyshire 
miners,  in  England ; bar-master.  Johnson. 

BERO'MEHL,  n.  [Sw .,  mountain  meal.)  ( Geol .) 
An  earth  composed  of  microscopic  fossil  sili- 
cious  diatoms; — found  in  the  north  of  Eu- 
rope. Mixed  with  flour,  it  has  been  used,  in 
times  of  scarcity,  for  food.  Eng.  Cyc. 

BERG'MOTE,  n.  [A.  S.  beorg,  a hill,  and  mote, 
a meeting.]  A court  among  the  Derbyshire 
miners.  Blount. 

f BER'GO-MASK,  a.  [It.  bergamasca,  a kind  of 
dance.]  Relating  to  a rustic  dance.  S/iak. 

B£-RHYME'  (be-rlm'),  v.  a.  To  mention  in 
rhyme  ; to  celebrate  in  rhyme.  Shah. 

BER  ' I-BE-Rl,  n.  A spasmodic  rigidity  of  the 
lower  limbs,  &c.,  a disease  in  India.  Hoblyn. 

B£R-LIN\  or  BER'LIN  [ber-lin',  S.  TV.  J.  F.  Ja. ; 
ber'ljn,  P.  K.  Sm.  R.  WbA],  n.  A kind  of  coach 
or  chariot,  first  made  at  Berlin.  Swift. 

BERME,  n.  [Fr.]  1.  (Fort.)  A space,  from  three  to 
five  feet. wide,  between  the  foot  of  the  ramparts 
and  the  side  of  the  moat.  Crabb. 

2.  The  bank  or  side  of  a canal  which  is  op- 
posite to  the  tow-path  ; — called  also  berme- 
bank.  Tanner. 

BER'NA-CLE— GOOSE,  or  BER'NI-CLE-GOOSE, 
n.  A species  of  wild  goose,  fabled  to  grow  out 
of  the  barnacle  shell.  — See  Barnacle.  P.  Cyc. 

BER'NAR-DlNE,  n.  One  of  a branch  of  the  Ben- 
edictine or  Cistercian  order  of  monks  ; — so 
called  from  St.  Bernard,  a great  promoter  of 
this  order  in  the  twelfth  century.  P.  Cyc. 

f BER'NfT,  n.  [A.  S.  byrnan,  to  burn.]  (Law.) 
The  crime  of  arson.  Crabb. 

BER-ATOUSE' , n.  The  outer  mantle  of  an  Arab, 
woven  in  one  piece,  with  a hood  ; — written  also 
bornouse  and  bournouse.  Campbell. 

■f  BE-ROB',  v.  a.  To  rob;  to  plunder.  Spenser. 

BF.R'0-E,n.  [L.]  (Zoijl.)  A genus  of  small  ma- 
rine animals,  of  the  class  Acalcphce.  They  are 
transparent  and  gelatinous,  of  an  oval  or  glob- 
ular form,  and  swim  in  the  ocean,  by  means  of 
eight  rows  of  flappers.  Their  phosphorescence 
makes  them  very  conspicuous  at  night.  Agassiz. 

BER'RJED  (ber'rjd),  a.  1.  Having  berries,  or  cov- 
ered with  berries.  Dyer. 

2.  Impregnated  with  eggs  or  spawn.  Travis. 

BER'RY,  n.  [A.  S.  beria,  berga,  a grape  or  berry ; 
beran,  to  bear  ; Dut.  beare  ; Dan.  bar.) 

Any  small,  soft,  succulent  fruit,  having  seeds 
imbedded  in  pulp.  Gray. 

t BER'Ry,  n-  [A-  S.  beorh,  a heap.]  A hillock  ; — 
corrupted  from  barrow.  W.  Browne. 

BER'RY,  v.  n.  To  bear  berries.  Johnson. 

BER'RY— BeAr'ING,  a.  Producing  berries.  Lee. 

f—  BERT,  a.  [A.  S.  beorht,  or  bryht.]  Bright;  — 
a suffix  used  in  forming  proper  names  ; as  Eg- 
bert,  eternally  bright  or  famous ; Sigieri,  fa- 
mous conqueror.  Gibson. 

BERTH,  n.  [A.  S.  beeran,  to  bear  ; beorth , birth.] 

1.  (Naut.)  A ship’s  station,  or  the  place 


where  she  lies,  whether  at  anchor  or  at  a 
wharf : — a place  in  a ship  to  sleep  in. 

2.  Official  situation  or  employment ; as,  “ He 
has  been  appointed  to  a good  berth.” 

■6®"  This  nautical  term  is  sometimes  erroneously 
written  birth.  — See  Birth. 

To  give  a wide  berth  to,  to  keep  at  a distance  from. 

BER-THEL'  LA,  n.  (Zoul.)  A genus  of  marine 
Gasteropoda.  Woodward. 

BER'TH{-5R-fTE,  n.  (Min.)  A mineral  com- 
posed of  sulphur,  antimony,  and  iron.  Dana. 

BER-  THO-LE  ' TI-A,  n.  (Bot.)  A very  tall  tree 
of  South  .America,  where  it  forms  large  forests. 
Its  fruit  is  described  by  Humboldt  as  a spheri- 
cal case  as  big  as  a man’s  head,  with  four  cells, 
in  each  of  which  are  six  or  eight  nuts,  of  an  ir- 
regular triangular  shape,  and  known  as  Brazil 
nuts.  Eng.  Cyc. 

BER'TRAM,  n.  [Gr.  irbptBpov,  nop,  fire;  L.  py- 
rethrum .]  An  herb  ; wild  pellitory.  Boucher. 

BER'YL,  n.  [Gr.  (iripv/.ios  ; L.  beryllus.]  (Min.) 
A crystallized  mineral  of  hexagonal  form, 
composed  of  silica,  glucina,  and  alumina, 
with  minute  portions  of  other  substances.  It 
includes  among  its  varieties  two  beautiful  and 
costly  gems,  the  emerald  and  the  precious 
beryl  or  aquamarine,  the  former  of  which  is 
transparent  and  of  a rich  green  color,  due  to 
oxide  of  chrome,  and  the  latter,  also  transpar- 
ent, of  a pale  green  and  various  other  colors 
due  to  admixtures  of  oxides  of  iron.  Eng.  Cyc. 

BER'YL-LINE,  a.  Partaking  of  the  nature  of 
beryl ; having  a pale  green  color.  Craig. 

BFi-RYL’ LI-ijM,  n.  Same  as  Glucinum.  Dana. 

BfR-ZE'LI-AN-lTE,  n.  (Min.)  A silver-white, 
soft  mineral,  with  metallic  lustre  and  in  thin 
dendritic  crusts,  composed  of  selenium  and 
copper  ; — so  called  from  Berzelius,  the  Swe- 
dish chemist.  Dana. 

t BIJ-SAlNT',  v.  a.  To  make  a saint  of.  Hammond. 

BE-^hYLE',  n.  [Old  Fr.  besael,  or  besayeul,  a 
great-grandfather.]  (Law.)  A kind  of  writ, 
which  lay  where  a great-grandfather  died  seized 
of  lands  and  tenements  in  fee  simple,  and  on 
the  day  of  his  death  a stranger  abated  or  en- 
tered, and  kept  out  the  heir.  Blackstone. 

BE-SCAT'TER,  v.  a.  To  throw  loosely  over. 

f Bjp-SCORN',  v.  a.  To  mock  at.  Chaucer. 

f BJE-SCRAtch',  v.  a.  To  scratch.  Chaucer. 

f BJi-SCRAWL',  v.  a.  To  scribble  over.  Milton. 

BJJ-SCREEN',  v.  a.  To  cover  with  a screen;  to 
screen.  “ Thus  bescreened  in  night.”  Shak. 

BIS-SCRIB'BLE,  v.  a.  To  scribble  on.  Milton. 

fBJE-SCUM'BER,  v.  a.  To  defile. — See  Scum- 
ber.  “ With  . . . filth  bescumbers.”  Marston. 

B^i-SCUTCH'EON,  v.  a.  To  deck  with  a scutch- 
eon. “ Bescutcheoned  and  betagged.”  Churchill. 

j-BlJ-SEE',  v.  n.  To  look  ; to  mind.  Wicklijfe, 

B^-SEECH',  v.  a.  [A.  S.  be,  by,  and  secan,  to 
seek.]  [/.  besought  (f  beseeched!  ; pp.  be- 
seeching, besought  (f  beseeched).] 

1.  To  pray  to  with  urgency  ; to  entreat ; to 
supplicate  ; to  implore  ; — used  before  a person. 

I,  in  the  anguish  of  my  heart,  beseech  you 

To  quit  the  dreadful  purpose  of  your  soul.  Addison. 

2.  To  petition  for  ; to  beg ; to  solicit ; to  ask  ; 
— used  before  a thing. 

Fell  humble,  and,  embracing  them  [feet],  besought 

His  peace.  • Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Ask. 

f Bjp-SEECH',  n.  Request.  Beau.  § FI. 

BJJ-SEECH'IJR,  n.  One  who  beseeches.  Shak. 

B]5-SEECH'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a beseeching  man- 
ner. Neale. 

B^-SEECH'M^NT,  n.  The  act  of  beseeching. 
“ Which  beseechment  denotes.”  Goodwin. 

f B^-SEEK',  v.  a.  [A.  S.  be,  by,  and  secan,  to 
seek.]  To  request;  to  beseech.  Chaucer. 

B^-SEEM',  v.  a.  To  become  ; to  befit. 

What  form  of  speech  or  behavior  bcscemcth  us  in  our 
prayers  to  Almighty  God?  Hooker. 


MlEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RpLE.  — 9,  9,  q,  g,  soft;  E,  E,  £,  |,  hard;  § as  z ; ? as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


BESEEMING 


136 


BESTOW 


BE-SEEM'ING,  n.  Comeliness.  Barrett. 

Bg-SEEM'JNG-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  fit  or 
becoming.  Craig. 

B^-SEE M'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a beseeming  manner. 

BE-SEEM'LY,  a.  Fit;  becoming.  Shenstone. 

+ BE-SEEN',  p.  [from  besce.]  Adapted;  adjust- 
ed. “ Right  well  beseen.”  Spenser. 

BE-SET',  v.  a.  [A.  S.  besettan,  to  set  near  ; Ger. 
besetzcn.]  ‘[i.  beset;  pp.  besetting,  beset.] 

1.  To  surround;  to  hem  in  ; to  besiege. 

Follow  him  that’s  fled. 

The  thicket  is  beset ; he  cannot  ’scape.  Shak. 

2.  To  embarrass  ; to  perplex ; to  entangle  in 
difficulties. 

Thus  Adam,  sore  beset,  replied.  MiUon. 

3.  To  fall  upon  ; to  attack. 

At  once  upon  him  ran.  and  him  beset 

With  strokes  of  mortal  steel.  Spenser. 

4.  To  set  as  with  jewels. 

The  one  was  Aurora,  with  fingers  of  roses,  and  her  feet 
dewy,  attired  in  gray;  the  other  was  Vesper,  in  a robe  of 
azure  beset  with  drops  of  gold.  Spectator. 

t BE-SHINE',  v.  a.  To  shine  upon.  Chaucer. 

BE-SHREW'  (be-shru'),  v.  a.  [Ger.  beschreien,  to 
beshrew ; to  enchant.]  To  wish  a curse  to;  to 
wish  that  ill  may  happen  to  ; to  execrate. 

Nay,  quoth  the  cock,  but  I beshreiv  us  both, 

If  I believe  a saint  upon  his  oath.  Dryden. 

Beshrew  thee,  cousin,  which  didst  lead  me  forth 
Of  that  sweet  way  I was  in,  to  despair.  Shak. 

BE-SHROUD',  v.  a.  To  wrap  in  a shroud.  Craig. 

f BE-SHUT',  v.  a.  To  shut  up.  Chaucer. 

BlJ-slDE',  ) prep.  1.  At  the  side  of ; by  the 

B£-SlDE§',  > side  of- 

He  caused  me  to  sit  down  beside  him.  Bacon. 

He  leadeth  me  beside  the  still  waters.  Ps.  xxiii.  2. 

2.  Over  and  above ; separate  from ; in  addi- 
tion to. 

There  is  nothing  at  all  besides  this  manna.  Mum.  xi.  6. 

3.  Aside  from ; not  in  the  course  of ; in  de- 
viation from. 

It  is  beside  my  present  business  to  enlarge  upon  this  spec- 
ulation. Locke. 

4.  Out  of ; not  in  possession  of,  as  implying 
a loss  of  reason. 

Festus  said  with  a loud  voice,  Paul,  thou  art  beside  thyself 

Acts  xxvi.  21. 

BE-SIDE  , i afi'  i Over  and  above;  in  addi- 

Bp-SIDE§',  j tion  ; more. 

That  man  that  doth  not  know  those  things  which  are  of 
necessity  for  him  to  know  is  but  an  ignorant  man,  whatever 
he  may  know  besides.  Tillotson. 

2.  Not  included  in  what  is  spoken  of;  not  of 
the  class  mentioned. 

All  that  we  feel  of  it  begins  and  ends 
In  the  small  circle  of  our  foes  and  friends; 

To  all  beside  as  much  an  empty  shade, 

An  Eugene  living,  as  a Caesar  dead.  Pope. 

4t3r-An  additional  reason  is  introduced  with  be- 
sides ; a superfluous  reason,  with  moreover.  Taylor. 

BIJ-siDE'RY,  n.  A species  of  pear.  Johnson. 

Bf-SIE£E'  (he-sSj'),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  besittan,  to  sur- 
round, to  besiege  ; Fr.  assiegerJ]  \i.  besieged  ; 
pp.  besieging,  besieged.!  To  lay  siege  to; 
to  invest  with  an  armed  force ; to  invade ; to 
attack ; to  beleaguer. 

And  he  shall  besiege  thee  in  all  thy  gates,  until  thv  high 
and  fenced  walls  come  down.  Dent,  xxviii.  52. 

BE-SIE£E'M£NT,  n.  The  act  of  besieging ; — 
state  of  being  besieged ; siege,  [it.]  Month.  Rev. 

BE-SIE^'ER,  n.  One  who  besieges. 

BE-SI'REN,  v.  a.  To  entice  as  a siren.  Qu.  Rev. 

t BE-SIT', v.  a.  To  suit;  to  become.  Spenser. 

BE-SLAb'BER,  v.  a.  Same  as  Beslaver.  Roget. 

t BE-SLAVE',  v.  a.  To  enslave.  Hall. 

BE-SLAv'ER,  v.  a.  To  defile,  or  to  cover,  with 
slaver.  — See  Beslubber.  Richardson. 

Bp-SLlME',  v.  a.  To  soil ; to  daub.  B.  Jonson. 

Bp-SLOB'BpR,  v.  a.  To  daub  ; to  soil.  Qu.  Rev. 

BE-SLUB'BJJR,  v.  a.  To  defile  with  slaver;  to 
beslaver.  “ To  beslubber  our  garments.”  Shak. 

BE-SMEAR',  V.  a.  [i.  BESMEARED  ; pp.  BESMEAR- 
ING, besmeared.]  To  cover  with  something 
greasy,  adhesive,  or  dirty  ; to  bedaub  ; to  soil. 

First  Moloch,  horrid  king!  besmeared  with  blood.  Milton. 


Bp-SMEAR'fR,  n.  One  who  besmears.  Sherwood. 

f BE-SMIRCH',  v.  a.  To  soil ; to  discolor.  “ Our 
gayness  and  our  gilt  are  all  besmirched."  Shak. 

Bg-SMOKE',  v.  a.  1.  To  foul  with  smoke.  Kersey. 

2.  To  harden  or  dry  in  smoke.  Johnson. 

BJ5-SMUT',  v.  a.  [be  and  smut. ] To  soil  with 
dirt,  smoke,  or  soot ; to  smut.  Chaucer. 

f Bf-SNOW',  v.  a.  To  cover  with  snow  ; to  make 
white.  “ A third  thy  white  and  small  hand 
shall  besnow.”  Carew. 

BE-SNUFFED'  (be-snuft'),  p.  a.  Smeared  with 
snuff. 

Unwashed  her  hands,  and  much  besnvjfed  her  face.  Young. 

BE'^OM  (be'zum),  n.  [A.  S.  besom  ; Dut.  bezem  ; 
Ger.  besen .]  A broom  made  of  twigs.  Bacon. 

BE-s6oTH'IM?NT,  n.  That  which  soothes ; sol- 
ace ; comfort.  Qu.  Rev. 

t BE-SORT',  v.  a.  To  suit ; to  fit. 

Such  men  as  may  besort  your  age.  Shak. 

t BE-SORT',  n.  Company  ; attendance.  Shak. 

BE-SOT',  v.  a.  [be  and  sof.]  [«.  besotted  ; pp. 
BESOTTING,  BESOTTED.] 

1.  To  make  sottish  ; to  infatuate  ; to  stupefy. 

He  is  besotted , and  has  lost  his  reason.  South. 

2.  To  make  to  dote  ; — with  on.  [r.] 

You  speak 

Like  one  besotted  on  your  sweet  delights.  Shak. 

BE-SOT'TED, p.  a.  Infatuated;  stupefied.  Ash. 

Bp-SOT'TED-I.Y,  ad.  In  a foolish,  besotted 
manner.  “ Basely  and  bcsottedlg.”  Milton. 

BE-SOT'TED-NESS,  n.  Stupidity  ; infatuation. 
“ Hardness,  besottedness  of  heart.”  Milton. 

Bf-SOT'TING-LY,  ad.  In  a besotting  manner. 

Bf-SOUGHT'  (be-s^wt'),  i.  8c  p.  from  beseech.  See 
Beseech. 

BE-SPAn'GLE,  v.  a.  To  adorn  with  spangles;  to 
spangle.  Pope. 

BE-SPAt'TER,  v.  a.  [be  and  spatter.]  [i.  bespat- 
tered ; pp.  bespattering,  bespattered.] 

1.  To  sprinkle  with  filth;  to  soil  by  spatter- 
ing with  what  is  dirty  or  offensive  ; to  spatter 
upon  ; as,  “ To  be  bespattered  with  mud.” 

2.  To  asperse  ; to  calumniate. 

If  the  calumniator  bespatters  and  belies  me,  I will  endeavor 
to  convince  him  by  my  life  and  manners,  but  not  by  being 
like  himself.  South. 

t BE-SPAWL',  v.  a . To  daub  with  spittle.  “ With 
all  the  rheum  of  the  town  ...  to  bespawl  his 
brethren.”  Milton. 

BE-SPEAK',  v.  a.  [be  and  speak.]  [f.  bespoke 
(t  bespake)  ; pp.  bespeaking,  bespoken.] 

1.  To  order  or  speak  for,  beforehand. 

Here  is  the  cap  your  worship  did  bespeak.  Shak. 

2.  To  forebode  ; to  foretell. 

They  started  fears,  bespoke  dangers,  and  formed  ominous 
prognostics  in  order  to  scare  the  allies.  Swift. 

3.  To  speak  to  ; to  address.  [A  sense  chiefly 
poetical.] 

With  hearty  words  her  knight  she  ’pan  to  cheer, 

And,  in  her  modest  manner,  thus  bespake.  Spenser. 

4.  To  betoken  ; to  show. 

His  head, 

Not  yet  by  time  completely  silvered  o’er. 

Bespoke  him  past  the  bounds  of  freakish  youth.  Cowper. 

BE-SPEAK'ER,  n.  One  who  bespeaks.  Wotton. 

BE-SPEC'KLE,  v.  a.  To  mark  with  speckles. 

[They] . . . bespeckled  her  with  . . . gaudy  allurements. 

Milton. 

t BE-SPET',  v.  a.  To  bespit.  Chaucer. 

Bf-SPEW'  (be-spQ'),  v.  a.  To  daub  with  spew  or 
vomit. 

BE-SPlCE',  v.  a.  To  season  with  spices.  Shak. 

B^-SPlT',  v.  a.  To  daub  with  spittle.  Wicliffe. 

BE-SPOKE',  i.  from  bespeak.  See  Bespeak. 

B E-SPOT',  v.  a.  To  mark  with  spots.  Rainbow. 

BE-SPREAD'  (-spred'),  v.  a.  To  spread  over. 

“ With  painted  flowers  bespread."  Dryden. 

f BE-SPRENT',  p.  [A.  S.  besprengan.]  Be- 
sprinkled. Milton. 

BE-SPRlN'KLE,  v.  a.  To  sprinkle  over.  Dryden. 


BE-SPRlN'KLER,  n.  One  who  besprinkles. 

BE-SPRlN'KLING,  n.  A sprinkling.  Dr.  Allen. 

BE-SPURT',  v.  a.  To  throw  out  upon  ; to  spurt 
upon.  “ His  haughtiness  well  bespurted  with 
his  own  holy  water.”  Milton. 

BE-SPUT'TER,  v.  a.  To  sputter  over. 

BEST,  a.  superl.  of  good.  [Goth,  bats  ; A.  S.  best ; 
Ger.  best ; Dut.  beste.] 

1.  Most  good  ; most  excellent ; having  good 
qualities  in  the  highest  degree. 

An  evil  intention  perverts  the  best  actions,  and  makes  them 
sins.  Addison. 

What  she  wills  to  do  or  say 
Seems  wisest,  virtuousest,  discreetest,  best.  Milton. 

2.  Most  wise,  judicious,  or  expedient ; as, 
“ What  is  best  to  be  done  ? ” 

To  do  one's  best,  to  do  the  utmost  of  which  one  is 
capable. — To  the  best  of,  according  to  the  highest 
power  or  perfection  of ; to  the  utmost  extent  of.  — M 
best,  in  the  best  manner  ; in  the  utmost  degree  or  ex- 
tent. — To  make  the  best  of,  to  turn  to  tile  most  profit- 
able use  ; to  improve  to  the  utmost.  — In  the  best,  ox 
at  the  best,  under  the  most  favorable  light.  “ Murder 
most  foul,  as  in  the  best  it  is.”  Shak. 

BEST,  ad.  superl.  of  well.  1.  Most  of  all. 

Old  fashions  please  me  best.  Shak. 

Tell  whom  thou  lovest  best.  Shak. 

2.  With  the  greatest  benefit,  propriety,  or 
fitness. 

How  in  safety  best  we  may 
Compose  our  present  evils.  Milton. 

3.  With  the  highest  qualification ; by  the 
clearest  title. 

Speak,  ye  who  best  can  tell,  ye  sons  of  light.  Milton. 

Best  is  sometimes  used  in  composition.  “ Best- 
beloved  ” ; “ Best  esteemed.’5  Shak. 

BEST,  n.  1.  Highest  perfection. 

But  you,  O,  you. 

So  perfect  and  so  peerless,  are  created 

Of  every  creature’s  best.  Shak. 

2.  Greatest  effort. 

The  duke  did  his  best  to  come  down.  Bacon. 

BE-STAlN',  v.  a.  To  mark  with  stains.  Shak. 

t BE-STEAD',  v.  a.  1.  To  profit ; to  be  useful. 

Dry  fish,  ...  so  new  and  good  as  it  did  very  greatlv  bestead 
us  in  the  whole  course  of  our  voyage.  Sir  T.  Brake. 

2.  To  place  in  circumstances  good  or  ill. 

He  who  to  outward  sight  is  so  ill  bestead  hath  latent  in 
him  much  of  admirable  beauty  and  glory.  Burrow. 

BEST'IAL  (best'y?l)  [bes'che-ril,  IF.  J. ; bes'tyal, 
E.  F.  K.  Sm.  R. ; bSs'te-al,  P.  Ja.  ; bes'ch^l,  S.], 
a.  [L.  bestialis  ; bestia,  a beast.] 

1.  Belonging  to  a beast  or  to  the  class  of 
beasts.  “ Of  shape,  part  human,  part  bestial.” 

Tatler. 

2.  Having  the  qualities  of  beasts ; destitute 
of  reason  or  humanity ; brutal ; beastly  ; brutish. 

I have  lost  the  immortal  part  of  myself,  and  what  remains 
is  bestial.  Shak. 

BEST-I-AL'I-TY  (best-ye-51'e-te),  n.  1.  The  qual- 
ity of  beasts;  beastliness.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  Unnatural  connection  with  a beast.  Smart. 

BEST'IAL- IZE  (best'y?l-Iz),  v.  a.  To  make  like 
a beast.  Phil.  Letters  on  Physiognomy.  1751. 

BEST'IAL-LY  (best'yfil-1?),  ad.  Brutally. 

+ BEST'I-ATE  (best'ye-at),  v.  a.  To  make  like  a 
beast ; to  bestialize.  Junius. 

BE-STICK',  v.  a.  [i.  & p.  bestuck.]  To  stick 
over  with. 

Truth  shall  retire, 

Bestuck  with  slanderous  darts.  Milton. 

BE-STIR',  p.  a.  To  put  into  vigorous  action  ; — 
seldom  used  except  with  the  reflexive  pronoun. 

As  when  men  wont  to  watch 

On  duty,  sleeping  found  by  whom  they  dread, 

Rouse  and  bestir  themselves  ere  well  awuke.  Milton. 

t BEST'NESS,  n.  The  most  excellent  state.  “The 
bestness  of  a thing.”  Bp.  Morton. 

BE-STORM',  v.  n.  To  rage ; to  storm.  Young 

BE-STOW'  (be-sto'),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  be,  by,  and  stow, 
a place ; Dut.  stouwen,  besteeden,  to  bestow.] 
[t.  BESTOWED  ; pp.  BESTOWING,  BESTOWED.] 

1.  To  put;  to  place  ; to  stow. 

Quickly  aboard  bestow  you.  Drayton. 

And  he  . . . bound  two  talents  of  silver  in  two  hags, . . . 
and  laid  them  upon  two  of  his  servants;  . . . and  when  he 
came  to  the  tower,  he  took  them  from  their  hand,  and  bestowed 
them  in  the  house.  2 Kings  v.  23,  24. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  !,  6,  0,  Y,  short;  A,  E,  !.  <?,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


BESTOWAL 


137 


BETTER 


2.  To  apply  ; to  make  use  of ; to  turn  to  ac- 
count. 

I will  therefore  bestow  my  labor  and  diligence  to  prepare  a 
way  thereunto.  lyndule. 

3.  To  give;  to  confer  ; to  impart. 

God  will  not  seem  to  bestow  his  favors  altogether  gratis, 
but  to  expect  some  competent  return.  Barrow . 

4.  To  give  in  marriage. 

I could  have  bestowed  her  upon  a fine  gentleman,  who 
extremely  admired  her.  Tatler . 

Syn.  — See  Allow,  Give. 

BE-STOW'AL  (be-st5'jl),  n.  Act  of  bestowing; 
a gift ; bestowment.  Gent.  Mag. 

BIJ-STOW'ER,  n.  One  who  bestows.  Beau.  8;  FI. 

BE-STOW'MIJNT,  n.  Act  of  bestowing  ; be- 
stowal. B.  Hall. 

B JE-STRAd'DLE,  v.  a.  To  bestride.  — See  Be- 
stride. Todd. 

t B5-STRAUGHT'  (be-stritwt'),  p.  a.  Distracted  ; 
mad.  “ Behavior  of  such  foolish  and  bestraught 
persons.”  Holland. 

Bg-STREAK',  v.  a.  To  mark  or  cover  with 
streaks. 

Two  beauteous  kids  I keep  bestreaked  with  white.  Beattie. 

BfJ-STREW'  (be-stru'  or  be-stro')  [be-stru',  S.J.Ja. 
K.  Sin.;  be-stro',  W.  E.  /•’.],  v.  a.  [be  and 
strew.]  [*.  BESTREWED  ; pp.  BESTREWING,  BE- 
STREWED or  bestrewn.]  To  sprinkle  or  scat- 
ter over  ; to  strew  upon. 

. So  thick  bestrewn. 

Abject  and  lost,  lay  these,  covering  the  flood.  Milton. 

Bp-STRIDE',  v.  a.  [A.  S.  bestridan  ; be  and 
stride.]  [ i . bestrode  or  bestrid  ; pp.  bestrid- 
ing, bestridden  or  bestrid.] 

1.  To  stand  over  with  a stride. 

Why,  man,  he  doth  bestride  the  narrow  world 

Like  a colossus.  Shak. 

Make  him  bestride  the  ocean,  and  mankind 

Ask  his  consent  to  use  the  sea  and  wind.  Walter. 

2.  To  sit  upon  so  that  one  leg  shall  be  on 
• each  side  ; to  ride  upon  astraddle. 

The  bounding  steed  you  pompously  bestride 

Shares  with  his  lord  the  pleasure  and  the  pride.  Pope. 

3.  To  step  over. 

When  I first  my  wedded  mistress  saw 
Bestride  my  threshold.  Shak. 

BiJ-STUD',  v.  a.  To  adorn  or  decorate  as  with 
studs.  “ Her  star -bestudded  crown.”  Drayton. 

B^-SURE'  (be-sliur'),  ad.  Certainly.  Dr.Lathrop. 

Be  sure,  for  to  be  sure,  or  surely,  is  a colloquial 
phrase,  not  often  seen  in  print. 

fBp-SWlKE',  v.  a.  [A.  S.  beswican,  to  deceive.] 
To  allure.  Gower. 


BET,  n.  [A.  S.  bad,  a pledge,  a wager.]  A wager ; 
a stake.  Prior. 

BET,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  badian,  to  pledge ; betan,  to 
better.]  [t.  betted  ; pp.  betting,  betted.] 
To  wager  ; to  lay  a wager  or  bet. 

The  French  bet  against  the  Danish.  Shak. 

f BET.  The  old  preterite  of  beat.  Bacon. 

BE  ' Tff,  n.  [L.,  from  Celt,  bett,  red.]  ( Bot .)  A 
genus  of  plants  ; the  beet.  Loudon. 

B^-TAKE',  v.  a.  [A.  S.  betacan,  to  impart,  to 
deliver  to  ; be  and  take.]  \i.  betook  ; pp.  be- 
taking, BETAKEN.] 

1.  +To  commit;  to  deliver;  to  intrust. 

Then  to  his  hands  that  writ  he  did  betake , 

Which  he,  disclosing,  read.  Spenser. 

2.  To  resort;  to  repair;  to  apply;  — with  the 
reflexive  pronoun. 

The  rest,  in  imitation,  to  like  arms 

Betook  them.  Milton. 

t B^-TAugHT'  (be-t&wt'),  p.  from  betake.  In- 
trusted. Chaucer. 


chewed  in  great  quantities  by  the  southern  Asi- 
atics ; betel  pepper  ; Piper  betel.  Loudon. 

BE'TEL-NUT,  n.  (Bot.)  The  fruit  of  the  areea 
palm  ( Areca  catechu) ; Penang  nut ; — so  named 
because,  when  used  in  the  East  for  chewing,  it 
is  wrapped  in  the  aromatic  leaves  of  the  betel. 
It  is  used  also  for  dyeing.  Loudon. 

BETII'gL,  n.  1.  A dissenting  meeting-house. 
[Eng.]  Clarke. 

2.  A church  for  seamen.  [U.  S.] 

Bf-THINK',  v.  a.  [A.  S.  bethencan ; be  and  think.] 

[l.  BETHOUGHT;/)/).  BETHINKING,  BETHOUGHT.] 
To  recall  to  the  memory  ; to  bring  back  to  con- 
sideration or  reflection  ; — generally  used  with 
the  reflexive  pronoun. 

A little  consideration  may  allay  his  heat,  and  make  him  be- 
think himself whether  this  attempt  be  worth  the  venture. Locke. 

B£-THINK',  v.  n.  To  consider.  Spenser. 

BETH'LE-HgM,  n.  [The  name  of  a religious 
house  in  London,  converted  afterwards  into  a 
hospital  for  the  insane.]  A hospital  for  luna- 
tics ; — contracted  to  bedlam.  — See  Bedlam. 

BETH'LE-HpM-iTE  (beth'le-em-lt),  n.  1.  A lu- 
natic.— See  Bedlamite.  Johnson. 

2.  ( Eccl .)  One  of  a religious  order  in  the 
thirteenth  century,  the  members  of  which  wore 
a red  star,  with  five  rays,  upon  their  breast, 
called  the  star  of  Bethlehem.  Buck. 

BE-THOUGHT'  (be-thlwt'),  i.  & p.  from  bethink. 
See  Bethink. 

f BJJ-THRALL',  v.  a.  To  inthrall.  Spenser. 

Bjp-THUMP',  v.  a.  To  beat ; to  thump.  Shak. 

BIJ-TlDE',  v.  a.  [A.  S.  tidan,  to  happen.]  [ i . & 
p.  betided  or  betid.]  To  happen  to ; to  befall. 

If  our  deliverer  up  to  heaven 
Must  reascend,  what  will  betide  the  few, 

His  faithful,  left  among  the  unfaithful  herd?  Milton. 

BfJ-TfDE',  v.  n.  1.  To  come  to  pass;  to  happen. 

In  winter’s  tedious  nights,  sit  by  the  fire 

With  good  old  folks,  and  let  them  tell  thee  talcs 

Of  woful  ages,  long  ago  betid.  Shak. 

2.  To  become;  to  be  the  fate. 

If  he  were  dead,  what  would  betide  of  thee?  Shak. 

Bp-TIME'  (be-tlme'),  ad.  \ by  and  time.]  Sea- 
sonably.— See  Betimes.  Shak. 

B^-TIMES',  ad.  1.  Before  it  is  late ; seasonably; 
early. 

To  measure  life  learn  thou  betimes,  and  know 
Toward  solid  good  what  leads  the  nearest  way.  Milton. 

2.  Before  long  time  has  passed  ; soon. 

He  tires  betimes  that  spurs  too  fast  betimes.  Shak. 

BE'TLE,  n.  An  Indian  plant.  — See  Betel. 

Bg-TO'KEN  (be-to'kn),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  betcccan,  to 
Show.]  [i.  BETOKENED  ; pp.  BETOKENING,  BE- 
TOKENED.] 

1.  To  signify ; to  represent ; to  denote. 

A dewy  cloud,  and  in  the  cloud  a bow, 

Betokening  peace  from  God.  Milton. 

2.  To  foreshow;  to  presignify  ; to  augur. 

The  kindling  azure  and  the  mountain’s  brow, 

Illumed  with  fluid  gold,  his  near  approach 

Betoken  glad.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Augur. 

BETON,  n.  [Fr.]  (Arch.  & Engineering.)  A con- 
cretion used  in  foundations  of  hydraulic  works  ; 
concrete.  Tanner. 

BIJ-TONGUE'  (be-tfing'),  v.  a.  To  rail  at ; to 
rally  ; to  attack  in  discourse. 

now  Ben  Jonson  and  Shakspeare  betongued  each  other, 
while  the  others  listened  and  wondered.  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

BET'O-NY,  n.  [L.  betonica.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of 
labiate  plants,  one  species  of  which,  Betonica 
officinalis,  was  formerly  much  used  in  medicine. 
This  plant  dyes  wool  of  a very  fine  dark  yellow 
color.  Loudon. 


t Bg-TEEM',  v.  a.  1.  To  bestow;  to  give. 

So  would  I,  said  the  enchanter,  glad  and  fain 
Beteem  to  you  this  sword,  you  to  defend.  Spenser. 

2.  To  suffer;  to  permit ; to  allow. 

. So  loving  to  my  mother, 

1 hat  he  might  not  beteem.  the  winds  of  heaven 

Visit  her  face  too  roughly.  * Shak. 

BE'TEL  (be'tl),  n.  (Bot.)  An  evergreen  shrub  of 
the  East  Indies,  affording  the  aromatic  betel- 
leaf,  which,  when  a few  slices  of  the  areca- nut 
and  a little  shell  lime  are  enclosed  in  it,  is 


Bjf-TOOK'  (be-tuk'),  i.  See  Betake. 
f B^-TORN',  p.  a.  Violently  separated.  Sackville. 

Bg-TOSS',  v.  a.  1.  To  toss  into  the  air.  “ The 
miserable  betossed  squire.”  Shelton. 

2.  To  disturb ; to  agitate.  “ My  betossed 
soul.”  Shak. 

f B^-TRAP',  v.  a.  [A.  S.  betrappan,  to  entrap.] 
To  insnare;  to  entrap.  Oecleve. 

Bg-TRAY'  (be-tra'),  v.  a.  [Fr.  trahir  ; It.  tradire  ; 


to  betray,  from  L.  trado,  to  give  up,  to  betray ; 
A.  S.  becyrran,  to  betray  ; Ger.  betriigen,  to  de- 
ceive.] [l.  BETRAYED  ; pp.  BETRAYING,  BE- 
TRAYED.] 

1.  To  deliver  up  by  breach  of  trust;  to  give 
into  the  hands  of  enemies  by  treachery. 

Jesus  said  unto  them.  The  Son  of  man  shall  be  betrayed 
into  the  hands  of  men.  Matt.  xvii.  22. 

2.  To  discover  or  disclose,  as  that  which  has 
been  intrusted  to  secrecy. 

He  has  betrayed  your  business.  Shak. 

3.  To  maltreat  or  abuse  by  violating  one’s 
confidence  ; to  deceive  by  treachery. 

This  foul  Egyptian  hatli  betrayed  me.  Shak. 

4.  To  lead  stealthily  ; to  insnare  ; to  entrap. 

The  bright  genius  is  ready  to  be  so  forward  as  often  betrays 
itself  into  great  errors  in  judgment.  Watts. 

5.  To  make  known;  to  show;  to  discover. 

Ire,  envy,  and  despair, 

Which  marred  his  borrowed  visage,  and  betrayed 
• Him  counterfeit,  if  any  eye  beheld.  Milton. 

BE-TRAY'AL,  n.  Act  of  betraying  ; treachery. 

Abp.  Whately. 

BE-TRAy'ER,  n.  One  who  betrays ; a traitor. 

Bf-TRAY'MENT,  n.  Betrayal,  [r.]  Jefferson. 

BJp-TRIM',  v.  a.  To  deck  ; to  dress  ; to  trim.  Shak. 

BB-TROTH',  v.  a.  [A.  S.  treowian,  to  confide  ; 
Ger.  betrauen,  to  intrust;  be  and  troth.]  \i.  be- 
trothed ; pp.  betrothing,  betrothed.] 

1.  To  promise  to  give  in  marriage;  to  pledge 
to  marriage. 

He,  in  the  first  flower  of  my  freshest  age, 

Betrothed  me  unto  the  only  heir 

Of  a most  mighty  king.  Spenser. 

2.  To  engage  in  a pledge  of  marriage. 

And  what  man  is  there  that  hath  betrothed  a wife,  and  hath 
not  taken  her.  l)eut.  xx.  7. 

3.  To  nominate  to  a bishopric. 

If  any  person  be  consecrated  a bishop  to  that  church 
whereunto  he  was  not  before  betrothed.  Ayliffe. 

Bg-TROTH'AL,  n.  Betrothment.  [r.]  Pardoe. 

Bf-TROTHED'  (be-trotht'),  p.  a.  Contracted  or 
affianced  in  marriage. 

BIJ-TROTH'MIJNT,  n.  The  act  of  betrothing ; a 
mutual  compact  between  two  parties,  by  which 
they  bind  themselves  to  marry.  Brande. 

f B^-TRUST',  v.  a.  To  intrust.  Bp.  Hall.  Watts. 

Bj£-TRUST'MENT,  n.  1.  Act  of  intrusting. 

2.  The  thing  intrusted,  [n.] 

BET'SO,n.  The  smallest  Venetian  coin,  equal 
to  about  a farthing.  Nares. 

+ BETT,  ad.  [A.  S.  bet,  better.]  The  old  Eng- 
lish word  for  better.  Chaucer. 

BET'TJSR,  a.  comp,  of  good.  [Goth,  butun;  A.  S. 
bet  and  betera.] 

1.  Having  more  or  a higher  degree  of  good 
qualities  of  whatever  kind. 

I have  seen  better  faces,  in  my  time, 

Than  stand  on  any  shoulders  that  I see 

Before  me  at  this  instant.  Shak. 

2.  More  valuable  or  useful. 

A living  dog  is  better  than  a dead  lion.  Eccl.  ix.  4. 

Wisdom  is  better  than  rubies.  Prov.  viii.  11. 

3.  More  desirable ; preferable. 

Better  is  a dinner  of  herbs,  where  love  is,  than  a stalled 
ox  and  hatred  therewith.  Prov.  xv.  17. 

4.  Of  superior  fitness  for  a purpose. 

There ’s  no  better  sign  of  a brave  mind  than  a hard  hand. 

Shak. 

5.  In  improved  health ; as,  “ He  has  been  ill, 
but  is  now  better.” 

6.  More  familiar  or  intimate.  “ Upon  better 

acquaintance.”  Shak. 

BET'TJER,  n.  1.  Superiority  ; advantage;  — gen- 
erally followed  by  of. 

The  gentleman  had  always  the  better  of  the  satirist.  Prior. 

2.  Greater  good  ; improvement. 

If  I have  altered  him  any  where  for  the  better.  Dryden. 

3.  A superior  ; generally  in  the  plural. 

The  courtesy  of  nations  allows  you  my  better , in  that  you 
are  the  first  born.  Shak. 

I shall  he  able  to  make  a shift  when  many  of  my  betters 
are  starving.  Swift. 

b£t'T]£R,  n%  One  who  bets.  — See  Bettor. 

BET'TfJR,  ad.  comp,  of  well.  1.  Well  in  a greater 
degree. 

Then  was  it  better  with  me  than  now.  Itasca  ii.  7. 


MIEN,  SIR  ; MOVE,  NOR,  SON  ; 
18 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  9,  q,  g,  soft;  IS,  jG,  £,  g,  hard;  ^ as  z; 


% as  gz.—  THIS,  this. 


BETTE E 


138 


BEWRAYER 


2.  In  a superior  manner ; more  fully  or  com- 
pletely. 

1 leave  him  to  your  gracious  acceptance,  whose  trial  shall 
better  publish  his  commendation.  Shak. 

3.  With  greater  advantage. 

I could  have  better  spared  a better  man.  Shak. 

4.  More  ; in  a higher  degree. 

Never  was  monarch  better  feared.  Shak. 

BET'T^R,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  beterian , or  betrian , to  be 
better,  to  make  better  ; Dut.  betcrcn.~\  [i.  bet- 
tered ; pp.  BETTERING,  BETTERED.] 

1.  To  improve ; to  meliorate  ; to  amend ; to 
emend. 

The  Church  of  England,  so  well  reformed  that  it  will  be 
found  easier  to  alter  than  better  its  constitution.  South. 

2.  fTo  surpass;  to  exceed. 

What  you  do 

Still  betters  what  is  done.  Shak. 

3.  f To  advance  the  interest  of ; to  support. 

The  king  thought  his  honor  would  suffer,  during  a treaty, 
to  better  a party.  Baton. 

Syn.  — See  Amend. 

f BET'TpR,  v.  n.  To  grow  better;  to  become 
better.  Parnell. 

BET'TER-ING,  n.  [from  better ; A.  S.  betrung.] 
Act  of  improving;  improvement. 

The  Romans  took  pains  to  hew  out  a passage  for  these 
lakes  to  discharge  themselves,  for  the  bettering  of  the  air. 

Addison. 

BET'TER-MENT,  n.  1.  A making  better;  im- 
provement. Montagu. 

2.  (Law.)  Improvement  made  on  lands  or 
an  estate,  by  cultivation,  fencing,  building,  &c. ; 

— generally  used  in  the  plural.  Bouvier. 

BET'TER-MOST,  a.  Best,  [r.]  Palgrave. 

f BET'TER-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  better  ; su- 
periority in  goodness.  Sidney. 

BET'TING,  n.  Act  of  betting,  or  proposing  a 
wager.  Sherwood. 

BET'TOR,  n.  One  who  bets,  or  lays  wagers. 

Notwithstanding  he  was  a very  fair  bettor , nobudy  would 
take  him  up.  Addison. 

BET'TY,  n.  [Cant  word.]  1.  An  instrument  to 
break  open  doors.  “ The  powerful  betty  or  the 
artful  picklock.”  Arbuthnot. 

2.  [It.  bocetta.]  A pear-shaped  bottle,  wound 
around  with  straw,  and  used  to  hold  olive  oil : 

— called  by  chemists  a Florence  flask.  Bartlett. 

BET'  u-LA,n.  [L.  from  Celt,  betu,  birch.]  (Bot.) 
A genus  of  hardy  deciduous  trees ; birch.  — See 
Birch.  Loudon. 

BET'U-LINE,  n.  A peculiar  resinous  substance 
contained  in  the  bark  of  the  black  birch  (Betula 
nigra) ; — called  also  birch  camphor.  Bindley. 

t B^-TUM'BLED  (be-tum'bld),  p.  a.  Disordered. 

From  her  bctumblcd  couch  she  starteth.  Shak. 

Bfl-TU'TOR,  v.  a.  To  instruct,  [r.]  Coleridge. 

BE-TWAT'TLE  (be-twot'tl),  v.  a.  To  confound  ; 
to  stupefy.  [North  of  Eng.]  Gabriel  John. 

Bg-TWEEN',  prep.  [A.  S.  betweonan,  or  betwy- 
nan ; be,  by,  and  twa,  two.] 

1.  In  the  intermediate  space  of ; betwixt. 

Zacharias,  . . . whom  ye  slew  between  the  temple  and  the 

altar.  Matt,  xxiii.  35. 

2.  Bearing  relation  to  two ; from  one  to 
another. 

Friendship  requires  that  it  be  between  two  at  least.  South. 

3.  Shared  by  two.  “ Castor  and  Pollux  with 

only  one  soul  between  them.”  Locke. 

4.  Noting  difference  or  distinction  of  one 
from  another. 

Children  quickly  distinguish  between  what  is  required  of 
them  and  what  not.  Locke. 

Between  decks , ( JVaut .)  the  space  between  any  two 
decks  of  a ship.  Crabb. 

Syn.  — Between  and  betwixt  are  used  in  reference  to 
two  things,  parties,  or  persons ; among  and  amongst, 
amid  and  amidst,  in  reference  to  a greater  number,  or 
to  something  by  which  another  may  he  surrounded. 
Between  and  betwixt  are  often  used  indiscriminately; 
but  betwixt  is  more  commonly  confined  to  places,  aiid 
between  has  a more  extended  application ; as,  “ Be- 
twixt the  chair  and  the  table”;  “Between  light  and 
darkness  ” ; “ Between  two  opposite  courses  ” ; “ Be- 
tween friends.” 

Bf-TWEEN'I-TY,  n.  State  of  being  between. 
[Low  and  rare.]  Jefferson. 


Bp-TWIT',  v.  a.  To  taunt ; to  twit.  Halliwell. 

BE-TWlXT'  (be-twlkst'),  prep.  [A.  S.  betwyx, 
betwuxt,  or  betwuh ; be,  by,  and  twa,  two.]  In 
the  intermediate  space  of. — See  Between. 

Hard  by  a cottage  chimney  smokes, 

From  betwixt  two  aged  oaks.  Milton. 

BEU'DANT-ITE,  n.  (Min.)  A mineral  occurring 
in  small,  closely  aggregated  crystals,  in  the  dis- 
trict of  Nassau  on  the  Rhine.  Phillips. 

II  BEV'EL  [bev'el,  S.  W.  P.  J.  F.  E.  Ja.  K. ; bev'vl, 
Sm.],  n.  [Fr.  bevean  ; Ger.  biigel.]  (Arch.) 

1.  The  obliquity  or  inclination  of  a particular 
surface  of  a solid  body  to  another  surface  of  the 
same  body.  When  the  angle  is  exactly  45°,  it 
is  called  a mitre. 

2.  An  instrument  somewhat  like  an  artificer’s 
square,  but  having  its  sides  movable  on  a pin  or 
joint;  — used  for  taking  and  transferring  bevel 
angles. 

3.  (Tier.)  A chief  which  is  broken  or  open 
like  a carpenter’s  rule. 

Berel  angle , ( Mech .)  a name  ap- 
plied to  the  oblique  angle  formed  by 
two  surfaces  of  a solid  body  meet- 
ing at  an  angle  which  is  neither  a 
right  angle  nor  half  a right  angle. 

Brand  e. 

Bevel  gear , (Mech.)  gearing  of 
wheels  working  in  different  planes, 
and  having  obliquely-cut  or  bevelled 
teeth,  whose  faces  are  directed  to  the 
point  where  the  axes  of  the  wheels 
would  meet.  Young . 

||  BEV'EL,  Vm  a.  To  cut  to  a bevel 
angle.  Moxon. 

||  BEV'EL,  v . n.  To  slant  or  incline  at  a bevel 
angle. 

||  BEV'EL,  a.  Having  the  form  ofabevcl;  sloping; 
as,  “ A bevel  angle.”  Richardson. 

||  BEV'f.L-MENT,  n.  (Min.)  A bevel  form,  side, 
or  angle.  Cleaveland. 

BE'VfR,  n.  See  Beaver.  Johnson. 

f BE'VfR,  n.  [It.  bevere,  to  drink.]  A refresh- 
ment between  meals.  B.  Jonson. 

fBE'VER,  v.n.  To  partake  of  a bever  ; to  take 
a small  repast  between  meals.  Brewer. 

BEV'gR-A^rE,  n.  [L.  bibo,  to  drink  ; It.  beveraggio  ; 
bevere,  to  drink  ; Old  Fr.  beuvrage. ] 

1.  Liquor  to  be  drunk  ; drink. 

A pleasant  beverage  he  prepared  before, 

Of  wine  and  honey  mixed.  Dryden. 

2.  A composition  of  cider,  water,  and  spice  ; 

water-cider.  [Local,  Eng.]  Mortimer. 

3.  A fee  or  a treat  demanded  on  a first  ap- 
pearance in  a new  suit  of  clothes.  Hcarne. 

4.  A treat  on  first  coming  into  prison;  — 

called  also  garnish.  Johnson. 

BEV'Y,  n.  [Etymology  unknown.  “ Probably  a 
contraction  of  belle  vue,  a fine  sight.”  Booth.] 

1.  A flock  of  birds,  particularly  of  quails. 

Cockeram. 

2.  A company;  — commonly  applied  to  women. 

A lovely  bevi/  of  fair  ladies  sat.  Spenser. 

A bevy  of  fair  women.  Milton. 

Nor  rode  the  nymph  alone; 

Around  a bevy  of  bright  damsels  shone.  Pope. 

Bf-WAIL'  (be-vval'),  v.  a.  \be  and  wail.]  [i.  be- 
wailed ; pp.  bewailing,  bewailed.]  To 
weep  aloud  for ; to  bemoan  ; to  lament ; to 
mourn  for  ; to  deplore. 

I cannot  but  bewail  the  miseries  and  calamities  of  our 
children.  Addison. 

Syn.  — To  bewail  and  to  bemoan  are  used  to  denote 
unreasonable  expressions  of  grief.  One  who  bewails, 
bemoans,  or  laments  grieves  aloud  ; one  who  deplores 
grieves  silently.  — See  Deplore. 

Bg-WAIL',  v.  n.  To  express  grief.  “Mourning 
and  bewailing  exceedingly.”  Holland. 

Bp-WAlL' A-BLE,  a.  Lamentable.  Sherwood. 

BE-WAIL'ER,  n.  One  who  bewails.  Ward. 

BE-WAIL'ING,  n.  Lamentation.  Rahigh. 

BE-WAIL'M^NT,  n.  Act  of  bewailing  ; lamenta- 
tion ; grief,  [r.]  Blackwood. 

f BI5-WAKE',  v.  a.  To  keep  awake.  Gower. 

BE-wAre',  v.  n.  [A.  S.  bewarian,  to  keep,  to 
defend ; bewarnian,  to  beware.]  To  be  cau- 
tious ; to  take  care  ; to  take  heed. 


Smite  a scorner,  and  the  simple  will  beware.  Prov.  xix.  25. 

Take  heed,  beware  of  the  leaven  of  the  Pharisees. 

Mark  viii.  15. 

fi^fThis  verb,  which  most  commonly  occurs  in 
the  imperative  mood,  is  not  conjugafi  d ; and  it  is  now 
used  only  in  phrases  which  admit  the  verb  be  or  its 
tenses,  as  if  be  and  the  obsolete  adjective  ware  were 
separate  words ; as,  “ He  may  beware  ; ” “ He  should 
beware"  ; “ He  will  beware."  Anciently  be  and  ware 
were,  however,  sometimes  separated  by  another  word  ; 
as,  “ Be  ye  ware  of  the  sour  dough  of  the  Pharisees 
and  Sadducees  ” (Wickliffe) ; and  the  compound  in 
present  use  was  sometimes  conjugated  ; as,  “ Looks 
after  honors,  and  bewares  to  act  ” (B.  Jonson) ; “ Once 
warned  is  well  bewared"  (Dryden). 

Bg-WEEP',  v.  a.  [A.  S.  bewepan,  to  bewail ; be 
and  weep.]  To  weep  over;  to  lament.  “So 
that  all  Rome  his  death  bewept.”  [r.]  Cowes. 

f B E-WEEP',  v.  n.  To  weep.  “That  I may  a 
while  bewail  and  beweep .”  Chaucer. 

f BE- WET',  t).  a.  To  wet ; to  moisten.  Shak. 

BE-WHIS'PER,  v.  n.  To  whisper,  [it.]  Fairfax. 

Bp-WHORE',  v.  a.  1.  To  corrupt  with  regard  to 
chastity,  [r.]  Beau.  & FI. 

2.  To  pronounce  a whore.  Shak. 

B^-WIL'DpR,  v.  a.  \be  and  tcild.]  [i.  bewil- 
dered ; pp.  BEWILDERING,  BEWILDERED.]  To 
lose  in  pathless  places  ; to  entangle  in  mazes  ; 
to  confound  ; to  perplex. 

I homeward  sped  my  way. 

Bewildered  in  the  wood  till  dawn  of 'day.  Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Puzzle. 

B£-WI L'DERED-NESS,  n.  * State  of  being  bewil- 
dered.  Bentham. 

Bp-WlL'DER-ING-LY,  ad.  Ill  a bewildering  or 
perplexing  manner.  Craig. 

Bp-WlL'DpR-MENT,  n.  Act  of  bewildering; 
perplexity,  [r.]  Coleridge. 

f Bjp-WIN'TiER,  v.  a.  To  make  like  winter. Cowley. 

Tears  that  bewinter  all  my  year. 

Bg-WITCH',  v.  a.  \be  and  witch.]  [i.  bewitched  ; 

pp.  BEWITCHING,  BEWITCHED.] 

1.  To  affect  by  witchcraft  or  sorcery. 

Look  how  I am  bewitched;  behold,  mine  arm 

Is  like  a blasted  sapling  withered  up.  Shak. 

2.  To  charm;  to  fascinate  ; to  enchant. 

The  charms  of  poetry  our  souls  bewitch.  Dryden. 

BE-WITCHED'  (be-vvjcht'),  p.  a.  Under  the  in- 
fluence of  witchcraft. 

BJE-WITCH'ED-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  be- 
witched. Gauden. 

BE-WITCH'$R,  n.  One  who  bewitches.  Stafford. 

BF-WITCH'F-RY,  n.  Fascination  ; enchantment. 

There  is  a certain  bewitchery  or  fascination  in  words.  South. 

t Bp-WITCH'FUL,  a.  Alluring  j^bewitching.  “ 111, 
more  bewitchful  to  entice  away.”  Milton. 

Bf-WITCH'ING,  n.  The  act  of  bewitching  or  en- 
chanting. Sherwood. 

Bg-WITCH'ING,  p.  a.  Tending  to  bewitch  or 
charm.  “ Bewitching  tenderness.”  Addison. 

BlJ-VVlTCH'ING-Ly,  ad.  In  an  alluring  manner. 
“Wonderful,  eloquent,  and  bewitchingly  tak- 
ing.” Ilallywell. 

BE-WlTCH'JNG-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  be- 
witching. Browne. 

BF-WITCH'M^NT,  n.  Power  of  charming;  fas- 
cination ; enchantment.  Shak. 

BE'WITS,  n.  pi.  (Falconry.)  Pieces  of  leather 
for  fastening  bells  to  a hawk’s  legs.  Craig. 

f BE-WON'DfRED  (be-wun'derd),  p.  a.  Filled 
with  wonder  ; amazed.  Fairfax. 

BE-WRAp'  (be-rap'),  v.  a.  To  cover  over;  to 
wrap.  Fairfax. 

BE-WRAY'  (he-ra'),  v.  a.  1.  [A.  S.  bewreon,  to 
cover.]  fTo  befoul;  to  soil;  to  bewray.  “ Be- 
wraying the  font  and  water.”  Milton. 

2.  [A.  S.  be,  by,  and  wregan,  to  accuse  ; Sw. 
riija,  to  betray.]  To  betray  ; to  discover,  [r.] 

Hide  the  outcasts;  bewray  not  him  that  wandereth. 

Isa.  xvi.3. 

Thy  speech  bewrayeth  thee.  Matt.  xxvi.  73. 

f B£-WRAY'1JR,  n.  One  who  betrays;  a betray- 
er ; a discoverer.  Addison. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  V,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I, 


6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  E,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


BEWRAYMENT 


139 


BICALCARATE 


f BB-WRAV'M^NT,  n.  Betrayal.  Dr.  Allen. 


f BJp-WREKE',  v.  a.  To  avenge  ; to  revenge. 


Yet  was  I,  ere  I parted  thence,  bewreked  ; 

I got  my  sword  from  thee,  for  ail  thy  fame. 


Mir.  for  Mag. 


f BE- WROUGHT'  (be-rawt'),  p.  a.  Worked  as 
cloth  ; embroidered.  B.  Jonson. 

BEY  (ba),  n.  [Turk,  beg.]  A Turkish  or  a Tartar 
title  of  dignity  ; a chief ; a prince  ; a governor 
of  a province.  Rgcaut. 

BEY'LICK  (ba'ljk),  n.  A province  governed  by 
a bey.  Sir  G.  Temple. 

BE-YOND',  prep.  [A.  S.  begeond;  be,  by,  and 
geond,  yonder.] 

1.  Oil  the  farther  side  of.  “ Neither  is  it  be- 
yond the  sea.”  Deut.  xxx.  13. 

2.  Farther  onward  than. 


He  that  sees  a dark  and  shady  grove  .... 

Stays  not,  but  loolcs  beyond  it  on  the  sky.  Herbert. 

3.  Before  ; at  a distance  not  yet  reached. 
What’s  fame?  A fancied  life  in  others’  breath; 

A thing  beyond  us  e’en  before  our  death.  rope. 

4.  Out  of  the  reach  or  grasp  of. 

Yet  these  declare 

Thy  goodness  beyond  thought,  and  power  divine.  Milton. 

5.  Proceeding  to  a greater  degree  than. 
Beyond  the  evidence  it  carries  with  it,  I advise  him  not  to 

follow  any  man’s  interpretation.  Locke. 

6.  Above  in  excellence. 

His  satires  are  incomparably  beyond  Juvenal’s. 

7.  Remote  from  ; not  within  the  sphere  of. 

Nor  grieve  too  much  tor  things  beyond  our  care.  Dryden. 
To  go  beyond , to  overpass  ; to  transgress.  — To  de- 
ceive.” “ That  no  man  go  beyond,  and  defraud  his 
brother  in  any  matter.”  1 Thess.  iv.  6. 

Bp-YOND',  ad.  At  a distance ; yonder. 

Lo!  where  beyond  he  lieth,  languishing.  Spenser. 

BEZ'AN,  n.  (Com.)  A cotton  cloth  manufactured 
in  the  East  Indies.  Craig. 


BE-'/ A NT'  [be-zant',  Ja.  K.  Cl.  Brarnle;  be/.'ant, 
Sm.  /?.],  n. 

1.  A gold  coin  of  the  Greek  Empire,  struck 

at  Byzantium,  and  apparently  current  in  Eng- 
land from  the  tenth  century  to  the  time  of 
Edward  III. ; — also  written  byzant,  byzantine, 
and  bizantine.  Brande, 

2.  (Her.)  A circle  in  or,  i.  e.  gold-,  — so 

named  from  the  gold  coin  of  the  Greek  em- 
pire. Brande. 

BE-ZANT'LER,  n.  [Fr.  bis,  double  or  second, 
and  Eng.  antler .]  The  second  branch  of  a 
stag’s  horn.  Crabb. 

BEZ'pL,  or  BEZ'EL  [bez'el,  P.  K.  Wb. ; bez'zl, 
Sm. ; bs'zel,  Ja.],  n.  That  part  of  a ring  in 
which  the  stone  is  fixed.  Johnson. 


BE'ZOAR  (be'zor)  [be'zor,  W.  Ja.  Sm.;  be-z5'ar 
or  bez'o-ir,  K.],  n.  [Per.  bdd-zahr  or  pdd-zahr, 
expeller  of  poison,  or  pazar,  a goat.]  A calcu- 
lous concretion,  found  in  the  stomach,  intes- 
tines, and  bladder  of  ruminant  animals,  former- 
ly esteemed  as  an  antidote  to  all  poisons,  and 
supposed  to  possess  other  extraordinary  prop- 
erties. Dunglison. 

Baoar-mineral,  {Min.)  deutoxide  of  antimony. 

Buchanan. 


BEZ-O-AR'DIC,  a.  Composed  of  bezoar ; possess- 
ing the  properties  of  bezoar.  Student. 

BEZ-O-AR'DIC,  n.  Medicine  containing  bezoar. 
“ Bezoardics.  are  necessary  to  promote  sweat.” 

Floyer. 

BE'ZOAR— GO  AT,  n.  (Zoul.)  The  Indian  ante- 
lope. Hill. 

t BEZ-O-AR'TIC,  i a_  Acting  as  an  antidote. 

t BEZ-O-AR'TI-CAL,  j “ The  healing,  bezoartical 
virtue  of  grace.”  Chillingworth. 

BIS-ZO'NI-AN,  n.  [It.  bisogno,  need,  want.]  An 
indigent  wretch  ; a beggar.  Shah. 

f BEZ'ZLE,  v.  a.  [Old  Fr.  besler.]  To  drink  to  ex- 
cess ; to  waste  in  riot.  — See  Embezzle.  Milton. 

BI.  [L.  bis,  twice.]  A prefix  signifying  two, 
twice,  or  double  ; as,  “ Bicarbonate  of  potassa,” 
a compound  of  two  equivalents  of  carbonic  acid 
to  one  of  potassa  ; “ itvalve,”  having  two  valves. 
In  chemistry  hi  generally  becomes  bin  before  a 
vowel ; as,  “ Bi/ioxide  ” ; “ Biaarseniate.” 


Bl-AN'GU-LAR,  « ) a.  [L.  bis,  twice,  and  angu- 

BI-An'GU-LATE,  > lus,  an  angle.]  Having  two 

BI-AN'GU-LAT-ED,  ) angles-  Bailey. 

t BI-An'GU-LOUS,  a.  Biangular.  Bailey. 

BI-AR-SE'NI-ATE,  n.  [See  Bi.]  (Chem.)  See 
Binarseniate.  Buchanan. 

Bf-AR-TlC'U-LATE,  a.  [L.  bis,  twice,  and  artic- 
uhis,  a joint.]  (Ent.)  Having  two  joints.  Brande. 

Bl'AS,  n.  [Fr.  biais ; Old  Fr.  bihai,  across, 
athwart.] 

1.  The  weight  lodged  on  one  side  of  a bowl, 
which  turns  it  from  the  straight  line. 

Madam,  we’ll  play  at  bowls; 

’T  will  make  me  think  the  world  is  full  of  rubs, 

And  that  my  fortune  runs  against  the  bias.  Shah. 

2.  That  which  sways  one  towards  one  opin- 
ion rather  than  another ; inclination  ; prepos- 
session ; partiality ; bent. 

Morality  influences  men’s  lives,  and  gives  a bias  to  all 
their  actions.  Locke. 

The  inclination  of  his  judgment,  not  the  bias  of  his  preju- 
dice, gave  the  award.  Taylor. 

Every  historian  has  his  bias,  and  every  party  its  historian. 
The  torv  Hume,  the  Roman  Catholic  Lingard,  the  anti-Stuart 
Oldmixon,  the  high  church  Carte,  — these  all  have  opinions 
and  biasses  which  influence  their  judgment  and  guide  their 
pens.  Gent.  Mag. 

Bl'AS,  v.  a.  [i.  BIASSED  or  BIASED  ; pp.  BIASSING 
or  biasing,  biassed  or  biased.  — Biassed  is 
the  more  common  spelling ; but  biased  is  the 
more  analogical.]  To  cause  to  incline  to  one 
side  ; to  influence  ; to  prejudice. 

A desire  leaning  to  either  side  biasses  the  judgment  strange- 
ly. Watts. 

Bl'AS,  ad.  Across ; diagonally.  Shak. 

f Bl'AS— DRAW'ING,  n.  Partiality.  Shak. 

f BI'AS-NESS,  n.  Inclination  to  some  side  ; par- 
tiality. Sherwood. 

BI-AU-RIO'y-LATE,  a.  [L.  bis,  twice,  twofold, 
and  auricula,  an  auricle.]  (Anat.)  Having  two 
auricles.  Brande. 

Bl-Ax'AL,  a.  [L.  bis,  twofold,  and  axis,  an  axis.] 
(Min.)  Having  two  axes.  Smart. 

BIB,  n.  [L.  bibo,  to  drink.]  A piece  of  linen  put 
on  a child’s  breast.  Beau.  <5,  FI. 

BIB,  v.  n.  [L.  bibo,  to  drink.]  To  tipple  ; to  sip  ; 
to  drink.  “ He  was  constantly  bibbing."  Locke. 

BI-BA'CIOUS  (bl-ba'slms),  a.  [L.  bibax,  bibacis, 
given  to  drink.]  Addicted  to  drinking.  Bailey. 

fi  BI-BAy'l-TY,  n.  Disposition  to  excessive  drink- 
ing. Bailey. 

BIB'BIJR,  n.  [L.  bibo,  to  drink  ; Fr.  biberon,  a 
tippler.]  A tippler;  — used  in  composition  ; as, 
“ Win  e-bibber."  Prov.  xxiii.  20. 

BIB'BLE— bAb'BLE,  n.  Prating;  idle  talk.  Shak. 

BIb'I-TO-RY,  a.  [L.  bibo,  bibitus,  to  drink.] 
Pertaining  to  drinking  or  tippling.  Ogilvie. 

Bl'BLE  (bl'bl),  n.  [Gr.  BtftXiov,  a book,  by  way 
of  eminence,  The  Book  ; pi/lhos,  the  inner  bark 
of  the  papyrus,  or  paper  made  of  it.]  The  sa- 
cred volume  which  contains  the  revelations  of 
God;  the  Scriptures  of  the  Old  and  New  Tes- 
taments. 

Bl'BLE— OATH,  n.  An  oath  on  the  Bible  ; a sacred 
obligation.  Congreve. 

BIB'LgRjM.  [L.  bibo,  to  drink.]  A tippler.  Ogilvie. 

BIB'LI-CAL,  a.  Relating  to  the  Bible  ; scriptural. 
“ Biblical  subjects.”  Porson. 

BIB'LI-CI§M,  n.  Biblical  doctrine,  learning,  or 
literature,  [n,.]  Ec.  Bev. 

BIB'LI-CIST,  n.  One  versed  in  biblical  learning; 
a biblist.  Ed.  Bev. 

BIB-LI-OG'RA-PHER,  n.  [See  Bibliography.] 
One  versed  in  bibliography.  Johnson. 

BIB-LI-O-GRApii'IC,  I a.  Relating  to  bibli- 

BIB-LI-O-GRAph'I-CAL,  jography,  or  the  knowl- 
edge of  books.  Todd. 

BIB-LI-O-GRApH'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a biblio- 
graphical manner.  Dibdin. 

BIB-LI-OG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  (3i0Xiov,  a book,  and 
ypn'0 w,  to  describe;  Fr.  bibliographic.)  The  sci- 
ence or  knowledge  of  books,  in  regard  to  their 
authors,  subjects,  editions,  and  history.  Brande. 


BIB-LI-OL'A-TRY,  n.  [Gr.  (hUMov,  a book,  and 
Xarpiia,  worship.]  Worship  of  a book.  Byrom. 

BIB'LI-O-LITE,  n.  [Gr.  piffl.tov,  a book,  and 
lidos,  a stone.]  (Min.)  Book-stone;  a fossil 
leaf.  Hamilton. 

BlB-LI-0-LO<?'l-CAL,  a.  Relating  to  bibliology. 

b!B-LI-0L'0-£Y,  n.  [Gr.  (hfiliov,  a book,  and 
X6yos,  a discourse.] 

1.  Biblical  literature,  doctrine,  or  theology. 

2.  A treatise  on  books  ; bibliography.  P.  Cyc. 

bIb'LI-O-mAN-CY,  n.  [Gr.  (hjiliov,  a book,  and 
yavTtia,  prophecy.]  Divination  by  the  Bible,  or 
by  a book.  Crabb. 

BIB-LI-O-mA  n.  [Gr.  (hfttiop,  a book,  and 

yavia,  madness.]  The  rage  of  possessing  scarce 
or  curious  books  ; book-madness.  Dibdin. 

BlB-LI-O-MA'NI-AC,  n.  One  who  has  a rage  for 
books.  “ Sect  entitled  bibliomaniacs .”  Brande. 

BIB-LI-O-MA-NI' A-CAL,  a.  Relating  to  biblio- 
mania or  book-madness.  Dibdin. 

bIB-LI-O-MA'NI-AN-I^M,  n.  Book-madness;  bib- 
liomania. Dr.  N.  Drake. 

BIB-LI-OM'A-NlST,  n.  One  affected  by  biblioma- 
nia ; a bibliomaniac.  C.  Lamb. 

BlB'LI-O-MA-NY,  n.  Same  as  Bibliomania. 

BIB-LI-O-PE^'IC,  a.  Relating  to  the  binding  of 
books.  Clarke. 

BI  B-LI-OP'E-GY,  n.  [Gr.  /?« (D.iov,  a book,  and  iry- 
).vbui,  to  make  fast ; nyy6s,  solid,  strong.]  The 
art  of  binding  books.  Ogilvie. 

BlB'LI-O-PHlLE,  n.  A lover  of  bibliography  or 
of  books.  Qu.  Bev. 

BIB-LI-OPH'I-LI§M,  li.  [Gr.  (Sifi/.tov,  a book,  and 
tpilim,  to  love.]  Love  of  bibliography  or  of 
iiooks.  Dibdin. 

BIB-LI-OPH'I-LIST,  n.  A lover  of  bibliography 
or  of  books.  Gent.  Mag. 

BIB-LI-O-PHO'BI-A,  n.  [Gr.  (ItfB.iov,  a book,  and 
to  fear.]  A dread  of  books.  Dibdin. 

BIB-LI-OP'O-LAR,  a.  Relating  to  a bookseller; 
bibliopolistic.  Byron. 

BIB'LI-O-POLE,  n.  [Gr.  (Si(D.iov,  a book,  and 
TTojl.r/w,  to  sell;  Er.  bibliopole .]  A bookseller; 
a bibliopolist.  Ec.  Rev. 

BlB-LI-O-POL'IC,  -fa_  Relating  to  boojcsell- 

BlB-LI-O-POL'I-CAL,  ) ing  or  booksellers.  Lamb. 

BIB-LI-OP'O-Ll^M,  n.  The  employment  of  a bib- 
liopolist : — bibliomania.  Dibdin. 

BIB-LI-OP'O-LIST,  n.  [Gr.  (3i(3Xiov,  a book,  and 
ttuUw,  to  sell.]  A bookseller.  Todd. 

BIB-LI-OP-O-LIS'TIC,  a.  Relating  to  a booksell- 
er or  to  bookselling.  Dibdin. 

BIB-LI-OT'A-PHIST,  n.  [Gr.  (h/Hiov,  a book,  and 
ratpos,  a burial ; Oanrui,  to  bury.]  One  who  hides 
or  buries  books.  Crabb. 

BIB- LI-  0-  THE  ' CA,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  (hfiliov,  a 
book,  and  dijKy,  a chest,  a repository.]  A libra- 
ry ; a bibliotbeke.  Watts. 

f BlB-LI-OTH'y-CAL,  or  BIB-LI-O-THE'CAL 
[bib-le-o-the'kal,  S.  Ja.  K.  R.  Wb. ; hlb-le-oth'e- 
k;tl,  W.  J.  F.  5m.],  a.  Belonging  to  a library. 

Byrom. 

f BIB-LI-OTH'y-CA-RY,  n.  A librarian.  Bp.  Hall. 

BIB'LI-O-THEKE,  n.  [Gr.  /?; (lUov,  a book,  and 
dyKti,  a repository;  L.  bibliotheca;  Fr.  bibiio- 
thtque.]  A library.  Bale. 

BIB'LIST,  n.  1.  One  who  adheres  to  the  Bible 
as  his  sole  rule  of  faith.  Chalmers. 

2.  A biblical  scholar.  Ogilvie. 

BIB' LUS,  n.  [L.,from  Gr.  (lilSha;.)  (Bot.)  The 
papyrus,  an  Egyptian  aquatic  plant.  Hamilton. 

BIB'U-LOUS,  a.  [L.  bibulus,  drinking  freely,  ab- 
sorbing moisture  ; bibo,  to  drink.]  Having  the 
quality  of  absorbing  moisture;  spongv. 

Thomson. 

BI-CAl'CA-RATE,  a.  [L.  bis,  twice,  and  calcar, 
calearis,  a spur.]  Having  two  spurs.  Brande. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — Q,  <?,  9,  g,  soft;  J0,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


BICALLOSE 


140 


BIG 


BI-CAL  LOSE,  ) a,  [L.  bis,  twice,  and  callus,  hard 

BI-CAL'LOUS,  ) flesh.]  (Hot.)  Having  two  small 
callosities  or  protuberances.  Craig. 

BX-CAP'SU-LAR,  a.  [L.  bis,  twice,  and  capsula, 
a small  box.]  ( Bot .)  Having  two  capsules  with 
seeds  to  each  flower.  Johnson. 

Bl-CAR'BO-NATE,  n.  ( Chem .)  A carbonate  con- 
taining two  equivalents  of  carbonic  acid  to  one 
of  the  base.  Graham. 

BICE,  n.  [Ger.  beis.]  (Paint.)  1.  A blue  pig- 
ment ; the  blue  carbonate  of  copper;  — called, 
also,  mountain  blue  and  Saunder’s  blue  (cendres 
bleus,  blue  ashes).  Fairholt. 

2.  A green  pigment  consisting  of  carbonate 
of  copper  mixed  with  a small  proportion  of 
oxide  of  iron  ; — called  also  malachite  green  and 
mountain  green.  Fairholt. 

/jrjr-Both  these  pigments  are  now  artificially  pre- 
pared— tile  blue  from  smalt,  and  tile  green  from  a 
mixture  of  ibis  blue  with  orpiment,  or  from  indigo, 
verditer,  and  chalk  combined.  Fairholt. 

BI-CEPH'A-LOOS,  a.  [L.  bis,  twice,  and  Gr. 
KdpaXtj,  the  head.]  Having  two  heads. 

BI'CFPS,  a.  [L.,  from  bis,  twice,  and  caput,  a 
head.]  (Anat.)  Having  two  heads  ; two-head- 
ed. Brande. 

Bl-CHRO'MATE,  n.  [See  Chromium.]  (Chem.) 
A salt  containing  two  proportions  of  chromic 
acid  to  one  of  the  base.  Graham. 

BI-CIP  I-TAL,  ) a.  [L.  biceps,  bicipitis.]  Hav- 

BI-ClP'I-TOUS,  ) ing  two  heads  or  two  origins. 
“ The  bicipital  muscle.”  Browne. 

BICKER,  n.  A small  wooden  dish  or  tub  ; a bowl ; 
beaker.  [North  of  Eng.  and  Scot.]  Brochett. 

BlCK'ER,  v.  n.  [W.  bierr,  a conflict ; A.  S.  pycan  ; 
Ger.  picken  or  bicken,  to  peek  like  birds.]  [i. 
BICKERED  ; pp.  BICKERING,  BICKERED.] 

1.  f To  fight;  to  skirmish. 

In  the  field  before  Bebriacum,  ere  the  battles  joined,  two 
eagles  had  a conflict,  and  bickered  together.  Holland. 

2.  To  wrangle  ; to  dispute  ; to  scold  ; to  keep 
up  a noisy  altercation. 

Confederate  nations,  whose  mutual  interest  is  of  such  high 
consequence,  though  their  merchants  bicker  in  the  East  In- 
dies. Milton. 

3.  To  be  tremulous,  or  play  back  and  for- 
ward ; to  move  unsteadily  ; to  quiver. 

Meantime  unnumbered  glittering  streamlets  played, 

That,  as  they  bickered  through  the  sunny  shade,* 

Though  restless  still  themselves,  a lulling  murmur  made. 

Thomson. 

BICKlEK-ER,  n.  A quarreller ; a skirmisher;  a 
wrangler.  Shenvood. 

BICK'ER-ING,  n.  Quarrel ; a skirmish. 

Then  was  the  war  shivered,  as  it  were,  into  small  frays  and 

bickerings.  Milton. 

t BICK'ER-MEiVT,  n.  Quarrel.  Spct^er. 

BICK'ERN,  n.  [Corrupted  from  beakiron. ] . An 
iron  with  a beak  or  point,  as  the  pointed  part 
of  an  anvil.  * 

A blacksmith's  anvil  is  sometimes  made  with  a pike  or 
bickern,  or  beakiron,  at  one  end.  Moxon. 

Bf-COL'LI-GATE,  a.  [L.  bis,  twice,  and  colligo, 
colligatus,  to  bind  together.]  (Ornith.)  Con- 
nected by  a basal  web,  as  toes.  Brande. 

Bi  'CdL-OR,  a.  [L.  bis,  twice,  and  color,  color.] 
Having  two  colors.  Brande. 

Bi-CON'JU-GATE,  a.  [L.  bis,  twice,  and  conjugo, 
conjugatus,  to  join  together.]  (Bot.)  Existing 
in  two  pairs,  placed  side  by  side.  P.  Cyc. 

fBi'CORN,  a.  Same  as  Bicornous.  Ash. 

Bi-CORN'Ol'S,  a.  [L.  bis,  twice,*  and  cornu,  a 
horn.]  Having  two  horns  or  antlers.  Browne. 

BI-COR'PO-RAL,  a.  [L.  bicorpor ; bis,  twice,  and 
corpus,  a body.]  Having  two  bodies.  Johnson. 

BI-CRU'RAL,  a.  [L.  bis,  twice,  and  crus,  cruris, 
a leg.]  Having  two  legs.  Hooker. 

Bi-CIJS'PII),  a..  [L.  bis,  twice,  and  cuspis,  a point.] 
(Anat.)  Having  two  points  or  two  tubercles  ; — 
applied  usually  to  the  molar  teeth.  Hunglison. 

BI-CUS'PI-DATE,  a.  (Bot.)  Having  a 
double  or  forked  point.  Loudon. 

Bl-CUS'Pis,  n.  [L.  bis,  twice,  and  cus- 
pis, a point.]  (Anat.)  A tooth  with 
two  points.  Brande. 


| BiD,  n.  An  offer  to  give  a certain  price,  as  at  an 
auction.  Bouvier. 

BID,  v.  a.  [Goth,  biudan ; A.  S.  biddan,  to  ask, 
to  pray,  to  command  ; Ger.  bieten  ; Hut.  bidden .] 
[i.  BADE,  BID  ; pp.  BIDDING,  BIDDEN  Or  BID.] 

1.  To  call ; to  invite  ; to  solicit.  [Antiquated.] 

I am  bid  forth  to  supper,  Jessica.  Shak. 

As  many  as  ye  shall  find,  bid  to  the  marriage.  Matt.  xxii.  9. 

2.  To  order ; to  command. 

I ran  it  through,  even  from  my  boyish  days, 

To  the  very  moment  that  he  bade  me  tell  it.  Shak. 

3.  To  pronounce  ; to  declare  ; to  say. 

He  bade  you  welcome.  Phillips. 

4.  To  offer,  as  at  an  auction  ; to  propose. 

He  that  bids  most  shall  have  it.  Collier. 

To  bid  beads,  to  count  prayers  by  beads.  — To  bid 
fair,  to  present  a fair  prospect;  lo  seem  likely. 

Syn.  — See  Cali.,  Offer. 

BID'ALE,  or  BID'ALL,  n.  An  invitation  of  friends 
to  drink  at  a poor  man’s  house,  and  there  to 
make  a charitable  contribution.  [Eng.]  Bailey. 
BID'DEN  (bld'dn),  p.  from  bid.  See  Bid. 

BlD'DER,  n.  One  who  bids  or  makes  an  offer; 
one  who  proposes  a price  for  what  is  to  be  sold. 
“ The  purchase  of  the  best  bidder.”  Addison. 

BID'DIJ-RY,  a.  Noting  a kind  of  metallic  ware, 
made  at  Biddery,  in  India,  composed  of  copper, 
lead,  tin,  and  spelter.  IF.  Ency. 

BID'DING,  n.  1.  Command ; order. 

At  his  second  bidding , darkness  fled.  Milton. 

2.  (Com.)  Offer  of  a price;  act  of  making 

bids  at  a sale  or  auction.  Johnson. 

3.  Invitation  to  a wedding.  [Local,  North 

of  England.]  Brockett. 

BID'DING-PRAYER,  n.  (Bom.  Cath.  Church.)  A 
prayer  for  the  souls  of  benefactors,  said  before 
the  sermon.  Nares. 

BID'DY,  n.  A childish  name  for  a hen  or  a 
chicken.  Halliwell. 

BIDE,  v.  a.  [Goth.  beidan-,  A.  S.  bidan,  to  abide, 
to  wait.] 

1.  To  endure  ; to  suffer. 

Poor  naked  wretches,  whereso’er  you  are, 

That  bide  the  pelting  of  this  pitiless  storm.  Shak. 

2.  To  wait  for;  to  abide;  as,  “To  bide  his 
time.” 

The  wary  Dutch  this  gathering  storm  foresaw, 

And  durst  not  bide  it  on  the  English  coast.  Dryden. 

BIDE,  v.  n.  1.  To  dwell ; to  inhabit. 

All  knees  to  thee  shall  bow  of  them  that  bide 
In  heaven  or  earth,  or,  under  earth,  in  hell.  Milton. 

2.  To  remain  ; to  continue  ; to  abide. 

Safe  in  a ditch  he  bides.  Shak. 

BI-DEN'TAL,  a.  [L.  bis,  twice,  and  dens,  dentis,  a 
tooth.]  Having  two  teeth.  Swift. 

Bl-DEN'TATE,  a.  (Anat.  & Bot.)  Hav- 
ing two  teeth ; bidental.  Brande. 

BI-DEN'TAT-IJD,  a.  Divided  into  two 
parts ; bidentate.  Hill. 

BI-DET'  (be-det'  or  lie-da')  [bl-det',  Ja.  K. ; be-da', 
Sm. ; be-det'  or  bld'a',  if.],  n.  [Fr.] 

1.  A little  horse.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  An  article  of  bedroom  furniture  used  in 

xvashing  the  body.  Fleming  <Sf  Tibbins. 

BID'— HOOK  (-huk),  n.  ( Naut .)  A hook  belong- 
ing to  a boat.  Dekker. 

f BlD'ING,  n.  Residence ; habitation. 

At  Antwerp  has  my  constant  biding  been.  Iiowe. 

BI-EN'NI-AL,  a.  [L.  biennis,  of  two  years  ; bis, 
twice,  and  annus,  a year.] 

1.  Living  two  years  : as,  “A  biennial  plant.” 

Why  should  some  be  very  long  lived,  others  only  annual 
or  biennial.  Ray. 

2.  Happening  once  in  two  years  ; as,  “ Bien- 
nial sessions  of  the  legislature.” 

BI-EN'NI-AL,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  which  lives  two 
years,  springing  from  the  seed  the  first  year, 
and  flowering  and  dying  the  next.  Gray. 

BI-EN'NI-AL-LY,  ad.  At  the  return  of  two  years. 

BIER  (ber),  n.  [A.  S.  brer ; Ger.  bahre ; L .feretrum; 
fero,  to  hear ; Fr.  ha  re,  a coffin.]  A carriage  or 
a frame  for  conveying  the  dead  to  the  grave. 

t BIER'— BALK  (ber'bkwk),  n.  The  church  road 


for  burials,  along  which  the  corpse  is  carried. 
“ A broad  and  sufficient  bierbalk.”  Homilies. 

BIEST'JNGS  (best'jngz),  n.pl.  [Goth,  heist ; A.S. 
beost,  or  bysting.]  The  first  milk  given  by  a 
cow  after  calving  ; beestings.  B.  Jonson. 

Bl-FA'RI-OUS,  a.  [L.  bifarius,  divided 
into  two  parts  ; bis,  in  two,  and  fa,  root 
of  farior,  to  speak.] 

1.  Twofold;  having  two  parts.  Bailey. 

2.  (Bot.)  Arranged  in  two  rows;  two- 

ranked.  Gray. 

BI-FA'RI-OUS-LY,  ad.  (Bot.)  In  a bifarious 
manner.  Craig. 

Bl'FpR,  n.  [L.  bis,  twice,  and  fero,  to  bear.] 
(Bot.)  A plant  that  bears  fruit  twice  a year  ; a 
biferous  plant.  Buchanan. 

BIF'IJR-OUS,  a.  [L.  biferens.]  (Bot.)  Bearing  fruit 
twice  a year.  Johnson. 


BIF'FIN,  n.  (Cookery.)  A baked  apple  crushed 
down  into  a flat  cake ; a dried  apple.  Clarke. 


BI'FjD  [bl'fid,  S.  IF.  P.  Ja.  Sm.-,  blf'jd, 

A’.],  a.  [L.  bifdus;  bis,  in  two,  and 
findo,  to  cleave.]  (Bot.)  Noting  leaves 
divided  into  two  segments  by  an  ineis-  s\o\ 
ion  extending  about  to  the  middle  of 
the  blade,  or  somewhat  deeper.  Cray. 

BIF  I- DATE,  )a  Divided  into  two ; opening 
BIF'I-DAT-ED,  ) with  a cleft ; bifid.  Johnson. 

BI-FLO  RATE,  )a  [L.  bis,  twice,  and  flos,  foris, 
BI-FLO'ROUS,  > a flower.]  (Bot.)  Having  two 
flowers  ; two-flowered.  Crabb. 


BI'FOLD,  a.  [L.  bis,  txvice,  and  Eng.  fold.]  Two- 
fold. “ Bifold  authority.”  Shak. 

BI-FO'LI-ATE,  a.  [L.  bis,  twice,  and  folium,  a 
leaf.]  (Bot.)  Consisting  of  two  leaflets.  P.  Cyc. 

BI-FO'LI-O-LATE,  a.  (Bot.)  Noting  compound 
leaves  which  consist  of  two  leaflets.  Gray. 

BI-FOL-LIC'y-LAR,  a.  [L.  bis,  twice,  folliculus, 
a sack.]  (Bot.)  Having  two  follicles.  Smart. 


BI-FO'RATE,  a.  [L.  bis,  twice,  and  foris,  a door.] 
(Bot.)  Having  two  perforations.  Brande. 

BIF'O-RINE,  n.  [L.  bis,  twice,  and  foris,  a door 
or  gate.]  A singular  body  found  in  the  interior 
of  the  green  pulpy  part  of  the  leaves  of  some 
araceous  plants.  It  is  in  the  form  of  minute 
oval  sacs,  one  within  the  other,  the  space  be- 
tween being  filled  with  a transparent  fluid,  and 
the  inner  bag  with  fine  acicular  crystals,  or 
rhaphides,  which  are  discharged  with  violence 
first  from  one  end  and  then  from  the  other, 
xvhen  the  biforine  is  placed  in  water.  Brande. 

Bi'FOIlM,  a.  [L.  bformis  ; bis,  twice,  and  forma, 
form.]  Having  a double  form.  C’roxall. 

Bl'FORMED  (bl'formd),  a.  Compounded  of  two 
forms  ; biform. 

BI-FORM'I-TY,  n.  A double  form,  [r.]  More. 

BI-FRONT'JJD  (hl-frunt'ed),  a.  [L .bfrons',  bis, 
twice,  and  from,  frontis,  the  front.]  Having 
two  fronts.  B.  Jonson. 


BI-FijR'CATE,  v.  a.  [L.  bis,  twice,  and  furca,  a 
two-pronged  fork.]  To  divide  into  two’ branch- 
es. Crabb. 

BI-I  UR  C.yTE,  ) a Having  two  prongs, 

BI-FUR'C  AT-£D,  > or  divided  into  two  branches  ; 
two  forked  ; bifurcous,  Woodward. 

BI-FFR-CA'TION,  n.  Division  into  two  heads, 
branches,  or  parts.  “ A bifurcation  or  division 
of  the  root  into  two  parts.'’  Browne. 

BI-FUR 'COUS,  a.  (Bot.)  Two-forked.  Coles. 

BIG,  a.  [“Perhaps  from  the  A.  S.  byggan ; Sw. 
bygga  ; Eng.  to  big,  to  build,”  Richardson  ; W. 
batch,  a load  ; beichiog,  big  with  child,  pregnant.] 

1.  Great ; large  in  bulk. 

Halfway  down 

nangs  one  that  gathers  samphire  — dreadful  trade! 

Metliinks  he  seems  no  bigger  than  his  head.  Shak. 

2.  Great  with  young ; pregnant. 

A bear  big  with  young  hath  seldom  been  seen.  Bacon. 

3.  Full  of  something,  and  about  to  give  it 
vent. 

The  great,  the  important  day, 

Big  with  the  fate  of  Cato  and  of  Rome.  Addison. 


A,  E,  f,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  £,  U,  f,  short ; A,  ]J,  J,  Q,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


BIG 


141 


BILINGbGA'I  E 


4.  Distended ; swollen  ; ready  to  burst. 

Thy  heart  is  big;  get  thee  apart,  and  weep.  Shak. 

5.  Great  in  air  and  mien ; proud  ; swelling  ; 
haughty. 

If  you  had  looked  big,  and  spit  at  him,  he’d  have  run. 

Shak. 

6.  Great  in  spirit ; lofty  ; brave. 

What  art  thou?  Have  not  I 
An  arm  as  Iny  as  thine  ? a heart  as  big?  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Great. 

BIG,  n.  ( Agric .)  Winter  barley.  — See  Bigg. 

BIG,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  byggan,  to  build.]  To  build. 
[North  of  England.]  Brockett. 

Bi'  OA,  n.  [L.]  (Antiq.)  A chariot  or  car  drawn 
by  two  horses  abreast.  P • Cyc. 

f BIG'AM,  n.  [Low  L.  bigamies,  twice  married  ; 
bis,  twice,  and  Gr.  yaptoi,  to  marry.]  A biga- 
mist. Bp-  Peacock. 

BIG'A-MlST,  n.  One  who  has  committed  bigamy. 
“ Much  less  can  a bigamist  have  ...  a bene- 
fice.” Ayliffe. 

BIG'A-My,  n.  [Low  L.  bigamia  ; bis,  twice,  and 
yafizui,  to  marry.]  (Law.) 

1.  The  offence  of  contracting  a second  mar- 
riage during  the  life  of  the  husband  or  wife. 

Blackstone. 

2.  The  offence  of  having  a plurality  of  wives 
or  husbands ; polygamy. 

Ijgy-This  sense  of  the  word  bigamy,  though  well 
settled  in  criminal  law,  is,  as  Blackstone  observes,  a 
corruption  of  the  meaning,  polygamy  being  the  proper 
name  of  this  offence.  It  is  so  designated  in  Massa- 
chusetts by  Rce.  Stat.  c.  130,  § 2.  Burrill. 

3.  (Canon  Law.)  The  marriage  of  a second 

wife  after  the  death  of  the  first,  or  the  marriage 
of  a widow  ; either  of  which  was  considered  as 
bringing  a man  under  some  incapacities  for 
ecclesiastical  offices.  Burrill. 

BlG-AR-REAU',  n.  [Fr.]  A large,  whitish  cher- 
ry  ; bigaroon.  Cole. 

BIG-A-ROON',  n.  The  large  white-heart  cherry; 
bigarreau.  Smart. 

BIG'— BEL-LIED  (blg'bel-ljd),  a.  Having  a large 
belly  or  protuberance  ; protuberant ; pregnant. 

BIG'— BONED  (blg'bSnd),  a.  [ big  and  bone.)  Hav- 
ing large  bones.  Herbert. 

BIG'— CORNED  (big'kornd),  a.  Having  large  grains. 
“ The  strength  of  big-corned  powder.”  Dryden. 

Bl-^EM'l-NATE,  a.  [L.  bis,  twice,  and  germino, 
germinatus , to  double.]  (Bot.)  Noting  leaves 
having  two  secondary  petioles,  each  of  which 
bears  a pair  of  leaflets.  ‘ Lindtey. 

Bl(jf'5-NISR,  n.  [L.  bis,  twice,  and  gener,  a son-in- 
law.  (Bot.)  A cross  between  two  species  of  dif- 
ferent genera ; a mule.  Lindley. 

BI-t-rEN'TlAL,  a.  [L.  bis,  twice,  and  gens,  gentis, 
a clan.]  Comprising  two  tribes  of  people,  [it.] 

BIGG,  n.  (Agric.)  A species  of  barley,  Hordeum 
hexastichon,  chiefly  cultivated  in  several  of  the 
northern  countries  of  Europe ; winter  barley ; 
bere  or  bear.  Loudon. 


BIG'N£SS,  n.  Bulk;  size;  dimension. 

BIG-JVO'JVI-A,  n.  [Named  from  the  Abbe  Big- 
non,  librarian  to  Louis  XIV.]  (Bot.)  An  exten- 
sive genus  of  beautiful  trees  and  shrubs,  natives 
of  hot  climates  ; — the  trumpet-flower.  Loudon. 

BIG'OT,  a.  [Of  uncertain  and  disputed  etymolo- 
gy.’ Fr.  bigot,  from  the  English  phrase  by  God, 
uttered  as  an  oath  by  Rollo,  Duke  of  Norman- 
dy, when  he  refused  to  kiss  the  foot  of  his 
father-in-law,  Charles  the  Foolish.  Camden. 
Cotgrave  says,  “Bigot,  an  old  Norman  word, 
signifying  as  much  as  De  par  dieu,  or  our  for 
God’s  sake,  made  good  French,  and  signifying 
an  hypocrite,  or  one  that  seemeth  much  more 
holy  than  he  is;  also  a scrupulous  or  supersti- 
tious fellow.”  — A corruption  of  Visigoth,  the 
word  bigos  occurring  in  an  old  French  romance, 
cited  by  Roquefort,  in  tbe  sense  of  a barbarous 
people.  Malone.  — Low  L.  Bequtta,  one  of 
the  appellations  of  the  nuns  called  Beguines. 
Todd.  — It.  bigotti,  a religious  fraternity  still 
existing  in  Tuscany.  Ogilvie.  — Sp.  bigote,  a 
whisker  ; hombre  de  bigote,  a man  of  spirit.]  A 
person  unreasonably  devoted  to  some  party,  de- 
nomination, or  creed  ; a blind  zealot. 

In  philosophy  mid  religion,  the  bigots  of  all  parties  are 
generally  the  most  positive.  I Vatts. 

f BIG'OT,  a.  Bigoted.  “ In  a country  more  bigot 
than  ours.”  Dryden. 

BIG'OT-ED,  a.  Full  of  bigotry ; irrationally  zeal- 
ous. “ Weak,  bigoted  . . . prince.”  Swift. 

BIG'OT-IJD-LY,  ad.  In  the  manner  of  a bigot : 
pertinaciously.  Todd. 

f BI-GOT'I-CAL,  a.  Bigoted.  “ Some  bigotical 

religionists.”  Cudworth. 

BIG'OT-RY,  n.  [Fr.  bigoterie.)  1.  Irrational  par- 
tiality for  a particular  party  or  creed ; blind 
zeal ; prejudice. 

Were  it  not  for  a bigotry  to  our  own  tenets,  we  could  hard- 
ly imagine  that  so  many  absurd  principles  should  pretend  to 
support  themselves  by  the  gospel.  Watts . 

2.  The  practice  or  tenets  of  a bigot.  “ Those 
bigotries  which  all  good  and  sensible  men  de- 
spise.” Pope. 

Syn.  — See  Superstitious. 

BIG'— ROUND,  a.  Of  large  circumference.  Pope. 

BIG'— SOUND-JNG,  a.  Having  a pompous  sound. 
“ Big-sounding  sentences.”  Bp.  Hall. 

BIG'-SWOLN,  a.  Much  swelled  ; turgid.  Shak. 

BIG'— UD-DIJRED  (blg'ud-derd),  a.  Having  large 
udders.  “ Big-uddered  ewes.”  Pope. 

bI'GUM,  n.  See  Begum. 

BIG'— WIG,  n.  A cant  name  for  a person  of  conse- 
quence ; — applied  especially  to  judges  in  Eng- 
land, who  wear  large  wigs.  Ogilvie. 

BI-HY-DROG'U-RET,  n.  (Chem.)  A compound 
containing  two  equivalents  of  hydrogen.  Craig. 

BIJOU  (be'zlio'),  n.  [Fr.]  A jewel ; an  elegant 
ornament.  Smart. 


BIG'GIN,  n.  1.  [Fr.  beguin.)  A child’s  cap. 
“Brow  with  homely  biggin  bound.”  Shak. 

2.  [Another  form  of  piggin.)  A small  wooden 
vessel ; a can. 

3.  [A.  S.  byggan,  to  build.]  A building. 

[North  of  Eng.]  Brockett. 

BIG  GON,  ^ 1 n.  [Fr.  beguin,  a child’s  cap.] 

BIG'GON-NET,  ) A cap  or  hood  with  ears,  like 
that  worn  by  nuns,  particularly  the  Beguines. 

Ogilvie. 

BIGHT  (bit),  n.  [A.  S.  byht,  a corner;  bige,  a 
corner,  a bay  ; bugan,  to  bow,  to  bend.] 

1.  (Naut.)  The  double  part  or  coil  of  a rope 
when  it  is  folded,  not  including  the  ends. 

2.  A small  bay  or  inlet  of  the  sea.  Wilbraham. 

3.  (Farriery.)  The  inward  bend  of  a horse’s 
chambrel,  and  the  bend  of  the  fore  knees.  Craig. 

BI-GLAN'DU-LAR,  a.  (Bot.)  Having  two  glands. 

BIG'LY,  ad.  In  a swelling,  pompous,  or  bluster- 
ing manner  ; tumidly  ; haughtily. 

Biyh/  to  look,  and  barbarously  to  speak.  Dryden. 

BIG'— NAMED  (big'naind),  a.  Having  a great  name. 
“ Some  big-named  composition.”  Crashaw. 


BI-JOU'TRY  (be-zho'tre),  n.  [Fr .bijouterie.)  Jew- 
elry ; trinkets.  Clarke. 

||  Bl-JU'GATE,  a.  [L.  bijugus,  yoked  two  together  ; 
bis,  twice,  s.\\Ajugum,  a yoke.]  (Bot.)  Noting 
pinnate  leaves  consisting  of  two  pairs  of  leaflets. 

Lindley. 

||  BI-JU'GOITS  [hi-ju'gus,  C.  O.  Cl.  T Vb. ; bl'ju-gus, 
Sm.],  a.  (Bot.)  Same  as  Bi jugate.  Gray. 


BIKH,  n.  A poisonous  plant  of  Nepaul ; a spe- 
cies of  aconite  (Aconitum  ferox),  used  by  the 
natives  of  that  country  to  poison  the  wells 
when  the  British  troops  invaded  it.  Brande. 


Bl-LA'Bl-ATE,  a.  [L.  bis,  twice,  and  la- 
bium, a lip.]  (Bot.)  Noting  a monopet- 
alous  corolla  or  monophyllous  calix, 
which  is  separated  into  two  unequal 
divisions  or  lips  ; labiate  ; two-lipped. 


Lindley. 


BI-LAM'JpL-LATE,  a.  [L.  his,  twice,  and  lamella, 
a plate.]  (Bot.)  Divided  into  two  plates  or  la- 
mellae. Brande. 


Bi-LA M'JJL-LAT-£D,  a.  (Bot.)  Same  as  Bilam- 
e i,i,  ate.  Pennant. 


BIL'AN-DIJR,  n.  [Fr .belandre;  Dut.  bylandcr.) 
A small  vessel  used  chiefly  in  Dutch  canals  for 
the  carriage  of  goods. 

Like  bilanders  to  creep 

Along  the  coast,  and  land  in  view  to  keep.  Dryden. 

BI-LAT'pR-AL,  a.  [L.  bis,  twice,  and  latus,  late- 
ris,  a side.]  Having  two  sides.  Ash. 

BIL'B£R-RY,  n.  [From  Sax.  bilig,  a bladder,  and 
berry.  Skinner. ] (Bot.)  A small  shrub  and  its 
fruit ; a species  of  whortleberry ; Vaccinium 

myrtillus.  Shak. 

BIL'BO,  n. ; pi.  b!l'boe$.  1.  A short  sword 
or  rapier; — so  named  from  Bilboa,  in  Spain, 
where  first  made.  Shak. 

2.  Stocks  or  shackles  for  confining  the  feet 
of  offenders  ; — formerly  fabricated  in  great 
quantities  at  Bilboa. 

Methought  I lay. 

Worse  than  the  mutines  in  the  bilboes.  Shak. 

BILBOQUET  (bil'bo-ka'l,  n.  [Fr.]  I.  The  toy 
called  a cup  and  ball.  Todd. 

2.  (Mil.)  A small  8-inch  mortar  to  throw 
shell. 

BILD'STElN,  n.  [Ger.  bild,  an  image,  and  stein, 
a stone.]  (Min.)  A mineral  composed  chiefly 
of  silica  and  alumina,  and  often  carved  into 
Chinese  figures  ; figure-stone  ; pagodite  ; agal- 
matolite.  Brande. 

BILE,  n.  [L.  bill's  ; Fr.  bile.)  An  animal  fluid  of 
yellow  or  greenish  color  and  nauseous  taste, 
secreted  in  the  liver,  partly  collected  in  the 
gall-bladder  and  discharged  into  the  lower  end 
of  the  duodenum.  Its  purpose  is  supposed  to 
be  to  complete  the  digestive  process  in  the 
small  intestines,  by  aiding  in  the  separation  of 
the  chyle.  It  has  been  fancied  to  be  the  seat 
of  ill-humor.  > Dunglison. 

BILE,  n.  [A.  S.  byl,,bilc  ; Dut.  builr,  Dan.  byld; 
Ger.  beule.)  A sore,  painful  tumor,  terminat- 
ing in  a pustule. 

Thou  art  a bile  in  my  corrupted  blood.  Shak. 

UfJpThis  word  is  now  more  commonly  spelt  boil, 
although  the  orthography  of  bile  is  more  in  accord- 
ance with  its  etymology  ; and  it  is  so  spelt  in  the  old 

• Dictionaries  of  Baret,  Cotgrave,  Huloet,  Martin,  &r. 
Both  forms  are  given  in  the  principal  English  Dic- 
tionaries, and  both  are  still  more  or  less  in  use.  In 
the  first  edition  of  the  common  version  of  the  Bible 
(1611),  the  orthography  is,  in  Joh  ii.  7,  biles  (“  sore 
biles’’) ; but  in  the  later  editions  it  is  boils.  Johnson 
says  of  tire  word,  “ This  is  generally  spelt  boil ; but,  I 
think,  less  properly.”  Walker  gives  the  preference 
to  bile,  and  says,  “ improperly  boil  ” ; but  Smart  notes 
bile  as  an  obsolete  orthography.  — See  Boil. 

BILE'— STONE,  n.  (Med.)  Biliary  concretion  or 
calculus.  Buchanan. 

BILtyE  (btlj)*'  n. . [Goth,  balgs ; A.  S.  body,  or 
by  jig,  a bulge  ; atjag.] 

1.  (iVnwffi)  The  broadest  part  of  a ship’s  bot- 

tom, or  that  part  of  her  floor  upon  which  she 
would  rest  if  aground ; bulge.  Skinner. 

2.  The  protuberant  part  of  a cask;  — called 
also  bulge. 

BILtyE,  V.  V.  \i.  BILGED  ; pp.  BILGING,  BILGED.] 
(Naut.)  To  spring  aleak,  by  a fracture  in  the 
bilge  ; to  spring  aleak  ; to  let  in  water.  Skinner. 

BIL'tyJlD,  or  BILLED,  a.  (Naut.)  Having  the 
bottom  stove  in.  Brande. 

BIL^E'-PUMP,  n.  (Mech.)  A pump  to  draw 
water  from  the  bilge.  Ash. 

BILfyE'— WA-T15R,  n.  (Naut.)  Water  lying  in 
the  bilge  ; foul  water.  Ash. 

BILtyE'— WAY,  n.  (Ship-building.)  One  of  the 
pieces  of  timber  placed  under  a vessel’s  bilge 
to  support  her  while  launching.  Dana. 

BIL'IA-RY  (bll'ya-re),  a.  [L.  bills,  bile.]  (Med.) 
Belonging  to  the  bile.  Arbuthnot. 

Biliary  calculi,  (.Wctl.)  gall  stones,  or  concretions 
formed  in  the  gall-bladder,  the  bile  ducts,  and  some- 
times in  the  substance  of  the  liver.  They  sometimes 
contain  picromel,  but  are  usually  composed  of  from 
88  to  94  parts  of  cholosterine,  a peculiar  crystalline 
substance,  and  of  from  6 to  12  parts  of  the  yellow 
matter  of  the  bile.  Dunglison. 

BI-LIM' BI,  n.  (Bot.)  The  Malayan  name  of  an 
acid  fruit  of  a tree  of  the  genus  Averrhua ; 
blimbing  ; — used  in  pickles.  Eng.  Cyc. 

BlL'ING^-GATE,  n.  See  Billingsgate.  Pope. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.— 9,  9,  9,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  £, 


hard;  § as  z;  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


BILINGUAL 


142 


BINARY 


BI-LIN'GUAL  (bl-ling'gw?l),  a.  [L,  bilinguis , 
double-tongued ; bis,  twice,  and  lingua,  a 
tongue.]  Having  two  tongues  or  languages ; 
bilinguous.  Gent.  Mag. 

Bl-LlN'GUIST,  n.  One  who  speaks  two  lan- 
guages. Hamilton. 

Bl-LIN'GUOUS  (bl-llng'gwus),  a.  [L.  bilinguis, 
from  bis,  twice,  and  lingua,  a tongue.]  Having 
or  speaking  two  tongues  ; bilingual.  Johnson. 

BIL'IOHS  (bil'yus),  a.  [L.  biliosus ; bills,  bile.] 

1.  Consisting  of  bile.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  Relating  to,  or  caused  by,  bile  ; as,  “ Bil- 
ious fever.” 

BI-I.IT'ER-AL,  a.  [L.  bis,  twice,  and  liter  a,  a 
letter.]  Consisting  of  two  letters.  Sir  W.  Jones. 

f BI-LI  VE',  ad.  Same  as  Belive.  Spenser. 

BILK,  v.  a.  [Goth,  bi-laikan,  to  scoff,  to  deride.] 
[t.  BILKED  ; pp.  BILKING,  BILKED.]  To  cheat  ; 
to  defraud;  to  deceive;  to  elude. 

But  be  sure,  says  he,  don’t  you  bilk  me.  Spectator. 

BILK,  n.  A cheat ; a trick,  [it.]  Congreve. 

BILL,  n.  [A.  S.  bile.]  The  beak  of  a fowl. 

In  his  bill 

An  olive  leaf  he  brings  — pacific  sign!  Milton. 

BILL,  n.  [A.  S.  bil ; ' W.bwyel ; Dut.  byl;  Ger. 
beil ; Dan.  bile',  Sw.  bila.] 

1.  A hatchet  with  a hooked  point,  like  the 

bill  of  a bird,  often  used  by  gardeners  in  prun- 
ing hedges,  and  hence  called  a hedge  bill,  or 
hedging  bill.  Johnson. 

2.  (Mil.)  A sword;  a battle-axe. 

Now  were  sent  into  France  hundreds,  and  some  not  able 
to  draw  a bow  or  carry  a bill.  //nil. 

3.  (Naut.)  The  point  at  the  extremity  of  the 

fluke  of  an  anchor.  Dana. 

BILL,  n.  [Low  L.  billa,  probably  from  L.  pila, 
a ball,  any  thing  round  or  rolled  up  ; Fr.  billet .] 

1.  A formal  statement  of  particular  things  in 
writing;  as,  “A  shopman’s  bill  of  goods  pur- 
chased ” ; “A  physician’s  bill  for  services  ” ; 
“ The  bill  which  advertises  a concert  or  a play.” 

2.  (Law.)  A formal  complaint  in  writing  to 

a court  of  justice;  as,  “ A bill  in  equity  ” ; “a 
bill  of  indictment  by  a grand  jury  ” : — a record, 
or  written  statement,  of  proceedings  in  an  ac- 
tion ; as,  “A  bill  of  exceptions — a written 
statement  of  the  terms  of  a contract,  or  specifi- 
cation of  the  items  of  a demand  or  counter 
demand  ; as,  “ A bill  of  exchange  ” ; “A  bill 
of  sale  ” ; “A  bill  of  credit  ” ; “A  bill  of  par- 
ticulars : ” — a draft  of  a proposed  act  pre- 
sented to  a legislature ; a proposed  or  pro- 
jected law.  Burrill. 

BUI  in  equity  or  chancery,  a complaint  in  writing, 
under  oath,  in  the  nature  of  a petition  to  tile  chan 
ccllor  or  judge  or  judges  of  a court  of  equity,  setting 
forth  all  the  facts  and  circumstances  upon  which  the 
complaint  is  founded,  and  praying  for  such  equitable 
relief  as  the  party  may  conceive  himself  entitled  to, 
or  the  court  may  deem  proper  to  grant.  — Bill  of  credit, 
paper  issued  by  the  authority  of  a state  on  the  faith 
of  the  state,  and  designed  to  circulate  as  money. — 
Bill  of  exceptions,  a formal  statement  in  writing  of 
exceptions  taken  to  the  opinion,  decision,  or  direction 
of  a judg  ■,  delivered  during  the  trial  of  a cause  — its 
object  being  to  present  the  exceptions  to  a full  court, 
or  to  a superior  court,  for  review  after  trial.  — BUI  of 
exchange,  a written  order  or  request  addressed  by  one 
person  to  another,  desiring  him  to  pay  a sum  of 
money  to  a third  person,  or  to  any  other  to  whom 
that  third  person  shall  order  it  to  be  paid,  or  it  may 
be  payable  to  the  bearer;  also  called  a draft.  — Bill 
of  fare,  an  account  of  the  different  dxdies  prepared  for 
an  entertainment  or  feast.  — Bill,  of  health,  a writing 
signed  by  the  proper  authorities  certifying  the  state 
ot  health  in  a vessel.  — Bill  of  lading,  a written  state- 
nient,  signed  by  the  master  of  a vessel,  acknowledg- 
ing tiie  receipt  of  goods  on  board,  and  undertaking, 
with  certain  exceptions,  to  carry  and  deliver  them, 
for  a certain  remuneration  or  freightage,  to  the  con- 
signee, or  person  to  whom  they  are  addressed,  or  his 

order,  in  as  good  condition  as  when  received Bill 

of  mortality,  a writing  or  paper  showing  the  number 
of  deaths  in  a place  within  a time  specified.  — Bill  of 
particulars,  a written  specification  of  the  particulars 
of  the  demand  for  which  an  action  at  law  is  brought 
or  of  a defendant’s  set-off  against  such  demand.— 
Bill  of  parcels,  (Mercll.)  an  account  of  goods  sold 
given  by  the  seller  to  the  buyer,  containing  the  quan- 
tities and  prices  of  the  articles,  with  a statement  of 
the  date  and  terms  of  credit.  — Bill  of  rights,  a lormal 
declaration  in  writing  of  popular  rights'and  liberties, 
usually  expressed  in  the  form  of  a statute,  and  pro- 
mulgated on  occasions  of  revolution,  or  the  establish- 


ment of  new  forms  of  government  or  now  constitu- 
tions.— Bill  of  sale,  a deed  or  writing,  under  seal, 
evidencing  the  sale  of  personal  property,  and  convey- 
ing the  title  to  it ; an  assignment  in  writing  of  chat- 
tels personal  ; in  particular,  an  instrument  I y which 
the  property  in  ships  and  vessels  is  conveyed.  — Bill 
of  sight,  a form  of  entry  at  the  custom-house  by  which 
goods,  respecting  which  the  importer  is  not  possessed 
of  full  information,  may  be  provisionally  landed  for 
examination. 

BILL,  v.  n.  To  caress,  as  doves  by  joining  bills. 
“ Doves  will  bill  after  pecking.”  B.  Jonson. 

BILL,  v.  a.  To  publish  by  an  advertisement.  “ A 
composition  that  he  billed  about.”  L’ Estrange. 

BIL'LAGE,  n.  (Naut.)  The  breadth  of  the  floor 
of  a ship  when  lying  aground.  Jameson. 

BILL'BOOK  (-buk),  n.  (Com.)  A book  in  which 
all  kinds  of  bills  payable  and  bills  receivable 
are  recorded.  Bouvier. 


BIL’ LON,  n.  [Fr.]  (Coinage.)  A composition 
of  gold  and  silver  alloyed  with  copper,  which 
predominates.  Political  Diet. 

BlL'LOT,  n.  [Fr.  billot,  a block,  a log.]  Gold 
or  silver  bullion  in  the  mass.  Crabb. 

BIL'LoW  (bil'lo),  n.  [A.  S.  bilig,  a bulge,  a bag; 
Dut.  bolge  ] A wave  swollen  by  the  wind ; a 
surge  ; a breaker.  Spenser. 

But  when  loud  billows  lash  the  sounding  shore, 

a.  he  hoarse,  rough  verse  should  like  the  torrent  roar.  Pope. 

Syn. — See  Wave. 

BIL'LOW,  v.  n.  To  swell  or  roll  as  a wave. 
“The  billowing  snow.”  Prior. 

BIL'LOW,  v.  a.  To  raise  in  waves.  Young. 

BIL'LOW— BEAT'EN,  a.  Tossed  by  billows. 

BIL'LOW-Y  (bil'lo-e), a.  Swelling ; turgid.  “The 
billowy  foam.”  ’ " Thomson . 


BILLED  (blld),  p.  a.  (Grnith.)  Furnished  with 
a bill ; — used  in  composition.  Pennant. 

BIL'I.ET,  n.  [Fr.  billet ; Sp.  billetc.\ 

1.  A short  letter  ; a note.  Spectator. 

2.  (Mil.)  A ticket  directing  soldiers  at  what 

house  to  lodge.  Johnson. 

3.  [Fr.  billot .]  A small  log  of  wood  ; a piece 

of  wood.  Digby. 

4.  (Arch.)  An  ornament  in  Norman  build- 

ings. It  consists  of  short,  small,  cylindrical 
pieces,  two  or  three  inches  long,  placed  in  hol- 
low mouldings  at  intervals  equal  to  their  own 
length.  — See  Billet-Moulding.  Francis. 

5.  (Her.)  A bearing  in  the  form  of  an  oblong 

square.  Brande. 

BlL'LOT,  V.  a.  [».  BILLETED  ; pp.  BILLETING, 
billeted.]  (Mil.)  To  direct  by  ticket  where 
to  lodge,  as  soldiers ; to  quarter  as  soldiers  in 
the  houses  of  the  inhabitants  of  a place. 

They  refused  to  suffer  the  soldiers  to  be  billeted  upon 
them.  Clarendon. 

BIL'LpT,  v.  n.  (Mil.)  To  be  quart-ered  as  soldiers  ; 
to  lodge.  Prideaux. 

BIL'LIJT— CA'BLE,  n.  (Arch.)  A Norman  mould- 
ing. Ed.  Ency. 

BILLET-DOUX  (bil'la-do')  [bil'le-dS,  P.  E.  F.  R. ; 
bil-ya-do',  Sin.],  n. ; pi.  billets-doux  (bll'l?- 
doz').  [Fr.  billet,  a note,  and  doux,  sweet.]  An 
affectionate  billet ; a love-letter.  Pope. 


BlL'LfT— HEAD,  n.  (Naut.)  A piece  of  simple 
carved  work,  bending  over  and  out,  at  the  prow 
of  a vessel.  — See  Head.  Dana. 


BlL'LOT- MOULD'ING, 
n.  (Arch.)  An  orna- 
ment used  in  string- 
courses and  the  archivolts  of  windows  and 
doors,  consisting  of  short  and  small  bits  of  cylin- 
drical stone,  with  spaces  between  them.  Britton. 

BILL'FISH,  n.  (Ich.)  1.  A fish  closely  related  to 
Bclone  ; Scomber  Esox.  Van  der  Hoeven. 

2.  The  gar-pike.  Thompson. 

BILL'HOOK  (-buk),  n.  A small  hatchet. 

BILL'IARD  (bll'yjrd),  a.  Belonging  to  the  play 
at  billiards;  as,  “A  billiard  table.” 


BILL'IARD^  (bll'yardz),  n.  pi.  [Fr.  billard .]  A 
game  played  with  balls  and  cues,  or  rods,  on  a 
large,  oblong  table,  having  pockets  at  the  cor- 
ners and  sides.  Each  player  endeavors,  by 
striking  his  own  ball  with  a cue,  to  hit  certain 
other  balls,  or  to  force  a ball  other  than  his  own 
into  a pocket.  Hoyle. 

BlLL'ING,  n.  Act  of  joining  bills,  or  caressing. 

BILL'ING,  p.a.  Caressing  by  joining  bills.  Moore. 

b1l'LING§-GATE,  n.  [The  name  of  a market  in 
London,  noted  for  fish  and  for  foul  language.] 
Profane  or  foul  language  ; ribaldry;  — written, 
also,  bilingsgate.  Pope. 

BILL'ION  (bil'yun),  n.  [Fr.,  contracted  from  bis, 
twice,  and  million,  a million.]  According  to  the 
French  method  of  numeration  in  use  on  the  con- 
tinent of  Europe  and  in  the  U.  S.  a thousand 
millions,  or  1,000,000,000;  according  to  the 
English  method  used  in  Great  Britain  and 
the  British  Provinces,  a million  of  millions,  or 
1,000000,000000.  Greenlcaf. 

BILL'MAN,  n. ; pi.  bill'men.  One  who  uses  a 
bill.  Huloet. 


BILL'-POST-yR,  n.  One  who  posts  bills  or  ad- 
vertisements. 

BILL'— STlCK-ER,  n.  One  who  pastes  up  a bill 
or  advertisement.  Booth. 

Bl-LO'BATE,  a.  [L.  bis,  twice,  and  Gr.  i.o/los,  a 
lobe.]  (Bot.)  Having  two  lobes.  Crabb. 

Bl-LO'BAT-ED,  a.  (Bot.)  Having  two  lobes  ; bi- 
lobate ; bilobed.  Pennant. 

BI'LOBED  (bl'Iobd),  a.  (Bot.)  Having 
two  lobes.  P.  Cyc. 

BI-LOC'U-LAR,  a.  [L.  bis,  twice,  and 
loculus,  a small  place.]  (Bot.)  Having 
two  cells.  Brande. 

BI-MAC'U-LATE,  a.  [L.  bis,  twice,  and  macula, 
a spot.]  Having  two  spots.  Brande. 

B I - M A C ' 1J-  L A T-  E D,  a.  Having  two  spots  ; bi- 
maculate.  Pennant. 

Bi-MA'NA,  n.  pi.  [L.  bis,  twice,  and  mantis,  a 
hand.]  (Zoiil.)  Two-handed  animals  ; — a term 
applied  by  Cuvier  to  the  highest  order  of  mam- 


malia, of  which  man  is  the  type  and  the  sole 
genus.  Brande. 

BI'MANE,  a.  [L.  bis,  twice,  and  mantis,  a hand.] 
Having  two  hands.  Kirby. 

Bf-MA'NOI  S [bi-nia'nus,  K.  C.  O.],  a.  Having 
tw'O  hands  ; bimane.  P.  Cyc. 


BI-MAR'GJ-NATE,  a.  (Conch.)  Noting  shells 
which  have  a double  margin  as  far  as  the  lip. 

t BI-MA'RI-AN,  BI-MAR'J-CAL,  a.  [L.  bis,  twice, 
and  mare,  the  sea.]  (Geog.)  Belonging  to  two 
seas.  Ash. 

BI-ME'DI-AL,  n.  & a.  [L.  bis  and  Eng.  medial .] 
(Geom.)  The-  sum,  or  noting  the  sum,  of  two 
lines  commensurable  only  in  power,  as  of  the 
side  and  diagonal  of  a square,  when  this  sum  is 
incommensurable  with  respect  to  either.  Davies. 

BI-MEM'RRAL,  a.  Having  two  members.  Gibbs. 

Bi-MEN'SAL,  a.  [L.  bis,  twice,  and  mensis,  a 
month.]  Occurring  every  two  months.  Smart. 

BI-MES'TRl-AL,  a.  [L.  bimestris,  of  two  months’ 
duration  ; from  61s,  twice,  and  mensis,  a month.] 
Happening  every  two  months  : — continuing 
two  months.  Qu.  Rev. 

Bf-MONTH'LY,  a.  Occurring  every  two  months  ; 
bimensal.  Barrett. 

BIN,  n.  [A.  S.  bin,  a manger,  bin ; Dut.  binne.\ 
A cell  or  chest  for  grain,  bread,  wine,  &c. 

t BIN.  The  old  word  for  he  and  been.  Nares. 

BIN-AR-SE'Nl-ATE,  n.  A salt  having  two  equiva- 
lents of  arsenic  acid  to  one  of  the  base.  Graham. 

Bl'NA-RY,  a.  [L.  binarius,  relating  to  two;  hint, 
two  ; Fr.  binaire .]  Two  ; dual ; double. 

A binary  number  (A nth.)  is  a number  consisting  of 
two  digits.  — Binary  scale,  (Math.)  a uniform  scale 
whose  ratio  is  2. — Binary  arithmetic  is  that  in  which 
numbers  are  expressed  according  to  the  binary  scale. 
— Binary  logarithms,  a system  of  logarithms,  con- 
trived arid  calculated  by  Euler,  in  which  1 is  the  log- 
arithm of  2,  2 of  4,  &c.  — Binary  star,  ( Astron .)  a 
double  star  whose  members  revolve  about  their  com- 
mon centre  of  gravity. — Binary  compound,  (Clian.)  a 
compound  of  two  elements  ; thus  water  is  a binary 
compound  of  oxygen  and  hydrogen.  — Binary  measure, 
(Mus.)  two-fold  or  double  measure ; common  time. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  IJ,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


BINARY 


143 


BIQUINTILE 


BI'NA-RY,  n.  The  constitution  of  two. 

To  make  two,  or  a binary,  add  but  one  unto  one.  Fotherby. 

Bl'NATE,  a.  [L.  binus,  two  and  two,  and  natus, 
born.]  ( Bot .)  Growing  in  pairs  or  couples; 
noting  two  bodies  of  the  same  nature,  spring- 
ing from  one  point.  P • Cyc. 

BIND,  v.  a.  [Goth,  binden ; A.  S.  bindan  ; Ger. 
binden.)  \i.  bound;  pp.  binding,  bound.— 
Bounden  is  not  now  used  except  in  an  adjective 
form.] 

X.  To  confine  with  cords  or  bonds  ; to  en- 
chain ; to  restrain  from  liberty  or  freedom  of 
motion. 

No  man  could  bind  him  — no,  not  with  chains.  Mark  v.  3. 

2.  To  surround  with  a bandage  ; to  enwrap. 

Give  me  another  horse;  bind  up  iny  wounds.  Shah. 

3.  To  fasten  together  by  a ligature  ; to  tie. 

Gather  ye  together  first  the  tares,  and  bind  them  in  bun- 
dles. Matt.  xiii.  30. 

4.  To  connect  closely. 

His  life  is  bound  up  in  the  lad’s  life.  Oen.  xliv.  30. 

5.  To  restrain  in  any  manner  ; to  restrict. 

Now  I am  cabined,  cribbed,  confined,  bound  in 

To  saucy  doubts  and  fears.  Shah. 

Though  passion  be  the  most  obvious  and  general,  yet  it  is 
not  tile  only  cause  that  binds  up  the  understanding.  Locke. 

6.  To  engage  by  a vow  or  a promise ; to 
oblige  by  duty. 

Every  bond  wherewith  she  hath  bound  her  soul  shall 
stand.  Mum.  xxx.  4. 

Though  I am  bound  to  every  act  of  duty, 

I am  not  bound  to  that  all  slaves  are  free  to.  Shak. 

7.  To  confirm  ; to  ratify. 

Whatsoever  thou  shalt  bind  on  earth  shall  be  bound  in 
heaven.  Matt.  xvi.  lb. 

8.  To  form  a border  around  so  as  to  prevent 
from  ravelling;  as,  “To  bind  a garment  or  a 
carpet.” 

9.  To  make  costive. 

Rhubarb  hath  manifestly  in  it  parts  of  contrary  opera- 
tions; parts  that  purge,  and" parts  that  bind  the  body.  Bacon. 

10.  To  put  in  a cover ; as,  “ To  bind  a book.” 

To  bind  to,  to  oblige  to  serve  some  one. — To  bind 

over , (Law.)  to  oblige  to  make  appearance. 

Syn.  — Bind  the  hands  of  a criminal;  tie  him  to 
the  stake  ; fasten  with  a cord.  — Bind  is  more  coercive 
than  oblige  ; oblige  than  engage.  We  are  bound  by  an 
oatli ; obliged  by  circumstances  ; engaged  by  promises. 

BIND,  v.  n.  1.  To  contract ; to  grow  stiff  and 
hard. 

A spacious  walk  of  the  finest  gravel,  made  to  bind  and 
unite  so  firmly  that  it  seems  one  continued  stone.  Tatler. 

2.  To  make  or  become  costive. 

The  whey  of  milk  doth  loose;  the  milk  doth  bind.  Herbert. 

3.  To  be  obligatory. 

The  promises  between  a Swiss  and  an  Indian,  in  the 
woods  of  America,  are  binding  to  them,  though  they  are  per- 
fectly in  a state  of  nature.  * Locke. 

BIND,  n.  1.  A stalk  of  hops,  so  called  from  its 
twining  or  being  bound  around  a pole. 

Mortimer. 

2.  (Mus.)  A tie  or  ligature  to  connect  notes. 

Brande. 

3.  (Mining.)  Indurated  clay  or  argillaceous 
slate  in  coal  mines  ; — called  also  clunch. 

Buchanan. 

BIND'IJR,  n.  1.  One  who  binds  ; a man  whose 
trade  it  is  to  bind  books. 

2.  Any  thing  used  to  bind ; a bandage. 

BlND'ER-Y,  n.  A place  where  books  are  bound. 
[A  new  word,  reputed  to  be  of  American  origin. 
P.  Cyc.) 

BINDING,  n.  1.  A bandage.  Tatler. 

2.  The  cover  of  a book.  Donne. 

3.  Something  that  secures  the  edges  of  tex- 
tile fabrics  from  ravelling. 

BINDING,  p.  a.  Making  fast : — obliging ; obliga- 
tory : — astringent. 

BlND'ING-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  binding. 
t11-]  Coleridge. 

BfND'— WEED,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants 
whose  steins,  in  the  greater  number  of  species, 
arc  herbaceous  and  twining ; Convolvulus  or 
Calystegia.  Loudon. 

BIND'VVOOD  (-wud),  n.  The  vulgar  name  of  ivy 
in  Scotland  ; — pronounced  bln'wfld.  Jamieson. 

BiNE,  n.  (Bot.)  A slender  stem  of  a plant;  as, 
“ A hop  bine."  P.  Cyc. 


Bi-NER'VATE,  a.  [L.  bis,  twice,  and  nervus,  a 
nerve.]  (Ent.)  Noting  the  wing  of  an  insect 
when  supported  by  only  two  nerves.  Brande. 

BING,  n.  A heap.  Craig. 

BIN'NA-CLE,  n.  [Fr.  habitacle,  a little  habita- 
tion.] (Naut.)  The  compass-box  of  a ship  ; — 
formerly  called  bittacle.  Mar.  Diet. 

BIN'NY,  n.  (Ich.)  A fish  of  the  carp  family  ; 
the  barbel  of  the  Nile.  Eng.  Cyc. 

BIN'O-CLE,  n.  [L.  him,  two,  and  oculus,  the 
eye  ; Fr.  binoclef]  (Optics.)  A telescope  with 
two  tubes,  by  which  an  object  is  viewed  with 
both  eyes  at  the  same  time ; a binocular  tele- 
scope. Hutton. 

BI-NOC'U-LAR,  a.  Having  or  using  two  eyes; 
employing  both  eyes  at  once. 

Binocular  telescope,  (Optics.)  one  to  which  both  eyes 
may  be  applied  ; same  as  binocle. 

BI-NOC'U-LATE,  «•  Same  as  Binocular.  Craig. 

Bl-NOC'U-LUS,  n.  (Zoiil.)  A genus  of  phyllopods, 
inhabiting  fresh-water  ditches,  and  resembling 
the  king-crab.  Van  der  Hoeven. 

BI-NO'MI-AL,  a.  [L.  bis,  twice,  and  nomen,  a 
name.]  (Algebra.)  Noting  an  expression  or 
quantity  composed  of  only  two  terms  connect- 
ed by  the  signs  plus  or  minus. 

Binomial  theorem , the  theorem  which  has  for  its 
object  to  demonstrate  tile  law  of  formation  of  any 
power  of  a binomial.  Davies. 

BI-NO'MI-AL,  n.  (Algebra.)  An  expression  con- 
sisting of  two  terms  connected  by  the  sign  + 
or  — . Davies. 

BI-NOM'J-NAL,  a.  Having  or  comprising  two 
names  ; binominous.  [r.]  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

Bl-NOM' (-NOUS,  a.  [L.  bis,  twice,  and  nomen,  a 
name.]  Having  two  names.  Dr.  T.  Fuller. 

BI-NOT',  n.  [Fr.  binoter,  to  till  or  dig  land  a sec- 
ond time.]  (Agric.)  A variety  of  double  mould- 
boarded  plough.  Loudon. 

Bl-NOT'O-NOUS,  a.  [L.  binus,  double,  and  tonus , 
a tone.]  (Mus.)  Consisting  of  two  notes.  Boag. 

BI'NOUS,  a.  [L.  binus,  double.]  (Bot.)  Existing 
in  pairs ; — applied  to  leaves  when  there  are 
only  two  upon  a plant.  Ogilvie. 

BI-NOX'IDE,  n.  [L.  binus,  double,  and  Eng.  oxide.] 
(Chem.)  A neutral  compound  of  two  equiva- 
lents of  oxygen  and  one  equivalent  of  some 
other  body  ; as,  “ Binoxide  of  nitrogen.”  Called 
also  deutoxide.  Faraday. 

BI-6£'jpL-LATE,  a.  [L.  bis,  twice,  and  ocellus, 
a little  eye.]  (Ent.)  Marked  with  two  eye-like 
spots.  . Brande. 

BI-O-DY-NAM'ICS,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  (3!ot,  life,  and  SOva- 
pts,  power.]  (Med.)  The  doctrine  of  vital  forces 
or  activity.  Duiujlison. 

b!-OG'RA-PHER  (bl-og'ra-fur),  n.  [Gr.  ptos,  life, 
and  Ypd'poi,  to  write;  Fr.  biog raphe.]  A writer 
of  biography.  Addison. 

BI-O-GRApH'IC,  ?a.  Relating  to,  or  consist- 

BI-O-GRAPII'I-CAL,  ) ing  of>  biography.  Warton. 

BI-O-GRAPH'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a biographical 
manner.  ’ Ec.  Rev. 

BI-OG'RA-PHIZE,  v.  a.  To  write  the  biography 
or  life  of. 

George  Fox,  William  Penn,  Wesley,  and  Whitefield  are  all 
that  I feel  solicitous  to  biographize.  Southey. 

BI-OG'RA-PHY  (bi-og'ra-fe),  n.  [Gr.  (Lot,  life, 
and  ypdipu,  to  write;  Fr.  biographic.]  The  art 
of  writing  an  account  of  the  lives  of  individu- 
als ; the  history  of  the  life  of  an  individual. 

The  life  of  Cowley,  notwithstanding  the  penury  of  Eng- 
lish biography,  has  been  written  by  Dr.  Sprat.  Johnson. 

Syn.  — Biography  is  the  history  of  tile  life  of  an 
individual;  life  is  also  used  in  the  same  sense;  as, 
“ Tile  Biographies  of  the  Signers  of  tile  Declaration 
of  Independence  ; ” “ Johnson’s  Lives  of  the  English 
Poets;”  “ Boswell’s  Life  of  Johnson.”  Autobiogra- 
phy is  the  life  of  an  individual  written  by  himself ; as, 
“ Tile  Autobiography  of  Franklin.”  Memoir  is  a bi- 
ography, or  a biographical  notice,  of  greater  or  less 
extent ; as,  “ The  Memoirs  of  tile  Duke  of  Sully  ; ” 
“ Tile  Memoir  of  Paley.” 

BI-OL'O-QY,  n.  [Gr.  Plot,  life,  and  ).6yo;,  a c$s- 
course.]  The  science  of  life.  Dr.  Black. 


BI'O-TINE,  n.  (Min.)  A mineral  composed 
chiefly  of  silica,  alumina,  and  lime,  and  found 
among  the  volcanic  products  of  Mount  Vesuvi- 
us : — named  from  M.  Biot.  Dana. 

BI'O-vAc,  n.  See  Bivouac.  Johnson. 

BIP'A-ROUS  [bip'a-rus,  W.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm. ; 
hl’pa-rus,  £>.],  a.  [L.  bis,  twice,  and  pario,  to  be- 
get.] Bringing  forth  two  at  a birth.  Johnson. 

Bl-PAR  I I-BLE,  i (Bot.)  Divisible  into  two 

BI-PAR'TILE,  j parts.  Loudon. 

BI-PAR'TIIJNT  (bl-p&r'shent),  a.  [L.  bis,  in  two, 
and  partio,  partiens,  to  divide.]  (Math.)  Di- 
viding into  two  equal  parts.  Crabb. 

BlP'AR-TlTE  [bxp'ar-tlt,  W.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm. ; 
hl'par-tlt,  S.],  a.  [L.  bis,  twice,  and  partio,  par- 
tit  us,  to  divide.]  (Bot.)  Having  two  corre- 
spondent parts.  Glanville. 

BI-PAR-TI''TION  (bl-pjr-tish'un),  n.  A division 
into  two  parts.  Johnson. 

Bl-PEC'TI-NATE,  a.  [L.  bis,  twice,  and  pectcn, 
pectinis,  a comb.]  Having  two  margins  toothed 
like  a comb.  Brande. 

Bl'P^D,  n.  [L.  bipes,  two-footed ; bis,  twice,  and 
pes,  pedis,  a foot.]  (Zoiil.)  An  animal  with  two 
feet. 

BlP'E-DAL,  a.  Two  feet  in  length ; having  two 
feet,  [r.]  Coles. 

BI-PEL'TATE,  a.  [L.  bis,  twice,  and  pelta,  a 
shield.]  Defended  by  a double  shield.  Brande. 

BI-PEN  NATE,  ) a . [p,.  his,  twice,  and  penna- 

BI-PEN'NAT-ED>  > tus,  winged,  from  penna,  a 
feather,  a wing.]  (Ent.)  Having  two  wings. 
“ All  bipennated  insects.”  ^ Derham. 

BI-PEN' MIS,  n.  [L.]  An  axe  with  two  blades, 
one  on  each  side  of  the  handle.  Fairholt. 

BI ' PE§,  n.  [L.,  two-footed.]  (Zoiil.)  A genus 
of  saurian  reptiles  resembling  seps,  but  having 
only  the  posterior  pair  of  feet.  Agassiz. 

BI-PET'A-LOUS,  a.  [L.  bis,  twice,  and  Gr.  ttitu- 
i.ov,  a petal.]  (Bot.)  Having  two  petals  or 
flower  leaves.  Johnson. 

BI-PIN'NATE,  a.  [L.  bis,  twice,  and 
pinnatus,  winged  ; pinna,  a feather, 
a wing.]  (Bot.)  Twice  pinnate. 

BI-PIN-nAt'I-FID,  a.  [L.  bis,  twice, 
pumatus,  winged,  and  findo,  to  di- 
vide.] (Bot.)  Twice  pinnatifid; 
pinnatifid  with  the  lobes  again  pin- 
natifid. Gray. 

Bl'PLT-CATE,  a.  (Bot.)  Doubly  folded,  trans- 
versely, as  some  cotyledons.  Henslow. 

BI-PLI^'I-TY,  (bl-plis'e-te),  n.  [L.  bis,  twice,  and 
plico,  plicitus,  to  fold.]  Reduplication ; doub- 
ling. [r.]  Roget. 

BI-PO'LAR,  a.  [L.  bis,  twice,  and  Eng.  polar.] 
Doubly  polar  ; having  two  poles.  Coleridge. 

bI-PO-LAr'I-TY,  n.  Double  polarity.  N.  B.  Rev. 

BI'PONT,  > a.  (Bibliography.)  Relating  to 

Bl-PON'TINE,  j editions  of  classic  authors  print- 
ed at  Deux-Ponts  (L.  Bipontium),  Germany. 

Dibdin. 

Bf-PUNCT'U-AL,  a.  [L.  bis,  twice,  and  punctum, 
a point.]  Having  two  points.  Bailey.  Scott. 

Bl-PU'PIL-LATE,  a.  [L.  bis,  twice,  and  pupilla, 
the  pupil  of  the  eye.]  (Zoiil.)  Noting  two  dots 
or  pupils  of  a different  color  in  an  eye-like  spot 
on  the  wing  of  a butterfly.  Brande. 

BI-aUAD'RATE  (bl-kwod'rat)  [bl-kwod'rat,  J.  F. 
Sm.  ; bl-k wfi/drat,  S.  W.  Ja.  K. ; blk'w?-draf, 
J*.],  n.  [L.  bis,  twice,  and  quadratics,  squared.] 
(Algebra.)  The  square  of  the  square,  or  the 
fourth  power.  Harris. 

BI-QUA-DRAt'IC,  n.  Same  as  Biguadrate. 

BI-QUA-DRAT'IC,  a.  (Algebra.)  Relating  to  the 
fourth  power.  Harris. 

Biquadratic  equation,  an  equation  in  which  tile  un- 
known quantity  rises  to  the  fourth,  hut  not  to  a high- 
er power.  Brande. 

BI-Q,UIN'TJLE,  n.  [L.  bis,  twice,  and  quintus, 
the  fifth.]  ( Astron .)  An  aspect  of  the  planets 


M?EN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  s6n  ; BULL,  BUR,  ROLE.  — £,  9,  9,  g,  soft ; £,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  7.;  £ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


BIRADIATE 


144 


BISEXUAL 


when  they  are  distant  from  each  other  by  twice 
the  fifth  part  of  a great  circle,  or  1-14°.  Craig. 

BI-RA'D[-ATE,  ) a.  [L.  bis,  twice,  and  radio , 

BI-RA'DI-AT-PD,  \ radiatus,  to  furnish  with 
beams  or  rays.]  Having  two  rays.  Brande. 

BIRCH,  n.  [A.  S.  birce ; Dut.  berke  ; Ger.  birke.) 
A well-known  tree  of  several  species,  forming 
the  genus  Betula.  The  common  birch  of  Eu- 
rope ( Betala  alba),  though  not  much  valued  for 
its  timber,  is  among  the  most  useful  trees  of 
northern  latitudes.  P.  Cyc. 

BIRCH,  a.  Made  of,  or  derived  from,  birch  ; 
birchen  ; as,  “ A birch  rod.” 

BIRCH'-BROOM,  n.  A broom  made  of  birch. 

BIR'CHEN  (bfr'chn),  a.  [A.  S.  bircen;  Dut.  ber- 
ken.)  Made  of  birch. 

Uis  beavered  brow  a birchen  garland  bears.  Pope. 

BIRCH'— WINE,  n.  Wine  made  of  the  vernal  juice 
of  the  birch,  and  once  held  in  high  estimation. 

T.  Warton. 

BIRD,  n.  [A.  S.]  The  generic  name  for  the 
feathered  race ; a two-legged,  winged,  feathered 
animal,  oviparous  and  vertebrated  ; a fowl. 

Two  birds  of  gayest  plume  before  him  drove.  Milton. 

Birds  are  divided,  by  Gray,  into  the  following  or- 
ders : Accipitres , Passcres,  Scaiisores,  Columbw,  Oalli- 
me,  Struthiones , Grallie,  and  Anseres. 

07;”  See,  under  the  names  of  the  several  orders  of 
birds,  the  names  of  the  several  families,  and,  under 
those  of  the  families,  the  names  of  the  several  sub- 
families, with  an  illustrative  cut  of  one  of  the  species. 

BIRD,  v.  n.  To  catch  or  shoot  birds. 

I do  invite  you  to-morrow  morning  to  my  house,  to  break- 
fast; after,  well  a-birding  together.  Shale. 

BIRD'— BOLT,  n.  An  arrow  formerly  used  for 
shooting  birds.  Shak. 

BIRD'— cAQIE,  n.  A small  enclosure  of  wicker  or 
wire-work  for  confining  birds.  Arbuthnot. 

BIRD'— CALL,  n.  A pipe  for  imitating  the  notes 
of  birds.  Cotgrave. 

BIRD'— CATCH- It,  n.  One  who  catches  birds. 

BIRD'— CATCH-JNG,  n.  The  act  of  catching  birds. 

BIRD'— CHER-RY,  n.  A tree  whose  fruit  is  much 
eaten  by  birds ; Prunus  padus.  Loudon. 

BIRD'  pR,  n.  A bird-catcher.  Minsheu. 

BIRD'— EYE  (bVrd’l),  a.  Seen  from  above,  as  by  a 
bird.  “ A bird-eye  landscape.” — See  Bird’s- 
eye.  Burke. 

BIRD'— EYED  (bird'ld),  a.  Having  eyes  quick  in 
sight,  like  those  of  a bird.  B.  Jonson. 

BIRD'— FAN-CI-ERj  n.  One  who  delights  in  birds  ; 
one  who  keeps  and  trades  in  birds. 

BIRD'ING— PIECE,  n.  A fowling-piece.  Shak. 

BIRD'LIKE,  a.  Resembling  a bird.  Niccols. 

BIRD'lTiME,  n.  A glutinous  substance  usually 
made  by  fermenting  the  inner  bark  of  the  holly- 
tree  and  mixing  the  product  with  nut-oil  or 
grease;  — used  for  catching  small  birds  by 
spreading  it  upon  twigs  so  as  to  entangle  their 
feet  when  they  alight.  It  is  sometimes  em- 
ployed, also,  for  catching  mice  and  other  ver- 
min. P.  Cyc. 

BIRD'LIMED  (-Ilmd),  a.  Spread  to  insnare.  Howell. 

BIRD'MAN,  n.  A bird-catcher.  L' Estrange. 

bird-of-pAr'a-dIse, 

n.  ( Ornith.)  A bird 
of  several  species, 
some  of  which  are 
very  beautiful.  The 
skin  of  this  bird,  de- 
prived of  the  wings 
and  feet,  has  long 
formed  a high- 
priced  article  of  ex- 
port from  the  east- 
ern parts  of  the 
world,  the  beauty 
of  its  plumage  caus- 
ing it  to  be  highly 
esteemed  as  an 
ornament  by  the  la- 
dies of  all  countries. 

Brande.  Paradisea  apoda  of  Linnams. 


BIRD'— OR-GAN,  n.  A small  barrel  organ  used  in 
teaching  birds  to  sing.  Ogilvie. 

BIRD'-PEP-PfR,  n.  ( Bot .)  A species  of  capsi- 
cum, bearing  a small  pod,  from  which  Cayenne- 
pepper  is  made  ; Capsicum  baccatum.  Loudon. 

BIRD’§'— CHER-RY,  n.  See  Bird-cherry. 

BIRD’S'-EYE  (birdz'l),  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the 
genus  Primula ; a species  of  primrose  ; Primu- 
la farinosa.  Loudon. 

BIRD’$'— EYE,  a.  Noting  a view  of  an  object,  or 
place,  as  seen  from  above,  as  by  a bird. 

Bird’s-eye  view,  (F.  Arts.)  a view  taken  from  a 
great  elevation,  the  point  of  sight  being  at  a very  con- 
siderable distance  above  the  objects  viewed  and  de- 
lineated. It  is  a useful  mode  of  drawing  to  represent 
extensive  districts  of  country,  battle  fields,  panoramic 
views,  &.C.  Brande. 

BIRD'S'— EYE— M A 'PLE,  n • Curled  maple;  — ex- 
tensively used  in  cabinet  work.  Craig. 

BIRD’S'— FOOT  (Mrdz'fut),  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of 
the  genus  Ornithopus,  having  pods  like  the 
claws  of  a small  bird.  Loudon. 

BIRD’S'— MOUTH,  n.  (Arch.)  An  interior  notch 
cut  in  the  end  of  a piece  of  timber  to  receive 
the  edge  of  a pole  or  plate.  Weale. 

BIRD’S'— NEST,  n-  C The  place  built  by  birds, 
where  they  deposit  their  eggs. 

2.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  several  species. 

The  edible  hinP s-ncst,  used  as  food  by  the  Chinese, 
is  a mucilaginous  substance,  and  is  the  nest  of  a spe- 
cies of  swallow  found  in  Java,  Sumatra,  &c. 

BIRD'— SPI-DfR,  n.  A species  of  spider.  Kirby. 

BIRD’S'— TAltES  (hirdz'tirz),  n.  A plant.  Johnson. 

BiRD’S'-TONGUE  (birdz'tung),  n.  (Bot.)  A per- 
ennial plant ; marsh  groundsel.  Crabb. 

BIRD'— WlT-T$D,  a.  Not  having  the  faculty  of 
attention.  Craig. 

BI'REME,  n.  [L.  biremis  ; bis,  twice,  and  remits, 
an  oar.]  An  ancient  vessel  with  two  banks  or 
tiers  of  oars.  Smollett. 

BI-RE  'J\IIS,  n.  [L.]  An  ancient  galley  with  two 
benches  of  oars  ; a bireme.  Crabb. 

BIR'GAN-DIJR,  n.  (Ornith.)  A sort  of  wild  goose. 
— See  Beiigander.  Crabb. 

Bl-RHOM-BOID'AL,  a.  Having  the  surface  of 
twelve  rhombic  faces,  which  being  taken  six 
and  six,  and  prolonged  till  they  intercept  each 
other,  would  form  two  different  rhombs.  Weale. 

BIR'KEN  (b’fr'kn),  a.  Birchen,  [r.]  Collins. 

BIR'lAw,  n.  [Ger.  baur,  a countryman,  and 
Eng.  law.]  (Scottish.)  A law  made  by  husband- 
men respecting  rural  affairs  ; — .supposed  by 
Spelman  to  be  the  same  as  by-law.  Burrill. 

BIR'MAN,  n.  (Geog.)  A native  of  Ava  or  the 
Birman  empire.  Ency. 

BI-ROS  1 RA  IE,  ; n_  [X.  bis,  twice,  and  ros- 

B|-R6S'TRAT-?D,  S tratus,  beaked.]  (Ornith.) 
Having  a double  beak.  Craig. 

BlR-OS-TRl'TES,  n.  (Pal.)  The  mould  of  the 
fossil  bivalve  Radiolites.  Woodward. 

BI-ROC'  SA,  n.  (Min.)  The  Persian  name  of  the 
turquoise  stone.  Cleaveland. 

BIRR,  v.  n.  (Scottish.)  To  make  a whirring  noise, 
as  millstones  in  motion.  Ogilvie. 

BIRT,  n.  A fish  of  the  turbot  kind.  Johnson. 

BIRTH,  n.  [Goth,  gabaurths  ; A.  S.  bcorth,  beran, 
to  bear  ; Gael,  breith .] 

1.  The  act  of  coming  into  life. 

At  thy  birth , dear  boy, 

Nature  and  fortune  joined  to  make  thee  great.  Sheik. 

2.  The  act  of  bringing  forth. 

And  at  her  next  birth,  much  like  thee, 

Through  pangs  fled  to  felicity.  Milton. 

3.  Extraction;  lineage;  rank  by  descent. 

Wrong  not  her  birth ; she  is  of  royal  blood.  Shak. 

What  is  birth  to  a man,  if  it  shall  be  a stain  to  his  dead  an- 
cestors to  have  left  such  an  offspring?  Sir  P.  Sidney. 

The  happiest  lot  for  a man,  as  far  as  birth  is  concerned,  is 
that  it  should  be  such  as  to  give  him  but  little  occasion  to 
think  much  about  it.  Whately. 


5.  The  thing  born  ; production. 

Poets  are  far  rarer  births  than  kings.  JJ.  Jonson. 

BIRTH'DAY,  n.  1.  The  day  on  which  one  is 
born.  ' Milton. 

2.  The  anniversary  of  one’s  birth.  Shak. 

BIRTH'DAY,  a.  Relating  to  the  day  of  one’s 
birth.  Pope. 

BIRTH'DOM,  n.  [ birth  and  A.  S.  affix  dorn, 
denoting  power,  right,  quality.]  Privilege  of 
birth  ; birthright.  Shak. 

BIRTH'ING,  n.  (Naut.)  Any  thing  added  to  raise 
the  sides  of  a ship.  Ash. 

BIRTH'LJSS,  a.  Wanting  birth,  [r.]  W.  Scott. 

BIRTH'NlGHT  (-nit),  n.  1.  The  night  on  which 
one  is  born.  Milton. 

2.  The  night  annually  kept  in  memory  of 
one’s  birth.  Pope. 

BIRTH'PLAce,  n.  Place  where  one  is  born.  Shak. 

BIRTH 'RIGHT  (-rlt),  n.  The  right  or  privilege  to 
which  one  is  entitled  by  birth. 

And  they  sat  before  him,  the  firstborn  according  to  his 
birthright,  and  the  youngest  according  to  his  youth. 

Gen.  xliii.  33. 

BIRTH'— SIN,  n.  Sin  from  birth;  original  sin. 
“ Of  original  or  birth-sin.”  Prayer-Book. 

BIRTH'— SONG,  n.  A song  sung  at  the  nativity  of 
a person.  “ A joyful  birth-song."  Fitz-geffry. 

BIRTH-STRAN'GLED  (-strSng'gld),  a.  Strangled 
at  birth.  “ Birth-strangled  babe.”  Shak. 

BIRTH'WORT  (birili'wurt),  n.  A perennial  medi- 
cinal plant ; Aristolochia.  Loudon. 

BIS.  [L.]  Twice: — used  in  composition;  also 
in  accounts  to  denote  duplicates  of  folios  or  ac- 
counts.— See  Bl. 

BIS-An'NU-AL,  n.  [L.  bis,  twice,  and  annus,  a 
year.]  (Bot.)  A biennial  plant.  — See  Bien- 
nial. Perry. 

BIS-CAy'AN,  n.  (Geog.)  An  inhabitant  or  na- 
tive of  Biscay.  Murray. 

Bls'co-TIN,  n.  [Fr.]  A sort  of  confection  made 
of  flour,  sugar,  marmalade,  eggs,  &c. ; sweet 
biscuit.  Johnson. 

BIS'CUIT  (bls'kjt),  n.  [L.  bis,  twice,  and  Fr. 
cuit,  baked ; cuire,  to  bake,  from  L.  coquo, 
coctus,  to  bake  ; It.  biscotto  ; Sp.  bizcocho. ] 

1.  A kind  of  hard,  dry,  flat  bread,  so  prepared 
as  not  to  be  liable  to  spoil  by  being  kept. 

According  to  military  practice,  the  bread  or  biscuit  of  the 
Romans  was  twice  prepared  in  the  oven,  and  a diminution 
of  one  fourth  was  cheerfully  allowed  lor  the  loss  of  weight. 

Gibbon. 

2.  A kind  of  bread  baked  in  small  cakes  and 
intended  to  be  eaten  while  hot  or  fresh. 

3.  (Pottery.)  Earthenware  or  porcelain, 

after  it  has  been  hardened  in  the  fire,  and 
before  it  is  glazed.  Francis. 

4.  (Sculp.)  A species  of  unglazed  porce- 

lain, of  which  groups  and  figures  in  miniature 
are  formed  to  imitate  marble,  the  best  being 
tlie  so-called  Parian.  Fairholt. 

BI-SCU'TATE,  a.  [L.  bis,  twice,  and  scu- 
turn,  a shield.]  (Bot.)  Resembling  two 
bucklers,  placed  side  by  side.  Loudon. 

BI-SECT',  v.  a.  [L.  bis,  twice,  and  seco,  sectus, 
to  cut.]  [i.  bisected  ; pp.  bisecting,  bisect- 
ed.] To  divide  into  two  equal  parts.  Browne. 

BI-SEC'TION,  n.  Act  of  bisecting  ; division  into 
two  equal  parts.  Johnson. 

BI-SEG'MJJNT,  n.  [L.  bis,  twice,  and  segmen, 
that  which  is  cut  off;  Fr.  segment,  a segment.] 
One  of  the  parts  of  a bisected  line. 

BI-SE’Rj-AL,  a.  (Bot.)  Arranged  in  two  rows; 
bifarious.  Lindley. 

Bl-SER'RATE,  a.  [L.  bis,  twice,  and  serratus,  » 

• saw-shaped;  serra,  a saw.]  (Bot.)  Doubly  ser- 
rate, as  when  the  teeth  of  a leaf,  &c.,  are  them- 
selves serrate.  Gray. 

Bl-SE  TOSE,  ) [L.  bis,  twice,  and  seta,  a bris- 

BI-SE'TOBS,  j tie;  setosus .]  (Bot.)  Furnished 
with  two  bristle-like  appendages.  Brande. 

Bl-SEX'U-AL,  a.  [L.  bis,  twice,  and  serus,  sex.] 
(Bot.)  Having  two  sexes;  hermaphroditic;  — 


A,  E,  1,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  f,  short;  A,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


4.  The  condition  in  which  any  man  is  born. 
A foe  by  birth  to  Troy’s  unhappy  name.  Drydcn. 


BISHOP 


B1TINGLY 


145 


applied  to  flowers  which  contain  both  stamens 
and  pistil.  Brande. 

BISH'OP,  n.  [Gr.  it!<tkottos,  an  overseer  ; on',  over, 
and  oKorrtw,  to  look,  to  view ; L.  episcopus  ; It. 
vescovo  ; Sp.  obispo  ; Fr.  eveque.— A.  S.  bisceop, 
or  biscop  ; Ger.  bischof.] 

1.  A spiritual  overseer,  or  one  who  has  the 
care  of  souls. 

For  ye  were  as  sheep  going  astray,  but  are  now  returned 
to  the  Shepherd  and  Bishop  of  your  souls.  1 Pet.  ii.  25. 

2.  ( Eccl .)  One  of  the  highest  order  of  the 
clergy  ; one  who  presides  over  the  clergy  of  a 
diocese  ; a prelate.  — In  all  denominations  of 
Christians  that  admit  the  episcopal  form  of 
government,  the  bishop  is  the  superior  of  the 
three  orders  of  clergy,  bishops,  priests,  and 
deacons. 

3.  A cant  term  for  a drink  made  of  wine,  or- 
anges, and  sugar. 

They  then  repnired  to  one  of  the  neighboring  taverns,  and 
made  a bowl  of  liquor  called  bishop,  which  Johnson  had  always 
liked.  Boswell. 

4.  A part  of  a lady’s  dress,  worn  on  the  back 
to  give  prominence  to  the  skirt;  — called  also 
bustle  and  tournure. 

Bishop’s  Court,  (Eng. Church.)  an  ecclesiastical  court 
held  in  the  cathedral  of  each  diocese,  the  bishop’s 
chancellor  being  judge,  and  judging  according  to  the 
civil  canon  law.  — Bishops’  Bible , a translation  of 
the  Bible,  so  called  from  Archbishop  Parker,  who 
employed  learned  men  to  review  previous  transla- 
tions ; — firsr  printed  in  folio  in  1568.  — Bishop’s  length, 
( Paint .)  canvas  measuring  58  inches  by  94.  The  half 
bishop  measures  45  inches  by  56.  Fairholt. 

Syn.  — See  Clergyman. 

BISH'OP,  v.  a.  I.  To  admit  solemnly  into  the 
church  by  confirmation  ; to  confirm.  “ Con- 
firmed and  bishopcd.”  Donne. 

2.  ( Cant  term.)  To  put  a false  appearance 
upon  a horse  in  order  to  conceal  his  age,  or  his 
bad  qualities.  Farm.  Ency. 

f BlSH'OP-DOM,  n.  The  dominion  of  a bishop. 
“The  right  of  bishopdom.”  Milton. 

BlSH  'OP-LIKE,  a.  Belonging  to  a bishop.  “ Bish- 
oplike authority.”  Fulke. 

BlSH'OP-LlNG,  n.  An  inferior  bishop.  Ec.  Rev. 

f BISH'OP-LY,  a.  Bishoplike.  “ Bishoply  cen- 
sure and  kingly  authority.”  Hooker. 

BISH'OP-RlC,  n.  [A.  S.  bisceoprice ; bisceop,  a 

bishop,  and  rice,  power,  dominion.]  The  juris- 
diction or  spiritual  charge  of  a bishop. 

Syn.  — Bishopric  and  diocese  both  describe  the  ex- 
tent of  a bishop’s  jurisdiction.  Bishopric  relates  to 
the  person  who  officiates,  diocese  to  his  charge. 

BISH'OPS-CAP,  n.  ( Bot .)  A plant  of  the  genus 
Mitella  ; mitrewort ; — so  named  from  the  form 
of  the  young  pod.  Gray. 

And  bishopscaps  have  golden  rings.  Longfellow. 

BlSH'OPS-VVEED,  n.  An  annual  plant.  Johnson. 

BlSH 'OPS- WORT  (blsh'ups-wUrt),  n.  [A.  S. 
bisceop-wyrt.]  A plant.  Todd. 

BISK,  n.  [Fr.  bisque. ] 1.  Soup  made  by  boiling 

various  meats  ; cullis.  “ Bisks  of  fish.”  King. 

2.  (Tennis.)  A stroke  allowed  to  the  weaker 
party  to  equalize  the  players  ; odds. 

BIS'RIJT,  n.  See  Biscuit.  Johnson. 

Bls'MUTH,  n.  [Fr.  bismuth ; Ger.  wismuth. ] 
(Min.)  A brittle,  brilliant  metal  of  a reddish- 
rvhite  color,  of  lamellated  structure,  and  not 
malleable.  It  usually  occurs,  combined  with 
other  substances,  as  an  oxide,  under  the  name 
of  bismuth  ochre ; as  a sulphuret,  called  bismuth- 
glance  ; as  a sulphuret  with  copper,  called  cop- 
per bismuth  ore  ; as  also  with  copper  and  lead, 
called  needle  ore.  It  resembles  antimony,  and 
crystallizes  readily  in  small  cubical  facets.  Ure. 

Butter  of  bismuth,  chloride  of  bismuth. 

BlS'MUTH-AL,  a.  Relating  to,  or  containing, 
bismuth ; bismuthic.  Smart. 

BISMUTH-GLANCE,  n.  (Min.)  A crystallized 
mineral ; sulphuret  of  bismuth.  P.  Cyc. 

BlSj'MUTH-IC,  a.  Relating  to,  or  derived  from, 
bismuth.  Brande. 

BI^'MUTH-INE,  n.  (Min.)  A sulphuret  of  bis- 
muth. Dana. 

Bls'MU-TlTE,  n.  (Min.)  A carbonate  of  bis- 
muth. Dana. 


BI-SOG'NO  (be-zon'yo),  n.  [It.]  A person  of 
low  rank  ; a beggar.  Beau.  § FI. 

BI'SON  (bl'son  or 
blz'un)  [bl'son, 

K.  R.  IV b. ; bV- 

zun,  C.  O. ; blz'- 
on,  Ja.  Sm.], 
n.  [Gr.  iSiVuv, 
the  hump-back- 
ed ox ; L.  bi- 
son ; Fr.  6fscm.] 

(ZoOl.)  A wild 
bovine  animal 
which,  in  the  United  States,  is  commonly,  but 
erroneously,  called  the  buffalo.  There  are  two 
living  species  of  this  animal,  one  of  them, Euro- 
pean, inhabiting  the  northern  parts  of  Europe 
and  Asia,  and  now  having  become  very  scarce ; 
the  other,  American,  still  very  abundant  in  the 
northern  and  western  parts  of  the  continent. 
The  bison  has  short  horns,  and  a large  fleshy 
hunch  on  the  back,  marks  which  distinguish  it 
from  the  proper  buffalo.  The  back  of  the  latter 
animal  is  more  like  that  of  the  common  ox, 
and  its  horns  are  very  long.  — See  Buffalo. 

BI-SPI'NOSE,  a.  [L.  bis,  twice,  and  spina,  a 
spine.]  (Zoiil.)  Having  two  spines.  Ogilvie. 

BIS'SAC,  n.  [Fr.]  (Mil.)  A double  sack  or 
wallet.  Crabb. 

BIS-SEX'TILE  (bls-seks’tjl)  [bTs-seks'tjl,  S.  IV. 
P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm. ; bls'seks-tll',  KenricK], 
71.  [L.  bisextilis,  containing  an  intercalary  day  ; 
bis,  twice,  and  sextus,  sixth  ; the  sixth  of  the 
calends  of  March,  according  to  the  Roman  reck- 
oning, or  the  24th  of  February,  being  counted 
twice  every  four  years.]  Leap-year;  a year 
which  contains  366  days,  and  in  which  Febru- 
ary has  29  days. 

BISS'LINGij,  n.pl.  Same  as  Biestings.  [Local, 
Eng.]  Farm.  Ency. 

f BIS'SON,  a.  [A.  S.  bisen.]  Blind.  Shak. 

Bl-STlP'ULED  (-uld),  a.  [L.  bis,  twice,  and  stip- 
ula,  a stalk,  a blade.]  (Bot.)  Having  two  stip- 
ules. Hooker. 

BlS'TON,  n.  (Ent.)  A genus  of  moths.  Dr.  Leach. 

BIS'TORT,  n.  [L.  bis,  twice,  and  torqueo,  tortus,  to 
twist.]  (Bot.)  A plant,  used  in  medicine  as  a 
powerful  astringent  ; snake’s-weed  ; Polygo- 
num bistorta.  Loudon. 

BIS'TOUR-Y  (bls'tur-e),  n.  [Fr.  bistouri.]  (Surg.) 
An  instrument  for  making  incisions  ; — so  called 
from  Pistoja  (anciently  Pistoria),  in  Tuscany, 
where  it  was  manufactured.  Chambers. 

BIS'TRE  (bis'tur),  n.  [Fr.]  (Paint.)  A brown 
pigment,  made  from  the  soot  of  dry  wood.  The 
soot  of  the  beech  is  esteemed  the  best,  being 
finely  pulverized,  and  the  salts  in  it  washed 
away  by  water.  Bistre  is  not  used  in  oil  col- 
ors, but  is  valuable  in  water  colors.  Fairholt. 

BI-SUL  CATE,  [L.  bisulcus,  divided  into  two 

BI-SUL'COUS,  j parts,  cloven  ; bis,  twice,  and 
sulcus,  a furrow.]  (Zoiil.)  Resting  upon  two 
hoofed  digits  ; cloven-footed.  Brande. 

Bl-SUL'PH ATE,  71.  (Chem.)  A sulphate  having 
two  equivalents  of  sulphuric  acid  to  one  of  the 
base.  Turner. 

BIT,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  bitol,  a bridle.]  [i.  bitted  ; 

pp.  BITTING,  BITTED.] 

1.  To  put  a bit  on  ; to  bridle.  Johnson. 

2.  (Naut.)  To  fasten  to  the  bits,  as  the  cable. 

BIT,  n.  [A.  S.  bitol,  a bridle  ; bita,  a bite,  a bit, 
a morsel  ; bitan,  to  bite.] 

1.  The  iron  appurtenances  or  mouth-piece  of 
a bridle,  to  which  the  reins  are  fastened. 

Unused  to  the  restraint 

Of  curbs  and  bits,  and  fleeter  than  the  winds.  Addison. 

2.  A piece  of  food  of  the  size  that  may  be 
bitten  oft';  a mouthful. 

Follow  your  function  — go  and  batten  on  cold  bits.  Shak. 

3.  A. small  piece  of  any  thing;  a morsel;  a 
fragment. 

He  bought  at  thousands  what  with  better  wit 

You  purchase  as  you  want,  and  bit  by  bit.  Pope. 

4.  (Com.)  A small  Spanish  silver  coin  valued 
at  about  6 pence  sterling,  or  at  10  cents  in  the 


United  States  : — called  a real  in  Spain  and  the 
Spanish  West  Indies. 

5.  (Car.)  A small  tool  for  boring  holes  in 
wood  or  any  other  substance,  so  constructed  as 
to  be  fastened  in  the  handle  or  stock,  by  means 
of  a spring.  The  shell-bit  is  used  for  boring 
wood,  and  has  an  interior  cylindrical  cavity  for 
containing  the  core : the  centre-bit  forms  a cy- 
lindrical excavation  by  turning  on  an  axis  or 
centre  : a counter shik-bit  is  used  for  widening 
the  upper  part  of  a hole. 

A hit,  in  the  smallest  degree.  “ Your  case  is  not  a 
bit  clearer  than  it  was  seven  years  ago.”  Arbuthnot.  — 
Bit  by  bit,  piecemeal. 

BITCH,  7i.  [A.  S.  bicce ; Gael,  bidse-,  Ger.  betze 

and  petze.]  * 

1.  The  female  of  the  canine  kind,  as  of  the 

dog,  the  wolf,  the  fox,  &c.  Jolmson. 

2.  A name  of  reproach  for  a woman.  Pope. 

BITE,  v.a.  [Goth,  beitan ; A.  S.  bit  an. ; Dut.  by- 
ten  ; Ger.  beiszcn  ; Sw.  bita  ; Dan.  hide.]  [i.  bit  ; 
pp.  BITING,  BITTEN  Or  BIT.] 

1.  To  gripe,  pierce,  or  wound  with  the  teeth. 

My  very  enemy’s  dog, 

Though  he  had  bit  me,  should  have  stood  that  night 

Against  my  fire.  Shak. 

2.  To  contend  with  ; to  treat  harshly. 

Thou  shalt  love  thy  neighbor  as  thyself.  But  if  ye  bite 
and  devour  one  another,  take  heed  that  ye  be  not  consumed 
one  of  another.  Gal.  v.  14, 15. 

3.  To  hurt  or  injure  by  cold  or  frost. 

It  blots  thy  beauty  as  frosts  bite  the  meads.  Shak. 

4.  To  cheat ; to  trick ; to  defraud. 

The  knight  had  wit, 

So  kept  the  diamond,  and  the  rogue  was  bit.  Pope. 

Bite  in , to  corrode  copper  or  steel  plates,  as  by  nitric 
acid,  &c. 

BITE,  v.  n.  1.  To  pierce  or  wound  with  the  teeth. 

Look,  when  lie  fawns  he  bites;  and  when  he  biles, 

His  venom  tooth  will  rankle  to  the  death.  Shak. 

2.  To  seize  with  the  teeth  or  mouth  ; to  snap 

at  a bait.  “ This  fish  will  bite.”  Shak. 

3.  To  hurt,  or  pain,  with  reproach. 

Each  poet  with  a different  talent  writes; 

One  praises;  one  instructs;  another  bites,  lloscommon. 

4.  To  give  pain  by  cold. 

The  air  bites  shrewdly;  it  is  very  cold.  Shak. 

5.  To  cause  to  smart. 

No  ointment  that  would  cleanse  or  bite.  Chaucer. 

BITE,  n.  [A.  S.  bita , a bite.] 

1.  Act  of  biting ; seizure  by  the  teeth. 

2.  A wound  made  by  biting.  “Their  ven- 

omed  bite.”  Dry  den. 

3.  The  act  of  a fish  taking  the  bait. 

I have  known  a very  good  fisher  angle  diligently  four  or 
six  hours  for  a river  carp,  and  not  have  a bite.  IValton. 

4.  A cheat;  a trick  ; a fraud.  [Low.] 

I’ll  teach  you  a way  to  outwit  Mrs.  Johnson ; it  is  a new- 
fashioned  way  of  being  witty,  and  they  call  it  a bite.  Swift. 

5.  A sharper  ; one  who  defrauds.  Johnson. 

6.  The  name  given  by  workers  in  metal  to 

the  adhesion  of  two  metallic  surfaces  brought 
into  extremely  close  contact.  Lardner. 

7.  (Printbig.)  That  part  of  an  impression 
which  is  improperly  printed,  owing  to  the  fris- 
ket  not  being  sufficiently  cut  away.  Craig. 

BlT'IJR,  n.  1.  The  person  or  animal  that  bites. 

Great  barkers  are  no  biters.  Camden. 

2.  One  who  deceives  or  defrauds  ; a cheat. 

A biter  is  one  who  tells  you  a thing  you  have  no  reason  to 
disbelieve  in  itself,  and,  if  you  give  him  credit,  laughs  in 
your  face,  and  triumphs  that  lie  lias  deceived  you.  lie  is 
one  who  thinks  you  a fool  because  you  donottnink  him  a 
knave.  Spectator. 

Bl-TER'NATE,  a.  [L.  bis,  twice,  and  ^ 
terni,  three.]  (Bot.)  Noting  compound  , 
leaves,  having  three  secondary  peti-  -(jjj  fft 
oles  proceeding  from  the  apex  of  the  Sr 
common  petiole,  each  of  which  bears 
three  leaflets.  Lindley. 

BlT'lNG,  n.  The  act  of  biting  or  wounding. 
“ They  will  avoid  the  biting  of  the  hound’s 
tooth.”  Holland. 

BIT'JNG,  p.  a.  Severe  ; sarcastic  ; caustic. 

Nothing  will  sooner  kindle  the  coals  of  contention  than  a 
biting  taunt.  Hopkins. 

BIT'ING-IN,  n.  (Mezzotint  Engravutg.)  The  pro- 
cess of  corroding  copper  and  steel  plates  with 
acids.  Francis. 

BIT'JNG-LY,  ad.  In  a sarcastic  manner  ; severe- 
ly. ’ Harrington. 


Bison. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  9,  9,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  j,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


BITLESS 


146 


BLACK 


bIt'LESS,  a.  Not  having  a bit  or  a bridle.  11  Bit- 
less Numidian  horse.”  Fanshawe. 


BlT'MAK-JEK,  n.  One  who  makes  bits.  Booth. 

BIT'— MOUTH,  n.  The  bit  or  that  part  of  a bridle 
which  is  put  into  a horse’s  mouth.  Bailey. 

BIT— NO'BEN,  n.  (Med.)  Salt  of  bitumen ; a 
white,  saline  substance  prepared  by  the  Hin- 
doos, and  used  by  them  in  the  prevention  or 
cure  of  almost  all  diseases.  Dunglison. 

BlTT,  n.  [Fr.  bittes.\  ( Xaut .)  A perpendicular 
piece  of  timber  going  through  the  deck  to  hold 
the  windlass  or  the  heel  of  the  bowsprit,  or  for 
the  purpose  of  securing  the  cables.  Dana. 

BlTT,  v.  a.  (Xaut.)  To  put  round  the  bits,  as  a 
cable  ; to  bit.  Craig. 


BIT'TA-CLE,  n.  See  Binnacle.  Bailey. 

BlT'TEN  (blt'tn),  p.  from  bite.  See  Bite. 

BIT'TER,  a.  [Goth,  baits-,  A.  S.  biter-,  Dut., 
Dan.,  Sw.,  § Ger.  bitter .] 

1.  Having  a biting,  hot,  acrid  taste,  like 
wormwood. 

All  men  are  agreed  to  call  vinegar  sour,  honey  sweet,  and 
aloes  bitter.  Burke. 

2.  Sharp  ; cruel ; severe.  “ Bitterest  enmi- 
ty.” “ Bitter  words.”  . Shah. 

Husbands,  love  your  wives,  and  be  not  bitter  against  them. 

Col.  iii.  19. 

3.  Calamitous ; miserable.  “ Bitter  day.” 

Amos  viii.  10.  “ Bitter  fate.”  Dryden. 

4.  Afflicted ; distressed  ; mournful. 

“Wherefore  is  light  given  unto  him  that  is  in  misery,  and 

life  unto  the  bitter  in  soul.  ,/oifiii.  20. 

5.  Hurtful  or  unpleasing  in  any  manner. 
Bitter  is  an  equivocal  word;  there  is  bitter  wormwood, 

there  are  bitter  words,  there  are  bitter  enemies,  and  a bitter 
cold  morning.  Watts. 

BiT'TUR,  n.  1.  Any  thing  bitter. 

A little  bitter  mingled  in  our  cup  leaves  no  relish  of  the 
sweet.  Locke. 

2.  (Med.)  A bitter  plant,  bark  or  root,  or  an 
infusion  made  from  it ; — commonly  used  in 
the  plural.  — See  Bitters. 

3.  (Xaut.)  That  part  of  the  cable  which  is 
abaft  the  bitts  ; — called  also  bitter-end.  Dana. 


BIT'TER,  v.  a.  To  imbitter.  Pilkington. 

BIT'TER— AL'MOND  (-H'miiml  or  -al'mund),  n. 
(Bot.)  A variety  of  the  almond;  Amggdalus 
communis,  var.  amara.  Loudon. 

BIT'TpR— AP’PLE,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  and  its 
fruit ; bitter-cucumber  or  colocynth  ; — used  in 
medicine  as  a powerful  cathartic.  Booth. 

BIT'TER— ASH,  n-  A tree; — called  also  bitter- 
wood.  Booth. 

BIT'TER— BEAN,  w.  A deleterious  or  poisonous 
nut.  Booth. 

BIT'TER— CU'CUM-BER,  n.  A plant;  — same  as 
bitter-apple.  Booth. 

BlT'TER— DAM'§ON,  n.  A tall  tree,  with  bitter 
bark ; a species  of  Quassia.  Booth. 

t BlT'TER-FUL,  a.  Full  of  bitterness.  Chaucer. 

BIT'TER— GOURD,  n.  A plant ; called  also  bitter- 
cucumber,  bitter-apple,  and  colocynth.  Johnson. 

BlT'TER-ING,  n.  (Brewing.)  Bittern;  a prepara- 
tion used  by  brewers  to  adulterate  beer  ; — com- 
posed of  quassia,  coccnlus  indicus,  liquorice, 
tobacco,  &c.  Francis. 

BIT'TER-ISII,  a.  Somewhat  bitter.  Goldsmith. 


BIT'TER-ISH-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  slightly 
bitter.  Ogilvie. 


BlT'TER-LY,  ad.  [A.  S.  biterlice .] 

1.  In  a bitter  manner  ; 
mournfully  ; sorrow- 
fully. 

And  Peter  went  out,  and 
wept  bitterly.  Luke  xxii.  62. 

2.  Sharply ; severely. 

Call  me  not  Naomi,  call  me 
Mara;  tor  the  Almighty  hath 
dealt  very  bitterly  with  me. 

Ruth  i.  20. 

BIT'TERN,  n.  [It.  bit- 
tore  ; Sp.  bitor ; Fr.  /tu- 
tor ; Dut.  butoor .] 

1.  (Ornith.)  A bird  of 
the  heron  kind ; the  Bo- 


taurus  stellaris  of  Stephenson,  or  Ardca  stellaris 
of  Linnaius.  It  has  long  legs  and  a long  bill, 
lives  constantly  near  the  water,  and  feeds  on 
fish,  reptiles,  small  birds,  and  mammals.  Yarrcll. 

Along  thy  glades,  a solitary  guest. 

The  hollow-sounding  bittern  guards  its  nest.  Goldsmith. 

2.  [bitter.)  The  residue  of  sea  water  after 
common  salt  has  been  separated  by  crystalliza- 
tion. It  has  a bitter  taste  arising  from  the 
muriate  of  magnesia  which  it  contains.  Brande. 

3.  [bitter.)  (Brewing.)  A bitter  compound 

of  quassia,  cocculus  indicus,  liquorice,  tobacco, 
&e.  ; — used  in  adulterating  beer.  — See  Bit- 
tering.  Ogilvie. 

BlT'TER-NESS,  n.  [A.  S.  biternys,  or  bitternes.) 

1.  Quality  of  being  bitter. 

They  all  concur  in  calling  sweetness  pleasant,  and  sour- 
ness and  bitterness  unpleasant.  Burke. 

2.  Malice  ; hatred. 

The  advocates  of  the  several  systems  did  not  carry  on  a 
calm  and  friendly  dispute,  but  reviled  aud  persecuted  each 
other  with  the  utmost  bitterness.  Abp.  Whately. 

3.  Sorrow ; affliction  ; distress. 

The  heart  knoweth  his  own  bitterness.  Prov.  xiv.  10. 

A foolish  son  is  a grief  to  his  father,  and  bitterness  to  her 
that  bare  him.  Prov.  xvii.  25. 

Syn.  — See  Acrimony. 

BIT'TI^R^,  n.  pi.  A liquid,  or  a spirituous  liquor, 
containing  an  infusion  of  bitter  herbs  or  roots. 

What  was  it  that  I saw  you  taking  for  your  bitters,  a little 
while  ago?  Cooper. 

BIT'TER-SPAR,  n.  (Min.)  A crystallized  dolo- 
mite. P.  Cyc. 

BIT'TER— SWEET,  n.  1.  (Bot.)  An  apple  sweet 
and  bitter.  Watts. 

2.  The  woody  nightshade,  whose  roots,  on 
being  chewed,  have  at  first  a bitter  and  then  a 
sweetish  taste  ; Solatium  dulcamara.  Loudon. 

BIT'TER-VETCH,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants; 
the  lieath-pea  ; Orobus.  Loudon. 

BIT'TER- WORT  (blt'ter-wiirt),  n.  The  yellow 
gentian  ; Gentiana  lutea.  Farm.  Ency. 

BIT'TOUR  (bit'tur),  n.  (Ornith.)  The  bittern. 
— See  Bittern.  Dryden. 

BI-TUME',  n.  Same  as  Bitumen.  May. 

BI-TUMED'  (be-tumd'),  a.  Smeared  with  bitu- 
men. Shak. 

II  BI-TU'MEN  [be-tu'men,  IF.  Ja.  K.  Sin.  B.-;  M- 
tu'men,  S.  J.  F.],  n.  [L.  bitumen,  Jew’s  pitch, 
fossil  tar,  asphaltum  ; Gr.  irirvs,  the  pine  or 
pitch  tree.]  (Min.)  The  name  of  several  in- 
flammable mineral  substances,  as  mineral  pitch, 
naphtha,  mineral  tar,  asphaltum  or  asphalte, 
elastic  bitumen,  or  mineral  caoutchouc,  jet,  min- 
eral coal,  & c.  Brande.  Craig. 

■855=  “ This  word,  from  the  propensity  of  our  lan- 
guage to  the  antepenultimate  accent,  is  often  pro- 
nounced with  the  stress  on  the  first  syllable,  as  if 
written  bit'll -men  ; and  this  last  mode  of  sounding 
the  word  may  be  considered  as  the  most  common, 
though  not  the  most  learned,  pronunciation:  for  Dr. 
Ash  is  the  only  orthoepist  who  places  the  accent  on 
the  first  syllable  ; hut  every  one  who  gives  the  sound 
of  tile  unaccented  vowels,  except  Buchanan,  very  im- 
properly makes  the  i long,  as  in  idle-,  hut  if  this  sound 
be  long,  it  ought  to  he  slender,  as  in  tile  second  sylla- 
ble of  visible , terrible,  &c.”  Walker. 

||  BI-TU'MI-NATE,  v.  a.  [ i . rituminated  ; pp. 
BITUMIN ATING,  RITUMINATED.]  [Fr.  bitumi- 
ner .]  To  impregnate  with  bitumen.  Smart. 

II  BI-TU-MI-NI F'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  bitumen  and/cro, 
to  bear.]  Producing  bitumen.  P.  Cyc. 

II  BI-TU-MIN-I-ZA'TION,  n.  Act  of  bituminiz- 
ing.  Journal  of  Science. 

||  BI-TU’MIN-IZE,  v.  a.  [*.  bituminized  ; pp.  BI- 
tuminizing,  bituminized.]  To  convert  into, 
or  combine  with,  bitumen  ; to  bituminate. 

Phil.  Mag. 

||  BI-TU'MI-NOOs,  a.  [L.  bitumineus  ; Fr.  bitu- 
mineux .]  Containing,  or  resembling,  bitumen. 

Bituminous  shale,  ( Gcol .)  an  argillaceous  shale,  or 
slaty  clay,  much  impregnated  with  bitumen,  common 
in  the  coal  formation.  — Bituminous  springs,  springs 
impregnated  with  petroleum,  naphtha.  &c„,  one  of 
which,  in  the  Birman  Empire,  is  said  to  yield  400,000 
hogsheads  of  petroleum  annually. 

Bl'VALVE  (bl'v&Iv),  a.  [L.  bis,  twice,  and  valva, 
a valve.]  Having  two  valves,  shutters,  or  shells, 
as  an  oyster  ; two-valved.  Woodward. 


Bl'VALVE,  n.  (Zoiil.)  A molluscous  animal 
having  two  valves  or  shells,  as  the  oyster,  mus- 
sel, &c.  Owen. 

BI'VALVED,  or  BI'vALV-ED,  a.  Having  two 
valves;  bivalvous.  Goldsmith. 

BI-yAL'VOUS,  a.  (Zo'ol.)  Having  two  valves; 
bivalved ; bivalvular.  Craig. 

Ill- VAL' VU-L AR,  a.  Having  two  valves.  Miller. 

BI-VAs'CU-LAR,  a.  [L.  bis,  twice,  and  tascu- 
lum,  a small  vessel.]  (Bot.)  Having  two  ves- 
sels. Crabb. 

Bl-VAULT'ED,  a.  Having  two  vaults.  Craig. 

BI-VEN'TRAL,  a.  [L.  bis,  twice,  and  venter,  a 
belly.]  Having  two  bellies.  Smart. 

Bi'Vl-OUS  [hi've-us,  Ja.  Sm.  R. ; blv'yus,  K. ; 
blv'e.us,  117).],  a.  [L.  bivius ; bis,  twice,  and 
via,  a way.]  Having,  or  leading,  two  ways. 

||  BIVOUAC  (blv'wtik)  [blv'w&k,  Ja.-,  blv'6-ak,  J.  ; 
bi'vn-ak,  Sm.],  n.  [Fr.  bivouac,  or  bivac.  — Ger. 
bewachen  ; bei,  near,  and  wache,  a guard,  a 
watch.]  (Mil.)  The  act  of  an  army  or  body  of 
soldiers  who  pass  the  night  without  encamping, 
watching  or  remaining  in  the  open  air,  in  ex- 
pectation of  an  engagement.  Brande. 

||  BIVOUAC  (blv'w&k  or  biv'6-SLk),  v.  n.  [t.  BIV- 
OUACKED ; pp.  BIVOUACKING,  BIVOUACKED.] 

(Mil.)  To  pass  the  night  in  the  open  air 
without  encamping,  and  in  a state  of  watchful- 
ness, ready  for  military  action. 

Washington  and  his  staff  bivouacked  that  night  [Septem- 
ber 25,  1781J  on  the  ground  in  the  open  air.  Irving. 

Bl-WEEK'LV,  a.  Happening  every  two  weeks. 

N.  Brit.  Rev. 

BIX' A,  n.  (Bot.)  A tree  of  tropical  America; 
Bixa  orellana.  The  pulp  of  the  fruit,  in  which 
the  seeds  are  imbedded,  furnishes  the  arnotto 
of  commerce.  Gray. 

BIX'WORT  (blks'vviirt),  n.  An  herb.  Bailey. 

BiZ'AN-TINE  [biz'fin-tln,  IF.  Ja.  Sm. ; blz-jn-tln', 
A'.;  be-zan'tjn,  Ash],  n.  [from  Byzantium.) 

1.  A gold  coin  of  the  Greek  Empire,  struck  at 
Byzantium  or  Constantinople,  valued  at  fifteen 
pounds,  and  once  current  in  England.  Chambers. 

2.  A royal  gift  on  festival  occasions,  which 

consisted  of  a piece  of  gold  of  the  value  of  £15. 
— See  Bezant.  Camden. 

BI-ZARRE',  a.  [Fr.]  Odd;  fantastic;  whimsi- 
cal ; singular.  Karnes. 

BIZ'ARD,  n.  A carnation  with  two  stripes  of 
two  colors.  Smart. 

BLAB,  v.  a.  [Ger.  plappcrn ; Dut.  babbelen,  to 
prattle,  to  blab.]  [ i . blabbed  ; pp.  blabbing, 

BLABBED.] 

1.  To  tell  what  ought  to  be  kept  secret. 

Sorrow  nor  joy  can  be  disguised  by  art; 

Our  foreheads  blab  the  secrets  of  our  heart.  Dryden. 

2.  fTo  tell,  in  a good  sense. 

That  delightful  engine  of  her  thoughts, 

That  blabbed  them  with  such  pleasing  eloquence.  Shak. 

BLAB,  v.  n.  To  tattle  ; to  tell  tales  ; to  prattle. 

When  my  tongue  blabs,  then  let  my  eyes  not  see.  Shak. 

BLAB,  ii.  A telltale;  a prater. 

The  secret  man  heareth  many  confessions;  for  who  will 
open  himself  to  a blab  or  babbler?  Bacon. 

BLAb'BER,  n.  A telltale ; a tattler.  Sherwood. 

f BLAb'BER,  v.  n.  [Ger.  plappern,  to  prattle.] 

1.  To  talk  idly  ; to  blab.  Halliwcll. 

2.  To  falter  ; to  fib.  Skinner. 

3.  To  whistle  to  a horse.  Skinner. 

BLAb'BER-LIPPED,  a.  Having  thick  lips. — See 
Blobber-lipped.  Skinner. 

BLACK,  a.  [A.  S.  blac;  Sw.  black,  bleak;  Dan. 
blek,  ink.] 

1.  Of  the  darkest  color  ; of  the  color  of  night ; 
dark  ; — the  opposite  of  white. 

In  the  twilight,  in  the  evening,  in  the  black  and  dark 
night.  Prov.  vii.  9. 

2.  Having  a sullen,  frowning,  or  cloudy  coun- 
tenance. 

She  hath  abated  me  of  half  my  train; 

Looked  black  upon  me.  Shak. 

3.  Horrible  ; atrocious  ; wicked. 

Either  my  country  nev«»r  must  be  freed. 

Or  I consenting  to  so  black  a deed.  Dryden. 


A,  E,  !,  6,  U,  V,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  V,  short;  A,  E,  !,  9,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  I1ER; 


BLACK 


147 


4.  Dismal ; mournful.  “The  consequence 

bitter,  black,  and  tragical.”  Shale. 

5.  Obscure  ; mysterious.  “ The  enigmatical 

black  art.”  Arnway. 

Black  and  blue,  having  the  color  of  a bruise. 

BLACK,  n.  1.  The  darkest  of  colors  ; the  color 
or  effect  upon  the  eye  arising  from  privation  of 
light.  “ Black  is  the  badge  of  hell.”  Shak. 

2.  A black  garment ; mourning. 

But  rise,  prepared  iu  black  to  mourn  thy  . . . lord.  Dryden. 

3.  A negro  ; a blackamoor.  Johnson. 

BLACK,  v.  a.  [i.  blacked  ; pp.  blacking, 

blacked.]  To  blacken  ; to  make  black.  Boyle. 

BLACK'A-m6oR  [bmk'a-mor,  P.  F.  K.  Sm. ; bl&k'- 
Si-mor,  IV.],  n.  [ black  and  Moor.] 

1.  A man  of  black  complexion  ; a negro. 

2.  The  bulrush  when  in  full  bloom.  [Local, 

Isle  of  Wight.]  Halliwell. 

BLACK'-ArT,  n.  Magical  art ; magic.  Crabb. 

j6®=A  translation  of  Low  L.  nigromantia,  substituted 
erroneously  for  tile  Gr.  vtspupavTCta  (necromancy),  as 
if  tile  first  syllable  had  been  L.  niger  (black).  Trench. 

BlAck'-ASH,  n.  Crude  carbonate  of  soda. 

Brancle. 

BLAcK'-BAcKED  (-b&kt),  a.  Having  a black 
back.  Pennant. 

BLACK'BALL,  n.  1.  A composition  for  blacking 
shoes. 

2.  A ball  of  black  color,  used  in  balloting, 
and  denoting  a negative  vote.  Smart. 

BLACK'BALL,  v.  a.  [£.  blackballed;  pp. 
BLACKBALLING,  BLACKBALLED.]  To  reject  by 
blackballs  or  negative  votes  ; to  exclude.  Smart. 

BLACK'BIJR-RIED-HEATH  (bl&k'ber-rjd-lieth),  n. 
A plant.  Johnson. 

BLACK'BIJR-RY,  n.  [A.  S.  bhpeberyen,  or  blacbe- 
rian.]  ( Bot .’)  A plant  and  its  fruit  of  several 
varieties  belonging  to  the  genus  Rubus.  Gray. 

BLACK' BgR-RY-ING,  n.  The  act  of  picking 
blackberries.  Ash. 

BLAcK'-BILLED  (-blld),  a.  Having  a black  bill. 

BLACK'BIRD,  n.  ( Omith .)  A black,  singing  bird  ; 
the  Turdus  merula  of  Linnaeus.  Brande. 

BLACK'— BOARD,  n.  A board  colored  black,  used 
in  schools  for  forming  figures,  diagrams,  &c., 
for  explanation  or  illustration.  Mann. 

BLAck'-BOD-ING,  n.  Betokening  evil.  Young. 

BlAck'-BON-N^T,  n.  (Omith.)  A bird;  the 
reed-bunting.  Eng.  Cyc. 

BLACK'-BOOK  (blak'buk),  n.  1.  A book  kept  in 
the  English  Exchequer,  containing  the  orders 
of  that  court,  with  the  names  of  its  officers, 
their  salaries,  perquisites,  and  duties,  as  well  as 
an  account  of  the  royal  household,  salaries,  du- 
ties, &c.  It  is  supposed  to  have  been  compiled 
in  1 175  by  Gervais  of  Tilbury.  Crabb. 

2.  A book  containing  the  returns  made  by 
the  commissioners  appointed  by  Henry  VIII.  to 
inquire  into  the  enormities  of  the  monastic  or- 
ders, with  a view  to  their  abolition.  Blackstone. 

3.  A book  kept  at  a university  containing  a 
register  of  crimes  and  misdemeanors. 

BLAck'-BRoWed  (-broud),  a.  Having  black 
eyebrows.  Shak. 

BLACK'— BRY'O-NY,  n.  A species  of  deciduous 
twining  plants  ; Tamils  communis.  Loudon. 

BLAcK'cAp,  n.  1.  (Omith.)  A singing  bird, 
with  a fine  black  crown  on  its  head ; the  black- 
cap warbler ; Curruca  atricapilla.  It  is  es- 
teemed by  some  as  superior  in  its  note  to  the 
nightingale,  whose  song  it  imitates,  and  hence  it 
is  sometimes  called  the  mock-nightingale.  Sweet. 

2.  (Cookery.)  An  apple  roasted  till  its  skin  is 
black.  Mason. 

BLACK'— cAT-TLE,  n.  Bovine  animals;  oxen, 
bulls,  and  cows.  — See  Cattle.  Swift. 

BLACK'— CHALK,  n.  1.  ( Geol.)  A kind  of  car- 
bonaceous shale,  found  in  Caernarvonshire. 

Craig. 

2.  A preparation  of  ivory-black  and  fine  clay. 

BLACK'— COAT,  n.  A common  and  familiar 
name  for  a clergyman  ; as  red-coat  is  for  a sol- 
dier. Boucher. 


BLACK'OOCK,  n.  (Omith.)  The  heathcock  ; the 
male  of  the  black-grouse  or  black-game ; the 
Tetrao  tetrix  of  Linnams.  Eng.  Cyc. 

BLACK'-CUR-RANT,  n.  (Bot.)  A shrub  (Ribes 
nigrum)  and  its  fruit.  Booth. 

BLACK'— DEATH,  n.  The  name  given  to  an  Ori- 
ental plague  which  occurred  in  the  14th  centu- 
ry, characterized  by  inflammatory  boils,  and 
black  spots  on  the  skin.  Ogilvie. 

BLAciV-DrAuGIIT  [-drift),  n.  A popular  purga- 
tive medicine,  consisting  chiefly  of  an  infusion 
of  senna  with  sulphate  of  magnesia.  Dunglison. 

BLACK'— DROP,  n.  A solution  of  opium  in  vine- 
gar or  verjuice.  Brande. 

BLACK'— EA'GLE,  n.  (Omith.)  The  common 
eagle,  called  by  some  the  ring-tail  eagle.  Booth. 

BLACK'— EARTH  (-erth),  n.  Mould.  Woodward. 

BLACK'EN  (bl&k'kn),  V.  a.  [A.  S.  blacian .]  [i. 

BLACKENED  ; pp.  BLACKENING,  BLACKENED.] 

1.  To  make  black  ; to  darken. 

That  little  cloud  appeared  at  first  no  bigger  than  a man’s 
hand,  hut  presently  after  grew  and  spread,  and  blackened  the 
whole  heavens.  * South. 

2.  To  defame  ; to  vilify. 

Let  us  blacken  him,  let  us  blacken  him  what  we  can,  said 
the  miscreant  Harrison  of  the  blessed  king.  South. 

BLACK'EN  (blak'kn),  V.  n.  To  grow  black. 

Air  blackened , rolled  the  thunder.  Vryden. 

BLACK'EN-UR  (blak'kn-er),  n.  One  who  black- 
ens. Shenvood. 

BLACK'— EX'TRAcT,  n.  A preparation  made 
of  Cocculus  indicus,  and  used  in  adulterating 
beer.  Ogilvie. 

BLACK'BY,  n.  A black  person  ; a negro.  Abbot. 

BLACK'-EYED  (bBtk'ld),  a.  Having  black  eyes. 
“My  black-eyed  maid.”  Ih'yden. 

BLACK'—  FACED  (blak'fast),  a.  Having  a black 
face.  Shak. 

BLAck'FISH,  n.  (Ich.)  1.  A fish  of  the  perch 
kind  in  Cornwall.  Crabb. 

2.  An  American  sea-fish ; the  Labrus  Amer- 
icans, or  tautog.  Storer. 

3.  Fish  newly  spawned.  [Scotland.]  Ogilvie. 

BLACK’— FLUX,  n.  (Chem.)  A mixture  of  car- 
bonate of  potash  and  charcoal,  obtained  by  def- 
lagrating tartar  with  half  its  weight  of  nitre  ; — 
used  in  melting  metallic  substances.  Brande. 

BLACK'— FLY,  n.  (Ent.)  An  insect  of  the  beetle 
tribe,  injurious  to  turnips.  Farm.  Ency. 

BLAck'FRI-AR,  n.  A friar  of  the  Dominican 
order,  so  named  from  the  color  of  his  garments  ; 
also  called  Preaching  Friar.  Crabb. 

BLACK'— GAME,  n.  (Omith.)  A species  of  grouse; 
black-grouse  ; blackcock  ; Tetrao  tetrix.  Booth. 

BLACK'GUArD  (blag'gSrd),  n.  [ black  and  guard.] 
A man  of  coarse  manners  and  abusive  or  vile 
language ; a vulgar,  base  fellow ; a ruffian ; a 
scoundrel. 

A lamentable  case,  that  the  devil’e  blacktjnar/l  should  he 
God’s  soldiers.  Fuller's  Holy  War. 

Blackguard  was  the  name  of  a pot-boy  or  scullion,  in  the 
reign  of  Queen  Anne.  Sir  J.  E.  Tennent. 

In  old  times,  when  a royal  progress  was  made,  — that  is, 
when  the  court  moved  from  one  palace  to  another,  or  the 
great  nobility  from  one  residence  to  another,  — these  palaces 
and  these  scats  of  our  nobles  not  being  so  well  furnished 
as  at  the  present  day,  it  was  customary  that,  at  such  a 
removal,  all  kitchen  utensils,  pots  and  pans,  and  even  coals, 
should  be  also  carried  with  them  where  they  went.  Those 
who  accompanied  and  escorted  these  — the  lowest,  meanest, 
and  dirtiest  of  the  retainers  — were  called  the  black  guard  ; 
then  any  troop  or  company  of  ragnmuttins;  and,  lastly,  when 
the  origin  of  the  word  was  lost  sight  of,  and  it  was  forgotten 
that  it  properly  implied  a company,  a rabble-rout,  and  not  a 
single  person,  one  would  compliment  another,  not  as  belong- 
ing to,  but  as  himself  being,  a blackguard . Trencli. 

BLACK'GUARD  (blag'g&rd),  v.  a.  To  abuse  with 
vile  language.  [Vulgar  and  colloquial.]  Jones. 

BLACK'GUARD,  a.  Scurrilous;  low  ; vile.  Prior. 

BLAcK'GUARD-ISM,  n.  The  language  or  beha- 
vior of  a blackguard.  Southey. 

BLACK'GIJARD-LY,  ad.  In  the  manner  of  a 
blackguard ; villanously.  Craig. 

BLAcK'-GtJM,  n.  (Bot.)  An  American  tree, 
which  bears  a deep  blue  berry,  and  is  valued 
for  timber  ; — called  also  yellow-gum  and  sour- 
gum.  Farm.  Ency. 


BLACKNESS 

BLACK'— HAIRED  (blak’llAril),  a.  Having  black 
hair.  West. 

BLAcK'-HEART-ED,  a.  Full  of  rancor  or  bad 
intentions.  Booth. 

BLAcK'HOLE,  n.  (Mil.)  A place  of  confinement 
for  soldiers.  Campbell. 

BLACK'ING,  n.  1.  Paste  or  liquid  for  blacking 
shoes.  Day. 

2.  (Iron  Founding.)  A black  wash,  made  of 
clay,  powdered  charcoal,  and  water,  for  coating 
loam-moulds  and  cores  to  give  smoothness  to 
the  surfaces  which  come  in  contact  with  the 
melted  iron.  Ogilvie. 

BLACK'— IR-ON  (-I-urn),  n.  Malleable  iron  not 
tinned,  — tinned  iron  being  called  white-iron. 

Ogilvie. 

BLACK'ISH,  a.  Somewhat  black.  Boyle. 

BLACK'— JACK,  n.  1.  The  leathern  cup  or  can 
of  elder  times.  Milton. 

2.  A mineral  called  blende-,  a sulphuret  of 
zinc.  Brande. 

BLACK— LEAD'  (blSk-led'),  n.  (Min.)  A com- 
pound of  carbon,  generally  with  a minute  quan- 
tity of  iron  ; graphite  ; plumbago.  Brande. 

BLACK'LEG,  n.  1.  A gambler ; a sharper  at 
race  courses.  Potter. 

2.  A disease  in  sheep  and  calves.  Ency. 

3.  A sheep  with  diseased  legs.  Craig. 

BLACK'— LET-Tf.R,  n.  A name  now  applied  to 
the  old  English  or  modern  Gothic  letter  or  al- 
phabet, which  was  introduced  into  England 
about  the  middle  of  the  14th  century,  and  be- 
came the  character  generally  used  in  manu- 
script works  before  the  introduction  of  the  art 
of  printing.  Some  of  the  first  printed  books, 
about  the  middle  of  the  loth  century,  were  in 
this  character,  to  imitate  manuscripts,  and  were 
sold  as  manuscripts.  This  was  the  case  with  the 
first  printed  Bible,  known  as  “ the  Mentz  Bible 
without  date.”  Books  printed  before  the  year 
1500  are  generally  in  this  character,  and  are 
styled  black-letter  books.  Brande. 

BLACK'— LET-T1JR,  a.  Written  or  printed  in 
black-letter.  “ Black-letter  books.”  Brande. 

BLACK'LY,  ad.  1.  Darkly  in  color.  Sackville. 

2.  Atrociously  ; wickedly.  Feltham. 

BLACK'— MAIL,  n.  [black,  as  denoting  the  low 
coin  in  which  the  tribute  was  paid  (Spelman), 
or,  in  a moral  sense,  as  denoting  its  illegality 
(Jamieson),  and  A.  S.  mal;  Goth.  maala\  Ger. 
mahl,  tribute  ; Gael,  mal,  rent.] 

1.  A certain  rate  formerly  levied  by  border 

chiefs,  who  were  allied  with  robbers,  on  the 
peaceable  inhabitants  of  adjoining  districts  in 
the  Scottish  Highlands,  and  near  the  confines 
of  England  and  Scotland,  as  a recompense  for 
protecting  their  cattle  and  goods  against  depre- 
dations. [North  of  England.]  Whishaw. 

2.  Money  extorted  from  persons  under  the 

threat  of  exposure  in  print  for  an  alleged 
offence ; hush-money.  [U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

3.  (Old  Eng.  Law.)  Rent  received  in  work, 
grain,  or  the  lowest  coin,  in  distinction  from 
that  received  in  silver,  which  was  called  white- 
money,  or  white-rent.  — See  Blanch-farm. 

BLAck'-MAR-TIN,  n.  (Omith.)  A species  of 
swallow ; the  swift ; Cypselus  apus.  Baird. 

BLACK'— MATCH,  n.  A pyrotechnieal  match  or 
sponge.  Smart. 

BLACK'— MON'DAY  (blak’mun'de),  71. 

1.  Easter-Monday,  which,  in  the  34th  of  Ed- 
ward III.,  1360  (then  first  called  Black-Mon- 
day), was  very  dark  and  so  inclement,  that 
many  soldiers  of  the  British  troops  then  before 
Paris  perished  on  horseback  from  the  cold. 

2.  A term  used  by  schoolboys  for  the  first 

Monday  after  the  holidays,  when  they  are  to 
return  to  their  studies.  Halliwell. 

BlAck'MOOR,  n.  [ black  and  Moor.]  See  Black- 
amoor. 

BLACK'-MOUTHED  (bl&k'mouthd),  a.  IJsing  foul 
language  ; scurrilous.  Killingbcck. 

BLACK'NIJSS,  n.  1.  The  state  of  being  black  ; a 
black  color. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RfjLE.  — 9,  9,  $,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z ; £ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


BLACK-OCIIRE 


Blackness  is  only  a disposition  to  absorb,  without  reflec- 
tion, most  of  the  rays  of  every  sort  that  fall  on  bodies.  Locke. 

2.  Darkness. 

His  faults  in  him  seem  as  the  spots  of  heaven, 

More  fiery  by  night’s  blackness.  Shak. 

BLACK'— O'jCHRE  (-d'ker),  n.  A variety  of  plumba- 
go combined  with  iron  and  alluvial  clay.  Weale. 

BLACK'— PEO' PLED  (-pe'pld),  a.  Having  black 
people.  “ Black-peopled  empire.”  Bandy  s. 

BLACK'-PUD'DING,  n.  A kind  of  sausage  made 
of  blood,  fat,  and  other  ingredients,  common  in 
Scotland  ; — called  also  black-pot . Halliwell. 

And  fat  hlack-puddinqs — proper  food 

For  warriors  taut  delight  in  blood.  Iiudibras. 

BLACK-ROD',  n.  The  usher  belonging  to  the 
English  order  of  the  garter  ; — so  called  from 
the  black  rod  he  carries.  He  is  of  the  king’s 
chamber,  and  usher  of  the  parliament.  Cowell. 

BLACK'RUST,  n.  A disease  of  wheat,  in  which  a 
black,  moist  matter  is  deposited  in  the  fissure 
of  the  grain.  Ogilvie. 

BLACK'— SALTS,  n.  pi.  A dense  lixivium  of  pot- 
ash obtained  from  wood  ashes.  Ogilvie. 

BLACK 'SMITH,  91.  A smith  who  works  in  iron  ; 
— so  called  from  his  being  very  smutty.  “The 
blacksmith  may  forge  what  he  pleases.’’  Howell. 

BLACK'— STRAP,  9i.  1.  Mediterranean  wine,  such 
as  is  furnished  to  sailors.  Mar.  Diet. 

2.  Spirituous  liquor  with  molasses.  Bartlett. 

BL.ACK'tAIL,  91.  A fish;  a kind  of  perch;  — 
called  also  ruff,  or  pope.  Johnson. 

BLAck'THORN,  9i.  (Bot.)  The  sloe;  Prunus  syl- 
vestris  or  spi9iosa  ; — cultivated  for  hedges. 

BLACK'— THRO AT-^D,  a.  Having  a black  throat. 

BLACK'— TOED  (blak'tod),  a.  Having  black  toes. 

BLACK'— TRESSED  (-trest),  a.  Having  black 
tresses.  Scott. 

BLACK'— TWITCH,  n.  (Bot.)  A noxious  weed  in 
wet  grounds.  Farm.  Ency. 

BLACK'-VIs'AI^ED  (blak'vlz'ajd),  a.  Having  a 
black  countenance.  Marston. 

BLACK'— VOM-IT,  n.  A discharge  from  the  stom- 
ach of  substances  of  a black  appearance,  as  in 
yellow  fever.  Ogilvie. 

BLACK'— WASH  (-wosli),  n.  A lotion  composed 
of  calomel  and  lime-water.  Brandc. 

BLACK'— WA-TER,  n.  Phlegm  or  black  bile  on 
the  stomach,  a disease  in  sheep.  Halliwell. 

BLACK'— WORK  (-wiirk),  n.  Iron  wrought  by 
blacksmiths.  Craig. 

BLAd'DER,  n.  [A.  S.  blaidr ; Dut.  binder  ; Ger. 
blatter .] 

1.  (Anat.)  A thin  membranous  bag,  in  the 
body  of  animals,  for  containing  some  fluid  se- 
cretion ; — especially  applied  to  the  urinary 
vessel,  either  when  performing  its  function,  or 
when  removed  to  be  used  for  any  other  purpose. 

The  bladder  should  be  extremely  dilutable  for  receiving 
and  containing  the  urine.  Hay. 

I have  ventured. 

Like  little  wanton  boys  that  swim  on  bladders , 

These  many  summers,  in  a sea  of  glory.  Shak. 

2.  A blister  ; a pustule.  Johnson. 

3.  (Bot.)  A pericarp  or  seed  vessel  which 

appears  as  if  inflated.  Ogilvie. 

BLAD'DER,  v.  a.  To  puff  up;  to  fill  with  wind. 
“ That  bladdered  him.”  Feltham. 

BLAD'DERED  (blad'derd),  p.  a.  Swelled  like  a 
bladder.  “ A bladdered  greatness.”  Dryden. 

BLAd'DER— KELP,  n.  A marine  plant.  Kirby. 

BLADDER-NUT,  n.  (Bot.)  A tree,  having  its 
fruit  membranaceous  and  inflated  like  a bladder  ; 
Staphylea:  — the  fruit  of  the  Staphylea.  Gray. 

BLAd’DPR-SEN'NA,  n.  (Bot.)  A shrub  of  the 
genus  Colutea,  and  its  fruit  which  is  contained 
in  pods  inflated  like  a bladder.  Loudon. 

BLAd'D^R-TREE,  n.  (Bot.)  A shrub  which  has 
large  inflated  capsules  ; Staphylea.  Bigelow. 

BLAD'DER-WORT  (-wurt),  n.  (Bot.)  The  name 
of  some  species  of  aquatic  plants  of  the  genus 
Vtricularia.  Wood. 


A,  E,  f,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6 


148 

BLAd'D£R-Y,  a.  Resembling,  or  containing,  a 
bladder  or  bladders.  Craig. 

BLADE,  9i.  [Gr.  ttI.utIjs,  broad ; A.  S.  bleed,  a 
shoot,  a branch  ; Ger.  blatt,  a leaf ; Hut.  blad .] 

1.  (But.)  The  green  shoot  and  leaf  of  grass, 

corn,  or  of  any  similar  vegetable ; the  expand- 
ed portion  of  leaves  and  of  unguicolate  petals 
and  sepals;  lamina.  — See  Leaf.  Gray. 

The  earth  bringeth  forth  fruit  of  herself;  first  the  blade , 
then  the  ear,  after  that  the  full  corn  in  the  ear.  Mark  iv.  2b. 

2.  The  sharp  or  cutting  part  of  a sword, 
knife,  &c.,  as  distinguished  from  the  handle. 

Be  this  his  sword,  whose  blade  of  brass  displays 

A ruddy  gleam,  whose  hilt  a silver  blaze.  Pope. 

3.  (Anat.)  The  broad,  flat  bone,  of  a triangu- 
lar shape,  situated  at  the  posterior  part  of  the 
shoulder ; the  scapula,  or  scapular  bone ; the 
shoulder-bone  ; the  blade-bone.  Dunglison. 

4.  (Naut.)  The  flat  part  of  an  oar.  Dana. 

5.  (Arch.)  One  of  the  principal  rafters  of  a 

roof.  Weale. 

6.  A gay,  dashing  fellow. 

Flushed  with  his  wealth,  the  thoughtless  blade 

Despised  frugality  and  trade.  Cotton. 

BLADE,  v.  a.  To  furnish  with  a blade.  Johnson. 

BLADE'— BONE,  n.  The  scapula,  or  bone  of  the 
shoulder ; the  shoulder-bone.  Pope. 

BLAD'UD,  a.  Having  blades  or  spires.  “ B lad- 
ed grass.”  Shak. 

BLADE'— FISH,  9i.  (Ich.)  The  Xiphicthis  Itus- 
sellii  of  Swainson,  an  extraordinary  fish  of  In- 
dia, having  a thin  body,  like  a sword,  two  feet 
eight  inches  in  length.  Craig. 

BLADE—  MET- AL,  n.  Metal  for  blades.  Milton. 

BLAdE'SMITH,  n.  A sword  cutler.  Huloet. 

BLAE  (bla),  n.  [Scottish.]  1.  A thin  plate ; a 
scale ; lamina. 

2.  A rough  part  of  wood  left  in  consequence 
of  boring  or  sawing.  Jamieson. 

BLAe'BER-RY,  n.  Same  as  Bleaberuy.  Ogilvie. 

BLAlN,  9i.  [A.  S.  blcgc9i,  a blister.] 

1.  A pustule  ; a botch  ; a sore. 

Botches  and  blains  must  all  his  flesh  imboss.  Milton. 

2.  (Farriery.)  An  inflammation  or  eruption 

on  the  tongues  of  animals.  Farm.  Ency. 

BLAM'A-BLE,  a.  Deserving  censure;  culpable; 
censurable  ; reprehensible  ; faulty.  Dryden. 

BLAm'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Culpableness.  Whitlock. 

BLAM'A-BLY,  ad.  In  a manner  liable  to  cen- 
sure ; culpably  ; censurably.  Agliffe. 

BLAME,  v.  a.  [It.  biasimarc,  Fr.  blamer.\  [ i . 
BEAMED  ; pp.  BLAMING,  BLAMED.] 

1.  To  censure  ; to  charge  with  fault. 

Each  finding,  like  a friend, 

Something  to  blame  and  something  to  commend.  Pope. 

2.  fTo  blemish;  to  bring  reproach  upon. 

“ She  bla9ned  her  noble  blood.”  Spenser. 

To  be  to  blame,  to  be  blamable.  — See  Blame,  n. 

Syn.  — See  Accuse. 

BLAME , n.  [Fr  .blame.]  1.  Imputation  of  a fault ; 
censure. 

They  lay  the  blame  on  the  poor  little  ones,  to  divert  it  from 
themselves.  Locke. 

2.  That  which  deserves  censure  ; fault. 

That  vfe  should  be  holy  and  without  blame  before  him  in 

love.  Eph.  i.  4. 

3.  + Injury  ; hurt. 

And,  glancing  down  his  shield,  from  blame  him  fairly  blest. 

Spenser. 

PSP*  “ There  is  a peculiar  structure  of  this  word,” 
says  Dr.  Johnson,  “ in  which  it  is  not  very  evident 
whether  it  be  a noun  or  a verb  ; but  I conceive  it  to 
be  the  noun  ; ” as  in  the  phrase,  “ He  is  to  blame,” 
which  is  equivalent  to  “ He  is  blamable , worthy  of 
blame , or  to  be  blamed .” 

Syn. — See  Reprehension. 

BLAme'FUL,  a.  Culpable  ; blamable.  Shak. 

BLAME'FUL-LY,  ad.  In  a culpable  manner; 
blamably.  Craig. 

BLAME'LBSS,  a.  Free  from  blame  ; irreproach- 
able ; unblemished ; unspotted  ; spotless  ; fault- 
less ; innocent. 

Be  diligent,  that  ye  may  be  found  of  him  in  pence,  with- 
out spot,  and  blameless.  2 Pet.  iii.  14. 

Syn.  — A blameless  character  is  one  that  is  free  | 


|,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  5,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure ; FARE, 


BLANDILOQUENCE 

from  blame  or  censure  ; a spotless,  unspotted,  or  un- 
blemished character  is  one  against  which  no  charge 
has  been  brought  : an  irreproachable  character  is  one 
against  which  no  charge  can  bo  brought.  Unblem- 
ished reputation  ; irreproachable  conduct ; an  innocent 
child. 

BLAme'LESS-LY,  ad.  Innocently.  Hammond. 

BLAME'LpSS-NESS,  n.  Freedom  from  blame  ; 
innocence.  Hammond. 

BLAM'^R,  n.  One  who  blames;  a censurer. 
“ Blamers  of  the  times.”  Donne. 

BLAME'WOR-THI-NESS  (blam'wur-the-nes),  n. 
The  quality  of  deserving  blame.  A.  Smith. 

BLAME'VVOR-THY  (blam'wur-tbe),  a.  Worthy 
of  blame  or  censure  ; culpable.  Butler. 

BLAN'cARD,  n.  [Fr.  blanch ard ; blanc,  white.] 
(Com.)  A kind  of  linen  cloth  manufactured  in 
Normandy.  Boag. 

BLANCH  (12),  v.  a.  [Fr.  blanchir  ; blanc,  white.] 
[ i . BLANCHED;  pp.  BLANCHING,  BLANCHED.] 

1.  To  make  white  ; to  whiten  ; to  bleach. 

You  can  behold  such  sights, 

And  keep  the  natural  ruby  of  your  cheeks, 

When  mine  are  blanched  with  fear.  Shak. 

2.  To  strip  or  peel,  as  the  rind  or  husk  of 
fruits. 

Their  suppers  may  be  biscuit,  raisins,  and  a few  blanched 
almonds.  Wiseman. 

3.  fTo  slur  ; to  pass  over  ; to  shift  off. 

A man  horribly  cheats  his  own  soul,  who,  upon  any  pre- 
tence, forsakes  or  blanches  the  true  principles  of  religion. 

Goodman. 

Blanched  copper , ( Chem .)  an  alloy  of  eight  ounces 
of  copper  and  half  an  ounce  of  neutral  arsenical  salt, 
fused  with  a flux  made  of  calcined  borax,  charcoal 
dust,  and  fine  powdered  glass.  Francis. 

Syn.  — See  Whiten. 

BLANCH,  v.  n.  1.  To  grow  white. 

2.  To  evade  ; to  shift. 

Books  will  speak  plain,  when  counsellors  blanch.  Bacon. 

BLANCHIR,  n.  1.  One  who  blanches  or  whitens. 

2.  Any  thing  set  round  a wood  to  keep  the 
deer  in  it. 

3.  A man  employed  to  keep  deer  in  a wood. 

Halliwell . 

BLAnCH'-FARM,  91.  [Fr.  bla9ic,  white,  and  A.S. 
feorm,  or  fearme,  food,  provisions,  a farm.] 
(Old  E9ig.  Law.)  White  farm  or  white  rent; 
i.  e.,  rent  paid  in  silver,  and  not  in  cattle  or 
provisions.  — See  Black-mail.  Burrill. 

BLANCH-IM'E-TPR,  n.  (blanch  and  Gr.  pirpbv,  a 
measure.]  (Che9n.)  An  instrument  for  measur- 
ing the  bleaching  power  of  certain  chemical 
agents.  Smart. 

BLAnCH'ING,  9i.  1.  The  art  or  the  act  of  making 
dny  thing  white.  Craig. 

2.  (Iiort.)  The  whitening  of  the  stems, 
stalks,  and  leaves  of  plants  by  covering  them 
with  earth  so  as  to  exclude  the  action  of  light. 

Brands. 

3.  (Cookery.)  The  stripping  or  peeling  of 

almonds.  Craig. 

4.  (Coining.)  The  operation  performed  on 
the  planchets  or  pieces  of  silver  to  give  them 
the  requisite  lustre  and  brightness.  Craig. 

5.  The  operation  of  covering  iron  plates  with 

a thin  coat  of  tin.  Craig. 

BLANC-MANGE  v (bla.m5nj/)  [i,l9-monj',  Wb. 

BLANC — MANGER)  Ash',  blong-mongzh',  >Sm.], 
9i.  [Fr.  blanc,  white,  and  manger,  food.]  A 
confected  white  jelly  ; food  made  principally  of 
milk  mixed  with  a solution  or  infusion  of  some 
gelatinous  substance,  such  as  isinglass  or  sea- 
moss,  sweetened  with  sugar,  and  variously  fla- 
vored with  essences  or  essential  oils.  IF.  Ency. 

■ Written  both  blanc-manger  and  blanc,  mange  by 
good  authorities ; though  more  commonly  written 
blanc-manger . 

BLAND,  a.  [L.  blandus,  of  a smooth  tongue, 
flattering,  pleasant;  It.  <S,  Sp.  blandoi]  Soft; 
mild  ; gentle.  “ Vapors  bland.”  Milton. 

t BLAN-DA'TION,  n.  A piece  of  flattery  ; blan- 
dishment,. Camden. 

t BLAN-DIL'O-GUENCE,  n.  [L.  blandiloquentia ; 
blandus,  flattering,  and  loquor,  to  speak.]  Fair 
and  flattering  speech;  courteous  language; 
compliment.  Glos.  Anglicana  Nova,  1707. 


FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


BLANDIMENT 


149 


BLASTING 


f BLAn'DI-MENT,  re.  [L.  blandimentum.  1 Blan- 
dishment. Burnet. 

BLAn'DISH,  v.  a.  [L.  blandior,  to  caress,  to 
flatter ; Fr.  blandir ; It.  blandire.]  [t.  blan- 
dished ; pp.  BLANDISHING,  BLANDISHED.]  To 
soothe  ; to  flatter  ; to  smooth  ; to  soften.  “ Blan- 
dished, parleys.”  Milton. 

BLAN'DISH,  v.  n.  To  be  courteous  in  behavior 
or  in  language. 

She,  blandishing,  by  Dunsmove  drives  along.  Drayton. 

BLAN'DISH-IJR,  n.  One  who  blandishes ; one 
who  flatters.  Cotgravc. 

BLAn'DISH-ING,  n.  Blandishment.  Beaumont. 

BLAn'DISH-MENT,  n.  Act  of  blandishing;  soft 
words ; kind  treatment. 

When  all  the  blandishments  of  life  are  gone, 

The  coward  sneaks  to  death,  the  brave  live  on.  Sewell. 

BLAnD'NJJSS,  n.  State  of  being  bland;  mild- 
ness. Chalmers. 

BLAJV-  O XJILLF. ',  n.  A small  coin  of  Barbary, 
value  about  three  half  pence  sterling  ; — written 
also  blanquil.  Craig. 

BLANK,  a.  [A.  S.  blican,  to  shine,  to  glitter  ; 
Ger.  blank , blank,  bright,  bare ; blinken,  to 
shine.  — Sp.  bianco ; Fr.  blanc,  white.] 

1.  White.  “ The  blank  moon.”  Milton. 

2.  Void  of  written  or  printed  characters. 
“ Blank  charters.”  “ Blank  page.”  Shak. 

3.  Pale  from  fear,  astonishment,  or  grief ; 
confounded ; dispirited. 

Adam,  soon  as  he  heard 
The  fatal  trespass  done  bv  Eve,  amazed, 

Astonied  stood,  and  blank.  Milton. 

’T  is  all  blank  sadness  or  continual  fears.  Pope. 

4.  Without  rhyme ; as,  blank  verse,  i.  e. 
verse  void  or  bare  of  rhyme ; — applied  particu- 
larly to  the  unrhymed  heroic  verse  of  five  feet, 
such  as  that  used  by  Milton  in  Paradise  Lost. 

Blank  indorsement,  the  indorsement  of  a bill  of  ex- 
change or  promissory  note  by  merely  writing  the 
name  of  the  indorser,  without  mentioning  any  person 
to  whom  the  hill  or  note  is  to  be  paid  called  alsoan 
indorsement  in  blank.  Burrill. 

BLANK,  n.  [It.  bianco ; Sp . bianco  \ Fr . blanc.] 

1.  A void  space  on  paper. 

I cannot  write  a paper  full,  as  I used  to  do;  and  yet  I will 
not  forgive  a blank  of  half  nil  inch  from  you.  Swift. 

2.  A paper  unwritten,  or  a printed  form  con- 
taining such  words  as  are  common  in  legal  doc- 
uments, as  deeds,  &c.,  with  spaces  left  to  be 
filled  by  particular  names,  dates,  amounts,  &c., 
to  suit  different  cases. 

3.  Any  thing  without  marks  or  characters. 

For  his  thoughts. 

Would  they  were  blanks,  rather  than  tilled  with  me.  Shak. 

4.  A lot  by  which  nothing  is  gained,  or  on 
which  no  prize  is  marked. 

In  Fortune’s  lottery  lies 

A heap  of  blanks  like  this  for  one  small  prize.  Dryden. 

.5.  The  white  point  to  which  an  arrow  or  a 
shot  is  directed  ; point-blank;  aim;  object. 

As  level  as  the  cannon  to  his  blank.  Shak. 

6.  pi.  f A mode  of  extortion  by  which  blank 
papers  were  given  to  the  agents  of  the  crown, 
which  they  were  to  fill  up  as  they  pleased,  to  au- 
thorize the  demands  they  chose  to  make. 

And  daily  new  exactions  are  devised. 

As  blanks , benevolence,  and  I wot  not  what.  Shak. 

7.  +An  ancient  English  coin  worth  about 

eight  pence  : — also  a French  coin  of  half  that 
value.  Gayton. 

8.  A disk  of  metal  uncoined.  Clarkef 

BLANK,  V.  a.  [i.  BLANKED  ; pp.  BLANKING, 
BLANKED.] 

1.  To  confuse  ; to  confound  ; to  depress. 

If  the  atheist,  when  he  dies,  should  find  that  his  soul  re- 
mains, how  will  this  man  be  amazed  and  blanked ! Tillotso n. 

2.  To  efface  ; to  annul. 

All  former  purposes  were  blanked.  Spenser. 

BLANK'— bAr,  re.  (Law.)  A plea  in  an  action  of 
trespass  obliging  the  plaintiff  to  assign  the  cer- 
tain place  where  the  trespass  was  committed  ; 
— called  also  common  bar.  Burrill. 

BLANK'— CAR'TRIDtjJE,  n.  (Mil.)  A cartridge 

containing  powder  only.  Booth. 

BLANK'— DOOR  (-dor),  n.  (Arch.)  A sinking  in 
a wall  made  to  resemble  a door.  Ogilvie. 


BLANK'BT,  n.  [Fr.  blanchet.] 

1.  A soft,  coarsely  woven,  woollen  cloth  used 
for  beds,  for  coverings  of  horses,  Ac. 

Then  with  tapestry. 

Best  sheets  and  blankets  make  his  bed.  Chapman. 

2.  ( Letter-press  Printing.)  The  cloth  vised  in 

stuffing  the  tympan.  Craig. 

3.  (Cloth  Printing.)  The  cover  of  the  print- 
ing table.  Craig. 

4.  [Fr.  blanquette .]  (Bot.)  A delicate  sum- 
mer pear  ; — also  written  blanquet.  Johnson. 

BLANK'F.T,  V.  a.  [*.  BLANKETED  ; pp.  BLANKET- 
ING, BLANKETED.] 

lr  To  cover  with  a blanket. 

My  face  I'll  grime  with  filth; 

Blanket  my  loins;  tie  all  my  hair  in  knots.  Shak. 

2.  To  toss  in  a blanket,  by  way  of  punish- 
ment or  in  derision. 

Let  ’em  be  cudgelled  out  of  doors  by  our  grooms; 

We  ’ll  have  our  men  blanket  ’em  i’  the  hall.  B.  Jonson. 

BLANK'FT-ING,  n.  1.  Act  of  tossing  in  a blank- 
et for  punishment  or  in  derision. 

That  affair  of  the  blanketing  happened  to  thee  for  the  fault 
thou  wast  guilty  of.  Smollett's  Don  Quixote. 

2.  Cloth  or  materials  for  blankets. 

BLANK'LY,  ad.  In  a blank  manner ; with  con- 
fusion. 

BLANK'NFSS,  n.  State  of  being  blank.  Erring. 

BLANK— VERSE',  n.  Unrhymed  metrical  lan- 
guage ; — particularly  the  heroic  verse  of  five 
feet,  without  rhyme.  Cowper. 

BLAnK'-WIN-DOW,  n.  (Arch.)  A sinking  in  a 
wall  made  to  resemble  a window.  Ogilvie. 

BlAre,  v.  n.  [Ger.  blarren ; Dut.  blaeren,  to  cry 
out.]  To  bellow ; to  roar,  [r.]  Skinner. 

BlAre,  re.  1.  A coin  of  Switzerland,  value 
about  one  penny  sterling.  Crabb. 

2.  Noise  ; roar  ; sound.  “ The  blare  of  trum- 
pets.” [r.]  Athenccum. 

BLAr'NIJY,  re.  [Supposed  by  Grose  to  have  been 
derived  from  the  phrase  “ licking  the  Blarney- 
stone ,”  applied  to  incredible  stories  told  of 
climbing  to  a stone  very  difficult  of  access,  on 
a castle  of  that  name,  in  the  county  of  Cork, 
Ireland.  But  Dr.  Jamieson  derives  it  from  Fr. 
baliverne,  a lie,  frivolous  talk.] 

1.  A marvellous  narration. 

2.  Gross  flattery ; unmeaning  or  vexatious 

discourse.  [Low.]  Jamieson. 

BLAS-PHEME'  (bl?s-fem'),  V.  a.  [Gr.  /D.uaq,iip{u>, 
to  injure  one’s  good  name,  to  defame  ; (ihiurm , 
to  injure,  and  tbypri,  reputation  ; L.  blasphemo ; 
Fr.  blasphemer.']  [i.  blasphemed  ; pp.  blas- 
pheming, BLASPHEMED.] 

1.  To  speak  evil  of;  to  revile  ; to  calumniate. 

Those  who  from  our  labors  heap  their  board 

Blaspheme  their  feeder,  and  forget  their  lord.  Pope. 

2.  To  speak  in  terms  of  impious  irreverence 
of  God  or  of  things  sacred  ; to  speak  impiously 
of. 

Thou  didst  blaspheme  God  and  the  king.  1 Kings  xxi.  10. 

BLAS-PHEME',  v.  n.  To  speak  irreverently  of 
God  or  of  sacred  things. 

I punished  them  oft  in  every  synagogue,  and  compelled 
them  to  blaspheme.  Acts  xxvi.  11. 

BLAS-PHEM'FR  (bljs-fem'er),  re.  One  who  blas- 
phemes. 1 Tim.  i.  13. 

BLAS-PHEM'FR-ESS,  re.  A female  who  blas- 
phemes. Hall. 

BLAS-PHEM'ING,  re.  The  act  of  blasphemy. 

BLAS'PHE-MOCs,  a.  [Gr.  fihia^po; ; L.  blas- 
phemies.] Partaking  of  blasphemy  ; impiously 
irreverent  with  regard  to  God  or  to  sacred 
things  ; impious. 

tfkf-  “ We  sometimes  hear  this  word  pronounced 
with  the  accent  on  the  second  syllable,  like  blas- 
pheme; and  as  the  word  blasphernus,  in  Latin,  has 
the  second  syllable  long,  and  the  English  word  lias 
tlie  same  number  of  syllables,  it  lias  as  good  a right 
to  the  accent  on  the  second  syllable  as  sonorous,  bitu- 
pien,  acumen,  &c.  ; but  placing  the  accent  on  the  first 
syllable  of  blasphemous  is  by  much  the  most  polite, 
as,  unfortunately  for  the  other  pronunciation,  though 
a learned  one,  it  lias  been  adopted  by  the  vulgar.” 
tValher. 

BLAs'PHF-MOUS-LY,  ad.  In  a blasphemous 
manner ; impiously.  Udal. 


BRAS'PI1F-MY  (blhs'fe-me),  re.  [Gr.  pj.aoQypta  ; 
Low  L.  blasphemia .] 

1.  Detraction ; calumny. 

Blasphemy  invariably  implies  an  expression  of  contempt 
or  detestation,  and  a desire  of  producing  the  same  passions 
In  others.  Dr.  <J.  Campbell. 

2.  Some  indignity  offered  to  God,  or  to  divine 
things,  in  words  or  in  writing;  impious  male- 
diction. 

And  he  opened  his  mouth  in  blasphemy  against  God,  to 
blaspheme  his  name,  and  his  tabernaefe,  ami  them  tiiat  dwell 
in  heaven.  /ter.  xiii.  G. 

Blasphemy,  as  cognizable  by  the  law  of  Eng- 
land, is  described  by  Blackstone  to  lie  “ denying  the 
being  or  providence  of  God,  contumelious  reproaches 
of  our  Saviour  Ciirist,  profane  scoffing  at  the  Holy 
Scripture,  or  exposing  it  to  contempt  and  ridicule.” 
The  Christian  religion  is  received  as  a part  of  the 
common  law  in  tile  United  States,  as  well  as  in  Eng- 
land, and  to  revile  it  or  its  author  is  deemed  to  be 
blasphemy,  and  an  indictable  offence.  Burrill. 

BLAST  (12),  re.  [A.  S.  hi  rest ; hi  test  an,  and  blcesan, 
to  puff,  to  blow ; Ger.  blast.] 

1.  A gust  of  wind ; wind  impelled  suddenly 
and  with  violence. 

Three  ships  were  hurried  by  the  southern  blast , 

And  on  the  secret  shelves  with  fury  cast.  Dryden. 

2.  The  sound  made  by  blowing  any  wind  in- 
strument. 

He  blewr  his  trumpet:  the  angelic  blast 

Filled  all  the  regions.  Milton. 

3.  (Metallurgg.)  A current  of  air  directed  on 

a fire  or  furnace  by  a bellows  or  other  blowing 
machine,  to  produce  great  heat  by  rapid  com- 
bustion. Ure. 

One  of  the  greatest  improvements  ever  made  by  simple 
means  in  any  manufacture  is  the  employment  of  hot  air,  in- 
stead of  the  ordinary  cold  air  of  the  atmosphere,  in  supply- 
ing the  blast  of  furnaces  for  smelting  and  founding  iron.  Ure. 

4.  (Quarrying.)  The  explosion  made  by  gun- 

powder in  splitting  rocks,  or  by  inflammable 
gases  in  mines.  Buchanan. 

5.  A blight ; the  infection  of  any  thing  pesti- 
lential. 

By  the  blast  of  God  they  perish.  Job  iv.  9. 

6.  A disease  in  the  stomach  of  cattle. 

Farm.  Ency. 

Syn.  — See  Wind. 

BLAST,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  bltrstan,  to  blow;  Dan. 
blase.]  [i.  blasted  ; pp.  blasting,  blast- 
ed.] 

1.  To  strike  with  a sudden  gust  or  destruc- 
tive wind.  Skelton. 

2.  To  make  to  wither;  to  blight;  to  make 
unproductive  ; to  destroy  ; to  annihilate. 

Behold  seven  thin  ears,  and  blasted  with  the  east  wind. 

Gen.  xli.  6. 

3.  To  injure  ; to  invalidate. 

He  shows  himself  malicious,  if  he  knows  I deserve  credit, 
and  yet  goes  about  to  blast  it.  Stillingflcet. 

4.  (Quarrying.)  To  rend  asunder,  as  rocks 
by  gunpowder. 

5.  fTo  assail  with  noise;  to  confound. 

Trumpeters, 

With  brazen  din  blast  you  the  city’s  ears.  Shak. 

6.  f To  blaze  ; to  proclaim  abroad.  “ They’ 

. . . blasted  . . . that  the  Calisians  would  leave 
the  town  desolate.”  Hall. 

BLAST,  v.  re.  To  wither  ; to  be  blighted. 

Even  so  by  love  the  young  and  tender  wit 

Is  turned  to  folly,  blasting  in  the  bud.  Shak. 

BLAST'FD,  p.  a.  Injured  or  destroyed  by  some 
calamity  ; blighted.  “ This  blasted  heath.’*  Shak. 

BLAS-TE  'MA,  re.  [L.,  from  Gr.  (Haarr/pa,  a bud, 
a sprout.] 

1.  (Bot.)  The  part  of  the  embryo  comprising 
the  radicle,  plumule,  and  caulicule.  Lindley. 

2.  (Anat.)  The  homogeneous,  gelatinous, 

and  granular  basis  of  the  ovum  ; the  rudiments 
of  the  different  tissues  in  the  early  stages  of  de- 
velopment. Brande. 

BLAS-TE'MAL,  a.  Belonging  or  relating  to  a 
blastema.  “ Blastemal  formations.”  Dunglison. 

BLAST'FR,  re.  1.  One  who  blasts.  Beau.  A FI. 

2.  One  who  blows  a blast,  [r.]  Langham. 

BLAST'— FUR-N ACE,  re.  A furnace  supplied  with 
air  by  a bellows  or  other  pneumatic  apparatus  ; 
— used  in  smelting  iron  ores,  and  in  melting 
cast  iron  and  other  refractory  metals.  Ure. 

BLAST'ING,  re.  1.  A blast ; a blight. 

I have  smitten  you  with  blasting  and  mildew.  Amos  iv.  9. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BL>LL,  BUR,  ROLE.  — 9,  <?,  9,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  $ as  z ; % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


BLASTING 


150 


BLEMISH 


2.  ( Quarrying .)  The  operation  of  rending 
rocks  asunder  by  means  of  gunpowder ; explo- 
sion. Francis. 

BLASTING,  p.  a.  That  blasts  ; blighting. 

f BLAST'MENT,  n.  Sudden  stroke  of  infection; 
blast.  “ Contagious  blastments.”  Shak. 

BLAS-TO-CAR'POUS,  a.  [Gr.  / Uaor6 a germ, 
and  <capm5f,  fruit.]  ( Bot .)  Germinating  inside 
of  the  pericarp.  Brande. 

BLAs'TO-DERM,  n.  [Gr.  (Maoris , a germ,  and 
bipfia,  the  skin.]  The  granular  membrane  in 
the  yolk  of  an  egg ; the  seat  of  development  of 
all  parts  of  the  body  of  birds.  Brande. 

BLAST'-PiPE,  n.  ( Mech .)  A pipe  in  a locomo- 
tive engine  to  convey  the  waste  steam  up  the 
chimney,  and  quicken  the  fire.  Kelland. 

t BLAs'TY,  a.  Causing  blast.  Boyle. 

BLA'TANT,  a.  [L.  halo,  to  bleat;  A.  S.  blcetan, 
to  bleat;  Fr.  blatant. \ Bellowing  as  a calf. 

You  learned  this  language  from  the  blatant  beast.  Dryden. 

f BLATCH,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  blacian,  to  blacken.]  To 
blacken ; to  blotch.  — See  Blotch. 

No  man  can  like  to  be  smutted  and  Hatched  in  his  face. 

JIarmar. 

BLATE,  a.  [Icel.  bland,  soft ; Ger.  blade,  bash- 
ful.] Bashful ; timid.  [North  of  England  and 
Scotland.]  Brockett. 

f BLAT-ER-A'TION,  n.  [L.  blatero,  blateratus, 
to  babble.]  Noise.  Coles. 

BLAT'TER,  v.  n.  [L.  blatero,  to  babble  ; to  prate.] 
To  make  a senseless  noise,  [r.]  Spenser. 

BLAT'TER-£R,  n.  One  who  blatters  ; a bluster- 
er. [r.]  Smart. 

BLAT'TJgR-ING,  n.  A senseless  prating.  Lee. 

f BLAT-T£R-66n',  n.  A babbler.  Howell. 

BlAuW BOK,  n.  ( Zoi'tl .)  A species  of  antelope  ; 
— so  called  from  its  dark  blue  color.  Eng.  Cyc. 

BLAY,  m.  ( Ieh .)  A small  river  fish;  the  bleak, 
or  white-bait.  Johnson. 

BLAZE,  n.  [A.  S.  blase-,  Ger.  blasse.~\ 

1.  A stream  of  light  made  by  volatile  com- 
bustible matter  in  a state  of  ignition  ; a flame. 

The  blaze  is  past,  but  a small  thing  would  make  it  flame 
again.  Shak. 

2.  Publication ; wide  diffusion  of  report. 

For  what  is  glory  but  the  blaze  of  fame?  Milton. 

3.  (Farriery .)  A white  mark  upon  a horse’s 

forehead.  P.  Cyc. 

4.  A mark  made  on  trees,  by  removing  a 

piece  of  the  bark,  so  that  a traveller  or  surveyor 
may  identify  a certain  route  through  a forest. 
[Local,  U.  S.]  Carlton. 

Syn. — See  Flame. 

BLAZE,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  blase,  a blaze  ; blasan,  to 
blow  ; Ger.  blasen,  to  blow  ; Fr.  blaser,  to  burn.] 

[i.  BLAZED  ; pp.  BLAZING,  BLAZED.] 

1.  To  burn  with  a flame;  as,  “ The  fire 
blazes.” 

2.  To  throw  out  light,  as  a flame. 

The  third  fair  morn  now  blazed  upon  the  main.  Pope. 

3.  To  be  conspicuous.  Johnson. 

BLAZE,  v.  a.  [Fr.  blasonner.] 

1.  To  publish  ; to  make  known. 

Such  music  worthiest  were  to  blaze 

The  peerless  height  of  her  immortal  praise.  Milton. 

2.  fTo  set  forth  or  explain  armorial  ensigns  ; 
to  blazon. 

You  should  have  blazed  it  thus;  he  bears  a tierce  sable 
between  two  tierces  or.  Peacham. 

3.  To  mark,  as  trees,  by  taking  off  a piece  of 

the  bark.  [Local,  U.  S.]  Hoffman. 

BLAZ'ER,  n.  One  who  blazes.  “Babblers  of 
folly  and  blazers  of  crime.”  Spenser. 

BLAZ'ING,  p.  a.  Giving  a bright  flame  ; flaming. 

BLAZ'ING— STAR,  n.  A comet.  Ferguson. 

BLA'ZON  (bla'zn),  v.  a.  [It.  blasonare  ; Fr.  bla- 
sonner. ] [f.  BLAZONED  ; pp.  BLAZONING,  BLA- 

ZONED.] 

1.  To  explain  the  figures  on  ensigns  armo- 
rial. 

King  Edward  gave  to  them  the  coat  of  arms,  which  T am 
not  herald  enough  to  blazon  into  English.  Addison. 


2.  To  deck  ; to  embellish  ; to  adorn. 

She  blazons  in  dread  smiles  her  hidcou9  form.  Garth. 

3.  To  celebrate  ; to  extol  publicly. 

One  that  excels  the  quirk  of  blazoning  pens.  Shak. 

4.  To  blaze  abroad  ; to  proclaim. 

Blazoning  our  injustice  every  where.  Shak. 

BLA'ZON  (bla'zn),  v.  n.  To  make  a brilliant  fig- 
ure ; to  shine,  [r.]  Chalmers. 

BLA’ZON  (bla'zn),  n.  1.  The  art  of  drawing  or 
of  explaining  coats  of  arms  ; blazonry. 

Proceed  unto  beasts  that  are  given  in  arms,  and  teach  me 
what  I ought  to  observe  in  their  blazon.  Peacham. 

2.  The  drawing  or  representation  on  coats  of 
arms. 

Each  fair  instalment,  coat,  and  several  crest, 

With  loyal  blazon , evermore  be  blest.  Shak. 

3.  Proclamation ; publication. 

But  this  eternal  blazon  must  not  bo 

To  ears  of  flesh  and  blood.  Shak. 

4.  Ostentatious  exhibition. 

Men  con  over  their  pedigrees,  and  obtrude  the  blazon  of 
their  exploits  upon  the  country.  Collier. 

BLA'ZON-ER  (bla'zn-er),  n.  1.  One  who  blazons  ; 
a herald. 

2.  A slanderer.  Cotgrave. 

BLA'ZON-RY  (bla'zn-re),  n.  The  art  of  drawing 
coats  of  arms ; the  art  of  deciphering;  coats  of 
arms  ; emblazonry  ; heraldry.  Peacham. 

BLEA  [We,  K.  Sm.;  bla,  Jal],  n.  [Perhaps  from 
Icel.  blar  ; Scottish  bla,  livid,  pale.]  The  wood 
just  under  the  bark  of  a tree.  Chambers. 

BLEA'BER-RY,  n.  (Bot.)  The  name  given  in 
Scotland  to"  a species  of  plant  found  in  woods 
and  heathy  places,  having  a large  globular, 

black  glaucous  fruit ; Vaccinium  uliginosum  ; 
— called  also  blaeberry.  Loudon. 

BLEACH  (blech),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  blacan,  to  fade,  to 
bleach  ; Ger.  bleichen,  to  whiten  ; Fr.  blanchir, 
to  whiten.]  [ i . bleached  ; pp.  bleaching, 

BLEACHED.] 

1.  To  whiten  by  exposure  to  the  air ; to  make 
white. 

By  the  sun  refined. 

Bask  in  his  beams,  and  bleach  me  in  the  wind.  Dryden. 

2.  (Manufac.)  To  whiten  textile  substances, 

as  cotton,  wool,  &c.,  by  exposing  them  to  the 
action  of  the  sun’s  rays,  air,  and  moisture,  or 
to  certain  chemical  agents,  as  sulphurous  acid, 
chlorine,  & c.  Ure. 

Syn. — See  Whiten. 

BLEACH  (blech),  v.  n.  To  grow  white. 

The  white  sheet  bleaching  in  the  open  field.  Shak. 

BLEACH'fR,  n.  One  who  bleaches.  Sherwood. 

BLEACH'IJR-Y,  n.  A place  for  bleaching  cloths; 
a bleacher’s  office  or  grounds.  Pennant. 

BLEACH'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  making  white, 
or  the  process  of  growing  white. 

2.  (Chem.)  The  art  of  whitening  the  various 
fabrics  used  for  clothing  and  other  purposes. 
This  is  effected  by  exposure  to  the  action  of 
light,  air,  and  moisture,  or  to  chemical  agents, 
as  sulphurous  acid  and  chlorine.  Ure. 

Bleaching  powder,  chloride  of  lime,  obtained  by  ex- 
posing slaked  lime  to  the  action  of  chlorine called 
also  oxymuriate  of  lime.  Brande. 

BLEAK,  a.  [A.  S.  bleac,  or  blac,  pale,  bleak  ; 
Dan.  bleeg ; Ger.  bleich.] 

1.  fPale. 

You  look  very  ill,  methinks;  have  you  been  Biek  of  late? 
Troth,  very  bleak-,  doth  she  not?  Middleton. 

2.  Exposed  to  the  wind  or  to  cold.  “ The 

bleak  Atlantit^shore.”  Pope. 

3.  Cold  ; chill ; piercing. 

Entreat  the  north 

To  make  his  bleak  winds  kiss  my  parched  lips, 

And  comfort  me  with  cold.  Shak. 

BLEAK,  n.  [A.  S.  blage.]  A small  river  fish  of 
the  carp  kind.  — See  Blay. 

The  bleak,  or  fresh-wnter  sprat,  is  ever  in  motion,  and 
therefore  called  by  some  the  river  swallow.  Walton. 

BLEAK'ISH,  a.  Moderately  bleak.  Craig. 

BLE  AK'LY,  ad.  In  a bleak  manner  ; coldly.  May. 

BLEAK'NgSS,  n.  State  of  being  bleak;  cold- 
ness. 

The  inhabitants  of  Nova  Zembla  go  naked,  without  com- 
plaining of  the  bleakness  of  the  air.  Addison. 

t BLEAK'Y,  a.  Bleak  ; cold.  Dryden. 


BLEAR,  a.  [Dut.  blaer,  Sw.  blaere , a blister.] 

1.  Dim  with  rheum  or  water. 

It  is  a tradition  that  blear  eyes  affect  sound  eyes.  Bacon. 

2.  Blinding;  producing  dimness  of  vision. 

Of  power  to  cheat  the  eye  with  blear  illusion.  Milton. 

BLEAR,  n.  Something  dimming  the  sight.  Ogilvie. 

BLEAR,  v.  a.  [i.  bleared  ; pp.  blearing, 

BLEARED.] 

1.  To  make  the  eyes  sore  or  dim  with  rheum. 

Is’t  not  a pity,  now,  that  tickling  rheums 

Should  ever  tease  the  lungs  and  6/ear  the  sight 

Of  oracles  like  these  ? Cowper . 

2.  To  make  the  sight  obscure  or  dim. 

This  may  stand  for  a pretty,  superficial  argument,  to  blear 
our  eyes,  and  lull  us  asleep  in  security.  J laleiyh. 

BLEAR'IJD  (bler'ed  or  blerd),  p.  a.  Made  dim  or 
sore  with  rheum. 

All  tongues  speak  of  him,  and  the  bleared  sights 

Are  spectacled  to  see  him.  Shak. 

BLEAR'gD-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  bleared ; 
— formerly  written  bleareyedness.  Wiseman. 

BLEAR'-EYE,  n.  (Med.)  A chronic  catarrhal 
inflammation  in  the  eyelids ; lippitude.  Hoblyn. 

BLEAR'— EYED  (bler'ld),  a.  1.  Having  sore  eyes. 
“Crook-backed  . . . and  blear-eyed.”  Sackville. 

2.  Wanting  in  discernment.  “ His  under- 
standing is  blear-eyed.”  Butler. 

BLEAT  (Wet),  p.  n.  [L.  balo,  to  bleat ; A.  S.  blre- 
tan ; Dut.  blaeten.]  [t.  bleated  ; pp.  bleat- 
ing, bleated.]  To  cry  as  a sheep.  Shak. 

We  were  as  twinned  lambs,  that  did  frisk  i’  the  sun, 

And  Heat  the  one  at  the  other.  Shak. 

BLEAT,  n.  The  cry  of  a sheep  or  lamb.  “ The 
bleat  of  sheep.”  Cowper. 

liLEAT'ING,  n.  The  cry  of  lambs  or  of  sheep  ; 
a cry  like  that  of  sheep.  “ Hearing  the  bleat- 
ing of  their  lambs.”  Chapman. 

BLEB,  n.  [Ger.  bliihen,  to  swell.] 

1.  A blister  ; a bladdery  tumor.  Skinner. 

2.  An  air-bubble  in  water  or  glass.  “ Exper- 
iments of  freezing  water  without  blebs."  Sprat. 

Thick  pieces  of  glass,  fit  for  large  optic  glasses,  are  rarely 
to  be  had  without  blebs.  Philos.  Trans. 

BLEB'BY,  a.  Full  of  blebs.  Clarke. 

BLED,  i.  & p.  from  bleed.  See  Bleed. 

f BLEE,  n.  [A.  S.  bleo. ] Color;  complexion. 

“ Bright  of  blee.”  Chaucer. 

BLEED,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  bledan ; Ger.  bluten  ; Dut. 
bloeden.\  [i.  bled  ; pp.  bleeding,  bled.] 

1.  To  lose  blood,  as  by  a wound. 

Patriots  have  toiled,  and  in  their  country’s  cause 

Bled  nobly.  Cowper. 

2.  To  die  by  slaughter. 

The  lamb  thy  riot  dooms  to  bleed  to-day. 

Had  he  thy  reason,  would  he  skip  and  play?  Pope. 

3.  To  drop  as  blood. 

For  me  the  balm  shall  bleed  and  amber  flow, 

The  coral  redden,  and  the  ruby  glow.  Pope. 

BLEED,  v.  a.  To  let,  or  take,  blood  from. 

At  his  request,  he  [Washington]  was  bled  by  one  of  his 
overseers.  Sparks. 

BLEED'ING,  ri.  A discharge  of  blood ; blood- 
letting. Crabb. 

+ BLEIN  (Wen),  n.  [A.  S.  blegen,  a blister;  Dut. 
blein .]  A pustule.  — See  Blain.  Chaucer. 

BLEIT  (hlet),  a.  [Icel.  bland,  soft;  Ger.  blide.~] 
Bashful.  [Provincial.]  — See  Blate.  Wright. 

BLEM'ISH,  v.  a.  [Gr.  /Dijpa,  a wound  ; Nor.  Fr. 
blesmish,  blesmys,  broken  ; Fr.  blemir,  to  grow 
pale.]  [ i . blemished  ; pp.  blemishing,  blem- 
ished.] 

1.  To  mark  with  any  deformity. 

These  eyes  would  not  endure  that  beauty’s  wreck; 

You  should  not  blemish  it,  if  I stood  by.  Shak. 

2.  To  defame  ; to  vilify  ; to  traduce. 

Those  who  endeavor  to  blemish  his  character  incur  the 
complicated  guilt  of  slander  and  perjury.  Addison. 

BLEM'ISH,  n.  1.  A mark  of  deformity ; any 
thing  that  diminishes  beauty  ; an  imperfection  ; 
a defect ; a stain  ; a flaw  ; a fault. 

If  a man  cause  a blemish  in  his  neighbor,  as  he  hath  done, 
so  shall  it  be  done  to  him.  Levit.  xxiv.  19. 

These  eves,  though  clear. 

To  outward  view,  of  blemish  or  of  spot. 

Bereft  of  sight,  their  seeing  have  forgot.  Milton. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  f,  short;  A,  ?,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure; 


FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


BLEMISHLESS 


151 


BLINK-BEER 


2.  Reproach  ; disgrace ; dishonor. 

That  you  have  been  earnest  should  be  no  blemish  or  dis- 
credit at  all  unto  you.  Hooker . 

Syn.  — A blemish  tarnishes  or  diminishes  beauty; 
a stain  or  taint  spoils  ; a spot,  specie , or  flaw  disfigures. 
A blemish  is  rectified;  a stain  wiped  out;  a spot  or 
speck  removed.  — A blemish  in  a fine  painting  ; defect 
in  speech  ; a fault  in  workmanship. 

BLEM'JSH-LESS,  a.  Without  blemish  or  spot. 
“ A life  in  all  so  blemishless.''  Feltham. 

f BLEM'ISH-MENT,  n.  Disgrace.  Bp.  Morton. 

BLENCH,  v.  n.  [Ger . bleichen-,  Fr.  blanchir,  to 
make  white,  to  grow  white.  — See  Blanch.] 
To  shrink ; to  start  back  ; to  flinch,  [r.] 

I’ll  observe  his  looks; 

I’ll  tent  him  to  the  quick;  if  he  but  blencht 
I know  my  course.  Shak. 

They  were  not  afraid  steadily  to  look  in  the  face  of  that 
glaring  and  dazzling  influence,  at  which  the  eyes  of  eagles 
nave  blenched.  Burke. 

f BLENCH,  v.  a.  To  hinder  ; to  obstruct ; to  balk. 

The  rebels  besieged  them  by  carrying  up  great  trusses  of 
hay  before  them,  to  blench  the  defendant's  sight,  and  dead 
their  shot.  Carew. 

f BLENCH,  n.  A shrinking  ; a start.  Shale. 

f BLENCH'pR,  n.  He  who  or  that  which  fright- 
ens. Beau.  Sg  FI. 

BLENCH'-IIOLD-ING,  n.  (Law.)  A quitrent  paid 
in  silver.  Blackstone. 

BLEND,  V.  a.  [ i . BLENDED  (f  BLENT)  ; pp.  BLEND- 
ING, BLENDED  (f  BLENT).] 

1.  [Goth,  blandan  ; A.  S.  blendan ; Dan. 
blandc.\  To  mingle ; to  mix ; to  intermix  or 
confound. 

He  had  his  calmer  influence;  and  his  mien 

Did  love  and  majesty  together  blend.  Dipden. 

2.  fTo  mar  ; to  injure  ; to  spoil ; to  blemish. 

And  all  those  storms  which  now  his  beauty  blend.  Spenser. 

3.  [A.  S . blendian.]  fTo  blind.  Spenser. 

Syn.  — See  Mix. 

BLENDE,  n.  [Ger.  blende , a blind.]  (Min.)  A 
metallic  ore;  sulphuret  of  zinc; — called  by 
miners  black-jack.  The  term  is  sometimes  ap- 
plied by  mineralogists  to  other  ores,  as  manga- 
nese blende,  antimony  blende,  &c.  Jamieson. 

BLEND'F.R,  n.  One  who  blends.  Shenvood. 

BLEND'ING,  n.  1.  Act  of  mingling  or  blending. 

2.  (Paint.)  The  process  of  fusing  or  melting 
pigments  by  means  of  a soft  brush.  Fairholt. 

BLEND'OUS,  a.  Pertaining  to  blende.  Craig. 

BLEND'— WA-TER,  n.  A distemper  incident  to 
black-cattle,  and  affecting  the  liver.  Crabb. 

BL^N-NOG'E-NOIJS,  a.  [Gr.  jiMwa,  mucus,  and 
yivvaw,  to  beget.]  Generating  mucus.  Dunglison. 

BLF.N-NOR-RH(E  'A,  n.  [Gr.  plevi/a,  mucus, 
slime,  and  him,  to  flow.]  (Med.)  Inordinate  se- 
cretion and  discharge  of  mucus.  Dunglison. 

BLEN'NY,  n.  [Gr.  (lUvva,  slime.]  (Ich.)  A fish  of 
several  species ; — so  named  from  the  mucous 
matter  with  which  its  body  is  covered.  Brande. 

f BLENT,  i.  & p.  Blended. — See  Blend. 

’T  is  beauty  truly  blent,  whose  red  and  white 

Nature’s  own  sweet  and  cunning  hand  laid  on.  Shak. 

BLESS,  v.  a.  [Goth,  bleiths,  merciful  ; A.  S.  bles- 
sian,  to  bless,  to  consecrate.]  [i.  blessed  or 
BLEST;  pp.  BLESSING,  BLESSED  Or  BLEST. — 
Blessed  is  used  as  a verb,  participle,  and  adjec- 
tive ; blest,  rarely  as  an  adjective.] 

1.  To  implore  a blessing  upon ; to  consecrate 
by  a blessing. 

Looking  up  to  heaven,  he  blessed,  and  brake,  and  gave  the 
loaves  to  his  disciples.  Matt.  xiv.  19. 

2.  To  make  happy;  to  make  prosperous. 

The  quality  of  mercy  is  not  strained; , . . 

It  blesseth  him  that  gives  and  him  that  takes.  Shak. 

3.  To  wish  happiness  to. 

Love  your  enemies;  bless  them  that  curse  you.  Matt.  v.44. 

4.  To  praise  ; to  glorify  ; to  celebrate. 

Bless  the  Lord,  O my  soul,  and  forget  not  all  his  benefits. 

Bs.  ciii.  2. 

DSfTt  is  sometimes  used  in  the  form  of  an  inter- 
jection. “ Bless  us  ! ” “ Bless  me  ! ” Milton. 

BLESS'BOK,  n.  [A.  S.  bucca;  Ger.  bock,  a buck.] 
(Zool.)  A South  African  species  of  antelope ; 

so  called  from  the  blaze,  or  broad  white  mark 
on  its  face.  Fng.  Cyc. 

BLESSED  (blest),  i.  & p.  from  bless.  See  Bless. 


BLESS'gD,  a.  1.  Happy ; enjoying  felicity. 

And  there  I’ll  rest,  as,  after  much  turmoil, 

A blessed  soul  doth  in  Elysium.  Shak. 

2.  Holy  ; hallowed  ; heavenly. 

Over  whose  acres  walked  those  blessed  feet 
Which,  fourteen  hundred  years  ago,  were  nailed, 

For  our  advantage,  on  the  bitter  cross.  Shak. 

BLESS'IJD-LY,  ad.  With  blessing;  happily. 
“ This  accident  of  Clitophon’s  taking  had  so 
blessedly  procured  their  meeting.”  Sidney. 

BLESS'ED-NESS,  n.  1.  State  of  being  blessed; 
happiness ; felicity. 

2.  Divine  favor. 

Cometh  this  blessedness , then,  upon  the  circumcision  only? 

Horn.  iv.  9. 

Syn.  — See  Happiness. 

BLESS'ED— THlS'TLE  (-thls'sl),  n.  An  annual 
plant ; Centaurea  benedicta.  Loudon. 

BLESS'ER,  n.  One  who  blesses.  Bp.  Taylor. 

BLESS'ING,  n.  1.  A prayer  by  which  happiness 
is  implored  for  any  one ; a benediction. 

Rules  of  charity, 

Which  renders  good  for  bad,  blessings  for  curses.  Shak. 

2.  Divine  favor. 

Thy  blessing  is  upon  thy  people.  Ps.  iii.  8. 

3.  Any  means  of  happiness ; advantage ; 
benefit. 

A just  and  wise  magistrate  is  a blessing  as  extensive  as  the 
community  to  which  ne  belongs.  Atterburg. 

How  blessings  brighten  as  they  take  their  flight  1 Young. 

BLEST,  i.  & p.  from  bless.  See  Bless. 

Hope  springs  eternal  in  the  human  breast; 

Man  never  is,  but  always  to  be,  blest.  Pope. 

BLET,  n.  [Fr.,  over-ripe,  half  rotten .]  A spot 
formed  on  fruit  when  in  the  process  of  decom- 
position. P.  Cyc. 

BLET,  v.  n.  To  form  spots,  as  fruits  when  decom- 
posing. Lindley. 

BLE'TO-NI§M,  n.  The  pretended  faculty  of  dis- 
covering springs  and  underground  currents  by 
sensation ; — so  named  from  one  Bleton,  a 
Frenchman,  who  is  said  to  have  possessed  this 
faculty.  Craig. 

BLE'TON-IST,  n.  One  who  has  the  faculty  of 
perceiving  underground  currents  and  subterra- 
neous springs  by  sensation.  Smart. 

BLET'TING,  n.  [See  Blet.]  The  formation  of 
spots  on  fruit  when  decomposing.  Ogilvie. 

BLEW  (blu),  i.  from  blow.  See  Blow. 

BLEYME  (blem),  n.  [A.  S.  blegen,  a blister ; 
Dut.  blein .]  (Farriery.)  An  inflammation  in 
a horse’s  foot.  — See  Blein.  Johnson. 

BLIGHT  (blit),  n.  [A.  S.  belith,  3d  person  sing. 
of  beliegan,  to  destroy.] 

1.  A pestilence  among  plants  ; an  injury  or 
disease  incident  to  plants  ; mildew ; any  thing 
nipping  or  blasting. 

The  garden  fears  no  blight , and  needs  no  fence.  Cowper. 

2.  (Med.)  A slight  palsy  on  the  side  of  the 
face,  caused  by  sudden  cold  or  damp.  Hoblyn. 

BLIGHT  (blit),  V.  a.  [*.  BLIGHTED;  pp.  BLIGHT- 
ING, blighted.]  To  injure  by  blight,  blast,  or 
mildew  ; to  cause  to  wither  or  decay  ; to  blast. 
“ It  [vapor]  then  blasts  vegetables,  blights  corn 
and  fruit.”  Woodward. 

BLIGHT,  v.  n.  To  injure  as  by  blight. 

The  Lady  Blast  has  such  a malignity  in  her  whisper  that 
it  blights  like  an  easterly  wind.  Spectator. 

BLIGHT'ED, p.  a.  Withered;  blasted;  faded. 
BLlGIIT'ING,  p.  a.  Making  unfruitful ; blasting. 
BL1M ' B1NQ,  n.  Bilimbi. — See  Bi^imbi.  Eng. Cyc. 
t BLIN,  n.  a.  [A.  S.  blinnan;  W.  blin,  tired.]  To 
cause  to  cease  or  stop.  Spenser. 

BLIND,  a.  [Goth,  blinds  ; A.  S.  blind.) 

1.  Destitute  of  sight ; unable  to  see. 

To  many  that  were  blind  he  gave  sight.  Luke  vii.  21. 

2.  Intellectually  dark  ; unable  to  judge. 

All  authors  to  their  own  defects  are  blind.  Dryden. 

3.  Arresting  the  view ; confounding  the  sight. 

In  the  blind  mazes  of  this  tangled  wood.  Milton. 

BLIND,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  blindan ; Dan.  bUndc .]  [i. 
BLINDED;  pp.  BLINDING,  BLINDED.] 

1.  To  make  blind;  to  deprive  of  sight. 

He  hath  blinded  their  eyes  and  hardened  their  henrts. 

John  xii.  40. 


2.  To  make  dark  to  the  eye  or  to  the  mind. 

So  whirl  the  seas,  such  darkness  blinds  the  sky.  Dryden . 

Take  no  gift;  for  the  gift  blindeth  the  wise.  Kxod.  xxiii.  8. 

3.  To  eclipse.  “ Her  beauty  all  the  rest  did 

blind."  P.  Fletcher. 

4.  (Masonry.)  To  fill  with  gravel,  as  inter- 
stices between  stones.  Loudon. 

BLIND,  n.  1.  Something  to  hinder  the  sight  or 
obstruct  the  entrance  of  light. 

If  I have  an  ancient  window  overlooking  my  neighbor’s 
ground,  he  may  not  erect  any  blind  to  obstruct  the  light. 

Blackstone. 

2.  Something  to  mislead  the  eye  or  the  un- 
derstanding. Decay  of  Piety. 

3.  A window  screen.  Francis. 

4.  f A hiding-place. 

So,  when  the  watchful  shepherd,  from  the  blind. 
Wounds  with  a random  shaft  the  careless  hind.  Dryden. 

5.  (Mil.)  Blindage.  — See  Blindage. 

BLIND'AGE,  n.  (Mil.)  A temporary  structure, 
formed  of  stout  timber,  to  secure  troops,  stores, 
and  artillery  ; — called  also  a blind.  P.  Cyc. 

BLIND'— BEE-TLE,  n.  An  insect,  called  also  the 
cockchafer ; — tree-beetle.  Booth. 

BLIND'— COAL,  n.  Hard  coal ; anthracite.  Sim. 

BLIND'ED,  p.  a.  Made  blind  ; deprived  of  sight. 

BLIND'ER,  n.  1.  He  who,  or  that  which,  blinds. 

2.  One  of  the  two  appendages  of  a bridle,  used 
for  screening  the  eyes  from  objects  at  the  side. 

BLlND'FOLD,  v.  a.  [ i . blindfolded  ; pp.  blind- 
folding, blindfolded.]  To  cover  the  eyes 
of ; to  hinder  from  seeing. 

And  when  they  had  blindfolded  him,  they  struck  him  on 
the  face.  Luke  xxii.  G4. 

BLlND'FOLD,  a.  Having  the  eyes  covered.  “No 
longer  led  blindfold."  Addison. 

BLIND 'FOLD- IJD,  p . a.  Having  the  eyes  covered 
with  a blind. 

BLIND'ING,  p.  a.  Making  blind. 

BLlND'LY,  ad.  [A  S.  blind/ice.]  In  a blind 
manner  ; without  sight.  Lewis. 

BLIND'— MAN,  n.  A man  deprived  of  sight.  Shak. 

BLIND'— mAn’§— RUFF',  n.  A well-known  chil- 
dren’s game  or  play  in  which  one  of  a company 
is  blindfolded  and  tries  to  catch  others  ; — for- 
merly written  blindman-bvff.  Beau.  § FI. 

BLlND'NESS,  n.  [A.  S.  blindnes .] 

1.  State  of  being  blind  ; want  of  sight. 

Tiic  Lord  shall  smite  thee  with  blindness.  Beut.  xxviii.  28. 

2.  Intellectual  darkness  ; ignorance. 

Blindness  in  part  has  happened  to  Israel.  Rom.  xi.  25. 

BLlND'NET-TLE,  n.  The  wild  hemp.  Johnson. 

BLIND'SIDE  [bllnd'sld,  P.  J.  F.  Sm.  R.  ; bllnd- 
sld',  W.  Ja.  ; bllnd'sld',  S.  A’.],  n.  A weak 
side  ; a weak  part.  Swift. 

He  is  too  great  a lover  of  himself;  this  is  one  of  his  blind- 
sides.  Swift. 

BLIND'WORM  (-wiirm),  n.  A small  viper;  a 
slow  worm ; a seps-lizard  without  feet.  Cuvier. 

BLINK,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  blican  ; Dut.  blinken  ; Dan. 
blinke.]  [?'.  blinked  ; pp.  blinking,  blinked.] 

1.  To  wink  ; to  see  obscurely  or  with  frequent 
winking. 

The  eyes  . . . 

Do  blink  even  blind  with  objects  vehement.  More. 

2.  To  twinkle.  “ A blinking  lamp.”  Cotton. 

3.  To  smile  ; to  look  kindly.  Brockett. 

BLINK,  v.  a.  To  shut  out  of  sight;  to  avoid  or 

purposely  evade.  “They  appear  to  have  alto- 
gether blinked  their  principles.”  Ch.  Ob. 

BLINK,  n.  [Dan.  blink.']  1.  A glimpse  ; a slight 
view ; a glance.  “ The  first  blink  that  ever  I 
had  of  him.”  Bp.  Hall. 

2.  A dazzling  whiteness  in  the  horizon  occa- 
sioned by  the  reflection  of  light  from  fields  of 
ice.  Crabb. 

BLINK'ARD,  n.  [ blink  and  A.  S.  affix  ard,  state 
or  character.] 

1.  One  who  blinks ; one  who  has  bad  eyes.  “ A 
blinkard,  or  he  that  looketh  asquint.”  Barct. 

2.  Something  twinkling.  Hakcwill. 

BLINK'— BEER,  n.  Beer  kept  unbroached  till  it 
is  sharp.  Crabb. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE;  <J,  <?,  9,  g,  soft; 


C,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  ^ as  z;  ^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


BLINKER 


152 


BLOOD-FLOWER 


BLINK' fR,  n.  1.  One  that  blinks. 

2.  An  expansion  on  the  side  of  the  bridle  of 
a horse  to  prevent  him  from  seeing  on  either 
side  ; a blinder.  Brande. 

BLINK'— EYED,  a.  Blear-eyed;  thick-sighted. 

“ The  foolish,  blink-eyed  boy.”  Gascoigne. 

BLINKING,  n.  The  act  of  winking.  Ash. 

BLINKS,  n.  pi.  Boughs  put  in  the  way  where 
deer  pass.  Crabb. 

BLISS,  n.  [A.  S.  blis,  or  blys,  joy.]  The  happi- 
ness of  heaven  ; complete  happiness  ; blessed- 
ness ; felicity. 

Domestic  happiness,  thou  only  bliss 

Of  paradise  that  has  survived  the  fall.  Cowper. 

All  my  redeemed  may  dwell  in  joy  and  bliss.  Milton. 

BLISS'FUL,  a.  Happy  in  the  highest  degree  ; 
blessed. 

Yet  swimming  in  that  sea  of  blissful  joy.  Spenser. 

BLISS'FUL-LY,  ad.  In  a blissful  manner. 

BLISS'FUL-NESS,  n.  Happiness.  Barrow. 

f BLISS'LESS,  a.  Without  bliss.  Hawkins. 

f BLIS'SOM,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  blithe,  lascivious.]  To 
be  in  a state  to  receive  the  ram.  Scott. 

+ BLIS'SOM,  v.  a.  To  tup  as  a ram.  Coles. 

t BLIST.  Used  for  blessed  or  blest.  Todd. 

f BLIST,  v.  a.  [Fr.  blesscr,  to  wound.]  Wounded; 
— used  in  the  preterite.  “ They  blist  my  shoul- 
ders.” Shelton. 

BLlS’T^R,  n.  [A.  S.  bloestan,  to  puff;  Dut.  bluys- 
ter  ; Sw.  blccsa. ] 

1.  A thin  bladder  on  the  skin  filled  with  wa- 
tery matter  ; a vesicle  ; a pustule.  Shak. 

2.  Any  swelling  made  by  the  separation  of  a 
film  from  the  other  parts,  as  that  on  iron  caused 
by  bubbles  of  air. 

3.  A plaster  to  raise  blisters  ; a blistering 

plaster  ; a vesicatory.  Dunglison. 

BLlS'Tp  R,  V.  n.  [l.  BLISTERED  ; pp.  BLISTERINO, 
blistered.]  To  rise  in' vesicles  or  blisters. 

If  I prove  honeymouth,  let  my  tongue  blister.  Shak. 

BLIS'TIJR,  v.  a.  X.  To  raise  blisters  on  by  some 
hurt,  as  by  a burn. 

This  tyrant,  whose  sole  name  blisters  our  tongues.  Shak. 

2.  (Med.)  To  raise  blisters  on  by  a plaster. 

“ I blistered  the  legs  and  thighs.”  Wiseman. 

BLIS'TpR— FLY,  or  BLIS'TJJR-ING— FLY,  n.  The 
Spanish  fly,  or  cantharis,  used  in  raising  blis- 
ters. Hooper. 

BLIS'TIJR-iNG,  p.  a.  That  raises  blisters. 

BLlS'Tf.R-ING,  n.  The  act  of  raising  blisters. 

“ Blistering,  cupping,  bleeding.”  Spectator. 

BLlS'TfR— STEEL,  n.  Steel  as  prepared  by  the 
process  of  cementation  ; — called  also  blistered- 
steel.  — See  Steel.  Simmonds. 

BLIS'T£R-Y,  a.  Having  blisters.  Hooker. 

ELITE,  n.  [Gr.  0 Xirov  ; L.  blitum. ] A genus  of 
plants  ; strawberry  spinach  ; Blitum.  Loudon. 

II  BLITHE  [bllth,  S.  W.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sto.], 
a.  [Goth,  bleiths,  merciful  ; A.  S.  blithe.']  Gay  ; 
airy  ; joyous;  merry;  mirthful;  cheerful. 

And  the  milkmaid  singeth  blithe.  Milton. 

||  BLlTHE'FUL,  a.  Full  of  gayety ; gay;  airy; 
joyous ; blithe.  Minsheu. 

||  BLITHE'LY,  ad.  In  a blithe  manner.  Browne. 

II  BLlTHE'NySS,  n.  [A.  S.  blithnys.]  The  qual- 
ity of  being  blithe.  Chaucer. 

||  BLITHE'SOME  (bllth'sum),  a.  Gay;  cheerful. 

“ The  blithesome  year.”  Philips. 

j|  BLITHE 'SOM  E-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
blithesome.  Johnson. 

BLOAT  (blot),  v.  a.  [Probably  from  blow,  blowed, 
blowt,  bloat.  Richardson.]  [i.  bloated  ; pp. 
BLOATING,  BLOATED.]  To  puff  up  ; tO  Swell, 
or  make  turgid. 

His  rude  essays 

Encourage  him,  and  bloat  him  up  With  praise.  Dryden. 

BLOAT,  v.  n.  To  grow  turgid  ; to  swell. 

If  a person  of  firm  constitution  begins  to  bloat.  Arbuthnot. 

f BLOAT,  a.  Swelled  with  intemperance  ; bloat- 
ed. “ The  bloat  king.”  Shak. 

BLOAT'ED,  p.  a.  Swelled ; puffed  up ; made  turgid. 

A,  E,  i,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  £,  f,  6. 


BLOAT'£D-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  puffed  up; 
turgidness  ; swelling.  Arbuthnot. 

BLOAT'pR,  n.  A kind  of  cured  herring.  “Bloat- 
herring or  bloaters,  which  are  dried  herrings.”  — 
See  Blote.  Halliwell. 

BLoB,  n.  [Ger.  blilhen,  to  blow  up,  to  swell.] 

1.  A small  lump  ; something  blunt  and  round ; 

a bubble.  [Provincial.]  Forby. 

Her  een  the  clearest  blob  of  dew  outshines.  Ramsay. 

2.  The  bag  of  a honey-bee.  Penny  Mag. 

BLOB'BIJR,  n.  A bubble  ; a blubber.  Carew. 

BLOB'ByR— LIP,  n.  A thick  lip.  Dryden. 

BLOB'BER— LIPPED  (blob'ber-lipt),  a.  Having 
thick  lips.  “ A blobber-lipped  shell.”  Grew. 

BLOB'LIPPED  (blob'llpt),  a.  Same  as  Blobber- 
lipped.  Grew. 

BLOB'— NO§E,  n.  A nose  with  a small  bump  at 
the  end  of  it.  Halliwell. 

f BLOB'TALE,  n.  A telltale ; a blabber.  Hacket. 

BLOCK,  n.  [Dut.,  Ger.,  S;  Sw.  block.  — Fr.  bloc.] 

1.  A heavy,  thick  piece  of  wood  or  stone. 

TVhnt  sculpture  is  to  a block  of  marble,  education  is  to  a 
human  soul.  Addison. 

Erratic  blocks,  (Geol.)  rounded  masses  of  rock,  often 
of  great  size,  which  have  been  transported  far  from 
their  original  bed  ; bowlders.  Lyell. 

2.  The  piece  of  wood  on  which  hats  are 
formed. 

He  wears  his  faith  but  as  the  fashion  of  his  hat:  it  ever 
changes  with  the  next  block.  Shak. 

3.  The  wood  on  which  criminals  are  behead- 
ed. “ The  block  of  death.”  Shak. 

4.  An  obstruction  ; an  obstacle  ; a stop.  “ A 

block  in  our  way.”  Decay  of  Piety. 

5.  f A blockhead.  “ What  tongueless  blocks 

were  they.”  Shak. 

6.  A square  mass,  or  continuous  row,  of 

houses.  [U.  S.]  London  Quarterly  Rev. 

7.  (Naut.)  A piece  of  wood  or  metal  contain- 
ing one  or  more  sheaves  or  wheels,  over  which 
the  running  rigging  passes,  to  add  to  the  pur- 
chase ; a pulley. 

Jewel  block,  (Naut.)  a block  used  for  hoisting  the 
studding  sails.  — Sister  block,  a block  with  two  sheaves 
in  it,  one  above  tile  other.  — Running-  block,  a block 
attached  to  the  object  to  be  raised  or  moved.  — Stand- 
ing block,  a block  fixed  to  some  permanent  support. 

Dana. 

8.  (Falconry.)  The  perch  on  which  a bird  of 

prey  is  kept.  Ogilvie. 

BLOCK,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  belucan,  to  shut  up ; Fr. 
bloquer .]  [t.  blocked  ; pp.  blocking, 

blocked.]  To  shut  up  ; to  obstruct. 

With  moles  the  opening  flood  he  would  restrain, 

Would  block  the  port,  and  intercept  the  main.  Rowe. 

BLOCK-ADE',  v.  a.  [Fr.  bloquer-,  Sp.  bloquear; 
It.  bloccare.]  [ i . blockaded  ; pp.  blockad- 
ing, blockaded.]  (Mil.)  To  close  by  obstruc- 
tion so  as  to  prevent  egress  or  ingress,  as  a fort 
or  a city  by  posting  troops  around  it,  or  a port 
by  stationing  ships  at  its  entrance. 

Gloss,  of  Mil.  Terms. 

BLOCK-ADE',  n.  [It.  blocco  and  bloccatura-,  Sp. 
bloqueo  ; Fr.  blocus.] 

The  act  of  blockading  or  shutting  up  a for- 
tress, city,  or  port,  so  as  to  prevent  egress  or 
ingress.  “ Suffering  the  straits  of  some  dread- 
ful blockade.”  Burke. 

To  raise  a blockade,  to  force  the  ships  or  troops  that 
blockade  a place  to  retire  from  their  stations. 

BLOCK-Ad' ER,  n.  One  who  blockades.  Webb. 

BLOCK'HEAD  (blok'hed),  n.  One  deficient  in  in- 
tellect ; a stupid  fellow ; a dolt.  Shak. 

BLOCK'HEAD-ED  (blok'hed-ed),  a.  Stupid;  dull. 
[Low.]  L’  Estrange. 

BLOCK'HEAD-I§M,  n.  The  quality  of  being  a 
blockhead.  Smart. 

BLOCK'HEAD-LY,  a.  Like  a blockhead.  Dryden. 

BLOCK'— HOUSE,  n.  A military  edifice  or  for- 
tress;— so  named  because  constructed  chiefly 
of  timber.  It  was  formerly  much  used  in  Ger- 
many and  in  North  America  to  protect  military 
posts  during  the  winter.  Campbell. 

BLOCKING,  n.  A rough,  square  piece  of  wood 


i,  U,  Y,  short;  J),  5,  J,  9,  y,  Y,  obscure;  FARE, 


glued  on  the  joints  at  the  under  side  of  stairs, 
at  the  back  of  fascias,  &c.,  to  strengthen  them. 

Francis. 

BLOCKING— COURSE,  n.  (Arch.)  The  finishing 
course  of  masonry  above  a cornice.  Smart. 

BLOCK'ISH,  a.  Like  a block  ; stupid  ; dull.  Shak. 

Are  all  men  thus  blockish  and  earthen.  Bp.  Hall. 

BLOCK'ISH-LY,  ad.  Stupidly.  Harmar. 

BLdCK'lSH-NESS,?t.  Stupidity ; dulness.  “Their 
gross  blockishness.”  Hakewill. 

BLOCK'LIKE,  a.  Stupid.  Beau.  % FI. 

BLOCK'— MA-CHINE,  n.  A machine  for  making 
blocks.  Craig. 

BLOCK'— MAK-pR,  n.  One  who  makes  blocks. 

BLOCK— TIN',  n.  Tin  cast  into  blocks  or  ingots  ; 
pure  unwrought  tin.  Boyle. 

BLOM'A-RY  (blom'a-re)  [b]om'?-re,  K.  Wb.  Cobb ; 
blo'm?-re,  Ja.],  n.  [A.  S.  bloma,  a lump,  a 
mass.]  A mass  of  iron  after  having  undergone 
the  first  hammering  ; — called  also  bloomary 
and  bloom.  Francis. 

BLOND,  a.  [Fr.]  Fair  ; light ; flaxen.  Clark. 

BLONDE,  n.  [Fr.]  1.  A woman  of  fair  complexion. 

2.  Blond-lace.  Simmonds. 

BLOND-LACE',  n.  Lace  made  of  silk.  Craig. 

f BLON'KET,  a.  Gray.  “ Blonket  liveries  all 
too  sad.”  Spenser. 

BLOOD  (blud),  n.  [Goth,  bloth  ; A.  S.  blod\  Dut. 
bloed ; Ger.  blut.) 

1.  The  fluid  which  circulates  from  the  heart, 
through  the  arteries  and  veins. 

Blood  is  the  most  universal  juice  in  an  animal  body,  and 
from  which  all  the  rest  are  derived.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  One  who  inherits  the  blood  of  another ; 
child  ; offspring ; progeny. 

Thou  art  my  flesh,  my  blood , my  daughter.  Shak. 

3.  Family;  kindred;  relation;  consanguin- 
ity ; descent  from  common  ancestors. 

According  to  the  common  law  of  England,  in  administra- 
tions, the  whole  blood  is  preferred  to  the  half  blood.  Aylijfe. 

4.  Royal  lineage. 

Give  us  a prince  o’  the  blood , a son  of  Priam.  Shak. 

5.  High  birth  or  extraction. 

I am  a gentleman  of  blood  and  breeding.  Shak. 

6.  Murder  ; violent  death. 

Pilate  . . . took  water,  and  washed  his  hands  before  the 
multitude,  saying,  I am  innocent  of  the  blood  of  this  just 
person.  Matt,  xxvii.  24. 

7.  Temper  of  mind;  state  of  the  passions. 

Will  you,  great  sir,  that  glory  blot 

In  cold  bloody  which  you  gained  in  hot?  Hudibras. 

8.  A man  of  fiery  temperament.  “ Bucks 

and  bloods.”  Warton. 

The  news  put  divers  young  bloods  into  a fury.  Bacon. 

9.  Juice  of  the  color  of  blood. 

He  washed  hiB  . . . clothes  in  the  blood  of  grapes.  Gen.  xlix.  11. 

BLOOD,  V.  a.  [i.  BLOODED  ; pp.  blooding, 
BLOODED.] 

1.  To  stain  with  blood  ; to  make  bloody. 

He  was  blooded  up  to  his  elbows.  Addison. 

2.  To  let  blood  ; to  bleed.  Johnson. 

3.  f To  inure  to  blood,  as  a hound.  Spenser. 

4.  f To  excite  ; to  exasperate.  Bacon. 

The  auxiliary  forces  of  French  and  English  were  much 
blooded  one  against  another.  Bacon. 

BLOOD,  a.  1.  Like  blood  ; as,  “ Blood  red.” 

2.  Of  a superior  or  particular  breed;  as,  “ A 
blood  horse.”  Crabb. 

BLOOD'— BE-SPOT'Tf.D,  a.  Spotted  with  blood. 
“ Blood-bespotted  Neapolitan.”  Shak. 

f BLOOD'— BOL-TfRED  (-terd),  a.  Clotted  with 
blood.  “ The  blood-boltered  Banquo.”  Shak. , 

BLOOD'-BOUGHT  (blud  bdwt),  a.  Bought  with 
bloodshed.  Cowper. 

BLOOD'— CON-SUM 'ING,  a.  Consuming  the  blood. 
“ Blood-consuming  sighs.”  Shak. 

BLOOD'-DYED  (-did),  a.  Dyed  in  blood.  Everett. 

BLOOD'— gX-TORT'JNG,  a.  Forcing  out  blood. 

BLOOD'-FLO\V-yR,  n.  A genus  of  bulbous  plants 
with  red  flowers  ; Hamanthus.  Loudon. 


FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


BLOOD-FROZEN 


BLOTTING 


153 


BLOOD'-FRO-ZEN  (blud'fr5-zn),  a.  Having  the 
blood  frozen.  Spenser . 

BLOOD'— GUILT-I-NESS  (blud'pilt-e-nes),  n.  The 
guilt  of  shedding  blood,  as  in  the  commission 
of  murder.  “ Deliver  me  from  bloocl-guilti- 
ness.”  Ps.  li-  14. 

BLOOD'-HEAT,  n.  Heat  of  the  same  degree  as 
that  of  the  human  blood,  which  is  from  98°  to 
100°  of  Fahrenheit’s  thermometer.  Turner. 

BLOOD'-HORSE,  n.  A horse  of  distinguished 
descent  or  breed,  as  derived  from  the  Arabian 
horse.  Booth. 


Hot  in  the  same  degree  with 
Locke. 


(blud'hound),  n. 


A hound 


BLOOD'-HOT,  a. 
blood. 

BLOOD'-HOUND 
that  follow's 
by  the  scent, 
and  seizes 
with  great 
fierceness. 

Dryden. 

BLOOD'I-LY 

(blud'e-le),  

ad.  In  a Blood-hound, 

bloody  manner ; cruelly. 

BLOOD'!- NESS  (blud'e-nes),  n.  1.  State  of  being 
bloody.  ^ Sharp. 

2.  The  disposition  to  shed  blood.  ‘ “ This 
bloodiness  of  Saul’s  intention.”  Delany. 

BLOOD'LESS  (ldud'les),  a.  [A.  S.  blodleas .] 

1.  Without  blood  ; dead.  Shah. 

2.  Without  the  shedding  of  blood.  “ A blood- 
less conquest.”  Waller. 

3.  Without  spirit  or  activity. 

Thou  bloodless , brainless  fool.  Beau,  tf  FI. 

BLOOD'LIJSS-LY  (blud'les-le),  ad.  In  a bloodless 
manner.  Byron. 

BLOOD'LET  (blud'let),  V.  n. 

To  bleed  ; to  let  blood. 

BLOOD' LET-TpR,  n.  [A-  S.  blodlcetere.)  One 
who  lets  blood  ; a plilebotomist.  Wiseman. 

BLOOD 'LET-TING,  n.  Act  of  letting  blood  ; phle- 
botomy. Mead. 

BLOOD'LlKE,  a.  Resembling  blood.  Jodrell. 

Polluted  or  stained 
Pope. 

BLOOD'— PUD-DING,  n.  A pudding  made  of  blood, 
suet,  &c. ; — called  also  black-pudding.  Craig. 

BLOOD'— RED,  a.  Red  as  blood.  Mir.  for  Mag. 

blood'-rp-lA'tion,  n. 
or  descent. 

BLOOD'ROOT,  n.  ( Bot .)  A plant ; the  Sangui- 
naria Canadensis,  the  root  of  which  is  of  a red 
color ; red-root ; bloodwort.  Brande. 

A sacrifice  made 
Shah. 


[A.  S.  blodlcetan.] 
Arbuthnot. 


BLOOD'-POL-LUT'ED,  a . 
with  blood. 


One  related  by  blood, 
Booth. 


BLOOD'-SAC-RI-FICE  (fiz),  n. 
with  blood. 


BLOOD'-SHA-KEN  (blud'sha-kn),  a.  Having  the 
blood  put  in  commotion.  B.  Jonson. 

BLOOD'SHED,  n.  The  shedding  of  blood  ; slaugh- 
ter. “ Deadly  bloodshed.”  Shah. 

BLOOD'— SHED-D1JR,  n.  One  who  sheds  blood; 
a murderer.  Ecclus.  xxxiv.  22. 

BLOOD'— SHED-DING,  il.  The  shedding  of  blood. 
“ Destructions,  burnings,  blood- shedding s,”  Joy . 

BLOOD'SHOT  (blud'shot),  a.  Inflamed  by  turgid- 
ness of  the  blood-vessels ; filled  with  blood. 
“ Bloodshot  eye.”  Garth. 

BLOOD'SHOT-TEN  (blud'shSt-tn),  a.  Same  as 
Bloodshot.  Johnson. 

BLOOD'SHIJT-TIJN-NESS, 
bloodshot. 


State  of  being 

Smeared  or  sized 
Beau.  Sf  FI. 
disease  incident  to 
Ash. 

One  who  sheds  blood  ; a 
Qu.  Rev. 

BLOOD'— SPILL-ING,  n.  The  act  of  shedding 
blood  ; blood-shedding.  Dr.  Allen. 


BLOOD'-SlZED  (blud'slzd),  a. 
with  blood. 

blood'-spAv-in,  n.  A 
horses.  — See  Spavin. 

blood'-spill-er,  n. 

blood-shedder. 


BLOOD'-STAiN,  v.  a.  To  stain  with  blood. 

Byron. 

BLOOD'— STAINED  (blud'stind),  a.  Stained  with 
blood.  “ Blood-stained  sword.”  Collins. 

BLOOD'-STONE,  11.  (Min.)  1.  A concretionary 
kind  of  red  oxide  of  iron,  used  for  burnishing 
metals ; haimatite.  Dunglison. 

2.  A dark  green  jaspery  variety  of  quartz, 
variegated  with  blood-red  spots  ; — called  also 
heliotrope.  Dana. 

BLOOD '-STROKE,  n.  (Med.)  An  instantaneous 
and  universal  congestion,  without  any  escape 
of  the  blood  from  the  vessels.  Hoblyn. 

BLOOD'— SUCK-pR  (blud'suk-er),  n.  1.  Any  thing 
that  sucks  blood  ; a leech.  Johnson. 

2.  A cruel  man.  Shah. 

BLOOD'— SUCK-ING,  a.  Sucking  blood.  Shak. 

BLOOD'— SWOLN,  a.  Suffused  with  blood.  May. 

BLOOD'— THIRS-TI-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being 
blood-thirsty.  Ec.  Rev. 

BLOOD'— THIRS-TY,  a.  Desirous  to  shed  blood; 
murderous.  Spenser. 

Syn. — See  Sanguinary. 

BLOOD'— VES-S^L,  n.  A vessel  in  which  the  blood 
circulates.  Addison. 

BLOOD'— WARM,  a.  Warm  as  blood.  Coles. 

f BLOOD' WITE,  n.  [A.  S.  blod,  blood,  and  wite, 
a fine.]  A fine  anciently  paid  as  a compensa- 
tion for  shedding  blood.  Cowell. 

BLOOD'— WON  (blud'wun),  a.  Won  by  shedding 
blood.  Scott. 

BLOOD'WORT  (-wttrt),  n.  [A.S.  blod-wyrt .]  (Bot.) 

1.  An  American  perennial  plant,  the  red 

juice  of  which  is  used  by  the  Indians  to  paint 
themselves  ; blood-root ; red-root ; Sanguina- 
ria  Canadensis.  Loudon. 

2.  A species  of  English  wild  dock ; bloodv- 
veined  dock  ; Rumex  sanguineus.  Farm.  Ency. 

BLOOD'Y  (blud'e),  a.  [A.  S.  blodig  ; Dut.  bloedig.\ 

1.  Stained  or  covered  with  blood.  “ Mur- 
der’s bloody  axe.”  Shak. 

2.  Consisting  of  blood,  or  of  the  nature  of 

blood.  “ Bloody  flux.”  Acts  xxviii.  8. 

3.  Murderous;  cruel.  “Bloody  thoughts.” 

“ Bloody  cannibals.  Shak. 

4.  Marked  by  bloodshed  or  cruelty.  “ Bloody 

deed.”  “ Bloody  field.”  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Sanguinary. 

BLOOD'Y,  v.  a.  To  make  bloody.  Beau.  &;  FI. 

BLOOD'Y— EYED  (blud'e-Id),  a.  Having  bloody 
eyes.  ’ Ld.  Brooke. 

BLOOD'Y— FACED  (blud'e-fast),  a.  Having  a 
bloody  face  or  appearance.  Shak. 

BLOOD'Y— FLUX,  n.  The  dysentery.  Arbuthnot. 

BLOOD'Y-FLUXED  (blud'e-flukst),  a.  Afflicted 
with  the  bloody-flux.  Bp.  Hall. 

BLOOD'Y— HUNT'ING,  a.  Hunting  for  blood. 

BLOOD'Y-MIND-fD,  a.  Disposed  to  murder  ; 
inclined  to  shed  blood  ; cruel.  Dryden. 

BLOOD'Y-RED,  a.  Having  the  color  of  blood. 

BLOOD'Y-SCEP-TBRED  (blud'e-sep-terd),  a.  Hav- 
ing a sceptre  obtained  by  shedding  blood.  Shak. 

BLOOD'Y— SWEAT,  il.  1.  A sweat  accompanied 
with  the  discharge  of  blood.  Dunglison. 

2.  The  sweating  sickness.  Smart. 

BLOOM,  n.  [Goth,  bloma,  a blossom ; A.  S. 
blosma  ; Ger.  bltime,  a flow'er.] 

1.  An  efflorescence  ; a flower ; a blossom. 

ITow  Nature  paints  her  colors  — how  the  bee 

Sits  on  the  bloom,  extracting  liquid  sweet.  Milton. 

2.  Native  flush  or  hue  on  the  cheek,  charac- 
teristic of  youth. 

Were  they  of  manly  prime  or  youthful  bloom?  Milton. 

3.  The  fine,  grayish  powder  which  forms  a 
delicate  coating  upon  plums,  grapes,  &c.  Gray. 

4.  (Paint.)  A cloudy  appearance  which  var- 
nish sometimes  assumes  upon  the  surface  of 
a picture  ; — called  also  blooming.  Fairholt. 

5.  [A.  S.  bloma,  a lump.]  (Metallurgy.)  The 
soft,  agglutinated  lump  of  iron  which  is  taken 


from  the  puddling-furnace  to  undergo  the  oper- 
ation of  hammering ; — applied  also  in  England 
to  the  same  lump  after  it  has  passed  five  or  six 
times  through  the  puddling  rolls,  and  got  an 
elliptical  shape.  Called  also  bloomary  and 
blomary.  lire. 

BLOOM,  V.  11.  [i.  BLOOMED  ; pp.  BLOOMING, 

BLOOMED.] 

1.  To  produce  blossoms  ; to  flower  ; to  blos- 
som. 

A flower  which  once 
In  paradise,  fast  by  the  tree  of  life, 

Began  to  bloom.  Milton. 

2.  To  be  in  a state  of  beauty  like  that  of  the 
flower. 

A better  country  blooms  to  view.  Logan. 

f BLOOM,  v.  a.  To  put  forth;  to  produce. 

And  all  amid  them  stood  the  tree  of  life 

High  eminent,  blooming  ambrosial  fruit.  Milton. 

BLOOM'A-RY,  n.  A mass  of  iron  after  having 
undergone  the  first  hammering  ; — same  as 
Bloom,  or  Blomary.  Francis. 

BLOOM’^R,  n.  A woman’s  dress,  consisting  of 
short  skirts  and  loose  trousers  : — a woman  who 
wears  this  dress.  N.  Y.  Tribune. 

BLOOM'ING,  n.  (Paint.)  Same  as  Bloom,  No.  4. 

Blooming  is  fatal  to  the  cleanness  and  transparency  so  es- 
sential to  the  proper  effect  of  a picture.  Fairholt . 

BLOOM'ING,  p.  a.  Flourishing  with  blossoms  or 
bloom  : — beautiful,  as  a flower. 

O greatly  blest  with  every  blooming  grace  I Pope. 

BLOOM'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a blooming  manner. 

BLOOM'ING-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  in  bloom. 

BLOOM'L^SS,  a.  Having  no  bloom.  E.  Erring 

BLOOM'Y,  a.  Full  of  blooms  or  blossoms;  hav 
ing  bloom ; flowery. 

f BLORE,  n.  [Dut.  blaeren.~\  A roaring  wind 
a blast.  — See  Blare.  Chapman 

BLOS'SOM,  n.  [A.  S.  blosma,  or  blotsm ; Dut, 
bloesem .]  The  flower  of  a plant ; bloom.  “ The 
blossom  that  hangs  on  the  bough.”  Shak 

BLOS'SOM,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  blotsmian.]  [i.  blos 
SOMED  ; pp.  BLOSSOMING,  BLOSSOMED.]  To  put 
forth  blossoms  ; to  bloom  ; to  flower. 

The  desert  shall  rejoice  and  blossom  as  the  rose.  Isa.  xxxv.  1. 

BLOS'SOMED  (blos'sumd),  p.  a.  Having,  or  cov- 
ered with,  blossoms.  Goldsmith. 

With  blossomed  furze  unprofitably  gay.  Goldsmith. 

BLOS'SOM-Y,  a.  Full  of  blossoms.  Chaucer. 

BLOT,  v.  a.  [Goth,  blauthjan  ; Dan.  plot,  a blot, 
a stain.— Fr.  blotter , to  blot.]  [i.  blotted  ; pp. 
BLOTTING,  BLOTTED.] 

1.  To  obliterate;  to  efface;  to  erase;  to 
cancel. 


Even  copious  Dryden  wanted,  or  forgot, 
— ' ’ > blot. 


Pope. 


The  last  and  greatest  art,  the  art  to  l 
Not  one  immoral,  one  corrupted  thought, 

One  line,  which,  dying,  he  could  wish  to  blot.  Lyttleton. 

2.  To  spot ; to  stain  ; to  blur.  “ The  un- 
pleasantest  words  that  ever  blotted  paper.”  Shak. 

3.  To  disgrace  ; to  disfigure. 

Unknit  that  threatening,  unkind  brow; 

It  blots  thy  beauty  as  frost  bites  the  meads.  Sftak. 

BLOT,  n.  1.  An  obliteration  ; erasure.  “ Make 
of  all  a universal  blot.”  Dryden. 

2.  A blur;  a spot,  made  by  ink  upon  paper. 

3.  A stain  on  reputation  ; disgrace.  Temple. 

4.  (Backgammon.)  A single  man  in  danger 

of  being  taken  up.  Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Stain. 

BLOTCH,  n.  [Perhaps  from  blot ; A.  S.  blodig, 
bloody.]  A spot  upon  the  skin  ; a pustule.  “ De- 
formed with  scabs,  biles,  and  blotches.”  Bp.  Hall. 

BLOTCH,  v.  a.  To  mark  with  blotches.  Drayton. 

BLOTCH'  Y,  a.  Having  blotches  ; spotted.  Smart. 

f BLOTE,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  blotan,  to  kill  for  sacrifice. 
IVares.]  To  dry  by  smoke.  Sherwood. 

f BLOT'IJD,  p.  a.  Dried  by  smoke.  Sherwood. 

BLftT'Tf.R,  n.  1.  He  who  or  that  which  blots  or 
effaces. 

2.  (Com.)  A waste  book  used  in  counting- 
houses.  Baker. 

BLOT'TING,  n.  The  making  of  spots,  marks,  or 
stains.  Bp.  Taylor. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RlJLE.  — 9,  <?,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  j,  g,  hard;  S as  z ; V as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 
20 


BLUFFY 


BLOTTING 

BLoT'TING,  p.  a.  Making  blots  ; blurring  ; 
effacing. 

BLOT'TJNG— PA'PIJR,  n.  Soft  paper  for  absorb- 
ing or  drying  ink.  Henry. 

BLOUSE,  n.  [Fr.]  A sort  of  loose,  round  frock, 
of  coarse  material,  worn  by  workmen  ; a smock- 
frock  ; — written  also  blowze.  Royet. 

BLOW  (bio),  n.  [Gr.  nbyyi'i,  L . plaga,  a blow.— 
Goth,  bliggvan,  to  strike  ; A.  S.  blawan,  to 
blow,  to  breathe  ; Dut.  bloincen,  to  strike.] 

1.  A stroke  ; a knock.  “ Blows  have  an- 
swered blows.”  Shak. 

2.  A sudden  calamity ; an  unexpected  evil. 

The  virgin  daughter  of  my  people  is  broken  ...  with  a very 

grievous  blow.  Jer.xiv.17. 

3.  An  egg  of  a fly,  or  the  act  of  depositing  it. 

“ The  blows  of  flies.”  Chapman. 

4.  ( Naut .)  A gale  of  wind. 

5.  A drinking  frolic ; a spree.  [Local  and 
low.] 

6.  [A.  S.  blawan,  to  bloom.]  Bloom,  or  blos- 
som. “ Such  a blow  of  tulips.”  Tatler. 

At  a blow,  at  one  stroke;  at  once. — To  come  to 
blows,  to  tight.  — Blow-out,  an  entertainment.  [Low.] 

BLOW  (iiio),  v.  n.  [i.  blew  ; pp.  blowing, 
BLOWN.] 

1.  [Goth,  blesan  ; A.  S.  blawan,  to  blow.]  To 
make  a current  of  air  ; — often  used  imperson- 
ally with  it ; as,  “ It  blows  a gale.” 

lie  canseth  his  wind  to  blow.  P$.  cxlvii.  18. 

2.  To  pant;  to  puff;  to  breathe  hard.  “Sweat- 
ing and  blowing,  and  looking  wildly.”  Shak. 

3.  To  sound,  as  a musical  instrument. 

There  let  the  pealing  organ  blow 

To  the  full-voiced  choir  below.  Milton. 

4.  [A.  S.  blowan,  to  bloom ; Ger.  blilhen. ] To 
flower  ; to  bloom ; to  blossom. 

We  lose  the  prime,  to  mark  how  spring 
Our  tended  plants,  how  blows  the  citron  grove.  Milton. 

To  blow  over,  to  pass  away  without  effect ; to  pass 
away  ; to  subside  ; to  cease. — To  blow  up,  to  fly  into 
tlie  air  by  the  force  of  gunpowder ; to  explode. 

BLOW  (bio),  v.  a.  1.  To  drive  by  the  wind. 

What  happy  gale  blows  you  to  Padua?  Shak. 

2.  To  force  wind  upon  in  order  to  inflame. 

The  smith  that  bloweth  the  cools  in  the  fire.  Is.  liv.  16. 

3.  To  inflate  with  air.  “Spherical  bubbles 
that  boys  sometimes  blow  with  water.”  Boyle. 

4.  To  warm,  or  breathe  on,  with  the  breath. 

When  icicles  hang  by  the  wall, . 

And  Dick  the  shepherd  blows  his  nail.  Shak. 

5.  To  spread  by  report ; to  divulge. 

So  gentle  of  condition  was  he  known, 

That  through  the  court  his  courtesy  was  blown.  Dryden. 

6.  To  infect  with  the  eggs  of  flies  ; to  fly-blow. 

Lay  me  stark  naked,  and  let  the  water  flies 

Blow  me.  Shak. 

To  blow  up,  to  inflate  with  breath  or  with  air  : — to 
burst  with  gunpowder  ; to  cause  to  explode  ; to  kin- 
dle:— to  scold  or  abuse.  [Vulgar.] — To  blow  out,  to 
extinguish  by  the  breath  or  by  wind. — To  blow  away. 
to  impel  at  random  by  wind. — To  blow  off,  to  drive 
by  wind  from  land,  as  a ship,  or  from  some  thing  to 
which  another  is  attached,  as  fruit  from  trees.  — To 
blow  down,  to  prostrate  by  wind. — To  blow  upon,  to 
censure,  to  condemn:  — t to  make  stale  by  frequent 
use.  “ A passage  in  a Latin  author  that  is  not  blown 
upon.”  Addison. 

BLOW'BALL,  n.  The  dandelion  in  seed;  — so 
called  from  its  round  head  of  down  which  is 
easily  blown  away  by  a puff.  B.  Jonson. 

BLOW'JgN,  or  BLOW'£SS,  n.  A common  prosti- 
tute. [Low.]  Smart. 

BLOW'ER,  n.  [A.  S.  blower.] 

1.  One  who  blows. 

2.  A metal  plate  used  to  put  upon  fire-grates 

in  order  to  increase  the  draught  of  air  by  forcing 
it  to  enter  underneath  the  fire.  Johnson. 

3.  ( Mech .)  A machine  for  producing  a blast 
by  the  compression  of  air. 

4.  ( Zoiil .)  A species  of  whale  ; — so  called  be- 

cause it  spouts  forth  an  immense  quantity  of 
water.  Crabb. 

BLOW'FLY,  n.  The  large  flesh  fly.  Farm.  Ency. 

BLOW'ING,  n.  The  act  of  blowing;  a blasting. 

BLOW'ING— M A-CHINE',  n.  An  engine  used  in 
iron-works,  &c.,  for  supplying  the  furnaces  with 
a continuous  blast  of  air.  P.  Cyc. 

BLOW'ING— SNAKE,  n.  A species  of  serpent  that 
swells  itself  before  it  bites.  Crabb. 


154 

BLOW'— MlLK,  n.  Milk  from  which  cream  is 
blown  off.  Farm.  Ency. 

BLOWN  (blou),  p.  from  blow.  See  Blow. 

BLOW'— OFF— PIPE,  n.  A pipe  fixed  to  the  bottom 
of  a boiler  for  discharging  the  sediment.  Weale. 

BLOW'— PIPE  (blo'plp),  n.  ( Chem .)  An  instru- 
ment by  which  a small  jet  of  air  is  directed  lat- 
erally into  the  flame  of  a lamp  or  candle,  in 
order  to  increase  its  heat  and  divert  it  in  a long 
slender  cone  upon  a piece  of  charcoal  or  other 
substance.  It  is  used  in  the  process  of  qualita- 
tive analysis  to  ascertain  the  effect  of  intense 
heat  upon  a variety  of  substances ; and  it  is 
also  much  used  in  soldering.  Brancle. 

Compound  blow-pipe,  (Client.)  an  instrument  invent- 
ed, in  1801,  by  lir.  Hare,  of  Philadelphia,  for  pro- 
ducing the  most  intense  heat  by  the  combustion  of 
oxygen  and  hydrogen  at  their  point  of  union  in  a 
small  orifice  as  they  are  forced  from  separate  reser- 
voirs. 

f BLOW'POINT,  n.  A child’s  play.  Donne. 

fBLOWTII  (hloth),  n.  [From  blow,  bloweth.] 
Bloom  or  blossom.  Raleigh. 

BLOW'VALVE,  n.  The  snifting-valve  of  a con- 
densing engine.  Tomlinson. 

BLOW'Y  (bld'e),  a.  (Naut.)  Windy ; blowing. 
[r.]  Qu.  Rev. 

BLoWZE,  n.  [Dut.  bloozen,  to  blush.] 

1.  A ruddy,  fat-faced  wench. 

Sweet  blowze , you  are  a beauteous  blossom,  sure.  Shak. 

2.  [Fr.  blouse.]  A light,  loose  garment  or 
frock  worn  by  laborers  ; — written  also  blouse. 

BLOV^ZED  (blbuzd),  a.  Sunburnt ; ruddy  and 
coarse  ; blowzy.  Goldsmith. 

BLoW'ZY,  a.  Sunburnt ; high-colored  ; blowzed. 

tBLUB,  ti.  re.  [Ger.  blilhen.]  To  swell.  “Blown 
and  blubbed  with  dropsy.”  Mir.  for  Mag. 

BLUB'BfR,  n.  1.  The  fat  of  whales,  or  the  cel- 
lular membrane  which  includes  it.  Brande. 

2.  f A bubble  ; a blister.  Chaucer. 

3.  ( Zool .)  The  sea-nettle.  Todd. 

BLUB'BpR,  V.  n.  [i.  BLUBBERED  ; pp.  BLUBBER- 
ING, blubbered.]  To  weep  in  such  a manner 
as  to  swell  the  cheeks.  “Weeping  and  blub- 
bering.” Shak. 

Bleb,  blob , blub , blobber,  and  blubber  have  no 
doubt  the  same  origin  ; and  blab,  Skinner  says,  is  from 
the  German  bldhen,  to  swell,  to  puff  up.”  Richardson. 

BLUB'BfR,  v.  a.  To  swell  with  weeping.  “ Her 
blubbered  cheeks.”  Dryden. 

BLUB'BIJRED  (blub'berd),  a.  Swelled.  “ Blub- 
bered lip.”  Dryden. 

BLUDGEON  (bluj'un),  n.  [Goth,  blyggwan,  to 
strike.— Gr.  nh'/yavov,  a rod.  — Perhaps  to  fetch 
blood.  Richardson.]  A short  stick,  with  one  end 
loaded,  used  as  an  offensive  weapon.  Martin. 

BLUE  [blu,  S.  IF.  P.  J.  F.  E.  Ja.  K. ; bid,  Sm.], 
n.  [A.  S.  bleo  ; Ger.  blau.  — Fr.  bleu. ] 

1.  One  of  the  seven  original  colors ; as, 
“ Blue  is  the  color  of  the  sky.” 

2.  pi.  Low  spirits  ; — contracted  from  blue- 
devils. 

3.  (Mil.)  pi.  Members  of  an  English  regi- 
ment of  royal  horse-guards. 

BLUE,  a.  Of  a blue  color  ; sky-colored.  TJre. 

To  look  blue,  to  be  disconcerted.  Brockctt. 

BLUE,  v.  a.  To  make  of  a blue  color.  Clarke. 

BLUE'BELL,  n.  A bulbous,  flowering  plant  of  the 
genus  Scilla,  with  blue,  bell-shaped  flowers. 

Farm.  Ency. 

Where  the  bluebell  and  gowan  lurk  lowly  unseen.  Jiums. 

BLUE'BpR-RY,  n.  ( Bot .)  A shrub  and  its  fruit,  of 
several  species,  of  the  genus  Vaccinium.  Gray. 

BLUE' BIRD,  n.  (Ornith.)  A small  bird,  with  blue 
plumage  and  a cheerful  song,  being  in  America 
a harbinger  of  spring  ; Ampelis  sialis.  Nuttall. 

BLUE'— BON-NpT,  n.  1.  (Ornith.)  A small  bird; 
the  blue  titmouse ; Parus  ccerulcus.  Ogilvie. 

2.  (Bot.)  An  annual  plant  and  flower  ; blue- 
bottle. — See  Blue-bottle.  Booth. 

BLUE'-BOOK  (-bflk),  n.  A book  containing  the 
names  of  all  persons  holding  office  under  the 


government  of  the  United  States,  with  the 
amount  of  their  pay,  or  salary.  Bartlett 

BLUE'—  BOT-TLE  (blu'bSt-tl),  n.  (Bot.)  1.  A spe- 
cies of  plants,  so  named  from  the  pretty,  bell- 
shaped flowers  which  they  bear;  blue-bonnet; 
Centaurea  cyanus.  Loudon. 

2.  A fly,  with  a large,  tifcie  belly.  Prior. 

BLUE'— BREAST,  n.  A bird  resembling  the  red- 
start and  wagtail.  p,  Cyc. 

BLUE'— BREAST-BD,a.  Having  a blue  breast.//i7I. 

BLUE'— CAP,  n.  (Ich.)  A fish  of  the  salmon  fam- 
ily ; blue-fish.  Craig. 

BLUE'— CAT,  n.  A Siberian  cat,  valued  for  its  fur. 

BLUE'— COL-ORED  (-urd),  a.  Of  the  color  of  blue. 

BLUE'— DEV'ILi-;,  n.  pi.  A cant  phrase  for  dejec- 
tion, hypochondria,  or  low  spirits.  For.  Qu.  Rev. 

BLUE'— EYED  (hlu'td),  a.  Having  blue  eyes. 
“Fair,  blue-eyed  maid.”  Crashaw. 

BLUE'— FISH,  n.  (Ich.)  1.  A fish  resembling  the 
mackerel,  but  larger;  — caught  on  the  coasts  of 
New  England  ; Temnodon  saltator.  Storer. 

2.  The  blue  perch  ; Conner  ; chogset ; C-teno- 
labrus  ccerulcus.  Storer. 

BLUE'— GRASS,  n.  A perennial  grass  ; wire- 
grass.  Farm.  Ency. 

BLUE'-IlAlRED,  a.  Having  blue  hair.  Milton. 

BLUE'— JOHN,  n.  A name  given  by  miners  to 
fluor-spar.  Craig. 

BLUE'— LAw§,  n.  pi.  A cant  term  applied  to 
laws  that  are  unreasonably  severe.  Peters. 

BLUE'LY,  ad.  With  a blue  color.  More. 

BLUE'NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  blue.  Boyle. 

BLUE'— OINT'M^NT,  n.  A mercurial  ointment. 

BLUE'PE-TpR,  n.  [Corruption  of  blue-repeater .] 
(Naut.)  A blue  flag,  having  a white  square  in 
the  centre,  used  as  a signal  for  sailing.  Maunder. 

BLUE'— PILL,  n.  A mercurial  pill.  Ogilvie. 

BLUE'— RU-IN,  n.  A cant  name  for  whiskey,  gin, 
and  other  spirituous  liquors.  Carlyle. 

BLUE'— STOCK-ING,  n.  1.  A cant  term  for  a lit- 
erary woman.  Sir  E.  Brydges. 

j&jf-  This  term  is  derived  from  the  sportive  title 
given  to  evening  assemblies  held  by  ladies,  in  the 
time  of  Dr.  Johnson,  for  conversation  with  literary 
men.  “ These  societies,”  says  Boswell,  “were  de- 
nominated Blue  Stocking  Clubs.  One  of  the  most 
eminent  members  was  Mr.  Stillingfleet,  whose  dress 
was  remarkably  grave,  and,  in  particular,  it  was  ob- 
served that  he  wore  blue  stockings.  Such  was  the 
excellence  of  his  conversation,  that  his  absence  was 
felt  as  so  great  a loss,  that  it  used  to  be  said,  ‘ We 
can  do  nothing  without  the  blue  stockings’ ; and  thus 
by  degrees  the  title  was  established.”  Hence  the 
ladies  who  frequented  the  club  were  afterwards  styled 
blue-stockings. 

2.  An  American  bird  ; a species  of  avoset. 

BLUE'— STOCK 'I  NG-IijM,  n.  The  quality  of  a 
blue-stocking  ; female  pedantry,  [r.]  Cli.  Ob. 

BLUE'STONE,  n.  Blue-vitriol. 

BLUE'— VEINED  (blu'vand),  a.  Having  blue  veins. 

BLUE— VIT'RI-OL,  n.  Sulphate  of  copper.  Turner. 

BLUE'  Y,  a.  Somewhat  blue  ; bluish.  Southey. 

BLUFF,  a.  [Perhaps  from  bloat.  Richardson .] 

1.  Pompous ; blustering ; coarse  in  manner. 
“ A pert,  or  bluff,  important  wight.”  Armstrong. 

2.  Surly  ; churlish.  [Local  in  South  of  Eng- 
land.] HalliweU. 

3.  Obtuse;  blunt.  “ A bluff  point.”  Cook. 

BLUFF,  n.  A high,  steep  bank  or  shore ; high 

land  projecting  almost  perpendicularly  into  the 
sea  or  river.  Brande. 

BLUFF'— BOWED,  ? a_  (Naut.)  Having  a full, 

BLUFF'— HEAD- pD,  > square  bow,  as  a ship. Dana. 

BLUFF'NpSS,  n.  Surliness;  churlishness. 

A remarkable  bluffness  of  face,  a loud  voice,  and  a mascu- 
line  air.  The  World, 

BLUFF-OFF',  v.  a.  To  put  off  by  a bluff  manner. 
[Low.]  Bartlett. 

BLUF'FY,  a.  Abounding  in  bluffs  or  bold  points, 
as  a coast.  Craig. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  short;  A,  ?,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


BLUING 


BLU'ING,  n.  The  act  of  making  blue  ; — any 
thing  used  to  impart  a blue  color.  Craig. 

BLU'ISH,  a.  Blue  in  some  degree.  Shak. 

BLU'ISII-NESS,  n.  A small  degree  of  blue  color  ; 
quality  of  being  slightly  blue.  Boyle. 

BLUN'DpR,  v.  n.  [Dut.  clonder , to  thunder.] 
[j-  BLUNDERED  ; pp.  BLUNDERING,  BLUN- 
DERED.] 

1.  To  mistake  grossly ; to  err  through  haste, 
carelessness,  or  diffidence. 

I was  never  distinguished  for  address,  and  have  often 
blundered  in  making  my  bow.  Goldsmith. 

2.  To  flounder ; to  stumble. 

lie  who  now  to  sense,  now  nonsense  leaning. 

Means  not,  but  blunders  round  about  a meaning.  Pope. 

t BLUN'DpR,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  blendan,  to  mix.] 

1.  To  mix  or  confound  foolishly.  “ He  blunders 
and  confounds  all  these  together.”  Stillinyfcet. 

2.  To  make  to  blunder.  “To  blunder  an  ad- 
versary.” Ditton. 

BLUN'DIJR,  n.  A mistake  through  haste,  care- 
lessness, or  diffidence  ; a gross  mistake  ; a pal- 
pable error.  Addison. 

Syn.  — See  Error. 

BLUN'DpR-BUSS,  n.  [blunder,  and  Dut.  bus,  a 
tube,  a gun  ; Ger.  bilchse  ; Dut.  donclerbus. ] 

1.  A gun  of  large  bore,  capable  of  discharg- 
ing many  bullets.  Dryden. 

2.  A blunderhead ; a blunderer.  “ Blunder- 
buss of  law.”  Pope. 

BLUN'DfR-F.R,  n.  One  apt  to  commit  blunders  ; 
a blockhead.  Watts. 

BLUN'DER-  HEAD,  n.  A stupid,  careless  fellow. 
“ This  thick-skulled  blunderhead."  L' Estrange. 

BLUN'DER-ING,  p.  a.  Committing  blunders  ; 
grossly  erring ; carelessly. 

BLUN'D^R-lNG-LY,  ad.  In  a blundering  man- 
ner. Lewis. 

BLUNK,  n.  A name  in  Scotland  for  calico,  or 
that  species  of  cotton  cloth  manufactured  for 
being  printed.  Buchanan. 

BLUNK'ER,  n.  A calico-printer.  Buchanan. 

BLUNT,  a.  [Gr.  d/a/D.uvn/p,  a blunting,  from  ay- 
fiXvvui , to  make  dull ; A.  S.  blinnan,  to  stop.] 

1.  Dull  on  the  edge  or  point.  “ Blunt  wedges 

rive  hard.”  Shah. 

2.  Dull  in  understanding  ; obtuse.  “ His 

wits  are  not  so  blunt.”  Shak. 

3.  Rough;  rude;  not  civil;  bluff ; abrupt. 

Whitehead,  a grave  divine,  was  of  a blunt,  stoical  nature. 

Bacon. 

BLUNT,  V.  a.  [i.  BLUNTED  ; pp.  BLUNTING, 
BLUNTED.] 

1.  To  dull  the  edge  or  point.  “ Would  blunt 

my  sword  in  battle.”  Dryden. 

2.  To  repress  or  weaken,  as  a passion. 

“ Blunt  not  his  love.”  Shak. 

BLUNT'ING,  n.  Act  of  dulling  ; restraint.  “Not 
impediments,  or  bluntings.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

BLUNT'ISH,  a.  Somewhat  blunt.  Ash. 

BLUNT'LY,  ad.  In  a blunt  manner;  coarsely; 
roughly ; plainly.  Shak. 

BLU NT'NpSS,  n.  1.  Want  of  edge  or  point. 
“ The  bluntness  of  his  darts.”  Suckling. 

2.  Roughness  of  manners  ; coarseness. 

Good  Jarvis,  make  no  apologies  for  this  honest  bluntness. 

Goldsmith. 

BLUNT'-WIT-T^D,  a.  Dull ; stupid.  Shak. 

BLUR,  ii.  [Dut.  blaar,  a blister,  a pustule.] 

1.  Something  that  obscures  or  soils;  a blot; 

a stain.  South. 

2.  A disgrace  ; a reproach. 

Lest  she  with  her  railing  set  a great  blur  on  mine  honesty 
and  good  name.  Udat. 

BLUR,  v.  a.  [i.  blurred  ; pp.  blurring, 
BLURRED.] 

1.  To  obscure  by  some  blot,  soil,  or  stain. 

Time  hath  nothing  blurred  those  lines  of  favor 
Which  then  he  wore.  Shak. 

2.  To  sully,  or  tarnish,  as  reputation,  by 
something  disgraceful. 

Ne’er  yet  did  base  dishonor  blur  our  name 

But  with  our  sword  we  wiped  away  the  blot.  Shak. 

BLURT,  v.  a.  [Formed  from  blur ; blurred, 


155 

blurr’d,  blurt.  Richardson.']  [t.  blurted  ; 
pp.  blurting,  blurted.]  To  utter  suddenly 
or  inadvertently  ; to  bolt. 

And  yet  the  truth  may  lose  its  grace, 

If  blurted  to  a person’s  face.  Lloycl. 

To  blurt  at,  to  speak  of  with  contempt.  — To  blurt 
out,  to  speak  unadvisedly  or  rashly. 

BLUSH,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  ablisian;  Dut.  bloozen,  to 
blush.]  [j.  BLUSHED  ; pp.  BLUSHING,  BLUSHED.] 

1.  To  redden  in  the  cheeks  from  shame,  con- 
fusion, or  modesty. 

Modest  and  ingenuous  worth 
That  blushed  at  its  own  praise.  Cowper. 

The  man  that  blushes  is  not  quite  a brute.  Young. 

2.  To  have  a reddish  color. 

Along  those  blushing  borders,  bright  with  dew.  Thomson. 

BLUSH,  v.  a.  To  make  red.  “To  blush  and. 
beautify  the  cheek.”  [r.]  Shak. 

BLUSH,  n.  [Dut.  bios.]  1.  Redness  in  the  cheeks 
caused  by  shame,  confusion,  or  modesty. 

O shame,  where  is  thy  blushl  Shak. 

2.  A reddish  color. 

And  light's  last  blushes  tinged  the  distant  hills.  Lyltleton. 

3.  Resemblance  ; look  ; as,  “ She  has  a blush 
of  her  father.”  [North  of  England.]  Todd. 

At  the  first  blush,  at  the  first  glance  ; at  first  sight. 

f BLUSH'flT,  n.  A young,  modest  girl.  B.  Jonson. 

BLUSH'FUL,  a.  Full  of  blushes.  Thomson. 

BLUSH'ING,  n.  The  appearance  of  blushes,  or 
of  a reddish  color.  “The  blushings  of  those 
that  are  of  modest  looks.”  Bp.  Taylor.  “The 
blushings  of  the  evening.”  Spenser. 

BLUSH'ING,  p.  a.  Manifesting  blushes  ; having 
a reddish  color. 

BLUSH'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a blushing  manner.  Craig. 

BLUSH'Lf.SS,  a.  Without  a blush;  impudent. 
“ Blushless  crimes.”  Sandys. 

BLUSH'Y,  a.  Having  the  color  of  ablush.  “ These 
[blossoms]  of  apples  . . . are  blushy.”  [it.] Bacon. 

BLUS'TIJR,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  blrestan,  to  puff.]  [i. 
BLUSTERED  ; pp.  BLUSTERING,  BLUSTERED.] 

1.  To  make  a loud  noise ; to  roar  as  a storm. 

His  blustenng  blast  each  coast  doth  scour.  Spenser. 

2.  To  swagger;  to  boast;  to  bully. 

Your  ministerial  directors  blustered  like  tragic  tyrants. 

Burke. 

t BLUS'T^R,  v.  a.  To  blow  down.  Todd. 

BLUS'TIJR,  n.  1.  Roar  of  storms  or  of  violent 
wind.  “The  skies  look  grimly,  and  threaten 
present  blusters.”  Shak. 

2.  A loud,  harsh  noise.  “ The  brazen  trum- 
pet’s bluster.”  Swift. 

3.  Boasting ; boisterousness. 

A coward  makes  a great  deal  more  bluster  than  a man  of 
honor.  VEstrange. 

BLUS-TER-A'TION,  n.  Noisy  boasting  ; bluster. 
[Provincial  in  England,  and  low  and  colloquial 
in  the  United  States.]  Halliwell. 

BLUS'TBR-BR,  n.  One  who  blusters;  a swag- 
gerer ; a noisy  fellow.  Shak. 

BLUS'TpR-ING,  p.  a.  1.  Windy;  stormy;  as, 
“ Blustering  weather.” 

2.  Swaggering  ; turbulent.  “ A blustering 
fellow.”  L’Estrange. 

BLUS'TIJR-ING,  ii.  Tumult ; noise.  South. 

f BLUS'TIJR-OUS,  a.  Tumultuous  ; noisy.  Shak. 

B — MI  (be'me),  n.  A note  in  music.  Shak. 

BO,  interj.  [W.  bw.]  A word  used  to  terrify  chil- 
dren. Temple. 

BO  'A,  n.  [L.,  a large  serpent.] 

1.  ( Ilerp. ) A race  of  large  serpents. 

2.  An  article  of  dress  for  the  neck,  made  of 

fur,  and  somewhat  in  the  form  of  the  serpent 
called  boa.  Scudamore. 

BO'A— CON-STRIC'TOR,  ii.  [L.  boa,  a largo  ser- 
pent, and  constringo,  constrictus,  to  bind  to- 
gether, to  compress.]  ( Zoiil .)  The  largest  spe- 
cies of  variegated  serpents,  a native  of  tropical 
America,  attaining,  when  full  grown,  the  length 
of  thirty-five  feet.  They  arc  without  venom, 
but  possess  immense  muscular  power,  which 
enables  them  to  crush  large  animals  in  their 


BOAST 

folds.  The  python  of  Asia  is  sometimes  called 
by  this  name.  Van  Der  Uneven. 

BOAR  (bor),  n.  [L.  aper ; A.  S.  bar ; Dut.  beer  ; 
Ger.  eber ; W.  bwrdo.]  The  male  of  the  hog  or 
swine  : — the  wild  hog.  Wood. 

The  boar  out  of  the  wood  doth  waste  it.  Ps.  lxxx.  13. 

BOAR,  v.  n.  (Manege.)  To  shoot  out  the  nose  and 
toss  it ; to  bore  ; — said  of  a horse.  Farm.  Ency. 

BOARD  (bord),  n.  [Goth,  baurd;  A.  S.  bord; 
Gael.,  Fr.,  § Sw.  bord;  W.  bwrdcl.] 

1.  A piece  of  sawed  timber,  broad  and  thin, 
and  of  undefined  length. 

With  the  saw  they  sundered  trees  in  boards  and  planks. 

Raleigh . 

2.  A table  to  place  food  on. 

Pan  guard  thy  flock,  and  Ceres  bless  thy  board.  Prior . 

The  Anglo-Saxon  table  was  formed  merely  by  placing  a 
board  upon  trestles  at  the  time  of  eating,  and  it  was  designated 
simply  by  the  name  of  a board.  We  still  use  the  word  in 
certain  phrases  derived  from  ancient  customs;  and  we  speak 
of  a “festive  board,"  and  talk  of  giving  people  “hoard  and 
lodging,”  and  of  sitting  at  a “ council  ” or  “ committee 
board.  Thomas  Wright. 

3.  Food;  diet;  provision. 

Sometimes  white  lilies  did  their  leaves  afford, 

With  wholesome  poppy  flowers,  to  mend  his  homely  board. 

Dryden. 

4.  The  customary  meals  obtained  for  a stip- 
ulated sum  at  the  table  of  another;  as,  “He 
pays  a high  price  for  board.” 

5.  A number  of  persons  who  have  the  man- 
agement of  some  public  office  or  trust,  or  who 
superintend  the  operations  of  any  private  busi- 
ness ; as,  “The  board  of  customs”;  “The 
board  of  trade  ” ; “A  board  of  directors.” 

6.  pi.  (Book-binding.)  Covers  of  books  made 
of  pasteboard. 

7.  (Naut.)  The  deck  of  a ship,  as  in  the 

phrases,  “On  board”;  “ A-board  ” : — the 
stretch  a vessel  makes  upon  one  tack  when  she 
is  beating.  Dana. 

8.  [Fr  .bord,  side.]  The  side  of  a ship.  “Now 
board  to  board  the  rival  vessels  row.”  Dryden. 

To  go  by  the  board , (JVaut.)  to  do  over  the  side  of 
tile  ship.  — Weather  board,  that  side  of  ihe  ship  which 
is  to  windward. — To  make  short  boards,  to  tack  fre- 
quently.— To  make  a stem  board,  to  fail  back  from 
tile  point  pained  on  qle  |;ist  tack. — To  make  a good 
board,  to  sail  in  a direct  course  when  hauled  close  to 
the  wind. 

BOARD,  V.  a.  [i.  BOARDED  ; pp.  BOARDING, 
BOARDED.] 

1.  To  cover  with  hoards.  Moxon. 

2.  To  enter  a ship  by  force.  “ I boarded  the 

king’s  ship.”  Shak. 

3.  To  supply  with  food  for  a stipulated  sum  ; 
as,  “ He  will  board  you  during  the  winter.” 

4.  [Fr.  aborder,  to  approach,  to  accost.]  fTo 
accost ; to  address. 

Him  the  prince  with  gentle  court  did  board.  Spenser. 

BOARD,  v.  n.  To  live  in  a house  at  a certain 
rate  for  eating ; to  be  furnished  with  food  or 
meals  for  a stipulated  sum.  “ At  a house  where 
mixed  company  boarded.”  Tatlcr. 

BOARD'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  boarded,  or  ap- 
proached. Sherwood. 

BOARD'ER,  ii.  1.  One  who  is  furnished  with 
food  at  a certain  rate  from  the  table  of  another  ; 
a tabler.  Sherwood. 

2.  (Naut.)  A sailor  whose  duty  it  is  to  board 
the  enemy’s  ship. 

BOARD'ING— HOUSE,  n.  A house  where  board  is 
furnished.  Crabb. 

BOARD'ING— PIKE,  n.  A pike  used  by  sailors  in 
hoarding  a ship.  Crabb. 

BOARD'ING— SCHOOL  (-skol),  ii.  A school/where 
the  pupils  live  and  board  with  the  teacher. 

A blockhead,  with  melodious  voice, 

In  boarding-schools  may  have  his  choice.  Swift. 

BOARD'L^SS,  a.  Without  a table  or  board. 

BOARD'— WA-^E.^,  n.  pi.  Wages  allowed  to  ser- 
vants to  keep  themselves  in  victuals.  Dryden. 

BOAR'jSH,  a.  Swinish;  brutal.  Shak. 

BOAR'— SPEAR,  n.  A spear  used  in  hunting  the 
boar.  Spensei'. 

BOAR'— THIS-TLE  (bor'thls-sl),  il.  A plant;  — 
called  also  spear-thistle.  Booth. 

BOAST  (host),  v.  n.  [W.  bostio,  to  boast,  to 
vaunt.]  [i.  boasted  ; pp.  boasting,  boasted.] 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  ROLE.  — £,  <?,  9,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z ; % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


BOAST 


156 


BODKIN 


1.  To  display  one’s  own  importance  ; to  exalt 
one’s  self  ; to  vaunt ; to  brag. 

Thine  heart  lifteth  thee  up  to  boast.  2 Chron.  xxv.  19. 

2.  To  exult ; to  glory. 

In  God  we  boast  all  the  day  long.  Ps.  xliv.  8. 

BOAST,  v.  a.  1.  To  display  with  ostentatious 
language  ; to  brag  of. 

Lest  bad  men  should  boast 

Their  specious  deeds.  Milton. 

2.  To  magnify  ; to  exalt. 

In  their  glory  shall  ye  boast  yourselves.  Isa.  lxi.  6. 

3.  To  make  over-confident ; to  vaunt. 

Boast  not  thyself  of  to-morrow,  for  thou  knowest  not  what 
a day  may  bring  forth.  Prov.  xxvii.  1. 

4.  (Sculp.)  To  cut  roughly,  as  stone,  in  order 

to  form  the  outline  of  a figure.  Francis. 

BOAST,  n.  [W.  host ; Gael,  bosd,  bost.) 

1.  Something  boasted  of. 

Ay  me!  they  little  know 

How  dearly  I abide  that  boast  so  vain.  Milton. 

2.  Praiseworthy  exultation. 

My  soul  shall  make  her  boast  in  the  Lord.  Ps.  xxxiv.  2. 

3.  A subject  of  boasting  ; a vaunting  speech  ; 
an  expression  of  ostentation. 

Not  Tyro  nor  Mycene  match  her  name, 

Nor  great  Alcmeua,  the  proud  boasts  of  fame.  Pope. 

BOAST'£R,  n.  One  who  boasts  ; a braggart  ; a 
braggadocio.  Boyle. 

BOAST'FUL,  a.  Addicted  to  boasting;  ostenta- 
tious. Shak. 

BOAST'FUL-LY,  ad.  In  a boastful  manner. 

BOAST'FUL-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  boastful. 

BOAST'ING,  n.  1.  Act  of  making  boasts. 

2.  (Sculp.)  The  rough  cutting  of  a stone  to 
form  the  outline  of  a figure.  Francis. 

BOAST'ING,/?.  a.  Making  boasts ; bragging. 

BO  AST'ING-LY,  ad.  Ostentatiously.  Burke. 

f BOAST'IVE  (bost'jv),  a.  Boastful.  Shcnstone. 

BOAST'LfSS,  a.  Without  ostentation.  Thomson. 

BOAST'ON,  n.  A game  played  with  cards.  Hoyle. 

BOAT  (hot),  n.  [A.  S.  bat,  a boat  or  ship  ; Ger. 
^ Dut.  boot ; Sw.  bant ; Fr.  bateau .) 

1.  A small  vessel,  generally  open,  and  pro- 
pelled by  oars,  by  sails,  or  by  steam,  — as  the 
launch,  the  barge,  the  pinnace,  the  yawl,  &c. 

Vessels  large  may  venture  more. 

But  little  bouts  should  keep  near  shore.  Franklin. 

2.  A small  sailing  vessel  employed  on  a 
special  service,  and  usually  described  by  some 
epithet  denoting  its  use;  as,  “ Pilot-6oa<  ” ; 
“ Advice-ioaf  ” ; “ Health-6oaf.” 

3.  A steam-packet;  as,  “ The  Cunard-6oafs.” 

BOAT,  v.  a.  [ i . boated  ; pp.  boating,  boated.] 

To  carry  or  transport  in  a boat.  Wilberforce. 


BOAT'A-BLE,  a.  Navigable  with  boats.  Lyell. 


BOAT'-BILL,  n.  (Ornith.)  1.  A 
bird  of  the  order  Grallce,  and 
family  Ardeidoe  ; — found  in 
South  America,  and  so  named 


from  the  resemblance 
to  a boat  with  the 
keel  turned  upwards ; 
Cancyoma  cochlearia 
of  Linnaeus.  Baird. 

2.  A bird  of  the 
order  Passcrcs,  fam- 
ily Coracidee,  and 
sub-family  Eurylai- 
mince.  — See  Eury- 

LAIMINA3.  Gray. 

BOAT1— BUI LD-JJR,  n. 


of  its  bill 


Boat-bill. 

One  who  makes  boats. 

Jodrell. 


BOAT'— FLY,  n.  (Ent.)  A bug  of  the  family  No- 
tonectidw, — so  named  from  its  resemblance  to 
a boat  while  swimming  on  the  back  and  propel- 
ling itself  with  the  hind  legs,  which  are  very 
long,  as  with  oars.  Baird. 

BOAT1— HOOK  (bot'huk),  n.  A long  pole  with  a 
hook  at  the  end,  used  in  boats.  Crabb. 

BOAT'JNG,  n.  1.  The  act  of  conveying  in  a 
h°jR-  Wilberforce. 

2.  A cruel  punishment,  inflicted  by  the  an- 
cient Persians,  by  confining  the  offender  be- 
tween two  boats.  Mar.  Diet. 


f BO-A'TION,  n.  [L.  boo,  boatus,  to  cry  aloud,  to 
roar.]  Roar ; noise.  Derham. 

BOAT'LIKE,  a.  Formed  like  a boat.  Drayton. 

BOAT'MAN,  n. ; pi.  boat'men.  One  who  man- 
ages a boat.  Prior. 

BOAT'ROPE,  n.  A rope  fastening  a boat  to  a 
ship.  , Crabb. 

BOAT'— SHAPED  (-shapt),  a.  Having  the  form  of 
a boat ; cymbiform.  Craig. 

BOAT'SHELL,  n . A crustaceous  animal  belong- 
ing to  the  genus  Cymba.  Hill. 

BOATS'MAN,  n.  Same  as  Boatman.  Dryden. 

BOAT'SWAIN  (bot'swan  or  bo'sn)  [bot'swan,  col- 
loquially bo'sn,  IF.  Sm.  ; bo'sn,  S’.  P.  K.  R.  ; 
bdt'swan  or  bo'sn,  J.  F.  Ja. ; bot'sn,  E.),  n.  [A.  S. 
batsican ; bat,  a boat,  and  stoan,  or  swein,  a 
swain  or  servant.]  A warrant  officer  in  the  navy 
who  has  charge  of  the  boats,  rigging,  anchors, 
and  cables,  and  whose  duty  it  is  to  summon  the 
crew.  Harris.  Dana. 

BOAT'— TAIL,  n.  (Ornith.)  A bird  of  the  family 
Stumidce,  and  sub-family  Quiscalinm.  Gray. 

BOB,  v.  a.  [“  The  etymologists  afford  no  insight 
into  the  origin  of  this  word.”  Richardson .)  [i. 

BOBBED  ; pp.  BOBBING,  BOBBED.] 

1.  To  beat  or  strike  by  a short,  jerking  action. 

I’ll  not  be  bobbed  in  the  nose.  Beau,  fie  FI. 

2.  To  cut  short ; to  clip.  Robinson. 

3.  To  cheat.  “ I have  bobbed  his  brain  more 

than  he  has  beat  my  bones.”  Shak. 

4.  To  get  by  cheating. 

He  calls  me  to  a restitution  large 

Of  gold  and  jewels,  that  I bobbed  from  him.  Shak. 

BOB,  v.  n.  1.  To  play  backward  and  forward  ; to 
play  loosely  against  any  thing. 

A birthday  jewel  bobbing  at  their  ear.  Dryden. 

2.  To  angle  by  giving  the  hook  a jerking  mo- 
tion in  the  water. 

These  are  the  baits  they  bob  with.  Beau.  Sf  FI. 

BOB,  n.  1.  Something  that  hangs  so  as  to  play 
loosely  ; a pendant ; an  ear-ring. 

In  jewels  dressed,  and  at  each  ear  a bob.  Dryden. 

2.  f A short  jerking  action  or  blow. 

I am  sharply  taunted  with  pinches,  nips,  and  bobs.  Ascham. 

3.  f The  words  repeated  at  the  end  of  a stanza. 

To  bed,  to  bed,  will  be  the  bob  of  the  song.  L Estrange. 

4.  A wig  of  short  hair  ; a bobwig.  Shcnstone. 

5.  A familiar  name  for  a small  wheel  made 

of  thick  leather,  and  used  in  polishing  the  in- 
side of  the  bowls  of  spoons,  &c.  Ogilvie. 

6.  (Bell-ringing.)  A peal  of  several  courses 

or  sets  of  changes.  Johnson. 

7.  (Angling.)  A worm  used  for  bait.  Walton. 
This  name  is  applied  also  to  a peculiar  kind  of 
hook  used  in  bobbing. 

8.  (Carp.  & Masonry.)  A round  ball  at  the 
end  of  a plumb-line. 

9.  ( Block-making .)  The  ball  or  disk  at  the 

end  of  a pendulum.  Buchanan. 

10.  f [Old  Fr.  bobe,  pleasantry,  badinage.]  A 
sneering  joke ; a taunt.  Beau.  & FI.  Shak. 

f BO-BANCE',  n.  [Fr.]  Boasting.  Chaucer. 

BOB'BIJR-Y,  n.  A disturbance  ; a squabble  ; a tu- 
mult ; a row.  [Colloquial  and  vulgar.]  Halliwell. 

BOB'BIN,  n.  [Fr.  bobine-,  Dut.  bobyn,  bobijn.) 

1.  A small,  wooden  pin,  with  a notch,  to  wind 
thread  on,  used  in  making  lace,  &c.  Milton. 

2.  Round  tape.  Goldsmith. 

BOB'BI-NET,  n.  A kind,  of  netted  gauze  or  lace 

wrought  by  machines,  and  not  by  hand.  Craig. 

BOB'BIN-WORK  (-wiirk),  n.  Work  woven  with 
bobbins.  Grew. 


BOB'CHER-RY,  n.  A play  among  children,  in 
which  a cherry  is  hung  so  as  to  bob  against  the 
mouth.  Arbuthnot. 


BOB'O-LINK,  n.  (Ornith.)  A beautiful  singing 
bird  of  America,  called  also  bobolink-horn,  bob- 
link,  rice-bird,  rice-bunting,  and  reed-bird  ; the 
Dolichonyx  orizyvorus  of  Swainson  ; — some- 
times termed  the  skunk-blackbird,  or  skunk-bird, 
a name  first  applied  by  the  Cree  Indians,  from 
the  resemblance  in  the  colors  of  the  male  to 
those  of  that  quadruped.  Audubon. 


BOB'— SLED,  n.  A short  sled  used  for  transport- 


ing large  timber  from  the  forest  to  a river  or  a 
public  road.  [U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

BOB'STAY,  n.  (Naut.)  A short  rope  used  to 
confine  the  bowsprit  downward  to  the  stem,  or 
cutwater.  Mar.  Diet. 

BOB'TAlL,  n.  A tail  cut  short.  Shak. 

Reg,  tag,  and  bobtail-,  the  rabble.  [Vulgar.] 

BOB'TAlLED  (bob'tald),  a.  Having  a tail  cut 
short.  “ A bobtailed  cur.”  L' Estrange. 

BOB'TAlL— WIG,  n.  Same  as  Bobwig.  Booth. 

BOB'— WIG,  n.  A wig  of  short  hair.  Spectator. 

BO'CAL,  n.  [Fr.]  A cylindrical  glass  vessel 
with  a large  and  short  neck ; — used  for  pre- 
serving solid  substances.  Craig. 

BO-CAR'DO,  n.  (Logic.)  A species  of  syllogism, 
in  which  the  middle  proposition  is  a universal 
affirmative,  and  the  first  and  last  are  particular 
negatives.  Crabb. 

BOC'A-SINE,  n.  [Fr.  boccasin .]  1.  A fine  buck- 
ram, resembling  taffeta.  Cotgrate. 

2.  The  stuff  called  also  calamanco.  Cotgrave. 

BOC'CA,  n.  [It.,  mouth.)  The  round  hole  in  the 
working  furnace  of  a glass  manufactory.  Craig. 

BOCK'B-LET,  n.  A long- winged  hawk.  Crabb. 

BOCK'E-RET,  n.  Same  as  Bockelet.  Bailey. 

BOCK'EY,  n.  A bowl  or  vessel  made  from  a 
gourd.’  [Local,  New  York.]  Bartlett. 

BOCK'ING,  n.  1.  Red  herring.  Crabb. 

2.  A coarse  woollen  stuff ; a kind  of  baize 
used  as  a floor-cloth,  &c. ; — so  called  from 
having  been  first  made  at  Bocking,  in  Eng- 
land. R.  W.  Hamilton. 

BOCK'LAND,  n.  [A.  S.  bocland',  boc,  a book, 
and  land,  land.]  (Law.)  A possession  or  in- 
heritance held  by  evidence  in  writing,  free  frprn 
all  fief,  fee,  service,  or  fines ; such  as  was  for- 
merly denominated  allodial,  and  is  now  called 
freehold ; bookland.  It  was  so  named  to  dis- 
tinguish it  from  folc-land,  rvhich  was  held 
without  writing.  Burrill. 

BODE,  v.  a.  [A. S.  bodian, to  announce ; Dut.boode, 
a messenger.]  [*.  boded  ; pp.  boding,  boded.] 
To  portend  ; to  foreshow  ; to  forebode. 

This  bodes  some  strange  eruption  to  our  state.  Shak. 

BODE,  v.  n.  To  forebode  ; to  presage.  “ It  boded 
well  to  you.”  Dryden. 

f BODE,  n.  1.  An  omen.  “ The  owl,  that  of 
death  the  bode  bringeth.”  Chaucer. 

2.  [From  bide.)  Delay,  or  stop.  Chaucer. 

BODE'FUL,  a.  Foreboding;  ominous.  Carlyle. 

BODE’M^NT,  n.  A portent ; omen,  [r.]  Shak. 

j" BODICE,  v.  n.  To  boggle;  to  stop;  to  fail. 
“ We  bodged  again.”  Shak. 

t BODGE,  n.  A botch ; a patch.  Whitlock. 

BOD'ICE  (bod'js),  n.  [From  body.)  Short  stays 
for  women  ; a corset.  Prior. 

BOD'IED,  a.  Having  a body;  — used  in  compo- 
sition. “ Ill-faced,  -worse-bodied.”  Shak. 

BOD'I-LESS,  a.  Having  no  body;  incorporeal. 
“ Phantoms  bodiless.”  Swift. 

BOD'I-LI-NESS,  n.  Corporality.  Minsheu. 

BOD'I-LY,  a.  I.  Relating  to  the  body,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  the  mind.  “ Virtue  atones  for 
bodily  defects.”  L' Estrange. 

2.  Existing  in  the  form  of  a body  ; corporeal. 

“A  spirit  void  of  sensible  qualities  and  bodily 
dimensions.”  South. 

3.  fReal;  actual.  “ Bodily  act.”  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Corporal. 

BOD'I-LY,  ad.  1.  In  the  form  of  a body  ; corpo- 
really. ’ “ The  godhead  dwells  bodily.”  Watts. 

2.  In  respect  to  the  entire  bodj  or  mass  ; en- 
tirely ; completely;  as,  ‘‘To  carry  any  thing 
away  bodily.” 

BOD'ING,  n.  A foreshowing;  a prognostic;  an 
omen.  “ Ominous  bodings.”  Bp.  Ward. 

BoD'KIN,  n.  [Etymology  unknown.  Perhaps 
bodikin,  the  diminutive  of  body.  Skinner.) 

1.  t A dagger.  Chaucer.  Beau.  <5;  FI. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  V,  short;  A,  5,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  fAr,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


BOLD-FACED 


BODKIN-WORK 

2.  An  instrument  to  draw  a thread  through  a 

loop.  Sidney. 

3.  An  instrument  for  dressing  the  hair.  Pope. 

4.  Cloth  of  silk  and  gold  thread  ; — corrupted 

from  baioi kin.  B.  Jonson. 

5.  {Printing.)  A tool  for  picking  letters  out  of 
a column  or  a page  in  correcting  it.  Simmonds. 

BOD'KIN— WORK  (-wiirk),  n.  A sort  of  trim- 
ming. Crabb. 

BO'DLE,  n.  A Scotch  penny,  equal  to  half  an 
English  penny.  W.  Scott. 

BOD'LIJI-AN  [bod'le-an,  Sm.  O.  C.  Cl.;  bod-le'?n, 
Crabb],  a.  Applied  to  a valuable  library  at 
Oxford,  founded  by  Sir  Thomas  Bodley,  in  1597. 
“ The  Bodleian  Library.”  Warton. 

BOD'Y,  n.  [A.  S.  bodig  ; Gael,  bod  hag.] 

1.  The  material  substance  of  an  animal ; or 
the  material  part,  opposed  to  the  principle  of 
life,  or  to  the  spirit. 

As  the  body  without  the  spirit  is  dead,  so  faith  without 
works  is  dead  also.  James  u.  20. 

2.  The  organized  matter  of  a vegetable. 

That  which  thou  sowest,  thou  so  west  not  that  body  that 

shall  be,  but  bare  grain;  . . . but  God  giveth  it  a body  as  it 
hath  pleased  him,  and  to  every  seed  his  own  body. 

1 Cor.  xv.  37,  38. 

3.  Form  in  which  spirit  is  manifested. 

It  is  sown  a natural  body  ; it  is  raised  a spiritual  body. 

1 Cor.  xv.  44. 

4.  The  main,  central  part  of  an  animal,  in 
distinction  from  the  head  and  limbs. 

For  a hand,  a foot,  and  a body , they  are  past  compare.  Shade. 

5.  (Physics.)  Any  determinate  portion  of 

matter,  whether  existing  in  a solid,  liquid,  or 
aeriform  state.  Brande. 

The  primary  ideas  we  have  peculiar  to  body  are,  the  cohe- 
sion of  solid  parts,  and  a power  of  communicating  motion  by 
impulse.  Locke. 

6.  A person.  “ An  eminent  body."  “ Un- 
worthy body  as  I am.”  • Shak. 

7.  Reality,  as  opposed  to  what  is  symbolical. 

A shadow  of  things  to  come;  but  the  body  is  of  Christ. 

Col.  ii.  17. 

8.  A collective  mass ; a number  of  persons 

associated  under  a common  name,  or  for  a com- 
mon object.  “ The  whole  body  of  mankind.” 
“ That  reverend  body.”  Sicift. 

9.  The  main  part,  or  the  bulk  of  any  thing ; 
as,  “ The  body  of  an  army  ” ; “ The  body  of  a 
coach  ” ; “The  body  of  a church.” 

10.  A systematized  summary  of  any  depart- 
ment of  knowledge  ; a pandect ; as,  “ A body 
of  the  civil  law”  ; “A  body  of  divinity.” 

11.  Strength  ; as,  “ Wine  of  good  body.” 

12.  (Paint.)  A thick  consistency  of  color  ; 

body-color.  Fairholt. 

13.  (Geoin.)  Any  solid  figure.  Brande. 

Syn.  — Body,  in  the  sense  of  a dead  body,  is  appli- 
cable to  both  men  and  brutes ; corpse,  to  men  ; car- 
cass, to  brutes. 

BOD'Y,  a.  Accompanying  the  person.  “ A body 
servant.”  Clay. 

BOD'Y,  V.  a.  [t.  BODIED  ; pp.  BODYING,  BODIED.] 
To  give  body  to;  to  produce  in  some  form. 

As  imagination  bodies  forth 
The  forms  ot  things  unknown.  Shak. 

BOD'Y— CLOTHE§,  n.  pi.  Clothing  for  horses.  — 

See  "Clothes.  Addison. 

BOD'Y— COAT,  n.  A man’s  dress  coat.  Simmonds. 

BOD'Y— COL'OR,  n.  (Paint.)  A color  that  is 
opaque,  and  has  a thick  consistency,  as  distin- 
guished from  a tint,  or  wash.  Fairholt. 

BOD'Y— GUARD  (-gird),  n.  The  guard  that  pro- 
tects the  person ; a life-guard.  Bp.  Porteus. 

BOD'Y— POL'I-TIC,  n.  A nation  or  community, 
as  constituted  under  a government  or  polity. 

In  the  body-politic , as  in  the  natural,  those  disorders  are 
most  dangerous  that  flow  from  the  head.  Melmoth. 

BCE-6'TIAN  (be-o'sh?n),  a.  (Geog.)  Belonging 
to  Boeotia  ; — dull;  stupid;  rude.  Mitford. 

BCE-O'TIAN,  n.  (Geog.)  A native  of  Boeotia. 

BOG,  n.  [Gael.  § Ir.  bog ; Arm.  boueg.]  A soft, 
marshy  place,  covered  with  grass  or  other 
plants  ; a morass ; a quagmire. 

He  walks  upon  bogs  and  whirlpools;  wheresoever  he  treads, 
he  sinks.  South. 

Bug-iron  ore,  ( Geol.)  a substance  that  occurs  in  peat 
mosses,  consisting  of  innumerable  articulated  threads, 
which  are  the  cases  of  microscopic  bodies,  and  which 


157 

are  composed  partly  of  silica  and  partly  of  oxide  of 
iron.  Lyell. 

BOG,  v.  a.  To  whelm  as  in  a bog.  [r.]  B.  Jonson. 

BOG'BEAN,  re.  (Bot.)  A plant  sometimes  used 
in  medicine  ; Menyanthes  trifoliata  ; — called 
also  buckbean  and  water-trefoil.  Loudon. 

BOG'BER-RY,  w.  (Bot.)  The  cranberry.  Buchanan. 

BOG'-EARTH,  re.  (Min.)  An  earth  or  soil  con- 
sisting chiefly  of  silex,  and  vegetable  fibre  par- 
tially decomposed.  P.  Cyc. 

BOG'GLE,  v.  re.  [The  diminutive  of  bog.  Rich- 
ardson. W.  bugul,  fearj  [i.  boggled  ; pp. 
boggling,  boggled.]  To  fear  to  proceed ; to 
shrink  back  ; to  hesitate. 

We  start  and  boggle  at  every  . . . appearance.  Glanville. 

He  had  the  oaths  of  allegiance  and  supremacy  tendered  to 
him,  but  boggling  at  them  at  first,  and  afterwards  denying 
them,  was  committed  prisoner  to  Newgate.  Hood. 

BOG'GLJpR,  re.  One  who  boggles  or  hesitates. 

BOG'GLING,  p.  a.  Hesitating;  starting  back. 

t BOG'GLJSH,  a.  Doubtful.  Bp.  Taylor. 

BOG'Gy,  a.  Like  a bog;  marshy  ; swampy.  “ A 
boggy  Syrtis.”  Milton. 

BOG'— HOUSE,  re.  A house  of  office;  a privy ; a 
jakes.  Johnson. 

BOG'LAND,  a.  Living  in  a boggy  country.  Dry  den. 

BO'GLE,  or  BOG'GLE,  re.  [W.  bwg,  and  bivgan, 
a spectre  ; bugul,  fear.]  A bugbear  ; a spectre  ; 
a hobgoblin.  [Local,  Eng.]  Brockett. 

BOG'— ORE,  re.  A variety  of  iron  ore  found  in 
bogs  and  swampy  grounds  ; bog-iron  ore.  Craig. 

BOG'— RUSH,  re.  1.  A perennial  plant,  of  the  ge- 
nus Schcenus  ; — called  also  rush-grass.  Loudon. 

2.  (Ornith.)  A bird ; a species  of  warbler 
of  the  size  of  a wren,  common  among  bog- 
rushes  in  Sweden.  Buchanan. 

BOG'— SPAv-IN,  re.  (Far.)  An  encysted  tumor 
on  the  inside  of  a horse’s  hough.  Buchanan. 

BOG'— TROT-TpR,  re.  1.  One  who  is  accustomed 

to  pass  over  bogs,  or  one  who  lives  in  a boggy 
country.  “ The  practised  bog-trotter  passes 
over  them  [bogs]  in  safety.”  P.  Cyc. 

2.  A derisive  epithet  applied  to  Irishmen,  in 
allusion  to  the  bogs  of  Ireland.  Bartlett. 

BOG'TROT-TING,  a.  Passing  over  bogs  ; living 
in  a boggy  country.  Goldsmith. 

BO'GUS,  re.  Liquor  made  of  rum  and  molasses. 
[Local,  U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

BO'GUS,  a.  Spurious;  counterfeit;  as,  “ Bogus 
money.”  [A  cant  term,  U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

Is  a bogus  government  — government?  Are  bogus  laws  — 
laws  ? Dr.  Taylor. 

BO-HEA'  (bo-he'),  re.  An  inferior  species  of  black 
tea  : — used  also  as  a generic  name  for  the  dif- 
ferent varieties  of  black  tea,  including  Sou- 
chong, Pekoe,  and  Congou.  Brande. 

Bp-HE'MI-AN,  a.  (Geog.)  Belonging  to  Bohe- 
mia. Ed.  Ency. 

BO-HE'MI-AN,  re.  (Geog.)  A native  of  Bohemia. 

BOIL,  v.  n.  [L.  bullio,  to  boil ; Fr.  bouillir .]  [i. 
boiled  ; pp.  boiling,  boiled.] 

1.  To  have  a bubbling  motion,  or  to  be  agi- 
tated by  heat. 

The  fire  causeth  the  waters  to  boil.  Is.  lxiv.  2. 

2.  To  move  as  water  when  it  is  agitated  by 
heat. 

He  maketh  the  deep  to  boil  like  a pot.  Job  xli.  31. 

3.  To  be  cooked  by  boiling.  “ In  the  cal- 
dron boil  and  bake.”  Shak. 

4.  To  be  moved  with  passion  ; to  be  ardent, 

or  hot.  “ Boiling  blood.”  Dryden. 

To  boil  over,  to  be  thrown  over  tile  sides  of  a ves- 
sel or  reservoir,  as  water  or  any  liquid  when  boiling. 
— To  boil  away,  to  evaporate  by  being  boiled. 

BOIL,  v.  a.  1.  To  cook  by  boiling. 

Beasts  of  chase,  or  fowl  of  game, 

In  pastry  built,  or  from  the  spit,  or  boiled.  3Iilton. 

2.  To  heat  or  seethe  in  boiling  water  or  other 
liquid. 

To  try  whether  seeds  be  old  or  new,  if  you  boil  them  in 
water,  the  new  seeds  will  sprout  sooner.  Bacon. 

BOIL,  re.  [A.  S.  byl,  bile;  Dut.  buil ; Dan.  byld; 


Ger.  beule.]  A sore,  painful  tumor,  terminat- 
ing in  a pustule. 

•8®=  Tins  is  now  the  more  common  orthography  of 
this  word  ; though  it  was  formerly  spelt  bile,  which 
is  more  in  accordance  with  its  etymology.  — See  Bile. 

BOILED  (bolld),  p.  a.  Heated,  or  dressed,  in 
boiling  water. 

BOIL'pR,  re.  1.  One  who  boils.  “ The  boilers  of 
saltpetre.”  Boyle. 

2.  The  vessel  in  which  any  thing  is  boiled. 

“ Pots  and  boilers.”  Woodward. 

3.  ( Mech .)  A close  vessel  in  which  steam  is 
generated,  to  be  used  as  the  motive  force  in 
steam  engines,  or  for  other  purposes.  It  is 
usually  made  of  wrought  iron  plates,  overlap- 
ping at  the  edges  and  fastened  by  rivets. 

BOIL'IJR— PLATES,  re.  pi.  Sheets  of  iron  used  for 
making  boilers,  tanks,  vessels,  &c.  Simmonds. 

BOIL'jpR-Y,  re.  A place,  in  salt  works,  where  salt 
is  boiled.  Johnson. 

BOIL'ING,  p.  a.  Agitated  by  heat. 

The  boiling  point  is  the  temperature  at  which  liquids 
are  in  a state  of  ebullition  by  heat.  The  boiling  point 
of  water,  at  the  level  of  the  sea,  when  the  barometer 
stands  at  3(P,  is  212°  ; of  alcohol,  176°;  of  ether,  96°  ; 
of  mercury,  662°,  by  Fahrenheit’s  thermometer.  When 
the  pressure  of  the  atmosphere  is  lessened  by  ascend- 
ing above  the  level  of  the  sea,  or  by  artificial  means, 
as  in  tile  application  of  the  air-pump  to  close  vessels, 
a corresponding  decrease  takes  place  in  the  tempera- 
ture at  which  liquids  boil.  Titus  it  lias  been  found 
that  tile  boiling  point  of  water  varies  0.88  of  a degree 
for  every  half  inch  of  variation  of  the  barometer. 

P.  Cyc. 

BOIL'ING,  re.  Act  of  boiling  ; ebullition. 

Syn. — See  Ebullition. 

BOIL'ING- LY,  ad.  In  a boiling  manner.  Byron. 

BOlS'TpR-OUS,  a.  [Dut.  byster,  furious  ; Dan. 
bister  ; W.  bwyst,  fierce,  savage.] 

1.  Furious;  vehement;  violent;  turbulent. 

The  brute  and  boisterous  force  of  violent  men.  Milton. 

2.  Loud  or  roaring,  as  the  sound  made  by  the 
wind  in  a storm.  “ A boisterous  storm.”  Shak. 

3.  f Intense  ; overpowering. 

Heat . . . too  powerful  and  boisterous  for  them.  Woodward. 

4.  f Huge  ; unwieldy.  “ His  boisterous 
club.”  Spenser.  “ Boisterous  curls.”  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Violent. 

BdlS'TJfR-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  a boisterous  manner  ; 
violently ; tumultuously.  Swift. 

BOIS'TER-OLS-NESS,  re.  Turbulence.  More. 

BOKE,  v.  re.  To  vomit.  [Local,  Eng.]  Brockett. 

BO'LA-RY,  a.  [Gr.  (FD.of,  a clod  ; L.  io/res.]  Par- 
taking of  the  nature  of  bole  or  clay.  “ A bolary 
and  clammy  substance.”  Broxcne. 

BOLD,  a.  [Goth,  balth  ; A.  S.  bald ; It.  baldo.] 

1.  Daring ; brave ; fearless  ; courageous  ; in- 
trepid ; undaunted. 

The  wicked  fleewhen  no  man  pursucth;  but  the  righteous 
are  bold  as  a lion.  Pro v.  xxviii.  I. 

2.  Assured ; confident.  “ I can  be  bold  to 

say.”  Locke. 

3.  Rude  ; impertinent ; impudenU  ^ 

Your  presence  is  too  bold  and  peremptory.  Shak. 

4.  Executed  with  spirit  and  decision,  or  with- 
out fear  of  criticism. 

The  cathedral  church  is  a very  bold  work.  Addison. 

5.  Showing  great  license  in  design  or  ex- 
pression, as  a literary  work. 

The  figures  are  bold  even  to  temerity.  Coivley. 

6.  Standing  out  to  the  view ; conspicuous  or 
striking. 

Shadows  in  painting  make  the  figure  bolder.  Dryden. 

7.  Steep  and  abrupt ; as,  “ A bold  shore.” 

To  make  bold,  to  use  freedom. 

Syn.  — Bold  in  the  defence  of  truth  ; bald  as  a lion  ; 
daring  in  military  exploits  ; a brave  soldier,  fearless 
of  danger ; a courageous  general ; intrepid  conduct ; 
undaunted  resolution. 

f BOLD,  v.  a.  To  bolden  ; to  make  bold.  A.  Hall. 

f BOLD'EN  (bold'dn),  v.  a.  To  embolden.  Shak. 

BOLD'FACE,  re.  Impudence;  sauciness:  — an 
impudent,  saucy  person.  L' Estrange. 

BOLD'-FACED  (bold'fast),  a.  Impudent.  “The 
bold-faced  atheists  of  this  age.”  Bp.  Bramliall. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — £,  9,  g,  soft;  U,  fi,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


BOLDLY  158  BOMB  AR  DO 


BOLD'LY,  ad.  In  a bold  manner ; with  courage ; 
daringly.  Ilooker. 

BOI.D’Npss,  n.  1.  Quality  of  being  bold  ; cour- 
age ; bravery  ; intrepidity  ; assurance. 

When  they  saw  the  boldness  of  Peter  and  John,  and  per- 
ceived  they  were  unlearned  and  ignorant  men,  they  mar- 
velled. Acts  iv.  13. 

2.  Freedom  from  bashfulness ; confident 
mien. 

Boldness  is  the  power  to  speak  or  do  what  we  intend  be- 
fore others,  without  fear  or  disorder.  Locke. 

3.  Exemption  from  caution,  and  scrupulous 
nicety  ; as,  “ Boldness  of  style.” 

4.  Freedom ; liberty.  “ Great  is  my  boldness 

of  speech  toward  you.”  2 Cor.  vii.  4. 

5.  Impudence ; rudeness. 

I’ll  strike  thee  to  mv  foot, 

And  spurn  upon  thee,  beggar,  for  thy  boldness.  Shak. 

6.  Steepness;  abruptness  ; as,  “ The  boldness 
of  the  coast.” 

Syn.  — Boldness  to  dare;  fortitude  to  endure 

See  AUDACITY. 

BOLD'— SPIR-!T-£D,  a.  Courageous.  Scott. 

BOLE,  n.  [Goth.  <Sr  Sw.  bol\  Dan.  bull] 

1.  The  trunk  or  body  of  a tree. 

View  well  this  tree,  the  queen  of  all  the  grove, 

How  vast  her  bole,  how  wide  her  arms  arc  spread.  Dryden. 

2.  A dry  measure.  — See  Boll,  No.  3. 

BOLE,  ii.  [Gr.  0Ci).os,  a clod,  a lump;  L.  6o?«s.] 
{Min.)  A solid,  amorphous,  earthy  mineral,  of  a 
yellow,  red,  or  brownish-black  color,  consisting 
principally  of  alumina,  silica,  and  oxide  of  iron. 
The  Armenian  bole,  or  bole  Armeniac,  was  for- 
merly much  used  in  medicine  as  a tonic,  astrin- 
gent, and  styptic.  Braude. 

BOLERO  (ho-la'ro),  n.  [Sp.]  1.  A dance  very 

popular  in  Spain ; — so  called  from  the  name 
of  its  inventor.  Brande. 

2.  The  person  who  performs  this  dance  on 
the  stage.  Velasquez. 

BO-LET'IC,  a.  {Chetn.)  Noting  an  acid  obtained 
from  a species  of  boletus.  Brande. 

BO-LE'TUS,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  fdtl.os,  a clod.] 
(Bot.)  A genus  of  fungi,  or  mushrooms.  Brande. 

BO' LIS,  n.-,  pi.  but.' i-niis.  [L., from  Gr.  Polls,  a 
missile  weapon  ; Pilloi,  to  throw.]  A meteor. 

BOLL,  V.  11.  [i.  BOI.LED  ; pp.  BOLLING,  BOLLED.] 

To  form  into  a seed-vessel. 

The  barley  was  in  the  ear,  and  the  flax  was  boiled. 

Exod.  ix.  31. 

BOLL,  ii.  [A.  S.  holla,  a bowl,  or  any  round  ves- 
sel ; Gael,  bol ; Dan.  bolle  ; Sw.  bul.) 

1.  (Bot.)  The  pod  or  capsule  of  a plant;  a 

pericarp.  Buchanan. 

2.  A salt  measure  of  two  bushels;  — written 

also  bole.  Farm.  Ency. 

3.  [Gael,  bolladh.]  (Scotland.)  A measure 
of  wheat  and  beans  equivalent  to  four  Win- 
chester bushels  ; — of  oats,  barley,  and  pota- 
toes, equal  to  six  bushels.  — See  Bole.  Loudon. 

BOL'LARD,  n.  ( Naut .)  One  of  the  large  posts 
set  in  the  ground  on  each  side  of  a dock,  and  to 
which  hawsers  are  lashed  and  seemed. Mar. Diet. 

BOL'LARD— TIM'BpRij,  n.  pi.  (Naut.)  Two  tim- 
bers at  the  bow  of  a ship,  one  on  each  side  of 
the  bowsprit,  to  secure  its  end.  Mar.  Diet. 

BOL'LI-MO-NY,  n.  A medley  of  several  sorts  of 

train  ; — written  also  bullimong ,bullimony , and 
ollemong.  [Local,  Eng.]  Tusser.  Crabb. 

BOLL'ING,  n.  A lopped  tree  ; a pollard.  Ray. 

||  BO-LOGN'A— PHi'AL  (bo-Ion'y?),  n.  A small 
phial  of  unannealed  glass,  which  flies  in  pieces 
when  its  surface  is  scratched  by  a hard  body. 

[|  BO-LOGN  A— SAU'SA^IE  (bo-lon'y?),  n.  A sau- 
sage made  of  bacon,  veal,  and  pork  suet.  Craig. 

||  BO-LOG  A A— STONE,  11.  (Min.)  A native  sul- 
phate of  baryta,  found  at  Bologna.  It  is  highly 
phosphorescent  after  calcination.  Brande. 

BO-LOGN-E§E'  (bo-lqn-yflz'),  a.  Relating  to  Bo- 
logna, or  to  its  school  of  painting.  Brande. 

BO-LOGN'IAN  (bo-lon'jqm),  a.  Belonging,  or  re- 
lating, to  Bologna. 

Bnloynian  stone,  a stone  which  is  a sulphate  of  ba- 
rytes, anti  remarkable  for  becoming,  when  heated 
witlt  charcoal,  a powerful  solar  phosphorus.  Bramle. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; 


BOLL'WORM  (-wilrm),  ii.  A worm  that  attacks 
the  boll  of  the  cotton-plant. 

BOL'STfR,  n.  [A.  S.  bolster,  a pillow  or  bolster  ; 

Ger.  polstcr,  a bolster  ; Sw.  bolster,  a bed.] 

1.  Something  on  which  to  rest  the  head  while 
reclining ; a pillow. 

Perhaps  some  cold  bank  is  her  bolster  now.  Milton. 

2.  A kind  of  bag,  filled  with  feathers  or  some 
soft  material,  and  laid  across  a bed  under  the 
pillows. 

And  here  I’ll  fling  the  pillow,  there  the  bolster.  Shak. 

3.  A pad  or  quilt,  as  of  a saddle.  Swift. 

4.  (Med.)  A compress  or  pad  to  be  laid  oh  a 

wound.  Wiseman. 

5.  (Cutlery.)  That  part  of  a knife  blade 

which  joins  the  end  of  a handle.  Francis. 

6.  ( Mech .)  A cylindrical  piece  of  iron  with 

a hole  through  the  middle,  used  when  holes 
are  to  be  punched.  Crabb. 

7.  (Naut.)  A piece  of  soft  wood  covered 
with  canvas,  placed  on  the  trestle-trees,  for  the 
eyes  of  the  rigging  to  rest  upon  : — any  thing 
placed  under  ropes  to  prevent  abrasion.  Dana. 

8.  (Arch.)  pi.  The  rolls  forming  the  ends  or 

sides  of  the  Ionic  capital.  Francis. 

BOL'STfR,  V.  a.  [t.  BOLSTERED  ; pp.  BOLSTER- 
ING, BOLSTERED.] 

1.  To  support  with  a bolster,  as  the  head. 

2.  To  support ; to  hold  up  ; to  maintain. 

Persuasions  used  to  further  the  truth,  not  to  bolster  error. 

Hooker. 

3.  To  swell  out.  Tatler. 

b6l'ST£R— CASE,  n.  A case  to  hold  a bolster. 

BOL'STpRED  (bol'sterd),  a.  1.  Supported. 

2.  Swelled  out.  Bp.  Taylor. 

BOL'S’LER-ljR,  n.  One  who  bolsters.  Bp.Bancroft. 

BOL'STf.R-ING,  n.  A prop  ; a propping;  a sup- 
port. Bp.  Taylor. 

BOLT,  n.  [A.  S.  bolt,  an  engine  to  throw  bolts, 
arrows,  &c. ; Dan.  bolt,  a bolt;  Sw.bult. — Gr. 
Pallet,  to  throw.] 

1.  Something  thrown  ; an  arrow ; a dart. 

Yet  marked  I where  the  bolt  of  Cupid  fell.  Shak. 

2.  A stroke  of  lightning ; a thunderbolt. 

IIow  dare  you,  ghosts. 

Accuse  the  thunderer  whose  bolt  you  kuow?  Shak. 

3.  (Mech.)  A cylindrical  pin  or  bar  of  metal 
used  for  a fastening,  either  by  making  it  to  slide 
in  a socket,  as  th ebolt  of  a door,  or  by  driving 
it  through  contiguous  pieces  of  wood  or  other 
substance,  as  the  bolts  with  which  the  planks 
and  timbers  of  a ship  are  secured. 

4.  [Goth,  bollt,  a fetter.]  An  iron  to  fasten 
the  legs  of  a prisoner  ; a shackle. 

Away  with  him  to  prison;  lay  bolts  enough  upon  him. 

Shak. 

5.  [Old  Fr.  bulleteau,  a bolting-cloth.]  A 

sieve.  “Bolts  of  lawn.”  B.  Jonson. 

6.  A quantity  of  canvas  containing  twenty- 

eight  ells.  Craig. 

7.  (Naut.)  The  edge  of  a sail.  Lewis. 

BOLT,  v.  a.  \i.  bolted  ; pp.  bolting,  bolted.] 

1.  To  fasten  with  a bolt;  as,  “To  bolt  a 
door.” 

2.  To  fetter;  to  shackle.  “ Which  shackles 

accident  and  bolts  up  change.”  Shak. 

3.  To  blurt  out  or  speak  precipitantly. 

I hate  when  Vice  can  bolt  her  arguments.  Milton. 

4.  To  swallow  hastily,  or  without  chewing ; 

as,  “ To  bolt  food.”  [Local,  Eng.]  Forby. 

5.  [Ger.  beuteln.]  To  sift;  to  separate  from 

bran.  Dryden. 

6.  To  examine,  or  separate  in  parts,  as  by 
sifting. 

The  report  of  the  committee  was  examined,  and  sifted,  and 
bolted  to  the  bran.  Burke. 

7.  To  purify;  to  purge,  [r.] 

The  fanned  snow, 

That’s  bolted  by  the  northern  blast  twice  o’er.  Shak. 

BOLT,  v.  n.  1.  To  spring  out  with  speed  and 
suddenness  ; to  start  suddenly. 

As  tlie  house  was  all  in  a flame,  out  bolts  a mouse  from  the 
ruins,  to  save  herself.  L'Estrange. 

2.  To  leave  or  desert  suddenly  a political  par- 
ty ; to  rat.  [U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

BOLT'— AU-E£It,  n.  A large  auger  used  in  ship- 
building. Buchanan. 


BOLT'JJD,  p.  a.  1.  Fastened  with  a bolt.  “ Bolt- 
ed gates.”  Dryden. 

2.  Sifted  with  a sieve;  as,  “ Bolted  flour.” 

BOL'TgL,  n.  (Arch.)  1.  The  shaft  of  a clustered 
pillar,  or  a shaft  attached  to  the  jambs  of  a door 
or  a window  ; — written  also  bottcl,  battel,  bou- 


tel,  and  bowtell.  Britton. 

2.  A convex  moulding,  such  as  an  ovolo,  or 
a torus.  " Gwilt. 

BOLTER,  n.  1.  One  who  bolts. 

2.  A machine  for  sifting;  a sieve.  Shak. 

3.  A kind  of  net.  Carew. 

j*  BOLT'EB,  v.  a.  To  besmear. 

The  biood-bokered  Banquo  smiles  upon  me.  Shak. 


BOLT'HEAD  (bolt'hed),  n.  A globular  flask  with 
a tubular  neck,  used  by  chemists ; • — called  also 
a matrass  or  receiver.  Brande. 

BOLT'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  bolting. 

2.  [A.  S.  bolt,  a house.]  (Lata.)  A term  used 
in  the  inns  of  court  to  signify  a private  arguing 
of  cases,  as  distinguished  from  mooting,  which 
was  a more  formal  and  public  mode  of  argu- 
ment. Burrill. 

BOLT'ING-CLOTH,  n.  Cloth  of  which  bolters 
are  made.  Smart. 

BOLT'ING— HOUSE,  n.  A place  where  meal  is 
bolted.  Dennis. 

BOLT'JNG— HUTCH,  n.  A tub  or  bin  for  bolted 
meal ; a bolting-tub.  Shak. 

BOLT'ING— MA-CHINE',  It.  That  part  of  the  ma- 
chinery of  a flour-mill,  by  which  the  flour  is 
separated  from  the  chaff.  Craig. 

BOLT'ING— TUB,  it.  A tub  to  sift  meal  in.  “The 
. . . bake-houses  and  bolting-tub.”  B.  Jonson. 

BOL'TON-lTE,  n.  (Min.)  A mineral  found  in 
limestone  at  Bolton,  Mass.  Dana. 

BOLT'-ROPE,  it.  (Naut.)  The  rope  which  goes 
round  the  edges  of  a sail,  and  to  which  the 
canvas  is  sewed.  Dana. 

BOLT'SPIIIT,  n.  (Naut.)  See  Bowsprit.  Shak. 

BOLT— UP-RiGHT',  a.  Quite  upright.  “I  stood 
bolt-upright  upon  one  end.”  Addison. 

BO'LUS,  n. ; L.  pi.  bo'li;  Eng.  bo'lvs-e$.  [L., 
from  Gr.  petlos,  a lump.]  (Med.)  A very  large 
pill.  “ Boluses  and  pills.”  Swift. 

BOM,  n.  (Zobl.)  A large,  harmless  serpent  of 
America  ; — so  named  from  the  sound  which  it 
makes.  Buchanan. 

BOMB  (bum),  n.  [Gr.  ftp  flog,  a hollow  sound; 
L.  boinbus  ; Dan.,  Ger.,  A Fr.  boinbe , a bomb.] 

1.  t A loud  humming  lioise.  Bacon. 

2.  The  stroke  upon  a bell.  Johnson. 

3.  (Mil.)  A hollow  ball  or  shell  of  cast-iron, 

having  an  orifice  through  which  it  is  filled  with 
gunpowder,  and  into  which,  when  the  charge  is 
made,  a fusee  is  inserted,  so  adjusted  that 
when  the  bomb  falls  at  the  place  intended,  the 
fusee  ignites  the  powder  in  the  shell  and  blows 
it  to  pieces.  Brande. 

F BOMB  (bum),  v.  ft.  [Dut.  bommen. ] To  sound. 
“With  bombing  sighs.”  B.  Jonson. 

BOMB  (bum),  v.  a.  To  bombard,  [r.]  Prior. 

BOM-BA'CEOUS  (-slius),  a.  [See  Bombax.]  Re- 
lating to  the  genus  Bombax.  Smart. 

f BOM'BAIID,  n.  [Fr.  bombarde,  from  L.  bombus, 
a noise,  and  ardeo,  to  burn.  Vossiusf] 

1.  A great  gun  ; a cannon.  Knolles. 

2.  A vessel  for  holding  liquors.  “ That  huge 

bombard  of  sack.”  Shak. 

BOM-BARD'  (bum-bard'),  V.  a.  [Sw.  bombardera  ; 
\t.boinbardare-,  Fr . bombard  erf]  [?.  bombard- 
ed ; pp.  BOMBARDING,  BOMBARDED.]  To  at- 
tack by  throwing  bombs  or  shells  from  mor- 
tars. Addison. 

BOM-BAR D-IER',  ft.  [Fr.]  (Mil.)  An  engineer 
of  artillery,  who  is  appointed  to  the  service  of 
supervising  the  discharge  of  bombs.  Tatler. 

BOM-BARD'MENT,  ft.  Act  of  bombarding;  an 
attack  by  throwing  bombs.  Addison. 

BOM-BAR'DO,  ft.  A musical  wind  instrument 
resembling  the  bassoon.  Craig. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  JJ,  },  Q,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


C'i 


BOMBARD-PHRASE 


BONFIRE 


159 


t BOM'BARD-PHRA$E,  n.  Bombastic  language. 
“ Their  bombard-phrase.”  B.  Jonson. 

BOM-BA-§!n',  n.  [Fr.]  A slight  fabric  of  silk 
and  worsted.  — See  Bombazine. 

BOM-bAST',  or  BOM'bAST  [bum-bast',  P.  J.  F.\ 
bum-bast',  S.  E.  Sm.  Ja.  R. ',  bum'bast,  IV.  M b. 
Ash'],  n.  [L.  bombycinus,  made  of  silk;  ap- 
plied to  the  material  used  for  wadding  gar- 
ments, and  hence  to  any  thing  inflated. 

1.  f Silk,  cotton,  or  other  stuff  of  soft,  loose 
texture,  used  to  swell  a garment. 

Thy  body ’s  bolstered  out  with  bombast  and  with  bags. 

Gascoigne . 

2.  High-sounding,  senseless  language  ; fus- 
tian. 

Ilis  genius  was  perpetually  liable  to  degenerate  into  bom- 
last.  r°Pe- 

BOM-bAST'  [burn-bast',  J.  P.  ; bum-bSst',  S.  W. 
Sm.  R. ; bum'bast,  1 Vb.  Ash],  a.  High-sound- 
ing ; bombastic.  Shah. 

f BOM-bAST',  v.  a.  To  inflate. 

Then  strives  he  to  bombast  his  feeble  lines 

"With  far-fetched  phrase.  Bp.  Hall. 

BOM-BAs'TIC,  a.  Partaking  of  bombast;  of  great 
sound  with  little  meaning  ; turgid  ; high-sound- 
ing; pompous.  “ Bombastic,  windy  phraseol- 
Qjry^1  Burke. 

Syn.  — See  Turgid. 

BOM'BAS-TRY,  n.  Bombastic  language  without 
much  meaning ; fustian  ; bombast,  [r.]  Swift. 

BOM  'BAX,  n.  [Low  L.,  cotton .]  (Bot.)  A genus 
of  trees  yielding  a substance  in  their  capsules 
resembling  cotton,  but  of  too  short  a staple  to 
be  used  for  manufacturing  purposes  ; silk-cot- 
ton-tree.  Loudon. 

BOM-BA-ZETTE',  n.  A thin  woollen  stuff.  Booth. 

BOM-BA-ZINE',  n.  [L.  bombyemus,  made  of  silk  ; 
bombyx,  from  Gr.  the  silk-worm;  Fr. 

bombasin-,  Hut.  bombazijn ; Port,  bombazina.] 
A slight  twilled  fabric,  of  which  the  warp  is  silk 
and  the  weft  worsted ; — formerly  made  of  a 
black  color  for  mourning  garments,  but  now 
manufactured  of  various  colors — Written  also 
bombasin.  Brande. 

BOMB'-CHEST,  n.  A chest  for  holding  bombs. 

BOM-BpR-NICK'jpL,  n.  German  rye  bread  made 
of  unsifted  meal.  Scudamore. 

BOM'BI-ATE,  n.  ( Chem .)  A salt  formed  by  the 
combination  of  bombic  acid  with  a base.  P.  Cyc. 

BOM'BIC,  a.  [Gr. /3d/h?v|,  the  silk-worm ; L.  botn- 
byx.]  Noting  an  acid  contained  in  the  silk- 
worm, especially  in  its  chrysalis  state.  Brande. 

BOM'BI-LATE,  v.  7i.  [L.  bombilo,  bombilatus,  to 

make  a humming  noise.]  To  make  a noise  as 
a top  when  spinning.  “ Which  keeps  botnbilat- 
ing  round  and  round  in  the  head.”  N.  A.  Rev. 

f BOM-BJ-LA'TION,  n.  A humming.  Browne. 

BOM-BiL'I-OIJS,  a.  Having,  or  making,  a hum- 
ming noise.  JDerham. 

BOMB'— KETCH,  n.  A bomb-vessel.  Smart. 

BOMB'-PROOF,  a.  Effectually  protected  against 
shells.  Booth. 

BOMB'-SHELL  (bum'shel),  n.  (Mil.)  A shell  to 
be  filled  with  gunpowder  and  thrown  by  a mor- 
tar ; a bomb.  Smollett. 

BOMB'— VES-SJJL,  n.  (Naut.)  A small  vessel,  very 
strongly  built,  for  carrying  the  mortars  used  in 
bombarding  fortifications  from  the  sea.  Craig. 

BOM-BY-CIL'  LA,  7i.  ( Ornith .)  A genus  of  om- 

nivorous passerine  birds,  of  which  the  Bohemi- 
an wax-wing  is  an  example.  Brande. 

BOM-BYQ'I-NOUS,  a.  [L.  bombycinus,  silken; 
bombyx  (Gr.  (JCfluf),  the  silk  -worm.] 

1.  Made  of  silk  ; silken.  Coles. 

2.  Of  the  color  of  the  silk-worm. 

BOM'BYX  (bom'blks),  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  /3iip/?u|.] 

(Ent.)  The  silk-worm ; Pluilama  bombyx.  Brande. 

BON,  7i.  (Bot.)  The  Egyptian  name  of  the  coffee- 
tree.  Craig. 

Bd'NA  F]' DR,  [L .,  in  good  faith.)  Really; 
truly  ; sincerely  : — not  feigned  ; sincere  ; real- 
ly meant. 


It  is  a Latin  phrase,  used  both  as  an  adverb  and  an 
adjective. 

fBO-NAlR',  a.  [It.  botiario.)  Complaisant; 
yielding ; obedient.  Bullokar. 

BO-NA-PART'£-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Bonaparte. 
“ Bonapartean  dynasty.”  Craig. 

BO-NA-PART'I^M,  n.  Policy  of,  or  adherence  to, 
Bonaparte.  Ed.  Rev. 

BO'NA  PER-I-TU’RA,  n.pl.  [L.]  (Late.)  Per- 
ishable goods.  Hamilton. 

BO’JYA  RO’  BA,  7i.  [It.  buotia  roba,  a fine  gown.] 
A showy  wanton  ; a courtesan.  B.  Jonson. 

BO-NA'SUS,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  Qbvaoos.)  A kind  of 
wild  ox  ; a bison.  Brande. 

BON-BON’ , n.  [Fr.]  An  article  of  confection- 
ery ; a sugar-plum ; a sweetmeat.  Roget. 

f BON'CHIEF,  n.  [Fr.  bon  chef.)  Good  conse- 
quence ; — opposed  to  mischief.  Thorpe. 

BON-CHRET’ IEN  (bon-kret'yen),  n.  [Fr.,  good 
Christian.)  A kind  of  large,  French  pear. 

BOND,  n.  [A.  S.  bond,  bound  ; bindan,  to  bind ; 
Gael.  § Ir.  bann,  a bond ; Ger.  band.) 

1.  Any  thing  that  binds  or  restrains,  as  a cord 
or  a chain  ; a ligature  ; a bond. 

I will  burst  thy  bonds  in  sunder.  Kah.  i.  13. 

2.  Cement  of  union  ; link  of  connection. 

O blessed  bond  of  board  and  bed.  Shak. 

3.  An  obligation  of  duty  arising  from  a 
promise  expressed  or  implied. 

Every  bond  wherewith  she  hath  bound  her  soul  shall 
stand.  Num.  xxx.  4. 

4.  pi.  Imprisonment ; captivity. 

This  man  doeth  nothing  worthy  of  death,  or  of  bonds. 

Acts  xxvi.  31. 

5.  (Law.)  A writing  of  obligation,  under  seal, 
to  pay  a sum,  or  to  perform  a contract.  Burrill. 

6.  (Arch.)  A method  of 
laying  bricks  or  stones,  so 
as  to  break  joints,  or  so  that 
the  joints  may  be  as  far 
apart  as  possible.  When 
this  is  done  by  placing  the 
bricks  or  stones  lengthwise 
in  one  course,  and  endwise 
in  the  next  above,  and  so  u-i—A-i.,  | i i | r 
on  alternately,  it  is  called 

English  bond  ; and  when  the  Flemish  bond. 
stretchers  and  headers,  as  the  materials  thus  dis- 
posed are  called,  are  made  to  alternate  in  the 
same  course,  the  system  is  called  Flemish  bond ; 
— timber  disposed  in  the  walls  of  a building,  as 
bond-timbers,  lintels,  and  wall-plates.  Britton. 

BOND,  a.  Bound  ; in  a servile  state.  “ Jews  or 
Gentiles,  bo7id  or  free.”  1 Cor.  xii.  13. 

BOND,  v.  a.  [i.  bonded  ; pp.  bonding,  bonded.] 
To  put  imported  goods  in  the  warehouses  ap- 
pointed by  officers  of  the  customs,  as  security  of 
a bond  for  the  payment  of  the  duties  chargeable 
on  them ; to  give  bond  for ; to  secure. 

BONDAGE,  n.  1.  State  of  restraint,  as  in  cap- 
tivity or  imprisonment. 

To  be  a queen  in  bondage  is  more  vile 

Than  is  a slave  in  base  servility.  Shak. 

2.  State  of  being  compelled  to  render  service  ; 
servitude ; slavery. 

The  Egyptians  made  the  children  of  Israel  to  serve  with 
rigor;  and  they  made  their  lives  bitter  with  hard  bondage. 

Exod.  i.  13,  14. 

3.  Obligation  ; tie  of  duty.  “ The  bo7idage 

of  observing  oaths.”  South. 

4.  Subjection  of  the  mind  through  ignorance, 
fear,  or  superstition. 

And  deliver  them,  who,  through  fear  of  death,  were  all  their 
lifetime  subject  to  bondage.  Heb.  ii.  15. 

Syn.  — See  Servitude. 

BOND'— CRED-IT-OR,  7i.  (Law.)  One  who  has  a 
security  for  a debt,  under  the  obligation  of  a 
bond.  Blackstone. 

BOND'— DEBT  (-det),  n.  (La7V.)  A debt  contract- 
ed under  the  obligation  of  a bond.  Burrows. 

BOND'£D-WARE'HOUSE,  n.  (Com.)  A ware- 
house in  which  imported  goods  are  kept  by 
officers  of  the  customs  for  security  of  the  duties 
chargeable  on  them. 

BOND'MAID,  7i.  A young  female  slave.  Shak. 


BOND'MAN,  n. ; pi.  bond'men.  A man  slave. 
“ In  making  a bondman  free.”  Hooker. 

BOND'— SER-VANT,  7i.  A slave.  Levit.  xxv.  39. 

BOND'— SER-VICE  (bond'ser-vjs),  71.  Slavery.  “A 
tribute  of  bo?id-service.”  1 Kings  ix.  21. 

BOND'— SLAVE,  n.  A man  in  slavery.  Sidney. 

BOND^'MAN,  n.  ; pi.  bondsmen. 

1.  fA  slave.  “Their  poor  bo/ulsme7i.”  Dcrham. 

2.  One  who  is  bound,  or  gives  security,  for 

another ; a surety.  Joh?iso?i. 

BOND'— STONE,  7i.  (Masonry.)  A stone  running 
through  the  whole  thickness  of  a wall,  at  right 
angles  to  its  face,  to  bind  it  together.  Brande. 

BOND'— TIM-B1JR,  n.  (Arch.)  Timber  worked 
in  with  a wall  as  it  is  carried  up,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  tying  it  together  in  a longitudinal  di- 
rection. Brande. 

BOND'WOM-AN  (bond'wum-jn),  n.  A woman 
slave.  “ The  fugitive  bo7idwoman.”  Milton. 

BONE,  n.  [Goth,  bam ; A.  S.  ban ; Ger.  bein.) 

1.  The  firm,  hard  substance  which  forms  the 
skeleton  of  the  higher  orders  of  animals,  — con- 
sisting principally  of  phosphate  of  lime,  car- 
bonate of  lime,  gelatine,  and  albumen.  Brande. 

2.  A piece  of  the  skeleton  of  an  animal. 

Like  Adsop’s  hounds  contending  for  the  bone, 

Each  pleaded  right,  and  would  DC  lord  alone.  Dryden. 

3.  f A bobbin  made  of  trotter  bones. 

Maids  that  weave  their  threads  with  bones.  Shak. 

4.  f pi.  Dice.  Dryden. 

5.  pi.  Pieces  of  bone  to  be  held  between  the 
fingers  and  struck  together  in  unison  with  the 
notes  of  a tune,  to  form  a ludicrous  accompa- 
niment in  the  inferior  kinds  of  music: — also, 
the  sportive  name  of  the  person  who  executes 
this  accompaniment.  [U.  S.] 

Bone  of  contention,  subject  of  dispute. — To  make 
no  bones,  to  make  no  scruple.  Bp.  Hall. 

BONE,  V.  a.  [«.  boned  ; pp.  boning,  boned.] 

1.  To  furnish  with  bones,  or  to  put  bones  in  ; 
as,  “To  bone  stays.” 

2.  To  take  bones  out,  as  from  meat.  “The 

cooks  boned  the  veal.”  Johnson. 

BONE'— ACE,  71.  A game  at  cards.  Buchanan. 

BONE'— ACHE  (-ak),  7i.  Pain  in  the  bones.  Shak. 

BONE'— BLACK,  71.  The  black  carbonaceous  mat- 
ter into  which  bones  are  converted  by  calcina- 
tion ; — called  also  ivory-black.  Bra7ide. 

BONE'-BREAk-I3R,  n.  The  sea-eagle  ; the  Falco 
ossifragus  of  Wilson.  Booth. 

BONED,  a.  Having  hones  ; — used  chiefly  in  com- 
position ; as,  “ Big -bo7ied  ” ; “ Strong-icmed.” 

BONE'— DUST,  a.  The  powder  of  ground  bones, 
used  as  manure.  Bra7ide. 

BONE'— EARTH  (-ertli),  7i.  The  earthy  residue 
of  bones  after  their  animal  and  carbonaceous 
matter  has  been  consumed  by  heat.  It  consists 
chiefly  of  phosphate  of  lime  with  a small  pro- 
portion of  carbonate  of  lime.  Brande. 

BONE'— LACE,  n.  Lace  woven  with  bobbins,  which 
were  frequently  made  of  bone.  Sp>ectator. 

BONE'LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  bones.  Shak. 

BONE'SET,  V.  a.  [i.  BONESET  ; pp.  BONESETTING, 
boneset.]  To  set  or  restore,  as  a dislocated  or 
broken  bone.  Mriseman. 

BONE'SET,  n.  (Bot.)  A medicinal  plant  having 
sudorific  and  tonic  properties  ; Eupatorium 
pcrfoliatimi ; — called  also  feverwoi't,  agueweed, 
thoroughwort,  and  Indian  sage.  Du7igliso7i. 

BONE'SET-TJR,  7i.  One  who  sets  bones.  Denham. 

BONE 'SET-TING,  n.  The  act,  or  the  art,  of  set- 
ting bones.  Ge7it.  Mag. 

BONE'SPAv-IN,  n.  (Farriery.)  A disease  of  the 
hock-joint  of  a horse.  Farm.  E7icy. 

BONE'-SPIR-TT,  71.  An  ammoniacal  liquor  of  a 
brown  color,  obtained  in  the  process  of  manu- 
facturing animal  charcoal  from  bones.  Ogilvie. 

BO-NET'TA,  n.  Same  as  Bonito.  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

BON'FlRE  [bon'fir,  W.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  K.  S?n. ; bBn'- 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  ROLE.  — 9,  £,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  £,  l, 'hard;  § as  z;  £ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


BONGRACE 


160 


BOOM 


fir,  S.],  n.  [Fr.  bon,  good,  and  Eng.^rc.]  A 
fire  made  on  festive  occasions,  for  triumph,  or 
for  amusement.  Spenser. 

fBON'GRACE  (bun'gras),  n.  [Fr.  bonne,  good, 
and  grace,  grace,  in  reference  to  its  graceful 
appearance.]  A forehead-cloth,  or  covering  for 
the  forehead,  sometimes  in  the  shape  of  a veil 
attached  to  a hood,  and  sometimes  hanging  as 
a border  attached  to  a bonnet.  Halliwcll. 

My  face  was  spoiled  for  want  of  a bongrace , when  I was 
young.  Beau.  Sf  FI. 

f BON'I-FORM,  a.  [L  .bonus,  good,  and  forma, 
form.]  Of  the  nature  of  goodness. 

Knowledge  and  truth  may  likewise  both  be  said  to  be  bon- 
ifonn  things.  Cudworth. 

f BON'I-FY,  v.  a.  [Fr.  bonifier ; L.  bonus,  good, 
and facio,  to  make.]  To  convert  into  good.  “ The 
greatest  of  all  arts,  to  bonify  evils.”  Cudworth. 

BON'ING,  n.  ( Masonry  & Carp.)  The  art  of  ex- 
amining flat  surfaces' to  see  if  they  are  perfectly 
plane.  Wealc. 

BO-NI'TO,  n.  [Sp.] 

(Ich.)  A sea  fish, 

bands  on  the  side  " ‘ 

of  the  belly,  noted  A Bonito. 

for  its  persecution  of  the  flying-fish  ; the  Thyn- 

nus  pelamys  of  Cuvier  ; — called  also  scomber 

and  striped  tunny.  Yarrell. 

f BON’I-TY,  n.  [L . bonitas.]  Goodness.  Bailey. 

BON— MOT  (bon-mo')  [bong-mo',  Sm.  K. ; bon-mo', 
Manor],  n. ; pi.  bon-mots.  [Fr.,  good  word.]  A 
jest ; a witty  reply,  or  repartee.  Ld.  Chesterfield. 

BONNE '-BOU^HE',  w.  [Fr.,  good  mouth.]  A 
delicate  morsel.  C.  C.  Felton. 

BON'NpT,  n.  [Sw.  bonad,  covered ; Sp.  bonete,  a 
cap  or  bonnet;  Dut.  bonet;  Fr.  bonnet.] 

1.  f A cap  or  a hat  worn  by  men. 

How  oddly  be  is  suited!  I think  he  bought  his  doublet  in 
Italy,  his  bonnet  in  Germany.  Shak, 

2.  A covering  for  the  head  worn  by  women. 

3.  (Fort.)  A work  consisting  of  two  faces, 
forming  with  each  other  a salient  angle.  P.  Cyc. 

4.  (Naut.)  An  additional  piece  of  canvas  at- 

tached to  the  foot  of  a jib  or  a schooner’s  fore- 
sail, and  taken  off  in  bad  weather.  Dana. 

BON'NpT,  v.  a.  & n.  [Fr.  bonneter.]  To  put  a 
bonnet  on  : — to  pull  off  the  bonnet,  [r.]  Shah. 

BON'NpT-pD,  a.  Furnished  with  a bonnet;  hav- 
ing the  bonnet  on.  Butler. 

fBON'NI-BEL,  n.  [Fr.  bonne,  good,  and  belle, 
beautiful.]  A handsome  girl.  Spenser. 

BON'NI-lAss,  n.  A beautiful  maid.  Spenser. 

f BON'NI-LY,  ad.  In  a bonny  manner.  Johnson. 

f BON'NI-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  bonny.  Bailey. 

BON'NI-VISS,  n.  A kind  of  kidney-bean.  Boucher. 


BON'NY,  a.  [Fr.  bonne,  good.] 

1.  Handsome  ; beautiful ; pretty.  “ Bonny 

lass.”  Drayton. 

2.  Gay.;  merry;  cheerful. 

Then  sigh  not  so,  but  let  them  go, 

And  be  you  blithe  and  bonny.  Shak. 

3.  Plump  ; in  good  health.  Johnson. 

BON'NY,  n.  (Min.)  A distinct  bed  of  ore  which 
has  no  communication  with  any  vein.  Crabb. 

BON  NY-CLAB'BpR,  \ [Ir.  baine,  milk,  and 

BON'NY— CLAp'PpR,  j claba,  thick.]  Sour  but- 
termilk ; sour  milk.  Nares. 

BON— TON  (bon'tong'),  n.  [Fr.  bon,  good,  and 


ton,  tone,  style.]  The  style  of  fashionable  so- 
ciety ; the  high  mode. 

BO'NUM — mJo  'NUM,  n.  [L.  bonum,  good,  and 
magnum,  great.]  A species  of  plum  ; magnum 
bonum.  Ash. 

BO'NUS,  «.  [L.,  good.]  A premium  given,  in  ad- 
dition to  interest,  for  a loan,  or  for  a privilege,  as 
the  charter  of  a bank  ; a boon.  Bouvier. 

BON-VIVJINT  (bon've-vang'),  n.  [Fr.]  Aboon 
companion  ; a luxurious  liver. 

BO'NY,  a.  1.  Consisting  of  bones ; made  of 
bone.  “ A round,  bony  limb.”  Bay. 


2.  Having  large  bones  ; strong.  Thomson. 

3.  Full  of  bones  ; as,  “ A bony  fish.” 

BON'Zp  [bon'ze,  Ja.  K.  R.  Wb. ; b5nz,  Sin.],  n. ; 
pi.  bon'ze$.  A priest  of  Buddha,  or  of  the  re- 
ligion of  Fo,  in  China,  Japan,  Birmah,  Tonquin, 
and  the  other  countries  of  Eastern  Asia.  Herbert. 

BOO'BY,  n.  [Ger.  bube,  a boy  ; Sp.  bobo,  dunce ; 
bubo,  an  owl.  “ Probably  no  more  than  an  em- 
phatic repetition  of  boy,  boy,  boy .”  Richardson.] 

1.  A dull,  stupid  fellow  ; a lubber. 

The  booby  appears  quite  stupid  and  insensible.  Goldsmith. 

2.  (Ornith.)  A large 

aquatic  bird,  of  the  peli- 
can tribe,  so  named  from 
its  stupidity  ; — called  also 
gannet,  noddy,  and  soland 
goose.  Brande. 

BOO'BY-HUT,  n.  A sleigh 
with  a seat  and  covering  of 
a chaise  or  coach ; booby- 
hutch.  [U.  S.] 

BOO'BY-ISII,  a.  Like  a boo- 
by ; foolish.  Richardson. 

. , „ Brown  booby. 

BOO 'BY- HUTCH,  n.  A clum- 
sy, ill-contrived,  covered  carriage  or  seat.  [East 
of  England.]  Forby. 

b6odh'I§M,  n.  See  Buddhism. 

BOOK  (bfik)  [bfik,  P.  J.  E.  F.  Sm.  T Vb. ; bok, 

S.  W.  Ja.  K.  jR.],  n.  [Goth,  boka  ; Ger.  buch  ; 
Dut.  boek  ; Sw.  book.  — A.  S.  hoc,  a book ; 
from  boc,  a beech-tree,  the  wood  of  this  tree 
or  its  bark  having  been  used  to  write  upon. 
Skinner.] 

1.  A printed  literary  composition,  usually 
consisting  of  several  sheets  of  paper  stitched 
together  or  bound ; a work  ; a volume. 

As  good  almost  kill  a man  as  kill  a good  book ; a good  Ix>ok 
is  the  precious  life  blood  of  a master  spirit,  embalmed  and 
treasured  up  on  purpose  to  a life  beyond  life.  Milton. 

Some  books  are  to  be  tasted,  others  to  be  swallowed,  and 
some  few  to  be  chewed  and  digested;  that  is,  some  books  are 
to  be  read  only  in  part;  others  to  be  read,  but  not  curiously; 
and  some  to  De  read  wholly,  and  with  diligence  and  atten- 
tion. Bacon. 

2.  A collection  of  paper  leaves,  sewed  or 
bound,  used  for  any  kind  of  writing  ; as,  “ The 
books  in  which  a merchant  keeps  his  accounts.” 

3.  A particular  part  or  division  of  a literary 
work  ; as,  “ Milton’s  Paradise  Lost  is  divided 
into  twelve  books.” 

4.  (Whist.)  The  first  six  tricks  taken  by 
either  party. 

Without  book,  by  memory  ; without  reading. 

DT£r-“  Tile  pronunciation  of  book,  which  Walker’s 
mark  assigns,  is  a decided  provincialism.”  Smart. 

BOOK  (bfik),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  bocian.]  [i.  booked  ; 
pp.  booking,  booked.]  To  register  in  a book  ; 
to  inscribe.  “ Let  it  be  booked."  Shak. 

BOOK'— AC-COUNT'  (bfik-).  An  account  as  regis- 
tered in  a book.  Craig. 

BOOK'BIND-pR,  n.  One  who  binds  books.  Bale. 

BOOK'BIND-pR-Y  (buk'blnd-er-e),  n.  A place 
where  books  are  bound.  McGee. 

BOOK'BIND-JNG,  n.  The  art,  or  the  act,  of  bind- 
ing books.  Ure. 

BOOK'CASE  (bfik'kas),  n.  A caseforholding books. 

Economical  bookcases  are  simple  shelves.  W.  Ency. 

BOOK'— DEBT  (bfik'dSt),  n.  A debt  as  recorded  in 
a book  of  accounts.  Craig. 

BOOK'p-RY  (bfik'e-re),  n.  I.  A collection  of  books. 

2.  Devotion  to  books.  Qu.  Rev. 

BOOK'FUL ,a.  Full  of  notionsgleanedfrombooks. 

The  bookful  blockhead,  ignorantly  read.  Pope. 

BOOK'FUL  (bfik'ffil),  n.  As  much  as  a book  con- 
tains. - Cowper. 

BOOK'ISH  (bfik'jsh),  a.  Given  to  reading,  or  to 
books  ; studious.  “ A bookish  man  who  has  no 
knowledge  of  the  world.”  Spectator. 

BOOK'ISH-LY,  ad.  In  a way  devoted  to  reading  or 
to  books.  She  was  bookishly  given.”  Thurlow. 

BOOK'ISH-NESS,  n.  Much  application  to  books ; 
great  studiousness.  Goodman. 

BOOK'— KEEP- ER  (bfik'kep-er),  n.  The  keeper  of 
a book  of  accounts.  Kyd. 


BOOK'— KEEP-JNG,  n.  The  art  of  recording,  in  a 
systematic  manner,  the  transactions  of  mer- 
chants, traders,  and  other  persons  engaged  in 
pursuits  connected  with  money  ; the  art  of  keep- 
ing accounts. 

Book-keeping  is  said  to  be  by  single  entry  when  the 
record  of  every  transaction  is  carried  to  the  debit  or  the 
credit  of  only  a single  account  ; and  by  double  entry, 
when  the  record  is  carried  to  the  debit  of  one  account 
and  to  the  credit  of  another.  The  latter  is  sometimes 
called  the  Italian  method,  from  the  fact  that  it  was 
first  adopted  by  Italian  merchants  in  the  latter  part 
of  the  fifteenth  century.  Brande. 

BOOK'— KNOWL-pDtgE  (bfik'nol-ej),  n.  Knowl- 
edge derived  from  books.  More. 

BOOK'LAND  (bfik'lknd),?i.  [A.  S.  bocland.]  (Law.) 
A possession  or  an  inheritance  held  by  charter, 
or  evidence  in  writing;  charter-land;  free  soc- 
age land.  — See  Bockland.  Blackstone. 

BOOK'— LEARN-pD  (bfik'lern-ed),  a.  Versed  in 
books.  “Some  book-learned  companion.” 

Swift. 

BOOK'— LEARN-ING  (bfik'-lern-ing),  n.  Learning 
acquired  from  books,  as  opposed  to  that  which  is 
gained  by  experience  and  observation.  Sidney. 

BOOK’LpSS  (buk'les),  a.  Not  given  to  books. 
“ The  bookless,  sauntering  youth.”  Somerville. 

BOOK'LpT  (bfik'let),  n.  A little  book.  Ec.Rev. 

BOOK'-LI-CpNS-ING,  n.  The  act  of  licensing 
the  publication  of  books.  Milton. 

BOOK'— LOUSE  (bfik-),  n.  (Ent.)  A small  apterous 
insect,  the  larva  of  which  is  very  destructive  to 
books  exposed  to  damp.  Craig. 

BOOK'— MAD-NfSS  (bfik'm&d-nes),  n.  An  insane 
desire  for  possessing  books  ; bibliomania.  Todd. 

BOOK'— MAK-pR,  n.  A maker  up  of  books  out 
of  other  men’s  writings  ; a compiler.  Ec.  Rev. 

BOOK'— MAK-ING,  n.  The  act  of  making  books 
out  of  other  books  ; compilation.  Todd. 

BOOK'MAN,  n.  A scholar  by  profession.  Shak. 

BOOK'MATE  (bfik'-),  n.  A school-fellow.  Shak. 

BOOK'MIND-pD-NESS,  n.  Devotion  to  books. 

BOOK'MoN-fipR  (buk'mung-ger),  n.  A dealer  in 
books.  Phil.  Museum. 

BOOK'MU^-LIN  (bfik-),  n.  A very  fine  kind  of 
muslin.  Craig. 

BOOK'-OATII,  n.  An  oath  made  on  the  book,  or 
the  Bible.  Shak. 

BOOK'sALE  (bfik'sal),  n.  A sale  of  books.  Dibdin. 

BOOK'SELL-pR,  n.  One  whose  business  it  is  to 
sell  books.  Walton. 

BOOK'SELL-ING  (buk'sel-jng),  n.  The  business 
of  selling  books.  Ed.  Rev. 

BOOK'-SHOP,  n.  A shop  in  which  books  are 
sold ; a bookseller’s  shop.  Craig. 

BOOK'— STALL,  n.  A place  for  selling  books. 

BOOK'— STAND,  n.  A stand  or  small  case  for 
containing  books.  IF.  Ency. 

BOOK'— STORE  (buk'stor),  n.  A place  where  books 
are  kept  and  sold  ; a bookseller’s  shop.  It  is  the 
common  term,  in  the  United  States,  for  what  is 
called  in  England  a bookseller’ s shop.  — See 
Store.  Pickering. 

BOOK'WORM  (buk'wiirm),  n.  1.  A worm  that  eats 
holes  in  books.  Guardian. 

2.  A great  reader,  or  student,  of  books ; — 
generally  used  in  a bad  sense,  as  implying  a 
mere  student,  or  one  who  studies  or  reads  with- 
out discrimination,  and  without  a definite  pur- 
pose. “ These  poring  bookworms.”  Tatler. 

BOOK'-WRlT-ING  (buk'rlt-jng),  n.  Act  of  writ- 
ing books.  Milton. 

BOO'LY,  n.  A term  used  in  Ireland  for  one  who  has 
no  fixed  place  of  abode  ; an  Irish  nomad.  Smart. 

BOOM,  n.  [A.S.beom,a  beam;  Dut.ioo»i,a  tree 
or  a bar.]  (Naut.) 

1.  A pole  or  spar  used  to  extend  tbe  foot  of  a 
fore-and-aft  sail,  or  of  a studding  sail.  Dana. 

2.  A pole  set  up  as  a mark  to  show'  sailors 

how  to  steer.  Johnson. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short ; A,  p,  I,  O,  y,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; H&IR,  HER; 


BOOM 


161 


BORDRAGING 


3.  A strong,  iron  chain,  or  a bar  made  of  wood 
or  timber,  thrown  across  the  entrance  of  a har- 
bor, or  across  a river,  to  obstruct  an  enemy,  or 
prevent  passage.  Dryden. 

4 [Dut.  bommen,  to  sound.]  A deep,  hol- 
low roar,  as  of  waves  or  of  cannon.  Ogilvie. 

Bourn  irons,  tJTauC)  iron  rings  on  the  yards  through 
which  the  studding-sail  booms  traverse.  Dana. 


BOOM,  v.  n.  [Dut.  bommen,  to  make  a hollow 
sound.]  [*.  BOOMED  ; pp.  BOOMING,  BOOMED.] 

1.  To  make  a roaring  sound,  as  the  waves. 

“ Booming  billo.ws.”  Pope. 

2.  To  rush  with  violence,  as  a ship  under  press 

of  sail.  Johnson. 

3.  To  make  a noise  like  a bittern. 

The  bittern  booms  it  in  the  reeds.  Cotton. 

To  boom  along,  ( JVaut .)  to  move  rapidly,  as  a ship 
under  full  sail. 


BOOM'E-RANG,  n.  A missile  weapon,  of  a pe- 
culiar form,  used  by  the  aborigines  of  Australia, 
which,  if  unskilfully  hurled,  is  liable  to  return 
and  kill  him  who  hurls  it. 

Like  that  strange  missile  that  the  Australian  throws. 

Your  verbal  boomerang  slaps  you  on  the  nose.  Holmes. 

BOOM'KIN,  n.  See  Bumiiin.  Todd. 

BOON,  n.  [L.  bonus,  good.— A.  S.  bene,  a prayer  ; 
Icel.  bon,  or  been,  a petition  ; Fr.  bon,  good.]  A 
favor  asked  or  granted  ; a gift ; a benefaction  ; 
a present. 

He  that  freely  offers  a rich  boon  is  no  less  to  be  accounted 
a benefactor,  although  his  gift  be  refused,  than  if  it  were  ac- 
cepted. Barrow. 

BOON,  a.  [Fr.  bon,  good.] 

1.  Gay  ; merry  ; jovial ; convivial ; as,  “ A 
boon  companion.” 

And  heightened  as  with  wine  jocund  and  boon.  Milton. 

2.  Kind ; bountiful.  “ Nature  boon."  Milton. 


BO'OPS,  n.  [Gr.  (lob s,  0o6$,  a kind  of  sea-fish,  and 
i'(us,  appearance,  look.] 

1.  (Ich.)  A genus  of  acanthopterygious  fishes 

found  in  the  Mediterranean,  and  in  the  seas  of 
South  America.  Brande. 

2.  The  pike-headed  whale,  found  in  the  Green- 
land seas  ; Balcena  bobps.  Craig. 

BOOR,  n.  [A.  S.  gebur,  a farmer ; buan,  to  till  ; 
Ger.  bauer  ; Dut.  boer .]  A cultivator  of  the  soil ; 
a rude  peasant ; a rustic  ; a clown. 

Knaveonce  meantno  more  than  lad  ; villain  than  peasant; 
boor  was  only  a farmer;  a valet  was  but  a serving  man;  a 
churl  but  a strong  fellow.  Ti'ench. 

BOOR'ISH,  a.  Clownish;  rustic;  rude.  Shah. 

BOOR'jSH-LY,  ad.  In  a boorish  manner. 

BOOR'ISH-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  boor- 
ish ; clownishness  ; rusticity.  Johnson. 

Bo6§E  [boz,  S.  P.  Wb. ; bos,  Ja. ; boz  or  bos,  K.],n. 
[A.  S.  bosg,  and  bosig,  a cattle-house.]  A stall 
for  cattle.  [North  of  England.]  Ilalliicell. 

b6o§E,  or  BOOZE,  v.  n.  To  drink  to  excess. — 
See  Bouse.  Maunder. 

BOOS'GR,  n.  A hard  drinker;  a drunkard;  — 
written  also  boozer.  Qu.  Rev. 

BOOST,  v.  a.  To  lift  or  raise  up  by  pushing;  to 
push  upwards.  [Vulgar,  U.  S.]  Field. 

BOO'SY,  a.  Partially  intoxicated  or  drunk  ; fud- 
dled.— See  Boozy  and  Bousy.  Holloway. 

BOOT,  v.  a.  [Fr.  hotter .]  [».  booted  ; pp.  boot- 

ing, booted.]  To  put  boots  upon  ; to  furnish 
wdth  boots.  Shah. 

BOOT,  v.  a.  [Goth,  botyan,  to  profit ; Sw.  bota.\ 

1.  To  profit;  to  advantage.  “It  shall  not 

boot  them  ...  to  excuse  it.”  Hooker. 

What  boots  it  at  one  gate  to  make  defence, 

And  at  another  to  let  in  the  foe?  Milton. 

2.  f To  enrich  ; to  benefit. 

And  I will  boot  thee  with  what  gift  beside 

That  modesty  can  beg.  Shah. 

j&^This  verb  is  commonly  used  impersonally,  as 
in  the  phrases,  it  boutsy  or  wliat  boots  it. 

BOOT,  n.  1.  [Fr.  botte  ; W.  botas .]  A covering 
for  the  leg  and  foot. 

2.  A kind  of  rack  for  the  leg,  formerly  used 
in  Scotland  for  torturing  criminals.  Burnet. 

3.  A receptacle  or  box  in  a coach  under  the 

seat  of  the  coachman.  Wotton. 

4.  A covering,  usually  of  leather,  to  protect 
the  rider  in  a chaise,  gig,  &c. 


BOOT,  n.  [Goth,  bota  ; A.  S.  hot,  compensation, 
satisfaction  ; Sw.  hot,  cure.] 

1.  Profit ; advantage ; gain. 

It  was  no  boot  to  keep  them  within  doors.  Holland. 

2.  Booty  ; plunder.  “ Villains  that  make  boot 

of  all  men.”  Beau.  if  FI. 

To  boot,  ad.  [A.  S.  to-botc.]  Over  and  above ; be- 
sides. “ With  all  appliances  and  means  to  boot.”  Shak. 

BOOT'— CAtCH-PR,  n.  A servant  at  an  inn  who 
pulls  oil'  the  boots  of  passengers  and  cleans 
them  ; — called  also  boots.  • Swift. 

BOOT'— CRIMP,  n.  A frame  or  last  used  by  boot- 
makers for  drawing  and  shaping  the  body  of  a 
boot.  Ogilvie. 

BOOT'Jf D,  a.  Furnished  with  boots.  “He  is 
coated  and  booted  for  it.”  B.  Jonson. 

BOOT-EE',  n.  A kind  of  half  boot.  Gratiot. 

BO-O'  TE§,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  (lowrris,  a ploughman.] 
’( Astron .)  A constellation  in  the  northern  hem- 
isphere, represented  on  the  celestial  globe  as  a 
man  with  a club  in  his  right  hand,  and  a leash 
which  holds  two  dogs  ; — called  also  the  Bear- 
watcher,  and  sometimes  Arcturus,  from  the 
name  of  its  brightest  star. 

BOOTH,  n.  [W.  bwth,  a hut ; Ir.  both,  a house  ; 
Dut.  boede,  an  abode  ; Ger.  bude ; Gael.  buth. ] 
A house,  or  a shelter,  built  of  slight  materials 
for  temporary  purposes.  Swift. 

BOOTH'— KEEP-GR,  n.  One  who  keeps  a booth. 

BOOT'— HOffE,  n.  Stockings,  or  a covering  for  the 
legs  instead  of  boots  ; spatterdashes.  Shak. 

BOOT'I-KIN,  n.  1.  The  diminutive  of  boot ; a 
little  boot ; a bootee.  Phil.  Museum. 

2.  A glove  made  of  oiled  silk,  with  a partition 
for  the  thumb,  but  none  for  the  fingers  ; a kind 
of  mitten.  Notes  £$  Queries. 

Except  one  day’s  gout,  which  I cured  with  the  bootikins , I 
have  been  quite  well  since  I saw  you.  Horace  Walpole. 

f BOOT'ING,  n.  Act  of  plundering.  North. 

BOOT'— JACK,  n.  An  instrument  for  pulling  off 
boots.  Maunder. 

BOOT'-LAsT,  n.  A last  for  stretching  boots  ; a 
boot-tree.  Craig. 

BOOT'— LEG,  n.  The  leg  of  a boot.  Ash. 

BOOT'LGSS,  a.  Useless;  unavailing;  without 
success.  “ Bootless  labor.”  Shak. 

BOOT'LGSS-LY,  ad.  Without  use  or  profit ; to 
no  purpose.  Fanshawe. 

BOOTS,  n.  1.  A cant  term  for  one  who  cleans  boots. 
He  began  life  as  a boots ; he  will  probably  end  as  a peer.  Hood. 

2.  A term  in  the  British  army  for  the  young- 
est officer  in  a regimental  mess.  Crabb. 

BOOT'— TOP-PING,  n.  ( Naut .)  The  operation  of 
scraping  grass  or  other  matter  from  a vessel’s 
bottom,  and  daubing  it  over  with  tallow,  or  some 
similar  mixture.  Dana. 

BOOT'— TREE,  n.  An  instrument  for  stretching 
boots  ; a boot-last.  Johnson. 

BOO'TY,  n.  [Ger.  beute  ; Dut.  buit  •,  F r.  but  in.] 
Spoil  taken  in  war  ; plunder ; pillage  ; prey. 

So  triumph  thieves  upon  their  conquered  boot //.  Shah. 

To  play  booty , to  play  dishonestly.  V Estrange. 

Syn.  — The  soldier’s  booty  ; the  combatant’s  spoil ; 
the  army’s  plunder  or  pillage ; a carnivorous  animal’s 
prey. 

BOO'ZY,  a.  Merry  with  liquor  ; tipsy  ; — written 
also  boosy  and  bouzy. 

BO-PEEP',  n.  A play  to  amuse  children  by  peeping 
from  behind  something,  and  crying  bo  ! Shak. 

BOR'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  bored.  Johnson. 

BO-RACHTO  (bo-rat'cho),  n.  [It.  borrachia  ; Sp. 
borraeha;  Old  Fr.  bourache,  a leathern  bottle.] 
A bottle  or  cask,  commonly  of  skin  or  leather, 
for  holding  wine. 

She  . . . took  two  loaves  and  two  bottles,  that  is,  two  skins, 
or  borachios  of  wine.  Dclany. 

BO-RA^'IC,  a.  ( Chem .)  Notingan  acid  composed 
of  one  equivalent  of  boron  and  three  of  oxygen. 
It  is  found  native  in  Italy,  and  is  a constituent 
of  several  minerals.  Turner. 

BO'RA-CITE,  n.  (Chem.)  Native  borate  of  mag- 
nesia. Brande. 


Bo'RA-COUS,  a.  Partaking  of  borax.  Smart. 

BOR'A^E  [bur'jj,  S.  W.  K.  O.  Wb.;  ho'raj,  P. 
Sm.],n.  [L . borago.]  An  annual  garden  plant 
of  the  genus  Borago,  formerly  in  great  repute 
as  a cordial ; Borago  officinalis.  Loudon. 

BO-RAG-I-NA'CEOES  (-sluts),  a.  ( Bot .)  Notinga 
class  of  plants  resembling  those  of  the  genus 
Borago.  Brande. 

BOR'A-MEZ,  n.  (Bot.)  The  Scythian  or  vegetable 
lamb.  — See  Barometz.  Browne. 

BO'RATE,  n.  (Chem.)  A salt  formed  by  a combi- 
nation of  boracic  acid  with  a base.  Brande. 

BO 'RAX,  n.  [L.  borax.  — Arab,  baurarh  Hoblyn .] 
(Chem.)  Bi-borate  of  soda,  imported  from  Asia 
and  South  America  under  the  name  of  tinea/, 
and  also  manufactured  by  combining  native 
boracic  acid  and  soda  ; — much  used  by  workers 
in  metals,  as  a flux.  Miller. 

j-  BOR'BO-R'YGM  (bor'bo-rim),  n.  [Gr.  /3opj 3opvyp6s; 
Old  Fr.  borborigme .]  (Med.)  Noise  made  by 
wind  in  the  intestines.  Glos.  Anglic.  Nov.  1707. 

f BORD,  n.  [Fr.  bourde,  a fable,  a falsehood.] 
A jest ; a feigned  story.  Spenser. 

BORD  AgE,  n.  [Fr.  from  bord,  side.]  The  sides 
or  side  planks  of  a ship.  Crabb. 

BORD' A^E  (bord 'aj),  n.  [Low  L.  bordagium,  from 
A.  S. bord,  a table.]  See  Bord-lands.  Burrill. 

BOR-dAt',  or  BOR-DET'TI,  n.  A narrow  cloth 
manufactured  in  India.  Crabb. 

f BOR'D£L,  n.  [Fr.]  A brothel.  South. 

f BOR'D^L-LpR,  n.  Keeper  of  a brothel.  Gower. 

f BOR-DEL'LO,  n.  [It.]  See  Bordel.  B.  Jonson. 

BOR'DER,  n.  [A.  S.  bord  ; Fr.  bord ; M.  boarder .] 
The  outer  part  or  edge  of  any  thing,  as  of  a 
garment,  a garden,  a country,  &c.  ; exterior 
limit ; boundary  ; frontier  ; confine  ; margin  ; 
rim  ; brim  ; verge  ; brink. 

Syn.  — Borders  and  frontiers  apply  to  countries  ; 
boundary , confines , and  limits  to  countries  or  smaller 
political  divisions.  The  borders  of  Scotland  ; the 
frontiers  of  Germany;  the  confines  between  the  Ger- 
man states ; the  boundaries  or  limits  of  a country  or 
a district. 

The  border  of  a garment ; the  edge  of  a knife  ; the 
rim  of  a vessel ; the  brim  of  a cup  ; the  verge  of  life  ; 
the  margin  of  the  sea,  or  of  a book  ; the  brink  of  a 
river. 

BOR'DER,  V.  n.  [t.  BORDERED  ; pp.  BORDERING, 
BORDERED.] 

1.  To  be  in  contact  with  at  the  confines  or 
boundary  ; — used  with  on  or  upon  ; as, 
“ France,  at  the  south-east,  borders  upon 
Spain.” 

2.  To  approach  nearly. 

All  wit  which  borders  upon  profaneness  deserves  to  be 
branded  with  folly.  Tillotson. 

BOR'DpR,u.a.  1.  To  adorn  with  a border.  “Riv- 
ulets bordered  with  the  softest  grass.”  Warton. 

2.  To  be  contiguous  to  ; to  touch. 

Sheba  and  lUiamah  are  those  parts  of  Arabia  which  border 
the  Persian  Gulf.  Jtaleiyh. 

BOR'D^R-GR,  n.  1.  One  who  dwells  on  the  bor- 
ders. “ Borderers  on  the  sea.”  Carew. 

2.  One  that  approaches  near  to  another. 

The  poet  is  the  nearest  borderer  upon  tile  orator.  B.  Jonson. 

BOR'D^R-ING,  p.  a.  Being  adjacent  or  near. 

BORD'— HALF'PEN-NY  (bord'lia'pen-e),  n.  (Eng. 
Laic.)  Money  paid  for  the  privilege  of  setting 
up  tables,  boards,  or  stalls,  for  the  sale  of  wares 
at  a fair  or  market.  Burn. 

BORD'-EAND§  (bord'Iandz),  n.  pi.  [A.  S.  bord,  a 
table,  and  Eng.  lands.]  (Eng.  Law.)  Demesnes 
formerly  appropriated  by  the  owners  of  lands 
in  England  for  the  maintenance  of  their  bord, 
or  table.  Cowell. 

BORD  LODE,  > n>  [A..  S.  bord,  a table,  and  hla- 

BORD'LOAD,  ) dan,  to  load.]  (Eng.  Law.)  The 
quantity  of  food  or  provisions  which  the  bord- 
man  paid  for  his  bordland.  . Cowell. 

BORD'MAN,  n.  A tenant  of  bordland.  Wins  haw. 

f BORD'RAG-ING,  n.  [Probably  from  border,  and 
rage.]  An  incursion  on  the  borders.  “ An- 
noyed with  sundry  bordraqinqs  of  neighboring 
Scots.”  Spenser. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — G,  G>  $>  &>  s°fti  €,  £.  I,  hard;  § as  z;  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 

21 


BORDURE 


162 


BOTANIZE 


BOR'DURE,  n.  (Her.)  A strip  or  border  sur- 
rounding the  field.  Ash. 

BORE,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  borian ; Dut.  booren ; Sw. 
bora  ; Dan.  bore  ; Ger.  bohren.  — Gr.  vfipw.]  [ i . 
BOltED  ; pp.  BORING,  BORED.] 

1.  To  pierce  into,  or  through,  with  some  in- 
strument having  a circular  motion,  so  as  to 
leave  a round  hole  ; as  “ To  bore  a plank  for  a 
screw”;  “To  bore  a cannon  ” ; “To  bore  the 
ears  for  the  insertion  of  rings.” 

2.  To  vex  or  weary  bv  unwelcome  visiting, 

or  by  anything  disagreeable.  “He  bores  me 
with  some  tricks.”  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Penetrate. 

BORE,  v.  n.  1.  To  be  pierced  by  an  instrument 
having  a circular  motion;  as,  “This  wood  is 
easy  to  bore.” 

2.  To  make  a hole  with  a turning  instrument. 

“ He  had  to  bore  about  440  yards.”  lire. 

3.  fTo  push  forward  towards  a certain  point ; 

to  bear.  “ Boring  to  the  west.”  Drxjden. 

4.  (Manege.)  To  carry  the  nose  near  the 

ground;  — said  of  ahorse.  Johnson. 

BORE,  n.  1.  A hole  made  as  if  by  boring;  — 
applied  especially  to  the  cavity  or  calibre  of  fire- 
arms. Ure. 

And  ball  and  cartridge  sorts  for  every  bore.  Dryden. 

2.  The  instrument  used  for  boring  ; a borer. 

“ Fit  for  the  file  or  square  bore.”  Moxon. 

3.  A rapid  and  noisy  influx  of  the  tide  into  a 
river  or  strait  against  a current. 

The  tide  rushed  back  again  with  a bore.  Burke. 

4.  A person  or  thing  that  annoys  or  wearies. 

Society  is  now  one  polished  horde. 

Formed  of  two  mighty  tribes,  the  bores  and  bored.  Byron. 

BORE,  i.  from  bear.  See  Bear. 

BO'Rp-AL,  a.  [L.  Boreas,  the  north  wind.] 

1.  Northern. 

Before  the  boreal  blasts  the  vessels  fly.  Pope. 

2.  (Magnetism.)  Noting  the  fluid  to  which, 
according  to  the  hypothesis  of  two  magnetic 
fluids,  the  north  polarity  of  magnets  is  due. 

Lardner. 

BO’RF.-As,  n.  [L.]  The  north  wind.  Milton. 

BORE'COLE,  n.  A species  of  winter  cabbage, 
with  curly  leaves,  forming  no  head;  — of  sev- 
eral varieties.  Farm.  Encxj. 

BO-REE’  [ho-re',?E.  P.  J.  K. ; bo  re,  Sm.],  n.  [Fr.] 
A kind  of  dance,  said  to  have  been  introduced 
front  Biscay.  Swift. 

BOR'f.L,  7i.  [Fr.  burail.]  A kind  of  light  stuff 
of  which  the  warp  is  silk  and  the  woof  is  wool ; 
a kind  of  serge.  Fleming. 

BOR’f.R,  7i.  1.  One  who  bores;  a person  en- 
gaged in  boring  for  minerals.  Craig. 

2.  A boring  instrument ; an  awl.  Paley. 

3.  A wood-eating  worm.  It  is  the  grub  of 
various  species  of  the  beetle  tribe.  Farm.  Encxj. 

BOR'IXG,  n.  1.  The  operation  of  drilling  holes 
by  a circular  motion  of  a cutting  tool.  Ure. 

2.  The  hole  made  by  boring  ; — especially  that 

made  in  the  earth  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining 
water.  Francis. 

3.  pi.  The  chips  or  pieces  removed  in  bor- 
ing wood  or  metal. 

BORN,  p.  from  bear.  Brought  forth.  — See  Bear. 

Born  days,  a vulgar  expression  for  one’s  lifetime,  or 
the  time  since  one  was  horn.  Halliwell. 

BORNE,  p.  from  bear.  Carried.  — See  Bear. 

BORNE,  n.  [Fr.,  a boundary. ] A stone  stud 
placed  before  a wall  to  secure  it  against  car- 
riages. Crabb. 

BOR'NITE,  n.  (Min.)  1.  A compound  of  bis- 
muth, tellurium,  and  a small  proportion  of  sul- 
phur ; telluric  bismuth.  Dana. 

2.  A valuable  copper  ore  composed  of  cop- 
per, sulphur,  and  iron  ; — called  also  erubescite, 
ar.d  purple  copper.  Dana. 

BOR-NOUSE'  (bor-nos'),  n.  A kind  of  cloak  or 
mantle.  — See  Bernoese.  Maunder. 

BO'RON,  71.  (Che7n.)  A simple  non-metallic 
substance  obtained  from  boracic  acid.  It  is  a 
dark,  olive-colored  powder,  without  taste  or 
smell,  and  is  a non-conductor  of  electricity. 

Turner. 


BOR'OUGH  (bur'e),n.  [Goth,  baurgs  (Gr.  nbpyos), 
a tower ; A.  S.  bureg,  or  burh,  a town,  a city,  a 
fort ; burgan,  to  fortify,  to  defend ; Ger.  burg, 
a city  ; Dan.,  Sw.,  Icel.  borg,  a town  ; A.  S.  borh, 
or  borhoe,  a surety,  a pledge,  given  by  the  mem- 
bers of  tithings  for  one  another’s  good  behav- 
ior : — also  a tithing.  Cowell .]  A corporate 
town  which  is  not  a city.  In  England,  a town 
that  sends  members  to  parliament. 

BOR'OUGH  (bur'o),  a.  Having  the  rank  or  privi- 
leges of  a borough.  Ash. 

BOR'OUGH— ENG 'LI  SH  (bur'o-Tng'gljsh).  (English 
Laxc.)  A custom  in  some  ancient  English  bor- 
oughs by  which  estates  descend  to  the  youngest 
son,  or  the  younger  brother.  Cowell. 

BOR'OUGH— HOLD' JpR,  71.  A head  borough.  Todd. 

BOR'OUGH— mAs'T^R,  7i.  The  mayor,  governor, 
or  bailiff  of  a borough.  Hackluyt . 

BOR'OUGH— MON '££R  (-muttg-ger),  n.  One  who 
buys  or  sells  the  patronage  of  boroughs.  “ Some 
rogue  borough-monger .”  Cowper. 

BOR'OUGH-TOWN  (bur'o-toun),  71.  A corporate 
town.  Butler. 

fBOR'RpL,  a.  [Ger.  baiter,  a farmer  ; Dut.  bocr, 
a countryman.  — See  Boor.]  Rustic;  coarse. 
“ Rude  and  borrel.”  Spenser. 

BOR’REL-IST,  7i.  (Eccl.  Hist.)  One  of  a sect 
of  Christians  in  Holland  who  reject  the  sacra- 
ments ; — so  named  from  their  founder,  Borrel. 

Buchanan. 

BOR'ROW  (bor'rd),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  borgian,  to  bor- 
row, and  bo  hr,  a pledge ; Ger.  borgen .]  [*. 

borrowed;/)/?,  borrowing,  borrowed.] 

1.  To  take  or  receive  on  credit,  for  a time, 
from  another  who  lends. 

We  have  borrowed  money  for  the  king’s  tribute.  Keh.  v.  4. 

2.  To  use  as  one’s  own  what  belongs  to 
another ; to  appropriate. 

These  verbal  signs  they  sometimes  box-row  from  others. 

Locke. 

The  two  idioms  [English  and  Norman]  have  mutually 
borrowed  from  each  other.  Blackstone. 

f BOR'ROW  (hor'ro),  n.  [A.  S.  borhoe,  surety.] 

1.  A thing  borrowed.  Shak. 

2.  A pledge  ; a surety.  Spenser. 

BOR'ROW- pR  (bor'ro-er),  n.  One  who  borrows. 

Neither  a borrower  nor  a lender  be.  Shak. 

BOR'ROW-lNG,  71.  Act  of  one  who  borrows.  Shak. 

BOR-SEL'LA,  71.  An  instrument  with  which 
glass-makers  extend  or  contract  glass.  Crabb. 

BOILS' HO  LI)- Eli,  xi.  [A.  S.  borhes-ealdor ; borh, 
a tithing  or  borough,  and  caldor,  ah  elder.] 
(Laxo.)  The  head  or  principal  man,  of  a bor- 
ough ; a tithingman.  Burrill. 

BOS'CAljrE,  71.  [Old  Fr.  boscage .] 

X.  A grove  or  woodland.  “ A land  flat  to  our 
sight  and  full  of  boscage’.”  Bacon. 

2.  (Paint.)  A representation  of  woodland 
scenery  in  pictures.  Wotton. 

BOSH,  7i.  1.  Outline;  figure:  — a dash  ; a show. 
[Provincial,  England.]  Forby. 

2.  Nonsense;  trash.  [University  of  Cam- 
bridge, Eng.]  Bristed. 

To  cut  a bosh,  to  cut  a dash. 

BOSH,  71.  [Ger.  boschen,  to  slope.]  The  upper  part 
of  the  lower  pyramid  in  a smelting  furnace.  Burn. 

BOSH'BOK,  7i.  (Zoiil.)  A species  of  antelope;  — 
called  also  bushbok.  • P.  Cyc. 

BOS'KpT,  n.  [Gr.  ftmtij,  food,  fodder;  It.  bos- 
chctto,  dim.  of  bosco,  a grove ; Fr.  bosquet,  a 
thicket.]  (Hoi't.)  A little  grove  or  compart- 
ment formed  of  branches  of  trees.  Craig. 

BOS'KY,  a.  Woody;  “Bosky  acres.”  Shak. 

II  BOS'OM  (bfiz'um  or  bd'zum),  [buz'ttm,  S.  Sm. 
Nares  ; ltozutn,  IE.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  R.  IE b.\  b u - 
it m or  bfiz'um,  A'.],  n.  [Goth,  barms-,  A.  S. 
bosum,  or  bosm  ; Dut.  boczem  ; Ger.  buse7i.] 

1.  The  breast,  as  that  part  of  the  body  against 
which  any  thing  presses  when  embraced  by  the 
arms. 

The  mower  filleth  not  his  hand,  nor  he  that  bindeth  sheaves 
his  bosom.  Ps.  cxxix.7. 

The  poor  man  had  nothing  save  one  little  ewe  lamb;  . . . 
it  did  eat  of  his  own  meat,  and  drank  of  his  own  cup,  and 
iay  in  his  bosom.  2 Sam.  xii.  3. 


2.  Enclosure  ; compass  ; embrace.  “ Within 

the  bosom  of  that  church.”  Hooker. 

3.  The  folds  of  the  dress  that  cover  the 
breast. 

A slothful  man  hideth  his  hand  in  his  bosom.  Prop.  xix.  24. 

4.  The  female  breasts. 

5.  The  breast,  as  the  enclosure  of  the  heart, 
or  the  seat  of  the  affections  and  passions. 

I mean,  that  my  heart  unto  yours  is  knit, 

Two  bosoms  interchained  with  an  oath.  Shak. 

Anger  resteth  in  the  bosom  of  fools.  Eccles.  vii.  9. 

6.  Any  close  or  secret  receptacle. 

In  the  deep  bosom  of  the  ocean  buried.  Shak. 

In  composition,  or  as  an  adjective,  it  signifies  inti- 
mate, confidential,  fond  ; as,  “A  iosom-friend.” 

,8®*  “This  word  is  pronounced  four  ways,  bozum, 
buzzum,  and  boozum,  the  oo  like  u in  bull ; and  booium, 
as  ou  in  bouse.  Sheridan  and  Scott  adopt  the  third 
sound  ; Perry  seems  to  mark  the  fourth  ; Dr.  Kenrick 
has  the  second  and  fourth,  but  seems  to  prefer  the 
former  ; and  W.  Johnston  lias  tile  second  ; and  that 
is,  in  my  opinion,  the  most  general ; but  the  stage 
seems  to  have  adopted  the  fourth  sound,  which  lias 
given  it  a currency  among  polite  speakers,  and  makes 
it  the  most  fashionable.  Mr.  Elphinston,  a nice  ob- 
server as  well  as  a deep  investigator,  announces  the 
second,  but  tells  11s  that  tile  third  was  the  original 
pronunciation.”  Walker. 

||  BOS'OM  (huz'um),  v.  a.  1.  To  enclose  in  the 
bosom ; to  keep  in  the  thoughts. 

Bosom  up  my  counsel; 

You'll  find  it  wholesome.  Shak. 

2.  To  conceal ; to  shut  out  from  observation. 

Happy  convents  bosomed  deep  in  vines.  Pope. 

BO'SON  (ho'sn),  n.  Corrupted  from  boatswain. 
— See  Boatswain.  Dry  den. 

BOSS,  n.  [It.  bozza,  a bunch  ; Fr.  &<me.] 

1.  A protuberance  raised  as  an  ornament  on 
any  work  ; a stud  ; a knob  ; as,  “ The  bosses  of 
a bridle.” 

2.  The  protuberant  part  of  any  thing.  “ The 

bosses  of  his  bucklers.”  Job  xv.  26.  “ The 

boss  of  the  tongue.”  Holder-? 

3.  (Masonry.)  A trough  for  holding  mortar, 
hung  by  a hook  on  a ladder  or  on  a wall.  Weale. 

4.  (Arch.)  A knotted  ornament  placed  at  the 
intersection  of  the  ribs  of  a groined  roof.  Weale. 

5.  (Mech.)  The  enlarged  part  of  a shaft  on 

which  a wheel  is  to  be  keyed,  or  at  which  a joint 
is  to  be  made  by  couplings.  Ogihie. 

6.  [L.  bos,  an  ox.]  A term  used  for  the  bi- 
son by  the  hunters  of  the  prairies.  Bartlett. 

BOSS,  n.  [Dut.  baas ; Dan.  bas,  master.] 

1.  A master  or  master-workman  among  me- 

chanics ; — an  employer  of  mechanics  or  labor- 
ers. [U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

2.  A master,  or  he  who  can  beat  or  overcome 

another.  [Norfolk,  Eng.]  T.  Wright. 

BOS'SA^E,  n.  [Fr.]  (Arch.)  1.  A stone  in  a 
building  which  has  a projection,  and  is  laid 
rough  in  order  to  be  carved.  Brande. 

2.  Rustic  work  consisting  of  stones  that  ad- 
vance beyond  the  level  of  the  building,  with 
channels  at  their  joints.  Buchanan. 

BOSSED  (bost),  a.  Studded.  Shak. 

BOS'SfT,  n.  A rudimental  antler  of  the  male 
red-deer.  Brande. 

t BOS'SIVE,  a.  Deformed  ; bossy.  Osboi-ne. 

BOS'SY,  a.  [Fr.  bosse.)  Having  protuberances  ; 
studded.  “ Bossy  sculptures.”  Milton. 

BOS'SY,  n.  A childish  term  for  a calf.  Bartlett. 

b6§'V£L,  n.  A species  of  crowfoot.  Johnson. 

BO§-WELL'IAN  (-yrin),  a.  Relating  to  Boswell.  Cl. 

BO§'WpLL-!sM,  7i.  Style  or  manner  Of  Boswell, 
the  biographer  of  Johnson.  Ed.  Rev. 

BOT,  n.  [A.  S.  bitan,  to  bite.]  A small  worm. 

f BO-TAN'IC,  71.  A botanist.  M.  Casaubon. 

BO-TAN'IC,  ) a_  [Gr.  jdornvtxiif  ; (lorai'y,  a 

BO-TAN'I-CAL,  > plant ; Fr.  botaniquei]  Relat- 
ing to  botany ; containing  plants  or  herbs. 

BO-TAN'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  After  the  manner  of  bot- 
anists. Ash. 

f BO-tAn'ICS,  7i.pl.  Botany.  Bailey. 

BOT'A-NlST,  7i.  One  skilled  in  botany. 

BOT'A-NIZE,  V.  71.  [Gr.  Poraui^w,  to  weed.]  To 
study  plants  or  botany. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  lo/xg ; A,  E,  !,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  T,  O,  IT,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; IlfilR,  HER; 


o 


BOTANOLOGY 


163 


BOUGHT 


One  that  would  peep  and  botanize 

Upon  his  mother’s  grave.  Wordsworth. 

BOT-A-NOL'O-IJIY,  n.  [Gr.  pordvrj,  a plant,  and 
hoyo's,  a discourse.]  A discourse  on  plants  ; 
botany.  Bailey. 

BOT'A-NO-MAN-CY,  n.  [Gr.  fiordvri,  a plant,  and 
fiavrria,  "a  prophecy.]  Divination  by  means  of 
plants.  Crabb. 

BOT'A-NY,  n.  [Gr.  fiords,  a plant.]  The  science 
of  plants  ; that  branch  of  science,  or  of  natural 
history,  which  comprehends  all  that  relates  to 
the  vegetable  kingdom.  Brancle. 

BO-TAR'GO,  n.  [Sp.  botarga.]  A kind  of  sau- 
sage, made  on  the  coasts  of  the  Mediterranean, 
of  the  roes  of  the  mullet  fish.  Chambers. 


BOTCH,  n.  [It.  bozza,  a bunch  ; Fr.  bosse .] 

1.  A swelling  or  an  eruptive  discoloration  of 
the  skin  ; a pustule  ; a blotch. 

Botches  and  blains  must  all  his  flesh  imboss.  Milton. 

2.  A part  in  any  work  ill-finished. 

To  leave  no  rubs  or  botches  in  the  work.  Shak. 

3.  An  adscititious  part  clumsily  added. 

Those  works  are  notorious  botches.  Dryden. 

BOTCH,  V.  a.  \i.  BOTCHED  ; pp.  BOTCHING, 
BOTCHED.] 

1.  To  mend  or  patch  awkwardly ; as,  “ To 
botch  a garment.” 

2.  To  put  together  unsuitably  or  unskilfully. 

The  common  botched  and  inaccurate  governments  seem 

to  serve  the  purposes  of  society.  Hume. 

3.  To  mark  with  botches.  “Young  Hylas 

botched  with  stains.”  Garth. 

BOTCII'ED-LY,  ad.  In  a clumsy  manner ; with 
botches. 

Thus  patch  they  heaven  more  botchedly  than  old  clothes. 

More. 

BOTCHER,  n.  One  who  botches.  Shah. 

BOTCH'JgR-LY,  a.  Clumsy;  patched.  Hartlib. 

BOTCH'ER-Y,  ii.  A clumsy  addition  or  mending; 
patchwork.  World  of  Wonders,  1608. 

BOTCH'Y,  a.  Having,  or  marked  with,  botches. 
“A  botchy  core.”  Shah. 

f BOTE,  n.  [A.  Ssbot,  compensation.] 

1.  (Sax.  Late.)  A satisfaction  paid  in  expia- 
tion of  an  offence  ; amends.  Cowell. 

2.  (Eng.  Law.)  An  allowance;  — called  also 
estover,  or  estovers. 

“ This  word  is  still  retained  in  English  and 
American  jurisprudence  as  a component  of  the  words 
housemate,  ploughAote,  cart bote,  lied  gemote,  and  firebote, 
partly  in  its  ancient  sense  of  reparation  or  replenish- 
ment, and  partly  in  the  secondary  or  general  sense  of 
a sufficient  allowance.”  Burrill. 


BOTE'LIJSS,  a.  See  Bootless. 

BOTE'ROI.L,  n.  (Her.)  The  tag  of  a broadsword 
scabbard.  Crabb. 


BOT'-FLY,  ii.  ( Ent .)  The  name  of  insects  of 
the  family  CEstridrc,  the  larvae  of  one  species  of 
which  (Gasterophilus  equi)  live  in  the  intes- 
tines of  horses,  producing  the  disease  called  bots. 

Harris. 

BOTH,  a.  & pron.  [Goth,  bed ; A.  S.  batwa,  both 
the  two  ; ba,  both,  and  twa,  two ; Dut.  § Ger. 
beide .]  The  one  and  the  other  ; the  two.' 

BOTH,  conj.  As  well ; on  the  one  side  ; — and  or 
also  responding,  in  a subsequent  member,  and 
signifying,  on  the  other  side.  “Power  to  iudge 
both  quick  and  dead.”  Milton. 


BOTH'IJR,  v.  a.  [A  corruption  of  pother.']  [i. 
BOTHERED  ; pp.  BOTHERING,  BOTHERED.]  To 
perplex  ; to  confound  ; to  pother.  [Inelegant.] 
“ My  head  you  so  bother.”  Swift. 

Bol  H-ER-A'TION,  h.  Trouble  ; vexation  ; per- 
plexity. [A  low  word.]  Walter  Scott. 

BOT'— HOLE,  n.  A hole  in  a skin  made  by  a bot. 


BOTH'NI-AN,  ; a ( Geog .)  Pertaining  to  Both 
BOTH  NIC,  ) nia,  in  Sweden.  Craig 

BOTH-REN' CHY-MA,  n.  [Gr.  ( IbQpos , a pit,  an( 
cyxvyi,  an  infusion,  juice.]  (Bot.)  A kind  o 
vegetable  tissue,  consisting  of  rows  of  cells  witl 
the  intervening  partitions  more  or  less  obliter 
ated,  and  forming  either  continuous  or  articu 
lated  dotted  tubes  ; — called  also  dotted  duct , 
and  vasiform  or  pitted  tissue.  Gray 


BOTH-RO-DEN'DRON,  it.  [Gr-  fisdpos,  a pit,  and 
hkylpov,  a tree.]  (Geol.)  An  extinct  genus  of 
coniferous  plants  belonging  to  the  coal  forma- 
tion. Buckland. 

BOTH'Y,  1 1.  [Ir.  both,  a house.]  A cottage,  rude 
barrack,  or  place  of  lodging  for  farm-servants 
or  laborers.  [Scotland.]  Chambers. 

BOT'LINE,  n.  [Fr.]  A half  boot  worn  by  dra- 
goons. Crabb. 

BO-TRYCH'I-UM,  it.  [Gr.  06rpv;,  a bunch  of 
grapes.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  perennial  decidu- 
ous herbaceous  plants  ; moonwort ; — so  named 
on  account  of  the  bunch-like  form  of  its  fructi- 
fication. Loudon. 

BOT'RY-OID,  a.  [Gr.  [loTpvoeiSrj;  ; (36rpv;,  a bunch 
of  grapes,  and  form.]  (Min.)  Having  the 
form  of  a bunch  of  grapes  ; clustered  ; botry- 
oidal.  “ Botryoid  inflorescences.”  Woodward. 

BOT-RY-dl 'DAL,  a.  (Min.)  Resembling  a bunch 
of  grapes ; botryoid.  Lyell. 

BOT'RY-O-LlTE,  11.  [Gr.  (SoTpv;,  a bunch  of 
grapes,  and  UBos,  a stone.]  (Mill.)  A botryoi- 
dal  variety  of  datholite,  composed  of  boracic 
acid,  silica,  lime,  and  water.  Dana. 

BOTS,  ii.  pi.  Small  worms  in  the  entrails  of  a 

horse.  They  are  the  larvae  of  the  gadfly,  which 
deposits  its  eggs  on  the  hair  of  the  horse, 
whence  they  are  taken,  by  licking,  into  his 
month,  and  swallowed.  Farm.  Ency. 

BOTT,  ii.  The  round  cushion  placed  on  the  knee, 

on  which  lace  is  woven.  Craig. 

BOT'TLE,  n.  1.  [It.  botiglia ; Sp.  botilla ; Fr. 
bouteille. — W.  potel .]  A vessel,  anciently  of 
leather,  now  commonly  of  glass,  with  a narrow 
neck,  to  preserve  wine  or  other  liquors.  “ His 
leather  bottle.”  Shah. 

2.  The  wine  or  other  spirituous  liquor  con- 
tained in  a bottle. 

In  the  bottle , discontent  seeks  for  comfort,  cowardice  for 
courage,  and  bashfulness  for  confidence.  Johnson. 

3.  [Fr.  boteau,  a bundle.]  A quantity  of  hay 
or  grass  tied  or  bundled  up  for  foddering  cattle. 

I have  a great  desire  to  a bottle  of  hay.  Shak. 

BOT'TLE,  V.  a.  [t.  BOTTLED  ; pp.  BOTTLING, 
bottled.]  To  enclose  in  bottles ; as,  “ To 
bottle  wine.” 

BOT'TLE— ALE  (bot'tl-al),  n.  Bottled  ale.  Shah. 

BOT'TLE-BUMP,  n.  A name  given  by  some  to 
the  bittern.  [Local,  Eng.]  Booth. 

BOT'TLED  (bot'tld),  p.  a.  Enclosed  in  a bottle: 
— shaped  or  protuberant  like  a bottle.  Shah. 

BOT'TLE— FISH,  n.  An  eel-like  fish  of  the  genus 
Saccopharynx  ; — so  named  from  the  fact  that 
its  body  is  capable  of  being  inflated  like  a leath- 
ern bottle.  Storer. 

BOT'TLE— FLOW'JJR  (bot'tl-flbfi-er),  n.  A spe- 
cies of  plant ; the  Cyanits  or  bluebottle.  Johnson. 

BOT'TLE— GLASS,  n.  A kind  of  coarse  green 
glass,  used  in  the  manufacture  of  bottles.  Ogilvie. 

BOT'TLE-GOURD,  ii.  A species  of  gourd;  the 
calabash.  Booth. 

BOT'TLE— GREEN,  7i.  The  color  of  a green  glass 
bottle.  Roget. 

BOT'TLE-NO§ED  (bot'tl-nozd),  a.  Having  an 
extraordinarily  large  nose.  Kersey. 

BOT'TLE-SCREW  (bot'tl-skru),  il.  An  instrument 
to  draw  the  cork  of  a bottle  ; a corkscrew.  Swift. 

BOT'TLING,  n.  The  act  of  enclosing  in  bottles. 

At  annual  bottlings , corks  selected.  Wart  on. 

BOT  TOM,  ii.  1.  [A.  S.  botm  ; Dut.  bodem  ; Ger. 

boden  ; Sw.  botfen.]  The  lowest  part  of  any  thing. 

The  vail  of  the  temple  was  rent  in  twain  from  the  top  to 
the  bottom.  Matt,  xxvii.  51. 

2.  The  ground  or  solid  substance  under  water. 

Inestimable  stones,  unvalued  jewels. 

All  scattered  in  the  bottom  of  the  sea.  Shah. 

3.  The  foundation  ; the  basis ; the  ground- 
work ; that  from  which  any  thing  springs  or  in 
which  it  originates. 

Mv  reasonings  cannot  be  affected  by  objections  which  are 
far  from  being  built  on  the  same  bottom.  ' Atterbury. 

lie  was  at  the  bottom  of  many  excellent  counsels  in  which 
he  did  not  appear.  Addison. 


4.  Ultimate  principle  or  motive,  as  of  char- 
acter. 

Though  slow  of  belief,  he  [Thomas,  the  apostle]  was,  at  the 
bottom , honest  and  sincere.  Atterbury. 

5.  A bound  or  limit,  as  of  depth. 

But  there’s  no  bottom , none, 

In  my  voluptuousness.  JShcik. 

I do  see  the  bottom  of  J ustice  Shallow.  Shak, 

6.  A dale  ; a valley  ; low  alluvial  land,  as  on 
a river. 

On  both  shores  of  that  fruitful  bottom  are  still  to  he  seen 
the  marks  of  ancient  edifices.  Addison. 

7.  Stamina  ; native  strength  ; as,  “ A horse 
of  good  bottom.” 

8.  A ship  or  vessel. 

My  ventures  are  not  in  one  bottom  trusted.  Shale. 

9.  The  extremity  of  the  trunk  of  animals  ; 
the  fundament. 

10.  Grounds  or  dregs;  as,  “The  bottom  of 

beer.”  Johnson. 

11.  [W.  boticym,  a button.]  A ball  of  thread. 

Silkworms  finish  their  bottoms  in  . . . fifteen  days.  Mortinicr. 

BOT'TOM,  v.  a.  [i.  BOTTOMED  ; pp.  BOTTOMING, 
BOTTOMED.] 

1.  To  establish  as  on  a foundation  ; to  found. 

The  grounds  upon  which  we  bottom  our  reasoning.  Locke. 

2.  To  wind  round,  as  thread  upon  a spool. 

Therefore,  as  3mu  unwind  your  love  for  him, 

You  must  provide  to  bottom  it  on  me.  Shak. 

BOT'TOM,  v.  ii.  To  rest  upon  for  support. 

Find  upon  what  foundation  any  proposition  bottoms.  Locke. 

BOT'TOM,  a.  1.  At  the  bottom  ; lowest.  “ The 
bottom  stair.”  Holland. 

2.  Having  a low  situation  ; alluvial  ; as, 
“ Bottom  lands.”  Holland. 

Bottom  heat,  ( Hort .)  artificial  heat  produced  in  tile 
soil. 

BOT'TOMED  (bot'turnd),  a.  1.  Having  a bottom  : 
— mostly  used  in  composition;  as,  “ Elat-bot- 
tomed boats.” 

2.  (Her.)  Having  round  buds,  knots,  or  but- 
tons at  the  extremities.  Ogilvie. 

BOT'TOM-GLADE,  n.  A low  glade  or  open  place. 

The  hilly  crofts  that  brow  this  bottom-glade.  Milton. 

BOT'TOM— LAND,  n.  A term  applied,  in  the 
western  portion  of  the  United  States,  to  alluvial 
land  on  the  margins  of  rivers  ; such  as,  in  New 
England,  is  usually  called  intervale  or  interval 
land ; bottom.  ./.  M.  Peck. 

BOT 'TOM- LESS,  a.  Without  a bottom  ; fathom- 
less. “ A bottomless  pit.”  Sidney. 

BOT'TOM-RY,  ii.  (Com.  Law*  A contract  by 
which  money  is  lent,  at  an  extraordinary  in- 
terest, upon  a ship’s  bottom,  or  by  pledging  the 
ship  as  security,  the  risks  of  the  voyage  being 
borne  by  the  lender.  Kent. 

BOUQHE  (bosh),  n.  [Fr.,  mouth.]  An  allowance 
of  provision  ; food.  — See  Bouge.  Todd. 

BOUCIIET  (bo-slia'  or  bo-shet'),  n.  [Fr.]  A sort 
of  pear.  Johnson. 

BOUD,  n.  An  insect  that  breeds  in  malt  and 
other  grain  ; a weevil.  Bailey. 

BOU-DOIR'  (bo-dwiir'),  il.  [Fr.]  (Arch.)  A 

small  room  or  cabinet,  usually  near  the  bed- 
chamber and  dressing  room,  for  private  retire- 
ment ; a private  room.  Braude. 

f BOUtgE  (boj).  v.  a.  [Fr.  boitge,  something 
swelled  or  bellied  out.]  To  cause  to  bilge  or 
spring  aleak. 

The  Carick,  which  Sir  Antony  Oughtred  chased  hard  at 
the  stern,  and  bouged  her  in  divers  places.  Hall. 

f BOUpE,  v.  ii.  To  bilge.  “ Lest  thereupon  our 
ship  should  boitge.”  Gascoigne. 

f BOU£E  (boj),  n.  1.  [Fr.  bouche .]  An  allow- 
ance of  meat  or  drink  to  an  attendant  at  court ; 
provision  ; food.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  [Fr.  bouge,  something  swelled  or  bellied 
out.]  A cask.  Halliwell. 

BOUGH  (bou),  ii.  [A.  S.  boga,  a branch  ; bugan, 
to  bow,  to  bend.]  An  arm,  or  branch,  of  a tree. 

From  the  bough 

She  gave  him  of  that  fair  enticing  fruit.  Milton. 

BOUGHT  (b&wt).  [Goth,  bauhta.]  i.  & p.  from 
buy.  See  Buy. 

t BOUGHT  (bodt  or  biwt)  [bout,  J.  Sm.  ; lAwt, 


MIEN,  SIR  ; MdVE,  NOR,  SON  ; 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — £,  <;,  g,  soft;  tS,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z ; $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


BOUGHTEN 


BOVEY-COAL 


P.  K.  Wb.],  n.  [A.  S.  bogeht,  crooked,  bent ; 
bugan,  to  bend.] 

1.  A twist ; a link  ; a knot.  “ Wreathed 

boughts.”  Spenser. 

2.  A flexure  ; abending.  “ The  bought  of  the 

fore  legs.”  Browne. 

3.  That  part  of  a sling  which  contains  the 

stone.  — See  Bout.  Johnson. 

BOUGHT'EN  (bawt'tn),  a.  That  is  bought  ; not 
produced  at  home.  [Vulgar,  U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

t BOUGH'Ty  (bou’te),  a.  [A.  S.  bogeht  ; boga,  a 
branch.]  Crooked.  Sherwood. 

BOUGIE  (bo'zhe),  n.  [Fr.]  1.  A wax  candle. 

2.  A waxed  slip  of  linen  or  other  material 
used  in  surgery  ; a catheter.  Dunglison. 

BOUILLI  (bol'ye),  n.  [Fr.]  ( Cookery.)  Boiled 

meat,  or  meat  stewed  with  vegetables.  Merle. 

BOUILLON  (bol-yBng'),  n.  [Fr.]  (Cookery.) 
Broth ; soup.  Johnson. 

BOUL,  n.  An  iron  hoop.  [Local,  Eng.]  Halliwell. 

BOU-LAN'^ER-lTE,  n.  (Min.)  A sulphuret  of 
lead  and  antimony.  Dana. 

BOUL'— BUI,,  n.  ( Omith .)  A favorite  singing 
bird  of  India  ; — written  also  bulbul.  Craig. 

BOULD'IJR,  n.  ( Gcol .)  A fragment  of  rock,  lying 
on  the  ground  or  embedded  in  diluvial  clay,  sand, 
&c. ; — written  also  bowlder.  — See  Bowlder. 

BOULD'IJR  (bold'er),  a.  Noting  large  stones  or 
pebbles,  or  walls  built  of  them. — See  Bowlder. 

BOULEA , n.  A Bengal  pleasure  boat.  Malcom. 

BOU' LF.-vArd' , n.  [Fr.]  1.  A rampart;  a 

bulwark. 

2.  A broad  promenade  or  street,  as  the  bou- 
levards  of  Paris,  which  occupy  the  site  of  demol- 
ished fortifications,  and  hence  derive  their  name. 

B6u'L|-MY,  n.  See  Bulimy. 

BOULT,  i).  b.  See  Bolt.  Johnson. 

BOUL'T^N,  n.  (Arch.)  A convex  moulding 
whose  periphery  is  a quarter  of  a circle.  I Vcale. 

BOUNCE,  v.  n.  [But.  bonzen.]  [i.  bounced  ; 
pp.  BOUNCING,  BOUNCED.] 

1.  To  leap  or  spring  suddenly;  to  bolt.  “Out 

bounced  the  mastiff.”  Swift. 

2.  To  hit  against  so  as  to  rebound ; to  knock  ; 
to  thump. 

Against  his  bosom  bounced  his  heaving  heart.  Dryden. 

3.  To  boast;  to  brag.  [Colloquial.]  Lowth. 

BOUNCE,  v.  a.  To  drive  against ; to  thrust.  Swift. 

BOUNCE,  n.  [Dut.  bons.]  I.  A strong  sudden 
blow  ; a knock  ; a thump  : — a bound. 

I heard  two  or  three  bounces  at  my  landlady's  door. 

Addison. 

2.  A boast;  a bold  lie.  [Colloquial.]  Johnson. 

BOUN£  F.R,  n.  1.  One  who  bounces;  — a boast- 
er ; a liar.  [Colloquial.]  Johnson. 

2.  A falsehood ; a lie.  Potter. 

3.  A large  person.  [Low.] 

BOUNC'jNG,  7i.  1.  Act  of  falling  or  striking. 

2.  A boast ; a vaunt.  Johnson. 

BOUNDING,  a.  Huge;  great;  large;  lusty; 

stout;  strong.  [Colloquial.]  Shale. 

BOUN(“|NG-LY,  ad.  With  a bounce ; boast- 

ing'y- 

BOUND,  n.  [A.  S.  bunde ; bindan,  to  bind. — Old 
Fr.  bundes , limits  ; Fr.  borne.] 

1.  That  W'hieh  binds  in,  or  limits;  a bound- 
ary ; a limit. 

Thou  hast  appointed  his  bounds  that  he  cannot  pass. 

Job  xiv.  5. 

2.  [Fr.  bondir,  to  leap.]  A leap  ; a pimp. 
“ Youthful  colts  fetching  mad  bomids.”  Shah. 

BOUND,  V.  a.  \i.  BOUNDED  ; pp.  BOUNDING, 
BOUNDED.] 

1.  [Fr  homer .]  To  fix  limits  to;  to  limit; 
to  border ; to  terminate ; as,  “ America  is 
bounded  on  the  east  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean.” 

2 [Fr  bondir .]  To  enclose  ; to  restrain  ; to 
confine ; to  circumscribe. 

The  bounded  waters 

Would  lift  their  bosoms  higher  than  the  shores.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Circumscribe. 


164 

BOUND,  v.  n.  [Fr.  bondir.]  To  jump;  to  leap; 
to  spring  up. 

Before  liis  lord  the  ready  spaniel  bounds.  Pope. 

BOUND,  i.  & p.  from  bind.  See  Bind. 

BOUND,  a.  [Su.  Goth,  boen,  made  ready.  It 
was  spelt  boun  by  Chaucer  and  other  old  wri- 
ters.] Destined  ; tending  ; going;  on  the  way. 
“ To  be  bound  for  a port.”  Temple. 

BOUND,  p.  a.  Confined;  straitened;  — used  in 
composition;  as,  “Hid  e-bound"  ■,  “ Wind- 

bound  ” ; “ Ice-bound.” 

BOUN'DA-R  Y,  n.  A line  fixing  limits  or  bounds, 
as  of  a territory  ; that  which  limits  or  bounds  ; 
a bound  ; a limit ; border.  “ The  boundaries  of 
the  skies.”  Cotton. 

Syn.  — See  Border,  Term. 

BOUND'— BA1-LIFF,  n.  (Eng.  Laio.)  A sheriff’s 
officer,  who  is  bound  to  the  sheriff  in  an  obliga- 
tion with  sureties  for  the  due  execution  of  his 
office.  Blackstone. 

BOUN'DfiN  [boun'den,  S.  IF.  P.F.Ja.  A'.;  bbun'- 
dn,  Sol.].  1.  fp.  from  bind.  Bound. 

2.  a.  Appointed  ; indispensable  ; obligatory. 

0Q=-It  was  formerly  used  as  the  past  participle 
from  bind,  but  it  is  now  used  only  as  an  adjective ; 
as,  “ Bounden  duty.”  Portcus. 

f BOUN'D^N-LY,  ad.  In  a dutiful  manner. 

Trans,  of  Ochin’s  Sermons  (1583). 

BdUND'fR,  n.  He  who  or  that  which  bounds  ; a 
limiter.  Fotherby. 

BOUNDING— STONE,  ? n.  A.  stone  to  play  with. 

BOUND'-STONE,  > Dryden. 

BOUND'LESS,  a.  Having  no  bound;  unbounded  ; 
unconfined  ; unlimited  ; undefined.  Pope. 

Syn. — Boundless  ocean;  boundless  space;  un- 
bounded desires;  unlimited  power;  undefined  limits; 
infinite  variety. 

BOUND 'LpSS-LY,  ad.  In  a boundless  manner. 

BOUND'LESS- NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  bound- 
less ; exemption  from  limits.  South. 

||  BOUN'TIJ-OUS  [boun'te-us,  P.  J Ja.  B.  ; bbun'- 
tyus,  S.  E.  F.  K. ; bbun'che-us,  IF.;  boun'te-us, 
bount'yus,  or  bdun'cbe-us,  Stre.],  a.  Liberal  ; 
kind;  munificent;  bountiful.  “Creator  boun- 
teous and  benign.”  Milton. 

II  BOUN'TIS-OUS-LY,  ad.  Liberally.  Dryden. 

||  BOUN'Tp-OUS-NESS,  n.  Munificence.  Johnson. 

BOUN'TI-FUL,  a.  Disposed  to  give  freely  ; boun- 
teous ; liberal ; beneficent ; generous  ; munifi- 
cent. “ God,  the  bountiful  Author.”  Locke. 

BOUN'TI-FUL-LY,  ad.  In  a bountiful  manner. 

BOUN'TI-FUL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
bountiful.  “ The  king’s  bountifulness.”  Stowe. 

f BOUN'TI-HEAD  (bbun'te-hed),  In.  Goodness; 

f BOUN'TI-IIOOD  (boun'te-hfid),  > virtue  ; bounty. 

On  firm  foundation  of  true  bountihood.  Spenser. 

BOUN’Ty,  n.  [L.  bonitas  ; It.  bonth  ; Sp.  bondad ; 
Old  Fr.  bountee  ; Fr.  bonte .] 

1.  f Goodness. 

Let  not  her  fault  your  sweet  affections  mar, 

Nor  blot  the  bounty  of  all  womankind.  Spenser. 

2.  Liberality  in  bestowing  gifts  ; beneficence ; 
generosity  ; munificence. 

Kin"  Solomon  gave  unto  the  Queen  of  Sheba  all  her  de- 
sire, whatsoever  she  asked,  besides  that  which  Solomon  gave 
her  of  his  royal  bounty.  1 Kings  x.  13. 

3.  That  which  generosity  bestows  ; a present 
or  gift. 

The  bounties  of  God  running  over  the  tables  of  the  rich. 

Bp.  Taylor. 

4.  A premium  given  to  encourage  or  promote 
any  object;  as,  “The  bounty  paid  to  soldiers 
who  enlist.” 

Syn.  — Bounty  and  beneficence  are  characteristics 
of  the  Deity,  as  well  as  of  his  creatures.  Munificence , 
generosity,  and  liberality  are  human  qualities.  The 
bounty  and  beneficence  of  God  ; the  munificence , gener- 
osity, and  liberality  of  men,  in  doing  good  with  their 
property. 

BOUaUET  (bo-ka'  or  bo'ka)  [bo'ka,  Ja.  Sm.  B.; 
bo-ka',  K.  C.  I Vb . ] , n.  [Fr.j 

1.  A bunch  of  flowers  ; a nosegay.  IVarton. 

2.  A flavor  distinguishing  certain  wines. 


f BOURD,  v.  n.  [Fr.  bourdcr.)  To  jest;  to  joke. 
“ I bourd  and  play.”  Chaucer. 

t BOURD,  v.  a.  To  address.  Tuberville. 

f BOURD,  n.  [Fr.  bourde.]  A jest ; a joke.  Spenser. 

For  all  thy  jests  and  all  thy  merry  bourd.  Drayton. 

fBOURD'^R,  n.  A jester.  Uuloet. 

t BOURD'ING-LY,  ad.  Sportively.  Iluloet. 

BOURGEOIS  (borzh-wl'),  n.  [Fr.]  A citizen. 

BOI  R-(rEOlS'  (bur-jots')  [bur-jins',  IF.  Sm.  ; hiir'- 
jols,  E.],  n.  [Fr.  bourgeois.]  A kind  of  print- 
ing type,  larger  than  brevier,  and  smaller  than 
long  primer,  as  in  the  following  line  : — 

A thing  of  beauty  is  a joy  for  ever.  Keats. 

BOURGEOISIE  (borzll-wiL-ze'),  n.  [Fr.] 

1.  The  freedom  of  a city,  or  of  citizens. 

2.  The  burgesses  or  burghers  of  a city 

3.  The  middle  classes  of  a country,  especial- 

ly those  dependent  on  trade,  including  bankers, 
shippers,  brokers,  and  professional  men,  with 
their  families.  Ogilvie. 

f BOUR'GEON  (bUr'jun),  v.  n.  [Fr.  bourgeonner .] 
To  sprout ; to  shoot  into  branches.  Dryden. 

||  BOURN  (born  or  born)  [born,  IF.  J.  Ja.  Sm.  B. 
C.  O.  ; born,  S.  P.  E.  K.  ; born  or  born,  F.],  n. 

1.  ffr.  borne.]  Abound;  a limit. 

That  undiscovered  country,  from  whose  bouni 

No  traveller  returns.  Shak. 

2.  [A.  S.  burne ; Gael.  § Scot,  burn.]  A 
brook  ; a rivulet. 

To  gild  the  muttering  bourns  and  pretty  rills.  Browne. 

eSP  “ I have  differed  from  Mr.  Sheridan  and  Dr. 
Kenrick  in  the  pronunciation  of  tins  word.  They 
make  it  sound  as  if  written  boom  ; but  if  my  memory 
fail  me  not,  it  is  a rhyme  to  mourn  upon  the  stage, 
and  Mr.  Garrick  so  pronounced  it.”  Walker. 

||  BOURN'L^SS,  a.  Having  no  bourn.  Granger. 

BOUR'NON-iTE,  71.  (Min.)  A compound  of  sul- 
phur, lead,  antimony,  and  copper  ; — named 
after  Count  Bournon.  Dana. 

BOURSE  (hors),  71.  [Fr.  bourse,  a purse.]  An  ex- 
change where  merchants  n^eet. — The  French 
word,  bourse,  is  now  more  used  than  the  Eng- 
lish form,  burse.  — See  Burse. 

BOUijE  (boz),  v.  71.  [Dut.  buysen;  Fr.  boire,  to 
drink.]  [i.  boused;  pp.  bousing,  boused.] 
To  drink  intemperately  or  lavishly.  Spenser. 

f BOUlJE,  or  BOUZE,  7i.  Liquor  ; drink.  Massinger. 

fBOU$E  (boz),  v.a.  To  swallow.  Sir  T.  Browne. 

BOUST-RO-PHE'DON  [boust-rp-fe'don,  Cl.P.Cyc. 
Brande;  boust-rofe-don,  Sm.]-,  n.  [Gr.  Bovcrrpo- 
tpfjhav ; 0oui,  an  ox,  and  arytipoi,  to  turn.]  A 
mode  of  writing,  found  in  early  Greek  inscrip- 
tions, from  right  to  left,  and  then  turning  from 
left  to  right,  as  an  ox  ploughs.  Bosioorth. 

BOU'i-iY  (bd’ze),  a.  Drunken;  boosy.  Dryden. 

BOUT,  n.  [It.  botta,  a blow.] 

1.  A trial  ; an  attempt ; a contest.  Halliwell. 

When  do  I begin  my  bloody  bout.  Percy's  /tel. 

2.  [A.  S.  bugan,  to  bend ; bogeht,  bent.]  A 
turn  ; a going  and  returning,  as  of  a plough 
across  a field ; as  much  of  an  action  as  is  per- 
formed at  one  time.  — See  Bought. 

The  prince  has  taken  me  in  his  train,  so  that  I am  in  no 
danger  of  starving  for  tins  bout.  Goldsmith. 

In  notes  with  many  a winding  boiit 
Of  linked  sweetness  long  drawn  out.  Milton. 

BOU-tAde’  (bo-tad'),  n.  [Fr.]  An  act  of  caprice; 
a whim  ; a fancy.  Swift. 

BOUT  ANT,  a.  See  Arc-boutant. 

j-  BOUTEFEU (Mx'(u),  n.  [Fr.]  An  incendiary  : 
— one  who  kindles  feuds.  Bacon. 

f BOU'TI-SALE  (bo'te-sal),  n.  A sale  at  a cheap 
rate,  as  booty  is  commonly  sold.  Sir  J. Hayward. 

BO  UTS- RIMES  (bo're-ma'),  71.  pi.  [Fr.]  Rhymes 
to  be  filled  up  and  made  into  verses.  Johnson. 

RO'VATE,  n.  [L.  bovata  ; bos,  boris,  an  ox.]  As 
much  land  as  one  yoke  of  oxen  can  plough  in 
a year  ; an  ox-gang.  Burn. 

BO'VEY-COAL,  n.  (Min.)  A name  applied  to 
wood-coal  found  in  abundance  at  Bovey  Heath- 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  f,  short;  A,  £,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


C) 


BOVIFORM 


165 


BOX 


field,  in  England.  Formations  of  this  kind  of 
coal  are  much  more  recent  than  those  of  min- 
eral coal.  Humble. 

fBO'VI-FORM,  a.  [L.  bos,  bovis,  an  ox,  and 
forma,  form.]  Formed  like  an  ox.  Cudwortk. 

BO'VlNE  [bo'vin,  Sm.  R. ; bo'vin,  A'.],  a.  [Low  L. 
bovinus ; bos,  bovis,  an  ox.]  Relating  to  bulls, 
oxen,  and  cows.  P ■ Cyc. 

BOVA,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  bugan , to  bend  ; Dut.  buigen  ; 
Ger.  biegen.]  [i.  bowed  ; pp.  bowing,  bowed.] 

To  bend ; to  inflect ; to  curve. 

"Where  the  bowed  welkin  slow  doth  bend.  Milton. 

2.  To  make  to  stoop  or  incline  in  token  of 
respect  or  submission.  “ They  bowed  them- 
selves to  the  ground  before  him.”  2 Kings  ii.  15. 

3.  To  turn  towards  in  condescension. 

In  thee,  O Lord,  do  I put  my  trust;  . . . bow  down  thine 
ear  to  me  ; deliver  me  speedily.  Pe.  xxxi.  1,  2. 

4.  To  depress  ; to  crush. 

And  added  woes  may  bow  me  to  the  ground.  Pope. 

BOW,  v.  n.  1.  To  bend  ; to  be  inflected. 

Like  an  ass,  whose  back  with  ingots  bows.  Shak. 

2.  To  stoop  ; to  incline. 

The  people  bowed  down  upon  their  knees  to  drink  water. 

Judges  vii.  C. 

3.  To  incline  in  token  of  respect  or  submis- 
sion. 

Wheresoe’er  she  turned  her  face,  they  bowed.  Drj/den. 

BOW  (bbu),  n.  [Gael,  bogh ; W.  bw,  bwa  ; Scot. 
boo.  — Ger.  benge;  Dan.  bue .] 

1.  An  act  of  respect,  reverence,  or  submis- 
sion. “ Obsequious  bows.”  Cowper. 

2.  ( Naut .)  The  rounding  part  of  a ship’s  side 

forward,  beginning  where  the  planks  arch  in- 
wards, and  terminating  where  they  close  at  the 
stem  or  prow.  Falconer. 

Bow  of  a ship,  rhyming  witli  cow."  Walker. 
So  Sm.  & Wb.,  and  so  pronounced  by  seamen  ; yet  it 
is  placed  under  the  other  pronunciation  of  the  word 
(bo)  by  S.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  &.  K. 

BOW,  n.  [Goth,  bingan,  to  bend  ; A.  S.  buqan.] 

1.  An  instrument  for  shooting  arrows.  “Take 
• • • thy  quiver  and  thy  bow.”  Gen.  xxvii.  3. 

2.  A rainbow.  “ I do  set  my  bow  in  the  cloud 

....  for  a token  of  a covenant.”  Gen.  ix.  13. 

3.  Any  thing  curved  ; as,  “ The  bow  of  a sad- 
dle, of  a yoke,  or  of  a knot.” 

4.  ( Mus .)  The  instrument  with  which  the 
sound  is  made  upon  the  strings  of  the  viol,  &c. 

f BOW'A-BLE  (beVbl),  a.  Flexible.  Wodroephe. 

BOW'— BEAR- pR,  n.  An  under  officer  of  the  for- 
est. . Cowell. 

BOW'-BELL,  n.  A cockney  ; — one  born  within 
hearing  of  the  Bow-bells,  or  the  bells  of  Bow 
Church,  in  London.  Iialliwell. 

BOW'— BENT  (bo'bent),  a.  Crooked,  like  a bow. 

A sibyl  old,  bow-bent  with  crooked  age.  Milton. 

BOW'— BOY,  n.  A young  archer;  — an  appella- 
tion for  Cupid.  “ His  heart  cleft  with  the  blind 
bow-boy’s  butt-shaft.”  Shak. 

BOW'— COM-PASS,  n.  1.  A beam  of  wood  or  brass, 
with  three  long  screws  that  bend  a lath  of  wood 
or  of  steel  to  any  arch  ; — used  in  describing 
segments  of  large  circles.  Weale. 

2.  A small  instrument  used  by  draughtsmen 
for  describing  circles  with  ink.  Francis. 

BOW'— DRILL,  n.  A drill  which  is  worked  by  a 
bow  and  string.  Francis. 

f BOtV'JJL,  v.  a.  To  disembowel.  Hall. 

BOVV'f.LLEl)  (bbu'eld),  p.  a.  Having  bowels  or 
a belly  : — having  a cavity.  Thomson. 

BoW'EL-LESS,  a.  Without  tenderness  or  pity  ; 
merciless.  “ Bowelless  unto  others.”  Browne. 

BoW'^LijS, n.pl.  [Fr.  boyaux  ; It.  budello.]  1.  The 
intestines  ; the  inner  parts,  including  the  heart. 

He  smote  him  therewith  in  tlio  fifth  rib,  and  shed  out  his 
bowels.  2 Sam.  xx.  10. 

2.  The  interior  part  of  any  thing.  “In  the 

bowels  of  the  mountain.”  Addison. 

3.  The  seat  of  pity  or  of  kindness. 

Joseph  made  haste,  for  his  bowels  did  yearn  upon  his 
brother.  Gen.  xliii.  30. 

BoW'pR,  n.  1.  [Eng.  bow.]  One  who  bows. 

2.  (Naut.)  An  anchor  at  the  bow  of  a ship  ; 


an  anchor,  the  cable  of  which  is  bent  and  reeved 
through  the  hawse-hole.  Dana. 

3.  (Anat.)  The  flexor  muscle.  Spenser. 

4.  [A.  S.  bur,  a cottage  ; Ger.  bauer.]  A 
small  dwelling  ; a cottage  ; an  abode.  Spenser. 

5.  f A retired  chamber  or  room.  Spenser. 

6.  A place  of  shelter,  or  a shady  recess  in  a 
garden. 

nand  in  hand  alone  they  passed 
On  to  their  blissful  bower.  Milton. 

BoW'JJR,  v.  a.  To. embower  ; to  enclose.  Shak. 

f BoW'pR,  v.  n.  To  lodge.  Spenser. 

BOW' ER-IC,  n.  A well  descended  by  steps.  [In- 
dia.] ‘ Weale. 

BOW'IJR-Y,  a.  Full  of  bowers  ; shady.  Tickell. 

BOWGE,  v.  n.  See  Bouge.  Johnson. 

BOVY'GRACE,  n.  (Naut.)  A frame  of  old  rope  or 
junk,  placed  round  the  bows  and  sides  of  a ves- 
sel, to  prevent  ice  from  injuring  her.  Dana. 

b6w'-HAND,  n.  1.  (Archery.)  The  left  hand, 
that  holds  the  bow.  Nares.  Spenser. 

2.  (Mus.)  The  right  hand,  that  draws  the  bow. 

BOW'IE-KNlFE  (boie-nlf),  n.  A large  knife  or 
dagger,  used  as  a weapon,  and  carried  by  hunt- 
ers in  the  South-western  part  of  the  United 
States  ; — so  named  from  the  inventor.  Bartlett. 

BOW'ING,  p.  a.  Bending  down  ; making  a bow. 

BoW'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a bending  manner.  Huloet. 

BOW-KNOT  (bo'not),  n.  A kind  of  loose  knot, 
easily  untied.  Halliicell. 

BOWL  (bol),  n.  [A.  S.  holla ; Gael,  bol ; Dan. 
bolle;  Sw.  bol ; W.  buelin,  a round  vessel.] 

1.  A vessel  to  hold  liquids,  rather  wide  than 
deep.  “ Give  me  a bowl  of  wine.”  Shak. 

2.  The  hollow  part  of  any  thing ; as,  “ The 
bowl  of  a spoon.” 

||  BOWL  (bol),  [bol,  S.  W.  J.  K.  Sm.  C.  Wb. ; bbul, 
P.  E.  Ja.  R. ; boul  or  bol,  /’’.],  n.  [Ger.  boll ; 
Gael,  ball;  Corn  .holla;  It  .balla;  Sp.  holla;  Fr. 
boule .]  A round  mass  or  ball  of  wood,  general- 
ly used  for  play.  Watts. 

/£»=■“  Many  respectable  speakers  pronounce  this 
word  so  as  to  rhyme  with  howl,  the  noise  made  by  a 
dog.  Dr.  Johnson,  Mr.  Elphinston,  and  Mr.  Perry 
declare  for  it ; but  Mr.  Sheridan,  Mr.  Scott,  Dr.  Ken- 
rick,  and  Mr.  Smith  pronounce  it  as  the  vessel  to  hold 
liquor,  rhyming  with  hole.  I remember  having  been 
corrected  by  Mr.  Garrick  for  pronouncing  it  like  howl, 
and  am,  upon  the  whole,  of  opinion,  that  pronouncing 
it  as  I have  marked  it  is  the  preferable  mode,  though 
the  least  analogical.  But  as  the  vessel  has  indispu- 
tably this  sound,  it  is  rendering  the  language  still 
more  irregular  to  give  the  ball  a different  one.  The 
inconvenience  of  this  irregularity  is  often  perceived 
in  the  word  how.  To  have  the  same  word  signify 
different  things  is  the  fate  of  all  languages  ; but  pro- 
nouncing the  same  word  differently,  to  signify  differ- 
ent things,  is  multiplying  difficulties  without  neces- 
sity.” Walker. 

||  BOWL  (bol  or  boul),  V.  a.  [i.  BOWLED  ; pp.  BOWL- 
ING,  BOWLED.] 

1.  To  roll  as  a bowl.  Shak. 

2.  To  pelt  with  any  thing  rolled.  Shak. 

||  BOWL  (bol  or  boul),  v.  n.  To  play  at  bowls.  Shak. 

||  BOWL'— AL-LEY,  n.  Same  as  Bowling-alley. 

BOWL'DpR  (bol'der),  n.  (Geol.)  A large,  round 
stone  ; a fragment  or  lump  broken  oft'  a rock  or 
cliff,  and  bearing  marks  of  abrasion  and  trans- 
port. Bowlders  usually  differ  from  the  rocks 
they  overlie,  and  are  found  on  the  surface  of  the 
ground,  or  embedded  in  the  clays  and  sands  of 
the  diluvial  formation,  and  often  a great  distance 
from  the  rock  from  which  they  were  detached. 
— Written  also  boulder.  Brande. 

BOWL'D^R,  a.  Applied  to  large,  round  stones, 
pebbles,  or  fragments  of  rocks,  or  to  walls  built 
with  pebbles.  Francis. 

BOW'— LEG,  n.  A crooked  leg.  Bp.  Taylor. 

BOW'-LEGGF.D  (bo'lggd),  a.  Having  crooked  legs. 

||  BOWL'pR,  or  BOWL'pR,  n.  One  who  bowls,  or 
plays  at  bowls.  B.  Jonson. 

BOW'Lf.SS,  a.  Having  no  bow.  Pollok. 

BOW'LINE,  or  BOW'LINE,  [bo'ljn,  K.  Sm.  R.; 
bou'ljn,  S.  W.J.E.F.;  bo'lln,  ja.  C.],  n.  [Fr. 


bouline .]  (Naut.)  A rope  leading  forward  from 
the  leech  of  a square  sail,  to  keep  the  leech 
well  out  when  sailing  close-hauled. 

On  a bowline,  or  on  a taut  bowline,  said  of  a vessel 
when  she  is  close-hauled.  — Bowline  bridle,  the  span 
on  the  leech  of  the  sail  to  which  the  bowline  is  tog- 
gled. Dana. 

BOWL'ING,  or  BOVVL'ING,  n.  Bowline.  — See 
Bowline.  Harris. 

||  BOWL'ING,  n.  The  act  or  the  art  of  throwing 
bowls.  Sanderson. 

||  BOWL'ING—  AL'LIJY,  n.  A place  for  bowling; 
a bowl-alley.  Nares. 

||  BOWL'ING— GREEN,  n.  A level  piece  of  ground, 
kept  smooth  for  playing  with  bowls.  Bentley. 

II  BOWL'ING-GROUND,  n.  Bowling-green. 

B.  Jonson. 

BOW'MAN,  n.  ; pi.  bow'mcn.  An  archer. 

The  noise  of  the  horsemen  and  bowmen.  Jer.  iv.  29. 

BoW'MAN,  n.  (Naut.)  One  who  rows  at  the  bow 
of  a boat ; a bow-oar.  Smart. 

BoW'— OAR,  n.  (Naut.)  A bowman.  Clarke. 

BOW'NET,  n.  A net  made  of  twigs  bowed.  Todd. 

BOW'PEN,  n.  A metallic  pen  for  ruling.  Clarke. 

BOV^' PIECE,  n.  A piece  of  ordnance  carried  in 
the  bow  of  a ship.  Smart. 

BOW'— S Aw,  n.  A saw  with  a narrow  blade,  used 
for  cutting  wood  into  curves.  Weale. 

BOVVSE,  v.  n.  (Naut.)  To  haul  or  pull  upon  a 
tackle.  Falconer. 

BOW'— SHOT  (ba'sliot),  n.  The  space  which  an 
arrow  shot  from  a bow  may  pass.  Gen.  xxi.  16. 

BOW'SPIUT  (bo'sprlt),  n.  [Dut.  boegspriet ; Fr. 
beaupri;  bow  and  sprit.]  (Naut.)  A boom  or 
spar  which  projects  over  the  stem  of  a vessel  to 
carry  the  sail  forward:  — sometimes  written 
boltsprit. 

t BOVfyS'SEN  (bbu'sn),  V.  a.  To  drench.  Carew. 

BOW'STRlNG,  n.  1.  The  string  of  a bow.  “Cu- 
pid’s bowstring .”  * Shak. 

2.  An  instrument  for  strangling,  in  Turkey. 

BOW'STRlNG,  v.  a.  To  strangle  or  execute  with 
the  bowstring.  Byron. 

BOW'STRlNGED,  a.  Having  a bowstring.  Ed.  Rev. 

BOW'- WIN'DOW,  n.  (Arch.)  A window  pro- 
jecting from  the  general  face  of  a building,  of  a 
curved  or  polygonal  form,  and  having  its  base 
on  the  ground  : — called  also  bay-window.  — 
See  Bay-window.  Francis. 

BOW'— WO\V,  n.  The  loud  bark  of  a dog.  Booth. 

fBOW'YER  (bo'yer),  n.  1.  One  who  uses  a bow  ; 
an  archer  ; a bowman.  Dry  den. 

2.  A maker  of  bows.  Ascham. 

BOX,  n.  [Gr.  tripos  ; L.  buxus,  a box-tree,  or  box- 
wood ; A.  S.  A Sp.  box;  Dut.  bux-.  Fr.  buis.] 
(Bot.)  An  evergreen  shrub,  whose  wood,  very 
hard  and  smooth,  is  much  used  by  wood  en- 
gravers and  in  the  manufacture  of  musical  and 
mathematical  instruments,  combs,  knife-han- 
dles, &c. ; Buxus  sempervirens.  A dwarf  va- 
riety is  cultivated  in  gardens  as  an  edging  to 
borders.  Loudon. 

BOX,  n.  [A.  S.  box  ; Gael,  boesa ; Dut.  bus  ; Ger. 
bilchse;  W.  blwch.) 

1.  A case  made  of  wood  or  other  material. 

2.  The  quantity  of  any  thing  contained  in  a 

box.  “ A box  of  oranges.”  Craig. 

3.  A money-chest.  Spenser. 

4.  An  enclosure  with  seats,  in  the  playhouse. 

“ The  boxes  and  the  pit.”  Dryden. 

5.  The  driver’s  seat  on  a stage-coach.  Craig. 

6.  A hollow  tube  in  a pump,  closed  by  a valve. 

7.  A cylindrical  hollow  iron  in  the  nave  of 
wheels,  in  which  the  axle  turns. 

8.  (Carp.)  A trough  for  cutting  mitres. 

9.  A present  ; as,  “ A Christmas  box.” 
“ Pillemaille,  such  a box  as  our  London  pren- 
tices beg  withal  before  Christmas.”  Cotgrave. 

Box  drain,  an  underground  drain,  built  of  brick  and 
stone,  and  of  a rectangular  section.  U cale. 

BOX,  n.  [Ger.  pochen,  to  beat ; W.  boch,  the 
cheek.]  A blow  on  the  head  or  car,  given  by 
the  hand.  Addison. 


MIEN,  SIR  : MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RtJLE.  — G,  9>  §>  soft;  jE,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  ^ as  z;  If  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


BOX 


166 


BRAG 


BOX,  v.  a.  [i.  boxed  ; pp.  boxing,  boxed.] 

Boxed  in  a chair  the  beau  impatient  sits.  Swift. 

1.  To  strike  with  the  hand.  “ They  box  her 

about  the  ears.”  North. 

2.  To  enclose  as  in  a box. 

To  box  a tree,  to  make  an  incision  so  as  to  allow 
the  sap  to  escape. 

To  box  the  compass,  to  rehearse  the  thirty-two  points 
of  it  in  their  proper  order. 

BOX,  v.  n.  To  fight  with  the  fist.  L' Estrange. 

BOX'EN  (bok'sn),  a.  1.  Made  of  box.  “ Boxen 
hautboy.”  Gay. 

2.  Resembling  box.  “ Boxen  hue.”  Dry  den. 

BOX'^R,  n.  One  who  boxes  ; a pugilist.  Churchill. 

BOX'HAUL,  v.  a.  ( Naut .)  To  wear  a vessel  by- 
backing  the  head-sails.  Dana. 

BOX'HAUL-ING,  n.  ( Naut .)  The  act  of  wearing 
a vessel  by  backing  the  head-sails. 

BOX'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  fighting  with  the  fist. 

2.  pi.  (Arch.')  The  cases  into  which  the  shut- 
ters of  a window  are  folded.  Gwilt. 

3.  pi.  (Among  millers .)  Coarse  flour  sepa- 
rated in  the  process  of  bolting.  Brande. 

BOX'ING,  p.  a.  1.  Putting  into  a box. 

2.  Fighting  with  the  fist. 

BOX'lR-ON  (-I-urn),  n.  A hollow  flat-iron  which 
is  heated  by  something  put  in  it  Simmons. 

BOX'THORN,  n (Bot.)  The  English  name  of 
the  genus  of  plants  Lycium.  Craig. 

BOX'— TREE,  n.  (Bot.)  The  English  name  of  the 
genus  of  plants  Burns. — See  Box.  Loudon. 

BOX'VVOOD  (-wud),  n.  The  fine,  hard-grained 
wood  of  the  box-tree; — much  used  by  wood- 
engravers  and  for  musical  instruments.  Craig 

BOY,  7i.  [Johnson gives  Ger.  tube,  and  says,  “The 
etymology  is  not  agreed  on.”  — Gr.  vats,  (loOvtus 
(Spartan  not  a.  IF.  Smith);  L.  puer,  papus  ; Fr. 
page.  — Ger.  bvhe;  Dan.  pog  ; Sw.  poike. — 
W.bachgen;  Gael . boban;  Arm.  bonbon.  — Pers. 
buch.  — Halliioell  and  Wright  give,  “ Boye,  A.  S , 
a lad  servant  ” ; yet  the  word  boye  is  not  found 
in  the  A.  S.  Dictionary  of  Lye,  nor  in  that  of 
Bosworth.  — In  the  Manks  language  the  word 
for  boy  is  bwoie,  being  substantially  the  same 
word.]  A male  child ; a male  person  or  youth 
under  the  age  of  puberty  ; — sometimes  used  in 
contempt  for  a young  man. 

To  beggars  and  to  boys.  Piei's  Ploughman. 

BOY,  v.  a.  To  treat  or  represent  in  the  manner 
of  a boy.  [r.] 

And  I shall  see 

Some  squeaking  Cleopatra  boy  my  greatness.  Shak. 

BOY’AR,  n.  A Greek  or  a Muscovite  nobleman 
or  grandee.  Crabb. 

BOYAU  (bo-yo'),  n.  [Fr.]  (Fort.)  A ditch  cov- 
ered with  a parapet,  serving  as  a communication 
between  two  trenches.  Glos.  of  Mil.  Terms. 

BOY'BLIND,  a.  Undiseerning,  like  a boy.  “So 
boyblind  and  foolish.”  Beau.  A FI. 

BOY'HOOD  (bol'hud),  n.  The  state  of  being  a boy. 
“ Look  at  him  in  his  boyhood.”  Sioift. 

BOY'ISH,  a.  1.  Belonging  to  a boy.  “ Even  from 
my  boyish  days.”  Shak. 

2.  Childish ; puerile. 

Young  men  take  up  some  English  poet  without  knowing 
wherein  ne  is  defective,  where  . . . boyish  and  trifling.  Dryden. 

BOY'ISH-LY,  ad.  In  a boyish  manner  ; childishly. 

BOY'ISH-NESS,  n.  The  manners  of  a boy  ; child- 
ishness. Sherwood. 

BOY'IljjM,  n.  1.  Puerility  ; childishness.  Dryden. 

2.  The  state  of  being  a boy.  “ The  boyism 
of  the  brothers.”  Warton. 

BoYN,  n.  A vat  or  tub  used  in  making  cheese, 
&c.  Loudon. 

BOY'SHIP,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  a 
boy;  boyhood,  [r.]  Beaumont. 


t BRAB'BI.E,  v.  n.  [Dut.  brabbelen,  to  stammer.] 
To  clamor  ; to  wrangle.  Sidney. 

f BRAB'BLE-MENT,  n.  Contentious  language;  a 
noisy  quarrel ; a brabble.  Holland. 

f BRAB'BLIJR,  n.  A clamorous  fellow.  Shak. 

BRAB'BLING,  n.  The  act  of  clamoring.  “The 
brabbling  of  Tyndale’s  tongue.”  Sir  T.  More. 

BRAB'BLING-LY,  ad.  In  a brabbling  manner. 

“Neither  bitterly  nor  brabbling ly."  Jewel. 
IIRAc'cAtE,  a.  [L.  braccce,  breeches  ; bracatus, 
breeched.]  (Ornith.)  Havingthe  feet  concealed 
by  feathers  descending  from  the  tibix.  Brande. 


BRACE,  v.  a.  [Sp.  bracear;  Fr.  brasser.]  [i. 

BRACED  ; pp.  BRACING,  BRACED.] 

1.  To  bind ; to  tie  up  closely  with  bandages. 
The  women  of  China,  by  bi'acing  them  from  infancy,  have 

very  little  feet.  Locke. 

2.  To  strain  up  ; to  make  tense  ; as,“  To  brace 
a drum.” 

3.  To  supply  with  braces  or  with  what  may 
give  strength  ; as,  “ To  brace  a beam.” 

4.  (Naut.)  To  turn  horizontally,  as  a yard. 
To  brace  up,  (JYaut.)  to  lay  the  yard  more  fore-and- 

aft. — To  brace  in,  to  lay  it  nearer  athwart-ships.  — To 
brace  to,  to  brace  the  head  yards  a little  aback,  in 
tacking  or  wearing.  Dana. 


BRACE,  n.  1.  [L .brachium;  Fr.  iras.]  A cinc- 
ture ; a bandage.  Johnson. 

2.  That  which  holds  any  thing  tight.  “ The 

braces  of  a war-drum.”  Derham. 

3.  pi.  Straps  for  supporting  a carriage. 

4.  pi.  Straps  or  strings  for  supporting  trou- 
sers, or  keeping  tight  any  part  of  dress ; sus- 
penders. 

5.  Armor  for  the  arm.  Shak. 

6.  Two  of  the  same  kind ; a couple  ; a pair. 

“ Fifty  brace  of  pheasants.”  Addison. 

7.  (Arch.)  An  inclined  piece  of  timber  placed 
near  and  across  the  angles  in  the  frame  of  a 
building,  in  order  to  strengthen  it.  When  it 
abuts  against  a rafter  it  is  usually  called  a strut. 

. Brande. 

8.  (Printing.)  A crooked  line  [j],  enclos- 

ing a passage  or  lines  which  ought  to  be  taken 
together,  as  in  a triplet.  Johnson. 

9.  ( Mcch .)  A curved  instrument  of  iron  or 

wood,  to  receive  and  move  small  boring  tools 
called  bitts.  Francis. 

10.  (Naut.)  One  of  the  ropes  by  which  a 

yard  is  turned  about.  Dana. 

Syn.  — See  Pair. 


BRACED,  a.  (Her.)  Noting  charges 
when  folded  or  interlaced  to- 
gether. 

BRACE'Lf.T  [bras'let,  W.  P.  J.  E. 

F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  R.  W6.  ; bras'let, 

S.],  n.  [Fr.  bracelet,  from  L. 
brachium,  arm.  — W.  breichled .] 

1.  An  ornament  for  the  arm.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  A piece  of  defensive  armor  anciently  used 

to  cover  the  arm  ; bracer.  Phillips. 


BRA'C^R,  n.  1.  One  that  braces  or  binds. 

2.  A cincture  ; a bandage.  Wiseman. 

3.  An  astringent  medicine.  Johnson. 

4.  Armor  for  the  arm ; bracelet. 


Upon  his  arm  he  wore  a gay  bracer, 
And  by  his  side  a sword  and  a buckler. 


f brAch,  l 
E.  > 


[Old  Fr.  bracket ; Fr.  braque.\ 

f BRACHE,  > 

1.  A bitch  hound.  Burton. 

2.  A pointer  or  setting  dog.  Shak. 

BRACHIAL  (brak'yjl  or  bra'ke-al)  [brak'y?l,  S.  IF. 

J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K.  C. ; brak'e-al,  P. ; bra'ke-al,  Sto.], 
a.  [Gr.  fipayim’,  the  arm  ; L.  brachium .]  Be- 
longing to  the  arm  ; as,  “ Brachial  nerves,  ves- 
sels,” &c.  Brande. 

BRAeH'!-ATE,  a.  (Bot,)  Having  arms  sjj 
or  branches  usually  placed  opposite  to 


each  other,  nearly  at  right  angles  with 
the  main  stem,  and  crossing  each  other 
alternately.  Loudon.  / 


BO  Y’.^'— PL  AY  (bolz'pla),  n.  The  play  of  a boy  ; 
boyish  sport.  Beau.  <Sf  FI. 

BRA-BAN'TINE,  a.  ( Geog .)  Belonging  to  Brabant. 

-j-BRAB'BLE,  n.  A brawl;  a clamorous  contest. 
“ In  the  streets  ...  in  private  brabble.”  Shak. 


BRAchT-O-POD,  n.  (Zool.)  One  of  the  order 
Brachiopoda. 

BRAcH-I-OP'O-DA,  n.  [Gr.  (Ipnyiwv,  an  arm,  and 
voOs,  voids,  a"  foot.]  (Zo'ol.)  An  order  of  aceph- 
alous inequilateral  bivalve  mollusks,  having  two 
long,  fleshy,  ciliated,  spiral  arms.  Brande. 


BRACH'MAN  (br’4'm?n),  n.  A Hindoo  priest.-^ 
See  Brajiin. 

BRAjCH'Y-CAT-A-LEC'TIC,  n.  [Gr.  0paxbs,  short, 
and  Karal.pKTtKis,  deficient.]  (Pros.)  A verse 
wanting  two  syllables.  Brande. 

BRA-CHYG'RA-PHf.R,  n.  A short-hand  writer; 
a stenographer  ; a stenographist.  Gay  ton. 

BRA-CHYG'RA-PHY  (br?-klg'r?-fe),  n.  [Gr.  fpa- 
xlis,  short,  and  ypdtyoi,  to  write.]  The  art  of 
writing  in  short-hand  or  by  abbreviations  ; ste- 
nography. Granville. 

BRA-CHYL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  0pax Cs,  short,  and  l.dyos, 
discourse.]  Concise  or  laconic  speech.  Crabb. 

BRA-jCIIYP'T^R-OUS,  a.  [Gr.  fpaXvs,  short,  and 
vrtpov,  a wing.]  ( Ornith.)  Short-winged.  Smart. 

BRA-EHYS'TO-CHRONE,  n.  [Gr.  0p6xt<rros,  short- 
est, and  Xporo;,  time.]  (Geom.)  A curve  which 
possesses  this  property,  that  a body  setting  out 
from  any  point,  as  A,  and  impelled  solely  by 
the  force  of  gravity,  will  reach  another  point  of 
it,  as  B,  in  a shorter  time  than  it  could  reach 
the  same  point  by  following  any  other  path.  It 
is  called  also  the  curve  of  quickest  descent,  and 
is  the  same  as  the  cycloid.  Davis. 

BRAO'ING,  p.  a.  1.  Making  tense  ; binding. 

2.  Invigorating  ; as,  “ A bracing  air.” 

BRACK,  n.  [A.  S.  bracan,  to  break  ; Dut.  break, 
a fracture.]  A breach ; a break ; a flaw ; a 
crack.  “ A brack  in  the  stuff.”  Beau.  $ FI. 

BRACK'EN  (brak'kn),  n.  A fern  ; a brake.  [North 
of  Eng.  and  Scot.]  Halliwell.  Craig. 

BRACKET,  n.  [Gr.  fpa^Uov,  an  arm  ; L.  brachi- 
um ; It.  braccio.] 

1.  (Arch.  & Mech.)  A stay  or  support  for 
shelves,  busts,  shafting,  &c.,  placed  against  the 
wall.  “ Shelves  laid  upon  brackets.”  Mortimer. 

2.  (Ship-building.)  One  of  the  short  crooked 
timbers  used  to  support  the  gratings  of  a ship. 

Falconer. 

3.  (Gunnery.)  The  cheek  of  the  carriage  of 

a mortar.  Crabb. 

4.  pi.  (Printing.)  Hooks  [ thus  ] to  enclose 
something  ; — called  also  crotchets. 

BRACK'f.T,  V.  a.  [i.  BRACKETED  ; pp.  BRACKET- 
ING, bracketed.]  To  enclose  in,  or  connect, 
by  brackets.  Barker. 

BRAcK'JJT-ING,  n.  (Arch.)  The  series  of  wooden 
ribs  used  for  supporting  cornices  executed  in 
plaster.  Ogilvie. 

BRACK'JSH,  a.  [Dut.  $ Dan.  brak,  saltish.]  Salt- 
ish ; somewhat  salt.  Bacon. 

BRAcK'JSH-NESS,  n.  Saltness  in  a small  degree. 

f BRACK'Y,  a.  Brackish.  Drayton. 

BRACT,  n.  [L.  bractea,  a thin  leaf  of  metal,  gold 
leaf.]  (Bot.)  The  last  leaf,  leaflet,  or  set  of 
leaves,  that  intervenes  between  the  true  leaves 
and  the  calyx  of  a plant ; the  leaf  at  the  base 
of  a flower  on  the  outside  of  the  calyx.  P.  Cyc. 

BRAC’  TF.-JE,  n.  (Bot.)  [L.  pi.,  thin 
leaves  of  metal.']  Leaves  at  the  base 
of  a flower  ; bracts. 

BRAc'TE-AL,  a.  (Bot.)  Furnished  with 
bracts  ; bracteate.  Brande. 

RRAC'TIJ-ATE,  a.  (Bot.)  Bracteal.  Craig. 

BRAC'TE-O-LATE,  a.  (Bot.)  Noting  plants 
which  have  little  bracts.  Brande. 

BRAD—  [A.  S.]  An  initial  syllable  signifying 
broad ; as,  Bradford,  broad  ford.  Gibson. 

BRAD,  n.  [A.  S.  breed,  that  which  is  spread ; 
Dan.  braad,  a prick.]  A sort  of  nail  having  a 
slight  projection  on  one  side,  at  the  upper  end, 
instead  of  a round  head  with  a shoulder.  Moxon. 

BRAD-AWL,  n.  The  smallest  boring  tool  used 
by  a carpenter.  Weale. 

BRAD'Y-POD,  n.  [Gr.  (Ipalvs,  slow,  and  vacs, 
voids,' a foot.]  (Zool.)  One  of  a family  of  eden- 
tate mammals,  including  the  two-toed  and 
three-toed  sloths.  Brande. 

BRAG,  v.  n.  [Dut.  braggeren ; Old  Fr.  bragueur ; 
Gael,  bray.)  [i.  bragged  ; pp.  bragging, 
BRAGGED.] 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long  ; A,  E,  J,  6,  0,  Y,  short;  A,  (I,  I,  Q,  IT,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


BRAG 

To  boast;  to  vaunt:— - with  of  before  the 
thing  boasted.  Shak. 

Verona  brags  of  him 

To  be  a virtuous  and  well-governed  youth  Sheik. 

BRAG,  n.  1.  A boast ; a vaunt.  Shak. 

2.  The  thing  boasted.  “ Beauty  is  nature’s 

brag .”  Milton . 

3.  A game  at  cards.  Chambers. 

t BRAG,  a.  Proud  ; boasting.  Bale. 

BRAG-GA-DO'CI-6  (-do'she-o),  n.  [From  Spen- 
ser’s Vain-glorious  knight,  Braggadocchio. 
Todd.  It.  bravaccio .]  A boaster.  Dryden. 

f BrAg'GAR-DISE,  n.  A bragging.  Minsheu. 

f BRAG'G  AR-DI§M,  n.  Boastfulness.  Shak. 

BRAG'G  ART,  n.  [Gael,  brag  air ; It.  bravaccio-, 
Old  Fr.  bragard .]  A vain  boaster. 

It  will  come  to  pass 

That  every  braggart  shall  be  found  an  ass.  Shak. 

BRAG'GART,  a.  Boastful ; vainly  ostentatious. 
“The  strutting  and  lying  independence  of  a 
braggart  philosophy.”  Burke. 

BRAG'GpR,  n.  [Old  Fr.  bragueur.]  One  who 
brags  ; a boaster.  Bale. 

j-  BRAG 'GET,  n.  [W.  bragod,  or  bragauid.]  A 
sweet  drink ; a kind  of  mead.  Chaucer. 

BRAG’GING,  p.  a.  Boasting;  praising  one’s  self. 

Thou  coward  1 art  thou  bragging  to  the  stars  ? Shak. 

BRAG’GING,  n.  The  act  of  boasting.  “ His 
menacing  and  bold  bragging.”  Hall. 

BRAG’GING-LY,  ad.  Boastingly.  Maine. 

f BrAg’L^SS,  a.  Without  a boast.  Shak. 

f BRAg’LY,  ad.  In  a manner  to  boast  of  ; finely. 

How  braghj  it  begins  to  bud!  Spenser. 

BRAH’MA,  ) n-  ( Hindoo  Myth.)  The  first  person 

BRA’MA,  > of  the  trinity  ; the  creator.  Ency. 

BRAH-MA’IC,  a.  Braminical. — See  Bramini- 
cal. P.  Cyc. 

BRAh'MAN,  n.  Same  as  Brahmin. 

BRAH-MAnTC,  a.  Braminical.  Coleridge. 

BRAH'MIN,  n.  A Hindoo  priest ; one  of  the  first 
of  the  four  castes  of  the  Hindoos.  — See  Bra- 
MIN. 

BRAID  (brad),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  bredan;  Dut.  brey- 
den. ] [ i . braided  ; pp.  braiding,  braided.] 

To  weave  together;  to  plat;  to  intertwine. 
“ Osier  wands  braided  into  a basket.”  Boyle. 

BRAID,  n.  A texture  ; something  braided  ; a knot. 
“ T wisted  braids  of  lilies.”  Milton. 

f BRAID,  a.  [A.  S.  brad,  deceit.]  Crafty;  de- 
ceitful. “ Since  Frenchmen  are  so  braid.”  Shak. 

f BRAID,  n.  A start,  as  from  sleep.  Sackville. 

t BRAID,  v.  a.  [Goth,  brigda;  Icel.  bregda,  to 
reproach.]  To  upbraid  ; to  reproach.  Huloet. 

BRAIL  (bral),  n.  ( Naut .)  One  of  the  small  ropes 
by  which  the  lower  corners  of  fore-and-aft  sails 
are  hauled  up.  Dana. 

BRAIL'— UP,  v.  a.  (Naut.)  To  haul  up  by  the 
brails.  Mar.  Diet. 

BRAIN,  n.  [A.  S.  breegen;  Dut.  8;  Frs.  brein .] 

1.  The  soft,  whitish  mass,  enclosed  in  the  cav- 
ity of  the  skull,  in  which  the  nerves  and  spinal 
marrow  terminate,  and  which  is  regarded  as  the 
seat  of  sensation  and  reflection. 

2.  The  understanding : — in  this  sense  usu- 
ally plural. 

O that  men  should  put  an  enemy  in  their  mouths  to  steal 
away  their  braiusl  Shak. 

3.  Fancy  ; imagination,  [r.]  Abp.  Sandy s. 

BRAIN,  v.  a.  1.  To  dash  out  the  brains.  Dryden. 

2.  f To  understand.  “ That  brain’d  my  pur- 
pose.” Shak. 

BRAINED  (brand  or  bra'ned),  a.  Furnished  with 
brains.  “ Brained  like  us.”  Shak. 

BRAin'-FE-VER,  n.  (Med.)  An  inflammation  of 
the  brain  ; plirenitis.  Booth. 

BRAlN'ISH,  a.  Hot-headed  ; furious,  [r.]  Shak. 

BRAlN’LlJSS,  a.  Without  brains  ; silly.  Hooker. 


167 

BRAIN'— PAN,  n.  The  skull,  containing  the  brain. 
“ In  the  brain-pan  or  skull.”  Holland. 

BrAiN'-RAcK-JNG,  a.  Perplexing;  harassing 
the  mind.  Phillips. 

BrAiN'SICK,  a.  Diseased  in  the  understanding ; 
deranged.  Shak. 

BRAiN'-SICK-LY,  ad.  Weakly  ; headily.  Shak. 

BRAIN—  SICK-NESS,  n.  Sickness  of  the  brain  ; 
indiscretion  ; giddiness.  Holland. 

BRAlN'-SPUN,  a.  Spun  out  of  the  brain.  Hare. 

BRAlRD,  n.  (Scot.)  [A.  S.  brord,  the  first  spire 
of  grass,  corn,  &c.]  The  springing  up  of  seeds, 
or  sprouting  of  grain.  Jamieson. 

BRAlRD,  v.  n.  To  spring  up,  as  seeds.  Loudon. 

BRAIT  (brat),  n.  A name  given  by  jewellers  to 
the  rough  diamond.  Crabb. 

f BRAKE,  i.  from  break-,  now  broke.  See  Break. 

BRAKE,  n.  [Dan.  bra?k.  See  Break.] 

1.  An  instrument  for  dressing  hemp  or  flax. 

2.  (Agric.)  A heavy  harrow.  Branclc. 

3.  A machine  for  confining  horses  while  they 
are  shod.  “ Set  up  in  a brake.”  B.  Jon, son. 

4.  A carriage  used  for  breaking  in  horses. 

5.  A sharp  bit  or  snaffle. 

Like  as  the  Iwakc  within  the  rider’s  hand.  Lord  Surrey. 

6.  A baker’s  kneading  trough.  Johnson. 

7.  An  old  instrument  of  torture.  Ilollinshcd. 

8.  (Mech.)  An  apparatus  used  for  retarding 
the  motion  of  a wheel  by  friction  on  its  pe- 
riphery. 

9.  [L.  brachium,  an  arm.]  (Naut.)  A han- 
dle by  which  a ship-pump  is  worked.  Dana. 

10.  [Fr.  braquer,  to  point,  as  a cannon.] 
(Mil.)  That  part  of  a militar)  engine  or  battery 
by  which  it  is  turned  to  any  particular  point  : — 
a battering  engine. 

Not  rams  nor  mighty  brakes  nor  slings  alone.  Fairfax. 

BRAKE,  n.  [W.  brig,  a twig  or  shoot ; Dan.  bregne, 
a fern.] 

1.  (Bot.)  A species  of  fern ; Pteris  aquilina. 

Loudon. 

2.  A thicket  of  brambles  or  brakes.  “ The 

deer  has  sought  the  brake.”  IF.  Scott. 

BRAKE'MAN,  ii.;  pi.  brake'men.  One  who  tends 
a brake  on  a railroad  car.  Hale. 

BRAKE'— WHEEL,  n.  A wheel  acted  upon  by  a 
brake.  Weale. 

BRA'KY,  a.  Full  of  brakes;  thorny.  Bp.  Hall. 

BRAm'BLE  (br&m'bl),  n.  [A.  S.  brembel;  Dan. 
bramban- ; Sw.  brombar  ; Ger.  brombeere .] 

1.  A class  of  spiniferous  shrubs,  of  which  the 
blackberry  is  an  example ; Rubus.  Loudon. 

2.  Any  rough,  prickly  shrub.  Shak. 

3.  A bird.  — See  Brambling.  Booth. 

BRAm'BLE— BER'RY,  n.  A prickly  plant,  and  its 
fruit ; blackberry.  “ Cornels  and  bramble-ber- 
ries.” Dryden. 

BRAm'BLE— BUSH,  n.  A collection  of  brambles 
growing  together.  Craig. 

BRAiM'BLED  (bram'bld),  a.  Overgrown  with  bram- 
bles. “ Upon  the  brambled  floor.”  Warton. 

BRAm'BLE— FINCH,  n.  Brambling,  a species  of 
finch  : — the  Fringilla  inontifringilla  of  Lin- 
naeus. 

BRAm'BLE— NET,  n.  A net  to  catch  birds.  Craig. 

BRAm'BLING,  n.  A bird  ; the  mountain  chaf- 
finch : — called  also  bramble.  Bewick. 

BRAm'BLY,  a.  Full  of  brambles.  Sherwood. 

BRA'MIN  [bri'mjn,  Ja.  Sm.  R.  ; br&m'in  or  brS.'- 
nijn,  K.  ; bram'in,  I Vb.~\,  n.  A Hindoo  priest ; 
one  of  the  sacerdotal  caste  of  Ilindostan  ; — al- 
so written  brachman,  brahman,  and  brahmin. 

BRA-MIN'I-CAL,  a.  Relating  to  the  Bramins. 

BRAN,  n.  [Gael,  bran;  Fr.  bran.)  The  husk  or 
covering  of  wheat  and  other  grain,  which  im- 
mediately covers  the  kernel  ; the  refuse  of  sift- 
ed meal.  Shak. 

BRAn'CARD  (brang'kjrd),  n.  [Fr.]  A horse-lit- 
ter ; a hand-barrow.  Cotgrave. 

BRANCH  (12),  ii.  [Gr.  the  arm ; L. 

brachium,  the  arm  ; It.  branca;  Fr.  branchc.) 

1.  The  shoot  or  bough  of  a tree  ; a limb. 


BRANDER 

2.  The  offshoot  of  any  thing,  as  of  a stag’s 
horn,  a candlestick,  a river,  a family,  &c. 

3.  Any  distinct  article  or  portion  ; a section  ; 

a subdivision.  “ The  several  branches  of  jus- 
tice and  charity.”  Tillotson. 

4.  (Naut.)  The  commission  of  a pilot  of  the 
highest  grade  ; — sometimes  called  a full  branch, 
in  distinction  from  the  warrant  granted  to  ap- 
prentices or  subordinate  pilots,  which  restricts 
them  to  vessels  of  a certain  draught.  [U.  S.] 

Soule. 

5.  pi.  (Arch.)  The  ribs  of  groined  arches. 

BRANCH,  V.  n.  \L  BRANCHED  ; pp.  BRANCHING, 

branched.]  To  spread  in  branches,  or  into 
separate  parts  ; to  shoot  out.  Bacon. 

To  branch  off,  to  form  branches  ; to  diverge. — To 
branch  out,  to  speak  diffusively.  diddison. 

BRANCH,  v.  a.  1.  To  divide  or  form  as  into 
branches.  “ Branched  into  canals.”  Baron. 

2.  To  adorn  with  needlework,  representing 
flowers  and  sprigs. 

The  train  whereof  loose  far  behind  her  strayed, 

Branched  with  gold  and  pearl  most  richly  wrought.  Spenser. 

BRANCH’— CHUCK,  n.  (Mech.)  A chuck  formed 
of  four  branches,  turned  up  at  the  ends,  and 
each  furnished  with  a screw.  Craig. 

BRANCHED'-WORK  (brinsht'wiirk),  n.  (Arch.) 
The  carved  or  sculptured  leaves  and  branches 
on  monuments  and  friezes.  Craig. 

BRANCH '£R,  n.  1.  One  that  forms  branches. 
“ A speedy  spreader  and  brancher.”  Wotton. 

2.  (Falconry.)  A young  hawk,  or  other  bird 
which  begins  to  go  from  branch  to  branch. Crabb. 

BRANCH'E-RY,  n.  The  vascular  parts  of  fruits; 
a system  of  branches.  Chambers. 

BRAn'jCHI-AL,  a.  (Ich.)  Relating  to  the  bran- 
chiae or  gills.  Brande. 

BRjDv'ein-JE,  n.  pi.  [L.,  from  Gr. 

(Ich.)  The  gills  of  aquatic  animals.  Brande. 

BRANCH'I-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
branchy  ; fulness  of  branches.  Sherwood. 

BRANCH  ING,  p.  a.  Extending  in,  or  having, 
branches.  “ Branching  palm.”  Mi  ton. 

BRAnch'ING,  11.  The  act  of  forming  branches; 
ramification.  “ The  sciences  with  their  nu- 
merous branchings.”  Watts. 

BRAn'jCHI-O-PoD,  n.  (Zool.)  One  of  the  Bran- 
chiopoda.  Brande. 

BRAjV-enr-OP'O-Dff,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  Ppayx'a,  gills, 
and  nobs,  nobdc,  a foot.]  (ZoA.)  A family  of 
crustaceous  animals  in  which  the  locomotive  or- 
gans fulfilthe  function  of  gills.  Van  Der  Hoeren. 

BRAN-jETH-OS'TIJ-GAN,  ii.  [Gr.  j3f iayx‘a,  gills, 
and  oriyuj,  to  cover.]  (Ich.)  One  of  a tribe  of 
cartilaginous  fishes,  as  the  sturgeon.  Brande. 

BRAN-€HI-6S'TE-G0US,  a.  (Ich.)  Having  cov- 
ered gills,  as  some  fishes.  Pennant. 

BRAnCH'L^SS,  a.  Having  no  branches.  Shak. 

BRANCH'LpT,  n.  A little  branch.  Crabb. 

BRANCH'— PI-LOT,  ii.  (Naut.)  A pilot  who  has 
a full  branch. — See  Branch. 

BRAnch'Y,  a.  Full  of  branches;  spreading. 
“ Loppings  of  a branchy  tree.”  Watts. 

BRAND,  n.  1.  [A.  S.  brand;  byrnan,  to  burn; 
Ger.,  Dut.,  A Sw.  brand. — Fr. brandon.)  A piece 
of  wood  partly  burnt ; a burning  stick.  “ Like 
a brand  plucked  out  of  the  fire.”  Rogers. 

2.  A mark  made  by  a hot  iron  ; as,  “ A brand 
upon  a cask.” 

3.  A stigma  ; a mark  of  infamy  ; — from  burn- 
ing criminals  with  a hot  iron.  Bacon. 

4.  [Goth.  &;  Icel.  brandur  ; It.  braiulo .]  A 
sword  : — used  chiefly  in  poetry. 

They,  looking  back,  all  the  eastern  side  beheld 
Of  Paradise,  so  late  their  happy  seat, 

Waved  over  by  that  flaming  brand.  Milton. 

BRAND,  V.  a.  [*.  BRANDED  ; pp.  BRANDING, 
branded.]  1.  To  mark  with  a hot  iron  ; as, 
“ To  brand  a criminal.” 

2.  To  mark,  in  a bad  sense ; to  stigmatize. 

All  wit  which  borders  upon  profaneness  deserves  to  be 
branded  for  folly.  Tillotson. 

BRAND'pR,  ii.  1.  One  that  brands:  — a name 
given  to  a gridiron  in  Scotland.  Craig. 

2.  (Ger.  Universities.)  A name  applied  to  a 
student  during  his  second. term.  Longfellow. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE;  9,  9,  9,  g,  soft;  jC,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  ^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


BRANDGOOSE 


BRAWN 


BRAND'g66se,  n.  See  Brant,  and  Brent. 

BRANDING,  p.  a.  Marking  with  a brand. 

BRANDING— IR-ON  (-I'urn),  n.  An  iron  to  brand 
with  ; a brand-iron.  Loudon. 

BRAND'—  IR-ON  (-i'urn),  n.  [A.  S.  brand-isen .] 

1.  A branding-iron.  ' Craig. 

2.  A trivet  or  tripod  to  set  a pot  upon.  Huloet. 

BRAn'DJSH,  v.  a.  [It.  brandire-,  Fr.  brandir, 
brandissant .]  [i.  brandished  ; pp.  bran- 

dishing, BRANDISHED.] 

1.  To  flourish  as  a weapon  ; to  wave  or  shake. 

When  I shall  brandish  my  sword  before  them. 

Ezek.  xxxii.  10. 

2.  To  play  with  ; to  flourish.  Locke. 

BRAn’DISH,  n.  A flourish  with  a weapon,  or 
something  held  in  the  hand.  “ Brandishes  of 
the  fan.”  Tatler. 

BrAn’DISH-ER,  n.  One  who  brandishes.  “Those 
brandishers  of  spears.”  Chapman. 

BRAn'DISH-ING,  p.  a.  Flourishing  or  waving  as 
with  a weapon. 

f BRAN'DLE  (bran'dl),  v.  n.  [Fr.  brandiller.\  To 
shake.  Cotgrave. 

BRAND'LING,  n.  A kind  of  worm  used  for  bait. 
“ The  lobworm  and  the  brandling.”  Walton. 

BRAND'— NEW,  a.  New,  as  from  the  fire  or  forge  ; 
quite  new.  Boss. 

BRAn'DRITH,  n.  A fence  round  the  mouth  of  a 
well.  Francis. 

BRAn'DY,  n.  [Ger.  branntwein,  burnt  wine  ; Dut. 
brandewijn  ; Dan.  breendevun ; Fr.  brandevin.] 
A spirituous  liquor  obtained  by  the  distillation 
of  wine,  or  of  the  refuse  of  the  wine-press  ; the 
alcoholic  portion  of  wine,  colored  brown  by  car- 
amel or  burnt  sugar.  This  name  is  also  applied 
to  the  spirit  obtained  by  distilling  the  ferment- 
ed juice  of  apples,  peaches,  and  other  fruits  be- 
sides the  grape.  Brande. 

BRAn'DY— FRUIT,  n.  Fruit  preserved  in  brandy, 
to  which  sugar  is  usually  added.  Ogilvie. 

BRAn'DY-WINE,  n.  Brandy.  Wiseman. 

BRAn'GLE  (brSng'gl),  v.  n.  [Perhaps  corrupted 
from  wrangle-,  — Fr.  branler,  to  shake.  To 
brangle,  in  Scotch,  means  to  shake.  Jamieson .] 
To  wrangle  ; to  squabble,  [r.]  Bp.  Hall. 

BRAN'GLE  (br&ng'gl),  n.  Squabble  ; wrangle.Sw)f/iS. 

+ BRAN'GLE-MENT  (brang'gl-ment),  n.  A wran- 
gle. Same  as  Brangle.  Johnson. 

BRAN'GLpR,  n.  One  who  brangles  or  quarrels. 

BRAN'GLING,  n.  Quarrel,  [r.]  Whitlock. 

BRAnk,  n.  1.  Buckwheat.  Mortimer.  P.  Cyc. 

2.  A halter  or  bridle;  — an  instrument  for- 
merly used  for  punishing  scolds.  Ilalliwell. 

BRANKS,  n.  pi.  The  mumps.  [Scot.]  Hoblyn. 

BRANK'— UR-SINE,  n.  ( Bot .)  A plant;  Branca 
ursina.  — See  Bear’s-breech.  Booth. 

BRAn'LIN,  n.  Afish  of  the  salmon  km&.Cliambers. 

BRAN'— NEW,  a.  Quite  new:  — corrupted  from 
brand-new.  Todd. 

BRAn'NY,  a.  Consisting  of,  or  resembling  bran. 
“ Covered  with  white  branny  scales.”  Huloet. 

1"  BRAN'SLE,  or  BRAn'SEL,  n.  [Old  Fr.  bransle .] 
A kind  of  dance.  Spenser. 

BRANT,  a.  S(eep.  — See  Brent.  [Local,  Eng.] 

BRANT,  n.  A species  of  goose.  — See  Brent. 

BRANT'— FOX,  n.  A small  species  of  fox.  Booth. 

BRAn'U-LAR,  a.  Relating  to  the  brain  ; cerebral. 
[R0  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

BRAZEN  (bra'zn),  a.  See  Brazen.  Johnson. 

BRASH,  a.  Hasty  ; rash.  Grose.  — In  some  parts 
of  the  U.  S.,  it.is  used  as  a colloquial  word  in 
the  sense  of  brittle  ; easy  to  break.  Pickering . 

BRASH,  n.  ( Geol .)  The  mass  of  broken  and  an- 
gular rocks  which  often  underlie  alluvial  depos- 

Lyell. 

BRA'§riJR  (hra'zher),  n.  [ brass .]  1.  An  artificer 

who  works  in  brass. 


168 

2.  [Fr.  brasier.]  A pan  to  hold  coals  ; — writ- 
ten also  brazier.  Arbuthnot. 

BRA-§IL'  (brs-zel'),  n.  See  Brazil.  Johnson. 

BRASS  (12),  n.  [A.  S.  br<es\  W.  pres.] 

1.  A factitious  metal,  of  a yellow  color,  being 

an  alloy  of  copper  and  zinc.  [Used  for  copper, 
Detit.  viii.  9,  and  Matt.  x.  9.]  Brande. 

2.  Impudence  ; boldness.  Johnson. 

BrAs'SA£E,  n.  A sum  formerly  levied  to  defray 
the  expense  of  coinage.  Brande. 

BRAs’SART,  n.  The  piece,  in  plate  armor,  which 
protected  the  upper  arm,  between  the  shoulder- 
piece  and  the  elbow.  Brande. 

BRAs'Sp§,  n.  pi.  (Arch.)  Sepulchral  plates,  gen- 
erally sunk  into  a flat  grave-stone,  with  an  in- 
scription, effigy,  armorial  bearing,  or  other  de- 
vice engraved  upon  it.  Craig. 

BRAs'S£T,  n.  The  casque  or  head-piece  of  ar- 
mor. Craig. 

BRASS'— HOOFED  (-hoft),  a.  Shod  with  brass. 

Pope. 

BRAS'  SI-CA,  n.  [L.,  a cabbage-,  Celt,  bresic.] 
(Bot.)  A genus  of  plants  extensively  cultivated 
in  agriculture,  comprising  cabbage,  cauliflower, 
broccoli,  borecole,  rape,  turnip,  &c.  Loudon. 

BRAsS'1-NESS,  n.  Some  quality  of  brass;  a re- 
semblance of  brass.  Johnson. 

BRASS'— PAVED,  a.  Firm  as  brass.  Spenser. 

BRXsS'-Vi§'A£ED  (bris'viz'ajd),  a.  Impudent. 
“ That  brass-visaged  monster.”  B.  Jonson. 

BRASS'WORK  (bris'wurk),  n.  Something  made 
of  brass.  Addison. 

BRASS'Y,  a.  1.  Partaking  of,  or  like  brass.  Shak 

2.  Impudent ; brazen-faced.  Johnson. 

f BRAST,  v.  n.  [A.  S.,  Dut.,  Sf  Ger.  bersten.\  To 
burst ; to  break.  “ The  dolor  of  their  hearts 
brast  out.”  More. 

f BRAST,  p.  from  burst.  “ Which  their  chains 
have  brast.”  Spenser. 

BRAT,  n.  1.  [A.  S.  breegd ; bredan,  to  nour- 
ish ; Ger.  brut.]  A child  ; — so  called  in  con- 
tempt. Shak. 

2.  [A.  S.  bratt,  a coarse  mantle.]  A child’s 

bib  or  apron  ; a rag.  Todd. 

3.  Film;  scum.  [Local,  Eng.]  Brockett. 

4.  A turbot.  [Local,  Eng.]  Hallhvell. 

BRAU'NlTE,  n.  (Min.)  An  oxide  or  ore  of  man- 
ganese. Dana. 

BRA-VA'DO  [bra-va'do,  IF.  P.  Ja.  Sm.  R.\  bra- 
va'do  or  bra-va'do,  K.],  n.  [It.  A-  Sp.  bravata.] 
A boast ; a brag  ; a bluster.  “ To  avoid  need- 
less bravadoes.”  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

BRAVE,  a.  [Goth,  brake,  bold,  or  braf,  honest ; 
Ger.  Ar  Dan.  brav  ; Dut.  braaf-,  Sw.  braf.— It. 
Sp.  bravo  ; Fr.  brave.'] 

1.  Courageous  ; valiant  ; bold ; intrepid ; 

undaunted. 

The  brave  man  is  not  he  who  feels  no  fear, 

But  he  whose  noble  soul  its  fear  subdues.  J.  Baillie. 
A brave  man  bears  no  malice,  but  forgets 
At  once,  in  peace,  the  injuries  of  war.  Cowper. 

2.  Noble  in  bearing  ; having  a lofty  air. 

I’ll  wear  my  dagger  with  a braver  grace.  Shak. 

3.  f Striking;  great;  grand;  magnificent. 

“ Bravest  fire.”  Sidney.  “ Iron  is  a brave  com- 
modity.” Bacon.  “ This  brave  o’erhanging 
firmament.”  Shak. 

4.  f Fine  ; showy.  “ With  blossoms  brave 

bedecked.”  Spenser. 

5.  Well;  in  good  health.  [Local,  Eng.] 

Ha  lli  well. 

Syn.  — See  Bold. 

BRAVE,  n.  1.  f A hector;  a bully.  “ Too  inso- 
lent, too  much  a brave.”  Dryden. 

2.  f A boast ; a challenge  ; defiance.  “ There 

end  thy  brave.”  Shak. 

3.  f A brave  man.  Bacon. 

4.  A ruffian.  [Local,  Eng.]  Halliwell. 

5.  An  Indian  warrior.  Stone. 

BRAVE,  v.  a.  [i.  braved  ;pp.  braving,  braved.] 

I.  To  set  at  defiance  ; to  encounter  with  cour- 
age ; to  defy ; to  challenge ; to  dare. 


2.  +To  make  splendid  or  showy.  — See 
Brave,  a.,  No.  4. 

He  [the  sun)  should  have  braved  the  east  an  hour  ago.  Shak. 

Syn.  — We  brave  tilings;  we  dare  and  challenge 
persons;  we  defy  persons  or  their  actions.  Brave  tfie 
ocean  ; dare  or  challenge  the  enemy  ; defy  threats. 

BRAVE'LY,  ad.  1.  In  a brave  manner;  cour- 
ageously. “ Bravely  to  suffer.”  Churchill. 

2.  Finely;  splendidly.  “ She  decked  herself 
bravely.”  Bible,  1583. 

BRAVE'NBSS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  brave. 
“ The  braveness  of  the  exploit.”  Holland. 

BRA'VE-RY  [bra've-re,  S.  IF.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  K. 
Sm.  R.;  brav're,  Wb.],n. 

1.  Fearlessness  ; undaunted  spirit ; courage  ; 

intrepidity  ; heroism  ; magnanimity.  “ The 
bravery  of  a hero.”  Addison. 

2.  Splendor  ; magnificence  ; showy  dress. 

Like  a stately  ship 

With  all  her  braver!/  on,  and  tackle  trim.  Milton. 

She  would  cover  the  whole  of  the  large  sofa  with  her  bra- 
ver!/. the  graceful  folds  seeming  to  lay  themselves  over  it  like 
summer  waves.  //.  Cockburn. 

3.  f Show  ; ostentation. 

Let  princes  choose  ministers  such  as  love  business  rather 
upon  conscience  than  upon  bravery.  Bacon. 

4.  f Bravado  ; boast. 

For  a bravery  upon  this  occasion  of  power,  they  crowned 
their  new  king  in  the  cathedral  church  of  Dublin.  Bacon. 

5.  f A beau  ; a fine  gentleman. 

To  refuse  him  at  such  a festival  time  as  this,  being  a hra- 
vei-y  and  a wit  too.  B.  Jonson. 

Syn.  — See  Courage. 

BRAv'ING,  n.  The  act  of  defying.  Chapman. 

BRAv'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a defying  manner.  Sheldon. 

II  BRA'VO,  or  BRA'VQ  [bra'vo,  IF.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  R. 
C.  ; Ina  vo,  E.  Sm.  Wb. ; bra'vo  or  bri'vo,  K.], 
n.  [It.  Sg  Sp.  bravo.]  A daring  villain  ; a ban- 
dit ; an  assassin  who  murders  for  hire. 

No  bravoes  here  profess  the  bloody  trade.  Gay. 

||  BRA'VO,  or  BRA'VO,  interj.  [It.  $ Sp.]  Well 
done  ; — expressing  applause. 

An  Italian  interjection,  recently  naturalized  in 
English.  Booth. 

BRA-VU'RA.  [It.]  (Mus.)  1.  a.  Spirited,  diffi- 
cult, and  brilliant. 

2.  n.  A spirited  song  or  air  for  the  display  of 
execution.  Dwight. 

DRAW,  a.  (Scottish.)  1.  Fine;  gayly  dressed; 
handsome.  Wilson. 

Young  Robie  was  the  bravest  lad. 

The  flower  and  pride  of  all  the  glen.  Bums. 

2.  Pleasant ; agreeable ; excellent.  Nicol. 

BRAWL,  v.  n.  [W.  brol,  or  brolio,  bragging.— Old 
Fr.  braid  ; Fr.  brouiller,  to  embroil.]  [i. 
BRAWLED  ; pp.  BRAWLING,  BRAWLED.] 

1.  To  quarrel  noisily.  “ Sir  John,  are  you 

brawling  here  ? ” Shak. 

2.  To  speak  loud  and  in  a tone  of  complaint. 

I do  the  wrong,  and  first  begin  to  brawl.  Shak. 

3.  To  make  a noise  ; to  roar. 

Upon  the  brook  that  brawls  along  this  wood.  Shah. 

BRAWL,  v.  a.  To  drive  away  by  noise.  Shak. 

BRAWL,  n.  1.  A noisy  quarrel ; an  angry  dis- 
pute ; uproar  : — written  also  broil. 

With  thy  brawls  thou  hast  disturbed  our  sport.  Shak. 
Whatever  brawls  disturb  the  street, 

There  should  be  peace  at  home.  Walls. 

2.  f A kind  of  dance.  B.  Jonson. 

Syn.  — See  Quarrel. 

lift  AWL 'pi! , n.  One  who  brawls  ; a wrangler. 
“ To  be  no  brawlers,  but  gentle.”  Titus  iii.  2. 

BRAWL'JNG,  n.  The  act  of  quarrelling.  Sidney. 

BRAWL'ING,  p.  a.  Making  a brawl  ; quarrelling 
noisily.  “ An  irksome,  brawling  scold.”  Shak. 

BRAWL'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a quarrelsome  manner. 

BRAWN,  n.  [A.  S.  bar,  a boar  ; bar-en,  or  bawr-en, 
of  a boar.  — “ Brawn,  is  by  transposition  of  the 
letter  r,  bar-en,  or  bawr-en,  i.  e.  boaren,  at  d 
means  boar-en,  boar’s  flesh.”  Tooke .]  The  flesh 
of  the  boar. 

1.  The  hard  flesh  of  a boar,  or  food  prepared 
from  swine’s  flesh.  Wotton. 

The  flesh  of  the  boar  being  muscular  rather  than 
fat,  is  termed  brawn,  and  formerly  the  boar  liitnself 
had  the  same  name.  Booth. 


Whose  flag  has  braved  d thousand  years 

The  battle  and  the  breeze.  Campbell. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  V,  short;  A,  ?,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


BRAWN 


BREAK 


1G9 


2.  A boar.  [Local,  N.  of  Eng.]  Beau.  <Sf  FI. 

3.  The  muscular  part  of  the  body,  as  indicat- 
ing strength. 

His  limbs  great,  his  brawns  hard  and  strong, 

Iiis  shoulders  broud,  his  arms  round  and  long.  Chaucer. 

4.  The  arm  ; — so  called  from  being  muscular. 

And  in  my  yantbrace  put  hia  withered  brawn . Shah. 

f BRAWN,  v.  a.  To  make  strong.  Fuller. 

f BRAWN'ED,  a.  Strong;  brawny.  Spenser. 

BRAVV’N'f.R,  n.  A boar  killed  for  the  table.  King. 

BRAWN'I-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  brawny. 

BRAWN'Y,  a.  1.  Muscular ; fleshy  or  bulky,  as 
indicating  strength. 

The  brawny  fool  who  did  his  vigor  boast 

In  that  presuming  confidence  was  lost.  Dryclen. 

2.  Hard;  unfeeling;  callous;  insensible. 

“ Brawny  conscience.”  [it.]  Mode. 

BRAWN'Y— CHINED  (-chlnd),  a.  Having  a mus- 
cular cbine.  Pope. 

BRAW§,  n.  pi.  Fine  cloths.  [Scot.]  Ross. 

BRAX'Y,  n.  [A.  S.  broc,  disease ; Ir.  hracha, 
corruption.]  A disease  or  scouring  in  sheep  ; 
breakshare  ; — called  also  braxes,  and  bracks. 

Jamieson. 

BRAY  (bra),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  bracan,  to  bruise  ; Dut. 
breeken. — Fr.  broyer .]  [i.  brayed  ; pp.  bray- 

ing, BRAYED.] 

1.  To  pound  or  grind  into  small  pieces  or  into 
powder. 

Though  thou  shouklst  bray  a fool  in  a mortar  among  wheat 
with  a pestle,  yet  will  not  his  foolishness  depart  from  him. 

Prov.  xxvii.  22. 

2.  To  beat.  [Local,  Eng.]  Wilcox. 

3.  [Gr.  fipdxw,  to  clash,  to  ring;  Old  Fr. 
brair.J  To  emit  with  harsh  sound. 

Arms  on  armor  clashing  brayed 
Horrible  discord.  Milton. 

BRAY  (bra),  v.  n.  1.  [Fr.  braire .]  To  make  a 
noise  as  an  ass.  Dryden. 

2.  [Gr.  0pd)(u>,  to  clash.]  To  make  a harsh 
sound. 

Heard  ye  the  din  of  battle  bray?  Gray. 

BRAY,  n.  1.  The  noise  of  an  ass.  Johnson. 

2.  A harsh  sound.  “ Trumpet’s  dreadful 

bray."  Shak. 

3.  [W.  bre,  a hill.]  f A bank  of  earth.  “ On 

that  steep  bray.”  Fairfax. 

BRAY'pR  (bra'er),  n.  1.  One  that  brays.  Pope. 

2.  [Fr.  broyeur. ] A pestle.  Sherwood. 

3.  {Printing.)  An  instrument  to  temper 

printers’  ink.  Crabb. 

BRAY'ING  (bra'jng),  n.  Clamor  ; noise.  B.  Jonson. 

BRAY'ING,  p.  a.  Making  a harsh  noise,  like  an 
ass.  “ Braying  trumpets.”  Shak. 

BRAYLE,  n.  (Falconry.)  A piece  of  leather  used 
to  bind  up  a hawk’s  wing.  Maunder. 

BRAZE,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  brees,  brass  ; Fr.  braser,  to 
solder.]  [t.  brazed  ; pp.  brazing,  brazed.] 

1.  To  solder  with  brass;  as,  “To  braze  cop- 
per.” 

2.  To  harden  to  impudenoe.  “Now  I am 

brazed  to  it.”  Shak. 

BRAZED,  a.  (Her.)  Applied  when  three  chevrons 
clasp  one  another.  Craig. 

BRA'ZEN  (bra'zn),  a.  1.  Made  of  brass.  “ The 
brazen  serpent.”  2 Kings  xviii.  4. 

2.  Impudent;  bold;  as,  “ A brazen  face.” 

Brazen  age,  the  age  of  brass,  which  succeeded  the 
silver  age. — Brazen  dish,  (Mining.)  the  standard  by 
which  other  dishes  are  gauged.  — Brazen  sea,  ( Jewish 
Antiq.)  the  metallic  basin  or  fountain  placed  in  Solo- 
mon’s Temple,  called  in  the  Bible  “ a molten  sea.” 

I Kings  vii.  26  ; 2 Chron.  iv.  5. 

BRA'ZEN  (bra'zn),  v.  n.  To  be  impudent ; to  bul- 
ly  ; to  braze.  Arbuthnot. 

BRA'ZEN— BROWED  (bra'zn-broud),  a . Impudent. 

Noonday  vices  and  brazen-browed  iniquities.  Browne. 

BRA'ZEN— FACE  (bra'zn-fas),  n.  An  impudent 
person.  “ Well  said,  brazen-face.”  Shak. 

BRA'ZEN—  FACED  (bra'zn-fast),  a.  Shameless. 
“ What  a brazen-faced  varlet ! ” Shak. 

BRA'ZEN-FIST'IJD,  a.  Having  hard  fists,  as  if 
made  of  brass.  Somerville. 


BRA'ZEN-LY  (bra'zn-le),  ad.  In  an  impudent 
manner. 

BRA'ZEN-NESS  (bra'zn-n£s),  n . 1.  Likeness  to 

brass  ; brassiness.  Johnson. 

2.  Impudence  ; effrontery.  Johnson. 

BRA'ZIIJR  (bra'zlmr),  n.  [irass.]  1.  An  artificer 
who  works  in  brass.  Swift. 

2.  [Fr.  brasier .]  A pan  for  coals: — also 
written  brasier. 

BRA-ZIL'  [brj-zel',  S.  IF.  J.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  C. ; 
bra-zll',  I .],  n.  A kind  of  wood  used  for  dyeing 
red,  brought  from  Brazil.  — See  Brazil-wood. 

BRAZ-ULET'TO,  n.  [Port,  brasilete .]  An  infe- 
rior species  of  Brazil-wood,  used  for  dyeing 
red.  McCulloch. 

BRA-ZlL'IAN,  a.  ( Geog .)  Relating  to  Brazil. 

BRA-ZIL'IAN,  n.  (Geog.)  A native  of  Brazil. 

BRA-ZIL'— NUT,  n.  The  fruit  of  Bertholletia  ex- 
celsa.  P.  Cgc. 

BRA-ZIL'— TEA,  n.  A kind  of  tea,  called  mate, 
made  from  the  leaves  of  the  Ilex  gonghona, 
found  in  Brazil,  belonging  to  the  family  of 
AquifoUaceee.  — See  Mate.  P.  Cgc. 

BRA-ZIL'— WOOD  (-wud),  n.  A wood  obtained 
from  the  Ceesalpinia  echinata,  a large  tree  of 
Brazil,  and  from  other  species  of  Ceesalpinia  ; 
— used  for  dyeing  red.  Bigelow.  Loudon. 

/®- The  wood  was  so  called  in  allusion  to  its  fiery 
color  [Port,  hraza,  a burning  coal],  and  was  known 
by  this  name  before  Brazil  was  discovered.  Walsh. 

BRAz'ING,  n.  The  soldering  together  of  the 
edges  of  iron,  copper,  brass,  &c.,  by  means  of 
an  alloy  consisting  of  brass  and  zinc.  Ure. 

BREACH  (brech),  n.  [Goth,  brican  ; A.  S.  brice, 
a breaking  ; brecan,  to  break  ; Dut.  breuk  ; 
Ger.  bruch  ; Fr.  briche.] 

1.  Act  of  breaking  ; a fracture. 

2.  State  of  being  broken. 

Cure  this  bt-each  in  his  abused  nature.  Shak. 

3.  A rupture  ; a break  ; an  opening  ; a chasm  ; 
a gap,  — particularly  in  a fortification,  made 
by  a battery. 

Of  hairbreadth  ’scapes  in  the  imminent  deadly  breach.  Shak. 

4.  Infraction  as  of  a law,  or  of  some  obli- 
gation ; as,  “ A breach  of  the  peace  ” ; “A 
breach  of  promise  ” ; “A  breach  of  trust.” 

It  is  a custom 

More  honored  in  the  breach  than  the  observance.  Shak. 

5.  Difference  ; quarrel.  “ Jealousies  and 
breaches  between  the  armies.”  Clarendon. 

Syn.  — A breach  in  a wall ; a breach  of  friendship; 
a rupture  of  a blood-vessel  ; a break  in  printing  or 
in  a cloud  ; an  opening  in  a wood  ; a gap  in  a fence 
or  a fortification;  a chasm  in  the  earth.  — See  In- 
fringement. 

BREACH'Y,  a.  Unruly,  or  apt  to  break  out  of 
enclosures  ; — applied  to  cattle.  [Used  in  some 
parts  of  England  and  of  the  U.  S.]  Halliwell. 

BREAD  (bred),  n.  [A.  S.  bread,  or  breod ; Ger. 
brod  ; Dut.  brood  ; Dan.  4’  Sw.  briid.) 

1.  Food  made  of  some  kind  of  grain. 

2.  Food  in  general  ; sustenance. 

Give  us  this  day  our  daily  bread.  Matt.  vi.  11. 

But  sometimes  virtue  starves,  while  vice  is  fed  ; 

What  then?  Is  the  reward  of  virtue  bread  ? Pope. 

BREAD,  or  BREADE,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  bratdan .]  To 
spread  ; to  make  broad.  [Local,  Eng.]  Rag. 

BREAD'— CHIP-PpR,  n.  One  who  chips  bread. 
“ Call  me  panther  and  bread-chipper.”  Shak. 

BREAD'— CORN,  n.  Corn  of  which  bread  is  made. 
“ The  bread  and  bread-corn.”  Hayward. 

BREAD'EN  (bred'dn),  a.  Made  of  bread.  Rogers. 

BREAD'— FRUIT,  n.  ( Bot .)  A small  tree  with 
broad-lobed  leaves  ; the  Artocarpus  incisa  of 
the  South  Sea  Islands  : — also  the  fruit  of  the 
tree. 

BREAD'LIJSS,  a.  Destitute  of  bread  or  food. 
“ Plump  peers  and  breadless  bards.”  Whitehead. 

BREAD'— NUT,  n.  The  fruit  of  the  West-Indian 
plant,  Brosimum  alicastrum.  Loudon. 

BREAD'— PUD-DING,  n.  (Cookery.)  A pudding 
made  of  bread.  Arbuthnot. 

BREAD'— ROOM  (bred'rom),  n.  (Naut.)  A part  of 


the  hold  of  a ship  where  the  bread  and  biscuit 
are  kept. 

BREAD'— ROOT  (-rot),  n.  (Bot.)  A large  plant 
or  vegetable  resembling  the  beet  in  form,  hav- 
ing a pulpy  substance,  sweet  and  palatable  ; — 
found  near  the  Rocky  Mountains ; Psora/ea  cs- 
culenta.  Loudon. 

BREAD'— STUFF,  n.  Materials  for  bread;  bread- 
corn  ; meal ; flour.  lloget. 

BREADTH  (bredth),  n.  [A.  S.  breed  ; Dut.  brceclte ; 
Ger.  breite  ; Dan.  breae;  Sw.  bredd .] 

1.  The  measure  of  any  plain  superficies  from 

side  to  side;  width;  extent.  “In  length  a 
hundred  feet,  in  breadth  twenty.”  Bacon. 

2.  (Paint.)  The  effect  of  largeness,  space,  or 

vastness,  produced  by  the  judicious  arrange- 
ment of  light  and  shade.  Fairholt. 

BRE  ADTH'LIJSS  (bredth'les),  a.  Without  breadth. 

BREAD'— TREE,  n.  Th c Artocarpus  incisa,  a tree 
which  produces  the  bread-fruit.  Craig. 

BREAK  (brak)  [brak,  IF.  P.J.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  R. 
C.  Wb. ; brek,  S.  E.],  v.  a.  [Goth,  brikatt  ; A.  S. 
bracan,  or  brecan-,  Dut.  breeken-,  Ger.  brechen.) 
[i.  BROKE  (f  BRAKE)  ; pp.  BREAKING,  BROKEN.] 

1.  To  part  by  force  ; to  tear  asunder  ; to  rend  ; 
to  sever. 

A bruised  reed  shall  he  not  break.  Isa.  xlii.  G. 

2.  To  dash  to  pieces;  to  shatter;  as,  “To 
break  glass.” 

Ye  shall  destroy  their  altars,  break  their  images.  Exod. 

3.  To  force  open;  as,  “To  break  one’s  way 
through  snow,  ice,  or  other  obstacle.” 

4.  To  weaken,  impair,  or  crush,  as  the 
strength  of  the  body  or  of  the  mind. 

An  old  man,  broken  with  the  storms  of  state.  Shak. 

5.  To  tame  ; to  make  docile.  “ To  break  the 

stubborn  colt.”  Dryden. 

6.  To  make  bankrupt. 

The  king’s  grown  bankrupt,  like  a broken  man.  Shak. 

7.  To  discard ; to  dismiss.  “ I see  a great 

officer  broken.”  Su-ift. 

8.  To  violate  an  obligation  ; as,  “ To  break  a 
promise  ” ; “ To  break  a law.” 

9.  To  check  or  lessen  by  intercepting;  as, 
“ To  break  a fall.” 

10.  To  interrupt;  as,  “ To  break  silence.” 

Short  shall  be  my  sleep, 

Broke  by  the  melancholy  midnight  hell.  Dryden. 

11.  To  open  or  disclose,  as  something  new ; 
as,  “ To  break  a subject.” 

To  break  a jest,  to  utter  a jest. — To  break  a deer , to 
cut.  it  up  at  table. — To  break  bulk , ( JSTaut .)  to  begin 
to  unload.  — To  break  company , to  part,  to  separate. — 
To  break  cover , to  come  forth  from  a lurking  place,  as 
game  when  hunted. — To  break  down , to  destroy  by 
violence. — To  break  ground , to  turn  up  with  a 
plough:  — (Mil.)  to  open  the  trenches  preparatory  to 
a siege  : — ( Naut .)  to  lift  the  anchor  from  the  bottom. 

To  break  in,  to  train  and  accustom  to  some  employ- 
ment or  service.  — To  break  joints,  (Masonry  &.  Carp.) 
so  to  arrange  the  joints  of  different  courses  in  wood, 
brick,  and  stone  work,  that  no  two  shall  come  to- 
gether.— To  break  of,  to  cause  to  give  up,  or  to  get 
rid  of ; as,  “ To  break  of  a bad  habit.” — To  break  off, 
to  stop  suddenly  : — to  rend  away  ; to  sever.  “ Break 
off  their  bonds.”  Milton. — To  break  sheer,  (Naut.) 
said  of  a vessel  at  anchor,  when  the  wind  or  tide 
sways  her  so  that  she  does  not  lie  well  to  keep  her- 
self clear  of  her  anchor. — To  break  the  back,  to  dis- 
locate the  vertebrae : — to  disable  one  in  fortune.  — To 
b reak  the  neck,  to  dislocate  the  joints  of  the  neck. — 
To  break  the  parley,  to  begin  the  parley.  Shak.  — To 
break  the  heart,  to  overwhelm  with  grief. — To  break 
up,  to  separate  into  constituent  parts ; as,  “ To  break 
up  a meeting  or  an  army  ” ; “ To  break  up  stones  ” : — 
to  discontinue;  as,  “ To  break  up  business  or  house- 
keeping ” : — to  carve.  “ Break  up  this  capon.”  Shak. 
— To  break  upon  a wheel,  to  torture  by  stretching  upon 
a wheel  and  breaking  tiie  bones. — To  break  wind,  to 
give  vent  to  wind  through  the  anus. 

Syn.  — This  verb  carries  with  it,  in  all  its  applica- 
tions, its  primitive  sense  of  straining,  parting,  sever- 
ing, bursting,  witli  the  consequential  senses  of  injury, 
defect,  and  infirmity.  Smart. 

To  break  bread  ; break  a stick  ; rend  a garment ; 
tear  a piece  of  cloth  ; rip  a seam  ; burst  a door ; dis- 
locate a limb  ; lacerate  t lie  flesh  or  the  feelings  ; break 
the  heart. 

The  floods  break ; the  ice  breaks  ; glass  breaks  or 
cracks  ; the  earth  cracks  or  opens  ; rocks  split ; a boil- 
er bursts. 

BREAK  (brak),  v.  n.  1.  To  part  in  two ; to  be 
shattered. 

Else  the  bottles  Iwenk , and  the  wine  runneth  out  .Matt.  ix.  17. 


MiEN,  SIR  ; MOVE,  NOR,  SON  ; 
22 


BULL,  BUR,  RtiLE.  — q,  <?,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  as  gz.  — THIS,  tfiis. 


BREAK 


170 


BREATH FUL 


2.  To  burst ; to  explode. 

The  clouds  ye  so  much  dread 

Are  big  with  mercy,  and  shall  break 

In  blessings  on  your  head.  Cowper. 

3.  To  spread  by  dashing,  as  waves  on  a rock. 

The  breaking  waves  dashed  high 

On  a stern  and  rock-bound  coast.  Hemans. 

4.  To  open,  as  the  morning. 

The  day  begins  to  break , and  night  is  fled.  Shak. 

5.  To  become  bankrupt. 

lie  that  puts  all  upon  adventures  doth  oftentimes  break , 
and  come  to  poverty.  Bacon. 

6.  To  decline  in  health  or  in  strength. 

See  how  the  dean  begins  to  break.  Swift. 


To  break  away , to  be  scattered  or  dissipated,  as 
clouds  after  a storm  : — to  escape,  or  to  make  a sud- 
den exit. — To  break  down,  to  fail  in  any  undertaking. 
— To  break  forth,  to  exclaim.  “ Break  forth  into  joy.” 
Isa.  lii.  9.  To  issue  with  force. — To  break  from,  to 
issue,  make  way,  or  escape  with  suddenness  and 
vehemence. — To  break  ground,  to  begin. — To  break 
in , to  enter  unexpectedly.  — To  break  into,  to  enter 
forcibly. — To  break  loose,  to  escape  from  captivity; 
to  shake  off  restraint. — To  break  off,  to  desist  sud- 
denly.— To  break  out,  to  discover  itself  in  sudden 
effects.  “A  violent  fever  broke  out  in  the  place.” 
Addison.  To  have  eruptions  upon  the  body  : — to  ap- 
pear upon  the  skin  in  eruptions.  — To  break  through, 
to  pass  by  violence. — To  break  up,  to  be  dissolved  ; 
to  disperse. — To  break  with,  to  part  friendship  with  : 
— to  come  to  an  explanation.  “I  am  to  break  with 
thee  of  some  affairs.”  Shak. 

BREAK  (brak),  n.  1.  A breach;  an  opening 
“ Breaks  and  openings  of  the  woods.”  Addison. 

2.  A pause  or  interruption  in  writing. 

The  period  is  indeed  very  noble,  . . . but  full  of  transpo- 
sitions and  breaks.  Blackwall. 

3.  A line  drawn  horizontally,  in  writing  or 
printing,  to  note  a suspension  of  the  sense. 

All  modern  trash  is 

Set  forth  with  numerous  breaks  and  dashes.  Swift. 

4.  The  dawn.  “At  break  of  day.”  Nicolls. 

5.  Land  ploughed  or  broken  up  after  having 

long  lain  fallow.  [Local,  Eng.]  Grose. 

6.  (Arch.)  A projection  from,  or  recess  in, 

the  wall  of  a building.  Chambers. 

BREAK'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  broken. Sherwood. 

BREAK'A^rE,  n.  1.  A breaking ; damage  occur- 
ring to  goods  in  being  broken.  Craig. 

2.  Allowance  for  what  is  accidentally  brok- 
en. Traders ’ Guide. 

BREAK'^R  (brak'er),  n.  1.  He  that  breaks. 
“ Breaker  of  the  law.”  Shak. 

2.  A wave  broken  by  the  rocks,  or  by  sand 
banks  ; a surge. 

And  hear  the  breakers  lash  the  rugged  strand.  Falconer. 

3.  {Naut.)  A small  cask  containing  water, 

used  in  boats  for  ballast.  Ogiltie. 

Syn.  — See  Wave. 

BREAK'FAST  (brek'fast),  v.  n.  [Eng.  break  and 
fast.  “ The  old  Romans  howsoever  they  dined 
or  break  [broke]  their  fast  . . . alone,  yet  they 
supped  ever  with  their  friends  about  them.” 
Holland, .]  [i.  breakfasted,  pp.  breakfast- 

ing, breakfasted.]  To  eat  the  first  meal  in 
the  day.  Prior. 

BREAK'FAST,  v.  a.  To  provide  or  furnish  with 
breakfast.  Milton. 

BREAK'FAST,  n.  1.  The  first  meal  in  the  day. 
“ The  duke  was  at  breakfast.”  Wotton. 

2.  Food  eaten  at  the  first  meal. 

I would  have  been  a breakfast  to  the  beast.  Shak. 

Hope  is  a good  breakfast , but  it  is  a bad  supper.  Bacon. 

BREAK'FAST-lNG,  n.  The  act  of  taking  break- 
fast. Chesterfield. 

BREAKING  (brak'jng),  n.  1.  Act  of  a person  or 
thing  that  breaks  ; fracture. 

He  shall  break  it  as  the  breaking  of  the  potter’s  vessel  that 
is  broken  in  pieces.  Da.  XXX.  14. 

2.  Bankruptcy. 

A breaking  in,  an  irruption.  “ A breaking  in  of  wa- 
ters.” Jab  xxx.  14  : — tile  act  of  training  a horse. — 
A breaking  mit,  an  eruption. — A breaking  up,  a turn- 
ing up  with  the  plough,  as  of  land,  Sherwood.  An 
ending  of  any  thing. 

BREAK'MAN,  n.  See  Brakeman.  Hale. 

BREAk'NECK,  n.  That  which  endangers  the 
neck,  as  a fall  from  a steep  place.  Shak. 

To  do  it  or  no,  is  certain 
To  me  a breakneck.  Shak. 


BREAK'NECK,  a.  Endangering  the  neck.  Smart. 

BREAK'— PROM-ISE,  n.  One  who  breaks  a promise. 
“ Break-promise  and  . . . hollow  lover.”  Shak. 

BREAk'ShArE,  n.  A disease  or  diarrhoea  in 
sheep.  Loudon. 

BREAK'— VOVV,  ?t.  One  who  breaks  his  vows.  Shak. 

BREAK'WA-TpR,  n.  An  artificial  bank  of  stones; 
the  hulk  of  a vessel  sunk,  or  some  structure  of 
wood  or  of  stone,  to  break  the  sea  before  its 
entrance  into  a roadstead  or  harbor.  Weale. 

BREAM  (brem),  n.  [Fr.  brime.\  A small  fresh 
water  fish,  little  valued  for  food.  Walton. 

BREAM,  V.  a.  [f.  BREAMED  ; pp.  BREAMING, 
breamed.]  (Naut.)  To  clean  a ship  by  burn- 
ing off  sea-weed,  shells,  &c.,  collected  on  the 
bottom  in  a long  voyage. 

BREAM'ING,  n.  (Naut.)  The  act  of  burning  off 
sea-weed,  shells,  &c.,  collected  on  a ship’s  bot- 
tom. Dana. 

BREAST  (brest),  n.  [Goth,  brusts  ; A.  S.  breost ; 
Ger.  brust ; Ban.  bryst ; Sw.  brOst ; Icel.  briost .] 

1.  The  fore  part  of  the  human  body,  between 
the  neck  and  the  belly. 

The  publican  . . . smote  upon  his  breast.  Luke  xviii.  13. 

2.  The  soft  protuberance  on  the  thorax,  ter- 
minating in  a nipple ; a mother’s  nipple ; the 
bosom. 

They  pluck  the  fatherless  from  the  bi'east.  Job  xxiv.  8. 

3.  The  part  of  a beast  that  is  under  the  neck, 

between  the  forelegs.  Johnson. 

4.  The  heart,  as  the  seat  of  conscience  or  of 
the  affections  and  passions. 

The  law  of  man  was  written  in  his  breast.  Dryden. 

Some  village  Hampden,  that  with  dauntless  breast 

The  little  tyrant  of  his  fields  withstood.  Gray. 

5.  f The  power  of  singing.  B.  Jonson. 

6.  (Mining.)  The  face  of  coal-workings. 

( Veale. 

7.  (Mil.)  A rank  ; a line  on  which  soldiers 

are  ranged  side  by  side.  “ The  troops  marched 
by  twenty-four  in  a breast.”  Swift. 

8.  (Mech.)  A bush  connected  with  a small 

shaft  or  spindle.  Francis. 

BREAST  (brest),  V.  a.  [i.  BREASTED  ; pp.  BREAST- 
ING, breasted.]  To  bare  the  breast  against ; 
to  meet  in  front ; to  face. 

The  hardy  Swiss 

Breasts  the  keen  air,  and  carols  as  ne  goes.  Goldsmith. 

To  breast  up,  to  cut  the  face  or  side  of  a hedge. 

BREAST'BONE,  n.  The  oblong,  flat  bone  in  the 
forepart  of  the  thorax  ; the  sternum.  Hooper . 

BREAST'— C As-K^T,  n.  (Naut.)  The  largest  cas- 
ket, or  gasket,  of  a ship.  Johnson. 

BREAST'— DEEP,  a.  Deep  as  up  to  the  breast. 
“ Set  him  breast-deep  in  earth.”  Shak. 

BREASTED  (brest'ed),  a,.  Having  a breast;  — 
used  in  composition.  “ VnonA-breasted.”  Hall. 

BREAST'FAST  (brest'fist),  n.  (Naut.)  A large 
rope  used  to  confine  a ship  sideways  to  a wharf 
or  to  another  ship.  Dana. 

BREAST'— HIGH  (brest'hl),  a.  Up  to  the  breast. 

Lay  Madam  Partlet,  basking  in  the  sun 
Breast-high  in  sand.  Dryden. 

BREAST'HOOK  (brest'huk),  n.  (Naut.)  One  of 
the  bent  timbers  or  knees  placed  across  the 
stem  to  unite  the  parts  of  the  bow  and  strength- 
en it.  Dana. 

BREAST'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  cutting  or  trim- 
ming the  side  of  a hedge.  Craig. 

2.  (Mech.)  The  curved  channel  or  mill-course 
in  which  the  breast-wheel  turns.  It  forms  about 
a quarter  of  a circle,  and  is  carefully  adapted 
to  the  wheel,  to  prevent  waste  of  water. 

Nicholson. 

BREAST’— KNOT  (brest'not),  n.  An  ornament  or 
knot  of  ribbons  worn  by  women  on  the  breast. 
“ The  influence  of  this  breast-knot.”  Addison. 

BREAST'— MILK,  n.  Milk  from  the  breast. 

BREAST'PIN,  n.  An  ornamental  pin  for  the 
breast ; a brooch. 

BREAST'PLATE,  n.  A piece  of  armor  for  the 
breast. 

What  stronger  breastplate  than  a heart  untainted  I Shak. 


BREAST'-PLOUGH  (brest'plbfi),  n.  A plough,  or 
a kind  of  spade  or  shovel,  for  paring  turf,  driven 
by  the  breast. 

The  breast-plough  which  a man  shoves  before  him.  Mortimer . 

BREAST'— RAIL,  n.  The  upper  rail  of  a breast- 
work. Crabb. 

BREAST'— ROPE  (brest'rop),  n.  (Naut.)  I.  A rope 
passed  round  a man  in  the  chains  while  sound- 
ing. Dana. 

2.  One  of  the  ropes  which  fasten  the  yards  to 
the  parrels  of  a ship  ; a parrel-rope.  Harris. 

BREAST'— SUM-M^R,  n.  (Arch.)  A beam  placed 
horizontally  to  support  an  upper  wall  or  parti- 
tion, as  the  beam  over  shop  windows,  or  the 
lower  beam  of  a church  gallery  ; — written  also 
brest-summer  and  bres-summer.  Gwilt. 

BREAST'— WHEEL,  n.  (Hy- 
drodynamics.) A wheel 
which  is  made  to  turn 
chiefly  by  the  weight  of 
water  acting  on  floatboards 
or  buckets,  which  are  at- 
tached to  its  rim,  and  are 
nearly  in  contact  with  the 
breasting.  The  water  is  delivered  upon  the 
wheel  at  about  half  its  height,  which  distin- 
guishes it  from  the  undershot  and  the  overshot 
wheel.  Bigeloto. 

BREAST'WORK  (brest'wiirk),  n.  1.  (Fort.)  An 
elevation  of  earth  hastily  thrown  up  for  defence  ; 
a parapet  not  high  enough  to  require  a ban- 
quette. Glos.  of  Mil.  Terms. 

2.  (Naut.)  A balustrade  on  the  quarter-deck 
and  forecastle. 

BREATH  (breth),  n.  [A.  S.  brnthi]  I.  The  air 
drawn  in  and  expelled  by  the  lungs  in  respira- 
tion. “ Melted  as  breath  into  the  wind.”  Shak. 

2.  Life ; power  of  breathing. 

Let  every  thing  that  hath  bi'cath  praise  the  Lord.  Ps.  cl.  *6. 

3.  The  time  occupied  by  once  breathing;  an 
instant. 

You  menace  me  and  court  me  in  a bi-eath.  Dryden. 

4.  Respite;  pause. 

Give  me  some  breath,  some  little  pause,  dear  lord.  Shak. 

5.  Slight  breeze  ; as,  “ A breath  of  wind.’ 

6.  A mere  word  ; a trivial  circumstance. 

A breath  can  make  them,  as  a breath  has  made.  Goldsmith. 

To  be  out  of  breath,  to  breathe  with  difficulty. 

BREATH'A-BLE  (breth'a-bl),  a . That  may  be 
breathed.  “ Breathable  air.”  Johnson. 

BREATHE  (breth),  v.  n.  [i.  breathed  ; pp. 
BREATHING,  BREATHED.] 

1.  To  draw  air  into  the  lungs  and  expel  it; 
to  respire. 

2.  To  live  ; to  have  existence. 

All  that  breathe 

Will  share  thy  destiny.  Bryant. 

3.  To  pause  ; to  rest. 

Breathe  a while,  and  then  to  it  again.  Shak. 

4.  To  pass  as  air. 

O,  it  came  o’er  my  ear  like  the  sweet  south 

That  breathes  upon  a bank  of  violets.  Shak. 

BREATHE  (breth),  v.  a.  1.  To  inspire  and  ex- 
pire, as  air. 

They  here  began  to  breathe  a most  delicious  kind  of  ether. 

Tatler. 

2.  To  exhale  ; to  send  out  as  breath. 

His  altar  breathes 

Ambrosial  odors.  Jfilton. 

3.  To  operate  upon  by  the  breath,  as  a musi- 
cal instrument. 

They  breathe  the  flute  or  strike  the  vocal  wire.  Prior. 

4.  To  utter  or  whisper  privately. 

I have  toward  heaven  breathed  a secret  vow.  Shak. 

5.  To  keep  in  breath;  to  exercise. 

Tile  greyhounds  are  as  swift  as  breathed  stags.  Shak. 

6.  To  indicate  ; to  manifest ; to  express  ; as, 
“ To  breathe  a bad  spirit.” 

7.  To  give  air  or  vent  to.  “Underneath  the 

foot  to  breathe  a vein.”  Dryden. 

To  breathe  out,  to  eject  by  breathing.  — To  breathe 
into,  to  force  into  with  the  breath. 

BREATH 'F.R,  n.  I.  One  who  breathes.  Shak. 

2.  One  who  infuses  by  inspiration  ; inspirer. 
“ The  breather  of  all  life.”  Norris. 

f BREATH'FUL  (breth'ful),  a.  1.  Full  of  breath. 
“ The  breathful  bellows.”  Spenser. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  jE,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


BREATHING 


171 


BREVIER 


2.  Full  of  odor ; odoriferous  ; scented. 
“ Breathful  camomile.”  Spenser. 

BREATH'ING  (bretti'ing),  n.  1.  Respiration  ; as, 
“ A difficulty  of  breathing.” 

2.  Aspiration  ; secret  prayer.  “ To  high  heav- 
en his  pious  breathings  turned.”  Prior. 

3.  Breathing-place;  vent.  Dry  den. 

4.  An  aspirate  ; as,  “A  rough  breathing.” 

BREATH'ING,  p.  a.  Drawing  in  or  giving  out 
breath. 

BREATH'ING— HOLE,  71.  A vent-hole,  as  in  a 
cask.  Halliwell. 

BREATH'ING-PLAcE,  n.  A place  to  pause  at. 
“That  caesura  or  breathing-place.”  Sidney. 

BREATH'ING -PORE,  11.  (Bot.)  One  of  the  mi- 
croscopic valvular  orifices  in  the  epidermis  of 
leaves  and  other  green  parts  of  plants,  through 
which  exhalation  principally  takes  place.  Gray. 

BREATH'ING— TIME,  n.  Time  to  breathe  or  rest. 
“ We  may  have  some  breathing -time.”  Bp.  Hall. 

BREATII'LESS  (breth'les),  a.  1.  Out  of  breath  ; 
breathing  with  difficulty.  Shah. 

2.  Without  breath  ; dead. 

Yielding  to  the  sentence,  breathless  thou 

And  pale  shalt  lie.  Prior. 

BREATH 'LESS-NESS,  11.  State  of  being  out  of 
breath.  Bp.  Hall. 

BREATH'— SOUND,  n.  A syllable  or  word  spoken  ; 
a vocable,  [it.] 

Orthography  is  the  science  of  the  spelling  [of  j the  breath- 
sounds  of  a language.  fV/n.  Barnes. 

BREC'CIA  (hret'ch?),  n.  [It.]  (Min.)  A rock  com- 
posed of  angular  and  unworn  fragments,  ce- 
mented together  by  lime  or  other  mineral  sub- 
stance. 1/yell. 

Conglomerates  consist  of  fragments  of  rocks,  either  rolled 
or  angular,  cemented,  in  general,  by  silica,  lime,  or  iron. 
\V hen  the  fragments  are  rolled  pebbles,  the  rock  is  called  a 
pudding-stone  ; when  angular,  a breccia.  Dana. 

BREC'CI-AT-1JD  (brek'she-at-ed),  a.  (Min.)  Not- 
ing rocks  composed  of  angular  fragments  ce- 
mented together.  Craig. 

BRED,  i.  & p.  from  breed.  See  Breed. 

BREDE  (bred),  n.  See  Braid.  Dryden. 

BRED'SORE,  or  BREEDER,  n.  A whitlow,  or  a 
sore  coming  without  visible  cause.  Forby.  — 
Breeding-sore  is  used  in  a similar  manner  in  the 
United  States. 

BREECH  [brecli,  S.  IF.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  Sm.  R.  C.  ; 
brlcli,  E.  K.  IV b.  See  Breeches],  n. 

1.  The  lower  and  hinder  part  of  the  body. 

2.  The  solid  part  of  a piece  of  ordnance  be- 
hind the  bore.  Craig. 

3.  The  hinder  part  of  any  thing.  Johnson. 

4.  f Breeches.  Shak. 

5.  (Ship-building.)  The  outside  angle  of  a 

knee-timber.  Weale. 

BREECH,  V.  a.  [i.  BREECHED  ; pp.  BREECHING, 
BREECHED.] 

1.  To  put  into  breeches.  Johnson. 

2.  To  fit  any  thing  with  a breech.  “ To  breech 

a gun.”  Johnson. 

3.  To  whip  on  the  breech.  “ Cry  like  a 

breeched  boy.”  Beau.  § FI. 

4.  To  fasten  by  a rope  attached  to  the  breech 
of  a cannon. 

||  BREECH'— BAND  (brich'band),  11.  Part  of  a 
horse’s  harness.  — See  Breeching.  Brande. 

II  BREECH'Efj  (brlch'ez,  38)  [brlch'ez,  IF.  E.  Ja.  K. 
Sm.  R.  C.  ; brecli'ez,  P.],  n.  pi,.  [L.  braccce; 
M.  brichyn  ; Gael,  briogais  ; Sw.  bracka  ; It. 
brache  ; A.  S.  broc,  pi.  brae  ; also  breeccee ; Old 
Fr.  bragues , brages,  and  bracket.]  The  garment 
worn  by  men  over  the  lower  part  of  the  body 
and  the  thighs. 

To  wear  the  breeches,  to  usurp  the  authority  of  the 
husband.  Burton. 

||  BREECH'B^— POCK'JJT,  n.  A pocket  in  the 
breeches.  Swift. 

||  BREECH'ING  (brich'jng),  n.  1.  A whipping. 
“I  owe  Anamnestes  a breeching .”  Brewer. 

2.  A part  of  a horse’s  harness  attached  to 
the  saddle,  and  hooked  on  the  shafts,  enabling 
him  to  push  or  hold  back  the  vehicle  ; a breech- 
band.  Loudon. 


3.  Hard,  clotted  wool  on  a sheep.  Crabb. 

4.  (Naut.)  A strong  rope  used  to  secure  can- 
non. Mar.  Diet. 

BREED,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  bredan;  Ger.  bruten,  to 
nourish ; Dut.  broeden,  to  breed.]  [(.  bred  ; 
pp.  breeding,  bred.] 

1.  To  nourish  ; to  foster ; to  nurture ; to 
bring  up  from  infancy. 

To  bring  thee  forth  with  pain,  with  care  to  breed.  Dryden . 

2.  To  educate ; to  discipline ; as,  “ He  was 
bred  to  the  law.” 

3.  To  procreate;  to  beget.  “They  shall 

breed  selves  of  themselves.”  Shah. 

4.  To  produce  within  the  body  by  develop- 
ment. 

Children  would  breed  their  teeth  with  less  danger.  Locke. 

5.  To  originate  ; to  occasion  ; to  be  the 
cause  of. 

Intemperance  and  lust  breed  infirmities.  TiUotson. 

BREED,  v.  n.  I.  To  be  with  young;  to  produce 
offspring. 

That  they  may  breed  abundantly  in  the  earth,  and  be 
fruitful  and  multiply.  Gen.  viii.  17. 

2.  To  be  produced  ; to  have  birth. 

Where  they  most  breed  and  haunt,  I have  observed 

The  air  is  delicate.  Shah. 

To  breed  in  and  in,  (Stock  Farm.)  to  breed  from  ani- 
mals of  the  same  stock  that  are  closely  related. 

BREED,  n.  1.  A race,  class,  or  kind  of  animals  ; 
as,  “Ahorse  or  a dog  of  the  best  breed" ; — 
sometimes  applied  to  man. 

Ilis  ancestors  have  been  more  and  more  solicitous  to  keep 
up  the  breed  of  their  dogs  and  horses  than  that  of  their  chil- 
dren. Goldsmith. 

2.  Progeny  ; offspring,  [r.]  Shah. 

3.  A number  produced  at  once ; a batch ; a 
brood.  “ Above  an  hundred  at  a breed.”  Grew. 

Syn. — See  Race. 

f BREED'BATE,  n.  [See  Bate.]  One  who  breeds 
quarrels.  “ No  telltale,  nor  no  breedbate."  Shah. 

BREEDER,  n.  The  person  or  thing  that  breeds. 

BREED'ING,  ii.  1.  Act  of  generating  or  produc- 
ing, as  offspring. 

2.  Nurture;  oversight  of  bringing  up  from 
infancy. 

She  had  her  breeding  at  my  father’s  charge.  Shak. 

3.  Education  ; discipline  ; — especially  with 
respect  to  manners. 

Among  the  ancients  there  was  not  much  delicacy  of  breed- 
ing. or  that  polite  deference  and  respect  which  civility  obliges 
us  either  to  express  or  counterfeit  towards  the  persons  with 
whom  we  converse.  Hume. 

Syn.  — See  Education. 

BREED'ING,  p.  a.  1.  Bringing  forth  young ; as, 
“ A breeding  mare.” 

2.  Producing  ; originating.  “ Breeding  sun.” 
“ Breeding  thoughts.”  Shak. 

BREED'ING— SORE,  n.  A whitlow. — See  BRED- 
SORE. 

BREEZE  (hrez),  n.  [A.  S.  briosa,  an  ox-fly.]  The 
gadfly  ; a stinging  fly  ; — written  also  breeze,  and 
brize. 

A fierce,  loud-buzzing  breese , their  stings  draw  blood.  Dryden. 

BREEZE,  n.  [It.  brezza;  Sp .brisa;  Fr.  brise.) 

1.  A gentle  gale  ; a soft  wind. 

There  is  no  breeze  upon  the  fern, 

No  ripple  on  the  lake.  W.  Scott. 

2.  A disturbance  ; a quarrel.  Potter. 

3.  [A.  S.  briosa.]  The  gadfly.  — See  Breese. 

4.  (Brick-making.)  Ashes  and  cinders  used 

in  burning  bricks.  Weale. 

Syn.  — See  Wind. 

BREEZE,  v.  n.  (Naut.)  To  blow  gently.  Smart. 

BREEZE'LE.SS,  a.  Having  no  breezes  ; very 
calm.  “ Breezeless  air.”  Shenstone. 

BREEZE'— SHA-KEN  (-kn),  a.  Moved  or  shaken 
by  a breeze.  Young. 

BREEZ'Y,  a.  1.  Having  breezes;  fanned  with 
gales.  “ Basks  on  the  breezy  shore.”  Pope. 

2.  Attended  with  gales. 

The  breezy  call  of  incense-breathing  morn.  Gray. 

BRE'HON,  71.  [Irish.]  A judge. 

Brehon  laws,  the  ancient  laws  of  Ireland,  which 
were  unwritten,  like  the  common  law  of  England. 

BRElS'LA-KiTE,  n.  (Min.)  A fibrous,  wool-like, 


volcanic  mineral,  containing  silica  and  alumi- 
na; — so  named  after  Breislak,  a geologist. 

Dana. 

f BREME,  a.  [A.  S.  bremman,  to  rage.]  Cruel; 
sharp.  “ Breme  winter.”  Spenser. 

f BREN,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  byrnan.]  To  burn.  Spenser. 

j-  BREN'NAGE,  n.  [Low  L.  brenagium .]  (Eng. 
Laic.)  A tribute  paid  by  tenants  to  their  lord 
in  lieu  of  bran,  to  feed  his  hounds.  Buchanan. 

f BRENT,  imp.  & p.  of  bren‘  Spenser. 

BRENT,  a.  [Goth,  bryn,  the  top  of  a hill;  Sw. 
brant.]  Steep ; high.  [Provincial,  Eng.]  Ray. 

BRENT,  n.  ( Ornith .)  A species  of  goose;  — 
called  also  the  brand  and  brent  goose.  Yarrell. 

BREST,  n.  (Arch.)  The  moulding  of  a column  ; 
the  torus.  Johnson. 

BREST'— SUM-M£R,  n.  (Arch.)  See  Breast- 
summer.  Britton. 

BRET,  n.  A fish  of  the  turbot  kind:  — called 
also  hurt.  Johnson. 

f BRET'FUL,  a.  Brimful.  Chaucer. 

BRETH'REN,  n.  The  plural  of  brother.  — See 
Brother. 

Brethren  denotes  persons  of  tile  same  society  ; broth- 
ers, persons  of  the  same  family  or  of  the  same  society. 

— Brethren  is  now  little  used  except  in  theology,  or 
in  the  solemn  style. 

BRET'TI-CE,  n.  (In  coal  mines.)  One  of  the 
wooden  plankings  used  to  prevent  the  falling 

in  of  the  strata.  Brande. 

BREIJ'VA^E,  n.  [Fr.]  A beverage  made  of 
equal  parts  of  wine  and  water.  Stocqueler. 

BREVE  (brev),  n.  [It.  <Sr  Fr.]  1.  (Mus.)  A note 
of  time  equal  to  two  semibreves  or  four  minims. 

2.  (Law.)  A short  precept;  a writ  or  brief. 

3.  (Printing.)  The  mark  of  the  short  sound 

['-']  placed  over  a vowel.  Wilson. 

BRf.-VET',  or  BREV'JET  [bre-vgt',  K.  Sm.  C.  Wb.\ 
brev'et,  Ja.  R.  Crabb],  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  brevis, 
short.] 

1.  A royal  act  in  writing  conferring  some 
privilege  or  distinction  ; a patent. 

2.  (Mil.)  A commission  or  warrant  without 

seal,  giving  a title  and  rank  in  the  army  above 
that  for  which  pay  is  received.  — In  the  British 
service  it  is  not  awarded  to  a rank  higher  than 
that  of  lieutenant-colonel,  nor  to  one  lower  than 
that  of  captain.  Ogilvie. 

BRE-VET',  or  BREV'ET,  a.  (Mil.)  Taking  rank 
by  brevet.  “ A brevet  lieutenant-colonel,  who 
is  a lieutenant-colonel  in  rank,  but  without  the 
pay  of  a lieutenant-colonel.”  Ogilvie. 

BRE-VET',  V.  a.  [*.  BREVETTED  ; pp.  BREVET- 
TING,  brevetted.]  (Mil.)  To  give  title  and 
rank  by  brevet.  West.  Rev. 

BREV'JfT-Cy,  n.  The  rank  or  condition  of  a bre- 
vet. [r.]  Gen.  Gaines. 

BREV'I  A-RY  (brev'ya-re)  [brev’y?-re,  S.  IF.  J.  F. 
Ja.  Sm. ; brev'ya-re,  P.  A'.],  n.  [L.  breviarium, 
brevis,  short;  Fr.  breviaire.] 

1.  An  abridgment ; an  epitome ; a compen- 

dium. “ A sort  of  breviary  of  the  Old  and  [the] 
New  Testament.”  Warton. 

2.  The  book  containing  the  daily  service  of 

the  church  of  Rome.  Abp.  Usher. 

BREV'IATE  (brev'y?t  or  bre've-?t),  11. 

1.  A short  compendium  ; an  abridgment. 

“The  help  of  breviates.”  Milton. 

2.  A lawyer’s  brief.  Hudibras. 

BREV'1-ATE  (bre've-at),  v.  a.  [L.  brevio,brevia- 
tus.]  To  abbreviate  ; to  abridge.  Sherwood. 

BREV'IA-TURE  (brev'ya-tur)  [brev'y?-tur,  S.  Ja. 
K.  ; brev'ya-chur,  IF.;  brev'ya-tur,  P. ; bre've-j- 
tur,  Sm.],  n.  An  abbreviation,  [r.]  Johnson. 

BREV'I-ClTE,  7i.  (Min.)  A white  fibrous  mineral 
composed  of  silica,  alumina,  soda,  and  water; 

— found  at  Brevig.  Dana. 

BRfi-VIER'  (bre-ver'),  n.  [Fr.]  A small  printing 
type,  in  size  between  bourgeois  and  minion,  as 
in  the  following  line  : — 

Sweet  is  pleasure  after  pain.  Dryden. 


m!en,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE. — 9,  9,  5,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  ^ as  z;  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


BREVILOQUENCE 

f BRIJ-VlL'O-aUENOE,  n.  [L.  breviloquentia.] 
A concise  mode  of  speaking.  Maunder. 

BREV'I-PEI),  n.  [L.  brevis,  short,  and  pcs,  pedis, 
a foot.]  An  animal  having  short  legs.  Smart. 

BREV'I-PED,  a.  Having  short  legs.  Smart. 

BREV-I-PEN'NATE,  a.  [L.  brevis,  short,  and 
penna,  a feather.]  Short-quilled  or  short-feath- 
ered. Brande. 

BREV-I-PEN'NE§,  n.  pi.  ( Ornith .)  A family  of 
birds  of  the  grallic  order,  having  short  wings,  as 
the  ostrich.  Cuvier. 

BREV'I-TY,  n.  [L.  brer  it  as  ; Fr.  brUvete.] 

1.  The  quality  of  being  brief  ; briefness  ; 
shortness  of  duration  ; as,  “ The  brevity  of  life.” 

2.  Contraction  into  few  words ; conciseness. 

r Brevity  is  the  soul  of  wit.  Shak. 

BREW  (bru),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  briwan  ; Dut.  brouwen ; 
Ger.  brauen.— Old  Fr.  bruer.]  [t.  brewed;  pp. 

BREWING,  BREWED.] 

1.  To  make  liquor  by  mixing  and  boiling  sev- 

eral ingredients  ; — now  applied  particularly  to 
the  making  of  malt  liquors.  “ Drinks  brewed 
with  several  herbs.”  Bacon. 

2.  f To  mingle.  “ Go,  breio  me  a pottle  of 

sack.”  Shak. 

3.  To  put  causes  in  train  to  produce  any 
effect ; to  stir  up  ; to  excite  ; to  foment. 

Or  brew  fierce  tempests  on  the  watery  main.  l*ope. 

BREW  (bru),  v.  n.  1.  To  perform  the  act  or  of- 
fice of  a brewer. 

I keep  his  house,  and  wash,  brew,  and  make  the  beds.  Shak. 

2.  To  be  gathering  or  forming. 

Here’s  neither  bush  nor  shrub  to  bear  off  any  wcather'at 
all,  and  another  storm  brewing.  Shak. 

BREW  (bru),  n.  That  which  is  formed  by  brew- 
ing. “Trial  would  be  made  of  the  like  breio 
with  potato  roots.”  Bacon. 

BREW'.\(JE  (bru’aj),  n.  A mixture;  something 
brewed.  “ Some  well-spiced  breivage.”  Milton. 

BREVY'flR,  (hru'er),  n.  [Dut.  brouwer.]  A man 
whose  trade  it  is  to  brew. 

When  brewers  mar  their  malt  with  water.  Shak. 

BREW’f.R-Y  (bru'er-e),  n.  [Dut.  brouwery,  a 
brew-house.]  A place  or  house  for  brewing ; a 
brew-house.  . Pennant. 

BREW'— HOUSE  (bru'libus),  n.  A house  for  brew- 
ing ; a brewery.  Bacon. 

BREWING  (bri'jng),  n.  1.  Act  of  brewing. 

2.  The  quantity  brewed  at  once.  “ A brew- 
ing of  new  beer.”  Bacon. 

3.  ( Naut .)  The  appearance  of  black  tem- 

pestuous clouds,  rising  gradually,  and  indicat- 
ing the  approach  of  a storm.  Chambers. 

BREYV'IS  (hru'is),  n.  [A.  S.  brew,  small  pieces  of 
meat  in  broth  ; Gael,  brathas;  W.  briw,  a frag- 
ment, a morsel ; brytees,  bread  dipped  in  pot 
liquor.]  A crust  or  piece  of  bread  soaked  in  boil- 
ing fat  pottage,  made  of  salted  meat.  Warner. 

BREWS'T£R-ITE,  n.  (Min.)  A white,  transpa- 
rent or  translucent  mineral  composed  of  silica, 
alumina,  baryta,  strontia,  and  water  ; — so 
named  after  Sir  David  Brewster.  Dana. 

BREZ'I-LlNE,  n.  The  coloring  matter  of  Brazil- 
wood. lloblyn. 

BRl'AR,  n.  See  Brier.  Johnson. 

BRl-A'Rp-AN,  a.  [Gr.  Boiooea;,  a fabled  giant  with 
a hundred  hands ; L.  Briareus.]  Relating  to 
the  giant  Briareus  ; hundred-handed.  Ogi/vie. 

BRIBE,  n.  [Gael,  briob,  brib,  a bribe.— Fr.  bribe, 
a piece  of  bread  given  to  a beggar.]  A reward 
given  to  any  one,  especially  to  a judge,  an  offi- 
cer, or  a voter,  in  order  to  corrupt  or  to  influ- 
ence his  conduct. 

His  sons  . . . turned  aside  after  lucre,  and  took  bribes , and 
perverted  judgment.  1 Sam.  viii.  3. 

BRIBE,  V.  a.  [i.  BRIBED  ; pp.  BRIBING,  BRIBED.] 
To  give  a bribe  to ; to  gain  by  bribes.  Pope. 

BRIBE'LIJSS,  a.  Free  from  bribery.  Allen. 

BRIBE'— PAN-DER,  n.  A procurer  of  bribes.  Craig. 

BRlB'IJR,  n.  One  who  gives  bribes.  South. 

BRl'BIJR-Y,  n.  The  crime  of  taking  or  of  giving 
bribes,  or  of  offering  or  of  receiving  a reward  in 


172 

order  to  influence  conduct  in  any  office,  or  to 
bias  a voter  in  an  election.  Burrill. 

BRIBE'— WOR-TIIY  (-wUr'thf),  a.  Worthy  of 
being  bribed.  Craig. 

BRICK,  n.  [Fr.  brique.—Tr. hr  ice.]  Earth  or  clay 
formed  into  squares  or  regular  forms,  and  burnt 
in  a kiln  or  baked  in  the  sun.  “ Let  us  make 
brick,  and  burn  them  thoroughly.”  Gen.  xi.  3. 

BRICK,  v.  a.  [i.  bricked;  pp.  bricking, 

BRICKED.] 

1.  To  lay  with  bricks.  “ Whether  his  grave 

is  to  be  plain  or  bricked."  Swift. 

2.  To  fashion  or  form  in  imitation  of  bricks  ; 
as,  “ To  brick  a wall  of  wood  or  of  plaster.” 

BRlCK'— BAT,  n.  A piece  of  brick.  Bacon. 

BRICK'— BUILT  (brik'bilt),  a.  Built  with  bricks. 
“ The  brick-built  town.”  Dryden. 

BRICK'— CLAY  (brik'kla),  n.  Clay  used  for  mak- 
ing bricks.  Woodward. 

BRICK'— DUST,  n.  Dust  made  by  pounding  bricks. 
“ A quantity  of  brick-dust.”  Spectator. 

BRICK'— EARTH,  n.  Earth  used  in  making  bricks. 
“ They  grow  on  brick-earths.”  Mortimer. 

BRICK'— FIELD,  n.  A field  in  which  bricks  are 
made.  Craig. 

BRICK'KlLN  (brik'kTl),  n.  A kiln  for  burning 
bricks.  Decay  of  Piety. 

BRICK'LAY-IJR,  n.  A mason  who  builds  with 
bricks.  “ Babel’s  bricklayers."  Donne. 

BRICK'LAY-JNG,  n.  The  art  of  building  with 
bricks.  Brande. 

f RRIC'KLE  (brik'kl),  a.  [Ger.  brdckelig .]  Brittle  ; 
apt  to  break.  Spenser. 

j-  BRIC'KLE-NESS  (brlk'kl-nes),  n.  The  quality 
of  being  brittle  ; fragility.  Barret. 

BRiCK'MAK-BR,  n.  One  whose  trade  it  is  to 
make  bricks.  Woodward. 

BRICK'— MA-SON  (-sn),  n.  One  who  builds  with 
brick  ; a bricklayer.  Johnson. 

BRICK'— NOG-GING,  n.  Brickwork  filled  in  be- 
tween timber  framing.  — See  Nooging.  Brande. 

BRICK’— TRIM-MER,  m.  (Arch.)  A brick  arch 
abutting  upoq  the  wooden  trimmer  under  the 
slab  of  a fireplace  to  prevent  the  communica- 
tion of  fire.  Wealc. 

BRlCK'-TRoW-f.L,  n.  A trowel  used  in  laying 
bricks.  Weale. 

BRlCK'— W ALL,  n.  A wall  made  of  brick. 

BRICK'VVORK  (brlk'wiirk),  n.  1.  The  laying  of 
bricks.  Sherwood. 

2.  The  part  of  a building  or  structure  formed 
of  bricks. 

f BRlCK'Y,  a.  [Old  Fr.  briqueux. \ Full  of, 
or  fit  for,  bricks.  Cotgrave. 

BRI'DAL,  n.  [A.  S.  bridal.']  A nuptial  festival. 

Sweet  clay,  so  cool,  so  calm,  so  bright, 

The  bridal  of  the  earth  and  sky.  Herbert. 

BRI'DAL,  a.  Belonging  to.  a wedding ; nuptial; 
connubial.  “ Thy  bridal  chamber.”  Shak. 

f BRI'DAL-TY,  n.  Celebration  of  a nuptial  feast. 
“ In  honor  of  this  bridalty.”  B.Jonson. 

BRIDE,  n.  [Goth,  bruth  ; A.  S.  bryd  ; Dut.  braid ; 
Frs.  breid  ; Ger.  braid ; Dan.  & Sw.  brad  ; Icel. 
brida.]  A woman  newly  married  or  about  to 
be  married. 

He,  only  lie,  can  tell,  who.  matched  like  me, 

Has  by  nis  own  experience  tried 

How  much  tho  wife  is  dearer  than  the  bi'ide.  Lyttleton. 

BRIDE,  v.a.  To  make  a bride  of.  [r.]  Beau.  § FI. 

BRIDE'— ALE,  n.  A marriage  feast  at  a rustic 
wedding.  [Local,  Eng.]  Brockett. 

BRIDE'— BED,  n.  The  marriage-bed.  Shak. 

BRIDE'— CAKE,  n.  Cake  distributed  at  a wed- 
ding. “ Divide  the  broad  bride-cake.”  B.  Jonson. 

BRIDE'-CHAM-B£R,  n.  The  nuptial  chamber. 

BRlDE'GROOM,  n.  [A.  S.  bryd-guma  ; bryd,  bride, 
and  guma,  a man  ; Ger.  brdutigam  ; Dut.  bruide- 
gom.)  A man  newly  married  or  about  to  be 
married. 

He  that  hath  the  bride  is  the  bridegroom.  John  iii.  29. 


BRIDLER 

BRIDE'— HOUSE,  n.  The  house  of  a newly-mar- 
ried pair.  Drayton. 

BRiDE'MAID,  n.  A woman  who  attends  upon 
the  bride.  “ In  came  the  bridemaids  with  a 
posset.”  Sir  J.  Suckling. 

BRIDE'MAN,  n.  ; pi.  rrTde'men.  A man  who 
attends  the  bride  and  bridegroom  at  the  nuptial 
ceremony.  . Beau.  tg  FI. 

BRiDE’§'MAlD,  n.  Same  as  Bridemaid.  Smart. 

BRlDE’^'M.AN,  n.  Same  as  Brideman.  Booth. 

BRlDE'STAKE,  n.  A post  set  in  the  ground  to 
dance  round.  B.  Jonson. 

BRiDE'WBLL,  n.  A house  of  correction.  — The 
original  bridewell  was  a palace  near  St.  Bride’s 
[i.  e.  St.  Bridget’s]  Well,  in  London,  which  was 
turned  into  a house  of  correction  in  1553. 

He  would  contribute  more  to  reformation  than  all  the 
workhouses  and  brideivells  in  Europe.  Spectator. 

BRIDGE  (brlj),  n.  [Goth,  brygga  ; A.  S.  brieg  ; 
Ger.  briicke;  Dut.  brug  ; Scot,  brig.] 

1.  A structure  erected  for  a path  or  roadway 
over  a river,  railroad,  &c.,  in  order  that  a pas- 
sage may  be  made  from  one  side  to  the  other. 

2.  The  upper  part  of  the  nose  between  the 

eyes.  “ The  bridge  of  the  nose.”  Bacon. 

3.  The  supporter  of  the  strings  of  viols  and 
other  stringed  musical  instruments.  Johnson. 

4.  (Gunnery.)  The  two  pieces  of  timber  which 

go  between  the  transoms  of  a gun-carriage,  and 
on  which  the  coins  or  wedges  rest  for  elevating 
the  gun.  Craig. 

BRIDGE,  V.  a.  [t.  BRIDGED  ; pp.  BRIDGING, 
BRIDGED.] 

1.  To  build  or  erect  a bridge  over  ; as,  “ To 
bridge  a stream.” 

2.  To  make  a bridge  for. 

Over  Hellespont 

Bridging  his  way,  Europe  with  Asia  joined.  Hilton. 

BRIDGE'— BOARD,  n.  (Arch.)  A notched  board 
on  which  the  steps  of  wooden  stairs  are  fas- 
tened. Craig. 

BRID^E'LPSS,  a.  Destitute  of  a bridge. 

BRiDCE'-STONE,  n.  A stone  laid  from  the 
pavement  to  the  entrance-door  of  a house,  over 
a sunk  area,  and  supported  by  an  arch.  Weals. 

BRID^’Y  (brlj'e),  a.  Full  of  bridges.  Sherwood. 

BRl'DLE  (brl’dl),  n.  [A.  S.  bridl,  or  brydel ; Dut. 
breidel.  — It.  briglia  ; Fr.  bride.] 

1.  An  instrument  consisting  of  a bit,  reins, 
&c.,  by  which  a horse  is  restrained  and  governed. 

2.  A restraint;  a curb;  a check. 

A bright  genius  often  betrays  itself  into  many  errors,  with- 
out a continual  bridle  on  the  tongue.  iJ'atts. 

3.  (Mil.)  A guard  to  protect  the  arm  ; — used 
by  the  cavalry. 

4.  (Naut.)  A span,  or  rope,  fastened  at  both 

ends,  attached  to  the  leach  of  a square  sail,  and 
to  which  the  bowline  is  secured  : — a short  piece 
of  cable  attached  to  a swivel  on  a chain,  laid  in 
a harbor  from  a ship,  and  secured  at  one  end  to 
the  bits.  Mar.  Diet. 

BRl'DLE  (brl'dl),  v.a.  [A.  S.  bridlian ; Old  Fr. 
brider.]  [t.  bridled  ; pp.  bridling,  bridled.] 

1.  To  put  a bridle  on;  as,  “To  bridle  a 
horse.” 

2.  To  restrain  ; to  control. 

If  any  man  seem  to  he  religious,  and  bridleth  not  his 
tongue,  . . . this  man's  religion  is  vain.  James  i.  26. 

BRl'DLE  (brl'dl),  v.  n.  To  hold  up  the  head. 
“ How  the  fool  bridles  ! ” Beau.  Sg  FI. 

To  bridle  up,  to  show  pride  or  resentment  by  hold- 
ing up  tile  head.  Taller. 

BRl'DLE-CUT'TlJR,  n.  One  who  makes  bridles, 
spurs,  &e.  Johnson. 

BRI'DLE-HAND,  n.  The  left  hand,  which  holds 
the  bridle.  Sidney. 

BRl'DLE— MAK'pR,  n.  One  who  makes  bridles. 

BRl'DLE— PATH,  n.  A path  in  the  woods  formed 
to  be  travelled  or  passed  over  on  horseback. 

BRl'DLE— PORT,  n.  (Naut.)  The  foremost  port, 
used  for  stowing  the  anchors.  Dana. 

BRI'DLER,  a.  One  who  bridles  or  restrains. 
“ The  only  bridlers  of  schism.”  Milton. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


BRIDLE-REIN-PACKING 


173 


BRINGER-UP 


BRI'DLE-REIN-PACKTNG  (bri'dl-ran-).  A term 
used  by  engineers  to  signify  a mode  of  packing 
the  piston  of  a steam  cylinder  with  a strip  of 
leather  or  a loose  rope  of  tow.  Craig. 

BRI-DOON',  n.  [Fr.  bridon.  1 (Mil.)  The  snaffle 

and  rein  of  a military  bridle,  which  acts  inde- 
pendently of  the  bit,  at  the  pleasure  of  the 
rider.  Campbell. 

BRIEF,  a.  [L.  brevis  ; It.  A Sp.  breve  ; Fr.  brief.] 

1.  Short;  concise;  succinct; — applied  to 
language  ; as,  “ A brief  style.” 

2.  Of  short  duration ; lasting  a short  time. 

“ Brief  authority.”  Shak. 

Igjp  It  is  used,  as  a provincialism  or  vulgarism,  in 
the  sense  of  rife,  common,  or  prevalent,  in  England 
and  the  United  States.  — Nares  says,  “ Brief  seems  to 
be  used  in  the  following  passage  [ Sliuk. | for  rife—  a 
corruption  which  is  still  to  he  heard  among  the  vul- 
gar: ‘A  thousaud  businesses  are  brief  in  hand.’” 
King  John. 

Syn.  — See  Short. 

BRIEF,  n.  1.  A short  writing  or  epitome. 

I shall  make  it  plain  as  far  as  a sum  or  brief  can  make  a 
cause  plain.  Bacon. 

2.  (Law.)  A writ  or  precept;  — an  abridg- 
ment of  a client’s  case  made  out  for  instruction 
of  counsel  : — letters  patent  giving  license  to 
collect  contributions  for  specified  purposes. 

Coicell.  Burrill. 

3.  (Church  of  Rome.)  A pontifical  letter  ; a 
papal  rescript. 

4.  (il/i«.)  A measure  of  quantity. — See 
Breve. 

BRIEF'LIJSS,  a.  Having  no  brief;  — applied  to 
a lawyer  who  has  no  client. 

BRIEF'Ly,  ad.  Concisely;  in  a few  words. 

BRIEF'M  AN,  n. ; pi.  brief'MEN.  1.  One  who 
makes  a brief. 

2.  A copier  of  a manuscript.  Qu.  Rev. 

BRIEF'NIJSS,  n.  Quality  of  being  brief ; concise- 
ness ; shortness.  Camden. 

BRi'ER,  n.  [A.  S.  braird]  A prickly  shrub  ; the 
bramble.  “ Piude  growing  briers.”  Shak. 

BRI’pRED,  a.  Having  briers  ; briery.  Chatterton. 

BRI'ER-Y,  a.  Rough;  full  of  briers.  Shenoood. 

BRl'UR-Y,  n.  A place  where  briers  grow,  lluloet. 

BRIG,  7i.  A bridge.  [Scot.]  Gibson. 

BRlG,  7i.  [from  brigantine .]  A small,  square- 
rigged  merchant  vessel,  with  two  masts. 

Hermaphrodite  brig , a vessel  having  a brig’s  fore- 
mast and  a schooner’s  mainmast.  Dana. 

Syn.  — See  Vessel. 

BRI-GADE',  n.  [It.  brigata ; Fr.  brigade.)  (Mil.) 
A division  of  troops.  A brigade  of  horse  gen- 
erally consists  of  eight  or  ten  squadrons  ; a bri- 
gade of  foot,  of  four,  five,  or  six  battalions. 

BRI-GADE',  v.  a.  To  form  into  a brigade.  Todd. 

BRUGADE'— MA'JOR,  n.  (Mil.)  An  officer  or 
major  appointed,  to  assist  a general  command- 
ing a brigade.  Campbell. 

BRIG-A-DIER',  77.  [Fr.]  (Mil.)  A general  officer 
who  commands  a brigade  ; — often  styled  a 
brigadier-general. 

BRIG'AND,  n.  [Fr.]  1.  One  of  a gang  of  rob- 

bers; a robber  ; a highwayman.  Bramhall. 

2.  f A sort  of  irregular  foot  soldier.  Froissart. 

BRIG'AND- AljJE,  n.  [Fr.]  Theft  ; plunder.  “ Rob- 
bery and  bt-igatidage.”  Warburtoti. 

BRIG'AN-DINE  [brig'?n-dln,  S.  IF.  P.  Ja.  K.  R.  ; 
brig'sm-din,  S/«.],  n.  [Fr.  brigandine.\ 

1.  A coat  of  mail,  or  scale-armor  quilted. 
“Put  on  the  brigandines.”  . Jcrem.  xlvi.  4. 

2.  A light  vessel.  — See  Brigantine. 

BRlG'AN-TINE  [brTg'an-tln,  S.  IF.  J.  F.  Ja.  K. 
R. ',  brlg'an-tln,  Sm.],  7i.  [Fr.  brigantin .]  A 
light,  swift-sailing  vessel ; a sort  of  European 
brig  with  two  masts.  Brande. 

BRIGHT  (brlt),  a.  [Goth,  bairhts ; A.  S . beorht, 
or  bryht;  Gael,  briagh,  fine,  bright.] 

1.  Irradiating,  or  reflecting  light ; brilliant ; 
shining  ; resplendent ; luminous. 

Look,  how  the  floor  of  heaven 
Is  thick  inlaid  with  patines  of  bright  gold.  Shak. 


2.  Splendid  in  charms  or  graces. 

All  bright  as  an  angel  new-dropped  from  the  sky.  Parnell. 

3.  Possessing  an  acute,  discerning  intellect; 
acute  ; keen  ; sparkling  with  wit. 

If  parte  allure  thee,  think  how  Bacon  shined, 

The  wisest,  brightest , meanest  of  mankind.  Pope. 

4.  Glorious  ; illustrious  ; as,  “ The  brightest 
portions  of  history.” 

5.  Clear  ; transparent ; as,  “ A bright  liquor.” 

6.  Lucid  ; perspicuous.  “ With  brighter  evi- 
dence draw  the  learner  on.”  Watts. 

Syn-  — See  Clear. 

BRIGHT'— BUR  N-ING  (brlt'bUrn-jng),  a.  Burning 
brightly.  “ Bright-burning  Troy.”  Shak. 

BRfGIIT'EN  (brl'tn),  V.  a.  [i.  BRIGHTENED  ; pp. 
brightening,  brightened.]  [From  bright. 
— Goth,  bairhtyan  ; A.  S.  bcorhtian.] 

1.  To  make  bright ; to  make  to  shine. 

Her  celestial  eyes 

Adorn  the  world,  and  brighten  up  the  skies.  Dryden. 

2.  To  make  cheerful  or  joyful. 

Hope  elevates,  and  joy 

Brightens  his  crest.  Milton. 

3.  To  make  illustrious.  Swift. 

BRIGIIT'EN  (brl'tn),  V.  n.  To  grow  bright 

How  blessings  brighten  as  they  take  their  flight!  Toung. 

BRlGHT’S'-Dl§-EA§E',  n.  (Med.)  A morbid  con- 
dition of  the  kidney,  occasioning  a secretion 
of  urine  loaded  with  albumen  ; — originally 
described  by  Dr.  Bright.  Brande. 

BRIGHT'— EYED  (brlt'ld),  a.  Having  bright  eyes. 

BRIGHT'— HAIRED  (brit'llird),  a.  Having  bright 
hair.  “ Bright-haired  Vesta.”  Milton. 

BRIGHT'— HAR-NgSSED  (brlt'har-nest),  a.  Having 
bright  harness  or  armor.  Milton. 

BRIGHT'— HUED,  a.  Having  a bright  color. 

BRIGIIT'LY,  ad.  With  lustre ; splendidly. 

BRIGHT'NjpsS  (brlt'nes),  n.  1.  Quality  of  being 
bright ; lustre  ; splendor  ; brilliancy. 

I saw  in  the  way  a light  from  heaven  above  the  brightness 
of  the  sun.  Acts  xxvi.  13. 

2.  Acuteness  ; acumen.  “ The  brightness  of 
his  parts  . . . distinguished  him.”  Prior. 

Syn.  — Brightness  is  tile  generic,  lustre,  splendor, 
and  brilliancy  are  specific  terms,  and  there  may  be 
brightness  where  there  is  no  lustre,  splendor,  nor  bril- 
liancy. These  terms  rise  in  sense.  Lustre  rises  on 
brightness , splendor  on  lustre,  and  brilliancy  on  splen- 
dor. 

BRIGHT'-SHIN-ING,  a.  Shining  brightly.  Spenser. 

fBRI-GOSE',  a.  Quarrelsome;  contentious. 
“ They  were  very  brigosc  and  severe.”  Puller. 

fBRIGUE  (breg),  n.  [It.  briga;  Fr.  brigued] 
Strife  ; quarrel.  Chesterfield 

BRIGUE  (breg),  v.  n.  [Fr.  briguerd]  To  contend  ; 
to  canvass  ; to  strive,  [r.]  Hurd. 

BRILL,  n.  A fish  intermediate  between  the  sole 
and  the  turbot,  abundant  on  the  southern  coast 
of  England.  IF.  Ency. 

BRIL- LAN ' TK.  [It.]  (Mus.)  Noting  a gay  and 
lively  manner.  Brande. 

BRlLL'IANCE  (bril'yjns),  n.  Brilliancy.  P.  Mag. 

BRILL'IAN-CY  (hrll'yan-sp),  n.  Quality  of  re- 
flecting light,  or  of  being  brilliant ; dazzling 
brightness  ; radiance  ; lustre  ; splendor. 

Syn.  — See  Brightness,  Radiance. 

BRILL'IANT  (brll'yant),  a.  [It.  brillante  ; Fr. 
bril/ant.']  Shining ; sparkling  ; splendid. 

Those  surfaces  which  reflect  the  most  light  are  the  most 
brilliant.  Brewer. 

BRILL'IANT  (brll'ysmt),  n.  A diamond  cut  into 
angles,  so  as  to  refract  the  light,  and  shine 
brighter.  “ See  brilliants  shine.”  Pope. 

Syn.  — See  Radiance. 

BRILI/IANT-LY  (bril'ysint-le),  ad.  In  a brilliant 
manner ; splendidly.  Warton. 

BRILL'IANT-NESS  (brll'yant-nes),  n.  The  quali- 
ty of  being  brilliant ; splendor  ; lustre.  Johnson. 

BRILLS,  n-  ft-  The  hair  on  the  eyelids  of  a 
horse.  Bailey. 

BRIM,  n.  [A.  S.  brymmed]  1.  The  upper  edge 

of  a vessel.  Dryden. 


2.  The  edge,  as  of  a fountain,  or  of  any  body 
of  water  ; border  ; verge  ; brink  ; rim. 

By  dimpled  brook  and  fountain  brim.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Border. 

f BRIM,  a.  [A.  S.  bryme,  brym  or  brem,  famous.] 
Public ; well-known.  Warner. 

BRIM,  v.  n.  To  be  full  to  the  brim.  “ The  brim- 
ming glasses  now  are  hurled.”  Philips. 

BRIM,  V.  a.  [?.  BRIMMED  ; pp.  BRIMMING,  BRIM- 
MED.] To  fill  to  the  top.  “When  [Evander] 
brims  his  ample  bowl.”  Dryden. 

f BRIM'FILL,  v.  a.  To  fill  to  the  top.  Crashaio. 

BRIM'FUL,  a.  Full  to  the  brim  or  top  ; quite 
full.  “ Eyes  brimful  of  tears.”  Addison. 

BRIM'FUL- NESS,  71.  Fulness  to  the  top.  Shak. 

BRIM'LfSS,  a.  Without  a brim.  L.  Addiso/i. 

BRIM'MpR,  n.  A bowl  full  to  the  top. 

"When  healths  go  round,  and  kindly  brimmers  flow.  Dryden. 

BRIM'MING,  a.  Full  to  the  brim.  Dryden. 

BRIM'STONE,  n.  [A.  S.  byrnan,  to  burn,  and 
stane,  a stone  : — probably  corrupted  from  brin- 
stone,  or  brenstone,  i.  e.  fiery  stone.]  A yel- 
lowish mineral ; sulphur.  — See  Sulphur. 

BRIM'STON-Y,  a.  Full  of  brimstone.  B.  Jonson. 

BRIN'D^D,  a.  [A.  S.  brun,  brown  ; byrnan,  to 
burn.]  Of  a varied  color  ; streaked ; tabby  ; 
brindled.  “ The  brinded,  cat.”  Shak. 

BRIN'DLE  (brln'dl),  n.  The  state  of  being  brin- 
ded. Cla7'issa. 

BRlN'DLED  (brin'dld),  a.  Brinded;  streaked; 

tabby.  “ The  brindled  monster.”  Addison. 

BRINE,  7i.  [A.  S.  bnjne,  salt  liquor.] 

1.  Water  impregnated  with  salt.  Bacon. 

2.  The  sea.  “ Foaming  brine."  Shak. 

3.  Tears,  — from  their  being  salt.  Shak. 

BRINE,  v.  a.  To  imbue  with  brine  ; as,  “ To  brine 
corn  in  order  to  prevent  smut.”  Cha>7ibers. 

BRINE'— PAN,  7i.  A reservoir  for  brine.  Smart. 

BRINE'-PIT,  n.  A pit  or  reservoir  of  salt  water. 

BRINE'— SPRING,  n.  A salt  spring.  S/7ia7't. 

BRING,  v.  a.  [i.  brought;  pp.  bringing, 
brought.]  [Goth,  briggan ; A.  S.  bringan  ; 
Dut.  brengen  ; Ger.  bring  end] 

1.  To  convey  from  a distant  to  a nearer 
place  ; to  fetch  from. 

As  she  was  going  to  fetch  it,  he  called  to  her,  and  said, 
bring  me,  I pray  thee,  a morsel  of  bread.  1 Kings  xvii.  11. 

2.  To  convey  or  carry  to  another  place,  [r.] 

Must  I needs  bring  thy  son  again  unto  the  land  from 

whence  thou  earnest?  Gen.  xxiv.  5. 

3.  To  produce  ; to  procure,  as  a cause. 

Nothing  will  bring  you  more  honor  than  to  do  what  right 
you  may.  Bacon. 

4.  To  draw;  to  lead. 

A due  consideration  of  the  vanities  of  the  world  will  nat- 
urally bi'ing  us  to  the  contempt  of  it.  L' Estrange. 

5.  To  induce;  to  prevail  upon. 

Profitable  employments  would  be  a diversion,  if  men  could 
but  be  brought  to  delight  in  them.  Locke. 

To  briny  about,  to  bring  to  pass.  — To  briny  back,  to 
recall  ; also,  to  return  or  restore,  as  something  bor- 
rowed.— To  bring  forth,  to  give  birth  to;  to  pro- 
duce; to  exhibit  to  the  view. — To  briny  forward, 
to  exhibit  ; to  introduce  ; to  propose. — To  bring  off, 
to  take  away  from  ; to  clear  from  ; to  acquit.  — To 
bring  on,  to  originate  ; to  engage  in  action.  — To  bring 
out,  to  exhibit ; to  show.  — To  bring  over , to  convert. 

— To  bring  to,  ( JVlaut .)  to  check  the  course  of  a ship. 

— To  bring  to  pass,  to  effect.  — To  bring  under , to  sub- 
due. — To  bring  up,  to  educate. 

Bring  retains  in  all  its  senses  the  idea  of  ail 
agent,  or  cause,  producing  a real  or  a metaphorical 
motion  of  something  towards  something. 

Syn.  — To  bring  is  to  convey  to,  a simple  act ; to 
fetch  means  to  go  and  bring,  a compound  act.  A 
master  sends  his  servant  to  fetch  a parcel,  which, 
having  received,  he  carries  in  his  hand,  and  brings 
home  to  his  master. 

BRING'^R,  n.  One  who  brings.  Shak. 

BRING' pR— IN,  n.  One  who  introduces  any  thing. 
“ Lucifer  is  a bringer-in  of  light.”  Sandy s. 

BRING'ER— UP, n.  1.  An  instructor.  “ The  bring- 
ers-up  of  the  children.”  2 Kings  x.  5. 

2.  (Mil.)  pi.  The  last  rank  of  men  in  a 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — q,  <?,  9,  g,  soft ; 1 C,  G,  £,  g,  hard ; ^ as  z;  * as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


BRIN  GIN  G-FORTII 


174 


BROAD-SIGHTED 


battalion  tin  line  of  battle,  or  the  hindmost 
men  in  file.  Harlow. 

BRlNG'lNG-FORTH,  n.  Act  of  giving  birth. 

ISRiN'lSH,  a.  Like  brine  ; saltish  ; briny.  “ Brin- 
ish tears.”  Shak. 

BRIN'ISH-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  brinish; 
tendency  to  saltness.  Johnson. 

BRINK,  n.  [Dan.  § Sw.  brink.]  The  margin  of 
a steep  place ; the  edge,  as  of  a precipice,  cliff, 
or  river  ; brow.  “ Precipice’s  brink.”  Dryden. 

Syn. — See  Border. 

BRl'NY,  a.  Partaking  of  or  resembling  brine ; 
salt.  “ Briny  flood.”  Dryden. 

BRl'O-NY,  n.  ( Bot .)  See  Bryony.  Johnson. 

BRISK,  a.  [Gael,  brisg  ; Ir.  briosg.— It.  § Sp. 
brusco  ; F r.  brusque.) 

1.  Vivacious;  spirited;  lively;  active;  nim- 
ble ; agile  ; quick. 

Kind,  and  brisk,  and  gay,  like  me.  Dcrham. 

2.  Bubbling  ; sparkling;  effervescing.  “ Brisk 
wine.”  Denham.  “ Brisk  cider.”  Philips. 

3.  Vivid  ; bright ; as,  “ A brisk  fire.” 

Syn.  — See  Active. 

BRISK,  v.  a.  To  make  brisk.  Richardson. 

To  brisk  up,  to  enliven  ; to  make  sprightly.  Killinff- 
beck.  To  brisk  up,  o.  n.,  to  come  lip  briskly.  Johnson. 

BRISK'EN  (brls'kn),  v.  n.  To  grow  brisk  or  live- 
ly. [r.]  Ec.  Rev. 

BRIS'K gT,  n.  [Gael,  brisgear,  gristle;  Fr.  bre- 
cliet .]  A part  of  the  breast  of  meat  under  the 
scrag ; the  breast  of  an  animal.  Mortimer. 

BRISK'LY,  ad.  In  a brisk  manner  ; actively.  Ray. 

BRISK’NpSS,  n.  Quality  of  being  brisk.  Johnson. 

BRIS'TLE  (brls'sl),  n.  [A.  S.  bristl,  byrst ; Ger. 
borste  ; Dut.  borstel.] 

1.  The  stiff  hair  of  swine,  used  for  making 
brushes. 

2.  (Bot.)  A short  or  stiff  hair,  as  the  pubes- 
cence on  certain  plants.  Henshaw. 

BRIS'TLE  (brls’sl),  V.  a.  [(.  BRISTLED;  pp.  BRIS- 
TLING, BRISTLED.] 

1.  To  erect,  as  bristles. 

Doth  dogged  war  biistle  his  angry  crest?  Shak. 

2.  To  fix  a bristle  to;  as,  “To  bristle  a 
thread.” 

BRIS'TLE  (brls'sl),  v.  n.  To  stand  erect,  as  bristles. 

Thy  hair  so  bristles  with  unmanly  tears.  Dryden. 

To  bristle  up , to  show  resentment ; to  threaten. 

BRIS'TLE— ARMED  (bris'sl-armd),  a.  Armed  with 
bristles.  Kirby. 

BRIS'TLE— BeAr'ING,  a.  Having,  or  producing, 
bristles.  Craig. 

BRlS'TLED  (brls'sld),  p.  a.  1.  Having  bristles, 
or  having  the  bristles  erect. 

The  grunts  of  bristled  boars  and  groans  of  bears.  Drpdcn. 

2.  Coarse,  or  stiff,  like  bristles.  Cotton. 

3.  Bearded.  “ Bristled  lips.”  [r.]  Shak. 

BRIS'TLE— FERN,  n.  A species  of  fern  ; Wood- 
sia  hyperborea.  Booth. 

BRIS'TLE— LIKE,  a.  Bristly.  Mir.  for  Mag. 

BRIS'TLE— MOSS,  n.  A species  of  moss.  Booth. 

BRlS'TLE-SHAPED  (-shapt),  a.  Shaped  like 
bristles.  Booth. 

BRIS'TLE— TAIL,  n.  A flv  having  the  tail  termi- 
nated by  hairs  ; the  gadfly.  Booth. 

BRIS'TLI-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  bristly  Booth. 

BRIS'TLY  (bris'sle),  a.  Thick  set  with  bristles. 

BRiS'TOL— BOARD,  n.  A kind  of  fine,  stiff,  and 
smooth  pasteboard.  Simmonds. 

BRIS'TOL— STONE,  n.  (Min.)  Rock  crystal,  fine 
specimens  of  which  are  found  in  the  rocks  near 
Bristol,  England ; — called  also  Bristoldiamond. 

BRI-§C’RE',  n.  [Fr/]*  (Fort.)  A part  of  a ram- 
part or  parapet  which  deviates  from  the  general 
direction,  covering  the  flank  of  a bastion.  Boiste 

BRIT,  n.  ( Ich .)  A small  fish  of  the  herring  kind, 
from  one  to  four  inches  long,  found  abundan.ly 
on  the  coasts  of  New  England.  Storer. 


BRI-TAN'NJ-A,  n.  A sort  of  mixed  metal,  or 
alloy  ; the  kind  of  pewter  of  which  English 
teapots  are  often  made,  consisting  of  tin,  anti- 
mony, bismuth,  and  lead  ; — called  also  tutania 
and  prince’s  metal.  Ure. 

BRI-TAn'NIC,  a.  Pertaining  to  Great  Britain  ; 
as,  “ Her  Britannic  majesty,  Queen  Victoria.” 

BRlTE,  or  BRIGHT  (brlt),  v.  n.  To  be  over-ripe, 
as  hops,  wheat,  &c.  [Provincial,  Eng.]  Phillips. 

BRIT'ISH,  a.  Relating  to  Great  Britain,  or  its 
inhabitants. 

BRlT'ISH— GUM,  n.  (Chem.)  A brown-colored 
soluble  substance  into  which  starch  is  convert- 
ed by  being  exposed  in  an  oven  to  a tempera- 
ture of  about  600°  Fahrenheit ; — used  by  calico- 
printers.  Brande. 

BRIT'ON,  n.  A native  of  Britain.  Shak. 

f BRIT'ON,  a.  British.  Spenser. 

BRIT'TLE  (brlt'tl),  a.  [A.  S.  bryttian,  to  break  ; 
Dut.  brokkelig.]  Apt  to  break  ; fragile. 

Syn. — See  Fragile. 

f BRIT'TLE- Ly  (brlt'tl-le),  ad.  In  a fragile  man- 
ner. Sherwood. 

BRlT'TLE-NESS,  n.  Aptness  to  break;  fragili- 
ty. “ Brittleness  or  toughness.”  Boyle. 

BRITZS'K A (brls'ka),  n.  [Rus.  britzschka .]  A 
Russian  carriage;  — an  open,  four-wheeled  car- 
riage, with  shutters  to  close  at  pleasure,  and 
space  for  reclining,  when  on  a journey.  IF.  Ency. 

BRIZA,  n [Gr.  /?pi£w,  to  nod.]  (Bot.)  A genus 
of  ornamental  or  curious  plants  ; quaking- 
grass.  Loudon. 

BRIZE,?;,.  [A.  S.  briosa.)  1.  The  gadfly;  breeze. 
— See  Breese.  Spenser. 

2.  Ground  long  untilled.  Phillips. 

BROACH  (brocli),  n.  [Low  L.  broca  ; It.  brocco, 
a peg ; brocciare,  to  prick  ; Sp.  broca,  a drill; 
broche,  a brooch  ; Fr.  brochc.  — See  Break.] 

1.  A spit.  “ He  turned  a broach,  that  had 

worn  a crown.”  Bacon. 

2.  An  awl ; a bodkin.  [Local,  Eng.]  Crabb. 

3.  A small  clasp  used  to  fasten  dress. — See 

Brooch.  Craig. 

4.  A musical  instrument  played  by  turning 

a handle.  Johnson. 

5.  A spire,  the  junction  of  which  with  the 
tower  is  not  marked  by  a parapet.  Ogilvie. 

6.  A start,  like  the  end  of  a spit,  on  the 

head  of  a young  stag.  Phillips. 

BROACH  (brocli),  v.  a.  [Fr.  brocher. ] [). 

BROACHED  ; pp.  BROACHING,  BROACHED.] 

1.  To  spit;  to  pierce,  as  with  a spit.  “He 

broached  them  upon  his  pike.”  Hakewill. 

2.  To  pierce,  as  a vessel,  in  order  to  draw 

liquor  ; to  tap.  Armstrong . 

3.  To  let  out,  as  liquor  from  a cask.  “And 
blood  was  ready  to  be  broached.”  Hudibras. 

4.  To  open,  as  a repository. 

I will  open  the  old  armories;  I will  broach  my  store.  Knolles. 

5.  To  give  out ; to  utter.  “ This  error  was 

first  broached  by  Josephus.”  Raleigh. 

6.  (Masonry.)  To  roughhew.  Ogilrie. 

To  broach  to,  ( JVaut .)  to  fall  off  so  much,  when 

going  free,  as  to  bring  the  wind  round  on  the  other 
quarter  and  take  the  sails  aback.  Dana. 

BROACH'^R,  n.  1.  One  who  broaches,  or  first  pro- 
oses,  publishes,  or  utters  a thing.  “ The  first 
roacher  of  an  heretical  opinion.”  L’ Estrange. 

2.  A spit ; a brooch.  Dryden. 

BROAD  (brlwd),  a.  [Goth,  braids',  A.  S.  brad, 
breed-,  Ger.  breit ; Dut  .breed-,  Dan.  Sj  Sw.  bred.) 

1.  Extended  in  breadth;  wide;  as,  “A  board 
five  feet  long  and  one  foot  broad.” 

2.  Large  ; ample ; extensive.  “ Cunning 

which  has  always  a broad  mixture  of  false- 
hood.” Locke. 

3.  Open  ; spread  or  diffused ; as,  “ Broad 

daylight”;  “ Broad  sunshine.”  Locke. 

4.  Gross  ; coarse  ; indelicate.  “ Broadest 
mirth.”  Dryden.  “ Broad  words.”  Shak. 

Broad  as  Iona,  equal  upon  the  whole  ; the  same 
either  way.  “ It  is  as  broad  as  Iona  whether  they  rise 
to  others,  or  bring  others  down  to  them.”  Estrange. 

Syn.  — Broad  is  opposed  to  narrow,  wide  to  close, 
large  to  small.  Broad  and  wide  are  definite  ; large 
is  indefinite;  as,  “A  plank  two  feet  broad ”;  “A 


passage  ten  feet  wide”;  “A  large  room.” — A broad 
cloth  ; a broad  river  ; a wide  entrance  ; a large  house  ; 
a large  family  ; an  ample  space  ; an  extensive  pros- 
pect.— Broad  or  coarse  language  ; indelicate  allusion. 

BROAD,  n.  A lake  formed  by  the  expansion  of  a 
river  in  a flat  country.  [Local,  Eng.]  Forby. 

BROAD'— A-VVAKE',  a.  Fully  awake.  Coleridge. 

BROAD'AXE  (hrSwd'&ks),  n.  [A.  S.  brad -vex  J) 

1.  An  axe,  formerly  used  as  a military  weap- 
on. Spenser. 

2.  An  axe  with  a broad  edge  for  hewing  timber. 

BROAd'— BACKED  (-b&kt),  a.  Having  a broad 
back.  Ogilvie. 

BROAd'— BILL,  n.  The  name  of  a wild  duck.  On 
the  Chesapeake  it  is  called  black-head,  and  in 
Virginia,  raft-duck.  Bartlett. 

BROAD'— BLOWN  (briwd'blon),  «.  Full  blown. 
“With  all  his  crimes  broad-blown.”  Shak. 

BROAD'— BOT-TOMED,  a.  Having  a broad  bot- 
tom. Irving. 

BROAd'— BREAST-F.D,  a.  Having  a broad  breast. 

BROAd'-BRIMMED  (-brlmd),  a.  Having  a broad 
brim.  “ Broad-brimmed  hats.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

BRoAd'cAsT,  n.  The  method  of  sowing  seeds 
by  casting  or  scattering  them  abroad  bv  the 
hand  at  large,  as  wheat,  oats,  &c.  Chambers. 

BRoAd'cAsT,  v.  a.  To  sow  with  the  hand  ex- 
tended, as  wheat,  rye,  &c.  J.  Montgomery. 

BRoAd'cAsT,  a.  Sown  by  the  hand  at  large  ; 
sown  or  dispersed  widely.  Loudon. 

BRoAd'cAsT,  ad.  By  the  hand  at  large  ; scat- 
teringly  ; as,  “ To  sow  broadcast.” 

BROAd'CLOTH  (brawd'klotli),  n.  A fine  kind  of 
woollen  fulled  cloth  of  broad  make.  Swift. 

BRoAd'EN  (briUvd'dn),  v.  n.  To  grow  broad,  [r.] 

Low  walks  the  sun,  and  broadens  by  degrees.  Thomson. 

BRoAd'EN  (brkwd'dn),  v.  a.  To  make  broad;  to 
increase  in  breadth.  Sir  J.  Mackintosh. 

BROAD'— EYED  (brlwd'ld),  a.  Having  a wide 
survey.  “ Broad-eyed,  Watchful  day.”  Shak. 

BROAD'— FACED  (-fast),  a.  Having  a broad  face. 

BROAd'— FOOT  (-fut),  a.  Having  a broad  foot. 

BROAd'— FRONT-ED,  a.  Having  a broad  front. 
“ Broad-fronted  Caesar.”  Shak. 

BROAd'— HEAD-ED,  a.  Having  a broad  head. Scoff. 

BROAD'— HORNED  (hrawd'horned),  a.  Having 
widely  spreading  horns.  Iluloet. 

BRoAd'ISH  (brdwd'jsh),  a.  Rather  broad.  Russell. 

BROA D'— LE A VED  (hrlwd'levd),  a.  Having  broad 
leaves.  “ The  broad-leaved  sycamores.”  Sandys. 

BROAD'LY  (brawd'le),  ad.  In  a broad  manner. 

BROAD'— MOUTHED  (-mbutlid),  a.  Having  a wide 
mouth.  Ilill. 

BROAd'N^SS  (br&wd'nes),  n.  Quality  of  being 
broad.  “The  broadness  of  the  way.”  South. 

BROAD'— PIECE  (brkwd'pes),  n.  An  English  gold 
coin,  of  the  value  of  about  24s.  Snelling. 

BROAd'— RIBBED  (-rlbd),  a.  Having  broad  ribs 
or  bands.  Hill. 

BROAD'— SEAL  (br&wd'sSl),  n.  The  official  seal 
of  a government  ; the  great  seal  of  England. 
“The  king’s  broad-seal.”  Sheldon. 

BROAD'— SEAL,  v.  a.  To  stamp  or  sanction,  as 
with  the  broad-seal,  [r.]  " B.  Jonson. 

BROAD'— SIIOUL-DERED  (brawd'sliol-derd),  a. 
Having  alarge^pace  between  the  shoulders. 
Big-boned  and  large  of  limbs,  with  sinews  strone, 
Broad-shouldered , and  his  arms  were  round  and  long.  Dryden. 

BROAd'SIDF.  (brkwd'sld),  n.  (. Naut .)  1.  The 
whole  side  of  a ship.  Waller. 

2.  The  discharge  of  all  the  guns  on  one  side 

of  a ship  of  war.  “ She  has  given  you  a broad- 
side, captain.”  Southern. 

3.  (Printing.)  A printed  page  covering  one 

side  of  a whole  sheet  of  paper.  Johnson. 

BROAd'-S1GHT-ED  (brilwd'slt-ed),  a.  Having  a 
wide  view ; seeing  far.  Qu.  Rev. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  Jg,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HiilR  ; 


BROAD-SKIRTED 


175 


BRONZE 


BROAD'— S KIRT-pD,  a.  Haying  a broad  skirt. 

BROAD-SPREAD,  a.  Widely  diffused.  Dyer. 

BROAD'-SPREAD-ING,  a.  Spreading  widely.  Shak. 

BROAD'SWOII  D (brawd'sord),  n.  A cutting  sword, 
with  a broad  blade.  Wiseman. 

■ BROAD'-TAILED  (briwd'tald),  a.  Haying  a broad 
tail.  “ Broad-tailed  sheep.”  Sandy s. 

BROAd'-WAk-ING,  a.  Possessing  full  vigilance. 

BROAD'-WlNGED  (-wTngd),  a.  Having  broad 
wings.  Thomson. 

BROAd'wI^E,  ad.  In  the  direction  of  the  breadth. 
“ If  one  should  thrust  a piece  of  iron  broad- 
wise."  Boyle. 

BROB-DING-NA'ga-AN,  a.  [ Brobdingnag , the 
name  of  a country,  in  one  of  the  fictions  of 
Swift,  inhabited  by  giants.]  Gigantic,  lloget. 

BRO-CADE',  n.  [It .broccata;  Sp .brocado;  Fr. 
brocart.  “ The  root  is  probably  broche,  the  in- 
strument used  in  embroidery.”  Buchanan.'] 

1.  A kind  of  stuff  or  cloth  embroidered  with 
gold,  silver,  or  silk,  in  raised  work  of  flowers 
and  other  ornaments. 

2.  A dress  made  of  brocade. 

Fortune  in  men  has  some  small  difference  made; 

One  flaunts  in  rugs,  one  flutters  in  brocade.  Pope. 

BRO-cAD'pD,  a.  1.  Dressed  in  brocade.  Johnson. 

2.  Woven  in  the  manner  of  brocade.  “Rich 
brocaded  suit.”  Gay. 

BRO'CAGE,  or  BRO'KA(?E,  n.  [See  Broker.] 

1.  A profit  or  commission  gained  by  promoting 
bargains,  or  by  transacting  business  for  others  ; 
— formerly  used  mostly  in  an  ill  sense.  “ Filthy 
brocage."  Spenser.  “Many  grow  wealthy  by 
unlawful  means  ; usury,  brokage,  bribery.”  Dr. 
J.  White’s  Sermons,  1615. 

2.  The  business  of  a broker ; brokerage.  — 

See  Brokerage.  Locke. 

BROC'ARD,  n.  The  first  elements  or  maxims  of 
the  law  ; — an  old  Scottish  term.  Jamieson. 

BROC'A-TEL,  ) M.  [Sp.  brocatel ; It.  broca- 

BROC-A-TEL' LO,  \ tello .]  A coarse  kind  of  bro- 
cade used  in  tapestry.  Craig. 

BROC'CO-LI  (brok'o-le),  n.  [It.  broccolo ; Sp. 
broculi;  Fr.  brocoli.]  (Bot.)  A sort  of  cabbage; 
a variety  of  Brassica  oleracea.  Loudon. 

BROGH'ANT-lTE,  n.  (Min.)  A mineral  com- 
posed of  sulphuric  acid,  protoxide  of  copper, 
and  water.  Dana. 

BROCHE,  n.  & v.  a.  See  Broach.  Camden. 

BROfHETTE' , n.  [Fr.]  1.  A skewer  to  stick 

meat  on.  Fleming  <S,  Tibbins. 

2.  A mode  of  frying  chickens.  Crabb. 

BRO-QHU RE’ , n.  [Fr.,  a book  stitched ; brocher, 
to  stitch.]  A pamphlet.  Month.  Rev. 

BROCK,  n.  [A.  S.droc;  Dan.  brok\  Ir.  broc.] 

1.  A badger.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  A hart  two  years  old ; a brocket.  Bailey. 

BROCK'ET,  n.  A hart  two  years  old.  Phillips. 

BRODE'KlN,  n.  [Fr.  brodequin.]  A buskin,  or 
half-boot.  — See  Buskin.  Echard. 

BROG,  n.  A pointed  steel  instrument,  used  by 
joiners  to  pierce  wood.  Buchanan. 

BRO'GAN,  n.  A thick,  heavy,  coarse  shoe  ; a 
brogue. — See  Brogue.  Whittier. 

BRfiG'GLE,  v.  n.  To  fish  for  eels  by  troubling 
the  water.  [Local,  Eng.]  Phillips. 

BROGUE  (brog),  n.  1.  [Gael.  <Sf  Ir.  brog\  Scot. 
brog , brogue,  a shoe.]  A coarse  and  slight  kind 
of  shoe  ; a brogan. 

In  Sky  I first  observed  the  use  of  frrogues , a kind  of  artless 
shoes  stitched  with  thongs.  Johnson. 

2.  A cant  word  for  a corrupt  dialect,  accent, 
or  pronunciation. 

In  the  Ilouse  of  Commons,  the  Scotch  accent  and  Irish 
brogue  may  be  often  heard.  Qu.  Rev. 

3.  pi.  Breeches.  Shenstone. 

BROGUE'— MA-KIJR,  n.  A maker  of  brogue's  or 
coarse  shoes.  Johnson. 

fEROID,  v.  a.  To  braid  or  weave  together.  “To 
broid  his  hair.”  — See  Braid.  Holland. 


f BRolD'BR,  v.  a.  [Fr.  broder ; Sp.  bordar .]  To 
embroider.  “ A broidered  coat.”  Ex.  xxviii. 

f BROID'FR-^R,  n.  An  embroiderer.  Huloct. 

f BROID'^R-Y,  n.  Embroidery.  Tickell. 

BROIL,  n.  [Fr.  brouille,  a broil;  brouiller,  to 
embroil.]  A noisy  contention  ; a brawl ; an  af- 
fray ; a tumult ; a quarrel.  — See  Brawl.  Shak. 

BROIL,  v.  a.  [Fr.  bruler,  to  burn.]  [t.  broiled  ; 
pp.  HROILINO,  broiled.]  To  cook  by  laying  on 
the  coals,  or  over  the  fire  ; to  heat  over  coals. 

They  ate  all  their  meat  broiled  on  the  coals.  Hackluyt. 

BROIL,  v.  n.  To  be  subjected  to  heat.  “Where 
have  you  been  broiling  ? ” Shak. 

BROILED  ( broil d or  broll'ed),  p.  a.  Cooked  or 
heated  over  the  coals.  “ They  gave  him  a piece 
of  a broiled  fish.”  Luke  xxiv.  42. 

BROIL'pR,  n.  1.  One  who  broils  or  excites  broils. 
“ What  doth  he  but  turn  broiler  ? ” Hammond. 

2.  That  which  dresses  by  broiling  ; a gridiron. 

BRO'KA^E,  n.  Brokerage.  Warner. 

BROKE,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  brucan,  to  discharge  an  of- 
fice ; brocian,  to  oppress  ; Fr.  broyer,  to  grind.] 
To  do  business  for  others,  [it.]  Shak. 

BROKE,  i.  from  break.  See  Break. 

BRO'KEN  (bro'kn),^>.  from  break.  See  Break. 

BRO'KEN  (brs'kn),  p.  a.  I.  Separated  into  frag- 
ments ; crushed. 

2.  Subdued ; contrite.  “ A broken  spirit.”  Ps. 

Broken  number,  ( Arith .)  a fraction. 

BRO'KEN— BACKED  (-bakt),  a.  1.  Having  the  back 
broken. 

2.  ( Naut .)  Noting  the  state  of  a ship,  when, 
in  consequence  of  being  loosened  from  age  or 
injury,  the  frame  droops  at  either  end.  Brande. 

BRO'KEN— BEL'LIED  (bra'kn-bel'ljd),  a.  Having 
a ruptured  belly.  Sandys. 

BRO'KEN— HEART'ED  (bro'lcn-li'irt'ed),  a.  Having 
the  spirits  crushed  by  grief,  by  penitence,  or  by 
despair ; contrite  ; penitent. 

He  hath  sent  me  to  bind  up  the  broken-hearted.  Isa.  lxi.  1. 

BRO'KEN-LY  (bro'kn-le),  ad.  Not  in  regular  se- 
ries. "Brokenly  and  by  piecemeals.”  Cudworth. 

BRO'KEN— MEAT  (bro'kn-met),  n.  Fragments  of 
meat.  Sivift. 

BRO'KEN-NESS  (bro'kn-nes),  n.  State  of  being 
broken  ; unevenness. 

It  is  the  brokenness , the  ungrammatical  position,  the  total 
subversion,  of  the  period  that  eharms  me.  Gray. 

BRO'KEN-WIND,  n.  Rupture  of  the  cells  of  the 
lungs  in  horses  ; the  heaves.  Herbert. 

BRO’KEN— WIND'ED,  a.  Having  short  breath, 
or  a diseased  respiration.  Brande. 

BRO'KIJR,  n.  [See  Broke.]  One  who  transacts 
business,  or  makes  bargains,  for  others  ; a fac- 
tor; an  agent ; a middleman  ; a money-dealer. 

Commercial  broker,  or  merchandise  broker,  one  who 
purchases  or  sells  goods  for  others.  — Slop  broker,  one 
who  manages  all  business  matters  occurring  between 
the  owners  of  vessels  and  the  shippers  or  consignors 
of  the  freight  which  they  carry.  — Stock  broker,  one 
who  purchases  or  sells  stocks  for  others.  — Exchange 
broker,  one  who  deals  in  exchanges  relating  to  money. 
— Pawn  broker,  one  who  lends  money  on  pledges  or 
pawns. 

BRO'K£R-A<J!E,  n.  1.  The  percentage  paid  to  a 
broker  for  negotiating  any  business.  Brande. 

2.  The  business  of  a broker. 

BRO'KpR— LACK'pY,  n.  A vile  pimp.  Shak. 

t BRO'KER-LY,  a.  Mean  ; servile.  B.  Jonson. 

f BRO'KER-Y,  n.  The  business  of  a broker. 
“ Tricks  belonging  unto  brokery."  Marlow. 

f BRO'KING,  p.  a.  Pertaining  to  brokery.  Shak. 

f BRO'KING— TRADE,  n.  The  business  of  a bro- 
ker ; brokery.  Butler. 

BRO'MA,  n.  [Gr.  Ppdpa.]  Food;  aliment: — a 
preparation  of  cocoa.  Dunglison. 

BRO'MAL,  n.  ( Chem .)  A colorless,  oily  fluid,  pro- 
duced by  the  mutual  action  of  bromine  and  al- 
cohol. Graham. 


BROM-A-TOL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  (InGjpa,  Ppioparos, 
food,  and  ?.6yog,  a discourse.]  (Med.)  A treatise 
on  food.  Dunglison. 

BROME,  n.  See  Bromine. 

BROME'— GRASS,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  annual 
grasses,  generally  of  a coarse  quality  ; Bromus  ; 
— called  also  oat-grass.  Loudon. 

BRO-ME' LI-A,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  evergreen 
herbaceous  plants,  including  the  pine-apple  ; — 
so  named  in  honor  of  Bromel,  a Swede.  Loudon. 

BROM'IC,  a.  (Chem.)  Relating  to  bromine  ; not- 
ing an  acid  composed  of  one  equivalent  of  bro- 
mine and  five  equivalents  of  oxygen.  Graham. 

BRO'MIDE,  n.  A neutral  compound  of  bromine 
and  some  other  simple  body.  Graham. 

BRO'MINE,  n.  [Gr.  tlpthpoq,  a stench.]  (Chem.) 
A simple,  blackish-red,  electro-negative,  liquid 
substance,  discovered  in  1826,  and  existing  in 
minute  quantities  in  sea-water,  marine  plants, 
and  many  salt  springs.  It  emits  a powerful  and 
suffocating  odor,  is  poisonous,  bleaches  like 
chlorine,  and  resembles  it  in  many  of  its  other 
properties.  Brande. 

BROM'LITE,  n.  [Gr.  Ppivpo s,  a stench,  and  lido c, 
a stone.]  (Min.)  A carbonate  of  lime  and  ba- 
ryta. Dana. 

BRO-MO-HY'DRIC,  a.  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid 
composed  of  one  equivalent  of  bromine  and 
one  of  hydrogen.  Regnault. 

BROJV'CHI-A , n.  pi.  [Gr.  Pp6y%ia  ; fip6y%os,  the 
throat,  or  windpipe.]  (Anat.)  The  smaller  ram- 
ifications of  the  windpipe,  connecting  it  with 
the  lungs.  — See  Bronchus.  Brande. 

BRON'GHI-AL,  a.  Belonging  to  the  bronchia, 
bronchi,  or  smaller  ramifications  of  the  wind- 
pipe ; as,  “The  bronchial  glands.” 

BROA'CHI-JE,  n.  pi.  [Mod.  L.,  from  Gr.  Pp6y- 
X,a-]  See  Bronchus.  Dunglison. 

BRON'GHIC,  a.  Same  as  Bronchial.  Arbulhnot. 

BRON-GHI'TIS,  n.  (Med.)  Inflammation  of  the 
bronchia,  or  branches  of  the  windpipe.  Brande. 

BRON'jCHO-CELE,  n.  [Gr.  flpoy^oKt/lr] ; Pphy^os, 
the  throat,  or  windpipe,  and  Krjbi,  a tumor.] 
(Med.)  A tumor  in  the  throat,  being  a morbid 
enlargement  of  the  thyroid  gland.  Dunglison. 

BRON-GHOPH'O-NY,  n.  [Gr.  Pp6yxos,  the  throat, 
or  windpipe,  and  (pwi’rj,  voice.]  (Med.)  A thrill- 
ing sound  in  the  body,  detected  by  auscultation  ; 
resonance.  Dunglison. 

BRON-GHOT'O-MY,  n.  [Gr.  0p6yxos,  the  throat,  or 
windpipe,  and  ropt),  a cutting.]  Act  of  cutting 
the  windpipe  ; a surgical  incision  into  the  larynx 
or  trachea.  Dunglison. 

BROWCHUS,  n.\  pi.  bronchi.  [Low  L.,  from 
Gr.  Ppoy^o t.]  ( Anat.)  The  windpipe,  or  trachea. 
The  bronchia,  bronchia;,  or  bronchi,  now  mean 
the  two  tubes  which  arise  from  the  bifurcation 
of  the  trachea,  and  carry  air  into  the  lungs. 

Dunglison. 

j*  BROND,  n.  A sword.  — See  Brand.  Spenser. 

BRON'TERN,  n.  [Gr.  Ppovr/j,  thunder.]  (Greek 
Arch.)  Brazen  vessels  under  the  floor  of  a thea- 
tre, to  be  used  for  imitating  thunder,  by  rolling 
stones  in  them.  Weale. 

BRON'TO-LITE,  n.  [Gr.  Ppourf,,  thunder,  and 
lidos,  a stone.]  The  thunder-stone.  Buchanan. 

BRUN-TOL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  (Iporrij,  thunder,  and 
l.byos,  a discourse.]  A dissertation  upon  thun- 
der. Dyche. 

II  BRONZE,  or  BRONZE  [bronz,  S.  IF.  J.  F.  Ja.  ; 
bronz,  E.  Sm.  Wb.  ; bronz  or  bronz.  K.  R.],  n. 
[It . bronzo  ■,  Sp .bronce-,  Fr.  bronze.]  (Chem.) 
An  alloy  of  copper  with  eight  or  ten  per  cent, 
of  tin,  to  which  sometimes  a little  zinc  and  lead 
are  added,  to  render  the  melted  mass  more  fluid, 
that  it  may  fill  all  the  parts  of  a mould  more 
perfectly.  Fairholt. 

||  BRONZE,  v.  a.  [i.  bronzed  ; pp.  bronzing, 

BRONZED.] 

1.  To  color,  harden,  or  make  appear  on  the 
surface  like  bronze.  “ Coins  and  medals  may 
be  handsomely  bronzed."  Ure. 


MiEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SdN  ; BULL,  BUR,  ROLE.— g,  <?,  g,  soft;  £>,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


BROWN-SPAR 


BRONZE-POWDER 

2.  To  cover  or  conceal,  as  with  the  color  of 
bronze. 

Art,  cursed  art,  wipes  off  the  indebted  blush 

From  Nature's  cheek,  and  bronzes  every  shame.  Young. 

||  BRONZE'— POVV-DpR,  n.  A metallic  powder  for 
communicating  a bronze-like  color  to  objects 
on  which  it  is  spread.  Francis. 

||  BRONZ'ING,  n.  ( Chcm .)  The  art  of  giving  to 
objects  of  wood,  plaster,  &e.,  such  a surface  as 
makes  them  appear  to  be  made  of  bronze.  Ure. 

II  BRONZ'ING— LI  O' U ID  (-lik'wjd),  n.  A solution  of 
chloride  of  antimony  and  sulphate  of  copper, 
used  for  bronzing  gun-barrels,  &c.  Braude. 

||  BRONZ'LNG-SALT,  n.  (Chem.)  Chloride  of  an- 
timony, — which  is  mixed  with  olive  oil  and 
used  for  bronzing  gun-barrels  and  other  arms. 

||  BRONZ'iTE,  n.  (Min.)  A variety  of  diallage  of 
a bronze  color.  Braude. 

BROOCH  (broch),  [brack,  IV.  J.  E.  Ja.  Sm.  R. ; 
broch,'  S.  P.  F.  K.  C.],  n.  [Fr.  broche.  See 
Broach.] 

1.  A jewelled  ornament  fitted  with  a clasp  or 

pin  to  fasten  a dress.  “ Richly  suited,  just  like 
the  brooch.”  — See  Broach.  Shak. 

2.  (Paint.)  A painting  all  of  one  color,  as 

an  India  ink  painting,  &c.  Francis. 

BROOCH  (broch),  v.  a.  To  adorn  as  with  a brooch, 
or  with  jewels.  IShak. 

BROOD,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  bredan,  to  nourish;  brod, 
a brood ; Dut.  breeden.)  [i.  brooded  ; pp. 
BROODING,  BROODED.] 

1.  To  be  in  a state  to  develop  the  embryos  of 
new  life,  as  a fowl  sitting  upon  eggs  in  order  to 
hatch  them  ; to  sit  on  eggs. 

Here  Nature  spreads  her  fruitful  sweetness  round, 

Breathes  on  the  air,  and  broods  upon  the  ground.  Dryden. 

2.  To  be  in  a state  of  care  and  watchfulness, 
as  a mother  over  her  young. 

Their  young  succession  all  their  cares  emplo}’; 

They  breed,  they  brood.  Dryden. 

To  brood  over , to  think  long  and  anxiously  about. 

BROOD,  v.  a.  To  cherish  with  care.  “ See  how 
he  broods  the  boy.”  Beau.  Sj  FI. 

BROOD,  n.  [A.  S.  brod-,  Dut.  broed .] 

1.  Offspring;  progeny. 

Hence,  vain,  deluding  ioys. 

The  brood  of  Folly  without  father  bred.  Milton. 

2.  That  which  is  bred,  generated,  or  pro- 
duced. 

Such  things  become  the  hatch  nnd  brood  of  time.  Shak. 

3.  The  number  hatched  at  once ; as,  “ A 
small  or  a large  brood  of  chickens.” 

4.  Act  of  brooding.  “ O’er  which  his  mel- 
ancholy sits  on  brood.”  [r.]  Shah. 

5.  (Mining.)  A heterogeneous  mixture. 

BROOD'JNG,  n.  The  act  of  cherishing.  Ash. 

BROOD'mAre,  n.  A mare  for  breeding.  Booth. 

BROO  DY,  a.  Brooding;  inclined  to  brood.  Rag. 

||  BROOK  (bruk),  [bruk,  P.  J.  F.  Sm.  1 Vb. ; brok, 
S.  IF.  E.  Ja.  C.  K.~\,  n.  [Goth,  bruks-,  A.  S. 
broc  ; Dut.  beek.\  A stream  of  water  less  than 
a river  ; a rivulet.  “ An  inland  brook.”  Shak. 

Smooth  runs  the  water  where  thebrook  is  deep.  Shak. 

Springs  make  little  rivulets,  and  these  united  form  brooks, 
which,  coming  torward  in  streams,  compose  great  rivers, 
which  run  into  the  sea.  Lockc. 

Syn.  — Rivulets  rise  from  sprint's,  and,  flowing 
into  each  other,  make  brooks,  and  brooks,  rivers.  A 
torrent  is  a very  rapidly  flowing  brook. 

||  BROOK  (bruk),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  brucan.]  [ i . brooked; 
pp.  brooking,  brooked.]  To  bear  ; to  endure. 
“ Restraint  thou  wilt  not  brook.”  Dryden. 

||  t BROOK  (bruk),  v.  n.  To  endure.  Sidney. 

||  BROOK'LET  (bruk'let),  n.  A little  brook.  Bulwer. 

||  BROOK'LIME  (bruk'llme)  ra.  (Bot.)  An  aquatic, 
perennial  plant ; a sort  of  water  speedwell  ; 
Veronica  beccabunga.  Loudon. 

||  BROOK'MINT  (brflk'mlnt),  n.  [A.  S.  broemynt .] 
The  water-mint.  Johnson. 

||  BROOK'WEED,  n.  A small  marsh  plant  with 
white  flowers  ; Samolus  valerandi.  Loudon. 

||  BROOK'Y  (bruk'e),  a.  Abounding  with  brooks. 
“ Lemster’s  brooky  tract.”  Dyer. 


176 

BROOM,  [S.  IV.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  T Vb. ; of- 
ten pronounced  brunt],  n.  [A.  S.  brom.~\ 

1.  A shrub  of  the  genus  Spartium. 

Even  humble  broom  and  osiers  have  their  use.  Dryden. 

2.  An  instrument  to  sweep  with ; a besom ; 
— so  named  from  being  frequently  made  of 
broom.  “ Broom  ...  to  sweep  the  dust.”  Shak. 

BROOM,  v.  a.  (Naut.)  To  wash  or  clean  the  sides 
of  a ship.  — See  Bream.  Cole. 

BROOM'— CORN,  n.  A species  of  plant;  broom- 
grass  ; Sorghum  vulgare.  It  is  of  several  vari- 
eties, resembles  maize,  and  is  cultivated  for 
the  seed,  and  for  its  spikes,  of  which  brooms 
are  made.  Farm.  Ency. 

BROOM'— GRASS,  n.  See  Broom-corn. 

BROOM'— LAND,  n.  Land  that  bears  broom. 
“ Sheep  . . . put  into  broom-lands.”  Mortimer. 

BROOM'— RAPE,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  which  ad- 
heres to  the  root  of  broom,  furze,  and  clover ; 
Orobanche  major.  Loudon. 

BROOM'— STAFF,  n.  The  handle  of  a broom.  Shak. 

BROOM'STlCK,  n.  The  handle  of  a broom.  Sioift. 

BROOM'Y,  a.  I.  Full  of  broom.  “ If  land  grow 
mossy  or  broomy.”  Mortimer. 

2.  Consisting  of  broom.  Swift. 

BROSE,  n.  A Scotch  dish  made  by  pouring  boil- 
ing water  on  oatmeal.  Sir  IV.  Scott. 

BROS  ’ I-MUM,  n.  [Gr. /Ipiuffipoc,  eatable.]  (Bot.) 
A genus  of  evergreen  shrubs,  common  in  the 
West  Indies  and  South  America,  of  which  the 
bread-nut-tree  and  the  milk-wood-tree  are  spe- 
cies. Loudon. 

BROTH  (brkwth  or  broth)  [broth,  IF.  P.  F.  Ja.  Sm. ; 
brkwth,  S.  J.  K.  1 17;. j , n.  [A.  S.  broth-,  bri- 
u-an,  to  brew  ; Gael,  brot ; It.  broda  or  brodo  ; 
Sp.  brodio.]  Liquor  in  which  flesh  has  been 
boiled.  “ Their  broths  or  pottage.”  Ilackluyt. 

BROTH'LL,  n.  [Fr.  bordel .]  A house  for  lewd- 
ness ; a brothel-house.  Shak. 

BROTH'LL— HOUSE,  n.  A brothel.  Dryden. 

BROTH '£L-L1JR,  n.  One  who  frequents  a brothel. 

f BROTH'pL-RY,  n.  Whoredom:  — obscenity. 
“ Loathsome  brothelry.”  Bp.  Hall. 

BROTH'pR  (bruth'er),  n.  ; pi.  BROTHERS  and 
brethren.  [Sans,  bhratri. — Goth,  brotliar  ; 
A.  S.  brothor,  brother ; Dut.  broeder ; Gael. 
brathair  ; Ger.  bruder  ; Dan.  § Sw.  broder.] 

1.  A male  who  is  related  to  another  person 

by  being  born  of  the  same  parents.  Locke. 

2.  One  closely  united  ; a member  of  the  same 
society  or  association  ; an  associate. 

He  hath  every  month  a new  sworn  brother.  Sha/c. 

3.  One  who  resembles  another  in  manners, 
or  in  mode  of  life. 

He  also  that  is  slothful  in  his  work  is  brother  to  him  that  is 
a great  waster.  Prov.  xviii.  U. 

4.  A fellow-creature  ; a fellow-Christian. 

I will  eat  no  more, . . . lest  I make  my  brother  to  offend. 

1 Cor.  viii.  13. 

Kir*  The  word  brothers  denotes  persons  of  the  same 
family,  the  word  brethren  persons  of  the  same  society  ; 
but  the  latter  is  now  little  used,  except  in  theology  or 
in  the  solemn  style. 

BR6TH'ER-<?ER'MAN,  n.  A brother  having  the 
same  father  and  mother ; a brother  of  the 
whole  or  full  blood.  Burrill. 

BROTH'^R-HOOD  (bruth'er-hud),  n.  1.  The  state 
of  being  a brother. 

Finds  bi'otherhood  in  thee  no  sharper  spur  ? Shak. 

2.  An  association  for  any  purpose  ; a frater- 
nity. 

There  was  a fraternity  of  men-at-arni9,  called  the  brother- 
hood of  St.  George.  Davies. 

3.  A class  of  men  of  the  same  profession  or 

of  the  same  denomination.  “ The  brotherhood 
of  Christendom.”  Burke. 

BROTH'pR-lN— LAW',  n.  The  husband  of  a sis- 
ter, or  a husband’s,  or  a wife’s,  brother.  Booth. 

BROTH 'pR-LESS,  a.  Without  a brother.  Marvel. 

BROTH'pR-LIKE,  a.  Becoming  a brother.  Shak. 

BROTH'ER-LJ-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  brotherly. 

t BROTH'lilR-LOVE,^.  Brotherly  affection.  Shak. 


BROTH'IJR-LY,  a.  Becoming  a brother;  affec- 
tionate ; fraternal.  “ Brotherly  kindness.” 

Syn.  — See  Fatherly. 

BROTH '1JR-LY,  ad.  After  the  manner  of  abroth- 
er.  “ t speak  but  brotherly  of  him.”  Shak. 

BROTH'ER-TWIN,  n.  A twin  brother.  Dyer. 

BROU-ETTE’,  n.  [Fr.]  A small  two-wheeled 
carriage,  drawn  by  hand.  Fleming  <5f  Tibbins. 

BROUGIl'AM  (bro'?m),  11.  A small  wheel-car- 
riage. Ec.  Rev. 

BROUGHT  (brkwt),  i.  & p.  from  bring.  See  Bring. 

BROW  (brou),  n.  [Goth,  braic  ; A-  S.  bratw .] 

1.  The  prominent  hairy  ridge  over  the  eye. 

2.  The  forehead. 

Now  are  our  brows  bound  with  victorious  wreaths.  Shak. 

3.  The  general  air  of  the  countenance. 

To  whom  thus  Satan,  with  contemptuous  brow.  Milton. 

4.  The  edge  of  a precipice,  hill,  or  any  high 
place ; a brink. 

Sees  other  hills  ascend 

Of  unknown,  joyless  brow.  Thomson. 

BRO\V  (brbu),  v.  a.  To  lie  circularly  around  and 
above  ; to  form  a brow  to  ; to  overlook,  [r.] 
Tending  my  flocks  hard  by  the  hilly  crofts 
That  brow  this  bottom  glade.  Milton. 

BROW'— ANT-LJJR,  n.  The  first  shoot  on  a deer’s 
head.  Smart. 

BROW'BEAT,  V.  a.  [j.  BROWBEAT;  pp.  BROW- 
BEATING, browbeaten.]  To  depress  with  se- 
vere, stern,  or  haughty  looks  ; to  treat  inso- 
lently ; to  intimidate.  “ Count  Tariff  endeav- 
ored to  browbeat  the  plaintiff.”  Addison. 

BROW'BEAT-ING,  11.  Act  of  depressing  by  stern 
or  lofty  looks.  “ The  imperious  brou-beatings 
of  great  men.”  L’ Estrange. 

BROW'— BOUND,  a.  Having  the  brow  covered; 
crowned.  “ Brow-bound  with  the  oak.”  Shak. 

BRdW'Lf.SS,  a.  Without  a brow : — without 
shame.  “ Browless  heretic.”  L.  Addison. 

BRoWn,  a.  [A.  S.  brunt,  byrnan,  to  burn  ; Ger. 
brennen;  It.  &;  Sp.  bruno  ; Fr.  brun .]  Dusky; 
dark  ; dun  ; inclining  to  red  and  black  ; of  the 
color  of  something  burned. 

BROWN,  n.  Color  resulting  from  red,  black,  and 
yellow.  P.  Cyc. 

BROWN,  V.  a.  [t.  BROWNED;  pp.  BROWNING, 
browned.]  To  make  brown.  Weale. 

BROWN,  v.  n.  To  become  brown.  iVcale. 

BROWN 'BILL,  n.  The  ancient  weapon  of  the 
English  foot-soldier.  Hudibras. 

BROWN'— COAL,  n.  1.  An  imperfect  kind  of  coal 
that  burns  with  a bituminous  odor,  resembling 
that  of  peat  ; — sometimes  called,  from  its  lig- 
neous structure,  bituminous  wood.  Braude. 

2.  (Geol.)  A fresh  water  formation  of  the  ter- 
tiary series.  Lyell. 

BRoWN'-GULL,  n.  A voracious  bird;  — called 
also  Cornish  gannet.  Booth. 

BROIVN'IE,  n.  [Scottish.]  A harmless  spirit 
formerly  supposed  to  haunt  old  houses.  “ The 
brownie  was  meagre,  shaggy,  and  wild.”  Scott. 

BROWN'jNG,  ti.  (Chem.)  1.  The  process  by  which 
a brown  color  is  given  to  articles  of  iron,  and 
by  which  they  are  protected  from  rust.  Ure. 

2.  A preparation  of  sugar,  port-wine,  spices, 
&c.,  for  coloring  and  flavoring  meat,  &c .llublgn. 

BROWN'ISH,  a.  Somewhat  brown.  IVoodward. 

BROVVN'I^M,  n.  The  tenets  of  the  Brownists. 
“ Brownism  and  Anabaptism.”  Milton. 

BROWN'IST,  n.  ( Eccl . Hist.)  A follower  of  Rob- 
ert Brown,  a noted  dissenter  in  the  time  of 
Queen  Elizabeth,  who  maintained  that  any  body 
of  Christians,  united  under  a pastor,  constitutes 
a church  ; an  Independent.  Brande. 

The  word  Puritan  seems  to  be  quashed,  and  all  that  here- 
tofore were  counted  such  are  now  ISrowmsts.  Mdton. 

BRO\Vn'N)JSS,  ii.  Quality  of  being  brown.  Sidney. 

BROWN'-RUST,  n.  A disease  of  wheat  in  which 
a brown  powder  is  substituted  for  the  farina  of 
the  grain.  Craig. 

BROWN— SPAR,  n.  (Min.)  A compound  of  car- 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short ; A,  5,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; H£lR,  HER; 


BROWN-STUDY 


177 


BRYONIA 


bonic  acid  and  protoxide  of  iron,  often  contain- 
ing oxides  of  other  metals  in  small  quantities  ; 
spathose  iron  ; — one  of  the  most  valuable  ores 
of  iron,  as  it  affords  steel  with  great  facility.  It 
was  for  this  reason  called  steel-ore  by  the  older 
mineralogists.  Ure. 

BROWN— STUD' Y,  n-  Absorption  of  the  mind  in 
gloomy  and  listless  meditation  ; pensive  mus- 
ing. “ Drowsiness  and  brown-studies.”  Norris. 

BROVIN 'WORT  (-wiirt),  n.  [A.  S.  brunewyrt.) 
The  figwort ; Scrophularia  nodosa.  Todd. 

BROWN— STOUT,  n.  A superior  kind  of  porter. 

f BROVVN'Y,  a.  Somewhat  brown.  Shah. 

BRoW'-POST,  n.  (Carp.)  A cross  beam.  Weale. 

BROWSE  (brbuz)  [brbuz,  P.  Ja.  K.  Sm.),  V.  a.  [Gr. 
pL(]ii<i<TKu>,  [IpuHJofjai,  to  eat,  to  gnaw  ; It.  bruseare-, 
Fr.  brouter .]  [*.  browsed  ; pp.  browsing, 

browsed.]  To  nibble;  to  feed  upon, as  shrubs. 
Like  the  stag,  when  snow  the  pasture  sheets, 

The  barks  of  trees  thou  browseclst.  Shak. 

BROWSE,  v.  n.  To  feed  on  shrubs.  “ Browsing 
on  herbage,  like  cattle.”  Arbuthnot. 

BR6W.se  (brbuz),  n.  Tender  branches  or  shrubs. 
“ Shrubby  browse.”  Philips. 

BROWSER,  n.  One  that  browses.  Phil.  Mag. 

BRoWsE 'WOOD  (-wud),  n.  Brushwood  or  twigs 
on  which  animals  feed.  Booth. 

f BRoW'SICK,  a.  Dejected.  Suckling. 

BROW^'ING,  n.  Tender  branches  or  shrubs  ; 
browse.  “ Browsings  for  the  deer.”  Howell. 

BRV ' CE-A,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  evergreen  shrubs 
found  in  Abyssinia  and  the  East  Indies  ; — so 
named  from  Bruce,  the  traveller.  Loudon. 

BRU'CHUS,  n.  ; pi.  BRu'pnf.  [L.,  from  Gr. 
PpouKo;.]  (Ent.)  A genus  of  small  coleopterous 
insects,  of  the  weevil  tribe,  the  females  of 
which  deposit  their  eggs  in  tliV  germ  of  the  pea 
and  other  leguminous  plants.  The  holes  often 
observed  in  peas  are  those  made  by  the  mature 
insect  in  effecting  its  escape.  Brande. 

BRU'CI-A  (bru'slie-a),  n.  ( Chem .)  A vegetable 
alkali,  first  discovered  in  the  bark  of  the  false 
angustura,  which  is  the  bark  of  the  Strychnos 
nux-vomica,  and  not,  as  was  supposed  when  its 
name  was  given  to  it,  of  the  Brucea  anti-dys- 
enterica.  It  acts  on  the  human  system  as  a 


violent  poison,  and  in  the  same  manner  as 
strychnia,  but  more  gently.  P.  Cyc. 

BRU'CMNE,  n.  Same  as  Brucia.  P.  Cyc. 

BRU'CITE,  n.  (Min.)  A hydrate  of  magnesia,  a 
mineral  of  a pale  brown  color.  Dana. 

BRtl'IN,  n.  A cant  term  for  a bear.  Pope. 

BRUISE  (bruz),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  brysan. — Fr ,briser.\ 


[ i . BRUISED  ; pp.  BRUISING,  BRUISED.]  To 
crush,  mangle,  or  injure  by  a heavy  blow  or 
a fall ; to  break  ; to  contuse  ; to  squeeze. 

They  beat  their  breasts  with  many  a bruising  blow.  Dryden. 

BRUISE,  n.  A hurt  with  something  blunt  and 
heavy  ; a contusion.  “ Waked  by  night  with 
bruise  or  bloody  wound.”  Drayton. 

BRUISED  (bruzil  or  bruz'ed),  p.  a.  Mangled  or 
crushed  by  a blow.  “ Bruised  reed.”  Isa.  xlii. 

BRUI^'JSR,  n.  1.  He  who,  or  that  which,  bruises. 

2.  A boxer  ; a bully.  [Low.]  Johnson. 

3.  (Mech.)  A tool  for  grinding  the  glasses  of 

telescopes.  Chambers. 

BRUI^E'WORT  (bruz'wiirt),  n.  A perennial  plant ; 
soapwort ; Saponaria  officinalis.  Johnson. 

BRUISING,  n.  The  act  of  crushing,  contusing, 
or  injuring,  by  a blow.  Maunder. 

BRUIT  (brut)  [brut,  S.  W.  J.  F.  Ja.  IC.  R.  ; brd'it, 
»S)«.],  n.  [Goth.  brut. — Gael,  bruid.— Fr.  bruit.) 
Rumor  ; report.  Shak. 

BRUIT  (brut),  V.  a.  [i.  BRUITED  ; pp.  BRUITING, 
bruited.]  To  report ; to  noise  abroad.  Shak. 

BRUI/YIJ-MENT,  or  BRUL'ZIE-MENT,  n.  A 
brawl ; a quarrel.  [Scot,  and  N.  of  Eng.]  Scott. 

BRU'MAL,  a.  [L.  brumalis  ; bruma,  winter;  It. 
brumale  ; Fr  .brumal.)  Belonging  to  the  winter  ; 
wintry.  “ The  brumal  solstice.”  Sir  T.  Browne. 


BRU-JVlA 1 LI-A,  n-  pl-  [L-]  Ancient  feasts  of 
Bacchus,  held  in  March  and  December.  Crabb. 

BRUME,  n.  [Sp.  bruma ; Fr.  brume.)  Mist ; fog  ; 
vapor,  [r.]  Smart. 

BRUN,  BRAN,  BROWN,  BOURN,  BURN.  [A.  S. 
burne.)  A river  or  brook.  Gibson. 

BRU-NETTE'  (bru-net'),  n.  [Fr . brunette  ; brun, 
brown.]  A girl  or  woman  with  a brown  or  dark 
complexion.  Addison. 

BRIJN'ION  (brun'yun),  n.  [Fr.  brugnon.)  A fruit 
resembling  both  a plum  and  a peach  ; a necta- 
rine. Trevoux. 

BRO-NO'NI-AN,  a.  1.  Relating  to  Brunonianism, 
a theory  of  medicine  (so  named  from  its  foun- 
der, John  Brown),  according  to  which  no  change 
can  take  place  in  the  excitable  powers  without 
previous  excitement.  Sir  J.  Mackintosh. 

2.  Of  brown  or  brunette  color.  Knight. 

BRUNS' WICK— GREEN,  n.  Basic  chloride  or  sub- 
muriate of  copper,  prepared  by  acting  on  cop- 
per with  muriatic  acid  or  with  sal-ammoniac.  A 
pigment  of  the  same  name  is  also  formed  of  the 
carbonate  of  copper  mixed  with  a calcareous 
earth.  Fairholt. 

BRUNT,  n.  \Bruned,  brand,  brunt,  i.  e.  burnt. 
Richardson.  Dut.  brand ; Dan.  brynde,  a burn- 
ing-] 

1.  The  heat  or  violence  of  an  onset  or  a con- 
test ; shock  ; violence. 

The  brunt  of  the  battle  is  the  heat  of  the  battle,  where  it 
burns  the  most  fiercely.  Trench. 

2.  A sudden  effort.  “ A brunt  of  holiness 

and  away.”  • Bp.  Hall. 

BRUSH,  n.  [It.  Sp.  brusca  ; Fr.  brosse.—  FI. 
brouche ; Ger.  biirste.] 

1.  An  instrument  to  clean  or  rub  clothes,  &c., 

generally  made  of  bristles.  Johnson. 

2.  A pencil  of  hair  used  by  painters.  Moxon. 

3.  A rude  assault ; a skirmish  ; a contest. 

“ The  brushes  of  the  war.”  Shak. 

4.  A collection  of  twigs  or  bushes  ; a thicket. 

“ Out  of  the  thickest  brush.”  Spenser. 

Electrical  brush,  the  brush-shaped  appearance  of 
electrical  light  issuing  from  pointed  bodies  that  are 
highly  charged  with  positive  electricity. 

BRUSH,  v.  a.  [i.  BRUSHED  ; pp.  brushing, 
BRUSHED.] 

1.  To  clean,  sweep,  or  rub  with  a brush;  as, 
“ To  brush  a floor  ” ; “ To  brush  a hat.” 

2.  To  hit  or  touch  lightly  on  the  surface,  as 
with  a brush. 

Nimbly  we  brushed  the  level  brine.  Warton. 

3.  To  move  with  a light  touch,  as  a brush. 

A thousand  nights  have  brushed  their  balmy  wings 

Over  these  eyes.  Dryden. 

4.  To  carry  off  or  remove,  as  with  a brush. 

And  from  the  boughs  brush  off  the  evil  dew.  Milton. 

To  brush  up,  to  paint  or  make  clean  with  a brush. 

BRUSH,  v.  n.  1.  To  move  with  haste  ; to  pass 
rapidly. 

Yet  off  they  brushed,  both  foot  and  horse.  Prior. 

2.  To  fly  over;  to  skim  lightly. 

Awakes  the  sleepy  vigor  of  the  soul. 

And  brushing  o’er  adds  motion  to  the  pool.  Dryden. 

BRUSH'JgR,  n.  One  who  brushes.  Bacon. 

BRUSH'JJT,  n.  See  Busket.  Todd. 

BRUSH'I-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  brushy  ; 
roughness ; shagginess.  H.  More. 

BRUSH'ING,  n.  The  act  of  rubbing  or  sweeping. 

BRUSH'LIKE,  a.  Resembling  a brush.  Jodrell. 

BRUSH'— MAK-ER,  n.  One  who  makes  brushes. 

BRUSH'-WHEEL,  n.  (Mech.) 

One  of  the  wheels  that  in  light 
machinery  turn  each  other  by 
means  of  bristles  or  brushes 
fixed  to  their  circumference, 
or  by  the  friction  alone  of  the  end  grain  of  wood, 
leather,  &c.,  the  two  wheels  being  pressed  to- 
gether to  increase  the  friction.  Bigelow. 

BRUSH'WOOD  (-wud),  n.  1.  Rough,  low,  close 
thickets ; shrubs.  Johnson. 

2.  Small  limbs  or  twigs  fit  for  fuel.  Dryden. 

BRUSH'Y,  a.  Rough  or  shaggy,  like  a brush. 
“ The  brushy  substance  of  the  nerve.”  Boyle. 


BRUSK,  a.  [It.  <Sj-  Sp.  brusco  ; Fr.  brusque .]  Rude ; 
rough  ; hasty.  “ A brush  welcome.”  Wotton. 

BRUS'SELfJ-SPRotiTS.n.pL  (Bot.)  A variety  of 
Brassica  oleracea,  or  common  cabbage.  Loudon. 

f BRUS'TLE  (brus'sl),  v.  n.  [A.  S.  brastlian  ; Ger. 
prasseln .]  To  crackle  ; to  rustle.  Gower. 

f BRUT,  or  BRUTTE,  v.  n.  [Fr.  brouter .]  To 
browse.  Evelyn. 

BRU'T4,n.  [L.  brutus,  heavy,  stupid.]  (Zoul.) 

The  second  order  of  mammalia  in  the  Linneean 
system,  comprising  those  animals  that  have  no 
front  teeth  in  either  jaw,  as  the  elephant,  wal- 
rus, ant-eater,  armadillo,  &c.  Van  Der  Hoeven. 

BRU'TAL,  a.  [L . brutus  \ It.  brutale;  Fr.  brutal.) 

1.  Belonging  to  a brute  ; animal. 

To  me,  so  friendly  grown  above  the  rest 

Of  brutal  kind.  Milton. 

2.  Like  that  which  characterizes  a brute ; 

brutish  ; savage  ; cruel  ; as,  “ Brutal  passions.” 

Syn.  — See  Cruel. 

BRU'TAL-I§M,  n.  Brutality.  Ec.  Rev. 

BRU-TAL'I-TY,  n.  Quality  of  being  brutal ; sav- 
ageness ; inhumanity  ; cruelty.  “ Courage  in 
an  ill-bred  man  has  the  air  of  brutality.”  Locke. 

BRU-TAL-I-ZA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  brutalizing, 
or  making  brutal,  [r.]  Ec.  Rev. 

BRfj'TAL-IZE,  V.  n.  [?.  BRUTALIZED  ; pp.  BRU- 
TALIZING-, brutalized.]  To  grow  or  bfecome 
brutal.  “ He  brutalized  with  them  in  their 
habits  and  manners.”  Addison. 

BRU'TAL-IZE,  v.  a.  To  make  brutal.  Cowper. 

BRU'TAL- LY,  ad.  In  a brutal  manner. 

BRUTE,  a.  [L.  brutus,  heavy,  blunt,  without 
feeling  ; Sp.  bruto  ; Fr.  brut.) 

1.  Senseless  ; unconscious  ; dull ; stupid. 

Not  walking  statues  of  clay,  not  the  sons  of  bnite  earth. 

Bentley. 

2.  Destitute  of  reason;  irrational;  as,  “We 

cannot  teach  brute  animals.”  Reed. 

3.  In  common  with  beasts ; bestial ; savage. 

Brute  violence  and  proud,  tyrannic  power.  Milton. 

4.  Without  sensibility  ; rough  ; rude  ; unciv- 
ilized. 

The  brute  philosopher,  who  ne’er  has  proved 

The  joy  of  loving  or  of  being  loved.  Tope. 

BRL'TE,  n.  [It.  Sj  Sp.  bruto  ; Fr.  brute.) 

1.  An  irrational  animal ; any  animal  except 
man,  but  commonly  used  for  one  of  the  larger 
animals ; a beast. 

Heaven  from  all  creatures  hides  the  book  of  fate, 

From  brutes  what  men,  from  men  what  spirits  know.  Pope. 

2.  A savage  ; a brutal  man. 

Syn. — See  Animal,  Beast. 

f BRUTE,  v.  a.  To  report.  — See  Bruit.  Knolles. 

■f  BRtJTE'LY,  ad.  In  a rough  manner.  Milton. 

f BRUTE'N^SS  (brut'nes),  n.  Brutality.  Spenser. 

BRU'TI-FY,  v.  a.  \i.  brutified  ; pp.  brutify- 
ING,  brutified.]  To  make  brutish  or  brutal. 

Drunkenness  bimtifies  even  the  bravest  spirits.  Feliham. 

BRUT'iSh,  a.  1.  Like  a brute  ; beastly ; bestial ; 
brutal.  “ Brutish  forms.”  Milton. 

2.  Having  the  qualities  of  a brute  ; stupid ; 
gross;  carnal;  uncivilized;  barbarous;  sav- 
age ; as,  “ Brutish  men.” 

BRUT'ISH-LY,  ad.  In  a brutish  manner;  sav- 
agely ; irrationally.  South. 

BRUT'JSH-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  brutish. 
“Not  true  valor,  but  brutishness.”  Spratt. 

BR(JT'I§M,  n.  The  quality  of  a brute,  [n.]  Booth. 

f BRIJT'IST,  n.  A brutish  person.  Baxter. 

f BRUT'TING,  n.  [Fr.  brouter,  to  browse.]  Brows- 
ing. “ The  bruttings  of  the  deer.”  Evelyn. 

BRU'TUM  FitL'MEK,  n.  [L.]  A harmless 
thunderbolt : — a loud  but  ineffectual  menace. 

BRY-O  'KJ-4,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  Ppvwviu  ; /Jpbw,  to 
push,  — in  allusion  to  its  growth.] 

1.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  twining  plants  ; bryony, 

or  wild  hop.  Loudon. 

2.  The  principle  extracted  from  bryony  ; bry- 

onine.  Brande. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE; 
23 


softs  £3,  G,  £, 


hard;  § as  z ; % as  gz. — THIS,  this. 


BRYONINE 


178 


BUCK-WASHING 


BRY'O-NINE,  n.  ( Chcm .)  A bitter  and  poisonous 
principle  extracted  from  Bryonia  alba.  Braude. 

BRY'O-NY,  n.  [Gr.  (Spvoivia  ; L.  bm/onia.]  (Bot.)  A 
genus  of  wild,  climbing  plants ; Bryonia.  Loudon. 

BRY-O-ZO' A,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  flpiiov,  moss,  and  t,Hov, 
an  animal.]  (Zoiil.)  Zoophytes  which  are  mol- 
luscous in  their  organization  ; polyzoa.  Baird. 

BRY-O-ZO 'AN,  n.  ( Zo'ol .)  One  of  the  bryozoa. 

BUB,  n.  An  old  cant  word  for  strong  malt  liquor. 

lie  loves  cheap  port  and  double  bub.  Prior. 

+ BUB,  v.  a.  To  throw  out  in  bubbles.  Sackville. 

BUB'BLE  (bub'bl),  n.  [Dut.  bobbel.] 

1.  A water  bladder  ; a vesicle  filled  with  air. 

And  now  a bubble  burst,  and  now  a world.  Pope. 

2.  Any  thing  empty  as  a bubble,  or  of  more 
show  than  substance  ; a false  show  ; a trifle. 

Honor  but  an  empty  bubble.  Dryden. 

3.  A delusive  or  fraudulent  scheme  ; a hoax  ; 
as,  “ The  South-Sea  bubble.” 

4.  The  person  cheated  ; a cully.  Arbuthnot. 

BUB'BLE  (bub'bl),  v.n.  [Dut .bobbclen.]  [i.  BUB- 
BLED ; pp-  BUBBLING,  BUBBLED.] 

1.  To  rise  in  bubbles. 

Like  boiling:  liquor  in  a seething  pot, 

That  fumeth,  swelleth  high,  and  bubbleth  fast.  Fairfax. 

2.  To  run  with  a gentle  noise.  Dryden. 

BUB'BLE,  v.  a.  To  cheat ; to  defraud.  Addison. 

BUB  BLER,  n.  1.  That  which  bubbles  : — he  who 

bubbles;  a cheat.  “Jews,  jobbers,  and  bub- 
blers.” ’ Digby. 

2.  ( Ich .)  A kind  of  fish  found  in  the  Ohio. 

BUB'BLING,  n.  The  act  of  rising  in  bubbles. 

BUB'BLING,  p.  a.  Rising  in  bubbles  : — flowing 
with  a gentle  noise. 

BUB'BLY,  a.  Consisting,  or  full,  of  bubbles. 
“ This  bubbly  spume.”  Nashe. 

BUB'BY,  n.  A woman’s  breast.  [Low.]  Arbuthnot. 

BU'BO,  n.  ; pi.  nil'BOE?.  [L.,  from  Gr.  (3ov(3ibv.] 

1.  ( Anat .)  The  groin.  Dunglison. 

2.  A tumor  in  the  groin  or  axilla.  Dunglison. 

BU'BO,  n.  [L.]  ( Ornith .)  The  horned  owl. 

BU-BO-JVI'JY JE,  n.  [Mod. 

L.,  from  L.  bubo,  the 
horned  owl.]  (Ornith.) 

A sub-family  of  birds  of 
the  order  Accipitres  and 
family  Strigidce ; horned 
owls.  Gray, 

BU'BON,  n.  [Gr.  (lovfiibvtov, 
a plant  formerly  sup- 
posed to  cure  swellings  in  the  groin.]  (Bot.) 
A genus  of  plants.  Loudon. 

BU-BON'O-CELE  [bu-b5n'o-sel,  IV.  Ja.  K. ; bu'bo- 
no-sel,  Sm.  R.],  n.  [Gr.  (iovfSdv , the  groin,  and 
Kt'i). t),  a tumor.]  (Med.)  A rupture  or  hernia  in 
the  groin.  Dunglison. 

t BU'BUK-LE  (bu'buk-kl),  n.  A red  pimple.  Shah. 

BUC'CAL,  n.  [L.  bucca,  the  cheek.]  (Anat.)  Be- 
longing to  the  cheek  or  to  the  mouth.  Dunglison. 

Buccal  artery,  a branch  of  the  internal  maxillary 
artery. 

BUC'CAN,  n.  [Fr.  boucan.~\  A grating  or  hurdle 
made  of  sticks.  W.  Ency. 

BtiC'CAN,  V.  a.  [£.  BUCANNED  ; pp.  BUCANNING, 
bucanned.]  To  cut  into  long  pieces,  salt,  and 
smoke  on  a buccan,  as  beef  ; — a mode  said  to 
have  been  practised  by  the  buccaneers.  W.  Ency. 

BUC-CA-NEER',  n.  [Fr.  boucanier.J  A pirate  ; — 
particularly  one  of  the  class  of  pirates  that  for- 
merly infested  the  West  Indies  and  South  Amer- 
ica, in  the  17th  and  18th  centuries.  Brande. 

BUC-CA-NEER',  v.  n.  To  act  the  part  of  a pirate 
or  sea-robber.  Qu.  Rev. 

BUC-CA-NEER' jNG,  n.  The  employment  of  buc- 
caneers. 

BUG-cpL-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  buccella,  a mouthful.] 
A division  into  large  pieces.  Harris. 

BU-CE-ROT' I-DJE,  n.  [Mod.  L.,  from  Gr. /3oBf, 
an  ox,  and  slaac,  a horn.]  (Ornith.)  A family 
of  conirostral  birds  of  the  order  Passeres,  in- 
cluding the  single  sub-family  Bucerotince.  Gray. 


BU-CE-RO-Ti'JYJE,n.  [Mod. 

L.,  from  Gr.  (lots , an  ox,  and 
Ktpa.,  a horn.]  (Ornith.) 

A sub-family  of  birds  of  the 
order  Passeres  and  family 
Bucerotidce ; horn-bills. 

Bt/€  '(II-NA,  n.  [L.]  1.  An  Euryccros  Prevostii. 

ancient  military  musical  instrument,  crooked 

like  a horn.  P.  Cyc. 

2.  A herdsman’s  horn.  Hamilton. 

BU£'9!-nAl,  a.  1.  Sounding  like  a horn  or 
trumpet.  Ch.  Ob. 

2.  Trumpet-shaped.  Craig. 

BUG-^I-nAl'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  a trumpet ; 
the  sound  of  a trumpet.  Ch.  Ob. 

B t7C-(7-A'.tf  ' TOR,  n.  [I..,  a trumpeter ; buccinum, 
a trumpet.]  (Anat.)  A muscle  of  the  cheek, 
especially  called  into  action  in  blowing  a trum- 
pet, or  other  wind  instrument;  the  trumpeter’s 
muscle.  Brande. 

BUG'^I-NITE,  n.  A fossil  buccinum.  Buchanan. 

B ue  n.  [L.,  a trumpet.']  (ZoOl.)  A 

genus  of  univalve  shells  ; the  whelk.  Hamilton. 

BUC 'CO,  n.  [L.  bucca,  a cheek.]  (Ornith.)  A 
genus  of  birds  called  barbets.  Brande. 

B UC-CO-JY1  'JYJE,  ?t.[Mod. 

L.,  from  L.  bucca,  a 
cheek.]  (Ornith.)  A 
sub-family  of  fissirostral 
birds  of  the  order  Pas- 
seres, and  family  Alcedi- 
nidte  ; puff-birds.  Gray. 

BUC' CU-LJ},n.  [L.  dim.  of 
bucca,  a mouth.]  (Anat.) 

The  fleshy  part  under  the  chin.  Hoblyn. 

BU-CEN'tAUR,  or  BU'CEN-TAUR  [bu-sen't&r,  K. 
Cl.  Wb. ; bu'sen-tlr,  Sm.;  bu-sen-t&r',  Brande ], 
n.  [Gr.  (lot;,  an  ox,  and  Ktvrahpos,  a centaur ; 
It.  bucentoro .] 

1.  A mythological  monster,  half  man,  half  ox. 

2.  A state  galley  of  the  Doge  of  Venice.  P.  Cyc. 

BU'Cp-ROS,  n.  [Gr.  (lots,  an  ox,  and  <c£p«s,  a 
horn.]  (Ornith.)  A genus  of  birds  having  large 
mandibles  ; the  horn-bill.  Brande. 

BUGH'OLZ-ITE,  n.  (Min.)  A mineral  composed 
of  silica  and  alumina.  Dana. 

BUCK,  n.  [Ger.  bcluche  ; It.  bucato,  washing  with 
lye  ; Sp.  bugada.] 

1.  Lye  in  which  cloths  are  soaked  in  bleach- 
ing; — liquor  in  which  clothes  are  washed.  Shah. 

2.  Clothes  soaked  in  lye.  Shah. 

BUCK,  n.  [A.  S.  bucca,  or  buc ; Dut.  boh;  Ger. 

bock.  — Gael,  boc  ; W.  bwch.  — Fr.  bouc.] 

1.  The  male  of  the  fallow  deer,  of  the  rabbit, 
hare,  goat,  &c. 

2.  A cant  term  for  a gay  or  dashing  fellow ; 
a beau.  “ Bucks  and  bloods.”  T.  Warton. 

3.  A frame  used  for  sawing  wood ; a saw- 
horse. [Local,  U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

BUCK,  v.a.  1.  To  wash  or  soak  in  lye.  [it.]  Shak. 

2.  (Mining.)  To  break  copper  ore  or  lead  ore 
by  the  hand.  Weale. 

BUCK,  v.  n.  To  copulate,  as  bucks  and  does. 
“ In  the  bucking  time.”  Mortimer. 

BCCK'a,  n.  (Med.)  A strong-smelling  leaf  im- 
ported from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and  used 
as  an  antispasmodic.  Brande. 

BUCK'— bAS-K^T,  n.  A basket  for  carrying  clothes 
to  the  wash.  Shak. 

BUCK'— BEAN,  n.  (Bot.)  A sort  of  trefoil;  bog- 
bean  ; Menyanthes  trifoliata.  Loudon. 

BUCK'JJR,  n.  (Mining.)  A bruiser  of  ore.  Weale. 

BUCKET,  n . [A.  S.  buc ; Dut.  bak,  a wooden 

bowl ; Sw.  buk  ; Fr.  baquet.] 

1.  A vessel  in  which  water  is  drawn  or  carried. 
The  old  oaken  bucket ‘,  the  iron-bound  bucket , 

The  moss-covered  bucket , which  hung  in  the  well.  Woodworth. 

2.  (Mill-work.)  A cavity  for  water  in  a water- 
wheel. 

BUCK'BT-FUL,  n.  As  much  as  a bucket  holds. 

BUCK'BT— VALVE,  n.  A round  valve  employed 
in  the  air-pump  of  a steam-engine.  Ogilvie. 


BUCK'fT-y,  n.  [Corrupted  from  buckwheat.] 
Paste  used  by  weavers  to  dress  webs.  Buchanan. 

BUCK'EYE  (buk'l),  n.  1.  An  American  forest  tree. 

2.  A citizen  of  the  state  of  Ohio.  [Cant.]  Flint. 

BUCK'— EYED,  a.  Having  bad  and  specked  eyes; 
— a term  used  among  horse-dealers.  Craig 

BUCK'ING,  n.  1.  The  process  of  soaking  in  lye. 

2.  The  process  of  breaking  up  ore.  Clarke. 

BUCK'ING— Ilt'ON  (I'urn),  n.  A tool  for  pulver- 
izing ore.  Weale. 

BUCK'ING— PLATE,  n.  An  iron  plate  to  break 
ore  on.  Clarke. 

BUCK'ING— STOOL,  n.  A washing  block.  Gayton. 

BUCK'ISH,  a.  Like  a buck;  rudely  gay;  fop- 
pish ; vaporing ; boastful ; vile.  Grose. 

BUCK'I§M,  n.  The  quality  of  a buck  ; rudeness  ; 
foppery,  [it.]  Smart. 

BUCK'LAND-iTE,  n.  (Min.)  A variety  of  epi- 
dote,  consisting  of  silica,  alumina,  oxides  of 
iron,  and  lime.  Dana. 

BUC'KLE  (buk'kl),  n.  1.  [Ger.  bucket.— Gael. 
bacall. — Fr.  boucle .]  An  instrument,  made  of 
metal,  for  fastening  dress,  harness,  &c. 

2.  [Sp.  bucle.]  A curl  of  hair,  or  the  state  of 
the  hair  crisped  and  curled. 

That  live-long  wig,  which  Gorgon’s  self  might  own, 

Eternal  buckle  takes  in  Parian  stone.  Pope. 

BUC'KLE,  V.  a.  [ i . BUCKLED  ; pp.  BUCKLING, 
BUCKLED.] 

1.  To  fasten  with  a buckle  ; as,  “To  buckle 
a strap.” 

2.  To  prepare  to  do  any  thing.  “ The  Sara- 
cen . . . soon  him  buckled  to  the  field.”  Spenser. 

3.  To  join  in  battle.  “ The  foot  . . . were 

buckled  with  them  in  front.”  Hayward. 

4.  To  curl,  as  a wig.  Johnson. 

BUC'KLE,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  bugan ; Dut.  buigen,  to 
bend.]  To  bend;  to  bow. 

The  wretch,  whose  fever-weakened  joints, 

Like  strengthless  hinges,  buckle  under  life.  Shak. 

To  buckle  to , to  apply  to. — To  buckle  with,  to  en- 
gage with. 

BUCK'LFR,  n.  [W.  bwcclcd ; Ir.  buicleir. — Fr. 
bouclier .]  A shield  for  the  arm  ; a piece  of  ar- 
mor anciently  used  in  war.  Dryden. 

f BUCK'LpR,  v.  a.  Todefend.  “ I’ll  buckler  thee 
against  a million.”  Shak. 

BUCK'LIJR— IIEAD'UD,  a.  Having  a head  like  a 
buckler.  Lyell. 

BUCK'LIJR-THORN,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  having 
roundish,  buckler-shaped  seed-vessels ; Christ’s- 
thorn  ; Paliurus  australis.  Johnson. 

BUCK  'M AST,  n.  The  fruit  or  mast  of  the  beech- 
tree.  Johnson. 

BUCK’  RA,n.  [In  the  language  of  the  Calabar 
Coast,  a demon,  a powerful  and  superior  being.] 
A white  man  ; — a term  applied  to  white  men  by 
the  blacks  of  the  African  coast,  the  West  Indies, 
and  the  Southern  States  of  America.  Bartlett. 

BUCK'RAM,  n.  [It.  buchcrame;  Fr.  bougran.] 
Strong,  stiffened,  linen  cloth.  Shak. 

BUCK'RAM,  v.  a.  To  make  stiff ; to  form  like 
buckram.  Warton. 

BUCK'RAM,  a.  Stiff ; precise ; formal.  “Buck- 
ram scribe.”  Beau.  <Sp  FI. 

BUCK'RAM^,  n.  Wild  garlic.  Johnson. 

BUCKS' HORN,  n.  (Bot.)  An  evergreen  herba- 
ceous plant ; Lobelia  coronopifolia.  Loudon. 

BUCKS'HORN-PLAN'TAIN,  n.  An  annual  plant ; 
wart-cress  ; Plantago  coronopus.  Miller. 

BUCK'SKIN,  n.  1.  The  skin  of  a buck. 

2.  A cant  term  for  a native  of  -Virginia  or 
of  Maryland.  Boucher. 

BIICK'SKIN,  a.  Made  of  the  skin  of  a buck. 
“ Buckskin  breeches.”  Taller. 

BUCK'STAll,  n.  A net  to  catch  deer.  Huloct. 

BUCK'THORN,  n.  (Bot.)  A shrub  which  bears  a 
purging  or  cathartic  berry  ; Rhamnus  catharti- 
cus.  Dunglison. 

BUCK'-WASH-ING  (-w’Ssh'jng),  n.  The  act  of 
washing  linen,  &c.  Shak. 


Bucco  bicincta 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  $,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


BUCKWHEAT 


BUGBEAR 


179 


BUCK' WHEAT  (biik'hwet),  n.  [Corruption  of 
beechwheat. ] [Dut.  boekweit ; Ger . buchweizen.] 

1.  A well-known  agricultural  plant ; Polygo- 
num fagopyrum.  Loudon. 

2. Akind  of  grain  produced  by  Polygonum 

fagopyrum,  and  used  as  food.  lirande. 

Buckwheat,  means  beech-wheat,  because  its  kernel  so  much 
resembles  the  beech-nut.  Daniel  Webster. 

BU-COL'JC,  n.  [Gr.  (3ovk6?.os,  a herdsman  ; L.  bo- 
colicus  ; It.  bucolico-,  Sp.  bucoliea ; Fr.  buco- 
lique.\ 

1.  A pastoral  poem. 

The  first  modern  Latin  bucolics  are  those  of  Petrarch. 

IVarton. 

2.  A writer  of  bucolics  ; a pastoral  poet. 

Spenser  is  erroneously  ranked  as  our  earliest  English  bu- 
colic. IVarton. 

BU-COL'IC,  ? Relating  to  shepherds  ; pas- 

BU-COL'I-CAL,  > toral.  “ Bucolic  song.”  Warton. 

BUC'RANE^,  l plm  [Gr.  flovKpavov , a bull’s 

BUC-RA  'MI-A,  > head,  (ioT-i,  a bull  or  an  ox,  and 
Kpaviov,  the  skull ; L.  bucranium .]  (,4rc/t.)  Ox- 

skulls  adorned  with  wreaths  or  other  ornaments, 
employed  to  decorate  the  frieze  in  the  Ionic  and 
Corinthian  orders.  Weale. 

BU-CRA'NI-ON,  n.  [Gr.  fiovtcpdviov  ; (Soils,  an  ox, 
'and  Kpaviov,  the  skull.]  ( Bot .)  The  snap-dragon 
plant ; Antirrhinum  ; — so  named  from  a sup- 
posed resemblance  of  its  flower  to  the  head  of 
an  ox.  Buchanan. 

BUD,  n.  [Dut.  bot ; It.  bottone-,  Fr.  button .]  (Bot.) 
The  nascent  or  undeveloped  branch  of  a plant, 
termed  a leaf-bud,  or  the  undeveloped  flower, 
called  a flower-bud ; a germ ; a gem.  Henslow. 

BUD,  v.  n.  [*.  budded  ; pp.  budding,  budded.] 

1.  To  put  forth  young  germs,  buds,  or  shoots  ; 

to  germinate  ; to  sprout.  “ The  pomegranates 
bud  forth.”  Sol.  Song,  vii.  12. 

2.  To  be  growing  or  putting  forth,  like  buds. 

“ Budding  horns.”  Dryden. 

BUD,  v.  a.  To  graft  by  inserting  a bud. 

The  usual  way  with  the  nursery  gardeners  is  to  bud  their 
stocks  in  summer.  Miller . 

BUD  OH 'A  (bo’da),  n.  A pagan  deity  whose  im- 
age is  represented  by  a human  figure,  and  who 
is  worshipped  by  the  greater  part  of  the  inhab- 
itants of  Asia  to  the  east  of  Hindostan.  P.  Cyc. 

BUDDH'I§M  (bo'dlzm),  n.  The  worship  of  the 
pagan  deity  Buddha  (the  sage  ; — Sans,  budh,  to 
know),  a religion  which  prevails  over  a great 
part  of  Asia,  including  China,  Japan,  the  Far- 
ther India,  &c.  Brande. 

BLJDDH'IST  (ho'djst),  n.  A worshipper  of  Buddha ; 
a believer  in  Buddhism.  Qu.  Rev. 

BUDDH  1ST  (bo  djst),  l a Relating  to 

BUDDH-IS'TIC  (bo-dis'tik),  ) Buddha  or  Buddh- 
ism. Malcom. 

BUD'DING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  putting  forth  buds. 

2.  The  act  of  inserting  buds,  a method  of 
grafting. 

BUD'DLE  (bud'dl),  n.  A square  frame  of  boards 
used  in  washing  tin  ore.  Chambers. 

BUD'DLE,  v.  a.  To  wash,  as  ores.  Crabb. 

BUDE'— LIGHT,  n.  A lamp  in  which  the  flame  is 
made  very  brilliant  by  a stream  of  oxygen  gas  ; 
— so  called  from  Bade,  in  Cornwall,  England, 
the  residence  of  its  inventor,  Mr.  Gurney.  Lat- 
terly the  name  has  been  applied  also  to  other 
contrivances  of  the  same  inventor  for  augment- 
ing the  intensity  of  artificial  light.  Brande. 

BUD^E  (buj),  v.  n.  [Fr.  bouger.]  \i.  budged  ; pp. 
budging,  budged.]  To  stir  ; to  move  off.  Shak. 

BUDGE  (buj),  a.  [Old  Fr.  bouge,  fur;  — applied 
also  to  the  scholastic  habit,  which  was  lined  with 
bouge.  W arton .]  Stiff ; rigid  ; severe  ; pom- 

pous ; swelling. 

To  those  budge  doctors  of  the  stoic  fur.  Milton. 

The  warden  was  a budge  old  man;  and  I looked  somewhat 
big  too.  Ellwood. 

BUDGE  (buj),  n.  [Old  Fr.  bouge,  fur.]  The 
dressed  fur  or  skin  of  lambs.  Marston. 

BUDGE'— BACH' G-LOR,  n.  One  of  a company  of 
men,  dressed  in  a long  gown  lined  with  lambs’ 


fur,  who  accompany  the  Lord  Mayor  of  London 
at  his  inauguration.  Bailey. 

BCdGE'-BAR-RGL,  n.  A small  barrel  used  in 
carrying  gunpowder.  Craig. 

t BUDGE'NfSS,  n.  [See  Budge,  a.]  Sternness  ; 
severity  ; austerity.  Stanyhurst. 

BUDG'JJR,  n.  One  who  budges.  Shak. 

BUD' QE-RO,  n.  A large  Bengal  pleasure-boat. 

Malcom. 

BUD'GGT,  n.  [Fr.  bougctte .] 

1.  A bag.  “ If  tinkers  may  have  leave  to  live, 

and  bear  the  sow-skin  budget.”  Shak. 

2.  Store  or  stock.  “ Whole  budget  of  inven- 
tions.” L’  Estrange. 

3.  The  annual  financial  statement  of  the 

English  chancellor  of  the  exchequer,  or  his 
speech  giving  a view  of  the  public  revenue  and 
expenditure.  Brande. 

BUD'GET-BEAr'GR,  n.  One  who  carries  a bag 
or  a budget.  Toilet. 

f BUD'GY  (bud'je),  a.  [Old  Fr.  bouge,  fur.]  Con- 
sisting of  fur.  Thule. 

BUD'LIJT,  n.  [See  Bud.]  A small  bud  spring- 
ing from  a larger  one.  Craig. 

BUFF,  n.  [See  Buffalo.]  1.  A buffalo.  Johnson. 

2.  A sort  of  leather  prepared  from  the  skin  of 
the  buffalo,  or  of  the  elk,  or  the  ox.  Johnson. 

3.  A military  coat  made  of  thick  leather. 

“ A fellow  all  in  buff.”  Shak. 

4.  The  color  of  buff ; a light  yellow.  Johnson. 

5.  (Med.)  A yellow,  viscid  substance,  which, 
in  inflammation,  forms  on  the  blood.  Chambers. 

6.  (Mech.)  A small  wheel  covered  with  buff 

leather,  used  to  polish  cutlery.  Francis. 

7.  [Ger.  § Dan.  puff.)  fA  blow;  a stroke; 

a buffet.  “ So  sore  a buff.”  Spenser. 

BUFF,  a.  1.  Of  the  color  of  buff  leather  ; light 
yellow.  Shak. 

2.  Made  of  buff  leather  ; as,  “ A buff- coat.” 

f BUFF,  v.  a.  [See  Buffet.]  To  strike.  “A 
shock,  to  have  buffed  out  the  blood.”  B.  Jonson. 

BUF'FA-LO,  n. ; 
pi.  buf'fa- 
loe$.  [Gr. 

(Soii(3alos,  a spe- 
cies of  ante- 
lope ; also  an 
ox  ; L.  buba- 
lus  ; It.  bufo- 
lo  ; Fr.  biiffe.] 

1.  A kind  of 
wild  ox  found  in  India  and  other  tropical  coun- 
tries. The  bison  of  North  America  is  com- 
monly, but  erroneously,  called,  in  this  country, 
the  buffalo.  — See  Bison. 

2.  The  skin  of  the  bison  prepared  with  the 
hair  on  ; — called  also  buffalo-robe. 

3.  (Ich.)  A species  of  gar-pike.  Storer. 

BUF'FA-LO-ROBE,  n.  The  skin  of  the  buffalo 
or  bison  prepared  with  the  hair  on. 

BUFF'-COAT,  n.  A leather  military  coat.  Booth 

BUF'FGL,  n.  (Ornith.)  A species  of  duck;  Fu- 
ligula  albeola  ; — so  called  from  the  fulness  of 
the  feathers  about  the  head.  Audubon. 

BUF'FJJR,  n.  A cushion  to  deaden  the  percus- 
sion of  a moving  body  when  striking  another 
body,  as  at  the  ends  of  a railway  carriage.  Weale. 

BUF'FGR-HEAD,  n.  A box  fixed  at  the  end  of 
the  rods  connected  with  the  buffing-apparatus 
used  upon  railroads.  Tanner. 

BUF'FET,  n.  [It.  bufetto .] 

1.  A blow  with  the  fist ; a slap  ; a box. 

A man  that  Fortune’s  hvjfets  and  rewards 

Has  ta’en  with  equal  thanks.  Shak. 

2.  A small  stool  ; a footstool.  Hunter. 

BUF'FGT,  n.  [It.  bufetto-,  Fr.  buffet .]  A cup- 
board for  plate,  glass,  and  china.  Pope. 

BUF'FGT,  v.  a.  [It.  buffet  are  ; Fr.  buff e ter.]  [i. 
BUFFETED  ; pp.  BUFFETING,  BUFFETED.] 

1.  To  strike  with  the  hand ; to  beat ; to  box. 

Then  did  they  spit  in  his  face,  and  buffeted  him.  Matt. 

2.  To  contend  against. 

The  torrent  roared;  and  we  did  buffet  it 

"With  lusty  sinews.  Shak. 


BUF'FGT,  v.  n.  To  play  a boxing  match.  Shak. 

BUF'FJJT-GR,  n.  One  who  buffets  ;—  applied 
particularly  to  a boxer.  Sherwood. 

BUF'FGT-ING,  n.  A stroke  ; a striking.  ‘‘These 
hysteric  buffetings  descended.”  Warburton. 

BUF'FjpT— STOOL,  n.  A little  portable  seat,  with- 
out arms  or  a back.  Craig. 

f BUF'FJN,  n.  A sort  of  coarse  cloth.  Massinger. 

BUF'FING— AP-PA-R  A'TUS,  n.  Machinery  con- 
sisting of  powerful  springs  and  framing,  for  re- 
ceiving the  shock  of  a collision  between  rail- 
road cars.  Francis. 

BUFF'— JER-KIN,  n.  A waistcoat  made  of  buff : — 
a waistcoat  of  the  color  of  buff.  Hares. 

t BUF'FLE,  n.  [Fr.]  A wild  ox  ; — the  same 
as  Buffalo.  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

f BUF'FLE,  v.  n.  To  puzzle;  to  be  at  a loss.  Swift. 

BUF'FLE— HEAD'pD,  a.  Having  a large  head; 
stupid.  “ This  bujfle-headed  giant.”  Gayton. 

BUF'FO,  n.  [It.]  The  comic  actor  in  an  opera. 

Crabb. 

BUF'FON,  n.  (Ornith.)  The  Numidian  crane; 

— so  named  in  honor  of  Buffon.  Buchanan. 

BUF-FOON',  n.  [It . buff  one  ; buffo,  comic;  Fr. 
bouffon .]  A person  who  makes  sport  by  low 
jests  and  antic  postures ; a merry-andrew ; a 
mountebank  ; a jester  ; a harlequin  ; a droll. 

Those  buffoons  that  have  a talent  of  mimicking  the  speech 
and  behavior  of  other  persons,  and  turning  all  their  friends 
and  acquaintance  into  ridicule.  Taller. 

BUF-FOON',  a.  Belonging  to  a buffoon.  “ Buf- 
foon postures  and  antic  dances.”  Melmoth. 

BUF-FOON',  v.  a.  To  make  ridiculous.  “You 
bully,  and  rail,  and  buffoon  them.”  Burke. 

BUF-FOON',  v.  n.  To  act  the  part  of  a buffoon  ; 
to  sport  or  jest,  [r.]  Byron. 

BUF-FOON'G-RY,  n.  The  practice  of  a buffoon  ; 
low  jests  ; jesting. 

Learning  [in  an  ill-bred  man]  becomes  pedantry,  and  wit 
buffoonery.  Locke. 

BUF-FOON'ING,  n.  Buffonery.  Dryden. 

BUF-FOON'JSH,  a.  Partaking  of  buffonery.  Blair. 

f BUF-Fo6nT§M,  n.  Jesting.  Minsheu. 

f BUF-FOON'iZE,  v.  n.  To  play  the  fool,  jester, 
or  buffoon.  Minsheu. 

BUF-FOON'— LIKE,  a.  Resembling  a buffoon. 

f BUF-FOON'LY,  Scurrilous  ; ridiculous. 

“ Buffoonly  discourse.”  Goodman. 

BUFF'— STICK,  n.  A stick  covered  with  buff 
leather,  used  in  polishing.  Crabb. 

BUF'FY,  a.  (Med.)  Of  the  color  of  buff; — ap- 
plied to  blood.  Dunglison. 

BUF'FY— COAT,  n.  (Med.)  The  buff-colored  or 
grayish  crust  observed  on  blood  drawn  from  a 
vein  during  the  existence  of  violent  inflamma- 
tion, and  particularly  in  pleurisy.  Dunglison. 

BU'FO,  n.  [L.,  a toad.]  (Zotil.)  A genus  of  ba- 
trachian  reptiles,  including  the  different  species 
of  toads.  Cuvier. 

BU'FON-lTE,  n.  [L.  bufo,  a toad.]  (Pal.)  A 
name  formerly  applied  to  the  roundish  teeth 
of  fossil  fishes  found  in  the  oolite  formation  ; 

— also  called  toad-stone.  Pictet. 

BUG,  n.  1.  (Ent.)  A generic  term  for  many  in- 
sects ; — appropriately  the  fetid  house-bug  or 
bed-bug ; Cimex  lectularius. 

2.  t [Goth,  puke,  a spectre ; Icel.  puke,  a de- 
mon ; W.  bwg.]  A frightful  object ; a bugbear. 

The  bug,  which  you  would  fright  me  with,  I seek.  Shak. 

BUG'A-BOO,  or  BUG'A-BO,  n.  Something  to 
frighten  a child;  a ‘vain  terror;  a bugbear. 
[Local  and  low.]  1 Ec.  Rev. 

BUG'BeAr  (bug'bir),  n.  [See  Bug,  2.]  Some- 

thing that  frightens  ; commonly  something  that 
causes  an  absurd  or  needless  fright. 

To  the  world  no  bugbear  is  so  preat 

As  want  of  figure  and  a small  estate.  Pope. 

BUG'BeAr,  a.  Causing  fright.  “ Such  biwbear 
thoughts  . . . sink  deep.”  Locke . 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  Bl)LL,  BUR,  RpLE.  — G,  G>  9,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  ^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


BUGGER 


180 


BULL-FROG 


BUG'fJlJR,  n.  [Fr.  bougre.] 

1.  One  guilty  of  the  crime  against  nature  ; a 

sodomite.  Boag. 

2.  A term  of  reproach  ; a vile  wretch.  Boag. 

BUG'GGR-?R>  n.  A sodomite.  Perry. 

BUG'GG-RY,  n.  The  unnatural  crime  of  carnal 
intercourse  of  a man  or  a woman  with  a beast ; 
sodomy.  Phillips. 

BUG'GI-NESS,  w.  The  state  of  being  infected 
with  bugs.  Johnson. 

BUG'Gy,  a.  Abounding  with  bugs.  Johnson. 

BUG'GY,  n.  1.  A two-wheeled  carriage;  a one- 
horse  chaise.  Ed.  Ency. 

2.  A light  four-wheeled  carriage  or  chaise  for 
one  horse.  [U.  S.] 

BU'GLE  (hu'gl),  n.  1.  [Old  Fr.,  from  L.  buculus, 
an  ox;  W.  bual.]  A wild  ox ; a buffalo.  Halliioell. 

2.  A hunting  or  military  horn.  Shah. 

3.  A drinking  vessel  made  of  horn.  Halliioell. 

4.  A shining  bead  of  black  glass.  Shak. 

BU'GLE,  n.  [L.  bugula  ; Fr.  bugle. ] ( Bot .)  A 

deciduous,  herbaceous  plant,  used  in  medicine  ; 
Ajuga  replans.  Loudon. 

BU'GLE— HORN,  n.  [W.  bual-gorn.]  A hunting 
or  military  horn  ; or  a musical,  brass  wind-in- 
strument. Clarke. 

BU'GLE— WEED,  n.  ( Bot .)  A medicinal  plant; 
Lycopus  Virginicus.  Bartlett. 

BU'GLOSS,  n.  [Gr.  (iobyXoaaos ; (lov;,  an  ox,  and 
y/.waaa,  the  tongue  ; L.  buglossos.  — Gael.  Ir. 
bogltis.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants  used  in  dye- 
ing ; oxtongue  ; Anchusa  ; — so  called  from 
their  long,  rough  leaves.  Loudon. 

BUG'WORT  (-wurt),  n.  A tall,  leafy,  herbaceous 
plant,  of  the  genus  Cimicifuga.  Loudon. 

BUHL  (bul),  n.  1.  Ornamental  furniture  in 
which  tortoise-shell  and  various  woods  are  in- 
laid with  brass ; — so  called  from  the  name  of 
its  inventor.  Brande. 

2.  The  materials,  as  gold,  brass,  and  mother- 
of-pearl,  used  for  inlaying  wood.  Craig. 

BUHL'— WORK  (-wurk),  n.  1.  Wood  inlaid  with 
metal,  tortoise  shell,  &c.  Craig. 

2.  The  art  of  inlaying  metal,  ivory,  &c.,  on 
the  surface  of  wood.  Francis. 

BUHR'— STONE  (biir'ston),  n.  (Min.)  A hard,  si- 
licious  stone,  remarkable  for  its  cellular  struc- 
ture and  rough  surface,  however  worn  and  lev- 
elled ; — very  valuable  for  mill-stones.  Bigelow. 

BUILD  (litld),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  byldan,  to  confirm,  to 
establish ; (Jer.  bilden,  to  shape,  to  form.]  [ i . 
BUILT  or  BUILDED  ; pp.  BUILDING,  BUILT  or 
builded. — Builded  is  little  used.] 

1.  Tp  frame  and  raise,  as  a house,  a fabric, 
or  edifice ; to  erect ; to  construct. 

I will  pull  down  my  barns,  and  build  greater.  Luke  xii.  18. 

2.  To  form  by  art. 

lie  knew 

Himself  to  sing  and  build  the  lofty  rhyme.  Milton. 

Syn.  — To  build  expresses  the  purpose  of  the  ac- 
tion ; to  raise  or  erect,  the  inode  ; to  construct,  the 
contrivance.  Build  a house;  raise  the  frame  or  the 
roof ; erect  a monument ; construct  a machine.  — See 
Found. 

BUILD,  v.  n.  1.  To  be  engaged  in  erecting  edifices. 
The  man  who  builds,  and  wants  wherewith  to  pay. 
Provides  a house  from  which  to  run  away.  Young. 

2.  To  depend  or  rest  on  ; to  rely. 

This  is  a surer  way  than  to  build  on  the  interpretations  of 
an  author  who  does  not  consider  how  the  ancients  used  to 
think.  Addison. 

BUILD  (Mid),  n.  [Ger.  bild.]  Construction  ; 
make  ; form.  Roberts. 

BUILD'pR  (bTld'cr),  n.  One  who  builds,  as  a 
carpenter,  mason,  &c. 

BUlLD'ING,  n.  1.  The  act,  or  the  art,  of  con- 
structing edifices ; construction. 

2.  A structure;  an  edifice.  “Seest  thou 
these  great  buildings  ? ” Mark  xiii.  2. 

f BUILT  (Inlt),  n.  Construction  ; build.  Dryden. 

BUILT  (blit),  i.  & p.  from  build.  See  Build. 

BUK' SHF.it,  n.  A paymaster  or  commander. 
[India.]  Hamilton. 


Butt ' SHISH,  n.  A present  or  gratuity  of  money  ; 

— called  also  bakshish.  [India.]  Clarke. 

BUL,  n.  The  common  flounder.  Chambers. 

BU'LAM— FE' VIJR,  n.  A name  sometimes  ap- 
plied to  the  yellow  fever.  Boag. 

BULB,  n.  [Gr.  fiobjlds  ; L.  bulbus  ; Fr.  bulbe. ] 

1.  A round  body  or  spherical  protuberance ; 
as,  “The  bulb  of  a thermometer.” 

2.  (Bot.)  A collection  of  fleshy  scales 

formed  under  ground,  like  a bud,  by 
certain  herbaceous  plants,  as  the  tulip, 
lily,  and  onion.  Loudon. 

BULB,  v.  n.  To  project ; to  be  protuberant.  Cotton. 

f BUL-BA'CEOUS  (bul-ba'shus),  a.  (Bot.)  Hav- 
ing bulbs ; bulbous.  Bailey. 

BUL'BGD,  or  BULBED,  a.  Having  a bulb .Cotgrave. 

BUL-BIF'GR-OUS,  a.  [L .bulbus,  a bulb,  and  fero, 
to  bear.]  (Bot.)  Bearing  bulbs.  Loudon. 

BUL-BI'JYA,  or  BUL-BpJYE,  n.  [Gr.  (lo).(iivri  ; 
L.  bulbine .]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants  whose 
species,  showy,  fragrant,  and  of  easy  culture, 
are  common  in  flower-gardens.  Loudon. 

BUL'BO— TU'BGR,  n.  (Bot.)  A short,  roundish, 
under-ground  stem  resembling  a bulb.  P.  Cgc. 

BUL'BOUS,  or  BUL-BOSF/,  a.  [Fr.  bitlbeux.] 
Having  bulbs  ; protuberant.  Loudon. 

BUL'BUL,  n.  (Ornith.)  The  Persian  nightin- 
gale.— See  Pyconotinas.  Booth. 

BUL'BULE,  n.  [L.  bulbulus .]  A young  bulb 
which  springs  from  an  old  one.  Henslow. 

f BUL'CHIN,  n.  A young  male  calf.  Marston. 

BULIyE,  n.  [Su.  Goth,  bulgia,  to  swell;  A.  S. 
btclg,  a bag,  a bulge ; Dut.,  Ger.,  Dan.  balg. 

— See  Bully.] 

1.  The  broadest  part  of  a cask ; a protuber- 
ance. Craig. 

2.  ( Naut .)  The  part  of  a ship  that  extends 

out  at  the  floor-head  ; the  broadest  part  of  a 
ship’s  bottom.  — See  Bilge.  Dana. 

BULGE,  v.  n.  [i.  bulged  ; pp.  bulging,  bulged.] 

1.  To  take  in  water  ; to  founder ; to  bilge.  — 
See  Bilge. 

Thrice  round  the  ship  was  tossed, 

Then  bulged  at  once,  and  iij  the  deep  was  lost.  Dryclen. 

2.  To  jut  out.  “ The  sides  of  a wall  that 

bulges  from  its  bottom.”  Moxon. 

BU-LIM  ’ 1- A,  n.  [Low  L.,  from  Gr.  povTiyla.] 
(Med,.)  A morbid  appetite  ; bulimy.  Brande. 

BU'LI-MY,  [bu'le-me,  K.  Sm.  Wb.  Ash,  Rees ; 
bul'e-me,  Ja.],  n.  [Gr.  (lovt.iyia  ; L.  bulimus. ] 
(Med.)  A diseased,  voracious  appetite.  Bailey. 

BULK,  n.  [Su.  Goth.  both-,  Gael,  hue,  bulk;  Sw. 
buk,  belly.] 

1.  Magnitude  ; size  ; mass.  “ Ships  of  great 

bulk.”  Raleigh. 

2.  The  main  mass  ; the  gross  ; the  majority. 

“ The  bulk  of  the  people.”  Addison. 

3.  A part  of  a building  jutting  out. 

Here  stand  behind  this  bulk.  Slab. 

4.  f The  body.  B.  Jonson. 

5.  (Naut.)  The  contents  of  the  hold  of  a 
ship  ; the  whole  cargo  when  stowed.  Dana. 

To  break  bulk,  (Naut.)  to  begin  to  unload.  — d cargo, 
or  goods  in  bulk,  a cargo  or  goods  put  into  a ship, 
without  being  put  in  bags,  boxes,  or  other  packages. 

Syn.  — See  Size. 

BULK,  v.  n.  To  enlarge  ; to  swell,  [n.] 

lie  [Chalmers]  would  dilate  on  one  doctrine  till  it  bulked 
into  a Bible.  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

BULK'IIEAD,  n.  (Naut.)  A partition  built  up  in 
a ship  to  form  separate  apartments.  Dana. 

BULK'I-NESS,  n.  Greatness  in  bulk  or  size.  Locke. 

BULK'Y,  a.  Of  great  size  or  bulk ; massive  ; 
massy  ; large.  Dryden. 

Syn.  — Bulky  relates  rather  to  prominence  of  figure 
or  size  ; massive  and  massy  to  compactness  or  weight. 
A bulky  vessel ; a massy  shield  ; massive  silver  or  gold. 

BULL,  n.  [Dut.  <Sf  Ger.  bulle.  — W.  bwla. ] 

1.  The  male  of  bovine  animals.  Crabb. 

2.  An  enemy  fierce  as  a bull. 

Strong  ljulls  of  Bashan  have  beset  me  round.  Ps.  xxii.  12. 

3.  (Astron.)  A sign  of  the  zodiac  ; Taurus. 


4.  A cant  term  in  the  London  stock  exchange 
for  one  who  nominally  buys  stock  for  which  he 
does  not  pay,  but,  by  agreement,  is  to  receive  or 
to  pay  the  amount  of  any  alteration  in  the  price 
at  a stipulated  future  time,  the  person  who  sells 
the  stock  being  termed  the  bear.  — See  Beau. 

IfypBuU,  in  composition,  generally  denotes  largeness 
of  size,  as  I>«l/-head,  Intll-trout,  without  special  refer- 
ence to  its  original  signification. 

BULL,  n.  1.  [L.  bulla,  a boss  ; a knob  ; It.  bulla  ; 
Dut.  <S|  Ger.  bulle-,  Fr.  bulle. ] An  edict  or 

mandate  issued  by  the  pope  ; — originally  so 
named  from  the  seal  affixed  to  it.  Ayliffe. 

2.  A gross  contradiction  or  blunder  ; as,  “ An 
Irish  bull.”  It  is  said  to  be  so  named  from  Oba- 
diah  Bull,  a lawyer  in  the  time  of  Henry  VII. 
noted  for  his  blunders.  Notes  and  Queries. 

BUL  'LA,  n. ; pi.  bul' las.  [L.,  a boss.] 

X.  (Surg.)  A bleb  ; a vesicie  containing  wa- 
tery humor  or  fluid.  Dunglison. 

2.  (Zobl.)  A genus  of  mollusks.  Craig. 

BUL'LACE,  n.  1.  A wild,  sour  plum.  Johnson. 

2.  The  tree  bearing  the  plum ; Prunus  insi- 
titia.  Loudon. 


BUL-LAN'TIC,  a.  Noting  ornamental  capital  let- 
ters used  in  apostolic  bulls.  IVeale. 

BUL'LA-RY,  n.  [Low  L.  bullarium.] 

1.  A collection  of  papal  bulls. 

2.  A salt-house,  where  salt  is  prepared. 

BUL'LATE,  a.  [L.  bidlatus .]  (Bot.)  Having  pro- 
tuberances like  blisters  ; blistered.  Crabb. 

BULL— BAIT'ING,  n.  The  sport  of  exciting  hulls 
with  dogs.  Crabb. 

BULL'-BeAR-ING,  a.  Carrying  a bull.  Shak. 

BULL'— BEEF,  n.  The  flesh  of  bulls  ; coarse  beef. 

BULL'— BEG-GAR,  n.  Something  to  frighten  chil- 
dren with  ; a bugbear. 

A harmless  bull-beggar  ...  to  frighten  people.  Taller. 

BULL'— CALF  (bul'kaf),  n.  A male  calf.  Shak. 

BULL'— COMB-GR,  n.  An  insect ; a species  of 
beetle.  Booth. 

BULL'— DOG,  n.  A species  of  courageous  dog. 

BUL'LGN— NAIL,  n.  A lackered  nail,  with  a round 
head,  used  for  the  hanging  of  rooms.  Weale. 

BUL'LIJT,  n.  [Fr.  boulet.]  A round  ball  of  metal ; 
a shot.  “ Deadly  bullets.”  Dryden. 

BUL'LIJT,  v.  a.  To  alter  the  wards  of  a lock  so 
that  they  may  be  passable  by  more  than  one 
key.  Francis. 

BUL  'LE-TtJV,  or  BUL  'LF.-T1N  [bul'le-ten,  J.  Ja. 
Sm.  R. ; bul'et-ln,  F.  Wb. ; bul'ten,  P. ; bul'et-en 
or  bul 'tang,  K.],  n.  [It.  bullctino ; Sp.  boletin  ; 
Fr.  bulletin,  a ballot,  a ticket.]  An  official  ac- 
count of  public  news,  or  any  short  official  report, 
as  of  military  events,  or  of  the  health  of  the 
sovereign  or  other  distinguished  person.  P.  Cyc. 

BUL'LpT— PROOF,  a.  Capable  of  resisting  the 
force  of  a bullet.  Ash. 

BUL'LGT— WOOD  (-wild),  n.  A wood  of  a green- 
ish-hazel color,  the  produce  of  the  Virgin  Isles, 
West  Indies.  Ogilvie. 

BULL'— FACED  (bul'last),  a.  Having  a large  face. 

BULL'— FEAST,  n.  The  barbarous  amusement  or 
entertainment  of  a combat  with  bulls  ; a bull- 
fight. Smollett. 

BULL'-FlGHT  (bul'fit),  n.  A combat  with  a bull ; 
bull-baiting,  — a favorite  diversion  of  the  Span- 
iards. Dr.  Kidd. 

BULL'FINCH,  n.  1.  (Ornith.)  A small  bird  of 
the  order  Passeres,  family  Fringillidce,  and  sub- 
family Pyrrhulince.  — See  Pyiuihulinje.  Gray. 

2.  A strong  hedge  or  fence.  Clarke. 

BULL'— FISH,  n.  (Teh.)  A fish  found  in  the  great 
lakes  of  North  America.  Blois. 


BULL'-FIST,  n.  A sort  of  fungus.  Gent.  Mag. 

BULL'-BEE,  ) , , r. 

BUI  L'-FI  Y > n"  An  msect>  ga“fly-  Phillips. 

BULL'-FROG,  n.  A large  species  of  frog  ; — prob- 
ably so  named  from  the  loud  croaking  noise 
which  it  makes. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  £r,  Y,  short; 


A,  G,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


BULL-HEAD 


181 


BUNKER, 


BULI/— HEAD,  n.  1.  A stupid  fellow;  a block- 
head. — See  Bill.  Johnson. 

2.  (Ich.)  A fish  ; the  miller’s-thumb.  Walton. 

3.  ( Ent .)  A small  water-insect.  Phillips. 

BULL-HIDE,  n.  The  skin  of  a bull.  Pope. 

BUL'LI-MO-NY,  n.  A mixture  of  several  kinds 
of  grain  — written  also  bullimong,  bollimony, 
and  bollimony.  [Local.]  Crabb. 

BULL'ION  (bfil'yun), »?.  [LowL.iwZKo,  “massaauri 
aut  argenti.”  Ducange. — Fr.  billon,  base  coin.] 

1.  Gold  or  silver  in  the  bar  or  lump ; un- 
coined gold  or  silver.  Braiule. 

The  balance  of  trade  must  of  necessity  be  returned  in  coin 
or  bullion.  Bacon. 

2.  Gold  and  silver  coined  or  uncoined, but  con- 
sidered simply  as  material  according  to  weight. 

Foreign  coin  hath  no  value  here  for  its  stamp,  and  our 
coin  is  bullion  in  foreign  dominions.  Locke. 

3.  t A hook  for  fastening  dress  ; a button  ; a 

clasp.  Elyot. 

BULL'ION-IST,  n.  An  advocate  for  an  exclusive- 
ly metallic  currency,  or  for  a paper  currency 

always  convertible  into  gold.  Ogilvie. 

BUL'LI-UAg,  v.  a.  To  insult  in  a bullying  man- 
ner. [Local  and  low.]  — See  Ballarag.  Todd. 

BULL'ISH,  a.  Partaking  of  the  nature  of  a bull, 
or  of  a blunder.  Milton. 

BULL'JST,  n.  [Fr . bulliste.]  A writer  of  papal 
bulls'.  Harmar. 

BUL'LITIJ,  n.  ( Geol.)  A fossil  shell  of  the  genus 

Bulla  of  Linnaeus.  Smart. 

f BUL-LF'TION,  n.  [L.  bullio , bullitus,  to  bubble  ; 
Fr.  bouillir,  to  boil.]  Ebullition.  Bacon. 

BUL'LOCK,  n.  [A.  S.  bulluca,  a young  bull ; Ger. 
bullocks,  a gelded  bull.]  An  ox  or  castrated  bull. 

BUL'LOCK’S-EYE,  n.  A small,  round  sky-light. 
— See  Bull’s-Eye,  No.  2.  Craig. 

BULL'-SEGG,  n.  See  Bull-stag.  Brockett. 

BULL’ip'— EYE  (bulz'l),  n.  1.  ( Naut .)  A small,  oval 
block  of  stout  wood,  having  a groove  around  it 
for  a strap,  and  a hole  in  the  middle  for  reeving 
a stay  or  rope  through  it : — a piece  of  thick 
glass  inserted  in  a deck  : — a small  cloud,  ruddy 
in  the  centre,  supposed  to  indicate  a storm. 

Dana.  Craig. 

2.  (Arch.)  A small,  circular  opening  for  the 

admission  of  light  or  air.  Weale. 

3.  (Astron.)  The  bright  star  Aldebaran  in  the 

constellation  Tamms.  Young. 

4.  (Gunnery.)  The  point  in  the  middle  of  a 

target.  Craig. 

5.  A coarse  kind  of  sweetmeat.  Halliwell. 

6.  A policeman’s  lantern.  Clarke. 

BULL'— STAG,  n.  A gelded  bull;  — used  in  the 

south  of  England  as  bull-segg  is  used  in  the 
north  of  England  and  in  Scotland.  — Boar-stag 
and  ram-stag  are  also  used  in  the  south  of  Eng- 
land. — See  Stag.  Holloway. 

BULL'— TROUT,  n.  A large  kind  of  trout ; the 
Salmo  eriox  of  Linnreus.  Yarrell. 

BULL'-WEED,  n.  Knapweed.  Johnson. 

BULL'-WORT  (bul'wurt),  n.  (Bot.)  An  umbel- 
liferous plant ; bishop’s-weed.  Crabb. 

BUL'LY,  n.  [Etymology  uncertain. — Skinner  sug- 
gests burly  and  bull-eyed ; Webster  A.  S.  bul- 
gian,  to  bellow ; Richardson  and  others  the 
pope’s  bull.  — Gael.  § Ir.  bollsgair,  a boaster.] 
A noisy,  blustering,  quarrelling  fellow.  “ A 
crew  of  roaring  bullies.”  L' Estrange. 

BUL'LY,  V.  a.  \i.  BULLIED  ; pp.  BULLYING,  BUL- 
LIED.] To  overbear  with  menaces  ; to  treat 
with  insolence.  Tatler. 

BUL'LY,  v.n.  To  be  noisy;  to  bluster. 

While  Bradshaw  bullied  in  a broad-brimmed  hat.  Bramston. 

BUL'Ly-lNG,  n.  The  conduct  of  a bully.  Beattie. 

BUL'RUSH,  n.  A large  rush,  which  grows  in  wet 
grounds,  and  without  knots  ; Pemcillaria  spi- 
cata.  Loudon. 

BUL'RIJSH-Y,  a.  Made  of  bulrushes.  Huloet. 

BULSE,  n.  An  East  Indian  word,  denoting  a 
certain  quantity  of  diamonds.  Jodrell. 

Whether  a bulse  or  a few  sparks  of  diamonds.  Boswell. 


BUL’TIJL  [bul'tel,  K.  Sm.  ; bfil'tel,  Ja.],  n.  [Low 
L.  bultellus.)  1.  A bolter-cloth  or  bolter.  Todd. 

2.  The  bran  after  sifting.  Chambers. 

BUL'TOW,  n.  A mode  of  fishing  practised  on 
the  Newfoundland  banks,  by  means  of  several 
hooks  attached  to  one  line.  Simmonds. 

BUL'WARK,  n.  [Dut.  bolwerk-,  Ger.  bollwerk-, 
Dan.  bolvcerk  ; Fr.  boulevart .]  (Fort.) 

1.  A mound  of  earth  around  a place  to  pro- 
tect it  from  an  enemy ; a bastion  ; a rampart. 

2.  A fortification,  or  other  means  of  defence. 

Our  naval  strength  is  a bulwark  to  the  nation.  Addison . 

3.  A security  ; a safeguard.  Barrow. 

4.  pi.  (Naut.)  The  woodwork  or  boarding 

round  a vessel,  above  her  deck,  nailed  to  the 
stanchions  and  timber-heads.  Dana. 

Syn.  — See  Fortification. 

BUL'WARK,  v.  a.  To  fortify  with  bulwarks. 
“ Bulwarked  town.”  Addison. 

BUM,  n.  [Gael.  Ir.  bun ; Dan.  bund,  bottom.] 
The  buttocks.  [Low.]  Shak. 

BUM,  v.  n.  [Gr.  /So/i/h'w,  to  sound  hollow ; Dut. 
bommen,  to  resound.]  To  make  a hollow  noise 
or  report.  Marston. 

BUM-BAi'LIFF,  n.  [Corrupted  from  bound-bai- 
liff.\ An  under  bailiff.  [Vulgar.]  Shak. 

BUM'BARD,  n.  See  Bombard.  Shak. 

BUM'bAst,  n.  See  Bombast.  Shak. 

BUM-BE'LO,  n.  (Chem.)  A glass  flask,  or  mat- 
rass of  flattened  ovoid,  shape,  in  which  cam- 
phor is  sublimed.  Brande. 

BUM'BLE,  n.  A local  name  for  the  bittern. Ogilvie. 

BUM'BLE,  v.  n.  To  make  a humming  noise.  [Lo- 
cal, Eng.]  Halliwell. 

BUM'BLE-BEE,  n.  The  wild  hee ; the  humble- 
bee; — probably  so  named  from  the  bumming 
or  buzzing  it  makes.  Todd. 

BUM'BOAT  (bum'bot),  n.  [Eng.  boom  and  boat,  a 
boat  with  one  boom.]  (Naut.)  A large,  clumsy 
boat,  used  in  carrying  provisions  to  a ship  from 
the  shore.  Todd. 


BU-ME  ' LI-A,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  (3ou  yella , a large 
kind  of  ash ; /3uu,  great,  and  yei.ia,  the  ash.] 
(Bot.)  A genus  of  trees ; the  bully-tree.  Loudon. 

BUM'KIN,  n.  (Naut.)  A short  boom,  or  beam  of 
timber,  projecting  from  each  bow  of  a ship.  Crabb. 

BUMP,  n.  I.  [Goth.  § Icel.  bomps,  a blow.]  A 
stroke  or  blow.  Brockett. 

2.  The  noise  made  by'  the  bittern.  Skelton. 

3.  [W.pwmp,  something  round.]  A swelling  ; 

a protuberance.  Shak. 

4.  (Phrenology.)  A protuberance  on  the  skull 
said  to  correspond  to  a similar  elevation  in  the 
brain,  and  to  indicate  a separate  faculty  or  af- 
fection of  the  mind. 

BUMP,  v.  n.  [Dut.  bommen,  to  resound.]  \i. 
bumped  ; pp.  bumping,  bumped.]  To  make  a 
loud  noise,  as  the  bittern.  Dryden. 

BIJMP,  v.  a.  [Goth.  $ Icel.  bomps,  a blow.]  To 
strike  against  something  solid  and  blunt ; to 
thump  or  bring  forcibly  together.  Holloway. 

BUMP'JJR,  n.  [Fr . bon-pere,  good  father: — the 
good  father,  meaning  the  pope,  wdiose  health 
was  always  drunk  by  the  monks  after  dinner  in 
a full  glass.  R.  IF.  Hamilton .] 

1.  A cup  or  glass  filled  till  the  liquor  swells 

over  the  brim.  Dryden. 

2.  A crowded  house  at  a theatre,  in  honor  of 

some  favorite  performer.  Ogilvie. 

BUMP'KIN,  n.  [ Todd  suggests  bumkin,  in  the 
sense  of  a block  of  wood,  or  blockhead,  the  word 
being  spelled  without  the  p (“bumkin,  a coun- 
try clown  ”)  in  Kersey’s  Dictionary  of  1707.] 
An  awkward,  heavy  rustic;  a clown. 

I count  him  but  a country  bumpkin.  Sir  T.  Browne. 

The  country  bumpkin  the  same  livery  wears.  Dryden. 

BUMP'KIN-LY,  a.  Like  a bumpkin.  Clarissa. 

BUMP'TIOUS,  a.  Conceited  ; forward  ; proud. 
[A  cant  word ; local,  Eng.]  Bristed. 

To  think  of  a bumptious  young  M.  A.  Ec.  Rev. 

BUMP'TIOUS-NESS,  n.  Conceitedness.  Beade. 


BUN,  n.  See  Bunn. 

BUNCH,  n.  [Goth.  5;  Dan.  bunko,  a heap.] 

1.  A hard  lump  ; a knob  ; a hunch  ; as,  “ The 
bunch  on  the  back  of  a camel.” 

2.  A cluster  ; as,  “ A bunch  of  grapes.” 

3.  A number  of  things  tied  together  ; as,  “ A 
bunch  of  keys.” 

4.  Something  in  the  form  of  a tuft  or  knot ; 
as,  “ A bunch  of  ribbon  ” ; “A  bunch  of  hair.” 

5.  (Mining.)  A small  quantity  of  ore  in  a 

mine.  Weale. 

BUNCH,  v.  n.  To  swell  out  in  a hunch.  Woodward. 

BUNCH'-BACKED  (bunch'bakt),  a.  Crookbacked. 
“ Foul  bunch-backed  toad.”  Shak. 

BUNCH'I-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  bunchy  ; 
state  of  growing  in  bunches.  Sherwood. 

BUNCH' Y,  a.  1.  Growing  in  bunches  ; having 
tufts.  “ Distinguished  from  other  birds  by  his 
bunchy  tail.”  Grew. 

2.  (Mining.)  Variable  in  the  yield;  some- 
times rich  and  sometimes  poor.  Weale. 

BUN  COMBE  7 (bung'kum),  n.  [From  Buncombe, 

BUN'KUM  ) N.  C.]  A cant  term  for  a body  of 
constituents,  or  for  some  selfish  or  sinister  pur- 
pose ; as,  “To  speak  for  Buncombe.”  [U.  S.] 

BUS”  When  a member  of  Congress,  from  the  county 
of  Buncombe,  some  years  since,  was  making  a speech 
in  Congress,  many  of  the  members  left  tile  hall.  He 
very  naively  told  those  who  remained  that  “they 
might  go  too  — lie  was  only  talking  fox  Buncombe.” 
W heeler's  History  of  North  Carolina. 

BUN'DLE,  n.  [A.  S . byndel  ■,  Ger.  biindel;  Dut.. 
bundel;  M.  bundcil.]  A number  of  things  bound 
together ; a package  made  up  loosely  ; a roll. 

BUN'DLE,  V.  a.  [t.  BUNDLED  ; pp.  BUNDLING, 
bundled.]  To  form,  or  tie,  into  bundles. 

BUN'DLE,  v.  n.  1.  To  prepare  for  departure  ; — 
to  set  off  in  a hurry  ; to  depart,  [u.]  Smart. 

2.  To  sleep  together  with  the  clothes  on. 

BUN'DLE-PIL'LAR,  n.  (Arch.)  A colunin  or 
pier,  with  others  of  small  dimensions  around  it 
and  attached  to  it.  Francis. 

BUN'DLING,  11.  The  act  of  one  that  bundles. 

BUNG,  n.  [W.  bwng  ; Fr.  bondon  ; Dut.  spond.] 
A stopple  or  stopper  for  a barrel.  Mortimer. 

BUNG,  v.  a.  To  stop  or  close  with  a bung.  Kersey. 

B UN 'G A- LOW,  n.  A pent-roofed  house,  built  of 
light  materials.  [India.]  Brown. 

BUNG'— HOLE,  n.  The  hole  at  which  a barrel  is 
filled.  Shak. 

BUN'GLE  (bung'gl),  v.  ii.  [W.  bonglera,  to  bun- 

gle.] [i.  BUNGLED  ; pp.  BUNGLING,  BUNGLED.] 
To  perform  clumsily.  Dryden. 

BUN'GLE,  v.  a.  To  botch;  to  do  clumsily;  — 
with  up.  “ Seams  coarsely  bungled  up.”  Dryden. 

BUN'GLE,  n.  A botch;  a clumsy  performance. 
“Errors  and  bungles.”  Cudicorth. 

BUN'GLpR  (bung'gler),  n.  [W.  bonglerin,  a bun- 
gler.] A bad  or  clumsy  workman.  Swift. 

BUN'GLING  (bung'gljng),  a.  1.  Clumsy;  awk- 
ward ; as,  “ A bungling  workman.” 

2.  Ill  done  ; as,  “ A bungling  piece  of  work.” 

BUN'GLING-LY,  ad.  Clumsily.  Bentley. 

BUN'GO  (bung'go),  n.  A kind  of  boat  used  in  the 
southern  portion  of  the  United  States.  Bartlett. 

BU’NI-AS,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  flowtas,  a kind  of 
turnip.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  European  plants 
that  grow  in  exposed  situations.  Loudon. 

BUN'ION  (bun'yun),  n.  An  inflamed  swelling  on 
the  inside  of  the  ball  of  the  great  toe.  — See 
BunYon. 

BU'NI-UM,  n.  [Gr.  (iotvtov ; L .bunion.)  (Bot.) 
A genus  of  perennial  plants  ; earth-nut,  pig- 
nut, hawk-nut,  &c.  Loudon. 

BUNK,  n.  1.  A piece  of  timber  crossing  a sled, 
to  sustain  a heavy  weight.  [U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

2.  A wooden  box  or  case  serving  for  a seat 
during  the  day,  and  for  a bed  at  night.  N.  A.  Bev. 

BUNK'IJR,  n.  A seat  in  a window  which  also 
serves  for  a chest.  [Scotland.]  Jamieson. 


MIEN,  SIR  ; MOVE,  NOR,  SON  ; 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE. — 9,  g,  soft ; C,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  ^ as  z ; % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


BUNN 


182 


BURGMASTER 


BUNN,  n.  [Scot,  bun ; Ir.  bonna.)  A kind  of 
sweet  bread ; a cake.  Gay. 

BUNN'IAN  (bun'yan),  n.  An  excrescence  on  the 
toe.  — See  Bunyon.  Rowe. 

BUN'NY,  n.  (Mining.)  A large  collection  of  ore 
without  any  vein  leading  into  it  or  going  out 
of  it.  if  eale. 


BUN'SING,  n.  (Zolil.)  A fetid  animal  found  at 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  Buchanan. 

BUNT,  n.  ( Naut .)  The  middle  part,  or  cavity  of 
a sail.  Harris. 


BUNT,  v.  n.  1.  To  swell  out,  as  a sail.  Johnson. 

2.  To  push  with  the  head  ; to  butt. 

3.  To  run.  [Local.]  Halliwell. 

4.  To  raise;  to  rear.  [Local.]  Halliioell. 

BUNT'f  R,  n.  A woman  who  picks  up  rags  in  the 
street ; a low,  vulgar  woman.  Goldsmith. 

BUN'TINE,  n.  A thin  woollen  stuff  used  for  ships’ 
colors.  — See  Bunting.  IV eale. 


BUNT'ING,  n.  1.  A thin  woollen  stuff  of  which 
a ship’s  colors  and  signals  are  made.  Crabb. 

2.  ( Ornith .)  A small  bird  of  the  order  Pas- 
seres  and  sub-family  Emberizinee.  — See  Em- 
beriziNjE.  Gray. 

BUNT'LINE,  n.  (Naut.)  A rope  used  for  hauling 
up  the  body  of  a sail.  Dana. 

BUN'YON,  (bun’yun),  n.  [Gr.  founds,  a hill,  a 
heap.]  An  enlargement  and  inflammation  of 
the  bursa  mucosa,  or  membranous  sac,  on  the 
inside  of  the  ball  of  the  great  toe: — written 
also  bunion.  Dunglison. 

By-b’NO  CAR'DO.n.  [It.]  (Mus.)  An  instru- 
ment resembling  a spinet.  Crabb. 

||  BUOY  (bwby  or  boy)  [bwby,  S.  IF.  J.  F.  K.  Sm. 
C. ; boy,  P.  E.  Ja.  “ On  board  of  a ship, 
where  the  word  buoy  is  always  occurring,  it  is 
called  a boy  ; though  the  slow,  correct  pronun- 
ciation is  bwoy."  Smart),  n.  [Dut.  boei ; Ger. 
boje;  Sp.  boy  a ; Fr.  bourc.)  (Naut.)  A floating 
object,  commonly  a close,  empty  cask,  or  a 
block  of  wood,  to  indicate  shoals,  anchoring 
places,  or  the  place  of  an  anchor  or  other  ob- 
ject beneath  the  water  : — any  light  body  used 
to  support  in  the  water  another  body,  which 
would  otherwise  sink.  Brande. 

Life-buoy,  a buoy  to  prevent  persons  from  drown- 
ing.— To  stream  a buoy,  to  drop  it  into  tile  water  be- 
fore letting  go  the  anchor. 

II  BUOY,  V.  a.  [i.  BUOYED  ; pp.  BUOYING,  BUOYED.] 
To  keep  afloat ; to  bear  up.  Woodward. 

||  BUOY,  v.  n.  To  float.  “ Rising  merit  will  buoy 
up  at  last.”  Pope. 

||  BUOY'AfjfE,  n.  A series  of  buoys  or  floating 
beacons,  for  the  guidance  of  vessels  into  or  out 
of  port,  &c.  Ogilvie. 

||  BUOY'ANCE,  n.  Same  as  Buoyancy.  Qu.  Rev. 

||  BUOY'AN-CY,  n.  1.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  buoyant,  or  of  rising  or  floating  in  a liquid 
or  aftriform  fluid  ; lightness. 

Thus  useful  is  the  air.  All  the  winged  tribes  owe  their 
flight  and  buoyancy  to  it.  Derham . 

2.  Vivacity ; as,  “ Buoyancy  of  spirits.” 

||  BUOY'ANT  (boy'ant),  a.  1.  Tending  to  rise  or 
to  float ; light.  “ Buoyant  on  the  flood.”  Pope. 

2.  Cheerful ; hopeful ; vivacious.  “ So  full 
of  buoyant  spirit.”  Thomson. 

||  BUOY'ANT-LY,  ad.  In  a buoyant  manner. 

||  BUOY'— ROPE  (boy  'rop),  n.  (Naut.)  A rope  to 
fasten  the  buoy  to  the  anchor.  Ash. 

BU'PHA-GJl,  n.  [Gr.  0ob;,  an  ox,  and  0dyii),  to 
eat.]  (Ornith.)  A genus  of  African  birds  ; the 
beef-eater  or  ox-eater  ; — so  named  from  its 
feeding  on  the  larvae  of  the  gadfly  bred  in  the 
skin  of  oxen,  and  other  cattle.  Brande. 


BU-P  ft  Ay  ' I-JTJE,  n.  (Or- 
nith.) A sub-family  of 
birds  of  the  order  Pas- 
seres  and  family  Stur- 
nidee ; beef-eaters.  Gray. 


BU-PRES'TI-DAN,  n.  [Gr. 
PounpriGTts,  fiouirpyaribos,  a 
poisonous  beetle ; 0ous, 


Buphaga  Africana. 


an  ox,  and  nprjOui,  to  cause  to  swell  up.]  (Ent.) 
A coleopterous  insect  of  many  species,  some 
of  which  are  of  brilliant  colors.  Kirby. 

BUR,  BOUR,  BOR,  n.  [A.  S.  bur.)  An  inner 
chamber;  a place  of  retirement  — See  Bower. 

BUR,  n.  [Fr.  bourre,  the  down  on  herbs  and 
fruits.]  The  prickly  head  of  the  burdock,  chest- 
nut, &c. : — written  also  burr.  Milton. 

fBU'RAC,  n.  (Chem.)  A general  name  used  for- 
merly for  all  kinds  of  salts.  Crabb. 

BUR'BOLT,  n.  A blunt,  pointless  arrow;  bird- 
bolt.  Shah. 

BUR'BOT,  n.  A fish 
full  of  prickles  ; 
the  eel-pout;  the 
Gadus  lota  of  Lin- 
meus.  Yarrell. 

BUR-DE-LAIS'  (biii-de-la'),  n.  [Fr.  Bourdelais.) 

A sort  of  grape.  Johnson. 

BUR'DEN  (biir'dn),  n.  [A.  S.  byrden , byrthen ; 
Ger.  b/irde ; Dan.  byrde.) 

1.  Something  to  be  borne  or  carried ; a load, 
or  weight : — an  encumbrance. 

2.  The  quantity  that  a ship  will  carry  ; cargo  ; 

freight.  “ The  bark  Raleigh,  of  two  hundred 

tons  burden.’’  Oldys. 

3.  Any  thing  grievous  or  wearisome. 

None  of  the  things  they  are  to  learn  should  ever  be  made 
a burden  to  them.  Locke. 

4.  [Fr.  bourdon,  a staff.]  f A club.  Chaucer. 

Written  also  burthen. 

Syn. — Burden  means  the  weight  borne  ; load,  the 
weight  imposed.  Load  excites  the  active,  burden  the 
passive  idea.  Bear  a burden ; carry  a load.  — See 
Freight. 

BUR'DEN,  n.  [It.  bordone  ; Fr.  bourdon,  the  drone 
or  bass  in  a musical  instrument.]  The  verse 
repeated  in  a song,  or  the  return  of  the  theme 
at  the  end  of  each  verse ; the  chorus.  Brande. 

BUR'DEN  (biir'dn),  v.a.  [i.  BURDENED;  pp.  BUR- 
DENING, burdened.]  To  put  a burden  upon  ; 
to  load. 

With  meats  and  drinks  they  had  sufficed, 

Not  burdened,  nature.  Milton. 

BUR'DEN-pR  (biir'dn-er),  n.  One  who  burdens. 

f BtiR'DEN-OUS,  a.  Burdensome.  Milton. 

BUR'DEN-SOME  (biir'dn-siim),  a.  Troublesome 
to  be  borne  ; grievous  ; oppressive  ; heavy.  “ By 
which  [our  prayers]  the  most  burdensome  duty 
will  become  light.”  Rogers. 

Syn.  — See  Weighty. 

BUR'DEN-SOME-LY,  ad.  In  a burdensome  man- 
ner. Dr.  Allen. 

BUR'DEN-SOM E-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
burdensome ; weight ; heaviness.  Johnson. 

BUR'DOCK,  n.  A genus  of  plants,  with  rough, 
bristly  fruit ; Arctium.  “ The  burdock  is  . . . 
familiar  to  every  schoolboy.”  Loudon. 

BUR'DON,  n.  [Fr.  bourdon.)  A pilgrim’s  staff. 

IV eale. 

BU-REAU'  (bu-ro'  or  bu'ro)  [bu-ro',  S.  IF.  P.J.E. 
F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  R. ; bu'ro,  I Vb.),  n. ; pi.  Fr.  bu- 
reaux; Eng.  bureaus  (bu-roz').  [Fr.] 

1.  A chest  of  drawers,  with  conveniences  for 
writing. 

2.  A chest  of  drawers  for  clothes  ; a cabinet. 

3.  A place  where  the  duties  of  an  office  are 
transacted  ; an  office  ; a counting-house.  Brande. 

4.  A department  of  government. 

flgyln  most  European  countries,  the  highest  de- 
partments of  government  have  the  name  of  bureau ; 
as,  “ The  bureau  of  the  minister  for  foreign  affairs.” 
In  England  and  the  United  States,  the  term  is  con- 
fined to  subordinate  departments. 

BU-REAU'CRA-UY  (bu-ro'kra-se),  n.  [Fr.  bureau- 
cratic.) A system  by  which  the  business  of  ad- 
ministration is  carried  on  in  departments  each 
under  the  control  of  a chief,  in  contradistinc- 
tion to  those  systems  in  which  the  officers  of 
government  have  a coordinate  authority.  [Mod- 
ern.] Brande. 

BU-REAU'CRAT  (bu-ro'krat),  n.  Same  as  Bu- 
reaucratist.  Qu.  Rev. 

bCT-REAU-CRAT'IC,  ) a.  Relating  to  bureau- 

Bfl-REAU-CRAT'I-CAL,  ) cracy.  West.  Rev. 


BU-REAU 'CRA-TIST  (Im-ro'krsi-tlst),  n.  An  ad- 
vocate for,  or  supporter  of,  bureaucracy ; a bu- 
reaucrat. West.  Rev. 

BU'RpT,  n.  [Fr.  burette,  a cruet.]  A drinking 
vessel,  [r.]  Halliwell. 

B U-RETTE  ',  n.  [Fr.,  a cruet.)  (Chem.)  An  in- 
strument used  for  dividing  a given  portion  of 
any  liquid  into  100  or  1000  equal  parts.  Brande. 

BURG,  n.  See  Borough,  Burgh,  and  Burrow. 

1!  1 R C A G K,  n.  [Fr.  bourgaqe .]  (Enq.  Law.)  A 
tenure  proper  to  cities  and  towns,  whereby  men 
hold  their  lands  or  tenements  of  the  king  or 
other  lord,  for  a certain  yearly  rent.  Cowell. 

BUR'gALL,  n.  (Ich.)  A small  fish  found  on  the  east- 
ern coast  of  the  United  States  ; Conner  ; blue- 
perch  ; chogset ; Ctenolabrus  cceruleus.  Bartlett. 

BUR-GA-MOT',  n.  [Fr.  bergamotte .] 

1.  A species  of  pear.  Johnson. 

2.  A perfume.  — See  Bergamot.  Johnson. 

BUR'GA-NET,  n.  [Fr.  bourguignotte.)  A kind  of 

helmet ; — written  also  burgonet.  Spenser. 

BUR'GEE,  n.  1.  A kind  of  small  coal.  Simmonds. 

2.  A distinguishing  flag  or  penn  ant.  Sfwmowcfa. 

BVRGF.OIS  (borzh'wfi'),  n.  [Fr.  bourgeois.)  A 
citizen;  a burgess.  — See  Bourgeois.  Addison. 

BUR-(i!E0lS'  (bur-jois'),  n.  See  Bourgeois. 

BUR'GEON,  v.  n.  See  Bourgeon.  Todd. 

BUR'fgEON  (bfir'jun),  n.  [Fr.  bourgeon,  a bud.] 
(Hort.)  A knot  or  button  put  forth  by  the 
branch  of  a tree  in  the  spring.  Chambers. 

BUR'GfSS,  n.  [Low  L.  burgarius  ; Fr.  bourgeois, 
a citizen.] 

1.  A person  legally  admitted  as  a member  of 

a municipal  corporation  ; an  inhabitant  or  free- 
man of  a borough  or  town.  Spelman. 

2.  A representative  of  a borough,  or  town,  in 

the  British  Parliament.  Blackstone. 

3.  A magistrate  of  a borough.  Blount. 

ngfThe  term  was  formerly  applied,  in  the  sense  of 

a representative  of  a corporate  town,  to  a member  of 
tile  lower  branch  of  the  legislature  of  Virginia,  which 
was  called  the  House  of  Burgesses,  now  the  House 
of  Delegates. 

BUR'GESS-SHIP,  n.  Quality  of  a burgess.  South. 

BURGH  (biirg),  n.  [Gr.  Trbpyos ; L.  burgus,  a tow- 
er ; A.  S.  burh,  or  bureg,  a city  ; beorg,  a hill, 
a citadel ; Gael,  burg ; Fr.  bourg,  a town.]  A 
corporate  town  ; a borough.  “Several  of  these 
burghs  send  two  burgesses.”  Graunt. 

BURGH 'AL,  a.  Belonging  to  a burgh.  Ed.  Rev. 

BURGH'BOTE,  n.  [A.  S.  bureg,  a city,  and  bote, 
compensation,  assistance.]  (Eng.  Law.)  A 
contribution  for  the  defence  of  a town.  Cowell. 

BURGH'^R  (hiir'ger),  n.  [Ger.  bilrger.) 

1.  A member  of  a borough.  Knolles. 

2.  (Eccl.  Hist.)  One  of  a body  of  seceders 
from  the  Church  of  Scotland,  who  separated  in 
1739,  in  consequence  of  a difference  in  regard  to 
the  lawfulness  of  taking  the  burgess  oath.  Buck. 

BURGH'JJR-SHlP,  n.  The  privilege  of  a burgher. 

BURGH'IST  (biirg'jst),  a.  Belonging,  or  relating, 
to  a burgh.  P.  Cyc. 

BiiRG'HOLD-lJR,  n.  A tithing-man.  — See  Bors- 
holder.  Harrison. 

BURG'LAR,  n.  One  guilty  of  burglary.  Blackstone. 

f BURG'LAR-^R,  n.  A burglar.  Hudibras. 

BURG-LA'RI-OUS,  a.  Relating  to  burglary.  “All 
of  them  burglarious  entries.”  Blackstone. 

BURG-LA'RI-OUS-LY,  ad.  With  an  intent  to 
commit  burglary.  Booth. 

BURG'LA-RIST,  n.  A burglar,  [r.]  Coleridge. 

BURG'LA-RY,  n.  [L.  burqus,  a town,  and  latro- 
cinium,  robbery,  or  Fr.  bourg,  a town,  and  lar- 
recin,  robbery  ; — its  radical  meaning  being  the 
robbery  (or  the  breaking  into,  with  a view  to 
the  robbery),  of  any  fenced  or  enclosed  place,  as 
distinguished  from  the  open  country.  Burrill.) 

( Law .)  The  crime  of  breaking  open,  and  enter- 
ing, the  dwelling  house  of  another,  in  the  night, 
with  intent  to  commit  felony.  Brande. 

BURG'mAs-TER,  n.  See  Burgomaster. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


BURGMOTE 


BURSE 


183 


BURG'MOTE,  n.  [A.  S.  burcg,  a city  or  town, 
and  mete,  an  assembly,  — a borough  meeting.] 
(Eng.  Law.)  A borough  court.  Burke. 

BUR'GO-mAs-T^R,  n.  [Ger.  burgomeister ; Put. 
burgemeester.)  A magistrate  or  chief  municipal 
officer  of  a Dutch  or  German  city,  — answering 
to  the  English  mayor.  Brande. 

BUR'GO-NET,  n.  Same  as  Burganet. 

BUR-GOO',  n.  A thick  oatmeal  gruel,  or  hulled 
oats  boiled ; — a dish  made  at  sea.  Written  also 
burgout.  Mar.  Diet. 

BUR'GRA VE,  n.  [Ger.  burg,  a castle,  and  graf, 
an  earl  or  a count.]  An  hereditary  governor 
of  a castle  or  a town.  Bale. 

BUR'GIJN-DY,  n.  A French  wine  from  Burgun- 
dy. “ The  mellow-tasted  burgundy .”  Thomson. 

BUR'GUN-DY-PlTCII',  n.  The  resinous  juice  of 
the  Abies' communis,  or  spruce-fir;  — used  in 
medicine  as  a stimulating  plaster,  and  so  named 
from  Burgundy,  in  France,  where  it  was  first 
prepared.  Loudon. 

BURG'wArd,  n.  [A.  S.  burh-weard ; burh,  a 
castle,  and  weard,  guardianship.]  (Eng.)  The 
custody  or  keeping  of  a castle.  Weale. 

f BURH  (liiir),  n.  [A.  S.  burh,  a castle  or  tower.] 
A defence  or  protection  ; — used  in  composi- 
tion. Gibson. 

||  BIJR'I-AL  (ber're-al)  [ber're-al,  W.  P.  J.  F.  Sm. 
C. ; ber'.yal,  S.  E.  K.  ; bur'e-al,  Jin.],  n.  [A.  S. 
birgen  or  byrigels,  a burial-place.]  Act  of  bury- 
ing a dead  body  ; interment ; inhumation  ; sep- 
ulture. 

In  that  she  hath  poured  this  oiutment  ou  my  body,  she 
did  it  for  my  burial.  Matt.  xxvi.  12. 

Syn.  — Burial,  interment,  inhumation,  sepulture,  and 
entombment  are  all  used  in  relation  to  the  bodies  of 
deceased  persons,  when  deposited,  with  religious  cer- 
emonies, in  a consecrated  or  appropriate  place,  either 
in  the  earth  or  in  a tomb.  The  term  burial,  however, 
is  used  in  a more  general  sense  than  the  other  terms. 
Dogs  are  buried,  not  interred ; human  bodies  are  buried, 
interred,  or  entombed. 

||  BUR'I-AL-GROUND  (ber're-al-),  n.  A place  for 
burial ; a burial-place.  J.  E.  Ryland. 

||  BUR'I-AL— PLACE  (ber're-ril-plas),  n.  A place 
for  burial ; a burial-ground.  Warton. 

II  BlTR'i-AL— SER'VfCE  (ber're-til-ser'vjs),  n.  Re- 
ligious service  at  a funeral.  Boswell. 

||  BUR'I-IJR  (ber're-er),  n.  One  who  buries.  “Till 
the  buriers  have  buried  it.”  Ezek.  xxxix.  15. 

BU'RIN,  n.  [Fr.]  The  tool  of  an  engraver;  a 
graver.  Johnson. 

BURKE,  v.  a.  [i.  burked  ; pp.  burking, 

BURKED.] 

1.  To  murder  with  a design  to  obtain  a body 
for  dissection.  [A  modern  term,  derived  from 
the  name  of  the  murderer,  an  Irishman,  who 
was  hanged  for  this  crime  in  1829.]  Qu.  Rev. 

Though  the  murdering  of  poor,  helpless  lodgers,  afterwards 
to  sell  their  bodies  to  surgeons  for  dissection,  cannot  be  re- 
garded as  a crime  in  which  the  nation  had  a share,  or  any 
tiling  but  the  monstrous  wickedness  of  one  or  two,  yet  the 
word  to  burke,  drawn  from  the  name  of  a wretch  who  long 
pursued  this  hideous  traffic,  a word  which  has  won  its  place 
in  the  language,  will  be  a lasting  memorial  in  all  after  times, 
unless,  indeed,  its  origin  should  be  forgotten,  to  how  strange 
a crime  this  age  of  a boasted  civilization  could  give  birth. 

Trench. 

2.  To  smother ; to  shelve  ; to  get  rid  of  by  a 

side-wind.  “ To  burke  a parliamentary  ques- 
tion.” [Inelegant.]  Ogilvie. 

BURK'£R,  n.  One  who  burkes.  Ed.  Rev. 

BURK'I^M,  n.  The  practice  of  burking  ; murder. 
— See  Burke,  v.  a.  West.  Rev. 

BURL,  v.  a.  [Fr.  bourre,  flocks  of  wool,  or  the 
down  on  herbs  and  fruits.  — See  Bur.]  [i. 
BURLED  ; pp.  BURLING,  BURLED.]  To  dress 

cloth  as  fullers  do.  Johnson. 

BURL,  n.  A small  knot  or  lump  in  thread.  Booth. 

BUR'LACE,  n.  A sort  of  grape.  — See  Burdelais. 

BUR'LAP,  n.  A coarse  cloth  for  baling,  &c., 
made  of  hemp.  It.  K.  Oliver. 

BURL'EIl,  n.  A dresser  of  cloth.  Dyer. 

BUR-LESUUE'  (Imr-lesk'),  a.  [It.  burlesco  ; bur- 
lare,  to  ridicule  ; Fr.  burlesque .]  Tending  to 
excite  laughter  by  contrast  between  the  subject 


and  the  manner  of  treating  it ; comic  ; sportive ; 
jocular.  Addison. 

Syn.  — See  Ludicrous. 

BUR-LES«aUE'  (bur-lesk'),  n.  A ludicrous  repre- 
sentation or  contrast;  a composition  tending  to 
excite  ridicule  ; ridicule  ; satire  ; irony. 

Burlesque  is  of  two  kinds;  the  first  represents  mean  per- 
sons in  the  accoutrements  of  heroes;  the  other  describes 
great  persons  acting  and  speaking  like  the  basest  among  the 
people.  Spectator. 

BUR-LESaUE'  (bur-lesk'),  V.  a.  [i.  BURLESQUED; 
pp.  BURLESQUING  J BURLESQUED.]  To  turn  to 
ridicule  ; to  ridicule.  Glanville. 

BIIR-LESQ.UE',  v.  n.  To  use  burlesque,  [r.] 

BUR-LES'ClUpR  (bur-les'ker),  n.  One  who  bur- 
lesques or  ridicules.  Todd. 

f BUR'LBT,  n.  A hood,  or  head-dress.  Elyot. 

BUR-LET'  TA,  n.  [It.;  burlare,  to  jest.]  Acom- 
ical  or  farcical  opera.  Brande. 

BUR'LI-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  burly.  Drayton. 

BURL'ING— iR-ONs->  (-I-urnz),  n.  pi.  A sort  of 
pincers.  Crabb. 

BUR'LY,  a.  [Probably  from  boorlike.  — Sir  T. 
More  writes  boorely  for  boorlike.] 

1.  Great  of  stature  ; bulky  ; stout ; lusty. 

Burly  and  big,  and  studious  of  his  ease.  Cowper. 

2.  Replete ; full.  “ Burly  sacks  and  full- 

stuffed  barns.”  Drayton. 

3.  Boisterous ; loud. 

So  when  a burly  tempest  rolls  his  pride.  Beaumont. 

BURN,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  byrnan  ; Ger.  brennen ; Dut. 
branden.]  [i.  burnt  or  burned  ; pp.  burn- 
ing, BURNT  or  BURNED.] 

1.  To  consume  with  fire. 

Though  I give  my  body  to  be  burned,  and  have  not  char- 
ity, it  profiteth  me  nothing.  1 Cor.  xiii.  3. 

2.  To  wound  or  injure  with  fire  or  heat ; as, 
“ To  burn  the  finger  ” ; “ To  burn  food  in  cook- 
ing.” 

3.  To  affect  with  fire  or  heat  in  the  processes 
of  the  arts  ; as,  “ To  burn  bricks  ” ; “ To  burn 
limestone  ” ; “ To  burn  colors.” 

To  burn  one's  fingers,  to  sutler  injury  or  loss  by  a 
speculation. — To  burn  a bowl,  (Game  of  bowls.)  to 
displace  a bowl  accidentally.  Ogiloic. 

BURN,  v.  n.  1.  To  be  on  fire. 

The  bush  burned  with  fire,  and  the  bush  was  not  con- 
sumed. Exod.  iii.  2. 

2.  To  appear  as  if  on  fire  ; to  shine;  to  spar- 
kle. [R.] 

The  barge  she  sat  in  like  a burnished  throne 

Burnt  on  the  water.  Shak. 

3.  To  feel  passion,  or  emotion. 

Raleigh,  the  scourge  of  Spain,  whose  breast  with  all 

The  sage,  the  patriot,  and  the  hero  burned.  Thomson. 

4.  To  be  in  a state  of  destructive  violence; 
to  rage. 

The  groan  still  deepens,  and  the  combat  bums.  Pope. 

5.  To  be  near  finding  what  is  concealed  or 

unknown.  [Colloquial.]  Hunter. 

BURN,  n.  A hurt  caused  by  fire.  Boyle. 

Syn.  — Bums  are  produced  by  heated  solids,  and 
scalds  by  heated  fluids. 

BURN,  n.  [Goth,  brunna  ; A.  S.  burne.)  A 
brook.  [Scotland.]  Douglas. 

BURN'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  burnt.  Cotgrave. 

BURN'£R,  n.  1.  A person  who  burns  any  thing. 

2.  The  part  of  a lamp  that  holds  the  wick. 

3.  (Gas  Fixtures.)  The  tube  through  which 
illuminating  gas  is  made  to  issue  while  burning. 

BUR'NET,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  several  species  ; 
— a British  plant  whose  leaves  are  sometimes 
used  as  a food  for  sheep ; Poterium  sangui- 
sorba.  Brande. 

BUR'NpT— RO§E,  n.  A Scotch  rose.  Booth. 

BUR'N£T-SAx'I-FRA<?E,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of 
herbaceous  plants  ; Pimpinella.  Loudon. 

BURN'ING,  n.  [A.  S.  brerning. ] 

1.  Act  of  consuming  or  affecting  by  fire. 

2.  Combustion ; conflagration. 

The  kings  . . . shall  bewail  her  . . . when  they  shall  see  the 
smoke  of  her  burning.  Rev.  xviii.  9. 

3.  State  of  inflammation. 

The  mind,  of  itself,  can  feel  none  of  the  burnings  of  a 
fever.  South. 


BURN'ING,  a.  1.  Flaming;  fiery;  glowing;  ar- 
dent ; hot.  “ Burning  fiery  furnace.”  Dan.  iii.  21. 

2.  Vehement ; powerful.  Shak. 

BURN'ING— GLASS,  n.  A glass  so  formed  as  to 
collect  the  sun’s  rays  in  a focus,  and  produce 
intense  heat ; a convex  lens.  Francis. 

BUR'NISH,  v.  a.  [It.  brunire ; Sp.  § Fr.  brumr.) 
[t.  BURNISHED  ; pp.  BURNISHING,  BURNISHED.] 
To  polish  ; to  give  a gloss  to  ; as,  “ To  burnish 
silver  or  steel.” 

BUR'NISH,  v.  n.  1.  To  grow  bright  or  glossy ; to 
be  conspicuous.  Swift. 

2.  To  spread,  or  become  rounded,  as  in 

growth. 

Ere  Juno  burnished , or  young  Jove  was  grown.  Drtjdcn. 

BUR'NISH,  n.  A gloss  ; lustre.  Crashaw. 

BUR'NISH-BB,  n.  1.  One  who  burnishes. 

2.  A burnishing  tool.  Johnson. 

BUR'NISH-ING,  n.  The  act  of  polishing,  or  giv- 
ing a gloss.  Burke. 

BURNT,  i.  & p.  from  burn.  See  Burn. 

BURNT,  p.  a.  Consumed,  or  scorched,  by  fire. 

BURNT'— OF-FER-lNG,  n.  Something  offered  and 
burnt  on  an  altar  by  way  of  sacrifice. GeM.viii.20. 

BURR,  n.  1.  The  lobe  or  lap  of  the  ear.  Johnson. 

2.  A round  knob  of  the  horn  next  to  a deer’s 

head.  Craig. 

3.  The  sweetbread  of  a calf.  [Local.]  Todd. 

4.  A round  iron  ring  used  with  cannon.  Crabb. 

5.  A guttural  or  rough  pronunciation  of  the 
letter  r ; as,  “The  Northumberland  burr.” 

6.  [A.  S.  byrs,  a graving  iron.]  A triangular 
chisel  for  clearing  the  corners  of  mortises. 

7.  A partially  vitrified  brick  or  clinker.  Ogilvie. 

8.  The  prickly  head  of  the  chestnut,  &c.  : — 

a burdock.  — See  Bur.  Phillips. 

BUR'RAGE,  n.  A plant;  borage.  — See  Borage. 

BUR'RAS— PIPE,  n.  A utensil  for  holding  corro- 
sive substances,  as  vitriol,  &c.  Crabb. 

BUR'REL,  n.  A sort  of  pear  with  a delicious  soft 
pulp  ; — called  also  red  butter-pear.  Phillips. 

BUR'REL— FLY,  n.  [Fr.  bourreler,  to  torment.] 
The  ox-fly  ; the  gad-fly  ; the  breese.  Phillips. 

BUR'REL— SHOT,  n.  A sort  of  case-shot.  Harris. 

BUR'ROCK,  n.  A small  weir  or  dam  for  catching 
fish.  Phillips. 

BUR'ROW  (bur'ro),M.  [A.  S.  beorh,  beorg,  a ref- 
uge, a burrow.]  A hole  in  the  ground  for  rab- 
bits, hares,  and  some  other  animals.  — It  is 
sometimes  used  for  borough,  and  barrow. 

BUR'ROW,  v.  n.  [i.  burrowed  ; pp.  burrow- 
ing, burrowed.]  To  lodge  in  a hole  in  the 
ground.  Mortimer. 

BUR'ROW— DUCK,  n.  (Ornith.)  An  aquatic  bird  ; 
the  shell-drake  ; the  Anas  tadorna.  Yarrell. 

BUR'ROW-lNG,  p.  a.  Living  under  ground. 

BURRH'STONE,  n.  A cellular  stone,  consisting 
of  pure  silex  ; — used  chiefly  for  making  mill- 
stones.— See  Buhrstone.  Craig. 

BUR'RY,  a.  Having,  or  resembling,  burs.  Loudon. 

BUR'SAR,  n.  [L.  bursarius  ; Gael . borsair ; Fr. 
boursier .] 

1.  A clerk  or  treasurer  of  a convent  or  col- 
lege. Brande. 

2.  A student  in  an  English  university  who  is 
maintained  by  funds  from  endowments.  Brande. 

BUR'SAR-SHlP,  n.  The  state  or  office  of  a bur- 
sar. Hales. 

BUR'SA-RY,  n.  1.  The  treasury  of  a college  or 
a monastery. 

2.  An  exhibition,  endowment,  or  charitable 
foundation  in  a university.  “ Under  the  name 
of  bursaries,  fellowships,  exhibitions,  scholar- 
ships.” Brande. 

BUR-S A- TEL' LA,  n.  (Zo/il.)  A genus  of  naked, 
purse-shaped  gasteropods.  Woodward. 

BURSCH,  n. ; pi.  bvrschen  [Ger.]  A lad  or 
youth  ; — especially  a student  at  a German  uni- 
versity Brande. 

BURSE,  n.  [Gael,  borsa,  a purse  — Fr  bourse,  a 
purse,  an  exchange.] 


MiEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — <?,  <?,  9,  g,  soft; 


Ft  &>  £>  I)  hard;  § as  z;  % as  gz. — THIS,  this. 


BURST 


184 


BUSTO 


1.  An  exchange  where  merchants  meet. 
“ Merchants’  burses.”  — See  1Souk.se.  Burton. 

2.  A fund  or  foundation  for  the  mainte- 
nance of  poor  scholars.  [France.]  Buiste. 

BURST,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  berstan  ; Dut.  &;  Ger.  bersten.  1 
[i.  BURST  ; PJ).  BURSTING,  BURST  (t  BURSTEN).] 

1.  To  break  suddenly  ; to  be  rent  asunder  by 
internal  force  ; to  break  or  fly  open. 

Thy  presses  shall  burst  out  with  new  wine.  Prov.  iii.  10. 

2.  To  spring  from,  or  break  away.  “You 

burst  from  my  arms.”  Pope. 

3.  To  come  suddenly;  to  explod 

If  the  worlds 

In  worlds  enclosed  should  on  his  senses  burst.  Thomson. 

4.  To  begin  an  action  violently  or  suddenly. 

“ She  burst  into  tears.”  Arbuthnot. 

Syn.  — See  Break. 

BURST,  v.  a.  To  break  open  suddenly. 

Else  the  new  wine  will  burst  the  bottles.  Luke  v.  37 . 

BURST,  p.  a.  1.  Rent  asunder. 

2.  Diseased  with  a rupture  or  hernia.  Craig. 

BURST,  n.  1.  A sudden  disruption  ; an  explosion. 

Such  sheets  of  fire,  such  burst  of  horrid  thunder.  Shak. 

2.  A rupture ; a hernia. 

f BURST'EN  (biir'stn),  p.  from  burst.  Beau.  3,  FI. 

f BURST'GN-NESS,  n.  A rupture.  Sherwood. 

BURSTER,  n.  One  that  bursts.  Cotgrave. 

BURST'VVORT  (-wiirt),  n.  ( Bot .)  A plant  former- 
ly considered  efficacious  in  the  cure  of  hernia ; 
rupture-wort ; Ilerniaria  glabra.  Dunglison. 

BURT,  «.  A flat  fish  of  the  turbot  kind.  Phillips. 

BUR'THEN  (biir'thn),  n.  [A.  S.  byrthen,  byrdenk] 
Somethin"  to  be  borne.  “ The  rest  the  burthen 
bear.”  — See  Burden.  Drayton. 

BUR'THEN  (biir'thn),  v.  a.  To  load. — See  Burden. 

f BUR'THEN-OUS  (b'ur'thn-us),  a.  Burdensome. 
“ The  very  burthenous  earth.”  Drayton. 

BUR'THpN-SOME,  a.  Burdensome.  Burke. 

BUR'TON  (biir'tn),  n.  ( Nawt .)  A small  tackle 
formed  of  two  or  more  blocks  or  pulleys,  rove 
in  a particular  manner.  Dana. 

BUR'TON— ALE,  n.  A kind  of  ale  which  contains 
about  8J  per  cent,  of  alcohol.  Brewer. 

||  BUR'Y  (ber're)  [ber're,  S.  W.P.J.  E.  F.  K.  Sun. 
R.  C.  ; bur're,  Jak],  v.  a.  [A.  S.  birgan,  or  bi- 
rian ; Ger.  bergen.] 

1.  To  put  into  a grave  ; to  inter  with  funeral 
rites  ; to  inhume,  as  a dead  body. 

I come  to  bun/  Ccesar,  not  to  praise  him.  Shak. 

2.  To  cover  with  a mass  of  earth,  water,  or 
other  matter. 

I ’ll  break  my  staff, 

Burt/  it  certain  fathoms  in  the  earth.  Shak. 

And  all  the  clouds,  that  lowered  upon  our  house, 

In  the  deep  bosom  of  the  ocean  buried.  Shak. 

3.  To  hide;  to  conceal;  as,  “To  bury  one’s 
self  in  seclusion.” 

To  bury  the  hatchet,  to  make  peace. 

Syn.  — See  Buriae. 

f BUR'Y  (ber're),  n.  [A.  S.  burh,  a castle,  a town  ; 
bur,  a cottage.]  A manor  or  manor-house  ; a 
dwelling-place  : — the  same  word,  originally,  as 
borough,  burgh,  or  burrow , and  to  be  met  with 
in  old  authors  with  the  same  meaning.  It  is 
still  retained  as  a termination  in  the  names  of 
many  places  ; as,  “ St.  Edmondsitrry  ” ; “ Al- 
dermanA«ri/,”  &c.  Phillips. 

BU  RY  (bu're),  n.  [Fr .beurrek]  A delicate  pear, 
of  several  varieties.  Cotgrave. 

||  BUR'Y-ING,  n.  Burial.  “ Against  the  day  of 
my  burying  hath  she  kept  this.”  John  xti.  7. 

||  BUR'Y-ING— GROUND,  n.  A place  for  interring 
the  dead  ; a burial-ground.  Booth. 

II  BUR'Y-ING-PLACE  (ber'-),  n.  A place  for  sep- 
ulture ; a grave-yard  ; a cemetery.  “ The  bury- 
ing-place  of  Manoah.”  Judges  xvi.  31. 

BUSH,  n.  [Dan.  busk  ; Sw.  buske  ; Ger.  busch.  — It. 
bosco  ; Sp.  bosque  ; Fr.  bois,  a wood.] 

1.  f A place  abounding  in  trees  or  shrubs  ; a 
thicket. 

The  angel  of  the  Lord  appeared  unto  him  in  a flame  of 
fire  out  of  the  midst  of  a bush.  Exod.  iii.  2. 


2.  A thick  shrub ; a young  tree. 

Each  common  bush  shall  Syrian  roses  wear.  Dnjden. 

3.  The  sign  of  a tavern  in  England ; — for- 
merly an  ivy-bush.  “Good  wine  draws  cus- 
tomers without  any  help  of  an  ivy-bush.”  Cot- 
grave. Hence  the  proverb,  “ Good  wine  needs 
no  bush.”  — It  was  sometimes  applied  to  the 
tavern  itself.  “ Twenty  to  one  you  find  him  at 
the  bush.”  Beau.  <Sf  FI. 

4.  (Hunting.)  The  tail  of  a fox.  Coles. 

5.  (Mech.)  [Fr.  bouche,  mouth.]  The  hol- 

low box  or  tube  of  metal  which  is  fitted  into 
the  centre  of  a wheel  to  take  the  bearing  of  an 
axle  or  journal.  Francis. 

Syn.  — A tree  is  a large  plant  which  rises  with  a 
single  stem:  — bushes  and  shrubs  form  underwood  or 
brushwood  growing  among  trees.  Shrub  implies  the 
habitual  form  of  growth,  as  the  rose  is  a shrub ; bush, 
the  accidental  form,  for  a bush  may  grow  into  a tree. 

BUSH,  v.  n.  To  grow  thick,  as  a bush.  “ The 
roses  bushing.”  Milton.  “ Bushing  elders. ’’.Pope. 

BUSH'BOK,  n.  ( Zoul .)  See  Bosbok. 

BUSH'— CREEP- (1R,  n.  ( Ornith .)  A bird  of  the 
sub-family  Mnioltiltince.  Gray. 

BUSH'LL,  n.  [Low  L.  buscllus  ; Old  Fr.  buschcT, 
Fr.  boisseau. — W.  pwyscl ; Gael.  § Ir.  buiseal .] 

1.  A dry  measure  containing  four  pecks, 

eight  gallons,  or  thirty-two  quarts.  Davies. 

2.  A bushel  measure  or  vessel.  “ Neither 

do  men  light  a candle  and  put  it  under  a 
bushel.”  Matt.  v.  15. 

3.  A large  quantity.  Dry  den. 

BUSH'LL- A^E,  n.  Duty  payable  on  goods  by 

the  bushel.  [Eng.]  Todd. 

BUSH'GL-LfR,  n.  One  who  repairs  garments  for 
tailors.  [Local,  U.  S.]  Dr.  Gilman. 

BUSII'ET,  n.  A wood.  — See  Busket.  Ray. 

BUSH'— hAR-ROW,  n.  A harrow  made  of  bush- 
es. Weale. 

BUSH'I-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  bushy. 

BUSH'ING,  n.  (Mech.)  The  operation  of  fitting 
a lining  of  metal  in  an  orifice  in  which  an  axis 
or  journal  turns.  Ogilvie. 

BUSH’MAN,  n.  [Dut.  boschmank]  1.  A woodsman. 

2.  pi.  [Dut.  bosjesmannen,  men  of  the  woods.] 
A kind  of  roaming  savages  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope  ; Bosjesmans.  Brande. 

f BUSH'MJJNT,  n.  A thicket.  Raleigh. 

BUSH'— MET-AL,  it.  A composition  of  copper  and 
tin,  for  journals,  bearing  of  shafts,  &c.  Ogilvie. 

BUSH'— QUAIL,  n.  (Ornith.)  A bird  of  the  order 
Gallince  and  sub-family  Turnicinte.  Gray. 

BUSH'— RAN-GUR,  n.  One  who  ranges  among 
the  bushes  ; — applied  to  convicts  or  criminals 
who  escape  and  live  in  the  woods. 

BUSH'— SHRIKE,  n.  (Ornith.)  A bird  of  the  order 
Passeres  and  sub-family  Thamnophilince.  Gray. 

BUSH'Y,  a.  1.  Full  of  bushes.  “The  bushy 
plain.”  Dryden. 

2.  Thick,  like  a bush.  “ Statues  of  this  god 
with  a thick,  bushy  beard.”  Addison. 

BU^'I-LESS  (biz'e-les),  a.  Without  business  ; 
unemployed ; at  leisure.  Shak. 

BU^'I-LY  (blz'e-le),  ad.  In  a busy  manner. 

BUSINESS  (biz'nes),  n.  [From  busy.  — A.  S.  bi- 
seg  ; Fr.  besogne,  business.] 

1.  That  which  makes  one  busy,  or  that  which 
one  does  for  a livelihood ; calling ; employ- 
ment ; occupation ; vocation. 

To  men  addicted  to  delights, business  is  an  interruption;  to 
6uch  as  are  cold  to  delights,  business  is  an  entertainment. 

Steele. 

2.  Trade  ; commerce  ; traffic  ; as,  “ The  pros- 
pects of  business  are  encouraging.” 

3.  Something  to  be  transacted  ; concern  ; 
matter ; affair. 

A man  who  cannot  mind  his  own  business  is  not  to  be 
trusted  with  the  king’s.  Saville. 

They  were  far  from  the  Zidonians.  and  had  no  business 
with  any  man.  Judges  xviii.  7. 

Syn.  — Business,  occupation,  calling,  and  vocation 
are  all  used  to  denote  what  a person  does  in  order  to 
procure  a living,  or  what  is  his  regular  employment. 
Engagement  is  an  occasional  employment ; avocation, 
some  business  that  requires  attention,  or  which  calls 


one  off  from  a regular  employment.  Let  every  one  at- 
tend to  his  business,  and  be  industrious  in  his  occupation, 
calling,  or  vocation,  faithful  to  his  engagements,  and 

perform  the  duties  of  his  office  or  profession The 

profession  of  a clergyman,  a lawyer,  physician,  or 
surgeon  ; the  trade,  of  a carpenter  ; the  office  or  duty  of 
a magistrate.  A serious  business  ; a momentous  con- 
cern ; an  important  matter-,  an  interesting  affair.  — See 
Affair,  Matter,  Occupation,  Office. 

BUSINESS-LIKE  (blz'nes-IIk),  a.  Done  well  ; 
practical.  Ed.  Rev. 

BUSK,  n.  1.  [Fr.  6wsc.]  A piece  of  steel  or 
whalebone,  worn  by  women  to  keep  the  dress 
of  the  body  firm  to  the  shape. 

2.  [Dan.  busk.)  + A bush.  Davison. 

3.  A sort  of  linen  cloth.  [Local.]  HalliweU. 

f BUSK,  v.  a.  To  make  ready  ; to  dress.  Fairfax. 

BUSK'GD,  p.  a.  Furnished  with  a busk.  Pollok. 

BUSK'ET,  n.  [It.  boschetto  ; Old  Fr.  boschetk] 

1.  A sprig  or  small  bush.  Spenser. 

2.  A small  compartment  in  a garden  formed 

of  trees,  shrubs,  &e.  [r.]  Miller. 

BUS'KIN,  n.  [Probably  bootikin , a little  boot. 
Brande.  — Dut.  brooskenk] 

1.  A kind  of  half  boot.  “ A shepherd  strut- 
ting in  his  country  buskins.”  Dryden. 

2.  A shoe  with  a high  sole,  worn  by  the  an- 
cient actors  of  tragedy,  as  the  sock  was  worn 
by  the  comedians. 

The  buskin  was  a kind  of  high  shoe  worn  upon  the  stage  by 
the  actors  of  tragedy,  in  order  to  give  them  a more  heroical 


elevation  of  stature.  Melmoth. 

Great  Fletcher  never  treads  in  buskins  here, 

Nor  greater  Jonson  dares  in  socks  appear.  Di'yden. 

3.  Tragedy,  or  the  tragic  drama.  Brande. 

BUS'KINED  (bus'kind),  a.  1.  Dressed  in  buskins. 
“ Buskined  virgins.”  Pope. 

2.  Tragic.  “ Buskined  measures.”  Gray. 

BUS'KY,  a.  Woody;  shaded  with  woods  ; bosky. 
“ Yoii  busky  hill.”  — See  Bosky.  Shak. 

BUSS,  v.  a.  [Sp.  besar-,  Fr.  baiserk]  To  kiss. 
[An  old  word,  grown  vulgar.]  Shak. 


BUSS, ».  1.  [W.,  Gael.,  A"  Ir.  bus,  mouth,  lip,  kiss  ; 
Ger.  buise. — Low  L.  bussa ; Sp.  buz.]  A kiss. 
“ Flattering  busses. ” Shak.  “ Smacking  buss." 
Pope. 

2.  [Ger.  biise  ; Dut.  buisk]  A small  vessel  or 
boat  for  the  herring  fishery.  Temple. 

BUST,  n.  [L.  busturn,  a burned  body  ; buso,  bus- 
tles, to  burn  ; It.  $ Sp.  busto  ; Fr.  bustek] 

1.  (Sculp.)  The  representation  of  the  up- 

per part  of  the  human  body,  including  the  head, 
neck,  shoulders,  breast,  and  arms,  truncated 
above  the  elbow.  Fairholt. 

2.  The  corresponding  part  of  the  real  figure. 

BUS'TAM-ITE,  n.  (Min.)  A mineral  composed 

of  silica,  manganese,  and  lime.  Dana. 

BUS'TARD,  it.  [Fr.  bis- 
tarde .]  (Ornith.)  A 
bird  of  the  genus  Otis 
of  Linnaeus  ; a sort  of 
wild  turkey,  inhabiting 
open  plains,  and  found 
in  Europe,  Asia,  and 
Africa.  — See  Otidi- 
NvE.  Van  Der  Hoeven. 

BUS'T£R,  n.  Any  thing 
very  large : — a spree. 

[A’  ulgar.]  Bartlett. 

BUS'TLE  (bus's!),  V.  n. 

[Perhaps,  says  Johnson,  from  busy,  or  from 
brustle  ; A.  S.  brastlian,  to  brustle.]  [i.  bus- 
tled ; pp.  bustling,  bustled.]  To  be  busy 
with  quickness  of  motion ; to  be  in  a confused 
hurry  ; to  stir  about. 

Come,  bustle , bustle \ — caparison  my  horse.  Shak. 

BUS'TLE,  v.  a.  To  confuse,  [r.]  Wilberforee. 

BUS'TLE  (hus'sl),  n.  1.  Great  stir  ; tumultuous 
hurry.  “ A great  bustle  and  disturbance.”  South. 

2.  A stuffed  pad  worn  by  ladies  on  the  back 
to  give  prominence  to  the  skirt ; — called  also  a 
bishop. 

BUS'TLJJR  (hus’ler),  n.  One  who  bustles  ; an 
active,  stirring  person.  Cowper. 

B Os' TO,  n.  [It.]  A statue;  a bust.  “These 
venerable  bustos.”  — See  Bust.  Swift. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; h£[R,  HER; 


BUSY 


185 


BUTTERY 


BU§'Y  (biz'ze),  a.  [A.  S.  hiseg,  byseg,  bisgung, 
business  ; i>ut.  bezig,  busy.] 

1.  Occupied  in  business  ; employed  with  dili- 
gence ; actively  engaged;  as,  “To  be  busy  in 
one’s  profession  or  calling.” 

2.  Constantly  in  motion  ; brisk  ; stirring  ; 
active  ; as,  “ A busy  bee.” 

3.  Bustling;  officious;  meddling;  trouble- 
some. “ Meddling  monkey  or  busy  ape.”  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Active. 

BU§'Y  (biz'ze),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  bysgian .]  [t.  bus- 
ied; pp.  busying,  busied.]  To  make  busy; 
to  employ  ; — used  chiefly  with  the  reflective 
pronoun. 

Syn. — See  Employ. 

BU§'Y-BC)D-Y  (biz'ze-),  re.  A meddling  person. 

Tattlers  and  busyhodies  are  the  canker  and  rust  of  idleness, 
as  idleness  is  the  rust  of  time.  Bp.  Taylor. 

BUT,  conj.  [A.  S.  butan,  but,  unless,  except ; — 
the  imperative,  according  to  Tooke,  of  botan,  to 
boot,  or  to  add.  Bosivorth,  however,  does  not 
give  this  word  botan  in  his  Dictionary  ; and 
Jamieson  says  there  is  no  such  A.  S.  verb.] 

1.  On  the  other  hand,  or  on  the  contrary  ; — 
noting  contrast  or  opposition. 

The  memory  of  the  just  is  blessed;  but  the  name  of  the 
■wicked  shall  rot.  Prov.  x.  7. 

2.  Yet;  still;  however;  nevertheless. 

Now  abideth  faith,  hope,  charity  — these  three;  but.  the 
greatest  of  these  is  charity.  1 Cor.  xiii.  13. 

3.  Except  that ; if  it  were  not  that ; if  it  be 
not  that ; unless. 

I here  do  give  thee  that  with  all  my  heart, 

Which,  but  thou  hast  already,  witli  all  my  heart 
I would  keep  from  thee.  Shak. 

4.  Otherwise  than  that ; that ; — now  com- 
monly expressed  by  the  phrase  but  that. 

It  cannot  be  but  Nature  hath  some  director  of  infinite 
power  to  guide  her  in  all  her  ways.  HooTcer. 

I do  not  doubt  but  I have  been  to  blame.  Dryden. 

Lexicographers  and  grammarians  differ  much 
in  relation  to  but.  Mr.  Todd  remarks,  “ Dr.  Johnson 
considers  but  only  a conjunction  ; whereas  it  is,  in 
fact,  a conjunction,  preposition,  adverb,  and  interjec- 
tion.”— Mr.  Smart  says,  “It  is  not  always  a con- 
junction ; it  is  a preposition  where  we  say,  ‘ I saw  no 
one  but  him.’  Yet  we  may,  by  an  ellipsis,  still  ex- 
plain it  as  a conjunction  : ‘ I saw  no  one,  but  [I  saw] 
him  ’ -,  or,  by  another  ellipsis,  as  an  adverb:  4 I saw 
no  one,  [[  saw]  but  him,’  that  is,  1 only  him.’  The 
simplest  explanation,  or  that  which  dispenses  with 
the  ellipses,  is  the  best.” 

Syn.  — But , however , yet , still , notwithstanding, 
nevertheless.  But,  like  its  corresponding  conjunctions 
in  French,  Italian,  and  Greek,  has  two  distinct  mean- 
ings— one  in  a certain  sense  conjunctive,  and  the 
other  disjunctive.  The  one  would  be  expressed  at 
full  length  by  but  yet,  the  other  by  but  on  the  contrary. 
For  instance,  “This  is  not  summer,  but  it  is  almost 
as  warm,”  would  express  the  first;  and,  “This  is 
not  summer,  but  winter,”  the  second.  Horne  Tooke 
was  so  struck  with  the  difference  of  these  two  mean- 
ings of  but,  that  he  referred  the  word  to  two  separate 
roots,  one  being  boot  (besides),  the  other  be-out  (left 
out).  Ingenious  as  this  theory  is,  it  is  hardly  tena- 
ble; for  not  only  in  French  and  Italian,  but  even  in 
Greek,  there  is  but  one  conjunction  to  express  these 
two  different  meanings.  In  German,  Spanish,  and 
Latin,  we  find  a conjunction  for  each  of  these  two 
meanings  ; the  German  aber,  the  Spanish  pero,  and 
the  Latin  autem , answering  to  but  yet ; and  sondern, 
sino,  and  sed,  to  but  on  the  contrary. 

The  other  words  in  the  group,  all  correspond  to  the 
first  of  these  two  meanings,  but  yet.  The  weakest  of 
them  all  in  disjunctive  power  is  however,  which  seems 
rather  to  waive  the  question  than  to  qualify  or  alter 
it.  “ This,  however , is  not  essential,”  differs  in  force 
from,  “ But  this  is  not  essential”;  the  latter  rather 
implying  that  it  might  be  thought  essential. 

Yet  is  stronger  than  but,  and  still  even  stronger  again, 
as  it  indicates  an  exception  to  what  has  been  said 
before.  It  seems  an  abbreviation  of  not  removed. 
“All  you  say  is  true;  still  I think,”  — this  implies 
that  full  weight  is  given  to  the  opponent’s  arguments, 
but  that  they  do  not  remove  the  difficulty  in  the  mind 
of  the  objector.  Notwithstanding  and  nevertheless  are 
again  stronger  than  still.  Nevertheless  is  the  strong- 
est of  all.  Whatelips  Synonyms.  — See  However. 

BUT,  prep.  [A.  S.  butan,  without.  Tooke  sugg- 
ests that  it  is  formed  from  the  imperative  of 
eon , to  be,  and  utan,  out.]  Excepting ; ex- 
cept; as,  “All  but  one  were  lost.” 

The  boy  stood  on  the  burning  deck, 

Whence  all  but  him  had  fled.  Hemans. 

3UT,  ad.  Only  ; no  more  than. 

Born  but  to  die,  and  reasoning  but  to  err.  Pope. 


BUT,  n.  [Celt,  but ; Fr.  bout,  end,  extremity.] 

1.  The  end  of  any  thing  ; — especially  the 
larger  end.  — See  But-end. 

2.  A boundary  ; a bound.  Holder. 

3.  (Ship-building.)  The  end  of  a plank  join- 

ing another  on  the  outside  of  a ship. — See 
Butt.  Hams. 

4.  (Mech.)  The  square  end  of  a connecting- 

rod  or  other  link,  to  which  the  bush-bearing  is 
attached  by  a strap.  Ogilvie. 

5.  [Scottish.]  The  outer  apartment  of  a house, 
consisting  of  only  two  apartments.  Dunbar. 

BUT,  v.  n.  [Fr.  buter,  to  prop.]  [i.  butted  ; pp. 
butting,  butted.]  To  touch  at  one  end ; to 
abut.  Cotgrave . 

BUTCH'ER,  n.  [Fr.  boucher.')  1.  One  who  kills 
animals  in  order  to  preserve,  or  sell,  their  flesh. 

2.  One  who  delights  in  slaughter.  “ Con- 
querors, the  great  butchers  of  mankind.”  Jjocke. 

BUTCH'ER,  v.  a.  \i.  butchered  ; pp.  butch- 
ering, BUTCHERED.] 

1.  To  kill  and  dress  for  food,  as  animals. 

2.  To  slaughter  or  kill  with  cruelty. 

Teaching  stern  murder  how  to  butcher  thee.  Shak. 

BUTCH'ER— BIRD,  re.  ( Ornith .)  A dentirostral 
bird  of  the  genus  Passeres  and  family  Laniida ; 
a kind  of  shrike  ; — so  named  from  its  habit  of 
suspending  its  prey  upon  thorns  to  be  devoured 
at  leisure.  Gray. 

BUTCH'ER-ING,  n.  The  employment  of  a butcher. 

BUTCH']>R-L,I-NESS,  re.  A brutal  or  savage  man- 
ner. [r.]  Johnson. 

BUTCH'ER-LY,  a.  Cruel ; bloody.  Ascham. 

BUTCH'ER— ROW,  n.  A place  where  butchers 
sell  their  meat ; a row  of  shambles.  Whitlock. 

BUTCH'ERb?— BROOM,  n.  An  evergreen  under- 
shrub; Ruscus  aculcatus  ; — formerly  used  by 
butchers  for  sweeping  their  blocks.  Loudon. 

BUTCH'  ER’§— ME  AT,  or  BUTCH'ER— MEAT,  n. 
The  flesh  of  animals,  slaughtered  for  the  table. 

BUTCH'ER-Y,  n.  1.  The  trade  of  a butcher. 

2.  The  place  where  animals  are  killed.  “ This 

house  is  but  a butchery.”  Shak. 

3.  Murder  ; massacre  ; carnage. 

Whom  gaols,  and  blood,  and  butcher y delight.  Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Carnage. 

BUT'— END,  n.  The  blunt  end  of  any  thing.  “The 
but-ends  of  their  muskets.”  Clarendon. 

BU'  TF.-O,  n.  [L.]  (Ornith.)  A sub-genus  of 
accipitrine  birds  ; the  buz- 
zard. Brande. 

B u- Til- o-JYl ' At/E,  n.  (Or- 
nith.) A sub-family  of  birds 
of  the  order  Accipitrcs  and 
family  Falconidat ; buzzards. 

Gray.  Buteo  vul  garis. 

BUT'— HIN(JE,  n.  A kind  of  hinge  employed  in 
hanging  doors,  shutters,  &c.  Weale. 

BUT'EpR,  n.  [Fr.  bouteillicr ; bouteille,  a bottle.] 
A servant  who  has  the  care  of  wine  and  other 
liquors,  and  of  supplies  for  the  table.  “ Butlers 
forget  to  bring  up  their  beer.”  Swift. 

BtJT'LpR-At-JE,  n.  (Old  Eng.  Law.)  A duty  of 
2s.  a tun  on  wine  imported  by  merchant  stran- 
gers, — paid  to  the  king’s  butler.  Whishaw. 

BUT'LJER-ESS,  n.  A female  butler.  Chapman. 

BUT'LIJR-SHIP,  n.  The  office  of  a butler.  “ He 
restored  the  chief  butler  unto  his  butlership 
again.”  Gen.  xl.  21. 

BIJT'MENT,  n.  [Fr.  aboutissement.]  A support 
on  W'hich  the  foot  of  an  arch  stands ; an  abut- 
ment. “The  hutments  of  said  arch.”  Wotton. 

fBUT'SHAFT  (12),  re.  An  arrow.  “The  blind 
boy’s  butshaft.”  Shak. 

BUTT,  n.  1.  [Fr.  btit.\  A mark  to  be  shot  at; 
object  of  aim. 

The  Papists  were  the  butt  against  whom  all  the  arrows 
were  directed.  Clarendon. 

2.  A person  w'ho  is  the  object  of  jests ; as, 
“ He  was  the  butt  of  the  company.” 

3.  [Fr.  botte,  a thrust.]  A blow  given  by  a 

horned  animal.  Johnson. 


4.  A stroke  or  blow  given  in  fencing.  Prior. 

5.  [A.  S.  butte  ; It.  botte.)  A large  vessel  or 
cask  ; — a beer-measure  of  108  gallons  ; a wine- 
measure  of  120  gallons.  “A  butt,  of  sack.”  Shak. 

6.  [Fr.  butte.)  A short  angular  ridge  of  land. 

7.  [Fr.  bout.)  The  end  of  a plank  where  it 

unites  with  the  end  of  another  : — written  also 
but.  Dana. 

BUTT,  v.  a.  [It.  buttare  ; Sp.  botar,  to  thrust ; 
Fr.  botte,  a thrust.]  [ i . butted  ; pp.  butting, 
hutted.]  To  strike  with  the  head  or  horns. 
“ The  beast  . . . butts  me  away.”  Shak. 

BUTT,  v.  n.  To  strike  with  the  head  or  horns. 
“ A ram  will  butt  with  his  head,  though  he  be 
brought  up  tame.”  Lay. 

BUTTE,  n.  [Fr.]  A high  bank  or  mound  ; an 
abrupt  hill;  a conspicuous  landmark.  Simpson. 

BUT'TER,  n.  [Gr.  (loiirvpov  ; L.  butyrum  ; A.  S. 
buter-,  Dut.  boter;  Ger.  butter;  It  .butirro;  Fr. 
beurre.) 

1.  The  oily  part  of  milk ; an  unctuous  sub- 
stance obtained  by  churning  cream. 

2.  Any  substance  resembling  butter. 

Butter  of  antimony,  sesquichloride  of  antimony. — 
Butter  of  arsenic,  chloride  of  arsenic.  — Butter  of  bis- 
muth, chloride  of  bismuth.  — Butter  of  cacao,  an  oily 
concrete  matter  obtained  from  the  Chocolate  nut : — 
used  in  pomatums.  — Butter  of  tin,  perchloride  of  tin. 
— Butter  of  wax,  the  oily  part  of  wax  obtained  by  dis- 
tillation.— Butter  of  zinc,  chloride  of  zinc. 

BUT'TER,  V.  a.  [?.  BUTTERED;  pp.  BUTTERING, 
buttered.]  To  spread  with  butter.  “ Words 
butter  no  parsnips.”  V Estrange. 

BUT'TER— BIRD,  n.  The  rice-bunting  ; — so 
called  in  Jamaica.  Ogilvie. 

BUT'TER— BUMP,  n.  A name  of  the  bittern  ; bot- 
tle-bump. Johnson. 

BUT'TER-BUR,  n.  (Bot.)  A perennial  medicinal 
plant,  having  large  leaves  ; pestilent-wort ; 
Tussilago  petasites.  Loudon. 

BUT'TgR-CIJP,  n.  (Bot.)  A name  applied  to 
some  species  of  Ranunculus,  or  crow-foot,  as 
the  Ranunculus  bulbosus  and  Ranunculus  acris  ; 
butter-flower  ; king’s-cup  ; gold-cup.  Loudon. 

BUT'TER— FLoW-gR,  n.  A buttercup.  Gay. 

BUT'TER-FLY,  n.  [A.  S.  buttor-Jleoge,  or  bufer- 
flege.)  A beautiful  winged  insect,  of  many 
species,  belonging  to  the  family  Papilionidte ; 
— so  named  from  the  yellow  species,  or  from 
its  appearing  in  the  butter  season.  Brande. 

Butterfly  valve,  (Meek.)  adouble 
clack-valve,  or  a valve  consist- 
ing of  two  parts  united  by  a hinge 
in  the  centre,  and  opening  in  op- 
posite directions,  either  over  one 
round  hole,  or  over  two  holes  of  a semicircular  shape. 

BUT'TER-IS,  n.  (Farriery.)  An  instrument  for 
paring  a horse’s  hoof ; buttrice.  Weale. 

BUT'TER-Ml LK,  re.  The  milk  which  remains 
after  the  butter  is  extracted.  Arbuthnot. 

BUT'TfR-NUT,  n.  An  American  tree  and  its 
fruit ; Juglans  cinerea;  — called  also  the  oilnut 
and  white-walnut.  Loudon. 

BUT'TER— PRINT,  n.  A piece  of  carved  wood  or 
a stamp  to  mark  butter  with.  Locke. 

BUT'TER— STAMP,  n.  Butter-print.  Craig. 

BUT'TER— TOOTH,  re.  One  of  the  broad  front 
teeth.  Johnson. 

BUT'TER— TREE,  re.  (Bot.)  A plant  found  in 
Africa  and  India,  whose  seeds  yield  concrete 
oil  like  butter  ; Bassia  butyracea.  Loudon. 

BUT'TER— WIFE,  re.  A woman  who  prepares  or 
sells  butter.  Ld.  Herbert. 

BUT'TER-WO-MAN  (-wum-gn),  re.  A woman 
who  sells  butter  ; a butter-wife.  Shak. 

BUT'TER- WORT  (-wiirt),  re.  (Bot.)  A perennial 
aquatic  plant ; Pinguicula  vulgaris.  Loudon. 

BUT'TER-Y,  a.  Haxing  the  quality,  or  appear- 
ance, of  butter.  “ Buttery  oil.”  Floyer. 

bOt'TER-Y,  re.  1.  A room  where  butter,  milk, 
and  other  provisions  are  kept ; a pantry.  Shak. 

2.  A room  in  some  colleges  where  provis- 
ions and  refreshments  are  kept  for  students. 


MIEN,  SIR  ; MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — Q,  £,  g,  soft;  j B,  6,  g,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  Ibis. 


BUTT-HINGE 


BYE 


BUTT'— HlN^B,  n.  A hinge  employed  in  hanging 
doors,  shutters,  &c.  — See  But-hinge.  Ogilvie. 

BUT'TING,  it.  A boundary  of  land.  Booth. 

BUT'TING— JOINT,  n.  (Carp.)  A joint  between 
two  pieces  of  wood,  of  which  the  surface  in  one 
is  parallel  to  the  fibres,  and  in  the  other  per- 
pendicular or  oblique  to  them,  like  the  joints 
which  the  struts  and  braces  form  with  the  truss- 
posts.  Buchanan. 

BUT'TOCK,  n.  [Of  uncertain  etymology.  — Dut. 
bout-,  Fr.  bout,  the  end.] 

1.  The  rump.  Shah. 

2.  ( Naut .)  The  convexity  of  a ship,  behind, 

under  the  stern.  Mar . Diet. 

BUT'TON  (biit'tn),  ii.  [It.  bottone ; Sp.  boton  ; 

Fr.  bouton.  — W.  botum .] 

1.  A catch  of  metal  or  other  substance,  by 

which  dress  is  fastened.  “ Pray  you  undo  this 
button.”  Shah. 

2.  A knob  ; a little  ball. 

We  fastened  to  the  marble  certain  wires  and  a button.  Boyle. 

3.  The  bud  of  a plant. 

The  canker  galls  the  infants  of  the  spring 

Too  oil  before  their  buttons  be  disclosed.  Shak. 

4.  (Carp.)  A flat  piece  of  tvood  or  metal 
turning  on  a screw  to  fasten  doors.  Craig. 

5.  (Chem.)  A round  mass  of  liquid  metal  left 
at  the  bottom  of  a crucible  after  fusion.  Brande. 

6.  (Zoiil.)  The  sea-urchin.  Ainsworth. 

BUT'TON,  v.  a.  [i.  buttoned  ; pp.  buttoning, 

BUTTONED.] 

1.  To  fasten  with  buttons;  as,  “To  button  a 
coat.” 

2.  f To  dress  ; to  clothe.  Shah. 

BUT'TON-BUSH,  n.  (Bot.)  A shrub  that  bears 
flower-balls  resembling  the  balls  of  the  but- 
ton-wood. Bigelow. 

BUT'TON-FLO\V-ER,  n.  (Bot.)  A beautiful 
tropical  bush  with  long  spikes  of  brilliant  yel- 
low flowers,  and  serrated  shining  leaves  ; Gom- 
phia.  Loudon. 

BUT'TON— HOLD-gR,  ii.  One  who  holds  anoth- 
er by  the  button  ; a bore.  Roget. 

BUT'TON— HOLE  (but'tn-hol),  n.  A loop  or  hole 
to  admit  a button.  Shah. 

BUT'TON— MAK-^R,  n.  One  who  makes  buttons. 

BUT'TON— TREE,  n.  (Bot.)  A tropical  tree  with 
alternate  entire  leaves  and  small  heads  of  yel- 
lowish flowers ; Conocarpus.  Loudon. 

BUT'TON— WEED,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants  ; 
Spermacoce.  Loudon. 

BUT'TON— WOOD  (but'tn-wad),  n.  (Bot.)  A large 
North-American  tree,  so  named  from  the  rough 
balls  w'hich  it  produces  ; Platanus  occidentals : 
— called  also  the  plane-tree  and  sycamore.  Gray. 

BUT'TR$SS,  n.  [Fr.  aboutir,  to 
abut  upon.]  (Arch.)  A mass  of 
brick-work,  or  masonry,  built  to 
resist  the  horizontal  thrusts  of 
another  mass  or  structure  ; a 
shore;  a prop  ; a support. 

Syn.  — A buttress  is  a permanent 
structure  which  abuts  against  another 
structure  to  strengthen  it ; a prop  is  a 
perpendicular  support ; and  a shore  a 
support  placed  obliquely  against  any 
thing  to  bold  it  up  for  only  a short 
time. 

BUT'TRIJSS,  V.  a.  [i.  BUTTRESSED  ; 
pp.  BUTTRESSING,  BUTTRESSED.]  To  abut 
against;  to  prop;  to  support.  “ Buttress  up 
the  wall.”  Dryden. 

BUT'TRICE,  n.  (Farriery.)  A tool  for  paring 
the  hoofs  of  horses.  — See  Butteris.  Halliwell. 

P BUT'WINK,  n.  The  name  of  a bird.  Bailey. 

BU-TY-RA'CEOUS  (bu-te-ra'shns)  [bu-te-ra'shus, 
F.Sm.R.;  but-e-ra'slius,  P.  K.  C.  IFA.],  a.  [L. 
butyrum,  butter.]  Having  the  qualities  of  but- 
ter ; buttery.  Floyer. 

BU'TYR-ATE,  n.  (Chem.)  A salt  formed  from 
butyric  acid  and  a base.  P.  Cyc. 

BU-TYR'IC,  a.  (Chem.)  Relating  to  butter;  — 
noting  a clear  oily  acid,  of  a disagreeable  odor, 
contained  in  rancid  butter,  and  composed  of 
water,  carbon,  oxygen,  and  hydrogen.  Graham. 


A,  E,  f,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6 


186 

BU'TyR-INE,  n.  (Chem.)  An  oleaginous  matter 
found  in  butter.  P.  Cyc. 

BU'TY-RlTE,  n.  (Min.)  A mineral  composed  of 
carbon,  hydrogen,  and  oxygen.  Dana. 

BU'TY-ROUS  [bu'te-rus,  Sm.  R. ; but'e-rus,  P.  K. 
Wb.],  a.  [L.  butyrum,  butter.]  Having  the 
properties  of  butter,  [r.]  Floyer. 

BUX'B-OUS,  a.  Relating  to  the  box-tree.  Smart. 

BUX'I-MA,  ? n%  (Chem.)  A vegetable  alkali  ob- 

BUX'JNE,  > tained  from  the  box-tree  ; — (Bux- 
us  sempervirens.)  P.  Cyc. 

BUX'OM  (buk'sum),  a.  [A.  S.  boesum,  flexible ; 
boga,  a bough,  and  sum,  some  ; Frs.  boegsum ; 
Uer.  beugsam ; in  Old  Eng.  boughsome,  easily 
bent  to  one’s  will.] 

1.  f Obedient ; compliant. 

Thinking  to  make  them  tractable  and  buxom  to  his  gov- 
ernment. Spenser. 

Then  with  quick  fan 

Winnows  the  buxom  air.  Milton. 

2.  Gay  ; lively  ; brisk  ; sprightly. 

Filled  her  with  a daughter  fair. 

So  buxom , blithe,  and  debonair.  Milton. 

3.  Wanton;  jolly;  amorous.  “The  buxom 

god  [Bacchus].”  Dryden. 

Almighty  Jove  descends,  and  pours 

Into  nis  buxom  bride  Ins  fruitful  showers.  Dryden. 

4®“  Spelt  by  early  English  writers  bucksome.  Trench. 

BUX'OM-LY,  ad.  1.  f Dutifully  ; obediently. 
“ With  humble  heart  full  buxomly.”  Chaucer. 

2.  Wantonly;  amorously.  Johnson. 

BUX'OM-NESS,  n.  [A.  S.  boesumnesse,  pliant- 
ness.] The  quality  of  being  buxom. 

U®=- “ Pliableness  or  bowsomeness,  to  wit,  hum- 
bly stooping  or  bowing  down,  in  sign  of  obedience. 
Chaucer  writes  it  buxsomness.”  Vcrstegan. 

BOX' US,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  7r6|oj.]  (Bot.)  A ge- 
nus of  plants ; the  box-tree.  Loudon. 

BUY  (bl),  v.  a.  [Goth,  bugian ; A.  S.  by  eg  an.) 
[».  BOUGHT;  pp.  BUYING,  BOUGHT.] 

1.  To  obtain  by  paying  a price  or  equivalent 
in  money  ; to  purchase  ; to  bargain  for. 

And  Joseph’s  ten  brethren  went  down  to  buy  com  in 
Egypt.  Oen.  xlii.  3. 

2.  To  procure  as  a consequence  of  something. 

I have  bought 

Golden  opinions  from  all  sorts  of  people.  Shak. 

Syn.  — Buy  and  purchase  are  nearly  synonymous  ; 
but  buy  is  the  more  familiar  and  simple  word,  pur- 
chase. the  more  formal  and  refined.  Buy  necessaries  ; 
purchase  luxuries  ; bargain  for  an  estate  ; cheapen  goods. 

BUY  (bl),  v.  n.  To  treat  about  a purchase.  “ I 
will  buy  with  you,  sell  with  you.”  Shah. 

BUY'£R  (bl'er),  n.  One  who  buys  ; a purchaser. 

t BUZ,  interj.  Noting  contempt.  Shah. 

BUZE,  n.  [Fr.  Attse.]  A wooden  or  leaden  pipe 
to  convey  air  into  mines.  Crabb. 

BUZZ,  v.  n.  [Teut.  bizzen,  to  growl ; It.  buzzicare, 
to  whisper.]  [ i . buzzed  ; pp.  nuzziNG,  buzzed.] 

1.  To  make  a humming  sound,  as  bees  and 
other  insects  ; to  hum. 

A swarm  of  drones  that  buzzed  about  your  head.  Pope. 

2.  To  make  a sound  like  that  made  by  bees  ; 
to  whisper.  “ The  buzzing  multitude.”  Shak. 

BUZZ,  v.  a.  To  whisper  ; to  spread  secretly. 

I will  buzz  abroad  such  prophecies, 

That  Edward  shall  be  fearful  of  his  life.  Shak. 

BtlZZ,  n.  1.  The  humming  noise  made  by  a bee 
or  other  insect ; a hum. 

2.  A whisper;  a murmur.  “I  found  the 
whole  room  in  a buzz  of  politics.”  Addison. 

BUZ'ZARD,  n.  [Fr.  busard  ; Ger.  buszaar.] 

1.  (Ornith.)  A sluggish  bird  of  the  order  Ac- 

cipitres,  family  Falcoriidce,  and  sub-family  Bu- 
teoninoe.  — See  Buteoninje.  Gray. 

2.  A blockhead  ; a dunce.  Ascham. 

American  buzzard,  the  Butco  borealis  of  Bonaparte; 

white-breasted  hawk.  — Bald  buzzard,  the  osprey,  or 
Falco  halitetns  of  Linnatus. 

BtJZ'ZARD,  a.  Senseless ; stupid,  [r.]  Milton. 

BUZ'ZARD-ET,  n.  A species  of  buzzard.  Crabb. 

BUZZ'ER,  n.  One  that  buzzes.  Shak. 

BUZZ'ING,  n.  A humming  noise  ; incessant  low 
talk.  Maunder. 

BUZZ'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a manner  like  the  buzz- 
ing or  humming  of  a bee.  Craig. 


i,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE, 


BY  (hi  or  b<?)  [hi  or  be,  W.  Sm.  ; bl  or  by,  S.  J. ; 
hi,  P.  F.  Ja.  K.J,  prep.  [Goth,  hi  ; A.  S.  be,  hi, 
or  big  ; Dut.  ^ Icel.  by  ; Ger.  bei.] 

1.  Through  or  with; — denoting  the  agent, 
instrument,  cause,  way,  or  means  ; as,  “ It  was 
done  by  him  ” ; “A  man  is  killed  with  a sword, 
and  dies  by  violence.” 

2.  At  or  on  ; as,  “ By  sea  and  by  land.” 

3.  From  ; as,  “ To  judge  of  the  future  by  the 
past.” 

4.  Near  to  ; as,  “ To  sail  by  a place  ” ; “ To 
sit  by  the  side  of  another  ” ; “ To  keep  any 
thing  by  one  ” ; “ North  by  west.” 

5.  In  possession  of;  as,  “ How  did  you  come 
by  it  ? ” 

In  many  phrases  it  denotes  other  relations,  for 
which  it  is  difficult  to  substitute  any  other  single 
word  as  a definition.  Titus,  by  one’s  self,  by  itself, 
&c.,  note  separation  from  other  persons  or  tilings  ; — 
one  by  one,  day  by  day.  Sec.,  particulars  considered 
separately  ; — by  the  pound,  by  the  piece , &c.,  quantity 
or  measure  ; — by  name , specification  ; — by  this  time, 
by  that  time.  Sec.,  when  this  or  that  time  had  arrived. 
In  forms  of  swearing  it  is  used  before  the  object  in- 
voked ; as,  “ Neither  slialt  thou  swear  by  thy  head.” 
Matt.  v.  36. 

When  pronounced  distinctly,  or  with  the  ac- 
cent, as  when  it  is  used  in  composition,  it  is  pro- 
nounced hi.  Walker  says,  “The  general  sound  of 
this  word  is  like  the  verb  to  buy;  but  we  not  unfre- 
quently  hear  it  pronounced  like  the  verb  to  be.  This 
latter  sound,  however,  is  tolerable  only  in  colloquial 
pronunciation,  and  then  only  when  used  as  a prepo- 
sition; as  when  we  say, ‘Do  you  travel  by  land  or 
by  water  ? ’ But,  in  reading  these  lines  of  Fope,  — 

‘ By  land,  by  water,  they  renew  the  charge; 

They  stop  the  chariot,  and  they  board  the  barge,’  — 
here  we  ought  to  give  the  word  by  the  sound  of  the 
verb  to  buy  ; so  that  pronouncing  this  w ord  like  be  is, 
if  the  word  will  be  pardoned  me,  a colloquialism.” 

BY  (hi),  ad.  1.  Being,  or  passing,  near  ; as,  “ To 
stand  by  ” ; “ To  go,  or  come,  by.” 

2.  In  presence.  “ There  was  no  other  body 
by.”  Sidney. 

f BY,  v.  a.  To  suffer  for.  — See  Aby.  Sachville. 

BY—  (in  composition)  implies  something  out  of 
the  direct  way  ; irregular  ; collateral ; private, 
or  retired  ; as,  “ A Ay-lane,  Ay-path,  Ay-corner.” 
— It  is  sometimes  used  as  an  adjective,  without 
the  hyphen ; as,  “ A by  place  ” ; “A  by  road.” 

BY,  or  BYE,  n.  Something  not  the  direct  and  im- 
mediate object  of  regard.  “ They  who  have  sa- 
luted her  [Poetry]  on  the  by.”  B.  Jonson. — 
“ The  Pervigilium  Veneris  (which,  by  the  bye, 
does  not  belong  to  Catullus)  is  very  well  versi- 
fied.” Goldsmith. 

t&pBy  the  bye.  In  this  expression,  the  latter  bye  seems 
to  be  the  same  bye  as  in  by-law.  Sec.,  and  of  course  to 
admit  a similar  explanation.  In  Lord  Bacon,  “ There 
is  upon  the  bye  to  be  noted,”  i.  e.  upon  the  way,  in 
passing,  indirectly.  “ You  are  fools,  you  are  on  tile 
bye ; Raleigh  and  I are  on  tile  main  ; we  mean  to  take 
away  the  king  and  his  cubs.”  State  Trials,  James  I., 
1603.  “ By  the  bye,  then,  is  by  tile  way,  in  passing  ; 
such  being  a collateral,  not  main,  object.”  Richardson. 

BY  AND  BY  (bl'tmd-bl),  ad.  In  a short  time  ; 
presently  ; before  long.  Sidney. 

I will  that  thou  give  me,  by  and  by,  in  a charger,  the  head 
of  John  the  Baptist.  Mark  vi.  25. 

.BSTNo  attempt  has  yet  been  made  to  account  for 
this  phrase.  Richardson. 

BY'ARD,  n.  A piece  of  leather  crossing  the 
breast,  used  by  the  men  who  drag  the  sledges 
in  coal  mines.  Brande. 

BY'— BlD-DfR,  n.  A person  employed  to  bid  at 
auctions,  in  order  to  raise  the  price  of  articles 
to  be  sold.  Bartlett. 

BY'— BLOW,  n.  1.  An  accidental  encounter. 

2.  An  illegitimate  child.  Pope. 

BY— COF'F^E— HOUSE,  n.  A coffee-house  in  an 
obscure  place.  Addison. 

BY-CON-CERN'MENT,  n.  An  affair  which  is  not 
the  main  business.  Dryden. 

BY'— COR-NgR,  n.  A private  corner.  Massinger. 

BY— DJJ-PEND'^NCE,  n.  An  appendage.  Shah. 

BY-D1J-SIGN'  (bl-de-sln'),  il.  An  incidental  pur- 
pose. Hudibras . 

BY'— DRINK-ING,  n.  Private  drinking.  Shah. 

BYE  (hi),  n.  [A.  S.  bye,  or  At,  a dwelling;  Dan. 
Ay,  a town  or  village.]  A dwelling.  Gibson. 


FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


BY-END 


187 


CABBAGE-WOOD 


BY'— END,  re.  Private  interest ; self-interested 
purpose.  “ People  that  worship  for  fear,  profit, 
or  some  other  by-end.”  L’ Estrange. 

BY'— GONE  (bl'gon),  a.  Past.  “ The  by-gone  day.” 
“ Thy  by-gone  fooleries.”  Shak. 

BY'— GONE  (bl'gon),  n.  [Scottish.]  An  event  that 
is  past;  — generally  used  in  the  plural.  “ Let 
by-gones  be  by-gones .”  Old  Proverb. 

BY— IN'T^R-EST,  re.  Private  interest.  Atterbury. 

BYL'AN-D£R,  n.  See  Bilander. 

BY'— LANE,  n.  A lane  out  of  the  usual  road;  a 
private  path.  ' Burton. 

BY-LAW,  n.  [Dan.  by-lag  or  by-lov,  i.  e.  a law 
which  each  by,  or  village,  establishes  for  itself, 
and  thus  any  special  law  ; Low  L.  bilctgines.]  A 
private  law  ; the  local  law  of  a town  : — a law, 
order,  or  regulation  of  a society  or  corporation 
agreed  upon  by  the  members.  Burrill. 

Syn.  — See  Law. 

BY'— MAT-TER,  n.  Something  incidental.  Bacon. 

BY'— NAME,  n.  A nickname,  [r.]  Lowth. 

BY— NAME',  v.  a.  To  nickname.  Camden. 

BY'— PA S-S  A(JE,  n.  A private  or  retired  passage  ; 
a by-path.  Baxter. 

f BY'— PAST,  a.  Past.  “ By-past  perils.”  Shak. 

BY'— PATH,  n.  A private  or  obscure  path.  Shak. 

BY'-PLAOE,  n.  A retired  place  or  situation. 

BY'— PLAY,  n.  A scene,  in  a play,  which  is  carried 
on  aside,  and  commonly  in  dumb  show,  while 
the  main  action  proceeds.  Ogilvie. 


BY'— PLOT,  n.  A piece  of  ground  in  a retired 
place  ; a side-plot,  [r.]  Harrison. 

BY'— PUR-POSE,  n.  A clandestine  design. 

BYRE,  re.  A cow-house.  [North  of  Eng.]  Loudon. 

BY'— R1J-SPECT',  re.  A private  end  or  view.  “Au- 
gustus . . . had  some  by-respects  in  the  enacting 
of  this  law.”  Dryden. 

BY'— ROAD  (bl'rod),  n.  A private  or  obscure 
road  ; an  unfrequented  path.  Swift. 

BY'— ROOM,  re.  A private  room.  Shak. 

BY'— SPEECH,  re.  An  incidental  or  casual  speech, 
not  directly  relating  to  the  point.  Hooker. 

f BY'SPEL,  re.  A proverb  ; an  adage.  Coles. 

f BYSSE  (bis),  > [Gr.  (Juoao;,  fine  flax,  and  the 

f BYS'SIN,  ) linen  made  from  it.]  A silk  or 
linen  h'ood.  Gower. 

BYS'SINE,  a.  Made  of  fine  linen  or  of  silk.  Coles. 

BYS'SO-LlTE,  re.  [Gr.  pvaaos,  flax,  and  ).ido a 
stone.]  {Min.)  A soft,  fibrous  mineral  from 
the  Alps.  Brande. 

BYS'SUS,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  pboaos,  flax.] 

1.  Pine  linen  or  cotton  stuff  among  the  an- 
cients. Bp.  Patrick. 

2.  {Conch.)  A long,  delicate,  and  silky  fas- 

ciculus of  filaments  or  hairs  by  which  some 
shell-fishes  are  attached  to  rock.  P.  Cyc. 

3.  {Bot.)  A name  formerly  given  to  all  those 
filamentous  plants  which  inhabit  cellars  and 
other  underground  close  places,  and  on  which 
no  fructification  is  found  : — also  vegetation  of 
a similar  kind  growing  in  the  air.  Brande. 


BY'— STAND-fR,  re.  One  standing  near  ; a look- 
er-on ; a spectator.  Locke. 

BY'— STREET,  re.  An  obscure  street.  Gay. 

BY'— STROKE,  re.  A private  stroke  ; a side-blow. 

BY'— TURN-ING,  re.  An  obscure  road.  Sidney. 

BY'-VIEW  (bl'vu),  re.  Self-interested  purpose. 
“No  by-views  of  his  own.”  Atterbury. 

BY'— WALK  (bl'w&wk),  re.  A private  walk.  Dryden. 

BY'— WASH  (-wosh),  n.  An  artificial  water-course, 
to  allow  the  escape  of  water  from  a reser- 
voir. Raiolinson. 

BY'-WAy  (bl'wa),  re.  A private  and  obscure 
way.  “ Highways  and  by-ways.”  Grattan. 

t BY'— WEST,  a.  To  the  west  of.  Davies. 

BY'— WIPE,  re.  A secret  stroke  or  sarcasm. 

Wherefore  that  conceit  of  Legion  with  a by-wipe ? Milton. 

BY' WORD  (bi'vviird),  n.  [A.  S.  biword,  a proverb.] 

1.  A saying ; a proverb  ; an  adage  ; a saw. 

I knew  a wise  man  that  had  it  for  a byvjord , when  he  saw 
men  hasten  to  a conclusion,  “ Stay  a little,  that  we  may  make 
an  end  the  sooner.”  Bacon. 

2.  An  example  for  reproach  and  warning. 

We  are  become  a bi/worr l among  the  nations  for  our  ridic- 
ulous feuds  and  animosities.  Addison. 

3.  A cant  word ; as,  “ The  byxcords  of  the 
vulgar.” 

Syn.  — See  Axiom. 

BY-ZAN'TIAN,  a.  {Geog.)  Byzantine.  Craig. 

BYZ'AN-TINE,  a.  Belonging  to  Byzantium. 
bKz'an-tIne,  re.  See  Bizantine,  and  Bezant. 


Cthe  third  letter  of  the  alphabet,  is  a conso- 
s nant,  and  has  two  sounds,  one  hard,  like  k, 
before  a,  o,  u,  l,  r,  and  t ; the  other  soft,  like  s, 
before  e,  i,  and  y : — combined  with  the  letter  h, 
it  has  three  different  sounds  : the  first,  its  proper 
English  sound,  nearly  equivalent  to  tsh,  as  in 
church ; the  second,  in  words  from  the  French, 
equivalent  to  sh,  as  in  chaise  ; the  third,  in 
words  from  the  Greek,  equivalent  to  k,  as  in 
chord.  — C,  as  a numeral  letter,  denotes  a hun- 
dred. — In  music,  it  represents  the  key-note  of 
the  major,  and  the  third  of  the  minor  natural 
scale ; and  placed  after  the  clef,  it  is  the  sign  of 
common  time,  and  that  each  bar  is  equal  to  a 
semibreve  in  duration. 

CAB,  re.  pi?.]  A Hebrew  measure,  of  about  three 
pints.  " Calmet. 

CAB,  re.  1.  A kind  of  chaise,  or  carriage,  with 
two  or  four  wheels,  drawn  by  one  horse  ; — so 
used  as  an  abbreviation  of  cabriolet.  W.  Ency. 

2.  A small  structure  on  a locomotive  engine 
serving  as  a shelter  to  the  engineer.  Rice. 

CA-bAL',  re.  [Fr.  cabale .]  A small  body  of  men, 
united  to  effect  some  party  or  sinister  purpose ; 
a junto  ; a set : — a plot,  — used  in  a bad  sense. 
The  judges  being  all  of  the  same  cabal.  Theophania,  1055. 
We  use  to  say.  He  is  not  received  into  our  cabal-,  that  is, 
He  is  not  received  into  our  council,  or  is  not  privy  to  our 
secrets.  Blount's  Glossographia  (3d  ed.,  1610). 

Lord  Clifford  was  made  lord  treasurer,  Lord  Arlington  and 
Lord  Lauderdale  had  both  of  them  the  garter;  and  as  Ar- 
lington was  made  an  earl,  Lauderdale  was  made  a duke:  and 
this  junto,  together  with  the  Duke  of  Buckingham,  being 
called  the  cabal,  it  was  observed  that  cabal  proved  a technical 
word,  every  letter  in  it  being  the  first  letter  of  those  five  — 
Clifford,  Ashley,  Buckingham,  Arlington,  and  Lauderdale. 

Burnet's  Oton  Times. 
tiGD  “ The  word  cabal  [a  junto]  appears  to  come 
from  the  French  cabale."  P.  Cyc.  It  lias  been  stated, 
by  some  authors,  that  this  word  was  formed  from 
the  first  letters  of  the  names  of  the  five  ministers  of 
Charles  II. ; but  the  word  was  in  use,  with  a some- 
what similar  meaning,  before  the  formation  of  that 
ministry,  which,  according  to  Hume,  was  formed  in 
1670.  Tlie  word  was  doubtless  originally  derived 
from  the  Hebrew  : hut  it  now  differs  widely  in  mean- 
ing from  the  Hebrew  word  cabal,  which,  in  the  Dic- 


tionaries of  Dyche  and  Barclay,  has  the  accent  on  the 
first  syllable  ; yet  all  the  principal  English  Pronounc- 
ing Dictionaries  pronounce  both  w ords,  or  the  same 
word  in  different  senses,  with  the  accent  on  the  sec- 
ond syllable.  In  Hudibras,  the  two  words  are  differ- 
ently accented. 

Syn. — See  Faction. 

CA-BAl',  v.  re.  [Fr.  cabaler .]  [i.  caballed; 

pp.  caballing,  caballed.]  To  form  plots  ; 
to  plot  ; to  intrigue  ; to  conspire. 

What  those  caballing  captains  may  design.  Dryden. 

CA'BAL,  re.  [See  Cabala.]  A secret  science. 
Same  as  Cabala.  — See  Cabala. 

For  mystic  learning,  wondrous  able 

In  magic,  talisman,  and  cabal.  Hudibras. 

The  childish  fancies  and  fables  of  the  Jewish  rabbins  in 
Iheir  talmud  and  cabal.  Hakewill. 

CAB'A-LA,  re.  [Heb.  ^3]?,  to  receive,  as  a law; 

It.  <Sp  Sp.  cabala ; Fr.  <8;  Dan.  cabale ; Ger.  cabbala .] 

1.  The  traditional  or  secret  science  of  the 
Jewish  rabbins,  by  which  every  letter,  word, 
number,  and  accent  of  the  law  is  supposed  to 
be  significant  in  a mysterious  manner.  Calmet. 

2.  Any  secret  science. 

If  I wholly  mistake  not  the  cabala  of  this  sect.  Bentley. 

cAb'AL-I§M,  re.  The  science  of  the  cabalists. 
“ Allegories,  parables,  cabalisms.”  Spenser. 

cAb'AL-IST,  re.  One  skilled  in  the  cabala,  or 
Jewish  traditions.  Brande. 

CAB- A- LIS  TIC,  ) a_  Relating  to  the  cabala  ; 

CAB-A-LlS'TI-CAL,  ) having  an  occult  meaning. 
“ The  letters  are  cabalistical.”  Addison. 

cAB-A-LIs'TJ-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a cabalistic  man- 
ner. " Herbert. 

CAB'AL-IZE,  v.  re.  To  speak  or  reason  in  the 
manner  of  the  cabalists.  More. 

CA-BAl'LBR,  re.  One  who  cabals  ; an  intriguer. 

CAb'AL-LIne,  a.  [Gr.  Ka0a).'/.rjc,  a horse  ; L . cab- 
allinus  ; Fr.  cabalin .]  Pertaining  to  a horse. 

Caballine  spring,  the  fountain  of  Hippocrene,  fabled 


to  have  been  caused  by  a blow  from  the  foot  of  the 
winged  horse  Pegasus. " Beaumont. 

CAB'AL-LiNE,  re.  [Fr.  caballing  A coarse  kind 
of  aloes,  used  as  a medicine  for  horses.  Crabb. 

CABARET  (kab'a-ra  or  k5b'j-ret)  [kab'?-ra,  S.  Ja. 
Stn. ; kab’a-ret,  ./.  F.  K.~\,  re.  [Fr.]  A tavern. 
“ Passing  by  some  cabaret.”  Bramhall. 

CAB'BAGE,  re.  [L.  caput,  a head;  It.  capuccio, 
a head ; cabuzzo,  cabbage  ; Sp.  cabeza,  a head ; 
Fr.  caboche,  a head  ; choux-cabus,  cabbage- 
headed.— Dut.  kabuis-kool,  head-cole.] 

1.  A genus  of  well-known  edible  plants  ; 

Brassica.  There  is  scarce  an  instance  in  the 
vegetable  kingdom  of  a plant  that  produces  va- 
rieties so  different  in  appearance  and  qualities 
as  the  Brassica  oleracea,  which  is  the  original 
of  the  common  cabbage,  Savoy  cabbage,  cauli- 
flower, broccoli,  &c.  Loudon. 

2.  A cant  word  for  shreds  of  cloth  made  by 
tailors  in  cutting  out  garments.  Hudibras. 

CAB'BAtjrE,  v.  re.  To  form  a head,  as  a cab- 
bage. Sherwood. 

CAB'BAGE,  v.  a.  To  steal  in  cutting  clothes. 

Your  tailor,  instead  of  shreds,  cabbages  whole  yards  of 
cloth.  Arbuthnot . 

CAB'BA£E— BARK— TREE,  re.  {Bot.)  An  ever- 
green tree,  branchy  at  top,  with  a smooth  gray 
bark  which  is  powerfully  medicinal ; Geoff roya 
inermis ; — called  also  bastard-cabbage-tree  and 
worm-bark-tree.  Booth. 

CAB'BAIJIE— DAI'§Y,  re.  {Bot.)  A plant  and  its 
flower ; globe-flower.  Booth. 

C A B ' B A (JE— NET,  n.  A net  in  which  cabbages 
are  boiled.  Smart. 

CAB'BA<?E-PLANT,  re.  A plant  of  the  cabbage. 

cAb'BA^E— PALM  (-p'im),  re.  The  cabbage-tree. 

cAb'BA£E-R6§E,  w.  A rose  having  close  petals. 

CAB'BA(IE— TREE,  re.  {Bot.)  A very  tall  Ameri- 
can palm  ; Areca  oleracea.  Loudon. 

cAB'BAIJrE— WOOD,  w.  Timber  of  the  cabbage-tree. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE. — 9,  <?,  <;,  g,  soft; 


C,  £1  !>  hard ; § as  7.;  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


CABBAGE-WORM 


188 


CACTACEOUS 


CAB'BA£E-WORM  (kSb'bij-wurm),  n.  A cater- 
pillar which  particularly  infests  cabbage.  Crabb. 

CA-BE ' CA,  n.  A fine  India  silk.  Crabb. 

CA-BEER',  n.  A coin  current  at  Mocha,  equal  to 
2s.  6 d.  sterling.  Crabb. 

CA-BESSE ',  n.  Same  as  Caheca.  Crabb. 

CAB  'I-Jli,  n.  An  animal  of  South  America  resem- 
bling a hog.  — See  Capibaka.  Boag. 

CAb'I.N,  n.  [Per.  kabab,  a cot ; Arab,  kaban , a 

tent ; Turk,  ciobani  ; W.  Cuban  ; It.  capanna  ; 
Sp.  cabana,  a cottage  ; Fr.  cabane .]  . 

1.  A small  room.  Spenser. 

2.  A cottage  or  a small  house ; a hut. 

Flaying  off  the  green  surface  of  the  ground  to  cover  their 
cabins.  Swift. 

3.  A temporary  habitation  ; a tent  ; a booth. 

Some  of  green  boughs  their  slender  cabins  frame.  Fairfax. 

4.  (Naut.)  An  apartment  in  a vessel  for  the 
officers  and  better  class  of  passengers. 

CAB'IN,  v.  n.  [i.  CABINED  ; pp.  CABINING,  cab- 
ined.] To  live  as  in  a cabin.  “ Suck  the 
goats,  and  cabin  in  a cave.”  Shak. 

CAB'IN,  v.  a.  To  confine  in  a cabin.  “Now  I’m 
cabined,  cribbed,  confined.”  Shak. 

CAB'IN— BOY,  n.  A servant  boy  on  board  a ship. 

CAB'INED  (kab'ind),  a.  Belonging  to  a cabin. 
“ Cabined  loophole.”  Milton. 

CAb'I-NET,  n.  [Dim.  of  cabin ; It.  qabinetto ; 
Sp .gabinete  ; Fr.  A Dan.  cabinet ; Dut.  kabinet.] 

1.  A closet ; a small  room. 

At  both  corners  let  there  be  two  cabinets.  Bacon. 

2.  f A hut ; a cot  or  tent.  Spenser. 

3.  A set  of  boxes  or  drawers  for  curiosities  ; 

a private  box.  Swift. 

4.  Any  close  place  in  which  things  of  value 
are  hidden. 

Thy  breast  hath  ever  been  the  cabinet 

Where  I have  locked  my  secrets.  Denham. 

5.  A room  in  which  private  consultations  are 
held. 

You  began  in  the  cabinet  what  you  afterwards  practised  in 
the  camp.  Di'yden. 

6.  The  collective  body  of  ministers  of  state 

who  direct  the  government  of  a nation  or  coun- 
try ; — called  also  the  ministry.  Braude. 

cAb'I-NET,  v.  a.  To  enclose,  [r.]  Ileicyt. 

CAb'I-NET-COUN'CIL,  n.  A council  of  state,  or 
of  cabinet  ministers,  held  with  privacy,  to  de- 
liberate on  public  affairs.  Blackstone. 

CAB'!-NET-MAK'JJR,  n.  One  who  makes  articles 
of  wooden  furniture,  which  require  nice  work- 
manship. Mortimer. 

CAB'IN— MATE,  n.  One  who  occupies  the  same 
cabin. 

CA-BI’  RI,n.pl.  [L.,from  Gr.  KAfiftpot,  said  to  he  so 
named  from  Kd/ffipos,  a mountain  in  Berecyntia.] 
(Myth.)  Ancient  Pelasgian  divinities,  eight  in 
number,  whose  worship  was  originally  celebrat- 
ed with  mysterious  rites  in  Lemnos  and  Samo- 
thrace,  and  afterwards  throughout  all  Greece, 
and  was  found  even  in  Egypt.  They  were  rep- 
resented as  dwarfs,  with  large  genitals,  and  were 
called  sons  of  Vulcan,  as  being  masters  in  the 
art  of  working  metals.  Liddell  <Sf  Scott. 

CA-BIR'I-AN,  a.  Relating  to  the  Cabiri,  or  to 
their  worship  ; Cabiric.  Faber. 

CA-BIR'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Cabiri,  or  to  the 
mysteries  connected  with  their  worship.  Craig. 

CA'BLE,  n.  [Dut.  cabel\  Dan. kabel. — Sp.  cable ; 
Fr.  cable.] 

1.  A large  rope  or  chain  by  which  the  anchor 
of  a ship  is  held. 

2.  (Arch.)  An  ornamental  moulding  cut  to 
imitate  a cable. 

CA'BLE,  V.  a.  [*.  CABLED  ; pp.  CABLING,  CA- 
BLED.] 1.  To  fasten  with  a cable.  Dyer. 

2.  (Arch.)  To  fill  with  cylindrical  pieces,  as 
the  lower  part  of  the  flutes  of  columns.  Francis. 

CA'BLE— MOULD'ING,  n.  (Arch.)  A round  mould- 
ing cut  to  imitate  the  twisting  of  a rope;  — 
much  used  in  the  Norman  architecture.  Francis. 

CA'BLED  (ka'bld),  a.  1.  Fastened  ivith  a cable. 

Coat  out  the  cabled  stone  upon  the  strand.  Dyer. 


2.  (Arch.)  Filled  with  cylindrical  pieces,  as 
the  lower  parts  of  the  flutes  of  columns.  Brande. 

CA'BLpT,  n.  [Fr . cablot.]  A little  cable  ; a tow- 
rope.  Crabb. 

CA'BLE— TIER,  n.  (Naut.)  1.  A place  on  the 
orlop  deck,  where  cables  are  coiled  away. 

2.  The  coil  or  rolls  of  a cable.  Dana. 

CA'BLING,  n.  (Arch.)  The  filling  of  flutes  with 
cables  : — the  cables  in  the  lower  parts  of  the 
flutes  of  columns.  Britton. 

CA-BuB',  »i.  [Per.  cobbob,  roasted  meat.]  A leg 
of  mutton  stuffed  with  white  herrings  and  sweet 
herbs.  Halliwell. 

CA-BOB',  v.a.  To  roast,  as  a leg  of  mutton,  with 
seasoning  at  a quick  fire.  Sir  T.  Herbert.  Todd. 

CA-BOOSE',  n.  [Ger.  kabuse.]  (Naut.)  The 
cook-room  of  a ship.  Smart. 

CAB'OS,  n.  A species  of  eel-pout,  about  two 
feet  long.  Ogilvie. 

CA-BOSHED',  or  CA-BOl^HED'  (ka-hosht'),  a. 
[Old  Fr.  caboche , the  head.]  (Her.)  Represent- 
ed as  the  head  only,  without  the  neck.  Todd. 

cAb'OT-A^E,  n.  [Fr.]  (Naut.)  Navigation  along 
the  coast,  or  from  port  to  port,  without  stretch- 
ing out  to  sea.  Crabb. 

cAb-RI-OLE',  n.  See  Capriole.  Todd. 

CABRIOLET  (k;Ab're-o-la'),  n.  [Fr.]  A one- 
horse  chaise,  with  a large  hood,  and  a covering 
for  the  legs  and  lap. 

• The  word  is  very  commonly  shortened  by  Eng- 
lish mouths  into  cab.  Smart. 


CAB'-STAND,  n.  A place  where  cabs  stand  for 
passengers.  Jerrold. 

CAB'lTRN§,  n.  pi.  (Naut.)  Small  lines  of  spun- 
yarn  for  binding  or  seizing  cables  and  other 
ropes.  Crabb. 

CAC'A-GOGUE  (kSkVgog),  n.  [Gr.  xa/cdf,  bad, 
and  ayu,  to  drive.]  (Med.)  An  ointment  made  of 
alum  and  honey.  Dunqlison. 

CA-CA’LI-A,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  KunaZla.]  (Bot.)  A 
genus  of  ornamental  plants  of  the  order  Com- 
posite. Loudon. 

CA'CAO  (ka'ko),  n.  Thebroma  or  the  chocolate- 
tree  and  nut.  — See  Cocoa. 


CAC-A-TU-i’JfJE,  n.  (Or- 
nith.)  A sub-family  of 
birds  of  the  order  Scan- 
sores  and  family  Psilta- 
cidce ; cockatoos.  Gray. 

CACH'A-LOT,n.  [Fr.]  (Zoiil.) 
The  spermaceti,  physeter, 
or  sperm  whale.  Brande. 


Nestor  Australis. 


CAtJHE  (kash),  n.  [Fr.]  1.  A lurking-hole. 

2.  A hole  dug  in  the  ground  for  the  purpose 
of  concealing  and  preserving  goods.  Lewis. 

CA-jGHEC'TJC  (kfi-kek’tjk),  ) a_  [(},..  Ka_ 

CA-jGHEC'TJ-CAL  (ka-kek'te-k?l),  ) \isTqs,  in  a 
bad  habit  of  body ; sards,  bad,  and  c(<s,  a habit 
of  body.]  Having  an  ill  habit  of  body.  Floyer. 

cA^HE'MERE,  n.  See  Cashmere. 

CACHET  ( kSsh'a),  n.  [Fr.,  from  caclier,  to  con- 
ceal.] A seal ; a signet. 

Lettre  de  cachet  [Fr.,  sealed  letter ],  an  arbitrary  or- 
der of  the  King  of  France,  sent  in  the  form  of  a let- 
ter to  a person  who  was  to  be  exiled  or  imprisoned 
by  it.  Fleming  S{  Tibbins. 

CA-GHEX'Y  [ka-kek'se,  P.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  C.  Wb. ; 
kak'ek-sel  W.  J.  F.  ; ka'kek-se,  S.],  n.  [Gr. 
Ka^t\ia  ; L.  cachexia  ; Fr. cachexia.]  . (Med.)  A 
bad  state  or  habit  of  the  body.  Bp.  Berkeley. 


fCAGH-IN-NA'TION,  n.  [L.  cachinnatio.] 

1.  Immoderate  laughter.  Bp.  Gauden. 

2.  The  loud  neighing  of  a horse.  Booth. 

CA-CHl'RI,  n.  (Med.)  A fermented  liquor,  resem- 
bling perry,  made  in  Cayenne  from  the  roots  of 
the  manioc  ; Jatropha  manihot.  Dunqlison. 

CAjGH'O-LONG,  n.  [ Cach , a river  in  Bucharia, 
and  the  Calmuck  word  cholonq,  stone.  Brande.) 
(Min.)  A milk-white  chalcedony,  or  variety  of 
quartz.  Brande. 

CA-CH&N'Dp,  n.  (Med.)  A celebrated  Chinese 


medicine,  composed  chiefly  of  aromatic  stimu- 
lants. Brande. 

CA-CIQUE ' (k?-sek'),  n.  [Fr.,  from  Mexican.] 
The  title  applied  to  Indian  chiefs  in  Mexico  at 
the  time  of  the  conquest  by  the  Spaniards.  — 
See  Cazique.  Robertson. 

Cacique  in  Mexico,  and  prince  in  Wales.  Byron. 

CACK,  v.  n.  [Gr. /ca/tdw  ; L.  caco  ; It.  cacare  ; Sp. 
§ Fr.  caca,  excrement.]  To  go  to  stool.  Smart. 

CACK'IJR-EL,  n.  [Fr.  caquercl.]  A species  of  fish, 
said  to  be  laxative  when  used  as  food. 

cAc'KLE  (kak'kl),  v.  n.  [Dut.  kakelen.]  \i.  cac- 
kled ; pp.  CACKLING,  CACKLED.] 

1.  To  make  a noise  as  a hen  or  a goose. 

“ When  every  goose  is  cackling."  Shak. 

2.  To  giggle  ; to  laugh. 

Nic  grinned,  cackled , and  laughed  till  he  was  like  to  kill 
himself;  Arbutlnwt. 

cAc'KLE,  n.  1.  The  noise  of  a hen  or  goose. 

2.  Idle  talk  ; prattle.  Johnson. 

CAc'KLIJR,  n.  1.  A fowl  that  cackles.  Johnson. 

2.  A tattler ; a prater.  Johnson. 

cAcK'LING,  n.  The  noise  of  a goose,  &c. ; cac- 
kle. Swift. 

CAC-0-£II\M  IC,  ) a (Med.)  Having  the 

cAC-O-CHYM'I-CAL,  ) blood  or  fluids  of  the  body 
corrupted.  Harvey. 

CAc'O-CHYM-Y  [kak'o-kim-e,  IF.  J.  F.  Ja.  Wb. ; 
ka'ko-kiin-e,  S. ; k?-kok’e-me,  £.],  n.  [Gr. 
KaKojpiyla  ; kok6;,  bad,  and  juice.]  (hied.) 

An  ill  state  of  the  fluids  of  the  body.  Dunqlison. 

CAC-O-DE'MON,  n.  [Gr.  icanolal/nov,  an  evil  gen- 
ius ; kuk6s,  bad,  and  balyiutv,  demon.] 

1.  An  evil  spirit,  [r.]  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

2.  (Med.)  The  nightmare.  Dunqlison. 

CAC’O-DYL,  n.  [Gr.  Kaxwiqs,  ill  smelling.]  A 

liquid  of  fetid  odor.  lloblyn. 

cAc-0-E'THE§,  n.  1.  [L.,  from  Gr.  KaKotjde;.]  A 
bad  custom  or  habit. 

2.  (Med.)  An  incurable  ulcer. 

Cacoethcs  scribendi,  an  itch  for  writing ; a diseased 
propensity  for  authorship. 

CA-COG'R  A-PHY  (kj-kog'rj-fe),  n.  [Gr.  sand;, 
bad,  and  ypaxpoi,  to  write.]  Bad  writing  or  spell- 
ing. Walpole. 

CAC-O-GRApH  IC,  ) n Relating  to  cacog- 

CAC-O-GRApH'I-CAL,  ‘ raphy.  Dr.  P . A.Nutall. 

CA-COL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  KaKoioyia,  evil  speaking; 
kuk6 t,  bad,  and  kdyos,  a discourse.]  A bad 
choice  of  words.  Buchanan. 

CAC-O-PHON'IC,  ? a [Gr.  «c«xi5f,  bad,  and 

CAC-O-PHON'I-CAL,  ) tpdiVTj,  a sound.]  Sounding 
harshly ; cacophonous.  Craig. 

cAc-O-PIIO'NI-OUS,  a.  Sounding  harshly  ; ca- 
cophonous ; cacophonic.  Loxcer. 

CA-COPH'O-NOUS,  a.  Relating  to  cacophony; 
sounding  harshly.  Mitford. 

CA-COPII'O-NY,  n.  [Gr.  KaKorpovla  ; (raxdj,  bad, 
and  (pdivq,  a sound.] 

1.  (Rhet.)  A defect  of  stylej  consisting  of  a 

disagreeable  or  harsh  sound.  Brande. 

Alter  rhymes,  triplets,  and  cacophonies  of  all  kinds.  Pope. 

2.  (Mas.)  A combination  of  discordant  or 
jarring  sounds. 

3.  (Med.)  A depraved  or  altered  state  of  the 

voice.  Dunglison. 

CAC'O-TECH-NY,  n.  [Gr.  kokSs,  bad,  and  ri^rq, 
art.]  A corruption  of  art.  Crabb. 

CA-COT'RO-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  k aKorpoipla,  bad  food  ; 
'Kasis,  bad,  and  rpotpii,  nourishment.]  (Med.)  A 
disordered  nutrition.  Crabb. 

CA-COX'ENE,  n.  Same  as  Cacoxenite.  Phillips. 

CA-COX'?-NlTE,  n.  [Gr.  koko bad,  and  (Aos,  a 
guest, — its  phosphoric  acid  being  injurious  to 
the  iron  which  it  contains.  Dana.)  (Min.)  A 
yellow  mineral,  chiefly  composed  of  phosphoric 
acid,  peroxide  of  iron,  silica,  alumina,  and  wa- 
ter. Dana. 

CAC-TA'CEOUS  (k&k-ta'slius),  a.  Relating  to,  or 
resembling,  the  cactus.  P.  Cyc. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


CACTUS 


189 


CAIMAN 


CAC'TUS,  n. ; pi.  cXc'Tl,  or  cXc'tvs-e?.  [L.,from 
Gr  k'cikto!,  a prickly  plant.]  ( Bot .)  A genus  of 
evergreen  under-shrubs,  in  the  tropical  parts  of 
America.  They  are  succulent,  permanent  in 
duration,  and  generally  without  leaves,  — glob- 
ular or  columnar,  and  some  are  jointed  .London. 

CA-CU'MI-NAte,  v.  a.  [L.  cacumino , cacumina- 
tus.]  To  make  sharp  or  pyramidal,  [it.]  Bailey. 

CAD,  n.  [Fr.  cadet , a younger  son  or  brother  ; a 
minor  ; Gael,  cad,  a friend.] 

1.  A boy  who  tends  the  door  of  an  omnibus  ; 

an  assistant  to  a coachman.  Qu.  Rev. 

2.  [Scotch  cadie .]  An  errand  boy ; an  idler. 

CA-DAs'TRAL,  a.  [Fr.]  Relating  to  landed 
property  or  real  estate.  Wm.  R.  Hamilton. 

CA-DAs ' TRE  (ka-dSs'tur),  n.  [Fr.,  a register  of 
lands  like  Doomsday-book  in  England .]  ( Lou- 

isiana Law.')  An  official  statement  of  the  quan- 
tity and  value  of  real  property.  Bouvier. 

CA-dA  ’ VF.R,  n.  [L.]  A dead  body.  Davies. 

CA-DAv'IJR-IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  a dead  body; 
cadaverous.  Dunglison. 

CA-DAV'IJR-OUS,  a.  [L.  cadaverosus  ; Fr.  ca- 
davereux.]  Belonging  to,  or  having  the  ap- 
pearance of,  a dead  body.  Browne. 

CA-DAV'^R-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  a cadaverous  man- 
ner. 


CA-DEN’ZA  (ka-den'z?),  n.  [It.]  (Mus.)  A musi- 
cal cadence  : — an  embellishment  made  by  the 
performer  just  before  the  end  of  a piece.  Dwight. 

CADE'— OIL,  n.  A medicinal  oil  prepared  in  Ger- 
many and  France  from  the  fruit  of  the  Junipe- 
rus  oxycedrus.  Buchanan. 

CA-DET',  n.  [Fr.]  1.  The  younger  or  youngest 
brother. 

Walter  Buck  was  a cadet  of  the  house  of  Flanders.  Buck. 

2.  A volunteer  in  the  army,  who  serves  in 

expectation  of  a commission  ; — so  applied  in 
Germany.  Brande. 

3.  A young  man  in  a military  school.  Brande. 

CA-DET'SHIP,  ii.  The  commission  to  a cadet  to 
enter  the  East  India  Company’s  service.  Ogilvie. 

CA'DEW  (ka'du),  n.  A straw-worm  ; the  caddice, 
or  case-worm.  Bailey. 

CADE'— WORM  (kad'wiirm), n.  Agrubof  themay- 
fly;  the  case-worm,  or  caddice.  Johnson. 

CAD£E,  v.  a.  To  carry  a burden  ; to  carry  on  the 
back.  [Provincial,  Eng.]  Ray. 

cAd£E,  n.  A frame  of  wood  on  which  hawks 
are  carried  by  cadgers  to  be  sold.  Crabb. 

CADG'EJR  [kad'jer,  S.  P.  Ja.  K.  Sm.;  ked'jer,  IF.], 
n.  A huckster  ; one  who  brings  butter,  eggs, 
&c.,  to  market ; a packman.  [Local.]  Kennot. 

,8®=-“  Used  in  London  only  by  the  vulgar,  and  pro- 
nounced codger.”  Walker. 


CA-dAv'ER-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
cadaverous. 

cAd  bAte,  n.  The  caddice.  Ash. 

cAd'BOTE-FLY,  n.  A kind  of  maggot ; cade- 
worm  ; caddice.  Crabb. 

CAd'DICE,  n.  The  larva  or  grub  of  a trichopter- 
ous  insect ; case-worm  ; cade-worm.  Brande. 

cAd'DIS,  n.  1.  Worsted  galloon  ; a kind  of  fer- 
retror  ribbon.  Shak. 

2:  A caddice  ; a case-worm.  Walton. 

cAd'DOW  (kad'do),  n.  A chough,  or  jackdaw.Rrty. 

CAD'DY,  n.  A small  vessel  or  box  for  hold- 
ing tea.  Hayward. 

CADE,  a.  [Old  Fr.  cadeler , to  breed  up  tenderly.] 
Bred  by  the  hand ; domesticated;  tam  e.  Sheldon. 

CADE,  v.  a.  To  bring  up  by  the  hand;  to  breed 
up  tenderly.  Johnson. 

CADE,  n.  [Gr.  koSos  ; L.  cadus .]  A barrel  or 
cask.  “ A cade  of  herrings.”  Shak. 

CADE'— lAmb,  n.  A pet  lamb,  or  one  weaned 
and  brought  up  in  the  house.  Crabb. 

CA'DIJNCE,  n.  [L.  cado,  cadcns,  to  fall ; It.  ca- 
denza ; Sp.  caclencia ; Fr.  cadence .] 

1.  f Act  of  falling  ; decline. 

Now  was  the  sun  in  western  cadence  low 

From  noon.  Hilton. 

2.  A falling  of  the  voice,  as  the  sentence  draws 

to  a close,  in  reading  or  speaking.  Bacon. 

3.  Rhythmical  modulation  of  the  voice,  as  in 

reading  verse.  “ Cadences  in  dramatic  and  epic 
poetry.”  Dryden. 

4.  The  general  tone  or  sound  in  speaking. 

He  hath  a confused  remembrance  of  words,  and  puts  them 

together  with  no  regard  except  to  their  cadence.  Swift. 

5.  (Mus.)  The  conclusion  of  a strain  or  of  a 
musical  period  or  passage  ; the  principal  point 
of  rest  in  an  harmonic  progression  : — an  em- 
bellishment at  the  end  of  a piece  ; a cadenza. 

Dwight. 

6.  (Mil.)  A uniform  time  and  pace  in  march- 
ing. _ Campbell. 

7.  (Horsemanship.)  The  equal  measure  which 

a horse  observes  in  all  his  motions,  when  thor- 
oughly managed.  Crabb. 

8.  ( Her.)  The  descent,  and  consequently  the 

distinction  of  families.  Johnson. 

CA'DyNCE,  V.  a.  [i.  CADENCED  ; pp.  CADENCING, 
cadenced.]  To  regulate  by  musical  measure. 
“ A certain  measured,  cadenced  step.”  A.  Smith. 

CA'DJJN-CY,  n.  Same  as  Cadence.  Dryden. 

CA-DENE',  n.  A sort  of  Turkey  carpet  of  inferi- 
or quality.  Smart. 

CA'Df.NT,  a.  [L.  cadens .]  Falling  down,  [n.]  Shak. 


CADy'Y,  a.  Cheerful ; merry  after  good  eating 

and  drinking.  [Low.]  Craig. 

CA  ’ DI,  n.  [Ar.,  a judge.']  An  inferior  judge 
among  the  Turks.  Brande. 

CAD-I-LES'KJJR,  n.  [Ar.  cadi,  a judge,  and  les- 
kar,  army.]  The  chief  judge  in  the  Turkish 
empire  ; — originally  so  called  because  his  of- 
fice extended  to  the  trying  of  soldiers  who  are 
now  tried  only  by  their  own  officers.  Buchanan. 

CA-DIL'LAC,  n.  A sort  of  pear.  Johnson. 

CAd'IS,  n.  [Fr.]  A woollen  stuff  or  coarse 
serge  made  in  France.  Crabb. 

CAD-ME'AN,  a.  [Gr.  xniiprloj.]  Relating  to  Cad- 
mus, who  is  reputed  to  have  invented,  or  to  have 
brought  into  Greece,  17  letters  of  the  Greek 
alphabet.  P.  Cyc. 

CAd'MI-A,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  KaSptla.]  (Min.)  Vol- 
atile matter  which  rises  from  the  furnace  in 
preparing  brass ; tutty.  Turner. 

Cadmia  fossilis,  the  name  by  which  the  common  ore 
of  zinc  was  formerly  designated.  Graham. 

CAD'MITE,  n.  [L.  cadmitis.]  (Min.)  A sort  of  pre- 
cious stone  having  blue  specks  in  it.  Maunder. 

CAd'MI-UM,  n.  (Chem.)  A white  metal  resem- 
bling tin,  very  ductile  and  malleable,  fusible 
under  red  heat,  susceptible  of  a fine  polish,  and 
about  as  volatile  as  mercury.  Graham. 

t CA-DU'CA-RY,  a.  [L.  caducarius.]  Relating 
to  escheat,  forfeiture,  or  confiscation.  Burrill. 


CAD-U-CE'AN  [kad-u-sS'an,  Sm.  Ash  ; ka-dus'yjn, 
K.],  a.  Relating  to  the  rod  of  Mercury.  Ash. 

CA-DU'CEUS  (ka-du'shus),  n.  [L.,  cor-  , 
rupted  from  Gr.  utipuiceiov,  a herald’s 
wand.  IF.  Smith.] 

1.  The  rod  or  wand  of  Mercury,  en- 

twined by  two  serpents,  and  having  wings 
at  its  extremity.  Keightly. 

2.  A rod,  like  that  of  Mercury,  used  as 

a symbol  of  peace,  and  as  the  chief  badge 
of  the  Grecian  heralds.  Brande. 

CA-DU'CI-TY,  n.  [L.  caducus,  inclined  to 
fall;  Old  Fr.  caducite.]  Frailty;  tendency  tc 
fall,  [r.]  Lord  Chesterfield, 


CA-DU'COUS,  a.  (Bot.)  Dropping  off  early  com- 
pared with  other  parts,  as  the  calyx  of  the  poppy 
family,  falling  when  the  flower  opens.  Gray. 


t CA-DUKE',  a.  [L.  caducus;  Fr.  caditc,  ca- 
duque .]  Fleeting  or  frail.  Ilickes. 


CJE'CI-AS  (se'she-as),  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  Kaoo'a;.] 
A wind  from  the  north-east. 


Boreas,  Crecias,  and  Argestes  loud.  Milton. 

CAE-CIL'I-A,  n.  [L.  ; crecus,  blind.]  ( Herp .)  A 
genus  of  salamandrine,  footless  reptiles,  in 
which  the  eyes  are  very  small.  Van  Der  Hoeven. 


CAE 'CUM,  n.  [L.]  (Anat.)  The  commencement 
of  the  great  gut,  or  large  intestine.  Clarke. 

CJER-F.-Bi  'J\TJE,  n.pl.  ( Or- 
nith.) A sub-family  of 
tenuirostral  birds  of  the 
order  Passeres  and  family 
Promeropidoe ; guitguits. 

Gray. 

CAE'RULE.  SeeCERULE,  and 
Cerulean. 

C/E-§A'R£-AN,  a.  See  Cesarean. 

CATSIUS  (se'shus),  a.  [L.,  cat-eyed .]  (Bot.) 
Lavender  color  ; pale  blue  with  a slight  mixture 
of  gray.  Lindley. 

CA3S-PI-TOSE'  (ses-pe-tos'),  a.  [L .ctespes,  ccespitis, 
a turf.]  (Bot.)  Growing  in  turf-like  patches,  or 
tufts,  like  most  sedges.  Gray. 

CrE-§U[RA  (se-zu'ra),  n. ; L.  pi.  ca!-§u'RjE  ; Eng. 
cas-su'ras.  [L.,  a section ; credo,  cresus,  to  cut ; 
It.  cesura ; Fr.  cesure.]  (Pros.)  A metrical 
break,  pause,  or  division  in  a verse,  occasioned 
by  the  separation  of  the  first  syllable  of  a foot, 
forming  the  last  of  a word,  from  the  next  sylla- 
ble, forming  the  first  of  another  word,  as  in  the 
following  line : 

“ Of  man's  first  disobedi  | encc,  and  | the  fruit.” 

fCA5-§U'RA,  v.  a.  To  utter  with  regard  to  cae- 
suras. 

No  accents  are  so  pleasant  now,  as  those 

That  are  ctesurced  through  the  pastor’s  nose.  Broume. 

CA3-§U'RAL  (se-zu'ral),  a.  Relatingtothe  caesura, 
or  to  the  pause  of  the  voice.  Todd. 

CJET  'E-RIS  pAr'I-BUS.  [L.]  Other  things 
being  equal ; in  like  circumstances.  Watts. 

CAFR  (kaf  'a),  n.  [Fr.J  1.  Coffee. 

2.  A coffee-house ; a house  where  refresh- 
ments of  various  kinds  are  obtained.  Walsh. 

cAf'E-JVET,  n.  A Turkish  coffee-house.  Craig. 

CAF-FE'IC,  a.  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  obtained 
from  coffee.  Graham. 

CAF-FE'INE,  n.  (Chem.)  A neutral  crystallizable 
vegetable  product  obtained  from  coffee  and  tea, 
but  not  the  principle  on  which  the  peculiar 
properties  of  tea  or  coffee  depend.  Graham. 

CAF'FRE  (k&f'fur),  n.  [Ar.,  an  unbeliever.]  A 
native  of  Caffraria,  in  South  Africa.  Malcom. 

CAf-tAW,  n.  [Per.]  A Persian  or  a Turkish 
robe  or  vestment.  Johnson. 

CAG,  n.  [A.  S.  creggian,  to  lock,  to  shut  fast. — • 
Fr.  caque,  a barrel.]  A vessel  of  wood,  in  the 
form  of  a barrel,  usually  containing  four  or  five 
gallons  ; — written  also  keg.  Johnson. 

CAG'A-O,  n.  (Ornith.)  An  Indian  bird  about  as 
large  as  the  hen,  but  with  a longer  neck.  Ogilvie. 

CAGE,  n.  [A.  S.  creggian,  to  lock: — Fr.  cage.] 

1.  An  enclosure  of  wire,  twigs,  or  timber,  for 
birds  or  animals. 

2.  A prison  for  petty  malefactors.  Johnson. 

3.  (Carp.)  An  outer  work  of  timber  for  the 

enclosure  of  other  works.  Ency. 

CAGE,  v.  a.  [i.  caged  ; pp.  caging,  caged.] 
To  enclose  in  a cage  ; to  shut  up.  Donne. 

CA'GJT,  n.  (Ornith.)  A beautiful  green  parrot 
of  the  Philippine  Islands.  Ogilvie. 

CAG'MAg,  n.  An  old.  tough  goose  : — tough,  dry 
meat,  or  coarse  food,  [it.]  Smart. 

CAHIER  (ka'e-ya'),  n.  [Fr.]  A hook  of  sheets 
stitched  together  ; a copy-book  : — a part  of  a 
book  : — a report  of  proceedings.  Smart. 

CA-IIOOT',  ii.  [Probably  a corruption  of  Fr.  co- 
horte,  or  Sp.  cohorts,  a cohort.]  A company ; 
a partnership;  — particularly  a party  of  men 
engaged  in  a predatory  excursion.  [Southern 
and  western  portion  of  the  U.  S.]  Field. 

CA/C,  or  CAIQUE  (ki-ek'),  n.  [Fr.]  A skiff  or 
sloop  belonging  to  a galley ; a galley-boat.  Todd. 

CAIL.  See  Kale.  Todd. 

CAI-MA-CAN',  ii.  A Turkish  word  for  a lieuten- 
ant, or  a lieutenant-governor.  P.  Cyc. 

CAl’MAJV,  n.  [Sp.]  A South  American  alliga- 
tor ; cayman.  Van  Der  Iloeven. 


Caucba  cyanea. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  rBlE.-G,  G,  ?,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  £,  |,  hard;  $ as  z;  * as  gz.-THIS,  this. 


CAINCIC 


190 


CALCEOLARIA 


CA-IN'CIC,  a.  ( Chem .)  Noting  an  acid  found  in 
the  bark  of  the  eainca  root,  a shrub  used  as  a 
medicine  in  Brazil.  Braude. 

CA'JNG— WHALE,  n.  [ Calling  whale.]  A small 
species  of  whale,  often  caught  near  trie  Orkney 
and  Shetland  Islands;  Delphinus  melas  ; — so 
named  from  the  fact  that  when  one  gets  into 
shallow  water  its  companions  follow  it.  Ogilvie. 

('A  IRA  (sa'e-r'4).  [Fr.,  “ It  shall  go  on,”  i.  e.  the 
revolution.]  The  name  of  a French  revolution- 
ary song,  composed  in  1790.  P • Cyc. 

CAIRD  (kard),  n.  [Ir.  ceard,  a tinker.]  A trav- 
elling tinker: — a gypsy;  one  who  lives  by 
stealing.  [Scotland.]  Jamieson.  Burns. 

cAlRN  (kirn),  n.  [Gael,  <Sp  W.  cam  ; Scot,  cairn.] 
A heap  of  stones  supposed  to  have  answered 
the  purpose  of  a sepulchral  monument. 

A caint  is  a heap  of  stones  thrown  upon  the  grave  of  one 
eminent  for  dignity  of  birth  or  splendor  of  achievements. 

Johnson. 

cAlRN'GORM-STONE,  n.  (Min.)  A yellow  or 
brown  variety  of  rock  crystal,  from  the  moun- 
tain Cairngorm,  in  Scotland.  Brande. 

CAISSON  (ka-son')  [ka-son',  P.  E.  F.  Stn.  ; ki'es- 
on,  Ja. ; ka'son,  A'.],  n.  [Fr.] 

1.  (Mil.)  A chest  filled  with  bombs  and  gun- 

powder, and  buried  under  ground  : — a covered 
ammunition  wagon.  Ency. 

2.  (Arch.)  A sunken  panel  in  a flat  or  vault- 

ed ceiling,  or  in  the  soffit  of  a cornice: — a 
wooden  case  or  chest,  used  in  the  construction 
of  bridges.  Brande. 

CAl'TJFF  (ka'tjf),  n.  [It.  S;  Sp.  cattivo,  a captive, 
a slave  ; Nor.  Fr.  chetif,  cheytif,  caitiff ; Fr.  che- 
tif,  vile.]  A mean  or  base  fellow  ; a villain  ; a 
knave ; a wretch. 

Our  use  of  the  word  caitiff,  which  is  identical  with  cap- 
tive, only  coming  through  the  Norman  French,  . . . has  its 
rise  out  of  the  sense  that  he  who  lets  himself  be  made  prisoner 
in  war  is  a worthless,  good-for-nothing  person.  Trench . 

CAI'TIFF  (ka'tjf),  a.  Base;  servile.  Thomson. 

CAl'TJFF- LY,  ad.  Knavishly  ; vilely ; basely. Scott. 

CAl'TJVE  (ka'tjv),  a.  Same  as  Caitiff.  Spenser. 

CAJ'E-PCT,  a.  [Hind,  kayuputi.]  Noting  a vol- 
atile oil  obtained  by  distilling  the  leaves  of  the 
Melaleuca  minor,  a shrub  abundant  in  Amboy- 
na  and  Borneo,  whence  the  oil  is  imported.  It 
is  of  various  shades  of  green,  and  it  is  highly 
pungent  and  aromatic.  Brande. 

CAJ'JJ-PUT,  n.  The  name  sometimes  applied  to 
cajeput-oil.  Smart. 

CA-JOLE',  v.  a.  [Fr.  cajolcr.]  [ i . CAJOLED  ; pp. 
cajoling,  cajoled.]  To  delude  by  flattery  ; 
to  deceive  ; to  wheedle  ; to  flatter  ; to  coax. 

The  one  affronts  him,  while  the  other  cajoles  and  pities 
him.  L' Estrange. 

Syn.  — See  Coax. 

CA-JOLE'MpNT,  n.  Cajolery,  [r.]  Coleridge. 

CA-JOL'IJR,  n.  One  who  cajoles ; a flatterer. 

CA-JOL'ER-Y,  n.  Flattery  ; wheedling  ; deceit. 
“ Cajoleries  . . . prudently  practised.’  Burke. 

CAKE,  n.  [Dut.  koek  ; Dan.  kage ; Ger.  kuchen ; 
M.  keeak.] 

1.  A small  mass  of  dough  baked  and  com- 
monly sweetened  ; a kind  of  delicate  bread. 

2.  Any  mass  of  matter  concreted,  and  rather 
flat  than  high.  “ Like  a cake  of  ice.”  Lloyd. 

CAKE,  V.  a.  [ i . CAKED  ; pp.  CAKING,  CAKED.]  To 
form  into  cakes  or  concretions.  Boyle. 

CAKE,  v.  n.  To  harden.  “ This  burning  matter 
had  time  to  cake  together.”  Addison. 

CAKE,  v.  n.  To  cackle.  [North  of  Eng.]  Ray. 

CAKE'— BREAD,  n.  A species  of  bread.  Prior. 

cAl'A-BA,  n.  (Bot.)  A tropical  evergreen  tree, 
which  affords  an  edible  green  fruit,  and  fur- 
nishes an  oil  used  for  lamps,  and  in  medicine ; 
Calophyllum  Calaba.  Loudon. 

CAL'A-BAR— SKIN',  n.  The  skin  of  the  Siberian 
squirrel,  used  for  muffs,  tippets,  &c.  Ogilvie. 

CAL'A-BASH,  n.  [Sp.  calahaza,  a gourd.] 

1.  A species  of  large  gourd,  being  the  fruit  of 
the  calabash-tree. 

2.  A vessel  made  of  the  gourd.  Smart. 


cAl'A-BASH-TREE',  n.  (Bot.)  A West-Indian 
evergreen  tree,  the  shells  of  the  fruit  of  which 
are  used  by  the  negroes  for  cups,  pots  for  boil- 
ing, and  for  instruments  of  music.  Loudon. 

cAl-A-BOOSE',  n.  [Sp.  calabozo,  a dungeon.]  A 
prison  ; a jail.  [Used  in  the  south-western  por- 
tion of  the  U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

CA-LA'BRI-AN,  a.  (Gcog.)  Belonging  to  Cala- 
bria, in  the  southern  part  of  Italy.  Ash. 

CA-LADE',  n.  [Fr.l  The  slope  or  declivity  of  a 
manege  ground,  down  which  a horse  is  ridden 
in  training  him.  Crabb. 

cAl'A-ITE,  n.  (Min.)  A name  given  to  the  tur- 
quoise mineral.  Phillips. 

CAL-A-MAN'CO  (kal-j-inang'ko),  n.  [Low  L.  cal- 
amancus,  a kind  of  cap  ; Sp.  § Port,  calamaco  ; 
Ger.  kalmank .]  A kind,  of  glossy  woollen  stuff 
woven  with  a satin  twill  and  checkered  in  the 
warp  so  that  the  checks  are  seen  only  on  one 
side; — written  also  calimanco.  Booth. 

cAL-A-MAN'Df,R-WOOD  (-wild),  n.  A beauti- 
ful kind  of  hard  wood  found  in  Ceylon.  Ogilvie. 

CAIj'A-MAR,  n.  [Sp.]  Same  as  Calamary. 

CAl'A-MA-RY,  n.  [L.  calamus,  a reed  or  a pen  ; 
Sp.  calamar .]  (Zoijl.)  A cephalopod ; a mol- 
luscous animal ; the  pen-fish  or  squid  ; — so 
called  because  it  has  a horny  substance  shaped 
like  a quill  in  its  back,  and  contains  an  ink-bag 
in  its  visceral  sac.  Brande. 

CAL'AM-BAC,  n.  (Med.)  A fragrant  wood  used  in 
making  pastils  ; — called  also  agallochum,  tam- 
bac,  and  aloes-wood.  Dunglison. 

CAL'AM-BAR,  n.  [Sp.  calamar.]  One  of  the 
names  of  the  cuttle-fish.  Craig. 

cAl'AM-BOUR,  n.  A motley-colored  wood,  used 
by  cabinet-makers  and  inlayers;  — called  also 
eagle-wood.  Booth. 

cAl-A-mIf'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  calamus,  a reed,  and 
fero , to  bear.]  Bearing  reeds  or  plants  having 
a smooth  stalk,  knotted  and  hollow.  Chambers. 

CAL'A-MINE,  or  CAL'A-MINE  [kal'a-mln,  S.  IF. 
J.  F.  K.  R. ; kal'a-mln,  Sm.],  n.  (Min.) 

1.  A mineral  wholly  or  chiefly  composed  of 
carbonate  of  zinc  ; Lapis  calaminaris. 

2.  A mineral  composed  of  silica,  oxide  of 

zinc,  and  water.  Dana. 

CAL'A-MINTj  n.  [Gr.  KalapivBy ; raids,  beautiful, 
and  pivOt),  mint.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  ornament- 
al plants ; Calamintha.  Loudon. 

t cAl'A-MIST,  n.  [L.  calamus,  a reed.]  A pi- 
per ; one  who  plays  on  a reed  or  pipe.  Blount. 

f cAl-A-MIS'TRATE,  v.  a.  [Fr.  calamistrer .] 
To  curl  or  frizzle,  as  the  hair.  Cotgravc. 

f CAL-A-MIS-TrA'TION,  n.  Act  of  curling  or 
frizzling  the  hair.  Burton. 

CAL'A-MITE,  n.  1.  (Min.)  A species  of  mineral ; 
hornblende.  Phillips. 

2.  (Pal.)  A genus  of  fossil  plants  of  the 
horse-tail  family,  found  in  great  abundance  in 
the  most  ancient  coal  formations.  Lindley. 

CA-LAm'I-TOUS,  a,  [L.  calamitosus ; Fr.  ca- 
lamiteux .] 

1.  Full  of  calamity,  misery,  or  distress  ; ad- 
verse. “ Calamitous  condition.”  South. 

2.  Very  unfortunate;  miserable;  wretched; 
unhappy. 

This  is  a gracious  provision  made  in  favor  of  the  necessi- 
tous and  calamitous.  Calamy. 

Syn. — See  Adverse,  Unhappy. 

CA-LAm'J-TOUS-LY,  ad.  In  a calamitous  man- 
ner. ’ Boag. 

CA-LAM'J-TOUS-NESS,  n.  Misery  ; distress. 

CA-LAM'l-TY,  n.  [L.  calamitas  ; It.  calamith ; 
Sp.  calamidad;  Fr.  catamite.]  Cause  of  mis- 
ery or  distress  ; disaster  ; misfortune. 

Another  ill  accident  is  drought,  and  the  spindling  of  the 
corn;  insomuch  as  the  word  calamity  was  first  derived  from 
calamus  [stalk],  when  the  corn  could  not  get  out  of  the  stalk. 

Bacon  m 

Syn.— -See  Adversity,  Affliction,  Misfor- 
tune. 

cAl'A-MUS,  n. ; pi.  L.  calami-,  Eng.  calamuses. 
[L.,  from  Gr.  nal.apo;,  a reed.] 


1.  A reed  or  cane. 

2.  A pen  made  of  a reed. 

3.  The  root  of  a species  of  reed,  aromatic 

and  used  as  a perfume,  called  Calamus  at  om at- 
icus  and  sweet  flag.  Brande. 

4.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  evergreen  herbaceous 

plants  which  furnish  ratan  canes.  One  species, 
the  Calamus  zalacca,  is  supposed  to  yield  drag- 
on’s blood  : — a name  sometimes  applied  to 
simple  fistular  stems  without  articulations,  as 
those  of  rushes.  Loudon.  Brande. 

CA-LAAT’ DO,  a.  [It.,  from  calare,  to  decrease.] 
(Mus.)  Noting  a gradual  diminution  of  time 
and  sound.  Moore. 

CA-LAM’  DRA,  n.  1.  (Ornith.)  A species  of  lark  ; 
the  bunting.  Phillips. 

2.  (Ent.)  A genus  of  coleopterous  insects, 
including  the  corn-weevil.  Harris. 

CALAJYDRE  (kril-landr'),  n.  [Fr.]  An  insect  of 
the  beetle  tribe,  injurious  to  grain  ; — called  the 
corn-weevil,  or  grain-weevil.  Farm.  Ency. 

CA-LAN'GAY,  n.  A species  of  white  parrot.  Ash. 

CA-LAP'PA,  n.  1.  (Zolil.)  A genus  of  brachvu- 
rous,  decapod  crustaceans.  Van  Der  Hoeven. 

2.  (Bot.)  A name  given  in  the  Moluccas  to 
the  cocoa-nut-tree  ; Cocos  nucifera.  Loudon. 

CA-LASH',  n.  [Fr.  capehe.]  1.  A light,  low- 
wheeled carriage  with  a movable  covering. 

2.  A hood,  or  covering  for  the  head,  worn  by 
ladies.  Johnson. 

CA-LA'THJ-AN-VI'O-LET,  n.  (Bot.)  An  orna- 
mental, herbaceous  plant  which  bears  a blue 
flower  ; Gentiana  pneumonanthe.  Loudon. 

CAL- A-  THID  'I-  t/M,  n.  [Gr.  Kal.aBo;,  a basket ; 
L.  calathus.]  (Bot.)  A kind  of  depressed,  con- 
tracted inflorescence  ; the  head  or  compound 
flower  of  composite  plants.  Gray. 

CAL'A-TIlitS,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  KiiXaOo;,  a basket.] 
(Ent.)  A genus  of  coleopterous  insects. 

Van  Der  Hoeven. 

cAl'CAR,  n.  [L.,  a spur.]  1.  (Bot.)  A petal 
lengthened  at  the  base  into  a hollow  tube  or 
spur  ; — called  also  nectarotheca.  Lindley. 

2.  (Glass  Man.)  A furnace  in  which  the  in- 
gredients used  in  glass-making  are  submitted 
to  a roasting  heat,  to  drive  off  carbonic  acid 
and  other  impurities ; — called  also  fritting-fur- 
nace.  Francis. 

CAl'CA-RATE,  a.  (Bot.)  Furnished 
with  a calcar  or  spur,  as  the  flower  of 
larkspur.  Gray. 

CAL-CA'RP-O— AR-<?JL-LA'CEOUS  (-shus),  a.  [L. 
calx,  lime,  and  argilla,  clay.]  Consisting  of 
lime  and  clay.  Thomson. 

CAL-CA'RlJ-0-SJ-L!''CEOyS  (-Ilsh'us),  a.  [L. 
calx,  lime,  and  silex,  silicis,  flint.]  Consisting 
of  lime  and  silex.  Thomson. 

CAL-cA'Rp-OUS,  a.  [L.  calx,  calcis,  lime,  calca- 
rius  ; It.  calcareo.]  Consisting  of  chalk  or  lime. 

Calcareous  earth,  lime. — Calcareous  grits , sandy 
beds  intermixed  with  calcareous  matter,  lound  in  the 
middle  subdivision  of  the  oolite  group.  Bemlant  ),■ 
Richardson.  — Calcareous  soil,  a soil  of  which  lime 
forms  a principal  part.  Brande.  — Calcareous  spar, 
crystallized  carbonate  of  lime.  lire. — Calcareous 
tufa,  a porous  rock  deposited  by  calcareous  waters, 
on  their  exposure  to  air.  Lyell. 

CAL-CA'RIJ-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
calcareous.  Dr.  Allen. 

CAI.-CA-VAL  'LA,  n.  A superior  kind  of  Lisbon 
wine.  Todd. 

CAL'C$-AT-ED  [k&l'se-at-ed,  S.  K.  Sm. ; kal'she- 
at-ed,  IF.  P.  Ja.],  a.  [L.  calceatus ; calx,  the 
heel.]  Fitted  with  shoes  ; shod.  Johnson. 

CAl'CJJ-DON,  n.  A foul  vein,  like  chalcedony,  in 
some  precious  stones.  Buchanan. 

cAl'C^-DO-NY,  n.  See  Chalcedony. 

cAL'CJJ-I-FORM,  a.  [L.  calceus,  a shoe, 
and  forma,  form.]  (Bot.)  Formed  like 
a little  shoe,  as  the  corolla  of  Calceolaria.  Gray. 

CAL-CE-O-LA  'Rl-A,  n.  [L.  calceus,  a shoe.] 
(Bot.)  A genus  of  beautiful  herbaceous  or 

shrubby  plants,  most  of  w hich  bear  yellow  flow- 
ers ; slipper-wort ; — so  named  from  the  shape 
of  the  corolla.  Loudon. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


CALCES 


191  CALIBER 


CAl'CE§,  n.  pi.  [L.  calx,  calcis,  lime  or  chalk.] 
( Chem .)  Products  of  combustion,  especially 
those  obtained  from  the  metals,  which  were 
supposed  by  the  alchemists,  to  be  converted 
into  a species  of  earth.  — See  Calx.  Brande. 

CAL-CIF'ER-OOS,  a.  [L.  calx,  lime  or  chalk, 
and  fero,  to  bear.]  Containing  lime.  Smart. 

cAL'CI-FORM,  a.  [L.  calx,  lime  or  chalk,  and 
forma,  form.]  Being  in  the  form  of  chalk  or 

‘lime’.  Smart. 

• 

CAL-CI'NA-BLE,  or  OAL'CI-NA-BLE  [kSl'se-na- 
bl,  Ja.  K.  R.  Cl.  ; k?l-sl'n?-b1,  Sm.  C. ; k?l-sin'- 
fi-1,1,  I Vb.],  a.  That  may  be  calcined.  “Im- 
perfectly calcinable  in  a great  fire.”  Hill. 

cAl'CI-NAte,  v.  a.  See  Calcine,  [r.]  Bacon. 

cAl-CI-nA'TION,  n.  [Fr.  calcination^]  (Chem.) 

1.  The  process  of  calcining  ; the  reduction 
of  substances  to  cinder  or  ashes. 

2.  The  separation  of  the  volatile  from  the 

more  fixed  parts  of  a body  by  heat.  Turner. 

CAL-CIN'A-TO-RY  [ksd-sinVtur-e,  IF.  P.  Ja.  K. 

Sm.  C. ; kal'sjn-^-tur-e,  S.],  n.  A vessel  used 
in  calcination.  Johnson. 

CAL-CINE'  [kal-sln',  S’.  IF.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm. ; 
kal'sjn,  Wb.],  v.  a.  [L.  calx,  lime  or  chalk; 
Fr.  calcine?-.]  [i.  calcined  ; pp.  calcining, 

CALCINED.] 

1.  (Chem.)  To  expel  all  volatile  ingredi- 
ents from  a compound  by  heat,  as  water  and 
carbonic  acid  from  carbonate  of  lime  or  lime- 
stone in  the  manufacture  of  lime  ; to  reduce  to 
powder  or  ashes. 

2.  To  convert  metals  into  calces  or  metallic 

oxides  by  heat ; to  oxidize.  Ure. 

CAL-CINE',  v.  ?i.  To  become  a powder  or  calx,  or 
be  pulverized  by  heat ; to  become  an  oxide. 

This  crystal  is  a pellucid  stone, ...  in  a very  strong  heat 
calcining  without  fusion.  Newton , 

CAL'ClTE,  n.  [L.  calx,  calcis,  lime.]  (Min.)  A 
name  applied  to  a large  variety  of  compounds 
of  carbonic  acid  and  lime,  as  chalk,  marble, 
Iceland  spar,  &c.  Dana. 

f cAl'CI-TRATE,  v.  n.  [L.  calcitro,  calcitratus ; 
calx,  the  heel;  Fr.  caldtrer .]  To  kick.  Cotgrave. 

cAL-CI-TRA'TION,  n.  Act  of  kicking.  Ed.  Rev. 

cAl'CI-UM  (kal'she-um),  n.  (Chem.)  The  metal- 
lic base  of  lime.  Brande. 

CAL-CO-GRAPH'I-CAL,  a.  Relating  to  calcog- 
raphy.  • Craig. 

CAL-COC'RA-PHY,  n.  [L.  calx,  lime  or  chalk,  and 
Gr.  ypa<p m,  to  delineate.]  The  art  of  engraving 
in  chalk.  — See  Chalcography.  Clarke. 

cAlC-SIN'TER,  n.  [Ger.  kalk,  lime,  and  sinter??, 
to  drop.]  (Geol.)  A deposit  from  springs  hold- 
ing carbonate  of  lime  in  solution.  Lxjell. 

CAlc/-SPAR,  n.  (Min.)  Calcareous  spar,  or 
crystallized  carbonate  of  lime.  Brande. 

CALC'— TUFF,  n.  (Chem.)  An  irregular  porous 
deposit  of  the  carbonate  of  lime,  formed  from 
the  waters  of  calcareous  springs.  Ure. 

CAL'CU-LA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  computed. 

CAl'CU-LA-RY,  a.  [L.  calculus,  pebble.]  (Med.) 
Relating  to  the  disease  of  the  stone.  Smart. 

cAl'CU-LA-RY,  n.  A congeries  of  little  stony 
knots  in  the  pear  and  other  fruits  formed  by 
concretions  of  the  sap.  Crabb. 

cAl'CU-LATE,  v.  a.  [L.  calculo,  calculatus  ; cal- 
culus, a pebble  ; It.  calculare ; Sp.  calcular  ; 
Fr.  calculer .]  [i.  calculated  ; pp.  calcu- 

lating, CALCULATED.] 

1.  To  ascertain  by  computation  ; to  compute  ; 
to  reckon  ; to  estimate. 

He  calculates  his  expenses.  Johnson. 

2.  To  compute  as  an  astronomer  or  an  astrol- 
oger ; as,  “ To  calculate  eclipses  or  nativities.” 

3.  To  adjust  or  adapt  to  some  end  ; to  fit. 

Religion  is,  upon  all  accounts,  calculated  for  our  benefit. 

Tillotson. 

CAl'CU-LATE,  v.  n.  To  make  a computation  ; 
to  cast  accounts.  Shak. 

Calcttlatinj  machine,  a machine  invented  by  Charles 
Babbage,  which  accomplishes  the  addition  of  num- 
bers by  the  movements  of  a series  of  cylinders. 


Syn. — Calculate  is  a more  generic  term  than  com- 
pute, reckon , or  count.  Calculate , reckon,  and  count 
respect  mostly  the  future  ; compute,  the  past.  The 
astronomer,  geometrician,  the  mathematician,  and 
statesman  calculate ; the  chronologist  computes ; the 
accountant  reckons.  Calculate  an  eclipse  ; compute  the 
time;  compute  or  reckon  the  profit  and  loss;  count  or 
number  the  minutes  or  the  stars. 

r; ,}  This  word  is  often  improperly  used  in  the  U.  S., 
in  tile  sense  of  to  expect,  think,  or  intend  ; as,  “ I 
calculate  to  leave  town  to-morrow.”  Pickering. 

CAl-CU-LA'TION,  n.  1.  The  art,  or  the  act,  of 
reckoning  or  calculating  ; computation. 

2.  The  result  of  arithmetical  operation ; a 
reckoning. 

If  then  their  calculation  be  true;  for  so  they  reckon.  Hooker. 

Whenever  we  speak  of  arithmetic  as  the  science  of  calcu- 
lation, we  in  fact  allude  to  that  rudimental  period  of  the  sci- 
ence of  numbers,  when  pebbles  ( calculi ) were  used,  as  now 
among  savages  they  often  are,  to  facilitate  the  practice  of 
counting.  Trench. 

CAL'CU-LA-TIVE,  a.  Belonging  to  calculation. 
“ Habits  of  calculative  dealings.”  Burke. 

cAL'CU-LA-TOR,  n.  One  who  calculates;  a reck- 
oner ; an  accountant ; a computist. 

CAL'CU-LA-TO-RY,  a.  Belonging  to  calculation  ; 
calculative.  Sherivood. 

f CAL'CULE,  n.  Reckoning.  Howell. 

f CAL'CULE,  v.  a.  To  calculate.  Chaucer. 

cAl-CU-LOSE',  a.  Same  as  Calculous.  Browne. 

CAL'CU-LOUS,  a.  Stony  ; gritty.  Sharp. 

CAL'CU-LUS,  n.  ; pi.  cal'cv-lI.  [L.,  a pebble .] 

1.  (Med.)  A morbid  concretion  that  may  form 

in  any  part  of  the  body,  but  generally  found  in 
the  reservoirs  or  ducts.  Dunglison. 

2.  (Math.)  [Eng.  pi.  calculuses.]  A rneth- 

od  of  computation.  — See  Differential  Cal- 
culus. Davies. 

CAL'DRON,  n.  [L.  caldarium-,  Old  Fr.  chaul- 
dron;  Fr.  chaudroii.]  A boiler  ; a large  kettle. 

CA-LECHE'  (ka-lash1),  n.  [Fr.]  A light,  low- 
wheeled carriage.  — See  Calash.  Butler. 

CAL-E-DO'NI-AN,  a.  [ Caledonia , the  ancient 
name  of  Scotland.]  (Geog.)  Scottish. 

CAL-E-DO'NI-AN,  n.  (Geog.)  A Scotchman. 

CAl'B-DON-ITE,  n.  (Min.)  A mineral  composed 
of  sulphate  of  lead,  carbonate  of  lead,  and  car- 
bonate of  copper.  Dana. 

CAL-5-FA'CI?NT  (kal-e-fa'shent),  a.  [L.  calefa- 
ciens.\  Making  warm  or  hot.  [r.]  Maunder. 

CAL-5-FA'CIJJNT,  n.  (Med.)  A warming  stimu- 
lant. Dunglison. 

CAL-E-FAC'TION,  n.  [L.  calefactio .] 

1.  Act  of  heating.  Spenser. 

2.  State  of  being  heated.  Johnson. 

CAL-B-FAC'TIVE,  a.  That  makes  hot ; calefac- 
tory. [r.]  Johnson. 

cAl-E-FAc'TOR,  n.  A small  kind  of  stove.  Tozer. 

cAl-E-FAc'TO-RY,  a.  [L.  ealefacio,  calefactus, 
to  make  warm.]  That  makes  hot;  causing 
heat ; calefactive.  Johnson. 

cAl-E-fAc'TO-RY,  n.  A warming-room  in  a 
monastery.  Ash. 

cAl'E-FY,  v.  n.  [L.  calefio.]  To  grow  hot;  to 
be  heated,  [r.]  ‘ Browne. 

cAl'E-FY,  v.  a.  To  make  warm,  [r.]  Bullokar. 

CAL'EM-BOURG,  n.  [Fr.,  from  a German  Count 
named  Kalenberg,  who  visited  Paris  in  the 
reign  of  Louis  XV.,  and  was  famous  for  his 
blunders  in  the  French  language.]  A witti- 
cism ; a pun.  Brande. 

CAL'EN-DAR,  n.  [L.  calender,  the  first  days  of 
the  Roman  months  ; calendarium,  an  account 
book;  Fr.  calendier .] 

1.  A recorded  division  of  time  into  periods 
adapted  to  the  purposes  of  civil  life ; a tabular 
statement  of  the  chronological  epochs  of  any 
year ; a register  of  the  year ; an  almanac  ; an 
ephemeris. 

2.  A list,  as  of  cases  to  be  tried  in  a court,  or 
of  bills  in  Congress. 

Calendar  month,  a solar  month  as  it  stands  in  the 
almanac. 

Syn.  — The  words  calendar,  almanac,  and  ephemeris 


are  all  used  to  denote  date-books  for  the  current  year. 
Almanac  is  properly  tile  divider  of  time  by  tile  year, 
calendar  by  tile  month,  and  ephemeris  by  tile  day.  A 
common  almanac  is  an  annual  register,  with  a calen- 
dar, in  which  the  days  of  the  week  and  month,  reli- 
gious feasts  and  holidays,  the  tides,  the  variations 
between  true  and  solar  time,  &c.,  are  noted.  An 
ephemeris  is  a more  minute  chronicle  of  time  than  an 
almanac  ; and  it  describes  the  daily  variations  of  the 
celestial  and  terrestrial  phenomena,  particularly  for 
the  purposes  of  navigation  and  astronomy.  A nauti- 
cal almanac  has  a very  complete  astronomical  ephem- 
eris, with  a copious  list  of  astronomical  phenomena 
at  sea;  and  it  is  designed  for  the  use  of  navigation. 

cAl'EN-DAR,  v.  a.  To  enter  in  a calendar;  to 
register.  ’ Whitlock. 

CAL-BN-DA'RI-AL,  a.  Belonging  to  the  calen- 
dar. Loudon. 

CAl'EN-D£R,  v.  a.  [L.  caleo,  to  be  hot;  Sp.  ca- 
lentar-,  Port,  calandrar-,  Fr.  calandrer .]  [*. 

CALENDERED  ; pp.  CALENDERING,  CALEN- 
DERED.] To  dress  smooth,  and  glaze  cloth  in 
a calendar,  or  by  hot  pressing.  Ure. 

CAL'EN-DIJR,  n.  [Dut.  klanderaar  ; Port,  calan- 
dra ; Fr.  calandre .] 

1.  A hot  press,  or  machine  for  pressing  and 

smoothing  cloth.  Johnson. 

2.  The  workman  who  manages  the  machine 

for  pressing  cloth  ; a calendrer.  Cowper. 

3.  One  of  an  order  of  begging  dervises  ; — 

so  named  from  their  founder.  Booth. 

cAl'JPN-DER-ER,  n.  One  whose  business  it  is  to 
calender  cloth  ; calendrer.  Craig. 

CAl'EN-DER-ING,  n.  The  last  operation  to 
which  dyed  and  printed  cottons  are  sometimes 
subjected  to  render  the  surface  smooth,  com- 
pact, and  uniform  ; glazing.  Parnell. 

cAl-BN-DOG'RA-PH?R,  n.  [L.  calendarium,  an 
account  book,  and  Gr.  ypatpa,  to  write.]  A 
maker  of  calendars.  Boyle. 

cAl'JPN-DRIJR,  n.  The  person  who  calenders. 

cAl'END§,  n.  pi.  [L.  calendar,  calo,  to  pro- 
claim : — “ because  the  commencement  of  the 
month  was  proclaimed  by  the  pontifices.”  Win. 
Smith.]  The  first  day  of  each  month  in  the  an- 
cient Roman  calendar. 

CA-LEJY'  DU-LA,n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  ornament- 
al plants;  the  marigold;  — so  named  because 
it  may  be  found  in  flower  during  the  calends  of 
each  month,  or  during  each  month.  Loudon. 

CA-LEN'DU-LlNE,  n.  (Chem.)  A mucilaginous 
substance,  or  species  of  gum,  obtained  from  the 
marigold.  Brande. 

cAl'EN-TURE,  n.  [L.  caleo,  to  be  warm  or  hot; 
Sp.  calentura,  heat,  fever.]  (Med.)  A febrile 
delirium  to  which  seamen  are  subject  in  hot 
climates,  and  which  causes  them  to  imagine  the 
sea  to  be  green  fields.  Dunglison. 

CA-LES'CJJNCE,  n.  [L .calesco,  calescens,  to  grow 
hot.]  Act  of  growing  warm  or  hot.  Boase. 

cAl-E- vAnce',  n.  (Bot.)  A vegetable  of  the 
island  of  Savu.  Hawkesworth. 

CALF  (kaf),  n.  ; pi.  calves  (k»vz).  [Goth,  kalbo  ; 
A.  S.  cealf,  or  calf-,  Ger.  kalh ; Dut.  half-,  Dan. 
kalv.] 

1.  The  young  of  the  cow,  or  of  the  red  deer. 

2.  A stupid  fellow  ; a dolt.  Dratjton. 

3.  [Goth,  calf.)  The  thick  hinder  part  of  the 

leg  below  the  knee.  Suckling. 

CALF'— LICK,  n.  Same  as  Cow-lick.  Halliwell. 

CALF'— LIKE  (kaf'llk),a.  Resembling  a calf.  Shak. 

CALF'-SKIN  (kaf  skin),  n.  The  skin  of  a calf. 

CA'/J,  or  CAL'  Cl,  n.  The  tenth  incarnation  of 
Vishnu,  in  the  shape  of  a horse  with  a human 
head  ; — still  expected  by  the  Hindoos.  Malcom. 

CAL'I-A-TOUR-WOOD  (-wud),  n.  A kind  of  dye- 
wood  which  grows  in  India  on  the  Coromandel 
coast.  Ogilvie. 

CAl'I-BER,  or  cAL'I-BRE  (k51'e-ber)  [k&l'e-ber, 
IF.  P.  J.  F.  K.  B. ; k;i-lc'br,  S.],  n.  [It.  calibro ; 
Fr.  <Sf  Sp.  calibre.] 

1 . (Gunnery.)  The  internal  diameter  or  bore 
of  a gun,  or  any  piece  of  ordnance. 

2.  The  diameter  of  a bullet,  or  of  any  round 
substance. 


WIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — £,  (f,  9,  g,  soft ; E,  C,  c, 


hard;  § as  z;  ^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


CALIBOGUS 


192 


CALLIOPE 


3.  Compass  or  capacity  of  mind.  Burke . 

JJ3r*  Mr.  Smart  says,  “ In  this  figurative  sense, 
usage  lias  not  yet  Anglicized  the  word  ; and  calibre , 
the  original  French  form,  is  generally  used  when  we 
apply  the  word  figuratively  ; as  in  saying,  ‘ A mind 
of  inferior  calibre  ’ ” ; and,  in  this  sense,  both  Smart 
and  Jamieson  pronounce  it  ka-le'bur. 

U3r*  “ Mr.  Sheridan  accents  this  word  on  the  second 
syllable,  and  gives  the  i the  sound  of  double  c,  like 
the  French;  but  Johnson,  Kcnrick,  Ash,  Buchanan, 
Perry,  and  Entick  consider  the  word  as  perfectly 
Anglic’ zed,  and  place  the  accent  oil  the  first  syllable, 
as  I have  done.”  Walker. 

£AL-!-B6'GUS,  n.  A beverage  of  rum  and  spruce 
beer.  [Cant  term,  U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

CAl'ICE  (kal'js),  n.  [L.  calix  ; Fr.  calice  ; A.  S. 
calic.]  A cup.  — See  Chalice.  Taylor. 

cAl'I-CO,  n. ; pi.  calicoes.  [Fr.,  from  Calicut, 
in  India.]  A printed  cotton  cloth  or  fabric, 
coarser  than  muslin  ; — originally  applied  to 
white  cotton  cloth  from  India. 

Such  has  been  the  manufacturing  progress  of  England, 
that  we  now  send  our  calicoes  and  muslins  to  India  and  the 
East;  yet  the  words  give  standing  witness  that  we  once  im- 
ported' them  thence,  for  calico  is  from  Calicut , and  muslin 
from  Mosul.  Trench. 

CAl'I-CO-PRL\T'?R,  n.  One  who  prints  calicoes. 

cAl'I-CO-PRINT'ING,  n.  The  art  of  printing 
cotton  cloth,  or  of  impressing  it  with  topical 
dyes.  Ure. 

CA-LlC'U-LAR,  a.  [L.  caliculus,  a small  cup.] 
Formed  like  a cup.  Browne. 

t cAl'ID,  a.  [L.  calkins.']  Hot;  fervent.  Bailey. 

f CA-LID'I-TY,  n.  State  of  being  hot ; heat. 

“ Endure  the  potential  caliditg.”  Browne. 

CAL'I-DUCT,  n.  [L.  calidus,  hot,  and  duco,  to 
lead.]  A pipe  or  flue  to  convey  heat.  “ Sub- 
terranean caliducts.”  Evelyn. 

cAL-I-gA'TION,  n.  [L.  caligatio.~\  Darkness  ; 
cloudiness,  [r.]  Browne. 

CA-LI^'I-NOUS,  a.  [L.  caliqinosus  ; caligo,  mist, 
fog.]  Obscure ; dim.  [u.]  Hallywell. 

f CA-Ligj'l-NOUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
caliginous  ; darkness  ; obscurity.  Bailey. 

CA-LL ' GO,  n.  [L.,  darkness .] 

1.  (Med.)  A disease  of  the  eye  causing  ob- 
scurity of  vision ; dim-sightedness.  Iloblyn. 

2.  ( Ent .)  A genus  of  South  American  but- 
terflies. Ogilvie. 

CAL-j-GRAPH'lC,  a.  See  Calligraphic.  Wart  on. 

CA-LIG'RA-phIst,  n.  See  Calligrapiiist. 

CA-lIg'ra-phy,  n.  See  Calligraphy. 

CAL-I-PASH',  ) n_  Terms  of  cookery  in  dressing 

cAl-I-PEE',  ) a turtle.  — See  Callipash,  and 
Callipee. 

FcAl'i-P^R,  n.  Same  as  Caliber.  Brande. 

cAe'i-pj5r§,  or  cAl'i-p^r  com'-  a 
PASS-5S,  n.  pi.  A kind  of  com-  ws 
passes  for  measuring  the  caliber  or 
diameter  of  cylinders  and  balls  : — 
written  also  caliber  compasses.  JP" 

Brande.  jj 

CA'LIPIt,  n.  [Ar.  khalifah,  to  sue-  J/ 

ceed.]  A successor  or  vicar  ; a title 
assumed  by  the  successors  of  Mahomet  among 
the  Saracens.  Brande. 

CAl'IPH-ATE,  n.  The  office,  dignity,  or  govern- 
ment of  a caliph.  “ The  grandeur  and  magnifi- 
cence of  the  caliphate .”  Harris. 

cA'LIPH-SHIP,  n.  The  office  of  the  caliph;  the 
caliphate.  Todd. 

CA-LIP'PIC,  a.  Noting  a period  of  seventy-six 
years  ; as,  “The  calippic  period”  ; — so  named 
from  Calippus,  a Grecian  astronomer.  Crabb. 

cAl-IS-THEN'IC,  a.  [Gr.  Kalis,  beautiful,  and 
aOtios,  strength.]  Relating  to  exercises  for  bod- 
ily strength  or  symmetry.  Combe. 

cAl-IS-THEN'ICS,  n.  pi.  Exercise  for  health, 
strength,  or  elegance.  Combe. 

CAl'I-V£R,  n.  [Corrupted  from  caliber.]  1.  A 
hand-gun;  a large  pistol  ; a harquebuse.  Shak. 

2.  A kind  of  light  matchlock.  Stocr/ueler. 


CA'LIX  [ka'liks,  P.  K.  Wb.  Bees-,  k&l'jks,  E. 
Sm.],  n.  [L.]  A cup. — See  Calyx. 

CALK  (k&wk),  v.  a.  [ Skinner  suggests  Fr .calage, 
tow  ; — Minsheu,  L.  calx,  lime,  from  its  use  as  a 
cement ; — Wedgwood,  L.  calco,  to  tread,  or  Pro- 
vencal calca,  or  catqua,  a tent  of  lint. — M.  kalk.] 
\i.  CALKED  ; pp.  CALKING,  CALKED.] 

1.  To  stop  or  stuff  the  seams  or  openings,  be- 
tween the  planks  of  a ship,  with  oakum  and  tar. 

2.  [L.  calco,  to  tread  ; calx,  the  heel.]  To 

roughen  or  sharpen  a horse’s  shoe  to  prevent 
his  slipping.  Palmer. 

CALK,  v.  a.  [L.  calx,  lime  or  chalk.]  To  cover 

with  chalk  or  black-lead  the  back  of  a picture, 
so  that  it  may  be  copied  upon  paper  placed  un- 
der it  by  tracing  the  outlines  with  a blunt  point 
or  style.  Smart. 

CALK'JJR  (klw'ker),  n.  1.  One  who  calks  a ship. 

2.  A part  of  a horse-shoe  made  prominent  to 
secure  the  horse  from  falling  : — written  also 
calkin,  cauker , cawkin,  cawker,  and  cork. 

Farm.  Ency. 

CAL'KIN  (kal'kjn  or  kftw'kjn)  [k&l'kjn,  Ja.  K.\ 
kal'kjn,  vulgarly  kaiw'kin,  Sm.J,  n.  [L.  calco,  to 
tread  ; calx,  the  heel ; M.  kalkin.]  A part  prom- 
inent from  a horse-shoe  ; calker.  — See  Calker. 

Crabb. 

CALK'ING  (k&wk'jng),  n.  1.  (Ship-building.)  The 
driving  of  oakum  or  other  matter  into  the  seams 
of  the  planks,  to  prevent  leaking.  Craig. 

2.  (Arch.)  The  mode  of  fixing  the  tie-beams 

of  a roof,  or  the  binding-joists  of  a floor  down 
the  wall-plates.  Ogilvie. 

3.  (Paint.)  A method  of  transferring  a print 

or  design  by  covering  the  back  of  it  with  black- 
lead,  or  with  some  kind  of  chalk,  laying  it  upon 
a sheet  of  clean  paper,  and  then  tracing  the 
outlines  with  a hard  point.  Francis. 

CALK'ING— IR'ON  (klwk'jng-l'urn),  n.  A chisel 
used  in  calking  a ship.  Dryden. 

CALL,  v.  a.  [Gr.  Kali in  ; L.  calo. — Dut.  kallcn  ; 
Dan.  kakle.]  [t.  called  ; pp.  calling,  called.] 

1.  To  name  ; to  denominate  ; to  style. 

And  God  called  the  light  day,  and  the  darkness  he  called 
night.  Gen.  i.  v. 

2.  To  invite,  as  to  an  entertainment. 

When  thou  makest  a dinner  or  a supper,  call  not  thy 
friends, . . . but  . . . cull  the  poor.  Luke  xiv.  12, 13. 

3.  To  summon  to  meet ; to  convoke. 

Now  call  we  our  high  court  of  Parliament.  Shak. 

4.  To  summon  into  one’s  presence  ; to  ask, 
request,  or  command  to  coine  ; as,  “To  call  a 
servant  ” ; “ To  call  a physician.” 

5.  To  invite,  as  a candidate  for  the  ministry. 

6.  To  appoint  or  designate  by  authority. 

Paul,  a servant  of  Jesus  Christ,  called  to  be  an  apostle. 

Horn.  i.  1. 

7.  To  appeal  to  ; to  invoke. 

I call  God  for  a record  upon  my  soul.  2 Cor.  i.  23. 

8.  To  utter  aloud  ; to  proclaim. 

Nor  parish-clerk,  who  calls  the  psalm  so  clear.  Gay. 

To  call  back , to  revoke. — To  call  for , to  demand, 
to  request.  — To  call  forth,  to  bring  into  view  or  into 
action. — To  call  in , to  resume,  as  money  lent;  to 
collect,  as  money  due  : — to  summon  together,  as  scat- 
tered military  forces.  “ Call  in  the  powers,  good 
cousin.”  Shak.  To  appeal  to  for  assistance;  as,  “ To 
call  in  the  police.”—  To  call  over , to  recite  or  read 
aloud,  as  a list  or  roll. — To  call  out , to  challenge. — 
To  call  to  account , to  summon  to  render  an  account.  — 
To  call  together,  to  convoke  ; to  convene.  — To  call 
to  mind , to  recollect;  to  remember.  — To  call  up,  to 
bring  to  notice  for  discussion  or  action  ; as,  “ To  call 
up  a subject  in  a legislative  assembly  ”:  — to  bring 
to  recollection  ; as,  “ To  call  up  an  idea  in  the  mind.” 

Syn. — Call,  or  calling,  is  generic,  and  is  applied 
to  all  ranks,  superiors,  equals,  or  inferiors,  — to  one 
or  to  many;  inviting  is  an  act  of  courtesy';  bidding, 
summoning , and  convoking , all  imply  authority,  and 
convoking  is  applied  to  many.  Call  for  a person  or 
an  acquaintance;  call  a meeting;  call  for  a ser- 
vant, and  bid  him  come  ; summon  a witness  ; convoke 
an  assembly.  — Name  a person  ; call  him  by  his  name. 
There  was  a king  of  Judea,  named  Herod,  improperly 
called  the  Great. 

Syn. — See  Name. 

CALL,  v.  n.  1.  To  erv  out : to  speak  loud. 

Then  call  thou,  and  I will  answer.  Job  xiii.  22. 

2.  To  stop  without  intention  of  staying  ; to 
make  a short  visit ; as,  “ To  call  on  a friend.” 

To  call  on,  to  solicit  for  a favor  or  a debt.  “ What 
need  I be  so  forward  with  him  that  calls  not  on  me?  ” 


Shak.  — To  call  upon,  to  implore,  to  pray  to.  “ Call 
upon  me  in  the  day  of  trouble.”  Ps.  1.  15. 

CALL,  n.  1.  A vocal  address  of  summons  or  of 
invitation. 

But  Death  comes  not  at  call ; Justice  divine 

Mends  not  her  slowest  pace  for  prayers  or  cries.  Milton. 

2.  Requisition  ; demand  ; claim. 

Dependence  is  a perpetual  call  upon  humanity.  Addison. 

3.  Divine  vocation  ; summons  by  a supernat- 
ural impulse. 

Those  who  to  empire  by  dark  paths  aspire 

Still  plead  a call  to  what  they  most  desire.  Dryden* 

St.  Paul  himself  believed  he  had  a call  to  it,  when  he  per- 
secuted the  Christians.  Locke. 

4.  A short  visit ; as,  “ A friendly  call.” 

5.  The  cry  of  a bird  to  its  mate  or  its  young. 

6.  An  instrument  to  call  birds,  or  sailors. 

7.  f Calling;  vocation;  employment. 

Still  cheerful,  ever  constant  to  his  call.  Dryden. 

8.  (Parliamentary  Language.)  A calling  over 
of  the  names  to  ascertain  what  members  are 
absent,  or  for  other  purposes. 

9.  (Eccl.)  An  invitation  to  become  a pastor. 

CAL' LA,  n.  [L.  calla,  or  calsa.]  (Bot.)  A genus 
of  perennial  herbs  of  the  Arum  family.  Gray. 

CAL-LJE-A-Ti'JYJE,  n.pl. 

(Ornith.)  A sub-family 
of  conirostral  birds  of 
the  order  Passeres  and 
family  Corvidce ; tree- 
crows.  Gray. 

CALL'— BIRD,  n.  A bird  taught  to  allure  others 
into  a snare,  as  the  goldfinch,  &c.  Goldsmith. 

CALL'— BOY,  n.  A boy  in  a theatre  who  calls  the 
actors:  — also  a hoy  who  repeats  the  captain’s 
orders  on  board  a steamer.  Clarke. 

CALL'f.R,  n.  One  who  calls.  Sherwood. 

CAL'L^T,  n.  A trull ; a drab  : — a scold.  Shak. 

f cAL'LgT,  v.  n.  To  rail  ; to  scold.  Brathwait. 

CAL-LI-A-JYAS' SA,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  K alhdvncaa, 
one  of  the  Nereids.]  (Zoiil.)  A genus  of  ma- 
crourous  decapod  crustaceans.Fim  Der  Hoeven. 

cAl'LI-CO,  n.  See  Calico.  Todd. 

CAL'LID,  a.  [L.  callidus. ] Hardened  in  craft ; 
shrewd,  [r.]  Smart. 

CAL-LlD'I-TY,  n.  [L.  calliditas.]  Shrewdness  ; 
craftiness ; discernment.  Cockeram. 

t cAL'LID-NESS,  ii.  Shrewdness;  callidity.  Ash. 

CAL-LlG'RA-PIIJJR,  'n.  One  skilled  in  callig- 
raphy, or  fine  penmanship.  Hallam. 

CAL-LJ-GRAPH'JO,  ) a Relating  to  callig- 

cAL-LI-GRApH'I-CAL,  > raphy.  Coleridge. 

CAL-LIG'RA-PHIsT,  ii.  A calligrapher.  P.  Mag. 

CAL-LlG'R A-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  Kalhypaipia  ; Kalis, 
beautiful,  and  ypdipto,  to  write.] 

1.  The  art  of  beautiful  writing;  fine  penman- 
ship. “ My  calligraphy , a fair  hand.”  B.  Jonson. 

2.  Belles-lettres,  [it.]  R.  Park. 

CAl-LI-MAN'CO,  n.  [Sp.  ealimaco,  or  calamaco.] 
A woollen  stuff.  — See  Calamanco.  W.  Ency. 

CALL'ING,  n.  1.  Act  of  one  who  calls. 

2.  Vocation  ; profession  ; trade  ; occupation  ; 

business ; employment.  South. 

3.  A class  of  persons  united  by  the  same  em- 
ployment. 

It  may  be  a caution  not  to  impose  celibacy  on  whole  call- 
inffs.  Hammond. 

4.  Divine  vocation,  call,  or  invitation. 

Tt  is  our  vocation,  our  calling ; and  He  who  called  us  to  it 
will  fit  us  for  it,  and  strengthen  us  in  it.  'Dench • 

5.  Appellation  ; title. 

I am  more  proud  to  be  Sir  Rowland’s  son. 

His  youngest  son.  and  would  not  change  that  calling 

To  be  adopted  heir  to  Frederic.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Business. 

CAL-LI-OJX’Y-MUS,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  Kalis,  beau- 
tiful,' and  ovojia.  a name.]  (Ich.)  A genus  of 
beautiful  spiny-finned  fishes.  Brande. 

CAL-LI'O-PIJ,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  Kalhiirr] ; Kalis, 
beautiful,  and  o<|,  inis,  a voice.] 

1.  ( Myth.)  The  Muse  who  presided  over  elo- 
quence and  epic  poetry. 

2.  (Astron.)  An  asteroid  discovered  by  Hind 

in  1852.  Lovenng. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  0,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  fArE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


CALLIPiEDIA 


193 


CALVE  S-SNOUT 


3.  (Mas.)  A musical  instrument  of  recent  in- 
vention, consisting  of  a series  of  pipes,  having 
keys,  and  operated  on  by  steam  instead  of  air. 

CAL-LI-PJE  'DI-A,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  KaUbraiHia  ; 
Kalis,  beautiful,  and  na?s,  iraiSis,  a child.]  A 
beautiful  offspring  or  progeny.  Smart. 

CAL-LI-PASIF,  n.  (Cookery.)  The  gelatinous 
substance,  of  a dull  greenish  tinge,  which  forms 
a part  of  the  upper  shield  of  a turtle.  W.  Ency. 

cAL-LI-PEE',  n.  (Cookery.)  The  gelatinous 
substance,  of  a light  yellowish  color,  which  be- 
longs to  the  lower  shield  of  a turtle.  W.  Ency. 

cAl'LI-PJ|JR§,  n.  See  Calipees.  Moxon. 

CAL-LI-sAu'  RUS,  n.  [Gr.  t calis,  beautiful,  and 
aaijpos,  a lizard.]  (Zo:'/l.)  A genus  of  great- 
bellied  lizards  allied  to  Iguana.  Van  Dcr  lloeven. 

cAL-LJS-THEN'JCS.n.  See  Calisthenics.  Boag. 

cAl'  LI-TRIX,  n.  [Low  L.  ; L.  pi.  callitriches,  a 
kind  of  monkey  in  Ethiopia  ; Gr.  Kallidpt £, 
Kallirpt^os,  fair-haired.]  (Zoiil.)  A species  of 
green  monkey.  Goldsmith: 

CAL-LOG'R  A-PH  Y,  11.  See  CALLIGRAPHY. Erf. /feu. 

CAl'LOSE,  a.  [L.  callosus.]  (Bot.)  Furnished 
with  callosities ; hardened.  Gray. 

CAL-LOS'I-TY,  n.  [L.  callositas ; Fr.  callosite.] 

\.(Mcd.)A  hard  swelling, without  pai n. Hooper. 

2.  (Bot.)  A thickened  spot.  Gray. 

CAL'LOT,  n.  [Fr.  calotte .]  A cap  ; a covering 
for  the  head  in  Barbary.  Th.  Campbell. 

CAL-L0-TE£H'NICS,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  Kalis,  beautiful, 
and  re^va,  an  art.]  The  fine  arts.  It.  Park. 

CAL'LOUS,  a.  [L.  callosus ; callus,  a hard  skin  ; 
It.  § Sp.  calloso;  Fr.  callcux.\ 

1.  Indurated;  hardened;  — applied,  in  sur- 

gery, to  parts  that  arc  morbidly  hard,  and  in 
botany,  to  seeds  which  are  hard.  Hooper. 

2.  Insensible  ; unfeeling  ; apathetic. 

Fattened  in  vice,  so  callous  and  so  gross.  Drytlen. 

It  is  an  immense  blessing  to  be  perfectly  callous  to  ridi- 
cule. Dr.  Aj-nold. 

Syn.  — See  Hard. 

cAl'LOUS-LY,  ad.  In  a callous  manner. 

CAL'LOUS-NESS,  n.  1.  Hardness,  as  of  the  flesh. 
“ A callousness  of  his  feet.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

2.  Insensibility.  “ A callousness  and  numb- 
ness of  soul.”  Bentley. 

CAL'LOW  (kal'lo),  a.  [L.  cahms,  bald;  A.  S. 
calo,  bald.]  Unfledged ; naked.  Milton. 

CAl  ’L U-JYA,  n.  [Gr.  Kalluvtn,  to  adorn.]  (Bot.) 
A genus  of  plants  ; common  heath.  Dunglison. 

cAlJ  LUS,  n.  [L.,  hardness.']  (Med.)  1.  Indura- 
tion of  any  fleshy  part  of  the  body.  Dunglison. 

2.  The  matter  which  unites  the  divided  ends 
of  broken  bones.  It  is  a secretion  of  new  bony 
matter.  Dunglison. 

CALM  (kam),  a.  [It.  §•  Sp.  cahno  ; Fr.  calnie; 
Dut.  halm.] 

1.  Quiet ; serene  ; tranquil ; placid ; not 
stormy  ; — applied  to  the  elements  or  to  the 
passions. 

2.  Unruffled;  undisturbed;  composed;  se- 
date ; as,  “A  person  calm  in  temper  or  manner.” 

Syn.  — Calm,  tranquil,  serene,  and  quiet  are  applied 
to  the  elements,  the  outward  manner,  or  the  state  of 
the  mind  ; placid  and  sedate,  to  the  temper,  disposi- 
tion, or  deportment.  Calm  weather  ; calm  state  ; 
tranquil  sea  ; tranquil  or  undisturbed  feelings  ; serene 
sky  ; quiet  state  or  disposition ; placid  or  unruffled 
temper;  sedate  deportment;  composed  thoughts. 

CALM  (kam),  n.  Freedom  from  agitation  ; seren- 
ity ; quiet ; repose  ; peace. 

Great  aud  strange  calms  usually  portend  the  most  violent 
storms.  South. 

Syn.  — See  Peace. 

CALM  (k&m),  V.  a.  [i.  CALMED  ; pp.  CALMING, 
CALMED.] 

1.  To  free  from  motion  or  agitation  ; to  still. 

Neptune  we  find  busy  to  calm  the  tempest  raised  by  Aeo- 
lus. Dryden. 

2.  To  make  quiet ; to  free  from  uneasiness  ; 

to  tranquillize  ; to  appease ; to  assuage ; to 

soothe  ; to  pacify  ; as,  “ To  calm  the  passions.” 

CALM'—  BRoWED  (kam'brbwd),  a.  Having  a tran- 
quil or  calm  mien.  Craig. 


CALM'JJR  (kam'er),  n.  He  who,  or  that  which, 
calms.  “Acalmer  of  unquiet  thoughts.”  Walton. 

CALM'LY  (kam'le),  ad.  1.  Without  storms  ; with- 
out violence  ; serenely. 

2.  Without  passion  ; quietly. 

CALM'N^SS  (kim'nes),  n.  1.  Quality  of  being 
calm  ; quietness  ; tranquillity ; serenity,  as  of 
the  air  or  the  elements. 

2.  Freedom  from  passion ; mildness  ; sedate- 
ness ; as,  “ Calmness  of  demeanor.” 

CALM'Y  (kam'e),  a.  Calm,  [r.]  Pope. 

CAl-O-DEJY' DRUM,  n.  [Gr.  Kali;,  beautiful,  and 
iivSpov,  a tree.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  beautiful 
trees  found  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  Loudon. 

CA-LOG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  Kalis,  beautiful,  and 
'■ypd(pit),  to  write.]  Beautiful  penmanship.  — See 
Calligraphy.  Craig. 

CAL'O-MEL,  n.  [Gr.  Kalis,  fair,  and  pdas,  black.] 
(Chem.)  A compound  of  one  equivalent  of 
chlorine  and  two  equivalents  of  mercury  ; sub- 
chloride of  mercury  ; — called  also  chloride  of 
mercury,  protochloride  of  mercury,  dichloride 
of  mercury,  and  submuriate  of  mercury.  It  is 
much  used  in  medicine,  and  differs  in  composi- 
tion from  the  violent  poison,  corrosive  sublimate, 
— which  is  also  called  by  recent  writers  chloride 
of  mercury,  — only  in  containing  an  additional 
equivalent  of  mercury.  Regnault. 

JdQpTlie  name  is  supposed  to  be  derived  from  the 
phenomena  attending  its  preparation.  A black  mix- 
ture was  first  formed  by  rubbing  mercury  with  corro- 
sive sublimate.  To  this  heat  was  applied,  and  cal- 
omel was  sublimed  in  the  form  of  a white  or  fair 
powder.  Brandc. 

CAl-O-PHYL' LUM,  n.  [Gr.  Kal.is,  beautiful,  and 
<pbliov,  a leaf.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  evergreen 
trees  which  have  large  beautifully-veined  leaves 
and  white  flowers.  Loudon. 

CA-LOR'IC  [ka-lor’ik,  K.  R.  Wb.  Maunder-,  ka- 
lo'rjk,  Sm.J,  n.  [L.  calor,  heat.]  (Chem.)  A 
technical  term  once  extensively  used  to  denote 
the  cause  of  the  sensation  and  other  phenome- 
na of  heat,  but  now  in  a great  measure  dis- 
pensed with.  By  some  philosophers  it  is  re- 
garded as  a material  substance,  and  by  others, 
including  many  very  eminent  men  of  science, 
as  consisting  in  molecular  motions.  Nichol. 

Syn.—  Caloric  produces  the  sensation  of  heat ; 
heat  is  the  sensation  itself. 

CA-LOR'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  caloric  or  heat;  as, 
“ A caloric  engine.” 

CAL-O-RI-FA'CIpNT,  a.  [L.  calor,  heat,  and 
facio, faciens,  to  make.]  Able  to  produce  heat; 
relating  to  the  production  of  heat.  Dunglison. 

CAL-O-RIF'I-ANT,  a.  [L.  calor,  heat,  and.  facio, 
to  make.]  Producing  heat.  Thompson. 

CAl-O-RIf'IC,  a.  [L.  calorificus.]  Making  hot; 
heating  ; as,  “ Calorific  rays.” 

CA-LOR-I-F{-CA'TION,  n.  (Med.)  The  function 
of  producing  animal  heat.  Dunglison. 

cAl-O-RIM'JJ-TER,  n.  [L.  color,  heat,  and  Gr. 
pirpov,  a measure.]  (Chem.)  An  instrument  to 
measure  the  quantity  of  heat  given  out  by  a body 
in  cooling,  from  the  quantity  of  ice  it  melts  ; — 
invented  by  Lavoisier  and  Laplace.  Henry. 

cAl-O-RI-MO'TOR,  n.  [L.  calor,  heat,  and  moveo, 
motus,  to  move.]  A form  of  the  voltaic  appa- 
ratus, composed  of  one  pair  of  plates,  of  great 
extent  of  surface,  and  capable  of  producing 
very  great  heat.  Brande. 

CAl-O-SO’ MA,  n.  [Gr.  Kalis,  beautiful,  and  aSpa, 
a body.]  (Ent.)  A genus  of  beautiful  coleopter- 
ous insects,  belonging  to  the  family  Carabidce, 
or  ground  beetles.  Harris. 

CA- LOTTE ' (ka-lot'),  n.  [Fr.]  1.  A cap  or  coif 

formerly  worn  byFrench  ecclesiastics.H./onsoJi. 

2.  The  back  plate  of  a sword  handle. 

3.  The  cap  of  a pistol. 

4.  (Arch.)  A concavity  in  the  fornj  of  a cap 

or  niche  to  diminish  the  height  of  a cabinet, 
alcove,  &c.,  when  it  would  be  too  high  as  com- 
pared with  its  width.  Francis. 

cAl'O-TYPE,  n.  [Gr.  Kalis,  beautiful,  and  rlmos, 
a type.]  The  art  of  fixing  images  of  the  cam- 
era-obseura,  by  the  action  of  light  on  nitrate  of 


silver  ; a kind  of  photography  ; — invented  by 
Talbot,  and  called  also  talbotype.  Ed.  Rev. 

CA-LOY'ER  [kj-loi'er,  K.  Sm.  Wb.  Crabb,  Ash  ; 
kal'o-er,  Tocld,]  n.  One  of  a sect  of  monks  of 
the  Greek  church. 

How  name  ye  von  lone  Calof/er ? 

His  features  I nave  scanned  before 

In  mine  own  land;  ’t  is  many  a year.  Baron . 

cAlp,  it.  (Min.)  A substance,  intermediate  be- 
tween compact  limestone  and.  marl ; an  impure 
limestone  of  the  palaeozoic  rocks.  Cleaveland. 

cAlqu'ING  (klwk'-),  n.  See  Calking.  Wcalc. 

CAl'THA,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  KalaOos,  a basket.] 
(Bot.)  A genus  of  ranunculaceous  plants ; 
marsh  marigold  ; — so  named  in  allusion  to  the 
form  of  the  corolla.  Loudon. 

cAl'THROP,  n.  Same  as  Caltrop.  Blount. 

CAl'TRAp,  n.  Same  as  Caltrop.  Fairholt. 

CAL'TROP,  n.  [A.S.  coltrcrppc  ; Fr.  chausse-trape.\ 

1.  (Bot.)  A kind  of  thistle.  Miller. 

2.  (Mil.)  An  instrument  with  four  spikes,  to 
put  on  the  ground  for  wounding  the  feet  of 
horses,  and  to  obstruct  the  progress  of  an  endmy. 

CAL'TROPS,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants  ; Tri- 
bulus.  Loudon. 

CA-LUM'BA,  n.  (Med.)  The  root  of  the  Meri- 
spermum  palmatum,  intensely  bitter,  and  val- 
uable as  a tonic  ; — called  also  calomba,  colum- 
ba,  and  Colombo.  Dunglison. 

CAl'U-MET,  n.  A large  Indian  pipe  for  smoking 
tobacco  ; — used  also  as  an  emblem  of  peace. 

USf-TIns  word  is  probably  of  Indian  origin.  It 
was  noticed  by  Ferdinand  de  Soto  in  1470. 

CA-LUM'NI-ATE,p.o.  [L.  calwnnior,  calumnia- 
tus ; It.  calumniare ; Sp.  calumniar ; Fr.  calum- 
nier.\  [i.  calumniated  ; pp.  calumniating, 
CALUMNIATED.]  To  accuse  falsely  ; to  slander ; 
to  asperse  ; to  vilify ; to  traduce  ; to  defame. 

Syn.  — See  Asperse. 

CA-LUM'NI-Ate,  v.  n.  To  accuse  falsely.  “Cre- 
ated only  to  calumniate.”  Shale. 

CA-LUM-NI-A'TION,  11.  Act  of  calumniating ; 
false  accusation  ; slander.  “The  heat  of  con- 
troversy and  calumniation.”  Warton. 

CA-LUM'NI-A-TOR,  ii.  One  who  calumniates. 

Syn.  — See  Slanderer. 

CA-LUM'NI-A-TO-RY,  a.  Calumnious.  Montagu. 

CA-I.UM'NI-OUS,  a.  Partaking  of  calumny  ; slan- 
derous ; abusive  ; detracting. 

Virtue  itself ’scapes  not  calumnious  strokes.  Shak. 

CA-LUM'NI-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  a slanderous  man- 
ner ; slanderously.  Montagu. 

CA-LUM'NI-OUS-NESS,  n.  Slanderous  accusa- 
tion. Bp.  Morton. 

CAL'UM-NY,  ii.  [L.  <Sf  It.  calumnia  ; Fr.  calonmie.] 
A false  accusation  maliciously  made  ; abuse  ; 
slander  ; defamation  ; detraction  ; aspersion. 

Be  thou  as  chaste  as  ice,  as  pure  as  snow. 

Thou  shalt  not  escape  calumny.  Shak. 

Back-wounding  calumny 

The  whitest  virtue  strikes.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Slander. 

cAL'VA-RY,  n.  [L.  calvaria,  a skull.] 

1.  The  place  where  Christ  was  crucified ; — 
so  called  from  its  skull-like  form.  Calmet. 

2.  In  Catholic  countries,  a small  chapel  in 

which  is  represented  the  various  scenes  of 
Christ’s  passion  and  his  crucifixion  ; — some- 
times erected  on  a hill,  and  sometimes  placed 
on  the  exterior  of  churches.  Fairholt. 

3.  (Her.)  A cross  set  upon  steps.  Craig. 

CALVE  (kav),  v.  n.  [A.  S.  calf  an;  Dut.  kalven; 
Ger.  kalbcn ; Dan.  halve.]  [i.  calved;  pp. 
CALVING,  CALVED.] 

1.  To  bring  forth  a calf ; — spoken  of  a cow. 

2.  To  bring  forth  young. 

The  grassy  clods  now  calved.  Milton. 

f C A LV'f.R  (kav'er),  v.  a.  To  cut  in  slices,  as  fish. 
“ Pheasants,  calvered  salmons.”  B.  Jonson. 

fCALV'ER  (kav'er),  v.  n.  To  shrink  by  cutting, 
and  not  fall  to  pieces.  Cotton. 

CALVES-SNOUT  (kavz-snbut),  n.  (Bot.)  A plant ; 
snap-dragon ; toad-flax  ; Antirrhinum.  Crabb. 


MIEN,  SIR  ; M6VE,  NOR,  SON  ; 
25 


BULL,  BUR,  RpLE.  — 9,  Q,  q,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  tfiis. 


CALVILLE 


194 


CAMERATED 


CAL-VILLF.'  (kal-vil'),  n.  [Fr.]  A sort  of  apple. 

CAL'V(N-I§M,  n.  ( Eccl . Hist.)  The  doctrine  or 
system  of  John'  Calvin  ; — reduced  to  the  fol- 
lowing five  points,  viz. : predestination,  particu- 
lar redemption,  total  depravity,  effectual  calling, 
and  the  certain  perseverance  of  the  saints.  Eden. 

CAL'VIN-IST,  n.  One  who  adheres  to  Calvinism. 

cAL-VIN-IS’TIC,  ? Relating  or  adhering 

CAL-VIN-IS'TJ-CATj,  > to,  or  being  in  accordance 
with,  Calvin  or  Calvinism. 

CAT/VIN-IZE,  v.  n.  To  conform  to  Calvin  or  to 
Calvinism.  Southey. 

CALV'ISH  (klv'jsh),  a.  Like  a calf.  Sheldon. 

tCAL'VI-TY,  n.  [L.  calvities;  Fr.  calvitie .] 
Baldness. ' Cockeram. 


CALX  (k&lks),  n.  ; pi.  L.  calces-,  Eng.  calxes. 
[L.,  lime  or  chalk.]  ( Chem .)  The  fixed,  friable 
residue  of  substances  which  have  undergone 
combustion,  as  metallic  oxides,  — or  which  have 
undergone  calcination,  as  lime,  and  thereby 
lost  all  their  volatile  parts.  Ure. 

cAL-Y-CAn’THUS,  n.  [Gr.  KtiXvf,  a flower-cup,  and 
ai/ffos,  a flower.]  ( Bot .)  A genus  of  small  decid- 
uous shrubs  of  North  America,  with  chocolate- 
colored  blossoms  ; Carolina  allspice.  Loudon. 


CA-LYC'I-FORM,  a.  [L.  calyx,  a cup,  and  forma, 
form.]  Having  the  form  of  a calyx.  Crabb. 

CAL-Y-Ci'NAL,  P a%  (Bot.)  Relating  to,  or  like, 
CAL'Y-CINE,  5 a calyx.  Loudon. 


CAL'Y-CLE  (kal'e-kl),  n.  [L.  calyculus,  dim.  of 
calyx,  a cup.]  (Bot.)  An  outer  calyx ; an  exte- 
rior rank  of  bracts  often  found  at  the  base  of 
the  involucre  of  compound  flowers.  Lindley. 

CAL'Y-CLED  (kal'e-kld),  a.  (Bot.)  Having  bracts 
so  placed  as  to  resemble  an  additional  calyx ; 
calyculate.  Craig. 

CA-LYC  C-L ATE,  > a (Bot.)  Having 

CA-LYC'It-LAT-1JD,  ) a calycle.  P.  Cyc. 

CA-L  YC ' U-L  ClS,  n.  [L.]  (Bot.)  A calycle. 

CA-LYM'B-NC  [kal'e-men,  Sm.],n.  [Gr. 
KfKat.vfifiti’os,  covered,  Ka).'uirru>,  to  cover.]  (Pal.)  A 
genus  of  trilobites,  or  fossil  crustaceans.  Braude. 

cAl'Y-ON,  n.  Flint  or  pebble-stone  used  in 
building  walls,  &c.  Weale. 

CA-I/YP'SO,  n.  (Astron.)  An  asteroid  discovered 
by  Luther  in  1858.  Lovering. 


CA-LYP'TER, 

CA-LYP'TR/ 
membranous  hood  or  covering  of  the  cap-  , 
sulc  of  a moss.  . Gray. 


:K>  ] n.  [Gr.  Kahj-rnn,  a covering; 
:A,  > L.  calyptra.]  (Bot.)  The 


CA-LlfP'TRI-FORM,  a.  [L.  calyptra,  a covering, 
and  forma,  form.]  Having  the  form  of  a ca- 
lyptra. Smith. 

CA'LYX  [ka'ljks,  P.  K.  Wb.  Bees-,  kdl'jks,  E. 
Smi],  n. ; pi.  L.  cal'  v-cEtf;  Eng.  cAl'yx-e$. 
[L.,  from  Gr.  icdlvl-.] 

1.  (Bot.)  A flower-cup  ; the  outer  covering, 

or  leaves  of  a flower.  Gray. 

2.  The  shell  of  a shell-fish.  Leverett. 

3.  pi.  (Anat.)  Small  membranous,  cup-like 

canals,  which  surround  the  papilla;  of  the  kid- 
ney. Dunglison. 

f CAL-ZOON.1?',  n.  pi.  [Sp.  calzones,  breeches, 
small  clothes.]  Drawers.  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

CAM,  n.  1.  (Mech.)  The  projecting 
part  of  an  eccentric  wheel,  or  a 
curved  plate  fixed  upon  a revolving 
shaft  to  produce  an  alternating 
motion  in  machinery.  Francis. 

2.  A mound  of  earth.  [Provin- 
cial.] Farm.  Ency. 

CA-MA'IEU  (ka-ina'yo),  n.  [Fr.  camaleu.] 

1.  A sort  of  onyx  variegated  in  its  strata  ; — 
now  written  cameo.  — See  Cameo.  Darwin. 

2.  (Paint.)  A painting  with  a single  color,  va- 
ried only  by  the  effect  of  light  and  shade.  Fairholt. 

CA-MAIL',  n.  [Fr.]  1.  A purple  ornament  rvorn 
by  a bishop  over  his  rochet.  Crabb. 

2.  A guard  for  the  throat  of  chain-mail,  worn 
by  knights  in  the  14th  century.  Fairholt. 

cAm-jl-R.il  'LA,  n.  [Sp.,  a small  room.]  (Poli- 


tics.) A secret  cabinet,  not  publicly  recognized  ; 
a power  behind  the  throne  ; a clique.  Styles. 

CAM- HAYES',  n-  pl-  Cotton  cloths  made  at  Ben- 
gal and  other  places  in  India.  Crabb. 

CAM'BpR,  n.  [Fr.  cambrer,  to  arch.]  (Arch.) 
The  convexity  of  the  upper  side  of  a beam ; an 
arch  on  a beam.  Weale. 

Camber-window,  a window  arched  above. 

CAM'BER-ING.  a.  (Naut.)  Arched  ; bending;  — 
applied  to  the  deck  when  higher  in  the  middle 
than  at  the  ends.  Weale. 

CAm'BI-AL,  a.  [See  Cambist.]  Relating  to 
cambistry,  or  exchanges  of  money.  II.  Park. 

cAm'BING-OU'tAng,  n.  (Zoiil.)  A species  of 
antelope,  inhabiting  the  hilly  forests  of  Suma- 
tra. P.  Cyc. 

CAM'BIST,  ii.  [It.  cambista;  Fr.  cambiste-,  L. 
cambio,  to  exchange.]  A person  skilled  in  ex- 
changes of  money.  Kelley. 

CA M'BIS-TRY,  n.  The  science  of  exchange,  coins, 
and  currency.  R.  Park. 

CAM'BI-UM,  n.  [LowL. ; L.  cambio,  to  exchange  ; 
It.  cambiare.] 

1.  (Med.)  A fancied  nutritive  juice,  former- 

ly supposed  to  originate  in  the  blood,  to  repair 
the  losses  of  every  organ,  and  produce  its  in- 
crease. Dunglison. 

2.  (Bot.)  The  viscid  mucous  secretion  inter- 

posed between  the  wood  and  bark  of  trees  and 
shrubs,  and  consisting  of  delicate  furming  and 
growing  cells.  Gray. 

cAmb'L^T,  n.  See  Camlet.  Todd. 

cAm'BOGE,  or  CAM-BO'GJ-A,  n.  A gum-resin 
used  as  a medicine  and  a pigment.  — See  Gam- 
boge. P.  Cyc. 

CAM-BOOSE',  n.  [Dut.  kombuis.]  (Naut.)  A 
small  house  on  a ship’s  deck,  in  which  the 
cooking  is  done.  — See  Caboose.  Ogilvie. 


CA-ME'LE-ON,  n.  (Chem.)  A manganate  of 
potash  ; — so  called  from  the  various  successive 
colors  it  impaYts  to  water  in  which  it  is  dis- 
solved. — See  Chameleon.  Braude. 

CA-MF.L' LI-A,  n.  (Bot.)  A beautiful  genus  of 
evergreen  flowering  shrubs,  found  in  China  and 
Japan;  — so  called  in  honor  of  a Spanish  Jes- 
uit named  Kamel.  Brande. 

CA-MEL ' I-JYA,  n.  [Gr.  % nfini , on  the  ground, 
and  /.iW,  the  flax-plant.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of 
annual  plants  with  yellow  flowers  ; gold  of 
pleasure.  Loudon. 

CA-MEL'O-PARD,  or  CAM'JJL-O-PARD  [k?-me!'- 
o-pard,  W.  P.  Ja.  Cl. ; kam'el-o-pdrd,  K.  Sm.  S. 
II  b.\,  n.  [Gr.  Kafir)?.oKii(iiaI.is ; L.  camelopar- 
dalus,  or  Camelopardalis.  “ Quod  erat  figura 
ut  camelus,  maculis  ut  panthera.”  Varro.]  An 
African  ruminant  animal,  the  tallest  of  known 
quadrupeds;  — now  called  the  giraffe.  It  was 
named  camelopard,  according  to  Pliny,  from  its 
combining  the  proportions  of  the  camel  with 
the  spotted  skin  of  the  leopard.  Brande. 

CA-MEL-O-PAR  ' DA-LIS,  11.  [L.,  from  Gr.  Kafir/lo- 
irdpSahs.]  1.  The  giraffe.  Brande. 

2.  (Astron.)  A constellation  in  the  northern 
hemisphere.  Brande. 

CAmE’LOT  (k&m'Iqt),  n.  [Fr.,  from  Gr.  1a1p177.wri;, 
a garment  of  camel’s  skin.] 

1.  A kind  of  cloth.  — See  Camlet.  Browne. 

2.  A place  where  King  Arthur  is  supposed  to 
have  kept  his  court. 

Goose,  if  I had  3-011  upon  Sarnm  plain, 

I’d  drive  you  cackling  home  to  Camelot.  Shak. 

cAm'EL-RY,  n.  A place  where  camels  are  col- 
lected to  be  laden  and  unladen.  A.  Smith. 

CAM'f.L— SWAL'LOW-F.R  (-swol'lo-er), n.  A term 
applied  to  a person  who  is  weakly  credulous, 
or  who  is  punctilious  in  small  matters  while 
negligent  of  greater.  — See  Matt.  xiii.  24.  More. 


cAm'BRA-SINE,  n.  A species  of  fine  linen  made 
in  Egypt,  resembling  cambric.  Buchanan. 

CAM'BR^L,  n.  A crooked  stick  used  by  butchers 
to  hang  meat  on  ; a gambrel.  Ash. 

CAm'BRI-AN,  a.  (Gcog.)  Relating  to  Cambria  or 
Wales.  Earnshaw. 

CAm'BRI-AN,  or  CAM'BRO— BRIT'ON,  ii.  (Geog.) 
A Welshman.  Earnshaw. 


CAM'BRIC,  n.  A fine,  white,  thin  linen  or  cotton 
fabric  ; originally  manufactured  at  Cambray,  in 
France.  Brande. 

CAME,  i.  from  come.  See  Come. 


CAME,  ii.  A small,  slender  rod  of  cast  lead,  used 
by  glaziers  to  make  turned  lead  for  receiving 
the  glass  of  casements.  Francis. 


CAM'LL,  n.  [Heb.  > 

Arab,  cljemal-,  Gr.  xd- 
/xril.os ; L.  camelus  ; It. 
cammelo ; Sp.  camello  ; 
Dan.,  Ger.,  $ Dut.  ka- 
meel.] 

1.  A large  ruminant 
quadruped,  without 
horns,  much  used  in 
Asia  and  Africa  as  a 
beast  of  burden. 


Camelus  Bactrianus. 


KYT  A stout  Arabian  camel  can  travel  with  a load 
of  800  pounds  at  the  rate  of  about  three  miles  in  the 
hour.  Brande. 

2.  (Naut.)  A machine  for  carrying  vessels 
over  sand-banks  or  shallow  places.  It  consists 
of  large  air-tight  boxes,  built  in  such  a manner 
as  to  be  applied  to  each  side  of  the  hull,  and 
connected  by  ropes  under  the  keel.  When 
ready  for  use,  they  are  filled  with  water  to  sink 
them  to  a certain  depth,  and  then  securely  fas- 
tened in  their  places.  The  water  is  then  re- 
moved by  pumping,  which  causes  them  to  rise 
and  bear  up  the  vessel.  Brande. 

CAM'EL— BACKED  (kam'el-bSkt),  a.  Having  a 
back  like  a camel.  “ Not  that  he  was  crook- 
shouldered or  camel-backed.”  Fuller. 


CAM'pL— BIRD,  n.  A name  applied  to  the  os- 
trich. Booth. 

cAm'F.L— DRi'VF.R,  n.  One  who  drives  camels. 


cAm'F.-O  [kain'e-o,  Sm.  Cl.  Wb.  P.  Cyc. ; kj- 
me'o,  Ash,  Todd,  Darwin-,  ka-me'o  or  kam'e-5, 
A'.],  n. ; pi.  cXm'e-6§,  sometimes  cXm'e-I.  [it. 
cammeo  ; Sp.  camafco.]  A precious  stone  or 
shell  having  imitative  designs  engraved  upoli  it 
in  bass-relief,  or  figures  raised  above  the  sur- 
face ; — formerly  called  cainaieu.  The  ancient 
Egyptians,  Greeks,  and  Romans  used  chiefly 
the  onyx,  agate,  and  sard  for  this  kind  of  en- 
graving, on  account  of  the  variety  of  their 
strata.  The  same  art  is  now  applied  to  varie- 
gated shells.  P.  Cyc.  Brande. 

CAM'B-RA,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  xupjpa.]  (Arch.)  An 
arched  or  vaulted  roof,  or  ceiling.  Weale. 

f CAME'RADE,  n.  [Fr.]  A comrade.  Phillips. 

cAm'JJ-RA-LIS'TIC,  a.  Relating  to  cameralis- 
tics, or  public  finance.  Smart. 

cAM-U-RA-LIS'TJCS,  n.pl.  [L.  camera,  a cham- 
ber; Ger.  cameralist,  a financier.]  The  sci- 
ence of  public  finance.  Brande. 

cAm'F.-RA-LU'CI-DA,  ii.  [L.,  light  chamber.] 
(Optics.)  An  instrument  invented  by  Dr.  Hooke 
for  making  the  image  of  an  object  appear  on 
the  wall  of  a light  room,  either  by  day  or  by 
night.  The  instrument  now  known  by  this 
name  is  the  invention  of  Dr.  Wollaston,  for  the 
purpose  of  enabling  any  one,  without  a knowl- 
edge of  the  rules  of  drawing  or  perspective,  to 
delineate  distant  objects,  or  trace  the  outlines  of 
landscapes,  &c.,  with  perfect  accuracy.  Brande. 

CAM ' F.-RA—OB-SCU' RA,  n.  [L.,  dark  chamber.] 
(Optics.)  An  instrument  used  in  a darkened 
room  for  throwing  images  of  external  objects 
upon  any  surface,  for  the  purpose  of  drawing  or 
amusement  ; but  it  is  less  convenient  for  de- 
lineation than  the  camcra-lucida.  Brande. 

CAM-F.-RA  ' RI- A,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  fine  flow- 
ering plants;  bastard-manchineel  ; — so  called 
in  honor  of  Camerarius,  a physician  and  bota- 
nist of  Nuremberg.  Loudon. 

cAm'JJ-rAte,  v.  a.  [L.  catnero,  cameratus ; cam- 
era, a chamber.]  To  ceil  or  vault.  Cockeram. 

CAm'B-RAT-ED,  a.  1.  Arched;  vaulted.  I Veale. 

2.  (Conch.)  Divided  by  transverse  partitions 
into  a series  of  chambers,  as  certain  shells. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  T,  d,  U,  Y,  short ; 


A,  £,  I,  O,  V,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  IIE1R,  HER; 


CAMERATION 


195 


CANAANITE 


CAM-E-RA'TION,  n.  A vaulting  or  arching. 
“ Tlie  strongest  manner  of  cameration.”  Evelyn. 

CAM-f.-RO'NI-AN,  n.  (Eccl.  Hist.)  A follower  of 
the  Scotch  non-conformist  divine,  Richard 
Cameron.  P.  Cyc. 

cAM'p-RY,  n.  {Farriery.)  A disease  in  horses; 
the  frounce.  Crabb. 

CA'MI-OM,  n.  [Fr.]  (Mil.)  A sort  of  dray  or 
cart  used  for  the  conveyance  of  cannon.  Crabb. 

t CA'MIS,  n.  [L.  cdmisia ; It.  camice ; Sp.  ea- 
rn isa  ; Fr.  chemise.]  A thin  dress.  Spenser. 

CAM-I-SA'd6,  or  CAM-I-SADE'  [katn-e-sa'do,  N. 
IF.  P.  Sm.;  kam-e-sa'do,  Ja.  A.],  n.  [Fr. 
camisacle  ; chemise,  a shirt.]  (Mil.) 

1.  A shirt  worn  over  other  clothing  by  sol- 
diers in  a night  attack,  in  order  to  be  better 
seen  by  one  another. 

After  midnight,  we  dislodged  from  our  quarter  some  two 
thousand  of  our  best  men,  all  in  camisaaoes,  with  scaling 
ladders.  Sir  R.  Williams. 

2.  An  attack  made  at  night  by  soldiers  wear- 
ing a camisado. 

They  hail  appointed  the  same  night  to  have  given  a cami- 
sado upon  the  English.  Hayward. 

CAM ' I-$ARD,  n.  [Fr.]  One  of  the  French  Prot- 
estants, who,  on  the  revocation  of  the  Edict  of 
Nantes,  resisted  the  government;  — so  called 
because  they  wore  the  shirt  ( camise , or  chemise) 
over  their  arms  in  order  to  recognize  one 
another  in  the  dark.  Fleming  § 1'ibbins. 

CAM'r-SAT-ljn,  a.  Dressed  with  the  shirt  out- 
ward. Johnson. 

CAm'HJT,  n.  [Fr.  camelot.\  A thin  cloth  or 
stuff,  originally  made  of  silk  and  camel’s  hair, 
now  chiefly  of  wool  or  goat’s  hair,  sometimes 
mixed  with  silk,  cotton,  or  linen:  — written 
also  camblet  and  camelot. 

CAM'LpT-pD,  a.  Colored  or  veined.  Herbert. 

CAM-LJJT-TEEN',  ? n-  a sort  of  fine,  worsted 

CAM-LET 'TO,  ) camlet.  Crabb. 

cAm'MAS,  n.  A sort  of  bulbous  plant  or  root, 
found  in  the  valley  of  the  Oregon,  used  by  the 
Indians  for  food ; Camassia.  Lindley. 

CAM'MOCK,  n.  [A.  S.  cammoc.\  A weed  that 
has  a hard,  big  root ; rest-harrow.  Phillips. 

CAM'O-MILE,  n.  [Gr.  earth-apple  ; — 

so  called  because  its  flowers  smell  like  apples.] 

( Bot .)  A genus  of  plants  which  bear  a multi- 
tude of  flowers  ; Anthemis.  The  flowers  of  An- 
thernis  nobilis,  or  common  camomile,  are  used 
in  medicine.  — See  Chamomile.  Loudon. 

CA-MOU ' FLET  (kri-mo'fla),  n.  [Fr.]  (Mil.)  A 
charge  of  powder  sunk  in  a wall  of  earth,  be- 
tween two  parallel  galleries,  designed  to  throw 
the  earth  by  an  explosion  into  one  of  them,  and 
thus  cut  off  the  retreat  of  the  miner  or  suffocate 
him  ; — called  also  a stiflcr.  P.  Cyc. 

CA'MOUS,  a.  \lt.camuso;  Fr .camus;  Vi.  cam, 
crooked.]  Flat ; flat-nosed  ; depressed  : — used 
only  of  the  nose.  Williams. 

tcA'MOUSED  (ka'must),  a.  Crooked.  B.  Jonson. 

fCA'MOUS-LY,  ad.  Awry.  Skelton. 

f CA-MOYS',  a.  Depressed  ; camous.  “ Camoys 
nose.”  Browne. 

CAMP,  n.  [L.  campus-,  It.  # Sp.  campo;  Fr. 
camp.— A.  S.  camp.]  (Mil.) 

1.  The  ground  on  which  an  army  pitches  its 
tents. 

Fromcnm/itocrtffip  . . . 

The  hum  of  either  army  stilly  sounds.  Slink. 

2.  The  orderly  disposition  of  tents,  for  the 
accommodation  of  an  army.  “ Breaking  up  his 
camp."  Prescott.  “ To  pitch  a camp."  Johnson. 

3.  The  army  encamped.  “Vengeance  on 

the  whole  camp.”  Shah. 

4.  (Agric.)  A shallow  pit,  or  a heap  of  pota- 

toes, turnips,  or  other  roots,  laid  up  in  it,  for 
preserving  through  the  winter  ; — called  also 
pie  and  bury.  Brande. 

CAMP,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  campion. — Fr.  camper.] 

1.  To  encamp;  to  fix  tents.  “To  camp  this 

host.”  Shak. 

2.  (Agric.)  To  bury  in  pits,  as  potatoes. 

Loudon. 


CAMP,  v.  n.  To  pitch  a camp  ; to  encamp. 

And  there  Israel  camped  before  the  mount.  Ex.  xix.  20. 

cAM-pAg'NOL,  n.  [Fr.]  The  great-headed  field 
mouse.  Fleming  y Tibbins. 

CAM-PAlGN'  (kam-pan'),  n.  [L.  campus ; Low 
L.  campania  ; It.  campagna  ; Sp.  campaha  ; 
Fr.  campaigned] 

1.  A large,  open,  level  ground. 

In  vast  camjiaigns  there  are  few  cities.  Temple. 

2.  (Mil.)  The  period  of  each  year  during 

which  an  army  keeps  the  field.  Campbell. 

An  Iliad  rising  out  of  one  campaign.  Addison. 

CAM-PAlGN'  (kam-pan'),  V.  n.  [*.  CAMPAIGNED  ; 
pp.  campaigning,  campaigned.]  To  serve  in 
a campaign.  “ The  officers  who  campaigned  in 
the  late  rebellion.”  Sir  R.  Musgrave. 

cAM-PAiGN'ER  (kam-pan'er),  n.  An  old  soldier. 
“ He  is  an  old  campaigner.”  Todd. 

CAM-PA'NA,  n.  [Low  L.  Sp  It.,  a belli] 

1.  (Eccl.)  A church  bell. 

2.  (Bot.)  The  pasque-flower.  “ Campana 

here  he  crops.”  Drayton. 

CAM-PANE§',  n.  pi.  [It.  campana,  a bell.]  (Her.) 
Charges  such  as  the  fesse,  bar,  or  file,  when 
bells  are  borne  pendent  thereto.  Ogilvie. 

CAM- PA  'MI- A,  n.  [Low  L.,  from  L.  campus.] 

1.  f Same  as  Campaign.  Temple. 

2.  [Low  L.  § It.  campana,  a bell.]  (Bot.) 
A genus  of  beautiful  herbaceous  plants  ; — so 
named  from  the  form  of  the  corolla.  Loudon. 

CAM-PAN'J-FORM,  a.  [Low  L.  campana,  a bell, 
and  L.  forma,  form.]  (Bot.)  Having  the  shape 
of  a bell.  Harris. 

CAM-PA-n!'HJ,  n.  [It.  ;Fr . campanille.]  (Arch.) 
A tower  for  containing  a bell  or  bells,  or  a 
clock  ; a belfry.  Brande. 

CAM-PA-NIL'I-FORM,  a.  [It.  campanella,  a small 
bell,  and  L.  forma,  form.]  Shaped  like  a bell; 
campaniform.  Roget. 

CAM-PA-NOL'O-^IsT,  n.  A bell-ringer. 

CAM-PA-NO L'O-^y,  n.  [Low  L.  campana,  a bell, 
and  Gr.  l.oyo;,  a discourse.]  The  science,  or  the 
art,  of  ringing  bells.  Todd. 

CAM- PAM'  U-LA,  n.  [Low  L. ; dim.  of  campana, 
a bell.]  (Bot.)  An  extensive  genus  of  ornament- 
al plants,  most  of  which  are  deciduous  ; the 
bell-flower  ; — so  named  in  allusion  to  the  form 
of  the  corolla.  Loudon. 

CAM-PAN'U-LATE,  a.  (Bot.)  Shaped 
like  a bell.  Loudon. 

CAMP'— BOY,  n.  A boy  performing  ser-  tOM 
vice  in  a camp.  Dwight. 

CAMP-BED'STIJAD  (-sted),  n.  A bedstead  made  to 
fold  up  within  a narrow  space,  as  used  in  war ; 
a trestle  bedstead.  Ogilvie. 

CAMP'— CEIL-ING,  n.  (Arch.)  A ceiling  formed 
by  an  inclination  of  the  walls  on  each  side 
towards  the  plane  surface  in  the  middle ; — often 
seen  in  garrets.  Ogilvie. 

CAM- PEP  It  'A-  OA,  n.  [Gr.  sa/mri,  a caterpillar, 
and  iptiyw,  to  eat.]  (Ornith.)  A genus  of  birds 
in  Asia  and  Africa,  that  live  chiefly  on  cater- 
pillars. Gray. 

CAM- PE-P IIACr  'I-M.M,  n. 
pi.  [Gr.  sbyi rrj,  a cater- 
pillar, and  <p6yw,  to  eat.] 

( Ornith.)  A sub-family 
of  dentirostral  birds  of 
the  order  Passeres  and 
family  Ampelidcc-,  cater- 
pillar-catchers. Gray.  Campephaga  cana. 

CAM-PES'TR  AL,  a.  [L.  campcstris  ; campus,  a 
field.]  Growing  in  fields.  Mortimer. 

CAM-PES'TRI-AN,  a.  Relating  to  the  field  ; cam- 
pestral. Todd. 

CAMP'— FIGHT  (kJSmp'flt),  n.  A combat  between 
two  champions  in  a wager  of  battle. 

CAM-PHENE',  or  cAm'PIIO-(IEN,  n.  [ camphene , 
contracted  from  camphogcn  ; Eng.  camphor,  and 
Gr.  yevvAei,  to  produce,  because  by  union  with 
oxygen  camphogen  becomes  camphor.]  ( Chem .) 


Pure  oil  of  turpentine  : — a hydrocarbon,  com- 
posed of  eight  equivalents  of  hydrogen  and  ten 
equivalents  of  carbon.  Brande. 

CAm'PHIRE  (kam'fir),  n.  See  CAMpnon. 

CAm'PHOR,  n.  [Ar.  kafour  ; Low  L.  camphora  ; 
It.  carifora;  Sp.  alcanfor ; Fr.  camphre. ] A 
highly  odorous  and  fragrant  substance  or  resin. 
It  is  a concrete  juice,  or  exudation,  chiefly  ob- 
tained from  two  species  of  Asiatic  trees  : — for- 
merly written  camphire,  which  is  less  proper, 
and  has  now  become  much  less  common. Brande. 

CAm'PHOR,  v.  a.  To  impregnate,  or  wash  with, 
camphor  ; to  camphoratc.  Tatter. 

CAM-PHO-RA'CEOLS  (kSm-fo-ra'shus),  a.  Im- 
pregnated with  camphor.  Dr.  Barton. 

CAM'PHO-RATE,  v.  a.  [i.  camphorated  ; pp. 
camp iio rating,  camphorated.]  To  impreg- 
nate with  camphor  ; to  camphor.  Black. 

CAM'PHO-RATE,  n.  (Chem.)  A salt  formed  by 
the  combination  of  camphoric  acid  with  a base. 

CAM'PHO-RATE,  I a Impregnated  with  or 

cAm'PHO-RAT-JJD,  ) containing  camphor.  Boyle. 

CAM-PHOR'IC,  a.  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  ob- 
tained from  camphor.  Brande. 

cAm'PIIOR-OIL,  n.  A substance  obtained  in  Bor- 
neo anil  Sumatra  from  the  Dryobalanops  cam- 
phora. It  is  supposed  to  be  camphor  in  an  im- 
perfect state  of  formation.  P.  Cyc. 

cAm-PHOR-6§'MA,  n.  [Low  L.  camphora,  cam- 
phor, and  Gr.  da/in,  a smell.]  (Bot.)  A genus 
of  plants  abounding  in  volatile  oil.  Loudon. 

CAM'PHOR— TREE,  n.  An  evergreen  tree  of  Ja- 
pan, producing  camphor  ; Laurus  camphora. — 
See  Camphor.  Loudon. 

CAMP'ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  that  camps  : — the 
playing  at  foot-ball.  [Local,  Eng.]  Bryant. 

cAm'PI-ON,  n.  (Bot.)  A deciduous  plant  bear- 
ing white  flowers  and  poisonous  berries ; Cucu- 
balus  buccifer.  Loudon. 

Rose  campion,  a pretty  garden  flower;  Agrost.nnma 
corona.  Loudon. — Corn  campion,  a weed  ; cockle. 

CAMP'— MEET'ING,  n.  A temporary  sojourn,  as 
customary  with  the  Methodists,  of  large  num- 
bers of  persons  in  tents  or  booths  for  the  pur- 
pose of  holding  frequent  religious  meetings. 

CAMP'— STOOL,  n.  A seat  or  stool  with  cross  legs, 
so  made  as  to  fold  up  when  not  in  use.  Ogilvie. 

CAM-PU-LIT'RO-POCS,  a.  [Gr.  xapirvlcto,  to  bend, 
and  Tf/tnoi,  to  turn.]  (Bot.)  Noting  such  ovules 
as  bend  down  upon  themselves  till  their  apex 
is  brought  near  the  hilum.  llenslow. 

CAmp'-VIN'B-GAR,  n.  A mixture  of  vinegar 
with  Cayenne  pepper,  soy,  walnut-ketchup,  an- 
chovies, and  garlic.  Ogilvie. 

f CA'MUS,  n.  [L.  camisia;  It.  camice;  Sp.  ca- 
inisa.)  A thin  dress.  — See  Camis.  Spenser. 

CAM'— WHEEL,  n.  A wheel,  formed  so  as  to 
move  eccentrically,  and  produce  a reciprocat- 
ing and  interrupted  motion  in  some  other  part 
of  machinery  connected  with  it.  Francis. 

cAm'VVOOD  (kSm'wud),  n.  A hard  red  dye-wood, 
imported  from  Sierra  Leone  and  Brazil.  Urc. 

f CAN.  Used  for  gan,  or  began,  in  old  poetry. 

lie  can  let  drive  at  him  with  all  his  power.  Spenser. 

CAN,  n.  [A.  S.  canna,  or  canne ; Dut.  lean  ; Ger. 
kanne.]  A metal  vessel  for  liquor  ; a cup.  “I 
hate  it  as  an  unfilled  can.”  Shak. 

CAN,  v.  n.  [M.  Goth.  § A.  S.  cunnan,  to  know, 
to ’be  able;  Dut.  # Ger .kennen.]  \i.  could.] 
An  auxiliary  verb,  used  in  forming  the  poten- 
tial mode,  and  implying  natural  or  moral  abili- 
ty, to  be  able,  to  have  power,  or  to  be  possible ; 
as,  “ I can  do  it”  ; “ It  can  be  done.” 

Syn. — Can  denotes  possibility;  mail,  liberty 
and  probability. 

Thou  canst  not  call  him  from  the  Stygian  shore. 

But  thou,  alas!  mayst  live  to  suffer  more.  Pojic. 

fcAN ,v.a.  [A.  S .cunnan;  Dut.  S,  Ger.  kennen.] 
To  know ; to  understand  ; to  ken.  “ And  can 
you  these  tongues  perfectly  ? ” Beau.  <Sf  PI- 
CA'S;) AN-lTE,  n.  1.  An  inhabitant  of  the  land 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — C,  Q,  9,  £,  soft ; £,  .G,  c,  g,  hard;  f?  as  7.;  X as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


CANAANITISII 


•196 


CANDLE-LIGHT 


of  Canaan,  or  a descendant  of  Canaan,  the  son 
of  Ham.  Gen.  ix.  18  ; x.  6. 

2.  [Heb.  fiiOp,  zeal ; Gr.  K auavirris,  the  Ca- 
naanite.]  A zealot.  “ Simon  the  Canaanite 
Matt.  x.  4.  — See  Luke  vi.  15. 

CA'NAAN-lT-JSH  (ka'njn-It-jsh),  a.  Belonging 
to  Canaan.  Ash. 

CAN'A-DA-RICE,  n.  A plant,  with  farinaceous 
seeds,  growing  in  deep  water,  along  the  edges 
of  ponds  and  sluggish  streams,  in  the  northern 
parts  of  the  United  States,  and  in  Canada  ; 
Indian  rice ; water  rice ; Zizania  aquatica.  Gray. 

CA-NA'DI-AN,  a.  (Geog.)  Relating  to  Canada. 

CA-NA'DJ-AN,  n.  ( Geog .)  A native  of  Canada. 

CJl-AfAlLLE'  (ka-nal')  [k?-nal\  S.  W.  J.  F.  Ja.  ; 
ka-na'jl,  P.  K.  Sm.],  n.  [Fr.]  The  lowest  peo- 
ple ; the  rabble.  Burke. 

CAN'A-KIN,  n.  A small  can  or  drinking  cup. 
“Let  me  the  canakin  clink.’’  Shak. 

CA-NAl',  n.  [L .canalis;  It.  canale;  Fr  .canal-, 
Ger.  4r  Dan.  kanal.] 

1.  An  artificial  passage  for  water ; a water- 
course made  by  art;  as,  “The  Erie  Canal.” 

2.  (Anat.)  A duct  in  the  body  for  the  passage 
of  liquids  or  solids. 

“ The  Scotch  broaden  the  a in  the  last  syllable, 
as  if  the  word  were  spelt  canaicl.’’  fVallcer.  This 
corrupt  pronunciation  is  heard  in  some  parts  of  the 
United  States. 

CA-NAL’-BOAT,  ft.  A boat  used  on  canals  for 
conveying  goods  or  passengers. 

CAN'AL-COAL  [kan'al-kol,  P.  E.  Ja.  Sm.  ; ken'- 
jl-kal,  J.  IF.],  n.  A hard  coal,  that  burns  with 
a bright  flame  ; — called  also  cannel,  candle , and 
kennel  coal.  — See  Cannel-coal. 

cAN-A-LIC'U-LATE,  a.  [L.  canaliculatus,  hav- 
ing a channel ; canalis,  a channel.] 

1.  (Zoiil.)  Noting  a surface  which  has  a lon- 
gitudinal impressed  line  or  channel.  Clarke. 

2.  ( Bot .)  Grooved,  or  formed  like  a channel. 

cAN-A-LIC'U-LAT-ED,  a.  Made  like  a pipe; 

grooved ; caniculate.  Dunglison. 

cAjY-j3-LJF' E-RA,  ?t.  [L.  canalis,  a channel  or 

canal,  and  fero,  to  bear.]  ( Zo'il .)  A tribe  of 
zoOphagous  univalves,  of  which  the  shell  is 
characterized  by  a long  straight  canal,  termi- 
nating in  its  mouth.  Brande. 

CA-nAL-I-ZA'TION,  n.  The  art  of  forming  canals. 

The  fact  that  canalization  across,  without  tunnelling,  is 
here  impracticable.  Athenaeum. 

CAN'AN,  ft.  A liquid  measure  of  Siam,  nearly 
equal  to  a quart.  Crabb. 

CA-NAR'Df  R,  v.  ft.  [Fr.]  (Mil.)  To  fire  under  cov- 
er, or  from  a place  of  safety.  Stocqueler. 

CA-NA'RY,  a.  1.  (Geog.)  Noting  several  islands 
near  Africa.  P.  Cyc. 

2.  Noting  a kind  of  singing-bird.  Brande. 

CA-NA'RY,  ft.  [From  the  Canary  Islands.] 

1.  Wine  brought  from  the  Canaries  ; sack. 

2.  An  old  dance  first  introduced  in  the  Ca- 
nary Islands.  Shak. 

3”.  A singing-bird.  — See  Canary-bird. 

4.  An  orange-colored  wood ; canary-wood. 

CA-NA'RY,  v.  ft.  To  perform  the  dance  called 
canary  ; to  dance ; to  frolic.  Shak. 

CA-NA'Ry— BIRD,  ft.  ( Ornith .)  A small  singing- 
bird  from  the  Canary  Islands ; Carduelis  Cana- 
ria. Brande. 

CA-NA'RY— FINCH,  n.  The  canary-bird.  Ogilvie. 

CA-NA'RY— GRASS,  ft.  A grass  which  produces 
canary-seed  ; Phalaris  Canariensis.  Gray. 

CA-NA'RY— WOOD  (-wud),  m.  A wood  of  a light 
orange  color,  suitable  for  cabinet  work,  import- 
ed from  Brazil  under  the  name  of  Madeira  ma- 
hogany. Ogilvie. 

OA-NAs  ter,  n.'  [Sp.  canasta.)  A rush  basket  in 
which  tobacco  is  packed  in  Sp.  America.  Brande . 

C.AN'BUOY,  ft.  (Naut.)  A large  kind  of  buoy.  Ash. 

CAjX  CA-AIUAI,  ft.  [L.,  from  Gr.  Knynnpov.]  An 
Arabian  gum,  resembling  myrrh,  and  used  for 
incense.  Crabb. 

cAn'C^L,  v.  a.  [L.  canccllo,  to  enclose  with  a 


railing  or  lattice,  to  cross  out  as  a writing  ; Sp. 
cancelar ; Fr.  canceller.]  [t.  cancelled  ; pp. 

CANCELLING,  CANCELLED.] 

1.  To  cross  and  deface,  as  a writing ; to  blot 
out ; to  expunge  ; to  efface  ; to  erase. 

A chancellor  is  lie  whose  office  is  to  look  into  the  writings 
of  the  emperor,  to  cancel  what  is  written  amiss,  and  to  sign 
that  which  is  well.  Jus  Sigilli  (1073). 

2.  To  annul ; as,  “To  cancel  a debt.” 

f CAN'C£L,  v.  n.  To  become  void.  Cowley. 

cAN-CEL-UA 'RE-AN,  a.  Relating  to  a chancel- 
lor ; cancellareate.  [r.]  Ed.  Rev. 

CAN-CJJL-LA'RE-ATE,  a.  Belonging  to  a chan- 
cellor. [R.]  Ch.  Ob. 

cAjv-CEL-LA  ' Rl-A,  n.  [Low  L.,  from  L.  canccl- 
li,  lattices.]  (Conch.)  A genus  of  branchiate 
gasteropods  having  a cancellated  shell.  Brande. 

cAn'CEL-LATE,  a.  [L.  cancelli,  lattices.]  (Bot.) 
Noting  leaves  consisting  entirely  of  veins,  re- 
sembling open  net-work.  Brande. 

CAN'CEL-LAT-ED,  a.  1.  Marked  with  lines  cross- 
ing one  another ; cross-barred.  “ The  tail  of 
the  castor  is  . . . cancellated  with  some  resem- 
blance to  the  scales  of  fishes.”  Grew. 

2.  (Bot.)  Same  as  Cancellate. 

CAN-CIJL-LA'TION,  n.  1.  (Law.)  The  act  of 
expunging  the  contents  of  an  instrument,  by 
striking  two  cross  lines  through  it.  Ayliffc. 

2.  (Arith.&Alg.)  Act  of  striking  out  common 
factors,  in  both  dividend  and  divisor.  Davies. 

CA.V ' CEL-LI,  n.  pi.  [L.,  lattices,  gratings,  or  trel- 
lis-work.) (Arch.)  Latticed  windows  made  with 
cross-bars  of  wood,  iron,  lead,  &c.  Weale. 

CAN'CEL-LING,  ft.  1.  The  act  of  effacing  or  ob- 
literating. 

2.  (Arith.)  The  act  of  striking  out  common 
factors  in  both  dividend  and  divisor.  Davies. 

CAN'CER,  f i.  [L.  Sj  Sp.  cancer,  a crab.— A.  S. 
cancere.] 

1.  A crustaceous  animal ; the  crab.  Brande. 

2.  (Astron.)  The  fourth  sign  of  the  zodiac, 
being  that  of  the  summer  solstice,  which  the 
sun  enters  about  the  21st  of  June. 

3.  (Med.)  A scirrhous  livid  tumor,  terminat- 
ing in  an  ulcer  ; — so  named  from  the  resem- 
blance of  the  large  blue  veins  around  a cancer 
of  the  breast,  to  the  claws  of  a crab.  Dunglison. 

cAn'CIJR-Ate,  v.  n.  To  become  a cancer.  Boyle. 

cAn'CER-AT-ED,  p.  a.  Grown  cancerous.  Ash. 

CAN-CER-A'TIONj  n.  The  process  of  growing 
cancerous.  Johnson. 

cAn'CJJR-Ite,  n.  [L.  cancer,  a crab.]  (Pal.) 
A petrified  crab.  Buchanan. 

cAn'CER-OUS,  a.  Having  the  nature  of  a can- 
cer. “ Scirrhous  or  cancerous.”  Wiseman. 


CAN'CJJR-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  the  manner  of  a can- 
cer. Dr.  Allen. 

cAn'CER-OUS-NESS,  ft.  The  state  of  beingcan- 
cerous. 

CAN'C^R-ROOT,  n.  (Bot.)  A singular  plant  cov- 
ered with  scales  ; Conopholis  Americana.  Gray. 

Onc-flowcred  cancer-root,  Aphyllon  unifiorum.  Gray. 

CAN'CRl-FORM,  a.  [L.  cancer,  a crab,  and  forma, 
form.] 

1.  Formed  like  a cancer,  or  crab  ; cancrine. 

2.  Cancerous ; as,  “ A cancriform  tumor.” 

CAN'CRINE,  a.  [L.  cancer,  a crab.]  Having  the 

qualities  of  a crab.  Johnson. 

cAn'CRI-NITE,  n.  (Min.)  Another  name  for 
nepheline;- — so  called  in  honor  of  Cancrin, 
a Russian  minister  of  finance.  Dana. 


CAn'CRITE,  n.  [L.  cancer,  a crab.]  (Pal.)  A 
petrified  crab.  Ogilvie. 

CAJX- CR 6 'At A,  n.  (Ornith.)  A genus  of  G radia- 
tor es,  or  wading-birds  ; the  boat-bill.  Brande. 

CA.X- DE-LA'BR UJtf,  n . ; pi.  can-de-la'  rra.  [L.] 
[Eng.  pi.  candelabrums.  Gent.  Mag.)  [r.] 

1.  A stand  or  support  on  which  the  ancients 
placed  a lamp. 

2.  A branched  candlestick  ; a chandelier. 

CAN'DENT,  a.  [L.  candeo,  to  shine,  candcns .] 
Brilliantly  white  with  heat ; glowing.  Browne. 


cAn'DE-ROS,  ft.  An  East-Indian  gum,  of  the 
appearance  of  amber,  but  white  and  pellucid ; 
— sometimes  used  for  toys.  Ogilvie. 

CAN-DES'C^NCE,  n.  [L.  candesco,  candcscens, 
to  become  of  a glittering  white  color  ; candeo, 
to  be  white,  to  glow.]  The  appearance  of  glow- 
ing or  shining  which  bodies  assume  when  in- 
tensely heated  ; incandescence.  Brewer. 

f CAN'D(-CANT,  a.  [L.  candicans .]  Growing 
white.  Bailey. 

CAN'DID,  a.  [L.  Candidas,  white,  fair,  honest; 
It.  Candida  ; Sp.  candido  ; Fr.  candide .] 

1.  f White. 

The  stones  came  candid  forth,  the  hue  of  innocence.  Drydcn. 

2.  Free  from  bias,  partiality,  prejudice,  or 
malice  ; fair  ; impartial ; sincere  ; honest. 

A candid  judge  will  read  each  piece  of  wit 

With  the  same  spirit  that  its  author  writ.  rope. 

3.  Free  from  disguise  or  reserve;  open  ; in- 
genuous ; frank  ; free. 

Syn. — Candor  is  applied  both  to  the  disposition 
and  to  the  manners  and  words.  A candid  man  is  free 
from  prejudice,  and  also  from  reserve.  Frank  and 
open  are  applied  commonly  to  the  words  or  manners. 
A man  frank,  open,  or  free  speaks  without  constraint. 
A sincere  man  speaks  no  untruth  ; a frank  man  speaks 
home  truths.  An  ingenuous  man  has  both  frankness 
and  candor.  — A candid  remark  ; frank  manner  ; open 
countenance  ; ingenuous  disposition  ; free  conversa- 
tion ; fair  statement ; plain  dealing ; honest  witness ; 
impartial  judge.  — See  Fair. 

CAN'DI-DA-CY,  ft.  State  of  being  a candidate; 
candidateship.  [Modern.]  Qu.  Rev. 

CAN'DI-DATE,  ft.  [L.  candidatus,  clothed  in  a 
white  toga,  from  Candidas,  white;  Fr.  candi- 
date] One  who  proposes  himself,  or  who  is  pro- 
posed, for  some  office  or  station. 

Among  the  Romans,  those  who  intended  to  offer  them- 
selves to  the  suffrages  of  the  people  for  any  of  the  great  offices 
of  the  state,  presented  themselves  in  a white  toga,  being  called 
therefore  candidati , i.  c.  candidates.  Trench. 

f CAN'DI-DATE,  v.  a.  To  render  fit  as  a candi- 
date. Eeltham. 

CAN'BI-DATE-SHIp,  n.  The  state  of  being  a 
candidate.  Perry. 

cAn'DI-DAT-URE,  ft.  The  state  of  being  a can- 
didate ; candidateship.  “ The  candidature  of 
his  son.”  [r.]  Ed.  Rev. 

CAN'DID-LY,  ad.  In  a candid  manner  ; without 
disguise  ; ingenuously  ; fairly. 

CAN'DID-NESS,  ft.  Ingenuousness  ; candor.  “ The 
candidness  of  an  upright  judge.”  Feltham. 

CAN'DIED  (kan'djd),  a.  Incrusted  or  preserved 
with  sugar.  Ash. 

f CAN'DI-FY,  v.  a.  To  make  white.  Bailey. 

CAn'DI-OT,  a.  (Geog.)  Belonging  to  the  Island 
of  Candia.  Scott. 

cAn'DITE,  tt.  (Min.)  A black  variety  of  spinel, 
chiefly  composed  of  alumina,  magnesia,  and 
protoxide  of  iron  ; — so  named  from  Candy,  in 
Ceylon,  where  it  is  found.  Dana. 

cAN-DI-TEER§',  ft.  pi.  (Fort.)  Frames  used  to 
lay  fagots  or  brushwood  upon,  for  covering,  or 
protecting,  workmen.  Crabb. 

CAN'DLE,  ft.  [L.  candela ; ; It.  Sp.  candela  ; Fr. 
chandelle.—A.  S.  candel ; Norse  kindcl.) 

1.  Tallow,  or  wax,  surrounding  a wick,  and 
used  for  giving  light. 

How  far  that  little  candle  throws  his  beamsi 
So  shines  a good  deed  in  a naughty  world.  Shak. 

Others  aver  that  he  to  Handel 
Is  scarcely  fit  to  hold  a candle.  J.  Byrom , 17G3. 

2.  A light,  or  luminary. 

By  these  blessed  candles  of  the  night.  Shak. 

O that  I were  ...  ns  in  tile  days  when  God  preserved  me, 
when  his  candle  shined  upon  my  head.  Job  xxix.  3. 

CAN'DLE— BER-RY,  n.  The  fruit  of  the  bayberry, 
or  wax-myrtle  ; — so  called  because  it  is  used 
for  making  candles.  — See  Bayberry.  Crabb. 

CAN'DLE— BOMB  (-bum),  n.  A small  glass  globe 
containing  water.  When  placed  in  the  flame 
of  a candle,  it  explodes  from  the  force  of  the 
steam  which  is  generated.  Craig. 

CAN'DLE-COAL,  n.  See  Cannel-coal. 

CAN'DLE-IIOLD-FR,  n.  One  who  holds  a candle. 

CAN'DLE-LlGIlT  (kan'dl-llt),  n.  The  light  of 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  tf,  Y,  short ; 


A,  E,  !,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER  ; 


CANDLEMAS 


197 


CANNONADE 


a candle  ; illumination  by  candles.  “ Between 
daylight  and  candle-light.”  Swift. 

CAN'DLE-MAS,  n.  [A.  S.  candelmasse  ; candel, 
a candle,  and  mtesse,  the  mass,  a feast.]  The 
feast  of  the  purification  of  the  Virgin  Mary, 
formerly  celebrated  on  the  2d  of  February;  — 
probably  so  named  from  the  number  of  lighted 
candles  carried  in  the  processions  of  the  day, 
or  from  the  custom  of  consecrating  candles  on 
that  day  for  the  rest  of  the  year.  Brande. 

t CAN'DLE-MlNE,  n.  A mine  or  mass  of  fatty 
matter,  or  of  tallow.  Shah. 

CAN'DLE§— END§,  71.  pi.  Scraps  or  fragments. 

We  are  but  spans  and  candlcs-ends.  Beau.  Sf  FI. 

CAN'DLE— SNUFF-ER,  n.  One  who  snuff's  can- 
dles. Smollett. 

C.AN'DLE-STlCK,  n.  [A.  S.  candelsticca.)  An 
instrument  to  hold  candles.  Chaucer. 

CAN'DLE-STUFF,  n.  Any  thing  of  which  can- 
dles are  made.  Bacon. 

CAn'DLE-WAST-ER,  n.  One  who  consumes  can- 
dles by  sitting  up  at  night  for  an  ill  purpose. 

Patch  grief  with  proverbs;  make  misfortune  drunk 

With  candle-wasters.  Sliak. 

cAn'DLE-WICK,  n.  The  wick  for  a candle.  Craig. 

cAn'DOCK,  n.  A weed  that  grows  in  rivers.Walton. 

CAN'DOR,  n.  [L.  candor  ; It.  candorc  ; Sp.  can- 
dor \ Fr.  candeur. ] Freedom  from  disguise, 
partiality,  prejudice,  or  malice  ; openness  ; fair- 
ness ; ingenuousness  ; frankness  ; sincerity  ; 
honesty.  Candor  and  sweetness.”  Watts. 

cAn'DROV,  n.  A machine  used  in  preparing  cot- 
ton cloths  for  printing.  P.  Cyc. 

cAn'DY,  v.  a.  [L.  candeo,  candico,  to  be  white, 
to  whiten. — Sans,  khand;  Per.  kandi ; Ar.  al- 
kende,  sugar. — It.  candire,  to  preserve;  Fr.  se 
candir,  to  become  crystallized,  applied  only  to 
sugar.]  [i.  candied  ; pp.  candying,  candied.] 

1.  To  conserve  with  sugar,  or  with  a sirup  of 
sugar  so  dense  that  it  deposits  crystals. 

They  have  in  Turkey  confections  like  to  candied  pre- 
serves.  Bacon. 

2.  To  form  into  candy. 

In  sugar  candied  or  in  buttered  beer.  B.  Jonson. 

3.  To  incrust,  as  with  crystals  ; to  congeal. 

Now  no  more 

The  frost  candies  the  grass.  Carcw. 

cAn'DY,  v.  n.  1.  To  become  candied  like  sugar. 

2.  To  become  congealed.  Johnson. 

CAn'DY,  n.  [It.  candito  ; Fr.  candi.]  Sugar  in 

the  form  of  large  crystals  deposited  from  a 
dense  sirup,  or  of  a compact  concretion  produced 
by  long-continued  boiling  of  a solution  of  sugar, 
or  of  molasses  ; a conserve  of  sugar. 

cAn'DY-LI'ON’^-FOOT  (-fut),  n.  A plant.  Miller. 

CAN'D  Y-SUG'AR  (-shug'sir),  n.  A species  of  con- 
fectionery, or  compound  of  sugar  with  some 
other  substance.  Boag. 

CAn'DY— TUFT,  n.  ( Bot .)  A hardy  annual  plant 
of  the  genus  lheris.  The  name  was  first  ap- 
plied only  to  Peris  umbellata,  which  was  dis- 
covered in  Candia.  Loudon. 

CANE,  n.  [Gr.  Kama,  or  Kamri ; L.  caivia;  It. 
canna  ; Sp.  caha  ; Fr.  canne.\ 

1.  {Bot.)  The  name  given  to  different  species 
of  reeds,  and  particularly  applied  to  the  plant 
which  yields  sugar.  — See  Sugar-cane. 

Thou  hast  bought  me  no  sweet  cam  with  money,  /sn.xliii.  24. 

2.  A walking-stick,  or  staff ; — so  called  from 
having  been  made  of  some  kind  of  cane  or  reed. 

3.  A lance  or  dart  made  of  cane. 

The  hying  skirmish  of  the  darted  cane.  Dryden. 

4.  A hollow  place.  [Local.]  Farm.  Ency. 

CANE,  v.  a.  [i.  caned  ; pp.  caning,  caned.] 
To  beat  with  a cane  ; to  strike.  A.  Smith. 

CANE'BRAkE,  71.  1.  A thicket  of  canes.  Ency. 

2.  {Bot.)  A genus  of  large  reeds  ; Arundi- 
naria.  Loudon. 

CAn'F.D,  a.  [W.  caiiedig,  whitened.]  White,  ap- 
plied to  vinegar,  &c. ; full  of  white  flakes. 

Gwnctt. 

CANE'— HOLE,  n.  A hole  or  trench  in  which  cut- 
tings of  cane  are  planted  on  sugar-estates. 


CA-NEL'LA,  71.  [Sp.  canela,  cinnamon  laurel.] 

1.  {Bot.)  An  evergreen  tree  of  the  West  In- 
dies ; Canella  alba.  Loudon. 

2.  {Med.)  The  bark  of  the  Canella  alba,  of 

a buff  color,  and  biting  aromatic  flavor,  import- 
ed from  the  West  Indies.  Brande. 

CANE'— MILL,  n.  A mill  for  grinding  sugar- 
cane. Ure. 

CA-NES'Cf.NT,  a.  [L.  canesco,  to  grow  white.] 
Tending  to  whiteness  ; hoary.  Loudon. 

CANE'— TRASH,  71.  Refuse  of  sugar-cane,  used* 
for  fuel.  Buchanan. 

CAN'^II-CA— WOOD  (-wuil),  71.  A wood  of  a yel- 
lowish-brown color,  resembling  rose-wood,  im- 
ported from  Brazil ; a cabinet-wood.  Ogilvie. 

CAN'— HOOK  (-huk),  71.  A cord  with  a hook  at 
each  end,  used  for  hoisting  barrels.  Wcale. 

CAN'  1-CA,  n.  A spice  from  Cuba;  a kind  of 
cinnamon,  having  the  taste  of  the  clove.  Crabb. 

CA-NIC’  U-LA,  71.  [L.  dim.  of  canis,  a dog.] 

(Astron.)  Sirius,  or  the  dog-star.  Booth. 

CA-NIC'U-LAR,  a.  Belonging  to  the  dog-star  or 
to  dog-days. 

Canicular  days,  a certain  number  of  days,  usually 
called  dog-days,  preceding  and  following  the  heliacal 
rising  of  the  Canicula,  or  dog-star,  in  the  morning, 
during  which  the  heat  is  usually  the  greatest.  They 
are  reckoned  about  40,  and  are  set  down  in  the  alma- 
nacs as  beginning  on  the  3d  day  of  July,  and  ending 
on  the  1 1th  of  August.  Brande.  — Canicular  year,  the 
ancient  solar  year  of  the  Egyptians,  which  was  com- 
puted from  one  heliacal  rising  of  the  canicula  to 
another.  Brande. 

cAn'I-CULE,  7i.  [L.  canicula .]  The  dog-star ; 

figuratively,  the  dog-days. 

Your  departure  is  more  afflicting  to  me  than  the  canicule. 

Addison. 

CA-Nl'NA,  n.  pi.  [L.  canis,  a dog.]  The  dog-tribe  ; 
— a family  of  digitigrade  carnivorous  mammalia, 
including  the  clog,  the  fox,  the  wolf,  and  the 
jackal.  Baird. 

CA-NlNE'  [ka-nln',  S.  W.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sin. 
Wb. ; kan'ln,  Scott,  Rees'],  a.  [L.  caninus,  from 
ca7iis,  a dog  ; Fr.  canine.]  Relating  to,  or  hav- 
ing the  properties  of,  a dog.  Addison. 

Canine  teeth,  the  pointed,  and  often  long,  teeth,  which 
are  next  to  the  incisors. — Canine  appetite,  an  insatia- 
ble desire  of  food;  voracity.  — Canine  letter,  the  let- 
ter R.  [“  R is  the  dog’s  letter  and  hurreth  in  the 
sound.”  B.  Jonson.] 

CAN'JNG,  n.  The  act  of  beating  with  a cane. 

CA'NIS,  7i. ; pi.  ca'ne$.  [L.]  {7o:,l.)  A genus 

of  quadrupeds  ; the  dog.  Brande. 

Canis  Major,  [L.,  the  greater  dog.]  ( Astron .)  a con- 
stellation in  the  southern  hemisphere,  and  under  the 
feet  of  Orion. — Canis  Minor,  [L.  the  lesser  dog.]  a 
constellation  in  the  northern  hemisphere,  just  below 
Gemini. 

cAn'IS-TER,  7i.  [Gr.  kAvuhtoov  ; L.  canistrutn  ; 
Sp.  ca/iasta;  Fr.  canastre.] 

1.  A basket  made  of  osiers  ; a small  basket. 

White  lilies  in  full  canisters  they  bring.  Dryden. 

2.  A small  vessel  for  holding  tea,  &c.  Johnson. 

CAN'IS-TER— SHOT',  n.  A charge  for  cannon 
consisting  of  bullets,  pieces  of  iron,  &c.,  en- 
closed in  a circular  case  ; case-shot.  Catnpbell. 

||  cAn'KIJR  (kang'ker),  n.  [L.  cancer ; It.  canchero ; 
Sp.  cancer;  Fr.  ca7icre.— A.  S.  cancerc,  or  cancre. 
“ Canker  is  cancer  differently  written  ; and,  so 
written,  much  more  variously  applied.”  Rich- 
ardson.] 

1.  An  eating  or  corroding  humor;  — especial- 
ly applied  to  corroding  ulcers  in  the  mouth. 

And  henl  the  inveterate  canker  of  one  wound 
By  making  many.  Shah. 

2.  ( Hort .)  A disease  in  trees.  Evelyn. 

3.  {Farriery.)  A disease  in  horses’  feet. 

Farm.  Ency. 

4.  Any  thing  that  corrupts  or  consumes. 

It  is  the  canker  and  ruin  of  many  men’s  estates  which 
breeds  a public  poverty.  Bacon. 

5.  A kind  of  wild  rose  ; the  dog-rose. 

And  plant  this  thorn,  this  canker.  Boltngbroke. 

6.  A caterpillar.  [Local,  Eng.]  Hattitoell. 

||  cAN'KPR  (kSug'ker,  82),  v.  71.  [ i . cankered  ; 

pp.  CANKERING,  CANKERED.] 


1.  To  become  corrupt  or  malignant.  “This 

ingrate  and  cankered  Bolingbroke.”  Shale. 

2.  To  decay  by  corrosion. 

Silvering  will  canker  more  than  gilding.  Bacon.  . 

||  CAn'KIJR,  v.  a.  1.  To  corrupt  or  corrode.  “Your 
gold  and  silver  is  ca7ikered.”  James  v.  3. 

2.  To  infect ; to  pollute. 

An  estate  cankered  with  the  acquisitions  of  rapine  and 
exaction.  Addison. 


CAN'KISR— BIT,  a. 
venomed  tooth. 


Bitten  by  a cankered  or  en- 
Shak. 

cAn'k^r-bloom, 
cAn'kf.r-blos'som,  1 


n.  1.  The  flower  or  blos- 
som of  the  dog-rose. 

The  canker-blooms  have  full  as  deep  a dye 

As  the  perfumed  tincture  of  the  roses.  Shak. 

2.  Any  thing  that  corrodes  or  devours  like  a 
canker.  “Juggler!  you  canker-blossom.”  Shak. 

||  cAn'KIJRED  (kang'kerd),  p.  a.  Venomous  ; en- 
venomed ; malignant ; crabbed  ; cankery. 

Therein  a cankered,  crabbed  carle  does  dwell.  Spenser. 

||  CAn'KF,RED-LY,  ad.  Crossly;  adversely. 

||  cAn'KER— FLY,  71.  A fly  that  injures  fruit. 

Walton. 

||  CAn'K^R— LIKE,  a.  Destructive,  as  canker  ; 
cankerous.  Mir.  for  Mag. 

||  CAN'KIJR-OUS  (kang'ker-us),  a.  Corroding  like 
a canker  ; cankery.  Thompso7i. 

||  cAn'KJJR-rAsii,  7i.  {Med.)  A disease  of  the 
throat ; putrid  sore  throat ; Cy7ia7ichc  malig- 
na. Dunglison. 

||  CAN'KER— WORM  (kang'ker-wurm),  71.  1.  A sort 
of  destructive  worm,  or  worm-insect,  mentioned 
in  the  Old  Testament. 

That  which  the  locust  hath  left  hath  the  cankcworm 
eaten.  Joel  i.  4. 

2.  The  larva  of  an  insect ; a caterpillar  or 
worm,  with  ten  legs,  very  destructive  to  certain 
kinds  of  trees,  as  the  apple-tree  and  the  elm  ; 
A7iisopteryx  ; — called  also  span-worm,  looper , 
and  geometer.  Hams. 

||  CAN'KER-Y  (kang'ker-e),  a.  Rusty  ; cankered. 
“The  ink  . . . brown  and  cankery.”  Wogan. 

CAN'NA,  n.  1.  {Zoiil.)  A species  of  antelope 
from  Africa.  P.  Cyc. 

2.  [See  Cane.]  {Rot.)  A genus  of  evergreen 
herbaceous  plants  ; the  cane.  Loudo7i. 

CAN'NA-BINE,  a.  [Gr.  KavvaPivog ; L.  camiabi- 
nus  ; cannabis,  hemp.]  Relating  to  hemp ; 
hempen,  [r.]  Bailey. 

CAN' NA-BIS,  71.  [L.,  from  Gr.  Kiima^ig,  hemp.] 

{Bot.)  A genus  of  plants  ; hemp.  Loudon. 

CAN'NEL— COAL,  71.  [Perhaps  candle-coal,  from 
the  flame  with  which  it  burns.  Brande.]  A hard, 
bituminous  coal  which  burns  with  a bright 
flame  : — called  also  canal-coal  and  candle-coal. 
— See  Canal-coal.  Brande. 

CAN'NE-GUlN,  71.  A white  cotton  cloth  brought 
from  the  East  Indies.  Crabb. 

CAN'NI-BAL,  71.  [Probably  a corruption  of  Car- 
ibal,  from  Caribes,  the  name  of  the  people  who 
were  first  known  to  have  been  in  the  habit  of  eat- 
ing human  flesh.]  One  who  eats  human  flesh. 
Of  the  cannibals , that  each  other  eat, 

The  anthropophagi.  Shak. 

Cannibal,  as  a designation  of  man-eating  savages,  came 
first  into  use  with  the  great  discoveries  in  the  western  world 
of  the  fifteenth  and  sixteenth  centuries.  Trench. 

cAn'NI-BAL,  a.  Relating  to  cannibalism.  Burke. 

cAn'NI-BAL-ISM,  7i.  The  practice  of  eating  hu- 
man flesh  by  men  ; anthropophagy.  Burke. 

cAn'NI-BAL-LY,  ad.  In  the  manner  of  a can- 
nibal. “ Ca7inikally  given.”  Shak. 

CAN'NI-PER§,  7i.pl.  See  Callipers.  Mortimer. 

CAN'NON,  71.  sing.  & pi.  [Gr.  Kama ; L.  ca7i/ta, 
a reed,  a tube;  It.  can7i07ie;  Sp.  cancm;  Fr. 
canon.] 

1.  A military  engine  for  projecting  halls,  &c., 

by  gunpowder  ; a great  gun.  Brande. 

2.  (Mech.)  A hollow  cylinder  through  which 
a revolving  shaft  passes,  as  the  prolonged  eye 
of  a wheel  when  bored  to  fit  a spindle  or  shaft 
on  which  it  is  intended  to  work  loosely.  Ogilvie. 

CAN-NON-ADE',  71.  An  attack  by  a continued 
discharge  of  cannon  ; as,  “ The  town  was  ex- 
posed to  a heavy  camionadc.” 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  rTlE.  — X},  (/,  9,  g,  soft ; C,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  S ah  z;  ^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


CANNONADE 


198 


CANTATORY 


CAN-NON-ADE',  v.  a.  [?.  cannonaded  ; pp. 
CANNONADING,  cannonaded.]  To  batter  or 
attack  with  cannon  or  great  guns  ; as,  “ To 
cannonade  a fortification.” 

CAN-NON-ADE',  v.  n.  To  discharge  cannon  or 
large  guns. 

Both  armies  cannonaded  all  the  ensuing  day.  Tatler. 

CAN'NON-BALL,  n.  A ball  to  be  shot  from  a 
cannon.  I1-  Vyc. 

cAn'NON-BONE,  n.  {Farriery.)  The  single  met- 
atarsal bone  of  the  horse.  Brande. 

CAN'NON— BUL'LF.T,  n.  Same  as  Cannon-ball. 

cAN-NON-EER',  ) n>  [Fr.  canonnier. ] An  en- 

CAN-NON-IER'j  > gineer  who  manages  cannon. 
“ A most  excellent  cannoneer .”  Hayward. 

CAN-NON-EER',  V.  a.  To  cannonade,  [it.]  Burke. 

t CAN'NON-ING,  n.  The  noise  as  of  a cannon. 
“ The  loud  cannoning  of  thunderbolts.”  Brewer. 

cAn'NON— MET'AL,  n.  An  alloy  of  copper  with 
eight  or  ten  per  cent,  of  tin  ; bronze.  Ogilvie. 

CAN'NON— PROOF,  a.  Proof  against,  or  safe 
from,  cannon-shot. 

cAn'NON-SHOT,  n.  1.  A cannon-ball. 

2.  The  distance  to  which  a cannon  will  throw 
a ball ; as,  “ To  be  within  cannon-shot." 

cAn'NOT,  v.  n.  To  be  unable. 

This  word  is  compounded  of  can  and  not,  which 
arc  united  by  the  common  and  best  usage;  though  it 
would  be  more  analogical  to  write  them  separately, 
as  const  not  and  could  not  are  never  united.  “ Cannot 
sometimes  expresses,  not  actual,  but  moral  or  condi- 
tional impossibility.  Thus  the  angel  said  to  Lot,  ‘ I 
cannot  do  any  thing  till  thou  come  hither’;  that  is, 

I cannot , without  disobeying  him  that  sent  me.”  T. 

K.  Arnold. 

CAN'  NU-LA,  n.  [L.,  a small  reed.']  (Surgery.) 
A metallic  tube  used  by  surgeons.  Dunglison. 

cAn'NU-LAR,  a.  [L.  cannula , a small  reed.] 
Hollow,  like  a bamboo  or  tube.  Smart. 

cAn'NY,  a.  A Scotch  word,  used  in  various  senses, 
as  cautious,  prudent,  artful,  wary,  frugal,  gen- 
tle, safe,  easy,  fortunate,  worthy,  good,  neat, 
pretty.  — It  is  applied  to  persons  or  things  hav- 
ing pleasing  or  useful  qualities.  Jamieson. 

CA-n6e'  (ka-no'),  n.  [Perhaps  Gr.  kAvko,  a reed  ; 

L.  canna,  a reed,  and  a small  vessel.  “ Pliny,” 
says  Richardson,  “records  of  Indian  reeds  or 
canes  that  ‘ they  be  of  such  length,  that  between 
every  joint  they  will  yield  sufficient  to  make 
boats.’  ” — “ The  wood  canoe  or  cannoc  is  origi- 
nally an  Indian  wood ; and  if  so,  then  all  deri- 
vations from  Gr.  or  L.  ceases.”  Lemon.  — 
Thomson  gives  L.  canna,  but  says  that  the 
word  was  used  for  a small  boat  by  the  natives 
of  St.  Salvador  when  Columbus  arrived  there. 
It.  canoa,  or  canoe  ; Sp.  eanoa  ; Fr.  canot. ] 

1.  An  Indian  boat  made  of  bark,  of  skins,  or 

of  a hollowed  tree.  Browne. 

2.  A small  boat  impelled  by  a paddle.  Brande. 

CAN’ON,  n.  [Gr.  Kuvtiiv,  a straight  rod  or  rule ; 
Kami,  a reed  ; L.  canon ; It.  canone ; Sp.  § Fr. 
canon.  — A.  S.  canon.] 

1.  A rule  or  law,  especially  in  ecclesiastical 
matters. 

His  books  nro  almost  the  very  canon  to  judge  both  doctrine 
and  discipline  by.  • Hooker. 

2.  The  received  books  of  the  Holy  Scriptures. 

Canon  denotes  those  books  of  Scripture  which  are  received 
as  inspired,  to  distinguish  them  from  either  profane,  apocry- 
phal, or  disputed  books.  Ayliffe. 

3.  A dignitary  in  a cathedral  or  collegiate 
church. 

Canons,  so  called  from  their  having  their  shares  out  of  a 
common  stock,  canon  among  the  Homans  signifying  a certain 
pay  men  t.  gf  UUng fleet. 

4.  The  catalogue  of  saints  acknowledged  by 

the  Roman- Catholic  church.  Richardson. 

5.  (Mus.)  A composition,  in  two  or  more 

parts,  in  which  the  voices  enter  one  after  an- 
other and  repeat  the  same  theme,  note  by  note, 
so  as  to  form  a perpetual  fugue.  Dwight. 

6.  (Surg.)  An  instrument  to  sew  up  wounds. 

7.  (Printing.)  A large  sort  of  type.  Johnson. 

8.  (Farriery.)  The  shank  of  a horse.  Crabb. 

Syn.  — See  Clergyman. 


Regular  canon,  ( Cath . Church)  a canon  confined  to 
his  own  monastery.  — Secular  canon,  one  living  a re- 
ligious life,  but  mixing  more  or  less  with  the  world. 

HSr"  The  word  canon  . . . which  is  a Greek  word, 
means  properly  a rule ; tirst  the  measuring  rule  or 
line  of  the  carpenter  ; and  then  figuratively  any  meas- 
ure or  rule  by  which  we  try  other  things  ; and,  in  its 
crowning  use,  the  Holy  Scriptures,  as  being  regulative 
of  life  and  doctrine  in  the  church.  Trench. 

CAn'ON— BIT,  n.  That  part  of  the  bit  which  is 
let  into  the  horse’s  mouth.  Spenser. 

CAN 'ON-ESS,  n.  [Low  L.  canonissa .]  A woman 
possessed  of  a prebend.  Ayliffe. 

CA-NON  IC,  > i,  According  to  the  canon  ; 

CA-NON'I-CAL,  ) belonging  to,  or  included  in,  the 
canon.  “ Those  canonical  Scriptures.”  Raleigh. 

2.  Regular  ; stated  ; as,  “ Canonical  hours.” 

3.  Spiritual ; ecclesiastical.  “ Canonical  obe- 
dience.” Ayliffe. 

Canonical  boohs,  the  received  books  of  Holy  Scrip- 
ture, called  the  sacred  canon.  — Canonical  hours,  stated 
times  of  the  day  set  apart,  more  especially  by  the 
Romish  Church,  for  devotional  purposes.  In  Eng- 
land, the  canonical  hours  are  from  eight  to  twelve 
o’clock  in  the  forenoon,  before  or  after  which  the  cer- 
emony of  marriage  cannot  be  legally  performed  in 
any  parish  church.  Brande. 

CA-NON'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a canonical  manner. 

CA-NON'I-CAL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
canonical ; canonicity.  Burnet. 

CA-NON'I-CAL^,  n.  pi.  The  full  dress  of  a cler- 
gyman. Todd. 

CA-NON'J-CAtE,  n.  The  office  of  a canon  ; can- 
onry.  Berington. 

CAN-ON-ItJ'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being  canon- 
ical ; canonicalness.  Ec.  Rev. 

cAn'ON-IST,  n.  A man  versed  in  the  canon  law. 

CAN-ON-Is'TIC,  a.  Belonging  to  a canonist. 
“ This  canonistic  exposition.”  Milton. 

cAN-ON-I-zA'TION,  n.  1.  The  act  of  canonizing 
or  placing  in  the  catalogue  of  saints.  Addison. 

2.  The  state  of  being  canonized.  Brevint. 

CAiN'ON-IZE,  v.  a.  [Gr.  navovifa,  to  establish; 
It.  canonizzare  ; Fr.  canoniser .]  [i.  canonized  ; 
pp.  canonizing,  canonized.]  To  enroll  in 
the  canon  as  a saint;  to  declare  a saint. 

They  have  a pope,  who  hath  the  chief  care  of  religion, 
and  of  canonizing  whom  he  thinks  tit.  Stilling  fleet. 

cAn'ON-Iz-JJR,  n.  One  who  canonizes. 

CAn'ON— L Aw,  n.  A collection  of  ecclesiastical 
laws  for  the  regulation  of  the  Church  of  Rome, 
consisting  chiefly  of  ordinances  of  councils,  and 
of  the  decrees  and  bulls  of  the  popes.  Hamilton. 

CAn'ON—  L.Aw'YJER,  n.  One  versed  in  the  canon 
law.  B.  Jonson. 

CAN  ON-RY,  > office  of  a canon  ; a benefice 
> in  some  cathedral  or  collegiate 


cAn'on-ship, 
church ; canonicate. 


Ayliffe. 


CAn'ON-WI^E,  a.  Versed  in  the  canon  law. 
“ Canon-wise  prelate.”  Milton. 

CA-NO  ' PUS,  n.  [Low  L.]  1.  An  Egyptian  jar 

used  for  keeping  water  cool.  P.  Cyc. 

2.  (Astron.)  A large  star  in  the  southern 

constellation  Argo  Navis.  _ Hind. 

3.  (Ent.)  A genus  of  hemipterous  insects. 

CAn'O-PY,  n.  [Gr.  Koivonteiov,  a hed  or  couch 
with  a ’ curtain  to  keep  out  insects  ; Kuirunp, 
Kuwonof,  a gnat ; Fr.  canape.] 

1.  A covering  of  state  over  a throne  or  a bed ; 
a covering  over  the  head. 

Ilolofernes  rested  upon  his  bed  under  a canopy.  Judith. 

My  footstool  earth,  my  canopy  the  skies.  Pope. 

2.  (Arch.)  A projecting  moulding  that  sur- 

rounds the  head  of  a Gothic  arch,  niche,  or  win- 
dow. 1 Veale. 

cAn'O-I’Y,  v.  a.  [i.  canopied  ; pp.  canopying, 
canopied.]  To  cover  with  a canopy,  or  as 
with  a canopy  ; to  overspread. 

I sat  me  down  to  watch  upon  a bank 

With  ivy  canopied.  Milton. 

CA-NO'ROUS  (126),  a.  [L.  canorus  : Fr.  canore.] 
Musical;  tuneful;  sonorous.  “ Birds  that  are 
most  canorous.”  Browne. 


CA-NO'ROUS-NESS,  n.  Musicalness. 


Scott. 


CANT,  n.  [L.  cantus,  a song  ; Old  Fr.  cant ; Fr. 
chant  : — Gael.  § Ir.  cainnt,  language.] 

1.  A sing-song  manner  of  speaking;  a whin- 
ing or  affected  tone  ; — a hypocritical  speech  ; 
pretension  without  sincerity,  as  indicated  by 
language  and  air. 

That  cant  and  hypocrisy,  which  had  taken  possession  of 
the  people’s  minds  in  the  times  of  the  great  rebrllion.de/diso;!. 

2.  The  dialect  of  a sect,  class,  or  profession. 

I write  not  in  the  proper  terms  of  navigation,  land  service, 
or  in  the  cant  of  any  profession.  Dry  (ten. 

3.  Barbarous  jargon  ; slang.  Johnson. 

4.  The  act  of  crying  out  things  for  sale ; an 
auction. 

Numbers  of  these  tenants  are  now  offering  to  sell  their 
leases  by  cant.  Swift. 

cAnt,  n.  [Dut.  kant,  a corner.] 

1.  f An  angle  ; a corner. 

The  principal  person  in  tire  temple  was  Peace;  she  was 
placed  aloft  in  a cant.  Ji.  Jonson. 

2.  A sudden  impulse  given  to  a thing  resting 
on  an  edge  or  corner  ; a jerk  ; a throw  ; a turn  ; 
as,  “ To  give  a cant  to  a piece  of  timber.” 

3.  (Naut.)  A piece  of  wood  laid  on  deck  for 

the  support  of  a bulkhead.  Brande. 

CAnt,  V.  n.  [l.  CANTED  ; pp.  CANTING,  CANTED.] 

1.  To  talk  in  a jargon,  or  with  affectation  ; to 
speak  in  a whining  or  affected  manner. 

Men  cant  about  materia  and  forma , ...  or  dress  up  ig- 
norance in  words  of  bulk  or  souud.  Glanville. 

2.  To  play  the  hypocrite  ; to  dissemble. 

CANT,  v.  a.  1.  To  sell  by  auction.  “Then  cant 
their  land  to  the  highest  bidder.”  Swift. 

2.  To  bid  upon  any  thing  offered  at  auction. 

Two  monks  were  outvying  each  other  in  canting  the  price 

of  an  abbey.  Swift. 

3.  To  toss  ; to  jerk  ; to  upset  : — to  raise  on 

the  edge  or  corner.  Forby. 

4.  (Naut.)  To  turn  over  or  round.  Brande. 

5.  (Carp.)  To  cut  off,  as  the  angle  of  a square, 

beam,  pier,  &e.  Francis. 

Canted  column,  {Arch.)  a column  polygonal  in  sec- 
tion. Francis. 

CANT,  a.  Vulgar;  inelegant;  affected;  habitu- 
ally or  improperly  used  ; — applied  to  language. 

The  affectation  of  some  late  authors  to  introduce  and  mul- 
tiply cant  words  is  the  most  ruinous  corruption  in  any  lan- 
guage. Sw{ft. 

There  is  such  a thing  as  a peculiar  word  or  phrase  cleav- 
ing. as  it  were,  to  the  memory  of  the  writer  or  speaker,  and 
presenting  itself  to  his  utterance  at  every  turn.  When  we 
observe  this,  we  call  it  a cant  word,  or  a cant  phrase.  Paley. 

CAN-tAb',  n.  Colloquial  for  Cantabrigian.  Smart. 

CAN-TAB  ' I- BE,  ad.  [It.]  In  a singing  manner, 
as  a song.  Smart. 

CAN-TA'BRI-AN,  a.  (Gcog.)  Belonging  to  Can- 
tabria, in  Spain.  P.  Cyc. 

CAN-TA-BRIf'J-AN,  a.  Relating  to  Cambridge, 
or  to  its  university.  Qu.  Bev. 

CAN-TA-BrIG'I-AN,  n.  [Low  L.  Cantabrigia, 
Cambridge.]  A man  or  scholar  of  Cambridge  ; 
— often  abbreviated  to  Cantab.  Wakefield. 

cAn'ta-lIv-er,  cAn'tf.-liv-er,  or  cAn'ti- 
Llv-®R,  n.  See  Cantilever. 

cAn'TA-LOUPE,  n.  A small  fine  species  of  musk- 
mellon,  globular,  ribbed,  and  of  pale  green  or 
yellow  color.  Lindley. 

CAN-TAn'K£R-OCs,  a.  Vile  in  a high  degree; 
venomous;  perverse;  contentious;  — written 
also  contankerous.  Goldsmith. 

cAn'TAR,  In.  [It.  § Sp.  cantaro.] 

CAN-TA'RO,  ) 1.  A weight  in  Italy,  Egypt, 

the  Levant,  and  India,  differing  in  different 
parts.  At  Genoa  and  Leghorn  it  consists  of 
1.50  pounds.  Ogilvie. 

2.  A liquid  measure,  at  Alicant,  in  Spain,  of 
three  gallons.  Ogilvie. 

CAN-TA'TA,  or  CAN-TA'TA  [kan-ta'ta,  S.  IF. 
P.  J.  E.  F.  Sm.  C. ; kan-ta't?,  Ja.  K.],  n.  [It.] 
(Mus.)  A poem  set  to  music,  or  a song  inter- 
mixed with  recitative  ; a combination,  either 
lyrical  or  dramatical,  of  recitations,  airs,  cho- 
ruses, &c.  Dwight. 

f CAN-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  cantatio,  music,  song.] 
The  act  of  singing.  Cockeram. 

cAn'TA-TO-RY,  a.  Containing  cant  or  affecta- 
tion ; whining ; canting,  [it.]  Dr.  S.  Miller. 


A,  E,  i,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  V,  short;  A,  fl,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


CANTATRICE 


199 


CAPABLE 


CAM-TA-TRl'  CF.  (-tre'che),  n.  [It.]  (J1/»S.)  A 

female  vocalist. 

CAN-TEEN',  n.  [It.  Ss  Sp.  cantina.]  (Mil.) 

1.  A small  tin  or  circular  wooden  vessel  for 
holding  liquor,  carried  by  soldiers,  or  a chest, 
used  by  officers,  for  culinary  utensils,  &c. 

2.  A kind  of  sutling  house  kept  in  garrisons 

for  the  convenience  of  troops.  Campbell. 

cAn'TEI,,  n.  1.  A fragment ; apiece.  Skelton. 

2.  The  hind-bow  of  a saddle-tree  ; cantle. 

cAn'TJJ-LEUP,  n.  Same  as  Cantaloupe.  Loudon. 

CAN'TpR,  n.  1.  One  who  cants  ; a hypocrite. 
“ Presumption  . . . which  some  spiritual  canters 
affect.”  Bp.  Gauclen. 

2.  [Corrupted  from  Canterbury,  formerly  ap- 
plied to  a slow  gallop,  in  allusion  to  the  easy 
pace  with  which  Chaucer’s  pilgrims  pursued 
their  way  to  this  village.  Nares .]  An  easy  gal- 
lop of  a horse.  Nares. 

CAN'TfiR,  V.  n.  [«.  CANTERED  ; pp.  CANTERING, 
cantered.]  To  gallop  easily  or  gently.  “The 
horse  canters  in  fine  style.”  Todd. 

CAN'TIJR-BUR-Y  (-ber-e),  n.  A piece  of  furni- 
ture ; a stand  with  divisions  in  it  to  receive  port- 
folios, books,  loose  sheets,  letters,  &c.  Smart. 

CAN'TER-BUR-y-BELL§,  n.  (Bot.)  A very  orna- 
mental border  flower  with  large  blue  or  white 
flowers  ; Campanula  medium.  Loudon. 

CAN'T(iR-BUR-Y-GAL'LOP  (k£n'ter-ber-re-gal'- 
1 up),  n.  The  gallop  of  a horse,  commonly 
called  a canter  ; — said  to  be  derived  from  the 
pilgrims  riding  to  Canterbury  on  easy  ambling 
horses.  Johnson. 

CAN'T^R-BUR-Y— TALE,  n.  Any  fabulous  nar- 
rative ; — adopted  from  the  Canterbury  Tales  of 
Chaucer.  Todd. 

CAN-THAR'A-D!NE,  n.  ( Chem .)  The  active  prin- 
ciple of  cantharides.  It  possesses  extremely 
powerful  vesicating  properties,  producing  swell- 
ing and  acute  pain,  if  any  part  of  the  body  is 
exposed  to  its  vapors.  Regnault. 

CAM'  THA-R1S,  n. ; pi.  ca  iv- tiia  it ' i d k .y.  [L., 

from  Gr. /tdi'Hnpi?.]  ( Ent .)  A beetle  which  con- 
tains an  acrid  blistering  fluid  ; the  Spanish  fly  ; 

— used  as  a vesicatory.  Harris. 

cANT'-HOOK  (-huk),  n.  A wooden  lever  with 
an  iron  hook  at  the  end,  used  for  turning  or 
moving  heavy  articles  of  merchandise.  Bartlett. 

CAM'  THUS,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  kouBos.]  (Anat.) 
The  corner  of  the  eye  where  the  upper  and  un- 
der eyelids  meet.  Quincy. 

CAN'TI-CA,  or  CAN'TI-COY,  n.  1.  A dancing 
assembly.  Denton. 

2.  A noisy  conversation. 

,055“  An  Indian  word,  used  in  New  York.  Bartlett. 

CAN'TI-CLE  (kan'te-kl),  n.  [L.  canticum,  a song  ; 
It.  <Sf  Sp.  cantico ; A.  S.  cantic .] 

1.  A song.  “ Moses  in  his  canticles.”  Bacon. 

2.  pi.  The  Song  of  Solomon,  one  of  the 
books  of  the  Old  Testament. 

3.  A division  of  a poem  ; a canto. 

The  end  whereof  and  dangerous  event 

Shall  for  another  canticle  be  spared.  Spensei'. 

cAN-TI-lA'TION,  n.  [L.  cantillo,  cantillatus,  to 
sing.]  Recitation  with  musical  cadence.  Ogilvie. 

cAn'TI-LATE,  v.  a.  To  recite  musically.  Smart. 

CAN'TI-LE-VpR,  n.  [Probably  from 
canterii  labrum,  the  lip  of  a rafter. 

Branded]  (Arch.)  A bracket,  or 
projecting  piece  of  wood,  stone,  or 
iron,  which  supports  a cornice, 
moulding,  balcony,  &c.  : — also 
written  cantaliver,  canteliver,  and 
cantiliver. 

CANT'ING,  p.  a.  Using  affectation  ; 

- whining;  hypocritical. 

For  shame,  dear  friend;  renounce  this  cantina  strain. 

What  wouldst  thou  have  a good  great  man  obtain  ? Coleridge. 

Cantina  arms,  (Her.)  coats  of  arms  bearing  rebuses  ; 

— thus  the  Butters  of  Ireland  are  designated  by  three 
covered  cups  ; the  Calls , by  three  trumpets.  Lower. 

cAnt'ING-I,Y,  a,l-  In  a canting  manner. 

CANT'ING-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  cant- 
ing. Sheridan. 


f cAN'TION  (k&n'sliun),  n.  Song;  verses.  Spenser. 

CAN'TLE  (kSLn'tl),  n.  [Dut.  leant,  a corner  ; Fr. 
chantel,  a fragment.] 

1.  A fragment ; a portion  ; a piece.  Shak. 

2.  The  protuberant  part  of  a saddle  behind  : 

— written  also  cantel.  Loudon. 

CAN'TLE  (kan'tl),  v.  a.  To  cut  in  pieces.  Dryden. 

cANT'L^T,  n.  A piece  ; a fragment. 

Huge  cantlets  of  his  buckler  strew  the  ground.  Dryden. 

CAN'TO,  n.  ; pi.  cXn'to$.  [It.] 

1.  A part  or  section  of  a poem. 

2.  (Mus.)  The  soprano  voice ; the  highest 
vocal  part ; — used  in  choral  music.  Moore. 

CAM’ TO-FER-MO,  n.  [It.,  firm  song.]  (Mus.) 
The  plain,  slow,  unfigured  vocal  music  of  the 
early  Christian  church ; the  plain  chant ; the 
subject  song  in  figurate  compositions.  Warner. 

CAn'TON,  n.  [It.  cantone,  an  angle  or  corner; 
Sp.  $ Fr.  canton ; Dut.  leant,  a corner  ] 

1.  A small  parcel  or  division  of  land.  Davies. 

2.  A small  community,  or  clan. 

The  same  is  the  case  of  rovers  by  land;  such  are  some 
cantons  in  Arabia.  Bacon. 

3.  A geographical  or  political  division  of  a 

country  ; as,  “ A canton  of  Swit-  

zerland.”  yTH] 

4.  (Her.)  A square  or  separate 

division  at  the  corner  of  the 
shield.  Crabb. 

CAN'TON,  v.  a.  [Sp.  acantonar ; 

Fr.  cantonner .] 

1.  To  divide  into  little  parts. 

Families  shall  quit  all  subjection  to  him,  and  canton  his 
empire  into  less  governments  for  themselves.  Locke. 

2.  (Mil.)  To  distribute  into  small  companies, 
as  soldiers,  for  convenience  of  subsistence. 

Cantoned  building , (Arch.)  a building  whose  angles 
are  adorned  with  columns,  pilasters,  rustic  quoins, 
or  any  thing  that  projects  beyond  the  general  surface 
of  the  walls.  — Cantoned  columns,  (Arch.)  columns 
placed  at  the  angles  of  a square  pier,  &.C.,  for  support- 
ing groined  arches.  Francis. 

cAN'TON-AL,  a.  Relating  to  a canton.  For.  Rev. 

CAN’TON-IzE,  v.  a.  To  parcel  out  into  cantons 
or  small  divisions.  Davies. 

CAn'TON-MENT  [kan'ton-ment,  Ja.  Sm.  Wb. ; 
kan-ton'ment,  K.],  n.  [Fr . cantonnement.]  (Mil.) 
A portion  of  a town  or  village  assigned  to  a 
body  of  troops  ; quarters  for  a body  of  troops. 

There  were  no  cities,  no  towns,  no  places  of  cantonment 
for  soldiers.  Burke. 

CAN-TOON',  n.  A kind  of  fustian  with  a fine 
cord  visible  on  one  side.  W.  Ency. 

CAN'TRED  (kan'terd),  n.  A district ; a hundred  ; 

— a term  used  in  Wales  and  Ireland.  Davies. 

CAn'TY,  a.  Cheerful;  lively;  sprightly;  talka- 
tive. [North  of  England.]  Brockett. 

cAn'VAS,  n.  [Gr.  Kiivva(h f,  hemp  ; L.  cannabis  ; 
It.  canavaccio  ; Fr.  canevas.— Dut.  kanafas.] 

1.  A coarse,  unbleached  cloth,  of  liemp  or 
flax,  for  sails,  tents,  and  other  purposes. 

Bid  silent  Poetry  the  canvas  warm, 

The  tuneful  page  with  speaking  picture  charm.  Mason. 

2.  The  sails  of  a ship.  “ The  master  com- 
manded to  set  all  the  canvas."  Sidney. 

CAn'VAS,  a.  Made  of  canvas;  noting  a coarse 
linen  cloth  of  hemp  or  flax  for  sails.  Jodrell. 

CAN'VAS— BACK,  n.  (Ornith.)  A duck  that  fre- 
quents the  Delaware  and  Chesapeake  Bays,  and 
the  neighboring  waters  ; Fuliyula  valisneriana  ; 

— much  esteemed  for  its  delicate  flesh,  and  so 
named  from  the  color  of  its  plumage.  Audubon. 

CAN'VAS-CLIMB'ER  (-kllm'er),  n.  One  who 

climbs  a mast  to  furl  or  unfurl  the  canvas.  Shak. 

CAn'VASS,  t>.  a.  [Fr.  canavasscr,  to  beat  hemp.] 
[i.  CANVASSED  ; pp.  CANVASSING,  CANVASSED.] 

1.  To  sift;  to  examine;  to  scrutinize. 

I have  made  careful  search,  and  canvassed  the  matter  with 
all  possible  diligence.  Woodward. 

2.  To  debate  ; to  discuss  ; to  agitate. 

They  canvassed  the  matter  one  way  and  t’  other.  V Estrange. 

3.  To  solicit  votes  from ; to  bespeak. 

CAn'VASS,  v.  n.  To  solicit  votes  ; to  seek. 


The  crime  of  canvassing  or  soliciting  for  church  prefer- 
ment  is,  by  the  canon  law,  called  simony.  Aylijfc. 

CAn'VASS,  n.  1.  An  examination  or  sifting,  as 
of  the  opinions  of  voters  previous  to  an  election. 

2.  Solicitation  of  votes.  “No  previous  can- 
vass was  made  for  me.”  Burke. 

3.  Consideration  by  debate  ; discussion. 

I deem  it  worthy  the  caiitass  and  discussion  of  sober  and 
considerate  men.  More. 

CAn'VASS- f.R,  n.  One  who  canvasses  ; one  who 
solicits  votes.  Burke. 

CAN'VASS-ING,  p.  a.  Sifting : — soliciting. 

CA'NY,  a.  1.  Full  of  canes.  Johnson. 

2.  Made  or  consisting  of  canes.  “Their  cany 


wagons  light.” 


Milton. 


CAn'YON,  n.  [Sp.  canon,  a tube.]  A narrow, 
tunnel-like  passage  for  a stream  of  water  be- 
tween high  precipitous  banks.  Bartlett. 

CAM-ZO  'ME,  n.  Tit.]  (Mus.)  A kind  of  lyric 
poem  ; a song  or  air  in  two  or  more  parts,  with 
passages  of  fugue  and  imitation.  Moore. 

cAn-ZO-NET',  n.  [It.  canzonetta .]  (Mus.)  A 
little  song  : — a composition  of  some  length  for 
a single  voice.  Dwight. 

CAOUTCHOUC  (ko'cbuk)  [ko'clivik,  K.  Sm.  ; ka- 
ot'ciiuk,  Craig],  n.  [Indian  cachucu.] 

1.  (Chem.)  A useful  resinous  substance  com- 
posed of  carbon  and  hydrogen,  also  called  gum- 
elastic  and  India  rubber,  and  obtained  from  the 
milky  juice  of  several  trees  which  grow  in  the 
East  Indies  and  in  South  America.  It  is  of  a 
whitish  color,  till  blackened  by  smoke,  inflam- 
mable, fusible,  impervious  to  air  and  water,  and 
exceedingly  elastic. 

2.  (Min.)  A substance  found  in  Derbyshire, 
England,  in  soft  flexible  masses.  Hamilton. 

Vulcanized  India  rubber,  a compound  of  caoutchouc 
and  sulphur,  manufactured  by  various  processes  into 
a very  great  variety  of  useful  articles. 

CAOUTCHINE  (ko'chrn),  n.  (Chem.)  Same  as 
Caoutchoucine.  Ogilcie. 

CAOUTCHOUCINE  (k&'cliu-sin),  n.  (Chem.)  An 
inflammable,  light,  volatile,  oily  liquid,  obtained 
from  caoutchouc,  by  distillation.  Brande. 

CAP,  n.  [L.  caput,  the  head. — W.  cap.  — A.  S. 
cccppc,  or  cappa  ; It.  cappa  ; Sp.  capa  ; Fr.  cappe.] 

1.  A covering  for  the  head. 

2.  The  ensign  of  some  dignity,  as  that  of  a 
cardinal. 

If  once  he  came  to  be  a cardinal. 

He ’d  make  his  cap  coequal  with  the  crown.  Shak. 

3.  That  which  is  the  highest ; the  top. 

Thou  art  the  cap  of  all  the  fools  alive.  Shah. 

4.  A kind  of  vessel  made  like  a cap.  Wilkins. 

5.  + The  act  of  uncovering  the  head  in  token 
of  respect. 

They  more  and  less  came  in  with  cap  and  knee.  Shak. 

6.  (Arch.)  The  uppermost  part,  or  that  which 
crowns  the  whole ; as,  “ The  cap  of  a window.” 

Cap  of  a cannon,  (Mil.)  a piece  of  lead  or  zinc  laid 
over  the  touch-hole,  to  preserve  the  priming. — Cup 
of  maintenance,  one  of  the  regalia  carried  before  t lie 
king  at  a coronation.  — To  set  one’s  cap  fur,  to  try  to 
win  the  favorable  regard  of  a person  with  a view 
to  matrimony.  [Colloquial.] 

CAP,  v.  a.  [i.  capped  ; pp.  capping,  capped.] 

1.  To  cover,  as  with  a cap. 

The  bones  arc  capped  with  a smooth  cartilaginous  sub- 
stance. Derham. 

2.  To  deprive  of  the  cap.  “ As  boys  some- 
times used  to  cap  one  another.”  Spenser. 

3.  To  complete ; to  finish ; to  crown  ; as, 
“ To  cap  the  whole.” 

4.  To  excel ; to  surpass  ; as,  “To  coy  all.” 

To  cap  verses,  to  name  verses  alternately  beginning 

with  a particular  letter.  “I’ll  cap  verses  with  him 
to  tlie  end  of  the  chapter.”  Drytlcn To  cap  texts, 
to  name  texts  in  opposition  or  emulation. — To  cap 
the  climax,  to  surpass  every  tiling. 

CAP,  v.  n.  To  uncover  the  head  in  token  of  re- 
spect. 

Three  great  ones  of  the  city 

Oft  capped  to  him.  Shak. 

CA-PA-BiL'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being  capable ; 
capacity  ; capableness  ; ability. 

CA'PA-BLE  (ka'pii-bl),  a.  [L.  capio,  to  take  ; Fr. 
capable.] 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  rBlE.  — q,  <?,  9,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  y as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


CAPABLENESS 


200 


CAPITOLINE 


1.  Haying  capacity  ; capacious  ; adapted. 

So  much  of  that  space  as  is  equal  to,  or  capable  to  receive, 
a body.  Locke. 

2.  Endowed  with  intellectual  power ; of  suit- 
able qualifications ; intelligent ; able. 

3.  Susceptible.  “ Capable  of  pain.”  Prior. 

Syn.  — See  Able. 

CA'PA-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  capable. 

CA-PAIJ'I-FY,  v.  a.  To  qualify,  [it.]  Barrow. 

CA-PA'CIOUS  (ka-pa'shus),  a.  [L.  capax,  capa- 
cis  ; Sp.  capaz.)  Having  capacity  ; embracing 
much;  comprehensive;  capable;  ample;  spa- 
cious ; wide  ; large  ; extensive. 

Syn.  — See  Ample,  Comprehensive. 

CA-PA'CIOUS-LY  (kj-pa'shus-le),  ad.  In  a capa- 
cious manner. 

CA-PA'CIOUS-NESS,  n.  State  ofbeing  capacious. 

Syn.  — See  Capacity. 

CA-PAC'J-TATE,  V.  a.  [i.  CAPACITATED ; pp. 
CAPACITATING,  capacitated.]  To  make  capa- 
ble ; to  qualify.  “ Endued  with  arts  of  life  to 
capacitate  them  for  conversation.”  Toiler . 

CA-PAy-I-T.l'TION,  n.  Act  of  making  capable ; 
qualification,  [it.]  Todd. 

CA-PAy'I-TY  (ka-pas'e-te),  n.  [L.  capacitas ; It. 
capacita  ; Sp.  capacidad ; Fr.  capacite.) 

1.  State  of  being  capable  or  capacious  ; pow- 
er of  holding  ; capaciousness  ; room  or  space 
measured  bv  solid  contents  ; as,  “ The  capacity 
of  any  vessel.” 

2.  Mental  power  or  ahility  ; talent ; as,  “ He 
has  capacity  to  excel  in  his  profession.” 

3.  State  ; condition  ; character. 

You  desire  my  thoughts  as  a friend,  and  not  as  a member 
of  Parliament;  they  are  the  same  in  both  capacities.  Sicift. 

Capacity  for  heat,  ( Chcm .)  the  comparative  amount 
of  heat  required  to  raise  a substance  through  one  de- 
gree of  temperature;  specific  heat.  Nichol. 

Syn. — Capacity  is  the  power  of  acquiring  and 
holding;  capaciousness,  the  power  of  holding;  — the 
capacity  of  a vessel ; the  capaciousness  of  rooms.  Ca- 
pacity is  the  gift  of  nature;  ability,  of  nature  and 
education;  — capacity  to  learn;  ability  to  execute. — 
See  Ability,  Power. 

CAP-A-PIE  ' (k’ap-a-pe'),  ad.  [Fr.]  From  head 
to  foot.  “Armed  . . . cap-a-pie .**  Shak. 

CA-PAR'I-SON,  n.  [Sp.  caparazon  ; Fr.  capara - 
con.]  An  ornamental  dress  for  a horse. 

Impresses  quaint,  caparisons , and  steeds.  Milton. 

CA-PAR'I-SON,  V.  a.  [i.  CAPARISONED  ; pp.  CA- 
PARISONING, caparisoned.]  To  dress  in  ca- 
parisons ; to  dress  pompously.  Shak. 

CA-PAR'I-SONED  (ksi-par'e-sond),  p.  a.  Dressed 
in  caparisons.  “ Steeds  caparisoned  with  pur- 
ple.” Dryden. 

CAP'— CASE,  n.  A covered  case;  a chest.  Burton. 

CAPE,r.  1.  [L.  caput , the  head;  It.  capo-,  Fr. 
cap.)  A point  of  land  projecting  into  the  sea  ; 
a headland. 

What  from  the  cape  can  you  discern  at  sea?  Shak. 

2.  [Fr.  cape.]  The  neck-piece  of  a cloak  or 
other  garment  attached  to  the  collar  and  hang- 
ing upon  the  shoulders.  Bacon. 

CA'PF.,n.  [L.,  take-,  capio,  to  take.]  (Law.)  A 
judicial  writ  concerning  lands  or  tenements, 
formerly  used  in  England,  and  so  termed  from 
the  emphatic  word  with  which  it  began.  Burrill. 

CAP'E-LAN,  n.  (Ich.)  A small  fish  found  on  the 
coast  of  Greenland.  — See  Caplin.  Storer. 

CA-PEL' LA,n.  [L.,  a she-goat.)  (At stron.)  A star 
of  the  first  magnitude  in  the  left  shoulder  of 
the  constellation  Auriga.  Brande. 

CAP'EL-LANE,  n.  [Fr.  capelan.]  A chaplain ; 

the  curate  of  a chapel.  Burn. 

CAP'EL-LET,  or  CA-PEL'LET,  n.  [Fr.  capelet.) 

A swelling  on  a horse’s  hock.  Crabb. 

CA'PJJR,  n.  1.  [L.  caper,  a goat;  It.  capriola ; 
Fr.  cabriole,  caper.]  A skipping,  leaping,  or 
jumping  in  frolicsome  mood,  after  the  manner 
of  a goat ; a frolic. 

We  that  are  true  lovers  run  into  strange  capers.  Shak. 

2.  A Dutch  privateer. 

CA'PER,  n.  [Gr.  xdirirnpij ; L.  capparis ; It . cap- 


pero;  Sp . alcaparra  ; Fr.  capre ; Dut.  kapper; 
Ger.  kaper .]  The  flower-bud  of  the  caper-bush 
(Capparis),  much  esteemed  as  a pickle.  Loudon. 

CA'PER,  v-  11  ■ [*•  CAPERED  ; pp.  CAPERING,  CA- 

PERED.] To  dance,  skip,  or  leap  in  frolicsome 
mood.  “ Capering  to  eye  her.”  Shak. 

CA'PER-BUSH,  n.  [See  Caper.]  (Bot.)  A ge- 
nus of  shrubs  or  trees,  some  of  which  produce  ber- 
ries and  others  pods ; Capparis.  Loudon. 

cA-PER-CAIL  ZIE,  I (Ornith.)  The  Scottish 

CA-PER-CAlL'YE,  ) name  for  the  mountain  cock 
or  wood-grouse  ; the  Tctrao  urogallus  of  Lin- 
noeus  ; — called  also  capercail.  Yarrell. 

CA'PER-CLTT'TING,  a.  Frolicking.  Beau.  § FI. 

CA'PER-ER.  n-  One  who  capers  ; a dancer.  “ The 
nimble  caperer  on  the  cord.”  Dryden. 

CA'PER-Ing,  n.  The  act  of  jumping  or  skipping 
about.  “ A . . . capering  like  a kid.”  Boyle. 

CA'PER-TREE,  n.  Same  as  Caper-bush. Loudon. 

CAP'I-Al,  n.  (ZoJl.)  The  capibara.  Waterhouse. 

CA'PI-As,  n.  [L.,  from  capio,  to  take.]  (Law.) 
A judicial  writ,  commanding  the  sheriff  to  take 
or  arrest  the  party  named  in  it.  Burrill. 

cA'pi-as  Ad  RE-spgjv-DEN'nyM.  [L.,  take 
to  ansiver.]  (Law.)  A writ,  by  which  actions 
are  frequently  commenced,  and  which  com- 
mands the  sheriff  to  arrest  a party  and  hold 
him  to  answer  the  plaintiff  in  court,  on  a cer- 
tain day.  Burrill. 

CA-PIB  .1- /?,?,  n.  [Sp.]  (Zoul.)  The  largest 
known  rodent  quadruped  ; — sometimes  called 
the  water-hog.  Waterhouse. 

CAP-IL-LA'CEOUS  (-la'slnis),  a.  [L.  capillaceus .] 
Same  as  Capillary'.  Johnson. 

cAp-IL-lAire'  (kap-jl-lir'),  n.  [Fr.]  A name 
originally  applied  to  the  sirup  extracted  from 
the  plant  called  maiden-hair,  but  now  applied 
to  any  simple  sirup  flavored  with  orange  flowers 
or  orange-flower  water.  Brande. 

CA-PIL'LA-MENT,  n.  [L.  capillamcntum.] 

1.  (Bot.)  One  of  the  small  threads  or  hairs  in 
the  middle  of  a flower  ; a filament.  Quincy. 

2.  (Anat.)  A part  resembling  a thread  or 
hair.  “ Capillaments  of  the  nerves.”  Berkley. 

||  cAp'IL-LA-RI-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  cap- 
illary ; capillarity.  Scott. 

cAP-JL-LAR'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of  bein'*  capil- 
lary ; capillariness.  P.  Cyc. 

||  CAP'IL-LA-RY,  or  CA-PIL'LA-RY 
[kap'jl-la-re,  W.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  It.  ; 
ka-pll'la-re,  S.  P.  J.  E.  C.  Brande ], 
a.  [L.  capillaris,  capillus,  a hair.l 
Resembling  hairs  ; fine,  long,  and 
slender  like  a hair  ; — applied  to  the  minutest 
ramifications  of  the  arteries  and  other  vessels 
of  the  body,  and  also  of  plants. 

Capillary  attraction  is  the  power  J I'll 
which  very  minute  tubes  possess  of 
causing  a liquid  to  rise  in  them  above  I Jlj 

its  level.  It  is  by  this  attraction  l Ulll 

that  water  is  sucked  up  in  sugar,  vfrljlllli 
sponge,  & c.  l»lllliail|i|illllll[lllllllllll 

tjSF  With  respect  to  the  pronunciation  of  this  word, 
and  also  of  a class  of  words  of  similar  formation,  the 
best  orthoepists  and  good  usage  are  so  divided,  that 
every  individual  may  feel  at  perfect  liberty  to  follow 
bis  own  taste.  The  following  table  exhibits  the  man- 
ner in  which  this  class  of  words  is  accented  by  the 
principal  English  orthoepists. 


Ar'mil-la-ry,  .. 

s. 

w. 

E. 

F. 

Ja. 

K.  Sm. 

IVb. 

Ar-mil'la-ry,  .. 

P. 

R. 

Ax'il-la-ry, 

Kenr. 

w. 

Sin. 

JVb. 

Ax-il'la-ry, 

s. 

P. 

R. 

Cap'il-la-ry,  . . . 



Kenr. 

IF. 

F. 

Ja. 

K. 

Sin. 

R. 

JVb. 

Ca-pil'la-ry,  ... 

S. 

P. 

.1. 

E. 

Cor'ol-la-ry,  . . . 

s. 

m 

P. 

j. 

E. 

F. 

Ja. 

K. 

Sin. 

R. 

JVb. 

Co-rol'la-ry, . . . 

! Kenr. 

Mam'mil-la-ry, 

•1 

w. 

P. 

j. 

F. 

Ja. 

Sm. 

II. 

JVb. 

Mam-mil 'la-ry. 

Kenr. 

S. 

r. 

E. 

K. 

M ax'il-la-ry,.. . 

. 

TV. 

p. 

J. 

F. 

Ja. 

K. 

Sm. 

R. 

JVb. 

Max-il 'la-ry,.  . 

Kenr. 

S. 

E. 

Med'ul-la-ry,. . 

. 

JV. 

Ja. 

JVb. 

Me-dul'la-ry,  - . 

.Kenr. 

s. 

p. 

E. 

K. 

Sm. 

R. 

Pap'il-la-rv,  • ■ . 

TV. 

j. 

F. 

Ja. 

Sm. 

R. 

JVb. 

Pa-pi  1 'la-ry,  . . . 

. | Kenr. 

s. 

p. 

E. 

K. 

Pu'pil-la-ry,. . . 

. Kenr. 

s. 

JV. 

p. 

j. 

E. 

Ja. 

A. 

Sm. 

JVb. 

Pu-pil 'la-ry,. . . 

.1 

||  CAP'IL-LA-RY,  n.  A small  tube  ; a hair-like 
extremity  of  a vein  or  artery. 

Tar-water  doth  stir  the  humors,  entering  the  minutest 
capillaries.  Bp.  Berkeley. 


+ CAP-IL-LA'TION,  n.  A blood-vessel  like  a hair  ; 
a capillament.  Browne. 

CA-PIL'LA-TURE,  n.  A bush  of  hair  ; the  friz- 
zling of  the  hair,  [r.]  Ash. 

CA-PlL'LI-FORM,  a.  [L.  capillus,  a hair,  and 
forma,  form.]  Having  the  form  of  a hair.  Craig. 

CAp-IL-LOSE',  a.  [L.  capillus,  hair.]  Abound- 
ing with  hair  ; hairy.  Scott. 

CA-PIS'TRUM,  n.  [L.,  a halter.)  (Surgery.)  A 
bandage  used  chiefly  in  fractures  and  injuries 
of  the  lower  jaw.  Dunglison. 

CAp'I-TAL,  a.  [L.  capitalis ; caput , the  head; 
It.  capitale  ; Sp.  4 Fr.  capital.) 

1.  f Relating  to  the  head  ; on  the  head. 

Needs  must  the  serpent  now  his  capital  bruise 
Expect  with  mortal  pain.  Milton. 

2.  Affecting  the  head  or  life  ; as,  “ A capital 
crime  ” ; “ Capital  punishment.” 

3.  First  in  importance;  chief ; principal. 

This  had  been, 

Perhaps,  thy  capital  seat.  Milton. 

4.  Large  ; as,  “ Capital  letters.” 

Capital  crime,  a crime  punished  by  death.  — Capital 

punishment , a punishment  that  takes  away  file. 

Capital  stock,  the  principal  or  original  stock  invested 
in  any  business. 

Syn.  — See  Chief. 

CAP'I-TAL,  n.  1.  (Arch.)  The  upper  or  project- 
ing and  ornamented  part  of  a column,  pilaster, 
or  pillar  ; as,  “ A Doric  or  Ionic  capital.” 

2.  (Geoi 7.)  A chief  town  or  city;  a metropo- 
lis ; as,  “ London  is  the  capital  of  England.” 

3.  The  stock  invested  in  any  business,  com- 
pany, or  institution  ; as,  “ The  capital  of  a 
hank,  of  a mercantile  firm,  or  of  a tradesman.” 

4.  A large  letter  ; as,  “ Printed  in  capitals.” 

5.  (Politics.)  Means  of  gaining  political  in- 
fluence or  power. 

The  Lords  have  no  constituents  to  talk  to,  and  no  speeches 
to  make  merely  as  political  capital.  <pi.  Rev. 

CAP'I-TAL-IST,  n.  One  who  possesses  a capital 
fund  or  stock; — usually  applied  to  one  who 
has  surplus  pecuniary  means  which  he  may  in- 
vest at  pleasure. 

CAP'I-T AL-IZE,  v.  a.  1.  To  convert  into  capital, 
as  money. 

2.  To  print  in  capital  letters.  London  Atlas. 

CAP'I-TAL-LY,  ad.  1.  In  a manner  to  affect  the 
head  or  life  ; by  capital  punishment.  “ He  was 
punished  capitally.”  Bp.  Patrick. 

2.  Chiefly ; principally. 

CAp’I-TAL-NESS,  n.  The  state  ofbeing  capital, 
as  a crime.  Scott. 

CAP-I-TAN'  PA-EHA  , ) n The  chief  admiral  of 

CAP'TAIN  PA-^hA',  ) the  Turkish  fleet. Booth. 

CAp'!-TATE,  a.  [L.  capitatus ; caput,  the  head.] 
(Bot.)  Growing  in,  or  shaped  like,  a head.  Gray. 

CAP-I-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  capitatio  ; caput,  the 
head;  Fr.  capitation.) 

1.  A numeration  of  the  people  by  heads. 

“Not  performing  the  commandment  of  God 
concerning  capitation.”  Browne. 

2.  Taxatign  on  each  individual ; a poll-tax  ; 
— usually  called  capitation-tax. 

CAP-I-TA'TION— TAX,  n.  Ataxon  each  individ- 
ual ; a poll-tax.  Guthrie. 

CAP ' I-TF.,  n.  [L.  caput,  the  bend,  or  chief.] 
(Law.)  An  ancient  English  tenure. 

To  hold  lands  in  capite  was  to  hold  directly  from  the  kin" 
as  the  sovereign  lord.  Burrill. 

cAp'I-TEL-LAte,  a.  [L.  capitellum,  a small 
head.] ' (Bot.)  Growing  in  small  heads  ; capit- 
ular. Craig. 

CAP'I-TOL,  n.  [L.  capitolium  ; caput,  the  head  ; 
Fr.  capitole.) 

1.  The  temple  of  Jupiter  Capitolinus  at  Rome. 

The  question  of  his  death  is  enrolled  in  the  Capitol.  Shak. 

2.  A public  edifice  for  the  use  of  a legislative 
body  ; as,  “ The  Capitol  at  Washington.” 

cAP-I-TO-LADE',  n.  (Cookery.)  A particular 
way  of  dressing  fowls,  &c.  Crabb. 

cAP-I-TO'LJ-AN,  ? a.  Relating  to  a capitol,  or 

CAP'I-TO-LfNE,  * to  the  Capitol  in  Rome.  Ash. 

Capitoline  games,  (Roman  Hist.)  annual  games  cele- 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  E>  !>  Q>  Vj  Y>  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


CAPITONINiE 


201 


CAPSICINE 


brated  at  Rome  in  honor  of  Jupiter,  by  whom,  it  was 
supposed,  the  Capitol  was  saved  from  the  Gauls.  Craig-. 


CAP- 1-  TO-JVI  ’JYJE, 
n.  pi.  ' ( Ornith .) 
A sub-family  of 
birds  of  the  order 
Scanscores  and 
family  Picidte  ; 
barbets.  Gray. 


Laimodon  dubius. 


CA-PIT'U-LAR,  a.  1.  Belonging  to  the  chapter 
of  a cathedral  ; capitulary.  Ash. 

2.  (Bot.)  Growing  in  small  heads.  Loudon. 


CA-PIT'U-LAR,  n.  [L.  capitulum,  a small  head, 
a section,  a chapter.] 

1.  A statute  or  act  of  the  ecclesiastical  body, 

called  a chapter.  Smart. 

2.  The  body  of  the  statutes  of  a chapter.  “ A 

constitution  in  his  chapter.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

3.  A member  of  a chapter.  Ayliffe. 


CA-PlT'U-LA-RJES,  n.  [L.  capitularia. ; capitu- 
lum, a chapter.]  (Law.)  A code  of  laws  in 
chapters,  promulgated  by  Charlemagne,  and 
other  kings  of  the  Franks.  Burrill. 


CA-PIT'U-LAR-LY,  ad.  In  the  form  of  an  ec- 
clesiastical chapter.  Swift. 

CA-PIT'U-LA-RY,  a.  Relating  to  the  chapter  of 
a cathedral ; capitular.  War  ton. 

CA-PIT'U-I.A-RY,  ii.  See  Capitular.  Smart. 

CA-PIT'U-LATE,  v.  n.  [L.  capitulum , a small 
head,  a section,  a chapter ; It.  capitolare ; Sp. 
capitular ; Fr.  capituler .]  [i.  capitulated  ; 

pp.  CAPITULATING,  CAPITULATED.] 

1.  To  draw  up  an  agreement  in  heads  or  arti- 
cles ; to  confederate. 

The  archbishop’s  grace  of  York,  Douglas,  and  Mortimer 

Capitulate  against  us.  Shak. 

2.  To  yield  on  certain  stipulations  ; to  sur- 

render by  treaty.  “ The  castle  that  made  a long 
resistance  did  capitulate.”  Burnet. 

CA-PIT'U-LATE,  v.  a.  To  yield  or  surrender  on 
conditions.  Crabb. 


CA-PIT-U-LA'TION,  ii.  [Fr.]  1.  Act  of  capitulat- 
ing; surrender  by  treaty,  or  on  certain  conditions. 

2.  Reduction  into  heads  or  articles.  “ With 
special  capitulation  that  neither  the  Scots  nor 
the  French  shall  refortify.”  Burnet. 

CA-PIT'U-LA-TOR,  n.  [Fr . capituleur.]  One  who 
capitulates.  Sherwood. 

f CAP'J-TULE,  n.  A summary.  Wickliffe. 

CA- PIT'  U-L  UM,  n.  [L.,  a little  head,  dim.  of 
caput.)  (Bot.)  A dense  cluster  or  head  of  flow- 
ers which  are  sessile  on  a very  short  axis  or  re- 
ceptacle. It  may  be  globular,  as  that  of  the 
button-bush,  or  flat,  as  that  of  the  dandelion, 
in  which  case  it  is  named  by  some  botanists 
anthodium.  Lindley. 

CAP-I-VARD',  n.  (Zotil.)  An  amphibious  animal 
of  Brazil,  called  a water-liog  ; capibara.  — See 
Capibara.  Crabb. 


CA-PI'VI  (ka-pe've),  n.  [L.  copaiba .]  (Med.)  An 
exudation  from  the  Copaifera  officinalis,  a 
South  American  tree  ; balsam  of  capivi,  copevi, 
copaiba,  or  copaiva.  Dunglison. 

CAP' LAN,  n.  A small  fish.  — See  Caplin.  Crabb. 

CA'PLE,  it.  (Min.)  A kind  of  stone  resembling 
limestone,  found  in  Cornwall.  Weale. 

CAP'LIN,  n.  1.  (Ich.)  A species  of  fish  found  in 
great  abundance  on  the  shores  of  Greenland, 
Newfoundland,  and  Labrador,  chiefly  used  as 
bait  for  cod ; Mallotus  villosus,  or  Mallotus 
Grcenlandicus.  P.  Cyc. 

2.  A thong  of  leather  or  skin,  by  which  the 
swingel,  or  swipple,  of  a flail  is  fastened  to  the 
staff;  a coupling.  Farm.  Ency. 

CAP'NO-MAN-CY,  n.  [Gr.  Kanvii,  smoke,  and 
liarrtia,  divination.]  Divination  by  smoke. 

CAP'NO-MOR,  n.  [Gr.  kmtv 6;,  smoke,  and  fioloa, 
a part.]  (Chem.)  An  oily  substance,  of  a pun- 
gent and  rather  agreeable  odor,  obtained  from 
the  tar  of  wood.  Brancle. 


CA'POC,  n.  A very  fine  short  cotton  of  the  East 
Indies,  used  chiefly  to  line  palanquins,  stuff 
cushions,  &c.  Buchanan. 


f CA-POCH',  or  CA-P6UCH',  v.  a.  [Sp.  capucho , 
a hood  ; Fr.  capuce .]  To  hood  or  blindfold. 
[So  defined  by  Seager.]  — See  Capouch. 

We  — capochcd  your  rabbins  of  the  synod, 

And  snapt  the  canons  with  a why  not.  JIudibras. 

CA-POL'LIN,  n.  (Bot.)  A Mexican  cherry.  Crabb. 

||  CA'PON  (ka'pn)  [ka'pn,  S.  IF.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  Sm. ; 
ka'pon,  K.],  ii.  [L.  capo  ; It.  cappone  ; Sp.  ca- 
pon ; Fr.  chapon. — A.  S.  capun .]  A castrated 
cock.  “ With  crammed  capons.”  Bp.  Hall. 

||  CA'PON  (ka'pn),  v.  a.  To  castrate,  as  a cock  ; 
to  caponize.  Birch. 

||  CA'PON-ET,  n.  A young  capon.  Perry. 

||  CA'PON-IZE  (ka'pn-Iz),  v.  a.  To  make  a capon 
of ; to  capon.  Barrington. 

CAPONJYIERE  (k3p-o-nGr')  [kap-o-nGr',  IF.  Sm. ; 
kap-o-nyer',  S.  ; kap-on-yar',  ja.],  it.  [Fr.] 
(Fort.)  A passage  leading  from  one  work  to 
another,  protected  on  one  or  both  sides  by  a 
parapet.  Campbell. 

CA-POR'CIAN-ITE,  ii.  (Min.)  A grayish-red  ze- 
olite, occurring  in  radiated  masses,  and  con- 
sisting chiefly  of  silica,  alumina,  lime,  and  wa- 
ter. Dana. 

CA-POT',  it.  [Fr.]  A winning  of  all  the  tricks 
of  cards  at  the  game  of  piquet.  Craig. 

CA-POT',  v.  a.  To  win  all  the  tricks  in  a game 
at  piquet.  Johnson. 

CA-POTE',  n.  [Fr.]  1.  A long  cloak  with  a 

hood,  worn  by  females  ; capuchin.  Braude. 

2.  A soldier’s  great-coat.  Fleming  §-  Tibbins. 

CA-POUCIl',  or  CA-POCH',  n.  [Sp.  capucho  ; Fr. 
capuce,  a hood.]  A monk’s  hood.  Shelton. 

f CA-POUCH'  (ka-poch'),  v.  a.  To  hood  or  blind- 
fold. — See  Capoch.  Browne. 

cAp'PA-DINE,  n.  A sort  of  silk  for  shag  to 
rugs.  Crabb. 

CAP'PA-NUS,  it.  The  worm  which  adheres  to  and 
gnaws  the  bottom  of  a ship.  Ogilvie. 

CAP'— PA-PER,  n.  A coarse  brown  paper  to  hold 
commodities.  Boyle. 

CAP'PA-RIS,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  /cdmrnpis.]  (Bot.) 
A genus  of  shrubs  or  trees,  some  of  which  produce 
berries  and  others  pods  ; caper-tree.  — See  Ca- 
per. Loudon. 

CAP'PER,«.  One  who  makes  or  sells  caps.Johnson. 

CA'PRA,  it.  [L.,  the  she-goat.]  (Zotil.)  A genus 
of  ruminant  mammals  ; the  goat.  Baird. 

CA-PRA'RI-A,  it.  [I,,  capra,  the  she-goat.]  (Bot.) 
A genus  of  herbs  or  low  shrubs  ; — so  called  be- 
cause their  leaves  are  a favorite  food  of  the 
goat.  Loudon. 

CAP'RATE,  n.  (Chem.)  A salt  formed  from  capric 
acid  and  a base.  P.  Cyc. 

CA-PRE'O-LATE  [ka-pre'o-lat,  Ja.  Cl.  Ash,  John- 
son, Maunder  ; kap're-o-lat,  K.  IF/;.  ; ka'pre-o- 
lat,.  S?».],  a.  [L.  capreolus,  a tendril.]  Winding 
and  clasping  with  tendrils  ; cirrous.  “Termed 
in  botany  capreolate  plants.”  Harris. 

CA-PRE'O-LUS,  n.  [L.]  (Bot.)  The  tendril  of 
a plant ; cirrus.  Brandc. 

CAP'RIC,  a.  [L.  caper,  a goat.]  (Chem.)  Noting 
an  acid  obtained  from  the  milk  of  a goat  or  of 
a cow,  or  from  butter.  Begnault. 

CAPRICCIO  (ca-pret'cho),  n.  [It.]  (Mus.)  A loose, 
irregular  species  of  composition.  Moore. 

CAPRICCIOSO  (kft-pret-clie-o'so),  a.  [It.]  (Mus.) 
Noting  a capricious,  free,  fantastic  style. Moore. 

CA-PR1CE'  [kj-pres',  S.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm. ; 
ka-pres'  or  kap'res,  IF.],  it.  [From  L.  caper,  a 
goat.  Richardson  ; It.  capriccio  ; Sp.  capricho  ; 
Fr.  caprice.]  A sudden  start  of  the  mind;  a 
sudden  change  of  opinion  ; a whim  ; a freak  ; 
a fancy.  “ The  caprice  or  whim  of  the  bish- 
op.” Swift. 

f CAPRICIIIO  (ka-pret'clio),  n.  Caprice.  Grew. 

CA-PRI"CIOUS  (ka-prtsh'us),  a.  [Fr.  capricievx.] 
Full  of  caprice  ; apt  to  change  ; very  changea- 
ble ; freakish  ; fantastical ; whimsical  ; fanciful. 
“ The  most  capricious  poet,  honest  Ovid.”  Shak. 

Syn.—  See  Changeable,  Fanciful. 


CA-PRl''CIOUS-LY  (ka-pvjsh ' us-le) , ad.  In  a ca- 
pricious manner  ; whimsically. 

CA-PRi''CIOUS-NESS  (kst-prish'us-nes),  n.  State 
of  being  capricious  ; caprice.  Swift. 

cAp'RI-CORN,  it.  [L.  capricornus,  the  goat’s- 
horn  ; caper,  a goat,  and  cornu,  a horn;] 

1.  The  tenth  sign  of  the  zodiac,  which  the 

sun  enters  about  the  21st  of  December,  at  the 
winter  solstice.  Braiule. 

2.  pi.  The  name  of  the  three  divisions  of  te- 

tramerous  beetles.  Brande. 

CAp'RID,  a.  [L.  caper,  a goat.]  (Zotil.)  Relat- 
ing to  the  genus  Capra,  and  to  the  tribe  of  which 
it  is  the  type.  Boag. 

CAp'RI-FI-CATE,  v.  a.  [L.  caprifico,  caprifica- 
tus.\  To  ripen  figs  by  the  gall-insect.  — See 
Caprification.  IF.  Smith. 


CAP-RI-FI-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  caprificus,  the  wild 
fig-tree  ; caper  ficus,  goat-fig ; caprificatio  ; Fr. 
caprification.] 

1.  The  process  of  accelerating  the  ripening 
of  figs  by  placing  upon  the  cultivated  plant 
branches  of  the  wild  fig,  the  insects  on  which 
fly  to  the  cultivated  figs  and  puncture  them  for 
the  purpose  of  laying  their  eggs.  The  fruit 
thus  stimulated  ripens  earlier  than  it  otherwise 
would,  and  in  the  Levant  the  cultivator  is  ena- 
bled by  this  means  to  obtain  two  harvests  a year. 

2.  The  fecundation  of  the  female  flowers  of 
the  cultivated  date  palm  by  shedding  upon  them 
the  pollen  of  wild  male  flowers.  This  kind  of 
caprification  is  mentioned  by  Herodotus.  P.Cyc. 

CAT  RI-FOLE,  ) jp.  caprifolium  ; caper, 
CAp-RI-FO  ' LI-UM,  > a goat,  and  folium,  a leaf.] 
(Bot.)  A genus  of  beautiful  odoriferous  shrubs, 
mostly  twining  ; the  honeysuckle.  Loudon. 


cAp'RI-FORM,  a.  [L.  caper,  a goat,  and  forma, 
form.]  Having  the  form  of  a goat.  Craig. 

CA-PRIljJ'jp-NOUS,  a.  [L.  caper,  a goat,  and  geno, 
or  gigno,  to  beget ; Gr.  ycvmui.]  Born  of,  or 
produced  by,  a goat.  Craig. 

CAp-RI-MUL  ' (fl-DJE,  n.  pi.  [L.  caper,  a goat, 
and  mulgeo,  to  milk.]  (Ornith.)  A family  of 
fissirostral  birds  of  the  order  Passercs,  includ- 
ing the  sub-families  Steatorinoe,  Caprimulginte, 
and  Podagerinte ; goat-suckers.  Gray. 

CAp-RF-MUL-GI  'jYJF,  v.  pi.  (Ornith.)  A sub- 
family of  fissirostral  birds 
of  the  order  Passeres  and 
family  Caprimulgidce ; goat- 
suckers. Gray. 

CAP'RINE,  or  CA'PRINE,  a. 

[L.  caprinus ; caper,  a goat.] 

Resembling  a goat.  Chordeiles  Virginianus. 

CAp-RI-OLE',  n.  [It.  capriola  ; Sp.  cabriola  ; Fr. 
capriole .] 

1.  (Man.)  A leap  that  a horse  makes  without 
advancing,  in  such  a manner  that  when  he  is 
at  the  height  of  his  leap  he  yerks  out  his  hind 
legs,  even  and  near. 

2.  A caper  in  dancing.  Sir  J.  Davies. 

3.  A lady’s  head-dress.  Iialliwcll. 

CAP'RI-PED,  a.  [L.  caper,  it  goat,  and  pcs,  pedis, 
a foot.]  Having  feet  like  a goat.  Craig. 

CAP'RI-ZANT,  a.  (Med.)  Uneven  ; leaping.  “Cap- 
rizant  pulse.”  Dunglison.  Ash. 


cAp'RO-ATE,  n.  (Chem.)  A salt  formed  from 
caproic  acid  and  a base.  P.  Cyc. 

cAp'RO-IC,  a.  [L.  caper,  capris,  a goat.]  (Chem.) 
Noting  an  acid  formed  during  the  saponifica- 
tion of  butter  ; — so  called  from  its  rank,  goat- 
like odor.  Miller. 

CAP'RO-MYS,  n.  [Gr.  Kairpoi,  a boar,  and  /ivs,  a 
mouse.]  (Zo'ul.)  A genus  of  rodent  animals  of 
the  rat  kind.  Waterhouse. 

CAP'RONE,  n.  A substance  found  in  butter. 

Clarke. 


CA-  PRO ' VIS,  n.  (Zotil.)  A genus  of  sheep;  the 
wild  sheep.  Baird. 

CAP-SET.  'LA,  n.  [L.,  a little  box.]  (Bot.)  A ge- 
nus of  plants ; shepherd’s-purse.  Loudon. 

cAp'-SHEAF,  ii.  The  top  sheaf  of  a stack. 
cAp'SI-CINE,  n.  (Chem.)  An  acrid  soft  resin 


m}EN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  s6n  ; BULL, 
26 


BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  9,  9,  g,  soft ; £,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


CAPSICUM 


202 


CARANX 


found  in  the  fruit  or  seed-pods  of  the  Capsicum 
annuum  ; the  acrid  principle  of  Cayenne  pep- 
per. lirandc. 

CAP'S  [-CUM,  11.  [Gr.  icdrroi,  to  bite.]  (Bot.)  The 
berry  or  seed-vessel  of  different  species  of  red 
pepper,  of  which  the  principal  are  the  Guinea 
pepper  ( Capsicum  annuum),  bird-pepper  ( Cap- 
sicum baccatum),  and  Cayenne  pepper  ( Capsi- 
cum frutescens).  The  berries  of  all  these  varie- 
ties, when  powdered,  are  known  in  commerce 
as  Cayenne  pepper.  Loudon. 

CAP-SIZE',  v.  a.  & n.  [;’.  capsized  ; pp.  capsiz- 
ing, capsized.]  (Xaut.)  To  upset;  to  over- 
turn ; as,  “ A sudden  flaw  will  capsize  a boat.” 

CAP'SlZE,  n.  An  overturn.  St.  John. 

CAP'— SQUARES-!,  it.  pi.  {Gunnery.)  Iron  plates 
which  come  over  the  trunnions  of  a gun  to 
keep  it  on  the  carriage.  Buchanan. 

CAP'STAn,  n.  [L.  capistrum,  a 
halter  ; Sp.  eabestrante,  a cap- 
stan ; Fr.  cabestan.)  ( Naut .) 

A machine  employed  princi- 
pally in  ships  for  a strong  pur- 
chase in  heaving  or  hoisting  ; 

— sometimes  improperly  called 
capstern.  It  is  a massive  piece  of  timber  or 
iron,  in  the  form  of  a truncated  cone,  with  curved 
sides,  placed  vertically,  and  made  to  turn  on  a 
pivot  by  levers  inserted  in  holes  in  the  head  or 
top.  It  operates  with  a rope  coiled  round  it  in 
the  manner  of  the  wheel  and  axle.  Brande. 


CAP'STONE,  n.  ( Pal .)  The  fossil  encrinite  ; — 
so  named  from  its  resembling  a cap.  Parkinson. 


CAP'SU-LAR,  ? [L.  capsula,  a small  box.] 

CAP'Sl!-LA-RY,  > Belonging  to  the  capsule  ; hol- 


low like  a cliest  or  capsule. 


Browne. 


CAP'SU-LATE,  ? a%  Enclosed  in  a box,  chest, 

cAP'SU-LAT-y  D,  > or  capsule.  Browne. 

CAp'SULE,  n.  [L.  capsula,  a small  box.] 

1.  (Bot.)  A seed-vessel  which  bursts  open  at 

maturity.  Gray. 

2.  ( Chem .)  A small  shallow  evaporating  ves- 
sel or  dish.  Brande. 

3.  ( Anat .)  A membranous  sac  investing  an 

organ.  Brande. 

4.  (Gunnery.)  A copper  cap  for  percussion 

locks.  Stocqueler. 

cAP'TAJN  (kap'tjn),  n.  [L.  caput,  the  head;  It. 
capitano  ; Sp.  capitan ; Fr.  capitainc .] 

1.  The  commander  of  a ship,  of  a troop  of 
horse,  or  of  a company  of  infantry  or  artillery. 

2.  The  chief  of  any  body  of  men ; as,  “ The 
captain,  or  overseer  of  workmen  in  mines.” 

3.  A man  skilled  in  the  conduct  of  wars  ; a 
warrior  ; as,  “ Wellington  and  Napoleon  were 
great  captains.” 

CAp'TAJN  (kap'tjn),  g.  Chief;  valiant.  “More 
captain  than  the  lion.”  [it.]  Shah. 

CAP'TAIN-CY,  n.  The  office  of  captain.  Maunder. 

CAP'TAIN-CY— GEN'ER-AL,  n.  The  office  or  ju- 
risdiction of  a captain-general.  Murray. 

CAP'TAIN-GEN'pR-AL,  n.  A commander-in- 
chief.  Booth. 


cAp'TA[N— £EN'y,R-AL-CY,  ii.  The  office  or  ju- 
risdiction of  a captain-general.  Sat.  May. 

CAP'TAIN— PA-UHA',  n.  The  Turkish  high-ad- 
miral.— See  Capitan  Pacha.  Ed.  Rev. 


CAP'TAJN-RY,  n.  The  power  over  a certain  dis- 
trict ; captainship,  [it.]  Spenser. 

cAp'TAIN-SHIP,  n.  The  post  or  office  of  a cap- 
tain. “ The  next  vacant  captainship.”  IVolton. 

CAP ' TAL,  n.  [Fr.]  A chief ; a leader. 

f CAP-TA'TION,  n.  [Old  Fr.  captation,  a ruse.] 
The  practice  of  winning  favor  by  flattery  ; 
courtship  ; flattery.  “ Popular  captations  which 
some  men  use  in  their  speeches.”  K.  Charles. 

cAp'TION,  n.  [L.  captio .]  (Law.)  The  act  of 
taking  any  person,  particularly  by  a judicial 
process  ; a seizure  ; an  arrest.  Burrill. 

Caption  of  an  indictment , the  designation  of  the  style 
of  the  court  before  which  the  jurors  make  their  pre- 
sentment. 

Kff"  Caption  is  often  used  in  the  United  States  in 


the  sense  of  preamble,  or  head  of  a chapter  or  dis- 
course ; but  this  use  is  not  sanctioned  by  good  writers. 

cAp'TIOUS  (kSp'shus),  a.  [L.  captiosus  ; captio, 
a seizing  ; capio,  captus,  to  take  ; Fr.  captieux .] 

1.  Catching  at  faults  ; disposed  to  cavil  or 
find  fault ; eager  to  object ; hard  to  please  ; 
perverse;  fretful;  cross;  petulant;  peevish. 

A vulgar  man  is  captious  and  jealous.  Chesterfield. 

2.  Insidious ; insnaring.  “ Captious  or  fal- 
lacious ways  of  talking.”  Locke. 

Syn.  — Captious,  cross,  petulant,  fretful , and  peev- 
ish, all  denote  an  irritable  and  disagreeable  temper 
and  manner.  A captious  person  is  disposed  to  cavil 
and  find  fault,  and  be  offended  with  trifles  ; an  insid- 
ious one,  to  entrap  or  insnare.  A captious  or  perverse 
disposition  ; cross  look  ; petulant  remark  ; fretful  tem- 
per ; peevish  child  ; insidious  enemy. 

CAP'TIOUS-LY,  ad.  In  a captious  manner.  Locke. 

cAp'TIOUS-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  captious. 

f CAP-TI' VANCE,  n.  Captivity.  Spenser. 

cAp'TI-VAte,  v.  a.  [L . captico,  captivatus  ; It. 
cattivare;  Sp .cautivar;  Fr.  captive/-.]  [i.  CAP- 
TIVATED ; pp.  CAPTIVATING,  CAPTIVATED.] 

1.  To  make  captive  ; to  take  prisoner. 

lie  deserves  to  be  a slave  that  is  content  to  have  the  liberty 
of  his  will  so  captivated.  King  Charles. 

2.  To  charm;  to  fascinate;  to  win. 

Wisdom  so  captivates  him  with  her  appearance,  that  he 
gives  himself  up  to  her.  Addison. 

Syn.  — See  Charm. 

f CAP'TI-VATE,  a.  Made  prisoner.  “ Sent  our 
sons  and  husbands  captivate.”  Shake. 

cAp'T[-vAT-ING,  a.  Able  to  captivate  or  charm ; 
fascinating ; as,  “ A captivating  manner.” 

CAP-TI- VA'TtON,  n.  The  act  of  taking  captive. 

Our  servitude  lies  in  the  captivation  of  our  understand- 
ing. Bp.  Uall. 

CAP'TIVE,  n.  [L.  captivus  ; It.  cattivo  ; Sp.  cap- 
tico ; Fr.  c apt  if.) 

1.  One  taken  in  war  ; a prisoner. 

That  forced  respect  a captive  pays  to  his  conqueror.  Rogers. 

2.  One  charmed  by  excellence  or  by  beauty. 

To  take  captive,  to  subject  to  captivity  or  to  en- 
chantment. 

CAP'TIVE,  a.  1.  Made  prisoner  ; taken  by  force. 
“ Captive  Grecians.”  Shah. 

2.  Pertaining  to  a captive.  “ Caqitive  state.” 

f CAP'T[VE,  v.  a.  To  take  prisoner.  Spenser. 

CAP-TI  V'I-TY,  ii.  [L.  captivitas  ; Fr.  captivite.) 

1.  The  state  of  being  a captive ; subjection 
to  enemies  by  the  fate  of  war. 

Those  carried  he  into  captivity  from  Jerusalem  to  Baby- 
lon. Z Kings  xxiv.  15. 

2.  Bondage  ; slavery  ; servitude. 

Led,  as  it  were,  with  a kind  of  captivity  of  judgment,  //ofjl’cr. 

CAP'TOR,  n.  One  who  takes  a prisoner  or  a prize. 

||  CAPT'URE  (kapt'yur),  n.  [L.  captura ; Fr.  cap- 
ture.') 

1.  The  act  of  taking  by  force ; seizure ; as, 
“ The  capture  of  a criminal.” 

2.  The  thing  taken  ; a prize.  Johnson. 

Syn. — Capture  signifies  both  the  act  of  taking  and 

tile  tiling  taken  ; seizure,  the  act  of  taking  ; prize,  tile 
tiling  taken.  — A capture  is  made  by  force  of  arms, 
or  by  a military  force  ; a seizure,  by  direct  and  per- 
sonal violence  of  an  individual.  The  capture  of  a 
town  or  a vessel ; seizure  of  property  ; a rich  prize. 

II  CAPT'URE,  V.  a.  [t.  CAPTURED  ; pp.  CAPTUR- 
ING, CAPTURED.]  To  take  by  force,  as  in  war  ; 
to  take,  as  a prize.  “ Four  sail  of  the  line  were 
captured."  Todd. 

f CAPUCCIO  (kj-p&t'clie-o),  n.  [It.]  A capouch, 
or  hood.  Spenser. 

j-CAPUCIIED  (ka-poelit'), a.  [Fr.  eapuce,  a hood.] 
Covered  with  a hood.  Browne. 

CAP-U-^IIIN'  (k3p-u-shen'),  n.  [L.  caput,  the 
head  ; Fr.  eapuce,  or  capuchon,  a hood ; capu- 
cin,  capucine,  a friar  or  nun  who  wears  a cowl.] 

1.  A Franciscan  friar  or  monk,  so  called 

from  his  hood,  or  cowl.  Harmar. 

2.  A female  garment,  consisting  of  a cloak 

and  hood.  Johnson. 

3.  A pigeon  whose  head  is  covered  with  a tuft 
of  feathers. 

CAP ' U-C/JVE,  11.  [Fr.]  (Zoiil.)  A species  of 

monkey  ; the  hooded  ape ; the  sayoo  or  sat.  Boag. 


CAP'U-LET,  n.  (Farriery.)  A tumor  or  enlarge- 
ment on  the  point  of  a horse’s  hock.  Loudon. 

CAp'U-LIN,  n.  The  Mexican  cherry.  Ogilvie. 

CA'PUT,  «.;  pi.  cXf'r-TA.  [L .,  the  head.)  In 
England,  the  council  of  a university,  consistin'' 
of  the  vice-chancellor,  a doctor  in  each  of  the 
faculties  of  divinity,  civil  law,  and  physic,  and 
two  masters  of  arts.  Month.  Rev. 

CA'PUT-MOR'TU-UM,  n.  [L.,  dead  head.) 
(Chem.)  A phrase  used  to  express  the  residu- 
um, when  all  that  can  be  extracted  is  gone  ; — 
originally  applied  to  the  burnt  rcsidueleft  in  a 
still. 

CAR,  n.  [L.  carrus  ; It.  & Sp.  carro  ; Fr.  char  ; 
W . car  ; Dut.  A Ger.  karre  ; Gael.  A Arm.  carr.) 

1.  A small  carriage  of  burden  ; a cart. 

When  a lady  comes  in  a coach  to  our  shops,  it  must  lie 
followed  by  a car  loaded  witli  . . . money.  Swift. 

2.  A chariot  of  war  or  of  triumph. 

Like  captives  bound  to  a triumphant  car.  Shak. 

3.  A carriage  or  vehicle  for  a railroad. 

4.  ( Astron .)  Charles’s  Wain,  or  the  Bear. 

CAR,  or  CHAR,  in  the  names  of  places,  seem  to 
have  relation  to  the  British  caer,  a city . Gibson. 

CAR’A-BInE  [kar'a-bln,  Ja.  R.\  kar'a-bln,  K. ; 
kSr-bln',  S’.  IF.  I'.],  n.  [It.  A Sp.  carabina  ; Fr. 
carabine.)  A fire-arm  used  by  cavalry  ; a pet- 
ronel ; a small  sort  of  fire-arm  bet  ween  a pistol 
and  a musket ; — written  also  carbine. 

if/)  ‘ “ Dr.  Ash,  Bailey,  W.  Johnston,  Entick,  and 
Buchanan  accent  carabine  on  tile  last  syllable,  and 
Dr.  Johnson  and  Mr.  Perry  on  the  first’;  while  Mr. 
Sheridan,  Dr.  Ash,  Buchanan,  Dr.  Johnson,  and  Bai- 
ley accent  carbine  on  tile  first ; but  Mr.  Scott,  Entick, 
Perry,  and  Kenriclc  more  properly  on  the  last.  The 
reason  is,  that  if  we  accent  carbine  on  the  first  sylla- 
ble, tile  last  ought,  according  to  analogy,  to  have’  the 
i short;  but  as  ilie  i is  always  long,  the’  accent  ought 
to  be  on  the  last  syllable.”  IValker. 

cAR-A-BI-NEER',  ii.  [Fr  .carabinieri)  A sort  of 
light  horseman  ; one  armed  with  a carabine  ; — 
written  also  carbineer.  Chambers. 

cAr'A-BOID,  a.  [Gr.  unoifoi,  a kind  of  beetle, 
and  elSos,  form.]  Eclating  to  the  carabus.  Smart. 

CAR  'A-Birs,  ii.  [L.,  from  Gr.  xdpajSoy.]  (Ent.) 
A genus  of  coleopterous  insects  belonging  to 
the  beetle  tribe.  Van  Der  Hoeven. 

cAR-A-CA'RA,  n.  (Ornith.)  The  naked-cheeked 
eagle.  Baird. 

CAR'ACK,  n.  [It.  earacca;  Sp.  caraca  ; Fr.  ca- 
raqiie.)  A large  Spanish  ship  ; a galleon.  Raleigh. 

CAR'A-CAL,  n.  (Zoiil.)  An 
Asiatic  animal  resem- 
bling the  lynx.  Baird. 

CAR'A-COL,  n.  [Fr.] 

(Arch.)  A staircase 
in  the  form  of  a spiral 
curve.  Weale. 

CAR'A-COLE,  11.  [Fr.,  a Caracal. 

wheeling  about.) 

1.  (Man.)  A semicircular  motion,  half-wheel, 
or  oblique  tread  of  a horse.  Farrier's  Diet. 

2.  (Arch.)  A spiral  staircase.  Ogilvie. 

CAR'A-COLE,  v.  n.  To  move  in  caracoles.  Johnson. 

CAR'A-CO-LY,  n.  An  alloy  of  gold,  silver,  and 
copper  for  inferior  jewellery.  Buchanan. 

cAr'ACT,  n.  Same  as  Carat.  Herbert. 

CAR'A-DOC,  a.  (Gcol.)  Noting  the  uppermost 
of  the  two  great  divisions  of  the  lower  Silurian 
strata.  Murchison. 

CAR  'AFE,  n.  [Fr.]  A kind  of  bottle  for  water 
or  wine  ; a decanter.  Smart. 

cAr'A-GE-NINE,  n.  (Chem.)  A mucilage  ob- 
tained from  the  caragheen-moss.  Ogilvie. 

cAR'A-GHEEN-MOSS,  ii.  (Bot.)  The  Irish  moss, 
a species  of  alga: ; Chondrus  crispus.  Gray. 

CAR'A-MEL,  il.  [Fr.]  Sugar  partially  burnt ; — 
used  for  imparting  a brown  tint  to  brandies  and 
other  spirituous  liquors.  — Sec  Caiiomel. 

CA-RAN'NA,»i.  [Sp.  car  aha.)  An  aromatic  resin 
"brought  from  South  America.  Brande. 

CA'RANX,  n.  [Fr.]  (Ich.)  A genus  of  fishes  of 
the  mackerel  family  ; — commonly  called  bas- 
tard mackerel.  Brande. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  5,  U,  Y,  short ; 


A,  E,  I.  Q,  IT,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL; 


1IE1R,  HER  ; 


CARAPACE 


203 


CARDIA 


CAR-A-PACE ',  n.  [Fr.]  A thick,  solid,  and  firm 
shell  which  covers  some  rejitiles,  as  the  turtle, 
Crustacea  &c.  Crabb. 

CAR'A-PO,  n.  ( Ich .)  An  American  fresh-water 
fish,  about  a foot  in  length.  Ogilvie. 

CA-RAS'SOW,  n.  ( Or  nit  h.)  An  American  bird 
of  the  pheasant  kind.  Ogilvie. 

cAr'AT,  n.  [Gr.  Kipanov,  the  fruit  of  the  locust- 
tree,  and  a weight ; Ar.  kirat,  a weight ; It.  ca- 
ratto  ; Fr.  carat. — Bruce  says,  “ The  fruit  of 
the  tree  called  kuara  is  a red  bean,  which  seems 
to  have  been  in  the  earliest  ages  used  for  a 
weight  of  gold.  This  bean  is  called  carat.’’\ 

1.  A weight  of  four  grains,  with  which  dia- 
monds are  weighed.  Brancle. 

2.  A word  employed  to  note  the  proportion 

of  pure  gold  in  a mass  of  metal ; thus,  — an 
ounce  of  gold  is  divided  into  24  carats,  and  gold 
of  22  carats  fine  is  gold  of  which  22  parts,  out 
of  24,  are  pure  ; the  other  2 parts  being  silver, 
copper,  or  other  metal.  Brande. 

CA-RAU'NA,  n.  Caranna.  — See  Caranna. 

CAR-A-VAN'  (112)  [kar-j-van',  IK.  P.  J.  F.  Ja. 
Sm . It.  C.  ; kar'^-van,  .S.  K.  A\  I Vb.],n.  [Pers. 
carvan,  a trader ; Pers.  6j  Ar.  caravan ; Sp.  ca- 
ravana  ; Fr.  caravane .] 

1.  A company  or  troop  of  merchants  or  pil- 
grims, as  they  travel  in  the  East,  banded  to- 
gether for  greater  security  in  passing  deserts. 

2.  A large  carriage  for  carrying  beasts  or 

other  heavy  burdens.  Smart. 

CAR-A-VAN-EER',  n.  One  who  leads  the  camels, 
&c.,  of  a caravan.  Ash. 

cAr-A-VAN'SA-RY,  n.  A kind  of  inn,  or  large 
public  housej  in  the  East,  for  lodging  caravans 
or  travellers  in  the  desert,  &c.  ; — written  also 
caravansera.  Pope. 

CAr'A-VEL,  n.  [It.  caravella ; Sp.  carabela ; Fr. 
caravelle.} 

1.  A light  old-fashioned  ship,  formerly  used 

in  Spain  and  Portugal.  Robertson. 

2.  A French  herring-vessel.  Falconer. 

jSSr-  Written  also  Carver. 

CAR- A-  VEL  'LA,  n.  [It.  caravella,  a small  ship.] 
A Turkish  frigate  carrying  40  guns.  Ec.  Rev. 

cAr'A-WAY,  n.  [The  botanical  name  carum  is 
from  Caria.  Dunglison. — See  Carum.  “Cor- 
rupted from  Celt,  garwin,  seeds  that  produce 
the  expulsion  of  wind.”  Cleland.  — Gael,  carb- 
haidh.\ 

1.  ( Bot .)  A deciduous  herbaceous  plant  ; 

Carum  carui.  Loudon. 

2.  The  aromatic  or  spicy  seed  of  the  Carum 

carui  -,  — much  used  by  confectioners  and  as  a 
carminative  in  medicine.  P.  Cyc. 

cAr'A-WAY— COM'FIT,  n.  A sweetmeat  con- 
taining caraway.  Goldsmith. 

CAR-BAN' ZA,  n.  [Sp.]  A large  kind  of  pea 
raised  in  Spain,  South  America,  &c.,  and  used 
for  food.  Merle. 

CAR-bAz'O-tAte,  n.  ( Chem .)  A salt  formed  of 
carbazotic  acid  and  a base.  Brande. 

CAR-BA-ZOT'IC,  a.  [From  carbon,  azote,  and  ic, 
the  chemical  termination  noting  acid  compounds 
which  contain  the  largest  proportion  of  oxygen.] 
(Chon.)  Noting  a crystallizable  acid  and  hitter 
substance  composed  of  carbon,  azote,  and  oxy- 
gen, obtained  by  the  action  of  nitric  acid  on 
indigo  and  some  other  vegetable  and  animal 
substances.  Brande. 

CAR'BINE,  or  CAR-BINE'  [kir'bln,  S.  E.  F.  Sm. ; 
kar-bln',  IK.  P.],  n.  A small  fire-arm  used  by 
cavalry.  — See  Carabine.  Richardson. 

CAR-BIN-EER',  n.  See  Carabineer. 

CAR' bo,  n.  [L.  carbo,  charcoal.]  ( Ornith .)  A 
species  of  water-fowl ; the  cormorant ; Phala- 
crocorax  carbo.  Nuttall. 

CAR'BON,  n.  [L.  carbo  ; It.  carbone ; Sp.  carbon ; 
Fr.  charbon. ] (Chem.)  A non -metallic  ele- 
mentary solid  body,  which  is  widely  diffused 
throughout  nature,  being  found  in  all  vegetable 
and  animal  substances,  and  forming  the  princi- 
pal element  of  the  various  kinds  of  mineral 
coal.  It  is  the  pure  combustible  base  of  char- 
coal. The  diamond  is  pure  carbon  in  a crys- 


tallized form.  Graphite,  or  black  lead,  is  car- 
bon with  a trace  of  iron.  Hoeffer. 

cAR-BO-NA'CEOUS  (kir-bo-na'slms),  a.  Relating 
to,  or  containing,  carbon.  Kirwan. 

f CAR'BO-nAde,  n.  Same  as  Carbonado.  Smart. 

f cAr-BO-NA'DO,  n.  [L.  carbo,  charcoal;  Sp. 
carbonada  ; Fr.  carbonnade .]  Meat  cut  across 
to  be  broiled  upon  the  coals.  Shah. 

t CAR-BO-NA'DO,  v.  a.  To  cut  or  hack.  Shah. 

CAR-BO-NA  ' RI,  n.  pi.  [It.,  colliers.']  The  name 
of  a secret  political  society  of  radical  reformers 
in  Italy.  Ency. 

CAR'BON-ATE,  n.  (Chem.)  A salt  formed  by 
the  union  of  carbonic  acid  with  a base.  Brande. . 

Carbonate  of  ammonia,  smelling  salts. 

CAr'BO-NAT-JJD,  a.  Containing  carbonic  acid 
gas.  “ Carbonated  springs.”  Lyell. 

CAR-BON'IC,  a.  Relating  to,  or  consisting  of, 
carbon. 

Corn  contains  more  of  the  carbonic  principle  than  grasses. 

Kirwan. 

CAR-BON'IC— A^'ID,  n.  An  acid  composed  of 
one  equivalent  of  carbon  and  two  equivalents 
of  oxygen.  When  uncombined,  it  exists  in  the 
form  of  a gas,  but  may  be  reduced  to  a liquid 
under  a pressure  of  thirty-six  atmospheres,  and 
even  to  a solid  form,  like  snow,  by  the  intense 
cold  consequent  on  the  rapidity  of  its  evapo- 
ration from  the  liquid  state.  It  is  a constant 
product  of  combustion  and  of  respiration,  and, 
when  unmixed  with  atmospheric  air,  extin- 
guishes flame  and  suffocates  animals.  From 
this  circumstance  miners  call  it  choke-damp. 
It  was  formerly  also  called  fixed  air,  mephitic 
air,  and  mephitic  gas.  Brande. 

CAR-BON'IC— OX'IDE,  n.  (Chem.)  A compound  of 
one  equivalent  of  carbon  and  one  of  oxygen.  It 
burns  with  a pale-blue  flame,  as  in  the  combus- 
tion of  charcoal,  anthracite  coal,  &c.,  and  when 
respired  is  quickly  fatal  to  animal  life.  Turner. 

CAR-BO-NIF'JJR-OUS,  a.  [L.  carbo,  coal,  and 
fero,  to  bear.]  Containing  carbon  or  coal. 

Carboniferous  group,  ( Gcol.)  a group  of  secondary 
strata,  comprising  three  divisions  : the  coal  measures, 
millstone  grit,  and  mountain  limestone.  Lyell. 

cAR-BON-I-ZA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  carboniz- 
ing; the  process  of  changing  into  carbon,  lire. 

CAR'BON-IZE,  v.  a.  [i.  carbonized  ; pp.  car- 
bonizing, carbonized.]  To  convert  into  car- 
bon by  partial  burning,  without  access  of  air,  or 
by  the  action  of  acids.  Loudon. 

CAR'BO-NO— HY'DROUS,  a.  [Eng.  carbon,  and 
Gr.  SStop,  water.]  (Chem.)  Composed  of  carbon 
and  hydrogen.  Vre. 

CAR'BO— SUL'PHU-RET,  n.  (Chem.)  A compound 
of  bi-sulphuret  of  carbon  (also  called  sulphide  of 
carbon  and  sulpho-carbonic  acid)  and  a base'; 
as,  “ Carbo-sulphuret  of  potassium.”  Ogilvie. 

CAR'BOY,  n.  A large,  globular  bottle  of  green 
glass  protected  by  basket-work.  Brande. 

CAR'BUN-CLE  (k'ir'bungk-ld),  n.  [L.  carbuncu- 
lus,  a little  coal ; Sp.  carbunclo  ; Fr.  carboncle .] 

1.  An  ancient  name  of  a gem  or  precious 
stone  of  a deep  red  color,  supposed  to  be  the 
precious  garnet. 

It  is  believed  that  a carbuncle  does  shine  in  the  dark  like  a 
burning  coal:  from  whence  it  hath  its  name.  Wilkins. 

2.  (Med.)  A hard,  round,  inflammatory  tumor 
which  discharges  a fetid  matter,  differing  from 
the  common  boil  in  having  no  central  core ; a 
malignant  boil ; a species  of  anthrax.  Dunglison. 

CAR'BUN-CLED  (kar'bungk-kld),  a.  1.  Set  with 
the  gems  called  carbuncles.  Shah. 

2.  (Med.)  Afflicted  with  carbuncles.  Johnson. 

C AR-BUN'CU-LAR,  a.  Like  a carbuncle;  in- 
flamed. Johnson. 

CAR-BUN-Cr-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  carbunculatio .] 
The  blasting  of  young  buds  of  trees  by  exces- 
sive heat  or  cold.  Harris. 

CAR'BU-RET,  n.  (Chem.)  A compound  of  car- 
bon and  a base.  “ Carburet  of  iron.”  Turner. 

CAR'BU-RET-TjpD,  a.  Combined  with,  or  contain- 
ing, carbon.  “ Carburctted  hydrogen.”  Brande. 


Curburettcd  hydrogen , (Chem.)  a name  applied  to 
compounds  of  carbon  and  hydrogen,  some  of  which 
are  gaseous,  as  oil  gas,  coal  gas,  olefiant  gas ; some 
are  liquid,  as  naphtha  and  oil  of  turpentine  ; and  others 
are  solid,  as  caoutchouc.  (jre. 

CAR  ' CA-.l OU,  n.  [Fr.]  (Zo.jI.)  A species  of  lynx 
found  in  Canada  and  other  parts  of  North 
America.  Boiste. 

CAR'CA-NET,  n.  [Fr.  carcan .]  A chain  or  col- 
lar of  jewels  ; a necklace  or  bracelet.  Shale. 

f CAR'CASE,  n.  A dead  body  ; a carcass.  Bible. 

CAR'CASS,  n.  1.  [Low  L.  carcasium ; It.  car- 
cassa ; Fr.  carcasse.]  A dead  body  of  any  ani- 
mal ; a corpse. 

Now  scattered  lies 

"Wi tli  carcasses  and  arms  the  ensanguined  field.  Milton. 

2.  The  body,  ludicrously  or  in  contempt. 
“ Distress  of  carcass  or  of  fortune.”  L’ Estrange. 

3.  The  decayed  remains  of  anything;  ruins. 

A rotten  carcass  of  a boat,  not  rigged.  Shale. 

4.  The  framework  or  main  parts  of  any  thing 
before  completion,  as  of  a house. 

5.  [It .carcassa;  Sp.  carcax,  carcaza.]  (Mil.) 

A hollow  case  formed  of  ribs  of  iron  covered 
with  cloth.  When  filled  with  combustibles,  it  is 
projected  into  a besieged  place,  in  order  to  set 
the  buildings  on  fire.  Campbell. 

Syn.  — See  Body. 

j-  CAR'CIJ-lA^IE,  n.  (Late.)  Prison  fees.  Bailey. 

CAR'CE-RAL,  a.  [L.  career,  a prison.]  Belong- 
ing to  a prison,  or  to  imprisonment.  [it.]  Fox. 

CAR'CER-IST,  n.  A keeper  of  a prison.  S.  Smith. 

CAR-CI-NO  'MA,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  Kaptdvopa  ; rap- 
Kti/vg,  a crab.1 — See  Cancer.]  (Med.)  A can- 
cerous tumor  ; a cancer.  Dunglison. 

CAR-CI-NOM' A-TOUS  [kHr-se-nomVtus,  P.  K. 
Sm.  Ash-,  kir-se-no'mj-tus,  Ja.  M b.],  a.  (Med.) 
Cancerous.  Dunglison. 

CARD,  n.  [Gr.  xdor:;,  a sheet  of  paper  ; L. 
efiarta,  a writing  ; It.  § Sp.  carta  ; Fr.  carte. — 
Dut.  kaart ; Gcr.  karte .] 

1.  A small  square  of  pasteboard  which  may 
contain  written  or  printed  matter  to  be  used  for 
purposes  of  business,  civility,  or  playing  at 
games. 

As  to  cards  ami  dice,  I think  the  safest  and  best  way  is 
never  to  learn  to  plnv  upon  them,  and  so  be  incapacitated  for 
those  dangerous  temptations  and  encroaching  wasters  of 
time.  Locke. 

2.  A paper  marked  with  the  points  of  the 
compass. 

On  life’s  vast  ocean  diversely  we  sail. 

Reason  the  card , but  passion  is  the  gale.  Pope. 

3.  A published  billet  or  notice,  making  a 
statement,  explanation,  or  acknowledgments 
for  some  marked  favor. 

CARD,  n.  [It.  cardo,  a thistle  or  card ; Fr.  carde. 
— Dut.  kaard ; Dan.  karde.]  pi.  An  instru- 
ment for  combing  wool  or  flax,  made  of  bent 
wires  inserted  in  leather  fastened  to  wood.  Ure. 

CARD,  V.  a.  [£.  CARDED  ; pp.  CARDING,  CARDED.] 

1.  To  comb  as  wool  or  flax  ; to  clear  by  comb- 
ing. 

2.  f To  clear,  as  if  by  combing. 

It  is  necessary  that  this  book  be  carded  and  purged  of  cer- 
tain base  things.  Shelton,  'Pans.  Bon  Quix. 

3.  f To  mingle  together. 

It  is  an  excellent  drink,  to  be  drunk  either  alone  or  carded 
with  some  other  beer.  liacun. 

CARD,  v.  n.  To  game  ; to  use  cards.  Dryden. 

CAR'DA-MINE,  n.  [Gr.  Kanln/ury  ; L . cardamina.] 
(Bot.)  A genus  of  plants  ; lady’s-smoek.  Loudon. 

CAR'DA-MOM,  n.  (Bot.)  The  aromatic  seed  of 
the  Alpinia  eardamomum,  imported  from  Ben- 
gal. Its  chief  use  is  in  medicine,  especially  in 
combination  with  cathartics  and  hitters.  Brande. 

CAR- DA-MO 'MUM,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  Kaplapwpov.] 
Cardamom.  — See  Cardamom.  Chambers. 

CARD'— BOARD,  n.  A stiff  pasteboard.  Simmonds. 

CARD'f.R,  n.  1.  One  who  cards  wool.  Shak. 

2.  One  who  plays  at  cards ; a card-player. 
“ Coggers,  carders,  dicers.”  Walton. 

CAR'DI-A,  n.  [Gr.  naphta,  the  heart,  or  the  en- 
trance to  the  stomach.]  (Anat.)  The  superior 
orifice  of  the  stomach  where  it  joins  the  oesoph- 
agus : — also  the  heart.  Dunglison. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RtJLE.  — £,  9.  g,  soft;  C,  G,  £,  g, 


hard;  ^ as  z;  \ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


CARDIAC 


204 


CARE-TUNED 


CAR'DI-AC,  a.  [Gr.  Kaphasds  ; Kaolin,  the  heart; 
L.  cardiacus ; It.  § Sp.  cardiaco;  Fr.  cardi- 
aque .] 

1.  Belonging  to,  or  connected  with,  the  heart. 

“ The  cardiac  veins.”  Dunglison. 

2.  Relating  to  the  upper  orifice  of  the  stom- 
ach. “ The  cardiac  orifice.”  Dunglison. 

3.  Cordial;  invigorating;  strengthening. 

“ The  stomachic,  cardiac  qualities  of  this  foun- 
tain.” Bp.  Berkeley. 

CAR'DI-AC,  n.  (Med.)  A cordial.  Dunglison. 

CAR-Dl'A-CAL  [kjr-dl Vk?l,  S.  W.  P.  Ja.  A'.; 
k’ir'de- j-kai,  Sm.  Wb.),  a.  Invigorating; 
strengthening  ; cordial ; cardiac.  More. 

CAR-DI'A-Cp,  n.  [Gr.  Kaolin,  the  heart.]  (Min.) 
A heart-shaped,  precious  stone.  Crabb. 

CAR-DI-A'CEAN  (-sh»n),  n.  ( Zojl .)  A species 
of  the  mollusks.  Smart. 

CAR'DI-AC-WHEEL,  n.  A cam-wheel  having 
the  form  of  a heart;  the  heart-wheel.  Ogilvie. 

CAr-DI-AG'R  A-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  Kaolin,  the  heart, 
and  ypaipw,  to  describe.]  (Med.)  An  anatomi- 
cal description  of  the  heart.  Dunglison. 

CAR-DI-AL  G1"A  £ n.  [Gr.  Kaphahyia  ; Kaplia, 

CAR'DI-AL-GV,  ) the  heart,  and  dlyos,  pain.] 
(Med.)  An  uneasy  sensation  or  burning  pain  in 
the  stomach  ; the  heartburn.  Dunglison. 

CAR'DI-NAL,  a.  [L.  cardinalis ; cardo,  a hinge  ; 
It.  cardinal e •,  Fr.  cardinal. — Cleland  gives 
Celt,  caer,  or  car,  a town,  and  dean-al,  a head- 
deacon,  i.  e.  the  town  arch-deacon.]  Principal ; 
chief.  “ Ilis  cardinal  perfection  was  indus- 
try.” Clarendon. 

Cardinal  virtues,  (with  the  ancients.)  prudence,  tem- 
perance, justice,  and  fortitude. — Cardinal  points,  east, 
west,  north,  and  south. — Cardinal  signs,  the  signs  at 
the  four  quarters  of  the  year,  viz. : Aries,  Libra,  Can- 
cer, and  Capricorn  ; or  the  two  equinoxes  and  two 
solstices. — Cardinal  numbers,  one,  two,  &.c.,in  dis- 
tinction from  tile  ordinal  numbers,  first,  second,  &c.  — 
Cardinal  patron,  the  prime  minister  of  the  pope.  Brande. 

CAR'DI-NAL,  n.  I.  A dignitary  of  the  Romish 
church,  next  in  rank  to  the  pope.  The  cardi- 
nals have  the  title  of  “ eminence,”  and  are  dis- 
tinguished by  a scarlet  hat,  and  a short  purple 
mantle.  They  are  the  electors  of  the  pope, 
xvho  is  chosen  from  among  them,  and  they  form 
his  council,  which  consists  of  seventy  members, 
of  whom  six  are  bishops,  fifty  presbyters,  and 
fourteen  deacons.  Brande. 

2.  A woman’s  short  cloak  or  cape; — prob- 
ably so  called  from  having  been  originally  red, 
like  a cardinal’s.  Cotgrave. 

cXr'DI-NAL-ATE,  n.  The  office  of  cardinal ; car- 
dinalship.  “ An  old  friend  of  his  was  advanced 
to  a cardinalate."  L’ Estrange. 

CAR'DI-NAL— BIRD,  n.  (Ornith.)  A North  Amer- 
ican bird  with  a fine  red  plumage  and  a crest  on 
the  head ; Fringilla  cardinalis.  Its  song  re- 
sembles that  of  the  nightingale,  and  hence  one 
of  its  names  is  Virginian  nightingale.  Nuttall. 

CAR'DI-NAL—  FI.OW'ER,  il.  ( Bot .)  An  ornament- 
al, deciduous,  herbaceous  plant,  bearing  bright 
scarlet  flowers  ; Lobelia  cardinalis.  Loudon. 

CAR'DI-NAL— GROS'BEAK,  n.  The  cardinal-bird ; 
Loxia  cardinalis.  Ogilvie. 

CAR'DI-NAL-iZE,  v.  a.  To  make  a cardinal  of. 
“ He  [the  pope]  hath  cardinalized  divers.” 

Sheldon. 

CAR'DJ-NAL-SHlP,  n.  The  office  of  a cardinal; 
cardinalate.  Bp.  Hall. 

CARD'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  using  cards,  or  of 
combing,  as  wool  or  flax.  Ure. 

2.  Act  of  playing  with  cards. 

Carding  and  dicing  have  a sort  of  good  fellows  in  their 
company,  as  blind  Fortune,  stumbling  Chance,  &c.  Ascliain. 


CAR-DI-OL'0-9Y,  n.  [Gr.  Kaplia,  the  heart,  and 
l.iyos,  a discourse.]  (Anat.)  A discourse  or 
treatise  on  the  heart.  Craig. 

CAR-DI-O-SPER'MUM,  n.  [Gr.  Kaplia,  the  heart, 
and  aizippa,  seed.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants  ; 
the  heart-seed,  or  heart- pea.  Ogilvie. 

CAR-Dl'TIS,  n.  [Gr.  Kaplia,  the  heart.]  (Med.) 
Inflammation  of  the  heart.  Brande. 

CAR' DI-UM,  n.  (Zo'Ol.)  A genus  of  bivalve  sea- 
shells  ; the  cockle.  Woodivard. 

CARD'— MAK-£R,  n.  A maker  of  cards.  Shak. 

CARD'MAK-ING— MA-CHINE',  n.  A machine  for 
making  factory  cards.  Boag. 

CARD'— MATCH,  n.  A match  made  by  dipping 
pieces  of  card  in  melted  sulphur.  Addison. 

CAR-DOON',  n.  [L.  carduus ; Sp.  cardo.}  (Bot.) 
A plant  resembling  the  artichoke  ; — used  for 
soups  and  salads ; Cynara  cardunculus.  Loudon. 

CARD'— PAR-TY,  n.  A party  where  cards  are  played. 

CARD'— PLAY-ER,  n.  One  who  plays  cards. 

CARD'— RACK,  n.  A frame  or  receptacle  for  visit- 
ing or  business  cards.  Simmonds. 

CARD'— TA-BLE,  n.  1.  A table  for  playing  cards. 

2.  A table  having  folding  leaves 

CAR-DU-E'LJS,  n.  (Ornith.)  A genus  of  passe- 
rine birds,  of  the  finch  tribe.  Brande. 

CAR  'DU-  GS-BF.Jf-F.-DIC ' TUS,  n.  [L.]  All  herb  ; 
the  blessed  thistle.  Shak. 

CARE,  n.  [L.  cura.— Goth,  car,  cara,  or  kara  ; Ir. 
car ; W.  cilr.  — A.  S.  care,  or  earn.] 

1.  Perturbation  of  mind ; concern ; anxiety  ; 
solicitude. 

Care  keeps  his  vetch  in  every  old  man’s  eye; 

And  where  Care  lodges,  Sleep  will  never  lie.  Shak. 

2.  Caution;  heed;  attention;  as,  “To  take 
care  ” ; “To  have  a care." 

3.  Charge ; regard. 

We  believe  there  is  a God  who  takes  care  of  us.  TiUotson. 

4.  The  object  of  solicitude  or  care. 

Your  safety,  more  than  mine,  was  then  my  care.  Drydcn. 

Syn.  — Every  duty  that  is  to  be  performed  requires 
care  ; for  care  is  inseparable  from  the  business  of  life. — 
Care  is  less  than  solicitude ; solicitude  and  concern  less 
than  anxiety . Care  respects  the  present,  past,  and 
future;  solicitude  and  concern  the  present  and  future; 
anxiety , the  future.  We  are  careful  about  the  means  ; 
solicitous  and  anxious  about  the  end.  Solicitude  and 
concern  for  what  is  in  danger  ; anxious  for  what  is  in 
great  danger.  Care  for  business  ; care  for  the  flock  ; 
regard  for  welfare  ; charge  of  youth  ; management  of 
business;  caution  against  danger.  Take  care ; give 
heed ; pay  attention  ; use  caution. 

CARE,  v.  n.  [i.  CARED  ; pp.  CARING,  cared.] 

1.  To  be  anxious ; to  be  solicitous  ; to  feel 

concerned  or  interested.  “ Care  no  more  to 
clothe  and  eat.”  Shak. 

Dost  thou  not  care  that  my  sister  hath  left  me  to  serve 
alone?  Luke  x.  40. 

2.  To  be  inclined  ; to  be  disposed. 

Not  caring  to  observe  the  wind.  Waller. 

3.  To  have  regard,  interest,  or  concern. 

You  dote  on  her  that  cares  not  for  your  love.  Shah. 

CARE'— CRAZED  (-krazd),  a.  Broken  with  care. 
“ A care-crazed  mother.”  Shak. 

f L’Ar'ECT,  n.  A mark  ; a charm.  — See  Char- 
act.  Dugdale. 

CAre'-DE-FY'INC,  a.  Bidding  defiance  to  care. 
“That  care-defying  sonnet.”  Shenstone. 

cARE'-E-LUD'ING,  a.  Avoiding  care.  Thomson. 

CA-REEN',  v.  a.  [L.  carina,  a keel ; It.  carcnare  ; 
Sp.  carenar ; Fr.  carener.)  [i.  careened  ; pp. 
careening,  careened.]  (Naut.)  To  lay  on 
one  side,  as  a vessel,  in  order  to  calk  and  re- 
pair the  other  side.  Chambers. 


1.  The  ground  on  which  a race  is  run ; race- 
course. 

They  had  run  themselves  too  far  out  of  breath  to  go  back 
again  the  same  career.  Sidney. 

2.  A race  ; a course. 

When  down  the  hill  he  holds  his  fierce  career.  Shah. 

3.  Course  of  action  ; procedure. 

Continue  and  proceed  in  honor's  fair  career.  Drydcn. 

4.  (Falconry.)  The  flight  of  a hawk.  Crabb. 

Syn.  — See  Race. 

CA-REER',  v.  n.  To  run  or  move  rapidly. 

The  wheels 

Of  beryl,  and  careering  fires  between.  Jlilton. 

cAre'FUL,  a.  [A.  S.  carfull. ] 

1.  Full  of  care  ; anxious;  solicitous. 

Martha,  thou  art  careful  and  troubled  about  many  things. 

Luke  x.  41. 

2.  Having  regard  to  what  will  be  needed; 
provident. 

Thou  hast  been  careful  for  us  with  all  this  care.  2 Kings  iv.  13. 

3.  Watchful;  cautious ; circumspect. 

It  concerns  us  to  be  careful  of  our  conversation.  J lay. 

4.  Attended  with  care ; exposed  to  trouble. 

By  him  that  raised  me  to  this  careful  height.  Shak. 

Syn.  — Careful  to  avoid  mistakes  ; cautious  to  avoid 
dangers  ; provident  in  preparing  for  future  exigencies  ; 
watchful  or  vigilant  to  discover  and  guard  against 
danger  or  an  enemy  ; heedful  of  advice ; uttenticc  lo 
business. — See  Care,  Cautious. 

CARE'FUL-LY,  ad.  1.  In  a manner  that  shows 
care  or  anxiety.  “Envy,  how  carefully  does  it 
look ! ” Collier. 

2.  Heedfully  ; providentially  ; watchfully  ; 
vigilantly  ; attentively. 

You  come  most  carefully  upon  your  hour.  Shak. 

cAre'FUL-NF.SS,  n.  [A.  S.  carfulnys .]  The 
state  of  being  careful;  vigilance;  heedfulness ; 
attention ; caution.  Knollcs. 

CARE'— K1LL-ING,  a.  Putting  an  end  to  care; 
dispelling  anxiety.  Moore. 

cAre'LESS,  a.  [care  and  less  ; A.  S.  carleas.' ] 

1.  Having  no  care  ; heedless  ; negligent ; un- 
concerned; unmindful;  unthinking;  thought- 
less; listless;  remiss;  inattentive. 

A woman,  the  more  curious  she  is  about  her  face,  is  com- 
monly the  more  careless  about  her  house.  li.  Jonson. 

2.  Unattended  with  care  ; undisturbed.  “ Care- 
less solitude.”  Thomson. 

3.  Unheeded ; uneonsidered. 

The  freedom  of  saying  many  careless  things.  Dope. 

4.  Having  an  appearance  of  negligence  ; art- 
less. 

One  evening,  as  he  framed  the  cai'elcss  rhyme.  Beattie. 

Syn.  — See  Cursory,  Indolent,  Negligent. 

cArE'LF,SS-LY,  ad.  Heedlessly  ; negligently. 

cAre'LIJSS-NESS,  n.  [A.  S.  carlcasncs.]  The 
state  of  being  careless.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Inadvertence,  Negligence. 


f cA'JtEN-CY,  n.  [L.  careo,  to  want;  carcns, 
wanting.]  Want ; lack.  Bp.  Richardson. 

f CA-RENE',  n.  [Low  L.  car ena.]  A fast  of 
forty  days  on  bread  and  water.  Richardson. 

f cAr'JJN-tANE,  n.  [Fr.  quarantaine,  the  num- 
ber of  forty.]  A papal  indulgence  multiplying 
the  remission  of  penance  by  forties.  — See 
Quarantine.  Bp.  Taylor. 

CA-RESS',  V.  a.  [Gr.  KaraUl^w,  to  fondle ; It. 
carezzarc ; Fr.  caresser.)  [/.  caressed  ; pp.  ca- 
ressing, caressed.]  To  treat  with  fondness; 
to  embrace  with  affection  ; to  fondle ; to  hug. 

CA-RESS',  n.  An  act  of  endearment;  an  em- 
brace. “ Conjugal  caresses.”  Milton. 

CA-RESS'ING,  n.  The  act  of  treating  with  en- 
dearment. 


CARD'ING,  p.  a.  That  cards  ; combing. 

Carding  machine,  a machine  for  combing,  dressing, 
and  breaking  wool  or  cotton.  It  consists  of  cylin- 
ders thick  set  with  teeth.  Craig. 

CAR-DI-OG'R A-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  Kaplia,  the  heart, 
and  yodipw,  to  describe.]  (Anat.)  A description 
of  the  heart ; cardiagraphy.  Craig. 

CAR'DI-OID,  n.  [Gr.  Kaplia,  the  heart,  and  i7lo;, 
form.]  (Geoni.)  A curve,  so  named  from  its 
form,  which  resembles  a heart.  Hutton. 


CA-REEN',  v.  n.  (Naut.)  To  incline  to  one  side 
under  a press  of  sail.  Johnson. 

CA-REEN'A9E,  n.  1.  (Naut.)  A place  in  which 
to  careen  a ship. 

2.  Expense  of  careening.  Col.  Reid. 

CA-REEN'ING,  n.  (Naut.)  The  act  of  laying  a 
vessel  on  one  side,  for  repairing  it.  Mar.  Diet. 

CA-REER',  n.  [It.  carriera  ;■  Sp.  carrera ; Port. 
carreira  ; Fr.  carrier e.] 


CA-RESS'ING,  p.  a.  Treating  with  kind  and 
friendly  attentions ; as,  “ A.  caressing  manner.” 

CA-RESS' I NG-LY,  ad.  In  a caressing  manner. 

cA'RET,  n.  [L.  caret,  it  is  wanting ; from  careo, 
to  want.]  A mark  thus  [ ^ ] which  denotes 
that  something  which  is  interlined  has  been 
omitted  in  writing. 

cARE'-TUNED  (kdr'tiind),  a.  Tuned  by  care ; 
mournful.  “ My  care-tuned  tongue.”  Shak. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; I1EIR,  IIER; 


CARE-WORN 


205 


CAROR-TREE 


cAre'WORN,  a.  Worn  or  vexed  with  care.  Smart. 
CARE'— WOUND- f.D,  a.  Wounded  with  care.  May. 

CA  'REX,  ra.  [L.,  a rush.]  ( Bot .)  A genus^  of 
plants  ; the  sedge.  P ■ Cyc. 

f CAR'GA-SON,  n.  [Fr.  cargaison .]  A cargo. 
“ A cargason  valued  at  £80,000.”  Ilowcll. 

CAR'GO,  re. ; pi.  car'goe!J.  [It.  carico,  a load; 
Sp.  cargo  \ Old  Fr.  carque ; Fr.  cargaison ; W. 
carg]  The  lading  of  a ship  or  merchant-ves- 
sel ; goods,  merchandise,  or  wares  conveyed  in 
a ship  ; freight ; load ; burden  ; lading. 

And  richly  freighted  bring  our  cargo  home.  Churchill. 

Syn. — See  Freight. 

CAR'GOOSE,  n.  ( Ornith .)  A fowl  belonging  to 
the  order  Anseres  and  family  Colg/nbidat ; — 
called  also  the  crested  diver.  Gray. 

cA'RI-AT-IJD,  a.  Affected  or  injured  by  caries  ; 

carious.  Berdmore. 

CAR-1-At'!-DE§,  re.  pi.  See  Caryatides. 
cAR'IB,  re.  ( Geog .)  A savage  native  of  Guiana.  Cl. 
CAR-IB-BE'AN,  a.  (Geog.)  Relating  to  a cluster  of 
the  West-Indian  Islands,  or  to  the  adjacent  sea. 

CAR ' I-BOU,  n.  [Fr.]  (Zoiil.)  A species  of  Arctic 
reindeer  ; Cervus  Tarandus.  Fischer. 

cAr'I-CA,  re.  [L.,  a dry  Jig.]  (Bot.) 

1.  The  tree  which  produces  the  common  fig; 
Ficus  carica; — so  named  because  originally 
supposed  to  be  from  Caria,  in  Asia.  Loudon. 

2.  A genus  of  plants  including  the  papaw,  or 

papaya.  Loudon. 

CAR'I-CA-TURE  [kar-e-k?-tur',  J.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  ; 
kSr-e-kj-chur',  IF. ; kar'e-ka-tur,  I Vb.],  n.  [It. 
caricatura ; caricare,  to  load  or  charge ; Fr. 
caricature .]  A painting,  representation,  or  de- 
scription, so  overcharged  as  to  be  ridiculous, 
yet  retaining  a resemblance  ; — originally  writ- 
ten, after  the  Italian,  caricatura.  Bp.  Horne. 

Let  not  this  be  thought  exaggerated,  or  a caricature  of 
Cowley.  Warton. 

CAR-I-CA-TURE',  V.  a.  [i.  CARICATURED  ; pp. 
caricaturing,  caricatured.]  To  represent 
by  caricature  ; to  ridicule  ; to  burlesque. 

lie  could  draw  an  ill  face,  or  caricature  a good  one,  with  a 
masterly  hand.  Lyttleton . 

CAR-I-CA-TU'RIST,  n.  One  who  caricatures.  “ A 
professed  caricaturist.”  Malone. 

cAR-I-COG'RA-PHY,  n.  [L.  carex,  a rush,  and  Gr. 
■ypatpui,  to  describe.]  A description  of  sedges  or 
grasses.  Journ.  Science. 

CAR'I-COUS,  a.  [L  .carica,  a dry  fig.]  Having 
the  form  of  a fig.  Johnson. 

CA'RI-ESj,  n.  [L.]  (Med.)  Ulceration  or  rotten- 
ness of  a bone  ; cariosity.  Dunglison. 

CA-RIL'LON,  n.  [Fr.]  (Mus.)  1.  A chime  ; a peal. 

2.  An  instrument  consisting  of  bells  properly 
tuned.  Moore . 

CA-Rl'NA,  n.  [L.,  a keel.]  (Bot.)  A 
term  applied  to  the  two  lower  petals 
enclosing  the  organs  of  fructification 
in  papilionaceous  flowers.  Brande. 

CAR-l-NA  ' RI-A,  n.  [L.  carina,  a keel.]  (Zoiil.) 
A genus  of  asymmetrical  gasteropods.  Brande. 

CAR  I-NATE,  )a  [X.  carinatus\  carina,  a 
cAr'I-nAt-£D,  S keel.]  (Bot.  & Zoiil.)  Formed 
like  the  keel  of  a vessel ; keel-shaped.  Brande. 

CAR'I-OLE,  n.  [Fr.  carriole.]  A light  carriage 
for  one  person,  drawn  by  one  horse.  Ed.  Ency. 

CAR-I-OP'SIS,  n.  (Bot.)  See  Caryopsis.  Gray. 

CA-RI-OS'I-TY,  re.  [L.  caries.]  Ulceration  or 
rottenness  of  a bone  ; caries.  Wiseman. 

OA'RI-OUS,  a.  [L.  cariosus  ; Fr.  caricux.]  Rot- 
ten or  ulcerated,  as  a bone.  Wiseman. 

CAR'JA-COU,  n.  [Fr.  cariacou.]  (Zoiil.)  ACentral- 
American  deer ; Cervus  nemorivagus.  Fischer. 

+ CARK,  n.  [A.  S.  care  ; W.  care.]  Care  ; anx- 
iety. “ Devoid  of  careful  cork.”  Spenser. 

f CARK,  v.  n.  To  be  careful  or  anxious.  Sidney. 
f CARK'ING,  n.  Care  ; anxiety.  Decay  of  Piety. 
]•  CARK'ING,  p.  a.  Anxious.  Bp.  Beveridge. 


f CARLE,  n.  [A.  S.  carl,  a male ; carl-man,  a 
rustic  ; ceorl,  a churl ; Gcr.  kerl.\  A rude  man  ; 
a churl.  “ The  miller  was  a stout  carle.” Chaucer. 

CARLE,  n.  A kind  of  hemp.  Tusser. 

f CARLE,  v.  n.  To  act  like  a carle.  Burton. 

CAR'LIC,  n.  [A.  S.  cerli.ce.]  A weed.  Same  as 
Charlock.  [Local,  Eng.]  Farm.  Ency. 

CAR'LIN,  n.  [Dim.  of  carle.]  A contemptuous 
term  for  a woman.  [Scotland.]  Ogilvie. 

CAR-LI'JfA,  n.  [Low  L.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of 
plants ; the  carline-thistle.  Loudon. 

CAR'LINE,  or  CAR'O-LINE,  n.  A silver  coin  of 
Naples.  Buchanan. 

CARLINE-THIS'TLE,  n.  See  Carlina. 

CAR'LING§,  n.pl.  [Fr.  carlingue.]  (Naut.)  Tim- 
bers lying  fore  and  aft  to  fortify  the  smaller 
beams  of  a ship.  Mar.  Diet. 

fCARL'JSII,  a.  [See  Carle.]  Churlish;  rude. 
“ Like  one  of  carlish,  abject  mind.”  Huloet. 

f CARL'ISII-NESS,  n.  Churlishness.  Huloet. 

CAR'LOCK,  n.  [A.  S.  cerlice.] 

1.  A plant ; charlock.  Bosworth. 

2.  A sort  of  isinglass.  Ash. 

f CAR'LOT,  n.  A countryman  ; a rustic.  Shah. 

CAR-LO-VIN'GI-AN,  a.  Relating  to  Charlemagne 
or  to  his  race.  Ilallam. 

CAR'MAN,  re.;  pi.  carmen.  A man  who  drives 
a car  ; a carter.  Gay. 

E’en  sturdy  carmen  shall  thy  nod  obey.  Gat/. 

cAr'M£L-IN,  a.  Carmelite.  — See  Carmelite. 

CAR'MpL-lTE,  a.  Relating  to  the  order  of  Mount 
Carmel. 

CAR'MIJL-lTE,  n.  1.  (Eccl.  Hist.)  A friar  of  the 
order  of  Mount  Carmel.  Brande. 

2.  A sort  of  pear.  Johnson. 

CAR-MIN'A-TIVE,  n.  [L.  carmen,  a charm.] 
(Med.)  A medicine  which  dispels  flatulency, 
and  allays  pain  in  the  bowels.  Dunglison. 

CAR-MIN'A-TIVE,  a.  [Fr.  carminatif.)  (Med.) 
Dispelling  flatulency  ; warming ; antispasmodic. 

CAR'MINE,  or  CAR-MINE'  [kitr'mln,  S.  E.  F.  Ja. 
C.  Wb.  ; kftr-mln',  IF.  P.  J.  Sm.],  ra.  [It.  car- 
minio ; Sp.  8$  Fr.  carmin .]  A brilliant  lake 
made  of  the  coloring  matter  of  the  cochineal 
insect  combined  with  alumina  and  a little  oxide 
of  tin.  Brande. 

CAR'MOT,  ra.  A name  given  by  the  alchemists 
to  the  matter  which  they  believed  to  constitute 
the  philosopher’s  stone.  Dunglison. 

CARN,  ra.  A rock,  or  a heap  of  rocks.  [Corn- 
wall, Eng.]  Wea.le. 

CAR'NAIjrE,  ra.  [Fr.,  from  L.  caro,  carnis,  flesh  ; 
It.  carnaggio,  flesh  meat ; Sp.  carniceria,  sham- 
bles ; havoc.] 

1.  Flesh  of  animals  slain. 

Such  a scent  I draw 

Of  carnage , prey  innumerable.  Milton. 

2.  Slaughter ; massacre  ; butchery  ; havoc. 

Tie  brought  the  king’s  forces  upon  them  rather  as  carnage 
than  to  fight,  insomuch  as  the  greatest  part  were  slain. 

Hayward. 

Syn.  — Carnage,  slaughter,  and  butchery  are  ap- 
plied to  the  destruction  of  men  and  animals  ; massa- 
cre, to  men.  Dreadful  carnage;  destructive  slaugh- 
ter ; treacherous  massacre  ; horrid  butchery. 

CAR'NAL,  a.  [L.  carnalis,  from  caro,  flesh.] 

1.  Relating  to  flesh ; fleshly,  as  opposed  to 

spiritual.  “ Carnal  pleasure.”  Milton. 

2.  Lustful  ; libidinous.  Shak. 

Carnal  knowledge,  (Law.)  sexual  connection. 

CAR'N-AL-I§M,  ra.  Same  as  Carnality,  [r.] 

CAR'NAL-IST,  ra.  One  given  to  carnality.  Burton. 

CAR'NAL-ITE,  n.  A worldly-minded  man;  a 
carnalist.  [r.]  Anderson. 

CAR-NAl'I-TY,  ra.  State  of  being  carnal ; fleshly 
lust;  sensuality.  “Why  do  they  wallow  in  all 
the  carnalities  of  the  world  ? ” South. 

CAR'NAL-IZE,  v.  a.  To  make  carnal.  Scott. 


CAR'NAL-LY,  ad.  1.  In  a carnal  manner;  ac- 
cording to  the  flesh  ; not  spiritually. 

In  the  sacrament,  we  do  not  receive  Christ  carrmlh,,  but 
we  receive  him  spiritually.  Bp.  'Baylor. 

2.  Lustfully  ; libidinously.  Lcvit.  xviii.  20. 
CAR'NAL— MlND' £ D,  a.  Worldly-minded.  More. 

CAR'NAL— MIND'jgD-NESS,  ra.  Carnality  or  gross- 
ness of  mind.  Bp.  Taylor. 

f CAR'NAR-DINE,  n.  A sort  of  pink  ; carnation. 
“ The  rosy-colored  carnardine.”  Old  Comedy. 

CARNASSIER  (kar-njs-sS'a),  a.  [Fr.]  Carnivo- 
rous ; ravenous.  Boiste. 

CAR-NATION,  ra.  [L.  caro,  carnis,  flesh  ; L.  car- 
natio  ; Fr.  carnation .] 

1.  The  natural  flesh-color.  Johnson. 

2.  (Bot.)  A fine  sort  of  clove  pink,  much  es- 
teemed, beautiful,  sweet-scented  double  flowers  ; 

— a variety  of  the  Dianthus  carophyllus.  P.  Cyc. 

Or  to  the  Elysian  shades 

Dismiss  my  soul,  where  no  carnation  fades.  Pope. 

3.  (Paint.)  pi.  The  parts  of  a picture  which 

represent  naked  limbs.  Brande. 

CAR-NA'TIONED,  a.  Colored  like  the  carnation; 
of  a pink  color.  Lovelace. 

t CAR'NJJL,  a.  Rugged;  shapeless.  Dryden. 

CAR-NEL'IAN  (kar-nel'yftn),  ra.  [It.  cornalina  ; 
Fr.  cornaiine .]  (Min.)  A red  or  reddish  min- 
eral of  a clear  bright  color,  composed  almost 
entirely  of  silica,  and  passing  through  grayish- 
red  varieties  into  common  chalcedony.  Its  color 
is  due  to  a minute  proportion  of  oxide  of  iron. 

— Also  written  carnelion  and  cornelian.  Dana. 


CAR'NAL— WORK  (-wiirk),  ra.  (Ship-building.) 
The  framing  with  timber,  beams,  and  planks, 
as  distinguished  from  clinch-work.  Craig. 

CAR'NIJ-ON,  ra.  [L.  caro,  carnis,  flesh.]  A soft, 
fleshy  substance.  Brande. 

CAR'NIJ-OUS,  a.  [L.  carneus.]  Fleshy;  partak- 
ing of  the  nature  of  flesh.  Ray. 

CAR'NIJY,  ra.  (Farriery.)  A disease  in  horses, 
whereby  their  mouths  become  so  furred  that 
they  cannot  eat.  Chambers. 

CAR  'JYI-FEX,  ra.  [L.]  A public  executioner  ; a 
hangman.  Sir  Walter  Scott. 

CAR-NI-FI-CA'TION,  re.  The  making  of,  or  turn- 
ing to,  flesh.  Chambers. 

CAR'NI-FY,  v.  re.  [L.  caro,  carnis,  flesh,  and 
facio,  to  make.]  To  turn  nutriment  into  flesh. 
“ I digest,  I sanguify,  I carnify.”  Hale. 

CAR'NI-VAL,  ra.  [It.  carnovale,  from  L.  caro,  car- 
nis, flesh,  and  vale,  farewell ; Fr.  carnaval.]  A 
feast  or  season  of  festivity  celebrated  with  much 
merriment  in  Catholic  countries,  and  especially 
at  Rome  and  Venice,  during  the  week  preceding 
Lent. 


This  feast  is  called  the  carnival , which,  being 
Interpreted,  implies  farewell  to  flesh.  Byron. 


CAR-mW O-RA,  n.pl. 
[L.caro,  carnis,  flesh, 
and  voro , to  devour.] 
(Zoiil.)  The  tribe  of 
animals  whose  teeth 
are  peculiarly  adapt- 
ed for  destroying  liv- 
ing  prey  and  tearing  flesh. 


Skull  of  a lion. 

Brande. 


CAR-NIV-O-RA9T-TY,  ra.  Voraciousness  of  ap- 
petite for  flesh.  [it.]  Pope. 

CAR-NlV'O-ROUS,  a.  [L.  carnivorus  ; caro,  car- 
nis, flesh,  and  voro,  to  devour.]  Feeding  on 
flesh  ; flesh-eating ; as,  “ Carnivorous  animals.” 


CAR-NOSE',  a.  [L.  carnosus  ; caro,  flesh.] 


1.  Fleshy ; carneous.  P.  Cyc. 

2.  (Bot.)  Of  a fleshy  consistence  ; — applied 

to  succulent  leaves,  stems,  &c.  Hoblyn. 

CAR-NOS'I-TY,  re.  [Fr.  car  no  site.]  A fleshy 
excrescence ; a caruncle.  Wiseman. 

f CAR'NOUS,  a.  Fleshy;  carneous.  Browne. 

CAR 'NY,  v.  n.  To  interlard  discourse  with  hypo- 
critical terms  or  tones  of  endearment.  [Collo- 
quial, Eng.]  Smart. 


cAr'OB— TREE,  ra.  [Ar.  kharrohb  ; It.  carniba; 
Sp.  algarroba.]  (Bot.)  A tree,  very  common  in 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  9,  5,  g,  soft ; E,  G,  £,  5,  hard;  ^ as  z;  £ «*  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


CAROCIIE 


206 


CARRIER 


Spain,  the  pods  of  which  are  used  as  food  for 
man  and  horse,  and  called  St.  John’s  bread ; 
Ceratonia  siliqua.  Loudon. 

fCA-RO^HE'  (ka-rdsh'),  n.  [Old  Fr.  ; It.  earroz- 
z(i.]  A.  carriage  of  pleasure.  Burton. 

f CA-ROyHED'  (kji-rosht'),  p.  a.  Placed  in  a 

coach.  Beau.  FI. 

CAR-O-COL  ' LA,  n.  [L.  caro,  flesh,  and  Gr.  k6D.ii, 
glue.]  ( Zo'Jl .)  A genus  of  land  snails,  so  named 
from  the  tenacity  with  which  their  fleshy  feet 
adhere  to  limestone  rocks.  Bramle. 

CAR'OL,  n.  [It.  carola,  a kind  of  dance  ; Old 
Fr.  carolle  : — W.  carol,  a love-song.] 

1.  A song  of  joy,  or  exultation. 

If  you  listen  to  David’s  harp,  you  shall  hear  as  many 
hearse-like  airs  as  carols.  ISacun. 

2.  A song  of  devotion  ; a hymn. 

They  gladly  hither  haste,  and,  by  a choir 

Of  squadroned  angels,  hear  his  carol  sung.  Milton. 

3.  A light  kind  of  song;  a lay. 

The  carol  they  began  that  hour. 

How  that  a life  was  but  a flower.  Shak. 

4.  (Arch.)  A small  closet  or  enclosure ; a 

study.  — See  Carrol.  Wcale. 

Syn.  — See  Song. 

CAR'OL,  v.  n.  [It.  carolarc.)  [i.  carolled; 
pp.  carolling,  carolled.]  To  sing ; to  warble. 


She  sun®:,  and  carolled  out  so  clear 

That  men  and  angels  might  rejoice  to  hear.  Drjjden. 

CAR'OL,  v.  a.  To  celebrate  in  song.  Milton. 
For  which  the  shepherds  at  their  festivals 
Carol  her  goodness  loud  in  rustic  lays.  Milton. 

CAR-O-LIN',  n.  A gold  coin  of  Bavaria,  &c.,  val- 
ue about  a pound  sterling.  Crabb. 

CAR-Q-LI'NA— PINK,  n.  A plant;  worm-grass, 
the  root  of  which  is  used  in  medicine.  Booth. 


CAR-O-LIN'I-AN,  a.  (Geog.)  Relating  to  Carolina. 

cAR-O-LIN'I-AN,  n.  ( Geog .)  A native  or  inhab- 
itant of  Carolina. 

CAR'OL-LING,  n.  Act  of  singing  ; a hymn. 
“ Such  heavenly  notes  and  carollings.”  Spenser. 

CAR-O-LVT'IC,  a.  Bound  with  leaves  and  branch- 
es, as  columns  ; festooned.  Francis. 

CAR'O-MEL,  n.  [Fr .caramel.]  Sugar  melted  till 
it  acquires  a brown  color,  and  exhales  a peculiar 
odor.  — See  Caramel.  Brande. 

CA-ROON',  n.  A species  of  cherry.  Smart. 

CAR-O-TEEL',  n.  An  Oriental  weight  varying 
from  five  to  nine  pounds.  Crabb. 

CA-ROT'ID,  n.  [Gr.  knourMfj ; Kctpdio,  to  produce 
sleep ; to  stupefy.]  (Anat.)  A large  artery  on 
each  side  of  the  neck.  The  carotid  arteries 
branch  from  the  aorta,  and  convey  blood  to  the 
head.  They  are  so  named  from  the  opinion  en- 
tertained by  the  ancients  that  an  increased  flow 
of  blood  through  them  produced  sleep  and  stu- 
pefaction. Brande. 

CA-ROT'ID,  a.  (Anat.)  A term  applied  to  two 
principal  arteries  of  the  neck,  which  convey 
blood  to  the  head.  Dunglison. 

CA-ROT'I-DAL,  a.  Carotid.  Smith. 

CA-ROU'SAL  (ka-riiuz'stl),  n.  [Gael.  craosal;  Fr. 
carrousel,  a kind  of  tournament ; faire  car- 
rousse,  to  indulge  in  a debauch ; — the  only 
phrase  in  which  the  word  is  used.] 

1.  A festival ; a banquet. 

A royal  carousal  given  by  Charles  the  Fifth  of  France  to 
the  Emperor  Charles  the  Fourth.  JVarton. 

2.  A bacchanalian  feast ; arevclling;  a revel- 
ry ; a noisy  drinking  bout. 

Syn.  — See  Feast. 

CA-ROUSjE'  (ka-rbuz'),  v.  n.  [Gael,  craos,  a wide 
mouth  ; revelry.  “ From  craos  are  evidently  de- 
rived the  English  word  carouse  and  the  French 
carrousser."  Armstrong .]  [i.  caroused  ; pp. 

carousing,  caroused!]  To  drink  freely  and 
with  jollity  ; to  quaff ; to  revel. 

Tnder  the  shadow  of  friendly  boughs 

They  sit  carousing.  Waller. 

CA-ROU§E'  (kj-rofiz'),  v.  a.  To  drink  lavishly. 

Now  my  sick  fool,  Roderipo. 

To  Desdemona  hath  to-night  caroused 

Potations  pottle  deep.  Shak. 

CA-ROUSJE',  n.  1.  A drinking  match  ; carousal. 

There  ply.  the  early  feast  and  late  carouse.  Pope. 


2.  f A draught  of  liquor. 

And  quaff  carouses  tu  our  mistress’  health.  Shak. 

CA-ROUijj'pR,  n.  One  who  carouses;  a toper. 

CA-ROUS'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a bacchanalian  man- 
ner. ' ‘ Craig. 

CARP,  n.  [It.  <Sf  Sp.  carpa  ; Fr.  carpc ; Sw.  harp.) 
(Ich.)  A genus  of  spiny-finned  fishes  allied  to 
the  gold-fish ; Cyprinus.  The  type  is  the  Cy- 
prinus  carpo,  or  common  carp.  Yarrell. 

CARP,  i\  n.  [L.  carpo,  to  pluck,  to  seize ; It.  car- 
pire .]  [i.  carped  ; pp.  carping,  carped.] 

To  find  fault  without  reason  ; to  cavil ; — gen- 
erally with  at  before  an  object. 

And  at  my  actions  carp  and  catch.  Herbert. 

t CARP,  v.  a.  To  blame;  to  carp  at.  Dryden. 

CAR'PAL,  a.  [Gr.  /cufurdf ; L.  carpus,  the  wrist.] 
Pertaining  to  the  wrist.  Ogilvie. 

CAR- PA 'Til  I- AN,  a.  (Geog.)  Pertaining  to  a 
range  of  mountains  between  Poland,  Hungary, 
and  Transylvania.  P.  Cyc. 

CAR-PA'THT-AN-BAl'SAM,  n.  (Med.)  The  resin 
of  the  Pinus  ecmbru,  which  grows  in  Hungary 
and  Switzerland.  Dunglison. 

CARP'— BREAM,  n.  (Ich.)  The  English  bream; 
Abramis  brama.  Yarrell. 

CAR'PEL,  n.  [Gr.  xapirof,  fruit.]  (Bot.)  A simple 
pistil,  or  one  of  the  simple  pistils  of  which  a 
compound  one  is  composed ; Carpidium.  Gray. 

CAR'PJJL-LA-RY,  a.  Relating  to  a carpel.  P.  Cyc. 

CAR-PEL'LUM,  n. ; pi.  car-pel'la.  Same 
as  Carpel. 

CAR'PEN-TpR,  n.  [L.  carpentarius,  a 
carriage-maker,  from  carpentum,  a 
chariot;  It.  carp  enter  o ; Sp.  carpintero  ; 

Fr.  eharpentier.']  An  artificer  in  wood  ; a 
builder  of  houses,  ships,  &c. 

A distinction  is  made  between  the  artificers  in  wood  who 
assist  in  forming  the  carcass  and  those  who  execute  the  fin- 
ishing; . . . the  first  arc  termed  carpenters,  the  latter  joiners. 

IV.  Enr.y. 

CAR'P£N-T£R-ING,  n.  The  employment  of  a 
carpenter ; carpentry.  Coleridge. 

CAR'PpN-TRY,  n.  1.  The  trade  or  art  of  a car- 
penter ; the  art  of  constructing  houses,  ships, 
and  other  structures  with  timber.  Moxon. 

2.  An  assemblage  of  pieces  of  timber  con- 
nected by  framing  ; the  work  of  a carpenter. 

CARP'JF.R,  n.  One  who  carps  ; a caviller.  Shah. 

CAR'PJyT,  n.  [It.  carpetta  ; Hut.  karpet. ] 

1.  An  ornamental  covering  for  a floor ; — 

formerly  also  used  for  tables.  “ Carpets  laid 
and  every  thing  in  order.”  Shak. 

2.  Any  covering  smooth  like  a carpet.  “ The 
grassy  carpet  of  tbis  plain.”  Shak.  “A  lovely 
carpet  of  green  grass  and  other  herbs.”  Ray. 

To  he  on  the  carpet,  to  be  under  consideration. 

CAR'PIJT,  v.  a.  [i.  carpeteb  ; pp.  carpeting, 
carpeted.]  To  spread  with  carpets.  “A  fair 
chamber  richly  carpeted.”  Bacon. 

CAR'PET-ING,  n.  Materials  for  carpets.  Qu.  Bev. 

CAR'PET— KNlGHT  (-nit),  it.  One  made  a knight 
at  court,  and  for  some  other  distinction  than 
military  services.  Todd. 

CAR'PJJT—  MUN-GJJR,  11.  1.  A dealer  in  carpets. 

2.  A lover  of  case  and  pleasure ; a carpet- 
knight.  ‘‘Full  of  these  quondam  carpet-mon- 
gers.” Shak. 

CAR'PET— STRIP,  n.  The  piece  under  a door  to 
raise  it  above  the  carpet.  Ogilvie. 

CAR'PpT— WALK  (kflr'pet-wlwk),  n.  A green 
way  or  walk  ; a carpet-way.  Bay. 

CAR'PpT— WAY,  n.  A green  way;  a strip  or 
border  of  greensward  left  round  the  margin  of 
a ploughed  field.  Ray. 

CAR'PET— WEED,  n.  A small  spreading  weed  or 
plant ; Mollugo  verticillata.  Bigelow. 

CAR-PHOL'G-(?Y,  ) [Gr.  Knptpos,  any  small, 

CAR-PHO-LO'GI-A,  ’ dry  body,  and  X.iyw,  to 
pluck;  Fr.  cdrphologie .]  A delirious  picking 
of  the  bed-clothes  as  if  to  pull  the  floeculi  from 
them,  or  to  find  something;  floccillation.  It 
denotes  great  cerebral  irritability.  Dunglison. 

CAR-PI D 'I-  (JM,  n.  (Bot.)  An  individual  member  | 


Carpclla. 


of  the  gyncrcium,  being  either  a simple  pistil  or 
one  of  the  elements  of  a compound  pistil  ; — 
called  also  carpel.  Gray. 

CARP'JNG,  p.  a.  [Sec  Carp.]  Captious  ; censo- 
rious ; complaining.  “ A carping  spirit.”  Watts. 

CARP'JNG,  n.  Cavil;  censure;  fault-finding; 
captious  criticism. 

T lu?  passage  of  the  Israelites  over  Jordan  is  free  from  those 
li  ttle  earplugs , that  are  made  as  to  the  passage  through  the 
lied  Sea.  * 11  Leslie. 

CARP'lNG-LY,  ad.  Captiously.  Camden. 

CAR-PI ' NuS,  n.  [L.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  trees; 
the  hornbeam.  Loudon. 

f CARP'MEAL§,  n.  pi.  A coarse  cloth  formerly 
made  in  the  north  of  England.  Phillips. 

CAR-PO-CRA'TIAN,  il.  (Peel.  Hist.)  One  of  a 
sect  of  heretics  of  T:hc  second  century;  — so 
called  from  Carpocrates,  one  of  the  principal 
teachers  of  Gnosticism.  P.  Cyc. 

CAR'PO-LITE,  n.  [Gr.  Knoizdi,  fruit,  and  Xfflos, 
a stone.]  (Pal.)  A fossil  or  petrified  fruit  or 
seed.  Lind/ey. 

CAR-POL'O-pIST,  it.  One  versed  in  carpology. 

CAR-POL'O-tJIY,  n.  [Gr.  Kapiri;,  fruit,  and  Xdyog, 
a discourse.]  (Bot.)  A part  of  botany  which 
treats  of  the  structure  of  fruits  and  seeds.  P.  Cyc. 

CAR'PO-PHORE,  n.  [Gr.  sap-nog,  fruit,  and  i popa,  a 
bearing.]  A stipe  which  supports  the  r/i/ntcci- 
um  alone.  ‘ Gray. 

CAR' PUS,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  kaoTnJs.]  (Anat.)  The 
wrist,  which  is  composed  of  eight  bones  arranged 
in  two  rows.  Dunglison. 

CAR'RACK,  n.  See  Carac.  Johnson. 

CAR'RA-GEEN,  or  CAR'RA-GEEN-MOSS,  n.  Irish 
moss ; a lichen  or  marine  plant  found  on  the 
sea-coast  of  various  countries,  and  used  for 
making  blanc-mange,  jellies,  &c. ; Fucus  cris- 
jms ; — written  also  caragheen-moss.  Dunglison. 

CAR'RAT,  n.  A weight  of  four  grains.  — See 
Carat.  Johnson. 

CAR'RA-WAY,  n.  See  Caraway.  Johnson. 

cAr'RPL,  ii.  [Perhaps  Fr.  carre,  square.] 

1.  The  arrow  used  in  crossbows,  the  bead  of 

which  was  four-sided  ; a crossbow  bolt ; — called 
also  quarrel.  Brande. 

2.  A closet  or  desk  in  a monastery’.  Weale. 

cAr'RI-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  carried.  Sherwood. 

cAr'RJ  ApE  (kar'rjj),  ii.  [It.  carreggio  ; Fr.  char- 
riage.  — See  Carry.] 

1.  The  act  of  carry  ing ; conveyance ; trans- 
portation. 

"What  may  we  think  of  the  carriage  of  it  [an  obelisk]  out 
of  Egypt?  Wilkins. 

2.  Any  vehicle  on  wheels ; especially  a vehicle 
of  pleasure,  or  for  the  conveyance  of  passengers. 

3.  f That  which  is  carried;  baggage. 

We  took  up  our  carriages , ami  went  up  to  Jerusalem. 

Acts  xxi.  15. 

4.  Behavior;  conduct;  manners;  deport- 
ment. 

That  which  will  most  influence  their  carriage  will  be  the 
company  they  converse  with.  ’ Locke. 

5.  Management.  “The  manner  of  carriage 

of  the  business.”  Bacon. 

6.  (Printing.)  The  part  of  a printing-press 
on  which  the  types  are  placed. 

Syn.  — See  Air,  Behavior. 

CAR'RJA(JE-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  conveyed  in 
carriages,  [r.]  Barnes. 

CAR'RJAQrE— HORSE,  n.  A horse  used  in  a car- 
riage. Booth. 

CAR'RICK— BEND,  ii.  (yaut.)  A particular  kind 
of  knot  used  on  shipboard.  Dana. 

CAR'RICK-BITTS,  n.  pi.  (Naut.)  Bitts  that  sup- 
port the  windlass.  Mar.  Diet. 

CAR'RI-JJR,  n.  1.  That  which  carries.  “ The  air, 
which  is  a carrier  of  sounds.”  Bacon. 

2.  One  who  carries  ; — usually  applied  to  one 
who  for  hire  undertakes  the  conveyance  of 
goods,  persons,  or  messages. 

The  roads  are  crowded  with  carriers  laden  with  rich  man- 
ufactures. Swift. 

I rather  transcribe  all  than  venture  the  loss  of  my  originals 
by  post  or  carrier.  Pierce's  Letters. 


A,  E,  !,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  !,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  JJ,  T,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  fAr,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


CARRIER-PIGEON 


207 


CARTRIDGE 


3.  A pigeon  used  in  conveying  intelligence. 

There  are  tame  and  wild  pigeons;  and  of  tame  there  are 
croppers,  carriers,  runts.  Walton. 

CAR'llHJR-l’Ip'EON,  n.  A species  of  pigeon 
employed  for  carrying  letters,  which  are  tied  to 
the  neck.  Booth. 

CAR'RI-LON,  n.  See  Carillon. 

CAR'RI-ON,  n.  [It.  carogna-,  Sp.  carrona;  Fr. 
charogne .] 

1.  The  putrefying  body  or  flesh  of  a dead 
animal. 

Ravens  are  seen  in  flocks  where  a carrion  lies.  TcnipL.'. 

Birds  of  prey  have  a natural  inclination  to  carrion.  Tope. 

2.  A term  of  reproach ; — applied  to  persons. 

“ That  foolish  carrion.”  Shah. 

CAR'RI-ON,  a.  1.  Relating  to  carcasses.  “ Car- 
rion flesh.”  _ Shak. 

2.  Feeding  upon  carcasses.  “ Carrion  kites 
and  crows.”  Shak. 

CAR'RI-ON-CROW,  n.  A large  species  of  crow 
which  preys  upon  eggs,  young  poultry,  open- 
shelled  mollusks,  &c. ; Corvus  corone.  Yarrell. 

CAR'ROL,  n.  (Arch.)  A pew,  closet,  or  desk  with 
a seat,  placed  under  a window.  Britton. 

CAR'ROiM,  jj.  ( Billiards .)  Act  of  hitting  two  or  more 
balls  with  the  ball  propelled  by  the  cue.  Iloyle. 

CAR-RON-ADE',  n.  (Gunnery.)  A very  short  iron 
cannon  or  piece  of  ordnance,  originally  made  at 
Carron,  in  Scotland.  Mar.  Diet. 

CAR-ROOM',  n.  1.  A rent  paid  for  driving  a car 
or  cart  in  London.  Crabb. 

2.  A kind  of  cherry.  — See  Caroon.  Smart. 

CAR'ROT,  n.  [Gr.  napoirdu;  It.  carota ; Fr.  ca- 
rotte .]  (Bot.)  An  herbaceous  plant  bearing  an 
esculent  root ; Daucus  carota.  Loudon. 

CAR'ROT-I-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  carroty 
or  reddish-yellow  ; — applied  to  the  hair.  Ash. 

CAR'ROT- Y,  a.  Colored  like  carrots;  reddish- 
yellow;  as,  “ Carroty  hair.” 

CAR' ROW'S,  n ■ Pi-  Strolling  gamesters  or  gam- 
blers. [Ireland.]  Spenser. 

CAR'RU-CApE,  n.  [See  CARUCAGE.]  (Law.) 

CAR'RY,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  cyren,  to  turn  ; Ger.  kar- 
ren.— Sp.  acarrear  ; Fr.  charrier.  — See  Car.] 
[i.  carried;  pp.  carrying,  carried.] 

1.  To  convey,  bear,  or  transport,  by  sustain- 
ing the  thing  carried,  or  causing  it  to  be  sus- 
tained ; — generally  implying  motion  from  the 
speaker,  and  so  often  followed  by  the  particles 
away  and  off , and  opposed  to  bring  or  fetch. 

_ And  devout  men  carried  Stephen  to  his  burial.  Acts  viii.  2. 

When  he  dieth,  he  shall  carru  nothing  away.  Ps.  xlix.  17. 

2.  To  extend  in  space  or  in  time  ; — generally 
with  a particle,  as  up,  on,  back,  forward,  & c. 
Ilis  chimney  is  carried  up  through  the  whole  rock.  Addison. 

Manethes,  that  wrote  of  the  Egyptians,  hath  carried  up 
their  government  to  an  incredible  distance.  Hale. 

3.  To  cause  to  advance  or  proceed;  to  push 
forward. 

It  is  not  to  be  imagined  how  far  constancy  will  carry  a 
man.  Locke. 

4.  To  have,  as  connected  or  joined;  — fol- 
lowed by  with. 

There  are  many  expressions  which  carry  with  them,  to 
my  mind,  no  clear  ideas.  Locke. 

5.  To  have  in  appearance  ; to  exhibit  the 
sign  of. 

The  aspect  of  every  one  in  the  family  can'ies  so  much  sat- 
isfaction. Addison. 

6.  To  effect ; to  accomplish ; as,  “To  carry 
a measure  ” ; “ To  carry  a poip,t.” 

Ofttimes  we  lose  the  occasion  of  carrying  a business  well 
by  our  too  much  haste.  B.  Jonson. 

7.  To  behave;  to  conduct;  to  demean;  — 
with  the  reflective  pronoun. 

He  did  carry  himself  with  much  singular  sweetness  and 
temper.  Wotton. 

8.  To  support;  to  sustain. 

Cam / camomile  or  wild  thyme  upon  slicks,  as  you  do 
hops  upon  poles.  Bacon. 

9.  (Mil.)  To  obtain  possession  of  by  force. 

“To  carry  the  outworks.”  Campbell. 

10.  (Arith.  & Accounts.)  To  transfer;  as,  “To 
carry  1,  2,  3,  &c.,  to  the  next  place  ” ; “ To  carry 
a charge  to  the  right  account.” 

Syn.  — See  Bear,  Bring. 


To  carry  it,  to  prevail.  “ By  these  arts  they  prom- 
ised themselves  they  should  easily  curry  it.”  Claren- 
don. “ She  carries  it  high.”  Johnson.  — To  carry  off, 
to  destroy;  to  kill.  — To  carry  on,  to  prosecute;  to 
help  forward  ; to  continue;  as,  “To  carry  on  busi- 
ness.To  carry  out,  to  apply  ; to  put  in  practice; 
as,  “ To  carry  out  a doctrine  ora  theory.” — To  carry 
through,  to  push  to  the  end  ; to  accomplish.  — To  carry 
away”  (Al'aut.)  to  break,  as  a mast  or  spar.  Dana. 

CAR'RY,  v.  n.  1.  (Gunnery.)  To  convey  a charge  ; 
as,  “The  gun  carries  well.” 

2.  (Man.)  To  hold  up  the  head,  as  a horse. 

3.  (Hunting.)  To  run  on  ground  or  frost 
which  sticks  to  the  feet,  as  a hare.  Johnson. 

To  carry  on,  to  behave  in  a wild  manner ; to  frolic ; 
to  riot.  [Vulgar.] 

CAR'RY,  n.  The  motion  of  the  clouds.  “They 
[clouds]  are  said  to  have  a great  carry,  when 
they  move  with  swiftness  before  the  wind.”  Todd. 

cAR'Ry— ALL,  n.  [Probably  a corruption  of  car- 
iole .]’  A light  four-wheeled  carriage  for  sev- 
eral persons,  commonly  drawn  by  only  one. 
horse.  — See  Cariole.  Brown. 

CAR'RY-iNG,  p.  a.  Conveying  from  place  to  place. 

CAR'RY-ING— ON,  n.  Wild,  frolicsome,  or  riotous 
behavior.  Hudibras. 

CAR'RY-ING— TRADE,  n.  The  transportation  of 
the  commodities  of  others  in  vessels,  &c.,  or  the 
transportation  of  merchandise  from  one  foreign 
country  to  another.  Roberts. 

CAR'RY— TALE,  n.  A tale-bearer.  Shak. 

CARSE,  n.  Alluvial  fertile  land  lying  along  the 
banks  of  a river.  [Scotland.]  McCulloch. 

CARSE— LAND,  n.  Alluvial  soil  in  a ploughed 
state.  Brande. 

CART,  n.  [W.  cart ; M.  kart ; Gael.  cairt.—A.  S. 
cract,  or  crat. — Fr.  charrette.  — See  Car.]  A 
carriage  for  luggage  or  burden,  with  two 
wheels,  so  distinguished  from  a wagon,  which 
has  four  wheels.  Brande. 

CART,  V.  a.  \i.  CARTED  ; pp.  CARTING,  CARTED.] 

1.  To  carry  in  a cart;  as,  “To  cart  wood.” 

2.  f To  carry  and  expose  in  a cart  for  pun- 
ishment. 

Democritus  ne’er  laughed  so  loud 

To  see  bawds  carted  through  the  crowd.  Hudibras. 

CART,  v.  n.  To  use  carts  for  transportation. 

CART'A^IE,  n.  1.  The  act  or  labor  of  carting ; 
the  employment  of  a cart.  Todd. 

2.  Charge  for  carting.  Smart. 

CART'— BOD-Y,  n.  The  part  of  a cart  which  rests 
upon  the  wheels. 

CART'— BOTE,  n.  [Eng.  cart,  and  A.  S.  bote,  a 
recompense.]  (Law.)  An  allowance  of  wood 
to  a tenant  for  the  purpose  of  repairing  instru- 
ments of  husbandry.  Burrill. 

CARTE  (kart),  n.  [Fr.]  1.  A card. 

2.  A bill  of  fare  at  an  eating-house,  &c.  Smart. 

3.  A thrust  with  a sword.  Maunder. 

CA  R TE- R I.AAfllF. ' [klrt-blansh',  S.  W.  J.  F. 
Ja.;  kart-blongsh',  Sm. ; kart-blflnsh',  U.],  n. 

[Fr.,  white  paper.] 

1.  A blank  paper,  duly  authenticated  with 

signature,  &c.,  and  intrusted  to  a person  to  be 
filled  up  as  he  pleases.  Brande. 

2.  Unlimited  authority  delegated  by  one  in- 
dividual to  another.  Brande. 

CAR-TEL'  [kar-tel',  S.  IV.  J.  F.  Ja.  Sm.  ; kflr'tel, 
P.  E.  C.  M b.  ; kar-tel'  or  kar-tel',  A'.],  n.  [L. 
chartula,  dim.  of  charta,  paper;  It.  cartello; 
Sp.  # Fr.  cartel ; Gael,  c air  teal.)  (Mil.) 

1.  An  agreement  between  hostile  states  re- 
lating to  exchange  of  prisoners.  Brande. 

2.  A ship  commissioned  to  exchange  the  pris- 
oners ; — called  also  a cartel-ship.  Brande. 

3.  A letter  of  defiance  ; a challenge.  Hudibras. 

t CAR'TEL,  v.  a.  To  defy.  “ Come  hither  : you 
shall  cartel  him.”  B.  Jonson. 

CARTER,  n.  One  who  drives  a cart  or  team  ; a 
teamster.  Dryden. 

t CART'JJR-LY,  a.  Rude,  like  a carter.  “A  cart- 
erly  or  churlish  trick.”  Cotgrave. 

CAR-TE’^IAN  (kar-te'zh?n),  a.  Relating  to  Des 
Cartes,  a Frenchman,  who  died  in  1650,  or  to 
his  philosophy.  A.  Smith. 


Cartesian  deoils , a philosophical  toy  consisting  of 
one  or  more  small  figures  floating  in  water.  They 
are  hollow,  and  partly  tilled  with  air ; and  tho  glass 
vessel  in  which  they  are  put  is  covered  air-tight  with 
India  rubber.  When  this  is  compressed,  the  air  with- 
in tlie  figures  is  equally  compressed  ; and  tiie  w ater- 
taking  its  place,  increases  the  specific  gravity  of  tho 
figures,  so  that  they  sink  until  the  pressure  is  relieved, 
when  they  rise  again. 

CAR-TE'§IAN  (kar-te'zhrm),  n.  One  who  adheres 
to  the  philosophy  of  Res  Cartes.  Reid. 

CAR-TE'.siAN-Iij;M,  n.  The  doctrine  or  philoso- 
phy of  Res  Cartes.  Francis. 

CART'FUL,  n.  As  much  at  a cart  will  hold. 

CAR-THA-pIN'J-AN,  a.  (Geog.)  Relating  to  Car- 
thage. 

CAIt-TH A-GIN'I- AN,  n.  (Geog.)  An  inhabitant 
or  native  of  Carthage. 

CAR'THA-MINE,  n.  (Chem.)  The  coloring  mat- 
ter of  the  safflower,  or  dried  flowers  of  the  Car- 
thamus  tinctoria.  Brande. 

CAR 1 THA-MUS,  n.  [Low  L. ; Ar.  kartam,  or 
qortom,  to  paint.  Palmer.]  (Bot.)  A genus 
of  plants ; wild  saffron,  the  flower  of  which  is 
used  in  dyeing  ; the  safflower.  Ure. 

CART'— HORSE,  n.  A horse  used  for  the  cart. 

CAR-THU'§IAN  (k?r-tltu'zli?n),  a.  Relating  to 
the  order  of  monks  so  called. 

Carthusian  powder,  kerines  mineral,  or  hydrosul- 
phuret  of  antimony.  Ure. 

CAR-THU'§IAN  (kar-thu'zhan),  n.  (Eccl.  Hist.) 
A monk  of  the  Chartreux,  or  religious  order  of 
St.  Bruno,  first  established  at  Chartreux,  [L. 
Cartusium,]  in  Rauphiny.  Hook. 

CAR'TI-LA^E,  n.  [L.  cartilago  ; Fr  .cartilage.] 
(Anat.)  A smooth,  solid,  and  elastic  body,  soft- 
er than  a bone,  but  harder  than  a ligament ; 
gristle.  Quincy. 

CAR-Tl-EA-pIN'I-AN,  n.  One  of  a class  of  fishes 
which  have  a cartilaginous  skeleton.  Brande. 

f CAR-TI-LA-plN'EOl'S  (kitr-te-la-jln'yus),  a. 
[L.  cartilagi neus.]  Cartilaginous.  Ray. 

CAR-TI-LA-plN-I-FI-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  cartilago, 
cartilaginis,  cartilage,  and  facio,  to  make.]  The 
converting  of  any  thing  into  cartilage.  Craig. 

CAR-TI-LAG'I-NOUS,  a.  Consisting  of.  carti- 
lages ; gristly.  Palmer. 

CART'ING,  n.  The  act  of  conveying  in  a cart. 

CART'— JADE,  n.  A mean  or  vile  horse.  Sidney. 

CART'-LOAD,  n.  A quantity  of  any  thing  suffi- 
cient to  load  a cart.  Swift. 

CAR-TOG'RA-PHpR,  n.  [See  Cartography.] 
One  skilled  in  cartography.  Robinson. 

CAR-TO-GRAPII'IC,  ) a%  Relating  to  cartog-  . 

CAR-TO-GRAPH'I-CAL,  ) raphy,  or  to  maps  or 
charts.  Hamilton. 

CAR-TOG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  X''f>rr);,  a leaf  of  paper, 
and  ypaipw,  to  describe.]  The  science  or  the  art 
that  pertains  to  maps  and  charts.  Clarke. 

CAR  ' TON,  n.  [Fr.]  Pasteboard:  — a box  made 
of  pasteboard:  — a cartoon.  Clarke. 

CAR-TOON',  n.  [Gr.  a leaf  of  paper ; L. 

charta,  paper;  It.  cartone ; Sp.  $ Fr.  carton.] 

1.  A sketch  executed  in  colors,  as  a pattern 
for  tapestry,  for  working  in  mosaic,  &c. ; as, 
“ The  cartoons  of  Rafaelle  at  Hampton  Court.” 

2.  A design  on  strongpaper,  to  be  afterwards 

chalked  or  pricked  through,  and  transferred 
on  the  fresh  plaster  of  a wall,  and  painted  in 
fresco.  Fairholt. 

CAR-TOUCH'  (k?r-toch'),  n.  [Gr.  x°fTris,  a leaf  of 
paper  ; L.  charta,  a leaf  of  paper  : — It.  cartoc- 
cio  ; Sp.  cartucho;  Fr  .cartouche.] 

1.  (Mil.)  A case  for  holding  musket  balls  and 
powder  ; a portable  box  for  cartridges  ; a car- 
tridge-box : — a ivooden  bomb  filled  with  shot: 
— a discharge  or  pass  given  to  a soldier. CVur/ce. 

2.  (Arch.)  A modillion  ; a block  or  modillion 

at  the  eaves  of  a house:  — a shield  or  carved 
ornament  to  receive  an  inscription.  Brande. 

CA R'TR | DGE,  n.  [Corrupted  from  carlouch.]  A 
case  containing  a charge  for  a gun  ; a charge  of 
gunpowder  enclosed  in  paper,  &c.  Brande. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — £,  <?,  $,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  3f  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


208 


CASERN 


CARTRIDGE-BOX 


CAR'TRID9E— BOX,  n.  A soldier’s  box  for  car- 
tridges. Crabb. 

CAR'TRIDIJfE-PA'PER,  n.  Paper  in  which  mus- 
ket charges  are  made  up.  Smart. 

CART'— ROPE,  n.  A strong  rope  to  fasten  a load 
on  a carriage.  Feltham. 

CART'— RUT,  n.  The  track  made  by  a cart-wheel. 

CART'U-LA-RY,  n.  [Gr.  xripnis,  a leaf  of  paper; 
L.  charta , a leaf  of  paper  ; Sp.  cartulario  ; Fr. 
cartalaire.] 

1.  A book  of  records  of  a monastery  or  church  ; 

a register.  Maunder. 

2.  An  ecclesiastical  officer  who  had  the  care 

of  the  records.  Johnson. 

CART'— WAY,  it.  A way  through  which  a cart 
may  pass.  Mortimer. 

CART'— WHEEL,  w.  The  wheel  of  a cart.  Ash. 

CART'— WHIP,  n.  A large  whip  used  for  driving 
horses,  oxen,  &c.,  in  carts. 

CART'— WRIGHT  (kirt'rlt),  ii.  A maker  of  carts. 

CAR  U-CAyE,  n.  [Low  L.  carucagium.  — See 
Carucate.] 

1.  {Law.)  A duty  or  tax  on  the  plough;  — 

written  also  carrueagc.  Burrill. 

2.  The  act  of  ploughing.  Farm.  Ency. 

CAR'y-CATE,  n.  [Low  L.  caruea .]  A plough- 
land ; as  much  land  as  one  team  can  plougti  in 
a year.  Kclham. 

STS'  “ It  generally  designates  about  100  acres.” 
L.  B.  L.  JVotcs  and  Queries. 

CA'RUJU,  n.  ( Bot .)  A genus  of  plants;  the  cara- 
way, which,  according  to  Pliny,  is  a native  of 
Caria,  in  Asia  Minor.  Loudon. 

CAR'UN-CLE,  n.  [L.  caruncula, dim.  of  caro, flesh.] 

1.  {Med.)  A naked,  soft,  fleshy  excrescence 

or  protuberance.  Dunglison. 

2.  {Bot.)  A loose  lateral  appendage  growing 

from  the  hilum  in  some  plants.  Gray. 

CA-RUN'CU-LA,  n.  [L.]  (Bot.)  A small  pro- 
tuberance found  near  the  hilum  upon  the  seed 
of  some  plants.  Brande. 

CA-RUN'CU-LAR,  a.  Resembling  a caruncle. 

CA-RUN'CIJ-LATE,  a.  (Bot.)  Having  fungous 
excrescences.  P.  Cyc. 

CA-RUN 'CIj-LAT- p D,  a.  Having  a fleshy  excres- 
cence ; carunculate.  Palmer. 

CA-RUN'CU-LOUS,  a.  Relating  to  caruncles; 
caruncular.  Dunglison. 

CA  'R  US,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  kAoos,  heavy  sleep.] 
(Med.)  The  last  degree  of  coma,  with  complete 
insensibility  which  no  stimulus  can  remove, 
even  for  a few  instants.  Sopor,  coma,  lethar- 
gia,  and  carus  are  four  degrees  of  the  same 
condition.  Dunglison. 

CARVE,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  ceorfan  ; Dut.  kerven ; Ger. 
kerben.]  [ i . carved  ; pp.  carving,  carved.] 

1.  To  cut  into  elegant  forms  ; to  sculpture  ; 
as,  “ To  carve  marble  or  wood.” 

2.  To  form,  as  from  wood  or  stone  ; as,  “ To 
carve  a statue.” 

3.  To  engrave ; to  grave. 

Didst  thou  hear,  without  wondering  how  thy  name  should 
be  carved  upon  these  trees  i Shak. 

4.  To  cut  into  pieces,  as  meat  at  table. 

5.  To  distribute  ; to  apportion. 

How  dares  sinful  dust  carve  out  to  himself  the  seasons 
and  issues  of  life  and  death?  South. 

6.  To  cut ; to  hew. 

Brave  Macbeth,  with  his  brandished  steel, 

Like  Valor’s  minion,  carved  out  his  passage.  Shak. 

CARVE,  v.n.  1.  To  exercise  the  trade  of  a carver 
or  sculptor.  Johnson. 

2.  To  cut  meat  at  table.  Shah. 

f CARVE,  n.  A carucate  ; plough-land. Sir  J.  Ware. 

A hide,  a plough-land,  or  a carve,  I hold  plainly  eqniva- 
•ent.  Seklen. 

CARVED  (karv'ed  or  karvd),  p.  a.  1.  Ornament- 
ed with  sculpture;  as,  “A  carved  ceiling.” 

2.  Formed  by  a sculptor.  “A  pair  of  carved 

saints.”  Shak. 

3.  Cut  into  pieces  or  slices ; as,  “ A dish  of 
carved  meat.” 

CAR'VIJL,  n.  1.  A small  ship,  herring  vessel, 
or  fly-boat.  — See  Caravel.  Ealcigh. 

2.  Sea-blubber  ; Urtica  marina.  Herbert. 


CARV'yR,  n.  1.  A sculptor;  — now  usually  lim- 
ited to  one  who  works  in  wood  or  ivory. 

The  master  painters  and  the  carvers  came.  Dryden. 

2.  One  who  cuts  up  meat  at  table. 

The  carver  dancing  round  each  dish.  Dryden. 

3.  One  who  apportions  or  distributes  at  will. 

We  are  not  the  carvers  of  our  own  fortunes.  V Estrange. 

CARV'ING,  n.  1.  The  art,  or  the  act,  of  one  that 
carves  ; as,  “ He  excels  in  carving.” 

2.  A branch  of  sculpture  usually  limited  to 
works  in  wood  and  ivory  ; — sculpture,  properly 
so  called,  being  generally  applied  to  carving  in 
stone  or  marble.  Fairholt. 

CAR' VIST,  n.  [From  carry  fist .]  (Falconry.)  A 
hawk  in  its  first  year,  fitted  for  carrying  on  the 
hand.  Booth. 

t CAR-WITCII'yT,  n.  A jest;  a pun  ; a crotch- 
et ; a quibble.  B.  Jonson. 

CA  ' RY-A,  n.  [Gr.  Kapvov,  a nut.]  (Bot.)  A genus 
of  American  trees,  comprehending  the  various 
kinds  of  the  hickory.  P.  Cyc. 

CAR-Y-AT'IC,  ) a Relating  to  the  figures  called 

CAR-Y-AT'ID,  ) caryatides.  P.  Cyc. 

CAR-Y-AT'ID,  n.  A female  figure  to  support  an 
entablature.  — See  Caryatides.  Brande. 

CAR-Y-AT'!-DE§,  also  CAR-Y-A'TE§,  1 i.pl.  [L., 
from  Gr.  (tapuuVife.]  (Arch.)  Figures  of  women, 
instead  of  columns,  to  support  entablatures  : — 
so  named  from  Carya,  a town  in  Arcadia,  or 
from  Caryatis,  an  epithet  of  Diana,  who  was 
worshipped  there.  Brande. 

CAR-Y-O'CAR,  11.  [Gr.  icnpuoi/.]  (Bot.)  A genus 
of  tall  trees  found  in  the  tropical  parts  of 
America,  some  species  of  which  furnish  the 
saouari  (vulgarly  called  sawarrow)  nuts  of  the 
shops.  Brande. 

CAR-Y-OPH-YL-LA'CEOUS  (-shus),  a.  [Gr.  <c«- 
pv6<po).).ov,  the  clove-tree  ; Kapoor,  a nut,  and  ipbl- 
lor,  a leaf ; L.  caryophillus.]  (Bot.)  Noting  co- 
rollas consisting  of  five  petals,  with  long  claws, 
dilating  into  a broad  limb,  as  the  pink.  Brande. 

II  CAR-Y-6pH'YL-LATE,  n.  (Chcm.)  A com- 
pound of  caryophyllic  acid  and  a base.  Ogilvie. 

||  CAR-Y-OPH'YL-LOUS,  or  CAR-Y-O-FH YL'- 
LOUS  (131),  a.  (Bot.)  Same  as  Caryopiiyl- 
laceous. 

||  CAR-Y-oPH'YL-LIC,  a.  (Chcm.)  Noting  an  acid 
obtained  from  oil  of  cloves.  Ogilvie. 

II  CAR- Y-OPH'YL- LINE,  n.  (Chcm.)  A crystal- 
line substance  deposited  by  a strong  alcoholic 
tincture  of  cloves.  Brande. 

||CAR-Y-6PH'YL-LUS,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  snpvd- 
ipuX/.or-,  Kapoor,  a nut,  and  tpuli.or,  a leaf.]  (Bot.) 
A genus  of  trees  ; the  clove-tree.  Lindley. 

CAR-Y-OP'SIS,  or  CA-RY-OP'SIS,  n.  [Gr. 
Kbpvor,  a nut,  and  m/"s,  appearance.]  (Bot.)  Of 
A dry  one-seeded  fruit,  in  a membranous  y 
adhering  pericarp;  — the  technical  name 
of  the  grain  of  corn.  — See  Caiiiopsis.  Brande. 

CAR-Y-O  ' TA,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  KapvCorif,  a kind 
of  date.]  A genus  of  palms.  Loudon. 

CA'SAL,  a.  (Gram.)  Relating  to  case. 

The  casal  termination  of  the  Saxon  possessive  is  es  or  is, 
as  appears  in  such  phrases  as  “ Codes  sight,”  “ King/.s  crown.” 

McCulloch. 

CA-SAR'CA,  ii.  ( Ornith .)  A species  of  duck 
found  in  Russia  and  Siberia  ; Tadorna  rutila ; 
— called  also  ruddy-goose.  Yarrell. 

CA-SAVE',  n.  A substance  obtained  from  the 
roots  of  the  manioc.  — See  Cassava.  Craig. 

CAS'CA-BEL,  n.  [Sp.]  The  pommel  or  knob  at 
the  breech  of  a cannon.  Crabb. 

CAS-CADE',  n.  [It.  cascata,  cascare,  to  fall ; Sp. 
cascada  ; Fr.  cascade .]  A small  cataract;  a 
waterfall. 

The  River  Teverone  falls,  by  several  cascades,  from  one 
rock  to  another.  Addison. 

CAS-CADE',  v.  n.  To  vomit.  [Provincial  in  Eng- 
land, and  colloquial  in  the  U.  S.]  Ilalliwell. 

CAS-CAL' HO,  n.  (Port.)  The  depositor  debris 
in  which  the  Brazilian  diamond  is  found.  XJre. 

CAS-CA-RIL  'LA,  n.  [Sp.,  dim.  of  cascara,  bark.]  J 
(Med.)  The  bitter  aromatic  bark  of  the  Cro-  \ 


ton  cleuthcria,  imported  from  Jamaica  and  the 
Bahama  Islands.  Brande. 

CASE,  n.  [L .capsa-,  capio,  to  take;  It.  cassa; 
Sp.  caxa  ; Fr.  caisse,  a box  or  chest.] 

1.  Something  that  holds,  or  covers,  any  thing 
else  ; a box  ; a covering  ; a sheath  ; as,  “ A 
case  for  books  or  knives  ” ; “A  case  of  goods.” 

As  through  a crystal  case  the  figured  hours  are  seen.  Dryden. 

2.  The  outer  part  of  a building. 

The  case  of  the  holy  house  is  nobly  designed.  Addison. 

3.  A frame  for  holding  a printer’s  types. 

CASE,  n.  [L.  casus,  cado,  to  fall ; It.  A Sp.  caso  ; 
Fr.  cas.] 

1.  Any  thing  that  may  happen  ; condition  ; 
circumstance  ; state  ; situation. 

Question  your  royal  thoughts;  make  the  case  yours,  filial-. 

2.  (Gram.)  A distinction  used  to  denote  the 
different  relations  which  nouns  and  pronouns 
bear  to  other  words,  and  indicated  in  Greek  and 
Latin,  and  partially  in  English,  by  a change  of 
termination. 

The  term  case  is  so  namcrl  because  all  the  other  eases  fall 
or  decline  from  the  nominative.  Givjmne. 

The  word  case  means  fall.  The  old  Greek  grammarians 
wrote  the  nominative  in  an  upright  line,  and  the  other  cases 
in  lines  inclined  at  certain  angles;  so  that  the  forms  of  the 
genitive,  accusative,  &c.,  seem  to  be  falling,  as  it  were,  from 
the  original  word.  Hence  these  forms  were  called  oblique 
cases.  T.  K.  Arnold. 

3.  ( Law .)  A suit,  action,  or  cause.  Bouvicr. 

In  case , if  it  should  happen  j provided  that. 

Syn.  — A difficult  or  hard  c0.sc;  a trying  or  disa- 
greeable situation  ; — low  condition  ; humble  station  ; 
state  of  health  or  of  affairs;  incidental  circumstance  ; 
critical  conjuncture  ; proper  occasion  ; unexpected  oc- 
currence. — A case , action , suit,  or  cause  in  court. 
State  the  case  ; defend  the  cause. 

CASE,  V.  a.  [?'.  CASED  ; pp.  CASING,  cased.] 

1.  To  put  in  a case. 

Cased  in  green  scales  the  crocodile  extends.  Thomson. 

2.  To  cover,  as  with  a case. 

As  broad  and  general  as  the  casing  air.  Shak. 

They  began  to  case  their  houses  with  marble.  Arbuthnot. 

3.  fTo  divest  of  the  skin  or  covering. 

We  ’ll  make  you  some  sport  with  the  fox  ere  we  case  him. 

Shak. 

CASE,  v.  n.  To  put  cases. 

They  fell  presently  to  reasoning  and  casing  upon  the  mat- 
ter with  him.  L' Estrange. 

CASE'— BAG^f,  n.pl.  (Arch.)  The  joists  framed  be- 
tween a pair  of  girders  in  naked  flooring.  Ogilvie. 

CASE'— CHAN,  n.  A kind  of  salmon  found  in  the 
northern  lakes  of  Great  Britain.  Ogilvie. 

CASED  (kast),  p.  a.  Enclosed  in  a case ; covered. 

CASE'HARD-EN  (kas'har-dn),  v.  a.  [l.  CASE- 
HARDENED  ; pp.  CASEHARDENING,  CASEHARD- 
ened.]  To  harden  on  the  outside ; to  convert 
into  steel  on  the  outside,  as  iron.  Ure. 

CASE'HARD-EN-ING,  n.  A process  by  which  iron 
tools,  keys,  &c.,  have  their  surfaces  converted 
into  steel.  Ure. 

CA'Sy-INE,  n.  (Chcm.)  The  basis  of  cheese  ; 
the  purified  curd  of  milk  ; caseum.  Brande. 

CASE'— KNIFE  (kas'nlf),  n.  A large  table-knife. 

CASE'MATE,  n.  [It.  casamatta  ; Sp.  rasamata  ; 
Fr.  casemate .]  (Fort.)  A vault  in  the  flank  of 
a bastion,  or  a chamber  within  the  ramparts  of 
a fortification,  serving  as  a battery  ; — some- 
times used  as  barracks.  Campbell. 

CASE'MAT-yD,  a.  [Fr.  casemate'.]  Furnished 

with,  or  formed  like,  a casemate.  Kirby. 

CASE'MpNT  [kaz'inent,  S.  W.  J.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sin.-, 
kas'ment,  P.  Wb.],  n.  [It.  casamento.]  (Arch.) 

1.  A portion  of  a window-sash,  or  a compart- 

ment between  the  mullions  of  a window,  open- 
ing upon  hinges.  Briton. 

2.  A kind  of  hollow  moulding ; scotia.  Brande. 

CA'Sy-OUS  (ka'se-us  or  ka'slie-us)  [ka'slie-us,  Ja. ; 
ka'shus,  K.  Sm. ; ka'se-us,  if.],  a.  [L.  cascus, 
cheese  ; Fr.  casicux.]  Of  the  nature  of,  or  re- 
sembling, cheese.  “ The  caseous  parts  of  the 
chyle.”  Floyer. 

CASE'— RACK,  n-  A frame  of  wood  to  receive 
printers’  cases,  when  not  in  use.  Brande. 

CA'SpRN  [ka'zern,  Ja.  Sm.  ; ka'sern,  K. ; kSs'ern, 
Wb.],  n.  [Sp.  caserna  ; Ft.  caserne.]  (Mil.) 

A lodgement  or  small  barracks  for  soldiers,  be- 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short ; A,  5,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; IlfilR,  HER; 


CASE-SIIOT 


209 


CAST 


tween  the  houses  of  a fortified  town  and  the 
ramparts.  Brande. 

CASE'-SHOT,  n.  (Mil.)  Bullets  or  iron  in  a 
canister  or  a case,  to  be  discharged  from  can- 
non ; canister-shot.  P.  Cyc. 

CA'Sf.-UM,  n.  [L.,  cheese.]  Same  as  Caseine. 

Brande. 

CASE'-WORM  (-wurm),  n.  A grub  that  makes 
itself  a case  ; a caddice.  Floyer. 

CASH,  n.  [L.  capsa,  a chest,  a box ; It.  cassa,  a 
box  ; Sp.  caja,  a box  ; Fr.  caissc  ; a box  or  cash. 
— See  Case.]  Money  at  command;  ready 
money  ; coin  ; — applied  also  to  bank-notes. 

A thief,  bent  to  unhoard  the  cash 

Of  some  rich  burgher.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Money. 

CASH,  v.  a.  [j.  CASHED  ; pp.  CASHING,  cashed.] 
(Com.)  To  pay  money  for  ; to  turn  into  money  ; 
as,  “ To  cash  a bill  or  a draft.” 

t CASH,  v.  a.  [Fr.  casscr.]  To  cashier.  Gorges. 

CASII'-AC-COUNT,  n.  1.  (Book-keeping.)  An 
account  to  which  nothing  is  debited  or  credited 
but  cash. 

2.  (Banking  in  Scotland.)  A credit  given  by 
a bank  for  a loan  to  a person  who  can  procure 
two  or  more  acceptable  sureties  for  the  repay- 
ment of  the  amount  agreed  on,  on  demand, 
with  interest.  Those  who  obtain  such  credits 
draw  upon  them  for  such  sums,  within  their 
amount,  as  they  find  occasion  for.  Interest  is 
charged  only  on  the  average  balance  which  may 
be  due  to  the  bank.  Ogilvie. 

CASII'-BOOK  (kash'buk),  n.  A book  in  which 
accounts  are  kept  of  the  receipts  and  disburse- 
ments of  money. 

CASH'— CRED-jT,  n.  (Banking  in  Scotland.)  A 
credit  granted  by  a bank  for  a loan  ; cash-ac- 
count.— See  Cash-account.  Ogilvie. 

II  CA-SHEW',  or  CASH'EW  [k?-shu',  S.  IF.  Ja.  K. 
Sm.  B. ; ka'sliu,  C. ; kasli'u,  Urb.],  a.  (Bot.)  Not- 
ing a family  (Anacardiacece)  of  trees  or  shrubs, 
with  a resinous  or  milky,  acrid  juice,  repre- 
sented only  by  the  genus  Rhus,  or  sumach.  Gray. 

||  CA-SIIEW'— NUT,  n.  A nut  which  protrudes  at 
one  end  of  the  fruit  of  the  cashew-tree.  Loudon. 

II  CA-SHEW'-TREE  (ka-shu'tre),  n.  [Fr.  acajou .] 
A West-Indian  tree  which  bears  at  one  end  of 
its  fruit  a kidney-shaped  nut,  called  the  cashew- 
nut.  — See  Anacakdium. 

CA-SHIER'  (ka-sher'),  n.  [Dut.  kassier ; It.  cas- 
siere  ; Sp.  cajero  ; Fr.  caissier.  — See  Cash.] 
One  who  has  charge  of  money  ; or  who  superin- 
tends the  books,  payments,  and  receipts  of  a 
bank  or  moneyed  institution. 

CA-SHIER'  (ka-sher'),  v.  a.  [It.  cassare,  to  an- 
nul; Fr.  casscr,  to  break.]  [/.  cashiered  ; pp. 
cashiering,  cashiered.] 

1.  To  dismiss  from  a post  or  office  with  re- 
proach, as  by  a court-martial ; to  break. 

2.  To  discard;  to  reject. 

Some  cashier , or  at  least  endeavor  to  invalidate,  all  other 
arguments.  Locke. 

CA-SHIER'UR,  n.  One  who  cashiers.  Smart. 

CA-SHIER'ING,  n.  The  act  of  dismissing  an  offi- 
cer or  a soldier  for  misconduct.  Crabb. 

CASH'— KEEP-JJR,n.  A man  intrusted  with  money. 

II  CASH'MERE,  a.  Noting  the  fabric  of  downy 
wool,  called  cashmere.  Ure. 

||  CASH'MERE,  or  CASH-MERE',  n.  A peculiar 
textile  fabric  formed  of  the  downy  wool  of  a 
goat  found  in  Thibet,  first  imported  from  the 
kingdom  of  Cashmere.  Ure. 

CASII-ME'RJ-AN,  a.  (Gcog.)  Relating  to  the 
country  called  Cashmere.  Murray. 

CASH'— NOTE,  n.  A note  for  the  payment  of 
money.  Burrows. 

CASH'OO,  n.  (Med.)  An  aromatic  drug  of  Hin- 
dostan,  said  to  have  pectoral  virtues.  Dunglison. 

CAs'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  putting  in  a case,  or 
the  act  of  covering. 

2.  A covering  of  boards,  plaster,  or  other  ma- 
terials. Swinburne. 

CAS'ING§,  n.  pi.  Dried  cow-dung,  used  for  fuel. 
[North  of  Eng.]  Halliwell. 

CA-SI 'NO,  n.  [It.,  a small  house.] 


1.  A small  country-house.  Ogilvie. 

2.  A building  for  social  meetings  ; a club- 
house. Ogilvie. 

CASK  (12),  n.  [Sp.  casco  ; Fr.  caque.] 

1.  A hollow  wooden  vessel  for  wine  and  other 

liquids  ; a barrel,  a hogshead,  &c.  Ilervey. 

2.  The  quantity  held  in  a cask.  Smart. 

CASK,  n.  [L.  cassis  ; Sp.  casco  ; Fr.  casque.]  A 

helmet.  Shak. 

CASK,  v.  a.  To  put  into  a cask.  “ To  cask  beer 
or  wine.”  Todd. 

cAS'KET,  n.  [Dim.  of  cask ; Fr.  cassette .] 

1.  A small,  elegant  box  for  jewels,  &c. 

This  casket  India’s  glowing  gems  unlocks, 

And  all  Arabia  breathes  from  yonder  box.  Pope. 

2.  (Naut.)  A small  rope  for  fastening  a sail : 

— called  also  gasket.  Smart. 

CAS'KET,  v.  a.  To  put  into  a casket. 

I have  writ  my  letters,  casketcd  my  treasure.  Shak. 

CAS'PI-AN,  a.  \Caspice,  name  of  a pass  in  the 
range  of  Mount  Taurus.]  (Gcog.)  Noting  a 
large  lake  or  sea  between  Europe  and  Asia. 

CASQUE  (kSsk),  n.  [Fr.]  (Her.)  A helmet. — 
See  Cask.  Dryden. 

f CASS,  v.  a.  [Fr.  casser,  to  break.]  To  dismiss  ; 
to  break  ; to  cashier.  “ To  cass  all  old  and  un- 
faithful hands  and  entertain  new.”  Raleigh. 

CAS-SA'DA,  or  CAS'SA-DA  [kas'a-da,  S.  IF.  Ja. 
Sm.  I Vb.  ; kas-sa'da,  K.  P.  Cyc.  Crabb],  n. 
Same  as  Cassava.  Johnson. 

cAs-SA-MU'NAR,  n.  Same  as  Cassumuniar. 

f CAS'SATE,  v.  a.  [Low  L.  casso,  cassatus  ; Fr. 
casser .]  To  vacate  ; to  invalidate.  Ray. 

CAS-SA'TJON,  n.  [L.  cassatio;  Fr.  cassation .] 
The  act  of  making  null  or  void,  [it.]  Coles. 

Court  of  Cassation,  a high  court  of  appeal,  or  the 
highest  judicial  court  in  France.  Brande. 

CAS-SA'VA,  or  cAs'SA-VA,  n.  A nutritious  starch 
obtained  from  the  roots  of  the  manioc  plant, 
(Jatropha  maniliot,)  a tropical  shrub.  The 
roots  contain  poisonous  matter,  which  is  re- 
moved by  means  of  water,  pressure,  and  heat, 
and  the  residue  is  extensively  used  for  food. 
When  purified,  it  is  called  tapioca.  — Written 
also  cassada,  casave,- and  cassavi.  Ure. 

cAs'SA-wAre,  n.  See  Cassowary.  Johnson. 

cAs'S^-PA'PgR,  n.  [Perhaps  Fr.  casse,  broken  ; 
casser,  to  break.]  Paper  damaged  or  broken, 
particularly  the  two  outside  quires  of  a ream  : 

— written  also  cassie-paper.  Craig. 

CAS'SI-A  (kash'she-a),  n.  [Gr.  Ktiaetn,  Kauiu  ; L. 

cassia , casia  ; It.  cassia  ; Fr.  casse.] 

1.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  evergreen  shrubs  and 

herbaceous  plants  growing  in  tropical  coun- 
tries, some  species  of  which  produce  the  senna 
leaves  used  in  medicine.  Loudon. 

2.  The  bark  of  the  Laurus  cassia.  Its  flavor 
resembles  that  of  cinnamon,  and  it  yields  a pun- 
gent and  stimulating  essential  oil.  Brande. 

cAs'SJ-A— BARK,  n.  The  bark  of  the  Laurus  cas- 
sia ; — called  also  cassia.  Loudon. 

cAs'SI-A-BUDfy,  n.pl.  The  hexangular  fleshy  re- 
ceptacles of  the  seed  of  the  cinnamon-tree,  or 
Laurus  cinnamomum.  Loudon. 

CAS- SI- A 'NA,  n.  A bitter  principle  found  in  the 
root  of  Cassia  fistxda.  Francis. 

CAS'SI-A— PULP,  n.  The  sweet  pulp  in  the  pods 
of  Cassia  fistula.  Ogilvie. 

CAS'SI-DA,  n.  [L.  cassis,  cassidis,  a helmet.]  (Ent.) 
A genus  of  beetles  with  a helmet-like  thorax, 
injurious  to  the  sweet  potato,  &c.  Harris. 

CAS-SID'E-OUS,  a.  [L.  cassis,  a helmet.]  (Bot.) 
Shaped  like  a helmet,  as  a corolla.  Lindley. 

cAs'SI-DID,  n.  A tortoise-beetle.  Smart. 

CAS'SI-DO-NY  [kas'se-don-e,  Sm.  Wb.  Ash,  John- 
son-, k?s-sId'o-ne,  Ja.],  n.  [Fr.  cassidoine.] 

1.  (Bot.)  A species  of  everlasting;  sticka- 
dore  ; Gnaphalium  stcechas  : — applied  also  to 
Lavandula  stcechas, or  French  lavender./o/m.stm. 

2.  (Min.)  Chalcedony.  Crabb. 

CAS'SI-MERE,  n.  [Sp.  casimiro.]  A thin  wool- 
len cloth ; — written  also  kerseymere.  IF.  Ency. 

CAS-SINE’,  n.  [Fr.]  1.  A small  house  in  the 

country; — particularly  a solitary  house  where 
soldiers  may  make  a stand.  Crabb. 


CAS-ST'NJJ,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  shrubs  with 
green  foliage.  Loudon. 

CAS-SI-NETTE  ',  n.  A mixed  cloth  made  of  cot- 
ton and  wool,  or  of  wool  and  silk.  IF.  Ency 

CAS-SI ' NO  (kas-se'no ),n.  A game  at  cards.  Todd. 

CAS'SI-O-BER  RY,  n.  The  fruit  of  the  Viburnum 
leevigatum.  Loudon. 

CAS-SJ-O-PE'A,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  KaoatL-ua,  or 
Kajoidnri,  wife  of  Cepheus.]  (Astron.)  A con- 
stellation of  the  northern  hemisphere,  between 
Cepheus  and  Persius.  Hind. 

CAS' SIS,  n.  [L.,  a helmet.] 

1.  The  helmet-stone  ; anencrinite.  Buchanan. 

2.  (ZoOl.)  A genus  of  gastropodous  mollusks, 

including  the  species  of  which  the  shells,  called 
helmets,  are  used  for  cameos.  Brande. 

3.  The  black  currant ; Ribes  nigrum.  Ure-. 

CAS-SI-TE  ' RI-A,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  raooirepo;,  tin.] 
Substances  of  tin  ; crystals  having  an  admix- 
ture of  tin.  Smart. 


CAS'SI-US  (kSsh'e-us),  n.  A beautiful  purple  pig- 
ment, used  in  porcelain  and  glass  painting, 
usually  called  purple  of  Cassius.  It  is  prepared 
from  the  muriate  of  gold  by  adding  to  it  a mix- 
ture of  the  protochloride  and  perchloride  of  tin, 
and  is  so  named  from  its  discoverer.  Ure. 

CAS'SOCK,  n.  [It.  casacca  ; Sp.  cascica  ; Fr.  ca- 
saque  ; A.  S.  casul .] 

1.  f A loose  dress  or  clonk  of  a soldier.  Shak. 

2.  A vestment  worn  by  clergymen  under  their 
gowns. 

Ills  scanty  salary  compelled  him  to  run  deep  in  debt  for  a 
new  gown  and  cassock.  Sicu't . 

CAS'SOCKED,  a.  Dressed  in  a cassock.  Cowper. 


CAS'SON-ADE,  n.  [Fr.] 
refined ; raw  sugar. 

CAS'SO-WA-RY,  n. 
[Malay  cassuwaris.] 
(Ornith.)  A large, 
long-legged  bird,  of 
the  family  Struthio- 
nidee,  inhabiting  the 
Island  of  Java.  Its 
wings,  armed  with 
strong  spines  for  com- 
bat or  defence,  are 
shorter  than  those  of 
the  ostrich.  Brande. 


Cask-sugar ; sugar  not 
Crabb. 


Cassowary. 


CAS-SU-MU'NI-AR,  n.  (Med.)  A bitter  and  aro- 
matic root,  brought  from  the  East  Indies  in 
slices,  used  as  a tonic  and  stimulant.  Dunglison. 


CASS'— WEED,  n.  A weed  otherwise  called  shep- 
herd’ s-pouch.  Johnson. 

CAST  (12),  v.  a.  [Dan.  kaste  ; Sw.  kasta .]  [t. 

CAST  ; pp.  CASTING,  CAST.] 

1.  To  throw;  to  hurl;  to  fling.  “Let  him 

first  cast  a stone  at  her.”  John  viii.  7.  “ Cast 

thy  bread  upon  the  waters.”  Eccl.  xi.  1. 

2.  To  drive;  to  impel;  to  thrust;  to  force. 

We  must  be  cast  upon  a certain  island.  Acts  xxvii.  20. 
Jesus  had  heard  that  John  was  cast  into  prison.  Matt.  iv.  12. 

3.  To  turn  ; to  direct. 

IIow  earnestly  he  cast  his  eyes  upon  me.  Shak. 

4.  To  defeat;  to  vanquish;  to  overcome. 

The  northern  men  were  agreed  to  cast  our  London  cs- 

cheator.  _ Camden. 

5.  To  condemn,  as  in  a criminal  trial. 

There  then  we  met;  both  tried,  and  both  were  cast ; 

And  this  irrevocable  seutenec  passed.  Dryden. 

6.  To  dismiss  from  office;  to  cashier.  “You 

are  but  now  cast  in  his  mood,  a punishment 
more  in  policy  than  in  malice.”  S/tak. 

7.  To  shed;  to  lay  aside  ; to  put  off;  to  drop. 

Nor  shall  your  vine  cast  her  fruit.  Mai.  iii.  11. 

The  creatures  that  cast  the  skin  are  the  snake,  the  viper, 

the  lizard,  &c.  Bacon. 

8.  To  compute  ; to  reckon  ; to  calculate  ; as, 
“.To  cast  an  account.” 

I have  lately  been  casting  in  my  thoughts  the  several  un- 
happinesses or  life.  Addison. 

9.  To  assign  or  allot,  as  the  parts  of  a play. 

Our  parts  in  the  other  world  will  be  new  cast.  Addisoti. 

10.  To  form  by  running  in  a mould  ; to  found. 
IIow  to  build  ships  and  dreadful  ordnance  cast.  Waller. 

11.  To  model ; to  form  by  rule. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.— C,  9,  g,  soft;  e,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  S as  z;  y as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 
27 


CAST 

Some  have  been  tempted  to  cast  all  their  learning  into  this 
method.  Watts. 

12.  To  bring  forth  abortively. 

Thy  ewes  and  thy  she-goats  have  not  cast  their  young. 

Gen.  xxxi.  38. 

13.  To  make  to  preponderate ; to  cause  to 
surpass  ; to  decide  by  overbalancing. 

How  much  interest  casts  the  balance  in  cases  dubious!  South. 

To  he  cast  away , to  be  shipwrecked. — To  be  cast 
down , to  be  depressed  or  dejected  ill  mind. — To  cast 
anchor,  (JVVntf.)  to  let  go  or  let  fall  the  anchor.  — To 
cast  aside,  to  dismiss  as  useless.  — To  cast  away,  to 
lavish  ; to  waste.  “ Hast  thou  yet  more  blood  to  cast 
away  ? ” Sltak.  To  ruin.  “ By  an  oversight  to  cast  away 
themselves  forever.”  Hooker. — To  cast  back,  to  put 
behind.  — To  cast  by,  to  reject. — To  cast  forth , to 
emit;  to  eject. — To  cast  lots,  to  determine  by  lot. — 
To  cast  off,  to  discard.  “ Cast  me  not  off  in  the  time 
of  old  age.”  Ps.  lxxi.  9.  To  reject;  to  get  rid  of. 
“ Religion  would  curb  him  in  his  lusts,  and  therefore 
he  casts  it  off."  Tillotson.  To  leave  behind.  “ Away 
he  scours,  casts  off  the  dogs,  and  gains  a wood.” 
IP  Estrange.  (JCaut.)  To  loosen  or  to  let  go  ; as,  “ To 
cast  off  a rope.”  — To  cast  oat,  to  turn  out  of  doors  ; to 
reject.  “Thy  brat  hath  been  cast  out."  Shak. — To 
cast  up,  to  compute  ; to  calculate  ; as,  “ To  cast  up  an 
account.”  To  eject  by  vomiting.  “ Cast  up  the  poi- 
son that  infects  thy  mind.”  Dryden.  — To  cast  upon, 
to  refer  to.  “ If  things  were  cast  upon  this  issue.” 
South. 

rrfp  The  original  meaning  of  the  word  is  to  throw, 
or  tling  ; of  this  sense  all  the  other  senses  are  either 
figurative  derivations,  or  modifications  by  adverbial 
particles,  such  as  about,  aside,  away,  down,  forth,  off, 
out,  on,  upon.  Smart. 

CAST,  v.  n.  1.  To  contrive  ; to  revolve  in  the  mind. 

But  first  he  casts  to  change  his  proper  shape.  Milton. 

2.  To  admit  of  being  formed  in  a mould. 

At  the  first  fusion  it  will  not  run  thin,  so  as  to  cast  and 
mould.  Woodward. 

3.  To  be  curled  or  twisted;  to  warp.  ‘‘Stuff 

is  said  to  cast  or  warp  when  ...  it  alters  its  flat- 
ness and  straightness.”  Moxon. 

4.  To  vomit.  “ These  verses  too  . . . make 

me  ready  to  cast.”  B.  Jonson. 

To  cast  about,  to  consider  ; to  contrive. 

CAST,  n.  [Dan.  Sj  Sw.  /cast,  a throw.] 

1.  The  act  of  throwing ; a throw.  “ The  rest 

are  measuring  casts.”  Waller. 

2.  f The  act  of  running  metal  into  a mould. 

Such  daily  cast  of  brazen  cannon.  Shak. 

3.  The  thing  thrown.  Dryden. 

4.  The  space  through  which  any  thing  is 
thrown.  “ About  a stone’s  cast.”  Luke  xxii.  41. 

5.  A stroke ; a touch.  “ This  was  a cast  of 

Wood’s  politics.”  Swift. 

6.  Motion  of  the  eye ; glance ; a squint. 

“ With  one  cast  of  an  eye.”  Addison. 

7.  Venture  or  chance,  as  in  throwing  dice  ; 
lot ; fate. 

Has  it  not  sometimes  been  an  even  cast  whether  the  army 
should  march  this  way  or  that  way.  South. 

8.  A mould  ; a form. 

An  heroic  poem,  but  in  another  cast  and  figure  than  any 
that  ever  had  been  written  before.  Prior. 

9.  Any  thing  formed  in  a mould  ; a casting ; 
as,  “ A cast  in  plaster  or  in  bronze.” 

10.  A tinge  or  shade  in  color ; appearance. 

The  native  hue  of  resolution 
Is  sicklied  o'er  with  the  pale  cast  of  thought.  Shak. 

11.  Manner;  air;  style.  “Something  of  a 

neat  cast  of  verse.”  “ The  very  cast  of  the  pe- 
riods.” Pope. 

12.  An  assignment  of  theatrical  parts. 

13.  {Plumbing.)  A small  brazen  funnel  at 

the  end  of  a mould  for  casting  pipes  without 
soldering.  Crabb. 

14.  {Hawking.)  The  number  of  hawks  dis- 
missed from  the  hand ; a flight.  “ A cast  of 
merlins,  . . . flying  of  a gallant  height.” Sidney. 

CAS-TA’LI-AN,  a.  Relating  to  Castalia,  the 
spring  or  fountain  of  the  Muses  on  Mount  Par- 
nassus. Pope. 

CAS-TA  'J\TE-A,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  K&aravov , a chest- 
nut.] (Bot.)  A genus  of  trees  related  to  the 
oak,  and  producing  the  seed-like  nuts  called 
sweet  chestnuts ; chestnut  tree.  Loudon. 

CAS'T  A-NET,  n.  [It.  castagnetta-,  Sp.  castaneta, 
from  castana,  a chestnut ; Pr.  castagnette .]  A 
sort  of  instrument  of  hard  wood  or  of  ivory, 
shaped  like  a pair  of  chestnuts  attached  by  a 
string.  It  is  fastened  to  the  thumb,  and  beat 
with  the  middle  Anger  as  an  accompaniment 


210 

to  dances,  and  to  the  guitar  ; — used  particular- 
ly by  the  Moors  and  Spaniards.  Buchanan. 

CAS-TA-JYO-SPER  ' jV UM,  it . [Gr.  Kaornvov,  a 

chestnut,  and  o-neppa,  a seed.]  (Bot.)  A genus 
of  evergreen  trees  found  in  JS’ew  Holland, 
the  edible  seeds  of  which  have  somewhat  the 
flavor  of  Spanish  chestnuts.  Loudon. 

cAsT’A-WAY,  n.  A person  lost  or  abandoned. 

Lest  by  any  means,  when  I have  preached  to  others,  I 
myself  should  be  a castaway.  1 Cor.  ix.  27. 

cAsT'A-WAY,  a.  Rejected  ; useless.  “ Our  cast- 
away leisure.”  Raleigh. 

CASTE,  n.  [Port.  § Sp.  casta,  race  ; Ger.  kaste; 
Fr.  caste.] 

1.  A distinct  hereditary  order  or  class  of  peo- 

ple among  the  Hindoos,  the  members  of  which 
are  of  the  same  rank,  profession,  or  occupation. 
The  religious  law  of  Brahma  recognizes  four 
leading  castes,  which  are  again  subdivided. 

1.  The  Brahmins,  or  priests,  devoted  to  reli- 
gion and  higher  pursuits.  2.  The  Kshatriya,  or 
soldier-caste,  to  which  belong  not  only  the  mil- 
itary, but  whole  tribes  of  natives.  3.  The  Vai- 
sya,  or  commercial  class.  4.  The  Sudra,  or 
tillers  of  the  soil.  Below  these  are  the  Pariahs 
and  some  other  races.  Brande. 

Many  of  the  Indian  castes  will  not  drink  out  of  the  same 
cup  with  a person  deemed  impure.  Bryant. 

2.  An  order  or  class  ; a race. 

f CAST'^D,  p.  Improperly  used  for  cast.  Shak. 

CAS'TflL-LAN  [kas'tel-liin,  IF.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  Wb. ; 
k?s-tel'l?n,  S.],  n.  [Sp.  castellan ; Fr.  chcttelain.] 
The  governor  of  a castle.  Kelham. 

cAs'TIJL-LA-NY,  n.  The  lordship  or  jurisdiction 
belonging  to  a castle.  Kelham. 

CAS'TIJL-LAT-ED,  a.  1.  Enclosed  within  a build- 
ing, as  a fountain  or  cistern.  Johnson. 

2.  Having  turrets  and  battlements  like  a cas- 
tle ; formed  like  a castle.  Weale. 

f cAS-TJJL-LA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  fortifying  a 
house.  Todd. 

CAs'TEL-LET,  n.  A small  castle.  Whitaker. 

CASTER  (12),  n.  1.  One  who  casts  or  throws. 

If  with  this  throw  the  strongest  caster  vie, 

Still,  further  still,  I bid  the  discus  fly.  Pope. 

2.  One  who  casts  accounts  or  fortunes ; a 

calculator.  “ Did  any  of  them  set  up  for  a 
caster  of  fortunate  figures.”  Addison. 

3.  A small  box,  cruet,  or  phial  out  of  which 
something  is  shaken  ; as,  “ A pepper-caster.” 

4.  A small  wheel  or  swivel  on  which  furni- 
ture is  rolled  ; as,  “ The  casters  of  a table.” 

CAS'TJJR,  or  CHES'TJJR,  n.  [A.  S.  ceastcr,  from 
L.  castrum,  a fortress.]  A city,  town,  or  castle ; 
— used  as  an  affix  in  the  names  of  places  ; as, 
“ Dor  Chester  ” ; “ Col  Chester.”  Gibson. 

CAST'JJR^,  n.  pi.  A frame  for  holding  or  con- 
taining small  bottles.  Maunder. 

f CAS-TI-FI-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  castifico,  castifca- 
tus,  to  make  pure.]  Chastity.  Bp.  Taylor. 

CAS'TI-GATE,  v.  a.  [L.  castigo,  castigatus  ; It. 
castigare  ; Sp.  castigar.]  [I.  castigated  ; pp. 
castigating,  castigated.]  To  chastise  ; to 
correct;  to  punish  ; to  chasten.  “ To  castigate 
thy  pride.”  Shak. 

CAS-TI-GA'TION,  n.  [L.  castigatio .]•  Punish- 
ment ; chastisement.  Shak. 

CAS'TI-GA-TOR,  n.  [L.]  One  who  castigates. 

CAS'Tj-GA-TO-RY,  a.  That  may  serve  for  pun- 
ishment ; punitive  ; corrective.  Bramhall. 

CAS'TI-GA-TO-RY,  n.  (Law.)  An  instrument  of 
correction  for  a scold  ; — called  also  cucking- 
stool,  ducking-stool,  trebucket,  and  tumbrel. 

Bur  rill. 

CAS-TILE'— SOAP,  n.  A sort  of  hard,  refined  soap. 

CAS-TlL'IAN  (kjs-tll'yjn),  a.  ( Geog .)  Pertain- 
ing to  Castile  in  Spain. 

CAS-TIL'IAN,  w.  (Geog.)  An  inhabitant  or  na- 
tive of  Castile  in  Spain. 

CAS-TIL-LANE',  n.  [Sp.  Castellano.]  A Spanish 
gold  coin,  in  value  more  than  a ducat.  Crabb. 

CAST'ING  (12),  n.  1.  The  act  of  throwing.  Huloet. 

2.  The  act  of  taking  easts  or  impressions  of 
figures,  busts,  medals,  &e.  Maunder. 


CASTOR  AND  POLLUX 

3.  Any  thing  formed  in  a mould  by  liquid 
metal;  as,  “An  iron  casting." 

4.  !he  act  of  assigning  parts  to  players,  or 

of  contriving  any  thing.  I Votton. 

5.  The  process  by  wliich  some  animals  throw 

oil'  their  skins,  horns,  &c.  Maunder. 

6.  The  process  of  warping  by  heat  or  mois- 
ture, as  in  wood.  Crabb. 

Casting  of  draperies,  ( Fine  Arts.)  tile  general  dis- 
position or  flow  of  tbo  main  lines  which  produces 
tile  greatest  impression  on  tile  eye.  Fairholt. 

CAST'ING— NET,  n.  A net  to  be  thrown  into  the 
water. 

Casting-nets  did  rivers’  bottoms  sweep.  May. 

cAst'ING-VOICE,  n.  A casting-vote.  Tomlins . 

CAST'ING— VOTE,  n.  The  vote  given  by  the  pre- 
siding  officer  of  any  body  of  men,  which  casts 
or  turns  the  balance  when  the  votes  are  equally 
divided.  Tomlins. 

CAST'ING— WEIGHT  (kist'jng-wat),  n.  A weight 
that  turns  the  balance  in  the  scale.  Pope. 

CAST'— IR-ON  (kist'l-urn),  n.  Iron  as  first  ex- 
tracted from  its  ores,  when  it  is  hard  and  brittle  ; 
pig-iron.  Ure. 

||  CAs'TLE  (kis'sl,  12),  n.  [L.  castellum,  dim.  of 
castrum,  a fortified  place  ; It.  castello  ; Sp.  Cas- 
tillo.— Dnt.kasteel;  A.  S.  castel.] 

1.  A mansion  strongly  fortified  ; a fortress. 

The  castle  of  Macduff  I will  surprise.  Shak. 

2.  The  name  of  a piece  used  in  the  game  of 

chess;  a rook.  — See  Rook.  Hoyle. 

Castle  iu  the  air,  a groundless  or  visionary  project. 

Syn.  — See  Fortification. 

||  CAs'TLE,  v.  a.  (Chess.)  To  cover  the  king  with 
a castle  by  a certain  move. 

After  the  king  is  castled , the  pawns  before  it  should  be 
guarded  as  much  as  possible.  Crabb. 

II  cAs'TLE-BUILD'ER  (kfts'sl-lilld'er),  n.  A build- 
er of  castles  in  the  air  ; a fanciful  projector. 

The  poets  are  the  greatest  castle-builders.  Student. 

II  cAs'TLE-BUILD’ING,  n.  The  act  of  building 
castles  in  the  air,  or  of  forming  visionary  pro- 
jects. Student. 

||  CAs'TLE— CROWNED  (-krijund),  a.  Crowned  or 
topped  with  a castle.  Mir.  fur  Mag. 

||  cAs'TLED  (lcis'sld),  a.  Furnished  with  castles. 
“ The  groves  and  castled  cliffs.”  T.  Warton. 

II  cAs'TLE-GUARD  (-g'ird),  n.  [Old  Fr.  castel- 
garde.]  ( Feudal  Late.)  1.  The  defence,  or 
guard  of  a castle  ; — called  also  watch  and 
ward.  Burrill. 

2.  A kind  of  tenure  by  knights’  service. 

3.  A tax  laid  upon  those  living  within  a cer- 

tain distance  of  a castle  for  the  maintenance 
of  those  who  guard  it.  Burrill. 

4.  The  circuit  around  a castle  subject  to  be 

taxed  for  its  maintenance.  Burrill. 

||  cAS’TLE-RV  P (kis'sl-re),  n.  The  custody  or 

cAs'TEL-RY  ) government  of  a castle.  “ The 
castlery  of  Baynard’s  castle.”  Blount. 

||  CAs'TLE— SOAP,  n.  Castile  soap.  Addison. 

cAST'LIfiT,  n.  A small  castle.  Leland. 

||  cAs'TLE-WARD,  n.  A tax  or  imposition  for 
maintenance  of  such  as  watch  and  ward  a cas- 
tle. Cowell. 

cAsT'LING,  n.  A young  animal  cast  or  brought 
forth  before  its  time  ; an  abortion.  Browne. 

cAst'LING,  a.  Abortive.  Hudibras. 

CAST'— OFF,  p.  a.  Laid  aside  ; rejected  ; as,  “ A 
cast-off  garment.”  Ed.  Rev. 

cAs'TOR,  n.  [Gr.  Kdortop,  the  beaver ; L.,  Sp., 
Ger.,  <Sr  Fr.  castor.  — Dut.  kastoor.] 

1.  The  generic  name  of  the  beaver.  Brande. 

2.  A hat  made  of  beaver’s  fur.  Johnson. 

3.  A small  wheel  or  swivel  on  which  furniture 

is  rolled.  — See  Caster.  Clarke. 

4.  (Med.)  A peculiar  concrete  substance  ob- 

tained from  pouches  situated  in  the  groin  of  the 
beaver ; castoreum.  Dunglison. 

CAS'TOR  and  POL' LUX.  1.  ( Astron .)  Two  stars, 
called  Gemini  or  the  Twins ; a constellation  in- 
tersected by  the  tropic  of  Cancer. 

2.  (Meteor.)  A fiery  meteor,  which  appears 


A,  E,  !,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  t,  6,  U,  f,  short;  A,  £,  (,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


CASTOR-BEAN 


CATANADROMOUS 


211 


sometimes  sticking  to  some  part  of  a ship,  in 
the  form  of  balls.  Brande. 

cAs'TOR— BEAN,  n.  The  seed  of  the  Ricinus  com- 
munis or  Palma  Christi.  Ugilvie. 

CAS-  TO  'RE-  UM,  n.  [L.]  (Med.)  A viscid,  fetid 
substance  obtained  from  pouches  situated  in 
the  groin  of  the  beaver,  and  used  in  medicine 
as  an  antispasmodic.  — See  Castor.  Dunglison. 

CAS'TO-RINE,  n.  ( Chem .)  A principle  lately 
discovered  in  castoreum.  Ure. 

CAS'TOR-OIL,  n.  (Med.)  An  oil  extracted  from 
the  seed  of  the  Ricinus  communis  or  Palma 
Christi,  and  used  as  a cathartic.  Loudon. 

CAS ' TRA,  n.  pi.  [L.]  An  encampment  or  camp  ; 
soldiers’  quarters.  Smart. 

CAS-TRA-M^-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  castra,  a camp, 
and  metior,  to  measure ; h r.  castrametation .] 
(Mil.)  The  act  of  planning  or  tracing  an  en- 
campment. Campbell. 

CAS'TRATE,  v.  a.  [L .castro,  castratus  (“Varro 
thinks  from  castus,”  chaste),  Richardson  ; It. 
castrare ; Sp.  castrar ; Fr.  cMtrer;  Dan.  cas- 
treve .]  [i.  castrated  ; pp.  castrating,  cas- 

trated.] 

1.  To  deprive  of  the  testicles  ; to  emasculate; 

to  geld.  Dunglison. 

2.  To  mutilate,  or  render  imperfect.  “A  cas- 
trated set  of  Holingshed’s  Chronicles.”  Todd. 

OAS-TRA'TION,  n.  [Fr.  castration .]  The  act  of 
castrating.  Sharp. 

CAS-  TRA  ' TO,  n.  [It.]  A singer  who  is  a eunuch  : 
— an  artificial,  or  male,  soprano.  Smart. 

CAS'TRpL,  n.  A kind  of  hawk  ; — written  also 
kestrel  and  coistrel.  — See  Kestrel.  Beau.  <Sf  FI. 

CAS-TREN'SIAL  (kfis-tren'shal),  a.  Relating  to 
a camp  ; castrensian.  Broivne. 

CAS-TREN'SIAN,  a.  [L.  castrensis,  castra,  a 
camp.]  Belonging  to  a camp,  [u.]  Baileg. 

CA§'IJ-AL  (kazh'yu-fil,  93),  a.  [L.  casus,  a fall  ; 
It.  casuale;  Sp  .casual-,  Fr.  casual.)  1.  Hap- 
pening by  chance  ; accidental ; fortuitous. 

That  which  seemeth  most  casual  and  subject  to  fortune  is 
yet  disposed  by  the  ordinance  of  God.  Raleigh. 

2.  Occasional  ; not  constant. 

Syn.  — See  Accidental. 

CA§'U-A L-LY  (kazh'yu-?l-le),  ad.  Accidentally; 
fortuitously  ; by  chance.  Bentley. 

CA§'U-AL-NESS  (kazh'yu-;d-nes),  n.  The  state  of 
being  casual.  Johnson. 

CAfj'U-AL-TY  (kazh'yu-jl-te,  93),  n.  1.  That  which 
happens  without  being  foreseen';  accident; 
chance  ; contingency. 

That  Octavius  Ciesar  should  shift  his  camp  that  night  it 
happened  to  be  took  by  tire  enemy  was  a mere  casualty. South. 

2.  An  accident  attended  with  loss  of  life. 

It  is  observed  that  within  the  space  of  two  or  three  hun- 
dred years,  notwithstanding  all  casualties , the  number  of 
men  doubles.  Burnet. 

3.  (Mil.)  The  loss  of  men  in  an  army  by 

death,  desertion,  or  discharge.  Campbell. 

Syn. — See  Accident. 

CA^T-IST  (kazh'yu-Ist,  93),  n.  [L  .casus;  It.  Sf 
Sp.  casuista;  Fr.  casuiste.  — See  Case.]  One 
who  is  versed  in  casuistry,  or  who  studies  and 
resolves  cases  of  conscience. 

Who  shall  decide  when  doctors  disagree. 

And  soundest  casuists  doubt,  like  you  and  me?  Pope. 

t CA^'U-IST,  v.  n.  To  play  the  casuist.  Milton. 

CA§-U-iS'TJC  (kazh-yu-Is'tjk),  ) a_  Re]at. 

CA.f-U-IS’TI-CAL  (kazh-yu-ls'te-kjl),  > ingto  cas- 
uistry, or  cases  of  conscience.  “ Casuistical 
divinity.”  South. 

CA^-U-IS'TI-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a casuistic  man- 
ner. “To  writ e casuisticalltj.”  Wood. 

CA§'y-IS-TRY  (kSzh'yu-Is-tre,  93),  n.  That  part  of 
ethics  which  determines  cases  of  conscience. 


Morality,  by  her  false  guardians  drawn, 
Chicane  in  furs,  and  casuistry  in  lawn. 


Pope. 


Casuistry  is  the  department  of  ethics,  the  great  object  of 
which  is  to  lay  down  rules  or  canons  for  directing  how  to  act 
wherever  there  is  any  room  for  doubt  or  hesitation.  Stewart. 

Syn.  — See  Morality. 

CAT,  n.  [L.  catus  ; It.  gatto  ; Sp.  gato  ; Fr.  chat ; 
A.  S.  cat ; Dut.  kat ; Ger.  katze.] 

1.  A well-known  domestic  animal,  of  the 
genus  Felis,  useful  in  catching  rats  and  mice. 


2.  A ship  or  sea  vessel  employed  in  the  coal 

trade.  Scott. 

3.  A double  tripod  having  six  feet ; — prob- 

ably so  called  from  falling  always,  like  the  cat, 
on  its  legs.  Buchanan. 

4.  (Naut.)  A tackle  used  for  hoisting  up  the 

anchor  to  the  cat-head.  Dana. 

5.  (Mil.)  A kind  of  shed,  under  which  sol- 

diers conceal  themselves  while  filling  up  a ditch 
or  mining  a wall.  Crabb. 

f CAT-A-BAp'TIST,  n.  [Gr.  kotA,  against,  and 
PanTiariis,  one  who  baptizes.]  An  opponent  of 
baptism.  “Anabaptists  or  Catabaptists.”  Featleg. 

CAT-A-BA'SjION  (93),  n.  [Gr.  KuraPamov,  away 
leading  downwards  ; Kara,  down,  and  Paino,  to 
go.]  (Arch.)  A chamber  or  place  under  the  al- 
tar in  a Greek  church  for  relics.  Britton. 

CAT-A-CAUS'TIC,  a.  (Geom.  & Opt.)  Noting 
caustic  curves  formed  by  reflection.  Hutton. 

CAT-A-CAUS'TICS,  n. pi.  [Gr.  KaraKauois,  a burn- 
ing ; KaraKaiui,  to  burn.]  (Geom.  & Opt.)  Caus- 
tic curves  to  which  rays  of  light, proceeding  from 
a point  and  reflected  by  another  curve,  are  tan- 
gents. — See  Caustic.  Hutton. 

CAT-A-FHRE'SIS,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  KarA^r/ms ; 
Kara,  beside,  or  aside  from,  and  XPba‘s,  use.] 
(Rhet.)  A figure  by  which  a word  is  used  in  a 
sense  different  from,  yet  analogous  to,  its  own  ; 
a harsh  metaphor  ; as,  “ The  pure  blood  of  the 
grape.”  Deut.  xxxii.  14. 

Their  skill  in  astronomy  dwindled  into  that  which,  by  a 
great  catachresis , is  called  judicial  astrology.  Stillingfleet. 

CAT-A-LHRES  TIC,  l a.  [Gr.  KaraxpyoriKA;.] 

CAT-A-CHRES'TI-CAL,  ) Relating  to  catachre- 
sis ; forced  in  expression.  “A  catachrestical 
and  far  derived  similitude.”  Browne. 

CAT- A-jCriRES'TI-CAL-Ly,  ad.  In  a forced  man- 
ner. “ To  be  taken  but  catachresticallg .”  Evelgn. 

CAT- A-jCHRTs'TON,  il.  [Gr.  KiirAxpiaros,  rubbed 
on.]  (Med.)  A liniment.  Dunglison. 

CAT'A-CLY§M  (kSt'j-kllzm),  11.  [Gr.  KaraKAVcuts ; 
kutA,  down,  and  k?.L'£u>,  to  wash ; L.  cataclgsmos .] 

1.  A deluge  ; an  inundation.  Hale. 

2.  (Med.)  A shower-bath.  Dunglison. 

CAT'A-COMB  (kat'j-kom),  n.  ; pi.  cXt'a-c5mb§. 

[Gr.  Kara,  down,  and  Ktyfios,  a hollow ; It.  cata- 
combe-,  Fr  .catacomb.]  A subterraneous  place 
for  burying  the  dead  ; — originally  applied  to 
the  burying-place  under  the  church  of  St.  Se- 
bastian at  Rome.  The  most  noted  catacombs 
are  those  near  Rome,  on  the  Via  Appia,  at  Na- 
ples, Syracuse,  Cairo,  and  especially  those  un- 
der the  city  of  Paris,  which  were  formed  from 
abandoned  stone-quarries. 

On  the  other  side  of  Naples  are  the  catacombs.  Addison. 

CAT- A-COUS'TICS,  ii.pl.  [Gr.  Kara,  over  against, 
and  aKoiiut,  to  hear;  Fr.  catacoustique .]  The 
science  of  reflected  sounds,  or  echoes ; cata- 
phonics.  Chambers. 

CAT-A-DI-OP'TRIC,  ) [Gr.  ^ oyer 

cAT-A-DI-OP'TRI-CAL,  ) against,  La,  through, 
and  ottukAs,  relating  to  sight;  Fr.  catadiop- 
trique.]  Noting  optical  instruments,  as  New- 
ton’s telescope,  by  which  rays  of  light  are  both 
reflected  and  refracted.  Hutton. 

CAT'A-DROME,  n.  [Gr.  sarAlpoyo;  ; tiara,  down, 
and  bpAyoi,  a course,  a race.] 

1.  A race-course.  Britton. 

2.  (Mcch.)  A machine,  used  in  building,  for 
raising  and  letting  down  great  weights.  Francis. 

fCAT'A-DUPE,  n.  [Gr.  KaruAounlw,  to  fall  with  a 
loud,  heavy  sound ; Karri,  down,  and  fiovniw,  to 
fall  heavily;  Fr.  catadoupe .]  A cataract;  a 
waterfall.  Brewer. 

CAT-A-FAI.' CO,  ii.  [It. , a scaffold.]  (Arch.)  A 
temporary  structure  of  carpentry  to  be  decorat- 
ed by  works  of  art,  representing  a tomb  or  cen- 
otaph ; — used  in  funeral  ceremonies.  Brande. 

CAT-A-FALQUE'  (-fo\k’),n.  [Fr.]  (Arch.)  Alofty 
tomb  of  state;  a funeral  decoration  ; catafalco. 

It  is  (i  saving  worthy  to  be  written  in  letters  as  big  ns  those 
on  a catafalque.  J.  E.  Taylor. 

p CAT- AG-MAT'IC,  a.  (Or.  sdrayya,  a fracture  ; 
Fr . cataginatique.]  (Med.)  Calculated  to  favor 
the  consolidation  of  fractures.  Palmer. 


cat-ag-mAt'jc,  n. 

tures. 


(Med.)  A remedy  for  frac- 
Dunglison. 


CAT'A-GRAPH  (kat'a-graf),  n.  [Gr.  Kardypar])t] ; 
L.  catagrapha.] 

1.  The  first  outline  of  a picture.  Coles. 

2.  A profile.  Chambers. 

CAT'A-LAN,  n.  (Gcog.)  A native  or  inhabitant 
of  Catalonia.  Ash. 

CAT-A-LEC’TICj  a.  [Gr.  KnralyKTiKA;  ; Karaifyo), 
to  leave  off’.]  (Pros.)  Wanting  one  syllable  at 
the  end,  as  a Greek,  Latin,  or  other  verse. 

CAT-A-LEC'TIC,  ii.  (Pros.)  A verse  wanting 
one  syllable  at  the  end.  Brande. 

CAT'A-LEP-SY,  or  CAT-A-LEP'SIS,  n.  [Gr.  sarA- 
i.tpfrts  ; Kara/.ayPAvoi,  to  seize  upon  ; Karo,  down, 
used  intensively,  and  /.ayPAvm,  to  seize  ; Fr.  cal- 
alepsie.]  (Med.)  A spasmodic  disease  in  which 
there  is  a sudden  suspension  of  the  action  of 
the  senses,  and  of  volition,  whilst  the  heart  con- 
tinues to  pulsate.  Brande. 

CAT-A-LEP'TIC,  a.  Pertaining  to  catalepsy. Craig. 

CAT-AL-LAC'TICS,  11.  pi.  [Gr.  KaraUdt <rm,  a 
money-changer  ; Kara/j.daaw,  to  exchange.]  The 
science  of  exchanges.  Bowen. 

t cAt'A-LQ-CIZE,  v.  a.  To  put  into  a catalogue ; 
to  catalogue.  Coles. 

CAT’A-LOGUE  (kat’?-]og),  n . [Gr.  KarA'toyo;  ; L. 
catalogus  ; It . catalog  o\  Fr  .catalogue.]  A list 
of  names,  books,  works,  &c.,  disposed  in  a cer- 
tain order;  a register  ; a roll. 

Catalogue  raisonne  (-ra-zon-S'),  (Bibliography.)  a 
catalogue  of  books  classed  under  the  beads  of  their 
several  subjects,  and  containing  a general  abstract  of 
the  contents  of  works  where  the  title  does  not  suffi- 
ciently indicate  it. 

CAT'A-LOGUE  (kat'si-log),  V.  a.  [i.  CATALOGUED  ; 
pp.  CATALOGUING,  CATALOGUED.]  To  form 
into  a catalogue  ; to  make  a list  of.  Burke. 

CAt-A-LO’NI-AN,  a.  (Gcog.)  Relating  to  Catalo- 
nia. Earnshaw. 

CA-TAlTA,  ii.  [Fr.  catalpa.]  (Bot.)  A large  flow- 
ering tree  of  America,  of  rapid  growth,  which 
has  large  leaves,  and  bears  large  clusters  of 
trumpet-shaped  white  flowers,  variegated  with 
yellow  and  purple.  P.  Cyc. 

CA-TAL'Y-SIS,  n.  [Gr.  KarAhiai;  ',  KaraUw,  to  un- 
loose.] 

1.  (Med.)  Paralysis.  Dunglison. 

2.  (Chem.)  The  influence  by  which  certain 

substances,  without  undergoing  any  change 
themselves,  resolve  certain  other  substances 
into  new  compounds  by  mere  contact,  or  the 
action  of  presence,  as  it  is  termed,  — as  in  the 
conversion  of  starch  into  sugar  by  sulphuric 
acid.  Graham. 

CAT-A-LYT'JC,  ii.  (Med.)  A medicine  for  catal- 
ysis! Dunglison. 

CAT-A-LYT'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  catalysis.  Craig. 

Catalytic  force,  (Chem.)  a force  which  produces 
chemical  changes  merely  by  contact,  or  by  an  “ action 
of  presence,”  as  it  lias  been  termed.  Thus  yeast  ex- 
erts a catalytic  force,  or  is  a catalytic  agent,  in  changing 
sugar  by  contact  into  carbonic  acid  and  alcohol. 

CAT-A-MA-RAN',  ii.  1.  A sort  of  raft  used  by 
the  Indians  on  the  Coromandel  coast,  and  along 
the  sea-shore  in  South  America  and  the  West 
Indies.  It  consists  of  three  pieces  of  wood 
lashed  together,  the  middle  one  being  a little 
longer  than  the  other  two,  and  turned  up  slight- 
ly at  one  end  to  serve  for  the  bow.  Brande. 

2.  A floating  battery  intended  to  be  used  by 
Napoleon  for  the  invasion  of  England.  Brande. 

CAT-A-ME  ' NI-A,  it.  [Gr.  sard,  according  to,  and 
pAv,  a month!]  (Med.)  The  menses ; the  monthly 
courses.  Dunglison. 

CAT-A-ME'NI-AL,  a.  [Gr.  Karayfjvtos.]  (Med.) 
Relating  to  catamenia ; menstrual.  Good. 

CAT'A-MlTE,  n.  [L.  catamitus,  — corrupted  from 
Ganymedes ; Gr.  YavvyAhris.]  A boy  kept  for 
unnatural  purposes.  Churchill. 

CAT'A-MOUNT,  n.  [Sp.  gato  monies,  cat  of  the 
mountain.]  The  North  America  tiger ; cougar ; 
puma ; Felis  concolor.  Thompson. 

CAT-A-MOUN'TAIN,  n.  The  wild  cat  ; cata- 
mount. Beau.  § FI. 

CAT-AN-AD'RO-MOOs,  a.  [Gr.  kotA,  downwards, 
and,  upwards,  and  ApAyos,  a course  or  race.. 


mien,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — <?,  g,  soft;  E,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  i)  as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


CATANANCHE 


CATECHISM 


212 


Moving  once  a year  from  salt  water  into  fresh, 
as  certain  kinds  of  fish.  Smart. 

CAT-A-NAN'CHE,  n.  [Gr.  KaTaviyKri,  a plant  used 
by  the  women  of  Thessaly  in  philters  and  love- 
potions.]  ( Bot .)  A genus  of  plants  consisting 
of  two  or  three  species  of  ornamental  border 
annuals.  Loudon. 

CAT'A-PA§M,  n.  [Gr.  Karonacpn,  a powder  ; kuth- 
uiaatn,  to  sprinkle.]  (Med.)  A mixture  of  pow- 
ders to  be  sprinkled  on  the  body.  Dunglison. 

cAt-A-PEL'TIC,  a.  Relating  to  a catapult.  Smart. 

CAT-A-PET'A-LOUS,  a.  [Gr.  Kara,  against,  and 
nil -a?.ov,  a leaf.]  (Bot.)  Noting  a flower  whose 
petals  are  held  together  by  stamens  which  grow 
to  their  bases.  Brande. 

CAT-A-PH6n'IC,  a.  Relating  to  cataphonics.  Ash. 

CAT-A-PHON'JCS  (kat-a-foa'iks),  n.pl.  [Gr.  itnru- 
to  resound  ; card,  over  against,  and  ♦»»/, 
voice  or  sound.]  The  doctrine  of  reflected 
sounds  ; catacoustics.  Brande. 

cAT'A-PPIKACT,  n.  [Gr.  KaTQ<ppaKTos , clad  in  ar- 
mor; KaTtupoaaaui,  to  clothe  in  armor;  L . cata- 
phractus,  mail-clad;  Fr.  cataphracte.] 

1.  A species  of  heavy  defensive  armor,  used 
to  defend  the  breast  or  the  whole  body.  Maunder. 

2.  A horseman  in  complete  armor. 

Archers  and  slingers,  cataphracts  and  spears.  Milton. 

cAt'A-PHRAcT-ED,  a.  Covered  with  armor,  or 
with  a hard  skin,  plates,  or  scales.  Brande. 

cAT-A-PHRAc'TIC,  a.  Relating  to,  or  like,  a 
cataphract.  Ash. 

CAT'A-PLA^M  (kSt’a-plazm),  n.  [Gr.  KarduXacpa  ; 
Kararr/.iiaeui,  to  spread  over ; L.  £$  It.  cataplas- 
ma  ; Fr.  cataplasmc .]  A plaster  or  poultice. 

A good  cataplasm  for  the  gout.  Holland. 

t cAt'A-PUCE,  n.  [Fr.]  The  herb  spurge.  Chaucer. 

CAT'A-PULT,  n.  [Gr.  KaTairUrrit ; L.  catapulta. ] 
A military  engine  used  by  the  ancients  for 
throwing  arrows,  stones,  &c.  Buchanan. 

CAT-A-PUL'TIC,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  catapult. 

CAT'  A-RACT,  n.  [Gr.  KarnpaKTrjc  ; K'irnndccio,  Kara- 
pdfa,  to  fall  down  ; L.  cataracta;  Fr.  cataracte .] 

1.  A fall  of  water,  as  of  a river  down  a preci- 
pice ; a great  waterfall  or  cascade. 

The  sounding  cataract 

Haunted  me  like  a passion.  JTordsivorth. 

2.  (Surg.)  A loss  of  sight;  a disease  of  the 

eye  consisting  in  the  opacity  of  the  crystalline 
lens  or  its  capsule.  Dunglison. 

3.  (Mech.)  A contrivance  applied  to  an  en- 

gine to  regulate  the  number  of  strokes  to  a 
minute.  Weale. 

4.  (Fort.)  A portcullis.  Stocqueler. 

CAT-A-RAC'TOUS,  a.  Relating  to,  or  partaking 
of  the  nature  of,  a cataract  in  the  eye.  Craig. 

CA-TARRH'  (k?-t&r'),  n.  [ Gr.  Karajijiooc  ; Karaplieoi , 
to  flow  down  ; L.  catarrhus ; It.  <Sf  Sp.  catarrho ; 
Fr.  catarrheJ]  (Med.)  A discharge  of  fluid  from 
the  nose  or  mucous  membrane,  being  the  ef- 
fect of  what  is  commonly  called  a cold ; a cold 
in  the  head.  Dunglison. 

CA-TARRIl'AL  (kfi-tttr'rfil),  a.  Relating  to  a ca- 
tarrh or  cold.  Palmer. 

CAT' AR-RF1INE,  n.  [Gr.  koto,  at,  and  five s,  the 
nostrils.]  (Zo'il.)  A tribe  of  quadrumanous 
animals,  including  those-which  have  the  nostrils 
approximated,  and  the  intervening  septum  nar- 
row, as  in  some  species  of  apes.  Brande. 

CA-TARRH'OLS  (kj-tAr'rus),  a.  [See  Catarrh.] 
Catarrhal.  ' Arbuthnot. 

CA-TAS  'Co-Peis,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  KnraaKono;,  a 
spy.]  (Ent.)  A sub-genus  of  coleopterous  in- 
sects. Boag. 

CAT-A-STAL  i IC,  a.  [Gr.  KnraaraXriKd;  ; kutci- 
otO.'/.w,  to  check.]  (Med.)  A term  applied  to 
medicines  which  repress  evacuations,  as  astrin- 
gents and  styptics.  Ogilvie. 

CA-  TkAS  1 TA-S/S,  n.  [Gr.  Kariic-acK  ; KaOtarfpi,  to 
establish  ; Karri,  down,  and  i 'arripi,  to  place.] 

1.  (Rhet.)  The  narrative  part  of  an  orator’s 
speech,  in  which  he  unfolds  the  matter  in  ques- 
tion, and  which  generally  forms  the  exordium. 


A,  E,  !,  O,  U,  Y,  long  ; A,  E,  I,  6 


2.  (Med.)  The  constitution,  state,  or  condi- 
tion of  any  thing.  Dunglison. 

CA-TAS'T]JR-I§M,  71.  [Gr.  Karaari^iaiio^  ; kuto- 
aripi^u, ; to  place  among  the  stars  ; aari/p,  a star.] 
A cataloguing  of  stars.  Smart. 

CA-TAs'TO-MUS,  n.  [Gr.  kut6,  downward,  and 
ardpa,  a mouth.]  (Ich.)  A genus  of  fishes  allied 
to  the  carps,  and  peculiar  to  the  North  Ameri- 
can rivers  ; the  sucker.  Storer. 

CA-TAS'TRO-PHF,  n.  [Gr.  Karaarpoififi ; xarnarpe- 
0w,  to  come  to  an  end  ; L.  catastropha ; It.  ca- 
tastrofc ; Sp.  <§,-  Fr.  catastrophe .] 

1.  The  falling  out  of  events  by  which  a dra- 
matic or  other  piece  is  concluded. 

Pat!  he  comes  like  the  catastroj/he  of  the  old  comedy.  Shale. 

2.  A final  event  or  conclusion  ; — particularly 
an  unfortunate  event ; a calamity. 

The  most  horrible  and  portentous  catastrophe  that  nature 
ever  yet  saw.  Woodward. 

3.  (Geol.)  A sudden  change  in  the  crust  of 

the  globe  from  physical  violence.  Ogilvie. 

CA-TAW'BA,  n.  A variety  of  the  grape  cultivated 

for  making  wine  in  the  west  and  south-west 
parts  of  the  United  States.  Cyc.  Com. 

CAT'CALL,  n.  A squeaking  instrument,  formerly 
used  in  playhouses  to  condemn  plays  ; a harsh 
sort  of  pipe.  Pope. 

CATCH,  v.  a.  [ Junius  says,  akin  to  Belg.  ketsen, 
to  chase  ; L.  capto,  to  catch ; Swed.  katsa,  a 
snare  to  catch  fish ; Sp.  coger,  to  catch.]  [i. 
CAUGHT  or  CATCHED  ; pp.  CATCHING,  CAUGHT 
or  catched.  — Catched  is  little  used.] 

1.  To  lay  hold  on  with  the  hand ; to  grasp. 

And  when  he  arose  against  me  I caught  him  by  his  beard, 
and  smote  him  and  slew  him.  1 Sam.  xvii.  35. 

2.  To  seize  in  any  way  so  as  to  hold  or  stop 
from  motion  ; as,  “ To  catch  a butterfly  ” ; “ To 
catch  a ball  when  it  is  thrown  or  when  it  falls.” 

3.  To  overtake ; to  seize  by  pursuit ; to  ar- 

rest; to  apprehend;  as,  “To  send  a rogue  to 
catch  a rogue.”  Proverb. 

4.  To  take,  find,  or  come  upon. 

We  shall  catch  them  at  their  sport.  Milton. 

5.  To  fasten  upon  ; as,  “ The  flames  caught 
the  roof.” 

6.  To  insnare  ; to  entangle. 

They  sent  unto  him  certain  of  the  Pharisees,  and  of  the 
Herodians,  to  catch  him  in  his  words.  Mark  xii.  13. 

7.  To  seize  the  admiration  or  the  affection 
of ; to  charm  ; to  captivate. 

Beauty  and  honor  in  her  arc  so  mingled, 

That  they  have  caught  the  king.  Shak. 

8.  To  take,  as  a contagion  or  disease ; as, 
“ To  catch  the  measles  ” ; “ To  catch  cold.” 

To  catch  at,  to  endeavor  to  lay  bold  on.  “ Make 
them  catch  at  all  opportunities.”  Addison.  — To  catch 
up,  to  take  up  suddenly.  “ He  was  caught  up  into 
paradise.”  2 Cor.  xii.  4. 

US?- “This  word  is  almost  universally  pronounced 
in  tlie  capita)  [London]  like  the  noun  ketch ; hut  this 
deviation  from  the  true  sound  of  a is  only  tolerable  in 
colloquial  pronunciation,  and  ought,  by  correct  speak- 
ers, to  be  avoided  even  in  that.”  IValkcr.  — It  is  often 
wrongly  so  pronounced  in  the  U.  S. 

CATCH,  v.  n.  1.  To  lay  hold.  “The  hook 
catches.”  Johnson. 

2.  To  be  contagious  ; to  spread  by  infection. 

’T  is  time  to  give  them  physic,  their  diseases 

Are  grown  so  catching.  Shak. 

CATCH,  n.  1.  Act  of  seizing;  seizure;  capture. 

She  would  fain  the  catch  of  Strephon  fly.  Sidney. 

2.  A notion  hastily  entertained. 

All  which  notions  arc  hut  ignorant  catches  of  a few  things 
which  are  most  obvious.  Bacon. 

3.  The  posture  of  seizing  ; watch. 

Both  of  them  lay  upon  the  catch  for  a great  action.  Addison. 

4.  A short  time  for  action  or  effort ; a snatch. 

It  has  been  writ  by  catches,  with  many  intervals.  Locke. 

5.  Any  thing  that  catches  and  holds;  as, 
“ The  catch  of  a door.” 

6.  A trace  ; a taint. 

We  retain  a catch  of  those  pretty  stories.  GlanviUc. 

7.  (Mus.)  A song  for  several  voices,  no  two 
singing  the  same  words  at  the  same  time.  Warner. 

8.  ( Naut .)  A ketch. — See  Ketch.  Johnson. 

9.  (Fisheries.)  The  quantity  of  fish  caught. 

Sabine. 

CATCH'A-BLE,  a.  Liable  to  be  caught.  Halifax. 

CATCH'— DRAIN,  n.  An  open  drain  across  a de- 


I,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  F,,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE, 


clivity  to  intercept  surface  water  ; — sometimes 
also  applied  to  an  under-drain  across  a decliv- 
ity. Brande. 

cATCH'ER,  n.  The  person  or  thing  that  catches. 

CATCH'FLY,  n.  A name  applied  to  several 
plants,  which  have  the  property  of  retaining 
insects  by  their  viscid  surface,  or  by  other 
means,  — as  the  Si/ene,  Dioncca,  &c.  P.  Cyc. 

CATCII'ING,  n.  Seizure;  capture;  arrest. 

CATCH'ING,  p.  a.  1.  Laying  hold  of. 

2.  Contagious;  infectious;  pestilential. — 
See  Contagious. 

CATCH'— LAND,  n.  Border-land,  or  land  of  which 
it  is  not  known  to  what  parish  it  belongs. 
[England.]  Crabb. 

CATCH'— MEAD-OW,  n.  Grass  land  watered  by 
a catch-drain.  Smart. 

CATCH'PEN-NY,  n.  Any  thing  of  little  value  to 
be  sold  in  order  to  get  money  ; — particularly 
a worthless  pamphlet  or  publication. 

CATCH'PEN-NY,  a.  Made  to  get  money  ; worth- 
less. ’ Qu.  Rev. 

fcATCH'POLL,  n.  A sergeant;  a bumbailiff. 
“ Under-sheriffs  and  catchpolls.”  Bacon. 

CATCH'UP  [k&ch'up,  S.  W.  J.  F.  K.  Sm.  C. ; 
kech'up,  Ja.},  n.  [“  The  kitjap  of  the  Chinese.” 
Loudon .]  A sauce  made  from  mushrooms,  to- 
matoes, walnuts,  &c. ; — catsup.  — See  Catsup. 

j; /)  ■ Catsup  is  the  form  that  was  first  introduced 
into  tile  language  ; though  catchup  appears  now  to  he 
most  in  use  ; and  ketchup  is  also  sometimes  used. 

cAtCH'WEED,  n.  A weed,  called  also  cleavers, 
goose-grass,  and  /tariff.  Farm.  Ency. 

cAtCU'WORD  (-wiird),  n.  1.  A word  under  the 
last  line  of  a page,  which  is  repeated  at  the  top 
of  the  next  page.  Martin. 

2.  The  last  word  in  a sentence  uttered  by  an 
actor,  and  serving  to  remind  the  next  speaker 
of  what  he  is  to  say.  Ogilvie. 

CATCH'WORK  (kach'wurk),  n.  An  artificial  wa- 
tercourse for  throwing  water  on  such  lands  as 
lie  on  the  declivity  of  hills.  Farm.  Ency. 

+ CATE,  n.  [Old  Fr.  acat,  purchase.]  Food. — 
See  Cates. 

Even  the  Christmas  pie,  which  in  its  very  nature  is  a kind 
of  consecrated  cate.  Tatler. 

CAT-U-dlET'lC,  ) a_  [Qr.  KaTii%r)ois,  instruc- 

CAT-E-jCHET'1-CAL,  > tion.]  Consisting  of  ques- 
tions and  answers  ; catcchistical. 

Socrates  introduced  a catechetical  method  of  arguing. 

A<tui$on. 

CAT-F-jCIIET'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  the  way  of  ques- 
tion and  answer  ; catechistically. 

CAT-E-CHET'ICS,  n.  pi.  The  art  or  the  practice 
of  teaching  by  question  and  answer.  Ec.  Rev. 

CAT'E-jCHINE,  or  CAT-5-CHl'NFM,  n.  (Chem.) 
A peculiar  acid  principle  obtained  from  cate- 
chu. It  forms  a fine  white  powder  composed  of 
silky  filaments,  and  was  so  named  on  the  sup- 
position that  it  was  a base  ; — called  also  cate- 
chuic  acid,  and  tanningenic  acid.  Brande. 

cAT-Ii-GHI-fA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  catechising. 
[r.]  Turnbull. 

CAT'F.-JEIlIijE  (kat'e-klz),  V.  a.  [Gr.  xnrij^rw,  and 
KiiTp^i^io,  to  sound  a thing  in  one’s  ears,  or  im- 
press it,  by  word  of  mouth  ; sard,  down,  used 
intensively,  and  vx‘w<  1°  sound  ; L.  catechizo  ; 
It.  catechizzare ; Sp.  catequizar ; Fr.  catechizer. ] 
[i.  catechised  ; pp.  catechising,  cate- 
chised.] 

1.  To  instruct  by  asking  questions  and  re- 

ceiving answers,  — particularly  on  the  doctrines 
of  religion.  Shak. 

2.  To  question  ; to  try  by  questioning ; to  in- 
terrogate ; to  examine.  Swift. 

UQfln  accordance  with  the  rule  in  relation  to  the 
orthography  of  English  verbs  derived  from  Greek 
verbs  ending  in  q?u,  this  word  should  he  spelt  ente- 
chiic.  and  it  is  so  spelt  by  the  lexicographers  Phillips, 
Coles,  Bailey,  Kersey,  and  Dyehe  ; yet  in  nearly  all 
the  recent  English  Dictionaries,  it  is  spelt  catechise. 

CAT'JJ-CHIS-IJR,  n.  One  who  catechises.  Herbert. 

cAT'E-eHIS-ING,  n.  Interrogation.  B.  Jonson. 

cAt'E-jCH1§M,  n.  [Gr.  Karn^iapis ; L.  cateclds- 


, FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


CATECHISMAL 


213  CATHODE 


mus;  It . catechismo  ; Sp.  catecismo;  Fr.  cate- 
chisme .]  A form  of  elementary  instruction  by 
questions  and  answers,  — particularly  on  reli- 
gious subjects ; a manual  of  religious  instruc- 
tion. 

For  he  had  no  catechism  but  the  creation,  needed  no  study 
but  reflection,  and  read  no  book  but  the  volume  of  the  world. 

South. 

CAT-E-€HI§'MAL,  a.  Catechetical.  Gent.  Mag. 

CAT'U-jEHIST,  n.  [Gr.  /cnr^tor*  ; L.  &;  It.  cate- 
chista,  catequista  ; Fr.  catechiste .]  One  who 
teaches  by  catechising.  Hammond. 

CAT-E-CIIIS'TIC,  ( a.  [Gy.  Karrj%t<Truc6s.)  In- 

CAT-5-CHlS'TI-CAL,  > structing  by  question  and 
answer ; catechetical.  Burke. 

CAT-E-eHIS'TI-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a catechistical 
manner.  South. 

CAT'p-CHU  (kat'e-ku),  n.  [Japanese  cate,  a tree, 
and  chu,  juice.  Hoblyn .]  The  inspissated  ex- 
tract from  the  heart  wood  of  the  khair  tree  of 
Hindostan  ( Acacia  catechu ),  used  in  medicine 
as  an  astringent ; also  used  as  a dye-stuff;  — 
called  also  Japan  earth.  Lindley.  Dunglison. 

CAT-E-FHU'IC,  a.  { Chem .)  Noting  an  acid  ob- 
tained from  catechu. — See  Catechine.  Brande. 

CAT-E-CHCj'MEN,  n.  [Gr.  Karg^oTipevos  ; Karg^cui, 
to  teach  orally.  — See  Catechise.]  One  who 
is  yet  in  the  rudiments  of  Christianity  ; a pupil 
little  advanced.  Brande. 

CAT- E-dltJ- MEN' 1C,  ? <j.  Relating  to  cate- 

CAT-E-£Hy-MEN'!-CAL,  > chumens.  Smart. 

f cAT-E-CHU'MIJN-IST,  n.  One  in  the  rudi- 
ments of  Christianity  ; a catechumen.  Morton. 

cAT-E-GOR-15-MAT'IC,  a.  [Gr.  KargySpypa,  a 
predicate.]  {Logic.)  Noting  a term  that  can  be 
used  either  as  the  subject  or  the  predicate  of  a 
proposition,  without  being  accompanied  by  any 
other  word.  Smart. 

CAT-E-GOR'I-CAL,  a.  [Gr.  KargyooiKo;  ; Karr/yo- 
p tin,  to  affirm ; L.  categoricus ; It.  Sp.  cate- 
gorico  ; Fr . categorique.)  {Logic.)  Absolute  ; 
positive,  .as  opposed  to  hypothetical ; direct ; 
express ; explicit. 

A categorical  proposition  is  one  which  affirms  or  denies  a 
predicate  of  a subject,  absolutely,  and  without  any  hypoth- 
esis. W /lately. 

A categorical  answer  is  an  express  and  pertinent  reply  to 
a question  proposed.  Fleming. 

cAt-JJ-GOR'I-CAL-EY,  ad.  Absolutely  ; without 
qualification  ; directly  ; expressly.  Child. 

CAT-E-G6r'!-CAL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing categorical.  Marvel. 

CAT'JJ-GO-RiZE,  v.  a.  To  place  in  a category  or 
list ; to  class,  [it.]  Month.  Rev. 

CAT'Il-GO-RY,  n.  [Gr.  Karyyooia,  that  which  may 
be  predicated  of  a thing  ; L.,  It.,  $ Sp.  categoria ; 
Fr.  categories)  {Logic.)  A class  or  order  in  the 
objects  of  thought,  signified  by  a term  of  such 
general  import  as  to  contain  under  it  a great 
number  of  genera  and  species  ; — predicament. 

The  categories  laid  down  by  Aristotle  are  ten  : 
— substance,  quantity,  quality,  relation,  place, 
time,  situation,  possession,  action,  and  suf- 
fering. All  these  may  be  arranged  under  two 
grand  heads  — substance  and  attribute. 

The  categories  of  Aristotle  are  both  logical  and  metaphys- 
ical, and  apply  to  things  as  well  as  to  words.  Regarded  logi- 
cally, they  are  reducible  to  two,  substance  and  attribute; 
regarded  metaphysically,  they  are  reducible  to  being  and  ac- 
cident. The  categories  of  Kant  are  quantity,  quality,  rela- 
tion, and  modality.  Fleming. 

Syn.  — In  popular  language,  category  is  used  in  an 
indifferent  sense ; predicament,  often  in  an  ill  sense. 
One  may  be  said  to  be  in  the  same  category  or  the 
same  predicament;  in  a dangerous  or  awkward  pre- 
dicament, but  not  in  an  awkward  category. 

cAt' E-JVA,  n.  [L.,  a chain,  a series.)  A series 
of  passages  from  the  writings  of  various  fathers, 
arranged  for  the  elucidation  of  some  portions  of 
Scripture,  as  the  Psalms  or  the  Gospels.  Hook. 

cAt-E-NA'RI-AN,  a.  [L.  catenarius  ; catena,  a 
chain.]  Relating  to,  or  like,  a chain.  “ Catena- 
rian curve.”  Harris. 

Catenarian  arch,  {Arch.)  an  arch  whose  form  is  that 
of  a cord  or  chain  suspended  from  two  fixed  points 
at  its  extremities.  Brande. 

CAT  JJ-NA-RY,  n.  [L.  catena,  a chain.]  {Math.) 


The  curve  formed  by  a homogeneous  cord  or 
chain  freely  suspended  by  two  of  its  points,  and 
acted  on  by  no  force  but  gravity.  Nichol. 

t cAt'E-nATE,  v.  a.  To  chain.  Bailey. 

cAt-E-nA'TION,  n.  Regular  connection.  “This 
catenation  or  conserving  union.”  Browne. 

CAt-E-NIP  'A-RA,  n.  [L.  catena,  a chain,  and 
porus,  (Gr.  trupot,)  tufa.]  Chain-coral,  a genus 
of  corals  found  in  Palmozoic  strata,  and,  in 
Britain,  only  in  the  Silurian  formation.  Craig. 

CA-TEN'U-LATE,  a.  [L.  catena,  a chain.]  Formed 
like  a chain.  Brande. 

CA'TgR,  v.  n.  [Fr.  acheter,  to  buy.  — See  Aca- 
teu,  Cate,  and  Cates.]  [ i . catered  ; pp. 

catering,  catered.]  To  provide  food ; to 
purvey. 

lie  that  doth  the  ravens  feed, 

Yea,  providently  caters  for  the  sparrow, 

Be  comfort  to  my  age.  Shale. 

cA'TIJR,  v.  a.  To  cut  diagonally.  Halliwell. 

f CA'TJER,  n.  A provider  ; a caterer.  “ I am 
cook  myself,  and  mine  own  cater.”  Beau.  <Sf  FI. 

CA'TpR,  n.  [Fr.  quatre,  four.]  The  four  of  cards 
and  dice.  Johnson. 

CA'TER-COR'NpRED  (-kbr'nerd),  a.  Diagonal. 

Carr’s  Craven  Dialect. 

ffsf'  Catty -cornered,  or  Cater-corncred,  is  in  collo- 
quial use  in  the  U.  S. 

CA'T£R-COU§'IN  (ka'tur-kuz'zn),  n.  See  Qua- 
ter-cousin.  ’ Shah. 

CA'TJER-JJR,  n.  One  who  caters  ; one  who  buys 
or  provides  provisions  ; a provider  ; a purveyor. 

lie  made  the  greedy  ravens  to  be  Elias’s  caterers , and  bring 
him  food.  King  Charles. 

CA'TJJR-ESS,  n.  A woman  who  provides  food. 

CAt'ER-PIL-LAR,  n.  [The  etymology  has  been 
a matter  of  doubt  and  discussion.  “ The  most 
probable  derivation  is  that  which  assigns  it  to 
two  French  words,  acat,  food  or  provisions, 
more  recently  written  cates,  and  piller,  to  rob 
or  plunder.”  Duncan , in  Sir  Wm.  Jardine’s 
Naturalist's  Library.  P.  Cyc.  But  the  French 
word  chattepeleuse,  or  chatepeleuse,  appears  to 
be  the  real  origin  of  the  word.  Boiste  defines 
chateleuse,  centipeda,  i.  e.  a worm  with  many 
feet,  or  a caterpillar.  — Topsel  (1608)  says  of 
caterpillars,  “The  French  call  them  chattepe- 
leuse ” ; and  in  the  Etymological  Dictionary  of 
Menage,  we  read,  “ Chattepeleuse.  Les  Nor- 
mands  appellent  ainsi  une  chenille.  Les  An- 
glais disent  caterpillar.”  Notes  and  Queries, 
Vol.  I.,  2 d Series.) 

1.  {Ent.)  The  larva  or  grub  of  lepidopterous 

insects.  It  feeds  on  leaves,  and  often  does 
great  damage  to  fruit-trees.  Harris. 

2.  {Bot.)  A deciduous,  trailing  plant,  with 
yellow  flowers ; Scorpiulus  fermiculata.  Loudon. 

CAT'BR-PIL-LAR-EAT'BR,  ) n.  {Ornith.)  A 

CAT'ER-PIL-LAR— CATCH'ER,  ’ genus  of  birds, 
belonging  to  the  shrike  family,  that  live  on 
caterpillars.  — See  Campephagin^e.  Gray. 

CAT'BR-WAUL,  v.  n.  [cat  and  tcaul.)  [i.  cat- 
erwauled ; pp.  caterwauling,  cater- 
wauled.] To  make  a noise  as  cats  in  rutting 
time.  Johnson. 

CAt'BR-WAUL-ING,  n.  1.  The  noise  of  a cat. 

2.  A harsh  noise,  like  that  made  by  cats. 

What  a caterwavling  do  you  keep  here  I Shah. 

fCA'TJE-RY,  n.  [Nor.  Fr . acaterie.)  A depository 
of  victuals  purchased.  Kelham. 

CATES,  n.pl.  [Old  Fr.  acat,  a purchase.]  Viands; 
provisions;  food,  — particularly  luxurious  food 
or  dainties. 

Alas,  how  simple  to  these  cafes  compared 

Was  that  crude  apple  that  diverted  Eve!  Milton. 

CAT'— EYED  (kiit'ld),  a.  Having  eyes  like  a cat; 
seeing  in  the  dark.  Dryden. 

CAT—  FALL,  n.  {Naut.)  A rope  used  in  weighing 
anchor.  Ogilvie. 

cAT'FISH,  n.  ( Ich .)  1.  An  American  pond-fish 
of  several  varieties;  horned-pout;  mud-pout; 
bull-head  ; Pimelodus  catus.  Storer. 

2.  The  wolf-fish ; Anarrhicas  lupus.  It  at- 
tains the  length  of  six  feet,  and  is  extremely 
voracious.  Storer. 


CAT'GOLD,  n.  A variety  of  mica,  of  a yellowish 
color.  Booth. 

CAt'GUT,  n.  [Corrupted  from  gut-cord.  Notes 
Sf  Queries.) 

1.  A string  for  musical  instruments,  &c., 

made  of  the  intestines  of  animals,  commonly  of 
sheep.  Maunder. 

2.  A species  of  linen  or  canvas  with  wide 

interstices.  Smart. 

cAth’ A-Rl,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  « aOapds,  pure.]  {Eccl. 
Hist.)  A term  applied,  in  different  ages,  to  per- 
sons who  distinguished  themselves  by  aiming 
at  greater  purity  than  the  mass  of  Christians 
around  them.  It  was  especially  applied  to  the 
Paulicians.  Milner. 

cAth'A-RIST,  n.  One  of  the  Cathari.  Craig. 

CA-THAR'MA,  n.  [Gr.  nadappa  ; KaOalpaj,  to 
cleanse.]  {Med.) 

1.  Matter  evacuated  by  a purgative,  or  by 

spontaneous  purging.  Dunglison. 

2.  A purgative  medicine.  Dunglison. 

CAT'hAR-PIN,  n.  {Naut.)  An  iron  leg  used  to 
confine  the  upper  part  of  the  rigging  to  the 
mast.  Dana. 

CAT'HAR-PlNGfp  [kat'h'ir-plngz,  K.  Sm.;  kath'ftr- 
plngz,  Ja.),  n.pl.  {Naut.)  Small  ropes  used  to 
brace  in  and  tighten  the  shrouds.  Harris. 

CA-THAR'S[S,  11.  [Gr.  icdQapois ; KaOaipco,  to 
cleanse.]  {Med.)  A natural  or  artificial  purga- 
tion by  any  passage.  Dunglison. 

CA-THAR  PIC,  I a [Gr,  ; KnOaipoi, 

CA-THAR'TI-CAL,  > to  purge.]  {Mecl.)  Purga- 
tive ; cleansing  by  evacuation.  Boyle. 

CA-THAR'TIC,  n.  {Med.)  A purgative  medicine  ; 
a purge.  Dunglison. 

CA-ThAr'TI-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  the  manner  of  a 
cathartic.  Dr.  Allen. 

CA-THAR'TI-CAL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
cathartic.  Johnson. 

CA-THAR'TINE,  n.  {Chem.)  The  active  or  pur- 
gative principle  of  senna.  Brande. 

CAT'HEAD  (kat'hed),  11.  1.  A kind  of  fossil. 

“ The  nodules  with  leaves  in  them,  called  cat- 
heads.” Woodicard. 

2.  A large  kind  of  apple.  Farm.  Ency. 

3.  {Naut.)  A piece  of  timber  projecting  over 

a ship’s  bow,  to  which  the  anchor  may  be  raised 
and  secured.  Dana. 

CA-THF.  'DRA,  or  cAtH'E-DRA,  n.  [Gr.  KaOthpa  ; 
L.  cathedra.)  A professor’s  chair ; a place  of 
authority.  Qu.  Rev. 

CA-THE'DRAL,  n.  [Gr.  KaOibnn  ; L.  cathedra,  a 
chair;  Sp.  catedrid ; Fr.  cathidralc.)  The  prin- 
cipal or  head  church  of  a diocese,  in  which  is 
the  seat  or  throne  of  a bishop.  Brande. 

CA-THE'DRAL,  a.  Relating  to  a cathedral  or  to 
a bishop’s  seat  or  see.  Locke. 

CATH'B-DRAT-ED,  a.  Relating  to  the  chair  or 
office  of  a teacher.  “ Cathedrated  authority  of 
a prseleetor,  or  public  reader.”  [it.]  Whitlock. 

CATH-5-RET'lC,  n.  [Gr.  Kadiuptrirds,  fit  for  put- 
ting down  ; Kadiuptw,  to  take  down  ; Fr.  catlie- 
retique.)  {Med.)  A caustic  substance  used  to 
eat  down  warts,  &c.  Dunglison. 

CATH'BR-INE— PeAr',  n.  A kind  of  pear.  Walker. 

CATH'ER-InE-WHEEL,  n.  I.  {Arch.)  A large 
circular  ornament  in  the  upper  compartment  of 
Gothic  windows,  fitted  with  a rosette,  or  radiat- 
ing divisions.  Britton. 

2.  {Pyrotechnics.)  A sort  of  firework  in  the 
form  of  a wheel.  Simmonds. 

CATH'E-TER,  n.  [L.,  from  G r.  KaOfrr/p  ; KndlrjjJi, 
to  let  down.]  {Surg.)  A hollow  tube  to  be  in- 
troduced through  the  urethra  into  the  bladder, 
to  draw  off  the  urine.  Dunglison. 

CATH'JJ-TUS,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  KaOiro;.)  {Geom.) 
A line  perpendicular  to  a surface,  or  to  another 
line;  — especially  either  of  the  legs  including 
the  right  angle  of  aright-angled  triangle.  Ilulton. 

CAth'ODE,  ii.  [Gr.  kot6,  down,  and  bbos,  a way.] 
{Elec.)  That  surface  of  an  electrolyte  at  which 
the  electric  current  leaves  it,  and  which  is  in 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  rBle.—  (J,  <?,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


CATHOLES 


214 


CAUKY 


contact  with  the  negative  electrode  ; — opposed 
to  anode.  If  the  current  is  made  to  flow  from 
the  east  towards  the  west,  the  cathode  is  towards 
the  place  where  the  sun  goes  down  ; whence  its 
name.  Faraday. 

CAT'HOLE§,  n.  pi.  ( Naut .)  Two  holes  in  the 
after-part  of  a ship,  through  which  a hawser- 
may  pass  to  the  capstan  in  heaving  the  ship 
astern.  Mar.  Diet. 

CATH'O-LIC,  a.  [Gr.  KaOoXiKus;  KaOdXou,  for  kuO' 
o/.ov,  on  the  whole,  in  general ; Kara,  upon,  in 
respect  of,  and  o Xos,  whole ; L.  catholicus  ; It. 
cattolico  ; Sp.  catolico  ; Fr.  catholique. ] 

1.  Universal ; embracing  all  ; general.  “ Ac- 
cording to  some  catholic  laws.”  Ray. 

2.  Not  sectarian  ; not  exclusive  ; liberal. 

3.  Pertaining  to  the  Roman  Catholics ; as, 
“ Catholic  emancipation.” 

The  Catholic  Church , literally  the  whole  Christian 
church,  or  a church  not  confined,  like  the  Jewish,  to 
one  people,  but  embracing  members  out  of  every  na- 
tion ; — specially  the  Roman  Church,  or  the  church 
in  communion  with  the  see  of  Rome  and  of  the  pope. 
— Catholic  Epistles,  the  (seven)  Epistles  of  James,  Pe- 
ter, Jude,  and  John,  so  called  because  directed  to  all 
Christians,  and  not  to  any  particular  church. 

CATH'O-LIC,  n.  A member  of  the  Catholic 
Church  ; a Papist ; a Roman  Catholic.  Eden. 

t CA-THOL'I-CJAL,  a.  General ; catholic.  Gregory. 

CA-THOL'I-CI§M  [ka-thol'e-slzm,  5.  W.  P.  J.  F. 
Ja.  K.  Sm.  C. ; kath'o-le-slzm,  IVb .],  w.  [It. 
cattolichismo  ; Sp.  catolicismo  ; Fr.  catholi- 
cisme .] 

1.  Quality  of  being  catholic  ; universality. 

It  might  by  degrees  become  universal,  that  was  not  so  at 
first;  and  therefore,  unless  the  whole  present  age  do  agree, 
this  broken  consent  is  not  an  infallible  testimony  of  the  Ca- 
tholicism of  the  doctrine.  Bp.  Taylor. 

2.  Adherence  to  the  Catholic  church ; the 
Roman  Catholic  religion. 

All  the  Gypsies  I have  conversed  with  assured  me  of  their 
sound  Catholicism.  Swinburne. 

3.  Largeness  of  mind ; liberality. 

CATH-O-LIQ'I-TY,  n.  [Fr.  catholicite .]  Quality 
of  being  catholic  ; Catholicism.  Lingard. 

CA-THOL'I-CIZE,  v.  n.  To  become  catholic,  or 
a Roman  Catholic,  [li.]  Cotgrave. 

CATH'O-LIC-LY,  ad.  Generally.  Sir  L.  Cary. 

CATH'O-LIC-NESS,  n.  Universality.  Brevint. 

CA-THOL'I-CON,  n.  [Fr.,  from  Gr.  KaOoXisi;, 
general.]  (Med.)  A universal  remedy  ; a pana- 
cea. Dunglison. 

CA-THOl’ I-COS,  n.  ( Eccl . Hist.)  The  head  or 
patriarch  of  the  Armenian  church.  E.  Smith. 

CAT— HOOK  (-hfik),  n.  (Naut.)  A strong  hook 
attached  to  the  cat-block,  to  receive  the  ring  of 
the  anchor.  Mar.  Diet. 

CAT-I-LJ-NA'RI-AN,  a.  Relating  to  or  resem- 
bling Catiline,  the  conspirator.  Ash. 

CAT'I-LIN-I§M,  n.  Conspiracy  or  treachery  like 
that  of  Catiline.  Cotgrave. 

CA'TI-ON,  n.  [Gr.  Kara,  downward,  and  lav,  go- 
ing.] (Elec.)  An  electro-positive  substance, 
which,  in  electrolysis,  passes  to  the  cathode  of 
the  electrolyte.  Faraday. 

CAT'KIN,  n.  [Dut.  kattekens. ] (Bot.)  A kind 
of  inflorescence,  as  of  the  willow,  poplar,  birch, 
&c.,  resembling  a spike,  and  composed  of  scales 
overlapping  each  other ; an  ament.  Brande. 

cAt'lIke,  a.  Like  a cat.  “Catlike  watch.”  Shak. 

cAt'LING,  n.  1.  A small  cat;  a kitten. 

For  never  cat  nor  catling  I shall  find.  Drummond. 

2.  A sharp-pointed,  double-edged  dismem- 
bering knife,  used  by  surgeons.  Hoblyn. 

3.  Down  or  moss  on  certain  trees,  resembling 

the  hair  of  a cat.  Harris. 

4.  A lute-string.  Shak. 

CAT'LIN-ITE,  n.  (Min.)  A red  claystone  allied 
to  agalmatolite,  highly  prized  by  the  American 
Indians  as  a material  for  pipes.  Dana. 

CAT'mLnT,  n.  [A.  S.  cattes-mint. ] A strong- 
scented,  perennial,  medicinal  plant;  Nepeta 
cataria  ; — called  also  nep  and  catnip.  It  is  so 
named  because  cats  are  fond  of  it.  Loudon. 


cAt'NIP,  n.  Catmint.  — See  Catmint.  Bigelow. 

CAT-O-CA-THAR'TIC,  n.  [Gr.  k&tu>,  downwards, 
and  KaSapriKiii,  purgative.  — See  Cathartic.] 
(Med.)  A medicine  which  produces  alvine  evac- 
uations ; — opposed  to  anacathartic.  Dunglison. 

CAT'O-jCHE,  n.  [Gr.  kAto^o;  ; sart^ cu,  to  hold.] 
(Med.)  A species  of  epilepsy.  Dunglison. 

CAT'O-DON,  n.  [Gr.  kotA,  below,  and  ilovs,  dldvros, 
a tooth.]  (Zoiil.)  A genus  of  whales,  including 
the  sperm-whale  (Catodon  macrocephalus), 
having  teeth  in  the  lower  jaw.  Baird. 

CA-TO'NI-AN,  a.  Like  Cato,  the  censor;  grave. 

CAT-O’-nJnE— TAILS,  n.  A whip  or  scourge  hav- 
ing nine  lashes  or  cords.  Vanburgh. 

CA-TOP ' SIS,  n.  [Gr.  Kurorts’,  kutA,  down,  used 
intensively,  and  oifis,  vision.]  (Med.)  A morbid 
quickness  of  vision.  Smart. 

CA-TOP'TjpR,  X n_  rGr_ 

Karonrpov,  a mirror.]  A 

CA-TOP'TRON,  ) kina  of  optic  glass ; an  optical 
instrument.  Todd. 

CA-TOP  ERIC,  ) a_  (Optics.)  Relating  to  ca- 

CA-TOP'TRI-CAL,  I toptrics.  Arbuthnot. 

CA-TOP'TRICS,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  KaroitTfuicds,  concern- 
ing a mirror ; Kara,  over  against,  and  oitropat,  to 
see.]  (Optics.)  That  part  of  optics  which  treats 
of  the  laws  of  reflected  light  and  the  phenom- 
ena of  vision  produced  by  reflection.  Brande. 

CA-TOP'TRO-MAN-CY,  ?l.  [Gr.  K&ronrpov,  a mir- 
ror, and  pavTtta,  prophecy.]  A sort  of  divina- 
tion among  the  ancient  Greeks,  performed  for 
one  sick,  by  looking  at  his  face  as  reflected 
from  a mirror.  Roget. 

CAT'PlPE,  n.  A squeaking  pipe.  L’ Estrange. 

CAT'ROPE,  n.  (Naut.)  A rope  that  hauls  up  the 
anchor  from  the  water’s  edge  to  the  cathead  at 
the  bow.  Ash. 

CAT'— SALT,  n.  A beautifully  granulated  salt 
obtained  from  bittern,  or  leach-brine.  Buchanan. 


RS*“How  this  name  came  to  be  associated  with 
that  of  the  cat,  we  know  not ; but  so  it  is  understood 
by  etymologists.”  Booth.  — Johnson  defines  the  word 
thus : “A  kind  of  Indian  pickle,  imitated  by  pickled 
mushrooms.”  This  may  indicate  that  the  word  is 
supposed  to  be  of  Eastern  origin.  Gilchrist,  in  his 
Dictionary  gives  kuocha  as  the  Hindostanee  word  for 
pickle. 

CAT'-THYME  (-tlm),  n.  (Bot.)  A shrub,  the 
leaves  of  which  emit  an  aromatic  smell  when 
rubbed  between  the  fingers ; Teucrium  tnarum ; 
— so  called  because  cats  are  fond  of  it.  Loudon. 

CAt'TISH,  a.  Relating  to  the  cat. 

CAT'TLE  (kat'tl),  n.  pi.  [Nor.  Fr.  catal,  mov- 
ables ; Dut.  kateylen,  chattels,  and  kateelen, 
cattle.  — See  Chattel.]  A collective  name  for 
domestic  quadrupeds,  including  the  bovine  tribe, 
also  horses,  asses,  mules,  sheep,  goats,  and. 
swine  ; — but  especially  applied  to  bulls,  oxen, 
cows,  and  their  young. 

CAT'TLE— GUARD,  n.  A pit  placed  at  the  inter- 
section of  a railroad  with  a common  road,  to 
keep  cattle  off  the  track. 

CAT'TLE— SHOW,  n.  An  exhibition  of  cattle  or 
domestic  animals,  with  a distribution  of  premi- 
ums, for  the  purpose  of  promoting  agricultural 
improvement.  Buel. 

CAT'TY,  n.  The  Chinese  pound,  equal  to  lj  lb. 
avoirdupois.  Craig. 

CAU-CA'SIAN,  a.  Relating  to  Mount  Caucasus. 

CAu'Cl'S,  7i.  A cant  term  for  a meeting  of  citi- 
zens or  electors,  held  for  the  purpose  of  nomi- 
nating candidates  for  public  offices,  or  for  mak- 
ing arrangements  to  secure  their  election. 

That  mob  of  mobs,  a counts,  to  command, 

Hurl  wild  dissension  round  a maddening  land. 

The  Political  Passing  Bell.  A Parody  on  Gray's 
Elegy.  Boston,  1789. 

$57"  This  is  a low  word,  less  used  of  late  than  for- 
merly ; and  although  its  origin  is  not  well  ascertained, 
yet  it  is  reputed  to  have  been  first  brought  into  use 
in  Boston,  Massachusetts  ; and  it  has  been  supposed 
to  be  a corruption  of  calkers , or  calkers1  meeting,  — a 
term  applied  10  electioneering  meetings  held  in  a part 
of  Boston  “ where  all  the  ship-business  was  carried 
on.”  Gordon's  Hist,  of  the  Amer.  Rev.  1788. 


CAT’S'— CRA-DLE,  71.  A game  played  by  children 
upon  the  fingers  with  a string.  Halliwell. 

CAT’S'— E AR,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  uninteresting 
weeds ; Ilgpochceris.  Loudo7i. 

CAT’S'— EYE  (kats'l),  n.  (Min.)  A beautiful  trans- 
lucent quartz  presenting  a peculiar  opalescence 
caused  by  filaments  of  asbestos,  and  resembling 
the  light  from  thje  eye  of  a cat.  Da7ia. 

CAT’S'— FOOT  (kats'fut),  n.  A plant;  ground- 
ivy  ; Glechoma.  Crabb. 

CAT’S'— HEAD  (kats'hed),  n.  See  Cathead. 

cAt'SIL-VIJR,  n.  A kind  of  fossil.  Woodward. 

CAT’S'— MILK,  n.  A plant  affording  a milky  juice; 
wart-wort ; Euphox'bia  helioscopia.  Far 771.  Ency. 

fCAT1  SO,  7i.;  pi.  clT'sdg.  [It.  cazzo.\  A rogue  ; 
a cheat ; a base  fellow.  B.  Jonso7i. 

CAT’S'-pAw,  n.  1.  A dupe  used  by  another  to 
serve  his  own  purposes  ; — so  applied  in  allusion 
to  the  story  of  the  monkey  that  used  the  paw 
of  a cat,  instead  of  his  own,  to  draw  chestnuts 
out  of  the  fire. 

lie  has  been  the  cafsrpaw  of  the  man  who  flattered  him 
only  to  serve  his  own  ends.  rodu. 

2.  A tool  or  instrument.  Grose. 

3.  (Naut.)  A kind  of  hitch  made  in  a rope  : — 

a light  current  of  air  seen  on  the  surface  of  the 
water  during  a calm.  Dana. 

CAT’S'— TAIL,  n.  (Bot.)  1.  A catkin,  as  of  the 
walnut,  hazel,  willow,  &c.  Farm.  Ency. 

2.  A genus  of  aquatic  plants  of  the  reed  kind  ; 

Typha.  They  are  used  for  making  mats,  chair- 
bottoms,  and  baskets,  and  their  leaves  are  used 
by  coopers  to  tighten  the  joints  between  the 
staves  of  casks.  Loudon. 

3.  A valuable  species  of  grass,  called  also  tim- 

othy-grass, timothy,  and  herd’s  grass  ; Phlcum 
pratensc.  Farm.  Ency. 

CAT'STICK,  7i.  A hat  or  stick  used  in  playing 

ball.  Tatler. 

CAT'sOp,  n.  A sauce  made  of  mushrooms,  toma- 
toes, walnuts,  &c. ; catchup.  — See  Catchup. 


CAU'DAL,  a.  [L.  cauda,  a tail.]  Relating  to  the 
tail  of  an  animal,  or  to  something  which  resem- 
bles a tail.  ' Roget. 

CAU'DATE,  ) Having  a tail  ; formed  like 

cAU'DAT-JJD,  ) a tail.  Loudon. 

f cAu'Df.-BEC,  n.  A light,  kind  of  hat ; — so 
called  from  a town  in  France  where  it  was  first 
made.  Phillips. 

CAu ' DEX,  71.  \ pi.  cau' di-ce$.  [L.]  (Dot.)  The 
trunk  or  stem  of  a tree.  Crabb. 

CAU'DI-CLE,  J m.  (Bot.)  A small  mem-  /ggs>, 

cAu-DIC  ' U-LA,  S branous  process  on 
which  the  pollen  of  orchidaceous  plants  is 
fixed.  Loudo7i. 

CAU'DLE  (klw'dl),  71.  [L.  calidus,  hot  ; Fr. 

cliaudeau.]  A warm  drink  consisting  of  wine, 
&c.,  given  to  sick  persons.  — See  Codle. 

lie  had  good  broths,  caudle,  and  such  like.  Wiseman. 

CAU'DLE  (kaw'dl),  v.  a.  [i.  caudled  ; pp.  CAU- 
dling,  caudled.]  To  make  into  caudle  ; to 
make  warm  as  caudle. 

Will  the  cold  brook, 

Candied  with  ice,  caudle  thy  morning  toast?  Shak. 

CAU'DLE-CUP,  71.  A vessel  to  contain  caudle. 

CAUF,  n.  [“Perhaps  L.  car7ts,  hollow,”  Jolm- 
S07i ; Fr.  coffre,  a chest.] 

1.  A chest  with  holes  to  keep  fish  alive  in  the 

water.  Phillips. 

2.  (Coal-mmmg.)  A vessel  used  to  raise 

coal  from  the  bottom  of  the  shaft.  Ogilvie. 

CAU'FLE,  n.  A band  or  drove  of  captured  ne- 
groes ; a coflle.  Clarke. 

CAUGHT  (kkivt),  i.  & p.  from  catch.  See  Catch. 

CAUIv,  71.  (Min.)  A compact  sulphate  of  barytes 
or  heavy  spar.  — See  Cawk.  It  oodward. 

CAUK'yR,  71.  [L.  calco,  to  tread;  Old  Fr.  vou- 

cher.) A prominence  or  turning  up  of  the  heel 
of  a horse-shoe,  to  prevent  slipping  ; — written 
also  calker,  calkin,  calking,  cawkin,  and  cork. 
— See  Calker.  Farm.  Ency. 

CAUK'ING,  71.  The  art  of  dovetailing  across.  Crabb. 


And  for  our  home-bred  British  cheer, 
Botargo,  catsup,  and  cavier. 


Su-ift.  I cAuK'Y,  a.  Relating  to  cauk. 


Woodxcard. 


A,  E,  !,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  Y,  short; 


A,  y,  I,  O,  IT,  Y>  Obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


CAUL 


CAUTION 


215 


CAUL,  n.  [Gr.  koV.o s,  hollow,  Wachter : — L. 
caula,  a fold,  Dunglison  : — A.  S.  cugle,  or  cuhle, 
a cowl;  cyll,  a bag,  Junius.  — W.  caul , caul, 
Spurrell.) 

1.  A net  for  the  hair. 

And  in  a golden  caul  the  curls  are  bound.  Dryden. 

2.  ( Anat .)  A membrane  covering  the  intes- 
tines; the  omentum:  — the  trivial  appellation 
of  the  amnion,  or  any  portion  of  it,  when  it 
comes  away  with  the  child  at  birth. 

When  a child  is  born  with  the  membranes  over  the  face, 
it  is  said  to  have  been  " born  with  a caul."  In  the  catalogue 
of  superstitions,  this  is  one  of  the  favorable  omens.  The  caul 
itself  is  supposed  to  confer  privileges  upon  the  possessor: 
lienee  the  membranes  are  dried,  and  sometimes  sold  for  a 
high  price.  Dunylison. 

3.  (Carp.)  pi.  Pieces  of  wood  put  under  the 
screws  which  bind  parts  of  work  that  are  glued. 

CAU-LES'C^NT,  a.  [Gr.  uaoUc,  a stalk  ; L.  cau- 
lis.) ( Bot .)  Having  an  obvious  stem.  Gray. 

CAU'LIJT,  n.  [L.  caul  is.)  Colewort.  Todd. 

cAu'LI-CLE  (-kl),n.  (Bot.)  See  Caulicule. Gray. 

CAU'LI-COLES,  n.  pi.  [L.  cauliculus,  a little  stalk 
or  stem.]  (Arch.)  Slender  stems  or  stalks  un- 
der the  leaves  of  the  abacus  of  the  Corinthian 
capital.  Craig. 

CAu'LI-CULE,  l n [L.  cauliculus .]  1.  (Bot.) 

CAu-LlC’  U-LUS,  > The  little  stem,  in  the  em- 
bryo, which  bears  the  cotyledons,  or  seed-lobes  ; 
the  radicle.  Gray. 

2.  (Arch.)  The  volute  or  twist  under  the 
flower  in  the  Corinthian  capital.  Weale. 

CAU-LIF'pR-OUS,  a.  [L.  caulis,  a stalk,  and 
fero,  to  bear.]  (Bot.)  Having  a stalk.  Johnson. 

CAU'LI-FLoW-JJR  (kol'e-flou-er),  n.  [L.  caulis, 
a cabbage,  and  flos,  a flower.]  A fine  species 
of  cabbage,  a variety  of  Brassica  oleracca,  dif- 
fering little  from  broccoli.  The  part  eaten  is  the 
enlarged  or  altered  flower-stalks.  Farm.  Bncy. 

cAu'LI-FORM,  a.  [L.  caulis,  a stalk,  and  forma, 
form.]  Having  the  form  of  a stalk.  Smart. 

CAU'LINE,  a.  [L.  caulinus.)  (Bot.)  Produced 

on  the  stem  ; belonging  to  the  stem.  Loudon. 

cAu'I.IS,  ».  [L.,  from  Gr.  Kaol.dc.)  (Bot.)  The 

stock  or  stem  of  herbaceous  plants.  Lindlcy. 

CAULK  (klwk),  v.  a.  1.  To  stuff  the  seams  of 
planks  with  oakum. — See  Calk.  Braude. 

2.  To  roughen  or  sharpen  a horse’s  shoe  so 
that  he  may  not  slip.  — See  Calk,  and  Cork. 
[Provincial,  Eng.]  Palmer. 

CAULK'JNG,  n.  1.  (Ship -building .)  The  driving 
of  oakum  or  other  matter  into  the  seams  of  the 
planks,  to  prevent  leaking  ; calking.  Craig. 

2.  (Arch.)  The  mode  of  fixing  the  tie-beams 
of  a roof,  or  the  binding  joists  of  a floor  by 
dovetailing.  — See  Calking.  Ogilvie. 

cAu-I.O-CAR'POUS,  a.  [Gr.  uavU;,  a stem,  and 
KapTrdi,  fruit.]  (Bot.)  Producing  flowers  and 
fruits  year  after  year,  as  trees.  Brande. 

CAU'MA,  n.  [Gr.  Kavpa,  feverish  heat;  uaiio,  to 
burn.]  (Med.)  Great  heat  of  the  body,  as  in 
fevers.  Dunglison. 

CAU-MAT'IC,  a.  Of  the  nature  of  cauma.  Clarke. 

fcAu'PO-NATE,  v.  n.  [L.  cauponor,  cauponatus, 
to  traffic;  caupo,  an  innkeeper.]  To  keep  a 
victualling  house  ; to  cauponize.  Bailey. 

f cAu'PO-NIZE,  v.n.  To  sell  wine  or  victuals. 
“The  wealth  of  our  rich  rogues  who  cauponized 
to  the  army.”  Warhurton. 

CAU'§A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  caused.  Browne. 

CAUDAL,  a.  [L . causalis ; Pr.  causal.)  Relat- 

ing to,  or  implying,  a cause ; causative.  “ Cau- 
sal particles.”  Watts. 

liQp  Because,  since,  inasmuch  as,  for,  and  as  are 
styled  causal  particles,  because  they  indicate  a propo- 
sition from  which  something  follows.  They  corre- 
spond conversely  to  the  illative  particles,  which  point 
out  that  which  does  follow. 

CAUDAL,  n.  (Grammar.)  A causal  particle,  or 
a word  that  implies  a cause.  Harris. 

CAU-§AL'J-TY,  n.  [Fr.  causalite .] 

1.  The  agency  of  a cause.  Browne. 

2.  (Phren.)  The  faculty  of  tracing  the  rela- 
tion of  cause  and  effect.  Combe. 


CAU'^AL-LY,  ad.  According  to  the  order  of 
causes.  Browne. 

cAu'sjAL-T’Y,  n.  (Min.)  The  lighter  parts  of  the 
ore  carried  off  by  washing,  or  separated  in  the 
stamping-mill.  Smart. 

CAU-§A'TION  (kaw-za'shun),  n.  The  act  of  caus- 
ing ; agency  by  which  any  thing  is  caused. 

Various  theories  of  causation  have  been  propounded.  It 
appears,  however,  to  be  agreed  that,  although  in  every  in- 
stance we  actually  perceive  nothing  more  than  that  the  event, 
change,  or  phenomenon  B always  follows  the  event,  change, 
or  phenomenon  A,  yet  that  we  naturally  believe  in  the  exist- 
ence of  some  unknown  quality  or  circumstance  belonging  to 
the  antecedent  A,  in  virtue  of  which  the  consequent  B always 
has  been,  is,  and  will  be  produced.  Ogilvie. 

CAU'^A-TlVE,  a.  [Fr.  causatif.) 

1.  That  expresses  a cause,  or  reason  ; causal ; 
as,  “ A causative  particle.” 

2.  That  effects  as  an  agent.  “ A being  cau- 
sative of  all  beings  beside  itself.”  Pearson. 

CAU'ijA-TlVE-LY,  ad.  In  a causative  manner. 

CAU-SA'TOR,  n.  A causer,  [r.]  Browne. 

CAUijE  (klwz),w.  [L.,  It.,  §Sp.  causa  ; Fr.  cause.) 

1.  That  which  produces  an  effect ; that  which 
produces  any  thing. 

lie  knew  the  cause  of  every  malady. 

Were  it  of  cold,  or  hot,  or  moist,  or  dry.  Chaucer. 

I sometimes  use  the  word  cause  to  signify  any  antecedent 
with  which  a consequent  event  is  so  connected  that  it  truly 
belongs  to  the  reason  why  the  proposition  which  aflirms  that 
event  is  true,  whether  it  has  any  positive  influence  or  not. 

Jonathan  Edwards. 

We  know  the  effects  of  many  things,  but  the  causes  of  few. 

Lacon. 

The  general  idea  of  cause  is  that  without  which  another 
thing,  called  the  effect,  cannot  be.  The  final  cause  is  that  for 
the  sake  of  which  any  thing  is  done.  llonboddo. 

2.  The  reason  or  motive  that  urges  ; purpose. 

For  this  cause  came  I into  the  world,  that  I should  bear 
witness  unto  the  truth.  John  xviii.  37. 

3.  That  which  is  sought  to  be  attained  by  an 
individual  or  a party  ; object  of  pursuit;  ground 
of  action. 

God  befriend  U3  as  our  cause  is  just.  Shak • 

4.  (Law.)  A suit,  action,  or  legal  process. 

“ Jurisdiction  in  all  civil  causes  between  sub- 
ject and  subject.”  Brande. 

The  first  cause  is  that  which  gave  being  to  all 
things,  i.  e.  God.  — The  second  cause  is  one  which  acts 
in  subordination  to  the  first  cause.  — The  efficient  cause, 
that  which  produces  the  effect.  — The  final  cause  is  the 
object  sougiit,  or  the  end  for  which  a thing  is. 

Syn.  — Cause  is  that  which  produces  an  effect  ; 
reason  and  motice  relate  to  the  intention  or  purpose  for 
which  the  effect  is  produced.  Cause  is  applied  both 
to  rational  agents  and  inanimate  objects  ; reason  and 
motice,  only  to  rational  agents.  Cause  gives  birth  to 
the  effect ; reason,  to  the  result  ; motive,  to  the  action. 
— Cause  and  effect ; reason  and  result  ; motice  and 
action.  — “ The  causes  of  the  diseases  of  men  lie  as 
hidden  as  the  reasons  of  their  opinions  and  the  mo- 
tives of  their  actions.” 

C.AU^E,  v.  a.  [i.  caused  ; pp.  causing,  caused.] 
To  effect  as  an  agent ; to  produce  ; to  occasion. 

You  cannot  guess  who  caused  your  father’s  death.  Shak. 

f cAu§E,  v.  n.  [Fr.  causer,  to  talk.]  To  reason 
foolishly ; to  talk  idly.  Spenser. 

f CAU§E'FUL,  a.  Having  a real  cause.  Spenser. 

cAu§E'L1JSS,  a.  Having  no  cause ; wanting  just 
ground.  Hooker. 

cAu^E'LJJSS-LY,  ad.  Without  cause.  Bp.  Taylor. 

CAU§E'H5SS-NESS,  n.  Unjust  groxm&.Hammond. 

cAu^'ER,  n.  One  who  causes  ; the  agent. 

CAU'S^Y  (k&w'ze),  l [Low  L . calccata; 

CAu^E'wAY  (kawz'wa),  5 It.  calzata  ; Sp.  cal- 
zada;  Nor.  Fr.  calsay  ; Fr.  chaussee.)  A way 
or  road  formed  of  stones  and  other  consoli- 
dated substances,  and  raised  above  the  adjacent 
ground. 

IKf- The  two  forms  of  this  word,  causey  and  cause- 
may,  are  both  given  in  tile  different  English  Dictiona- 
ries ; but  causeway  is  the  form  which  lias  long  been 
in  common  use.  Johnson  says,  “This  word,  by  a 
false  notion  of  its  etymology,  has  been  lately  written 
causeway  ” ; and  Nares  remarks,  “ Causey  is  spoken 
causeway  from  a mistaken  notion  of  its  etymology.” 
In  the  first  edition  of  the  common  version  of  the  Bible, 
that  of  1G11,  it  is  printed  causey ; in  the  modern  edi- 
tions, causeway.  Walker  remarks,  “ Dryden  and  Pope 
wrile  it  causeway,  and  these  authorities  seem  to  have 
fixed  its  pronunciation  ” ; and  Smart  says,  “Causey  is 
etymologically  correct,  but  the  other  form  prevails.” 

CAU'§5YED  (k&w'zid),  a.  Furnished  with  a cau- 
sey, or  causeway.  Dwight. 


cAU-§ID'!-CAL,  a.  [L.  causidicus,  an  advocate; 
causa,  a cause,  and  dico,  to  say.]  Relating  to 
an  advocate,  or  pleader.  Todd. 

CAUS'SON,  n.  (Man.)  A band  with  a ring  in  it 
to  put  upon  the  nose  of  a horse  while  break- 
ing him  ; a caveson.  — See  Caveson.  Craig. 

CAUS'TIC,  n.  1.  A substance  which  burns,  cor- 
rodes, or  disorganizes  animal  bodies  ; as,  “ Lu- 
nar caustic .” 

2.  (Geom.)  A caustic  curve.  Brande. 

CAUS'TIC,  a.  [Gr.  Kavonuds;  uaico,  to  burn;  L. 
causticus ; It.  <Sf  Sp.  caustico  ; Fr.  caustiqve.) 

1.  Corroding;  burning;  searing;  pungent. 

2.  Severe  ; cutting  ; as,  “ A caustic  remark.” 

Caustic  curve,  (Geom.)  a curve  to  which  all  the  rays 

of  light  proceeding  from  the  same  point,  and  reflected 
or  refracted  by  a given  curve,  are  tangents;  — so 
called  from  the  continence  in  it  of  rays  of  heat.  If 
the  curve  is  formed  by  reflection,  it  is  called  catacaus- 
tic  ; if  by  refraction,  diacaustic.  The  catacaustic  curve 
may  be  exhibited  by  exposing  the  inside  of  a smooth 
bowl,  containing  an  opaque  fluid,  as  milk  or  ink,  to 
a strong  light.  The  curve,  which  in  this  case  is  an 
epicycloid,  will  be  delineated  on  the  surface  of  the 
fluid.  Braude. 

CAUS'TI-CAL,  a.  Same  as  Caustic.  Wiseman. 

cAus'TI-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a caustic  manner. 

CAUS-Tlg'1-TY,  n.  [Fr.  causticity.)  The  quality 
of  being  caustic  ; causticness.  Chambers. 

CACJS'TIC-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  caus- 
tic ; causticity.  Scott. 

CAU'SUS,  n.  [Gr.  uavao;,  a burning  heat ; uaho, 
to  burn.]  A highly  ardent  fever.  Dunglison. 

tCAU'TfL,  n.  1.  [L.  cautela.  caution  ; It.  & Sp. 
cautela  ; Old  Fr.  cautel,  warning.]  ’ Caution. 
“For  cautel  . . . against  like  sins.”  Fulke. 

2.  [Old  Fr.  cautelle,  a wile  or  craft.  Cot- 
grave.)  Cunning;  subtilty. 

And  now  no  soil  nor  cautel  doth  besmirch 

The  virtue  of  his  will.  Shak. 

t CAU'TE-LOUS,  a.  [Fr.  cauteleux.) 

1.  Cautious  ; wary.  “ Like  a cautelous  arti- 
san.” Wotton. 

2.  Wily  ; cunning.  “ With  cautelous  baits 

and  practices.”  Shak. 

fcAu'TE-LOL’S-LY,  ad.  I.  Cautiously.  Browne. 

2.  Cunningly.  Bacon. 

t cAU'T£-LOUS-NESS,  n.  Cautiousness.  Hales. 

CAu'TER,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  Kavrypiov,  or  uavryp.) 
A searing-hot  iron.  Mvnsheu. 

CAU'TER-ANT,  n.  That  which  cauterizes  ; a 
cauterizing  substance.  Loudon. 

CAu'TER-I§M,  n.  The  application  of  caustics; 
cautery.  Ferrand. 

CAU-TER-J-ZA'TIQN,  n.  [Fr.  cauterisation.) 
The  act  of  cauterizing.  Wiseman. 

CAU’TyR-IZE,  V.  a.  [Gr.  uavrypia^to ; It.  can - 
terizzare  ; Sp.  cauterizar  ; Fr.  cauterizcr.)  [i. 
CAUTERIZED  ; pp.  CAUTERIZING,  CAUTERIZED.] 
To  burn  with  cautery;  to  sear.  “As  flesh  that 
is  cauterized . . . with  a hot  iron.”  Bp.  Beveridge. 

cAu'TyR-IZ-ING,  p.  a.  Burning  with  cautery. 

cAu'T£R-IZ-ING,  n.  The  act  of  burning  with 
cautery.  Shak. 

CAU'TE-RY,  n.  [Gr.  uavryptov,  a branding-iron  ; 
L.  cauterium  ; It.  fy  Sp.  cauterio  ; Fr.  cautere.) 

1.  The  application  of  caustics  ; a burning  or 

searing  with  a hot  iron  or  with  a corroding  sub- 
stance. Hooper. 

2.  The  instrument,  or  the  drug,  made  use  of 

in  cauterizing.  Dunglison. 

cAu'TING-IR'ON  (-I'urn),  n.  (Farriery.)  An 
iron  used  by  farriers  in  cauterizing  those  parts 
which  require  such  treatment.  Craig. 

cAu'TION  (kiw'sliun,  94},  n.  [L.  cautio  ; caveo, 
cautus,  to  beware  ; Sp.  caucion  ; It.  cauzione  ; 
Fr.  caution.) 

1.  Provident  care  ; prudence  ; wariness  ; as, 
“ It  is  necessary  to  proceed  with  great  caution." 

2.  Injunction  ; advice  ; precept ; warning. 

For  thy  good  caution , thanks.  Shak. 

3.  Security  ; guaranty  ; pledge. 

The  Parliament  would  yet  give  bis  majesty  sufficient  cau- 
tion that  the  war  should  be  prosecuted.  Clarendon. 

4.  (Civil  Law.)  Bail. 


Bouvier. 


— = 

MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — C,  £,  g,  soft ; E,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  ^ gz.—  THIS,  this. 


CAUTION 


CAZZON 


216 


CAU'TION,  v.  a.  [i.  cautioned;  pp.  caution- 
ing, cautioned.]  To  give  notice  of  danger  ; 
to  warn. 

You  cautioned  me  against  their  charms.  Swift. 

CAU'TION-A-RY,  a.  1.  That  may  be  given  as  a 
pledge. 

lias  the  enemy  no  cautionary  towns  and  seaports  to  pive 
us  for  securing  trade?  tiwijt. 

2.  Warning.  “ Cautionary  sentences.” 

L.  Adclison. 

CAU'TION-A-RY,  n.  ( Scottish  Law.)  The  obli- 
gation by  which  a party  becomes  surety  for  an- 
other ; cautionry.  Burnll. 

CAU'TION-ER,  n.  1.  One  who  cautions. 

2.  (Scottish  Laic.)  One  who  becomes  security 
for  another  ; a guarantor.  Burnll. 

CAU'TION-Ry,  n.  (Scottish  Laic.)  Suretyship; 
cautionary.  Buchanan. 

CAU'TIOUS  (klw'slms,  94),  a.  Using  caution  ; 
wary  ; circumspect ; discreet ; prudent ; watch- 
ful ; careful ; vigilant ; as,  “ A cautious  man.” 

Syn. — Cautious  and  wary  relate  especially  to  the 
avoidance  of  evil. — Cautious  against  evil;  wary  of 
hostile  designs  ; circumspect  in  conduct ; prudent  in 
speech;  discreet  behavior;  careful  management.  A 
discreet  man  will  act  judiciously  in  a case  in  which 
a cautious  man  would  refrain  from  action.  The  terms 
cautious  and  wary  may  be  applied  to  brutes  ; circum- 
spect, discreet,  and  prudent,  to  rational  beings  only. 

cAu'TIOUS-LY,  (94),  act.  Warily  ; circumspect- 
ly ; watchfully ; carefully. 

CAU'TIOUS- NESS,  n.  Watchfulness  ; careful- 
ness ; vigilance  ; prudence ; caution. 

We  should  always  act  with  great  cautiousness.  Addison. 

CA  V-AL-CADE',  n.  [Gr.  uafaDyc,  a pack-horse  ; 
L.  caballus,  a horse ; It.  cavalcata,  a cavalcade ; 
Sp.  cabalgada;  Fr.  cavalcade,  from  cheval,  a 
horse.]  A procession  on  horseback.  Addison. 

cAv- AL-cAde',  v.  n.  To  skirmish  on  horseback, 
or  as  horsemen  for  diversion.  Crabb. 

t CAV-A-LE’RO,  n.  [Sp.  caballero.']  A gay  fel- 
low ; a cavalier.  Shah. 

CAV-A-LIER'  (k&v-a-ler'),  n.  [It.  caralicre ; Sp. 
caballero  ; Fr.  cavalier  ; Dan.  cavalier.] 

1.  A horse-soldier  ; an  equestrian  ; a knight. 

Toiler. 

2.  A gay,  military  man.  Shah. 

3.  A partisan  of  Charles  I.,  of  England,  as 

opposed  to  a Roundhead ; an  adherent  to  the 
Parliament.  Swift. 

4.  (Fort.)  A raised  work  or  mound  for  plac- 
ing cannon ; a sort  of  interior  bastion.  Mil.Ency. 

CAV-A-L1ER',  a.  1.  Gay;  sprightly:  — warlike; 
brave ; generous,  [r.]  Suckling. 

2.  Disdainful ; haughty  ; supercilious. 

Johnson. 

CAV-A-LIER 'I§M,  n.  The  principles,  practice,  or 
quality  of  the  cavaliers.  Sir  W.  Scott. 

CA V-A-LIER'LY,  ad.  Haughtily;  disdainfully; 
as,  “ To  treat  one  cavalierly .” 

CAV-A-LIER 'NESS,  n.  Haughty  or  disdainful 
conduct.  Todd. 

CAV-  AL-LARD',  n.  [Sp.  caballardo,  from  caba- 
llo,  a horse.]  A drove  of  horses  or  of  mules  ; — 
a term  used  on  the  south-western  prairies  of 
the  U.  S.  Bartlett. 

cAv'AL-RY,  n.  [Gr.  Kafallys,  a pack-horse  ; L. 
caballus,  a horse ; It.  cavaleria,  cavalry ; Sp. 
caballeria  ; Fr.  cavalerie,  from  cheval,  a horse.] 
(Mil.)  A body  of  troops,  or  soldiers,  that  serve 
on  horseback.  Mil.  Ency. 

t C.A'vATE,  v.  a.  [L.  cavo,  carat  us.]  To  exca- 
vate. Bailey. 

CAv-A-tV  ATA,  n.  [It.]  (Musi)  A short  air,  com- 
monly without  a second  part ; arietta.  Dwight. 

t CA-VA'TION,  n.  An  excavation.  Bailey. 

CA-VA'ZION  (kj-va'zlmn),  n.  (Arch.)  A hollow 
trench  made  for  laying  the  foundation  of  a 
building;  an  excavation,  [r.]  Phillips. 

CAVE,  n.  [L.  cavea  ; It.  cava ; Sp.  cueva ; Fr.  cave.] 

1.  A hollow  place  in  the  earth  ; a cavern  ; a 
den  ; a cell ; a grotto. 

They  did  polish  their  marble  works  in  the  very  cave  of  the 
quarry.  Wotton. 


2.  f Any  hollow  place  ; a cavity.  “ The  cave 
of  the  ear.”  Bacon. 

Syn.  — A cave  or  cavern  is  a cavity  or  hollow  place 
under  ground,  formed  by  nature  or  by  art.  A grotto  is 
formed  by  art;  an  artificial  cave  is  dug;  a cell  is 
built.  A den  of  a wild  beast  is  a natural  cavern  or 
cavity. 

CAVE,  v.  n.  [t.  caved;  pp.  caving,  caved.] 
To  dwell  or  live  in  a cave. 

To  cave  in,  to  fall  into  a hollow  below,  as  gravel. 
Forby.  — To  yield  or  give  up  ; to  accede.  [Vulgar.] 

CAVE,  v.  a.  To  make  hollow.  “Where  the 
mouldered  earth  had  caved  the  bank.”  Spenser. 

CA  ' VE-At,  n.  [L.,  let  him  beware.]  (Law.) 

1.  A formal  notice  or  caution  given  by  a party 

interested  to  a judge  or  other  officer  to  stay  pro- 
ceedings by  him  ; — thus  in  the  spiritual  courts 
of  England,  and  in  the  courts  of  similar  juris- 
diction in  the  U.  S.,  a caveat  is  put  in  to  pre- 
vent the  proving  of  a will  or  the  granting  of 
administration.  A similar  process  is  used  in 
both  countries  to  stop  the  granting  of  letters 
patent.  Brande.  Burrill. 

2.  A term  applied  in  the  U.  S.  to  the  instru- 
ment by  which  an  exclusive  right  to  an  inven- 
tion is  secured  before  letters  patent  are  granted. 
It  is  a description  by  the  inventor  of  what  he 
claims  as  his,  duly  sworn  to  and  attested,  and 
lodged  in  the  patent  office  to  protect  him  against 
infringements  while  he  is  taking  time  to  perfect 
his  invention. 

cA'VE-AT,  v.  a.  To  enter,  or  to  take  out,  a 
caveat.  Clarke. 

CA'VE-AT-ING,  n.  (Fencing.)  The  shifting  of 
the  sword  from  one  side  of  that  of  an  adversary 
to  the  other.  Buchanan. 

cA'vp-A-TOR,  n.  (Law.)  One  who  enters  a caveat. 

C.AVE'-KEEP-ER,  n.  One  who  dwells  in  a cave. 
“ I was  a cave-keeper.”  Shak. 

CAV'IJR,  n.  (Among  miners.)  One  who  steals 
ore  from  mines.  Crabb. 

cAv'pRN,  n.  [L.,  It.,  iSf  Sp.  caverna ; Fr.  caverne.] 
A hollow  place  in  the  ground  ; a cave. 

Grots  and  caverns  shagged  with  horrid  shades.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Cave. 

CAV'IJRNED  (kav'ernd),  a.  1.  Full  of  caverns. 
“ From  out  the  caverned  rock.”  Pope. 

2.  Inhabiting  a cavern.  “No  caverned  her- 
mit.” Pope. 

CAV'ERN-OUS,  a.  Full  of  caverns  ; hollow. 
“On  a bare  and  cavernous  rock.”  Woodward. 

CA-VERN'U-LOUS,  a.  [L.  cavernida,  a little 
cave.]  Full  of  little  caverns.  Smart. 

cAv'JgS-SON  [kav'e-sun,  S. IF.  Ja.  Sm.  ; kj-vSs'un, 
K.],n.  [it.  cavezzonc  ; Fr.  cavesson,  or  cavepon.] 
A noseband,  generally  hollow,  which Js  used  in 
breaking  in  horses. 

CA-  VET ' TO,  n.  [It.]  (Arch.) 

A hollowed  moulding,  the  pro- 
file of  which  is  a quadrant  of  a 
circle.  Brande. 


Buchanan. 


cAv'p-ZON,  n.  Same  as  Cavesson. 


Ogilvie. 


CA  ' FI- A,  n.  (Zodl.)  A genus  of  quadrupeds  in- 
cluding the  guinea-pig,  agouti,  &c.  Waterhouse. 

CA-VIARE'  (ka-vSr'  or  kav-yAr')  [ka-ver',  >S.  TF.  J. 
F.  R. ; kav-e-Ar',  P. ; kav'e-Ar,  Ja. ; kav-yar', 
Sm. ; kav-yAr'  or  kav-yer',  K.\,  n.  [It.  caviale; 
Sp.  cabial ; Fr.  cavial,  or  caviar.]  An  article 
of  food  prepared,  in  Russia,  from  the  salted 
roes  of  some  large  fish,  generally  the  sturgeon. 

Sturgeons,  the  roe  of  which  makes  caviare.  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

Either  the  spelling  or  the  pronunciation  of  this 
word  should  be  altered;  we  have  no  instance  in  the 
language  of  sounding  are,  ere.  The  ancient  spelling 
seems  to  have  been  caviare ; though  Buchanan  and 
Bailey,  in  compliance  with  the  pronunciation,  spell  it 
carter , and  W.  Johnston  cavear , and  Ash,  as  a less 
usual  spelling,  cavier  ; hut  the  Dictionary  Della  Crus- 
ca  spells  it  caviale.”  Walker. 

CAV'I-CORN,  n.  [L.  ca/rus , hollow,  and  cornu , a 
horn.]  (Zool.)  A tribe  of  ruminants  which 
have  their  horns  hollowed  out  like  a sheath, 
and  implanted  on  bony  processes,  as  in  the  an- 
telope. Brande. 

CAV'IL.,  v.  n.  [L.  cavillor  ; It.  cavillare ; Sp.  cavi- 
lar.\  [i.  cavilled  ; pp.  cavilling,  cavilled.] 


To  raise  captious  objections;  to  censure  un- 
justly or  frivolously  ; to  carp. 

He  cavils  at  the  poet’s  insisting  so  much  upon  the  effects 
of  Achilles’  rage.  l‘ope. 

f CAV'JL,  v.  a.  To  treat  with  objections.  Milton. 

CAv'IL,  n.  [L.  cavilla  ; It.  cavillo.]  A false, 
captious,  or  frivolous  objection  ; a false  argu- 
ment ; sophism ; subtlety. 

How  subjeot  the  best  things  have  been  unto  cavil.  Hooker. 

CAv'IL, n.  (Naut.)  Akevel.  — See  Kevel.  Dana. 

f CAV-IL-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  cavillatio,  quibbling; 
Fr.  cavillation .]  The  act  of  cavilling.  Cranmer. 

+ cAv'IL-LA-TO-RY,  a.  Captious;  frivolous. 
“ These  cavillatory  objections.”  Prynne. 

CAV'IL-LflR,  n.  One  who  cavils  ; a captious  dis- 
putant. 

The  candor  which  Horace  shows  is  that  which  distin- 
guishes a critic  from  a caviller.  Addison. 

CAV'lL-LiNG,  n.  A captious  disputation.  “ These 
. . . cavillings  and  menacings.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

CAv'IL-LING,y).  a.  Raising  frivolous  objections  ; 
finding  fault;  as,  “A  cavilling  disposition.” 

CAV'jL-  LING-LY,  ad.  In  a cavilling  manner. 

CAV'IL-LING-NESS,  n.  A cavilling  disposition. 

cAv'IL-LOUS,  a.  [Old  Fr.  cavillcux.]  Full  of 
objections,  [it.]  Ayliffe. 

cAv'IL-LOCS-LY,  ad.  In  a cavillous  manner. 
[r.]  “ Cavillously  urged.”  Milton. 

CAV'IL-LOUS-NESS,  n.  The  disposition  to  raise 
frivolous  objections.  Ogilvie. 

cAv'IN,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  cavus,  hollow.]  (Mil.) 
A natural  hollow,  fit  to  cover  a body  of  troops 
while  approaching  a place.  Johnson. 

CAv'I-TA-RY,  n.  (Zotil.)  An  entozoon  or  inside 
worm.  ‘ Smart. 

CAV'I-TY,  n.  [L.  cavositas  ; It.  capita  ■,  Sp.  cavi- 
dad ; Fr.  cavite.] 

1.  Hollowness.  “ Th  cavity  or  hollowness 

of  the  place.”  Godwin. 

2.  A hollow  place  ; an  aperture  ; an  opening. 

I saw  multitudes  of  cells  and  cavities  running  one  within 
another.  Addison. 

CA'VY,  n.  (ZoOl.)  A genus 

of  rodent  quadrupeds;  / «'*, 

Cavia.  The  most  famil- 
iar  example  is  the  Cavia  A 
cobaya  of  Desmarest  and 

Schreber,  or  guinea-pig.  „ 

° j,  '■  s Common  cayy,  or 

naira.  guinea-pig. 

CAW,  v.  n.  [In  imitation  of  the  sound.]  [i. 
cawed  ; pp.  cawing,  cawed.]  To  cry,  as 
the  rook  or  the  crow. 

Elms  so  very  high,  that  the  rooks  and  crows  upon  the  tops 
seem  to  be  cawing  in  another  region.  Addison. 

CAW,  n.  The  cry  of  the  rook  or  crow.  Richardson. 

CAW'ING,  n.  The  crying  of  the  rook  or  crow. 

GAWK,  n.  (Min.)  A compact  sulphate  of  ba- 
rytes, or  heavy  spar.  Dana. 

CAWK'IJR,  n.  A point  in  a horseshoe  to  pre- 
vent slipping.  — See  Calker.  Brockett. 

eAx'ON  (kak'sn),  n.  A wig.  [A  cant  word.]  Todd. 

CAx'OU  (kak'so),  n.  [Sp.  caxa,  and  caxon,  a 
chest.]  (Metallurgy .)  A chest  of  ores  of  any 
metal,  that  has  been  burnt,  ground,  and  washed, 
and  is  ready  to  be  refined.  Chambers. 

CAY-ENNE'  (ka-en'),  [ka-yen',  K.  Sm.;  kl-an', 
Earnshaw],  n.  A pungent  red  pepper,  made 
from  several  species  of  capsicum,  and  so  called 
from  having  been  originally  brought  from  Cay- 
enne. Smart. 

CAY'MAN,  n.  The  American  alligator  or  croco- 
dile, distinguished  from  the  true  crocodile  by 
havingthe  feet  semi-palmated  ; — a term  applied 
to  the  crocodile  by  the  negroes  of  Congo.  — 
Written  also  caiman.  Brande. 

CA'ZI-o,  n.  [Ar.]  A Mahometan  judge.  Hamilton. 

CA-ZICIUE'  (ka-zek'),  n.  A title  of  a chief  of 
some  of  the  tribes  of  American  Indians;  — 
written  also  cacique.  “ The  principal  cazique 
of  the  island.”  Townsend. 

CAZ'ZON,  n.  Dried  cow-dung  used  for  fuel. 
[Local,  Eng.]  — See  Casings.  Farm.  Ency. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  (,  O,  IT,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


CEASE 


217 


CELLARAGE 


CEASE  (ses),  v.  ii.  [L.  cesso  ; It.  cessare ; Sp. 
cesar ; Fr.  cesser. ] [i.  ceased  ; pp.  ceasing, 

CEASED.] 

1.  To  leave  off ; to  stop ; to  desist. 

Cease  to  do  evil;  learn  to  do  well.  Isa.  i.  1G. 

There  the  wicked  cease  from  troubling.  Job  iii.  17. 

2.  To  be  extinct ; to  fail. 

The  poor  shall  never  cease  out  of  the  land.  Dcut.  xv.  11. 

3.  To  be  at  an  end ; to  terminate.  “ But 

now  the  wonder  ceases.”  Dryden. 

CEASE  (ses),  v.  a.  To  put  a stop  to ; to  stop,  [r.] 

Cease , then,  this  impious  rage.  Milton. 

f CEASE  (ses),  n.  Extinction.  Shak. 

CEASE'LIJSS,  a.  Incessant;  perpetual ; without 
stop.  “ With  ceaseless  praise.”  Milton. 

CEASE'LIJSS-LY,  ad.  Perpetually;  incessantly. 

CEB-A-DIL'LA,  n.  See  Cevadiela.  Lindley. 

CpC-CHIN'  (che-ken'),  n.  [It.  zecchino  ; Fr.  se- 
quin i]  An  Italian  gold  coin  current  in  the 
Levant.  — See  Sequin,  and  Zechin.  B.  Jonson. 

CE(J'!-TY,  or  CE'CI-TY,  [ses'e-te,  W.  P.  J.  F.  R. 
C. ; sa’se-le,  S.  Ja.  K.  SmAVb.\,n.  [L.  ccecitas ; 
Fr.  cecite.]  Blindness,  [it.]  Browne. 

“ I have  given  the  e in  the  first  syllable  of  this 
word  the  short  sound,  notwithstanding  the  diphthong 
in  the  original  cwcitas ; being  convinced  of  the  short- 
ening power  of  the  antepenultimate  accent  of  these 
words,  and  of  the  pre-antepenultimate  accent  of  ccn- 
atory  and  prefatory.”  Walker. 

CE-CU'TI-IJN-CY  (se-ku'she-en-se),  n.  [L.  ccecu- 
tio,  ccecutiens,  to  be  blind.]  Partial  blindness. 
“No  cecity,  yet  ...  a cecutiency.”  Broivne. 

CE'DAR,  n.  [Gr.  neSpos ; L.  cedrus  ; It.  § Sp.  ce- 
dro  ; Fr.  cedre.  — Ger.  zeder. ] ( Bot .)  A genus 

of  trees  with  odorous,  reddish  wood,  of  great 
durability ; Cedrus. 

Cedar  of  Lebanon,  the  true  cedar,  — the  most  cele- 
brated tree  of  its  genus.  — Red  cedar,  the  Juniperus 
Virgmiana.  — White  cedar,  a species  of  cypress,  much 
used  in  the  United  States  for  fencing,  shingles,  and 
pipe  staves  ; Cupressus  thyoides.  Loudon.  — White 
cedar  of  Canada,  the  Arbor  vita.  Oray. 

CE'DAR,  a.  Made  of,  or  belonging  to,  cedar.  Ash. 

CE'DAR— BIRD,  n.  ( Ornith.)  The  American  wax- 
wing ; Bombycilla  Carolinensis  ; — so  called 
from  the  trees  which  it  chiefly  frequents.  Nuttall. 

CE'DAR  ED  (se'dard),  a.  Furnished  with,  or  hav- 
ing, cedars.  Milton. 

CE'DAR— LIKE,  a.  Resembling  cedar.  B.  Jonson. 

CE'DARN,  a.  Belonging  to  the  cedar-tree;  ce- 
drine.  ‘‘Cedant  alleys.”  Milton. 

CEDE,  v.  a.  [L.  cedo  ; It.  cedere-,  Sp.  &; Fr.  cecler.] 
[ i . ceded  ; pp.  ceding,  ceded.]  To  surren- 
der ; to  yield  ; to  give  up  ; to  relinquish  ; to 
grant ; to  resign. 

That  honor  was  entirely  ceded  to  the  Parthian  royal  race. 

Drummond. 

CEDE,  v.  n.  To  submit ; to  yield.  Shenstone. 

Cf-DIL'LA,  n.  [Fr.  cedille. ] A mark  placed 
under  the  letter  c [thus,  <;]  to  give  it  the  sound 
of  s,  as  in  Alencon.  — It  is  also  used,  as  in  this 
Dictionary,  to  note  the  soft  sound  of  the  letters 
g,  s,  and  x. 

CE'DRAT,  n.  A species  of  citron-tree.  Ogilvie. 

CED-RE-TA'CEOUS  (-slms,  66),  a.  (Bot.)  Noting 
a class  of  trees  including  the  cedar  of  New 
Holland  and  the  mahogany.  Smart. 

CE'DRINE  [se'drln,  P.  K.  Sm. ; se'drln,  S.IF. ./«.], 
a.  [Gr.  Kelpivos ; L.  cedrinus ; Sp.  cedrino.] 
Belonging  to  the  cedar-tree.  Johnson. 

CE'DRY,  a.  Pertaining  to  cedar  ; cedrine.  “Ce- 
dry  color.”  Evelyn. 

+ CED'ULE,  n.  [Old  Fr.  cedule.)  A schedule. — 
See  Schedule.  Cotgrave. 

f CED'U-OUS,  a.  [L.  cceduus  ; ccedo,  to  fell.]  Fit 
to  be  felled.  Evelyn. 

CEIL  (sel),  v.  a.  [L.  ccelum,  heaven;  It.  cielo, 
heaven,  and  a canopy  ; Sp.  cielo,  heaven,  and  a 
ceiling ; Fr.  del,  heaven,  and  a canopy.]  [*. 
ceiled  ; pp.  ceiling,  ceiled.]  To  cover  or 
overlay  the  inner  roof  of  a building  or  the  upper 
surface  of  an  apartment. 

The  greater  house  he  ceiled  with  fir-tree.  2 Cliron.  iii.  5. 


CEIL'ING,  n.  (Arch.)  1.  The  upper,  horizontal, 
or  curved  surface  of  a room  or  apartment,  oppo- 
site to  the  floor,  and  commonly  plastered. 

And  now  the  thickened  sky 
Like  a dark  ceiling  stood.  Milton. 

2.  (Naut.)  The  inside  planks  of  a ship.  Dana. 

CEL'  AN-DINE,  n.  [Gr.  ^thldniov ; %c).ilnbv,  a swal- 
low; L.  chelidonia;  It.  Ay  Sp.  celidonia-,  Fr. 
chelidonie.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  perennial  plants  ; 
swallow-wort ; Chehdonium  ; — so  called  be- 
cause the  plant  was  thought  to  flower  when  the 
swallow  arrived,  and  to  perish  when  that  bird 
departed.  Loudon. 

CE-LAS 1 TRUS,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  Kf/Xatrrpos,  an 
evergreen  tree.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  shrubs, 
some  of  which  are  climbers  ; the  stalf-tree. 

Gray. 

CEL'A-TURE  [sel'a-tur,  Ja.  K.  Rees  ; se'Ij-tur,  S. 
P.  Sm.  Wb. ; sel'fi-chur,  IF.],  n.  [L.  cadatura, 
ccelo,  to  engrave.] 

1.  The  art  of  engraving  on  metals.  Buchanan. 

2.  The  thing  engraved,  [r.]  Ilakewill. 

f CEL'JJ-BRA-BLE,  a.  Celebrated.  Chaucer. 

CEL'B-BRANT,  n.  One  who  celebrates;  cele- 
brator.  [r.]  Qu.  Rev. 

CEL'E-BRATE,  v.  a.  [L.  celebro,  celebratus-,  cele- 
ber,  crowded,  as  a place,  — also,  honored  by  a 
great  assembly.  It.  celebrare-,  Sp.  celebrar ; Fr. 
celebrer .]  [i.  celebrated  ; pp.  celebrating, 
celebrated.] 

1.  To  make  known  or  mention  with  honor 
and  praise  ; to  extol ; to  commend. 

The  songs  of  Zion  were  psalms  and  pieces  of  poetry  that 
celebrated  the  Supreme  Being.  Addison. 

2.  To  distinguish  by  appropriate  rites  or  cere- 
monies ; to  commemorate  ; to  solemnize. 

In  the  ninth  day  of  the  month,  at  even,  from  even  unto 
even,  shall  ye  celebrate  your  Sabbath.  Levit.  xxiii.  32. 

Syn.  — To  celebrate  is  to  make  celebrated,  or  to 
distinguish  by  some  expression  of  honor  and  joy  ; to 
commemorate  is  to  keep  in  memory  by  some  public, 
solemn  performance  or  ceremony.  The  Grecian  games 
were  celebrated.  The  birthday  of  a sovereign  or  dis- 
tinguished man  is  celebrated.  The  citizens  of  the 
United  States  celebrate  the  declaration  of  indepen- 
dence ; the  Jews  celebrate  their  feast  of  the  Passover ; 
Christians  commemorate  the  death  of  Christ ; a mar- 
riage or  religious  festival  is  solemnized. 

CEL'E-BRAT-^D,  p.  a . Having  celebrity  ; dis- 

tinguished ; famous ; renowned ; illustrious. 
“The  celebrated  works  of  antiquity.”  Addison. 

Syn.  — See  Famous. 

CEL'B-BRAT-ED-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
celebrated,  [u.]  Scott. 

CEL-J-BRA'TION,  n.  [L.  celebratio  ; It.  celebra- 
zione  ; Sp.  celebracion  ; Fr  .celebration.) 

1.  Honor  ; praise  ; commendation. 

No  more  shall  be  added,  his  memory  deserving  a particu- 
lar celebration.  Clarendon. 

2.  Commemoration  by  solemn  or  appropriate 
rites  and  ceremonies  ; as,  “ The  celebration  of 
the  Lord’s  supper.” 

3.  Public  and  solemn  performance  ; as,  “ The 
celebration  of  a marriage.” 

Syn.  — Celebration  is  the  act  of  celebrating  ; celeb- 
rity, the  state  or  the  result  of  being  celebrated.  The 
celebration  of  the  birthday  of  Shakspeare ; the  celeb- 
rity of  his  works.  The  celebrity  or  reputation  of  a 
great  author  ; fame  or  distinction  acquired  by  the  arts 
of  peace  or  war  ; renown,  by  heroic  achievements. 

CEL'JS-BRA-TOR,  n.  One  who  celebrates.  Boyle. 

fCE-LE'BRI-OUS  [se-le'bre-us,  S.W.  J.  F.  K.  Sm. 
Wb.  ; se-leb're-fis,  P.  Ja.),  a.  [L.  celeber .] 
Famous.  “ That  sacred  and  celebrious  assem- 
bly of  all  the  states.”  Speed. 

f CE-LE'BRI-OUS-LY,  ad.  Famously.  Johnson. 

f Cg-LE'BRI-OUS-NESS,  n.  Renown.  Johnson. 

CE-LEB'RI-TY,  n.  [L.  celebritas  ; It.  celebrita ; 
Sp.  celebridad  ; Fr.  celebrite.' ] 

1.  Fame  ; renown  ; distinction  ; eminence  ; 
as,  “A  person  of  great  celebrity.” 

2.  f Celebration.  “The  celebrity  of  the  mar- 
riage performed  with  . . . magnificence.”  Bacon. 

3.  pi.  Distinguished  persons.  L.  Athenaeum. 

Syn.  — See  Celebration. 

CFl-LE'RI-AC,  n.  Turnip-rooted  celery.  Johnson. 

Cf-LER'I-TY,  n.  [L.  ce lev itas ; celer,  swift ; It. 


celerita-,  Sp.  celeridad ; Fr.  celerite .]  The 
velocity  of  a body  in  motion  ; rapidity  ; speed  ; 
swiftness ; quickness. 

In  motion  with  no  less  celerity 
Than  that  of  thought.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Quickness. 

CEL'ER-Y,  n.  [Fr.  celeri .]  (Bot.)  An  evergreen 
herbaceous  plant  much  used  as  a salad  ; Apium 
graveolens.  Loudon. 

G’E-LES'TIAL  (se-lest'yjl),  a.  [L.  ca-lestis  ; It. 
celestiale  ; Sp  .celestial-,  Fr  .celeste.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  visible  heavens.  “ The 

twelve  celestial  signs.”  Shak. 

2.  Relating  to  heaven,  or  the  state  of  the 
blessed;  angelic;  a.s,  “ Celestial  joys.” 

Syn.  — Celestial  and  heavenly  both  signify  belong- 
ing to  heaven ; but  celestial  is  commonly  applied  to 
tile  natural  heavens  ; heavenly,  commonly,  hut  not  ex- 
clusively, to  the  spiritual.  Celestial  globe  ; heavenly 
joys  ; heavenly  bodies  ; ethereal  regions  ; ethereal  fire. 

CB-LES’TIAL,  n.  An  inhabitant  of  heaven. 
“The  unknown  celestial.”  Pope. 

CE-LES'TIAL-IZE,  v.  a.  To  make  celestial  or 
heavenly,  [r.]  Qu.  Rev. 

CE-LES'TIAL-LY  (se-lest'yal-le),  ad.  In  a heav- 
enly manner.  Johnson. 

CB-LES'TIAL-NESS,  11.  The  quality  of  being 
celestial,  [it.]  Bourne. 

f ClJ-LES'Tj-FY,  v.  a.  [L.  ccelestis,  heavenly,  and 
facio,  to  make.]  To  make  heavenly.  Broivne. 

CEL'ES-TINE,  n.  (Eccl.  Hist.)  One  of  an  order 
of  monks;  — so  called  from  the  founder,  Peter 
De  Meuron,  afterwards  raised  to  the  pontificate 
under  the  name  of  Celestine.  Buck. 

CEL'^S-TINE,  n.  [L.  calestis,  pertaining  to  the 
heavens,  or  the  sky.]  (Min.)  The  sulphate  of 
strontia; — so  named  from  its  occasional  pale- 
blue  tint.  Dana. 

CE'LI-AC,  a.  [Gr.  KoiI.ttiKd;;  Kotl.ta,  the  belly;  L. 
cceliacus.]  Relating  to  the  belly. — See  Cceliac. 

CEL'I-BA-CY  [sel'e-bs-se,  S.JF.  P.  J.  E.  F.Ja.  K. 
Sm.  C.  ; se-llb'j-se,  Wb.],  n.  [L.  ccelcbs,  an  un- 
married person ; ccelibatus,  single  life.]  The 
life  or  state  of  a person  unmarried ; single  life. 

CEL'I-BATE,  n.  [It.  § Sp.  cclibato  ; Fr.  celibat.] 

1.  Single  life;  celibacy.  “No  divine  law 

hath  enjoined  this  celibate.”  Bp.  Hall. 

2.  One  who  adheres  to  or  practises  celibacy ; 

an  unmarried  man  ; a bachelor.  Taylor. 

CEL'I-BATE,  a.  Unmarried  ; single.  Locke. 

CE-LIB'A-TIST,  n.  One  who  lives,  or  adheres  to, 
a single  life ; a celibate,  [ii.]  For.  Qu.  Rev. 

CEL'I-BlTE,  n.  A monk  living  under  a regular 
discipline  : — an  adherent  to  single  life.  Gibbon. 

CEL-I-DOG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  ktjIJs,  Kril.iioc,  a spot, 
and  yycnpio,  to  describe;  Fr.  ctlidographie.)  A 
description  of  the  spots  on  the  sun,  or  other 
heavenly  body.  Crabb. 

CB-LlNE',  a.  [Gr.  roi/.ia,  the  belly.]  Relating 
to  the  belly.  Craig. 

CELL  (sel),  n.  [L.  cella ; celo,  to  hide  ; It.  cclla  ; 
Sp.  celda-,  Fr.  cellule  ; Ger.  keller.] 

1.  An  enclosed  space  or  apartment ; a small 
room ; as,  “ The  cells  of  a prison  ” ; “ The  cell 
of  a hermit.” 

2.  fA  lesser  monastery  subordinate  to  a 

greater.  Britton. 

3.  (Arch.)  A hollow  space  between  the  ribs 

of  a groined  roof.  Francis. 

4.  (Bot.)  The  cavity  of'an  anther,  ovary,  &*c. ; 

— one  of  the  elements  or  vesicles  of  which 
plants  are  composed ; a minute  cavity  with 
closed  walls.  Gray. 

CELL,  v.  a.  To  enclose  in  a cell. 

Myself  a recluse  from  the  world, 

And  celled  under  ground.  IFaimer. 

CEL  'LA,  n.  [L.]  (Arch.)  The  body  or  principal 
part  of  a temple  ; the  interior  of  a temple.  Weale. 

CEL'LAR,  n.  [L.  cellarium;  Fr.  collier -,  Ger. 
keller-,  Dut.  kelder.]  A room  in  the  ground, 
under  a house,  for  provisions,  &c. 

CEI,'LAR-A<JE,  n.  1.  Space  for  cellars.  “Gives 
opportunity  for  cellarage.”  Mortimer. 

2.  Chargeffor  storage  in  a cellar. 


MtEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — C,  <?,  c,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 

28 


CELLARER 


218 


CENTAGE 


CEL'LAR-IJR,  n.  A butler ; a cellarist.  Chaucer. 

CEL-L A-RET',  n.  A case  of  cabinet  work  for 
holding  bottles.  Smart. 

CEL'LAR-IST,  n.  The  butler  in  a monastery,  or 
one  who  has  the  care  of  the  cellar.  Johnson. 

CELL'-BRED,  a.  Bred  in  a cell.  rope. 

CEL 'Lp- PORE,  n.  [L.  cella,  a cell,  and  porus,  a 
pore.]  ( Zoiil .)  A genus  of  bryozoa,  which  form 
corals  consisting  of  masses  of  small  calcareous 
cells  crowded  one  upon  another,  and  each  per- 
forated by  a little  hole.  Milne  Edwards. 

CEL'LU-LAR,  a.  [L.  cellula,  a little  cell.]  Hav- 
ing little  cells  or  cavities. 

Cellular  envelope,  {But.)  that  part  of  the  bark  which 
retains  a green  color,  much  like  the  green  pulp  of 
leaves  ; — called  also  green  layer , and,  from  its  posi- 
tion, mesophlirum. — Cellular  tissue , tile  aggregation 
of  countless  minute  cells  or  vesicles  composing  the 
texture  or  substance  of  plants.  Gray.  (Anat.)  The 
tissue  which  envelops  the  organs,  and  unites  every 
part  of  the  body,  and  which  contains  in  little  cells  a 
fluid  intended  to  facilitate  the  motion  of  parts  on  each 
other.  Dunglison.  — Cellular  membrane , membrane 
formed  of  cellular  tissue.  Dunglison. 

CEL'Ll  -LAT-1JD,  a.  Formed  like  a cell.  Caldwell. 

CEL'LULE,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  cellula.']  (Bot.)  A 
minute  cell;  — a cell.  Gray. 

CEL-LU-LIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  cellula,  a little  cell, 
and  fero,  to  bear.]  Producing  little  cells.  P.  Cyc. 

CEL'LL— LINE,  n.  (Bot.)  The  substance  that 
composes  the  cells  of  wood,  as  wax  composes 
the  cells  of  a honeycomb ; cellulose.  Brewer. 

CEL'LL-LOSE,  n.  (Bot.)  The  substance  consist- 
ing of  carbon,  hydrogen,  and  oxygen,  which 
constitutes  the  cellular  tissue  of  all  plants  ; 
celluline.  RegnauU. 

f CEL'SI-TUDE,  n.  [L . cclsitudo  ; Fr . celsitude.] 
Height;  elevation.  “Kingly celsitude.” Chaucer. 

II  CELT  (selt),  n. ; pi.  C£lt$.  [Gr.  K tlroi,  and 
Ki/.rai  ; L.  Celtic.] 

1.  One  of  an  ancient  race  which  occupied  a 
great  part  of  central  and  western  Europe.  They 
were  the  early  inhabitants  of  Italy,  Gaul,  Spain, 
and  Britain. 

2.  (Arch  ecology.)  An  implement  of  stone  or 

metal  found  in  ancient  tumuli  of  the  Celtic 
period  in  Great  Britain,  Ireland,  and  on  the 
continent  of  Europe.  Ogilvie. 

CEL-TI-BE'RI-AN,  a.  Relating  to  Celtiberia,  or 
to  the  Celts  who  mixed  with  the  inhabitants  of 
the  Iberus,  a river  in  Spain.  P.  Cyc. 

CEL-TI-BE'RI-AN,  n.  ( Geog .)  An  inhabitant  of 
Celtiberia.  Ogilvie. 

||  CEL'TIC  [sel'sjk,  Sm.  C.  I Vb. ; sel'tjk  or  kel'tjk, 
Ja.  ; kel'tjk,  K.],  a.  Relating  to  the  Celts,  or 
to  their  language. 

RAT  The  Celtic  dialects  include  the  Gaelic  or  High- 
land Scotch,  the  Erse  or  Irish,  the  Manks,  the  Welsh, 
the  Cornish,  and  the  Armorican.  Bosworth. 

Roving  the  Celtic  and  Iberian  fields.  Milton. 


1.  To  unite  by  the  use  of  cement,  or  by  some- 
thing interposed. 

Liquid  bodies  have  nothing  to  cement  them.  Unmet. 

2.  To  unite  ; to  connect ; to  attach  ; to  join. 

The  fear  of  us 

May  cement  their  divisions.  Shak. 

C£-MENT',  v.  n.  To  cohere  ; to  unite. 

The  parts  will  cement  like  one  branch  of  a tree  ingrafted 
on  another.  Sharp. 

CEM-jpN-TA'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  cementing. 

2.  The  process  of  changing  the  properties  of 
bodies  by  heating  them  in  contact  with  the  pow- 
der of  other  substances. 

Iron  is  said  to  be  converted  into  steel  by  cementation  with 
charcoal.  Brande. 

Cfi-MENT'A-TO-RY,  a.  Having  the  quality  of 
cementing  or  uniting  firmly.  Craig. 

CJ-MENT'pD,  p.  a.  United  by  cement : — joined 
by  friendship. 

CE-MENT'ER,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  cements. 
“ Language  which  was  to  be  the  great  instru- 
ment and  ccmenter  of  society.”  Locke. 

CEM-EN-Tl''TIOUS  (sem-en-tish'us),  a.  Tending 
to  cement.  Smart. 

CEM-JJ-TE'RI-AL,  a.  Relating  to  a cemetery. 

CEM'E-TER-Y,  n.  [Gr.  Koipyrypio v,  Kotpdo),  to  sleep  ; 
L.  ccemetenum  ; It.  cimetero  ; Sp.  cementario  ; 
Fr.  cimetiire.]  An  edifice,  area,  or  place  w here 
the  dead  are  buried.  Addison. 

CEN—  and  ClN—  [A.  S.  cyn,  kindred],  prefixes  to 
names,  denoting  kinsfolk  ; as,  “ C/reulph,  help 
to  his  kindred.” 

CEN'A-TO-ltY  [sen'?-tur-e,  IV.  P.  Ja.  K.;  se'nj- 
tur-e,  S.  Sw.],  a.  [L.  ccenatorius ; coeno,  to 
sup.]  Relating  to  a supper.  Browne. 

CEN-CHRi'TlS,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  Kivxpirni.]  A 
precious  stone.  Crabb. 

CEN-O-Bi'O-NAR,  n.  (Bot.)  A cenobium.  — See 
Cenobium. 

CEN'O-BITE,  n.  [Gr.  KotvoPio;,  living  in  commun- 
ion with  others;  koivos,  common,  and  (lids,  life; 
L.  ccenobita  ; It.  Sf  Sp.  cenobita  ; Fr . cinobite.) 
One  of  a religious  order  who  lives  in  a commu- 
nity, in  contradistinction  to  an  anchoret,  who 
lives  in  solitude.  Hamilton. 

C EN-O-Bl  I IO,  1 a [pr  cenobitique .]  Liv- 

CEN-O-IHT'I-CAL,  ) ing  in  a community,  as  a 
cenobite.  Stillingfleet. 

CEN'0-B[T-I§M,  n.  The  state  of  being  a ceno- 
bite. Milman. 

G'E-NO'BI-UM,  n.  (Bot.)  A regular  fruit  divided 
to  the  base  into  several  pericarpia  not  marked 
on  the  summit  by  the  stigmatic  scar,  the  style 
having  been  inserted  at  their  base.  Lindley. 

f CE'NO-BY,  or  CEN'O-By  [se'no-be,  Ja.  Sm.  ; 
sen'o-be,  K. ] , n.  [Gr.  uoivdlhov ; L.  cocnobium, 
a convent.]  A place  where  persons  live  in  a 
community.  Sir  G.  Buck. 


||  CEL'TIC,  n.  The  language  of  the  Celts. Bosworth. 

||  CEL'TI-CIfj.M,  n.  An  idiom  or  a custom  of  the 
Celts.  War  ton. 

CEL'TIS,  n.  [L.,  an  African  species  of  lotos.] 
(Bot.)  A genus  of  trees,  some  of  which  are  val- 
uable for  timber  ; the  nettle-tree.  Loudon. 

||  CELT'ISH,  a.  Celtic.  Dunglison. 

||  CELT’ISH,  n.  The  Celtic  language.  Dunglison. 

CEM'ENT  (114)  [sem'ent,  S.  W.  P.  J.  F.  K.  C. ; 
se'inent,  E.  Ja.-,  se-ment',  Sm.],  n.  [L.  ccemen- 
tum,  a rough  stone;  Sp.  cimiento;  It.  cemento-, 
Fr.  ciment.] 

1.  The  substance,  usually  composed  of  lime, 
sand,  and  water,  used  for  causing  stones,  bricks, 
&c.,  to  adhere  to  each  other ; mortar. 

2.  That  which  unites  ; bond  of  union. 

The  band  or  cement  that  holds  together  all  the  parts  ofthis 
great  fabric  is  gratitude.  South. 

Roman,  or  Parker's,  cement,  a very  valuable  cement 
which  has  the  property  of  hardening  under  water.  It 
is  made  by  calcining  a species  of  marl  which  contains 
iron,  carbonate  of  lime,  quartz,  sulphate  of  baryta, 
&c*  Brande. 


CEN'O-TAPH,  n.  [Gr.  Kt vordtptov ; uevifs,  empty, 
and  rbipos,  a tomb;  L.  cenotaphium ; Fr.  ccno- 
taphe .]  A monument  erected,  in  any  place,  to 
the  memory  of  a person  who  lies  buried  else- 
where. 

A cenotaph  his  name  and  title  kept.  Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Monument. 

CEN'O-TAPH-Y,  n.  Same  as  Cenotaph.  Qu.  Rev. 

f CENSE,  n.  [L.  census ; Fr.  cens.] 

1.  A public  rate.  Bacon. 

2.  Rank;  condition.  B.Jonson. 

CENSE,  v.  a.  [Fr.  encenser .]  To  perfume  with 
odors.  “ Censed  with  sacred  smoke.”  Dryden. 

CEN'SOR,  n.  [It.  incensicre ; Sp.  incensario  ; Fr. 
encensoir.  — See  Incense.] 

1.  A vessel  in  which  incense  is  burnt. 

Of  incense  clouds, 

Fuming  from  golden  censers , hid  the  mount.  Milton. 

2.  A pan  in  which  any  thing  is  burnt. 

Like  to  a censer  in  a barber’s  shop.  Shak. 

t CEN'SION  (sen'shun),  n.  [L.  censio .]  A rate  ; 
an  assessment.  J.  Hall. 


1.  A magistrate  of  ancient  Rome  (originally 

created  for  taking  the  census),  who  was  an  in- 
spector of  manners  and  morals.  P.  Cyc. 

2.  One  who  decides  whether  a book  or  a man- 
uscript shall  be  published ; as,  “ A censor  of 
the  press.” 

3.  One  prone  to  find  fault  ; a censurer. 

Ill-natured  censors  of  tho  present  age.  Roscommon. 

CyN-SO'RI-AL,  a.  Relating  to  a censor;  severe; 
censorious.  “ Censorial  declamation.”  Warton. 

CyN-SO'RI-AN,  a.  Relating  to  a censor  ; censo- 
rial. “ The  censorian  power.”  Bacon. 

CyN-SO'Rl-OUS,  a.  Addicted  to  censure  ; prone 
to  find  fault ; hard  to  please  ; severe.  Swift. 

CyN-SO'RI-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  a censorious  or  se- 
vere manner. 

CJN-SO'RI-OLS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
censorious.  Bp.  Taylor. 

CEN'SOR— LIKE,  a.  Censorious  ; austere. Cotgrave. 

CEN'SOR-SHlP,  n.  The  office  of  a censor.  Browne. 

With  the  fall  of  the  censorship  [of  the  press],  in  the  reign 
of  William  III.,  newspapers  naturally  grew  more  numerous, 
more  able,  and  more  powerful;  but  it  was  not  till  the  subse- 
quent reign  that  journalism  assumed  the  peculiar  form  and 
character  which  it  has  generally  since  retained.  Ed.  Rev. 

CEN'SU-AL  (sen'sliu-al,  92),  a.  [L.  censualis .] 
Relating  to  a census.  “ A censual  roll.”  Temple. 

CEN'SU-R  A-BI.E  (sen'shu-rj-bl,  92),  a.  Worthy  of 
censure  ; faulty.  Locke. 

CEN'SU-R  A-BLE-NESS  (sen'shu-rj-bl-nes),  n.  Fit- 
ness to  be  censured  ; blamableness.  Whitlock. 

CEN'SU-RA-BLY,  ad.  With  censure  ; blamably. 

CEN'SURE  (sen'sliur,  92),  n.  [L.,  censeo,  to  judge  ; 
L.,  It.,  A Sp.  censura  ; Fr.  censure.) 

1.  Judgment ; opinion  ; criticism. 

I musk  be  content  te  throw  myself  upon  the  equitable  cen- 
sure of  the  public.  Richardson. 

Judicious  censure  is  no  more  than  just  discrimination. 

W.  Da  nhy. 

I chose  rather  to  submit  them  to  the  censure  of  the  reader 
than  myself  to  pass  sentence  of  rejection  upon  them. Ray. 

Here  I would  desire  the  favorable  censure  of  the  critics. 

A*.  Bailey. 

2.  Imputation  of  tvrong  or  fault ; blame  ; re- 
proach ; reprimand ; reproof. 

The  fault  would  not  ’scape  censure.  Shak. 

3.  f Judicial  sentence. 

To  you,  lord  governor, 

Remains  the  censure  of  this  hellish  villain.  Shak. 

4.  An  ecclesiastical  or  spiritual  punishment. 
“ The  censures  of  the  church.”  Hammond. 

Syn.  — See  Reproach. 

CEN'SURE  (sen'sliur),  v.  a.  [L.  censeo,  to  judge; 
It.  censurare ; Sp.  censurar ; Fr.  censurer.]  \i. 
CENSURED  ; pp.  CENSURING,  CENSURED.] 

1.  To  form  an  opinion  of ; to  judge  ; to  es- 
timate. [Antiquated.] 

Should  I say  more,  you  well  might  censure  me  a flatterer. 

Beau,  (f  FI. 

2.  To  judge  unfavorably  ; to  find  fault  with  ; to 
blame  ; to  reproach  ; to  reprove  ; to  reprehend  ; 
as,  “ To  censure  a man  for  his  misconduct.” 

3.  f To  condemn  by  judicial  sentence. 

Has  censured  him 

Already,  and.  as  I hear,  the  provost  hath 

A warrant  for  his  execution.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Accuse,  Disapprove. 

CEN'SURE,  v.  n.  To  judge  ; to  give  an  opinion. 

’T  is  a passing  shame 

That  I.  unworthy  body  as  I am, 

Should  censure  thus  on  lovely  gentlemen.  Shak. 

CEN'SUR-ER  (sen'slmr-er),  n.  One  who  censures. 

CEN'SUR-ING,  n.  Reproach.  Sanderson. 

CEJV'SUS,n.  [L.]  (Ancient  Rome.)  The  number- 
ing of  the  people,  and  the  valuation  of  their  prop- 
erty, commonly  made  every  five  years.  P.  Cyc. 

CEN'SUS,  n. ; pi.  cEn'sus-es.  [L.  census  ; censeo, 
to  count,  to  reckon.]  An  official  enumeration 
of  the  inhabitants  of  a country.  [A  word  orig- 
inally Latin,  now  Anglicized.]  Brande. 

CENT,  n.  [L.  centum-.  It.  cento;  Sp.  ciento  ; Fr. 
cent.] 

1.  A hundred  ; as,  “Five  per  cent.” 

2.  A copper  coin  of  the  United  States,  equal 
to  10  mills,  or  the  100th  part  of  a dollar. 


Cp-MENT',  v.  a.  [It.  cementare  ; Fr . cimenter. 
[i.  CEMENTED  ; pp.  CEMENTING,  CEMENTED.] 


A,  E,  1,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I, 


] CEN'SOR,  n.  [L.  censor;  It.  censore;  Sp.  cen-  CENT'A(JE,  n.  A rate  by  the  cent  or  hundred  ; 
sor;  Fr.ce/iseMr.]  percentage.  Smart. 

6,  0,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  IlfilR,  HER; 


CENTAUR 


219 


CENTRY 


CEN'TAUR  (sen'tiwr),  n.  [Gr.  nivravpos  ; L.  cen- 
taurus ; Fr.  centaure.] 

1.  ( Mythol .)  One  of  a fabulous  race  of  mon- 
sters, half  man  and  half  horse,  who  are  said  to 
have  inhabited  a part  of  Thessaly.  Brands. 

2.  ( Astron .)  A southern  constellation,  repre- 
sented by  the  figure  of  a centaur.  Brande. 

CF.N-tAu'  RF.-M,  n.  [See  Centaury.]  (Bot.) 
An  extensive  genus  of  plants  of  the  thistle 
tribe ; centaury.  Loudon. 

CEN'TAU-RY,  n.  [Gr.  Kivravpiov  ; L.  eentaurea  ; 
Fr.  centauree .]  (Bot.)  A shrub  of  several  spe- 
cies ; Centaurea.  Loudon. 

CEN-TIJ-NA'RI-AN,  a.  Relating  to,  or  containing, 
a hundred  years  ; centenarious.  Kendrick. 

CEN-TJJ-NA'RJ-AN,  n.  A person  who  is  a hun- 
dred years  old.  London  Examiner. 

CEN-TE-NA'Rt-OUS,  a.  [L.  centenarius  ; centum, 
a hundred.]  Belonging  to  a hundred  years.  Ash. 

CEN'TJJ-NA-RY,  n.  1.  The  number  of  a hundred. 
“ Every  centenary  of  years.”  Hakcwill. 

2.  The  period  of  a hundred  years  ; a century. 

CEN'TE-NA-RY,  a.  [L.  centenarius-,  It.  cente- 
nario  ; Fr.  centenaire.]  Relating  to  or  compris- 
ing a hundred  years.  Sir  N.  Wraxall. 

C1J.\-TEN'NI-AL,  a.  [L.  centum,  a hundred,  and 
annus,  a year.] 

1.  Completing  the  term  of  a hundred  years. 

To  her  alone  I raised  my  strain 
On  her  centennial  day.  Mason. 

2.  Occurring  once  in  a hundred  years  ; as, 
“ A centennial  celebration.” 

cpN-TES'I-MAL,  a.  [L.  centesimus,  the  hun- 
dredth.] By  the  hundred  ; hundredth.  “ Cen- 
tesimal increase.”  Browne. 

CIJN-TES'I-MAL,  71.  The  hundredth  part. 

The  neglect  of  a few  centcsinlals  . . . would  bring  it  to  an 
equality  with  the  cube  of  a foot.  Arbuthnot. 

CJJN-TES-I-mA'TION,  7i.  [L.  centcsimo , ccntesi- 

matus,  to  select  one  in  a hundred.]  (Mil.)  A 
military  mode  of  punishing  by  the  selection  of 
one  in  a hundred.  Smart. 

fCEN'TE^M,  n.  [L.  centesimus .]  The  hundredth 
part  of  a thing ; a centesimal.  Bailey. 

CEN-TI-ClP'I-TOUS,  a.  [L.  centum,  a hundred, 
and  caput,  a head.]  Having  a hundred  heads  ; 
hundred-headed.  Smart. 

CpN-Tl F'1-DOUS,  a.  [L.  centifidus  ; centum,  a 
hundred,  and finclo,  to  divide.]  Divided  into  a 
hundred  parts.  Smart. 

CEN-TI-FO'LI-OUS,  a.  [L.  centum,  a hundred, 
and  folium,  a leaf.]  Having  a hundred  leaves  ; 
hundred-leaved.  Johnson. 

CEN'TNGRADE,  a.  [L.  centum,  a hundred,  and 
gradus,  a degree.]  Divided  into  grades  or  de- 
grees by  hundredth  parts. 

The  centigrade  thermometer  lias  100  degrees  between 
the  freezing  and  the  boiling  points  of  water;  the 
freezing  point  being  marked  (P  (zero),  and  each  degree 
being  equal  to  ]|°  of  Fahrenheit.  It  was  proposed 
by  Celsius,  of  Sweden,  in  1742;  and  it  has  been  adopt- 
ed in  France  and  in  most  parts  of  the  north  and  mid- 
dle of  Europe.  Brande. 

CEN'  TI-GR.dMME  ',  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  centum,  a 
hundred,  and  Fr.  gramme .]  A French  weight ; 
the  hundredth  part  of  a gramme,  equal  to  .15434 
of  a grain.  Brande. 

CENTILITRE  (sin'te-le-tr),  71.  [Fr.,  from  L. 

centum,  a hundred,  and  Fr.  litre.']  A hundredth 
part  of  a litre,  equal  to  .61028  of  a cubic  inch. 

CEN-TlL'O-CtUY,  n.  [L.  centum,  a hundred,  and 
loquor,  to  speak.]  A hundred-fold  discourse. 
“ Ptolemeus  in  his  centiloquy.”  [r.]  Burton. 

CENTIME  (san'tem'),  7i.  [Fr.]  1.  In  French 

money,  a hundredth  part  of  a franc. 

2.  A hundredth  part  of  any  thing.  Crabb. 

CIJN-TiM'E-TIJR  (sen-tlm'e-ter),  71.  [L.  centum,  a 
hundred,  and  Fr.  metre,  from  Gr.  plrpov,  a 
measure.]  A French  measure  ; the  hundredth 
part  of  a metre.  — See  Centimetre.  Smart. 

CENTIMETRE  (sin'te-ma'tr),  n.  [Fr.]  A French 
measure  ; a hundredth  part  of  a metre ; equal 
to  .39371,  or  nearly  two-fifths,  of  an  inch,  Eng- 
lish measure. 


CEN'TI-NEL,  7i.  See  Sentinel.  Russell. 

f C£N-TlN'0-I)Y,  71.  [Old  Fr.  centinode.]  Knot- 
grass ; Illecebrutn  verticillatum.  Cotgrave. 


CEN  TI-PED,  ) n_  [L.  centipeda  ; centum,  a hun- 
CEN'TJ-PERE,  ) died,  an&pes,  pedis,  a foot.]  The 
name  of  the  myriapodous  insects,  belonging  to 
the  genus  Scolopendra  of  LinntEus.  Brande. 


4J®=  “ Bipul  and  quadruped  are  spelled  in  Johnson 
without  tile  final  e.  while  solipe.de,  palmipede,  plumi- 
pedc,  vniltipcdc , and  centipede  retain  it.  The  orthog- 
raphy in  this  case  is  of  importance  to  the  pronuncia- 
tion ; and  therefore,  as  the  words  are  of  perfectly 
similar  original,  their  spelling  and  pronunciation 
ought  certainly  to  be  alike.  Biped  and  quadruped  are 
the  words  most  in  use  ; and  as  they  have  omitted  the 
final  e,  which  there  does  not  seem  to  be  any  reason  to 
retain,  we  may  infer  that  the  silent  and  insensible 
operation  of  custom  lias  directed  us  to  do  the  same  by 
the  rest  of  the  words,  and  to  pronounce  the  last  sylla- 
ble short.”  IValkcr.  — See  Milliped. 


CENT'NER,  n.  [L.  centenarius,  consisting  of  a 
hundred  ; centum,  a hundred.]  (Metallurgy 
8c  Assaying.)  A hundred  divided  decimally ; 
a docimastic  hundred.  With  metallurgists  the 
centner  is  a hundred  pounds  ; with  assayers  it 
is  one  dram.  Buchanan. 


CEN'TO,  n. ; pi.  cen'to$.  [L.  cento,  from  Gr.  kIv- 
Tpav,  patchwork.]  A composition  or  patch- 
work  formed  by  joining  verses  or  passages  from 
various  authors. 

It  is  quilted,  as  it  were,  out  of  shreds  of  divers  poets,  such 
as  scholars  call  a cento.  Camden. 

CEN'TO-NlijM,  n.  The  construction  of  centos  ; a 
selection  of  scraps  from  various  authors. llallam. 

CEN'TRAL,  a.  [L.  centralis.  — See  Centre.]  Re- 
lating to  the  centre  ; placed  in  the  centre;  as, 
“ The  central  parts  of  a thing.” 

Central  forces,  ( Mech .)  the  forces  which  govern  a 
body  moving  round  a centre,  called  also  the  centripe- 
tal and  centrifugal  forces.  — Central  eclipse , an  eclipse 
in  which  the  centres  of  the  sun  and  the  moon  coincide 
in  their  direction  from  the  observer,  as  in  total  and 
annular  eclipses. 

CEN  'TR A L-I§M,  n.  1.  Centrality. 

2.  The  combination  of  several  parts  into  one 
whole.  Qu.  Rev. 

cpN-TRAL'I-TY,  n.  State  of  being  central.  More. 

CEN-TRAL-I-ZA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  centraliz- 
ing, or  of  reducing  to  a centre.  Brit.  Crit. 

CEN'TRAL-IZE,  v.  a.  [i.  centralized  ; pp. 
centralizing,  centralized.]  To  render  cen- 
tral ; to  bring  to  a centre.  P.  J.  Bailey. 

CEN'TRAL-LY,  ad.  In  a central  manner.  Dryden. 

t CEN-TRA'TIQN,  7i.  Tendency  to  the  centre. 

Wliat  needs  that  numerous  closed  centratiem , 

Like  wasteful  sand  ytost  with  boisterous  inundation  ? More. 

CEN'TRE  (sen'ter),  n.  [Gr.  Kterpoi ; L.  centrum  ; 
It.  <S;  Sp.  centro  ; Fr.  centre .] 

1.  (Geo7>i.)  A point  equally  distant  from  the 
extremities  of  a line,  from  every  part  of  the  cir- 
cumference of  a circle,  or  the  surface  ot  a sphere. 

/SP  The  centre  of  any  plane  curve  is  a point  in  the 
plane  of  the  curve  which  bisects  every  straight  line 
drawn  through  it  and  terminated  by  the  curve.  The 
centre  of  a regular  polygon  is  a point  equally  distant 
from  all  its  vertices.  The  centre  of  any  surface  is  a 
point  which  bisects  all  straight  lines  drawn  through 
it  and  terminated  by  the  surface.  Eliot. 

2.  The  middle  point  of  anything;  the  mid- 
dle ; as,  “The  ceiitre  of  an  army  or  of  a fleet.” 

3.  (Arch.)  A framework,  usually  of  timber, 

for  sustaining  an  arch  while  it  is  building ; cen- 
tring. Weale. 

Centre  of  attraction,  or  centre  of  gravitation,  tire 
point  to  which  bodies  tend  by  gravity.  — Centre  of 
gravity,  a point  in  a body  about  which  all  the  parts 
exactly  balance  one  another,  so  that,  if  it  be  supported, 
the  whole  body  will  be  at  rest  in  any  position  what- 
ever.— Centre  of  gyration.  See  Gyration. — Centre 
of  motion,  the  point  about  which  any  body  or  system 
of  bodies  moves,  in  a revolving  motion.  — Centre  of 
oscillation,  that  point  in  the  line  of  suspension  of  a 
vibrating  body  or  system  of  bodies,  in  which,  if  the 
whole  weight  were  collected,  the  vibrations  would 
be  performed  in  the  same  time,  and  with  the  same 
velocity,  as  before. — Centre  of  percussion,  that  point 
in  a moving  body  at  which  the  impetus  of  the  body  is 
supposed  to  he  concentrated.  Button. 

Syn.  — See  Middle. 

CEN'TRE  (sen'ter),  V.  a.  [i.  CENTRED  ; pp.  CEN- 
TRING, CENTRED.] 

1.  To  place  on  a centre  ; to  fix  as  on  a centre. 


One  foot  he  centred,  and  the  other  turned 

Round  through  the  vust  profundity  obscure.  Milton. 

2.  To  collect  to  a point ; to  concentrate. 
Whose  thoughts  are  centred  on  thyself  alone.  Dipden 
CEN'TRE  (sen'ter),  v.  n.  1.  To  be  placed  in  a 
centre  ; to  be  central. 

As  God  in  heaven 
Is  centre,  yet  extends  to  all,  so  thou, 

Centring,  receiv’st  from  all  those  orbs.  Milton. 

2.  To  be  concentrated. 

Our  hopes  must  centre  in  ourselves  alone.  Dryden. 
CEN'TRE— BIT  (sen'ter-hlt),  n.  A joiner’s  tool  or 
instrument  for  boring  holes.  Maunder. 

f C]JN-TRE'J-TY,  71.  Force  of  attraction  towards 
the  centre. 

In  every  thing  compost, 

Each  part  of  the  essence  its  centre  it; / 

Keeps  to  itself;  it  shrinks  not  to  a nullity.  More. 

CEN  TRIC,  l a placed  in  the  centre  ; cen- 
CEN'TRJ-CAL,  > tral  ; middle.  Donne. 

CEN'TRI-CAL-LY,  ad.  Centrally.  Todd. 

CEN'TIII-CAL-NESS,  7i.  The  quality  of  being 
central ; a situation  in  the  centre.  Todd. 

ClJN-TRltj'l-TY,  7i.  The  state  of  being  centric 
or  central.  Jameson. 


CEN-TRIF'U-G  A L [sen-trif'u-gal,  S.  W.  P.  J.  F. 
Ja.  K.  Sm. ; sen-tre-fu'gjl,  Kcnrick,  Dyche],  a. 
[L.  centrum,  the  centre,  and  fugio,  to  flee;  It. 

Sp.  centrifugo  ; Fr.  centrifuge.] 

1.  Tending  to  fly  from  the  centre. 

2.  (Bot.)  Noting  the  order  of  development 

of  file  blossoms  in  determinate  inflorescence, 
the  terminal  and  the  upper  ones  opening  ear- 
liest, and  the  others  expanding  in  succession 
from  above,  downwards ; noting  embryos  of 
which  the  radicle  is  turned  towards  the  sides  of 
the  fruit.  ^ Gray. 

Centrifugal  force,  the  force  with  which  a revolving 
body  tends  to  fly  from  the  centre  of  motion  in  the  di- 
rection of  the  tangent  to  the  path  the  body  describes. 

CEN'TRINE,  n.  [It.  centrina  ; Fr.  centrine .] 
(Ich.)  The  porpoise.  Hill. 

CEN'TIIING,  n.  (Arch.)  The  temporary  sup- 
port, chiefly  of  timber,  placed  under  a vault  to 
sustain  it  while  it  is  building;  — called  also 
centre.  Weale. 


CEN-TRIP'B-TAI,  [sen-trip'e-tfil,  S.  IF.  r.J.F. 
Ja.  K.  Sm. ; sen-tre-pe't?!,  Kcnrick],  a.  [L. 
centrum,  the  centre,  and  peto,  to  seek  ; It.  cen- 
tripeta  ; Sp.  centripeto  ; Fr.  centre  pitch]  ' 

1.  Tending  towards  the  centre. 

2.  (Bot.)  Noting  the  order  of  development 

of  the  blossoms  in  indeterminate  inflorescence, 
which  proceeds  regularly  from  the  base  to  the 
apex,  or  from  the  circumference  to  the  centre  ; 
noting  embryos  of  which  the  radicle  is  turned 
towards  the  axis  of  the  fruit.  Gray. 

Centripetal  force,  the  force  by  which  a body  revolv- 
ing about  a centre,  is  drawn  towards  that  centre. 

CBN-TRlP'p-TEN-cy,  7i.  Tendency  towards  the 
centre,  [it.]  Month.  Rev. 

CEN-TRO-BAR'IC,  a.  [Gr.  Kevrpoflapij;,  gravitat- 
ing towards  the  centre  ; Kivrpov,  the  centre,  and 
/ 3apvs , heavy.]  Noting  the  centre  of  gravity,  and 
applied  to  a method  of  measuring,  in  certain 
cases,  the  quantity  of  a surface  or  the  contents 
of  a solid.  Smart. 


CEN'TRO-CHIR,  n.  [Gr.  Kevrpov,  a sharp  point, 
and  xdp,  the  hand.]  (Geol.)  A species  of  fos- 
sil fish,  belonging  to  the  genus  Cobitis.  Ogilvie. 

CEN-TRO-LlN'B-AD,  v.  [L.  centrum,  the  centre, 
and  litted,’  a line.]  An  instrument  for  drawing 
lines  converging  towards  a point,  though  the 
point  be  inaccessible.  Ogilvie. 

CEN-TRO-LIN'B-AL,  a.  [L.  centrum,  a centre, 
and  linea,  a line.]  Applied  to  lines  converging 
to  a centre.  Nicholson. 


CEN-TRO-LlN'p-AL,  n.  An  instrument  for  draw- 
ing lines  converging  to  a centre.  Nicholson. 

CF.N-TRO-NO'TVS,  n.  [Gr.  kci'Toov,  a sharp 
point,  and  vioro;,  the  back.]  (Ich.)  A genus  of 
fishes,  allied  to  the  gudgeons,  having  a simple- 
spined,  very  long,  dorsal  fin.  Cuvier. 

CEN'TIIY,  7i.  1.  A sentinel.  “The  centry’s  box.” 
— See  Sentry.  Gay. 

2.  (Arch.)  A mould  for  an  arch.  Crabb. 


MtEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  S6N  ; BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — (J,  If,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  § as  7.;  y as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


CENTRY-BOX 


220 


CEREMONIOUS 


CEN'TRY— BOX,  n.  A box  or  shelter  in  which  a 
soldier  keeps  sentry.  — See  Sentuy-box.  Ash. 

CEN-TUM ' VIR,  n. ; pi . c F. N- r um'  vi-rT.  [L.  cen- 
tum, a hundred,  and  vir,  a man.]  One  of  the 
Roman  judges  who  were  chosen  three  from 
each  of  the  thirty-five  tribes,  making  in  all  one 
hundred  and  five,  though  they  were  designated 
in  round  numbers  one  hundred  men.  Brande. 

CEN-TUM' VI-KAL,  a.  Relating  to  the  centum- 
'viri.  [r.]  ‘ ‘ Ash- 

CEN-TUM' VI-R  ATE,  n.  The  office  or  government 
of  the  centumviri,  or  of  a hundred  men.  Qu.  Rev. 

CEN-TUM ' VI-  RI,  n.  pi.  [L.  See  Cextcmvir.] 
The  hundred  and  five  judges  in  the  Roman  re- 
public. B.  Jonson . 

CEN'TU-PLE  (sen'tu-pl),  a.  [L-  centuplex ; cen- 
tum, a hundred,  and  plico,  to  fold ; It.  Sp. 
centuplo ; Fr.  centuple .]  Hundred-fold. . “I 
wish  his  strength  were  centuple."  Massinger. 

f CEN'TU-PLE,  v.  a.  [Fr.  centupler.~\  To  multi- 
ply a hundred-fold.  Beau.  1$  FI. 

CpN-TU'PLT-CATE,  v.  a.  [L.  centuplicatus,  cen- 
tuple ; Sp!  centuplicar. ] To  make  a hundred- 
fold greater,  [r.]  Howell. 

CJJN-TUTU-AL,  a.  Relating  or  belonging  to  a 
century.  Ed.  Ency. 

f CpN-TU'RI-ATE,  v.  a.  [L . ccnturio,  centuria- 
tus .]  To  divide  into  hundreds.  Coles. 

CgN-TU'Rj-A-TOR,  n.  An  historian  or  a chro- 
nologist  who  distinguishes  time  by  centuries. 
“The  ccnturiators  of  Magdeburg.”  Ayliffe. 

CEN-TU'RI-ON,  n.  [L.  centurio  ; It.  centurione  ; 
Sp.  § Fr.  centurion .]  A Roman  military  officer 
w'ho  commanded  a hundred  men,  or  one  sixtieth 
part  of  a legion.  Brande. 

CEN'TU-RIST,  n.  A centuriator.  [n.]  Sheldon. 

CEN'TU-RY,  n.  [L.,  It.,  $ Sp.  centuria  ; Fr.  cen- 
time.] 

1.  A hundred,  as  of  men,  soldiers,  &c. 

Romulus  did  divide  the  Romans  into  tribes,  and  the  tribes 
into  centuries  or  hundreds.  Spenser. 

2.  A period  of  a hundred  years ; as,  “ The 
19th  century  of  the  Christian  era.” 

CEOL-,  n.  [A.  S.,  a ship.]  A prefix  in  the  names 
of  men,  signifying  a ship  or  vessel.  Gibson. 

fCE'ORL,  n.  [A.  S.]  {Laic.)  A freeman  of  in- 
ferior rank ; a husbandman.  Burrill. 

CE'  PA,  n.  [L.,  from  Celtic  cep,  a head.  Loudon.] 
{Boi.)  The  common  onion  ; Allium  ccpa. 

C£-PEV'OR-OUS,  a.  Feeding  on  onions.  Sterling. 

CEPH-A-LAL'^IC,  a ■ [Gr.  Kiipal.alyiKOs  ; L.  ceph- 
alalgicus .]  Relating  to  the  headache.  Ash. 

CEPH-A-LAL'ijrJC,  n.  A remedy  for  headache. 

CEPH'A-LAL-CY,  n.  [Gr.  Kfipalnl.yia  ; KUpab'/,  the 
head,  and  a'/.yoq,  pain  ; L.  cephalalgia ; Fr . ce- 
phalalgie.]  {Meil.)  The  headache.  Bailey. 

CEPH-A-LAN'THI-trM,  n.  [Gr.  Ki<pah),  the  head, 
and  oVflos,  a flower.]  {Bot.)  The  head  or  capi- 
tate inflorescence  of  a composite  plant.  Brande. 

CEPH-A-lAs'PJS,  n.  [Gr.  nupal.r),  the  head,  and 
dams,  a shield.]  {Pal.)  A fossil  fish  found  in 
the  old  red  sandstone,  the  head  of  which  is  very 
large,  and  formed  of  a sort  of  shield  prolonged 
behind  into  two  points.  Agassiz. 

CEPH-A-LAT'p-MY,  n.  [Gr.  K«paXfj,  the  head,  and 
Tcpvut,  to  cut.J  (Anat.)  The  dissection  of  the 
head.  Craig. 

Cp-PHAL’IC  (se-fal'jk),  a.  {Med.)  [Gr.  Kt^ahcds ; 
Kiipal.ij,  the  head  ; L.  cephalicus  ; Fr.  c&phalique.] 
Relating  to  the  head.  Dunglison. 

CE-PHAl'IC,  ii.  (Med.)  A remedy  for  any  dis- 
order of  the  head.  Crabb. 

CEPH-A-LI'TIS,  n.  [Gr.  k up  air),  the  head.]  {Med.) 
Inflammation  of  the  brain.  Brande. 

CEPH-A-LOG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  Knpalf),  the  head, 
and  yfihfui,  to  describe.]  (Anat.)  A description 
of  the  head.  Dunglison. 

CEPH-A-LOID',  a.  [Gr.  Kfipalt),  the  head,  and 
elhos,  form.]  (Bot.)  Having  the  form  of  the 
head ; head-shaped  ; spherical.  Craig. 


CEPfl-A-LoL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  Ki<pah)  and  l.tyos.] 
(Anat.)  A treatise  on  the  head.  Dunglison. 

CJ5-PIIAL'0-P6d,  n.  (Zoiil.)  One  of  the  Cepha- 
lopoda. Brande. 

CEPH-A-LOP 1 O-DA,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  Kiipali),  the  head, 
and  nous,  nobis,  a foot.]  (Zoiil.)  A class  of  mol- 
lusks  having  a circle  of  eight  or  ten  tentacles 
around  the  mouth,  as  the  cuttle-fish,  squid,  and 
nautilus.  Van  Der  Hoeven. 

CE-PHAL-0-P6d'!C,  a.  Cephalopodous.  Ogilvie. 

CEPH-A-LOP'O-DOUS,  a.  (Zoiil.)  Belonging  to 
the  Cephalopoda.  Buckktnd. 

CEPH'A-LO-TUS,  n.  [Gr.  Kaf,ahoT6s,  with  a head  ; 
Kitpal.fi,  the  head.]  (Bot.)  A plant  of  New  Hol- 
land, remarkable  for  the  operculate  pitchers 
which  it  produces.  Lindley. 

CEPH'A-LOUS,  a.  [Gr.  Kttpab),  the  head.]  Hav- 
ing a head.  Hamilton. 

CEPH'A-L&S,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  shpalos,  a large- 
headed sea-fish.]  (Ich.)  A fish  of  the  genus 
Orthagoriscus  ; the  sun-fish.  Van  Der  Hoeven. 

CE' PIIEUS,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  Krifibs,  husband  of 
Cassiope  and  father  of  Andromeda.]  (Astron.) 
A constellation  in  the  northern  hemisphere 
near  Cassiopea  and  Ursa  Minor.  Hind. 

CE'PHUS,  n.  1.  ( Omith .)  A genus  of  birds  of 
the  order  Anseres  and  family  Alcidw,  the  guil- 
lemot. Cuvier. 

2.  (Ent.)  A genus  of  hymenopterous  insects 
of  the  family  Xiphydriidoe.  P.  Cyc. 

CJS-PO'LA  [se-po'la,  P.  Cyc. ; se'po-I?,  Brande],  n. 
(Ich.)  A genus  of  spiny-finned  fishes,  including 
the  common  riband-fish.  Brande. 

CE-RA'CEOyS  (se-ra'slms),  a.  [L.  cei'a,  from  Gr. 
Ktjpis,  wax.]  (Bot.)  Waxy  ; like  wax.  Brande. 

CJJ-RA'GO,  n.  Aliment  of  bees  ; bee-bread.  Crabb. 

CE-RAM'ByX,  n.  [Gr.  Kipipjlvl,.]  (Ent.)  A genus 
of  long-horned,  boring  beetles.  Harris. 

CE-RAm'IC,  a.  [Gr.  Klpapos,  potter’s  earth.]  Not- 
ing the  plastic  arts  or  pottery.  Fairholt. 

CER'A-SINE,  n.  [L.  cerasus,  a cherry-tree.] 
(diem.)  A gum  which  exudes  from  cherry  and 
various  other  fruit-trees,  and  swells  but  does 
not  readily  dissolve  in  cold  water.  Regnault. 

CfiR'A-SlTE,  n.  1.  [L.  cerasum,  a cherry.]  (Pal.) 
A cherry-like  petrifaction. 

2.  [Gr.  Ktpas,  a horn.]  A mineral  composed 
of  chloride  of  lead  and  carbonate  of  lead.  Dana. 

CF.-RAS ' TES,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  KtpatJTijs ’,  rift  as,  a 
horn.]  (Zoiil.)  A genus  of  poisonous  serpents 
of  Africa  and  India,  characterized  by  a horny 
process  over  each  eye  ; the  horned  viper.  Brande. 

CER'A-SCS,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  Kipaaog.]  (Bot.) 
The  genus  or  sub-genus  to  which  the  cherry  be- 
longs ; the  cherry-tree  ; — so  called  from  having 
been  first  brought  from  Cerasus,  a town  of 
Pontus,  in  Asia  Minor.  Loudon. 

CE'RATE,  n.  [Gr.  k>iou>t6u  ; L.  ceratum-,  cera, 
wax  ; Fr.  cerat .]  (Med.)  A composition  of  wax, 
oil,  lard,  &c.  Dunglison. 

CE'RAT-ED,  a.  Covered  with  wax.  Bailey. 

CER-A-TO'NI-A,  ii.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  trees, 
including  only  one  species,  (Ceratonia  siliqua,) 
the  fruit  of  which  is  known  as  St.  John’s  bread  ; 
the  algaroba,  or  carob-tree.  Loudon. 

CER'A-TRINE,  n.  (Chem.)  The  bitter  principle  of 
Iceland  moss.  Brande. 

CE-RAu'nItE,  n.  [Gr.  Kipav v<5j,  thunder.]  (Min.) 
The  thunder-stone.  Cleavelancl. 

CE-RAu'NICS,  n.pl.  [Gr.  Kepawds,  thunder.]  That 
branch  of  natural  philosophy  which  relates  to 
the  effect  of  heat  and  electricity.  R.  Park. 

CER  ' BE-RA,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants,  con- 
taining, among  other  poisonous  species,  that 
from  which  the  tanghin  poison  is  procured ; — 
so  named  in  allusion  to  the  mythological  dog 
Cerberus.  P.  Cyc. 

CER-BE'RE-AN,  a.  Relating  to  Cerberus,  the 
three-headed  dog  of  Pluto,  which  guarded  the 
J gates  of  hell.  “ Wide  cerberean  mouths.”  Milton. 


CER  'BF.-R&S,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  K t/ipipos.] 

1.  (Myth.)  The  three-headed  dog  of  Pluto, 
that  guarded  the  gates  of  hell. 

2.  (Zoiil.)  A serpent  allied  to  the  Pythons. 

Cuvier. 

CER-DO'NI-AN,  n.  ( Eccl . Hist.)  A follower  of 
Cerdon,  a heretic  of  the  second  century.  Hook. 

CERE,  v.  a.  [L.  cera,  wax;  Fr.  cirer,  to  wax.] 
To  wax  or  to  cover  with  wax.  Wiseman. 

CERE,  n.  The  naked  skin  that  covers  the  base 
of  the  bill  of  some  birds,  as  of  the  hawk.  White. 

CE'RE-AL,  a.  [L.  cercalis ; Ceres,  the  goddess 
of  agriculture,  and  hence  used  for  corn  or  grain  ; 
Fr.  cereale.]  Relating  to  corn  or  grain  ; applied 
to  plants  that  produce  bread-corn,  as  wheat,  rye, 
barley,  oats,  maize,  rice,  and  millet.  Braude. 

CE-RF.-A  ' LI-A,  il.  pi.  [L. ; Fr.  cere  ales.] 

1.  All  sorts  of  corn  of  which  bread  is  made  ; 

the  edible  grains.  Prout. 

2.  (Bot.)  The  cereal  grasses.  Hamilton. 

3.  (Antiq.)  Festival  games  celebrated  at 

Rome,  in  honor  of  Ceres.  Wm.  Smith. 

f CE-RE-A'LI-OUS,  a.  [L.  cerealis.]  Cereal.  “Any 
edulious  or  cerealious  grains.”  Browne. 

CER'E-BEL,  n.  [L.  cerebellum,  little  brain.]  The 
posterior  part  of  the  brain  ; the  cerebellum. 
“The  base  of  the  brain  and  cerebel."  Derham. 

CER-E-BEL  'LUM,  n. ; pi.  CER-E-BEL  'la.  (Anat.) 
The’  little  brain  ; the  posterior  of  the  medullary 
masses  which  compose  the  brain  of  vertebrate 
animals  ; cerebel.  Brande. 

CER'E-BRAL,  a.  [L.  cerebrum,  the  brain ; Fr. 
cerebral.]  Relating  to  the  brain.  Dunglison. 

CER-E-BRA'TION,  n.  Exercise  or  action  of  the 
brain.  New  Monthly  Mag. 

CER'E-BRIC,  a.  [I..  cerebrum,  the  brain.]  (Chem.) 
Noting  a fatty  acid  which  contains  nitrogen  and 
phosphorus,  and  forms  one  of  the  constituents 
of  the  brain.  Miller. 

CER-E-BROP'A-TIIY,  n.  [L.  cerebrum,  the  brain, 
and  Gr.  ndlios,  suffering.]  Nervousness  from 
over-action  of  the  brain. 

Journ.  of  Psychol.  Med.  and  Mental  Pathol. 

CER-E-BROSE',  a.  [L.  ccrebrosus .]  Brainsick  ; 
passionate ; mad  ; wilful,  [n.]  Scott. 

CER  ' E-BRUM,  n.  [L.]  (Anat.)  The  brain  ; par- 
ticularly the  upper  portion  of  the  brain,  or  the 
front  of  the  brain  as  distinguished  from  the  cer- 
ebellum and  the  medulla  oblongata.  Dunglison. 

CERE'-CLOTH,  n.  Cloth  smeared  with  wax  or 
with  bitumen.  Bacon. 

CERE'MENT,  n.  [L.  cera,  wax.]  Cere-cloth  an- 
ciently used  in  embalming. 

But  tell 

Why  thy  canonized  bones,  hearsed  in  earth, 

llave  burst  their  cerements.  Shak. 

CF.R-E-MO'NI-AL,  a.  1.  Relating  to  ceremony, 
— particularly  to  religious  ceremonies  ; ritual. 

Christ  did  take  away  that  ceremonial  worship  that  wa9 
among  the  Jews.  btillinyfleet. 

2.  f Formal;  stately;  ceremonious.  “ Cere- 
monial in  his  outward  comportment.”  Sandys. 

CER-E-MO'NI-AL,  n.  [Fr.  ceremonial .] 

1.  Outward  form  ; external  rite ; prescribed 
formality. 

The  only  condition  that  would  make  it  prudent  for  the 
clergy  to  ulter  the  ceremonial.  Swift. 

2.  The  order  for  the  rites  and  forms  to  be  ob- 

served in  the  Romish  church,  or  a book  con- 
taining a statement  of  them.  Smart. 

CER-E-M6'NJ-AL-5f§M,  n.  Adherence  to  cere- 
mony. [r.]  W est.  Rev. 

CER-E-MO'NI-AL-LY,  ad.  As  regards  rites  or 
ceremonies.  Persons  clean  or  unclean  cere- 
monially.” Goodwin. 

CER-E-MO'NI-AE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
ceremonial.  Johnson. 

CER-E-MO'NI-OUS,  a.  [L.  ceremoiiiosus.] 

1. ’  Consisting  of  outward  forms  or  rites  ; cer- 
emonial. “ The  ceremonious  part  of  worship.” 

South. 

2.  Scrupulously  observant  of  outward  rites  or 
prescriptive  formalities. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  E,  I,  9,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


CEREMONIOUSLY 


221 


CESSATION 


You  are  too  senseless  obBtin  ate,  my  lord, 

Too  ceremonious  and  traditional.  Soak. 

3.  Punctilious  in  regard  to  the  rules  of  ci- 
vility ; formally  respectful. 

The  old  caitiff  was  grown  so  ceremonious , as  he  would 
needs  accompany  me  some  miles  in  my  way.  Sidney. 

Syn.  — See  Formal. 

CER-IJ-MO'NI-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  a ceremonious 
manner ; formally. 

CER-5-MO'NJ-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing ceremonious  ; great  formality.  Johnson. 

CER'E-MO-NY,  n.  [L.,  It.,  <Sj  Sp.  ceremonia ; Fr. 
ceremonie.] 

1.  A religious  rite  or  observance;  solemnity. 

Bring  her  up  to  the  high  altar,  that  she  may 

The  sacred  ceremonies  there  partake.  Spenser. 

2.  An  external  form  of  state  or  of  civility. 

What  art  thou,  thou  idol  Ceremony ? 

Art  thou  aught  else  but  place,  degree,  and  form?  Shah. 

As  ceremony  is  the  invention  of  wise  men  to  keep  fools  at 
a distance,  so  good  breeding  is  an  expedient  to  make  fools 
and  wise  men  equals.  Steele. 

CE-Rp-OP'SIS,  n.  [Gr.  sqpbg,  wax,  and  o^tg,  ap- 
pearance.] ( Ornith .)  The  generic  name  of  an 
Australian  goose,  characterized  by  a green  cere- 
like  membrane  covering  the  upper  parts  of  the 
base  of  the  bill.  Brande. 

CE'Rf-OUS,  a.  [L.  cereus .]  Waxen  ; like  wax. 
“ [The  bee]  goes  into  his  cercous  tables ."Gayton. 

CE'RFfi,  n.  [L.]  1.  {Myth.)  The  goddess  of 

corn  or  of  agriculture.  Brande. 

2.  ( Astron .)  An  asteroid  or  small  planet,  dis- 
covered by  Piazzi  in  1801.  Sir  J.  Herschel. 

CER-E-VI" §I-J1  (ser-e-vTzh'e-a,  03),  n.  [L.,  deer.] 
A species  of  ale  or  barley  wine;  malt  liquor; 
beer  and  ale.  Hamilton. 

CERE,  n.  A boor.  — See  Serf. 

CE  RIC,  a.  [L.  cera,  wax.]  ( Chcm .)  Noting  an 
acid  produced  by  the  action  of  the  fixed  alkalies 
on  wax.  Oyilvie. 

CE-RIL/LA,  n.  See  Cedilla. 

CE'RINE,  n.  [L.  cera,  wax.]  1.  ( Chem .)  A sub- 
stance which  forms  from  70  to  80  per  cent,  of 
bees-wax.  It  is  soluble  in  boiling  alcohol.  Ure. 

2.  {Min.)  An  ore  of  cerium.  P.  Cyc. 

CE-RIN'THI-AN,  n.  {Eccl.  Hist.)  One  of  the 
followers  of  Cerinthus,  a heretic  of  the  first  cen- 
tury, who  embraced  and  disseminated  certain 
views  of  the  Gnostics.  Buck. 

CE'RLTE,  n.  {Min.)  A silicious  oxide  of  cerium; 
silicate  of  cerium.  Dana. 

CE'RI-UM,  n.  [From  the  planet  Ceres.]  {Min.) 
A grayish-white  metal,  discovered  in  cerite  by 
Hisinger  and  Berzelius  in  1803.  Brande. 

CER'NOUS,  a.  {Bot.)  Same  as  Cernuous.  Oyilvie. 

CER'NU-OUS,  a.  [L.  cernuus,  with  the 
face  towards  the  earth.]  {Bot.)  Droop- 
ing; nodding;  pendulous.  P.  Cyc. 

CER-O-GRAPH'IC,  ) a_  Pertaining  to 

CER-O-GRApii'I-CAL,  ) cerography. 

Cp-RUG'RA-PHlST,  n.  One  who  is  skilled  in,  or 
who  practises,  cerography.  Oyilvie. 

CIJ-ROG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  Ktjpos,  wax,  and  ypai/iw, 
to  write.] 

1.  The  art  of  writing  in  wax.  Scott. 

2.  A writing  on  wax.  Clarke. 

%CE-RO  'JIM,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  Kijpiopn,  wax-salve  ; 
Kt/pif,  wax.]  {Ancient  Arch.)  The  apartment 
in  a bath  or  gymnasium  in  which  persons  an- 
ointed themselves  with  wax  and  oil.  Buchanan. 

CER'O-MAN-CY,  n.  [Gr.  Kijoog,  wax,  and  pavnla, 
divination.]  Divination  by  melted  wax.  Crabb. 

Cg-ROON',  n.  A bale  or  packasre  made  of  skin, 
&c. ; a seron  or  seroon.  — See  Seron .Simmonds. 

CE-RO-PLAs'TIC,  a.  Modelled  like  figures  in 
wax.  /'.  Cyc. 

CE-RO-PLAs'TIC,  n.  [Gr.  nigpig,  wax,  and  ulatr- 
tikos,  relating  to  the  art  of  the  modeller  or  the 
carver.]  The  art  of  modelling  in  wax.  Brande. 

CER'O-SINE,  n.  [Gr.  KTjpdg,  wax  ; L.  cera.]  A 
wax-like  substance  produced  on  the  surface  of 
certain  species  of  sugar-cane.  Craiy. 


f CE'ROTE,  n.  Same  as  Cerate.  Wiseman. 

Cg-ROX'Y-LUN,  n.  [Gr.  nqpig,  wax,  and  |i Mg, 
juice.]  (Bot.)  The  wax  palm  of  South  America  ; 
Ceroxylon  andicola.  P.  Cyc. 

CER'RI-AL,  a.  [L.  eerris,  the  wild  oak.]  Relat- 
ing to  the  bitter-oak.  Chaucer. 

CER'RUg,  or  CER'RJS,  n.  [L.]  {Bot.)  The  bit- 
ter-oak. F.  Thynne. 

CER'TAIN  (ser'tjn),  a.  [Sans,  kri  ; Gr.  spivo, 
to  separate  ; L.  certus ; cerno,  cretus  or  certus, 
to  distinguish  ; It.  certo  ; Sp.  cierto  ; Fr.  certain.] 

1.  Sure  ; indubitable  ; unquestionable  ; not 
doubtful. 

Those  things  arc  certain , among  men,  which  cannot  be 
denied  without  obstinacy  and  folly.  Tillotson. 

2.  Undoubting;  assured;  — with  of.  “This 

the  mind  is  equally  certain  of.”  Locke. 

3.  Unfailing ; infallible  ; as,  “ The  medicine 
is  a certain  remedy  for  the  disease.” 

4.  Always  existing;  constant;  not  casual. 

Virtue  that  directs  our  ways 

Through  certain  dangers  to  uncertain  praise.  Vigden. 

5.  Settled  ; stated  ; fixed. 

Who  calls  the  council  states  a certain  day.  Poise. 

G.  One,  or  some;' — in  an  indefinite  sense. 

And  there  came  a certain  poor  widow,  and  she  threw  in 
two  mites.  Mark  xii.  42. 

And  I,  Daniel,  was  sick  certain  days.  Van.  viii.  27. 

/gg=-  In  the  last  sense,  it  is  sometimes  used  sub- 
stantively. 

There  arose  certain , and  bare  false  witness  against  bins. 

Mark  xiv.  57. 

As  certain  also  of  your  own  poets  have  said.  Acts  xvii.  28. 

Syn.  — Certain  is  opposed  to  dubious ; sure  to  wa- 
vering. That  is  certain  which  results  from  inferences 
of  reason  ; that  is  sure  which  results  from  the  laws 
of  nature.  Certain  and  sure  relate  to  a person’s  con- 
victions; secure,  to  his  interests  or  condition;  certain 
from  actual  knowledge ; sure  from  reliance  on  others  ; 
secure  when  free  from  danger.  A certain  or  indubita- 
ble fact ; a sure  or  safe  guide  ; an  unquestionable  state- 
ment ; an  infallible  remedy  ; a true  story  ; a real  case  ; 
an  unfailing  circumstance;  a constant  attendant;  a 
regular  course. — See  Sure. 

fi  CER'TAIN  (ser'tjn),  n.  A quantity;  a part. 
“ A certain  of  gold.”  Chaucer. 

CER'TAJN-LY  (ser'tjn-le),  ad.  1.  Without  ques- 
tion ; without  doubt ; indubitably  ; surely. 

2.  Without  fail ; as,  “ I will  certainly  do  it.” 


CER'TAIN-NESS  (ser'tjn-nes),  n.  The  state  or 
the  quality  of  being  certain  ; certainty.  Johnson. 

CER'TAIN-TY  (ser'tjn-te),  n.  1.  State  of  being 
certain  ; exemption  from  doubt ; as,  “ Mathe- 
matical problems  may  be  determined  with  cer- 
tainty.” 

2.  Exemption  from  failure  ; as,  “ The  cer- 
tainty of  an  event.” 

3.  Real  state  ; fact ; truth. 

That  thou  mightest  know  the  certainty  of  those  things 
wherein  thou  hast  been  instructed.  Luke  i.  4. 

f CER'TE§,  ad.  Certainly  ; in  truth.  Shak. 

CER'THI-A,  n.  [Gr.  idpBiog.]  {Ornith.)  A genus 
of  birds ; the  creeper.  Yarrell. 


CER ' Til I-DJE,  n.  pi.  ( Ornith.)  A family  of  tenui- 
rostral  birds  of  the  order  Passeres,  including 
the  sub-families  Furnarinee,  Synallaxince,  Den- 
dro-colaptinee,  Certhinw,  Sittinoe,  Orthonycince, 
and  Menurinoe  ; creepers.  Gray. 


CER- TUI 'NJE,  n.  pi.  (Or- 
nith.) A sub-family  of  ten- 
uirostral  birds,  of  the  order 
Passeres  and  family  Ccrthi- 
dee  ; creepers.  Gray. 


Certhia  fnmiliaris. 


CjpR-TIF'J-CATE,  n.  [It.  certificate  ; Fr.  certifi- 
cat.  — See  Certify.] 

1.  (Law.)  A voucher  or  testimony  of  certain 
facts  stated  in  writing  and  legally  authenti- 
cated ; as,  “ A certificate  of  stock  in  a bank.” 

2.  Any  attestation  made  in  writing  on  the 
responsibility  of  a person’s  signature;  a testi- 
monial. 

I can  bring  certificates  that  I behave  myself  soberly  before 
company.  Addison. 

CER-TIF'I-CATE,  v.  a.  To  give  a certificate  to, 
as  to  one  who  has  passed  an  examination.  Todd. 


CER-TI-FI-CA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  certifying. 

CER'TI-FIED  (ser'te-fld),  p.  a.  Attested  ; authen- 
ticated ; as,  “ A document  duly  certified." 


CER'TI-Fl-IJR,  n.  One  who  certifies  ; an  assurer. 

CER'TI-FY,  v.  a.  [Low  L.  certifico  ; L.  certus, 
certain,  and  facio,  to  make  ; It.  certificare ; Sp. 
certificar ; Fr.  certifier .]  [i.  certified  ; pp. 

CERTIFYING,  CERTIFIED.] 

1.  To  give  certain  information  to  ; to  assure. 

The  English  ambassadors  returned  from  Maximilian,  and 
certified  the  king  that  he  was  not  to  expect  any  aid.  Bacon. 

2.  To  give  certainty  to;  to  attest;  as,  “To 
certify  a statement.” 

CER'TI-FY-ING,/l  a.  1.  Giving  certain  informa- 
tion to  ; making  certain. 

2.  Giving  certainty  to  ; attesting. 

CER-TI-O-RA' Ri  (se’r-she-o-ra'rl),  n.  [L.,  to  be 
informed.]  (Law.)  A writ  issuing  out  of  a 
superior  court  to  the  officers  of  an  inferior  one, 
commanding  them  to  certify  or  return  the  rec- 
ords of  a cause  depending  before  them,  to  the 
end  that  the  party  may  have  more  sure  and 
speedy  justice.  Cowell. 

CER  TI-TUDE,  n.  [Low  L.  certitude  ; L.  certus, 
certain:  Fr.  certitude.  — See  Certain.]  Free- 
dom from  doubt ; certainty.  Drydcn. 

fCER'ULE,  a.  [L.  cteruleus.]  Cerulean.  Dyer. 

Cg-RU'LE-AN,  a.  Of  the  color  of  the  sky  ; blue. 

f CE-RU'LIJ-OUS,  a.  [L.  cerulcus  ; It.  $ Sp.  eeru- 
leo.]  Blue ; cerulean.  Boyle. 

CER-U-LlF'IC,  a.  [L.  cerulcus,  blue,  and  facio, 
to  make.]  Producing  a blue  color.  Grew. 

CIJ-RU'MljlN,  n.  [L.  cera,  wax;  Fr.  cerumen-] 
The  wax  in  the  ear.  Dunylison. 

CIE-RU'MI-NOUS,  a.  Relating  to,  or  containing, 
cerumen ; waxy.  Dunylison. 

CE'RtJSE  [se'rus,  IF.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  ; se'rus,  Sm. ; 
ser'us,  S’.  W b.],  n.  [L.  It.  cerussa ; Sp.ee- 
rusa;  Fr.  ceruse.]  White  lead  or  carbonate  of 
lead,  used  as  the  basis  of  white  oil-paint.  Ure. 

CE'rOsED  (se'rust),  a.  Washed  with  white  lead. 
“Your  new  cerused  face.”  Beau.  & FI. 

C ER  VELAS  (ser' ve-la),  n.  [Fr.]  A kind  of  sau- 
sage ; — called  in  England  saveloys.  Merle. 

CER'VE-LAT,  n.  ( Mus .)  A short  wind  instru- 
ment, resembling  a bassoon  in  tone.  Warren. 

CER'VI-CAL  [ser've-kal,  S.  JU.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  Sm. 
116.;  ser-vl'kal,  Entick],  a.  [L  .cervical-,  cer- 
vix, the  neck.]  Belonging  to  the  neck  .Dunylison. 

CiiR'VINE,  a.  [L.  cervinus  ; cervus,  a stag;  It. § 
Sp.  cervino.]  Belonging  to  a stag  or  deer.  Ash. 

CER'VIX,n.  [L.]  The  neck.  Dunylison. 

CER' y US,  n.  [L .,  a deer.]  (Zoiil.)  A genus  of 
animals ; the  stag  ; the  deer.  Brande. 

CJjj-ijSA 'RE-AN,  a.  [From  Ctesar;  Fr.  cesarien.] 
(Sury.)  Noting  the  operation  of  cutting  a child 
out  of  the  womb  ; — written  also  cwsarean. 

/)®=“  This  operation  is  said  by  Pliny  to  have  been 
practised  upon  t lie  mother,  at  the  birth  of  Julius  Cte- 
sar,  who  from  this  circumstance  derived  his  surname. 
Primusque  Ctesar  a ca'so  matris  utero  dictus.”  Palmer. 

CE'§I-OUS  (se'zhe-us,  93),  a.  (Bot.)  Of  a bluish- 
gray  color.  Smart. 

CES-PI-Tl"TIOUS  (-tish'us),  a.  [L.  cespes,  cespi- 
tis,  turf.]  Made  of  turfs.  “Cespititious  ram- 
parts.” Gough. 

CES' PI-TO.SE,  ) a_  Turfy  ; consisting  of  turf. 

GES'PT-TOUS,  ) ‘ Smart. 

fCESS,  n.  1.  A rate  or  tax;  — a corruption  of 
assess  or  of  cense. 

The  like  cess  is  charged  upon  the  country  ior  victualling 

the  soldiers.  Spenser. 

2.  [Fr.  sans  cesse,  immoderately,  excessively. 
Cotgrare.]  Bound ; measure. 

The  poor  jade  is  wrung  in  the  withers  out  of  all  cess.  Shak. 

f CESS,  v.  a.  To  rate ; to  assess.  “ We  may  cess 
the  said  rent.”  Spenser. 

f CESS,  v.  n.  [L.  cesso,  to  cease  from.]  To  omit 
a legal  duty.  Johnson. 

CpS-SA'TION  (ses-sa'shun),  n.  [L.  ccssatio  ; Fr. 
cessation.] 

I.  The  act  of  ceasing  or  stopping  ; a stop  ; a 
rest ; intermission. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RfiLE.  — C,  Q,  <;,  g,  soft , JC,  G,  c,  |,  hard;  § as  z;  X as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


CESSAVIT 


CHAGRIN 


222 


The  rising  of  a Parliament  is  a kind  of  cessation  from  pol- 
ities. Addison, 

2.  A pause  of  hostility  ; an  armistice  ; a truce. 

I was  entreated  to  get  some  respite  by  a cessation.  K.Charles. 

Syn.  — Cessation  of  hostilities;  stop  on  a jour- 
ney ; rest  from  labor  ; intermission  of  a public  per 
formance.  Tile  rain  ceases ; a man  or  a car  stops 
running;  a laborer  rests  from  toil ; a fever  intermits. 

CES-SA'VIT,  n.  [L.,  he  has  ceased.]  (Eng.  Law.') 
An  obsolete  writ,  lying  against  a man  who  held 
lands  by  rent  or  other  services,  and  neglected 
or  ceased  for  two  years  together  to  perform 
such  services.  Cowell. 

CES'SIJR,  n.  [L.  cesso,  to  cease.]  (Law.)  A dis- 
continuance ; a neglect.  Blackstone. 

CES-SI-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [L.  cedo,  cessns,  to  yield.] 
The  quality  of  giving  way  or  yielding.  Dtgby. 

CES'SI-BLE,  a.  [Fr.]  Yielding;  easy  to  give 
way.  “If  the  parts  of  a strucken  body  be  so 
easily  cessible."  [it.]  Digbg. 

CES' SI  0 BO-NO  'RUM.  [L.,  a cession  of  goods.) 
(Law.)  The  surrender  of  an  insolvent’s  estate 
and  effects  to  his  creditors.  Burrill. 

GES'SION  (sesh'un,  92),  n.  [L.  cessio  ; Fr.  cession.] 

1.  fThe  act  of  giving  way  or  yielding. 

If  there  be  a mere  yielding  or  cession  [in  a body  struck],  it 
produceth  no  sound.  Bacon. 

2.  The  act  of  ceding  to  another  ; surrender. 

Would  secure  the  best  peace  they  can  with  France  by  a 

cession  of  Flanders.  Temple . 

3.  (Eccl.  Laic.)  The  manner  of  vacating  a 
benefice  by  tacit  resignation,  or  without  formal- 
ity. This  takes  place  when  a clergyman,  on 
being  made  a bishop,  or  upon  taking  another 
benefice  for  which  he  is  not  qualified  by  dispen- 
sation, thereby  yields  up  his  former  living.  Eden. 

CES'SION-A-RY  (sesh'un-a-re),  a.  1.  Giving  up  ; 
yielding. 

2.  (Law.)  Noting  a bankrupt  who  has  deliv- 
ered up  all  his  effects.  Martin. 

f CESS’MfNT,  n.  An  assessment  or  tax.  Johnson. 

CESS'OR,  n.  [L.  cesso , to  cease.] 

1.  (Law.)  One  who  ceases  or  neglects  so 

long  to  perform  a duty  as  to  incur  the  danger 
of  law.  Cowell. 

2.  f A taxer.  — See  Cess.  Spenser. 

CESS'POOL,  n.  A reservoir  or  pit  in  a drain,  to 
receive  sediment,  and  to  prevent  the  passage  of 
noxious  eflluvia  : — written  also  sesspool.  Smart. 

CEST,  n.  [Gr.  Ktarii ; L .cestus.]  The  girdle  of 
a lady. — See  Cestus.  Collins. 

CES-TOl’Df.-AN,  n.  [Gr.  kutt6s,  a girdle,  and 
tilof,  form.]  (Ent.)  The  tape-worm.  Smart. 

CgS-TRA'ClON  (66),  n.  [Gr.  Kforpatus,  or  Kiarptbs, 
a sea-fish.]  (Ich.)  A genus  of  sharks.  Brande. 

CES  TRI-AN,  a.  (Gcog.)  Relating  to  Cheshire  in 
England.  Earnshaio. 

CES ' TUSj  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  «ori5f.]  (Antiq.) 

1.  A girdle  or  belt ; — especially  the  girdle  of 

V enus.  Addison. 

2.  A kind  of  glove  or  gauntlet 
which  boxers  fastened  on  their 
hands  by  means  of  thongs,  to  ren- 
der their  blows  more  powerful. 

Fairholt. 

CESTUY  Q UE  TRUST.  [“A  barbarous  Norman 
Law  French  phrase.”  Storg.]  (Law.)  The 
real  owner  of  lands  or  tenements  held  in  trust, 
as  distinguished  from  the  trustee:  — written 
also  cestui.  Burrill. 

CESTUY  QUE  USE.  [Norman  Fr.]  (Law.)  He 
to  whose  use  another  is  enfeoffed  of  lands  or 
tenements.  Burrill. 

CESTUY  QUE  VIE.  [Norman  Fr.]  (Law.)  He 
during  whose  life  lands  or  tenements  are  grant- 
ed. Burrill. 

CJJ-f-iU'RA,  n.  Caesura.  — See  Ca:sura.  Smart. 

■f  CE'SjURE  (se'zhur,  93),  n.  Caesura.  B.  Jonson. 

Cf.-TA'Cp-A  (se-ta'she-j,  66),  n.  pi.  [Gr.  Krjro; ; L. 
cete,  cetus,  a large  sea-animal.]  (Zoiil.)  A genus 
of  vertebrated  mammiferous  animals  inhabit- 
ing the  sea,  as  whales,  dolphins,  and  narwhals. 
— See  Cetacean.  Lycll. 


CJJ-TA'CEAN  (se-ta'sh?n,  66),  a.  Belonging  to  the 
cetacea  or  whales.  P.  Cyc. 

C^-TA'CEAN,  n.  (Zoiil.)  A cetaceous  animal; 
one  of  the  order  of  cetacea,  or  mammals  living 
in  the  sea,  and  shaped  like  fishes,  but  breathing 
air,  and  having  warm  blood  ; the  whale.  Brande. 

Cg-TA'CEOyS  (se-ta'slius,  66),  a.  [Fr.  cetace.] 
Relating  to  the  cetacea,  or  whale  kind.  Browne. 

CET'E-RAjCH  (set'e-rak),  n.  [Ar.  $ Pcrs.  chethe- 
rak  ; Fr . ceterac.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  ferns. 

Loudon. 

CE'TINE,  n.  [Gr.  kotos  ; L.  cctus,  the  whale  or 
other  sea-monster  ; Fr.  cetine.]  (Chem.)  The 
crystallizable  part  of  spermaceti.  Brande. 

CE-TO-LOG'I-CAL,  a.  Pertaining  or  relating  to 
cetology.  Knowles. 

CJJ-TOL'O-IJMST,  n.  One  versed  in  cetology.  Craig. 

CE-TOL'O-Cy,  n.  [Gr.  i ct/ros,  the  whale,  and  /.dyos, 
a discourse.]  The  natural  history  of  the  cetacea 
or  animals  of  the  whale  kind.  Crabb. 

CE-TO-sAU'RI-AN,  n.  [Gr.  kotos,  a whale,  and 
anupos,  a lizard.  (Zoiil.)  One  of  a family  of 
animals  including  the  extinct  genera  Ichthyo- 
saurus and  Plesiosaurus;  — a name  proposed 
by  M tiller.  Craig. 

CE'TUS,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  k rjTos,  a whale.] 
(Astron.)  A large  constellation  of  the  southern 
hemisphere,  remarkable  for  containing  a star 
which  is  bright  and  faint  by  turns.  Hatton. 

CEV-A-DIL'LA,  or  CEB-A-DlL'LA,  n.  [Sp.  ccba- 
dilla.]  (Bot.)  A name  applied  to  seeds  of  com- 
merce, mostly  obtained  from  Asagrcea  officina- 
lis, an  alpine  Mexican  plant ; — formerly  used 
in  medicine,  but  now  chiefly  consumed  in  the 
manufacture  of  veratria.  Lindley. 

CEY'LAN-lTE,  n.  (Min.)  A variety  of  spinel, 
chiefly  composed  of  alumina,  magnesia,  and 
oxide  of  iron,  and  occurring  as  rolled  pebbles 
or  small  crystals,  of  a dark  blue  or  a black 
color ; — so  called  because  first  found  in  the 
channels  of  the  rivers  of  Ceylon.  Dana. 

CEY-LON-E^E',  n.  sing.  & pi.  (Geog.)  A native 
or  natives  of  Ceylon.  P.  Cyc. 

II  eilAB'A-Sip,  or  ^HAB'A-SH?  [kab'?-se,  Cl. ; 
sbdb'a-se,  Sm.\  chab'j-se,  A’.],  n.  [Fr.,  from 
Gr.  x<i(3a$tos,  a kind  of  stone.]  (Min.)  A w’hite 
or  flesh-red  mineral,  chiefly  composed  of  silica, 
alumina,  lime,  and  water  ; a variety  of  zeolite. 

Dana. 

||  CHAB'A-sITE,  n.  (Min.)  Chabasie.  Cleaveland. 

CHABLEAU  (shab-lo'),  n.  [Fr.]  (Naut.)  A rope 
to  draw  craft  up  a river  ; a tow-line.  Crabb. 

CHABLIS  (shab-le'),  n.  [Fr.]  A white  French 
wine,  manufactured  in  the  environs  of  a town 
of  this  name  in  Burgundy.  W.  Ency. 

CHACK,  v.  n.  To  beat  upon  the  hand,  as  a horse 
that  does  not  hold  his  head  steady,  but  tosses 
up  his  nose.  Farm.  Ency. 

CHA-CONE',  n.  [It.  ciaconna  ; Sp.  chacona  ; Fr. 
chaconne.]  (Mas.)  A kind  of  dance  of  Arabian 
origin,  in  three-four  measure,  resembling  a 

saraband.  Dwight. 

CHAD  (shad),  n.  A fish.  — See  Shad.  Carew. 

CIl.'E'TO-DON,  n.  (Ich.)  A genus  of  fishes  of  the 
family  Sqiiammipennes,  abounding  in  hot  cli- 
mates, and  adorned  with  beautiful  colors.  P.  Cyc. 

CHAFE,  v.  a.  [L.  calefacio,  to  make  warm  ; caleo, 
to  be  warm,  and  facio,  to  make;  Fr.  chauffer, 
to  warm.]  [i.  CHAFED  ; pp.  CHAFING,  CHAFED.] 

1.  To  excite  to  warmth  or  sensibility  by  fric- 
tion, as  the  skin  ; to  rub. 

They  fell  to  rub  and  chafe  him,  till  they  brought  him  to 
recover  breath  and  warmth.  Sidney. 

2.  To  make  angry;  to  irritate;  to  vex  ; to 
gall ; to  fret. 

ITer  intercession  chafed  him  so. 

That  to  close  prison  he  commanded  her.  Shak. 

3.  To  wear  by  rubbing;  as,  “ To  chafe  a rope.” 

CHAFE,  v.  n.  1.  To  rage  ; to  be  angry. 

How  did  they  fume,  and  stamp,  and  roar,  and  chafe.  Pope. 

2.  To  be  rubbed  or  fretted. 


The  troubled  Tiber  chafing  with  his  shores.  I’hak. 

The  murmuring  surge 

That  on  the  unnumbered  idle  pebbles  chufcx.  Shah. 

CHAFE,  n.  A heat;  a rage  ; fret;  passion. 

Sir  Thomas  More  so  crossed  a purpose  of  Cardinal  Wnl. 
sey’s,  that  the  cardinal,  in  a chafe,  sent  for  him  to  White- 
hall. Camden. 

CHAf'EN,  n.  A vessel ; a dish  ; a bowl.  Baker. 

CIIAf'F.R,  n.  1.  One  who  chafes. 

2.  [A.  S.  ceafor .]  A yellow  beetle.  Warton. 

CHAF'E-RY,  n.  (Iron  Manufacture.)  A sort  of 
forge  in  which  iron  is  exposed  to  a welding 
heat.  Crabb. 

CHAFE'— WAX,  n.  An  officer  of  the  English  lord- 
chancellor,  who  prepares  the  wax  for  sealing 
writs.  Harris. 

CHAFF,  n.  [A.  S.  ceaf\  Dut.  kaf\  Ger.  kaff.] 

1.  The  husks  of  grain,  bread,  corn,  or  grasses. 

Let  them  be  ns  chaff  before  the  M ind.  P».  xxxv.  5. 

2.  Worthless  matter  ; refuse.  “The  dirt  and 

chaff  of  nature.”  Beau.  6$  FI. 

3.  Cut  hay  and  straw  for  feeding  cattle. 

Farm.  Ency. 

CHAFF'— CUT -TER.  n.  A machine  for  cutting 
hay,  straw,  &c.,  so  as  to  form  chaff.  Crabb. 

CHAFF'— EN-IJHNE,  n.  A machine  for  preparing 

chaff  from  hay  and  straw.  Farm.  Ency. 

CIIAf'FIJR,  v.  n.  [Goth,  kaupon  ; A.  S.  ceapian  ; 
Dut.  koopen ; Ger.  kaufen.)  [t.  chaffered  ; 
pp.  chaffering,  ciiaffered.]  To  treat  about 
a bargain  ; to  bargain  ; to  haggle. 

To  chaffer  for  preferments  with  his  gold.  Dryden. 

CHAF'FfR,  v.  a.  1.  To  buy.  “ He  chaffered 
chairs.”  Spenser. 

2.  To  exchange.  “ Chaffer  words.”  Spenser. 

fCHAF'FER.n.  Wares;  merchandise.  Skelton. 

CHAf'FJJR-IJR,  n.  One  who  chaffers. 

CHAF  FER-lNG,  p.  a.  Treating  about  a bargain  ; 
bargaining;  haggling. 

CHAF'FjpR-ING,  n.  The  act  of  trading  or  bar- 
gaining. Bp.  Hall. 

fCHAF'FIJRN,  n.  [Fr.  chauffer,  to  heat.]  A 
vessel  for  heating  water.  Johnson. 

f CHAF'Ff.-Ry,  n.  Bargaining;  traffic.  Spenser. 

CHAF  FINCH,  n.  (Ornith.)  A bird  said  to  like 
chaff,  and  admired  for  its  song;  the  Fringilla 
ccclcbs  of  Linnaeus.  Phillips. 

CHAFF'LIJSS,  a.  Without  chaff.  Shak. 

CHAFF'— WEED,  n.  (Bot.)  A small  weed  ; bastard- 
pimpernel  ; Ccntunculus  minimus  ; — a name 
sometimes  applied  also  to  a plant  of  the  genus 
Gnaphalium  ; a species  of  everlasting ; cud- 
weed. Ogilvie. 

ChAf'FY,  a.  1.  Full  of  chaff  or  like  chaff. 
“ Straws  light  and  chaffy."  Browne. 

2.  Worthless.  “A  chaffy  lord.”  Beau.  § 

FI.  “ A chaffy  opinion.”  Glanville. 

3.  (Bot.)  Bearing  processes  resembling  chaff. 

Loudon. 

CIIAF'ING,  n.  Act  of  rubbing  ; irritation.  South. 

CHAF'ING— DISH,  n.  A grate  or  utensil  for  warm- 
ing meat  by  means  of  charcoal  or  a spirit-lamp. 

Bacon. 

CHAF'ING-GEaR,  n.  (Naut.)  The  stuff  put  upon 
rigging  and  spars  to  prevent  their  chafing.  Dana. 

yilA-GREEN',  n.  [Fr.  chagrin,  from  Turk,  sagri.] 
A dried  animal  skin,  made  rough  by  pressing 
seeds  into  it  when  wet ; — written  more  properly 
shagreen.  — See  Shagreen.  Crabb. 

II  gHA-GR}N'  [sli?-gren',  S.  IK.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  C ; 
shfi-grln',  Wb.],  n.  [Fr.  chagrin.]  Mortifica- 
tion ; ill-humor;  vexation. 

I prieve  with  the  old  for  so  many  inconveniences  and 
chagrins.  Tope. 

Syn.  — See  Mortification. 

||  QHA-GRIN'  (sh?-gren'),  v.  a.  [Fr . chagriner.] 
(i.  chagrined  ; pp.  chagrining,  chagrined.] 
To  mortify  ; to  vex  ; to  put  out  of  temper. 

O!  trifling  head  and  fickle  heart, 

Chayrinea  at  M'hatsoc’er  thou  art.  Warton. 

t CH.A-GRIN',  a.  Fretful ; morose.  Congreve. 


A,  E,  !,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  f,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  JJ,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  IIER;' 


CHAIN 


223 


CHALLENGE 


CHAIN,  n.  [L.  § It.  catena  ; Sp.  cadena  ; Fr. 
chained] 

1.  A series  of  connected  links  or  rings  ; as, 
“ An  iron  chain  ” ; “A  go'd  chain.'’ 

2.  That  which  restrains  or  binds;  a manacle; 
a fetter  ; a bond. 

Because  that  for  the  hope  of  Israel  I am  bound  with  this 
chain.  Acts  xxviii.  20. 

3.  A connected  series ; an  orderly  succes- 
sion ; as,  “ A chain  of  reasoning  ” ; “A  chain 
of  mountains.” 

4.  ( Surveying .)  A lineal  measure,  4 rods,  or 
06  feet,  long,  and  divided  into  100  links  of  7-92 
inches  each ; — sometimes  called  Gunter’s  chain : 
— also  a lineal  measure  of  100  feet.  Hutton. 

5.  ( Naut  ) pi.  Strong  links  or  doubled  bars 

of  iron  bolted  to  a ship’s  side  at  one  end,  and 
fitted  to  the  dead-eyes  in  the  channels  at  the 
other,  to  receive  the  shrouds  . — also  used  fa- 
miliarly for  the  channels.  Dana. 

CHAIN,  V.  a.  [ i . CHAINED  ; pp.  CHAINING, 

CHAINED.] 

1.  To  fasten  with  a chain ; to  confine. 

The  mariners  he  chained  in  his  own  galleys.  Kaolins. 

2.  To  enslave. 

The  monarch  was  adored,  the  people  chained.  Prior. 

3.  To  obstruct  by  a chain,  as  a passage. 

The  admiral,  seeing  the  mouth  of  the  harbor  chained,  durst 
not  attempt  to  enter.  Knolles. 

4.  To  unite  firmly.  Shak. 

CHAIN’— BO  AT,  n.  (Naut.)  A large  boat  fitted 

with  a davit,  and  used  for  getting  up  mooring 
chains,  anchors,  &c.  Buchanan. 

CHAIN'— BOLTS,  n.  pi.  (Naut.)  Bolts  to  fasten 
chain-plates  to  a vessel’s  sides.  Ogilvie. 

CHAIN'— BRIDGE,  n.  A suspension  bridge.  Sim. 

CHAIN'— CA-BLE,  n.  (Naut.)  A cable  composed 
of  iron  links.  Simmonds. 

CIIAIN'-GAnG,  n.  A number  of  convicts  chained 
together.  Clarke. 

CHAlN'LfSS,  a.  Having  no  chain  ; unfettered. 

CHAin'-LOCK-ER,  n.  (Naut.)  A receptacle  for 
the  chain-cable  below  deck.  Ogilvie. 

CHAIN'— JlAlL,  n.  Mail  made  of  rings  interlaced 
and  riveted  together.  Fairholt. 

CHAIN'— MOIJLD-JNG,  n.  (Arch.)  A species  of 
moulding  cut  in  imitation  of  a chain.  Ogilvie. 

CHAIN'— PLATES,  n.  pi.  (Naut.)  Plates  of  iron 
bolted  to  the  sides  of  a ship,  to  which  the  chains 
and  dead-eyes  of  the  lower  rigging  are  con- 
nected. Dana. 

CHAIN'— PUMP, n.  An  hydraulic 
machine  for  raising  water, 
formed  by  attaching  at  regular 
intervals  on  an  endless  chain 
a series  of  piston-plates  or 
cushions,  which  nearly  fill  the 
tube  in  which  they  work.  It 
was  formerly  chiefly  used  in 
ships  of  war,  but  it  is  now  a very 
common  substitute  for  the  or- 
dinary lifting  pump.  Francis. 

CIIAin'-RULE,  n.  (Arith.)  A 
rule  by  which,  when  several 
equivalents  are  given,  the  last 
of  each  being  of  the  same  kind  as  the  first  of  the 
next,  a relation  of  equivalence  is  established 
between  the  numbers  of  the  first  and  last  kind 
mentioned  ; a rule  of  solving  problems  by  the 
composition  of  ratios.  P.  Cyc. 

C II A IN '—SHOT,  n.  (Mil.)  Bullets 
or  half  bullets  fastened  together 
by  a chain,  used  chiefly  to  destroy 
the  spars  and  rigging  of  ships.  Campbell. 

CHAIN'— STITCH,  n.  A kind  of  stitch  resembling 
a chain.  Ash. 

CHAIN'— TIM- B^)R,  n.  (Arch.)  A large  timber 
placed  in  the  middle  of  the  height  of  a story 
constructed  of  brick,  to  impart  strength.  Weale. 

CHAIN'— WALES'S,  n.  pi.  (Naut.)  Pieces  of  plank 
projecting  edgewise  from  a vessel’s  sides,  to 
spread  the  shrouds. — See  Channels.  Maunder. 

CHAIN'— WHEEL,  n.  A wheel  moved  by  means 
of  an  endless  chain,  furnished  with  piston- 
plates,  upon  which  a current  of  water  falls.  It 
is  an  inversion  of  the  chain-pump.  Ogilvie. 


CHAIN'— WORK  (chan'wilrk),  n.  Work  formed 
of  thread,  cords,  &c.,  with  open  spaces,  like 
the  links  of  a chain.  “Wreaths  of  chain- 
work.”  1 Kings  vii.  18. 

CIlAlR  (chir),  n.  [Gr.  KaOlSpa  ; L.  cathedra  ; Old 
Fr.  kaiere-,  Fr.  chaire. — Gael,  cathair  ; W . ca- 
dair,  a chair.  — A.  S.  cyran,  to  turn.  “ It  is  a 
movable  seat  turned  about  and  returned  at 
pleasure  ; and  from  that  circumstance  has  its 
denomination.”  Tooke. — “To  show  by  what 
steps  chair  comes  from  cathedra,”  says  Tooke, 
“ would  be  a curious  process  upon  paper.”  “ It 
is  a curious  process,  but  we  shall  attempt  it. 
The  c became  ch,  as  in  cAaste  from  eastus, 
cAanter  from  cantare  ; the  th  or  t is  dropped,  as 
in  pierre  from  petra,  pere  from  patre,  frere  from 
fratre ; and  the  d is  sunk,  as  in  square  from 
quadra,  and  Wear  (the  river)  from  Vedra. 
The  last  xvord  alone  is  sufficient  to  show  how 
chair  came  from  cathedra ; for  there  can  be 
no  doubt  about  the  derivation  of  Wear  from 
Vedra.”  Sullivan.] 

1.  A movable  seat  for  a single  person,  with 

a frame  to  support  the  back.  Watts. 

2.  A seat  of  justice  or  of  authority. 

The  committee  of  the  Commons  appointed  Mr.  Pym  to 
take  the  chair.  Clarendon. 

3.  A vehicle  borne  by  men  ; a sedan. 

Think  what  an  equipage  thou  hast  in  air. 

And  view  with  scorn  two  pages  and  a chair.  Pope. 

4.  A sort  of  open  chaise. 

E’en  kinps  might  quit  their  state  to  share 
Contentment  and  a one-horse  chair.  T.  W art  on. 

5.  (Legislation.)  The  presiding  officer  in  a 
legislative  or  other  organized  assembly ; as, 
“ To  appeal  to  the  chair.” 

6.  (Railroads.)  A socket  of  cast  iron,  used 

for  receiving  and  securing  the  rails.  — A joint 
chair  is  one  which  secures  the  connection  of 
two  rails.  T 'inner. 

CIlAlR,  v.  a.  \i.  chaired  ; pp.  chairing, 
chaired.]  To  place  in  a chair  : — to  carry  in 
a chair.  Richardson. 

CHAIRED  (chird),  a.  Provided  with,  or  seated  in, 
a chair.  Pope. 

CIiAiR'MAN,  n.  1.  A presiding  officer  of  a com- 
mittee or  of  an  assembly.  Watts. 

2.  One  who  carries  a sedan  chair.  Dryden. 

ChAiR'MAN-SIIIP,  n.  The  office  of  a chairman 
or  presiding  officer  of  a meeting.  Ogilvie. 

9HAl§E  (sliaz),  n. ; pi.  ^hai§'e§.  [Fr.  chaise. 
“ Fr.  chaise  for  chaire,  says  Ducliat,  by  the 
change  of  s into  r.”  Richardson .]  A light  two- 
wheeled pleasure-carriage,  commonly  drawn  by 
one  horse,  and  furnished  with  a hood  or  top 
that  may  be  let  down. 

GHA-LAS'TICS,  71.  pi.  [Gr.  Xn7.aaTiK6g  ; Xa?.Q<o, 
to  loosen.]  (Med.)  Relaxing  or  softening  med- 
icines. Crabb. 

GHA-LAZE',  1 n [Gr.  X6Xat,a,  a tubercle.]  A. 

CHA-lA'ZA,)  (Bot.)  The  vascular  expan- 

sion  of  the  raphe  at  the  base  of  the  ovules  : MmM 
— also  the  corresponding  part  of  the  ri-  Eg/pf 
pened  seed,  indicated  by  a brown  spot  on 
the  testa  at  the  apex.  Linclley. 

GHAL-CJJ-DON'IC,  a.  Relating  to,  or  containing, 
chalcedony.  Braiide. 

GHAL-GED'O-Ny,  or  GHAL'CJ-DO-NY  [kal'se-do- 
ne,  W.  Ja.  K.  R.  Cl . ; kfd-sed'o-ne,  Sm.  C.  Wb. 
Bra7ide],  n.  (Min.)  A silicious  stone  consist- 
ing of  several  varieties,  and  of  various  colors, 
much  used  in  jewelry  ; — said  to  have  been  orig- 
inally found  at  Chaleedon  in  Asia.  Brande. 

GHAL-COG'RA-PHER,  n.  [Gr.  Xn7.Koy^og ; xal- 
Kog,  copper,  and  ypa'^w,  to  write,  to  sketch.]  An 
engraver  in  copper  or  in  brass.  Johnson. 

GHAL-COG'RA-PHIST,  n.  One  skilled  in  chal- 
cography. Ash. 

GHAL-COG'R  A-PIIY  (k?I-kog'r?-fe),  n.  [Gr.  Xal- 
Koypatpia.]  The  art  of  engraving  on  copper  or 
on  brass.  Johnson. 

GHAL-DA'IC,  n.  The  Chaldaic  language. 

GHAL-DA'JC,  7 a (Geog.)  Relating  to  Chal- 

GHAL-DE'AN,  ) dea,  or  to  the  Chaldees. 

GHAL'DA-I§M,  n.  A form  of  speech  peculiar  to 
the  Chaldee  ; a Chaldaic  idiom.  Palfrey. 


GHAL-DE'AN,  n.  A native  of  Chaldea.  Calmet. 

GHAL-DEE',  a.  Chaldaic.  Bp.Walton. 

Chaldee  Paraphrase,  another  name  for  the  Targum. 

GHAL-DEE',  n.  The  Chaldaic  language.  Ash. 

CHAL'DJJR,  n.  1.  A dry  measure  for  grain,  con- 
sisting of  16  bolls.  [Scotland.]  Ogilvie. 

2.  (Naut.)  That  part  of  the  rudder-band 
which  is  bolted  to  the  stern-post,  and  into  which 
the  pintle  goes  down.  Ogilvie. 

f GHAL-DE^E',  v.  a.  To  trick ; to  injure.  Butler. 

CHAl'DRON,  or  CHAL'DRON  [chawl'drun,  E.  Ja. 
K.  Sm. ; chal'drun,  P.  J.  ; chi'drun,  W.  F.  ; rha'- 
drun,  S.],  n.  [L .caldarium  ; It.  calderone  ; Sp. 
calderon-,  Fr.  chaudron,  a kettle.]  A dry  meas- 
ure of  36  bushels,  as  of  coals.  Brande. 

|[  CHAL'ICE  (chal'js)  [rhal'is,  S.  W.  J.  E.  F.Ja. 

K.  Sm.  Wb.  ; kal'js,  P.],  n.  [Gr.  Kbh(,  a cup  ; 

L.  calix  ; It.  calice  ; Sp.  caliz  ; Fr.  calice.]  A 
cup  or  bowl ; especially  the  cup  in  which  the 
wine  of  the  eucharist  is  administered.  Shah. 

||  CHALTCED  (chal'jst),  a.  Having  a cup,  as  a 
flower.  “ Chaliced  flowers.”  Shah. 

GHA-LlC'O-MYS,  n.  [Gr.  Xahf  XdhKog,  a small 
stone,  and  pvg,  a mouse.]  (Zolil.)  A genus  of 
rodent  mammals  allied  to  the  beaver.  P.  Cyc. 

CHALK  (cliavvk),  n.  [L .calx. — A.  S ,cea(c\  Dut., 
Ger.,  <Sf  Sw.  kalk. — W.  calc. — Fr.  chaux,  lime.] 
A white  fossil,  or  earthy  limestone,  being  a car- 
bonate of  lime  ; — much  used  in  the  arts. 

Chalk  for  cheese,  “ a very  old  expression,  and  not 
yet  disused,”  says  Dr.  Johnson,  denoting  “ an  infe- 
rior tiling  for  what  is  good.”  Gower. 

CHALK  (clvlwk),  v-  a-  [*.  CHALKED  ; pp.  chalk- 
ing, CHALKED.] 

1.  To  rub  with  chalk.  “N ew-chalked  bills 

and  rusty  arms.”  Butler. 

2.  To  manure  with  chalk.  Mortimer. 

To  chalk  out , to  mark  or  trace  out  as  with  chalk  ; 

to  design  or  plan. 

With  these  helps  I might  have  chalked  out  a way  for 
others.  Dryden. 

CHALK'— CUT-TER,  n.  One  who  digs  chalk. Crabb. 

CHAlK'I-NESS  (cMwk'e-nes),  n.  The  quality  of 
being  chalky.  Goldsmith. 

CHALK'— PIT  (chkwk'pit).  n.  A pit  in  which 
chalk  is  dug.  Johnson. 

CHALK'-STONE  (ch&wk'ston),  n.  [A.  S.  cealc- 
stan .] 

1.  A small  piece  of  chalk.  Isa.  xxvii.  9. 

2.  (Med.)  A concretion  in  the  joints  of  the 

feet  and  hands  of  persons  affected  with  the 
gout,  formerly  supposed  to  be  of  a calcareous 
nature,  but  now  known  to  be  chiefly  uric  acid 
in  combination  with  soda.  Brande. 

CHALK'Y  (chStwk'e),  a.  1.  Consisting  of  chalk  ; 
white.  “ Chalky  cliffs.”  Shak. 

2.  Containing  chalk.  “Chalky  water.”  Bacon. 

3.  Pertaining  to  chalk ; as,  “ A chalky  ap- 
pearance ” ; “A  chalky  taste.” 

CHAL'LgN^E  (chal'Ienj),  v.  a.  [Old  Fr.  chal- 
lenger, to  claim.]  [f.  challenged  ; pp.  chal- 
lenging, CHALLENGED.] 

1.  To  call  to  answer  for  an  offence  by  combat ; 
as,  “ To  challenge  one  to  fight  a duel.” 

2.  To  invite  to  a trial ; to  defy  ; to  dare. 

Thus  formed  for  speed,  he  challenges  the  wind, 

And  leaves  the  Scythian  arrow  far  behind.  Dryden. 

3.  To  accuse;  to  censure.  “ Whom  I . . . 

challenge  for  unkindness.”  Shak. 

4.  To  claim  as  due  ; to  demand. 

A famished  lion,  issuing  from  the  wood. 

Roars  loudly  fierce,  and  challenges  the  food.  Dryden. 

5.  (Laio.)  To  except  or  object  to  ; as,  “ To 

challenge  a juror.”  Burrill. 

Syn.— See  Brave. 

CHAL'LIJNIjrE,  n.  1.  A summons  to  combat,  es- 
pecially to  a single  combat  or  duel. 

2.  An  invitation  to  a trial  ; defiance  ; as,  “ A 
challenge  to  engage  in  debate.” 

3.  A call  to  answer  or  to  give  account;  as, 
“ The  challenge  of  a sentry.” 

4.  A demand  for  something  as  due. 

There  must  be  no  challenge  of  superiority.  Collier. 

5.  (Law.)  An  exception  to  a jury  or  to  a ju- 
ryman returned  to  serve  on  a trial.  Bum-ill. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  >NOR,  SON; 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — Q,  9,  g,  soft ; G,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  £ as  gz. — THIS,  this. 


CHALLENGEABLE 

CHAL'LENQrE-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  chal- 
lenged. Saclter. 

CHAL'Lf)X(^-pIt,  n.  1.  One  who  challenges  or  de- 
fies another  to  a contest  of  any  kind.  Dryden. 

2.  A claimant.  Hooker. 

9HAl'L[S  (shal'Ie),  n.  An  elegant  twilled  fine 
woollen  fabric,  ornamented  with  colored  flow- 
ers ; — used  for  ladies’  dresses.  IF.  Ency. 

fjCHA-LYB'jp-AN,  a.  Relating  to  the  Chalybes  ; 
chalybeate.  “ Chalubean  tempered  steel.” 

Milton. 

JCHA-LYB'P-ATE,  a.  [Gr.  x^'J't  stcel  ! L-  Cha - 
lybs.  “ The  Chalybes  were  a Scythian  people 
who  dug  iron.”  Braude.]  Impregnated  with 
iron.  “ Chalybeate  waters.”  Arbuthnot. 

JEHA-LYB'E-ATE,  n.  A medicine,  substance,  or 
fluid  containing  iron.  Brande. 

€hAm  (khm),  n.  [Pers.]  The  sovereign  of  Tar- 
tary.— See  Khan.  Shah. 

€HA  'JIM,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  X'iMt  the  cockle  ; ^af- 
iiji,  to  yawn.]  (Conch.)  A genus  of  gigantic, 
fixed  bivalve  mollusks.  Woodward. 

jGHA-MA'CEAN  (66),  n.  [See  Chama.]  (Conch.) 
One  of  a family  of  acephalous  lamellibranchi- 
atc  mollusks,  including  Chama.  Brande. 

t^HA-MADE'  (sha-inad '),  n.  [Fr.]  The  beat  of 
the  drum,  as  a signal  for  a parley  or  for  surren- 
der. “ They  beat  the  chamade."  Addison. 

ChAm ' JE-ROPS,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  ^n/in/pu ger- 
mander.] (Bot.)  A genus  of  ornamental  palm- 
trees.  Loudon. 

||  CII  AM'BER  [cliam'ber,  IF.  J.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm . 7?.  C. ; 
cliam'ber,  S.E.;  cliam'ber  or  cliam'ber,  P.],  n. 
[Gr.  xapdpa,  any  thing  with  a vaulted  roof ; L. 
camera,  a vault;  It.  camera-,  Sp.  caniara  ; Fr. 
chambre.—D\xt.  kamer ; Ger.  hammer.'] 

1.  An  apartment  in  an  upper  story  of  a house  ; 
— especially  a bedroom. 

Ill  rest  betide  the  chamber  where  thou  liest.  Shak. 

The  chamber  where  the  good  man  meets  his  fate 
Is  privileged  beyond  the  common  walk 
Of  virtuous  life,  quite  in  the  verge  of  heaven.  Young. 

2.  Any  retired  room. 

The  north  chambers  and  the  south  chambers,  they  be  holy 
chambers,  where  the  priests  shall  lay  the  meat  offering  and 
the  sin  offering.  Ezek.  xhi.  13. 

3.  A cavity  ; a hollow  place.  “ The  posterior 

chamber  of  the  eye.”  Sharp. 

4.  A small  piece  of  ordnance  which  stands 

erect  on  its  breech,  used  only  on  occasions  of 
rejoicing.  “ Names  given  them,  as  cannons, 
chambers , muskets ‘&c.”  Camden. 

5.  A hall  in  which  an  assembly  meets  ; — es- 

pecially a hall  of  justice  or  of  legislation.  “ In 
the  imperial  chamber  this  vulgar  answer  is  not 
admitted.”  Ayliffe. 

6.  A legislative  body  ; as,  “ The  chamber  of 
deputies.” 

Chamber  of  commerce , a society  of  merchants  and 
traders. 

“ I have,  in  this  word,  departed  from  Mr.  Sher- 
idan and  Dr.  Kenrick,  because  I think  the  best  usage 
has  entirely  departed  from  them.  About  thirty  years 
aiiO  [i.  e.  about  1770],  the  first  syllable  of  chamber  was 
universally  pronounced  so  as  to  rhyme  with  palm , 
psalm. , &c.  ; but  since  that  time  it  lias  been  gradually 
narrowing  to  the  slender  sound  of  a in  came , fame, 
&c.,  and  seems  now  to  be  fully  establi-hed  in  this 
sound.  This,  however,  is  to  be  regretted,  as  it  mili- 
tates with  the  laws  of  syllabication.  There  are  few 
words  in  the  language  which  we  cannot  so  divide 
into  parts  as  to  show  by  this  division  the  quantity  of 
the  vowels:  this  word  forms  an  exception;  for  mb 
being  uncombinable  consonants,  we  cannot  end  the 
first  syllable  with  a ; and  if  we  join  m to  it,  the  a be- 
comes short,  and  requires  another  sound.  But  if  two 
such  words  as  Cam  and  bridge  could  not  resist  the 
blind  force  of  custom,  which  has  for  so  many  years 
reduced  them  to  Camebridge , why  should  we  wonder 
that  chamber  and  cambrick  . . . should  yield  to  the 
same  unrelenting  tyrant  ? ” Walker. 

Syn.  — See  Parlor. 

(I  CHAMBER,  V.  n.  [l.  CHAMBERED  ; pp.  CHAM- 
BERING, chambered.]  To  frequent  chambers 
for  intrigue. — See  Chambering.  Nicola , 1607. 

||  CHAm'BER,  v.  a.  To  shut  up,  as  in  a chamber. 
“ The  best  blood  chambered  in  his  bosom. "Shak. 

||  CHAM'BER-COUN'CIL,  n.  Private  or  secret 
council.  Shak. 


224 

II  CHAM'BeR— CotfN'SEL,  ) M.  A counsel- 

11  CHAM'BpR— COU.V'SEL-LOR,  > lor  who  gives 
his  opinion  or  advice,  but  does  not  plead  in 
court.  Todd. 

Syn.  — See  Lawyer. 

||  CHAM'BfRED  (cham'berd),  a.  (Conch.)  Having 
chambers  or  cells,  as  the  nautilus.  Buckland. 

||  CHAM'BJJR-gR,  n.  1.  A chamberlain  ; a groom 
of  a chamber.  Huloet. 

2.  f A chamber-maid. 

She  [Catharine  IlownrdJ  had  gotten  into  her  privy  cham- 
ber to  be  one  of  her  cliamberers.  Lord  Herbert. 

3.  A man  of  intrigue,  [it.] 

I have  not  those  soft  parts  of  conversation 

That  chuniberers  have.  Shak. 

II  CHAM'BER— FEL'LOW,  n.  One  occupying  the 
same  chamber.  Spectator. 

II  CHAM'BER-HAng'ING,  n.  The  hangings,  or 
tapestry,  of  a chamber.  Shak. 

f CHAm'BJJR-ING,  n,  Immodest  intrigue;  wan- 
tonness. Romans  xiii.  13. 

CHAm'BJJR-LAIN  (cham'ber-lin),  n.  [It.  catner- 
lingo  ; Sp.  camarcro  ; Fr.  chambellan .] 

1.  A servant  who  has  the  care  of  the  chambers. 

He  served  at  first  ^Emilia’s  chamberlain.  Dryden. 

2.  A receiver  of  revenues  ; a treasurer  ; as, 
“ The  chamberlain  of  Chester  or  of  London.” 

Erastus,  the  chamberlain  of  the  city,  saluteth  you.  J2ow.xvi.23. 

3.  A high  officer  in  European  courts. 

Lord  great  chamberlain,  tire  sixth  great  officer  of  the 
crown  of  England.  His  duties  are  to  attend  on  the  king 
at  his  coronation  ; to  take  care  of  the  Palace  of  West- 
minster ; to  provide  furniture  for  the  houses  of  Parlia 
ment ; and  to  attend  upon  peers  at  their  creation,  and 
upon  bishops  when  they  perform  their  homage.  — Lord 
chamberlain  of  the  household , an  officer  who  lias  control 
of  all  parts  of  the  household  (except  the  ladies  of  the 
queen’s  bed-chamber)  which  are  not  under  the  direc- 
tion of  tile  lord  steward,  the  groom  of  tile  stole,  or 
the  master  of  the  horse,  tile  king’s  chaplains,  physi- 
cians, &c.  P.  Cyc. 

CHAM'B^R-LAIN-SHIP,  n.  The  office  of  a cham- 
berlain. Johnson. 

CHAM'BIJR-LYE,  n.  Urine.  Shak. 

CHAM'BPR-MAID,  n.  A female  servant  who  has 
the  care  of  bedrooms.  B.  Jonson. 

CHAm'BER— POT,  n.  A vessel  for  a bedchamber. 

CHAm'BPR-PRAc'TICE,  n.  The  business  of  a 
chamber-counsellor.  Burke. 

CHAM'BJJR-WIN'DOW,  n.  The  window  of  a 
chamber.  Shak. 

jEHAmb'LET,  CHAme'LOT,  n.  See  Camlet. 

f CHAmB'LIJT  (kam'let),  v.  a.  To  vary  ; to  varie- 
gate.— See  Camleted.  Bacon. 

(^HAM-BRAM’LE  (shjm-br&nl),  n.  [Fr.]  (Arch.) 
The  casing  of  a chimney,  door,  &c.  Francis. 

GHAm'BREL  (kSin'brel),  n.  The  bend  of  the  hind 
leg  of  ahorse  ; gambrel. — See  Gambrel.  Crabb. 

jCHA-ME'LiJ-ON  (ka-me'le-on),  n.  [Gr.  xatLnl Haiti; 
Xaya>,  on  the  ground,  and  Uuiu,  a lion  ; L.  cha- 
mceleon .]  (Zoiil.)  A genus  of  saurians,  noted  for 
changing  their  color.  The  best  known  species 
is  the  common  chameleon  (Chamcleo  vulgaris), 
a native  of  India,  Asia  Minor,  Egypt,  North 
Africa,  and  Spain.  It  has  a large  head  armed 
with  horn-like  appendages,  and  bony  crests  on 
the  nape  of  the  neck,  a huge  mouth,  and  large 
eyes,  which  possess  the  peculiar  faculty  of  mov- 
ing each  independently  of  the  other.  Baird. 

Chameleon  mineral,  (Chcm.)  a compound  of  inanga- 
nesic  acid  and  potash,  which  presents  a variety  of 
tints  when  dissolved  in  water.  Brande. 

jCHA-ME'L^-ON-IZE,  v.  a.  To  change  to  many 
different  colors.  * [r.]  Bailey. 

CHAM'F^R,  v.  a.  [Old  Fr.  chanfrain,  a channel 
or  furrow  in  stonework ; from  chambre. ] [i. 

CHAMFERED  ; pp.  CHAMFERING,  CHAMFERED.] 

1.  To  channel ; to  make  furrows  or  gutters 

upon  ; to  flute,  as  a column.  Johnson. 

2.  To  cut  or  grind  off  aslope  or  bevel-wise,  as 

a sharp  edge.  Francis. 

CHAM'FJJR,  n.  (Carp.)  1.  A groove  to  receive 
the  tenon.  Francis. 

2.  A sort  of  bevelled  acute-angled  edge  ; an 


CHAMPERTY 

arris  formed  by  planing  or  pairing  off  both  sides 
equally.  Weale. 

CHAM'Ff.R-!NG,  n.  (Carp.)  The  act  of  cutting 
aslope  or  bevelling,  or  of  grinding  down  on  one 
side,  as  edge-tools.  Hamilton. 

CHAm'FRAIN,  n.  [Fr.  chanfrein .]  (Mil.)  An 
ancient  piece  of  armor  for  the  head  of  a horse  ; 
— called  also  chamfron,  champfrein,  and  char- 
fron.  Crabb. 

CIlAM'FRgT,  n.  Same  as  Chamfer. 

CHAm'FRON,  n.  Same  as  Chamfrain.  — See 
Chamfrain,  and  Charfron.  Fairholt. 

CHAm'LIJT  (kim'Iet),  n.  See  Camlet. 

CHAMOIS  (sli&m’me 
or  slij-mol')  [sliam'- 
me,  P.  E.  Wb.  ; 
shg-mol',  S.  IF.  J. 

F.  Ja.  ; sham'w'd, 

Sm.],  n.  [Fr.]  A 
species  of  antelope 
which  inhabits  the 
Alpine  regions, and 
from  the  skin  of 
which  the  leather, 
called  shammy, -was 
originally  made  ; Chamois. 

Rupicapra  Tragus.  Baird. 

CI1AMOLSITE,  n.  (Mill.)  A mixture  of  magnetic 
iron  and  a hydrous  silicate  of  alumina  ; — found 
at  Chamoisin,  in  the  Valais.  Dana. 

jCHAM'O-MILE  (kam'o-nill),  n.  [Gr.  xnl"lipyio v, 
earth-apple  ; xnda,t  on  the  ground,  and  yyLov, 
apple;  L.  chameemelon.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of 
plants  of  several  species.  — See  Camomile. 

Loudon. 

CHAMP,  v.  a.  [Old  Fr.  champayer.  Cot  gr  arc.] 
[i.  champed  ; pp.  champing  ; champed.]  To 
bite  or  crush  with  a frequent  action  of  the 
teeth. 

Like  a proud  steed  reiffned  went  haughty  on, 

Champing  his  iron  curb.  Milton. 

To  champ  up,  to  break  to  pieces  by  the  action  of  the 
teeth.  “ I champed  up  the  remaining  part.”  Spectator. 

CHAMP,  v.  n.  To  bite  frequently.  “ They  began 
irefully  to  champ  upon  the  bit.”  Hooker. 

CHAMP,  n.  (Arch.)  A small 
sloping  surface  : — also  the 
flat  surface  of  a wall. 

Britton. 

QHAM-PAGNE'  (sliani-pan')  [sh5m-pan',  S.  IF.  J. 
E.  F.  Ja.;  sham'pan,  K.],  n.  [Fr.,  from  the 
province  of  Champagne,  in  France,  where  the 
wine  is  made.]  A light,  sparkling  wine. 

9HAM-PAIGN'  (sham-pin')  [chhm'pan,  IF.  F. ; 
sham-pan',  P.  E.  Sm.  Wo.;  chain-pan',  S. ; 
sham'pan,  ./.  Ja.],  n.  [L.  campus,  a field;  It. 
eampagna  ; Sp.  campiha  ; Fr.  campagnc.  — See 
Camp.]  A fiat,  open  country.  “ The  cham- 
paign over  against  Gilgal.”  Deut.  xi.  30. 

9HAM-PAIGN'  (shSm-pan'),  a.  Open,  or  flat. 

The  champaign  head 

Of  a steep  wilderness.  Milton. 

^HAM’PAIN,  n.  (Her.)  A mark  of  dishonor  in 
the  escutcheon  of  him  who  has  killed  a prisoner 
of  war  after  he  has  asked  for  quarter  ; — called 
also  point-champain.  Ogilvie. 

CIIAm'pAk,  n.  [Champaca,  an  island  between 
Camhoge  and  Cochin-China,  of  which  the  plant 
is  a native.  Craig.]  (Bot.)  A strong-scented 
aromatic  plant  of  India.  Sir  Wm.  Jones. 

CHAM'pAn,  n.  A Chinese  sailing  punt  or  flat- 
bottomed  vessel; — written  also  sampan,  and 
sanpan.  Crabb. 

CHAmp'^R,  n.  A biter,  or  nibbler.  Spectator. 

9HAm'P?R-TOR,  n.  [Low  L.  champertor ; Fr. 
champarteur ; champ,  a held,  and  part,  a por- 
tion.] (Law.)  One  who  moves  suits,  and  pur- 
sues them  at  his  own  cost,  in  order  to  have 
part  of  the  gains.  Cowell. 

(JHAM'PJJR-TY  (sliSm'per-te)  [sham'per-te,  K.  R. ; 
ch&m'per-te,  Ja. ; sliam-per'te,  Sm.],  n.  [Old  Fr. 
champert.]  (Law.)  A maintenance  of  any  man 
in  his  suit,  upon  condition  of  having  part  of  the 
thing  if  recovered.  Burrill. 


A,  E,  f,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  T,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  I,  O,  F,  Y,  obscure;  FARE/FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


CHANGEABLY 


CHAMPFREIN 


225 


CHAMP'FREIN,  n.  Same  as  Chamfrain,  and 
Charfron.  Fairholt. 

CHAM-PIGN'ON  (sh?m-pln'yun),  n.  [Fr.]  ( Bot .) 
A species  of  mushroom  used  in  various  forms, 
for  food  ; common  mushroom  ; Psalliota  cam- 
pestris.  Loudon. 

CHAM'PI-ON,  n.  [Goth,  kamp,  a battle ; A.  S. 
campian,  to  fight. -It. campione ; Fr.  champion.'] 

1.  One  who  undertakes  the  cause  of  another 
in  single  combat. 

In  many  armies,  the  matter  should  be  tried  by  duel  be- 
tween two  champions.  Bacon. 

2.  One  who  engages  boldly  in  any  cause  ; an 
earnest  defender  ; a hero. 

As  zealous  champions  for  truth.  Locke. 

3.  One  who  fights  all  who  offer  against  him.  Cl. 

4.  {Law.)  A judicial  combatant  either  in  his 

own  case  or  another’s.  Burrill. 

Syn.  — See  Combatant. 

f CHAM'PI-ON,  v.  a.  To  challenge,  as  to  combat. 

Rather  than  so,  come,  fate,  into  the  list. 

And  champion  me  to  the  utterance,  [i.  c.  extremity.]  Shak. 

CHAM'PI-ON-ESS,  n.  A female  warrior.  Dnjden. 

CIIAM'PI-ON-SHIP,  n.  The  rank  or  quality  of  a 
champion.  For.  Qu.  Rev. 

^HAM-POO',  v.  a.  See  Shampoo. 

CHANCE  (12),  n.  [L.  cado,  cadens,  to  fall,  to  hap- 
pen ; Fr.  chance ; echcoir,  to  happen. — Ger. 
schanze.] 

1.  Absence  of  an  assignable  cause;  absence 
of  design  ; accident ; fortuity  ; fortune. 

Time  and  chance  happencth  to  them  all.  Keel.  ix.  11. — 
The  meaning  is,  that  the  success  of  these  outward  things  is 
not  always  carried  by  desert,  but  by  chance  in  regard  to  us, 
though  by  Providence  in  regard  of  God.  Hah  " ill. 

There  must  be  chance  in  the  midst  of  design;  by  which 
we  mean,  that  events  which  are  not  designed  necessarily  arise 
from  the  pursuit  of  events  which  are  designed.  Faley. 

The  opposites  of  apparent  chance  are  constancy  and  sen- 
sible interposition.  Faley. 

A lucky  chance  that  oft  decides  the  fate 
Of  mighty  monarehs.  Thomson. 

2.  Risk;  hazard;  as,  “To  take  the  chance 
of  good  or  ill.” 

3.  Unlucky  accident ; casualty  ; misfortune. 

Common  chances  common  men  could  bear.  Shak. 

The  theory  or  doctrine  of  chances , (Math.)  is  a branch 
of  analysis  which  treats  of  the  probability  of  future 
events. 


Syn.  Accident  is  applied  to  things  past;  chance , 

commonly  to  things  future.  Killed  or  wounded  by 
accident ; met  by  accident  or  chance  ; chance  of  escape  ; 
chance  or  probability  of  success  ; hazard  of  loss  ; fa- 
vored by  fortune  ; chance  of  gain  or  loss.  Take  your 
chance  ; run  your  risk ; try  your  luclc.  — See  Acci- 
dent, Luck. 

CHANCE,  a.  Happening  by  chance ; fortuitous. 
“ Chance  companions. ” Dnjden . 

CHANCE,  ad.  By  chance  ; perchance. 

If  chance  by  lonely  contemplation  led.  Gray. 


CHANCE,  V.  n.  [i.  CHANCED  ; pp.  CHANCING, 
chanced.]  To  occur  accidentally  or  unexpect- 
edly ; to  happen. 

Casca,  tell  us  what  hath  chanced  to-day.  Shak. 

f CHANCE'A-BLE,  a.  Accidental.  Sidney. 

f CHAncE'A-BLY,  ad.  By  chance.  Sidney. 


CHANCE'— COM-ER,  n.  One  who  comes  unexpect- 
edly. Addison. 

t CHAnce'FUL,  a.  Hazardous.  Spensei'. 

CHAN'C$L,  n.  [Gr.  KiyK?.tg,  a lattice  ; L.  chancelli , 
a railing ; Ger.  kanzel ; It.  cancello , a balustrade  ; 
Sp.  cancel , a screen  ; Fr.  chancel,  or  chanceau .] 
The  eastern  part  of  a church,  in  which  the 
altar  or  communion  table  is  placed;  — general- 
ly divided  from  the  rest  by  a screen  or  railing. 

CHAn'CEL-LOR,  n.  [L.  cancellarius ; It.  can - 
cellicre  ; Sp.  canciller  ; Fr.  chancelier.  — Some 
derive  this  word  from  L.  cancclli , in  the  sense 
of  lattices,  or  the  gratings  behind  which  notaries 
or  scribes  sat : others  think  the  allusion  is  to 
cancclli , in  the  sense  of  the  marks  by  which 
erasures  were  made  in  writings,  or  by  which 
any  thing  was  cancelled.]  (Laic.)  A high  judi- 
cial officer,  presiding  over  a court  of  chancery 
or  other  court. 


. Cancellarius , at  the  first,  signified  the  registers  or  actuaries 
in  court.  But  this  name  is  greatly  advanced,  and  is  given  to 
him  that  is  the  chief  judge  in  causes  of  property;  for  the 
chancellor  hath  power  to  moderate  and  temper  the  written 


law,  and  subjecteth  himself  only  to  the  law  of  nature  and 
conscience.  ’ Cowell. 

The  lord  high  chancellor  of  England  presides  in 
the  courts  of  equity  or  chancery,  and  is  the  keeper  of 
the  great  seal. — The  chancellor  of  the  exchequer  pre- 
sides in  the  court  of  exchequer,  and  takes  care  of  the 
interest  of  the  crown  ; and  he  is  the  highest  officer  of 
finance  in  the  British  government. — The.  chancellor 
of  New  York  presides  in  the  court  of  chancery.  — A 
chancellor  of  a bishopric  or  a diocese  is  one  appointed 
to  hold  the  bishop’s  courts,  and  assist  him  in  matters 
of  ecclesiastical  law.  Burrill. A chancellor  of  a uni- 
versity is  an  officer  who  is  at  the  head  of  the  corporate 
bodies  by  whom  he  is  elected,  and  who  exercises  ex- 
clusive jurisdiction  in  all  civil  actions  where  a mem- 
ber of  the  university  or  a privileged  person  is  one  of 
the  parties,  except  in  cases  relating  to  freehold. Brandc. 

ChAn'CJJL-LOR-SIiIp,  n.  The  office  of  chancel- 
lor. “ His  chancellorship  of  England.”  Camden. 

CHAn'C^L— TA'BLE,  n.  The  communion-table 
in  a church.  Milton. 

CHANCE-MED'LE  Y,  n.  [ chance  and  medley.  — F r. 
chance , accident,  and  melee , an  affray.  — See 
Chaud-medley.]  {Law.)  The  killing  of  a per- 
son by  chance,  when  the  killer  was  doing  a 
lawful  act,  or  a homicide  committed  without 
malice  and  while  acting  in  self-defence,  as  in 
the  sudden  encounter  of  a riot ; — distinguished 
from  chaud-medley.  Burrill. 

CH.An'CJJR-Y,  n.  [Low  L.  cancellaria ; It.  cnncel- 
leria ; Sp.  chancilleria  ; Fr.  chancellerie .]  {Law.) 

1.  A high  court  of  equity  ; a court  in  which 

equity  is  either  exclusively  or  chiefly  adminis- 
tered ; — usually  termed  court  of  chancery  or 
court  of  equity.  Burrill. 

2.  Equity  or  proceedings  in  equity.  Burrill. 

There  arc  five  superior  courts  of  chancery  in 
England,  viz.  : the  high  court  of  chancerti  (the  highest 
court  in  the  kingdom  next  to  the  parliament),  pre- 
sided over  by  the  lord  high  chancellor,  to  whom  an 
appeal  lies  from  tho  others  ; the  court  of  the  master  of 
the  rolls,  who  is  assistant  to  the  lord  chancellor,  when 
present,  and  his  deputy  when  absent ; the  court  of  the 
vice-chancellor , and  two  courts  of  the  two  additional 
vice-chancellors  recently  appointed. 

In  the  United  States,  equity  powers  are  exercised 
by  distinct  and  independent  tribunals  in  some  of  the 
states  (as  in  Delaware,  Virginia,  South  Carolina,  Ala- 
bama, and  Mississippi)  ; but  in  most  of  them,  the 
jurisdiction  of  law  and  equity  is  vested  in  the  same 
tribunal,  though  exercised  by  a different  course  of 
procedure.  Burrill. 

(JHAN'CRE  (slianglc'er,  82),  n.  [Fr.  chancre  ; Ger. 
schanker.  — See  Canker.]  {Med.)  An  ulcer, 
usually  arising  from  venereal  virus.  Wiseman. 

(JHAN'CROyg  (shangk'rus,  82).  a.  Like  a chancre ; 
ulcerous.  “ A chancrous  callus.”  Wiseman. 

GHAN-DE-LIER'  (shan-de-ler'),  n.  [L.  candela,  a 
candle ; candelabrum  ; It.  candeliere ; Sp.  can- 
de/ero;  Fr.  chandelier .] 

1.  A branched  frame  or  support  for  candles 

or  lamps.  Stukeley. 

2.  {Fort.)  A kind  of  movable  parapet  upon 

which  fascines  are  laid.  Buchanan. 

ChAnD'LER  (12),  n.  [Fr.  chandelier,  one  who 
makes  and  sells  candles.] 

1.  f One  who  makes  or  sells  candles. 

The  sack  that  thou  hast  drunken  would  have  bought  me 
lights  ...  at  the  dearest  chandler's  in  Europe.  Shak. 

2.  A dealer  ; as,  “ A tallow -chandler  ” ; “A 
ship-chandler  ” ; “A  corn -chandler.” — The 
word  is  not  now  used  without  a prefix,  which 
determines  its  particular  meaning. 

+ ChAnd'LIJR-LY,  a.  Pertaining  to  a chandler. 
“ Chandlerly  shop-book.”  Milton. 

CHAnD'LF.R-Y,  n.  The  articles  sold  by  a chand- 
ler. “ The  sergeant  of  the  chandlery  was  ready 
at  the  chamber  door  to  deliver  the  tapers.” 

Strype. 

CFIAN-DOO',  n.  An  extract  of  opium  prepared  by 
the  Chinese  for  smoking.  Dunylison. 

t chAn'dry,  n.  A place  where  the  candles  are 
kept.  “ Torches  from  the  chandry.”  B.  Jonson. 

GHAn'FRIN  (shan'frjn),  n.  [Fr.  chanfrein .]  The 
forehead  or  fore  part  of  a horse’s  head.  — See 
Charfron.  Farrier’s  Diet. 

CHANGE,  v.  a.  [L.  cambio,  to  exchange ; It.  can- 
qiare\  Fr.  chancier.]  \i.  changed  ; pp.  chang- 
ing, CHANGED.] 

1.  To  put  one  thing  in  the  place  of  another. 


MIEN,  SlR  ; MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — C, 

20 


9>  9>  &>  soft; 


He  that  cannot  look  into  his  own  estate  had  need  choose 
well  whom  he  employeth,  and  chanyc  them  often.  Bacon. 

2.  To  give  and  take  reciprocally  ; to  ex- 
change ; to  barter. 

Those  thousands  with  whom  thou  wouldst  not  change  thy 
fortune  and  condition.  Bp.  Taylor. 

3.  To  make  different ; to  alter  ; to  vary. 

Can  the  Ethiopian  change  his  skin,  or  the  leopard  his 
spots  ? % Jtm.  Xiii.  25. 

4.  To  give  money  of  one  kind  for  money  of 
another  kind,  or  money  of  a smaller  denomina- 
tion for  money  of  a greater  denomination,  the 
value  being  equal. 

A shopkeeper  might  be  able  to  change  a guinea.  Swift. 

4^=- “This  word,  with  others  of  the  same  form, 
such  as  range , strange , mange,  &c.,  are,  in  t lie  West 
of  England,  pronounced  with  the  short  sound  of  a in 
ran , man , &c.  The  same  may  be  observed  of  the  a in 
the  first  syllable  of  angel , ancient , &c.,  which  in  that 
part  of  the  kingdom  sounds  like  the  article  an  ; and 
this,  though  disagreeable  to  a London  ear,  and  con- 
trary to  the  best  usage,  wiiic^i  forms  the  only  rule,  is 
more  analogical  than  pronouncing  them  as  if  written 
chainge , straingc , aincient , aingcl , &c.  ; for  we  find 
every  other  vowel  in  this  situation  short,  as  revenge , 
hinge , spunge , &c.”  Walker.  — The  same  pronuncia- 
tion of  these  words  is  not  uncommon  in  some  parts 
of  the  United  States ; but  it  does  not  appear  to  be 
supported  by  any  of  the  English  orthoepists. 

Syn.  — We  change  one  thing  for  another  ; we  alter 
that  which  does  not  suit  us,  and  vary  the  fashion  ac- 
cording to  circumstances.  A man  changes  his  clothes 
when  he  puts  on  others;  a tailor  alters  clothes  that 
do  not  fit,  and  varies  the  fashion  of  making  them. 

A sovereign  or  president  changes  his  ministers ; a 
government  exchanges  prisoners  of  war  ; the  punish- 
ment of  death  is  commuted  to  imprisonment  for  life; 
one  man  is  substituted  for  another  in  office  ; articles 
of  merchandise  are  exchanged  or  bartered ; compli- 
ments and  civilities  are  interchanged.  — See  Alter. 

CHANGE,  v.  n.  1.  To  undergo  change  ; to  alter. 

I am  the  Lord;  I change  not.  Mai.  iii.  0. 

2.  To  begin  a new  revolution;  — applied  to 
the  moon. 

I am  Aveary  of  this  moon;  would  he  would  change.  Shak. 

CHANGE,  7i.  1.  An  alteration  in  the  state  of  any 

thing  ; variation  ; mutation. 

Since  I saw  you  last 

There  is  a change  upon  you.  Shak. 

2.  A succession  of  one  thing  in  place  of  an- 
other ; vicissitude  ; variety. 

Nothing  can  cure  this  part  of  ill  breeding  but  chanyc  and 
variety  of  company.  Locke. 

3.  That  which  produces  variety,  by  altera- 
tion in  the  terms  of  a series,  or  by  substitution 
of  one  thing  for  another  of  the  same  kind. 

Four  bells  admit  twenty-tour  changes  in  ringing.  Holder . 

I will  put  forth  a riddle  unto  you;  if  ye  can  . . . find  it  out, 
I will  give  you  . . . thirty  changes  of  garments.  Judg.  xiv.  12. 

4.  Money  of  a small  denomination  that  may 
be  exchanged  for  an  equivalent  value  of  a larger 
denomination  ; small  money. 

Thence  the  present  want  of  change  arises.  Swift. 

5.  {Com.)  A place  where  merchants  meet 
for  business  ; — contracted  from  Exchange. 

Syn. — Change  of  circumstances  or  condition,  of 
purpose  or  opinion  ; change  or  revolution  in  a govern- 
ment; variation  of  temperature  or  of  tile  compass; 
alteration  of  a garment ; vicissitude  of  human  affairs  ; 
commutation  of  punishment  ; variety  of  colors  or  of 
amusements. 

CHANGE- A-BlL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
changeable  ; changeableness.  Ed.  Ency. 

CHANGE'A-BLE,  a.  I.  Subject  to  change ; in- 
constant; fickle;  mutable  ; variable;  unstable; 
uncertain ; wavering. 

There  is  no  measure  to  be  taken  of  a changeable  humor. 

L'  Estrange. 

2.  Exhibiting  different  colors  under  different 
lights. 

Now  the  tailor  make  thy  doublet  of  changeable  tnffata.  Shak. 

Syn. — Changeable  and  variable  are  applied  to  per- 
sons or  to  tilings  ; mutable , to  things  ; inconstant,  fickle, 
and  capricious,  to  persons.  Changeable , variable , in- 
constant, fickle,  unstable,  unsteady , and  capricious , as 
applied  to  persons,  arc  all  taken  in  a bad  sense;  ver- 
satile, commonly  in  a good  sense.  Men  and  tilings 
arc  changeable',  human  affairs,  mutable ; climate  ami 
temperature,  variable.  A man  of  versatile  talents,  but 
inconstant  in  his  affections,  fickle  or  capricious  in  his 
disposition  and  conduct,  wavering  in  his  resolutions. 

CHANGE' A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
changeable.  Addison. 

CHAN^E’A-BLY,  ad.  Inconstantly;  variably. 


£ I,  c,  |,  hal'd;  § as  z ; % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


CHANGED 


226 


CHAPLET 


CHANGED  (chanjd),y>. a.  Altered;  made  different. 

CHAN^E'FUL,  a.  Full  of  change. 

Britain,  changeful  as  a child  at  play.  Pope. 

CHAN(JrE'FUL-LY,  ad.  In  a changeful  manner. 

CHAN(JE'FUL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
changeful.  Boswell. 

CHAN^E'LUSS,  a.  Free  from  change.  Sidney. 

CIIAN^E'LJNG,  n.  [Eng.  change , and  A.  S. 
ling,  denoting  state  or  condition.  “ The  word 
arises,”  says  Johnson,  “from  an  odd,  supersti- 
tious opinion,  that  the  fairies  steal  away  chil- 
dren, and  put  others  that  are  ugly  and  stupid  in 
their  places.”] 

1.  A child  left  or  taken  in  place  of  another. 

Such  men  do  changelings  call,  so  changed  by  fairies’  theft. 

Spenser. 

A lovely  boy  stolen  from  an  Indian  king; 

She  never  liad  so  sweet  a changeling.  Shak. 

2.  An  idiot ; a natural ; a simpleton. 

Would  any  one  be  a changeling  because  he  is  less  deter- 
mined by  wise  considerations  than  a wise  man?  Locke. 

3.  One  apt  to  change.  “ Constant  folks  be 

better  than  those  changelings.”  Draut. 

CHANGE 'LING,  a.  That  is  changed.  “ A change- 
ling child.”  Shak. 

CHANG  ER,  n.  1.  One  who  changes. 

Changer  of  all  things,  yet  immutable.  G.  Fletcher. 

2.  A broker  in  money;  a money-changer. 

Jesus  . . . found  in  the  temple  . . . the  changers  of  money 
sitting.  John  ii.  13, 11. 

CHANGE'— WHEEL?,  n.  pi.  ( Mech .)  Wheels  of 
various  but  definite  sizes,  by  which  the  angular 
velocity  of  an  axis  may  be  changed  in  any  re- 
quired relation.  Ogilvie. 

CHANGING,  p.  a.  Altering;  making  different; 
becoming  different. 

CHANK,  or  CHANK'-SHELL  (82),  n.  The  com- 
mon conch-shell.  It  is  fished  up  by  divers  in 
the  Gulf  of  Manaar,  on  the  north-west  coast  of 
Ceylon.  Buchanan. 

jEHAN'NA,  n.  [Or.  y'dirr/ ; L.  channe ; \t.  cham- 
nci.]  (Ich.)  A fish  taken  in  European  seas,  re- 
sembling the  sea-perch  ; the  Scranus  cabrilla  of 
Cuvier  and  Valencienne.  Yarrell. 

CIIAN'N^L,  n.  [L.  canalis;  canna,  a reed;  It. 
canale  ; Sp.  canal ; Fr.  chenal  and  canal.— Ger. 
AanalA 

1.  The  hollow  bed  of  running  water ; as, 
“ The  channel  of  a river.” 

2.  A long  cavity,  as  the  furrow  on  a pillar. 

3.  A strait  or  narrow  sea  ; as,  “The  British 
Channel  ” ; “ St.  George’s  Channel.” 

4.  ( Naut .)  pi.  Pieces  of  plank  projecting 

edgewise  from  a vessel’s  sides,  and  serving  to 
spread  the  shrouds  ; — called  also  chain-wales, 
guard-boards,  and  channel-boards.  Dana. 

CHAn'N^L,  v.  a.  [i.  channelled  ; pp.  channel- 
ling, channelled.]  To  cut  in  channels. 

No  more  shall  trenching  war  channel  her  fields.  Shak. 

CH AN 'N^L— LEAVED  (-levd),  a.  ( Bot .) 

Having  leaves  folded  together  so  as 
to  resemble  a channel.  Loudon. 

CHAN'NIf.LLED  (clidn'neld),  p.  a.  Hav- 
ing channels  or  grooves  ; hollowed. 

£LLi-Af 'SOJ\T  (shan’son),  n.  [Fr.]  A song.  Shak. 

CHANT  (12),  v.  a.  [L .canto\  It.  cantare;  Sp. 
cantar ; Fr.  chanter.]  [t.  chanted  ; pp.  chant- 
ing, CHANTED.] 

1.  To  sing ; to  warble.  “ The  birds  chant 

melody  on  every  bush.”  Shak. 

2.  To  celebrate  by  song  ; to  carol. 

The  poets  chant  it  in  the  theatres.  Dp.  DramhaU. 

3.  To  sing  as  in  the  church,  or  cathedral, 
service ; as,  “ To  chant  the  psalms.” 

CHANT,  v.  n.  1.  To  modulate  the  voice  musi- 
cally ; to  sing. 

And  winged  his  flight  to  chant  aloft  in  air.  Dn/den. 

2.  To  recite  musically,  as  in  the  church  ser- 
vice. “The  choir  doth  chant.”  Warner. 

CHANT,  n.  I.  A song;  a carol ; a melody. 

A pleasant  grove 

With  chant  of  tuneful  birds  resounding  loud.  Milton. 

2.  A species  of  harmonized  recitative  adapted 
to  the  psalms  and  litanies  in  the  performance  of 


the  church  service.  “ The  . . . chant  used  in 

the  verses  and  responses.”  Mason. 

CHANT'ANT,  n.  ( Mus .)  Music;  — particularly 
instrumental  music  which  is  of  an  easy,  smooth, 
and  graceful  character.  Warner. 

CHANT'jpR,  n.  1.  One  that  chants  ; a singer  ; a 
songster. 

You  curious  chanters  of  the  wood.  Wotton. 

2.  A chief  singer  of  a chantry.  Warton. 

3.  The  pipe  which  sounds  the  tenor  or  treble 

in  a bagpipe.  Ogilvie. 

CHAn'TI-CLEER,  n.  [Fr.  chanter,  to  sing,  and 
clair,  clear.]  A crowing  cock  ; a loud  crower. 
Within  this  homestead  lived,  without  a peer 
For  crowing  loud,  the  noble  chanticleer.  Dryden. 

CIIAnT'JNG,  n.  The  act  of  repeating  words,  as 
in  the  church  service,  with  a chanting  modula- 
tion. 

CHAnT'LATE,  n.  (Arch.)  A wooden  ledge  near 
the  edge  of  the  rafters,  to  support  tiles  that 
serve  as  eaves  to  a wall.  Weale. 

OH.Ant'OR,  n.  One  who  chants ; chanter.  Wood. 

CIIAnT'RJJSS,  n.  A woman  who  chants.  Milton. 

CHAn'TRY,  n.  [Fr.  chantrerie.]  An  endowed 
chapel  in  which  priests  pray,  and  sing  mass, 
for  the  souls  of  the  donors.  Shak. 

CH A-OL'O-tjrY,  n.  [Gr.  pfdof,  chaos,  and  ).6yo a 
discourse.]  A discourse  upon  chaos,  [r.]  Crabb. 

eHA'O-MAN-CY,  n.  [Gr.  x "'“D  the  atmosphere, 
and  gavTita,  prophecy.]  Divination  by  appear- 
ances in  the  air.  Boget. 

jCHA'OS  (ka'os),  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  ;^dos.] 

1.  The  mass  of  matter  supposed  to  be  in  con- 

fusion before  it  was  arranged  by  the  Creator. 
“ Chaos  and  eternal  night.”  Milton. 

2.  Any  confused  mixture  of  parts  or  elements. 

One  glaring  chaos  and  wild  heap  of  wit.  Pope. 

3.  Confusion  ; disorder. 

The  anarchy  of  thought  and  chaos  of  the  mind.  Dryden. 

jCIIA'OS— LIKE,  a.  Resembling  chaos.  Pope. 

jCH  A-OT'IC,  a.  Like  chaos;  confused.  “When 
the  globe  was  in  a chaotic  state.”  Derham. 

||  CHAP  (chap  or  chop)  [chop,  S.  W.  P.  J.  F.  Ja. 
C.  ; chap,  Sm.  Wb.  Kenrick  ; chap  or  cliop,  K.], 
v.  a.  [A.  S.  geypped,  opened  : yppan,  to  lay 
open  ; Dut.  happen,  to  cut.]  [t.  chapped  ; pp. 
chapping,  chapped.]  To  break  into  small 
clefts  or  gapings,  by  heat,  dryness,  or  cold. 

Neither  summer’s  blaze  can  scorch,  nor  winter’s  blast  chap 
her  fair  face.  Lilly. 

||  CIlAP,  v.  n.  To  become  sore  by  small  openings 
or  clefts;  as,  “ The  hands  chap.” 

||  CIlAP  (chiip  or  chop),  n.  A cleft;  an  aperture. 
“ Chaps  . . . made  in  it  are  filled  up.”  Burnet. 

CHAP  (chop),  n.  [A.  S.  ceaplas,  cheeks.]  The 
upper  or  the  under  part  of  a beast’s  mouth.  Grew. 

J0Uf“  “ The  etymology  of  this  word,”  says  Walker, 
“ will  not  suffer  us  to  write  it  chop,  and  universal 
usage  will  not  permit  us  to  pronounce  it  chap  ; so  that 
it  must  be  classed  among  those  words  the  pronuncia- 
tion and  orthography  of  which  must  ever  be  at  vari- 
ance.” But  Smart  says,  “In  chap,  chaps  (the  jaw  or 
jaws),  the  broad  sound  [chop]  is  a confirmed  irregu- 
larity. In  the  verb  to  chap,  to  break  into  cliffs,  and 
the  substantive,  a chap,  derived  from  it.  the  irregu- 
larity has  for  some  time  been  less  prevalent ; and  a 
speaker  may  pronounce  them  regularly  without  seem- 
ing pedantic.” 

The  verbs  to  chap,  to  break  into  cliffs  or  openings, 
and  to  chop,  to  cut,  though  derived  from  the  same 
word,  are  now  by  many,  if  not  by  most  speakers,  pro- 
nounced differently,  and  commonly  spelt  differently. 

f CIlAP,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  ceapian.]  To  cheapen  ; to 
bargain.  Todd. 

CHAP,  n.  1.  A cheapener  ; a bargainer  ; a dealer  ; 
chapman  ; — an  abbreviation  of  chapman. 

tffi-  “ The  word  in  this  sense  is  still  in  use,”  says 
Todd,  “ among  the  common  people.  If  the  phrase  be 
‘ a good  chop,’  it  implies  a dealer  to  whom  credit  may 
be  given  ; if  simply  1 a chap,'  it  usually  designates  a 
person  of  whom  a contemptuous  opinion  is  enter- 
tained.” 

2.  A boy  ; an  inferior  person  ; — used  famil- 
iarly and  laxly,  like  the  word  fellow. 

ChAp-ar-rAl  ',  n.  [Sp.]  1.  A plantation  of 
evergreen  oaks. 


2.  A thicket  of  bramble  bushes  with  thorny 
shrubs  in  clumps.  Velasquez. 

CIIAp'BOOK  (-buk),  n.  [See  Chapman,  and 
Cheap.]  A book  or  a pamphlet  carried  about 
for  sale.  Ogilvie. 

CHAPE,  n.  [Fr.  chape .] 

1.  A thin  plate  of  metal  at  the  point  of  a 

scabbard.  Phillips. 

2.  The  catch  of  a buckle.  . Shak. 

CHAPEAU  (shap'o),  n. ; pi.  Fr.  chapeaux;  Eng. 
chapeau;?  (shap'oz).  [Fr.]  1.  A hat. 

2.  (Her.)  A cap  or  coronet.  Todd. 

Chapeau  liras,  [contracted  from  chapeau  de  liras,  hat 
for  the  arm]  a military  hat  that  may  be  flattened  and 
put  under  the  arm.  Ogilvie. 

CHAp'IJL,  n.  [L.  capsella,  a box  in  which  relics 
of  martyrs  were  kept,  Spelman;  It.  cappella ; 
Sp.  capilla;  Fr.  chapelle.] 

1.  A place  of  worship  attached  to  a church,  or 
subordinate  to  it. 

Irr  Catholic  churches  and  Protestant  cathedrals,  chapels 
ore  usually  annexed  in  the  recesses  on  the  sides  of  tlie  aisles. 

lirandc. 

2.  A place  of  worship  connected  with  a pri- 
vate establishment,  as  a nobleman’s  house,  or 
with  a college. 

3.  A place  of  worship,  as  of  the  English  Dis- 
senters, not  styled  a church ; a meeting-house. 

4.  (Printing.)  A junction  of  workmen  in  a 
printing  office  for  the  purpose  of  promoting  reg- 
ularity in  the  business,  arranging  prices,  &c. 

Every  printing-house  is,  by  the  custom  of  time  out  of 
mind,  called  a chapel.  iloxon.  1683. 

Chapel  of  ease,  a chapel  subsidiary  to  a parish 
church  for  additional  accommodation.  Brande. 

Syn.  — See  Church. 

+ CHAP'LL,  v.  a.  To  deposit  in  a chapel;  to  en- 
shrine, as  the  remains  of  the  dead.  Beau.  § FI. 

CHApE'HJSS,  a.  Wanting  a chape.  Shak. 

CHAP'FL-LA-NY,  n.  A chapel  and  jurisdiction 
within  the  precincts  of  a church,  and  subordi- 
nate to  it.  Ayliffe. 

CHAP'EL-LING,  n.  (Naut.)  The  act  of  wearing  a 
ship  round,  when  taken  aback,  without  bracing 
the  head  yards.  Dana. 

CHAP'EL-RY,  n.  The  bounds  or  the  jurisdiction 
of  a chapel.  Johnson. 

||  (JHAP ' ER-ON,  [sliap'er-on,  Ja. ; sliap-er-on',  IF. ; 
shap'e-ron,  P.  ; sliap'er-ong,  K.  Sm.],  n.  [Fr.] 
A kind  of  hood  or  cap,  such  as  is  worn  by 
knights  of  the  Garter.  Camden. 

||  Q’HAp'PR-ON,  v.  a.  [Fr.  chaperon,  a compan- 
ion.] To  attend  on  a lady  in  public.  Cotgrave. 

CIIAP'FAlleN  (chop'faln),  a.  Having  the  lower 
chap  depressed  : — dispirited;  dejected.  “Till 
they  be  chapfallen.”  B.  Jonson. 

CHAP'I-Tf.R,  n.  1.  [L.  caput,  head ; Fr.  chapi- 
teau.]  (Arch.)  An  old  word  for  the  capital  of 
a column.  Exod.  xxxvi.  38. 

2.  [Low  L.  capitulum  ; Law  Fr.  chapitre .] 
(Law.)  A summary  in  writing  of  such  matters 
as  were  to  be  inquired  of  before  justices,  deliv- 
ered to  them  from  the  king,  and  by  them  deliv- 
ered to  the  grand  inquests  in  writing.  Burrill. 

CHAP'LAIN  (chap'ljn),  n.  [L.  capellanus ; It. 
capellano  ; Sp.  capellan;  Fr.  chapelain .]  A 
clergyman  or  person  who  performs  divine  ser- 
vice in  a chapel,  or  in  the  army,  navy,  a public 
body,  or  a family. 

Chaplain,  away  1 thy  priesthood  saves  thy  life.  Shak. 

CHAP'LAIN-CY  (cliap'ljn-se),  n.  The  office  of  a 
chaplain.  “ The  chaplaincy  was  refused  to  me, 
and  given  to  Dr.  Lambert.”  Sicift. 

CIIAP'LAIN-RY,  ii.  Same  as  Chaplaincy.  P.Cyc. 

ChAp'LAIN-SIIIP,  n.  1.  Chaplaincy.  Milton. 

2.  The  revenue  of  a chapel.  Johnson. 

CHAP'LJJSS  (chop'les),  a.  Without  flesh  about 
the  mouth.  “ Yeilow  chapless  bones.”  Shak. 

CHAPLET,  n.  [L.  caput,  the  head  ; Fr.  chapelet .] 

1.  A garland  or  wreath  for  the  head. 

With  chaplets  green  upon  their  foreheads  placed.  Dryden. 

2.  A string  of  beads  used  by  Roman  Catho- 
lics for  counting  their  prayers;  a rosary.  Johnson. 

3.  A small  chapel.  Hammond. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  !,  6,  tr,  ?,  short;  A,  5,  f,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


CHAPMAN 


227 


CHARGE 


4.  A pair  of  stirrups  with  stirrup-leathers 

attached.  — See  Chapblet.  Ogilvie. 

5.  {Arch.)  A kind  of  ornamental  moulding, 

or  a small  ornament  cut  in  beads.  Weale. 

CHAp'MAN,  n.  [A.  S.  ccapman  ; Ger.  kaufman. 
— See  Cheapen.]  One  who  buys  and  sells ; a 
cheapener;  a seller;  a merchant;  a market-man. 

Fair  Diomede,  you  do  as  chapmen  do. 

Dispraise  the  thing  that  you  intend  to  buy.  Shale. 

CHAP'PY,  a.  Having  clefts  or  chaps ; cleft ; 
gaping;  open.  Cotgrave. 

CHAPS  (chops),  n.  pi.  of  chap.  1.  The  mouth. 
“ Open  your  chaps  again.”  Shah. 

2.  (Mech.)  The  two  flat  parts  of  a vice,  of  a 
pair  of  tongs,  or  of  pliers,  for  holding  any  thing 
fast.  Weale. 

CHAPT,  p.  from  chap.  Chapped.  “Sun-burnt 
cheeks  and  . . . chapt  skins.”  Dryden. 

CHAP’TIJR,  n.  [L.  capitulum,  dim.  of  caput,  a 
head;  It.  capitolo  ; Sp.  capitulo-,  Fr . chapitre.] 

1.  A division  of  a book ; as,  “ The  chapters 
in  the  Bible.” 

2.  A decretal  epistle.  Ayliffe. 

3.  A body  consisting  of  the  canons  or  preb- 
ends, and  other  clergymen  attached  to  a ca- 
thedral or  collegiate  church,  of  which  the  dean 
is  the  head. 

The  dean  and  chapter  are  the  council  of  a bishop  to  assist 
him  with  their  advice  in  affairs  of  religion,  and  also  in  the 
temporal  concerns  of  his  see.  Blackstone. 

4.  A meeting  held  by  members  of  some  so- 

cieties, as  of  the  College  of  Arms,  and  of  the 
order  of  the  Garter.  Ogilvie. 

5.  A branch  of  a society  or  fraternity ; as, 
“ A chapter  of  freemasons.” 

Chapter-house,  a room  in  a cathedral  where  the 
dean  and  chapter  assemble. 

f CHAP'Tf.R,  v.  a.  [Fr.  chapitrer.}  To  censure  ; 
to  rebuke  ; to  correct.  Dryden. 

CHAP'TR(1L,  n.  (Arch.)  An  impost  or  support 
of  an  arch.  Moxon. 

CIlAP'WOM-AN  (chap'wum-an),  n.  A woman  who 
buys  and  sells.  Massinger. 

CHAR,  n.  [“  Some  derive  it  from  A.  S.  cyran,  to 
turn,  because  this  fish  turneth  itself  swiftly  in 
the  water.”  Todd.}  A small  delicate  fish  of 
the  salmon  or  trout  kind.  Gray. 

CHAR,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  cyran,  to  turn,  Tooke  ; Rus. 
jaryu,  or  charyu,  to  roast  or  burn,  Webster.} 

[i.  CHARRED  ; pp.  CHARRING,  CHARRED.] 

1.  To  burn  tvood  to  a black  cinder  ; to  burn 

partially.  Woodward. 

2.  To  hew,  or  work,  as  stone.  Francis. 

CHAR,  CHARE,  or  CHORE,  n.  [Goth,  kar,  busi- 
ness or  concern;  A.  S . cyrre,  a turn.]  Work 
done  by  the  day  ; a small  job ; a light  task. 

As  the  maid  that  milks. 

And  does  the  meanest  chars.  Shak. 

jgg^This  colloquial  word  is  spelled  char  in  most 
of  the  English  Dictionaries,  and  pronounced  chare  5 
but  in  Richardson’s  it  is  printed  chare  (also  chare- 
woman).  Holloway,  in  his  “ Provincial  Dictionary,” 
writes  choor  and  choor-woman  ; and  Palmer,  in  his 
“ Dialect  of  Devonshire,”  chare.  In  the  United  States, 
it  is  commonly  pronounced  chore.  — See  Chore. 

“ In  Ireland,  they  seem  to  have  retained  the  genu- 
ine pronunciation  of  this,  as  well  as  many  other  old 
English  words  ; I mean  that  which  is  agreeable  to  the 
orthography,  and  rhyming  with  tar.  In  England, 
it  is  generally  heard  like  chair , to  sit  on,  and  its  com- 
pound, char-woman , like  chair-woman.  Skinner,  I 
know,  admits  that  the  word  may  he  derived  from  the 
Dutch  kccrcn , to  sweep  ; and  Junius  spells  the  word 
chart. , and  tells  us  the  Saxons  have  the  same  word 
spelled  cyrre,  signifying  business  or  charge  ; but  be  its 
derivation  what  it  will,  either  the  orthography  or  the 
pronunciation  ought  to  be  altered  ; for,  as  it  stands  at 
present,  it  is  a singular  and  disgraceful  anomaly.” 
Walker. 

CHAr,  or  CHARE,  v.  n.  To  work  by  the  day  ; to 
do  little  jobs.  Johnson. 

CHAR,  or  CHARE,  v.  a.  To  perform  a business. 
“ That  char  is  chared  ” Ray. 

fjCHAR'ACT,  or  jCHAR'JJCT,  n.  An  inscription. 

Skelton. 

CHAR' AC-T$R  (kar'ak-ter),  n.  [Gr.  ^apa/creo,  dis- 
tinctive mark  ; ^apoaaoj,  to  cut  in  furrows  ; L. 
character  ; It.  carattere  ; Sp.  caracter ; Fr.  ca- 
ractcre\  Ger.  character. \ 


1.  A distinctive  mark  by  which  any  thing  is 
separated  or  distinguished  from  another. 

And  he  shall  make  all,  small  and  great,  to  have  a charac- 
ter in  their  right  hand.  Rev.  xiii.  1(5,  Wickliffc's  Trans. 

2.  A sign  used  in  writing  or  in  printing ; a 
letter  of  the  alphabet ; an  emblem  ; a figure. 

It  were  much  to  be  wished  that  there  were  throughout  the 
world  but  one  sort  of  character  lor  each  letter.  Holder. 

3.  A letter  as  formed  by  a particular  person  ; 
handwriting ; chirography. 

You  know  the  character  to  be  your  brother’s.  Shak. 

4.  The  assemblage  of  qualities  which  dis- 
tinguish one  person  from  another ; particular 
constitution  of  the  mind. 

Actions,  looks,  words,  steps,  form  the  alphabet  by  which 
you  may  spell  characters.  Lavater. 

Health  and  sickness,  enjoyment  and  suffering,  riches  and 
poverty,  knowledge  and  ignorance,  power  and  subjection, 
liberty  and  bondage,  civilization  and  barbarity,  have  all  their 
offices  and  duties;  all  serve  for  the  formation  of  character. 

Raley. 

5.  Combination  of  qualities  considered  as 
belonging  to  the  incumbent  of  a particular  post 
or  office. 

The  chief  honor  of  the  magistrate  consists  in  maintaining 
the  dignity  of  his  character  by  suitable  actions.  Atterbury. 

6.  A person; — particularly  as  represented 
in  fiction  or  in  history. 

Homer  has  excelled  all  the  heroic  poets  that  ever  wrote  in 
the  multitude  and  variety  of  his  characters.  Addison. 

7.  An  account  of  any  thing  as  good  or  bad. 

This  subterraneous  passage  is  much  mended  since  Seneca 
gave  so  bad  a character  of  it.  Addison. 

8.  A distinctive  quality  assigned  to  an  indi- 
vidual by  common  report ; reputation  ; repute  ; 
as,  “ What  is  his  character  for  veracity  ? ” 

9.  Good  reputation;  as,  “A  man  of  worth 
and  character." 

Syn.—  Character  lies  in  or  pertains  to  the  person, 
and  is  the  mark  of  what  lie  is  ; reputation  depends 
upon  others,  ami  is  what  they  think  of  him.  A man 
may  have  a fair  reputation,  though  his  character  is  not 
really  good.  — An  irreproachable  character-,  a high 
reputation  ; a distinguished  personage  ; a noted  char- 
acter.— A hieroglyphical  character ; a letter  of  tile  al- 
phabet.— See  Name,  Quality. 

GHAr'AC-TIJR,  v.  a.  1.  To  inscribe,  engrave,  [r.] 
Show  me  one  scar  charactered  on  my  skin.  Shak. 

2.  To  describe  ; to  characterize.  T.  Fuller. 

f CHAR'AC-TfR-IijM,  11.  [Gr.  ynpmcrgpiopdf  ; L. 
characterismus .]  Distinction  of  character.  “The 
characterism  of  an  honest  man.”  Bp.  IJall. 

GHAR-AC-TIJR-IS  TIG,  ? [Gr.  ^apaKrrjpio- 

eHAR-AC-TJJR-IS'TI-CAL,  S tikos,  the  character; 
Ger.  characteristisch  ; Fr.  caracteristique.} 
That  distinguishes  the  character  ; indicating 
character  ; as,  “ Prudence  is  his  characteristic 
trait.” 

jEHAR-AC-T?R-IS'TIC,  n.  [Ger.  characteristik .] 

1.  That  which  marks  the  character. 

This  vast  invention  is  the  great  characteristic  which  dis- 
tinguishes him  [Homer]  from  all  others.  Rope. 

2.  ( Logarithms .)  That  part  of  a logarithm 

which  is  a whole  number,  or  which  precedes  the 
point ; the  index ; the  exponent.  Davies. 

f GHAR-AC-TgR-IS'TI-CAL,  n.  Characteristic. 
“ It  is  not  the  characteristical  of  a body  to  have 
dimensions,  but  to  be  impenetrable.”  More. 

GHAR-AC-TI?R-IS'TI-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a charac- 
teristic manner. 

GHAR- AC-TER-IS'TI-CAL-NESS,  n.  The  quality 
of  being  characteristic.  Johnson. 

GHAr-AC-TER-I-ZA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  char- 
acterizing. [r.]  Dr.  N.  Drake. 

GHAR'AC-TER-IZE,  V.  a.  [Gr.  ; Fr. 

caracteriser.}  [i.  characterized  ; pp.  char- 
acterizing, CHARACTERIZED.] 

X.  To  designate  or  distinguish  by  a mark. 

European,  Asiatic,  Chinese,  African,  and  Grecian  faces 
are  characterized.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  fTo  engrave  ; to  imprint. 

Sentiments  characterized  and  engraven  in  the  soul,  born 
with  it,  and  growing  up  with  it.  Hale. 

3.  To  describe  or  exhibit  by  qualities  ; to  ex- 
press or  describe  the  character  of. 

It  is  some  commendation  that  we  have  avoided  to  charac- 
terize any  person  without  long  experience.  Swift. 

Syn.  — See  Name. 

GHAR'AC-TIJR-LESS,  a.  Without  a character. 

And  mighty  states,  characterless,  are  grated 
To  dusty  nothing.  Shak. 


GHAr'AC-T^R— MA'K  pR,  n.  One  who  draws  char- 
acters. Warburton. 

GIIAr* AC-TER-Y,  n.  1.  Mode  of  expression 
by  signs  or  characters. 

Fairies  use  flowers  for  their  character ij.  Shak. 

2.  Characterization. 

A third  sort . . . bestowed  their  time  in  drawing  out  the 
true  lineaments  of  every  virtue  and  vice  so  lively,  that  who 
saw  the  medals  might  know  the  face:  which  art  they  signifi- 
cantly termed  character!/.  ftp.  //all. 

(IHA-rAde'  (sl)a-rad'),  n.  [Fr.,  from  the  name 
of  the  inventor.]  A species  of  riddle  the  sub- 
ject of  which  is  a name  or  a word  that  is  enig- 
matically described  by  its  several  syllables  and 
by  their  combination  as  a whole. 

Syn.  — See  Riddle. 

EHAr-A-DRI  ’ A-DJE,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  %apa6pi6s,  a bird, 
supposed  to  be  the  lapwing  or  the  curlew.]  ( Or- 
nith.)  A family  of  birds  of  the  order  Grallce, 
including  the  sub-families  OEdicneminec,  Curso- 
rinte,  Glareolinoe , Charcidrince,  Hcematopodince, 
and  Cinclince ; plovers.  Gray. 

Ell  A R-A-  DRI  fVJE,  11.  pi. 

[See  Charadiiiadaj.] 

( Ornith .)  A sub-family 
of  birds  of  the  order 
Grallce  and  family  Char- 
adriadee ; plovers.  Gray. 

CHAr'AG,  n A tribute 
paid  by  Christians  and 
Jews  in  Turkey.  Crabl 

9HAR'BON,  n.  [Fr.]  (Farriery.)  A little  black 
spot  or  mark  remaining  after  the  large  spot  in 
the  cavity  of  the  corner  tooth  of  a horse  is 
gone.  Farm.  Ency. 

CHAR'COAL,  n.  [char  and  coal.  See  Char,  v.} 
Coal  made  by  charring  or  burning  wood  under 
turf,  or  with  little  access  of  air  ; coal  from  wood. 

CHARD,  n.  [L.  carduus,  a thistle  or  artichoke; 
Sp.  cardo  ; Fr.  chardon .]  A term  used  for  the 
footstalks  and  midrib  of  artichokes  and  car- 
doons  when  they  are  blanched  and  made  pala- 
table by  exclusion  of  the  light  : — a name  ap- 
plied also  to  the  white  beet.  Farm.  Ency. 

ciiAre,  n.  A narrow  street  or  court.  — Chare- 
foot,  the  end  of  a narrow  street  or  court.  — See 
Char,  and  Choke.  [North  of  Eng.]  Ld.  Eldon. 

^hAr'FRON,  n.  [Fr.  chanfrein.}  A plate  of 
steel,  or  piece  of  leather,  to'  protect  the  face  of  a 
horse  in  plate-armor.  — See  Chanfrin.  Brande. 

CHARGE,  v.  a.  [Low  L .carrico,  to  load  ; L.  car- 
ries, a car  ; It.  caricare  ; Sp.  cargar  ; Fr.  charger.} 
[i  CHARGED  ; pp.  CHARGING,  CHARGED.] 

1.  To  overload  ; to  burden. 

What  a sigh  is  there ! the  heart  is  sorely  charged.  Shak 

2.  To  prepare  with  powder  and  shot  or  ball  ; 
to  load  ; as,  “ To  charge  a musket.” 

3.  To  commission  for  a certain  purpose;  to 
intrust. 

And  Pharaoh  was  wroth  against  two  of  his  officers,  . . . 
ami  he  put  them  . . . into  the  prison,  the  place  where  Joseph 
was  hound;  and  the  captain  of  the  guard  charged  Joseph 
with  them.  Gen.  xl.  2,  0,  4. 

4.  To  put  upon  as  a task  or  a duty. 

The  gospel  chargeth  us  with  piety  towards  God.  Tillotson. 

5.  To  impute,  or  register,  as  a debt,  or  some- 
thing for  which  another  is  answerable. 

Perverse  mankind!  whose  wills,  created  free, 

Charge  all  their  woes  on  absolute  decree.  Pope. 

6.  To  accuse;  to  impeach;  to  inculpate;  to 
arraign  ; as,  “ To  charge  a person  with  a crime.” 

7.  To  command;  to  enjoin. 

And  he  straitly  charged  them  that  they  should  not  make 
him  known.  Mark  iii.  12. 

8.  To  fall  upon  ; to  attack. 

The  Grecians  rally,  and  their  powers  unite, 

With  fury  charge  us,  and  renew  the  fight.  Dryden. 

To  charge  a body , ( Elec .)  to  communicate  electricity 
to  it ; to  develop  electricity  in  it. 

Syn.  — See  Accuse. 

CHARGE,  v.  n.  To  make  an  onset. 

Like  your  heroes  of  antiquity,  he  charges  in  iron.  Granrille. 

Charge,  Chester,  charge!  On,  Stanley,  ou!  Scott. 

CHARGE,  n.  [It.  carco  ; Sp  .carga;  Fr  .charge.'] 

1.  A load ; a burden.  “ Asses  of  great 

charge .”  Shak. 

2.  The  quantity  of  powder  and  shot,  or  of 
powder  and  ball,  put  into  a gun. 


Charadrius  pluvialis. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BOLL,  BUR,  RULE. — 9,  9,  9,  g,  soft ; G,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  ^ as  z;  ^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


CHARGE  ABILITY 


CHARITY 


228 


3.  Trust  to  defend  ; care  ; custody. 

lie  shall  give  his  angels  charge  over  thee,  to  keep  thee  in 
all  thy  ways.  Ps.  xci.  11. 

4.  That  which  is  intrusted  to  another. 

He  sighed,  abandoning  his  charge  to  fate.  Dryden. 

5.  Commission  ; duty  ; office  ; employment. 

If  large  possessions,  pompous  titles,  honorable  charges,  and 

profitable  commissions  could  have  made  this  proud  man  hap- 
py, there  would  have  been  nothing  wanting.  L' Estrange. 

6.  Precept ; mandate  ; injunction. 

St.  Paul  giveth  charge  to  beware  of  philosophy.  Hooker . 

7.  Accusation ; imputation. 

tVe  need  not  lay  new  matter  to  his  charge.  Shak. 

8.  Instruction  of  a judge  to  a jury,  or  an  ex- 

hortation of  a bishop  to  his  clergy,  or  of  one 
clergyman  to  another.  Dryden. 

9.  Cost ; expense  ; — commonly  in  the  plural. 

A man  ought  warily  to  begin  charges,  which,  once  begun, 

will  continue.  Bacon. 

10.  Price  set  on  goods ; sum  charged ; as, 
“ To  enter  a charge  in  an  account-book.” 

11.  The  act  of  rushing  on  an  enemy  ; onset ; 
attack  ; assault ; encounter. 

Honorable  retreats  are  no  ways  inferior  to  brave  charges. 

Bacon. 

12.  The  posture  of  a weapon  for  attack. 

Their  armed  staves  in  charge,  their  beavers  down.  Shak. 

13.  (Farriery.)  A kind  of  ointment.  Johnson. 

14.  (Elec.)  An  accumulation  of  electricity  ; 
communicated  or  developed  electrical  force. 

15.  (Her.)  The  bearing  or  figure  depicted  on 

an  escutcheon.  Peacham. 

Syn.  — See  Attack,  Care,  Cost,  Office. 

CHARGE- A-BlL'l-Ty,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
chargeable ; chargeableness.  Chambers. 

CIIAR<jJE'A-BLE,  a.  1.  That  may  be  charged; 
as,  “ A tax  or  duty  is  chargeable  on  certain 
kinds  of  property,  or  the  property  is  chargeable 
with  a certain  duty.” 

2.  Expensive  ; burdensome  ; costly. 

We  . . . wrought  with  labor  and  travail  night  and  day.  that 
we  might  not  be  chargeable  to  any  of  you.  2 Thess.  iii.  8. 

3.  Imputable,  as  a debt  or  crime. 

Some  fault  chargeable  upon  him.  South. 

4.  Subject  to  accusation. 

Your  papers  would  be  chargeable  with  something  worse 
than  indelicacy;  they  would  be  immoral.  Spectator. 

CHARtJfE'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
chargeable  ; expensiveness  ; costliness. 

CHAR^IE'A-BLY,  ad.  Expensively.  Ascham. 

CHARGED  (charjd),  p.  a.  Burdened:  — loaded, 
as  a gun  : — imputed,  as  a debt : — accused : — 
commanded  : — exhorted. 

CHARGE  D'AFFAIRES  (shar-zha'dSf-fAr'),  n.  ; pi. 
charoEs  d’affaires.  [Fr.]  The  third  or 
lowest  class  of  foreign  ministers,  according  to 
the  regulations  adopted  at  the  Congress  of  Vi- 
enna, in  1815.  Brancle. 

Syn.  — See  Ambassador. 

f Cfl ARQE'FUL,  a.  Expensive;  costly.  “The 
chargeful  fashion.”  Shak. 

t CHARGE'— HOUSE,  n.  A free  school : — a school- 
house. 

Do  you  not  educate  youth  at  the  charge-house ? Shak. 

CHARfjlE'LESS,  a.  Free  from  charge ; cheap. 
“A  place  . . . roomy,  and  chargeless.”  Bp.  Hall. 

CHARTER)  n.  1.  One  who  charges. 

2.  (Law.)  One  who  charges  another  in  a law- 
suit. 

3.  A large  dish  or  platter. 

This  golden  charger  snatched  from  burning  Troy.  Dryrlen. 

4.  A war-horse.  “ This  charger,  till  he  was 

roused  by  the  approaching  danger,  was  usual- 
ly led  by  an  attendant.”  Gibbon. 

CH  ARC '1ST,  n.  A maker  of  charges.  Dr.  Dibdin. 

CHAr'J-LY,  or  CHA'RI-LY,  ad.  [See  Chary.]  In 
a wary  manner ; warily  ; cautiously  ; scrupu- 
lously ; frugally.  Shak. 

CIiAR'I-NESS,  or  CHA'RI-NESS,  n.  Caution  ; 
nicety;  scrupulousness.  “The  chariness  of 
your  honesty.”  Shak. 

CHAR'I-OT,  n.  [Gael,  carbad ; It.  carretta  ; Sp. 
carro ; Fr.  chariot .] 

1.  A car  formerly  used  in  war. 

Chariot  and  charioteer  lay  overturned.  Milton. 


2.  A wheel  carriage  of  pleasure  or  of  state  ; a 
half  coach. 

1 departed  from  London  in  a small  chariot  drawn  by  two 
horses.  Ludlouj'd  Memoirs. 

CHAR'I-OT,  v.  a.  To  convey  in  a chariot,  [k.] 

No  — let  her  pass,  and  charioted  along, 

In  guilty  splendor  shake  the  public  wuys.  Coivper. 

CHAR-I-OT-EER',  n.  One  who  drives  a chariot. 
“Mounted  combatants  and  charioteers.” Coivper. 

CIIAR-I-OT-EER'ING,  n.  The  act  of  driving  or 
managing  chariots.  P.  Cyc. 

CHAR'I-OT— MAN,  n.  The  driver  of  a chariot;  a 
charioteer.  2 Chron.  xviii.  33. 

CHAR'I-OT-RAce,  n.  A race  with  chariots. 

CHAR'J-OT— RA'C^R,  n.  One  employed  in  a char- 
iot race.  Creech. 

CHAR'I-TA-BLE,  a.  [Fr.  charitable.'] 

1.  Full  of  good-will  or  tenderness;  benevo- 
lent; kind;  as,  “ A charitable  disposition.” 

9.  Bountiful  in  giving  alms  ; beneficent ; lib- 
eral ; generous. 

How  shall  we  then  wish  to  live  our  lives  over  again,  in  or- 
der to  fill  every  moment  with  charitable  offices  I Atterbui'y. 

lie  who  gives  most  in  proportion  to  his  circumstances,  and 
not  he  who  gives  absolutely  most,  is  the  most  charitable  per- 
son. Waterland. 

3.  Pertaining  to  charity  ; as,  “ A charitable 
institution.” 

CHAR'I-TA-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
charitable.  Milton. 

CHAR'I-TA-BLY,  ad.  In  a charitable  manner. 

f CHAR'I-TA-TlVE,  a.  Disposed  to  tenderness. 
“ Charitative  considerations.”  Fell. 

CHArT-TY,  n.  [Gr.  ^;upis,  ^dpiros,  kindness;  L. 
caritas  ; It.  carita  ; Sp.  caridad  ; Fr.  charite .] 

1.  Good  affection  ; love  ; tenderness  ; kind- 
ness ; good-will ; benevolence. 

Now  abideth  faith,  hope,  charity,  these  three;  but  the  great- 
est  of  these  is  charity.  2 Cor.  xiii.  13. 

Now  abideth  faith,  hope,  and  love , even  these  three;  but 
the  chief  of  these  is  love.  1’yndale's  Trans. 

Relations  dear,  and  all  the  charities 
Of  father,  son,  and  brother.  Milton. 

2.  A disposition  to  put  a favorable  construc- 
tion on  the  conduct  or  on  the  frailties  of  others. 

Above  all  things,  have  fervent  charity  among  yourselves; 
for  charity  will  cover  the  multitude  of  sins.  I Pet.  iv.  8. 

The  highest  exercise  of  charity  is  charity  towards  the  un- 
charitable. Buckminster. 

3.  Active  goodness  ; liberality  to  the  poor. 

The  heathen  noet,  in  commending  the  charity  of  Dido  to 
the  Trojans,  spoke  like  a Christian.  Dryden. 

It  is  an  old  saying  that  charity  begins  at  home;  but  this  is 
no  reason  It  should  not  go  abroad.  Cumberland. 

4.  A gift  or  benefaction  to  the  poor ; alms. 

I never  had  the  confidence  to  beg  a charity . Dryden. 

5.  (Laic.)  A bequest  for  indigent  persons, 
free  schools,  &c.,  or  a bequest  upon  which  a 
charitable  institution  is  founded. 

“ Lore  and  charity  are  used  in  our  authorized 
version  of  the  New  Testament  promiscuously,  and 
out  of  the  sense  of  their  equivalence  are  made  to  rep- 
resent one  and  the  same  Greek  word  ; but  in  modern 
use,  charity  has  come  almost  exclusively  to  signify 
one  particular  manifestation  of  love, — the  supply  of 
the  bodily  needs  of  others,  — lore  continuing  to  ex- 
press the  affections  of  the  soul.”  Trench. 

CIIAR'I-TY— SCHo6l,  n.  A school  supported  by 
charity.  Ld.  Cower. 

QUA  ’RI-VA-RI’  (sh&'re-va-re'),  n.  [Fr.]  A vile 
or  noisy  music  made  with  tin  horns,  bells,  ket- 
tles, pans,  &c.,  in  derision  of  some  person  or 
event ; a mock  serenade.  Boiste.  Bartlett. 

f CHARK,  v.  n.  [Perhaps  from  char.  Johnson .] 
To  burn  to  a black  cinder ; to  char.  Grew. 

CIIAR’LA-TAN,  n.  [It.  ciarlatano ; ciarlare,  to 
talk  much ; Fr.  charlatan .]  One  who  makes 
unwarrantable  pretensions ; a quack  ; a moun- 
tebank. Hudibras. 

Syn.  — See  Quack. 

(jlHAR-LA-TAN'lC,  1 a.  Resembling  a char- 

tpHAR-LA-TAN'I-CAL,  ) latan ; quackish;  empir- 
ical. Cowley. 

9HAR-LA-tAn'I-CAE-LY,  ad.  Like  a charlatan. 

tJHAR'LA-TAN-I.jiM,  n.  Charlatanry.  Brit.  Crit. 

^HAR'LA-T AN-RY,  n.  Quackery;  empiricism; 
deceit ; charlatanism.  Johnson. 

CHARLE§’§— WAIN'  (charlz'ez-wan'),  n.  [Goth. 
karlwagn.  Toone.  ■ — A.  S.  Carles  wren.  — “ So 
named  in  honor  of  Charlemagne."  Nares.  — “A 


corruption  of  the  churl's  or  carl's  wain,  that  is, 
the  rustic’s  or  farmer’s  wagon ; as  it  is  also 
called  ‘ the  Plough.’  ” Dean  Iloare .]  (Astron.) 
A name  given  to  the  constellation  Ursa  Major, 
or  Greater  Bear  : — applied  also  to  the  constel- 
lation Ursa  Minor,  or  Lesser  Bear.  Hatton. 

CIIAR'LOCK,  n.  [A.  S.  cerlice.]  (Bot.)  A weed, 
or  wild  species  of  the  mustard  family,  with  a 
yellow  flower ; Sinapis  arvensis.  Loudon. 

CIIAR'LOTTE— RUSSE,  n.  [Fr.  charlotte,  a mar- 
malade of  apples  covered  with  bits  of  toasted 
bread,  and  Basse,  Russian.]  (Cookery.) 
Whipped  cream,  or  whipped  cream-cheese  cov- 
ered with  a sort  of  sponge-cake.  Nichols. 

CHARM,  n.  [L.  carmen,  a song ; It.  ciarma ; Fr. 
char  me.— A.  S.  cirm .] 

1.  Words,  sounds,  philters,  or  characters  of 
occult  power;  enchantment;  spell ; incantation. 

Antaius  could  by  magic  charms 

Recover  strength  whene’er  he  fell.  Swift. 

2.  Something  of  power  to  gain  the  affections  ; 
attraction  ; allurement ; fascination. 

The  smiles  of  nature  and  the  charms  of  art.  Addison. 

Syn.  — See  Grace. 

CHARM,  v.  a.  [I.  charmed  ; pp.  charming, 

CHARMED.] 

1.  fTo  sustain  or  fortify  by  enchantment. 

I bear  a charmed  life,  which  must  not  yield 

To  one  of  woman  born.  Shak. 

2.  To  subdue  or  allay  by  some  secret  power. 

Music  the  fiercest  grief  can  charm.  Pope. 

3.  To  please  greatly;  to  delight;  to  capti- 
vate; to  fascinate;  to  enrapture;  to  transport; 
to  enchant. 

For  eloquence  the  soul,  song  charms  the  sense.  Milton . 

Syn. — To  charm  is  not  so  strong  as  to  enchant ; to 
enchant  not  so  strong  as  to  enrapture.  To  captivate 
and  to  fascinate  are  stronger  terms  than  to  attract. 
That  which  charms,  enchants , and  enraptures  affords 
pleasure  for  the  time  ; that  which  fascinates  and  cap- 
tivates rivets  tile  mind  to  the  object — Charmed,  en- 
chanted, or  enraptured  by  what  is  seen,  heard,  or  learnt ; 
fascinated  by  what  is  seen  or  heard  ; captivated  by  what 
is  seen  ; attracted  by  persons  or  by  manners.  — Charmed, 
or  enchanted  with  poetry,  music,  scenery,  or  beauty  ; 
fascinated  or  captivated  by  a person  of  pleasing  appear- 
ance, manners,  and  conversation  ; delighted  with  the 
society  of  a friend. 

CHARM,  v.  n.  To  act  as  a charm. 

And  all  the  while  harmonious  airs  were  heard 

Of  chiming  strings  or  charming  pipes.  Milton. 

CHARMED  (cliirmd),  p.  a.  Enchanted  ; fasci- 
nated. “ I will  her  charmed  eye  release.”  Shak. 

CIlARM'pR,  n.  1.  One  who  charms;  an  enchant- 
er ; a magician. 

There  shall  not  be  found  among  you  ...  an  enchanter,  or 
a witch,  or  a charmer. ...  or  a necromancer.  Deut.  xviii.  11. 

2.  One  who  fascinates  or  delights  ; — a word 
of  endearment. 

O,  think  that  beauty  waits  on  thy  decree. 

And  thy  loved,  loveliest  charmer  pleads  with  me.  Shenstone. 

CHARM'  IJR-ESS,  n.  An  enchantress.  Chaucer. 

CHARM'FUL,  a.  Abounding  with  charms,  [r.] 
And  with  him  bid  his  charmful  lyre  to  bring.  Cowley . 

CHARM'ING, p.  a.  Highly  pleasing ; delightful  - 
fascinating ; captivating  ; enchanting. 

How  charming  is  divine  philosophy  1 Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Agreeable,  Amiable,  Delight- 
ful. 

CIIARM'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a charming manner.SAa&. 

CH  ARM'ING-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  de- 
lightfui.  Johnson. 

CHARM'Lf.SS,  a.  Destitute  of  charms.  Swift. 

CHAR'Ng-CO,  n.  A sort  of  sweet  wine.  “ Here’s 
a cup  of  charneco.”  Shak. 

CHAR'NIJL,  a.  Containing  flesh,  or  dead  bodies. 
“ Oft  seen  in  charnel  vaults.”  Milton. 

CHAR'NJJL,  n.  [L.  carnalis,  carnal ; caro,  carnis, 
flesh;  Fr.  charnier.]  A repository  for  the 
bones  of  the  dead ; a charnel-house.  Young. 

CHAR'NEL-HOUSE,  n.  A place  under  a church, 
or  appended  to  one,  where  the  bones  of  the 
dead  are  reposited.  Shak. 

fHAR  ’PIE,  n.  [Fr.]  (Swg.)  Lint  used  in  dressing 
wounds,  making  compresses,  &c.  Dunglison. 

CHAR'RY,  a.  [See  Char.]  Burned,  as  charcoal ; 
like  charcoal.  Smart. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  V,  short;  A,  £,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


CHART 


229 


CHASTISEMENT 


CHART  [chart,  P.  E.  Sm.  C.  Wb.  ; kart  or  chart, 
S.  \V.  J.  F.  Ja.  K.],  n.  [Gr.  ^aprijf,  a sheet 
or  leaf  of  papyrus  or  paper;  L.  charta ; Fr. 
charte.]  A hydrographic  or  marine  map,  or  a 
delineation  of  coasts,  shoals,  isles,  rocks,  &c., 
for  the  use  of  seamen.  Johnson. 

Plane  chart,  a chart  in  which  the  meridians  are 
represented  as  parallel,  or  in  the  construction  of  which 
no  allowance  is  made  for  the  rotundity  of  the  earth. 
— Mercator’s  chart,  a chart,  invented  by  Gerard  Mer- 
cator, in  which  the  meridians  are  straight  lines, 
parallel  and  equidistant,  the  parallels  straight  lines 
perpendicular  to  the  meridians,  and  parallel  to  each 
other,  the  distance  between  them  increasing  from  the 
equator  towards  either  pole,  in  the  ratio  of  the  secant 
of  the  latitude  to  the  radius ; the  object  being  to  pre- 
serve the  same  ratio  between  the  degrees  of  latitude 
and  of  longitude  as  actually  obtains  on  the  surface  of 
the  globe. — Topographical  chart,  a chart  in  which 
only  a small  portion  of  the  earth’s  surface  is  repre- 
sented. — Stenographic  chart,  a representation  ot  the 
appearances  on  the  surface  of  the  moon. 

“ As  this  word  is  perfectly  Anglicized,  by  cut- 
ting off  the  a in  the  Latin  cliarta,  and  ij;  in  the  Greek 
Xaprris,  we  ought  certainly  to  naturalize  the  initial 
letters  by  pronouncing  them  as  in  charter,  charity,  Sec. ; 
but  such  is  our  fondness  for  Latin  and  Greek  originals, 
that  we  catch  at  the  shadow  of  a reason  for  pronounc- 
ing after  these  languages,  though  in  direct  opposition 
to  the  laws  of  our  own.  Thus  we  most  frequently, 
if  not  universally,  hear  this  word  pronounced  as  cart, 
a carriage,  and  perfectly  like  the  French  carte.” 
Walker The  pronunciation  chart  is  now  well  au- 

thorized. 

CHART,  v.  a.  To  illustrate  by  charts ; to  deline- 
ate geographically ; to  map.  Lord  Ellesmere. 

enjilt ' TA  (kar'ta),  n.  [L.,  a leaf  of  papyrus,  or 
paper.]  (Late.)  A charter  ; a public  deed  con- 
veying a grant.  Crabb. 

CHAR-TA'CEOUS  (-sluts,  66),  a.  [L.  chartaceus, 
made  of  paper.]  (Lot.)  Papery  ; resembling 
paper.  “ Chartaceous  leaves.”  Brande. 

QHARTE  (shirt),  n.  [Fr.]  The  fundamental  law 
or  constitution  of  the  French  monarchy,  as  es- 
tablished on  the  restoration  of  Louis  XVIII., 
in  1814.  Brande. 

■ vi..  Todd. 

CHAR'TgR,  ».  [Fr.  tAniuv.-  Sc.e  Cjiakt.O 

1.  A writing  or  written  paper  bestowing  priv- 
ileges or  rights. 

If  you  deny  it,  let  the  danger  light 

Upon  your  charter  and  your  city’s  freedom.  Shak. 

2.  Privilege  ; immunity. 

I must  have  liberty 
Withal  as  large  a charter  as  the  wind, 

To  blow  on  whom  I please.  Shak. 

CHAR'Tf.R,  v.  a.  [ i . chartered  ; pp.  charter- 
ing, chartered.]  1.  To  establish  by  charter  ; 
to  incorporate.  Burke. 

2.  To  let  or  to  hire  on  contract,  as  a ship ; as, 
“A  ship  chartered  for  a voyage  to  Calcutta.” 

CHAR'TIJRED  (chir'terd),  p.  a.  1.  Granted  by 
a charter ; protected  by  a charter.  Burke. 

2.  Privileged  ; permitted ; licensed. 

When  he  speaks. 

The  air,  a chartered  libertine,  is  still.  Shak. 

CH  AR'TJJR-ISR,  n.  1.  One  who  charters. 

2.  A-  freeholder.  [Cheshire,  Eng.]  Crabb. 

CHAR’TIJR-IST,  n.  An  adherent  to  the  People’s 
Charter.  — See  Chartism.  Gent.  Mag. 

CHAR'TJJR— LAND,  n.  (Law.)  Land  held  by 
charter  ; bookland ; freehold.  Coke. 

CIIAR'TIJR— PAR'TY,  n.  [Fr.  chartre-partie ; 
chartre,  a charter,  and  parti,  divided  ; so  named 
from  the  fact  that  each  party  to  it  has  a copy.] 
(Com.  Law.)  An  indenture  or  agreement  by 
which  the  owner  or  master  of  a ship  lets  the 
whole,  or  a part  of  it,  for  the  conveyance  of 
goods,  under  certain  specified  conditions,  to  one 
or  more  places.  Hale. 

CHAR'TISjjM,  n.  A term  designating  the  princi- 
ples adopted  by  a party  of  radical  reformers  in 
England,  and  promulgated  in  a document  called 
the  People’s  Charter,  in  which  universal  suf- 
frage, annual  Parliaments,  vote  by  ballot,  elec- 
toral districts,  and  payment  of  members  of  Par- 
liament, were  the  five  leading  points.  Craig. 

CHAR'TIST,  n.  One  who  holds  the  principles  set 
forth  in  the  People’s  Charter  ; a radical  reform- 
er. — See  Chartism.  Craig. 


CHART'LIJSS,  a.  Without  a chart.  Craig. 

CHAR-TOM'F-TpR,  n.  [Gr.  ^a'prpt,  paper,  and 
pirpov,  a measure.]  An  instrument  for  meas- 
uring maps  and  charts.  Hamilton. 

CHARTREUSE  (shar'truz),  n.  [Fr.,  from  the 
desert  of  Chartreuse,  in  Grenoble,  where  the 
order  of  Carthusians  was  established  by  Bruno 
in  1086.]  A monastery  of  Carthusians.  Shak. 

CHARTREUX  (shir'tru),  n.  [Fr.]  A Carthusian 
friar  or  monk.  P.  Cyc. 

jEHAR'TU-LA-RY,  n.  See  Cartulary. 

CHAr'— WO-MAN  (chAr'wum-an),  n.  A woman 
who  works  by  the  day,  or  who  does  small  jobs. 
— See  Char.  Swift. 

•CHAr'Y  (chir'e  or  clia're),  a.  [A.  S.  cearig ; cea- 
rian,  to  take  care,  to  be  anxious.]  Careful ; 
cautious  ; shy  ; wary. 

Yet  I am  char p too  who  comes  about  me.  Beau.  Sf  FI. 

The  chariest  maid  is  prodigal  enough 

If  she  unmask  her  beauty  to  the  moon.  Shak. 

CIJA-RYB  ' DIS,n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  Xdpu/Mi$.]  (Geog.) 
A whirlpool,  formerly  dangerous,  between  Italy 
and  Sicily,  and  opposite  to  the  rock  Scylla. 

Scylla  wept, 

And  chid  her  barking  waves  into  attention; 

And  fell  Charybd is  murmured  soft  applause.  Milton. 

CHAS'A-BLE,  a.  Fit  to  be  chased.  Gower. 

CHASE,  V.  a.  [».  CHASED  ; pp.  CHASING,  chased.] 

1.  [It-  cacciare ; Sp .cacear;  Fr .chasser.]  To 
pursue  as  an  enemy,  or  as  game  ; to  hunt. 

Mine  enemies  chased  me  sore,  like  a bird.  Lam.  iii.  52. 

2.  To  drive  or  force  away. 

lie  that  wasteth  his  father,  and  chaseth  away  his  mother, 
is  a son  that  causeth  shame.  Prov.  xix.  2G. 

3.  [Fr.  chasse,  a case.]  To  emboss,  as  met- 
als ; to  enchase.  — See  Enchase. 

Like  emeralds  chased  in  gold.  Scott. 

CHASE,  n.  1.  Hunting  ; field-sport. 

The  chase  I sing,  hounds,  and  their  various  breed. 

Somerville. 

2.  Pursuit  of  an  enemy,  of  any  thing  as 
game,  or  of  that  which  is  desired.  “We  gave 

” Tt/yrnn  “TUG  r1  i 

, 

3.  Fitness  iu  uc  hunted , appropriation  to 
the  sport  of  hunting;  as,  “ Beasts  of  chase.” 

4.  The  game  hunted  ; object  of  pursuit. 

Hold,  Warwick!  seek  thee  out  some  other  chase.  Shak. 

5.  Open  ground  stored  with  game  ; a kind  of 

park  unenclosed.  Cowell. 

lie  and  his  lady  both  are  at  the  lodge, 

Upon  the  north  side  of  this  pleasant  chase.  Shak. 

6.  A row  or  rank  of  plants  or  trees,  and 

more  especially  of  hedge  plants.  Brande. 

7.  That  part  of  a cannon,  or  large  gun,  in 

which  the  bore  is.  Park. 

8.  (Printing.)  [Fr.  chasse,  a case ; chassis,  a 

frame.]  An  iron  frame  to  confine  types  set  in 
pages.  Francis. 

9.  (Tennis.)  A term  signifying  the  spot 
where  a ball  falls,  beyond  which  the  adversary 
must  strike  his  ball  to  gain  a point.  Johnson. 

10.  (Mech.)  A wide  groove.  Ogilvie. 

Syn.  — See  Forest. 

CHASE'— GUN,  n.  (Naut.)  A gun  lying  at  the 
head  to  fire  on  a vessel  that  is  pursued.  Dry  den. 

CHAS'^R,  n.  1.  One  who  chases;  a hunter.  Shak. 

2.  An  enchaser.  Johnson. 

3.  (Naut.)  The  vessel  pursuing : — also  a 

term  applied  to  guns  at  the  bow  and  stern  for 
firing  when  in  chase.  Brande. 

CHA§'l-BLE,  n.  [Fr.  chasuble.]  (Eccl.)  A kind 
of  cope.  — See  Chasuble.  Hook. 

CHAS'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  pursuing. 

2.  The  art  of  embossing  on  metals,  or  of  rep- 

resenting figures  in  bass  relief  by  punching  them  I 
out  from  behind,  and  carving  them  on  the  fron' 
with  small  chisels  and  gravers.  Francis 

3.  The  art  of  cutting  the  threads  of  screws. 

CHASM  (k&zm),  n.  [Gr.  yLyi a ; L.  chasrna.] 

1.  A breach  unclosed ; an  opening ; a clef 
a fissure  ; as,  “ A chasm  in  a rock.” 

2.  A place  unfilled  ; a vacuity. 

Such  whose  supine  felicity  but  makes 

In  story  •chasms,  in  epochas  mistakes.  Dry 

Syn.  — See  Breach. 


jCHASMED  (kazmd),  a.  Having  gaps  or  openings. 
“ Fast  by  yon  chasmed  hill.”  Essays  (1796). 

jCHAIjM'Y,  a.  Having  chasms,  [r.]  Wordsworth. 

QHAS  ' SE-LAS  (shas'se-las),  n.  [Fr.]  A sort  of 
grape.  Fleming  8$  Tibbins. 

fHAS-SEUR  1 (shas-sUr'),  n.  [Fr.,  a hunter .]  (Mil.) 
A horseman ; one  of  a select  body  of  light  in- 
fantry. Crabb. 

CHASTE,  a.  [L.  castus ; It.  fy  Sp.  casto  ; Fr. 
chaste .] 

1.  Pure  from  fornication  or  adultery  ; with- 
out stain  ; virtuous  ; modest. 

Diana  chaste  and  Hebe  fair.  Prior. 

That  they  may  teach  the  young  women  ...  to  love  their 
husbands,  to  love  their  children,  to  be  discreet,  chaste , keep- 
ers at  home.  Titus  ii.  4, 5. 

2.  Free  from  obscenity ; inoffensive. 

Among  words  which  signify  the  same  principal  ideas,  some 
are  clean,  others  unclean;  some  chaste,  others  obscene.  Watts.' 

3.  Pure  in  taste  and  style  ; uncorrupt. 

llis  style  in  writing  was  chaste  and  pure.  Addison. 

Syn.  — See  Honest. 

CHASTE'— EYED  (-Id),  a.  Having  modest  eyes. 
The  oak-crowned  sisters  and  their  chaste-eyed  queen. Collins. 

CHASTE'LY,  ad.  In  a chaste  manner ; purely. 

II  CHAST'EN  (chas'sn)  [clias'tn,  S.TF.  J.  E.  Ja.  K.  ; 
clias'sn,  P.  F.  Sm.  R.  C.],  v.  a.  [L.  castigo  ; It. 
castigare.  — See  Chastise.]  [/.chastened; 
pp.  chastening,  chastened.]  To  inflict  pain 
upon  in  order  to  reclaim  ; to  correct ; to  pun- 
ish ; to  chastise. 

For  whom  the  Lord  loveth  he  chasteneth.  Meb.  xii.  G. 

To  the  hand  of  Heaven  submit, 

However  chastening.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Chastise. 

PQp  “ This  word  is  sometimes  falsely  pronounced 
with  the  a short,  so  as  to  rhyme  with/<zsZe>i ; but  it  is 
exactly  under  the  same  predicament  as  the  verb  to 
haste , which,  when  formed  into  what  is  called  an  in- 
choative verb,  becomes  hasten , and  with  which  chasten 
is  a perfect  rhyme.”  Walker. 

||  CH  ^ ^T'ENED  (chs'snd),  p.  a.  Corrected  ; hav- 
in'- :-?d  chastisement. 

IAS  H who  chast- 

ens ; a chastise-:. 

CHASTE'NESS,  n , 1.  The  miality 

chaste ; chastity. 

Religion  requires  the  1 " < t a eg  c inxTity  und  • haste- 
ness.  Young. 

2.  Purity  of  writing. 

He  wrote  without  chasteness  of  style  or  liveliness  of  ex- 
pression. Burnet. 

||  CHAS'TEN-Ing,  n.  Correction  ; chastisement. 

No  chastening  for  the  present  seemeth  to  be  joyous,  hut 
grievous,  Pfph  ’ ’ 

CHASTE'— TREE,  n.  (Bot.)  The 

of  the  genus  Vitex  ; — especiallj  . to  me 

Vitex  agnus  castus,  from  the  idea  that  its  seeds 
were  useful  in  securing  chastity.  Loudon. 

CHAS-Tl§'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  chastised; 
punishable.  Sherwood. 

CHAS-TllyE',  v.  a.  [L.  castigo  ; It.  castigare  ; Sp. 
castigar  ; Old  Fr.  ehastier : Fr.  chatier ; Dut. 
kastijden .]  [t.  > - . 

CHASTISED.1 

1.  To  r,.  I t,y  punishment;  to  chasten; 
to  puir 

I t i '.astise  you  seven  times  for  your  sins.  Lev.  xxvi.  28. 
.o  restrain  within  proper  limits  ; to  keep 
1 v n faults  or  excesses  ; to  repress. 

The  gay,  social  scene 

By  decency  chastised.  Thomson. 

jyn.  — To  chastise , chasten,  and  correct  are  all  used 
the  sense  of  punishing  in  order  to  amendment. 

. 'arents  chastise  and  correct  their  children.  “ Whom 
e Lord  lovetli  he  chasteneth .”  Ileb.  xii.  f).  — Crimi- 
i als  and  disorderly  students  are  punished ; schools 
nd  troops  are  disciplined.  — Punishment  is  inflicted 
.s  a penalty  to  uphold  the  laws  and  prevent  crimes  ; 
chastisement  to  reclaim  the  offender. 

IAS-TI^ED'  (ch$s-tlzd'),  p.  a.  1.  Punished. 

2.  Restrained  within  proper  limits ; freed 

from  faults  or  excesses.  “The  most  chastised 
and  accomplished  literature  that  the  world  has 
ever  seen.”  E.  Everett. 

HAS'TI§E-MENT  [clias'tiz-ment,  S.  W.J.  F.  Ja. 
K.  Sm.  C.  Wb. ; ch^s-tlz'ment  or  ch$s'tjz-mdnt, 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  S6N  ; BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  <?,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  c, 


ard ; § as  z;  £ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


CHASTISER 


CHECK 


P.],n.  [Fr.  ch&timcnt.]  Correction;  punish- 
ment ; chastening. 

lie  receives  sickness  as  the  kind  chastisement  of  his  heav- 
enly Father.  Bentley. 

Syn.  — See  Correction. 

CHAS-TLjf'ER,  n.  One  who  chastises.  Sandys. 

CHAS'TI-TY  [chas'te-te,  IF.  J.  F.  F.  Ja.  Sm.  C. 
Wb. ; cliis'te-te,  S.  FX,  n.  [L.  castitas  ; It. 
castita ; Sp.  castidad ; Fr.  chastete.] 

1.  State  of  being  chaste  ; purity  of  the  body  ; 
continence. 

Even  here,  where  frozen  chastity  retires, 

Love  finds  an  altar  for  forbidden  fires.  Pope. 

2.  Freedom  from  obscenity,  or  from  barba- 
rous corruptions  ; as,  “ Chastity  of  language.” 

Syn. — See  Modesty. 

“ I have  in  this  word  departed  from  Mr.  Sher- 
idan, and  several  other  speakers,  in  the  sound  of  the 
a in  the  first  syllable,  as  no  analogy  can  be  clearer 
than  that  which  prevails  in  words  of  this  termination, 
where  the  antepenultimate  accent  always  shortens 
the  vowel.  Thus,  though  the  a,  e,  and  i are  long  in 
humane , serene , and  divine,  they  are  short  in  humanity , 
serenity , and  divinity  ; and  unless  custom  clearly  for- 
bids, which  I do  not  believe  is  the  cas e,  chastity  ought 
certainly  to  have  the  a as  I have  marked  it.”  Walker. 

CHA^'U-BLE,  n.  [Fr.]  ( Eccl .)  The  outermost 

dress  worn  by  a priest  at  mass  ; a cope.  Eden. 

CHAT,  v.  n . [Dut.  konten. — Fr.  caqnetcr.]  [i. 
CHATTED  ; pp.  CHATTING,  CHATTED.]  To  con- 
verse or  talk  freely  or  at  ease  ; to  prattle  ; to 
chatter  ; to  prate. 

The  shepherds  on  the  lawn 

Sat  simply  chatting  in  a rustic  row.  Milton. 

f CHAT,  v.  a.  To  talk  of.  Shak. 

CHAT,  n.  1.  Idle  or  familiar  talk  ; careless  prat- 
tle ; easy  conversation  ; prate. 

2.  [A.  S.  cith. ] A twig  or  little  stick. 

Syn.  — See  Conversation,  Prattle. 

CHATEAU  (sha-to'),  n.  [Fr.]  pi.  Fr.  cha  tea  xjx  ; 
Eng.  chateaus  (slfi-toz'). 

1.  A French  castle. 

The  strong  chateaus , those  feudal  fortresses.  Burke. 

2.  A country-seat.  Fleming^  I Tbdins. 

CHAT'E-LE  r (sliat'e-lt;),- {Fr.,  dim.  of  cha- 
teau] A little  castle.  Chambers. 

£F.r  T'EL  LA-NY  [y.-o'ei-ign-e,  S.  E.  F.  Ja.  C. ; 
chiSt'e-len-?,  W.  P.J,  n.  The  lordship  or  juris- 
diction of  the  governor  of  a castle. — See  Cas- 
TELLANY.  Swift. 

(JHA-TOY'ANT,  a.  [Fr.  chat,  a cat,  and  ceil,  an 
eye.]  (Jilin.)  Noting  minerals  which,  on  being 
turned,  exhibit  several  prismatic  colors  in  suc- 
cession, as  the  precious  opal;  — so  applied  in 
allusion  to  the  mutable  and  shining  colors  in 
the  eye  „f  a cat  in  the  dark.  Cleaveland. 

£11  A-TQY'ANT,  n.  A hard  stone  which,  being 
cut  smooth,  presents  on  its  surface  and  in  the 
interior  an  undulating  or  wavy  light.  Ogilvie. 

gilA-Tof 'MIJNT,  n.  [Fr.  chatoyement. ] (Min.) 

A change  or  play  of  colors.  Cleaveland. 

CHAT— PO-TA'TOE.j>,  n.  pi.  Small  potatoes,  such 
as  are  given  to  pigs.  Braude. 

CHAT  TEL  (chat  T.‘  '»!■>. [chat'tl,  S.W.J.F. 

E.  Sm.  Wb.-,  cliat'el,  1*.  ~7r>SLI , n.  [Low 

L.  captale  ; L.  caput,  a head  ; Old  Fr.  ratals,  ca- 
tels,  ehatels.  Spelman.  — See  Cattle.]  (Law.) 
Any  movable  property  or  goods,  as  furiiiture, 
plate,  money,  horses,  &c. 

Chattel  is  a very  comprehensive  term  in  our  law,  and  in- 
cludes every  species  of  property  which  is  not  real  estate  or  a 
freehold.  Bunill. 

Syn.  — See  Goods. 

CHAT'TIJR,  v.  n.  [Dut.  citteren ; Ger.  cittern, 
to  tremble ; “ formed  from  the  sound,”  says 
Skinner,  “ which  those  who  shiver  make  with 
their  teeth”;  Fr.  caqueter.  — See  Chat.]  [ i . 

CHATTERED  ; pp.  CHATTERING,  CHATTERED.] 

1.  To  make  a noise,  as  a magpie  or  a monkey. 

Nightingales  seldom  sing;  the  pie  still  chattereth.  Sidney. 

2.  To  make  a noise  by  collision  of  the  teeth. 

His  teeth  they  chatter,  chatter  still.  Wordsworth. 

3.  To  talk  idly,  freely,  or  carelessly;  to  chat ; 
to  prattle ; to  prate. 

Come  hither,  you  . . . 

That  chatter  in  unpointed  prose.  Jordan. 


230 


CIIAT'TFR,  n.  1.  Noise  like  that  made  by  a pie 
or  a monkey. 

The  mimic  ape  began  his  chatter.  Swift. 

2.  Idle  talk  ; prate  ; prattle.  Johnson. 

Syn.  — See  Prattle. 

CHAT-TER-A'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  chattering. 

2.  Disposition  or  habit  of  talking-  much. 
[Colloquial.]  Wilberforce. 

CHAT'T£R-BOX,  n.  An  incessant  talker.  Todd. 

CHAT'T^R-pR,  n.  1.  One  that  chatters  ; an  idle 
talker.  Sherwood. 

2.  (Ornith.)  A name  applied  to  birds  of  the 
family  Ampclidce.  Gray. 

CHAt'TJJR-ING,  n.  1.  Noise  like  that  made  by 
a pie,  or  by  the  collision  of  the  teeth.  Drayton. 

2.  Idle  or  unprofitable  talk  ; chat.  Watts. 

CHAT'TY,  a.  Chattering  ; conversing  freely. 

Expect  me  as  constant  as  your  cabinet,  and  as  chatty  as 
your  parrot.  Montagu. 

ChAt'VVOOD  (chat'wud),  n.  [See  Chat.]  Little 
sticks  ; fuel.  Johnson. 

t CHAU'DRON,  n.  See  Ciiawdron.  Todd. 

9HAUD'-MED'L?Y  (shod-),  n.  [Old  Fr.  chaud 
melle ; Fr.  chaud,  hot,  and  melee,  a broil.]  (Law.) 
A homicide  committed  on  a sudden,  and  in  the 
heat  of  blood  ; — distinguished  from  chance- 
medley,  which  is  killing  in  a casual  affray  in 
self-defence.  — See  Chance-medley.  Burrill. 

ChAu'FIJR,  n.  [Fr.  chauffer,  to  heat.]  A small 
table  furnace.  Francis. 


t ChAul'DRON,  n.  See  Ciiawdron.  Beau.  § FI. 


CIIAUMO.YTELLE  (sho-mon-tel'),  n.  [Fr.]  A 
sort  of  pear.  Johnson. 

f CH.AUN,  v.  n.  [Gr.  %aivu) ; A.  S.  geonan. ] To 
open  in  fissures.  Sherwood. 

+ CHAUN,  n.  A gap  ; a chasm.  Cotgrave. 

ChAunt  (cliint),  v.  See  Chant.  Todd. 


CIIAUSS&  (sho'sS),  a.  [Fr.,  shod.]  (Her.)  A 
term  denoting  a section  in  base.  Ogilvie. 

CHAU§$tiF  (slm'sS), «.  [Fr.]  A causeway  Sfiiartr 

CHAv'tIN-DIJR,  n.  [Fr.  chevesne.]  The  chub; 
the  cheven.  “ Choice  bait  for  the  chub  or  chav- 
ender."  Walton. 


CHAW,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  ceowan ; Ger.  kaueni]  [i. 
CHAWED  ; pp.  CHAWING,  CHAWED,  (f  CIIAW- 
en).]  To  grind  with  the  teeth;  to  masticate  ; 
to  chew.  “ Chawing  the  foamy  bit.”  Surrey, 
tfjf-  It  is  now  obsolete  or  vulgar. 

CHAW,  V-.  [See  Jaw.]  1.  The  chap  ; the  jaw. 
“ The  chaws  and  the  nape  of  the  neck.” Holland. 
2.  A cud,  as  of  tobacco  ; a chew.  [Vulgar.] 

t CH  A VV'DRON,  n.  Entrails  ; — written  also  chaul- 
dron.  Shak. 


CHAWN,  n.  See  Chaun.  Todd. 

CHAy'-ROOT,  n.  The  root  of  a plant,  cultivated 
in  India,  and  used  for  dyeing  red.  McCulloch. 

CHEAP  (chap),  a.  [A.  S.  ceapian,  to  buy ; Ger. 
kaufen,  to  buy.  “ Good-cheap  or  baa-cheap, 
i.  e.  well  or  ill-bargained,  bought  or  sold ; such 
were  formerly  the  modes  of  expression.  The 
modern  fashion  uses  the  word  only  for  good- 
cheap,  and  therefore  omits  the  epithet  good  as 
unnecessary.”  Tooke.] 

1.  Bearing  a low  price  ; to  be  had  for  a low 
price  ; as,  “ Cheap  goods.” 

2.  Of  small  value  ; common  ; not  respected. 

Had  I so  lavish  of  my  presence  been. 

So  stale  and  cheap  to  vulgar  company.  Shak. 

t CHEAP  (chep),  n.  [A.  S.  ceap.]  A bargain. 

Wine,  so  dear  nowadays,  was  very  good  cheap.  Sidney. 

CHEAP'EN  (che'pn),  v.  a.  [Goth,  kaupan  ; A.  S. 
ceapian,  to  buy,  to  traffic  ; cypan , to  sell,  to  traf- 
fic ; — Dut.  koopen ; Ger.  kaufen,  to  buy.  — “ Fr. 
xichcter,  to  purchase,  was  formerly  written  and 
pronounced  achapter,  and  seems  to  have  a con- 
nection, not  very  remote,  with  the  English 
words  chap,  chapman,  cheap,  to  cheapen,  to 
chap.”  Boucher.]  [i.  cheapened  ; pp.  cheap- 
ening, cheapened.] 

1.  To  attempt  to  buy ; to  ask  the  price  of ; to 
hid  for  ; to  bargain  for. 


Pretend  to  cheapen  goods,  but  nothing  buy.  Swift. 

2.  To  make  cheap  ; to  lessen  in  value. 

I find  my  proffered  love  has  cheapened  me.  Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Buy. 

. CHEAP'EN-JIR  (chE'pn-er),  n.  One  who  cheapens. 

CHEAP'LY  (cliep'le),  ad.  At  a small  price.  Shak. 

CHEAP'NJJSS  (chep'nes),  n.  Lowness  of  price. 
“ Plenty  . . . produces  cheapness.”  Idler. 

CHEAR,  n.  & v.  See  Cheer.  Johnson. 

CHEAT  (chet),  v.  a.  [A.  S.ceat,  circumvention.] 
[*.  CHEATED  ; pp.  CHEATING,  CHEATED.]  To 
defraud  ; to  impose  upon  ; to  trick. 

It  is  a dangerous  commerce  where  an  honest  man  is  sure 
of  being  cheated,  and  recovers  not  his  losses  but  by  learning 
to  cheat  others.  Jjrydcn. 

Cheated  of  feature  by  dissembling  nature.  Shak. 

CHEAT,  n.  1.  A deceitful,  dishonest  act,  de- 
frauding  one  of  his  rijjht ; a fraud ; a trick ; 
a deception  ; imposture  ; imposition. 

The  pretence  of  public  good  is  a cheat  that  will  ever  pass. 

Temple. 

2.  A person  guilty  of  fraud ; a cheater. 

No  man  will  trust  a known  cheat.  South. 

3.  j- A species  of  wheaten  bread.  Middleton. 

Syn.  — Cheat,  fraud,  and  trick  all  imply  deception 

for  a selfish  or  base  design.  One  cheats  by  gross  false- 
hood, defrauds  by  a settled  plan,  and  tricks  by  sudden 
invention. 

CHEAT' A-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  cheated. 

CIIEAT'A-BLE-NESS,  it.  Liability  to  be  cheated. 
“ An  easy  cheatableness  of  heart.”  Hammond. 

CHEAT'— BREAD,  n.  [Fr.  achete,  bought,  Todd. 
“ This  [etymology]  seems  very  doubtful.” 
Nares.]  Fine  bread  ; bought  bread.  “ Wheat- 
en or  cheat-bread.”  [r.]  Cotgrave. 

CHEAT'gR,  n.  One  who  cheats  ; a cheat.  Shak. 

CHEAT'5-RY,  n.  Fraud  ; deception,  [r.]  Bull. 

CHEAT'ING,  p.  a.  Practising  fraud;  defrauding. 

CHEATING,  n.  The  act  of  defrauding.  Smart. 

QIIp-BAC'CO,  a.  (Naut.)  Notion-  a sinuii  vessel, 
‘pi-  large  boat ; — so  caiieo.  from  the  former  name 
of  the  place  where  they  are  made,  now  Essex, 
in  Massachusetts.  C.  Brown. 

CHECK,  ii.  [Fr.  tehee,  a check  ; tehees,  chess.] 

1.  Repression  ; stop  ; restraint ; curb. 

The  great  struggle  with  passions  is  in  the  first  check.  Rogers. 

2.  A reproof ; an  admonition  ; a reprimand. 

However  this  may  gall  him  with  some  check.  Shak. 

3.  The  person  checking  ; the  cause  of  re- 
straint. 

He  was  too  much  used  as  a check  upon  the  Lord  Coven- 
try. Clarendon. 

4.  A term  in  chess  when  a piece  threatens 

the  king  of  either  party.  Johnson. 

5.  A corresponding  cipher  of  a draft  or  order 
for  money,  or  any  counter  register. 

6.  An  order  for  money  on  a bank  or  banker ; 
— generally  payable  to  bearer. 

7.  A mark  set  against  items  or  names  in  a list. 

8.  A certificate  or  symbol  of  a right  or  claim 
of  some  sort ; as,  “ The  check  given  to  identify 
baggage”;  “The  check  taken  when  leaving  a 
theatre  temporarily,”  &c. 

9.  Cloth  fabricated  in  squares.  Johnson. 

10.  (Falconry.)  A forsaking  of  game  by  a 

hawk  to  follow  other  prey.  Chambers. 

CHECK,  v.  a.  \i.  CHECKED  ; pp.  CHECKING, 
CHECKED.] 

1.  To  repress  ; to  curb ; to  restrain  ; to  control. 

I hate  when  Vice  can  bolt  her  arguments, 

And  Virtue  has  no  tongue  to  check  her  pride.  Milton. 

2.  To  reprove  ; to  chide. 

His  fault  is  much,  and  the  good  king  his  master 

Will  check  him  for’t.  Shak. 

3.  To  examine  by  comparison,  or  by  a coun- 
ter reckoning;  as,  “To  check  an  account.” 

4.  To  note  with  a mark,  as  having  been  ex- 
amined, or  for  some  other  purpose;  as,  “To 
check  the  items  in  a bill  or  the  names  in  a list.” 

CHECK,  v.  n.  1.  To  stop  ; to  hesitate. 

The  mind,  once  jaded  by  an  attempt  above  its  power  . . . 
checks  at  any  vigorous  undertaking  ever  after.  Locke. 

2.  To  clash  ; to  interfere. 

If  love  check  with  business,  it  troubleth  men’s  fortunes. 

Bucoti. . 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,‘Y,  short;  A,  ?,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


CHECK-BOOK 


CHECK'— BOOK  (-buk),  n.  A book  kept  by  per- 
sons who  have  accounts  in  a bank,  containing 
blank  forms  of  checks.  Bouvier. 

CHECKER,  v.  a.  [Fr.  echiquier,  a chess-board.] 

[i.  CHECKERED  ; pp. CHECKERING, CHECKERED.] 

1.  To  form  into  little  squares  of  different 
colors,  like  those  of  a chess-board  ; as,  “ Check- 
ered piaids.” 

2.  To  variegate  or  diversify. 

The  gray-eyed  morn  smiles  on  the  frowning  night, 

Checkering  the  eastern  clouds  with  streaks  of  light.  Shak. 

CHECKER,  11.  1.  One  who  checks.  Cotgrave. 

2.  Checker-work.  1 Kings  vii.  17. 

3.  A chess-board  or  a draught-hoari.  “ The 

checkers,  at  this  time  a common  sign  of  a pub- 
lic house.”  Brand’s  Pop.  Antiq. 

CHECK'pR— BOARD,  n.  A board  for  playing 
checkers  or  draughts.  Fox. 

CHECKERED  (clieck'erd),  p.  a.  Variegated;  di- 
versified. 

Here  waving  groves  a checkered  scene  display.  Pope. 

CHECK'£R§,  n.  pi.  A game  played  on  a checkered 
board  ; — in  England  usually  called  draughts. 

CHECK'ER— WORK  (-vvUrk),  n.  Work  having 
cross  stripes  of  different  colors.  “Nets  of 
checker-work  and  wreaths  of  chain-work  for  the 
chapiters.”  1 Kings  vii.  17. 

CHECK'L^SS,  a.  Uncontrollable;  violent. 

The  hollow  murmur  of  the  checkless  winds.  Marston. 

CHECK'M  ATE,  n.  [Fr.  echec  et  mat.] 

1.  A movement  on  the  chess-board  that  gains 

and  finishes  the  game.  Johnson. 

2.  Defeat ; circumvention. 

Love  they  him  call  that  gave  me  checkmate.  Spenser. 

OHECK'MATE,  V.  a.  [l.  CHECKMATED  ; pp.  CHECK- 
MA  ; (1  r.CKMATED.] 

1.  Iii  eh  ~s,  to  phwk,  **c  tl  ■ that  bn 

cannot  be  moved  ; to  put  in  elite! 

2.  To  finish  ; to  terminate. 

Our  days  be  dated 

To  be  checkmated.  Skelton. 

CIIECK'-ROLL,  n.  A roll  or  book  containing  the 
names  of  such  as  are  attendants  on  great  per- 
sonages ; — also  called  chequer-roll.  “The 
king’s  servants  in  check-roll."  Bacon. 

CIIECK'V,  n.  (Her.)  The  shield,  or  any  part  of 
it,  divided  into  checks  or  squares.  Craig. 

CHED'DER,  a.  Noting  a rich  fine-flavored  cheese, 
made  at  Chedder,  in  England.  Farm.  Ency. 

CHED'DER— PINK,  n.  ( Bot .)  A flower;  a species 
of  Dianthus.  Booth. 

CHEEK,  n.  [A.  S.  ceac;  ceoxcan,  to  chew;  Dut. 
kaak ; Sw.  kek.~\ 

1.  The  side  of  the  face  below  the  eye. 

2.  pi.  ( Mech .)  Those  parts  of  wrought  ob- 
jects that  are  double  and  correspondent. 

Cheek  by  jowl,  an  old  expression,  and  not  yet  dis- 
used, signifying  closeness,  or  face  to  face,  or  right 
over  against.  Beau.  S[  FI. 

CHEEK'— BAND,  n.  A throat-band  of  a headstall 
for  a horse.  Booth. 

CHEEK'-BONE,  n.  [A.  S.  ceacban.']  The  bone 

of  the  cheek.  Psalm  iii.  7. 

CHEEKED  (chekt),  a.  Brought  near  the  cheek. 

Standing  at  some  poor  sutler’s  tent. 

With  his  pipe  checked.  Colton. 

CHEEK'— TOOTH,  n.  The  hinder  tooth.  Joel  i.  6. 

f CHEEP,  v.  n.  To  pule  or  chirp  like  a sparrow 
or  a young  bird.  Cotgrave. 

CHEER,  n.  [Gr.  xaph,  joy  ; It.  cera,  cheer  ; Sp.  ca- 
ra,  the  countenance  ; Fr.  chbre,  entertainment.] 

1.  Air  of  the  countenance. 

The  children  of  Israel  might  not  behold  into  the  face  of 
Moses  for  the  glory  of  his  cheer.  2 Cor.  iii.  7,  Wicliffe’s  Trans. 

2.  State  or  temper  of  the  mind. 

Then  were  they  all  of  good  cheer.  Acts  xxvii.  36. 

3.  Cheerfulness  ; gayety  ; mirth. 

I have  not  that  alacrity  of  spirit, 

Nor  cheer  of  mind,  that  I was  wont  to  have.  Shak. 

4.  Provisions  served  at  a feast  ; entertain- 
ment. “Small  cheer  and  great  welcome.”  Shak. 
Better  cheer  may  you  have,  but  not  with  better  heart.  Shak. 

5.  Shout  of  triumph  or  of  applause ; acclama- 
tion ; as,  “He  was  received  with  hearty  cheers.” 


231 

CHEER,  v.  a.  [Gr.  xa‘P u,  to  rejoice  ; Fr.  cherir, 
to  cherish.]  [i.  cheeked  ; pp.  cheering, 

CHEERED.] 

1.  To  make  joyful  ; to  gladden  ; to  exhilarate, 
llark!  a glad  voice  the  lonely  desert  cheers.  Pope. 

2.  To  animate  ; to  incite  ; to  encourage  ; to 
enliven  ; to  inspirit. 

He  cheered  the  dogs  to  follow  her  who  fled.  Dnjdcn. 

3.  To  comfort;  to  console. 

So  cheered  he  his  fair  spouse,  and  she  was  cheered.  Milton. 

4.  To  applaud ; as,  “ The  orator  was  cheered." 

Syn.  — See  Animate. 

CHEER,  v.  n.  1.  To  grow  gay  or  cheerful. 

At  sight  of  thee  my  gloomy  soul  cheers  up.  A.  Philips. 

2.  To  be  in  any  temper  of  mind. 

How  cheer' st  thou,  Jessica?  Shak. 

CHEER'gR,  n.  The  person  or  thing  that  cheers. 

Prime  cheerer , li"ht, 

Of  all  material  beings  first  and  best.  Thomson. 

II  CHEER'FUL  [cher'ful,  P.  J.  E.Ja.  Sm.  C.  Wb.  ; 
cher'ful,  S.  ; cher'ful  or  cher'ful,  IF.  F.  Kf\ , a. 

1.  Having  good  spirits  ; serenely  joyful ; an- 
imated ; as,  “ A cheerful  disposition.” 

2.  Showing  joy,  animation,  or  liveliness. 

Cheerful  looks  make  every  dish  a feast.  Massinger. 

A merry  heart  maketh  a cheerful  countenance.  Prov.  xv. 

3.  Causing  gladness.  “ Cheerful  sun.”  Sha/c. 

/K2T  “ This  word,  like  fearful,  lias  contracted  an 

irregular  pronunciation,  that  seems  more  expressive 
of  the  turn  of  mind  it  indicates  than  the  long  open  e, 
which  languishes  on  the  ear,  and  is  not  akin  to  the 
smartness  and  vivacity  of  the  idea.  We  regret  these 
irregularities,  but  they  are  not  to  be  entirely  pre- 
vented ; and,  as  they  sometimes  arise  from  an  effort 
of  the  mind  to  express  the  idea  more  forcibly,  they 
should  not  be  too  studiously  avoided  ; especially 
when  custom  has  given  them  considerable  currency  ; 
which  I take  to  be  the  case  with  the  short  pronuncia- 
tion of  the  present  word.  Mr.  Sheridan  and  some 
other  orthoepists  seem  to  adopt  the  latter  pronuncia- 
’ W Johnston,  Dr.  Kenrick,  and  Mr.  Perry, 
this  is  agreeable  to  the  orthog- 
raphy, an*,  *o  the  etymology, 

(which  indicates  imu  ■ Sni 

being  full  of  good  cheer,)  it  ou^.  u- 
has  an  evident  preference  in  custom,  10  be  .- 
upon  as  the  most  accurate.”  Walker . 

Syn. — Cheerful  denotes  an  unruffled  flow  of  good 
spirits.  A cheerful  person  smiles  ; one  who  is  merry 
or  mirthful  laughs.  Habitually  cheerful ; a cheerful 
countenance  ; occasionally  merry  or  mirthful ; an  ani- 
mated expression  ; a lively  or  sprightly  manner ; a 
willing  mind  ; gay  company  ; gay  color  or  attire.  — 
See  Gayety. 

||  CHEER'FUL- LY,  ad.  In  a cheerful  manner; 
willingly. 

||  CHEER'FUL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
cheerful ; serene  joyfulness. 

Cheerfulness  is  always  to  be  supported  when  a man  is  out 
of  pain;  but  mirth,  to  *a  prudent  man,  should  always  be  acci- 
dental. Steele. 

Syn. — Cheerfulness  is  a habit  of  the  mind  ; -mirth 
and  merriment  are  transient.  Habitual  cheerfulness  ; 
occasional  mirth  or  -merriment ; spriahtlincss  of  youth  ; 
animation  in  tile  manner  of  speaking.  The  conscien- 
tious performance  of  duty  promotes  cheerfulness ; gay 
company  and  wine  often  promote  mirth. 

CHEER'I-LY,  ad.  Cheerfully.  Beau.  Ss  FI. 

CHEER '{-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  cheery  ; 
cheerfulness.  Bulwer. 

CHEER'ING,p.  a.  Promoting  cheerfulness  ; mak- 
ing glad  ; as,  “ Cheering  news.” 

CHEER 'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a cheering  manner. 

t CHEER'ISH-NESS,  n.  State  of  cheerfulness. 
“Duty  . . . set  off  with  cheerishness."  Milton. 

CHEER'LiJSS,  a.  Dejected ; joyless  ; sad.  Spenser. 

CIIEER'LY,  a.  Cheerful ; joyful.  Ray. 

CHEER'LY,  ad.  Cheerfully.  Shak. 

CHEER'— UP,  v.  a.  To  make  cheerful ; to  enliven  ; 
to  chirrup.  [Colloquial.]  Dr.  Cheyne. 

CHEER'Y,  a.  1.  Gay  ; sprightly ; cheerful. 
“ Cheery  visage.”  Cotgrave. 

2.  Having  power  to  make  gay  or  cheerful. 

Come,  let  us  hie,  and  quaff  a cheery  bowl.  Gay. 

CHEESE,  ii.  [L.  caseus  ; It. cascio ; Sp.  queso. — 
A.  S.  cyse;  Dut.  kaas ; Ger.  kd.se. — W .caws-, 
Gael.  S;  Ir.  caise.] 

1.  The  curd  of  milk,  separated  from  the  whey, 


CHEMICAL 

compressed  into  a solid  mass,  and  dried  for 
food. 

2.  Any  thing  in  the  form  of  cheese  ; as,  “ A 
cheese  of  ground  apples.” 

CHEESjE'— CAKE,  n.  A cake  made  of  soft  curds, 
sugar,  and  butter.  Prior. 

CHEESE'— FLY,  n.  A small  black  insect,  bred  in 
cheese.  Oyilvie. 

CHEE^E'LpP,  n.  A bag  in  which  rennet  for 
cheese  is  kept.  Farm.  Ency. 

CHEESE'— MlTE,  n.  An  insect  found  in  cheese. 

CHEESE'— MON-GfR  (chuz'mung-ger,  82),  n.  A 
dealer  in  cheese.  B.  Jonson. 

CHEESE'— pAr-ING,  n.  Rind  or  paring  of  cheese. 
“ A man  made  ...  of  a cheese-paring.”  Shak. 

CIIEE.SE'— PRESS,  n.  A press  in  which  cheese  or 
curds  are  pressed.  Gay. 

CHEESpE'— REN-N^T,  n.  (Bot.)  A wild  yellow 
flower ; Galium  verum.  P.  Cyc. 

CHEESE'— VAT,  ii.  A wooden  case  for  pressing 
curds.  Glanville. 

CHEER'Y,  a.  Having  the  nature  of  cheese.  “A 
cheesy  substance.”  Arbuthnot. 

CHEET,  v.  n.  To  chatter  or  chirrup.  Tennyson. 

CHEE'TA,  or  CHEE'TAH,  n.  [East  Indian.] 
(Zoiil.)  A species  of  leopard  ; the  hunting  leop- 
ard ; Felis  jubata.  Brande. 

(JHEF-D'  CF.UVRF,  (sh?-dovr'),H. ; pi.  ciiefs-d’ oeu- 
vre. [Fr.]  A capital  performance;  a mas- 
terpiece. 

The  Apollo  Belvedere  and  the  Transfiguration  ot  Hafaelle 
are  chcjb-dceui-rc  of  sculpture  and  painting.  Fairhott. 

CHE'GIJR,  CHE'GRE,  or  CHE'GOE.  See  ClIIGRE. 

GHEl'LO-POD,  n.  See  Chilopod. 

CHEi-RAJf'  THUS,  n.  [Gr.  xe‘P>  the  hand,  and 
avdos,  a flower.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants  ; the 
stock  gillyflower  ; the  wallflower.  P.  Cyc. 

"HEpRO-PED,  n.  See  Chiropod. 

' n.  pi.  [Gr.  x!‘Pt  the  hand,  and 

_ (Zoiil.)  An  order  of  mammalia 

character. 

ties,  and  especially  Un- 
to serve  the  office  of  wings.  The  common  but 
is  of  this  order.  Brande.. 

GHEI-ROP'Tp-ROUS,  a.  Belonging  to  the  chei- 
roptera. Craig. 

CHEI-RO-  THE  ' RI-  UAI,  ix.  [Gr.  xe'P>  the  hand, 
and  Qryiiov,  a beast.]  (Pal.)  An  extinct  animal, 
whose  footprints,  resembling  those  of  a human 
hand,  are  found  impressed  on  new  red  sand- 
stone. Pirfet 

CHE-KO'A,  n.  A Chinese  porcelain  la 

CHE'LA,  n.  [Gr.  a cl'  chele .]  The 

first  pair  of  forcipated  o . ;ies  of  the  crab, 
lobster,  and  other  cru  ,.s.  Brande. 

CHEL'I-DON,  n.  ^fLadb.]  (Anat.)  The 

hollow  at  the  flex  e of  the  arm.  Crabb. 

GHEL'I-FJpR,  n.  [L.  chele,  a claw,  and  fero,  to 
bear.]  (Zoiil.)  One  of  a genus  of  minute  arach- 
nidans  resembling  a tailless  scorpion. 

Van  Der  IJoeven. 

GHE-LIF'iJR-OUS,  a.  Furnished  with  claws. Smart. 

jCHEL'I-FORM,  a.  [L.  chele,  a claw,  and  forma, 
form.]  Having  the  form  of  a claw.  Smart. 

jCHE-LO'NIJ,  n.  [Gr.  x^-'hry,  a tortoise.]  (Bot.) 
A genus  of  plants  ; tortoise-flower  ; — called 
also  shell-flower,  and  snake-head.  Farm.  Ency. 

C HE- LO  ’ATI- A,  xi.  pi.  [Gr.  a tortoise.] 

(Zoiil.)  An  order  of  reptiles  including  the  shell 
tortoise  ( Chelonia  imbricata)  and  the  edible 
turtle  (Chelonia  midas).  Van  Der  Hoeven. 

jCHJJ-LO'Nl-AN,  n.  One  of  the  Chelonia.  Brande. 

f jCHE'LY  (ke'le),  n.  [Gr.  x> J’l  > L-  chela,  a claw.] 
The  claw  of  a shell-fish.  Browne, 

||  GHEM'IC  (kem'jk  or  klin'jk), 

||  CHEM'I-CAL  (feem'f-kril  or  kim'e- 
belonging  to  a liquid ; It.  $ Sp 
chimtque.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  chemistry  ; as,  “ Chemical 
apparatus  ” ; “ Chemical  analysis.” 


( a.  [Gr. 
k.jl),  I xl'lnK'’i' 
i.  chimico ; Fr. 


/ 


MfEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  <?.  g,  soft;  £,  G,  £,  |,  hard;  § as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS?,  this. 


CHEMICAL 


232 


CHEVAL-DE-FRISE 


2.  Resulting  from  the  laws  which  govern  the 
elementary  combinations  of  bodies  ; as,  “ Chem- 
ical changes.” 

||  £HEM'I-CAL,  11.  (Med.)  A medicine  formed  by 
the  aid  of  chemistry.  Dunglison. 

||  jCHEM'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a chemical  manner. 

QHE-MI^E ' (she-mCz'),  n.  [Fr.]  1.  A shift. 

2.  (Fort.)  A wall  lining  a bastion  or  a ditch  ; 
a lining  or  casing.  Fleming  § Tibbins. 

QHEM-J-^ETTE',  n.  [Fr.]  A light  under  waist- 
coat. Quin. 

||  CHEM'IST  (kem'ist  or  kim'jst),  n.  A professor 
of,  or  one  who  is  versed,  in  chemistry. 

+ €H$-MlS'TI-CAL,  a.  Relating  to  chemistry; 
chemical.  Burton. 

||  CHEM'IS-TRY  (kem'is-tre  or  klm'js-tre), n.  [Ar. 
kimia , something  hidden  or  secret ; Gr.  yrgitia  ; 
L.  chemia  ; Ger.  chymie ; It.  chimica  ; Sp.  quim- 
ica;  Fr.  chimie. — Cleland  derives  the  word 
from  Celt,  kheym , fire.]  “ Chemistry,”  as  de- 
fined by  Dr.  Black , “is  the  study  of  the  effects 
of  heat  and  mixture,  with  a view  of  discovering 
their  general  and  subordinate  laws,  and  of  im- 
proving the  useful  arts  ; ” or,  as  defined  by 
Brando , “ it  is  that  branch  of  natural  knowl- 
edge which  teaches  us  the  properties  of  ele- 
mentary substances,  and  of  their  mutual  com- 
binations ; it  inquires  into  the  laws  which  ef- 
fect, and  into  the  powers  which  preside  over, 
their  union  ; it  examines  the  proportions  in 
which  they  combine,  and  the  modes  of  sepa- 
rating them  when  combined,  and  endeavors 
to  apply  such  knowledge  to  the  explication  of 
natural  phenomena,  and  to  useful  purposes  in 
the  arts  of  life.” 

Organic  chemistry , that  branch  of  chemistry  which 
treats  of  vegetable  and  animal  substances.  — Inor- 
ganic chemistry , that  branch  of  chemistry  which  treats 
of  inorganic  substances. 

J3S3=-  This  word  was  formerly  writton  chymistry,  but 
the  present  established  orthography  is  chemistry.  But 
although,  in  this  word  and  its  derivatives,  y is  changed 
to  p,  yet  the  pronunciation  for  the  most  part,  in  die 
tionaries,  remains  unchanged.  We,  however,  now 
commonly  hear  the  words  pronounced,  according  to 
their  ura-ent  orthography,  '_n ' chem'ist,  &c. 

CHEQUE  (chek),  n.  An  order  or  draft  for  money 
on  a bank  or  a banker. — See  Check.  Sullivan. 

CHEQ’UIJR  (cliek'er),  v.  & n.  See  Checker. 

CHEQ'UJJR  (chek'er),  n.  [Abbreviation  of  ex- 
chequer.,]  A treasury.  Browne. 

CHEQ'UER  (chek'er),  n.  A sort  of  stonework  to 
which  the  mode  of  joining  gives  the  appearance 
of  being  checkered.  — See  Checker. 

CHEQ'UER— BER'RY,  ii.  A little  creeping  plant : 
— also  its  small  red  berry.  Bigelow. 

CHEQ'CJpR-RO'LL  (chek'cr-rol),  il.  See  Check- 
roi.l. 

CHEQ'UJJR.«,w.p?.  See  Checkers, and  Draughts. 

CHEQ'UJgR-WORK,  n.  See  Checker-work. 

CIIEQ'UEY  (chek'o),  a.  (Her.)  Noting  a field 
divided  by  transverse  lines  into  equal  squares 
or  parts  ; — written  also  cheeky.  Craig. 

CHy-QUIN'  (che-kGn'),  n.  See  Zechin. 

yilER'IF,  n.  A high  priest  among  the  Mahom- 
etans ; — written  also  sherif  and  scherif.  Craig. 

CHER'ISII,  v.  a.  [Fr.  chirir ; cher,  dear.]  [*. 
cherished  ; pp.  cherishing,  cherished.] 
To  treat  tenderly  or  with  encouragement;  to 
nurse  ; to  nurture  ; to  support ; to  foster  ; to 
shelter. 

No  man  ever  yet  hated  his  own  flesh,  but  nourisheth  and 
cherisheth  it.  Ephes.  v.  20. 

Syn.  — See  Nourish. 

CIIER'ISHED  (cher'jsht),^.  a.  Nursed ; comforted  ; 
fostered  ; supported  ; as,  “ A cherished  child.” 

U1I Klt'ISH-ER,  n.  One  who  cherishes.  Wotlon. 

CIIER'ISH-ING,  ».  Support ; encouragement. 

Thy  cherishing , thy  honoring,  and  thy  love.  Milton. 

CIIER'ISH-ING,  p.  a.  Nursing;  eomfortins ; 
helping. 

CIIER'ISH-ING- Ly,  ad.  In  a cherishing  manner. 


f CHER'ISII-MENT,  n.  Encouragement.  Spenser. 

CHJJ-ROOT',  n.  A sort  of  cigar.  Malcom. 

CIIER'RIS,  n.  An  intoxicating  drug,  prepared 
from  hemp.  Boag. 

CHER'RY,  n.  [Gr.  nipaco;,  the  cherry-tree  ; L. 
cerasus  ; Ger  hirsche ; It.  ciricgia  ; Sp .cercza; 
Fr.  cerise.']  (Bot.)  The  name  of  several  species 
of  plants  of  the  genus  Prunus:  — the  stone 
fruit  of  these  plants.  Loudon. 

CHER'RY,  a.  Relating  to,  or  colored  like,  a 
cherry.  “ A cherry  lip.”  Shak. 

CHER'RY— BAY,  ii.  The  laurel.  — See  Laurel. 

CHER'RY— BrAN'DY,  ii.  Brandy  in  which  cher- 
ries have  been  steeped.  Ash. 

CHER'RY— CHEEKED  (-chekt),  a.  Having  ruddy 
cheeks.  Fanshaw. 


CHER'RY— LiAU'R^L,  ii.  An  evergreen  shrub  ; Ce- 
rasus lauro-cerasus.  Farm.  Ency. 

CHER'RY— PEP'PpR,  ii.  A species  of  Capsicum, 
which  bears  a small  cherry-shaped  fruit.  Craig. 

CIIER'RY-PlT,  n.  A child’s  play,  in  which  cher- 
ry-stones are  thrown  into  a small  hole.  Shak. 

CHER'RY— RUM,  ii.  Rum  in  which  cherries  have 
been  steeped.  Brown. 

CI1ER'R\’— STONE,  n ■ Stone,  or  seed,  of  a cherry. 

CIIER'R\’— TREE,  n-  A tree  bearing  cherries; 
Prunus  cerasus.  Miller. 


CHER'RY— WINE,  n.  Wine  made  of  cherries.  Ash. 

CHER'SO-NESE  (ker'so-nes),  n.  [Gr.  ^epodryoos  ; 
Xtpoos,  land,  and  vijeog,  an  island ; I,,  chcrsone- 
sus  ; Fr.  chersonese.)  A peninsula. 

From  India  and  the  golden  Chersonese.  Milton. 


CHERT,  n.  (Min.)  A sub-species  of  rhomboidal 
quartz  ; — called  also  rock-flint,  petrosilex,  and 
hornstone.  Buchanan. 

CIIER'TY,  a.  Like  chert;  flinty.  Pennant. 


CHER  UB,  ii-  [Heb.  ; L.  cherub ; It.  che- 

rubino  ; Sp.  § Fr.  cherubin.]  pi.  ciier'ue?  and 
ciiEr'v-bIm  or  ciiEr'v-bims.  A celestial  spirit  or 
angel,  which,  in  the  celestial  hierarchy,  is  placed 
next  in  order  to  the  seraphim.  Exocl.  xxvi.  1. 

Thou  sitt’st  between  the  cherubs  bright.  Milton. 

The  roof  of  the  chamber 

"With  golden  Cherubinis  is  fretted.  Shak. 

Some  of  the  rabbins  tell  us  that  the  chcrubims  are  a set  of 
angels  who  know  most,  and  the  6eraphims  a set  of  angels  who 
love  most.  Addison. 

jfcjr  “ We  are  authorized,”  says  Dr.  Campbell, 
“ both  by  use  and  by  analogy,  to  say  either  cherubs 
and  seraphs , according  to  the  English  idiom,  or  cher- 
ubim and  seraphim , according  to  the  Oriental.  The 
former  suits  better  the  familiar,  the  latter  the  solemn, 
style.  — As  the  words  cherubim  and  seraphim  are  plu- 
ral, the  terms  cherubim s and  seraphims , as  expressing 
the  plural,  are  quite  improper.”  Phil,  of  Rhet. 

Walker  remarks  that  “those  who  understand  no 
language  but  their  own  are  apt  to  commit  an  unpar- 
donable fault  with  critics  by  mistaking  this  word 
[cherubim]  for  a singular,  and  writing  the  plural 
chcrubims Yet  this  is  the  form  of  the  plural  [ cher - 
ubvms  and  seraphims ] uniformly  used  in  the  common 
version  of  the  Iiihle,  in  which  chcrubims  occurs  twen- 
ty-three times,  and  seraphims  twice ; and  the  same 
form  is  also  used  by  good  authors. 


chf-rG'bic,  ; 

CHjp-RU'BI-CAL,  ) 
“ Cherubic  watch. 


a.  Angelical  ; relating  to 
cherubs.  “ Cherubic  songs.” 

Milton. 


CHER'U-BlM,  ii.  The  Hebrew  plural  of  cherub. 
CHER-U-BIM'IC,  a.  Relating  to  cherubim.  Ec.  Bev. 
CHER'U-BIN,  a.  Angelical ; cherubic,  [r.]  Shak. 
CHER'U-BIN,  n.  A cherub,  [r.]  Dryden. 

CHER'UP,  v.n.  [Probably  corrupted  from  chirp.] 
To  chirp  ; to  use  a cheerful  voice.  Spenser. 

CHER'UP,  v.  a.  To  quicken  ; to  enliven  or  en- 
courage ; to  cheer  up  ; to  chirrup. 

He  cherujjs  brisk  his  ear-crecting  steed.  Cowper. 


CHER'UP,  n.  An  act  of  quickening ; encourage- 
ment. Cowper. 

CHiSR'VIL,  n.  [Gr.  ^aipiipvi.Xoi/ ; xn'l,G> > *"°  re" 
joice,  and  tyvV.ov,  a leaf ; L.  ehcerophyllum  ; Fr. 
cerfeuil ; A.  S.  cerfille.]  A culinary  vegetable, 
used  as  a salad  ; cow- weed ; — sometimes  used 
medicinally.  Loudon. 


CHE§'I-BLE  (cbez'e-bl),  n.  [Fr.  chasuble.]  A 
Roman  Catholic  priest’s  vestment  without 
sleeves;  chasuble. — See  Chasuble.  Bale. 

CHES'LIP,  n.  A small  vermin.  Skinner. 

CHESS,  n.  [Fr.  echoes.  — See  Check.] 

1.  A scientific  game,  played  on  a board  con- 

sisting of  64  squares,  with  32  pieces  of  various 
forms,  denominations,  and  powers.  Each  party 
to  the  game  has  eight  principal  pieces,  viz. : a 
king,  a queen,  two  knights,  two  bishops,  and  two 
rooks  or  castles  ; and,  besides,  eight  pawns  or 
foot-soldiers.  Maunder. 

2.  A kind  of  grass,  resembling  oats,  which 
grows  among  wheat ; the  Bromus  secalinus. 
[New  England.] 

CHESS'— Ap-PLE,  ii.  A species  of  wild-service. 

CHESS'— BOARD,  n.  A board  on  which  chess  is 
played. 

CHES'SIJL,  n.  A mould  or  vat  in  which  cheese 
is  formed.  Farm.  Ency. 

CHESS'MAN,  ii.  A piece  used  in  chess. 

CIIES'SOM,  n.  A kind  of  earth  or  mould.  Bacon. 

CHESS'— PLAY-pR,  ii.  One  who  plays  chess. 

CHESS'— TREES-;,  n.  pi.  (Naut.)  Two  pieces  of 
wood,  bolted  perpendicularly,  one  on  each  side 
of  a ship,  for  securing  the  clews  of  the  main- 
sail. Mar.  Diet. 

CHEST,  n.  [Gr.  Kitrrt) ; L.  cista.— A..S.  cest,  or 
cyst ; Dut.  kist ; Ger.  Sg  Dan.  kiste ; Sw.  kista  ; 
Gael.,  Ir.,  Arm.  ciste.] 

1.  A large,  wooden  box  ; a piece  of  furniture 
for  holding  clothes,  tools,  &c.  ; as,  “A  sailor’s 
chest”:  “ A carpenter’s  chest.” 

2.  (Com.)  The  quantity  contained  in  a chest; 
as,  “ A chest  of  tea.” 

3.  The  trunk  of  the  hum  An  'body,  from  the 
slm\  ’Jers  to  the  belly  ; the  breast ; the  thorax. 

He  describes  another  by  the  largeness  of  his  elicit,  l’ope. 

Ji  chest  of  drawers,  a case  with  movable  boxes  or 
drawers. 

A bed  by  night,  a chest  of  drawers  by  day.  Goldsmith. 

CHEST,  v.  a.  1.  To  reposit  in  a chest ; to  hoard. 

2.  To  place  in  a coffin,  [r.]  Terry. 

CHEST'yD,  a.  Having  a chest ; — used  in  com- 
position; as,  “Broad -chested.” 

CHEST'— FOUND-yR,  it.  Same  as  Chest-found- 
ering. Farm.  Ency. 

CHEST'— FOUND-yR-ING,  11.  (Farriery.)  A kind 
of  rheumatic  disease  affecting  the  chest  and 
fore-legs  of  a horse.  Youatt. 

CHEST'NUT  (cbes'nut),  n.  [L.  castanea ; It.  cas- 
tagna;  Sp.  castana-,  Fr.  chdtaigne ; Ger.  kas- 
tanie .]  The  fruit  of  the  chestnut-tree. 

CHEST'NUT  (cbes'nut),  a.  Having  the  color  of 
the  chestnut ; light  brown.  Dumpier. 

CHEST'NUT— TREE  (ches'nut-tre),  n.  A well- 
known  tree,  which  produces  chestnuts,  and  is 
valued  for  its  timber  ; Castanea  vesca.  Loudon. 

CHES'TON,  n.  A species  of  plum.  Johnson. 

CHE'TAH,  n.  ( Zo:l .)  The  hunting  leopard  of 
India ; Felis jubata.  Braude. 

CHET'TIK,  n.  1.  The  upas-tree  of  Java.  Ogilrie. 

2.  The  poison  obtained  from  the  upas-tree ; 
strychnia.  Ogilvie. 

CHET'WERT,  n.  A Russian  corn-measure,  equal 
to  nearly  six  Winchester  bushels.  McCulloch. 

f CUE  V'.d- (ft  IE  (shev'a-shE),  11.  [Old  Fr.]  An 
expedition  with  cavalry.  Chaucer. 

f CHE'VA£E,  n.  [Fr.]  A sort  of  poll-tax.  — 
See  Chiefage.  Todd. 

gilEV-AF,  n. ; pi.  ciiF.vAUX  (shev-5).  [Fr.]  A 

horse  : — cavalry.  Boyer. 

qhev-Al'-de-fr}$e' ,n. ; pi. 

CIJEVA  VX-DE-FR1SE  (shev'o- 
de-frez'),  (commonly  used  in 
the  plural.)  [Fr.  Friesland 
horse.  So  named  from  having  been  first  used 
at  the  siege  of  Friesland,  in  165S,  against  the 
enemy’s  cavalry.  Sullivan.]  (Fort?)  A piece 
of  timber  traversed  with  spikes,  used  in  defend- 
ing a passage,  or  making  a retrenchment  to 
stop  cavalry.  Campbell. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; 


A,  E,  I,  6,  tr,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


CHEVAL-GLASS 


233 


CHIEFTAINRY 


CH^V-AL’-GlASS,  n.  A large  swing-glass. Smart. 

(JHEV-A-LIER'  (shev-9-ler'),  n.  [Fr.,  from  cheval, 
a horse  ; Sp.  caballero.)  A knight ; a cavalier  ; 
a gallant,  strong  man.  Shak. 

CIIEV'JJN,  n.  [Fr.  chevesne .]  A river  fish  ; the 
chub."  Browne. 

CIIEV'ER-IL,  n.  [Fr.  chevreau,  a kid.]  Leather 
made  from  the  skin  of  the  kid.  Shak. 

CHEV'^R-IL,  a.  Pliable,  as  kid-leather.  “Your 
soft  cheveril  conscience.”  Shak. 

tCHEV'IJR-JL-IZE,  v.  a.  To  make  as  pliable  as 
kid-leather.  Mountagu. 

QIIE-EESTRE,  or  QHE-VETRE,  (slie-vestr  or 
she-vatr),  n.  [Fr.]  ( S'urg .)  A bandage  applied 
round  the  head,  in  eases’ of  fracture  or  luxation 
of  the  lower  jaw.  Dunglison. 

CHEVET  (she-va'),  n.  [Fr.]  {Arch.)  The  apsis, 
or  eastern  end  of  a church,  behind  the  high  altar, 
when  of  a semicircular  or  polygonal  form.  IVeale. 

QHE-VILLE',  n.  [Fr.]  (Mus.)  The  bridge  of  an 
instrument.  Crabb. 

t^HEV'I-^ANCE  (shev'e-zans),  n.  [Fr.  ehevis- 
sance  ; chevir,  to  compass  ; chef,  head.] 

1.  Enterprise  ; achievement.  Spenser. 

2.  {Laic.)  The  act  of  bargaining  : — a bar- 
gain ; a contract.  Burrill. 

f^HEV-RETTE’ , n.  [Fr.]  (Mil.) 

An  engine  for  raising  guns  or 
mortars  into  their  carriages. 

Brande. 

^HEV’RON  (shev'ron),  n.  [Fr.] 

1.  {tier.)  A representation 
of  two  rafters  of  a house  meet- 
ing at  the  top. 

2.  {Arch.)  A sort  of  zigzag 

work  or  ornament.  Weale. 

3.  {Mil.)  A mark  on  the 

sleeve  of  the  coat  of  a non-com- 
missioned officer.  Campbell. 

^HEV'RONED  (shev'rond),  a.  Ornamented  with 
figures  like  chevrons.  “ Their  bases  chevroned 
all  over  with  lace.”  B.  Jonson. 

^IIEV'RO-NEL,  h.  (Her.)  A diminutive  of  a 
chevron  ; half  a chevron.  Johnson. 

CHEW  (chu)  [chu,  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.. ; chu  or 
chaw,  S.  IF.J,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  ceoivan  ; Dut.  kaau- 
wen ; Ger.  kauen .]  \i.  chewed  ; pp.  chew- 

ing, CHEWED.] 

1.  To  crush  with  the  teeth  ; to  masticate. 

Chewing  the  food  of  sweet  and  bitter  fancy.  Shak. 

2.  To  meditate  ; to  ruminate.  Prior. 

ASr-“The  pronunciation  chaw  is  grown  vulgar.” 

Walker. 

CHEW  (chu),  v.  11.  To  ruminate. 

Till  then,  my  noble  friend,  chew  upon  this.  Shak. 

CHEW  (chu),  n.  That  which  is  chewed ; a cud; 
as,  “ A chew  of  tobacco.”  [Vulgar.]  Todd. 

+ CHEW'FT,  n.  Minced  meat  or  mince-pie.  Florio. 

CHEW'ING  (chd'ing),  n.  [A.  S.  ceowung.]  Mas- 
tication ; as,  “ This  meat  needs  much  chewing.” 

CHEW'ING  (chu'ing),  p.  a.  Grinding  with  the 
teeth: — ruminating. 

CHEW'ING— BALL,  n.  (Farriery .)  A medicinal 
ball  for  a horse.  Farm.  Ency. 

CHE'WINK,  n.  The  ground  robin.  Bartlett. 

CHI'  J],  n.  ( Bot .)  A beautiful  Mexican  plant  ; 
lime-leaved  sage.  Velasquez. 

CHI' AN,  a.  Relating  to  Chios,  an  island  of  Asi- 
atic Greece.  Brande. 

CHI- A ' RO-OS-CU  ' RO,  or  CIH- A ' RO-SCU  'RO,n. 
[It.,  clare-obscure.)  The  art  of  combining  light 
and  shade  in  painting.  p.  Cyc. 

CII I-A  S TO- LITE,  n.  [Gr.  ^laord;,  marked  with 
a cross,  decussated,  and  I.fflo 5,  a stone.]  (Min.) 

A crystallized  mineral ; a variety  of  made  ; an- 
dalusite.  Its  crystals  generally  present  a tas- 
selated  appearance,  as  if  formed  by  the  union 
of  four  separate  crystals.  Dana. 

CHIB'BAL , n.  [A.  S.  cipa ; Fr . ciboule.]  A small 
kind  of  onion  ; cibol.  Beau.  § FI. 


CHI-BOUQUE'  (che-baic'),  n.  [Turk.]  A Turkish 
smoking  pipe;  — written  also  chibouk. 

Resigned  his  gem-adorned  chibouque.  Byron. 

CHI' CH,  n.  [Sp.]  1.  A fermented  liquor,  used 

in  Peru,  and  made  of  Indian  corn.  Qu.  Rev. 

2.  A red  coloring  substance,  used  by  some 
Indians  to  stain  their  skins.  It  is  extracted 
from  a species  of  Bignonia.  Brande. 

(JHI-CANE'  (she-kan'),  n.  [A.  S.  swican,  to  de- 
ceive ; Fr.  chicane .]  A shift,  turn,  or  trick, 
especially  in  law  proceedings  ; sophistry ; chi- 
canery. 

His  attorneys  have  hardly  one  trick  left;  they  are  at  an  end 
of  all  their  chicane.  Arbuthnat. 

^HI-CANE',  v.  n.  To  prolong  a contest  by  tricks. 
“ I will  not  quibble  and  chicane  about  the  mo- 
tives.” Chesterfield. 

QIII-CAN'IJR,  n.  [Old  Fr.  sicaneur,  a pettifogger.] 
A petty  sophister  ; a caviller.  Locke. 

QHI-CAN'ER-Y,  n.  [Fr.  cliicanerie .]  Mean  acts 
of  wrangling;  trickery;  sophistry.  “ The  chi- 
canery and  futility  of  the  practice.”  Arbuthnot. 

CHIC'CO-RY,  n.  [Gr.  myopia  ; L.  cichorium  ; It. 
cicora;  Sp.  achicoria;  Fr.  chicoree ; Ger .cicho- 
rie.]  (Bot.)  A perennial  plant  cultivated  for 
food  both  for  men  and  cattle,  and,  particularly 
in  Belgium,  France,  and  Germany,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  preparing  from  the  root  a powder  Which 
is  used  as  a substitute  for  coffee  ; Cichorium 
Intybus ; — called  also  succory.  P.  Cyc. 

CHICH,  11. ; pi.  chIch'e$.  [L.  eicer-,  Old  Fr.  chi- 
ches.)  A dwarf  pea ; chickpea.  B.  Googe. 

CHICH'LING,  n.  A vetch  or  pea,  used  in  Ger- 
many for  food,  but  inferior  to  other  kinds ; 
Lathyrus  sativus.  Ogilvie. 

CHICK,  n.  [See  Chicken.]  1.  The  young  of  a 
bird ; a chicken. 

For  when  the  shell  is  broke,  out  comes  a chick.  Davies. 

2.  A term  of  endearment. 

My  Ariel,  chick , 

This  is  thy  charge.  Shak. 

CHICK,  v.  n.  To  sprout  as  seed;  to  vegetate. 
[Local.]  Todd. 

CHICK' A-BER-RY,  n.  See  Ciiequerberry. 

CHICK' A-BID-DY,  n.  A childish  name  for  a 
chicken.  Bartlett. 

CHICK' A-DEE,  n.  ( Ornitli .)  A species  of  tit- 
mouse, found  only  in  North  America,  as  far 
north  as  Hudson’s  Bay,  and  appearing  most 
lively  in  the  coldest  weather  ; black-capped  tit- 
mouse ; Pants  atricapillus ; — allied  to  the  marsh 
titmouse  of  Europe  ( Partis  palustris).  Audubon. 

CHICK' A-REE,  11.  The  red  squirrel.  Audubon. 

CIHCK'EN,  n.  [A.  S.  cicen;  Dut.  kieken .] 

1.  The  young  of  a bird,  particularly  of  a hen. 

2.  A term  for  a young  person.  “ Stella  is  no 

chicken.”  Swift. 

CHICK'EN— HEART-F.D,  a.  Cowardly  ; timorous. 

CllICK'EN— POX,  n.  ( Med.)  A mild  eruptive  dis- 
ease ; a species  of  Varicella.  Dunglison. 

CHICK'LJNG,  n.  [Eng.  chick,  and  A.  S.  affix  ling, 
denoting  state  or  condition.]  A small  chicken. 

CHICK 'LING— VETCH,  n.  (Bot.)  An  inferior  kind 
of  vetch  or  pea;  the  everlasting  pea;  chickling; 
Lathyrus  sativus.  — See  Chichling.  Crabb. 

CHICK'PEA,  n.  [See  Chich.]  (Bot.)  A plant 
cultivated  in  the  south  of  France  for  the  same 
purposes  as  vetches  in  England ; a kind  of  de- 
generate pea ; Cicer  arietinum.  Miller. 

CHICK 'WEED,  n.  (Bot.)  The  popular  name  of  a 
variety  of  small  annual  plants  or  weeds  of  the 
genera  Cerastium  and  Alsine  : — a name  espe- 
cially applied  to  Stellaria  media.  Gray. 

CHIDE,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  cidan .]  [i.  chid  (Fchode)  ; 
pp.  chiding,  chidden,  chid.]  To  reprove  se- 
verely ; to  censure;  to  rebuke;  to  reprimand; 
to  blame. 

Chide  him  for  his  faults,  and  do  it  reverently.  Shak. 

Scylla  wept. 

And  chid,  her  barking  waves  into  attention.  Milton. 

CHIDE,  v.  n.  1.  To  find  fault ; to  clamor ; to  scold. 

And  they  did  chide  with  him  sharply.  Judy.  viii.  1. 

2.  To  make  a noise. 

As  doth  a rock  against  the  chiding  flood.  Shak. 


CHIDE,  n.  Murmur  ; gentle  noise.  “ The  chide 
of  streams.”  [u.]  Thomson. 

CHlD'ER,  n.  One  who  chides.  Abp.Cranmer. 

f CIIID'ER-ESS,  n.  She  who  chides.  Chaucer. 

CHID'JNG,  n.  1.  Rebuke;  scolding. 

Well  thou  know’st  what  cruel  chidings 

Oft  I ’ve  from  my  mother  borne.  Bp.  Percy. 

2.  Noise  ; clamor. 

They  bayed  the  boar 
With  hounds  of  Sparta;  never  did  I hear 
Such  gallant  chiding.  Shak. 

CHID'ING,  p.  a.  Reproving;  rebuking;  scolding. 

CIIID'INC-LY,  ad.  After  the  manner  of  chiding. 

CHIEF  (chef),  a.  [Gr.  nopal.//,  the  head  ; L. caput, 
the  head  ; It.  capo ; Sp .jefe  ; Fr.  chef.) 

1.  Highest  in  office,  rank  or  authority ; most 
eminent ; as,  “ A chief  justice.” 

2.  Principal;  most’important ; main. 

A good  view  of  the  apostle’s  main  purpose  in  writing  the 
epistle  and  the  chief  branches  of  his  discourse.  Locke. 

Syn. — Chief,  capital,  or  principal  town  or  city. 
The  chief  or  principal  town  is  tile  largest  town,  and  it 
may  or  may  not  be  the  seat  of  government.  The  cap- 
ital town  is  the  seat  of  government,  whether  it  is  the 
largest  or  not.  — Chief  person  ; highest  station  ; prin- 
cipal or  main  object.  — See  Primary. 

CHIEF  (chef),  n.  1.  A military  commander ; a 
chieftain. 

After  or  before  were  never  known 

Such  chiefs ; as  each  an  army  seemed  alone.  Dnjdcn. 

2.  The  principal  person  ; a leader  ; a head. 

And  the  chief  of  the  house  of  the  father  of  the  families  of 
the  Ivohathites  shall  be  Elizaphan.  Kuwb.  lii.  30. 

3.  (Her.)  The  upper  part  of 

an  escutcheon.  Peacliam. 

In  chief,  highest  in  authority;  para- 
mount;— in  such  compounds  as  com- 
mander in-chief.  — (Law.)  In  capita,  or 
by  personal  service ; as,  “ Lands  liold- 
en  in  chief.” 

I shall  be  proud  to  hold  my  dependence 
on  you  in  chief.  Dryden. 

Syn. — Chief  implies  the  highest  rank  in  either 
civil  or  military  affairs  ; chieftain  and  commander , in 
military  matters.  An  Indian  chief:  a military  chief 
or  chieftain  ; tile  commander  of  an  army  ; commander- 
in-chief  of  a great  army  ; the  leader  of  a party  or  fac- 
tion, or  in  an  enterprise  ; the  head  of  a tribe  or  a fam- 
ily ; the  head  of  a profession. 

CHIEF  (chef),  ad.  Chief!}’,  [r.]  Thomson. 

f CHIEF'AfjrE,  or  CHEV'A<?E,  n.  [Old  Fr.  chevage, 
poll-money  paid  by  a tenant ; chef,  head.]  A 
tribute  by  the  head.  Chambers. 

CHIEF'— BAR-ON,  ii.  The  president  of  the  Court 
of  Exchequer.  Clarke. 

+ CIIIEF'DOM,  n.  Sovereignty.  Spenser. 

CIIIEF'£SS,  ii.  A female  chief  among  the  In- 
dians. Carver. 

CHIEF'— JUS-TJCE,  n.  The  principal  judge  of  a 
court.  Southey. 

CHIEF'— JUS'TICE-SH  IP,  n.  The  office  of  chief- 
justice.  Qu.  Rev. 

CIIIEF'Lpss,  a.  Wanting  a leader ; weak.  “Chief- 
less armies.”  rope. 

CIIIEF'LY,  ad.  1.  Principally;  eminently;  main- 
ly ; above  all. 

And  chiefly  thou,  O Spirit,  that  dost  prefer 

Before  all  temples  the  upright  heart  and  pure.  Milton. 

2.  For  the  most  part ; mostly. 

Where  the  estates  of  the  dissenters  chiefly  lay.  Swift. 

fCIIIEF'RIIJ  (chuf're),  n.  A small  feudal  rent. 
“ Any  more  than  a small  chiefrie.”  Swift. 

CHIEF'SHIP,  n.  The  office  or  station  of  a chief. 
“ Chief  ship  of  Ducca.”  Burke. 

CIIIEF'TAIN  (cheftin),  it.  [Old  Fr.  chefctain. 
— See  Chief.]  A leader  of  a clan  or  of  troops  ; 
a military  commander  ; a chief.  Spenser. 

Syn.  — See  Chief. 

CHIEF'TAIN-CY,  n.  The  office  or  station  of  chief- 
tain. Gent.  Mag. 

CIIIEF'TAIN-ESS,  n.  A female  chieftain. 

Miss  Sedgwick. 

CHIEF'TAIN-RY,  n.  The  state  of  a chieftain  ; 
headship  ; chieftainship,  [r.]  Johnson. 


MiEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  ROLE.  — C, 
30 


9,  9>  fc  soft; 


£,  G,  c,  g,  hard; 


§ as  z; 


% as  gz.  — THIS,  tfiis. 


234 


CHIME RE 


CHIEFTAINSHIP 


CHIEF'TAIN-SIHP,  n.  The  state  of  a chieftain  ; 
headship.  Smollett. 

f CHIEV'ANCE,  n.  [Fr.  chevissance,  a bargain.] 
Traffic  in  which  money  is  extorted  as  discount. 
“ Unlawful  chievances.”  Bacon. 

CHIEVE,  or  C1IEVE,  v.  n.  [Fr.  chevir.]  To  turn 
out ; to  come  to  a conclusion ; to  succeed. 
“Evil  mote  he  chore.”  Chaucer.  “It  chicles 
nought  with  him.”  [Obs.,  or  local.]  Bay. 

QHtF-FON-NIER ' (shif-fon-er'),  n.  [Fr.]  One 
who  picks  up  rags  ; a rag-picker.  Ch.  Ob. 

g HIF-FON-m-ERE ' (shif-fon-ne-Ar'),  n.  [Fr.] 
A movable  piece  of  furniture  serving  as  a clos- 
et ; a work-table.  W.  Ency. 

CHIG'RE  (chlg'ger),  n.  [Fr . chique  ; Sp.  nigua.~\ 
(Ent.)  A small,  troublesome  insect,  of  the  flea 
kind,  which  lodges  between  the  skin  and  the 
flesh  ; Pulex  penetrans  ; — written  also  cheger, 
chegre,  chegoe,  chigoe , chigua,  chigger,  and  jig- 
ger. Van  Der  Hoeven. 

CHI-ICA'RA,  n.  [Hind.]  A species  of  four-horned 
antelope  found  in  India ; the  Antilope  quadri- 
cornis  of  Blainville.  Van  Der  Hoeven. 

CHIL'BLAIN,  n.  A sore  or  inflammation  in  the 
feet,  hands,  &c.,  caused  by  cold  or  frost. 

CHIL'BLAIN,  v.  a.  To  render  sore  by  frost.  Cook. 

CHILD,  n. ; pi.  chIl'dren.  [A.  S.  cild ; Ger.  <Sp 
Dut.  kind.) 

1.  A very  young  person  of  either  sex ; an  infant. 

•The  child  is  father  of  the  man.  Wordsworth. 

Then  spare  the  rod,  and  spoil  the  child.  S.  Butler. 

2.  A son  or  daughter  of  any  age  ; offspring ; 
progeny ; issue. 

Hear,  ye  children,  the  instruction  of  a father.  Prov.  v.  1. 

3.  One  allied  to  another  in  principles  or  in 
practices.  “ Thou  child  of  the  devil.”Ae<s  xiii.  10. 

4.  pi.  Descendants.  “ O ye  children  of  Ja- 
cob.” Ps.  cv.  6.  In  the  language  of  the  Bible 
often  used  for  persons  in  general,  or  the  whole 
human  race  ; as,  “ The  children  of  men.” 

To  be  with  child,  to  be  pregnant. 

Syn.  — See  Offspring. 

f CHILD,  v.  n.  To  produce  fruits  or  flowers. 
“ The  chihling  autumn.”  Shale. 

+ CHILD,  v.  a.  To  bring  forth,  as  a child.  Spenser. 

CIIIlD'BeAr-ING,  n.  The  act  of  bearing  chil- 
dren ; childbirth.  Milton. 

CHlLD'BED,  n.  The  state  of  a woman  in  labor  ; 
travail;  parturition.  Arbuthnot. 

Childbed  fever,  puerperal  fever. 

CHlLD'BIRTII,  n.  The  act  of  bringing  forth  a 
child  ; parturition  ; travail.  Taylor. 

CHILDE,  or  CHll.DE  [child,  Sm.],  n.  A noble 
youth  ; the  son  of  a nobleman  ; — formerly  pre- 
fixed as  a cognomen  to  the  family  name  by  the 
eldest  son.  “ Childe  Harold.”  Byron. 

Kir  “ Childe,  pronounced  child,  is  contrary  to  all 
analogy  ; and  the  modern  way  of  pronouncing  it 
seems  to  have  been  determined  solely  by  the  indistinct 
notion  that  some  difference  ought  to  be  made  between 
it  and  child .”  Philological  Museum,  Cambridge,  Eng. 

fCHILD'lJD  (chlld'ed),  a.  Furnished  with  a 
child.  “ He  childcd,  as  I fathered.”  Shak. 

CHIL'DpR-MAS— DAY',  n.  [A.  S.  cildamassc  day, 
Eng.  child,  mass,  and  day.]  The  28th  of  De- 
cember, called  also  Innocents'  day,  from  the 
slaying  of  the  children  by  Herod.  Careic. 

CHlLD'HOOD  (-hud),  n.  [A.  S.  cildhad.]  The 
state  of  a child ; infancy ; minority  ; the  time 
from  birth  to  puberty; — sometimes  restricted 
to  the  age  between  infancy  and  puberty. 

The  childhood  shows  the  man 

As  morning  shows  the  day:  be  famous  then 

By  wisdom.  Milton. 

Ah.  happy  hills!  ah.  pleasing  shade! 

Ah,  tields  beloved  in  vain  f 
Where  once  my  careless  childhood  strayed, 

A stranger  yet  to  pain.  Gray. 

CHXLD'ING,  a.  Bearing  children.  “ Childing 
mother.”  Southey. 

CHILD'ISH,  a.  [A.  S.  cildisc .]  Becoming  chil- 
dren only  ; puerile  ; trifling.  “ Childish  fear.” 
Spenser.  “ Childish  play.”  Milton. 

When  I became  a man,  I put  away  childish  tilings. 

1 Cor.  xiii.  11.  | 


CHILD'ISH-Ly,  a.  In  a childish  manner. 

f CHILD-ISH— MlND'FD-NESS,  n.  Triflingness. 
“ I have  . . . some  childish-mindedness .”  Bacon. 

CHILD' IS II-NESS,  71.  The  quality  of  being  child- 
ish. “ The  actions  of  childishness.”  Locke. 

Last  scene  of  nil, 

That  ends  this  strange,  eventful  history, 

Is  second  childishness  and  mere  oblivion.  Shak. 

CHILD— KILL'ING,  7i.  Infanticide.  P.  Cyc. 

CHILD'LpSS,  a.  Having  no  child  or  offspring. 

CHlLD'Lf.SS-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  child- 
less. E.  Eve)  ctt. 

CHlLD’LIKE,  a.  Becoming  or  beseeming  a child ; 
docile.  “ Childlike  obedience.”  Hooker. 

CIlILD'LlKE-NESS,  n.  Childlike  disposition  or 
conduct.  Bunson. 

t CIIILD'LY,  a.  Like  a child.  Lydgate. 

f CHILD'NJpSS,  7i.  Childish  playfulness;  child- 
ishness. Shak. 

CHIL'DREN,  n.  pi.  of  child.  See  Child. 

The  sports  of  children  satisfy  the  child.  Goldsmith. 

+ CIIIL'DREN-LESS,a.  Without  children  ; child- 
less.  “ If  the  one  be  richandchildi'cnless.”  Drant. 

CHI-LE§E',  £ a ( Geog .)  Relating  to  Chili  or 

CHIL'I-AN,  > Chile.  P.  Cyc. 

CIII-LESE',  n.  sing.  & pi.  A native  or  natives  of 
Chili.  P.  Cyc. 

jCHIL'I-AD  (kll'e-ad),  71.  [Gr.  %thidf,  Xihiabos,  a 
thousand;  L.  chilias,  chiliadis.]  A thousand 
consecutive  numbers  ; thus,  from  1 to  1000  forms 
the  1st  chiliad;  from  1001  to  2000,  the  2d,  &c. 

The  table  . . . contained  the  logarithms  of  so  many  chiliads 
of  absolute  numbers.  Brande. 

GHlL'I-A-GON,  77.  [Gr.  yDuif,  a thousand,  and 
ytovia,  an  angle.]  A plane  figure  of  a thousand 
sides  and  angles.  Francis. 

CHI L-I-A-HE'DRON,  77. ; pi.  eiiil,-l-A-liE'DR A.  [Gr. 
Xiiias,  a thousand,  and  cSfta,  a seat,  a base.]  A 
figure  of  a thousand  sides.  Locke. 

CHIL'I-ARCII  (kil'e-hrk),  71.  [Gr.  j^ihiaoKo; ; Xl~ 
/ids,  a thousand,  and  ajr^o;,  a chief;  L.  chiliar- 
chus.]  A commander  of  a thousand  men.  Coles. 

CHIL'I-ARCH-Y,  n.  A body  consisting  of  a thou- 
sand men.  Henry  More. 

CHlL'!-A§M,  71.  [Gr.  xdtaoyis.]  (Lecl.)  The 
millennium,  or  period  of  a thousand  years,  dur- 
ing which  it  is  supposed  Christ  is  to  reign  at 
his  second  coming.  Boag. 

CHIL'I-AST,  n.  [Gr.  %i?.ia<rra'f,  pi.  xtli6<,  a thou- 
sand.] ( Eccl .)  A believer  in  the  second  coming 
of  Christ  to  reign  a thousand  years  ; a millcna- 
rian.  Pagitt. 

CHIL-I-AsT'IC,  a.  Relating  to  the  millennium; 
millenarian.  lie.  llev. 

CHIL-I-FAc'TIVE,  a.  See  Ciiylifactive. 

CHILL,  a.  1.  Giving  the  sensation  of  cold  ; cold. 
“ Vapors  chill.”  Milton. 

2.  Suffering  with  cold.  “ Chill  veins.”  Rowe. 

3.  Cold  in  feeling  ; unaffectionate.  Johnson. 

4.  Dispirited  ; depressed ; disheartened. 

CHILL,  n.  [A.  S.  cele,  cyl,  cylc  ; Frs.  kyelil,  cold; 
Dut.  killig .]  Chilliness  ; cold.  Derharn. 

CHILL,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  cclan,  to  chill.]  [ i . chilled  ; 
pp.  CHILLING,  CHILLED.] 

1.  To  make  chilly  or  cold. 

Age  has  not  yet 

So  shrunk  my  sinews,  or  so  chilled  my  veins.  Dryden. 

But  winter,  lingering,  chills  the  lap  of  May.  Goldsmith. 

2.  To  depress;  to  deject;  to  discourage. 

Every  thought  on  God  chills  the  gayety  of  his  spirits.  Rogers. 

Syn.  — See  Numb. 

CHILL,  v.  n.  To  shiver,  [it.]  Book  of  Homilies. 

CIIIL'LI,  n.  [Sp.  chile.]  American  red  pepper; 
Capsicum  annuum. — See  Chilly.  Boag. 

CIIIL'LI-NESS,  71.  A sensation  of  cold;  moderate 
coldness.  “A  chilliness,  or  shivering,  affects 
the  body.”  Arbufh77x>t. 

CHlLL'ING,  p.  a.  Making  chill;  cold;  as,  “A 
chilling  wind.” 

CHILL'[NG-LY , ad.  In  a chilling  manner.  Craig. 


CHILL'NgSS,  71.  Coldness;  chilliness.  Bacon. 

CIllL'LY,  n.  The  pod  or  fruit  of  the  capsicum  ; 
Guinea  pepper.  McCulloch. 

CIllL'LY,  a.  Somewhat  cold  ; cool,  so  as  to  cause 
shivering;  as,  “ Chilly  air.” 

CI1I  L'LY,  ad.  Coldly;  with  coldness.  Sherwood. 

CHI-I.O'MA,  n.  [Gr.  a lip.]  ( Zo’.l. ) The 

upper  Up  or  muzzle  of  a quadruped,  when  tu- 
mid and  continued  uninterruptedly  from  the 
nostril,  as  in  the  camel.  Brande. 

CIIJ-LO  NT- AN,  ) a Rating  to  Chilo,  one  of 

CHI-LON'IC,  ) the  seven  sages  of  Greece  : — 
brief ; concise.  Snia/’t. 

CHI-LOP1 0-DM,  71.  pi.  [Gr.  XfV.o;,  a lip  ; tt ojs,  rrolbs, 
a foot.]  ( Zoi'il .)  An  order  of  centipeds,  in  which 
the  lower  lip  is  formed  by  a pair  of  feet.  Brande. 

CHlL'O-POD,  71.  One  of  the  Chilopoda.  Brande. 

CHIL'TERN— HUN'DRJJD§,  71.  pi.  [A.  S.  cittern  ; 
ceald,  cold,  and  ern,  a place.]  A hilly  district 
in  England ; a tract  extending  over  a portion 
of  Buckingham  and  Oxford  shires,  which  for- 
merly abounded  in  banditti. 

tS8T  The  steward  of  these  hundreds  was  an  officer 
appointed  by  the  crown  to  keep  the  peace  there.  The 
duties  have  long  since  ceased,  but  the  office  is  still  re- 
tained to  serve  a particular  purpose.  No  member  of 
the  House  of  Commons  can  resign  his  seat,  but  any 
member  wishing  to  retire  may  accomplish  Jus  object 
by  accepting  the  stewardship  of  the  Cbiltern-Hundreis, 
which,  being  held  as  a place  of  honor  and  profit  under 
the  crown,  necessarily  vacates  his  seat.  Brande. 

CIllMB  (chlm),  7i.  [Fr.  cime,  the  top.]  The  end 
or  prominent  part  of  the  staves,  beyond  the 
head  of  a hogshead,  barrel,  tub,  &c.  ; — also 
written  chime  and  chine.  Stnart. 

CIIIME,  n.  [Corrupted  from  cymbal,  Junius 
and  Minsheu.  — It.  chiamare,  to  call,  (from  L. 
c/amo,)  Hensharv.  — “Perhaps  softened  from 
ch irrne  or  chunne,”  Todd. — Dan.  kime,  to 
chime.] 

1.  A consonance  of  many  instruments. 

The  sound 

Of  instruments  that  made  melodious  chime.  Milton. 

2.  pi.  The  sound  of  bells  in  harmony. 

We  have  heard  the  chimes  at  midnight.  Shak. 

3.  A set  of  bells  tuned  to  a musical  scale  ; 
as,  “ A cliune  of  bells.” 

4.  Correspondence  of  sound  in  verse. Drydc?:. 

5.  Correspondence  of  proportion  or  relation. 

In  several  proportions  one  to  another,  in  which  harmoni- 
ous chimes,  the  voice  of  reason  is  often  drowned.  Grew. 

6.  [Belg,  kune.]  Same  as  Chimb.  Dana. 

CHIME,  V.  71.  [i.  CHIMED  ; pp.  CHIMING,  CHIMED.] 

1.  To  sound  in  harmony  or  consonance,  as 

bells  ; to  harmonize.  Johnson. 

2.  To  correspond  in  relation  or  proportion. 

Such  terms  do  belong  to  one  another,  and,  through  cus- 
tom, do  readily  chime.  Locke. 

3.  To  make  a jingle,  as  in  rhyming. 

Ovid  and  Horace,  all  the  chiming  crew.  Cowley. 

To  chime  in  with , to  fall  in  with  ; to  agree  with. 
“ He  often  chimed  in  with  the  discourse.”  Arbuthnot. 

CHIME,  v.  a.  To  cause  to  sound  in  harmony  ; to 
strike  or  sound  in  harmony. 

With  lifted  arms  they  order  every  blow. 

And  chime  their  sounding  hammers  in  a row.  Dryden. 

CHiM'flR,  n.  One  who  chimes.  Shencood. 

jCHI-ME'RA  (ke-ine'ra),  n. ; pi.  jEHI-me'ra^.  [Gr. 
xi/iaif>a,  a goat,  a monster  ; L.  chuncera  ; It.  chi- 
7ncra\  Sp.  quimera ; Fr.  chhnire.] 

1.  A fabled  monster,  feigned  to  have  the  head 
of  a lion,  the  body  of  a goat,  and  a serpent’s  tail. 

Gorgons,  and  hydras,  and  chimeras  dire.  Milton. 

2.  A vain,  idle  fancy,  or  any  thing  absurd. 

The  mad  humor  which  used  to  be  absorbed  by  the  dreams 

of  alchcmv,  witchcraft,  and  astrology,  and  other  exploded 
chimeras  of  the  dark  ages,  is  ns  rife  as  ever,  only  expended 
on  newer  and  less  imaginative  follies.  IV.  B.  Clulow. 

3.  (Ich  ) A genus  of  shark-like  fishes,  of 
which  the  best 
known  species 
( Chinuera  mon- 
strosa)  inhabits 
the  northern  seas, 
and  is  called  king  Northera  chimera  (Clumcra  borealis). 

of  the  herrings.  Bra7\de. 

(JIII-MERE'  (she-mer'),  n.  [It.  zimarra,  a night- 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


CHIMERICAL 


CIIIRAGIUCAL 


gown  ; Old  Fr.  chamarre,  a loose,  light  gown.] 
The  outer  robe  of  a Protestant  bishop.  — See 
Sima  r.  Fairholt. 

CHI-MER'I-CAL  (ke-mer'e-kal),  a.  Partaking  of 
chimeras  ; fantastic  ; imaginary  ; fanciful. 

I cannot  think  that  persons  of  such  a chimerical  existence 
are  proper  actors  in  an  epic  poem.  Spectator, 

CHI-MER'I-CAL-LY  (ke-mcr'e-kjl-e),  ad.  In  a 
chimerical  manner  ; wildly. 

f CHIII'ER-IZE,  v.  n.  To  be  chimerical.  “ Chim- 
erizing  ideas  of  shallow  imaginative  scholars.” 

Trans,  of  Boccalini,  1626. 

CIHM'I-A-TER,  n.  [Gr.  xWtia’  chcl?istry»  and 
iarpOf,  a physician.]  An  iatro-chemist.  Smart. 

<]!HiM'IN-A^rE,  n.  [Low  L.  chiminagium  ; Fr. 
chemin,  a way.]  (Law.)  A toll  for  passage 
through  a forest.  Cowell. 

CHIM'ING,  j».  a.  Agreeing  in  sound;  harmonizing. 

CHIM'ING,  n.  The  act  of  sounding  or  ringing  in 
harmony.  Strype. 

CHIM'NEY  (chlm'ne),  n.  ; pi.  CHIMNEYS.  [Gr. 
Kanivos,  a furnace  ; L.  caminus,  a fireplace  ; It. 
cammino  ; Sp . chimenea Fr.  cheminie. — Ger. 
kamin.]  (Arch.) 

1.  That  part  of  a building,  of  brick  or  other 
incombustible  material,  made  to  convey  smoke 
from  the  fireplace,  or  fireplaces,  to  the  open  air 
above  the  roof. 

2.  A hollow  cylinder  or  a pipe,  used  to  cre- 
ate a draught  of  air;  as,  “The  chimney  of  an 
Argand  lamp.” 

3.  A fireplace  ; the  fireside. 

The  fire  which  the  Chaldeans  worshipped  for  a god  is  crept 
into  every  man’s  chimney.  Raleigh. 

CHIM'NEY— BOARD,  n.  A board  for  closing  up  a 
fireplace.  Boag. 

CmM'NIJY— COR'NER,  n.  The  corner  of  a chim- 
ney or  fireplace  ; the  fireside. 

CIlT M'NI5Y— HOOK  (-lluk),  n.  A hook  for  holding 
pots  and  kettles  over  a fire. 

CHIM'NJJY— JAMB§,  n.pl.  The  vertical  sides  of  a 
fireplace  opening. 

CHlM'NEY— MON'IJY  (cliTm'ne-mun'e),  n.  A tax 
once  paid  in  England,  for  each  chimney  ; hearth- 
money.  Todd. 

CHIM'NpY— PIECE,  n.  A shelf  over  the  fireplace. 
“ Marble  hearths  and  chimney-pieces.”  Swift. 

CHIM'NIJY— SHAFT,  n.  The  top  of  a chimney, 
or  the  part  above  the  rest  of  the  building.  Ogilvie. 

CHlM'NEY— SWEEP'fJR,  n.  One  who  sweeps  or 
cleans  chimneys.  Shah. 

CHlM'NEY— TOP,  n.  The  summit  of  a chimney. 

To  towers  and  windows,  yea,  to  chimney-tops.  Shak. 

CfUM-PAN'ZEE  [chlm-p&n'- 
ze,  K.  Cl. ; chlm-pjn-zS', 

Sin.],  n.  (ZoOl.)  The 
African  or  black  orang- 
outang ; a species  of  ape, 
which,  of  all  the  brute 
creation, approaches  near- 
est in  form  to  man ; Sim- 
la troglodytes.  Brande. 

CHIN,  Tl.  [Goth,  kinnus  ; .-ninipanzet:. 

A.  S.  cyn,  cinn  ; Ger.  kinn.]  The  part  of  the 
face  beneath  the  under  lip.  “ Thrusting  out 
her  chin.”  Sidney. 

||  CHi'NA,  a.  Relating  to  China: — denoting  a 
species  of  porcelain.  Gent.  Mag. 

||  CHi'NA  [chl'nj,  P.  E.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  R.  C.  Wb. ; 
cha'na,  S. ; clil'nj  or  clia'nj,  W.  F.\,  n.  A spe- 
cies of  fine  porcelain,  of  which  the  first  speci- 
mens came  from  China  ; China  ware  ; porcelain. 

AST  Walker,  in  accordance  with  what  seems  to 
have  been  the  prevailing  usage  of  his  time,  gave  the 
preference,  though  reluctantly,  to  the  pronunciation 
of  cha'na.  He  says,  “ What  could  induce  us  to  so 
irregular  a pronunciation  of  this  word  is  scarcely  to 
be  conceived.”  The  recent  authorities  are  all  in  fa- 
vor of  cln'na. 

||  CHI'NA— AS'TER,  n.  [ China  and  L.  aster , a star.] 
(Bot.)  A handsome  flowering  plant ; Chinese- 
aster.  — See  Chinese-aster.  Crabb. 

||  CHI'NA— OR  AN£E,  n.  The  sweet  orange;  — 
first  brought  from  China.  Johnson. 


9 


60 


||  CHl'NA-PlNK,  n.  (Bot.)  A species  of  Dian- 
thus  ; Dianthus  Chinensis.  Loudon. 

||  CHi'NA— ROOT,  n.  (Med.)  The  root  of  the 
Smilax  China  ; — so  called  because  imported 
from  China.  Brande. 


||  CIII'NA-RO§E,  n.  (Bot.)  A species  of  the  mal- 
low family  common  in  China  and  the  East  In- 
dies ; Hibiscus  rosa-sinensis.  Loudon. 

||  CHI'NA— STONE,  n.  (Min.)  Decomposed  gran- 
ite. Hamilton. 


||  CHI'NA-wARE,  n.  Fine  porcelain  ; — brought 
originally  from  China.  Smart. 

CIllN'CA-PlN,  n.  (Bot.)  A small  American  nut- 
bearing tree  of  the  Southern  States ; dwarf 
chestnut ; Castanea  pumilla.  Dunglison. 

CHINCH'— BUG,  n.  [Sp.  chinche,  a bed-bug.]  A 
fetid  insect,  destructive  to  wheat,  maize,  &c., 
in  the  Southern  and  Western  States  ; — so 
called  from  the  resemblance  it  bears  to  the  bed- 
bug in  size,  and  in  the  disagreeable  odor  which 
it  emits.  Farm.  Ency. 


chin-chIl'la,  n.  (Zord.) 
A genus  of  rodent  quad- 
rupeds peculiar  to  Ameri- 
ca. It  is  from  a species 
of  this  genus  (Chinchilla 
lanigera)  that  the  well- 
known  chinchilla  fur  is 
obtained.  Waterhouse. 


Chinchilla. 


CHlN'COUGH  (-kof),  n.  A convulsive  cough ; the 
hooping-cough.  Floyer. 

CHINE,  n.  [L.  spina  ; It.  schicna  ; Fr.  echine.— 
W.  cefn  ; Bret,  kein,  back.] 

1.  The  back-bone  or  spine  of  a beast.  Sidney. 

2.  A piece  of  the  back  of  an  animal.  “ Chines 

of  beef.”  Shak. 

3.  [Belg.  kime.)  The  ends  of  the  staves  of  a 
barrel  or  cask  ; the  chimb  or  chime.  Buchanan. 

4.  (Naut.)  That  part  of  the  water-way  left 

above  the  deck.  Ogilvie. 

CHINE,  v.  a.  To  cut  into  a chine  or  chines  ; to 
cut  through  the  back-bone.  Dryden. 

CHlNED  (chlnd),  a.  Relating  to,  or  having,  a 
back  ; — used  in  composition.  Beau.  $ FI. 

CHINE'— HOOP,  n.  The  hoop  on  the  end  of  the 
staves,  or  on  the  chine.  Crabb. 


CIlI-NEljE',  a.  (Geog.)  Of  or  relating  to  China. 

Chinese  crane , a modification 
of  the  wheel  and  axle,  combin- 
ing great  simplicity  of  structure 
with  great  mechanical  power.  — < 

Chinese  fire,  a composition  used 
in  fireworks.  Francis.  — Chinese 
glue,  a superior  glue  and  varnish 
obtained  from  a species  of  algre  — L, 
which  abounds  on  the  shores  of  China.  Ogilvie.  - 
Chinese  paper , a fine,  absorbent  paper,  of  a yellowish 
tint,  manufactured  in  China,  and  used  for  proving  en- 
graved plates  ; now  generally  called  India  paper.  Fair- 
holt. — Chinese  tree , the  Pteonia  moutan , or  tree  peony. 
Loudon. — Chinese  white,  an  empirical  name  given  to 
the  white  oxide  of  zinc,  a valuable  pigment  recently 
introduced  as  a substitute  for  white-lead.  Fairholt. 


CHI-NE§E'  [chl-nez',  P.  K.  Sm.',  chl-nCs',  Ja. 
Wb .],  n.  sing.  & pi.  (Geog.) 

1.  A native  or  the  natives  of  China. 

2.  The  language  of  China. 


tl:i ' Milton  forms  the  plural  of  this  word  by  add- 
ing s. 


The  barren  plains 
Of  Serieana,  where  Chineses  drive 
With  sails  their  cany  wagons  light. 


CHl'NE§E— AS'TIJR,  n.  [ Chinese  and  L.  aster,  a 
star.]  (Bot.)  A well-known  border  annual  with 
star-like  flowers  ; Aster  Chinensis.  Loudon. 


CHIN'GLE  (shlng'gl,  82),  n.  Gravel  free  from  dirt. 
— See  Shingle.  [Local.]  Donne. 

(JHlN'GLY  (shlng'gle),  a.  Gravelly  ; abounding 
in  gravel.  Sir  W.  Scott. 

CHINK  (chingk,  82),  n.  [Gr.  ^aira,  to  open  ; A.  S. 
cina,  or  cinu. ] 

1.  A narrow  aperture  ; an  opening  ; a gap. 
The  soul’s  dark  cottage,  battered  and  decayed, 

Lets  in  new  light  through  chinks  that  time  has  made.  Waller. 
In  vain  she  searched  each  cranny  of  the  house, 

Each  gaping  chink  impervious  to  a mouse.  Swift. 

2.  Money ; coin.  [Colloquial.]  Wright. 


CHINK  (chingk,  82),  v.  n.  [*.  CHINKED;  pp. 
CHINKING,  CHINKED.] 


1.  [Gr.  ^aivoi ; A.  S.  cinan .]  To  open;  to 

gape.  “ The  boat  chinketh."  Barret. 

2.  [Probably  formed  to  imitate  the  sound.] 
To  sound  by  striking  against  something,  as  one 
piece  of  coin  against  another;  to  jingle. 

When  not  a guinea  chinked  on  Martin’s  boards.  Swift. 

CHINK  (chingk,  82),  v.  a.  1.  To  break  into  aper- 
tures ; to  make  chinks  in.  Cotgrave. 

2.  To  jingle. 

He  chinks  his  purse,  and  takes  his  seat  of  state.  Tope. 

ClIIN'KA-PlN,  n.  (Bot.)  A nut-bearing  tree  ; 
the  dwarf  chestnut. — See  Chincapin.  Audubon. 


CHINK'Y,  a.  Full  of  chinks  or  narrow  clefts. 
“ Chinky  hives.”  Dryden. 

CIIIN'NA,  n.  (Bot.)  An  Oriental  plant  of  the  pea 
or  vetch  kind.  Malcom. 


CHINNED  (chlnd),  a.  Having  a chin  ; — used  in 
composition  ; as,  “ Long -chinned.” 

CHXN'GUA-PlN,  n.  The  dwarf  chestnut;  — writ- 
ten also  chincapin  and  chinkapin.  Gray. 


CHIN'-SCAB,  n.  A disease  in  sheep,  called  by 
shepherds  darters.  Crabb. 

CHINSE,  v.  a.  (Naut.)  To  thrust  oakum  into 
seams  with  a small  iron.  Dana. 

CHINTZ,  n.  [Sans,  cheet ; Hind,  cheent;  Pers. 
chinz,  spotted,  Thomson  ; Ger.  zitz .]  Cotton 

cloth  printed  with  colors  ; a peculiar  kind  of 
fast-printed  calico,  in  which  figures  of  at  least 
five  different  colors  are  impressed  ; — written 
also  dibits.  “ Charming  chintz.”  Pope. 

CHl-O-COC'CA,  n.  [Gr.  snoxv,  and  k6kko 

a berry.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  shrubs  bearing 
white  berries  ; snowberry.  Loudon. 

PHI-  O-JYAJV  ' TH US,  n.  [Gr.  snow,  and 

arOog,  a flower.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  ornamental 
shrubs  bearing  white  flowers  in  long  bunches ; 
the  fringe-tree.  Loudon. 


enI-OJT-I-Dl' DJE,  n.  pi.  ( Ornith.)  A family  of 
birds  of  the  order  Gallince,  including  the  sub- 
families Tldnocorince  and  Chionidince  ; sheath- 
bills.  Gray. 


cm- ojv-i-  dVjvje, 
n.pl.  (Ornith.)  A 
sub-family  of  birds 
of  the  order  Galli- 
nce  and  family  Chi- 
onididee ; sheath- 
bills.  Gray. 


f CHIOPPINE  (chop- 
pen'),  n.  [Sp.  cha-  . „ 

pin.]  A high  shoe,  - Cluonis  alba. 

formerly  worn  by  ladies.  Shak. 

CHIP,  v.  a.  [Ger.  happen,  to  chop.  — See  Chop.] 
[j.  chipped;  pp.  chipping,  chipped.]  To 
cut  small  pieces  from  ; to  diminish  by  cutting ; 
to  hew. 


Industry 

Taught  him  to  chip  the  wood  and  hew  the  stone.  Thomson. 


CHIP,  v.  n.  To  break  or  crack,  so  as  to  come  off 
in  small  pieces.  Grose. 


CHIP,  n.  1.  A small  piece  cut  off  by  an  axe  or  tool. 

Manganese  lies  among  clay  and  chips  of  stone.  Woodward. 
2.  A small  piece  ; a fragment. 

A chip  of  the  old  block,  a child  resembling  his  fa- 
ther. Oruse. 


CHIP'— AXE  (chip'aks),  n.  A one-handed  plane- 
axe.  Huloet. 

CHIP'MONK,  or  CHIP'mOk,  n.  The  striped  squir- 
rel. [Local,  U.  S.]  Kirkland. 

CHIP'PIJR,  v.  a.  To  chirp  ; to  chirrup.  [Local, 
Eng.]  Forby. 

CHlP'PflR,  a.  Lively  ; active  ; cheerful  ; com- 
fortable. [Colloquial  in  New  England  ; and  in 
some  parts  chirk  is  used  in  the  same  sense  ; as 
is  kipper  in  the  Craven  dialect,  Eng.] 

CHlP'PING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  cutting  off. 

2.  A chip  ; a fragment.  Beau.  Q FI. 

CIlIP'PY,  a.  Abounding  in  chips.  Savage. 

CIlI-RA'  GRA,  n.  [L.  ; Gr.  ^npdypa  ; %i! p,  the 
hand,  and  aypa,  a seizure.]  (Med.)  The  gout 
in  the  hand.  Dunglison. 

jEHI-RAG'RI-CAL,  a.  Having  the  gout  in  the 
hand.  Browne. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — Q,  <?,  g,  soft;  0,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  ^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


CHIRK 


CHLORINE 


23G 


CHIRK,  a.  In  good  spirits;  lively;  cheerful. 
[Colloquial  in  some  parts  of  the  U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

f CHIRK,  v.  n.  [Dut.  circken ; A.  S.  cearcian,  to 
chatter.]  To  chirp.  Chaucer. 

t CHIRM,  v.  n.  [L.  carmen , a song;  A.  S.  firm, 
a charm.]  To  sing,  as  a bird.  JIuloct. 

CHi'RO-GRAPH  (kl'ro-graf),  n.  [Gr.  x* ip,  viipdi, 
the  hand,  and  ypd <J>u>,  to  write  ; L.  chirographum  ; 
Fr.  chirographe.]  {Law.)  A deed  or  instru- 
ment of  conveyance  in  writing  : — a deed  or 
indenture  written  in  duplicate  upon  the  same 
sheet,  and  having  some  word,  commonly  chiro- 
graphum, between  the  copies,  so  that  it  might 
be  divided  lengthwise  when  they  were  separat- 
ed : — the  word  itself  through  which  deeds  were 
cut : — a fine  of  lands.  Burrill. 

jCHI-ROG'RA-PHIJR,  n.  1.  One  who  practises 

eliirography  or  handwriting.  Johnson. 

2.  (Eng.  Law.)  An  engrosser  of  fines  in  the 
Common  Pleas.  Bacon. 

CHl-RO-GRAPH'IC,  ) a.  Relating  to  chirog- 

CHl-RO-GRAPH'J-CAL,  ) raphy  ; written  with  a 
pen.  Smart. 

CHl-ROG'RA-PHIST  (kl-rog'rj-flst),  n. 

1.  A chirographer.  Todd. 

2.  One  who  tells  fortunes  by  the  hand.  “ Let 
the  chirographists  behold  his  palm.”  Arbuthnot. 

£in-ROG'RA-PHY  (ki-rog'rj-fe),  n.  [Gr.  yf/p,  ^n- 
(x U,  the  hand,  and  ypatptn,  to  write  ; It.  chirogra- 
fia  ; Sp.  quirograjia.]  Handwriting. 

£HI-RO-L6(I'J-CAL,  a.  Relating  to  chirology. 

£HI-R0L'0-(yIST,  n.  One  who  is  versed  in  chi- 
rology. Smart. 

CHl-ROL'O-pY,  n.  [Gr.  xl ip,  ^fipcSr,  the  hand,  and 
h6yos,  a discourse  ; Fr.  chirologie.]  The  art  of 
conversing  with  the  hands  and  fingers,  as  prac- 
tised by  the  deaf  and  dumb  ; dactylology. 

Dalgarno,  1G80. 

II  CHl'RO-MAN-Cf,R,  or  CH!r'0-MAN-C5R,  n. 
One  who  divines  or  foretells  future  events  by 
inspecting  the  hand.  Dry  den. 

H CHI'RO-MAN-Cy,  or  CHIR'O-MAN-CY  [kxr'o- 
man-se,  IK.  J.  F.  Wb.  ; kl'ro-man-se,  N.  E.  Ja. 
K.  Sm.  C. ; kl-rom'stn-se,  P.],  n.  [Gr.  xl‘?>  xil~ 
pils,  the  hand,  and  pavreia,  prophecy  ; Fr.  chiro- 
inancie .]  Divination  by  inspecting  the  lines  of 
the  hand ; palmistry.  Burton. 

||  CHl'RO-M AN-IST,  n.  Same  as  Chiromancer. 

||  CHI-RO-MAN'TJC,  ) Belonging  to  chiro- 

||  CHI-RO-MAN'TI-CAL,  ) mancy.  Browne. 

|| CHI'RO-MAN-TIST,  n.  A chiromancer;  a chi- 
romanist.  [r.]  Sir  IK.  Scott. 

CHI-RO-NOM'IC,  a.  Relating  to  the  moving  of 
the  hands  in  speaking,  &c.  Melmoth. 

£HI-R0N'0-MY,  n.  [Gr.  xc‘P>  xr,P^s>  the  hand, 
and  ni/iof,  a rule  ; ^npoi/o/u'a  ; L.  chironomia .] 
The  science  that  treats  of  the  rules  of  gesticu- 
lation or  pantomime,  and  oratorical  action. 

Brande. 

£hI-r6p'JJ-DIST,  n.  Same  as  Chiropodist. 

£fll'RO-PLAST,  n.  [Gr.  xeiP>  Xc‘P6s>  the  hand, 
and  tJ.a trato,  to  form.]  A hand-former ; an  in- 
strument used  by  some  teachers  of  the  piano- 
forte, to  exercise  the  fingers.  Smart. 

CIlI'RO-POD,  n.  [Gr.  ^f<p,  xH9^,  the  hand,  and 
roOs,  jro^s,  the  foot.]  A mammiferous  animal 
possessed  of  hands.  P.Cyc. 

£H|-r6p'0-D!ST,  n.  [Gr.  xf'P>  xr,n^>  the  hand, 
and  Trobs,  rniiot,  a foot.]  (Surg.)  One  who  treats 
of,  or  cures,  diseases  of  the  hands  and  feet ; a 
surgeon  for  the  hands  and  feet.  Dunglison. 


a lively  or  cheerful  noise,  as  birds,  without 
singing. 

How  cheerfully  these  birds  chirpl  Up.  Ilall. 

CHIRP,  v.  a.  To  cheer  up;  to  enliven;  to  chirrup. 
“ Chirping  bottle.”  B.  Jonson. 

CHIRP,  n.  The  voice  of  birds  or  of  insects.  Byrom. 

CIIIRP'pR,  n.  One  who  chirps  ; a chirping  bird. 

CHIRP'ING,  n.  The  gentle  noise  of  birds. 

Let  the  songs  be  loud  and  cheerful,  and  not  chirpinys  or 
pulings.  Bacon. 

CHIRP'ING,  p.  a.  Making  a cheerful  noise,  as  a 
bird.  “ The  chirping  birds.”  Temple. 

CIIIRP'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a chirping  manner.  Boag. 

fCIIIRRE  (cliir),  v.  n.  [A.  S.  ceorian,  to  mur- 
mur.] To  coo  as  a pigeon.  Junius. 

CHIR'RUP,  v.  a.  [From  cheer  up.' ] [i.  chir- 

ruped ; pp.  chirruping,  chirruped.]  To 
animate  ; to  encourage  ; to  make  brisk  ; to 
cheer  up  ; to  cherup.  Cowper. 

CHIR'RUP,  v.  n.  To  chirp  ; to  cheer  up. 

The  cricket  chirrups  in  the  hearth.  Goldsmith. 

•f  CIlI-RUR'GJjl-QN,  n.  [Gr.  xl,P0VPy6s  \ X‘‘P’  the 
hand,  and  epyov,  work  ; L.  chirurgus  ; It.  chi- 
rurgo  ; Sp.  cirujano ; Fr.  chirurgicn. ] One 
who  practises  surgery  ; a surgeon.  South. 

fiCH!-RUR'9?-QN-LY,  ad.  After  the  manner  of 
a surgeon.  Shah. 

tCHI-RUR'^f.-RY,  n.  Surgery.  Sidney. 

t£Hl-RUR'pIC,  ) a Surgical.  Warton. 

fCHl-RUR'^I-CAL,  ) 

CHIS-i'IJL  (chlz'el),  n.  [L.  scindo,  scissus,  to  cut: 
It.  cisello  ; Sp.  cincel ; Fr.  ciseau .]  A cutting 
instrument  or  edge-tool,  used  in  carpentry, 
joinery,  sculpture,  &c.,  for  cutting  by  pressure, 
or  by  the  blow  of  a mallet.  Shak. 

CHl§'£L  (chlz'el),  v.  a.  [Fr.  ciseler.]  [i.  chis- 
elled ; pp.  CHISELLING,  CHISELLED.]  To  Cut 
or  carve  with  a chisel ; as,  “ A statue  chiselled 
out  of  marble.” 

CIII^'pL-SIlAPED  (-shapt),  a.  Formed  like  a 
chisel.  Roget. 

CHIS'LEU,  n.  [Heb.  ; Gr.  ^a<rD.f5.]  The 

ninth  month  of  the  Jewish  year,  answering  to 
part  of  November  and  December.  Calmet. 

CHl^'LEY,  a.  [A.  S.  ceoscl,  gravel,  sand.]  Noting 
a clayey  soil  containing  a large  admixture  of 
gravel  and  small  pebbles.  Farm.  Ency. 

CHIS'fELS,  n.  pi.  The  coarser  part  of  bran  or 
flower,  after  the  finer  is  separated.  Smart. 

CHIT,  n.  [A.  S.  cith,  a germ.]  1.  The  first 
germination  from  a seed  or  plant ; a sprout. 
“ The  chit  ...  at  the  root  end.”  Mortimer. 

2.  A child  ; a baby.  “ Squealing  chit.”  Tatler. 

3.  A wart.  “ Chits  in  the  face  or  body.”  Iluloct. 

4.  An  instrument  for  cleaving  laths.  Francis. 

t CHIT,  v.  n.  To  sprout ; to  shoot.  Mortimer. 

CHIT'-CHAt,  n.  Prattle ; idle  talk.  Spectator. 

CIllT'LIN,  n.  A small  piece ; a fragment. 
[Local.]  Robb. 

jCHl'TON,  n.  [Gr.  xiniv,  a coat.]  (Zoul.)  A ge- 
nus of  gasteropods,  having  a protecting  shell 
formed  of  many  portions  ; the  coat-of-mail 
shell.  Woodward. 

CHIT'TJiH,  n.  A statistical  account  of  lands  in 
the  East  Indies.  Smart. 

f CIllT'TlJR,  v.  n.  [Dut.  cittcrcn  ; Ger.  zittern, 
to  tremble.]  To  shiver  ; to  chatter.  JTulor.t. 

fCHIT'TER-LING,  n.  The  frill  on  the  breast  of 
a shirt. " Gascoigne. 


II  <?HlV'AL-ROUS,  or  CHlV'AL-ROUS,  a.  [Fr. 
chexalresque.]  Relating  to  chivalry  ; gallant ; 
warlike  ; adventurous. 

The  Spaniards  were  fond  of  chivalrous  exercises.  Warton. 

||  piIIV 'AL-ROUS-LY,  ad.  In  a chivalrous  man- 
ner. Richardson. 

||  piIIV  'AI.-RY,  or  CHIV  'AI.-RY  [shlv'9l-re,  S.  P. 
E.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  Wb. ; chlv'al-re,  IK.  ./.  F.  R.  C.], 
n.  [It.  (f  Sp.  caballcria  ; Fr.  ehevalerie  ; cheva- 
lier, a knight ; cheval,  a horse.] 

1.  A military  dignity  ; knighthood. 

There  be  now,  for  martial  encouragement,  some  degrees 
and  orders  of  chivalry.  Bacon. 

2.  The  body  or  order  of  knights  ; cavalry. 

Such  and  so  numerous  was  their  chivalry.  Milton. 

3.  The  usages  and  customs  pertaining  to  the 
order  of  knighthood  ; the  system  of  knighthood, 
which,  in  the  middle  ages,  flourished  "and  fell 
with  feudalism. 

By  the  faith  which  knights  to  knighthood  bore, 

And  whate’er  else  to  chivalry  belongs.  Dryden. 

4.  The  estimable  qualifications  of  a knight, 
as  valor,  dexterity  in  arms,  and  gallant  behavior. 

Thou  hast  slain 

The  flower  of  Europe  for  his  chivalry.  Shale. 

The  age  of  chivaln/  is  gone,  and  one  of  calculators  and 
economists  has  succeeded.  Burke. 

5.  (Law.)  A tenure  of  land  by  knight’s  ser- 
vice. Cowell. 

tfjp  With  regard  to  the  pronunciation  of  this  word, 
the  preponderance  of  authorities  is  in  favor  of  shiv'- 
al-re  ; and  analogy  seems  to  require  that  ch  in  cheva- 
lier and  chivalry  should  be  pronounced  alike. 

CHIV KK  [chlvz,  IK.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  Sm.  C.  IKS.; 
shlvz,  S.  E.  ; shlvz  or  chlvz,  A'.],  n.  [Fr.  cive.] 

1.  The  threads  or  filaments  in  flowers.  Ray. 

2.  A species  of  small  onion  or  allium,  used 

in  soups.  — See  Cives.  Todd. 

J0HLAM-Y-DO-SAU'RUS,  n.  [Gr.  ^.apfcc,  x;.ap{«5o5, 
a cloak,  and  aalpo;,  a lizard.]  ( Zool .)  A genus 
of  saurians,  in  which  the  neck  is  furnished  on 
each  side  with  a large  plaited  frill,  like  a short 
cloak,  rising  from  the  hinder  part  of  the  ear. 
Only  one  species,  the  Chlamydosaurus  Kingii,  a 
native  of  Australia,  is  known.  Baird. 

jCHLAm'Y-PIIORE,  n.  [Gr.  x^a pcs,  a cloak,  and 
tptpto,  to  carry.]  (Zool.) 

A small  species  of  ar- 
madillo found  in  South 
America,  and  so  called 
from  its  being  covered 

by  its  coat  of  mail  as  Chlamyphore. 

by  a cloak.  Brande. 

CHLA  'Mrs,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  ^.o/uis.]  A Roman 
military  cloak.  Hamilton. 

CHLO'RJ,  n.  [Gr.  x'-^PC,  greenish-yellow.] 
(Bot.)  A genus  of  plants  which  yield  a yellow 
dye ; yellow-wort.  Loudon. 

jCIILO'RAL,  n.  [Formed  from  the  first  syllables 
of  chlorine  and  alcohol.']  (Chem.)  A colorless, 
dense  liquid,  of  a caustic  taste  and  suffocating 
odor,  composed  of  carbon,  hydrogen,  chlorine, 
and  oxygen,  and  formed  by  the  action  of  chlo- 
rine on  alcohol.  Regnault. 

jCHLO'RATE,  n.  [Fr.]  (Chem.)  A salt  composed 
of  chloric  acid  and  a base.  Ure. 

jCHLO-RET'JC,  a.  Resembling,  or  containing, 
chlorite.  Craig. 

GHLO'RIC,  a.  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  consisting 
of  one  equivalent  of  chlorine  and  five  equiva- 
lents of  oxygen.  Horsford. 

GHLO'RIDE,  n.  (Chem.)  A compound  of  chlo- 
rine and  some  other  substance.  Brande. 

jEHLO-RID'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  a chloride.  Ogilvie. 

£HLO-RlM'U-TRY,  n.  [Gr.  x}M96i'  green>  and 
pirpov,  a measure.]  The  process  of  testing  the 
bleaching  power  of  chloride  of  lime.  Ure. 


jCHl-ROS'O-PHlST,  n.  [Gr.  X(i f>,  the  hand,  and 
aotfu is,  wise.]  A fortune-teller.  Ogilvie. 

£IH-RO'TE!j,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  xcipt  x the  hand, 
and  ous,  ur<}<,  the  ear.]  (Zool.)  A genus  of  sau- 
rian reptiles,  having  two  short  fore-feet  divided 
into  five  toes,  and  closely  related  to  Amphis- 
bcena.  Van  Her  lloeven. 

CHIRP,  v.  n.  [Dut.  circken  ; Ger.  zirpen .]  [ i . 

chirped  ; pp.  chirping,  chirped.]  To  make 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6 


CIIIT'TF, R-IAYG jb  n.  pi.  [Goth,  githus  ; Ger. 
kuttel,  bowels.]  The  bowels  of  an  eatable  ani- 
mal ; — rarely  used  in  the  singular.  Hudibras. 

f CHlT'TY,  a.  1.  Childish  ; like  a baby.  — See 
Chit.  Sherwood. 

2.  Full  of  chits  or  warts.  Iluloct. 

||  9111-VAL'RIC  [she-val'rik,  Sm. ; clilv'jl-rik,  C.], 
a.  Partaking  of  chivalry  ; chivalrous.  “ The 
cliivalric  code.”  Brande. 


i,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure ; FARE, 


£IILO'RINE,  n.  [Gr.  x!mP6;>  green.]  (Chem.)  A 
greenish-yellow,  heavy,  energetic  gas,  obtained 
from  common  salt,  by  the  joint  action  of  perox- 
ide of  manganese  and  sulphuric  acid.  It  is 
noxious,  and,  if  breathed  undiluted,  fatal  to 
animal  life.  It  supports  combustion,  is  a 
powerful  bleaching  and  disinfecting  agent, 
and  a constituent  of  numerous  compounds. 
Under  pressure,  it  becomes  a transparent, 
yellow  liquid.  Lre. 


FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


CHLORINATED 


237 


CHOLIAMBIC 


jCHLO'RI-NAT-ED,  a.  ( Chem .)  Containing  one 
equivalent  or  more  of  chlorine.  Graham. 

jGIILO'RIN-IZED,  a.  Compounded  with  chlo- 
rine. Craig. 

EIILO-RI-OD'IC,  a.  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid 
compounded  of  chlorine  and  iodine.  Brande. 

jCH LO-Rl 'O-DINE,  n.  (Chem.)  A compound  of 
chlorine  and  iodine.  Brande. 

jCHLO'R[S,  n.  [Gr.  j^.iaplf,  a bird  with  a greenish 
belly.]  (Ornith.)  The  greenfinch.  Baird. 

CIILO'RITE,  n.  [Gr.  tf-wpis,  green.]  (Min.)  An 
earthy  green  mineral.  Brande. 

jCHLO-RIT'IC,  a.  Colored  green  by  an  admixture 
of  chlorite  ; as,  “Chloritic  sand.”  Lgcll. 

CITLO-RO-C  AR-BON'lC,  a.  Noting  an  acid  com- 
posedof  chlorine,  oxygen,  and  carbon  ; — termed 
by  J.  Davy,  its  discoverer,  phosgene  gas.  Kane. 

jEHLO-RO-CY-AN'IC,  a.  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid 
composed  of  chlorine  and  cyanogen.  Crabb. 

jGHLO'RO-FORM,  n.  [Gr.  green,  and  L. 

formica,  an  ant,  on  account  of  its  resemblance 
in  composition  to  formic  acid,  which  has  the 
same  proportions  of  carbon  and  hydrogen,  but 
which,  for  its  third  element,  has  three  equiva- 
lents of  oxygen,  instead  of  three  equivalents  of 
chlorine.  Tomlinson .]  (Chem.)  A heavy  vola- 
tile liquid,  composed  of  three  equivalents  of 
chlorine  and  one  of  formyl,  which  latter  sub- 
stance consists  of  two  equivalents  of  carbon 
and  one  of  hydrogen  ; terchloride  of  formyl ; — 
obtained  by  distilling  a mixture  of  chloride  of 
lime  and  alcohol.  It  was  discovered  by  Sou- 
beiran  in  1831,  and  applied,  in  1847,  by  Dr. 
Simpson,  of  Edinburgh,  at  the  suggestion  of 
Mr.  Waldie,  a chemist,  as  a substitute  for  sul- 
phuric ether,  to  produce,  through  its  inhalation, 
insensibility  to  pain  in  surgical  operations. — 
See  Sulphuric  Ether.  Gmelin.  Simpson. 

jCHLO-ROM'U-TER,  n.  [Gr.  green,  and 

yerpov,  a measure.]  An  instrument  for  testing 
the  decoloring  and  bleaching  powers  of  chloride 
of  lime.  Brande. 

jCHLO-ROM'g-TRY,  n.  The  process  of  testing 
the  decoloring  power  of  any  combination  of 
chlorine.  Ure. 

jCHLO'RO-RHANE,  n.  [Gr.  ^.wpdf,  green,  and 
<j)aipo),  to  shine.]  (Min.)  A variety  of  fluor 
spar,  of  a violet  color.  When  heated,  it  emits 
a bright,  emerald-green  light.  Dana. 

jEIILO'RO-PIIYL,  n.  [Gr.  ^2wpi5f,  green,  and 
ifivD.ov,  ' a*leaf.]  (Bot.)  The  green  matter  in 
plants,  consisting  of  minute  soft  granules  in 
the  cells.  Gray. 

jCIILO-ROPH'YL-LTTE,  n.  [Gr.  x?M?° c>  greeiL 
iphD.ov,  a leaf,  and  l.iOos,  a stone.]  (Min.)  A 
foliated  silicious  mineral,  found  in  large  pris- 
matic and  tabular  crystals.  C.  T.  Jackson. 

jEHLO-RO'SIS,  n.  [Gr.  ^iwpdf,  green.] 

1.  (Med.)  The  green-sickness,  a disease  inci- 
dent to  young  females.  Dunglison. 

2.  (Bot.)  The  condition  of  a plant  in  which 

the  whole  blossom  is  converted  into  foliaceous 
parts ; — so  called  from  the  green  color  thus 
assumed ; etiolation.  Gray. 

jCHLO-ROT'IC,  a.  Affected  by,  or  relating  to, 
chlorosis.  “ Chlorotic  symptoms.”  Dunglison. 

jCIILO'ROlTS,  a.  (Chem.)  Partaking  of,  or  re- 
sembling, chlorine.  Brande. 

JGHLO-ROX-AL'IO,  a.  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid 
formerly  supposed  to  be  obtained  from  acetic 
acid  and  chlorine,  and  regarded  as  a compound 
of  hydrochloric  acid  and  oxalic  acid.  Brande. 

JEHLO'RU-RET,  n.  (Chem.)  A compound  of  chlo- 
rine ; a chloride.  Brande. 

CHOAK  (chok),  v.  a.  See  Choke.  Johnson. 

jCHO'AN-ITE,  n.  [Gr.  Xo6vti,  a funnel.]  (Geol.) 
A genus  of  extinct  zoophytes  ; — so  called  from 
their  funnel-shaped  skeleton.  Brande. 

CHOAR,  n.  A Hindoo  thief  or  robber.  Ec.  Rev. 

CHOCK,  n.  [Fr.  choc.)  1.  fAn  encounter;  an 
attack.  Bp.  Patrick. 

2.  [From  choke.)  (Naut.)  A sort  of  wedge, 
to  confine  a cask,  &c. 


CHOCK'— FULL,  a.  Filled  so  as  to  leave  no  more 
room  ; entirely  full  ; — a colloquial  word,  writ- 
ten also  choke-full,  and  chuck-full.  — See 
Choke-full.  Qu.  Rev. 

CHOC'O-LATE,  n.  [Mexican  chocolate,  It . cioc- 
colata  ; Sp.  chocolate-,  Fr.  chocolai.) 

1.  A preparation  made  of  the  seeds  or  nuts 

of  the  Theobroma  cacao.  Loudon. 

2.  The  liquor  or  beverage  obtained  by  a solu- 
tion of  the  prepared  chocolate  in  hot  water. 

CHOC'O-LATE,  a.  Like  chocolate  ; having  the 
color  of  chocolate.  Cook. 

CHOC'O-LATE— HOUSE,  n.  A house  for  drinking 
chocolate.  Tatler. 

CHOC'O-LATE— NUT,  n.  The  nut  or  seed  of  the 
Theobroma  cacao.  Lee. 

f CHODE.  The  old  preterite  from  Chide.  — See 
Chide.  Gen.  xxx.  36. 

CHOG'SIpT,  n.  The  Indian  name  of  the  small 
fish,  otherwise  called  Conner  or  burgall.  Bartlett. 

CHOICE,  n.  [A.  S.  ceosan,  to  choose.— Vr^koix.) 

1.  The  act  or  the  power  of  choosii^^^kic- 
tion  ; option;  selection;  preference  ; iiSj^WTo 
make  choice  ” ; “ To  have  the  choice.”^^t 

Where  there  is  force  there  can  be  no  choice.  ~~&reu\ 

2.  Care  in  choosing  ; discrimination. 

Julius  Caesar  did  write  a collection  of  apophthegms:  it  is 
pity  his  book  is  lost;  for  I imagine  they  were  collected  with 
judgment  and  choice.  Bacon. 

3.  The  thing  chosen. 

Your  choice  is  not  so  rich  in  birth  as  beauty.  Shah. 

4.  The  preferable  or  best  part. 

The  choice  and  flower  of  all  things  profitable  in  other 
books,  the  Psalms  do  both  more  briefly  contain  and  more 
movingly  also  express.  Hooker. 

Syn. — See  Option. 

CHOICE,  a.  1.  Select;  precious.;  excellent.  “My 
choicest  hours  of  life  arc  lost.”  Swift. 

2.  Frugal;  careful;  chary. 

Uc  that  is  choice  of  his  time  will  also  be  choice  of  his  com- 
pany  and  choice  of  his  actions.  Bp.  Taylor. 

CHOICE'— DRAWN,  a.  Selected  with  care.  “ Culled 
and  choice-drawn  cavaliers.”  [r.]  Shak. 

CHOICE 'LESS,  a.  Without  the  power  of  choos- 
ing. “Dead,  choicclcss  creature.”  Hammond. 

CHOICE'LY,  ad.  1.  With  exact  choice ; with 
discrimination  ; with  care  ; carefully. 

A band  of  men, 

Collected  choicely  from  each  county  some.  Shak. 

2.  Valuably;  excellently.  Walton. 

CIIOICE'NIJSS,  n.  Nicety;  excellence.  “ Choice- 
ness of  phrase.”  B.  Jonson. 

CHOIR  (kwlr)  [kwlr,  S.  IF.  Ja.  Sm.  C.  Wb. ; kwlr 
or  kblr,  P.  J.  F.  ; kdir,  E.),  n.  [Gr.  ^opo't,  a 
dance,  accompanied  with  song  ; L.  chorus ; It. 

Sp.  coro  ; Fr.  chasur ; A.  S.  chor.) 

1.  An  assembly  or  band  of  singers,  especially 
in  church  service  ; — written  also  quire. 

The  choir , 

With  all  the  choicest  music  of  the  kingdom, 

Together  sung  Te  Deum.  Shak. 

2.  The  part  of  a church  where  the  choristers 

or  singers  are  placed.  Johnson. 

3.  The  chancel  of  a collegiate  or  of  a cathe- 
dral church,  occupied  by  ministers.  Ogilvie. 

4.  The  corporate  body  of  a cathedral.  Hook. 

CHOIR'— SER-VICE  (kwlr'ser-vjs),  n.  Service  of 
the  choir.  Warton. 

CHOKE,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  aceocan,  to  suffocate.]  [ i . 

CHOKED  ; pp.  CHOKING,  CHOKED.] 

1.  To  stifle  ; to  suffocate. 

The  herd  ran  violently  down  a steep  place  into  the  sea, 
and  . . . were  choked  in  the  sea.  Mark  v.  13. 

2.  To  overpower,  suppress,  or  kill,  as  by  suf- 
focation : — to  stop  the  growth  of. 

The  fire  which  choked  in  ashes  lay.  Drydcn. 

But  oats  and  darnel  choke  the  rising  corn.  Drydcn. 

3.  To  stop  or  block  up  ; to  obstruct. 

They  are  at  a continual  expense  to  cleanse  the  ports,  and 
keep  them  from  being  choked  up.  Addison. 

Syn.  — See  Suffocate. 

CHOKE,  v.  n.  1.  To  be  choked  or  obstructed. 

2.  To  be  offended.  Smart. 

CHOKE,  n.  The  internal  or  capillary  part  of  an 
artichoke.  [A  cant  word.]  Johnson. 

CHOKE'— CHER-RY,  n.  An  astringent  wild  cher- 
ry ; Prunus  borealis.  Loudon. 


CHOKE'-DAMP,  n.  Foul  air  ; a term  applied  by 
miners  and  well-diggers  to  carbonic  acid  gas, 
accumulated  at  the  bottom  of  wells  and  pits, 
where  it  is  often  fatal  to  life.  Brande. 

CHO-KEE',  n.  1.  A chair  ; a seat.  Smart. 

2.  A station.  [India.]  Smart. 

CHO-KgE-DAR',  n.  A man  at  a station  ; a watch- 
man ; a porter.  [India.]  Smart. 

CHOKE'-FULL,  a.  Quite  full ; full  even  to  chok- 
ing. — See  Chock-full.  Bruce. 

CHOKE'— PeAr,  n.  1.  A rough,  unpalatable  sort 
of  pear.  Phillips. 

2.  An  aspersion  or  sarcasm  by  which  another 
is  put  to  silence. 

Pardon  me  for  going  so  low  as  to  talk  of  giving  choke- 
pears.  S.  Richardson. 

CHOK'ER,  n.  1.  One  who  chokes  or  silences. 

2.  Any  thing  unanswerable  Johnson. 

CHOKE'— WEED,  n.  A species  of  weed.  Phillips. 

CHOK'ING,  p.  a.  1.  Suffocating;  stifling. 

2.  Stopping  up  ; obstructing. 

CIIOK'Y,  a.  Tending,  or  having  power,  to  choke 
or  suffocate.  ""  Johnson. 

CHOL'A-GOGUE  (kol'a-gog),  n.  [Gr.  ^oP.aywydf, 
carrying  off  bile  ; xohh  bile,  and  ayoi,  to  lead.] 
(Med.)  A medicine  for  producing  bilious  evacu- 
ations. [r.]  Dunglison. 

CHO'LATE,  n.  [Gr.  %oh'i,  bile.]  (Chem.)  A salt 
formed  of  cholic  acid  and  a base.  Regnault. 

CHOL-E-DOG'R  A-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  x°hi,  bile,  and 
yo6<l>io,  to  describe.]"  (Med.)  A description  of 
the  bile.  Dunglison. 

CHOL-g-DOL'O-^Y,  n.  [Gr.  ^oh),  bile,  and  ).6yos, 
a discourse  ; Fr.  choledologie.)  (Med.)  A trea- 
tise on  the  bile.  Dunglison. 

EHO-LE'IC,  a.  [Gr.  x0^'i>  bile.]  (Chem.)  Noting 
an  acid  obtained  from  bile.  Brande. 

EHOL'JJR  (kol'er),  n.  [Gr.  x°h'i,  the  gall,  bile  ; 
L.  cholera,  the  gall ; Fr.  colire.) 

1.  The  bile; — formerly  supposed  to  be  the 
humor  that  produced  irascibility.  Wotton. 

2.  Anger;  wrath;  rage.  “ Throw  cold  water 

on  thy  choler.”  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Anger. 

EHOL'g-RA,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  x°Upa  j X!Jdj,  bile, 
and  p/w,  to  flow.]  (Med.)  A disease  accompanied 
by  vomiting  and  purging,  with  great  pain  and 
debility,  apparently  arising  from  excess  or  acri- 
mony of  bile. 

The  Asiatic  or  spasmodic  cholera  is  a new  and  most 
appalling  form  of  pestilential  disease,  said  to  be  but 
indistinctly  known  prior  to  1817,  in  which  year  it 
made  its  appearance  in  India.  Brande. 

CHOL'E-RA-AS-PHYX'I-A,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr. 
Xol-ipa,  the  cholera,  and  a stopping  of 

the  pulse.]  (Med.)  The  Asiatic  or  spasmodic 
cholera.  — See  Cholera.  Dunglison. 

eilOL  ' E-RA—MOR  'BUS,  n.  [L.  cholera,  the  bile, 
and  morbus,  disease."]  (Med.)  A sudden  over- 
flowing of  the  bile  ; a painful  disease,  attended 
by  purging  and  vomiting.  Dunglison. 

jCIIOL'ER-Ic,  a.  [Gr.  ^oAtpixdf  ; L.  cholcricus  ; 
Fr.  colerique.) 

1.  Full  of  choler  or  bile.  Dry  den. 

2.  Inclined  to  anger  ; easily  irritated  ; irrita- 
ble ; irascible  ; passionate  ; as,  “ A choleric 
man.” 

3.  Indicating  anger.  “ Choleric  haste.”  Sid- 
ney. “ Choleric  speech.”  Raleigh. 

Syn.  — See  Angry. 

EHOL'ER-lC-LY,  ad.  In  a choleric  manner. 

jCHOL'JiR-IC-NESS,  n.  Irascibility'.  Bp.  Gauden. 

EHOL'E-RINE,  n.  [Gr.  x°Hpn<  the  cholera.]  (Med.) 
The  first  stage  of  the  cholera.  Dunglison. 

EHO-LES'TE-RINE,  n.  [Gr.  x°hh  bile,  and  are- 
pro;,  solid.]  (Chem.)  A crystaliizable  substance 
contained  in  bile,  the  brain  and  the  nerves,  and 
in  large  proportion  in  gall-stones.  Graham. 

CIIO'LI-Amb,  n.  Same  as  Choliamric.  Beck. 

GIIO-LI-AM'BIC  [ko-Ie-am'bilc,  K.Sm.-,  kol-e-5m'- 
bjk,  Ja.),  n.  [Gr.  xu J-‘ayfos,  halting  iambic  ; L. 


MIEN,  SIR  ; MOVE,  NOR,  SON  ; 


BULL,  BUR,  RtJLE. — 9,  9,  g,  soft; 


C,  G,  c,  g,  hard ; § as  z;  as  gz. — THIS,  tfiis. 


CHOMER 


choliambus.)  (Pros.)  A sort  of  iambic  verse, 
having  a spondee  in  the  sixth  foot.  P Cyc. 

JEIlO'MgR,  n.  A Hebrew  measure  equal  to  about 
ten  baths  or  ephas,  or  about  75  gallons. 

Dr.  A.  Clarke. 

CHOMP,  ?>.  n.  To  chew  greedily ; to  champ. 
[Provincial,  Eng.;  colloquial,  U.  S.]  Forby. 

JEHON'DRINE,  n.  [Gr.  ^6vbpos,  cartilage.]  ( C/icm .) 
The  substance  which  forms  the  tissue  of  carti- 
lage, as  it  occurs  in  the  ribs,  trachea,  &c.  Craig. 

JCIION'DRO-DlTE,  n.  [Gr.  a grain.]  (Min.) 

A granular  mineral,  consisting  chiefly  of  silica, 
fluorine,  and  magnesia.  Dana. 

JCHON-DROG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  x^i'bpos,  cartilage, 
and  ypa<l'ui,  to  describe.]  (Med.)  A description 
of  cartilages  ; chondrology.  Dunglison. 

jEIION-DROL'O-yy,  n.  [Gr.  cartilage,  and 

l.dyos,  a discourse.]  Chondrography.  Dunglison. 

jCHON-DROM'p-TpR,  n.  [Gr.  grain,  and 

fiirpov,  measure.]  A balance  for  weighing  grain. 

jCHO.\-DROP-Tf,-RY(?'!-AN,  n.  [Gr.  xoVityof,  a car- 
tilage, andvr/pul,  a wing.]  (Ich.)  One  of  an  order 
of  fishes  having  a cartilaginous  skeleton.  Brande. 

CHON'DROS, «.  [Gr.  ^diAoof.]  (An at.)  A cartilage ; 
— particularly  the  xiphoid  cartilage.  Dunglison. 

jEHON-DROT'O-MY,  n.  [Gr.  yhrSpoi,  a cartilage, 
and  To/irj,  a cutting.]  (Med.)  A dissection  of 
cartilages.  Dunglison. 

CHOOSE  (choz),  v.  a.  [Goth,  kiusan  ; A.  S.  ceo- 
san  ; Dut.  § Ger.  hiesen. — Fr.  choisir .]  [i. 
CHOSE  ; pp.  CHOOSING,  CHOSEN.]  To  pick  Out 
of  a number  ; to  take  by  way  of  preference  ; to 
prefer  ; to  select ; to  elect. 

Choose  ye  this  day  whom  ye  will  serve.  Josh.  xxiv.  15. 

Syn.  — To  choose  is  generic,  and  is  an  act  of  the 
will ; to  prefer  is  to  choose  or  take  one  thing  rather 
than  another,  and  is  an  act  of  the  judgment.  A man 
sometimes  chooses  or  makes  choice  of  a person  or  tiling 
that  he  does  not  prefer.  Choose  or  make  choice,  of  a 
profession,  a friend,  a situation  ; prefer  what  is  best 
or  most  esteemed  ; pick  out  the  finest  fruit : select  the 
best  authors  ; elect  a governor  or  president. 

CHOOSE,  v.  n.  To  have  the  power  of  choice. 
“ He  cannot  choose  but  prosper.”  Bacon. 

CHo6§'lJR,n.  One  who  chooses  ; an  elector;  as 
in  the  proverb,  “ Beggars  must  not  be  choosers.” 

CHOOSING,  n.  The  act  of  making  a choice ; 
choice  ; as,  “A  thing  of  one’s  own  choosing.” 

CHOP,  v.  a.  [Gr.  icfmrw  ; Dut.  happen  ; Fr.  couper.\ 

[ i . CHOPPED  ; pp.  CHOPPING,  CHOPPED.] 

1.  To  cut  with  an  axe,  or  with  a quick  blow. 

“ Chop  off  his  head.”  Shah. 

2.  To  cut  into  small  pieces;  to  mince  ; as, 
“To  chop  meat.” 

3.  To  devour  eagerly  ; — with  up. 

You  are  for  c hopping  up  your  entertainment  like  a hungry 
clown.  JJnjuen. 

4.  To  break  into  chinks;  to  chap.  “ Chopt 

hands.”  — See  Chap.  Shak. 

5.  [A.  S.  ceapian,  to  buy,  to  bargain.]  To 
exchange  ; to  chap.  — See  Chap. 

We  go  on  chopping  and  changing  our  friends.  L' Estrange. 

To  chop  logic , to  bandy  arguments. 

CHOP,  v.  n.  1.  To  do  any  thing  with  a quick 
motion,  like  that  of  a blow,  or  as  in  the  act  of 
seizing. 

Tf  the  body  repercussing  be  near,  it  choppeth  with  you 
upon  the  sudclen.  Bacon. 

Chops  at  the  shadow,  and  loses  the  substance.  L Estrange. 

2.  To  bandy  words  ; to  altercate. 

Let  not  the  counsel  at  the  bar  chop  with  the  judge.  Bacon. 

3.  To  change  suddenly;  to  shift;  as,  “The 

wind  chops  or  chops  about.”  Cook. 

[ To  chop  in,  to  come  in  suddenly.  “ Another  chops 
in  with  English  Italianated.”  JVilson  (1553).  — t To 
chop  out,  to  speak  suddenly.  “ Thou  wilt  chop  out 
with  them  unseasonably.”  Beau.  Sc  FI. 

CHOP,  n.  1.  A piece  cut  off ; a slice,  particular- 
ly of  meat;  as,  “Mutton  chops.” 

2.  A crack ; a cleft.  “ As  we  sec  in  the  filling 

of  the  chops  of  bowls.”  Bacon. 

3.  (Chinese.)  Brand;  stamp;  quality;  as, 

“Tea,  silk,  &c.,  of  the  first  chop."  Boag. 

CHOP'— CHURCH,  n.  A vulgar  expression,  used 
to  denote  the  exchange  of  benefices.  Craig. 

CHOP'— FAll'EN  (-lai'ln),  a.  See  Chap-fai.len. 


238 


CH5p'-HOUSE,  n.  A dining-house  ; an  eating- 
house,  or  house  of  ready  entertainment. 

But  John  Bull  is  faithful  to  bis  native  habits  and  native 
dishes,  whatever  may  be  the  country  or  clime,  and  would  set 
up  a chojj-house  at  the  very  gates  of  paradise.  W.  Irving. 


CHOPIN  (chop'jn  orcho-pen')  [cho-pen',  IV.  J.Ja.; 
chop'in,  P.  F.  C. ; slio-pcn  , S. ; cho'pjn,  J Vb.], 
n.  [Fr.  chopine .] 

1.  A French  half-pint  liquid  measure,  nearly 

equal  to  an  English  pint.  Howell. 

2.  A quart  in  wine  measure.  [Scot.]  Johnson. 

3.  [Sp.  chapin .]  A clog, 

patten,  or  light  frame-work, 
worn  under  the  shoe  ; — writ- 
ten also  chopine,  and  chop- 
ping. Halliwell. 

CHOP'I-NEL,  n.  [Fr.  chopine.) 

A spirit  measure  containing 
about  16  ounces.  Crctbb.  Chopins. 


CHOP'— LdtjJ-IC,  n.  A person  who  is  argumenta- 
tive or  disputatious.  Halliwell. 

CHOP'NljiSS,  n.  A kind  of  spade.  Maunder. 

CIUMtt’flR,  n.  1.  One  who  chops. 

butcher’s  cleaver.  Todd. 

ci^^WuNG,  n.  1.  The  act  of  cutting  or  chopping. 
Negotiation,  as  in  buying  and  selling. 

“ The  chopping  of  bargains.”  Bacon. 

3.  Altercation. 


You  ’ll  never  leave  off  your  chopping  of  logic.  L'Estrange. 

4.  A sort  of  Venetian,  high-heeled  shoe. — 
See  Chopin,  No.  3.  Ogilvie. 

CHOP'PJNG,  a.  1.  Large  or  stout.  “The  fair 
and  chopping  child.”  Fenton. 

2.  (Maut.)  Varying  frequently  and  suddenly 
in  motion  or  direction;  as,  “A  chopping  sea.” 

CHOP'PJNG— BLOCK,  n.  A log  of  wood  on  which 
any  thing  is  cut  in  pieces.  Mortimer. 

CHOP'PJNG— KNIFE,  n.  A knife  to  cut  meat.  “A 
chopping-knife  under  his  girdle.”  Sidney. 

CIIOP'PY,  a.  Full  of  cracks;  chappy.  “Her 
choppy  finger.”  Shak. 

CHOPS,  n.  pi.  The  mouth  of  a beast.  — See  Chaps. 

CHOP’STlCK,  n.  An  instrument  used  by  the 
Chinese,  &c.,  to  eat  with.  It  is  a simple  rod  of 
wood,  ivory,  or  other  material.  Morrison. 


jEIIO-RAy'JC,  a.  Noting  a monument  erected  in 
honor  of  a Choragus,  who  gained  a prize  by  the 
best  musical  entertainment  at  the  festivals  of 
Bacchus ; as,  “ The  clioragic  monument  of 
Lysicrates.” 

CIIO-RA'  GUS,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  x°pvyS; ; %opbs,  a 
chorus,  and  ayoi,  to  lead.]  The  leader  of  the 
ancient  chorus.  Warburton. 


CHO'RAL  (ko'ral),  a.  [Gr.  \op6f ; L.  chorus,  a 
chorus;  Fr.  choral.)  Belonging  to  a chorus, 
choir,  or  concert.  ‘■‘Choral  symphonies.”  Milton. 


CHO’RAL,  n.  (Mtts.)  A short  measured  melody 
sung  to  a religious  hymn,  originally  in  unison  ; 
a psalm-tune  ; as,  “ The  Lutheran  chorals." 

Dwight. 

CHO'R  AL-IST,  n.  A member  of  a choir.  Gent.  Mag. 

jEHO'RAL-LY,  ad.  In  the  manner  of  a choir  or 
chorus. 

CHORD  (kord),  n.  [Gr.  x°P^ ; L.  chorda-,  Fr 
corde .] 

1.  The  string  of  a musical  instrument. 

Who  moved 

Their  stops  and  chords , was  seen.  Milton. 


2.  (Mt/s.)  Two  or  more  tones  sounded  to- 
gether which  harmonize.  Dwight. 

3.  (Geom.)  A right  line  which 
joins  the  two  ends  of  an  arc  of  a 
curve,  as  A B,  A D.  Davies. 

CHORD,  v.  a.  To  furnish  with 
musical  strings.  “ Struck  the 
chorded  shell.”  Dry  den. 

CHOR-DEE',  n.  (Med.)  A painful  contraction  of 
the  frscnum,  or  cord  of  the  penis.  Dunglison. 

CHORE,  n.  A small  piece  of  domestic  work  ; a 
little  job.  Kirkland. 


/KzP  A familiar,  colloquial  word  in  the  United 
States.  In  the  English  Dictionaries  it  is  commonly 
written  char,  and  pronounced  chare  ; but  Crabb  and 
Richardson  write  it  chare.  Holloway,  in  his  Provin- 
cial Dictionary,  and  Jennings  and  Akerman,  in  their 
Glossaries,  write  it  choor-,  Halliwell,  char  and  choor. 
— See  Ciiar,  or  Chare. 


CHORUS 

CIIO-RE'A,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr. 

(Med.)  St.  Vitus’s  dance. 

CHO-REE',  n.  Same  as  Ciioregs.  Smart. 

CIIOR-E-GRAph  JC,  ? Relating  to  choreg- 

CHOR-P-GRApH'J-CAL,  ) raphy. 

CHO-REG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  x°P(,a,  a dancing,  and 
ypaijiw,  to  describe.]  The  art  of  representing 
dances  by  signs,  as  a tune  is  represented  by 
notes.  Craig. 

jCHO-RJJ-PIS'CO-PAL,  a.  Relating  to  a suffragan 
or  local  bishop.  Fell. 

\ eno-RE-PIS'  Cg-Ptfs,  n.  [L. ; Gr.  place, 

and  IviaKonos,  a bishop.]  A suffragan  or  local 
bishop.  Todd. 

eilO-RE  ' US,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  belonging 

to  a chorus  or  dance.]  (Pros.) 

1.  A poetic  foot,  consisting  of  one  long  and 
one  short  syllable;  as,  fl'cus;  a trochee.  Crabb. 

2.  In  the  later  prosodists,  a foot  consisting 
of  three  short  syllables  ; a tribrach.  IV.  Smith. 

jEIIO'RI-AMB,  n.  Same  as  Choriambic.  Beck. 

||  fc'HO-RI-AM'BIC  [ko-re-am'bjk,  K.  Sin.;  kor-e- 
am'bjk,  Ja.  \Vb. ],  n.  [Gr.  x°P‘apP°t ; x°pJ°s,  a 
trochee,  and  ia/ijio;,  an  iambus  ; L.  chor iambus .] 
(Pros.)  A foot  of  four  syllables,  one  long  at 
each  end,  and  two  short  in  the  middle ; a chori- 
ambus.  Andrews. 

II  jEHO-RI-AM'BJC,  a.  (Pros.)  Relating  to  a cho- 
riamb or  choriambus.  Smart. 

II  CHO-RI-Am' BUS,  11.  [L.,  from  Gr.  x»P‘opPos.] 

(Pros.)  A poetic  foot  of  four  syllables,  one  long 
at  each  end,  and  two  short  in  the  middle  ; — 
also  written  choriamb,  and  choriambic.  Andrews. 

JEIIO'RIC,  a.  Relating  to  a chorus,  [r.]  Qu.  Rev. 

jEHO'RJ-ON,  n.  [Gr.  skin  ; pew,  to  con- 

tain ; Fr.  chorion.'] 

1.  (Anat.)  The  exterior  membrane  that  in- 
wraps the  fetus.  Dunglison. 

2.  (Bot.)  The  external  membrane  of  the  seeds 

of  plants.  Craig. 

jEHO'RJST  [ko'rjst,  I\.  Sm.  C.  IV b. ; kor'jst,  Ja.], 
n.  [Fr.  choriste- — See  Choir.]  A singer  in 
a choir.  Cotgrave. 

jEHOR'IS-TIJR  [kor’is-ter,  J.  E.  Ja.  Sm.  C.  Wb.; 
kwir'is-ter,  IF.  / . ; kwer'js-ter,  S. ; kor’js-ter  or 
kwlr'is-ter,  P.  A'.],  n.  1.  A singer  in  a choir  or 
in  a concert ; a quirister. 

The  choristers  the  joyous  anthem  Sing.  Spenser. 

2.  A leader  of  a choir. 

jEHO-RIS'TJC,  a.  Belonging  to  a choir  ; choric  ; 
choral,  [r.]  Crabb. 

end' RO-FA-  VQ-RI'  TO,  n.  [It .,  favorite  chorus.] 
(Mils.)  A chorus  in  which  the  best  voices  and 
instruments  are  employed.  Crabb. 

CHO-ROG'RA-PHFIR,  n.  [Gr.  ^wpoypa'0os ; 

a place,  and  ypa<pu>,  to  describe ; L.  chorogra- 
phus .]  One  who  describes  a country.  Milton. 

CIIOR-O-GRAPH  JC,  ? a.  [F r.cliorographique.] 

jEHOR-O-GRApII'J-CAL,  ) Relating  to  chorogra- 
phy.-  “A  chorographical  description.”  Raleigh. 

jCHOR-O-GRAPII'l-CAL-LY,  ad.  By  means  of 
chorography.  IVeever. 

JEHO-ROG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  ^wooypa0m  ; ^ta po;,  a 
piace,  and  ypd c/jcu,  to  describe  ; L.  chorographia  ; 
Fr.  chorograpliic .]  The  description  of  a place 
or  district,  or  the  art  of  constructing  maps  of 
such  district.  It  is  less  in  its  object  than  geog- 
raphy, and  greater  than  topography.  “ The 
chorography  of  Egypt.”  Stillingfleet. 

jEHO'ROID,  n.  [Gr.  the  chorion,  and  iltos, 

form.]  (Anat.)  Any  membrane  resembling  a 
chorion.  Roget. 

jCHO-ROM'IJ-TRY,  n.  [Gr.  a place,  and 

pirpov,  a measure.]  Ihe  art  of  measuring  or 
surveying  a country.  Crabb. 

jCHO'RUS,  n.;  pi.  L.  guo'Ri ; Eng.  jbho'rus-e^. 
[L.,  from  Gr.  x°P°s  > It*  # Sp.  coro  ; Fr.  choeu'r; 
A.  S.  chor;  Dut.  koor ; tier,  chor.] 

1.  Originally  a band  of  singers  or  dancers. 

The  Grecian  tragedy  was  at  first  nothing  but  a chorus  of 

singers.  Dryden. 

2.  (Greek  Drama.)  The  person  or  persons 


^ A ' ft 

Xipda,  a 'dancing.] 
Dunglison. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  1,  6,  U,  Y,  short ; A,  I,  O,  y,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HfilR,  HER; 


» 


CHOSE 


239 


CHROME 


who  are  supposed  to  behold  what  passes  in  the 
acts  of  "a  tragedy,  and  sing  their  sentiments  be- 
tween the  acts. 

Admit  me  chorus  to  this  history.  Shak. 

3.  The  song  between  the  acts  of  a tragedy. 

4.  Verses  of  a song  in  which  the  company 

join  the  singer.  Johnson. 

5.  (Mus.)  A band  or  choir  of  singers  : — a piece 
for  a choir  of  singers,  either  in  unison,  or  in  parts 

. with  many  voices  on  each  part  ; — in  contradis- 
tinction to  a sob,  a duet,  a trio,  &c.  Dwight. 

CHO§E,  i.  from  choose.  See  Choose. 

QUOfSE  (slioz),  re.  [Fr.]  (Law.)  A thing  ; — gen- 
erally used  in  combination  with  other  words,  as 
chose  in  action,  chose  in  possession,  &c. 

Chose  in.  action,  a tiling  which  a man  has  not  the 
actual  possession  of,  but  which  lie  has  a right  to  de- 
mand by  action,  as  a debt  or  demand  due  from  an- 
other. — Chose  in  possession,  a thing  in  possession,  as 
distinguished  from  a thing  in  action,  as  taxes  when 
paid,  or  a contract  executed.  - Burrill. 


CHO^'EN  (cho'zn),  p.  from  choose.  See  Ciioose. 

CHOUGH  (chuf), 
n.  [A.S.eco. — 

Fr.  choucas. ] 

( Ornith . ) A 
bird  that  fre- 
quents the  sea 
side,  belong- 
ing to  the  or- 
der Passeres, 
family  Corri- 
da?,  and  sub- 
family Pyrrhocoracinm.  Gray. 

CHOULE,  or  CHOULE,  n.  The  crop  of  a lird  ; — 
commonly  spelt  and  pronounced  jowl.  Browne. 

CHOUL'TRY,  n.  An  East-Indian  inn.  Maunder. 


CHOUSE,  v.  a.  To  cheat ; to  trick  ; to  defraud. 


Our  islanders,  however  they  may  pretend  to  chouse  one 
another,  make  but  very  awkward  rogues.  Taller. 

flQp-The  following  account  is  given  by  Dr.  It.  C. 
Trench  of  the  singular  origin  of  this  word  to  chouse, 
from  tlie  Turkish  word  chiaous,  which  signifies  in- 
terpreter-,— written  by  Hakluyt  chans,  and  by  Mas- 
singer chiaus.  “ Such  an  interpreter,  being  attached 
to  the  Turkish  embassy  in  England,  committed,  in 
the  year  1G09.  an  enormous  fraud  on  the  Turkish  and 
Persian  merchants  resident  in  London.  He  succeeded 
in  cheating  them  of  a sum  amounting  to  four  thou- 
sand pounds  — a sum  much  greater  at  that  day  than 
at  tile  present.  From  the  vast  dimensions  of  the 
fraud,  and  the  notoriety  which  attended  it,  any  one 
who  cheated  or  defrauded  was  said  to  r.liiaus,  change, 
or  chouse  — to  do,  that  is,  as  this  chiaus  had  done.” 
See  also  William  Gifford’s  Ben  Jonson,  iv.  27. 

CHOUSE,  n.  1.  One  easily  cheated;  a tool.  “A 
sottish  chouse.”  Hudibras. 

2.  A trick  ; a sham  ; a bubble.  Johnson. 

CHOUT,  n.  A fourth  part  of  the  clear  revenue ; 
— so  used  in  India.  Hamilton. 


CIIoW'DER,  n.  1.  Food  made  of  fresh  fish,  as 
cod  or  haddock,  boiled  with  biscuit,  pork.  &c. ; 
fish-soup.  Grose. 

2.  A fish-seller.  [Local,  Eng.]  Halliwell. 

3.  An  antiscorbutic  from  which  spruce  beer 

is  made.  Smart. 

CHoW'DER,  v.  a.  To  make  into  a chowder  ; as, 

“ To  chowder  a fish.”  Clarke. 


CHoW'DER— BEER,  n.  An  infusion  of  spruce 
and  water  mixed  with  molasses.  Crabb. 

CHOW'RY,  7i.  A whisk  to  keep  off  the  flies. 
[India.]’  Hamilton. 

CHOW'— STICK,  n.  A kind  of  torch.  [China.] 
H.  T.  Tuckerman. 

f CHoW'TgR,  v.  n.  To  grumble  or  mutter  like  a 
froward  child.  Phillips. 

CIIOY'— ROOT,  n.  See  Chay-hoot. 

jEHRE-MA-TIS'TICS,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  %pi'i para,  goods.] 
The  science  of  wealth ; a branch  of  political 
economy.  Brande. 

jEHRE-O-TEjEH'NICS,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  xoelos,  useful, 
and  rc^vp,  art.]  Agriculture,  manufactures,  and 
commerce,  [r.]  # R.  Park. 

UHRfiS-TOM'A-THY,  71.  [Gr.  xpriOTop/iOria  ; Xpr/- 
ards,  useful,  and  pavdamn,  to  learn.]  That  which 
it  is  useful  to  learn  ; a book  composed  of  useful 
extracts ; a book  of  instruction.  Brande. 


CHRISM  (krlzm),  n.  [Gr.  ^p?  a pa,  an  unguent ; L. 
c/visma;  Fr.  chreme. ] Consecrated  oil;  — 
formerly  used  in  Romish  and  Greek  churches 
in  baptism,  confirmation,  &c.  Hammond. 

CHRl^'MAL,  a.  Relating  to  chrism.  Brevmt. 

CHRIS 'MA-TO-RY,  71.  [Old  Fr.  chrismatoire.\  A 
little  vessel  for  chrism.  Bale. 


fjEHRI^'OM  (krlz'um),  n.  1.  A child  that  dies 
within  a month  after  its  birth  ; — so  called  from 
the  chrisom-cloth,  or  cloth  anointed  with  chrism, 
formerly  put  over  it.  Graunt. 

2.  A cloth  anointed  with  chrism.  Johnso7i. 

CHRIST,  71.  [Gr.  Xptards  ; ^fuw,  to  anoint ; L. 
Christus-,  It.  § Sp.  Cristo  ; Fr.  Christ ; A.  S. 
Crist.]  The  Anointed ; the  Messiah.  Matt. 

jEHRIST-CROSS-ROW'  (krls-kros-ro'),  n.  An  old 
term  for  the  alphabet ; — probably  so  called 
from  the  cross  usually  set  before  it,  or  from 
writing  it  in  the  form  of  a cross.  Whitlock. 


jEHRIST'EN  (krls'sn),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  christnian\ 
Dut.  kerste7ien.]  [i.  christened  ; pp. 

ENING,  CHRISTENED.] 

1.  To  name  and  baptize  in  token  of  i1 
into  the  Christian  church;  as,  “To  c, 
child.” 

2.  To  denominate-;  to  name. 


MjEIST- 

llmm/i  - 


Christen  the  thing  what  you  will,  it  can  be  no  better  than 
a mock  millennium.  Huniet. 

jEHRIS'TEN-DOM  (kris'sn-dum),  n.  [A.  S.  Cris- 
tendom ; Cristen,  Christian,  and  clo7n,  power,  ju- 
risdiction.] 

1.  The  regions  inhabited  by  Christians. 

His  computation  is  universally  received  over  all  Christen- 
dom. Holder. 


2.  The  whole  body  of  Christians. 

Christendom  shall  ever  speak  his  virtue.  Shak. 


CIIRlS'TEN-lNG  (kris'sn-Ing),  n.  1.  The  ceremony 
of  naming  with  baptism.  Graunt. 

2.  The  act  or  the  ceremony  of  naming. 

CHRIS'TEN-ING  (kris'sn-Ing),  a.  Relating  to  a 
christening.  “ Christetimy  dinners.”  Warton. 

CHRLS'TIAN  (knst'yem),  n.  [Gr.  Xpiariau6s  ; L. 
Christianas.’,  It.  § Sp.  Cristiano  ; Fr.  Chretien ; 
A.  S.  Cristen.] 

1.  A disciple  of  Christ.  “ The  disciples  were 
called  Christiatis  first  in  Antioch.”  Acts  xi.  26. 

2.  In  the  most  general  s?nse,  an  inhabitant 
of  Christendom. 

jEHRIS'TIAN  (krlst'yan),  a.  1.  Relating  to  Christ 
or  to  Christianity  ; as,  “ Christian  doctrines.” 

2.  Professing  Christianity ; as,  “ Christiati 
nations.” 

3.  Ecclesiastical.  “ The  court  Christian,  or 

ecclesiastical  judicature.”  Burrill. 

f jEHRIS'TIAN,  v.  a.  To  christen.  Fulke. 

CHRIS-TI-A'JCJI  (kris-che-a'na),  7i.  A Swedish 
silver  coin,  equal  to  Id.  sterling.  Crabb. 

jEHRIS'TIAN— D’ OR,  n.  A Danish  gold  coin,  equal 
to  16s.  6 d.  sterling.  Crabb. 


DHRIS'TI AN-ISM,  77.  [Gr.  Xptortavitrpds  ; L.  Chris- 
tianismus  ; Fr.  Ch7-istia7iis77ie.]  The  Christian 
doctrine ; Christianity.  Milto7i. 

jEHRIS-TI-AN'I-TY  (krisf-ye-an'e-te)  [krls-che- 
an'e-te,  W.  J. ; kris-tyan'e-te,  S.  E.  K.  Sm. ; 
krls-te-an'e-te,  P.Ja.\  krls-tye-an'e-te,  J1.],  n. 
[L.  Cli7'istianitas ; It.  C)-istia7iitii ; Sp.  Cris- 
tiandad  ; Fr.  Chretienti.]  The  religion  taught 
by  Christ ; the  religion  of  Christians. 

Christianity  cannot  be  improved;  but  men’s  views,  and 
estimate,  and  comprehension  of  Christianity  may  be  indefi- 
nitely improved.  Abp.  }V  hatch/. 


jEHRlS-TIAN-I-ZA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  Chris- 
tianizing. Ch.  Ob. 

JEHRIS'TIAN-IZE,  v.  a.  [Gr.  Xpiartavl^to  ; L.  Chris- 
tia/iizo ; Fr.  Christianiser.]  \i.  Christianized  ; 
pp.  Christianizing,  Christianized.]  To 
* render  Christian;  to  convert  to  Christianity; 
as,  “ To  Christianize  heathen  nations.” 

jEHRIS'TIAN-LlKE,  a.  Befitting  a Christian. 
“ With  a most  Christia7i-like  fear.”  Shak. 

jEHRIS'TIAN-LY,  a.  Becoming  a Christian. 
“ Christianly  reverence.”  Milton. 

jEIIRIS'TI  AN-Ly,  ad.  Like  a Christian.  “ Chris- 
tianly instructed.”  Milton, 


CHRIS  TIAN— NAME  (krist'yan-nani),  71,  The 
name  given  at  baptism,  in  distinction  from  the 
surname.  Jo/mson. 

f jEIIRlS'TIAN-NESS,  71.  The  quality  which  par- 
takes of,  or  which  befits,  Christianity. 

It  is  very  unreasonable  to  judge  the  Christiavmess  of  an 
action  by  the  law  of  natural  reason.  Hammond. 

f jEHRIS-TIAN-OG'R  A-  PII Y,  n.  [Gr.  Xp, ananas,  a 
Christian,  and  ypdtjiui,  to  describe  ; It.  Cristiano- 
yrafia.]  A description  of  Christendom,  or  of 
Christian  nations.  Bp.  Hall. 

jEHRIS-TIC'O-LIST,  n.  [L.  Christicola  ; Christas, 
Christ,  and  colo,  to  worship.]  A worshipper  of 
Christ.  Oyilvie. 

jEHRIST'LESS,  a.  Being  without  Christ.  Edwards. 

||  jEHRIST'MAS  (krls'mas),  n.  \Cli7-ist  and  7nass.] 

1.  The  day  (Dec.  25th)  on  which  the  nativity 

of  Christ  is  celebrated.  Wheatley. 

2.  The  season  of  Christmas  ; the  twelve  days 

succeeding  Christmas-day.  Joh/ison. 

||  JEHRIST'MAS  (krls'mtis),  a.  Belonging  to  the 
time  of  Christ’s  nativity.  Spectator. 

||  jEHRIST'MAS-BOX  (krls'mjs-hoks),  n.  1.  A box 
for  collecting  Christmas  presents.  “A  Christ- 
7nas-box  they  hear.”  Ga7j. 

2.  A collection  of  presents  at  Christmas. 

II  jEHRIST'MAS— FLoW'JJR,  7i.  Same  as  Christ- 
mas-rose. Jo/mson. 

||  f jEHRIST'MAS-ING,  n.  The  act  of  celebrating 
Christmas.  Herbert. 

||  jEHRIST'MAS— PlE,  n.  A pie  made  at  Christmas. 

||  JEHRIST'MAS— RO§E,  ( Bot .)  An  evergreen 

poisonous  plant ; black  hellebore ; Helleborits 
niyer.  Loudon. 

II  jEHRIST'MAS— TALE, ?i.  A fabulous  story.  Young. 

||  jEHRIST'MAS-TlDE,  7i.  Christmas-time.  Pope. 

||  jEHRlST'MAS-TiME,  71.  The  season  of  Christ- 
mas ; Christmas.  Seward. 

JEHRIS-TOL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  XpiarS;,  Christ,  and 

l.iiyos,  a discourse.]  A treatise  or  a discourse 
concerning  Christ.  Keith. 

The  reader  will  find  in  this  author  an  eminent  excellence 
in  that  part  of  divinity  which  I make  hold  to  cvall  Christolo- 
{/!/,  in  displaying  the  great  mystery  of  godliness,  God  mani- 
fested in  the  human  flesh.  Hr.  Th.  Jackson,  1G73. 

jCHRIST’S— THORN,  n.  (Bot.)  A handsome  prick- 
ly  shrub  ; Paliurus  australis  ; — so  called  be- 
cause the  crown  of  thorns  put  upon  Christ  is 
supposed  to  have  been  made  of  it.  Loudo7i. 

jEIIRO-As'TA-CES,  n.  [Gr.  x96a<  color.]  A genus 
of  pellucid  gems  consisting  of  those  which  ex- 
hibit variable  colors.  Oyilvie. 

CHRO’MJi,n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  x?ahin  ; It.  croma.] 

1.  (Mus.)  A refined  style  of  singing  ; — also, 

the  former  name  of  the  character  now  called  a 
quaver.  Moore. 

2.  (Rhet.)  A figure  of  speech  which  consists 
in  speaking  so  as  not  to  offend  the  hearer.  Crabb. 

jEHRO'MATE,  7i.  (Chcm.)  A salt  composed  of 
chromic  acid  and  a base.  Brande. 

jEHRO-MAT'IC,  a.  [Gr.  xpwpaTut6s  ; Ypwpa,  color  ; 
L.  chromaticus  ; Fr.  chromatique .] 

1.  Relating  to  colors.  Dryden. 

2.  (Mus.)  Relating  to  the  scale  of  semitones  ; 
— probably  so  named  because  the  notes  of  this 
scale  were  originally  written  in  colors.  Craig. 

Chromatic  thermometer,  an  instrument  for  measuring 
the  difference  between  the  temperature  of  the  glass 
of  which  the  instrument  is  formed  and  that  of  the 
liquid  or  solid  applied  to  it. 

jEHRO-MAT'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a chromatic  man- 
ner. Craig. 

jEHRO-MAT'ICS,  71.  pi.  [Gr.  XnwpariK6s,  pertaining 
to  color;  xpu>pa,  color.]  (Optics.)  That  part  of 
optics  which  treats  of  the  colors  of  light  and  of 
natural  bodies ; the  science  of  the  relations  of 
light,  shade,  and  colors.  Brande. 

jEHRO-MA-TOG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.^owprt,  color,  and 
ypiitpui,  to  describe.]  A treatise  on  colors.  Craig. 

jCIIRO-MA-TOL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  xpu>pa,  color,  and 
Z.oyos,  a discourse.]  A treatise  on  colors.  Field. 

CHROME,  71.  (Che7n.)  A whitish  metal ; — called 
also  chromiimi.  — See  Chromium.  Crabb. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  9,  $,  g,  soft;  jB,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  y as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


CHROME-COLORS 


240 


CHUNKY 


CHROME'— COL-ORS  (-kSl'urz),  n.  Properly  col- 
ors containing  chromium  ; but  generally  ap- 
plied to  any  colors,  which,  when  dry,  are  of  a 
soft,  powdery  consistence,  and  may  be  mixed 
with  oil  without  grinding.  Francis. 

CHROME'— GREEN,  n.  A beautiful  bright  green 
pigment ; sesquioxide  of  chromium.  Regnault. 

CHROME'— OR-ANpE,  n.  Sub-chromate  of  lead, 
a dark  orange-red  pigment.  Parnell. 

CHROME'— YEL-LOW,  n.  Chromate  of  lead,  a 
pigment  of  a bright  yellow  color.  Parnell. 

CHRO'MIC,  a.  [Fr.  chromique.\  ( Chem .)  Noting 
an  acid  formed  of  oxygen  and  chromium.  P.  Cyc. 

CHRO'MITE,  n.  (Min.)  A mineral  consisting  of 
the  sesquioxide  of  chrome  and  the  protoxide  of 
iron.  Regnault. 

CHRO'MI-UM,  n.  [Gr.  color  ; Fr.  chrome .] 

(Min.)  A whitish,  brittle,  and  very  infusible 
metal ; — so  named  from  the  various  and  beauti- 
ful colors  which  its  oxides  communicate  to  sev- 
eral compounds  ; chrome.  Brande. 

CHRO'MO-GRAPHj  n.  [Gr.  color,  and  ypdijmi, 

to  write.]  A colored  engraving.  Athenceum. 

CIIRO'MULE,  n.  [Gr.  x color.]  ( Bot .)  The 
coloring  principle  of  ail  parts  of  plants.  Hcnslow. 

CHRON  IC,  / [Gr.  ^povird;.  %p6vost  time; 

CHRON'I-CAL,  ) L.  chronicus  ; It.  &;  Sp.  croni- 
co  ; Fr.  chronique.]  Of  long  duration,  as  a dis- 
ease ; — opposed  to  acute. 

Chronic  diseases  are  those  whose  duration  is  long,  or 
whose  symptoms  proceed  slowly.  DungTuso/i. 

£HRON'I-CLE  (kron'e-kl),  n.  [Gr.  povtica } L. 
chronica-,  It .cronica;  Fr.  chronique .] 

1.  An  historical  register  of  events,  in  the  order 
of  time.  “ A chronicle  of  day  by  day.”  Shak. 

2.  A record  ; a history  ; annals. 

I and  my  sword  will  earn  my  chronicle.  Shah. 

Syn. — See  History. 

CHRON'I-CLE,  v.  a.  To  record  in  a chronicle. 
“ This  deed  is  chronicled  in  hell.”  Shah. 

CHRON’I-CLF.R, n.  Awriterof  chronicles.  Donne. 

CHRON'I-CLES  (kron'e-klz),  n.pl.  The  name  of 
two  books  of  the  Old  Testament. 

f eHRdJV'IQ.UE  (ltron'jk),  n.  [Fr.]  A chroni- 
cle. L.  Addison. 

CIIRON'O-GRAM,  n.  [Gr.  xpdvos,  time,  and  ypayya, 
a letter  ; Fr . chronogramme.}  An  inscription 
in  which  the  epoch  or  date  is  expressed  by  let- 
ters contained  in  it,  as  the  year  of  Queen  Eliza- 
beth’s death,  MDCIII.,  in  “ My  Day  is  Closed 
In  Immortality.”  Brande. 

CHRON-O-GR  AM-MAT'JC,  > a.  Relating  to 

CHRON-O-GRAM-MAT'J-CAL,  S a chronogram. 

“ A chronogrammatical  verse.”  Howell. 

CHRON-O-GRAM'MA-TIST,  n.  A writer  of  chron- 
ograms. Addison. 

CHRO-NOG'RA-PHfjlR,  n.  [Gr.  ^novoyoaifios  ; L. 
chronographus  ; Fr.  chronographe .]  One  versed 
in  chronography  ; a chronologist.  Sclden. 

CHRO-NOG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  %oovoypcu[)ta  ; %p6vos, 
time,  and  ypAipic,  to  describe  ; L.  chronographia .] 
A description  of  past  time  ; history.  Johnson. 

eHRO-NOL'O-GER,  n.  One  versed  in  chronolo- 
gy ; a chronologist.  “ Chronologers  differ  among 
themselves.”  ‘ Holder. 

CHRON-O-LOC)  IC,  ( a |-pr  chronologique. ] 

CIIRON-O-LOy'I-CAL,  > Relating  to  chronology  ; 
being  in  the  order  of  time.  “ The  chronological 
account.”  Hale. 

JCHRON-O-Loy'l-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a chronologi- 
cal manner.  ' ' Ld.  Chesterfield. 

CHRO-NOL'O-ylST,  n.  [It.  S;  Sp.  cronologista ; 
Fr.  chronologiste.)  One  versed  in  chronology. 

CHRO-NOL'O-y  Y (kro-nol'o-je),  n.  [Gr.  %povo- 
loyia  ; %(>6vo s,  time,  and  Liyoi,  a discourse  ; It.  Sj 
Sp.  cronologia;  Fr.  chronologie.\ 

1.  The  science  which  treats  of  the  various  di- 

visions of  time,  and  the  order  and  succession 
of  events  ; the  science  of  computing  and  ad- 
justing dates.  Brande. 

2.  A register  or  tabular  view  of  events  or 
dates. 


£HRO-NOM'Jp-TpR,  n.  [Gr.  xp-'ro;,  time,  and 
yirpov,  a measure  ; Fr.  cnronornHre.} 

1.  A time-keeper;  a kind  of  watch  for  meas- 
uring time  with  great  exactness; — used  for 
determining  the  longitude  at  sea,  &c. 

2.  (Mas.)  An  instrument  by  which  the  move- 
ment, or  time,  of  a composition  is  measured. 

To  rate  a chronometer,  to  determine  the  rate  of  its 
gain  or  loss  as  compared  with  true  time. 

CHRUN-O-MEI  RIG,  ) a Relating  to  ehro- 

CHRON-O-MET'RI-CAL,  ) nometers,  to  chronom- 
etry,  or  to  the  measure  of  time.  Schubert. 

CHRO-NOM'f.-TRY,  n.  The  art  of  measuring 
time  by  hours,  minutes,  Ac.  Maunder. 

CHRON'O-SCOPE,  n.  [Gr.  y odvos,  time,  and  <xko- 
rtui,  to  view.] 

1.  A pendulum  or  a machine  for  measuring 

time.  Hutton. 

2.  An  instrument  for  measuring  the  duration 
of  luminous  impressions  on  the  eye.  Nichol. 

CHRYS'A-LID,  a.  Relating  to  a chrysalis.  Good. 

CH^fcpA-LlS,  n. ; pi.  ehry-sAl'i-des.  [Gr.  %pv- 
the  gold-colored  sheath  of  butterflies  ; 
gold;  L.  chrysalis.}  (Ent.)  The  pupa 
^Wn  insect,  or  the  last  apparent  change  of  the 
larva,  before  its  appearance  as  a perfect  insect  ; 
aurelia.  Harris. 

CUR  YS-JjV  ’ THE-M  UM,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  X9"' 
aarihyov ; speeds,  gold,  and  audeyov,  a flower.] 
(Bot.)  A genus  of  plants,  many  of  which  bear 
yellow  flowers.  • Loudon. 

JCHRYS-F.L-F-PHAN'TINE,  a.  [Gr.  xP^clophiTims  ; 
Xpvciis,  gold,  and  eXiipas,  ivory.]  Noting  a kind 
of  statue  formed  of  plates  of  ivory,  with  drapery 
and  other  ornaments  of  solid  gold.  W.  Smith. 

CHRYS'O-BER-YL,  n.  [Gr.  ypixrdf,  gold,  and  Qtj- 
pvV.os,  a beryl.]  (Min.)  A hard  precious  stone, 
of  a green  or  a yellowish  color,  composed  of  alu- 
mina and  glucina  ; — used  in  jewellery.  Dana. 

CHRYS'O-CHLORE,  n.  [Gr.  xpvo 6c,  gold,  and 
xioip6s,  green.]  (Zo'ul.)  A species  of  mole  in- 
habiting the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  the  fur  of 
which  reflects  brilliant  metallic  hues  of  green 
and  gold.  Brande. 

CHRYS'O-COL-LA,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  xpvohitoV.a, 
gold-solder  ; %pi >o6s,  gold,  and  k d!J.a,  glue ; Fr. 
chrysocolle .}  (Min.)  A mineral  composed  of 
silica,  oxide  of  copper,  and  water.  Dana. 

CHRY-SOG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  xpumSf,  gold,  and 

ypdtpio,  to  write.]  The  art  of  writing  in  letters 
of  gold.  Dr.  Black. 

GllRYS'O-LlTE,  n.  [Gr.  Ypucrdf,  gold,  and  i.iOo;, 
a stone ; It.  <Sf  Sp.  crisolito ; Fr.  chrysolithe.] 
(Min.)  A crystallized  mineral,  often  of  a gold- 
en yellow  color,  and  usually  composed  of  silica, 
magnesia,  and  protoxide  of  iron.  Dana. 

CHRY-SOL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  X( nnris,  gold,  and  l.dyos, 
a discourse.]  That  branch  of  political  econo- 
my which  relates  to  the  production  of  wealth. 

CIIRYS'O— mAg'NIJT,  n.  A loadstone.  Addison. 

CHRY-SOM'E-LA,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  ypueds,  gold,  and 
yi'/.ac,  black  ; Fr.  chrysoniHe.}  (Ent.)  A genus 
of  coleopterous  insects;  — so  named  from  their 
brilliant  metallic  tints.  Brande. 

CHRYS'O-PRASE,  n.  [Gr.  xpVfTtTcpa<To;  ; y^pecdr, 
gold,  and  it phcov,  a leek  ; L.  chrysoprasus ; Fr. 
chrysopra.se.}  An  apple-green,  or  a leek-green 
variety  of  chalcedony  ; — colored  by  nickel. Dana.. 

CHRYS'O-TYPE,  n.  [Gr.  Xpve6s,  gold,  and  tM t, 
impression.]  A process  of  taking  pictures,  by 
photography,  on  paper  impregnated  with  a neu- 
tral solution  of  chloride  of  gold.  Ogilvie. 

CHUB,  n.  (Ich.)  A river  fish  ; the  cheven  ; Leu- 
ciscus  cephalus.  Yarrell. 

CHUB'BJJD,  a.  [L.]  Like  a chub;  short  am^ 
thick  ; plump  ; chubby.  Johnson. 

CHUB'BJJD-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  chubbed. 

CHUB'BY,  a.  Plump;  chubbed.  Todd. 

CHUB'-CIIEEKED  (-cliekt),  a.  Having  full 
cheeks;  fat-cheeked.  Phillips. 

CHUB  ' DAR,  n.  A messenger;  a menial.  [In- 
dia.] Sma/rt. 


CHUB'— FACED  (-last),  a.  Having  a plump  face. 

CH&CK,  v.  n.  [i.  chucked  ; pp.  chucking, 

CHUCKED.] 

1.  [Probably  formed  from  the  sound.  John- 
son.]  To  make  a noise  like  that  made  by  a hen 
in  calling  her  chickens  ; to  cluck. 

2.  [It.  scuccare .]  To  .jeer  ; to  laugh  with 

short  convulsive  iterations.  Marston. 

CHUCK,  v.  a.  1.  To  call,  as  a hen  calls  her  young. 

Then,  crowing,  clapped  his  wings,  the  appointed  call, 

To  chuck  his  wives  together  in  tnc  hall.  Drydcn. 

2.  [Fr.  choqucr,  to  strike.]  To  touch  or  hit 
gently  ; to  tap  ; to  pat. 

Come,  chuck  the  infant  under  the  chin.  Congreve. 

3.  To  pitch  or  throw  a short  distance  with  a 

quick  motion.  [Colloquial.]  Todd. 

CHUCK,  n.  1.  The  noise  made  by  a hen.  Temple. 

2.  A word  of  endearment;  — corrupted  from 

chick.  “ What  promise,  chuck  ? ” Shak. 

3.  A sudden  small  noise.  Johnson. 

4.  A pat  under  the  chin.  Johnson. 

5.  A throw  ; a toss.  [Colloquial.] 

6.  (Mech.)  An  appendage  to  the  mandrel  of 

a lathe  for  attaching  the  work.  Brande. 

CHUCK' A-BID'DY,  n.  A young  chicken  ; chick- 
abiddy. [Colloquial.]  Halliwell. 

CHUCK'— FAR-THING,  n.  A play  at  which  the 
money  falls  with  a chuck  into  a hole.  “ He 
lost  his  money  at  chuck-farthing.”  Arbuthnot. 

CHUCK'— FULL,  a.  Full.  — See  Chock-full. 

CHUCK'-HOLE,  n.  A hole  in  a rut.  Clarke. 

CHUC'KLE  (chuk'kl),  v.  n.  [It.  scuccherare. — 
See  Chuck.]  [t.  chuckled  ; pp.  chuckling, 
chuckled.]  To  laugh  inwardly  with  triumph, 
or  in  derision  ; to  laugh  with  short  convulsive 
iterations,  as  if  endeavoring  to  suppress  them. 
“I  will  make  him  chuckle.”  Dryden. 

CHUC'KLE,  v.  a.  1.  To  call,  as  a hen  ; to  chuck. 

If  these  birds  are  within  distance,  here’s  that  will  chuckle 
them  together.  Bri/den. 

2.  To  fondle;  to  caress.  Dryden. 

CHUC'KLE— HEAD,  n.  One  who  has  a thick  head ; 
a stupid  person.  [Vulgar.]  Craig. 

CHUC'KLE—  HEAD'ED,  a.  Having  a large  or  thick 
head  ; thick-headed  ; stupid.  Bartlett. 

CHUCK 'LING,  n.  1.  The  call  of  a hen. 

2.  Laughter  partially  suppressed.  Ash. 

CHUCK'— WILLS— WlD'OW  (-wld'o),  n.  A popu- 
lar name  of  a bird  of  the  family  of  goatsuck- 
ers ; the  Caprimulgus  Caralinensis.  Nuttall. 

fCHUD,  v.  a.  To  champ  or  bite.  Stafford. 

t CHU'JpT,  n.  Forced  meat.  — SeeCHEWET.  Bacon. 

CHtJ'FA,  n.  (Bot.)  An  esculent  plant ; the  earth 
almond ; Cypcrus  esculentus.  Dr.  C.  T.  Jackson. 

CHUFF,  n.  [Goth,  kofe,  a cottage:  — A.  S.  cyf\ 
Ger .kitfe,  a barrel : — Old  Fr .joffu,  fat-cheeked. 
Todd.  — Corrupted  from  chough,  a thievish  bird. 
Steevens.}  A burly,  coarse,  ill-tempered  fellow  ; 
a clown.  Shak. 

CHUFF,  a.  Ill-tempered;  churlish;  surly;  chuffy. 
[Local.]  Halliwell. 

CHUF'FI-LY,  ad.  In  a blunt  or  surly  manner. 

CHUF'FI-NJESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  chuffy. 

CHUF'FY,  a.  1.  Clownish  ; blunt;  surly.  Johnson. 

2.  Puffed  ; swollen  ; fat.  Mainwaring. 

CHUM,  n.  [Arm.  chom,  to  live  together.]  A 
chamber-fellow  in  a college,  &c. ; one  who  re- 
sides in  the  same  room.  Wilberforce. 

CHUM,  v.  n.  To  occupy  the  same  chamber  or 
room  with  another  in  a college.  [U.  S.]  Selden. 

CHUMP,  n.  A short,  thick  piece  of  wood.  Moxon. 

CHUM'SHIP,  n.  The  state  of  being  a chum,  or 
of  living  with  a chamber-fellow.  De  Quincey. 

CHU'NAM,  n.  Lime,  or  a mixture  made  of  lime, 
as  stucco,  &c.  [India.]  Hamilton. 

CHUNK,  n.  A short,  thick  piece  of  wood  or  of 
other  substance  ; a chump.  [Provincial  in 
Eng.,  and  colloquial  in  the’U.  S.]  Bay. 

CIIUNK'Y,  a.  Short  and  thick.  [U.  S.]  Pickering. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  f,  short;  A,  5,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


CHUPRANEE 


CHYMIC 


241 


CHUr-RA-NEE',  re.  A messenger ; an  inferior 
order  of  police.  [India.]  Smart. 

CHURCH,  re.  [Gr.  KvpttiKtjj  or  KopuiKiv ; ubpio;,  lord  ; 
A.  S.  circ,  circe,  or  cyrice ; Dut.  kerk ; Ger. 
kirche ; Sw.  kyrka ; Dan.  kirke ; Scotch  kirk. 
This  word  appears  to  have  been  originally  de- 
rived from  the  Greek,  through  the  Anglo-Sax- 
on. The  Goths  on  the  Lower  Danube,  as 
stated  by  Dr.  Trench,  were  first  converted  to 
Christianity  by  Greek  missionaries  from  Con- 
stantinople, who  imparted  to  them  the  word 
KvoiaKt] , or  KupiaKdvy  church  ; and  the  Goths  lent 
the  word  to  other  German  tribes,  including 
the  Anglo-Saxons.  “The  passage,”  says  Dr. 
Trench,  “ most  illustrative  of  the  parentage  of 
the  word  is  from  Walafrid  Strabo  (about  840), 
who  writes  thus  : ‘ Ab  ipsis  autem  Graecis 

Kyrcli  a Kyrios — et  alia  multa  accepimus. 
Sicut  domus  Dei  Basilica,  i.  e.  Regia  a Rege, 
sic  etiam  Kyrica,  i.  e.  Dominica  a Domino 
nuncupatur.’  ”] 

1.  A building  consecrated  to  Christian  wor- 
ship and  ordinances. 

Church  doth  signify  no  other  tiling  than  the  Lord’s  house. 

Hooker. 

2.  The  general  or  collective  body  of  Chris- 

tians. “ The  holy  church  throughout  all  the 
world.”  Book  of  Common  Prayer. 

The  church  is  undoubtedly  one,  as  the  human  race  is  one 

— one.  in  reference  to  Him,  its  supreme  head  in  heaven;  but 

it  is  not  one  community  on  earth.  Abp.  IVhately. 

The  true  and  grand  idea  of  a church  is  — a society  for 
making  men  like  Christ,  earth  like  heaven,  the  kingdoms  of 
the  world  the  kingdom  of  Christ.  Dr.  Arnold. 

3.  A particular  body  or  denomination  of 
Christians;  as,  “The  Episcopal  Church 

“ The  Roman  Catholic  Church." 

4.  An  assembly  of  Christians  belonging  to 

one  place  or  to  one  society ; as,  “ The  seven 
churches  which  are  in  Asia.”  Rev.  i.  4. 

lie  that  hath  an  ear  let  him  hear  what  the  Spirit  saith  unto 
tile  churches.  Itev.  iii.  22. 

5.  Ecclesiastical  authority,  as  distinguished 
from  civil  authority. 

The  same  criminal  may  be  absolved  by  the  state,  yet  cen- 
sured by  the  church.  Leslie. 

6.  (Eng.  Law.)  An  institution  established 
by  the  law  of  the  land  in  reference  to  religion. 

Bur  rill. 

Hr,  ■ It  is  often  used  in  composition  ; as,  church-yard. 

The  invisible  church  is  the  collective  body  of  saints, 
or  the  true  disciples  of  Christ,  in  lieai  en  and  on  earth. 

Syn.  — Church  is  used  both  for  the  people  who 
worship,  and  a place  of  public  worship ; temple,  chapel, 
and  meeting-house,  only  for  a place  of  public  worship. 

— The  use  of  church,  in  the  sense  of  a house  of  public 

worship,  is  limited,  in  England,  to  houses  of  the  kind 
belonging  to  the  Episcopal  church,  or  the  established 
religion,  the  houses  of  public  worship  among  the  dis- 
senters being  styled  meeting-houses  or  chapels  ; but  in 
this  country  this  distinction  is  not  generally  adhered 
to “ Churches  would  be  better  attended,  and  meet- 
ing-houses closed.”  Oent.  Mag. 

CHURCH,  V.  a.  [i.  CHURCHED  ; pp.  CHURCHING, 
churched.]  To  assist  in  returning  thanks  in 
church  after  any  signal  deliverance,  as  from  the 
dangers  of  childbirth. 

It  was  the  ancient  usage  of  the  Church  of  England  for 
women  to  come  veiled  who  came  to  be  churched.  Wheatly. 

CHURCH'— ALE,  n.  A wake  or  feast  comment- 
oratory  of  the  dedication  of  a church.  Carew. 

CHURCH'— AT-TXRE',  n.  The  habit  worn  while 
attending  divine  service.  Hooker. 

CHURCH'— AU-THOR'I-TY,  n.  Ecclesiastical  pow- 
er; spiritual  jurisdiction.  Atterbury. 

CHURCH'— BENCH,  n.  A seat  in  the  porch  of  a 
church.  “ Sit  here  upon  the  church-bench." Shak. 

CHURCH'— BRED,  a.  Educated  in,  or  for  the  ser- 
vice of,  the  church.  Cowper. 

CHURCH'— BUR'I-AL  (-ber'e-al),  n.  Burial  ac- 
cording to  the  rites  of  the  church.  Ayliffe. 

CHURCH'— DIS'CI-PLlNE,  n.  Discipline  of  the 
church ; ecclesiastical  discipline.  Milton. 

CHURCH 'DOM,  n.  [Eng.  church  and  A.  S.  dom, 
power.]  The  powrer,  government,  jurisdiction, 
or  authority  of  the  church,  [r.]  Pearson. 

CHURCH'— FOUND-fR,  n.  One  who  founds  or 
endows  a church.  Hooker. 

CHURCH'— GO-1JR,  n.  One  who  frequents  a 


church ; one  who  habitually  attends  divine  ser- 
vice. Ch.  Ob. 

CHURCH'— GO-ING,  a.  1.  That  goes  to  church. 

2.  Calling  to  church.  “ The  church-going 
bell.”  Cowper. 

CHURCH'— GOV'£RN-MENT,  n.  The  government 
of  the  church  ; ecclesiastical  rule.  Milton. 

CHURCH'— HIS 'TO- RY,  n.  The  history  of  the 
church ; ecclesiastical  history.  Milton. 

CHURCH'JNG,  n.  The  act  of  returning  thanks 
in  the  church  for  any  signal  deliverance,  as 
from  the  dangers  of  childbirth.  “ The  church- 
ing of  women.”  Wheatly. 

CHURCH'! §M,  n.  Adherence  to  the  church.  Ch.  Ob. 

CHURCH'— LAND,  n.  Land  belonging  to  a church. 
“ The  . . . account  of  church-lands.”  Yelverton. 

CHURCH'— LIKE,  a.  Befitting  a church  or  a 
churchman.  “ Cliurch-like  humors.”  Shak. 

CHURCH'— LIV-ING,  n.  An  ecclesiastical  living 
or  benefice.  tiMilton. 

CHURCH'LY,  a.  Relating  to  the  church;  eccle- 
siastical. F\^pchajf. 

CHURCH 'MAN,  n. ; pi.  churchmen.  1.  A cler- 
gyman ; an  ecclesiastic. 

A church'  that  was  so  ill  filled  by  many  weak  and  wilful 
churchmen.  Clarendon. 

2.  An  adherent  to  the  church  of  England  ; 
an  Episcopalian.  Johnson. 

CHURCH 'MAN-SHIP,  n.  The  state  of  being  a 
churchman,  [it.]  Ec.  Rev. 

CHURCH'— MEM'BER,  n.  A member  of  a church. 

CHURCH '-MEM' B5R-SHIP,  n.  The  state  of  being 
a church-member.  N.  E.  Elders. 

CHURCH'— MIL'I-TANT,  n.  The  church,  as  war- 
ring against  spiritual  evil  of  all  kinds.  Milner. 

CHURCH'— MU'§IC,  n.  Music  used  in  churches  ; 
the  service  of  chant,  anthem,  hymn,  &c.,  in 
churches  and  cathedrals.  Warton. 

f CHURCH'— OUT-ED,  a.  Excommunicated  from 
the  church.  Milton. 

CHURCH'— OWL,  n.  A bird;  a species  of  goat- 
sucker. Hill. 

CHURCH'— PAR-TY,  n.  A party  devoted  to  the 
church.  Goldsmith. 

CHURCH'— PLIJ-RAL'I-TY,  n.  The  possession  by 
a clergyman  of  more  than  one  benefice.  Milton. 

CHURCH'— P0W-5R,  n.  The  power  of  the  church. 

CHURCH'— PR p-FER'M £NT,  n.  Preferment  or 
benefice  in  the  church.  B.  Jonson. 

CHURCH'— QUACK,  n.  An  ecclesiastical  impos- 
tor. Cowper. 

CHURCH'— RATE,  n.  A parochial  tax  imposed  by 
the  vestry  of  a parish,  and  levied  by  the  church- 
wardens, in  England,  for  the  repair  of  churches, 
and  the  furnishing  of  them  with  bells,  seats, 
ornaments,  and  whatever  is  necessary  for  the 
celebration  of  public  worship.  Ed.  Rev. 

CHURCH'— REV'jf-NUE,  n.  The  revenue  of  the 
church.  Savage. 

CHURCH'— RtJLE,  n.  Ecclesiastical  government. 

CHURCH'— SER-VICE,  n.  The  public  service  or 
worship  of  the  church.  Crabb. 

CHURCH'SHIP,  n.  Institution  of  the  church. 
“ They  [the  Jews]  were  his  own  also  by  the  right 
of  churchship.”  South. 

CHURCH '-WAr'DEN  (-w&r'dn),  n.  An  officer 
chosen  to  take  care  of  a church,  its  property, 
and  concerns.  Cowell. 

CHURCH'— WAY,  n.  A way  or  road  that  leads  to 
the  church. 

Slow  through  the  church-way  path  we  saw  him  borne.  Gray. 

CHURCH'— WORK  (-wiirk),  n.  Work  for,  or  on,  a 
church  ; — applied  proverbially  to  work  carried 
on  slowly. 

Contrary  to  the  proverb,  church-work  went  on  the  most 
speedily.  Fuller. 

CHURCH'— WRIT  (-lit),  n.  A writ  from  an  eccle- 
siastical court.  Wycherly. 


CHURCII'-YARD,  n.  The  yard  of  a church  or  a 
yard  adjoining  a church  ; —generally  used  as 
synonymous  with  burial-ground.  “Like  graves 
in  the  holy  church-yard."  Shak. 

CHURL,  re.  [A.  S.  ceorl,  a countryman,  a rustic  ; 
Dut.  cacrl ; Ger.  kerl ; Dan.,  Sw.,  § Iccl.  karl. ) 

1.  A countryman ; a rustic  ; a peasant. 

He  scornetk  to  work,  which  he  saith  is  the  life  of  a peasant 
or  churl.  Spenser. 

2.  A surly,  ill-bred  man.  “ Some  stern,  un- 
tutored churl.”  Shak. 

3.  A selfish  or  mean  person  ; a niggard  ; a 
miser. 

The  vile  person  shall  be  no  more  called  liberal,  nor  the 
churl  said  to  be  bountiful.  Isa.  xxxii.  5. 

lie  who  will  not  give 

Some  portion  of  his  ease,  his  blood,  his  wealth. 

For  others’  good,  is  a poor  frozen  churl.  J.  Baillie. 

CHURL'lSH,  a.  I.  [A.  S.  ceorlic.)  Rude  ; harsh  ; 
brutal;  uncivil.  “ Churlish  as  the  bear.”  Shak. 

2.  Avaricious;  selfish.  “ This  sullen,  churl- 
ish thief.”  King. 

3.  Unmanageable  ; unpliant  ; — applied  to 
things. 

The  body  of  the  metal  will  be  hard  and  churlish.  Bacon. 

CHURL'ISH-LY,  ad.  In  a churlish  manner  ; rudely. 

CHURL'ISH-NESS,  re.  The  quality  of  being  churl- 
ish ; rudeness.  Bacon. 

f CHUR'LY,  a.  Rude  ; churlish.  Quarles. 

f CHURME  (chtirm),  re.  [A.  S.  cyrm,  a noise.]  A 
confused  sound  ; a noise.  Bacon. 

CHURN,  re.  [A.  S.  ciern;  cyrran,  to  turn  ; Dut. 
kern  ; Dan.  kierne.)  A tub  or  other  vessel  used 
in  making  butter.  Gay. 

CHURN,  v.  a.  [Ger.  tf  Dut.  kernen.]  \i.  CHURNED  ; 
pp.  CHURNING,  CHURNED.] 

1.  To  agitate,  as  cream  in  a churn,  in  order 
to  make  butter. 

2.  To  agitate  by  a violent  motion. 

Churned  in  his  teeth  the  foamy  venom  rose.  Addison. 

CIIURN'TNG,  re.  The  act  of  making  butter. 

CHURN'— STAFF  (12),  re.  A staff  used  in  churning. 

CHURR'WORM  (chur'wurm),  re.  [A.  S.  cyrran, 
to  turn,  and  Eng.  worm.)  An  insect  that  turns 
about  nimbly ; — called  a\so  fan-cricket. Skinner. 

CHU1*)E,  v.  a.  See  Choose.  Johnson. 

CHY-LA'CEOUS  (ld-la'shus,  66),  a.  (Plugs.)  Be- 
longing to  chyle.  “The  chylaceous  mass ."Floycr. 

CHYLE  (kll),  re.  [Gr.  xv}-6i  > X*w'  t0  Pour  > It* 
chilo;  Sp.  chylo  ; Fr  .chyle.)  (Phys.)  A milky 
fluid  formed  in  the  process  of  digestion,  by  the 
action  of  the  pancreatic  juice  and  the  bile  on 
the  chyme,  in  the  duodenum.  It  is  imbibed  by 
the  lacteals,  to  be  conveyed  to  the  thoracic  duct 
and  the  venous  system.  Dunylison. 

II  CHY-LI-FAC'TION,  re.  [Gr.  xv}s!>  chyle,  and 
L.  facio,  to  make.]  (Phys.)  The  act,  or  the 
process,  of  making  chyle.  Arbuthnot. 

||  CHY-LI-FAC'TIVE,  or  CHYL-I-FAC'TJVE  [kl- 
le-fak'ljv,  S.  P.Ja.  K.  Sm.  C.  ; kll-e-fak'tjv,  IV. 
R.  Wb.),  a.  (Phys.)  Having  the  power  of 
making  chyle.  Johnson. 

||CHY-L!F'5R-OBS,  a.  [Gr.  yvUs,  chyle,  and  L. 
fero,  to  bear;  Fr.  chyhfire.)  (Phys.)  Trans- 
mitting or  conveying  cfiyle.  Smart. 

II  EIIY-LI-FI-cA'TION,  re.  [Gr.  xv)-6^  chyle,  and 
L.  facio,  to  make  ; Fr.  chyl ifi cation.)  (Phys.) 
The  process  by'  which  chyme  is  converted  into 
chyle. 

||  CHY-LI-FI-CA'TO-RY,  a.  (Phys.)  Making  chyle. 

CHY-LO-PO-ET'IC,  a.  [Gr.  yyil.6;,  chyle,  and  uoiloi, 
to  make.]  (Phys.)  Forming  chyle.  Arbuthnot. 

EHY'LOUS  (-kl'lus),  a.  [Fr.  chyleux.  — See 
Chyle.]  (Phys.)  Consisting  of  chyle.  Arbuthnot. 

CHYME,  n.  [Gr.  xvllf‘ s>  juice;  L.  chymus  ; Fr. 
chyme.)  (Phys.)  A soft  pap,  being  the  product 
of  digestion,  formed  by  the  action  of  the  stom- 
ach on  the  food.  It  is  afterwards  separated 
into  two  portions,  viz.,  chyle  and  exerementi- 
tious  matter.  — See  Chyle.  Braude. 

f GHYM'IC,  re.  [Old  Fr.  chymiqne.)  A chemist. 
“ An  art  . . . kept  up  by  a few  chymics.”  Wotton. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — (J,  <?,  <;,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  c, 


;,  hard;  as  z ; X as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


CHYMIC 


242 


CINCHONIA 


+ CHYM'IC,  ) a.  See  Chemic,  and  Chemi- 

t Jt'IIYM'I-CAL,  ) CAL.  Watts. 

f jGIIYM'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  See  CHEMICALLY. 

f GHYM'ICS,  n.  pi.  Chemistry.  Dr.  Wallis. 

CHYM-J-FI-CA'TION,  n.  [Gr.  xvP°s<  chyme;  L. 
chymus,  chyme,  and  facto,  to  make  ; Fr.  chymi- 
fication.]  ( Phys .)  The  act,  or  the  process,  of 
forming  chyme.  Qu.  Rev. 

£HYJJ'{-FY,».  a.  To  form  into  chyme.  Qu.Rev. 

+ £HYM'IST,  n.  See  Chemist.  Pope. 

t GHY-MlS'TI-CAL,  a.  Chemical.  Burton. 

£HYM'!S-TRY  (klm'js-tre),  n.  See  CHEMIS- 

TRY. 

Tlie  old  orthography,  chymistry,  chymist,  and 
chymicat,  is  now  changed,  by  common  usage,  to  chem- 
istry., chemist , and  chemical.  — See  Chemistry. 

eilY'MOUS,  a.  Relating  to  chyme.  Caldwell. 

CI-BA'RI-OUS,  a.  [L.  cibarius  ; cibus,  food.]  Re- 
lating to  food ; useful  for  food  ; edible.  Johnson. 

CIB'OL,  n.  [L.  ccepulla,  cihulla  ; Fr . ciboule.]  A 
small  sort  of  onion.  Mortimer. 

CI-BO' RI-UM,  n. ; pi.  cr-Bd'iti-A.  [L.,  from  Gr. 
Ktfiihpiov,  the  Egyptian  bean,  and  a drinking  cup 
made  of  its  leaves.] 

1.  (Arch.)  An  arched  vault,  or  canopy,  raised 
over  the  high  altar  in  imitation  of  the  mercy- 
seat  above  the  ark  in  the  Jewish  temple.  Britton. 

2.  (Catholic  Church.)  A coffer  or  case  in 

which  the  host  is  deposited.  Brande. 

CI-BOUL',  n.  [Fr.  ciboule.)  Same  asCiBOL.  Smart. 

CI-CA  'DA,  n.  ; pi.  ci-ca' dje.  [L.,  a tree-cricket.'] 
(Ent.)  A genus,  or  one  of  a genus,  of  hemipter- 
ous insects  celebrated  for  their  shrill  chirp  or 
song  ; the  locust,  or  harvest-fly.  Harris. 

The  shrill  Cicadas,  people  of  the  pine.  Byron. 

CIC-A-  DEL'  LA,  n.  (Ent.)  A tribe  of  hemipter- 
ous insects  allied  to  the  Cicada.  Latreille. 

CIC'A-TRICE,  n.  [L.  cicatrix  ; Fr.  cicatrice.]  A 
scar  remaining  after  a wound. 

Captain  Spuriowith  his  cicatrice,  an  emblem  of  war.  Shak. 

CIC'A-TRl-CLE  (slk'a-trik-kl),  n.  [L.  cicatricula, 
a small  scar;  cicatrix,  a scar.]  The  germinat- 
ing or  foetal  point  in  the  embryo  of  a seed,  or 
in  the  yolk  of  an  egg.  Craiy. 

ClC'A-TRl-§ANT,  n.  [Fr.]  (Med.)  An  applica- 
tion that  induces  a cicatrice.  Johnson. 

ClC' A-TRl-SIVE,  a.  Causinga  cicatrice.  Johnson. 

CI-CA  1 TRIX,  n. ; pi.  cIc-a-tki ' ce$.  [L.]  (Med.) 
A seam  or  scar  remaining  after  the  healing  of 
a wound  ; cicatrice.  Brande. 

ClC'A-TRl-ZANT,  n.  Same  as  Cicatrisant. 

CIC-A-TRI-ZA'TJON,  n.  The  process  of  healing 
or  skinning  over,  as  in  a wound.  Harvey. 

ClC'A-TRTZE,  v.  a.  & n.  [L.  cicatrico  ; cicatrix, 
a scar  ; Fr.  cicatriser.]  [i.  cicatrized  ; pp.  cic- 
atrizing, cicatrized.]  To  heal  and  induce 
the  skin  over  a wound,  or  a sore.  Wiseman. 

Clc'A-TRIZ-ING,  p.  a.  Healing;  skinning  over. 

CIC-A-TROSE',  a.  Scarry;  full  of  scars,  [r.]  Ash. 

Ciy'E-LY  [sls'e-le,  K.  Sm. ; sTs’le,  S.  IF.],  n.  (Bot.) 
A name  of  th  e Myrrhis  odor  at  a o f England,  and 
of  the  species  of  Osmorrhiza  in  the  U.  S.  Gray. 

Ci'CER,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  k!kv s,  strength.]  (Bot.) 
A genus  of  leguminous  or  fabaceous  plants,  al- 
lied to  the  vetch  ; chick-pea  ; — so  named  from 
the  eminent  qualities  ascribed  to  it  by  the  an- 
cients. Loudon. 

CICERONE  (che-che-ro'ne  or  sls-e-ro'ne)  [che'che- 
ro-ne,  Ja. ; che-cha-ro'na,  Sm. ; ciiecli-e-ro'ne,  K.  ; 
sls-e-ro'ne,  Wb.],  n.  ; pi.  It.  ciceroni,  Eng. 
cicerones.  [It.,  from  Cicero,  the  Roman  ora- 
tor.] A guide  who  shows,  and  loquaciously  ex- 
plains, curiosities. 

Every  glib,  loquacious  hireling  who  shows  strangers  about 
their  picture  galleries,  palaces,  and  ruins,  is  termed  bv  them 
[Italians]  a cicerone  or  a Cicero.  French. 

ClC-B-RO'NI-AN,  a.  Relating  to  Cicero,  the 
Roman  orator  ;.  eloquent.  Clarke. 


Ciy-g-RO'NJ-AN,  n.  An  imitator  of  Cicero. 

Hallam. 

Cly-lJ-RO'NI-AN-I^M,  n.  The  manner,  or  the 
style,  of  Cicero. 

Dwelling  too  much  on  ciceronianisms.  Milton. 

CIjGH-O-RA'CEOUS  (sik-o-ra'shus,  66),  a.  Having 
the  qualities  of  succory.  Floyer. 

CI-CIIO  ' RI-  UjM,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  m^wpior.]  (Bot.) 
A genus  of  plants  ; succory  ; chiccory.  Loudon. 

CI£H'0-RY,  n.  [Gr.  nyui ion  ; L.  cichorium,  suc- 
cory.] (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants ; succory ; 
chiccory.  Gray. 

CI£H'— PEA,  n.  A plant ; chick-pea.  Johnson. 

ClQ-lN-DE’ LA,  n.  [L.,  a glow-worm.]  (Ent.)  A 
genus  of  predaceous  beetles,  considered  as  the 
highest  of  the  Coleoptera  ; the  tiger-beetle. 

Westwood. 

CI-CIS'BIJ-I§M,  n.  The  character,  station,  or 
conduct  of  a cicisbeo.  Month.  Rev. 


C/C/Sj8£0  (che-chis-ba  o or  se-sls'be-o)  [clie-chjs- 
ba'o,  Sm.-,  clijch-is'be-o,  K. ; chl-chjz-be’o,  E. ; 
cha|chiz'be-o,  C. ; se-sls'be-o,  Wb.],n.  [It.]  A 

male  attendant  on  a married  lady  in  Italy ; a 
gallant ; a dangler  about  females.  Brande. 

CI-CO'NI-A,  n.  [L.,  a stork.]  (Ornith.)  A ge- 
nus of  storks.  Brande. 


ClC-O-Ni'NJE,  n.  pi.  [L. 
ciconia,  a stork.]  (Or- 
nith.) A 
sub-fam- 
ily of 
birds  of  the  order  Gratia; 
and  family  Ardcidce  ; 
storks.  Gray. 

f ClC'U-RATE,  v.  a.  [L.  ci- 
curo,  cicuratus.]  To  tame  ; 


Ciconia  Abdimi. 
to  reclaim  from 


wildness.  “ Cicurated  and  subdued.”  Browne. 


CiC-U-RA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  reclaiming  from 
wildness,  [r.]  Ray. 

CI-CU'TA,  n.  [L .,  the  hemlock.]  (Bot.)  A genus 
of  deciduous  herbaceous  plants,  with  white 
flowers  ; cowbane.  Loudon. 

CID  (sid),  n.  [Ar.  seid,  lord,  chief.]  The  name 
of  a Spanish  heroic  poem  which  celebrates  the 
exploits  of  the  national  hero,  Roderigo  Diez, 
Count  of  Bivar.  P.  Cyc. 

IK?' Tile  Cid  is  supposed  to  have  been  written  in 
the  13th  century  ; but,  unfortunately,  the  author’s 
name  is  not  known.  Brande. 

Cl'DIJR,  n.  [Gr.  abcepa,  strong  drink;  L.  sicera, 
strong  drink  ; It.  sidro  ; Sp.  sidra  ; Fr.  cidre  ; 
A.  S.  <S;  Dut.  cider.]  A fermented  liquor  made 
from  the  juice  of  apples  ; — formerly  used  for  all 
kinds  of  strong  liquors  except  wine. 

He  shall  not  drink  wine  nor  cider.  Wicklijfe,  Luke  i.  15. 

Lo!  for  thee  my  mill 

Now  grinds  choice  apples,  and  the  British  vats 

O’erflow  with  generous  cider.  J.  Philips. 

Cl'DER— BRAN'DY,  n.  A liquor  distilled  from 
cider.  ’ Hale. 


CI'DyR-IST,  n.  A maker  of  cider.  Mortimer. 


CI'DlJR-KiN,  n.  [Dim.  of  cider.]  An  inferior 
kind  of  cider,  made  by  mixing  water  with  the 


Cl'DlJR— MILL,  n.  A mill  for  making  cider. 


Cl'DER— PRESS,  n.  A machine  for  crushing  ap- 
ples in  the  process  of  making  cider.  Pope. 

CI-DEVANT  (se-de-vang'),  ad.  [Fr.]  Formerly; 
previously.  — It  is  often  used  as  an  English  ad- 
jective. “ The  ci-devant  commander.”  Qu.  Rev. 

CIERGE  (serj),  n.  [Fr.]  A candle  or  wax  taper 
carried  in  processions.  Johnson. 

CI-GAR',  n.  [Sp.  cigarro  ; Fr.  cigare.]  A small 
roll  of  tobacco  for  smoking.  Clarke. 

CIL'E-Ry,  n.  (Arch.)  Drapery  or  foliage  on  the 
heads  of  columns  in  Gothic  and  Moorish  build- 
ings. Francis. 

CIL'I-A,  n.  pi.  [L.  pi.  from  cilium,  an  eyelash.] 
1.  (Anat.)  The  hairs  which  grow  from  the 
margin  of  the  eyelids  ; eyelashes.  Dunglison. 


2.  (Bot.)  Long  hairs  on  the  margin 

of  parts  of  plants,  forming  a fringe 
like  an  eyelash.  Lindley. 

3.  (Zoitl.)  Moving  bodies,  resem- 

bling small  hairs,  observed  with  the  microscope 
in  many  animals.  Owen. 

ClL'IA-RY  (sll'ya-r?),  a.  [L.  cilium,  an  eyelash; 
It.  ciliare  ; Fr.  ciliaire.]  (Anat.)  Relating  to 
the  eyelashes  : — also  to  different  parts  which 
enter  into  the  structure  of  the  eye.  Dunglison. 

CIL'J-ATE,  a.  [L.  cilium,  an  eyelash.]  (Bot.) 
Fringed  with  hairs,  like  an  eyelash.  P.  Cyc. 

CIL'I-AT-pD,  a.  (Bot.)  Having,  or  fringed  with, 
fine  hairs;  ciliate.  Brande. 

CI-lF'CIAN  (se-llsh'an),  a.  ( Geog .)  Relating  to 
Cilicia. 

CI-LI"CIOUS  (se-lish'us,  66),  a.  [Gr.  kiUkiov  ; L. 
cilicium,  a cloth  made  of  Cilician  goat’s  hair.] 
Made  of  hair.  Browne. 

cIl'I-O-GRAde,  n.  [L.  cilium,  the  eyelid,  an 
eyelash,  and  gradior,  to  step.]  (Zoiil.)  One  of 
an  order  of  acalephans  that  swim  by  means  of 
longitudinal  bands  of  cilia.  Brande. 

CIL-LO'S|S,  n.  [L.  cilium.,  the  eyelid.]  (Med.)  A 
spasmodic  trembling  of  the  eyelid.  Dunglison. 

Cl'MA,  n.  [Gr.  vfyn.]  (Arch.)  A moulding 
waved  on  its  contour,  one  part  being  concave 
and  the  other  convex  ; an  ogee  ; cymatium. — 
See  Cyma.  Francis. 

CI-mAr',  n.  See  Simar.  Johnson. 

ClM'BAL,  n.  [It.  ciambella .]  A kind  of  cake  ; 
a roll ; a doughnut.  Clarke. 

CIM' BEX,n.  (Ent.)  A genus  of  hymenopterous 
insects ; the  saw-fly.  Harris. 

CliU'BRIC,  a.  (Geog.)  [L . Cimbricus  ; Fr.  Cim- 
brique.]  Relating  to  the  Cimbri.  Hallam. 

ClM'BRIO,  n.  The  language  of  the  Cimbri,  a tribe 
which  formerly  inhabited  the  northern  parts  of 
Germany.  Wotton. 

j-  CI-ME'IiI-ARCH  (se-me'le-'Ark),  n.  [Gr.  Ktiyyl.i- 
bpxr> f,  a treasurer.]  A church-warden.  Bailey. 

Cl  M'F.-TF.R,  n.  [Turk,  chimeteir ; It.  scimitarra  ; 
Sp.  cimitarra  ; Fr.  cimeterre.]  A short  Turk- 
ish sword  ; — written  also  scymetar,  scymitar, 
scimitar,  and  simitar.  Martin. 

ClM'JGTER— SHAPED  (-shapt),  a.  Shaped  like  a 
cimeter. 

Ci'MEX,  n. ; pi.  cimices.  [L.,  a buy.]  (Ent.) 
A Linna'an  genus  of  hemipterous  insects,  in- 
cluding the  bed-bug.  Brande. 

CIM'I-A,  n.  (Arch.)  A fillet,  string,  list,  or  cinc- 
ture around  any  part  of  a building.  Francis. 

CIM-I-ClF'F-G A,  n.  [L.  cimex,  cimicis,  a bug, 
and  .fugo,  to  drive  away.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of 
deciduous  herbaceous  plants ; bug-wort.  Loudon. 

Cf'MFSS,  n.  [L.  cimex,  cimicis.]  The  bug  that 
infests  beds.  — See  Cimex.  Bullokar. 

CIM-ME’RI-AN,  a.  [L.  Cimmerii,  from  Gr.  Kiy/ie- 
ptoi,  the  Cimmerians,  who,  according  to  an  an- 
cient legend,  dwelt  in  perpetual  darkness. 
Odyssey,  11, 14  ; It.  Cimmerio .]  Extremely  dark. 

Hence,  loathed  Melancholy, 

In  dark  Cimmerian  desert  ever  dwell.  Hilton. 
Melt,  and  dispel,  ye  spectre  doubts,  that  roll 
Cimmerian  darkness  o’er  the  parting  soul.  Campbell. 

CIM'O-LlTE,  n.  [Gr.  ntfjM>.ia,  a kind  of  clay  from 
the  island  Cimolus,  and  i.ldof,  a stone.]  (Min.) 
A kind  of  grayish-white  clay,  occurring  in  amor- 
phous masses,  and  composed  of  silica,  alumi- 
na, and  water,  formerly  used  as  an  astringent; 
— called  also  Cimolia  terra.  Cleaveland. 

CIN-jEHO'NA,  n.  [So  named  from  the  Countess 
of  Chinchon,  Vice-queen  of  Peru,  who  was  cured 
of  fever  by  it,  about  1638.  Dunglison.) 

1.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  trees  found  in  Peru, 

which  produce  a bitter  bark,  much  used  as  a 
tonic  and  febrifugal  medicine.  Dunglison. 

2.  (Med.)  The  bark  of  the  cinchona;  — called 

also  Peruvian  Bark,  Jesuit’s-Bark,  and  Quin- 
quina. Dunglison. 

CIN-jCHO-NA'CEOUS  (sin-ko-na'shus,  66),  a.  Re- 
lating to  cinchona  ; cinchonic.  P.  Cyc. 

CIN-jCHO'NI-A,  n.  (Chem.)  A vegetable  alkali, 
found  in  cinchona  ; cinchonine.  P.  Cyc. 


A,  E,  T,  6,  0,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


CINCHONIC 


243 


CIRCLE 


CIN-GIIONTC,  a.  { Chem .)  Relating  to,  or  hav- 
ing the  properties  of,  cinchona.  Hamilton. 

CIN'GHO-NINE,  n.  {Chem.)  A vegetable  alkali ; 
the  active  principle  of  cinchona.  Dunglison. 


CIN-NAM'IC,  a.  {Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  obtained 
from  oil  of  cinnamon.  Graham. 

CIN-NA-MOM'IC,  a.  {Chem.)  Noting  an  acid 
from  the  oil  of  cinnamon  ; cinnamic.  P.  Cyc. 


cm-  cu  mjE,  n.  pi.  ( Or- 
nith.)  A sub-family  of 
birds  of  the  order  Grat- 
ia: and  family 
Charadriadce ; 
turnstones. 

Gray. 

CINCT'IJRE  (slngkt'yur),  n. 
[L.  cinctura ; cingo,  cinc- 
tus,  to  bind  round  ; It.  cin- 
tura ; Sp.  cintura,  cinto, 
cincho  ; Fr.  ceinture.] 

1.  A hand  worn  round 
body. 


Cinclus  interpres. 
the  head,  or  the 


Columbus  found  the  American  so  girt 

With  feathered  cincture , naked  else  and  wild.  Milton. 

2.  An  enclosure. 


The  court  and  prison  being  within  the  cincture  of  one 
wall.  Bacon. 


3.  {Arch.)  A ring  or  fillet  at  the  top  and  bot- 
tom of  the  shaft  of  a column.  Chambers. 


CINCT'URED  (slnglct'yurd),  a.  Girded  with  a 
cincture ; belted.  Sir  W.  Scott. 

Their  feather-ciwcturerf  chiefs  and  dusky  loves.  Gray. 

CIN'DIJR,  n.  [Gr.  k&vis,  dust;  L.  cinis,  cineris, 
ashes;  It.  cendere ; Fr.  cendre ; A.  S.  sinder, 
dross.] 

1.  A small  piece  of  matter  remaining  entire 
after  ignition,  or  partial  combustion. 

Whose  rolling  flames  and  scattered  cinders  fly.  Waller. 

2.  A hot  coal  that  has  ceased  to  flame.  Swift. 

CIN'DgR— FRAME,  n.  A wire-work  frame  placed 
in  front  of  the  tubes  of  the  boiler  of  a locomo- 
tive engine  to  prevent  the  ascent  of  large  pieces 
of  ignited  coke.  Weale. 

CIN'D^R-SIFT'jpR,  n.  A vessel  or  machine  for 
sifting  cinders.  IF.  Ency. 

Cl.\  D^R— WENCH,  P n_  \ woman  who  rakes 

CIN'DpR— VVOM'AN,  ; ashes  for  cinders.  Gay. 

CIN'DlJR-y,  a.  Containing,  or  resembling,  cin- 
ders ; cindrous.  Howitt. 

CIN'DROllS,  a.  Relating  to,  or  like,  cinders. Smart. 

CIN-E-FAC'TION,  n.  [L.  cinis,  ashes,  and  facio, 
to  make.]  The  act  or  the  process  of  reducing 
a substance  to  ashes  ; cineration.  Crabb. 

Cm-E-Rj'RI-ji,  n.  [L.  cinis,  cineris,  ashes.] 
{Bnt.)  A genus  of  exotic  plants;  — so  named 
in  allusion  to  the  soft  white  down  on  the  lower 
surface  of  the  leaves.  Loudon. 

CIN'E-RA-RY,  a.  [L.  cinerarias ; Fr . cineraire.) 
Relating  to,  or  like,  ashes  ; cindery.  Ilobhouse. 

Cinerary  urns,  urns  used  by  tile  ancients  to  contain 
tlie  ashes  of  the  dead  burned  upon  the  funeral  pile. 

Fairholt. 

CIN-E-RA'TION,  n.  [L.  cinis,  cineris,  ashes.]  The 
reduction  of  any  thing  to  ashes.  Johnson. 

CI-NE'RJJ-OUS,  a.  [L.  cinereus. ] Like  ashes ; 
ashy  ; ash-colored  ; gray.  Pennant. 

CIN-E-RI"TIOUS  (-rish'us),  a.  [L.  cinericius .] 

Like  ashes.  “ Cineritious  earth.”  Delany. 

t CJ-NER'U-LENT,  a.  Full  of  ashes.  Bailey. 

CIN'GA-LE.se,  a.  {Geog.)  Relating  to  Ceylon,  or 
to  its  inhabitants.  Loudon. 

Ci.Y'GA-LEjjlE,  n.  sing.  lipl.  {Geog.)  A native,  or 
the  natives,  of  Ceylon.  Ency. 

CIN'GLE,  n.  [L.  cingula .]  A girth  for  a horse  ; 
surcingle.  — See  Surcingle,  [u.]  Bailey. 

CIN'NA-BAR,  n.  [Gr.  Ktvvafiapi ; L.  cinnabari .) 

1.  {Chem.)  An  ore  of  mercury;  the  native 

red  sulphuret  of  mercury.  Graham. 

2.  An  artificial  sulphuret  of  mercury  used  as 

a red  pigment ; vermilion.  Graham. 

3.  {Bot.)  The  resinous  juice  of  the  Calamus 

rotang,  an  Indian  tree.  It  is  of  a bright  red 
color  when  powdered  ; — called  also  dragon’s 
blood.  Dunglison. 

CIN'NA-BA-RINE,  a.  Relating  to,  or  containing, 
cinnabar  ; as,  “ Cinnabarine  sand.”  Clarke. 


ClN'NA-MON,  n.  [Heb.  yraSj}  ’ TOp>  cane,  — 

since  the  rolls  resemble  canes ; Gr.  Kwvdyuyov, 
or  KLwayov ; L.  cinnamomum,  or  cinnamum ; Fr. 
cinnamome .]  The  spicy  bark  of  the  Laurus 
cinnamomum,  a tree  of  Ceylon.  Chambers. 

CIN'NA-MON— STONE,  n.  A mineral,  found  in 
Ceylon,  and  chiefly  composed  of  silica,  lime, 
and  alumina;  — so  called  from  its  color.  Dana. 

CIN'NA-MYL,  n.  [Gr.  Kiviaymyov,  cinnamon,  and 
hly,  matter.]  {Chem.)  The  hypothetical  radical 
of  oil  of  cinnamon  and  cinnamic  acid.  Graham. 

CINQUE  (slngk),  n.  [L.  quinque ; It.  cinque-, 
Fr.  cinq.)  The  number  five  in  dice. 

CINCUJE-CENTO  (chlngk'we-chen'to).  [It.,  five 
hundred .]  An  abbreviation  for  fifteen  hundred, 
used  to  designate  the  style  of  art  which  arose 
in  Italy  shortly  after  the  year  1500.  Fairholt. 

CINQUE'— FOIL  (slngk'foll),  n.  [L.  qidnque,  five, 
and  folium,  a leaf;  It.  cinquefoghe ; Fr.  cinq, 
five,  and  feuille,  a leaf.] 

1.  {Bot.)  Those  species  of  the  genus  Potentil- 

la,  which  have  fingered  leaves  : — a five-leaved 
clover.  Johnson.  P.  Cyc. 

2.  {Arch.)  An  ornamental  foliation  consist- 
ing of  five  small  arcs  arranged  circularly  and 
separated  by  projecting  points; — used  in  the 
arches  of  windows,  panellings,  &c.  Weale. 

CINQUE'— PACE  (singk'pas),  n.  [Fr.  cinq,  five, 
and  pas,  a step.]  A grave  dance,  in  which  the 
steps  were  regulated  by  the  number  five.  Shah. 

CINQUE'— PORTS,  n.pl.  [Fr.  cin q,  five,  and  ports, 
ports.]  Originally  thejfee  ports,  Dover,  Sand- 
wich, Hastings,  Romney,  and  Iiythe  ; to  these 
have  been  added  Winchelsea,  Rye,  and  Sea- 
ford.  [England.]  Brande. 

CINQUE'— SPOT 'T^D  (slngk-),  a.  [Fr.  cinq,  five, 
and  Eng.  spotted .]  Having  five  spots.  Shak. 

CI'ON,  n.  [Fr.  scion.)  1.  A sprout  or  shoot  from 
a plant ; — written  also  scion. 

The  stately  Caledonian  oak,  begirt  with  cions  of  his  own 
royal  stem.  Howell. 

2.  A shoot  engrafted,  or  cut  for  grafting. 

The  cion  overruleth  the  stock.  Bacon. 

Cl'PIIER  (si'fer),  n.  [Arab,  sfr,  empty,  P.  Cyc. ; 
— It.  <x  Sp.  cifra;  Fr.  chiffre.) 

1.  The  arithmetical  character,  0,  — a figure 
signifying  nothing  by  itself,  but  which,  being 
placed  at  the  right  hand  of  other  figures,  in- 
creases them  tenfold. 

2.  A character  or  symbol  in  writing. 

In  succeeding  times,  this  wisdom  began  to  be  written  in 
cipher ; and  letters  bearing  the  form  of  creatures.  Raleigh. 

3.  An  intertexture  of  let- 

ters  marked  or  engraved  Jp  A I 

upon  any  thing,  — a device  | 

adopted  by  artists  and  others  0 i 
as  a distinctive  seal  to  their  work. 

And  some 

To  stamp  the  master’s  cipher  ready  stand.  Thomson. 

4.  A secret  character  invented  for  a special 
purpose. 

Writing  by  ciphers , secret  marks  for  the  hiding  of  the 
writer’s  mind  from  others  save  him  to  whom  he  writes  it. 

Hakewill. 

CT'PHER,  v.  n.  [Sp.  efrar ; Fr.  chiffrer.)  [i.  ci- 
phered ; pp.  CIPHERING,  CIPHERED.]  To  com- 
pute by  figures  ; to  practise  arithmetic. 

You  have  been  bred  to  business;  you  can  cipher.  Arbuthnot. 

CI'PHER,  v.  a.  1.  To  write  in  occult  characters. 

His  notes  be  ciphered  with  Greek  characters.  Hayward. 

2.  To  designate ; to  represent  by  a sign. 

Some  loathsome  dash  the  herald  will  contrive 

To  cipher  me,  how  fondly  I did  dote.  Shah. 

CI'PHER-ING,  n.  The  act,  or  the  art,  of  reckon- 
ing by  numbers  ; arithmetic.  Ash. 

CIP'O-LIN,  n.  [It.  eipolla,  an  onion.]  {Min.) 
A white  marble  from  Italy,  with  shadings  or 
zones  of  green  talc.  Dana. 

C1P  'PUS,  n.  [L.]  A small  monumental  column 
with  an  inscription  or  an  epitaph.  Crabb. 


CIRC,  n.  [Gr.  Wp/to?  ; L.  circus  ; Fr.  cirque.)  A 
circle  for  sports  ; a circus,  [u.]  Warton. 

CIR-CAS'AN  (sjr-se'fm),  a.  Same  as  Circean. 

CJR' CAR,  n.  A district.  [Hindostan.]  Hamilton. 

CIR-CAS'SI-AN  (sjr-kash'e-?n),  a.  {Gcoq.)  Be- 
longing to  Circassia.  Murray. 

CIR-CAS'SI-AN  (sjr-kasli'e-jin),  n.  {Geog.)  A na- 
tive of  Circassia.  Murray. 

CIR'CE,  n.  (Astron.)  An  asteroid  discovered  by 
Goldschmidt  in  1857.  Lovering. 

CIR-CE'AN,  a.  [L.  Circe,  from  Gr.  Kipsy,  an  en- 
chantress.] Relating  to  Cnee,  who  is  fabled  to 
have  wrought  her  enchantments  by  the  use  of 
venomous  herbs  ; magical ; venomous.  Pope. 

CIR-CEN'SIAL  (sjr-sen'slijl),  £ rp,.  circen,  a 

CIR-CEN'SIAN  (sjr-sen'shan),  5 circular  course.] 
Relating  to  the  amphitheatre  of  Rome.  Kennet. 


CIR-ti'NJE,  n.  pi.  {Or- 
nith.)  A sub-family  of 
birds  of  the  order  Accipi- 
tres  and  family  Falconi- 
da ; harriers.  Gray. 

CIR'CI-NAL,  a.  [Gr.  KipKt- 
vos,  a circle ; L.  circinus,  a 
pair  of  compasses.]  {Bot.) 

Formed  as  if  by  going  round  ; rolled  in  spiral- 
ly downwards.  Smart. 


Circus  cyaneus. 


CIR/CI-NATE,  v.  ci.  [Gr.  xipKivog,  a circle  ; L.  cir- 
cino,  circinatus.)  To  make  round,  as  a circle  ; 
to  round,  [r.]  Bailey. 

CIR'CI-NATE,  a.  {Bot.)  Noting  leaves,  in 
vernation,  spirally  rolled  up  on  their  axes 
from  the  apex  to  the  base  : — noting 
also  parts  of  the  flower  similarly  rolled 
up  in  estivation.  ’ Gray. 

CIR-CI-NA'TION,  n.  [L.  circinatio.)  An  orbic- 
ular motion,  [r.]  Bailey. 

CIR'CI-NUS,  n.  [L.,  a pair  of  compasses-,  Gr. 
xipieiios,  a circle.]  {Astron.)'  A constellation; 
the  Compasses,  near  the  south  pole.  P.  Cyc. 

CIR'CLE  (sir'kl),  n.  [Gr.  aipKos  ; L.  ci  rev  lus  ; It. 
circolo ; Sp.  circulo  ; Fr.  cercle.— A.  S.  circol,  or 
circul;  Ger . kirkel;  Sw.  « Dan.  cirke.) 

1.  A plane  figure  bounded  by  a curved  line 

which  is  every  where  equally  distant  from  a cer- 
tain point  within  it  called  the  centre.  Davies. 

2.  The  line  that  bounds  a circle ; a circum- 
ference ; a ring. 

Any  thing  that  moves  round  about  in  a circle,  in  less  time 
than  our  ideas  are  wont  to  succeed  one  another,  is  not  per- 
ceived to  move.  Locke. 

3.  A round  body  ; a globe  ; an  orb. 

It  is  he  that  sitteth  upon  the  circle  of  the  earth.  Isa.  xl.  22. 

4.  A series  ending  as  it  begins. 

Thus  in  a circle  runs  the  peasant's  pain, 

And  the  year  rolls  within  itself  again.  Dnjden. 

5.  An  inconclusive  form  of  argument,  or  a 

sophism  in  which  two  or  more  unproved  propo- 
sitions are  used  to  prove  each  other.  ‘‘That 
fallacy,  called  a circle.”  Watts. 

6.  Indirect  form  of  words  ; circumlocution. 

Has  he  given  the  lie 

In  circle  or  oblique?  Fletcher. 

7.  Compass ; enclosure. 

Obscured  in  the  circle  of  the  forest.  Shak. 

8.  A class  of  people  ; a company  ; a society. 

“The  whole  circle  of  beauties.”  Addison.  “Ly- 
sander  visits  in  every  circle .”  Tatler. 

9.  A geographical  division;  a province;  as, 
“ The  circles  of  the  old  German  empire. ” 

Astronomical  circles , (Astron.)  instruments  used  to 
measure  angles  ; as,  “ Equatorial  and  mural  circles .” 
— Circle  of  illumination , the  imaginary  circle  which 
separates  the  illuminated  from  the  dark  hemisphere 
of  the  earth.  — Circles  of  latitude,  (Astron.)  great  circles 
perpendicular  to  the  plane  of  the  ecliptic,  and  intersect- 
ing eacli  other  at  its  poles;  — so  called  because  they 
measure  the  latitude  of  the  stars.  Hutton.  — Circles  of 
longitude , (Astron.)  small  circles  parallel  to  the  eclip- 
tic, and  growing  less  and  less  as  they  approach  its 
poles.  Hutton.  — Circle  of  perpetual  apparition , and  cir- 
cle of  perpetual  occupation,  (Astron.)  small  circles  par- 
allel to  the  equator,  whose  respective  angular  distances 
from  the  elevated  and  the  depressed  pole  are  each  equal 
to  the  latitude  of  the  place  of  the  observer  ; — so  called 
because  the  circumpolar  stars  included  within  the  for- 
mer never  set,  and  those  included  within  the  latter 
never  rise. — Circle  of  the  sphere,  (Astron.  &l  Geog.)  a 
circle  whose  plane  passes  through  a sphere,  and  which 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RtJLE.  — tji,  9,  g,  soft;  C,  6,  J,  g,  hard; 


§ as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


CIRCLE 


244  CIRCUMFERENTOR 


is  bounded  by  its  surface;  — called  a great  circle 
when  it  passes  through  the  centre  of  the  sphere ; oth- 
erwise called  a small  circle.  — Polar  circles,  ( Grog.) 
small  circles  parallel  to  tho  equator,  whose  angular 
distance  from  the  poles  is  equal  to  the  obliquity  of 
the  ecliptic  ; that  next  the  north  pole  being  called  the 
arctic  circle,  and  that  next  the  south  pole  the  antarctic 
circle. — Oalcanic  circle,  ( Galcanism .)  au  apparatus  by 
which  electricity  is  generated,  and  through  which  it 
flows  in  a continuous  and  complete  circuit.  — Horary 
circles,  ( Dln'ing .)  the  straight  lines  on  dials,  which 
indicate  the  hours ; — called  circles  because  they  are 
projections  of  meridians. 

CIR'CLE,  v.  a.  [i.  CIRCLED  ; pp.  CIRCLING,  cir- 
cled.] 

1.  To  move  around,  in  a circle. 

And  other  planets  circle  other  suns.  l'opc. 

2.  To  encompass ; to  enclose ; to  surround. 

Unseen  be  glided  through  the  joyous  crowd, 

With  darkness  circled , and  au  ambient  cloud.  Pope. 

To  circle  in,  to  confine,  to  keep  together.  Digby. 

OIR'GLE  (sir'kl),  v.n.  To  move  circularly.  “The 
circling  years.”  Pope. 

Ci’R'CLED  (sir'kld),  a.  Round;  encircled.  “ Cir- 
cled orb.”  Shak.  “ Circled  nest.”  Bp.  Hall. 

CIR'CLpR,  n.  A circular  or  strolling  poet;  a 
mean  poet ; a poetaster. 

Nor  so  begin,  as  did  that  circler  late; 

I sing  a noble  war,  and  Priam’s  fate.  B.  Jon&on. 

CIR'CLET  (sir'klet);  n.  1.  A little  circle. 

Then  take  repast  till  Hesperus  displayed 

llis  golden  circlet  in  the  western  shade.  Pope. 

2.  A round  piece  of  wood  put  under  a dish  at 
table.  Halliwell. 

CIR'CLJNG,  a.  Encompassing  ; encircling. 

Impenetrable,  impaled  with  circling  fire.  Milton. 

CIR'CLING,  n.  The  act  of  moving  in  a circle; 
motion  in  a circle.  “ Like  the  circlings  of  the 
water  when  a stone  is  flung  into  it.”  Cudworth. 

t CIR'CLY,  a.  Having  the  form  of  a circle.  Hnloet. 

CIR'CUIT  (sfr'kjt),  n.  [L.  circuities ; circumeo, 
or  circueo,  to  go  around ; It.  Sj  Sp.  circuito  ; Fr. 
circuit .] 

1.  The  act  of  moving  round  any  thing. 

There  are  four  moons  rolling  round  the  planet  Jupiter, 
and  carried  alon^with  him  in  nis  periodical  circuit  round 
the  sun.  IVatts. 

2.  The  space  enclosed  in  a circle. 

A woody  mountain,  whose  high  top  was  plain, 

A circuit  wide  enclosed.  Milton. 

3.  The  distance  round;  the  boundary  line. 

The  Lake  of  Bolscna  is  reckoned  one  and  twenty  miles 
in  circuit.  Addison. 

4.  That  by  which  any  thing  is  encircled  ; a 

diadem ; a ring.  “ The  golden  circuit  on  my 
head.”  Shak. 

5.  A course  or  tour,  as  of  a judge  .for  the  pur- 
pose of  holding  courts. 

The  circuits  in  former  times  went  but  round  about  the 
pale;  as  the  circuit  of  the  cy nosura  about  the  pole.  Davies. 

6.  The  district  of  country  in  which  a judge 
or  judges  hold  periodical  courts. 

Nobles,  and  bishops,  and  judges,  that  have  great  dioceses, 
and  jurisdiction,  and  circuits,  must  read  much  in  God’s 
book.  lip.  of  Chichester. 

Circuit  of  action,  (Lam.)  a longer  course  of  proceed- 
ing to  recover  the  tiling  sued  for  than  needful.  Cowell. 

Syn. — See  District. 

CIR'CUIT,  v.  n.  To  move  circularly ; to  go  round. 

The  cordial  cup  perpetual  motion  keep, 

Quick  circuiting.  Philips. 

CIR'CUIT,  v.  a.  To  move  round  in. 

Geryon,  having  circuited  the  air  like  a falcon,  deposits  his 
burden,  and  vanishes.  Warton. 

CIR-CUIT-EER'  (sir-kit-er'),  n.  One  who  travels 
in  a circuit  or  a circle. 

Like  your  feltow-circidteer,  the  sun.  Pope. 

CIR'CUJT-pR,  n.  A cireuiteer.  Whitlock. 

f CIR-CU-T'TION  (str-ku-Ish'un),  n.  [L.  circu- 
itio .]  The  act  of  going  round.  Hooker. 

CJR-CU'I-TOUS  [sjr-ku'e-tus,  W.  P.  F.  Ja.  K. 
Sm.;  sYr'kjt-us,  Wb.~],  a.  [L.  circuitus.]  Go- 
ing or  passing  round:  — roundabout;  not  di- 
rect. “ Circuitous  means.”  Burke. 

C I R-0 C I-TOCS-L Y (sir-ku'e-tus-le),  ad.  In  a 
circuitous  manner ; indirectly. 

CJR-CU'J-TY,  n.  A circuitous  motion  ; amotion 
in,  or  round,  a circle  ; indirect  motion. 

Blackstone. 


CIR'CU-LA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  circulated.  Todd. 

CIR'CU-LAR,  a.  [It  .circolare;  Sp  .circular',  Fr. 
circulairc.) 

1.  Having  the  form  of  a circle;  round;  as, 
“ A circular  figure.” 

2.  Returning  to  the  point  of  beginning  like  a 
circle. 

Whence  the  innumerable  race  of  things 

By  circular , successive  order  springs.  Roscommon. 

3.  Strolling;  mean;  vulgar.  “A  circular 

poet.”  Dennis. 

4.  f Perfect ; complete.  Massinger. 

Circular  letter,  a letter  directed  to  several  persons 

on  some  common  affair. — Circular  lines,  lines  of 
sines,  tangents,  and  secants,  on  the  plane  scale  and 
sector.  — Circular  numbers,  (dirith.)  numbers,  as  those 
ending  in  0.  ],  5,  fi,  all  whose  powers  end  in  the  same 
figure  as  the  numbers  themselves.  JVichol.  — Circular 
sailing,  sailing  performed  on  the  arc  of  a great  circle. 
— Circular  saw,  a saw  having  teeth  cut  on  the  circum- 
ference of  a circle,  and  made  to  revolve  on  an  axis. 

CIR'CU-LAR,  n.  A circular  or  advertising  letter ; 
a letter,  generally  printed,  of  which  a copy  is 
sent  to  several  persons.  Buchanan. 

CiR-CU-LAR'l-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being  in  a 
circular  form,  [r.]  Browne. 

CIR'Cy-LAR-LY,  ad.  In  the  form  of  a circle. 

f CIR'Cy-LA-RY,  a.  Circular;  round.  Hooker. 

CIR'Cy-LATE,  v.n.  [L . circulo,  circulatin',  It. 
circolare;  Sp.  circular;  Fr  .circular;  Dan.  cir- 
culere  ; Sw.  cirkulera .]  [t.  circulated  ; pp. 

CIRCULATING,  CIRCULATED.] 

1.  To  move  in  a circle  ; to  flow  in  a circuitous 
channel ; as,  “ The  blood  circulates  through  the 
veins.” 

2.  To  be  dispersed,  or  have  currency  ; to  be 
diffused  ; to  spread. 

A groat  number  of  inventions  grow  current,  and  circulate 
through  the  whole  kingdom.  Addison. 

CIR'Cy-LATE,  v.  a.  1.  To  travel  round.  “His 
head  hath  been  intoxicated  with  circulating  the 
earth.”  Bp.  Croft. 

2.  To  diffuse  about;  to  disseminate ; to 
spread  ; as,  “ To  circulate  money.” 

Syn.  — See  Spread. 

CiR'ey-LAT-JNG,  p.  a.  1.  Moving  or  carried 
about ; as,  “ Circulating  currents.” 

2.  Passing  currently  ; as,  “ The  circulating 
medium.” 

Circulating  decimal,  ( flrith .)  a decimal  in  which 
one  or  more  figures  are  continually  repeated  in  the 
same  order.  Davies. 

Ci'R'ey-LAT-ING— ME'DJ-UM,  n.  (Com.)  That 
which  represents  the  value  of  articles  bought 
and  sold,  as  coin,  and  bank-notes  or  other  paper 
payable  on  demand ; the  medium  of  exchanges. 

CIR-CU-L  A'TION,  n.  [L.  circulatio  ; It.  circola- 
zione  ; Sp.  circulacion  ; Fr.  circulation.'] 

1.  Motion  in  a circle,  or  in  a course  which 
tends  to  the  point  from  which  it  began.  “ This 
continual  circulation  of  human  things.”  Swift. 

2.  The  act  of  circulating  ; diffusion  ; dissemi- 
nation ; as,  “ The  circulation  of  books.” 

3.  Currency  of  money,  or  of  a substitute  for 
money. 

It  comes  with  something  solid  in  aid  of  the  credit  of  the 
paper  circulation.  Burke. 

CIR'CU-L  A-TI VE,  a.  Circulating;  causing  cir- 
culation. Coleridge. 

t CIR-Cy-LA-TO'RI-oCfS,  a.  Travelling  in  a cir- 
cuit. “ Circulatorious  jugglers.”  Barrow. 

CiR'Cy-LA-TO-RY,  n.  (Chem.)  A chemical  ves- 
sel for  collecting  and  condensing  vapors,  that 
they  may  be  returned  to  the  liquid  from  which 
they  were  evaporated.  Johnson. 

CiR'Cy-LA-TO-RY,  a.  [Fr.  circulatoire.]  Circu- 
lar ; moving  round.  “ Circulatory  peregrina- 
tions.” Warton. 

f CIR'CU-LINE,  a.  Circular  ; circulatory.  “ With 
motion  circuline.”  More. 

CIR  'CU-I.US,  n.  [L.,  a circle.] 

1.  (Anat.)  Any  part  of  the  body  which  is 

round  or  annular.  Dunglison. 

2.  A surgical  instrument.  Crabb. 

3.  An  instrument  for  cutting  off  the  neck  of 

glass.  Crabb. 

CIR  'CUM—.  A Latin  preposition,  used  as  a prefix 


in  many  English  words,  and  signifying  around , 
about. 

CIR-cyM-Ay'J-TATE,  v.  a.  [L.  circum , about, 
and  agito,  agitatus,  to  agitate.]  To  agitate 
about ; to  circulate.  Taylor. 

CIR-CUM-AM'BJ-yN-CY,  n.  The  act  of  encom- 
passing or  surrounding.  Browne. 

CiR-CUM-AM'BT-ENT,  a.  [L.  circumamhiens ; 
circum,  about,  and  ambio,  to  encompass.]  En- 
compassing ; surrounding.  Howell. 

Cl'R-CUM-AM'By-LATE,  v.  n.  [L.  circum,  about, 
and  ambulo,  ambulatus,  to  walk.]  To  walk 
round  about.  Seward’s  Letters. 

CIR-CUM-AM  BU-L.A'TLON,  n.  The  act  of  walk- 
ing around,  [r.]  Ogilvie. 

CIR-CUM-BEN'DI-BUS,  n.  Circumlocution:  — a 
circuitous  way  or  course.  [Low.]  Arbuthnot. 

CIR-CUM-CEL' LI-ON,  n.  [L.  circum cellio,  cir- 
cumcellionis,  a vagrant  monk  who  wandered 
from  cell  to  cell  ; circum,  around,  and  cclia,  a 
cell.]  One  of  a set  of  fanatics  who  embraced 
the  schismatical  doctrines  of  Donatus,  in  the 
fourth  century; — so  called  because  they  were 
in  the  habit  of  rambling  about,  to  accomplish 
what  they  called  their  mission,  in  enfranchis- 
ing slaves,  discharging  debtors,  &c.  Buck. 

CiR'CUM-Cl§E,  v.  a.  [L.  circumcido , circumcisus ; 
circum,  around,  and  cado,  to  cut ; It.  circonci- 
dere;  Sp.  circuncidar ; Fr . circoncire.]  [i.  cir- 
cumcised ; pp.  circumcising,  circumcised.] 
To  cut  off  the  prepuce  or  foreskin  of,  according 
to  the  Jewish  law.  “ They  came  to  circumcise 
the  child.”  Luke  i.  59. 

This  word  is  applied  also  to  a like  operation 
performed  upon  females,  who,  as  well  as  males,  are 
subjected  to  it  by  the  Egyptians,  Arabians,  and  Per- 
sians. Palmer. 

CIR'cyM-Cl^-pR,  n.  One  who  circumcises. MYZfon. 

CiR-CyM-Cl"§ION  (sir-kum-slzh'un,  39),  n.  [It. 
circoncisione ; Sp . circuncision ; Fr.  circonci- 
sion.]  The  act  of  circumcising ; the  initiatory 
rite  of  the  Jewish  covenant. 

In  Jesus  Christ  neither  circumcision  nvaileth  any  thing, 
nor  uncircumcision,  but  faith,  which  worketh  by  love. 

Gal.  v.  6. 

CIR-CUM-CLU'§ION  (93),  n.  [L.  circumcludo, 
circumclusus,  to  shut  in ; circum,  around,  and 
cludo,  or  claudo,  to  shut.]  The  act  of  enclos- 
ing all  round,  [r.]  Maunder. 

CIR-CUM-CUR-S  A'TION,  n.  [L.  circum,  around, 
and  curso,  cursatus,  to  run.]  The  act  of  run- 
ning about.  Barrow. 

CIR-CUM-DUCT',  v.  a.  [L.  circumduco,  circum- 
ductus,  to  lead  around ; circum,  around,  and 
duco,  to  lead.]  (Law.)  To  contravene  ; to  nullify. 

Acts  of  judicature  may  be  cancelled  and  circumducted  by 
the  will  of  the  judge.  Ayliffe. 

CIR-CyM-DUC'TIQN,  n.  [L.  circumductio .] 

1.  A leading  about.  [R.] 

By  long  circumduction  perhaps  any  truth  may  be  derived 
from  any  other  truth.  Hooker.- 

2.  (Law.)  Nullification  ; cancellation.  A yliffe. 

f CIR'CyM-FER,  v.  a.  [L.  circumfero.]  To  carry 
round.  Bacon. 

CIR-CUM'FIJR-ENCE,  n.  [L.  eircumfercntia;  cir- 
cum, around,  and  fero,  to  bear ; It.  circonfe- 
renza;  Sp.  circunferencia  ; Fr.  cir conference.] 

1.  The  line  which  surrounds  a figure  ; the  line 
that  bounds  the  space  of  a circle  ; the  periphery. 

Extend  thus  far  thy  bounds; 

This  be  thy  just  circumference , O world!  Milton. 

2.  The  space  enclosed  in  a circle ; a circle. 

By  an  oath 

That  shook  heaven’s  whole  circumference.  Milton. 
His  ponderous  shield,  large  and  round, 

Behind  him  cast;  the  broad  circumference 

Hung  on  his  shoulders  like  the  moon.  Milton. 

3.  The  external  surface  of  a globe. 

The  bubble  seemed  red  at  its  apparent  circumference. 

teuton's  Optics. 

t CJR-CUM'FJJR-ENCE,  v.  a.  To  include  in  a 
circle  ; to  surround.  Browne. 

CiR-CUM-FJJ-REN'TI AL,  a . Circular.  Barrow. 

CIR-CUM-Ff.-REN'TOR,  n.  (Surveying.)  An  in- 
strument used  for  measuring  horizontal  angles; 
— similar  to  the  surveyor’s  compass,  except 
that  the  graduation  is  continued  from  0 round 
to  360°.  Davies. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  V,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  I,  O,  y,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  fAr,  FAST,  FALL ; IlfilR,  HER; 


CIRCUMFLECT 


245 


CIRCUMSTANTIAL 


CIR'CUM-FLECT,  v.a.  [L.  circumflecto  ; circutn, 
about,  and  Jiccto,  to  turn.]  To  mark  with  a cir- 
cumflex, as  syllables.  Todd. 

CIR'CUM-FLEX,  n.  [L.  circumflexus,  a bending 
round  ; Fr.  circonjtexe.]  An  accent  denoting 
a long  or  a contracted  syllable; — marked  in 
Greek  thus  [~]  ; in  Latin  thus  [A].  It  is  used 
in  this  Dictionary  to  denote  the  broad  sound 
of  a,  as  in  pull ; of  e,  as  in  there ; of  i,  as  in  ma- 
rine ; of  o,  as  in  move  ; and  of  u,  as  in  bull. 

CIR'CUM-FLEX,  v.  a.  To  mark  or  pronounce 
with  a circumflex.  Walker. 

CIR'CUM-FLEX,  a.  [It.  circonflesso  ; Fr.  circon- 
fcxe.]  Moving  or  turning  round.  Swift. 

CIR-CUM-FLEXTON  (sYr-kum-flek'shun),  n.  [L. 
circumflexio.]  The  act  of  giving  any  thing  a 
circular  direction  or  figure.  Blair. 

CIR-CUM-FLEX'US,  n.  [L.]  (Anat.)  1.  A mus- 
cle of  the  palate.  Dunglison. 

2.  A term  applied  to  arteries  which  wind 
round  bones  or  joints.  Brande. 

CIR-CUM'FLU-ENCE,  n.  A flowing  round;  an 
enclosure  of  waters.  Johnson. 

CJR-OUM'FLU-ENT,  a.  [L.  circumfluous  ; cireum, 
about,  and  fluo,fluens,  to  flow.]  Flowing  round. 

Whose  bounds  the  deep  circumfluent  waves  embrace.  Pope. 

CIR-CUM'FLU-OUS,  a.  Circumfluent.  Milton. 

Cl R- C U M- FO- R A ' N A N,  a.  Circumforaneous. 
“ Cireum foranean  rogues.”  [it.]  Burton. 

C’fE-CUM-FO-RA'N^-OUS,  a.  [L.  circumforane- 
us  ; cireum,  about,  and  forum,  the  market- 
place.] Going  from  door  to  door.  Addison. 

CIR-CUM-FU§E',  v.  a.  [L.  circumfundo,  circum- 
fusus  ; cireum,  around,  and fundo,  to  pour.]  [i. 
CIRCUMFUSED  ; pp.  CIRCUMFUSING,  CIRCUM- 
fused.]  To  pour  round  ; to  spread  about. 

Earth  with  her  nether  ocean  circumf used.  Milton. 

CIR-CUM-FU'SILE,  a.  That  may  be  poured  round. 
“ Circumfusile  gold.”  Pope. 

CIR-CUM-FU'^ION  (sYr-kum-ffi'zlmn,  93),  n.  [L. 
circumf usio .]  A pouring  round.  Swift. 

f CIR-CUM-yiJS-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  circumgesto, 
circumgestatus ; cireum,  around,  and  gesto,  to 
bear.]  A carrying  about.  Bp.  Taylor. 

CIR-CUM'GY-RATE,  v.  a.  [L.  cireum,  around, 
and  gyro,  gyratus,  to  turn  in  a circle ; gyrus,  a 
circle.]  To  roll  round,  [r.]  More. 

CIR-CUM-GY-RA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  turning 
or  rolling  round. 

The  dervis  and  other  enthusiastics  express  their  zeal  by 
turning  round  — a circumgyration  we  beheld  with  admira- 
tion. Sir  T.  Herbert. 

f C’fR-C.UM-pYRE',  v.  n.  To  roll  about ; to  have 
a circular  course.  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

CIR-CUM-IN-CES'SION,  n.  ( Theol .)  The  recip- 
rocal existence  in  each  other  of  the  three  per- 
sons of  the  Trinity.  Smart. 

t CIR-CUM-I"TION  (sir-kum-Ish'un),  n.  [L.  cir- 
cumitio ; cireum,  around-,  and  co,  to  go.]  The 
act  of  going  round.  Bailey. 

CIR-CUM-JA'C^NCE,  n.  The  state  of  being  cir- 
cumjacent. Roget. 

CIR-CU M-JA'CENT,  a.  [L.  circumjacens  ; cir- 
cum,  around,  and  jaceo,  jacens,  to  lie.]  Lying 
round  ; surrounding. 

CIR-CUM-LJ-GA'TION,  n.  [L.  circumligo,  cir- 
cumligatus ; cireum,  about,  and  liyo,  to  bind.] 
The  act  of  binding  round;  a band,  [r.]  Bailey. 

CIR-CU  M-LO-CU'TION,  n.  [L.  circumlocutio  ; 
cireum,  about,  and  loquor , locutus,  to  speak  ; It. 
circonlocuzione ; Sp.  circunlocucion  ; Fr.  cir- 
conlocution.\  A circuit  or  compass  of  words  ; 
periphrasis  ; the  use  of  periphrastic  or  indirect 
expressions.  • 

One  instance  of  tlie  faulty  exuberance  of  words  is  the 
intemperate  use  of  circumlocution.  Campbell. 

The  modern  names,  pedantry,  gallantry,  foppery,  coquet- 
ry,  prudery,  and  many  others,  could  not  be  translated  into 
any  ancient  languages  otherwise  than  by  circumlocutions. 

Campbell. 

CIR-CUM-LO-CU'TION-AL,  a.  Relating  to,  or 
containing,  circumlocutions  ; periphrastic  ; cir- 
eumlocutory.  [r.]  Latham. 


CIR-CUM-LO-CU'TrON-IST,  n.  One  who  uses 
circumlocution,  [it.]  Gent.  May. 

CiR-CUM-LOC'y-Tp-RY,  a.  Periphrastical.  “A 
diffused  circumlocutory  manner.”  Arbuthnot. 

CIR-cyM-My-RID'I-AN,  a.  [L.  cireum,  around, 
and  mcridian.\  Situated  near  or  around  the 
meridian,  [it.]  C.  Wilkes. 

CIR-CUM-MURED'  (-murd'),  p.  a.  [L.  cireum, 
around,  and  murus,  a wall.]  Walled  round. 

lie  hath  a garden  circummured  with  bricks.  Shak. 

CIR-CUM-NAV'I-GA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  sailed 
round.  “ Rendering  the  whole  terraqueous 
globe  circumnavigable.”  Ray. 

CIR-cyM-NAV'I-GATE,  v.  a.  [L.  cireum,  around, 
and  navigo,  navigatus,  to  navigate.]  [t.  cir- 
cumnavigated; pp.  CIRCUMNAVIGATING,  CIR- 
CUMNAVIGATED.] To  navigate,  or  pass  round 
by  water ; to  sail  round.  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

CIR-CUM-NAV-I-G  A'TION,  n.  [Fr.]  The  act  of 
circumnavigating  or  sailing  round. 

The  circumnavigation  of  the  earth,  a most  daring  enter- 
prise at  the  period  when  first  attempted  by  Magellan,  in  1<315). 

Haydn. 

Gi'R-CUM-NAV'I-GA-TOR,  n.  One  who  circum- 
navigates. 

Sir  Francis  Drake  was  the  first  English  circumnavigator 
of  the  earth,  1577.  Haytln. 

CIR-CUM-PLEX'ION,  n.  [L.  circumplector,  cir- 
cumplexus,  to  fold  around.]  The  act  of  folding 
around ; cireumplication.  Derliam. 

C I R-CUM-PLI-C  A'TION,  n.  [L.  circumplico,  cir- 
cumplicatus,  to  fold  around.]  A wrapping 
around,  [r.]  Johnson. 

CIR-CUM-PO'LAR,  a.  [L.  cireum,  around,  and 
Eng.  pole.']  Noting  a position  round  or  near 
one  of  the  poles  of  the  earth,  or  of  the  heavens  ; 
as,  “ The  circumpolar  stars.” 

UIR-CUM-PO-SI  "T I OX  (sYr-kum-po-zish'un),  n. 
[L.  circumpositio ; cireum,  around,  and  pono, 
positus,  to  place.]  The  act  of  placing  in  a cir- 
cular position,  [r.]  Evelyn. 

f CIR-CUM-R A 'JpION  (sYr-kum-ra'zhun),  n.  [L. 
circumrasio  ; cireum,  around,  and  rado,  rasus, 
to  scrape  or  shave.]  A paring  round.  Dailey. 

CIR-CUM-RO-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  circumroto,  cir- 
cumrotatus,  to  turn  round  like  a wheel ; cireum, 
around,  and  roto,  to  turn.]  A rolling  or  whirl- 
ing round ; circumvolution.  Gregory. 

CIR-CIJ M-RO  'T A-TO-R Y,  a.  Whirling  round. 
“ Circumrotatory  flourishes.”  Shenstone. 

CIR-CUM-SyiS'SILE,  a.  [L.  circumscindo,  cir- 
cumscissus,  to  rend  around ; cireum,  around, 
and  scindo,  to  tear  or  cut  asunder.]  (Bot.)  Not- 
ing a transverse  circular  separation  of  the  sides 
of  a capsule,  &c.,  into  two  parts  ; transversely 
divided  into  two.  Gray. 

CIR-CUM-SCRIB'A-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being 
circumscribed.  Jameson. 

CIR-CUM-SCRlBE',  v.  a.  [L.  circumscribo  ; dr- 
eam, around,  and  scribo,  to  write  ; Sp.  circun- 
scribir  ; Fr . circonscrire.]  [i.  circumscribed  ; 
pp.  circumscribing,  circumscribed.] 

1.  To  write  or  inscribe  around. 

The  verge  of  the  marble  is  lined  with  brass,  and  thereon 
is  circumscribed  this  epitaph.  Ashmole. 

2.  To  bound;  to  encircle  ; to  limit;  to  re- 
strict ; to  enclose  ; to  confine. 

He  formed  the  powers  of  heaven 

Such  as  he  pleased,  and  circumscribed  their  being.  Milton. 

Syn. — Circumscribe  by  a line;  enclose,  confine,  or 
encompass  by  a wall  or  a fence  ; encircle  by  a wreath. 
Countries  are  bounded  by  seas,  mountains,  or  neigh- 
boring countries  ; valleys  are  environed  by  hills  ; ex- 
penses are  limited  by  circumstances ; and  men  are 
restricted  by  rules  or  laws. 

CIR-CUM-SCRIB'ER,  n.  One  who  circumscribes. 

Ci'R-CUM-SCRIP'TI-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  cir- 
cumscribed ; circumscribable.  Bullokar. 

CIR-CUM-SCRIP'TION,  n.  [L.  circumscriptio.] 

1.  A circular  inscription. 

The  circumscription  [of  a grave-stone]  cut  upon  brass  is 
much  defaced.  Ashmole. 

2.  Determination  of  an  outline. 

In  the  circumscription  of  many  leaves,  flowers,  fruits,  and 
seeds,  nature  affects  a regular  figure.  Ray. 


3.  Limitation  by  bounds;  restriction;  con- 
finement. 

I would  not  my  unhoused,  free  condition 

Put  into  cucunisaij/tibn  und  conn  lie.  Shak . 

CIR-CtJM-SCHlP"i’(VE,  a.  Marking  the  external 
form  or  outline.  Grew. 

CIR-CU M-SCR I P'TIVE-LV,  ad.  In  a limited  or 
restricted  manner.  Mountagu. 

CIR-CUM-SCRIPT'LY,  ad.  Restrictivelv.  Milton. 

CIR'CUM-SPECT,  a.  [L.  cireum spicio,  circum- 
spcctus,  to  look,  around ; cireum,  around,  and 
specio,  to  look.]  Cautious  ; attentive ; watch- 
ful ; vigilant ; careful  ; wary  ; discreet. 

nigh-reaching  Buckingham  grows  circumspect . Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Cautious.  - 

t CiR-CUM-SPECT',  v.  a.  To  examine  carefully; 
to  scrutinize.  “ To  circumspect  and  note  . . . 
defaults.”  Newcourt. 

CIR-CUM-SPEC'TION,  n.  [It.  circospczione ; Fr. 
circon spection.]  Watchfulness  ; caution  ; de- 
liberation ; thoughtfulness  ; wariness. 

So  saying,  his  proud  step  he  scornful  turned, 

But  with  sly  circumspection.  Milton. 

CIR-CU M-SPEC'TIVE,  a.  Attentive;  cautious. 
“ With  circumspective  eyes.”  Rope. 

CIR-CU M-SPEC'TI VE-LY,  ad.  Cautiously;  vigi- 
lantly ; circumspectly. 

CiR'CUM-SPECT-LY,  ad.  With  circumspection  ; 
cautiously ; vigilantly.  Ray. 

CIR'CUM-SPECT-NIJSS,  n.  Vigilance;  caution. 
“ Travel  forces  circumspectness."  Wotton. 

CIR'CUM-STANCE,  n.  [L.  circnmstantia  ; cireum, 
around,  and  sto,  to  stand  ; It.  circostanza  ; Fr. 
cir  Constance.] 

1.  An  adjunct  of  a fact;  something  adventi- 
tious ; a fact,  occurrence,  incident,  or  event  at- 
tending- something  else. 

He  defended  Carlisle  with  very  remarkable  circumstances 
of  courage,  industry,  and  patience.  Clarendon. 

The  poet  has  gathered  those  circumstances  which  most 
terrify  the  imagination.  Addison. 

2.  pi.  One’s  state  in  life  ; station  ; situation  ; 
condition  ; state  of  affairs. 

When  men  are  easy  in  their  circumstances , they  are  natu- 
rally enemies  to  innovation.  Addison. 

Syn. — Circumstance  is  a general  term,  denoting 
the  situation,  fact,  or  incident,  and  whatever  belongs 
to  it ; fact  is  a thing  done.  The  success  of  an  un- 
dertaking depends  much  on  the  circumstances  under 
which  it  was  begun. — Favorable,  critical,  easy,  or 
straitened  circumstances : high  or  low  condition  or  sta- 
tion ; dangerous  or  difficult  situation  or  position.  The 
circumstances  of  time,  place,  or  person  ; a positive 
fact ; a remarkable  incident ; an  unfortunate  accident', 
an  important  event.  — See  Case. 

CIR'CUM-STANCE,  V.  a.  [ i . CIRCUMSTANCED  ; 
pp.  CIRCUMSTANCING,  CIRCUMSTANCED.]  To 
place  relatively,  or  in  a particular  situation. 

The  poet  took  the  matters  of  fact  as  they  came  down  to 
him.  and  circumstanced  them  after  his  own  manner.  Addison. 

CIR'CUM-STANCED  (sir'kum-stanst),/;.  a.  Placed ; 
situated.  \ 

CIR'CUM-STANT,  a.  Surrounding.  “All  circum- 
stant  bodies.”  [r.]  Diyby. 

f CIR-CUM-STAN'TI-A-BLE  (-she-a-bl),  a.  Capa- 
ble of  being  circumstantiated.  Bp.  Taylor. 

CIR-CUM-STAN'TIAL  (sYr-kum-stan'slial,  94),  a. 

1.  Detailing  all  the  circumstances ; particu- 
lar ; minute  ; as,  “ A circumstantial  account.” 

lie  had  been  provoked  by  men’s  tedious  and  circumstan- 
tial recitals  of  their  affairs.  Prior. 

2.  Consisting  of  circumstances  ; not  embrac- 
ing main  or  principal  facts ; incidental ; as, 
“ Circumstantial  evidence.” 

This  jurisdiction,  in  the  essentials  of  it,  is  as  old  ns  Chris- 
tianity; and  those  circumstantial  additions  of  it  Christian 
princes  thought  necessary.  South. 

Syn. — Circumstantial  expresses  less  than  particu- 
lar; particular , less  than  minute.  A circumstantial 
account,  embracing  every  particular  occurrence;  a 
minute  detail. — Circumstantial  evidence;  accidental 
occurrence  ; incidental  remark. 

CIR-CUM-STAN'TIAL  (94),  n.  A point  not  essen- 
tial ; a point  of  inferior  importance  ; something 
adventitious;  — rarely  used  in  the  singular. 

Who  would  not  prefer  a religion  that  differs  from  our  own 
in  the  circumstantials,  before  one  that  differs  from  it  in  the 
essentials?  Addison. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — C,  ff,  g,  soft;  jC,  G,  c,  g,  hard ; § as  z; 


Y as  gz.  — THIS,  (his. 


CIRCUMSTANTIALITY 


CITE 


246 


CIR-CUM-STAN-TI-AL'I-TY  (sTr-kum-stan-she-Sl'- 
e-te,  94),  n.  The  state  of  being  circumstantial. 

CIR-CUM-STAN'TIAL-LY,  ad.  1.  Incidentally. 

Of  the  fancy  and  intellect,  the  powers  are  only  circumstan- 
tially different.  Glanville. 

2.  In  every  circumstance ; minutely. 

Lucian  agrees  with  Homer  in  every  point  circumstan- 
tially. Browne. 

Ci'R-CUM-STAN'TI-ATE  (sir-kum-stSn'she-at,  94), 
V.  a.  [i.  CIRCUMSTANTIATED  ; pp.  CIRCUMSTAN- 
TIATING, CIRCUMSTANTIATED.] 

1.  To  place  in  particular  circumstances ; to 
invest  with  particular  adjuncts.  “ If  the  act 
were  otherwise  circumstantiated.” Bp.Bramhall. 

2.  To  describe  minutely. 

Neither  will  time  permit  to  circumstantiate  these  particu- 
lars. State  Trials. 

CTR-CUM-TpR-RA'NE-OUS,  a.  [L.  circum.,  around, 
and  terra,  the  earth.]  Being  or  dwelling  around 
the  earth,  [r.]  Hallywell. 

C I R-CUM-UN' DU-LATE,  v.  a.  [L.  circum,  around, 
and  undulatus,  undulated  ; unda,  a wave.]  To 
flow  round  like  waves,  [r.]  Maunder. 

CiR-CUM-VAL'LATE,  v.  a.  [L.  circumvallo,  cir- 
cumvallatus ; circum,  around,  and  vallum,  a ram- 
part.] To  surround  with  a rampart.  Johnson. 

CIR-CUM-VAL-LA'TION,  n.  [Fr.  circonvallation .] 
(Fort.) 

X.  The  act,  or  the  art,  of  throwing  up  lines  of 
field  fortification  to  protect  investing  or  besieg- 
ing forces  from  any  attack  in  the  rear. 

He  practised  all  the  rules  of  circumvallation.  JTatts. 

2.  A circuit  of  field-fortification  formed  by  a 
besieging  army  to  protect  it  from  any  attack  in 
the  rear  ; distinguished  from  countervallation, 
which  is  a chain  of  redoubts  and  breastworks 
thrown  up  round  a besieged  place  to  prevent 
sorties  from  the  garrison.  Gloss,  of  Mil.  Terms. 

CIR-CITM-VEC'TION,  n.  [L.  circumvectio ; cir- 
cum, around,  and  veho,  rectus,  to  carry.]  The 
act  of  carrying  round.  Johnson. 

CIR-CUM-VENT',  v.  a.  [L.  circumvenio,  circum- 
ventus ; circum,  around,  and  venio,  to  come  ; 
It.  circonvenire  ; Fr.  circonvenir .]  [i.  circum- 
vented; pp.  CIRCUMVENTING,  CIRCUMVENT- 
ED.] To  surround  or  encompass  with  snares ; 
to  deceive  ; to  cheat ; to  impose  upon. 

Till  they  had  hired  a woman  with  their  gold. 

Breaking  her  marriage  faith  to  circumvent  me.  Milton. 

CIR-CUM-VEN'TION,  n.  [It.  circonvenzione  ; Fr. 
circonvention.\  The  act  of  circumventing ; 
fraud ; imposture  ; deceit ; cheat ; trick. 

If  he  is  in  the  city,  he  must  avoid  haranguing  against  cir- 
cumvention in  commerce.  Collier. 

CIR-CUM-VENT' JVE,  a.  Cheating.  Todd. 

CIR- C U M-  V E ST ' , v.  a.  [L.  circumvestio ; circum, 
around,  and  vestio,  to  clothe.]  To  cover  round, 
as  with  a garment. 

Every  where  greatness  of  power  is  circumvented  with  much 
prejudice.  Wotton. 

CIR-CUM-VO-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  cireumvolo,  cir- 
cumvolatus  ; circum,  around,  and  volo,  to  fly.] 
The  act  of  flying  round.  Johnson. 

CIR-CUM-VO-LU'TION,  n.  [It.  circonvoluzione  •, 
Fr.  circonvolution.) 

1.  A turning  or  rolling  round.  More. 

2.  That  which  is  rolled  around  something. 

“ Consider  the  obliquity  or  closeness  of  these 
circumvolutions.”  Wilkins. 

CIR-CUM-VOLVE',  v.  a.  [L.  circumvolvo,  cir- 
cumvolutus  ; circum,  around,  and  volvo,  to  roll ; 
It.  circonvolvere.}  [i.  circumvolved  ; pp.  cir- 
cum volving,  circumvolved.]  To  cause  to 
roll  or  move  round ; to  roll  round. 

To  ascribe  [to]  each  sphere  an  intelligence  to  circumvolve 
it  were  unphilosophical.  \ Glanvillc. 

CfR-CUM-VOLVE',  v . n.  To  move  circularly  ; to 
whirl.  Derham. 

CIR'CUS,  n. ; pi.  cVr'cus-f.s.  1.  [Gr.  sipso;,  a cir- 
cle ; L.  circus,  a circle,  a race-course  ; It.  circo  ; 
Sp.  circo  ; Fr.  cirque.)  A large  circular  build- 
ing, or  an  open  space  or  area,  for  feats  of 
horsemanship,  and  other  sports,  and  having 
seats  round  for  the  spectators. 

Like  one  of  those  circuses  which  doth  give  a pleasant  spec- 
tacle of  running  horses.  Sidney. 

2.  [Gr.  KipKos,  a hawk  which  flies  in  circles.] 


(Ornith.)  A genus  of  hawks,  including  the  hen- 
harrier. P.  Cyc. 

CIRL'-BUNT-JNG,  n.  (Ornith.)  A bird  of  the 
family  Emberizidcc ; Emberiza  cirlus.  Yarrell. 

f CIRQUE (siik),  n.  [Fr.]  Same  as  Circus.  Pope. 

CIR-RHO'SJS,  n.  [Gr.  sippo;,  yellow.]  (Med.) 

1.  A yellow  coloring  matter  morbidly  secret- 

ed in  the  tissues; — frequently  found  in  the 
liver.  Dunylison. 

2.  A disease  consisting  of  diminution  and 

deformity  of  the  liver.  Hoblyn. 

cIr'RHOUS,  a.  Same  as  Cirrose.  Brande. 

CIR-RlF'JJR-OUS,  a.  [L.  cirrus,  a curl  of  hair, 
and  fero,  to  bear.]  (Bot.)  Producing  tendrils  ; 
cirrigerous.  Hamilton. 

CIR'RI-FORM,  a.  [L.  cirrus,  a curl,  and  forma, 
form.]  (Bot.)  Formed  like  a tendril.  P.  Cyc. 

CIR- Rip' f, R-OU S,  a.  [L.  cirrus,  a curl,  and  gero, 
to  bear.]  "(Bot.)  Producing  tendrils.  P.  Cyc. 

CIR'RI-PED,  n.  [L.  cirrus,  a curl,  and  pcs,  pedis, 
a foot.]  (Zoiil.)  One  of  a genus  of  animals, 
characterized  by  having  a number  of  long, 
curled,  articulated  processes,  analogous  to  the 
feet  of  the  crustaceans  ; the  barnacle  ; the  acorn- 
shell.  Brande. 

ClR-RO-CU'MU-LOUS,  a.  [L.  cirrus,  a curl,  and 
cumulus,  a heap.]  (Meteor.)  A cloud  interme- 
diate between  the  cirrus  and  cumulus,  and  com- 
posed of  small,  well-defined  masses  closely  ar- 
ranged. Brande. 

CIR'ROSE  (slr'ros),  a.  [L.  cirrus,  a curl, 
a tendril.]  (Bot.) 

1.  F urnished  with  a tendril  or  tendrils.  A < 

2.  Resembling  tendinis,  or  coiling  like  Jf|) 

them.  Gray.  1 

CIR-RO-STRA'TUS,  n.  [L.  cirrus,  a curl,  and 
stratus,  a coverlet.]  (Meteor.)  A wave  cloud  ; 
a cloud  intermediate  between  the  cirrus  and 
stratus,  consisting  of  horizontal  masses  sepa- 
rated into  groups,  and  so  mottling  the  sky  as  to 
resemble  somewhat  the  back  of  a mackerel ; — 
hence  sometimes  called  mackerel  sky.  Brande. 

ClR'ROUS  (slr'rus),  a.  [L.  cirrus,  a curl.]  (Bot.) 
Same  as  Cirrose.  P.  Cyc. 

CIR'RUS,  n. ; pi.  cirri.  [L.,  a curl  of  hair.) 

1.  (Bot.)  A tendril  or  filament.  Lindley. 

2.  (Zoiil.)  A curled  filamentary  appendage,  as 

the  foot  of  the  barnacle,  &c.  Owen. 

3.  (Pal.)  A genus  of  fossil  spiral  shells  found 

in  the  chalk  formation.  Woodward. 

4.  (Meteor.)  A very  elevated  cloud,  com- 

posed of  thin  filaments,  the  association  of  which 
resembles  sometimes  a brush,  at  other  times 
masses  of  woolly  hair,  a slender  net-work,  or  a 
distended  lock  of  hair ; — called  also  curl-cloud, 
cat’s-tail,  and  mare's-tail.  Nichol. 

CIR'SO-CELE,  n.  [Gr.  KtpaoKf/I.ri ; taped;,  a dilated 
blood-vessel,  and  Kt/i.r),  a tumor.]  (Med.)  A mor- 
bid enlargement  of  the  spermatic  veins  in  the 
groin.  Brande. 

CIS,  n.  [Gr.  tel;,  a wood-worm,  or  the  corn- 

weevil.]  (Ent.)  A genus  of  coleopterous  in- 
sects. Craig. 

CIS-AL'PINE  [sls-ai'pjn,  P.  Ja.  ; slz-&l'pjn,  Sm.  ; 
sls-al'pln,  KA,  a.  [L.  cis,  on  this  side,  and  Alpes, 
the  Alps.]  On  this  (or  the  Roman)  side  of  the 
Alps  ; as,  “ Cisalpine  Gaul.”  Adam. 

CIS-AL'PINE,  n.  One  who  dwells  on  the  south 
side  of  the  Alps.  Hallam. 

CIS-AT-LAN'TIC,  a.  [L.  cis,  on  this  side,  and 
Atlantic .]  Being  on  this  side  of  the  Atlantic. 

CIS'CO,  n.  (Ich.)  A fish  of  the  herring  kind 
found  in  Lake  Ontario.  Bartlett. 

Cl$E’LURE,  n.  [Fr.]  1.  The  process  of  chasing 

or  embossing.  Fairholt. 

2.  Chased  or  embossed  work.  Fairholt. 

CIS-MON'TANE,  a.  Existing  on  this  side  of  the 
mountains  ; — opposed  to  ultramontane.  Ec.Rev. 

CIS' PA-DA NE,  a.  [L.  cis,  on  this  side,  and  Padus, 
the  river  Po.]  On  this  side  of  the  Po  as  regards 
Rome  ; on  the  south  side  of  the  Po.  Ogilvie. 

ClS'SOID,  n.  (Gcom.)  A particular  kind  of  curve 


first  employed  by  Diodes,  for  the  purpose  of 
solving  two  celebrated  problems  of  the  higher 
geometry,  viz.,  to  trisect  a plane  angle,  and  to 
construct  two  geometrical  means  between  two 
given  straight  lines.  Davies. 

Cl§'§OR§,  n.  pi.  See  Scissors.  Todd. 

cis'sus,  n.  [Gr.  Kiaad;,  ivy;  L.  cissos .]  (Bot.) 
A genus  of  plants  resembling  the  grape.  Loudon. 

CIST,  n.  1.  [Gr.  KictTT],  a box  or  chest;  L. cista. — 
Gael.,  Ir.,  § Arm.  ciste ; W.  ,y  Corn,  cist.)  (Arch. 
& Sculp.)  A chest  or  basket ; — usually  applied 
to  the  mystic  baskets  used  in  processions  con- 
nected with  the  Eleusinian  mysteries.  Brande. 

2.  (Antiq.)  A place  of  interment  of  the  Celt- 
ic period,  consisting  of  stones  disposed  in  the 
form  of  a box,  or  of  an  excavation  in  some  hard 
material. 

These  oval  pits  or  cists  were  neatly  cut  into  the  chalk,  and 
were,  with  the  skeletons,  covered  with  the  pyramid  of  stones. 

Archceotoffia. 

3.  [Gr.  alert;,  the  bladder.]  (Med.)  A case, 
as  that  which  encloses  a tumor.  — See  Cyst. 

CIST'yD,  a.  Enclosed  in  a cist.  — See  Cysted. 

CJS-TiCR'CIAN  (sjs-ter'sh?n),  n.  [Fr.  Cistercien.] 
A monk  of  Citeaux,  in  France  ; a reformed  Ben- 
edictine. Gray. 

CIS'TyRN,  n.  [L.,  It.,  Sj  Sp.  cisterna ; Sw.  cis- 
tern-, Fr.  citerne.) 

1.  A reservoir  or  receptacle  of  water,  natural 
or  artificial ; a large  basin. 

Here  blended  swells  with  interfering  rills; 

And  here  the  lake’s  capacious  cistern  fills.  Brooke. 

Each  gushing  font  a marble  cistern  fills.  Pope. 

2.  A tank  used  in  manufactories  for  holding 
any  liquid  ; as,  “ The  cisterns  of  a brewery.” 

CIS'TIC,  a.  [See  Cist.]  Same  as  Cystic.  Crabb. 

CIS-TOPH ' O-RUS,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  atarot/iopd;,  a 
box-bearer.]  An  ancient  coin  of  the  value  of 
about  four  drachms,  and  stamped  with  the  fig- 
ure of  a basket-carrier.  Hamilton. 

CIS'TUS,  n.\  pi.  L.  cisti ; Eng.  cistuses.  [L., 
from  Gr.  a'taro;.)  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants;  the 
rockrose.  Loudon. 

CIST'VA-yN,  n.  (Antiq.)  A species  of  stone  re- 
ceptacle, often  found  in  barrows  or  mounds  of 
earth,  and  containing  bones.  — See  Cist.  Hoare. 

CIT,  n.  An  inhabitant  of  a city  ; a citizen  ; — 
used  in  disparagement. 

Barnard,  thou  art  a cit,  with  all  thy  worth.  Pope. 

CIT'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  cited.  Gent.  Mag. 

CIT' A- DEL,  n.  [Dan.  citadel ; It.  cittadella,  dim. 
of  citta,  or  cittade,  a city;  Sp.  ciudadella  ; Fr. 
citadelle.)  A fortress  in  or  near  a city  ; a castle. 

Cromwell  built  three  citadels,  — at  Leith,  Ayr,  and  Inver- 
ness, — besides  many  little  forts.  Burnet. 

Syn.  — See  Fortification. 

CI'TAL,  n.  [See  Cite.]  1.  The  act  of  citing ; 
a call  to  attend  a court ; summons  ; citation. 

2.  Accusation  ; impeachment ; reproof,  [r.] 

He  made  a blushing  cital  of  himself.  Shalt. 

3.  Quotation  ; citation.  Martin. 

CI-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  cito,  citatus,  to  summon  ; 
It.  citazione ; Sp.  citacion  ; Fr.  citation.) 

1.  (Law.)  The  act  of  citing ; summons  to 
appear  in  court  or  before  a judge  ; a cital. 

The  remonstrants  were  ready,  according  to  their  citation. 

Hale. 

2.  The  act  of  mentioning  or  quoting,  as  to 
confirm  an  opinion. 

3.  Any  passage  or  words  quoted  ; a quota- 
tion. 

It  is  the  beauty  and  independent  worth  of  the  citations , 
far  more  than  their  appropriateness,  which  have  made  John- 
son’s Dictionary  popular  even  as  a reading-book.  Coleridye. 

CI-TA'TOR,  n.  One  who  cites,  [r.]  Gent.  Mag. 

Cl'TA-TO-RY,  a.  Having  the  power,  or  the  form, 
of  a summons.  “ Letters  citatory.”  Ayliffe. 

CITE,  v.  a.  [L.  cito  ; It.  citare ; Sp.  citar ; Fr.  citer ; 
Dan.  citere.)  [i.  cited  ; pp.  citing,  cited.] 

1.  To  summon  to  answer  in  a court ; to  call 
authoritatively. 

He  held  a late  court,  to  which 
She  oft  was  cited  by  them,  but  appeared  not.  Shak. 

2.  To  bring  forward  or  mention  as  the  words 
of 'another;  to  quote. 

This  little  song  is  not  unlike  a sonnet  ascribed  to  Slink- 
speare,  which  deserves  to  be  cited  here.  Jones. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  t,  short;  A,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; XlfilR,  HER; 


CITER 


247 


CLABBER 


Syn.  — Cite  is  applied  to  persons  and  to  things; 
quote,  only  to  things.  Cite  a person  or  tiling  ; rite  an 
authority  ; quote  a paragraph.  Cite  a person  to  give 
evidence ; summon  one  to  answer  a charge.  Cite  or 
summon  a witness. 

CIT'F.R,  n.  One  who  cites  or  quotes.  Atterbury . 

CIT'^SS,  n.  A city  woman,  [r.] 

Cits  and  citesses  raise  a joyful  strain.  Dryden. 

ClTH' A-R.i,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  KiOapa.]  ( Mus .)  A 
sort  of  ancient  lyre  or  harp.  P.  Cyc. 

ClTH-A-RIS'TIC,  a.  Relating  to  a cithera.  Warner. 

CITH'ERN,  n.  [Gr.  «0dpa ; L.  cithara;  It.  <Sr  Sp. 
citara ; Old  Fr.  cithare . — A.  S.  cyterc  ; Ger. 
zither ; Dan.  cithar .]  A kind  of  harp  ; — more 
commonly  written  cittern.  1 Mace.  iv.  54. 

CIT'I-Cl^M,  n.  The  behavior  or  manner  of  an 
inhabitant  of  a city,  [r.]  B.  Jonson. 

CIT'IED  (slt'id),  a.  1.  Belonging  to  a city. 

Where  citied  hill  to  hill  reflected  blaze.  Thomson. 

2.  Having  the  quality  of  a city  ; like  a city. 
“ Airs -of  smoky  citied  towns.”  Drayton. 

CIT-I-GRA'  DJE,n.  [L.  citus,  quick,  and  yradior, 
to  step.]  ( Ent .)  A family  of  Arachnidans,  or 
spiders; — so  named  from  the  nimbleness  of 
their  motions.  Craig. 

||  CIT'I-ZEN  (slt'e-zn),  n.  [L.  civitas,  a city  ; It. 
citta,  a city;  cittadino,  a citizen  ; Sp.  ciudada- 
no  ; Fr.  citoyen.) 

1.  One  entitled  to  the  privileges  of  a city  ; a 
freeman  of  a city,  as  distinguished  from  a for- 
eigner or  a slave. 

All  inhabitants  within  these  walls  are  not  properly  citi- 
zens,  but  only  such  as  are  called  freemen.  Raleigh. 

2.  One  who  dwells  in  a city  or  town. 

Far  from  noisy  Rome  secure  he  lives, 

And  one  more  citizen  to  Sibyl  gives.  Dryden. 

3.  An  inhabitant  of  a republic  who  enjoys 
the  rights  of  a citizen  or  a freeman,  and  who 
has  a right  to  vote  for  public  officers  ; as,  “ A 
citizen  of  the  United  States.” 

||  CIT'1-ZEN,  a.  Having  the  state  or  qualities  of 
a citizen.  Shah. 

||  CIT'I-ZEN-ESS,  n.  A female  citizen,  [r.]  Booth. 

CIT'I-ZEN-IZE,  v.  a.  To  cause  to  become  a cit- 
izen. [r.]  T.  Pickering . 

||  ClT'I-ZEN-SHlP,  n.  The  state  of  one  who  en- 
joys the  rank  and  privileges  of  a citizen. 

Onr  citizenship,  as  saith  the  apostle,  is  in  heaven.  Horne. 

CIT'OLE,  n.  [Sp.  citola,  a cithern.]  A musical 
instrument ; a dulcimer.  P.  Cyc. 

ClT'RATE,  n.  [L.  citreum , the  citron  ; Sp.  citra- 
to  ; fr.  citrate. \ ( Chem .)  A salt  formed  of  cit- 
ric acid  and  a base.  Brande. 

ClT'RJJ-AL,  n.  The  oil  of  lemons.  Francis. 

CIT'RENE,  n.  {Chem.)  A crystalline  compound 
of  hydrogen  and  carbon,  obtained  from  the  es- 
sential oil  of  lemons.  Brande. 

CIT'RIC,  a.  [L.  citreum,  the  citron.]  {Chem.) 
Noting  a crystallizable  acid  existing  in  the  juice 
of  the  lemon,  citron,  &c.  Graham. 

ClT'RTL,  n.  A beautiful  song-bird  of  Italy.  Boag. 

CIT-RI-NA'TION,  n.  The  process  of  turning  to 
a yellow  color.  Chaucer. 

CIT'RINE,  a.  [L.  citreum,  the  citron;  It.  Sp. 
citrino;  Fr.  citrin. ] Of  the  color  of  the  citron 
or  lemon ; of  a dark-yellow  color.  Johnson. 

ClT'RON,  n.  [L.  citreum  ; Fr.  citron. ] A fruit 
of  the  lemon  kind  ; the  fruit  of  the  Citrus  med- 
ica,  or  citron-tree.  Loudon. 

ClT'RON— TREE,  n.  A tree  that  bears  citrons; 
Citrus  medica.  Loudon. 

ClT'RON— WA'TJSR,  n.  Liquor  distilled  with  the 
rind  of  citrons.  Pope. 

ClT'RUL,  n.  The  pumpkin  ; — so  named  from 
its  yellow  color.  Johnson. 

CIT ' RUS,  n.  [L.,  the  citron-tree. \ {Bot.)  A ge- 
nus of  plants  including  the  orange,  lemon, 
lime,  citron,  &c.  ; orange-tree.  Loudon. 

ClT'TpRN,  n.  {Mus.)  An  instrument  of  music 
resembling  a guitar  ; — sometimes  written  also 


cithern.  “ Then  would  he  take  his  cittern  and 
play  upon  it.”  Boyle. 

CIT'Y,  n.  [L.  civitas ; It.  citta,  or  cittade ; Sp. 
ciudad ; Fr.  cite.) 

1.  A large  town  incorporated  with  certain 
privileges  ; as,  “ The  city  of  New  York.” 

2.  The  inhabitants  of  a city;  citizens. 

I do  suspect  I have  done  some  offence 

That  seems  disgracious  in  the  city's  eye.  Shak. 

3.  A town  corporate,  which  is  or  has  been  the 
see  of  a bishop.  [England.] 

A city  is  a town  incorporated,  which  is  or  has  been  the  see 
of  a bishop;  and  though  the  bishopric  has  been  dissolved,  as 
at  Westminster,  yet  still  it  remaineth  a city.  Blackstone. 

Syn.  — See  Town. 

CIT'Y,  a.  Relating  to  a city.  “ City  ports.”  Shak. 

CIT'Y-SO-Lig'I-TOR,  n.  A law  officer  in  the 
service  of  a city.  Hawkins. 

ClVE§,  n.  pi.  [L.  cepa,  or  ccepa  ; Fr.  cive.]  A 
small  kind  of  onion,  or  leek  ; Allium cepa.Crabb. 

CIV'pT,  n.  [Ar . zebed,  a scent;  It.  zibetto  ; Fr. 
civette;  Sw.  S;  Ger.  zibet ; Dut.  civet.) 

1.  A brown,  semi-fluid  matter  contained  in  a 

gland  near  the  anus  of  the  Viverra  civetta,  or 
civet-cat ; — used  as  a perfume.  Ure. 

2.  {Zo'il.)  A name  applied  to  carnivorous 
quadrupeds  of  the  family  Viverridce.  Baird 

CIV'iJT,  V.  a.  [*.  CIVETED  ; pp.  CIVETINO,  CIV- 
eted.]  To  scent  with  civet ; to  perfume.  Cowper. 

CIV'JST— CAT,  n.  [Dut.  civet-kat.)  {Zolil.)  A name 
applied  to  the  Viverra  civetta,  and  the  Viverra 
zibetha,  which  produce  civet.  Van  Der  Hoeven. 

CIV'IC,  a.  [L.  civicus  ; civis,  a citizen  ; It.  § Sp. 
civico-,  Fr.  civique.)  Relating  to  a city  or  to 
citizens;  civil,  as  distinguished  from  military ; 
as,  “ Civic  honors.” 

Civic  crown , ( Roman  Hist.)  a crown  made  of  oak 
leaves,  bestowed  upon  him  who  had  saved  tile  life 
of  a fellow-citizen  in  war.  Wm.  Smith. 

f CIV'I-CAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  civil  affairs  ; civic. 
“ Civical  crowns.”  Browne. 

CIV'lL,  a.  [L.  civilis  ; civis,  a citizen  ; It.  civile  ; 
Sp.  S;  Fr.  civil.] 

1.  Relating  to  a city  or  to  a community  as 
governed  by  laws  ; municipal,  as  opposed  to  mil- 
itary ; political. 

God  gave  them  laws  of  civil  regimen.  Hooker. 

2.  Subject  to  government ; not  in  anarchy  ; 
not  savage. 

Men  that  are  civil  do  lead  their  lives  after  one  common 
law  appointing  tirem  what  to  do.  Hooker. 

3.  Complaisant  ; courteous  ; polite  ; well- 
bred  ; obliging  ; gentle  ; genteel. 

lie  was  civil  and  well-natured,  never  refusing  to  teach 
another.  Dryden. 

Uttering  such  dulcet  and  harmonious  breath, 

That  the  rude  sea  grew  civil  at  her  song.  Shak. 

4.  Lay,  as  opposed  to  ecclesiastical. 

The  ecclesiastical  courts  are  controlled  by  the  civil. 

Johnson ; 

5.  Intestine,  as  opposed  to  foreign.  “ From 
a civil  war,  God  of  his  mercy  . . . defend  us.” 

Bacon. 

6.  Pertaining  to  the  relations  of  citizens  with 
one  another,  rather  than  with  the  state ; not 
criminal;  as,  “A  civil  process  or  suit.” 

Private  wrongs  are  an  infringement  of  the  rights  belong- 
ing to  individuals,  considered  as  individuals,  and  are  there- 
upon frequently  termed  civil  injuries.  Black  stone. 

Civil  architecture , the  science  of  constructing  build- 
ings for  the  purposes  of  civil  life.  — Civil  death , any 
thing  that  deprives  a man  of  the  privileges  of  civil 
society,  as  outlawry,  banishment,  &c. — Civil  engi- 
neering, the  science  and  the  art  of  constructing  works 
of  public  utility,  as  roads,  canals,  bridges,  &c.  ; — op- 
posed to  military  engineering,  which  has  reference  to 
constructions  and  operations  connected  with  the  art 
of  war.  — Civil  law , in  a general  sense,  the  law  of  a 
state  or  country  ; — appropriately,  the  institutes  of  the 
.Roman  law. — Civil  list , formerly  applied  to  all  the 
heads  of  public  expenditure,  excepting  those  of  the 
army,  the  navy,  and  the  other  military  departments ; 
now  confined  to  the  expenses  proper  for  the  mainte- 
nance of  the  king’s  or  queen’s  household.  [England.] 
— Civil  year , the  legal  year,  or  the  year  of  365  or  366 
days,  as  distinguished  from  the  exact  solar  year. 

Syn.  — See  Affable,  Genteel,  Polite. 

CIV-IL-A'TION,  n.  [Corrupted  from  civilization .] 
Intoxication  ; — a cant  word  used  in  Ireland. 
“In  a state  of  civilatio7i.,y  De  Quincey. 

CI-VIL'IAN  (se-vil'yrm),  n.  1.  One  who  is  versed 


in  the  civil  law  ; a professor  of  civil  law.  “ The 
professors  of  that  law,  called  civilians”  Bacon. 

2.  A student  in  the  civil  law  at  a college  or 
university. 

He  [Shenstone]  kept  his  name  in  the  college  books,  and 
changed  his  commoner’s  gown  for  that  of  a civilian.  Graves. 

3.  One  employed  in  a civil  capacity,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  one  employed  in  a clerical  or  a 
military  capacity. 

Syn.  — See  Lawyer.  • 

CIV'IL-IST,  n.  [L.  civilis , civil ; civis,  a citizen- 
Low  L.  § It.  civilista.]  A civilian.  Warburton. 

CI-VIL'I-TY,  7i.  [L.  civilitas  ; It.  civilita  ; Sp. 

civilidad ; Fr.  civilite.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  civilized; — opposed 
to  barbarism. 

Divers  great  monarchies  have  risen  from  barbarism  to  ci- 
vility, and  fallen  again  to  ruin.  # Davies. 

2.  That  which  belongs  to  a state  of  civiliza- 
tion, or  to  the  civil  law. 

Matrimony  hath  something  in  it  of  nature,  something  of 
civility,  something  of  divinity.  Bjj.  Hall. 

3.  The  quality  of  being  civil ; refinement ; 
urbanity  ; complaisance  ; courtesy  ; politeness. 

He,  by  his  great  civility  and  affability,  wrought  very  much 
upon  the  people.  Clarendon. 

4.  pi.  Acts  of  courtesy,  or  of  kindness. 

Love  taught  him  shame;  anil  shame,  with  love  at  strife, 

Soon  taught  the  sweet  civilities  of  life.  Dryden. 

Syn. — Civility  is  confined  to  no  rank,  age,  or  con- 
dition, and  is  used  to  mean  something  less  than  cour- 
tesy, politeness , urbanity,  or  complaisance,  and  implies, 
as  it  is  commonly  used,  only  such  attention  to  others 
as  is  proper  and  necessary.  Civility  is  inconsistent 
with  arrogance  ; refinement,  politeness,  and  courtesy  are 
inconsistent  with  rudeness  or  indifference  ; urbanity 
is  inconsistent  with  reserve.  Civility  requires  little 
or  no  effort  ; complaisance  implies  special  attention. 
— See  Complaisance. 

CIV'IL-IZ-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  civilized. 

tly  -IL-I-ZA'TION,  n.  [It.  civilizzazidne ; Sp. 
civilization ; Fr.  civilisation.) 

1.  The  act  of  civilizing ; the  state  of  being 
civilized  ; a well-ordered  state  of  society  ; cul- 
ture ; refinement. 

Christianity  has  carried  civilization  along  with  it  whither- 
soever it  has  gone.  JIare, 

Civilization  consists  in  the  progressive  improvement  of  the 
society  considered  as  a whole,  and  of  all  the  individual  mem- 
bers of  which  it  is  composed.  1J.  Cyc. 

2.  {Law.)  A law,  act,  or  judgment  which  ren- 
ders a criminal  process  civil.  Smart. 

CIV'IL-IZE , v.  a.  [It.  civilizzare  ; Sp . civilizar  •, 
Fr.  civiliser.)  [t.  civilized  ; pp.  civilizing, 
civilized.]  To  reclaim  from  a savage  or  a 
barbarous  state  ; to  educate  and  polish  ; to  re- 
fine ; to  enlighten  ; to  improve. 

We  send  the  graces  and  the  muses  forth, 

To  civilize  and  to  instruct  the  North.  Waller. 

CIV'IE-IZED  (slv'jl-Izd),  p.  a.  Reclaimed  from 
the  savage  or  barbarous  state  ; instructed  in  the 
arts  ; polished  ; refined  ; cultivated. 

ClV'IL-fZ-BR,  n.  One  who  civilizes.  “ Ye  legis- 
lators, ye  civilizers  of  mankind.”  Burke. 

CIV'IL-IZ-ING,  p.  a.  Tending  to  civilize;  pol- 
ishing ; as,  “ Civilizing  influences.” 

ClV'TL-LY,  ad.  1.  According  to  a state  of  civil- 
ization. 

That  a multitude  should,  without  harmony,  concur  in  the 
doing  of  one  thing,  — for  this  is  civilly  to  live,  — is  impossi- 
ble. Hooker. 

2.  In  the  manner  of  citizens  in  their  inter- 
course with  one  another  rather  than  with  the 
state ; not  criminally. 

That  accusation  is  either  civilly  commenced,  for  the  pri- 
vate satisfaction  of  the  party  injured,  or  else  criminally,  that 
is,  for  some  public  punishment.  Ayliffe. 

3.  In  a civil  manner  ; without  rudeness  ; po- 
litely ; courteously  ; kindly. 

The  people  behaved  very  civilly , showing  us  every  tiling 
that  we  expressed  a desire  to  see.  ’ Cook. 

CIV'I^M,  n.  [L.  civis,  a citizen.]  The  privileges 
or  state  of  a citizen  ; citizenship,  [r.]  Byron. 

CIZ'AR,  v.  a.  To  clip  with  scissors.  Beau.  <Sr  FI. 

Clz' A R.S,  n.  pi.  [Fr.  ciseaux.)  Small  shears  ; 
scissors.  — See  Scissors. 

An  operation  of  art  produced  by  a pair  of  cizars.  Swift. 

CIZE  (siz),  n.  Bulk  ; bigness.  — See  Size.  Grew. 

CLAB'BpR,  n.  [Ir.  — See  Bonny-clabber.] 
Milk  become  thick  or  inspissated.  Craig. 


MiEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BIJLL,  BUR,  RULE.—  9,  <?,  9,  g,  soft;  C,  6,  g,  g,  hard;  $ as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


CLACK 


CLAP 


248 


CLACK,  n.  [Old  Fr.  clac,  claquet .] 

1.  A sharp,  abrupt  sound,  continually  repeat- 
ed ; a click.  “ The  clack  of  tongues.”  Tutler. 

2.  The  instrument  that  makes  a clack. 

Says  John,  Just  at  the  hopper  will  I stand, 

And  mark  the  clack  how  justly  it  will  sound.  Betterton. 

3.  Excessive  talking  ; prattle  ; prate. 


Fancy  flows  in,  and  muse  flies  high; 

He  knows  not  when  my  clack  will  lie.  Prior. 

C1MCK,  v.  n.  [Ger.  klatschen  ; Dut.  klacken  ; 
Fr.  claquer.] 

1.  To  make  a sharp,  abrupt  noise,  like  that 

of  a clock  ; to  click  ; to  rattle.  Martin. 

2.  To  talk  much  ; to  let  the  tongue  run  on  ; 

to  prattle  ; to  prate.  Johnson. 

CLACK,  v.  a.  1.  To  make  to  clack.  “A  dish 
with  a cover  which  they  clacked."  Todd. 


2.  To  utter  inconsiderately  ; to  blurt. 

There  is  a generation  of  men  whose  on  weighed  custom 
makes  them  clack  out  any  thing  their  heedless  fancy  springs. 

Fcltham. 

To  clack  wool,  to  out  off  the  sheep’s  mark,  in  order 
to  make  it  weigh  less,  and  thus  yield  less  duty  to  the 
king.  Cowell. 

CLACK'— DISH,  n.  A beggar’s  dish,  with  a cover  ; 
— so  called  from  the  clacking  noise  made  by 
striking  the  cover  upon  it,  to  attract  notice,  or 
to  signify  that  the  dish  was  empty.  Todd. 

His  use  was  to  put  a ducat  in  her  clack-dish.  Shak. 

CLACK 'fit,  7i.  The  clack  of  a mill.  Blount. 

CLACK'JNG,  n.  Prating;  prattle.  “ His  foolish 
clacking.”  Bp.  Hall. 

CLACK'— VALVE,  n.  A valve  of  com- 
mon use  in  hydraulic  and  steam  ma- 
chinery, hlorving  machines,  &c.  It 
is  a flap  of  leather,  wood,  or  metal, 
covering  a hole  in  a tube,  and  attached 
to  the  side  of  it  by  a hinge. 

CL.AD,  i.  8cp.  from  clothe  ; clothed.  — See  Clothe. 

t CLAD'Df  R,  n.  A universal  wooer.  Maine. 

CLA  ' DI-tlM,  n.  [Gr.  k). alios,  a young  shoot.] 
(Bot.j  A genus  of  plants  ; prickly  sedge. Loudon. 

CLAD'  O-DijS,  n.  [Gr.  kWios,  a shoot,  and  <Mo£t, 
a tooth.]  ( Geol .)  A genus  of  fossil  fishes.  Agassiz. 

CLA-DO  ' JTl-A,  n.  [Gr.  K?.alos,  a shoot.]  ( Bot .) 
A genus  of  lichens.  P.  Cgc. 

CL.A'JKR,  71.  Bone-flour  ; a powder  made  from 
the  bones  of  a calf’s  skull.  Crabb. 

CLAIM,  v.  a.  [L.  clamo,  to  cry  out ; It.  clamare-, 
Sp.  clatnar ; Fr.  clamer. ] [i.  claimed  ; pp. 

CLAIMING-,  CLAIMED.] 

1.  To  ask  as  a right ; to  demand  as  due  ; to 
request  authoritatively  ; to  require. 

That  proud  honor  claimed 
Azazel  as  his  right,  a cherub  tall.  Milton. 

2.  f To  call;  to  name.  Spenser. 

CLAIM,  7).  n.  To  become  entitled  to  a thing;  to 

derive  a right. 

"VVe  must  know  how  the  first  ruler,  from  whom  any  one 
claim-*,  came  by  his  authority,  before  we  can  know  who  has 
a right  to  succeed  him  in  it.  Locke. 

CLAIM,  7i.  1.  A demand  as  of  right ; a challenge 
of  ownership;  as,  “To  lay  claim  to  any  thing.” 

2.  A title  to  a privilege  in  the  hands  of  an- 
other ; right ; pretension  ; desert. 

Every  father  of  a family  had  as  good  a claim  to  royalty  as 
these.  Locke. 

3.  f A call ; a cry  ; an  appeal. 

I called,  but  no  man  answered  to  my  claim.  Spenser. 

Syn.  — See  Desert,  Privilege,  Pretension. 

CLAlM'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  claimed.  Cotgrave. 

CLAlM'ANT,  7i.  1.  One  who  claims. 

2.  (Law.)  One  who  demands  the  ownership 
of  a ching  which  he  has  not  in  possession,  but 
which  is  unlawfully  withheld  from  him.  Burrill. 

CLAlM'f  R,  n.  One  who  claims.  Temple. 

ClAir'— OB-SCCRE',  n.  See  Clare-obscure. 

ClAiR-VOY'ANCE,  n.  [Fr.,  quickness  of  under- 
standing, clear-seeing  ; clair,  clear,  and  voir, 
voyant,  to  see.]  The  power  of  perceiving  ob- 
jects, however  covered  or  remote,  without  the 
use  of  the  eyes  ; — said  to  be  communicated  to 
a person  under  the  influence  of  animal  mag- 
netism, or  Mesmerism.  Dunglison. 

CLAtR-VOY'ANT,  n.  [Fr.]  A person  who,  under 


the  influence  of  Mesmerism,  has  the  power  of 
clairvoyance.  Tow7isend. 

CLAlR-VOY'ANT,  a.  [Fr.]  Relating  to  clair- 
voyance. 

CLAM,  n.  (Conch.)  The  common  American  name 
of  a small  bivalve  shell-fish  ; Venus.  Pennant. 

CLAM,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  clcemian,  to  smear ; Frs. 
kliemje ; Ger.  klammcn  ; Dan.  klamme .]  [i. 

CLAMMED  ; pp.  CLAMMING,  CLAMMED.] 

1.  To  clog  with  any  glutinous  matter. 

The  sprigs  were  all  daubed  with  lime,  and  the  birds 
clammed  and  taken.  V Estrange. 

2.  To  choke  ; to  clog.  “ The  mill  is  clammed 

up.”  Grose. 

CLAm,  v.  7i.  1.  To  be  like  glutinous  matter  ; to 
stick  ; to  adhere. 

A chilling  sweat,  a damp  of  jealousy, 

Hangs  on  my  brows  and  clams  upon  my  limbs.  Dryden. 

2.  fTo  unite  the  concordant  notes  of  an  oc- 
tave in  ringing  a chime  of  bells.  Todd. 

CLA'MANT,  a.  [L.  clamo,  clamans,  to  cry  out.] 
Crying ; beseeching  earnestly,  [u.]  Thomson. 
Instant  o’er  his  shivering  thought 
Comes  winter  unprovided,  and  a train 
Of  clamant  children  dear.  Thomson. 

CLAM'— BAIT,  n.  Clams  used  for  bait  in  fishing. 

CLAM'— BAKE,  71.  The  baking  of  clams  for  a 
festive  amusement.  Bartlett. 

CLAM'B^R,  v.  7i.  [Probably  corrupted  from  climb. 
Johnson.]  [l.  CLAMBERED  ; pp.  CLAMBERING, 
clambered.]  To  climb  with  difficulty. 

They  were  forced  to  clamber  over  so  many  rocks  that  they 
were  very  often  in  danger  of  their  lives.  Addison. 

CLAm'MJ-NESS,  n.  Viscosity;  viscidity.  Moxon. 

CLAm'MY,  a.  [A.  S.  clam,  that  which  adheres ; 
Dut.  ktam.]  Viscous;  glutinous:  slimv ; ad- 
hesive. “ Bodies  clammy  and  cleaving.”  Bacon. 

The  juice  is  white  and  clammy,  and  it  will  stick  like  glue. 

Dumpier. 

CLAm'OR,  n.  [L  .clamor-,  It.  clamore  ; Sp.  cla- 
7>ior ; Fr.  clameur.] 

1.  A loud  or  boisterous  cry  ; outcry  ; vocifer- 
ation. 

The  people  grew  exorbitant  in  their  clamors  for  justice. 

King  Charles. 

2.  Any  loud,  continued  noise  or  sound. 

Here  the  loud  Arno’s  boisterous  clamors  cease.  Addison. 


CLAM. 1-!,  n.  pi.  [Dan.  klemme,  to  pinch.] 

1.  A sort  of  pincers,  used  by  ship-carpenters 

for  drawing  nails.  Ogilvie. 

2.  A kind  of  vice,  generally  made  of  wood, 

used  by  artificers  for  holding  any  thing  fast. 
[Scotland.]  Ogilvie. 

CLAN,  n.  [Gael,  &;  Ir.  claim. ] 1.  A family  ; a 

race  ; a tribe.  “ A rugged  border  clan."  IV.  Scott. 

We  [poets]  have  our  lineal  descents  and  clans,  as  well  as 
other  tribes.  Dryden. 

2.  A body  of  persons  united  by  some  com- 
mon interest ; — used  in  contempt. 

Partridge  and  the  rest  of  his  clan  may  hoot  me  for  a cheat, 
if  I tail  in  any  single  particular.  Swift. 

CLAn'CI'-LAR  (82),  a.  [I,,  clancularius .]  Clan- 
destine. “ Clancular  dealing.”  [r.]  Hammond. 

f CLAn'CU-LAR-LY,  ad.  Closely  ; privately. Hales. 

CL AN-DES'TINE  (klan-des'tjn),  a.  [L.  clandes- 
tinus ; It.  x Sp.  clandestine-,  Fr.  clandestin.] 
Studiously  concealed  ; kept  secret  for  a sinister 
purpose  ; secret ; private  ; hidden. 

It  will  be  urged  that  religious  conventicles  are  more  pri- 
vate, and  thereby  give  opportunity  to  clandestine  machina- 
tions. Locke. 

Syn.  — Clandestine  expresses  more  than  secret,  and 
is  commonly  used  in  an  ill  sense.  A clandestine  mar- 
riage or  a clandestine  proceeding  is  one  intentionally 
kept  secret.  A hidden  plot  ; a concealed  intention  ; a 
secret  meeting ; a. private  purpose.  — See  Secret. 

CLAN-DES'TJNE-LY,  ad.  In  a clandestine  manner. 

CLAN-DES'TINE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
clandestine  ; secrecy.  Todcl. 

CLAN-DIJS-TIN'I-TY,  n.  Privacy;  secrecy;  clan- 
destineness. [r.]  Croly. 

CLANG,  n.  [Gr.  Klayyy ; L.  clangor-,  Ger.,  Sw.,  <Sf 
Dan.  klang.]  A sharp,  shrill  noise  ; clangor. 

The  haunt  of  seals  and  ores,  and  sea-mew’s  clang.  Milton . 

CLANG,  v.  n.  [i.  clanged  ; pp.  clanging, 
clanged.]  To  make  a loud,  shrill  noise. 
“ Clanging  swords.”  Prior. 

CLANG,  v.  a.  To  strike  together  with  a noise. 

The  fierce  Curetes  trod  tumultuous 

Their  mystic  dance,  and  clanged  their  sounding  arms.  Prior. 

CLAN'GOR  (klang'gor,  82),  n.  [L.  clangor ; It. 
clangorc.]  A loud,  shrill  sound  ; clang. 

And  hear  the  trumpet’s  clangor  pierce  the  sky.  Dryden. 


CLAm'OR,  V.  n.  \i.  CLAMORED  ; pp.  CLAMORING, 
clamored.]  To  make  outcries  ; to  vociferate. 

The  obscure  bird  clamored  the  livelong  night.  Shak. 

CLAm'OR,  v.  a.  To  stun  with  noise. 

Let  them  not  come  in  multitudes;  for  that  is  to  clamor 
counsels,  not  to  inform  them.  Bacon. 

To  clamor  bells , to  increase  the  strokes.  Warburton. 

CLAm'OR-IJR,  n.  One  who  clamors.  Abp.  Hart. 

CLAM'OR-OUS,  a.  V ociferous  ; noisy  ; boisterous. 

The  goats  ran  from  the  mountains,  and  the  herds 

Were  strangely  clamorous  in  the  frighted  fields.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Loud. 

CLAm'OR-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  a noisy  manner. 

CLAM'OR-OItS-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality 
of  being  claYnorous.  Craig. 

CLAMP,  n.  [A.  S.  clom,  a clasp  ; clumian,  to  keep 
close.  — Dut.  klamp  ; Dan.  klampc,  a clamp.] 

1.  A piece  of  wood  fixed  crosswise  to  another, 

in  any  manner,  for  addition  of  strength,  or 
with  a mortise  and  tenon,  or  a tongue  and 
groove,  to  prevent  warping.  Brande. 

2.  An  instrument,  of  metal  or  of  ,r-  . 

wood,  furnished  with  a screw,  and  ®5[f»  |J 
used  to  hold  pieces  or  parts  to- 
gether, generally  for  a temporary 
purpose.  Francis. 

3.  A bent  piece  of  iron,  keyed 

upon  the  trunnions  of  a cannon,  to  hold  it  upon 
the  carriage.  Craig. 

4.  A pile  of  bricks  prepared  for  burning. 

“To  burn  a clamp  of  brick.”  Mortimer. 

5.  A heavy  footstep  or  tread ; a tramp. 

CI.Amp,  v.  a.  \i.  clamped  ; pp.  clamping, 
clamped.]  To  bind  or  strengthen  by  means 
of  a clamp.  Moxon. 

CLAMP,  v.  n.  To  tread  heavily.  Ilalliwell. 

CLAm-PO-NEER',  77.  [Fr.  clamponier.]  A long, 
loose-jointed  horse,  [r.]  Ash. 


CLAN'GOR-Otrs,  a.  Sounding  harsh  and  shrill ; 
making  a clangor.  Craig. 

CLAn'GOUS,  a.  [Old  Fr.  clanqueux.]  Making  a 
clang.  “ Harsh  and  clangous  throats.”  Broivne. 

CLANK  (klangk,  82),  n.  [See  Clang.]  A shrill 
sound,  as  of  a chain  or  of  irons.  “ The  noise 
of  stripes,  the  clank  of  chains.”  Tatler. 

CLANK  (klangk),  v.  a.  To  strike  so  as  to  make  a 
shrill  noise  ; to  clang.  Akenside. 

CLANK  (klangk),  v.  n.  To  make  a shrill  noise 
by  striking  ; to  clang. 

He  fulls!  his  armor  clanks  against  the  ground.  Cowley. 

CLAN'NISH,  a.  Disposed  to  unite  in  clans,  or 
after  the  manner  of  clans.  Sydney  Smith. 

CLAn'NISH-NESS,  n.  A disposition  to  unite  in 
elans,  or  dlftcr  the  manner  of  clans.  Craig. 

CLAN'SHIp,  n.  Association  of  persons  or  fam- 
ilies. “ They  loved  society  or  clanship."  Pennant. 

CLANSMAN,  «.;  pi.  clansmen.  One  belonging 
to  a clan.  Ed.  Rev. 

CLAP,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  clappan,  to  move  with  beats 
or  palpitations,  like  the  heart ; Ger.  Happen  ; 
Dan.  klappe  ; Sw.  klappa.]  \i.  clapped  ; pp. 
clapping,  clapped.] 

1.  To  strike  against  something  with  a quick 
motion,  so  as  to  make  a noise ; to  pat. 

Whereupon  Cromwell,  clapping  him  on  the  shoulder,  said, 
“ Get  thee  gone  for  a mad  fehow  as  thou  art.”  Ludlow. 

Each  poet  of  the  air  her  glory  sings. 

And  round  him  the  pleased  audience  clap  their  wings. 

Dryden. 

2.  To  bring  into  contact,  or  put  one  thing 

upon  another  suddenly.  “He  clapped  spurs  to 
his  horse.”  Addison. 

Ilis  shield  thrown  bv,  to  mitigate  the  smart 

He  clapped  his  hand  upon  the  wounded  part.  Dryden. 

3.  To  put  hastily;  to  thrust.  “His  friends 
would  have  clapped,  him  into  bedlam." 'Spectator. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  O,  0,  Y,  short ; A,  ?,  1,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  IIE1R,  HER; 


CLAP 


249 


CLASSICAL 


4.  To  applaud  by  striking  the  hands  together ; 
as,  “ To  clap  a performance  on  the  stage.” 

5.  [See  Clap,  n.  No.  5.]  To  infect  with  a 

venereal  poison.  Wiseman. 

Tu  clap  up,  to  complete  suddenly.  “ Was  ever 
match  clapped  up  so  suddenly  ? ” Slialc.  To  imprison 
without  formality  or  delay.  “ The  prince  clapped  him 
up  as  his  inveigler.”  Sandi/s. 

CLAP,  r.  n.  1.  To  knock,  as  at  a door.  “Who 
clappeth,  said  this  wife.”  Chaucer. 

2.  To  make  a noise  by  bringing  two  surfaces 
into  contact  suddenly. 

Every  door  flew  open 

To  admit  my  entrance,  and  then  clapped  behind  me 

To  bar  my  going  back.  Dryden. 

3.  To  strike  the  hands  together,  in  applause. 

For ’t  is  ill  hap 

If  they  hold  when  their  ladies  bid  them  clap.  Shak. 

4.  To  enter  with  alacrity  upon  any  thing. 

Come,  a song!  — 

Shall  we  clap  into ’t  roundly?  Shak. 

CLAP,  n.  [Dut.  klap  ; Ger.  klapp.] 

1.  A loud  noise  made  by  sudden  collision. 

Give  the  door  a clap  as  you  go  out.  Swift. 

2.  The  act  of  applauding  by  striking  the 
hands  together. 

Tile  actors  . . . are  often  startled  in  the  midst  of  uncx- 
pected  claps  or  hisses.  Addison. 

3.  A sudden  explosion,  as  of  thunder. 

The  clap  is  past,  and  now  the  skies  are  clear.  Dryden. 

4.  A sudden  act  or  incident. 

It  is  monstrous  that  the  South  Sea  should  pay  half  their 
debts  at  one  clap.  Swift. 

5.  [Old  Fr.  clapises,  public  shops  kept  by 

prostitutes.  Hoblyn  ; — clapiers,  an  old  term 
for  houses  of  ill  fame.  Cotgrave  ; — Gael,  clab.] 
A venereal  infection.  Pope. 

6.  {Falconry.)  The  nether  part  of  the  beak 

of  a hawk.  Johnson. 

CLAP' BOARD  (klSb'bord),  n.  1.  A thin,  narrow 
board,  used  in  America  for  the  outermost  cov- 
ering of  wooden  houses.  Benjamin. 

2.  In  England,  a board  ready  cut  for  making 
casks,  or  a stave  in  its  rough  state.  Crabb. 

CLAP'BOARD,  v.a.  [f.  CLAPROARDED  ; pp.  CLAP- 
BOARDING,  clapboarded.]  To  cover  with 
clapboards,  as  a house.  Benjamin. 

CLAP'— BREAD,  I Bread  or  cake  made  of  oat- 

CLAp'-CAKE,  ) meal,  rolled  thin  and  baked 
hard.  Halliwell. 

CLAp'-DISH,  n.  [See  Clack-disii.]  A wooden 
bowl  or  dish,  formerly  carried  by  beggars ; a 
clack-dish.  Massinger. 

CLAP'— DOC-TOR,  n.  One  who  cures  venereal 
taints  : — a quack.  Addison. 

CL  A PE,  n.  A name  of  the  golden-winged  wood- 
pecker. — See  Colaptinte.  De  Kay. 

CLAP'— NET,  n.  A kind  of  net,  used  for  catching 
larks  or  other  birds.  .•  Pennant. 

CLAP'PER,  n.  1.  [A.  S.  clipur  ; Ger.  klapper  f] 
He  who,  or  that  which,  claps  ; the  tongue  of  a 
bell. 

2.  The  cover  of  a clap-dish.  Henryson. 

3.  The  clack  of  a mill.  Johnson. 

4.  [Old  Fr.  clapier .]  f A place  for  rabbits  to 

burrow  in.  Chaucer. 

CLAp'PIJR-CLAw,  v.  a.  [Eng.  clapper,  applied 
to  the  tongue,  and  claw.'] 

1.  To  scold  ; to  abuse.  Shak. 

2.  To  beat  with  the  open  hand.  Holloway. 

CLAP'PING,  n.  The  act  of  striking  ; particularly, 
a striking  of  the  hands  together  in  applause. 

The  favor  of  the  people  appeared  by  clapping  of  hands  and 
great  applause.  Holland. 

CLAP'— TRAP,  n.  [A  name  derived  from  clap-net, 
a device  for  catching  larks.  Bailey.] 

1.  A kind  of  clapper  for  making  a noise  in  a 

theatre.  Craig. 

2.  Any  device  or  artifice  to  elicit  applause  or 
gain  popularity  ; management  to  entrap.  Lamb. 

CLAP'— TRAP,  a.  Designed  to  deceive.  Qu.  Rev. 

CLARE,  n.  A nun  of  the  order  of  St.  Clare.  Todd. 

CLAR'^N-CEOx,  or  CLAr'IJN-CIEUX,  (kl&r'en- 
shu),  n.  The  second  king  at  arms  ; — so  named 
from  the  Duke  of  Clarence.  Johnson. 

ClAre'— OB-SCURE',  n.  [L.  clarus,  clear,  and 


obscurus,  obscure.]  The  distribution  of  light 
and  shade  in  painting.  Prior. 

CLAR'pT,  n.  [Fr.  clairet ; clair,  clear.]  A reddish 
French  wine,  of  several  varieties.  Bogle. 

CLAr'I-jCHORD,  n.  [L.  clarus,  clear,  and  chorda, 
a string.]  {Mas.)  A stringed  instrument ; an 
ancient  sort  of  spinet.  Skelton. 

CLAR-I-FI-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  clarijicatio  ; clarus, 
clear,  and  facio,  to  make  ; Sp.  clarification  ; 
Fr.  clarification.]  The  art  of  making  clear; 

purification,  as  of  liquors.  Bacon. 

CLAR'I-Fi-ER,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  clari- 
fies ; a purifier.  Maunder. 

CLAr'I-FY,  v.  a.  [L.  clarfico,  to  make  illustri- 
ous ; clarus,  clear,  and  facio,  to  make ; It. 
cliiarificare ; Sp . clarficar ; Fr  .clarifier.]  [ i . 
CLARIFIED  ; pp.  CLARIFYING,  CLARIFIED.] 

1.  fTo  make  famous  ; to  glorify. 

Father,  the  hour  cometh:  clarify  thy  Son. 

John  xvii.  1.  Wickliffc's  Trans. 

2.  To  free  from  feculencies;  to  make  clear; 
to  purify  ; as,  “ To  clarify  sirup.” 

3.  To  brighten;  to  illuminate.  “The  dic- 
tates of  a clarified  understanding.”  South. 

CLAr'T-FY,  v.  n.  To  become  clear  ; to  grow  bright. 

Ilis  wits  do  clarify  in  the  discoursing  with  another.  Bacon. 

CLAr'I-NET,  n.  [ Yx.clarinette .]  ( Mus .)  A wooden 
instrument  blown  with  a reed,  and  similar  to  the 
hautboy  ; — written  also  clarionet.  Moore. 

CLA- RI’NO,  n.  [It.]  A sort  of  shrill-toned 
trumpet ; a clarion.  Moore. 

CLAR 'NON  [klar'e-un,  P.  J.  Ja.  Sm. ; klUr'yun,  S. 
E.  K.  C. ; klar'yun,  IK. ; kla're-pn,  F.],  n.  [Low 
L.  clario  ; clarus,  clear ; It.  clarino  and  chiarina ; 
Sp.  clarin  ; Fr.  clairon.]  A kind  of  trumpet, 
of  a shrill,  clear  tone. 

The  warlike  sound 

Of  trumpets  loud  and  clarions.  Milton. 

The  cock’s  shrill  clarion,  or  the  echoing  horn. 

No  more  shall  rouse  them  from  their  lowly  bed.  Gray. 

f CLA-RIS'O-NOUS,  a.  [L.  clarisonus  ; clarus, 
clear,  and  sono,  to  sound.]  Clear-sounding.  Ash. 

f CLAr'T-TUDE,  n.  [L.  claritudo.]  Any  thing 
bright ; splendor.  “ Those  claritudcs  which 
gild  the  skies.”  Beaumont. 

CLAR'I-TY,  n.  [L.  claritas  ; It.  clarita ; Sp.  clari- 
dad ; Fr.  clarte.]  Brightness;  splendor.  “The 
angels  of  light  in  all  their  clarity."  [r.]  Browne. 

CLA'RO— OB-SCU'RO,  n.  [L.  clarus,  clear,  and 
obscurus,  obscure.]  The  disposition  of  light 
and  shade  in  a picture  or  painting.  — See 
Clare-obscure,  and  Ciiiaro-oscuro.  Crabb. 

CLART,  v.  a.  To  smear  with  mud  ; to  bespatter 
with  dirt.  [Local,  Eng.]  Craig. 

CLAR'TY,  a.  Miry  ; muddy  ; wet ; dirty.  [Local, 
Eng.]  Brockett. 

CLA'RY,  n.  (Bot.)  A species  of  sage,  formerly 
used  in  medicine  ; Salvia  sclarea.  Loudon. 

f CLA'RY,  v.  n.  To  make  a shrill  noise.  “The 
crane  gives  warning  by  clarying."  Golding. 

CLA'RY— WA-TF.R,  n.  {Med.)  A liquid  compound 
of  brandy,  sugar,  clary-flowers,  and  cinnamon, 
with  a little  ambergris  ; — supposed  to  be  use- 
ful in  assisting  digestion.  Craig. 

CLASH,  v.  n.  [Gr.  kI.q^ui.— Ger.  klatschen,  to  clap  ; 
Dut.  kletsen.]  [i.  clashed  ; pp.  clashing, 

CLASHED.] 

1.  To  make  a noise  by  mutual  collision. 

Those  that  should  happen  to  clash,  might  rebound  after 

the  collision.  Bentley. 

2.  To  act  with  opposite  power,  or  in  a con- 
trary direction  ; to  contend  ; to  disagree. 

These  share  the  man;  and  these  distract  him  too. 

Draw  different  ways,  and  clash  in  their  command.  Young. 

CLASH,  v.  a.  To  strike  one  thing  against  another, 
so  as  to  produce  a noise. 

Highly  they  raged 

Against  the  Highest,  and  fierce  with  graspfid  arms 

Clashed  on  their  sounding  shields  the  din  of  war.  Milton. 

CLASH,  n.  1.  A noise  made  by  the  collision  of 
two  bodies.  “ The  clash  of  arms.”  Pope. 

2.  Opposition  ; contradiction.  “ The  clashes 
between  popes  and  kings.”  Denham. 

CLASH'ING,  n.  1.  Noise  arising  from  collision  ; 
a clash  ; clang  ; clangor. 


The  neighing  steeds  thou  lov’st  to  hear; 

Clashing  of  arms  dotli  please  thine  ear.  Drayton. 

2.  Opposition  ; contradiction  ; enmity. 

What  fiery  clashings  we  have  had  lately  for  a cap  and  a 
surplice  I ' Howell. 

CLAsII'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a clasliingmanner.  Craig. 

CLASP  (12),  n.  [A.  S.  clgppan,  to  embrace  ; Gael. 
<Sf  Ir.  clash  ; M.  clesp .] 

1.  A hook,  to  fasten  any  thing,  or  to  hold 
the  parts  of  any  thing  together  ; as,  “ The  clasps 
of  a book.” 

2.  An  embrace  ; a hug.  Shak. 

Nothing:  but  the  round. 

Large  clasp  of  nature  such  a wit  can  bound.  B.  Jonson. 

CLASP  (12),  v.  a.  [i.  clasped  ; pp.  CLASPING, 
clasped.] 

1.  To  shut  or  to  hold  together  with  a clasp. 

Sermons  do  open  the  Scriptures, — which,  being  but  read, 
remain,  in  comparison,  still  clusped.  Hooker. 

2.  To  hold  by  putting  the  fingers  around ; to 
enclose  between  the  hands  ; to  grasp. 

Occasion  turneth  the  handle  of  the  bottle  first  to  be  re- 
ceived, ar.d  after  the  belly,  which  is  hard  to  clasp.  Bacon. 

3.  To  throw  the  arms  around  ; to  embrace. 

Let  me  embrace  thee,  good  old  chronicle: 

Most  reverend  Nestor,  I am  glad  to  clasp  thee.  Shak. 

4.  To  twine  around,  as  a tendril. 

Direct 

The  clasping  ivy  where  to  climb.  Milton. 

CLAsp'^R,  n.  That  which  clasps  ; a tendril. 

The  . . . claspers  of  plants  are  given  only  to  such  species 
as  have  weak  and  infirm  trunks.  Ray. 

CLASP'— KNIFE  (-nif),  n.  A pocket-knife  which 
folds  into  the  handle  ; a jackknife.  Johnson, 

clAsp'-nail,  n.  A nail  with  a head  to  sink 
into  the  wood.  Ash. 

CLASS  (12),  n.  [L.  classis;  It.,  Sp.,  Fr.,  § Ger. 
classe .] 

1.  A rank  or  an  order  of  persons  ; a number 
of  persons  on  an  equality  in  society,  or  distin- 
guished by  common  characteristics  ; as,  “ The 
trading  classes  ” ; “ The  laboring  classes.” 

2.  A set  of  pupils  or  students  of  the  same 
form,  rank,  or  degree,  and  pursuing  the  same 
studies  ; as,  “ A class  in  a school  or  a college.” 

3.  A scientific  division  or  arrangement  con- 
taining the  subordinate  divisions  of  order,  ge- 
nus, and  species  ; as,  “ The  classes  of  animals, 
of  plants,  &c.” 

Syn. — Class  is  more  general  than  order.  Class 
and  order  are  applied  to  a body  of  persons  who  are 
distinguished ; rank  and  degree,  to  the  distinction 
itself.  Men  belong  to  a certain  class  or  order,  hold  a 
certain  rank,  and  are  of  a certain  degree.  High,  low, 
or  middle  class  ; a class  of  students  or  of  merchants  ; 
order  of  nobility  ; persons  of  high  or  low  rank  or  de- 
gree.— See  Kind. 

CLASS,  v.  a.  [Fr.  classer.]  [i.  classed  ; pp. 
classing,  classed.]  To  arrange  in  a class  ; to 
distribute  according  to  some  method  or  system  ; 
to  dispose  in  order ; to  classify  ; to  rank. 

We  are  all  ranked  and  classed  by  Him  who  seetli  into 
every  heart.  ’ Blair. 

Words  are  classed  by  the  grammarian  into  different  parts 
of  speech.  Crabb. 

Syn.  — Class  or  classify  according  to  quality,  or  by 
some  rule  ; rank,  range,  or  arrange  in  order  or  in  a 
line.  Classification  serves  the  purposes  of  science  ; 
arrangement,  tile  purposes  of  decoration  or  of  conven- 
ience. 

CLASS'— FEL-LOW,  n.  One  of  the  same  class  ; 
a classmate.  Ed.  Rev. 


CLAss'I-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  classed.  Ec.  Rev. 

CLAs'SIC,  n.  [L.  classicus,  a citizen  of  the  first 
rank  ; It.  classico  ; Sp.  elasico  ; Fr.  classique. 
“ The  Roman  people  were  divided  into  classes, 
and  the  highest  order  were  by  preeminence 
termed  classici.  Hence  the  name  came  to 
signify  the  highest  and  purest  class  of  writers 
in  any  language.”  Brande.] 

X.  An  author  or  a work  of  the  first  rank  ; 
more  commonly  denoting  a Greek  or  a Latin 
author,  but  also  applied  to  the  best  modern 
authors.  “ The  classics  of  an  age.”  Pope. 

Under  the  tuition  of  Mr.  Reynolds,  he  was  for  some  time 
instructed  in  the  classics.  Malone. 

2.  One  versed  in  the  classics.  P.  Cyc. 

CLAS'SIC,  ) n [it.  classico  ; Sp.  clasico  ; 

CLAs'SI-CAL,  ) Fr.  classique.] 

1.  Of  the  first  order  or  rank  in  literature. 


MlEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RlJLE.  — C, 
32 


9,  <;, 


£,  soft;  1 0,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  ^ as  gz. — THIS,  this. 


CLASSICALISM 


250 


CLAYES 


Authors  of  best  note,  and  generally  applauded,  are  called 
classical.  Bullokar  (ed.  1650). 

Mr.  Greaves,  who  may  be  justly  reckoned  a classical  au- 
thor upon  the  subject.  Mel/noth. 

2.  Pertaining  to  Greek  or  to  Latin  authors,  or 
to  the  places  of  which  they  wrote  or  in  which 
they  lived.  “Classical learning.”  Wood.  “Clas- 
sical scholars.”  Spectator. 

Poetic  fields  encompass  me  around, 

And  still  I seem  to  tread  on  classic  ground.  Addison. 

3.  Sanctioned  by  the  example  of  the  best  au- 
thors ; elegant ; pure ; correct  ; as,  “ A classi- 
cal style.” 

4.  ( Presbyterian  Church.)  Relating  .to  a 
classis  or  class. 

The  meeting  of  the  elders  over  many  congregations,  that 
they  call  the  classis.  And  what  doth  make  a classical  elder- 
ship to  be  a presbytery?  Goodwin. 

After  they  have  so  long  contended  for  their  classical  ordi- 
nation, wilfthey  submit  to  any  episcopal?  Dri/den. 

5.  (Fine  Arts.)  Noting  the  finest  works  of 

antique  or  of  modern  art.  Fairholt. 

Classic  orders,  ( Arch .)  the  Doric,  the  Ionic,  and  the 
Corinthian  orders. 

CLAS'SJ-CAL-I^M,  n.  A classical  idiom,  style,  or 
taste  ; classicism.  Ruskin. 

CLAS-SI-CAL'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being  classi- 
cal. [r.]  Coleridge.  Gent.  Mag. 

CLAS'SI-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a classical  manner. 

The  poet,  as  usual,  expresses  his  own  feeling;  but  he  does 
more,  he  expresses  it  very  classically.  Cowley. 

CLAS'SI-CAL-NESS,  7i.  The  quality  of  being 
classical.  Ogilvie. 

CLAS'SI-CI^M,  n.  [Fr.  classicisme .]  A classic 
idiom  or  style  ; classicalism.  Dr.  Arnold. 

CLAS'SI-CIST,  n.  One  versed  in  the  classics  ; a 
classical  scholar  or  author.  Hallam. 

CLAS-SIF'IC,  a.  1.  Distinguishing  the  class. 

2.  Relating  to  classification.  Brande. 

CLAS-SI-FJ-CA'TION,  n.  [It.  classificazione  ; Sp. 
clasificacion ; Fr.  classification .]  The  act  of 
classifying;  arrangement.  “Their  classifica- 
tion of  the  citizens.”  Burke. 

Abstraction,  generalization,  and  definition  precede  classi- 
fication. Fleming. 

CLAs'SI-FY,  v.  a.  [L.  classis,  a class,  and  facio, 
to  make;  Sp.  clasificar ; Fr.  classifier.]  [i. 
CLASSIFIED  ; pp.  CLASSIFYING,  CLASSIFIED.] 
To  arrange  into  classes  ; to  distribute  ; to  class. 

The  former  [the  system  of  Linnaeus]  is  an  attempt  at  clas- 
sifying plants  according  to  their  agreement  in  some  single 
characters.  Brande. 

Syn.  — See  Class. 

CLBS  'SIS,  n. ; pi.  classes.  [L.]  1.  Order; 

sort ; body. 

He  had  declared  his  opinion  of  that  classis  of  men.  Clarendon. 

2.  ( Eccl .)  An  ecclesiastical  body,  convention, 
or  assembly  : — in  the  Reformed  Dutch  and 
French  churches,  a judicatory.  Milton. 

CLAss'MAN,  n. ; pi.  classmen.  Scholars  in  the 
University  of  Oxford,  Eng.,  who  are  examined 
for  their  degrees  according  to  their  rate  of  mer- 
it ; answering  to  the  optimes  and  wranglers  in 
the  University  of  Cambridge.  Crabb. 

CLASS'MATE,  n.  One  who  belongs  to  the  same 
class  with  another  ; a class-fellow.  Farley. 

CLATH'RATE,  a.  [L.  clathro,  clathratus,  to  fur- 
nish with  a lattice  ; clathri,  a lattice,  from  Gr. 
K/.r/floa.]  (Bot.)  Latticed  ; divided  like  lattice- 
work.  Loudon. 

CLAt'T^R,®.  n.  [Dut.  klateren.)  [i.  clattered  ; 

pp.  CLATTERING,  CLATTERED.] 

1.  To  make  a noise,  as  when  sonorous  bodies 
are  frequently  struck. 

While  the  fierce  riders  clattered  on  their  shields.  Dniden. 

Their  clattering  arms  with  the  fierce  shocks  resound. 

Granville. 

2.  To  make  a noise  with  the  tongue  ; to  talk 
loudly. 

He  must  needs  be  the  loadstar  of  the  reformation,  as  some 
men  clatter.  Milton. 

CLAT'TER,  v.  a.  1.  To  strike  so  as  to  produce 
a rattling. 

And  raise  such  outcries  on  thy  clattered  iron.  Milton. 

2.  f To  utter  loudly  ; to  vociferate.  Chaucer. 

CLAT'TJJR,  n.  [A.  S.  clatrung,  any  thing  that 
makes  a clattering  noise  ; Dut.  Mater.)  A rat- 
tling noise  ; a confused  noise. 


To  inhabit  a mansion  remote 

From  the  clatter  of  street-pacing  steeds.  Cowper. 
The  jumbling  particles  of  matter 
In  chaos  make  not  such  a clatter.  Swift. 

CLAT'T^R-^R,  n.  One  who  clatters  ; a babbler. 

Make  noise  enough,  for  clatterers  love  no  peace.  Skelton. 

CLAT'T^R-ING,  7i.  A confused  noise  ; rattle. 

Bless  me!  what  a clattering  of  white  sticks  and  yellow 
sticks  would  be  about  his  head!  - Burke. 

fCLAU'DpNT,  a.  [L.  claudo , claudens , to  shut; 
It.  claudente .]  Shutting ; enclosing.  Johnson. 

CLAU'DI-CANT,  a.  [L.  claudico,  claudicans , to 
limp.]  Limping;  halting,  [r.]  Johnson. 

f CLAU'DI-CATE,  v.  n.  [L.  claudico,  claudicatus .] 
To  limp;  to  halt.  Bailey. 

ClAU-DI-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  claudicatio ; Sp.  clau- 
dicacion-,  Fr.  claudication.)  Lameness;  limp- 
ing ; halting,  [r.]  Tatler. 

CLAUSE,  n.  [L.  clausula ; claudo,  to  close  ; It. 
Sj  Sp.  clausula  ; Fr.  clause.— Ger.  clauscl. ] 

1.  A part  of  a sentence,  or  words,  included 
between  two  commas  or  other  stops. 

They  a bold  power  o'er  sacred  Scriptures  take, 

Blot  out  some  clauses,  uod  some  new  ones  make.  Cowley. 

2.  An  article  ; a particular  stipulation. 

To  provide  for  these  objects,  they  follow  with  a clause 
taken  from  the  preceding  act  of  Queen  Elizabeth.  Burke. 

Syn.  — See  Member. 

CLAU'SIKE,  a.  Having  the  foot-rot,  as  sheep ; 
— written  also  clawsick.  Clarke. 

ClAu-SJL’I-B,  n.  [L.  claudo,  clausus,  to  shut.] 
A genus  of  land  snails  ; — so  called  because  the 
aperture  of  the  shell  is  closed  internally  by  a 
spiral  lid.  Brande. 

CLAUS'THAL-ITE,  n.  (Min.)  A seleniuret  of 
lead,  resembling  granular  galena  ; — from  the 
Clausthal  mines  in  the  Hartz.  Dana. 

CLAUS'TRAL,  a.  [L.  claustrum,  an  enclosure  ; 
It.  claustrale  ; Sp.  Fr.  claustral .]  Relating 
to  a cloister.  Ayliffc. 

CLAU§'U-LAR,  a.  Having  clauses.  Smart. 

CLAU^'URE  (klfiw'zhur,  93),  n.  [L.  § It.  clausum, 
a castle.]  Confinement.  “ The  severity  of  the 
clausure  is  hard  to  be  borne.”  [r.]  Geddes. 

CLB-rB-QEL’LB,  n.  (Zoiil.)  A genus  of  bivalves 
which  live  in  a cylindrical  shelly  tube.  Baird. 

CLB-VB ' RI-B,  n.  [L.  clava,  a club.]  (Bot.)  A 
genus  of  plants,  some  of  which  are  eatable  ; 
club-shaped  fungus.  Loudon. 

CLA'VATE,  a.  [L.  clava,  a club.]  (Bot.  & Zoiil.) 
Club-shaped  ; slender  below  and  thickened  up- 
wards ; clavated  ; claviform.  Gray.  Agassiz. 

CLA’VAT-UD,  a.  1.  [L.  clava,  a club.]  (Bot.) 
Like  a club  ; clavate  ; claviform. 

2.  [L.  clavatus,  furnijhed  with  points  or 
prickles ; clavus,  a nail.]  Set  with  knobs  or 
nails.  Woodward. 

CLAVE,  i.  from  cleave.  Cleaved  ; clove.  — See 
Cleave. 

CLBVEBU  (kla-vo'),  n.  [Fr.]  A disease  in  sheep  ; 
sheep-pox.  Loudon. 

CLA'VJL,  n.  (Arch.)  Same  as  Clavy.  Britton. 

CLAv'FL-LAT-F,D,  a.  [Low  L.  clavellatus  ; L. 
clava,  a club.]  (Chem.)  Relating  to  potash  in 
its  different  forms  ; — so  applied  in  allusion  to 
its  being  obtained  from  billets,  or  clubs  of  wood. 
“ Air  transmitted  through  clavellated  ashes.” 

Arbuthnot. 

f CLA'VER,  n.  [A.  S.  clwfer-wyrt. ] Clover.  “ The 
desert  with  sweet  claver  fills.”  Sandgs. 

CLA'VI-A-RY,  n.  [L.  clavis,  a key.]  ( Mus .)  An 
index  of  keys,  or  a scale  of  lines  and  spaces. 

CLAv'J-jCHORD,  n.  [L.  clavis,  a key,  and  chorda, 
a string.]  (Mus.)  An  instrument  with  keys 
that  strike  the  chords  ; a elarichord. 

CLAV'I-CLE  (kl&v'e-kl),  n.  [L.  clavicula,  a small 
key ; Fr.  clavicule .]  (Anat.)  The  small  bone 
which  joins  the  scapula,  or  shoulder-bone,  and 
the  breast-bone  ; the  collar-bone.  Dunglison. 

CLA-VIC'U-LAR,  a.  (Anat.)  Relating  to  the 
clavicle,  or  collar-bone.  Clarke. 

CLBVIF.R  (kl&'ve-a),  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  clavis,  a 


key.]  The  whole  range  of  keys  on  a harpsichord 
or  other  keyed  instrument.  Fleming  <y  Tibbins. 

CLAv'J-FORM,  n.  [L.  clava,  a club,  and  forma, 
form.]  (Bot.)  Club-shaped.  Craig. 

ClAe'I-QER,  n.  1.  [L.  clava,  a club,  and  gero, 
to  bear.]  A club-bearer.  Crabb. 

2.  [L.  clavis,  a key,  and  gero,  to  bear.]  A 
keeper  of  keys. 

3.  (Zoiil.)  A genus  of  small,  imperfectly  or- 
ganized Coleoptera.  Baird. 

CLA-VI<?'lJR-OUS,  a.  1.  [L.  clava,  a club,  and 
gero,  to  bear.]  Bearing  a club. 

2.  [L.  clavis,  a key,  and  gero,  to  bear.]  Bear- 
ing a key.  Clarke. 

CLB’VIS,  n.\  pi.  L.  cla  1 VF. $ ; Eng.  clAv'i-se?. 
[L.,  a key.)  A key,  vocabulary,  or  whatever 
serves  to  unlock,  decipher,  or  explain.  Crabb. 

CLA'VY,  n.  (Arch.)  A mantel-piece,  or  shelf 
over  a fireplace.  Britton. 

CLAW,  7i.  [A.  S.  claw ; Dut.  klaauw  ; Ger.  klaue.\ 

1.  The  sharp,  hooked  nail  of  a beast  or  a 
bird  ; as,  “ The  claws  of  a cat,  or  a parrot.” 

2.  The  pincers  or  holders  of  a shell-fish  ; as, 
“ The  claws  of  a lobster.” 

3.  (Bot.)  The  stalk-like  base  of  some  petals, 

as  of  pinks.  Gray. 

CLAW,  r.  a.  [A.  S . clawian.)  [i.  clawed  ; pp. 
CLAWING,  CLAWED.] 

1.  To  tear  with  claws  ; to  pull,  as  with  the 
nails  ; to  tear  or  scratch. 

Like  wild  beasts  shut  up  in  a cage,  to  claw  and  bite  each 
other  to  their  mutual  destruction.  Burke. 

2.  f To  flatter  ; to  fawn  upon. 

Rich  men  they  claw , soothe  up,  and  flatter.  Holland. 

To  claw  away , to  scold.  “ Fortune  is  to  be  c'awed 
away  for’t.”  IS  Estrange. — To  claw  off,  (Naut.)  to 
beat  to  windward  from  a lee  shore. 

f CLAW'BACK,  n.  A flatterer.  Warner. 

t CLAW'BACK,  a.  Flattering.  Bp.  Hall. 

CLAWED  (kl&wd),  a.  Furnished  with  claws.  Grew. 

CLAW'ING,  or  CLAW'ING-OFF,  n.  (Naut.)  A 
beating  or  turning  to  windward  from  a lee- 
shore.  Crabb. 

CLAW'SICK,  a.  Having  the  foot-rot,  as  sheep  ; 
— written  also  clausike.  Clarke. 

OLAVV'SICK-NIJSS,  n.  The  foot-rot,  a disease  in 
sheep.  Clarke. 

CLAY  (kla),  n.  [A.  S.  claeg ; Dut.  klei;  W.  clai .] 

1.  An  unctuous,  tenacious,  plastic  earth,  or 
mixture  of  earths,  of  which  there  are  several 
varieties,  and  of  which  alumina  and  silica  are 
the  principal  ingredients,  accompanied  occa- 
sionally with  lime,  magnesia,  and  various  me- 
tallic oxides,  particularly  those  of  iron.  It 
enters  largely  into  the  composition  of  all  fer- 
tile soils,  and  is  the  basis  of  several  kinds  of 
pottery  and  of  bricks. 

Clays  are  earths  firmly  coherent,  weighty,  and  compact, 
stiff,  viscid,  and  ductile  to  a great  degree  while  moist.  Hill. 

2.  A poetic  term  for  the  elements  of  which 
the  human  body  is  made. 

I am  formed  out  of  the  clay.  Job  xxxiii.  6. 

There  Honor  comes,  a pilgrim  gray. 

To  bless  the  turf  that  wraps  their  clay.  Collins. 

CLAY,  v.  a.  [ i . CLAYED  ; pp.  CLAYING,  clayed.] 

1.  To  cover  or  manure  with  clay. 

Then  the  ground  must  be  clayed  ugain.  Mortimer. 

2.  To  whiten,  as  a loaf  of  sugar,  by  means  of 
a mixture  of  clay  and  water  spread  upon  the  top. 

Clayed  sugars  are  sorted  into  different  shades  of  color,  ac- 
cording to  the  part  of  the  cone  from  which  they  are  cut.  Ure. 

CLAY,  a.  Formed,  or  consisting  of,  clay. 

Fowls  in  their  clay  nests  were  couched.  Milton. 

CLAY'— BRAINED  (-brand),  a.  Doltish;  dull; 
stupid ; heavy.  Shak. 

CLAY'— BUILT,  a.  Formed  of  clay.  Warton. 

CLAY'-COLD,  a.  Cold  as  clay ; lifeless.  Boue. 

CLAYED  (klad),  p.  a.  1.  Covered  or  manured 
with  clay  ; as,  “ Clayed  lands.” 

2.  Whitened  by  means  of  a mixture  of  clay 
and  water,  as  sugar. 

CLAYE§  (klaz),  n.pl.  [Fr.  claie,  a hurdle.]  (Fort.) 
Wattles  made  with  stakes  interwoven  with 
osiers,  to  cover  lodgements.  Chambers. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  ?,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


CLAYEY 


CLEARNESS 


251 


CLAY'JIY  (kla'e),  a.  Consisting  of,  or  like,  clay. 
“ A heavy  or  clayey  soil.”  Derham. 

CLAY'-GROUND,  n.  Ground  consisting  of,  or 
abounding  with,  clay.  1 Kings  vii.  46. 

CLAY'ISH,  a.  Of  the  nature  of  clay.  Harvey. 

CLAY'-KILN  (kla'kil),  n.  A kiln,  or  stove  for 
burning  clay.  Farm.  Ency. 

CLAY'-MARL,  n.  A whitish,  smooth,  chalky 
clay.  Mortimer. 

CLAY'MORE,  n.  [Ir.  claidheamh.)  A large, 
two-handed  sword,  used  by  the  Highlanders  of 
Scotland  ; — written  also  glaymore. 

CLAY'— PIT,  n.  A pit  where  clay  is  dug.  Woodward. 

CLAY'-SLATE,  n.  {Min.)  Argillite,  or  argilla- 
ceous slate,  consisting  chiefly  of  silica  and  alu- 
mina. Cleaveland. 

CLAY'— STONE,  n.  {Min.)  An  argillaceous  lime- 
stone. Grose. 

CLEAD'ING,  n.  A covering  of  felt  and  narrow 
strips  of  boards,  or  of  thin  metal,  fitted  round 
the  boiler  of  a locomotive  engine,  to  prevent 
the  radiation  of  heat.  I Veale. 

CLEAN  (klcn),  a.  [A.  S.  claen .] 

1.  Free  from  dirt  or  filth  ; unstained ; cleanly. 

Every  sin  does  as  really  imprint  an  indelible  stain  upon 

the  souf,  as  a blot  falling  upon  the  cleanest  paper.  South. 

2.  Free  from  loathsome  disease  ; not  leprous. 

If . . . the  plague  spread  not  on  the  skin,  the  priest  shall 

pronounce  him  clean.  Zevit.  xiii.  ti. 

3.  Not  encumbered  with  any  thing  useless  ; 
free  from  imperfections. 

The  timber  and  wood  are  in  some  trees  more  clean,  in 
Borne  more  knotty.  Bacon. 

4.  Dexterous  ; not  bungling.  “ A clean 

trick.”  “ A clean  leap.”  Johnson. 

5.  Entire  ; complete  ; perfect. 

When  ye  reap  the  harvest,  . . . thou  shalt  not  make  clean 
riddance  of  the  corners  of  thy  field.  Zevit.  xxiii.  22. 

6.  Free  from  moral  impurity  ; innocent ; pure. 

Create  in  me  a clean  heart,  O God.  Vs.  li.  10. 

CLEAN,  ad.  [A.  S.  clccne.) 

1.  Quite  ; entirely  ; perfectly. 

Their  actions  have  been  clean  contrary  to  those  before 
mentioned.  Hooker. 

2.  In  a dexterous  manner ; without  miscar- 
riage ; triumphantly. 

Pope  came  off  clean  with  Homer;  but  they  say 

Broome  went  before,  and  kindly  swept  the  way.  Henley. 

CLEAN,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  clcenan .]  \i.  cleaned  ; pp. 
cleaning,  cleaned.]  To  free  from  filth  or 
impurity  ; to  cleanse  ; to  purify. 

Their  tribes  adjusted,  cleaned  their  vigorous  wings.  Thomson. 

CLEAN'IJR,  n.  He  who  or  that  which  cleans. 

CLEAN'— HAND-pD,  a.  Having  clean  hands. 

CLEAN'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  making  clean  ; a 
cleansing  ; as,  “ House  cleaning..” 

2.  The  after-birth  or  secundines  of  the  cow, 
ewe,  &c.  Farm.  Ency. 

USy  This  word  is  in  use  in  the  United  States  and 
in  various  parts  of  England.  Brockett  spells  it  clean- 
ing, cleaning , or  cleansing ; Grose,  cleaning  j the  Cra- 
ven Dialect,  cleanin  or  cleansin . 

CLEAN'LJ-LY  (klen'le-le),  ad.  In  a cleanly  man- 
ner ; neatly.  Johnson. 

CLEAN'— LIMBED  (-ltmd),  a.  Having  well-pro- 
portioned limbs ; clean-timbered.  Clarke. 

CLEAN'LI-NESS  (klen'le-nes),  n.  Freedom  from 
dirt.  “ The  extent  of  this  city,  the  cleanliness 
of  its  streets.”  Addison. 

CLEAN'LY  (klSn'le),  a.  [A.  S.  clcenlic .] 

1.  Free  from  filthy  habits ; clean;  neat. 

An  ant  is  a very  cleanly  insect.  Addison. 

2.  That  makes  clean  ; purifying. 

In  our  fantastic  clime,  the  fair 

With  cleanly  powder  dry  their  hair.  Prior. 

3.  Innocent ; pure.  “Cleanly  joys.”  Glanville. 

4.  Dexterous  ; skilful ; artful  ; adroit. 

We  can  secure  ourselves  a retreat  by  some  cleanly  eva- 
sion. Z'  Estrange. 

CLEAN'LY  (klgn'le),  ad.  [A.  S.  clcenlice .] 

1.  In  a cleanly  or  clean  manner ; neatly. 

Whether  our  natives  might  not  live  cleanly  and  comforta- 
bly. Bp.  Berkeley. 

2.  Innocently  ; purely.  “ I will  skip  over  it 

as  cleanly  as  I may.”  Hakewill. 


3.  Adroitly  ; dexterously.  “ Cleanly- coined 

excuses.”  Shah. 

CLEAN'NESS  (klen'nes),  n.  1.  The  state  of  being 
clean  ; freedom  from  dirt  or  filth  ; neatness. 

2.  Freedom  from  faults;  correctness.  “ Clean- 
ness of  expression.”  Dryden. 

3.  Innocence  ; purity.  “ The  cleanness  and 

purity  of  one’s  mind.”  Pope. 

CLEAN-PROOP,  n.  {Printing.)  A proof  having 
few  or  no  faults  or  errors.  Savage. 

CLEAN§'A-BLE  (klenz'ai-bl),  a.  That  may  be 
cleansed  or  purified.  Sherwood. 

CLEANSE  (klenz),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  clcensian.)  [«. 
CLEANSED  ; pp.  CLEANSING,  CLEANSED.]  To 
make  clean  or  pure ; to  free  from  dirt  or  any 
impurity ; to  purify. 

Oceans,  rivers,  lakes  and  streams. 

All  feel  the  freshening  impulse,  and  are  cleansed 
By  restless  undulation.  Cowper. 

Cleanse  thou  me  from  secret  faults.  Ps.  xix.  12. 

CLEANSER  (ldenz'er),  n.  He  who,  or  that  which, 
cleanses  ; a detergent.  Arbuthnot. 

CLEAN'— SHAPED  (-shapt),  a.  Well-proportioned ; 
symmetrical  in  shape.  Somerville. 

CLEANSJ'J-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  cleansed.  Smart. 

CLEANSING  (klenz'jng),  n.  [A.  S.  cltensung.] 
The  act  of  making  clean;  purification. 

Offer  for  thy  cleansing  those  things  which  Moses  com- 
manded. Mark  i.  44. 

CLEANSING,  p.  a.  Purifying;  making  clean; 
abstersive  ; as,  “ A cleansing  liquor.” 

CLEAN'— TIM-BERED  (-herd),  a.  Well-propor- 
tioned ; clean-limbed.  “ Hector  was  not  so 
clean-timbered.”  Shak. 

CLEAR  (kler),  a.  [L.  clarus  ; It.  chiaro  ; Sp. 
claro  ; Fr.  clair ; Dut,  klaar ; Ger.,  Dan.,  § Sw. 
klar ; W.  claer.) 

1.  Free  from  opacity ; transparent ; bright. 

“ The  clear,  smooth  lake.”  Milton. 

2.  Uncontaminated  with  any  thing  foreign  ; 
unmixed ; pure. 

If  metal,  part  seemed  gold,  part  silver  clear.  Milton. 

3.  Free  from  clouds;  serene;  fair;  as,  “A 
clear  sky.” 

4.  Unobstructed  ; unencumbered. 

My  companion  left  the  way  clear  for  him.  Addison. 

5.  Without  deductions ; net ; as,  “ Clear  gain.” 

6.  Perspicuous  ; plain  ; not  obscure  ; distinct. 

“ Clear  ideas  in  the  writer.”  Clarke. 

7.  Apparent  ; manifest  ; obvious  ; evident  ; 
plain  ; indisputable  ; as,  “ A clear  case.” 

8.  Quick  in  discernment ; prompt ; acute. 

O sacred,  wine,  and  wisdom-giving  plant, 

Mother  of  science!  now  I feel  thy  power 
Within  me  clear  not  only  to  discern 

Things  in  their  causes,  but  to  trace  the  ways 
Of  highest  agents,  deemed  however  wise.  Milton. 

9.  Undisturbed  by  care  or  by  passion. 

To  whom  the  Son,  with  calm  aspect  and  clear.  Milton. 

10.  Free  from  fault  or  blame  ; irreproacha- 
ble ; unspotted  ; guiltless  ; innocent. 

Duncan  has  been  so  clear  in  his  great  office.  Shak. 
He  that  has  light  within  his  own  clear  breast 
May  sit  in  the  centre,  and  enjoy  bright  day; 

But  he  that  hides  a dark  soul  and  foul  thoughts 
Benighted  walks  under  the  midday  sun.  Milton. 

11.  Acquitted;  exonerated;  exempt;  as,  “To 
get  clear  from  a charge  or  from  debt.” 

12.  Ilid  of,  or  free  from,  obstacles  or  entan- 

glements. “ On  the  instant  they  got  clear  of 
our  ship.”  Shak. 

It  requires  care  for  a man  with  a double  design  to  keep 
clear  of  clashing  with  his  own  reasonings.  L'  Estrange. 

13.  Sounding  distinctly  ; canorous. 

There  let  the  pealing  organ  blow, 

To  the  full-voiced  cnoir  below, 

In  service  high  and  anthems  clear.  Milton. 

Syn.  — Clear  is  less  than  bright ; bright , less  than 
vivid.  Clear  sky  ; bright  moon  ; vivid  lightning. 
Clear  or  serene  sky  ; fair  weather  ; fair  skin.  Clear 
ideas  ; perspicuous  language.  Clear  sight ; distinct 
vision  ; a lucid  interval.  Clear  or  plain  case  ; indispu- 
table fact;  manifest  contradiction;  obvious  tendency; 
apparent  design  ; evident  proof ; visible  object.  Clear 
from  fault;  free  from  blame;  exempt  from  pufiish- 
ment.  — See  Apparent,  Fair,  Perspicuity. 

CLEAR  (kler),  ad.  1.  Without  doubt ; plainly. 

Now  clear  I understand 

What  oft  my  steadiest  thoughts  have  searched  in  vain.  Milton. 

2.  Clean  ; quite  ; completely.  [Low.] 

He  put  his  mouth  to  her  ear,  and  under  pretext  of  a whis- 
per bit  it  clear  off.  L' Estrange. 


CLEAR,  n.  (Carp.)  A term  used  by  builders  for 
the  linear  dimensions  within  a house  from  wall 
to  wall ; the  linear  dimensions  within  a box, 
&c.,  or  between  the  nearest  surfaces  of  two 
bodies  ; as,  “ 12  feet  or  12  inches  in  the  clear,” 

i.  e.  exclusive  of  the  thickness  of  the  walls  or 
of  the  sides. 

CLEAR,  V.  a.  [i.  CLEARED  ; pp.  CLEARING, 
CLEARED.] 

1.  To  make  clear  or  bright. 

Like  Boreas  in  his  race,  when,  rushing  forth. 

He  sweeps  the  skies,  and  clears  the  cloudy  north.  Dryden. 

2.  To  cleanse  ; — used  with  of  or  from. 

A little  water  clears  us  of  this  deed.  Shak. 

3.  To  free  from  obstructions,  or  from  any 
thing  offensive  or  noxious. 

Augustus,  to  establish  the  dominion  of  the  seas,  rigged  out 
a powerful  navy  to  clear  it  of  the  pirates  of  Malta.  Arbuthnot. 

4.  To  free  from  that  which  is  useless,  or 
which  encumbers  ; as,  “To  clear  land.” 

A statue  lies  bid  in  a block  of  marble;  and  the  art  of  the 
statuary  only  clears  away  the  superfluous  matter,  and  re- 
moves the  rubbish.  Addison. 

5.  To  free  from  blame  or  censure;  to  exon- 
erate ; to  vindicate  ; to  acquit ; to  absolve.  “ The 
reader  will  clear  me  from  partiality.”  Dryden. 

6.  To  gain  without  deduction  ; to  net. 

He  clears  but  two  hundred  thousand  crowns  a yea:-.  Addison. 

7.  To  go  by,  or  over,  without  touching  ; as, 
“To  clears,  reef  in  sailing”;  “ To  clear  a hedge 
in  leaping.” 

To  clear  a ship,  to  get  a permit  for  a ship  to  sail 
from  a port  by  complying  with  the  regulations  estab- 
lished at  the  custom-house. — To  clear  up,  to  make 
plain ; to  explain. 

Syn.  — See  Absolve. 

CLEAR,  v.  n.  1.  To  grow  bright  or  fair. 

So  foul  a sky  clears  not  without  a storm.  Shak. 

2.  To  be  disengaged  from  encumbrances  or 
embarrassments. 

He  that  clears  at  once  will  relapse;  but  he  that  cleareth  by 
degrees  induceth  a habit  of  frugality,  and  gaineth  as  well 
upon  his  mind  a9  upon  his  estate.  Bacon. 

To  clear  up , off , or  away , to  become  fair  or  free  from 
clouds  or  fog. 

CLEAR'A^E,  n.  The  act  of  removing  any  thing  ; 
clearance.  Todd. 

CLEAR'ANCE,  n.  1.  The  act  of  clearing. 

2.  (Com.)  A certificate  given  by  the  collector 
of  a port,  that  a ship  has  been  entered  and 
cleared  according  to  law.  Clarke. 

CLEAR'ER,  n.  One  who,  or  that  which,  clears. 

Gold  is  a wonderful  clearer  of  the  understanding  ; it  dissi- 
pates every  doubt  and  scruple  in  an  instant.  Addison. 

CLEAR'— HEAD-ED,  a.  Having  a clear  head  or 

understanding ; intelligent.  Baxter. 

CLEAR'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  freeing  from  any 
thing.  “ Clearing  of  land.”  Brande. 

2.  A tract  of  land  from  which  the  trees  have 

been  cleared  off.  [U.  S.]  Clavers. 

3.  Justification  ; vindication  ; defence. 

What  carefulness  it  wrought  in  you  I yea,  what  clearing  of 
yourselves  1 2 Cor.  vii.  11. 

4.  (Banking.)  The  process  of  settling  balances. 

Clarke. 

CLEAR'ING-HOUSE,  n.  (Banking.)  The  place 
or  office  where  daily  balances  between  banking 
establishments  are  settled.  Clarke. 

CLEAR'ING-NUT,  n.  The  fruit  of  the  Strychnos 
potqtorum,  used  in  the  East  Indies  for  clearing 
muddy  water.  ^Moudon. 

CLEAR'LY,  ad.  1.  Brightly  ; luminously}'  as, 
“ The  sun  shines  clearly.” 

2.  Plainly  ; evidently  ; distinctly  ; obviously  ; 
explicitly  ; as,  “ A fact  clearly  proved.” 

3.  Without  obstruction  to  the  eye  or  the  mind  ; 
as,  “ To  see  clearly  ” ; “ To  understand  clearly.” 

4.  Without  entanglement  or  embarrassment. 

He  will  never  come  out  of  it  [business]  clearly.  Bacon. 

5.  Without  moral  obliquity  ; honestly. 

Deal  clearly  and  impartially  with  yourselves.  Tillotson. 

CLEAR'NESS,  n.  1.  The  state  of  being  clear  ; free- 
dom from  impurity,  or  from  whatever  obscures 
or  obstructs  ; as,  “ The  clearness  of  a liquid  ” ; 
“ The  clearness  of  the  sky.” 

2.  Plainness  ; perspicuity  ; distinctness. 

He  does  not  know  how  to  convey  his  thoughts  with  clear- 
ness. Addison. 

3.  Sincerity  ; honesty.  “ Good  faith  and 

clearness  of  dealing.”  Bacon. 


MIEN,  SIR  ; 


MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE. 


— I)  soft;  IS,  £1,  c,  |,  hard;  § as 


z > 


as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


CLEAR-SEEING 


252 


CLERK 


Syn. — Clearness  relates  to  the  thoughts  ; perspicu- 
ity to  the  style.  Clearness  of  ideas  ; perspicuity  of 
language  ; transparency  of  glass  ; distinctness  of  vision  ; 
splendor  of  the  sun;  lustre  of  the  stars.  — See  Per- 
spicuity. 

CLEAR'— SEE-ING,  n.  The  act  of  seeing  clearly  ; 
clairvoyance.  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

CLEAR'— SEE-ING,  a.  Seeing  clearly.  Coleridge. 

CLEAR'— SEER,  n.  One  who  sees  clearly  ; a clair- 
voyant. N.  Brit.  Rev. 

CLEAR'— SHIN-ING,  a.  Shining  brightly.  Shak. 

CLEAR'— SlGIIT-ED  (-slt'ed),  a.  Perspicacious; 
discerning ; intelligent.  Thomson. 

CLEAR'-SlGIIT-f.D-NESS,  n.  Discernment;  per- 
spicacity ; intelligence.  Bp.  Barlow. 

CLEAR'— STARCH,  V.  a.  [t.  CLEAR-STARCIIED  ; 
pp.  CLEAR-STARCHING,  CLEAR-STARCHED.]  To 
cover  uniformly  or  clearly  with  starch,  as  mus- 
lin, by  alternately  clapping  and  stretching  be- 
tween the  hands. 

lie  took  his  lodging  at  the  mansion-house  of  a tailor’s 
widow,  who  washes  and  can  clear-starch  his  hands.  Addison. 

CLEAR'-STARCH-ER,  n.  One  who  clear-starch- 
es.  “ A clear-starcher  and  seamstress.”  Tatler. 

CLEAR'-STARCH-ING,  n.  The  act  of  stiffening 
linen  with  starch,  so  as  to  make  a uniform  or 
clear  surface.  Ash. 

CLEAR'— STO-RY,  7t.  [Some  writers  derive  the 
term  from  Fr."  clair,  light ; others  think  the 
allusion  is  to  the  story  being  “ clear  of  joists, 
rafters,  or  flooring.”  Britton.']  (Arch.)  The 
upper  division  of  the  nave,  choir,  transept,  and 
tower  of  a church  ; — written  also  clerestory. 

Britton. 

CLEAR'— TONED  (-torn!),  a.  Having  a clear  voice 
or  tone.  Athcrstone. 

CLEAT,  n.  1.  ( Xaut .)  A piece  of  wood  secured 
in  the  middle  to  some  part  of  a ship,  and  having 
projecting  ends  to  fasten  ropes  upon.  Wealc. 

2.  (Carp.)  A narrow  piece  of  wood  nailed 
across  something,  for  addition  of  strength,  or 
to  secure  some  part  in  its  place. 

3.  A piece  of  iron  worn  on  a shoe ; a thin 

metallic  plate.  Broclcett. 

CLEAT,  v.  a.  To  strengthen  with  a plate  of 
metal.  Forby. 

CLEAV'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  cleft.  P.  Cyc. 

CLEAV'AtyE,  n.  [Fr.  clivage.] 

1.  The  act  of  cleaving,  or  splitting. 

2.  (Min.)  The  process  by  which  certain  min- 

erals are  separated  into  distinct  plates  or  lami- 
nie.  Dana. 

CLEAVE  (klev),  v.  n.  [A.S.  clifian,  or  cliofian  ; Dut. 
kleven  ; Ger.  kleben.]  [ i . cleaved  (j-  clave)  ; 
pp.  CLEAVING,  CLEAVED.] 

1.  To  adhere  ; to  stick  ; to  be  attached.  “ The 
clods  cleave  fast  together.”  Job  xxxviii.  38. 

Water,  in  small  quantity,  cleavelh  to  any  thing  that  is 
solid.  ' e Bacon. 

2.  To  be  united  in  interest  or  affection. 

For  this  cause  shall  a man  leave  father  and  mother,  and 
shall  cleave  to  his  wife.  Matt.  xix.  5. 

CLEAVE,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  eleafan  ; Frs.  klieven  ; Ger. 
klieben ; S ve.klyfoa  ; Dan.  clove.]  [i.  clove  or 
CLEFT  (f  CLAVE);  pp.  CLEAVING,  CLOVEN  Or 
CLEFT.] 

1.  To  divide  with  violence  ; to  split.  “As 

when  one  cleaveth  wood.”  Ps.  cxli.  7. 

2.  To  part  or  divide  by  a natural  process. 

Every  beast  that  parteth  the  hoof  and  cleaveth  the  cleft 
into  two  claws.  Dc.ut.  xiv.  (J. 

CLEAVE,  v.  n.  To  part  asunder  ; to  be  divided; 
to  separate  ; to  open. 

The  ground  clave  asunder  . . . under  them.  Mon.  xvi.  31. 

CLEAVE'LAND-fTE,  n.  (Min.)  A white,  lamel- 
lar variety  of  albite  ; — so  named  in  honor  of 
Prof.  Cleaveland.  Dana. 

CLEAV'IJR,  n.  1.  That  which  cleaves;  — partic- 
ularly a butcher’s  axe.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  (Bot.)  A climbing  plant ; cleavers.  Johnson. 

CLEAV'ERij,  n.  (Bot.)  A deciduous  climbing 
plant,  having  its  fruit  set  with  hooked  bristles  ; 
Galium  aparine  ; — called  also  catch-weed, 
scratch-weed,  and  goose-grass.  Loudon. 


CLEDfJF,  (klSj),  n.  [A.  S.  dreg,  clay.]  (Mining.) 
The  upper  stratum  of  fuller’s  earth.  Chambers. 

CLEDt-r'Y,  a.  Noting  land  or  soil  that  is  stiff, 
hard,  tenacious,  or  mixed  with  clay.  Farm.  Ency. 

CLEEij  (klez),  n.  pi.  [“  Probably  corrupted  from 
elates.”  Johnson.]  The  two  parts  of  the  foot 
of  beasts  which  are  cloven-footed.  [Obsolete 
or  local.]  Skinner. 

CLEF  (kief  or  klif)  [kief,  P.  Ja.  K.  ; kltf,  S.  IF. 
J.  F.  Sm.]  n.  [L.  clavis  ; Fr.  clef,  a key.] 
(Mus.)  A character  placed  at  the  beginning  of 
the  staff,  to  show  on  which  line  or  space  each 
of  the  seven  letters  stands.  Dwight. 

CLEFT,  i.  & p.  from  cleave.  See  Cleave. 

CLEFT,  n.  1.  A space  made  by  the  separation  of 
parts  ; a crevice.  “ Clefts  of  the  rocks. "Isa.  ii.  21. 

2.  (Farriery.)  A disease  in  horses  on  the 
bought  of  the  pasterns.  Farrier’s  Diet. 

CLEFT'— FOOT-ED  (kleft'fut-ed),  a.  Havingcleft 
or  cloven  feet.  Burnet. 

CLEFT'-GRAFT  (12),  v.  a.  (Port.)  To  graft  by- 
cleaving  the  stock  of  a tree  and  inserting  the 
scion.  Mortimer. 

CLEFT'— GRAFT'ING,  n.  A mode  of  grafting 
performed  by  inserting  the  scion  in  a cleft  in 
the  stock  ; — called  also  slit-grafting.  Braude. 

CLEG,  n.  [Dan.  clag.]  The  horse-flv.  [Local, 
Eng.]  Barrett. 

CLF.IS' A-GRA,  it.  [Gr.  riels,  the  clavicle,  and 
hyp  a,  a seizure.]  (Med.)  Gout  in  the  clavicle. 

Dunglison. 

fCLEM,  v.  a.  [Goth,  klammen,  to  pinch;  Ger. 
klemmen,  to  pinch.]  To  starve.  B.  Jonson. 

CLE  'MA,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  rlypa.]  (Bot.)  The 
twig  or  tendril  of  a plant.  Crabb. 

CLEM'A-TIS  [klem'a-tls,  C.  P.  Cyc.  Leverett ; 
kle-ma'tjs,  Sm.],  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  k lypnris.] 
(Bot.)  A genus  of  climbing  plants  of  many  spe- 
cies ; the  virgin’s-bower.  Loudon. 

CLEM'f.N-CY,  n.  [L.  dementia-,  It.  clemenza-, 
Sp.  clemencia-,  Fr.  clemence.] 

1.  Disposition  to  moderate  or  to  remit  pun- 
ishment ; willingness  to  pardon  or  forgive  ; mer- 
cy ; leniency  ; lenity  ; gentleness. 

I have  stated  the  true  notion  of  clemency , mercy,  compas- 
sion, good-nature,  humanity,  or  whatever  else  it  may  be 
called.  Addison. 

2.  Softness  ; mildness.  “ The  clemency  of 
upward  air.”  Dryden.  “ The  clemency  of  the 
weather.”  Rambler. 

Syn. — Clemency,  lenity,  and  leniency  are  employed 
only  towards  offenders!.  Mercy , a stronger  term,  is 
shown  especially  to  such  as  deserve  punishment,  and 
also  to  such  as  are  in  great  distress  ; gentleness  and 
mildness,  to  all.  — See  Mildness. 

CLEM' ENT,  a.  [L.  clemens  ; It.  $ Sp.  clemente  ; 
Fr  .clement.]  Mild;  merciful;  compassionate. 

You  arc  more  clement  than  vile  men 

Who  of  their  debtors  take  a third.  Shale. 

CLEM'^N-TINE  [klem'en-tln,  Ja.  K.  ; klem'en- 
tin,  Sm.],  a.  [Fr.  Clementine.] 

1.  Relating  to  the  compilations  made  by  St. 
Clement.  “ The  Clementine  liturgy.”  Bp.  Bull. 

2.  Relating  to  the  constitutions  made  by 

Pope  Clement  V.,  and  forming  part  of  the  canon 
law.  Blackstone. 

CLEM'ENT-LY,  ad.  In  a merciful  manner. 

CLENCH.  See  Clinch.  Johnson. 

CLp-OP'TpR-OUS,  a.  [Gr.  K/.fnrui,  to  conceal, 
and  vrtpdv,  a wing.]  (Ent.)  Having  sheathed 
wings  ; — applied  to  insects,  as  beetles.  P.  Cyc. 

t CLEPE,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  cleopian,  or  clypian.]  To 
call ; to  name.  “ They  clepe  us  drunkards.”  Shak. 

f CLEPE,  v.  n.  To  call ; to  appeal,  as  to  a wit- 
ness. “ To  the  gods  I clepe.”  Sackville. 

CLF.P'SY-DRj ?,  or  CLF.P-SY'DRA  [klep'se-dra, 
IF.  Sm.  C.  P.  Cyc.  IV b. ; klep-sl'drj,  Ja.  K. 
Brandc,  Crabb],  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  Kh^vloa  ; 
ultima,  to  steal,  to  conceal,  and  Mup,  water.] 

1.  An  instrument,  used  by'  the  Greeks  and 
Romans,  for  measuring  time  by  the  gradual  dis- 
charge of  water  from  a large  vessel  through  a 
minute  perforation  in  the  bottom.  Bigelow. 

2.  A chemical  vessel.  Johnson. 


CLERE'— STO-RY,  n.  See  Clear-story.  Weale. 

f CLEIl'yi-CAL,  a.  Relating  to  the  clergy  ; cler- 
ical. “ Clergical  faults.”  Milton. 

CLEIt'GY,  n.  [Gr.  ulypos,  a lot,  and  the  clerical 
body,  i.  e.  a body  chosen  by  lot ; — “ taken  from 
the  Old  Testament,  where  the  tribe  of  Levi  is 
called  the  ‘ lot  ’ or  1 heritage.’  ” Eden.  See  also 
Acts  i.  26.  L.  clerus ; It.  <Sf  Sp.  clero  ; Fr.  clergd.] 

1.  The  body  or  order  of  men  set  apart  by 
ordination  for  the  offices  of  religion,  in  distinc- 
tion from  the  laity; — in  England,  commonly 
restricted  to  those  of  the  established  church. 

The  progress  of  ecclesiastical  authority  gave  birth  to  the 
memorable  distinction  of  the  laity  and  clergi /,  which  had 
been  unknown  to  the  Greeks  and  Romans.  The  former  of 
these  appellations  comprehended  the  body  of  the  Christian 
people;  the  latter,  according  to  the  signification  of  the  word, 
was  appropriated  to  the  chosen  portion,  that  had  been  set 
apart  for  the  service  of  religion.  Gibbon. 

2.  The  privilege  or  benefit  of  clergy. 

If  convicted  of  a clergyable  offence,  he  [the  prisoner]  is  en- 
titled equally  to  his  clergy , after  as  before  conviction. 

Blackstone. 

Syn.  — See  Clergyman. 

CLER'^rY-A-BLE,  a.  (Late.)  Entitled  to,  or  ad- 
mitting, benefit  of  clergy.  — See  Benefit  of 
Clergy.  Blackstone . 

CLER'9  Y-MAN,  n. ; pi.  CLERGYMEN.  One  of  the 
clergy  ; a man  in  holy  orders  ; an  ordained 
Christian  minister  ; — in  England,  commonly 
restricted  to  ministers  of  the  established  church. 

Syn.  — In  Christian  communities,  the  people  are 
distinguished  into  clergy  and  laity  ; and  the  clergy 
comprises  such  persons  as  are  regularly  licensed  or 
ordained  as  ministers  or  -preachers  of  the  gospel  ; yet, 
in  England,  those  who  preside  over  dissenting  con- 
gregations are  not  styled  clergymen , but  ministers. 

In  the  Episcopal  Church,  the  clergy  are  divided 
into  three  generai  orders,  bishops,  priests,  and  deacons. 
— In  the  English  establishment,  there  are  other  orders 
subordinate  to  bishops,  as  deans  (next  in  rank  to  bish- 
ops), archdeacons  ; also  prebendaries  and  canons , who 
are  beneficed  clergymen  connected  with  cathedral  or 
collegiate  churches.  The  pastors  of  parishes,  or  par- 
ish priests,  who  receive  the  tithes  of  a parish,  are 
vicars,  rectors , parsons,  or  curates-,  but  curates  are 
commonly  clergymen  employed  by  rectors,  &c.,  to 
assist  them,  or  to  perform  their  duties. 

“ By  the  word  parson says  Dr.  Trusler,  “is  im- 
plied one  of  a particular  class  of  clergy,  whereas  by 
the  word  clergyman  is  understood  any  person  ordained 
to  serve  at  the  altar.  Parsons  are  always  -priests-, 
many  clergymen  are  only  deacons.  Every  bishop,  dean, 
prebend,  &c.,  is  a clergyman,  though  not  always  a 
parson .” 

“ A minister says  Mr.  Taylor,  “ is  one  who  ac- 
tually or  habitually  serves  at  the  altar.  The  clergy- 
man who  delegates  his  functions  is  not  a minister. 
The  dissenting  clergy  are  all  ministers  ; for  as  ordina- 
tion with  them  confers  no  indelible  character,  on 
ceasing  to  officiate,  they  revert  into  laymen.  A priest 
is  one  of  the  second  order  in  the  hierarchy,  above  a 
deacon  and  below  a bishop ; it  is  a title  bestowed  by 
specific  ordination,  which  confers  a privilege  of  con- 
secrating the  sacrament.  Only  priests  are  capable  of 
being  admitted  to  any  parsonage,  vicarage,  benefice, 
or  other  ecclesiastical  promotion.  — Minister  means 
servant,  and  therefore  retains  the  idea  of  actual 
employ.” 

CLER'IC,  n.  [L.  clericus  ; A.  S.  cleric,  or  clerc.~\ 
A clergyman,  [r.]  Bp.  Horsley. 

CLER  IC,  ) a%  [Gr.  k?.jjoik6 < ; It.  clericale ; 

CLER'I-CAL,  » Sp.  § Fr.  clerical .] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  clergy.  “ The  clencal 

revenue.”  Bp.  Barloxo. 

2.  Pertaining  to  a clerk,  or  a writer  ; as,  “ A 
clerical  error.” 

CL^-RI^'l-Ty,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality  of 
the  clergy.  J.  J.  G.  Wilkinson . 

CLER'I-SY,  n.  1.  The  body  of  learned  men  ; the 
literati.  Coleridge. 

2.  The  clergy  as  opposed  to  the  laity.  Ec.  Re v. 

||  CLERK  (kllrk  or  klerk)  [kllrk,  S.  IF.  P.  J.  E.  F . 
Ja.  K.  Sm.  R.  C. ; klerk,  Wb. ],  n.  [Gr.  Kl.ypiKiig ; 
L.  clericus  ; Fr.  clerc. — A.S.  c.lerc , citric  ; Dut., 
Sw.,  Dan.  klerk.  — See  Clergy.] 

1.  A clergyman  ; a minister. 

All  persons  were  styled  clerks  that  served  in  the  church  of 
Christ.  Ayliffe. 

2.  A man  of  letters  ; a scholar  ; — a writer. 

Formerly,  clerk  was  the  usual  term  for  a scholar;  most  sit- 
uations of  trust  or  talent  being  filled  by  the  clergy.  Johnson. 

3.  A layman  who  reads  the  responses  in  the 

Church  service  to  direct  the  rest  of  the  congre- 
gation. Wheatley. 

4.  One  employed  to  keep  records  or  accounts, 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  £,  I,  6,  £,  Y,  short;  A,  E,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure.  — FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


CLERK-ALE 

or  as  an  assistant  writer  in  a public  or  private 
office  ; as,  “ The  clerk  of  a legislature  or  of  a 
court  ” ; “ The  clerk  in  a merchant’s  counting 
room.” 

5.  A subordinate  or  an  assistant  in  the  store 
or  shop  of  a retail  trader. 

/if,)  - Clerk  and  sergeant  are  uniformly  pronounced 
dark  and  sargeant  by  the  English  orthoepists.  Walker 
says,  “ There  is  a remarkable  exception  to  the  com- 
mon sound  of  the  letter  [ e ] in  the  words  clerk , ser- 
geant, and  a few  others,  ujiere  we  find  the  e pro- 
nounced like  a in  dark.  But  this  exception,  I ima- 
gine, was,  till  within  these  few  years,  the  general 
rule  of  sounding  this  letter  before  r,  followed  by  an- 
other consonant.  The  proper  names  Derby  and  Berke- 
ley still  retain  the  old  sound,  as  if  written  Darby  and 
Berkeley  ; but  even  these,  in  polite  usage,  are  getting 
into  the  common  sound,  nearly  as  if  written  Darby 
and  Bu.rkc.try.  As  this  modern  pronunciation  of  the 
e has  a tendency  to  simplify  the  language  by  lessening 
the  number  of  exceptions,  it  ought  certainly  to  be 
ind  ulged.” 

Smart  says  the  letters  “ er  are  irregularly  sounded 
ar  in  clerk  and  sergeant,  and  formerly,  but  not  now, 
in  merchant.,  Derby,  and  several  other  words.” 

In  this  country,  it  is  very  common  to  pronounce 
these  words  clerk  and  sergeant,  in  accordance  with 
their  orthography,  with  the  sound  of  e as  in  her  and 
jerk. 

||  CLERK'— ALE  (-al),  n.  [From  clerk  and  ale.] 
The  feast  of  the  parish  clerk.  Warton. 

||  CLERK'LESS,  a.  Unlearned;  ignorant.  Boag. 

||  CLERK'LIKE,  a.  Learned;  educated.  Shah. 

II  f CLERK'LY,  a.  Scholar-like.  Shak. 

||  f CLERK'LY,  ad.  In  a learned  manner. 

Ignominious  words,  though  clerkly  couched.  Shak 

||  CLERK'SMTp,  n.  1.  Scholarship;  learning. 

IIow  many  shrewd  men  have  you  known  that  never  had 
any  great  matter  of  clerkship?  * Goodman. 

2.  The  office  of  a clerk.  I Votton. 

CLER'O-DEN'DRON,  ? n_  [Gr.  D.rjpos,  a lot,  and 

CLER'O-DEN'DRUM,  1 hinSoon,  a tree.]  (Hot.)  A 
genus  of  shrubs,  natives  of  the  East  Indies  ; — 
so  named  in  allusion  to  the  various  effects  of  the 
different  species,  as  used  in  medicine.  Loudon. 

CLER'O-MAN-CY,  n.  [Gr.  nl-npo;,  a lot,  and  yav- 
rtin,  divination’.]  Divination  by  dice  or  by  cast- 
ing lots.  Crabb. 

CLE-RON'O-MY,  n.  [Gr.  Kl.yoovoyia ; n/SjOag,  a 
portion,  and  viyoyai,  to  possess.]  Heritage ; 
patrimony ; one’s  lot.  Smart. 

CLE'  THRH,  n.  [Gr.  sL'/Bpa,  the  alder.]  (Bol.)  A 
genus  of  pretty,  upright,  North  American  plants 
with  white  flowers.  Loudon. 

CLEVE,  ] [A.  S.  clif,  a rock,  a cliff.]  In  compo- 

CLIF  sition,  this  syllable  at  the  beginning  or 

’ > at  the  end  of  the  name  of  a place,  de- 

CLlr  r,  notes  it  to  be  situated  on  the  side  of  a 

CLIVE,  J rock  or  a hill  ; as,  “ Cleve land,  Clif- 
ton, Stan  cliff."  Johnson. 

CLEV'ER,  a.  [With  respect  to  the  etymology  of 
clever,  Skinner  and  Bailey  suggest  Fr.  lager, 
light ; and  Johnson  says,  “ Of  no  certain  ety- 
mology.” The  following  are  new  views  of  the 
matter.  — “ Derived  evidently  from  the  verb  to 
cleave.  It  is  curious  to  observe  that  several  of 
the  words  which  describe  the  various  mental 
powers  are  derived  from  words  signifying  to 
split,  cleave,  or  separate ; as,  science  from  scio, 
probably  the  same  as  scindo,  to  cut ; clever  from 
cleave  ; distinguish,  discriminate,  both  signify- 
ing a dividing  or  sifting  process,  &c.”  English 
Synonyms,  edited  by  Abp.  Whately.  — “It  is 
from  deliver,  no  doubt,  that  we  have  fabricated 
our  modern  abbreviation  clever.  The  ancient 
forms  for  what  we  now  call  clever  and  cleverly 
were  deliver  and  cleliverly.  Thus  in  Chaucer,  the 
knight’s  son,  the  young  squire,  is  described  as 
‘wonderly  deliver  and  grete  of  strengthe.’”  — 
“ Deliver,  rapidly  pronounced,  became  dliver  or 
dlever,  and  that  was  inevitably  converted  into 
clever  by  the  euphonic  genius  of  the  language, 
in  which  such  a combination  as  dl  cannot  live.” 
G.  L.  Craik.  Notes  and  Queries.  — Perhaps 
from  A.  S.  gleaio,  skilful.  Bosworth  says,  “ Ot- 
frid  uses  glawe  for  clever.” — Scot,  gleg,  clever.] 

1.  Dexterous ; skilful. 

The  man  has  a clever  pen,  it  must  be  owned.  Addison. 

2.  Just ; fit ; proper  ; commodious. 

lie  can’t  but  think ’t  would  sound  more  clever.  Pope. 


253 

3.  Well-shaped  ; handsome.  “ The  girl  was 
a tight  clever  wench.”  Aroutlinot . 

I&jff  Johnson,  after  giving  the  above  definitions  of 
clever , adds,  “ This  is  a low  word,  scarcely  ever  used 
but  in  burlesque  or  conversation,  and  applied  to  any 
thing  a man  likes,  without  any  settled  meaning.”  It 
is,  however,  an  old  word  in  the  language,  and  used 
by  the  best  English  authors  ; but  it  is  used  in  some- 
what different  senses  in  different  parts  of  Eng- 
land. Coles  (1677)  defines  it  “neat,  smooth,  dex- 
terous ” ; Bailey,  “ skilful,  ingenious,  neat-handed, 
well-shaped  ” ; Forby,  “dexterous,  adroit”;  and 
Ray,  “ neat,  elegant.”  — “ In  either  sense,”  says  For- 
by, “ it  is  so  very  common  and  general,  and  appears 
so  to  have  been  for  many  years,  that  it  seems  difficult 
to  conceive  how  Sir  Thomas  Browne  should  have 
been  struck  with  it  as  a provincialism,  and  still  more 
how  Ray,  long  afterwards,  should  have  let  it  pass  as 
such  without  any  remark.  A colloquial  and  familiar 
term  it  certainly  is,  but  assuredly  not  provincial,  nor 
even  low.” 

The  following  extracts  show  the  manner  in  which 
the  word  is  used  by  good  English  writers  : — 

When  a man  takes  it  into  his  head  to  do  mischief,  the  pub- 
lic lias  always  reason  to  lament  his  being  a clever  fellow. 

Bp.  Horne. 

If  the  fellow  [his  infant  son]  turns  out  to  be  good,  I shall 
not  so  much  mind  about  his  being  extra  clever.  John.  Foster. 

Every  work  of  Archbishop  Whately  must  be  an  object  of 
interest  to  the  admirers  of  clever  reasoning.  Ch.  Ob. 

Cobbett’s  letter  . . . very  clever , but  very  mischievous,  and 
full  of  falsehoods.  IV.  Wilberforce. 

The  more  clever  a man  is,  if  he  is  not  wise,  the  more  hurm 
he  will  do,  even  though  his  intentions  are  good.  Whately. 

Bonaparte  was  certainly  as  clever  a man  as  ever  lived;  but 
he  appears  to  me  to  have  wanted  sense  on  many  occasions. 

Duke  of  Wellington. 

In  the  United  States,  clever , as  a colloquial 
word,  is  often  improperly  used  in  the  sense  of  good- 
natured , well-disposed , kind , honest  ; and  t lie  phrase 
“ clever  man,”  or  “ clever  fellow,”  is  employed  to  de- 
note a person  of  good  nature,  good  disposition,  or 
good  intentions. 

Syn.  — Ingenious  and  skilful  are  applied  to  quali- 
ties of  the  mind  ; expert , dexterous , and  adroit. , chiefly 
to  those  of  the  body  ; clever , to  those  both  of  the  body 
and  the  mind.  An  ingenious  mechanic  ; a skilj'ul 
physician  ; an  expert  bowman  ; a dexterous  fencer  ; an 
adroit  pickpocket ; clever  in  business  or  in  writing. 

CLEV  f.R-LY,  ad.  In  a clever  manner.  Iludibras. 

CLEv'ER-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  clever; 
dexterity  ; skill ; ingenuity. 

Cleverness  and  virtue  have  uot  the  smallest  necessary  alli- 
ance. Ch.  Oh. 

Cleverness  is  a sort  of  genius  for  instrumentality.  It  is  the 
brain  of  the  hand.  In  literature,  cleverness  is  more  frequently 
accompanied  by  wit,  genius,  and  sense,  than  by  humor. 

Coleridge. 

Syn.—  Cleverness  is  ingenuity  of  body,  and  inge- 
nuity is  cleverness  of  mind.  Cleverness  is  applied 
more  to  the  execution,  and  ingenuity  to  the  concep- 
tion, of  tilings. 

CLEV'IS,  or  CLEV'Y,  n.  A draught-iron  in  the 
form  of  a bow,  to  put  on  a plough  or  on  the  end 
of  the  tongue  of  a wagon  or  a cart ; — called 
also  cops.  [Provincial.]  Halliwell.  Farm.  Ency. 

CLEW  (klu),  n.  [L.  glomus ; A.  S.  cliioe,  a ball 
of  thread ; Dut.  hluwan.]  [Often  written  clue.] 

1.  Thread  wound  into  a ball  or  bottom. 

Eftsoons  untwisting  his  deceitful  clew.  Spenser. 

2.  The  thread  unwound  from  a clew,  used  to 
guide  one  in  a labyrinth. 

Guided  by  some  dew  of  heavenly  thread.  Roscommon. 

3.  Any  thing  that  guides  or  directs.  Watts. 

4.  ( Naut .)  The  lower  corner  of  square  sails, 
and  the  after  corner  of  a fore-and-aft  sail.  Dana. 

CLEW,  v.  a.  1.  (Naut.)  To  truss  up  sails  to  the 
yard  by  clew-garnets,  or  clew-lines,  in  order  to 
furling.  Mar.  Diet. 

2.  To  direct,  as  by  a thread.  Beau.  Sf  FI. 

CLEW'— GAR-NETS,  n.  pi.  (Naut.)  Ropes  fast- 
ened to  the  clews  of  the  main  and  fore-sail,  to 
truss  them  up  to  the  yard.  Mar.  Diet. 

CLEW'— LINE§,  n.  pi.  (Naut.)  Clew-garnets  em- 
ployed for  the  square-sails.  Mar.  Diet. 

CLICH,  n.  A broad-bladed  Turkish  sabre.  Clarke. 

CLICHE  (kllsh'a),  n.  [Fr.]  The  impression  of 
a die  in  a mass  of  melted  tin  or  fusible  metal  : 
— a stereotype  plate.  Fairliolt. 

CLICK,  v.  n.  [Dut.  kliken. — Old  Fr.  cliquer ; 
Fr.  claquer  and  cliqueter.  — See  Clack.]  [i. 
clicked  ; pp.  clicking,  clicked.]  To  make 
a sharp,  small,  interrupted  sound  ; to  tick. 

The  solemn  death-watch  dieted  the  hour  she  died.  Gay. 

CLICK,  v.a.  [A.  S.  gelrrccan.]  To  catch  or  snatch 
hastily.  [North  of  England.]  Todd. 


CLIMATE 

CLICK,  n.  1.  [Old  Fr.  cliche.]  The  latch  of  a 
door.  Todd. 

2.  A small,  sharp  sound  frequently  repeated  ; 
to  tick  ; as,  “ The  click  of  a watch.” 

3.  (Naut.)  A pawl.  Craig. 

CLICK'JJR,  n.  1.  The  servant  of  a salesman 
who  stands  at  the  door  to  invite  customers. 
[Low,  England.]  Johnson. 

2.  (Printing.)  The  compositor  who  receives 
the  copy  and  distributes  it  to  other  compositors. 

CLiCK'pT,  n.  [Fr.  cliquet,  the  click  of  a mill.] 

1.  The  knocker  or  hammer  of  a door  .Cotgrare. 

2.  The  latch  of  a door.  — See  Click.  I Veale. 

3.  A latch-key.  Weale. 

CLICKING,  n.  A succession  of  sharp  sounds,  as 
of  those  made  by  a clock,  or  by  a horse  that 
overreaches.  Farm.  Ency. 

CLICK'INfi, p.  a.  Making  a sharp,  small,  inter- 
rupted sound  ; as,  “ A clicking  watch.” 

CLi'lJNT,  n.  [L.  clicns,  clientis  ; It.  § Sp.  clientc  ; 
Fr.  client.] 

1.  A dependant ; one  under  the  protection  of 
another  ; — correlative  to  patron  or  protector. 

The  patrons  did  help  their  clients  to  their  right.  Forth. 

The  poor  thy  clients,  and  Heaven’s  smile  thy  fee.  Courpcr. 

2.  One  who  employs  an  attorney  or  coun- 
sellor. 

Advocates  must  deal  plainly  with  their  clients.  Up.  Taylor. 

CLI-EN'TAL,  a.  Dependent.  “ In  order  to  con- 
tinue the  cliental  bond.”  [it.]  Burke. 

CI-i'ENT-ED,  a.  Supplied  with  clients.  “The 
least  cliented  pettifoggers.”  Carew. 

CLJ-ENT'EL-A^E,  n.  The  body  of  clients  or  de- 
pendants of  a lord.  Sismondi. 

fCLl'EN-TELE,  n.  [L.  clientela ; Fr . clientele. ] 
The  condition  of  a client.  Bp.  Ilall. 

CLi'ENT-SHIP,  n.  The  state  of  being  a client. 

CLIFF,  n.  [L.  clivus,  a slope,  a steep  ; A.  S.  clif ; 
Dut.  klif ; Gcr.  klippt:  ; Sw.  klippa.]  A steep 
or  overhanging  rock  ; a crag. 

The  rest  was  craggy  cliff,  that  overhung 

Still  as  it  rose,  impossible  to  climb.  Milton . 

CLIFF'Y,  a.  Broken  ; craggy.  “ Craggy  or  cliffy 
mountains.”  " liar  mar. 

Where  our  fair  Calais,  walled  in  her  sands, 

In  kenning  of  the  cliffy  Dover  stands.  Drayton. 

CLIFT,  n.  [ cleave , cleft,  or  clift.] 

1.  A cliff.  “The  top  of  rocky  cliff.”  Spenser. 

2.  A fissure  ; an  opening ; a cleft. 

I will  put  thee  in  a clift  of  the  rock.  Exod.  xxxiii.  22. 

fCLIFT'ED,  a.  Broken;  split  open.  “Through 
clifted  stones.”  Congreve. 

CLIFT'Y,  a.  Same  as  Cliffy.  Pennant. 

CLI-MAC'TER,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  nhyaKTiip ; nl.i- 
ya(,  a ladder.]  Same  as  Climacteric.  Browne. 

II  CLIM-AC-TER'IC,  or  CLI-MAC’TER-IC,  a.  [Gr. 
K).tpaKTrjpiK6i,  pertaining  to  a stair  or  ladder ; 
L.  climactericus  ; It.  &;  Sp.  climatcrico  ; Fr.  cli- 
materique .]  Relating  to  critical  periods.  Young. 

||  CLIM-AC-TER'IC,  or  CLI-MAC'TER-IC  [klim- 
ak-ter'jk,  IV.  J.  F.  F.  Ja.  Sm.  II.  C.  ; kll-ingk- 
ter'jk,  S.  P.  K. ; kl j-mak'ter-Tk,  Dyche,  Fenning, 
Barlow,  Blair,  Kenrick,  Fntick,  Maunder,  Hi.], 
n.  A step  or  gradation  in  the  years  of  life  ; a 
critical  year  of  life,  which  was  formerly  sup- 
posed to  be  marked  by  some  change  in  the  body, 
health,  or  fortune  of  a person. — The  number 
designating  the  critical  years  is  a multiple  of 
7;  as,  21,35,49,  63,  and  70:  — 63  being  the 
grand  climacteric,  and  70  the  limit  of  the  ordi- 
nary age  of  man. 

My  mother  is  something  better,  though,  at  her  advanced 
age,  every  day  is  a climacteric.  Pope. 

CLIM-AC-TER'I-CAL,  a.  Relating  to  critical  pe- 
riods of  life  ; climacteric.  Wood. 

f CLIM-AC-TER'I-CAL,  n.  Same  as  Climac- 
teric. Browne.  Fuller. 

CLI'MA-TAL,  a.  Relating  to  climate.  ■ Ogilvie. 

CT J-MA-TARCH'JC,  a.  [Gr.  nl.lya,  climate,  and 
npX'Ki is,  belonging  to  dominion  ; apx'h  domin- 
ion.] Presiding  over  climates.  Craig. 

CLI'MATE,  n.  [Gr.  sl-iya,  a slope,  a zone  of  the 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  9,  g,  soft ; C,  G,  c,  g,  hard ; § as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS.  this. 


CLIMATE 


254 


OLIVER 


earth  ; L.,  It.,  Sg  Sp.  clima,  climate  ; Fr.  climat; 
Ger.  klima  ; Sw.  klirnat.] 

1.  (Geoff.)  One  of  the  thirty  zones  or  belts 
of  the  globe,  into  which  the  ancient  geographers 
divided  the  space  between  the  equator  and  the 
poles,  according  to  the  obliquity  of  the  sun’s 
course  with  respect  to  the  horizon,  which  gives 
rise  to  the  inequalities  of  day  and  night. 

,<£§=*  From  tile  equator  to  the  polar  circles,  there  are 
twenty-four  divisions,  called  half-hour  climates,  be- 
cause from  one  to  another  the  longest  day  receives  an 
augmentation  of  half  an  hour.  From  the  polar  circles 
to  the  pole,  there  are  six  divisions,  called  month-cli- 
matcs,  because  at  the  two  parallels,  between  which 
any  one  of  them  is  comprehended,  the  difference  of 
the  time  of  perpetual  sunshine  is  one  month.  Brande. 

2.  The  general  state  of  the  atmosphere  in 
any  place,  as  respects  temperature,  wind,  mois- 
ture, &c. 

lie  thought  that  was  the  best  climate  where  he  could  be 
abroad  in  the  air  with  pleasure,  or  at  least  without  inconven- 
ience, the  most  days  of  the  year  and  the  most  hours  of  the 
day.  Sir  W.  Temple. 

t CLl'MATE,  v.  n.  To  inhabit.  “Whilst  you  do 
climate  here.”  Shak. 

CLJ-MAT'IC,  > Relating  to  climate. 

CLl-MAT'l-CAL,  > Ed.  Rev. 

CLI-MA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  inuring  td  a cli- 
mate ; acclimation.  Hort.  Reg. 

CLpMAT-IZE,  V.  a.  [t.  CLIMATIZED  ; pp.  CLIMAT- 
izing,  climatized.]  To  inure  to  a climate; 
to  acclimate.  [Modern.]  J.  Mills.  Ec.  Rev. 

CLl-MA-TO-GRAPH'J-CAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  cli- 
matography.  Ogilvie. 

CLI-MA-TOG'R  A-PHY,  u.  [Gr.  ullya,  climate,  and 
■ypatfnji,  to  describe.]  A description  of  climates. 

CLI-MA-TO-LOG'J-CAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  clima- 
tology ; climatographical.  A.  K.  Johnston. 

CLI-MA-TOL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  tcli/ia,  climate,  and 
Xiyos,  a discourse.]  An  investigation  of  the 
causes  which  form  or  modify  a climate ; the 
science  which  treats  of  climates.  Brande. 


f CLI'MA-TURE,  n.  Climate. 


Shak. 


CLI'MAX,  n. ; pi.  cli'mXx-e$.  [Gr.  nilgai,  a lad- 
der or  staircase  ; L.  climax.']  ( Rhet .)  A grada- 
tion, or  gradual  rising  in  a discourse,  from  that 
which  is  lower  or  less  impressive,  to  that  which 
is  higher  or  more  impressive ; gradual  rise ; 
ascent. 

Still  rising  in  a climax , till  the  last. 

Surpassing  all,  is  not  to  be  surpassed.  GlanrUle. 

CLIMB  (kllm),  v.  n.  [A.  S.  climban,  or  climan-, 
Dut.  dr  Ger.  klimmen .]  [i.  climbed  (+clomb)  ; 
pp.  CLIMBING,  CLIMBED  (fCLOMB).]  To  ascend 
up  with  labor  ; to  creep  up  by  little  and  little  ; 
to  mount ; to  get  up. 

As  a thief 

Into  the  window  climbs,  or  o’er  the  tiles, 

So  clomb  the  first  grand  thief  into  God’s  fold.  Milton. 

CLIMB  (kllm),  v.  a.  To  ascend  ; to  mount. 

Ah!  who  can  tell  how  hard  it  is  to  climb 

The  steep  where  Fame's  proud  temple  shines  afar!  Beattie. 

CLIMIi'A-BLE  (kllm'st-bl),  a.  That  may  be 
climbed  ; ascendable.  Sherwood. 

CLlMB'ER  (kllm'er),  n.  1.  One  who  climbs.  Shak. 

2.  (Bot.)  A plant  that  creeps  upon  some  sup- 
port. “ Ivy and  other  climbers.”  Mortimer. 

3.  ( Ornith .)  A bird  that  climbs,  as  the  par- 
rot and  others  of  the  Scansores.  Baird. 

f CLIM'BUR  (kllm'ber),  v.  n.  To  mount  with  ef- 
fort ; to  clamber.  Tusser. 

CLlMB'ING  (kllm'jng),  n.  The  act  of  ascending. 

CLIME,  n.  [See  Climate.]  Climate ; region. 

Whatever  clime  the  sun’s  bright  circle  warms.  Milton. 

CLI-nAn'  DRI-tfM,  n.  (Bot.)  The  part 
of  the  column  of  orchideous  plants 
in  which  the  anther  lies.  Loudon. 

C LI- NAN ' Till-  UM,  n.  [Gr.  kIIvu,  a 
bed,  and  auBos,  a flower.]  (Bot.)  The 
receptacle  of  the  flowers  of  a composite  plant 
enclosed  within  an  involucre.  Iienslow. 

CLINCH,  v.  a.  [Dut .klinken-,  Sw . klinka.]  [ i . 
CLINCHED  ; pp.  CLINCHING,  CLINCHED.] 

1.  To  grasp  in  the  hand ; to  lay  hold  of. 
“ And  clinch  the  pointed  spear.”  Dryden. 


2.  To  contract  or  double  the  fingers. 

The  tops  I could  but  just  reach  with  my  fist  clinched.  Swift. 

3.  To  secure  or  fasten  a nail  by  turning  down 
the  point,  when  it  is  driven  through  any  thing. 

A nail  caught  on  the  other  side  and  doubled  is  a nail 
clinched.  Johnson. 

4.  To  fix;  to  confirm;  to  establish;  as,  “To 
clinch  an  argument.” 

The  Council  of  Trent  goes  much  farther,  and  citric  he  th  the 
business  as  effectually  as  possible.  South. 

CLINCH,  v.  n.  To  hold  fast  upon,  [it.] 

The  savages  held  out  a stick,  on  which  the  birds  clinched. 

Trans,  of  Bvjfon. 

CLINCH,?!.  1.  That  which  holds  both  ways;  a 
clincher  ; a hold-fast. 

2.  A word  used  in  a double  meaning  ; a pun  ; 
an  ambiguity.  “ Clinches  upon  words  and  a 
clownish  kind  of  raillery.”  Dryden.  “ His 
comic  wit  degenerating  into  clinches."  Dryden. 

3.  (Naut.)  The  fold  or  knot  by  which  a cable 

is  attached  to  an  anchor ; a half-hitch  stopped 
to  its  own  part.  Dana. 

CLINCH'UR,  7i.  1.  He  who  or  that  which 

clinches,  or  holds  fast ; a cramp  ; a hold-fast. 
The  wimbles  for  the  work  Calypso  found; 

With  those  he  pieced  them,  and  with  clinchers  bound.  Tope. 

2.  That  which  decides  a matter  in  contro- 
versy ; a conclusive  argument. 

I am  persuaded  that,  if  he  is  obliged  to  strike  a last  blow, 
it  will  be  a clincher.  Anecdotes  of  Bp.  JVatson. 

CLINCH 'UR— BUILT,  a.  (Naut.)  Made  with 
clincher-work.  Crabb. 

CLINCH 'UR— WORK  (-wiirk),  n.  (Naut.)  That 
disposition  of  the  planks  in  a boat  or  vessel,  in 
which  the  lower  edge  of  every  plank  overlies 
the  next  under  it,  like  the  slates  on  the  roof  of 
a house.  Crabb. 

CLING,  v.  71.  [A.  S.  clingan , to  shrink  up  ; Dan. 

klynge .]  [?.  clung  (f  clong)  ; pp.  clinging, 

clung  (f  clong).]  To  hang  upon  by  twining 
round  ; to  hold  fast  upon  ; to  adhere. 

The  disposing  of  the  drapery  so  as  to  appear  to  cling  close 
limbs,  is_a  kind  of  pedantry  which  y< 


round  the 
ore  very  apt  to  fall  into. 


young  painters 
Sir  J.  Reynolds. 


CLING,  v.  a.  1.  To  cause  to  dry  up,  wither,  or 
waste  away. 

If  thou  speok’st  false, 

Upon  the  next  tree  shalt  thou  hang  alive, 

Till  famine  cling  thee.  Shak. 

2.  To  cause  to  twine  around,  or  to  hold  fast 
upon. 

I clung  my  legs  as  close  to  his  sides  as  I could.  Swift. 

CLING'STONE,  7i.  A kind  of  peach  of  which  the 
pulp  adheres  strongly  to  the  stone.  Cole. 

CLING'Y  (kling'e),  a.  That  clings  ; apt  to  cling; 
adhesive.  Johnson. 

CLIN'IC,  7i.  [Gr.  k).ivik6s  ; K/.h’rj,  a bed  ; Sp.  cli- 
nico;  Fr.  clinique.]  One  obliged  by  illness  to 
keep  the  bed.  A bp.  Sancroft. 

CLIN'IC,  ) a_  Obliged  by  illness  to  keep  the 

CLIN'J-CAL,  ) bed ; bed-ridden. 

Clinical  lecture,  a discourse,  upon  a disease,  made  at 
the  bedside  of  the  patient. — Clinic  baptism , baptism 
administered  to  one  confined  to  the  bed  by  illness. 

CLIN'J-UM,  n.  [Gr.  tdlvti,  a bed.]  (Bot.)  The 

receptacle  or  bed-like  summit  of  a floral  branch; 
clinanthium  ; torus.  Smart. 

CLINK  (kllnpk,  82),  v.  a.  [Dut.  klinken ; Sw. 
klinga  ; Dan.  klinge,  klinke  ; Ger.  klinqcn.]  \i. 
clinked;  pp.  clinking,  clinked.]  To  strike 
so  as  to  make  a small,  sharp  noise ; to  clank. 
Some  howl,  some  weep,  some  clink  their  iron  chains.  Fairfax. 

CLINK,  v.  n.  To  utter  a small,  sharp  noise. 

Safe  through  the  wet  on  clinking  pattens  tread.  Gay. 

CLINK,  71.  1.  A sharp,  successive  noise  ; a clank. 

I heard  the  clink  and  fall  of  swords.  Shak. 

2.  f A keyhole.  Bailey  § Todd. 

Tho’  creeping  close,  behind  the  wicket’s  clink , 

Privily  lie  peeped  out  through  a chink.  Spenser. 

CLINK' ANT,  a.  [Fr.  clinquant,  tinsel.]  Glitter- 
ing. — See  Clinquant,  [r.]  Addison. 

CLINK'F.R  (kltngk'er),  n.  1.  A mass  of  several 
bricks  run  together  in  the  clamp  or  kiln  from 
the  violent  action  of  the  fire.  Brande. 

2.  A cinder  of  iron.  Ogilvie. 

3.  A vitrified  substance,  formed  from  the 
combustion  of  anthracite  coal. 


CLINK'UR— BUILT  (-bait),  a.  (Boat-building.) 
Built  of  clincher-work ; made  with  the  lower 
edge  of  every  plank  overlying  the  next  under  it. 
— See  Clincher-built. 

CLINK'— STONE,  n.  (Min.)  A variety  of  feld- 
spathic  rock,  which  rings  when  struck  with  a 
hammer;  phonolite.  Dana. 

CLi'NOID,  a.  [Gr.  Kl.ivri,  a bed,  and  fKoj,  form.] 
(Anat.)  Resembling  a bed  ; as,  “ The  clinoid 
processes.”  ■ Dunglison. 

CLI-NOM'U-TUR,  7i.  [Gr.  kIIvio,  to  slope,  and 
ylrpov,  a measure.]  (Min.)  An  instrument  for 
measuring  the  dip  of  mineral  strata.  Brande. 

CLIN-O-MET'RIC,  > (Mw.)  Relating  t0 

CLlN-O-MET'RI-CAL,  > clinometry.  Phillips. 

CLl-NOM'U-TRY,  7t.  (Mm.)  The  art  of  measur- 
ing the  dip  of  mineral  strata.  Brande. 

CLIN'  QUANT  (kllngk'jnt),  n.  [Fr.]  Tinsel 

finery  ; false  glitter.  Craig. 

CLIN'  QUANT  (kllngk'ant),  a.  [Fr.,  titisel .] 

Glittering ; making  a show  with  tinsel  finery. [r.] 

To-day  the  French, 

All  clinquant,  all  in  gold,  like  heathen  gods.  Shak. 

A clinquant  petticoat  of  some  rich  stuff.  Beau,  y FI. 

CLl ' 6,  71.  [L.,  from  Gr.  K hub  ; slews  or  uhos, 

glory,  renown.] 

1.  (Myth.)  One  of  the  nine  Muses  ; the  pa- 
troness of  history.  Antlion. 

2.  (ZoOl.)  A name  given  by  Linnaeus  to  a 

genus  of  vermes,  and  by  Cuvier  to  a genus  of 
pteropodous  mollusks.  ' Brande. 

3.  (Astron.)  An  asteroid  discovered  by  Hind 

in  1850.  Lovering. 

CLIP,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  clyppan,  to  embrace  ; Sw. 
klippa  ; Dan.  klippe  ; Ger.  kippeln.  — See 
Clasp.]  [?'.  clipped  ; pp.  clipping,  clipped.] 

1.  t To  embrace.  “Neptune’s  arms  who 

clippeth  thee  about.”  Shak. 

The  lusty  vine  not  jealous  of  the  ivy 

Because  she  clips  the  elm.  Beau.  8f  FI. 

2.  To  make  shorter  or  narrower,  by  cutting 
the  end  or  edge  of  any  thing  with  shears  ; to  cut. 

Your  shears  come  too  late  to  clip  the  bird’s  wings  that 
already  is  flown.  Sidney. 

The  coin  was  so  clipped  that  it  was  thought  good  to  change 
the  same.  Stow. 

3.  To  curtail  ; to  cut  short ; to  prune. 

Mrs.  Mayoress  clijiped  the  king’s  English.  Addison. 

4.  To  shear  ; to  cut  off,  as  wool.  Brockctt. 

CLIP,  v.  n.  (Falconry.)  To  move  fast ; — with  it. 

Some  falcon  stoons  at  what  her  eye  designed, 

Straight  flies  at  check,  and  clips  it  down  the  wind.  Dryden. 

CLIP,  n.  1.  f An  embrace.  “Not  used  to  frozen 
clips.”  Sidney. 

2.  The  act  of  shearing.  Forby. 

3.  Thai  which  is  sheared,  as  wool.  Forby. 

CLIP'PUR,  71.  1.  One  who  clips,  or  who  dimin- 

ishes coin  by  clipping  it. 

Coins  . . . which  had  passed  through  the  hands  of  an  old 
Roman  clipper.  Addison. 

2.  A barber.  Huloct. 

3.  A vessel  with  a sharp  how  and  raking 
masts,  built  and  rigged  with  a view  to  fast  sail- 
ing ; — said  to  have  been  first  built  at  Balti- 
more, U.  S. 

CLIP'PING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  embracing.  “ Kiss- 
ing . . . and  clipping.”  Tttberville. 

2.  The  act  of  making  less  by  cutting  the 
edge.  “ Clippmg  ...  is  robbing.”  Locke. 

3.  A part  cut  off.  “ The  clippings  of  our 

beards.”  Locke. 

CLIQUE  (kick),  71.  [Fr.]  A party  ; a coterie  ; a 

set ; a gang  ; — used  in  an  ill  sense.  Brit.  Crit. 

CLiaU'lSH  (klek'jsh),  a.  Relating  to  a clique  or 
party.  Athenccum. 

CLiauT^M  (klek'lzm),  n.  The  spirit  or  principles 
of  a clique.  Ec.  Lev. 

CLISH'— CLASH,  v.  n.  To  sound  like  the  clash- 
ing of  swords;  to  clash.  “The  weapons  clish- 
clash.”  Mir.  for  Mag. 

f CLlTCII,  v.  a.  To  take  ; to  clutch. 

He  hath  an  earthen  pot  wherewith  to  clitch  up  water. 

Holland. 

CLl'VUR,  or  CLl'VUR§,  7i.  A plant.  — See  Cleav- 
ers. Johnson.  Crabb. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  !,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  U>  l.  9,  II,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


CLOSE 


CLIVITY  255 


CLlV'I-TY,  n.  Proportionate  ascent  or  descent ; 
gradient.  Tanner. 

CLO-J'CH,  n. ; pi.  cloacje.  [L.,  a sewer.] 

' 1.  A subterranean  aqueduc  for  drainage  ; a 
common  sewer.  Phillips. 

2.  A sink  : — a privy  ; a jakes.  Crabb. 

3.  The  excrementory  cavity  in  which,  in 

birds,  reptiles,  many  fishes,  and  some  mam- 
mals, the  intestinal  canal,  urinary  ducts,  and 
genital  passages  terminate.  Brande. 

CLOAK  (klok),  n.  [Gr.  ’ L-  chlamys  ; A.  S. 

lack,  a garment ; M.  cloag  ; Gael,  cloc,  a cloak.] 

1.  A loose  outer  garment ; a mantle.  “ Under 

a cloak  that  is  of  any  length.”  Shah. 

2.  Something  used  for  concealment ; a mask. 
Not  using  your  liberty  fora  cloak  of  maliciousness.  lBet.  ii.  1(1. 

CLOAK,  V.  a.  [i.  CLOAKED  ; pp.  CLOAKING, 
cloaked.]  To  cover  as  with  a cloak  ; to  con- 
ceal by  covering;  to  hide;  to  mask;  to  veil. 
“ To  cloak  her  crimes.”  Spenser. 

CLOAK' A^-E,  n.  The  act  of  covering  with  a 
cloak.  ’ [r.]  Martineau. 

CLOAK'— BAG,  n.  A portmanteau  ; a travelling- 
bag.  “ Stuffed  cloak-bag.”  Shak. 

CLO  AK'IJD-LY,  ad.  In  a concealed  manner. 

How  the  emperor  . . . arrested  also  his  merchants,  and  did 
cloakcdly  begin  war.  King  Edward  VI.,  Burnet’s  Hist.  lief. 

CLOAK'ING,  n.  Concealment.  Strype. 

CLOAK'LpSS,  a.  Without  a cloak.  Gascoigne. 

f CLOtJH'ARD  (klosh'?rd),  n.  [Fr.  cloche,  a bell ; 
clocher,  a belfry.]  A belfry.  Weaver. 

CLOCK,  7i.  [A.  S.  clucga,  or  clugga,  a bell  and  a 

clock  ; Sw.  klocka,  a bell,  a clock  ; Dan.  klokke, 
a bell,  a clock  ; Ger.  glocke  ; W.  clocc ; Gael,  clog.] 

1.  A machine  which,  by  a combination  of 
wheels  moved  by  weights  and  regulated  by  a 
pendulum,  measures  time,  and  indicates  it  by 
pointers  upon  a dial-plate,  and  by  strokes  upon 
a bell : — a term  formerly  applied  to  a watch. 

To  his  [Donne]  brother-in-law,  Sir  Thomas  Grimes,  he 
gave  that  striking  clock  which  lie  had  long  worn  in  his  pocket. 

Walton. 

2.  An  insect ; a sort  of  beetle.  Phillips. 

3.  The  ornamental  embroidery  about  the 

. ankle  of  a stocking. 

His  Btockings  with  silver  clocks.  Swift. 

What  o’clock  ? What  is  the  hour  of  the  clock  ? 

“ About  nine  of  the  dock  at  night  the  king  marched 
out  of  the  North-port.”  Clarendon. 

Syn.  — Clock  and  dial  are  both  timepieces.  The 
clock  strikes  the  hour,  the  dial  shows  it. 

CLOCK,  v.  a.  To  call,  as  the  hen  ; to  cluck.  — 
See  Cluck.  Ld.  Northampton. 

CLOCK,  v.  7i.  [L.  glocio.— A.  S.  cloccan  ; Frs. 

klakke.]  To  make  a noise  like  the  hen.  “Or 
brooding  hen  to  clock.”  The  Silkworms,  1599. 
— See  Cluck. 

CLOCK'— BEE-TLE,  n.  A noisy  kind  of  beetle  ; 
the  Scarabceus  stercorarius  of  Linnaeus.  Crabb. 

CLOCK'-CASE,  71.  The  case  of  a clock. 

CLOCK'ING,  71.  Clucking.  “ A kind  of  clockmq 
and  special  noise.”  Holland,. 

CLOCK'— MAK-I3R,  n.  One  who  makes  clocks. 

CLOCK'— SET-TJJR,  n.  One  who  regulates  clocks. 

CLOCK'— STAR,  n.  ( Astron .)  A term  applied  to 
one  of  the  bright  stars,  which,  from  their  posi- 
tions having  been  exactly  determined,  are  used 
for  regulating  astronomical  clocks.  Hind. 

CLOCK'— STOCK-ING,  n.  An  embroidered  stock- 
ing. Somerville. 

CLOCK'— WORK  (-wiirk),  n.  A combination  of 
mechanical  movements  like  those  of  a clock. 

You  look  like  a puppet  moved  by  clock-work.  Arbuthnot. 

CLOD,  n.  [A.  S.  clud,  a rock,  a hillock  ; Dut. 
kluit,  klont,  a lump  of  earth  ; Dan.  klods,  a 
block,  a log;  Gael,  clod,  a clod.] 

1.  A lump  of  earth ; a lump  of  clay. 

The  clods  of  the  valley  shall  be  sweet  unto  him.  Job  xxi.  33. 

2.  The  ground  ; the  earth  ; turf. 

Bvzantians  boast  that  on  the  clod 
Where  once  their  sultan’s  horse  has  trod 

h Grows  neither  grass,  nor  shrub,  nor  tree.  Swift. 

3.  Any  mass,  lump,  or  concretion.  “ Clods 
of  a slimy  substance.”  Carao.  “ Two  massy 
clods  of  iron  and  brass.”  Milton. 


4.  Any  thing  earthy  or  base. 

The  spirit  of  man, 

Which  God  inspired,  cannot  together  perish 

With  this  corporeal  clod.  Milton . 

CLOD,  v.  n.  To  gather  into  a mass  ; to  clot. 

“ Clodded  gore.”  Milton. 

CLOD,  v.  a.  To  pelt  with  clods.  Johnson. 

CLOD'DY,  a.  Full  of  clods.  “ The  meagre  cloddy 
earth.’’  Shak. 

CLOD'HOP-P^R,  71.  A clown  ; a rustic  ; a labor- 
ing farmer;  a ploughman.  Bailey. 

CLOD'PATE,  71.  A stupid  fellow;  a clodpoll.  Shak. 

CLOD'PAT-ED,  a.  Stupid  ; dull.  Arbuthnot. 

CLOD'POLL,  n.  Athickskull;  a dolt.  Shak. 

CLOFF,  n.  [A.  S.  clougli,  a cleft.]  (Com.)  An 
allowance  of  two  pounds  in  a hundred-weight 
for  the  turn  of  the  scale.  — Same  as  Clough. 

ljQj=  In  the  Dictionaries  this  word  is  written  clougli, 
but  practically,  as  here  given,  doff.  Smart. 

CLOG,  v.  a.  [Perhaps  from  log.  Skinner.  It 
may  be  from  the  Goth,  lag-yan.  Richardson.  — 
W.  clog,  a stone.]  [i.  clogged  ; pp.  clogging, 

CLOGGED.] 

1.  To  load  with  something  so  as  to  hinder 
motion  ; to  encumber  with  a weight. 

While  clogged  he  beats  his  silken  wings  in  vain.  Pope. 

2.  To  oppress  with  a burden  of  any  sort. 

All  the  commodities  are  clogged  with  impositions.  Addison. 

3.  To  obstruct ; to  impede. 

The  guttered  rocks  and  congregated  sands, 

Traitors  ensteeped  to  clog  the  guiltless  keel.  Shak. 

CLOG,  v.  n.  1.  To  be  encumbered. 

The  teeth  of  the  saw  will  begin  to  clog.  Sharp. 

2.  To  coalesce  ; to  adhere. 

Move  it  sometimes,  that  the  seeds  clog  not  together.  Evelyn. 

CLOG,  n.  [W.  clog,  a stone ; cleg,  a lump.] 

1.  A weight  put  upon  an  animal  to  hinder 
motion. 

As  a dog,  committed  close 

For  some  offence,  by  chance  breaks  loose, 

And  quits  his  clog.  Butler. 

2.  An  encumbrance ; a hinderance ; an  im- 
pediment. 

Weariness  of  the  flesh  is  a heavy  clog  to  the  will.  Hooker. 

3.  A kind  of  overshoe  worn  to  keep  the  feet 

from  wet ; a galoche.  Johnson. 

4.  A wooden  shoe.  Harvey. 

CLOG’GI-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  cloggy. 

CLOG'GING,  n.  An  obstruction.  More. 

CLOG'GY,  a.  Adhesive  ; obstructing  ; clogging 
up.  “ Some  grosser  and  cloggy  parts.”  Boyle. 

CLOG'— HEAD  (-hed),  71.  A name  applied  to  a 
slender,  round  tower,  attached  to  various  Irish 
churches.  Britton. 

CLOIS'TJSR,  n.  [L.  clatistrum,  an  enclosure ; 
claudo,  clausus,  to  shut  up  ; It.  § Sp.  claustro-, 
Fr.  cloitre.  — Dut.  klooster;  Sw.,  Dan.,  § Ger. 
kloster.] 

1.  A quadrangular  arcade,  surrounded  by  mo- 

nastic buildings,  and  enclosing  an  open  space 
within,  used  formerly  for  the  exercise  of  the 
monks.  Francis.  Weale. 

2.  A place  of  religious  retirement ; a monas- 
tery ; a nunnery  ; — so  named  from  the  arcade 
surrounding  the  inner  court. 

Some  solitary  cloister  will  I choose. 

And  there  with  holy  virgins  live  immured.  Dryden. 

3.  (Arch.)  An  arcade  or  a colonnade  round 

an  open  court.  Brande. 

Syn.  — See  Abbey. 

CLOIS'TIJR,  V.  a.  \i.  CLOISTERED  ; pp.  CLOIS- 
TERING. cloistered.]  To  shut  up  in  a clois- 
ter ; to  confine. 

Cloister  thee  in  some  religious  house.  Shak. 

CLOIS'T]JR-AL,  a.  Solitary  ; recluse.  “ Many 
cloisteral  men  of  great  learning.”  Walton. 

CLOIS'TIJRED  (kloTs'terd),  p.  a.  1.  Inhabiting 
solitary  cloisters.  “ Cloistered  friars.”  Butler. 

2.  Built  with  peristyles  or  piazzas. 

The  Greeks  and  Romans  had  commonly  two  cloistered 
open  courts.  I Votton. 

CL0lS'TJJR-£R,  n.  One  belonging  to  a cloister. 
“Priests,  and  prelates,  and  cloisterers.”  Strype. 

CLOIS'TRESS,  n.  A nun.  [r.] 

Like  a cloistress,  she  will  veiled  walk.  Shak. 


CLOKE,  n.  See  Cloak.  Johnsoti. 

f CLOMB  (klom)  [klom,  W.  Sm. ; kluni,  P.  ; klom, 
Ja.  K.],  %.  & p.  from  climb,  climbed,.  See  Climb. 

CLOMP,  v.  7i.  [Probably  a vulgar  pronunciation 
of  clamp.]  To  walk  heavily  as  with  thick-soled 
shoes  ; to  clamp.  Hunter. 

f CLONG,  i.  Sep.  from  cling.  Clung. — See  Cling. 

CLON'IC,  a.  [Gr.  k1.6pos,  a violent  motion  ; Fr. 
clonique.]  (Med.)  Convulsive  with  alternate 
relaxation.  “ A clonic  spasm.”  Dunglison. 

CLON'IC,  n.  (Med.)  Convulsive  motion  with  al- 
ternate relaxation.  Dunglison. 

f CLOOM,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  clccmian, to  smear.  “Cor- 
rupted from  cleam,  which  is  still  used  in  some 
provinces.”  Johnson .]  To  close  with  gluti- 
nous matter.  Mortimer. 

CLO§E  (kloz),  v.  a.  [L.  claudo,  clausus,  to  shut ; 
Fr.  clos,  closed.]  [i.  closed  ; pp.  closing, 
closed.] 

1.  To  shut;  to  shut  up;  as,  “To  close  a 
door”;  “ To  close  the  eyes”;  “ To  close  a book.” 

2.  To  conclude  ; to  end ; to  terminate  ; to 
finish  ; to  complete. 

One  frugal  supper  did  our  studies  close.  Dryden. 

3.  To  enclose  ; to  confine. 

According  to  the  gift  which  bounteous  Nature 

Hath  in  him  closed.  Shak. 

4.  To  join  or  unite,  as  parts  separated;  — 
with  up. 

As  soon  as  any  public  rupture  happens,  it  is  immediately 
closed  up  by  moderation  and  good  offices.  Addison. 

CLO§E,  v.  n.  To  be  brought  together,  as  the  parts 
of  a thing  separated ; to  coalesce. 

They,  and  all  that  appertained  to  them,  went  down  alive 
into  the  pit,  and  the  earth  closed  upon  them.  Numb.  xvi.  33. 

To  close  with , to  come  to  an  agreement  with:  — to 
grapple  with,  as  in  wrestling. — To  close  upon,  to  join 
in  ; to  agree  upon. 

The  jealousy  of  such  a design  in  us  would  induce  France 
and  Holland  to  close  upon  some  measures  between  them  to 
our  disadvantage.  Temple. 

CLO§E  (kloz),  n.  1.  The  manner  of  closing  or 
shutting ; junction. 

The  doors  of  plank  were;  their  close  exquisite.  Chapman. 

2.  End ; conclusion  ; termination. 

At  the  close  of  the  day,  when  the  hamlet  is  still.  Beattie. 
The  setting  sun,  and  music  at  the  close, 

As  the  last  taste  of  sweets,  is  sweetest  last.  Shak. 

3.  A grapple  in  wrestling. 

The  king  went  of  purpose  into  the  north, ...  to  make  him 
come  to  the  close,  and  so  to  trip  up  his  heels.  Bacon. 

4.  (Mus.)  A cadence.  Moore. 

CLOSE  (kl5s),  n.  [Fr.  clos.] 

1.  A small  place  or  field  enclosed  or  sur- 
rounded by  a fence  or  hedge ; a farm  yard. 

I have  a tree  wThich  grows  here  in  my  close.  Shak. 

2.  A narrow  street ; a passage.  Wright. 

3.  (Late.)  The  interest  a person  has  in  any 
piece  of  ground,  whether  enclosed  or  not. 

CLOSE  (kids),  a.  1.  Shut  fast ; closed. 

From  a close  bower  this  dainty  music  flowed.  Spenser. 

2.  Not  revealed;  hidden;  secret. 

A close  intent  at  least  to  show  me  grace.  Spenser. 

3.  Having  an  appearance  of  concealment ; sly. 

That  close  aspect  of  his 

Does  show  the  mood  of  a much  troubled  breast.  Shak. 

4.  Having  a disposition  to  keep  secrets. 

Constant  you  are, 

But  yet  a woman;  and  for  secrecy, 

No  lady  closer.  Shak. 

5.  Out  of  the  way  of  observation  or  of  dis- 
covery ; retired  ; withdrawn  ; concealed. 

Close,  in  the  name  of  jesting,  lie  you  here.  Shak. 

He  yet  kept  himself  close  because  of  Saul.  1 Chron.  xii.  1. 

6.  Debarred  from  communication ; strictly 

watched.  “ A close  prisoner.”  Johnson 

7.  Without  ventilation  ; impure  from  being 
stagnant,  as  air. 

The  one  [a  low  ceiling]  maketli  the  air  close,  and  not 
fresh.  Bacon. 

8.  Causing  a sense  of  lassitude  ; uncomforta- 

bly warm  ; oppressive  ; — applied  to  the  w'eather 
when  there  is  little  wind,  and  when  heated  air 
is  confined  by  clouds  or  fog  to  the  surface  of 
the  earth.  Smart. 

9.  Having  the  parts  pressed  together  ; dense  ; 
solid  ; compact. 

The  inward  substance  of  the  earth  is  of  itself  a uniform 
mass,  close  and  compact.  Burrwt. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  S()N  ; BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  (?,  $,  g,  soft;  F,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  X as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


CLOSE 


256 


CLOUD 


10.  Adjoining,  or  approaching  nearly ; near. 

Plant  the  spring  crocuses  close  to  a wall.-  Mortimer. 

Some  (lire  misfortune  follows  close  behind.  liope. 

11.  Narrow.  “ A close  alley.”  Johnson. 

12.  Full  to  the  point;  pressed  home. 

The  arguments  are  not  like  to  reach  close  on  either  side. 

Dryden. 

13.  Fixed;  earnest;  intense;  as,  “To  give 
close  attention  to  a subject.” 

14.  Concise  ; compressed  ; not  diffuse. 

Where  the  original  is  close , no  version  can  reach  it  in  the 

same  compass.  Dryden. 

Fresnoy's  close  art,  and  Dryden's  native  fire.  Tope. 

15.  Parsimonious  ; penurious  ; stingy.  “ A 
crusty  old  fellow,  as  close  as  a vice.”  Hawthorne. 

Close  to  the  wind,  (Jtonit.)  directed  so  nearly  to  that 
point  of  tile  compass  from  which  the  wind  blows  that 
it  may  just  fill  the  sails  without  shaking  them. 

Syn.  — See  Near. 

CLOSE  (klos),  ad.  Closely.  “ Close  following 
pace  by  pace.”  Milton. 

CLOSE'— BAND- 5 D,  a.  In  close  order.  Milton. 

CLOSE'— II 6 D- TED  (-jd),  a.  Fitting  close  to  the 
body.  “ A close-bodied  coat.”  Agliffc. 

CLOSE'— BY,  a.  Within  a little  distance  of;  very 
near.  Pope. 

CLOSE'— COM-PACT'ED,  a.  Being  in  close  order. 

CLOSE'— COUCHED,  a.  Concealed.  Milton. 

CLOSE'— CUR-TAINED  (-tjnd),  o.  Encircled  with 
curtains.  “ Close-curtained  sleep.”  Milton. 

CLOSE'-FlGHTS  (-fits),  n.  pi.  Bulk-heads  erect- 
ed fore  and  aft  in  a ship  to  shelter  the  men  in 
a close  engagement.  Oyilcie. 

CLOSE'— FlST-JJD,  a.  Penurious;  stingy.  “A 
griping,  close-fisted  fellow.”  Bp.  Berkeley. 

CLOSE'— CIRAT-^D,  a.  Shut  up  with  close  grat- 
ings. Young. 

CLOSE'— HAND-fD,  a.  Penurious ; covetous .Ilale. 

CLOSE’— IIAND-ED-NESS,  n.  Penuriousness  ; 
stinginess  ; niggardliness.  Ilolyday. 

CLOSE'-HAULED  (ldos'hlwld),  a.  (AW.)  Not- 
ing the  trim  of  a ship  when  brought  as  near  to 
the  wind  as  possible.  Mar.  Diet. 

CI.OSE'LY,  ad.  1.  In  a close  manner ; so  as  to 
leave  no  intervening  space  ; tightly. 

2.  Under  strict  confinement  or  rigid  con- 
straint. 

Therefore  has  he  closely  m^wed  her  up.  Shak. 

3.  Within  a short  distance  ; nearly  ; as,  “ To 
follow  closely.” 

4.  In  conformity  to  a standard  or  a text. 

I hope  I have  translated  close!//  enough.  Dnjden. 

5.  Secretly ; slyly. 

A Spaniard  . . . sent  some  closely  into  the  village  in  the 
dark  of  the  night.  Carew. 

6.  With  fixed  attention  ; intently  ; as,  “ To 
look  closely  at  a thing.” 

7.  With  near  connection  ; intimately  ; as, 
“ To  be  closely  united  or  related.” 

CLOSE'N  fSS,  n.  1.  State  of  being  shut,  or  close. 

In  drums,  the  closeness  preserveth  the  sound.  Bacon. 

2.  Recluseness  ; solitude ; retirement. 

I thus  neglecting  worldly  ends,  all  dedicated 
To  closeness , and  the  bettering  of  my  mind.  Shak. 

3.  Disposition  to  secrecy.  “ The  extreme 

caution  or  closeness  of  Tiberius.”  Bacon. 

4.  Compactness  ; solidity.  “ Combine  into 

that  closeness  of  texture.”  Bentley. 

5.  Want  of  air  ; want  of  ventilation. 

I took  my  leave,  being  half  stifled  by  the  closeness  of  the 
room.  Swift. 

6.  Near  connection  ; union. 

The  actions  and  proceedings  of  wise  men  run  in  greater 
closeness  and  coherence  with  one  another.  South. 

7.  Covetousness ; penuriousness. 

Irus  judged,  that  while  he  could  keep  his  poverty  a secret, 
he  should  not  feel  it;  he  improved  this  thought  into  an  affec- 
tation  of  closeness  and  covetousness.  Addison. 

CLOSE'— PENT,  a.  Shut  close.  Dryden. 

CLOS'pH  (kloz'cr),  n.  1.  A finisher;  a concluder. 

2.  (Masonry.)  A piece  used  to  close  in  the 
end  of  a course  of  brick  work.  Weale. 

CLOSE'— STOOL,  n.  A chamber  cabinet.  Garth. 


CLO§'JET,  n.  [Dim.  of  close  ; Fr.  clos  ; closeau,  a 
small  close.  — Gael,  closaid .] 

1.  A small,  close,  or  private  room  or  apart- 
ment. 

About  this  time,  I happened  to  be  with  my  lord  treasurer, 
one  evening,  in  his  closet.  Sir  IV.  Temple. 

2.  A small  side-room  or  recess  in  which  gar- 
ments or  household  utensils  may  be  deposited. 

CLO^'ET,  V.  a.  [t.  CLOSETED  ; pp.  CLOSETING, 
CLOSETED.] 

1.  To  shut  up  in  a closet ; to  shut  up  close. 

See  Bedlam’s  closeted  and  handcuffed  charge 

Surpassed  in  frenzy  by  the  mad  at  large.  Cowper. 

2.  To  take  into  a closet  for  a secret  inter- 
view. Swift. 

CLO§'ET— DOOR,  n.  The  door  of  a closet. 

CLOSE'— TONGUED  (-tungd),  a.  Cautious  in 
speaking ; silent.  Shak. 

CL(>§'pT-SlN,  n.  A secret  sin.  Bp.  Hall. 

CLOSH,  n.  1.  A disease  in  the  feet  of  cattle; 
the  founder.  Martin. 

2.  A kind  of  game  ; nine-pins.  Scott. 

CLOSING,  n.  [A.  S.  clysing,  or  clysung.]  An 
ending  ; period  ; conclusion.  Todd. 

CLOS'ING,  p.  a.  That  closes;  terminating;  as, 
“ Ihe  closing  exercises.” 

CLOSURE  (klo'zhur,  93),  n.  1.  The  act  of  shut- 
ting up. 

The  chink  was  carefully  closed  up;  upon  which  closure 
there  appeared  not  any  change.  Boyle. 

2.  That  by  which  any  thing  is  closed. 

I admire  your  sending  your  last  to  me  quite  open,  without 
a seal,  wafer,  or  any  closure  whatever.  Pope. 

3.  Enclosure. 

Within  the  guilty  closure  of  thy  walls.  Shat. 

4.  The  act  of  closing  ; conclusion  ; end. 

We  T1  hand  in  hand  all  headlong  east  us  down, 

And  make  a mutual  closure  of  our  house.  Shah. 

CLST,  n.  [Dut.  kluit,  a clod.  — See  Clod.] 

1.  t A clod. 

The  ploughman  must  beware  that  the  clots  ride  not  one 
upon  another’s  back.  Holland. 

2.  Any  thing  clotted  ; concretion  ; coagula- 
tion. “ Clots  of  ropy  gore.”  Addison. 

3.  A dull,  stupid  man.  — See  Clod. 

Feats  of  fine  understanding 
To  abuse  clots  and  clowns  with.  B.  Jonson. 

Jfcjf*  “ Clot  and  clod  were  only  different  spellings 
once  of  the  same  word  ; yet  now  it  is  always  clots  of 
blood  and  clods  of  earth.”  Trench . 

CLOT,  V.  n.  [t.  CLOTTED  ; pp.  CLOTTING,  CLOT- 
TED.] 

1.  To  form  into  clots,  or  clods  ; to  concrete  ; 
to  coagulate.  “The  clotted  glebe.”  Phillips. 
“ Clotted  blood.”  Boyle. 

2.  To  cover  with  clots. 

Th’  encumbered  wheels, 

O'er  heroes  driven,  and  clotted  with  their  gore.  Glover. 

3.  To  defile,  as  with  clots. 

The  soul  grows  clotted  by  contagion.  Milton. 

CLOT'— BIRD,  n.  The  cenanthe  or  ortolan.  Todd. 

CLOT'BUR,  n.  ( Bot .)  A plant ; the  common  bur- 
dock ; Arctium.  Booth. 

II  CLOTH  (kl5th  or  kldwtli)  [kloth,  IV.  P.  F.  E.  Ja. 
Sm.;  klSuvth,  S.  J.  K.  I Vb.],  n.  : pi.  cloths 
(kl&wthz  or  klothz).  [A.  S.  clath  ; Dut.  kleed ; 
Ger.  kleid ; Dan.  Sw.  klade.'] 

1.  A texture  or  fabric  woven  of  wool,  cotton, 
linen,  hair,  &c. ; any  thing  woven  for  dress  or 
other  covering. 

2.  A covering  for  a table ; a table-cloth. 

The  musty  wine,  foul  cloth , or  greasy  glass.  Pope. 

3.  + Canvas  on  which  pictures  are  delineated. 
This  idea  . . . descends  upon  the  marble  and  the  cloth.  Dryden. 

4.  A clergyman’s  dress,  as  symbolizing  the 
clerical  profession. 

CLOTHE,  v.  a.  p.  clothed,  (f  clad)  ; pp. 
CLOTHING,  CLOTHED,  CLAD.] 

1.  To  cover  with  clothes ; to  invest  with  gar- 
ments ; to  dress  ; to  attire. 

The  Britons,  in  Crrsar's  time,  painted  their  bodies,  and 
clothed  themselves  with  the  skins  of  beasts.  Swift. 

2.  To  provide  with  garments  ; as,  “ He  was 
fed  and  clothed  at  the  public  expense.” 

3.  To  invest,  as  with  clothes. 

Let  both  use  the  clearest  language  in  which  they  can  clothe 
their  thoughts.  Watts. 


CLOTHE  (kloth),  v.  n.  To  wear  clothes,  [r.] 

Care  no  more  to  clothe  and  eat.  Shak. 

||  CLOTHE^  (klothz  or  kloz)  [klothz,  P.  F.  Sin.; 
kloz,  S.  J.  E. ; klothz  or  kloz,  W.  Ja.],  n.  pi. 

1.  Garments  for  the  human  body ; vesture ; 
clothing  ; dress  ; raiment ; apparel  ; attire. 

2.  Blankets  and  other  covering  put  upon  a 
bed  ; bed-clothes  ; as,  “ To  sleep  under  a great 
weight  of  clothes.” 

Syn. — Clothes  are  made  to  cover  the  body,  and  are 
worn  tor  decency  and  for  comfort  ; dress,  is  made  to 
adorn  tile  body,  and  is  worn  for  ornament.  Raiment 
and  vesture  are  less  common  terms,  used  on  less  com- 
mon occasions  ; clothes,  on  all  occasions.  Warm 
clothes;  rich  dresses;  gay  attire  ; common  apparel. — 
See  Apparel. 

||  CLOTHE^'— bAs-KIJT,  n.  A large  basket  for 
holding  or  carrying  clothes. 

||  CLOTHE§'-BRUSH,  n.  A brush  for  brushing 
clothes.  Booth. 

||  CLOTHE^'— HORSE,  n.  A frame  for  hanging 
clothes  on  to  dry,  after  they  are  washed.  Green. 

II  CLOTHE^'— MAN,  n. ; pi.  CLOTHES-MEN.  A 
dealer  in  clothes.  P.  Mag. 

||  CLOTHE^'— PRESS,  n.  A depository  for  clothes. 

CLOTH'IflR  (kloth'yer),  n.  1.  A maker  of  cloth. 

The  clothier  coins  by  carding  locks  of  wool.  Gascoifine. 

2.  A seller  of  cloth,  or  of  clothes.  Clarke. 

3.  A fuller.  [U.  S.]  Pickering. 

CLOTH'ING,  n.  Dress;  vesture.  “Your  bread 
and  clothing  depend  upon  it.”  Swift. 

Syn.  — See  Apparel. 

CLOTH'ING,  p.  a.  Furnishing  with  clothes;  hav- 
ing clothes  ; as,  “ A clothing  store.” 

||  CLOTH'— PRESS-ING,  n.  The  act  of  pressing 
cloth  ; act  of  pressing  stuffs  when  cold.  Booth. 

||  CLOTH'— SHEAR-gR,  n.  One  who  trims  the 
cloth  and  levels  the  nap.  Hakewill. 

||  CLOTH'— WORK-JJR,  n.  A maker  of  cloth.  “ The 
clothiers  and  the  cloth-workers.”  Hall. 

||  CLOTH'— WORK-ING,  n.  The  making  of  cloth. 

CLOT'POLL,  n.  Thickskull ; clodpoll.  Shak. 

CLOT'T^D,  p.  a.  Coagulated;  formed  into  clots. 
“Redness  . . . like  that  of  clotted  blood.”  Boyle. 

fCLOT'TJR,  v.  n.  To  concrete;  to  clot. 

Sliddering  through  clattered  blood  and  holy  mire.  Dryden. 

CLOT'TING,  n.  Coagulation ; a clotted  sub- 
stance. Crabb. 

CLOT'TY,  a.  Full  of  clots.  Harvey. 

CLOUD,  n.  [Of  doubtful  etymology.  — Gr.  kH" Suv, 
a wave,  Junius  : — L.  claudo,  to  shut,  Minsheu  : 
— Goth,  glate,  a clear  vapor,  Serenius  : — A.  S. 
ge-hlod,  covered,  hlidan,  to  cover,  Tooke ; — 
Dut.  klad,  a blot,  a spot  : — Eng.  clod,  Somner .] 

1.  A collection  of  watery  particles  in  the 
state  of  vapor,  suspended  in  the  air  at  some 
height,  and  so  far  condensed  as  to  be  visible. 

A cloud  is  nothing  but  a mist  flying  high  in  air,  as  a mist 
is  nothing  but  a cloud  here  below.  Locke. 

2.  Any  thing  that  covers  or  obscures  in  the 
manner  of  a cloud ; any  thing  that  resembles  a 
cloud  ; as,  “ The  clouds  or  veins  in  marble  ” ; 

“ Clouds  of  smoke  ” ; “ Clouds  of  dust.” 

3.  Any  state  of  obscurity  or  darkness.  “ The 

clouds  of  sorrow.”  Shak. 

Though  poets  may  of  inspiration  boast. 

Their  rage,  ill-governed,  in  the  clouds  is  lost.  Waller. 

4.  A multitude  ; a crowd.  “ So  great  a cloud 

of  witnesses.”  Heb.  xii.  1. 

CLOUD,  v.  a.  \i.  clouded  ; pp.  CLOUDING, 
CLOUDED.] 

1.  To  cover  with  clouds  ; to  darken  with 
clouds  ; as,  “ The  sun  is  clouded.” 

2.  To  darken  or  obscure,  as  with  a cloud. 

“ Vapors  to  cloud  and  darken  the  clearest 


truths.”  Decay  of  Piety. 

No  beauty  beaming  on  his  clouded  mind.  Mason. 

3.  To  variegate  with  dark  veins  or  spots. 

Made  of  the  clouded  olive’s  easy  grain.  Pope. 

4.  To  sully  : to  defame. 

I would  not  be  a stunder-by  to  hear 

My  sovereign  mistress  clouded  so.  Shak. 

CLOUD,  v.  n.  To  grow  cloudy.  Shak. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


CLOUDAGE 


257 


CLUB-GRASS 


CLOUD'A^E,  n.  The  state  of  being  cloudy; 
cloudiness,  [it.]  Coleridge. 

CLOUD'-AS-CEND'JNG,  a.  Mounting  to  the 
clouds.  ‘ . Sandys. 

CLOUD' BER-RY,  n.  ( Bot .)  A species  of  bramble ; 
Rubus  chamcemorus:  — the  fruit  of  the  Rubus 
chatncemorus.  Gray. 

CLOUD'— BORN,  a.  Born  of  a cloud.  Dryden. 

CLOUD'-CATT,  a.  Topped  with  clouds. 

The  cloml-ca.pt  towers,  the  gorgeous  palaces.  Shak. 

CLOUD'— COM- PEL' LIJR,  n.  He  who  collects  the 
clouds;  — an  epithet  of  Jupiter.  Ogilvie. 

CLOUD'— COM- PEL 'LING,  a.  Driving,  or  collect- 
ing, the  clouds  ; — an  epithet  applied  to  Jupiter. 

Bacchus,  the  seed  of  cloud-compelling  Jove.  Walter. 

Abyssinia’s  cloud-compelling  cliffs.  Thomson. 

CLOUD'— COV-1JRED.  a.  Covered  with  clouds. 

CLOUD'— DIS-PEL' LING,  a.  Dispelling  the  clouds. 

CLOUD'— 5-CLIPS  ED',  a.  Eclipsed  by  a cloud. 

CLOUD'— GIRT,  a.  Girt  with  clouds.  Ogilvie. 

CLOUD'I-LY,  ad.  In  a cloudy  manner  ; obscurely. 

We  seem  to  be  to  seek  what  the  chief  and  highest  good  su- 
perior to  knowledge  ...  is;  and  it  cannot  be  denied  but  that 
Plato  sometimes  talks  too  metaphysically  and  cloudily  about 
it.  Cuaworth. 

CLOUD'I-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  cloudy.  Shak. 

CLOUD'— KISS-ING,  a.  Touching  the  clouds.  Shak. 

CLOUD'LESS,  a.  Free  from  clouds  ; clear. 
“ Cloudless  skies.”  “ Cloudless  night.”  Cheyne. 

CLOUD'LgT,  n.  A little  cloud.  Sat.  Mag. 

CLOUD'— TOPT,  a.  Having  the  top  covered  with 
clouds ; cloud-capt.  Gray. 

CLOUD'— TOUCH-; NG,  a.  Ascendingto  the  clouds ; 
cloud-kissing.  Sandys. 

CLOUD' Y,  a.  1.  Covered  with  clouds;  clouded; 
as,  “A  cloudy  sky.” 

2.  Consisting  of  a cloud,  or  of  clouds. 

He  spake  unto  them  in  the  cloudy  pillar.  Ps.  xcix.  7. 

3.  Not  intelligible  ; obscure  ; dark.  “ Cloudy 

and  confused  notions  of  things.”  Watts. 

4.  Not  cheerful;  gloomy;  dismal.  “When 

cloudy  looks  are  cleared.”  Spenser. 

5.  Wanting  brightness  or  clearness.  “Before 

the  wine  grows  cloudy.”  Sioift. 

6.  Marked  with  spots  or  veins  ; as,  “ Cloudy 
marble.” 

CLOUGH  (kluf  or  klof)  [kluf,  Ja.  K.  Sm.  Wb. ; 
klof,  P.  F. ; klba,  IF.],  n. 

1.  [A.  S.  clough. ] The  cleft  of  a hill ; a cliff. 

2.  A narrow  glen.  [Northumberland.] 

A clough  or  clowgh  is  a kind  of  breach  or  valley  down  a 
slope  from  the  side  of  a hill,  where  commonly  crags  and  trees 
do  grow.  Verstegan. 

3.  An  allowance  in  weight,  for  the  turn  of 

the  scale  ; cloff.  — See  Cloff.  Johnson. 

■8®=  “ This  word  was  formerly  used  to  signify  an 
allowance  in  weight,  when  it  was  pronounced  as  if 
written  cloff.  Good  usage  lias  distinguished  these 
different  significations  by  different  spellings.”  IValker. 

CLOUT,  n.  1.  [A.  S.  clut,  a little  cloth  ; a clout ; 
A.  S.  gecluted,  clouted;  Sw.  klut ; Dan.  klud. ] 
A cloth  for  any  mean  use. 

Thereon  lay  a little  child  lapped  in  clouts.  Piers  Plouhman. 

2.  A patch  on  a garment  or  a shoe.  Wickliffe. 

3.  Anciently  a mark  of  white  cloth,  at  which 
archers  shot. 

He  would  have  clapped  in  the  clout  at  twelve  score.  S/ia/c. 

4.  An  iron  plate,  to  keep  an  axletree  from 

wearing.  Johnson. 

5.  A blow  with  the  fist  ; a stroke.  [Low.]  — 
See  Clout,  v.  a.  “ Kick,  cuff,  and  clout.'  Mayne. 

6.  [Fr.  clou , a nail ; clovter,  to  adorn  with 

nails,  to  stud.]  A short  nail.  Wright. 

CLOUT,  V.  a.  [t.  CLOUTED  ; pp.  CLOUTING, 
CLOUTED.] 

1.  To  patch  ; to  mend. 

He  clouteth  the  old  broken  holes  with  patches.  Bale. 

2.  To  cover  with  a cloth. 

A noisy,  impudent  beggar  showed  a leg  clouted  up.  Tatter. 

3.  To  join  awkwardly  or  clumsily. 

Many  sentences  of  one  meaning  clouted  up  together.-dlsc^am. 

4.  [Perhaps  Dut.  khuio , a blow ; klouwen , to 
strike.  Todd.]  To  beat;  to  strike. 


Pav  him  o’er  the  pate:  clout  him  for  all  his  courtesies. 

_ Beau,  tf  FI. 

5.  fTo  wound;  to  bruise;  to  hurt. 

I wasted  them  and  so  clouted  them  that  they  could  not 
arise.  2 Sam.  xxii.  39.  Trans.  Biule,  1551. 

CLOUT'^D,  p.  a.  1.  Patched;  mended. 

Old  shoes  and  clouted  upon  their  feet.  Joshua  ix.  5. 

2.  Studded  with  nails. 

I thought  he  slept,  and  put 

My  clouted  brogues  from  off  my  feet,  whose  rudeness 

Answered  my  steps  too  loud.  Shak. 

This  is  Mason’s  interpretation  of  the  word  as 
used  by  Shakspeare  in  this  passage.  Dr.  Johnson  and 
others  think  it  bears  here  the  sense  of  patched . Milton 
uses  the  word  in  a similar  connection : — 

The  dull  swain 

Treads  on  it  daily  with  his  clouted  shoon. 

Clouted  cream , [corruptly  used  for  clotted.]  Cream 
produced  on  the  surface  of  milk  by  setting  it  in  a pan 
on  a hot  hearth.  Brande. 

With  flawns,  and  clouted  cream , and  country  dainties  stored. 

Drayton. 

f CLOUT'JgR-LY,  a.  Clumsy ; awkward. 

Clouterly , perhaps,  is  like  any  thing  clouted , patched  or 
botched;  i.  e.  clumsy.  liichardson. 

CLOUT'— NAIL,  n.  A short  nail,  with  a large 
head,  for  the  soles  of  strong  shoes. 

CLO'VATE,  a.  [From  clove.]  (Conch.)  Thicker 
at  the  top,  or  the  end,  than  at  the  base.  Clarke. 

CLOVE,  i.  from  cleave.  See  Cleave. 

CLOVE,  n.  1.  [L.  clavus,  a nail.  — A.  S.  clufe, 
an  ear  of  corn,  a clove, — so  called  from  its 
similitude  in  shape  to  a nail : — Sp.  clavo,  a nail, 
a clove  ; Fr.  clou,  a nail,  a clove.]  An  East- 
Indian  spice,  being  the  dried  bud  of  the  clove- 
tree  (Caryophyllus  aromaticus).  Loudon. 

2.  One  of  the  smaller  bulbs  formed  in  the 

axillae  of  the  scales  of  a mother  bulb,  as  in 
garlic.  Brande. 

Each  clove  of  garlic  is  a sacred  power.  Tate's  Juvenal. 

3.  A division  of  a weight  or  wey  of  cheese, 

wool,  &c.,  in  Suffolk  and  Essex,  England.  In 
the  former,  32  cloves  (256  pounds)  are  a wey  ; 
in  the  latter,  42  cloves  (336  pounds).  A wey  of 
wool  divides  into  26  cloves.  Ogilvie. 

CLOVE'— <?IL'LY-FLOW-5R,  n.  (Bot.)  Same  as 
Clove-pink.  " Miller. 

CLOVE'-HOOK  (-huk),  n.  (Naut.)  A sort  of 
iron  clasp  ; — used  for  bending  chain  sheets  to 
the  clews  of  sails.  Dana. 

CLO'VEN  (klo'vn),  p.  from  cleave.  See  Cleave. 

CLO'VEN— FOOT  (kls'vn-fut),  a.  Cloven-footed  ; 
cloven-hoofed.  Spenser. 

CLO'VEN— FOOT-ED  (klo'vn-fut-ed),  ) a_  Having 

CLO'VEN— HOOFED  (klo'vn-hoft),  ) the  foot  di- 
vided into  two  parts.  Browne.  Dryden. 

CLOVE'-PINK,  n.  (Bot.)  A flower  that  smells 
like  cloves ; a species  of  Dianthus ; carnation 
pink  P.  Cyc. 

CLO'VjaR,  n.  [A.  S.  clcefer-wyrt,  small  clover; 
Dut.  klaver ; Sw.  klofver ; Dan.  klover.]  (Bot.) 
A species  of  trefoil  ( Trifolium)  ; a valuable 
kind  of  grass,  of  several  varieties.  Loudon. 

To  live  in  clover,  to  live  luxuriously. 

CLO'VIJRED  (klo'verd),  a.  Covered  with  clover. 
“ The  clovered  vale.”  Warton. 

CLO'VER— FL0W-5R,  n.  The  flower  of  clover. 
“ Thereby  the  clover-flower  they  stick  ."Drayton. 

CLO'V5R-GRAss,  n.  See  Clover.  Gay. 

CLOWN,  n.  [ Skinner  thinks  clown  is  contracted 
from  L.  colonus,  a husbandman  : — formerly 
spelled  colone.  “ A country  colone.”  Burton. — 
Richardson  says,  “ It  is  more  probably  of  the 
same  origin  with  lown  and  lout.”] 

1.  A rustic  ; a peasant. 

The  cloum,  the  child  of  nature,  without  guile.  Cowper. 

2.  An  ill-bred  man  ; a churl. 

In  youth  a coxcomb,  and  in  age  a clown.  Spectator. 

3 The  fool  or  buffoon  of  plays  and  popular 
entertainments. 

Let  those  that  play  your  clowns  speak  no  more  than  is  set 
down  to  them.  Shak. 

CLOWN,  v.  11.  To  play  the  clown  ; — used  with 
it.  “ He  clowns  it  properly.”  B.  Jonson. 

fCLoWN'ACE,  n.  The  behavior  of  a clown. 
“ Pride  and  stiff  clownage.”  B.  Jonson. 


CLoWn'JJR-Y,  11.  Ill-breeding ; rudeness,  [r.] 

The  fool’s  conceit  had  both  clownery  and  ill  nature. 

L'  Estrange. 

CLoWn'ISH,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  rustics  ; coarse. 
“ These  poor  clownish  pleasures.”  Beau.  &:  FI. 

2.  Ill-mannered;  ill-bred;  rude;  uncivil. 

3.  Ungainly;  clumsy.  “ A certain  rude  and 

clownish  fashion.”  Wotton. 

CLO\VN'ISH-LY,  ad.  In  a clownish  manner. 

CLOWN'ISH-NESS,  11.  I.  Awkwardness;  rustici- 
ty ; coarseness  ; rudeness  ; incivility. 

Men  are  like  wine,  not  good  before  the  lees  of  clownishness 
be  settled.  FeUham. 

2.  Want  of  refinement  or  polish. 

Even  his  Doric  dialect  has  an  incomparable  sweetness  in 
its  clownishness.  Dryden. 

CLOWN’S^'— MUS-TARD,  n.  A plant.  Johnson. 

CLOY,  v.  n,  [From  clog.  Junius.  — L.  claudo,  to 
close  ; Fr.  clouer,  to  nail.]  [*.  cloyed  ; pp. 
CLOYING,  CLOYED.] 

1.  To  stop  up;  to  clog. 

The  duke’s  purpose  was  to  have  cloyed  the  harbor  by  sink- 
ing  ships  laden  with  stones.  Speed. 

2.  To  fill  to  loathing;  to  satiate  ; to  glut. 

Who  can  cloy  the  hungry  edge  of  appetite 

By  bare  imagination  of  a feast?  Shak. 

3.  To  strike  a nail  or  spike  into  the  touch- 

hole  of  a gun.  Johnson. 

4.  (Farriery.)  To  prick  a horse’s  foot  in 

shoeing  him.  Bacon. 

5.  To  pierce;  to  gore. 

That  foe  of  his  [the  boar] 

Which  witli  his  cruel  tusk  him  deadly  cloyed.  Spenser. 

Syn.  — See  Satisfy. 

CLOY'ING,  p.  a.  Tending  to  cloy;  satiating; 

as,  “ Cloying  food.” 

CLOV'LISSS,  a.  That  cannot  surfeit  or  cloy.  Shak. 

f CLOV'M^NT,  n.  Satiety  ; surfeit.  Shak. 

CLUB,  11.  [L.  elava. — W.  clwpa. — Dut.  knuppel', 

Ger.  kldpfel-,  Sw.  klubba-,  Dan.  klub .] 

1.  A heavy  staff  or  stick  fit  to  be  held  in  the 
hand  and  used  as  a weapon  ; a bludgeon. 

This  man,  completely  equipped  in  the  war  habit,  with  a 
club  in  each  hand,  seemed  bent  on  mischief.  Cook. 

2.  The  name  of  one  of  the  suits  of  cards. 

3.  [See  Club,  v.  n.]  An  association  of  per- 
sons who  meet  for  a common  object  under  cer- 
tain self-imposed  regulations,  or  by-laws  ; a 
small  society  ; as,  “ The  Literary  Club  ” (John- 
son’s) founded  in  1764. 

The  end  of  our  club  is  to  advance  conversation  and  friend- 
ship.  Swift. 

4.  [See  Club,  v.  n.]  A share  or  proportion 

paid  to  a common  stock.  L’ Estrange. 

CLUB,  v.  11.  [A.  S.  cleofan,  to  divide,  “because 

the  expenses  are  divided  into  shares.”  Skinner. 
Perhaps  A.  S.  clyppan,  to  embrace ; or  cliflan, 
to  divide  ; Ger.  kleben,  to  adhere.]  [i.  club- 
bed ; pp.  CLUBBING,  CLUBBED.] 

1.  To  contribute  to  a common  expense. 

We  were  resolved  to  club  for  a coach.  Taller. 

2.  To  join  or  unite  with  something  in  pro- 
ducing any  effect. 

Every  part  of  the  body  seems  to  club  and  contribute  to  the 
seed.  Ray. 

CLUB,  v.  a.  To  combine  for  one  end. 

Fibres  being  distinct,  how  should  they  club  their  particular 
informations  into  a common  idea?  Collier. 

To  club  a musket,  to  turn  the  breech  uppermost. 

CLUBBED  (klubd),  a.  Heavy  or  thick,  like  a 
club.  “ Clubbed  staves.”  Chaucer. 

t CLUB'B^R,  n.  See  Clubbist.  Todd. 

f CLUB'BISH,  a.  Rustic.  “ A mean  man  and  of 
a clubbish  nature.”  North. 

CLUB'BIST,  n.  A member  of  a club.  Burke. 

CLUB'— FIST,  n.  A large  fist:  — a contemptuous 
name  for  one  who  has  a large  fist.  Mir.  for  Mag. 

CLUB'— FIST-5D,  a.  Having  a large  fist.  Howell. 

CLUB'— FOOT  (-fut),  n.  A distorted  foot ; a foot 
affected  by  congenital  distortion.  Dunglison. 

CLUB'— FOOT-fD  (klub'fut-ed),  a.  Having  crook- 
ed feet.  Cotgrave. 

CLUB'— GRASS,  n.  (Bot.)  A species  of  grass; 
Corynephorus  canescens.  Loudon. 


MIEN,  SIR  ; MOVE,  NOR,  SON  ; BULL,  BUR,  RULE. 
33 


— 9,  9,  9.  soft ; £,  G,  c, 


g,  hard;  S}  as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


CLUB-HAUL 


258 


CLUB'— HAUL,  v.  a.  ( Naut .)  To  bring  a vessel’s 
head  round  on  the  other  tack,  by  letting  go  the 
lee  anchor,  and  slipping  the  cable.  Dana. 

CLUB'— HEAD- £D,  a.  Having  a thick  head. 
“ Small  club-headed  antennae.”  Derham. 

CLUB'— HoOsE,  n.  A house  occupied  by  a club. 

The  club-houses  of  the  metropolis  [London],  at  least  the 
more  modern  ones,  answer  to  the  character  of  palatial  struc- 
tures, eclipsing  in  external  appearance,  as  well  us  in  internal 
spaciousness,  the  town  mansions  of  the  nobility.  Ogilvie. 

CLUB'— LAW,  n.  The  law  of  brute  force.  Addison. 

CLUB'— MAN,  n.  One  who  carries  a club. 

Alcides,  surnamed  Hercules, 

The  only  club-man  of  his  time.  Trag . of  Soliman. 

CLUB'— MOSS,  n.  (Bot.)  An  evergreen  moss-like 
trailing  plant,  the  seeds  of  which  are  very  mi- 
nute, resembling  impalpable  yellow  powder,  and 
are  burnt  in  theatres  to  imitate  lightning  ; Ly- 
copodium clavatum.  Brande. 

CLUB'— BOOM,  n.  The  room  in  which  a club  as- 
sembles. Addison. 

CLUB'— TAIL,  n.  A local  name  for  a species  of 

shad.  Bartlett. 

CLUCK,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  cloccan  ; W.  cloccian ; Dut. 

klokken  ; Ger.  klucken,  glucken  ; Sw.  klucka  ; 
Dan.  khtkke]  [ i . clucked  ; pp.  cli  cking, 
clucked.]  To  make  the  noise  of  a hen  ; to 
call  chickens,  as  a hen.  “ The  hen  clucks.”  Ray. 

CLUCK,  r.  a.  To  call,  as  a hen  calls  chickens. 

So  long  doth  the  great  brood-hen  cluck  her  chickens  as  she 
takes  them  to  be  hers.  State  TYials. 

CLUUK'ING,  n.  The  noise  of  a hen  when  calling 
her  chickens. 

CLUE,  n.  A thread  wound  upon  a ball : — a guide. 
— See  Clew.  Shak. 

CLUE'— GAR'NpTS,  n.  See  Clew-garnets. 

CLUMP,  n.  [Dut.  klomp  ; Sw.,  Dan.,  § Ger.  klump.'] 

1.  A cluster  of  trees,  or  shrubs.  “To  nurse 

up  a few  trees  in  each  clump.”  Brande. 

2.  A shapeless  mass.  Johnson. 

3.  The  compressed  clay  of  coal  strata.  Brande. 

fCLUMP'yR,  v.  a.  [Ger.  klilmpern.]  To  form 
into  clumps  or  masses.  More. 

CLUMPS,  n.  A numskull.  [Provincial.]  Grose. 

CLflMP'Y,  a.  Consisting  of  clumps  ; massive ; 
shapeless  ; ill-shaped.  Pickering. 

CLUM'§i-LY,  ad.  In  a clumsy  manner. 

CLUM'§(-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  clumsy. 

CLUM'^Y,  a.  [Probably  of  the  same  origin  as 
clump.  Richardson .] 

1.  Without  grace  of  form ; unwieldy  ; heavy  ; 
ill-shaped ; uncouth ; as,  “ A clumsy  machine.” 

2.  Without  dexterity ; awkward ; unhandy. 

The  matter  ductile,  apt  to  be  moulded  into  such  shapes, 

even  by  clumsy  fingers.  Ituy. 

Syn.  — See  Awkward. 

CLUNCH,  n.  (Min.)  An  indurated  clay  found  in 
coal-pits. 

Bind  and  clunch  are  names  used  indifferently  by  miners 
to  designate  the  soil  upon  which  the  coal  strata  rest  .Buchanan. 

CLUNG,  i.  & p.  from  cling.  See  Cling. 

CLUNG,  a.  Wasted  with  leanness  ; emaciated; 
shrunk  with  cold.  [Local.]  Halliwell. 

f CLUNG,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  clingan,  to  shrink  up.] 

1.  To  shrink;  to  waste.  Johnson. 

2.  To  cling.  “ Heavy  dunging  mists.”  More. 

CLU'NI-Ac,  a.  (Eccl.  Hist.)  Belonging  to  the 

order  of  monks  of  Cluny.  Gough. 

CLU'NI-AC,  n.  (Eccl.  Hist.)  A reformed  Bene- 
dictine monk  of  Cluny,  a town  of  France.  Smart. 

CLU'  PF--A,  n.  [I,.,  a small  river -fish.)  (Ich.)  A 
genus  of  fishes,  including  the  herring,  sprat, 
pilchard,  &c.  Yarrdl. 

CLU'PiJ-ID,  n.  One  of  the  Clupeidce.  Smart. 

CLU-PE’ I-DJE,  n. pi.  (Ich.)  The  family  of  her- 
rings. Storcr. 

CLU'SI-M,n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  evergreen  trees  ; 
the  balsam-tree.  Loudon. 

CLUS'T$R,  n.  [A.  S.  cluster,  or  clyster-,  Sw. 
klase.] 

1.  A number  of  the  same  things  grow  ing  or 
collected  together,  as  of  grapes,  shrubs,  or 
trees  ; a bunch. 


I saw  them  under  a green  mantling  vine, 

Plucking  ripe  clusters  from  the  tender  shoots.  Milton. 

2.  A number  of  animals  gathered  together. 

As  bees 

Pour  forth  their  populous  youth  about  the  hive 
In  clusters,  Milton. 

3.  A body  of  people  ; a crowd. 

My  friend  took  his  station  among  a cluster  of  mob.  Addison. 

CLlJS'TpR,  V.  n.  \i.  CLUSTERED  ; pp.  CLUSTER- 
ING, clustered.]  To  grow  in  bunches,  or  clus- 
ters ; to  collect  together.  “ Clustering  grapes.” 
Dryden.  “ Clustering  army.”  Spenser. 

CLUS'TJJR,  v.  a.  To  collect  into  bunches,  or  clus- 
ters. “The  clustered  snow.”  Thomson. 

Clustered  column  ox  pillar,  ( Arch .)  a column 
made,  or  appearing  to  be  made,  of  several 
columns  united. 

CLUS'TJ>R-GRAPE,  n.  A small,  black 
grape.  Mortimer. 

CLUS'TpR-ING,/).  a.  Gathering  into  clus- 

. ters.  “ Clustering  locks.”  Milton. 

CLUS'T£R-Y,  a.  Growing  in  clusters,  or 
bunches  ; bunchy,  [r.]  Johnson. 

CLUTCH,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  gelaccan,  to 
seize.]  \i.  clutched  ; pp.  clutching, 

CLUTCHED.] 

1.  To  gripe  ; to  grasp  ; to  seize. 

Is  this  a dagger  that  I see  before  me. 

The  handle'  toward  my  hand?  Come,  let  me  clutch  thee. 

Shak. 

2.  To  contract  the  hand.  “ The  power  to 

clutch  my  hand.”  Shak. 

CLUTCH,  n.  1.  Gripe  ; grasp;  seizure.  “ I have 
thee  in  my  clutch.”  Sir  T.  More. 

2.  (Mech.)  An  apparatus  for  engaging,  or  dis- 
engaging, two  shafts.  Francis. 

3.  pi.  The  paws  or  talons  of  a rapacious  ani- 
mal. “ To  fall  into  the  clutches  of  a cat.” 

L'  Estrange. 

4.  pi.  The  hands,  in  the  sense  of  rapacity  or 
cruelty. 

I must  have  little  care  of  myself,  if  I ever  more  come  near 
the  clutches  of  such  a giant.  StiUinyJlcet. 

CLU'THAL-iTE,  n.  (Min.)  A congeries  of  im- 
perfect crystals,  of  vitreous  lustre,  forming 
nodules  in  amygdaloid.  Dana. 

CLUT'TpR,  n.  [See  Clatter.]  A bustle  ; a 
confused  noise  ; clatter  : — a confused  mass. 

Prithee,  Tim,  w hy  all  this  clutter ? 

Why  ever  in  these  raging  fits?  Swift. 

CLUT'TgR,  v.  a.  [Ger.  kliittern,  to  clatter.  — See 
Clatter.]  [i.  cluttered  ; pp.  cluttering, 
cluttered.] 

1.  To  clot ; to  coagulate. 

It  killeth  them  by  cluttering  their  blood.  Holland. 

2.  To  encumber  with  a confused  mixture  of 
things  ; as,  “ To  clutter  a room.” 

CLUT'TfR,  v.  n.  To  make  a noise  or  bustle  ; to 
clatter.  Johnson. 

CLYP-IJ-As'TIJR,  n.  [L.  clypeus,  a shield,  and 
aster,  a star.]  (ZoOl.)  A genus  of  sea-urchins 
of  a flattened,  shield-like  form.  Brande. 

CLYP'E-ATE,  a.  [L.  clypeus,  a shield.] 

(Bot.)  Resembling  a round  buckler ; 
shield-like  ; scutate.  P.  Cyc. 

CLYP'E-I-FORM,  «•  [L.  clypeus,  a shield,  and 

forma,  form.]  (Ent.)  Shaped  like  a shield  ; — 
applied  to  the  large  prothorax  of  beetles.  Owen. 

CLY§'M{-AN,  a.  [Gr.  k Xlnrpa,  a place  washed  by 
the  waves.]  Relating  to  the  deluge.  Smart. 

CLY^'MIC,  a.  [Gr.  uXuapdf,  a washing  out.]  Wash- 
ing ; cleansing.  Craig. 

CLYS'TFIR  [klis'ter,  W.  P.  E.  Ja.  Sm.  ; glls'ter, 

S.  J.  F.  K.],  n.  [Gr.  Kt.inxrrjp  ; k?.u(oi,  to  wash  ; 
L.  clyster;  Fr.  clystere.— Dut.  St  Dan.  klisteer; 
Ger.  klystier ; Sw.  klistir .]  (Med.)  A liquid 
thrown  into  the  rectum  or  large  intestine,  by 
means  of  a syringe,  pipe,  or  tube.  Arbuthnot. 

tCL’YS'TJJR-IZE,  V.  n.  [Gr.  Kt-varr/pi^io  ; L.  clys- 
terizo. ] To  apply  a clyster.  Cotgrave. 

CLYS'TfR— PIPE,  n.  The  pipe  by  which  a clys- 
ter is  injected.  \V.  Smith. 

CLYS'TIfR— Wl§E,  ad.  In  the  manner  of  a clys- 
ter. Greenhill. 

CNi'CUS  (nl'kus),  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  kvT\ko ;,  safflower.] 


COADJUMENT 


A genus  of  rough,  prickly  plants  ; horse-this- 
tle. Loudon. 

CNID'J-UM,  n.  [Gr.  nvlbri,  a nettle.]  A genus 
of  deciduous  herbaceous  plants.  Loudon. 

CO-,  COG-,  COL—,  COM-,  CON-,  COR-,  a pre- 
fix of  Latin  origin,  signifying,  in  most  of  the 
words  compounded  with  it,  with,  together , joint- 
ly, mutually,  at  the  same  time,  union  of  parts, 
and  the  like ; its  form  varying  with  tbe  letter 
or  sound  that  follows.  — See  Con. 

DSF  Co  is  used  when  the  word  with  which  it  is 
joined  begins  with  a vowel,  as  ro-eval,  co-existent, 
co-eternal,  co-incident ; con,  when  the  word  begins 
witiia  consonant,  as  contemporary,  conjuncture,  &.C., 
with  the  exception  of  co  parcenary,  co  parcener,  co- 
parceny, co-partner,  and  co-partnership.  — See  Con- 
temporary. 


c6-A-CER'VATE,  v.  a.  [L.  coacervo,  coaccrva- 
tus  ; It.  coacervare .]  To  heap  up.  [r.]  Howell. 

CO-A-CER'VATE,  a.  Accumulated;  heaped  up  ; 
— applied  particularly,  by  the  old  physiologists, 
to  certain  secretions  or  excretions  long  re- 
tained. Brande. 

CO-Ay-5R-vA'TION,  n.  [L.  coacervatio .]  The 
act  of  heaping  together,  [r.]  Bacon. 

COACH  (koclr),  n.  [Dut.  koets  ; Ger.  kutsche  ; It. 
cocchio;  Sp.  <5;  Fr.  coche.\ 

1.  A four-wheeled  pleasure  carriage ; a vehi- 
cle for  state,  for  pleasure,  and  for  travelling. 

In  the  year  1504,  Guyllinm  Boorcn,  a Dutchman,  became 
the  queen’s  coachman,  and  w as  the  first  that  brought  the  use 
of  coaches  into  England.  Stowe. 

About  1580,  the  use  of  coaches  was  introduced  by  the  Earl 
of  Arundel.  Anderson. 

2.  A cant  term  for  a private  tutor.  [Cam- 

bridge  Univ.,  Eng.]  Bristed. 

3.  (Naut.)  An  apartment  in  a large  ship  of 

war  near  the  stern,  the  roof  of  which  is  formed 
by  the  poop.  Ogilvie. 

COACH,  v.  a.  To  carry  in  a coach.  B.  Jonson. 

COACH,  v.  n.  To  ride  or  travel  in  a coach.  Hood. 


COACH'— BOX,  n.  The  seat  on  which  the  driver 
of  the  coach  sits.  Arbuthnot. 


COACH'-DOG,  n.  A 
handsome  spotted 
dog,  kept  chiefly  as 
an  attendant  on  the 
carriage  ; — called 
also  the  Dalmatian 
dog.  Bell. 

COACH'— DR IV- yR,  n. 
One  who  drives  a 
coach  ; a coachman. 


Coach -dog. 


Johnson. 


COACH'FUL,  n.  ; pi.  coach'f0l$.  As  many  as  a 
coach  will  hold.  Addison. 


COACH'-HIRE,  n.  Money  paid  for  the  use  of  a 
coach.  “ Expenses  in  coach-hire."  Spectator. 

COACH'— HORSE,  n.  A horse  for  drawing  a coach. 

COACH'— HOUSE,  n.  The  house  in  which  the 
coach  is  kept.  Swift. 

COACH'— MAK-yR,  n.  One  who  makes  coaches. 

COACH'MAN,  n.  ; pi.  COACHMEN.  The  driver 
of  a coach ; coach-driver.  South. 

COACH 'MAN-SHIP,  n.  The  art,  or  the  skill,  of  a 
coachman.  Jenyns. 

COACH'— WHEEL,  n.  The  wheel  of  a coach. 

f CO-ACT',  v.  a.  [L.  cogo,  coactus,  to  compel.] 
To  force  ; to  compel.  “ The  inhabitants  . . . 
were  coacted.”  Hall. 

f CO-ACT',  v.  n.  To  act  together.  Shak. 

f CO-ACT'ED,  p.  a.  Forced.  B.  Jonson. 

CO-AC'TTON,  n.  [Fr.  coaction.']  Compulsion; 
force,  either  restraining  or  impelling.  South. 

CO-ACT'IVE,  a.  [Fr . coactif.]  1.  Compulsory  ; 
restraining.  “ Coactive  power.”  Raleigh. 

2.  Acting  in  concurrence.  Shak. 

CO-ACT'IVE-LY,  ad.  In  a coactive  manner. 

CO-AC-TIV'I-TY,  n.  Unity  of  action.  More. 

CO-AD'JU-MENT  [ko-Sd'ju-ment,  S.  IF.  Ja.  Sm. ; 
ko-ail-jd'inent,  P.  /?.],  n.  [L.  con,  with,  and  adju- 
mentum,  assistance.]  Mutual  aid,  help,  or  as- 
sistance. [r.]  Johnson. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  0,  Y,  short ; A,  y,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


COADJUTANT 


259 


COARSE 


CO-AD'JU-TANT  [ko-&d'ju-t5nt,  S.  W.  P.  E.  Ja. 
Sm. ; ko-ad-ju'tsmt,  K.  I Vb.],a.  [L.  con,  with,  and 
adjuto,  adjutans,  to  help.]  Helping  ; assisting  ; 
cooperating.  Phillips. 

CO-AD'JU-TANT,  n.  An  assistant ; an  associate  ; 
a coadjutor.  Pope. 

CO-Ad'JU-TING,  p.  a.  Helping.  Drayton. 

CO-AD'jy-TlVE,  a.  Coadjutant.  Feltham. 

CO-AD-JU'TOR  [ko-ad-ju'tor,  S.  IF.  P.  J.  F.  Ja. 
K.  Sm.  R.  C.  Wb. ; ko-Sd'ju-tur,  E.  Dyche, 
Salmon,  Crabb ],  n.  [L.  con,  with,  and  adjutor, 
a helper  ; It.  coadjutore ; Sp.  coadjutor  ; Fr . co- 
adjuteur .] 

1.  A fellow-helper ; an  associate ; an  assist- 
ant ; an  ally.  Dryden. 

2.  ( Eccl .)  One  who  is  appointed  to  assist  a 

bishop,  or  other  prelate.  Brande. 

Syn. — A coadjutor  is  superior  to  an  assistant  or 
helper.  A coadjutor  is  a voluntary  fellow-laborer, 
equal  to  the  person  with  whom  he  acts  ; an  assistant 
or  helper  is  inferior,  acting  a subordinate  part. 

CO-AD-JU'TOR-SHIP,  tl.  The  state  of  being  a 
coadjutor.  Strype.  Qu.  Rev. 

CO-AD-JU'TRESS,  n.  Coadjutrix.  “The  minis- 
tresses and  coadjutresses  of  justice.”  Holland. 

CO-AD-JU'TRJX,  n.  A female  fellow-helper;  a 
female  assistant.  Smollett. 

CO-AD-JU'TRIX-SHIP,  n.  The  state  of  a coadju- 
trix. For.  Qu.  Rev. 

CO-AD'JU-VAN-CY,  n.  [L.  con,  with,  and  ad/uvo, 
adjuvans,  to  help.]  Concurrent  help.  “ Some 
concurrence  or  coadjuvancy.”  [it.]  Browne. 

CO-Ad'U-NATE,  a.  [L.  coaduno,  coadunatus,  to 
join  together.]  ( Bot .)  United  at  the  base  ; 

joined  together.  Brande. 

CO-Ad-U-NA'TION,  n.  [Lr  coadunatio.]  Union. 
“No  coadunation,  no  authority.”  J.  Taylor. 

CO-AD-U-NF'TION  (ko-Sid-u-nlsh'un),  n.  A union 
of  different  substances.  “ The  coadunition  of 
particles.”  [it.]  Hale. 

CO-AD-VENT'U-RyR,  n.  A fellow-adventurer. 
“ A coadventurer  in  that  expedition.”  Howell. 

t CO-AF-FOR'yST,  v.  a.  To  convert  ground  into 
forest ; to  afforest.  Howell. 

CO-A'OIJN-CY,  n.  Joint  agency.  Coleridge. 

CO-A'CjjyNT,  n.  An  associate  in  an  act.  “This 
coagent  of  your  mischiefs.”  Beau.  § FI. 

CO-A^r'I-TATE,  v.  a.  To  move  or  agitate  togeth- 
er. [r.]  Blount. 

f CO-AG-MENT',  v.  a.  To  heap  together.  Glanville. 

+ CO-Ag-MIJN-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  coagmentatio .] 
The  act  of  heaping  together;  collection  ; con- 
junction ; combination.  B.  Jonson. 

CO-Ag-U-LA-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  capacity  of  being 
coagulated,  [r.]  Clarke. 

CO-Ag'U-LA-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  concretion  .Boyle. 

CO-AG'U-lAnt,  n.  [Fr.  coagulant,  coagulative.] 

( Med.)  A substance  that  coagulates.  Dunglison. 

CO-Ag'U-LATE,  v.  a.  [L.  coagido,  coagulatus  ; 
It.  coagulare  ; Sp.  coagular  ; Fr.  coaguler.]  [i. 
COAGULATED  ; pp.  COAGULATING,  COAGULAT- 
ED.] To  force  into  concretions ; to  curdle. 
“ Milk  . . . which  is  coagulated ."  Arbuthnot. 

CO-Ag'U-LATE,  v.  n.  To  run  into  concretions; 
to  curdle.  “ Spirit  of  wine  commixed  with 
milk  coagulateth  little.”  Bacon. 

CO-Ag-U-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  coagulatio  ; Fr.  coagu- 
lation.] 

1.  The  act  of  coagulating;  the  solidification 
of  a liquid  produced  without  evaporation,  and 
without  crystallization  ; concretion.  P.  Cyc. 

2.  That  which  is  coagulated.  Arbuthnot. 

CO-Ag'U-LA-TIvE,  a.  Producing  coagulation. 
“ I o manifest  the  coagulative  power.”  Boyle. 

CO-Ag'U-LA-TOR,  n.  That  which  coagulates. 
“ Coagulators  of  the  humors.”  Arbuthnot. 

CO-AG'U-LA-TO-RY,  a.  Tending  to  coagulate  or 
unite ; coagulative.  Boyle. 

CO-Ao 1 U-LtjM,  ii.  [L.]  1.  A substance  that 

causes  coagulation,  as  rennet.  Crabb. 


2.  (Med.)  A curdled  or  coagulated  substance, 
as  the  clot  of  blood  ; a concretion.  Dunglison. 

CO'— AID,  n.  A fellow-helper;  a coadjutor:  — 
conjunctive  assistance.  Pope. 

COAK,  n.  1.  Mineral  or  fossil  coal  from  which 
the  volatile  matter  has  been  expelled  by  heat- 
ing it  in  closed  vessels.  — See  Coke.  Johnson. 

2.  pi.  (Naut.)  Tabular  projections  let  into 
the  ends  of  pieces  to  be  joined,  to  prevent  their 
being  drawn  apart.  Dana. 

COAK'ING,  n.  (Naut.)  The  operation  of  uniting 
two  pieces  of  wood  at  the  ends  by  means  of 
tabular  projections.  Dana.  Weale. 

COAL  (kol),  n.  [A.  S.  col ; Frs.  koal;  Dut.  kool; 
Ger . kohle;  Sw.  kol ; Dan.  kul.] 

1.  A solid,  inflammable  substance,  of  a black 
color,  found  in  the  earth  as  a fossil,  or  obtained 
by  the  partial  combustion  of  wood  ; the  carbo- 
naceous residue  of  vegetable  matter  partially 
burned  ; as,  “ Anthracite  coal  ” ; “Bituminous 
coal  ” ; “ Coal  from  wood.” 

2.  A combustible  substance  in  a state  of  ig- 
nition. 

There  shall  not  be  a coal  to  warm  at.  Isa.  xlvii.  14. 

To  call  over  the  coals,  or  to  haul  over  the  coals,  to 
call  to  a severe  account;  to  reprimand. — To  carry 
coals,  to  bear  injuries. 

COAL,  v.  a.  I.  To  burn  to  charcoal.  “Wood 

when  it  is  coaled.”  Carew. 

2.  To  delineate  or  write  with  a coal.  “ He 
coaled  out  rhymes  upon  the  wall.”  [r.]  Camden. 

COAL,  v.  n.  To  take  a supply  of  coal  on  board 
of  a steamboat  or  a steamship.  , Choules. 

COAL'— BAS-KgT,  n.  A large  basket  for  carry- 
ing or  measuring  coal.  Ogilvie. 

COAL'— BLACK,  a.  Black  as  coal.  Spenser. 

COAL'— BOX,  n.  A box  to  carry  coals  to  the  fire. 
“ A coal-box,  a bottle,  a broom.”  Swift. 

COAL'— CART,  n.  A cart  used  for  carrying  coal. 

COAL'— DUST,  n.  Dust  arising  from  coal.  Seward. 

COAL'£-RY,  n.  A place  where  coals  are  dug;  a 
coal-mine  ; a colliery,  [r.]  Woodward. 

CO- A-LESfiE'  (ko-a-les'),  v.  n.  [L.  coalesco  ; Old 
Fr.  coalescer .]  [i.  coalesced  ; pp.  coalescing, 

COALESCED.] 

1.  To  come,  or  to  be  brought,  together  into 
one  mass  or  substance,  as  separate  particles  of 
matter;  to  become  consolidated. 

Vapors, . . . when  they  begin  to  coalesce  and  constitute 
globules.  Newton. 

2.  To  unite  in  harmony  ; to  come  to  an  agree- 
ment ; to  combine  ; to  unite. 

Parties  coalesce  when  they  agree  to  lay  aside  their  leading 
distinctions  of  opinion  60  as  to  cooperate.  Crabb. 

Syn.  — See  Add. 

CO-A-LES'CIJNCE  (ko-a-les'sens),  n.  [It.  coales- 
cenza ; Fr.  coalescence .]  Act  of  coalescing  ; con- 
cretion ; union  ; coalition.  Glanville. 

CO-A-LES'CjENT,  a.  [Fr.  coalesccnt.]  Uniting  to- 
gether into  one  mass  or  substance.  Boyle. 

CO-A-LES'CpNT,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  co- 
alesces. Athenaum. 

COAL'— FIELD,  n.  A field  or  land  containing 
coal.  Dr.  Thomson. 

COAL'— FIRE,  n.  A fire  of  which  coal  is  the  fuel. 

COAL'— FISH,  n.  (Ich.)  A species  of  European 
cod  ; Merlangus  carbonarius  ; — so  called  from 
the  dusky  pigment  of  the  skin,  which  soils  the 
fingers  like  coal.  Baird. 

COAL'— FIT-TER,  n.  A factor  who  conducts  the 
sales  between  the  owner  of  a coal-pit  and  the 
shipper  of  coals.  Twiss. 

COAL'— gAs,  n.  A gas  procured  from  bituminous 
coal ; carburetted  hydrogen.  Hamilton. 

COAL'— HOD,  n.  A utensil  for  holding  a small 
supply  of  coal ; a coal-scuttle.  Forby. 

COAL'— HOLE,  n.  1.  An  apartment  in  ships  for 
holding  coal.  Clarke. 

2.  An  opening  in  a sidewalk,  or  elsewhere, 
through  which  to  put  coal. 

CO  AL'— HOUSE,  n.  A place  to  put  coals  in.  Junius. 

CO-A-LITE',  v.  n.  [L.  coalesco,  coalitus .]  To 


coalesce  ; to  unite.  “ Let  them  continue  to  co- 
alite.” [r.]  Bolinybroke. 

CO-A-LITE',  v.  a.  To  cause  to  coalesce.  “Time 
has  . . . blended  and  coalited  the  conquered 
with  the  conquerors.”  Burke. 

CO-A-LI''TION  (ko-a-llsh'un),  n.  [Fr.  coalition.] 

1.  Union  of  particles  into  one  mass. 

’Tis  necessary  that  these  atoms  should  unite  into  great 
masses;  without  such  coalition,  chaos  must  have  reigned  to 
all  eternity.  lienlley. 

2.  Union  of  persons  into  one  body  or  party,; 
alliance  ; confederacy  ; league  ; combination. 

No  coalition  which  carries  in  its  bosom  the  unreconciled 
principles  of  the  original  discord  of  parties  ever  was  or  will 
be  a healing  coalition.  Burke. 

Syn.  — See  Alliance. 

CO-A-LP'TION-IJR,  n.  One  who  unites  in  a co- 
alition ; coalitionist.  Byron. 

CO- A-Ll''TION-IST  (ko-fi-Hsh'un-Tst),  n.  An  ad- 
vocate for  coalition.  ‘ Spectatoi-. 

CO-AL-LY',  n.  A joint  ally.  Clarke. 

COAL'-MAN,  n. ; pi.  coal-men.  One  who  deals 
in  coal ; one  who  carries  coal.  Qu.  Rev. 

COAL'-MEAS-URE  (kol'mezh-ur,  93),  11. 

1.  A measure  for  coal.  Thomson. 

2.  pi.  (Geol.)  Beds  or  strata  of  coal ; the  car- 
boniferous group.  Brande. 

COAL'— MER-CHANT,  n.  One  who  deals  in  coals. 

COAL'— ME-T gR,  n.  One  who  superintends  the 
measuring  of  coal.  Smart. 

COAL'— MINE,  n.  A mine  in  which  coals  are 
dug  ; a coal-pit ; a colliery.  Mortimer. 

COAL'— n.  One  who  works  in  a coal- 
mine. Junius. 

COAL'— MOUSE,  n.  A small  species  of  titmouse 
with  a black  head.  — See  Cole-mouse.  Clarke. 

COAL'— PIT,  n.  1.  A pit  in  which  coals  are  dug. 

2.  A place  where  charcoal  is  made.  [U.  S.] 

COAL'-PLANT,  n.  An  impression  of  a plant 
found  on  fossil  coal.  P.  Cyc. 

COAL'— SCUT-TLE,  n.  A utensil  for  holding  a 
supply  of  coal  for  a parlor  fire. 

COAL'— SHIP,  n.  A ship  that  carries  coals ; a 
collier.  Junius. 

COAL'— STONE,  n.  A sort  of  hard  coal.  Woodward. 

COAL'— TAR,  n.  Tar  made  from  bituminous 
coal.  Weale. 

COAL'— WORK  (-wiirk),  n.  A place  where  coals 
are  found  ; a coal-mine.  Tilton. 

COAL'Y  (ko'le),  a.  1.  Like  coal ; black  as  coal. 
“ Coaly  ravens.”  Sidney. 

2.  Noted  for  coal.  “ Coaly  Tine.”  Milton. 

COAM'|NG§,  n.  pi.  (Naut.)  The  raised  edges 
around  a ship’s  hatches.  Weale. 

CO-AN-NEX',  v.  a.  To  annex  mutually  or  joint- 
ly. [r.]  Hooker. 

CO- AP-PR£-HEND',  v.  a.  To  apprehend  with 
another,  [r.]  Clarke. 

CO-AP-TA'TION,  ii.  [L.  con,  with,  and  apto, 
aptatus,  to  fit;  Fr.  coaptation.] 

1.  The  adjustment  of  parts  to  each  other. 
“ Coaptation  of  the  several  parts.”  Boyle. 

2.  (Surgery .)  The  act  of  setting  a bone.  “ Co- 
aptation must  be  effected  gently.”  Dunglison. 

f CO-ARCT',  v.  a.  [L.  coarcto ; Old  Fr.  coarcter.] 
To  confine ; to  restrain.  Ayliffe. 

f CO-ARC'TATE,  v.  a.  [L.  coarcto,  coarctatus.] 
To  confine;  to  coarct.  Fuller. 

CO-ARC-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  coarctatio ; Sp.  coar- 
tacion ; Fr.  coarctation.] 

1.  f Confinement;  restraint.  Ray. 

2.  The  contraction  in  the  width  of  a canal,  &c. 

COARSE  (kors),  a.  [L.  crassus,  gross.  — “Proba- 
bly a corrupted  form  of  gross.  The  metathesis 
of  r is  common  in  all  languages.”  Sullivan.] 

1.  Oflarge  size  ; not  fine  ; as,  “ Coarse  sand.” 
Sewing  silks  the  coarsest  that  they  use  in  Russeland.  Hackluyt, 

2.  Made  of  large  fibres  or  of  large  particles; 
as,  “ Coarse  cloth  ” ; “ Coarse  bread.” 

3.  Not  purified  ; crude  ; rough. 


MiEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — Q,  $,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


COARSELY 


260 


COBRA-DE-CAPELLO 


I feel 

Of  what  coarse  metal  ye  are  moulded.  Shak. 

4.  Mean  ; vile  ; not  elegant. 

A coarse  and  useless  dunghill  weed.  Otway. 

5.  Gross  ; not  delicate  ; indelicate  ; indecent. 

Yet 't  was  our  curse  that  blessings  flowed  too  fast, 

Or  we  hud  appetites  too  coarse  to  taste.  Otway. 

6.  Unpolished;  rude;  uncivil;  as,  “A  man 
coarse  in  manners  or  in  language.” 

Syn. — Coarse,  rough,  and  rude  are  all  equally  ap- 
plied to  substances  or  things  not  polished  by  art ; and 
they  have  also  figurative  applications.  Coarse  cloth, 
bread,  language  ; rough  surface,  manners  ; rude  con- 
struction, appearance,  or  language  : — gross  or  uncivil 
language  or  manners  ; inelegant  style  ; indelicate  re- 
mark ; mean  or  vile  conduct.  — See  Broad. 

CO  ARSE'LY,  ad.  In  a coarse  manner. 

COARS'EN  (kor’sn),  v.  a.  To  make  coarse  ; to 
render  vulgar,  [it.]  Graham. 

COARSE'N#SS,  n.  The  state  of  being  coarse  ; as, 
“ Coarseness  of  material  ” ; “ Coarseness  of 
manners  or  of  language.” 

Consider  the  penuriousness  of  the  Hollanders,  the  coarse- 
ness of  their  food  and  raiment.  Addison. 

CO-AR-TlC-U-LA'TION,  n.  ( Anat .)  The  structure 
of  the  bones  in  forming  a joint.  Crabb. 

CO-AS-SESS'OR,  n.  A joint  assessor.  Ogilvie. 

CO-AS-SUME',  v.  a.  [L.  con,  with,  and  assitmo, 
to  take  up,  to  adopt.]  To  assume  a thing  at 
the  same  time  with  something  else. 

Was  it  not  enough  to  assume  our  nature,  but  thou  must 
coassume  the  weaknesses  of  nature.  Walsall,  Life  of  Christ. 

COAST  (kost),  n.  [L.  costa,  a rib,  a side ; It. 
Sp.  costa  ; Fr.  cute.— Dut.  £$  Sw.  kust ; Ger. 
kilste  ; Dan.  kgst.] 

1.  The  side  of  any  thing,  [r.] 

Some  kind  of  virtue,  lodged  in  some  sides  of  the  crystal, 
inclines  and  bends  the  rays  towards  the  coast  of  unusual  re- 
fraction. Newton. 

2.  The  side,  border,  or  frontier  of  a country. 

They  began  to  pray  him  to  depart  out  of  their  coasts. 

J lark  v.  17. 

Ilcrod  . . . slew  all  the  children  that  were  in  Bethlehem 
and  in  all  the  coasts  thereof.  Matt.  ii.  16. 

3.  The  edge,  border,  or  margin  of  a country 
bounded  by  the  sea  ; the  shore. 

Would  you,  my  friend,  true  bliss  obtain, 

Nor  press  the  coast  nor  tempt  the  main.  Cotton's  Horace. 

Syn.  — Coast  is  that  part  of  land  or  of  a country 
bordering  on  the  sea,  and  visible  from  the  sea  ; shore 
is  the  edge  of  land  washed  by  the  waves  ; strand , the 
strip  of  shore  between  high  and  low  water-mark. 

COAST  (kost),  v.  n.  p.  coasted  ; pp.  COASTING, 
COASTED.] 

1.  f To  go  near  to  or  to  the  side  of.  Berners. 

2.  To  sail  along  the  coast. 

The  ancients  coasted  only  in  their  navigation,  seldom  tak- 
ing the  open  sea.  Arbuthnot. 

3.  To  slide  on  a sled  down  the  side  of  a hill 
upon  snow  or  ice.  [U.  S.] 

COAST,  v.  a.  1.  f To  keep  close  by  the  side  of. 

William  Douglas  still  coasted  the  Englishmen,  doing  them 
what  damage  he  might.  llolinshed. 

2.  To  sail  by  ; to  sail  near  to. 

The  greatest  entertainment  we  found  in  coasUiuj  it,  were 
the  several  prospects  which  be  on  the  borders  of  it.  Addison. 

COAST'gR,  n.  1.  He  who  sails  near  the  shore. 

We  here  but  cottsters,  not  discoverers,  are.  Dryden. 

2.  A small  coasting  or  trading  vessel. 

COAST'ING,  a.  Keeping  near  the  coast,  or  trad- 
ing between  ports  along  the  coast. 

Coasting  trade,  tile  trade  or  intercourse  carried  on 
by  sea  between  two  ports  or  places  belonging  to  the 
same  country.  McCulloch. — Coasting  vessel , a vessel 
employed  in  the  coasting  trade ; a coaster. 

COAST'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  sailing  near  the 
shore,  or  the  business  of  carrying  freight  in  ves- 
sels from  port  to  port  on  the  coast. 

2.  An  amusement  of  boys  in  sliding,  on  a 
small  sled  or  vehicle,  down  a descending  ground, 
upon  the  snow  or  ice.  [U.  S.] 

COAST'— ROCK,  n.  A rock  on  the  coast.  Coleridge. 

COAST'— SED'I-MENT,  n.  Sediment  left  on  a 
coast.  Phillips. 

COAST'— WAIT-^R,  n.  An  officer  of  the  customs 
who  superintends  the  landing  and  shipping  of 
goods  coastwise.  Ogilvie. 

CO  A ST' WISE,  ad.  Along  the  coast.  Hale. 


COAT  (kat,  21),  n.  [It.  cotta ; Fr.  cotte .] 

1.  An  tipper  or  outside  garment  worn  by  men. 

2.  pi.  The  habit  of  a boy  in  his  infancy  ; pet- 
ticoats. “ A child  in  coats.”  Locke. 

For  he  that  has  been  used  to  have  his  will  as  long  as  he 
was  in  coats,  why  should  we  think  it  stmnge  that  he  should 
desire  it  when  he  is  in  breeches  t Locke. 

3.  The  habit  or  vesture  as  denoting  the  office. 

Men  of  his  coat  should  be  minding  their  prayers.  Swift. 

4.  That  which  covers  in  the  manner  of  a gar- 
ment, as  the  skin,  hair,  or  fur  of  an  animal. 

Or,  as  the  snake  with  youthful  coat  repaid.  Stilton. 

5.  Any  covering  ; as,  “ The  coats  of  the  eye  ” ; 
“ The  coats  of  an  onion  ” ; “A  coat  of  paint.” 

6.  That  on  which  ensigns  armorial  are  dis- 
played. 

Cropped  ore  the  flower-de-luces  in  your  arms; 

Of  England’s  coat  one  half  is  cut  away.  Shak. 

Coat  of  arms,  a habit  worn  by  ancient  knights  over 
their  arms,  and  embroidered  with  tlieir  ensigns  armo- 
rial:— that  on  which  the  ensigns  armorial  are  repre- 
sented. — Coat  of  mail,  body  armor  consisting  of  a net- 
work of  iron  rings. 

COAT  (kot),  V.  a.  [ i . COATED  ; pp.  COATING, 
COATED.] 

1.  To  cover  with  an  outside  garment.  “ He 

is  coated  and  booted  for  it.”  B.  Jonson. 

2.  To  spread  over  with  a covering.  “To  coat 

a retort.”  “ To  coat  a ceiling.”  Johnson. 

COAT'-AR-MOR,  n.  Armorial  ensigns.  Crabb. 

COAT'— CARD,  n.  A card  bearing  a coated  figure, 
as  the  king,  queen,  or  knave  ; — now  corrupted 
into  court-card.  B.  Jonson. 

COAT-EE',  n.  A short,  close  coat.  Latrobe. 

COAT'ING,  n.  1.  Covering;  lorication  ; as,  “The 
coating  of  a retort  ” ; “A  coating  of  paint.” 

2.  Materials  for  making  coats.  IF.  Ency. 

COAT'— POCK-1JT,  n.  A pocket  in  a coat.  Swift. 

COAX  (koks),  V.  a.  [cogs,  a kind  of  vessel  used 
on  the  coast  of  Yorkshire,  or  cogs-mcn,  the  crew 
who  navigated  them,  and  who  were  notorious 
beggars.  Lye.  Bishop  Rennet.  Richardson. — 
W.  cocru,  to  fondle ; Sp.  cocar,  to  make  wry 
faces,  to  coax.  Webster.']  p.  coaxed  ; pp. 
coaxing,  coaxed.]  To  persuade  by  fondling  ; 
to  cajole  ; to  wheedle  ; to  flatter  ; to  entice. 
[Colloquial.]  L’  Estrange. 

Syn.  — To  coax,  wheedle , cajole,  and  fawn  upon,  all 
imply  the  use  of  mean  arts  to  effect  some  selfish  pur- 
pose. Children  coax,  and  are  couxed;  the  knavisit  and 
covetous  wheedle  and  cajole ; millions  and  parasites 
fawn.  — A person  is  flattered  by  exaggerated  praise, 
and  enticed  to  evil  by  artful  persuasion. 

f COAX  (koks),  n.  A dupe.  Beau.  % FI.  B.  Jonson. 

f CO-AX-A'TION  (ko-;iks-a'shun),  n.  [Gr.  /toa|,  the 
sound  made  by  frogs ; L.  coaxo,  to  croak.]  The 
act  of  croaking.  II.  More. 

I hope  wc  shall  see  no  more  of  their  frog-galliards,  nor 
hear  of  their  harsh  croaking  and  cocucation  either  in  the  pul- 
pit or  the  press.  Featley. 

COAX'pR,  n.  One  who  coaxes  ; a wheedler. 

COAX'ING-Ly,  ad.  In  a flattering  manner. 

COB,  n.  1.  [A.  S.  attcr-coppa,  a spider  ; attr, 
poison,  copp,  a cup,  a head.]  A spider.  Johnson. 

2.  [it.  gabbiano.]  The  sea-mew; — called 

also  sea-cob.  Phillips. 

3.  [A.  S.  cop,  the  top,  or  the  head,  copest, 
chief ; Dut.  kop  ; Ger.  kopfI\  A rich,  covetous 
person;  amiser.  “ Rich  cobs  of  this  world.”  Udal. 

Country  chuffs,  which  make  their  bellies  and  their  bags 
their  gods,  are  called  rich  cobs.  Nash. 

4.  Clay  mixed  with  straw. 

The  poor  cottager  contenteth  himself  with  cob  for  his 
walls,  and  thatch  for  his  covering.  Carew. 

5.  A piece  of  money  ; a Spanish  coin. 

He  then  drew  out  a large  leathern  bag,  and  poured  out  the 
contents,  which  were  silver  cobs,  upon  the  table.  Sheridan. 

6.  A stone  ; a kernel.  Halliwell. 

7.  A horse  not  castrated  : — a pony.  Todd. 

8.  A herring.  “ I may  starve  ere  he  give  me 

so  much  as  a cob.”  B.  Jonson. 

Cob  is  head.  Our  old  writers  used  the  word  as  a distinc- 
tive mark  of  bulk;  thus  cob-loaf  was  the  largest  loaf.  But 
cob  was  more  commonly  applied  to  fishes,  and  of  these  chiefly 
to  the  rod  and  white  herring,  whence  it  became  a cant  term 
for  the  whole  fish.  Gifford's  Ed.  of  B.  Jonson. 

9.  A spike  on  which  the  kernels  of  maize 
grow  ; — called  also  corn-cob.  [U.  S.] 

10.  A kind  of  wicker  basket  made  so  as  to 

be  carried  on  the  arm.  Clarke. 


11.  A flower ; a kind  of  pink.  — See  Con- 

pink.  Loudon. 

COB,  v.  a.  1.  To  break  ; to  bruise  ; as,  “ To  cob 
tin.”  [Cornish.]  Weale. 

2.  (Naut.)  To  punish  by  striking  the  breech 
with  a strap  or  a belt.  Clarke. 

CO-B.'E'A,  n.  (Bot.)  A rapidly  growing,  annual, 

climbing  plant ; — so  named  from  Cobo,  a Span- 
ish Jesuit.  Loudon. 

CO'BALT,  or  COB'ALT  [kob'jlt,  S.  IF.  P.  J.  E. 
F. ; ko'bSdt,  Ja.  Srn.  ; ko  halt.  A'.],  n.  [Ger.  ko- 
bo/d, a goblin  or  devil,  — a term  applied  to  this 
metal  by  the  German  miners,  who  considered  it 
unfavorable  to  the  presence  of  more  important 
metals.]  [Min.)  A brittle  metal  of  a reddish- 
gray  color,  having  the  specific  gravity  7.8  ; — 
much  used,  in  the  state  of  an  oxide,  to  produce 
the  various  shades  of  blue  in  the  manufacture 
of  porcelain  and  pottery.  Brande. 

Cobalt  blue,  a blue  pigment  composed  of  alumina 
and  phosphate  of  cobalt.  — Cobalt  green,  a preparation 
of  cobalt,  the  green  color  of  which  is  due  to  the  pres- 
ence of  iron.  Fairholt. 

CO-BAL'TIC,  a.  Noting  an  acid  formed  from  co- 
balt, or  inferred  to  exist  in  it,  because  ammonia 
combines  with  its  oxide.  Fraticis. 

COB'ALT-INE,  n.  (Min.)  A mineral  containing 
cobalt,  arsenic,  sulphur,  and  iron ; silver-white 
cobalt.  Dana. 

COB'BING,  n.  ( Naut .)  A punishment  by  strap- 
ping with  a belt,  or  beating  with  a board.  Crabb. 

COB'BLE  (kob'bl),  v.  a.  [Skinner  suggests  Ger. 
koppeln,  to  couple.]  p.  cobbled  ; pp.  cob- 
bling, cobbled.] 

1.  To  mend  coarsely.  “ Cobbled  shoes.”  Shak. 

2.  To  make  clumsily. 

Give  thy  base  poets  b^k  their  cobbled  rhj'mcs.  Dryden. 

COB'BLE,  n.  1.  ( Ornith .)  A diving  bird.  P.  Cyc. 

2.  A globular  sort  of  stone,  such  as  is  used 

for  paving  streets  ; a small  round  stone.  “Their 
slings  held  cobbles  round.”  Fairfax. 

3.  A lump  of  coal  from  the  size  of  an  egg  to 

that  of  a football.  Brande. 

4.  [A.  S.  cuople.]  A small  fishing  boat ; — 

written  also  coble.  Johnson. 

COB'BLE— STONE,  n.  A round  stone ; a cobble. 

COB'BLIJR,  n.  1.  A mender  of  shoes. 

As  good  is  the  prayer  of  a cobbler  as  of  a cardinal.  Tyndale . 

2.  A clumsy  workman. 

Truly,  sir,  in  respect  of  a fine  workman,  I am  but,  as  you 
would  say,  a cobbler.  Shak. 

COB'BY,  a.  Stout ; brisk  ; hearty  ; lively  : — head- 
strong ; oppressive.  [Local,  Eng.]  Brockett. 

COB'CAL,  n.  An  open  slipper,  worn  by  ladies  in 
the  East.  Smart. 

COB'— COAL§,  n.  pi.  Large  round  coals.  Grose. 

COB'-IIORSE,  n.  [See  Cob.]  A kind  of  stout- 
made  horse.  Booth. 

COB'IR-ONS,  n.  pi.  Andirons  having  knobs  at 
the  upper  end.  Bacon. 

CO-BlSH'OP,  n.  A coadjutant  bishop.  Ayliffe. 

CO-BI' TEtji,  Ji.  ( Ich .)  A genus  of  acanthopterygi- 
ous  fishes  belonging  to  the  family  Cyprinidee ; 
the  loach.  Baird. 

COB'LE  (kob'bl),  7i.  [A.  S.  cuople.]  A small  fish- 
ing boat  used  on  the  rivers  and  lakes  of  Wales, 
and  the  borders.  — See  Cobble  Bt-ande. 

COB'-LOAF,  n.  [See  Cob.]  A large  loaf.  Nares. 

COB'-NUT,  n.  1.  A large  nut.  Barret. 

2.  A childish  game  played  with  nuts ; the 
conquering  nut.  Johnso7i. 

CO-BOB',  v.  a.  To  roast  meat  in  an  Asiatic  mode. 

— See  Cabob.  Todd. 

CO-BOOSE',  n.  (Naut.)  1.  A kind  of  box  to 

cover  the  chimney  of  a ship.  Falconer. 

2.  The  cooking-room  on  the  deck  of  a ship  ; 

— called  also  caboose  and  galley. 

COB'-PlNK,  n.  A large  kind  of  pink;  — called 

also  cob.  Loudon . 

CO'BRA,  n.  [Port.]  (Hcrp.)  The  cobra-de-ca- 
pello';  Naja  tripudians.  Rogct. 

CO  1 B RJl-DK-  CA-  PEL1 1. 6,  n.  [Port,  cobra  de  ca- 
pe llo,  serpent  of  the  hood.]  A very  poisonous 


A,  E,  f,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure.  — FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


COB-STONE 


261 


COCKET 


sort  of  snake  in  India  ; the  hooded-snake  ; the 
spectacled-snake  ; Naja  tripudians  ; — called 
also  cobra-capcllo  and  cobra.  Baird. 

CUB'— STONE,  re.  [See  Cob.]  A large  stone  ; a 
cobble-stone.  [North  of  Eng.]  Grose. 

COB'SWAN  (kob'swon),  n.  [See  Cob.]  The  head, 
or  leading,  swan.  B.  Jonson. 

COB'-wAll,  re.  [See  Con.]  A wall  formed  of 
mud,  or  unburnt  clay,  mixed  with  straw.  Brande. 

COB' WEB,  n.  [Dut.  kopweb.  — See  Cob.] 

1.  The  web  of  a spider. 

One  of  the  Seven  used  to  say  that  laws  were  like  cobwebs , 
where  the  small  flies  were  caught,  and  the  great  broke 
through.  Bacon. 

2.  Any  thing  designed  to  insnare. 

For  he  a rope  of  sand  could  twist 
As  tough  as  learned  Sorbonist, 

And  weave  fine  cobwebs  fit  for  skull 

That ’s  empty  when  the  moon  is  full.  HudUrras. 

COB'WEB,  a.  Fine,  slight,  or  flimsy.  “ Cobweb 
lawn.”  B.  Jonson.  “ Cobweb  laws.”  Dryden. 

COB'WEBBED  (kSb'webd),  a.  Covered  with,  spi- 
ders’ webs.  “ The  cobwebbed  cottage.”  Young. 

COB'WEB-BY,  a.  1.  Abounding  in  cobwebs. 

2.  ( Bot . j Bearing  hairs  like  cobwebs,  or  gos- 
samer ; arachnoid.  Gray. 

CO'CA,n.  [Sp.]  The  dried  leaf  of  the  Erythrox- 
ylon  coca,  a native  plant  of  Peru.  It  is  a very 
stimulating  narcotic,  and  more  pernicious  than 
opium.  P.  Cyc. 

COCAGJVF.  (kok-an'),  re.  [Fr.  le  pais  de  cocagne, 
a country  of  plenty.] 

1.  An  imaginary  country  of  luxury  and  idle- 
ness. Tyrwhitt. 

2.  The  region  of  Cockneys,  i.  e.  London  and 

its  suburbs.  — See  Cockney.  Smart. 

C OE- C I F ' E R - O U S , a.  [Gr.  k6kko t,  a berry;  L.  coc- 
cum,  a berry,  and  fero,  to  bear.]  (Bot.)  Bear- 
ing berries,  as  plants  ; bacciferous.  Quincy. 

Coe-QL-ATEL'  LA,  re.  [Dim.  of  L.  coccimes,  from 
Gr.  KOKKiros,  scarlet.]  (Ent.)  A genus  of  trim- 
erous,  coleopterous  insects,  marked  with  scar- 
let, yellow,  and  black  spots,  including  the  lady- 
bird, lady-cow,  &c.  Hams. 

COE-gi-NEL'LINE  (18),  re.  ( Chem .)  The  pecul- 
iar coloring  matter  of  cochineal.  Hamilton. 

COC'CO-LITE,  re.  [Gr.  k6kko 5,  a berry,  and  l.iBos, 
a stone.]  (Min.)  A mineral  of  a concretional  or 
granular  texture  ; a variety  of  pyroxene.  Dana. 

COC-CO-LO'BA,  re.  [Gr.  k6kko;,  a berry,  and  '/.o(i6s, 
a lobe.]  (But.)  A genus  of  plants,  the  fruit  of 
which  has  three  lobes ; seaside-grape.  Loudon, 
coc-co-  thrA  us-  ti  'ay®, 

n.pl.  [Gr.  k 6kkos,  a berry, 
and  0pavar6s,  broken ; Opavto, 
to  break.]  ( Ornith .)  A 
sub-family  of  birds  of  the 
order  Passeres  and  family 
Fringillidee ; hawfinches. 

Gray. 

CdC'CU-LtrS,  re.  (Bot.)  A 
genus  of  climbing  plants, 
one  species  of  which  pro- 
duces the  calumba  root.  Cardinalis  Virginianus. 

COC' Cu-Ltrs  IAT'Dl-COs,  n.  [L.J  Indian  berry; 
a poisonous  fruit  often  used  in  adulterating 
malt  liquors,  to  give  them  bitterness  and  in- 
crease their  stupefying  qualities.  Brande. 

COC' CUS,  re.  ; pi.  c&c'ci.  [L.,  from  Gr.  kokko;.] 

1.  (Ent.)  A genus  of  hemipterous  insects,  in- 

cluding the  cochineal  insect,  and  the  bark-lice, 
which  are  injurious  to  trees.  Hams. 

2.  pi.  (Bot.)  The  carpels  of  a dry  fruit  which 

are  separable  from  each  other.  Gray. 

COC'gyX  (kok'sjks),  re.  [L.,  from  Gr.  k6kku(,  a 
cuckoo.]  (Anat.)  A bone  joined  to  the  lower 
extremity  of  the  os  sacrum  ; — so  called  from  a 
fancied  resemblance  to  the  beak  of  the  cuckoo. 

COC-CY-Zi'NJE,  re.  pi. 

[L.  coccyx,  from  Gr. 
k6kkv(,  a cuckoo.] 

(Ornith.)  A sub-fam- 
ily of  birds  of  the  order 
Scansores  and  family 
CuculidtB  ; ground- 

cuckoos.  Gray.  Coccyzus  Americanus. 


II  COCH'I-NEAL  [koch'e-nel,  J.  E.Ja.  Wb. ; kucli'e- 
nel,  S.  W.  P.  F.  K.  C. ; koch-e-nSl',  Sret.l,  re. 
[It.  cocciniglia  ; Port,  cochenilha  ; Sp.  cochini- 
lla  ; Fr.  cochcnille  ; Dut.  conchenilje  ; Dan.  &; 
Sw.  kockenill .]  A substance  consisting  of  dried 
insects,  brought  principally  from  Mexico,  and 
used  in  the  arts  as  a red  dye,  or  tincture. 

p'ty  “ These  insects,  of  thespecies  Coccus  cactus , are 
small,  rugose,  and  of  a deep  mulberry  color.  They  are 
scraped  from  the  cactus  plant,  on  which  they  feed, 
into  bags,  killed  by  boiling  water,  and  dried  in  the 
sun.”  Brande. 


||  COCH'I-NEAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  cochineal ; as, 
“ The  cochineal  insect.” 

||  COCH'I-NEAL— FIG,  re.  (Bot.)  A South- Ameri- 
can species  of  cactus , on  which  the  cochineal 
insect  feeds  ; the  Cactus  cochinillifer.  Ogilvie. 

COCH  ' LF.-A,  re.  [L.,  from  Gr.  sd^ha;,  a snail 
with  a spiral  shell ; a screw.] 

1.  (Conch.)  A name  given  by  the  older  nat- 
uralists to  spiral  shells.  Forbes  3,  Hanky. 

2.  (Anat.)  A cavity  of  the  ear.  Hoblyn. 

COCH'LIJ-AN,  a.  (Bot.)  A term  used  in  describ- 
ing the  aestivation  of  a flower,  to  express  one 
piece  being  hollowed  like  a spoon,  and  larger 
than  the  others  which  it  covers.  Brande. 

COEH'Lp-AR,  re.  [L.  cochlea,  a screw.]  A name 
applied  to  the  water-engine  usually  termed  Ar- 
chimedes’ screw.  Francis. 


COCH-LE-A  ' RE,  re.  [L.]  I.  A spoon;  — the 
bowls  of  spoons  having  been  formerly  made  like 
a cockle-shell,  and  often  fluted.  Brande. 

2.  A spoonful ; — a term  used  in  medical  pre- 
scriptions. Craig. 

COCH-LE-A  ' RI-A,  re.  [Gr.  Kopf.tdpiov,  a spoon  ; 
L.  coclilearium .]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants, 
including  horse-radish  ; scurvy-grass  ; — so 
called  from  the  leaves  being  concave  like  the 
bowl  of  a spoon.  Loudon. 

COCH-Lp-A'RI-FORM,  a.  [L.  cochleare,  a spoon, 
and  forma,  form.]  (Bot.)  Spoon-shaped.  Gray. 

COEH'LIJ- A-R Y,  a.  [L.  cochlea,  a snail,  a screw.] 
Having  the  form  of  a snail’s  shell  or  of  a screw. 
“ Cochleary  turnings.”  Browne. 


COGH'LE-ATE,  a.  [L.  cochleatus,  screw- 
formed ; spiral  ; cochlea,  a screw.] 

1.  Formed  like  a screw ; spiral;  cochle- 
ated. 

2.  (Bot.)  Resembling  a snail-shell ; coiled 

like  a snail-shell.  Gray. 

COEH'Lp-AT-ED,  a.  Having  the  form  of  a 
screw  ; shaped  like  a screw.  Woodward. 


COEH'LU-OUS  (kok'le-us),  a. 
cochleated;  cochleate. 


Of  a spiral  form  ; 

Derhani. 


COjCH'LlTE,  re.  [Gr.  a snail,  and  h :60s, 

a stone.]  (Pal.)  A fossil  shell  having  a mouth" 
like  that  of  a snail.  Clarke. 


COCK  (kbk),  re.  (Ornith.)  1.  [A.  S.cocc;  Fr.  coq.) 
The  male  of  gallinaceous  or  domestic  fowls,  and 
of  certain  other  birds  ; — especially  used  for  the 
common  dunghill  cock. 

2.  A vane  in  the  shape  of  a cock  ; a weather- 
cock. 

You  cataracts  and  hurricanoes,  spout 

Till  you  have  drenched  our  steeples,  drowned  the  cocks. 

Shah. 

3.  A strutting  chief  or  leader. 

Sir  Andrew  is  the  cock  of  the  club.  Addison. 

But  at  cuffs  I was  always  the  cock  of  the  school.  Swift. 

4.  An  instrument  or  spout  for  drawing  off 

a liquid  from  a cask  or  vessel.  P.  Cyc. 

5.  The  form  of  a hat ; — in  allusion  to  the 
comb  of  a cock. 

. You  may  see  many  a smart  rhetorician  turning  his  hat  in 
his  hands,  moulding  it  into  several  different  cocks.  Addison. 

6.  A small  conical  heap  of  hay. 

Spread  the  hay  again;  and  if  you  find  it  dry,  make  it  up 
into  cocks.  Mortimer. 

7.  Cock-crowing. 

We  were  carousing  till  the  second  cock.  Shak. 

8.  The  piece  which  covers  the  balance  of  a 

watch.  Bailey. 

9.  The  style  or  gnomon  of  a dial.  Chambers. 

10.  The  needle  or  index  of  a balance. JWtresore. 

11.  [It.  cocca .]  Notch  of  an  arrow.  Skinner. 

12.  The  part  of  the  lock  of  a gun  that  holds 
the  two  pieces  of  iron  between  which  the  flint  is 
fixed. 


And,  bending  rock,  he  levelled  full 

Against  the  outside  of  Talgoll  skull.  Hudforas. 

13.  f [It.  cocca  ; Fr.  coquet .]  A small  boat ; a 
cockboat.  "Cocks  ...  and  fisher-boats.”  Carew. 

Yon  tall  anchoring  bark 
Diminished  to  her  cocky  her  cock  a buoy 
Almost  too  small  for  sight.  Shak. 

Cock  on  the  hoop , or  cock-a-hoop , [Old  Fr.  hupe , crest- 
ed, proud.  Cotgrave.  Fr.  huppe,  a tuft  or  crest  on  the 
head  of  birds.]  Triumphant;  exulting. 

And,  having  routed  the  whole  troop, 

With  victory  was  cock-a-hoop.  Hudibi-as. 

Cock  and  bull , tedious,  unmeaning  stories  ; mere 
babble.  — “A  story  of  a cock  and  build 9 Cowper. 

COCK,  v.  a.  \i.  COCKED  ; pp.  COCKING,  cocked.] 

1.  To  set  erect,  as  a cock  holds  his  head. 

Our  Lightfoot  barks,  and  cocks  his  ears.  Oay. 

2.  To  set  the  hat  upon  the  head  jantily,  or 
with  an  air  of  pertness. 

An  alert  young  fellow  cocked  his  hat  upon  a friend  of  his 
who  entered.  Addison. 

3.  To  mould  the  form  of  the  hat.  Johnson. 

4.  To  fix  the  cock  of  a gun  ready  for  dis- 
charge. “ Holding  their  pistols  cocked. ’ ’ Dryden. 

5.  To  raise  hay  in  heaps. 

Or  summer  shade  under  the  cocked  hay.  Spenser. 

COCK,  v.  re.  1.  To  strut;  to  hold  up  the  head. 
“ Every  one  cocks  and  struts  upon  it.”  Addison. 

2.  To  train  or  use  fighting  cocks.  B.  Jonson. 

COCK-ADE',  re.  [Dut.  kokarde.—lt.coccarda  ; Sp. 
cuearcla  ; Fr.  cocarde.']  A knot  of  ribbon  worn 
in  the  hat  as  a badge.  It  was  so  used  upon  the 
broad-flapped  hat  of  the  military  in  the  17th 
century.  Notes  § Queries. 

COCK-AD'ED,  a.  Wearing  a cockade. 

Well-fashioned  figure  and  cockaded  brow.  Young. 

f COCK' A L,  re.  A game  played  with  sheep’s  bones 
instead  of  dice  ; — called  huckle-bone.  Kinder. 

COCK-A-TOO',  re.  [Fr.  caqueteur,  a prattler.] 
(Opnith.)  A parrot  of  the  family  Cacatuince, 
bearing  an  erectile  tuft  upon  the  head.  Baird. 

COCK'A-TOON,  re.  The  cockatoo.  Scott. 

COCK'A-TRICE  [kokVtns,  IF.  J.  F.  Sm. ; kdk'a- 
trTs,  S.  E.  K.  C. J,  re.  [Fr.  cocatrix .]  A serpent 
fabled  to  rise  from  a cock’s  egg,  described  with 
wings,  legs,  and  a crest  like  that  of  a cock  ; a 
name  of  the  basilisk.  It  was  thought  so  ven- 
omous as  to  be  able  to  kill  with  its  look. 

And  kill  with  looks,  as  cockatrices  do.  Spenser. 

Mischiefs  are  like  the  cockatrice's  eye ; 

If  they  see  first,  they  kill;  if  seen,  they  die.  Dryden . 

COCK'BILL,  v.  a.  (Naut.)  1.  To  place  the  yards 
at  an  angle  with  the  deck.  Dana. 

2.  To  suspend  an  anchor  to  the  cathead  by 
the  ring  only.  Dana. 

COCK'BOAT,  re.  [See  Cock,  re.  No.  13.]  (Naut.) 
A small  boat  belonging  to  a ship.  Bacon. 

COCK'— BRAINED  (kok'brand),  a.  Giddy;  rash. 
“ Such  a cock-brained  solicitor.”  Milton. 

COCK'— BROTH,  re.  Broth  made  by  boiling  a cock. 

COCK'CHAF-pR,  re.  (Ent.)  A coleopterous  in- 
sect ; tree-beetle  ; May-bug ; dor-bug.  Harris. 

COCK'— CROW,  re.  The  crow  of  a cock.  Coleridge. 

COCK'— CROW- ING,  re.  The  time  at  which  cocks 
crow ; the  dawn.  Mark  xiii.  35. 

fCOCK'ER,  v.  a.  [W.  cocru,  to  fondle,  Webster. 
Dut.  kokerillen,  to  celebrate  festivities,  Junius.) 
To  fondle  ; to  indulge.  Shak. 

Bred  a fondling  and  an  heiress, 

Cockered  by  the  servants  round.  Swift . 

COCK'pR,  re.  1.  A cock-fighter.  Johnson. 

2.  A kind  of  rustic  high  shoe,  or  half-boot. 
“ His  patched  cockers.”  Hall. 

COCK'^R-EL,  re.  A young  cock.  Shak. 

f COCK'IJR-ING,  re.  Indulgence. 

Most  children’s  constitutions  are  spoiled  by  cockering  and 
tenderness.  Locke. 

t COCK'^T,  a.  Brisk  ; pert.  Sherwood. 

COCK'ET,  re.  1.  (English  Law.)  A seal  belonging 
to  the  custom-house  : — an  instrument  sealed 
and  delivered  by  officers  of  the  customs  as  a 
warrant  that  merchandise  is  entered  : — an  office 
in  the  custom-house  where  goods  to  be  exported 

. are  entered.  Burrill. 

2.  [Fr.  coquet .]  A cockboat.  Sherwood. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RtrLE.  — 9,  9,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  jG,  £,  |,  hard;  § as  ■/. ; $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


CODFISH 


COCKET-BREAD 

COCK'ET— BREAD,  n.  The  finest  sort  of  wheaten 
bread.  Scott. 

COCK'JgY,  n.  A common  sewer.  Britton. 

COCK'-EYE  (kok'l),  n.  A squinting  eye.  Forby. 

COCK'-FEATH-]JR,  n.  (Archery.)  The  feather 
which  stood  on  the  arrow,  when  it  was  rightly 
placed  upon  the  string,  perpendicularly  above 
the  notch.  Aschain. 

COCK'— FIGHT  (-fit),  ) n_  A battle  or  match  be- 

COCK'— FIGHT-ING,  ) tween  game-cocks.  Bacon. 

COCK'-FlGHT-ER,  n.  One  who  pits  game-cocks. 

COCK'-HORSE,  n.  A tall  kind  of  horse.  Crahb. 

COCK'-HORSE,  a.  Proudly  elevated,  as  on  horse- 
back ; triumphant ; exulting.  [Low.] 

Alma,  they  strenuously  maintain, 

Sits  cock-horse  on  her  throne  the  brain.  Prior. 

COCK'ING,  n.  Cockfighting.  “ The  cocking  holds 
at  Derby.”  Beau.  £j  FI. 

COCK'-LAiRD,  n.  A person  who  owns  a small 
landed  property,  and  cultivates  it  himself ; a 

yeoman.  [Scotland.]  Ogilvie. 

COC'KLE  (kok'kl),  n.  [Gr.  k6%Ios  ; L.  cochlea  ; 
Fr.  coquille. ] 

1.  (Conch.)  A bivalve  and  corrugated  shell- 
fish ; the  Cardium  of  Linmeus.  Woodward. 

2.  The  fireplace  of  an  air-stove.  Francis. 

3.  (Min.)  A laminated,  dark-colored  mineral 
substance  ; a local  name  of  schorl.  Buchanan. 

COC'KLE,  n.  [A.  S.  coccel. ] (Bot.)  A weed  that 
grows  in  fields,  among  different  kinds  of  grain  ; 
Agrostemma  githago.  Loudon. 

Let  thistles  grow  instead  of  wheat,  and  cockle  instead  of 
barley.  Job  xxxi.  40. 

COC'KLE  (kok'kl),  v.  a.  [i.  cockled  ; pp.  coc- 
kling, cockled.]  To  contract  into  wrinkles 
like  the  shell  of  a cockle ; to  corrugate  ; to 
wrinkle.  “ The  camblet’s  cockled  grain.”  Qay. 

COC'KLE,  v.  n.  To  be  wreathed,  curled,  or  ruffled. 

It  made  such  a short,  cockling  6ea,  as  if  it  had  been  in  a 
place  where  two  tides  met.  Damjrier, 

COC'KLE-BUR,  n.  A weed  of  the  genus  Xanthium. 

Gray. 

COC'KLED  (khk'kld),  a.  Enclosed  in  a shell.  Shak. 

COC'KLE— OAST,  «.  That  part  of  a hop-kiln  or 
oast  where  the  fire  is  made.  Brande. 

COC'KLfR,  n.  One  who  takes  and  sells  cockles. 
[North  of  England.]  Gray. 

COC'KLE— SHELL,  n.  The  shell  of  a cockle. 

COC'KLE-STAlR§,  n.  pi.  Winding  or  spiral 
stairs,  [r.]  Chambers. 

COC'KLE— STOVE,  n.  A stove  in  which  the  fire- 
chamber,  or  cockle,  is  surrounded  by  an  air- 
chamber.  Ogilvie, 

COCK'LING,  p.  a.  Curling;  ruffled.  “Strange 
rippling  and  cockling  seas.”  Dumpier. 

COCK'LJNG,  n.  Act  of  one  who  cockles  : — any 
thing  curled,  twisted,  or  entangled.  Francis. 

COCK'— LOB-STER,  n.  The  male  lobster.  Pennant. 

COCK'LOFT,  n.  The  top  loft ; the  garret.  “The 
garret,  or  cockloft,  as  we  call  it.”  Gregory. 

COCK'-MAs-TER  (12),  n.  One  who  breeds  game- 
cocks. L’  Estrange. 

C6CK'— MATCH,  n.  A cock-fight.  Addison. 

COCK'NEY,  n. ; pi.  cockneys.  [With  respect  to 
the  origin  of  this  word,  Nares  says,  “ How  it  is 
derived  there  is  much  dispute.  The  etymology 
seems  most  probable  which  derives  it  from 
cookery.”  From  the  P.  Cyc.,  — “Borrowed 
originally  from  the  kitchen  (L.  coquina,  kitch- 
en.) A cook,  in  the  base  Latinity,  was  called 
coquinator  and  coquinarius,  from  either  of  which 
cokenay,  as  Chaucer  uses  it  in  the  ‘ Reve’s 
Tale,’  might  be  derived  ” ; — 

And  when  this  jape  is  told  another  day 
I shall  be  holden  a daffe  or  a cokenay. 

See  Cocagne.] 

1.  A native  or  citizen  of  London,  in  con- 
tempt. Camden. 

The  cockney,  travelling  into  the  country,  is  surprised  at 
many  common  practices  of  rural  affairs.  Watts. 

2.  An  effeminate  or  mean  person. 

I am  afraid  this  great  lubber  ...  will  prove  a cockney . Shak. 


262 

COCK’NEY,  a.  Relating  to,  or  like,  cockneys. 

COCK'NEY,  v.  a.  To  pamper  ; to  cockneyfy. 

The  wise  justice  of  the  Almighty  meant  not  to  cockney  ns 
up  with  mere  dainties.  Bp.  Ball. 

C6CK'NEY-FY,  v.  a.  To  form  with  the  manners 
or  character  of  a cockney.  Ec.  Rev. 

COCK'NEY-ISH,  a.  Relating  to,  or  like,  cock- 
neys ; cockney.  Qu.  Rev. 

C6CK'NEY-!§M,  n.  An  idiom,  manner,  or  char- 
acter of  the  cockneys.  1 Qu.  Rev. 

Avoid  provincialisms,  if  possible;  but  avoid  cockneyisms 
by  all  means.  P.  Gwtnne. 

COCK'NEY-LlKE,  a.  Resembling,  or  like,  a 
cockney.  Burton. 

COCK'-PAD-DLE,  n.  (Ich.)  The  lump-fish  or 
lump-sucker  ; Cyclopterus  lumpus.  Yarrell. 

COCK'-PIGEON  (-pld'jun),  n.  The  male  pigeon. 

COCK'PIT,  n.  1.  A place  where  game-cocks  fight. 

2.  A room  in  Westminster,  where  the  King 
of  England’s  privy  council  hold  their  sittings  ; 

— so  called  from  its  being  the  site  of  what  was 

formerly  the  cockpit  belonging  to  the  palace  at 
Whitehall.  Brande. 

3.  (Naut.)  The  after  part  of  the  orlop  or 
lower  deck  of  a ship  of  the  line.  In  a time  of 
action  it  is  appropriated  to  the  wounded.  Dana. 

Fore  cockpit,  a place  leading  to  the  magazine  pas- 
sage, and  the  store-room  of  the  boatswain,  gunner, 
and  carpenter.  Maunder. 

COCK 'ROACH,  n.  (Ent.)  A voracious  and  dis- 
gusting insect ; Blatta  orientalis.  Harris, 

COCK’S'— COMB,  n.  1.  The  comb  of  a cock. 

2.  A plant ; a species  of  Celosia  ; Celosia 
cristata.  — See  Coxcomb.  P.  Cyc. 

COCK’ S' HE  AD,  n.  A plant ; sainfoin.  Miller. 

f COCK'SHUT,  n.  1.  The  close  of  the  day,  when 
fowls  roost.  Shak. 

2.  A net  to  catch  woodcocks.  Halliwcll. 

COCK'— SPAR-ROW,  n.  The  male  of  the  sparrow. 

COCK'SPUR,  n.  1.  A sharp  spur  on  the  legs  of 
gallinaceous  birds.  Craig. 

2.  (Bot.)  A species  of  hawthorn  ; Crateegus 

Crus-galli.  Gray. 

3.  (Conch.)  A small  shell-fish. 

COCK'SURE  (kok'shur),  a.  [Derived  from  the 
cock  of  a gun,  as  being  much  more  sure  of  its 
aim  with  a lock  than  when  fired  with  a match. 
Holloway.]  Quite  certain.  [Vulgar.]  Skelton. 

I thought  myself  cocksure  of  his  horse,  which  lie  readily 
promised  me.  Pope. 

COCK'SWAIN  (kok'swan  or  kok'sn)  [kok'sn,  S. 
IK.  P.  E.  K.  ; kok'swan  or  kok'sn,  Ja.  Sin .],  n. 
(Naut.)  The  officer  who  has  the  charge  of  a 
boat  and  a boat’s  crew  ; — contracted  into  coxen. 

— See  Cock,  No.  13.  Falconer. 

COCK'— WA-TER,  n.  (Mining.)  A stream  of 

water  brought  into  a trough  to  wash  away  sand 
from  ores.  Buchanan. 

COCK'WEED,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the  genus 
Lepidium  ; dittander  or  pepperwort.  Johnson. 

COCK'Y,  n.  A vulgar  term  of  endearment.  Clarke. 

CO'COA  (ko'ko),  n.  (Bot.)  1.  [Sp.  coco.]  A spe- 
cies of  palm-tree  which  produces  the  cocoa-nut ; 
the  Cocos  nucifera  of  the  East  and  West  In- 
dies. Loudon. 

Give  me  to  drain  the  cocoa's  milky  howl.  Thomson. 

2.  [Sp.  cacao.]  The  smooth-leaved  chocolate- 

nut  tree;  Theobroma  cacao.  The  seeds,  usually 
20  to  30  in  number,  lie  in  the  rose-colored, 
spongy  substance  of  the  fruit,  which  resembles 
a cucumber,  being  about  5 inches  long,  and  34 
inches  thick.  TJre. 

3.  A decoction  or  beverage,  made  of  the 
parched  and  ground  seeds  of  the  chocolate-nut 
tree  ; — formerly  written  also  cacao. 

USP  The  name  cocoa  seems  to  be  a contraction  of 
the  Portuguese  macoco  or  macaco , a monkey,  and  to 
have  been  given,  from  the  resemblance  between  the 
end  of  the  shell,  where  the  three  black  scars  are,  and 
the  face  of  a monkey,  P,  Cyc. 

CO'COA— Nt/T,  n.  A large  nut;  the  fruit  of  the 
cocoa-nut  tree,  or  Cocos  nucifera , a species  of 
palm-tree.  P.  Cyc. 


CO'COA— PLUM,  n.  The  African  plant  Chryso- 
balanus  Icaco,  the  fruit  of  which  is  of  about  the 
size  and  quality  of  the  damson  plum.  Craig. 

CO-COOS’,  n.  An  oblong.ball,  or  covering  of  silk, 
fabricated  by  the  silk-worm ; the  egg-shaped 
case  of  the  chrysalis.  P.  Cyc. 

A good  cocoon  weighs,  without  the  worm,  about  four 
grains,  and  usually  contains  a fibre  of  silk  from  three  to  tour 
hundred  yards  iu  length.  Francis. 

CO-COON'ER-Y,  n.  An  apartment  in  which  silk- 
worms are  kept  while  forming  cocoons.  Craig. 


COC'TI-BLE,  a.  [L.  coquo,  coctus,  to  bake.]  That 
may  be  baked  or  boiled.  • Blount. 

COC'TILE  (kok'tjl),  a.  [L.  coctilis,  baked.]  Made 
by  baking,  as  a brick.  Johnson. 


COC'TION  (kSk'slmn),  n.  [L.  coctio,  digestion, 
coquo,  to  cook  ; Er.  coetion .]  (Med.) 

1.  The  process  by  which  aliment  is  reduced 

to  chyle.  Dunglison. 

2.  The  change  which  the  humoral  patholo- 

gists believed  morbific  matter  to  undergo  before 
elimination.  Dunglison. 


COD,  n.  [A.  S.  codd,  a bag  or  sack.] 

1.  A case  or  husk  containing  seeds  ; a pod. 
They  let  peas  lie  in  small  heaps  till  they  find  the  coil  dry. 

Mortimer . 


2.  The  bag  which  holds  the  testicles ; the 

scrotum.  Dunglison. 

3.  A cushion  ; a pillow.  [Local.]  Brockett. 

4.  (Ich.)  A ~ 

common  sea- 
fish,  of  the  ge- 
nus Gadus ; the 
codfish. 

Cod  liver  oil, 
an  oil  obtained  from  the  liver  of  the  cod,  used  as 
a remedy  for  consumption,  rheumatism,  scrofula, 


Gadus  morrhua. 


CO’ D A,  n.  [It.,  tail,  train.]  (Mrs.)  The  passage 
at  the  end  of  a movement,  which  follows  a 
lengthened,  perfect  cadence.  Brande. 

COD'DED,  a.  Enclosed  in  a cod.  “All  codded 
grain.”  [r.]  Mortimer. 

f COD'DER,  n.  A gatherer  of  pease.  Scott. 

f COD'DING,  a.  Relating  to  a pillow  or  bed  ; 
wanton.  “ That  codding  spirit.”  Shak. 

COD'DLE  (kod'dl),  v.  a.  [Fr.  chaudeau,  a warm 
drink  for  the  sick;  chaud,  warm.  — See  Cau- 
dle.] [i.  CODDLED  ; pp.  CODDLING,  CODDLED.] 

1.  To  boil  slightly  ; to  parboil. 

It  ftlie  guava  fruit]  bakes  as  well  as  a pear,  and  it  may  be 
coddled,  and  it  makes  good  pies.  Darn /tier. 

2.  [Old  Fr.  cadcler.]  To  make  much  of.  Todd. 

f COD'DY,  a.  Having  cods  ; husky.  Sherwood. 

COD'DY-MOD'DY,  n.  A species  of  gull.  Booth. 

CODE,  n.  [L.  codex,  the  trunk  of  a tree,  a hook  ; 
It.  codice  ; Sp.  codigo  ; Fr.  code.  — See  Codex.] 
A compilation  of  laws  by  authority  ; a collec- 
tion of  laws  digested  and  reduced  into  an  order- 
ly arrangement ; — first  applied  to  the  digests 
of  Roman  laws,  known  as  the  Theodosian  and 
Justinian  codes. 

The  new  code  of  Justinian  was  honored  with  his  name, 
and  confirmed  by  his  royal  signature.  Gibbon. 

A code  may  be  either  a mere  compilation  of  existing  laws, 
(though  this  is  more  properly  a digest.)  or  a new  system  of 
laws  founded  on  fundamental  principles.  P.  Cyc. 

Civil  code,  a system  of  the  established  laws  of  a 
state. — Criminal  code,  a system  of  criminal  laws. 

CO-DE-FEND'ANT,  n.  (Law.)  A joint  supporter, 
or  defendant.  Blackstone. 

CO-DE'jNE,  or  CO-DE'IA,  it.  [Gr.  uciibeia,  Kiifty,  a 
poppy-head.]  ( Chem .)  An  alkaline  substance 
obtained  from  opium.  Brande. 

CO-DET ' tA,  n.  [It.,  dim.  of  coda,  a tail.]  (Mus.) 
A short  passage  connecting  one  action  with 
another,  and  not  composing  part  of  a regular 
section.  Brande. 

CO  ’DEX,  n. ; pi.  c&d’i-c  e$.  [L.,  the  trunk  of  a 

tree,  and  a book ; — books  having  been  origi- 
nally made  of  the  bark  of  trees  or  of  boards  cut 
thin.]  A manuscript ; a manuscript  volume  ; 
a tablet ; a book  ; a code.  Brande. 

COD'FISH,  n.  (Ich.)  A common  sea-fish,  of  the 
genus  Gadus.  — See  Cod.  Van  Der  Hoeven. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  5,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  E,  I,  9,  U.  Y>  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; IlDlR,  HER; 


COD-FISHER 


COFFER 


263 


COD'— FISH-gR,  to.  A person  employed  in  the  cod- 
fishery  : — a vessel  so  employed.  Crabb. 

COD'— FISH-pit-Y,  to.  The  business  of  taking  and 
curing  cod.  Qu.  Rev. 

COD'tgljiR,  to.  [Sp.  coffer,  to  gather,  Minsheu  : — 
cod,  or  hag,  i.  e.  one  who  labors  to  fill  his  bag 
or  purse,  Richardson  : — cadger,  a huckster, 
Nares  : — a corruption  of  cottager,  Webster.'] 

1.  A miser  ; — used  contemptuously.  Todd. 

2.  An  eccentric  or  queer  old  man.  Wright. 

COD'I-CAL,  a.  Relating  to  a codex  or  to  a code. 
[e.]  London  Athenaeum. 

COD'I-ClL,  n.  [L.  codicilli,  small  tablets  for 
writing.  — See  Codex,]  An  addition,  or  supple- 
ment to  a will.  Blackstone. 

COD-I-CIL'J.A-RY,  a.  Of  the  nature  of  a codicil ; 
contained  in  a codicil.  Phillimore. 

COD-I-FI-CA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  codifying,  or 
digesting  into  a system.  J.  Bentham. 

COD'l-FI-jpR,  n.  One  who  codifies.  Qu.  Rev. 

COD'I-FY,  v.  a.  [Eng.  code,  and  L.  facio,  to 
make.]  [i.  codified  ; pp.  codifying,  codi- 
fied.] To  digest  into  a regular  system  or  code, 
as  laws  ; to  systematize.  J.  Bentham. 

CO-DTLLE'  (ko-dll'),  n.  [Fr.  codille .]  A term  at 
ombre,  when  the  game  is  won.  Pope. 

COD'LE  (kod'dl),  v.  a.  1.  To  parboil.  Beau.  § FI. 

2.  To  fondle.  — See  Coddle. 

COD'LIN,  n.  A cooking  apple.  — See  Codling. 

COD'-LINE,  n.  A line  for  catching  cod.  Weale. 

COD'LING,  n.  1.  [A.  S.  cod-ceppel,  a quince-pear. 
— See  Coddle.]  An  apple  not  quite  ripe,  or 
that  requires  to  be  boiled  or  coddled  before  it  is 
eaten  ; a cooking  apple. 

2.  [Dim.  of  cod.]  A small  cod. 

COD'-PIECE,  n.  [See  Cod.]  A small  bag.  Shah. 

COE,  n.  (Mining.)  A little  lodgement  made  by 
miners  under  ground  as  they  work  lower  and 
lower.  Crabb. 

CO-EF'FI-CA-CY,  n.  Joint  efficacy.  Browne. 

CO-f  F-Fl"CIIJN-CY  (ko-ef-f  Ish'en-se),  n.  Joint- 
efficiency  ; cooperation.  Glanville. 

CO-EF-FF'CHJiYT  (ko-ef-f  Ish'ent),  n.  [L.  con, 
with,  and  efficio,  ejficiens,  to  effect.] 

1.  That  which  cooperates  with  something  else 

in  producing  any  effect.  Johnson. 

2.  (Algebra.)  A number  prefixed  to  a quan- 
tity, denoting  how  many  times  it  is  to  be  taken  ; 
a factor. 

U®=In  ils  most  general  sense,  it  is  nearly  synony- 
mous with  factor,  and  may  be  either  positive  or  nega- 
tive, entire  or  fractional,  real  or  imaginary.  Davies. 

CO-EF-Fl"CI?NT-LY,  ad.  In  a joint  manner. 

COE'HORN,  n.  (Mil.)  A small  kind  of  mortar  ; — 
so  named  from  the  inventor.  Stocqueler. 

CO— EL'D£R,  n.  An  elder  of  the  same  rank  with 
another  elder.  Trapp. 

CCE'LI-Ac  (se'le-ak),  a.  [Gr.  Kotliasiig  ; Koilia , the 
belly.]  Relating  to  the  lower  belly,  to  the  in- 
testinal canal,  or  to  an  artery  which  issues 
from  the  aorta.  Dunglison. 

The  caliac  flux,  or  nr  hue  passion,  is  a painful  species 
of  diarrheea. 

CCEM'Jg-TER-Y,  to.  See  Cemetery.  Johnson. 

CO-EMP'TION,  n.  [L.  coemptio  ; coemo,  to  buy 
up.]  The  act  of  buying  up  the  whole  quantity. 

Monopolies  and  coemptions  of  wares  for  resale  arc  great 
means  to  enrich.  Bacon. 

CO-15N-JOY',  v.  n.  To  enjoy  together.  Howell. 

CCEN'O-BlTE,  n.  See  Cenobite.  Craig. 

CCEN'O-BY,  n.  See  Cenoby.  Todd. 

CO-E'OUAL,  a.  Jointly  equal ; of  the  same  rank 
or  dignity  with  another. 

He’ll  make  his  cap  coequal  with  the  crown.  Shak. 

CO-E'Q.UAL,  to.  One  who  is  equal  to  another. 

To  pity  his  coequal  be  content.  Sterling. 

CO-E'CIUAL-LY,  ad.  With  joint  equality. 


CO-F-aUAL'l-Ty  (k5-e-kw51'e-te),  TO.  The  state 
of  being  coequal.  Hooker. 

CO-ERCE'  (ko-ers'),  v.a.  [L.  coerceo,  to  confine, 
to  restrain  ; con,  with,  and  arceo,  to  shut  up.] 
\i.  COERCED;  pp.  COERCING,  COERCED.]  To 
keep  in  order  by  force  ; to  compel  to  compli- 
ance ; to  restrain  ; to  constrain  ; to  force. 

Punishments  are  manifold  that  they  may  coerce  this  prof- 
ligate sort.  Ayliffe. 

Syn.  — A person  is  coerced  or  compelled  by  force  to 
do  something  against  his  will,  and  he  is  restrained  from 
doing  an  action.  A prisoner  is  coerced , compelled , or 
forced  to  labor  in  a penitentiary,  and  lie  is  restrained 
from  escaping.  A man  is  constrained  to  act,  and  re- 
strained from  acting  ; he  is  coerced  by  others,  and  he 
restrains  himself,  and  his  feelings  or  emotions  are  re- 
strained.— See  Restrain. 

CO-ER'CI-BLE,  a . That  may  be  coerced,  forced, 
compelled,  or  restrained.  Johnson . 

CO-ER'CION  (k5-er'shun),  n.  [L.  cocrcio , coercitio  ; 
Sp.  coercion ; Fr.  coertion .]  The  act  of  coer- 
cing ; penal  restraint ; constraint ; compulsion. 

Government  has  coercion  and  animadversion  upon  such 
as  neglect  their  duty.  South. 

If  the  Indians  fled  from  this  incessant  toil  and  barbarous 
coercion,  and  took  refuge  in  the  mountains,  they  were  hunted 
out  like  wild  beasts.  JV.  Irving. 

Syn.  — See  Compulsion. 

f CO-ER'CI-TIVE,  a.  [Fr . coercitif.)  Coercive; 
restraining ; checking.  ’ Bp.  Taylor. 

CO-ER'CIVE,  a.  Able  to  compel  to  compliance; 
imposing  restraint ; checking.  Hooker. 

Without  coercive  power,  all  government  is  but  toothless 
and  precarious.  South. 

CO-ER'CIVE-LY,  ad.  By  means  of  coercion. 

The  power  of  government  can  with  no  appearance  of  rea- 
son go  further  coercively.  Burke. 

CO-B-REC'TANT,  J a_  (Her.)  Noting  things  set 

CO-lJ-RECT'yD,  ) up  together  or  erected  side 
by  side.  Ogilvie. 

CO-JJS-SEN'TIAL,  a.  [L. con,  with,  and  essentia, 
essence.]  Being  of  the  same  essence. 

CO-ES-SEN-TI-AL'I-TY  (ko-es-sen-she-SI'e-te),  «. 
Participation  of  the  same  essence.  Burgess. 

CO-ES-SEN'TIAL-LY,  ad.  In  a coessential  man- 
ner. 

CO-^S-TAB'LISH-MENT,  to.  Joint  establishment. 
“A  coestablishment  of  the  teachers. ’’B/l  Watson. 

CO-pS-TATE',  to.  A union  of  estates.  Smollett. 

CO-y-TA'NIJ-AN,  m.  [L.  con,  with,  and  cctas,  age.] 
One  of  the  same  age  with  another,  [r.]  Aubrey. 

CO-E-TA'NE-OUS,  a.  [L.  coataneus .]  Of  the 
same  age  with  another  ; coeval.  Bentley. 

CO-B-TA'Np-OUS-Ly,  ad.  From  the  same  age 
or  beginning.  Clarke. 

CO-B-TER'NAL,  a.  [L.  coaternus ; con,  with,  and 
eeternus,  eternal;  It.  Sp.  coeterno\  Fr.  coe- 
ternel.\  Equally  eternal  with  another. 

Or  of  the  eternal,  coetemal  beam 

May  I express  thee  unblamed?  Milton. 

CO-E-TER'NAL-LY,  ad.  With  equal  eternity. 
“His  coeternally  begotten  Son.”  Hooker. 

CO-]J-TER'NI-TY,  to.  [It.  coeternita  ; Sp.  coeter- 
nidad ; Fr.  coeternite. J Joint  eternity.  Hammond. 

CO-E'VAL,  a.  [L.  cotevus ; eon,  with,  and  eevum, 
age.]  Of  the  same  length  of  existence  ; of  the 
same  age  ; coetaneous. 

This  religion  cannot  pretend  to  be  coeval  with  man.  Hale. 

CO-E'VAL,  to.  One  contemporary  with  another 
and  of  the  same  age. 

Even  Tully  himself  was  taunted  at  by  his  coevals.  Hakeivill. 

Syn.  — Coeval  is  one  of  the  same  age ; contempo- 
rary, one  living  at  the  same  time.  Jacob  and  Esau 
were  coevals ; Addison,  Pope,  and  Swift  were  contem- 
poraries. 

CO-E'VOUS,  a.  [L.  coccvus.]  Of  the  same  age  ; 
coeval,  [r.]  South. 

CO-^JC-EC'U-TOR,  to.  A joint  executor.  Craig. 

CO-EJC-EC'y-TRlX,  to.  A joint  executrix.  Craig. 

CO-lJJf-IST'  (ko-eg-zlst'),  v.  to.  [L.  con , with,  and 
existo,  to  exist ; It.  coesistere ; Sp.  coexistir ; Fr. 
cocxister .]  [*.  coexisted  ; pp.  coexisting,  co- 
existed.] To  exist  together  or  at  the  same  time. 

In  the  human  breast 

Two  master  passions  cannot  coexist.  Campbell. 


CO-E^-IST'jjlNCE  (ko-eg-zTs'tens),  n.  [It.  coex- 
istenza  ; Sp.  coexistencia  ; Fr.  coexistence .]  Ex- 
istence at  the  same  time  with  another. 

No  more  than  the  ideas  can  have  any  separate  existence 
from  the  mind,  but  have  a coexistence  therein.  Grew . 

CO-yjf-IST'BNT,  a.  [Sp.  coexistent^ ; Fr.  coex- 
istant .]  Existing  at  the  same  time. 

Time  is  so  much  of  duration  as  is  coexistent  with  the  mo- 
tions of  the  great  bodies  of  the  universe.  Locke. 

CO-y^-IST'ING,  p.  a.  Existing  at  the  same  time. 

cO-EX-PAND',  v.  a.  To  expand  together  or 
equally.  Jodrell. 

Cd-yx-TEND',  v.  a.  [L.  con,  with,  and  extendo, 
to  extend.]  [i.  coextended  ; pp.  coextend- 
ing, coextended.1  To  extend  to  the  same 
space,  duration,  or  degree  with  another. 

Every  motion  is  in  some  sort  coextcnded  with  the  body 
moved.  Grew. 

Has  your  English  language  one  single  word  that  is  coex- 
tended through  all  these  significations?  Bentley . 

CO-yX-TEN'SION  (ko-ek-sten'shun),  TO.  Joint  or 
equal  extension.  Hale. 

CO-fJX-TEN'SI VE,  a.  Having  jointly  the  same 
extent.  Bp.  Winchester. 

CO-yx-TEN'SIVE-LY,  ad.  In  a coextensive 
manner. 

CO-JfX-TEN'SI  VE-NESS,  TO.  Equal  extension. 

COFF,  to.  The  offal  of  pilchards.  [Eng.]  Loudon. 

C’dF'Fy.E,  to.  [Ar.  qahoueh,  the  liquor  of  coffee, 
Loudon  ; Pers.  cahwa  ; Turk,  cahvey.— It  caff’c  ; 
Sp.  &;  Fr.  cafe.— Dut.  koffy  ; Sw.  % Dan.  kaffe.] 

1.  The  berries  of  the  coffee-tree,  or  Cojfea,  of 

which  there  are  two  species, Cojfea  arabica,  and 
Cojfea  occidental is.  Loudon. 

2.  A decoction  or  drink  prepared  from  the 
parched  berries  of  the  coffee-tree. 

They  have  in  Turkey  a drink  called  coffee.  made  of  a berry 
of  the  same  name.  This  drink  comforteth  the  brain  and 
heart,  and  helpeth  digestion.  Bacon. 

Medical  men  are  widely  at  issue  as  to  the  merits  of  coffee. 
All,  however,  are  agreed  that  it  stimulates  the  brain,  and 
banishes  somnolency.  Dr.  Doran. 

COF'FJgE— BEAN,  to.  Same  as  Coffee-berry. 

COF'FJJE— BER-RY,  «.  Fruit  of  the  coffee-tree. 

COF'F£E— CUP,  to.  A cup  for  drinking  coffee. 

COF'FyE— HOUSE,  n.  A house  of  entertainment 
where  coffee  is  sold:  — sometimes  used  to  de- 
note a hotel  or  tavern. 

This  year  (1650),  Jacob,  a Jew,  opened  a coffee-house  at  the 
Angel;  and  there  some,  who  delighted  in  novelty,  drank. 

Life  of  Anthony  Wood. 

COF'FyE— MAN,  to.  One  who  deals  in  coffee,  or 
who  keeps  a coffee-house.  Addison. 

COF'FyE— MILL,  n.  A mill  for  grinding  coffee. 

COF'FJpE— POT,  n.  A pot  in  which  coffee  is  boiled, 
or  in  which  it  is  served  at  table.  Dr.  Warton. 

COF'FpE-ROAST'JJR,  to.  An  iron  utensil  for 
roasting  coffee  over  the  fire.  Buchanan. 

COF'FJJE— ROOM,  to.  A public  apartment  in  a 
hotel  where  guests  arc  supplied  with  coffee  or 
other  refreshments.  Ogilvie. 

COF'FyE— TREE,  to.  (Bot.)  The  tree  or  shrub 
that  produces  coffee ; Cojfea.  P.  Cyc. 

CdF'FJJR  [koffer,  W.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  Sm.  R. ; k5'- 
fer,  S. ; kof'fer  or  ko'fer,  K.~\,  to.  [A.  S.  cof  a 
repository.— Fr.  coffre,  a chest.] 

1.  A chest ; — generally  for  keeping  money. 

The  lining  of  hia  coffers  shall  make  coats 

To  deck  our  soldiers  for  these  Irish  wars.  Shade. 

2.  Treasure.  “ Without  any  burden  to  the 

queen’s  coffers.”  Bacon. 

3.  (Min.)  A trough  in  which  tin  ore  is  bro- 
ken to  pieces.  Maunder. 

4.  (Arch.)  A sunk  panel  in  vaults  and  domes  : 

— a square  hollow  between  the  modil  lions  of  a 
cornice.  Chambers. 

5.  (Fort.)  A hollow  trench  or  lodgement  in  a 

dry  ditch.  Chambers. 

6.  (Inland  Navigation.)  A sort  of  lock  for 
receiving  a barge. 

/Rp  “ I have  in  this  word  followed  tile  general  pro- 
nunciation, which  I see  is  confirmed  by  Dr.  Kenrick, 
VV.  Johnston,  Messrs.  Perry,  Scott,  and  Buchanan  ; 
for  as  it  stands  in  Mr.  Sheridan  with  the  o long, 
though  not  without  respectable  usage  on  its  side,  it  is 
a gross  irregularity,  which  ought,  if  possible,  to  be 
reduced  to  rule.”  Walker. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RtJLE.  — (],  0,  9,  soft;  £,  G,  J,  g,  hard ; § as  z ; If.  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


COFFER 


2G4 


COHABIT 


COF'FpR,  v.  a.  To  treasure  up.  [r.] 

Treasure,  as  a war  might  draw  forth,  so  a peace  succeeding 
might  coffer  up.  Bacon. 

COF'FfR— DAM,  n.  {Arch.)  A case  of  piling, 
water-tight,  fixed  in  the  bed  of  a river,  in  order 
to  lay  the  bottom  dry  for  a space  large  enough 
to  build  a pier  on.  Brands. 

COF'FfR-ER,  n.  1.  One  who  places  treasure  in 
chests,  or  coffers. 

Ye  fortune’s  cofferers,  ye  powers  of  wealth.  Young. 

2.  Formerly  a principal  officer  in  the  King 
of  England’s  household  next  under  the  comp- 
troller. IVarton. 

COF'F^R— WORK  (-wiirk),  n.  {Masonry.)  Rubble 
walls  faced  with  freestone,  or  formed  with  cem- 
ent between  two  parallel  rows  of  planks  placed 
edgewise.  Francis. 

COF'FIN,  n.  [Gr.  K6<j>ims ; L.  cophinus,  a basket; 
A.  S.  cof,  a cave,  a repository.  — See  Coffer.] 

1.  A box,  or  chest,  in  which  a dead  body,  or 

corpse,  is  interred.  Shah. 

Be  not  dismayed  at  the  approach  of  pain  and  sickness;  let 
not  the  coffin  mid  the  shroud  terrify  you.  Bp.  Horne. 

2.  A mould  of  paste  for  a pie. 

Of  the  paste  a coffin  will  I rear.  Shak. 

3.  A paper  case,  in  form  of  a cone,  used  by 

grocers  and  printers.  Johnson. 

Coffin  of  a horse,  the  whole  hoof  of  the  foot  above 
the  coronet,  including  the  coffin -hone,  which  is  asinall, 
spongy  bone  enclosed  in  the  midst  of  the  hoof. 

COF'FIN',  V.  a.  [ i . COFFINED  ; £>/>.  COFFINING, 
COFFINED.] 

1.  To  enclose  in  a coffin. 

Wouldst  thou  have  laughed  had  I come  coffined  home?  Shak. 

2.  To  enclose ; to  confine  ; to  immure. 

Devotion  is  not  coffined  in  a cell.  J.  Hall. 

COF'FIN-LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  a coffin.  Wilson. 

COF'FIN— MAK'ER,  n.  One  who  makes  coffins. 

COF'FLE,  n.  A band  of  captured  negroes,  or  of 
negro  slaves.  — See  Caufle. 

From  the  block  slave-ship’s  foul  aud  loathsome  hell. 

And  cojffle's  weary  chain.  Whittier. 

CO— FOUNDER,  n.  A joint  founder.  Camden. 

COG,  v.  a.  [Of  uncertain  derivation.  Fr.  coque- 
Uner,  to  fondle. — W.  coegio,  to  trick.  — See 
Coax.]  \i.  cogged  ; pp.  cogging,  cogged.] 

1.  To  flatter;  to  wheedle. 

I’ll  mountebank  their  loves. 


Cog  their  hearts  from  them.  Shak. 

2.  To  obtrude  by  falsehood;  to  introduce  sur- 
reptitiously. 

I have  cogged  in  the  word  to  serve  my  turn.  Stillingfleet. 

3.  To  fix  cogs  in  a wheel.  Johnson. 

To  cog  a die,  to  cheat  in  playing  dice  by  directing 

the  fall  of  a die. 

C6G,  v.  n.  To  lie  ; to  wheedle,  [r.]  Tusser. 

Mrs.  Ford,  I cannot  cog;  I cannot  prate.  Shak. 


COG,  n.  [L.  cofjo,  to  force.— W.  coegio,  to  trick.] 

1.  A trick  ; deceit. 

Letting  it  pass  for  an  ordinary  cog  amongst  them.  Watson. 

2.  The  tooth  of  a wheel  by  which  motion  is 
communicated  to  another  wheel. 

He  cannot  adapt  the  cogs  of  his  wheels.  Tucker. 

3.  [Goth,  kogge ; Dut.  hog.]  A boat.  Fairfax. 

Hunting  cog,  an  extra  cog  to  prevent  the  unevenness 

of  wear  which  would  be  likely  to  ensue  if  the  num- 
ber of  teeth  in  a cogged  wheel  were  exactly  a multi- 
ple of  the  number  of  pallets  which  work  in  it.  Francis. 

Cd'QQN-CY,  n.  [See  Cogent.]  Force ; strength  ; 
power;  as,  “The  cogency  of  an  argument.” 

t CO-<jrE'NI-AL,  a.  Congenial.  Warton. 

CO'9?NT,  a.  [L.  cogo,  cogens,  to  force.]  Forci- 
ble ; powerful ; resistless.  “ This  most  cogent 
proof  of  a Deity.”  Bentley. 

Syn. — Cogent  implies  acting  by  force,  and  is  used 
in  a moral  sense.  Cogent  reason,  a cogent  argument  ; 
forcible  reasoning  ; powerful  reasoner  ; strung  lan- 
guage ; strong,  convincing,  or  resistless  argument. 

CO'9?NT-LY,  ad.  In  a cogent  manner  ; forcibly, 

COG'epR  (kog'ger),  n.  A flatterer,  [r.]  Sherwood. 

COG'GJR-Y,  n.  Trick ; falsehood,  [r.]  Watson. 

COG'GING,  n.  The  act  of  wheedling  ; cheating.  “I 
do  beseech  you  leave  your  cogging."  Beau.  § FI. 


COG'GLE,  n.  A little  boat.  — See  Cog. 

COG'GLE— STONE,  n.  A cobble-stone.  Skinner. 

COfy-I-TA-BIL'I-TY,  n.  Possibility  of  being  the 
subject  of  thought.  “ Conceptions  ...  of  whatso- 
ever hath  any  entity  or  cogitability.”  Cudworth. 

CO<?'I-TA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  thought  on  ; that 
may  be  the  subject  of  thought.  Johnson. 

fCOlJt'I-TA-BUND,  a.  [L.  cogitabundus ; It.  cogi- 
tabondo.]  Full  of  thought;  thoughtful.  Ash. 

COt-i'I-TATE  (koj'e-tat),  v.  n.  [L  cogito,  cogita- 
tus ; It.  cogitare  ; Sp.  cogitar .]  [i.  cogitated  ; 

pp.  cogitating,  cogitated.]  To  meditate  ; to 
think  ; to  reflect ; to  consider. 

He  that  calleth  a thing  into  his  mind,  whether  by  impres- 
sion or  recordation,  coyitateth  and  considereth.  Bacon. 

CO^-I-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  cogitatio  ; It.  cogita- 
zione. ] Thought ; meditation. 

On  some  great  charge  employed 

He  seemed,  or  fixed  in  cugitution  deep.  Milton. 

CO^l'I-TA-TIVE,  a.  1.  Having  the  power  of 
thought  ; meditative  ; thinking.  “ Cogitative 
faculty.”  Bacon. 

2.  Disposed  to  meditation ; considerate. 

The  earl  being  by  nature  somewhat  more  cogitative.  JVotton. 

CO(?-I-TA-TiV'l-TY,  n.  The  faculty  of  cogitat- 
ing ; power  of  thinking.  Wollaston. 

COGNAC  (k6n-yak'),  n.  [Fr.]  A kind  of  French 
brandy  ; — so  called  from  a town  of  that  name 
from  which  the  best  brandy  is  shipped.  P.  Cyc. 

COG'NATE,  a.  [L.  cognatus ; con,  with,  and 
nascor,  to  be  born.]  1.  Allied  by  blood  ; akin 
by  birth.  Howell. 

2.  Of  the  same  origin  ; partaking  of  the  same 
nature  ; as,  “ Cognate  languages.” 

“ Imbrute,”  I believe,  is  a word  of  Milton’s  coinage.  So  was 
the  cognate  compound  “ imparadised  ” supposed  to  be,  till 
Bentley  brought  an  instance  from  Sidney’s  Arcadia.  Warton. 

COG'NATE,  n.  {Scottish  Law.)  1.  A relation  by 
the  mother’s  side  or  by  females.  Burrill. 

2.  {Civil  Law.)  One  related  to  another 
through  the  mother  or  through  females: — a 
relation  generally ; one  related  to  another  by 
blood.  Burrill. 

COG'NATE-N^SS,  n.  The  state  of  being  cognate, 
or  related.  Coleridge. 

COG-NA  ' TI,  n.  pi.  [L.]  {Laze.)  Relations  by 
the  mother’s  side.  Burrill.  Crabb. 

COG-nA'TION,  n.  [L.  cognatio  ; Fr.  cognation .] 

1.  Descent  from  the  same  original. 

As  by  our  cognation  to  the  body  of  the  first  Adam,  we  took 
in  death,  so  by  our  union  with  the  body  of  the  second  Adam, 
we  shall  have  the  inheritance  of  life.  Bp.  'Taylor. 

2.  Participation  of  the  same  nature. 

Tie  induceth  us  to  ascribe  effects  unto  causes  of  no  cogna- 
tion. Browne. 

3.  {Law.)  Relationship  through  females,  as 
distinguished  from  agnation,  or  relationship 
through  males  : — relationship  generally. Burrill. 

COG-NP'TION  (kog-nlsli'un),  n.  [L.  cognitio; 
It.  cognizione  ; Sp.  cognicion  ; Fr.  cognition .] 

1.  Knowledge  ; entire  conviction. 

I will  not  he  myself,  nor  have  cognition 

Of  what  I feel.  Shak. 

2.  pi.  Things  which  may  be  known. 

Sir  IK.  Hamilton. 

f COG'NI-TIVE,  a.  [L.  cognosco,  to  know;  Fr. 
cognitif. ] Capable  of  knowing.  South. 

||  COG'NI-ZA-BLE  (k5g'ne-za-bl  or  kon'e-za-bl),  a. 
[Gr.  yiymhaKto,  to  know  ; L.  cognosco,  to  know ; 
Fr.  connaissable.] 

1.  That  may  be  perceived  or  known  ; cognos- 
cible ; as,  “ A thing  cognizable  by  the  senses.” 

2.  {Lazo.)  That  may  fall  under  judicial  no- 
tice ; liable  to  be  tried,  examined,  and  judged. 

Enormities  which  are  not  cognizable  in  any  other  courts 
of  this  realm.  Tatler. 

||  COG'NI-ZA-BLY,  ad.  In  a cognizable  manner. 

||  COG'NI-ZANCE  (kog'ne-zans  or  kon'e-z&ns)  [kon'- 
e-zans,  S.  P.  E.  Ja.  K.  Sm.\  kog'ne-zans,  F.  R. 
C. ; kog'ne-z&ns  or  kon'e-zans,  W.  J n.  [It. 
cognoscezzza ; Sp.  conoeencia-,  Old  Fr.  cogni- 
zance-, Fr . conziaissazzce.~] 

1.  f Recognition  ; recollection. 

Who,  soon  ns  on  that  knight  his  eye  did  glance, 
Eftsoons  of  him  had  perfect  cognizance.  Spenser. 

2.  Observation  ; knowledge. 

The  events  in  their  civil  history  were  to  be  regarded  as 
coming  within  the  cognizance  of  their  divine  governor  .Hurd. 


3.  {Lazo.)  A judicial  notice  or  knowledge : — 

jurisdiction  of  a court  over  a cause:  — an  ac- 
knowledgment of  a fine,  of  taking  a distress, 
&c.  Burrill. 

4.  {Her.)  The  family  badge  worn  by  the  re- 

tainers of  a noble  house,  or  by  soldiers  in  the 
field.  Fairholt. 

BSP  “I  have  in  this  word  and  its  relatives  given 
the  forensic  pronunciation,  but  cannot  help  observing 
that  it  is  so  gross  a departure  from  the  most  obvious 
rules  of  the  language  that  it  is  highly  incumbent  on 
t lie  gentlemen  of  the  law  to  renounce  it,  and  reinstate 
the  excluded  g in  its  undoubted  rights.”  Walker. 

||  COG'NI-ZANT,  a.  Having  cognizance;  know- 
ing. [r.]  Qu.  Rev. 

COG'NlZE,  v.  a.  To  perceive ; to  recognize.  “ For 
cognizing  the  beautiful  in  art.”  R.  Chambers. 

||  COG-NI-ZEE'  (kog-ne-ze'  or  kon-e-ze'),  n.  {Law.) 
One  to  whom  a fine  in  lands,  &c.,  is  acknowl- 
edged ; — opposed  to  cognizor.  Cowell. 

||  COG-NI-ZOR'  (kSg-ne-zrir'  or  kon-e-zor'),  n. 

{Lazo.)  One  who  acknowledges  a fine  in  lands 
or  tenements  to  another.  Cozvell. 

COG-NO' MEJY,  n.  [L.]  The  last  of  the  three 
names  bj'  which  all  Romans,  at  least  those  of 
good  family,  were  designated  ; the  family  name 
or  surname.  It  served  to  mark  the  house  (fa- 
milia)  to  which  they  belonged,  as  the  preenomen 
and  nomen  served  respectively  to  denote  the  in- 
dividual and  the  class  {gens)  to  which  his  fam- 
ily belonged.  Braude. 

COG-NO  M'I-N  A L,  a.  [L.  cognominis.\  Belonging 
to  the  cognomen.  “ The  second  [name]  Pilatus 
as  a cognominal  addition.”  Pearson. 

f COG-NOM'I-NAL,  n.  A namesake. 

Nor  the  dog-fish  at  sea  much  more  make  out  the  dog  of  the 
land,  than  his  cognominal  or  namesake  in  the  heavens. Browne. 

t COG-NOM'I-NATE,  v.  a.  [L.  cognominoy  cog- 
nominatzis.~\  To  give  an  additional  name  ; to 
furnish  with  a surname.  Cockeram. 

COG-Nf)M-I-NA'TION,  n.  [L.  cognominatio,  a 
cognomen.]  A title  added  to  a name,  in  the 
manner  of  a surname. 

Pornpey  deserved  the  name  Great;  Alexander,  of  the  samq 
cognomination , was  generalissimo  of  Greece.  Browne. 

COG-NO-MIN'J-TY,  n.  The  circumstance  of  hav- 
ing the  same  name,  [r.]  Gent.  Mag. 

COG-NSs'C^NCE,  n.  [L.  cogzzosco,  cognoscezzs, 
to  know.]  Knowledge.  “ Of  that  near  object 
have  no  cognoscence."  [r.]  More. 

COG-NOS-CEN'  TE,  n. ; pi.  c&g-nos-cen'  ti.  [It., 
from  cognoscere,  to  know.]  One  who  is  well 
versed  in  any  thing,  particularly  in  the  fine  arts  ; 
a connoisseur.  Smart. 

COG-NOS-CI-BTl'I-TY  (kog-nos-se-bll'e-te),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  cognoscible,  [r.]  Barrow. 

COG-NOS'CI-BLE,  a.  I.  That  may  be  known. 

In  matters  cognoscible , and  framed  for  our  disquisition,  our 
industry  must  be  our  oracle.  Browne. 

2.  That  may  fall  under  judicial  notice. 

In  the  high  commission,  we  meddled  with  no  cause  not 
cognoscible  there.  Abp.  Laud. 

COG-NOS'CI-Tl VE  (kog-nos'se-tlv),  a.  Having 

the  power  of  knowing,  [r.]  Bp.  Barlow. 

COG-NO ' VIT,  n.  [L.,  he  has  confessed .]  (Lazo.) 
A confession  whereby  a defendant  admits  that 
the  plaintiff’s  cause  of  action  against  him  is 
just,  and  suffers  judgment  to  be  entered  against 
him  without  trial.  Brazzde. 

CO— GUAR'DI-AN,  n.  A joint  guardian.  Clarke. 

COGUE  (kog),  n.  A small  wooden  vessel  : — a 
dram  of  spirituous  liquor.  [Local.]  Maunder. 

C<3g'wAre,  n.  Coarse  cloths  worn  in  the  north 
of  England.  Crabb. 

COG'-WHEEL,  n.  A wheel  furnished  with  wood- 
en cogs  or  teeth  around  its  circumference.  Grier. 

CO-HAB'IT,  v.  n.  [L.  cohabito ; con,  with,  and 
habito,  to  dwell ; Sp.  cohabitar-,  Fr.  cohabiter .] 
[i.  cohabited  ; pp.  cohabiting,  cohabited.] 

1.  To  dwell  with  another  in  the  same  place. 

The  Philistines  were  worsted  by  the  captivated  ark;  thev 
were  not  able  to  cohabit  with  that  holy  thing.  South. 

2.  To  live  together  as  husband  and  wife. 

He  knew  her  not  to  he  his  own  wife,  and  yet  had  a design 
to  cohabit  with  her  as  such.  Fidrfea. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  !,  6,  ft,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HtllR,  HER; 


COHABITANT 


COLATION 


CO-HAB'I-TANT,  n.  A joint  inhabitant.  XVoolton. 

CO-HAB-J-TA'TION,  n.  [L  .cohabitation  Sp.  co- 
habitacion  ; Yx  ! cohabitation  J]  The  act,  or  the 
state,  of  cohabiting  or  of  living  together. 

There  shall  be  a cohabitation  of  the  spirit  with  flesh.  More. 

Monsieur  Bromars,  at  one  hundred  and  two  years,  died 
for  love  of  his  wife,  who  was  ninety-two  at  her  death,  after 
seventy  years’  cohabitation.  Tatler. 

CO-HAB'I-TflR,  n.  A cohabitant.  “ Neighbors 
and  eo/iabiters  of  the  same  region.”  Ilobbes. 

CO-HEIR'  (ko-Ar'),  n.  [L.  cohwres.]  A joint  heir. 
“ Coheirs  in  the  inheritance.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

CO-HEIR'ESS  (ko-Ar'es),  n.  A joint  heiress.  “ Co- 
heiresses whose  fortunes  being  equal.”  Rambler. 

CO-HER'ALD,  n.  A joint  herald.  Clarke. 

CO-HERE',  v.  n.  [L.  coh<ereo.\  [i.  cohered  ; 

pp.  COHERING,  COHERED.] 

1.  To  stick  together ; to  hold  fast  one  to  an- 
other ; to  cleave  ; to  adhere. 

They  [numbers]  are  like  grains  of  sand,  which  will  not 
cohere  in  the  order  in  which  we  place  them.  Briestley. 

2.  To  suit;  to  fit;  to  be  fitted  to. 

Had  time  cohered  with  place,  or  place  with  wishing.  Shak. 

CO-HE'R£NCE,  I n-  [x.  cohcerentia  ; Sp.  cohe- 

CO-HE'R  f.  X-Cy,  ) rend  a ; Fr.  coherence .]  1.  The 
act,  or  the  state,  of  cohering;  union  of  parts 
which  resists  separation  ; cohesion. 

The  pressure  of  the  air  will  not  explain,  nor  can  he  a cause 
of,  the  coherence  of  the  particles  of  air  themselves.  Locke. 

2.  Consistent  dependence ; logical  connection. 

Coherence  of  discourse,  and  a direct  tendency  of  all  the 
parts  of  it  to  the  argunient  in  hand,  are  most  eminently  to 
be  found  in  him  [St.  Paul].  Locke. 

CO-HE'RENT,  a.  1.  Sticking  together;  inti- 
mately connected  or  united. 

Where  all  must  fall,  or  not  coherent  be. 

And  all  that  rises  rise  in  due  degree.  Pope. 

2.  Adapted ; suitable  ; fit ; congruous. 

That  time  and  place,  with  this  deceit  so  lawful, 

May  prove  coherent.  Shak. 

3.  Consistent ; logical. 

A coherent  thinker  is  not  to  be  made  at  once  by  a set  of 
rules.  Watts. 

CO-HE-RgN-TlF'lC,  a.  [L.  cohwreo,  to  stick  to- 
gether, and  facio,  to  make.]  Causing  cohe- 
rence. [r.]  Coleridge. 

CO-HE'RIJNT-LY,  ad.  In  a coherent  manner. 

CO-HE-SI-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  tendency  to  cohere  ; 
cohesiveness.  Maunder. 

CO-HE'SI-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  cohesion.  Smart. 

CO-IIE'SION  (ko-iie'zhun,  93),. n.  [Fr.  cohesion.'] 

1.  The  act,  or  the  state,  of  cohering  ; the  force 
or  attraction  by  which  particles  of  homogeneous 
bodies  are  kept  attached  to  each  other ; cohe- 
rence. 

Solids  and  fluids  differ  in  the  degree  of  cohesion,  which, 
being  increased,  turns  a fluid  into  a solid.  Arbvthnot. 

2.  Connection  ; affinity;  dependence.  “Ideas 

that  have  no  natural  cohesion."  Locke. 

Magnetic  cohesion , the  power  by  which  two  mag- 
netic bodies  adhere  together. 

Syn.  — See  Adhesion. 

CO-HE'SIVE,  a.  That  has  the  power  of  sticking 
together  ; tending  to  unite.  “ At  a certain  dis- 
tance the  cohesive  force  is  destroyed.”  P.Cyc. 

CO-HE'SIVE-LY,  ad.  In  a connected  manne'r, 

CO-HE'SIVE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  co- 
hesive. Johnson. 

f CO-HIB'IT,  v.  a.  [L.  cohibeo.]  To  restrain.  Bailey. 

f CO-HI-BI"TION,  n.  [L.  cohibitio.]  The  act  of 
restraining  ; hinderance  ; restraint.  Bagwell. 

CO-HIB'IT-OR,  n.  One  who  restrains.  E.  Hall. 

CO'HO-BATE,  v.  a.  [Fr . cohober.]  ( Chem .)  To  re- 
distil ; to  pour  the  distilled  liquor  upon  the  re- 
maining matter,  and  distil  it  again,  [r.] 

Arbuthnot. 

CO-HO-BA'TION,  n.  [Sp.  cohobacion  ; Fr.  co- 
hobation.]  '{Chem.)  A re-distillation.  Locke. 

CO'HORT,  n.  [Gr  j^ifpros,  an  enclosed  place ; L. 
cohors,  cohortis  ; It.  coorte  ; Sp.  Fr.  cohorte.] 

1.  {Bom.  Hist.)  The  tenth  part  of  a legion,  con- 
sisting of  between  500  and  600  foot-soldiers.  Rich. 

2.  A body  of  warriors  ; a troop  of  soldiers. 


265 

With  him  the  cohort  bright 
Of  watchful  cherubim.  Milton. 

ftdjp  The  term  cohors , or  cors,  the  Gr.  ydpros,  origi- 
nally signified  an  enclosure  for  sheep  or  poultry,  and 
was  afterwards  used  to  designate  the  number  of  men 
which  could  stand  within  such  enclosure.  P.  Cijc. 

f CO-IIOR-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  cohortatio .]  Encour- 
agement by  words.  Bailey. 

COIF,  n.  [Sp.  cofia-,  Fr.  coiffe.]  Ahead-dress; 
a cap.  “ Home-spun  coifs.”  Swift. 

COIF,  v.  a.  To  dress  with  a coif. 

And  co{f  me,  where  I’m  bald,  with  flowers.  Cooper. 

COIFED  (kolft),  p.  a.  Wearing  a coif.  Arbuthnot. 

COIF'FURE  (lcbxf'fur),  n.  [Fr.]  A head-dress. 

I am  pleased  with  the  coiffure  now  in  fashion.  Addison. 

COIGNE  (koln),  n.  [Gr.  ytavla,  an  angle  ; L.  cu- 
neus,  a wedge  ; It.  conio  ; Fr.  coin.] 

1.  A corner;  a coin;  a quoin  : — the  corner- 
stone at  the  external  angle  of  a house.  Wright. 

See  you  yond’  coigne  o’  the  Capitol?  yond’  corner-stone? 

Shak. 

2.  A wedge  used  by  printers.  Johnson. 

COIGNE,  > v m jive  by  extortion  or  oppres- 

COIN'Y,  > sion.  [Ireland.]  Brysket. 

COIL,  v.  a.  [L.  colligo ; It.  cogliere;  Old  Fr. 
coillir ; Fr.  cueillir , to  gather.]  [t.  coiled  ; pp. 
coiling,  coiled.]  To  gather  into  a circular 
heap,  as  a rope ; to  wind.  “ Coiled  up  in  a ca- 
ble.” Beau.  &;  FI. 

COIL,  n.  I.  A rope  wound  into  a ring  or  a circu- 
lar heap ; a convolution. 

2.  f Tumult;  noise;  bustle;  confusion. 

To  see  them  about  nothing  keep  such  a coil.  Suckling. 

COIN,  n.  1.  A corner  ; a quoin  ; a coigne.  Johnson. 

2.  A wedge  for  raising  a piece  of  ordnance, 
or  for  supporting  a body  on  an  inclined  plane. 
— See  Coigne,  and  Quoin. 

COIN,  n.  [L.  cuneits,  a wedge  ; It.  conio  ; Sp. 
cuno ; Fr.  coin,  a stamp  or  die.] 

1.  A piece  of  metal  bearing  a legal  stamp, 
and  made  current  as  money ; metallic  or  hard 
money,  as  gold  and  silver. 

He  gave  Damctas  a good  sum  of  gold  in  ready  coin.  Sidney. 

2.  That  with  which  payment  is  made. 

The  loss  of  present  advantage  to  flesh  and  blood  is  repaid 
in  a nobler  coin.  Hammond. 

Syn. — See  Money. 

COIN,  V.  a.  [t.  COINED  ; pp. "COINING,  COINED.] 

1.  To  convert  into  money,  as  a piece  of  metal, 
by  a legal  stamp;  as,  “The  gold  was  sent  to 
the  mint  to  be  coined." 

2.  To  fashion  or  form  by  stamping. 

Can  we  be  sure  that  this  medal  was  really  coined  by  an 
artificer?  Bentley. 

3.  To  invent;  to  fabricate  ; — sometimes  used 
in  an  ill  sense. 

A man  coins  not  a new  word  without  some  peril  and  less 
fruit;  for  if  it  happen  to  be  received,  the  praise  is  but  moder- 
ate; if  refused,  the  scorn  is  assured.  B.Jonson. 

Those  motives  induced  Virgil  to  coin  his  fable.  Dryden. 

COIN' A^rE  (koin'aj),  n.  1.  The  art  or  the*  act  of 
coining  money. 

The  care  of  the  coinage  was  committed  to  the  inferior 
magistrates.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  Stamped  metal  current  as  money  ; coin. 

“ To  return  his  coinage  upon  him.”  Swift. 

3.  Expense  of,  or  charges  for,  coining. 

4.  New  production  ; invention. 

Unnecessary  coinage,  as  well  as  unnecessary  revival  of 
words,  runs  into  affectation.  Dryden. 

CO-IN-CIDE',  v.  n.  [L.  con,  with,  and  incido,  to 
fall  upon  ; Fr.  coincider .]  \i.  coincided  ; pp. 

COINCIDING,  COINCIDED.] 

1.  To  agree  in  outline,  as  two  figures,  when 
placed  one  upon  the  other. 

If  the  equator  and  ecliptic  had  coincided,  it  would  havo 
rendered  the  annual  revolution  of  the  earth  useless.  Clieyne. 

2.  To  be  of  the  same  purport ; to  concur  ; to 
agree ; as,  “ The  statements  do  not  coincide.” 

CO-IN'CI-DENCE,  n.  [Fr.]  The  act  of  coincid- 
ing ; agreement ; concurrence  ; consistency. 

The  very  coincidence  of  bo  many  evidences  carries  a great 
weight.  Bale. 

CO-IN'CI-DEN-CY,  n.  Coincidence.  Fotherby. 

CO-IN'CI-DENT,  a.  [Fr  ] 1.  Having  coinci- 

dence ; agreeing  in  outline,  as  two  figures,  when 
placed  one  upon  the  other. 


These  circles  at  length  became  coincident.  JS'ewton . 

2.  Concurrent ; agreeing  ; concurring. 

Whose  hands  are  pure,  whose  doctrine  and  whose  life 

Coi ncident,  ( ,v>  njper, 

CO-IN'CJ-DENT,  n.  Coincidence.  Harris. 

CO-IN'CI-DENT-LY,  ad.  In  a coincident  man- 
ner ; concurrently.  For.  Qu.  Rev. 

CO-IN-CID'UR,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  coin- 
cides. Harris. 

CO-tN-DI-CA'TlON,  n.  [L.  con,  with,  and  indico, 
to  signify  ; Fr.  coindication.]  A concurrence 
of  signs  or  symptoms.  Martin. 

COIN'JJR,  n.  I.  One  who  coins  money.  Addison. 

2.  An  inventor.  “ Dionysius,  a Greek  coiner 
of  etymologies.”  Camden. 

f CO-IN-HAB'IT-ING,  n.  A dwelling  together ; a 
cohabiting.  Milton. 

CO-IN-HER'IT-ANCE,  n.  Joint  inheritance.  “A 
title  to  a coinheritance.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

CO-IN-HER'l-TOR,  n.  A joint  inheritor.  “ Co- 
inheritors with  Christ.”  Fox. 


COIN'ING,  n.  The  art,  or  the  act,  of  making 
coins  ; the  art  of  converting  the  precious  metals 
into  money.  Locke. 

f CO-IN'aUI-NATE,  v.  a.  [L.  coiiiquino,  coinqui- 
natus.]  To  pollute.  Skelton. 

fCO-IN-GUI-NA'TION,  n.  Pollution  ; defilement ; 
contamination.  Cotgrave. 

CO-lN-STAN-TA'Np-OUS,  a.  Happening  at  the 
same  time  with  another  event.  Craig. 

CO-lN'T^R-EST,  n.  A joint  interest,  [it.]  Milton. 

COIR,  n.  [Port,  coiro,  couro.]  A species  of  yarn 
made  of  the  husk  of  the  cocoa-nut.  McCulloch. 


COIRE,  n.  Same  as  Coir. 


Craig. 


COIS'TRIL,  n.  [“  Probably  Old  Fr.  coitstillier.  — It 
is  surely  not  a corruption  jf  kestrel,  as  Mr. 
Todd  and  others  have  supposed.”  Nares. ] An 
inferior  groom  ; a young  fellow.  Nares. 

COIT,  v.  a.  [Icel.  kucita,  to  throw.  Jamieson .] 
To  throw  any  thing,  as  at  the  game  of  coits. 
“ Coit  it  to  me.”  [Local,  North  of  Eng.]  Todd. 

COIT,  n.  A quoit.  — See  Quoit. 

fCOIT'lNG,  n.  Playing  at  coits.  Sir  T.  Elyot. 

CO-P'TION  (ko-Tsh'un),  n.  [L.  coitio\  coil,  with, 
and  co,  to  go  ; It.  coito ; Fr.  coit.] 

1.  Copulation  ; act  of  generation.  Bay. 

2.  The  act  by  which  two  bodies  come  to- 
gether. Browne. 

COIX,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  xdif,  a palm.]  ( Bot .)  A 
genus  of  tropical  grasses  ; Job’s-tears.  Loudon. 

CO— JOIN',  v.  n.  [L . conjungo.]  To  conjoin.  Shak. 

CO-JU'ROR,  n.  [L.  con,  with,  and  juror,  to 
swear.]  {Law.)  One  who  testifies  to  the  credi- 
bility of  another  ; a compurgator.  Wottoil. 

COKE,  n.  [Perhaps  from  L.  coquo,  to  cook.  Skin- 
ner.]  Mineral  or  fossil  coal,  deprived  of  its  vol- 
atile matter  by  being  heated  in  closed  vessels, 
or  with  imperfect  access  of  air.  It  is  a residu- 
um in  manufactories  of  coal-gas. 

COKE,  v.  a.  [i.  coked  ; pp.  coking,  coked.] 
To  form  or  change  into  coke  ; to  deprive  of 
volatile  matter,  as  coal.  Ure. 


COK'ING— KILN  (-kil),  > n.  A kHn  or  an  oven 

COK'ING— 6 V-EN  (-uv'vn),  ; for  coking  coal. 


COL'AN-DIJR,  n.  [L.  colo,  to  strain  ; Sp.  cola- 
dero .]  A sieve  ; a strainer ; a cullender.  Dryden. 


COL-BP-  Tl'NJE,  ll.pl. 
[Gr.  KalanTui, to  peck.] 
(Ornith.)  A sub- 
family of  birds  of 
the  order  Scansores 
and  family  Picidm ; 
ground-woodpeckers. 

Gray. 


Colaptcs  auratua. 


CoL'A-RlN,  n.  {Arch.)  The  little  frieze  of  the 
capital  of  the  Tuscan  and  the  Doric  column  be- 
tween the  astragal  and  the  annulets.  Wealc. 


CO-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  colo,  colatus,  to  strain.] 
Filtration  ; a straining,  [r.]  Bailey. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  S6N  ; BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — C,  <j,  c,  fi,  soft; 
34 


£,  G,  £,  |,  hard ; § as  i;  % as  gz. — THIS,  this. 


CO-LATITUDE 


266 


COLLATE 


CO— LAT'J-TUDE,  n.  The  complement  of  the 
latitude,  or  that  which  the  latitude  wants  of  90 
degrees.  ' Hind. 

COL'A-TURE  [lco'la-tur,  S.  P.  J.  F.  K.  Sm. ; kol'- 
9-cliur,  IK.  ; kol'a-lur,  Ja.  It.  C.],  n.  [Fr.] 

1.  The  act  of  straining;  filtration.  Cotgrave. 

2.  Matter  strained.  Cotgrave. 

COL'BER-TINE  (kol'ber-tun),  n.  A kind  of  lace; 
— so  named  front  Mons.  Colbert.  Congreve. 

Instead  of  home-spun  coifs  were  seen 

Good  pinners  edged  with  colbertine.  Swift. 

COL'CIII-CU.M,  n.  [L.]  (Hot.)  A genus  of  bul- 
bous plants ; meadow  saffron.  The  common 
species,  or  Colchicum  autumnale,  is  used  as  a 
remedy  for  gout  and  rheumatism.  Loudon. 

COL'CO-TIIAR  [kol'ko-thgr,  J.  K.  Sm. ; kol-ko'- 
tliar,  Brande],  n.  {Chon.)  A brown-red  oxide 
of  iron,  commonly  called  crocus,  being  the  resi- 
due of  the  distillation  of  green  vitriol,  or  sul- 
phate of  iron.  Brande. 

COLD,  a.  [A.  S.  ceald,  or  cald ; Dut.  koud,  koel; 
Ger.  halt ; Sw.  kiild ; Dan.  kulde.] 

1.  Not  hot ; not  warm;  frigid;  gelid.  “Cold, 

biting  winter.”  Shak. 

2.  Suffering  from  insufficient  warmth ; chill ; 
chilly  ; shivering  ; as,  “ To  feel  cold." 

3.  Wanting  zeal;  unconcerned;  indifferent. 

A man  must  be  of  a very  cohl  temper  whose  heart  doth  not 

burn  ...  in  the  midst  of  praise  and  adoration.  Addison. 

4.  Without  affection  ; not  cordial ; not  friend- 
ly ; reserved  ; coy.  “ Cold  demeanor.”  Shak. 

5.  Not  heated  by  appetite  ; chaste.  Shak. 

6.  Wanting  power  to  move  the  feelings  ; un- 
affecting ; uninteresting. 

"What  a deal  of  cold  business  doth  a man  misspend  the 
better  part  of  life  in ! IS.  Jonson. 

In  cold  blood , without  heat  or  passion. — To  give 
one  the  cold  shoulder , to  treat  one  with  studied  neglect. 

COLD,  n.  1.  Privation  of  heat ; the  cause  of 
chillness. 

In  winter's  cold  and  summer’s  parching  heat  Shak. 

2.  The  sensation  produced  in  animal  bodies 
by  the  escape  of  heat ; coldness  ; chillness. 

A deadly  cold  ran  shivering  to  her  heart.  IXryden. 

3.  (Med.)  An  inflammatory  disease  occa- 
sioned by  cold  ; catarrh  ; as,  “ To  take  cold.” 

COLD'— BATH,  n.  A bath  or  bathing  in  cold 
water.  Gent.  Mag. 

COLD'— BLOOD- p D (kold'blud-ed),  a.  1.  Having 
cold  blood  ; as,  “ Cold-blooded  animals.” 

2.  Without  feeling.  “ Thou  cold-blooded 
slave.”  Shak. 

COLD'— COM-FORT,  n.  A disappointment  of 
hopes.  Carey. 

COLD'FINCH,  n.  A small,  rare,  English  bird,  of 
the  sub-family  Motadllince.  Pennant. 

COLD'— HEART-^D,  a.  Indifferent ; wanting  pas- 
sion, or  fervor.  Shak. 

COLD'ISH,  a.  Somewhat  cold ; cool.  Ash. 

f COLD'— KIND,  a.  Having  coldness  and  kindness 
united. 

Down  he  descended  from  his  snow-soft  chair. 

But  all  unawures  with  his  cold-kind  embrace 

Unhoused  thy  virgiu  soul  from  her  lair  biding  place.  Milton. 

COLD'LY , ad.  1.  With  coldness ; frigidly. 

Thrift,  thrift,  Horatio!  the  funeral  baked-ments 

Did  coldly  furnish  forth  the  marriage  tables.  Shak. 

2.  Without  passion,  feeling,  or  affection  ; un- 
concernedly ; indifferently. 

It  is  in  vain  that  wc  would  coldly  gaze 

On  such  as  smile  upon  us.  . Byron. 

COLD'NpSS,  7i.  1.  The  state  of  being  cold ; 

frigidity  ; algidity  ; want  of  heat. 

2.  Want  of  ardor;  indifference  ; unconcern. 

. It  betrayed  itself  in  a sort  of  indifference  and  carelessness 
in  all  her  actions,  and  coldness  to  her  best  friends.  Artruthnot. 

3.  Exemption  from  sensual  appetite.  “ Vir- 
gin coldness.”  Pope. 

COLD'— SERVED  (-servd),  a.  1.  Served  up  cold. 

2.  Dull  ; tedious ; tiresome.  Young. 

COLD'— SHORT,  a.  Brittle  when  cold,  as  a metal ; 

— applied  particularly  to  iron.  Smart. 

COLE,  n.  [Gr.  Kav).6; ; L.  caulis  ; A.  S.  carol ; 
Dut.  kool ; Ger.  kohl ; Sp.  eol ; W.  carol ; Gael. 
cal.]  (Bot.)  A general  name  for  plants  belong- 
ing to  the  genus  Brassica,  or  cabbage.  Johnson. 

— Now  used  to  denote  a variety  of  Brassica  na- 


pus,  which  does  not  form  a close  head,  but  has 
sessile,  heart-shaped  leaves.  P.  Cyc. 

COLE’— MOUSE,  n.  A small  bird  of  the  titmouse 
kind.  — See  Coal-mouse.  Yarrell. 

CO-Lp-O-PHYL'LOUS,  or  CO-LIJ-OPH'YL-LOUS 
(131),  a.  [Gr.  solid;,  a sheath,  and  (/jfc/.Xor,  a leaf.] 
(Bot.)  Having  the  leaves  in  a sheath.  Smart. 

CO-LE-OP ' TR-RJi,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  nokfds,  a sheath, 
and  rrrtpdv,  a wing.]  ( Ent .)  An  order  of  insects 
which  have  six  legs  and  two  pairs  of  wings,  the 
first  pair  serving  as  a sheath  or  protection  to 
the  second,  which  are  much  the  larger  ; beetles. 
— See  Coleoptekan.  Brande. 

CO-Lf-OP'T£R-AL,  ) a Having  two  pairs  of 

CO-Lg-OP'TgR-OUS,  ) wings,  of  which  the  outer 
serves  as  a sheath  for  the  inner,  like  the  beetle  ; 
relating  to  the  coleoptera.  P.  Cyc. 

CO-Lg-OP'TER-AN,  n.  (Ent.)  One  of  an  order 
of  insects  which  have  two  pairs  of  wings,  the 
first  pair  having  the  consistence  of  horn  and 
serving  as  a sheath  or  protection  to  the  second 
pair,  or  true  wings,  which  are  much  the  larger ; 
one  of  the  coleoptera ; a beetle.  Brande. 

CO-Lp-OP'TpR-IST,  n.  One  versed  in  coleopte- 
rous insects.  Hope. 

CoLE'— PERCH,  n.  A small  fish  resembling  the 
common  perch,  but  smaller.  Clarke. 

COLE'RAPE,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant ; the  common  tur- 
nip ; Brassica  rapa.  Clarke. 

COLE'SEED,  n.  (Bot.)  A species  of  cabbage ; 
rape ; Brassica  napus.  It  is  cultivated  for  its 
seed,  which  is  used  for  making  oil  and  for  feed- 
ing cattle.  Farm.  Ency. 

CO-LES-SEE',  n.  (Law.)  One  who  takes  a lease 
with  another  ; a partner  in  a lease.  Burrows. 

COLE'— STAFF,  n.  A strong  pole  on  which  two 
men  carry  a burden  between  them.  Halliwell. 

fCOL'pT,  n.  An  inferior  kind  of  church  ser- 
vant ; an  acolyte  ; an  acolyth.  Kennet. 

COLE'WORT  (kol'wiirt),  n.  [A.  S.  cawlwyrt.]  A 
name  applied  to  the  varieties  of  cabbage  the 
leaves  of  which  do  not  form  a close  head,  like 
those  of  the  common  cabbage.  Farm.  Ency. 

COL'IC,  n.  [Gr.  kMiko ; ; xul-or,  the  colon  ; L.  col- 
icus ; Fr.  colique.]  (Med.)  A disorder  of  the 
bowels,  or  abdomen,  that  is  attended  with  acute 
pain  aggravated  at  intervals  ; — so  named  from 
its  supposed  seat  in  the  colon.  Dunglison. 

COL'IC,  a.  Affecting  the  bowels  with  pain.  “ Col- 
ic pangs.”  Milton. 

COL'J-CAL,  a.  Same  as  Colic,  [r.]  Gay. 

COL'ICIt-Y,  a.  Relating  to,  or  afflicted  with,  colic. 

COL'I-DJE,  n.  pi.  (Ornith.)  A family  of  coni- 
rostral  birds,  of  the  order  Passeres,  including 
the  single  sub-family  Colince  ; colies.  Gray. 

COL'IN,  n.  The  American  partridge;  Perdix 
Virginiana.  Nuttall. 

CO-lJ'.XJE,  n.  pi.  (Or- 
nith.) A sub-family  of 
conirostral  birds,  of  the 
order  Passeres  and 
family  Colidce ; colies. 

Gray. 

COL'ING,  n.  Along,  pale 

apple.  Grubb.  Colius  striatus. 

COL'I-NIL,  n.  (Bot.)  An  American  medicinal 
plant.  Crabb. 

COL-I-SE'UM,  n.  [It.  Coliseo.]  A spacious  am- 
phitheatre at  Rome.  — See  Colosseum. 

CO-Lf'TIS,  n.  [Gr.  kMov,  the  colon.]  (Med.) 
Inflammation  of  the  mucous  membrane  of  the 
colon ; colonitis.  Dunylison. 

CO' LI- Os,  n.  (Ornith.)  The  coly.  Craig. 

f COLL,  v.  a.  [L.  eollum,  the  neck  ; Old  Fr. 
coller-,  Fr.  accoller.]  To  embrace.  Spenser. 

t COL-LAB-^-FAc'TION,  n.  [L.  con,  with,  and 
labefacio,  labefactus,  to  cause  to  totter.]  A 
wasting  away  ; decay.  Blount. 

COL-LAB-O-RA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  laboring 
jointly  ; joint  labor.  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

COL-LAB'O-RA-TOR,  n.  [L.  con,  with,  and  labo- 


ro,  laboratus,  to  labor ; Fr.  collaborateur.]  An 
assistant;  a joint  laborer..  P.  Cyc. 

COL-LAPSE',  n.  [L.  collabor,  collapsus,  to  fall 
together,  to  fall  in.] 

1.  A shrinking  or  a falling  together  of  the 
sides  of  a hollow  vessel ; as,  “ The  collapse  of  a 
fiue  in  a steam  boiler.” 

2.  (Med.)  A complete  prostration  of  strength, 

either  at  the  commencement  or  in  the  progress 
of  a disease.  Dunylison. 

COL-LAPSE',  v.  n.  [L.  collabor,  collapsus.]  [i. 
COLLAPSED  ; pp.  COLLAPSING,  COLLAPSED.]  To 
fall  together,  as  the  sides  or  parts  of  a hollow 
vessel ; to  shrink  up.  “ A balloon  collapses 
when  the  gas  escapes  from  it.”  Maunder. 

In  atrophy,  the  liquids  are  exhausted,  and  the  sides  of  the 
canals  collapse.  Arbut/mot. 

COL-LAPSED'  (kol-l&pst'),  a.  Withered;  shrunk- 
en. “ Collapsed  ladies.”  Burton. 

COL-LAP'SION,  n.  [L.  collapsio.]  A collapsing  or 
shrinking.  “ The  collapsion  of  the  skin.” Russell. 

COL'LAR,  n.  [L.  collare-,  eollum,  the  neck;  It. 
collare  ; Sp.  collar  ; Fr.  collier.] 

1.  A ring  round  the  neck  ; a neck-band  ; as, 
“ A dog’s  collar.” 

2.  The  part  of  a harness  that  is  fastened 
about  the  horse’s  neck. 

3.  The  part  of  the  dress  that  surrounds  the 
neck;  as,  “ A lady’s  collar"-,  “ The  collar  of  a 
shirt  or  a coat.” 

4.  (Her.)  An  heraldic  distinction  worn  round 

the  neck  by  a military  knight  as  a badge  of  his 
brotherhood,  and  containing  the  motto  and 
emblem  of  his  order.  Fairholt. 

5.  (Arch.)  A horizontal  piece  of  timber  con- 

necting two  rafters;  — called  also  collar-beam. 
— See  Collar-beam.  Brande. 

6.  (Mech.)  A plate  of  metal  screwed  down 
upon  the  stuffing-box  of  a steam-engine,  with  a 
hole  to  allow  the  piston-rod  to  pass  through  : — 
a ruff  on  a shaft  at  one  end  of  a journal,  to  pre- 
vent the  shaft  from  shifting  endwise  : — a ring 
inserted  in  the  puppet  for  holding  the  end  of 
the  ,mandrel  of  a lathe: — a metal  ring  put 
around  the  end  of  a cylinder  of  wood,  as  the 
handles  of  instruments,  to  prevent  splitting. 

7.  (Bot.)  The  ring  upon  the  stem  of  an  aga- 

ric:— the  point  of  junction  between  the  radicle 
and  the  plumula;  — collet.  Gray. 

8.  (A Taut.)  An  eye  in  the  end  or  bight  of  a 
shroud  or  stay,  to  go  over  the  mast-head. 

9.  (Ornith.)  The  colored  ring  round  the  neck 

of  birds.  Brande. 

10.  (Malacology.)  The  thickened  secreting 

margin  of  the  mantle  in  the  testaceous  gastero- 
pods.  Brande. 

To  slip  the  collar,  to  get  free. 

COL'LAR,  V.  a.  [i.  COLLARED  ; pp.  COLLARING, 
COLLARED.] 

1.  To  bind,  or  to  decorate  with  a collar. 

2.  To  seize  by  the  collar  or  throat.  Martin. 

To  collar  beef,  &c.,  to  roll  or  bind  it  up  in  a parcel. 

[Eng.] 

COL'LAR-AtjJE,  n.  The  duty  on  the  collars  of 
draught-horses.  [Eng.]  Smart. 

COL'LAR— BEAM,  n.  (Arch.)  A beam  framed 
across  and  between  two  principal  rafters.  Weale. 

COL'LAR-BLAdE$,  n.  pi.  Short  segments  of 
wood  or  of  metal  which  embrace  the  collar  worn 
by  a horse,  and  to  which  the  traces  are  attached  ; 
hames.  Ogilvie. 

COL'LAR— BONE,  n.  The  clavicle.  Wiseman. 

COL'LAR— DAY,  n.  A day  on  which  knights  ap- 
pear at  court  in  their  collars.  Smart. 

COL'LARED  (kol'4rd),p.  a.  1.  Having  a collar,  or 
decorated  with  a collar.  Chaucer. 

2.  Rolled,  or  bound  up,  hard  and  close. 
“ Collared  beef.”  Pegge. 

COL'LAR— MAK'£R,  n.  One  who  makes  collars. 

COL-LAT'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  collated  ; ca- 
pable of  collation.  Coleridge. 

COL-LATE',  v.  a.  [L.  confcro,  collatus,  to  col- 
lect together ; con,  with,  and  fero,  to  bear.]  [i. 
COLLATED  ; pp.  COLLATING,  COLLATED.] 

1.  To  bring  together,  as  things  similar,  for  the 
purpose  of  comparison  ; — particularly  applied 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  XJ,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  I,  O,  IT,  Y,  obscure;  FAKE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


COLLIDE 


COLLATERAL 

to  manuscripts,  or  to  different  editions  of  the 
same  work. 

They  could  not  relinquish  Judaism,  and  embrace  Chris- 
tianity, without  weighing  and  collating  both  religions.  South. 

Having  some  years  before  collated  several  Greek  copies  of 
the  New  Testament.  Fell's  Life  of  llammond. 

2.  f To  bestow  ; to  confer. 

The  grace  of  the  Spirit  of  God  there  consigned  and  col- 
lated. Bp.  Taylor. 

3.  To  place  in  an  ecclesiastical  benefice. 

lie  thrust  out  the  invader,  and  collated  Amsdorf  to  the 
benefice.  Alter  burg. 

COL-LAT'IJR-AL,  a.  [L.  con,  with,  and  lateralis, 
pertaining  to  the  side  ; latus,  a side.] 

1.  Being  from,  at,  or  on,  the  side. 

In  his  bright  radiance  and  collateral  light 

Must  I be  comforted,  not  in  his  sphere.  Shak. 

2.  Indirect ; not  immediate ; subordinate  ; 
not  chief  or  principal. 

If  by  direct  or  by  collateral  hand 

They  find  us  touched,  we  will  our  kingdom  give 

To  you  in  satisfaction.  Shale. 

3.  (Law.)  Not  connected  by  lineal  descent, 

as  a son  with  the  father  or  with  the  grandfather, 
but  by  descent  from  a common  ancestor,  as  the 
children  of  the  same  father.  Burrill. 

4.  Connected  ; conjoined  ; concurrent. 

It  receives  no  collateral  strength  from  external  considera- 
tions. Atterbury . 

Collateral  security , security  for  the  fulfilment  of  a 
contract  or  a pecuniary  obligation  in  addition  to  the 
principal  security.  Burrill . 

C0L-LAT'1JR-AL,  n-  !•  One  who  is  collaterally 
descended.  Ayliffe. 

2.  (Com.)  Security  for  the  fulfilment  of  a con- 
tract, or  for  money  lent,  in  addition  to  the  prin- 
cipal security  ; collateral  security.  [Colloquial.] 

COL-LAt'ER-AL-LY,  ad.  1.  Side  by  side.  “ These 
pulleys  placed  collaterally .”  Wilkins. 

2.  Indirectly.  “ The  Papists  more  directly, 
and  the  fanatics  more  collaterally .”  Dryden. 

3.  In  a collateral  relation  ; as,  “ Persons  col- 
laterally descended  from  the  same  stock.” 

COL-LAt'JJR-AL-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
collateral.  Cotgrave. 

COL-LA'TION,  n.  1.  [L.  collatio  ; Fr.  collation.'] 
The  act  of  collating ; comparison  of  one  thing 
with  another  of  the  same  kind  ; — particularly 
applied  to  a comparison  of  manuscripts  or  of 
books. 

I return  you  your  Milton,  which,  upon  collation , I find  to 
he  revised  and  augmented.  Hope. 

2.  The  act  of  conferring;  bestowal ; gift. 

Neither  are  we  to  give  thanks  alone  for  the  first  collation 

of  these  benefits.  Bag. 

3.  That  which  is  collated,  or  bestowed ; div- 
idend contributed.  Bp.  Nicholson. 

4.  A collection  of  articles  of  food  for  a light 
repast ; a treat  or  entertainment  less  than  a 
feast. 

When  I came,  I found  a collation  of  wine  and  sweet- 
meats.  Whist  on* 8 Memoirs. 

5.  f [Old  Fr.  colacion .]  A discourse. 

No  book  was  more  read  in  the  following  ages  than  Cas- 
sian's  Collations.  Burnet. 

6.  (Common  Laic.)  The  comparison  of  a copy 
with  its  original  to  ascertain  its  conformity. 

7.  (Canon  Laic.)  The  act  of  bestowing  a ben- 
efice by  a bishop.  Cowell. 

8.  (Scottish  Law.)  The  right  of  an  heir  to 

divide  equally  with  others  of  the  same  degree 
of  kindred  the  whole  estate  of  a deceased  per- 
son. London  Ency. 

COL-LA'TION,  v.  n.  To  partake  of  a collation, 
or  slight  repast.  “ I . . . collationed  in  Spring 
Garden.”  [r.]  Evelyn. 

COL-LA'TION-ER,  n.  One  ivho  collates  or  ex- 
amines the  sheets  of  a book  after  it  is  printed. 

f COL-LA-Tp'TIOUS  (kol-l?-tIsh'us),  a.  Contrib- 
uted by  many.  Bailey. 

COL-LA'TIVE,  a.  (Eng.  Law.)  A term  applied 
to  livings  or  advowsons,  of  which  the  bishop 
and  the  patron  are  the  same  person.  Blackstone. 

COL-LA'TOR,  n.  [Fr.  collateur .] 

1.  One  who  collates,  or  compares  copies  or 

manuscripts.  Addison. 

2.  One  who  bestows  a benefice.  Ayliffe. 

3.  One  who  bestows  any  gift. 

Well-placed  benefits  redound  to  the  collator's  honor. 

Feltham. 

COL-LA'TR£SS,  n.  A female  who  collates.  Smith. 


267 

COL-LAUD',  v.  a.  [L.  collaudo,  to  praise  highly.] 
To  join  in  praising,  [it.]  Howell. 

COL'LEAGUE  (kfil'leg),  n.  [L.  collega,  one  chosen 
at  the  same  time  with  another  ; con,  with,  and 
lego,  to  choose  ; It.  collega ; Sp.  colega ; Fr. 
cof/egue .]  A partner  in  the  same  trust,  or 

office ; an  associate  ; coadjutor  ; ally.  Swift. 

Syn.  — A colleague  in  office  ; a partner  in  trade ; 
an  associate  in  an  enterprise.  Men  in  the  highest,  as 
well  as  in  lower  offices,  are  colleagues  and  associates  ; 
tradesmen,  mechanics,  &c.,  are  partners. 

COL-LEAGUE'  (kol-leg'),  v.  n.  To  be  a a col- 
league ; — followed  by  with,  before  the  person. 
Colleaqucd  with  this  dream  of  his  advantage, 

He  hath  not  failed  to  pester  us  with  message 
Importing  the  surrender  of  those  lands.  Shale. 

COL'LEAGUE- SHIP,  n.  Partnership.  Milton. 

COL-LECT',  v.  a.  [L.  colli go,  collectus;  Sp.  co- 
lectar-,  Fr.  colliger.]  [i.  collected  ; ^.col- 
lecting, COLLECTED.] 

1.  To  gather  or  bring  together  ; to  bring  into 
one  place,  mass,  or  sum. 

Memory  alone  enriches  the  mind  by  preserving  what  our 
labor  and  industry  daily  collect.  Watts. 

Let  a man  collect  into  one  sum  as  great  a number  as  he 
pleases,  the  multitude  lessens  not  one  jot  the  power  of  add- 
ing to  it.  Locke. 

2.  To  infer  as  a consequence;  to  conclude 
from  premises. 

By  all  best  conjectures  I collect 
Thou  art  to  be  my  fatal  enemy.  Milton. 

To  collect  one’s  self y to  recover  from  surprise,  or  to 
become  calm. 

Affrighted  much, 

I did  in  time  collect  myself.  Shak. 

COL'LECT,  n.  [L.  collectus,  a collection  ; whether 
from  con,  with,  and  lego,  to  read,  or  from  colligo, 
to  collect,  is  doubtful  ; Fr.  collecte.  — “ The  deri- 
vation of  the  word  implies  a prayer  read  together 
with  other  parts  of  the  Church  of  England  ser- 
vice.” Brande.  “ I think  it  very  probable  that 
the  collects  for  the  Sundays  and  Holydays  bear 
that  name  upon  account  that  a great  many  of 
them  are  evidently  collected  out  of  the  Epistles 
and  Gospels.”  Wheatley.  “ As  the  petitions  of 
collects  are,  for  the  most  part,  entirely  in  scrip- 
tural language,  the  word  may  have  been  applied 
to  these  prayers,  because  their  sentiments  and 
phraseology  are  collected  or  gathered  from  the 
Scriptures.”  Eden.]  A short  prayer  adapted  to 
any  special  occasion  or  particular  subject.  Eden. 

Then  let  your  devotion  be  humbly  to  say  over  proper 
collects.  Bp.  Taylor. 

COL-LEC-tA  'NE-A,  n.  pi.  [L.,  things  collected .] 
A selection  of  passages  from  various  authors  ; 
collections  ; extracts  ; miscellany.  Brande. 

COL-LgC-TA'NIJ-OUS,  a.  [L . collectaneus .]  Gath- 
ered together.  Johnson. 

COL-LECT'£D,  p.  a.  1.  Gathered  together. 

2.  Composed  ; calm  ; not  disconcerted. 

COL-LECT'gD-LY,  ad.  In  a collected  manner. 

COL-LECT'J5D-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  collected. 

COL-LECT'I-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  collected. 

COL-LEC'TION,  n.  [L.  collectio  ; It.  collezione  ; 
Sp.  coleccion-,  Fr.  collection.] 

1.  The  act  of  collecting ; as,  “ To  be  em- 
ployed in  the  collection  of  debts.” 

2.  That  which  is  collected  ; assemblage. 

The  gallery  is  hung  with  a collection  of  pictures.  Addison. 

3.  A contribution  for  charitable  purposes. 
“The  collection  for  the  saints.”  1 Cor.  xvi.  1. 

4.  f Conclusion  from  premises  ; inference. 

So  let  him,  by  collection , give  himself  the  censure.  Feltham. 

f COL-L5C-Tl''TIOUS  (-tlsh'us),  a.  [L.  collecti- 
tius.]  Gathered  up.  Bailey. 

COL-LEC'TIVE,  a.  [L . collectivus  \ It.  colletivo-, 
Sp.  colectivo ; Fr.  collectif.] 

1.  Tending  to  collect  or  gather  into  one  mass ; 
gathered  together. 

A body  collective,  because  it  containeth  a huge  multitude. 

Hooker. 

2.  Making  inferences  ; argumentative.  “Col- 
lective reason.”  Browne. 

3.  (Gram.)  A term  applied  to  those  nouns  — 

as  a company,  an  army — which,  though  having 
the  form  of  the  singular  number,  convey  the 
idea  of  many  individuals.  Johnson. 

COL-LEC'TIVE,  n.  [Fr.  collectif.]  A noun  of 


multitude,  or  a substantive  comprehending  in 
its  signification  more  than  one  person  or  thing, 
but  having  the  form  of  the  singular  number. 

Army,  parliament,  people,  mob,  giyig,  set,  family,  &c.,  arc 
collectives.  ' Latham. 

COL-LEC'TIVE-LY,  ad.  In  a general  mass  ; in  a 
body ; not  singly. 

COL-LEC'TJ VE-NESS,  n.  A state  of  combina- 
tion ; a mass.  Todd. 

COL-LEC'TOR,  n.  [It.  collettore ; Sp.  colector ; 
Fr.  collecteur.] 

1.  One  who  collects  things  which  are  sepa- 
rated ; as,  “ A collector  of  old  books  or  of  rare 
pictures.” 

2.  A compiler  of  books. 

Volumes  without  the  collector's  own  reflections.  Addison. 

3.  An  officer  who  receives  or  collects  the  cus- 
toms or  taxes. 

The  commissions  of  the  revenue  are  disposed  of,  ami  the 
collectors  are  appointed  by  the  commissioners.  Swift. 

4.  (Bot.)  pi.  Dense  hairs  covering  the  styles 

of  some  species  of  composite,  &c.,  and  acting 
as  brushes  to  clear  the  pollen  out  of  the  cells 
of  the  anthers.  Brande. 

5.  (Oxford  University.)  pi.  Two  bachelors  of 

arts  appointed  by  the  proctor  to  superintend 
some  scholastic  proceedings  of  their  fellow- 

bachelors  in  Lent.  Todd. 

COL-LEC'TOR- ATE,  n.  The  district  of  a collect- 
or ; a collectorship.  P.  Cyc. 

CO  L-LEC 'TOR-SHIP,  n.  1.  The  office  of  a col- 
lector of  customs  ; collectorate  ; as,  “ The  col- 
lectorship of  New  York,  of  Boston,  &c.” 

2.  (Oxford  University.)  The  office  of  the  col- 
lectors appointed  by  the  proctor  in  Lent.  — See 
Collector. 

COL-LEC'TR£SS,  n.  A female  who  collects. 

COL-LEG'A-T A-RY,  n.  [L.  collegatarius.]  (Law.) 
A joint  legatee  ; a co-legatee.  Burrill. 

COL'L5Ge  (kol'lej),  n.  [L.  collegium ; It.  colle- 
gia ; Sp.  eolegio  \ Fr.  college. — See  Colleague.] 

1.  A community,  corporation,  or  society  of 
persons  united  in  the  same  office  or  calling,  and 
acting  under  the  same  laws  ; as,  “ A college  of 
physicians  ” ; “A  college  of  heralds  ” ; “ The 
college  of  cardinals.” 

2.  A literary  institution  or  seminary  of  learn- 
ing established  by  authority,  endowed  with 
funds,  and  possessed  of  certain  rights  and  priv- 
ileges. 

He  is  returned,  with  his  opinions 
Gathered  from  all  the  famous  colleqes.  Shak. 

3.  A house  or  edifice  appropriated  to  the  use 
of  a college  or  literary  institution  ; as,  “ The 
colleges  at  Cambridge.” 

4.  A political  or  electoral  body  ; as,  “ The  col- 
lege of  electors  of  the  President  of  the  U.  S.” 

Syn.  — See  School. 

COL'L1JGe-UKE,  a.  Like  a college.  Howell. 

COL-LE'GJ-AL,  a.  [Fr.  collegial .]  Relating  to  a 
college  ; collegiate.  Bailey. 

COL-LE'GJ-AN,  n.  [Fr.  collegien.]  A member  of 
a college.  Swift. 

COL-LE'<jrI-ATE,  a.  1.  Relating  to  a college. 
“ Collegiate  masterships.”  Milton. 

2.  Instituted  after  the  manner  of  a college. 
“ Collegiate  societies.”  Hooker. 

Collegiate  church,  a church  which,  not  being  a ca- 
thedral’or  the  seal  of  a bishop,  has,  nevertheless,  its 
college  or  corporation  of  deans,  canons,  and  prebends, 
and  is  regulated  in  divine  service  as  a cathedral. 

COL-LE'Gl-ATE,  n.  [L.  collegiatus.]  A mem- 
ber of  a college  ; a collegian.  Burton. 

fCOL'L^R-Y,  n.  A colliery.  — See  Colliery. 

COL'LpT,  n.  [L.  collum,  the  neck  ; Fr.  collet .] 

1.  That  part  of  a ring  in  which  the  stone  is 
set ; the  setting  of  a precious  stone. 

The  seal  was  set  in  a collet  of  gold.  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

IIow  full  the  collet  with  his  jewel  is!  Cowley. 

2.  (Bot.)  That  part  of  the  axis  of  a plant 

where  the  root  and  the  stem  are  joined ; — 
called  also  collum  and  collar.  Gray. 

COL-LlDE',  v.  n.  [L.  collido ; con,  with,  and  la-do, 
to  strike.]  [ i . collided  ; pp.  colliding,  col- 
lided.] To  strike  against  each  other ; to  clash. 

The  flints  that  hide 

The  seeds  of  fire,  thus  tossed  in  air,  collide.  Drydtm 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 


BULL,  BUR,  Rt'LE.  — 9,  <?,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  £, 


hard;  § as  z ; % as  gz. — THIS,  this. 


COLLIER 


268 


COLONEL 


COL'LIpR  (kol'yer),  re.  1.  One  who  works  in  coal- 
mines ; a digger  of  coals.  Gataker. 

2.  A dealer  in  coals  ; a coal-merchant.  Bacon. 

3.  A ship  that  carries  coals.  Todd. 

COL'LIpR-Y  (kol'yer-?),  re.  1.  A place  where 
coals  are  dug  ; a coal-mine. 

The  collieries  on  the  Tyne  lay  exposed  for  several  miles. 

Burnet. 

2.  The  coal-trade.  Johnson. 

c6L'Ll-FLO\V-£R,re.  See  Cauliflower.  Warton. 

f COL'LI-GATE,  v.  a.  [L.  colligo,  colliaatus ; con, 
with,  and  ligo,  to  bind.]  To  bind  together. 
“ The  members  of  their  church  are  so  colligat- 
ed and  bound  together.”  Quelch. 

COL-LJ-GA'TION,  n.  [L.  colligatio  ; Sp.  coliga- 
cion.]  A binding  together,  [r.] 

Conceptions  not  whollv  correct  may  serve  for  a time  for 
the  collianlion  of  facts,  anil  may  guide  us  in  researches  which 
shall  end  in  a more  exact  colligation.  Thomson. 

COL'LI-MAT-ING,  a.  Correcting  the  error  of 
sight.  “ The  collimating  telescope.”  P.  Cyc. 

COL-LI-MA'TION,  n.  [L.  collimo,  improperly 
used  for  collineo,  to  aim.  Facciolati .]  The 
aiming  at  a mark. 

Line  of  collinmtion,  (Astron.  & Surveying.)  the  line 
of  sight  in  an  astronomical  ora  geodesical  instrument, 
or  the  line  which  passes  through  the  centre  of  the  ob- 
ject glass  and  the  intersection  of  the  wires  placed  in 
its  focus. Error  of  colhmatiim . the  difference  be- 

tween the  actual  line  of  sight  and  the  position  which 
that  line  ought  to  have  in  reference  to  the  axis  of  mo- 
tion of  the  instrument.  Pearson. 

COL-LI-MA'TOR,  n.  An  instrument  for  ascer- 
taining the  horizontal  point,  or  for  determining 
or  correcting  the  error  of  collimation  in  an  in- 
strument. Kater. 

f COLLINE,  n.  [L.  collis,  a hill ; Fr.  coUine.\ 
A small  hill ; a mount.  “ Every  hill  and  col- 
line."  Drummond. 

COL- LIN' $- ATE,  v.  n.  [L.  collineo.']  To  direct 
in  a straight  line  ; to  aim.  Bailey. 

COL-LlN-5-A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  directing  in  a 
straight  or  right  line.  Johnson . 

f COL'LING,  n.  An  embrace.  Chaucer. 

f COL'LING-LY,  ad.  With  embracing. 

And  collingly  him  kist.  Gascoigne. 

COL-LIN'GUAL,  a.  [L.  con,  with,  and  lingua, 
the  tongue.]  Having  the  same  language  ; speak- 
ing the  same  tongue.  1 Vest.  Rev. 

f COL-LlQ'UA-BLE  (kol-lTk'wa-bl),  a.  [See  CoL- 
LittUATE.]  Easily  dissolved.  Harvey. 

f COL-LICFUA-MENT  (kol-Uk'wa-mSnt),  n.  The 
substance  to  which  any  thing  is  reduced  by  be- 
ing melted.  Bailey. 

f COL'LI-ftUANT  (-kwant),  a.  That  has  the  power 
of  melting.  Bailey. 

f COL'LI-aUATE,  v.  n.  [L.  con,  with,  and  liqueo, 
to  bfe  fluid.]  To  be  dissolved. 

Ice  will  dissolve  in  fire,  and  colliquate  in  water.  Browne. 

t COl'LI-CIUATE,  v.  a.  To  melt;  to  dissolve. 

The  ore  is  colliquated  by  the  violence  of  the  fire.  Bogle. 

COL-LI-HUA'TION,  n.  [Fr.  colliguation.] 

1.  The  act  of  melting.  Bacon. 

2.  A lax  or  diluted  state  of  the  fluids  in  ani- 
mal bodies.  Boyle. 

COL-Lia'UA-TIVE,  a.  [Fr.  colliquatif.]  (Med.) 
Melting  ; dissolvent ; — applied  to  diseases 
which  waste  the  strength.  “ Colliquative  fe- 
ver.” Quincy. 

COL-LIO-UIJ-FAC'TION,  n.  [L.  con,  with,  and 
liquefacio,  liquefactus,  to  make  liquid.]  A melt- 
ing together.  “ The  incorporation  of  metals  by 
simple  colliquefaction.”  Bacon. 

CQL-LI"§ION  (kol-lizh'un,  93),  n.  [L.  collisio  ; col- 
lido,  collisus,  to  strike  together  ; Fr.  collision.] 

1.  The  act  of  colliding ; a striking  together 
of  two  bodies  so  as  to  produce  a shock  ; a clash. 

The  sparks  of  truth  being  forced  out  of  contention  as  the 
sparks  of  fire  out  of  the  collision  ot  flint  and  steel.  Hakewill. 

2.  Opposition  ; interference.  “ The  collision 

of  contrary  false  principles.”  Warhurton. 

f COL-Ll'SIVE,  a.  Causing  collision  : clashing; 
interfering.  Blackmore. 


f COL-LIT'I-G  ANT,  a.  [L.  con,  with,  and  litigo, 
litigans,  to  dispute.]  Wrangling,  or  contend- 
ing together.  Maunder. 

COL'LO-CATE,  v.  a.  [L.  colloco,  collocatus  ; Fr. 
colloquer.]  [i.  collocated  ; pp.  collocating, 
collocated.]  To  place  ; to  arrange.  Johnson. 

COL'LO-CATE,  a.  Placed.  “ The  parts  wherein 
that  virtue  is  collocate.’’  Bacon. 

CC)L-LO-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  collocatio ; Fr.  collo- 
cation.] 

1.  The  act  of  collocating  or  placing  ; disposi- 
tion ; arrangement. 

If  elegance  consists  in  the  choice  and  collocation  of  words, 
you  have  a most  indubitable  title  to  it.  Sir  IV.  Jones. 

2.  The  state  of  being  placed.  “ The  colloca- 
tion is  equal  or  unequal.”  Bacon. 

+ COL-LO-CU'TION,  re.  [L.  collocutio  ; con,  with, 
and  loquor,  to  speak.]  Conference.  Bailey. 

f COL-LO-CU'TOR,  n.  [L.]  A speaker  in  a dia- 
logue ; an  interlocutor  ; a dialogist.  Derham. 

COL-LO'DI-ON,  n.  [Gr.  KhU.a,  glue.]  ( Chem .) 
A solution  of  gun-cotton  in  ether  ; — so  called 
on  account  of  its  adhesive  properties.  Brande. 

t COL-LOGUE',  v.  a.  To  wheedle  ; to  flatter. 

They  do  apply  themselves  to  collogue  and  flatter  their 
lieges.  Burton. 

COL-LOGUE'  (kol-log'),  v.  n.  [L.  core,  with,  and 
loquor,  to  speak.]  To  confer  or  converse  se- 
cretly with  deceitful,  or  delusive  designs  ; to 
plot.  “ Collogue  with  her  again.”  Green. 

COL-LOG'UING  (kol-log'ing),  n.  Flattery.  “Par- 
asitical fawning  and  colloguing.’’  Burton. 

COL'LOP,  re.  [Corrupted  from  collow,  the  smut 
of  coal.  Richardson.] 

1.  A small  slice  of  meat ; a piece  of  flesh  ; a 
rasher  of  pork,  or  bacon. 

Sweetbread  and  collops  were  with  skewers  pricked.  Dryden. 

2.  A child.  [In  burlesque  language.] 

Thou  art  n collop  of  my  flesh ; 

And  for  thy  sake  I have  shed  many  a tear.  Shak. 

COL-LO'GUI-AL  (kol-lo'kwe-al),  a.  [L.  eon,  with, 
and  loquor,  to  speak.]  Relating  to,  or  used  in, 
common  conversation  ; conversational.  “ The 
burlesque  and  colloquial  style  of  Swift.”  Warton. 

COL-LO'aul-AL-t§M,  n.  A word  or  phrase  used 
in  conversation.  Ec.  Rev. 

COL-LO-QUI-AL'l-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being  col- 
loquial. [r.]  Ch.  Ob. 

COL-LO'UUj-AL-lZE,  v.  a.  To  make  colloquial, 
or  conversational,  [r.]  Ch.  Ob. 

COL-Lo'aui-AL-I.Y,  ad.  In  a colloquial  or  con- 
versational manner.  Smart. 

CGl/LO-QUlST,  re.  A speaker  in  a dialogue. 

“ The  colloquists  in  this  dialogue.”  Malone. 

COL'LO-GUY  (kol'lo-kwe),  re.  [L.  colloquium  ; 
colloquor,  to  converse  ; core,  with,  and  loquor, 
to  speak ; It.  colloquio ; Sp.  coloquio ; Fr.  cot- 
loque.]  A mutual  discourse  of  two  or  more  per- 
sons ; dialogue  ; discourse ; conversation. 

My  earthly  by  his  heavenly  overpowered, 

in  that  celestial  colloquy  sublime.  Milton. 

t COL'LOW,  v.  a.  [Probably  from  coal.]  To 
black  with  coal.  Sherwood. 

f COL'LOW  (kol'lo),  re.  The  black  or  smut  of  coal ; 
colly ; grime.  W oodicard. 

t COL-LUC'TAN-CY,  re.  [L.  colluctor,  cOlluctans , 
to  struggle.]  A tendency  to  contest;  resist- 
ance. Bailey. 

f COL-LUC-TA'TION,  re.  [L.  colluctatio,  a strug- 
gling.] Contest ; opposition.  More. 

COL-LUDE',  V.  re.  [L.  colludo  ; core,  with,  and 
ludo,  to  play ; Fr.  colluder.]  \i.  colluded  ; pp. 
colluding,  colluded.]  To  play  into  each 
other’s  hands  ; to  conspire  in  a fraud. 

They  will  be  represented  as  colluding  with  sedition.  Burke. 

COL-LUD'ER,  re.  One  who  colludes.  Milton. 

COL-LUD'ING,  re.  Management  by  deceit  or 
fraud  ; collusion.  “ Goodly  glozings  and  time- 
serving colludings.”  Mountagu. 

COL  ' L XJM,  re.  [L .,  the  neck.]  ( Bot .)  The  point 
where  the  stem  and  the  root  are  combined  ; — 
called  also  collet.  P.  Cyc. 


COL-LU'SIQN  (kol-lu'zlmn,  93),  re.  [L.  collusio  ; 
It.  collusione ; Sp.  collision;  Fr  .collusion.]  The 
act  of  colluding ; a secret  agreement,  between 
two  or  more  persons,  for  a fraudulent  purpose  ; 
artifice  ; fraud. 

If  they  would  simply  and  heartily  search  for  the  truth, 
they  would  not  use  these  crafty  collusions  and  deceitful  vjigr- 
glings.  Fox. 

COL-LU'SI  VE,  a.  Partaking  of  collusion  ; fraud- 
ulently concerted;  fraudulent;  deceptive. 

The  gentlemen  on  the  other  side  of  the  house  know  as  well 
as  I do  that  the  Nabob  of  Areot  and  his  creditors  are  not  ad- 
versaries, but  collusive  parties.  Burke. 

COL-LU'SI  VE-LY,  ad.  In  a collusive  manner. 

COL-LU'SI  VE-NESS,  re.  Fraudulent  concert. Todd. 

COL-LU'SO-RY,  a.  [Fr.  collusoire.]  Carrying  on 
a fraud  by  secret  concert ; collusive.  Bailey. 

COL-LU-TO'RI-UM,  re.  [L.  colluo,  to  rinse.] 
(Med.)  A lotion  for  rinsing  the  mouth  ; a gar- 
gle. Brande. 

COL-LU'VI-E$,n.  sing.  & pi.  [L.]  1.  A collec- 
tion of  filth  ; excrement.  Hooper. 

2.  (Geol.)  The  fluid  mass  into  which  the  sub- 
stance of  the  earth  was  supposed  to  be  dissolved 
by  the  deluge.  Hamilton. 

COL'LY,w.  [Probably  from  coal  or  collow.  Rich- 
ardson.] The  smut  of  coal ; grime;  coWow.  Burton. 

COL'Ly,  v.  a.  1.  To  grime  with  coal. 

Thou  hast  not  collied  thy  face  enough.  B Jonson. 

2.  To  make  black,  as  with  coal ; to  blacken. 

Brief  as  the  lightning  in  the  collied  night.  Shak. 

fCOL'LY-BlST,  re.  [Gr.  k6?./.v(3os.]  A money- 
changer. Bp.  Hall. 

COL'LY-RITE,  re.  (Min.)  A variety  of  litho- 
marge.  Crabb. 

COL-LYR  ' I-flM,  re.  ; pi.  col-l\r'i-a.  [L.,  from 
Gr.  Ko/.l.bptov  ; kiuMiu,  to  check,  and  jiovs,  a de- 
fluxion ; It.  collirio;  Sp.  colirio;  Fr.  collyre.] 
(Med.)  Medicine  for  the  eyes  ; a topical  remedy 
for  the  eyes;  eye-water;  eye-salve.  Dunglison. 

COL’ MAR,  n.  [Fr.]  A sort  of  pear.  Johnson. 

COL-O-BO'MA,  re.  [Gr.  Kol.6(3u>pa.]  (Allot.) 

1.  A mutilated,  or  maimed  organ.  Dunglison. 

2.  The  adhesion  of  the  eyelids.  Brande. 

COL'O-BUS,  re.  [L.,  from  Gr.  ko>.o/36s,  maimed.] 
(Zoiil.)  A genus  of  long-tailed  quadrumnna,  or 
monkeys; — so  called  because  the  fore-hands 
are  deficient  in  a thumb.  Brande. 

COL'O-OYNTH,  re.  [Gr.  KoXotcuvOi;  ; L.  colocynthis.] 
(Med.)  The  intensely  bitter  pith  of  the  fruit  of 
the  Cugumis  colocynthis;  bitter-apple;  colo- 
quintida.  It  is  a strong  cathartic.  Dunglison. 

COL-O-CYN'TINE,  re.  The  bitter,  purging  prin- 
ciple of  eolocynth.  Brande. 

CO-LOGNE',  or  CO-LOGNE'-WA'TER  (ko-lon'), 
re.  An  aromatized  alcohol,  used  for  the  toilet ; 
— first  made  at  Cologne.  Ure. 

CO-LOGNE'  (ko-lon'),  a.  Noting  a sort  of  es- 
senced  or  perfumed  alcohol,  prepared  originally 
at  Cologne  in  Germany. 

Cologne  earth,  a bituminous  earth,  of  a violet-brown 
hue,  transparent  and  durable  in  water-color  painting. 

Fairholt. 

COL'O-LITE,  re.  [Gr.  kOI.ov,  the  colon,  and  liQoc, 
a stone.]  (Pal.)  A xvorm-like  fossil ; petrified 
intestines  of  fishes.  Buckland. 

CO'LON,  re.  [L.,  from  Gr.  kZI.ov;  Fr.  colon.] 

T.  (Gram.)  The  mark  thus  [:],  noting  a 
pause  half  as  long  as  a period. 

2.  (Anat.)  That  portion  of  the  large  intes- 
tines which  extends  from  the  ctecum  to  the  rec- 
tum. Dunglison. 

COLONEL  (kUr'nel),  re.  [It.  colonnello  ; Sp.  coro- 
nel;  Fr.  colonel.- Gael,  coirneal.  B.  Jonson, 
Beaumont  ti  Fletcher,  and  Cotgrave  write  com- 
pel for  colonel.  “ It  is  therefore  probable,”  says 
Todd,  “ that  our  word  is  from  the  Spanish  coro- 
nel,  and  his  company  is  the  coronela , from  the 
L.  corona,  a company  of  men.”]  The  chief 
commander  of  a regiment,  ranking  next  below 
a brigadier-general.  Campbell. 

This  word  is  among  those  gross  irregularities 
which  must  be  given  up  as  incorrigible.”  Walker. — 
The  spelling  is  French;  but  the  pronunciation  seems 
to  come  from  the  Sp.  coronet,  or  the  Gael,  coirneal. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  0,  Y,  short;  A,  p,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


COLONELCY 


COLUMBA 


But  colonel  was  onco  pronounced  in  three  syllables, 
as  by  Alilton  in  the  following  line:  — 

Captain,  or  colonel , or  knight  in  arms. 

COLONELCY  (kur'nel-se),  n.  The  office  of  colo- 
nel ; colonclship.  Gent.  Mag. 

CO  LON  ELS  HIP  (kur'nef-shlp),  n.  The  office  or 

rank  of  colonel.  Swift. 

fCOL'O-NpR,  n.  A colonist.  Holland. 

CO-LO'NI-AL,  a.  [See  Colony.]  Relating  to  a 
colony  or  colonies.  “ Colonial  councils.”  Burke. 

f CO-LON'I-CAL,  a.  [L . colonicus.)  Relating  to 
husbandmen.  Spelman. 

COL'O-NIST,  n.  [L.  colonia,  a colony.]  An  in- 
habitant or  member  of  a colony.  Burke. 

COL-O-Nl'TIS,  n.  [Gr.  kuI.ov,  the  colon;  L.  co- 
lon.] (Med.)  Inflammation  of  the  colon  ; coli- 
tis ; dysentery.  Dunglison. 

COL-O-NI-ZA'TION,  n.  [Sp.  colonizacion ; Fr. 
colonisation .]  The  act  of  colonizing.  “ Our 
growth  by  colonization Burke. 

COL-O-NI-ZA'TION-IST,  n.  An  advocate  for  col- 
onization. Month.  Rev. 

COL'O-NlZE,  v.  a.  [Sp.  colonizar ; Fr.  coloniser .] 
[i.  colonized;  pp.  colonizing,  colonized.] 
To  establish  a colony  in;  to  form  into  a colo- 
ny. Bacon. 

COL'O-NiZ-^R,  n.  One  who  colonizes  ; one  who 
establishes  colonies.  Chambers. 

COL'O-NlZ-ING,  71.  Colonization. 

The  progress  of  her  colonizing  might  have  been  attended 
with  the  same  benefits  as  that  of  other  nations.  Robertson. 

COL-ON-NADE',  n.  [It.  colonnata;  colonna,  a 
column  ; Sp.  colunata  ; Fr.  colonnade .)  (Arch.) 
A range  of  columns  placed  at  certain  intervals, 
and  supporting  an  entablature.  When  in  front 
of  the  entrance  to  a building,  it  is  called  a por- 
tico ; when  entirely  surrounding  it,  circularly 
or  otherwise,  a peristyle  ; and  when  double  or 
treble,  a.  poly  style.  Francis. 

COL'O-NY,  n.  [L.,  It.,  Sf  Sp.  colonia  ; colo,  to 
cultivate  ; Fr.  colonie .) 

1.  An  establishment  or  settlement  formed  in 
a foreign  country  by  a body  of  men  emigrating 
from  their  mother  country;  as,  “The  English 
colonies  in  America.” 

2.  The  country  planted  or  colonized. 

The  rising  city,  which  from  fur  you  see, 

Is  Carthage,  and  a Tyrian  colomj.  Dnjden. 

COL'O-NY,  v.  a.  To  colonize,  [it.] 

The  noble  island  which  was  colonied 

Sometime  by  T3'rians,  was  not  wanting  here.  Fanshaw. 

COL'O-PHON  (kol'o-fon),  n.  [L.,  from  a fanciful 
allusion  to  a Greek  satirical  proverb,  in  which 
the  people  of  Colophon,  in  Asia  Minor,  are  re- 
proached with  being  always  the  hindmost. 
Braude.  — “ Tdv  Kolotpdva  hiOyKiv,  He  has  put 
the  colophon  to  it.  The  cavalry  of  the  city  of 
Colophon,  in  Asia  Minor,  was  so  excellent  that 
it  was  thought  to  assure  the  victory  to  the  side 
on  which  it  fought.  Therefore  this  proverb,  ac- 
cording to  most  authorities,  is  similar  in  mean- 
ing to  our  saying,  ‘ He  has  put  a clincher  to  it.’ 
But  the  Scholiast  on  the  Theaffetus  of  Plato 
gives  a different  explanation.  He  says  that  in 
the  council  of  the  twelve  Ionian  cities  Colo- 
phon had  the  casting-vote ; — whence  the  prov- 
erb.” Riley.) 

1.  The  conclusion  of  a book,  where  any  de- 

vice occurs,  or  the  printer’s  name,  date,  and 
abode  are  stated.  Warton. 

2.  (Med.)  A resin  brought  originally  from  Col- 
ophon in  Asia  Minor  ; — called  also  colophony. 

COL-O-PHO'NJ-AN,  a.  Relating  to  a colophon, 
or  conclusion  of  a book.  Cudworth. 

COL-O-PHON'IC,  a.  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  ob- 
tained from  colophony.  Hoblyn. 

CO-LOPH'O-NITE,  n.  (Min.)  A coarse,  granular 
variety  of  garnet,  of  a resinous  lustre.  Dana. 

CO-LOPH'O-NY,  or  COL'O-PHO-NY  [ko-lof'o-ne, 
IV.  Ja. ; kol'o-fo-ne,  I Vb.  Ash  ; kol'o-fon-e,  K. 
Sot.],  n.  A dark-colored  resin,  being  the  resi- 
due after  the  distillation  of  turpentine  ; — 
brought  originally  from  Colophon  in  Asia  Mi- 
nor. Brande. 


269 

COL-O-aUlN'TI-DA,  n.  (Med.)  The  bitter-apple. 
— See  Colocynt’k.  Dunglison. 

COL'OR  (kul'Iur),  n.  [L.  color-,  It.  colore-,  Sp. 
color  ; Fr.  couleur.) 

1.  That  quality  of  a body  which  affects  our 
sensation  with  regard  to  its  hue,  tint,  or  ap- 
pearance to  the  eye. 

The  lights  of  colors  are  more  refrangible  one  than  another 
in  this  order:  red,  orange,  yellow,  green,  blue,  indigo,  deep 
violet.  Aewton. 

2.  The  pigment  used  by  a painter. 

Of  material  colors , there  is  but  one  (ultramarine)  that  ap- 
proaches the  purity  of  the  type  in  the  spectrum.  Fairholt. 

3.  The  natural  hue  of  the  face ; flesh-tint. 

His  coward  lips  did  from  their  color  fly.  Sliak. 

4.  Outward  show  ; semblance  ; pretence. 

Under  the  color  of  the  sale  whereof  [corn],  they  noted  all 

that  was  done  in  the  city.  Knolles. 

5.  Kind  ; species  ; character. 

Boys  and  women  are,  for  the  most  part,  cattle  of  this  color. 

Shak. 

6.  pi.  An  ensign  of  war  ; a standard ; a flag. 

Advance  our  waving  colors  on  the  walls.  Shak. 

The  seven  prismatic  colors,  as  they  appear  in 
the  refractions  of  the  rainbow,  or  of  a glass  prism, 
are  red,  orange,  yellow,  green,  blue,  indigo,  and  violet. 

Primary  colors,  red,  blue,  and  yellow,  by  the  mix- 
ture of  which  three  other  colors,  termed  secondary , are 
produced  ; viz. : red  and  blue  produce  the  different 
hues  of  purple  and  violet;  red  and  yellow  yield  or- 
ange ; yellow  and  blue  produce  green.  Fairholt. — 
Substantive  colors , ( Dyeing .)  such  colors  as  unite  im- 
mediately with  the  material  to  be  dyed,  without  a 
mordant.  — Adjective  colors , such  colors  as  will  not 
unite  with  the  material  to  be  dyed  without  a mordant. 

COL'OR  (kul'Iur),  v.  a.  [ i . colored  ; pp.  col- 
oring, COLORED.] 

1.  To  give  some  color  to  ; to  mark  with  some 
hue  ; to  "paint ; to  tinge  ; to  dye. 

What  mean  those  colored  streaks  in  heaven 

Distended,  as  the  brow  of  God  appeased?  Milton. 

2.  To  palliate  ; to  excuse. 

I told  him  I would  not  favor  or  color , in  any  sort,  his  for- 
mer folly.  Raleigh. 

3.  To  make  plausible.  “ Craft  colored  with 

simplicity.”  Spenser. 

We  have  scarce  heard  of  on  insurrection  that  was  not  col- 
ored with  grievances  of  the  highest  kind.  Addison. 

Syn.  — To  color  is  to  put  on  a color,  or  a hue  ; to 
paint,  to  put  on,  or  to  delineate  with,  a color  ; to  dye, 
to  dip  into  a coloring  liquid.  Color  a wall  ; paint  a 
house  or  a portrait ; dye.  cloth  ; stain  wood  or  paper; 
tinge  with  red. 

COL'OR,  v.  n.  To  blush  ; to  show  color.  Martin. 

COL'OR-A-BLE,  a.  Specious;  plausible.  “The 
colorable  pretences  of  ignorance.”  Hackluyt. 

Syn.  — See  Plausible. 

COL'OR- A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Plausibility.  Fulke. 

COL'OR-A-BLY,  ad.  Speciously.  Bacon. 

f COL'OR- ATE  [kol'o-rat,  S.  W.J.  F.  Ja.  ; kul'o- 
rat,  P.  K.  Sm.  W6.],  a.  [L.  coloratus.)  Col- 
ored ; dyed.  Bag. 

COL-OR-A'TJON,  n.  The  act  of  coloring.  Bacon. 

COL'OR-A-TURE,  n.  [It.  coloratura .]  (Mus.) 
Graces  in  music  from  variation  of  tone.  Smart. 

COL'OR  ED  (kul'lurd),  a.  Having  color  or  colors  ; 
not  white.  “ Like  a colored  rainbow.”  Spenser. 

Colored  races,  races  that  have  a dark  skin. 

COL-OR-IF'IC  [kol-o-rlf'jk,  S.  IF.  J.  F.  Ja.  K.  ; 
kul-o-rlf'ik,  P.  Sm.  Wo.),  a.  Giving  or  pro- 
ducing color.  “ The  several  rays  in  their  col- 
orific qualities.”  Newton. 

COL'OR-lNG,  n.  1.  The  part  of  painting  which 
especially  regards  the  effect  of  colors  ; the  art 
of  disposing  colors  so  as  to  produce  the  desired 
effect ; as,  “ To  excel  in  coloring." 

2.  Specious  appearance.  “ The  crafty  color- 
ing of  this  mischief.”  Fox. 

COL'OR-IST,  n.  A painter  who  excels  in  coloring. 

Such  were  Titian,  Paul  Veronese,  Tintoret,  Rubens,  Vun- 
dyk,  and  the  rest  of  the  good  colorists.  Dryden. 

COL'OR- LESS,  a.  Without  color  ; transparent ; 
as,  “ Pure  water  is  colorless." 

COL'OR-L^SS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
colorless,  [r.]  Boyle. 

COL'OR— MAN,  n. ; pi.  color-men.  One  who  pre- 
pares and  sells  colors.  Buckland. 


COL'OR!?,  n.  pi.  The  national  standard ; as,  “To 
strike  the  colors  ” ; “ To  sail  under  false  col- 
ors.” — See  Color. 

CO-LOS'SAL,  a.  Like  a colossus  ; gigantic  ; huge. 
“This  colossal  statue.”  Dr.  Warton. 

CO-LOSSE'  (ko-los',)  n.  [L.  cofoss«.s.]  A colos- 
sus. “ Colosse  of  Rhodes.”  Temple. 

COL-OS-SE' AN,  a.  Gigantic;  colossal.  “The 
colossean  statue  of  Juno.”  Harris. 

COL-OS-SE  ' UM,  n.  [L.]  A spacious  amphithea- 
tre at  Rome  ; a building  of  great  magnitude  ; — 
written  also  Coliseuth.  Brande. 

CO-LOS'SIAN  (kh-iosh'sm),  71.  (Geoy.)  An  inhab- 
itant of  Colosse,  a city  of  Phrygia  in  Asia  Minor. 

f CO-LOS'SIC,  a.  [Gr.  Ko).ooatK6s ; L.  eotossicus.) 
Large  ; colossal.  Chapman. 

CO-LOS'SUS, n.  ; pi.  L.  co-Los' si\  Eng.  co-los'- 
sqs-Es.  [L.,  from  Gr.  k o/.oaai;;  It.  colosso\  Sp. 
coloso  ; Fr.  colosse.  ] A large  statue  at  ancient 
Rhodes,  representing  a giant  : — a gigantic 
statue. 

Why,  man,  he  doth  bestride  the  narrow  world  . 

Like  a colossus;  and  we,  petty  men, 

Walk  under  his  huge  legs.  Shak. 

CO-LOS'SUS-Wi§E,  ad.  In  the  manner  of  a 
colossus.  “ Stands  colossus-wise.”  Shak. 

CO-LOS'  TRUM,  n.  [L.]  (Med.)  1.  The  first 
milk  after  delivery  ; biestings.  Brande. 

2.  f An  emulsion  made  of  turpentine  and  the 
yolk  of  an  egg.  Dunglison. 

COL'PO-CELE,  n.  [Gr.  kD.ttos,  the  womb,  and 
K>)h],  a tumor.]  (Med.)  Hernia  or  rupture  of 
the  vagina.  Hoblyn. 

COL-PORT'ApE,  n.  [Fr.]  The  business  of  a 
colporter,  hawker,  or  pedler.  Baird. 

COL-PORT'OR,  n.  [Fr.  colporteur.  — “ So  called 
from  carrying  his  goods  in  a pack  suspended 
from  his  neck  ; from  L.  collum,  the  neck,  and 
porto,  to  carry.”  Sullivan.)  A hawker  ; a ped- 
ler ; — especially,  in  modern  usage,  a pedler  of 
religious  books.  Baird. 

COL'STAfF  (12),  n.  [Perhaps  Fr.  col,  neck,  and 
staff.)  A large  staff  by  which  two  men  carry  a 
burden  on  their  shoulders.  Burton. 

COLT,  n.  [A.  S.  colt.) 

1.  A young  horse  not  more  than  four  years 

old  ; — “ used  in  the  common  gender,  male  or 
female.”  Smart. 

2.  A young,  foolish,  or  inexperienced  per- 
son ; — a cant  term  for  one  who  is  for  the  first 
time  in  an  office. 

t COLT,  v.  n.  To  frisk  ; to  frolic. 

As  soon  as  they  were  out  of  sight  by  themselves,  they 
shook  off  their  bridles,  and  began  to  colt  anew.  Spenser. 

f COLT,  v.  a.  To  befool ; to  cheat ; to  abuse. 

What  a plague  mean  ye,  to  colt  me  thus?  Shak. 

COLT'^R,  7i.  [L.  cutter  ; It.  coltro.— A.  S.  cultor ; 

Ger.  kolter — Gael.  $ Ir.  eoltar.)  The  cutting- 
iron  of  a plough ; — written  also  coulter.  Johnson. 

COLT'— E'VIL,  n.  A distemper  to  which  young 
horses  are  liable,  consisting  of  a swelling  in  the 
sheath.  Farm.  Ency. 

COLT'ISH,  a.  Like  a colt  ; frisky  ; wanton. 
“ Man’s  coltish  disposition.”  Cou-per. 

COLT'ISH-LY,  ad.  In  the  manner  of  a colt. 

COLT’S 'FOOT  (-fut),  71.  (Bot.)  A plant  growing 
in  a clayey  soil ; Titssilago  farfara  ; — used  in 
medicine  as  an  expectorant.  Hooper. 

COLT’S'— TOOTH,  n.  1.  An  imperfect  tooth  in 
a young  horse. 

2.  A love  of  youthful  pleasure. 

Well  said,  Lord  Sands; 

Your  coW s-tooth  is  not  east  yet.  Shak. 

COL' U-BER,  71.  [L .,  a serpent.)  (Zoiil.)  A Lin- 
mean  genus  of  serpents,  including  all  those  in 
which  the  sub-caudal  scalc-plates,  or  scuta-,  are 
arranged  in  pairs.  Brande. 

COL'li-BRlNE  (19),  a.  [L.  colubrinus.) 

1.  Relating  to  a serpent. 

2.  Cunning  ; crafty  ; deceptive,  [r.]  Johnson. 

CO-LUM'B A,  n.  (Med.)  A medicinal  bitter  root 
brought  from  Colomba,  a town  An  the  island  of 


MIEN,  SIR; 


MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RtJLE.  — C,  p,  g,  soft ; !C,  fi,  £,  g,  hard; 


§ as  z ; 


3C  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


270 


COMBINATION 


COLUMBA 

Ceylon; — written  also  cahmiba,  Colombo,  and 
columbo.  Hooper. 

CO-LUM'BA,  n.  [L.]  ( Ornith.)  A Linnocan  ge- 
nus of  birds  ; the  pigeon.  Brande. 

CO-LUM'  BJE,  n.  pi.  [L.,  pigeons.]  (Ornith.) 
An  order  of  birds  including  the  family  of 
pigeons,  or  Columbidm.  Gray. 

COL-UM-BA' RI-UM,  n.  ; pi.  C&L-UM-BA1  RI-A. 
[L.]  1.  A sepulchral  chamber,  with  niches  in 

the  walls  for  the  reception  of  cinerary  urns. 

Fairholt. 

2.  pi.  (Arch.)  Holes  left  in  walls  for  the  in- 
sertion of  pieces  of  timber  ; — so  called  from 
resembling  the  niches  of  a pigeon-house.  W eale. 

COL'UM-BA-RY.orCO-LUM'BA-RY  [ko-lum'bji-re, 
S.  W.  P.  J.  /’.  Ja. ; "kol'um-ba-re,  K.  Sm.  R.  Wb. 
Kenrick\,  n.  [L.  columbarium ; columba,  a dove, 
or  pigeon.]  A dove-cot ; a pigeon-house.  “ Col- 
umbaries  or  dove-houses.”  Browne. 

CO-LUM'B ATE,  n.  (Chem.)  A salt  formed  of 
columbic  acid  and  a base.  Francis. 

CO-LUM'B{-A,  n.  (Chem.)  A bitter,  crystalline 
principle  obtained  from  the  columba,  or  calum- 
ba, root.  Brande. 

CO-LUM'BI-AN,  a.  Relating  to  Columbus  : — 
relating  to  Columbia,  or  America.  Barlow. 

CO-LUM'BIC,  a.  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  ob- 
tained from  columbium.  Hooper. 

CO-LilM ' BI-DJE,  n.  pi.  (Ornith.)  A family  of 
birds  including  the  sub-families  Treroninte,  Co- 
lumbiner,  Gouritue , Didunculinee,  and  Didince ; 
pigeons.  Gray. 

COL-UM-BlF'ER-OUS,  a.  (Chem.)  [Eng.  colum- 
bium, and  L.  fero,  to  bear.]  Containing  colum- 
bium. 

COL-  UM-Bl  ’ NJE,  n.  pi. 

(Ornith.)  A sub-fami- 
ly of  birds  of  the  order 
Columba  and  family 
Colutnbidte ; pigeons. 

Gray. 

COL'UM-BlNE  (19),  n.  [L. 
columba,  a pigeon.] 

1.  (Bot.)  A genus  of 

perennial  plants  ; Aqui-  Columba  ocnas. 

legia.  Loudon. 

2.  The  heroine  in  pantomimic  entertain- 
ments. Maunder. 

COL'UM-BlNE  (19),  a,  [L.  Columbians.]  Relat- 
ing to,  or  resembling,  a dove.  Smart. 

CO-LUM'BlTE,  n.  (Min.)  An  ore  of  columbium, 
first  discovered  in  Connecticut.  Dana. 

CO-LUM’BI-OM,  n.  (Min.)  An  acidifiable,  rare 
metal,  found  in  columbite  ; — also  called  tanta- 
lium.  Brande. 

COL'U-MEL,  n.  [L.  columella,  a small  column.] 
(Bot.)  — See  Columella. 

COL-u-MEL'LjJ,  n.  [L.]  (Bot.)  The  axis  to 
which  the  carpels  of  a compound  pistil  are  often 
attached,  as  in  geranium,  or  which  is  left  when  a 
pod  opens,  as  in  azalea: — also  the  solid  axis 
in  the  centre  of  the  capsule  of  a moss.  Gray. 

COL' u-MEN,  n.  [L.]  (Arch.)  An  upright  tim- 
ber m a roof ; a king-post.  Weale. 

COL'liMN  (kol'lum),  n.  [L.  columna  ; It.  colon- 
na ; Sp.  columna,  coluna  ; Fr.  colonne.\ 

1.  (Arch.)  A member  of 
an  order  whose  section 
through  the  axis  is  usual- 
ly a frustum  of  an  elon- 
gated parabola,  or  a mem- 
ber, of  a cylindrical  form, 
consisting  of  a base,  a 
shaft,  or  body,  and  a cap- 
ital ; a pillar.  Brande. 

2.  Any  thing  conceived 
of  as  resembling  a column 
.in  pressing  vertically  upon 
a base  ; as,  “ A column  of 
air  ” ; “A  column  of  wa- 
ter.” 

3.  (Printing.)  A perpendicular  section  of  a 
page. 

4.  (Arith.)  A perpendicular  line  of  figures. 


5.  (Mil.)  A body  of  troops  in  deep  files  and 

narrow  front,  so  disposed  as  to  move  in  regular 
succession.  Campbell. 

6.  (Anat.)  A longitudinal  portion,  or  tract  of 

the  myelon.  Brande. 

Carolytic  columns,  ( Arch .)  columns  having  leaves 
and  branches  winding  spirally  round  them,  or  uis- 
posed  in  the'  form  of  festoons  and  crowns.  Francis. 

Syn.  — See  Pillar. 

CO-LUM'NAR,  a.  [L.  columnar  is  i\  Formed  like 
columns.  “ White  columnar  spar.”  Woodward. 

COL-UM-NA'RI-AN,  a.  Columnar,  [it.]  Johnson. 

COL'UM-NA-RY,  a.  Columnar.  Broicne. 

COL'UMNED  (kol'lumd),  a.  Furnished  with  col- 
umns. “ The  columned  aisle.”  Byron. 

CO-LUM-NI-A'TION,  n.  (Arch.)  A mode  of  de- 
sign or  of  construction  marked  by  columns  ; — 
arrangement  of  columns.  Weale. 

CO-LUM ' JYU-LA,  n.  [Dim.  of  L.  columna,  a 
column.]  (Bot.)  The  central  axis,  round  which 
some  carpels  are  arranged ; columella.  Hcnslow. 

CO-LURE',  pi.  COLVRES.  [Gr.  s6).ovpoi,  the 
colures;  L . coluri  : — Gr.  s6l.ovpus,  dock-tailed, 
truncated ; solos,  clipped,  and  ovpa,  a tail.  — 
“ Supposed  to  have  been  given  to  those  circles 
because  a portion  of  them  is  always  concealed 
from  view  under  the  horizon.”  Brande .]  (As- 
tron.)  An  imaginary  great  circle  of  the  celestial 
sphere,  intersecting  another  similar  circle  at 
the  celestial  poles.  One  of  the  colures  passes 
through  the  equinoctial  points  of  Aries  and 
Libra,  and  the  other  through  the  solstitial 
points  of  Cancer  and  Capricorn  ; — for  this  rea- 
son the  first  is  called  the  equinoctial  colvre,  and 
the  second  the  solstitial  colure.  Brande. 

CO-Lir'TE-A,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  sol.vrfa.]  (Bot.) 
A genus  of  shrubs  with  membranaceous  inflated 
pods ; the  bladder-senna.  Loudon. 

CO'LY,  7i.  One  of  the  Colince.  Baird. 

CO-LYM  ' BI-DJE,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  sol.vpflos,  a diver.] 
(Ornith.)  A family  of  birds  of  the  order  Anse- 
res,  including  the  sub-families  Colymbinec,  Po- 
dicipinat,  and  Heliornincc ; divers.  Gray. 

COL-YM-BI'NJE,  n.  pi.  [See  CoLYMlilDvli.] 
(Ornith.)  A 
sub-family  of 
birds  of  the 
order  Anse- 
res  and  fam- 
ily Colymbi- 
dee ; divers. 

Cg-LYM ' BUS,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  Knl.vpPos,  a di- 
ver.] (Ornith.)  A genus  of  aquatic  birds  ; the 
diver.  Yai'rell. 

COL'ZA,  n.  [Fr.  colsa  or  colza.]  (Bot.)  The 
name  applied  to  a species  of  cabbage,  or  Bras- 
sica ; the  Brassica  campcstris.  Loudon. 

COP  Colia  oil,  which  is  expressed  from  the  seed,  is 
much  used  in  France  and  Belgium  for  burning  in 
lamps,  and  for  other  purposes.  Farm.  Ency. 

CO'MA,  n.  [Gr.  sutpa,  sound  sleep.]  (Med.)  A 
morbid  disposition  to  sleep  ; lethargy.  Hooper. 

CO'MA,  n.  [L.,from  Gr.  Kiyy,  hair.] 

1.  (Astron.)  The  nebulous  atmosphere  sur- 
rounding the  nucleus  of  a comet.  Hind. 

2.  (Bot.)  The  assemblage  of  branches  form- 

ing the  head  of  a forest-tree  : — a tuft  of  brac- 
teie  forming  the  crown  to  the  inflorescence  : — 
tufts  of  hair  on  certain  seeds.  Hcnslow. 

f CO'MART,  n.  A treaty  or  joint  contract.  Shale. 

CO— MATE'  [ko-mat',  W.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  C. ; ko'mat, 
S.  P.  E.  Wb.],  n.  Companion.  Shah. 

COM'ATE,  a.  [L.  comatus  ; It.  comato.]  Hairy; 
appearing  hairy.  “ Comale  stars.”  Fairfax. 

COM-A-TOSE'  [kom-a-tos',  W.  Ja.  ; ko'ma-tos,  P. 
Sm.  ; ko-ma-tos',  A'.],  a.  (Med.)  Relating  to, 
or  resembling,  coma ; drowsy  ; lethargic.  “ Com- 
atose fever.”  Dunglison. 

COM  A-TOU8,  a.  (Med.)  Same  as  Comatose. 

COMB  ) (kom  or  koin),  n.  [A.  S.  comb,  a val- 

COMBE  } > W)  cwm.]  The  unwatered  por- 

( tion  of  a valley  beyond  and  above 

COOMBE  ) tpe  most  elevated  spring  that  issues 
into  it.  [Provincial,  Eng.]  Dr.  Buckland. 


45T“  Hence  the  names  of  places  situated  in  val- 
leys end  in  comb  ; as,  A1  comb.  Bos  comb,  Chil  comb. 
And  sometimes  the  name  of  the  owner  is  annexed; 
as,  Couib-R asset,  Comi-Raleigh.  Sometimes  b is 
changed  into  p ; as,  Compton.”  Boswortli. 

COMB  (kom),  n.  1.  [A.  S.  camb\  Dut.,  Sw.,  fy 
Dan.  ham ; Ger.  kamm  ; Gael,  ciom .]  An  in- 
strument to  separate  and  adjust  the  hair. 

By  fairLigea's  golden  comb, 
wherewith  she  sits  on  diamond  rocks. 

Sleeking  her  soft,  alluring  locks.  Milton. 

2.  Any  instrument  like  a comb,  as  for  card- 
ing wool,  &c. 

3.  The  indented  top  or  crest  of  a cock. 

High  was  his  comb,  and  coral-red  withal, 

With  dents  embattled  like  a castle  wall.  Dryden. 

COMB  (kom),  n.  [Gr.  sbpjy,  a hollow  vessel ; A.  S. 
comb,  a valley.]  The  cells  in  which  bees  lodge 
their  honey.  lire. 

COMB,  n.  [A.  S.  cumb,  a liquid  measure.]  A 
dry  measure,  commonly  of  four  Winchester 
bushels  ; — also  written  coomb.  Brande. 

COMB  (kom),  v.  a.  \i.  combed  ; pp.  combing, 

COMBED.] 

1.  To  divide  and  adjust  the  hair  with  a comb. 

2.  To  lay  smooth  by  drawing  through  nar- 
row interstices;  as,  “To  comb  wool.” 

+ c6m'BA-CY,  ,n.  Combat. 

And  did  conclude  by  combacy , 

To  win  or  lose  the  game.  Warner. 

||  COM'BAT,  or  COM'BAT  [kum'bjt,  .S’.  W.  J.  F. 
Sm.  C.  Nares  ; kom'b^t,  P.  E.  Ja.  K.  Wb.  Blair.], 
v.n.  [It . combattere  \ Sp . combatir  \ Fr . com- 
battre.]  [i.  combated  ; pp.  combating,  com- 
bated.] To  fight;  to  contend  ; to  contest. 

Now  sways  it  this  way,  like  a mighty  sea 

Forced  by  the  tide  to  combat  with  the  wind.  Shak. 

II  COM'BAT,  or  COM'BAT,  V.  a.  To  contend 
against ; to  oppose. 

Such  was  the  very  armor  he  had  on 

When  he  the  ambitious  Norway  combated.  Shak. 

||  COM'BAT,  n.  [Fr.  combat.~\  Contest;  battle; 
an  engagement ; a fight ; a duel. 

The  combat  deepens;  on,  ye  brave, 

Who  rush  to  glory  or  the  grave.  Campbell. 

Syn.  — See  Battle,  Conflict. 

||  COM'BA-TA-BLE,  a.  That  may  he  combated. 

||  COM'BA-TANT,  n.  One  who  combats;  a fight- 
er ; a champion. 

So  frowned  the  mighty  combatants , that  hell 

Grew  darker  at  their  frown.  Milton. 

Syn.  — A combatant,  is  any  one  that  fights  ; a cham- 
pion is  one  who  undertakes  to  fight  for  another,  or  in 
another’s  cause. 

II  COM'BA-TANT,  a.  Disposed  to  fight. 

Their  valors  are  not  yet  so  combatant 

Or  truly  antagonistic  as  to  tight.  B.  Jonson. 

||  COM'BAT-pR,  n.  One  who  fights;  a comba- 
tant. “ Co/nbaters  or  fighters.”  Shcncood. 

||  COM'BA-TIVE,  a.  Inclined  to  combat ; pugna- 
cious ; combatant.  Lawrence. 

II  COM'BA-TIVE-NESS,  n.  (Phren.)  A disposi- 
tion or  propensity  to  fight.  Combe. 

COMB'— BROACH  (kom'brocli),  n.  A tooth  of  the 
instrument  with  which  wool  is  combed.  Ash. 

COMB'— BRUSH  (kom'brush),  n.  A brush  to  clean 
combs.  Johnson. 

COMB'— CASE,  n.  A ease  for  a comb.  Ash. 

COMB'JJR  (kom'er),  n.  One  who  combs.  “Comb- 
ers of  wool.”  Browne. 

COM'BIJR,  n.  A species  of  fish  in  Cornwall.  Ray. 

COM'B^R,  n.  [Dut.  kommer.]  Encumbrance. 

That  I may  provide  you  some  fit  lodgings  ...  for  the  pres- 
ervation of  blessed  liberty  and  avoidance  of  the  comber  of 
kindness.  Wotton. 

COM-BI 'NA-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  combined. 

Pleasures  are  very  combinable  both  with  business  and 
study.  Lord  Chesterfield. 

COM-Bl'NA-BLE-NESS,  n.  Capability  of  being 
combined.  Craig. 

f COM'BI-NATE,  a.  Betrothed  ; promised.  “Her 
combinate  husband.”  Shak. 

c6M-BI-NA'TION,  7i.  [L.  cornbinatio ; It.  eom- 

binazione  ; Sp . combmacion  ■,  Fr . combmaison.] 

1.  Union  of  persons  for  certain  purposes; 
association  ; alliance  ; coalition  ; confederacy. 


A,  E,  I 6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short; 


A,  £,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; 


HEIR,  HER; 


COMBINATIVE 


271 


COMFORT 


This  cunning  cardinal 
The  articles  o’  the  combination  drew, 

As  himself  pleased.  Shak. 

2.  ( Chem .)  Union  of  two  or  more  substances 

in  such  a manner  as  to  form  a new  compound ; 
commixture.  Maunder. 

3.  {Math.)  pi.  Changes  or  variations  in  ev- 
ery possible  manner  among  a certain  number 
of  objects  or  symbols  taken  in  sets.  Davies. 

Combination  room,  ( University  of  Cambridge,  Eng- 
land.) a room  into  which  the  officers  and  fellows  with- 
draw, after  dinner,  for  dessert,  wine,  and  conversa- 
tion. 

Syn.  — See  Alliance,  Association. 

COM-BI'NA-TIVE,  a.  Tending  to  combine;  unit- 
ing. [r.]  Brit.  Crit. 

COM-BI'NA-TO-RY,  a.  Tending  to  combine  ; 
uniting ; combinative.  Schaff. 

COM-BINE',  v.  a.  [ L.  combino ; eon,  with,  and  bi- 
nus,  two  and  two,  double  ; It.  combinare ; Sp.  com- 
binar;  Fr.  combiner .]  [i.  combined;  pp.  com- 
bining, combined.]  To  join  together;  to  unite. 

God,  the  best  maker  of  all  marriages, 

Combine  your  hearts  in  one.  Shak. 

COM-BINE',  v.  n.  1.  To  be  united  ; to  coalesce. 

Ordain  we,  then,  two  sorrows  to  combine.  DryeJen. 

2.  To  be  joined  in  friendship,  or  in  design. 

Combine  together  ’gainst  the  enemy.  Shak. 

COM-BiNED'  (kom-blnd'),  P-  «•  United. 

Combined  locks  (Jirch.)  are  canal  locks  placed  side 
by  side,  so  as  to  admit  the  ascent  and  descent  of  boats 
at  the  same  time.  Tanner. 

f COM-BINE'MgNT,  n.  Combination.  Leighton. 

COM-BIN'jpR,  7i.  He  who,  or  that  which,  combines. 

COMB'ING  (kom'jng),  n.  1.  The  act  of  using  a 
comb. 

2.  Borrowed  hair  combed  over  the  baldness 
of  the  head. 

The  baldness,  and,  as  both  men  and  women  think,  the 
deformity,  of  their  hair,  is  usually  supplied  by  borders  and 
combings.  Bp.  Taylor. 

COMB'L^SS  (kom'les),  a.  Wanting  a comb  or 
crest.  “ A combless  cock.”  Shak. 

COMB'— MAK-pR  (kom'-),  n.  A maker  of  combs. 

COM-BUST',  v.  a.  [L.  comburo,  combustus,  to 
burn  up.]  To  burn,  [r.]  Dickens. 

COM-BUST',  a.  ( Astron .)  Applied  to  a heavenly 
body  when  it  is  not  above  eight  degrees  and  a 
half  distant  from  the  sun. 

Guianerius  had  a patient  could  make  Latin  verses  when 
the  moon  was  combust , otherwise  illiterate.  Burton. 

COM-BUS-TI-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [It.  combustibilittl ; 

Sp.  combustibilidad  ; Fr.  conibustibilite .]  The 
quality  of  being  combustible.  Digby. 

COM-BUS'TI-BLE,  a.  [It.  combustibile ; Sp.  § 
Fr.  combustible .]  Capable  of  being  burnt ; in- 
flammable. “ Combustible  matter.'’  Sharp. 

COM-BUS'TI-BLE,  n.  A substance  that  will  burn. 
“ Common  combustibles .”  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

COM-BUS'TI-BLE-NESS,  n.  Aptness  to  take  fire  ; 
combustibility.  Johnson. 

COM-BUS'TION  (kom-bust'yun),  n.  [L.  combus- 
tion It.  combustione ; Sp.  & Fr.  combustion.) 

1.  The  process  of  burning ; consumption  by 
fire ; conflagration. 

The  future  combustion  of  the  earth  is  to  be  ushered  in  with 
violent  impressions  upon  nature.  Burnet. 

2.  fTumult;  disorder;  confusion. 

Prophesying  with  accents  terrible 

Of  dire  coinhustion  and  confused  events.  Shak. 

Those  cruel  wars  between  the  houses  of  York  and  Lan- 
caster brought  all  England  into  an  horrible  combustion. 

Raleigh. 

COM-BUS'TIVE,  a.  Tending  or  disposed  to  take 
fire.  “ Malign,  fiery,  and  combustive.” 

Bp.  Gauden. 

COME  (kum),  v.n.  [Goth,  ewiman ■;  A.  S.  cuman ; 
Dut.  koomen  ; Ger.  kommen ; Sw.  kotnma  ; Dan. 
lcomme .]  [i.  came  ; pp.  coming,  come.] 

1.  To  tend  hitherward ; to  advance  nearer ; 
to  approach  ; — opposed  to  go. 

By  the  pricking  of  my  thumbs. 

Something  wicked  this  way  comes.  Shak. 

Evil  into  the  mind  of  God  or  man 
May  come  and  go,  so  unapproved,  and  leave 
No  spot  or  blame  behind.  Milton. 

2.  To  be  or  to  arrive  at,  or  to  reach,  some 
place,  point,  or  condition. 


The  rest  will  I set  in  order  when  I come.  1 Cor.  xi.  34. 

Ilis  sons  come  to  honor,  and  he  knoweth  it  not.  Jobx iv.  21. 

3.  f To  become.  “ So  came  I a widow.’ ’ Shak. 

4.  To  happen  ; to  fall  out.  “ How  comes 

that  ? ” Shak. 

Let  come  on  me  what  will.  Job  xiii.  13. 

the  imperative,  it  is  often  used  as  an  inter- 
jection, in  order  to  encourage,  incite,  or  command 
attention.  “ Come,  we  will  walk  ” ; “ Come,  let  us 
go.”  Shak.  And  the  repetition  of  it  in  the  imperative 
implies  haste  or  impatience.  “Come,  come,  let  us  fall 
in  with  them.”  Shale.  It  is  sometimes  used  with  an 
ellipsis;  as,  “ Come  Friday”;  that  is,  “When  Fri- 
day shall  come.”  — To  come  about , to  come  to  pass  ; to 
happen  : — to  change  ; to  come  round.  “ The  wind 
came  about.”  Bacon.  — To  come  again , to  return. 
“ When  he  had  drunk,  his  spirit  came  again.”  Judges 
xv.  19. — To  come  after , to  follow. — To  come  at , to 
reach  ; to  obtain. — To  come  by,  to  obtain  ; to  gain. — 
To  come  home , to  return  to  one’s  home : — to  touch 
nearly  or  sensibly  ; as,  “ This  warning  comes  home  to 
every  man.”  ( Naut .)  Said  of  an  anchor  when  it  is 
broken  from  the  ground  and  drags. — To  come  in,  to 
enter.  To  accrue  as  gain  ; as,  “ He  has  large  sums 
coining  in.” — To  come  in  for,  to  make  a claim  for; 
as,  “ To  come  in  for  a share.” — To  come  into,  to  join 
with;  to  comply  with;  as,  “To  come  into  an  agree- 
ment or  compact.” — To  come  of,  to  proceed  ; to  is- 
sue. “ I told  you  what  would  come  of  this.”  Shak. 
— To  come  off,  to  depart  from ; to  deviate.  To  es- 
cape ; to  get  free.  “ How  thou  wilt  here  come  off  sur- 
mounts my  reach.”  Milton.  To  end  an  affair.  “ O, 
bravely  came  we  off.”  Shak. — To  come  on,  to  ad- 
vance; to  make  progress. — To  come  over,  to  revolt. 
“ A man,  in  changing  his  side,  not  only  makes  him- 
self hated  by  those  he  left,  but  is  seldom  heartily  es- 
teemed by  those  lie  comes  over  to.”  Addison.  To  rise, 
in  distillation.  “ The  liquor  that  is  wont  to  come  over 
in  this  analysis.”  Boyle. — To  come  out,  to  be  made 
public  ; to  be  discovered  ; as,  “ The  secret  has  come 
out  at  last.” — To  come  out  with,  to  give  vent  to  ; to 
make  public. — To  come  round,  to  change;  as,  “The 
wind  came  round.” — To  come  short,  to  fail ; to  be  de- 
ficient. — To  come  to,  to  consent  or  yield  ; as,  “ We 
must  come  to  it”:  — to  amount  to;  as,  “ How  much 
does  the  whole  come  to?  ” — To  come  to  one’s  self,  to 
recover  one’s  senses. — To  come  to  pass,  to  be  effect- 
ed ; to  fall  out. — To  come  up,  to  make  appearance,  as 
vegetables ; to  shoot  from  the  soil  ; as,  “ The  corn 
that  was  planted  has  come  up.”  To  come  into  use. 
“ A fashion  comes  up.”  Johnson. — To  come  up  to,  to 
rise  to  ; to  reach  to  ; as,  “ To  come  up  to  a mark  or  to 
a standard.” — To  come  up  with,  to  overtake. — To 
come  upon , to  invade ; to  attack.  “ When  old  age 
comes  upon  him.”  South. — Come  your  loays,  come 
along,  or  come  hither.  Shak.  “ A vulgarism  still  in 
use,  especially  in  the  North  of  England.”  Todd.  — To 
come , noting  futurity.  “ We  jump  the  life  to  come.” 
Shak. — To  come  up,  to  slack  off,  as  a rope  or  a tackle. 

COME  (kum),  n.  A sprout.  “The  falling  off  of 
come , or  sprout.”  [A  cant  term.]  Mortimer . 

CO-ME'DI-AN,  n.  [Fr.  comedien.~\ 

1.  An  actor  of  comedy ; a player  of  comic 

parts.  Johnson. 

2.  A stage-player,  male  or  female.  “ When 

of  a comedian  she  became  a wealthy  man’s 
wife.”  Camden. 

3.  A writer  of  comedies.  “ To  admire  Plau- 
tus as  a comedian .”  Peacham. 

C6m'E_DY,  n • [Or.  KiBfMofiia ; Kdjprj,  a village,  or 
Kwpos,  jovial  festivity,  and  qdrj,  a song ; L.  comoe- 
dia  ; It.  commedia  ; Sp.  comedia  ; Fr.  comedie.] 
A dramatic  representation  of  the  lighter  faults, 
passions,  actions,  and  follies  of  mankind;  play. 

Your  honor’s  players 

Are  come  to  play  a pleasant  comedy.  Shak. 

COME'LI-LY,  ad.  In  a comely  manner ; decent- 
ly; comely,  [r.]  Sherwood. 

COME'LI-NESS  (kum'le-nes),  71.  1.  The  quality 

of  being  comely  ; symmetry  ; grace  ; beauty  ; 
dignity. 

All  former  comeliness 
Fled  in  a minute  when  the  soul  was  gone. 

And,  having  lost  that  beauty,  would  have  none.  Donne. 

2.  Propriety  ; fitness ; suitableness. 

For  comeliness  is  a disposing  fair 

Of  things  and  actions  in  fit  time  and  place.  Davies. 

It  signifies  something  less  forcible  than  beau- 
ty, less  elegant  than  grace , and  less  light  than  pretti- 
ness.” Johnson. 

COME'LY  (kum'le),  a.  [From  become.  Skinner, 
Junius.  — Perhaps  A.  S.  eweman,  to  please. 
Johnson.] 

1.  Of  good  appearance  ; well-proportioned ; 

symmetrical ; graceful  ; handsome.  “ A come- 
ly creature.”  “ Though  he  killed  a comehj 
knight.”  Piers  Plouhman. 

2.  Becoming;  fitting;  suitable. 


O,  how  comely  it  is,  and  how  reviving 
To  the  spirits  of  just  men  long  oppressed. 

When  God  into  the  hands  of  their  deliverer 
Puts  invincible  might 

To  quell  the  mighty  of  the  earth,  the  oppressor  I Milton. 

Syn. — See  Becoming,  Elegant. 

COME'LY  (kum'le),  ad.  Gracefully;  handsome- 
ly ; decently.  “ To  ride  comely.”  [n.]  Ascham. 

COME-OFF',  n.  An  escape;  an  evasion.  Milton. 

COME— OUT',  inter).  A word  of  command  to  a 
dog  to  cause  him  to  discontinue  his  pursuit  or 
his  barking.  Forby. 

COME— OUT'JJR,  n.  One  who  forsakes  established 
communities  or  societies ; a radical  reformer. 
[Modern.]  Theodore  Parker. 

COM'ER  (kuin'er),  n.  One  who  comes.  Shak. 

fCOM-pS-SA'TION,  71.  [Gr.  koi/jMm,  to  revel; 
L.  comissatio  ; Fr.  comessation.]  Revelling. 

“Drunken  comessations.”  Bp.  Hall. 

+ CO-MES'TI-BLE,  a.  [L.  comedo,  to  eat;  Fr. 
comestible.]  Eatable.  Wotton. 

COM'pT,  n.  [Gr.  ko/u'itw;  Kdyy,  hair;  L.  cometa; 
Fr.  comete.  — A.  S.  cometa.]  (Astron.)  A heav- 
enly body  belonging  to  the  solar  system,  of  a 
luminous  and  nebulous  appearance,  which  ap- 
proaches to  and  recedes  from  the  sun,  after  the 
manner  of  a planet,  in  a single  revolution.  P.Cyc. 

Incensed  with  indignation  Satan  stood, 

TJnterrificd,  and  like  a comet  burned. 

That  fires  the  length  of  Ophiuchus  huge 

In  the  arctic  sky,  and  from  his  horrid  hair 

Shakes  pestilence  and  war.  Milton. 

CO-MET',  n.  A game  at  cards.  Southern. 

COM-JJT-A  RI-UM,  I n_  (Astron.)  A machine  eon- 

COM'IJT-A-RY,  ) structed  to  represent  the 
revolution  of  a comet  around  the  sun.  Crabb. 

COM'E-TA-RY,  a.  Relating  to  a comet.  Cheyne. 

CO-MET'IC,  a.  Cometary.  [r.]  Jolmson. 

COM '(IT— LIKE,  a.  Resembling  a comet.  Shak. 

COM-pT-OG'R A-P HER,  n.  One  who  writes  about 
comets,  [r.]  Ash. 

COM-IJT-OG'R A-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  Koyt/ry a comet, 
and  Yf wtpu>,  to  write.]  The  history  and  descrip- 
tion of  comets.  Boyle. 

COM'FIT  (kum'fit),  n.  [L.  conficio,  confectus,  to 
make  up  together;  It . confettura  \ Sp.  confite ; 
Fr.  confiture  ; Dut.  konjit.)  A dry  sweetmeat ; 
a confect.  Hudibras. 

COM'FIT  (kum'fit),  v.  a.  To  preserve  dry  with 
sugar.  Cowley. 

COM'FIT— MAK'JgR,  n.  A confectioner.  Shak. 

COM'FI-TURE  (kfim'fe-tur),  n.  [Fr.  confiture.] 
A dry  sweetmeat ; a comfit.  Donne. 

COM'FORT  (kum'furt),  v.  a.  [L.  conforto,  to 
strengthen  much  ; con,  with,  used  intensively, 
and  fortis,  strong  ; It.  confortare  ; Sp.  comfor- 
tar Fr.  conforter.]  [i.  comforted  ; pp.  com- 
forting, COMFORTED.] 

1.  To  strengthen  ; to  corroborate  ; to  confirm. 

The  evidence  of  God’s  own  testimony,  added  unto  the 
natural  assent  of  reason,  doth  not  a little  comfort  and  confirm 
the  same.  Booker. 

2.  To  encourage  ; to  inspirit ; to  enliven  ; to 
invigorate  ; to  revive  ; to  console  ; to  cheer. 

They  bemoaned  him  and  comforted  him  over  all  the  evil 
that  the  Lord  had  brought  upon  him.  Job  xlii.  11. 

COM'FORT  (kum'furt),  n.  1.  Support ; assist- 
ance ; countenance  ; as,  “ To  give  aid  and 
fort  to  an  enemy.” 

2.  Encouragement  to  bear  calamity ; conso- 
lation ; solace. 

Consolation  or  comfort  are  words  which,  in  their  proper 
acceptation,  signify  some  alleviation  to  that  pain  to  which  it 
is  not  in  our  power  to  afford  the  proper  and  adequate  reme- 
dy; they  imply  rather  an  augmentation  of  the  power  of  hear- 
ing than  a diminution  of  the  burden.  Rambler. 

3.  That  which  gives  consolation ; source  of 
enjoyment. 

Your  children  were  vexation  to  your  youth; 

But  mine  shall  be  a comfort  to  your  age.  Shak. 

4.  Enjoyment ; satisfaction  ; ease. 

Syn. — Comfort  and  consolation  are  often  used  sy- 
nonymously; consolation,  for  serious  afflictions;  com- 
fort, for  less  evils.  Persons  may  administer  conso- 
lation and  comfort ; things,  as  books,  society,  &c., 
afford  solace.  Substantial  comfort ; real  satisfaction  ; 
lively  pleasure . Comfort,  at  home  ; pleasure  abroad. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — (J,  <?,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


COMFORTABLE 


272 


COMMENCE 


' “ We  may  find  pleasure,”  says  Crabb,  as  an  English- 
man, “ in  every  country  ; but  comfort  is  to  be  found  in 
our  own  country  only.” 

OOM'FORT-A-BLE  (kum'furt-j-bl),  a.  1.  Suscepti- 
ble of  comfort ; receiving  comfort ; cheerful. 

For  mv  sake,  be  comfortable:  hold  death 

A while  at  the  arm’s  end.  Altaic. 

2.  Having  the  power  to  give  comfort ; afford- 
ing enjoyment  or  satisfaction. 

The  lives  of  many  miserable  men  were  saved,  and  a com- 
fortable provision  made  for  their  subsistence.  Drjjdcn. 

3.  Having  comfort,  ease,  or  enjoyment. 

CO  M 'FOIt  T-A-BL  E-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
comfortable. 

Quiet  serenity  and  comfortableness  usually  attend  a virtu- 
ous course  of  life.  Goodman. 

COM'FORT-A-BLY,  ad.  In  a comfortable  manner. 

COM'FORT-ER  (kuin'furt-er),  n.  1.  One  who  com- 
forts or  consoles. 

The  Heavens  have  blest  you  with  a goodly  son, 

To  be  a comforter  when  he  is  gone.  Shak. 

2.  A term  applied  to  the  Holy  Spirit ; the 
Paraclete. 

But  the  Comforter , which  is  the  Holy  Ghost,  he  shall  teach 
you  all  things.  John  xiv.  20. 

3.  That  which  comforts  ; — especially  a warm 
stuffed  coverlet.  [U.  S.] 

t COM'FORT-FUL,  a.  Full  of  comfort.  Ftuloet. 

COM'FORT-lNG,  p.  a.  Affording  comfort;  sup- 
porting. “ Comforting  repose.”  Shak. 

COM 'FORT-LESS  (kum'furt-les),  a.  Wantingcom- 
fort ; forlorn  ; cheerless  ; desolate  ; miserable. 
“ Comfortless  despair.”  Shak. 

COM'FORT-LF.SS-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
comfortless.  Dr.  Allen. 

\ COM'FORT-MENT,  ?!.  The  act  of  comforting. 
“ The  gentle  comfortment  and  entertainment  of 
the  said  ambassador.”  Hackluyt. 

COM'FORT-RESS,  n.  She  who  comforts.  B.Jonson. 

COM 'FREY  (kiim'fre),  n.  ( Bot .)  A genus  of  plants 
of  several  species  ; Symphytum.  The  common 
comfrey  ( Symphytum  officinale)  abounds  in 
mucilage,  and  is  used  in  medicine.  Loudon. 

COM'IC,  a.  [Gr.  tooputic ; L.  cotnicus  ; It.  «5f  Sp. 
cotnico-,  Fr . comique.  — See  Comedy.]  Relat- 
ing to  comedy  ; raising  mirth  ; sportive  ; com- 
ical ; as,  “ Comic  writings,  in  distinction  from 
tragical." 

COM'I-CAL,  a.  Ludicrous;  diverting;  droll; 
odd ; ridiculous  ; laughable ; comic. 

Something  so  comical  in  the  voice  and  gestures  that  a man 
can  hardly  forbear  being  pleased.  Addison. 

Syn.  — See  Ludicrous. 

COM-I-CAL'I-TY,  n.  Comicalness;  laughable- 
ness. [Low.]  D.  O'Connell. 

COM'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a comical  manner  ; ludi- 
crously ; laughably. 

COM'I-CAL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  com- 
ical; ludicrousness.  Johnson. 

c6m'ING  (kum'jng),  n.  The  act  of  coming,  or 
advancing;  approach;  arrival. 

Where  art  thou,  Adam ! wont  with  joy  to  meet 

My  coming,  seen  far  off?  Hilton. 

COM'ING,  a.  1.  Ready  to  come;  forward. 

On  morning  wings,  how  active  springs  the  mind! 

IIow  easy  every  labor  it  pursues! 

llow  coming  to*  the  poet  every  muse!  Pope. 

2.  That  is  yet  to  come  ; future. 

Praise  of  great  acts,  he  scatters  as  a seed, 

Which  may  the  like  in  coming  ages  breed.  Roscommon. 

COM'ING— IN,  n.  1.  Revenue  ; income. 

What  are  thy  rents?  what  are  thy  comings-in ? Shak. 

2.  The  act  of  yielding ; submission. 

On  my  life, 

We  need  not  fear  his  coming-in.  Massinger. 

3.  Introduction ; entrance. 

The  coming-in  of  this  mischief  was  sore  and  grievous  to 
the  people.  2 Macc.  vi.  ft 

CO-MIN'GLE,  v.  a.  See  Commingle.  Johnson. 

CO-Ml"TI-A  (ko-mish'e-a),  n.  pi.  [L.]  Popular 

assemblies  of  the  Romans.  P.  Cyc. 

CO-MI''TIAL  (ko-mish'sd),  a.  [L.  com,itialis.) 

1.  Relating  to  the  comitia,  or  assemblies  of 
the  ancient  Romans. 

2.  Relating  to  an  order  of  Presbyterian  as- 
semblies. Bp.  Bancroft. 


COMT-Ty,  n.  [L.  cotnitas .]  Courtesy  ; civility  ; 
politeness ; affability.  Bailey. 

COM'MA,  n.  [Gr.  nippa  ; *<i7rrw,  to  cut  off.] 

1.  (Gram.)  A point,  marked  thus  [,],  which 

notes  the  smallest  grammatical  division  in 
written  or  printed  language,  and  commonly 
represents  the  shortest  pause  in  reading  or  de- 
livery. J.  IVilson. 

2.  (Mus.)  An  enharmonic  interval,  or  the 

difference  between  a major  and  a minor  semi- 
tone ; the  smallest  subdivision,  being  about 
the  ninth  part  of  a tone.  Brande. 

COM-MAnd'  (12),  v.  a.  [L.  con,  with,  and  mando, 
to  commit  to  one’s  hand,  to  commission  ; mantis, 
the  hand,  and  do,  to  give  ; It.  comandare  ; Sp. 
comandar ; Fr.  commander .]  [i.  commanded; 
pp.  COMMANDING,  COMMANDED.] 

1.  To  direct;  to  order;  to  dictate. 

We  will  go  . . . and  sacrifice  to  the  Lord  our  God,  as  he 
shall  command  us.  Exod.  viii.  27. 

2.  To  hold  under  subjection ; to  lead  as  a 
general ; to  govern  ; to  rule. 

Those  he  commands  move  only  In  command, 

Nothing  in  love,  Shak. 

3.  To  claim,  as  by  authority,  or  by  a just 
title  ; to  challenge  ; as,  “ A noble  character 
commands  universal  respect.” 

4.  To  have  below,  so  as  to  be  seen;  to  over- 
look. 

One  side  commands  a view  of  the  finest  garden  in  the 
world.  Addison. 

It  is  a pleasure  to  stand  upon  the  shore,  and  to  see  ships 
tossed  upon  the  sea;  a nleasure  to  stand  in  the  window  of  a 
castle,  and  to  see  a battle  and  the  adventures  thereof  below; 
but  no  pleasure  is  comparable  to  the  standing  upon  the  van- 
tage-ground of  truth,  — a hill  not  to  be  commanded , and  where 
the  air  is  always  pure  and  serene,  — and  to  see  the  errors,  and 
wanderings,  and  mists,  and  tempests  in  the  vale  below,  so 
always  that  this  prospect  be  with  pity,  and  not  with  swelling 
or  pride.  Bacon. 

Syn.  — See  Dictate. 

COM-MAnd',  v.  n.  To  exercise  authority ; to 
govern  ; to  sway. 

Those  two  commanding  powers  of  the  soul,  the  understand- 
ing or  the  will.  South. 

An  eye  like  Mars’  to  threaten  and  command.  Shak. 

COM-MAND',  n.  [It.  5;  Sp.  comando  ; Fr.  com- 
manded 

1.  The  right  of  commanding  ; supreme  au- 
thority ; absolute  rule. 

While  yet  my  soldiers  are  in  my  command.  Shak. 

All  commands  in  the  regular  forces  belong  to  the  senior 
officers.  Camjibell. 

2.  The  exercise  of  authority  ; despotism. 

Command  and  force  may  often  create,  but  can  never  cure, 

an  aversion ; and  whatever  any  one  is  brought  to  by  compul- 
sion, he  will  leave  as  soon  as  he  can.  Locke. 

3.  Order  given  ; injunction  ; mandate. 

Of  this  tree  we  may  not  taste  nor  touch; 

God  so  commanded,  and  left  that  command 

Sole  daughter  of  his  voice.  Milton. 

4.  The  power  of  overlooking. 

The  stcepy  stand 

Which  overlooks  the  vale  with  wide  command.  Dryden. 

5.  (Fort.)  The  elevation  of  one  work  above 
another,  or  over  the  level  of  the  country.  “ The 
command  . . . over  the  surrounding  country.” 

6.  (Mil.)  A body  of  troops  under  the  com- 
mand of  a particular  officer. 

Syn. — Command  is  imperative,  and  is  a general 
term,  as  a divine  command,  tile  command  of  a sover- 
eign or  general.  An  injunction  relates  to  general  con- 
duct ; order,  to  particular  acts.  A child  receives  or- 
ders to  learn  bis  lesson;  directions , in  relation  to  his 
conduct;  and  injunctions,  to  be  diligent.  A parent  or 
a teacher  gives  precepts.  A general  issues  commands-, 
an  inferior  officer,  orders  ; a court  of  justice,  injunc- 
tions ; a court  or  magistrate,  mandates.  Commands , 
orders,  and  injunctions  are  addressed  to  an  individual  ; 
precepts,  to  all  or  to  many. — Commandment  is  nearly 
obsolete,  except  in  the  solemn  style,  as  the  Ten  Com- 
mandments.— See  Direction. 

COM-MAnd'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  command- 
ed. [r.]  Craig. 

COM-mAnD'AN-CY-GEN'PR-AL,  n.  The  office 
or  jurisdiction  of  a governor  of  a Spanish  prov- 
ince or  colony.  Murray. 

COM-yAN-DANT',  n.  [Fr.]  (Mil.)  An  officer 
who  has  the  command  of  a garrison,  fort,  castle, 
or  of  a regiment.  Campbell. 

f COM-MAnD'A-TO-RY,  a.  Having  the  force  of 
command.  “ How commandatory  the  apostolic 
authority  was.”  Bp.  Morton. 


1.  One  who  commands ; one  who  has  the  com- 
mand of  a body  of  men  or  of  troops ; a chief. 

I have  given  him  for  a witness  to  the  people,  a leader  and 
commander  to  the  people.  Isa.  lv.  4. 

2.  (In  the  navy.)  An  officer  next  in  rank 
above  a lieutenant. 

3.  A mallet  or  beetle,  used  in  paving.  Moxon. 

4.  (Surg.)  A surgical  instrument.  Wiseman. 

Commander-in-chief,  one  who  has  the  supreme  com- 
mand ; a generalissimo. 

Syn.  — See  Chief. 

COM-MAnD'ER-SHIP,  n.  The  office  of  a com- 
mander. [r.]  Ec.  Rev. 

COM-mAnD'ER-Y,  n.  [Fr.  commander  it- . ] 

1.  A district  attached  to  a manor  or  chief  mes- 

suage of  an  order  of  knights,  under  the  control 
of  a member  of  the  order.  Brande. 

2.  The  manor  or  residence  of  a body  of 

knights.  Drummond. 

COM-M  AND'ING,  p a.  Exercising  command; 
imperative  ; authoritative. 

COM-MAnD'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a commanding  man- 
ner. “ So  commandingly  exemplary. "Hammond. 

COM-MAnd'MENT,  n.  [It.  comandamento ; Fr. 
commandement .] 

1.  Mandate  ; command ; precept  or  law,  — 

especially  of  the  decalogue.  “The  ten  com- 
mandments.” . Exod.  xxxiv.  28. 

They  plainly  require  some  special  commandment  for  that 
which  is  exacted  at  their  hand.  Hooker. 

2.  Absolute  rule  : authority. 

And  therefore  put  I on  the  countenance 

Of  stern  commandment.  Shak. 

Syn. — See  Command. 

COM-MAnD'RESS,  n.  A female  who  commands. 

COM-MAnD'RY,  n.  See  Commandery. 

f COM'MARK,  n.  [Sp.  comarca  ; Fr.  comarque. ] 
A frontier  of  a country  ; confines;  marches. 
“A  flock  of  sheep  in  this  cotnmark.”  Shelton. 

\ COM-MA-TE'RI-AL,  a.  [Sp . conmaterial.]  Con- 
sisting of  the  same  matter. 

The  beaks  in  birds  . . . are  commaterial  with  teeth.  Bacon. 

t COM-M  A-TE-RI-AL'J-TY,  n.  Participation  of 
the  same  matter.  Johnson. 

COM-MAT  IC,  a.  [Gr.  Koppanuds.  — See  Comma.] 
( Rhct .)  Consisting  of  short  sentences  or  divis- 
ions. Beck. 

COM'MA-TI§M,  n.  Conciseness  ; briefness.  “Com- 
matism  of  the  style.”  Bp.  Horsley. 

COM-MEA§'ll-RA-BLE  (-mezh'ti-rti-bl,  93),  a.  [It. 
commisnrabile .]  Reducible  to  the  same  measure. 

She  being  now  removed  by  death,  a commeasurabfc^  grief 
took  as  full  possession  of  him  as  joy  had  done.  Walton. 

COM  ME  IL  FAUT  (kSm-el-lo').  [Fr.]  As  it 
should  be. 

COM-ME-lJ’  JVA,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants, 
of  several  species,  some  of  which  are  unimpor- 
tant weeds.  Loudon. 

COM-MEM'O-R  A-BLE,  a.  [L.  commemorabilis  ; 
It.  commemorabile .]  W orthy  to  be  remembered ; 
memorable ; signal.  Johnson. 

COM-MEM'O-R  ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  commemoro-,  con, 
with,  and  memoro,  to  call  to  remembrance  ; It. 
commemorare ; Sp.  conmemorar. ] [t.  com- 

memorated ; pp.  COMMEMORATING,  COMMEM- 
ORATED.] To  preserve  in  memory,  or  to  cele- 
brate, by  some  public  act;  to  solemnize. 

We  are  called  upon  to  commemorate  a revolution  as  happy 
in  its  consequences,  as  full  of  the  marks  of  a divine  contriv- 
ance, as  any  age  or  country  can  show.  Atterbury. 

Syn.  — See  Celebrate. 

COM-MEM-O-RA'TION,  n.  [L.  commcmoratio  ; 
It.  commetnorazione  ; Sp.  conmetnoracion  ; Fr. 
commemoration.']  The  act  of  commemorating  ; 
celebration. 

That  which  is  daily  offered  in  the  church  is  a daily  com- 
memoration of  that  one  sacrifice  offered  on  the  cross. 

Bp.  Taylor. 

COM-MEM'O-R A-TIVE,  a.  [It.  commemorativo  ; 
Sp . conmemorativo  ; Fr . commemoratif.]  Tend- 
ing to  keep  in  memory  ; preserving  in  memory. 
“ A commemorative  sacrifice.”  Beveridge. 

COM-MEM'MO-RA-TO-RY,  a.  Preserving  in  mem- 
ory ; commemorative.  Hooper . 

COM-MENCE',  v.  n.  [It.  cominciare  ; Sp.  cotncn- 


COM-mAnd'ER,  n.  [Fr.  commandeur.] 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  E>  l,  9,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


COMMENCE 


COMMERCIALLY 


273 


zar\  .Fr.  commencer .]  [t.  commenced;  pp. 

COMMENCING,  COMMENCED.] 

1.  To  begin  ; to  originate. 

Man,  conscious  ofhis  immortality,  cannot  be  without  con- 
cern for  that  state  that  is  to  commence  after  this  lile.  Roger*. 

2.  To  do  the  first  act  in  any  thing ; to  take 
the  first  step. 

If  wit  so  much  from  ignorance  undergo. 

Ah,  let  not  learhing  too  commence  its  foe.  Pope. 

3.  To  take  an  academical  degree  at  a college 
or  university. 

Many  of  our  English  gentlemen  do  thus  commence,  as  it 
were,  and  take  degrees  in  ignorance  and  vanity.  Ellis,  1702. 

Syn. — See  Begin. 

COM-MENCE',  v.  a.  To  begin  ; to  enter  upon. 

And,  like  a hungry  lion,  did  commence 

Hough  deeds  of  rage  and  stern  impatience.  Shale, 

COM-MENCE'MpNT,  n.  [Fr.]  1.  Beginning. 

“ The  form  and  commencement  of  that  species 
of  poetry.”  Blair. 

2.  The  time  when  students  in  a university  or 
college  receive  their  degrees,  as  the  1st  Tuesday 
in  July,  at  Cambridge,  England,  or  the  3d  Wed- 
nesday in  July  at  Cambridge,  Massachusetts. 

COM-MEND',  v.  a.  [L.  commendo ; It.  comincn- 
dare. — See  Command.]  \i.  commended  ; pp. 

COMMENDING,  COMMENDED.] 

1.  To  represent  as  worthy  of  regard,  or  of  ac- 
ceptance ; to  recommend. 

This  letter  from  Bcllario,  doth  commend 

A young  and  learned  doctor  to  our  court.  Shak. 

Tain  glory  ...  I commend  to  no  man.  Decay  of  Piety. 

2.  To  deliver  up  with  confidence  ; to  intrust. 

Father,  into  thy  hands  I commend  my  spirit.  Luke  xxiii.46. 

3.  To  mention  with  approbation  ; to  praise  ; 
to  extol;  to  applaud. 

Each  finding,  like  a friend, 

Something  to  blame,  and  something  to  commend.  Pope. 

4.  To  recommend  to  remembrance.  “ Com- 
mend me  to  my  kinsmen.”  Shak. 

Syn.  — We  commend  anil  praise  a person  for  what 
lie  does,  and  admire  him  for  what  lie  is.  Praise  is  a 
stronger  term  titan  commend.  Praise  a child  for  his 
good  conduct;  commend  a person  of  merit,  and  rec- 
ommend him  to  tile  notice  of  others.  To  extol  or 
applaud  is  to  express  praise  or  admiration  in  a high 
strain  ; to  eulogize  is  to  do  the  same  thing  in  a set 
discourse. 

f COM-MEND',  it.  Commendation. 

Tell  her  I send  to  her  my  kind  commends.  Shak. 

II  COM-MEND'A-BLE  [kpm-mend'a-bl,  P.  Ja.  IC 
Sin.  R.  C.  IVb.  Bailey,  Johnson,  Ash,  Kcnrick ; 
kom'inen-d j-bl,  J.  F.  ; kom'men-da-bl  or  kom- 
men'dtt-bl,  S.  IF.],  a.  [L.  commendabilis ; It. 
commeiulabile .]  That  may  be  commended ; 
laudable  ; worthy  of  praise.  “ Commendable 
quality.”  Addison.  “ Commendable  undertak- 
ing.” Hoadly. 

SSp  Walker  said,  near  the  end  of  the  last  century, 
“ This  word,  like  acceptable,  has,  since  Johnson  wrote 
his  Dictionary,  shifted  its  accent  from  the  second  to 
the  first  syllable.  The  sound  of  the  language  cer- 
tainly suffers  by  these  transitions  of  accent.  How- 
ever, when  custom  has  once  decided,  we  may  com- 
plain, hut  must  still  acquiesce.  The  accent  on  the 
second  syllable  of  this  word  is  grown  vulgar,  and 
there  needs  no  other  reason  for  banishing  it  from  po- 
lite pronunciation.”  But  Smart  (1837)  remarks,  “ A 
few  years  ago,  commendable  and  commendably  were  ac- 
cented by  the  higher  grade  of  speakers  on  the  first 
syllable  ; a better  taste  has  restored,  or  nearly  restored, 
the  more  consistent  accentuation.” 

Syn.  — See  Laudable. 

II  COM-MEND'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  be- 
ing commendable.  Bp.  Burnet. 

II  COM-MEND'A-BLY,  ad.  Laudably. 

COM-MF.N' DAM,  n.  [L.  commendo,  to  commend.] 
(Canon  Law.) 

1.  The  holding  of  a vacant  benefice  till  a pas- 
tor is  supplied ; — so  named  as  being  commend- 
ed by  the  crown  to  the  care  of  the  holder. 

When  a vacant  living  is  intrusted  to  a clergyman,  that  he 
may  discharge  its  duties  until  a fixed  incumbent  is  provided 
for  it.  the  benefice  is  said  to  be  held  by  the  former  in  com- 
niendam.  Eden. 

2.  A benefice,  or  living  held  in  commendam. 

“ These  livings  have  obtained  the  name  of  com- 
mendam.” Burrill. 

COM-MEN'DA-TA-Ry,  n.  ( Eccl .)  [F r.  commenda- 
tairei]  One  who  holds  a living  in  commendam  ; 
a commendator.  — See  Commendator.  Todd. 


COM-MEN'DA-TA-RY,  a.  (Eccl.)  Holding  in  com- 
mendam. Seward. 

c6M-M£N-DA'TION,  n.  [L.  commendatio .] 

1.  Recommendation ; approval. 

I leave  him  to  your  gracious  acceptance,  whose  trial  shall 
better  publish  his  commendation.  Shak. 

2.  Praise  ; eulogy. 

Such  printers  are  not  to  be  defrauded  of  their  due  com- 
mendation who  employ  their  endeavor  to  restore  the  fruitful 
works  of  ancient  writers.  Tyndale. 

3.  Message  of  love;  regards;  compliments; 
respects  ; — usually  in  the  plural. 

I hear  of 

Your  visits,  and  your  loving  commendation  - 
To  your  heart’s  saint.  Shak. 

Mrs.  Page  has  her  hearty  commendations  to  you,  too.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Praise. 

COM-MEN'DA-TOR,  n.  [L ,,acommender.\  (Canon 
Law.)  A secular  person  who  holds  a benefice 
in  commendam  ; a commendatary.  Crabb. 

COM-MEN'DA-TO-RY,  a.  1.  Bestowing  com- 
mendation ; commending.  “ Commendatory 
epistles.”  Barrow. 

2.  Delivering  up  or  commending  to  divine 
favor. 

The  commendator / prayer  was  said  for  him;  and,  ns  it 
ended,  he  [King  William  III.]  died,  in  the  fifty-second  year 
of  his  age.  Burnet. 

3.  Holding  in  commendam. 

Call  those  possessors  bishops,  or  canons,  or  commendatory 
abbots,  or  monks,  or  what  you  please.  Burke. 

COM-MEN'DA-TO-RY,  n.  Commendation  ; eulogy. 

To  flatter  such  persons  would  be  just  as  if  Cicero  had 
spoke  commendatones  of  Antony.  South. 

COM-MEND'pU,  n.  One  who  commends.  Bentley. 

t COM-MEN'SAL,  n.  [L.  commensalis  ; con,  with, 
and  mensa,  a table.]  One  who  eats  at  the  same 
table.  Chaucer. 

f COM-MgN-SAL'I-T Y,  n.  Fellowship  of  table  ; 
the  custom  of  eating  together.  Browne. 

f COM-MEN-SA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  eating  at 
the  same  table.  Browne. 

||  COM-MENS-U-RA-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [L.  con,  with, 
and  mensura,  a measure  ; it.  commensurabilita ; 
Sp.  conmensurabilidad  ; Fr.  commensurabilite. ] 
Capacity  of  having  a common  measure,  or  of 
being  measured  by  another.  Browne. 

II  COM-MENS'U-RA-BLE  [kom-men'shu-ra-bl,  IF. 
P.  J.  F.  ; kom-men'su-rfi-bl,  S.  Ja.  Sm.],  a.  [Fr.] 
Having  a common  measure ; commeasurable ; 
as,  “ The  foot  and  the  yard  are  commensurable 
by  the  inch.” 

Commensurable  quantities,  (Arilh.  & Gcnm.)  such  as 
have  some  common  divisor,  which  yields  quotients 
in  whole  numbers,  or  such  as  may  be  exactly  expressed 
by  means  of  a common  unit. 

II  COM-MENS'U-RA-BLE-NESS,  n.  Capacity  of 
being  commensurable ; commensurability. 

II  CQM-MENS'y-RATJE,  v.  a.  [L.  con,  with,  and 
mensura,  a measure  ; It.  commensurare  ; Sp. 
conmensurar. ] To  reduce  to  some  common 

measure,  [it.]  Goodwin. 

||  OOM-MENS'U-RATE  [kom-men'shu-rat,  IF.  P. 
F.  ; kom-men'su-ret,  S.  ; kom-men'sliu-ret,  J.  ; 
kom-men'su-rat,  Ja.),  a. 

1.  Serving  as  a common  measure.  “By  the 

mediation  of  some  organ  equally  commensurate 
to  soul  and  body.”  Gov.  of  the  Tongue. 

2.  Having  equal  extent ; proportionate ; equal. 

Is  our  knowledge  adequately  commensurate  with  the  na- 

ture  of  things?  Glanville. 

II  COM-MENS'U-RATE-LY,  ad.  With  exact  meas- 
ure. 

We  are  constrained  to  make  the  day  serve  to  measure  the 
year  as  well  as  we  can,  though  not  commensurately  to  each 
year.  Holder. 

II  COM-MENS'U-RATE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of 
being  commensurate.  Ash. 

II  COM-MENS-U-RA'TION,  n.  [Fr.]  Exactness 
or  fitness  of  relation  according  to  a common 
measure  ; proportion. 

All  fitness  lies  in  a particular  commensuration,  or  propor- 
tion, of  one  thing  to  another.  South. 

II  COM'MJJNT,  or  COM-MENT',  [kom'ment,  S.  IF. 
F.  Ja.  Sm.  I Vb.  ; kom-ment',  P.  J.  E.  K.  C.], 
v.  n.  [L.  commentor,  to  meditate  deeply  ; con, 
with,  and  mens,  mind ; It.  cofnentare ; Sp.  co- 
mentar;  Fr.  commcnter.)  [i.  COMMENTED;  pp. 
commenting,  commented.] 


1.  To  write  notes  upon  an  author ; to  anno- 
tate ; to  make  explanations  or  elucidations. 

Critics,  having  first  taken  a liking  to  one  of  these  poets, 
proceed  to  comment  on  him  and  illustrate  him.  Drydeu. 

I hate  that  any  man  should  be  idle  while  I must  translate 
and  comment.  Pope. 

2.  To  make  remarks  or  observations. 

And  comment  then  upon  his  sudden  death.  Shak. 

||  f COM'MJJNT,  v.  a.  1.  To  explain  ; to  expound. 

This  was  the  text  commented  by  Chr}'sostom  and  Theod- 
oret.  Reeves. 

2.  [L.  commentior .]  To  represent  in  fiction  ; 
to  devise  ; to  feign.  Spenser. 

COM'MpNT,  n.  1.  Annotation  on  a literary 
work  ; note  ; explanation  ; exposition  ; eluci- 
dation ; illustration. 

Still  with  itself  compared,  his  text  peruse; 

And  let  your  comment  be  the  Mantuan  muse.  Pope. 

2.  Remark  ; observation. 

In  such  a time  as  this,  it  is  not  meet 

That  every  nice  offence  should  bear  its  comment.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Remark. 

COM'MyN-TA-RY,  n.  [L.  commentarius ; Sp. 
comentario  ; Fr.  commentairc.] 

1.  A book  of  annotations,  comments,  or  re- 
marks ; as,  “ Commentaries  on  the  Scriptures.” 

2.  A familiar  narrative ; a series  of  memo- 
randa ; a memoir ; as,  “ Csesar’s  Commentaries.” 

C O M ' M y X - T A T E , v.  n.  [L.  commentor,  commen- 
tatus .]  To  annotate  ; to  comment.  “ Commen- 
tating zeal.”  [r.]  Gent.  Mag. 

CQM-MEN'TA-TXVE,  a.  Making  or  containing 
comments.  Ec.  Rev. 

COM'My N-TA-TOR,  n.  [L.  commentator , an  au- 
thor ; It.  commentatore ; Sp . comentador  \ Fr. 
commentateur .]  An  expositor  ; an  annotator. 

How  commentators  each  dark  passage  shun, 

Andliold  their  farthing  candle  to  the  sun.  Young. 

COM-MEN-TA-TO'RI-AL,  a.  Relating  to  com- 
ments, or  to  a commentary,  [r.]  Ec.  Rev. 

COM-MEN-TA'TOR-SHIp,  ii.  The  office  of  a com- 
mentator. Qu.  Rev. 

II  COM'MENT-pR,  or  COM-MENT' ]JR  [kom'ment- 
er,  Ja.  Sm.  R.  I Vb.  ; kom-ment'er,  >V.  It.  P.  C.], 
n.  One  who  comments.  B.  Jonson. 

COM-MUN-TF'TIOyS  (kom-men-tTsh'us),  a.  [L. 
commentitius ; comminiscor,  commentus,  to  de- 
vise, to  invent.]  Forged;  invented;  fictitious; 
imaginary.  “ To  gather  up  the  sparks  of  truth, 
and  studiously  cull  out  that  which  is  commenti- 
tious.”  [r.]  Milton. 

COM'MERCE,  n.  [L.  commercium  ; merx,  mercis, 
merchandise  ; It.  commcrcio,  commerzio  ; Sp. 
comercio  ; Fr.  commerce .] 

1.  The  exchange  of  one  sort  of  produce  or 
property  for  another  ; trade  ; traffic  ; dealing. 

lie  [Sir  Andrew]  is  acquainted  with  commerce  in  all  its 
parts,  and  will  tell  you  that  it  is  a stupid  and  barbarous  way 
to  extend  dominion  by  arms;  for  true  power  is  to  be  got  by 
arts  aud  industry.  Spectator. 

Foreign  commerce  is  the  trade  which  one  nation  carries  on 
with  another;  inland  commerce,  or  inland  trade,  is  the  trade 
in  the  exchange  of  the  commodities  befween  citizens  of  the 
same  nation.  Jlaunder. 

2.  Familiar  intercourse  ; social  communica- 

tion. “ In  the  ordinary  commerce  and  occur- 
rences of  life.”  Addison . 

3.  A game  at  cards.  Johnso??,. 

Syn.  — Commerce  is  appropriately  applied  to  traf- 
fic carried  on  between  different  countries,  and  is  on  a 
large  scale  ; trade  is  traffic  either  on  a large  or  a small 
scale.  Commerce,  trade , and  traffic  are  all  used  to  de- 
note the  exchange  of  commodities  ; dealing ■,  for  buy- 
ing and  selling.  Foreign  commerce  ; traffic  or  trade 
carried  on  by  individuals,  or  between  different  towns. 
— Commerce  is  the  business  of  the  merchant;  trade , 
of  the  tradesman.  — See  Intercourse. 

f COM'MERCE,  or  COM-MERCE',  v.  n. 

1.  To  traffic ; to  trade. 

Beware  you  commerce  not  with  bankrupts.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  To  hold  intercourse. 

Come,  but  keep  thy  wonted  state, 

Witli  even  step  anil  musing  gait, 

And  looks  commercing  with  the  skies, 

Thy  rapt  soul  sitting  in  thine  eyes.  Hilton. 

COM-MER'CIAL  (kom-mer'sh?!,  66),  a.  Relating 
to  commerce  or  traffic  ; mercantile  ; trading. 
“ Commercial  intercourse.”  Robertson. 

Syn.  — See  Mercantile. 

COM-MER'CIAL-LY,  ad.  In  a commercial  man- 
ner. “ Commercially  considered.”  Burke. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  s6n  ; BULL,  BUR,  ROLE.  — <?,  q,  g,  soft;  C,  0,  c,  g,  hard;  § as  z ; y as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 

35 


274 


COMMITTEESHIP 


COMMERCIATE 


t COM-MER'CI-ATE  (-she-at),  V.  n.  To  bold  in- 
tercourse. 

All  finite,  created  spirits  have,  and  must  have,  material 
vehicles  of  purity  and  fineness  ...  to  coinmcrciate  with 
other  animals.  Cheyne. 

COMMERE  (kom-mir'),  n.  [Fr.]  A godmother  ; 
a gossip  ; a goody.  Smart. 

t COM-MET'IC,  a.  Giving  beauty  ; cosmetic.  Ash. 

+ COM- MET 'ICS,  7i.pl.  Cosmetics.  Crahh. 

COM'MI-GRATE,  v.  n.  [L.  commigro  ; con,  with, 
and  migro,  to  migrate.]  To  migrate,  or  remove 
in  a body,  [r.]  Johnson. 

COM-MI-GItA'TION,  n.  [L.  com migratio.)  The 
act  of  migrating  together.  “ Commigrations  or 
removals  of  nations.”  Hakewill. 

f COM'MI-nAte,  v.  a.  [L.  comminor , commina- 
tus.]  To  threaten.  Jlarclinge. 

COM-MI-NA'TION,  n.  [L.  comminatio  ; It.  com- 
minazione ; Sp.  conminacion ; Fr.  comminution.} 

1.  A threat ; a menace  ; a denunciation. 

Christ  not  only  commanded  Peter  to  put  up  his  gword,  hut 

added  also  to  that  charge  a comminution , in  generality,  that 
w hosoever  drew  the  sword  should  perish  by  the  sword. 

Lord  Northampton. 

2.  ( English  Liturgy.')  The  recital  of  divine 

threatenings  on  stated  days.  Wheatley. 

COM-MlN'A-TO-RY,  a.  Denunciatory;  threat- 
ening. “ Comminatory  prediction.”  Bp.  Hall. 

COM-MIN'GLE  (kmn-imng'gl),  v.  a.  [L.  con,  with, 
and  Eng.  mingle.]  [ i . commingled  ; pp.  com- 
mingling, commingled.]  To  mingle  together  ; 
to  mix  into  one  mass  ; to  commix ; to  blend. 

And  blest  are  those 

"Whose  blood  and  judgment  are  so  well  commingled, 

That  they  are  not  a pipe  for  Fortune’s  linger 

To  sound  what  stop  she  please.  Shak. 

COM-MIN'GLE,  v.  n.  To  unite  one  with  another. 

Dissolutions  of  gum  tragacanth  and  oil  of  sweet  almonds 
do  not  commingle.  Bacon. 

f COM-MIN'U-ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  comminuo.]  To 
grind.  “ Solid  food  . . . comminuated.”  Smith. 

f COM-MIN'U-I-BLE,  a.  Reducible  to  powder. 
“ The  best  diamonds  are  comminaible.”  Browne. 

COM'MI-NUTE,  v.  a.  [L.  comminuo,  comminu- 
tus ; con,  with,  and  minuo,  to  diminish.]  [i. 
COMMINUTED  ; pp.  COMMINUTING,  COMMINUT- 
ED.] To  break  into  small  pieces;  to  grind;  to 
pulverize.  Bacon. 

COM-MI-Ntr'TlON,  n.  1.  The  act  of  grinding; 
pulverization.  “ Grinders  necessary  for  com- 
minution of  the  meat.”  Bay. 

2.  Attenuation. 

In  fusion  there  is  manifestly  a comminution  of  the  melted 
body.  Boy  It. 

COM-MLji'JJR-A-BLE,  a.  Worthy  of  compassion  ; 
pitiable.  “ This  was  the  end  of  this  noble  and 
commiserable  person.”  Bacon. 

COM-m!§'(!R-ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  commiscror  ; con, 
with,  and  misereor,  to  pity ; It.  commiserare.] 
[t.  COMMISERATED  ; pp.  COMMISERATING,  COM- 
MISERATED.] To  feel  pain  for  ; to  compassion- 
ate ; to  pity. 

We  should  commiserate  our  mutual  ignorance,  and  en- 
deavor to  remove  it.  Locke. 

COM-M  ISj-IJR-A'TION,  n.  [L.  commiseratio ; It. 
commiserazione ; Sp.  conmiseracion ; Fr.  com- 
miseration.] Sorrow  for  the  distress  of  others  ; 
compassion ; sympathy  ; condolence  ; pity. 

Who  can  peruse  the  relation  of  the  last  moments  of  Epam- 
inondas,  at  the  bnttle  of  Mantinea,  without  finding  himself 
touched  with  a pleasing  commiseration ‘l  Melmoth. 

Syn.  — See  Pity. 

COM-MI§'$R-A-TIVE,  a.  Compassionate.  Todd. 

COM-MI.^'JpR-A-TI VE-LY,  ad.  From  compas- 
sion; compassionately’,  [r.]  Overbury. 

COM-MI§'ER-A-TOR,  n.  One  who  has  compas- 
sion. “ Charitable  commiserators .”  Browne. 

COM-MJS-SA'RI-AL,  a.  Relating  to  a commis- 
sary. Craig. 

(’(U/.l/f.s.W R 1.-1  V (kom-js-s5r'e-a  or  koin-is-sa're-at) 
[kom-js-sa're-St,  Ja.  ; kotn-js-sar'e-'i,  Sm. ; kom- 
is-sar'yet,  K.],  n.  [Fr.]  (Mil.) 

1.  The  whole  body  of  officers  attending  an 
army  under  the  commissary-general,  and  con- 
stituting the  department  charged  with  the  sup- 
ply of  provisions,  ammunition,  &c.  Todd. 


2.  The  office  or  the  employment  of  a com- 
missary ; commissaryship. 

COM'MJS-SA-RY,  n.  [L.  committo,  commissus,  to 
intrust ; It.  commissario ; Sp.  comisario  ; Fr. 
commissaire.] 

1.  One  delegated  to  some  trust ; a commis- 
sioner. 

2.  (Eccl.)  An  ecclesiastical  officer  who  sup- 

plies the  bishop’s  place  in  remote  parts  of  the 
diocese.  Cowell. 

3.  (Mil.)  An  officer  appointed  for  a variety 

of  duties  ; as  the  commissary-general  of  mus- 
ters, whose  duties  are  to  muster  the  army,  in- 
spect the  muster-rolls,  and  keep  an  exact  ac- 
count of  the  state  of  the  forces ; the  commissary 
of  horse,  having  charge  of  the  inspection  of  the 
liorse-artillery  ; the  commissary  of  provisions, 
charged  with  furnishing  provisions  for  the 
army  ; the  commissary  of  stores,  who  has  charge 
of  the  stores  and  is  accountable  to  the  office  of 
ordnance.  Craig. 

4.  A judicial  officer  under  the  chancellor  in 
the  University  of  Cambridge,  England. 

COM'MIS-SA-RY-£EN'ER-AL,  n.  An  officer  of 
the  army  -who  has  the  charge  of  providing  sup- 
plies, forage,  &c.  Napier. 

COM'MIS-SA-RY-SHlP,  n.  The  office  of  a com- 
missary. Ayliffe. 

COM-MIS'SION  (-mlsh'un),  n.  [L.  commissio  ; It. 
commissions,  Sp.  comision ; Fr.  commission .] 

1.  The  act  of  committing  or  doing ; perpetra- 
tion ; as,  “ Sins  of  commission  are  distinguished, 
in  theology,  from  sins  of  omission.”  Johnson. 

2.  A document  or  writing  investing  one  with 
authority  in  some  office  ; — especially  the  war- 
rant by  which  a military  officer  is  constituted. 

He  led  our  powers, 

Bore  the  commission  of  my  place  and  person.  Shak. 

3.  A trust ; a charge  ; office  ; employment. 

Such  commission  from  above 
I have  received,  to  answer  thy  desire 
Of  knowledge  within  bounds.  Milton. 

4.  (Com.)  The  order  by  which  one  person 
buys  or  sells  goods  for  another;  as,  “To  do 
business  on  commission  ” : — -an  allowance  or 
compensation  to  an  agent,  factor,  &c.,  for  ser- 
vices ; as,  “ Flis  commission  is  five  per  cent,  on 
the  gross  sales.” 

5.  (Law.)  An  appointment  to  one  or  more 
commissioners  to  perform  certain  duties.  “ The 
lord  chancellor,  upon  petition  or  information, 
grants  a commission  to  inquire  into  the  party’s 
state  of  mind.”  Blackstonc.  — Management 
by  a committee  or  substitute.  “ The  great  seal 
was  put  into  commission.”  Johnson.  — A body 
of  commissioners  ; as,*  “ The  commission  will 
hold  their  sessions  during  the  recess  of  Con- 
gress.” 

COM-MIS'SION  (kom-mlsh'un),  V.  a.  [*.  COMMIS- 
SIONED ; pp.  COMMISSIONING,  COMMISSIONED.] 

1.  To  intrust  with  a commission  ; to  appoint 
by  a warrant  to  some  office  or  duty  ; to  author- 
ize ; to  empower. 

We  are  to  deny  the  supposition  that  he  [Moses]  was  even 
then  commissioned  by  God  governor  of  Israel.  South. 

2.  To  send  on  a mission  with  a warrant  of 
authority ; to  depute ; to  delegate. 

A chosen  band 

11c  first  commissions  to  the  Latian  land.  Dry  den. 

Syn.  — To  commission,  authorile,  and  empower,  all 
imply  the  transferring  of  some  authority  or  business 
to  another.  A person  is  commissioned,  in  common  af- 
fairs, to  do  something  for  another,  as  to  make  a pur- 
chase ; he  is  authorized,  by  'a  formal  declaration,  to 
communicate  what  lias  been  confided  to  him  ; lie  is 
empowered,  by  a legal  document,  to  receive  money ; 
and  he  is  appointed  to  an  office. 

COM-mJs'SION-A'GENT,  n.  An  agent  who  does 
business  on  commission.  Boag. 

COM-MIS'SION- A L,  a.  Commissionary.  “The 
"king’s  letters  commissional.”  [r.]  Le  Neve. 

COM-MIS'SION- A-RY,  a.  Appointed  by  a war- 
rant. “ Commissionary  authority.”  Bp.  Hall. 

f COM-MIS'SION-Ate,  v.  a.  To  commission. 
“ By  virtue  whereof,  I command,  empower,  and 
commissionate  you.”  Bp.  Beveridge. 

COM-MIS'SIONED  (kom-mtsh'und),  p.  a.  Having 
a commission  ; as,  “ A commissioned  officer.” 

COM-MIS'SION-JJR,  n.  One  empowered  to  act  in 


some  matter  or  business  for  one  or  more  per- 
sons, or  for  a government ; an  agent. 

One  article  they  stood  upon,  which  I with  your  commit- 
sioners  have  agreed  upon.  Sidney. 

COM-MIS'SION— MER'CHANT,  n.  One  who  buys 
or  sells  goods  for  another  on  commission,  or 
one  who  acts  as  an  agent  in  buying  and  selling, 
and  receives  a rate  per  cent,  as  his  commission. 

COM-MIS'SIVE,  a.  Actually  performed;  com- 
mitting. [r..]  Coleridge. 

COM-MIS-SU’ Rjd,  n.  [L.]  pi.  COMMISSURE. 

1 (Bot.)  The  line  of  junction  of  the  two 
parts  into  which  the  fruit  of  umbelliferous 
plants  is  divided;  commissure:  — also  a point 
"’here  many  parts  are  united  together.  Ilenslow. 

2.  (Anat.)  A medullary  band  which  crosses 
from  one  side  of  the  brain  to  the  other.  Brarnle. 

COM-MISS'URE  (kom-mlsh'yur,  92)  [kom-mlsh'yur, 
iU.  J.  F.  K.  Sm.  C. ; kom'mjsh-ur,  S*. ; kom-mis'- 
ur,  Ja.],  n.  [L.  commissura,  a joining  together  ; 
It.  commesura-,  Sp.  comisura;  Fr.  commissure.] 

1.  A line  or  a plane  of  union  between  two 
parts ; a seam. 

This  animal  is  covered  with  a strong  shell,  jointed,  like 
armor,  by  four  transverse  commissures.  Ray. 

2.  (Masonry.)  The  joint  between  two  stones. 

Weale. 

3.  (Bot.)  The  line  of  junction  of  two  carpels; 

commissura.  Gray. 

4.  (Anat.)  A point  of  union  between  two 

parts,  as  the  angles  of  the  eyelids  or  of  the  lips  ; 
a medullary  band  or  collection  of  fibres  joining 
the  two  sides  of  the  brain.  Dunglison. 

COM-MIT',  v.  a.  [L.  committo  ; con,  with,  and 
mitto,  to  send  ; It.  commettere ; Sp.  comctcr  ; 
Fr.  commettre .]  [*.  committed;  pp.  commit- 

ting, COMMITTED.] 

1.  To  put  into  the  power  of  another;  to  de- 
liver in  trust ; to  consign  ; to  intrust. 

All  things  committed  to  thy  trust  conceal.  Denham. 

2.  To  send  to  prison  ; to  imprison. 

The  two  were  committed , at  least  restrained  of  their  lib- 
erty. Clarendon. 

3.  To  put  in  any  place  ; to  deposit.  “ Com- 
mit him  to  the  grave.”  Shak. 

4.  To  perpetrate  ; to  enact.  “ AVhat  folly  I 

commit.”  Shak. 

5.  To  pledge  by  some  act  or  step,  as  in  the 
phrase,  “To  commit  one’s  self.” 

6.  To  bring  into  danger;  to  put  to  hazard; 
to  compromit. 

7.  fTo  place  in  a state  of  hostility;  to  con- 
found. [A  Latinism.] 

Harry,  whose  tuneful  and  well-measured  song 
First  taught  our  English  music  how  to  span 
Words  with  just  note  and  accent,  not  to  scan 
With  Midas’  ears,  committing  short  and  long.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Consign,  Perpetrate. 

COM-MIT',  v.  n.  To  be  guilty  of  incontinence. 
“ Commit  not  with  man’s  sworn  spouse.”  Shak. 

COM-MIT'M^NT,  n.  1.  The  act  of  committing, 
or  of  sending  to  prison ; imprisonment ; com- 
mittal. 

In  this  dubious  interval,  between  the  commitment  and  trial, 
a prisoner  ought  to  be  used  with  the  utmost  humanity. 

Blackstonc. 

2.  An  order  for  sending  to  prison.  Johnson. 

3.  (Legislation.)  Reference  of  any  thing  to  a 
committee. 

The  Parliament . . . which  thought  this  petition  worthy 
not  only  of  receiving,  but  of  voting  to  a commitment.  Milton. 

COM-MIT'TAL,  n.  1.  The  act  of  committing; 
commitment.  Brit.  Cnt. 

2.  The  act  of  pledging ; a pledge.  Craig. 

COM-MIT'TgE,  n.  A body  of  persons  appointed 
to  examine,  or  to  manage,  any  matter  ; as,  “ The 
committees  of  a legislature.” 

Iffp-  “ This  word  is  often  pronounced,  improperly, 
witli  the  accent  on  the  first  or  last  syllable.”  Walker. 
All  the  English  orthoepists  pronounce  it  com-mlt'- 
tee  ; but  “ com'mit-tee,”  says  Mitford,  “ is  the  Scot- 
tish manner.” 

COM-MIT-TEE',  n.  (English  Law.)  The  person 
to  whom  the  care  of  an  idiot  or  a lunatic  is 
committed,  — the  lord-chancellor  being  the 
com-mit-tdr’ . 

The  lord  chancellor  usually  commits  the  care  of  his  per- 
son to  some  friend,  who  is  then  called  his  committee. 

Blackstonc. 

COM-MlT'TpE-SlllP,  n.  The  office  of  a commit- 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  1J,  \,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  rARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


COMMITTER 


275 


COMMONPLACE 


tee.  “ Trusted  with  committeeships  and  other 
gainful  offices.”  Milton. 

COM-MIT'TIJR,  n.  One  who  commits;  perpetra- 
tor. “ Committers  of  sacrilege.”  Martin  (1554). 

COM-MIT'TI-BLE,  a.  Liable  to  be  committed. 
“ The  mistakes  committible."  Browne. 

COM-MIX',  v.  a.  [L.  commisceo,  commixtus  ; A.  S. 
miscan.]  [i.  commixed;  pp.  commixing,  com- 
mixed.] To  commingle  ; to  mingle  ; to  blend. 
“Out  of  dust  and  rain  water  commixed .”  Ray. 

COM-MIX',  v.  n.  To  mingle;  to  blend. 

Which  boldly  dares  affirm  that  spirits  themselves  supply 

With  bodies,  to  commix  with  frail  mortality.  Drayton. 

f COM-MIX'ION  (lioni-mik'shun),  n.  Mixture  ; 
commixtion.  Shah. 

COM-MIXT'ION  (kom-mlkst'yun),  n.  [L.  com- 
mixtio.\  The  act  of  commixing;  mixture.  “This 
commixtion  of  things  so  contrary.”  Fotherby. 

COM-MIXT'URE  (kom-mlkst'yur),  n.  1.  The  act 
of  mingling  or  mixing  ; mixture.  “ In  the  com- 
mixture of  any  thing  more  oily  or  sweet.”  Bacon. 

2.  That  which  is  formed  by  mingling  differ- 
ent things  ; composition  ; compound. 

But  in  the  Jewish  republic,  this  commixture  [of  church  and 
state]  made  no  other  confusion  than  arises  from  the  mistakes 
of  men  ignorant  of  that  sacred  economy.  Warburton. 

3.  ( Scottish  Law.)  The  method  of  acquir- 
ing property  by  blending  different  substances 
belonging  to  different  proprietors.  Buchanan. 

COM' MO-DATE,  n.  [L.  commodatum.~\  (Law.) 
The  gratuitous  loan  of  any  thing.  Burrill. 

COM-MODE'  [kom-mod',  S.  IF.  P.  J.  F.  K. ; koin'- 
lnod,  S»i.],  n.  [Fr.] 

1.  A head-dress  formerly  worn  by  ladies. 

“ The  setting  of  her  commode.”  Addison. 

2.  A small  sideboard,  containing  drawers  and 

closets  or  shelves.  IF.  Ency. 

||tCOM-MO'DI-OUS  [kom-mo'dyus,  S.  E.  F.  K.  ; 
kom-mo'de-us,  P.  J.  Ja.  Sm.  R. ; kom-mo'de-us 
or  koin-mo'je-us,  IF.],  a.  [L.  commodus  ; con, 
with,  and  modus,  measure ; i.  e.  “ according  to 
the  measure  or  degree  required.”  Sullivan  ; It. 
§■  Sp.  comodo  ; Fr.  commode .]  Adapted  to  some 
use  or  design  ; convenient ; suitable  ; useful ; 
suited  to  wants. 

Such  a place  cannot  be  commodious  to  live  in.  Raleigh. 

Syn.  — See  Convenient. 

||  COM-MO'DI-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  a commodious 
manner  ; conveniently. 

II  COM-MO'DJ-OUS-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  com- 
modious; adaptation  to  use  ; convenience.  “The 
commodiousness  of  the  apartments.”  Boyle. 

COM-MOD'I-TY,  n.  1.  Convenience. 

Travellers  turn  out  of  the  highway,  drawn  by  the  com- 
modity of  a foot-path.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  Advantage  ; benefit ; profit.  “ However 
men  may  seek  their  own  commodity.”  Hooker. 

Commodity , the  bias  of  the  world.  Shah. 

3.  Merchandise  ; goods  ; wares  ; produce. 

Commodities  arc  movables,  valuable  by  money,  the  com- 
mon measure.  Locke. 

Syn. — Commodity  is  a term  applied  to  articles  of 
the  first  necessity  or  importance  of  the  produce  of  a 
country  ; goods  are  the  articles  of  the  tradesman  ; mer- 
chandise is  what  belongs  to  merchants,  and  is  the  ob- 
ject of  commerce ; wares  are  manufactures,  and  may 
lie  goods  or  merchandise.  The  staple  commodities  of 
a country  ; a tradesman’s  or  shopkeeper’s  goods  ; the 
merchant’s  merchandise,  the  manufacturer’s  wares. _ — 
See  Goods. 

COM'MO-DORE,  or  COM-MO-DORE'  [kom-o-dor', 
S.  IF.  P.  J.  F.  Ja. ; kom'o-dor,  Sm.  R.  Branded), 
n.  [It.  comandatore ; Sp.  c omendador ; Fr. 
commodore .]  (Naval.) 

1.  The  captain  who  commands  a squadron 

of  ships,  with  the  temporary  rank,  in  the  Eng- 
lish service,  of  rear-admiral.  Brande. 

2.  A title  given  to  the  senior  captain  when 
three  or  more  ships  of  war  are  in  company’. 

3.  A select  ship,  in  a fleet  of  merchantmen, 
which  leads  the  van  in  the  time  of  war. 

“This  is  one  of  those  words  which  may  have 
the  accent  either  on  the  first  or  last  syllable,  accord- 
ing to  its  position  in  the  sentence.  Tims  we  say, 

‘ Tile  voyage  was  made  by  Com'modore  Alison  ; for, 
though  be  was  made  an  admiral  afterwards,  he  went 
out  as  commodore' .’  ” TValker. 

f COM-MOD-U-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  commodulatio .] 
Symmetry  ; proportion  ; regularity.  Iiakewill. 


f COMMOIGNE  (kom'mrilii),  n.  _ [Old  Fr.]  A 
monk  of  the  same  order  or  convent.  Selden. 

f c6m-MO-LI''TION,  n.  [L.  commolo,  commoli- 
tus,  to  grind  up.]  Act  of  grinding  up.  Browne. 

COM'MON,  a.  [Gr.  koivSs  ; L.  communis ; It. 
comune\  Sp.  comun\  Fr.  commun ; A.  S.  ye- 
mcene ; gemana,  a company.] 

1.  Belonging  equally  to  the  public,  to  many, 
or  to  more  than  one  ; not  having  an  exclusive 
owner.  “ Things  common  by  nature.”  Locke. 
“ The  common  air.”  Shale. 

2.  Serving  the  use  of  all ; general. 

He  speaks  the  common  tongue.  Shak. 

3.  Frequent ; usual ; customary  ; habitual. 

There  is  an  evil  which  I have  seen,  and  it  is  common  among 

men.  F.ccles.  vi.  1. 

4.  Of  no  rank  or  distinction  ; without  high 

birth  ; ordinary;  vulgar.  “ Sort  our  nobles  from 
our  common  men.”  Shak. 

5.  Not  marked  by  any  striking  peculiarity  ; 
not  rare  or  scarce. 

It  is  no  act  of  common  passage,  but 
A strain  of  rareness.  Shak. 

6.  Unchaste  ; prostitute.  L’ Estrange. 

7.  (Gram.)  Both  active  and  passive,  as  the 
Latin  verb  pascor,  to  feed  and  to  be  fed  : — that 
may  be  either  masculine  or  feminine  ; as,  “The 
word  parent  is  of  the  common  gender.” 

Common  meas- 
ure, or  common 
time , (J\fus.)  the 
measure  which 
has  four  quarter 
notes  in  a bar;  four- four  measure.  Dwight. 

Syn.  — Common  is  a term  of  very  extensive  appli- 
cation, and  includes  ordinary  and  vulgar.  Common  is 
opposed  to  rare  and  refined  ; ordinary,  to  what  is  dis- 
tinguished ; vulgar,  to  polite  and  cultivated.  Fulgar 
is  below  what  is  common  ; mean , below  what  is  ordi- 
nary. Common,  general,  or  jiuhlic  opinion  ; frequent 
occurrence  ; ordinary  course  of  nature  ; vulgar  lan- 
guage or  habit ; mean  appearance.  A common  book  is 
one  which  is  often  met  with  ; an  ordinary  book  is 
one  of  little  merit,  of  which  there  are  many  as  good. 
— See  General,  Ordinary. 

COM'MON,  n.  1.  An  open  ground,  the  use  of 
which  is  not  appropriated  to  any  individual,  but 
belongs  to  the  public,  or  to  many  persons  ; a 
public  unenclosed  space  : — a term  sometimes 
applied  to  an  enclosed  public  ground,  or  park, 
in  a city. 

Docs  any  one  respect  a common  as  much  as  he  does  his 
garden?  South. 

2.  (Law.)  The  right  of  taking  a profit  in  the 
land  or  estate  of  another  in  common  with  oth- 
ers ; thus,  common  of  pasture  is  the  right  of 
taking  grass  or  herbage  by  the  mouths  of  graz- 
ing animals  ; common  of  turbary,  the  right  of 
taking  turf  for  fuel ; common  of  estovers,  the 
right  of  taking  wood  for  fuel,  and'  for  the  repairs 
of  houses,  fences,  and  implements  of  husband- 
ry ; and  common  of  piscary,  the  right  of  fishery 
in  rivers  not  navigable.  P.  Cyc. 

Common  appurtenant , the  right  to  put.  other  beasts 
upon  a common,  besides  such  as  are  generally  com- 
monable, as  hogs,  goats,  and  the  like.  Blackslone. 

Common  appendant , the  right  of  the  tenant  of  a manor 
to  pasture  his  beasts  on  the  lord’s  waste.  Bromic. 

In  common , equally  to  be  participated  by  a certain 
number;  equally  with  another;  indiscriminately. — 
(Law.)  By  distinct  tenure,  but  with  unity  of  posses- 
sion. — See  Commons.  ' Blackstonc. 

COM'MON,  ad.  Commonly.  “ I am  more  than 
common  tall.”  [it.]  Shak. 

COM'MON,  v.  n.  [Gr.  Ktiviio.) 

1.  fTo  confer;  to  converse';  to  discourse. 

Then  the  king’s  council  commoned  among  themselves  for 
a marriage  for  their  king.  _ Berners. 

2.  +To  partake  or  suffer  in  common.  “We 
commoned  of  sorrow  andheaviness.”  Sir  T.More. 

3.  To  have  a joint  right  or  interest  with  oth- 
ers in  some  common  ground.  Johnson. 

4.  To  share  or  board  together  or  in  com- 
mons ; to  eat  together.  Wheatley. 

COM'MON-A-BLE,  a.  1.  Held  in  common.  “For- 
ests and  other  commonable  places.”  Bacon. 

2.  Allowable  to  be  turned  on  the  common. 

Commonable  beasts  are  beasts  of  the  plough,  or  such  as 
manure  the  ground.  Blackstonc. 

Commonable  land \ a common  in  which  the  greater 
part  of  the  land  is  arable.  Brande. 

COM'MON-A<?E,  n.  The  right  of  feeding  on  a 
common.  Fuller. 


CuM-MON-AL'j-TY,  n.  See  Commonalty. 

COM'MON-AL-TY,  n.  The  common  people.  “The 
nobles  and  the  commonalty.”  Bacon. 

COM'MON— BAIL,  n.  (Law.)  A formal  entry  of  a 
fictitious  surety ; a bail  in  which  the  sureties 
are  merely  nominal  or  imaginary  persons,  as 
John  Doe  and  Richard  Roc.  Burrill. 

COM'MON— COUN'CIL,  n.  The  council  of  a city 
or  town  corporate,  empowered  to  make  by-laws, 
&c.  Smart. 

COM'MON-COUN'CIL-MAN,  n.  A member  of  the 
common  council. 

I,  who  am  no  common-covncilman.  B.  Jonson. 

COM'MON-CRI'JER,  n.  The  crier  of  a town  or 
city. 

COM'MON-^R,  n.  1.  One  of  the  common  people, 
as  distinguished  from  the  nobility. 

The  commonalty,  like  the  nobility,  are  divided  into  sev- 
eral degrees:  and,  as  the  lords,  though  different  in  rank,  yet 
all  of  them  are  peers  in  respect  to  their  nobility,  so  the  com- 
moners, though  some  are  greatly  superior  to  others,  yet  all  are 
in  law  peers,  in  respect  to  their  want  of  nobility.  Blackstonc. 

2.  One  who  has  a joint  right  in  common 
ground. 

Much  land  might  be  gained  from  commonable  places,  so 
as  there  be  care  taken  that  the  poor  commoners  have  no  in- 
jury. Bacon. 

3.  A student  of  the  second  rank  at  Oxford, 
corresponding  to  pensioner  at  Cambridge.  [Eng.] 

4.  A sharer  in  common  ; a partaker. 

Lewis  resolved  to  be  a commoner  with  them  in  weal  or 
woe.  Fuller. 

5.  A prostitute ; a lewd  woman.  “ A com- 
moner o’  the  camp.”  Shak. 

COM'MON— HALL,  n.  A hall  for  the  meeting  of 
the  citizens.  “ The  common-liall  or  place  of 
public  assemblies.”  Bp.  Patrick. 

f COM-MO-Ni"TION  (kom-mo-nlsh'uii),  n.  [L. 
commonitio .]  Advice  ; monition.  Bailey. 

t COM-MON'I-TlVE,  a.  Advising.  Bp.  Hall. 

f COM-MON'I-TO-RY,  a.  Calling  to  mind  ; warn- 
ing; commonitive.  “ Letters  commonitory,  ex- 
hortatory,  and  of  correction.”  Fox. 

COM'MON-KlSS'ING,  a.  Saluting  without  dis- 
tinction. “ Comtnon-kissiny  Titan  ” (i.  e.  the 
sun).  Shak. 

COM'MON— LAW,  n.  The  unwritten  law,  or  that 
body  of  customs,  rules,  and  maxims  which  have 
acquired  their  binding  power  and  the  force  of 
laws  in  consequence  of  long  usage,  recognized 
by  judicial  decisions,  and  not  by  reason  of 
statutes  now  extant ; — distinguished  from  the 
statute  law,  which  owes  its  authority  to  acts  of 
the  legislature  : — that  system  of  law  which  is 
administered  in  the  common-law  courts,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  the  rules  prevailing  in  courts 
of  equity  and  admiralty.  Burrill. 

Learned  writers  have  indulged  in  much  speculation  re- 
specting the  origin  of  the  common-law  of  England,  though 
Sir  Matthew  llalc  says  it  is  “as  undiscovcrablc  as  the  head 
of  the  Nile.”  Political  Diet. 

Syn.  — See  Law. 

COM'MON— LAW'YJJR,  n.  One  versed  in  the 
common  law.  Spclman. 

COM'MON-LY,  ad.  1.  Frequently  ; usually;  gen- 
erally; ordinarily.  Temple. 

2.  f Jointly ; in  common.  Spenser. 

COM'MON— MEASURE  (-mezh'ur,  93),  n.  (Arith. 
& Geom.)  A number  which  divides  two  or  more 
other  numbers  without  leaving  a remainder  ; a 
magnitude  which  exactly  measures  two  or  more 
other  magnitudes.  Brande. 

COM'MON-NESS,  n.  The  state,  or  the  quality,  of 
being  common.  South. 

COM'MON-PLACE,  n.  1.  (Rhet.)  Atopic  common 
to  different  subjects ; source  of  argument ; 
ground  of  proof. 

These  [ commonplaces ] were  no  other  than  general  ideas 
applicable  to  a great  many  different  subjects,  which  the  ora- 
tor was  directed  to  consult  in  order  to  find  out  materials  for 
his  speech.  Blair. 

2.  A usual  or  ordinary  topic  on  any  subject. 

In  both  of  them  I have  made  use  of  the  commonplaces  of 
satire.  Drydciu 

COM'MON-PLACE,  a.  Ordinary.  Ed.  Rev . 

COM-MON-PLACE',  v.  a.  To  reduce  to  general 
heads,  [r.] 

I do  not  apprehend  any  difficulty  in  collecting  and  com- 
monplacing a universal  history  from  the  historians.  Felton. 


fofi 

rCT — i 

-T 

T 

Common  time. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  9,  $,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  $ as  z;  JC  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


COMMONPLACE-BOOK 


27  G 


COMMUNITY 


COM'MON -PLACE— BOOK'  (-buk),  n.  A book  in 
which  things  to  be  remembered  are  ranged  un- 
der general  heads  ; a memorandum-book. 

If  I would  put  anv  thing  in  my  commonplace-book , I find 
out  a head  to  which  I may  refer  it.  Locke. 

COM'MON-PLACE-NIJSS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
commonplace.  Howitt. 

COM'MON— PLEA!J,  n.  (Law.)  1.  Common  causes 
or  suits ; civil  actions,  or  those  depending  be- 
tween subject  and  subject,  as  distinguished 
from  pleas  of  the  crown.  Burrill. 

2.  The  name  of  a court  held  in  Westminster 

Hall,  for  the  trial  of  common  pleas,  or  causes 
between  subjects.  It  has  five  judges,  — a chief 
justice  and  four  puisne  judges,  — and  exercises 
concurrent  jurisdiction,  in  personal  actions  and 
ejectments,  with  the  two  other  superior  com- 
mon-law courts,  those  of  the  King’s  Bench  and 
of  the  Exchequer.  [England.]  Brande. 

3.  The  name  of  a court  having  jurisdiction 
generally  of  civil  actions.  [U.  S.]  Bouvicr. 

COM'MON— PRAYER,  n.  A formulary  of  public 
worship  ; — especially  the  liturgy  of  the  Church 
of  England.  Milton. 

COM'MONSj  (kom'munz),  n.  pi.  1.  The  common 
people  ; the  vulgar ; the  rabble. 

These  three  to  kings  and  chiefs  their  scenes  display: 

The  rest  before  the  ignoble  commons  play.  Dnjden. 

2.  The  lower  house  of  the  British  Parliament. 

3.  Food;  fare;  — so  called  from  the  practice 
at  colleges  of  eating  at  a common  table. 

The  doctor  now  obeys  the  summons. 

Likes  both  his  company  and  commons.  Swift. 

Doctor’s  Commons,  a.  college  in  London  for  the  pro- 
fessors of  the  civil  law.  — House  of  Commons , the 
lower  house  of  the  British  Parliament,  the  members 
of  which  are  elected  by  the  people. 

COM'MON— SENSE,  n.  The  natural  understand- 
ing or  sagacity  of  mankind  in  general,  in  con- 
tradistinction to  the  endowments  of  genius,  or 
the  acquisitions  of  learning,  which  are  pos- 
sessed by  comparatively  few;  good  sense,  in 
relation  to  common  things  or  business. 

Common-sense  is  a phrase  employed  to  denote  that  degree 
of  intelligence,  sagacity,  and  prudence,  which  is  common  to 
all  men.  Fleming. 

Common-sense  meant  once  something  very  different  from 
that  plain  wisdom,  the  common  heritage  of  men.  which  we 
now  call  by  this  name,  having  been  bequeathed  to  us  by  a 
very  complex  theory  of  the  senses,  and  of  a sense  which  was 
the  common  bond  of  them  all,  and  which  passed  its  verdicts 
on  the  reports  which  they  severally  made  of  it.  Dr.  Trench. 

f COM-MON'STRATE,  v.  a.  [L.  commonstro, 
commonstratus,  to  show.]  To  teach.  Cockcram. 

+ CdM'MON-TY,  n.  Corruption  for  comedy.  Shah. 

COM-MON-VVEAL',  71.  [See  Weal.]  1.  The 
public  good  ; the  general  interest.  “Not  hav- 
ing regard  to  the  commonweal.”  Nicoll. 

2.  A civil  polity  ; a commonwealth. 

A continual  Parliament  would  but  keep  the  commonweal 
in  tune.  King  Charles. 

COM'MON-WEALTH,  or  COM-MON-WEALTH',  n. 

1.  A civil  polity,  body  politic,  or  state ; — 
especially  a free  state,  or  a representative  gov- 
ernment ; a republic  ; as,  “ The  Commonwealth 
of  Massachusetts.” 

2.  The  general  body  of  the  people  ; the  public. 

You  arc  a good  member  of  the  commonwealth.  Shak. 

Commonwealth  of  England , (Eng.  Hist.)  the  form  of 
government  established  in  England  on  the  death  of 
Charles  I.,  in  1649,  and  which  existed  during  the  pro- 
tectorate of  Oliver  Cromwell  and  his  son  Richard, 
until  the  abdication  of  the  latter,  in  1659. 

1K3P  “ These  words  [commonweal  and  commonwealth ] 
have  the  accent  either  on  the  first  or  last  syllable  ; 
but  the  former  is  accented  more  frequently  on  the  last, 
and  the  latter  on  the  first.”  IVallter. 

Syn.  — See  State. 

COM-MON-WEALTHS'MAN,  n.  One  who  favored 
the  form  of  government  established  in  England 
under  the  protectorate  of  Oliver  Cromwell. 

Thomas  Parnell  was  the  son  of  a commonwealthsman  of 
the  same  name,  who,  at  the  restoration,  left  Congleton,  in 
Cheshire.  Johnson. 

COM  MO-RANCE,  ) n (£rrw.)  Dwelling;  habita- 

COM'MO-RAN-CY,  ) tion ; residence.  Blackstone. 

COM'MO-rAnT,  a.  [L.  commoror-,  commorans, 
to  abide.]  (Law.)  Resident ; dwelling.  Ayliffe. 

f COM-MO-RA'TIQN,  n.  [L.  commoratio.)  A 
staying;  a sojourning  ; a tarrying.  Cockcram. 

COM-MO'Rj-ENT,  a.  [L.  commorior  ; comtno- 


riens ; con , with,  and  morior,  to  die.]  Dying  at 
the  same  time,  [r.]  Sir  G.  Buck. 

COM'MOTH-JfR,  n.  A godmother,  [r.]  Cotgrave. 

COM-MO'TION,  n.  [L.  commotio  ; commoveo, 
commotus,  to  move  violently  ; It.  commozione ; 
Sp.  conmocion  ; Fr.  commotion .] 

1.  Violent  or  disturbed  motion  ; agitation. 

Sacrifices  were  offered  that  he  would  allay  the  commotions 

of  the  water.  Woodward. 

2.  Public  disorder  ; disturbance  ; tumult. 

But  when  ye  shull  hear  of  wars  and  commotions , be  not 
terrified.  Luke  xxi.  9. 

3.  Disorder  of  mind  ; perturbation  ; heat. 

Some  strange  commotion 

Is  in  his  brain;  he  bites  his  lips,  and  starts.  Shak. 

COM-MO'TION-pR,  n.  One  who  causes  commo- 
tions or  disturbances.  Bacon. 

COM-MOVE',  v.  a.  [L.  commoveo  ; It.  commuo- 
vere;  Sp.  conmover.]  To  disturb;  to  agitate,  [r.] 

Straight  the  sands 

Commoved  around,  in  gathering  eddies  play.  Thomson. 

COM-MII'NAL,  a.  Belonging  to  a commune,  or  a 
subdivision  of  a department,  [r.]  Qu.  Rev. 

COM-MUNE'  [kom-mun',  IV.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  C.  Wb. 
Ash,  Rees  ; koin'mun,  S.  J.  E.  F. ; kom-mun'  or 
kom'mun,  P.),  v.  n.  [L.  communico  ; It.  comu- 
nicare ; Sp.  comunicar  ; Fr.  communier.  — See 
Common.]  \i.  communed  ; pp.  communing, 

COMMUNED.] 

1.  To  impart  thoughts  mutually;  to  talk  to- 
gether ; to  converse  ; to  communicate. 

I will  commune  with  you  of  such  things 

That  want  no  ears  but  yours.  Shak. 

2.  To  partake  of  the  Lord’s  supper.  [U.  S.] 

COM'MUNE,  n.  Communion,  [r.]  Coleridge. 

COM'MUJVE,  n.  [Fr.]  A subdivision  of  a de- 
partment in  France  ; a district ; a parish. 

COM-MU ' jVI-B US  An'J\TIS.  [L.,  in  common 
years.)  Taking  one  year  with  another. 

COM-MU’NI-BUS  LO’CIS.  [L.,  in  common 
places .]  Taking  one  place  with  another. 

COM-MU-NI-CA-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  communicable.  Pearson. 

COM-MU'NJ-CA-BLE,  a.  1.  That  may  be  im- 
parted, as  a possession. 

Lost  bliss,  to  thee  no  more  communicable.  Milton. 

2.  That  may  be  communicated  to  the  mind, 
as  knowledge  ; that  may  be  recounted. 

Things  not  revealed  . . . 

To  none  communicable  in  earth  or  heaven.  Milton. 

3.  Communicative  ; sociable. 

Be  communicable  with  your  friends.  B.  Jonson. 

COM-MU'NJ-CA-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
communicable.  Bp.  Morton. 

COM-MU'NI-CA-BLY,  ad.  In  a communicable 
manner.  Craig. 

COM-MU'Nr-CANT,  a.  [L.  communicant.)  Com- 
municating; imparting.  Coleridge. 

CQM-MU'NI-CANT,  n.  A partaker; — especially 
one  who  partakes  of  the  Lord’s  supper.  Hooker. 

COM-MU'NI-CATE,  v.  a.  [L.  communico,  com- 
municatus ; It.  comunicare;  Sp.  comunicar-, 
Fr.  communique)- .)  \i.  communicated  ; pp. 

COMMUNICATING,  COMMUNICATED.] 

1.  To  give  to  others  as  partakers;  to  impart 
as  a possession. 

Where  God  is  worshipped,  there  he  communicates  his 
blessings  and  holy  influences.  Bp.  Taylor. 

2.  To  make  known  ; to  reveal;  to  disclose. 

I went  up,  and  communicated  unto  them  that  gospel  which 
I preach  among  the  gentiles.  I Tim.  ii.  2. 

3.  fTo  participate  ; to  share. 

To  thousands  that  communicate  our  loss.  B.  Jonson. 

Formerly!  with  was  used  before  the  person  to 
whom  the  communication  was  made. 

Common  benefits  are  to  be  communicated  with  all.  Bacon. 

Syn.  — To  communicate  is  a more  general  term 
than  to  impart.  A fact  or  information  may  be  com- 
municated directly  or  indirectly,  and  to  one  or  many. 
One  individual  imparts  to  another.  Communicate  in- 
telligence ; impart  instruction ; impart,  disclose,  or 
reveal  a secret.  — See  Tell. 

COM-MU'NI-CATE,  v.  n.  1.  To  have  a common 
passage  from  one  to  another.  “The  houses 
communicate.”  Johnson.  “ Canals  which  all 
communicate  with  one  another.”  Arbuthnot. 


2.  fTo  participate;  to  share. 

Ye  have  well  done  that  ye  did  communicate  with  my  afflic- 
tion. Fhil.iv.14. 

3.  To  partake  of  the  Lord’s  supper. 

The  primitive  Christians  communicated  every  day. 

Bp.  Taylor. 

4.  To  have  intercourse  ; to  correspond ; as, 
“ To  communicate  by  letter.” 

CQM-MU-NJ-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  communicatio ; It. 
comunicazione  ; Sp.  comunicacion  ; Fr.  commu- 
nication.) 

1.  The  act  of  communicating  or  imparting. 

Both  together  serve  for  the  reception  and  communication 
of  knowledge.  , Holder. 

2.  Conference  ; conversation  ; intercourse. 

Evil  communications  corrupt  good  manners.  1 Cor.  xv.  38. 

Abner  had  communication  with  the  elders  of  Israel,  say- 
ing, Ye  sought  for  David  in  times  past  to  be  king  over  you.’ 

2 Sam.  ill.  17. 

3.  Participation  of  the  Lord’s  supper;  com- 
munion. Pearson. 

4.  Passage  from  one  thing  to  another. 

The  map  shows  the  natural  communication  Providence  has 
formed  between  the  rivers  and  lakes  of  a country.  Addison. 

Syn.  — See  Intercourse. 

COM-MU'NI-CA-TIVE,  a.  [It.  comunicativo ; 
Sp.  comunicativo-,  Fr.  communicatif.)  Ready 
to  communicate  or  impart ; inclined  to  give  in- 
formation ; not  reserved  ; open  ; free. 

Mr.  Boswell’s  frankness  and  gayety  made  every  bodv  com- 
municative. Johnson. 

COM-MU'NI-CA-TlVE-LY,  ad.  By  communica- 
tion. 

The  manifestation  of  his  glory  shall  arise  tous;  we  shall 
have  it  communicatively . Goodu  in. 

COM-MU'NI-CA-TI  VE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  communicative.  Hammond. 

COM-MU'NJ-CA-TOR,  n.  One  who  communicates. 
“ Communicator  of  . . . mystery.”  II.  More. 

COM-MU'NI-CA-TO-RY,  a.  Imparting  knowl- 
edge. “ Communicatory  letters.”  Barrow. 

COM-MUN'ING,  n.  Familiar  converse.  “ He  had 
made  an  end  of  communing.”  Exod.  xxxi.  18. 

COM-MUN'ION  (kom-niun'yun),  n.  [Gr.  Kotvwvia  ; 
L.  communio  ; It.  comunione  ; Sp.  comunion  ; 
Fr.  communion.) 

1.  The  act  of  communing;  participation; 
fellowship  ; concord  ; intercourse  ; converse. 

They  eat,  they  drink,  and  in  communion  sweet 
Quaff  immortality  and  joy.  Milton. 

What  communion  hath  light  with  darkness?  2 Cor.  vi.  14. 

2.  Union  in  the  worship  of  any  church. 

Bare  communion  with  a good  church  can  never  alone  make 
a good  man.  South. 

3.  The  body  of  people  united  in  worship  ; a 
religious  body  or  denomination ; as,  “ The 
Catholic  communion.” 

4.  The  sacrament  of  the  Lord’s  supper. 

Of  the  several  names  by  which  the  supper  of  the  Lord  has 
been  distinguished,  that  of  the  holy  communion  is  the  one 
which  the  Church  of  England  has  adopted.  Eden. 

COM-MUN'ION-IST,  n.  One  who  is  of  the  same 
communion. 

COM-MUN'ION— SER' VICE,  n.  The  service  used 
at  the  celebration  of  the  Lord’s  supper.  Ash. 

COM'MU-NlsjM,?!.  [Fr.  commun,  common.]  Com- 
munity of  property.  Qu.  Rev. 

Syn. — See  Socialism. 

COM'MU-NIST,  n.  An  advocate  for  communism, 
or  a community  of  property.  Ed.  Rev. 

COM-MU-NIS'TIC,  a.  Relating  to  communism 
or  to  communists.  Ec.  Rev. 

COM-MU'NI-TY,  n.  [Gr.  Koiuhrrir;  L.  communi- 
tas ; It.  comunita ; Sp.  comunidad ; Fr.  com- 
munaute.) 

1.  Common,  or  joint  possession. 

This  text  is  far  from  proving  Adam  sole  proprietor;  it  is  a 
confirmation  of  the  original  community  of  all  things.  Locke. 

2.  The  body  of  people  in  a state  or  common- 
wealth ; the  body  politic  ; the  public. 

Was  there  ever  any  community  so  corrupt  as  not  to  include 
within  it  individuals  of  real  worth?  Blair. 

j&g*  This  word  should  not  be  used  in  this  sense 
without  the  article  ; we  say  in  society , but  in  the  conv- 
munity. 

3.  An  association  or  society  of  individuals, 
united  for  common  objects,  and  bound  by  pe- 
culiar regulations  in  regard  to  property  and 
labor  ; as,  “ The  communities  established  by  the 
followers  of  Fourier.” 


A,  E,  !,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  t,  short;  A,  f,,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


COMMUTABILITY 


277 


COMPARISON 


4.  f Frequency  ; commonness.  “ Sick  and 
blunted  with  community .”  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Society. 

COM-MU-TA-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [Sp.  commutabilidad ; 
Fr.  commutabilite .]  ’ The  quality  of  being  corn- 
mutable  ; interchangeableness.  Johnson. 

COM-MU'TA-BLE,  a.  [L.  commutabilis  ; lt.com- 

mutabile  Sp.  conmutable.]  That  may  be  com- 
muted ; interchangeable. 

COM-MU-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  commutatio  ; lt.com- 
mutazione ; Sp.  conmutacion ; Fr.  commutation .] 

1.  The  act  of  commuting  or  exchanging  ; ex- 
change ; interchange. 

The  whole  universe  is  supported  by  giving  and  returning, 
by  commerce  and  commutation.  South. 

2.  Change  ; alteration. 

So  grent  is  the  commutation  that  tiie  soul  then  hated  only 
that  which  now  only  it  loves.  South. 

3.  (Law.)  The  substitution  of  a less  for  a 
greater  penalty,  or  punishment ; as,  “ The 
commutation  of  a sentence  of  imprisonment  to 
that  of  paying  a fine.” 

Jin  trie  of  commutation , (Astron.)  tile  distance  be- 
tween tiie  sun’s  true  place  as  seen  from  the  earth,  and 
the  place  of  a planet  reduced  to  tiie  ecliptic.  Bouoter. 

Syn. — See  Change. 

COM-MU'TA-TIVE,  a.  [It.  commutativo  ; Sp.  con- 
mutativo  ; Fr.  commutatif .]  llelating  to  com- 
mutation or  to  exchange. 

This  is  the  measure  of  commutative  justice,  which  sup- 
poses the  exchange  of  things  profitable  for  things  profitable. 

Bp.  Taylor. 

COM-MU'TA-TIVE-LY,  ad.  By  exchange. 

COM-MUTE',  v.  a.  [L.  commuto  ; con,  with,  and 
muto,  to  change  ; It.  commidare  ; Sp.  conmu- 
tar ; Fr.  commuer .]  [i.  commuted;  pp.  com- 

muting, commuted.]  To  exchange  or  put  one 
thing  for  another  ; — especially,  to  exchange 
one  penalty  for  another  less  severe.  “ A thou- 
sand fine  devices  to  commute  or  expiate  pen- 
ances.” Bp.  Taylor. 

Syn.  — See  Exchange. 

COM-MUTE',  v.  n.  To  bargain  for  exemption. 

He  thinks  it  unlawful  to  commute , and  that  he  is  bound  to 
pay  his  vow  in  kind.  Bp.  Taylor. 

COM-MUT'U-AL  (-yu-al,  24),  a.  Jointly  mutual; 
reciprocal.  “ With  commutual  zeal.”  Pope. 

COM-O-ChA ' DI-Jl,  n.  [Gr.  nopy,  hair,  and  uhilos, 
a young  branch.]  ( Bot .)  A genus  of  evergreen 
trees  ; maiden-plum.  Loudon. 

CO-MOSE',  a.  [L.  comosus  ; coma,  hair.]  (Bot.) 
Bearing  a coma,  or  tuft  of  hairs.  Gray. 

COM'pAct,  n.  [L.  pactum  ; Fr.  compacted]  A 
mutual  and  specific  agreement  by  which  persons 
or  nations  are  bound  firmly  together  ; a con- 
tract ; a covenant. 

That  men  should  keep  their  compacts  is  certainly  a great 
and  undeniable  rule  in  morality.  Locke. 

Syn.  — See  Agreement. 

COM-PACT',  v.  a.  [L.  comp inyo,  compactus  ; con, 
with,  and  pango,  to  fasten.]  [t.  compacted  ; 
pp.  compacting,  compacted.]  To  .join  to- 
gether with  firmness  ; to  unite  closely  ; to  con- 
solidate ; to  form  into  a system. 

We  see  the  world  so  compacted , that  each  thing  preserveth 
other  things  and  also  itself.  Hooker. 

COM-pAct',  a.  1.  [L.  compingo,  compactus  ; Sp. 
compacto-,  Fr.  compacte .]  Of  firm  texture; 
closely  put  together;  solid;  dense.  “ Glass,  crys- 
tal, gems,  and  other  compact  bodies.”  Netbton. 

2.  United  ; joined  ; connected. 

In  one  hand  Pan  has  a pipe  of  seven  reeds,  compact  with 
wax  together.  Peucham. 

3.  Made  up  ; formed  ; composed. 

The  lunatic,  the  lover,  and  the  poet 

Are  of  imagination  all  compact.  Shah. 

4.  Well-connected;  compressed;  brief.  “A 

compact  discourse.”  Johnson. 

5.  [L.  compaciscor,  compactus,  to  form  a 
league  with  one.]  Connected  by  league,  or  com- 
pact; confederate. 

Thou  pernicious  woman, 

Compact  with  her  that’s  gone.  Shak. 

COM-PACT'BD,  p.  a.  Joined  together;  closely 
united;  consolidated;  framed. 

COM-PACT' JJD-LY,  ad.  Closely  ; firmly.  Lovelace. 


COM-PACT'BD-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
compact ; firmness ; density.  Digby. 

COM-PACT'JJR,  n.  One  who  compacts,  or  unites. 

COM-PACT' J-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  closely  joined  ; 
that  may  be  made  compact.  Cockeram. 

COM-PAC'TION,  n.  1.  The  act  of  making  com- 
pact ; the  act  of  joining. 

2.  The  state  of  being  compact.  Bacon. 

COM-PACT'LY,  ad.  In  a compact  manner;  closely. 

COM-PACT'NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  com- 
pact ; firmness  ; closeness  ; density. 

f €OM-PACT'URE,  n.  Structure.  “ With  comely 
compass,  and  compacture  strong.”  Spenser. 

COM-pA  '<?E§,  n.  sing.  & pi.  [L.]  A system,  or 
structure,  of  many  parts  united. 

The  organs  in  animal  bodies  are  only  a regular  comjmges 
of  pipes  and  vessels  tor  the  fluids  to  pass  through.  Hay. 

f COM-PA<p'!-N.\TE,  v.  a.  [L.  compagino,  com- 
pag hiatus.)  To  set  together.  Cockeram. 

COM-PA £-I-NA'TION,  n.  [L.  compaginatio .] 
Union  of  parts  ; juncture  ; structure.  “ A corn- 
pagination  of  many  parts.”  [it.]  Bp.  Taylor. 

COM'pAn,  n.  A small  silver  coin,  current  in 
several  parts  of  India.  Crahb. 

f COM'PA-NA-BLE,  a.  [Old  Fr.  compagnable .] 
Companionable ; sociable.  Chaucer. 

f COM'PA-NA-BLE-NESS,  n.  Companionable- 
ness ; sociableness.  Sidney. 

f COM'PA-NI-A-BLE,  a.  Companionable.  Bacon. 

f COM'PA-NI-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Companionable- 
ness  ; sociableness.  Bp.  Hall. 

COM-PAN'ION  (kom-pan'yun),  n.  [L.  con,  with, 
and  paganus,  a villager,  i.  e.  fellow-townsman, 
Skinner  : — ■.  L.  con  and  panis,  bread,  i.-e.  a mess- 
mate, Junius  : — L.  compago,  a joiningtogether, 
Thomson  : — It.  compagno ; Sp.  compahero  ; Fr. 
compagnon  ; Gael,  companach .] 

1.  A person  with  whom  one  frequently  keeps 
company  ; a comrade  ; a consort. 

No  sweet  companion  near,  with  whom  to  mourn.  Prior. 

2.  An  associate  ; a partner  ; a partaker. 

Which  would  be  all  his  solace  and  revenge 

Thee  once  to  gain  companion  of  his  woe.  Milton. 

3.  (Naut.)  A wooden  covering  over  the  stair- 
case to  a cabin.  Dana. 

Syn.  — See  Associate,  Follower. 

f COM-PAn'ION,  v.  a.  To  fit  for  a companion. 
“ Companion  me  with  my  mistress.”  Shak. 

COM-PANTON-A-BLE  (kom-pan'yun-a-bl),  a.  Fit 
for  good  fellowship  ; social ; agreeable.  Walton. 

Syn.  — See  Social. 

COM-PAN'ION-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  companionable  or  social.  Clarendon. 

COM-PAn'ION-A-BLY,  ad.  In  a companionable 
manner ; sociably.  Johnson. 

COM-PAnTON-LAB'DER,  n.  (Naut.)  The  lad- 
der leading  from  the  poop  to  the  main  deck. — 
See  Companion,  No.  3.  Dana. 

COM-PAnTON-LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  compan- 
ions ; solitary  ; alone.  Montgomery. 

COM-PAn'ION-SHIp  (kom-pan'yun-ship),  n. 

1.  Fellowship  ; association  ; intimacy.  Shak. 

2.  Company  ; train. 

Alcibiades,  and  some  twenty  horse, 

All  of  companionship.  Shak. 

COM-PAN'ION— WAY,  n.  (Naut.)  The  staircase 
to  the  cabin.  Dana. 

COM'PA-Ny  (kum'p?-ne),  n.  [It.  compagnia  ; Sp. 
compahid ; Fr.  compagnic.  — See  Companion.] 

1.  The  act  of  accompanying  ; fellowship. 

As  he  thereon  stood  gazing,  he  might  see 

The  blessed  angels  to  and  fro  descend 

From  highest  heaveu  in  gladsome  company.  Spenser. 

2.  A number  of  persons  legally  associated 
for  business  or  trade  ; an  association  ; a society ; 
a corporation  ; as,  “ The  East  India  Compa- 
ny ” ; “ An  insurance  company 

3.  The  member  or  members  of  a copartner- 
ship not  named  in  its  signature  ; as,  “ Baring, 
Brothers,  & Company.” 


4.  A meeting  of  friends ; an  assembly  ; . 

particularly  one  met  for  mutual  entertainment. 

A crowd  iij  not  company,  and  faces  arc  but  a gallery  of  pic- 
tures, where  there  is  no  love.  Bacon. 

5.  A person  or  persons  on  a visit  of  friend- 
ship or  of  ceremony  ; as,  “ He  is  too  ill  to  see 
company.” 

6.  (Mil.)  A subdivision  of  a regiment  or  of 
a battalion ; a body  of  artillery,  of  cavalry,  or 
of  infantry  commanded  by  a captain.  Brande. 

To  bear  company,  to  accompany. — To  keep  company 
with,  to  associate  with. 

Syn.  — See  Assembly,  Association,  Band, 
Society. 

f COM'PA-NY,  v.  a.  To  accompany. 

The  soldier  that  did  company  these  three.  Shah. 

COM'PA-NY,  v.  n.  1.  To  associate  with. 

I wrote  to  you  not  to  company  with  fornicators.  1 Cor.  v.  0. 

2.  To  have  sexual  intercourse.  Bp.  Ilall. 

3.  f To  be  a gay  companion.  Spenser. 

II  COM'PA-RA-BLE  [kom'pa-rj-hl,  S.  IF.  P.  J.  F. 
Ja.  K.  Sm. ; kom-pAr'a-bl,  Ash'],  a.  [L.  com- 
parabilis;  It.  comparabile ; Sp.  &;  Fr.  compara- 
ble.] That  may  be  compared  ; of  equal  regard. 

There  is  no  blessing  of  life  comparable  to  the  enjoyment 
of  a discreet  and  virtuous  friend.  'Addison. 

||  COM'PA-RA-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
comparable.  Bailey. 

||  COM'PA-RA-BLY,  ad.  In  a manner  or  degree 
worthy  to  be  compared,  or  to  be  held  in  equal 
regard.  Wot  ton. 

COM'PA-RATES  [kom'pa-rats,  Ja.  Sm.  Wb. ; kom- 
par'a-tez,  P.  K.),  n.  pi.  ( Loyic .)  The  two  things 
compared  to  one  another.  Delgarno. 

f COM-PA-RA'TION,  ii.  [L.  comparatio .]  Pro- 
vision. Cockeram. 

COM-PAr'A-TIVE,  a.  [L.  comparativus ; It.  <Sp 
Sp.  comparativo  ; Fr.  comparatif.] 

1.  Estimated  by  comparison  ; not  positive. 

The  blossom  is  a positive  good:  the  remove  of  it,  to  give 

place  to  the  fruit,  a comparative  good.  Bacon. 

2.  Having  the  power  of  comparing.  “ The 

comparative  faculty.”  Glanville. 

3.  (Cram.)  Expressing  more  or  less,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  positive  and  superlative. 

Comparative  anatomy.  — See  ANATOMY. 

f COM-PAr'A-TIVE,  n.  One  who  compares  him- 
self, or  makes  himself  equal  to,  another. 

To  laugh  at  gibing  boys,  and  stand  the  push 
Of  every  beardless,  vain  comparative.  Shah. 

COM-PAr'A-TIVE-LY,  ad.  According  to  an  es- 
timate made  by  comparison  ; not  positively. 

In  this  world,  whatever  is  colled  good  is  comparatively 
with  other  thiugs  of  its  kind.  Temple. 

COM-pAre',  v.  a.  [L.  comparo-,  con,  with,  and 
par,  equal;  It.  comparare  ; Sp.  comparar  ; Fr. 
comparer .]  \i.  compared  ; pp.  comparing, 

COMPARED.] 

1.  To  measure  one  thing  by  another;  to  esti- 
mate the  relation  of  things  in  respect  to  simi- 
larity or  difference. 

If  lie  compares  this  translation  with  the  original,  lie  will 
find  that  the  three  first  stanzas  arc  rendered  almost  word  for 
word.  Addison. 

To  compare 

Small  tilings  with  greatest.  Milton. 

2.  To  illustrate  by  similarity ; to  liken.  “ He 

compared  anger  to  a fire.”  Johnson. 

Syn.  — Things  are  compared  with  eacli  other  to 
show  their  resemblance,  and  contrasted,  to  show  their 
difference.  Comparison  between  tilings  similar ; con- 
trast between  things  different. 

COM-pAre',  v.  n.  1.  To  bear  a comparison. 
“ No  person  can  compare  with  him.” Month.  Rev. 

2.  fTo  vie.  “With  her  beauty  bounty  did 
compare.”  Spenser. 

COM-pAre',  n.  1.  Possibility  of  being  com- 
pared ; comparison. 

Beyond  compare  the  Son  of  God  was  seen 

Most  glorious.  Milton. 

2.  Illustration  by  comparison ; similitude. 

Their  rhymes 

Full  of  protest,  and  oath,  and  big  comjjare.  Shak. 

COM-pAr'ER,  n.  One  who  compares.  Digby. 

COM-PAr'JNG,  n.  The  act  of  forming  a compar- 
ison. Abp.  Cranmer. 

COM-PAR'I-SON  (kom-p5r'e-sn  or  kom-pSr'e-sun) 
[kom-pSr'e-sun,  S.  P.  J.  K.  ; koin-pkr'e-sn,  F. ; 


MiEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 


BULL,  BUR,  RtJLE.  — <J,  <?,  9,  £,  soft;  £,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  $ as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


COMPARISON 


278 


COMPENDIOUSNESS 


kom-phr'e-sun  or  kom-p5r'e-sn,  IF.  Sm.],  n.  [L. 
comparatio  ; It.  comparazione  ; Sp.  compara- 
cion  ; Fr.  comparaison.] 

1.  The  act  of  comparing  ; a comparative  esti- 
mate. 

If  we  will  rightly  estimate  what  we  call  good  and  evil,  we 
shall  find  it  lies  much  in  comparison.  Locke. 

Comparison,  more  than  reality,  makes  men  happy,  and 
can  make  them  wretched.  JreUham. 

2.  (Rhet.)  A resemblance,  in  some  particu- 
lar, between  two  objects  that  are  in  themselves 
dissimilar  and  belonging  to  different  species  ; a 
simile ; a similitude. 

If  A-  A comparison  differs  from  a metaphor  only  in 
form,  the  resemblance  being  stated  in  a comparison , 
and  implied  in  a metaphor.  — See  Compare,  Simile. 

3.  {Gram.)  The  formation  of  an  adjective 
through  its  various  degrees  of  signification  ; as, 
“ Strong,  stronger,  strongesf  ” ; “ Hopeful,  more 
hopeful,  most  hopeful.” 

jj The  mode  of  comparing  adjectives  by  affixing 
er  and  est  is  now  mostly  restricted  to  those  of  one 
syllable,  but  the  older  English  writers  often  used  this 
form  also  in  comparing  adjectives  of  two  or  more  syl- 
lables ; thus  Milton  wrote,  “ uprigliter,”  “ famousest,” 
“ virtuousest.” 

K jp-  “ I have  inserted  the  vowel  in  the  last  syllable 
of  this  word,  because,  in  solemn  pronunciation,  some 
speakers  may  think  it  proper  to  preserve  it ; but  in 
common  and  unpremeditated  speaking,  I am  con- 
vinced, it  falls  into  the  general  analogy,  and  is  sunk 
as  much  as  in  reason , season , prison , &.c.”  IValker. 

f COM-PAr'I-SON,  v.  a.  To  compare.  “Like  to 
a fool  natural  am  I comparisoncd.”  Chaucer. 

COM-PART',  v.  a.  [L.  con,  with,  and  partior,  to 
divide;  It.  compartire ; Sp.  <Sf  Fr.  compartir .] 

[t.  COMPARTED  ; pp.  COMPARTING,  COMPART- 
ED.] To  divide  ; to  mark  out  into  parts.  Wotton. 

fCOM'PART,  n.  A member;  a part.  “Being 
comparts  of  the  same  substance.”  J.  Scott. 

COM-PART' J-MENT,  n.  [Fr.]  A division  ; a 
compartment.  Pope. 

COM-PAR-TI"TION  (kom-par-tish'un),  n.  1.  The 
act  of  dividing.  “ The  compartition  ...  of  the 
whole  ground  plot.”  Wotton. 

2.  The  part  marked  out  ; a division. 

Their  temples  and  amphitheatres  needed  no  comparti- 
tig  ns.  Wotton. 

COM-I’ART'MpNT,  n.  [It.  compartimento ; Sp. 
compartimiento ; Fr.  compartiment.] 

1.  A division,  or  a subdivisional  part,  of  a 
building. 

One  arch  is  a compartment  of  an  arcade;  the  choir  is  one 
compartment  of  u catlicdral.  Francis. 

2.  A separate  part  of  a design  in  painting,  or 
in  any  ornamental  work. 

In  the  midst  was  placed  a large  compartment  composed  of 
grotesque  work.  Carew. 

+ COM-PART'N£R,  n.  A copartner.  Pearson. 

f COM-PART'Nj5R-SHIP,  n.  Copartnership.  Ford. 

COM'PASS  (kum'p?s),  v.  a.  [Low  L.  compasso  ; 
L.  con,  with,  and  passus,  a step  ; pando,  to  ex- 
tend ; It.  compassare  ; Sp.  compasar  ; Fr.  corn- 
passer.']  [i.  COMPASSED  ; pp.  COMPASSING, 
COMPASSED.] 

1.  To  encircle;  to  environ;  to  surround;  to 
encompass;  to  enclose. 

I see  thee  compassed  with  thy  kingdom’s  peers.  S/iak. 

2.  To  go  round  any  thing  ; to  encircle. 

By  night  he  fled,  and  at  midnight  returned 

From  compassing  the  earth.  Milton. 

3.  To  besiege  ; to  lay  siege  to ; to  invest. 

Thine  enemies  shall  cast  a trench  about  thee,  andco/Hpcrss 

tliee  round.  Luke  xix.  43. 

4.  To  obtain  ; to  procure  ; to  attain  ; to  bring 
about ; to  accomplish ; to  perform. 

In  every  work  regard  the  writer’s  end; 

Since  none  can  compass  more  than  they  intend.  Pope. 

5.  {Law.)  To  meditate  or  contrive.  “ To 

compass  the  death  of  the  king.”  Johnson. 

COM'PASS  (kum'pas),  n.  [It.  compasso  ; Sp.  # 
Fr.  compas .] 

1.  A circuit ; a circumference ; a round.  “My 

life  is  run  its  compass.”  Shah. 

2.  Extent ; reach  ; capacity. 

This  author  hath  tried  the  force  and  compass  of  our  lan- 
guage with  much  success.  Sivi/t. 

3.  That  which  is  enclosed  within  limits ; space. 

No  less  than  the  compass  of  twelve  books  is  taken  up  in 
these.  Pope. 

An  enterprise  which  may  be  despatched  in  a short  com- 
pass of  time.  Addison. 


4.  {Mus.)  The  range  of  notes  comprehended 

by  any  voice  or  instrument.  Moore. 

Through  all  the  compass  of  the  notes  it  ran.  Dryden. 

5.  {Naut.)  An  instru- 
ment so  contrived  as  to  al- 
low free  motion  to  a mag- 
netic needle,  and  thus  in- 
dicate the  magnetic  me- 
ridian, or  the  position  and 
direction  of  objects  with  f 
respect  to  that  meridian  ; 

— especially  the  magnetic  * 
apparatus  for  steering  * . 

ships,  or  the  mariner’s 
compass 


Mariner’s  compass. 


Rude  as  their  ships  was  navigation  then; 
No  useful  compass  or  meridiau  known. 
That  trembling  vassal  of  the  pole. 

The  feeling  compass , navigation’s  soul. 


Dryden. 
Byron. 

6.  pi.  An  instrument  for  describing  circles. 

In  his  hand 

He  took  the  golden  compasses.  Milton. 

To  fetch  a compass,  to  make  a circuit.  Acts  xxviii.13. 


Azimuth  compass,  see  AZIMUTH.  — Surveyor's  com- 
pass, ( Surveying .)  an  instrument  used  to  measure  hor- 
izontal angles,  where  great  accuracy  is  not  required. 
— See  Circumferentor.  Davies'.  — Variation  com- 
pass, a compass  used  to  show  the  small  daily  varia- 
tion of  the  magnetic  needle.  Davies. 


COM'PASS-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  compassed, 
or  accomplished  ; attainable.  Burke. 

COM'PASS— BOX,  n.  A box  for  holding  the  mar- 
iner’s compass.  Phillips. 

COM'PASS— DI' A L,  n.  A small  dial  fitted  into  a 
box,  for  the  pocket,  to  show  the  hour  of  the  day 
by  the  direction  of  the  needle.  Crabb. 

COM'PASS-U§,  n.pl.  An  instrument  for  describing 
circles,  and  measuring  or  dividing  lines.  Eliot. 

it '3=  In  the  plural  form,  analogous  to  scissors,  &c. , 
as  consisting  of  two  similar  parts. 

COM'PASS-ING,  n.  { Ship-building .)  The  act  of 
bending  timber  into  a curve.  Crabb. 


COM-PAS'SION  (kom-p&sh'un,  92),  n.  [L.  compas- 
sing con,  with,  and  patior,  passus,  to  suffer;  It. 
compassione ; Sp .compasion;  Fr.  compassion .] 
Grief  for  the  suffering  of  others  ; pity  ; com- 
miseration. 

But  a certain  Samaritan  . . . had  compassion  on  him,  and 
went  to  him,  and  bound  up  his  wounds.  Luke  x.  33. 

Syn.  — See  Pity. 


f COM-PAS'SION,  V.  a. 
commiserate ; to  pity. 


To  compassionate  ; to 
Shah. 


f COM-PAS'SION-A-BLE,  a.  Deserving  of  com- 
passion or  pity ; pitiable.  Barrow. 

f COM-PAS'SION-A-RY,  a.  Inclined  to  pity  ; 

compassionate.  Cotgravc. 

COM-PAS'SION-ATE,  a.  Inclined  to  pity  ; mer- 
ciful ; tender. 

There  never  was  any  heart  truly  great  and  generous  that 
was  not  also  tender  ana  compassionate.  South. 


COM-PAS'SION-ATE  (kom-phsh'un-at),  V.  a.  [t. 
COMPASSIONATED  \pp.  COMPASSIONATING,  COM- 
PASSIONATED.] To  pity  ; to  commiserate. 

Compassionates  my  pains  and  pities  me.  Addison. 

COM-PAS'SION- ATE-LY,  ad.  With  compassion  ; 
mercifully  ; tenderly. 

COM-PAS'SION-ATE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  compassionate.  Calamy. 

COM'PASS— NEE'DLE,  n.  The  needle  of  the  com- 

v pass.  Phillips. 

COM'PASS— SAW,  n.  A saw  that  cuts  circularly. 

COM'PASS— TIM'BJgR,  n.  A curved  timber.  Dana. 

COM'PASS-WIN'DOW,  n.  {Arch.)  A circular 
bay-window,  or  oriel.  Britton. 


f COM-PA-TER'NI-TY,  n.  [L  .con,  with,  and  pa- 
ternitas , fatherhood  ; Sp.  compatemidad .]  The 
relation  of  godfather. 

Gossipred  or  compatemity,  by  the  canon  law,  is  a spiritual 
affinity.  Davies. 

CQM-PAT-I-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [It.  compatibility ; Sp. 
compatibilidad ; Fr.  compatibilite.]  The  qual- 
ity of  being  compatible.  Barrow. 

COM-pAt'I-BLE,  a.  [It.  compatibile;  Sp.  § Fr. 
compatible.  Some  etymologists  derive  this  word 
from  L.  compatior,  to  suffer  with  ; — others  from 
L.  competo,  to  be  fit,  or  from  competo,  to  seek.] 


That  may  exist  with ; suitable  to  ; fit ; consist- 
ent ; agreeable. 

Let  us  not  require  n union  of  excellencies  not  quite  com- 
patible with  each  other.  Sir  J.  Reynolds. 

jQgr*  This  word  was  formerly  written  compctible. 

COM-PAT'I-BLE-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  com- 
patible ; compatibility  ; consistency. 

COM-PAT'I-BLY,  ad.  Accordantly  ; fitly  ; suitably. 

t COM-PA'TI^NT  (kom-pa'shent),  a.  [L.  compa- 
tior, compatiens,  to  suffer  together.]  Suffering 
together.  Buck. 

||  COM-PA'TRI-OT  [kom-pa'tre-ut,  S.  W.  P.  J.  E. 
E.  Ja.  Sm.  C. ; kom-pat're-ut,  117;.],  n . [L.  com- 
patriota;  con,  with,  and  patria,  one’s  country; 
It.  Sp.  compatriot ; Fr.  compatriots.}  One  of 
the  same  country ; a fellow-countryman.  “ Both 
of  strangers  and  our  own  compatriots.”  Bp.  llall. 

||  COM-PA'TRI-OT,  a.  Of  the  same  country. 

Praise  enough 

To  fill  the  ambition  of  a private  man. 

That  Chatham’s  language  was  his  mother’s  tongue, 

And  Wolfe’s  great  name  compatriot  with  his  own.  Coiuper. 

II  COM-PA'TRI-OT-I§M,  n.  The  state  of  being 
a compatriot,  or  fellow-countryman.  Qu.  Rev. 

COM-PEAR',  v.  n.  [L.  comparco.]  [Scottish.] 
To  appear.  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

COM-PEER',  n.  [L.  compar ; It.  compare ; Fr. 
compere .]  An  equal;  a mate;  a companion. 

And  him  thus  answered  soon  his  bold  compeer.  Milton. 

COM-PEER',  v.  a.  To  be  equal  with;  to  equal; 
to  mate.  “ He  compeers  the  best.”  [r.]  Skak. 

COM-PEL',  v.  a.  [L.  compello  ; con,  with,  and 
pello,  to  drive ; Sp.  compeler,  compelir .]  [i. 

COMPELLED  ; pp.  COMPELLING,  COMPELLED.] 

1.  To  force  to  some  act ; to  oblige ; to  con- 
strain ; to  necessitate ; to  coerce. 

lie  refused,  and  said,  I will  not  cat;  but  his  servants,  to- 
gether with  the  woman,  compelled  him.  1 Sam.  xxviii.  23. 

2.  To  take  by  force  or  violence  ; to  seize,  [r.] 

Commissions,  which  compel  from  each 
The  sixth  part  of  his  substance.  Shak. 

3.  To  overpower ; to  subdue. 

But  easy  sleep  their  weary  limbs  compelled.  Dryden. 

4.  To  gather  together.  [A  Latinism.] 

Now  freely  mixed,  and  in  one  troop  compelled.  Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Coerce. 

COM-PEL'LA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  compelled, 
or  forced.  Blackstone. 

COM-PEL'LA-BLY,  ad.  In  a forcible  manner.  Todd. 

COM-PFL-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  compellatio,  from 
con  and  pello,  pcllarc,  (an  obsolete  word, ) to 
speak.]  Style  of  address ; a ceremonious  title 
or  appellation,  as  Sire,  Sir,  Madam,  &c. 

The  peculiar  compellation  of  the  kings  in  France  is  by 
sire,  which  is  nothing  else  but  father.  Temple. 

COM-PEL'LA-TO-RY,  a.  Compulsory.  Cavendish. 

COM-PEL'L£R,  n.  One  who  compels.  SirT.Stnith. 

COM-PEL'LING,  p.  a.  Constraining;  forcing; 
using  compulsion. 

COM-PEL'LING-LY,  ad.  By  compulsion. 

COM'PIJND,  n.  [L.  compendium  ; compendo,  to 
weigh  together,  and  thus  gather  into  a com- 
pressed form  ; It.  § Sp.  compendio .]  An  abridg- 
ment ; a summary  ; an  abstract ; an  epitome  ; 
a compendium. 

Fix  in  memory  the  discourses,  and  abstract  them  into  brief 
coyipends.  Watts. 

Syn.  — See  Abridgment. 

t COM-PEN-DJ-A'RJ-OUS,  a.  [L.  compendiarius.] 
Short;  contracted;  compendious.  Bailey. 

f COM-PEN'DI-ATE,  v.  a.  To  sum  together  ; to 
comprehend.  Bp.  King. 

f COM-PEN-DI-OS'j-TY,  n.  Shortness.  Bailey. 

||  COM-PEN'DI-OUS  [kqm-pen'de-us,  P.  J.  Ja.Sm. ; 
kom-pen'dyus,  S.  E.  F.  K. ; kom-pen'je-us,  IF.], 
a.  [L.  compendiosus ; It.  § Sp.  compcndioso ; 
Fr.  compendicux .]  Short ; summary ; abridged ; 
concise;  brief;  laconic;  succinct. 

For  God  is  love  — compendious  whole 

Of  all  the  blessings  of  the  soul.  Byrom. 

||  COM-PEN'DI-OUS-LY,  ad.  Shortly;  in  epit- 
ome. Hooker. 

||  COM-PEN'DI-OUS-NESS,  n.  Shortness;  brevi- 


A,  E,  !,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short; 


A,  B,  I,  O,  U,  y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


COMPENDIUM 


279 


COMPLAISANCE 


ty  ; conciseness.  “ The  compendiousness  of 
this  assertion.”  Bentley. 

II  COM-PEN'DI-UM,  n.  ; Eng.  pi.  COMPENDIUMS. 
[L.  compendium  ; pi.  compendia.']  An  abridg- 
ment ; a summary  ; an  abstract ; an  epitome  ; 
a compend.  “ A short  system,  or  compendium, 
of  a science.”  — See  Compend.  Watts. 

Syn.  — See  Abridgment. 

f COM-PEN'SA-BLE,  a.  [Old  Fr.]  That  may  be 
recompensed.  Cotgrave. 

II  COM-PEN'SATE  [kom-pen'sat,  S.  W.  P.  J.  E.  F. 
Ja.  Sm. ; kom'pen-sat  or  kom-pen'sat,  K.  ; kom 
pen-sat,  Wb.  — See  Contemplate],  v.  a.  [L. 
compenso,  compensatus,  to  weigh  one  thing 
against  another  ; It.  compensare  ; Sp.  compen- 
sar ; Fr.  compenser.]  [?.  compensated  ; pp. 
compensating,  compensated.] 

1.  To  be  equivalent  to;  to  counterbalance; 
to  countervail. 

The  length  of  the  night,  and  the  dews  thereof,  do  com- 
pensate the  heat  of  the  day.  Bacon. 

2.  To  recompense;  to  remunerate;  to  re- 
quite ; to  indemnify  ; as,  “ To  compensate  one 
for  services.” 

||  COM-PEN'SATE,  v.  n.  To  make  compensation. 

What  can  compensate  for  the  loss  of  honor?  Crabb. 

COM-PJJN-SA'TION,  n.  [L  .compensation  It.  com- 
pensazione ; Sp.  compensacion ; Fr.  compensa- 
tion.] 

1.  Equivalence  ; equilibrium. 

There  is  in  the  elements  a notable  compensation  of  their 
fourfold  qualities,  dispensing  themselves  by  even  turns  and 
just  measures.  Hakewill. 

2.  Something  given,  or  obtained,  as  an  equiv- 
alent ; recompense ; remuneration ; satisfac- 
tion ; indemnification  ; requital ; amends. 

All  other  debts  may  compensation  find; 

But  love  is  strict,  and  will  be  paid  in  kind.  Dryden. 

Syn.  — Compensation  is  made  either  for  some  in- 
jury sustained,  or  for  some  service  performed  ; remu- 
neration is  a higher  species  of  compensation  : — remu- 
neration and  recompense  are  returns  for  services  or 
benefits  ; satisfaction  for  an  injury,  insult,  or  a debt; 
amends  to  repair  an  injury  or  an  offence  ; indemnifica- 
tion for  loss  or  damage  ; reward  for  merit ; requital 
of  a benefit  or  an  injury.  — Compensation , remunera- 
tion, recompense,  satisfaction , and  amends  are  obliga- 
tory ; reward  and  requital  are  optional  or  gratuitous. 
— See  Retribution. 

COM-PEN-SA'TION-BAL’ANCE,  n.  (Horology.) 
The  balance  of  a watch,  or  chronometer,  so 
contrived  that  the  unequal  expansion  of  two 
different  metals  may  counteract  each  other’s 
effect,  and  equalize  its  momentum  under  all 
changes  of  temperature  and  climate.  Brande. 

COM-PEN'SA-TIVE,  a.  That  compensates.  Bailey. 

COM-PEN'SA-TO-RY,  a.  [It.  compensatorio ; Fr. 
compensative.]  That  makes  amends. Bp.  Taylor. 

F OOM-PENSE',  v.  a.  To  compensate.  Bacon. 

j-  COM-PJg-REN'DI-NATE,  v.  a.  [L.  comperen- 
dino  ; con,  with,  and  perendie,  the  day  after  to- 
morrow.] To  delay  ; to  defer.  Bailey. 

f COM-Pg-REN-DI-NA'TION,  n.  [L.  comperendi- 
tiatio.]  Delay ; dilatoriness.  Bailey. 

COM-PETE',  v.  n.  [L.  competo  ; con,  with,  and 
peto,  to  seek;  It.  competere  ; Sp.  competir-, 
Fr.  competer.]  \i.  competed  ; pp.  competing, 
competed.]  To  be  in  a state  of  competition  ; 
to  seek  or  strive  for  something  with  another ; 
to  be  a rival ; to  contend.  Bp.  Heber. 

flfJr-A  modern  word,  of  Scottish  origin:  — o Now 
[1837J  not  uncommon  in  speech.”  Richardson. 

COM  PE-TENCE,  l n_  [X,  competentia,  agree- 

COM'PE-TEN-CY,  i ment  ; competo,  to  agree 
with,  to  be  fit,  to  be  qualified  ; It.  competenza  ; 
Sp.  competencia ; Fr.  competence.] 

1.  Suitableness  ; fitness  ; ability. 

In  the  first  place,  the  loan  demonstrates  the  competenci/  of 
this  kingdom  to  the  assertion  of  the  common  cause.  Burke. 

2.  Such  a quantity  as  is  sufficient,  without 
superfluity  ; sufficiency  ; — especially  of  the 
means  of  living. 

A competence  of  land  freely  allotted 

To  each  man’s  proper  use.  Massinger. 

Reason’s  whole  pleasure,  all  the  joys  of  sense, 

Lie  in  three  words  — health,  peace,  and  competence.  Rope. 

3.  ( Law .)  Legal  ability  of  witnesses  to  give 

testimony  : — propriety  or  sufficiency  as  a legal 
remedy.  Burrill. 


COM'Pp-TENT,  a.  [L.  competo,  competens,  to  be 
fit,  to  be  qualified;  It.  % Sp.  competente ; Fr. 
competent.] 

1.  Qualified  ; fit ; able  ; capable. 

Man  is  not  competent  to  decide  upon  the  good  or  evil  of 
many  events  which  befall  him  in  this  life.  Cumberland. 

2.  Adapted  to  any  purpose  ; adequate  ; con- 
venient ; sufficient ; as,  “ A competent  fortune.” 

3.  Properly  incident,  or  belonging. 

That  is  the  privilege  of  the  infinite  Author  of  things,  . . . 
but  is  not  competent  to  any  finite  being.  Locke. 

4.  (Law.)  Having  necessary  legal  qualifica- 
tions. 

A co mpetent  judge  is  one  who  has  jurisdiction  in  the  case. 

Johnson. 

Syn.  — See  Able. 

COM'Pg-TENT-LY,  ad.  Adequately  ; properly  ; 
suitably;  sufficiently.  “ We  have  competently 
proved  that  there  is  a God.”  Law.  “ Men 
competently  endowed.”  Wotton. 

f COM-PET'I-BLE,  a.  Suitable  to.  “ Compatible 
to  human  nature.”  — See  Compatible.  More. 

j-  COM-PET'I-BLE-NESS, n.  Compatibleness.  Ash. 

COM-Pp-TI"TION  (kom-pe-tlsli'iin),  n.  [L.  con, 
with,  and  peto,  petitus,  to  strive  after  ; Sp.  com- 
peticion-,  Fr.  competition.]  The  act  of  com- 
peting ; a common  striving  for  the  same  object ; 
rivalry  ; emulation  ; contest. 

Amidst  the  variety  of  competitions  with  which  the  world 
abounds,  it  is  a difficult  matter  to  guard  against  pride  and 
self-consequence.  Gilpin. 

Syn.  — Competition  is  the  act  of  seeking  file  same 
object  that  another  is  seeking  ; emulation  expresses 
the  disposition  of  mind  in  a favorite  object  of  pursuit ; 
rivalry , the  feeling  of  a rival.  Competition  and  emula- 
tion have  honor  for  their  basis  ; rivalry , selfish  grati- 
fication. Competition  for  a prize  ; emulation  to  excel  ; 
selfish  rivalry. 

COM-PET'I-TlVE,  a . Relating  to  competition  ; 
making  competition  ; emulous.  “ A competi- 
tive examination.”  Ec.  Rev. 

COM-PET'I-TOR,  n.  [L.]  1.  One  who  strives  to 

obtain  the  same  object  as  another  ; a rival. 

At  the  election  of  Hatton,  Robert,  Earl  of  Essex,  a popu- 
lar and  ambitious  person,  was  his  competitor.  Wood. 

2.  f One  who  unites  in  the  same  design  ; an 
associate ; a partner. 

That  thou,  my  brother,  my  competitor 
In  top  of  all  design,  my  mate  in  empire, 

Friend  and  companion  in  the  front  of  war.  Sliak. 

COM-PET'I-TO-RY,  a.  Being  in  competition ; 
competitive ; emulous,  [r.]  Faber. 

COM-PET  I- TRESS,  }n  [L.  competitrix.]  She  who 

COM-PET'I-TRIX,  ) is  a rival,  [r .]  Lord  Herbert. 

COM-PI-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  compilatio,  a collecting 
together ; It.  compilazione  ; Sp.  compilacion  ; 
Fr.  compilation.] 

1.  The  act  of  compiling  or  collecting ; a col- 
lection from  various  authors. 

2.  The  act  of  gathering  into  one  mass,  as- 
semblage, or  structure. 

There  is  in  it  a small  vein  filled  with  spar,  probably  since 
the  time  of  the  conqnlation  of  the  same.  Woodward. 

3.  A literary  work  consisting  of  parts,  pas- 
sages, or  matters  collected  from  various  authors 
or  from  various  sources. 

Among  the  ancient  story  books,  a Latin  compilation , enti- 
tled Gesta  Romanorum , seems  to  have  been  the  favorite. 

Warton. 

f COM'PI-LA-TOR,  n.  A compiler.  Chaucer. 

COM-PILE',  v.  a.  [Gr.  tu1.6oi,  to  press  close;  L. 
compilo-,  It.  compilare-,  Sp.  compilar;  Fr.  com- 
piler.] [i.  COMPILED  ; pp.  COMPILING,  COM- 
PILED.] 

1.  t To  put  together ; to  construct ; to  build. 

He  did  intend 

A brazen  wall  in  compass  to  compile.  Spenser. 

2.  To  form  a literary  work  by  collecting 
parts,  passages,  or  matter  from  various  authors, 
or  from  various  sources. 

In  the  time  of  Alfred,  the  local  customs  of  the  several 
provinces  of  the  kingdom  were  grown  so  various  that  he 
found  it  expedient  to  compile  the  Dome-book.  Blackstone. 

3.  To  compose,  as  a literary  work  ; to  write. 

The  regard  he  had  for  his  shield  had  caused  him  to  com- 
pile a dissertation  concerning  it.  Arbuthnot. 

COM-PIEE'MIJNT,  n.  The  act  of  compiling;  com- 
pilation. [r.]  Sir  II.  Wotton. 

COM-PIL'ER,  n.  One  who  compiles ; one  who 


frames  a composition  from  various  authors  • a 
collector  of  literary  fragments. 

Some  painful  compiler  may  inform  the  world  that  Robert 
Earl  of  Oxford  was  high  treasurer.  Swift. 

COM-PLA'CENCE,  > [L.  c0mplace0i  comp/a_ 

COM-PLA'CEN-CY,  ) cens,  to  be  pleasing;  Sp. 
complacencia ; Fr.  complaisance.] 

1.  Complaisance  ; civility  ; suavity. 

With  mean  complacence  ne’er  betray  your  trust, 

Nor  be  so  civil  as  to  prove  unjust.  Pope. 

Complacency , and  truth,  and  manly  sweetness 
Dwell  ever  on  his  tongue.  Addison. 

2.  Pleasure  ; satisfaction  ; gratification. 

Diseases  extremely  lessen  the  complacence  we  have  in  all 

the  good  things  of  this  life.  Atterbury. 

3.  The  cause  of  pleasure  or  satisfaction. 

O thou, 

My  sole  complacence l Milton. 

COM-PLA'CENT,'a.  [L.  complacens,  pleasing; 
Sp . complaciente  •,  Fr.  complaisant.]  Civil;  af- 
fable ; mild ; easy  ; complaisant. 

They  look  up  with  a sort  of  complacent  awe  and  admira- 
tion to  kings.  Burke. 

COM-PLA-CEN'TIAL,  a.  Accommodating;  com- 
plaisant ; complacent.  Baxter. 

COM-PLA-CEN'TIAL-LY,  ad.  In  a manner  to 
please ; complacently. 

COM-PLA'CENT-LY,  ad.  In  a complacent  or 
easy  manner ; complaisantly. 

COM-PLAIN',  v.  n.  [L.  con,  with,  used  inten- 
sively, and  plango,  to  beat  the  breast  in  token 
of  grief;  It.  compiagnere  ; Fr . complaindre.] 
[i.  COMPLAINED  ; pp.  COMPLAINING,  COM- 
PLAINED.] 

1.  To  utter  expressions  of  grief,  sorrow,  un- 
easiness, dissatisfaction,  or  censure  ; to  mur- 
mur ; to  lament ; to  bewail ; to  find  fault ; — 
sometimes  with  of. 

I will  speak  in  the  anguish  of  my  spirit;  I will  complain 
in  the  bitterness  of  my  soul.  Job  vii.  11. 

In  midst  of  water  I complain  of  thirst.  Dryden. 

2.  To  inform  against;  to  make  charges;  — 
with  of. 

Now,  Master  Shallow,  you  ’ll  complain  of  me  to  the  coun- 
cil. Shak. 

COM-PLAIN',  v.  a.  To  lament;  to  bewail.  “His 
loss  whom  bootless  ye  complain.”  [u.]  Fairfax. 

COM-PLAiN'A-BLE,  a.  To  be  complained  of ; to 
be  censured.  Feltham. 

COM-PLAIN'ANT,  n.  1.  (Law.)  One  who  com- 
mences a prosecution  ; a plaintiff.  Collier. 

2.  One  who  complains ; complainer.  Ec.  Rev. 

COM-PLAIN'ER,  n.  One  who  complains  ; a mur- 
murer  ; a fault-finder.  Swift. 

COM-PLAIN'ING,  n.  Expression  of  complaint  or 
injury.  “They  vented  their  complainings.” Shak. 

COM-PLAIN'ING,  p.  a.  Making  complaint ; quer- 
ulous ; murmuring ; finding  fault. 

COM-PLAIN'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a complaining  man- 
ner ; with  murmurs.  Byron. 

COM-PLAINT',  n.  [It.  compianto  ; Fr.  complainte .] 

1.  The  act  of  complaining;  expression  of  un- 
pleasant or  painful  emotions  ; lamentation. 

The  growing  miseries  which  Adam  saw, 

And,  in  a troubled  sea  of  passion  tossed, 

Thus  to  disburden  sought  with  sad  complaint.  Milton. 

2.  Cause  of  dissatisfaction. 

The  poverty  of  the  clergy  in  England  hath  been  the  com- 
plaint  of  all  who  wish  well  to  the  church.  Swift. 

3.  That  which  gives  pain  to  the  body  ; a mal- 
ady ; a disease.  Arbuthnot. 

4.  Information  against ; accusation  ; charge. 

Whose  failing,  while  her  faith  to  me  remains, 

I should  conceal,  and  not  expose  to  blame 

By  my  complaint.  Milton. 

5.  (Law.)  An  allegation  made  to  a proper 
officer  that  some  person  has  been  guilty  of  an 
offence. 

Syn. — See  Disease. 

f COM-PLAlNT'FUL,  a.  Full  of  complaint.  Iluloet. 

C0M-PLAI-§ANCE'  (kom-ple-zans'),  n.  [Fr.  co??i- 
plaire,  complaisant,  to  humor,  to  please.]  That 
air  or  manner  which  indicates  a desire  to  please ; 
civility  ; courtesy  ; condescension  ; urbanity  ; 
politeness. 

Complaisance  renders  a superior  amiable,  an  equal  agree- 
able, and  an  inferior  acceptable.  Addison . 

Syn. — Complaisance  is  the  act  of  an  equal  ; defer - 


MiEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 


BULL,  BUR,  RtJLE. — 9,  9,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  JC  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


COMPLAISANT 


280 


COMPLICITY 


ence , of  an  inferior  ; condescension , of  a superior.  Com- 
plaisance and  courtesy  are  due  to  equals  ; deference,  to 
superiors  ; condescension  to  inferiors  ; civility,  to  all. 
— See  Civility. 

COM-PLAI-SANT'  (kom-ple-zant'),  a.  [It.  com- 
piacente  ; ’Fr.  complaisant.']  Seeking  to  please 
by  exterior  manners;  courteous;  polite;  def- 
erential ; respectful ; civil ; affable. 

As  for  our  Saviour,  he  was,  if  I durst  use  the  word,  the 
most  complaisant  person  that  ever  perhaps  appeared  in  the 
world.  Sharp. 

Syn.  — See  Affability. 

COM-PLAI-§ANT'LY,  ad.  In  a complaisant  man- 
ner ; with  a desire  to  please.  Pope. 

C O M - P L A I - §A  N T ' N £ S S , n . The  quality  of  being 
complaisant ; complaisance,  [r.]  Johnson. 

COM-PLA'NATE,  v.  a.  [L.  complano,  complana- 
tus;  con,  with,  and  planus , level.]  To  make 
level  ; to  form  with  an  even  surface.  Dcrham. 

COM-PLANE',  v.  a.  Same  as  Complanate.  [r.] 

COM- PLEAT',  a.  See  Complete.  Junius. 

COM'PLp-MENT,  n.  [L.  complementum,  that 
which  fills  up  or  completes  ; compleo,  to  fill  up  ; 
It.  § Sp.  complemento  ; Fr.  complement.  — Com- 
plement and  compliment  were  anciently  written 
without  discrimination.] 

1.  Fulness  ; completeness ; entireness. 

The  sensible  nature,  in  its  complement  and  integrity,  hath 
five  exterior  faculties.  Hale. 

2.  A full  number  or  quantity  ; complete  pro- 

vision ; as,  “ A complement  of  men  ” ; “ His 
complement  of  stores.”  Prior. 

3.  Something  added  as  graceful  or  complai- 
sant ; an  accomplishment. 

These  which  have  lastly  sprung  up,  for  complements,  rites, 
and  ceremonies  of  church  actions,  are,  in  truth,  for  the  great- 
est part,  silly  things.  Hooker. 

Are  they  spare  in  diet, 

Free  from  gross  passion,  or  of  mirth,  or  anger. 

Constant  in  spirit,  not  swerving  with  the  blood, 
Garnished  and  decked  in  modest  complement?  Shak. 

4.  ( Trigonometry .)  That  which  remains  after 
subtracting  an  angle  from  90° ; thus  30°  is  the 
complement  of  60°,  and  the  reverse.  Davies. 

5.  ( Astron .)  The  distance  of  a star  from  the 
zenith,  as  compared  with  its  altitude.  Johnson. 

6.  (Her.)  The  full  moon  ; as,  “ Azure  the 
moon  in  her  complement.” 

Arithmetical  complement  of  a logarithm.  — Seo  Ar- 
ithmetical. 

Complement  of  the  curtain , (Fort.)  that  part  in  the 
interior  side  of  it  which  makes  the  demigorge.  John- 
son.— Complements  of  a parallelogram , (Ocom.)  tile 
lesser  parallelograms  formed  by  drawing  lines  paral 
lei  to  the  sides  of  a given  parallelogram,  and  through 
the  same  point  on  its  diagonal.  Davies. 

CSM-PLE-MENT'AL,  a.  [See  Complement,  and 
Compliment.]  That  fills  up  or  completes ; 
complementary. 

Many  men,  only  adding  some  complemenfal  enlargements 
of  their  own,  have  plundered  the  first  founders  of  all  the 
praise  and  profit  of  their  invention.  Standard  of  Equality. 

t COM-PLIJ-MENT'A-UY,  «•  One  who  compli- 
ments ; a complimenter.  B.  Jonson. 

COM-PLIJ-MENT'A-RY,  a.  Completing;  supply- 
ing a deficiency ; complemental.  Roget. 


1.  To  perfect ; to  finish  ; to  consummate  ; to 
accomplish ; to  effect ; to  execute  ; to  achieve  ; 
to  terminate  ; to  end. 

Light  minds  undertake  many  things  without  completing 
any.  Crabb. 

2.  To  fulfil;  to  perform;  to  realize.  “He 

completes  the  nation’s  hope.”  Pope. 

Syn.  — A work  is  completed  or  finished  by  having 
the  last  labor  bestowed  upon  it,  and  is  perfected  by 
being  made1  free  from  defect.  A business  is  terminated 
or  ended  by  being  brought  to  a close.  Complete  your 
labors  ; finish  your  work  ; accomplish  your  purpose  ; 
effect  your  object ; fulfil  your  promise ; terminate  a 
dispute.  The  completion  of  a work  ; the  end  of  a 
chapter  or  volume  ; tile  termination  of  a controversy  ; 
execution  of  a project  ; fulfilment  of  a prophecy  ; 
achievement  of  an  enterprise  ; consummation  of  a favor- 
ite scheme.  — See  Accomplish,  Consummation. 

COM-PLETE'LY,  ad.  In  a complete  manner. 

f COM-PLETE'MENT,  n.  The  act  of  completing ; 
completion.  More. 

COM-PLETE'NJJSS,  n.  The  state  of  being  com- 
plete ; perfection.  Watts. 

COM-PLET'ING,  n.  The  act  of  finishing  or  ac- 
complishing ; accomplishment. 

Sky  lowered,  and,  muttering  thunder,  some  sad  drops 
Wept  at  completing  of  the  mortal  siu.  Milton. 

COM-PLE'TION,  n.  [L.  completion 

1.  The  state  of  being  complete,  or  of  being 
perfected. 

He  makes  it  the  utmost  completion  of  an  ill  character,  to 
bear  malevolence  to  the  best  men.  lJoye. 

2.  Fulfilment ; accomplishment. 

There  was  a full,  entire  harmony,  and  consent  of  all  the 
divine  predictions,  receiving  their  completion  in  Christ.  South. 

Syn.  — See  Complete,  Consummation. 

COM-PLE'TIVE,  a.  [It.  § Sp.  completive) ; Fr. 
completif.]  Making  complete.  Harris. 

COM-PLE'TO-RY  [kom-ple'to-re,  Ja.  K.  Sm.  Todd; 
kom'ple-to-re,  1 V6.],  a.  Fulfilling;  complet- 
ing ; completive.  Barrow. 

COM'PLE-TO-RY,  n.  [Low  L.  completorium.] 
The  evening  service  ; the  last  prayer  or  breviary 
of  a set  service  ; compline.  Hooper. 

COM’PLEX,  a.  [L.  complexes  ; con,  with,  and 
plico,  plexus,  to  fold  ; It.  complesso  ; Sp.  com- 
plexo;  Fr.  complexe .] 

1.  Consisting  of  many  parts  ; composite  ; 
compounded  ; compound  ; not  simple.  “ This 
complex  . . . scheme  of  things.”  Thomson. 

Ideas  made  up  of  several  simple  ones  I call  complex.  Locke. 

That  which  consists  of  several  different  things,  so  nut  to- 
gether as  to  form  a whole,  is  called  complex.  Taylor. 

2.  Entangled  ; intricate  ; complicated  ; as, 
“ A complex  subject.” 

Complex  fraction , a fraction  having  a fraction  or 
mixed  number  in  either  the  numerator  or  denomina- 
tor, or  both.  Davies. 

Syn. — See  Complexity,  Compound. 

COM'PLEX,  n.  Complication  ; collection,  [r.] 

That  full  complex 

Of  never-ending  wonders.  Thomson. 

COM-PLEXED'  (kom-plekst'),  a.  Complicated. 
“ Complcxed  significations.”  Browne. 


COM-PLEX'ION-A-RY,  a.  Relating  to  the  com- 
plexion ; complexional.  “ This  complexionary 
art  of  adorning  . . . the  looks.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

COM-PLEX'IONED  (-plek'shund),  a.  Having  a 
complexion. 

The  female  Moors  . . . are  generally  well  complexicmed . 

L.  Addison. 

COM-PLEX'I-TY,  n.  [Fr.  complexiti.]  The  state 
of  being  complex  ; intricacy.  Burke. 

Syn. — Complexity  arises  from  the  multiplicity  of 
objects;  complication  is  the  involvement  of  objects. 
Complexity  of  a subject  ; complication  of  parts  ; intri- 
cacy of  a plot.  A proposition  is  complex  ; affairs,  com- 
plicated ; a law  or  question,  intricate. 

COM'PLEX-LY,  ad.  In  a complex  manner. 

COM'PLEX-NESS,  71.  The  state  of  being  com- 
plex ; complexity  ; intricacy.  A.  Smith. 

COM-PLEX'URE  (-plek'shur),  n.  The  involution 
or  complication  of  one  thing  with  others,  [it.] 

COM-PLKX'  US,  n.  [L.]  (Anat.)  A muscle  sit- 
uated at  the  back  part  of  the  neck.  Hoblyn. 

COM-PLl'A-BLE,  a.  [See  Comply.]  That  can 
bend  ; disposed  to  comply  ; compliant.  “ An- 
other compliable  mind.”  Milton. 

COM-PLl'ANCE,  n.  1.  The  act  of  complying  or 
yielding  ; acquiescence  ; assent ; as,  “ Compli- 
ance with  a request.” 

2.  A disposition  to  please  others ; complai- 
sance ; courtesy ; civility. 

He  was  a man  of  few  words  and  of  great  compliance. 

Clarendon. 

Syn. — See  Assent,  Indulgence. 

COM-PLI'ANT,  a.  1.  Bending  ; inclining  ; pliant. 
Nectarine  fruits,  which  the  compliant  boughs 
Yielded  them,  sidelong  as  they  sat.  Milton. 

2.  Deferring  to  the  desires  of  another ; dis- 
posed to  comply ; accommodating  ; complai- 
sant ; civil.  “ To  show  how  compliant  he  was 
to  the  humors  of  the  princes.”  Burnet. 

COM-PLl'ANT-LY,  ad.  In  a compliant  or  yield- 
ing manner  ; civilly.  Todd. 

COM'PLI-CA-CY,  n.  The  state  of  being  compli- 
cate ; complication,  [r.]  Ec.  Rev. 

COM'PLI-CATE,  v.  a.  [L.  eomplico,  complicatus; 
con,  with,  and  plico,  to  fold  ; Sp.  complicar  ; Fr. 
compliquer .]  [i.  complicated  ; pp.  compli- 

cating, complicated.] 

1.  To  entangle  one  with  another  ; to  inter- 
twine ; to  interweave. 

Thick  swarming  now 

With  complicated  monsters,  head  and  tail.  31ilton. 

2.  To  involve  mutually  ; to  join  closely. 

Our  hearts  deceive  us;  our  purposes  are  complicated . 

Bp.  Taylor. 

Syn. — See  Implicate. 

COM'PLI-CATE,  a.  [It.  complicato  ; Sp . coinpli- 
cado.]  Compounded  of  many  parts ; compli- 
cated ; complex. 

How  poor,  how  rich,  how  abject,  how  august, 

How  complicate , how  wonderful,  is  man!  Young. 

C6m'PL!-CAT-IJD,  p.  a.  1.  Interwoven  ; inter- 
twined. 

Nor  can  his  complicated  sinews  fail.  Young . 


Any  two  colors  which,  when  combined  to- 
gether. produce  white  light,  are  said  to  be  complement- 
ary to  one  another.,  Braude . 

COM-PLETE',  a.  [L.  compleo,  completus , to  fill 
up;  Sp.  completo',  Fr.  complet.] 

1.  Having  no  deficiency  ; perfect  ; consum- 
mate; entire. 

So  absolute  she  seems. 

And  in  herself  complete , so  well  to  know 
Her  own,  that  what  she  wills  to  do  or  say 
Seems  wisest,  virtuousest,  discreetest,  best.  Milton. 

2.  Finished  ; ended ; concluded. 

This  course  of  vanity  almost  complete.  Prior. 

Syn.  — That  is  complete  which  has  no  deficiency, 
or  which  has  all  the  appendages  belonging  to  it ; that 
is  perfect  which  has  no  defect ; that  is  entire  which  is 
not  divided,  or  from  which  nothing  has  been  taken  ; 
that  is  finished  in  which  there  has  been  no  omission. 
An  entire  house,  an  entire  orange  ; the  ichole  number  ; 
a complete  apartment ; a perfect  work  ; a finished  per- 
formance ; a full  number.  — A man  may  have  an  en- 
tire house  to  himself,  and  yet  not  have  one  complete 
apartment. — See  Accomplished,  Whole. 

COM-PLETE',  v.  a.  [L.  compleo,  completus,  to 
fill  up  ; It.  compiere,  compire  ; Sp.  completar ; 
Fr.  completer .]  [i.  completed  ; pp.  complet- 
ing, completed.] 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I, 


COM-PLEX'ED-NESS,  n.  Complication  ; involu- 
tion of  many  particular  parts  in  one  integral. 

COM-PLEX'ION  (kom-plek'shun),  n.  [L.  com - 
plexio  ; It.  complessione  ; Sp.  &;  Fr.  complexion .] 

1.  Complication ; complexity. 

Though  the  terms  of  propositions  may  bo  complex,  yet, 
where  the  composition  of  the  argument  is  plain,  the  com- 
plexion docs  not  belong  to  the  syllogistic  form  of  it.  Watts. 

2.  The  color  of  the  skin,  particularly  of  the 
face: — the  color  of  the  external  parts  of  any 
body. 

Whv  doth  not  beauty,  then,  refine  the  wit, 

And  good  complexion  rectify  the  will?  Davies. 

Men  judge  by  the  complexion  of  the  sky 
The  state  and  inclination  of  the  day.  Shak. 

3.  The  temperament,  habitude,  or  natural 

disposition  of  the  body.  “ A man  of  feeble 
complexion  and  sickly.”  Berners. 

CO.M-PLEX'ION-AL  (kom-plek'shun-?l),  a.  De- 
pending on,  or  relating  to,  the  complexion  or 
the  temperament.  “ Our  own  complexional  na- 
ture.” Spectator. 

COM-PLEX'ION-AL-LY  (kom-plek'slmn-al-le),  ad. 
By  complexion.  “ The  men  of  health  complcx- 
ionatty  pleasant.”  Blair. 


I,  0,  Y,  short;  A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE, 


2.  Complex;  intricate;  entangled;  involved; 
as,  “A  complicated  subject.” 

Syn.—  See  Complexity. 

CUM'PLI-CATE-LY,  ad.  In  a complicated  man- 
ner ; intricately.  Boyle. 

COM'PLI-CATE-NESS,  n.  Intricacy  ; perplexity  ; 
complication.  Hale. 

c6M-PLI-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  complicatio  ; It.  com- 
plicazione ; Sp.  complicacion ; Fr.  complication .] 

1.  The  state  of  being  complicated;  complexity. 

All  our  grievances  arc  either  of  body  or  of  mind,  or  in  com- 
plications of  both.  L' Estrange. 

2.  That  which  consists  of  many  things  in- 
volved one  with  another. 

Bv  admitting  a complication  of  ideas,  the  mind  is  dazzled 
and  bewildered.  Watts. 

Syn.  — See  Complexity. 

COM'PLI-CA-TIVE,  a.  Tending  to  involve.  Craig. 

fCOM'PLI^E  (kom'pljs),  n.  An  accomplice.  Shak. 

COM-PLig'l-TY,  n.  [Fr.  complicite .]  The  state 
of  being  an  accomplice.  J.  Q.  Adams. 

A measure  which  attempts  to  establish  a moral  complicity 
between  us  and  those  who  seek  safety  in  repressive  meas- 
ures IVnt.  E.  Gladstone. 


FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


COMPLIER 


281 


COMPOSITOR 


COM-PLI'ER,  n.  One  who  complies.  Swift. 

COM'PLI-MENT,  n.  [L.  complico  ; con,  with,  and 
plico,  to  bend  ; Old  Fr.  compiler,  Sullivan.  — 
Fr.  complaire,  to  please,  the  root  of  comply, 
Skinner.  — See  Comply.  It.  complimento  ; Sp. 
cumplimiento  ; Fr.  compliment.\  An  act,  or 
an  expression,  of  civility,  usually  understood 
to  mean  less  than  it  declares  ; commendation  ; 
praise ; delicate  flattery. 

Compliments  of  congratulation  are  always  kindly  taken, 
and  cost  one  nothing  but  pen,  ink,  and  paper.  Chesterfield. 

An  encomium  or  compliment  never  succeeds  so  well  as 
when  it  is  indirect.  Campbell. 

Syn.  — See  Adulation. 

COM'PLI-MENT,  v.  a.  [Sp.  cumplimentar ; Fr. 
complimervter.\  [£.  complimented;  ^.com- 
plimenting, complimented.]  To  soothe  or 
gratify  with  expressions  of  civility,  commenda- 
tion, or  respect;  to  flatter  ; to  praise. 

I heard  myself  complimented  with  the  usual  salutation. 

Tatler. 

COM'PLI-MENT,  v.  n.  To  use  adulatory  lan- 
guage. “ Complimenting  and  ducking  each  to 
other  with  their  shaven  reverences.”  Milton. 

COM-PLI-MENT'AL,  a.  Implying  or  bestowing 
compliments  ; complimentary.  Wot  ton. 

COM-PLI-MENT'AL-LY,  ad.  By  way  of  compli- 
ment. Broome. 

f COM-PLI-MENT' AL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  complimentary.  “ Complimentalness  as 
opposed  to  plainness.”  Hammond. 

COM-PLI-MENT'A-RY,  a.  Bestowing  compli- 
ment; expressive  of  civility,  honor,  respect,  or 
compliment ; complimental. 

I made  complimentary / verses  on  the  great  lords  and  ladies 
of  the  court.  Ilurd. 

COM-PLI-MENT'A-TIVE,  a.  Disposed  to  com- 
pliment ; complimentary,  [it.]  Bosicell. 

COM'PLI-MENT-IJR,  n.  One  who  compliments; 
a flatterer.  “ Ordinary  compliment ers." Herbert. 

COM'PLINE,  n.  [Low  L.  completinum  ; Fr.  com- 
plied] The  last  act  of  worship  at  night,  in  the 
Romish  Church ; completory.  Spenser. 

f COM'PLISH,  v.  a.  To  accomplish.  Spenser. 

f COM-PLORE',  v.  n.  [L.  comploro ; con,  with, 
and  ploro,  to  lament.]  To  make  lamentations 
together.  Ccckeram. 

COM'PLOT  [kom'plot,  S.  IF.  J.  F.  K.  Sm.  W b. ; 
kom-plot',  P.  Ja.],  n.  [Fr.]  A joint  plot  ; a 
confederacy  in  a plot. 

I know  their  complot  is  to  have  my  life.  Shah. 

COM-PLOT',  v.  n.  [Fr.  comploter. — See  Plot.] 
[£.  COMPLOTTED  ; pp.  COMPLOTTING,  COMPLOT- 
ted.]  To  form  a plot ; to  conspire.  “ Having 
complotted  with  the  duke.”  [it.]  Bacon. 

COM-PLOT',  v.  a.  [Fr.  comploter .]  To  plan  ; to 
contrive. 

A few  lines  after,  we  find  them  complothng  together  a new 
scene  of  miseries  to  the  Trojans.  Hope. 

COM-PLOT'MBNT,  n.  A conspiracy;  a complot. 
[it.]  Dean  King. 

COM-PLOT'TER,  n.  One  who  forms  plots  with 
another  ; a conspirator,  [it.]  Sir  G.  Buck. 

COM-PLOT'TING-LY,  ad.  By  conspiracy  or  plot. 

COM-PLU-TEN'SIAN,  a.  Noting  the  first  poly- 
glot edition  of  the  Bible,  w hich  was  published 
at  Complutum,  or  Alcala,  in  Spain,  by  Cardinal 
Ximenes.  Calmet. 

COM-PLY',  v.  n.  [“  Skinner  derives  it  from  the 
French  complaire-,  but  probably  it  comes  from 
(Old  Fr.)  compiler,  to  bend  to.  Plier  is  still  in 
use.”  Johnson.  — L .complico-,  con,  with,  and 
plico,  to  fold  or  bend ; Sp.  cumplir.]  [i.  com- 
plied ; pp.  complying,  complied.]  To  yield ; 
to  accord  with;  to  accede;  to  consent;  to  as- 
sent ; to  conform  ; to  acquiesce. 

The  truth  of  things  will  not  comply  with  our  conceits,  and 
bend  itself  to  our  interest.  Tillotson. 

He  that  complies  against  his  will 
Is  of  his  own  opinion  still.  Hudilrras. 

Syn.  — Comply  with  a reasonable  request ; conform 
to  Rood  customs  or  regulations  ; yield  to  superiors; 
submit,  to  tile  laws  ; accede  to  a proposal  ; acquiesce  in 
a demand  or  a proceeding ; assent  to  what  is  true  ; 
consent  to  wiiat  is  reasonable. 

t COM-PON'DJJR-ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  compondcro, 


componderatus  ; con,  with,  and  pondero,  to 
weigh.]  To  weigh  together.  Cockeram. 

COM-PONE',  a.  (Her.)  Noting  a bordure  com- 
posed of  angular  parts  or  checkers  of  two  col- 
ors, alternating  one  with  the  other.  Craig. 

f COM-PONE',  v.  a.  To  arrange  ; to  settle.  “Peace 
componed  and  concluded.”  Burnet. 

COM-PO'NIJNT,  a.  [L.  compono,  componcns,  to 
put  together ; con,  with,  and  pono,  to  place  ; 
It.  $ Sp.  componente .]  Constituting  ; compos- 
ing ; as,  “ The  component  parts  of  a body.” 

COM-PO'NJJNT,  n.  The  elementary  part  of  a 
compound ; an  ingredient.  Johnson. 

COM-PORT',  v.  n.  [L.  comporto,  to  bring  to- 
gether ; con,  with,  and  porto,  to  bear  ; Fr.  com- 
porter. ] [ i . comported  ; pp.  comporting, 

COMPORTED.] 

1.  To  be  suitable,  or  fit ; to  agree ; to  suit. 

How  ill  this  dulness  doth  comport  with  greatness ! Beau,  tf  FI. 

2.  To  bear  ; to  endure,  [r.] 

Shall  we  not  meekly  comport  with  an  infirmity?  Barrow. 

CQM-PORT',  v . a.  1.  To  bear;  to  endure. 

The  malcontented  sort. 

That  never  can  the  present  state  comport.  Daniel. 

flgf*  “ This  is  a Gallic  signification,  not  adopted 
among  us.”  Johnson. 

2.  To  behave  ; — with  the  reflective  pronoun. 

The  Life  of  Tully  and  the  Divine  Legation  will  he  a rule 
how  men  who  esteem  the  love  of  each  other  should  comport 
themselves  when  they  dilfer  in  opinion.  Warburton. 

f COM'PORT  (114)  [kSm'port,  IF.  J.F.Ja.  K.  Sm. 
IF6.  ; kom-port',  S.  P.],  n.  Behavior  ; conduct. 
I know  them  well,  and  marked  their  rude  comport.  Drydcn. 

COM-PORT'A-BLE,  a.  Consistent  ; proper. 
“Some  cornportable  method.”  1 Votton. 

f COM-PORT'ANCE,  n.  Behavior;  deportment; 
comport.  “ Goodly  comportance.”  Spenser. 

f COM-POR-TA'TION,  n.  [L . comportatio .]  An 
assemblage. 

Here  is  a collection  and  comportation  of  Agur’s  wise  say- 
ings. Bp.  Richardson. 

f COM-PORT'MF.NT,  n.  [Old  Fr.  comportement .] 
Behavior ; deportment.  “ By  her  serious  and 
devout  comportment.”  Addison. 

COM-POijE'  (kom-poz'),  V.  a.  [L.  compono,  com- 
positus  ; con,  with,  and  pono,  to  place  ; It.  com- 
porre ; Sp.  componer;  Fr.  composer .]  [i.  com- 

posed ; pp.  COMPOSING,  COMPOSED.] 

1.  To  form  by  union  of  parts  or  elements  ; to 
compound  ; to  constitute. 

O.  let  me  know 

Where  these  immortal  colors  grow 

That  could  this  deathless  piece  compose ! Waller. 

2.  To  invent  and  set  in  order,  as  the  parts  of 
a discourse ; to  write,  as  an  author. 

They  who  are  learning  to  compose  and  arrange  their  sen- 
tences with  accuracy  and  order,  arc  learning,  at  the  same 
time,  to  think  with  accuracy  and  order.  Dr.  Blair. 

3.  To  settle  ; to  adjust ; to  regulate. 

How  in  safety  best  we  may 

Compose  our  present  evils.  Milton. 

4.  To  tranquillize;  to  soothe;  to  calm;  to 

quiet.  “ By  which  all  his  fears  would  be  com- 
posed.” Clarendon. 

5.  To  put  in  a state  for  any  purpose ; to  dis- 
pose. [r.] 

The  whole  army  seemed  well  composed  to  obtain  that  by 
their  swords  which  they  could  not  by  their  pen.  Clarendon. 

6.  (Printing.)  To  arrange  the  letters  or  types 
in  the  composing-stick. 

7.  (Mus.)  To  form  or  invent,  as  a tune,  by 
arrangement  of  musical  notes. 

Syn.  — See  Appease,  Make. 

COM-PO^ED'  (kom-pozd'),  p.  a.  Quiet  ; calm  ; 
unruffled  ; sedate  ; even  ; tranquil. 

In  Spain,  there  is  something  still  more  serious  and  com- 
posed in  the  manner  of  the  inhabitants.  Addison. 

Syn.  — See  Calm. 

COM-PO§'BD-LY,  ad.  Calmly;  sedately.  “The 
man  . . . very  composedly  answered.”  Clarendon. 

COM-POg'BD-NESS,  n.  Tranquillity.  Wilkins. 

COM-PO§'BR,  n.  1.  One  who  composes;  an  au- 
thor, — especially  a musical  author.  “ Able 
writers  and  composers  in  every  excellent  mat- 
ter.” Milton.  “Ludovico,  a most  judicious 
and  sweet  composer.”  Peacham. 

2.  One  who  adjusts  differences.  Bp.  Williams. 

3.  (Printing.)  An  adjuster  of  types ; a com- 
positor. — See  Compositor. 


COM-P6§TNG-RULE,  n.  (Printing.)  A piece  of 
brass  rule,  as  wide  as  the  types  are  high,  cut  to 
the  length  of  the  line,  and  laid  in  a comnositor’s 
composing-stick,  to  facilitate  the  arrangement 
and  the  removal  of  the  types.  Brande. 

COM- POKING— STICK,  n.  (Print- 
ing.) An  instrument  in  which 
a compositor  arranges  the  words 
and  lines.  By  means  of  a slide 
it  is  easily  adjusted  to  any  length  of  line  re- 
quired. Brande. 

COM-PO§ ' 1-TJE,  n.  pi.  [L.,  compounded.]  (Bot.) 
The  largest  natural  order  of  dicotyledonous 
plants,  coinciding  with  the  artificial  class  Syn- 
genesia  ; — so  called  because  the  old  botanists 
regarded  the  flower  heads,  or  aggregations  of 
florets  in  the  eapitulum,  as  compound  flowers. 

COM-POLITE  [kom-poz'it,  S.  W.  J.  F.  Ja.  K. 
Sm.  ; kom'po-zit,  Brande],  a.  [L.  compositus, 
compounded.  — See  Compose.] 

1.  Made  up  of  parts  ; compounded. 

2.  (Arch.)  Noting  the  last  of 
the  five  orders  of  architecture  ; 

— so  named  because  it  is  com- 
pounded of  the  Corinthian  and 
the  Ionic  orders. 

3.  (Bot.)  Belonging  to  the  or- 

der Composite  ; having  flowers 
arranged  in  dense  heads,  or  ca- 
pitula.  Craig. 

Composite  arch , (Arch.)  the  lancet  or  pointed  arch. 

Composite  number , (Arith.)  a number  that  can  be 
divided  by  some  other  number  greater  than  unity. 

COM'PO-gITE,  n.  An  orderly  structure  ; union  ; 
composition.  “ Resolving  it  [speech],  as  a com- 
posite, into  its  matter  and  form.”  Harris. 

c6M-PO-§!"TION  (kotn-po-zTsh'un),  n.  [L.  com- 
positio;  It . composizione  ; Sp . composicion-,  Fr. 
composition .] 

1.  The  act  of  composing,  or  of  forming  an 
integral  by  union  of  parts. 

2.  A mass  formed  of  different  ingredients. 

“ Covered  on  the  outside  with  a composition 
like  varnish.”  Cook. 

3.  The  state  of  being  compounded ; union  ; 

- conjunction  ; combination. 

Contemplate  things  first  in  their  own  simple  natures,  and 
afterwards  view  them  in  composition  with  other  things.  Waffs . 

4.  The  invention  and  arrangement  of  the 
parts  of  a discourse,  or  of  a work  of  art. 

5.  That  which  is  composed ; a written  or  lit- 
erary work. 

That  divine  prayer  has  always  been  looked  upon  as  a com- 
position fit  to  have  proceeded  from  the  wisest  of  men.  Addison. 

6.  Settlement  or  adjustment  of  a matter  in 
controversy  ; compact ; agreement. 

Thus  we  are  agreed; 

I crave  our  composition  may  be  written, 

And  sealed  between  us.  Shak. 

7.  (Logic  & Math.)  Synthesis,  as  opposed  to 
analysis. 

The  investigation  of  difficult  things,  by  the  method  of 
analysis,  ought  ever  to  precede  the  method  of  comjiosition. 

Newton. 

8.  (Mus.)  A tune,  air,  or  piece  of  music. 

9.  (Fine  Arts.)  The  general  arrangement  of 

a work  of  art.  Fairholt. 

10.  (Gram.)  The  act  of  joining  two  words  to- 
gether, or  of  joining  a particle  to  a word. 

11.  (Law.)  The  act  of  discharging  a debt  of 

a bankrupt  by  paying  a part : — the  act  of  ex- 
empting lands  from  the  payment  of  tithes  : — a 
satisfaction  for  an  injury.  Burrill. 

12.  (Printing.)  The  act  of  setting  types  in  a 
composing-stick. 

13.  The  translation  of  English  into  Greek  or 
into  Latin.  [Cambridge  Univ.,  Eng.]  Bristed. 

Composition  of  forces,  (Jlech.)  the  finding  of  the 
quantity  and  direction  of  a single  force,  which  is 
equivalent  to  two  or  more  forces,  eacli  acting  differ- 
ently, and  of  which  the  quantity  and  direction  are 
given.  Francis. 

COM-PO§'I-t!ve  (-poz'e-tiv),  a.  [It.  compositiro.] 
Compounded,  or  having  the  power  of  com- 
pounding. Bosworth. 

COM-PO§'I-TOR,  n.  [It.  compositore ; Sp.  com- 
positor-, Fr  .compositeur.] 

1.  One  who  sets  in  order.  Bullokar. 

2.  (Printing.)  One  who  ranges  and  adjusts 
the  types  in  printing. 


MIEN,  SIR  ; MOVE,  NOR,  SON  ; 

36 


BULL,  BUR,  RtJLE.  — <J,  0,  q,  g,  soft ; G,  G,  c,  |,  hard;  S}  as  z; 


If  as  gz.; — THIS,  this. 


COMPOS  MENTIS 


282 


COMPRISE 


COjM'POS  MEN'TIS.  [L.  compos,  having  the 
mastery  or  possession  of,  and  mens,  mentis,  the 
mind.]  Being  of  sound  mind. 

tCOM-PO§-§ESS'OIt,  n.  [Old  Fr.  compossesseur .] 
A joint  possessor.  Sherwood. 

COM-POS-SI-BIL'I-TY,  n.  Possibility  of  existing 
together,  [k.]  Scott. 

f COM-POS'SI-BLE,  a.  Consistent.  Chilling  worth. 

COM'POST,  n.  [It.  composta  ; Fr.  compost-,  corn- 
poster,  to  put  land  in  good  condition.] 

1.  A mixture  of  various  substances  for  en- 
riching the  ground  ; manure  formed  by  mixing 
one  or  more  different  ingredients  with  dung. 

XVe  have  a great  variety  of  composts  for  making  the  earth 
fruitful.  Bacon. 

2.  Any  mixture.  “ A compost  of  more  bitter 

than  sweet.”  Hammond. 

COM-POST',  v.  a.  To  enrich  with  manure.  Bacon. 

IIow  many  fields  have  been  composted  with  carcasses! 

Bp.  Hall . 

COM'POST,  a.  Combined;  mixed  together.  “Com- 
post heap  of  corrupt  influence.”  Burke. 

COM-POS'  TO,  a.  [It.]  (Mus.)  Compounded  or 
doubled. 

f COAl-POST'URE,  n.  Soil ; manure.  Sliak. 

COM-PO§'lMST,  n.  A composer,  [r.] 

BSP  “ An  extraordinary  word  used  at  some  of  our 
colleges.”  Pickering. 

COM-PO§'URE  (kom-po'zliur),  «.  [See  Compose.] 

1.  Arrangement ; combination  ; mixture  ; 

compound.  “From  the  various  composures  of 
these  corpuscles  together.”  Woodward. 

2.  + Frame;  make;  structure. 

As  his  composure  must  be  rare  indeed 

Whom  these  things  cannot  blemish.  Shak. 

3.  Framed  discourse  ; composition. 

The  labored  works  of  Master  Johnson;  the  no  less  worthy 
composures  of  the  both  worthily  excellent  Master  Beaumont 
and  Master  Fletcher.  IVebstcr,  1G12. 

4.  Settlement ; adjustment. 

There  seemed  yet  to  be  room  left  for  a composure.  Dryden. 

5.  Tranquillity  ; sedateness  ; calmness  ; quiet. 

The  calmest  and  serenest  hours  of  life,  when  the  passions 

of  nature  are  all  silent,  and  the  mind  enjoys  its  most  perfect 
composure.  ff’atts. 

COM-PO-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  compotatio  ; con,  with, 
and  poto,  to  drink.]  The  act  of  drinking  to- 
gether. [a.]  Browne. 

COM'PO-TA-TOR,  n.  One  who  drinks  with  an- 
other ; a pot-companion,  [r.]  Pope. 

COM'POTE,  n.  [Fr.]  Fruit  stewed,  or  preserved, 
in  sirup.  W.  Ency. 

COM-PO'TOR,  n.  A compotator.  [r.]  Walker. 

COM-POUND',  v.  a.  [L.  compono,  to  join  togeth- 
er ; con,  with,  and  pono,  to  put ; It.  comporre ; 
Sp.  componer. ] [i.  compounded  ; pp.  com- 

pounding, COMPOUNDED.] 

1.  To  form  from  different  ingredients  or 

parts  ; to  mix  ; to  intermix  ; to  blend  ; to  min- 
gle ; to  combine.  “ Such  bodies  as  are  com- 
pounded of  elementary  ones.”  Boyle. 

2.  To  adjust  or  settle  by  mutual  agreement 
or  concession,  as  a difference;  to  compromise. 

1 would  to  God  all  strifes  were  well  compounded.  Shak. 

3.  To  discharge  a debt  by  paying  only  a part. 

Shall  I,  ye  gods,  he  cries,  my  debts  compound ? Gay. 

To  compound  felony , (Lain.)  to  take  a reward  for  for- 
hearinjr  to  prosecute  a felony  ; as  when  a party  robbed 
takes  his  goods  again,  or  other  amends,  upon  an  agree- 
ment not  to  prosecute.  Burrill. 

COM-POUND',  v.  n.  To  come  to  terms  ; to  come 
to  an  arrangement  or  settlement ; to  bargain  ; 
to  agree  ; to  compromise. 

They  were  at  last  glad  to  compound  for  his  bare  commit- 
ment to  the  Tower.  Shak. 

Once  more  I come  to  know  of  thee.  King  Harry, 

If  for  thy  ransom  thou  wilt  now  compound.  Shak. 

Here’s  a fellow  will  help  you  to-morrow;  compound  with 
him  by  the  year.  Shak. 

COM'POUND,  a.  1.  Formed  of  many,  or  of  differ- 
ent, ingredients,  divisions,  parts,  or  materials  ; 
not  simple;  compounded;  complex;  as,  “A 
compound  substance.” 

2.  (Gram.)  Composed  of  two  or  more  words  ; 
as,  “ A compound  word.” 

Compound  interest , interest  charged  not  only  on  the 
principal,  but  also  on  the  interest.  — Compound  num- 


ber, a number  consisting  of  two  or  more  denomina- 
tions ; as  3 cwt.  1 qr.  5 lbs. — Compound  ratio , the 
product  of  two  or  more  ratios  : thus  ^ is  a ratio 

c °b  d 

compounded  of  the  simple  ratios  — and  — . — Com- 

a o 

pound  fraction , the  fraction  of  a fraction,  or  a series  of 
fractions,  connected  by  the  word  of ; as  | of  $ of  if.  — 
Compound  flower,  ( Bot .)  a flower  consisting  of  several 
florets  enclosed  in  a common  perianth,  as  the  sun- 
flower and  the  dandelion. — Compound  motion,  that 
which  arises  from  the  effect  of  several  conspiring 
forces. — Compound  microscope,  a microscope  which 
has  two  sets  of  glasses. — Compound  radical , ( Client .) 
a compound  body  which,  in  uniting  with  the  ele- 
ments, forms  combinations  analogous  in  properties  to 
the  combinations  of  two  simple  bodies. — Compound 
time,  ( Mus .)  a species 
of  time  containing 
six  quavers  in  a bar. 

Warner.  ~ > 


Syn. — Compound  is  opposed  to  single  and  to  sim- 
ple ; complex,  to  simple.  Words  are  compound  ; sen- 
tences complex. 


COM'POUND,  n.  Something  compounded;  a 
whole  or  a mass  formed  of  several  parts  or  in- 
gredients. 

Man  is  a compound  of  flesh  as  well  as  spirit.  South. 


COM-POUND'A-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  com- 
pounded. Sherwood. 

COM-POUND 'JED,  p.  a.  Composed  of  several  dif- 
ferent parts  or  materials  ; compound  ; mixed. 
“ The  last  is  the  compounded  order.”  I Cotton. 

COM-POUND'ER,  n.  1.  One  who  compounds. 

2.  One  who  compounds  for  a debt  or  for  a 

felony.  Butler. 

3.  One  who,  at  a university,  pays  extraordi- 

nary fees,  proportioned  to  his  estate,  for  the 
degrees  which  he  takes.  Johnson. 


f COM-PRE-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  comprecatio.]  Sup- 
plication; public  prayer.  Bp.  Wilkins. 


COM-PRE-HEND',  v.  a.  [L.  eomprehendo ; It. 
comprendere ; Sp.  comprender ; Fr .comprendre.] 

[*.  COMPREHENDED  ; pp.  COMPREHENDING, 
COMPREHENDED.] 

1.  To  comprise  ; to  include  ; to  embrace. 

If  there  be  any  other  commandment,  it  is  briefly  compre- 
hended in  this  saying,  namely,  Thou  shalt  love  thy  neighbor 
as  thyself.  Horn.  xiii.  9. 

2.  To  take  into,  or  to  contain  in,  the  mind ; 
to  understand  ; to  conceive  ; to  apprehend. 

I am  sure  there  are  few  who  would  not  shrink  from  affirm- 
ing, at  least  if  they  at  all  realized  the  words  they  were  using, 
that  they  comprehended  Shakspcarc,  however  much  they  ap- 
prehend in  h\m.  Trench. 

Syn.  — Comprehend  has  a more  extensive  meaning 
than  understand  or  apprehend.  To  apprehend,  is  simply 
to  take  an  idea  into  t lie  mind.  Whatever  we  compre- 
hend, we  understand.  One  may  understand  a foreign 
language,  yet  it  would  not  be  proper  to  say  that  lie 
comprehended  it. 

An  Encyclopedia  comprises  many  volumes,  compre- 
hends all  tile  sciences,  embraces  all  subjects,  contains 
much  useful  matter,  and  is  designed  to  include  every 
tiling  of  importance.  — See  Apprehend. 

COM-PRE-HEND'ER,  n.  One  who  comprehends. 
“ Rather  apprehenders  than  comprehenders 
thereof.”  Cudworth. 


COM-PRE-HENDTNG,  p.  a.  Including ; compris- 
ing ; conceiving. 

COM-PRE-HEN'SI-BLE,  a.  [L.  comprehensibilis ; 
It.  comprensible  ; Sp.  <S;Fr.  comprehensible.'] 

1.  Possible  to  be  comprised.  “ Lest  this  part 

of  knowledge  should  seem  to  any  not  compre- 
hensible by  axiom.”  Bacon. 

2.  Conceivable  by  the  understanding.  “ The 

bounds  between  w hat  is  and  what  is  not  com- 
prehensible by  us.”  Locke. 

COM-PRE-HEN'SI-BE E-NESS,  n.  The  state  of 
being  comprehensible.  More. 

COM-PRE-HEN'SI-BLY,  ad.  With  great  extent 
of  signification  ; comprehensively. 

The  words  wisdom  and  righteousness  arc  commonly  used 
very  comprehensihlj.  Umotson. 

COM-PRE-HEN'SION,  n.  [L.  comprehensio  ; It. 
comprensione  ; Sp.  comprension  ; Fr.  compre- 
hension.] 

1.  The  act,  or  the  power,  of  comprehending 
or  of  comprising. 

Body,  in  its  comprehension,  takes  in  solidity,  figure,  quan- 
tity, mobility.  Watts. 

2.  Reduction  within  narrow  limits  ; compen- 
dium ; abstract  ; epitome  ; summary. 


If  we  would  draw  a short  abstract  of  human  happiness, 
bring  together  all  the  various  ingredients  of  it,  we  must  at 
last  tix  upon  this  wise  and  religious  aphorism,  in  my  text,  as 
the  sum  and  comprehension  of  all.  Rogers. 

3.  Power  of  the  mind  to  admit  knowledge  or 
ideas  ; mental  capacity.  “ How  much  soever 
any  truths  may  seem  above  our  understanding 
and  comprehension.”  Beveridge. 

CO  M-PI1  E-HEN  SIVE,  a.  [Sp.  eomprensivo  ; Fr. 
comprehensif.] 

1.  That  comprehends  ; embracing  much  ; ca- 
pacious ; extensive  ; large  ; wide. 

So  diffusive,  so  comprehensive , so  catholic  a grace  is  char- 
ity- Sprat. 

2.  Having  the  ability  to  understand  much. 

His  hand  unstained,  his  uncorrupted  heart, 

His  comprehensive  head.  Pope. 

Syn. — Comprehensive  respects  quantity  ; extensive, 
space.  Comprehensive  is  applied  to  intellectual  ob- 
jects. A comprehensive  view  or  survey  ; a comprehen- 
sive or  capacious  mind  ; an  extensive  research  ; an  ex- 
tensive or  wide  field. 

COM-PRE-HEN'SIVE-LY,  ad.  In  a comprehen- 
sive manner.  ' Johnson. 

CO M- PR E-HEN'SIV E-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  comprehensive.  Goodwin. 

f COM-PRE-HEN'SOR,  n.  One  well  versed  in 
knowledge.  Bp.  Hall. 

f COM-PRE^-BY-TE'RI-AL,  a.  Relating  to  the 
Presbyterian  form  of  ecclesiastical  ministra- 
tion. Milton. 

COM-PRESS',  v.  a.  [L.  comprimo,  compressus ; 
con,  with,  and  preino,  to  press  ; It.  comprimere; 
Sp.  comprimir.]  [i.  compressed  ; pp.  com- 
pressing, COMPRESSED.] 

1.  To  force  into  a narrower  compass  ; to  press 
together  ; to  condense  ; to  contract. 

Air  strongly  compressed  in  a glass  receiver  will  brenk  the 
glass  to  get  out.  Clark. 

The  same  strength  of  expression,  though  more  compressed , 
runs  through  his  historical  harangues.  Melmoth. 

2.  To  embrace.  Chapman. 

COM'FRESS  (114),  n.  [Fr.  compressed]  (Surgery.) 

A bolster  or  pad  of  folded  pieces  of  linen  so 
contrived  as,  by  the  aid  of  a bandage,  to  make 
due  pressure  upon  any  part.  Dunglison. 

COM-PRES-SJ-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [It.  compressibilitii ; 
Sp.  compresibilidad ; Fr.  compressibility.]  The 
quality  of  being  compressible.  “ The  great 
compressibility  of  the  air.”  Boyle. 

COM-PRES'SJ-BLE,  a.  [Sp.  eompresible  ; Fr.  com- 
pressible.] Capable  of  being  compressed,  or  re- 
duced to  smaller  dimensions  ; condensable  ; as, 
“ Air  is  compressible." 

COM-PRES'SI-BLE-NESS,  n.  Compressibility. 

COM-PRES'SION  (kom-presli'un,  92),  n.  [L.  com- 
pressio  ; It.  compressione  ; Sp.  comprcsion ; 
Fr.  compression.]  The  act  of  compressing ; 
forcible  contraction ; condensation. 

COM-PRES'SJVE,  a.  [Sp.  compresivo-,  Fr.  com- 
pressif.]  Having  the  power  to  compress. 
“ Compressive  motion  of  the  veins.”  Smith. 

COM-PRES'SOR,  n.  [L.]  1.  He  who,  or  that 

which,  compresses. 

2.  (Anat.)  A muscle  that  compresses:  — a 
surgeon’s  instrument  for  compressing  the  fem- 
oral artery,  &c.  lloblyn. 

COM-PRESS'URE  (kom-presh'ur,  92),  n.  The  act 
of  compressing;  compression. 

We  tried  whether  heat  would,  notwithstanding  so  forcible 
a compressure , dilate  it.  Boyle. 

f COM'PRIEST  (kom'prest),  n.  A fellow-priest. 
— See  Priest.  Milton. 

COM-PRINT',  v.  n.  [L.  comprimo,  compressus, 
to  press  together ; con,  with,  and  premo,  to 
press.  — See  Print.]  [*.  comprinted  ; pp. 

COMPRINTING,  COMPRINTED.] 

1.  To  print  together.  Phillips. 

2.  (Law.)  To  print  surreptitiously.  Phillips. 

COM'PRINT  (114),  n.  (Law.)  A surreptitious 
printing  of  a work  belonging  to  another.  Ph illips. 

COM-PRI'ijAL,  n.  Compendium;  summary,  [r.] 

Slandering  is  a complication,  a comjyrisal  and  sum,  of  all 
wickedness.  Barrow. 

COM-PRIfjE'  (kom-prlz'),  v.  a.  [L.  eomprehendo  ; 
Fr.  comprendre,  compris .]  \i.  comprised  ; pp. 

comprising,  comprised.]  To  comprehend; 


A,  E,  X,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  1,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  E>  I,  9,  U,  Y,  obscure.  — FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; IIEIR,  HER; 


COMPRISING 


283 


CONCAMERATION 


to  embrace;  to  contain  ; to  include.  “ To  com- 
prise much  matter  in  few  words.”  Hooker. 

Syn.  — See  Comprehend. 

COM-PRI§'ING,  p.  a.  Comprehending;  including. 

f COM' PRO- BATE,  v.  n.  [L.  comprobo,  compro- 
batus  ; con,  with,  and  probo,  to  prove.]  To  agree 
with  ; to  concur  in  proof.  Sir  T.  Elyot. 

f COM-PRO-BA'TION,  n.  [L.  comprobatio,  ap- 
probation.] Joint  proof ; attestation.  Browne. 

COM'PRO-Ml§E  (kom'pro-mlz),  n.  [L.  compro- 
missum ; compromitto,  to  agree  mutually  to 
abide  by  the  decision  of  an  arbiter;  con,  with, 
and  promitto,  to  promise  ; It.  compromesso  ; Sp. 
compromiso  ; Fr.  compromise]  {Law.) 

1.  A mutual  agreement  to  submit  matters  in 
dispute  to  the  decision  of  arbitrators.  Burrill. 

2.  A compact  or  adjustment  in  which  con- 
cessions are  made  on  each  side. 

But  basely  yielded,  upon  compromise , 

That  which  his  ancestors  achieved  with  blows.  Shak. 

COM'PRO-MI^E,  v.  a.  [L.  compromitto  ; It.  com- 
promettere ; Sp . comprometer  \ Fr.  compromct- 
tre .]  [ i . compromised  ; pp.  compromising, 

COMPROMISED.] 

1.  To  adjust  by  mutual  concessions ; to  settle 
without  resort  to  the  law  ; to  compound. 

Perhaps  it  may  be  no  great  difficulty  to  compromise  the 
dispute.’  She  ns  tone. 

2.  fTo  bind  by  an  agreement;  to  agree. 

Laban  and  himself  were  compromised. 

That  all  the  yearlings  which  were  streaked  and  pied 

Should  fall  as  Jacob’s  hire.  Shak. 

3.  To  pledge  or  engage  by  some  act  or  step; 
to  put  to  hazard  ; to  compromit. 

Those  who  felt  inclined  to  find  fuult  with  the  policy  of  the 
governor-general  of  India  would  not  be  compromised  in  the 
slightest  degree  by  giving  their  assent  to  the  present  resolu- 
tion. Sir  R.  Peel. 

Neither  the  interests  nor  the  honor  of  this  country  have 
been  compromised.  Sir  It.  Peel. 

“ This  sense  (an  application  of  the  word  bor- 
rowed from  French  usage)  ought,  perhaps,  to  be  ex- 
pressed only  by  compromit ; and  such  is  t lie  usage  of 
American,  but  not  generally  of  English  writers.” 
Smart.  — See  Compromit. 

c6m'PRO-MI§E,  v.  n.  To  agree;  to  accord;  to 
compound.  “ Nor  any  [church]  which  less 
compromiseth  with  Rome.”  [r.]  Fuller. 

COM'PRO-Ml§-?R,  n.  One  who  compromises. 

COM'PRO-Ml§-!N£,  p.  a.  Tending  or  disposed 
to  adjust  differences  by  mutual  agreement;  as, 
“ A compromising  spirit.” 

f COM-PRO-MIS-SO'RT-AL,  a.  Relating  to.a  com- 
promise. Bailey. 

COM'PRO-MIT,  v.  a.  [L.  compromitto  ; It.  com- 
promettere  ; Fr.  compromettre .]  [ i . compro- 

MITTED \pp.  COMPROMITTING,  CO.MPROMITTED.] 

1.  To  pledge  ; to  promise.  Sir  T.  Elyot. 

2.  To  bring  into  danger  ; to  put  to  hazard  ; to 
compromise.  — See  Compromise. 

The  ratification  of  the  late  treaty  could  not  have  compro- 
mitted  our  peace.  Henry  day. 

COM-PRO-VIN'CIAL  (kom-pro-vin'shal,  66),  a.  Be- 
longing to  the  same  province.  Ayliffe. 

COM-PRO-VIN'CIAL,  n.  One  belonging  to  the 
same  province ; a fellow-provincial.  Ed.  Rev. 

f CO  MPT  (kount),  il.  [L.  computus  ; Fr.  compte. ] 
Account ; computation  ; reckoning.  Shak. 

COMPT  (kount),  v.  a.  To  count.  — See  Count. 

f COMPT  (komt),  a.  [L.  comptus,  decked ; como, 
comptus,  to  adorn.]  Neat ; spruce.  Cotgrave. 

-f-  COMP'TI-BLE  (koun'tc-bl),  a.  Accountable  ; 
responsible.  Shak. 

fCOMPT'LY  (komt'le),  ad.  [L .compte.]  Neat- 
ly ; sprucely.  Sherwood. 

tCOMPT'NlJSS  (komt'-),  n.  Neatness.  Sherwood. 

COMP-  TO  'MI- A,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  hand- 
some shrubs,  including  only  one  species  ( Comp - 
tonia  asplenifolia)  ; — so  named  in  honor  of 
Bishop  Compton.  Loudon. 

COMP'TON-ITE,  n.  (Min.)  A mineral  found  in 
ejected  masses  on  Vesuvius;  a variety  of  zeo- 
lite;— so  named  in  honor  of  Lord  Compton, 
who  first  brought  it  to  England  in  1818.  Braude. 

COMP-TROL'  (lmn-trol'),  v.  a.  To  control.  — See 
Control.  Johnson. 


COMP-TROL'LJJR  (kon-tr5l'Ier),  il.  [Low  L.  con- 
trarotulator  ; contra,  against,  and  rotulator,  an 
enroller;  OldFr . contrerouleur.  Burrill .]  (Laic.) 
One  who  examines  the  accounts  of  other  offi- 
cers ; a controller.  Temple. 

DPS-  As  a legal  or  technical  word,  it  is  commonly 
written  comptroller ; in  other  uses,  controller.  — See 
Controller. 

COMP-TROL'LIJR-SHlP  (kon-trol'ler-ship),  n.  The 
office  or  charge  of  comptroller.  Carew. 

COM-PUL'SA-TIVE,  a.  Compelling;  forcing; 
constraining,  [r.]  Todd. 

COM-PUL'SA-TIVE-LY,  ad.  By  force  ; by  con- 
straint. Clarissa. 

COM-PUL'SA-TO-BY,  a.  Compulsory.  “By terms 
compulsatory .”  [r.]  Shak. 

COM-PUL'SION  (kom-pul'shun),  n.  [L.  compul- 
sio  ; Sp.  Fr.  compulsion .] 

1.  The  act  of  compelling ; force  ; violence  ; 
constraint ; coercion. 

Such  sweet  compulsion  doth  in  music  lie 

To  lull  the  daughters  of  necessity.  Milton. 

2.  The  state  of  being  compelled. 

When  the  fierce  foe  hung  on  our  broken  rear, 

With  what  compulsion  and  laborious  flight 

We  sunk  thus  low.  Milton. 

Syn.  — Compulsion,  coercion,  and  force  are  more 
active  in  their  signification  than  constraint  and  re- 
straint. Compulsion  and  coercion  are  never  used  to 
express  the  force  a person  exercises  on  himself,  but 
only  in  relation  to  others  ; restraint  and  constraint 
maybe  applied  to  one’s  self.  A government  is  said 
to  use  coercion,  to  make  its  subjects  conform  to  the 
established  religion.  A traveller  delivers  his  purse  to 
a robber  under  compulsion.  A person  exercises  con- 
straint upon  himself  unwillingly;  and  he  exercises 
restraint  upon  himself,  or  upon  his  feelings,  from  a 
sense  of  duty.  The  forms  of  civil  society  or  public 
opinion  lay  a proper  constraint  upon  the  behavior  of 
men,  and  make  them  agreeable  to  each  other. 

COM-PUL'SIVE,  a.  Having  the  power  to  com- 
pel ; forcing.  “ A more  short  and  compulsive 
method.”  Swift. 

COM-PUL'SIVE-LY,  ad.  By  force  ; by  violence. 

COM-PUL'SIVE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
compulsive;  force;  compulsion.  Johnson. 

COM-PUL'SO-RI-LY,  ad.  In  a forcible  manner. 

COM-PUL'SO-RY,  a.  [Sp.  compulsorio. ] Com- 
pelling ; using  force  ; forcing  ; forcible  ; con- 
straining. “ Compulsory  power.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

COM-PUNC'TION  (kom-pungk'shun),  n.  [L.  com- 
punyo,  compunctus,  to  prick  ; it.  compunzione ; 
Sp.  compuncion  ; Fr.  componction. ] 

1.  f The  act  of  pricking ; power  to  irritate. 

“This  is  that  acid  — with  such  activity  and 
compunction.”  Browne. 

2.  Reproach  of  conscience ; remorse ; re- 
pentance ; contrition ; penitence. 

He  acknowledged  his  disloyalty  to  the  king  with  expres- 
sions of  great  compunction.  Clarendon. 

Syn.  — Compunction  and  remorse  both  express  the 
state  of  a wounded  conscience  or  a sense  of  guilt,  hut 
file  latter  is  tile  stronger  term  of  tile  two.  Compunc- 
tion for  sin  or  for  minor  offences  ; remorse  for  enor- 
mous crimes.  — See  Repentance. 

COM-PUNC'TIOUS  (kom-pungk'shus,  82),  a.  Im- 
plying or  feeling  compunction  ; repentant ; sor- 
rowful ; penitent ; contrite. 

Stop  up  the  access  and  passage  to  remorse, 

That  no  compunctious  visitings  of  nature 

Shake  my  fell  purpose.  Shak. 

COM-PUNC'TIOUS-LY,  ad.  With  compunction  ; 
sorrowfully  ; contritely  ; penitently. 

f COM-PUNC'TIVE,  a.  Causingremorse.  Johnson. 

fCOM-Py'PIL,  n.  A fellow-pupil.  Walton. 

COM-PUR-GA'TION,  n.  [Low  L.  compurgatio  ; L. 
compurgo,  compurgatus,  to  purify  wholly;  con, 
with,  and  pur  go,  to  make  clean  ; Sp.  compurga- 
cion;  Fr.  compurgation.']  (Law.)  The  practice 
of  justifying  or  establishing  any  man’s  veracity 
by  the  testimony  of  another. 

The  oath  of  compurgation  gave  place  to  juries.  Priestley. 

CdM'PtiR-GA-TOR,  n.  [Low  L.]  (Law.)  One 
who,  by  oath,  testifies  to  another’s  credibility 
or  innocence. 

Lord  Russel  defended  himself  by  many  compurgators. 
who  spoke  very  fully  of  his  great  worth.  Burnet. 

COM-PUT'A-BLE,  a.  [L.  computabilis.  — See 


Compute.]  That  may  be  computed  or  num- 
bered ; calculable.  “ Finite,  though  not  easily 
computable  by  arithmetic.”  Hale. 

f COM'PU-TATE,  v.a.  [L.  computo,  computatus. ] 
To  account;  to  compute.  Cockeram. 

COM-Py-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  computatio  ; Sp.  com- 
putacion-,  Fr.  computation .] 

1.  The  act  of  computing ; estimation ; esti- 
mate ; a reckoning  ; calculation. 

By  our  best  computation,  we  were  then  in  51  degrees  of 
latitude.  Ilackluyt. 

2.  That  which  is  ascertained  by  reckoning. 

We  pass  for  women  of  fifty;  many  additional  years  are 
thrown  into  female  computations  of  tins  nature.  Addison. 

Syn.  — See  Account. 

COM-PUTE',  v.a.  [L.  computo ; con,  with,  and 
put'o,  to  consider,  to  reckon  ; It.  computare ; 
Sp.  computar .]  [i.  computed  ; pp.  computing, 
computed.]  To  estimate  by  data ; to  count ; 
to  number  ; to  rate  ; to  reckon  ; to  calculate. 

Compute  the  morn  and  evening  to  the  day.  Pope. 

Syn.  — See  Calculate,  Estimate. 

f COM-PUTE',  ii.  Computation.  Browne. 

COM-PUT'fR,  n.  One  who  computes;  a reckon- 
er ; a calculator.  Swift. 

COM'PU-TIST,  or  COM-PU'TIST  [kom'pu-tist,  S. 
W.  P.  F.  R. ; kom-pu'tjst,  Ja.  K.  Sm.  C.],  n.  [Fr. 
computiste.]  A computer.  “ The  treasurer  was 
...  a strict  computist.”  [r.]  Wot  ton. 

COM-PU' TO,  n.  (Law.)  A writ  to  compel  a per- 
son to  render  an  account.  Burrill. 

||  COM'RADE,  or  COM'RADE  [kum'rad,  S.  IF.  P. 
J.  F.  K.  C. ; kom'rad,  E.  Ja.  Sm.  W 6.],  n.  [It. 
camerata,  from  camera,  a chamber  ; Sp.  cama- 
rada\  Fr.  camara.de.'] 

1.  One  who  dwells  in  the  same  chamber  or 

room  ; a chamber-fellow.  Cotgrave. 

2.  A companion ; an  associate. 

But  do  not  dull  thy  palm  with  entertainment 

Of  each  new-hatched,  unfledged  comrade.  Shak. 

||  COM'R  A DE-SHIP,  n.  The  state  of  being  a com- 
rade. [r.]  W.  Scott. 

fCOM'ROGUE  (kom'rog),  n.  A fellow-rogue. 
“The  rest  of  your  coinrogues.”  B.  Jonson. 

c6m§,  or  COOM§,  n.pl.  Malt-dust.  Smart. 

CON—.  A Latin  inseparable  preposition,  used  as 
a prefix,  and  signifying  union,  association,  &c., 
as  concourse,  a running  together.  Before  a 
vowel  con  becomes  to,  as  in  co-existent,  co-inci- 
dent. — See  Co. 

CON,  ad.  [L.  contra,  against.]  An  abbreviation 
of  the  Latin  word  contra,  against ; as,  “ To  dis- 
pute pro  and  con  is  to  dispute  for  and  against.” 
It  is  used  also  substantively,  as  a colloquial  or 
cant  word  for  the  negative  side,  or  for  a person 
who  takes  the  negative  side,  of  a question  ; as, 
“ The  pros  and  cons.”  James. 

CON,  v.  a.  [M.  Goth.  $ A.  S.  cunnan,  to  know; 
A.  S.  cunman,  to  search  into  ; Dut.  Sg  Ger.  ken- 
nen,  to  know;  Sw.  kuniia ; Dan.  kunne .]  [i. 

CONNED;  pp.  CONNING,  CONNED.] 

1.  f To  know  ; to  be  acquainted  with. 

They  say  they  con  to  heaven  the  highway.  Spenser. 

2.  To  study  ; to  learn  ; to  commit  to  memory. 

Here  are  your  parts;  and  I am  to  entreat  you  to  con  them 
by  to-morrow  night.  Shak. 

To  con  thanks,  to  thank.  “ I con  him  no  thunks 
for’t.”  Shak. 

CON— A'CRE  (-a'kur),  v.  a.  To  sub-let,  as  one  acre 
or  more  of  a farm  for  a single  crop.  Ogilvie. 

CON-A'CRE  (-a'kur),  a.  Noting  the  system  prac- 
tised in  Ireland  of  sub-letting  one  acre  or  more 
of  a farm  for  a single  crop.  Ogilvie. 

COM^-MO 'RE.  [It.]  With  love,  predilection, 
or  inclination. 

CO-MA'TUS,n.  [L.,  an  endeavor.]  Natural  ten- 
dency ; an  effort ; an  attempt.  Palcy. 

CON-CAm'F-RATE,  v.  a.  [L.  concamero,  concam- 
eratus  ; con,  with,  and  camera,  an  arch.]  [i.  CON- 
camerated ; pp.  concameratino,  concame- 
rated.]  To  arch  over;  to  lay  concave  over.  Grew. 

CON-CAM-IJ-RA'TION,  il.  [L.  concamcratio. ] An 
arch ; a vault.  Sir  T.  Herbert. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BIJLL,  BUR,  RiJLE.  — <?,  $,  g,  soft ; G,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  § as  z ; Jf  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


CONCATENATE 


284 


CONCEPTION 


CON-CAT'E-NATE,  v.  a.  [L.  concateno,  concate- 
natus  ; con,  with,  and  catena,  a chain  ; It.  con- 
catenare  ; Sp.  concatenar.]  [t.  concatenated  ; 
pp.  CONCATENATING,  CONCATENATED.]  To  link 
together;  to  connect;  to  unite  ; to  join. 

Nature  has  concatenated  our  fortunes  and  affections  to- 
gether with  indissoluble  bands  of  mutual  sympathy.  Barrow. 

CON-CAT- E-NA'TION,  n.  [L.  concatenatio  ; It. 
concatenazione  ; Sp.  concatenacion  ; Fr.  concate- 
nation.]  Actoflinking;  a series  of  links.  '■‘Con- 
catenation of  causes  and  effects.”  Bp.  Horne. 

f CON-CAU§E',  n.  Joint  cause.  Fotherbij. 

CON-CA-VA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  making  con- 
cave." Bailey. 

CON'CAVE  (kong'kav),  a.  [L.  concavus  ; con, 
with,  and  cants,  hollow ; It.  Sp.  concavo  ; Fr. 
concave .]  Hollow  without  angles,  as  the  inner 
surface  of  a bowl  or  a sphere  ; or  curved  without 
angles,  as  the  inner  side  of  the  circumference 
of  a circle  ; — opposed  to  convex. 

Concave  lens,  a lens  having  one  side  flat,  and  the 
other  slightly  hollowed  out. 

CON'CAVE  (kong'lcav,  82),  n.  A hollow  ; a cavity. 

A shout  that  tore  hell’s  concave.  Milton. 

CON'CAVE,  v.  a.  To  make  hollow.  “That  bay, 
concaved  by  vast  mountains.”  [it.]  Seward. 

CON'CAVE-NfiSS  (kong'kav-nes),  n.  The  state  of 
beingconcave ; hollowness;  concavity.  Johnson. 

CON-CAV'I-TY,  n.  [It.  concavith ; Sp.  concavi- 
dad  ; Fr.  concavite.]  The  state  of  beingconcave  ; 
the  internal  form  of  a hollow  spherical  body,  or 
of  any  thing  curved  without  angles  ; hollowness. 

Look  upon  the  outside  of  a dome,  your  eye  half  surrounds 
it;  look  up  into  the  inside,  the  entire  concavity  falls  into 
your  eye  at  once.  * Spectator. 

CON-C  A' VO— CON'CAVE,  a.  [Fr.]  Concave  or 
hollow  on  both  sides.  Johnson. 

CON-CA'VO— CON' VEX,  a.  Concave  on  one  side 
and  convex  on  the  other.  Woodward. 

CON-CA'VOUS,  a.  [L.  concavus.']  Concave  ; hol- 
low without  angles.  Potter. 

CON-CA'VOIIS-LY,  ad.  With  hollowness.  Browne. 

CON-CEAL'  (kon-sSl'),  v,  a.  [L.  concelo  ; con, 
with,  used  intensively,  and  celo,  to  hide;  Fr. 
celer.—  Gael,  ceil.]  [t.  concealed  ; pp.  con- 
cealing, CONCEALED.] 

1.  To  hide  from  sight  or  observation ; to  se- 
crete ; to  cover. 

The  maid  who  modestly  conceals 

Her  beauties,  while  she"  hides,  reveals.  E.  Moore. 

2.  To  withhold  from  another’s  knowledge  ; 
to  keep  secret  ; to  disguise ; to  dissemble. 

There  is  but  one  way  I know  of  conversing  safely  with  all 
men ; that  is,  not  by  concealing / what  we  say  or  do,  but  by 
saying  or  doing  nothing  that  deserves  to  be  concealed,  l'ope. 

Syn.  — Conceal  is  more  general  than  hide  or  secrete. 
All  tilings  are  concealed  wltich  are  hidden  or  secreted, 
but  they  are  not  always  hidden  or  secreted  when  they 
are  concealed.  Both  mental  and  corporeal  objects  are 
concealed ; corporeal  objects  only  are  secreted.  Facts 
and  crimes  are  concealed ; truths  and  treasure  are 
hidden',  goods  are  secreted.  — See  Clandestine, 
Secrete. 

CON-CEAL' A-BI.E,  a.  Capable  of  being  con- 
cealed. “ There  is  nothing  concealable.”  Browne. 

CON-CEALED'  (kon-seld'),  p.  a.  Hidden  ; kept 
secret.  “ The  most  concealed  and  unfrequented 
paths  of  philosophy.”  Melmoth. 

CON-CEAL'^D-LV,  ad.  In  a concealed  or  secret 
manner.  More. 

CON-CEAL' 5 D-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  con- 
cealed ; privacy ; obscurity,  [r.]  Johnson. 

CON-CEAL'JRR,  n.  One  who  conceals.  Bp.  Tlall. 

CON-CEAL'ING,  n.  A hiding,  or  keeping  close. 
“ All  ingenuous  concealings.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

CON-CEAL' Mp NT,  n.  1.  The  act  of  concealing, 
or  keeping  secret ; secrecy. 

She  never  told  her  love. 

But  let  concealment,  like  a worm  i’  the  bud, 

Feed  on  her  damask  cheek.  Shak. 

2.  The  state  of  being  concealed  or  hid-  as, 

“ To  lie  in  concealment .” 

3.  A hiding-place  ; a retreat. 

The  cleft  tree 

Offers  its  kind  concealment  to  a few; 

Their  food  its  insects,  and  its  moss  their  nests.  Thomson. 


CON-CEDE',  v.  a.  [L.  concedo  ; con,  with,  and 
cedo,  to  yield  ; It.  concedere ; Sp.  conceder-,  Fr. 
concede)'.]  [i.  conceded  ; pp.  conceding, 

CONCEDED.] 

1.  To  give  up  ; to  surrender  ; to  yield  ; as, 
“ To  concede  a point  in  dispute.” 

2.  To  admit  as  true  ; to  allow  ; to  grant. 

This  must  not  be  conceded,  without  limitation.  Boyle. 

Syn.  — See  Allow. 

CON-CEDE',  v.  n.  To  make  concession. 

I wished  you  to  concede  to  America  at  a time  when  she 
prayed  concession  at  our  feet.  Burke. 

CON-CEIT'  (kon-set'),  n.  [L.  concipio,  conceptus, 
to  conceive  ; con,  with,  and  capio,  to  take  ; It. 
concetto  ; Sp.  concepto  ; Fr.  concept.] 

1.  An  image  in  the  mind;  a conception;  an 
idea  ; a thought ; a notion. 

There’s  some  conceit  or  other  likes  him  well 

When  that  he  bids  good-morrow  with  such  spirit.  Shak. 

2.  Power  of  apprehension  ; understanding  ; 
acumen ; discernment. 

Things  more  secret  than  can  be  discerned  by  every  man’s 
present  conceit,  without  some  deeper  discourse  and  judg- 
ment. Hooker. 

3.  Opinion  ; estimate  ; — especially  a vain 
estimate  of  one’s  self,  allied  to  vanity. 

I shall  not  fail  t’  approve  the  fair  conceit 

The  king  hath  of  you.  Shak. 

Scest  thou  a man  wise  in  his  own  conceit?  There  is  more 
hope  of  a fool  than  of  him.  l*rov.  xxvi.  12. 

4.  Fantastical  notion  ; freak  of  fancy  ; illu- 
sion of  the  imagination ; whim  ; vagary. 

Strong  conceit  carries  all  easily  with  it.  Locke. 

Conceit  in  weakest  bodies  strongest  works.  Shak. 

5.  ( Ithct .)  An  ingenious  or  odd  thought  ; af- 
fected wit ; a point. 

He  [Tassolis  full  of  conceits,  points  of  epigram,  and  witti- 
cisms. Virgil  and  Homer  have  not  one  of  them.  Dryden. 

Conceit  is  to  nature  what  paint  is  to  beauty;  it  is  not  only 
needless,  but  impairs  what  it  would  improve.  Tope. 

Out  of  conceit  with , no  longer  fond  of.  Swift. 

Syn.  — See  Vanity. 

CON-CEIT',  V.  a.  [i.  CONCEITED  ; pp.  CONCEIT- 
ING, conceited.]  To  conceive  ; to  imagine  ; to 
believe  ; to  fancy.  . 

The  strong,  by  conceiting  themselves  weak,  are  thereby 
rendered  as  inactive  and  useless  as  if  they  really  were  so. 

South. 

CON-CEIT',  v.  n.  To  form  a notion  ; to  con- 
ceive ; to  imagine.  Todd. 

CON-CEIT'ED,  a.  1.  f Endowed  with  fancy. 

lie  was  of  countenance  amiable,  of  feature  comely,  active 
of  body,  pleasantly  conceited , and  sharp  of  wit.  Knolles. 

2.  Having  a high  opinion  of  one’s  self;  ego- 
tistical ; opinionative  ; vain  ; self-conccited. 

What  you  write  of  me  would  make  me  more  conceited 
than  what  I scribbled  myself.  Pope. 

CON-CEIT’ ED-Ly,  ad.  With  conceit  or  foolish 
vanity.  “ Conceitedly  dress  her.”  Donne. 

CON-CEIT' fD-N  ESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
conceited  ; vanity  ; opinionativeness.  More. 

f CON-CEIT'LIJSS,  a.  Stupid;  without  thought. 
“ So  shallow,  so  conceitless.”  Shak. 

CON-CE I V'A-BLE,  a.  [Fr.  conccvablc.]  That 
may  be  conceived  ; imaginable.  Atterbury. 

CON-C  El  V'A-BLE- NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing conceivable.  Bailey. 

CON-CEIV'A-BLY,  ad.  In  a conceivable  man- 
ner. ’ Mountagu. 

CON-CEIVE'  (kon-sev'),  v.  a.  [L.  concipio  ; con, 
with,  and  capio,  to  take  ; It.  conccpire  ; Sp.  con- 
cebir ; Fr . concevoir.]  [i.  conceived  ; pp.  con- 
ceiving, CONCEIVED.] 

1.  To  receive  as  an  embryo  into  the  womb. 
Thy  cousin  Elisabeth  . . . hath  also  conceived  a son.  Luke  i.  36. 

2.  To  form  in  the  mind,  as  ideas  ; to  imagine. 

Nebuchadnezzar  . . . hath  taken  counsel  against  you,  and 

hath  conceived  a purpose  agaiust  you.  Jer.  xlix.  30. 

3.  To  apprehend;  to  suppose;  to  think. 

If  you  compare  my  gentleman  with  Sir  John,  you  will 
hardly  conceive  him  to  have  been  bred  in  the  same  climate. 

Swift. 

Syn.  — “ I can  conceive  a tiling  that  is  impossible; 
but  I cannot  distinctly  imagine  a tiling  that  is  impos- 
sible. I can  conceive  a proposition  or  a demonstra- 
tion ; lint  I cannot  imagine  either.  I can  distinctly 
conceive  universal  ; hut  I cannot  imagine  them.”  Reid. 
— See  Apprehend. 

CON-CEIVE',  v.  n.  1.  To  become  pregnant. 

And  the  flocks  conceived  before  the  rods.  Gen.  xxx.  39. 


2.  To  have  an  idea;  to  think. 

Conceive  of  things  comprehensively  in  all  their  properties 
and  relations.  Watts. 

CON-CEIV'JJR,  n.  One  who  conceives.  Browne. 

CON-CEIV'ING,  n.  Apprehension  ; understand- 
ing. Shak. 

f CON-CEL'g-BRATE,  v.  a.  [L.  concelebro,  con- 
celebratus.]  To  celebrate  together.  Sherwood. 

CON-CENT',  7i.  [L.  concentus,  concentio ; con- 

cino,  to  sing  or  play  in  harmony ; con,  with,  and 
cano,  to  sing ; It.  <ir  Sp.  concento.] 

1.  Concert  of  voices  ; harmony. 

That  undisturbed  song  of  pure  concent.  Milton. 

2.  Agreement ; consistency.  “ In  concent  to 

his  own  principles.”  Atterbury. 

f C O N - C E N T ' (i  D , />.  a.  Made  to  agree  with.  Spenser. 

+ CON-CENT'FUL,  a.  Harmonious.  Fotherby. 

CON-CEN'TRATE,  v.  a.  [L.  con,  with,  and  cen- 
trum, centre ',  it.  concent  rare,  Sp.  concentrar ; 
Fr.  conccntrer.]  \i.  concentrated  ; pp.  con- 
centrating, concentrated.]  To  bring  or 
drive  into  the  centre,  or  into  a narrow  com- 
pass ; to  bring  together  ; to  condense. 

They  [the  virtues]  are  all,  in  a due  degree,  concentrated  in 
Prince  Arthur.  JIurd. 

The  thrilling  tones  that  concentrate  the  soul.  Coleridge. 

CON-CEN'TRAT-ED,  p.  a.  Brought  together,  or 
"to  a centre.  “ The  concentrated  beams  of  the 
sun.”  Boyle. 

C 6 N - C E N - T R A ' T I O N , n.  [It.  concentrazione  ; 
Sp.  concent  radon  ; Fr.  concentration.] 

1.  The  act  of  concentrating ; compression 
into  a narrow  compass  ; condensation. 

I could  not  perceive,  by  any  concentration  of  the  lunar 
beams,  that  her  light  did  produce  any  sensible  degree  either 
of  cold  or  heat.  Boyle. 

2.  ( Chcm .)  Reduction  of  a solution  by  evap- 
oration to  a greater  density  or  strength. 

CON-CEN'TRA-Tl VE,  a.  Tending  to  concen- 
trate. Dr.  Alley. 

CON-CEN'TRA-TI VE-NESS,  n.  ( Phren .)  The 
faculty,  or  power,  of  concentration.  Combe. 

CON-CEN'TRE  (kon-sen'ter),  v.n.  [Fr  .concentre. 
— See  Concentrate.]  To  tend  to  one  com- 
mon centre;  to  meet  in  a centre.  “The  points 
concentre  so  exactly.”  Wotton. 

CON-CEN'TRE  (kon-sen'ter),  v. a.  To  concentrate. 
In  thee  concentring  all  their  precious  beams 
Of  sacred  influence.  Milton . 

CON-CEN'TRjC,  ) a |x.  con > with,  and  cen- 

CON-CEN'TRI-CAL,  ) trum,  centre.]  Having  one 
common  centre.  “ Concentric  circles  on  the 
surface  of  the  water.”  Neicton.  “ Concentrical 
rings.”  Arbuthnot. 

CON-CEN'TR[-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a concentrical 
manner.  Pennant. 

C6N-CiJN-TR!9'l-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being  con- 
centric. llassler. 

CON-CENT'IJ-AL,  a.  [See  Concent.]  Harmo- 
nious. “ This  consummate  or  concentual  song.” 
[r.]  Warton. 

CON-CEPT',  n.  [L.  conception  ; Fr.  concept  ] 

1.  f A set  form.  Scott. 

2.  A thing  conceived;  a conception;  an  idea; 
a notion. 

A concept  is  clear  when  its  object,  as  a whole,  can  be  dis- 
tinguished from  any  other;  it  is  distinct  when  its  several  con- 
stituent parts  can  be  distinguished  from  each  other.  Fleming. 

CON-CEP'TA-CLE,  n.  [L.  conccptaculum.] 

1.  A receptacle.  Woodicard. 

2.  ( Bot .)  A one-valved  pericarp,  opening 
longitudinally  on  one  side  ; a follicle.  Craig. 

fCON-CEP-TI-BlL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
conceivable ; eonceivableness.  Cudicorth. 

f CON-CEP'TI-BLE,  a.  [Fr.]  Conceivable.  “At- 
tributes easily  conceptible  by  us.”  Ilalc. 

CON-CEP'TION  (kon-sep'shun),  n.  [L.  conceptio ; 
It.  concezione;  Sp.  Concepcion  ; Fr.  conception.] 

1.  The  act  of  conceiving;  first  stage  of  gen- 
eration on  the  part  of  the  female. 

Thy  sorrow  I will  greatly  multiply 

By  thy  conception.  Milton. 

2.  The  state  of  being  conceived. 

Our  own  productions  flatter  us;  it  is  impossible  not  to  be 
fond  of  them  at  the  moment  of  their  conception.  Dryden. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  0,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


CONCE  PTIONALIST 


285 


CONCILIATION 


3.  The  act  or  the  faculty  of  the  mind  by  which 
its  ideas  are  originated  or  combined  ; appre- 
hension ; perception. 

A ready  conception  supplies  us  with  a stock  of  ideas  on  all 
subjects.  Crabb. 

4.  The  thing  conceived ; image  in  the  mind  ; 
idea;  notion;  thought;  concept. 

Consult  the  acutest  poets  and  speakers,  and  they  will  con- 
fess that  their  quickest,  most  admired  conception .s  were  such 
as  darted  into  their  minds  like  sudden  flashes  of  lightning, 
they  know  not  how  nor  whence.  South. 

5.  Pointed  thought ; conceit.  “Full  of  con- 
ceptions . . . and  witticisms.”  Dryden. 

Syn. — Conception  is  the  forming  or  bringing  of  an 
image  or  an  idea  into  the  mind  by  an  effort  of  tile  will : 
it  is  distinguished  from  sensation  and  perception,  pro- 
duced by  an  object  presented  to  the  senses,  and  from 
imagination , which  is  the  joining  together  of  ideas  in 
new  ways  : it  is  distinguished  from  memory,  by  not 
having  the  feeling  of  past  time  connected  with  the 
idea.  Taylor.  — Imagination  lias  to  do  only  witli  ob- 
jects of  sense  ; conception , with  objects  of  pure  thought. 
Reid.  — See  Idea,  Imagination,  Perception. 

CON-O  EP'T  ION- AL-IST,  n.  One  who  holds  that 
the  mind  can  form  general  conceptions,  inde- 
pendent of  single  objects  ; a conceptualist. 

They  have  yet  to  satisfy  themselves  whether  Aristotle  was 
a realist,  nominalist,  or  conceptionalist.  Richardson. 

Upon  this  word — resemblance  — Dr.  Brown  rests  a whole 
theory  of  generalization,  the  theory  of  a sect,  to  which  he 
would  give  the  name  of  notionist  or  relationist,  in  preference 
to  that  of  conceptionalist,  bestowed  upon  Dr.  Itcid  and  his 
followers.  Richardson. 

t CON-CEP'TIOUS  (-sluts),  a.  Fruitful  ; preg- 
nant. “ Conceptions  womb.”  Shak. 

CON-CEP'T!  VE,  a.  Capable  of  conceiving.  Browne. 

CON-CEPT'y-AL-I.SiVI,  n.  The  doctrine  of  con- 
ceptualists,  a doctrine  in  some  sense  interme- 
diate between  realism  and  nominalism.  Fleming. 

CON-CEPT'U-AL-IST,  n.  One  who  holds  that  the 
mind  has  the  power  of  forming  general  concep- 
tions, independent  of  single  objects.  D.  Stewart. 

CON-CERN'  (kon-sern'),  v.  a.  [Low  L.  concerno\ 
If.  concernere  ; Sp.  concernir  ; Fr.  concerner. ] 

[i.  CONCERNED  ; pp.  CONCERNING,  CONCERNED.] 

1.  To  relate  to  ; to  belong  to  ; — especially  in 
a manner  to  awaken  interest  or  feeling ; to 
touch  nearly;  to  affect;  to  interest. 

Count  Claudio  may  hear;  for  what  I would  speak  of  con- 
cerns him.  Shak. 

Our  wars  with  France  have  affected  us  in  our  most  tender 
interests,  and  concerned  us  more  than  those  with  any  other 
nation.  Addison. 

2.  To  engage  by  affection,  duty,  or  interest. 

They  think  themselves  out  of  the  reach  of  Providence, 
and  no  longer  concerned  to  solicit  his  favor.  Rogers. 

3.  To  make  anxious  or  uneasy;  as,  “To  be 
concerned  for  the  welfare  of  friends.” 

To  concern  one’s  self,  to  intermeddle. 

Syn. — See  Affect. 

CON-CERN',  n.  1.  Whatever  affects  the  interest 
of  a person  ; business  ; affair  ; matter. 

So  the  lost  sun,  while  least  by  us  enjoyed. 

Is  the  whole  night  for  our  concerns  employed.  Waller. 

Let  early  care  thy  main  concerns  secure; 

Things  of  less  moment  may  delays  endure.  Denham. 

2.  Importance  ; moment ; consequence. 

“ Things  of  the  utmost  concern  to  her.”  Addison. 

3.  Solicitude  ; anxiety  ; care.  “ Why  all  this 

concern  for  the  poor  ? ” Swift. 

4.  {Com.)  An  establishment  or  firm  for  the 
transaction  of  business. 

Syn.  — See  Affair,  Business,  Care. 

t CON-CER'NAN-CY,  n.  Concern  ; business.  Shak. 

CON-CERNED'  (kon-sernd'),  p.  a.  Having  con- 
cern ; interested  ; anxious.  vVatts. 

CON-CERN'ED-LY,  ad.  With  concern  or  affec- 
tion ; with  anxiety.  Clarendon. 

CON-CERN'ING,  prep.  Relating  to  ; with  rela- 
tion to ; respecting. 

Conscience  is  notliing  else  but  n man’s  judgment  concern- 
ing actions.  Sharp. 

•f-  CON-CERN'ING,  n.  Business  ; concern.  Shak. 

CON-CERN'MENT,  n.  1.  Concern  ; care  ; busi- 
ness ; interest. 

He  that  is  wise  in  the  concernments  of  other  men,  hut  neg- 
ligent of  his  own,  may  be  said  to  be  busy,  but  he  is  not  wise. 

Tillotson. 

2.  Importance  ; moment. 

I look  upon  experimental  truths  as  matters  of  great  con- 
cernment to  mankind.  Boyle. 


3.  Interposition  ; meddling.  “ Without  any 

other  concernment  in  it.”  Clarendon. 

4.  Anxiety  ; emotion.  “ Their  ambition  is 

manifest  in  their  concernment.”  Dryden. 

CON-CERT',  v.  a.  [L.  concerto,  to  debate  ; con, 
with,  and  certo,  to  contend  ; It.  concerture  ; Sp. 
concertar ; Fr.  concerter.)  \i.  concerted  ; pp. 
CONCERTINO,  CONCERTED.] 

1.  To  settle,  adjust,  or  plan  in  private,  by 
mutual  consultation. 

■Will  any  man  persuade  me  that  this  was  not,  from  the  be- 
ginning to  the  end,  a concerted  affair?  Taller. 

2.  To  contrive  ; to  plan  ; to  devise. 

A commander  had  more  trouble  to  concert  his  defence 
before  the  people  than  to  plan  the  operations  of  the  cam- 
paign. Burke. 

Syn. — See  Devise. 

CON-CERT',  v.  n.  To  consult;  to  take  counsel. 
“ He  concerted  with  others  on  what  measures 

should  be  taken.”  Todd. 

CON'CJERT  (114),  n.  [Fr.  concert .] 

1.  A mutual  conference  and  agreement  be- 
tween two  or  more  persons  in  regard  to  some 
design  or  plan. 

These  discontents  have  arisen  from  the  want  of  a due  com- 
munication and  concert.  SiviJ't. 

2.  A symphony  of  musical  parts  or  players, 
or  of  several  voices  or  instruments. 

After  your  dire  lamenting  elegies, 

Visit  by  night  your  lady’s  chamber  window 

With  some  sweet  concert.  Sha/c. 

3.  (AT/is.)  A musical  entertainment  in  nhich 
a number  of  musicians,  either  vocal  or  instru- 
mental, or  both,  take  part,  or  in  which  several 
pieces  are  sung  or  played;  as,  “To  give  a con- 
cert ” ; “ To  attend  a concert.” 

4.  Concord  ; harmony  ; as,  “ To  sing  in  con- 
cert ” ; “ To  act  in  concert.” 

Otff-  “ Written  consort  so  late  as  the  beginning  of 
the  last  [17th]  century.”  Johnson.  — See  Consort. 

CON-CER-tAn’ TE,  n.  [It.,  from  concertare,  to 
strive!]  A concerto  for  two  or  more  instru- 
ments, with  accompaniments.  Moore. 

f CON-CIJR-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  concertatio .]  Con- 
tention. Bailey. 

f CON-CERT'A-TIVE,  a.  Contentious.  Bailey. 

CON-CERT'J3D,  p.  a.  Planned  ; contrived  ; set- 
tled ; as,  “ A concerted  scheme.” 

CON-CER-  TI'  NA,  n.  A musical  instrument,  con- 
sisting of  several  small,  elastic,  metallic  springs, 
fixed  at  one  end  in  a plate  of  metal,  so  that  they 
may  vibrate  freely,  the  whole  framework  being 
supplied  with  keys,  and  connected  with  a fold- 
ing leathern  apparatus  for  supplying  wind  to 
put  the  springs  in  vibration.  Crabb. 

CON-CER'TION,  n.  The  act  of  concerting;  ad- 
justment; contrivance.  Young. 

CON-CERT'M^NT,  n.  The  act  of  concerting,  or 
contriving;  concertion.  R.  Pollok. 

CON-CER  'TO,  n. ; pi.  concertos.  [It.]  (Mus.) 
An  extended  composition,  with  several  move- 
ments, for  the  display  of  mastery  on  any  instru- 
ment, supported  and  set  off  by  others ; as,  “ Bee- 
thoven’s concerto  for  the  violin.”  Dwight. 

CON'CERT-PITCH,  n.  {Mas.)  The  pitch,  or  the 
degree  of  acuteness  or  gravity,  generally  adopt- 
ed for  some  one  given  note,  and  by  which  every 
other  note  is  governed.  P.  Cyc. 

CON-CES'SION  (kon-sesh'un,  92),  n.  [L.  conces- 
sion It.  concessions  ; Sp.  concesion ; Fr.  conces- 
sion. — See  Concede.] 

1.  The  act  of  conceding.  “ The  concession 

of  these  charters.”  Hall. 

2.  Thing  conceded  ; a grant.  “ Content  with 

small  concessions.”  Swift. 

CON-CES'SION-A-RY,  a.  [It.  concessionario.] 
Given  by  indulgence  or  allowance.  Bailey. 

CON-CES'SION-IST,  n.  One  who  makes  or  al- 
lows concession.  Qu.  Rev. 

CON-CES'SIVE,  a.  Implying  concession.  “Con- 
cessive conjunctions.”  Lowtli. 

CON-CES'SIVE-LY,  ad.  By  way  of  concession. 
“Some  have  written  . . . concessively.”  Browne. 

CON-CES'SO-RY,  a.  Relating  to,  or  making,  con- 
cession ; concessive.  Be.  Rev. 


CON-CET' TO,n.\  pi.  con-cet' ti.  [It.]  Con- 
ceit ; affected  wit.  Shenstone. 

The  shepherds  have  their  concetti  and  their  antitheses. 

Chesterfield. 

CONCH  (kongk,  82),  n.  [Gr.  k/S y%y  ; L.  concha  ; It. 
conca ; Sp.  concha  ; Fr.  conque. ] A marine  shell. 

CON'jCHA  (kong'kg),  n.  [L.]  (Anat.)  A hollow 
part  of  the  body  : — the  larger  cavity  of  the  ex- 
ternal ear,  situated  before  the  passage  into  the 
internal  ear.  Ditnglison. 

CON'Gin-FJJR,  n.  [L.  concha,  a shell,  and  fero, 
to  bear.]  {Conch.)  A bivalve  mollusk.  Brande. 

CON-eiIIF' E-RA,  n.  pi.  {Zonk)  A class  of  mol- 
lusks  having  two  shelly  valves,  as  the  oyster, 
mussel,  &c. ; bivalves.  Baird. 

CON-jCHIF'ER-OUS  (kon-kif'er-us),  a.  Having  or 
producing  shells.  P.  Cyc. 

CON'GHlTE  (kong'klt,  82),  n.  (Pal.)  A petrified 
shell  or  conch.  “ Marble  which  is  full  of  con- 
chites.”  Bp.  Nicolson. 

CON'CIIOID,  n.  [Gr.  k6y\v,  a shell,  and  tV>o 
form  ; Fr.  conchotdc.]  A mathematical  curve, 
of  curious  properties,  invented  by  Nicomcdes 
for  the  purpose  of  trisecting  an  angle.  Davies. 

CON-CIIOID'AL,  a.  {Min.)  Having  convex  ele- 
vations and  concave  depressions  like  shells.  “ A 
conchoidal  fracture.”  . Maunder. 

CON-CHO-LOtJf'l-CAL,  a.  Relating  to  eonehol- 
ogy.  Turton. 

C0N-jCH6l'0-(j!sT,  n.  [Fr.  conchologiste.]  One 
who  is  versed  in  conchology.  Booth. 

CON-CHOL'O-^Y,  n.  [Gr.  Koy^y,  a shell,  and 
X6yo s,  a discourse.]  The  science  of  the  shells 
of  mollusks.  Brande. 

CON-CHOM'E-TER,  n.  [Gr.  siy-^p,  a shell,  and 
perpov,  a measure.]  An  instrument  for  meas- 
uring shells.  Smart. 

CON-CH YL-I-A'CEOUS  (-situs,  66),  a.  [Gr.  Koy- 
■)fhov ; L.  conchy  Hum,  a shell-fish.]  Relating 
to  shells  ; conchylious.  Smart. 

CON-CII YL'i-OUS,  a.  Relating  to  shells.  Smart. 

CON-CI-A'TOR,  n.  [L.  concio,  to  assemble  to- 
gether.] {Glass-works.)  The  person  who  pro- 
portions the  materials  to  be  made  into  glass, 
and  who  works  and  tempers  them.  Buchanan. 

CONCIERGE  (kon-sirj'),  n.  [Fr.]  The  porter  or 
door-keeper  of  a hotel,  house,  prison,  &c. 

As  soon  as  the  stranger  wras  landed  on  the  balcony,  the 
concierge  that  showed  the  house  would  shut  the  door.  Aubrey. 

fCON-CIL'l-A-BLE,  7i.  [L.  conciliabulum  ; Old 

Fr.  conciliabule .]  A small  assembly.  Bacon. 

fCON-CIL'l-A-BLE,  a.  [Fr.]  To  be  reconciled. 
“ Utter  disconformity  not  conciliable.”  Milton. 

fCON-ClL'IAR  (kon-sll'yar),  a.  [L.  concilium,  a 
council.]  Relating  to  a council ; concilinry. 
“ Conciliar  debates.”  Baker. 

CON-CIL'IA-RY,  a.  Relating  to  a council.  “Con- 
ciliary  declaration.”  [u.]  Bp.  Taylor. 

CON-CIL'I-ATE  [kon-sil'e-at,  P.  J.  Sm.  R.  C.  ; 
kon-sll'yat,  S.  IF.  E.  F.  Ja.  ; kon-sll'e-at  or 
kon-sll'yat,  A'.],  v.  a.  [L.  concilia , conciliatus ; 
It.  conciliar e;  Sp.  conciliar ; Fr.  concilier.}  [*.’ 
CONCILIATED  ; pp.  CONCILIATING,  CONCILI- 
ATED.] 

1.  To  make  satisfied;  to  reconcile  ; to  pacifj'. 

I approved  the  more  pliant  and  conciliating  method  of 
Cicero.  Hurd. 

2.  To  gain  or  win  by  something  adapted  to 
secure  regard  or  favor. 

Christ’s  miracles  ought  to  have  conciliated  belief  to  his 
doctrine  from  the  Jews.  Cudivoi  th. 

To  reconcile  differences,  or  conciliate  love  and  good  neigh- 
borhood. Scott's  Christian  Life. 

Syn.  — Conciliate  and  reconcile  are  both  used  in  the 
sense  of  uniting  the  affections  of  men.  Conciliate  is 
often  employed  for  men  in  public  stations  ; reconcile , 
indifferently  for  those  in  public  or  private  life.  Con- 
ciliate the  good  will  or  esteem  of  men  ; reconcile  men 
who  are  at  variance.  Reconcile  persons ; conciliate 
their  regard  : win  or  gain  their  confidence  ; and  pacify 
their  feelings. 

CON-CIL-I-A'TION,  n.  [L.  conciliatio ; It.  con- 
ciliazione ; Sp.  conciliation ; Fr.  conciliation.] 
The  act  of  conciliating ; peace ; agreement ; 
reconcilement.  “ The  conciliation  of  the  Iloly 
Scriptures  and  most  ancient  fathers.”  Bale . 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  S6N  ; BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — <J,  f,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  % as  z;  £ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


CONCILIATIVE 


286 


CONCORD1ST 


The  House  has  gone  further;  it  has  declared  conciliation 
admissible  previous  to  any  submission  on  the  part  of  Amer- 
ica. Burke. 

CON-CIL'j-A-TlVE,  a.  Reconciling  ; making 
friendly ; conciliatory.  Coleridge. 

CON-CIL/I-A-TOR,  re.  [L.  conciliator , he  who 
provides;  It.  conciliatory,  Sp.  conciliador  ;Fr. 
conciliatcur .]  One  who  conciliates.  Johnson. 

CON-CIL'I-A-TO-RY  [kon-sil'?-?-tur-e,  IF.  P.  J. 
Ja.  K.  C. ; kon-sli'ya-tur-e,  S.  E.  F.  Em. ; kon- 
sil-ya'tur-e,  S.l,  a.  [It.  conciliatorio ; Fr.  con- 
cilia toi  re  j\  Tending  to  reconcile  ; winning; 

persuasive ; pacific.  “ Conciliatory  virtues  of 
lenity,  moderation,  and  tenderness.”  Burke. 

Syn.  — See  Pacific. 

fCON-CIN'NATE,  v.  a.  [L.  concinno,  concin- 
natus.]  To  make  fit.  Cockeram. 

CON-CIN'NI-TY,  n.  [L.  concinnitas  ; It.  concin- 
nith ; Sp.  concinidad.  1 Decency  ; fitness  ; neat- 
ness ; elegance,  [r.]  Peacham. 

CON-CIN'NOUS,  a.  [L.  concinnus.] 

1.  Becoming;  pleasant;  fit.  [r.]  Johnson. 

2.  (Mas.)  Applied  to  a performance  in  con- 

cert, which  is  executed  with  delicacy,  grace, 
and  spirit.  Maunder. 

CON'CI-O-NA-TIVE,  a.  [L.  concionator,  to  speak 
in  an  assembly.]  Relating  to  preaching,  [it.] 

f CON'CI-O-NA-TOR  (kon'she-o-),  n.  [L.  concio- 
nator, an  haranguer.]  A preacher.  Cockeram. 

f CON'CI-O-NA-TO-RY  (kon'she-o-nj-to-re),  a. 
[L.  concionatorius.]  Suited  to,  or  used  at, 
preachings  or  public  assemblies.  “ Conciona- 
tonj  invectives.”  Howell. 

CON-ClSE',  a.  [L.  concido,  concisus,  to  divide 
into  short  members,  as  sentences ; con,  with, 
and  ctedo,  to  cut ; It.  Sp.  conciso  ; Fr.  concis .] 
Expressed  in  few  words  ; laconic  ; summary  ; 
compendious;  brief;  short;  curt;  as,  “ A con- 
cise style.” 

Syn.  — See  Short. 

CON-CISE'LY,  ad.  Briefly  ; shortly  ; summarily  ; 
as,  “To  write  concisely.” 

CON-ClSE'N$SS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  con- 
cise ; brevity ; shortness.  “ Sketched  with  the 
spirit  and  conciseness  of  Horace.”  Warton. 

CON-CI"§ION  (-stzh'un,  93),  n.  [L.  concisio  ; Sp. 
concision .]  A cutting  oil' ; excision,  [it.]  South. 

CON-CI-tA'TION,  n.  [L.  concitatio  ; It.  concita- 
zione;  Sp.  concitacion ; Fr.  concitation.]  The 
act  of  exciting ; excitement,  [it.]  Browne. 

+ CON-ClTE',  v.  a.  [L.  concito ; con,  with,  and 
ci'to,  to  incite.]  To  excite.  Cotgrave. 

CON-CIT'I-ZEN,  n.  A fellow-citizen.  Knox. 

f CON-CLA-MA'TION  (kong-klsi-ma'shun),  n.  [L. 
conclamatio  ; core,  with,  and  clamo,  to  cry  out.] 
An  outcry,  or  shout,  of  many  together.  Mag. 

||  CON'CLAVE  (kong'klav,  82),  re.  [L.  conclave,  a 
room  that  may  be  locked  up ; con,  with,  and 
clavis,  a key  ; At.,  Sp.,  § Fr.  conclave .] 

1.  A private  room  ; — especially  the  room  in 
which  the  cardinals  elect  the  pope.  Cotgrave. 

2.  The  assembly  of  cardinals. 

I thank  the  holy  conclave  for  their  loves.  Shuk . 

3.  Any  close  assembly,  or  secret  council. 

The  great  seraphic  lords  and  cherubim 

In  close  recess  and  secret  conclave  sat.  Milton. 

||  CON'CLA-VlST,  re.  [Fr.  conclaviste.]  An  attend- 
ant or  servant  of  a cardinal  in  conclave.  Gibbon. 

CON-CLI'MATE,  v.  a.  To  inure  or  adapt  to  a 
climate  ; to  acclimatize,  [r.]  Qu.  Rev. 

CON-CLUDE',  v.  a.  [L.  conclude ; core,  with,  and 
claudo,  to  shut  up  ; It.  concliulere  ; Sp.  concluir ; 
Fr.  conclure.]  [i.  concluded  ; pp.  conclud- 
ing, CONCLUDED.] 

1.  fTo  shut  up  ; to  enclose. 

The  person  of  Christ  was  only  touching  bodily  substance 
concluded  within  the  grave.  Hooker. 

2.  fTo  include;  to  comprehend. 

God  hath  concluded  them  all  in  unbelief.  Horn.  xi.  32. 

3.  To  gather  as  a consequence  ; to  infer. 

No  man  can  conclude  God’s  love  or  hatred  to  any  person 
by  any  thing  that  befalls  him.  Tillotson. 

4.  To  determine ; to  decide  ; to  judge. 

But  no  frail  man,  however  great  or  high, 

Can  be  concluded  best  before  he  die.  Addison. 


5.  To  end  ; to  finish ; to  terminate. 

I will  conclude  this  part,  with  the  speech  of  a counsellor. 

Bacon. 

6.  To  cut  off,  or  bar,  from  further  appeal. 

He  never  refused  to  be  concluded  by  the  authority  of  one 
legally  summoned.  Atterbury. 

CON-CLUDE',  v.  re.  1.  To  come  to  a settled  opin- 
ion by  inference  ; to  determine. 

Can  we  conclude  upon  Luther’s  instability  because,  in  a 
single  notion,  no  way  fundamental,  he  had  some  doubl- 
ings ? Atterbury. 

4J3r*In  this  sense  it  was  formerly  sometimes  fol- 
lowed by  of.  “ I conclude  of  it  already  from  those 
performances. ” Addison . 

2.  To  come  to  a conclusion;  to  end.  “ And, 
to  conclude , they  are  lying  knaves.”  Sha7c. 

f CON-CLU'D^N-CY,  n.  Consequence  ; infer- 
ence. “A  necessary  . . . concludencg .”  Ilalc. 

f CON-CLU'DENT,  a.  Leading  to  a conclusion  ; 
decisive.  “ Concludent  arguments.”  Hale. 

CON-CLUD'^R,  n.  One  who  concludes.  Mountagu. 

CON-CLUD'ING,  p.  a.  Bringing  to  a conclusion  ; 
ending;  last;  as,  “ A concluding  sentence.” 

CON-CLUD'ING-LY,  ad.  Conclusively.  D'igby. 

f CON-CLU'SI-BLE,  a.  Determinable.  Hammond. 

CON-CLU'^ION  (kpn-klu'zhun,  93),  n.  [L .conclu- 
sio  ; It.  conclusione ; Sp.  4 Fr.  conclusion.'} 

1.  Consequence  or  inference  ; deduction. 

It  is  of  the  nature  of  principles  to  yield  a conclusion  differ- 
ent from  themselves.  Tillotson. 

2.  Final  result  or  decision  ; determination. 

Lot  us  hear  the  conclusion  of  the  whole  matter:  fear  God 
and  keep  his  commandments,  for  this  is  the  whole  duty  of 
man.  Fccles.  xii.  13. 

When  something  is  simply  affirmed  to  be  true,  it  is  called 
a proposition;  after  it  has  been  found  to  be  true,  by  several 
reasons  or  arguments,  it 'is  called  a conclusion.  Fleming. 

3.  Termination  ; completion  ; end;  as,  “The 
conclusion  of  a discourse.” 

tCON-CLU'§ION-AL,  a.  Concluding.  Hooper. 

CON-CLU'SIVE,  a.  [It.  § Sp.  conclusivo;  Fr. 
conclusif.] 

1.  Tliat  determines ; putting  an  end  to  de- 
bate ; final ; decisive  ; unanswerable  ; convin- 
cing ; as,  “ A conclusive  argument.” 

2.  Having  due  logical  form.  “ Conclusive 

modes  and  figures.”  Locke. 

CON-CLU'SIVE-LY,  ad.  In  a conclusive  manner. 

CON-CLU'SIVE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  con- 
clusive ; decisiveness.  Hale. 

CON-CLU'SO-RY,  a.  Tending  to  conclude  ; con- 
clusive. Clarkson. 

CON-CO-AG'U-LATE  (kong-ko-Sg'pu-lat),  V.  a. 
[See  Coagulate.]  To  curdle  or  congeal  one 
thing  with  another ; to  coagulate,  [it.]  Boyle. 

CON-CO-Ag  y-LA'TION,  re.  The  act  of  concoag- 
ulating ; a coagulation,  [r.]  Boyle. 

CON-COCT',  v.  a.  [L.  concoquo,  concoctus  ; con, 
with,  and  coquo,  to  cook  ; It.  concuocere.]  \i. 

CONCOCTED  ; pp.  CONCOCTING,  CONCOCTED.] 

1.  To  digest  by  the  stomach  ; to  turn  food  to 
chyle.  “ The  food  is  concocted.”  Cheyne. 

2.  To  bring  to  perfection,  or  to  maturity,  by 
natural  processes  ; to  mature. 

The  root  which  continueth  ever  in  the  earth  is  still  con- 
cocted by  the  earth,  whereas  leaves  arc  out  and  perfect  in  a 
month.  Bacon. 

3.  To  devise  ; to  plot ; to  plan  ; as,  “To  con- 
coct a scheme.” 

CON-COCT'ER,  re.  One  who  concocts.  Milton. 

CON-COC'TION,  re.  [L.  concoctio ; It.  concozione  ; 
Sp.  cordon  ; Fr.  concoction.\ 

1.  The  act  of  concocting  ; the  process  of 
turning  food  to  chyle  ; digestion. 

The  word  concoction  or  digestion  is  chiefly  taken  into  use 
from  living  creatures  and  their  organs.  Bacon. 

2.  The  process  of  bringing  to  maturity. 
“ From  crudity  to  perfect  concoction.”  Bacon. 

3.  The  act  or  the  process  of  devising  or  pre- 
paring any  thing. 

This  was  an  error  in  the  first  concoction.  Dri/den. 

CON-COC'TIVE,  a.  Having  power  to  concoct. 
“ Concoctive  heat.”  Milton. 

j-  CON-COL'OR  (kon-kul'Iur),  a.  [L.  concolor; 
con,  with,  and  color,  color.]  Of  one  color.  “In 
concolor  animals.”  Browne. 


con-com'i-tAnce,  ) M.  [L.  con>  w!thj  and 

CON-COM'I-tAn-CY,  ) comit'or,  comitans,  to  ac- 
company ; comes,  a companion  ; It.  concomitan- 
za;  Sp.  concomitancia  \ Fr.  concomitance .]  The 
state  of  being  concomitant ; subsistence  or  con- 
nection with  something  else  ; accompaniment. 
“ The  concomitance  of  pain  and  sorrow.”  More. 

CON-COM'I-TAnt,  a.  [L.  concomitans ; core, 
with,  and  comitor,  comitans,  to  accompany  ; It. 
Sj  Sp.  concomitante  ; Fr.  concomitant .]  Accom- 
panying ; conjoined  with  ; concurrent  with. 

It  has  pleased  our  wise  Creator  to  anuex  to  several  objects 
...  a concomitant  pleasure.  Locke. 

CON-COM'I-TANT,  re.  A person  or  thing  that 
accompanies,  or  that  is  collaterally  connected. 

All  motion  is  in  time,  and  therefore  implies  time  as  its 
concomitant.  < Harris. 

CON-COM'I-TANT- LY,  ad.  In  company.  South. 

t CON-COM'I-TATE,  v.  a.  To  be  concomitant 
with.  “ Which  concomitates  a pleurisy.”  Harvey. 

CON  COM' MO-DO.  [It.]  ( Mus .)  With  a con- 
venient grade  of  time ; — written  also  core  como- 
do.  Warner. 

CON'CORD  (kong'kord,  82),  re.  [L.,  It.,  <5;  Sp.  Concor- 
dia ; core,  with,  and  cor,  the  heart ; Fr.  concorde. ] 

1.  Agreement ; peace  ; union  ; unity. 

And  the  firm  chain  of  concord  binds  them  all.  Faickes. 

2.  Just  proportion  of  sound ; harmony. 
“ True  concord  of  well-tuned  sounds.”  Sheik. 

3.  f Compact.  “By  the  concord  made  be- 
tween Henry  and  Roderick.”  Davies. 

4.  (Mus.)  A union  of  two  or  more  sounds, 

which,  by  their  harmony,  produce  an  agreeable 
effect  upon  the  ear.  Moore. 

5.  (Gram.)  The  agreement  of  one  word  with 
another,  in  case,  gender,  number,  or  person. 

Syn.  — See  Melody,  Union. 

f CON-CORD',  v.  re.  [L.  concordo.]  To  agree. 
“ Ready  to  concord  with  them.”  Clarendon. 

CON-CORD'A-BLE,  a.  [L.  concordabilis .]  Agree- 
ing ; harmonious.  Todd. 

CON-CORD'A-BLY,  ad.  With  concord.  Rogers. 

CON-CORD'ANCE,  re.  [L.  concordo,  concordans, 
to  agree  together  ; It.  concordanza  ; Sp.  concor- 
dancia;  Fr.  concordance.'] 

1.  Agreement;  harmony.  “Where  all  the 

elements  concordance  have.”  Browne. 

2.  f (Gram.)  Concord.  “ After  the  three  con- 

cordances learned,  let  the  master  read  unto  him 
the  epistles  of  Cicero.”  Ascham. 

3.  An  alphabetical  index  or  dictionary  in 
which  all  the  passages  of  a book,  as  the  Bible, 
that  contain  the  same  word  are  brought  togeth- 
er, and  references  made  to  the  places  where 
they  occur  ; as,  “ Cruden’s  Concordance.” 

j&jy-  Walker  says  that  “some  speakers  pronounce 
the  word  concordance  with  the  accent  on  the  first 
syllable,  when  it  signifies  a dictionary  of  the  Bi- 
ble.” All  t lie  English  orthoepists,  however,  concur 
in  placing  the  accent  oil  tile  second  syllable. 

CON-COR'DAN-CY,  re.  Agreement.  W.  Mountagu. 

CON-COR'DANT,  a.  [It.  <§•  Sp . concordante ; Fr. 
concordant .] 

1.  Having  concordance  ; agreeable  ; agreeing. 
“Points  concordant  to  their  natures.”  Browne. 

2.  (Mus.)  Noting  consonant  or  harmonious 

combinations.  Moore. 

CON-COR'DANT,  re.  That  which  is  correspondent; 
that  which  agrees  ; concordance.  “ I gave  my 
reasons  byreciting . . . concordants.” Mountagu. 

CON-COR'DANT-LY,  ad.  In  concordance. 

CON-COR'DAT,  re.  [L.  concordo,  concordatus,  to 
agree  together  ; It.  § Sp.  concordato;  Fr.  con- 
cordat.] 

1.  A compact ; a convention.  Swift. 

2.  A formal  agreement  between  the  see"  of 

Rome  and  any  foreign  government,  by  which  the 
ecclesiastical  discipline  of  the  Roman  Catholic 
clergy  and  the  management  of  the  churches  and 
benefices  within  the  territory  of  that  govern- 
ment are  regulated;  as,  “The  concordat  be- 
tween Pius  VII.  and  the  Emperor  Napoleon,  in 
1802.”  Polit.  Diet. 

CON-COR'DIST,  re.  An  author  of  a concordance. 
“ Cruden,  the  concordist.”  Ch.  Ob. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long-  A,  E,  !,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  ?,  J,  O,  IT,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


CONCORDLY 


287 


CONCUSSION 


f CON'OORD-Ly,  ad.  Concordably.  “ Hath  or- 
derly and  concorcUy  thus  proceeded.”  Gregory. 

f-  CON-COR'PO-RAL,  a.  [L.pl . concorporales ; con, 
with,  and  corpus,  the  body.]  Belonging  to  the 
same  body.  Bailey. 

CON-COR'PO-rAtE,  v.  a.  [L.  concorporo,  con- 
'corporatus ; con,  with,  and  corpus,  the  body.] 
To  unite  in  one  mass  or  body.  “We  are  all 
concorporatecl,  and  made  copartners  of  the  prom- 
ise in  Christ.”  [it.]  Abp.  Usher. 

CON-COR'PO-RATE,  v.  n.  To  unite  into  one 
body.  “Things  of  like  nature  presently  concor- 
porate.”  Bp.  Hopkins. 

CON-COR-PO-rA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  uniting 
in  one  body  or  mass,  [r.]  More. 

CON'COURSE  (kong'kors,  82),  n.  [L.  concursus ; 
con,  with,  and  curro,  to  run  ; It.  concorso  ; Sp. 
concurso ; Fr.  concours .] 

1.  A confluence  of  many  persons  or  things 
to  one  place  ; a flocking  together. 

Do  all  the  nightly  guards. 

The  concourse  of  all  good  men,  strike  thee  nothing? 

B.  Jonson. 

The  good  frame  of  the  universe  was  not  the  product  of 
chance,  or  fortuitous  concourse  of  particles  of  matter.  Hale. 

2.  Persons  assembled ; an  assembly. 

The  council  was  maintained 

With  such  a concourse,  that  the  shores  rung  with  the  tu- 
mult made.  Chapman. 

3.  f The  point  or  the  line  of  junction  of  two 
bodies. 

The  drop  will  begin  to  move  towards  the  concourse  of  the 
glasses.  Newton. 

4.  Cooperation ; assistance  ; aid.  [r.] 

The  divine  Providence  is  wont  to  afford  its  concourse  to 
such  proceedings.  Marrow. 

CON-CR1J-ATE',  v.  a.  [L.  con,  with,  and  era),  to 
create;  It. concreare.]  Tocreateatthesametime. 
“ A rule  concreated  with  man.”  [r.]  Feltham. 

f CON-CRED'IT,  v.  a.  [L.  concrcdo,  concreditus  ; 
con,  with,  and  credo,  to  trust.]  To  intrust.  “ Im- 
portant matters  concredited  to  him.”  Barroio. 

fCON-CRIJ-MA'TION,  n.  [L.  concrematio ; con- 
cremo,  concrematus ; con,  with,  and  cremo,  to 
burn.]  The  act  of  burning  together.  Bailey. 

CON'CRIJ-MENT  (kong'kre-ment),  n.  [L.  concre- 
mentum ; con,  with,  and  cresco,  to  grow ; Sp.  con- 
cremento.\  A mass  formed  by  concretion.  Hale. 

CON-CRES'CIJNCE,  n.  [L.  concrescentia ; con- 
cresco,  to  grow  together  ; con,  with,  and  cresco, 
to  grow ; Sp.  concrescencia.]  The  act  of  grow- 
ing by  spontaneous  union,  or  the  union  of  sep- 
arate particles.  Raleigh. 

CON-CRES'CI-BLE,  a.  That  maybe  concreted; 
capable  of  concretion.  Smart. 

CON-CRES'CIVE,  a.  Growing  together.  Ec.  Rev. 

CON-CRETE',  v.  n.  [L.  concresco,  concrctas,  to 
grow  together  ; con,  with,  and  cresco,  to  grow.] 
ft.  CONCRETED  ; pp.  CONCRETING,  CONCRETED.] 

1.  To  coalesce  into  one  mass  ; to  grow  by  co- 
hesion of  parts  ; to  coagulate.  “ The  particles 
of  the  salt  before  they  concreted.”  Newton. 

2.  To  exist  in  union  with  something.  “ Color 

concreted  with  figure.”  Harris. 

CON-CRETE',  v.  a.  To  form  by  concretion. 
“Divers  bodies  that  are  concreted  out  of 
others.”  Hale. 

CON'CRETE,  or  CON-CRETE'  [kong'kret,  F.  Sm. ; 
kon'kvet,  S.  P.  E.  R.  C.  IV  b. ; kon-kret',  W.  Ja. 
K.  Ash.  — See  Discrete],  a.  [L.  concretus  ; 
Sp.  concrcto;  Fr.  concret.  — See  Concrete,  v.  n.] 

1.  Formed  by  concretion ; composed  of  par- 
ticles or  parts  united  in  one  mass ; as,  “ A con- 
crete substance.” 

2.  Frozen ; congealed. 

The  concrete  rain  fell  rattling  on  the  mail.  Fanshaw. 

3.  {Logic.)  Noting  the  conception  or  the  ex- 

pression of  a quality  which  refers  to  or  implies 
some  particular  subject  in  which  the  quality 
exists  ; — opposed  to  abstract.  P.  Cyc. 

If  we  observe  them,  we  shall  find  that  our  simple  ideas 
have  all  abstract,  as  well  as  concrete,  names,  the  one  a sub- 
stantive, the  other  an  adjective;  as,  whiteness,  white;  sweet- 
ness, sweet.  Locke. 

Concrete  is  opposed  to  abstract.  The  names  of  individuals 
are  concrete-,  those  of  classes,  abstract.  A concrete  name  is  a 
name  which  stands  for  a thing;  as.  " This  table  an  abstract 
name  is  a name  which  stands  for  the  attribute  of  a thing;  as, 
**  This  table  is  square."  Mill. 


When  the  notion  derived  from  the  view  taken  of  any  ob- 
ject, is  expressed  with  a reference  to,  or  as  in  conjunction 
with,  the  object  that  furnished  the  notion,  it  is  expressed  by 
a concrete  term,  as  "foolish,”  or  fool";  when  without  any 
such  reference,  by  an  abstract  term,  as  “ folly.”  ]V hotel tj. 

Concrete  number,  a number  which  is  associated  with 
some  object  or  objects,  as  the  number  3 in  the  expres- 
sion “ 3 pounds.” 

CON'CRETE  (kong'kret)  [kong'kret,  W.  J.  Sm.; 
kon'kret,  S.  J.],  n. 

1.  A mass  formed  by  concretion  ; a compound. 

They  pretend  to  be  able,  by  the  tire,  to  divide  all  concretes, 

minerals  and  others,  into  distinct  substances.  Moyle. 

2.  [Masonry .)  A composition  of  lime,  sand, 
and  pebbles,  which  concretes  into  a hard  mass  ; 
— used  for  the  foundation  of  buildings,  the 
floors  of  cellars,  &c. 

3.  ( Logic .)  That  which  is  concrete  ; a con- 
crete name  or  term.  — See  Concrete,  a.  No.  3. 

A knave,  a fool,  a philosopher,  and  many  other  concretes, 
are  substantives,  as  well  as  knavery,  folly,  and  philosophy, 
which  are  the  abstract  terms  that  belong  to  them.  If  atis. 

“ I apprehend  the  accent  ought  to  be  placed  on 
the  first  syllable  of  concrete  when  a substantive,  and 
on  the  last  when  an  adjective.”  Walker. 

CON-CRET'IED,  p.  a.  Formed  by  concretion  ; co- 
agulated ; as,  “ A concreted  mass.” 

CON-CRETE' LY,  ad.  In  a concrete  manner ; not 
abstractedly.  Norris. 

CON-CRETE'NIJSS,  n.  The  state  of  being  con- 
crete ; concretion.  Bailey. 

CON-CRE'TION,  n.  [L.  concret  to ; It.  concrezi- 
one  ; Sp.  concrecion  ; Fr.  concretion.] 

1.  The  act  of  concreting  ; coagulation. 

2.  The  state  of  being  concreted  ; — applied  to 
things  or  to  ideas. 

The  mind  surmounts  all  power  of  concretion , and  can 
place  in  the  simplest  manner  every  attribute  by  itself.  Harris. 

3.  A mass  concreted  ; a compound. 

He  relates  that  it  [the  halcyon’s  nest]  resembled  those  con- 
cretions which  are  formed  by  sea-water.  Pennant. 

CON-CRE'TION-AL,  a.  Implying  concretion  ; 
pertaining  to  concretion.  Brande. 

CON-CRE'TION-A-RY,  a.  Relating  to  or  having 
concretions  ; concretional.  P.  Cyc. 

CON-CRE'TIVE,  a.  Causing  concretion  ; coagu- 
lative.  ‘ Browne. 

CON-CRE'TIVE-LY,  ad.  In  a concretive  manner. 

f CON-CRET'URE,  n.  Amass  formed  by  concre- 
tion ; a concretion.  Johnson. 

t CON-CREW'  (kon-kru'),  v.  n.  [L.  con,  with,  and 
cresco,  to  increase.]  To  grow  together.  Spenser. 

CON-CRIM-I-NA'TION,  n.  Joint  crimination,  or 
accusation,  [r.]  Maunder. 

CON-CU'BI-NA-CY,  n.  The  practice  of  concu- 
binage ; fornication. 

Their  country  was  very  infamous  for  concvbinacy,  adulte- 
ry, and  incest.  Strypc. 

CON-CU'Bl-NAtjrE,  n.  [L.  concubinatus  ; concuho, 
to  lie  with ; con,  with,  and  cubo,  to  recline  ; Fr. 
concubinage.] 

1.  The  cohabitation  of  a man  with  a woman 

• to  whom  he  is  not  united  by  marriage.  Burrill. 

2.  (Law.)  A plea  or  exception,  in  the  old 

action  of  dower,  that  the  claimant  was  not  law- 
fully married  to  the  party  from  whose  lands  she 
sought  to  be  endowed.  Burrill. 

CON-CU'BI-NAL,  a.  [L.  concubinalis.]  Relat- 
ing to  a concubine  or  to  concubinage,  [r.]  Ash. 

CON-CU'BI-NA-RY,  a.  Relating  to  concubinage. 

CON-CU'BI-NA-RY,  n.  [It.  <Sj-  Sp.  concubinario ; 
Fr.  concubinaire.]  One  who  practises  concu- 
binage. Bp.  Taylor. 

f CON-CU'BI-NATE,  n.  The  state  of  concubi- 
nage. “ Such  marriages  were  no  better  than  a 
mere  concubinate.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

CON'CU-BlNE  (kong'kn-Mn),  n.  [L.  coneubina ; 
It.  &;  Sp.  coneubina ; Fr.  concubine.  — See  Con- 
cubinage.] 

1.  A wife  of  second  rank.  Cruden. 

2.  A woman  kept  by  a man  for  cohabitation, 
but  not  his  wife  ; a mistress. 

I know  I am  too  mean  to  be  your  queen, 

And  yet  too  good  to  be  your  concubine.  Shale. 

t CON-CUL'cAte,  v.  a.  [L.  conculco,  conculcatus  ; 
con,  with,  and  calco,  to  tread  ; calx,  the  heel ; 
It.  conculcare .]  To  tread  under  foot.  Mountagu. 


f CON-CUL-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  conculcatio .]  A 
trampling  with  the  feet.  Bailey. 

CON-CU'PIS-CENCE,  n.  [L.  concupiscentia,  con- 
cupisco,  to  lust  after ; con,  with,  and  cupio,  to 
desire;  It.  concupiscenza ; Sp.  concupiscentia ; 
Fr.  concupiscence.]  Carnal  appetite ; lust.  “We 
know  secret  concupiscence  to  be  sin.”  Hooker. 

CON-CU'PIS-CENT,  a.  [L.  coneupisco,  concupis- 
cens,  to  lust  after;  Fr.  concupiscent .]  Libidi- 
nous ; lecherous.  Shah. 

fCON-CU-PIS-CEN'TIAL,  a.  Relating  to  concu- 
piscence ; concupiscent.  Johnson. 

CON-CU'PIS-CI-BLE,  a.  [It.,  Sp.,  § Fr.  concu- 
gnscible.]  Concupiscent,  [r.]  Shah. 

CON-CU'PIS-C!-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  concupisciblc  ; concupiscence,  [r.]  Scott. 

CON-CUR',  v.  n.  [L.  concurro,  to  run  together  ; 
con,  with,  and  curro,  to  run  ; It.  concorrere ; Sp. 
concurrir ; Fr.  concourir.]  [i.  concurred  ; pp. 
CONCURRING,  CONCURRED.] 

1.  To  meet  in  one  point;  to  come  together. 

Bv  what  means  were  they  together  brought? 

They  err  that  say  they  did  concur  by  chance.  Davies. 

2.  To  contribute  with  joint  power ; to  help. 

No  decree  of  mine 

Concurring  to  necessitate  his  fall.  Milton. 

Extremes  in  nature  equal  good  produce; 

Extremes  in  man  concur  to  general  use.  Topic. 

3.  To  coincide  ; to  agree;  to  harmonize. 

Judgment  and  genius  so  concur  in  thee, 

And  both  unite  in  perfect  harmony.  Congreve. 

CON-CUR'RENCE,  n.  [It.  concorrenza ; Sp.  con- 
currencia ; F r.  concurrence.] 

1.  The  act  of  concurring ; combination  of 
events  oi  circumstances  ; conjuncture. 

He  views  our  behavior  in  every  concuiTence  of  affairs. 

Addison. 

2.  The  act  of  joining  in  any  opinion,  design, 
or  measure  ; conjunction;  agreement. 

Tarquin  the  Proud  was  expelled  by  an  universal  concur- 
rence of  nobles  and  people.  Swift. 

3.  Cooperation  ; assistance  ; aid. 

From  these  sublime  images  we  collect  the  greatness  of  the 
work,  and  the  necessity  of  the  divine  concurrence  to  it. 

Moyers. 

4.  Joint  right  or  power  ; equal  claim  ; as,  “ A 

concurrence  of  jurisdiction.”  Aytiffe. 

CON-CUR'R  pN-Cy,  n.  Same  as  Concurrence. 

CON-CUR'RJENT,  a.  [It.  concorrente;  Sp.  con - 
currente.] 

1.  Acting  in  conjunction  ; agreeing  in  the 
same  act ; contributing  to  the  same  event. 

The  Egyptians,  by  the  concurrent  testimony  of  antiquit}', 
were  amongst  the  first  who  taught  that  the  soul  was  immor- 
tal. Warlurton. 

2.  Conjoined;  associate;  concomitant. 

There  is  no  difference  between  the  concurrent  echo  and 
the  iterant  but  the  quickness  or  slowness  of  the  return.  Bacon. 

3.  Having  the  same  right  or  claim ; equal  in 
authority  ; as,  “ Concurrent  jurisdiction.” 

CON-OUR'RJgNT,  n.  1.  He  or  that  which  concurs. 

2.  A joint  or  contributory  cause. 

To  all  affairs  of  importance  there  are  three  necessary  con- 
currents— time,  industry,  and  faculties.  Decay  of  Piety. 

3.  f Equal  right;  joint  claim.  Careio. 

4.  pi.  (Citron.)  The  supernumerary  days  in  the 

year  over  fifty-two  weeks;  — so  called  because 
they  concur  with  the  solar  cycle,  whose  course 
they  follow.  Ogilvie. 

CON-CUR'RyNT-LY,  ad.  In  a concurrent  man- 
ner. Mountagu. 

CON-CUR'RENT-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
concurrent.  Scott. 

CON-CUR'RING,  p.  a.  Agreeing;  uniting. 

CON-CUSS',  v.  a.  [L.  concutio,  conrussus.]  To 
shake  violently,  [r.]  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

f CON-CUS-SA'TION,  n.  Agitation  ; concussion. 
“ Astonishing  concussation.”  Bp.  Hall. 

f CON-CUSSED'  (-kust'), /).  re.  Shaken.  Daniel. 

CON-CUS'SION  (kon-kush'un,  921,  n.  [L.  concus- 
sio ; concutio,  concussus,  to  shake ; It.  concus- 
sione : Sp.  concusion  ; Fr.  concussion.] 

1.  A shaking  or  agitation  ; a shock. 

Beefs  which  appear  rude  and  broken,  ns  some  violent  con- 
cussion would  naturally  leave  the  solid  substances  of  the 
earth.  Cook. 

2.  (Surgery.)  The  disturbance  and  injury 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  9,  9,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  ^ as  z;  y as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


CONCUSSIVE 


CONDITIONATE 


288 


communicated  to  an  organ,  particularly  the 
brain,  by  a fall  or  a blow.  Dunglison. 

Syn.  — See  Shock. 

CON-CUS'SJVE,  a.  [It.  concussivo.)  Having  the 
power  of  shaking;  agitating.  Johnson. 

CON-CUS  SY,  a.  Noting  a certain  kind  of  knots 
in  timber-trees.  [Local,  U.  S.] 

Concussy  knots  are  at  the  roots  of  limbs  which 
have  decayed  and  are  destitute  of  hark,  in  conse- 
quence of  which  tlio  rottenness  extends  to  the  trunk 
and  into  the  heart  of  the  tree.  Maine  Timber. 

COND,  v.  a.  [Fr.  conduire,  to  conduct.]  (Xaut.) 
To  conduct  a ship  to  a right  course  ; to  direct 
the  steersman  how  to  steer  ; to  cun.  Crabb. 

CON-DEMN'  (kon-dem'),  v.  a.  [L.  condemno  ; con, 
with,  and  damno,  to  doom  ; It.  condannare ; Sp. 
condenar  ; Fr.  comlamner.\  [/.condemned; 

pp.  CONDEMNING,  CONDEMNED.] 

1.  To  adjudge,  .judge,  or  pronounce  guilty ; 
to  doom  to  punishment;  to  sentence. 

The  Son  of  Man  shall  be  betrayed  unto  . . . the  scribes, 
and  they  shall  condemn  him  to  death.  Mutt.  xx.  18. 

2.  To  reprobate  ; to  disapprove  ; to  censure  ; 
to  blame. 

They  who  approve  my  conduct  in  this  particular  are  much 
more  numerous  than  those  who  condemn  it.  Spectator. 

3.  (Xaut.  & Com.)  To  adjudge  to  be  unsea- 
worthy,  as  a ship  : — to  declare  to  be  forfeited, 
as  a ship  or  her  cargo. 

CON-DEM'NA-BLE,  a.  Blamable  ; censurable; 
culpable.  “Condcmnable  superstition.”  Browne. 

COX-Dfpi-NA'TION,  n.  [L.  condemnatio  ; It. 
condennazione ; Sp.  condenacion ; Fr.  condam- 
nation .] 

1.  The  act  of  condemning;  a sentence  of  pun- 
ishment for  guilt. 

There  is  therefore  now  no  condemnation  to  them  who  are 
in  Christ,  who  walk  not  after  the  flesh,  but  alter  the  Spirit. 

Bom.  viii.  1. 

2.  Blame ; censure  ; reproof.  Paley. 

3.  The  state  of  being  condemned. 

Swear  not . . . lest  ye  fall  into  condemnation.  James  v.  12. 

4.  That  which  condemns ; cause  of  blame. 

This  is  the  condemnation,  that  light  is  come  into  the  world, 
and  men  loved  darkness  rather  than  light.  John  iii.  U). 

CON-DEM'NA-TO-RY,  a.  [It.  condannatorio ; Sp. 
condenatono .]  Implying  condemnation  or  cen- 
sure. “ A condemnatory  sentence.”  Speed. 

CON-DEM'N|jD-LY,  ad.  In  a manner  to  be  con- 
demned. [k.]  Feltham. 

CON-DEM'NpR,  n.  One  who  condemns,  or  cen- 
sures ; a censurer.  Bp.  Taylor. 

CON-DEN-SA-BIL'J-TY,  n.  [Fr.  cmdensabilite.) 
The  quality  of  being  condensable.  Spiers. 

CON-DEN'SA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  condensed. 
“ This  agent . . . condensable  yet  further.”  Digby. 

CON-DEN'SATE,  v.  a.  [L.  condenso , condensatus ; 
con,  with,  and  denso,  to  make  dense ; It.  c-on- 

densere ; Sp.  condensar.)  To  condense;  to 

thicken,  [it.]  Hammond. 

CON-DEN'SATE,  v.  n.  To  grow  thicker.  Bailey. 

+ CON-DEN'SATE,  a.  Made  thick;  condensed. 
“ Thickened  or  condensate.”  Peacham. 

CON-DJJN-SA'TION,  n.  [L.  condensatio ; It.  con- 
densazione-,  Sp.  condensacion ; Fr.  condensa- 
tion.') The  act  of  condensing  or  making  more 
dense ; compression. 

The  same  vapors,  being  by  further  condensation  formed 
into  rain,  fall  down  in  drops.  Derham. 

CON-DEN'S A-TIVE,  a.  Having  power  to  con- 
dense  ; tending  to  condense.  Todd. 

CON-DENSE',  v.  a.  [L.  condenso ; con,  with,  and 
denso,  to  make  dense  ; It.  condcnsare ; Sp.  con- 
densar-, Fr  .condenser.)  [/.condensed;  pp. 
CONDENSING,  CONDENSED.] 

1.  To  make  more  dense,  compact,  or  close; 
to  thicken  ; to  compress  ; as,  “ To  condense 
air  in  a close  vessel.” 

2.  To  bring  into  a smaller  compass ; to 
abridge;  to  shorten;  as,  “To  condense  lan- 
guage or  style.” 

3.  (Meek.  Arts.)  To  convert  vapors  into 
liquids  bv  cold;  as,  “To  condense  steam”; 
“To  condense  the  vapor  of  alcohol.” 

CON-DENSE',  v.  n.  1.  To  grow  dense ; to  thicken. 

The  water  docs  presently  condense  into  little  stones.  Boyle. 


2.  To  become  liquid.  “Vapors  when  they 

begin  to  condense.”  Xewton. 

CON-DENSE',  a.  Thick  ; dense  ; condensed. 

They  color,  shape,  and  size 

Assume,  as  likes  them  best,  condense  or  rare.  Milton. 

CON-DENSED'  (kon-denst'),  p.  a.  Made  dense; 
compressed. 

In  what  shape  they  choose, 

Dilated  or  condensed.  Milton. 

CON-DENS'ER,  n.  [Fr . condctiseur .]  He  who,  or 
that  which,  condenses  : — a vessel  in  which  any 
thing  is  condensed,  — particularly  a vessel 
used  to  liquefy  vapors  by  exposing  it  to  a jet  or 
current  of  cool  water.  Quincy. 

CON-DENS'ING,  p.  a.  1.  Growing  dense. 

Like  the  dread  stillness  of  condensing  storms.  Johnson. 

2.  Used  for  condensing;  as,  “ A condensing 
syringe.” 

CON-DEN'Sl-TY,  n.  [Sp.  condensidad.)  Dense- 
ness ; density,  [n.]  Bailey. 

CON'D^R,  n.  [Fr.  conduire,  to  conduct.] 

1.  One  employed  to  stand  on  a high  place 
near  the  sea,  for  the  purpose  of  directing  her- 
ring-fishers where  the  shoal  passes.  Cowell. 

2.  (Xaut.)  One  who  directs  the  helmsman 

how  to  steer ; a pilot.  Clarke. 

f CON-Dg-SCENCE',  n.  Condescendence.  “See 
the  condesccnce  of  this  great  king.”  Puller. 

CON-D1J-SCEND'  (kon-de-send'),  v.  n.  [L.  con, 
with,  and  descendo,  to  descend  ; It.  condescen- 
dere  ; Sp.  condescendcr  ; Fr.  condescendre.)  [i. 
CONDESCENDED  ; pp.  CONDESCENDING,  CONDE- 
SCENDED.] 

1.  To  recede  from  a position  ; to  abate  a pre- 
tension ; to  submit ; to  yield  ; to  stoop  ; to  bend. 

They  would  hear  no  reason,  neither  yet  condescend  to  re- 
store any  thing  else  which  they  had  of  ours.  Hackluyt. 

Can  they  think  me  so  broken,  so  debased 
With  cornoral  servitude,  that  my  mind  ever 
Will  condescend  to  such  ubsurd  commands?  Milton. 

2.  To  accommodate  one’s  self  to  another  by 
descending  from  the  privileges  of  superior  rank 
or  dignity ; to  come  down  to  an  equality  with 
another.  “ Condescend  to  men  of  low  estate.” 

Rom.  xii.  16. 

They  were  offended  because  he  condescended  to  converse 
with  people  of  bad  reputation,  with  publicans  and  sinners. 

Jortin. 

3.  fTo  assent ; to  agree. 

All  parties  willingly  condescended  hereunto.  Carew. 

Perhaps  I may  all  further  quarrel  end, 

So  ye  will  swear  my  judgment  to  abide. 

Thereto  they  both  did  frankly  condescend.  Spenser. 

CON-DE-SCEND'ENCE,  n.  [It.  condescend enza-, 
Sp.  condescendencia  ; Fr.  condescendance.)  The 
act  of  condescending;  a voluntary  submission 
or  yielding  ; condescension,  [r.]  Mountagu. 

f CON-DE-SCEN'DF,N-CY,  n.  The  act  of  conde- 
scending ; condescendence.  Bailey. 

CON-DE-SCEND'ING,  n.  Voluntary  humiliation. 
“ Most  familiar  condescending s.”  Hammond. 

CON-D^-SCEND'ING,  p.  a.  Stooping;  humble; 
meek  ; kind  ; courteous  ; accommodating.  “ A 
very  condescending  air.”  Watts. 

CON-Dfl-SCEND'ING-LY,  ad.  By  way  of  kind 
concession ; courteously ; kindly. 


CON-DE-SCEN'SION,  n.  [It . condesccnsionc.)  The 
act  of  condescending  ; voluntary  humiliation  ; 
descent  from  superiority ; deference  ; courtesy. 

It  forbids  pride,  and  ambition,  and  vain  glory,  and  com- 
mands humility,  and  modesty,  and  condescension  to  others. 

Tillotson. 

Syn.  — See  Complaisance. 

t CON-DIJ-SCEN'SIVE,  a.  [It.  condescetisivo.) 
Courteous  ; condescending.  “ Condescensive 
tenderness.”  [k.]  Barrow. 

f CON-D^-SCENT',  n.  Condescension.  Bp.  Hall. 


CON-DIGN'  (kon-dln'),  a.  [L.  condignus,  wholly 
or  very  worthy  ; con,  with,  used  intensively,  and 
dignus,  worthy;  It.  condegno-,  Sp.  conaigno; 
Fr.  condigne.)  Worthy  of  a person;  suitable; 
deserved  ; merited.  “ Her  endeavors  shall  not 
lack  condign  praise.”  JJdal.  “ Condign  writers 
to  register  his  acts.”  Sir  T.  Elyot. 

USf  This  word  is  now  used  only  or  chiefly  in  con- 
nection with  the  word  punishment-,  as,  “Condign 
punishment.”  Shale. 

CON-DIG'NT-TY,  n.  [It.  condegnitlr,  Sp.  condigni- 


dad;  Fr.  condignite.)  Merit;  desert;  — used 
especially  in  a theological  sense. 

Such  a worthiness  of  condignity  cannot  be  found  in  any 
the  best,  most  perfect  and  excellent  of  created  beings.  Bull. 

CON-DIGN'LY  (kon-dln'le),  ad.  Deservedly.  “A 
villany  condignly  punished.”  L.  Addison. 

CON-DIGN'NJJSS  (kon-dln'nes),  n.  The  quality  of 
being  condign ; suitableness  to  deserts.  Bailey. 

CON'DT-MENT,  n.  [L.  condimentum  ; condio,  to 
make  savory  ; It.  § Sp.  condimcnto-,  Fr.  condi- 
ment..) Any  thing  used  to  improve  the  flavor  of 
food,  or  to  excite  appetite  by  pungency  of  taste; 
a seasoning,  as  salt,  mustard,  pepper,  spice,  &c. 

Many  things  are  swallowed  by  animals  rather  for  condi- 
ment, gust,  or  medicament,  than  any  substantial  nutriment. 

Browne. 

CON-DIS-CI'PLE  (kon-djs-sl'pl),  n.  [L.  condiscip- 
ulus  ; con , with,  and  discipnlus , a disciple  ; I r. 
condisciple.)  A school-fellow,  or  fellow-disci- 
ple. Martin. 

CON-DlTE',  v.  a.  [L.  condio,  conditus ; It.  condire.) 
To  pickle  ; to  preserve.  “ Like  condited  or  pic- 
kled mushrooms.”  [r.]  Bp.  Taylor. 

f CON'DITE  (kon'djt),  a.  [It.  condito.)  Preserved; 
conserved.  “ Conclite  fruit.”  Burton. 

f CON'DITE-MENT,  n.  A composition  of  con- 
serves, powders,  and  spices  in  the  form  of  an 
electuary ; condiment.  llacket. 

f CON-DlT'ING,  n.  Act  of  preserving.  “The 
conditing  of  pears,  quinces,  and  the  like.”  Grew. 

CON-I)I''TION  (kon-dlsh'un),  n.  [L.  conditio-, 
condo,  conditus,  to  put  together,  to  build ; It. 
condizione  ; Sp.  condition  ; Fr.  condition.) 

1.  External  circumstances ; mode  of  exist- 
ence ; state  ; situation  ; predicament ; case. 

What  man’s  condition  can  be  worse 
Than  his  whom  plenty  starves  and  blessings  curse?  Cowley. 

2.  Quality  ; attribute  ; property. 

The  king  is  but  tt  non;  the  violet  smells,  the  element 
shows,  to  him  as  to  me;  all  his  senses  have  hut  human  con- 
ditions. Shah. 

3.  Something  required  to  be  done ; terms  of 
compact ; stipulation  ; article  of  agreement. 

For  all  our  good  we  hold  from  Heaven  by  lease. 

"With  many  forfeits  and  conditions  bound.  P.  Fletcher. 

Syn.  — See  Article,  Case,  Circumstance, 
Situation. 

CON-DI”TION,  v.  n.  [It.  condizionare ; Sp.  con- 
ditional- ; Fr. conditionner .)  [/.conditioned; 
pp.  conditioning,  conditioned.]  To  make 
terms;  to  stipulate;  to  bargain. 

Sir,  I must  condition 

To  have  this  gentleman  by  a witness.  B.  Jonson. 

CON-Dl''TlON  (kon-dlsh'un),  v.  a.  To  contract; 
to  agree  upon  ; to  stipulate,  [it.] 

It  was  conditioned  between  Saturn  and  Titan,  that  Saturn 
should  put  to  death  all  his  male  children.  Baleigh. 

CON-DI''TION-AL,  a.  [It . condizionale  \ Sp.  con- 
ditional-, Fr.  conditionnel.) 

1.  Implying  conditions,  stipulation,  or  sup- 
position ; depending  on  certain  terms  ; not  ab- 
solute ; as,  “ A conditional  promise.” 

Many  scriptures,  though  as  to  their  formal  terms  they  are 
absolute,  yet  as  to  their  sense  they  are  conditional.  South. 

A conditional  proposition  is  one  which  asserts  the  depend- 
ence of  one  categorical  proposition  on  another,  Abp.  Whately. 

2.  (Gram.  & Logic.)  Expressing  some  condi- 
tion or  supposition  ; as,  “ A conditional  con- 
junction ” ; “A  conditional  mode.” 

f CON-DI''TION-AL  (kqn-dlsh'un-?]),  n.  A limi- 
tation ; a condition.  Bacon. 

CON-DI-TION-AL'I-TY  (kon-dish-un-51'e-te),  n. 
The  quality  of  being  conditional ; limitation  by 
certain  terms.  [r.J  Decay  of  Piety. 

CON-Dl"TION-AL-LY,  ad.  With  conditions  or 
limitations  ; as,  “ To  agree  to  any  thing  condi- 
tionally.” 

CON-Di''TION-A-RY  (kon-dish'un-ft-re),  n.  A 
condition;  a stipulation.  “Would  God  dis- 
pense with  it  as  a conditionary."  [u.]  Xorris. 

CON-dF'TION-ATE,  v.  a.  [Fr.  conditionner .] 

1.  t To  qualify  ; to  regulate.  Browne. 

2.  To  make  conditional. 

The  condition  is  called  the  protasis  or  antecedent,  and  the 
thing  conditionuted  the  apodosis  or  conclusion.  GVAjs. 

f CON-DI''TION-ATE,  a.  Conditional.  “Barac’s 
answer  . . . conditionate.”  Bp.  Hall. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  1,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  ?,  (,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


CONDITIONED 


289 


CONFALON 


CON-DI''TTONED  (kon-disli'und),  re.  Having  con- 
ditions, or  qualities,  or  properties,  good  or  bad. 
The  dearest  friend  to  me,  the  kindest  man, 

The  best  conditioned.  Shak. 

f CON-DI"TION-LY,  ad.  On  particular  terms  ; 
conditionally.  Sidney. 

CON-DO'LA-TO-RY,  a.  Expressive  of  condolence; 
condoling.  Smart. 

CON-DOLE',  v.  n.  [L.  condoleo ; con,  with,  and 
' doleo,  to  lament ; It.  condolersi ; Sp.  condolerse ; 
Fr.  condouloir .]  [i.  condoled  ; pp.  condoling, 
condoled.]  To  share  in  another’s  sorrow ; to 
lament  with  others  ; to  sympathize. 

Your  friends  would  have  cause  to  rejoice,  rather  than  con- 
dole with  you.  Temple. 

CON-DOLE',  v.  a.  To  bewail ; to  lament  for. 

I come  not,  Samson,  to  condole  thy  chance.  Milton. 

CON-DOLE'MJJNT,  n.  1.  The  act  of  condoling; 
lamentation  with  others  ; condolence. 

They  presented  an  address  of  condolcmcnt  for  the  loss  of 
his  [William  III.]  queen.  Life  of  A.  Wood. 

2.  Grief;  sorrow;  mourning. 

To  persevere 

In  obstinate  condolemcnt  is  a course 

Of  impious  stubbornness,  unmanly  grief.  Shak. 

CON-DO'LJf.NCE,  re.  [It.  condoglienza ; Fr.  con- 
doleance.)  The  act  of  condoling  ; grief  for  the 
sorrows  of  another;  sympathy;  pity.  “With 
condolence  the  misfortune  share.’’  Croxall. 

Syn.  — See  Pity. 

CON-DOL'gU,  n.  One  who  condoles.  Johnson. 

CON-DOL'ING,  n.  Expression  of  condolence; 
condolence.  Bp.  Hall. 

CON-DO-NA'TION,  n.  [L.  condonatio;  It.  con- 
donazione ; Sp.  condonation.']  The  act  of  par- 
doning ; pardon  ; forgiveness.  Mountagu. 

CON-DONE',  v.  a.  [L.  condono,  condonatus ; It. 
condonare.]  To  pardon ; to  forgive,  [r.]  N.B.Rev. 

The  public  will  gladly  condone  his  earlier  errors.  Qu.  Lev. 

CON'DOR,  n.  [Sp.  condor.] 

( Ornith .)  The  great  vul- 
ture of  the  Andes,  one  of 
the  largest  birds  that  fly 
in  the  air ; Cathartes  gry- 
phus.  Van  Der  Hoeven. 

CON'DRO-DITE,  n.  (Min.) 

See  Chondiiodite. 

CON-DUCE',  v.  n.  [L.  con- 
duco ; con,  with,  and  duco, 
to  lead;  It. condurre ; Sp. 
conducir ; Fr.  conduire.)  [i.  conduced;  pp. 
conducing,  conduced.]  To  serve  some  pur- 
pose ; to  promote  an  end  ; to  contribute  ; to  tend. 

They  may  conduce  to  further  discoveries  for  completing 
the  theory  of  light.  Xewton . 

t CON-DUCE',  v.  a.  To  conduct. 

There  was  sent  into  my  lodgings  the  Cardinal  of  Bourbon 
to  conduce  me  to  my  lady’s  presence.  Wolsey  to  Henry  VIII. 

He  was  sent  to  conduce  hither  the  Princess  Henrietta 
Maria.  Wotton . 

fCON-DUCE'M^NT,  n.  The  act  of  leading  to  ; 
tendency.  Gregory. 

f CON-DU'CIJNT,  a.  That  may  contribute. 

Any  other  act  fitting  or  conducent  to  . . . success.  Abp.  Laud. 

CON-DU-CJ-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
conducible.  “ Their  conducibitity  to  the  pro- 
moting of  our  chief  end.”  [r.]  Wilkins. 

CON-DU'CJ-BLE,  a.  [L.  conclucibilis  ; It.  condu- 
cibilc .]  Promoting  ; conducive.  Bacon. 

CON-DU'CI-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
conducible  ; conducibility.  [r.]  More. 

CON-DU'CI-BLY,  ad.  In  a manner  promoting  an 
end.  [r.]  ’ Todd. 

CON-DU'CIVE,  a.  That  may  conduce  to  or  pro- 
mote ; promotive  ; assisting  ; aiding. 

An  action,  however  conducive  to  the  good  of  our  country, 
will  be  represented  as  prejudicial  to  it.  Addison. 

CON-DU'CIVE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
conducive ; conducibleness.  Boyle. 

CON'DUCT  (114),  n.  [L.  conduco,  conductvs , to 
lead;  core,  with,  and  duco,  to  lead;  It.  condot- 
ta  ; Sp.  eonducta  ; Fr.  conduite.] 

1.  The  act  of  leading,  guiding,  or  managing  ; 
management ; direction  ; administration. 

Conduct  of  armies  is  a prince’s  art.  Waller. 

Young  men,  in  the  conduct  of  actions,  fly  to  the  end  with- 
out consideration  of  the  means.  bacon. 


2.  Convoy  ; escort ; guard. 

His  nnyesty, 

Tendering  my  person’s  safety,  hath  appointed 

This  conduct  to  convey  me  to  the  Tower.  Shak. 

3.  A warrant  by  which  a convoy  is  appoint- 
ed, or  safety  is  assured.  Johnson. 

4.  Manner  of  life  ; behavior  ; deportment  ; 
demeanor  ; carriage ; manners. 

Wisdom  is  no  less  necessary  in  religious  and  moral  than 
in  civil  conduct.  Jiluir. 

5.  That  by,  or  through,  which  any  thing  is 
conveyed ; conduit,  [u.] 

God  is  the  fountain  of  honor;  and  the  conduct  by  which 
he  conveys  it  to  the  sons  of  men  are  virtuous  and  generous 
practices.  South. 

Syn. — See  Administration,  Carriage. 

CON-DUCT',  v.  a.  [L.  conduco,  conductus  ; It. 
condurre-,  Sp.  conducir  ; Fr. conduire.]  [i.  con- 
ducted ; pp.  conducting,  conducted.] 

1.  To  lead  ; to  direct ; to  guide  ; to  escort. 

Pray,  receive  them  nobly,  and  conduct  them 

Into  our  presence.  Shak. 

2.  To  lead  as  a general;  to  govern  or  control 
as  a chief;  to  command. 

Cortes  himself  conducted  the  third  and  smallest  division. 

Jlobcrtson. 

3.  To  carry  on  ; to  manage  ; to  regulate. 

lie  so  conducted  the  affairs  of  the  kingdom  that  he  made 
the  reign  of  a very  weak  prince  most  happy  to  the  English. 

Lord  Lytlleton. 

Syn.  — One  of  superior  intelligence  should  con- 
duct or  guide.  Conduct  or  guide  those  who  do  not 
know  the  road  ; lead  a child  or  a horse.  A vessel  is 
conducted  by  the  pilot,  and  guided  by  the  steersman. 
Conduct  is  applied  to  matters  of  importance.  A gen- 
eral conducts  an  army  ; a minister  of  state  conducts 
public  affairs  ; a lawyer  conducts  a cause  intrusted  to 
him  ; a merchant  manages  his  business  ; a superin- 
tendent directs  the  movements  of  subordinate  agents, 
or  regulates  the  movements  of  machinery,  or  the  op- 
erations of  business  ; a king  governs  his  subjects  ; a 
wise  man  governs  his  passions,  and  controls  his  ap- 
petite. 

CON-DUCT',  v.  n.  To  act;  to  conduct  one’s  self. 
“ Conduct  so  as  not  to  give  offence.”  Dr.  J.  Eliot. 

It  is  often  used  thus  as  a neuter  verb  in  the  U. 
S.,  though  not  authorized  l>y  good  usage  in  England  ; 
as,  “ He  conducts  well,  instead  of  he  conducts  himself 
well.”  Pickering. 

CON-DUC-TJ-BIL'I-TY,  re.  [Fr.  conductibilite .] 
The  quality  of  being  conductible.  Wheatstone. 

CON-DUC'TI-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  conducted  or 
conveyed.  Wheatstone. 

CON-DUCT'ING,  p.  a.  Leading;  directing. 

CON-DUC'TION,  re.  [L.  com!  net  to  ; Vr.  conduction.] 

1.  fTlie  act  of  training  up.  “Every  man  has 
his  beginning  and  conduction.”  B.  Jonson. 

2 (Chem.)  The  act  of  conducting,  as  caloric 
or  electricity.  Dewey. 

CON-DyC-TI''TIOUS  (kon-duk-tish'us),  a.  [L. 
conductitius.]  Hired  ; employed  for  wages. 
“ Persons  . . . entirely  conductitious  and  remov- 
able at  pleasure.”  [r.]  Ayliffe. 

CON-DUC'TI VE,  a.  (Elec.)  That  conducts  ; non- 
electric and  conducting  electricity.  Smart. 

CON-DUC-TlV'I-TY,  re.  The  quality  of  being 
conductive.  Smart. 

CON-DUCT'OR,  re.  [L.  &;  Sp.  conductor;  It.  con- 
duttorc  ; F r.  conducteur.] 

1.  One  who  conducts,  or  accompanies  another 

as  a guide  ; a leader.  Beau.  § FI. 

2.  A general ; a commander;  a chief.  Shak. 

3.  A director  ; a manager. 

If  he  did  not  entirely  project  the  union  and  regenev.  none 
will  deny  him  to  have  been  the  chief  conductor.  Addison. 

4.  One  who  has  charge  of  a public  travelling 
carriage,  as  a car,  or  a train  of  cars, on  a railroad. 

5.  (Stiry.)  An  instrument  formerly  used  to 

guide  the  forceps  into  the  bladder,  in  operating 
for  the  removal  of  calculus.  Dunglison. 

6.  (Elec.)  A substance  capable  of  receiving 
and  transmitting  the  electric  fluid  ; — a pointed 
metallic  rod,  attached  to  buildings  or  to  ships 
to  protect  them  from  the  effects  of  lightning. 

7.  (AIus.)  The  leader  in  a musical  perform- 
ance. Dwight. 

Prime  conductor,  (Elec.)  that  part  of  an  electrical 
machine  which  collects  and  retains  the  electric  fluid. 

CON-DUC'TltpSS,  re.  A woman  who  directs;  a 
directress.  “ A good  housewife  . . . and  diligent 
conductress  of  her  family.”  Johnson. 


CON’DUIT  (kun'djt)  [kun'djt,  W.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  Sm.-, 
kon'dwjt,  S. ; kon'djt,  E.;  kon'dvvjt,  vulgarly 
kun'djt,  C.],  re.  [L.  conduco,  conductus,  to  lead ; 
It.  condotto  ; Sp.  conducto  ; Fr.  conduit.) 

1.  A vessel,  canal,  or  pipe  for  conducting 
water  or  other  fluid. 

And  all  the  conduits  of  my  blood  froze  up.  Shak. 

2.  (Arch.)  An  intermural  or  subterranean 

passage  for  secret  communication  between 
apartments.  Brande. 

f CON-DU'PLI-CATE,  v.  a.  [L.  conduplico,  con- 
duplicatus  ; core,  with,  and  duplico,  to  double.] 
To  double.  Cockeram. 

CON-DU'PLI-CATE,  re.  (Bot.)  Doubled  or  folded 
together,  as  some  leaves  in  the  bud.  P.  Cyc. 

CON-DU-PLI-CA’TION,  re.  The  act  of  doubling 
or  folding  together  ; duplication,  [r.]  Bailey. 

CON-DUR'RITE,  n.  (Min.)  An  ore  or  oxide  of 
copper;  arseniate  of  copper;  — found  at  the 
Condurra  mine  in  Cornwall,  England.  Dana. 

CON'DYLE  (kon'djl),  re.  [L.  condylus,  from  Gr. 
k6vIv/.os,  the  knuckle  ; Fr.  condyle .]  (Anat.)  A 
protuberance  in  a bone  at  its  extremity ; — a 
kind  of  process  met  with  more  particularly  in 
the  ginglymoid  joints.  Dunglison. 

CON'DY-LOID,  a.  [Gr.  kSvMos,  the  knuckle,  and 
ilbof,  form  ; Fr.  condyloide .]  (Anat.)  Relating 
to,  or  resembling,  a condyle.  Dunglison. 

Condyloid  foramina,  the  two  anterior  and  two  pos- 
terior foramina  of  the  occipital  hone. 

Condyloid  process,  the  posterior  protuberance  at  the 
extremities  of  the  under  jaw.  Dunglison. 

CON'DY-LOPE,  re.  See  Condy'LOPed.  Kirby. 

CON-DYL'O-PED,  re.  [Gr.  xiuS uXos,  the  knuckle, 
and  nous,  noSos,  a foot.]  (ZojI.)  A name  given 
by  Latreille  to  such  of  the  Arliculata  as  have 
jointed  feet.  Brande. 

CON-DY-LU'RA,  re.  [Gr.  mlrSuXos,  a joint,  and 
ovpa,  a tail.]  (Zoiil.)  A genus  of  insectivorous 
mammals  resembling  the  mole.  Van  Der  Hoeven. 

CONE,  re.  [Gr.  kuvos  ; L.  conus;  It.  § Sp.  cono; 
Fr.  cone.] 

1.  A solid  body,  of  which  the 
base  is  a circle,  and  the  summit 
a point,  called  the  vertex.  If 
the  axis  is  perpendicular  to  the 
plane  of  the  base,  as  in  A,  the  cone  is  said  to 
be  right ; if  the  axis  is  inclined  to  the  plane  of 
the  base,  as  in  B,  the  cone  is  oblique. 

2.  (Bot.)  A fruit  in  the  shape  of  a cone, 
being  a dense  aggregation  of  scale-like 
carpels  arranged  around  an  axis,  as  in 
the  pine  tribe  ; a strobile.  Ilcnslow. 

Cone  of  rays,  (Optics.)  all  the  rays  which  fall  from 
a luminous  point,  or  from  a single  point  of  a luminous 
object,  upon  a given  surface,  as  upon  the  object  glass 
of  a telescope.  Brande, 

CO'NE-PATE,  ) n_  (Zoiil.)  A Mexican  name  of 

CO'NJP-PAtl,  ) the  American  skunk.  Fischer. 

CONE'— SHAPED  (-shapt),  a.  Shaped  like  a cone. 

CO'NEY,  or  CON'IJY,  re.  See  Cony.  Johnson. 

CON'FAB,  re.  [Contracted  from  confabulation.) 
Familiar  talk  or  conversation  ; prattle  ; con- 
fabulation. [Colloquial.]  Burney. 

CON-FAB'U-LAR,  re.  Relating  to  talk  ; conver- 
sational. [r.]  Qu.  Bev. 

CON-FAb'U-LAte,  v.  re.  [L.  confabulor,  confab- 
ulatus;  con,  with,  and  fctbulor,  to  converse  ; It. 
confabulare;  Sp.  confabular  ; Fr.  confabuler.) 
[i.  CONFABULATED  ; pp.  CONFABULATING,  CON- 
FABULATED.] To  talk  easily  together  ; to  chat ; 
to  prattle,  [r.] 

I shall  not  nsk  Joan  Jacques  Rousseau 

If  birds  confabulate  or  no.  Cowper. 

CON-FAB-IJ-LA'TION,  re.  [L.  confabidatio  ; It. 
confabulazione ; Sp.  confabulacion ; Fr.  con  fabu- 
lation.] Careless  talk ; conversation.  “Friends’ 
confabulations  are  comfortable  at  all  times.” 

Burton. 

f CON-FA B'U-LA-TO-RY,  re.  Belonging  to  talk, 
prattle,  or  dialogue.  ' “ A confabulatory  epi- 
taph.” Weaver. 

CON'FA-LON,  re.  (Ercl.)  One  of  a confraternity 
of  seculars  in  the  church  of  Rome,  called  peni- 
tents. Crabb. 


MIEN,  SIR ; MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 

37 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — £,  9,  5,  g,  soft ; £,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  § as  z; 


JC  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


CONFAMILIAR 


290 


CONFIDANT 


f CON-FA-MlL'IAR,  a.  Intimate.  Glanville. 

CON-FAR-RIJ-A'TION,  n.  [L.  confarreatio  ; con, 
with,  and  far,  a sort  of  grain  ; It.  confarrazione ; 
Sp.  confarreacion. ] A nuptial  solemnity,  among 
the  Romans,  which  consisted  in  offering  up 
some  pure  wheaten  bread,  of  which  the  bride 
and  bridegroom  partook,  rehearsing  a certain 
formula  in  presence  of  the  high  priest  and  at 
least  ten  witnesses.  Loudon  Ency. 

•j-CON-FAT'^D,  a.  Decreed  or  determined  at  the 
same  time.  Search. 

CON-FECT',  v.  a.  [L.  confcio,  confectus,  to  pre- 
pare ; It.  confettare ; Fr.  confire.~\  [t.  con- 
fected ; pp.  CONFECTING,  CONFECTED.] 

1.  t To  compose  ; to  form  ; to  make. 

Of  this  were  confected  the  famous  everlasting  lamps  and 
tapers.  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

2.  To  make  up  into  sweetmeats.  “ Saffron 

confected  in  Cilicia.”  Browne. 

CON'FECT,  n.  A sweetmeat ; a confection. Ilcrvey. 

CON-FEC'TION,  n.  [L.  confcctio,  a preparation  ; 
Sp.  confcccio/i  ; Fr.  confection.'] 

1.  An  assemblage  of  different  ingredients  ; a 
composition  ; a mixture. 

Of  best  things,  then,  what  world  shall  yield  confection 

To  liken  her  ? Shak. 

2.  A sweetmeat ; a preserve.  Shak. 

f CON-FEC'TION- A-RY,  n.  A confectioner. 

He  will  take  your  daughters  to  be  confectionaries , and  to 
be  cooks,  and  to  be  bakers.  1 Sam.  viii.  13. 

CON-FEC'TION-ER,  n.  A maker  of  sweetmeats. 
“ Painters,  con  fectioners,  perfumers.”  Boyle. 

CON-FEC'TION-ER-Y,  71.  1.  A preparation  of 

sweetmeats;  sweetmeats  in  general;  comfits; 
confects. 

2.  The  place  where  sweetmeats  are  kept. 

CON-FEC'TO-RY,  a.  Relatingto  confects,  or  con- 
fectionery. “ Confectory  art.”  Beaumont. 

t CON-FED' £R,  v.  a.  To  join  in  a league;  to 
confederate.  “They  . . . were  confederal  be- 
tween themselves  privily.”  Holland. 

CON-FED'pR-A-CY,  n.  [L.  con,  with,  and  fosdus, 
a league  ; Sp.  confederacion .] 

1.  A federal  compact  ; a confederation  ; a 
combination  ; a coalition  ; a league  ; a union  : 
— especially  applied  to  an  alliance  of  independ- 
ent states  for  a common  object;  as,  “The  con- 
federacy between  the  states  of  Greece.” 

What  confederacy  have  you  with  the  traitors?  Shak. 

2.  The  aggregate  of  states  united  by  a league. 

The  Grecian  commonwealth,  while  they  maintained  their 
liberty,  were  the  most  heroic  confederacy  that  ever  existed. 

Harris. 

Syn.  — See  Alliance,  Association,  Union. 

CON-FED'pR-ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  con,  with,  and  foed- 
ero,  f cede  rat.  ns,  to  establish  by  league  ; It . co/i- 
federarsi;  Sp . confederar ; Fr . confederer.]  [t. 
confederated  ; pp.  confederating,  con- 
federated.] To  join  in  a league ; to  ally. 

They  were  confederated  with  Charles’s  enemy.  Knolles. 

CON-FED'pR-ATE,  v.  n.  To  league  ; to  unite  in 
a league  ; to  be  allied.  “ Protestants  that  con- 
federated with  France.”  Strype. 

CON-FED'pR-ATE,  a.  [It.  confederate ; Sp.  con- 
federation]  United  in  league  ; allied.  “ They 
are  confederate  against  thee.”  Ps.  lxxxiii.  5. 

CON-FED'pR-ATE,  n.  One  who  engages  to  sup- 
port another  ; an  ally  ; an  accomplice. 

Sir  Edmund  Courtney,  and  the  haughty  prelate, 

With  many  move  confederates,  are  in  arms.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Alliance,  Ally,  Associate. 

CON-FED'pR-AT-ED,  p.  a.  United  in  confedera- 
cy ; leagued  together  ; allied.  Bp.  Horne. 

CON-FED'pR-AT-pR,  n.  One  who  confederates; 
a confederate.  Neele. 

CON-FED’pR-AT-ING,  n.  Alliance.  Atterbury. 

CON-FED- IJR-A'TION,  n.  • [It.  confederazione  ; 
Sp.  confederacion ; Fr  .confederation.] 

1.  The  act  of  confederating;  a league;  an 
alliance  ; a confederacy. 

The  Greeks,  by  frequent  con  federations  against  the  Per- 
sians, began  to  consider  themselves  as  one  people.  Warbnrton. 

2.  The  states  united  by  a confederacy. 

The  affairs  of  the  confederation  Jof  the  Rhine.  1800]  were 
to  be  conducted  by  a congress  sitting  at  Frankfort-on-the- 
Maine.  Polit.  Diet. 


CON-FER',  v.  n.  [L.  confero  ; con,  with,  and 
fero,  to  bear  ; It.  conferire  ; Sp.  conferir  ; Fr. 
confercr.]  \i.  conferred  ; pp.  conferring, 
conferred.]  To  discourse  gravely  with  an- 
other or  with  others  on  a stated  subject ; to  con- 
sult or  converse  seriously. 

When  they  hiul  commanded  them  to  go  aside  out  of  the 
council,  they  conferred  among  themselves.  Acts  iv.  15. 

CON-FER',  v.  a.  1.  f To  compare. 

The  captain-general  assembling  the  masters  every  week  to 
confer  ull  the  observations  and  notes  of  said  ships.  Iiackluyt. 

If  we  confer  these  observations  with  others  of  like  nature. 

Boyle. 

2.  To  bestow;  to  grant;  to  award;  to  give. 

Such  honor,  thus  conferred , thou  mayst  not  well  refuse. 

B.  Fletcher. 

3.  fTo  contribute  ; to  conduce. 

The  closeness  and  compactness  of  the  parts  resting  to- 
gether doth  much  confer  to  the  strength  of  the  union. 

Glanville. 

CON'FpR-pNCE,  n.  [It.  conferenza  ; Sp.  confe- 
rencia  ; Fr.  conference.] 

1.  f Comparison.  “The  mutual  conference 

of  men’s  observations.”  Hooker. 

2.  Formal  discourse;  oral  discussion;  con- 
versation. 

A free  conference  is  the  only  fair  trial  of  skill  between  rea- 
son and  sophistry.  lloadly. 

3.  A meeting  for  discussion  upon  some  mat- 
ter of  disagreement,  as  between  committees  of 
two  legislative  bodies. 

4.  A meeting  for  religious  conversation,  ex- 
hortation, and  prayer.  Cummings. 

5.  An  ecclesiastical  assembly  or  association, 
as  among  the  Methodists. 

CON'FpR-pNCE,  v.  71.  To  confer  ; to  consult, 
[it.]  Ch.  Ob. 

CON-Fp-REN'TIAL,  a.  Relating  to  a confer- 
ence. [r.]  Ec.  Rev. 

CON-FER 'R A- BLE,  a.  That  may  be  conferred, 
or  bestowed.  • Ed.  Rev. 

CON-FpR-REE',  7i.  One  who  is  conferred  with. 

CON-FER'RpR,  n.  1.  One  that  converses.  Julmso7i. 

2.  One  who  bestows ; a bestower.  Mou/itagu. 

CON-FER 'RING,  71.  1.  f The  act  of  comparing. 

“ A careful  co/f erring  of  one  scripture  with 
another.”  Bp.  Hall. 

2.  The  act  of  bestowing.  “ The  co/iferring 
of  this  honor  upon  him.”  Clarc7ido7i. 

CON-FpR-RU'Mi-N/jTE,  ) a,.  [L.  confer rumi/io, 

CON-FpR-RU'MI-NAT-pD,  ) co/iferrumi/tatus,  to 
cement.]  ( Bot .)  United  together  so  as  to  be 
inseparable.  Craig. 

C Off -FliR  ’ FA,  n.\  pi.  confer  v je.  [L.,  from 
conferceo,  to  heal.]  {Bot.)  An  extensive  genus 
of  Algtc,  composed  of  simple,  jointed,  green 
threads.  Gray. 

CON-FER'VlTE,  71.  {Pal.)  A genus  of  fossil 
plants.  Mantell 

CON-FER' VOID,  a.  [L.  conferva,  a marine  plant, 
and  Gr.  ttboc,  form.]  {Bot.)  Having  the  appear- 
ance of  conferva.  Craig. 

CON-FESS',  v.  a.  [L.  confiteor,  confessus  ; It.  con- 
fessare  ; Sp.  co7ifesur  ; Fr.  confcsser .]  [i.  con- 

fessed ; pp.  CONFESSING,  CONFESSED: — C071- 
fest  is  sometimes  used  for  confessed.] 

1.  To  acknowledge,  as  a crime  or  a fault. 

To  confess  our  sins  is  to  own  that  we  have  trangressed  the 
righteous  laws  of  God.  Sharp . 

2.  To  open  the  conscience  to  a priest ; — with 
the  reflective  pronoun. 

Our  beautiful  votary  took  the  opportunity  of  confessing 
herself  to  this  celebrated  father.  Addison. 

3.  To  hear  confession  from,  as  a priest  from 
a penitent. 

Fie  rose  betimes  and  heard  mass,  and  the  most  part  of  his 
company  were  confessed.  Berners. 

4.  To  admit  or  grant,  as  a fact  or  a statement. 

Order  is  Heaven’s  first  law;  and.  this  confessed, 

Some  are,  and  must  be,  greater  than  the  rest.  Pope. 

5.  To  own  or  avow,  as  a master  or  as  a disciple. 

Whosoever,  therefore,  shall  confess  me  before  men,  him 

will  I confess  also  before  my  Father.  Matt.  x.  32. 

6.  To  show;  to  prove;  to  attest. 

Tall,  thriving  trees  confessed  the  fruitful  mould.  Pope. 

Syn.  — See  Acknowledge,  Allow,  Recog- 
nize. 

CON-FESS',  v.  n.  To  make  confession  ; to  dis- 


close the  state  of  one’s  conscience.  “ He  is 
gone  to  the  priest  to  confess.”  Johtison. 

f CON-FES'SANT,  n.  One  who  confesses  to  a 
priest.  Bacon. 

f CON'FpS-SA-RY,  n.  One  who  makes  a confes- 
sion. " Bp.  Hall. 

CON-FESSED'  (kon-fest'),  p.  a.  Open;  known; 
acknowledged  ; — sometimes  written  confest. 

CON-FESS'jgD-Ly,  ad.  Avowedly;  indisputably. 

CON-FESS' 5 R,  7i.  One  who  confesses.  Smart. 

CON-FES'SION  (kon-fesh'un,  92),  n.  [L.  confessio  ; 
It . confessione  \ Sp . confesio/i;  Fr.  confession.] 

1.  The  act  of  confessing  as  a penitent  ; a 
disclosure  of  one’s  guilt  ; acknowledgment  of 
a crime  or  a fault. 

I prayed  unto  God,  and  made  my  confession.  Dan.  ix.  4. 

2.  Avowal;  acknowledgment. 

But,  with  a crafty  madness,  keeps  aloof. 

When  we  would  bring  him  on  to  some  confession 
Of  his  true  state.  Shak. 

3.  {Eccl.)  A formulary  of  the  articles  of  a 
religious  creed  ; as,  “ The  Augsburg  Co7ifession.” 

4.  {Law.)  The  acknowledgment  of  something 

by  a party  in  court,  by  which  he  is  considered 
to  have  judgment  passed  upon  him,  and  to  be 
condemned  by  his  own  sentence.  Burrill. 

Auricular  confession,  {Eccl.)  in  the  Church  of  Rome , 
a confession  made  to  a priest,  and  accounted  a part 
of  the  sacrament  of  penance.  — Confession  and  avoid- 
ance, (Law.)  the  admission  of  tile  truth  of  a statement 
of  fact  contained  in  the  pleading  of  tile  opposite  party, 
coupled  with  the  allegation  of  a new  fact,  which  ob- 
viates or  repels  its  legal  effect,  and  thus  avoids  it. 
Burrill. — Confession  of  faith,  (Eccl.)  a formulary  con- 
taining the  opinions  of  a religious  denomination. 

CON-FES'SION-AL  (kon-fesh'un-al),  n.  [It.  co/tfes- 
sio7talc;  Sp . confesio/ia/t'o -,  Fr . confessio/mal.] 
The  seat  or  box  in  Romish  churclies  in  which 
the  priest  sits  to  hear  confessions.  Blackburn. 

CON-FES'SION-AL-IST,  71.  A confessor,  or  one 
who  sits  in  the  confessional.  Boucher. 

CON-FES'SIQN-A-RY,  a.  Belonging  to  auricular 
confession.  Cotgrave. 

CON-FES'SION-A-RY,  71.  Confessional.  Bailey. 

CON-FES'SION-IST  (kon-fesh'un-Tst),  n.  One  who 
makes  profession  of  faith,  [r.]  hlountayu. 

CON'FIJSS-OR,  or  CON-FESS'OR  [kon'fes-sur,  & 
IV.  ./.  E.  F.  Ja.  S/7i.  R.  C. ; kon-fes'sur,  P.  Wb. 
Ash,  Rees;  kon-fes'sur  or  kon'fes-sur,  A'.],  n. 
[L.  confessor-,  It.  confessore  ; Fr . confesseur.] 

1.  One  who  confesses  or  acknowledges  a 

crime  or  a fault.  Joh/ison. 

2.  A priest  who  hears  and  absolves  a penitent. 

See  that  Claudio 

Be  executed  by  nine  to-morrow  morning. 

Bring  him  his  confessor;  let  him  be  prepared.  Shak. 

3.  {Eccl.  Hist.)  One  who,  in  the  face  of  what- 
ever danger,  professes  the  Christian  faith. 

It  was  the  assurance  of  a resurrection  that  gave  patience 
to  the  confessor  and  courage  to  the  martyr.  Boyers. 

Dr.  Kenrick  says  this  word  is  sometimes,  but 
improperly,  accented  on  the  first  syllable  ; hut  it  may 
be  observed  that  this  impropriety  is  become  so  uni- 
versal that  not  one  who  has  the  least  pretension  to 
politeness  dares  to  pronounce  it  otherwise.  Mr.  Sher- 
idan and  Entick  iiave  the  accent  on  the  first  syllable 
of  this  word  ; Mr.  Scott,  on  the  first  and  second  ; Dr. 
Johnson,  Mr.  Perry,  Buchanan,  W.  Johnston,  Ash, 
Bailey,  and  Smith  have  the  accent  on  the  second  ; but 
notwithstanding  this  weight  of  authority,  the  best 
usage  is  certainly  on  the  other  side.”  Walker, 

CON-FESS'OR-SHIP,  n.  The  office  of  a confess- 
or. [r.]  Ec.  Rev. 

CON-FEST',  p.  & p.  a.  Confessed.  Pope . 

f CON-FEST'LY,  ad.  Confessedly.  Hammond . 

f CON-FI''CI£NT  (-flsh'ent),  a.  Efficient.  Bailey . 

CON-FI-DANT'  [kon-fe-dant',  S.  W.  E.  F.  Ja.  K. 
Sm.  C.  ; kon'fe-dant,  P.  J.  TE6.],  n.  [L.  confide , 
confidcns,  to  trust  in.;  It.  &;  Sp.  eonfidente  ; Fr. 
confident. "|  A person  trusted  with  secrets  or 
private  affairs  ; a bosom  friend. 

Hobbv  being  a confidant  of  the  Protector’s,  he  may  be 
supposed  to  have  written  as  he  was  directed  by  him.  Burnet. 

“ This  word,  very  unlike  most  others  from  the 
same  source,  has  been  made  to  alter  its  French  or- 
thography, in  order  to  approach  a little  nearer  to  the 
English  pronunciation  of  it.  Some  affected  speak- 
ers’on  the  stage  pronounce  the  first  syllable  like 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  !,  6,  U,  t,  short;  A,  £,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  fAr,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


CONFIDANTE 


291 


CONFITENT 


cone,  as  it  is  marked  in  tlie  first  edition  ot  Mr.  Sher- 
idan's Dictionary  ; and  this  is  perfectly  of  a piece 
with  tlie  affectation  which  has  altered  the  spellin'!  of 
the  last.  By  Dryden  and  South,  as  quoted  by  Dr. 
Johnson,  we  find  this  word  spelled  like  the  adjective 
confident ; and  it  is  more  than  probable  that  its  French 
pronunciation  is  but  of  late  date ; but  so  universal  is 
its  use  at  present,  that  a greater  mark  of  rusticity 
cannot  be  given  than  to  place  the  accent  on  the  first 
syllable,  and  to  pronounce  the  last  dent  instead  of 
dant .”  IValkcr. 

CON-FI-DANTE',  n.  [Fr.  confidente.]  A female 
friend  intrusted  with  secrets.  Hurd. 

CON-F1DE',  v.  n.  [L.  conficlo,  to  trust  in ; con, 
with,  and  fido,  to  trust ; It.  confidare ; Sp.  con- 
fiar ; Fr.  conjfier.]  [i.  confided  ; pp.  confid- 
ing, confided.]  To  have  confidence  ; to  rely ; 
to  trust ; — used  with  in. 

lie  alone  won’t  betray  in  whom  none  will  confide.  Congreve. 

Syn. — Confide  expresses  more  than  trust.  We 
always  trust  when  we  confide.  Confide  in  a friend  ; 
trust  to  a faithful  servant  or  a customer.  A breach 
of  trust  evinces  a want,  of  integrity  ; a breach  of  con- 
fidence evinces  baseness. 

CON-FIDE',  v.  a.  To  trust ; to  intrust. 

The  only  one  to  whom  I dare  confide  my  folly.  Lyttleton. 

CON'FI-DENCE,  n.  [E.  confidentia  \ It.  confiden- 
za  ; Sp.  confianza  ; Fr.  confiance  and  confidence.] 

1.  Trust  in  moral  probity  ; firm  belief  in  the 
integrity  of  others. 

We  made  confidential  communications  to  those  in  whom 
we  had  no  confidence , and  who  reposed  no  confidence  in  us. 

Burke. 

Confidence  is  a plant  of  slow  growth  in  an  aged  bosom. 

Lord  Chatham. 

2.  Reliance  upon  one’s  own  abilities  or  for- 
tune ; assurance,  as  opposed  to  timidity. 

Ilis  times,  being  prosperous,  had  raised  his  confidence  by 
success.  Bacon. 

3.  Boldness  ; assurance  ; — as  opposed  to 
modesty. 

But  surely  modesty  never  hurt  any  cause,  and  the  confi- 
dence of  man  seems  to  me  to  be  much  like  the  wrath  of  man. 

Tillotson. 

4.  Firmness  of  religious  faith. 

For  we  are  made  partakers  of  Christ,  if  we  hold  the  begin- 
ning of  our  confidence  steadfast  unto  the  end.  Ileb.  iii.  14. 

5.  That  which  causes  trust,  reliance,  or  a 
sense  of  security. 

If  I have  made  gold  my  hope,  or  have  said  to  the  fine  gold. 
Thou  art  my  confidence.  Job  xxxi.  24. 

Syn.  — See  Assurance,  Belief,  Confide. 

CON'FI-DENT,  a.  [L.  confidens\  Sp.  confidente.~\ 

1.  Assured  beyond  doubt ; having  full  belief; 
sure  ; certain  ; positive. 

I am  confident  that  very  much  may  be  done  towards  the 
improvement  of  philosophy.  Boyle. 

2.  Without  suspicion  ; trusting. 

Rome,  be  as  just  and  gracious  unto  me, 

As  I am  confident  and  kind  to  thee.  Shak. 

3.  Bold,  to  a vice  ; rash. 

A wise  man  feareth,  and  departeth  from  evil;  but  the  fool 
rageth,  and  is  confident.  Prov.  xiv.  IG. 

CON'FI-DENT,  n.  [It.  &•  Sp.  confidente  ; Fr.  con- 
fident.]  One  trusted  with  secrets  ; a confidant. 
— See  Confidant.  South. 

CON-FI-DEN'TIAL,  a.  [It.  confidenziale ; Sp. 
confidencud ; Fr.  confidential.] 

1.  Spoken,  or  written,  in  confidence,  and  not 

to  be  disclosed;  private.  “ A confidential  cor- 
respondence.” Chesterfield. 

2.  Admitted  to  special  confidence  ; trusty ; 
as,  “A  confidential  friend.” 

CON-FI-DEN'TIAL-LY,  ad.  In  a confidential 
manner.  Walker. 

CON'FI-DENT-LY,  ad.  In  a confident  manner. 

CON'FI-DENT-NESS,  n.  Confidence,  [r.]  Bailey. 

CON-FID'JJR,  n.  One  who  confides.  Mountagu. 

CON-FID'ING,  p.  a.  Having  confidence  ; relying; 
trusting;  as,  “ A confiding  heart.” 

CON-FID'ING-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  con- 
fiding ; confiding  disposition  ; trust.  Arnold. 

CON-FIG'U-RATE,  v.  n.  [L.  configuro,  configu- 
ratus,  to  fashion  after  ; con,  with,  and  figura, 
a figure ; It.  configurarsi ; Sp.  configurar.]  (As- 
tro!) To  show  like  the  aspects  of  the  planets 
towards  each  other,  [r.]  Jordan. 

CON-FIG-U-RA'TION,  n.  [L.  configuratio  ; con, 
with,  and  figuro,  to  form  ; It.  configurazione ; 
Sp.  configuracion  ; Fr.  configuration .] 

1.  Form  depending  on  the  relationship  of 
distinct  parts.  Locke. 


2.  (Astro!)  The  form  of  the  horoscope  aris- 
ing out  of  the  aspects  of  the  planets  towards 
each  other.  “ The  aspects  and  configurations 
of  the  stars.”  Browne. 

CON-FIG'UkE  (kon-fig'yur),  V.  a.  [L.  configuro  ; 
con,  with,  and  figuro,  to  form.]  To  dispose  into 
any  form  or  figure.  “ And  so  configuring  them- 
selves into  human  shape.”  [r.]  Bentley. 

CON-FlN'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  confined. 

CON'FINE,  n.  [L.  confinis,  bordering  upon  ; con, 
with,  andyfm’s,  a boundary  ; It.  confine  and  con- 
fino  ; Sp.  confin  ; Fr.  confins.]  Common  boun- 
dary or  joint  limit  between  two  countries  or  dis- 
tricts ; marches  ; border  ; edge. 

But  Terme,  which  signifieth  bounds,  is  the  God  of  confines 
or  borders.  Iforth. 

Nature  in  you  stands  on  the  very  verge  of  her  confine.  Shak. 

^g=»{<Dr.  Johnson  tells  us  that  the  substantive 
confine  was  formerly  pronounced  with  the  accent  on 
the  last  syllable.  The  examples,  however,  which  he 
gives  us  from  the  poets  prove  only  that  it  was  accent- 
ed both  ways.”  Walker. 

Syn.  — See  Border. 

CON'FINE,  a.  Bordering  upon,  [r.]  Johnson. 

CON-FINE',  v.  a.  [It.  confinare ; Fr.  confiner.] 
[i.  CONFINED  ; pp.  CONFINING,  CONFINED.] 

1.  To  shut  in  by  some  bound,  limit,  or  re- 
straint ; to  restrain  ; to  immure  ; to  imprison. 

I had  been 

As  broad  and  general  as  the  easing  air; 

But  now  I’m  cabined,  cribbed,  confined , bound  in.  Shak. 

2.  To  restrict ; to  limit ; to  circumscribe. 

_ If  the  gout  continue,  I confine  myself  wholly  to  the  milk 
diet.  Temple. 

Syn.  — See  Circumscribe,  Restrain. 

CON-FINE',  or  CON'FfNE  [kon-fin',  S.  W.  P.  K.  ; 
kon'fin,  Ja.  Sm.  Wb.],v.  n.  [L.  confinis,  border- 
ing.] To  border  upon  ; to  have  the  same  limit. 

I seek 

What  readiest  path  leads  where  your  gloomy  bounds 

Confine  with  heaven.  Milton. 

CON-FINED',  p.  a.  Kept  in  by  limits  ; restrained  : 
— circumscribed ; bounded. 

CON'FINE-L?SS,  or  CON-FINE'LPSS,  a.  Bound- 
less ; unbounded  ; unlimited  ; without  end. 

Esteem  him  as  a lamb,  being  compared  with  my  confine- 
less harms.  Shak. 

CON-FINE'M^NT,  n.  1.  The  state  of  being  con- 
fined or  shut  in  by  limits  ; imprisonment. 

Though  my  person  is  in  confinement , my  mind  can  expa- 
tiate with  all  the  freedom  imaginable.  Johnson. 

2.  Any  restraint  of  liberty  ; — particularly 
that  caused  by  the  illness  attending  childbirth. 

CON-FIN'^R,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  confines. 

CON-FIN' ?R,  or  CON'FI-NJJR  [kon-fin'er,  S.  W. 
P.  Ja.  K.  ; kon'fi-ner,  Sm.  Wb.],  n.  A border- 
er ; a near  neighbor. 

The  senate  hath  stirred  up  the  confiners.  Shak. 

CON-FTn'1-TY,  n.  [Fr.  confinite.]  Nearness; 

neighborhood,  [r.]  Bailey. 

CON-FIRM'  (kon-firm'),  v.  a.  [L.  confirmo  ; con, 
with,  and  firmo,  to  make  firm  ; It.  confermare  ; 
Sp . con  fir  mar-,  Fr  .confirmer.]  [i.  confirmed  ; 
pp.  CONFIRMING,  CONFIRMED.] 

1.  To  make  firm ; to  establish ; to  settle ; to  fix. 

Confirm  the  crown  to  me  and  to  mine  heirs.  Shak. 

2.  To  strengthen,  particularly  in  resolution 
or  purpose.  “ Strengthen  ye  the  weak  hands 
and  confirm  the  feeble  knees.”  Isa.  xxxv.  3. 

ConfirmerL,  then,  I resolve 

Adam  shall  share  with  me  in  bliss  or  woe.  Milton. 

3.  To  put  past  doubt  by  additional  evidence; 
to  corroborate. 

Whilst  all  the  stars  that  round  her  burn, 

And  all  the  planets  in  their  turn, 

Confirm  the  tidings  as  they  roll, 

And  spread  the  truth  from  pole  to  pole.  Addison. 

4.  To  ratify;  as,  ‘‘To  confirm  an  appoint- 
ment.” 

That  treaty,  so  prejudicial,  ought  to  have  been  remitted, 
rather  than  confirmed.  Swift. 

5.  (Eccl.)  To  admit  fully  into  the  Christian 
communion  by  an  ecclesiastical  rite,  as  the  im- 
position of  hands  by  a bishop.  Hammond. 

Syn.  — A person  affirms  what  lie  declares  solemn- 
ly ; he  confirms  what  lie  aids  another  t.o  prove.  Truth 
is  confirmed  by  circumstances,  and  is  established  by 
witnesses,  whose  testimony  may  be  corroborated  by 
others.  Confirm  a report ; establish  tlie  truth  ; ratify  a 
treaty  ; settle  a dispute  or  an  account.  — See  Ratify. 


CON-FIRM'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  confirmed. 

CON-FIR-MA'TION,  n.  [L.  confirmatio ; It.  con - 
fermazione ; Sp.  confer  mac  ion.\ 

1.  The  act  of  confirming ; settlement ; estab- 
lishment; adjustment. 

Witness  how  dear  I hold  this  confirmation.  Shak. 

2.  Convincing  testimony  ; corroborating  evi- 
dence. 

Wanting  confirmation  in  a matter  so  confirmable.  Browne. 

3.  Ratification.  “ Touching  the  confirma- 
tion of  the  treaty.”  Strype. 

4.  The  laying  on  of  hands  by  a bishop; — an 
ecclesiastical  rite  of  the  Episcopal  church  sup- 
plemental to  baptism. 

Whether  confirmation  be  a sacrament  or  not,  it  is  of  no  use 
to  dispute.  Bp.  Taylor. 

CON-FIRM' A-TIVE,  a.  [L.  confirmative ; Sp. 
confirmative-,  Fr.  confirmatif.]  Having  power 
to  confirm,  [r.]  " Sherwood. 

CON-FIR-MA'TOR,  n.  [L.]  A confirmer.  Browne. 

CON-FIRM'A-TO-RY,  a.  1.  Tending  to  establish 
or  confirm.  “ Confirmatory  proofs.”  Bp.  Barlow. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  rite  of  confirmation. 

It  is  not  improbable  that  they  [the  disciples]  had  in  their 
eye  the  confirmatory  usage  in  the  synagogues.  Bp.  Compton. 

CON-FIRMED'  (kon-firmd'),  p.  a.  1.  Established. 

2.  Having  received  confirmation. 

CON-FIR M'JJD-LY,  ad.  With  confirmation.  Ilaley. 

CON-FiRM'F.D-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  confirmed. 
“ Confirmedness  of  habit.”  Decay  of  Piety. 

CON-FIRM-EE',  n.  (Law.)  The  party  to  whom 
any  thing  is  confirmed.  Ash. 

CON-FIRM'JJR,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  con- 
firms. 

CON-FIRM'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a corroborative  man- 
ner. B.  Jonson. 

CON-FIRM'OR,  or  CON-FIRM-OR'  (130),  n.  (Law.) 
The  person  who  confirms.  Blackstonc. 

CON-FIS'CA-BLE,  a.  [Fr.]  Liable  to  confisca- 
tion or  forfeiture.  Johnson. 

CON-F|S'CATE  [kon-fls'kat,  S.  IF.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja. 
Sm.  B.  C. ; kon-fls'kat  or  kon'fjs-kat,  K.  ; kon'- 
fis-kat,  Wb.  Kenrick. — See  Contemplate],  v. 
a.  [L.  confisco,  confiscatus  ; con,  with,  and  fis- 
cus,  a basket  for  holding  money,  the  imperial 
treasury;  It.  confi, scare  ; Sp.  corifiscar ; Fr.  con- 
fisquer.]  \i.  confiscated  ; pp.  confiscating, 
confiscated.]  To  transfer  private  property  to 
the  government,  or  state,  by  way  of  penalty  for 
an  offence  ; to  cause  to  be  forfeited. 

It  was  judged  that  he  should  be  banished,  and  his  whole 
estate  confiscated.  Bacon. 

CON-FIS'CATE  [kon-fls'kat,  W.  Ja.  Sm.  ; kon'fjs- 
kat,  S.  K.  Kenrick  ; kon-fls'kat,  P. — See  Con- 
template], a.  Transferred  to  the  public  as 
forfeit;  forfeited;  confiscated. 

Thy  lands  and  goods 
Are,  by  the  laws  of  Venice,  confiscate 
Unto  the  state  of  Venice.  Shak. 

j 6G£r>“  Dr.  Kenrick  blames  Dr.  Johnson  for  accent- 
ing this  word  on  the  second  syllable,  when  the  exam- 
ple he  brings  from  Shakspeare  accents  it  on  the  first  ; 
but  it  may  be  observed  that,  as  the  verb  ought  to  have 
tlie  accent  on  the  second  syllable,  the  adjective  which 
is  derived  from  it,  ought  to  have  the  accent  on  the  same 
syllable  likewise  ; and  the  example  from  Shakspeare 
must  be  looked  upon  as  a poetical  license. ?’  Walker. 

CON-FIS'CAT-ED,  p.  a.  Forfeited;  transferred 
to  public  use  ; as,  “ Confiscated  goods.” 

CON-FIS-CA'TrON,  n.  [L.  confiscate  ; Sp.  con- 
fiscacion  ; Fr.  confiscation .]  The  act  of  confis- 
cating ; the  transfer  of  private  property  to  pub- 
lic use.  “ Confiscation  of  goods.”  Ezra  vii.  26. 

CON'FIS-CA-TOR  [kon-fjs-ka'tor,  Ja.  ; kon'fis-ka- 
tpr,  Sm.  ; kon-fis'ka-tor  or  kon'fis-ka'tor,  K.],  n. 
[L.,  a treasurer .]  One  who  is  concerned  in 

executing  a judgment  of  confiscation,  or  in 
managing  confiscated  property. 

I see  the  confiscators  begin  with  bishops,  and  chapters,  and 
monasteries;  but  I do  not  see  them  end  there.  Burke. 

CON-FIS'CA-TO-RY,  a.  Consigning  to,  or  caus- 
ing, forfeiture.  Burke. 

f CON'FIT,  n.  [It.  confetto  ; Sp.  confitc  ; Fr.  con- 
fit.]  A sweetmeat ; a comfit.  Beau.  § FI. 

f CON'FI-TENT,  n.  [L.  confitcor,  confitens,  to 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE. — 9,  (f , 9,  g,  soft ; C,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


CONFITURE 


292 


CONFUSE 


confess  ; con,  with,  and  fateor,  to  confess.]  One 
who  makes  confession  of  crimes  or  of  faults. 

A wide  difference  there  is  between  a mere  confltent  and  a 
true  penitent.  Decay  of  Piety. 

(■  OON'PI-TURE,  n.  [Fr.]  A sweetmeat ; a com- 
fit ; a confect.  Bacon. 

+ CON-FIX',  v.  a.  [L.  configo,  conflxus  ; con,  with, 
and  flgo,  to  fix.]  To  fix  ; to  fasten.  Shah. 

f CON-FIX'URE,  n.  The  act  of  fixing.  Mountagu. 

CON-FLA'GRANT,  a.  [L.  conflagro,  conflagrans  ; 
con,  with,  and  flagro,  to  burn.]  Burning  to- 
gether. “ The  conflagrant  mass.”  [r.]  Milton. 

CON-FLA-GR  A'TION,  n.  [L.  conflagratio  ; It. 
conflagrazionc  ; Sp.  conflagracion ; Fr.  confla- 
gration.]  A general  fire  ; a great  burning,  as 
of  many  houses,  or  as  of  the  whole  world. 

CON-FL.A'GRA-TIvE,  n.  Producing  conflagra- 
tion. [r.]  ‘ Dwight. 

fCON'FLATE,  a.  [L.  conjlo,  conflatus.]  Blown 
together.  Richardson. 

CON-FL  A'TION,  n.  [L.  conflatio  ; con,  with,  and 
flo,  flatus,  to  blow  ; Sp.  conflacion.] 

1.  The  act  of  blowing  together,  as  of  many 

musical  instruments.  Bacon. 

2.  The  casting  or  melting  of  metal.  Johnson. 

t CON-FLEX'URE,  n.  [Low  L.  conflcxura.]  A 

bending  or  turning  ; flexion.  Bailey. 

CON-FLlCT',  v.  n.  [L.  confligo,  conflictus  ; con, 
with,  axiAfligo,  to  strike.] ' [V.  conflicted  ; pp. 

CONFLICTING,  CONFLICTED.] 

1.  To  encounter ; to  clash  ; to  contend ; to 
combat ; to  struggle  ; to  strive. 

A man  would  be  content  to  conflict  with  great  difficulties 
in  hopes  of  a mighty  reward.  TUlotson. 

2.  To  be  contrary  or  opposed;  as,  “ Conflict- 
ing laws  or  opinions.” 

CONFLICT,  n.  [L.  conflictus  ; It.  conflitto  ; Sp. 
conflicto ; Fr . conflit.] 

1.  A violent  collision  or  agitation,  as  of  sub- 
stances undergoing  a chemical  change.  Boyle. 

2.  An  encounter;  a contest;  a combat;  a 
fight;  strife;  struggle. 

I suppose  them  [eood  men)  to  live  in  a state  of  mortifica- 
tion and  self-denial,  to  be  under  a perpetual  conflict  with 
their  bodily  appetites  and  inclinations,  and  struggling  to  get 
the  mastery  over  them.  At  ter  bury. 

Conflict  of  laws,  the  opposition  between  tile  munici- 
pal laws  of  different  countries,  in  tile  case  of  an  in- 
dividual who  may  have  acquired  rights  or  become 
subject  to  duties  within  the  limits  of  more  than  one 
state.  Braude. 

Syn.  — Conflict  and  combat  botli  imply  a violent 
and  hostile  meeting  of  two  parties.  A contest  is  a 
strife  between  two  parties,  which  may  be  decided  by 
a conflict.  A contention  is  an  angry  contest ; and  a 
spirit  of  contention  leads  to  strife.  Conflict  is  also  ap- 
plied to  the  strife  or  opposition  of  contending  opin- 
ions or  feelings.  A sanguinary  conflict  or  combat-,  a 
severe  contest ; an  angry  contention  ; a hostile  encoun- 
ter ; a violent  struggle. 

CON-FLlCT'ING,  p.  a.  Opposing;  contending; 
struggling;  as,  “ Conflicting  interests.” 

CON-FLIC'TIVE,  a.  Tending  to  conflict  ; con- 
flicting. Massinger. 

t CON-FLUCT'U-ATE,  V.  »■  [L.  conflnctuo,  con- 
fluctuatus ; con,  with,  and  fluctuo,  to  flow  hither 
and  thither.]  To  flow  together.  Maunder. 

CON'FI.U-JjlNCE,  n.  [L.  confluentia ; con,  with, 
and fluo,  to  flow;  Sp.  conflucncia.] 

1.  The  junction  of  two  or  more  streams. 

Bagdad  is  beneath  the  confluence  of  Tigris  and  Euphrates. 

Brerewood. 

2.  The  act  of  crowding  to  the  same  place. 

You  had  found  by  experience  the  trouble  of  all  men’s  con- 
fluence to  yourself.  Bacon. 

3.  A concourse;  a multitude  ; a crowd. 

This  will  draw  a confluence  of  people  from  all  parts  of  the 
country.  Temple. 

4.  A meeting  together ; union  ; junction. 

The  confluence , perfection,  and  perpetuity  of  all  true  ioys. 

Boyle. 

CON'FI.t-ENT,  a.  [L.  confluo,  confluens  ; con, 
with,  and  fluo,  to  flow  ; Sp.  conflucnte  ; Fr.  con- 
fluent i] 

1.  Running  one  into  another  ; flowing  to- 
gether ; meeting ; as,  “ Confluent  streams.” 

2.  ( Bot .)  Growing  together,  or  running  into 

one  another.  Loudon. 

CON'FLU-IJNT,  n.  A smaller  stream  or  river 
which  flows  into  a larger  one.  Hamilton. 


CON'FLUX,  n.  [Low  L.  confluxio- ] 

1.  The  union  of  two  or  more  streams  or  cur- 
rents ; confluence. 

I walked  till  I came  to  the  conflux  of  two  rivulets.  Cook. 

2.  A great  number  of  persons  ; a multitude. 

To  the  gates  cast  round  thine  eye,  and  see 

"What  conflux  issuing  forth,  or  entering  in.  Milton. 

CON-FLUX-l-BlL'I-TY,  ? ra<  Tendency  or  apt- 

CON-FLUX'I-BLE-NESS,  > ness  to  flow  or  run  to- 
gether, as  fluids.  Boyle. 

CON-FLUX'I-BLE,  a.  Inclined  to  flow  or  run  to- 
gether. Clarke. 

CON-FORM',  v.  a.  [L.  conformo  ; con,  with,  and 
flonno,  to  form  ; It.  con  forma  re ; Sp.  conformar-, 
Fr.  conformer.]  [i.  conformed  ; pp.  con- 
forming, CONFORMED.] 

1.  To  reduce  to  the  same  form,  manner,  or 
character;  to  make  similar. 

The  apostles  did  conform  the  Christians,  as  much  as  might 
be,  according  to  the  pattern  of  the  Jews.  Hooker. 

2.  To  bring  into  compliance.  “ And  be  not 

conformed  to  this  world.”  Bom.  xii.  2. 

Demand  of  them  wherefore  they  conform  not  themselves 
unto  the  order  of  the  church.  Hooker. 

CON-FORM',  v.  n.  To  act  or  live  in  accordance 
with  some  rule,  or  with  what  is  established  ; to 
yield  assent ; to  comply. 

When  anv  dissenter  conforms,  is  lie  ever  examined  to  see 
whether  he  does  it  upon  reason  and  conviction  ? Locke. 

Syn.  — See  Comply. 

f CON-FORM',  a.  Conformable.  “Care  must  be 
taken  that  the  interpretation  be  every  way  con- 
form to  the  analogy  of  faith.”  Bp.  Hall. 

CON-FORM'A-BLE,  a.  1.  Having  the  same  form  ; 
similar ; resembling. 

Their  salts  are  always  conformable  to  themselves;  all  agree 
in  being  rectilinear,  and  composed  of  proportional  sides  and 
angles.  Grew. 

2.  Agreeable  ; suitable  ; consistent. 

The  productions  of  a great  genius  with  many  lapses  are 
preferable  to  the  works  of  an  inferior  author  scrupulously  ex- 
act and  conformable  to  all  the  rules  of  correct  writing.  Addison. 

3.  Ready  to  obey  ; compliant  ; submissive. 

That  God  helpeth  us  forward  not  without  our  own  con- 
formable will,  appearcth  plain  by  clear  texts  of  Scripture. 

Sir  T.  More. 

Syn.  — See  Agreeable. 

CON-FOR  M'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
conformable.  Ash. 

CON-FORM' A- BLY,  ad.  With  conformity. Addison. 

CON-FORM' ANCE,  n.  The  act  of  conforming  ; 
conformity,  [it.]  Ch.  Ex. 

CON-FOR 'MATE,  a.  [It.  conformato. ] Llaving 

same  form  ; conformable.  Jameson. 

CON-FOR-mA'TION,  n.  [L.  conformatio ; It.  con- 
furnuizione ; Sp.  conformacion ; Fr.  conforma- 
tion.] 

1.  The  act  of  bringing  into  conformity  with 
anything;  accordance;  compliance. 

Virtue  and  vice,  sin  and  holiness,  and  the  conformation  of 
our  hearts  and  lives  to  the  duties  of  true  religion  and  morali- 
ty, are  things  of  more  consequence  than  the  furniture  of  the 
understanding.  Watts. 

2.  The  form  of  things  as  relating  to  one  an- 
other ; disposition  of  parts  ; structure. 

In  Hebrew  poetry  there  may  be  observed  a certain  confor- 
mation of  the  sentences,  the  nature  of  which  is,  that  a com- 
plete sense  is  almost  equally  infused  into  every  component 
part.  Lowth. 

CON-FORM'IJR,  n.  One  who  conforms.  Mountayu. 

CON-FOR M'ING,  p.  a.  Complying  ; yielding  ; ad- 
hering. 

CON- FORM' I ST,  n.  [It.  § Sp.  conformista;  Fr. 
conformiste.]  One  who  conforms  ;.  specially, 
one  who  conforms  to  the  Church  of  England  ; a 
conformer.  Bp.  Taylor. 

CON-FORM'I-TY,  n.  [It.  conformity ; Sp.  con- 
form! dad,  ; Fr.  conforming 

1.  State  of  being  conformed;  accordance; 

agreement.  “In  conformity  to  the  friendship 
. . . cemented  between  us.”  Melmoth. 

2.  Correspondence  ; resemblance ; similitude ; 
likeness. 

Space  and  duration  have  a great  conformity  in  this,  that 
they  arc  justly  reckoned  amongst  our  simple  ideas.  Locke. 

t CON-FOR-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  conforto,  conforta- 
tus.]  The  act  of  strengthening.  Bacon. 

CON-FOUND',  v.  a.  [I,,  confundo  ; con,  with,  and 
fundo,  to  pour  out ; It.  confondere  ; Sp.  § Fort. 


ennfundir;  Fr.  confondre. ] [i.  CONFOL’NDp.d  ; 

pp.  CONFOUNDING,  CONFOUNDED.] 

1.  To  mingle  so  as  to  make  no  longer  distin- 
guishable ; to  disorder  ; to  confuse. 

Let  us  go  down,  and  there  confound  their  language,  that 
they  may  not  understand  one  another’s  speech.  Gen.  xi.  7. 

2.  To  embarrass;  to  perplex ; to  entangle. 

Men  find  their  simple  ideas  agree,  though,  in  discourse, 

they  confound  one  another  with  different  names.  Locke. 

3.  To  throw  into  consternation;  to  amaze; 
to  astonish. ; to  stupefy. 

Or  ’stonished  as  night-wanderers  often  are. 

Their  light  blown  out  in  some  mistrustful  wood, 

Even  so  confounded  in  the  dark  she  lay.  Shak. 

4.  To  destroy  ; to  overthrow  ; to  ruin. 

They  are  confounded,  for  they  are  brought  unto  shame 
that  seek  my  hurt.  l*s.  Ixxi.  24. 

Syn.  — See  Abash,  Amaze,  Mix,  Puzzle. 

CON-FOUND'JJD,  p.  a.  1.  Mingled  ; confused. 
“ Confusion  worse  confounded.”  Milton. 

2.  Astonished  ; abashed.  “ [He]  confound- 
ed, though  immortal.”  Milton. 

3.  Very  hateful ; detestable  ; enormous.  [Col- 
loquial and  vulgar.] 

He  tvas  a most  confounded  Tory.  Swift. 

CON-FOUND'JJD-LY,  ad.  Hatefully;  enormous- 
ly ; vexatiously.  [Vulgar.]  Addison. 

CON-FOUND'y.D-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
confounded;  confusion.  Milton. 

CON-FOUND '^R,  n.  One  who  confounds. 

f CON'FRACT,  a.  [L.  confractus. ] Broken.  More. 

f CON'FRA-GOSE,  a.  [L.  ' confragosus .]  Crag- 
gy. ‘ Evelyn. 

CON-FRA-TER'NJ-TY,  n.  [L.  con,  with,  and  fra- 
ternitas,  brotherhood  ; f rater,  a brother ; It. 
confraternity-,  Sp.  confraternidad ; Fr.  confra- 
ternite. ] An  associated  fraternity  ; a religious 
brotherhood. 

The  confraternities  are  in  the  Roman  Church  what  corpo- 
rations are  in  a commonwealth.  Brevint. 

f CON-FRl'^R,  n.  [Fr.  confrere.']  One  of  the 
same  religious  order.  Weever. 

CON-FRI-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  confricatio  ; con,  with, 
and  frico,  fricatus,  to  rub  ; It.  confficazione ; 
Sp.  confricacion ; Fr.  confrication.]  The  act 
of  rubbing  against  any  thing ; friction.  Bacon. 

II  CON-FRONT',  or  CON-FRONT'  [kon-front',  S. 
IF.  F.  Ja.  K.  ; kon-frilnt',  P.  J.  E.  Sin.  C.  Wb.], 
r.  a.  [L.  con,  with,  and  frons,  front  is,  the  fore- 
head ; It.  confrontare  ; Sp.  $ Fort,  confrontar ; 
Fr.  confronted.]  \i.  confronted  ; pp.  con- 
fronting, CONFRONTED.] 

1.  To  stand  in  front  of ; to  put  face  to  face  ; 
to  face ; to  oppose  openly  or  to  the  face. 

Blood  hath  bought  blood,  and  blows  have  answered  blows, 
Strength  matched  with  strength,  and  power  confronted  power. 

Shak. 

Some  glossed,  how  love  and  wisdom  were  at  strife, 

And  brought  my  proverbs  to  confront  my  life.  Prior. 

2.  To  bring  together  for  comparison  ; to  com- 
pare. 

When  I confront  a medal  with  a verse,  I only  show^vou 
the  suinc  design  executed  by  different  hands.  Addison. 

j$3P“In  colloquial  pronunciation,  this  word  has 
its  last  syllable  sounded  like  the  last  of  affront ; but 
the  second  syllable  of  confrontation  ought  never  to  be 
so  pronounced.”  Walker . 

CON-FRON-TA'TION,  n.  [Fr.]  The  act  of  bring- 
ing witnesses  face  to  face.  Swinburne. 

||  CON-FRONT'  f.R,  n.  One  who  confronts.  Speed. 

II  CON-FRONT'MJENT,  n.  Act  of  confronting.  Todd. 

CON-FU'CI  AN  (kon-fu'slifn,  66),  a.  Belonging  to 
Confucius,  the  Chinese  philosopher.  Davis. 

CON-FU'CI  AN,  n.  A follower  of  Confucius.  Davis. 

CON-FU'CIAN-IST  (kon-fu'slifin-Ist,  66),  n.  A fol- 
lower of  Confucius  ;'  a Confucian.  Qu.  Rev. 

COJY  FU'Rl-A.  [It.]  Furiously.  Buchanan. 

CON-FU§'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  confused. 

CON-FUS-A-BiL'I-TY,  n.  Capacity  of  being  con- 
fused. A . Brit.  Rev. 

CON-FU^E',  v.  a.  [L.  confundo,  confusus. ] [t. 

CONFUSED;  pp.  CONFUSING,  CONFUSED.] 

I.  To  mix  or  blend  so  as  to  make  no  longer 
distinguishable. 

At  length  a universal  hubbub  wild 

Of  stunning  sounds  and  voices  all  confused.  Milton. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  £,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  p,  I,  O,  V,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


CONFUSE 


293 


CONGLOMERATION 


2.  To  disarrange;  to  derange;  to  disorder. 

Thus  roving  on 

In  confused  march  forlorn.  Milton. 

3.  To  perplex ; to  obscure.  “ Our  ideas  of 

their  intimate  essences  and  causes  are  very  con- 
fused and  obscure.”  1 Vatts. 

4.  To  disconcert ; to  abash  ; to  confound. 

Confused  and  sadly  she  at  length  replies.  rope. 

Syn. — See  Abash. 

f CON-FUSE',  a.  Mixed ; confounded.  Barret. 

CON-FUSED'  (kon-fuzd'),  a.  Being  in  confusion. 
“ A confused  heap.”  Waller. 

Syn.  — See  Indistinct. 

CON-FU§'JJD-LY,  ad.  With  confusion.  Dnjden. 

CON-FUfp'UD-NESS,  n.  Want  of  distinctness. 
“ The  confusedness  of  our  notions.”  Norris. 

f CON-FUSE'Ly,  ad.  Obscurely.  Darret. 

CON-FU'SION  (kon-fu'zlmn,  93),  n.  [L.  confusio  ; 
It.  confusione  ; Sp.  <Sf  Fr.  confusion .] 

1.  The  state  of  being  confused ; irregular 
mixture  ; indistinct  combination. 

As  the  proud  tower,  whose  points  the  clouds  did  hit, 

By  tongues’  confusion  was  to  ruin  brought.  Davies. 

2.  Tumult;  disorder. 

God  is  not  a God  of  sedition  and  confusion,  but  of  order 
and  of  peace.  Hooker. 

3.  Overthrow  ; destruction  ; defeat. 

With  ruin  upon  ruin,  rout  on  rout. 

Confusion  worse  confounded.  Milton. 

4.  Distraction  of  mind  ; astonishment. 

Confusion  dwelt  in  every  face, 

And  fear  in  every  heart, 

When  waves  on  waves,  and  gulfs  on  gulfs, 

O’ercame  the  pilot’s  art.  Addison. 

CON-FU'TA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  confuted. 

CON-FU'TANT  [kon-fa'tant,  Ja.  K.  Sm.  Wb.  ; 
kon'fu-tarlt,  Todd],  n.  One  who  confutes.  Milton. 

CON-FU-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  confutation  It.  confu- 
tazionc ; Fr.  confutation .]  The  act  of  confut- 
ing ; refutation  ; disproof. 

A confutation  of  atheism  from  the  frame  of  the  world.  Bentley. 

CON- FU'TA-T IVE,  a.  Tending  to  confute  or  dis- 
prove ; disproving.  Warburton. 

CON-FUTE',  v.  a.  [L.  confuto,  to  allay  the  heat 
of  boiling  water  by  pouring  in  cold  water,  to 
check,  to  put  down  by  words  ; con,  with,  and 
futus,  a water-vessel ; It.  confutare  ; Sp.  conf  11- 
tar  \ Fr.  confute)'.]  [i.  confuted  ; pp.  con- 
futing ; confuted.] 

1.  To  vanquish  in  argument ; to  convict  of 
error ; to  refute. 

Some  men  may  be  confuted  in  their  errors,  and  nersuaded 
out  of  them.  ChiUingworth. 

2.  To  disprove  ; to  overthrow  by  reasoning. 

But  no  man’s  error  can  be  confuted  who  doth  not  believe 

and  grant  some  true  principle  that  contradicts  Iris  error. 

ChiUingworth. 

Syn. — Confute  and  refute  (L.  confuto  and  refuto ) 
are  often  used  indiscriminately  ; but  confute  respects 
more  what  is  argumentative,  refute,  what  is  practical 
or  personal.  An  argument  is  confuted  by  proving  its 
fallacy  ; a charge  refuted  by  proving  the  innocence  of 
tile  accused.  Confute  a false  doctrine  or  a paradox ; 
refute  an  accusation  or  calumny  ; disprove  a state- 
ment ; oppugn  an  erroneous  opinion. 

CON-FUT'F.D,  p.  a.  Disproved  ; shown  to  be  in- 
correct. 

f CON-FUTE'MpNT,  n.  Confutation.  Milton. 

CON-FUT'JpR,  n.  One  who  confutes.  Bp.  Morton. 

CONG,  n.  ( Med .)  A medical  abbreviation  for 
congius;  a gallon,  or  four  quarts.  Crabb. 

C OJV'QF.  [kon'je,  P.  E.  Sm. ; kon'je,  S. ; kon-je', 
IF.  ; k5n-je',  J. ; kon'je  or  knn-je',  F.  ; konj  or 
kun-zha',  Ja.  ; kong-zha',  A'.],  n.  [Fr.  conge, 
permission  to  be  absent ; prendre  conge,  to  take 
one’s  leave.] 

1.  Leave  ; farewell. 

So  courteous  eongi  both  did  give  and  take.  Spenser. 

2.  An  act  of  reverence  ; a bow  ; courtesy  ; — 

formerly  written  congie.  “ Cringe  and  make 
congees.”  Burton. 

The  captain  salutes  you  with  congS  profound.  Swift. 

CON'yE,  or  CON-OE'  [kon'je,  S.  Sm. ; kon-je', 

IF.  P.],  v.  n.  [i.  congeed  ; pp.  congf.eing, 
congeed.]  To  take  leave.  “ I have  congeed 
with  the  duke.”  Shah. 

CON'yE  (kon'je)  [kon'je,  Sm.  Wb. ; konj,  Ja.; 


konzh,  A.],  n.  [Fr.]  (Arch.)  A moulding  in 
the  form  of  a quarter  round  ; — applied  to  the 
cavetto  and  to  the  echinus.  Weale. 

CON'yy-A-BLE,  a.  [Fr.,  from  conge,  leave.] 
(Law.)  Done  with  leave  ; lawfully  done  ; law- 
ful. Burrill. 

CON-yEAL'  (kon-jei'),  v.  a.  [L.  congelo ; con, 
with,  and  gelo,  to  freeze  ; It.  congelare  ; Sp.  con- 
gelar  ; Fr.  congeler .]  [i.  congealed;  pp.  con- 
gealing, congealed.] 

1.  To  turn,  by  frost,  from  a fluid  to  a solid 
state ; to  freeze. 

A vapory  deluge  lies  to  snow  congealed.  Thomson. 

2.  To  fix  as  by  cold  ; to  clot. 

Too  much  sadness  hath  congealed  your  blood.  Shak. 

CON-^rEAL'  (kon-jel'),  v.  n.  To  concrete  by  cold 
or  frost. 

When  water  congeals , the  surface  of  the  ice  is  smooth  and 
level.  Burnet. 

CON-£EAL'A-BLE,  a.  [Fr.  congelable.]  That 
may  be  congealed;  susceptible  of  congelation. 

CON-yEAL'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing congealable.  Boyle. 

CON-HEALED'  (kon-jeld'),  p.  a.  Turned  to  ice  ; 
concreted  by  cold,  or  as  by  cold. 

CON-yEAL'IJD-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  con- 
gealed. More. 

CON-yEAL'ING,  p.  a.  Turning  to  ice;  concret- 
ing by  frost ; freezing. 

CON  yEAL'MlJNT,  n.  1.  The  act  of  congealing; 
congelation  ; concretion.  Milton. 

2.  The  mass  congealed. 

Whilst  they  with  joyful  tears 
Wasli  the  congealment  from  your  wounds.  Shak. 

CONGE  D'ELIRE  (kon'je-de-ISr').  [Fr.,  permis- 
sion to  elect.]  (Eccl.)  The  writ  or  permission 
of  the  King  of  England  to  a dean  and  chapter 
to  choose  a bishop.  Cowell. 

OON-yEE',  n.  Water  in  which  rice  has  been 
boiled.  Duke  of  Wellington. 

CON-HE-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  congelatio ; It . conge- 
lazione;  Sp . congelacion ; Fr.  congelation.] 

1.  The  process  of  congealing  ; change  from  a 

fluid  to  a solid  state  by  the  agency  of  cold.  “ By 
. . . congelation  of  the  fluid.”  Arbuthnot. 

2.  The  mass  congealed.  “ A multitude  of 
congelations  in  jellies  of  various  colors.”  Tatlcr. 

t CON-yEM-I-NA'TION,  n.  [L.  congeminatio  ; 
con,  with,  and  gemino,  to  double  ; Fr.  congemi- 
nation.]  The  act  of  doubling.  Cotgrave. 

CON'HE-N?R,  or  CON-HE'N£R  [kon-je'ner,  S.  IF. 
P.  K.  ; kon'je-ner,  Sm.  R.  Cl.  Johnson,  Ash],  n. 
[L.  congener ; con,  with,  and  genus,  birth,  ori- 
gin, race;  Fr.  congenkre.]  That  which  has  a 
common  origin,  or  is  of  the  same  kind,  with 
something  else. 

The  cherry-tree  lias  been  often  grafted  on  the  laurel,  to 
which  it  is  a congener.  Miller. 

f CON-HEN'^R-A-CY,  n.  Similarity  of  origin; 

congenerousness.  ’ More. 

CON-H5-NER  IC,  ) Being  of  the  same 

CON-yy-NE-R'l-CAL,  ) genus;  of  the  same  ori- 
gin or  descent.  Smart. 

f CON-yEN'yR-OUS,  a_  Being  of  the  same  kind, 
or  of  the  same  origin  ; congeneric.  Browne. 

f CON-HEN' yR-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
congenerous  or  congeneric.  Hallyivell  (1677.) 

||  CON-HE'NI-AL,  or  CON-yEN'IAL  [kon-je'ne-al, 
IF.  P.  J.  ja.  C. ; kon-je'ny?l,  S.  E ^ F.  K.  Sm.], 
a.  [L.  con,  with,  and  genus,  origin,  race  ; Sp. 
congenial;  Fr.  congenial.]  Partaking  of  the 
same  nature  ; naturally  suited  or  adapted ; sim- 
ilar ; kindred ; cognate. 

Smit  with  the  love  of  sister  arts  we  came. 

And  met  congenial , mingling  flame  with  flame.  Pope. 

Syn.  — See  Native. 

CON-HE-NI-AL'l-Ty,  n.  The  state  of  being  con- 
genial ; participation  of  the  same  nature ; simi- 
larity in  character  or  disposition. 

Painters  and  poets  have  always  had  a kind  of  congenialitii. 

IVotton. 

||  CON-HEN'IAL-IZE,  v.  a.  To  render  congenial ; 
to  make  kindred  or  similar,  [r.]  Ec.  Rev. 

||  CON-HEN'IAL-NESS,  n.  Congeniality.  Bailey. 


||  CON-yEN'IOUS,  a.  Of  the  same  kind  ; similar ; 
like  ; congeneric,  [r.]  Hales. 

CON-HEN'I-TAL,  a.  [L.  congenitus;  con,  with, 
and  gigno,  genitus,  to  beget;  Fr.  congenital.] 
Originating  or  existing  at  the  time  of  birth ; 
congenite  ; connate.  Qu.  Rev. 

CON-HEN'ITE,  a.  [L.  congenitus  ; Sp.  congenita.] 
Originating  or  existing  at  the  time  of  birth  ; 
connate  ; congenital. 

Many  conclusions  of  moral  and  intellectual  truths  seem  to 
be  congenite  with  us.  llale. 

CON'GyR  (kong'ger,  82),  n.  [Or.  ynyypo; ; L.  conger ; 
It.  gongro  ; Fr.  conyre.]  The  sea-eel.  Walton. 

CON-HE'RI-Etjj  (kon-je're-ez),  n.  sing.  & pi.  [L.] 
A collection  of  particles  or  small  bodies  into 
one  mass.  Boyle. 

CON-yEST',  v.  a.  [L.  congero,  congestus ; con, 
with,  and  gero,  gestus,  to  bear.]  To  heap  up  ; 
to  collect.  “ Congested  wealth.”  [it.]  Sandys. 

f CON-HEST'i-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  congested, 
or  heaped  up.  Bailey. 

CON-HES'TION  (kon-jest'yun),  n.  [L.  congestio  ; 
Sp.  <Sf  Fr.  congestion.] 

1.  The  act  of  heaping  up  ; aggregation. 

By  congestion  of  sand,  earth,  and  such  stuff  as  we  now  sec 
hills  strangely  fraughted  with,  they  were  first  cast  up.  Drayton. 

2.  (Med.)  Accumulation  of  blood  or  of  other 

fluid  in  any  organ.  Dunglison. 

CON-HES'TIVE,  a.  (Med.)  Implying  congestion, 
or  the  accumulation  of  blood,  or  of  the  humors 
of  the  body.  Dr.  Mott. 

CON'Hl-A-RY,  n.  [E.  congiarium ; congius,  a 
measure  of  capacity  ; Fr.  congiciire .]  A gift 
distributed  to  the  Roman  people  or  the  Roman 
soldiery;  — originally  in  corn  and  wine  measured 
in  a congius,  — afterwards  in  money.  Addison. 

CON'GI-US,  n.  [L.,  a measure  of  capacity.]  (hied.) 
A gallon,  or  four  quarts.  Crabb. 

f CON-GLA'CI-ATE,  V.  n.  \L.  conglacio,  congla- 
ciatus .]  To  turn  to  ice  ; to  congeal.  Browne. 

CON-GLA-CI-A'TION,  n.  The  process  of  turning 
to  ice  ; congelation.  Browne. 

II  CON-GLO'BATE  [kon-glo'bat,  S.  IF.  J.  F.  Ja.  K. ; 
kong'glo-bat,  P.  Sm.],  v.  a.  [L.  conglobo,  con- 
g/obatus ; Sp.  conglobar;  Fr.  conglobcr .]  [i. 
conglobated  ; pp.  conglobating,  conglo- 
bated.] To  gather  into  a hard,  firm  ball.  Gretv. 

||  CON-GLO'BATE,  a.  Moulded  into  a firm  ball. 
“ Conglobate  and  conglomerate  glands.”  Cheyne. 

||  CON-GLO'bAt-ED,  p.  a.  (Bot.)  Collected  into 
a spherical  form.  Loudon. 

||  CON-GLO'BATE-LY,  ad.  In  a spherical  form. 

CON-GLO-BA'TION,  n.  [L . conglobatio  ; It.cow- 
glgbazione ; Sp.  conglobaeion  ; Fr.  conglobation.] 
Collection  into  a round  mass.  Browne. 

f CON-GLOBE',  v.  a.  [L.  conglobo  ; Sp.  conglo- 
bar.] To  gather  into  a round  mass ; to  con- 
globate. “Orb  in  orb  conglohcd  are  seen.”  Pope. 

j-  CON-GLOBE',  v.  n.  To  toalesce  into  a round 
mass.  “ As  drops  on  dust  conglobing.”  Milton. 

CON-GLOB'y-LATE,  V.  n.  [L.  con,  with,  and 
globulus,  a little  ball.]  To  gather  into  a little 
round  mass.  “A  number  of  them  [swallows] 
conglobulate  together.”  Johnson 

CON-GLOM'y  R-ATE,  r.  a.  [L.  conglomero,  con- 
glomeratus  ; con,  with,  and  glomero,  to  form  into 
a ball ; glomus,  a ball,  or  clew;  Sp  .conglomerar ; 
Fr.  conglomerer.]  \i.  conglomerated  ; pp. 
conglomerating,  conglomerated.]  To  gath- 
er into  a ball,  as  of  thread ; to  inweave  into  a 
round  mass. 

The  liver  is  one  great  conglomerated  gland.  Grew. 

CON-GLOM'yR-ATE,  n.  [Fr.  conglomerate] 
(Min.)  Water-worn,  rounded  pebbles  or  frag- 
ments of  rock,  cemented  together  by  another 
mineral  substance.  Lyell. 

CON-GL6m'£R-ATE,  a.  1.  Gathered  into  a round 
ball;  as,  “ Conglomerate  rocks.” 

2.  (Anat.)  Formed  of  small  glands.  “The 
liver  and  other  conglomerate  glands.”  Cheyne. 

3.  (Bot.)  Crowded  together  ; clustered.  Gray. 

CON-GLOM-F.R-A'TION,  n.  [L.  conglomeration, 
Lr.  conglomeration.]  Collection  into  a ball; 
accumulation  ; aggregation.  Bacon. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BOLL,  BUR,  RtJLE.  — y,  H>  g>  soft ; C,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  % as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


CONGLUTINANT 


COMTE 


294 


CON-GLU'TI-NANT,  a.  [Fr.  conglutinant.]  {Med.) 
Tending  to  unite  or  close  up  ; gluing.  Smart. 

CON-GLU'TI-NANT,  n.  {Med.)  A medicine  that 
heals  wounds.  Smart. 

CON-GLU'TI-NATE,  v.  a.  [L.  conglutino,  con- 
glutinatus  ; It.  conglutinare ; Sp.  conglutinar ; 
Fr.  conglutiner .]  [i.  conglutinated  ; pp.  con- 
GLUTINATING,  CONGLUTINATED.]  To  Cement  ; 
to  unite ; to  glue.  Pearson. 

CON-GLU'TI-NATE,  v.  n.  To  coalesce.  Johnson. 

CON-GLU'TI-NATE,  a.  Joined;  united.  “All 
these  together  conglutinate.”  Sir  T.  Elgot. 

CON-GLU-TI-NA'TION,  n.  [Fr.]  The  act  of  con- 
glutinating  ; reunion  ; junction  ; union.  “ The 
conglutination  of  parts  separated  by  a wound.’’ 
Arbuthnot.  “ The  conglutination  of  the  several 
kingdoms  of  Castile,  Arragon,  &c.”  Bacon. 

CON-GLU'TI-NA-TIVE,  a.  [It.  § Sp.  conglutina- 
tiro  ; Fr.  conglutinatif. ] Having  power  to 
unite  ; tending  to  unite.  Johnson. 

CON-GLU'TI-NA-TOR,  n.  That  which  has  the 
power  of  uniting.  “ A conglutinator  of  broken 
bones.”  ""  Woodward. 

CON'GO  (kong'go,  82),  n.  A species  of  black  tea, 
superior  in  quality  to  bohea,  but  inferior  to  sou- 
chong ; — also  written  congou.  Davis. 

CON-GRAt'U-LANT,  a.  Rejoicing  in  participa- 
tion ; sharing  another’s  joy.  Milton. 

COiN-GRAT'U-LATE  (kon-grat'yu-lat),  V.  a.  [L. 
congratulor,  congratuCatus  ; coil,  with,  and  grat- 
ulor,  to  wish  joy  to  ; It.  congratularsi ; Sp.  con- 
gratular ; Fr.  congratuler .]  [i.  congratulat- 

ed ; pp.  CONGRATULATING,  CONGRATULATED.] 
To  felicitate,  as  sympathizing  with  one’s  good 
fortune  ; to  compliment  upon  any  happy  event ; 
to  wish  joy  to. 

Friends  to  congratulate  their  friends  made  haste.  Dnjden. 

Syn.  — To  congratulate  is  to  profess  sympathy 
and  participation  in  another’s  joy  ; to  felicitate  is 
merely  to  wish  happy.  Friendship  congratulates ; 
politeness  felicitates.  A person  may  felicitate  himself 
on  having  escaped  from  danger,  and  congratulate  oth- 
ers on  their  good  fortune. 

CON-GR AT'U-LATE,  v.  n.  To  rejoice  in  partici- 
pation ; to  share  another’s  joy.  “ I cannot  but 
congratulate  with  my  country.”  Swift. 

CON-GRAT-U-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  congratulation 
It.  congraiulazione ; Sp.  congratulacion  ; Fr. 
congratulation .]  The  act  of  congratulating  ; an 
expression  of  joy  and  sympathy  ; felicitation. 

What  unspeakable  rejoicing  and  congratulations  will  there 
be  between  us!  Scott's  Christian  Life. 

CON-GRAt'U-LA-TOR,  n.  [It.  congratulatory .] 
One  who  congratulates.  Milton. 

CON-GRAT'U-LA-TO-RY,  a.  [It.  &:  Sp.  congratu- 
latorio-,  Fr.  congratulatoire. ] Expressing  or 
wishing  joy. 

Letters  are  consolatory,  monitory,  or  congratulatory.  Howell. 

fCON-GREE'.  v.  n.  [L.  con,  with,  and  Fr.  are, 
accord.]  To  agree  ; to  accord.  Shak. 

t CON -GREET',  v.  n.  To  salute  reciprocally.  Shak. 

CON'GRU-gATE  (kong'gre-gat,  82),  v.  a.  [L.  con- 
grego,  congregatus ; con,  with,  and  grex,  a flock ; 
It.  congregare;  Sp.  congregar .]  [i.  congregat- 
ed ; pp.  CONGREGATING,  CONGREGATED.]  To 
collect  or  gather  together  ; to  assemble. 

Heat  congregates  homogeneal  bodies,  and  separates  hete- 
rogeneal  ones.  Newton. 

CON'GRE-gAte,  V.  n.  To  assemble;  to  meet. 

Even  there  where  merchants  most  do  congregate.  Shak. 

CON'GR  E-GATE,  a.  Collected;  congregated,  [r.] 
"With  all  the  gods  about  him  congregate.  Spenser. 

CON'GRIJ-GAT-ED,  p.  a.  Collected  together  ; as- 
sembled. “ Congregated  sands.”  Shak.  '‘Con- 
gregated waters.”  Milton. 

CON-GRE-GA'TION  (kong-gre-ga'shun),  n.  [L. 
congregatio  ; It.  congregations ; Sp.  congrega- 
cion  ; Fr.  congregation .] 

1.  The  act  of  gathering  or  collecting.  “ By 
congregation  of  homogeneal  parts.”  Bacon. 

2.  A collection  of  various  parts  or  things. 

This  brave  o’erhanging  firmament  appears  no  other  thing 
to  me  than  a foul  and  pestilent  congregation  of  vapors.  Shak. 


3.  An  assembly,  — particularly  of  persons 
for  public  worship. 

The  words  which  the  minister  first  pronounceth,  the  whole 
congregation  shall  repeat  after  him.  Hooker. 

Syn.  — See  Assembly. 

CON-GR P-gA'TION-AL,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  a 
congregation  or  assembly ; public  ; general. 
“ Congregational  singing.”  Warton. 

2.  Pertaining  to  Congregationalism,  or  to 
Congregationalists ; independent. 

Every  parish  had  a congregational  or  parochial  presbytery 
for  the  affairs  of  its  own  circle.  Warton. 

CON-GRE-GA'TION-AL-I§M,  n.  That  mode  of 
church  government  which  maintains  the  inde- 
pendence of  separate  churches  or  congrega- 
tions ; independency.  Ec.  Ret'. 

CON-GRfJ-GA'TION-AL-IST,  n.  One  who  adheres 
to  Congregationalism  ; an  Independent.  Neal. 

CON'GRIJSS  (kong'gres,  82),  n.  [L.  congressus ; 
congredior,  to  meet ; con,  with,  and  gradior,  to 
walk  ; gradus,  a step  ; It.  congresso  ; Sp.  con- 
greso-,  Fr.  congres.] 

1. 1 A meeting  in  private  or  social  intercourse. 

That  ceremony  is  used  as  much  iu  our  adieus,  as  in  the 
first  congress.  Sir  K.  Digby. 

2.  f A collision  or  shock;  — applied  toper- 
sons  or  to  things. 

Their  congress  in  the  field  great  Jove  withstands.  Dryden. 

From  these  laws  mav  be  deduced  the  rules  of  the  congresses 
and  reflections  of  two  bodies.  Cheyne. 

3.  A meeting  of  ambassadors  or  deputies  for 
the  settlement  of  affairs  between  nations  ; as, 
“The  Congress  of  Vienna,  in  1815.” 

Hereupon  the  congress  grew  wholly  desperate,  and  all  par- 
ties prepared  for  the  field.  Sir  W.  Temple. 

4.  A meeting  of  delegates  or  representatives 
to  consult  upon  matters  of  common  interest,  or 
to  enact  laws  and  transact  national  and  political 
affairs;  a national  legislature,  composed  of  sen- 
ators and  representatives  ; as,  “ The  Congress 
of  the  United  States.” 

Syn.  — See  Assembly. 

CON-GRES'SION  (kon-grSsh'un,  92),  n.  [L.  con- 
gressio .]  A meeting  together ; an  assembly, 
[it.]  Cotgrave. 


condignity,  or  that  derived  from  works  done  by  the 
assistance  of  grace,  and  to  which  a reward  is  in  jus- 
tice due.  Welchman. 

CON'GRU-OUS  (kong'gru-us),  a.  [L.  congruus  ; 
It.  <Sf  Sp.  congruo .] 

1.  Having congruity ; accordant;  concordant; 
agreeable  ; suitable  ; consistent. 

The  existence  of  God  is  so  manifest,  and  the  obedience  we 
owe  him  so  congruous  to  the  light  of  reason.  Locke. 

2.  Appropriate ; proper  ; fit ; meet. 

It  is  no  ways  cong-nious  that  God  should  be  always  fright- 
ening men  into  an  acknowledgment  of  the  truth.  'Atterbury. 

CON'GRU-OUS-LY,  ad.  Suitably  ; consistently. 

CON'GRU-OUS-NESS,  n.  Fitness ; congruity.  Ash. 

CO  'MI-a,  n.  [Gr.  koivuov,  hemlock.]  {Chem.)  The 
active  principle,  or  alkaloid,  peculiar  to  hem- 
lock {Conium  maculatum)  ; — called  also  coni- 
cine.  When  freshly  prepared,  it  is  oleaginous 
and  volatile ; and  it  is  one  of  the  most  violent 
poisons  known.  P.  Cyc. 

CON'IC,  ) a%  [Gr.  koivik6s  ; L.  conicus  ; It.  Sf 

CON'I-CAL,  ) Sp.  conico  ; Fr.  conique.  — See 
Cone.]" 

1.  Having  the  form  of  a cone  ; relating  to  a 
cone  or  to  its  sections. 

2.  {Bot.)  Rising  into  a point  above  a 
circular  base  ; resembling  a cone. 

Henslow. 

Conical  valve,  a valve  of  a conical  form,  fit- 
ting into  a socket  of  the  same  shape. 

CON'l-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  the  form  of  a 
cone.  Boyle. 

CON'I-CAL-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the 
quality  of  being  conical.  Johnson. 

CON'I-CINE,  n.  Same  as  Conia.  Francis. 

CON'I-CO-CY-LIN'DRI-CAL,  a.  In  the  form  of 
a cylinder,  but  tapering  to  a point.  Craig. 

CON'J-CO-HEM-I-SPHER'J-CAL,  a. 

Having  a form  between  conical  and 
spherical.  Craig. 

CON'I-CO-S0B'LU-LATE,  a.  Awl-shaped  and 
conical ; tapering  to  a point.  Craig. 


CON-GRES'SION-AL  (kon-gresh'un-al),  a.  Relat- 
ing to  a congress  ; — particularly  to  the  legisla- 
tive body  of  the  United  States  ; as,  “ The  Con- 
gressional debates.” 

DQy  This  word  is  chiefly  used  in  America,  or  wiili 
reference  to  the  American  Congress.  So  applied,  it 
corresponds  to  parliamentary,  as  applied  to  Parliament. 

CON-GRES'SIVE,  a.  Meeting;  coming  together ; 
assembling.  Browne. 

CON'GREVE  (kong'grev),  n.  A match  prepared 
by  being  dipped  into  a phosphoric  preparation, 
or  into  a mixture  of  chlorate  of  potash,  sulphur, 
and  sugar;  a lucifer  match  ; — called  also  con- 
greve  light.  W.  Ency. 

CON'GREVE— ROCK'IJT,  n.  A destructive  rock- 
et invented  by  Sir  Wm.  Congreve.  Brande. 

t CON-GRUE',  v.  n.  [L.  congruo.]  To  agree;  to 
suit.  “ By  letters  congruing  to  that  effect.”S/<aA. 

CON'GRU-IJNCE  [kong'gru-ens,  S.  IF.  P.  J.  F.  Ja. 
Sm. ; kon-gru'ens  or  lcong'gru-ens,  Isaac],  n.  [L. 
congruentia ; It.  congruenza  ; Sp.  congruencia.] 
Agreement ; consistency  ; harmony  ; congrui- 
ty 1 “ Such  was  the  congruence  of  their  humors 

and  dispositions.”  Holland. 

CON-GRU'JJN-CY  [kon-gru'en-se,  Ja.  Wb.  ; lcong'- 
gru-en-se,  Todd],  n.  Agreement.  More. 

CON'GR U-ENT  (kong'gru-ent),  a.  [L.  congruens ; 
It.  &.  Sp.  congruente.]  Having  congruity ; agree- 
ing ; suitable.  “ The  congruent  and  harmoni- 
ous fitting  of  parts  in  a sentence.”  B.  Jonson. 

CON-GrU'I-TY,  n.  [L.  congruitas ; It.  congruita ; 
Sp.  congruidad  ; Fr.  congruite .] 

1.  The  state  of  being  congruous ; apt  or 
proper  relation  between  things ; agreement ; 
suitableness  ; fitness  ; consistency  ; congruence. 

The  congruity  of  things  is  their  suitableness  to  such  or 
such  a state  or  condition.  Glanville. 

2.  ( Geom .)  Correspondence  ; as  when  figures 
or  lines  are  laid  one  upon  another.  Johnson. 

Merit  of  congruity,  ( School  Throl.)  that  merit  which 
entitles  one  to  a reward  for  works  done  by  the  mere 
strengtli  of  freewill,  as  distinguished  from  merit  of 


CON'JC— O'  VATE,  a.  Between  egg- 
shaped  and  conical.  Craig. 

CON'ICS,  n.  pi.  The  doctrine  of  conic 
sections  ; conic  sections.  Bp.  Berkeley. 

CON'IC  SEC'TION?,  n.  {Geom.) 

The  curve  lines  and  plane  fig- 
ures which  are  produced  by  the 
intersection  of  a plane  with  the 
surface  of  a cone ; viz.,  the  el- 
lipse, as  C,  the  parabola,  as  D, 
and  the  hyperbola,  as  E : — that  part  of  math- 
ematics which  treats  of  the  properties,  meas- 
urements, &c.,  of  the  sections  of  a cone. 

Algebraically  considered,  the  conic  sections  are  the  curves 
of  the  Second  degree.  J'.  Cyc. 

CO-NIF' F.-RJE,  n.  pi.  [L.  conus,  a cone,  and 
fero,  to  bear.]  {Bot.)  An  order  of  gynmosper- 
mous  exogens,  including  fir-trees,  pines,  cedars, 
junipers,  &c.,  the  fruit  of  which  consists  of  scales 
collected  into  a cone,  and  bearing  the  naked 
seeds  on  some  part  of  their  inner  face.  Gray. 

CO-NIF'ER-OUS,  a.  Bearing  cones  or  conical 
fruit,  as  the  fir-tree  and  the  pine.  Quincy. 

CO'NI-FORM,  a.  [conus,  a cone,  and  forma, 
form;  Fr.  coniforme .]  Being  in  the  form  of  a 
cone ; cone-shaped.  Smart. 

{Ornith.)  One  of  the  class 
Brande. 

"bo-NI-ROS'TRAL,  a.  { Ornith.)  Having  the  beak 
shaped  like  a cone.  Gray. 

CO-MI-ROS' TRF.S,  n.  pi.  [L.  conus,  a cone,  and 
rostrum,  a beak.]  {Ormth.)  A class  of  birds, 
of  the  order  Passcres,  having  a thick  conical 
bill,  as  the  crow.  — See  Passeres.  Gray. 

CON-I-SOR',  n.  See  Cognizou.  Johnson. 

CO-MIS  ’ TRJI,  n.  [Gr.  Kovicrnn  ; Koiiiij,  to  cover 
with  dust.]  An  arena  or  pit,  as  for  wrestlers, 
for  quail-fights,  or  of  a theatre.  , Clarke. 

CO'NITE,  n.  [Gr.  Koiia,  dust.l  {Min.)  A car- 
bonate of  lime,  magnesia,  and  oxide  of  iron  ; a 
variety  of  dolomite.  Dana. 


CO-NI-ROS'Tf)R,  n. 
of  Conirostres. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  l,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


CONJECT 


295 


CONNECTION 


f CON-JECT',  v.n.  [L . conjicio,  conjectus  ; con , 
with,  and  jacio,  to  throw.]  To  conjecture.  Shak. 

f CON-JECT',  v.  a.  To  cast ; to  throw.  Mountagu. 

f CON-JEC'TOR,  n.  [L.]  One  who  conjectures ; 
a guesser  ; a eonjecturer.  Milton. 

CON-JECT'U-RA-BLE,  a.  [Sp . conjeturable.]  That 
may  be  conjectured.  Johnson. 

CON-JECT'U-RAL,  a.  Depending  on  conjecture  ; 
doubtful.  “ Some  conjectural  hopes  of  a life 
after  this.”  Jortin. 

CON-JECT'U-R  AL-IST,  n.  One  who  deals  in  con- 
jectures. Month.  Rev. 

f CON-JECT-U-RAL'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being 
conjectural.  Browne. 

CON-JECT'U-RAL-LY,  ad.  By  conjecture,  or 
guess.  Hooker. 

CON-JECT'URE  (kon-jekt'yur),  n.  [L.  conjectura ; 
It.  congettura ; Sp.  conjetura  ; Fr.  conjecture .] 

1.  An  opinion  founded  on  slight  evidence ; a 
supposition  ; a surmise  ; a guess. 

In  the  casting  of  lots,  a man  cannot,  upon  any  ground  of 
reason,  bring  the  event  so  much  as  under  conjecture.  South. 

2.  f A conception  ; a notion  ; an  idea. 

Now  entertain  conjecture  of  a time 

When  creeping  murmur,  and  the  poring  dark, 

Fills  the  wide  vessel  of  the  universe..  Shak. 

Syn.  — A conjecture  is  more  vague,  and  is  founded 
on  a less  substantial  basis,  than  a guess  or  a supposi- 
tion ; and  a surmise  has  less  foundation  than  either. 
A person  supposes  or  guesses  that  a thing  actually  is  ; 
he  conjectures  or  merely  surmises  that  it  may  be  so. 

CON-JECT'URE  (kon-jekt'yur),  v.  a.  \i.  CONJECT- 
URED ; pp.  CONJECTURING,  CONJECTURED.]  To 
judge  by  guess  or  by  slight  evidence  ; to  guess ; 
to  surmise  ; to  suspect. 

Human  reason  can,  at  the  best,  but  conjecture  rvhat  will 
be.  South. 

CON-JECT'URE,  v.  n.  To  form  conjectures.  Swift. 

CON-JECT'UR-ER,  n.  One  who  conjectures. 

f CON-JOB'BLE,  v.  a.  To  concert;  to  discuss. 
[A  cant  word.]  L’ Estrange. 

CON-JOIN',  v.  a.  [L.  conjungo  ; con,  with,  and 
jungo,  to  yoke  ; Sp.  conjuntar  ; Fr.  conjoindre.] 
\i.  CONJOINED  ; pp.  CONJOINING,  CONJOINED.] 

1.  To  join  together;  to  consolidate  ; to  unite. 

Whose  marriages  conjoined  the  white  rose  and  the  red. 

Drayton. 

2.  To  associate  ; to  connect. 

Let  that  which  he  learns  next  be  nearly  conjoined  with 
what  he  knows  already.  * Locke. 

CON-JOIN',  v.  n.  To  league  ; to  unite.  Shak. 

CON-JOINED'  (kon-jblnd'),  p.  a.  United  ; con- 
nected ; brought  together. 

CON-JOINT',  a.  United  ; connected  ; associated. 

Conjoint  degrees,  (Mus.)  two  notes  which  immediate- 
ly follow  each  other  in  the  order  of  the  scale.  Johnson. 

CON-JOINT'LY,  acl.  In  union  ; by  association  ; 
together  ; jointly.  Dry  den. 

CON'JU-GAL,  a.  [L.  conjugalis  ; con,  with,  and 
jugo , to  join ; jugum,  a yoke  ; It.  conjugate ; 
Sp.  conjugal ; Fr . conjugal. \ Relating  to  mar- 
riage ; connubial ; matrimonial.  “ Conjugal  af- 
fection.” Dry  den. 

CON-JU-GAL'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being  joined, 
as  in  matrimony ; the  conjugal  state,  [r.]  Milton. 

CON'JU-GAL-LY,  ad.  According  to  the  conjugal 
state ; matrimonially  ; connubially.  Bp.  Hall. 

CON'JU-GATE,  v.  a.  [L.  conjugo,  conjugatus ; 
con,  with,  and  jtigo,  to  join  ; jugum,  a yoke  ; 
It.  conjugare;  Sp.  conjugar ; Fr.  conjuguer .] 

[*.  CONJUGATED  ; pp.  CONJUGATING,  CONJU- 
GATED.] 

1.  +To  join  ; to  unite,  as  in  marriage. 

Those  gave  him  occasion  to  conjugate , at  pleasure,  the  Nor- 
man and  the  Saxon  houses.  JVotton. 

2.  (Gram.)  To  inflect  verbs  through  their 
various  terminations,  or  through  their  several 
voices,  modes,  tenses,  and  persons. 

CON'JU-GATE,  n.  A word  agreeing  in  deriva- 
tion with  another  word.  Bp.  Bramhall. 

CdN'JU-GATE,  a.  1.  ( Bot .)  Joined  in 
pairs,  as  leaves.  Loudon. 

2.  (Gram.)  Noting  words  of  the  same 
stock  or  of  the  same  derivation. 


Conjugate  words  are  words  of  the  same  stock  or  kindred  ; 
as,  “ weak,”  ” weakly,”  **  weakness.”  Whately. 

Conjugate  axis,  {Conic  Sections ,j  the  axis  perpendic- 
ular to  the  transverse  axis.  — Conjugate 'diameter,  a di- 
ameter of  a conic  section  parallel  to  t lie  chord  of  the 
curve  which  is  bisected  by  another  diameter.  Davies. 
— Conjugate  hyperbolas,  hyperbolas  such  that  the  con- 
jugate axis  of  the  one  is  the  transverse  axis  of  the 
other.  Eliot. 

CON-jy-GA'TION,  v.  [L.  conjugation.  It.  conju- 
gazione  ; Sp.  conjugacion ; Ft.  conjugaison.] 

1.  f Union  ; conjunction.  Bentley. 

2.  (Gram.)  The  mode  or  the  act  of  inflecting 
verbs  through  their  various  forms. 

CON-JU-GA'TION-AL,  a.  Relating  to  conjuga- 
tion. Ellis. 

CON-JU'ljrl-AL,  a.  [L.  conjugialis.]  Relating  to 
marriage  ;•  conjugal.  “ Conjugial  love.”  Noble. 

flgp-  This  word,  in  this  orthography,  is  rarely  used 
except  by  the  translators  of  Swedenborg  and  his  fol- 
lowers. The  corresponding  Latin  word,  conjugialis, 
was  the  poetical  form  of  conjugalis,  from  which  we 
have  conjugal. 

CON-JUNCT',  a.  [L.  conjungo,  conjunctus ; con, 
with,  and  jungo,  to  yoke;  It.  congiunto ; Sp. 
conjunto. ] Conjoined  ; united.  “ The  Lord 
conjunct  with  the  angels.”  [it.]  Bp.  Patrick. 

f CON'JUNCT,  n.  A union ; an  association.  Creech. 

CON-JUNC'TION  (kon-junk'shun),  n.  [L.  con- 
junction Sp.  conjuncion;  Fr.  conjonction .] 

1.  Act  of  joining  ; union  ; association. 

An  invisible  hand  from  heaven  mingles  hearts  and  souls 
by  strange,  secret,  and  unaccountable  conjunctions.  South. 

2.  (Astron.)  The  meeting  of  two  heavenly 
bodies  in  the  same  point  or  place  in  the  heavens. 

Xf  Jj  - Two  heavenly  bodies  are  said  to  be  in  apparent 
conjunction  when  they  have  the  same  longitude,  or 
right  ascension,  and  in  true  conjunction  when  they  have 
the  same  latitude  as  well  as  tl»e  same  longitude.  The 
conjunction  of  a planet  is  said  to  be  inferior  when 
the  pianet  is  on  the  same  side  of  the  sun  as  the  earth, 
and  superior  when  the  planet  is  on  the  side  of  the 
sun  most  distant  from  the  earth.  Hcrscliel. 

3.  (Gram.)  Apart  of  speech  used  to  join  sen- 
tences, parts  of  sentences,  and  words. 

Syn.  — See  Union. 

CON-JUNC'TION-AL,  a.  Relating  to  a conjunc- 
tion. Arnold. 

COJY-JtrJYC 1 Tl-VA,  n.  (Anat.)  A mucous  mem- 
brane ; — so  called  because  it  unites  the  globe 
of  the  eye  with  the  eyelid.  Dunglison. 

CON-JUNC'TIVE,  a.  [L.  conjunctivus ; It.  con- 
giuntivo  ; Sp.  conjuntivo  ; Fr.  conjonctif] 

1.  Closely  united. 

She’s  so  conjunctive  to  my  life  and  soul. 

That  as  the  star  moves  not  but  in  his  sphere, 

I could  not  but  by  her.  Shak. 

2.  (Gram.)  Connecting  together;  as,  “ Con- 
junctive conjunctions”:  — noting  the  condi- 
tional mode  of  a verb,  or  the  mode  as  deter- 
mined by  a conjunction ; subjunctive.  Johnson. 

CON-JUNC'TIVE-LY,  ad.  In  conjunction  or 
union.  ’ Sir  H.  Wotton. 

CQN-JUNC'TIVE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  join- 
ing. [it.]  ‘ Johnson. 

CON-JUNCT'Ly,  ad.  Jointly;  in  union.  Johnson. 

CON-JUNCT'lTRE  (kon-junkt'yur),  n.  [It.  congiun- 
tura ; Fr.  conjoncture .] 

1.  A joining  together ; union ; connection. 
“ The  conjunctures  of  letters  in  words.”  Holder. 

2.  Combination  or  concurrence; — applied  to 

causes,  circumstances,  or  events.  “ A fit  con- 
juncture of  circumstances.”  Addison. 

3.  A critical  time  ; a crisis. 

Such  censures  always  attend  such  conjunctures.  Clarendon. 

Syn.  — See  Case. 

CON-JU-RA'TION,  n.  [L.  conjuratio  ; Sp . conju- 
racion  ; Fr.  conjuration.  — See  Conjure.] 

1.  The  act  of  conjuring  ; a calling  upon  with 
the  solemnity  of  an  oath. 

We  charge  you,  in  the  name  of  God,  take  heed; 

Under  tills  conjuration,  speak,  my  lord.  S7iak. 

2.  A magical  form  of  words ; an  incantation ; 
an  enchantment. 

What  drugs,  what  charms, 

What  conjuration,  and  what  mighty  magic, 

I won  his  daughter  with.  Shak. 

3.  A plot;  a conspiracy.  “The  conjuration 

of  Catiline.”  Sir  T.  Elyot. 


CON-JU-RA'TOR,  n.  (Law.)  One  bound  by  oath 
with  others ; a conjuror.  Burrill. 

CON-JURE',  v.  a.  [L.  conjuro ; con,  with,  and 
juro,  to  swear;  It . congiurare-,  Sp.  conjurar ; 
Fr.  conjurer .]  [i.  conjured;  pp.  conjuring, 
conjured.]  To  call  upon  with  the  solemnity 
of  an  oath  ; to  summon  in  a sacred  name  ; to 
enjoin  solemnly;  to  adjure. 

O prince.  I conjure  thee,  as  thou  believ’st 

There  is  another  comfort  than  this  world.  Shak. 

CON'JURE  (kun'jur),  v.  a.  1.  To  influence  by 
magic  ; to  charm  ; to  bewitch  ; to  enchant. 

Whose  phrase  of  sorrow 

Conjures  the  wandering  stars,  and  makes  them  stand 

Like  wonder-wounded  hearers.  Shak. 

2.  To  summon  by  enchantment;  — usually 
followed  by  up. 

What  black  magician  conjures  up  this  fiend?  Shak. 

C6N'JURE  (kun'jur),  v.  n.  To  practise  charms, 
magic,  or  sorcery. 

In  his  mistress’s  name  I conjure  only  but  to  raise  him  up. 

Shak. 

f CON-JURE'Mf.NT,  n.  Serious  injunction.  Milton. 

CON-JUR'ERj  n.  One  who  solemnly  enjoins  or 
conjures.  Smart. 

CON'JUR-pR  (kun'jur-er),  n.  One  who  conjures; 
an  enchanter  ; a juggler. 

Figures  in  the  book 

Of  some  dread  conjurer  that  would  enforce  nature.  Donne. 

CON-JU'ROR,  n.  [L.  con,  with,  and  juro,  to 
swear.]  (Law.)  One  bound  by  oath  with  others; 
a conjurator.  Smart. 

CON-NAS'Cf.NCE,  J n [L.  con,  with,  and  nas- 

CON-NAS'CIJN-CY,  > cor,  nascens,  to  be  born.] 

1.  Common  birth  or  origin.  Johnson. 

2.  One  born  at  the  same  time  with  another. 
Christians  have  baptized  these  double  connascences.  Browne. 

3.  A growing  together.  Wiseman . 

CON-NAS'Cf.NT,  a.  Born  together  ; produced  at 

the  same  time.  Craig. 

CON-NATE'  [kon-nat',  S.  IF.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K. 
Sm. ; kon'nat,  C.  Wb.],  a.  [L.  connatus ; con, 
with,  and  nascor,  to  be  born.] 

1.  Born  with  another ; of  the  same  birth ; 

congenital.  South. 

2.  (Bot.)  Growing  together  into  one  body. 

Ilens/ow. 

CON-NATE'-PER-FO'LI-ATE,  a.  (Bet.)  | ^ 
Noting  leaves  connate  at  their  bases. 

Gray. 

f CON-NA'TIONj  n.  State  of  being  connate.  More. 

CON-NAT'U-RAL  (kon-nat'yu-r?l),  a.  1.  Con- 

nected by  nature  ; inherent ; natural. 

These  affections  are  connatural  to  us;  and  as  we  grow  up, 
so  do  they.  V Estrange . 

2.  Partaking  of  the  same  nature. 

Is  there  no  way, 

Besides  these  painful  passages,  how  we  may  come 

To  death,  and  mix  with  our  connatural  dust?  Milton. 

CON-NAT-U-RAl'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being  con- 
natural. “ Congruity  and  connaturality.”  Hale. 

CON-nAt'U-RAL-IZE,  v.  a.  To  make  natural. 

Before  you  could  connaturalize  your  midnight  revels  to 
your  temper.  Scott's  Chr.  LiJ'e. 

CON-NAT'y-RAL-LY,  ad.  By  nature.  Hale. 

CQN-NAT'U-RAL-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
connatural ; connaturality.  Pearson. 

CON-NECT',  v.  a.  [L.  connceto  ; con,  with,  and 
necto,  to  tie ; It.  connettere. ] [i.  connected  ; 

pp.  connecting,  connected.]  To  knit  or  link 
together  ; to  combine  ; to  join  ; to  unite. 

They  cannot  break  the  tie,  nor  disunite 

The  waves  which  roll  connected  in  their  flight.  Blackmorc. 

I cannot  separate  myself  from  any  thing  with  which  you 
are  connected.  Mehnoth. 

CON-NECT',  v.  n.  To  have  relation  ; to  be  joined  ; 
to  cohere.  Adam  Smith. 

CON-NECT'yD,  p.  a.  Linked  together  ; joined ; 
united  ; related.  i 

CON-NECT 'yD-LY,  ad.  In  a connected  manner. 

CON-NECT'ING,  p.  a.  Joining  together  ; uniting. 

CON-NEC'TION,  n.  [L.  connexio\  It.  connes- 
sione ; Sp.  conexion  ; Fr.  connexion.’] 

1.  The  act  of  connecting  or  the  state  of  being 
connected;  junction;  union. 

My  heart,  which,  by  a secret  harmony. 

Still  moves  with  thine,  joined  in  connection  sweet.  Milton. 

2.  Communication  ; intercourse. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  R(JLE.  — (j,  (j,  <;,  £,  soft;  C,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  § as  i;  \ as  gz.  — THIS.  this. 


CONNECTIVE 


296 


CONSCIENCE 


A very  material  part  of  our  happiness  or  misery  arises 
from  the  connections  we  have  with  those  around  us.  Blair. 

3.  Kindred ; relative ; relation;  as,  “Family 
connections.” 

B.7T  “ We  often  hesitate  whether  to  write  connec- 
tion, inflection,  reflection,  or  connexion,  inflexion,  re- 
flexion. The  difference  is  this:  connection,  inflection, 
&c.,  presumes  an  immediate  formation  from,  and  re- 
lationship to,  the  correspondent  verbs,  to  connect,  to 
inflect,  to  reflect ; the  other  form  takes  us  to  the  Latin 
spelling  connexio,  inflexio,  reflexio  ; or  to  tire  Angli- 
cized words  connex,  inflex , reflex.  The  preference  may 
safely  be  recommended  to  the  first  form,  namely  con- 
nection, & c.  But  observe  that  the  word  complexion 
has  no  such  word  as  complect  in  correspondence  with 
it,  and  is  therefore  properly  written  with  am.”  Smart. 
— Sullivan,  however,  says,  “ Etymology,  authority, 
and  usage  declare  for  connection .” 

Both  common  usage  and  the  Dictionaries  favor  the 
orthography  of  inflection  and  reflection  ; but  in  relation 
to  connection  or  connexion,  the  present  usage  is  divided, 
though  most  of  the  English  Dictionaries  have  the 
spelling  connexion. 

Syn.  — See  Association,  Intercourse. 

CON-NEC'TIVE,  a.  Having  the  power  of  con- 
necting ; tending  to  connect.  Harris. 

CON-NEC'TIVE,  n.  1.  (Gram.)  That  which  con- 
nects ; a conjunction.  Harris. 

2.  ( Bot .)  A portion  of  the  stamen  that  con- 
nects the  cells  of  the  anther  together.  Henslow. 

CON-NEC'T[VE-LY,  acl.  In  conjunction.  Swift. 

CON-NECT'OR,  n.  1.  He  who  or  that  which  con- 
nects. 

2.  (Chem.)  A small  tube.  Buchanan. 

f CON-NEX',  v.  a.  [L.  connecto,  connexus.\  To 
connect;  to  join.  Hale. 

CON-NEX'ION  (kon-nek'shun),  n.  [L.  connexio ; Sp. 
conexion\  Fr.  connexion.)  The  act  of  connect- 
ing; connection.  — See  Connection.  Milton. 

CON-NEX'ION-AL,  a.  Having  connection  ; con- 
nected. [r.]  ’ Ed.  Rev. 

CON-NEX'IVE  (kon-neks'jv),  a.  Connective.  Watts. 

f CON-NIC-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  con,  with,  and  nic- 
tatio,  a winking.]  A winking.  Bailey. 

CON-NI' VANCE,  n.  [L.  connvoentia ; It.  conni- 
venza  ; Sp.  connioejicia  ; Fr  .connivence.  — See 
Connive.]  The  act  of  conniving ; voluntary 
blindness  ; pretended  ignorance  ; forbearance 
of  opposition  or  of  disapproval. 

Every  vice  interprets  a connivance  an  approbation.  South. 

CON-NIVE',  v.  n.  [L.  conniveo  ; Fr.  conniver .] 
’[ i . CONNIVED  ; pp.  CONNIVING,  CONNIVED.] 

1.  To  shut  and  open  the  eye ; to  wink. 

This  artist  is  to  teach  them  how  to  nod  judiciously,  to  con- 
nive with  either  eye.  Spectator. 

2.  To  pretend  blindness  or  ignorance ; to 
forbear,  or  to  seem  not  to  see  ; — usually  fol- 
lowed by  at ; as,  “ He  connived  at  it.” 

I suffer  them  to  enter,  and  possess 
A place  so  heavenly,  and,  conniving , seem 
To  gratify  my  scornful  enemies.  Milton. 

CON-Nl'VJN-CY,  n.  Connivance.  Bacon. 

CON-Ni'vpNT,  a.  1.  Forbearing  to  see;  not 
attentive ; conniving,  [it.]  Milton. 

2.  (Bot.)  Noting  a gradual  inward  di- 

rection ; convergent,  as  the  anthers  of  a IwH 
potato  blossom.  Brande. 

3.  (Ent.)  Applied  to  the  wings  of  insects 
which  in  repose  perfectly  unite  with  each  other 
at  their  corresponding  margins.  Bmmeister. 

Connivent  valves,  (Jinat.)  folds  of  tile  mucous  mem- 
brane along  the  intestinal  canal  from  the  pyloric  ori- 
fice through  the  greater  part  of  the  small  intestine. 

Dunglison. 

CON-NIV'IJR,  n.  One  who  connives.  Junius. 

CON-NIV'ING,  a.  1.  Forbearing  to  see ; connivent. 

2.  (Bot.)  Convergent ; connivent.  Craiy. 

|l  CON-NOIS-SEUR',  or  CON-NOIS-SEUR'  [kon- 
nes-sur',  P.  J.  F.  XVb. ; ko-nis-sir',  IF.  Ja. ; ko- 
njs-sur',  S. ; kon'is-sur,  E.  ; kon-nis-sar',  K . ; 
kon-nas-siir',  Sot.],  n.  [Fr .connoisseur",  con- 
noitre,  to  know,  from  L.  cognosce.)  One  versed 
in  the  fine  arts,  letters,  or  literature ; a critic. 

The  connoisseur  is  one  who  knows,  as  opposed  to  the  dil- 
ettante, who  only  thinks  that  he  knows.  Fairholt. 

II  CON-NOIS-SEUR 'SIlTP  (kon-njs-sur'ship),  n.  The 
skill  of  a connoisseur.  Todd. 

C5n'NO-TATE,  v.  a.  [L.  con,  with,  and  nota,  a 
mark.]  To  imply  ; to  betoken.  Hammond. 


CON-NO-TA'TION,  n.  Inference;  illation.  Hale. 

CON'NO-TA-TIVE,  a.  [Sp.  connotativo .]  That 
connotes,  denotes,  or  implies  ; attributive. 

A connotative  or  attributive  term  is  one  which,  when  ap- 
plied to  some? object,  is  such  as  to  connote  or  imply  in  its  sig- 
nification some  attribute  belonging  to  that  object.  ]V hately. 

CON-NOTE',  v.  a.  [See  Connotate.]  To  im- 
ply ; to  betoken  ; to  denote.  South. 

The  force  of  a word  is  proportioned  to  the  number  of  ideas 
which  it  connotes . J.  Hunter. 

CON-NU'BI-AL,  a.  [L.  connubialis  ; con,  with, 
and  nubo,  to  marry  ; Sp.  connubial.']  Pertain- 
ing to  marriage  ; matrimonial ; nuptial;  conju- 
gal. “ Connubial  rites.”  Pope. 

CON-NU-M^R-A'TION,  n.  [L.  connumero,  con- 
numeratus,  to  number  with ; con,  with,  and 
numero,  to  number ; It.  connumerazione ; Sp. 
connumeracion.]  A reckoning  together.  Porson. 

c6n'NU-SANCE,  n.  [Old  Fr.  conusance.)  (Laic.) 
Cognizance.  Smart. 

CON'NU-SANT,  a.  Knowing  ; apprised  ; cogni- 
zant. Browne. 

CON-NU-TRl"TIOUS,  a.  Nutritious  by  force  of 
habit.  Smart. 

CON'NY,  a.  Brave;  fine;  pretty.  [North  of 
England.]  Grose. 

CO-NO-CAR'DI-UM,  n.  (Pal.)  A genus  of  fossil 
bivalves  having  a long  siphonal  tube.  Baird. 

CO-NO-HE'LIX,  n.  [Gr.  uChvos,  a cone,  and  clj, 
any  thing  twisted.]  (Conch.)  A genus  of  turbi- 
nated mollusca  intermediate  between  the  cones 
and  the  volutes.  Swainson. 

CO'NOID,  n.  [Gr.  KiavoecL'/s ; /cwvos,  a cone,  and 
fliios,  form  ; Fr.  conoide.]  (Geom.)  That  which 
resembles  a cone  ; a solid  formed  by  the  revolu- 
tion of  a conic  section  about  its  axis.  Davies. 

CO'NOID,  a.  Like  a cone  ; — applied  to  the  sur- 
face generated  by  the  revolution  of  a conic  sec- 
tion about  its  axis.  P.  Cye. 

CO-NOID'AL,  a.  [Sp.  <Sf  Fr.  conoidal.]  (Bot.)  Ap- 
proaching to  a conical  form.  P.  Cye. 

CO-NOID'IC,  ( a.  Approaching  to  a conic 

CO-NOID'I-CAL,  S form;  conoidal.  Johnson. 

CO-NOM-I-NEE',  «.  A joint  nominee.  Kirby. 

CO’ KOPS,  n.  [Gr.  Kununf/,  a gnat.]  (Ent.)  A 
genus  of  dipterous  insects,  characterized  by  an 
elongated,  slender,  pointed  proboscis.  Brande. 

CON-dUAD'RATE  (-kwod'rat),  v.  a.  [L.  conqua- 
dro,  conquadratus ; con,  with,  and  quadro,  to 
make  square.]  To  reduce  to  a square,  [r.]  Ash. 

f CON-QUAS'SATE,  v.  a.  [L.  conquasso,  con- 
quassatus ; con,  with,  and  quasso,  to  shake.] 
To  shake.  Harvey. 

fCON-QUAS-SA'TION,  n.  [L.  conquassatio .] 
Agitation  ; concussion.  Bailey. 

||  CdN'ClUlJR  (kong'lter,  82)  [kongk'er  or  k5ng'- 
kvver,  IF.  Ja,. ; kong'ker,  Sm .] , v.  a,.  [L.  conqui- 
ro , to  seek;  con,  with,  and  queero,  to  seek;  Fr. 
conquerir.]  [i.  conquered  ; pp.  conquering, 
CONQUERED.] 

1.  To  get  possession  or  mastery  of  by  physi- 
cal force;  to  subjugate;  to  vanquish ; to  sub- 
due ; to  overcome  ; to  defeat. 

If  the  Remans  cannot  show  by  what  right  they  conquered 
the  world,  we  never  will  call  their  strength  in  conquering  \t 
fortitude,  or  crown  it  with  the  name  of  virtue.  Ilakewill. 

2.  To  prevail  over  or  surmount,  by  a mental 
effort;  as,  “To  conquer  one’s  prejudices.” 

3.  To  gain  or  win  by  victory ; as,  “ To  con- 
quer a peace.” 

Mr.  Sheridan,  Mr.  Elphinston,  Mr.  Nares,  and 
W.  Johnston,  have  adopted  the  first  pronunciation 
[kongk'er]  of  this  word  ; but,  as  it  is  a wanton  de- 
parture from  our  own  analogy  to  that  of  the  French, 
and  is  a much  harsher  sound  than  the  second  [kong'- 
kwer],  it  were  to  be  wished  it  could  he  reclaimed  ; 
but,  as  it  is  in  full  possession  of  the  stage,  there  is  but 
little  hope  of  a change. ” Walker. 

Syn.  — To  conquer  is  more  general  in  its  meaning 
than  to  vanquish.  To  vanquish  implies  a combat. ; to 
conquer , a series  of  combats;  to  subdue  implies  a 
continued  pressure  till  opposition  ceases  ; and  to  sub- 
jugate (which  originally  means,  to  bring  under  the 
yoke)  is  a still  stronger  term,  implying  the  act  of  re- 
ducing to  complete  submission. — Vanquish  a foe; 
conquer  a country  ; conquer  prejudices  ; subdue  a peo- 


ple ; subdue  passions  ; defeat  an  enemy  or  an  oppo- 
nent ; overcome  difficulties  or  prepossessions ; sur- 
mount obstacles. 

||  CC)N'Q,U^R  (kong'ker),  v.  n.  To  overcome. 

Wherever  they  [the  Romans]  conquered , they  in  some  de- 
gree civilized  the  world.  Law. 


||  CON'O-U^R-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  conquered. 

||  CON'Q,U^R-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Possibility  of  being 
conquered  or  overcome. 

||  CON'dU^RED  (kong'kurd),  p.  a.  Subdued  ; 
vanquished;  as,  “A  conquered  territory.” 

||  CON'dU^R-ESS,  n.  She  who  conquers.  Fairfax. 

||  CON'Q,U$R-ING  (kong'ker-ing),  p.  a.  Subduing  ; 
overcoming;  as,  “A  conquering  host.” 

||  CON'&UER-ING-LY  (kong'ker-ing-le),  ad.  In  a 
conquering  manner.  Craig. 

||  CON'&UER-OR  (kong'ker-or),  n.  One  who  con- 
quers ; a vanquisher. 

It  has  been  observed  of  Greece,  that  when  it  was  subdued 
by  the  Romans,  itself  subdued  its  conquerors.  Law. 


CON'QUEST  (kong'kwest,  82),  n.  [It.  $ Sp.  con- 
quista ; Fr.  conquete.\ 

1.  The  act  of  conquering ; subjugation. 

A perfect  conquest  of  a country  reduces  all  the  people  to 
the  condition  of  subjects.  Davies. 

2.  Victory  ; triumph. 

In  joys  of  conquest  lie  resigns  his  breath.  Addison. 

3.  That  which  is  gained  by  victory. 

More  willingly  I mention  air, 

This  our  old  conquest.  Milton. 

4.  {Feudal  Law.')  Purchase;  bargain. 

What  we  call  purchase,  the  feudists  call  conquest;  both  de- 
noting any  means  of  acquiring  an  estate  out  of  the  common 
course  of  inheritance.  Blackstone. 

CON-SAN-GUIN'E-AL,  a.  Of  the  same  blood  ; 
consanguineous,  [r.]  Browne. 

f CON-SAN'GUINED  (kon-san'gujnd),  a.  Related 
by  blood.  Browne. 

CON-SAN-GUIN'^-OUS,  a.  [L.  consanguineus ; 
con , with,  and  sanguis , blood.]  Related  by 
blood  ; of  the  same  blood. 

Am  I not  consanguineous?  Am  I not  of  her  blood?  Shak. 


CON-SAN-GUIN'I-TY,  n.  [L.  consanguinitas ; It. 
consanguinita ; Sp.  consanguinidad ; Fr . con- 
sanguinite .]  Relationship  by  blood,  or  by  de- 
scent from  a common  ancestor.  “ Consanguin- 
ity or  relation  by  blood,  and  affinity  or  relation 
by  marriage.”  Blackstone. 

f CON-SAR-CI-nA'TION,  n.  [L.  consarcino^con- 
sarcinatus ; con,  with,  and  sarcio,  to  patch.] 
The  act  of  patching  together.  Bailey. 

CON'SCIENCE  (kon'shens),  n.  [L.  conscientia  ; 
con,  with,  and  scio,  sciens,  to  know ; It.  con- 
scienza;  Sp.  consciencia ; Fr.  conscience.] 

1.  f Consciousness  ; knowledge. 


What  supports  me,  dost  thou  ask? 

The  conscience , friend,  to  have  lost  them  overplied 
In  liberty’s  defence,  my  noble  task. 

Of  which  all  Europe,rings  from  side  to  side.  Milton. 


2.  The  faculty  of  judging  of  one’s  conduct 
with  reference  to  some  standard  of  right  and 
wrong ; the  moral  sense  ; moral  faculty. 


Conscience , according  to  the  very  notation  of  it,  imports  a 
double  or  joint  knowledge;  to  wit,  one  of  a divine  law,  and 
the  other  of  a man’s  own  action.  South. 

What  is  conscience ? If  there  be  such  a power,  what  is  its 
office?  It  would  seem  to  be  simply  this:  to  approve  of  our 
own  conduct  when  we  do  what  we  believe  to  be  right,  and  to 
censure  us  when  we  commit  whatever  we  judge  to  be  wrong. 

Dr.  Orombie. 

Thus  Conscience  pleads  her  cause  within  the  breast; 

Though  long  rebelled  against,  not  yet  suppressed.  Cowper. 

No  man  ever  offended  his  own  conscience , but,  first  or  last, 
it  was  revenged  upon  him  for  it.  South. 

Whatever  creed  be  taught,  or  land  be  trod, 

Man’s  conscience  is  the  oracle  of  God.  Byron. 

I feel  within  me 
A peace  above  all  earthly  dignities, 

A still  and  quiet  conscience.  Shak. 

Of  late  years,  and  by  the  best  writers,  the  term  conscience , 
and  the  phrases  “moral  faculty,”  “moral  judgment,’’  “fac- 
ulty of  moral  perception.”  “moral  sense,”  “ Susceptibility  of 
moral  emotion,”  have  all  been  applied  to  that  faculty  by 
which  we  have  ideas  of  right  and  wrong  in  reference  to  ac- 
tions, and  correspondent  feelings  of  approbation  and  disap- 
probation. * laming. 

3.  The  estimate  or  decision  of  conscience; 
justice  ; honesty  ; fairness. 

What  you  require  cannot,  in  conscience . be  deferred  be- 
yond this  time.  Milton. 

4.  Real  sentiment ; sincerity ; truth. 

Dost  thou  in  conscience  think — tell  me,  JEmilia  — 

That  there  be  women  do  abuse  their  husbands 

In  such  gross  kind?  Shak. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  5,  U,  t,  short;  A,  £,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


297 


CONSCIENCE  D 

5.  Principle  of  action  ; scruple. 

Children  are  travellers  newly  arrived  in  a strange  country; 
we  should  therefore  make  conscience  not  to  mislead  them. 

Locke. 

In  all  conscience,  in  reason.  [Colloquial.]  — Court 
of  conscience,  (Eng-.  Law.)  a court  for  the  recovery  of 
small  debts.  Brands. 

CoN'SCIENCED  (kon'shenst),  a.  Having  con- 
science. “Young  conscienced  casuists.” 

CON'SCIflNCE-LESS  (kon'shens-les),  a.  Having 
no  conscience.  Hooker. 

CON'SCIf.NCE-PROOF,  a.  Proof  against  con- 
science. Coleridge. 

CON'SCIIJNCE— SMIT'TEN,  a.  Reproved  by  con- 
science. 

t CON'SCIIJNT  (kon'shent),  a.  Conscious.  Bacon. 

CON-SCI-EN'TIOUS  (kon-she-en'shus),  a.  Adher- 
ing or  conformed  to  the  dictates  of  conscience  ; 
scrupulous  ; just ; upright ; exact.  “ A consci- 
entious regard  to  our  duty.”  Gilpin. 

HTTP  “ From  an  ignorance  of  the  principles  of  pro- 
nunciation, we  not  unfrequently  hear  the  second  syl- 
lable of  this  word  sounded  se,  without  the  aspiration  ; 
but  this  same  incorrectness  we  sometimes  hear  in  the 
word  pronunciation.”  IValker. 

Syn.  — A conscientious  man  is  careful  to  be  just 
and  upright  in  all  his  acts,  and  to  do  nothing  to  of- 
fend his  conscience;  a scrupulous  man  may  have 
scruples  on  trifling  or  minor  points.  The  Pharisees 
were  rather  scrupulous,  than  conscientious. 

CON-SCI-EN'TIOUS- LY  (kon-she-en'shus-Ie),  ad. 
In  a conscientious  manner  ; according  to  con- 
science. South. 

CON-SCI-EN'TIOUS-NESS  (kon-she-en'shus-nes), 
n.  The  quality  of  being  conscientious  ; scrupu- 
lousness. Locke. 

CON'SCION-A-BLE  (kou'shun-a-bl),  a.  Reasona- 
ble ; just ; according  to  conscience,  [it.]  Shak. 

f CON'SCION-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  conscionable  ; reasonableness.  Bailey. 

f CON'SCION-A-BLY,  ad.  Reasonably  ; justly. 
“ Uprightly  . . . and  conscionably .”  Holinshed. 

CON'SCIOUS  (kon'shus),  a.  [L.  conscius  ; con, 
with,  and  scio,  to  know.] 

1.  Knowing  one’s  own  existence  by  thought, 
or  what  passes  in  one’s  own  mind. 

Among  substances,  some  are  thinking  or  conscious  beings. 

Watts. 

2.  Having  knowledge  of  any  thing ; apprised  ; 
aware ; sensible. 

We  are  conscious  of  that  in  which  we  ourselves  have  been 
concerned.  Crabb. 

CON'SCIOUS-LY  (kon'slms-le),  ad.  In  a conscious 
manner  ; knowingly.  Locke. 

CON'SCIOUS-NESS  (kon'shus-nes),  n.  1.  The 
state  of  being  conscious  ; the  perception  of 
what  passes  in  one’s  own  mind. 

If  spirit  be  without  thinking.  I have  no  idea  of  any  thing 
left;  therefore  consciousness  must  be  its  essential  attribute. 

Locke. 

Once  admit  that,  after  I have  perceived  an  object,  I need 
another  power  termed  consciousness , by  which  I become  cog- 
nizant of  the  perception.  Morell. 

2.  The  sense  of  guilt  or  of  innocence;  judg- 
ment of  conscience,  [it.] 

An  honest  mind  is  not  in  the  power  of  a dishonest;  to 
break  its  peace,  there  must  be  some  guilt  or  consciousjiess. 

Pope. 

f CON-SCRIBE',  v.  a.  [L . conscribo.]  To  write 
upon  ; to  circumscribe.  Scott. 

CON'SCRIPT,  a.  [L.  conscribo,  conscriptus,  to 
enroll ; con,  ■with,  and  scribo,  to  enroll ; Fr. 
conscript.]  Written  ; registered  ; enrolled. 

Conscript  Fathers,  the  senators  of  ancient  Rome,  so 
called  from  their  names  being  written  in  a register. 

CON'SCRIPT,  n.  [L.  conscriptus,  enrolled;  Fr. 
conscrit.]  One  enrolled  to  serve  as  a soldier 
in  the  army; — particularly  applied  to  the  re- 
cruits of  the  French  armies. 

In  November,  1813,  another  senatus  consultum  placed  at 
the  disposal  of  the  emperor  350,000  more  conscripts.  1\  C 'pc. 

CON-SCRIP'TION,  n.  [L.  conscriptio  ; Sp.  con- 
scripcion  ; Fr.  conscription.] 

1.  An  enrolling  or  registering.  Burnet. 

2.  A compulsory  enrolment  of  men  for  the 
military  or  maritime  service,  — the  mode  of  re- 
cruiting the  French  army  under  the  republic 
and  the  empire. 

In  France,  the  conscription  was  established  during  the 
revolution.  The  word  is  first  used  in  a law  of  1798.  Iirunde. 


CON'SIJ-CRATE,  v.  a.  [L.  consecro,  consecratus  ; 
con,  with,  and  sacro,  to  set  apart  as  sacred ; 
sacer,  sacred  ; It.  consayrare  ; Sp.  consayrar  ; 
Fr.  consacrer.]  \i.  consecrated  ; pp.  conse- 
crating, CONSECRATED.] 

1.  To  set  apart,  by  some  rite,  as  sacred  ; to 
appropriate  to  sacred  uses  ; to  dedicate  to  the 
service  of  God  ; to  devote  ; to  hallow. 

All  things  are  God’s  already;  we  can  give  him  no  right  by 
consecrating  any  that  he  had ‘not  belbre,  only  we  set  it  apart 
to  his  service.  Seulen. 

2.  To  enrol  in  the  canon  as  a saint;  to  can- 
onize. Johnson. 

CON'SE-CRATE,  a.  Consecrated  ; sacred  ; de- 
voted. “ That  consecrate  place.”  Bacon. 

CON'Sy-CRAT-ED,  p.  a.  Made  sacred  ; devoted; 
dedicated.  “ That  consecrated  roof.”  Shak. 

CON-SJJ-CRAT'IJD-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
consecrated.  Cecil. 

CON’SIJ-CrA-TER,  n.  See  Consecrator. 

CON-S£-CRA'TION,  n.  [L.  consecratio  ; It.  con- 
sacrazione  ; Sp.  consayracion ; Fr.  consecra- 
tion.] 

1.  The  act  of  consecrating,  or  of  setting  apart 
a person  or  thing  to  the  service  or  worship  of 
God  ; dedication  to  a sacred  use. 

We  must  know  that  consecration  makes  not  a place  sacred, 
but  only  solemnly  declares  it  to  be  so.  South. 

2.  The  act  of  enrolling  in  the  canon  as  a 
saint;  canonization, 

The  calendar  swells  with  new  consecrations  of  saints.  Hale. 

c6n'SE-CRA-TOR,  n.  One  who  consecrates. 
“ God  was  the  consecrator.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

CON'SE-CRA-TO-RY,  re.  Making  sacred.  “ The 
consecratory  prayer.”  [r.]  Burnet. 

CON-SyC-TA'NE-OUS,  a.  [L.  consectaneus  ; con- 
sector,  to  pursue.]  Following  of  course.  Blount. 

II  CON'SyC-TA-RY  [kon'sek-t?-re,  S.  W.P.  F.  Ja. 
K . ; kon-sek'tj-re,  Sm.] , a.  [L.  consectarius  ; 
consector,  to  pursue.]  That  follows  logically  ; 
consequent ; following,  [u.]  Broionc. 

||  CON'SpC-TA-RY,  n.  A consequent  truth,  or 
deduction  from  premises  ; corollary,  [it.]  Hales. 

f CON'SE-CUTE,  v.  a.  [L.  conscquor,  consecutus.] 
To  follow  close  after  ; to  pursue.  Wolsey. 

C 6 N - S F, - C l J ' T I O N’ , n.  [L.  consecutio  ; conscquor, 
to  follow  ; coil,  with,  and  sequor,  to  follow  ; It. 
consecuzione,  acquisition;  Sp . consecucion,  at- 
tainment of  a benefice  ; Fr.  consecution.] 

1.  (Logic.)  Train  of  consequences;  chain  of 
deductions.  Hale. 

. 2.  Succession.  “ In  a quick  consecution  of 
the  colors.”  Newton. 

Month  of  consecution,  ( Astron .)  the  lunar  month  as 
reckoned  from  one  conjunction  with  the  sun  to  an- 
other. Browne . 

CON-SEC 'U-TIVE,  a.  [It.  § Sp.  consecutivo  ; Fr. 
consecutif.] 

1.  Following  in  train  ; uninterrupted  ; suc- 
cessive. “ Fifty  consecutive  years.”  Arbuthnot. 

2.  Regularly  succeeding  ; consequential. 

“ Comprehending  only  the  actions  of  a man 
consecutive  to  volition.”  Locke. 

CON-SEC'U-TIVE-LY,  ad.  By  way  of  conse- 
quence ; not  antecedently  ; not  casually.  Boyle. 

CON-SEC'U-TIVE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
consecutive.  Dr.  Allen. 

f CON-SEM'I-NAte,  v.  a.  [L.  consemino,  con- 
seminatus.]  To  sow  together.  Bailey. 

CON-Sjf-NES'C  ENCE,  ) n_  [p^  consenesco,  con- 

C 6 NT - S E - N E S ' C f,  N - C Y , ) senescens,  to  grow  old 
together ; con,  with,  and  senesco,  to  grow  old.] 
Decay,  in  all  parts,  through  age.  Ray. 

f CON'SENSE,  n.  A sense  or  feeling  in  union. 
“ The  nature  of  awaiodpais,  conscnse,  and  con- 
sciousness.” [r.]  Cudworth. 

f CON-SEN'SION  (kon-sen'shun),  11.  [L.  consen- 

sio ; con,  with,  and  sentio,  to  feel.]  Agreement ; 
accord;  consent.  Bentley. 

CON-SENS'U-AL,  a.  [L.  consentio,  consensus,  to 
agree.]  ( Civil  Law.)  Formed  by  the  mer-e 
consent  of  the  parties,  as  a contract.  Burrill. 

CON-SENT',  n.  [L.  consensus  ; It.  conscnso,  con- 


CONSEQU  ENTI AL 

sentimento  ; Sp.  consentimiento  ; Fr.  consente- 
ment.  — See  Consent,  v.] 

1.  The  act  of  coinciding  with  another  in  opin- 
ion or  sentiment ; concurrence  ; assent. 

When  the  wills  of  many  concur  to  one  and  the  same  ac- 
tion and  effect,  this  concourse  of  their  wills  is  called  consent. 

Hobbes. 

Assent  is  the  consequence  of  the  conviction  of  the  under- 
standing; consent  arises  from  the  state  of  the  disposition  and 
the  will.  Fleming . 

2.  Concord ; agi’eement  ; unison  ; joint  op- 
eration ; harmony. 

Such  is  the  world’s  great  harmony,  that  springs 
From  union,  order,  full  consent  of  things.  " Pope. 

3.  The  act  of  yielding ; compliance ; acqui- 
escence. “ Yielded  with  full  consent.”  Milton. 

4.  (Med.)  Sympathy  of  one  part  with  an- 
other. Quincy. 

Syn.  — See  Assent. 

CON-SENT',  v.  n.  [L.  consentio  ; con,  with,  and 
sentio,  to  feel  ; It.  conscntire ; Sp.  consentir  ; 
Fr.  consentir.]  [i.  consented;  pp.  consent- 
ing, CONSENTED.] 

1.  To  be  of  the  same  mind  ; to  concur  ; to 
assent ; to  agree. 

Did  you  and  he  consent  in  Cassio’s  death?  Shak. 

2.  To  yield  ; to  comply  ; to  acquiesce  ; to  ac- 
cede ; to  allow  ; to  admit. 

If  sinners  entice  thee,  consent  thou  not.  Prov.  i.  10. 

What  in  sleep  thou  didst  abhor  to  dream, 

Waking,  thou  never  wilt  consent  to  do.  Milton. 

Syn. — See  Comply,  Ratify. 

CON-SEN-TA-NE'I-TY,  n.  Mutual  agreement ; 
consentaneousness.  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

CON-SJJN-TA'NE-OUS,  a.  [L.  consentaneus.] 
Agreeable  to  ; consistent  with.  * Hammond. 

CON-SEN-TA'NJJ-OUS-LY,  ad.  Agreeably  ; con- 
sistently. Boyle. 

CON-S^N-TA'NP-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  consentaneous  ; agreement.  Bailey. 

CON-SENT'^R,  n.  One  who  consents.  Hale. 

CON-SEN 'TIIJNT  (kon-sen'shent),  a.  [L.  con- 
sentiens.]  United  in  opinion ; agreeing.  Pearson. 

CON-SENT'ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  consents. 
“ Avoidable  consentings.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

CON-SENT'ING-LY,  ad.  With  consent.  Bp.  Taylor. 

CON'SIJ-GUENCE  (kon'se-kwens),  n.  [L.  conse- 
quentia  ; eon,  with,  and  sequor,  sequens,  to  fol- 
low ; It.  consequenza  ; Sp.  consequencia  ; Fr. 
consequence .] 

1.  That  which  follows  from  any  cause ; the 
effect  of  some  cause  ; event ; result ; issue. 

Shun  the  bitter  consequence;  for  know 

The  day  thou  eatest  thereof  thou  shalt  die.  Milfoil. 

2.  (Logic.)  The  last  proposition  of  a syllo- 
gism ; rational  deduction  or  inference.  Prior. 

3.  Concatenation  or  dependence  of  causes 
and  effects. 

That  which  brought  sin  into  the  world  must,  by  necessary 
consequence , bring  in  sorrow  too.  South. 

4.  Importance  ; moment.  “ A matter  of 

small  consequence.”  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Effect,  Importance. 

f CON'S^-GUENCE,  v.  a.  To  deduce;  to  infer. 
“Way  of  defining  and  conscquencing.”  Milton. 

CON'SIJ-CIUENT,  a.  I.  Following  naturally,  or 
as  the  effect  of  a cause  ; consecutive. 

The  right  was  consequent  to,  and  built  on,  an  act  perfectly 
personal.  Locke. 

2.  Following  by  logical  deduction  ; — used  in 
contradistinction  to  antecedent ; as,  “ A conse- 
quent proposition.” 

CON'SJJ-GUENT,  n.  1.  That  which  follows  a 
cause ; effect. 

"When  a man  hath  so  often  observed  like  antecedents  to  be 
followed  by  like  consequents,  he  calleth  both  the  antecedent 
and  the  consequent  signs  one  of  another.  Hobbes. 

2.  (Logic.)  The  last  proposition  of  a syllo- 

gism, as  distinguished  from  the  antecedent  ; a 
deduction  ; conclusion  ; inference.  Whately. 

3.  (Gram.)  The  latter  of  two  terms  between 
which  a preposition  expresses  relation. 

4.  (Math.)  The  second  term  of  a ratio.  Eliot. 

CON-S^-aUEN'TIAL  (kon-se-kwen'shjl),  a. 

1.  Following  as  the  effect,  or  consequence. 
“ Trade  and  its  consequential  riches.”  Reynolds. 

2.  f Following  as  a logical  deduction  ; con- 


JVliEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BllLL,  BUR,  RULE.  — Q,  Q,  $,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 
38 


CONSEQUENTIALLY 


298 


CONSIGNOR 


elusive.  “ Arguments  highly  consequential  and 
concludent  to  my  purpose.”  Hale. 

3.  Vain-glorious  ; conceited  ; pompous  ; as, 
“A  consequential  air.” 

GON-SP-CUJEN'TIAL-LY,  ad.  1.  With  rational 
deduction  of  consequences  ; logically.  “ The 
faculty  of  writing  consequentially ."  Addison. 

2.  By  way  of  consequence  ; eventually.  South. 

3.  Pompously  ; as,  “ To  act  or  to  speak  con- 
sequentially.” 

CON-SE-QUEN'TIAL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  consequential.  Johnson. 

CON'SE-aUENT-LY,  ad.  By  or  in  consequence  ; 
pursuantly  ; accordingly  ; therefore. 

The  forty-seventh  proposition  of  the  first  book  of  Euclid 
is  the  foundation  of  trigonometry,  and,  consequently,  of  nav- 
igation. Bartlett. 

CON'S5-aUf,NT-NESS,  n.  Regular  connection 
of  propositions  ; dependence  of  the  parts  of  a 
discourse.  Digby. 

CON-SER'TION,  n.  [L.  consertio  ; consero,  con- 
sertus,  to  join  together  ; con,  with,  and  sero,  to 
connect.]  Junction ; adaptation,  [it.] 

What  order,  beauty,  motion,  distance,  sizel 
Conscrtion  of  design  how  exquisite  I # Young. 

CON-SERV'A-BLE,  a.  [L.  conservabilis ; It.  con- 
servabile .]  Capable  of  being  preserved.  Bailey. 

CON-SERV'AN-CY,  ».  Conservation  ; preserva- 
tion, — particularly  of  fish  in  the  River  Thames, 
for  which  the  lord  mayor  of  London  holds 
Courts  of  Conservancy.  Johnson. 

CON-SiiRV'ANT,  a.  [L.  conservo,  conservans,  to 
preserve.]  That  preserves  or  continues.  Puller. 

CON-SER-VA'TION,  n.  [L.  conservation,  It.  con- 
servazione;  Sp . conservation ; Fr.  conservation.] 
The  act  of  preserving ; preservation.  Bacon. 

CON-SpR-VA'TlON-AL,  a.  Tending  to  preserve  ; 
preservative,  [it.]  Ch.  Ob. 

CON-SERV'A-TI^M,  n.  Conservative  principles, 
or  the  principles  of  the  conservative  party. 

Dr.  Arnold. 

CON-SERV'A-TlVE,  a.  [It.  Jf  Sp.  conservative.] 

1.  Tending  to  preserve  ; preservative. 

The  spherical  figure,  the  most  conservative  of  all.  Peacham. 

2.  Adhering  to  existing  institutions  ; opposed 
to  political  changes. 

The  6low  progress  which  Sweden  has  made  in  introducing 
needful  reforms,  is  owing  to  the  conservative  spirit  of  the  no- 
bility and  the  priesthood.  Bayard  Taylor. 

CON-SERV'A-TIVE,  n.  1.  That  which  preserves. 

The  Iloly  Spirit  is  the  great  conservative  of  the  new  life. 

Bp.  Taylor. 

2.  One  opposed  to  political  changes  in  the 
state  or  government ; a tory. 

We  see  that  if  M.  Dumont  had  died  in  1799,  he  would  have 
died,  to  use  the  new  cant  word,  a decided  **  co/iserrutire." 

Macaulay , 1832. 

COJiT-SERV' A-TOIRE  (-twir),  n.  A school  of 
music  at  Paris.  Clarke. 

CON'Sf  R-VA-TOR,  n.  [L.  conservator ; Fr.  con- 
servateur.]  A preserver ; one  who  has  the  care 
or  office  of  keeping  from  detriment. 

The  lords  of  the  secret  council  were  made  conservators  of 
the  peace  of  the  two  kingdoms,  during  the  intervals  of  Par- 
liament. Clarendon. 

CON-SERV'A-TO-RY,  n.  1.  A place  where  any 
thing  is  kept  in  a manner  proper  to  its  peculiar 
nature  ; — particularly  a greenhouse,  or  a place 
for  preserving  plants  attached  to  one. 

A conservator}/  of  snow  and  ice,  such  as  they  use  for  deli- 
cacy to  cook&vinc  in  summer.  Bacon. 

You  may  set  your  tender  trees  and  plants  with  the  win- 
dows of  the  greenhouses  and  conservatories  open  for  eight  or 
ten  days  before  April.  Evelyn. 

2.  [It.  conscrvatorio  ; Fr.  conservatoire i]  A 
school  in  which  music  and  declamation  are 
taught  gratuitously.  Fleming  Tibbins. 

CON-SERV'A-TO-RY,  a.  Conservative.  Bailey. 

CON-SERV'A-TRIX,  n.  [L.]  She  who  preserves. 

CON-SERVE',  v.  a.  [L.  conservo  ; con,  with,  and 
servo,  to  save;  It.  conservare;  Sp.  conservar ; 
Fr.  conserve)-.]  U.  conserved;  pp.  conserv- 
ing, CONSERVED.] 

1.  To  keep  safe  or  sound;  to  preserve. 

They  will  be  able  to  conserve  their  properties  unchanged 
in  passing  through  several  mediums.  Xcwton. 

2.  To  cover  or  imbue  with  sirup,  in  order  to 

prevent  decay.  “ Dates,  pears,  and  peaches  cu- 
riously conserved.”  Sir  T.  Herbert. 


CON'SERVE,  n.  1.  That  which  is  conserved,  as 
a sweetmeat,  by  means  of  sugar  ; a preserve. 

Will ’t  please  your  honor  taste  of  these  conserves ? Shak. 

2.  A place  for  plants  ; a conservatory,  [n.] 

Set  the  pots  into  your  conserve,  and  keep  them  dry.  Evelyn. 

CON-SERV'pR,  n.  One  who  conserves.  “ Col- 
lector  and  conserver  of  short  pieces.”  Hayward. 

f CON-SES'SION  (kon-sesh'un,  92),  n.  [L.  conses- 
sus ; con,  with,  and  secleo,  scssus,  to  sit.]  A 
sitting  together.  Bailey. 

f CON-SES'SOR,  n.  [L.]  One  who  sits  with  oth- 
ers. [r.]  Bailey. 

CON-Sirj't'.R,  v.  a.  [L.  considero  ; con,  with,  and 
sidus,  sideris,  a star.  — “ Perhaps  originally  an 
augural  term  derived  from  the  observation  of 
the  stars.”  Wm.  Smith.  — It.  considerare ; Sp. 
considerar  ; Fr.  considt-rer .]  [t.  considered  ; 

pp.  considering,  considered.] 

1.  To  think  upon  with  care  ; to  view  atten- 
tively ; to  fix  the  mind  on  ; to  reflect  upon  ; to 
ponder  ; to  meditate  on  ; to  contemplate. 

O that  they  were  wise,  that  they  would  consider  their  lat- 
ter end!  Deut.  xxxii.  29. 

2.  To  take  into  account;  to  have  regard  to  ; 
to  attend  to  ; to  respect. 

It  seems  necessary,  in  the  choice  of  persons  for  greater 
cmploj'ments,  to  consider  their  bodies  as  well  as  their  minds. 

Temple. 

Blessed  is  he  that  considereth  the  poor.  Ps.  xli.  1. 

Syn.  — Consider  well  and  deliberate,  carefully  be- 
fore you  act  ; reflect  on  what  is  past  ; meditate  on 
what  is  past,  present,  or  future.  Consideration  for 
practical  purposes  ; reflection  for  matters  of  specula- 
tion or  of  moral  improvement. 

CON-SID'^R,  v.  n.  To  think  maturely  ; to  delib- 
erate ; to  reflect. 

In  the  day  of  prosperity,  be  joyful;  but  in  the  day  of  ad- 
versity, consider.  Eccles.  vii.  14. 

CON-SID'ER-A-RLE,  a.  [It . consider abile  \ Sp. 

considerable  ; Tr.  considerable.] 

1.  Worthy  of  being  considered;  worthy  of 
regard. 

Eternity  is  infinitely  the  most  considerable  duration. 

Tillotson. 

2.  Deserving  notice  ; respectable.  “ Men 
considerable  in  all  worthy  professions.”  Sprat . 

3.  Important ; valuable. 

In  painting,  not  every  action,  nor  every  person,  is  consid- 
erable  enough  to  enter  into  the  cloth.  Dryden. 

4.  More  than  a little  ; not  small.  “We  had 

a considerable  number  on  board.”  Anson. 

CON-SID'ER- A-BI.E-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  considerable ; importance.  Boyle. 

CON-SID'JJR-A-BLY,  ad.  In  a considerable  de- 
gree. Pope. 

CON-SlD'ER-ANCE,  n.  The  act  of  considering; 
consideration,  [r.]  Shak.  Ec.  Iiev. 

CON-SID'r,R-ATE,  a.  1.  Having,  or  given  to, 
consideration  ; serious  ; thoughtful  ; prudent  ; 
deliberate  ; discreet ; circumspect ; not  rash. 
“ The  wisest  and  most  considerate  men.”  Sprat. 

2.  Having  respect  to  ; regardful.  “ Consid- 
erate of  praise.”  Decay  of  Piety. 

Syn.  — See  Thoughtful. 

CON-SlD'f.R-ATE-LY,  ad.  With  consideration  ; 
calmly  ; prudently ; deliberately. 

CON-SID'JgR-ATE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
considerate  ; prudence ; deliberation.  Johnson. 

CON-STD-JR-A'TION,  n.  [L.  considcratio  ; It. 
considerazione  ; Sp.  consideracion  ; Fr.  consi- 
deration.] 

1.  The  act  of  considering  ; mature  or  serious 
thought ; deliberation  ; reflection  ; meditation. 

Consideration , like  an  angel,  came, 

And  whipt  the  offending  Adam  out  of  him.  Shak. 

2.  Claim  to  notice  ; worthiness  of  regard  ; 
high  rank  or  influence;  importance. 

Lucan  is  the  only  author  of  consideration  among  the  Latin 
poets  who  was  not  explained  for  the  use  of  the  Dauphin. 

Addison. 

3.  Ground  of  opinion  or  of  conduct ; reason  ; 
motive. 

He  had  Been  made  general  upon  very  partial,  and  not 
enough  deliberated,  considerations.  Clarendon. 

4.  {Law.)  The  material  cause  of  a contract, 

without  which  no  contract  is  binding ; an  equiv- 
alent ; compensation.  Burrill. 

Syn.  — See  Consider. 


t CON-SID'£R- A- TIVE,  a.  Considerate.  B.  Jonson. 

CON-SID'pR-A-’FOR,  n.  One  who  considers  or 
reflects  ; a considerer.  [n.]  Browne. 

CON-SlD'JgR-ER,  n.  One  who  considers.  “Pro- 
fane considerers  in  all  times.”  Barrow. 

CON-SID'f.B-lNG,  prep.  Taking  into  account; 
making  allowance  for.  “ Considering  the  weak- 
ness of  our  nature.”  Spectator. 

CON-SID'F.R-lNG,  n.  The  act  of  pondering  or  re- 
flecting ; thought ; reflection. 

Many  mazed  considerings  did  throng. 

And  pressed  in  with  this  caution.  Shak. 

CON-SID'ER-lNG-LY,  ad.  With  consideration. 

CON-SIGN'  (kon-sln'),  v.  a.  [L.  consigno,  to  seal 
up,  to  sign ; con,  with,  and  signo,  to  mark  ; 
signum,  a mark,  a sign  ; It.  consegnare ; Sp. 
consignor  ; Fr.  consigner.]  [ i . consigned  ; pp. 
CONSIGNING,  CONSIGNED.] 

1.  To  deliver  over  in  a formal  manner  ; to 
transfer. 

At  the  day  of  general  account,  good  men  are  to  be  con- 
signed over  to  another  state.  Attcrbury. 

2.  To  give  in  trust ; to  intrust ; to  commit. 

Atrides,  parting  for  the  Trojan  war, 

Consigned  the  youthful  consort  to  his  care.  Pope. 

The  four  evangelists  consigned  to  writing  that  history. 

Addison. 

3.  {Com.)  To  direct  or  send  to  some  merchant 
or  factor;  as,  “To  consign  merchandise ” ; “To 
consign  a ship  and  cargo.” 

4.  To  set  apart;  to  appropriate,  [r.] 

The  French  commander  consigned  it  to  the  use  for  which 
it  was  intended.  Dryden. 

Syn.  — To  consign , to  commit,  and  to  intrust,  all 
imply  the  transferring  of  something  from  one’s  self  to 
another.  Consign  expresses  a more  positive  measure 
than  commit-,  and  commit,  than  intrust.  A stock  of 
goods  is  consigned  to  another’s  management ; a per- 
son transfers  or  consigns  his  property  to  another,  com- 
mits the  management  of  his  business  to  his  clerks, 
and  intrusts  them  with  the  care  of  his  property. 

f CON-SIGN'  (kon-sln'),  v.n.  1.  To  give  one’s 
self  up  ; to  surrender  ; to  submit ; to  yield. 

All  lovers  young,  all  lovers,  must 

Consign  to  thee,  and  come  to  dust.  Shak. 

2.  To  assent ; to  consent.  “ A hard  condi- 
tion ...  to  consign  to.”  Shak. 

f CON-SIG'NA-TA-RY,  n.  One  to  whom  is  con- 
signed any  trust  or  business.  Jenkins. 

f CON-SIG-NA'TION,  n.  [L.  consignatio.] 

X.  The  act  of  consigning;  consignment. 

Bp.  Taylor. 

2.  The  act  of  confirming,  as  by  a signature. 
“ A direct  consignation  of  pardon.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

CQN-SIG'NA-TURE,  n.  [Old  Fr.]  A full  or  joint 
signature  or  stamping.  Cotgrave. 

CONSIGNE  (kong'sgn),  n.  [Fr.]  A person  or- 
dered to  keep  within  certain  limits.  SnTtirt. 

CON-SIGN-EE'  (kon-se-ne'),  n.  {Com.)  The  per- 
son to  whom  articles  of  merchandise,  or  a ship 
and  cargo,  are  consigned,  or  especially  directed. 

CON-SlGN'f.R  (kon-sln'er),  n.  One  who  con- 
signs ; a consignor.  Smart. 


CON-SIG-NlF'I-CANT,  a.  [See  CONSIGNIFY.] 
Expressing  joint  signification.  Spclman. 

CON-SIg-NI-FI-CA'TION,  n.  Joint  signification. 
He  calls  the  additional  denoting  of  time,  by  a true  philo- 
sophic word,  a consigniflcation.  Harris. 


CON-SIG-NlF'I-CA-TlVE,  a.  Having  the  same 
meaning.  Maunder. 

CON-SIG-NlF'I-CA-TlVE,  n.  A word,  syllable, 
or  character  which  has  the  same  signification 
as  some  other. 

In  Greek,  the  consignificatives  of  the  masculine  gender  are 
s,  as,  and  es.  Dr.  A.  Murray. 

CON-SIG'NI-FY,  v.  a.  [L.  con,  with,  and  signifi- 
co,  to  show  by  signs  ; signum, a sign,  and  facio, 
to  make.]  To  denote  or  signify  in  connection 
with  something  else.  H.  Tooke. 

CON-SIGN'MENT  (kon-sin'ment).  n.  1.  The  act 
of  consigning  ; delivery.  Tatler. 

2.  {Com.)  That  which  is  consigned;  goods 
consigned ; as,  “ A consignment  of  cotton.” 

3.  The  writing  by  which  any  thing  is  con- 
signed. Johnson. 

CON-SIGN-OR'  (kon-se-nor',  130)  [kSn-se-nor',  Ja. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  ?,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


CONSILIENCE 


299 


CONSOPITE 


Sm.  ; kon-sln'or,  K.  C.  Wb.  Crabb),  n.  (Law.) 
Ho  who  makes  a consignment ; — opposed  to 
consignee.  Bouvier. 

CON-S.il/I-5NCE,  n.  [L.  consilio,  to  jump  to- 
gether.] Coincidence  ; concurrence. 

Puley’s  “ Horn?  Paulinae,”  which  consists  of  gathering  to- 
gether undesigned  coincidences,  is  an  example  of  the  consil- 
ience of  inductions.  Fleming. 

CON-SIM'I-LAR,  a.  [L.  consimilis  ; con,  with, 
and  similis,  like.]  Having  a common  resem- 
blance. [r.]  Bailey. 

CON-SI-MIL'I-TUDE,  n.  Joint  resemblance  ; like- 
ness ; similitude,  [r.]  Cotgrave. 

f CON-SI-MI L'I-TY,  n.  Joint  resemblance. Aubrey. 

CON-SIST',  v.  n.  [L.  consisto  ; con,  with,  and 
sisto,  to  stand ; It.  consistere  ; Sp.  consistir  ; 
Fr.  consister .]  [t.  consisted  ; pp.  consisting, 

CONSISTED.] 

1.  To  continue  to  exist;  to  subsist. 

He  is  before  all  things,  and  by  him  all  things  consist.  Col.  i.  17. 

2.  To  remain  coherent,  fixed,  or  stable. 

It  is  against  the  nature  of  water,  being  a flexible  and  pon- 
derous body,  to  consist , and  stay  itsejf.  Brerewood. 

3.  To  be  compatible  ; to  agree  ; to  suit. 

Health  consists  with  temperance  alone.  Pope. 

4.  To  be  comprised;  to  lie. 

Artists  whose  skill  consists  only  in  a certain  manner  which 
they  have  affected.  Dryden. 

5.  To  be  composed;  to  be  made  up. 

The  land  would  consist  of  plains  and  valleys.  Burnet. 

(SON-SlST'ENCE,  ? n_  [n.  consistenza ; Sp.  con- 

CON-SIST'5N-CY,  > sistencia;  Fr.  consistancc .] 

1.  The  state  or  the  mode  of  existence. 

There  is  the  same  necessity  for  the  divine  influence  to  keep 
together  the  universe  in  that  consistence  it  hath  received  as  it 
was  first  to  give  it.  Hale. 

Meditation  will  confirm  resolutions  of  good,  and  give  them 
a durable  consistence  in  the  soul.  Hammond. 

2.  Degree  of  density  or  rarity. 

The  consistencies  of  bodies  are  very  diverse  — dense,  rare, 
volatile,  fixed,  hard,  soft.  Bacon. 

3.  Permanent  state  ; durability. 

We  are  as  water,  weak,  and  of  no  consistence , always  de- 
scending, abiding  in  no  certain  state.  Bp.  Taylor. 

4.  A state  of  rest,  in  which  things  capable  of 

growth  or  decrease  continue  for  some  time  at  a 
stand.  Chambers. 

5.  A mass  of  cohering  particles  ; a substance. 

Nigh  foundered,  on  lie  fares, 

Treading  the  crude  consistence,  half  on  foot, 

Half  flying.  Milton. 

6.  State  of  being  consistent  ; agreement, 

congruity,  or  uniformity  in  the  opinions  or  the 
acts  of  the  same  individual  at  different  times. 

One  who  wishes  to  preserve  consistency,  but  who  would 
preserve  consistency  by  varying  his  means  to  secure  the  unity 
of  his  end.  Bur  he. 

It  is  a mere  idle  declamation  about  consistency  to  represent 
it  as  a disgrace  to  a man  to  confess  himself  wiser  to-day  than 
yesterday.  Abp.  W /lately. 

CON-SIST'ENT,  a.  1.  Firm;  solid;  not  fluid. 
“ The  consistent  parts  of  the  body.”  Harvey. 

Though  constant  and  consistent  now  it  be, 

Yet,  when  kind  beams  appear, 

It  melts  and  glides  apace  into  the  sea.  Cowley. 

2.  Not  contradictory  ; compatible  ; suitable  ; 
conformable ; accordant. 

No  one  kind  of  true  peace  is  consistent  with  any  sort  of 
prevailing  wickedness.  Stiuinyfleet. 

3.  Constant ; uniform. 

Consistent  wisdom  ever  wills  the  same.  Young. 

Syn.  — See  Agreeable. 

CON-SIST'jENT-LY,  ad.  In  a consistent  manner. 

CON-SIS-TO'RI-AL,  a.  (Eccl.)  Relating  to  a 
consistory.  “ Consistorial  courts.”  Burnet. 

CON-SIS-TO'RI-AN,  a.  (Eccl.)  Relating  to  an 
order  of  Presbyterian  assemblies  ; consistorial. 
“ Consistorian  schismatics.”  [r.]  Milton. 

II  CON'SIS-TO-RY,  or  CON-SlS'TO-RY  [kon'sjs- 
tur-e,  St  IV.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.\  kon-sls'to-re,  E.  K. 
Sm.  C.  Wb.],  n.  [L.  consistorium,  a place  of 
assembly  ; It.  <5;  Sp.  consistorio  ; Fr.  consistoire .] 

1.  (Church  of. Eng.)  The  Court  Christian,  or 

Spiritual  Court,  held  in  a cathedral  church  by 
the  bishop  or  his  deputy,  assisted  by  .some  of 
his  clergy.  , Eden. 

2.  (Romanism.)  The  judicial  court  constitut- 
ed by  the  college  of  cardinals.  Brande. 

By  a commission  from  the  consistory , 

Yea,  the  whole  consistory  of  Rome.  Shak. 


3.  Any  solemn  assembly. 

In  mid  air 

To  council  summons  all  his  mighty  peers, 

A gloomy  consistory.  Milton. 

4.  The  representative  body  of  the  reformed 

church  in  France;  — a title  and  an  assembly 
originated  by  Calvin.  Brande. 

||  CON'SIS-TO-RY,  a.  (Eccl.)  Noting  an  eccle- 
siastical court  in  which  a bishop’s  or  an  arch- 
bishop’s chancellor  is  judge.  Brande. 

CON-SO'CI-ATE  (kon-so'slie-at,  66),  n.  A partner  ; 
an  associate.  “ Consociates  in  the  conspiracy 
of  Somerset.”  [r.]  Hayward. 

CON-SO'CI-ATE  (kon-so'slie-at),  V.  a.  [L.  conso- 
cio,  consociatus  ; con,  with,  and  socio,  to  unite  ; 
socius,  a companion.]  \i.  consociated  ; pp. 
consociating,  consociated.]  To  unite  ; to 
join  ; to  connect ; to  associate. 

Ships  consociate  the  most  remote  regions  of  the  earth. 

Sir  T.  Herbert. 

Generally  the  best  outward  shapes  are  the  likeliest  to  be 
consociated  with  good  inward  faculties.  Wotton. 

CON-SO'CI-ATE  (kon-s5'she-at),  y.  n.  To  be  as- 
sociated  ; to  coalesce  ; to  unite',  [r.]  Bentley. 

CON-SO-CT-A'TION  (kon-so-slie-a'sluin),  n.  [L. 
consociatio  ; It.  consociazione .] 

1.  Alliance  ; union  ; intimacy  ; association. 

“ By  so  long  consociation  with  a prince  of  such 
excellent  nature.”  Wotton. 

2.  An  association  or  union  of  Congregational 
churches  by  their  pastors  and  delegates  ; an  ec- 
clesiastical body  or  convention.  [U.S.]  Dwight. 

CON-SO-CI-A'TION- AL,  a.  Relating  to  a conso- 
ciation. [Local,  U.  S.]  Clarke. 

CON-SOL'A-BLE,  a.  [It.  consolabile  ; Sp.  § Fr. 
consolable .]  That  may  be  consoled.  Bailey. 

f CON'SO-LATE,  v.  a.  To  comfort  ; to  console. 
“ To  consolate  thine  ear.”  Shak. 


CON-SO-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  consolatio ; It.  conso- 
lazione  ; Sp.  consolacion  ; Fr.  consolation .] 
The  act  of  consoling  ; alleviation  of  sorrow  ; 
solace ; comfort. 

Consolation  or  comfort  are  words  which  eignify  some  alle- 
viation of  that  pain  to  which  it  is  not  in  our  power  to  afford 
the  proper  and  adequate  remedy.  Johnson. 

Syn.  — See  Comfort. 

CON'SO-LA-TOR,  n.  [L.]  One  who  consoles  ; a 
comforter ; a consoler,  [r.]  Cotgrave. 

CON-SOL'A-TO-RY  [kon-sol'j-tur-e,  W.  J.  E.  F. 
Ja.  K.  Sm.  B.  C.  1 Vb.  ; kon-so'la-tur-e,  S.  P.~\, 
a.  [L.  consolatorius  ; Fr.  consolatoire .]  Per- 
taining to  or  affording  consolation  or  comfort ; 
comforting;  consoling.  “Some  consolatory 

thoughts  on  the  loss  of  friends.”  Boyle. 

f CON-SOL'A-TO-RY,  n.  That  which  consoles; 
a consolatory  discourse.  “ Consolatories  writ 
with  studied  argument.”  Milton. 


CON-SOLE',  v.  a.  [L.  consolor',  con,  with,  and 
solar,  to  solace  ; It.  consolare  ; Sp.  consolar  ; 
Fr.  consoler .]  [i.  consoled  ; pp.  consoling, 

consoled.]  To  relieve  or  free  from  distress  of 
mind ; to  solace  ; to  comfort  ; to  cheer  ; to 
encourage  ; to  soothe. 

We  console  our  friends  when  they  meet  with  affliction. 

Crabb. 


CON'SOLE,  n.  [Fr.]  (Arch.)  A truss,  or  bracket, 
sometimes  employed  as 
an  ornament  in  front 
of  the  key-stone  of  an 
arch,  but  generally  used 
to  support  a cornice,  a 
bust,  a balcony,  &c. 

Britton. 

Consoles. 

CON-SOL'IJR,  n.  One  who  consoles  or  gives  com- 
fort. “ The  sovereign  consolers  of  my  sor- 
rows.” Melmoth. 


CpN-SOL'I-DANT,  a.  [L.  consolido,  consolidans, 
to  make  firm ; Fr.  consolidant .]  Tending  to 
consolidate  ; making  firm.  Smart. 

CON-SOL'J-DAnT,  n.  (Med.)  A substance  for- 
merly given  to  consolidate  wounds.  Crabb. 

CQN-SOL'I-DATE,  v.  a.  [L.  consolido,  consolida- 
tus ; con,  with,  and  solidus,  solid  ; It.  consoli- 
dare;  Sp  .consolidar;  Fr.  consol  icier.]  [i.  con- 
solidated ; pp.  consolidating,  consoli- 
dated.] 


1.  To  make  firm,  solid,  or  compact ; to  form 
into  a compact  body  ; to  harden ; to  condense. 

The  word  may  be  rendered,  He  fixed  or  consolidated  the 
earth  above  the  waters.  Burnet. 

2.  To  conjoin ; to  unite  into  one,  as  two  par- 
liamentary bills  or  two  benefices.  Johnson. 

CON-SOL'I-DATE,  v.  n.  To  grow  firm,  hard,  or 
solid.  “ It  consolidated  afterwards.”  Woodward. 

CON-SOL'I-DATE,  a.  Consolidated.  “ Brawns 
and  sinews  . . . consolidate."  [r.]  Sir  T.  Elyot. 

CON-SOL'I-DAT-JJD,  p.  a.  1.  Made  firm,  solid, 
or  compact ; as,  “ A consolidated  mass.” 

2.  Collected  together;  united  into  one;  as, 
“ A consolidated  fund.”  Brande. 

CON-SOL-I-DA'TION,  n.  [L.  consolidatio  ; It. 

consolidazione  ; Sp.  consolidacion ; Fr.  consoli- 
dation.] 

1.  The  act  of  consolidating  or  hardening  ; so- 
lidification. 

The  consolidation  of  the  marble  did  not  fall  out  at  random. 

Woodward. 

2.  The  uniting  of  two  or  more  things  in  one  ; 
as,  “ The  consolidation  of  parliamentary  bills 
or  of  benefices  ” ; “ The  consolidation  of  the 
public  funds.” 

CQN-SOL'I-DA-TJVE,  n.  (Med.)  A consolidating 
medicine.  Bailey. 

CON-SOL'ING,  p.  a.  Affording  consolation;  com- 
forting ; as,  “ A consoling  reflection.” 

CON-SOL^',  or  CON'SOL.S  [kon-solz',  Sm. ; kon'solz, 
K.  C.],  n.  pi.  A term  used  to  denote  a consid- 
erable portion  of  the  public  debt  of  Great  Brit- 
ain, more  correctly  known  as  the  three  per  cent. 
consolidated  annuities.  These  constitute  a 
transferable  stock,  the  varying  price  of  which 
is  taken  as  an  index  of  the  value  of  other 
stocks.  F.  Cyc. 

ASy  The  uninitiated  talk  of  selling  con'sols,  till 
they  learn  on  the  stock  exchange  that  the  technical 
pronunciation  is  consols'.  Smart. 

CON-SOM' ME,n.  [Fr.]  (Cookery.)  A dishmade 
by  boiling  meat  with  vegetables  to  a jelly  ; jelly 
broth.  Merle. 

CON'SO-NANCE,  ) [L.  consonantia  ; conso- 

CON'SO-NAN-CY,  ) no,  consonans,  to  sound  at 
the  same  time  ; con,  with,  and  sown,  to  sound ; It. 
consonanza  ; Sp.  consonaneia ; Fr.  consonance .] 

1.  Agreement  of  simultaneous  sounds  ; con- 
cord ; accord ; harmony. 

The  consonances  that  most  ravish  the  ear  are  the  filth  nnd 
the  octave.  Wotton. 

2.  Consistency  ; congruence  ; suitableness. 

Such  decisions  held  consonancy  with  decisions  of  former 
times.  Hale. 

CON'SO-NANT,  a.  [L.  consonans .]  Accordant ; 
harmonious  ; consistent ; agreeing  ; correspond- 
ing ; compatible  ; — followed  by  with  or  to.  “A 
thing  consonant  with  natural  equity.”  “Reli- 
gion looks  consonant  to  itself.”  Decay  of  Piety. 

CON'SO-NANT,  n.  [L.  consonans  ; It.  tc  Sp.  con- 
sonants, Fr.  consonne.']  A letter  which  repre- 
sents a sound  that  is  modified  by  some  inter- 
ruption during  its  passage  through  the  organs 
of  speech  ; a letter  which  cannot  be  perfectly 
sounded  without  the  aid  of  a vowel. 

Those  letters  arc  styled  consonants  in  the  pronouncing  of 
which  the  breath  is  intercepted  by  some  collision,  or  closure. 

Wilkins. 

CON-SO-NANT'AL,  a.  Relating  to,  '(Sr  partaking 
of  the  nature  of,  a consonant.  Latham. 

CON'SO-NANT-LY,  ad.  Consistently;  agreea- 
bly ; suitably.  Tillotson. 

CON'SO-NANT-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
consonant;  agreeableness;  consistency.  Bailey. 

CON'SO-NOUS,  a.  [L.  consonus  ; con,  with,  and 
sonus,  a sound.]  Symphonious.  Bailey. 

f CON-SO'PI-Ate,  v.  a.  [See  Consopite.]  To 
lull  asleep.  Cockeram. 

f CON-SO-RI-A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  sleeping.  Scott. 

t CON'SO-PITE,  v.  a.  [L.  consopio,  consopitus  ; 
con,  with,  and  sopio,  to  put  to  sleep,  to  stupefy.] 
To  lull  asleep  ; to  compose  ; to  calm  ; to  quiet. 
“ The  higher  powers  of  the  soul  being  almost 
quite  laid  asleep  and  consopited.”  Glanvillc. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SdN 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  9,  ?,  g,  soft ; jC,  G,  £,  g,  hard; 


^ as  z ; If  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


CONSOPITE 


300 


CONSTIPATE 


fCON'SO-PlTE,  a.  Calmed;  quieted. 

Its  clamorous  tongue  thus  being  comopite.  More. 

f CON-SO-Pl"TION,  n.  The  act  of  sleeping;  con- 
sopiation.  “ Consopition  of  the  senses.”  Pope. 

CON  SOR-DI'NI,  n.  [It .,  with  deaf eners.]  (Mus.) 
A direction  to  perform  a passage,  if  on  the 
piano-forte,  with  the  dampers  down,  and  if  on 
the  violin,  with  the  mute  on.  Brande. 

CON'SORT  (114),  n.  [L.  consors ; con,  with,  and 
socs,  lot,  i.  e.  one  having  the  same  lot  with  an- 
other ; It.  iSr  Sp.  consorte  ; Fr.  consort .] 

1.  f A company  ; a group. 

In  one  consort  there  sat 
Cruel  Revenge,  and  rancorous  Despite, 

Disloyal  Treason,  and  heart-burning  Hate.  Spenser. 

Great  boats,  which  divide  themselves  into  divers  compa- 
panies,  five  or  six  boats  in  a consort.  Ilackluyt. 

2.  f Harmony  ; symphony  ; concert. 

The  music 

Of  man’s  fair  composition  best  accords 
When  ’t  is  in  consort,  not  in  single  strains.  Ford. 
The  lesser  brooks,  as  they  did  bubbling  go, 

Did  keep  a consort  to  the  public  woe.  Drummond. 

3.  Concurrence  ; union. 

Take  it  singly,  and  it  carries  an  air  of  levity,  but,  in  con- 
sort with  the  rest,  has  a meaning  quite  different.  Atterbury. 

4.  A companion;  a partner;  — now  gener- 
ally restricted  to  a partner  in  marriage,  a wife 
or  a husband. 

Stay,  then,  this  haste  of  thine 

But  till  I arm,  and  I am  made  a consort  for  thee  straight. 

Chapman. 

And,  while  he  struggles  on  the  stormy  main, 

Invokes  his  father  and  his  wife  in  vain; 

But  yet  his  consort  is  his  greater  care.  Dryden. 

5.  ( Navigation .)  A ship  that  accompanies 

another.  Smart. 

CON-SORT’,  V.  n.  [t.  CONSORTED  ; pp.  CONSORT- 
ING, consorted.]  To  partake  of  the  same 
lot ; to  associate  ; to  keep  company. 

Some  of  them  believed,  and  consorted  with  Paul  and  Silas. 

w4c/s  xvii.  4. 

CON-SORT',  v.  a.  1.  To  unite  by  symphony. 

For  nil  that  pleasing  is  to  living  ear 

Was  there  consorted  in  one  harmony.  Spenser. 

2.  To  join  in  marriage.  “ He  with  his  con- 
sorted Eve.”  Milton. 

3.  To  accompany ; to  attend. 

Sweet  health  and  fair  desires  consort  your  graces.  Shak. 

f CON-SORT'A-BLE,  a.  Suitable  or  fit  to  be  a 
companion.  Wotton. 

f CON-SOR'TION,  n.  [L .consortia.]  Fellowship; 
society.  “Be  critical  in  thy  consortion.”  Browne. 

CON'SORT-SHIP,  n.  The  state  of  a consort  or  one 
consorted  ; fellowship  ; partnership.  Bp.  Hall. 

CON'SOUND,  n.  ( Bot .)  A name  applied  to  several 
kinds  of  plants.  Clarke. 

f CON-SPEC'TA-BLE,  a.  [L.  conspicio,  conspec- 
tus, to  behold.]  Conspicuous.  Bailey. 

f CON-SPEC'TION,  n.  Act  of  seeing.  Cotgrave. 

f CON-SPlJC-TCr'I-TY,  n.  Sense  or  power  of  see- 
ing; sight.  Shak. 

CON-SPEC’ T US,  n.  [L.]  A general  view  of  a 
subject;  an  outline;  an  epitome;  an  abstract. 

+ CON-SPER'SION,  n.  [L.  conspersio  ; conspergo, 
to  besprinkle.]  A sprinkling.  Bp.  Taylor. 

f CON-SPI-CU'I-TY,  n.  Brightness.  Glanville. 

CON-SPIC'U-OUS,  a.  [L.  conspicuus ; conspicio,  to 
behold?  It.  conspicuo,  cospicuo  ; Sp.  conspicuo.] 

1.  Obvious  to  the  sight ; seen  at  a distance. 
First  by  my  father  pointed  to  my  sjght, 

Nor  less  conspicuous  by  his  native  light.  Dryden. 

2.  Eminent ; prominent ; remarkable  ; dis- 
tinguished ; celebrated  ; noted. 

To  make  thy  virtues  or  thy  faults  conspicuous.  Addison. 

Illustrious  by  service,  conspicuous  by  place.  Brougham. 

Syn.  — See  Prominent. 

CON-SPIC'U-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  a conspicuous  man- 
ner;  clearly;  visibly.  Watts. 

CON-SPlC'U-OyS-NESS,  n.  1.  The  state  of  being 
obvious  to  the  sight ; exposure  to  the  view. 

They  appear  so  but  in  that  twilight  which  is  requisite  to 
their  conspicuousness.  Boyle. 

2.  Eminence;  celebrity;  fame. 

Their  writings  attract  more  readers  by  the  authors'  con- 
spicuousness.  Boyle. 

CON-SPIR'A-CY,  n.  [L.  conspiratio  ; It.  conspi- 
razione ; Sp.  conspiracion  ; Fr.  conspiration .] 


1.  The  act  of  conspiring  ; a combination  of 
persons  for  an  evil  purpose;  a plotting;  a plot; 
— especially  a plot  against  a government,  or  a 
concerted  treason. 

Catiline’s  conspiracy,  a memorable  attempt,  both  for  the 
enormous  wickedness  of  it  and  the  danger  it  threatened.  Rose. 

2.  A general  tendency  of  many  causes  to  one 
event ; concurrence. 

When  the  time  came  that  misery  was  ripe  for  him.  there 
was  a conspiracy  in  all  things  to  leud  him  unto  it.  Sidney. 

f CON-SPlR'ANT,  a.  Conspiring  ; plotting.  Shak. 

CON-SPI-RA'TION,  n.  [L.  conspiratio,  harmony, 
also,  conspiracy ; It.  conspirazione,  cospirazi- 
one,  conspiracy;  Sp.  conspiracion-,  Fr.  conspi- 
ration.'] 

1.  f Concord  ; agreement.  “What  a harmo- 

ny and  conspiration  there  is  betwixt  all  these 
laws.”  Hammond. 

2.  Conspiracy.  “Certain  Jews  made  a con- 
spiration.” [r.]  Udal. 

CON-SPIR'A-TOR,  n.  [It . conspiratore ; Fr . con- 
spirateur.]  One  engaged  in  conspiracy. 

Achitophel  is  among  the  conspirators  with  Absalom. 

2 Sam.  xv.  31. 

CON-SPIRE',  v.  n.  [L.  conspiro  ; con,  with,  and 
spiro,  to  breathe  ; It.  conspirare , cospirare  , Sp. 
conspirar-,  Fr  .conspire)'.]  [I.  conspired  ; pp. 
CONSPIRING,  CONSPIRED.] 

1.  To  concur  to  one  result ; to  tend.  “ All 
things  conspire  to  make  him  happy.”  Johnson. 

2.  To  combine  for  some  evil  design,  as  trea- 
son ; to  conceit  a crime ; to  plot. 

An  impious  crew 

Of  men  conspiring  to  uphold  their  state 

By  worse  than  hostile  deeds.  Milton. 

CON-SPIRE',  v.  a.  To  plot;  to  contrive. 

Tell  me  what  they  deserve 

That  do  conspire  my  death  with  devilish  plots.  Shak. 

CON-SPlR'yR,  n.  A conspirator.  Shak. 

CON-SPTr'iNG,  p.  a.  I.  Concurring  to  one  result. 

2.  Making  conspiracy. 

Conspiring  powers  or  forces , ( Mech .)  forces  which 
act  in  a direction  not  opposite  to  one  another. 

London  Ency. 

CON-SPIR'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a conspiring  manner. 

CON  SP/R’I-TO,  ad.  [It.]  (Mus.)  Noting  a 
part  to  be  played  with  spirit.  Maunder. 

f c6N-SPIS-SA'TION,  n.  [L.  conspissatio  ; con, 
with,  and  spisso,  spissatus,  to  make  thick.]  A 
thickening.  “ Gross  by  conspissation.”  More. 

f CON-SPUR'CATE,  v.  a.  [L.  conspurco , conspur- 
catus-,  con,  with,  and  spurco,  to  make  filthy.]  To 
defile  ; to  pollute.  Cockeram. 

f CON-SPCR-CA'TION,  n.  Defilement ; pollu- 
tion. “ So  odious  a conspurcation  of  our  holy 
religion.”  Bp.  Ilall. 

CON'STA-BLE  (kun'stfi-bl),  n.  [L.  comes  stalndi, 
count  of  the  stable,  or  master  of  the  horse; 
Low  L.  constabularius ; It.  concstabile ; Sp.  con- 
destable  ; Fr.  connetable.] 

1.  A high  officer  of  the  monarchical  estab- 
lishments of  Europe  in  the  middle  ages  : — a 
master  of  the  horse  ; a commander  of  cavalry, 
or  other  officer  of  high  rank. 

Charles  De-la-bret,  high  constable  of  France.  Shak. 

ligp  “ In  France,  the  constable  was  the  first  digni- 
tary under  the  crown,  commander-in-chief  and  su- 
preme military  judge.  In  that  country,  the  office  was 
abolished  in  1627,  as  conferring  powers  too  dangerous 
in  the  hands  of  a subject.  In  England,  the  last  per- 
manent lord  high  constable  was  Edward  Stafford, 
Duke  of  Buckingham,  whoso  office  was  forfeited  to 
the  crown  by  his  attainder  in  1522,  since  which  time 
it  has  only  been  occasionally  conferred  on  particular 
emergencies.”  Brande. 

2.  (Law.)  An  officer  charged  with  the  preser- 

vation of  the  peace,  and  with  the  execution  of 
warrants  issued  by  justices  of  the  peace  and 
other  magistrates.  Burrill. 

Special  constable,  a person  appointed  to  act  as  con- 
st; nle  upon  a special  occasion. 

CON'STA-BLER-y,  n.  1.  The  body  of  consta- 
bles. “The  office  of  the  constablcry.”  Berners. 

2.  The  jurisdiction  of  constables.  Burton. 

CON'STA-BLE-SHIP,  n.  The  office  of  a constable. 
“ The  constableship  of  the  castle.”  Carew. 

f CON'STA-BLESS,  n.  The  wife  of  a constable. 

Dame  Hermegild,  constabless  of  that  place.  Chaucer. 


CON'STA-BLE- WICK,  n.  [Eng.  constable , and 
A.  S.  wic , a village.]  The  district  over  which 
the  authority  of  a constable  extends.  Hale . 

CON-STAB'U-LA-RY,  a.  Relating  to,  or  consist- 
ing of,  constables*.  Qu.  Rev . 

t CON-STAB'li-LA-TO-RY,  n.  Constablery .Burnet. 

CON'ST  AN-CY,  n . [L.  constantia\  const o,  con- 

stants, to  stand  firm  ; con , with,  and  sto , to  stand ; 
It.  costanza  ; Sp.  constancia  ; Fr.  Constance.'] 

1.  The  quality  of  being  constant ; unalterable 
continuance  ; immutability  ; stability. 

Incredible  that  constancy,  in  6uch  a variety,  should  be  the 
result  of  chance.  Ray. 

2.  Unshaken  determination  ; resolution  ; firm- 
ness ; steadfastness. 

. Multitudes  who  have  laid  down  their  lives  for  their  religion 
with  as  much  constancy  as  the  ancient  Christians.  Jortin. 

3.  Lasting  and  undeviating  affection. 

Constancy  is  such  a stability  of  friendship  as  overlooks 
lesser  failures  of  kindness,  and  still  retains  the  Bame  habitual 
good-will  to  a friend.  South. 

Syn. — Constancy  is  voluntary  ; firmness  is  natural 
stability.  Constancy  is  opposed  to  fickleness  ; firm- 
ness, to  pliancy  or  weakness.  Constancy  relates  espe- 
cially to  the  affections ; firmness,  to  the  purpose  or  res- 
olution ; stability,  to  the  character  or  the  opinions; 
steadiness , to  the  action  or  the  habits.  Constancy  of 
affection  ; firmness  of  purpose  ; stability  of  character; 
steadiness  of  conduct ; steadfastness  of  principle.  — See 
Durability,  Perseverance. 

CON'ST ANT,  7i.  That  which  remains  invariable, 
as  a quantity,  force,  or  law.  Deverell. 

CON'ST  ANT,  a.  [L.  consto , constans , to  stand 
firm  ; It.  costantc  ; Sp.  constantc  ; Fr.  co7istant.] 

1.  Firm;  fixed;  solid.  “ You  may  turn  these 
two  fluid  liquors  into  a coiistant  body/’  Boyle . 

2.  Unvaried;  unchanging;  immutable. 


The  world’s  a scene  of  changes;  and  to  be 
Constant  in  nature  were  inconstancy.  Cowley. 

3.  Determined  ; resolute  ; unshaken.  “ Be 

you  constant  in  the  accusation.”  Shak. 

4.  Persevering  ; assiduous  ; steady. 

Still  cheerful,  ever  constant  to  his  call.  Di'yden. 

5.  Faithful  or  true  in  affection. 

The  Moor,  howbeit  that  I endure  him  not, 

Is  of  a constant , loving,  noble  nature.  Shak. 


Constant  quantities,  (Algebra.)  quantities  tile  value  of 
which  remains  the  same  in  the  same  expression. Davies. 

Syn.  — See  Certain,  Firm. 

CON'STANT-LY,  ad.  In  a constant  manner. 

CON ' STAT,  n.  [L .,  it  appears.]  (Lav:.)  A spe- 
cies of  certificate  in  regard  to  what  is  written 
in  an  official  record.  Hamilton. 

II  CON-STEL'LATE  [kon-stel'at,  S.  W.  P.  F.  Ja. 
K. ; kon'stfl-at,  Sm.  Wb.  — See  Contemplate], 
v.  n.  [L.  constellatus,  studded  with  stars  ; con, 
with,  and  Stella,  a star.]  To  shine  with  united 
light  or  lustre. 

The  several  things  which  engage  our  affection  do  constel- 
late in  God.  Boyle. 

||  CON-STEL'lAte,  v.  a.  To  unite  in  lustre,  as 
several  stars,  [r.] 

These  scattered  perfections,  divided  among  inferior  na- 
tures, were  summed  up  and  constellated  iu  ours.  Glanville. 

CON-STf,L-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  constcllatio ; con, 
with,  and  stellci,  a star ; It.  costellazione ; Sp. 
constelacion  ; Fr.  constellation.] 

1.  ( Astron .)  A group  of  fixed  stars,  expressed 
and  represented  under  the  name  and  figure  of 
some  animal,  or  other  emblem  to  which  it  is  fan- 
cied to  have  some  resemblance.  “ Stars  of  heav- 
en and  the  constellations  thereof.”  Isa.  xiii.  10. 

2.  An  assembly  or  an  assemblage  ; — applied 
to  persons  or  things  of  gyeat  excellence. 

CON-STER-NA'TION,  n.  [L.  consternatio ; con- 
st erno,  consternatus,  to  terrify ; con,  with,  and 
sterno,  to  prostrate  ; It.  consternazione,  coster- 
nazione-,  Sp . constemacion ; Fr.  consternation.] 
Excessive  alarm  ; terror ; amazement ; fright. 

The  ship  struck.  The  shock  threw  us  all  into  the  utmost 
consternation.  Cook. 

Syn-  — See  Alarm. 

CON’STI-PATE,  v.  a.  [L.  constipo,  constipatus  ; 
con,  with,  and  stipo,  to  compress  ; It.  costipare ; 
Sp.  constipar ; Fr.  constiper.]  [i.  constipat- 
ed ; pp.  constipating,  constipated.] 

1.  To  press  into  a narrow  space  ; to  com- 
press ; to  condense  ; to  consolidate. 

The  inferior  [mass  of  air]  being  pressed  and  constipated 
by  the  weight  of  all  the  incumbent.  BcJitleyt 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  0,  t/,  V,  short;  A,  5,  I,  Q,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


7 


CONSTIPATION 


301 


2.  To  stop  up ; to  close.  “ Constipating  or 
shutting  up  the  capillary  vessels.”  Arbuthnot. 

3.  To  make  costive. 

Hard  and  vehement  friction  doth  constipate  the  body. 

Holland . 

CON-STI-PA'TION,  n.  [L.  constipatio  ; It.  costi- 
pazione ; Sp.  constipacion  ; Fr.  constipation.'] 

1.  The  act  of  constipating;  a crowding  to- 

gether; condensation.  “ A pretty  close  consti- 
pation of  its  particles.”  Bentley. 

2.  Costiveness.  Arbuthnot. 

CQN-STlT'y-EN-CY  (kon-stit'yu-fn-se),  n.  A body 
of  constituents.  Lord  J.  Bussell. 

CON-STIT'U-JJNT  (kon-stit'yu-ent),  a.  [L.  con- 
stituo,  constituens , to  put  together;  It.  costitu- 
ente ; Sp . constituyente ; Fr . constituant.]  Form- 
ing; composing;  constituting;  as,  “The  con- 
stituent parts  of  a compound.” 

CON-STiT'y-ENT  (kon-stit'yu-ent),  n.  1.  He  who 
or  that  which  constitutes,  composes,  or  forms. 

Their  first  composure  requires  a higher  and  nobler  con- 
stituent than  chance.  Hale. 

2.  An  elemental  part ; element ; principle. 

The  lymph  in  those  glands  is  a necessary  constituent  of 

the  aliment.  Arbuthnot. 

3.  One  who  deputes  another  to  act  for  him, 
especially  in  political  matters  ; an  elector. 

You  may  communicate  this  letter  in  any  manner  .you 
think  proper  to  my  constituents.  Burke. 

CON'STI-TUTE,  v.  a.  [L.  constituo,  constitutus  ; 
con,  with,  and  statuo,  to  set  up  ; It.  constituire ; 
Sp . constituir ; Fr.  constituer.]  [t.  constitut- 
ed ; pp.  CONSTITUTING,  CONSTITUTED.] 

1.  To  build  up  ; to  establish  ; to  institute. 

This  Brutus  had  three  sons,  who  constituted  three  king- 
doms. Stow. 

2.  To  form  or  compose  as  an  element. 

Men  who  their  duties  know, 

But  know  their  rights,  and,  knowing,  dare  maintain, 
Prevent  the  long-aimed  blow. 

And  crush  the  tyrant  while  they  rend  the  chain,— 

These  constitute  a state.  Sir  JV.  Jones. 

3.  To  appoint,  depute,  or  empower;  as,  “To 
constitute  one  an  attorney.” 

Syn. — Constitute  a government ; frame  a constitu- 
tion ; form  a plan  or  system  of  education  ; found  col- 
leges ; establish  schools;  appoint  judges.  Constitute  a 
leader:  appoint  a minister ; depute  a member  to  present 
a petition.  — See  Appoint. 

t CON'STj-TUTE,  n.  An  established  law. 

A man  that  will  not  obey  the  king’s  constitute.  Preston , (lofil.) 

CON'STI-TUT-JJR,  n.  One  who  constitutes  or 
appoints.  Sir  T.  Elyot. 

CON'STI-TUT-ING,  p.  a.  Giving  existence  ; es- 
tablishing. 

CON-STI-TU'TION,  n.  [L.  constitutio ; It.  con- 
stituzione  ; Sp.  constitucion  ■,  Fr  .constitution.] 

1.  The  act  of  constituting  ; formation. 

2.  State  of  being  ; peculiar  structure  ; state 
of  all  the  organs  of  the  body  ; natural  qualities, 
particularly  of  the  body  or  of  the  mind. 

This  light,  being  restored  to  its  pristine  constitution,  be- 
came of  the  same  condition  as  at  first.  Newton. 

Beauty  is  nothing  else  but  a just  accord  and  harmony  of 
the  members,  animated  by  a healthful  constitution.  Dryden. 

He  defended  himself  with  undaunted  courage,  and  less 
passion  than  was  expected  from  his  constitution.  Clarendon. 

3.  The  body  of  fundamental  laws,  as  con- 
tained in  written  documents  or  established  by 
prescriptive  usage,  which  constitute  the  form 
of  government  for  a nation,  state,  community, 
association,  or  society ; as,  “ The  constitution  of 
the  United  States  ” ; “ The  British  constitution.” 

4.  ( Eccl .)  A regulation  or  canon  respecting 
the  doctrine  or  discipline  of  the  church. 

The  number  of  constitutions  [of  the  Church  of  England] 
is  one  hundred  and  forty-one.  Polit.  Diet. 

5.  ( Roman  Laic.)  Decrees  of  regular  author- 
ities, particularly  of  the  emperors.  Brande. 

CON-STI-TU'TION- AL,  a.  [Sp.  constitucional ; 
Fr.  constitutionnel.] 

1.  Inherent,  or  bred,  in  the  constitution  of 
the  body  or  of  the  mind  ; natural. 

It  is  not  probable  any  constitutional  illness  will  be  commu- 
nicated with  the  small-pox  by  inoculation.  Sharp. 

2.  Consistent  with  the  fundamental  laws,  or 
with  the  civil  constitution  ; legal. 

The  Long  Parliament  of  Charles  I.,  while  it  acted  in  a 
constitutional  manner,  redressed  many  heavy  grievances. 

Blackstone. 

3.  Pertaining  to  a civil  constitution.  “ Con- 
stitutional freedom.”  Polit.  Diet. 


| CON-STI-TU'TION-AL,  n.  Exercise  for  health, 
as  walking,  boating,  playing  at  football,  cricket, 
&c.  [Cambridge  Univ.,  England.]  Bristcd. 

CON-STI-TU'TION-AL-IljM,  n.  Constitutional 
principles  or  government,  [r.]  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

CON-STI-TU'TION-AL- 1 ST,  n.  A framer  or  fa- 
vorer of  a constitution ; an  adherent  to  a con- 
stitution. Burke. 


CONSTUPRATE 

closes  an  orifice.  “ Constrictor  of  the  oesopha- 
gus.” Dunglison. 

2.  ( Zoiil. ) A name  applied  to  the  larger  ser- 
pents, which  crush  their  prey  in  their  folds,  as 
the  boa-constrictor.  Brande. 

CON-STRlN<?E',  v.  a.  [L.  comtringo ; It.  con- 

string  ere  f\  To  cause  to  contract ; to  constrict,  [k.] 

Strong  liquors  constringe , harden  the  fibres,  and  coagulate 
the  fluids.  Arbuthnot. 


CON-STI-TU-TION-AL'I-TY,  n.  The  state,  or  the 
quality,  of  being  constitutional,  or  in  accord- 
ance with  the  constitution;  as,  “ The  constitu- 
tionality of  a law.”  Ed.  Rev. 

ft ,}  ■ This  word,  which  is  regularly  formed  from 
constitution , or  constitutional,  is  much  used  in  tile 
U.  S.,  but  comparatively  little  used  in  England. 

CON-STI-TU'TION-AL-LY,  ad.  Agreeably  to  the 
constitution.  Ld.  Chesterfield. 

CON-STI-TU'TION- A-RY,  a.  Consistent  with  the 
constitution ; constitutional,  [it..]  Marshall. 

CON-STI-TU'TIONED  (-shund),  p.  a.  Having  a 
constitution.  “ These  tender -constitutioncd  la- 
dies.” Spectator. 

CON-STI-TU'TION-IST,  n.  An  adherent  to  the 
constitution  ; a constitutionalist.  Bolingbroke. 

||  CON'STI-TU-TIVE,  a.  [It.  § Sp.  constitutive ; 
Fr.  constitutif.] 

1.  That  constitutes  or  forms;  elemental;  ele- 
mentary ; essential ; constituent. 

The  constitutive  parts  of  a schismatic  being  the  esteem  of 
himself  and  the  contempt  of  others.  Decay  of  Piety. 

2.  Having  the  power  to  enact  or  establish ; 

instituting ; creating.  Johnson. 

||  CON'STI-TU-TIVE-LY,  ad.  In  a constitutive 
manner.  Harrington. 

CON-STRAIN',  v.  a.  [L.  eonstringo  ; con,  with, 
and  stringo,  to  bind;  It.  constrignere,  costri- 
gnere ; Sp.  constrenir ; Fr.  contrainare.]  [i.  con- 
strained ; pp.  CONSTRAINING,  CONSTRAINED..] 

1.  To  urge  by  force  ; to  compel ; to  force  ; to 
enforce  ; to  coerce  ; to  oblige. 

And  the  Lord  said  to  the  servant,  Go  out  into  the  ways 
and  hedges,  and  constrain  men  to  enter. 

Luke  xiv.  23.  Wickliffe's  Trans. 

2.  To  confine  ; to  restrain  ; to  repress  ; to 
hold. 

My  sire  in  caves  constrains  the  winds.  Dryden. 
lie  binds  in  chains 

The  drowsy  prophet,  and  his  limbs  constrains.  Dryden. 

3.  To  violate  ; to  ravish.  Shah. 

Syn.  — See  Coerce. 

CON-STRAiN'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  constrained. 
“ They  are  now  . . . constrainable.”  Hooker. 

CON-STRAlN'ED-LY,  ad.  By  constraint.  Hooker. 

CON-STRAlN']3R,?i.  Onewho  constrains../o/twso«. 

CON-STRAin'ING,  p.  a.  Hindering  by  force  ; 
compelling ; restraining. 

CON-STRAINT'j  n.  [Fr.  contrainte.] 

1.  Compulsion;  force;  necessity;  obligation. 

Bitter  constraint,  and  sad  occasion  dear, 

Compel  me  to  disturb  your  season  due.  Milton, 

2.  Confinement ; restraint ; imprisonment. 

I-Iis  limbs  were  waxen  weak  and  raw 

Through  long  imprisonment  and  hard  constraint.  Spenser. 

Syn.  — See  Compulsion. 

CON-STRAiN'TIVE,  a.  Having  power  to  com- 
pel. “ Any  . . . constraintive  vow.”  [it.]  Carew. 

CON-STRICT',  v.  a.  [L.  eonstringo,  constrictus.] 
[i.  CONSTRICTED  ; pp.  CONSTRICTING,  CON- 
STRICTED.] To  bind ; to  cramp ; to  contract. 
“ Such  things  as  constrict  the  fibres  .’’Arbuthnot. 

CON-STRICT'jED,  p.  a.  (Bot.)  Contract-  * 

ed  or  tightened  so  as  to  be  smaller  in  Ju 
some  parts  than  in  others,  as  shown  Jp 
in  the  cut.  Loudon. 

CON-STRlC'TION,  n.  [L.  constrictio  ; Sp.  con- 
st riccion  ; Fr.  constriction.]  The  act  of  con- 
stricting ; contraction : compression. 

The  constriction  or  dilatation  of  it  [the  air]  may  assist  them 
to  ascend  or  descend  in  the  water.  Pay. 

CON-STRIC'TIVE,  a.  [L.  constrictions ; Sp.  con- 
strictivo  ; Fr.  constrict//.]  Tending  to  contract 
or  compress.  Sir  T.  Elyot. 

CON-STRlC'TOR,  n.  1.  (Anat.)  That  which  con- 
stricts ; — a term  applied  to  any  muscle  that 


CON-STRIN'£lJNT,  a.  [It.  costringcnte  ; Sp.  con- 
stringente ; Fr.  constringent.]  Causing  to  con- 
tract ; binding  or  compressing.  Bacon. 

CON-STRUCT',  v.  a.  [L.  constrvo , constructus  ; 
con,  with,  and  struo,  to  pile  up;  It.  const  ruire ; 
Sp  .construir-,  Fr . construire .]  [(.construct- 
ed ; pp.  CONSTRUCTING,  CONSTRUCTED.] 

1.  To  put  together,  as  the  parts  of  a thing, 
for  a new  product ; to  form  with  contrivance  ; 
to  fabricate  ; to  build  ; as,  “ To  construct  a ma- 
chine ”;  “ To  construct  a ship.” 

2.  To  devise  and  arrange.  “ He  constructed 

a new  system.”  Johnson. 

To  construct  an  expression  or  an  equation,  ( Grom .) 
to  find  a geometrical  figure  whose  parts  shall  he  re- 
spectively represented  by  the  quantities  in  tile  equa- 
tion. Davies. 

Syn.  — See  Build,  Found. 

CON-STRUCT'jpR,  n.  Onewho  constructs.  “A 
constructer  of  dials.”  Johnson. 

CON-STRUC'TION,  n.  [L.  construction  It.  costru- 
zione  ; Sp.  construccion ; Fr.  construction.] 

1.  The  act  of  constructing  ; fabrication. 

2.  Mode  of  constructing  or  building ; struc- 
ture ; conformation. 

The  construction  was  a little  various,  according  to  the  na- 
ture of  the  soil  or  the  materials  which  they  found.  Arbuthnot. 

3.  ( Gram .)  The  orderly  disposition  of  words 
in  a sentence,  according  to  the  rules  of  syntax. 

Some  particles  in  certain  constructions  have  the  sense  of  a 
whole  sentence  contained  in  them.  Locke. 

4.  The  art  of  interpreting ; explanation. 

He  shall  find  the  letter;  observe  his  construction  of  it. 

Shale. 

5.  The  sense  or  meaning ; interpretation. 

He  that  would  live  at  ease  should  always  put  the  best  con- 
struction on  business  and  conversation.  Collier. 

Construction  of  equations,  ( Qeom .)  the  interpretation 
of  algebraic  equations  by  geometric  forms. 

CON-STRUC'TION-AL,  a.  To  be  understood  by 
means  of  construction  or  interpretation.  “Grants 
and  constructional  conveyances.”  Waterland . 

CON-STRUC'TION-IST,  n.  One  who  construes 
any  instrument ; as,  “ A strict  constructionist .” 

CON-STRUC'TIVE,  a.  [Sp.  constructivn.]  Crea- 
ted or  formed  by  construction  ; that  may  be  in- 
terpreted ; not  expressed,  but  inferred.  “ Con- 
structive treason.”  Burnet . 

Standing  mute  now,  in  all  cases,  amounts  to  a constructive 
confession.  Blackstone. 

Constructive  trust,  {Law.)  a trust  raised  by  construc- 
tion of  law,  or  arising  by  operation  of  law,  as  distin- 
guished from  an  express  trust ; a trust  implied  or 
inferred  from  circumstances.  Burrill. 

CON-STRUC'TI  VE-LY,  ad.  By  construction.  Hale. 

CON-STRUC'TIVE-NESS,  n.  ( Phren .)  The  fac- 
ulty of  constructing.  Combe. 

CON-STRUCT 'OR,  n.  One  who  constructs  ; a 
builder ; a constructer.  Rambler. 

CON-STRUCT'I  RE  (kon-strukt'yur),  n.  Any  thing 
constructed ; a structure,  [r.] 

They  shall  the  earth’s  constructure  closely  bind.  Blackmore. 

CON'STRIJE  [kon'stru , P.  J.  F.  Ja.  Wb. ; kon'stru, 
K.  Sm. ; kon'stur,  >S.  E. ; kon'stru  or  kon'stur, 
IF.],  v.  a.  [L.  construo ; It.  construire ; Sp. 
construir  ; Fr.  construire.]  [/.  construed  ; pp. 
construing,  construed.]  To  discover  or  ex- 
press the  meaning  of,  by  a right  arrangement,  or 
by  a translation  of,  the  words  of  a sentence  ; to 
interpret ; to  explain  ; to  translate  ; to  render. 

Virgil  is  so  very  figurative  that  he  requires,  I may  almost 
say,  a grammar  apart  to  construe  him.  Dryden. 

jQSf  “ It  is  a scandal  to  seminaries  of  learning,  that 
the  latter  pronunciation  [kon'stur]  should  prevail 
there.”  Walker. 

CON'STU-PRAte,  v.  a.  [L.  constupro,  constu- 
pratus ; con,  with,  and  stupro,  to  ravish.]  [i. 
constuprated  ; pp.  constupratixg,  constu- 
trated.]  To  violate  ; to  debauch.  Dale. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RCtLE.  — 9,  £,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  $ as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


CONSTUPRATION 


CONTAGION 


302 


CON-STU-PRA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  constuprat- 
ing  ; violation  ; defilement.  Bp.  Hall. 

CON-SUB-SIST',  v.  n.  To  exist  together.  “Two 
consubsisting  wills.”  [it.]  Search. 

CON-SUB-STAN'TIAL  (94),  a.  [L.  consubstantia- 
lis ; con,  with,  and  substantia,  substance;  Fr. 
consubstantiel .]  Having  the  same  essence  or 
substance  ; being  of  the  same  nature.  “ A body 
consubstantial  with  our  bodies.”  Hooker. 

c6N-SUB-STAN'TIAL-I§M,  n.  Consubstantia- 
tion.  Milman. 

CON-SlJB-STAN'TIAL-rST,  n.  A believer  in  con- 
substantiation.  “ The  sect  of  the  Lutheran 
consubstantialists  and  of  the  Roman  transub- 
stantialists.”  Barrow. 

CON-SUB-STAN-TI-AlT-TY  (kon-sub-stan-she-aT- 
e-te),  n.  [Sp.  consubstantialidad ; Fr.  consub- 
stantialitc.]  The  quality  of  being  consubstan- 
tial ; participation  of  the  same  nature.  Dryden. 

CON-SUB-STAN'TIAL-LY,  ad.  In  a consubstan- 
tial manner.  Qu.  Rev. 

CON-BUB-STAN'Tl-ATE  (kon-sub-stan'she-at,  94), 
v.  a.  To  unite  in  one  common  substance  or 
nature.  Hammond. 

CON-SUB-STAN'TI-AtE,  v.n.  To  profess  consub- 
stantiation.  [r.] 

The  consubstantiatmg  church  and  priest.  Dryden . 

CON-SUB-STAN'TI-ATE,  a.  United;  consub- 
stantial. “We  must  love  her  that  is  thus  con- 
substantiate  with  us.”  Feltham. 

CON-8UB-STAN-TI-A 'TION  (kon-sub-stSn-she-a'- 
slmn,  94),  n.  [See  Consubstantial.]  (Theol.) 
The  substantial  presence  of  the  body  and  blood 
of  Christ  in  the  eucharist,  together  with  the 
substance  of  bread  and  wine,  according  to  the 
doctrine  of  Luther  ; — opposed  to  transubstanti- 
ation  in  the  doctrine  of  the  Romanists.  Milton. 

CON'SUJji-TIJDE  (kon'svve-tud),  n.  [L.  consuetu- 
do  ; It.  consuetudine ; Sp.  consuetude  Custom  ; 
use.  “ This  consuetude  or  law.”  [r.]  Barnes. 

CON-SUp-TU'DI-NAL,  a.  Customary;  consuetu- 
dinary. [r.]  Smart. 

CoX-SUp-TU'DI-NA-RY  (kon-swe-tu'de-n j-re),  a. 
[L.  consuetudinariusJ]  Customary,  [a.]  Smart. 

CON-SUp-TU'DI-NA-RY,  n.  A ritual  of  custom- 
ary devotions,  [r.]  Baker. 

CON'SUL,  n. ; pi.  consuls.  [L.  consul-,  consulo, 
to  consult;  It.  console,  or  consolo ; Sp.  $ Fr. 
consul.'] 

1.  One  of  the  two  chief  magistrates  of  the 
ancient  Roman  republic,  after  the  expulsion  of 
the  kings. 

In  the  first  ages  of  the  republic,  the  two  consuls  were  al- 
ways chosen  from  partrieian  families;  but  the  people  ob- 
tained the  privilege,  A.  U.  C.  3fiS,  of  electing  one  of  the  con- 
suls from  their  own  body,  and  sometimes  both  were  plebeians. 

Anthon. 

2.  One  of  the  three  chief  magistrates  of  France 
from  1799  to  1804.  These  were,  at  first,  Bona- 
parte, Sieyes,  and  Ducos,  and  afterwards,  Bona- 
parte, Cambaceres,  and  Lebrun,  called  respec- 
tively first,  second,  and  third  consuls.  Brande. 

3.  An  officer  commissioned  to  reside  in  a 

foreign  country,  chiefly  for  the  purpose  of  pro- 
tecting the  interests  of  such  of  his  fellow-citi- 
zens as  have  commercial  relations  with  that 
country,  and  keeping  his  own  government  in- 
formed concerning  matters  of  trade  affecting 
the  public  welfare.  To  these  duties  are  some- 
times added  others  of  a diplomatic  character,  in 
the  absence  of  an  ambassador  or  other  political 
agent.  Brande. 

CON'SUL- AfjfE,  n.  A duty  paid  by  merchants  for 
the  protection  of  their  property  in  a foreign 
place.  Smart. 

CON'SU-LAR  [kon'shu-ljr,  S.  IF.  J.  F.  ; kon'su- 
ljr,  P.  E.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  C.  I Vb.],  a.  [L.  consula- 
ris  ; It.  consulare  ; Sp.  consular ; Fr.  consulaire.] 
Relating  to  a consul ; of  the  rank  or  authority 
of  a consul ; as,  “ The  consular  office.” 

f CON'SU-LA-RY,  a.  Relating  to  a consul,  or  to 
the  consulship.  “ Consular]/  coins.”  Browne. 

CON'SUL- ATE,  n.  [L.  consulates  -,  Fr.  consulate] 

1.  The  office,  function,  or  jurisdiction  of  con- 
sul ; consulship.  “ His  name  and  consulate 
were  effaced.”  Addison. 


2.  The  dwelling  or  residence  occupied  by  a 
consul.  Ogilvie. 

CON'SUL— <?EN'f.R-AL,  n.  A chief  consul. 

CON'SUL-SHIP,  n.  The  office  or  function  of  con- 
sul ; consulate.  “ A kind  of  regal  honor,  the 
consulship."  Milton. 

CON-s0lt',  v.  n.  [L.  consulo,  consultus,  or  con- 
sidto  ; It.  consultare  ; Sp.  consultar  ; Fr.  con- 
sult cr.]  [i.  CONSULTED  ; pp.  CONSULTING,  CON- 
SULTED.] To  seek  counsel  or  advice  ; to  com- 
pare thoughts  or  opinions  ; to  confer. 

lie  sent  for  his  bosom  friends  with  whom  he  most  confi- 
dently consulted.  Clarendon. 

CON-SULT',  v.  a.  1.  To  ask  advice  of,  or  to  seek 
information  from  ; as,  “ To  consult  one’s 
friends  ” ; “ To  consult  a dictionary.” 

2.  To  regard ; to  consider  ; to  care  for. 

The  senate  owes  its  gratitude  to  Cato, 

AVho  with  so  great  a soul  consults  its  safety.  Addison. 

3.  To  deliberate  upon  ; to  confer  about. 

Many  things  were  there  consulted  for  the  future,  yet  noth- 
ing was  positively  resolved.  Clarendon. 

4.  To  devise  ; to  contrive. 

Thou  hast  consulted  shame  to  thy  house  by  cutting  off 
many  people.  Uab.  it.  10. 

CON'SULT,  or  CON-SULT'  (114)  [kon'sult,  F.  Ja. 
A'.;  kon-sult',  S.  Sm.  Wb.;  kon'sult  or  kon-sult', 
IF  P.],  n.  [It.  § Sp.  consulta.] 

1.  The  act  of  consulting  ; consultation. 

After  short  silence  then, 

And  summons  read,  the  great  consult  began.  Milton. 

2.  A meeting  for  deliberation  ; a council. 

A consult  of  coquettes  below 

Was  called  to  rig  him  out  a beau.  Swift. 

IKP  “ I am  much  mistaken  if  this  word  does  not 
incline  to  the  general  analogy  of  accent  in  dissyllable 
nouns  and  verbs,  like  insult.  Poets  have  used  it  both 
ways  ; but  the  accent  on  the  first  syllable  seems  the 
most  usual,  as  well  as  the  most  legitimate  pronuncia- 
tion.” IValker. 

CON-SUL-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  consultatio  ; It.  con- 
sultazione-,  Sp.  consult. acion;  Fr.  consultation.] 

1.  The  act  of  consulting  ; secret  deliberation. 

The  chief  priests  held  a consultation  with  the  elders  and 

scribes.  JIar/c  xv.  1. 

2.  A council  or  meeting  of  persons  to  consult 

together,  as  of  physicians.  “ A consultation 
was  called.”  Wiseman. 

3.  ( Law .)  A kind  of  writ  by  which  the  judges 

of  the  king’s  court,  upon  consultation,  return  a 
cause  to  an  ecclesiastical  court.  Cowell. 

Syn. — Consultations  are  made  by  two  or  more  per- 
sons ; deliberations  by  one  or  by  many.  Consultation 
to  obtain  information  and  advice ; deliberation  in 
order  to  avoid  difficulties  and  dangers.  When  a per- 
son consults,  he  communicates  and  hears  ; when  he 
deliberates,  he  pauses  and  hesitates. 

CON-SULT'A-TIVE,  a.  [Fr.  consultatif.]  Per- 
taining to  consultation.  “ Who  have  a consult- 
ative power.”  Bp.  Bramhall. 

CON-SULT'^R,  n.  One  who  consults. 

CON-SULT'ING,  p.  a.  Giving  or  receiving  counsel. 

A consulting  physician  is  one  who  consults  or  visits 
with  the  attending  practitioner. 

CON-SUL'TIVE,  a.  [It.  $ Sp.  consultivo.]  Per- 
taining to  consultation  ; consultative.  Goodwin. 

CON-SUM'A-BLE,  a.  [L . consirmabilis ; It.  con- 
sttmabile ; Sp.  consumible .]  That  may  be  con- 
sumed. “ Consumable  commodities.”  Locke. 

CON-SUME',  v.  a.  [L.  consumo  ; con,  with,  and 
sumo,  to  take,  to  spend ; It.  consumare ; Sp. 
consumir  ; Fr.  consumer.]  [i.  consumed  ; pp. 
consuming,  consumed.]  To  reduce  to  nothing ; 
to  exhaust ; to  waste  ; to  spend  ; to  destroy. 
Where  two  raging  fires  meet  together. 

They  do  consume  the  tiling  that  feeds  their  fury.  Shak. 

Thus  in  soft  anguish  she  consumes  the  duy.  Thomson. 

Syn.  — See  Spend. 

CON-SUME',  v.  n.  To  waste  away. 

These  violent  delights  have  violent  ends. 

And  in  their  triumph  die;  like  fire  and  powder, 

Which,  as  they  meet,  consume.  Shale. 

CON-SUM'ER,  n.  One  who  consumes.  Locke. 

CON-SUM'ING-Ly,  ad.  In  a consuming  man- 
ner. Wyat. 

CON-SUM'MATE  [kon-sum'mat,  IF  E.  F.  Ja.  Sm. 
B.  C.  ; kon-sum'met,  S.  J.  ; kon'sum-mat,  K. 
Wb.  — See  Contemplate],  v.  a.  [L . consum- 


mo,  consummatus  ; con,  with,  and  summa,  sum- 
mit, perfection;  Sp.  consumar  ; Fr.  consumer.] 
[i.  CONSUMMATED  ; pp.  consummating,  con- 
summated.] To  reach  the  summit  or  utmost 
point  aimed  at ; to  complete  ; to  perfect ; to  finish 
by  doing  all  that  was  designed  ; to  accomplish. 

And,  to  consummate  all. 

Greatness  of  mind  and  nobleness  their  seat 

Build  in  her  loveliest.  Milton. 

Syn.  — Plans,  works,  &c.,  are  completed  or  fin- 
ished ; wishes  and  favorite  schemes  are  consummated. 
A person  may  flatter  himself  that  the  completion  of 
his  plan  will  be  the  consummation  of  his  wishes. 

CON-SUM'MATE,  a.  [L.  consummatus  ; Sp.  co?i* 
sumado.~\  Complete;  perfect;  finished. 

Earth,  in  her  rich  attire 

Consummate , lovely  smiled.  Milton. 

CON-SUM'M ATE-LY,  ad.  Perfectly;  completely. 
“ Consummately  learned  in  the  Greek.”  Wavton. 

CON-SUM-MA'TION,  n.  [L.  consummation  Sp. 
consumacion\  Fr.  consummation.] 

1.  The  act  of  consummating ; completion  ; 
finishing;  perfection. 

That  regular  process  which  it  must  be  supposed  take 
from  its  original  to  its  consummation.  Addison. 

*T  is  a consummation  devoutly  to  be  wished.  Shatc. 

2.  End  of  any  thing,  as  the  world. 

From  the  first  beginning  of  the  world  unto  the  last  con- 
summation thereof.  Hooker. 

3.  Termination  of  life  ; death. 

Quiet  consummation  have, 

And  renowned  be  thy  grave.  Shak. 

CON-SUMP'TION  (kon-sum'sliun),  n.  [L .consump- 
tio,  consumo,  to  eat  up;  It.  consumazione ; Sp. 
consuncion  ; Fr.  consumption.] 

1.  Act  of  consuming;  extinction;  destruction. 

All  the  parts  of  it  [the  -world]  decay;  which  should  argue 

a wasting  and  lingering  consumption  in  the  whole.  HukewUl. 

2.  The  state  of  being  consumed  ; waste. 

The  mountains  themselves  have  not  suffered  any  consid- 
erable diminution  or  consumption.  Woodward. 

3.  (Med.)  Progressive  emaciation  ; a gradual 

wasting  away  or  decline  by  disease,  particularly 
by  a diseased  state  of  the  lungs  ; phthisis  ; 
marasmus.  Dttnglison. 

Syn.  — See  Decay. 

II  CON-SUMP'TION-A-RY,  a.  Relating  to.  or  par- 
taking of,  consumption,  [r.]  Bp.  Gauden. 

II  CON-SUMP'TI  VE  (-sum'tjv),  a.  1.  Destructive  ; 
wasting.  “ A long  consumptive  war.”  Addison. 

2.  Diseased  with  a consumption. 

By  an  exact  regimen,  a consumjAive  person  may  hold  out 
for  years.  Arbuthnot. 

3.  Pertaining  to  a consumption;  as,  “A 
consumptive  complaint.” 

||  CON-SUMP'TI  VE-LY,  ad.  In  a consumptive 
manner.  Beddoes. 

II  CON-SUMP'TI VE-NESS,  n.  A tendency  to  con- 
sumption. Johnson. 

t CON-SU'TILE,  a.  [L.  consutilis  ; consuo,  to  sew 
together;  con,  with  or  together,  and  suo,  to 
sew.]  Stitched  together.  Bailey. 

f CON-TAb'U-LATE,  v.  a.  [L.  contabulo,  contab- 
ulatus  ; con,  with,  and  tabula,  a board.]  To 
floor  with  boards.  Gayton. 

f CON-TAB-U-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  contabufatio.] 
The  act  of  boarding  a floor.  Bailey. 

CON'TACT,  n.  [L.  contactus  ; contingo,  contactus  ; 
eon,  with,  and  tango,  to  touch;  Fr.  contact.] 
The  state  of  touching ; touch ; close  union ; 
junction;  juncture;  as,  “To  bring  two  bodies 
into  contact.” 

Jingle,  of  contact,  ( Gcom .)  the  angle  made  by  a curve 
line  with  its  tangent.  Brande. — Point  of  contact,  the 
point  common  to  a curve  and  its  tangent.  Eliot. 

f CON-TAC'TION,  n.  The  act  of  touching.  Browne. 

CON-TACT'U-AL,  a.  Relating  to,  or  implying, 
contact.  “ Contagion  may  be  said  to  be  imme- 
diate, contactual,  or  remote.”  P.  Cyc. 

CON-TA'<?ION  (kon-ta'jun),  n.  [L.  contagio  ; con, 
with,  and  tango,  or  logo,  to  touch ; It.  contagi- 
one ; Sp.  contagio-,  Fr.  contagion.] 

1.  (Med.)  The  communication  of  disease  from 
one  person  to  another  by  contact,  direct  or  indi- 
rect; infection.  “In  infection  and  contagion 
from  body  to  body,  as  the  plague.”  Bacon. 

Contagion  and  infection  are  generally  esteemed  synony- 
mous. Dunglison. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  fAr,  FAST,  FALL;  IIEIR,  HER; 


CONTAGIONED 


303 


CONTEMPORARY 


2.  Propagation  of  any  thing  evil.  “The  scan- 
dal and  contagion  of  example.”  King  Charles. 

3.  Poisonous  emanation  ; pestilence. 

Will  he  steal  out  of  his  wholesome  bed 

To  dare  the  vile  contagion  of  the  night?  Shak. 

Syn. — See  Contagious. 

CON-TA'^IONED  (kon-ta'jund),  a.  Infected  with 
contagion,  [r.]  West.  Rev. 

CON-TA'^rlON-IST,  n.  One  who  believes  that 

certain  diseases,  as  the  plague,  are  contagious. 

CON-TA'^IOUS  (kon-ta'jus),  a.  [L.  contagiosus ; 
It.  <$-  Sp.  contagioso ; Fr.  contagicax.] 

1.  Capable  of  being  transmitted  by  contact ; 
caught  by  approach;  infectious;  as,  “A.  conta- 
gious disease.” 

2.  Pestilential;  poisonous.  “Foul,  conta- 
gious darkness  in  the  air.”  Shak. 

3.  Spreading  from  one  to  another. 

While  the  rout 

Of  Medes  and  Cassians  carry  to  the  camp 
Contagious  terror.  Glover. 

Syn.  — “ Contagious  poisons  communicate  the  prop- 
erty of  producing  similar  poisons  ; the  small  pox  is 
characteristically  a contagious  disease.  By  some  writ- 
ers, the  term  contagious  has  been  limited  to  diseases 
requiring  actual  contxict  for  their  communication  ; but 
contagious  matter  appears  often  transmissible  by  the 
air ; hence  the  terms  immediate  and  mediate  contagion. 
Diseases  propagated  through  the  medium  of  the  air, 
are  generally  called  infectious .”  Brandc . — Diseases 
which  attack  great  numbers  of  people  at  the  same 
time,  are  termed  epidemic , as  the  inliuenza  and  the 
cholera.  Diseases  confined  to  particular  localities  are 
styled  endemic , as  the  goitre  and  the  ague  ; and  those 
which  originate  in  the  affections  of  the  atmosphere 
and  have  a resemblance  to  the  plague,  are  termed 
pestilential.  All  these  classes  of  diseases  are,  by  Dr. 
Mann  and  some  other  recent  authors,  termed  zymotic 
diseases. 

CON-TA'^rlOUS-LY,  ad.  By  way  of  contagion. 

CON-TA'^IOUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
contagious.  Mountagu. 

CON-TAIN',  v.  a.  [L.  contineo  ; con,  with,  and 
teneo,  to  hold  ; It.  contcncre ; Sp .contener;  Fr. 
contenir.\  [i.  contained;  pp.  containing, 

CONTAINED.] 

1.  To  comprehend  ; to  comprise  ; to  include  ; 
to  embrace. 

The  rare  perfections  which  this  book  contains.  Beaumont. 

2.  To  hold  within  a certain  space  or  limit ; to 
have  capacity  for  ; to  hold. 

If  they  should  be  written  every  one,  the  world  itself  could 
not  contain  the  books  that  should  be  written.  John  xxi.  25. 

3.  To  restrain  ; to  bind;  to  repress  ; to  restrict. 

All  men  should  be  contained  in  duty  ever  after.  Spenser. 

Fear  not,  my  lord;  we  can  contain  ourselves.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Comprehend. 

CON-TAlN',  v.  n.  To  live  in  continence:  — to 
check  or  repress  desire.  “ If  they  cannot  con- 
tain, let  them  marry.”  1 Cor.  vii.  9. 

You  say  the  muse  will  riot  contain. 

And  write  you  must,  or  break  a vein.  Swift. 

CON-TAIN'A-BLE,  a.  That  can  be  contained. 
“Air  containable  within  the  cavity.”  Boyle. 

CON-TAlN'ANT,  n.  Fie  who,  or  that  which,  con- 
tains ; container.  Pullcyn. 

CON-TAlNED'  (kon-tand'),  p.  a.  Held  as  in  a ves- 
sel; comprised. 

CON-TAlN']JR,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  con- 
tains ; containant.  Daniel. 

CON-TAIN'ING,  p.  a.  Flolding;  comprising. 

CON-TAM'I-NA-BLE,  a.  [L.  contaminabiUs .] 
That  may  be  contaminated.  Craig. 

CQN-TAM'J-NATE,  v.  a.  [L.  contamino,  contam- 
inatus  ; contamen,  for  contagimcn,  contact ; con, 
with,  and  tango,  to  touch  ; it.  contaminate  ; Sp. 
contaminar ; Fr.  contaminer .]  \i.  contami- 
nated ; pp.  CONTAMINATING,  CONTAMINATED.] 
To  defile  ; to  pollute ; to  corrupt ; to  taint. 

Shall  we  now 

Contaminate  our  fingers  with  base  bribes?  Shak. 

Syn.  — To  contaminate , taint,  defile,  pollute,  and 
corrupt  are  all  used  in  the  sense  of  injuring  purity  ; 
but  contaminate  and  taint  are  not  so  strong  as  the 
other  terms.  Whatever  is  impure,  contaminates-, 
what  is  gross  or  vile,  in  the  natural  sense,  defiles,  and 
in  the  moral  sense,  pollutes  ; vvliat  is  infectious,  cor- 
rupts or  infects ; and  contact  witli  a corrupted  body 
may  taint. 

CON-TAM'I-NATE,  a.  Defiled;  contaminated; 


polluted;  tainted.  “That  country  so  contam- 
inate with  innocent  blood.”  Strype. 

CQN-TAM'I-NAT-ED,  p.  a.  Defiled;  polluted; 
corrupted ; tainted. 

CON-TAm'I-NAT-JNG,^.  a.  Defiling;  polluting; 
corrupting ; tainting. 

CON-tAm-I-NA'TION,  n.  [L.  contamination  It. 
contaminazione ; Sp.  contaminacion ; Fr.  con- 
tamination.] The  act  of  contaminating ; pol- 
lution ; defilement.  “ Contamination  with  car- 
nal concupiscence.”  Bp.  Hall. 

CON-TAM'l-NA-TlVE,  a.  Causing  contamina- 
tion. West.  Rev. 

CON-TAn'K^R-OUS,  a.  Vile  or  execrable  in  a 
high  degree;  venomous;  perverse;  — written 
also  cantankerous.  [Ireland.]  Bicheno. 

f CON'T?CK,  n.  [A  corruption  of  contest.  Skin- 
ner.'] Quarrel  ; contention.  Spenser. 

f CON-TEC 'T ION,  n.  [L.  contego,  contcctus  ; con, 
with,  and  tego,  to  cover.]  A covering.  Browne. 

f CON-TEM'FR-Ate,  v.  a.  [L.  contemero,  con- 
temeratus  ; con,  with,  and  temero,  to  defile.]  To 
pollute  ; to  defile.  Bailey. 

CON-TEMN'  (kon-tem'),  v.  a.  [L.  contemno ; con, 
with,  and  temno,  to  scorn  ; Gr.  ripru,  to  cut  off; 
It.  contemnarc.]  [i.  contemned  ; pp.  contem- 
ning, contemned.]  To  neglect,  or  reject,  as 
unworthy  ; to  despise  ; to  slight ; to  scorn  ; to 
spurn  ; to  disdain. 

True  fame  ia  ever  likened  to  our  shade; 

He  soonest  misseth  her  that  most  hath  made 
To  overtake  her.  Whoso  takes  his  wing 
Regardless  of  her,  she  ’ll  be  following; 

Her  true  propriety  she  thus  discovers. 

Loves  her  contemners,  and  contemns  her  lovers.  Browne. 

Syn. — To  contemn  is  less  used  than  its  conjugate 
noun  contempt.  We  do  not  often  speak  of  contemning 
a person,  but  we  may  despise  and  feel  contempt  for 
persons,  and  contemn  their  actions.  A haughty  man 
often  despises  and  feels  contempt  for  those  beneath  him. 
To  scorn  and  to  disdain  are  stronger  terms  than  to  con- 
temn and  to  despise , and  are  not  applied  to  persons, 
though  their  conjugate  nouns  are.  A mail  may  he  said 
to  treat  a person  with  scorn  or  disdain,  but  not  to  scorn 
or  disdain  him,  though  lie  may  scent  and  disdain  his 
actions.  — See  Disregard. 

CON-TEM'NgR  (kon-tem'ner),  n.  One  who  con- 
temns. “ All  contemners  and  deriders  of  re- 
ligion.” Woolton. 

CON-TEM'NING,  p.  a.  Despising;  slighting.  Ash. 

CON-TEM'NING-Ly,  ad.  With  contempt  or  slight. 

CON-TEM'PF,R,  v.  a.  [L.  contempero  ; con,  with, 
and  tempero,  to  temper.]  [i.  contempered  ; 
pp.  contempering,  contempered.]  To  mod- 
erate ; to  temper.  “ The  leaves  qualify  and 
contemper  the  heat.”  [r.]  Bay. 

CON-TEM'P^R-A-MENT,  n.  The  state  of  being 
tempered ; temperament.  Derliam. 

CON-TEM'PER-ATE,  v.a.  To  temper,  [r.]  Browne. 

CON-TEM-PpR-A'TION,.  n.  1.  The  act  of  moder- 
ating or  tempering.  “ The  contemperation  of 
fervor  in  the  heart.”  Browne. 

2.  Proportionate  mixture ; proportion.  “ Con- 
temperations  of  natural  humors.”  Hale. 

CON-TEM'PER-A-TURE,  n.  The  state  of  being 
tempered ; temperature,  [r.]  Holland. 

CON-TEM'PLATE  [kon-tem'plat,  S.  IT'.  P.  J.  E.  F. 
Ja.  Sm.  R.  C. ; kon'tem-plat  or  kon-tem'plat,  K. ; 
kon'tem-plat,  Wb.],  r.  a.  [L.  contemplor , con- 
templatus ; con,  with,  and  templum,  an  open 
place  for  observation ; It.  contemplare  ; Sp. 
contemplar-,  Fr.  cont ampler.]  [i.  contemplat- 
ed ; pp.  CONTEMPLATING,  CONTEMPLATED.] 

1.  To  consider  with  continued  attention  ; to 
meditate  upon  ; to  ponder  ; to  study  ; to  view. 

There  is  not  much  difficulty  in  confining  the  mind  to  con- 
template what  we  have  a great  desire  to  know.  Watts. 

2.  To  purpose  ; to  intend  ; to  expect. 

HSf*  “ There  is  a very  prevailing  propensity  to  pro- 
nounce this  word  with  the  accent  on  the  first  syllable 
— a propensity  which  ought  to  be  checked  by  every 
lover  of  the  harmony  of  language.”  Walker.  — A sim- 
ilar “propensity”  extends  also  to  the  following 
verbs,  viz.  : compensate , confiscate*  constellate,  consum- 
mate, demonstrate , despumate , expurgate,  and  extirpate. 
With  respect  to  all  these  words,  Dr.  Webster  places 
the  accent  on  the  first  syllable:  the  English  orthoe- 
pists,  witli  little  variation,  place  it  on  the  second  syl- 
lable. 


Syn.  — We  contemplate  sensible  objects,  or  what  is 
present  and  before  our  eyes  ; we  meditate  on  actions 
and  abstract  qualities,  as  friendship  and  benevolence. 
Contemplation  on  the  works  of  creation  ; meditation  on 
the  ways  of  Providence.  We  contemplate  and  meditate 
respecting  what  is  future,  but  muse  only  on  what  is 
past.  When  used  with  reference  to  the  future,  in  a 
sense  similar  to  intend,  contemplate  is  more  immedi- 
ately followed  by  the  action  than  meditate.  We  con- 
template what  we  suppose  is  soon  to  take  place  ; we 
meditate  what  is  probable,  hut  more  remote.  We  medi- 
tate an  excursion  abroad,  which  we  may  some  time 
make  ; we  contemplate  a journey  into  the  country, 
which  we  soon  intend , purpose , or  expect  to  perforin. 

CON-TEM'PLAte,  v.  n.  To  muse  ; to  meditate  ; 
to  ponder  ; to  think. 

' So  many  hours  must  I take  my  rest; 

So  many  hours  must  I contemplate.  Shak. 

CON-TEM'PLAT-^D,  p.  a . Attentively  consid- 
ered ; thought  upon. 

CON-TpM-PLA'TION,  n.  [L.  contemplatio ; It. 
content plazione  ; Sp.  contemplacion  ; Fr.  con- 
templation.'] The  act  of  contemplating  ; reflec- 
tion ; meditation  ; studious  thought ; study  as 
opposed  to  action. 

IIow  now,  what  serious  contemplation  are  you  in?  Shak. 

There  is  no  lasting  pleasure  but  contemplation.  Burnet. 
For  contemplation  he,  and  valor,  formed; 

For  softness  she,  and  sweet  attractive  grace.  Milton. 

To  have  in  contemplation,  to  purpose  ; to  intend. 

Syn.  — See  Contemplate. 

CON-TEM'PLA-TIST,  7i.  A contemplative  per- 
son ; a contemplator.  Milford. 

CON-TEM'PLA-TlVE,  a.  [L.  contemplativus ; It. 
<Sf  Sp.  contemplativo  ; Fr.  contetnplatif] 

1.  Addicted  to,  or  employed  in,  meditation, 
thought,  or  study;  speculative;  thoughtful; 
studious. 

Mj'  life  hath  rather  been  contemplative  than  active.  Bacon . 

2.  Having  the  power  of  thought.  “ The  con- 
templative faculty  of  man.”  Ray. 

CON-TEM'PLA-TlVE.  n.  ( Eccl .)  A friar  of  the 
order  of  Mary  Magdalen.  Crabb. 

CON-TEM'PLA-TI  VE-LY,  ad.  Thoughtfully  ; at- 
tentively. Huloet. 

CON-TEM'PLA-TI  VE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  be- 
ing contemplative.  Ash. 

CON-TEM'PLA-TOR,o/’CON'TFM-PLA-TOR  [kon- 
tern'pla-tur,  S.  IF.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  K.  ; kon'tem- 
pla-tur,  E.  Sm.  Wb.],  n.  [L.]  One  who  con- 
templates. . 

CON-TEM-PO-RA-NE'I-TY,  n.  [Fr.  contempora- 
neite.]  Contemporariness.  Bp.  Hurd. 

CON-TEM-PO-rA'NP-OUS,  a.  [L.  contemporane- 
vs.  — SeeSQoN temporary.]  Living  or  exist- 
ing at  the  sam»  time  ; contemporary.  Arnold. 

CON-TEM-PO-RA'KS-OUS-LY,  ad.  At  the  same 
time.  ‘ Qu.  Rev. 

CON-TEM-PO-RA'NF-OyS-NESS,  n.  The  state 
of  being  contemporaneous.  Lyell. 

CON-TEM'PO-RA-RI-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
contemporary  ; existence  at  the  same  time. 
“ Contemporariness  of  princes.”  Howell. 

CON-TEM'PO-RA-RY,  a.  [L.  cotitcmporo,  to  be 
contemporary  ; coti,  with,  and  tempus,  time  ; 
It.  & Sp.  contemporaneo ; Fr.  contemporain.] 
Living  or  existing  at  tie-same  point  of  time,  or 
in  the  same  age  ; contemporaneous. 

This  king  [Henry  VIII.]  was  contemporary  with  the  great- 
est monarchs  of  Europe.  St  type. 

A neighboring  wood,  horn  with  himself,  he  sees, 

And  loves  his  old  contemporary  trees.  Cowley. 

This  word  is  often  less  properly  written  cotcm 
porary.  Dr.  Bentley  says,  “ Cotemporary  is  a down- 
right barbarism.  For  the  Latins  never  use  c.o  for 
con,  except  before  a vowel,  as  coequal,  coctcrnal ; but 
before  a consonant,  they  cither  retain  the  n,  as  in 
contemporary , constitution , or  melt  it  into  another  let- 
ter, as  collection,  comprehension  ; so  that  the  word  co- 
temporary  is  a word  of  his  [Boyle’s]  own  exposition, 
for  which  the  learned  world  will  cogratulate  him.” 
Diss.  on  P /talaris.  “ It  will  not  be  easy,”  says  Mr. 
Todd,  “ to  confute  the  reasoning  of  this  remark,  by 
which  the  just  rule  relating  to  the  formation  of  our 
compound  words  of  this  class,  is  given  ; though  many, 
indeed,  affectedly  write  eogenial,  copartmcnt , and  the 
like,  as  well  as  cotemp  or  ary.  ” 

“For  this  reason  I prefer  contemporary  to  cotempo- 
rary. The  general  use  in  words  compounded  with 
the  inseparable  preposition  con  is  to  retain  the  n be- 
fore a consonant,  and  to  expunge  it  before  a vowel  or 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  B1JLL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  (},  g,  soft;  C,  G,  5,  hard;  § as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


CONTEMPORARY 


304 


CONTESTABLE 


an  h mute.  Thus  we  say  condisciplc , conjuncture ^ con- 
comitant ; but  co-cqual , co-eternal , co-incide , co-heir . I 
know  of  but  one  exception,  which  is  co-partner .”  Z>/\ 
Campbell.  — “ Co  ought  to  be  used  only  when  the  word 
with  which  it  is  joined  begins  with  a vowel,  as  in  co- 
era/ , co-existent , co-incident , co-operate , &c. ; co/i,  when 
the  word  begins  with  a consonant,  as  in  contemporary , 
conjuncture , &c.  There  is  but  one  exception,  which 
is  co-partner.,i  Live  and  Learn.  — The  derivatives  co- 
partnery,  co-partnership,  co-parcenary,  co-parcener , co- 
parceny,  may  be  added  to  this  exception.  A few 
other  words  with  the  prefix  co,  are  sometimes  used  ; 
as  co-regent,  co-defendant,  co-sufferer , co-tenant,  ami 
co-trustee. 

“ His  [Disraeli’s]  pages  are  frequently  defaced 
with  vulgarisms.  Of  these,  cotemporary  may  be 
taken  as  an  instance,  which,  to  adopt  the  snarl  of  Dr. 
Bentley,  ‘ is  a word  of  his  own  coposition,  on  which 
the  learned  world  will  cogratulate  him.’  ” Ec.  Rev., 
March , 1852. 

CON-TEM'PO-RA-RY,  n.  One  living  at  the  same 
time  with  another. 

From  the  time  of  Boc.cace  and  of  Petrarch,  the  Italian  has 
varied  very  little.  The  English  of  Chaucer,  their  contempo- 
rary, is  not  to  be  understood  without  the  help  of  an  old  dic- 
tionary. Dnjdcn. 

t CON-TEM'PO-RIZE,  v.  a.  To  place  in  the  same 
age  ; to  make  contemporary.  Browne. 

CON-TEMPT'  (kon-teint'),  n.  [L.  contemptus  ; con- 
temno,  contemptus,  to  despise.] 

1.  The  act  of  contemning  or  despising;  dis- 
regard; slight;  disdain;  scorn. 

It  is  often  more  necessary  to  conceal  contempt  than  resent- 
ment; the  former  being  never  forgiven,  but  the  latter  some- 
times forgot.  Chesterfield . 

2.  The  state  of  being  despised  ; disgrace. 

The  Lord  of  hosts  hath  purposed  it,  to  stain  the  pride  of 
all  glory,  and  to  bring  into  contempt  all  the  honorable  of  the 
earth.  * Isa.  xxiii.  9. 

3.  (Law.)  Disobedience  to  the  rules,  orders, 

or  process  of  a court.  Burrill. 

Syn.  — See  Contemn. 

CON-TEMP-TI-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [L.  contemptibi  li- 
tas.) The  quality  of  being  contemptible.  “ Con- 
tempt ibility  and  vanity.”  [it.]  Speed. 

CON-TEMP' TI-BLE  (kon-tfim'te-bl),  a.  [L.  con- 
temptibilis ; Sp.  contentible ; Fr  .contemptible.) 

1.  Deserving  contempt ; despicable ; vile  ; 
base  ; mean  ; pitiful  ; paltry. 

No  man  truly  knows  himself  but  he  groweth  daily  more 
contemptible  in  his  own  eyes.  Taylor. 

2.  Despised;  scorned;  neglected. 

There  is  not  so  contemptible  a plant  or  animal  that  docs 
not  confound  the  most  enlarged  understanding.  Locke. 

3.  f Contemptuous  ; scornful. 

If  she  should  make  tender  of  her  love,  ’tis  very  possible 
he’ll  scorn  it;  for  the  man  hath  a contemptible  spirit.  Shale. 

Syn.  — Contemptible  is  not  so  strong  a term  as  des- 
picable. A person  may  be  said  to  be  contemptible  for 
iiis  vanity  or  weakness,*  and  despicable  for  his  servility 
and  baseness.  What  is  worthless  is  contemptible  ; 
what  is  bad  or  wicked  is  despicable  and  vile.  A con- 
temptible writer  or  a contemptible  production  ; despica- 
ble servility  or  meanness  ; pitiful  or  base  subterfuge  ; 
mean  artifice  ; paltry  or  vile  conduct. 

CON-TEMP'Tl-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  contemptible;  baseness ; vileness.  Locke. 

CON-TEMP'TI-BLY  (kon-tem'te-ble),  ad.  In  a con- 
temptible manner  ; despicably ; meanly.  Milton. 

CON-TEMPT'U-OUS  (kon-temt'yu-us),  a.  1.  Given 
to  contempt ; apt  to  despise  ; insolent. 

Some  much  averse  I found,  and  wondrous  harsh, 

Contemptuous , proud,  set  on  revenge  and  spite.  Milton. 

2.  Showing  contempt ; scornful ; disdainful. 

Rome  entertained  the  most  contemptuous  opinion  of  the 
Jews.  Atterbury. 

CQN-TEMPT'U-OOS-LY,  ad.  With  scorn  ; with 
contempt.  Bp.  Taylor. 

CQN-TEMPT'U-OUS-NESS,n.  Quality  of  being  con- 
temptuous; disposition  to  contempt.  Johnson. 

CON-TEND',  v.  n.  [L.  contendo  ; con,  with,  and 
tendo,  to  stretch,  to  strive  ; It.  contendere  ; Sp. 
contender.)  [i.  contended  ; pp.  contending, 

CONTENDED.] 

1.  To  strive ; to  struggle  ; to  combat  ; to 
fight. 

Distress  not  the  Moabites,  neither  contend  with  them  in 
battle.  Deut.  ii.  9. 

In  ambitious  strength  I did 
Contend  against  thy  valor.  / Shak. 

2.  To  debate  ; to  dispute  : to  argue.  “ Which 

' our  author  would  contend  for.”  Locke. 

CON-TEND',  v.  a.  To  dispute ; to  contest. 


Their  airy  limbs  in  sports  they  cxereise, 

And  on  the  green  contend  the  wrestler’s  prize.  Drydcn. 

+ CON-TEND'f,NT,  n.  [Fr.  contendant.)  An  an- 
tagonist ; an  opponent.  L’ Estrange. 

CON-TEND'f.R,  n.  One  who  contends.  Locke. 

CON-TEND'!NG,  p.  a.  Striving;  vying  with  an- 
other ; contesting  ; conflicting.  “ To  awe  con- 
tending monarehs.”  Akcnside. 

CON-TEND'ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  con- 
tends. “ Earnest  contendings.”  Hopkins. 

CON-TEND 'It  ESS,  n.  She  who  contends.  “A 
swift  contendress.”  Chapman. 

CpN-TEN'5-MENT,  n.  (Late.)  That  which  is 
held  with  a tenement,  as  its  credit,  contiguous 
land,  &c.  Blount. 

CON-TENT',  a.  [L.  contcntus  ; contineo , con- 
tentus  ; con,  with,  and  teneo,  to  hold  ; It.  i § Sp. 
contento ; Fr.  content.)  In  an  undisturbed  or 
easy  state  of  mind  ; having  contentment  ; sat- 
isfied ; contented. 

I have  learned,  in  whatsoever  state  I am,  therewith  to  be 
content.  Phil.  iv.  11. 

Poor  and  content  is  rich,  and  rich  enough.  Shak. 

CON-TENT',  v.  a.  [It.  contentare;  Fr.  content er.) 
[i.  CONTENTED  ; pp.  CONTENTING,  CONTENTED.] 

1.  To  satisfy  so  as  to  stop  complaint  ; to  ap- 
pease. 

Content  thyself  with  this  much,  that  I love  thee.  Sidney. 

2.  To  please  ; to  gratify  ; to  delight. 

Is  the  adder  better  than  the  eel 
Because  his  painted  skin  contents  the  eye?  Shak. 

CON-TENT',  n.  1.  Moderate  happiness  ; rest  or 
quietness  of  mind  ; satisfaction  ; contentment. 

Without  content,  we  shall  find  it  almost  as  difficult  to 
please  others  as  ourselves.  " Greville. 

My  crown  is  called  Content ; 

A c r own  it  is  that  seldom  kings  enjoy.  Shak. 

2.  The  power  of  containing ; capacity.  “Ships 

of  great  content.”  Bacon. 

3.  That  which  is  contained.  — See  Contents. 

Though  my  heart’s  content  firm  love  doth  bear, 

Nothing  of  that  shall  from  mine  eyes  appear.  Shak. 

4.  A term  used  in  the  English  House  of 

Lords,  to  express  an  affirmative  vote  or  an  as- 
sent to  a bill.  Burke. 

f CON-TJJN-TA'TION,  n.  Satisfaction  ; content. 
“ Great  contentation.”  Pope.  Patmore. 

CON-TENT'IJD,  a.  Being  in  an  easy  state  of 
mind  ; having  contentment ; moderately  happy  ; 
not  demanding  more  ; satisfied  ; content. 
Desiring  this  man’s  art  and  that  man’s  scope, 

With  that  I most  enjoy  contented  least.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Contentment. 

CON-TENT' IJD-LY,  ad.  In  a quiet  or  satisfied 
manner  ; with  content.  Addison. 

CON-TENT'pD-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  con- 
tented. “ Contentedness  of  spirit.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

CON-TENT'FUL,  a.  Full  of  content;  contented. 
“ Contentful  submission.”  [r.]  Barrow. 

CON-TEN'TION,  n.  [L.  contentio  ; It.  conten- 
zione  ; Sp.  contencion  ; Fr.  contention.) 

1.  The  act  of  contending  ; angry  contest  ; 
strife  ; struggle  ; quarrel. 

But  when  jour  troubled  country  called  you  forth, 

Your  flaming  courage  and  your  matchless  worth, 

To  fierce  contention  gave  a prosperous  end.  Waller. 

2.  Dispute  ; debate  ; altercation  ; controversy. 

A fool’s  lips  enter  into  contention.  Prov.  xviii.  6. 

3.  Earnest  endeavor  ; effort. 

This  is  nn  end  which  appears  worthy  our  utmost  conten- 
tion to  obtain.  Rogers. 

Syn.  — See  Conflict,  Disagreement. 

CON-TEN 'TIOUS  (kon-ten'shus),  a.  [L.  contenti- 
osus ; Fr.  contentieux.) 

1.  Quarrelsome  ; disposed  to  contend. 

As  coals  are  to.burning  coals,  and  wood  to  fire,  so  is  a con- 
tentious man  to  kindle  strife.  Prov.  xxvi.  21. 

2.  Pertaining  to  contention. 

When  not  for  malice  and  contentious  crimes.  Spenser. 

3.  (Eccl.  Law.)  Taking  cognizance  of  dif- 

ferences between  contending  parties.  “ A con- 
tentious jurisdiction.”  Burrill. 

CON-TEN'TIOUS-LY,  ad.  With  contention  ; per- 
versely ; quarrelsomely.  Browne. 

CON-TEN 'TIOUS- NESS,  n.  The  quality,  or  the 
state,  of  being  contentious.  Bentley. 


CON-TENT' LESS,  a.  Discontented  ; unsatisfied. 
“ Our  contentless  choice.”  Beaumont. 

f CON-TENT'LY,  ad.  Contentedly.  Beau.  # FI. 

CON-TENT' M pNT,  n.  [Fr.  contentement.) 

1.  The  state  of  being  contented;  satisfaction; 
content. 

Contentment  expresses  the  acquiescence  of  the  mind  in  tire 
portion  of  good  we  possess.  Cogun. 

The  noblest  mind  the  best  contentment  has.  Shak. 

2.  That  which  gives  content.  “ All  the  con- 
tentments . . . this  world  can  afford.”  Bp.  Hall. 

Syn. — Contentment  is  the  absence  of  pain,  and 
lies  in  ourselves  ; satisfaction  is  positive  pleasure,  and 
is  derived  from  external  objects  ; and  it  is  less  perma- 
nent than  contentment.  A person  contented  lias  al- 
ways enough  ; one  satisfied  lias  received  enough.  Ac- 
quiescence is  less  than  contentment-,  and  gratification 
is  a more  lively,  but  less  permanent,  state  of  feeling. 

CON-TENTS',  or  CON'TENTS  (115)  [kon-tents', 

S.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  C. ; kon-tents'  or  k5n'- 
tents,  IF.;  kon'tents,  Cl.  Wb.),n.pl. 

1.  That  which  is  contained  within  any  limits 
or  boundaries ; as,  “ The  contents  of  a vessel 
or  a cask  ” ; “ The  contents  of  a book  ” ; “ The 
contents  of  a polygon.” 

2.  A summary  of  what  a book  contains ; index. 

“ To  this  analogy,”  [relating  to  certain  words 
of  two  syllables,  used  both  as  nouns  and  verbs,  the 
nouns  having  the  accent  on  the  first  syllable,  and  the 
verbs  on  the  last,]  “some  speakers  are  endeavoring 
to  reduce  the  word  contents,  which,  when  it  signifies 
tlie  matter  contained  in  a hook,  is  often  heard  with 
the  accent  on  the  first  syllable.”  Walker. — 'This  is  a 
very  common  pronunciation  in  the  United  States. 

CON-TER'MI-NA-BLE,  a.  [L.  contermino,  to  bor- 
der upon ; con,  with,  and  termino,  to  bound.] 
Capable  of  the  same  bounds.  Sir  II.  Wot  ton. 

CON-TER'MI-NAL,  a.  Having  a common  boun- 
dary ; conterminous  ; conterminate.  Scott. 

CON-TER'MI-NATE,  a.  Having  a common  boun- 
dary. “Ethiopia  being  the  conterminate  region 
of  Egypt.”  Raleigh. 

CON-TER'MI-NOUS,  a.  [L.  conterminus  ; con, 
with,  and  terminus,  a boundary.] 

1.  Flaying  a common  boundary;  bordering 

upon;  conterminate;  conterminal.  “ Conter- 
minous to  the  colonies.”  Hale. 

2.  (Nat.  Hist.)  Nearly  allied.  “ Contermi- 
nous groups.”  Maunder. 

f CON-TER-RA'NE-AN,  a.  [L.  conterraneus,  a 
fellow-countryman  ; con,  with,  and  terra,  the 
earth.]  Of  the  same  earth  or  country.  Howell. 

fCON-TER-KA'NE-OUS,  a.  Of  the  same  coun- 
try ; conterranean.  Bailey. 

f CON-TES-SER-A'TION,  n.  [L.  contesseratio , 
friendship  ; con,  with,  and  tessera,  a square 
block,  a token  between  friends.]  A friendly  or 
harmonious  union.  “ So  unusual  a contessera- 
tion  of  elegancies.”  B.  O ley’s  Life  of  G.  Herbert. 

The  agreement  aiul  confederation , in  judgment  and  prac- 
tice, with  the  primitive  church.  Bp.  7'aylor. 

CON-TEST',  v.  a.  [L.  contestor,  to  enter  on  a 
lawsuit  by  calling  witnesses  ; con,  with,  and 
testor,  to  attest ; testis,  a witness  ; It.  eontestare  ; 
Sp.  contestar ; Fr.  contester.)  [(.contested; 
pp.  CONTESTING,  CONTESTED.] 

1.  To  call  in  question  ; to  contend  against ; 
to  controvert ; to  dispute. 

The  excellence  of  Christian  morality  will  not  be  contested 
by  fuir  and  candid  adversaries.  Jortin. 

2.  (Law.)  To  defend  a suit,  or  other  judicial 
proceeding ; to  dispute,  oppose,  or  resist  a 
claim  ; to  litigate,  as  a defendant.  Burrill. 

CON-TEST',  v.  n.  To  strive  or  contend  in  oppo- 
sition or  in  emulation. 

I do  contest 

As  hotly  and  as  nobly  with  thy  love 
As  ever,  in  ambitious  strength,  I did 
Contend  against  thy  valor.  Shak. 

CON'TEST  (114),  n.  1.  Strife  of  words  ; eager  con- 
troversy ; dispute;  debate  ; quarrel ; difference. 

Leave  all  noisy  contests  . . . and  brawling  language.  Watts. 

2 Struggle  in  arms  ; battle  ; fight ; conflict. 

The  contest  becoming  more  equal,  fpree  alone  must  de- 
cide. Warburton. 

Syn. — See  Difference,  Conflict,  Quar- 
rel. 

CON-TEST'A-RLE,  a . [Fr.]  That  may  be  con- 

tested ; disputable  ; controvertible.  Johnson. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  !,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  E,  I,  9,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


CONTESTABLENESS 


305 


CONTINUE 


f CON-TEST'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state,  or  the 
quality,  of  being  possibly  contested.  Bailey. 

CON-TEST*  ANT,  n.  [Fr.]  One  who  contests ; a 
disputant ; a litigant,  [it.]  Seward.  Wise. 

CON-TgS-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  contestatio  ; Fr.  con- 
testation.'] 

1.  f Proof  by  witnesses  ; testimony.  Barrow. 

2.  The  act  of  contesting  or  of  striving  in  ar- 
gument ; eager  controversy  ; dispute  ; debate. 

Every  man  read  in  church  history  knows  that  belief  wa9 
drawn  up  after  a long  contestation  with  Ariu6.  Dryden. 

3.  Emulation  ; rivalry,  [r.] 

Never  contention  rise  in  cither’s  breast 

But  contestation  whose  love  shall  be  best.  Beau.  8f  FI. 

CON-TEST* ^ D,  p.  a.  Disputed;  litigated;  as, 
“ A contested  case  at  law.” 

CON-TEST 'TNG,  n.  The  act  of  disputing  or  liti- 
gating. “ To  speed  better  by  submission  than 
by  contesting .”  Stoic. 

CON-TEST'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a contending  man- 
ner; by  means  of  contest.  Mountagu. 

CON-TEST'I.pSS,  a.  Not  to  be  disputed;  un- 
questionable. “Truth contestless."  [it.]  A.  Hill. 

fCON-TEX',  v.  a.  [L.  contexo ; con , with,  and 
texOy  to  weave.]  To  weave  together.  Boyle. 

f CON-TEXT',  a.  Knit  together  ; firm.  Derham. 

f CON-TEXT',  v.  a.  [L.  contexo,  contextvs,  to 
weave,  to  bind  together.]  To  knit  together  ; to 
bind  ; to  unite. 

The  world’s  frame,  which  is  contexted  only  by  commerce 
and  contracts.  Junius,  1G39. 

CON'TEXT,  n.  [L.  contextus,  from  contexo,  to 
weave;  It.  contesto  ; Fr . contexte.]  The  series 
of  sentences  that  make  up  a discourse  or  trea- 
tise ; — particularly  the  parts  that  precede  and 
follow  a text  or  sentence  quoted. 

The  sense  is  fine,  and  easily  apprehended  by  the  context. 

Hart. 

CON-TEXT'U-RAL,  a.  Relating  to  contexture  or 
constitution.  Smith. 

CON-TEXT'URE  (kon-tekst'yur),  n.  [Sp.  contex- 
tura;  Fr  .contexture.]  The  disposition  or  com- 
position of  parts  among  each  other ; constitu- 
tion ; system  ; texture.  “ Collateral  events  are 
so  artfully  woven  into  the  contexture  of  his 
[Knolles]  principal  story.”  Rambler. 

CON-TEXT'URED  (kon-tekst'yurd),  a.  Interwo- 
ven ; intertwined.  Carlyle. 

CON-TIG-NA'TION,  n.  [L.  contignatio  ; con , with, 
and  tignum,  a beam  ; Fr.  contignation.) 

1.  The  act  of  framing  or  constructing. 

Their  own  buildings,  linked  by  a contig nation  into  the  ed- 
ifice of  France.  Burke. 

2.  A frame  of  beams  joined  together  ; a sto- 
ry. “ Stories  or  contignations.”  Wotton. 

f CON-TIG'U-ATE,  a.  Being  in  contact ; adjoin- 
ing ; contiguous.  “ The  two  extremities  are 
contiguate.”  Holland. 

CON-TI-GU'I-TY,  n.  [It.  contiguith  ; Sp.  conti- 
guidad ; Fr.  contiguite.]  The  state  of  being  con- 
tiguous : actual  contact ; a touching ; proximity. 

How  can  it  [matter]  be  present  to  any  thing  but  by  the 
contiguity  of  its  parts.  Law. 

O for  a lodge  in  some  vast  wilderness, 

Some  boundless  contiguity  of  shade!  Cowper. 

CON-TIG'U-OUS  (kqn-tlg'yu-us),  a.  [L.  contig- 
uus ; con,  with,  and  tango,  to  touch  ; It.  u;  Sp. 
contiguo  ; Fr.  contigu.)  Meeting  so  as  to  touch ; 
close  to  ; adjacent;  adjoining. 

The  two  halves  of  the  paper  seemed  contiguous  at  one  of 
their  angles.  A'ewton. 

Syn.  — See  Adjacent. 

CON-TIG'y-OUS-LY,  ad.  Without  any  interven- 
ing space.  ’ Dryden. 

CON-TIg'U-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
contiguous  ; contiguity.  “ By  contiguousness 
to  others.”  Fuller. 

CON  TI-NENCE,  ) n_  [L.  continentia ; contineo, 

CON'TI-NEN-CY,  ) continens,  to  check,  to  re- 
press ; con,  with,  and  teneo,  to  hold  ; It.  conti- 
nenza  ; Sp.  continencia  ; Fr.  continence .] 

1.  A holding  in  or  curbing  of  one’s  desires  ; 
self-imposed  restraint,  particularly  of  sexual 
appetite ; chastity. 

Chastity  is  either  abstinence  or  continence ; abstinence  is 
that  of  virgins  and  widows,  continence  of  married  persons. 

tip.  Taylor. 


Content  without  lawful  venery,  is  continence ; without  un- 
lawful, chastity.  Grew. 

2.  f Uninterrupted  course  ; continuity.  “Lest 
the  continence  of  the  course  should  be  divided.” 

Ayliffe. 

Continence  is  generally  used  in  reference  to  men, 
chastity  in  reference  to  women. 

CON'TI-NENT,  a.  1.  Restrained  as  to  the  pas- 
sions, especially  the  sexual  appetite  ; chaste. 

My  past  life 

Hath  been  as  continent , as  chaste,  as  true, 

As  I am  now  unhappy.  Shak. 

2.  Moderate  ; temperate. 

I pray  you,  have  a continent  forbearance.  Shak. 

3.  f Restraining.  “ All  continent  impedi- 
ments.” Shak. 

4.  f Connected  ; continuous. 

The  north-east  part  of  Asia,  if  not  continent  with  the  west 
side  of  America,  is  the  least  disjoined  by  sea.  Jtrerewood. 

CON'TI-NENT,  n.  [It . contincnte  \ Fr.  continent. \ 

1.  An  extent  of  land  comprising,  or  large 
enough  to  comprise,  many  countries,  not  dis- 
joined by  a sea  ; the  main  land,  as  opposed  to 
islands  ; as,  “ The  continent  of  Europe.” 

2.  f That  which  contains,  or  that  in  which 
any  thing  is  contained. 

Heart,  once  be  stronger  than  thy  continent.  Shak. 

If  there  be  no  fulness,  then  is  the  continent  greater  than 
the  content.  Bacon. 

CON-TUNEN'TAL,  a.  [Fr.]  1.  Relating  to  a con- 
tinent, particularly  the  continent  of  Europe. 

No  continental  power  was  willing  to  lose  any  of  its  conti- 
nental objects.  Burke. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  Confederated  States  at 

the  time  of  the  American  revolution  ; as,  “ The 
continental  money  ” ; “ The  continental  uni- 
form ” ; “The  continental  army.”  [U.  S.] 

Continental  system,  (Mod.  Hist.)  the  plan  of  t lie  Em- 
peror, Napoleon  Bonaparte,  for  excluding  the  mer- 
chandise of  England  from  all  parts  of  the  continent. 

CON'TI-NENT-LY,  ad.  Chastely;  temperately. 

fCON'TI-NENT-NESS,  n.  Continence.  Ash. 

f CON-TlNtjrE',  v.  n.  [L.  contingo  ; con,  with, 
and  tango,  to  touch.]  To  touch;  to  reach  : — 
to  happen.  Bailey. 

CON-TIN  GpNCE,  ) n |-j|.  contingenza ; Sp.  con- 

C O N - T IN ' £ p N - C Y , I tmgencia ; Fr.  contingcnce.] 

1.  The  act  of  reaching  to,  or  of  touching. 

“ The  point  of  contingency.”  Gregory. 

2.  The  quality  of  being  contingent;  possi- 
bility or  uncertainty  of  occurring.  “ Consider- 
ing the  contingency  in  events.”  Browne.  “The 
contingency  of  human  actions.”  South. 

3.  Casualty  ; accident ; incident ; occurrence  ; 
as,  “ To  be  prepared  for  all  contingencies.” 

C O X - T T N ' G IJ  N T , a.  [L.  contingo,  contingens,  to 
happen ; con,  with,  and  tango,  to  touch ; It.  § 
Sp.  contingcnte  ; Fr.  contingent .] 

1.  Happening  by  chance  ; not  determined  by 

any  certain  rule  ; not  definite  or  fixed  ; uncer- 
tain ; accidental ; casual.  “ Many  things  . . . 
seem  to  be  contingent.”  Grew. 

2.  (Law.)  Dependent  upon  an  uncertainty. 

“ A contingent  legacy.”  Blackstone. 

3.  (Logic.)  Noting  the  matter  of  a proposi- 

tion when  the  terms  of  it  in  part  agree,  and  in 
part  disagree.  Whately. 

Syn.  — See  Accidental. 

CON-TIN'^fpNT,  n.  1.  A thing  dependent  on 
chance  ; something  that  may  happen. 

By  contingents  we  are  to  understand  those  things  which 
come  to  pass  without  any  human  forecast.  Grew. 

2.  The  share  that  falls  to  any  one  upon  a di- 
vision, or  upon  an  apportionment;  quota;  pro- 
portion ; — particularly  the  proportion  of  troops 
to  be  furnished  by  one  of  several  contracting  or 
allied  powers.  Brande. 

CON-TlN'^UNT-LY,  ad.  Accidentally  ; casually. 

CON-TlN'9£NT-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
contingent.  Smart. 

CON-TIN'U-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  he  continued. 

CON-TIN'U-AL  (kon-tin'u-al),  a.  [L.  continuus  ; 
Fr.  continue l.  — See  Continue.]  Incessant; 
uninterrupted  ; unintermitted  ; constant ; con- 
tinuous. 

He  that  hath  a merry  heart  hath  a continual  feast. 

Prov.  xv.  15. 

A continual  claim , {Law.)  a formal  claim  made  by  a 


party  entitled  to  enter  upon  any  lands  or  tenements, 
but  deterred  from  such  entry  by  menaces  or  bodily 
fear;  — so  called  because  it  was  required  to  be  re- 
peated once  in  the  space  of  every  year  and  day.  Burrill. 

Syn. — Continual  is  that  which  is  constantly  re- 
newed and  recurring,  with  perhaps  frequent  stops  or 
interruptions  ; continuous  or  continued , that  which  is 
uni ntcr mitted  or  uninterrupted.  Continual  showers  or 
rumors  ; continual  interruptions  ; continuous  train  of 
thought ; continued  succession  ; constant  endeavor  ; 
incessant  noise  ; perpetual  motion. 

CON-TIN-U-AL'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being  con- 
tinual. [it.]  * Wm.  Taylor. 

CON-TIN'U-AL- Ly,  ad.  Without  pause  or  inter- 
ruption ; incessantly  ; constantly  ; always. 

The  goodness  of  God  endureth  continually.  Ps.  lii.  1. 

CON-TlN'U-AL-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
continual ; permanence.  Hales. 

CON-TIN'U-ANCE,  n.  [It.  Sf  Sp.  continuanza.\ 

1.  The  state  of  continuing ; the  time  of  con- 
tinuing; permanence  in  one  state  ; duration. 

Their  duty  depending  upon  fear,  the  one  was  of  no  greater 
continuance  than  the  other.  Hayward. 

2.  Perseverance ; constancy.  “ By  patient 

continuance  in  well-doing.”  Rom.  ii.  7. 

3.  fThe  quality  of  holding  together  when 
stretched,  as  in  fibres  ; continuity. 

Wool,  tow,  cotton,  and  raw  silk  have,  besides,  the  desire 
of  continuance  in  regard  of  the  tenuity  of  their  thread.  Bacon. 

4.  (Law.)  In  ancient  practice,  the  adjourn- 

ment of  the  proceedings  in  a cause  from  day  to 
day,  or  from  one  term  to  another  ; — in  modern 
practice,  the  postponement  of  the  proceedings 
in  a cause,  as  putting  off  a trial,  &c.  : — the 
entry  made  upon  the  record  of  an  adjournment 
or  a postponement.  Burrill. 

Syn.  — Continuation , continuance,  and  continuity 
are  all  derived  from  con,  with,  and  teneo,  to  hold,  and 
have  for  their  primary  sense  the  idea  of  holding  togeth- 
er. Continuation  is  used  of  space,  continuance  of  time, 
and  continuity  of  substance.  Continuation  of  a march 
or  of  a literary  work  ; continuance  of  a war  or  of  life  ; 
continuity  of  a rampart.  Duration  and  permanence , 
like  continuance,  are  used  of  time  ; as,  “ The  duration 
of  life  ” ; “ Tlie  permanence  of  a situation.” 

CON-TIN'U-ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  continuo,  continuatus, 
to  unite.]  To  join  closely  together,  [r.]  Potter. 

CON-TIN'U-ATE,  a.  [It.  continuato  ; Sp.  continu- 
ado.~\ 

1.  Intimately  united  ; closely  joined,  [r.] 

As  though  our  flesh  and  bones  should  be  made  continuato 

with  his.  Hooker. 

2.  Uninterrupted  ; continued.  “ An  imtira- 
ble  and  continuatc  goodness.”  [r.]  Shak. 

CON-TIN'y-ATE-LY,  ad.  Incessantly.  “It  [water] 
falls  continuately .”  [it.]  Wilkins. 

CON-TlN'U-ATE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
eontinuate.  [r.]  Diyby. 

CON-TIN-U-A'TION ,n.  [L . continuatio ; It.  con- 
tinuazione  ; Sp.  continvacion  ; Fr.  continua- 
tion..]  The  act  of  continuing ; uninterrupted 
succession  in  space  or  in  time  ; extension  ; pro- 
longation ; protraction.  “ A continuation  of  the 
same  story.”  Dryden.  “ The  continuation  and 
propagation  of  the  species.”  Ray. 

Syn.  — See  Continuance. 

CON-TIN'U-A-TlVE,  a.  That  continues.  Watts. 

CON-TIN'U-A-TIVE,  n.  1.  ( Rhct .)  An  expres- 
sion noting  permanence  or  duration. 

To  these  may  be  added  continuatives\  as,  “Rome  remains 
to  this  day.”  Watts. 

2.  (Gram.)  A conjunction.  “ Continuatives 
consolidate  sentences  into  one  continuous 
whole.”  Harris. 

CON-TIN'U-A-TOR  [kon-tln-u-a'tor,  S.  IF.  Ja. ; 
kon-tln'u-a-tor,  S.  Sm.  R.],  n.  One  who  con- 
tinues what  is  begun.  Browne. 

CON-TIN'UE  (kon-tln'yu),  r.  n.  [L.  continuo,  to 
unite,  to  keep  up  ; con,  with,  and  teneo,  to  hold  ; 
It.  continuare ; Sp.  continuar ; Fr.  continuer.) 
[i.  CONTINUED  ; pp.  CONTINUING,  CONTINUED.] 

1.  To  remain  in  the  same  state  or  in  the  same 
place  ; to  abide  ; to  stay. 

The  multitude  continue  with  me  now  three  days.  Matt.  xv.  32. 

2.  To  be  durable  ; to  endure  ; to  last.  “ Thy 
kingdom  shall  not  continue.”  1 Sam.  xiii.  14. 

3.  To  persist;  to  persevere. 

If  ye  continue  in  my  word,  then  are  ye  my  disciples  in- 
deed. John  viii.  31. 


MfEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 
39 


BULL,  BUR,  ROLE.  — 9,  9,  9,  g,  soft ; C,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  tflis. 


CONTINUE 


306 


CONTRA  DI STINCT 


Syn.  — Continue  in  the  same  practice;  remain  in 
the  same  place  ; abide  for  a time  ; stay  where  you  are  ; 
continue  to  improve;  persevere  in  your  pursuit  ; per- 
sist in  doing  right.  The  storm  continues , and  the  foul 
weather  lasts  long.  — See  Abide. 

CON-TIN'UE,  a.  To  extend  in  space  or  in  du- 
ration ; to  prolong. 

A bridge  of  wondrous  length 
From  hell  continued , reaching  the  utmost  orb 
Of  this  frail  world.  Milton. 

0.  continue  thy  loving  kindness  unto  them.  Ps.  xxxvi.  10. 

Syn.  — See  Continual. 

CON-TIN'UED  (kon-tin'yud),  p.  a.  Protracted  ; 
uninterrupted  ; as,  “ A continued  series. 

Continued  bass,  (Mus.)  bass  continued  through  the 
whole  piece;  same  as  thoroughbass.  Bramlc. — Con- 
tinued fractious,  (Math.)  a fraction  the  numerator  of 
which  is  1,  and  the  denominator  a whole  number 
plus  a fraction,  whose  numerator  is  1,  and  whose  de- 
nominator is  a whole  number  plus  a fraction,  and 
so  on.  Duoies. 

CON-TlN'U-JJD-LY,  ad.  Without  interruption. 

CON-TIN'y-JpR,  n.  One  who  continues. 

CON-TIN'U-ING,  p.  a.  Abiding;  enduring. 

For  here  we  have  no  continuing  city,  but  we  seek  one  to 
come.  Hob.  xiii.  14. 

CON-TIN'U-iNG-LY,  ad.  With  continuity  ; with- 
out interruption,  [r.]  Fabyan. 

CON-TI-NU'I-TY,  n.  [L.  continuitas  ; It.  con- 
tinuith  ; Sp.  continuidad ; hr.  continuity.]  The 
state  of  being  continuous  ; uninterrupted  con- 
nection ; close  union  ; cohesion. 

In  all  bodies  there  is  an  appetite  of  union  and  evitation  of 
solution  of  continuity.  Bacon. 

Law  of  continuity,  the  law  that  nothing  passes  from 
one  state  to  another  without  passing  through  all  the 
intermediate  states.  Braude. 

Syn.  — See  Continu  ance. 

CON-TIN'U-OCS  (kon-tln'yu-us),  a.  [L.  continuus  ; 
It.  $ Sp.  continuo  ; Fr.  continu .] 

1.  Joined  together  closely,  or  without  chasm 
or  interruption  ; connected  ; continued. 

The  . . . rings  become  continuous,  and  are  blended.  Newton. 

2.  (Bot.)  Without  deviation  from  uniformity ; 

— opposed  to  interrupted.  Henslow. 

Syn.  — See  Continual,  Successive. 

CON-TlN’U-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  a continuous  man- 
ner ; uninterruptedly.  Foster. 

COM-  TUR-MI-A ' Tt,  n.  pi.  [It.  contorni,  con- 
tours, furrows.]  ( Numismatics .)  Bronze  medals, 
marked  with  peculiar  furrows,  supposed  to  have 
been  struck  about  the  time  of  Constantine  the 
Great  and  his  immediate  successors,  and  to  have 
been  used  as  tickets  of  admission  to  the  public 
games  of  the  circus  in  Home  and  Constanti- 
nople. Brande. 

CON-TOR'SION,  n.  See  Contortion.  Todd. 

CON-TORT',  v.  a.  [L.  contorqueo,  contort  us.}  [t. 
CONTORTED  ; pp.  CONTORTING,  CONTORTED.] 

To  twist ; to  writhe  ; to  distort. 

The  vertebral  arteries  are  variously  contorted.  Bay. 

CON-TORT' yf),  a.  {Bot.)  1.  Noting  a part  of  a 
plant  folded  or  twisted  back  upon  itself,  as  the 
root  of  the  Polygonum  bistorta.  Henslow. 

2.  Noting,  inestivation,  the  subordinate  parts 
of  the  corolla  when  they  are  set  obliquely,  and 
overlap  each  other  in  succession.  Henslow. 

CON-TOR'TfON  (kpn-tor'sfiun),  n.  [L.  contortio ; 
It.  contorzione ; Sp.  <S,  Fr.  contortion .] 

1.  A twist ; a wry  motion  ; distortion . 

To  use  odd  gestures  and  contortions.  Shaftesbury. 

2.  {Anat.)  A wresting  of  a limb  or  member 

of  the  body  out  of  its  natural  situation  ; par- 
tial dislocation.  Maunder. 

t CON-TOR'TIOUS-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
contorted.  Ash. 

COM-TOUR1  (kon-tor'),  n.  [Fr.]  {Fine  Arts.) 
The  outline  or  general  periphery  of  a figure ; 
the  lines  which  bound  a figure.  Francis. 

CON-TOCTt'NI-AT-pD,  a.  Having  edges  appear- 
ing as  if  turned  in  a lathe.  [A  term  among 
antiquaries  applied  to  medals.]  Clarke. 

COM'  TRA.  A Latin  preposition,  which  signifies 
against,  or  in  opposition ; — used  in  composi- 
tion, or  as  a prefix  to  English  words. 

CON'TRA-BAND,  a.  [“  Latin  contra,  against  or 


contrary,  and  the  Gothic  band,  a prohibition : 
or  from  ban,  a proclamation.”  Sullivan.  — It. 
contrabbando,  prohibited  merchandise  ; contra, 
against,  and  bando,  a proclamation  ; Sp.  con- 
trabando ; Fr.  contrebande.}  {Com.)  Applied 
to  such  goods  as  are  prohibited,  by  law,  from . 
being  imported  or  exported  ; unlawful ; illegal. 

“ Forfeited  like  contraband  goods.”  Dryden. 

CON'TRA-BAND,  n.  1.  Illegal  traffic.  “Persons 
most  bound  to  prevent  contraband.”  Burke. 

2.  Articles,  the  importation  or  exportation  of 
which  is  prohibited  by  law.  P.  Cyc. 

Contraband  of  war,  goods  which  neutrals  are  pro- 
hibited from  carrying  during  war  to  the  belligerent 
parties,  or  which  a belligerent  ha-,  by  the  law  of  na- 
tions, the  right  of  preventing  a neutral  from  furnish- 
ing to  an  enemy,  such  as  arms  and  warlike  stores,  or 
munitions  of  war.  Burrill. 

f CON'TRA-BAND,  v.  a.  1.  To  import  goods  pro- 
hibited. Cockeram. 

2.  To  prohibit. 

Our  law  severely  contrabands 

Our  taking  business  off  men’s  hands.  Hudibras. 

CON'TRA-BAND-IST,  n.  One  who  traffics  ille- 
gally ; a smuggler.  Todd. 

COM-TRA-BAS'SO,  n.  [It.]  {Mus.)  The  largest 
of  the  violin  species  of  stringed  or  bowed  in- 
struments, of  which  it  forms  the  lowest  bass  ; 
— usually  called  the  double  bass.  Brande. 

CON-TRACT',  v.  a.  [L.  contralto,  contractus ; 
con,  with,  and  tralio,  to  draw  ; It.  contrarre ; 
Sp.  contraer  ; Fr.  contractor.}  [i.  contract- 
ed ; pp.  CONTRACTING,  CONTRACTED.] 

1.  To  draw  together,  as  the  parts  of  any 
thing  ; to  bring  into  less  compass  ; to  lessen  ; 
to  narrow ; to  abridge  ; to  shorten  ; to  diminish. 

Extended  or  contracted  all  proportions.  Shak. 

In  all  things,  desuetude  does  contract  the  faculties. 

Oov.  of  the  Tongue. 

2.  [It.  contrattare.}  To  covenant ; to  bargain 
for.  “ The  articles  of  contracted  peace.”  Shak. 

3.  To  betroth;  to  affiance;  to  engage.  “A 
lady  contracted  to  a man  of  merit.”  Tatler. 

4.  To  procure  ; to  incur  ; to  bring ; to  get. 

He  that  but  conceives  a crime  in  thought 
Contracts  the  danger  of  an  actual  fault.  Dryden. 

CON-TRACT',  v.  n.  1.  To  shrink  up  ; to  shrivel; 
as,  “ Cold  causes  most  bodies  to  contract.” 

2.  To  make  a bargain  ; to  agree  ; as,  “ To  con- 
tract to  do  a piece  of  work.” 

f CON-TRACT',  p.  a.  Affianced  ; betrothed.  Shak. 

CCiN'TRACT  (111),  n.  [Fr.  contrat.} 

1.  A bargain  ; a compact  ; an  agreement ; a 
covenant. 

They  [the  House  of  Peers]  debated  “ whether  there  were 
an  original  contract  between  king  and  people.”  Hume. 

2.  A writing  which  contains  stipulations  or 
terms  of  a bargain  ; as,  “ To  sign  a contract.” 

3.  {Law.)  An  agreement  or  covenant  be- 

tween two  or  more  persons,  with  a lawful  con- 
sideration or  cause.  Whishaw. 

Sf/p  “ Tiiis  word  was  anciently  accented  on  the 
last  syllable,  as  is  seen  by  the  following  quotations  : 
This  is  the  hand  which,  with  a vowed  contract ', 

Was  fast  bclocked  in  thine.  * Shak. 

I did;  and  his  contract'  with  Lady  Lucy, 

And  his  contract'  by  deputy  in  France.  Shak. 

But  that  the  accent  should  now  be  placed  on  the  first 
syllable,  needs  no  proof  hut  the  general  ear  and  the 
general  analogy  of  dissyllable  nouns  and  verbs  of  the 
same  form.”  Walker. 

Syn.  — See  Agreement. 

CON-TRACT'ED,  p.  a.  Drawn  together  ; shrunk 
up  ; shortened  ; abridged  ; — affianced  ; be- 
trothed ; engaged:  — narrow;  illiberal;  mean. 

CON-TRACT' JJD-LY,  ad.  In  a contracted  manner. 

CON-TRACT'ED-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
contracted.  A.  Sykes. 

CON-TRACT-I-BIL'I-TY,  n.  Possibility  of  being 
contracted.  Arbuthnot. 

CON-TRAcT'I-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  contracted. 
“ Dilatable  and  contractible.”  Arbuthnot. 

CON-TrAcT'I-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing contractible.  A.  Sykes. 

CON-TRACTILE,  a.  Having  the  power  of  con- 
traction. “ The  arteries  are  elastic  tubes  en- 
dued with  a contractile  force.”  Arbuthnot. 


quality  of  being  contractile  ; the  property  by 
which  bodies  contract.  Roget. 

CON-TRACT'ING,  p.  a.  Drawing  together  ; short- 
ening; abridging:  — bargaining;  stipulating. 

CON-TrAO'TION,  n.  [L.  contractio.} 

1.  The  act  of  contracting  or  bringing  into  a 
narrower  compass ; corrugation. 

2.  The  state  of  being  drawn  together.  “ A 

contraction  in  the  nerves.”  Bacon. 

3.  {Gram.)  The  abbreviation  of  a word,  or 
the  reducing  of  two  syllables  into  one,  by  the 
omission  of  one  or  more  letters. 

4.  The  act  of  making  a contract ; — partic- 
ularly a marriage  contract,  [r.] 

Such  a deed 

As  from  the  body  of  contraction  plucks 

The  very  soul.  Shak. 

CON-TRAc'TIVE,  a.  Tending  to  contract ; con- 
tracting. Blackmore. 

CON-TRAc'TOR,  n.  [L.]  One  who  contracts  or 
bargains;  — especially  one  who  bargains,  for  a 
specified  sum,  to  execute  any  work  or  enter- 
prise of  considerable  magnitude.  Bp.  Taylor. 

CON'TRA— DANCE,  n.  [It.  contraddanza  ; Sp. 
contradanza ; Fr.  contredanse ; contre.  against, 
and  danse,  a dance.]  A dance  in  which  the 
partners  are  arranged  in  opposite  lines  ; — 
called  also  country -dance.  Smart. 

CON-TRA-DICT',  v.  a.  [L.  contradico,  contradic- 
tus  ; It.  contraddere  ; Sp . contradecir ; Fr . con- 
tredire .]  [i.  contradicted  ; pp.  contradict- 
ing, contradicted.] 

1.  To  assert  the  contrary  of  what  has  been 
asserted ; to  speak  against ; to  oppose  verbal- 
ly ; to  gainsay  ; to  deny. 

It  is  not  lawful  to  contradict  a point  of  history  known  to 
a«  the  world.  Di-yden. 

2.  To  be  contrary  to;  to  oppose.  “No  truth 

can  contradict  any  truth.”  Hooker. 

CON-TRA-DICT' A- BLE,  a.  That  may  be  contra- 
dicted ; disputable.  J.  Foster. 

CON-TRA-DICT'ER,  n.  One  who  contradicts. 

CON-TRA-DIC'TION,  n.  [L.  contradictio  ; It. 
contracldizione ; Sp.  contradiccion;  Fr.  contra- 
diction.] 

1.  The  act  of  contradicting ; a gainsaying ; 
verbal  opposition. 

That  tongue 

Inspired  with  contradiction.  Milton. 

2.  Inconsistency  of  one  assertion  with  an- 
other ; incongruity ; contrariety. 

Tile  apostle's  advice,  to  be  angry  and  sin  not,  was  n con- 
tradiction in  their  philosophy.  South. 

f CON-TRA-Dlc'TION-AL,  a.  Contradictory. 

CON-TR  A-DIC'TIOUS,  a.  1.  Filled  with  contra- 
dictions ; inconsistent ; contradictory.  More. 

2.  Inclined  to  contradict.  “ Bondet  was  ar- 
gumentative and  contradictious.” Bp.  of  Killala. 

CON-TRA-DIC'TIOUS-NESS,  n.  1.  Inconsistency. 
“Its  absurdity  and  contradictiousness.”  Norris. 

2.  Disposition  to  cavil.  Johnson. 

CON-TR  A-DIC'TIVE,  a.  Opposite;  adverse  ; con- 
tradictory. Milton. 

CON-TRA-DIC'TIVE-Ly,  ad.  In  a contradictory 
manner  or  spirit.  Craig. 

CON-TRA-DICT 'OR,  n.  [L.]  One  who  contra- 
dicts ; an  opponent ; contradicter.  Prynne. 

CON-TRA-DlC'TO-RI-LY,  ad.  In  a contradictory 
manner.  Browne. 

CON-TRA-DIC'TO-RI-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  be- 
ing contradictory.  Baxter. 

f CON-TRA-DIC-TO'RI-OUS,  a.  Contradictory. 
“ A contradictorious  humor.”  State  Trials,  1649. 

-j*  CON-TRA-DIC-TO'RI-OUS-LY,  ad.  Contradic- 
torily. More. 

CON-TRA-DIC'TO-RY,  a.  1.  Implying  contra- 
diction  or  denial.  “ To  believe  the  contradicto- 
ry assertions  of  both.”  . South. 

‘ 2.  Opposite  ; contrary  ; inconsistent. 
“ The  schemes  of  those  gentlemen  are  most 
absurd  and  contradictory.”  Addison. 

CON-TRA-DIC'TO-RY,  n.  A proposition  totally 
opposed  to  another.  “It  is  common  with 
princes  to  will  contradictories.”  Bacon. 

f CON-TRA-DIS-TINCT',  a.  Having  opposite 
qualities.  “ A contradistinct  term.”  Goodwin. 


CON-TRAC-TIL'l-TY,  n.  [Fr . contractilite.}  The 


E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  V,  short;  A,  JJ,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


CONTRADISTINCTION 


307 


CONTRITE 


Opposite  ir)  qual- 
Harris. 


CON-TRA-DIS-TINC'TfVE,  11 
tradistinetion. 


CON-TRA-DIS-TINC'TION  (-djs-tingk'-shun),  n. 
Distinction  by  opposite  qualities.  South. 

CON-TRA-DJS-TINC'TJVE,  a. 
ities. 

A mark  of  con- 
Harris. 

CON-TRA-DIS-TIN'GUISH  (-tlng'gwjsh),  v.  a. 
[contra  and  distinguish .]  [i.  contradistin- 

guished ; pp.  CONTRADISTINGUISHING,  CON- 
TRADISTINGUISHED.] To  distinguish  not  sim- 
ply by  different,  but  by  opposite  qualities. 
“ The  soul  of  Christ  contradistinguished  from 
his  body.”  Pearson. 

CON-TRA-DIS-TIN'GUISHED  (-ting'gwjsht),  p.  a. 
Distinguished  by  opposite  qualities. 

CON-TRA-DIS-TlN'GUISH-ING,  p.  a.  Distin- 
guishing by  opposite  qualities. 

CON-TRA-FlS'SURE  (kSn-trj-fish'yur,  92),  n. 
(Med.)  A fracture  opposite  to  that  side  which 
receives  the  blow.  Wiseman. 

f CON'TRA-HENT,  a.  [L.  contraho,  contrahens, 
to  draw  together.]  Contracting.  Mede. 

CON-TRA-IN'DI-CANT,  n.  [L.  contra,  against, 
and  indico,  indicans,  to  indicate.]  (Med.)  A 
symptom  forbidding  the  usual  treatment  of  a 
disorder.  Burke. 

c6N-TRA-IN'DI-CATE,  v.  a.  [L.  contra,  against, 
and  indico,  indicatus,  to  indicate.]  (Med.)  To 
indicate,  as  some  symptom  or  cure,  contrary  to 
the  general  tenor  of  the  malady.  Harvey. 

CON-TR  A-IN-DI-CA'TION,  n.  (Med.)  An  indi- 
cation or  symptom  which  forbids  the  treatment 
of  a disorder  in  the  usual  way.  Arbuthnot. 

CON-TRAl' TO,  n.  [It.]  (Mus.)  1.  The  second 
part  in  harmony ; the  part  next  below  the  treble 
and  above  the  tenor  ; alto  ; — called  counter- 
tenor when  sung  by  a high  male  voice.  Dwight. 

2.  The  lowest  kind  of  female  voice ; the 
voice  which  sings  the  second  part.  Dwight. 

CON-TR  A-MURE',  n.  [Fr.  contremur;  contre, 
against,  and  mur,  a wall.]  (Fort.)  An  out-wall, 
built  before  another  wall,  or  about  the  main 
wall  of  a city.  Chambers. 

CON-TR  A-NAT'U-RAL,  a.  Opposed  to  nature  ; 
unnatural,  [r.]  Bp.  Bust. 

f CON-TRA-Nl'T^N-CY,  n.  [L.  contra,  against, 
and  nitor,  nitens,  to  strive.]  A resistance 
against  pressure  ; reaction.  Bailey. 

f CON-TRA-FO^E',  v.  a.  [L.  contra,  against,  and 
potto,  positus,  to  place.]  To  place  opposite, 
against,  or  contrary  to.  Salkeld. 

CON-TRA-PO-£jI"TION  (-zish'un),  n.  A placing 
opposite ; opposite  position.  Potter. 

CON-TRA-PUN'TAL,  a.  (Mus.)  Relating  to  coun- 
terpoint. [r.]  ' West.  Rev. 

CON-TRA-PUN'TIST,  n.  [It.  contrappunto,  a 
counterpoint ; contra,  against,  and  punto,  a 
point.]  (Mus.)  One  skilled  in  counterpoint. 
“ A learned  contrapuntist.”  Mason. 

CON-TR A— REG-U-LAr'I-TY,  Contrariety  to 

rule,  [r.]  Norris. 

CON'TRA-RfhMON'STRANT,  n.  One  who  re- 
monstrates in  opposition  or  answer  to  a remon- 
strant. “ Contra-remonstrants  and  remon- 
strants.” [r.]  Hales. 

f CON-TR A'RI-ANT,  a.  [I.,  contrarius ; Fr . con- 
trariant. \ Contrary.  Pearson. 

t CON-TRA'RI-ANT-LY,  ad.  Contrarily .Coleridge. 

CON'TRA-RIE§  (kon'tr?-rjz),  n.  pi. 

1.  Things  of  opposite  qualities. 

No  contraries  hold  more  antipathy, 

Than  I and  such  a knave.  Shale. 

2.  {Logic.)  Propositions  which  destroy  each 
other. 

CON-TRA-RI'^-TY,  n.  [It . contrarieta;  Sp.  con- 
tranedad ; Fr.  contrariety S\ 

1.  Ihe  state  of  being  contrary;  disagree- 
ment ; repugnance  ; opposition. 

ion!hCre  '8  nothing  more  common  than  contrariety  of  opin- 

Locke. 

2.  That  which  is  contrary  to  something  else. 

How  can  these  contrarieties  agree?  Shak. 

Syn. — See  Difference. 


CON'TRA-RI-LY,  ad.  In  a contrary  manner  or 
direction  ; on  the  contrary.  Locke. 

CON'TRA-RI-NESS,  n.  Contrariety.  Bailey. 

CON-TRA'RI-OUS,  a.  [L.  contrarius .]  Repug- 
nant ; contrary.  “ Contrarious  and  inconsist 
ent.”  [r.]  Warburton.  R.  C.  Winthrop. 

CON-TRA'RI-OUS-LY,  ad.  Contrarily.  Shak. 

CON'TRA-RI-WlijE,  ad.  1.  Oppositely  ; on  the 
contrary  ; on  the  other  hand.  “ The  matter  of 
faith  is  constant;  the  matter,  contrariwise,  of 
actions,  daily  changeable.”  Hooker. 

2.  Conversely.  “ Every  thing  that  acts  upon 
the  fluids  must,  at  the  same  time,  act  upon  the 
solids,  and  contrariwise.”  Arbuthnot. 

CON'TRA— RO-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  contra,  against, 
and  roto,  rotatus,  to  revolve.]  Circular  motion 
in  a direction  contrary  to  some  other  circular 
motion.  Congreve. 

CON'TRA-RY,  a.  [L.  contrarius  ; It.  A Sp.  con- 
trario-,  Fr.  contraire.] 

1.  Opposite  ; opposing  ; adverse.  “ The  wind 

was  contrary.”  Matt.  xiv.  24. 

2.  Disagreeing;  inconsistent;  contradictory; 
totally  different. 

The  contrary  choices  that  men  make  ill  the  world  do  not 
argue  that  they  do  not  all  pursue  good,  but  that  the  same 
thing  is  not  good  to  every  man  alike.  Locke. 

“The  accent  is  invariably  placed  on  the  first 
syllable  of  this  word  by  all  correct  speakers,  and  as 
constantly  removed  to  the  second  by  the  illiterate  and 
vulgar.”  Walker. 

Syn. — See  Adverse,  Opposite. 

CON'TRA-RY,  n.  1.  A thing  of  opposite  qualities. 

No  contraries  hold  more  antipathy 

Than  I and  such  a knave.  Shak. 

2.  A proposition  or  a fact  contrary  to  some 
other.  “ The  instances  brought  are  slender 
proofs,  and  do  rather  show  the  contrary .”  Locke . 

On  the  contrary , in  opposition  ; on  the  other  side. — 
To  the  contranj , to  a contrary  purpose ; to  an  opposite 
intent. 

f CON'TRA-RY,  v.  a.  [Fr.  cont?'arier.\  To  op- 
pose ; to  thwart ; to  contradict.  Latimer. 

CON'TRA-RY-MIND'ED,  a.  Of  a different  mind. 

CON'TrAst  (114),  n.  [It.  contrasto;  Sp.  $ Fr. 
contrasted] 

1.  Opposition  of  dissimilar  things,  by  which 
their  differences  are  shown  and  heightened ; an 
exhibition  of  differences. 

This  mixture  of  so  various  and  opposite  qualities  which 
constituted  the  foregoing  contrast.  Law. 

2.  (Sculp.  & Paint.)  The  opposition  of  varied 
forms  or  colors,  which,  by  juxtaposition,  vivid- 
ly express  one  another’s  peculiarities.  Fairholt. 

CON-TRAST',  v.  a.  [L.  contra , against,  and  sto, 
to  stand,  or  sisto,  to  place  ; It.  contrastare ; Sp. 
contrastar ; Fr . contraster.]  [ i . contrasted; 

pp.  CONTRASTING,  CONTRASTED.] 

1.  To  place  in  opposition,  in  order  to  show 
dissimilarity.  “ The  generosity  of  one  person 
contrasted  with  the  meanness  of  another. ” Crabb. 

2.  (Sculp.  & Paint.)  To  set  off  by  opposi- 
tion ; to  exhibit  the  differences  of. 

The  figures  must  not  be  all  on  one  side,  but  must  contrast 
each  other  by  their  several  positions.  Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Compare. 

CON-TrAst',  v.n.  To  exhibit  a contrast.  Ilallam. 

CON-TRAsT'ED,  p.  a.  Set  in  direct  opposition. 

CON-TRA-TEN'OR,  n.  [Fr.  contreteneur .]  (Mus.) 
Same  as  Counter-tenor.  — See  Counter- 
tenor. Mason. 

CON-TRA-TEN-d ' RE,  n.  [It.]  Same  as  Con- 
tralto.— See  Contralto.  Brande. 

CON’TRAtE— WHEEL,  n.  (Machinery.)  A wheel 
moved  by  teeth  or  cogs  which  are  parallel  to  its 
axis  ; a crown-wheel ; — used  particularly  in 
watchwork.  Francis. 

CON-TRA-VAL-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  contra,  against, 
and  vallo,  to  fortify  ; It.  contravvallazione  ; Sp. 
contravalacion  ; Fr.  contrevallation .]  (Fort.) 
A counter-fortification  to  hinder  the  sallies  of 
the  besieged.  Watts. 

CON-TRA-VENE',  v.  a.  [L.  contrarenio  ; contra, 
against,  and  venio,  to  come  ; It.  contravvenire ; 
Sp.  contravenir  ; Fr.  contrevenir.]  [i.  contra- 
vened ; pp.  contravening,  contravened.] 


To  hinder;  to  oppose;  to  obstruct.  “Laws 
that  contravene  the  first  principles  of  the  com- 
P‘U'L  Johnson. 

CON-TRA-VEN'JgR,  n.  One  who  contravenes. 

CON-TRA-VEN'TION,  n.  [It.  contravvenzione  ; 
Sp.  contravention-,  Fr.  contravention.]  Opposi- 
tion ; obstruction.  “ Humors  spent  in  contra- 
ventions to  the  laws  of  the  land.”  Swift. 

CON-TR  A-VER'SION,  n.  [L.  contra , against,  and 
verto,  versus,  to  turn  ; It.  contravverzione.]  A 
turning  to  the  opposite  side.  Congreve. 

CON-TRA-YER'VA,  n.  [Sp.  contrayerba  ; contra, 
against,  and  yerba,  an  herb.]  (Med.)  The  aro- 
matic, bitter,  and  astringent  root  of  a species 
of  Dorstenia  (Dorstenia  contrayerva)  ; — used 
in  medicine.  Dunglison. 

f c6n-TR£C-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  contrectatio  ; con, 
with,  and  tracto,  tractatus,  to  touch,  to  handle.] 
A touching  or  handling.  Ferrand. 

CONTRETEMPS  (kon'tr-ting'),  n.  [Fr.]  An 
accident ; a mishap  ; a mischance.  Spiers. 

That  may  be  eontrib- 
Lord  Tenterden. 


CON-TRIB'U-TA-BLE,  a. 
uted. 


CON-TRIB'y-TA-Ry,  a.  Paying  tribute  as  to  a 
chief;  promoting  or  contributing  to  the  same 
end ; contributory.  Glanville. 

CON-TRIB'IITE  [kon-trlb'ut,  S.  W.  P.  J.F.  Ja. 
K.  Sm.  B.  Wb.],  v.  a.  [L.  contribuo,  contribu- 
tus-,  con,  with,  and  tribuo,  to  give;  It.  contri- 
buire;  Sp.  enntribuir ; Fr.  contri Inter.]  [i.  con- 
tributed ; pp.  contributing,  contributed.] 
To  give  to,  or  to  bring  into,  some  common 
stock  ; to  bestow  as  a part  or  share. 

England  contributes  much  more  than  any  other  of  the  al- 
lies. Addison. 

SSp  Some  persons  erroneously  pronounce  this  word 
witli  the  accent  on  the  first  syllable.  — See  Contem- 
plate. 

CON-TRIB'UTE,  v.  n.  To  bear  a part;  to  afford 
assistance  ; to  be  helpful  ; to  conduce. 

There  is  not  a single  beauty  in  them  [literary  works]  to 
which  invention  must  not  contribute.  Pope. 


CON-TRIB'UT-ING,  p.  a. 
ance,  or  addition. 


Affording  aid,  assist- 


CON-TRI-BU'TION,  n.  [L.  contributio  ; It.  con- 
tribuzione;  Sp . contribution  ; Fr.  contribution.] 

1.  The  act  of  contributing  ; bestowment. 

2.  That  which  is  paid  or  given  to  a common 
stock  for  any  purpose ; the  thing  or  sum  con- 
tributed ; a gift. 

It  hath  pleased  them  of  Macedonia  to  make  a certain  con- 
tribution for  the  poor  saints.  Horn.  xv.  26. 

3.  (Mil.)  A tax  paid  by  the  inhabitants  of 
any  country  or  town  to  a hostile  force,  to  save 
themselves  from  being  plundered.  Campbell. 

CON-TRI-BU'TION-AL,  a.  Furnishing  contribu- 
tions; contributory.  Dublin  Vniv.  Mag. 

CON-TRIB'y-TIVE,  a.  Having  the  quality  of  be- 
stowing a part  or  share;  assisting;  helpful; 
contributory.  “ Conceit  is  very  eontribiitive  to 
the  well  working  of  physic.”  Fuller. 

CON-TRIB'y-TOR,  n.  One  who  contributes.  Shak. 

CON-TRIB'U-TO-RY,  a.  Bestowing  a part  or 
share;  helping;  contributive.  “The  advice  of 
your  majesty  no  way  contributory  to  this  vio- 
lence.” Milton. 

f CON-TRIS'tAte,  v.  a.  [L.  contristo,  contrista- 
tus ; F r.  contrister.]  To  make  sorrowful.  Bacon. 

f c6N-TRIS-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  contristatio.] 

1.  The  act  of  making  sad  ; an  afflicting. 

2.  The  state  of  being  sad  ; sorrow.  Bacon. 

II  CON'TRITE  [kon'trlt,  S.  W.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  C. 
Wb. ; kon-trlt',  P.  Sm.],  a.  [L.  contritus,  worn 
out  or  bruised ; con,  with,  and  tero,  tritus,  to 
bruise;  It.  <Sf  Sp.  contrito;  Fr.  contrit .]  Op- 
pressed by  a sense  of  sin  or  guilt ; broken  or 
subdued  in  spirit ; penitent ; humble. 

A contrite  heart,  O God,  thou  wilt  not  despise.  Ps.  li.  17. 

XtGF*  “ This  word  ought  to  have  the  accent  on  the 
last  syllable,  both  as  it  is  an  adjective,  from  which  is 
formed  the  abstract  substantive  contriteness , and  as 
the  accent  on  the  first  syllable  has  a tendency  to 
shorten  the  i in  the  last.  Accordingly,  Dr.  Johnson, 
Mr.  Scott,  and  Bailey  place  the  accent  on  the  last  syl- 
lable ; but  Mr.  Sheridan,  Mr.  Nares,  Mr.  Elphinston, 


MfEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RtfLE.  — y,  £,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  5,  |,  hard;  § as  z;  ^ 


as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


CONTRITELY 


308 


C ON VALE  S CENT  L Y 


Dr.  Asli,W.  Johnston,  Perry,  Buchanan,  and  Entick 
place  it  on  the  first,  with  unquestionably  the  best 
usage  on  their  side.”  Walker.  — u This  word  is  ac- 
cented both  ways,  more  commonly  on  the  first  syl- 
lable, more  consistently  on  the  last.”  Smart.  — Smart 
also  accents  contritely  and  contriteness  on  the  second 
syllable. 

||  CON'TRITE-LY,  ad.  In  a contrite  manner. 

II  CON'TRlTE-NgSS,  n.  Contrition,  [k.]  Bailey. 

CON-TRt''T[ON  (kon-trlsh'un),  n.  [L . contritio; 
It.  contrizione  ; Sp.  contricion  ; Fr.  contrition.] 

1.  f The  act  of  grinding  or  reducing  to  pow- 

der. “ The  breaking  of  their  parts  into  less 
parts  by  that  contrition.”  Newton. 

2.  Sorrow  for  sin ; repentance ; compunc- 
tion ; remorse  ; — distinguished  by  some  divines 
from  attrition. 

If  the  sorrow  arise  from  the  fear  of  punishment,  it  is  called, 
in  the  language  of  the  schools,  attrition;  if  from  a desire  to 
please  God,  and  a tender  sense  of  having  offended  so  good  a 
Father,  it  is  styled  contrition.  Bp.  Home. 

Syn.  — See  Repentance. 

CON-TRIT'U-RATE,  v.  a.  [L.  contero,  contritus , 
to  bruise.]  To  pulverize  or  reduce  to  small 
particles.  Sir  W.  Scott. 

CON-TRIV'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  contrived. 

CON-TRlV'ANCE,  n.  1.  The  act  of  contriving. 
“ This  machine  demonstrates  contrivance  and 
design.”  Paley. 

2.  The  thing  contrived.  “ Sage  sayings,  rare 
examples  ; handsome  contrivances.”  Feltham. 

3.  An  act  of  cunning  ; a device  ; a scheme  ; 
a plan  ; a plot ; an  artifice  ; a stratagem. 

There  might  be  a contrivance  to  draw  him  into  some  secret 
ambush.  Atterbury. 

Syn.  — See  Device. 

CON-TR1VE',  V.  a.  [i.  CONTRIVED;  pp.  CON- 
TRIVING, CONTRIVED.] 

1.  t [L.  contero , contritus,  to  waste.]  To  wear 
away  ; to  spend  ; to  pass. 

Three  ages  such  as  mortal  men  contrive.  Spenser. 

Please  ye,  we  may  cojitrlve  this  afternoon.  Shak. 

2.  [Fr.  controuver.]  To  plan  out ; to  devise  ; 

to  design  ; to  invent;  to  form.  “The  works  of 
God  are  all  wisely  contrived.”  Ray. 

CON-TRiVE',  v.  n.  To  form  a plan  or  plot ; to 
scheme  ; to  plan  ; to  plot.  “ The  Fates  with 
traitors  do  contrive.”  Shak. 

CON-TRIVED'  (kon-trlvd'),  p.  a.  Planned  ; pro- 
jected ; designed.  “ Contrived  murder.”  Shalt. 

f CpN-TRIVE'MIJNT,  n.  Contrivance.  “ The  de- 
signs and  contrivements.”  Baker. 

CON-TRIV'gR,  n.  One  who  contrives.  “ Con- 
trivance must  have  had  a contriver.”  Paley. 

CON-TROL',  n.  [Fr.  controle ; contre,  against, 
and  role,  a roll,  or  register.] 

1.  A register  or  an  account  kept  to  verify  an- 
other account.  Johnson. 

2.  Restraint ; check  ; hinderance.  “ Speak 

without  control.”  Dryden. 

3.  Superintendence;  power  of  directing;  gov- 
ernment; command;  as,  “To  have  control  of 
any  person  or  thing.” 

CON-TROL',  v.  a.  [Old  Fr.  contreroller  ; Fr . con- 
tr  'der.]  [».  controlled  ; pp.  controlling, 

CONTROLLED.] 

1.  +To  keep  a check  upon  by  a counter-reck- 
oning; to  confute.  Shak. 

2.  To  check ; to  restrain  ; to  hinder  ; to  curb. 

“ Controlling  bounds.”  Shak. 

3.  To  have  power  over;  to  govern  ; to  direct; 
to  manage.  “ Who  can  control  his  fate.”  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Conduct,  Govern. 

CON-TROL'LA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  controlled. 

CON-TROL' L$R,  n.  [Fr.  controleur.] 

1.  One  who  controls;  one  who  has  the  power 
of  governing  or  directing. 

The  great  Controller  of  our  fate 
Deigned  to  be  man,  and  lived  in  low  estate.  Dryden. 

2.  (Laic.)  An  officer  who  examines  the  ac- 
counts of  collectors  of  public  money  ; — in  this 
sense,  commonly  written  comptroller.  — See 
Comptroller. 

CON-TROL'LER-SHIP,  n.  The  office  of  a con- 
troller. Johnson. 

CON-TROL  MJJNT,  n.  1.  The  act  of  controlling; 
control.  Shak. 


2.  State  of  being  restrained ; restraint.  “They 
made  war  . . . without  controlment ."  Davies. 

t CON-TRO-VER'SA-RY,  a.  Disputatious;  con- 
troversial. Bp.  Hall. 

•[CON'TRO-VERSE,  n.  [Fr.]  Debate.  Spenser. 

f CON'TRO-VERSE,  v.  a.  To  controvert.  Hooker. 

+ CON'TRO-VEIt-SUR,  n.  A controversialist ; a 
controverted  Mountagu. 

CON-TRO-VER'SIAL  (kon-tro-ver'shfil,  92),  a.  [L. 
controversialis.  — See  Controvert.]  Relating 
to  controversy  ; polemical ; disputatious.  “ Con- 
troversial discourses.”  Locke. 

CON-TRO-VER'SI AL-IST  (kon-tro-ver'slial-ist),  n. 
One  engaged  in  controversy ; a disputant. 
“ This  rash  and  wild  controversialist.”  Paley. 

CON-TRO-VER'SIAL-LY,  ad.  In  a controversial 
manner.  Ld.  Stowell. 

f CON-TRO-VER'SfON,  n.  The  act  of  controvert- 
ing ; dispute  ; controversy.  Hooker. 

f CON'TRO-VER-SOR,  n.  One  who  engages  in 
controversy;  a controversialist.  Bp.  Hall. 

CON'TRO-VER-SY,  n.  [L.,  It.,  &;  Sp.  controver- 
sial, Fr . controverse. — See  Controvert.] 

1.  f Opposition  ; resistance.  “ Stemming  it 

with  hearts  of  controversy."  Shak. 

2.  A literary,  scientific,  or  theological  dis- 
cussion or  dispute  ; a disputation. 

Controversy,  though  always  an  evil  in  itself,  is  sometimes 
a necessary  evil.  Abp.  W /lately. 

3.  A process  in  law;  a lawsuit.  “If  there 

be  a controversy  between  men,  and  they  come 
unto  judgment.”  Dent.  xxv.  1. 

Syn.  — “ A dispute  is  commonly  oral,  and  a contro- 
versy in  writing.”  Johnson. 

CON'TRO-VER-SY-WRIT'ER,  n.  A controver- 
sialist. Bp.  Barlow. 

CON'TRO-VERT,  v.  a.  [L.  controversies,  contro- 
versor ; contra,  against,  and  verto,  or  verso,  to 
turn  ; It.  controvertere ; Sp.  controvertir ; Fr. 
controverser.]  [i.  controverted  ; pp.  con- 
troverting, controverted.]  To  contend 
against ; to  dispute,  especially  in  writing ; to 
debate  ; to  contest. 

The  mode  of  government  was  controverted  between  the 
republican  and  tyrannical  parties.  Burke. 

CON'TRO-VERT-f.D,  p.  a.  Disputed;  debated. 

CON'TRO-VERT-f.R,  n.  One  who  engages  in 
controversy  ; a controversialist.  “ Controrerters 
in  divinity.”  B.  Jonson. 

CON-TRO-VERT'I-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  contro- 
verted ; contestable  ; disputable.  Browne. 

CON-TRO-VERT'I-BLY,  ad.  Disputably. 

CON'TRO-VERT-IST,  n.  A controversialist;  a 
disputant.  Tillotson. 

CON-Tr0'§ION  (kon-trd'zhun),  n.  [L.  contrudo, 
contrusus,  to  press  together ; con,  with,  and 
trudo,  to  press.]  The  act  of  pressing  together. 
“ Contrusion  of  the  particles.”  Boyle. 

f CON-TU'BER-NAL  [kon-tu'bcr-nal,  O.  Cl.  Wb. ; 
kon-ru-ber'n?l,  C.],  a.  [L.  contiebernalis,  a tent- 
companion,  a comrade  ; con,  with,  and  tuberna, 
a booth,  a tavern.]  Partaking  of  the  same 
lodgings.  Craig. 

CON-TU-MA'CIOUS  (k8n-tu-ma'shus,  6G),  a.  [L. 
contumax,  contumacis  ; con,  with,  and  tumeo,  to 
be  puffed  up.] 

1.  Contemptuous  ; obstinate  ; perverse  ; in- 

flexible ; stubborn  ; intractable.  “ The  most 
contumacious  sinner.”  Hammond. 

2.  (Law.)  Wilfully  disobedient  to  a lawful 

summons  or  to  a judicial  order.  Ayliffe. 

Syn. — See  Obstinacy. 

COn-TU-MA'CIOUS-LY,  ad.  With  contumacy; 
obstinately;  inflexibly. 

CON-TU-MA'CIOUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing contumacious  ; stubbornness  ; obstinacy  ; 
perverseness.  IViseman. 

CON'TU-M A-CY,  n.  [L.,  It.,  £$  Sp.  contumacia ; 
Fr.  contumace .] 

1.  Obstinacy  ; perverseness  ; stubbornness  ; 
disobedience  to  authority. 

The  witness  persisted  in  his  contumacy.  Addison.  \ 


2.  ( Law .)  Wilful  disobedience  to  any  lawful 
summons  or  to  a judicial  order.  Ayliffe . 

Syn. — Contumacy  is  obstinate  resistance  to  au- 
thority ; obstinacy,  pertinacious  adherence  to  opinion, 
or  to  a course  of  conduct.  The  contumacy  of  a soldier; 
the  obstinacy  or  stubbornness  of  a headstrong  child  ; 
the  perversity  of  a vicious  one.  — See  Obstinacy. 

II  CON-TU-ME'LI-OUS  [kSn-tu-me'le-us,  W.  P.  J. 
Ja.  Sm. ; kon-tu-inel'yus,  S.  F.  A'.],  a.  [L.  contu- 
mcliosus ; It.  A Sp.  contumelioso .]  Reproachful ; 
rude  ; insolent.  “ Contumelious  language. "Swift. 

||  CON-TU-ME'LI-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  a contumeli- 
ous manner. 

II  CON-TLT-ME'LI-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  contumelious  ; rudeness  ; contumely. 
“ Charge  of  contumeliousness.”  Hammond. 

CON'TU-ME-LY,  n.  [L.  contumelia ; con,  with, 
and  tumeo,  to  be  pufled  tip ; It.  Sy  Sp.  contume- 
lia ; Fr.  contumelies]  Contemptuousness ; in- 
solence ; rudeness ; abusiveness. 

The  oppressor’s  wrong,  the  proud  man’s  contumely.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Reproach. 

f CON-TU'MU-LATE,  v.  a.  [L.  contumulo,  con- 
tumulatus,  to  cover  with  a mound  ; con,  with, 
and  tumulus,  a mound.]  To  lay  or  bury  in  the 
same  tomb  or  grave.  Todd. 

CON-TU-MU-LA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  burying  in 
the  same  tomb,  [it.]  Maunder. 

f CON-TUND',  v.  a.  [L.  contundo ; Fr.  contundre .] 
To  bruise  ; to  contuse.  Gayton. 

CON-TU§E'  (kon-tuz'),  V.  a.  [L.  contundo,  con- 
tusus  ; con,  with,  and  tundo,  to  beat ; Fr.  con- 
tusionner .]  [i.  contused  ; pp.  contusing,  con- 
tused.] 

1.  To  compress  by  blows  ; to  beat.  “ Roots, 
barks,  and  seeds  contused  together.”  Bacon. 

2.  To  injure  by  a blow  or  bv  pressure  without 

penetrating  the  flesh  ; to  bruise.  “ The  liga- 
ture contuses  the  lips.”  Wiseman. 

CON-TU'^ION  (kon-tu'zhun,  93),  n.  [L.  contusio ; 
It.  contusione  ; Sp.  <$r  Fr.  contusion.] 

1.  The  act  of  beating  or  bruising. 

2.  The  state  of  being  beaten  or  bruised.  Boyle. 

3.  A bruise.  “ All  contusions,  in  hard  weath- 
er, are  more  difficult  to  cure.”  Bacon. 

CON-  O-LA  'R  I- A,  n.  [L.  conus,  a cone.]  (Pal.) 
A genus  of  fossil  pteropods  having  shells  of  a 
conical  shape.  Woodward. 

CO-NUN'DRUM,  n. ; pi.  conundrums.  A sort  of 
riddle  in  which  some  odd  resemblance  is  pro- 
posed for  discovery  between  tilings  otherwise 
quite  unlike  ; a quibble  ; a low  jest.  Phillips. 

CO  'NUS,  n.  [L.,  a cone,  from  Or.  kuivo;.] 

1.  (Bot.)  A cone  or  spike, with  scale-like  carpels 
arranged  round  an  axis,  as  in  the  pines.  Hcnslow. 

2.  (Zoiil.)  A Linnaean  genus  of  mollusks, 

having  a conical  shell.  Brande. 

f CON'U-SA-BLE,  a.  [Old  Fr.  conus,  known.]  Li- 
able to  be  judged  ; cognizable.  “ Courts  where 
matrimonial  causes  are  conusable.”  Bp.  Barlow. 

CON'U-SANCE,  n.  (Law.)  Cognizance  or  juris- 
diction. — See  Cognizance.  Burrill. 

CON'U-SANT,  a.  (Law.)  Knowing  ; being  privy 
to  ; cognizant.  — See  Cognizant.  . Hale. 

CON-VA-LESCE'  (kon-va-les'),  V.  n.  [L.  conva- 
lesco,  convalescens ; con,  with,  and  valesco,  to 
grow  strong  ; valeo,  to  be  strong.]  [t.  conva- 
lesced ; pp.  convalescing,  convalesced.] 
To  grow  strong  ; to  recover  health.  Ktiox. 

CON-VA-LES'CJgNCF,  n.  [L.  convalescent i a ; It. 
convalescenza ; Sp.  § Fr.  convalescence.]  Act  of 
convalescing;  recovery  of  health  after  sickness ; 
renewal  of  health.  “ She  recovered  her  spirits 
to  a reasonable  convalescence."  Clarendon. 

CON-VA-LES'C^N-CY,  n.  Recovery  of  health.  — 
See  Convalescence.  Johnson. 

CON-VA-LES'C£NT,  a.  [L .convalescens  -.  It . con- 
valescente  ; Sp.  L\  Fr.  convalescent.]  Recover- 
ing health  after  sickness  ; improving  in  health. 

CON-VA-LES'CgNT,  n.  One  recovering  from 
sickness.  Collinson. 

CON-VA-LES'C$NT-LY,  ad.  In  a convalescent 
manner.  [R.]  Qu.  Ber. 


A,  E,  !,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  ?,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure.  — FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


CONYALLARIA 


309 


CONVERSAZIONE 


CON-VAI.-LA ' RI-A,  n.  [L.  convallis,  a deep  val- 
ley.] {Bot.)  A genus  of  deciduous  plants  ; the 
lily  of  the  valley.  Loudon. 

CON-VEC'TION,  n.  [L.  convectio ; conveho , con- 
vectus,  to  bring  together.]  The  act  of  convey- 
ing or  transferring.  Prout. 

Convection  of  heat,  the  transmission  of  heat  by  actual 
contact,  in  opposition  to  radiation.  Johnston. 

CON-VEN' A-BLE,  a.  1.  That  maybe  convened. 

‘ 8.  [Fr.  convenable .]  Suitable  ; accordant. 
“ With  his  word  his  work  is  convenable."  Spenser. 

CON-VENE',  v.  n.  [L.  convenio ; con,  with,  and 
venio,  to  come  ; It.  convenire  ; Sp.  convenir.] 
[i.  CONVENED  ; pp.  CONVENING,  CONVENED.] 

1.  +To  come  together;  — applied  to  things. 

“ The  rays  convene  in  the  eyes.”  Newton. 

2.  To  associate ; to  meet  together  ; to  assem- 

ble ; — applied  to  persons.  “ A synod  was  soon 
to  convene."  Robertson. 


CON-VENE',  v.  a.  1.  To  call  together  by  invita- 
tion, or  request ; to  bring  together  ; to  assemble. 

Cato  and  Caninius  refused  to  suffer  any  decree  to  pass  till 
a general  assembly  of  the  people  should  be  convened.  Melmoth. 

2.  To  summon  judicially  ; to  convoke. 

By  the  papal  and  canon  law,  clerks,  in  criminal  and  civil 
causes,  cannot  be  convened  before  any  but  an  ecclesiastical 
judge.  Ayliffe. 

3.  To  be  convenient  to  ; — sometimes  very 
improperly  so  used  in  the  U.  S.  Pickeriny. 

Syn.  — See  Assemble. 

CON-  VJy-NEE',  n.  One  convened,  invited,  or  sum- 
moned with  others,  [r.]  Maunder. 

CON-VEN'fR,  n.  One  who  convenes. 

I do  reverence  the  conveners  [at  the  synod  of  Dort]  for 
their  worth  and  learning.  Mountagu. 

||  CON-VENT  IJNCE,  ) n_  [p,.  convenientia ; con- 

||  CON-VEN'IEN-CY,  ) venio,  conveniens,  to  come 
together ; It.  convenienza ; Sp.  conveniencia ; Fr. 
convenance.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  convenient ; suitable- 
ness ; fitness ; propriety. 

Convenicncy  is  when  a thing  or  action  is  fitted  to  the  cir- 
cumstances. Perkins. 

2.  Freedom  from  difficulties  ; commodious- 
ness ; accommodation. 

The  value  [of  all  a traveller’s  goods  put  into  one  jewel]  is 
the  same,  and  the  convenience  greater.  South. 

3.  Cause  of  satisfaction  or  comfort ; that 
which  is  convenient  or  useful. 

A pair  of  spectacles,  a pocket  perspective,  and  several  other 
little  conveniences.  Swift. 

||  CON- VEN'I ^NT  [kon-ve'nyent,  S.  E.  F.  K.  ; 
kpn-vfi'ne-ent,  W.  P.  J.  Ja.  C. j,  a.  [L.  conveni- 
ens ; It.  Sp.  conveniente;  Fr.  convenant. ] 

1.  Fit ; suitable  ; proper  ; adapted.  “Neither 

foolish  talking,  nor  jesting,  which  are  not  con- 
venient.” Eph.  v.  4.  “ Feed  me  with  food  con- 

venient for  me.”  Prov.  xxx.  8. 

2.  Affording  convenience ; conducive  to  com- 
fort or  ease  ; commodious  ; advantageous. 

Syn.  — A convenient  opportunity;  convenient  situ- 
ation ; commodious  house  ; suitable  furniture  ; Jit  and 
proper  for  the  season  ; adapted  to  tile  specific  use. 


||  CON-VEN'IJJNT-LY,  ad.  In  a convenient  man- 
ner ; fitly. 

CON-VEN'ING,  n.  The  act  of  coming  together ; 
convention.  Richardson. 

CON' VENT,  n.  [L.  conventus,  an  assembly  ; It.  § 
Sp.  convento  ; Fr.  convent.] 

1.  A body  of  monks  or  of  nuns. 

Lodged  in  the  abbey,  where  the  reverend  abbot 

With  all  his  convent  honorably  received  him.  Shak. 

2.  A religious  house  inhabited  by  a society  of 
monks  or  of  nuns  ; an  abbey  ; a monastery  ; a 
nunnery. 

Syn.  — See  Abbey. 


t CON-VENT',  v.  a.  To  call  before  a judge;  to 
summon;  — to  call  together;  to  convene.  Shak. 

fCON-VENT',  v.  n.  To  come  together;  to  meet; 
to  concur. 


All  our  surgeons 

Convent  in  their  behoof.  Beau,  ff  FI. 

CON-VEN'TI-CLE  [kon-ven'te-kl,  W.  P.  J.  E.  F. 
Ja.  K.  Sm.  C.  Wb. ; kon'ven-tlkl,  S.],  n.  [L. 
conventicuhim,  dim.  of  conventus,  an  assembly  ; 
It.  conventicolo  ; Fr.  conventicule. ] 

1.  An  assembly  ; a meeting.  Ayliffe. 

2.  An  assembly  for  schismatical  worship  ; — 


formerly  applied  to  the  meetings  of  the  Eng- 
lish Nonconformists,  which  were  forbidden  by 
the  laws.  Hooker. 

f- CON-VEN'TI-CLE,  v.  n.  To  partake  of  the  na- 
ture of  a conventicle,  or  assembly  for  schismat- 
ical worship.  “ Conventicling  schools  or  acad- 
emies.” South. 

CON-VEN'TI-CLJJR,  n.  One  who  frequents  con- 
venticles. Dryden. 

CON-VEN'TION,  n.  [L.  convention  It . convenzi- 
one;  Sp.  convencion  ; Fr.  convention.] 

1.  The  act  of  coming  together  ; junction  ; un- 
ion ; — applied  to  things.  “ The  conventions  or  as- 
sociations of  several  particles  of  matter.”  Boyle. 

2.  An  assembly,  civil  or  ecclesiastical ; a con- 

vocation. “ A convention  of  delegates  from  the 
several  states  of  Greece.”  Glover. 

3.  {Eng.  Law.)  An  extraordinary  assembly 
of  both  houses  of  Parliament,  without  being 
convoked  by  the  sovereign  ; as,  “ The  conven- 
tion which  restored  King  Charles  II.”  Burrill. 

4.  An  agreement;  a contract; — as  between 
the  commanders  of  opposing  armies  in  regard 
to  the  terms  on  which  hostilities  shall  be  sus- 
pended, or  between  states  to  observe  certain 
stipulations  contained  in  a treaty.  Clarke. 

Syn.  — See  Assembly. 

CON-VEN'TION-AL  (kon-ven'shun-af),  a.  [It. 
convenzionale ; Sp.  convencional ; Fr.  conven- 
tionnel .'j 

1.  Stipulated ; agreed  on  by  compact.  “ Con- 

ventional services  reserved  by  tenures  upon 
grants.”  Hale. 

2.  Sanctioned  by  general  concurrence  ; tacit- 
ly understood ; customary  ; formal. 

Poetry  and  elocution  of  every  sort  make  use  of  signs;  but 
those  signs  are  arbitrary  and  conventional.  Sir  J.  Reynolds. 

CON-VEN'TION-AL-Ii-iM,  n.  A conventional 
phrase,  form,  or  ceremony.  Ec.  Rev. 

CON-VEN'TION-AL-IST,  n.  One  who  adheres  to 
a convention.  Qu.  Rev. 

CON-VEN-TION-AL'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being 
conventional ; a conventional  term,  principle, 
or  custom.  Latham. 

CON-VEN'TION-AL-IZE,  v.  a.  To  render  or 
make  conventional.  W.  H.  Smyth. 

CON-VEN'TION- AL-LY,  ad.  In  a conventional 
manner ; by  convention,  Hamilton. 

CON-VEN'TION-A-RY,  a.  Pertaining  to  a con- 
vention or  stipulation.  Carew. 

CON-VEN'TION- $R,  n.  A member  of  a conven- 
tion or  assembly.  Scott. 

CON-VEN'TION-IST,  n.  One  who  makes  a con- 
vention, contract,  or  bargain.  Sterne. 

CON-VENT'U-AL,  a.  [Fr.  conventael.]  Belong- 
ing to  a convent,  or  monastery  ; monastic. 
“ Conventual  priors.”  Ayliffe. 

CON-VENT'U-AL,  n.  One  who  lives  in  a convent ; 
a monk  or  a nun.  Addison. 

CON-VEItyE',  v.  n.  [Low  L.  eonvergo,  conver- 
qens  ; con,  with,  and  vergo,  to  incline  ; Sp.  § 
Fr.  converger .]  [i.  converged  ; pp.  converg- 
ing, converged.]  To  tend  or  incline  towards 
the  same  point  or  object;  to  come  together;  to 
meet.  “ Rays  made  to  converge.”  Newton. 

CON-VER'^ENCE,  ) M>  [Sp.  convergencia ; Fr. 

CON-VER'y^N-Cy,  ) convergence .]  The  act.  of 

converging  ; tendency  to  one  point  from  differ- 
ent parts  ; — opposed  to  divergence.  Derham. 

CON-VERRENT,  a.  [Fr.  convergent .]  Tending 
to  one  point  from  different  places ; converging. 

CON-VER'Gp  NT— NERVED,  a.  ( Bot .)  Noting 
leaves,  the  ribs  of  which  form  a curve  and  meet 
at  the  point.  Brande. 

Converging  lines,  lines  tending  to  one  point. — Con- 
verging rays,  rays  tending  to  a common  focus. — Con- 
verging series,  [Math.)  a series  in  which  the  greater 
the  number  of  terms  taken  the  nearer  will  their  sum 
approximate  to  a fixed  value.  Davies. 

CON-VER^'ING,  a.  Tending  to  the  same  point, 
as  two  or  more  lines ; convergent. 

CON- VER'S A-BLE,  a.  [Fr.  — See  Converse.] 
Qualified  for  conversation  ; inclined  to  con- 
verse; communicative;  affable;  sociable.  “So 
conversable  a friend.”  Swift. 


CON-VER'SA-BLE-NESS,  n.  Disposition  to  con- 
verse ; sociableness  ; affability.  Johnson. 

CON- VER'S  A- BLY,  ad.  In  a conversable  man- 
ner. Johnson. 

II  CON'VfR-SANCE,  or  CON-VER'SANCE,  n.  [L. 
conversin',  conversans,  to  associate  with.]  State 
of  being  conversant ; acquaintance.  Ec.  Rev. 

II  CON'VIJR-SAN-CY,  or  CON-VER'SAN-CY,  n. 
Same  as  Conversance.  ’ 11.  Taylor. 

II  CON'VyR-SANT  [kon'vqr-s&nt,  E.  Ja.  Sm.  R.  C. 
Cl.  Wb. ; kon'ver-sant  or  kon-ver'sjnt,  S.  W.  J.  F. ; 
kon-ver's?nt,  P.  A'.],  a.  [It.  ie  Sp.  conversant/.1 .] 

1.  Acquainted  with  by  use  or  study  ; versed  ; 
skilful ; knowing  ; proficient. 

The  learning  and  skill  which  he  had  by  being  conversant 
in  their  books.  Hooker. 

lie  uses  the  different  dialects  as  one  who  had  been  conver- 
sant with  them  all.  Pope. 

2.  Having  intercourse ; familiar  by  fellowship. 

Old  men  who  have  loved  young  company,  and  been  con- 
versant continually  with  them,  have  been  of  long  life.  Bacon. 

“ There  are  such  considerable  authorities  for 
each  of  these  pronunciations,  as  render  a decision  on 
that  ground  somewhat  difficult.  Dr.  Johnson,  Dr. 
Ash,  Dr.  Kenrick,  Mr.  Perry,  Buchanan,  and  Bailey 
place  the  accent  on  the  second  syllable  ; and  Mr. 
Nares,  W.  Johnston,  and  Entick  accent  the  first.  Mr. 
Sheridan  and  Mr.  Scott  place  it  on  both,  and  conse- 
quently leave  it  undecided.  Since  authorities  are  so 
equal,  and  analogy  so  precarious,  usage  must  be  the 
umpire  ; and  my  observation  fails  me,  if  that  which 
may  be  called  the  best  usage  does  not  decide  in  favor 
of  the  accent  on  the  first  syllable.”  Walker.  Of  the 
above  authorities  included  in  brackets,  ten  are  sub- 
sequent to  Walker. 

||  CON-VER'SANT,  n.  A converser.  [it.]  Butler . 

C6N-V£R-SA'TION,  n.  [L .conversation  It.  con- 
versazione', Sp.  conversation ; Fr.  conversation?^ 

1.  Acquaintance  from  experience.  “ Much. 

conversation  in  books. ” Bacon . 

2.  Intercourse  ; familiarity.  “ Conversation 

with  the  best  company.”  Dryden. 

3.  + Behavior  ; conduct ; deportment. 

Having  your  conversation  honest  among  the  Gentiles;  that 
whereas  they  speak  against  you  as  evil  doers,  they  may,  by 
your  good  works  which  they  shall  behold,  glorify  Ood. 

1 Peter  ii.  12. 

4.  Familiar  discourse ; converse ; talk;  chat. 

Johnson’s  conversation  is  the  perfection  of  the  talk  of  a man 
of  letters;  and  if  the  test  of  table-talk  be  its  worthiness  to 
take  a place  as  literature  after  its  immediate  effect  has  been 
produced,  where  shall  we  look  for  its  match  / Qu.  Rev. 

That  is  the  happiest  conversation  where  there  is  no  com- 
petition, no  vanity,  but  only  a calm,  quiet  interchange  of 
sentiment.  Johnson. 

Though  conversation , in  its  better  part. 

May  be  esteemed  a gift,  and  not  an  art. 

Yet  much  depends,  as  in  the  tiller’s  toil, 

On  culture  and  the  sowing  of  the  soil.  Coivper. 

5.  f Sexual  commerce.  Bp.  Hall. 

Syn.  — Conversation  is  accidental  or  occasional 

verbal  intercourse  between  two  or  more  persons  ; a 
conference  is  a kind  of  conversation  on  some  subject, 
and  previously  appointed  ; and  when  it  is  recorded,  it 
is  a dialogue  ; a colloquy  is  a species  of  dialogue.  A 
discourse  befween  two  persons,  like  a conference,  is 
a premeditated  conversation.  Common  conversation  ; 
a formal  discourse;  a ministerial  conference;  an  in- 
teresting or  amusing  dialogue  or  colloquy  ; familiar 
talk  ; pleasant  chat. 

CON-VJyR-SA'TION-AL,  a.  Relating  to  conver- 
sation ; colloquial.  Sir  H.  Davy. 

CON-VIJR-SA'TION-AL-IST,  n.  An  adept  in  con- 
versation ; conversationist.  Ed.  Rev. 

■j-  CON-VJJR-SA'TIONED  (kon-ver-sa'shund),  p.  a. 
Acquainted  or  conversant  with  the  manner  of 
acting  in  common  life.  “Till  she  be  better  con- 
vei'sationed.”  Beau.  Sj  FI. 

CON-V^R-SA'TION-IijM,  n.  A word  or  phrase 

■ used  in  conversation  ; a colloquialism.  Ec.  Rev. 

CON-VIJR-SA'TION-iST,  n.  An  adept  in  conver- 
sation ; conversationalist.  Southey. 

CON-VER'SA-TIVE,  a.  Relating  to  intercourse 
with  men  : inclined  to  conversation.  “ Conver- 
sative  qualities  of  youth.”  Wotton. 

CONVERSAZIONE  (kon-ver-s'it-ze-o'n?),  n.  ; pi. 
conversazioni  (kSn-ver-sat-ze-o'nS).  [It.,«m- 
versation,  an  assembly .]  A meeting  of  com- 

pany for  conversation  or  other  entertainment. 

A conversazione , a sort  of  assembly  at  the  principal  peo- 
ple’s houses,  full  of  I cannot  tell  what.  Gray,  (1*40.) 

These  conversazioni  resemble  our  card  assemblies;  some 
plnved  at  cards,  some  passed  the  time  in  conversation,  others 
walked  from  place  to  place.  Drummond's  JYavels , 17,54. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — $,  g,  soft ; £,  O,  c,  g,  hard;  § as  z; 


^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


CONVERSE 


310 


CONVINCE 


CON-VERSE',  v.  n.  [L.  conversor,  to  associate 
with  ; core,  with,  and  versor,  to  turn  ; It.  con- 
versare ; Sp.  conversar ; Fr.  converse)'.]  [i. 
CONVERSED  ; pp.  CONVERSING,  CONVERSED.] 

1.  To  become  acquainted  from  experience. 

“ According  as  the  objects  they  converse  with 
afford  greater  or  less  variety.”  Locke. 

2.  To  hold  intercourse ; to  commune. 

To  seek  the  distant  hills,  and  there 

Converse  with  nature.  Thomson. 

3.  To  convey  thoughts  reciprocally  ; to  talk 
familiarly ; to  discourse. 

Go,  therefore,  half  this  day,  as  friend  with  friend, 
Converse  with  Adam.  Milton. 

4.  To  have  sexual  commerce  or  intercourse. 

Guardian. 

Syn. — See  Speak. 

CON'VERSE  (114),  n.  1.  Intercourse;  acquaint- 
ance; familiarity.  “By  free  converse  witli  per- 
sons.” Watts. 

2.  Mutual  discourse  ; conversation. 

Formed  by  thy  converse  happily  to  steer 

From  grave  to  gay,  from  lively  to  severe.  Pope. 

3.  ( Logic  & Math.)  A proposition  formed 
from  another  by  interchanging  the  terms;  thus, 
the  proposition  that,  “ If  two  sides  of  a plane 
triangle  are  equal,  the  angles  opposite  to  them 
are  equal,”  is  the  converse  of  the  proposition, 
“ If  two  angles  of  a plane  triangle  are  equal, 
the  sides  opposite  to  them  are  equal.”  Davies. 

CON'VERSE,  a.  Opposite  ; reciprocal ; as,  “ A 
converse  proposition.”  [r.] 

CON' VERSE- LY,  or  CON-VERSE'LY  [kon-vers'le, 
<S.  W.  P.  F.  K.  Stn. ; kon'vers-ie,  IV  b.],  ad. 
With  change  of  order;  reciprocally. 

CON-VERS'JJR,  n.  One  who  converses.  Piozzi. 

CON-VER'SION  (kon-ver'shun),  n.  [L.  conversion 
It.  conversions,  Sp.  Fr.  conversion .] 

1.  The  act  of  converting ; change  from  one 

state  to  another  ; transmutation.  “ Artificial 
conversion  of  water  into  ice  is  the  work  of  a few 
hours.”  Bacon. 

2.  Change  from  a bad,  or  irreligious,  to  a 

good,  or  religious,  life.  Doddridge. 

3.  Change  from  one  religion  to  another. 
“The  conversion  of  the  Gentiles.”  Acts  xv.  4. 

4.  (Logic.)  A transposition  or  interchange 
of  terms  so  that  the  subject  is  made  the  predi- 
cate, and  vice  versa  ; as,  “ No  virtue  is  vice  ” ; 
“ No  vice  is  virtue.” 

5.  (Math.)  The  reduction  of  a fractional 

equation  to  an  integral  one.  Johnson. 

6.  (Law.)  An  appropriation  of  property  ; one 
of  the  grounds  of  the  action  of  trover.  Burrill. 

7.  (Mil.)  A wheeling  about  of  any  compo- 

nent part  of  a body  of  troops,  or  of  a field  bat- 
tery. Burn. 

CON-VER'SJVE,  a.  Disposed  to  converse  ; con- 
versable ; sociable.  Feltham. 

CON-VERT',  v.  a.  [L.  concerto  ; con,  with,  and 
verto,  to  turn;  It.  convertire ; Sp.  (r  Fr.  conver- 
tir .]  [i.  CONVERTED  ; pp.  CONVERTING,  CON- 

VERTED.] 

1.  To  change  from  one  thing,  or  from  one 
state,  to  another  ; to  transmute.  “ If  the  whole 
atmosphere  was  converted  into  water.”  Burnet. 
“To convert  fools  into  madmen.”  Addison. 

2.  To  turn  from  a bad  to  a good  life.  “ Sin- 
ners shall  be  converted  unto  thee.”  Ps.  li.  13. 

3.  To  turn  from  one  religion  or  opinion  to 

another.  “ Augustine  is  converted  by  St.  Am- 
brose’s sermon.”  Hammond. 

4.  To  appropriate  ; to  apply.  “ He  converted 

the  prizes  to  his  own  use.”  Arbuthnot. 

5.  To  transpose  or  interchange,  as  the  terms 
of  a proposition. 

The  Papists  cannot  abide  this  proposition  converted.  Hale. 

6.  f To  turn  ; to  move. 

Crystal  will . . . convert  the  needle  freely  placed.  Browne. 

7.  +To  translate,  or  turn  into  another  lan- 
guage. 

Which  story  Catullus  more  elegantly  converted.  B.  Jonson. 

CON-VERT',  v.  n.  To  undergo  a change  ; to  be 
turned  to  something  different ; to  be  transmuted. 

The  love  of  wicked  friends  converts  to  fear.  Shah. 

CON'VIJRT  (114),  n.  1.  A person  who  is  con- 
verted ; one  who  is  brought  over  from  one  re- 
ligion or  opinion  to  another,  or  from  an  irre- 
ligious to  a religious  life. 


A believer  may  be  excused  by  the  most  hardened  atheist 
for  endeavoring  to  make  him  a convert.  Addison. 

2.  A lay  friar,  or  brother  admitted  into  a mon- 
astery for  the  service  of  the  house,  and  not  al- 
lowed to  sing  in  the  choir.  London  Ency. 

Syn.  — Convert  and  -proselyte  are  often  used  synon- 
ymously ; but  convert,  has  a more  extensive  applica- 
tion, and  is  more  uniformly  used  in  a good  sense  ; 
and  there  is  generally  understood  to  he  more  sincerity 
in  a convert  than  in  a proselyte.  Apostate  and  pervert 
are  always  used  in  a bad  sense.  A convert  to  Chris- 
tianity or  to  an  opinion  ; a proselyte  from  one  sect  to 
another;  a sincere  convert ; an  interested  proselyte  ; 
an  apostate  from  one’s  religion  ; a pervert  from  the 
true  faith  to  a false  system  of  religion. 

CON-VERT'ED,  p.  a.  1.  Changed  into  another 
substance,  or  to  another  state,  use,  or  condition. 

2.  Turned  from  a bad  to  a good  or  religious 
life,  or  from  one  religion  or  opinion  to  another. 

CON-VERT'^R,  n.  One  who  makes  converts. 

CON-VERT-l-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [It.  convertibility h] 
The  quality  of  being  convertible.  Burke. 

CON-VERT'I-BLE,  a.  [It.  convertible  ; Sp.  § Fr. 
convertible.) 

1.  That  may  be  converted  ; susceptible  of 
change. 

The  gall  is  convertible  into  a corrosive  alkali.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  Susceptible  of  being  used  one  for  another  ; 
interchangeable. 

The  law  and  the  opinion  of  the  judge  are  not  always  con- 
vertible terms.  Blackstonc. 

CON-VERT'I-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
convertible.  Ash. 

CON-VERT'I-BLY,  ad.  Reciprocally;  by  inter- 
change. " South. 

CON-VERT'JNG,  p.  a.  Changing,  or  producing 
a change ; turning. 

f CON'VJpRT-lTE,  n.  [Fr.  convcrti.)  A con- 
vert. Shak. 

CON'VEX  (kon'veks),  a.  [L.  convents ; It.  con- 
vesso  ; Sp.  convexo  ; Fr.  convexc.)  Rising  or 
swelling  externally  into  a spherical  form  ; pro- 
tuberent  outwards  ; — opposed  to  concave ; as, 
“ A convex  mirror.” 

CON'VEX,  n.  A convex  or  spherical  body.  “ This 
huge  convex  of  fire.”  Milton. 

CON-VEXED'  (kon-vekst'),  p.  a.  Formed  convex. 

CON-VEX'ED-LY,  acl.  In  a convex  form.  Browne. 

CON-VEX'IJD-NESS,  n.  Spheroidal  protuberance ; 
convexity.  Craig. 

CON-VEX'I-TY,  n.  [It.  convessita  ■,  Sp . convexi- 
dad ; Fr.  convexite.)  The  state  of  being  convex  ; 
spheroidal  protuberance.  “ The  convexity  of 
the  earth.”  Bentley. 

CON'VEX-LY  [kon-veks'le,  S.  W.  P.  Ja.  K.; 
k5n'vSks-le,  Sm.  Wb.),  ad.  In  a convex  form. 

CON'VEX-NJJSS,  n.  Spheroidal  protuberance  ; 
convexity.  Johnson. 

CON-VEX'O— CON 'CAVE  (kon-veks'o-kong'kav),  a. 
[Fr.]  Convex  on  one  side,  and  concave  on  the 
other.  Newton. 

CON-VEX'O— CON'VEX,  a.  [Fr.  convexo-convexe.) 
Convex  on  both  sides.  P.  Cyc. 

CON-VEX'O— PLANE,  a.  Plane  on  one  side,  and 
convex  on  the  other.  Craig. 

CON-VEY'  (kon-va'),  v.  a.  [L.  conveho  ; con,  with, 
and  veho,  to  carry.]  [*.  conveyed  ; pp.  con- 
veying, CONVEYED.] 

1.  To  carry ; to  bear  ; to  transport  from  one 

place  to  another  ; to  transmit.  “ I will  convey 
them  by  sea  in  floats.”  1 Kings  v.  9. 

2.  To  impart.  “ They  convey  our  thoughts 

in  ardent  and  intense  phrases.”  Addison. 

3.  To  deliver  to  another;  to  transfer;  as, 
“ To  convey  lands.” 

4.  +To  conduct  or  manage  with  privacy. 

I will  convey  the  business  as  I shall  find  means.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Bear. 

CON-VEY'  (kon-va'),  v.  n.  To  play  the  thief. 
“ Convey,  the  wise  it  call ; steal  ? foh.”  Shak. 

CON-VEY'A-BLE  (kon-va'j-bl),  a.  Capable  of 
being  conveyed.  Perry. 

CON-VEY'ANCE  (kon-va'gns),  n.  1.  The  act  of 


conveying  or  transmitting.  “Tradition  is  no 
infallible  way  of  conveyance.”  Stillingfleet. 

2.  The  act  of  transferring  property.  “ Any 

lawful  grant  or  conveyance.  Spenser. 

3.  The  means  by  which  any  thing  is  con- 
veyed ; a vehicle  ; a carriage. 

Proverbial  speeches,  before  the  general  use  of  recording 
abstract  names  and  things  by  writing,  being  the  best  and 
safest  conveyance  of  the  memory  of  events  to  posterity. 

Warburton. 

4.  A deed  which  transfers  or  conveys  land 
or  other  real  property  from  one  to  another. 

The  very  conveyances  of  his  lands  will  hardly  lie  in  his 
box.  Shak. 

5.  t Secret  management ; juggling  artifice. 

Since  Henry’s  death  I fear  there  is  conveyance.  Shak. 
Can  they  not  iuggle,  and  with  slight 
Conveyance  play  with  wrong  and  right.  Hudibras. 

CON-VEY'AN^-^R  (kon-va'sins-er),  71.  A lawyer 
who  draws  deeds  or  writings  by  which  property 
is  transferred.  Burrill. 

Syn.  — See  Lawyer. 

CON-VEY'AN^-ING  (kon-va'ans-ing),  n.  (Law.) 
The  business  or  art  of  framing  deeds  or  writings 
by  which  property  is  conveyed.  Butler. 

CON-VEY'^R  (kon-va'ur),  n.  1.  He  who,  or  that 
which,  conveys  or  transmits.  South. 

2.  An  impostor ; a juggler  ; a deceiver.  “ Con- 
veyers are  you  all.”  Shak. 

t CON-v!"CJ-ATE,  v.  a.  To  convitiate. 

CfJN-VI-CIN'l-TY,  n.  [L.  con,  with,  and  vicinitas, 
neighborhood.]  Neighborhood;  nearness.  “The 
convicinity ...  of  the  two  parishes.”  [r.]  I Fart  on. 

CON-VICT',  v.  a.  [L . convinco,  convictus ; con, 
with,  and  vinco,  to  conquer;  It.  convincere ; Sp. 
convencer ; Fi.  convaincre.)  [ i . convicted; 
pp.  CONVICTING,  convicted.] 

1.  To  overpower  by  proving  a charge  against 
one  ; to  prove  guilty  ; to  detect  in  guilt. 

If  the  jurvfind  him  [the  prisoner]  guilty,  he  is  then  said  to 
be  convicted  of  the  crime  whereof  he  is  indicted.  Blackstone. 

They,  being  convicted  by  their  own  conscience,  went  out 
one  by  one.  John  viii.  9. 

2.  +To  prove  to  be  false.  “Not  only  reason 
but  experience  may  well  convict  it.”  Browne. 

3.  To  show  by  proof  or  evidence;  to  prove. 

Imagining  that  these  proofs  will  convict  a testament  to 
have  that  in  it  which  other  men  can  nowhere  by  reading 
find.  Hooker. 

Syn.  — See  Detect. 

t CON-VICT',  a.  Convicted.  Shak. 

CON'VICT,  n.  One  legally  proved  guilty  of  a 
crime  ; one  convicted  of  crime.  Ayliffe. 

Syn.  — See  Criminal. 

CON-VICT'JCD,  p.  a.  Proved  guilty. 

CON-VICT'I-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  convicted; 
that  may  be  convicted,  [r.]  Ash. 

CON-VIC'TION,  n.  [L.  convictio ; It.  convinzione ; 
Sp.  conviccion-,  Fr.  conviction.) 

1.  The  act  of  convicting  ; detection  of  guilt. 

Which  conviction  may  accrue  two  ways;  either  by  his 

confessing  the  offence,  and  pleading  guilty,  or  by  his  being 
found  so  by  the  verdict  of  his  country.  Blackstone. 

2.  The  act  of  convincing;  confutation. 

Conviction  does  hut  more  incense; 

Perverseness  is  your  whole  defence.  Swift. 

3.  The  state  of  being  convicted  or  convinced. 

“ Against  the  conviction  of  their  own  con- 
sciences.” Swift, 

Syn. — Conviction  is  an  acquiescence  founded  on 
satisfactory  evidence,  and  is  produced  by  arguments 
addressed  to  the  understanding.  Persuasion  is  an  as- 
sent founded  on  imperfect  evidence,  and  is  produced 
by  arguments  addressed  to  the  feelings  as  well  as  the 
understanding.  Conviction  implies  certainty  ; persua- 
sion, probability. 

CON-VIC'TIVE,  a.  Tending  to  convict  or  con- 
vince. “ Those  convictive  wonders.”  Bp.  Hall, 

CON-VIC'TJVE-LY,  ad.  In  a convincing  manner  ; 
by  conviction.  More, 

CON-VIC'TIVE-NESS,  n.  Tendency  to  convict,  or 
convince.  Clarke, 

CON-VINCE',  v.  a,  [L.  convinco  ; con , with,  and 
vinco , to  conquer ; It.  convincere ; Sp.  convcncer ; 
Fr.  convaincre,]  [?'.  convinced  ; pp.  convinc- 
ing, CONVINCED.] 

1.  f To  overpower  ; to  surmount. 

Their  malady  convinces 

The  great  essay  of  art.  Shak. 

I convinced  all  his  fear  with  a smile.  I>njden. 


A,  E,  I,  6, -U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  short ; A,  5,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


CON  VIN  CEMENT 


311 


COOL-WORT 


2.  To  subdue  by  argument ; to  force  to  ac- 
knowledge ; to  satisfy  by  proof. 

They  doubted  the  truth  of  his  resurrection;  and  therefore 
lie  staid  to  give  them  such  convincing  proofs  as  might  enable 
them  to  convince  others.  Attertmry. 

3.  fTo  convict.  “Which  of  you  convhiceth 

me  of  sin.’’  John  viii.  46. 

Syn.  — See  Persuade,  Satisfy. 

CON-VINCE'MJNT,  n.  Conviction,  [it.]  Milton. 

CON-VINg']JR,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  con- 
vinces. More. 

CON-VINg'!-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  convinced. 

CON-VINQ'ING,  p.  a.  Producing  conviction  ; con- 
futing. “ Convincing  evidence.”  Locke. 

Syn.  — See  Cogent. 

CON-VINQ'ING-LY,  ad.  So  as  to  compel  assent. 

CON-VINg'jNG-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
convincing.  Johnson. 

f CON-VI"TI-ATE  (kon-vlsh'e-at),  v.  a.  [L.  con- 
vitior,  convitiatus.]  To  reproach;  to  abuse ; to 
revile  ; — written  also  conviciate.  State  Trials. 

tCON-Vl”TIOUS  (kon-vish'us),  a.  [L.  concilium, 
censure.]  Reproachful.  Q.  Elizabeth. 

f CON-VI'VAL,  a.  [L.  convivalis.]  Jovial;  fes- 
tive ; convivial.  Pearson. 

f CON-VlVE',  v.  n.  [L .convivo;  con,  with,  and 
vivo,  to  live.]  To  entertain  ; to  feast.  Shak. 

II  CON- VI V' I- A L,  or  CON-VIV'IAL  [kon-vlv'e-a], 
P.  Sm.  C.  Wb. ; kon-viv’yal,  S.  IP.  J.  E.  F.  Ja. 
K.],  a.  [L.  convioialis  ; conviva,  a table  com- 
panion ; con,  with,  and  vivo,  to  live.]  Relating, 
or  inclined,  to  festivity  ; festive  ; festal ; jovial ; 
social ; gay.  “ Convivial  meetings.”  Denham. 

Syn.  — The  leading  idea  of  convivial  is  that  of  sen- 
sual indulgence,  festivity,  or  the  pleasures  of  the  ta- 
ble ; that  of  social,  the  enjoyment  from  an  inter- 
course with  society.  Convivial  meeting  or  hoard; 
social  intercourse  or  amusements  ; festive  or  festal  oc- 
casion ; gay  or  jovial  company. 

||  CON-VIV'I-AL-IST,  or  CON- VI V'lAL-IST,  n. 
A person  of  convivial  habits.  Gent.  Mag. 

CON-vIv-I-Al'I-TY,  n.  [L.  convivium,  a feast; 
Fr.  conviviality.']  Convivial  disposition  or  prac- 
tice ; festivity.  Malone. 

CON- VI V' I- CM,  n.  [L.]  (Ant.)  A banquet  or 
entertainment.  Maunder. 

CON'VO-CATE,  v.  a.  [L.  convoco,  convocatus .] 
To  convoke,  [it.]  May. 

CON-VO-CA'TION,  n.  [L  .convocation  It.  convo- 
cazione;  Sp.  convocacion  ; Fr  .convocation.] 

1.  The  act  of  convoking  or  calling  an  assembly. 

2.  A meeting  or  gathering  ; a convention. 

These  are  the  feasts  of  the  Lord,  even  holy  convocations , 

which  ye  shall  proclaim  in  their  season.  Levit.  xiii.  4. 

3.  (Eccl.  Law.)  The  assembly  of  the  clergy 
of  the  Church  of  England,  which  takes  place  un- 
der the  authority  of  the  king’s  writ  at  the  com- 
mencement of  every  new  Parliament. 

B£3~“  When  assembled  they  [the  clergy]  form  two 
houses.  In  the  upper  house  sit  the  bishops  ; in  the 
lower,  the  other  clergy  ; in  all  143.  ...  It  is  the  prac- 
tice for  the  king  to  prorogue  the  meeting  when  it  is 
about  to  proceed  to  any  business.”  P.  Cijc. 

House  of  convocation , ( University  of  Oxford.)  the 
assembly  which  enacts  and  amends  laws  and  stat- 
utes, elects  burgesses,  professors,  and  other  officers, 
&c.  Brandt. 

Syn.  — See  Assembly. 

CON-VO-CA'TION-AL,  a.  Relating  to  a convo- 
cation. [r.]  Gent.  Mag. 

CON-VO-CA'TION-IST,  n.  An  advocate  of  con- 
vocation. Ec.  Rev. 

CON-VOKE',  v.  a.  [L.  convoco  ; It.  convocare ; 
Sp.  convocar  ; Fr.  convoquer .]  (i.  convoked  ; 

pp.  convoking,  convoked.]  To  call  together 
by  authority  ; to  convene  ; to  assemble.  “ The 
senate  being  . . . convoked.”  Swift. 

Syn.  — See  Assemble,  Call. 

CON'VO-LUTE,  a.  [L.  convolve,  convolutus, 
to  roll  together ; con,  with,  or  together,  'Mp* 
and  volvo,  to  roll.]  ( Bot .)  Rolled  to- 

gether ; convoluted.  Loudon. 

CON'VO-LUT-IJD,  a.  Turned  or  rolled  together. 

“These  [plates]  axe  convoluted.”  Woodward. 

CON-VO-I.U’TION,  n.  [L.  convolution] 


1.  The  act  of  convolving,  or  of  rolling  any 

thing  upon  itself ; a rolling  together.  “ In  con- 
volution swift.”  Thomson. 

2.  The  state  of  any  thing  rolled  upon  itself ; 
a fold.  “ Numerous  convolutions.”  Blackmore. 

CON-VOLVE'  (kon-volv'),  v.  a.  [L.  conrolvo.]  [i. 
CONVOLVED  ; pp.  CONVOLVING,  CONVOLVED.] 
To  roll  together  ; to  twist. 

He  writhed  him,  to  and  fro  convolved.  Milton. 

CON-VOL- VlI-LA'CEO(JS  (kon-vol-vu-la'slius,  66), 
a.  (Bot.)  Relating  to  the  convolvulus.  P.  Cyc. 

CON-VOL'VU-LUS,  n. ; pi.  CONVOLVULI.  [L., 
from  convolvo,  to  roll  together.]  (Bot.)  A genus 
of  twining  plants ; bindweed.  Loudon. 

CON-VOY',  v.  a.  [L.  con,  with,  and  veho,  to  carry, 
or  via,  a way;  It.  convoy  li  are ; Sp.  convoyar; 
Fr.  convoyer.]  [i.  convoyed  ; pp.  convoy  ing, 
Convoy'ED.]  To  accompany  by  land  or  by  sea 
for  the  sake  of  defence ; to  attend  ; to  escort. 
“ He  was  convoyed  by  ships  of  war.”  Johnson. 

CON'VOY  (114),  n.  1.  The  act  of  convoying;  at- 
tendance for  the  purpose  of  defence. 

Swift  as  a sparkle  of  a glancing  star 
I shoot  from  heaven  to  give  him  safe  convoy.  Milton. 

2.  A guard  of  troops  to  protect  provisions, 

money,  stores,  &c.,  in  their  transit  from  one 
place  to  another  ; an  escort : — a ship,  or  ships, 
of  war  accompanying  a fleet  of  merchantmen  or 
transports  for  protection.  Campbell. 

3.  A fleet  of  merchant  ships  protected  by  an 

armed  force.  Clarke. 

CON-VULSE',  v.  a.  [L.  convello,  convulsus;  con, 
with,  and  vello,  to  tear.]  [i.  convulsed  ; pp. 
convulsing,  convulsed.]  To  draw  or  con- 
tract by  a violent,  irregular  motion,  as  the 
muscular  parts  of  an  animal  body  ; to  affect  by 
spasms  ; to  shake  ; to  agitate  ; to  disturb. 

Pekuah  coni'ulsed  herself  with  laughter.  Johnson. 

Follows  the  loosened,  aggravated  roar 

Crushed  horrible,  convulsing  heaven  and  earth.  Thomson. 

CON-VUL'SION  (kcn-vul'shun),  n.  [L.  convulsio  ; 
It.  convulsione  ; Sp.  A Fr.  convulsion.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  convulsed  ; an  involun- 
tary contraction  of  the  fibres  and  muscles,  by 
which  the  body  and  limbs  are  distorted ; a 
spasm.  “ Death’s  convulsions."  Chapman. 

2.  The  act  of  agitating  or  shaking,  [r.] 

Those  two  massive  pillars 
With  horrible  convulsion  to  and  fro 
He  tugged.  Milton. 

3.  Disturbance  ; commotion  ; tumult ; agita- 
tion. “ The  convulsions  of  state.”  Temple. 

CON-VUL'SION-AL,  a.  Having,  or  relating  to, 
convulsions;  convulsionary.  [r.]  C.  Lamb. 

CON-VUL'SION-A-RY,  a.  Relating  to  convul- 
sions. Hartley. 

CON-VUL'SION— FIT,  n.  A disease  that  convulses 
the  body  ; a spasm.  Milton. 

CON-VUL'SIVE,  a.  [It.  Sj  Sp.  convulsivo ; Fr. 
convulsf] 

1.  Partaking  of  the  nature  of  convulsion. 

“ Convulsive  motions.”  Hale. 

2.  Tending  to  convulse.  “ Convulsive  rage.” 
Dry  den.  “ Convulsive  sorrow.”  Prior. 

CON-VUL'SIVE-LY,  ad.  In  a convulsive  manner. 

II  CON'Y,  or  CO 'NY  [kun'e,  S.  W.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja. 
K. ; ko'ne,  familiarly  kun'e,  Sm.;  ko'ne,  I FA.], 
n.  [Gr.  kvvikIos  ; L.  cuniculus  ; It.  coniglio ; 
Sp.  conejo;  Fr . connil.  — Dut.  konyn;  Ger . ka- 
ninchen  ; Sw.  % Dan.  kanin.  — W.  owning  ; 
Gael,  coinean ; Ir.  coinin ; M.  connee.] 

1.  ( Zoiil .)  An  animal  of  the  genus  Lepus ; 

Lepus  cuniculus ; a rabbit.  Bell. 

The  hills  are  a refuge  for  the  wild  goats,  and  the  rocks  for 
the  conies.  Ps.  civ.  18. 

2.  A simpleton  ; a dupe.  Johnson. 

||  CON'Y— BUR'ROW  (kun'e-bur'o),  n.  A rabbit’s 
burrow,  or  hole.  Verstegen. 

II  f CON'Y-CAtCH  (lcun'e-kSch),  v.  a.  To  cheat ; 
to  trick.  “ Cony-catching  rascals.”  Shak. 

II  f CON'Y-CATCH'ER  (kun'e-kkeh'er),  n.  A thief; 
a cheat ; a sharper.  Minshew. 

||  CON'Y— SKIN,  n.  The  skin  of  a cony,  or  rabbit. 

CO-NY'  ZA,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  ic6vv$a.]  (Bot.)  A 
genus  of  plants  ; flea-bane.  Loudon. 

COO,  v.  n.  [Formed  from  the  sound  made  by  a 


dove.]  [*.  cooed  ; pp.  cooing,  cooed.]  To  cry 
as  a dove  or  pigeon. 

The  stock-dove  only  through  the  forest  cooes.  Thomson. 

COO'ING,  n.  The  note  of  the  dove. 

The  glossy  pigeons  chase  their  sportive  loves, 

Or  in  soft  cooings  tell  their  amorous  tale.  Dodsley. 

II  COOK  (kuk,  5)  [kuk,  P.  J.  F.  Sm.  Wb.  Hares; 
kok,  S.  W.  E.  Ja.  K.],  n.  [L.  coqints  \ It.  cuoco. 
— A.  S.  coc;  Dut.  &;  Dan.  kok  ; Ger.  koch  ; Sw. 
hock.]  One  whose  business  it  is  to  cook  ot 
dress  food  for  the  table.  Shak. 

||  COOK  (kuk),  v.  a.  [L.  coquo  ; It.  cuocere ; Sp. 
cocinar.  — Dut.  kooken  ; Ger.  kochen  ; Sw. 
kocka ; Dan.  koge.  — Gael,  cocair .]  [i.  cooked  ; 
pp.  COOKING,  COOKED.] 

1.  To  prepare,  as  food  for  eating  ; to  boil,  t a 
bake,  to  roast,  or  otherwise  dress  for  eating. 

2.  fTo  prepare  for  any  purpose.  Shake- 

3.  To  throw ; to  toss.  [Provincial.]  Grose 

COOK,  v.  n.  To  cry  as  the  cuckoo.  “ Let  com 
stant  cuckoos  cook  on  every  side.”  [u.] 

The  Silkwormes,  1699. 

||  COOK-EE'  (kuk-e'),  n.  A female  cook,  [it.]  Grant. 

||  COOK'pR-y  (kuk'er-e),  n.  The  art  or  the  prac- 
tice of  cooking.  Arbutlinot. 

||  COOK'IE  (kulc'e),  n.  A kind  of  cake  used  at  tea; 
cooky.  [Scotch.]  — See  Cooky.  Jamieson. 

||  COOK'ING  (kuk'ing),  p.  a.  That  cooks  ; prepar- 
ing victuals. 

||  COOK'— MAID  (kuk'mad),  n.  A maid  that  cooks. 
“ One  of  the  best  cook-maids.”  Addison. 

||  COOK'ROOM  (kuk'rom),  n.  The  kitchen  of  a 
ship  ; galley  ; caboose.  Raleigh. 

||  COOK'Y  (kuk'e),  n.  [Dut.  koekje , a cake.]  A 
kind  of  sweet  cake.  Ellis. 

COOL,  a.  [A.  S.  col ; Dut.  koel ; Ger.  kiilil ; Sw. 
kyla  ; Dan.  kiolig.] 

1.  Not  warm  ; somewhat  cold  ; approaching 

to  cold.  “ Coolest  shades.”  P.  Fletcher. 

2.  Not  ardent,  warm,  zealous,  or  fond;  dis- 
passionate ; calm.  “ Cool  reason.”  “ Cool  pa- 
tience.” Shak.  “ Cooler  blood.”  Massinger. 

3.  Shameless  ; impudent.  [Colloquial.] 

That  struck  me  as  rather  cool.  Punch- 

COOL,  n.  A moderate  degree  or  state  of  cold. 
“ Enjoying  the  cool  of  the  morning.”  Addison- 
“ In  the  cool  of  the  day.”  Gen.  iii.  8. 

COOL,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  colian ; Dut.  koelcn;  Ger. 
kiihlen  ; Sw.  kyla  ; I)an.  kiole.]  [i.  cooled; 
pp.  cooling,  cooled.]  To  make  cool ; to  allay 
the  heat  of ; to  refrigerate. 

That  he  may  dip  the  tip  of  his  finger  in  water,  and  cool  my 
tongue.  Luke  xvi.  24. 

COOL,  v.  n.  1.  To  lose  heat  or  warmth  ; to  grow 
cool.  “ Strike  now,  or  else  the  iron  cools.”  Shak. 

2.  To  become  less  ardent ; to  grow  calm. 
“ My  humor  shall  not  cool.”  Shak. 

COOL'— CUP,  n.  A cooling  beverage.  Todd. 

COOL'ER,  h.  1.  He  who,  or  that  which,  cools,  or 
abates  heat.  “ Acids  used  as  coolers."  Arbuthnot. 

2.  A vessel  in  which  any  thing  is  made  cool. 
“Your  first  wort  being  boiled,  lade  off  into 
coolers.”  Mortimer. 

COOL'-HEAD-ED,  a.  Without  passion.  Burke. 

COO'LIE,  n.  A porter.  — See  Cooly.  Clarke. 

COOL'ING,  p.  a.  Making  cool ; allaying  heat : — 
growing  cool. 

COOL'ISH,  n.  Somewhat  cool.  “ The  nights 
began  to  grow  a little  coolish.”  Goldsmith. 

CodL'LY,  ad.  In  a cool  manner  ; without  heat. 

COOL'I.Y,  a.  Somewhat  cold ; coolish  ; cool. 

Keeping  my  sheep  among  the  coolly  shade.  Spenser. 

COOL'NgSS,  n.  1.  The  state  of  being  cool.  “ The 
coolness  of  the  shade.”  Drydcn. 

2.  Want  of  passion  or  zeal ; as,  “ Coolness  of 
temperament.” 

3.  Want  of  affection.  “ They  parted  with 

coolness  towards  each  other.”  Clarendon. 

COOL'— TANK-ARD,  n.  A cooling  drink,  usually 
made  of  ale,  wine,  and  water,  with  lemon  .juice, 
spices,  &c.  Ency.  Dom.  Econ. 

COOL'— WORT  (-wiirt),  n.  (Bot.)  A medicinal 
plant  ; Tiarella  cord  folia.  Bartlett. 


MIEN,  SIR  ; MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  S}  as  z;  If  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


COOLY 


312 


COPPER-BOTTOMED 


COO'LY,  n.  [Hind,  koolee,  or  qoolee.]  A hired 
laborer;  a porter.  [India.]  Brown. 

COOM,  n.  [Fr.  cambouis,  the  grease  of  a cart- 
wheel ; ecume,  foam,  dross.] 

1.  The  black,  greasy  substance  that  works 

out  of  the  wheels  of  carriages.  Bailey. 

2.  Soot  in  an  oven  ; dirt.  Phillips. 

3.  Dust  from  coal.  [Scot.]  Jamieson. 

COOMB  (kom),  n.  [Gr. /chp/lof,  a hollow  vessel; 
L.  cumulus,  a heap.]  A corn  measure  of  four 
bushels  ; — written  also  comb.  — See  Comb. 

COOMB  (kom),  n.  A valley  on  the  declivity  of  a 
hill;  a dry  valley. — See  Comb.  [Provincial, 
England.]  Lycll. 

COOP,  n.  [L.  cupa,  a tub ; Fr.  cure.  — Dut.  kuip, 
a tub  ; Ger.  ku'fe.  — Gael,  cub .] 

1.  A vessel  for  liquids  ; a barrel.  Johnson. 

2.  A tumbrel  or  close  cart.  Ray. 

3.  A pen  for  animals,  as  poultry.  Johnson. 

COOP,  v.  a.  [Probably  merely  to  keep.  Skinner. 

— A.  S.  cepan,  to  keep.  — See  Coop,  ii.]  [i. 
cooped  ; pp.  cooping,  cooped.]  To  shut  up 
in  a coop  ; to  confine  ; to  cage  ; — usually  fol- 
lowed by  tip. 

The  Trojans  cooped  within  their  walls  so  long.  Dryden. 

COO-PEE',  n.  [Fr.  coupe.']  A motion  in  dancing. 

— See  Coupee.  Johnson. 

||  COOP'pR  (kop'er  or  kup'er,  51)  [kop'er,  S.  W.  P. 
J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K.\  kop'er  or  kup'er,  Sm. ; kup'er, 

I Vb.],  n.  [Dut.  kuiper  ; Ger.  kiifer  ; Sw.  kypare ; 
Gael,  cubair. ] One  who  makes  barrels  or  other 
casks. 

SCif-  “ Cooper  and  its  compounds  are  doubtful  (with 
respect  to  the  sound  of  oo ) except  in  common  speech, 
which,  in  London  at  least,  invariably  shortens  them 
[as,  kup'er].”  Smart. 

||  COOP'pR-AI-rE,  n.  1.  The  price  paid  for  coop- 
er’s work.  Johnson. 

2.  The  work  of  a cooper  ; coopery.  Perry. 

3.  A cooper’s  workshop.  Smart. 

CO-OP'ER-ANT,  a.  Operating  together.  Nicholson. 

CO-OP'5R-ATE,  V.  n.  [L.  con,  with,  and  operor, 
operatus,  to  work  ; opus,  operis,  work  ; It.  coope- 
rare;  Sp.  cooperar;  Fr.  cooper  cr.)  [i.  cooper- 
ated ; pp.  COOPERATING,  COOPERATED.]  To 
labor  jointly  with  another  to  the  same  end  ; to 
work  together  ; to  concur  in  the  same  effect;  — 
applied  to  persons  or  to  things.  “The  conceits 
of  many  cooperate  with  him.”  Bacon. 

Whate’er  cooperates  to  the  common  mirth.  Crashaw. 


CO-OR-DI-NA'TION,  n.  [It.  coordinazione ; Sp 
coordinacion  ; Fr.  coordination .]  The  state  of 
being  coordinate. 

In  this  high  court  of  Parliament  there  is  a rare  coordina- 
tion of  power.  Howell. 

COOT,  n.  [Dut.  hoet.] 

1.  ( Ornith.)  A lobe- 
footed water-fowl  of  the 
family  Lobipedidee  and 
genus  Fulica.  Yarrell. 

2.  A stupid  person  ; 
a dunce.  [Colloquial.] 

f C6P,  n.  [L.  caput,  the 
head;  A.  S .cop;  Dut. 
kop ; Ger.  kopf 1]  The 
head  or  the  top  of  any 
thing.  Chaucer. 


Common  coot  {Fulica  at r a) . 


CO-PAI'BA,  n.  [Sp.  copaiba.}  (Med.)  A balsam 
or  liquid  resin,  which  exudes  from  a South 
American  tree  (Copaifera  officinalis),  used  ... 
medicine;  — written  also  copaiva,  copay va,  co- 
pivi,  and  capivi.  Brande. 

CO'PAL  [ko'pjl,  Ja.  K.  Sm.  I Vb.  ; kop'sd,  P.], 
n.  [Sp.]  A resin  which  exudes  spontaneous- 
ly from  two  trees,  the  Rhus  copallinum  of  Mex- 
ico, and  the  Elceocarpus  copalifer  of  the  East 
Indies  ; — used  in  varnishes.  Ure. 

CO'PAL— TREE,  it.  (Bot.)  A tall  tree  of  Malabar, 
which,  when  wounded,  discharges  a resin  re- 
sembling copal ; Vateria  Indica.  Craig. 

CO-PAR'CJl-NA-RY,  n.  (Law.)  Joint  heirship  or 
inheritance  of  an  estate.  Hale. 

CO-PAR'Cp-NgR,  n.  [L.  con,  with,  and  parti  ceps,  a 
partaker.]  (Law.)  One  who  has  an  equal  share 
with  others  in  a patrimonial  inheritance.  Cowell. 

CO-PAR'CE-NY,  n.  (Law.)  An  equal  share  of 
an  inheritance  ; coparcenary.  Phillips. 

CO-PART'Mf NT,  n.  Compartment.  Warton. 

CO-PART'NpR,  n.  A joint  partner ; a sharer. 
“ Copartners  in  my  pain.”  Shak.  “ Copartners 
of  our  loss.”  Milton. 

CO-PART'N?R-SHlP,  n.  The  state  of  bearing  a 
part  or  possessing  a share;  joint  concern  in 
any  business  or  property. 

CO-PART'NpR-Y,  n.  A copartnership.  Chambers. 

t COP'A-TAiN  (kSpVtln),  a.  [See  Cop.]  High- 
raised  ; pointed.  “ Copatain  hat.”  Shak. 

CO-PA'TRl-OT,  n.  Compatriot.  Everett. 


CO-OP'^R-At-ING, p.  a.  Working  with  another 
to  the  same  end  ; working  together. 

CO-OP-IJR-A'TION,  n.  [L.  cooper  at  io  ; It.  coop- 
erazione ; Sp.  coopcracion ; Fr.  cooperation .] 
Joint  operation  ; concurrence.  Bacon. 

CO-OP'ER-A-TIVE,  a.  [It.  S$  Sp.  cooperativo ; 
Fr.  cooperatif.)  Promoting  the  same  end;  help- 
ing. “ So  friendly  and  cooperative.”  Davies. 

CO-6p'£R-A-TOR,  n.  [It.  cooperatore ; Fr.  co- 
operateur.]  A joint  operator.  Johnson. 

||  COOP'gR-ING,  n.  The  business  or  work  of  a 
cooper ; cooperage.  W.  Ency. 

||  COOP'IJR-Y,  n.  The  business  of  a cooper.  Crabb. 

fCO-OP'TATE,  v.  a.  [L.  coopto,  cooptatus-,  con, 
xvith,  and  opto,  to  choose.]  To  choose  jointly  ; 
to  elect.  Cockeram. 

f CO-OP-TA'TION,  n.  [It.  cooptatio.}  Adoption  ; 
choice.  ’ Howell. 

CO-OR'DI-NANCE,  it.  Joint  ordinance.  Clarke. 


CO-PAY'VA,  n.  A resin.  — See  Copaiba. 

COPE,  it.  [L.  caput,  the  head  ; A.  S.  cop,  cccppe, 
a cap,  cope,  or  hood.] 

1.  Any  thing  to  cover  the  head.  Johnson. 

2.  A kind  of  cloak  worn  by  the  clergy  while 
administering  the  church  services. 

The  cope  answers  to  the  colobium  used  by  the  Latin,  and 
the  vaKKos  used  by  the  Greek,  Church.  Wheatley. 

3.  Any  thing  spread  over  the  head,  as  the 

concave  of  the  sky,  the  archwork  over  a door, 
&c.  “ Under  the  cope  of  heaven.”  Dryden. 

“ Under  fiery  cope.”  Milton. 

4.  An  ancient  tribute  due  to  the  lord  of  the 

soil  out  of  certain  lead  mines  in  Derbyshire, 
Eng.  Craig. 

COPE,  V.  a.  [t.  COPED  ; pp.  COPING,  COPED.] 

1.  To  cover,  as  with  a cope.  “A  large  bridge 

coped  overhead.”  Addison. 

2.  To  contend  with  ; to  encounter. 

I love  to  cope  him  in  these  sullen  fits.  Shak. 

3.  fTo  embrace.  Shak. 

4.  fTo  reward;  to  pay. 


CO-PECK',  n.  A Russian  copper  coin,  equal  to 
about  one  farthing  English.  Maunder. 

t COPE'MAN,  n.  [A.  S.  ceapman.]  A chapman  ; 
a dealer.  B.  Jonson. 

CO-PER'NI-CAN,  a.  Relating  to  Copernicus,  a 
Prussian  astronomer,  or  to  the  modern  solar  sys- 
tem, called  the  Copernican  system.  A.  Smith. 

t COPES'MATE,  n.  [To  cope  in  the  sense  of 
friendly  interchange,  and  mate.)  Companion  ; 
friend.  “ Our  banished  copesmate."  Warner. 

COPE'— STONE,  n.  [A.  S.  cop,  top.]  The  top- 
stone  ; the  stone  which  forms  the  covering, 
course,  or  coping  of  a wall.  Scott. 

CO-PHO  ' SIS,  n.  [Gr.  KLitpeiats.]  (Hid.)  Diminu- 
tion or  loss  of  hearing ; deafness.  Dunglison. 

COP'I-fIR,  n.  1.  One  who  copies  or  transcribes  ; 
a transcriber.  Addison. 

2.  An  imitator;  a plagiary.  “Without  in- 
vention a painter  is  but  a copier.”  Dryden. 

COP'ING,  n.  [A.  S.  cop,  the  top.  — See  Cope,  n.\ 
(Arch.)  The  stone  or  brick  covering  of  a wall, 
usually  wider  than  the  wall  itself,  to  throw  off 
the  water  ; — called  also  capping.  Weale. 

Coping  stone,  the  top  stone  of  a wall  ; cope-stone. 

CO'PI-OUS,  a.  [L.  copiosus ; copia,  plenty, 
abundance  ; It.  §■  Sp.  copioso ; Fr.  copieux.) 

1.  Furnishing  full  supplies  ; plentiful ; abun- 
dant ; ample. 

Their  branches  hung  with  copious  fruit.  Hilton. 

2.  Abounding  in  words  or  in  images;  diffuse; 
not  barren  ; complete  ; full. 

Thy  name 

Shall  be  the  copious  matter  of  my  song.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Ample,  Exuberant. 

CO'PI-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  a copious  manner. 

CO'PI-OUS-NESS,  n.  1.  The  state  of  being  co- 
pious ; abundance;  exuberance;  plenty. 

2.  Diffusion  or  diffuseness  of  style.  “The 
copiousness  of  Homer.”  Dryden. 

True  copiousness  of  language  consists  in  having  at  com- 
mand a suitable  expression  for  each  different  modification  of 
thought.  Whately. 

fCOP'IST,  n.  A copier  ; a copyist.  Harmar. 

CO-PI'VI,  n.  (Med.)  A resin.  — See  Copaiba. 

fCOP'LAND,  ii.  [A.  S.  cop,  the  top.]  Apiece  of 
ground  terminating  in  a point.  Bailey. 

■f  CO-PLANT',  v.  a.  To  plant  together.  Howell. 

f CO-POR'TION,  n.  Equal  share.  Spenser. 

CO'POS,n.  [Gr.  k6itos,  toil,  weariness.]  (Med.) 
A morbid  lassitude.  Crabb. 

COP'P^D  (kop'ped  or  kopt),  a.  [A.  S.  cop,  the 
top.]  Rising  to  a head  ; rising  conically.  “ Cop- 
ped hills.”  Shak. 

COP'PfjlL,  ii.  [It.  coppdlo  ; Sp . copela.)  A shal- 
low earthen  vessel  used  in  chemical  assays ; a 
cupel.  Harris. 

COP'PfR,  n.  [Gr.  Kinrpos,  Cyprus,  from  which 
island  the  Romans  got  the  best  copper  ; L.  cu- 
prum-, Sp.  <Sf  Port,  cobre ; Fr.  cuivre.  — Dut. 
koper  ; Ger.  kupfer  ; Sw.  koppar ; Dan . kobber. 
— Gael.  § Ir.  copar.) 

1.  A metal  of  a pale  reddish  color,  tinged  xvith 

yellow,  hard,  sonorous,  ductile,  and  very  mal- 
leable. It  is  less  tenacious  than  iron,  but  sur- 
passes gold,  silver,  and  platinum  in  this  respect. 
Its  specific  gravity  is  from  8.8  to  8.9.  Ure. 

2.  A vessel  made  of  copper.  “ They  boiled 

it  in  a copper."  Bacon. 

3.  A copper  coin  ; a cent.  [U.  S.]  Franklin. 


CO-OR'DI-NATE,  a.  [L.  con,  with,  and  ordino, 
ordinatus,  to  regulate.]  Holding  the  same  rank 
or  station ; equal ; not  subordinate.  “ Coordi- 
nate powers.’  Law. 

CO-OR'DI-NATE,  v.  a.  To  make  coordinate  ; to 
make  equal  in  rank.  Murchison. 

CO-OR'DI-NATE-LY,  ad.  In  the  same  rank. 

CO-OR'DI-NATE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
coordinate.  Johnson. 

CO-OR'DI-NATES,  n.  pi.  (Geom.)  A system  of 
lines  and  angles  by  means  of  which  the  position 
of  any  point  may  be  determined  with  reference 
to  a fixed  point,  called  the  origin,  and  an  as- 
sumed direction,  called  the  axis.  Eliot. 


In  lieu  whereof. 

Three  thousand  ducats,  due  unto  the  Jew, 

We  freely  cope  your  courteous  pains  withal.  Shop. 

COPE,  v.  n.  [Gr.  stkaipog ; K6nrw,  to  strike  ; L. 
colaphus,  a blow  with  the  fist,  a cuff ; It.  colpo ; 
Fr.  coup,  a blow  ; Ger.  klopfen,  to  beat,  War  li- 
ter : — A.  S.  ceapan,  to  traffic,  to  exchange, 
Junius  : — Dan.  kappes,  to  contend.] 

1.  To  engage  in  conflict ; to  contend  ; to 
struggle  ; to  compete  ; — followed  by  with. 

Their  generals  have  not  been  able  to  cope  with  the  troops 
of  Athens.  Addison. 

2.  To  interchange  friendly  words  or  senti- 
ments ; to  encounter. 

Thou  art  e’en  as  just  a man 
As  e’er  my  conversation  coped  withal.  Shak. 


COP'Pf.R,  a.  Made  of  copper.  Ash. 

COP'PJJR,  v.  a.  [i.  coppered  ; pp.  coppering, 
coppered.]  To  cover  with  copper.  Gwilt. 

COP'PgR-AS,  n.  [Dut.  koperrood,  red  copper  ; ko- 
perroest,  copper-rust,  verdigris  ; Fr.  couperose  ; 
Gael,  coparas.]  Sulphate  6f  iron,  or  green  vit- 
riol. Ure. 

This  name  is  sometimes  applied  also  to  tile 
sulphate  of  copper,  or  blue  vitriol,  and  to  the  sulphate 
of  zinc,  or  white  vitriol.  P.  Cyc. 

COP'PfiR— BEL-LY,  n.  An  American  serpent; 
the  Coluber  eryihrogastcr.  Clarke. 

C5P'P^R-B6t-TOMED  (-tumd),  a.  Having  the 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  p,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  n£lR,  HER; 


COPPER-BUTTERFLY 


313 


CORACIANiE 


bottom  sheathed  with  copper  ; as,  “ A copper- 
bottomed  ship.” 

COP'PJJR-BUT'TIJR-FLY,  n.  A butterfly  of  the 
genus  Lyccena.  Maunder. 

COP'Pf.R-COL'ORED  (-Icul'urd),  a.  Of  the  color 
of  copper.  Armstrong. 

COP'PfJRED  (kop'perd), p.  a.  Sheathed  or  covered 
with  copper.  Crabb. 

COP'PpR— fAsT'ENED  (-fis'snd),  a.  Fastened 
with  bolts  of  copper,  as  the  planks  and  timbers 
of  ships.  Crabb. 

COP'PIJR-ISH,  a.  Like  copper;  — containing  cop- 
per ; coppery.  “ Copperish  sulphur.”  Robinson. 

COP'PpR-NO§E,  n.  A red  nose.  Shak. 

COP'PpR-NICK'pL,  n.  (Min.)  A copper-colored 
mineral,  consisting  chiefly  of  arsenic  and  nickel ; 
arseniuret  of  nickel.  Dana. 

COP'PfR-PLATE,  n.  (Engraving.)  1.  A plate 
of  copper  highly  polished,  on  which  pictures, 
maps,  &c.,  are  engraved. 

2.  An  impression  from  a copperplate. 

COP'PIJR-PLATE,  a.  Relating  to  engraving  or 
printing  on  copper.  P.  Cyc. 

Copperplate  printing,  the  process  of  taking  impres- 
sions from  copperplates. 

COP'PJJR-SMITH,  n.  One  who  works  in  copper. 

COP'PER— WORKS  (-wiirks),  n. pi.  A place  where 
copper  is  worked  or  manufactured.  Woodward. 

COP'PER— WORM  (-wiirm),  n.  A little  worm  that 
bores  into  the  bottoms  of  ships ; Teredo  naca- 
lis  : — a name  applied  also  to  a moth  that  frets 
garments,  and  to  a worm  that  breeds  in  the 
hands.  Ainsworth. 

COP'PER-Y,  a.  1.  Containing  copper,  or  consisting 
of  copper.  “ Coppery  particles.”  Woodward. 

2.  Resembling  copper  ; like  what  pertains  to 
copper  ; as,  “ A coppery  taste.” 

COP'PICE,  n.  [Gr.  k6tttu>,  to  cut;  Fr.  couper,  to 
cut.]  A wood  of  small  trees  ; a copse.  “ Un- 
der the  edge  of  yonder  coppice.”  Shak. 

COP'PIN,  n.  The  cone  of  thread  which  is  formed 
on  the  spindle  of  a wheel  by  spinning.  Crabb. 

COP'PING,  n.  See  Coping.  Todd. 

t COP'PLE,  n.  [Dim.  of  cop.]  Something  which 
rises  to  a head;  an  eminence  of  a conical  form. 
“A  copple  not  very  high.”  Hackluyt. 

COP'PLE— CROWN,  n.  [A.  S.  cop,  top.]  A tuft 
of  feathers  on  the  head  of  a fowl ; — sometimes 
called  topple-crown.  Forby. 

COP'PLE-CROWNED  (-kriiund),  a.  Having  a 
tuft  of  feathers  on  the  head  or  crown,  as  some 
birds ; having  a copple-crown.  Halliwell. 

COP'PLED  (kop'pld),  a.  Rising  in  a conical  form ; 
rising  to  a point.  “ Copplea  rock.”  Hackluyt. 

COP'PLE— DUST,  n.  See  Cupel-dust.  Bacon. 

COP'PLE— STONE,  n.  A cobble-stone.  — See  Cob- 
ble. Woodward. 

COP'RO-LITE,  n.  [Gr.  Kdnnos,  dung,  and  lido;,  a 
stone.]  (Pal.)  Petrified  fecal  matter,  or  dung, 
of  carnivorous  reptiles.  Buckland. 

COP-RO-LIT'IC,  a.  (Geol.)  Relating  to,  or  of  the 
nature  of,  coprolite.  Buckland. 

CO-PROPH'A-GAN,  It.  [Gr.  rorpo;,  dung,  and 
<payu,  to  eat.]  (Ent.)  A species  of  beetle  which 
lives  upon  the  dung  of  animals.  Brande. 

CO-PROPH'A-GOUS,  a.  (Ent.)  Feeding  upon  dung 
or  filth.  Kirby. 

COPS,  n.  1.  A connecting  crook  of  a harrow. 
[Local,  Eng.]  Wright. 

2.  A draught  iron  on  the  end  of  the  tongue 
of  a cart ; clevis.  [Local,  U.  S.]  Trench. 

COPSE  (kops),  n.  [Abbreviated  from  coppice .] 
A wood  of  small  trees  ; shrubbery.  “ From 
forth  a copse  that  neighbors  by.”  Shak. 

Near  yonder  copse  where  once  a garden  smiled.  Goldsmith. 

COPSE,  v.  a.  [Gr.  k6ttt(j)  ; Fr.  couper .]  To  cut 
or  clip,  as  underwood  or  shrubs. 

By  copsing  thcjtarveling  in  the  places  where  they  are  new 
sown,  [you  may]- cause  them  sometimes  to  overtake  even 
their  untouched  contemporaries.  Evelyn. 


Nature  herself  hath  copsed  and  bound  us  in  from  flying 
out,  and  hath  assigned  to  every  man  his  proper  business. 

Farindon , 1657. 

COPSE— WOOD  (kops'wud),  n.  A growth  of  shrubs 
and  bushes.  Booth. 

COP'SY  (kop'se),  a.  Having  copses.  “ Among 
the  reeds  and  copsy  banks.  ’ Dyer. 

COPT,  n.  [Supposed  to  be  derived  from  Coptos, 
once  a great  city  of  Thebais  or  Upper  Egypt, 
now  Keft.  P.  Cyc.) 

1.  An  Egyptian  who  is  descended  from  the 

ancient  inhabitants  of  the  country.  Lane. 

2.  A name  given  to  one  of  the  Christians  of 
Egypt,  who  are  of  the  sect  of  the  Jacobites.  Buck. 

COP'TIC,  a.  Relating  to  the  Copts.  Ed.  Rev. 

COP'TIC,  n.  The  language  of  the  Copts  ; the  an- 
cient language  of  Egypt.  Worthington. 

COP  ' U-LA,  n. ; pi.  copvlje.  [L.,  a band.] 

1.  (Logic.)  That  part  of  a proposition  which 
affirms  or  denies  the  predicate  of  the  subject ; 
viz.,  is,  or  is  not,  expressed  or  implied.  Whately. 

2.  (Anat.)  A ligament.  Dunglison. 

C6p'U-LATE,  v.  a.  [L.  copulo,  copulatus ; It. 
copulare  ; Sp.  eopular ; Fr.  copuler.  — See  Cou- 
ple.] [t.  COPULATED  ; pp.  COPULATING,  COP- 
ULATED.] To  couple  ; to  bind  together  ; to 
unite;  to  conjoin  ; to  connect.  Bailey. 

COP'U-lAte,  v.  n.  To  come  together  in  sexual 
intercourse.  Wiseman. 

f COP'U-LATE,  a.  Joined  ; connected.  Bacon. 

COP-IT-LA'TION,  ii.  [L.  copulatio;  It.  copula- 
zione ; Fr.  copulation.] 

1.  The  act  of  copulating  or  coming  together 
in  sexual  intercourse. 

2.  Any  conjunction.  “ Copulation  of  mono- 
syllables.” Puttenhain.  “ Unexpected  copula- 
tion of  ideas.”  Johnson. 

COP'y-LA-TIVE,  a.  [It.  Sf  Sp.  copulativo ; Fr. 
copulatif.] 

1.  Tiiat  unites  or  connects. 

2.  (Gram.)  Noting  conjunctions  which  con- 
nect words  or  the  parts  of  a sentence. 

3.  (Logic.)  Having  subjects  or  predicates 
connected  by  conjunctions. 

Copulative  propositions  are  those  which  have  more  subjects 
or  predicates  connected  by  affirmative  or  negative  conjunc- 
tions. Watts. 

COP'y-LA-TiVE,  11.  [Fr.] 

1.  (Gram.)  A copulative  conjunction.  “The 

copulative  ‘and.’”  Bp.  Patrick. 

2.  Conjunction  ; connection. 

Till  a person  proceeds  unto  a fourth  wife,  which  makes 
more  than  one  copulative  in  the  rule  of  marriage.  llicaut. 

COP'U-LA-TlVE-LY,  ad.  In  a copulative  man- 
ner. Hammond. 

COP'U-LA-TO-RY,  a.  Relating  to  copulation ; 
copulative  ; uniting.  P.  Cyc. 

COP'Y  (kop'pe),  n.  [L.  copia,  abundance;  from 
the  multiplication  of  an  original  by  making 
others  like  it.  Gattel.  — L.  copia,  as  used  in  the 
phrase  copiam  facere,  to  impart,  and  specially 
in  the  phrase  copiam  scriptures  facere,  to  impart 
the  knowledge  of  a writing.  As  this  was  often 
done  by  transcribing  it,  the  phrase  copiam 
facere  acquired  a technical  meaning,  and  copia 
became  descriptive  of  the  transcript  so  made. 
Burrill.  — It.,  Sp.,  Port,  copia  ; Fr.  copie.] 

1.  t Abundance  ; plenty. 

The  copy  or  6tore  that  he  hath  given  us. 

Translators  of  the  Bible,  to  the  Reader. 

2.  A transcript  from  an  original ; a writing 
made  like  another  writing.  “ The  Romans  sent 
to  Athens  for  copies  of  the  best  laws.”  Swift. 

3.  One  thing  made  in  imitation  of  another ; 
as,  “ A copy  of  a picture  or  of  a statue.” 

4.  That  from  which  any  thing  is  copied  ; the 

autograph;  the  original;  the  archetype;  manu- 
script or  matter  to  be  printed.  “ The  copy  is  at 
the  press.”  Dryden. 

5.  One  of  a number  of  books  printed  from  the 
same  original. 

Syn.  — A copy  and  model  may  be  both  employed 
either  as  an  original  work,  or  a work  formed  after 
an  original.  A copy  to  write  after  by  close  imitation  ; 
copy  for  t lie  printer  ; a model  to  be  imitated  ; a model 
of  a building.  A copy  of  a picture  or  painting  ; a 
model  of  an  ancient  temple.  A model  serves  as  a gen- 
eral rule  for  a work  ; a pattern  is  designed  to  be  imi- 
tated, and  to  regulate  a work  or  performance  ; a 
specimen  is  a part  of  a work  or  performance,  which 


helps  to  form  an  opinion  in  relation  to  it.  A pattern 
of  a garment ; a pattern  of  rectitude  ; a specimen  of 
art,  or  a handwriting.  — See  Model. 

COP'Y , v.  a.  [It.  copiare ; Sp.  copiar ; Fr.  copier ; 
Sw.' kopiera.]  [ i . copied  ; pp.  copying,  copied.] 

1.  To  transcribe;  to  write  or  print  after  an 
original  ; as,  “ To  copy  a manuscript.” 

2.  To  represent  in  a likeness  by  following 
any  pattern,  model,  or  example  ; to  imitate.  ° 

To  copy  her  few  nymphs  aspired.  Swift. 

Syn.  — See  Follow,  Learn. 

COP'Y,  v.  n.  To  follow  an  original;  to  imitate. 
“ Some,  when  they  copy,  follow  the  bad  as  well 
as  the  good  things.”  Dryden. 

COP'Y-BOOK  (-buk),  ii.  A book  containing  copies 
for  learners  to  imitate.  Shak. 

COP'y-ER,  n.  A copier.  — See  Copier.  Bentley. 

COP'Y-HOLD,  n.  (Eng.  Law.)  A tenure  for  which 
the  tenant  has  nothing  to  show  but  the  copy  of 
the  rolls  made  by  the  steward  of  the  manor  ; — 
a customary  tenure  as  opposed  to  free  socage  or 
freehold.  Burrill. 


COP'Y-HOLD'yR,  n.  (Eng.  Law.)  One  possess- 
ing land  in  copyhold.  Warton. 

COP'Y-ING— MA-yHINE',  n.  A copying-press. 

COP'Y-ING— PRESS,  n.  A machine  for  producing 
a fac-simile  copy  of  a manuscript.  Francis. 

COP'Y-IST,  n.  1.  One  who  copies;  a copier;  a 
transcriber.  “The  line  on  which  copyists 
wrote.”  Abp.  Newcome. 

2.  An  imitator.  “ No  original  writer  ...  so 
unrivalled  by  succeeding  copyists.”  Warton. 

COP'Y— MON'yY,  ?t.  Money  paid  for  copy,  or  for 
literary  labor.  Boswell. 

COP'Y- RIGHT  (-rlt),  it.  The  exclusive  right  al- 
lowed by  law  to  an  author  or  to  his  representa- 
tive, of  printing,  publishing,  and  selling  a liter- 
ary composition  during  a certain  period  of  time  ; 
— applied  also  to  a similar  exclusive  right  to 
print  and  publish  maps,  charts,  prints,  cuts, 
engravings,  and  musical  compositions.  Burrill. 

COQUE-LI-COT ' (kok-Ie-ko’),  n.  [Fr.]  1.  The 
red  corn-rose  or  wild  poppy.  Fleming  &;  Tibbins. 

2.  A color  nearly  red ; — so  called  from  the 
wild  poppy.  Craig. 

CO-C1UET'  (ko-ket'),  v.  n.  [Fr . coqueter.]  To  trifle 
or  practise  deceit  in  love ; to  make  a show  of 
love ; to  flirt. 

The  Tunbridge  beau 

I saw  coquetting  t’other  night.  Swift. 

CO-QUET'  (ko-ket'),  V.  a.  \i.  COQUETTED  ; pp. 
coquetting,  coquetted.]  To  treat  with  a 
show  of  love ; to  wheedle  by  blandishments  ; to 
deceive  in  love;  to  jilt.  “You  a re  coquetting 
a maid  of  honor.”  Swift. 

CO-QUET'RY  (ko-ket're)  [ko-ket're,  S.  W.  P.  J. 
E.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm . ; ko'kwet-re,  If  6.],  n.  [Sp. 
coqueteria;  Fr.  coquetterie .]  The  character  and 
practice  of  a coquette  ; deceit  or  trifling  in  love  ; 
affectation  of  amorous  advances ; flirtation. 
“Women  without  a dash  of  coquetry.”  Addison. 

CO-QUETTE'  (ko-ket'),  n.  [Sp.  coqucta  ; Fr.  co- 
quette.] A vain  girl  or  woman  who  endeavors 
to  attract  amorous  advances  and  rejects  them 
when  offered ; a jilt. 

A coquette  and  a tinder-box  are  spark-led.  Pope. 

CO-aUET'TISH  (ko-ket'jsh),  a.  Befitting  a co- 
quette. “ A coquettish  manner.”  Swinburne. 


CO-aUET'TISH-LY  (ko-ket'jsli-le),  ad.  In  a co- 
quettish manner.  For.  Qu.  Rev. 

CO-aUIM'BITE  (ko-kSm'blt),  n.  (Min.)  A white 
species  of  copperas,  or  sulphate  of  iron,  found 
in  Coquimbo  in  Chili.  Dana. 

f COR,  n.  [Heb.  S3-]  A Hebrew  measure  con- 
taining ten  baths,  or  11|  bushels.  Ezek.  xiv.  14. 


COR-A-CI ' A-DJE,  n.  pi. 
( Ornith.)  A family  of 
fissirostral  birds  of  the 
order Passeres,  includ- 
ing the  sub-families 
Coraciaiue,  Todincc, 
Eun/laimiiup,  and  Mo- 
motince ; rollers.  Gray. 

CO-RAC-I-A  'JfJE,  n.pl. 


Coracias  garrula. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RlJLE.  — g,  (?,  9,  g,  soft;  IS,  fi,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  y as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 
40 


CORACLE 


314 


CORE 


( Ornith .)  A sub-family  of  fissirostral  birds,  of 
the  order  Passeres  and  family  Coraciadie ; roll- 
ers. Gray. 

COR'A-CLE  (kSr'a-kl),  n.  [W.  ciorwgle.\  A fisb- 
ing-boat  used  in  Wales,  made  with  leather 
stretched  on  wicker  work.  Johnson. 

The  same  kind  of  boat  was  used  by  the  ancient 
Egyptians.  Brands. 

COR'A-CO— BRA'jCHI-AL,  a.  [Eng.  coracoid  and 
Gr.  /?( taxiiav  ; L.  brachium,  the  arm.]  ( Anat .) 
Applied  to  the  muscle  by  ■which  the  arm  is 
moved  forwards  and  inwards.  Dunglison. 

COR'A-COIl),  n.  [Gr.  k( S,oa£,  a crow,  and  t76of, 
form.]  (Anat.)  A small  process  of  the  blade- 
bone  in  apes  and  man  ; a large,  flattened  bone, 
passing  from  the  shoulder-joint  to  the  sternum 
in  birds,  reptiles,  & c. ; — so  named  from  its 
resemblance  to  the  beak  of  a crow.  Brande. 

CUR'  A-COi D,  a.  Shaped  like  a crow’s  beak.  Smart. 

COR'AL  [kor'al,  S.  IF.  J.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm. ; kur'al  or 
kor'al,  P.  ] , n.  [Gr.  Koudiiiov ; stipe,  a daughter, 
and  al;,  al.tis,  the  sea  ; L.  corallum ; It.  corallo-, 
Sp.  coral ; Fr.  corail. — Dut.  koraal;  Ger.  ko- 
ralle ; Sw.  korall ; Gael,  correal.) 

1.  A hard  substance,  red,  white,  or  black, 
found  in  the  ocean,  adhering  to  other  sub- 
stances, formerly  supposed  to  be  a vegetable, 
but  now  held  to  be  the  skeleton  of  a congeries  of 
animals  belonging  to  the  class  of  Polypi.  Dana. 

2.  A piece  of  coral  used  as  a toy. 

In  the  pleased  infant  see  its  power  expand, 

When  first  the  coral  fills  his  little  hand.  C.  Sprague. 

COR'AL,  a.  Relating  to  coral ; coralline.  Drayton. 

COR-AL-LA'CEOUS  (kor-?l-a'shus,  66),  a.  Having 
the  qualities  of  coral.  Dana. 

COR'ALLED  (kor'?ld),  a.  Having  coral  ; fur- 
nished with  coral.  Salvage. 

COR-AL-LIF'ER-OttS,  a.  [L.  corallum,  coral, 
and  fero,  to  bear.]  Producing  coral. 

CO-RAl'LI-FORM,  a.  [L.  corallum,  coral,  and 
forma,  form.]  Formed  like  coral.  Ed.  Ency. 

COR-AL-LI£'E-NOUS,  a.  [Gr.  Kopahhov,  coral, 
and  yiwau,  to  produce.]  Producing  coral ; cor- 
alliferous ; coralligerous.  Clarke. 

COR-AL-LlG'e-ROUS,  a.  [L.  corallum,  coral, 
and  gero,  to  bear.]  Producing  coral ; corallig- 
enous ; coralliferous.  Clarke. 

COR-AL-LI' Ma,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  marine, 
calcareous,  fucoid,  jointed  plants,  formerly  con- 
sidered to  be  animals.  Baird. 

COR'AL-LlNE  (19),  a.  [It.  corallino ; Fr.  coral- 
linj\  Consisting  of,  or  like,  coral.  Smart. 

COR'AL-LINE  (19),  n.  [Fr.]  1.  (Bot.)  One  of  the 
marine,  calcareous,  fueoid,  jointed  plants,  of 
the  genus  Corallina.  Brande. 

2.  A boat  used  in  the  coral  fisheries.  Maunder. 

COR'AL-IJN-lTE,  n.  (Pal.)  A fossil  coralline. 

COR'AL-LITE,  n.  [Gr.  Kop&V.iov,  coral,  and  l.iOo t, 
a stone.]  (Min.)  A mineral  substujice  or  petri- 
faction in  the  form  of  coral.  Maunder. 

COR'AL-LOID,  ? a_  [Gr-  K0i,akhov,  coral,  and 

COR-AL-LOID'AL,  ) Bios,  form.]  Resembling 
coral.  Woodward. 

COR'AL-LOID,  £ (Geol.)  A deposit  of  coral 

COR'AL— RAG,  ) limestone  near  Caine,  England, 
making  a part  of  the  oolitic  formation.  Craig. 

COR'AL— TREE,  n.  (Bot.)  A small  tree  of  the 
genus  Erythrina,  which  produces  very  beautiful 
scarlet  flowers.  Loudon. 

COR'AL-WORT  (-wiirt),  n.  (Bot.)  A name  ap- 
plied to  plants  of  the  genera  Dentaria  and 
Corallorhiza,  with  coral-like  roots.  Gray. 

CO' RAM  MOM  JU'DI-CF.,  [L. , before  one  who 
is  not  a judge.]  (Laic.)  A phrasedenoting  that 
a cause  is  brought  before  a judge  who  has  not 
jurisdiction  in  the  case.  ‘ Bur  rill. 

COR'A-NACH,  or  COR'A-NICII,  n.  [Gael,  cora- 
nac'h,  a dirge.]  A lamentation  for  the  dead  ; a 
funeral  song  ; a dirge.  Jamieson. 

Even  Braxfield  has  a coranach  of  wailing  over  his  tomb. 

-A'  Brit.  l{ev. 

t CO-RANT',  n.  [Fr.  courante  ; courir , to  run.] 

1.  A sprightly  dance.  Temple. 

2.  A title  of  a newspaper.  — See  Courant. 

Corants,  arises,  correspondences.  B.  Jonson. 


t CO-RAN'TO,  n.  See  Courant.  B.  Jonson. 

CORB,  n.  [L.  corbis,  a basket ; Fr.  corbcille .] 

1.  A basket  used  in  collieries  ; a corf.  Clarke. 

2.  An  alms-basket ; a corban.  Buchanan. 

3.  An  ornament  in  building;  a corbel. 

With  curious  corbs  and  pendants  graven  fair.  Spenser. 

COR'BAN,  n.  [Heb.  an  offering;  L.  cor- 

bis, a basket;  Fr.  corbeille.  — Dut.  korf;  Ger. 
korb.] 

1.  An  alms-basket ; a corb.  Johnson. 

2.  (Jewish  Antiq.)  A gift  or  sacrifice  offered 

to  God;  an  offering.  Marks- ii.  11. 

3.  A ceremony  performed  by  the  Mahome- 

tans at  the  foot  of  Mount  Arafat,  in  Arabia.  It 
consists  in  killing  a great  number  of  sheep  and 
distributing  them  among  the  poor.  Craig. 

f CORBE  (korb),  a.  [Fr.  courbe.]  Crooked.  “On 
thy  corbe  shoulder.”  Spenser. 

COR'B^IL  (kor'bel),  n.  [It .corbello-,  Fr.  corbeille.] 

1.  (Fort.)  A little  basket  filled  with  earth, 

and  set  on  a parapet  to  afford  cover  from  the 
fire  of  an  enemy.  Brande. 

2.  (Arch.)  A sculptured  basket.  — See  Cor- 
bel. Clarke. 

COR’BEL,  n.  [It.  corbello-,  Fr.  corbeille,  a bas- 
ket.] (Arch.)  The  representation  of  a basket ; 
— the  vase  of  a Corinthian  column  ; — a niche 
in  a wall  for  a figure  or  statue  ; — a short  pro- 
jecting piece  of  wood  or  stone  in  a building, 
sometimes  in  the  form  of  a basket.  Weale. 

Corbel  table,  a projecting  battlement,  parapet,  or 
cornice,  resting  on  corbels. 

COR'BpT,  n.  (Arch.)  Same  as  Corbel.  Clarke. 

COR'BjL,  n.  (Arch.)  Same  as  Corbel.  Clarke. 

COR 'BY,  n.  [Fr.  corbeau .]  A raven.  Brockett. 

COR'CLE,  n.  (Bot.)  The  embryo  of  a plant. — 
See  Corculum.  Crabb. 

COR'CU-L&M,  n.  [L.,  dim.  of  cor,  the  heart.] 
(Bot.)  The  embryo  of  a plant ; corcle.  Brande. 

CORD,  n.  [Gr.  xopbrj ; L.  chorda  ; It.  corda  ; Sp. 
cuerda-,  Fr.  corde.—  Dut.  koord ; Gael,  cord.] 

1.  A string  composed  of  several  twisted 
strands  ; a small  rope. 

She  let  them  down  by  a cord  through  the  window.  Jos.  ii.  15. 

2.  The  quantity  of  fire-wood  or  other  solid 
material  contained  within  a space  eight  feet 
long,  four  feet  high,  and  four  feet  broad,  equal 
to  128  cubic  feet;  — originally  measured  by  a 
cord,  or  line. 

CORD,  v.  a.  [i.  corded  ; pp.  cording,  corded.] 

1.  To  fasten  or  fix  with  cords  ; to  bind  with  a 

cord  or  a rope.  Cotgrave. 

2.  To  pile  up,  as  wood,  for  measurement  by 
the  cord. 

CORIi'  ACyE,  n.  [Gael,  corclail ; Sp.  cordaje .] 
Cords  or  ropes  collectively  ; materials  for  ropes. 
“ A sort  of  rush  useful  for  cordage.”  Arbuthnot. 

CORD'ALij,  n.  pi.  (Her.)  Strings  of  the  robe  of 
estate,  made  of  silk  and  gold  threads  interwov- 
en like  a cord,  with  tassels  at  the  "end.  Ogilvie. 

COIt'DATE,  ) a [L.  cor,  cordis,  the  heart.] 

COR'DA-TED,  ) (Bot.)  Having  the  form  of  a 
heart ; heart-shaped.  P.  Cyc. 

COR'DATE-LY,  ad.  In  a cordate  form. 

CORD'pD,  p.  a.  or  a.  Bound  with  a cord  : — piled 
for  measurement  by  the  cord,  as  wood  : — striped 
as  with  cords  : — made  of  cords.  “ With  a cord- 
ed ladder.”  Shak. 

CdR-Dp-LIER'  (kor-de-ler'),  n.  [Fr.]  (Eccl.  Hist.) 
A Franciscan  or  gray  friar;  — so  named  from 
the  cord  worn  as  a girdle.  Prior. 

CORD'— GRASS,  n.  A species  of  marine  peren- 
nial grass  ; Spartina  stricta.  Farm.  Ency. 

||  CORD'IAL,  a.  [L.  cor,  cordis,  the  heart;  It. 
cordiale ; Sp.  § Fr.  cordial .] 

1.  Proceeding  from  the  heart;  hearty;  sincere. 

He,  on  his  side 

Leaning  half  raised,  with  looks  of  cordial  love 

Hung  over  her  enamoured.  Milton. 

2.  Reviving  ; invigorating ; restorative.  “Cor- 
dial waters.”  Wiseman. 

Syn.  — See  Hearty. 

||  CORD'IAL  (kbrd  ya]  or  kor'de-al)  [krir'dyal,  S.  E. 


F.  K.  C. ; kor'de-al,  P.  J.  Ja.  ; kbr'je-yl,  IF.],  ». 
1.  (Med.)  A medicine  or  drink  for  increasing 
the  action  of  the  heart  or  quickening  the  circu- 
lation. 

Whatever  increases  the  natural  or  animal  strength  is  a 
cordial.  ArbulUnut. 

2.  (Com.)  Aromatized  and  sweetened  spirit 

or  alcohol  used  as  a beverage.  Clarke. 

3.  Any  thing  that  exhilarates  or  comforts. 

Reflections  on  a life  well  past 

Shall  prove  a cordial  to  tne  Inst.  Cotton. 

||  COR'DIAL— HEART'jfD,  a.  Having  cordial  feel- 
ing ; warm-hearted.  Moore. 

||  CORD-I-AL'I-TY  (kbrd-yo-iil'fi-te),  n.  [It.  cordi- 
alita ; Sp.  cordl alidad ; Fr.  cordialite. ] 

1.  t Relation  to  the  heart.  “ Cordiality  or 

reference  unto  the  heart.”  Browne. 

2.  The  quality  of  being  cordial  ; heartiness  ; 
warmth  of  feeling;  sincerity;  as,  “To  treat 
one  with  cordiality .” 

||  COR'DIAL-IZE,  v.  a.  1.  To  render  cordial  ; to 
harmonize.  Clarke. 

2.  To  render  like  cordial;  to  make,  or  turn, 
into  a cordial.  Craig. 

||  COR'DIAL-IZE,  v._n.  To  feel  cordiality;  to  har- 
monize. [r.]  Ch.  Ob. 

||  CORD'IAL-LY,  ad.  Sincerely  ; heartily.  More. 

||  CORD'IAL-NESS,  n.  Heartiness.  Cotgrave. 

COR  'DIE-RITE,  n.  (Min.)  A variety  of  iolite.  Dana. 

COR 'DI-FORM,  a.  [L.  cor,  cordis,  the  heart,  and 
forma,  form;  Fr.  cordiformc .]  Having  the 
form  of  a heart ; heart-shaped.  Smart. 

COR-DIL-LE ' RA,  n.  [Sp.]  (Geog.)  A chain  of 
mountains.  Hamilton. 

COR'DI-NfR,  n.  [Fr . cordonnier.]  A shoemaker. 
— See  Cordwainer.  Johnson. 

CORD'— mAK-IJR,  n.  A maker  of  ropes  or  cords. 

COR'DON  (kbr'don  or  kor'dSng)  [kiir'don,  Ja.  Wb.; 
kor'dong',  K.  S»i.],  n.  [It.  cordone  ; Sp.  3;  Fr. 
cordon .] 

1.  A band  or  ribbon  worn  as  a badge.  “ Breth- 
ren that  did  wear  St.  Francis’s  cordon.”  Sandy s. 

2.  (Fort.)  A row  of  projecting  stones  running 

along  the  top  of  a wall  : — a flat  coping-stone  on 
the  escarp,  generally  two  feet  wide  and  eight 
inches  thick.  Campbell. 

3.  (Mil.)  A series  of  military  posts  round  a 

town  or  a tract  of  country,  so  as  to  prevent 
ingress  and  egress.  Brande. 

4.  (Arch.)  The  edge  of  a stone  on  the  outside 

of  a building.  Buchanan. 

CORDOM  SAMITA IRE  (kbr'dong-s&n-e-tir'),  n. 
[Fr.]  A line  of  troops  posted  on  the  frontiers 
of  a country,  in  order  to  prevent  communica- 
tion of  the  inhabitants  with  those  of  a neigh- 
boring country,  in  which  a pestilential  disease 
prevails.  Boiste. 

COR ' DO- V An,  n.  [Sp.  cordoban-,  Fr . cordouan.] 
Spanish  leather  or  tanned  goat-skin,  originally 
from  Cordova,  in  Spain  ; — often  called  cord- 
wain.  Velasquez. 

COR'DU-ROY,  n.  [Probably  from  Fr.  corde  du 
roi,  king’s  cord.]  A kind  of  fustian  or  thick 
cotton  stuff,  ribbed  or  corded.  IF.  Ency. 

COR'DII-ROY-ROAD,  n.  A road  or  causeway 
constructed  of  round  logs.  [U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

CORD'WAIN,  n.  Spanish  leather;  cordovan. — 
See  Cordovan.  Spenser. 

CORD'WAIN-^R,  n.  [Fr.  cordovan,  Spanish  leath- 
er or  cordovan  ; cordouanier .]  A worker  in 
cordovan  : — a shoemaker.  Bp.  Hall. 

CORD'— WOOD  (-wild),  n.  Wood  piled  up  for  fuel 
to  be  measured  or  sold  by  the  cord.  Johnson. 

CORE,  n.  [Gr.  Hap,  the  heart ; L .cor;  It.  cuore ; 
Fr.  cceur.] 

1.  The  heart  or  inner  part  of  any  thing,  par- 

ticularly of  fruit.  “ A fruit  with  little  or  no 
core,  or  stone.”  Bacon. 

2.  The  internal’ mould  which  occupies  the 

space  intended  to  be  left  hollow  in  casting  met- 
als. [A  term  used  by  founders.]  Grier. 

3.  A disorder  in  sheep  occasioned  by  worms 

in  the  liver.  Chambers. 

4.  f A body;  a collection,  ‘i  A core  of  peo- 
ple.” Bacon. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short ; 


A,  5,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


CORE 


315 


CORNER-TOOTII 


CORE,  v.  a.  To  take  out  the  core  of.  Green. 

CO-RE'AN,  a.  ( Geog .)  Belonging  to  Corea,  a 
peninsula  between  China  and  Japan.  Earnshaw. 

CO-RE'AN,  n.  A native  of  Corea.  Earnshaw. 

CORED  (kord),  a.  1.  Cured  in  a certain  degree; 
treated  with  salt,  as  herring,  preparatory  to 
being  dried.  Smart. 

2.  Having  the  core  taken  out ; as,  “ Cored 
fruit.” 

CO-RE'pfNT,  n.  A joint  regent.  Wraxall. 

CO-REL'A-TiVE,  n.  See  Correlative. 

CO-Rf-OP'SIS,  n.  [Gr.  m '/pis,  a bug,  and  ap- 
pearance.] (Dot.)  A genus  of  American  plants  ; 
— so  named  from  the  resemblance  of  their 
seed  to  a bug.  Loudon. 

COR'^T,  n.  A species- of  snail.  Goldsmith. 

CORF,  n.  [See  Core.]  1.  A large  wicker-work 
basket  for  drawing  coals  out  of  the  pit.  Brockctt. 

2.  A basket  for  fish.  Halliwell. 

3.  A temporary  building ; ashed.  Jamieson. 

COR'FUTE,  n.  (Geog.)  A native  of  Corfu,  an 
island  in  the  Mediterranean.  Earnshaw. 

CO-RI-A'CEOUS  (ko-re-a'shus,  66),  a.  [Gr.  %6(>iov  ; 
L.  corium,  leather.] 

1.  Resembling  leather ; leathery.  “ Coria- 
ceous concretions.”  Arbuthnot. 

2.  ( Bot .)  Stiff  or  tough,  like  leather.  Maunder. 

CO-RI-An'D^R,  n.  [Gr.  Kopiavnv  ; L.  coriandrum  ; 
It.  <%■  Sp.  coriandro ; Fr.  coriandre.]  (Bot.)  An 
umbelliferous  annual  plant,  the  hot  or  spicy 
seeds  of  which  are  carminative,  and  are  used 
for  flavoring  spirits,  and  to  cover  the  taste  of 
medicines  ; Coriandrum  sativum.  Loudon. 

CO-RI-AN'DfR-SEED,  n.  The  seed  of  the  cori- 
ander, or  Coriandrum  sativum.  Ash. 

COR'JN,  n.  A species  of  gazelle.  Fischer. 

COR'INTH,  n.  1.  (Geog.)  An  ancient  city  in 
Greece,  noted,  among  other  things,  for  fruits, 
architecture,  and  licentiousness. 

2.  f The  name  of  a fruit  now  called  currant. 

The  chief  riches  of  Zante  consist  in  corinths.  Browne. 

CO-RIN  'THI-AC,  a.  Pertaining  to  Corinth.  Clarke. 

CO-RIN'THI-AN,  a.  1.  (Geog.)  Relating  to  Cor- 
inth ; as,  “ Corinthian  brass.” 

2.  (Arch.)  Noting  the  third  or- 
der of  Grecian  architecture,  the 
Doric  and  Ionic  being  the  first  and 
second. 

3.  Licentious.  “All  her  young 

Corinthian  laity.”  Milton. 

CO-RIN'THI-AN,  n.  1.  (Geog.)  A 
native  of  Corinth.  2 Cor.  vi.  11. 

2.  A licentious  person. 

I am  no  proud  Jack,  like  Falstaff,  but  a Corinthian.  Shak. 

To  play  the  Corinthian , to  behave  licentiously. 

CO 1 RI-tJM,  n.  [L.,  skin,  leather.']  (Anat.)  The 
deep  layer  of  the  cutis,  or  true  skin  ; the  base 
of  the  skin.  Hoblyn. 

CO-RI'VAL,  n.  See  Corrival.  Bacon. 

CORK,  n.  [L.  cortex,  bark  ; Sp.  corcho ; Fr.  ecorce ; 
Dut.  kurk  ; Ger.,  Sw.,  St  Dan.  kork.] 

1.  The  outer  bark  of  the  Quercus  suber,  a 

species  of  oak  cultivated  for  this  product  in  the 
southern  provinces  of  France,  in  Spain,  and  in 
Portugal.  Loudon. 

2.  A piece  of  the  bark  of  the  cork-tree  cut  so 
as  to  form  a stopple ; a stopple. 

3.  The  hind  part  of  a horse’s  shoe  turned  up 
to  prevent  his  slipping.  — See  Calkin. 

CORK,  v.  a.  [t.  corked  ; pp.  corking,  corked.] 

1.  To  stop  with  a cork  ; as,  “ To  cork  a bottle.” 

2.  To  fit  or  raise  with  cork. 

He  that  weareth  a corked  shoe  or  slipper.  Huloet. 

And  tread  ou  corked  stilts  a prisoner’s  pace.  Bp.  Hall. 

3.  To  provide  a horse’s  shoe  with  sharp  points 
to  prevent  his  slipping.  — See  Calk. 

4.  To  wound  with  a point.  Clarke. 

CORK'— FOS-SIL,  n.  A species  of  amianthus, 

like  cork, — the  lightest  of  all  stones.  Ogilvie. 

CORK'ING— PIN,  n.  A pin  of  the  largest  size.  Swift. 

CORK'— JACK-^T,  n.  A jacket  lined  with  cork, 
used  by  persons  learning  to  swim.  Buchanan. 


CORK'SCREW  (keirk'skru),  n.  A screw  for  draw- 
ing corks  from  bottles.  Wells. 

CORK'-TREE,  n.  A species  of  oak  of  which  the 
bark  is  cork  ; the  Quercus  suber.  P.  Cyc. 

CORK'Y,  a.  Consisting  of,  or  resembling,  cork. 

COR' MO-RANT,  n.  [It.  corvo 
marino,  marine  crow  ; Sp. 
cuervo  marino,  marine  crow, 
and  corvejon  ; Fr.  cormoran.] 

1.  ( Ornith.)  A voracious, 
aquatic  bird  of  the  family 
Pelecanidce  ; Phalocrocorax 
carbo.  It  is  trained  by  the 
Chinese  to  catch  fish.  Yarrell. 

2.  A glutton.  Johnson. 

CORM,  1 [Gr.  xoppds,  the 

COR'MUS,  ) trunk  of  a tree.] 

(Bot.)  A solid  bulb,  as  of  Cormorant, 
crocus.  Gray. 

CORN,  n.  [Goth,  kaurn  ; A.  S.  corn  ; Dut.  koorn ; 
Ger.,  Sw.,  8$  Dan.  korn .] 

1.  The  seeds  which  grow  in  ears,  not  in  pods ; 
such  seeds  as  are  made  into  bread; — generally 
used  in  a collective  sense,  but  sometimes  ap- 
plied to  a single  seed  ; as,  “A  corn  of  wheat.” 

John  xii.  25. 

2.  Cereal  grain,  of  different  kinds,  used  for 
bread,  as  wheat,  rye,  barley,  oats,  and  maize. 

3.  Any  plant  bearing  grain,  or  such  plants 
unreaped. 

All  the  idle  weeds  that  grow 
In  our  sustaining  com.  Shak. 

4.  Any  minute  particle  ; a grain.  “ How 
many  corns  of  sand.”  Bp.  Hall.  “ A corn  of 
powder.”  Beau.  &;  FI. 

5.  [L.  cornu,  a horn.]  A horny  excrescence 
or  wart  on  the  toe  or  the  foot. 

He  first  that  useful  secret  did  explain 

That  pricking  corns  foretold  the  gathering  rain.  Oay. 

In  England,  the  term  com , as  used  for  grain, 
is  applied  to  wheat , barley , and  other  small  grains  ; 
in  the  U.  S.,  it  is  commonly  used  for  Indian  corn  or 
maize . — In  Scotland,  it  is  generally  confined  to  oats. 
Jamieson . 

CORN,  V.  a.  [t.  CORNED  ; pp.  CORNING,  CORNED.] 

1.  To  prepare  or  preserve,  as  meat,  by  salting 
moderately,  or  sprinkling  with  salt. 

2.  To  granulate.  “ A small  sieve  of  parch- 
ment ...  to  corn  it.”  Dampier. 

3.  To  feed  with  corn  or  oats.  Jamieson. 

4.  To  exhilarate  or  intoxicate.  Jamieson. 

COR-NA'CEOUS  (kor-na'shus),  a.  Relating  to 
plants  of  the  genus  Cornus,  or  dogwood.  P.  Cyc. 

CORN'AIJrE,  n.  [L.  cornu,  a horn ; Old  Fr.  ror- 
nage .]  (Laic.)  An  ancient  tenure  of  land,  which 
obliged  the  landholder  to  give  notice  of  the  ap- 
proach of  an  enemy  by  blowing  a horn  .Blackstone. 

f COR'NA-MUTE,  n.  [It.  cornamusa  ; Fr.  corne- 
muse .]  A wind  instrument ; a kind  of  bag- 
pipe ; a cornmuse.  Drayton. 

CORN'— bAS-K£T,  n.  A large  basket  for  carrying 
corn,  or  maize,  in  the  ear. 

CORN'-BEEF,  n.  See  Corned-beef.  Ogilvie. 

CORN'— BIN,  n.  A bin  or  box  for  holding  corn,  or 
maize,  in  the  ear.  Farm.  Ency. 

CORN'— BIND,  n.  (Bot.)  Climbing  buckwheat ; a 
species  of  Polygonum.  Grose. 

CORN'— BLADE,  n.  The  blade,  or  leaf,  of  Indian 
corn,  or  maize.  Bartlett. 

CORN'BRASH,  71.  A rubbly  stone  forming  a soil, 
celebrated  in  Wiltshire,  England,  for  being  fa- 
vorable to  the  growth  of  grain.  Brande. 

CORN'-ChAnd-L^R,  n.  [See  Chandler.]  One 
who  deals  in  corn.  Johnson. 

CORN'— CLAD,  a.  Covered  with  growing  corn. 

CORN'-COC-KLE,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the  pink 
family,  growing  with  wheat ; Agrostemma  gi- 
thago.  Loudon. 

CORN'— CRACK-ER,  n.  A cant  term  for  a native 
of  Kentucky.  [U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

CORN'-CRAKE,  n.  [See  Crake.]  (Ornith.)  A 
bird  with  a shrill  cry,  that  frequents  cornfields ; 
the  land-rail ; Crex  pratensis.  Yarrell. 

CORN'-CROW-FOOT  (-ffit),  n.  (Bot.)  A species 
of  ranunculus  ; Ranunculus  arvensis.  Loudo?i. 


CORN'— CUT-TJJR,  n.  1.  One  who  cuts  or  cures 
corns.  Spectator. 

2.  An  instrument  or  a machine  for  cutting 

the  stalks  of  corn. 

CORN'— DODO-pR,  71.  A cake  made  of  Indian 

corn,  or  maize.  Bartlett. 

CORN'— DRILL,  n.  (Agric.)  A machine  for  sow- 
ing corn.  Spiers. 

COR'NIJ-A,  n.  [L.  c07-neus,  horny  ; cornu,  a horn  ; 
It.  correa.]  (Anat.)  The  transparent  mem- 
brane, of  a horny  texture,  which  forms  the  front 
part  of  the  eyeball. — See  Eye.  Dunglison. 

CORNED  (kbrnd),  p.  a.  1.  Prepared  or  preserved, 
as  meat,  by  being  salted  moderately. 

2.  Granulated.  Dryden. 

3.  Tipsy  ; drunk.  [Low.]  Grose. 

CORNED— BEEF'  (kiirnd-bef'),  n.  Beef  prepared 
or  preserved  by  being  moderately  salted.  Smart. 

COR'NEL,  71.  1.  [L.  cornus,  cornu,  a horn  ; It. 

corniolo ; Fr.  cornouiller .]  (Bot.)  A shrub  of 
very  hard  and  durable  wood  ; the  cornel-cherry, 
or  Cornus  7nascula.  It  is  a species  of  dogwood, 
sometimes  cultivated  in  gardens  for  the  sake  of 
its  fruit.  Mortimer. 

2.  [Fr.  co7'nouille .]  The  fruit  of  the  cornel; 
cornelian-cherry  ; dog-berry. 

On  wildings  and  on  strawberries  they  fed; 

Cornels  and  brambleberries  gave  the  rest.  Dryden, 

COR'NEL— BER'RY,  n.  Same  as  Cornelian- 
cherry.  ’ Booth. 

COR'NEL— CHER'RY,  n.  (Bot.)  The  cornel-tree ; 
Cornus  mascula.  Loudon. 

COR-NEL'IAN,  n.  (Min.)  See  Carnelian. 

COR-NEL'IAN— CHER'RY,  n.  (Bot.)  The  fruit  of 
the  cornelian-tree,  or  cornel.  Mortimer. 

COR-NEL'IAN— TREE,  n.  (Bot.)  Another  name 
for  the  cornel.  — See  Cornel.  Bacon. 

COR'NEL— TREE,  w.  (Bot.)  The  cornel-cherry  or 
cornelian-tree.  Ash. 

CORNE  'MU§E  (korn'muz),  71. 
or  shawm  ; a cornamute. 

COR'NJS-O— CAL-CA'RE-OUS,  a.  [L.  corneus, 
horny,  and  calcarius,  pertaining  to  lime.] 

1.  (Conch.)  Noting  the  mixture  of  horny  and 

calcareous  matter  which  enters  into  the  com- 
position of  some  shells.  Maunder. 

2.  Noting  those  opercula  which  are  horny  on 
one  side  and  testaceous  on  the  other.  Maunder. 

COR'Ny-OUS,  a.  [L.  conieus ; cornu,  a horn.] 
Horny  ; resembling  horn.  Browne. 

COR'NIJR,  n.  [L.  comiu,  a horn,  something  that 
projects  ; Fr.  cornier,  angular.— W.  cornet.] 

1.  The  point  where  two  lines  meet ; an  angle. 

2.  A retired  or  secret  place.  “ This  thing 

was  not  done  in  a corner.”  Acts  xxvi.  26. 

3.  Any  part,  indefinitely.  “ All  corners  else 
of  the  earth.”  Shak.  “ In  every  comer  of  the 
island.”  Davies. 

Syn.  — Corner  is  a term  in  common  use  with  a 
diversity  of  application  ; angle  is  a technical  term  of 
geometry.  Corner  properly  implies  the  outer  extreme 
point  of  any  solid  body  ; angle,  tire  inner  extremity 
produced  by  the  meeting  of  two  right  lines.  Corner 
is  used  also  to  denote  the  inner  extremity,  or  a secret 
place.  The  corner  of  a building,  a room,  a street ; a 
secret  comer ; an  obtuse,  acute,  or  right  angle. 

COR'N^R,  V.  a.  [».  CORNERED  ; pp.  CORNERING, 
cornered.]  To  drive  into  a corner  : — to  em- 
barrass ; to  confound.  [U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

COR'NJJR,  a.  Relating  to,  or  being  in,  a corner. 

f COR'N£R— CAP,  7i.  A chief  ornament.  “ Cor- 
ner-cap of  society.”  Shak. 

COR'N^RED  (kor'nerd),  a.  Having  angles  or 
corners.  “ Whether  this  building  were  square 
like  a castle,  or  coniered  like  a triangle.”  Austin. 

COR'N^R-LESS,  a.  Having  no  corner.  Do7ine. 

COR'NJJR— STONE,  n.  The  stone  that  unites  the 
two  stones  or  walls  at  the  corner  ; the  principal 
stone.  “ Who  fixed  the  corner-stone  ? ” Young. 

COR'N'ER— TOOTH,  n.  One  of  the  four  teeth  of 
a horse,  which  are  between  the  middling  teeth 
and  the  tusks.  Farrier’s  Diet. 


[Fr.]  A bagpipe 
Boyer. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RlJLE.— <?,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  <3,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


CORNERWISE 


CORONA 


316 


COR'NER-Wl§E,  ad.  From  corner  to  corner ; with 
the  corner  in  front ; diagonally. 

COR'NpT,  n.  [L.  cornu,  a horn;  It.  cornetta  ; 
Sp.  corneta  ; Fr.  cornet,  and  cornette.] 

1.  (Mils.)  A musical  instrument  blown  with 
the  mouth  ; a sort  of  trumpet.  “ Israel  played 
on  timbrels  and  on  cornets.”  2 Sam.  vi.  5. 

2.  (Mil.)  An  officer  of  cavalry  who  bears  the 
standard  of  a troop.  Brande.  — t A company 
or  troop  of  horse.  “ A body  of  five  cornets  of 
horse.”  Clarendon.  — f A flag  or  standard  upon 
which  arms  were  emblazoned.  Fairholt. 

3.  The  square  cap  of  doctors  of  divinity  ; — 

a similar  cap  worn  by  females.  Fairholt. 

4.  A scarf  or  tippet  worn  by  doctors.  Cotgrave. 

5.  (Farriery.)  That  part  of  a horse's  foot 

which  circularly  surmounts  the  rest,  distin- 
guished by  the  hair  that  covers  the  upper  part 
of  the  hoof ; the  lowest  part  of  the  pastern ; 
coronamen ; coronet.  Farrier’s  Diet. 

6.  (Sury.)  A blood-letting  instrument  ; a 

fleam.  Farm.  Ency. 

7.  (Zoiil.)  pi.  The  hard  scaly  processes  which 
rattle  at  the  end  of  a rattlesnake’s  tail.  Maunder. 

COR' MF.T-J1-PIS' TOMS, n.  [Fr.]  Abrasswind 
instrument,  like  the  French  horn,  but  capable 
of  much  greater  inflection,  from  the  valves  and 
stoppers  (pistons)  with  which  it  is  furnished, 
and  from  which  it  derives  its  name.  Brande. 

COR'NpT-CY,  n.  The  commission  or  the  office 
of  a cornet.  Todd. 

COR'NET-ER,  n.  Ablower  of  the  cornet .Hakewill. 

COR-NET'TI,  n.  (Man.)  A method  of  riding,  or 
a motion  of  a horse.  Loudon. 

CORN'— FAc-TOR,  n.  A factor,  broker,  or  dealer 
in  corn.  Clarke. 

CORN'FIELD,  n.  A field  where  corn  grows.  Shak. 

CORN'— FLAG,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  bulbous 
plants ; Gladiolus.  Loudon. 

CORN'— FLOOR  (-flor),  n.  A floor  for  storing 
corn.  Has.  ix.  1. 

CORN'— FLOVY-ER,  n.  A flower  which  grows 
amongst  corn,  as  the  blue-bottle,  wild  poppy, 
&c.  Bacon. 

CORN'— HEAP,  n.  A heap  of  corn.  Bp.  Hall. 

CCiR'NICE,  n.  [Gr.  xojjuudf ; L.  coronis,  a flourish 
at  the  end  of  a book  or  chapter  ; the  end ; It. 
cornice ; Sp.  cornisa  ; Fr.  corniche .]  (Arch.) 
The  upper  projecting  division  of  an  entablature ; 
the  upper  moulding  of  any  part  of  a building, 
as  of  a room,  of  a pediment,  &c.  Britton. 

COR'NJCE— RING,  n.  (Gunnery.)  The  next  ring 
from  the  muzzle  backwards.  Chambers. 

COR'NI-CLE  (kor'ne-kl),  n.  [L.  corniculum,  dim. 
of  cornu,  a horn.]  A little  horn.  Browne. 

COR-NIC'U-LATE,  a.  [L.  corniculatus,  in  the 
form  of  a horn  ; cornu,  a horn.] 

1.  Furnished  with  horns  ; horned. 

Venus,  moon-like,  grows  corniculate.  More. 

2.  (Bot.)  Having  processes  like  small  horns ; 

bearing  a little  spur,  or  horn.  Loudon. 

COR-NIF'IC,  a.  [L.  cornu,  a horn,  and  facio,  to 
make.]  Making  or  producing  horns.  Maunder. 

COR'NI-FORM,  a.  [L.  cornu,  a horn,  and  forma, 
form.]  Having  the  shape  of  a horn.  Smart. 

COR-NI^'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  corniger,  cornigeris ; 
cornu,  a horn,  and  gero,  to  bear.]  Horned; 
having  horns.  “ Cornigerous  animals.”  Browne. 

COR'NINE,  n.  (Med.)  A principle  found  in  the 
Cornus  Florida,  having  properties  like  those  of 
quinine.  Hoblyn. 

CORN'ING— HOUSE,  n.  A place  where  powder  is 
granulated.  Todd. 

COR'NJSH,  a.  (Geog.)  Belonging  to  Cornwall  in 
England.  Chambers. 

By  “ Trc,”  “ Pol,”  and  “ Pen  ” 

You  may  know  Cornish  men.  Proverb. 

COR'NISH,  n.  (Geog.)  The  people  or  the  dialect 
of  Cornwall.  Warton. 

COR'NIST,  n.  (Mus.)  A player  on  the  cornet ; 
a corneter.  Smart. 


CORN'— LAND,  n.  Land  appropriated  to  raising 
corn.  Mortimer. 

CORN'— LAw§,  n.  pi.  Laws  passed  at  various 
times  by  the  British  legislature  regulating,  by 
duties,  the  importation  and  exportation  of  corn, 
grain,  or  materials  for  bread. 

■83“  It  was  the  early  policy  of  the  English  govern- 
ment to  forbid  the  exportation  of  grain,  while  its  im- 
portation was  freely  permitted.  Subsequently  it  was 
deemed  better  to  stimulate  home  production  by  pro- 
hibiting importation,  or  by  restricting  it  in  such  a 
degree  as  to  secure  to  the  native  farmers  a monopoly 
of  the  home  market.  But  in  1815-6,  the  dissatisfac- 
tion with  this  system  of  restriction  had  become  so 
general,  that  Sir  Robert  Peel  brought  forward  and 
succeeded  in  carrying  the  act,  9 and  10  Viet.  c.  99, 
which  provided  for  the  immediate  modification  of  the 
coni  laws,  and  for  their  final  abolition  on  the  1st  of 
February,  1849.  P.  Cyc.  Brande. 

CORN'— LOFT,  n.  A granary.  Sherwood. 

CORN'— MAR'I-GOLD,  n.  A perennial  plant,  bear- 
ing brilliant  yellow  flowers ; yellow  ox-eye ; 
Crysanthemum  segetum.  Farm.  Ency. 

f CORiN'-MAS-TER  (12),  n.  One  who  cultivates 
corn  for  sale.  Bacon. 

CORN'— MER-CHANT,  n.  One  who  deals  in  corn. 

CORN'— ME-TER,  n.  One  who  superintends  the 
measuring  of  corn.  Todd. 

CORN'— MILL,  n.  A mill  for  grinding  corn;  — 
called  also  grist-mill. 

CORN'— MINT,  n.  (Bot.)  A species  of  mint.  Booth. 

CORN'MUijE,  n.  [Fr . cornemuse.]  (Mus.)  A sort 
of  bagpipe  ; — written  also  cornemuse.  Crabb. 

CORN'— PIPE,  n.  A pipe  made  of  a green  stalk 
of  corn.  Ticket. 

CORN'— POP-PY,  n.  A red  poppy ; a troublesome 
weed  in  corn-fields  ; — called  also  corn-rose, 
cop-rose,  head-wark,  and  red-weecl ; — Papaver 
rhccas.  Farm.  Ency. 

CORN'— RENT,  n.  A money  rent  for  land,  varying 
in  amount  according  to  the  fluctuations  in  the 
price  of  corn.  Political  Diet. 

CORN'-ROCK-ET,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the  ge- 
nus Bunias.  Clarke. 

CORN'— RO§E,  n.  (Bot.)  A species  of  poppy. — 
See  Coiin-popfy.  Farm.  Ency. 

CORN'— SAL-AD,  n.  (Bot.)  A perennial  succulent 
plant,  cultivated  for  a salad  ; a species  of  Fedia 
or  Valerianella.  Gray. 

CORN'-STALK  (-stile),  n.  The  stalk  of  Indian 
corn.  Lee. 

CORN'— STONE,  n.  A provincial  name  for  a red 
limestone.  Lyell. 

COR  ’MU  JIM- MO  'MIS,  n.  [L.,  the  horn  of  Am- 
mon, in  allusion  to  the  horns  upon  the  statue 
of  Jupiter  Ammon  in  Egypt.]  (Pal.)  A name 
sometimes  given  to  the  ammonite.  Brande. 

COR-MU-CO' PI-A,n. ; pi.  cornucopias. 

[L.  cornucopia:,  the  horn  of  the  goat 
Amalthea,  placed  among  the_  stars  as 
the  emblem  of  fruitfulness  and  abun- 
dance ; cornu,  a horn,  and  copia,  plen- 
ty. K m.  Smith.] 

1.  (Ant.)  The  horn  of  plenty  ; a 

wreathed  horn,  filled  with  fruits  and 
flowers,  and  used  as  the  symbol  of  Plenty,  Peace, 
and  Concord.  Fairholt. 

2.  (Arch.  & Sculp.)  The  representation  of  the 

cornucopia,  or  horn  of  plenty.  Weale. 

3.  pi.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  grasses,  the  spike 

of  which  resembles  the  cornucopia,  or  horn  of 
plenty.  Loudon. 

COR' MUS,  n.  [L.,  the  dogwood-tree.]  (Bot.)  A 
genus  of  plants ; dogwood.  P.  Cyc. 

COR-NUTE',  v.  a.  [L.  cornutus,  horned  ; cornu, 
a horn.]  [7.  cornvted  ; pp.  cornuting,  cor- 
nvted.]  To  furnish  with  horns  : — to  cuckold. 
‘‘A  lawyer’s  wife  in  Aristaenctus  . . . threatened 
to  cornute  him.”  Burton. 

COR-NUTE',  a.  Horned  ; having  horns.  Loudon. 

COR-NUT'ED,p.  a.  Grafted  with  horns  ; horned  : 
— cuckolded.  L’  Estrange. 


COR-NU'TO,  n.  A cuckold.  Shak. 

COR-NU'TOR,  n.  A cuckold  maker.  Jordan. 

CORN'— VAN,  n.  A machine,  or  fan,  for  winnow- 
ing corn.  ]>0Jie_ 

CORN'— Vl-O-LET,  n.  (Bot.)  A species  of  cam- 
panula ; Campanula  hybrida.  Craig. 

CORN  — WAIN,  n.  A wain  or  wagon  for  carrying 
corn  ; a wagon  loaded  with  corn.  Bp.  Horsley. 

CORN'— WEE- VI L (-we-vl),  n.  (Ent.)  A coleop- 
terous insect  very  injurious  to  grain  ; Calandra 
granaria.  Harris.  Farm.  Ency. 

CORN'Y,  a.  1.  [L.  cornu,  a horn.]  Resembling 
horn  ; horny.  “ The  corny  reed.”  Milton. 

2.  [corn.]  Producing  or  bearing  grain  or  corn. 

“ The  corny  ear.”  Prior. 

3.  Containing  corn.  “ Draught  of  corny  ale.” 
Chaucer.  “ Corny  gizzards.”  Dryden. 

4.  Tipsy;  drunk.  — See  Corned.  Brockett. 

COR'O-CORE,  n.  A boat  of  the  Indian  Archipel- 
ago, of  various  forms.  Ogilvie. 

COR'O-DY,  n.  [Low  L.  corodium,  or  corrodium  ; 
It.  corfedo,  provision.]  (Law.)  An  allowance 
of  provisions  or  other  necessaries  due  from  a 
religious  house  or  monastery  to  the  king,  for 
the  support  of  his  chaplains  or  servants  ; — 
written  also  corrody.  Bun-ill. 

COR'OL,  n.  (Bot.)  A corolla.  Smart. 

CO-ROL'LA,  n.  [L.,  a little  wreath  or  crown ; 
dim.  of  corona,  a wreath  or  crown.]  (Bot.) 
The  leaves,  or  petals,  of  a flower  within  the 
calyx ; the  inner  of  the  two  sets  of  floral  cov- 
erings in  a complete  flower.  When  there  is  only 
one  set  it  is  called  calyx  or  perianth.  Gray. 

COR-OL-LA'CEOUS  (kor-ol-a'shus,  66),  a.  (Bot.) 
Relating  to  the  corolla  ; like  a corolla.  Smart. 

COR'OL-LA-RY,  or  CO-ROL'LA-RY  [kor'o-lar-e, 

S.  IF.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  it.  Wb. ; ko-ro Fa- 
re, C.  Bailey,  Kenrick,  Scott],  n.  [L.  corolla- 
riurn,  a garland  of  flowers,  or  a gift  to  a person 
over  and  above  what  was  due  ; and,  latterly,  in 
philosophical  writings,  a deduction  ; It.  tj  Sp. 
corollario  ; Fr.  corollaire.] 

1.  f A surplus  ; an  overplus. 

Bring  a corollary 

Rather  than  want.  Shak. 

2.  A consequent  truth;  an  inference  ; a con- 
clusion. Dryden. 

3.  (Math.)  An  obvious  consequence  of  one 

or  more  propositions.  Davies. 

ItSS=  “Dr.  Johnson,  Mr.  Sheridan,  Dr.  Ash,  W. 
Johnston,  Buchanan,  Entick,  and  Smith  accent  this 
word  on  the  first,  and  Dr.  Kenrick,  Scott,  Perry,  and 
Bailey,  on  the  second  syllable.  The  weight  of  au- 
thority is  certainly  for  the  accentuation  on  the  first 
syllable,  and  analogy  seems  to  confirm  this  author- 
ity.” Walker.  — See  CAPILLARY. 

COR  OL-L^TE,  ) a_  (Bot.)  Like  a corolla,  or 

COR'OL-LAT-ED,  ) having  corollas.  Craig. 

COR'OL-LET,  n.  (Bot.)  One  of  the  partial  flow- 
ers which  make  a compound  one ; a floweret  in 
an  aggregate  flower.  Clarke. 

COR'OL-LINE,  a.  (Bot.)  Belonging  to  a corolla  ; 
corollaceous.  Gray. 

COR'OL-LULE,  n.  (Bot.)  A corollet.  Clarke. 


COR-O-M AN'DEL— WOOD  (-wud),  w.  A beautiful 
brown  wood  from  Coromandel.  IF.  Ency. 

CO-RO'MA,  n.\  pi.  coronas. 

[L.,  a crown.] 

1.  (Arch.)  A large,  flat 

member  of  the  cornice,  which 
crowns  the  entablature.  It 
is  situated  between  the  cymatium  above  and 
the  bed-moulding  below,  and  is  usually  termed 
the  drip,  pr  larmier.  Weale. 

2.  (Bot.)  A coronet  or  crown  ; an 

appendage  at  the  top  of  the  claw  of 
some  petals,  as  of  silene  and  soapwort, 
or  of  the  tube  of  the  corolla  of  hounds- 
tongue,  &c.  Gray. 

3.  ( Astron .)  The  luminous  ring  or  glory 

which  surrounds  the  dark  body  of  the  moon 
during  an  eclipse  of  the  sun.  Hind. 

4.  (Anat.)  A term  used  to  designate  certain 
parts  supposed  to  resemble  a crown.  Dunglison. 

Corona  Borealis  (Northern  Crown),  (Astron.)  a con- 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  E.  I,  9,  U»  Y>  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


CORONACH 


317 


CORPULENT 


stellation  of  the  northern  hemisphere.  — Corona  Aus- 
tralis (Southern  Crown),  a constellation  of  the  south- 
ern hemisphere.  Hind. 

COR'O-nAjCH,  n.  A dirge.  — See  Coranach. 

II  CO-RO'NAL,  or  COR'O-NAL  [ko-ro'nal,  S.  W.  J. 
F.  Ja. ; koro-nal,  I1.  K.  Sm.  C.  Wb.],  n.  [L. 
corona,  a crown  ; Sp.  S;  Fr.  coronal.] 

1.  A crown  ; a garland.  “ Brows  . . . begirt 

with  youthful  coronals."  Fletcher. 

2.  ( Anat .)  The  frontal  bone.  Dunglison. 

II  CO-RO'NAL,  (I.  [Sp.  <S|  Fr.  coronal.]  Belonging 
to  the  crown,  or  the  top  of  the  head.  Dunglison. 

Coronal  suture,  ( Anat .)  the  suture  of  the  head,  which 
extends  from  one  temporal  bone  to  the  other,  over  the 
crown  of  the  head,  and  unites  the  parietal  bones  with 
the  frontal.  Dunglison. 

CO-RO'NAL-LY,  ad.  In  the  manner  of  a crown. 
“ Coronally  or  circularly.”  Browne. 

COR-O-NA'M^N,  n.  (Zoijl.)  The  upper  margin 
of  a hoof,  called,  in  veterinary  surgery,  the 
coronet.  Brande. 

COR'O-NA-RY,  a.  [It.  Sf  Sp.  coronario  ; Fr.  coro- 
naire.] 

1.  Relating  to  a crown  ; placed  or  used 
as  a crown.  “ The  coronary  plants.”  Browne. 
“ The  coronary  thorns.”  Pearson. 

2.  (Anat.)  Resembling  a garland,  wreath,  or 

crown ; — applied  to  certain  vessels  and  liga- 
ments ; as,  “ The  coronary  artery  and  the  cor- 
onary vein  of  the  stomach  ” ; “ The  coronary 
ligament  of  the  liver.”  Dunglison. 

COR'O-NAT-ljn,  a.  (Conch.)  Crowned;  applied 

to  shells  having  their  whorls  more  or  less  sur- 
mounted by  a row  of  spines  or  tubercles.  Craig. 

COR-O-NA'TION,  n.  [L.  corona,  a crown  ; It. 
coronazione ; Sp.  coronacion.] 

1.  The  act,  or  the  ceremony,  of  crowning  a 
sovereign. 

He  [the  King  of  England]  is  bound  by  oath,  at  his  corona- 
tion, to  the  observance  of  his  own  laws.  Blackstone. 

2.  The  pomp  observed  or  the  assembly  pres- 
ent at  a coronation. 

In  pensive  thought  recall  the  fancied  scene, 

See  coronations  rise  on  every  green.  Pope. 

t COR'O-NEL,  n.  [Sp.]  A colonel.  Spenser. 

f CO-RONE'MpNT,  n.  Coronation.  R.  Bunne. 

C0R'0-N£R,  n.  [Low  L.  coronator,  from  corona,  a 
crown  : “ clearly  derived  from  the  important 
part  which  this  officer  originally  took  in  the 
prosecution  of  those  offences  which  concerned 
the  crown.”  Burrill.]  An  officer  whose  duty 
it  is  to  inquire,  by  a jury  of  proper  persons  and 
upon  view  of  the  dead  body,  how  any  casual  or 
violent  death  was  occasioned.  Burrill. 

COR'O-NET,  n.  [L.  corona,  a crown.] 

1.  An  inferior  crown 
worn  by  the  British  no- 
bility. 

The  coronet  of  the  prince  of 
Wales  (No.  1)  is  composed  of 
a circle  or  fillet  of  gold;  on  the 
edge,  four  crosses  pattee  be- 
tween as  many  fleurs  de  lis,  and 
from  the  two  centre  crosses 
an  arch,  surmounted  with  a 
mound  and  cross.  The  coro- 
net of  a duke  (No.  2)  is  adorned 
with  strawberry  leaves;  that  of 
a marquis  iNo.  3)  has  leaves 
with  pearls  interposed;  that  of 
an  earl  (No.  4)  raises  the  pearls 
above  the  leaves;  that  of  a vis- 
count (No.  5)  is  surrounded 
with  pearls  only;  that  of  a 
baron  (No.  6)  has  only  six 
pearls.  P.  Cyc.  Ogilcie. 

5.  6. 

Peers,  and  dukes,  and  all  their  sweeping  train, 

And  garters,  stars,  and  coronets  appear.  Pope. 

2.  An  ornamental  head-dress. 

Under  a coronet  his  flowing  hair, 

In  curls  on  either  cheek,  played.  Milton. 

3.  ( Bot .)  An  appendage  of  a corolla  ; a co- 
rona.— See  Corona.  Brande. 

4.  (Farriery.)  The  upper  part  of  a horse’s 

hoof  at  its  junction  with  the  skin  of  the  pas- 
tern.— See  Cornet.  Craig. 

5.  (Church  Furniture.)  A crown  or  circlet 

suspended  from  the  roof  of  churches  to  hold 
tapers ; sometimes  formed  of  triple  circles  ar- 
ranged pyramidally.  Fairholt. 

COR'O-NET- ]£D,  a.  Wearing,  or  having  a right  to 
wear,  a coronet ; having  a coronet.  Gent.  Mag. 


CO-RON'I-FORM,  a.  [L.  corona,  a crown,  and 
forma,  form.]  Having  the  form  of  a crown  ; 
shaped  like  a crown.  Smart. 

COR-O-NIL'LA,  n.  [L.  corona,  a crown;  Fr.  co- 
ronille .]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  shrubs,  whose  pret- 
ty flowers  are  disposed  in  little  tufts  like  coro- 
nets. Loudon. 

COR'O-NOID,  a.  [Gr.  Kopiovy,  a crow,  and  tilos, 
form;  Fr.  coronoide.]  (Anat.)  Resembling  the 
beak  of  a crow  ; noting  the  process  at  the  end  of 
the  upper  jaw,  and  also  the  sharp  process  at  the 
superior  part  of  the  ulna.  Dunglison. 

COR'O-NULE,  n.  (Bot.)  The  coronet  or  downy 
tuft  of  seeds.  Smart. 

COR’PO-RAL,  n.  [L.  caput,  the  head.  Junius. 
Skinner.  — L.  corpus,  body.  Menage.  It. 
caporale  ; Sp.  cS,  Fr.  caporal .] 

1.  (Mil.)  A non-commissioned  officer  in  a 
battalion  of  infantry  immediately  under  the  ser- 
geant. His  duty  is  to  place  and  relieve  sentinels, 
and  at  drill  he  has  charge  of  a squad.  Brande. 

2.  (Navy.)  An  inferior  officer  under  the  master 

at  arms.  His  duty  is  to  teach  the  use  of  small 
arms,  to  attend  at  the  gangway  on  entering  ports, 
to  see  that  no  spirituous  iiquors  are  brought  on 
board  without  leave  of  the  officers,  to  extinguish 
fires  and  candles,  &c.  London  Ency. 

3.  [L.  corpus,  body;  Fr.  corporail .]  A com- 
munion-cloth ; — so  called  from  being  spread 
over  the  consecrated  bread  which  represents  the 
body  of  Christ.  — See  Coreorale.  Wheatly. 

COR'PO-RAL,  a.  [L . corporalis  ; corpus,  body  ; It. 
corporate;  Sp  .corporal;  Fr.  corporal.] 

1.  Relating  to  the  body  ; as,  “ Corporal  pun- 
ishment ” ; “ Corporal  eyes.”  Raleigh. 

2.  Having  a body  ; material,  not  spiritual ; 
corporeal. 

What  seemed  corporal 

Melted  as  breath  into  tile  wind.  Shak. 

Corporal  oath , an  oath  so  called  from  being  sanc- 
tioned by  touching  tile  corporal  or  corporate,  the  cloth 
covering  the  consecrated  elements.  Brand’s  Pop.Antiq. 

Syn.  — Corporal  is  used  to  denote  the  body  or  ani- 
mal frame  in  its  proper  sense;  corporeal,  the  animal 
substance  in  an  extended  sense.  Corporeal  and  mate- 
rial are  distinguished  from  spiritual  ; bodily,  from 
mental.  Corporal  punishment  ; corporeal  or  material 
form  or  substance  ; bodily  strength  or  pain. 

COR-PO-RA'Lf,  n.  [L.  corporate,  pertaining  to 
the  body;  It.  corporate.]  (Eccl.)  A commun- 
ion-cloth, being  a piece  of  fine  linen  on  which 
the  consecrated  elements  are  put ; — often  writ- 
ten corporal.  Wheatly. 

COR-PO-RAL'I-TY,  n.  [L.  corporalitas ; Sp . cor- 
poralidad  ; It.  corporalith  ; Fr.  corporalite.] 
The  state  of  having  a body ; corporeity  ; mate- 
riality. [r.]  Milton. 

COR'PO-RAL-LY,  ad.  Bodily  ; in  the  body. 

f COR'PO-RAS,  n.  The  old  name  of  the  corpo- 
rale  or  communion-cloth.  Bale. 

COR'PO-RATE,  a.  [L.  corporo,  corporatus,  to 
form  into  a body  ; corjms , a body.] 

1.  Established  by  an  act  of  incorporation ; 
incorporated.  “ A corporate  body.”  Burrill. 

2.  Belonging  to  a corporation.  “A  corpo- 
rate name.”  • Burrill. 

3.  f United;  general.  “A  joint  and  corpo- 
rate voice.”  Shak. 

f COR'PO-RATE,  v.  a.  To  incorporate.  “To  be 
corporated  in  my  person.”  Stow. 

+ COR'PO-RATE,  v.  n.  To  unite;  to  incorpo- 
rate. More. 

COR'PO-RATE-LY,  ad.  1.  In  a corporate  capaci- 
ty ; unitedly.  Todd. 

2.  As  relates  to  the  body.  “ The  abbey  . . . 
where  he  now  corporately  resteth.”  Fabyan. 

COR'PO-RATE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  a body 
corporate.  Bailey. 

COR-PO-RA'TION,  n.  [L.  corporatio,  from  cor- 
pus, a body  ; Sp.  corpnran'on  ; Fr  .corporation.] 
An  incorporated  body,  or  body  politic,  created 
by  law,  and  endowed  with  the  capacity  of  per- 
petual succession. 

It  t)  ■ A corporation  aggregate  is  composed  of  indi- 
viduals united  under  a common  name,  and  vested 
with  the  capacity  of  acting  in  several  respects  as  an 
individual,  particularly  in  granting  and  receiving 


property,  and  in  suing  and  being  sued.  Of  this  de- 
scription are  the  mayor  and  commonalty  of  a city, 
the  head  and  fellows  of  a college,  and,  in  England, 
the  dean  and  chapter  of  a cathedral  church A cor- 

poration sole  consists  of  one  person  only  and  his  suc- 
cessors in  some  particular  station,  who  are  incorpo- 
rated by  law  in  order  to  give  them  some  legal  capaci- 
ties and  advantages,  particularly  that  of  perpetuity, 
which,  in  their  natural  persons,  they  could  not  have. 
In  this  sense,  the  sovereign  of  England  is  a corpora- 
tion sole,  as  is  also  a bishop,  and  every  parson  and 
vicar.  In  the  U.  S.,  a minister,  seized  of  parsonage 
lands  in  right  of  the  parish,  is  held  to  be  a sole  corpo- 
ration for  this  purpose.  Burrill. 

COR'PO-RA-TOR,  n.  A member  of  a corpora- 
tion. Blackstone. 

t COR'PO-RA-TURE,  n.  [L.  corporatura.]  The 
state  of  being  embodied.  More. 

COR-PO'Rf-AL,  a.  [L.  corporeus,  that  has  a 
body  ; corpus,  a body  ; It.  Sp.  corporeo  ; Fr. 
corporal.]  Having  a material  body  ; material, 
not  spiritual. 

That  to  coi'poreal  substances  could  add 

Speed  almost  spiritual.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Corporal. 

COR-PO'RJJ-AL-iST,  n.  A materialist.  Sherlock. 

COR-PO-RP-Al'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being  cor- 
poreal ; corporealness  ; corporeity.  Perry. 

COR-PO'RIJ-AL-LY,  ad.  In  a bodily  form  or 
manner  ; — opposed  to  spiritually. 

COR-PO'Rp- AL-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  cor- 
poreal ; corporeity  ; corporeality.  Ash. 

COR-PO-RE'I-TY,  n.  [It.  corporeith;  Sp.  corpo- 
reidad ; F r.  corporeity .]  The  state  of  being  corpo- 
real, or  of  having  a body ; materiality.  Browne. 

f COR-PO'Rp-OUS,  a.  Bodily;  having  a body. 
“ Gross  and  corporcous.”  Hammond. 

f COR-POR-I-FI-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  corpus,  corpo- 
ris, a body,  and  facio,  to  make.]  The  act  of 
giving  a body.  ‘ Johnson. 

f COR-POR'I-FY,  v.  a.  To  embody.  Boyle. 

COR'PO-§>AnT,  n.  [It.  corpo  santo,  holy  body  ; 
Sp.  cuerpo  santo.]  A volatile  meteor,  or  ignis 
fatuus,  sometimes  seen,  in  dark  nights,  about 
the  decks  or  rigging  of  a ship.  Mar.  Diet. 

CORPS  (kiirps),  n.  [L.  corpus,  a body  ; Fr.  corps.] 

1.  f A body;  — usually  in  contempt.  “This 

vast  unhide-bound  corps.”  Milton. 

2.  f (Eccl.)  The  land  with  which  a prebend  or 
other  ecclesiastical  office  is  endowed.  Bacon. 

3.  (Arch.)  A part  that  projects  beyond  a na- 

ked wall,  serving  as  a ground  for  some  decora- 
tion or  the  like.  London  Ency. 

CORPS  (kdr),  n.  ; pi.  corps  (korz).  [Fr.  corps,  from 
L.  corpus,  a body.]  (Mil.)  A body  of  forces  or 
troops  ; — applied  to  a regiment  or  to  any  divis- 
ion of  an  army.  Glos.  of  Mil.  Terms. 

CORPS-DE-GARDE  (kor'de-giird'),  m [Fr.]  (Mil.) 
A guard-room ; a post  to  receive  a body  of  sol- 
diers : — the  men  who  watch  in  the  guard-room. 
— See  Court-oe-guard.  London  Ency. 

CORPS  DIPLOMATIQUE  (kor'dip-lo-mk-tek'),  rc. 
[Fr.]  A diplomatic  body,  or  a body  of  foreign 
agents  engaged  in  diplomacy.  P.  Cyc. 

CORPSE  [kiirps,  S.  IF.  P.  J.  E.  F.  K.  Sm.;  kiirps 
or  kors,  Ja.],  n.  [L.  corpus,  a body  ; It.  corpo; 
Sp.  cuerpo  ; Fr.  corps.— W.  corf]  A dead  hu- 
man body  ; a corse  ; remains.  Addison. 

Syn.  — See  Body. 

CORPSE'— GATE,  n.  A covered  gateway  at  the 
entrance  to  burial-grounds,  intended  to  shelter 
a corpse  and  mourners  from  rain.  II  cafe. 

COR'PU-LENCE,  f n-  [L.  corpulcntia ; corpus, 

COR'PU-LF.N-CY,  ) a body;  It.  corpulcnza;  Sp. 
corpulencia ; Fr.  corpulence.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  corpulent ; fleshiness ; 
fatness  ; obesity. 

Some  of  serpent  kind 

Wondrous  in  length  and  corjnilence.  Milton. 

2.  f The  quality  which  gives  body  or  sub- 

stance. “ The  heaviness  and  corpulency  of  the 
water.”  Ray. 

COR'PU-LENT,  a.  [L.  corpulentus.]  Fleshy  ; fat ; 
stout;  lusty;  bulky.  “ Too  corpulent  a frame.” 

Armstrong. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RflLE.  — £,  £,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  $ as  gz.—  THIS,  this. 


CORPUS ANCE 


318 


CORROBORATE 


COR'PU-fANCE,  n.  Same  as  Corposant.  Shaw. 

COR' PUS  CHRIS'TI,  n.  [L.,  body  of  Christ.'] 
( Eccl .)  A festival  of  the  Church  of  Rome,  kept 
on  the  first  Thursday  after  Trinity  Sunday,  in 
honor  of  the  eucharist.  Maunder. 

COR'PUS-CLE  (kdr'pus-sl),  n.  [L.  corpusculum, 
dim.  of  corjms,  a body  ; It.  if  Sp.  corpusculo  ; 
Fr.  corpuscule.]  A particle  of  matter  ; an  atom  ; 
a molecule.  “ If  those  corpuscles  can  be  dis- 
covered with  microscopes.”  Newton. 

COR-PUS'CU-LAR,  a.  Relating  to,  or  comprising, 
corpuscles.  Bentley. 

Corpuscular  philosophy,  a system  which  proposes  to 
account  for  natural  phenomena  hy  the  motion,  figure, 
&c.,  of  tile  minute  particles  of  matter.  Maunder. 

COR-PUS-CU-LA'RI-AN,  a.  Corpuscular.  Boyle. 

COR-PUS-CIT-LA'RI-AN,  n.  A corpuscular  phi- 
losopher. Bentley. 

CpR-PUS-Cy-LAR'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being 
corpuscular,  [it.]  Ash. 

COR' PUS  DE-LIC'Tl,  n.  [L.,  the  body  of  crime.] 
(Law.)  The  substance  or  foundation  of  an  of- 
fence in  the  fact  of  its  having  been  actually 
committed.  Burrill. 

COR’RA-CLE,  n.  See  Coracle.  Sherwood. 

f COR-RADE',  v.  a.  [L.  con-ado ; con,  with,  and 
ratio,  to  scrape.]  To  rub  off:  — to  scrape  to- 
gether. Cockeram. 

COR-RA'DI-AL,  a.  [L.  con , with,  and  radius,  a 
beam,  or  ray.]  Radiating  from  the  same  centre 
or  point,  [r.]  Coleridge. 

COR-RA'DI-ATE,  v.  a.  To  concentrate  to  one 
point,  as  rays  of  light.  Dublin  Univ.  Mag. 

COR-RA-DI-A'TION,  n.  [L.  con,  with,  and  radi- 
us, a ray.]  A conjunction  or  concentration  of 
rays  in  one  point.  Bacon. 

COR'RAL,  n.  [Sp.]  Enclosed  ground;  an  en- 
closure ; a court ; a yard.  Gunnison. 

COR-RECT',  v.  a.  [L.  corrigo,  correctus ; con, 
with,  and  rego,  to  rule,  to  set  right ; It.  correg- 
gere-,  Sp.  corregir ; Fr.  corriger.]  [i.  correct- 
ed ; j op.  CORRECTING,  CORRECTED.] 

1.  To  free  from  faults  or  errors  ; to  amend  ; 
to  set  right ; to  rectify  ; to  reform  ; to  reclaim. 

Correcting  nature  from  what  actually  she  is  in  individuals 
to  what  she  ought  to  be.  Dryden. 

2.  To  chastise;  to  punish;  to  castigate. 

After  he  has  once  been  corrected  for  a lie,  you  must  be 
sure  never  after  to  pardon  it  in  him.  Locke . 

3.  To  change  or  modify  the  qualities  of  one 
thing  by  those  of  another. 

Happy  mixture,  wherein  things  contrary  do  so  correct  the 
one  the  danger  of  the  other’s  excess  I . Hooker. 

Syn.  — See  Amend,  Chastise,  Correction, 
Reclaim,  Redress. 

COR-RECT',  a.  [L.  correctus ; It.  corretto ; Sp. 
correcto ; Fr.  correct.]  Free  from  faults  or  er- 
rors; faultless;  accurate;  exact;  right;  true. 
“ Sallust,  the  most  elegant  and  correct  of  all 
the  Latin  historians.”  Addison. 

Syn.  — See  Accurate. 

COR-RECT'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  corrected. 
“Easily  correctable.”  Fuller. 

COR-RECT'IJD,  p.  a.  Made  correct ; amended  : 
— chastised. 

COR-REC'TION,  n.  [L . correctio  ; It.  correzione  ; 
Sp.  correccion  ; Fr.  correction .] 

1.  The  act  of  correcting  or  taking  away  faults ; 
alteration  to  a better  state  ; amendment. 

Another  poet  mny  take  the  same  liberty  with  my  writings, 
if  they  live  long  enough  to  deserve  correction.  Dryden. 

2.  That  which  is  substituted  for  any  thing 
wrong;  betterment;  improvement. 

Corrections  or  improvements  should  be  adjoined  bv  way 
of  commentary.  Watts. 

3.  Chastisement ; punishment ; discipline. 

Wilt  thou,  pupil-like, 

Take  thy  correction  mildly,  kiss  the  rod?  Shak. 

4.  Change  or  modification  in  the  qualities  of 

one  thing  by  those  of  another.  Donne. 

Syn.  — Correction  and  discipline  may  be  exercised 
by  means  of  chastisement  or  other  methods  ; punish- 
ment is  the  infliction  of  pain.  A parent  corrects  his 
child  ; a master  maintains  discipline  in  his  school, 
and  a general  in  his  army  ; an  offender  is  liable  to 


reprehension.  Punishment  is  inflicted  on  a criminal 
or  on  one  who  disobeys  the  laws  of  a country,  a 
school,  &c. — Correction  of  the  press  ; amendment  of  life. 

COIt-REC'TION-AL,  a.  [Fr . correct ionnc.l^]  Tend- 
ing to  correct ; corrective.  Month.  Rev. 

f COR-REC'TION-£R,  n.  One  who  is,  or  has 
been,  in  a house  of  correction.  Shak. 

COR-REC'TJVE,  a.  [It.  <5;  Sp.  correttivo  ; Fr.  cor- 
rect if.]  Having  power  to  correct ; rectifying. 

This  antidote  or  corrective  spice,  the  mixture  whereof 
tempers  knowledge,  is  charity.  Bacon. 

COR-REC'TI  VE,  n.  [Fr.  correctif.] 

1.  That  which  corrects  ; corrector. 

Some  corrective  to  its  evil  the  French  monarchy  must 
have  received.  ' Burke . 

2.  f Limitation  ; restriction.  “ With  certain 

correctives  and  exceptions.”  Hale. 

COR-RECT'Ly,  ad.  In  a correct  manner;  with- 
out faults  or  errors  ; accurately  ; exactly. 

COR-RECT'N£SS,  n.  The  state  of  being  correct; 
freedom  from  faults  or  errors ; exactness  ; ac- 
curacy. “ The  correctness  of  design  in  this 
statue.”  Addison.  “ Correctness  of  style.”  Sir 
J.  Reynolds.  “ Those  pieces  have  never  before 
been  printed  with  . . . correctness.”  Swift. 

Syn.  — See  Justness. 

COR-RECT'OR,  n.  [L.]  He  who,  or  that  which, 
corrects.  “ Corrector  of  abuses.”  Swift.  “ Cor- 
rectors of  the  press.”  Tillotson. 

In  making  a medicine,  such  a thing  is  called  a corrector 
which  destroys  or  diminishes  a quality.  (Jxiincy. 

COR-REC'TO-RY,  a.  Containing,  or  making, 
correction.  Blackwood’ s Mag. 

COR-REC'TRJJSS,  n.  A female  who  corrects. 

COR-REQ  ' I-DOR,  n.  [Sp.]  A Spanish  magis- 
trate ; a mayor.  Smollett’s  Gil  Bias. 

COR-R1J-LATE',  v.  n.  [L.  con,  with,  and  refero, 
relatus,  to  carry  back.]  To  have  a reciprocal 
relation,  as  father  and  son.  [n.]  Johnson. 

COR'Rp-LATE,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  stands 
in  reciprocal  relation  ; a correlative.  South. 

“The  sun.”  “sol,”  “le  solcil,”  are  English,  Latin,  and 
French  correlates,  though  it  would  not  be  improper  to  rail 
them  synonymes.  It.  IV.  Hamilton. 

COR-RIJ-LA'TION,  n.  [Fr.]  Reciprocal  rela- 
tion. Rogct. 

COR-REL'A-TIVE,  a.  [It.  A;  Sp.  correlativo ; Fr. 
correlatif.]  Having  a reciprocal  relation,  as 
father  and  son,  or  husband  and  wife  ; reciprocal. 

Thus  “man "and  woman,”  “master  and  servant,”  “father 
and  son,”  are  correlative  terms.  Hume. 

COR-REL'A-TIVE,  n.  1.  He  who,  or  that  which, 
stands  in  reciprocal  relation  ; correlate.  “ Mark 
of  relation  which  is  between  correlatives.” Locke. 

2.  (Gram.)  The  antecedent  of  a'pronoun. 

COR-REL'A-TI  VE-LY,  ad.  In  a correlative  man- 
ner. Hales. 

COR-REL'A-TIVE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
correlative  ; correlation.  Bailey. 

f COR-REP'TION,  n.  [I*,  corrcptio  ; corripio, 
correptus,  to  seize  upon.]  Objurgation  ; re- 
proof. Hammond. 

COR-R1J-SPOND',  v.  n.  [L.  con,  with,  and  re- 
spondeo,  to  answer,  to  agree  ; It.  corrispondere  ; 
Sp.  correspondir ; Fr.  correspondrc.]  [?.  cor- 
responded ; pp.  CORRESPONDING,  CORRE- 
SPONDED.] 

1.  To  agree  ; to  answer  ; to  suit ; to  fit. 

Tt  ill  corresponds  with  n profession  of  friendship  to  refuse 
assistance  to  a friend  in  the  time  of  need.  Crabb. 

2.  To  hold  intercourse  or  communication  by 

exchange  of  letters.  Johnson. 

3.  To  have  communion,  [r.] 

Self-knowing,  and  from  thence 
Magnanimous  to  corresj)07icl  with  heaven.  Milton. 

COR-RE-SPOND'ENCE,  n.  [It.  corrispondenza  ; 
Sp.  correspondence  ; Fr.  correspondancc.] 

1.  The  act  of  corresponding;  reciprocal  adap- 
tation ; fitting  relation ; as,  “ The  correspond- 
ence of  an  event  to  a prediction.” 

2.  Interchange  of  offices  or  civilities ; friend- 
ly relation ; friendship. 

JTnldinjr  also  good  correspondence  with  the  other  great  men 
in  the  state.  Macon. 

3.  Intercourse  by  exchange  of  letters. 


My  enemies  will  be  apt  to  say  that  we  hold  a correspond- 
ence together.  Addison. 

4.  Letters  interchanged  ; as.  “ The  published 
correspondence  of  Washington.” 

COR-RE-SPOND'gN-CY,  n.  Same  as  Corre- 
spondence. ’ Locke. 

COR-Rf-SPOND'ENT,  a.  [It.  corrispondent ; Sp. 
correspondiente ; Fr.  correspondant.]  Having 
correspondence  or  fitness  ; conformed  to  ; suit- 
able ; adapted  ; fit ; conformable  ; agreeable  ; 
answerable.  “ Not  doubting  but  that  your  acts 
shall  be  correspondent  to  our  expectation.” 

Burnet. 

COR-R^-SPOND'IJNT,  n.  One  who  corresponds; 
one  who  writes  or  interchanges  letters ; one 
who  communicates  by  letters.  “You  accuse  me 
of  being  a negligent  correspondent.”  Melmoth. 

COR-IHJ-SPOND'^NT-LY,  ad.  In  a correspond- 
ent manner  ; suitably  ; fitly. 

COR-Rp-SPOND'ING,  p.  a.  1.  Answering  or  agree- 
ing to  ; suiting ; correspondent. 

And  differing  parts  have  corresponding  grace.  Dryden. 

2.  Carrying  on  intercourse  by  letters ; as, 
“ A corresponding  secretary  or  clerk.” 

COR-RE-SPOND'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a correspond- 
ing manner ; answerably. 

COR-RE-SPON'SIVE,  a.  Answerable,  [r.]  Shak. 

COR-RE-SPON'SI  VE-LY,  ad.  In  a correspond- 
ing manner. 

COR'  RI-DOR,  n.  [Fr.]  1.  (Fort.)  A covered  way 
surrounding  a fortification.  Harris. 

2.  (Arch.)  A gallery  or  passage  leading  from 
one  part  of  an  edifice  to  another.  Britton. 

There  is  something  very  noble  in  the  amphitheatre,  though 
the  high  wall  and  corridors  that  went  round  it  are  almost 
entirely  ruined.  Addison. 

COR-Rl-QEJY' DJI,  n.  pi.  [L.,  from  corrigo,  to 
correct.]  Words  or  things  to  be  corrected;  cor- 
rections to  he  made.  Hamilton. 

COIi'Rl-^ENT,  n.  [L.  corrigo,  corrigens,  to  cor- 
rect.] (Med.)  A substance  added  to  a medi- 
cine to  mollify  or  modify  its  action.  Dunglison. 

c6R-RI-9!-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
corrigible ; corrigibleness.  ’ Clarke. 

COR'RI-(jrI-BLE,  a.  [It.  corrigihile ; Sp.  corregi- 
ble  ; Fr.  corrigible.] 

1.  Capable  of  being  corrected  or  amended. 

A satire  should  expose  nothing  but  what  is  coi'rigible. 

Addison. 

2.  Deserving  of  punishment ; punishable. 

lie  was  adjudged  corrigible  for  such  presumptuous  lan- 
guage. Howell. 

3.  f Having  the  power  to  correct ; corrective. 

Do  I not  bear  a corrigible  hand  over  him  ? B.  Jonson. 

COR'RI-^I-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
corrigible  ; corrigibility. 

COIl-Ri'VAL,  n.  [L.  con,  with,  and  Eng.  rival.] 
A fellow-rival ; competitor  ; rival.  “ Whose 
jealousy  brooks  no  corrival.”  Milton. 

COR-RI  VAL,  a.  Contending.  Bp.  Fleetwood. 

f COR-RI'VAL,  v.  a.  & n.  To  vie  with.  Fitzgeffry. 

f CoR-RI-VAL'I-TY,  n.  Corrivalry.  Bp.  Hall. 

COR-RI'VAL-RY,  n.  Competition  ; rivalry.  More. 

COR-RI'VAL-SHIP,  n.  Opposition  ; competition  ; 
rivalry ; corrivalry.  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

f COR-RI 'VATE,  v.  a.  [L.  corrivo,  corrivatus  ; 
con,  with,  and  rivus,  a stream  of  water.]  To 
unite  into  one  stream.  Burton. 

COR-RI-VA'TION,  n.  [L.  corrivatio.]  The  flow- 
ing of  waters’  into  one  stream,  [r.]  Burton. 

COR-ROB'O-RANT,  a.  [It.  if  Sp.  corroborante  ; 
Fr.  corroborant.]  Tending  to  corroborate  or 
confirm  ; strengthening  ; confirming.  Bacon. 

COR-ROB'O-RANT,  n.  (Med.)  Any  substance 
which  strengthens  and  gives  tone.  Dunglison. 

COR-ROB'O-RATE,  V.  a.  [L.  corroboro,  corrobora- 
tus  ; con,  with,  and  roboro,  to  strengthen  ; ro- 
bur,  strength  ; It.  corroborare  ; Sp.  corroborar ; 
Fr.  corroborer.]  [i.  corroborated  ; pp.  cor- 
roborating, corroborated.] 

1.  To  make  strong ; to  strengthen.  “ The 
nerves  are  corroborated  thereby.”  [r.]  Watts. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure ; FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


CORROBORATE 


319 


CORTES 


Our  Saviour,  in  his  agony,  was  corroborated  by  an  angel. 

Grew. 

2.  To  confirm  ; to  establish ; to  support. 

When  the  truth  of  a person's  assertions  is  called  in  ques- 
tion, it  is  fortunate  for  him  if  he  have  respectable  friends  to 
corroborate  his  testimony.  (Jrabb. 

Syn.  — See  Confirm. 

+ COR-ROB'O-RATE,  a.  Corroborated. 

There  is  no  trusting  to  the  force  of  nature,  nor  to  the  bra- 
very of  words,  except  it  be  corroborate  by  custom.  Bacon. 

C0R-R6b'0-RAT-ING,  p.  a.  Strengthening  ; con- 
firming ; establishing.  “ Corroborating  evi- 
dence.” lloadly. 

COR-r6b-Q-RA'TION,  n.  [It.  corroborazione  ; 
Sp.  corroboracion  ; Fr.  corroboration .] 

1.  The  act  of  corroborating  ; confirmation. 

The  lady  herself  procured  a bull  for  the  better  corrobora- 
tion of  the  marriage.  Bacon. 

2.  That  which  corroborates. 

T.et  U9  now  inquire  what  corroboration  can  be  gained  from 
other  testimony.  Johnson . 

COR-ROB'O-RA-TIVE,  a.  [Fr.  corroboratif] 
Tending  to  corroborate  or  confirm.  “ Any 
thing  corroborative  of  what  I say.”  Warburton. 

COR-ROB'O-RA-TIVE,  n.  That  which  strengthens. 

Like  an  apothecary's  shop,  wherein  are  purgatives,  cor- 
dials, corroboratives,  lenitives,  &c.  Burton, 

COR-ROB'O-RA-TO-RY,  a.  Tending  to  strength- 
en ; corroborative.  Lord  Bathurst. 

COR-RODE',  v.  a.  [L.  corrodo  ; con,  with,  and 
rodo,  to  maw;  It.  corrodere  ; Sp.  corroer  ; Fr. 
corroderT]  [t.  corroded  ; pp.  corroding, 

CORRODED.] 

1.  To  disintegrate  or  waste  gradually,  as  by 
gnawing.  “ Aquafortis,  corroding  copper,  is 
wont  to  reduce  it  to  a green  blue  solution.’’  Boyle. 

2.  To  prey  upon  ; to  consume  slowly. 

Should  jealousy  its  venom  once  diffuse, 

Corroding  every  thought.  Thomson. 

COR-ROD'jpD,  p.a.  Eaten  away  ; containing  nu- 
merous little  holes  or  cavities.  “ Teeth  irregu- 
larly corroded,  like  iron  by  rust.”  Cook. 

COR-RO'D^NT,  a.  [It.  corrodent e ; Fr.  corro- 
dant.~\  Corroding ; corrosive,  [r.]  Bp.  King. 

COR-RO'DfiNT,ra.  That  which  corrodes.  Bp.  King. 

f COR-RO'DI-Ate,  v.  a.  To  corrode.  Sandys. 

COR-RO-DI-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
corrodible,  [r.]  Johnson. 

COR-RO'DI-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  corrosion ; cor- 
rosible.  “ A corrodible  body.”  Boyle. 

COR-ROD'ING,/).  a.  That  corrodes  ; eating  away; 
consuming.  “ Corroding  juices.”  Dryden. 

COR'RO-DY,  n.  See  Corody.  Carew. 

COR-RO-SI-BIL'I-TY,  n.  Corrodibility,  [r.]  Boyle. 

COR-RO'SI-BLE,  a.  [Sp.  corrosible.]  Corrodible. 
— See  Corrodible.  Bailey. 

COR-RO'SI-BLE- NESS,  n.  Corrodibility.  Bailey. 

COR-RO'§ION  (kor-ro'zhun,  93),  n.  [Sp.  (g  Fr. 
corrosion .]  The  act  of  corroding  ; the  process 
by  which  any  thing  is  corroded.  “ Salad-oil, 
a resister  of  corrosion.”  Boyle. 

Though  it  [peevishness]  breaks  not  out  in  paroxyms  of 
outrage,  it  wears  out  happiness  by  slow  corrosion.  Johnson. 

COR-RO'SIVE,  a.  [It.  # Sp.  corrosivo ; Fr.  cor- 
rosif. ] Having  the  power  of  corroding  or  wear- 
ing away  ; corroding  ; consuming.  “ Corrosive 
salts.”  Boyle.  “ These  corrosive  fires.”  Milton. 

Corrosive  sublimate,  ( Chern .)  the  bichloride  of  mer- 
cury, a very  acrid  poison  ; — formerly  called  ozymuri- 
ate,  or  corrosive  muriate,  of  mercury.  — See  CALO- 
MEL. Brande. 

COR-RO'SIVE,  n.  1.  {Med.)  A corroding  substance. 

Corrosives  are  substances  which,  when  placed  in  contact 
with  living  parts,  gradually  disorganize  them.  Dmglison. 

2.  Any  thing  that  wastes  or  consumes  slow- 
ly, as  by  corrosion. 

Away ; though  parting  be  a fretful  corrosive, 

It  is  applied  to  a deathful  wound.  Shah. 

f CQR-RO'SIVE,  v.  a.  To  eat  away,  like  a corro- 
sive. Bp.  Hall.  “Thy  conscience  corrosived 
with  grief.”  Drayton. 

■ COR-RO'SIVE-LY,  ad.  In  a corrosive  manner. 

COR-RO'SIVE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
corrosive ; acrimony. 

Saltpetre  betrays  upon  tho  tongue  no  corrosiveness  at  all. 

Boyle. 


COR-RO-Sl  V'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being  corro- 
sive ; corrosiveness,  [r.]  Parke. 

COR'RU-GANT,  a.  [L.  corrugo,  corrugans,  to 
wrinkle.]  Contracting  into  wrinkles.  Johnson. 

COR'RU-gATE,  v.  a.  [L.  corrugo,  corrugatus  ; 
con,  with,  and  rugo,  to  crease  ; ruga,  a wrinkle  ; 
It.  corrugare ; Sp.  corrugar. ] [t.  corrugated  ; 
pp.  CORRUGATING,  CORRUGATED.]  To  contract 
into  wrinkles  ; to  wrinkle.  “ The  palate  is  an 
arched  roof  corrugated  with  several  asperities.” 

COR'RU-GATE,  a.  Contracted;  wrinkled;  fur- 
rowed ; rising  and  falling  in  parallel  lines,  and 
with  angles  more  or  less  acute.  Young. 

COR-RU-gA'TION,  n.  [Sp.  corrugaeion  ; Fr.  cor- 
rugation.} Contraction  into  wrinkles.  Floyer. 

COR'RU-gA-TOR,  n.  [Fr.  corrugateur .]  { Anat .) 
A muscle  that  contracts  or  UTinkles  the  skin 
of  the  forehead.  Crabb. 

COR-RU't^gNT,  a.  {Anat.)  Contracting;  — ap- 
plied to  a muscle  of  the  eye.  Chambers. 

COR-RUPT',  v.  a.  [L.  corrumpo,  corruptus ; con, 
with,  and  rumpo,  to  break  ; It.  corrompere ; Sp. 
corromper-,  Fr.  corrompre .]  [i.  corrupted; 

pp.  CORRUPTING,  CORRUPTED.] 

1.  To  turn  from  a sound  to  a putrescent 
state  ; to  render  putrid  ; to  putrefy.  Johnson. 

2.  To  destroy  the  integrity  of;  to  vitiate;  to 
deprave ; to  defile ; to  pollute ; to  contami- 
nate ; to  taint ; to  spoil ; to  infect ; to  debase  : 
— to  bribe. 

I fear  lest  your  minds  should  be  corrupted  from  the  sim- 
plicity that  is  in  Christ.  2 Cor.  xi.  3. 

Yielding  to  immoral  pleasure  corrupts  the  mind;  living 
to  animal  and  trifling  ones  debases  it.  Johnson. 

Syn.  — See  Contaminate. 

COR-RUPT',  v.  n.  To  become  putrid;  to  lose 
purity ; to  putrefy.  “ The  aptness  of  air  or 
water  to  corrupt  or  putrefy.”  Bacon. 

COR-RUPT',  a.  1.  Spoiled  ; tainted  ; unsound  ; 
putrid.  “ Corrupt  and  pestilent  bread.”  Knolles. 

2.  Wanting  integrity;  depraved;  vicious. 
“ Some  . . . corrupt  in  their  morals.”  South. 

COR-RUPT'IJD,  p.  a.  Made  corrupt;  tainted; 
vitiated ; depraved. 

COR-RUPT' ^ R,  n.  One  who  corrupts  or  taints. 
“ Corrupters  of  Christianity.”  Addison. 

f COR-RUPT'FUL,  a.  Corrupting.  “Corruptful 
bribes.”  Spenser. 

COR-RUPT-I-BlL'I-TY,  n.  [L.  corrvptibilitas  ; 
It.  corruttibilita ; Sp.  corruptibilidad ; Fr.  cor- 
ruptibilite.]  Possibility  of  being  corrupted ; 
corruptibleness.  K Burke. 

COR-RUPT' I- BLE,  a.  [L.  corruptibilis ; It.  cor- 
ruttibile-,  Sp.  Fr.  corruptible.'] 

1.  Liable  to  corruption,  or  to  putrefy  or  de- 
cay. “ Our  corruptible  bodies.”  Hooker. 

2.  That  may  be  corrupted,  or  depraved ; capa- 

ble of  swerving  in  integrity.  “ A very  corrupt- 
ible race.”  Burke. 

ffrp  “ Some  affected  speakers  have  done  all  in  their 
power  to  remove  the  accent  of  this  word  from  the 
second  to  the  first  syllable.  Thanks  to  the  difficulty 
of  pronouncing  it  in  this  manner,  they  have  not  yet 
effected  their  purpose.”  Walker. 

COR-RUPT 'I- BLE,  n.  That  which  may  corrupt 
or  decay.  “ This  corruptible  must  put  on  incor- 
ruption.” • 1 Cor.  xv.  53. 

COR-RUPT'I-BLE-NESS,  n.  Susceptibility  of  cor- 
ruption ; corruptibility.  Johnson. 

COR-RUPT'I-BLY,  ad.  So  as  to  be  corrupted.  Shak. 

COR-RUPT'ING,  n.  The  act  of  vitiating.  “ Cor- 
ruptings of  the  Fathers’  writings.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

COR-RUPT'ING,  p.  a.  Making  corrupt ; vitiat- 
ing ; depraving. 

COR-RUP'TION,  n.  [L.  corruptio ; It.  corruzione ; 
Sp.  corrupeion-,  Fr.  corruption .] 

1.  The  act,  or  the  process,  of  corrupting  ; the 
destruction  of  form  or  mode  of  existence  of  an 
animal  or  vegetable  body  by  putrefaction  ; pu- 
trescence. 

So  also  is  the  resurrection  of  the  dead.  It  is  sown  in  cor- 
ruplion;  it  is  raised  in  incorruption.  1 Cor.  xv.  42. 

2.  Putrid  matter  ; purulence  ; pus.  Johnson. 

3.  Change  in  any  thing  for  the  worse  ; de- 
parture from  a pure  standard. 


All  these  four  kinds  of  corruption  are  very  common  in 
their  language.  Brercwood . 

4.  Loss  of  integrity;  perversion  of  principle; 
wickedness  ; depravity  : — bribery. 

Amidst  corruption,  luxury,  and  rage, 

Still  leave  some  ancieut  virtues  to  our  age.  Pope. 

Corruption  of  blood,  (Eng.  Law.)  tile  extinguishment 
of  the  inheritable  quality  of  a person’s  blood  in  con- 
sequence of  attainder  for  treason  or  other  felony,  so 
that  lie  can  neither  inherit  any  estate,  nor  transmit  it 
to  others  by  descent.  Burrill. 

Syn.  — See  Depravity. 

COR-RUP'TION-IST,  n.  A defender  of  corrup- 
tion, or  wickedness,  [r.]  Sidney  Smith. 

COR-RUP'TI VE,  a.  [L.  eorruptivus ; It.  corrot- 
tivo  ; Sp.  corruptivo.]  Tending  to  corrupt ; hav- 
ing the  power  of  tainting  or  corrupting.  “An 
acid  ferment,  or  some  corruptive  quality.”  Bay. 

COR-RUPT'L£SS,  a.  Insusceptible  of  corruption. 
“ Corruptless  myrrh.”  Dryden. 

COR-RUPT'LY,  ad.  1.  In  a corrupt  manner; 
without  integrity  ; viciously.  “ We  have  dealt 
very  corruptly  against  thee.”  Nehem.  i.  7. 

2.  Contrary  to  a pure  standard  ; improperly. 
“We  have  corruptly  contracted  most  names, 
both  of  men  and  places.”  Camden. 

COR-RUPT'NIJSS,  n.  Quality  of  being  corrupt. 

COR-RUPT'RJESS,  n.  She  who  corrupts.  Beau.  § FI. 

COR'sAc,  n.  {Zotjl.)  A species  of  white  fox 
found  in  Tartary  ; Vulpes  corsac.  Fischer. 

COR-sAf/E',  n.  [Fr.]  The  waist;  — a part  of 
female  dress.  Surenne. 

COR'sAlR  (kdr'sir),  n.  [L.  curro,  cursus,  to  run; 
It.  corsare-,  corso,  course,  career  ; Sp.  corsario ; 
corsear , to  cruise;  Fr.  corsaire.] 

1.  A sea-robber  ; a pirate. 

He  left  a corsair's  name  to  other  times, 

Linked  with  one  virtue  and  a thousand  crimes.  Byron. 

2.  The  vessel  of  a pirate.  “ A Barbary  cor- 
sair.” “An  Algerine  corsair."  Todd. 

CORSE,  or  CORSE  [kors,  S.  W.  P.  J.  F.  Ja. ; kiirs,  K. 
Sm.  Wb. ],  n.  [Old  Fr.  cors,  or  corse,  a body.] 

1.  f A body  ; the  human  frame. 

For  he  was  strong  and  of  so  mighty  corse 

As  ever  wielded  spear  in  warlike  hand.  Spenser. 

2.  A dead  human  body  ; a corpse. 

Mysterious  Heaven  I that  moment  to  the  ground. 

A "blackened  corse,  was  struck  the  beauteous  maid.  Thomson. 

CORSE'Lf.T  (kors'let),  n.  [Fr.  corselet .] 

1.  A light  breastplate,  or  a light  armor  for 

the  fore  part  of  the  body.  “ Corselets  gilt  and 
graven.”  Fairfax. 

2.  {Ent.)  A term  applied  by  Strauss  to  the 
three  thoracic  segments  of  winged  insects. 

CORSE'LIJT,  v.  a.  To  encircle  or  cover  the  body, 
as  with  a corselet.  Beau.  Sg  FI. 

CORSE'— PRE^-f.NT,  n.  {Eng.  Law.)  A funeral 
present ; a mortuary  or  gift  due  to  the  minister 
of  a parish  on  the  death  of  a parishioner. 

It  was  anciently  usual  in  this  kingdom  to  bring  the  mort- 
uary to  church  along  with  the  corpse  when  it  came  to  be 
buried  ; and  thence  it  is  sometimes  called  a corse-present. 

Blackstone. 

COR'S£T,  n.  [Fr.]  An  article  of  dress  laced 
closely  round  the  body  ; a bodice  ; stays  ; — worn 
chiefly  by  females.  Cotgrave. 

COR'S^T,  v.  a.  To  enclose  in  corsets.  Clarke. 

COR'SI-CAN,  a.  {Geog.)  Relating  to  Corsica,  an 
island  in  the  Mediterranean.  Murray. 

COR'SI-CAN,  n.  {Geog.)  A native  of  Corsica. 

CORS'NJJD,  n.  [A.  S.  corsnmd ; cors,  a curse,  and 
siued,  a piece,  a slice.]  {Saxon  Law.)  A species 
of  ordeal  performed  by  eating  a piece  of  bread 
over  which  the  priest  had  pronounced  a certain 
imprecation.  If  an  accused  person  ate  it  freely, 
he  was  pronounced  innocent ; if  it  stuck  in  his 
throat,  he  was  considered  guilty.  Burrill. 

COR’TEGE  (kbr'tazh),  n.  [Fr. ; It.  cortcqgio  ■ 
corte,  a court.]  A train  of  attendants.  Todd. 

COR'TF.p  [kor'tez,  Ja.  K. ; kor'tez,  Sm.],  n.  pi. 
[Sp.  pi.  cartes .]  The  states  or  legislative  body 
of  Spain  and  of  Portugal,  composed  of  nobil- 
ity, clergy,  and  representatives  of  cities. 

The  origin  of  popular  representation  in  the  Cortes  of  the 
several  kingdoms  out  of  which  that  of  Spain  was  finally 
formed,  is  assigned  to  a date  as  early  as  the  12th  century. 

Brande. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  (f,  5,  g,  soft ; E,  C,  5,  1,  hard;  § as  z;  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


CORTEX 


320 


COSMOGRAPHY 


COR' TEX,  n.;  pi.  cdR'Tr-c&Q.  [L.] 

1.  The  outer  bark  of  a tree  or  a shrub. 

Which  seeds  arc  found  to  be  perfect  plants,  with  leaves 

and  trunk  curiously  folded  up  ...  in  tile  cortex.  Jie.ntiei/. 

2.  (Med.)  A name  applied  especially  to  Peru- 
vian bark.  Dunglison, 

3.  ( Anat .)  A membrane  serving  as  an  enve- 
lope to  any  organ.  Dunglison. 

COR'TI-CAL,  a.  [L.  cortex , corticis,  a bark.] 
Consisting  of  bark  or  rind  ; belonging  to  the 
rind  or  to  the  outer  covering.  “ The  cortical 
part  of  the  brain.”  Chcyne. 

COR 'TI -CATE,  a.  Resembling,  or  relating  to,  the 
bark  of  a tree.  Craig. 

COR'Tl-CAT-ED,  a.  Covered  with  bark,  or  with 
something  like  bark.  Browne. 

COR-T!-ClF'f,R-OUS,  a.  Producing  bark.  Smart. 

COE-Tlc'!-FER§,  n.pl.  [L.  cortex,  corticis,  bark, 
and  fero,  to  bear.]  (Zod.)  A family  of  polypes 
whose  fleshy  substance  is  spread,  like  tha  bark 
of  a tree,  over  a central  calcareous  or  corneous 
axis.  Brande. 

COR-TIQ'I-FORM,  a.  [L.  cortex,  corticis,  bark, 
and  forma,  form.]  Having  the  form  of,  or  re- 
sembling, bark.  Smart. 

COR'TI-CINE  (19),  n.  ( CJiem .)  An  alkaloid  found 
in  the  bark  of  the  Populus  tremens.  Ogilvie. 

COR'Tj-COSE,  a.  [L.  corticosus ; cortex,  bark.] 
Full  of  bark,  [r.]  Bailey. 

CdR'TI-COUS,  a.  Same  as  Corticose.  Craig. 

COR' TILE,  n.  [It .,  a court-yard.]  (Arch.)  An 
open,  quadrangular  or  curved  area  in  a dwell- 
ing-house or  other  building,  enclosed  by  the 
divisions  or  appurtenances  of  the  house  it- 
self. Britton. 

COR'TIS,  n.  [L.  cors,  cortis,  a court.]  (Arch.) 
A court  surrounded  by  edifices:  — applied  also 
to  a manor,  or  mansion-house,  and  to  a rustic 
habitation  for  a farmer.  Britton. 

CO-RUN'DUM,  n.  [A  word  of  Asiatic  origin. 
Dana. ] (Min.)  The  specific  name  of  several 
minerals  which  are  composed  chiefly  of  alumi- 
na : — a variety  of  the  species  corundum. 

The  species  Corundum  includes  sapphire,  emery,  corun- 
dum, ana  other  varieties.  Corundum  | variety]  embraces  the 
opaque  specimens,  usually  of  dingy  colors  and  often  dark; 
emery,  the  massive  granular  or  compact  variety,  more  or  less 
. impure,  and  sapphire,  the  brightly-colored  varieties.  Dana. 

CO-RUS'CANT,  a.  [L.  corusco,  coruscans,  to 
glitter  ; It.  § Sp.  coruscante .]  Glittering  by 

flashes  ; flashing  ; gleaming ; shining.  “ Corus- 
cant  beams.”  Howell. 

CO-RCrS'CATE,  v.  n.  [ko-rus'kat,  Ja.  K.  Sm.  R. ; 
kor'us-kat,  Cl.  J Vh.\  [L.  corusco,  coruscatus ; 
It.  corruscare.]  [i.  coruscated  ; pp.  corus- 
cating, coruscated.]  To  glitter  ; to  flash  ; to 
shine.  “ As  flaming  fire  was  more  coruscating 
than  any  other  matter.”  Greenhill. 

COR-US-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  coruscatio  ; It.  corrus- 
cazione;  Fr  .coruscation.]  A flash;  quick  vi- 
bration of  light.  “ Nimble  coruscations.  Garth. 


COR'VINE,  a.  [L.  corvus,  a crow.]  (Ornith.) 
Relating  to  a crow  or  raven.  Ash. 

COIt'VO-RANT,  n.  The  cormorant.  Yarrcll. 

COR' VOS,  n.  [L.,  a crow.] 

1.  (Ornith.)  A genus  of  birds  consisting  of 

many  species,  as  the  carrion  crow,  the  raven, 
the  jackdaw,  the  rook,  &c.  YarrelL 

2.  (Astron.)  A southern  constellation.  Hind. 

3.  (Rom.  Antiq.)  A machine,  consisting  of 
a platform  with  a hook  like  a crow’s  beak,  car- 
ried at  the  prow  of  a ship,  and  used  in  grappling 
with  the  vessel  of  an  enemy  : — also  an  engine, 
with  a similar  hook,  for  pulling  down  walls. 

COR'Y-BANT,  n. ; pi.  cor-y-bXn'te§.  [Gr.Kopt- 
Kopcdacrof.]  A priest  of  Cybele,  in  Phrygia, 
whose  rites  were  celebrated  with  enthusiastic 
dances  to  the  sound  of  the  drum  and  the  cym- 
bal. Wm.  Smith. 

COR-Y-RAN'TI-AfM,  n.  [Gr.  KopvftavTia<rp6s.] 
(Med.)  A sort  of  frenzy,  in  which  the  patient 
has  fantastic  visions.  Dunglison. 

COR-Y-BAN'TI-ATE  (kor-e-biSn'she-at),  V.  n.  [Gr. 
KopupavTtQtd,  to  celebrate  the  rites  of  the  Cory- 
bantes,  or  to  be  filled  with  Corybantic  frenzy.] 
To  sleep  with  the  eyes  open ; to  act  the  part  of 
a lunatic.  Ash. 

COR-Y-BAN'TIC,  a.  [Gr.  Koov/favrishg  ; uopvfag, 
KopvJSaiTos,  a Corvbant  or  priest  of  Cybele.]  Mad- 
ly agitated  or  inflamed,  like  the  Corybantes,  or 
priests  of  Cybele.  Cudworth. 

COR-Y-DA  ' LE-A,  n.  (Chcm.)  An  alkaline  prin- 
ciple obtained  from  the  Corydalis  tuberosa  ; — 
called  also  corydaline.  Brande. 

CO-R YD' A-LINE,  n.  Same  as  Corydalea.  Craig. 

COR  ' Y-L&S,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  *< ipvlos,  a hazel-nut.] 
(Bot.)  A genus  of  deciduous  shrubs,  including 
the  common  hazel  and  the  red  and  the  white 
filbert ; the  hazel-nut  tree.  Loudon. 

COR'YMB,  n.  [Gr.  K6pup/3os,  a cluster,  es- 
pecially of  ivy  berries  ; L.  cory mbus.] 

(Bot.)  A form  of  inflorescence  in  which 
the  pedicels  originate  at  different  parts 
along  the  main  axis,  and  elevate  all  the 
flowers  to  about  the  same  height,  the  inferior  ped- 
icels being  longer  than  the  upper  ones.  Henslow. 

CO-RYM'BI-ATE,  a.  Decked  with  ivy  berries  ; 
corymbiated.  Crabb. 

CO-RYM'BJ-AT-ED,  a.  Garnished  with  ivy  ber- 
ries. Bailey. 

COR-Y.M-BIF'JJR-OUS,  a.  [L.  corymhvs,  a cluster, 
and  fero,  to  bear;  Fr.  corymbiftre.]  (Bot.) 
Bearing  clusters  or  corymbs.  Quincy. 

COR-YM-BOSE',  a.  (Bot.)  Relating  to,  or  like,  a 
corymb.  P.  Cyc. 

CO-RYM'BOUS,  a.  Same  as  Corymbose.  Smart. 

CO-Rl?M'Bir-LOUS,  a.  (Bot.)  Having  little  cor- 
ymbs, or  flattened  flower-clusters.  Smart. 

CO-RYM'  BUS,  n.  [L.,  a cluster.]  (Bot.)  See 
Corymb.  Henslow. 


CORVE,  n.  (Mining.)  A sort  of  wagon  used  in 
coal-mines.  Scriven. 

COR-VEE' , n.  [Fr.]  (Feudal  Law.)  The  obli- 
gation of  the  inhabitants  of  a district  to  per- 
form certain  services,  as  the  repair  of  roads, 
Ac.,  for  a sovereign  or  the  feudal  lord.  Brande. 

COR'VIJT,  n.  [Fr.  corvette .]  A sloop-of-war. 
— See  Corvette.  Buchanan. 

COR-VETTE' , n.  [Fr.]  An  advice-boat : — a sloop- 
of-war  having  less  than  twenty  guns.  Sidney. 

COR-VET'TO,  n.  [It.  corvetta  ; Sp.  cor  ret  a.) 
(Man.)  The  curvet.  Peacham. 

COR  ' VI- DAE,  n.  pi.  [L.  corvus,  a crow.]  ( Ornith.) 
A family  of  conirostral  birds  of  the  order  Pas- 
seres,  including  the  sub-families  Phony gaminre, 
Garrulinte,  Callecatinee,  Corxince,  Gymnoderinte, 
and  Pyrrhocoracince  ; crows.  Gray. 


COR-vV KJE,  n. pi.  [L. 
corvus,  a crow.]  ( Or-  , 
nit  ft.)  A sub-family  othmmu 
conirostral  birds  of  the 
orAerPasseres  and  fam- 
ilv  Cormdee;  crows.  Gray. 

Corvus  frugilegus. 


COR-Y-PHJE'  ATA,  n.  [Gr.  Koplupaim.]  (Ich.)  A 
genus  of  fishes  of  the  family  Scombridee,  having 
the  body  elongated  and  compressed,  the  head 
much  elevated,  and  the  dorsal  fin  extending 
nearly  the  whole  length  of  the  back.  Baird. 

COR'Y-PHENE,  n.  Same  as  Corypilena.  Ogilvie. 

COR-Y-PHE'US  (kor-e-fe'us),  n. ; pi.  L.  cor-y- 
ph,e'T  ; Eng.  c6r-y-phe'us-e§.  [L.,  from  Gr. 
Koovifinios,  a head  man  or  leader,  especially  of  a 
chorus  in  the  Attic  drama;  Fr.  coryphee.] 

1.  (Mas.)  The  leader  of  the  ancient  dramatic 

chorus  ; — now  sometimes  applied  to  the  leader 
or  director  of  a band  of  music.  Todd. 

2.  Any  leader  or  chief. 

That  noted  corypheus  of  the  Independent  faction.  South. 

CO-RY’ZA,n.  [I..,  from  Gr.  icdpv&i.]  (Med.)  In- 
flammation of  the  membrane  lining  the  nose, 
and  the  sinuses  communicating  with  it ; cold  in 
the  head ; catarrh.  Dunglison. 

COS-CIN'O-MAN-CY,  n.  [Gr.  k6ckivov,  a sieve, 
and  pavTtia,  divination.]  Divination  by  a sieve. 

RSI*  The  sieve  was  suspended,  and  if  it  trembled 
when  the  name  of  a suspected  person  was  mentioned, 
tlie  party  was  deemed  guilty.  Maunder. 


CO-SE'CANT  [k6-se'kant,  Ja.  K. 

Sm.’,  ko-sek 'ant,  P.1,  n.  [See 
Secant.]  (Geom.)  The  secant 
of  the  complement  of  an  angle 
or  arc ; thus  B E,  which  is  the 
secant  of  the  arc  G F,  is  the  cosecant  of  the 
complement  of  that  arc,  A F.  Harris. 

45U  The  prefix  co-,  in  cosecant,  cosine,  cotangent, 
&.C.,  is  an  abbreviation  of  complement,  first  introduced 
by  Gunter.  Brande. 

CO§'EN  (lcuz'zn),  v.  a.  See  Cozen.  Todd. 

CO^'EN-AyE,  or  CO§'lN-ApE,  n.  [Old  Fr.  cos- 
enage.]  (Law.) 

1.  Collateral  relationship,  or  kindred  bv  blood ; 

consanguinity.  Burrill. 

2.  An  ancient  writ  in  favor  of  the  lawful  heir 

against  an  intruder.  Blackstone. 

COS'EN-ING,  n.  (Law.)  An  offence,  consisting 
in  doing  any  thing  deceitfully.  Burrill. 

CO'§yY,  a.  [Gael,  coiseag,  a snug  corner  ; coi- 
scagach,  snug.  — Fr.  causeur,  talkative,  chatty.] 

1.  Snug;  warm;  comfortable;  easy.  Brockett. 

2.  Social ; talkative  ; chatty.  Dickens. 

CO'^y  Y-LY,  ad.  In  a cosey  manner.  Humphreys. 

COSH  pR-ING,  n.  [Irish.  Johnson.]  (Laic.)  A 
feudal  prerogative  which  lords  had  to  lodge  and 
feast  at  the  houses  of  their  tenants.  Burrill. 


tCO'.siy,R  (ko'zher),  n.  [Old  Fr.  cousir  ; coudre, 
to  sew.]  A botcher  ; a tailor.  Shak. 

CO^SIG-NIF'I-CA-TIVE,  a.  [L.  con,  with,  and 
significativus,  significative.]  Signifying  the 
same  with  something  else.  Cockeram. 


CO'^I-LY,  ad.  In  a cosey  manner  ; coseyly.  Smart. 


CO^-MET'IC,  n.  A wash  to  remove  freckles  and 
pimples,  and  to  beautify  the  skin. 

No  better  cosmetics  than  a severe  temperance  and  purity. 

Ray. 

CO§  MIC,  ) a [Gr.  KoofUKdg  ; k6<j[jo$,  the  world.] 

CO^'MI-CAL,  ) 1.  Relating  to  the  world.  Johnson. 

2.  (Astron.)  Rising  or  setting  with  the  sun  ; — 
opposed  to  cici'onycal.  Browne. 

CO^'MI-CAL-LY,  ad.  (Astron.)  With  the  sun  ; 
— opposed  to  acronycally . 

A star  is  said  to  rise  or  set  cosmicalhj  when  it  rises  or  sets 
at  the  same  time  with  the  sun.  Hind. 

CO^-MOG'O-NAL,  a.  Relating  to  cosmogony; 
cosmogonic.  * Ed.  Rev . 

CO?-MO-GON'lC,  ) 0.  Relating  to  cosmogo- 

CO§-MO-G6n'I-CAL,  ) ny.  Milman. 

COiJ-MOG'O-NIST,  n.  One  versed  in  cosmogony. 
“ Cosmogonists  agreeing  herein.”  Cudworth. 

CO^-MOG'O-NY,  n.  [Gr.  Koapoyorla  ; KotJur, ; , the 
world,  and  yoveta,  generation  ; Sp.  cosmogonia  ; 
Fr.  cosmogonie .]  The  science  that  treats  of  the 
origin  of  the  world  or  the  universe. 

The  cosmogony  or  creation  of  the  world  has  puzzled  phi- 
losophers of  all  ages.  Goldsmith. 

Syn.  — Cosmogony  treats  of  the  birth  or  origin  of 
the  world  ; cosmology , of  the  theory  of  the  world  ; 
cosmography , of  the  construction,  figure,  and  arrange- 
ment of  all  its  parts,  comprehending  astronomy,  geog- 
raphy, and  geology. 

CO§-MOG'RA-PHER,  n.  [Gr.  Koapoy^6(poq  ; L.  cos- 
mographus  ; It.  &;  Sp.  cosmografo ; Fr.  cosmo- 
graphe.~\  One  versed  in  cosmography.  Browne. 

CO§-MO-GRAPH'!C,  ) a . [ft.  * Sp  . cosmo- 

COS-MO-GRAPH'I-CAL,  ' grajico-,  Fr.  cosmogra- 
phique.]  Relating  to  cosmography.  Sel./en. 

CO§-MO-GRAPH'l-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a cosmograph- 
ical  manner. 


COfj-MOG'R  A-PHY  (koz-mBg'rj-fe),  n.  [Gr.  Ktiapos, 
tne  world,  and  yptupu>,  to  describe  ; It.  Sp.  cos- 


A,  E,  l O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  1,  6,  U,  Y,  short ; A,  15,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure - FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


COSMOLABE 


321 


COTANGENT 


mografia ; Fr.  cosmographie.)  The  science 
which  treats  of  the  construction,  figure,  and 
arrangement  of  all  parts  of  the  world,  and  there- 
fore comprehends  astronomy,  geography,  and 
geology.  Brande. 

Syn.  — See  Cosmogony. 

COS' MO-lA  BE,  n.  [Fr.,  from  Gr.  Kiapog,  the  world, 
and  UpQavoi,  to  take.]  (Astron.)  An  instrument 
resembling  the  astrolabe,  formerly  used  for 
measuring  the  angles  between  heavenly  bodies; 
— sometimes  called  pantacosm.  Davies. 

COS-MOL'A-TRY,  11.  [Gr.  *r<5<r pot,  the  world,  and 
'/arpiioi,  to  serve.]  The  worship  paid  to  the 
world  and  its  parts  by  some  pagans.  C udworth. 

COS-MO-LOG'I.-CAL,  a.  [It.  $ Sp.  cosniologico ; 
Fr.  cosmologique .]  Relating  to  cosmology. 

C0§-M0L'0-<?iST,  n.  One  who  is  versed  in  cos- 
mology. Lyell. 

C0§-M6l'0-<?Y,  n.  [Gr.  Kdapo;,  the  world,  and 
Xoyoi,  a discourse  ; It.  § Sp.  cosmologia  ; Fr. 
cosmologie.]  The  doctrine  of,  or  a treatise  on, 
the  theory  of  the  world,  or  universe,  its  struc- 
ture, and  its  parts.  Lyell. 

Syn.  — See  Cosmogony. 

CO§-MOM'E-TRY,  n.  [Gr.  sot ipo;,  the  world,  and 
filrpov,  a measure.]  The  art  of  measuring  the 
world.  Blount. 

CO§-MO-PLAS'TIC,  a.  [Gr.  Kdapos,  the  world,  and 
ttIiictikOs,  skilled  in  moulding  ; irlaomo,  to  mould.] 
Pertaining  to,  or  believing  in,  the  formation  of 
the  world  by  a plastic  force  independent  of  the 
Deity.  “ Seneca  ...  a cosmoplastic  atheist.” 

Hallywell. 

COS-MO-POL'I-TAN,  n.  A cosmopolite.  More. 

CO$-MO-POL'I-TAN-I§M,  n.  Cosmopolitism.— 
See  Cosmopolitism,  [it.]  Ed.  Rev. 

CQS-MOP'O-LITE,  n.  [Gr.  k oapos,  the  world,  and 
izoUrris,  a citizen  ; tt61.ii,  a city  ; It.  § Sp.  cos- 
mopolita  ; Fr.  cosmopolite .]  A citizen  of  the 
world  ; one  who  is  at  home  in  every  place  ; one 
who  is  not  especially  attached  to  any  fixed  resi- 
dence. Howell. 

c6§-MO-PQ-LIT'I-CAL,  a.  Belonging  to,  or  like, 
a cosmopolite.  Hakluyt. 

C0§-M0P'0-LI-Tl§M,  11.  The  qualities,  or  the 
principles,  of  a cosmopolite. 

The  cosmopolitism  of  Germany,  the  contemptuous  nation- 
ality  of  the  Englishman,  and  the  ostentatious  and  boastful 
nationality  of  the  Frenchman.  Coleridge. 

CO§-MO-RA'MA  [koz-mo-ra'ma,  K.  Sm.\,  n.  [Gr. 
Kongo t,  the  world,  and  opagii,  a view;  Spam,  to 
see ; Fr.  cosmorama.)  A picturesque  exhibi- 
tion of  the  world,  or  portions  of  it,  consisting 
of  a number  of  drawings  laid  horizontally  round 
a semicircular  table,  reflected  by  mirrors  placed 
opposite  to  them  diagonally,  and  magnified  to 
the  spectator,  who  views  them,  illuminated  by 
concealed  lamps,  through  a convex  lens  : — ap- 
plied also  to  the  view  presented  by  an  oil  paint- 
ing seen  through  a magnifying  glass.  Brande. 

CO§-MO-RAM'IC,  a.  Relating  to,  or  having  the 
nature  of,  a cosmorama.  Hamilton. 

CO$  ' MOS , il.  [Gr.  Kdepo;,  order,  and  hence  the 
world,  or  universe,  from  its  perfect  arrange- 
ment.] The  world  as  a beautiful  system. 

The  fabric  of  the  external  universe  first  received  the  title 
of  “ Cosmos,”  or  “ beautiful  order.”  Trench. 

COS* MO-SPHERE,  n.  [Gr.  k dagos,  the  world,  and 
trpalpn,  a sphere.]  (Astron.)  An  apparatus  by 
which  the  position  of  the  earth  with  respect  to 
the  fixed  stars  is  shown,  consisting  of  a terres- 
trial globe  suspended  within  a globe  of  glass  on 
which  the  constellations  are  drawn.  Clarke. 

COSS,  n.  A measure  of  distance  in  India,  about 
two  miles  in  length,  but  varying  in  different 

parts  of  the  country.  Brown. 

COS'SACK,  n.  One  of  the  military  people,  skilful 
as  horsemen,  who  inhabit  those  parts  of  the 
Russian  empire  which  border  on  the  northern 
dominions  of  Turkey,  Poland,  and  the  southern 
confines  of  Siberia.  Brande. 

COS'SART,  n.  Same  as  Cosset.  Farm.  Ency. 

COS'S  A^,  n.  pi.  Plain  India  muslins,  of  various 
qualities  and  breadths.  Craig. 


COS'SIJT,  n.  [It.  casiecio  ; casa,  a house.  John- 
son. — Ger.  kossat.  a cottager.  Webster .] 

1.  A lamb  brought  up  without  the  dam  ; a pet 

lamb.  Spenser. 

2.  A pet  of  any  kind.  B.  Jonson. 

COS'SfT,  v.  a.  [I.  cosseted;^,  cosseting, 
cosseted.]  To  fondle  ; to  make  a pet  of.  Forby. 

fCOS'SIC,  a.  [It.  cosa,  a thing.]  Relating  to 
algebra.  Bp.  Hall. 

pejp  “When  algebra  was  first  introduced  into  Eu- 
rope, it  was  called  the  Ride  of  Coss  ; probably  from 
the  Italian  Regola  di  Cosa,  the  Rule  of  the  Thing  ; 
the  unknown  quantity  being  termed  cosa,  the  tiling. 
Hence,  Cossie  Art,  Cossic  Numbers,  &.C.”  Brande. 

||  COST,  v.  a.  [L.  consto,  to  stand  together,  to 
stand  in,  or  cost.  Freund,  & c.  — L.  gusto,  to 
taste.  Crabb.  — A.  S.  cyst,  a chest.  Junius.  — 
A.  S.  ceosan,  to  choose.  Ruddiman.  — It.  cos- 
tare, to  cost;  Sp.  costar-,  Old  Fr.  coustar ; Fr. 
coutar  ; Dut.  Ap  Ger.  kosten  ; Dan.  koster  ; Sw. 
kosta  ; W.  costio .)  [«.  cost  ; pp.  costing, 

cost.] 

1.  To  be  bought  for  ; to  be  had  at  the  price  of. 

The  real  price  of  every  thing,  what  every  thing  really  costs 
to  the  man  who  wants  to  acquire  it,  is  the  toil  and  trouble  of 
acquiring  it.  • A.  Smith. 

2.  To  cause  to  be  suffered.  “ What  pain  it 

cost ! what  danger  ! ” Shak. 

II  COST  (kost  or  kSuist,  21)  [kost,  S.  IF.  P.  F.'Ja. 
Sm. ; kSlust,  ./.  K.  Wb.  Nares],  n.  [Dut.,  Ger., 
Sw.,  § Dan.  host.— Gael,  cosd  ; Arm.  coiist ; W. 
cost. — It.  costo  ; Sp.  costa,  or  coste.  — See  the 
verb.] 

1.  That  which  is  paid  or  expended  for  any 
thing ; expense  ; charge. 

When  we  see  the  figure  of  the  house, 

Then  must  we  rate  the  cost  of  the  erection.  Shak. 
lie  whose  tale  is  best,  and  pleases  most, 

Should  win  his  supper  at  our  common  cost.  Dryden. 

2.  Loss  ; damage  ; detriment. 

I am  what  I am,  and  they  that  prove  me  shall  find  me  to 
their  cost.  Beau.  $ FI. 

3.  (Law.)  pi.  Expenses  which  are  incurred 

either  in  the  prosecution  or  the  defence  of  an 
action,  or  of  any  process  at  law,  or  in  equity, 
consisting  of  the  fees  of  attorneys,  solicitors, 
and  other  officers  of  court,  and  such  disburse- 
ments as  are  allowed  by  law.  Burrill. 

Syn.  — The  price  or  charge  is  what  is  asked  for  a 
thing ; tire  cost  or  expense,  what  is  given  for  it ; the 
worth,  what  it  will  fetch  ; the  value,  what  it  ought  to 
fetch.  The  price  of  a thing  often  exceeds  its  worth, 
and  the  cost  its  value.  Cost  is  properly  applied  to  the 
thing  purchased  ; expense,  to  the  purchaser.  A splen- 
did carriage  is  a costly  article,  and  the  person  who 
buys  and  uses  it,  is  of  expensive  habits. 

f COST,  n.  [L.  costa-,  Old  Fr.  coste ; Fr.  cote.] 
A rib,  or  side.  “ The  costs  of  a ship.”  B.  Jonson. 

COS ' TJ3,  n.  [L.,  a rib.) 

1.  (Anat.)  A rib.  Dunglison. 

2.  (Bot.)  The  midrib,  or  principal  vein,  of  a 

leaf.  Henslow. 

3.  (Ent.)  The  rib  nearest  the  anterior  margin 

of  each  wing  in  insects.  Burmeister. 

f COST'A^IE,  n.  Cost ; expense.  Chaucer. 

COS'TAL,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  costa,  a rib.] 

1.  Belonging  to  the  ribs  ; costate.  Johnson. 

2.  Having  ribs  ; as,  “ Costal  fishes.”  Browne. 

3.  (Ent.)  Pertaining  to  the  costa  in  the  wings 

of  insects.  Maunder. 

COS'TARD,  n.  [“  Skinner  derives  costard  from 
coster,  a head,  but  there  is  no  authority  for  such 
a word.  Honeywood  (in  Skinner)  from  Dut. 
kost,  food,  and  cerd,  nature,  i.  e.  natural  food.” 
Richardson .] 

1.  A large  kind  of  apple. 

The  wilding,  costard,  then  the  well-known  pomwater. 

Drayton. 

2.  The  head  ; — used  in  contempt. 

Take  him  over  the  costard  with  the  hilt  of  thy  sword.  Shak. 

Hgp  “ Which  is  theoriginal  sense  [apple  or  head]  is 
not  yet  settled.  Mr.  Gifford  positively  says,  the  apple  ; 
and  certainly  we  do  not  find  it  used  for  a head  except 
in  ludicrous  or  contemptuous  language.”  Nares. 

COS'TARD— MONGER  (-mung'ger,  82),  n.  An  itin- 
erant dealer  in  apples  ; — applied  also  to  hawk- 
ers and  pedlers  who  sell  any  kind  of  fruit,  and 
written  often  coster -monger . Brande. 

COS'TATE,  a.  [L.  costatus  ; costa,  a rib.]  (Anat. 
& Rot.)  Having  ribs  or  lines ; costated.  Brande. 


OOS'TAT-I!D,  a.  (Anat.  & Bot.)  Having  ribs; 
ribbed ; costate.  Hill. 

COS'TIJR— MONG'JJR,  n.  Same  as  Costard- 
MONGER.  Futherby. 

COSTIE,  n.  The  offspring  of  a white  and  a fus- 
tie.  [West  Indies.]  llodgson. 

COS'TIVE,  a.  [L.  constipo,  constipatus,  to  press 
closely  together  ; It.  costipato  ; Old  Fr.  cous- 
tive;  Fr.  constipe .] 

1.  Constipated  or  bound  in  the  body  ; having 

the  excretions  obstructed,  particularly  in  the 
intestinal  canal.  Browne. 

2.  f Close  ; impermeable.  “ Clay,  in  dry  sea- 
sons, is  costive."  Mortimer. 

3.  f Cold ; formal ; unduly  reserved. 

You  must  be  frank,  but  without  indiscretion,  and  close, 
but  without  being  costive.  Chesterfield. 

COS'TIVE-LY,  ad.  In  a costive  manner. 

COS'TIVE-NESS,  il.  The  state  of  being  costive  ; 
constipation.  Dunglison. 

||  COST'L£SS,  a.  Costing  nothing.  “ Costless  and 
yet  excellent  music.”  Boyle. 

||  COST'LI-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  costly  ; 
expensiveness  ; dearness.  Sidney. 

||  COST'LY  (kost'le  or  lclust'Ie),  a.  Expensive ; 
dear ; of  great  price. 

Costlu  thy  habit  as  thy  purse  can  buy, 

But  not  expressed  in  fancy.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Cost,  Valuable. 

COST'MA-RY,  n.  [L.  costos,  or  costvm,  from  Gr. 
Kdaro;,  an  Oriental  aromatic  plant.]  (Bot.)  A 
perennial,  odoriferous  plant,  allied  to  tansy ; 
alecost ; Balsamita  vulgaris. 

The  scentful  camomile,  the  verdurous  costmary.  Drayton. 

f COS'TRIJL,  n.  A bottle.  Skinner. 

COS-TUME',  n.  [It.  Fr.  costume  ; custom,  man- 
ners, costume.] 

1.  Peculiar  customs,  manners,  or  usages  in 
different  places  and  at  different  times  ; — latter- 
ly restricted  to  the  style  or  characteristics  of 
dress. 

The  cruzado  was  not  current  at  Venice  in  the  time  of 
Shakspeare,  who  has  here  indulged  his  usual  practice  of  de- 
parting from  national  costume.  Douce. 

Sergius  Paulus  wears  a crown  of  laurel;  this  is  hardly  rec- 
oncilable to  strict  propriety  and  the  costume,  of  which  Rafaclle 
was  in  general  a good  observer.  Sir  J.  Reynolds. 

2.  (Fine  Arts.)  The  mode  in  which  persons 

are  represented  as  respects  dress,  and  the  gen- 
eral conformity,  in  other  things,  to  character, 
time,  and  place.  Fairholt. 

COS'TUMED  (kos'tumd),  a.  Wearing  a costume; 
— used  in  composition.  Ec.  Rev. 

COS'TUM-gR,  n.  One  who  prepares,  or  adjusts, 
costumes,  or  dress.  Mowatt. 

t COST'U-OUS,  a.  Costly;  expensive.  Bale. 

CO— SUF'FpR-IlR,  n.  A fellow-sufferer.  Wyeherly. 

CO— SU-PREME',  n.  A partaker  of  supremacy. 

To  the  pheenix  and  the  dove, 

Co-supremes  and  stars  of  love.  Shak. 

CO'§Y,  a.  Snug:  — chatty. — See  Coseyl  Smart. 

COT,  ] ^ suffix  in  the  names  of  places,  gen- 

COTE,  erally  from  the  Anglo-Saxon  cot,  a cot- 

COAT  J tage‘  Gibson. 

COT,  n.  1.  [A.  S.  cota,  cote,  or  cott ; Dut.  kot ; Ger. 
koth  ; Icel.  kot.)  A small  house  ; a cottage  ; a 
hut. 

At  poor  Philemon’s  cot  to  take  a bed.  Fenton. 

2.  [Gr.  Koini.—  A.S.cota,  or  cott.— Old  Fr. code, 
or  coite.)  A low  bedstead  : — a cradle  : — a 
small  bed  ; a hammock. 

Lying  upon  a low  bedstead  they  [the  Turks]  call  a cot. 

Terry,  1055. 

3.  [Low  L.  cota.']  A little  boat. 

They  call,  in  Ireland,  cots  things  like  boats,  but  very  un- 
shapely, being  nothing  but  square  pieces  of  timber  made 
hollow.  G.  Route. 

4.  An  abridgment  of  cotquean.  Grose. 

5.  A cade  lamb.  [Local.]  Grose. 

6.  A leather  cover  for  a sore  finger.  Wright. 

CO-TAB'U-LATE,  v.  a.  To  floor  with  boards. — 
See  Contabulate.  Cockcram. 

CO-TAN'OeNT,  n.  (Geom.)  The  tangent  of  the 

complement  of  an  angle  or  arc; — thus  C E, 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RfJLE.  — 9>  <b  &>  snfi >'  G,  G,  c,  |,  hard;  § as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 

•11 


COTE 


322 


COUCH 


which  is  the  tangent  of  the  arc 
C F,  is  the  cotangent  of  the 
complement  of  that  arc,  A F. 

Harris. 

COTE,  n.  [A.  S.  cot,  or  cotc. ] 

1.  A cottage  ; a cot.  Fletcher. 

2.  A sheepfold.  — See  Cot. 

The  folded  flocks  penned  in  their  wattled  cotes.  Milton. 

t COTE,  v.  a.  [Old  Fr.  costoyer ; Fr.  cote,  side.] 
To  pass  by  the  side  of. 

We  coted  them  [the  players]  on  the  way.  Shak. 

t COTE,  v.  a.  See  Quote.  Todd. 

CO-TEM-PO-RA'N£-OUS,  a.  Contempory.  — See 
Contemporaneous. 

CO-TEM'PO-RA-RY,  a.  Living  or  existing  at  the 
same  time.  — See  Contemporary. 

CO-TEN'ANT,  n.  A tenant  in  common.  Smart. 

CO-TE-RIE ' (kd-te-re')  [ko-te-re',  IF.  J.  Ja. ; ko'te- 
re,  K.\  kot-e-re',  £»>.],  n.  [Fr.  coterie,  from  L. 
quot,  how  many  ? i.  e.  originally  a society  of 
merchants,  each  contributing  his  quota  of  goods 
or  money,  and  deriving  his  quota  of  profit. 
Branded]  A friendly  or  fashionable  associa- 
tion ; a club  ; — sometimes  applied  derisively  to 
an  exclusive  society.  Sterne. 

CO-TER' MI-NOUS,  a.  Bordering  on.  — See  Con- 
terminous. Craig. 

COT'gAre,  n.  Refuse,  clotted  wool.  Crabb. 

CO'THON,  n.  A quay,  dock,  or  wharf.  Dr.  Shaw. 

CO-TtlUR'NATE,  l n [L.  cothurnatus  ; co- 

CO-THUR'NAT-^D,  ) thurnus,  a buskin.]  Wear- 
ing, or  having,  buskins.  Todd. 

CO-THUR  ' JVC'S,  n. ; pi.  cothurni.  [L.,  from 
Gr.  KdBooi'o t.]  A sort  of  ancient  buskin,  used  in 
acting  tragedies  and  in  hunting.  Hamilton. 

CO-TIC'U-LAR,  a.  [L.  coticula ; dim.  of  cos, 
cotis,  a whetstone.]  Relating  to,  or  resembling, 
whetstones.  Smart. 

CO-Tl'DAL,  a.  Noting  lines  on  the  surface  of 
the  ocean,  throughout  which  high  water  takes 
place  at  the  same  instant  of  time.  Phil.  Trans. 

CO-TIL'LON  (ko-til'yun)  [ko-til'yun,  P.  F.  E.  Ja. ; 
"ko-til'yong,  1 V.  Sm.],  n.  [Fr.  cotillon.]  A brisk, 
lively  dance,  usually  for  eight  persons.  “ A dance 
as  elegant  as  our  modern  cotillons.”  Gray. 

CO-TI^E',  n.  [Fr.  cote,  side.] 

( Her .)  A bendlet  reduced  one 
half,  and  borne  on  each  side  of 
the  bend. 

A bend,  fess,  &c.,  between  two 
cotises,  is  termed  cotised.  Brande. 

COT'LAND,  n.  ( Law .)  Land  ap- 
pendant to  a cottage.  Cowell. 

COT'QUEAN  (kot'kwen),  n.  [Fr.  coquin,  a knave. 
Johnson  : — “ Probably  cock-quean,  that  is,  a 
male  quean.”  Nares.]  A man  who  busies  him- 
self with  affairs  properly  belonging  to  women. 

A stateswoman  is  as  ridiculous  a creature  as  a cotmiean: 
each  of  the  sexes  should  keep  within  its  bounds.  Addison. 

COT-Q.UEAN'1-TY,  n.  The  character  or  practice 
of  a cotquean.  [r.]  B.  Jonson. 

We  tell  thee  thou  angcrest  us,  cotquean , and  we  will  thun- 
der thee  in  pieces  for  thy  cotqucaniti /.  B.  Johnson. 

CO-TRUS-TEE',  n.  A joint  trustee.  Craig. 

COTS'WOLD,  n.  [A.  S.  cota,  or  cote,  a cot,  a 
den,  and  wold,  a wood.]  Sheepcots  in  an  open 
country.  Todd. 

lity- Whence  the  large  tract  of  downs  in  Gloucester- 
shire, England,  are  called  Cotswold  Hills. 

COTT,  n.  ( Naut .)  A sort  of  bed-frame  suspend- 
ed from  the  beams  of  a ship  for  the  officers  to 
sleep  in  ; a cot.  — See  Cot.  Craig. 

COT'TA,  n.  (Com.)  A measure  used  for  measur- 
ing cowries,  of  which  it  holds  12,000.  Crabb. 

COT' TA-BUS,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  KirraHos.]  An 
ancient  game  or  amusement  of  the  Greeks, 
which  consisted  in  throwing  wine  from  cups  into 
little  basins  suspended  in  a particular  manner 
or  floating  in  a large  vessel  of  water.  Brande. 

COT'TAGE,  n.  [A.  S.  cota.,  or  cote  ; Gael.  cot.  — 
See  Cot,  No.  1.]  A small  house;  a cot;  a hut; 


— formerly  restricted  to  a mean  habitation,  but 
now  applied  also  to  any  small,  pretty  house. 

Let  the  women  of  noble  birth  and  great  fortunes  visit  poor 
cottages , and  relieve  their  necessities.  Bp.  Taylor. 

The  selfsame  sun  that  shines  upon  his  court 
Hides  not  his  visage  from  our  cottage , but 
Looks  on  both  alike.  Shak. 

COT'TAGE— AL-LOT'MJJNTS,  n.  pi.  Portions  of 
grounds  allotted  to  the  dwellings  of  country  la- 
borers, for  the  purpose  of  being  cultivated  by 
them.  [England.]  Ogilvie. 

COT'TAGED  (kst'tajd),  a.  Having  cottages.  “ Cot- 
taged  vale.”  Collins. 

f COT'TAGE-LY,  a.  Rustic  ; suitable  to  a cot- 
tage. “ Cottagely  obscurity.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

COT'TA-ypR,  n.  1.  One  who  lives  in  a cottage. 
“ The  cottager  and  king.”  Young. 

2.  (Law.)  One  who  lives  rent-free  on  a com- 
mon without  any  land  of  his  own.  “ Mere  cot- 
tagers which  are  but  housed  beggars.”  Bacon. 

COT'TJfR,  n.  One  who  inhabits  a cottage ; a cot- 
tager. [Scotland.]  Burns. 

COT'TEIl,  n.  A wedge-shaped  piece  of  iron  or 
wood  used  for  fastening.  Tanner. 

f COT'TI-yR,  n.  Same-  as  Cotter.  Bp.  Hall. 

COT'TON  (kot'tn),  71.  [“  A word  derived  from 

kytn,  or  kutun,  one  of  the  names  givqn  by  the 
Arabs  to  this  substance.”  P.  Cyc.  — Dut.  § 
Sw.  katoen  ; Dan.  kattun. — It.  cotone  ; Sp.  alqo- 
don,  cotton ; coton,  cloth  made  of  cotton  ; Fr. 
colon.) 

1.  The  downy  substance  growing  in  the  pods 
of  the  Gossypium,  or  cotton-plant ; a species  of 
vegetable  wool. 

King  Juba  saith  that  this  cotton  groweth  about  the  branches 
of  the  snid  trees  (called  gossanmines),  and  the  linens  thereof 
be  far  better  than  those  of  the  Indians.  Holland's  Pliny. 

The  kinds  of  cotton  met  with  in  the  market  are  usually 
designated  by  the  names  of  the  places  from  which  they  are 
brought;  but  practically  they  are  all  divided  into  the  two 
great  classes  of  long  and  short  stapled.  Brande. 

2.  Cloth  made  of  cotton.  Johnson. 

CoT'TON  (kot'tn),  a.  Made  of,  or  consisting  of, 
cotton  ; as,  “ Cotton  cloth.” 

COT'TON  (kot'tn),  v.  n.  1.  [Fr.  cotonner,  to  be- 
come downy  or  cottony.]  To  rise  with  a nap  ; 
to  wear  nappy.  Johnson. 

2.  To  be  fitly  united ; to  cement  or  unite  ; to 
harmonize.  [A  cant  word.] 

A f]uarrel  will  end  in  one  of  you  being  turned  off,  in  which 
case  it  will  not  be  easy  to  cotton  with  another.  Swift. 

That  first  with  midst,  and  midst  with  last. 

May  cotton  and  agree.  Brant's  Horace. 

COT'TON— (JIN,  n.  A machine  for  separating  the 
seeds  from  cotton;  — invented  by  Eli  Whitney. 

COT'TON-GRAss  (12),  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of 
grasses,  the  seeds  of  which  are  surrounded  by 
woolly  tufts ; Eriophorum.  Loudon. 

COT'TON— MAN-U-FAC'TO-RY.  n.  A manufac- 
tory in  which  cotton  is  wrought  into  various 
fabrics  ; a cotton-mill.  Gent.  Mag. 

COT'TON— MILL,  n.  A mill  for  manufacturing 
cotton  cloths  of  various  kinds ; a cotton-manu- 
factory. Peel. 

COT'TON-OUS  (kot'tn-us),  a.  Like  cotton.  “A 
thick  cottonous  substance.”  [r.]  Evelyn. 

COT'TON— PLANT,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  several 
varieties,  growing  in  warm  climates  and  pro- 
ducing cotton ; Gossypium.  Loudon. 

COT'TON— PRESS,  n.  A machine  used  for  press- 
ing cotton  into  bales. 

COT'TON— RO§E,  n.  (Bot.)  The  common  name  of 
the  plants  of  the  genus  Filago.  Loudon. 

COT'TON— SHRUB,  n.  The  cotton-plant.  Clarke. 

COT'TON-SPIN'NING,  n.  The  operation  by  which 
cotton  is  converted  into  yarn.  Clarke. 

COT'TON— THIS 'TLE  (kot'tn-this'sl),  n.  (Bot.) 
The  common  name  of  woolly  thistles  of  the 
genus  Onopordum.  Loudon. 

COT'TON— TREE,  n.  A tree  belonging  to  either  of 
the  genera  Bombax  or  Eriodendron.  Eng  Cyc. 

COT'TON— VEL'  V£T,  n.  Velvet  made  of  cotton. 

COT'TON— wSED,  n.  (Bot.)  The  common  name 
of  the  composite  plant  Diotis  maritima.  Craig. 

COT'TON— WOOD'  (kot'tn-wud'),  n.  (Bot.)  A 


tree  belonging  to  the  genus  Populus,  or  poplar, 
common  in  North  America,  especially  in  the 
valley  of  the  Mississippi  ; Canadian  poplar ; 
Populus  monilifera.  Gray. 

COT'TON— WOOL'  (kBt'tn-wfil'),  n.  A term  some- 
times applied  to  cotton.  • Gent.  Mag. 

COT'TON- Y (kdt'tn-e),  a.  [Fr.  cotonneux. ] Full 
of  cotton;  resembling  cotton;  downy.  “A 
knur  full  of  a cottony  matter.”  Evelyn. 

COT'TRJJL,  n.  A trammel  to  hang  a pot  on  over 
the  fire.  Crabb. 

COT'UN-ITE,  n.  (Min.)  A mineral  having  acicu- 
lar  crystals,  being  chiefly  a chloride  of  lead  ; — 
so  named  from  a physician  of  Naples.  Dana. 

CO-TUR’mx,  n.  [L.,  a quail.)  (Ornith.)  A 
genus  of  birds  of  the  family  Tetraonidee,  or 
grouse.  YarreU. 

COT'Y-LA,  n.  [Gr.  kotUt/  ; L.  cotula  ; Fr.  cotxyle .] 

1.  An  ancient  liquid  measure.  Johnson. 

2.  (Anat.)  A cavity  of  a bone  which  receives 

the  end  of  another  ; — particularly  the  socket  of 
the  hip-bone.  Dunglison. 

COT'Y-Ly,  n.  Same  as  Cotyla.  Dunglison. 

COT-Y-LE'DON  [kot-e-15'don,  Sm.P.  Cyc.  Brande, 
Wb. ; ko-til'e-don,  Crabb,  Scudamore],  n.  [Gr. 
KoTvir/btiv,  any  cup-shaped  cavity  ; Korbl.ti,  a cup 
or  hollow  vessel.] 

1.  (Bot.)  The  seminal  leaf  of  a 

plant,  or  the  lobe  that  nourishes  the 
seed  of  a plant ; the  first  leaf  of  the 
embryo.  Gray.  — A genus  of  plants  ; 
navelwort.  Loudon. 

2.  (Anat.)  A cup-shaped  vascular  production 
of  the  chorion  ; a lobe  of  the  placenta. 

The  placenta  is  formed  of  several  lobes  or  cotyledons , which 
can  be  readily  distinguished  from  each  other.  Dunglison. 

COT-Y-LED'O-NOtJS,  a.  Relating  to  cotyledons; 
having  a seed-lobe.  P.  Cyc. 

CO-TYL'J-FORM,  a.  [L.  cotula , a hollow  vessel, 
and  forma,  form.]  (Zoiil.)  Having  a rotate 
figure  with  an  erect  limb.  Brande. 

COT'Y-LOID,  a.  [Gr.  k oTvl.tj,  a cup  or  hollow  ves- 
sel, and  elbos,  form.]  (Anat.)  Cup-shaped  ; — 
applied  to  the  hemispherical  cavity  of  the  hip- 
bone which  receives  the  head  of  the  femur,  or 
thigh-bone.  Dunglison. 

COU-AG'GA,  n.  [Fr.]  (Zoiil.)  An  animal  of  South 
Africa,  resembling  the  horse;  — written  also 
quagga  and  quacha.  — See  Quagga.  Eng.  Ency. 

COUCH,  v. n.  [Fr . coucher ■,  coxtchc,  a bed. — “From 
L.  cubare,  to  lie  down  ; as  reprocher  from  re- 
probare.”  Sullivan.]  [i.  couched  ; pp.  couch- 
ing, couched.] 

1.  f To  be  placed,  or  to  lie,  as  one  thing  upon 

or  under  another.  Chaucer. 

Blessed  of  the  Lord  be  his  land  for  the  dew,  and  for  the 
deep  that  coucheth  beneath.  Deut.  xxxiii.  13. 

2.  To  lie  down  or  recline  as  for  repose. 

"When  Love’s  fair  goddess 

Couched  with  her  husband  in  his  golden  bed.  Shak. 

3.  To  lie  close  to  the  ground,  as  for  conceal- 
ment ; to  crouch. 

Fierce  tigers  couched  around,  and  lolled  their  fawning 
tongues.  Dryden. 

4.  To  bend  down  ; to  stoop. 

Issachar  is  a strong  ass,  couching  down  between  two  bur- 
dens. Gen.  xlix.  14. 


COUCH,  v.  a.  1.  To  lay,  place,  or  put  down  upon 
a bed,  or  as  upon  a bed.  “ His  body  couched  in 
a curious  bed.”  Shak. 

Great  towers  of  stone  strongly  couched.  Mir.  for  Mag. 

If  the  weather  be  warm,  we  couch  malt  about  a foot  thick. 

Mortimer. 

2.  To  cover  ; to  invest ; to  clothe. 

llis  coat  armor  was  of  cloth  of  Tars 

Couched  with  pearls.  Chaucer . 

3.  To  involve ; to  include  ; to  comprise. 

In  these  words  Mr.  Harding  hath  pi-ivily  couched  sundry- 
arguments.  Jetcell. 

4.  To  cover  up  ; to  conceal ; to  hide. 

There  is  all  this  and  more  that  lies  naturally  couched  under 
this  allegory.  L' Estrange. 

5.  To  put  in  a posture  of  attack,  as  a spear. 

He  turned  aud  couched  the  spear  in  rest.  Berners. 

6.  (Anat.)  To  depress  or  remove,  as  a cat- 

aract, or  filmy  humor,  obstructing  vision,  so  as 
to  leave  the  lens  free  from  it.  Sharp. 

COUCH,  n.  [Fr.  couched]  1.  A place  for  sleep  or 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  short; 


A,  y,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL; 


HEIR,  HER; 


COUCHANCY 

for  rest.  “ The  beasts  seek  their  accustomed 
couches.”  Bale. 

Forsook  his  easy  couch  at  early  day.  Dryden. 

2.  A seat  used  for  reclining  upon. 

When  the  sultan  visits  his  friends,  he  is  carried  in  a small 
couch  on  four  men’s  shoulders.  Dumpier. 

3.  A layer  or  a heap  of  barley  prepared  for 

malting.  Mortimer. 

4.  A coating  of  any  adhesive  substance  on 
wood,  plaster,  canvas,  &c. 

In  painting,  the  canvas  is  first  prepared  with  a couch  of 
size.  Francis. 

COUCH'AN-CY,  n.  {Law.)  The  state  of  being 
in  repose  by  lying  down.  Burrows. 

COUCH' ANT,  a.  [Fr.]  (Her.)  Lying  down  ; 
squatting.  “ A lion  couchant.”  Browne. 

Levant  et  couchant.,  (Lam.)  a term  signifying  rising 
up  and  lying  down , and  applied  to  cattle  which  have 
been  long  enough  on  land  not  belonging  to  their 
owner  to  have  lain  down  and  risen  up  to  feed  ; a space 
of  time  held  to  be  at  least  a day  and  a night.  Burrill. 

COUfHEE  (ko'she),  n.  [Fr.,  a sleeping -place .] 
An  evening  party ; a visit  received  about  bed- 
time ; — opposed  to  levee. 

The  duke’s  levees  and  couchecs  were  so  crowded  that  the 
antechambers  were  full.  Burnet. 

COUCH'fR,  n.  1.  [From  couch,  v.  a.]  One  who 
couches  cataracts.  Johnson. 

2.  [Fr.  coucheur.)  A bed-fellow.  Cotgrave. 

3.  [Old  Fr.  cachereau  j cacher,  to  conceal.] 
A register-book  in  monasteries.  “ Plate,  books, 
couchers , legends,  &c.”  Injunctions,  %c.,  1559. 

4.  {Law.)  A factor  resident  in  a place  while 

trading.  Craig. 

COUCH'— FEL-LOW,  n.  Abed-fellow.  Shah. 

COUCH'— GRASS,  n.  {Bot.)  A perennial,  creeping 
grass  ; Triticum  repens  ; — called  also  creeping 
wheat-grass,  quick-grass,  and  quich-grass .Gray . 

COUCH'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  placing  any  thing 
as  upon  a bed  ; the  act  of  spreading  malt. 

2.  The  act  of  bending. 

These  couchings  and  these  lowly  courtesies.  Shak. 

3.  {Med.)  The  operation  of  removing  a cata- 
ract from  the  eye.  Dunglison. 

4.  (Agric.)  The  act  of  clearing  land  from 

couch-grass.  Brande. 

COUCH'LJjlSS,  a.  Havingno  couch  orbed.  Clarke. 

COU'DEE,  n.  [Fr.,  a cubit',  coude,  the  elbow.] 
The  measure  from  the  elbow  to  the  hand.  Crabb. 

COU'GAR  (ko'giir),  n.  (Zodl.)  A voracious  animal 
of  the  genus  Felis,  inhabiting  the  warmer  parts 
of  America  ; the  panther ; — written  also  cou- 
gitar.  Eng.  Ency. 

||  COUGH  (kof  or  kSiuf,  54)  [kof,  S.  W.  P.  F.  Ja. 
K.  Sm.  C.  ; kkuf,  J.  IV b.  A'ares],  n.  [Goth. 
kuef,  a catarrh ; kof,  suffocation  ; Su.  Goth. 
qua/,  shortness  of  breath  ; Dut.  kuch,  a cough. 
Johnson.  — Belgic  kitgh,  fofmed  from  the  sound. 
Minsheu.  — Ger.  keuchen,  or  kiechen,  to  Cough.] 
A convulsive  effort  of  the  lungs,  with  noise,  to 
get  rid  of  phlegm  or  other  matter.  Shak. 

||  COUGH  (kof),  v.  n.  [i.  coughed;  pp.  cough- 
ing, coughed.]  To  have  the  lungs  convulsed; 
to  make  the  noise  of  a cough. 

Thou  hast  quarrelled  with  a man  for  coughing  in  the 
street.  Shak. 

||  COUGH  (kof),  V.  a.  To  eject  by  a cough  ; — fol- 
lowed by  up.  “ Matter  coughed  up.”  Wiseman. 

||  COUGH'^R  (kof'er),  n.  One  who  coughs. 

COU'GUAR  (ko'gwar),  n.  Sec  Cougar.  Eng.  Ency . 

COU'HAIJE  (kbu'aj),  n.  [Fr.]  {Bot.)  An  Indian 
bean,  the  pods  of  which,  being  covered  with  a 
pointed  down,  sting  like  a nettle  ; — written  also 
cowitch  and  cowliage.  — See  Cowhage.  Todd. 

COUL,  n.  A sort  of  tub  ; a vessel  with  two  ears. 
— See  Cowl.  Crabb. 

COULD  (lcud),  i.  from  can.  [A.  S.  cuth.\  Was 
able  or  capable.  — See  Can. 

COULEUR  BE  ROSE  (ko'lur-de-roz).  [Fr.,  color 
of  the  rose.)  An  attractive  light  or  aspect ; fair 
appearance; — used  adverbially;  as,  “To  see 
things  couleur  de  rose.” 

COULISSE  (ko'lls),  m.  [Fr.,  a groove .)  (Arch.) 
A piece  of  timber  with  a channel  or  groove 


in  it,  as  the  slides  in  which  the  side-scenes  of  a 
theatre  run,  the  upright  parts  of  a flood-gate  or 
sluice  of  a portcullis,  &c.  Britton. 

CoOl'STAff,  n.  See  Cowlstaff.  Crabb. 

COUL'T^R  (kol'ter),  n.  [L.  culter ; colo,  cultus, 
to  till ; Fr.  coutre .]  (Agric.)  The  cutting  iron 
of  a' plough.  — See  Colter.  1 Sam.  xiii.  20. 

COUL'TIJR-NEB,  n.  [coulter  tend,  neb.)  (Ornitli.) 
A bird  of  the-  family  Alcidce ; the  puffin  ; Fra- 
tercula  arctica,  or • A/ca  arctica',  — so  called 
from  the  shape  of  its  beak.  Yarrell. 

COU'MA-RINE,  n.  (Chetn.)  A crystalline,  odorif- 
erous principle  extracted  from  the  tonka  bean, 
the  seed  of  the  Coumarouna  odorata.  Brande. 

COUN'CIL,  n.  [L.  concilium-,  concilio,  to  call  to- 
gether ; It.  Sj  Sp.  concilio  ; Fr.  concile.) 

1.  An  assembly  met  for  deliberation.  “ The 
chief  priests  and  all  the  council.”  Matt.  xxvi.  59. 

The  Stygian  council  thus  dissolved.  Milton. 

2.  A body  of  men  whose  duty  it  is  to  advise 
a sovereign  or  chief  magistrate  on  affairs  of 
government;  as,  “ The  Privy  Council”  ; “ The 
Governor’s  Council.” 

Without  the  knowledge 

Either  of  king  or  council.  Shak. 

3.  ( Eccl .)  A body  of  divines,  or  of  clergymen 
and  laymen,  assembled  to  deliberate  and  act  on 
some  ecclesiastical  matter. 

Some  borrow  all  their  religion  from  the  fathers  of  the  Chris- 
tian church,  or  from  their  synods  or  councils.  Walts. 

Council  of  war , an  assemblage  of  the  chief  officers 
in  tile  army  or  navy,  summoned  by  the  general  or 
admiral  to  concert  measures  of  importance.  Campbell. 

Syn. — See  Assembly. 

COUN'CIL— BOARD  (kofin'sjl-bord),  n.  I.  A coun- 
cil-table, where  matters  of  state  are  deliberated. 

He  hath  commanded 
To-morrow  morning  at  the  council-board 
He  be  convened.  Shak. 

2.  The  council  itself  in  session.  Smart. 

COUN'CIL— CHAM'BJJR,  n.  An  apartment  occu- 

pied by  a council,  or  appropriated  to  delibera- 
tions on  government.  Milton. 

f COUN'CIL-IST,  7i.  A member  of  a council ; an 
adviser ; a councillor.  Milton. 

COUN'CIL- LOR,  n.  A member  of  a council ; one 
who  gives  advice  in  relation  to  public  affairs. 

Councillor,  when  not  used  by  mistake  for  “counsellor,” 
means  a member  of  a council.  Smart. 

Privy  councillors  are  made  by  the  king’s  nomination,  with- 
out patent  or  grant.  Brande. 

J8®“  Councillor,  a member  of  a council,  and  coun- 
sellor, a lawyer,  have  heretofore  been  regarded  as  the 
same  word,  and  spelt  counsellor.  The  proper  distinc- 
tion is  now  more  frequently  made  than  formerly,  and 
it  is  introduced  into  several  of  the  recent  English 
Dictionaries. 

COUN'CIL-MAn,  n.  A member  of  a city  common 
council ; councillor.  Gent.  Mag. 

COUN'CIL— PROOF,  a.  Disregarding,  or  opposing, 
advice ; deaf  to  advice.  Fenton. 

COUN'CIL—' TA'BLE,  n.  A council-board.  Milton. 

t CO-UN-DfR-STAND'lNG,  n.  Mutual  under- 
standing. Ilotcell. 

CO-UNE',  v.  a.  [L.  con,  with,  and  uno,  to  unite ; 
units,  one.]  To  form  into  one.  “ [They]  are 
in  man  one  and  co-uned  together.”  Feltham. 

f CO-U-NITE'  (ko-yu-nlt'),  v.  a.  To  unite.  More. 

COUN'SIjlL,  n.  [L.  consilium ; consulo,  to  con- 
sult ; con,  with,  and  sedeo,  to  sit ; It.  consiglio  ; 
Sp.  consejo ; Fr.  conseil.) 

1.  Consultation  ; interchange  of  opinions. 
“ We  took  sweet  counsel  together.”  Ps.  lv.  14. 

I hold  as  little  counsel  with  weak  fear 

As  you  or  any  Scot  that  lives.  Shak. 

2.  Advice  ; direction ; admonition. 

There  is  as  much  difference  between  the  counsel  that  a 
friend  giveth  and  that  a man  giveth  himself,  as  there  is  be- 
tween the  counsel  of  a friend  and  of  a flatterer.  Bacon. 

3.  Examination  of  consequences ; delibera- 
tion ; prudent  forethought. 

They  all  confess,  in  the  working  of  that  first  cause,  that 
counsel  is  used,  reason  followed,  and  a -way  observed.  Booker. 

Without  counsel  purposes  are  disappointed.  Prov.  xv.  22. 

4.  Design  ; plan  ; purpose.  “ The  counsel 
of  the  Lord  standeth  forever.”  Ps.  xxxiii.  11. 

5.  Conclusion  formed  from  deliberation  or 
consultation  and  designed  to  be  secret ; a secret. 

The  players  cannot  keep  counsel ; they  ’ll  tell  all.  Shak. 


COUNT 

6.  A counsellor,  or  the  counsellors,  advo- 
cates, or  lawyers,  collectively,  who  plead  a cause. 

For  the  advocates  and  counsel  that  plead,  patience  and 
gravity  of  learning  is  an  essential  part  ot  justice.  Bacon. 

Syn. — See  Advice,  Lawyer. 

COUN'SfL,  v.  a.  [L.  consilior ; Fr.  conseillcr.) 
[i.  COUNSELLED  ; pp.  COUNSELLING,  COUN- 
SELLED.] 

1.  To  give  advice  to  ; to  advise  ; to  admonish. 

Holy  and  heavenly  thoughts  still  counsel  her.  Shak. 

2.  To  propose  to  be  done  ; to  recommend. 

“ His  counselled  crime.”  [r.]  Dryden. 

COUN'SjjL— KEEP'JJR,  n.  One  who  keeps  a secret. 
“His  note-book  his  counsel-keeper.”  Shak. 

COUN'SIJL— KEEP'ING,  a.  That  keeps  counsel; 
that  preserves  secrecy.  Shak. 

COUN'S^L-LA-BLE,  a.  1.  That  may  be  coun- 
selled ; willing  to  receive  advice.  “Few  men 
were  more  counsellable  than  he.”  Clarendon. 

2.  Worthy  to  be  recommended  ; advisable. 
“ He  did  not  believe  it  counsellable.”  Clarendon. 

C(j  UN'S  EL- LOR,  n.  [It.  consigliere ; Fr.  conseiller.) 

1.  One  who  gives  advice.  “ His  mother  was 
his  counsellor  to  do  wickedly.”  2 Chr.  xxii.  3. 

2.  A member  of  a council ; a councillor.  — 
See  Councillor. 

The  ordinary  sort  of  counsellor s are  such  as  the  king  call- 
eth  to  be  of  council  with  him  in  Ills  government.  Bacon. 

3.  (Law.)  One  who  advises  a client ; one  who 
pleads  in  a court  of  law ; a barrister. 

A counsellor  bred  up  in  the  knowledge  of  the  municipal 
and  statute  laws.  Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Lawyer. 

COUN'SJL-LOR-SHlP,  n.  The  office  of  a coun- 
sellor. Bacon. 

COUNT,  v.  a.  [L.  computo ; It.  contare ; Sp.  § 
Port,  contar ; Old  Fr.  compter ; Fr.  conter ; Arm. 
counta.)  [i.  counted  ; pp.  counting,  counted.] 

1.  To  number ; to  enumerate  ; to  tell  one  by 

one.  “ I can  count  every  one.”  Shak. 

2.  To  compute  ; to  calculate  f to  estimate. 

Some  people  in  America  counted  their  years  by  the  coming 
of  certain  birds  amongst  them  at  their  certain  "seasons,  and 
leaving  them  at  others.  Locke. 

3.  To  account ; to  consider ; to  esteem  ; to 
reckon  ; to  judge  ; to  think. 

Count  it  all  joy  when  ye  fall  into  divers  temptations,  know- 
ing this,  that  the  trial  of  your  faith  worketli  patience.  Jam.  i.  2. 

Syn.  — See  Calculate. 

COUNT,  v.  n.  1.  To  found  an  account  or  reckon- 
ing ; to  depend  ; to  rely  — with  on  or  upon. 

I think  it  is  a great  error  to  count  upon  the  genius  of  a 
nation  as  a standing  argument  in  all  ages.  Swift. 

2.  To  swell  the  number  ; to  add  to  the  num- 
ber; as,  “ Every  penny  counts.” 

3.  (Eng.  Law.)  To  recite  a count ; to  plead, 

orally,  as  a sergeant  in  the  English  Court  of 
Common  Pleas.  Burrill. 

COUNT,  n.  1.  [It.  conto  and  computo  ; Sp.  conta, 
cue nt a,  and  computo  ; Fr.  compte.)  A reckon- 
ing, or  a number  reckoned.  “ To  increase  the 
count.”  Spenser.  “By  my  count.”  Shak. 

2.  Estimation  ; accoujit. 

Were  cowards  known,  and  little  count  did  hold.  Spenser. 

3.  [Fr.  conte,  a narrative  or  tale;  conter,  to 

relate.]  (Law.)  A declaration  of  a plaintiff’s 
case  in  court,  or  a part,  section,  or  division  of 
a declaration  embracing  a distinct  statement  of 
a cause  of  action  : — in  criminal  pleading,  a par- 
ticular charge  in  an  indictment.  Burrill. 

COUNT,  n.  [L.  comes,  an  associate,  an  attend- 
ant; It.  conte  ; Sp.  contle  ; Fr .comte.)  A title 
of  nobility,  on  the  continent  of  Europe,  es- 
teemed equivalent  to  earl.  — See  County. 

No  more  than  ten  among  them  were  dignified  with  the 
rank  of  counts  or  companions,  a title  of  honor,  or  rather  of 
favor,  which  had  been  recently  invented  in  the  court  of  Con- 
stantine. Gibbon. 

“ The  title  of  count,  borrowed  from  the  later 
Roman  empire,  meaning  originally  companion  (comes), 
one  who  had  the  honor  of  being  closest  companion  to 
his  leader,  and  the  shire  was  now  the  county  ( comi - 
tatus),  as  governed  by  this  comes . In  that  singular 
and  inexplicable  fortune  of  words,  which  causes  some 
to  disappear  and  die  out  under  circumstances  most 
favorable  for  life,  others  to  hold  their  ground  when 
all  seemed  against  them,  count  has  disappeared  from 
the  titles  of  English  nobility,  while  earl  lias  recovered 
its  place  ; although,  in  evidence  of  the  essential  iden- 
tity of  the  two  titles,  the  wife  of  the  earl  is  entitled  a 
countess ; and  in  further  memorial  of  these  great 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RlJLE.  — Q,  (j,  q,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


COUNTABLE 


324 


COUNTER-LIBRATION 


changes  that  so  long  came  over  our  land,  the  two 
names  shire  and  county  equally  survive  as  household, 
and  in  the  main,  interchangeable  words  in  our 
mouths."  Dr.  Trench. 

COUNT' A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  numbered. 

COUN'T fl-NANCE,  n.  [L.  continentia , a holding 
in,  and  in  late  Latin  the  contents ; contineo , 
continent)  to  contain  ; Fr.  contenance.  The  al- 
lusion, according  to  Skinner  and  Richardson , 
is  to  “ the  keeping  or  composure  of  the  features 
of  the  face.”] 

1.  Exterior  appearance  of  the  face  or  visage  ; 
expression  of  the  face  ; aspect ; look. 

Thou  shalt  not  see  me  blush 
Nor  change  my  countenance  for  this  arrest.  Shah. 

A merry  heart  maketh  a cheerful  countenance.  Trov.  xv.  13. 

2.  Mark  of  good  will ; support ; encourage- 
ment; patronage;  favor;  sanction. 

Thou  hast  made  him  exceeding  glad  with  thy  counte- 
nance. *s.  xxi.  0. 

This  is  the  magistrate’s  peculiar  province,  to  give  counte- 
nance to  piety  ana  virtue.  Atterbury. 

3.  f Superficial  appearance  ; show;  pretence. 

Unfold  the  evil  which  is  here  wrapt  up 
In  countehance.  Shah. 

To  keep  one’s  countenance,  to  refrain  from  expressing 
emotion  by  the  face  ; to  preserve  a calm  look.  — In 
countenance,  with  an  assured  or  confident  look.  — Out 
of  countenance,  with  an  abashed  or  downcast  look. 

Syn. — Countenance  is  the  form  and  expression  of 
the  face.  Face  is  the  work  of  nature,  and  remains 
the  same  ; countenance  and  visage  are  affected  by  the 
state  of  the  mind,  and  are  therefore  changeable.  VVe 
may  say  the  face  or  visage , but  not  the  countenance,  of 
a bi  ute.  A handsome  or  ugly  face ; a cheerful  or  sad 
countenance  ; a pale  or  grim  visage. 

Give  countenance  or  patronage  to  meritorious  per- 
sons, sanction  to  just  measures,  and  support  to  a good 
cause. 

COUN'Tfl-NANCE,  V.  a.  [».  COUNTENANCED  ; pp. 
COUNTENANCING,  COUNTENANCED.] 

1.  To  approve  ; to  sanction. 

As  if  the  Heavens  should  countenance  his  sin.  Shah. 

2.  To  support ; to  encourage  ; to  patronize. 

A good  man  acts  with  a vigor,  and  suffers  with  a patience, 

more  than  human,  when  lie  believes  himself  countenanced 
by  the  Almighty.  Blair. 

3.  +To  make  a show  of ; to  pretend. 

Each  to  these  ladies  love  did  countenance.  Spenser. 

COUN'TJJ-NAN-CER,  n.  One  who  countenances. 
A great  countenancer  of  learned  men.  Brown's  Travels , 1G85. 

COUNT'IJR,  n.  1.  One  who  counts;  a reckoner. 

2.  An  imitation  of  a piece  of  money,  used  as 
a means  of  counting. 

These  halfpence  in  trade  are  no  better  than  counters.  Swift. 

3.  A contemptuous  term  for  money.  Shah. 

4.  The  table  of  a shop  on  which  goods  are 

exhibited  and  money  is  counted.  “ Behind  his 
counter  selling  broadcloth.”  Arbuthnot. 

5.  {Farriery.)  The  part  of  a horse  between 
the  shoulders ; the  breast.  Farrier’s  Diet. 

6.  (i Ship-building .)  That  part  of  a vessel  be- 

tween the  bottom  of  the  stern  and  the  wing- 
transom  and  buttock.  Dana. 

7.  A name  of  some  prisons  in  London.  “ I 

love  to  walk  by  the  Counter- gate.”  Shah. 

8.  {Mm.)  Same  as  Counter-tenor.  Clarke. 

COUN'TjpR,  ad.  [L.  contra,  against;  It.  iS;  Sp. 
contra ; Fr.  contre.) 

1.  Contrary  ; in  opposite  directions  ; contra- 

rywise.  “ Running  counter  to  all  the  rules  of 
virtue.”  Locke. 

In  this  case,  it  is  plain,  the  will  and  the  desire  run  coun- 
ter. Locke. 

2.  In  a wrong  way.  “ This  is  counter.”  Shale. 

SST  This  word  is  often  used  in  composition,  and 

signifies  against , in  opposition. 

COUN-TpR-ACT',  v.  a.  ft.  COUNTERACTED  ; pp. 
COUNTERACTING,  COUNTERACTED.]  To  hinder 
by  contrary  action  ; to  act  against;  to  oppose  ; 
to  frustrate  ; to  defeat. 

Good  counteracting  ill,  and  gladness  woe.  Beattie. 

CoOn-TISR-AC'TION,  n.  Opposite  or  contrary 
agency  or  action. 

Nor  overcome  the  counteraction  of  a false  principle.  Rambler. 

COUN-TJJR-AC'TIVE,  a.  Having  an  opposite 
action.  Maunder. 

CdUN-TJJR-AC'TJVE,  n.  That  which  causes  coun- 
teraction. Ed.  Rev. 

COUN-TPR-Ac'TIVE-LY,  ad.  In  a manner  tend- 
ing to  counteract. 


COUN'TJJR— AP-PROAOH',  n.  {Fort.)  A trench 
leading  from  the  covered  way  of  a besieged  for- 
tress, at  some  point  on  either  flank  of  the  ground 
upon  which  the  works  of  the  besiegers  are 
formed,  and  extending  to  any  convenient  dis- 
tance towards  the  country  ; — frequently  ter- 
minated by  a small  redoubt  or  battery,  from 
which  a fire  of  light  artillery  is  directed  into  the 
trenches  of  the  enemy.  P.  Cyc. 

C6UN'T£R-AT-TRAc'TION,  n.  Opposite  attrac- 
tion. " Shenstone. 

COUN'TER-AT-TRAc'TIVE,  a.  Attracting  in  an 
opposite  way.  Clarke. 

COUN-TJJR-BAL'ANCE,  V.  a.  [*.  COUNTERBAL- 
ANCED ; pp.  COUNTERBALANCING,  COUNTER- 
BALANCED.] To  act  against  with  an  equal 
weight ; to  equiponderate. 

The  remaining  air  was  not  able  to  counterbalance  the  mer- 
curial cylinder.  Boyle. 

Some  bias,  which  it  is  the  business  of  education  to  coun- 
terbalance. Loche. 

COUN'TER-bAL-ANCE,  n.  Opposite  or  equiva- 
lent power.  Dryden. 

COUN'TER-BAT'TER-Y,  n.  {Mil.)  A battery 
raised  to  play  on  another.  Oyilvie. 

COUN'TJfR— BOND,  n.  A bond  to  save  harmless 
one  who  has  given  a bond  to  another  ; a coun- 
ter-surety. Shenvood. 

COUN'TUR-BRACE,  n.  {Naut.)  The  lee  brace 
of  the  fore-topsail  yard.  Craig. 

COUN-T^R-BRAcE',  v.  a.  (Naut.)  To  brace  in 
contrary  directions,  as  yards  ; to  brace  the  head 
yards  one  way  and  the  after  yards  another. Zl«na. 

CdUN-TlJR-BUFF',  v.  a.  To  strike  back ; to  re- 
pel. Dryden. 

COUN'T]JR-BUFF,  n.  A blow  or  stroke  produ- 
cing a recoil.  ' Sidney. 

f OOUN'TtJR-CAsT  (12),  n.  A trick ; a delusive 
contrivance-  Spenser. 

CdUN'T5R-CAST-ER,  n.  A reckoner  ; an  arith- 
metician ; a caster  of  accounts;  a book-keep- 
er ; — used  in  contempt.  Shak. 

CdUN'TER-CHAN£E  (11G),  n.  Exchange  ; recip- 
rocation. Shak. 

COUN-T]JR-CHAn<?E',  v.  n.  To  exchange.  J.  Hall. 

c6uN'TJJR-CHAR£E,  n.  A charge  opposed  to 
another  charge.  Baxter. 

CtiUN'TJJR-CHARM  (116),  n.  That  which  breaks 
a charm ; that  which  disenchants.  Scott. 

COUN-TJJR-CHARM',  v.  a.  To  destroy  enchant- 
ment ; to  disenchant.  Falkland. 

COUN-TJJR-CHECK',  v.  a.  To  oppose ; to  ob- 
struct ; to  hinder  ; to  check.  Drayton. 

COUN'T^R-CHECK,  n.  A check  ; a rebuke.  Shak. 

CdUN'Tip-^HEV'RON-Y,  n.  {Her.)  A division 
of  the  field  chevron-wise.  Oyilvie. 

CdON'TjpR-CQM-PO'NY,  n.  {Her.)  A border 
compounded  of  two  rows  of  checkers  of  differ- 
ent colors.  Oyilvie. 

COUN'TJJR— CUR-RUNT,  a.  Running  in  an  op- 
posite way.  Smart. 

COUN'T£R-CUR-RENT,  n.  A current  opposed  to 
another  current.  Smart. 

CdtJN'TpR-nEED,  n.  {Law.)  A secret  writing 
before  a notary  or  under  seal,  which  invalidates 
or  alters  a public  deed.  Oyilvie. 

t COUN'TUR-DIS-TINC'TION,  n.  Contradistinc- 
tion. ’ ’ More. 

COUN'TtJR-DRAIN,  n.  A channel  dug  parallel 
to  a canal  or  embanked  water-way,  to  convey 
the  water  that  may  leak  through.  Buchanan. 

COUN-TUR-DRAW',  V.  a.  [ i . COUNTERDREW  ; pp. 
COUNTERDRAWING,  COUNTERDRAWN.]  To  trace 
the  lines  of  a drawing  through  transparent  pa- 
per, cloth,  or  other  substance.  Chambers. 

COUN'TUR-EV'I-DENCE,  n.  Evidence  opposed 
to  other  evidence.  Burnet. 

f COUN'TUR-fAI-§ANCE,  n.  See  Counterff,- 
sance.  Todd. 

COUN'TER-FEIT  (kiifin'ter-fit),  v.  a.  [L.  contra, 


against,  andfacio,  to  make  ; It.  contraffare-,  Fr. 
eontrefaire.)  [i.  counterfeited  ; pp.  counter- 
feiting, COUNTERFEITED.] 

1.  To  copy  with  an  intent  to  pass  the  copy 
for  an  original ; to  imitate  wrongfully  ; to  forge  ; 
to  feign  ; as,  “ To  counterfeit  a bank-note.” 

What  art  thou 

That  counterfeits  the  person  of  a king?  Shak. 

2.  f To  put  on  the  semblance  of ; to  bear  the 
likeness  of;  to  resemble  ; to  imitate.  Tyndale. 

And  ah!  you  mortal  engines,  whose  rude  throats 
The  immortal  Jove’s  dread  clamors  counterfeit.  Shah. 

Syn.  — See  Feign. 

CoOn'TUR-FEIT,  v.  n.  To  feign.  Shak. 

C0UN'T£R-FEIT,  a.  1.  Made  fraudulently  in  im- 
itation of  something  ; forged  ; fictitious  ; fraud- 
ulent ; spurious ; supposititious  ; false  ; feigned. 
“ If  we  take  counterfeit  for  true.”  Locke. 

2.  Feigning;  deceitful;  hypocritical. 

True  friends  appear  less  moved  than  counterfeit.  Roscommon. 

3.  f Copying  an  original ; resembling. 

Look  here  upon  this  picture,  and  on  this. 

The  counterfeit  presentment  of  two  brothers.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Spurious. 

COUN'TUR-FElT,  n.  1.  A copy  intended  to  be 
passed  off  for  an  original ; a forgery;  a copy. 

There  would  be  no  counterfeits  but  for  the  sake  of  some- 
thing real.  Tillotson. 

2.  An  impostor.  “ I am  no  counterfeit.”  Shak. 

3.  f A resemblance  ; a likeness.  “Fair  Por- 
tia’s counterfeit.”  Shak. 

COUN'TER-FEIT-IJR,  n.  1.  One  who  counter- 
feits ; a forger.  Camden. 

2.  One  who  puts  on  a false  appearance;  one 
who  feigns  ; a pretender.  “ A counterfeiter  of 
devotion.”  Sherwood. 

COUN'TUR-FEIT-LY,  ad.  Falsely  ; fictitiously. 

COUN'TUR-FEIT-NUSS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
counterfeit.  Clarke. 

COUN'TUR-FER'IIUNT,  n.  Ferment  opposed  to 
ferment.  Addison. 

fCOUN-TUR-FE'irANCE,  n.  [Fr.  eontrefaisance .] 
The  act  of  counterfeiting ; forgery.  Spenser. 

COUN-TUR-FISS'FRE  (kofin'ter-fish'yiir,  92),  n. 
See  Contrafissure.  ■ Clarke. 

COUN'TUR-FLO-RY,  a-  (Her.)  An  epithet  de- 
noting that  the  flowers  with  which  an  ordinary 
is  adorned  stand  opposite  to  each  other.  Oyilvie. 

COUN'TUR-FOIL,  ( n.  That  part  of  a tally 

CdUN'T£R-STOCK,  ) struck  in  the  exchequer, 
which  is  kept  by  the  officer  of  that  court,  the 
other,  which  is  called  stock,  being  delivered  to 
the  person  who  has  lent  money  to  the  govern- 
ment on  the  account.  London  Ency. 

COUN'TUR-FORCE,  n.  A force  that  counteracts; 
a force  opposed  to  another  force.  Coleridge. 

COUN'TpR-FORT,  n.  SFort.)  A buttress,  pier, 
or  pillar,  built  against,  and  in  right  angles  to,  a 
wall,  to  strengthen  it.  Weale. 

COUN'TUR-GA^E,  n.  {Carp.)  A method  of  meas- 
uring joints  by  transferring  the  breadth  of  a 
mortise  to  the  place  on  another  timber  where 
the  tenon  is  to  be  made.  Weale. 

COUN'T£R-GUARD  (-gird),  7i.  {Fort.)  A work 
in  the  shape  of  a redan,  the  two  faces  of  which 
run  parallel  to  the  faces  of  the  bastion  ; — de- 
signed to  protect  the  bastion  from  being 
breached  or  battered.  Glos.  of  Mil.  Terms. 

COUN'TJJR-IN'FLU-UNCE,  v.  a.  To  hinder  by 
contrary  influence.  Scott. 

COUN'TJJR— IR'RI-TANT,  n.  {Med.)  A substance 
employed  to  produce  an  artificial  or  secondary 
disease,  in  order  to  relieve  another  or  primary 
one-  Dunglison. 

CotJN'TUR-lR'RI-TATE,  v.  a.  {Med.)  To  pro- 
duce an  artificial  or  secondary  disease,  in  order 
to  relieve  another,  or  primary  one.  Oyilvie. 

COUN'TUR— IR-RI-TA'TrON,  n.  (Med.)  The  pro- 
duction of  an  artificial  or  secondary  disease,  in 
order  to  relieve  another,  or  primary  one.  Hobhjn. 

COUN'TUR-JUMP'SR,  n.  A shopman.  [A  term 
of  contempt.]  Clarke. 

COUN'TUR-L!-BRA'TION,  v.  {Astron.)  Oppo- 
site libration.  Marquis  of  Worcester. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  V,  Y,  short ; 


A,  U,  !,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  fArE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


COUNTER-LIGHT 


325 


COUNTERSINK 


CotiN'TER-LIGHT  (kbfin'ter-llt),  n.  A light  de- 
stroying the  advantageous  effect  of  another 
light.  Chambers. 

COUN-T?R-MAnD',  v.  a.  [L.  contra , against,  and 
mando,  to  order  ; It.  contrammandare ; Sp. 
contramandar ; Fr.  contremander.]  [i.  coun- 
termanded ; pp.  COUNTERMANDING,  COUN- 
TERMANDED.] 

1.  To  rescind  or  revoke,  as  an  order  previous- 
ly given.  Campbell. 

2.  To  order  contrariwise  to  what  another  has 
ordered;  to  oppose. 

For  us  to  alter  any  thing  is  to  lift  up  ourselves  against 
God,  and,  as  it  were,  to  countermand  him.  Hooker. 

3.  f To*prohibit ; to  forbid. 

Avicen  countermands  letting  blood  in  choleric  cases.  Harvey. 

COUN'TIJR-MAnD  (116),  n.  A change  or  repeal 
of  a former  order.  Shah. 

COUN'TSR-MAnD'A-BLE,  a.  That  maybe  coun- 
termanded. Bacon. 

COUN-TER-MARCH',  v.  n.  To  reverse  the  direc- 
tion of  a march  ; to  march  hack.  Johnson. 

COUN'TJJR-MARCH  (116),  n.  I.  A retrograde 
march  ; a retrocession.  “ Marches  and  coun- 
termarches of  the  animal  spirits.”  Collier. 

2.  (Mil.)  A change  of  the  wings  or  face  of  a 

battalion  so  as  to  bring  the  right  to  the  left  or 
the  front  to  the  rear.  Ogilvie. 

3.  Change  of  measures ; alteration  of  con- 
duct. Burnet. 

COUN'TER-MARK,  n.  1.  A second  or  third  mark 
on  a bale  of  goods;  — used  especially  for  the 
several  marks  put  upon  goods  belonging  to  sev- 
eral persons  to  show  that  they  must  not  be 
opened  but  in  the  presence  of  all  the  owners  or 
their  agents.  Maunder. 

2.  The  mark  of  the  London  Goldsmiths’  Com- 

pany to  show  the  metal  to  be  standard,  in  ad- 
dition to  that  of  the  artificer.  Johnson. 

3.  A second  mark  or  stamp  on  a coin  or 

medal,  by  which  its  changes  in  value  may  be 
known.  Johnson. 

4.  (Farriery.)  An  artificial  cavity  made  in 
the  teeth  of  horses  to  disguise  their  age.  Johnson. 

COUN-T^R-MARK',  v.  a.  (Farriery.)  To  hollow 
a horse’s  teeth  and  put  on  them  a false  mark, 
to  conceal  his  age.  Farrier's  Diet. 

CoffN'TpR-MlNE,  n.  1.  (Fort.)  A mine  or  trench 
formed  by  the  besieged  to  intercept  the  works 
and  destroy  the  mines  of  the  besiegers  ; a gal- 
lery so  constructed  as  to  facilitate  the  forma- 
tion of  mines  on  the  shortest  notice.  Campbell. 

2.  Means  of  opposition  or  counteraction. 

“ Knowing  no  countermine  against  contempt 
but  terror.”  Sidney. 

3.  A counterplot ; a stratagem.  L' Estrange. 

COUN-TflR-MINE',  v.  a.  1.  To  make  a counter- 
mine against ; to  oppose  by  a countermine. 

2.  To  defeat  by  counterworking,  or  by  secret 
measures.  Donne. 

COUN'TJJR— MO'TION,  n.  Contrary  motion  ; mo- 
tion opposed  to  motion.  Digby. 

COUN'TER— MO'TIVE,  n.  A motive  opposed  to 
another  motive.  Clarke. 

COUN'TflR-MOVE'MENT,  n.  A movement  op- 
posed to  another  movement.  Todd. 

COUN'TER-MURE,  n.  [Fr.  contremur.]  A wall 
built  behind  another  wall,  to  supply  its  place. 
— See  Contramure.  Knolles. 

COUN-T^R-MURE',  v.  a.  To  fortify  with  a eoun- 
termure.  “ Countermurcd  with  walls  of  dia- 
mond.” Kyd. 

COUN'TER— NAT'U-RAL,  a.  Contrary  to  nature. 
“ Counter-natural . . . attenuation.”  [r.]  Harvey. 

COUN'TER-NE-GO-TI-A'TION  (-she-a'slum),  n. 
A negotiation  in  opposition  to  another.  Clarke. 

COUN’TlJR-NoI^E,  n.  A noise  overpowering 
another  noise.  Calamy. 

COUN’TER— O'PEN-ING,  n.  An  opening  vent  on 
the  contrary  side.  " Sharp. 

COUN'TER-PACE,  n.  Contrary  step  or  measure  ; 
an  attempt  in  opposition  to  any  scheme.  Swift. 

COUN'TER-PALED,  a.  (Her.)  Noting  an  es- 


cutcheon divided  into  twelve  pales  parted  per- 
fesse,  the  two  colors  being  counter-changed,  so 
that  the  upper  are  of  one  color,  and  the  lower 
of  another.  London  Ency. 

COUN'TJR-PANE,  n.  I.  A coverlet  for  a bed  ; — 
corrupted  from  counterpoint. 

On  which  a tissue  counterpane  was  cast.  Drayton . 
is  so  called  from  that  kind  which  was 
composed  of  variegated  squares  or  panes."  Smart.  — 
“ Counterpanes,  evidently  a corruption  of  counterpoint, 
have  little  protuberances  on  the  surface,  dispersed 
after  a certain  pattern.”  W.  Ency. 

2.  [L.  contra,  against,  and  Low  L.  pannus, 
cloth  or  parchment.  Skinner.  — See  Counter- 
part.] (Law.)  One  part  of  a pair  of  deeds  or 
indentures.  Coles. 

Read,  scribe;  give  me  the  counterpane.  B.  Jonson. 

COUN'TpR— PA-ROLE',  n.  (Mil.)  A word  given 
as  a signal  in  any  time  of  alarm.  Oyilvie. 

COUN'TER-PART,  n.  1.  That  which  answers  to 
something  else  ; a corresponding  part. 

He  is  to  consider  the  thought  of  his  author  and  his  words, 
and  to  find  out  the  counterpart  to  each  in  another  language. 

Dry  den. 

2.  (Law.)  The  corresponding  part  of  an  in- 
strument ; a duplicate  or  copy. 

*The  term  counterpaH  seems  derived  from  the  ancient 
practice  of  executing  indentures  by  writing  them  twice  on 
the  same  sheet  of  parchment,  beginning  from  a space  in  the 
middle,  where  it  was  afterwards  divided  by  cutting  through; 
the  parts,  when  thus  written,  lying  opposite  or  counter  to 
each  other.  Burrill. 

3.  (Mus.)  A part  to  be  applied  to  another.  “The 
bass  is  the  counterpart  to  the  treble.”  Maunder. 

COUN'TER-PAS'SANT,  a.  (Her.)  Noting  two 
lions  represented  in  a coat  of  arms  as  going 
contrary  ways.  Craig. 

COUN'TER— Pp-Tl''TION,  n.  A petition  opposed 
to  another  petition.  Todd. 

COUN'TIJR— PIJ-Ti"TION  (-pe-tlsh'un),  V.  n.  To 
petition  against  another  petition. Rarcsby's  Mem. 

COUN'TER— PLEA,  n.  (Law.)  That  which  is  al- 
leged against  a plea ; a replication.  Cowell. 

COUN-TJJR— PLEAD',  v.  a.  To  plead  in  opposi- 
tion ; to  contradict ; to  deny.  Maunder. 

COUN-TER-PLOT',  v.  a.  [i.  counterplotted  ; 
pp.  counterplotting,  counterplotted.]  To 
plot  against  in  order  to  defeat  another  plot ; to 
baffle  or  defeat  by  an  opposite  plot.  “ Pruden- 
tia  had  counterplotted  us.”  Tatler. 

COUN'TER-PLOT,  n.  A plot  formed  to  defeat  a 
plot ; artifice  opposed  to  artifice.  L’ Estrange. 

COUN-TER-PLOT' TING,  n.  The  act  of  opposing 
one  plot  by  another.  South. 

COUN'T ER- POINT,  n.  1.  [Old  Fr.  contrepointe, 
the  quilting  stitch,  and  a quilted  covering.  Cot- 
grave. — L.  contra,  against,  and  pungo,  punc- 
tus,  to  puncture,  to  prick  ; i.  e.,  something  sewed 
or  stitched  with  seams  running  different  ways. 
Richardson.']  A quilted  coverlet ; a counter- 
pane. — See  Counterpane.  Shah. 

2.  An  opposite  point  or  course. 

Affecting  angelical  purity,  [they]  fell  suddenly  into  the 
very  counterpoint  of  justifying  bestiality.  Sandys. 

3.  [It.  contrappunto ; Sp.  contrapunto ; Fr. 
contrepoint .]  (Mus.)  The  science  or  the  art  of 
composing  in  mutually  essential  parts  or  voices, 
note  against  note  ; the  art  of  strict  polyphonic 
composition  : — music  of  strict  polyphonic  struc- 
ture ; music  in  parts  mutually  essential.  Dwight. 

COUN-TER-Por§E',  v.  a.  \i.  counterpoised  ; 

pp.  COUNTERPOISING,  COUNTERPOISED.] 

1.  To  counterbalance. 

The  force  and  the  distance  of  weights  counterpoising  one 
another.  Digby. 

2.  To  act  against  with  equal  power. 

So  many  freeholders  of  English  will  be  able  to  counterpoise 
the  rest.  Spenser. 

c6un'TER-Po!?E  (116),  n.  1.  A weight  exactly 
balancing  another  weight  in  the  opposite  scale 
of  a balance;  — equivalence  of  weight;  cqui- 
ponderance. 

The  pendulous  round  earth  with  balanced  air 
In  counterpoise.  Milton. 

2.  Equivalence  of  power  ; cquipollence. 

Tiie  second  nobles  are  a counterpoise  to  the  higher  no- 
bility. Bacon, 

COUN-TflR— POI'fJON  (-zn),  n.  An  antidote  to 
poison.  Arbuthnot. 


COUN-TJJR-PdN'DpR-ATE,  v.  a.  To  counterbal- 
ance ; to  weigh  against.  Qu.  Bev. 

COUN'TIJR-PRAC-TjCE,  n.  Practice  in  opposi- 
tion. Todd. 

COUN'TER— PRES-S1/RE  (-presh-ur),  n.  Opposite 
pressure  or  force.  Blackmore. 

COUN'TER— PROJ-ECT,  n.  An  opposite  project ; 
correspondent  part  of  a scheme.  Swift. 

COUN'TER— PROOF,  n.  (Engraving.)  An  impres- 
sion obtained  from  another  impression  while  it 
is  yet  wet,  in  order  that  the  design  may  be  in 
the  same  direction  as  in  the  plate  itself.  Brande. 

COUN-TJJR— PROVE',  v.  a.  To  take  a counter, 
proof  from ; to  take  off  a design  in  black  lead, 
or  red  chalk,  through  the  rolling  press,  on  an- 
other piece  of  paper,  both  being  moistened  with 
a sponge.  Chambers. 

COUN'TER— RE  V-O-LU'TION,  n.  A revolution 
succeeding  another,  and  opposite  to  it.  Todd. 

COUN'TER— REV-O-LU'TION-A-UY,  a.  Acting 
against  a preceding  revolution.  Williams. 

COUN'TJER— REV-O-LU'TION-IST,  n.  One  who 
favors  or  takes  part  in  a counter-revolution  ; a 
subverter  of  a revolution.  Williams. 

COUN-TfR-ROL',  v.  a.  To  check  or  control  by 
another  account.  — See  Control.  Todd. 

f CdUN-T^R-ROL'MgNT,  n.  A counter  account. 
“ Warrants  and  count  err  olments.”  Bacon. 

COUN'TJ3R-ROUND,  n.  (Mil.)  A body  of  officers 
whose  duty  it  is  to  visit  and  inspect  the  rounds 
or  sentinels.  Chambers. 

COUN'TJJR-SA'LI-ENT,  a.  (Her.)  Leaping  from 
each  other,  or  contrariwise.  Crabb. 

COUN'T£R-SCARF,n.  See  Counterscarp.  Todd. 

COUN'TpR-SCARP,  n.  (Fort.)  The  exterior  slope 
of  a ditch,  facing  the  escarp.  In  permanent 
works  it  is  revetted  with  masonry  that  the  slope 
may  be  steep.  Glos.  of  Mil.  Terms. 

COUN'TER— SCUF-FLE,  11.  Mutual  opposition  ; 
conflict ; contest.  Heicyt. 

CdUN-TlJR-SEAL',  Vm  d4  To  seal  with  another, 
or  with  others.  Shah. 

COUN-TER-SE-CURE',  v.  a.  To  render  more  se- 
cure by  additional  guarantees. 

"Whilst  you  are  giving  that  pledge  from  the  throne,  and 
engaging  Parliament  to  countersemre  it.  Burke. 

COUN'TER— SE-CU'RJ-TY,  n.  (Law.)  Security 
given  to  one  who  has  become  surety  for  an- 
other. Crabb. 

COUN'TER— SENSE,  n.  Opposite  meaning.  Howell. 

COUN-TER-SlON'  (kriun-ter-sln'),  V.  a.  [».  COUN- 
TERSIGNED ; pp.  COUNTERSIGNING,  COUNTER- 
SIGNED.] To  sign  what  has  already  been  signed 
by  a superior ; to  authenticate  by  an  addition- 
al signature. 

He  had  brought  a letter  to  his  lordship  from  the  king.  I 
read  it;  it  was  countersigned  Melford.  Clarendon. 

COUN'TER-SlON  (kbun'ter-sjn),  n.  1.  The  signa- 
ture of  a public  officer  to  the  charter  of  a king, 
prelate,  &c.,  by  way  of  certificate: — a signa- 
ture of  a subordinate  in  addition  to  that  of  his 
superior  to  authenticate  any  writing ; a coun- 
ter-signature. 

2.  (Mil.)  A particular  word  or  number  which 
is  exchanged  between  guards,  and  entrusted  to 
those  employed  on  duty  in  camp  or  garrison  ; a 
military  watchword.  Campbell. 

COUN'TER— SIG-NAL,  n.  (Xaut.)  A responsive 
signal.  Todd. 

COUN'TER-SIG'NA-TURE,  11.  The  signature  of 
a secretary  or  other  subordinate  officer  counter- 
signed to  a writing  ; a countersign.  Tooke. 

COUN-TER-SlNK',  v.  a.  (Mech.)  To  take  off  the 
edge  round  a hole  ; as,  “ To  countersink  an 
orifice  to  receive  the  head  of  a screw”;  “To 
countersink  the  eye  of  a needle  that  it  may  not 
cut  the  thread.” 

COUN'TF.R-SlNK,  n.  1.  A cavity  made  to  receive 
the  head  of  a screw.  Clarke. 

2.  (Carp.)  A bit,  with  a conical  head,  for 
widening  the  upper  part  of  a hole  to  receive 
the  head  of  a screw.  Weale. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RtJLE.  — 9,  (?,  9,  g,  soft;  E,  O,  c,  g,  hard;  § as  z ; % as  gz.  — THIS, 


this 


COUNTER-SNARL 


326 


COUPLE 


COUN'TER-SNARL,  n.  Snarl  in  opposition  or 
in  defence.  Burton. 

COUN'T^R— STATE'MgNT,  n.  A contrary  state- 
ment. Milman. 

COUN'Tf.R-STAT'UTE,  n.  A contradictory  ordi- 
nance. Milton. 

COUN'TER-STEP,  n.  An  opposite  step  or  proce- 
dure ; opposite  course  of  conduct.  Mead. 

COUN'Tf.R— STROKE,  n.  A stroke  opposed  to 
another  ; a stroke  returned.  Spenser. 

COUN'TER-SURE'TY  (koun'ter-shur'te),  n.  A 
counter-bond  to  a surety.  Sherwood. 

COUN'T?R-SWAL'LQW-TAIL  (-swSl'lo-tal),  n. 
(Fort.)  An  outwork  in  the  form  of  a single  te- 
naille, wider  at  the  gorge  than  at  the  head.  Ogilvie. 

COUN'TER— SWAY,  n.  An  opposite  influence. 
“ By  a ^counter-sway  of  restraint.”  Milton. 

CtiUN'TER-TAL'LY,  n.  One  of  the  two  tallies 
on  which  any  thing  is  scored.  Chambers. 

COUN'TJJR-TASTE,  n.  False  taste.  Shenstone. 

COUN'TER— TEN 'OR,  n.  (Mus.)  The  second  or 
contralto  part  when  sung  by  a male  voice  ; the 
alto  ; the  counter.  Dwight. 

COUN'TER-TlDE,  n.  Contrary  tide.  Dryden. 

COUN'TIJR— TIM'B£R§,  n.  pi.  (Ship-building.) 
Short  timbers  put  into  the  frame  of  a ship  to 
strengthen  the  counter.  Dana. 

COUN'Tf  R-TfME,  n.  [Fr.  contretemps .] 

1.  (Man.)  The  resistance  of  a horse  to  his 

proper  paces.  Farrier’s  Diet. 

2.  Resistance  ; opposition. 

Let  cheerfulness  on  happy  fortune  wait. 

And  give  not  thus  the  countertime  to  fate.  Dryden. 

COUN'TER— TRENCH,  n.  (Fort.)  A trench  made 
against  that  of  the  besiegers.  Ogilvie. 

COUN'TER-TRIp'FING,  n.  (Her.)  A name  ap- 
plied to  the  position  of  two  beasts  tripping  in 
opposite  directions.  Ogilvie. 

COUN'TER— TURN,  n.  A turn  in  a play  where  the 
plot  takes  a different  course  from  that  which  is 
expected.  Dryden. 

COUN-TER-VAIL',  v.  a.  [L.  contra,  against,  and 
valeo,  to  be  worth.]  [t.  countervailed  ; pp. 
COUNTERVAILING,  COUNTERVAILED.]  To  be 
equivalent  to  ; to  act  against  equally. 

Upon  balancing  the  account,  the  profit  at  last  will  hardly 
countervail  the  inconveniences  that  go  along  with  it. 

L'  Estrange. 

COUN'TER- VAIL,  n.  Equal  weight,  power,  or 
value  ; offset.  South. 

COUN-TER-VAL-LA'TION,  n.  (Fort.)  A chain 
of  redoubts  and  breastworks,  thrown  up  round 
a besieged  place,  to  prevent  sorties  from  the 
garrison.  Glos.  of  Mil.  Terms. 

COUN'TER-VIEW  (-vu),  n.  1.  A posture  in 
which  two  persons  front  each  other. 

Within  the  gates  of  hell  sat  Sin  and  Death, 

In  counterview . Milton. 

2.  Opposition  ; contrast. 

I have  drawn  some  lines  of  Lingcr’s  character,  on  purpose 
to  place  it  in  counterview  or  contrast  with  that  of  the  other 
company.  Swift. 

COUN-TER-VOTE',  v.  a.  To  oppose  by  a vote  ; 
to  outvote. 

The  law  in  our  minds  being  countcrvoted  by  the  law  in 
our  members.  Scott. 

COUN-TER- WEIGH'  (-wa')>  v.  n.  To  weigh 
against;  to  preponderate.  Ascharn. 

COUN'TER-WEIGHT  (-wat),  n.  A weight  in  the 
opposite  scale.  Goldsmith. 

COUN-TER-WHEEL',  v.  a.  (Mil.)  To  cause  to 
wheel  or  move  in  an  opposite  course.  “ A well 
counterwheeled  retreat.”  Lovelace. 

COUN'T’E R-WIND,  n.  Contrary  wind.  Spenser. 

COUN-TER-WORK'  (-wiirk'),  v.  a.  [i.  COUNTER- 
WROUGHT or  COUNTERWORKED;  pp.  COUNTER- 
WORKING, COUNTERWROUGHT  Or  COUNTER- 
WORKED.] To  work,  or  act,  in  opposition  ; to 
counteract.  Pope. 

COUNT'ESS,  n.  [It.  contessa-,  Sp . condesa  \ Fr. 
comtesse .]  The  lady  of  a count ; the  lady  or 
wife  of  an  earl. — See  Count. 


COUNT'ING—  HOUSE,  n.  A counting-room.  Locke. 

COUNT'ING— ROOM,  n.  A room  in  which  mer- 
chants and  tradesmen  keep  their  accounts,  and 
transact  business.  Baker. 

COUNT'ING— TA'BLE,  n.  A table  for  casting  ac- 
counts. Johnson. 

COUNT'LESS,  a.  Not  to  be  counted  ; innumera- 
ble. “ A countless  train.”  Pope. 

fCOUNT'OR,  n.  (Law.)  One  who  recited  a count 
for  a client;  an  advocate  or  pleader.  Burrill. 

COUN'TRI-FIED  (kun'tre-fld),  p.  a.  Conformed 
or  pertaining  to  the  country  ; rustic ; rural ; 
rude. 

Hertfordshire  being  no  general  thoroughfare,  the  inhabit- 
ants are  likely  to  be  as  countrijied  as  persons  living  at  a 
greater  distance  from  town.  Grose. 

COUN'TRI-FY,  v.  a.  To  conform  to  the  country; 
to  make  rustic.  Lloyd. 

COUN'TRY  (kun'tre),  n.  [L.  con , with,  and  terra, 
a land  or  region  ; i.  e.  a common  land,  or  a land 
near  or  adjacent. — L.  conterraneus,  a country- 
man. — L.  conterrce ; regiones  conterratee,  i.  e. 
tractus  terrarum  proximo;  invieem  sitarum.” 
Skinner.  — It.  contrada  ; Fr.  contree.] 

1.  A large  tract  of  land,  or  a region,  as  .dis- 
tinct from  other  regions,  or  as  inhabited  by  a 
distinct  people. 

In  countries,  some  must  rule,  some  must  obey.  Sir  J.  Cheke. 

I might  have  learned  this  by  my  last  exile, 

That  change  of  countries  cannot  change  my  state.  Stirling. 

2.  The  land  of  one’s  birth ; one’s  native  land. 

Full  well  beloved  and  familiar  was  he 

"With  franklins  over  all  in  his  country.  Chaucer. 

Be  just,  and  fear  not; 

Let  all  the  ends  thou  aiin’st  at  be  thy  country's , 

Thy  God’s,  and  truth's.  Shak. 

3.  The  region  which  one  adopts  for  a resi- 
dence ; a permanent  place  of  abode. 

But  now  they  desire  a better  country , that  is,  a heavenly. 

Jleb.  xi.  16. 

4.  The  inhabitants  of  any  region. 

All  the  country , in  a general  voice, 

Cried  hate  upon  him.  Shak. 

5.  Rural  parts  ; — opposed  to  town  or  city. 

I see  them  hurry  from  country  to  town,  and  then  from  the 
town  back  again  into  the  country.  Sjjectator. 

God  made  the  counting  and  man  made  the  town.  Cowper. 

6.  (Law.)  A jury  summoned,  or  to  be  sum- 
moned, from  any  district. 

In  pleading,  a defendant  “ puts  himself  upon  the  countt 7/,” 
i.  e.  refers  the  trial  of  his  cause  to  a jury.  Burrill. 

Syn.  — See  Land. 

COUN'TRY  (kun'tre),  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  the 
country,  as  distinct  from  the  city.  “ A country 
town.”  “ A country  gentleman.”  Locke. 

2.  Peculiar  to  a region  or  a people.  “ She 
spake  in  her  country  language.”  2 Macc.  vii.  27. 

3.  Untaught ; ignorant ; rude.  Dryden. 

COUN'TRY— DANCE  (kun'tre-dfms),  n.  [Fr .contre- 
danse ; contre,  against,  and  danse,  a dance.]  A 
dance  in  which  the  partners  are  arranged  in 
opposite  lines  ; — also  written  contra-dance.  — 
See  CONTRA-DANCE. 

I never  meant  any  other  than  that  Mr.  Trot  should  confine 
himself  to  country-dances.  Spectator. 

j “ Contre-danse,  or  dance  in  which  the  parties 
stand  opposite  to  one  another,  becomes  country-dance , 
as  though  it  were  the  dance  of  the  country  folk  and 
rural  districts,  as  contrasted  with  the  quadrille  and 
waltz,  and  more  artificial  dances  of  the  town.”  Trench. 

COUN'TRY— FOOT'ING  (-fut'-),  n.  A rural 
dance.  Shak. 

COUN'TRY— <?EN'TLE-MAN,  n.  A gentleman 
resident  in  the  country.  Addison. 

COUN'TIty-MAN  (kun'tre-man),  n.  1.  An  inhab- 
itant of"  a country;  — one  born  in  the  same 
country  with  another ; a compatriot. 

See,  who  comes  here? 

My  countryman , and  yet  I know  him  not.  Shak. 

2.  An  inhabitant  of  the  country,  as  distinct 
from  one  who  dwells  in  a city ; a rustic ; a 
farmer  ; a husbandman  ; a peasant ; a swain. 

All  countryman,  coming  up  to  the  city,  leave  their  wives  in 
the  country.  Graunt. 

COUN'TRY— SEAT,  n.  A dwelling,  or  residence  in 
the  country  ; a rural  mansion.  Johnson. 

COUN'TRY- WOM'AN  (-wQm'sm),  n. ; pi.  COUN- 
TRYWOMEN. 

1.  A woman  born  in  the  same  country. 

2.  A woman  who  dwells  in  the  country.  Ch.  Ob. 


COUNT'- WHEEL,  n.  The  wheel  of  a clock 
which  causes  it  to  strike.  Buchanan. 

COUN'Ty,  n.  1.  [Low  L.  comitatus  ; It.  contea  ; 
Sp.  condado;  Fr.  conde.  — See  Count.]  A civil 
division  of  a state  or  kingdom,  for  political  arid 
judicial  purposes,  formerly  governed  in  Eng- 
land by  the  earl  or  count,  from  whom  it  derived 
its  name  ; a shire.  Burrill. 

A county,  “ comitatus,”  is  plainly  derived  from  “.comes,” 
the  “count"  of  the  Franks;  that  is',  the  earl,  or  alderman  'a9 
the  Saxons  called  him),  of  the  shire,  to  whom  the  govern- 
ment of  it  was  intrusted.  Blackstone. 

2.  f [OldFr.  countie. ) A count;  a lord.  “The 
county  Paris.”  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  District.  # 

County -corporate,  a city  or  town  witli  more  or  less 
territory  annexed,  having  the  privilege  to  be  a county 
by  itself,  such  as  London,  York,  Bristol,  Norwich, 
and  other  cities  in  England.  Burrill. 

COUN'TY-COURT,  n.  (Law.)  A court  limited  to 
a county.  Blackstone. 

COUN'TY-PAL'A-TINE,  n.  A county,  in  Eng- 
land, distinguished  by  peculiar  privileges;  — so 
called  from  pallatium,  a palace,  because  the 
duke  or  earl,  under  whose  jurisdiction  it  was, 
had  royal  prerogatives  as  fully  as  the  king  had 
in  his  palace. 

IiS=-  The  counties-palatine  were  originally  three, 
Chester,  Durham,  and  Lancaster.  There  are  now 
only  the  last  two  ; but  their  privileges  are  reduced  to 
the  possession  of  courts  of  their  own.  Burrill.  Brurule. 

COUN'TY— TOWN,  n.  The  capital  town  of  a 
county,  or  one  in  which  the  county-courts  are 
held ; a shire-town.  Johnson. 

COUP-DE-GRACE  (ko'de-gras'),  n.  [Fr.]  The 
mercy-stroke ; the  stroke  that  puts  an  end  to 
the  sufferings  of  persons  executed ; decisive 
blow ; finishing  stroke.  Macdonnel. 

COUP—  DF.— AM/JY(k6'de-mang')  [ko'de-mUng',  K.  \ 
kb'da-mang',  Sm. ; kd-de-man  , Mavor),  n.  [Fr.] 
A military  expression,  denoting  a sudden,  un- 
expected, and  generally  successful  attack. 

COUP—DE—SOLEIL  (ko'de-so-lal'),  n.  [Fr.]  (Med.) 
Sun-stroke  ; an  affection  of  the  head  produced 
by  the  rays  of  the  sun.  Hoblyn. 

COUP-D’ETA T (ko'de-ta'),  n.  [Fr.]  A stroke 
of  policy  in  state  affairs ; a master-stroke  in 
politics.  Royet. 

COUP— D' CEIL  (ko-dal')  [ko'del,  K. ; ko-daTl',  Sm.], 
n.  [Fr.]  The  first  view  of  any  thing ; a slight 
view  ; a glance  ; survey  ; view. 

COUP&  (ko-pa');  n.  [Fr.]  The  front  apartment 
of  a French  diligence.  Clarke. 

COU-PEE'  (ko-pe')  [ko-pe',  S.  IF.  P. ; ko-pa',  Ja. 
K.  Sm.],  n.  [Fr.  coupe.)  A motion  in  dancing, 
when  one  leg  is  a little  bent  and  raised  from 
the  ground,  and  with  the  other  a motion  is  made 
forwards.  Chambers. 

COUP'lNG-GLAss.n.  See  Cupping-glass.  Todd. 

COUP'LA-BLE  (kup'la-bl),  a.  That  may  be  coup- 
led ; fit  to  be  coupled.  Cotgrave. 

COUP'LE  (kup'pl),  n.  [Heb.  bp 3,  a fetter;  L. 

copula,  a band  or  tic;  It.  Ay  Sp.  copula,  conjunc- 
tion ; Fr.  couple,  two  taken  together,  a brace  ; 
Dut.  $ Sw.  koppel-,  Ger.  kuppel ; Dan.  kobbel.) 

1.  f A chain  or  tie  that  holds  dogs  together. 

Dogs  in  coujjIcs  should  be  of  the  same  size.  L' Estrange. 

2.  Two  things  of  like  kind  connected  or  con- 
sidered together.  “A  couple  of  shepherds.” 
Sidney.  “ A couple  of  drops.”  Addison. 

A pair  is  a couple,  and  a brace  is  a couple ; 
but  a couple  may  or  may  not  be  a pair  or  a brace. 
Maunder. 

3.  A male  and  a female  connected  in  refer- 
ence to  sex ; — especially  a man  and  his  wife. 

All  succeeding  generations  of  men  are  the  progeny  of  one 
primitive  couple.  Bentley. 

4.  (Arch.)  pi.  Rafters  framed  together  in 
pairs,  with  a tie  above  their  feet.  Buchanan. 

Syn.  — See  Pair. 

COUP'LE  (kup'pl),  v.  a.  [L.  copula ; It.  copti- 
lare;  Sp .copular;  Fr.  coupler.  — Gael,  cupall ; 
Arm.  coubla .]  [t.  coupled  ; pp.  coupling, 

COUPLED.] 

1.  To  chain  or  tie  together. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  E.  I.  9,  V,  Y.  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


COUPLE 


COURT-BARON 


327 


Huntsman,  I charge  thee  tender  well  my  hounds, 

And  c ouj.le  Cluwder  with  the  deep-mouthed  Brach.  Shak. 

2.  To  join  ; to  unite  ; to  connect ; to  conjoin. 

Chaste  conversation  coupled  with  fear.  1 Vet.  iii.  2. 

3.  To  join  in  wedlock  ; to  marry. 

I shall  rejoice  to  see  you  so  coupled  as  may  be  fit  both  for 
your  honor  and  your  satisfaction.  Sidney. 

COUP'LE,  v.  n.  'To  join  in  embraces  ; to  unite. 

Itow  they  would  couple  at  St.  Valentine.  Drayton. 

COUP'LE— BEG'G  A R,  n.  One  who  makes  it  his 
business  to  marry  beggars  to  each  other.  Swift. 

COUP'LE-CLOSE,  n.  {Her.)  An  ordinary,  bear- 
ing the  fourth  of  a chevron  in  pairs,  one  on 
each  side  of  an  entire  chevron.  Craig. 

COUP'LE-MENT  (kup'pl-ment),  n.  Union,  as  of 
two  persons  or  two  things ; a coupling.  Spenser. 

COUP'LpT  (kup'let),  n.  [Fr.]  1.  Two  lines  that 

rhyme  ; a pair  of  rhymes. 


When  he  [Pope]  can  in  one  couplet  fix 
More  sense  than  I can  do  in  six. 


Swift. 


2.  A division  of  a hymn  or  an  ode  which  has 

an  equal  number  or  an  equal  measure  of  verses 
in  each  part ; a strophe.  Maunder. 

3.  A couple  ; a pair,  as  of  doves.  Shak. 

COUP'LTNG  (kup'ljng),  n.  1.  Act  of  connecting 
or  conjoining ; junction  in  embrace,  as  of  the 
sexes.  Hale. 

2.  That  which  connects  or  joins  one  thing 
with  another;  as,  “ The  coupling  of  a shaft”; 
“ The  coupling  of  a railway  carriage.” 

COUP'LTNG— BOX,  n.  (Mech.) 

A strong  cylinder  of  iron,  or 
other  contrivance,  for  connect- 
ing .shafts,  and  throwing  ma- 
chinery in  and  out  of  gear. 

Grier. 

COUPON  (ko-p5ng'),  ii.  [Fr.,  from  couper,  to  cut.] 
One  of  the  interest  certificates  attached  to  trans- 
ferable bonds,  and  of  which  there  are  usually 
as  many  as  there  are  payments  to  be  made  ; — 
so  called  because  it  is  cut  off  when  presented 
for  payment.  Fleming  <§  Tibbins. 

COU-PURE' , n.  [Fr.]  {Mil.)  An  intrenchment ; 
a ditch.  Mil.  Ency. 

COUR'A(JE  (kur'jj),  n.  [L.  cor,  the  heart,  and 
ago,  to  act ; It.  coraggio  ; Sp.  corage ; Fr.  cou- 
rage.]  That  quality  of  the  mind  which  resists 
danger  ; bravery  ; valor  ; prowess  ; heroism  ; in- 
trepidity ; fearlessness  ; boldness  ; resolution. 

Care 

Sat  on  bis  faded  cheek,  but  under  brows 
Of  dauntless  courage.  Milton. 

Syn.—  Courage  is  shown  in  resisting  or  encoun- 
tering any  kind  of  danger ; bravery , valor , and  prow- 
ess are  ail  used  to  denote  the  courage  of  a soldier  in 
war,  or  the  courage  exhibited  against  the  danger  of 
death  from  a living  opponent ; and  valor  is  confined 
to  human  adversaries,  and  chiefly,  if  not  solely,  in 
regular  war.  Intrepidity  is  firm  courage  ; gallantry  is 
adventurous  courage ; heroism  is  heroic  courage, 
founded  on  contempt  of  danger,  and  just  confidence 
in  the  power  of  overcoming  it ; fortitude  is  passive 
courage,  and  is  a moral  virtue,  partaking  of  both 
courage  and  patience  ; resolution  implies  firmness  of 
mind,  and  partakes  of  courage  and  fortitude.  A man 
needs  courage  to  meet  danger,  resolution  not  to  yield  to 
difficulties,  and  fortitude  to  endure  pain.  Moral  cour- 
age. a high  moral  virtue,  is  that  firmness  of  principle 
which  prompts  and  enables  a person  to  do  what  he 
deems  to  be  his  duty,  although  it  may  subject  him  to 
severe  censure,  or  the  loss  of  public  favor. 

fCOUR'A£E  (kur'aj),  v.  a.  To  encourage.  Hnloct. 

COU-RA'^EOIIS  (kur-ra'jus),  a.  Having  courage  ; 
brave  ; daring  ; valiant ; valorous  ; bold  ; he- 
roic ; intrepid ; fearless ; gallant  ; resolute. 

Be  strong  and  courageous;  be  not  afraid  nor  dismayed  for 
the  King  of  Assyria.  2 Chron.  xxxii.  7. 

Syn.  — See  Bold. 

COU-RA'9EOUS-LY,  ad.  Bravely  ; daringly. 

COy-RA'<?EOUS-NESS  (kur-ra'jus-nes),  11.  The 
quality  of  being  courageous  ; courage  ; bravery. 
“The  courageousness  that  they  had  to  fight  for 
their  country.”  2 Mac.  xiv.  18. 

COU-RANT'  (ko-rint'),  n.  [Fr.  courante ; courir, 
to  run.] 

1.  A nimble  dance ; a jig.  Johnson. 

2.  Anything  that  spreads  quickly,  as  a news- 
paper. “ The  weekly  courants.”  B.  Jonson. 


COU-RANT’ , a.  [Fr.]  {Her.)  In  a posture  of 
running.  Buchanan. 

COU-RAN'TO,  n.  Same  as  Courant.  Shak. 

COU' RAP,  n.  {Med.)  A kind  of  herpes  or  itch 
very  common  in  the  East  Indies.  Dunglison. 

tCOURB(korb),  v.  n.  [Fr .courber.]  To  bend.  Shak. 

+COURB  (korb),  <i.  Crooked.  — SeeCoRBE.  Gower. 

COUR'BA-RIL,  n.  A resin  which  exudes  from 
the  roots  of  the  Hytnencca  courbaril,  a tree 
abundant  in  the  West  Indies;  — used  in  mak- 
ing varnish,  and  called  also  anime.  Maunder. 

COU'RIER  (ko'rfir)  [ko'rer,  IV.  F. ; ko-rer',  J.  Ja. ; 
ko'ryer,  S.  E. ; ka're-a,  P. ; kor'yer,  K. ; kur'e-er, 
Not.],  n.  [L .curro,  to  run;  It.  corriere\  Fr. 
courier.] 

1.  A messenger  sent  in  haste  ; an  express. 

“ Speedy  couriers.”  Knolles. 

2.  A travelling  servant,  attached  to  a family 

or  to  an  individual.  Clarke. 

3.  The  name  given  to  a newspaper,  in  allu- 
sion to  the  rapidity  with  which  it  circulates  in- 
telligence ; as,  “ The  London  Courier.” 

COURSE  (kors),  n.  [L . cursus ; curro,  cursus,  to 
run;  It.  corso  ; Sp.  curso ; Fr.  course.  — Gael. 
cursa  ; M.  coarse  ; Ir.  cursa.—  Dut.  koers.] 

1.  The  act  of  running,  as  in  the  lists,  or  as 
in  a channel ; race ; career  ; current. 

And  some  she  arms  with  sinewy  force, 

And  some  with  swiftness  in  the  course.  Cowley. 

2.  Passage  or  progress  from  place  to  place. 

And  when  we  had  finished  our  course  from  Tyre,  we  came 

to  Ptolemais.  Acts  xxi.  7. 

3.  The  track  or  line  of  motion  ; direction  in 
which  motion  takes  place ; point  of  compass  ; 
a route  ; a way;  as,  “The  course  of  a river.” 

4.  Ground  on  which  a race  is  run  ; a race- 
course. 

The  same  horse  (Childers)  has  also  run  the  round  course 
at  Newmarket  (which  is  about  four  hundred  yards  less  than 
four  miles)  in  six  minutes  and  forty  seconds.  * Pennant. 

5.  Continuous  or  gradual  advance  ; process. 

“ The  course  of  the  disputation.”  Watts. 

The  course  of  true  love  never  did  run  smooth.  Shak. 

6.  Order  of  succession  ; turn  ; series. 

If  any  man  speak  in  an  unknown  tongue,  let  it  be  by  two, 
or  at  the  most  by  three,  and  that  by  course.  1 Cor.  xiv.  27. 

7.  Stated  and  orderly  method. 

And  in  the  end  meet  the  old  course  of  death.  Shak. 

8.  A methodical  series;  as,  “A  course  of 
reading  ” ; “A  course  of  lectures.” 

9.  Manner  of  proceeding  in  single  acts,  or  in 
the  general  conduct  of  life  ; method  of  life. 

Grittus,  perceiving  the  danger  he  was  in,  began  to  doubt 
what  course  were  best  for  him  to  take.  Knolles. 

10.  The  number  or  aggregate  of  dishes  set  on 
a table  at  once. 

Then  with  a second  course  the  tables  load.  Dryden. 

11.  pi.  The  menses  ; catamenia.  Harvey. 

12.  Empty  form  ; ceremony.  “ Their  promises 
are  no  more  than  words  of  course.”  L’ Estrange. 

13.  {Naut.)  The  angle  which  a ship’s  path 
makes  with  the  meridian.  Davies. — pi.  The 
sails  that  hang  from  a ship’s  lower  yards.  Dana. 

14.  {Arch.)  A continuous  range  of  stones  or 

bricks  of  the  same  height  in  the  wall  of  a build- 
ing. Weale. 

15.  {Surveying.)  A line  measured  on  the 

ground,  usually  from  one  station  of  the  com- 
pass to  the  next.  Davies. 

Of  course,  by  consequence  ; by  settled  rule  ; in  nat- 
ural and  regular  order. 

Syn.  — See  Current,  Process,  Progress, 
Race,  Series,  Tendency,  Way. 

COURSE  (kors),  v.  a.  [i.  COURSED  ; pp.  COURS- 
ING, COURSED.] 

1.  To  run  after  ; to  hunt ; to  pursue. 

I am  continually  starting  hares  for  you  to  course.  Congreve. 

2.  To  put  to  speed;  to  force  to  run.  “And 

course  them  oft.”  May’s  Virgil. 

COURSE  (kors),  v.  n.  To  run  ; to  rove  about. 
Swift  as  quicksilver  it  courses  through 
The  natural  gates  and  alleys  of  the  body.  Shak. 

COURS'^R  (kors'er),  n.  1.  A swift  horse;  a racer. 

A pair  of  coursers  born  of  heavenly  breed.  Dryden. 

2.  A hunter.  Beau.  § FI. 

3.  f He  who  discourses  upon  a subject ; adis- 
courser ; a disputant. 

He  was  accounted  a remarkable  courser  in  the  public 
schools.  Life  of  A.  Wood. 


4.  {Ornith.)  pi.  A sub-family  of  birds  of  the 
order  Gralloe;  Cursorinie;  — applied,  by  some 
naturalists,  to  birds  which  are  not  able  to  fly,  but 
possess  superior  powers  of  running,  as  tHe  os- 
trich, rhea,  cassowary,  emu,  and  apteryx.  Gray, 

COURS'gY  (kors'e),  n.  {Xaut.)  A space  or  pas 
sage  in  a galley.  Sherwooa 

COURS'ING,  n.  The  sport  of  hunting.  Bacon. 

COURS'ING— JOINT,  n.  A joint  between  two 
courses  of  masonry.  Ogilcie. 

COURT  (kort),  n.  [L.  coliors,  or  cors,  cortis,  a 
yard  or  enclosed  place,  a company  of  soldiers, 
a throng,  attendants  ; Low  L.  curtis,  an  area 
about  a house,  the  palace  of  a sovereign,  the  seat 
of  a nobleman.  Spelinan.  — This  author  also 
gives  L.  curia,  with  meanings  similar  to  those 
of  curtis,  and  says  that  it  was  not  used  in  the 
sense  of  a judicial  tribunal,  among  the  Germans, 
Franks,  Anglo-Saxons,  and  other  northern  na- 
tions of  Europe,  before  the  tenth  century.  — 
Old  Fr.  court-,  It.  §.  Sp.  corte  ; Fr.  cour.— Gael. 
cuirt .] 

1.  The  house  in  which  a prince  or  nobleman 
resides ; a palace. 

Of  court , it  seems,  men  “courtesy”  do  call, 

For  that  it  there  most  useth  to  abound.  Spenser. 

2.  The  family  and  retinue  of  a prince  or  no- 
bleman ; a royal  or  princely  household. 

Some  of  them  were  always  employed  to  follow  the  courts 
of  their  kings.  Temple. 

3.  Tlie  place  where  justice  is  administered ; 
the  hall,  chamber,  or  room  where  judges  sit. 

Are  you  acquainted  with  the  difference 

That  holds  this  present  question  in  the  courVl  Shak. 

4.  A judicial  tribunal,  composed  of  one  or 
more  judges  ; a judge  or  the  judges  who  try  any 
cause. 

lie  was  zealous  for  his  client,  and  favorably  received  by 
the  court.  Tatter. 

5.  Any  jurisdiction,  civil,  military,  or  eccle- 
siastical. “ The  court  baron.”  Spectator.  “ At 
the  cottrf-of-guard.”  Shak. 

The  Archbishop 

Of  Canterbury,  accompanied  with  other 
Learned  and  reverend  fathers  of  his  order, 

Held  a late  court  at  Dunstable.  Shak. 

6.  The  legislative  body  or  legislature  of  a 
state;  as,  “The  General  Court  of  Massachu- 
setts.” [New  England.] 

7.  A place  enclosed,  in  front  of  a house,  or 
shut  in  by  the  wings  or  parts  of  a building. 

You  must  have,  before  you  come  to  the  front,  three  courts. 

Bacon. 

8.  pi.  Places  of  worship;  — soused  in  allu- 
sion to  the  courts  of  the  Jewish  Temple  at  Je- 
rusalem. 

Enter  into  his  gates  with  thanksgiving,  and  into  his  courts 
with  praise.  Ps.  c.  4. 

9.  A recess  from  a public  street.  Johnson. 

10.  Civility  of  manners ; polite  or  flattering 
attentions  ; address  ; as,  “ To  pay  court.” 

Him  the  prince  with  gentle  court  did  board.  Spenser. 

Flatter  me;  make  thy  court.  Dryden. 

Court,  of  inquiry , (Mil.)  a court  invested  with  power 
to  examine  into  the  nature  of  any  transaction  or  ac- 
cusation against  any  officer  or  soldier.  Court  of 
record , a court  in  which  the  acts  and  judicial  proceed- 
ings are  enrolled  on  parchment  or  on  paper  for  a per- 
petual memorial  and  testimony ; and  which  has 
power  to  fine  and  imprison  for  contempt  of  its  au- 
thority. Burrill. 

Court  is  used  in  composition  ; as,  court-dress. 

COURT  (kort),  v.  a.  [i.  courted  ; pp.  courting, 
COURTED.] 

1.  To  pay  court  to ; to  endeavor  to  please ; 

to  flatter  ; to  caress.  Johnson . 

2.  To  solicit  for  marriage  ; to  woo. 

A thousand  court  you,  though  they  court  in  vain.  Pope. 

3.  To  strive  to  gain  ; to  seek  ; to  solicit. 

Their  own  ease  would  quickly  teach  children  to  court  com- 
mendation. Locke. 

COURT,  v.  n.  To  act  the  courtier;  to  imitate  the 
manners  of  the  court.  Laud. 

COURT'— A-MOUR',  n.  An  amour  at  court ; a 
fashionable  intrigue.  Milton. 

COURTAUD  (kdr-to'),  n.  [Fr.] 

1.  A docked  horse  or  dog.  Spiers. 

2.  {Mil.)  A short  kind  of  ordnance  used  at 

sea.  Crabb. 

COURT'-BAR-ON,  n.  {Law.)  An  inferior  court 
of  civil  jurisdiction,  attached  to  a manor,  and 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  £,  $,  g,  soft;  E,  E,  c,  g,  hard;  § as  z ; 5 as  gz.  — THIS,  this 


COVENANT 


COURT-BRED 

held  by  the  steward  within  the  manor  ; a bar- 
on’s court.  Burrill. 

COURT'— BRED,  a.  Bred  at  court.  Churchill. 

COURT'— BREED-ING,  n.  Breeding  or  education 
received  at  court.  Milton. 

COURT'— BUB-BLE,  n.  The  trifle  of  a court ; a 
thing  of  no  moment.  Beau.  <Sp  FI. 

COURT'-CARD,  n.  See  Coat-card.  Todd. 

COURT'-CHAP-LAIN,  n.  A king’s  chaplain.  Swift. 

COURT'— CRAFT,  n.  Political  artifice.  Bolinybroke. 

COURT'-CUP-BOARD  (kort'kub-burd),  n.  The 
sideboard  of  ancient  days.  Shak. 

COURT'-DAY  (kort'da),  n.  The  day  on  which  a 
court  sits.  Arbuthnot  <Sf  Pope. 

COURT'— DRESS,  n.  The  dress  worn  at  court.  Todd. 

COURT'->J>RESS-ER,  n.  One  who  dresses  persons 
belonging  to  the  court,  or  persons  of  rank  : — 
a flatterer,  [r.]  Locke. 

f COURT-EL'J^-MENT,  n.  Power  of  a court. 

Milton. 

||  COUR'Tp-OUS  (kiir'te-us  or  kort'yus)  [kiir'che-us, 
IF.  P. ; kiir'clius,  £>. ; kur’te-us,  J.  R.  C. ; kiirt'- 
yus,  F. ; kSrt'yus,  E.  K.  Sm. ; kor'te-Ss,  Ja. 
I P6.],  a.  [It.  cortesia ; Sp.  cortes ; Fr.  courtois. 
— See  Court.] 

1.  Elegant  in  manners  ; polite  ; well-bred  ; 

civil ; affable ; respectful ; complaisant ; court- 
ly. “ Courteous  gentleman.”  Shak. 

2.  Expressive  of  civility,  or  good  breeding. 

“ Her  eyes  were  courteous."  Fairfax. 

Look  with  what  courteous  action 
It  waves  you  to  a more  removed  ground.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Affability,  Polite. 

||  COUR'TJJ-OUS-LY,  ad.  Respectfully;  politely. 

II  COUR'TS-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
courteous  ; civility  ; complaisance.  Johnson. 

Syn. — See  Affability. 

COURT'ER,  n.  One  who  courts.  Sherwood. 

COUR-TE-§An'  [kur-te-zW,  S.  IF.  J.  F.  Sm.  C. ; 
kor-te-zan',  E.  Ja. ; kur-te-zin'  or  kiir'te-zan,  P. ; 
kiir'te-zan,  R.  Wb.],  n.  [Low  L.  curtisanus, 
one  who  followed  the  court ; Sp.  cortesana ; Fr. 
cour tisane.]  A woman  of  the  town  ; a night- 
walker  ; a prostitute.  “ Lasciviously  decked 
like  a courtesan."  XVotton. 

COUR'Tg-§AN-SHIP,  7i.  The  character,  or  the 
practice,  of  a courtesan.  Ec.  Rev. 

COUR'TE-SY  (kur'te-se),  n.  [It.  flj  Sp.  cortesia  ; 
Fr.  courtoisie.] 

1.  Elegance  or  politeness  of  manners  ; civili- 
ty ; urbanity  ; politeness ; complaisance. 

And  trust  thy  honest  offered  courtes y% 

"Which  oft  is  sooner  found  in  lowly  sheds, 

With  smoky  rafters,  than  in  tapestry  hulls, 

In  courts  of  princes,  where  it  first  was  named.  Milton. 

2.  An  act  of  civility  or  respect. 

Some  of  us  never  shall 

A second  time  do  such  a courtesy.  Shak. 

3.  (Law.)  A tenure,  not  of  right,  but  by  the 

favor  of  others,  as  when  a man,  on  the  death 
of  his  wife  seized  of  an  inheritance,  after  hav- 
ing by  her  issue  born  alive  and  inheriting  her 
estate,  holds  the  lands  and  tenements  for  the 
term  of  his  life.  Burrill. 

By  courtesy , not  of  right,  but  by  indulgence. 

Syn.  — See  Civility,  Complaisance. 

COURTE'SY  (kurt'se),  n.  An  act  of  civility  or 
respect,  made  by  women  and  girls,  in  gently 
bending  and  depressing  the  body. 

Some  country  girl  scarce  to  a courtesy  bred.  Drydtn. 

A coiirte'sy  is  the  external  manifestation  of  coilr'- 
te-sy. 

&F"  u This  word,  when  it  signifies  an  act  of  rev- 
erence, is  not  only  deprived  of  one  of  its  syllables  by 
all  speakers,  but,  by  the  vulgar,  has  its  last  syllable 
changed  into  die  or  tshe,  as  if  written  curt-she-,  this 
impropriety,  however,  seems  daily  to  lose  ground, 
even  among  the  lower  orders  of  the  people,  who  begin 
to  restore  the  s to  its  pure  sound.”  Walker. 

COURTE'SY  (kUrt'se),  v.  n.  [i.  COURTESIED  ; pp. 
courtesying,  courtesied.]  To  make  a courte- 
sy. “Toby  approaches  and  courtesies."  Shak. 

+ COURTE'SY  (kurt'se),  v.  a.  To  treat  with 
courtesy,  or  a token  of  respect.  Sir  R.  Williams. 


328 

COURT'— FASH-ION  (-f&sh'ttn),  n.  Fashion  at 
court.  Fuller. 

COURT'— FA-  VOR,  ii.  Favor  bestowed  by  princes, 
or  those  attached  to  a court.  “ Court-favors 
and  commissions.”  L’ Estrange. 

COURT'— FOOL,  n.  A buffoon  or  jester,  formerly 
kept  by  kings,  nobles,  &c.,  for  amusement. 

COURT'— HAND  (kort'liSnd),  n.  The  hand,  or 
manner  of  writing,  used  in  records  and  judicial 
proceedings.  Shak. 

COURT'— HOUSE,  n.  A house  or  building  in 
which  courts  of  justice  are  held. 

COURT'IER  (kort'yer),  n.  1.  One  who  frequents 
courts  ; a man  of  courtly  manners.  “ Like  a 
king  among  his  courtiers.  Dryden. 

2.  One  who  courts  favor  by  complaisance. 

There  was  not  among  all  our  princes  a greater  courtier  of 
the  people  than  Richard  III.,  not  out  of  fear,  but  wisdom. 

Suckling. 

COURT'IJgR— LIKE  (kort'yer-llk),  a.  Like  a cour- 
tier ; resembling  a courtier.  Jodrell. 

f COURT'IER- Y,  n • The  manners  of  a courtier  ; 
court-manners  ; courtesy.  B.  Jonson. 

COtiR'TINE,  n.  See  Curtain.  Johnson. 

COURT— LA-DY,  n.  A lady  attendant  at  court. 
“ Courtiers  and  court-ladies."  South. 

COURT'— LANDS,  n-  pA  (Law.)  Lands  kept  in 
the  lord’s  own  hands  to  serve  his  family  ; do- 
mains. Burrill. 

COURT'-LEET,  n.  (Laic.)  An  English  court  of 
record,  held  once  in  the  year,  within  a particu- 
lar hundred,  lordship,  or  manor,  before  the 
steward  of  the  leet.  — See  Leet.  Blackstone. 

COURT'— LIFE,  n.  The  life  led  at  court.  Wgcherly. 

COURT'— LIKE,  a.  Polite  ; courtly.  Camden. 

COURT'Lj-NESS,  n.  Elegance  of  manners.  Digby. 

COURT'LJNG,  n.  A hanger-on  or  fawner  at  a 
court ; a courtier.  B.  Jonson. 

COURT'LY,  a.  Relating  to  the  court ; courteous  ; 
elegant ; polite  ; flattering. 

In  our  own  time,  — excuse  some  courtly  strains, — 

No  whiter  page  than  Addison’s  remains.  Pope. 

Syn.  — See  Affability. 

COURT'LY,  ad.  Elegantly,  [r.]  Dryden. 

COURT'— MAN-NfR^,  n.pl.  The  manners  of  a 
court.  Hawkins. 

COURT'— MAR-SHAL,  n. ; pi.  cou'rt-marsiials. 
One  who  acts  as  marshal  at  a court.  Qu.  Rev. 

COURT'— MAR'TIAL  (kort'-m&rsh'al),  il.  ; pi. 
courts-martial.  A court  composed  of  mili- 
tary or  naval  officers,  for  tlie  trial  of  offences 
which  occur  in  the  army  or  the  navy.  Campbell. 

COURT-OF-GUARD',  n.  1.  The  guard-room  of 
soldiers.  Shak. 

2.  They  who  compose  the  guard.  “ A court- 
of-yuard  about  her.”  Partheneia  Sacra,  1633. 

COURT'— PAR'A-SITE,  n.  A parasite  or  fawner 
at  court ; a servile  flatterer.  Milton. 

COURT'— PAR-Ty,  n.  A party  attached  to  the 
court.  Hume. 

COURT'— PL As-TgR,  n.  Silk  coated  on,  one  side 
with  an  adhesive  substance,  and  used  to  cover 
slight  injuries  upon  the  skin.  Ure. 

COURT'— ROLL,  n.  A roll  or  sheet  on  which  the 
records  of  a court  are  written.  Blackstone. 

COURT'— SHIFT,  n.  A political  artifice.  Milton. 

COURT'SIIIP,  n.  1.  The  act  of  courting,  or  so- 
liciting favor  by  complaisance  or  flattery. 

The  patience  of  their  pride  seems  to  have  been  worn  out 
with  the  importunity  of  our  courtship.  Burke. 

2.  The  act  or  the  course  of  acts  by  which  a 
woman  is  wooed  for  a wife ; the  act  of  wooing. 

Every  man,  in  the  time  of  courtship,  puts  on  a behavior 
like  my  correspondent’s  holiday  suit.  Addison. 

COURT’— YARD,  n.  Enclosed  ground  adjacent  to 
a house.  Mead. 

COUS-COUS',  n.  An  African  food,  composed  of 
the  flour  of  millet,  with  flesh  and  the  bark  of 
the  Adansonia  ; — called  also  by  the  negroes, 
lalo.  Craig. 


COUS-COU-SdU',  n.  A preparation  of  food  in 
Barbary. — See  Couscous.  Th.  Campbell. 

COU§'IN  (kuz'zn),  n.  [L.  consanguineus,  of  the 
same  blood  ; con,  with,  and  sanguinis,  blood  ; 
Belg .kosun;  It.  cugino  ; Nor.  Fr.  couson;  Fr. 
cousin .] 

1.  Any  one  collaterally  related  to  another 
more  remotely  than  a brother  or  a sister  ; — for- 
merly applied  to  any  kinsman  or  blood-relation. 

Tybalt,  my  cousin'.  O,  my  brother’s  child!  Shak. 

HSf-  Cousin  is  a term  of  relation  between  the  chil- 
dren of  brothers  and  sisters,  who  in  tire  first  genera- 
tion are  called  first  cousins,  or  cousins-german,  in 
tile  second  generation  second  cousins,  and  so  on. 
London  Ency. 

2.  A title  given  by  the  king  of  England  to  a 

nobleman.  “ My  gentle  cousin  Westmore- 
land.” Shak. 

f COU^'IN  (kuz'zn),  a.  Allied;  kindred. 

The  words  must  be  cousin  to  the  deed.  Chaucer. 

f COU§'IN-ApE,  n.  Kindred;  kin.  Chaucer. 

COUS'IN-EiER'MAN,  n. ; pi.  coiis'lNS-tyER'MAN. 
[Eng.  cousin  and  L.  germanus , related,  as  broth- 
er and  sister  ; germen,  an  off-shoot,  a germ.]  A 
first  cousin.  London  Ency. 

COUS ' SI-NET,  n.  [Fr.,  a cushion.)  (Arch.) 

1.  A stone  on  the  impost  of  a pier  designed 
to  receive  the  first  course  of  an  arch.  Britton. 

2.  That  part  of  the  Ionic  capital  between  the 

abacus  and  the  echinus.  Britton. 

COUTE.AU  (ko-to'),  n.  [Fr.,  a knife.)  A sort  of 
broadsword  ; a hanger.  Todd. 

f COUTH  (koth),  a.  [A.  S.  cuth .]  Known.  — See 
Can,  Could,  Uncouth.  Goicer. 

f COUTH  (koth).  Could;  was  able;  — the  old 
form  of  imperfect  of  can.  — See  Can,  Could. 

Well  couth  he  tunc  his  pipe  and  frame  his  style.  Spenser. 

COUZERANITE,  n.  (Min.)  A crystallized  min- 
eral found  at  Couzeran  in  the  Pyrenees.  Dana. 

COVE,  v.  a.  [L.  cubo,  to  lie  ; It.  covare,  to  brood ; 
Fr.  corner,  to  brood,  to  hatch.] 

1.  To  cover,  as  fowls  their  eggs  ; to  sit  upon. 

During  the  time  that  the  fowls  do  lay,  core,  and  hatch 

their  eggs.  Holland's  Pliny. 

2.  (Arch.)  To  arch  over;  to  form  with  an  arch. 

The  mosques  and  other  buildings  of  the  Arabians  are 
rounded  into  domes  and  coved  roofs.  Sivinburne. 

COVE,  n.  [Goth.  St  Icel.  kofe  ; A.  S.  cof  a cave, 
an  inner  room.— It.  coto.] 

1.  A small  creek  or  bay;  an  inlet.  “We 
hauled  our  ship  into  a small . . . cove.”  Dumpier. 

2.  A shelter  ; a cover  ; a nook.  Johnson. 

3.  (Arch.)  Th*  concavity  of  an  arch  or  ceil- . 
ing  : — any  kind  of  concave  moulding.  Weale. 

t COV'E-NA-BLE,  a.  [Fr . convenable.)  Fit;  suit- 
able ; proper.  " Wickliffe. 

f COV'E-NA-BLY  (kuv'e-n?-ble),  ad.  Fitly  ; suit- 
ably ; properly.  Chaucer. 

COV'E-NANT  (kuv'e-n5nt),  n.  [L.  convenio,  to 
agree  ; Fr.  convenant.] 

1.  A solemn  agreement ; a contract ; a stipu- 
lation ; a bargain. 

He  makes  a covenant  never  to  destroy 

The  earth  again  by  flood.  Milton. 

2.  A writing  containing  the  terms  of  an  agree- 
ment. 

Let  there  be  covenants  drawn  between  us.  Shak. 

3.  (Laic.)  A mutual  promise  in  writing,  sealed 

and  executed,  between  two  or  more  persons,  to 
do  or  forbear  doing  a specific  act  or  specific 
acts  ; a promise  by  deed.  Burrill. 

4.  (Eccl.  Hist.)  A bond  of  union  adopted  by 

the  Scotch  Presbyterians  in  1638,  styled  the 
“ Solemn  League  and  Covenant.”  Brande. 

5.  ( Thcol.)  The  promise  of  God  to  man  that 

he  shall  receive  certain  temporal  or  spiritual 
blessings  upon  certain  conditions,  or  upon  the 
performance  of  the  duties  pointed  out  in  the 
Old  and  New  Testaments.  Brande. 

Syn.—  See  Agreement. 

COV'E-NANT,  v.  n.  [i.  covenanted  ; pp.  cov- 
enanting, covenanted.]  To  bargain  ; to 
agree  with  another  on  certain  terms. 

By  words  men  covenant  and  confederate.  South. 

Thev  covenanted  with  him  for  thirty  pieces  of  silver. 

Matt.  xxvi.  15. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short; 


A,  E,  I,  Q,  u,  Y,  obscure.  — fArE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; 


h£ir,  iiert 


COVENANT 


329 


COWARDLY 


Cnv'5-NANT,  v.  a.  To  contract;  to  stipulate. 

According  to  the  word  that  I covenanted  with  you.  Hag.  ii.  5. 

COV'E-NANT-BREAK'ER,  n.  One  who  violates 
a covenant.  Milton. 

COV-E-NANT-EE'  (130),  n.  (Law.)  The  party 
covenanted  with.  Ayliffe. 

COV'E-NANT-ER,  n.  1.  One  who  makes  a cov- 
enant. Sir  1 1 ■ If  otton. 

2.  (Eccl.  Hist.)  One  of  those  who  joined  the 
“ Solemn  League  and  Covenant,”  in  Scotland, 
against  the  High-Church  party.  Brande. 

COV'E-NANT-OR,  n.  (Law.)  The  party  who 
makes  a covenant.  Burrill. 

COV'E-NOUS,  a.  Fraudulent.  “ Inordinate  and 
covenous  leases.”  — See  Covinous.  Bacon. 

f COV'ENT,  n.  [Old  Fr.  covent,  for  convent .]  A 
convent  or  monastery.  Bale. 

JG3T  Covent  Garden , in  London,  is  supposed  to 
mean  a garden  that  belonged  to  a convent.  Todd. 

COV'JJN-TRY-BLUE,  n.  Blue  thread  made  at 
Coventry  ; — used  for  embroidering  upon  white 
linen.  “ A skein  of  Coventry -blue.”  B.  Jonson. 

COV'ER  (kuv'er),  v.  a.  [L.  cooperio  ; con,  with, 
and  operio,  to  cover  ; It.  coprire ; Sp.  cubrir ; 
Fr.  couvrir.— Slav,  hover.)  [i.  covered  ; pp. 

COVERING,  COVERED.) 

1.  To  lay  or  place  one  thing  on  or  over  an- 
other so  as  to  protect  or  screen  it ; to  overspread 
with  something. 

Bid  them  cover  the  table,  and  we  will  come  in  to  dinner. 

Shak. 

The  flaming  mount  appeared 
In  Dothan,  covered  with  a camp  of  tire.  Milton. 

2.  To  conceal ; to  hide  ; to  secrete. 

There  is  nothing  covered  that  shall  not  be  revealed.  Matt.  x.  2G. 

3.  To  shield ; to  shelter ; to  protect. 

His  calm,  blameless  life 
Does  with  substantial  blessedness  abound. 

And  the  soft  wings  of  peace  cover  him  round.  Cowley. 

4.  To  brood  on  ; to  sit  upon.  “ Whilst  the 

hen  is  covering  her  eggs.”  Addison. 

5.  To  have  something  upon  the  head,  as  a 
hat,  cap,  or  veil. 

The  honor  . . . was  of  no  other  advantage,  to  him  than  to  be 
covered  in  the  presence  of  that  king.  Dryden. 

If  the  woman  be  not  covered , let  her  also  be  shorn. 

1 Cor.  xi.  6. 

6.  To  embrace  or  lie  upon,  as  the  male  the 

female,  in  copulation.  Johnson. 

7.  To  comprehend  ; to  include  ; as,  “ An  of- 
fence not  covered  by  any  statute.” 

8.  (Com.)  To  be  of  equal  extent  with  ; to  be 
sufficient  for;  to  equal;  as,  “The  amount  re- 
ceived for  the  goods  does  not  cover  their  cost.” 

COV'ER  (kuv'er),  n.  1.  That  which  is  laid  over 
something  else  ; a covering ; tegument. 

The  ark,  altar,  table,  and  candlestick  had  so  many  several 
sorts  of  covert*.  * Grew. 

2.  A concealment;  a screen  ; a veil. 

The  truth  of  things  may  be  insinuated  under  the  cover 
either  of  a real  fact  or  of  a supposed  one.  L' Estrange. 

3.  Shelter  ; protection.  “ His  army  was  un- 
der cover.”  Clarendon. 

4.  The  retreat  of  a hare  or  a fox.  Johnson. 

5.  A plate  set  on  a table  to  be  used  by  per- 
sons in  eating ; as,  “ The  table  was  laid  for  a 
hundred  covers.” 

6.  (Slating.)  The  lap  of  a slate  or  a course  of 
slates  over  that  which  is  underneath.  Ojilvie. 

Syn.  — See  Tegument. 

t COV'ER-CHIEF,  n.  [Fr.  couvrechef.]  A cov- 
ering for  the  head.  — See  Kerchief.  Chaucer. 

COV'ER-CLE,  n.  A small  lid  or  cover.  Browne. 

COV'ER-CLIP,  n.  (Ich.)  A species  of  fish  ; the 
sole  ; Pleuronectes  solea.  Bartlett. 

COVERED— WAY,  «.  (Fort.)  A space  about  30 
feet  wide  around  the  outer  edge  of  the  main 
ditch  and  the  ditch  of  the  ravelin,  affording  a pro- 
tected communication  between  any  two  points 
of  the  inside  of  the  glacis  and  places  of  arms  ; 
— written  also  covert-way.  Glos.of  Mil.  Terms. 

COV'ER-ER,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  covers  or 
protects.  Todd. 

c6v'ER-ING,  ».  Any  thing  spread  or  laid  over 
another  for  protection,  concealment,  or  decora- 
tion ; a cover  ; tegument. 


The  woman  spread  a covering  over  the  well’s  mouth. 

2 Sam.  xvii.  19. 

Bring  some  covering  for  this  naked  soul.  Shah. 

She  maketh  herself  coverings  of  tapestry.  Prov.  xxxi.  22. 

I have  decked  my  bed  with  coverings  of  tapestry. 

Prov.  vii.  16. 

Syn.  — See  Tegument. 

COV'gR-LET  (kuv'er-let),  n.  [Fr.  couvnelit ; cou- 
vrir, to  cover,  and  lit,  a bed.]  The  upper  cov- 
ering of  a bed ; a counterpane.  Swift. 

COV'ER-LID,  n.  Same  as  Coverlet.  Milman. 

COV'IJR-SHAME,  n.  Something  to  conceal  infa- 
my. “ Holy  garments  for  a cover-shame." Dryden. 

COV'BR-SLUT,  n.  Something  to  cover  or  hide 
sluttishness.  Burke. 


CO-VERSED'— SINE  (-verst'sln),  n.  (Geom.)  The 
"versed-sine  of  the  complement  of  an  arc  or  an- 
gle. Davies. 

COV'ERT  (kuv'ert),  n.  1.  A shelter  ; a defence. 
“ A covert  from  storm  and  rain.”  Isa.  xvi.  4. 

2.  A thicket. 

I shall  be  your  faithful  guide 

Through  this  gloomy  covert  wide.  Milton. 

3.  ( Ornith.)  pi.  Small  feathers  on  or  under 

the  wings  of  birds.  Brande. 

COV'ERT  (kuv'ert),  a.  [Fr.  convert ; couvrir,  to 

cover.] 

1.  Sheltered  ; covered. 

Together  let  us  beat  this  ample  field; 

Try  what  the  open,  what  the  covert , yield.  rope. 

2.  Secret ; private  ; insidious  ; clandestine. 

"Whether  of  open  war  or  covert  guile.  Milton. 

3.  (Law.)  Under  protection,  as  a married 
woman.  — See  Feme-covert.  Blackstone. 

Syn.  — See  Secret. 

COV'JJRT-bAr'ON,  a.  [Old  Fr.  covert  baron,  or 
covert  de  baron.  — See  Baron.]  (Law.)  Un- 
der the  protection  of  a husband,  as  a married 
woman ; married.  Blackstone. 

COV'ERT-Ly  (kuv'ert-le),  ad.  In  a covert  man- 
ner ; secretly  ; privately  ; closely. 


f COV'JpRT-NESS,  n.  Secrecy  ; privacy.  Bailey. 

COV'ER-TURE,  n.  [Fr.  couverture,  a cover  or 
covering.] 

1.  Shelter;  defence. 

He  saw  their  shame,  that  sought 

Vain  covertures.  Milton. 

2.  (Law.)  The  state  of  being  covered  or  pro- 

tected ; the  legal  state  and  condition  of  a mar- 
ried woman.  Burrill. 

c6v'JJRT-WAY,  n.  (Fort.)  A road  or  space  of 
ground  on  the  outside  of  a ditch  ; — written 
also  covered-way. — See  Covered-way.  Harris. 

COV'ET  (kuv'et),  v.  a.  [Low  L.  convoto ; L.  con, 
with,  used  intensively,  and  votum,  a wash;  Fr. 
convoiter .]  [i.  coveted  ; pp.  coveting,  cov- 

eted.] 

1.  To  desire  inordinately  or  unreasonably ; to 
conceive  a violent  passion  for  ; to  lust  after  ; to 
hanker  after. 

And  oft  whoso  coreteih  all  all  loseth.  7f.  of  Gloucester. 

Thou  shalt  not  covet  any  thing  that  is  thy  neighbor’s. 

Exod.  xx.  17. 

2.  To  be  eagerly  desirous  of;  to  long  for;  — 
in  a good  sense. 

All  things  coveting,  as  much  as  may  be,  to  be  like  unto 
God.  Hooker. 

But  covet  earnestly  the  best  gifts.  1 Cor.  xii.  31. 

Syn.  — See  Desire. 

COV'ET  (kuv'et),  v.  n.  To  have  a strong  desire. 

Which  f money J while  some  coveted  after,  they  have  erred 
from  the  faith.  1 Tim.  vi.  10. 


COV'ET-A-BLE  (kuv'et-a-bl),  a.  That  may  be 
coveted,  or  eagerly  desired.  Sherwood. 

COV'ET-ER,  n.  One  who  covets.  Foster. 

COV'ET-ING,  n.  Inordinate  desire.  Shak. 

COV'JJT-ING-LY,  ad.  Eagerly.  B.  Jonson. 

f COV'ET-ISE,  n.  Covetousness.  Spenser. 


COV'E-TIVE-NESS,  n.  (Phren.)  Inordinate  love 
of  property;  acquisitiveness.  Combe. 

II  COV'ET-OUS  [kuv'et-us,  W.  P.  J.  F.  F.  Ja.  K. 
Sm.  Wb.  ; kuv'e-chus,  S.],  a.  [Fr.  convoiteux.] 

1.  Inordinately  desirous  ; greedy. 

The  cruel  nation  covetous  of  prey.  Dryden. 

2.  Eager  for  gain  ; avaricious. 


The  covetous  person  lives  as  if  the  world  were  made  alto- 
gether for  him,  and  not  he  for  the  world;  to  take  every  thing, 
and  part  with  nothing.  South. 

3.  Eagerly  desirous  ; — in  a good  sense. 

Sheba  wras  never 

More  covetous  of  wisdom  and  fair  virtue 

Than  this  fair  soul  shall  be.  Shak. 

t %§=*  “ In  the  pronunciation  of  this  word  and  its 
compounds,  Mr.  Sheridan  has  adopted  a vulgarism  of 
which  one  could  scarcely  have  suspected  him ; but 
pronouncing  cuvcchus  for  covetous  is  not  only  a vul- 
garism, but  contrary  to  analogy.”  Walker. 

Syn.—  See  Avaricious. 

||  COV'ET-OUS-LY  (kuv'et-us-le),  ad.  In  a cov- 
etous manner;  avariciously  ; eagerly. 

II  c6v'ET-OUS-NESS,  ii.  1.  The  quality  of  being 
covetous  ; avarice ; eagerness  for  gain. 

Covetousness  debaseth  a man’s  spirit,  and  sinks  it  into  the 
earth.  Tillotson. 

2.  Strong  desire  ; — in  a good  sense. 

When  workmen  strive  to  do  better  than  well,^^^ 
They  do  confound  their  skill  in  covetousness. tTi  Shak. 

Syn. — See  Avarice. 

COV'EV  (kuv'e),  n.  [L.  ctibo,  to  recline  ; incubo, 
to  brood;  — It.  covate ; Fr.  couvee.] 

1.  A hatch  or  brood  of  birds.  Johnson. 

2.  A number  of  birds  together ; a flock.  “ A 

covey  of  partridges.”  Addison. 

3.  A set ; a company.  Smart. 

COV'IN  (kuv'in)  [kuv'jn,  IV.  P.  J.Ja.  Sm.  ; ko'vjn, 
JF6.],  n.  [L.  conventuin,  an  agreement;  Low 
L.  covina  ; Old  Fr.  covin.]  (Law.)  A fraudulent 
agreement  between  two  or  more  persons  to  the 
prejudice  of  another.  Cowell. 

COV'ING,  n.  (Arch.)  1.  The  exterior  projection 
of  the  upper  parts  of  a building  beyond  the 
limits  of  the  ground-plan.  Britton. 

2.  The  vertical  sides  of  a fireplace.  Weale. 

COV'IN-OUS,  a.  [See  Covin.]  (Law.)  Fraudu- 
lent ; deceitful ; dishonest.  Burrill. 

COW,  n. ; pi.  COWS  ; anciently,  kine. 

1.  [A.  S.  cu  ; Dut.  <Sr  Sw.  koe  ; Ger.  huh  ; Dan. 
koe.\  The  female  of  the  bovine  genus  of  animals. 

2.  [A.  S.  cuhle .]  The  movable  top,  or  cowl 

of  a chimney.  — See  Cowl.  Pegge. 

COW,  v.  a.  [Contracted  from  coward.  Johnson  : 
— From  cower.  Tooke. — Sw.  # Goth,  kufwa ; 
Icel.  kuga,  to  keep  under.  Todd.]  [i.  cowed  ; 
pp.  cowing,  Cowed.]  To  depress  with  fear; 
to  subdue  by  timidity  ; to  overawe. 

For  it  hath  cowed  my  better  part  of  man.  Shak. 

C’oW'ARI),  n.  [A  corruption  of  cowherd.  Junius. 
Skinner.  — L.  culum  vertere,  to  turn  tail  ; Old 
Fr.  culvert,  a poltroon.  Twisden.  Somner. 
Tyrwhitt.  — Past  participle  of  the  verb  to  cower. 
Tooke.  — Todd  derives  it  from  Fr.  couard , and 
agrees  with  I,acombe  and  Roquefort  in  referring 
this  word  to  L.  cauda,  (Old  Fr.  coue ,)  the  tail, 
in  allusion  to  the  fact  that  animals  when  fright- 
ened put  the  tail  between  the  legs.  —It.  codar- 
do  ; Sp.  A Port,  cobarde  ; IT.  couard.] 

1.  One  destitute  of  courage  ; a pusillanimous 
person;  a dastard  ; a poltroon. 

Cowards  die  many  times  before  their  death.  Shak. 

2.  (Her.)  A term  given  to  a lion  borne  in  an 

escutcheon  w ith  his  tail  turned  in  betw  een  his 
legs.  London  Encg. 

Syn.  — Coward,  dastard,  poltroon,  and  craven  all 
signify  one  wanting  courage,  and  they  are  all  used  as 
terms  of  reproach  ; but  of  the  four  words,  coward  is 
the  least  reproachful. 

CoW' ARD,  a.  Wanting  courage  ; dastardly  ; tim- 
id ; base  ; cowardly.  “ Coward  knight.”  Spen- 
ser. “ Coward  cries.”  Shak. 

f CoW'ARD,  v.  a.  To  make  cowardly  or  timorous. 
“ Which  cowardeth  a man’s  heart.”  Fox. 

CoW'ARD-ICE,  n.  Quality  of  a coward  ; want 
of  courage  ; pusillanimity  ; fear  ; timidity. 

None  was  disgraced;  for  falling  is  no  shame, 

And  cowardice  alone  is  los9  of  fame.  Dryden. 

f CoW'ARD-IZE,  v.  a.  To  render  cowardly  or 
timorous.  Scott,  1680. 

CoW'ARD— LIKE,  a.  Resembling  a coward. 

COW'ARD-LI-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  cow- 
ardly ; timidity ; cowardice.  Bp.  Hall. 

CoW'ARD-LY,  a.  Wanting  courage;  pusillani- 
mous ; fearful ; timorous  ; coward. 

Men  that  are  prodigal  of  their  lives  in  base  quarrels,  per- 
ndventure  would  be  cowardly  enough  if  either  public  service 
or  religion  did  call  for  their  help.  Halts. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — G,  9,  9,  g,  soft ; V,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS.  this. 
42 


COWARDLY 


330 


CRAB-APPLE-TREE 


COYfy' ARD-Ly,  ad.  Like  a coward;  meanly. 

Men  who  had  cowardly  turned  their  backs  upon  their 
enemies.  Knolles. 

COYfy'ARD-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  a cow- 
ard. Berners. 

t COYfy'ARD-OUS,  a.  Cowardly.  Barret. 

f COYfy' ARD-SHIP,  n.  The  quality  of  being  a 
coward ; cowardness.  Shak. 

CiiYfy'BANE,  n.  (Bot.)  A poisonous  plant  ; the 
water-hemlock ; Cicuta.  Booth. 

COW'-BER-RY,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the  genus 
Vaccinium,  the  acid,  red  berries  of  which  are 
used  for  pies,  pickles,  &c. ; Vaccinium  vitis 
ideea.  Loudon. 

COW -BRAWL,  7i.  A Swiss  song  or  tune.  Jodrell. 

COYV'-BUNT-ING,  n.  ( Omith .)  The  Molothrus 
pecoris ; — the  only  bird,  except  the  cuckoo, 
whiclvis  known  to  deposit  its  eggs  in  the  nests 
of  oumr  birds.  Baird. 

CoYfy'-CALF  (kbu'kaf),  n.  A female  calf.  Booth. 

COYV'IJR,  v.  n.  [L.  cubo,  to  lie  ; It.  covare,  to 
brood;  Fr.  couver,  to  brood.— W.  civrian,  to 
squat.— Ger.  kauern.]  [i.  coyvered  ; pp.  cow- 
eking,  coyveued.]  To  sink  by  bending  the 
knees ; to  squat  in  a timid  manner ; to  stoop ; 
to  crouch. 

As  thus  he  spake,  each  bird  and  beast  behold 

Approaching,  two  and  two;  these  cowering  low 

With  blandishment,  each  bird  stooped  on  his  wing.  Milton. 

t COYfy'£R,  v.  a.  To  cherish  by  care.  Spenser. 

COYfy'— FEED-IJR,  n.  One  whose  business  it  is  to 
feed  cows  ; a cowherd.  Booth. 

COYfy'HAIjJE,  n.  (Bot.)  A leguminous  plant  of 
the  East  and  West  Indies,  which  produces  on 
the  outside  of  its  pods  an  irritating  substance 
used  in  medicine  as  vermifuge ; Stizolobium 
pruriens,  or  Dolichos  pruriens ; — written  also 
couage,  and  cowitch.  Loudon. 

COYfy'— HERD,  n.  [A.  S.  cuhyrd ; cu,  a cow,  and 
hyrde,  a keeper,  a guardian  ; Ger.  kuhhirt ; Sw. 
koherde;  Dan.  koliyrde.]  One  who  tends  cows  ; 
a cow-keeper.  Johnson. 

COYfy'IIIDE,  n.  1.  The  skin  of  a cow  dressed  for 
leather.  Pope. 

2.  A whip  or  scourge  made  by  twisting  a strip 
or  strips  of  hide  ; a rawhide.  Bartlett. 

COYV'HlDE,  v.  a.  To  whip  or  flog  with  a cow- 
hide. Bartlett. 

COYfy'— HOUSE,  n.  A house  for  keeping  cows. 

COYfy'ISH,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  a cow.  Huloet. 

2.  Timorous  ; fearful ; cowardly.  Sliak. 

COYfy'ISH,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant,  found  in  the  valley 
of  the  Oregon,  having  a root  of  the  size  of  a 
walnut,  and  resembling  in  taste  the  sweet  po- 
tato. Farm.  Ency. 

COVfy'ITCH,  n.  An  Indian  bean.  — See  Cowhaoe. 

COYfy'— KEEP-£R,  n.  One  who  keeps  cows.  Broome. 

COYfy'— KEEP-ING,  n.  The  business  of  keeping 
milch  cows.  Farm.  Ency. 

COYfyL  (koul),  n.  1.  [L.  cucullus;  It.  cuculla ; 
A.  S.  cuhle .]  A monk’s  hood.  Camden. 

What  differ  more,  you  cry,  than  crown  and  cowl ? Pope. 

2.  The  movable  top  of  a chimney.  Francis. 

3.  A wire  cap  covering  the  smoke-pipe  of  a 

locomotive  engine.  Francis. 

4.  [Perhaps  from  cool.  Johnson.  — Perhaps 

Ger.  kugel,  a bowl,  or  I cel.  koggnl.  Todd.]  A 

vessel  in  which  water  is  carried  on  a pole  be- 
tween two  men.  Johnson. 

COYfyLED  (koflld),  a.  1.  Wearing  a cowl.  “ Cowled 
zealots.”  Shenstone. 

2.  (Bot.)  Shaped  like  a cowl,  as  a leaf.  Loudon. 

COYfyLED-LEAVED  (kbOia'lEvd),  a.  (Bot.)  Hav- 
ing leaves  like  a cowl  ; cucullate.  Loudon. 

COYfy'— LEECH,  n.  One  who  professes  to  cure 
the  diseases  of  cows.  Johnson. 

COYfy'— LEECH,  v.  n.  To  practise  the  art  of  heal- 
ing the  diseases  of  cows.  Mortimer. 

COYfy'— LEECH- JNG,  n.  The  act,  or  the  art,  of 
curing  the  diseases  of  cows.  Clarke. 

CoYfy'LICK,  n.  A reversed  tuft  of  hair  on  the 


human  forehead  ; — so  named  from  its  resem- 
blance to  hair  licked  by  a cow  out  of  its  natural 
position.  Forby. 

COYfy'— LIKE,  a.  Resembling  a cow.  Pope. 

COYfyL'— STAFF,  n.  A staff  on  which  a cowl,  or 
water-vessel,  is  supported  between  two  men. 
“ Mounting  him  upon  a cowl-staff.”  Suckling. 

COYfy'— MAN,  n.  A man  who  keeps,  or  takes  care 
of,  cows ; cow-keeper.  For.  Qu.  Rev. 

COYfy'NpR,  n.  (Naut.)  An  arched  part  of  a ship’s 
stern.  Crabb. 

CO-WORK'  (k5-wiirk'),  v.  n.  To  work  jointly  ; to 
cooperate.  Goodwin. 

||  CO-WOUK'pR,  n.  A fellow-laborer.  South. 

COYfy'— PARS-LEY,  n.  (Bot.)  An  umbelliferous 
plant ; Charophyllum  tremulum.  P.  Cyc. 

COYfy'— PA RS-NIP,  n.  A wild,  umbelliferous  plant ; 
wild  parsnip  ; Heracleum  sphondylium.  P.  Cyc. 

COYfy'-PEA,  n.  A kind  of  pea,  cultivated,  in  the 
southern  portion  of  the  United  States,  instead 
of  clover.  Farm.  Ency. 

COYfy'— PEN,  n.  A pen  for  cows.  Ogilvie. 

COYfy'— POCK,  n.  See  Cow-pox.  Walker. 

COW'— POX,  n.  (Med.)  The  vaccine  disease,  a 
preservative  against  the  small-pox  ; — called 
also  kinc-pox,  cow-pock,  and  kine-pock.  Jenner. 

In  inoculating  patients  for  the  cow-pox , the  matter  should 
be  taken  from  a healthy  child  at  about  the  sixth  or  eighth 
day.  Brande. 

COYfy'— &UAKE,  n.  (Bot.)  A perennial  plant ; 
quaking-grass  ; Briza  media.  Crabb. 

COW'RY,  n.  ; pi.  cow'rie$.  Small  shells  brought 
from  the  Maldives,  which  pass  current  as  coin 
in  Hindostan,  and  in  extensive  districts  in  Af- 
rica. Brande. 

The  currency  on  the  slave  coast  is  n little  shell  as  large  as 
the  edge  of  one’s  finger,  called  a cowry.  It  is  usual  to  value 
two  thousand  cowries  at  one  dollar,  twenty  to  a cent. 

T.  J.  Bowen's  Travels. 

COYfy'SLIP,  n.  [A.  S .cuslippa;  cu,  a cow,  and 
lippa,  a lip.  “So  called  because  cows  delight 
in  them,  or,  as  others  think,  from  their  likeness 
to  the  lips  of  a cow.”  Skinner.]  A perennial 
plant  which  grows  in  wet  grounds,  a species  of 
primrose  ; the  Primula  veris.  Farm.  Ency. 

Where  the  bee  sucks,  there  suck  I; 

In  a cowslip's  bell  I he.  Shale. 

COYfy’§'— LUNG-WORT  (-wiirt),  n.  A species  of 
mullein.  Johnson. 

COYfy'-STONE,  n.  A local  term  for  the  boulders 
of  the  green-sand.  Ogilvie. 

COYfy'-TREE,  n.  A large  tree  of  South  America, 
the  sap  of  which  resembles  milk  ; Galactoden- 
dron  utile.  Loudon. 

COYfy'— WEED,  it.  Cow-parsley;  wild  chervil; 
Cheerophyllum  sylvestre.  Johnson. 

COYfy'-WHEAT  (kofl'hwGt),  n.  A name  applied 
to  low  herbs  of  the  genus  Melampyrum.  Gray. 

COX'COMB  (koks'kom),  n.  [ cock’s  comb.] 

1.  A piece  of  red  cloth,  so  notched  and  shaped 
as  to  resemble  the  comb  of  a cock,  and  which 
licensed  fools  formerly  wore  in  their  caps. 

Fool.  Here’s  my  coxcomb.  [Giving  Kent  his  cap.] 

Kent.  Why,  fool? 

Fool.  For 'taking  one’s  part  that  is  out  of  favor.  Shak. 

2.  A vain  pretender  ; a fop  ; a beau  ; a dandy. 

A coxcomb  is  ugly  all  over  with  the  affectation  of  the  gen- 
tleman. Tatter. 

3.  A plant,  and  its  red  flower  ; Celosia  cris- 

tata.  — Sec  Cockscomb.  Johnson. 

J83T  “ Coxcomb  tells  tis  [by  its  spelling]  nothing 
now  ; but  it  diil  when  spelt,  as  it  used  to  be,  cockscomb  ; 
the  comb  of  a cock  being  a sort  of  ensign  or  token 
which  the  fool  was  accustomed  to  wear.”  Trench. 

COX-COMB’l-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  the  manner  of  a 
coxcomb.  Byrom. 

COX'COMB-LY  (-kont-le),  a.  Foppish.  Congreve. 

COX'COMB-RY  (koks'kom-re),  n.  The  quality  of 
a coxcomb;  foppishness.  Qu.  Rev. 

COX-COM'I-CAL,  a.  Partaking  of  coxcombry; 
foppish ; conceited ; vain.  Dennis. 

CQX-COM'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a coxcomical  man- 
ner ; foppishly.  Byrom. 


COX-COM-J-cAlT-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
coxcomical ; foppishness  ; coxcombry  ; vanity  ; 
conceitedness.  Sir  J.  Mackintosh. 

COX-EN’DIX,  n.  [L.,  the  hip-bone.]  (Anat.) 
The  haunch.  Dunglison. 

COX'SWAIN  (kok'swan  or  kolc'sn),  n.  (Naut.) 
Cockswain.  — See  Cockswain.  Dana. 

COY,  a.  [L.  quietus,  quiet ; It.  cheto ; Old  Fr. 
quoy,  or  coy,  Fr.  coi,  quiet,  still.]  Modest; 
shy  ; reserved ; not  accessible. 

Jason  is  as  coy  as  is  a maid; 

He  looketh  piteously,  but  nought  he  said.  Chaucer. 

Hence  with  denial  vain  and  coy  excuse.  Milton. 

t COY?,  v.  n.  1.  To  be  reserved  or  inaccessible  ; 
to  reject  familiarity.  Shak. 

2.  To  be  backward  in  condescension. 

If  he  coyed 

To  tyear  Cominius  speak.  Shak. 

t COY,  v.  a.  [From  decoy.  Johnson. — Old  Fr. 
coyer , to  attach,  to  unite.  Todd.] 

1.  To  allure  ; to  decoy.  “ I’ll  . . . coy  their 

hearts  from  them.”  Shak. 

2.  To  rub  with  the  hand  gently ; to  stroke. 

While  I thy  amiable  cheeks  do  coy.  Shak. 

COY'ISH,  a.  Somewhat  coy  ; modest.  Warner. 

COY'LY,  ad.  With  reserve  or  shyness.  Chapman. 

COY'NJJSS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  coy;  re- 
serve ; shyness.  Walton. 

Syn.  — See  Shyness. 

COY' POU,  or  COY'PU,  n.  (Zoijl.)  A rodent 
quadruped  of  South  America,  valued  for  its  fur  ; 
Myopotamus  coypous.  Van  Der  Hoeven. 

COY'STRIJL,  ii.  See  Coistuel.  Dryden. 

COZ,  n.  A cant  word  for  cousin.  Shak. 

COZ'EN  (kuz'zn),  v.  a.  [From  the  noun  cousin  ; 
i.  e.to  deceive  through  pretence  of  relationship. 
Minshcu.  — Dut.  koosen,  to  fawn  upon,  to  flat- 
ter. Junius.  — A.  S.  costian,  or  costnian,  to 
tempt,  to  try.  Richardson.  — Slav,  kosni.  — Scot. 
cozain,  to  exchange  ; to  barter.  Jamieson.]  [t. 
cozened  ; pp.  cozening,  cozened.]  To  cheat ; 
to  trick  ; to  defraud. 

To  cozen  is,  in  all  likelihood,  to  deceive  under  show  of 
kindred  or  affinity;  which  if  it  be  so,  Shakspeare’s  words, — 
Cousins  indeed,  and  by  their  uncle  cozened 
Of  comfort, 

will  be  found  to  contain  not  a pun,  but  an  etymology.  Trench. 

COZ'EN-A£E  (kuz'zn-aj ),n.  Fraud;  deceit.  “This 
town  is  full  of  cozenage.”  Shak. 

COZ'EN-pR  (kuz'zn-er),  n.  A cheater;  a defraud- 
er. “ There  are  cozeners  abroad.”  Shak. 

CO'ZgY , a.  [Scot,  cozy.]  Cosey. — See  Cosey. 

CO'ZI£R  (ko'zher),  n.  See  Cosier.  Todd. 

CRAB,  n.  [Gr.  nhoaPog ; L.  carabus  ; Fr.  crabe.  — 
A.  S.  crabba  ; Dut.  krab ; Ger.  cS,  Dan.  krabbe; 
Sw.  krabba.] 

1.  (Zotil.)  The  name  given  to  an  order  of 

crustaceans,  particularly  those  of  the  genus 
Cancer,  having  ten  articulated  limbs  adapted 
for  swimming  or  walking,  and  breathing  by  gills. 
The  head  and  corselet  are  united,  the  latter  be- 
ing broader  than  it  is  long.  The  tail  is  short  in 
proportion,  and  concealed  by  being  turned  for- 
ward under  the  body.  Agassiz. 

2.  (Bot.)  The  wild  apple;  the  fruit  of  the 

Malus  baecata , coronaria,  &c. ; — so  called  from 
its  harsh  or  rough  taste.  _ ‘ Gray. 

3.  (Astron.)  A sign  in  the  zodiac;  Cancer. 

Then  parts  the  Twins  and  Crab-,  the  Dog  divides.  Creech. 

4.  (Mech.)  A wooden  engine,  with  three 

claws,  for  launching  ships,  &e.  : — a wooden 
pillar,  resembling  a capstan,  used  in  ships  and 
in  rope-walks  : — a small,  porlable  crane  for 
raising  materials,  &c.  Craig. 

5.  A morose  person  ; a churl.  Johnson. 

CRAB,  a.  1.  Noting  any  sour  or  degenerate  fruit ; 
as,  “ A crab  cherry  ” ; “A  crab  plum.” 

2.  Pertaining  to  a sour  or  degenerate  fruit. 
“ Crab  wine.”  Bp.  Hall. 

f CRAB,  v.  a.  To  sour  ; to  render  peevish. 

Sickness  60urs,  or  crabs  our  natures.  Glanville. 

CRAB'-AP-PLE,  n.  A small  and  very  sour  apple  ; 
the  fruit  of  the  Malus  coronaria.  Farm.  Ency. 

CRAB-AP'PLE-TREE,  n.  (Bot.)  The  tree  which 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


CRABBED 


331 


CRAG 


produces  the  crab-apple  ; a wild  variety  of  the 
Malus,  a species  of  the  Pyrus. 

No  attempts  have  been  made  in  the  U.  S.  to  improve  the 
fruit  of  the  crab-apple-tree.  Farm.  Ency. 

CRAB'Bf.D,  a.  1.  Sour  ; peevish  ; morose ; harsh. 

Ten  times  more  gentle  than  her  father ’s  crabbed , 

And  he ’s  composed  of  harshness.  ShaJc. 

2.  Uninviting ; perplexing  ; difficult ; austere. 

Lucretius  had  chosen  a subject  naturally  crabbed.  Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Austere,  Harsh. 


CRAb'BF.D-LY,  ad.  In  a crabbed  manner ; peev- 
ishly. Barret. 

CrAB'BF.D-NESS,  n.  1.  Sourness  oftaste.  Johnson. 

2.  Moroseness ; asperity.  “ Forwardness  and 

crabbedness  of  visage.”  Holland. 

3.  Perplexity  ; difficulty.  “ The  mathematics 

with  their  crabbedness.”  Howell. 

CRAB'BY,  a.  Difficult  ; perplexing  ; crabbed. 
“ Perseus  is  crabby  because  ancient.”  Marston. 

CRAb'-cAtch-PR,  n.  One  who  catches  crabs. 

CRAB'— COM-PUT'ING,  a.  Computing  slowly  and 
carefully  ; — in  allusion  to  the  slow  movements 
of  the  crab.  Cowper. 

CRAb'-EAT-IJR,  n.  ( Ornith.)  A name  given  to 
the  Arden  minuta  and  to  the  Ardea  danubialis, 
two  small  species  of  herons  common  in  the 
mountainous  districts  of  France.  Craig. 

CRA'BfJR,  n.  The  water-rat.  Walton. 


CRAB'— GRASS,  n.  ( Bot .)  A species  of  grass  ; 
Eleusine  indica  ; — called  also  icire-yrass  and 
dog’s-tail-grass.  Farm.  Ency. 

CRAb'Ite,  n.  (Pal.)  A name  sometimes  given 
to  fossil  crustaceans  of  the  crab  kind.  Craig. 

CRAB'— LOUSE,  n.  A species  of  body-louse.  Crabb. 

CRA'BRO,  n.  [L.]  ( Ent .)  A genus  of  hymen- 

opterous  insects  ; the  hornet.  Brande. 

CRAb’§'-EYE!5  (krabz'lz),  n.  pi.  Concretions, 
consisting  of  carbonate  and  phosphate  of  lime, 
found  in  the  crawfish  ; — used  in  medicine,  and 
called  also  crab’s-stoncs.  Dunglison. 

CRAB'— TREE,  n.  A tree  that  produces  crabs,  or 
crab-apples.  Shak. 

CRAb'yAw,  n.  (Med.)  The  name  of  a disease 
in  the  West  Indies,  being  a kind  of  ulcer,  with 
hard  edges,  on  the  soles  of  the  feet.  Dunglison. 


CRAC  ' I-DJE,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  koo^d,  to  croak.]  (Ornith.) 
A family  of  birds  of  the  order  Gallina,  including 
the  sub-families  Penelopince  and  Cracince ; cu- 
rassows.  Gray. 


CRA-rf'JVJE,  n.  pi. 

(Ornith.)  A sub-fam- 
ily of  birds  belonging 
to  the  order  Gallinoe 
and  family  Cracidce, 
very  numerous  in 
the  woods  of  South 
America ; curassows. 

Gray. 

CRACK,  n.  [Dut.  kraek ; Crax  Alector' 

Ger.  krach  ; Gael.  § Fr.  crac.  — Formed  from 
the  sound.  Skinner .] 

1.  A sudden  disruption  by  which  the  parts 

of  a thing  are  separated  but  a little  way  from 
each  other ; a break.  Johnson. 

2.  A narrow  breach  ; a chink  ; a fissure. 


When  cutlers  leave  to  sell  old  rusty  blades, 

And  hide  no  cracks  with  solder  nor  deceit.  Gascoigne. 

3.  A sudden  or  sharp  noise,  as  of  a body  burst- 
ing. “ Great  cracks  of  thunder.”  Whitgift. 
“ The  crack  of  doom.”  Shak. 

4.  The  sound  of  the  voice  peculiar  to  a young 

man  or  boy  at  the  age  of  puberty.  “ The  man- 
nish crack.”  Shak. 

5.  A person  crazed ; a lunatic. 


. The  Parliament,  who  look  upon  me  as  a crack  and  a pro- 
jector. Addison. 

6.  f A breach  of  chastity.  Shak. 

7.  f A prostitute.  [Low.]  Johnson. 

8.  A boast.  “ Cracks  and  brags.”  Burton. 

9.  A boaster.  [Low.]  Johnson. 

10.  A very  short  time  ; an  instant.  Forby. 

11.  [Icel.  Tyrwhitt .]  A lad. 


When  he  was  a crack  not  thus  high.  Shak. 

12.  Chat ; free  conversation.  Brockett. 


CRACK,  v.  a.  [Dut.  kraaken  ; Ger.  krachen.-lt. 
croccare ; Fr.  craquer.\  [t.  cracked  ; pp. 
CRACKING,  CRACKED.] 

1.  To  break  into  chinks  or  fissures  ; to  break 
partially. 

Look  to  your  pipes,  lest  the  frost  crack  them.  Mortimer. 

2.  To  rend  asunder  ; to  break  ; to  split. 

For  there  it  is  cracked  in  a hundred  shivers.  Shak. 

3.  To  cause  to  sound  sharply  and  suddenly  ; 
as,  “ To  crack  a whip.” 

4.  To  make  crazy ; to  craze. 

Honor  is  like  that  glassy  bubble 
That  finds  philosophers  such  trouble, 

"Whose  least  part  cracked,  the  whole  docs  fly. 

And  wits  are  cracked  to  find  out  why.  Hudibras. 

5.  To  utter  with  quickness  or  smartness. 

Sir  Balaam  now,  he  lives  like  other  folks; 

He  takes  his  chirping  pint,  he  cracks  his  jokes.  rope. 

6.  To  boast  of;  — usually  followed  by  up. 
[Low.] 

CRACK,  v.  n.  1.  To  burst;  to  open  in  chinks  or 
fissures;  to  break  asunder  partially.  “It  cracked 
in  the  cooling.”  Boyle. 

2.  To  fall  to  ruin  ; to  be  destroyed. 

The  credit  not  only  of  banks,  but  of  exchequers,  cracks , 
when  little  comes  in  and  much  goes  out.  Dryden. 

3.  To  utter  a loud  and  sudden  sound. 

As  thunder,  when  the  clouds  in  autumn  crack.  Shak. 

4.  [Scot,  crack.]  To  talk  boastingly ; to 
boast : — to  talk  idly  ; to  chat. 

I need  not  of  honor  or  dignity  boast. 

Or  tell  of  my  triumphs,  or  crack  of  my  crown.  Mir.  for  May. 

Syn.  — See  Break. 

CRACK,  a.  Excellent ; first-rate  ; chief ; having 
qualities  to  be  proud  of.  [Colloquial.] 

There  are  long  speeches,  and  sarcastic  speeches,  and  crack 
speeches.  Qu.  Jtev. 

CRACK'-BRAINED  (-brand),  a.  Crazy.  Howell. 

CRACKED  (krakt),  p.  a.  1.  Broken  ; split. 

2.  Disordered  in  the  intellect ; crazy.  Ash. 

CRACK'JJR,  n.  1.  That  which  cracks  or  breaks 
any  thing.  “ Nut  crackers.”  B.  Jonson. 

2.  [Scot,  cracker,  a boaster.]  One  who  cracks, 
or  boasts ; a boaster. 

What  cracker  is  this  same  that  denfs  our  ears 

With  this  abundance  of  superfluous  breath?  Shak. 

3.  A charge  of  gunpowder  done  up  in  paper. 

With  squibs  and  crackers  armed  to  throw 

Among  the  trembling  crowd  below.  Swift. 

4.  A hard  biscuit.  Smart. 

CRACK'— HEMP,  n.  A person  destined  to  the  gal- 
lows ; a crack-rope.  Shak. 

CRAc'KLE  (krak'kl),  v.  n.  [Dim.  of  crack.]  [i. 
CRACKLED  ; pp.  CRACKLING,  CRACKLED.]  To 

make  slight  and  frequent  cracks  or  sharp  ex- 
plosive sounds ; to  decrepitate. 

In  crackling  flames  a thousand  harvests  burn.  Addison. 

CRACK'LING,  n.  1.  A slight,  sharp,  and  frequent 
noise. 

As  the  crackling  of  thorns  under  a pot,  so  is  the  laughter 
of  a fool.  Eccles.  vii.  6. 

2.  The  browned  skin  of  a roasted  pig.  Ogilvie. 

3.  pi.  A kind  of  cake  used  for  dogs’  food, 
made  from  the  refuse  of  tallow-melting.  Ogilvie. 

CRACK'NIJL,  n.  [Fr.  craquelin.]  A hard,  brit- 
tle cake  or  biscuit ; a cracker.  Spenser. 

CRACK'-ROPE,  n.  One  who  deserves  hanging; 
a crack-hemp.  Johnson. 

CRACK'— SKULL,  n.  A person  whose  intellect  is 
disordered  ; a hare-brained  fellow.  Ogilvie. 

CRACKS'— MAN,  n.  A house-breaker.  [A  cant 
term.]  Grose. 

The  cracks-man  or  house-breaker  stands  on  the  highest 
pinnacle  of  the  other  great  division  of  crime.  Qu.  Rev. 

CRA-CO'VI-AN,  a . ( Geog .)  Belonging  to  Cracow, 
in  Poland.'  Clarke. 

CRA-CO  ’ VI-EJ\rJVE,  n.  [Fr.]  A kind  of  dance 
which  originated  at  Cracow.  Clarke. 

CRA'COWE§,  n.  pi.  Long  pointed  shoes,  with 
upturned  toes,  designed  to  be  secured  to  the 
knee  by  chains  ; — first  worn,  in  the  14th  cen- 
tury, at  Cracow,  and  afterwards  generally  in 
Europe.  Fairholt. 

CRA'DLE  (kra'dl),  n.  [A.  S.  cradel,  cradl ; Gael. 
crcadhal.] 


1.  A movable  bed  in  which  infants  are  rocked. 

“ A child  knows  his  . . . cradle."  Locke. 

2.  Infancy,  or  a state  of  infancy. 

From  his  cj-adle 

He  was  a scholar,  and  a ripe  und  good  one.  Shak. 

3.  (Surg.)  A case  for  a broken  bone,  to  pro- 
tect it  from  pressure.  Dunglison. 

4.  (Ship-building.)  A frame  of  timber  for 

launching  ships.  Harris. 

5.  (Engineering.)  A large  wooden  frame,  into 

which  a boat  or  barge  may  be  floated,  in  order 
to  be  conveyed  by  pulleys,  &c.,  from  one  level 
of  a canal  to  another,  without  the  aid  of  the 
usual  locks.  Francis. 

6.  (Agric.)  A scythe  with  a frame  to  receive 

the  grain  when  it  is  mowed.  Chambers. 

CRA'DLE  (kra'dl),  v.  a.  [*.  cradled  ; pp.  cra- 
dling, CRADLED.] 

1.  To  lay  in  a cradle  ; to  rock  in  a cradle. 

The  cradled  hero  gains  from  female  care 

His  future  vigor.  Mason. 

2.  To  bring  up  from  infancy. 

He  that  hath  been  cradled  in  majesty  will  not  leave  the 
throne  to  play  with  beggars.  Ulanville. 

3.  (Agric.)  To  mow  with  a cradle;  as,  “To 
cradle  wheat,  rye,  oats,  &c.” 

CRA'DLE  (kra'dl),  v.  n.  To  lodge  as  in  a cradle. 

Withered  roots  and  husks 

Wherein  the  acorn  cradled.  Shak. 

CRA'DLE— B A BE,  n.  A new-born  infant.  Shak. 

CRA'DLE— CLOTHE^,  n.  pi.  Bed-clothes  belong- 
ing to  a cradle.  Shak. 

CRA'DLE— SCYTHE,  n.  A scythe  with  a frame  so 
formed  as  to  cut  grain  and  lay  it  in  a row.  Ash. 

CRA'DLING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  using  a cradle. 

2.  (Arch.)  The  timber  ribs,  in  arched  ceilings 

and  coves,  to  which  the  laths  for  plastering  are 
nailed.  Brande. 

3.  (Coopering.)  The  cutting  of  a cask  in 

halves  lengthwise  in  order  to  make  it  pass  a 
narrow  passage,  the  parts  being  afterwards 
joined.  Francis. 

CRAFT  (12b  n.  [A.  S.  craft,  contrivance,  art, 
skill,  trade  ;^Dut.  kragt ; Ger.  A Sw.  kraft.] 

1.  Power  ; ability  ; talent ; skill. 

Then  I anon  did  all  my  craft.  Chaucer. 

A pocin  is  the  work  of  the  poet;  poesy  is  his  skill  or  craft 
of  making.  R.  Jonson. 

2.  Any  art,  trade,  or  employment. 

But  of  his  craft  from  Berwick  unto  Ware, 

Nor  was  there  such  another.  Chaucer. 

No  craftsman,  of  whatsoever  craft  he  be.  Rev.  xviii.  22. 

3.  Artifice;  fraud;  cunning;  subtlety. 

And  this  deceit  loses  the  name  of  craft.  Shak. 

That  crooked  wisdom  which  is  called  craft.  Hobbes. 

4.  A name  now  sometimes  applied  to  all  kinds 

of  sailing  vessels  ; — formerly  restricted  to  the 
smaller  vessels.  Johnson. 

f CRAFT,  v.  n.  To  play  tricks;  to  practise  arti- 
fice. “ You’ve  crafted  fair.”  Shak. 

CRAfT'I-LY,  ad.  In  a crafty  manner  ; artfully. 

CRAFT'I-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  crafty  ; 
cunning  ; craft ; fraud  ; deceit. 

He  taketh  the  wise  in  their  own  craftiness.  Job  v.  13. 

CRAFTS'MAN,  n.  ; pi.  craptssien.  One  who 
practises  a craft,  or  trade  ; an  artificer ; a me- 
chanic ; a workman. 

Which  cunning  craftsman's  hand  hath  overlaid.  Spenser. 

CrAfts'-MAS-TF.R,  n.  A man  skilled  in  his 
trade  ; a skilful  craftsman.  Shak. 

CRAfT'Y,  a.  1.  frertaining  to  art  or  skill. 
“ Crafty  work.”  Piers  Plouhman.  “Each 
crafty  man  and  each  craft.”  Rev.  xviii.  22. 
Wickliffe's  Trans. 

2.  Disposed  to  artifice ; cunning;  artful;  de- 
ceitful ; subtle ; sly ; shrewd. 

Every  body  is  shy  and  distrustful  of  crafty  men.  Locke. 

jjgy  “ In  crafty  and  cunning , there  was  nothing  of 
crooked  wisdom  implied,  but  only  knowledge  and 
skill ; craft , indeed,  still  retains  very  often  its  more 
honorable  use,  a man’s  craft  bein"  his  skill,  and  then 
the  trade  in  which  he  is  well  skilled.”  Trench. 

Syn. — See  Artful,  Cunning. 

CRAG,  n.  1.  [Celt.,  Gael.,  Ir.  <$■  Scot.  craig.~\  A 
rough,  steep  rock  or  point. 

Wild,  as  the  scream  of  the  curlew. 

From  crag  to  crag  the  signal  flew.  Scott. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE. — 9,  <?,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


CRAGGED 


332 


CRANKY 


2.  A provincial  name  in  some  parts  of  Eng- 
land for  a deposit,  as  of  gravel.  Lyell. 

3.  [A.  S.  hracca  ; Ger.  kragen ; Scot,  crag.] 
t The  neck. 

And  bear  the  crag  so  stiff  and  so  state.  Spenser. 

4.  The  small  end  of  a neck  of  mutton.  Johnson. 

CRAG'epD,  a.  Full  of  rocky  or  rough  promi- 
nences ; craggy.  Donne. 

CRAG'epD-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  beum  cragged  ; 
cragginess.  Brerewood. 

CRAG'GI-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  craggy; 
craggedness.  Howell. 

CRAG'GV,  a.  Rugged;  full  of  crags.  “ Craggy 
cliff.”  Milton.  “ Craggy  mountain.”  Addison. 

On  the  island’s  craggy  headlands.  Longfellow. 

CRAG'— PIT,  ?i.  A cavity  in  a rock.  Jodrell. 

CRAIL,  n.  A kind  of  basket.  — See  Ciieel. 

CRAKE,  n.  1.  ( Ornith.)  The  corn-crake  or  land- 
rail ; — so  named  from  its  note.  Yarrcll. 

2.  [See  Crack.]  f A boast.  “ Vain-glorious 
crakes.”  Spenser. 

f CRAKE,  v.  n.  To  brag;  to  crack.  Spenser. 

f CRAKE,  r..a.  To  utter  boastingly.  “ Did  un- 
comely speeches  crake.”  Spenser. 

CRAKE'— BER-RY,  n.  ( Bot .)  The  name  of  a shrub 
and  its  fruit ; crow-berry  ; Empetrum.  Booth. 

t CRAK'f.R,  n.  One  who  boasts;  a boaster.  Ilnloet. 

CRAM,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  cratnmian;  Dan . kramme.] 
[t.  CRAMMED;  pp.  CRAMMING,  CRAMMED.] 

1.  To  stuff  completely  full,  or  with  more  than 
can  conveniently  be  held. 

As  much  love  in  rh3rme 
As  would  be  crammed  up  in  a sheet  of  paper 
Writ  on  both  sides  the  leaf,  margent  and  all.  Shale. 

2.  To  fill  with  food  beyond  satiety. 

Children  would  be  freer  from  diseases,  if  they  were  not 
crammed  so  much  by  fond  mothers.  Locke. 

3.  To  thrust  in  by  force  ; to  press  closely. 

You  cram  these  words  into  mine  cars.  Shak. 

4.  To  prepare  for  examination  by  special 

study  or  drilling.  [Local,  Eng.]  Bristcd. 

CRAM,  v.  n.  1.  To  eat  greedily  or  beyond  satiety ; 
to  eat  to  repletion.  Pope. 

2.  To  study  or  prepare  for  examination. 
[Local,  Eng.]  Bristed. 

CRAM,  n.  1.  (Weaving.)  A warp  having  more 
than  two  threads  in  each  dent  or  split  of  the 
reed.  Buchanan. 

2.  All  miscellaneous  information  about  an- 
cient history,  geography,  law,  &c.,  and  all  clas- 
sical matter  not  included  under  the  heads  of 
composition  and  translation.  [Cambridge  Univ., 
Eng.]  Bristed. 

CRAM'BO,  n.  [Etymology  uncertain.  Johnson .] 

1.  A play  at.  which  one  gives  a word,  to  which 
another  finds  a rhyme. 

Our  learned  professors  played  at  crambo  in  Hebrew,  Ara- 
bic, and  Welsh.  The  Student. 

2.  A word  that  rhymes  with  another ; a rhyme. 

His  similes  in  order  set, 

And  every  crambo  he  could  get.  Swift. 

CRAm'MIJR,  n.  One  who  crams,  or  prepares  a 
student  for  examination.  Collegian’ s Guide. 

CRAM'MJNG,  n.  The  act  of  studying  and  pre- 
paring for  examination.  [Local,  Eng.]  Bristed. 

CRAMP,  n.  [A.  S.  hramma  ; Dut.  S$  Sw.  kramp; 
Dan.  kraal pe ; Gael,  cramb.—  Fr.  crampe .] 

1.  A spasmodic  and  painful  contraction  of  a 
muscle  or  muscles. 

The  cramp  coraeth  of  contraction  of  sinews.  Baron. 

2.  A restriction  ; a confinement;  an  obstruc- 
tion ; a restraint ; a check. 

A narrow  fortune  is  a cramp  to  a (Trent  mind,  and  lays  a 
man  under  incapacities  of  serving  his  friend.  L' Estrange. 

3.  A piece  of  iron  bent  at  the  ends  and  some- 

times furnished  with  a set-screw  at  one  end, 
serving  to  fasten  two  things  together ; a cramp- 
iron-  IVeale. 

CRAMP,  v.  a.  [i.  cramped;  pp.  cramping, 
crampedJ 

1.  To  affect  or  to  pain  with  spasms.  “When 

the  gout  cramps  my  joints.”  Ford. 

2.  To  restrain  ; to  confine ; to  hinder ; to 
check. 


See  how  his  [Dryden’sl  numbers  roll  along, 

With  ease,  and  strength,  and  varied  pause. 

Nor  cramped  by  sound  nor  metre’s  laws.  Lloyd. 

3.  To  fasten  with  a cramp.  “ The  fabric  well 
cramped  and  bolted  together.”  Burke. 

CRAMP,  a.  Difficult ; knotty.  “ Cramp  words  to 
conceal  ignorance.”  [r.]  Goodman. 

CRAMP'— bArk,  n.  A medicinal  plant  which  pro- 
duces a very  acid  fruit.  Bartlett. 

CRAMP'— FISH,  n.  The  torpedo  ; — a kind  of  fish 
so  called  from  the  electric  shock  which  is  felt 
on  touching  it.  • Storer. 

CRAmP'IR-ON  (kramp'i-urn),  n.  A piece  of  iron 
bent  at  the  ends  for  fastening  things  together. 
— See  Cramp,  No.  3.  Watson. 

CRAm'PIT,  n.  The  chape  or  piece  of  metal  at 
the  bottom  of  the  scabbard  of  a sword.  Crabb. 

CRAM-PO-NEE',  n.  [Fr.  cramponne .]  (Her.)  A 
cross,  having  at  each  end  a cramp.  Craig. 

CRAM-r66N§',>i.  pi.  1.  Pieces  of  iron  hooked  at 
the  end  for  drawing  timber,  stones,  &c.  Francis. 

2.  Iron  instruments  fastened  to  the  shoes  to 
assist  a storming  party  in  climbing.  Smart. 

CRA'NAGE,  n.  [Low  L.  eranagium .]  {Law.) 

1.  Liberty  to  use  a crane  for  taking  merchan- 
dise out  of  a vessel  to  a wharf,  &c.  Cowell. 

2.  A toll  or  money  paid  for  the  use  of  a 

crane  in  hoisting  goods.  Cowell. 

CRAn'BF.R-RY,  n.  A red  berry,  of  acid  taste, 
much  used  as  a sauce  ; — the  fruit  of  two  spe- 
cies of  Oxgcoccus,  which  grow  in  boggy  or  wet 
meadows.  The  English  cranberry  is  the  Oxy- 
coccus  palustris  ; the  species  most  commonly 
found  in  the  United  States  is  the  Oxycoccus 
macrocarpus.  London. 

CRAN'BER-RY— TART,  n.  A tart  made  of  cran- 
berries. Booth. 

CRANC1I,  v.  a.  See  Craiinch.  B.  Jonson. 

CRANE,  n.  [Gr.  yipavos,  a species  of  heron,  also 
a machine  for  raising  weights. — A.  S.  eran.  a 
kind  of  heron  ; Dut.  kraan  ; Ger.  krahn  ; Dan. 
krane-,  Sw.  kran .] 

1.  (Ornith.)  A bird  with  a straight  long  bill, 

long  legs,  and  a long  neck,  belonging  to  the 
order  Grallce,  the  family  Ardeidce,  and  sub-fam- 
ily Gruince.  — See  Gruinas.  Gray. 

That  small  infantry  warred  on  by  cranes.  Milton. 

2.  A machine  for 
raising  or  lowering 
heavy  weights  ; — so 
called  from  a fancied 
resemblance  . between 
its  projecting  arm  and 
the  neck  of  a crane. 

Mortimer. 

3.  A bent  pipe,  or 

tube,  for  drawing  li- 
quors out  of  a cask  ; a siphon.  Johnson. 

4.  A rectangular  iron  instrument  attached  by 
pintles  to  the  back  of  a chimney ; — used  for 
suspending  pots  and  kettles. 

5.  pi.  ( Naut .)  Pieces  of  iron  or  timber  at  a 
vessel’s  side,  to  stow  boats  or  spars  upon.  Dana. 

CRANE'— FLY,  n.  (Ent.)  An  insect  of  the  genus 
Tipula,  having  the  body  and  legs  long  and  slen- 
der ; — commonly  called  father-long-legs , or 
daddy-long-legs.  Baird. 

CRANE'— LIKE,  a.  Resembling  a crane.  II.  More. 

CRANE§'BILL,  n.  1.  (Bot.)  The  common  name 
of  plants  of  the  genus  Geranium  ; — so  called 
from  the  prolonged  axis  of  the  fruit,  which  re- 
sembles the  beak  of  a crane.  Loudon. 

2.  (Surg.)  A pair  of  pincers  terminating  in  a 
point.  Johnson. 

CRAng,  n.  The  carcass  of  a whale.  Back. 

CRAN'GON,  n.  [Gr.  upAyyri,  a crayfish.]  (Zo/il.) 
A genus  of  maerourous  crustaceans,  including 
the  common  shrimp.  Brande. 

CRA'NI-AL,  a.  Relating  to,  or  like,  the  cranium 
or  skull.  Dr.  Morton. 

CRA-NI-6g'NO-MY,  n.  [Gr.  upaviov,  the  skull, 
and  yviiipn,  a sign.]  The  doctrine  that  the 
character  or  the  characteristics  of  the  mind 
may  be  known  by  the  conformation  of  the 
skull ; phrenology  ; craniology.  Scudamore. 


CRA-NI-O-LOG'I-CAL,  a.  Relating  to  craniology, 
or  phrenology.  Qu.  Rev. 

CRA-NJ-OL'O-^IST,  n.  One  versed  in  craniology  ; 
a phrenologist.  For.  Qu.  Rev. 

CRA-NI-OL’O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  kouviov ,■  the  skull,  and 
Idyos,  a discourse.]  A description  of  the  skull  ; 
the  science  which  teaches  the  art  of  discov- 
ering the  characters  and  faculties  of  men  from 
the  external  form  of  the  skull ; phrenology. 

According  to  Dr.  Gall,  the  founder  of  craniology.  "its  end 
is  to  determine  the  functions  of  the  bruin  in  general,  and  of 
its  different  parts  in  particular,  and  to  prove  that  you  may 
recognize  different  dispositions  and  inclinations  by  the  pro- 
tuberances and  depressions  to  be  lbund  on  the  cranium.” 

Fleming. 

CRA-NI-OM'E-TER,  n.  [Gr.  Koaviov,  the  skull, 
and  pirpor,  a measure.]  An  instrument  for 
measuring  skulls.  Smart. 

CRA-NI-O-MET'RI-C AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  crani- 
ometry. ‘ Clarke. 

CRA-NI-OM'JJ-TRY,  it.  The  art  of  measuring 
skulls.  ’ Clarke. 

CRA-NI-OS'CO-PY,  n.  [Gr.  spariov,  the  skull,  and 
CKottlo),  to  view.]  The  inspection  or  examina- 
tion of  skulls,  or  the  science  which  relates  to 
an  inspection  of  the  skull.  Hamilton. 

CRA  'NI-l/M,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  Kpaviov.]  ( Anat .) 
The  skull,  or  bony  case  which  contains  the 
brain.  Wiseman. 


CRANK  (krSngk,  82),  n.  [Dut.  kronkclen,  to  bend  ; 
Gael,  crangaid .] 

1.  The  end  of  an  axis  bent  twice  at  right 
angles,  or  an  iron  so  bent  attached  to  an  axis, 
serving  as  a handle  by  which  to  turn  it ; as, 
“ The  crank  of  a grindstone.” 

2.  (Mech.)  A contrivance  for  O^Oi  rfl 

changing  circular  into  alter-  jj  if  n 
natc  motion,  or  the  reverse  ; ( IX  J'A. 

as,  “ The  crank  of  a saw-mill  ’’ 

“ The  crank  of  a steam-en- 
gine.” An  instrument  for 
ehanging  the  direction  of  mo- 
tion in  a bell-wire.  A metal 
brace  or  support  for  a lantern. 

3.  Any  bending  or  winding  passage. 

The  cranks  and  turns  of  Thebes.  Beau,  if  FI. 

4.  Any  conceit  formed  by  twisting  or  chang- 
ing the  form  or  the  meaning  of  a word;  a sort 
of  pun. 

Quips,  and  cranks,  and  wanton  wiles.  Milton. 


Weale. 


CRANK,  a.  [Vares  says  of  this  word  : “ The  deri- 
vation is  very  uncertain  ; in  Dutch  and  German 
it  means  just  the  contrary  [of  what  it  means  in 
English,  namely],  sick;  and  so  in  Scotch. 
Skinner  conjectures  that  it  was  once  onkrank, 
that  is,  un-crank , not  sick,  and  that  it  after- 
wards lost  the  negative  particle ; but  this  seems 
very  improbable.”] 

1.  Full  of  spirit;  healthy;  sprightly;  brisk; 
lively  ; merry  ; jolly. 

For  I was  a crank  wit,  a brisk  young  boy.  More. 

2.  [Dut.  krank,  weak,  sick,  brittle.]  (Navt.) 

Noting  the  condition  of  a vessel  when  she  is  in- 
clined, from  any  cause,  to  lean  over  a great  deal 
and  cannot  bear  much  sail.  Dana. 


CRANK,  v.  71.  To  turn;  to  run  in  and  out;  to 
crankle. 

The  poor,  blind  hare, — 

How  he  outruns  the  wind,  and  with  what  care 
He  cranks  and  crosses  with  a thousand  doubles!  Shak. 

CRANK'-BIRD,  71.  (Ornith.)  The  name  of  a very 
small  woodpecker.  Booth. 

CRAN'KLE  (ltrang'kl,  82),  V.  a.  [i.  CRANKLED; 
pp.  crankling,  CRANKLED.]  To  break  into 
bends  or  angles  ; to  crinkle. 

Old  Vaga’s  stream 

Crankling  her  hanks.  Philips. 

CRAN'KLE,  v.  n.  [See  Crinkle.]  To  rim  in  and 
out ; to  crinkle.  “ The  crankling  path ."Dragtoii. 

CRAN'KLE,  7i.  A bend ; a turn  ; crinkle.  Jolmson. 

CRANK'NIJSS,  n.  1.  The  quality  of  being  crank; 
health ; vigor.  Jolmson. 

2.  Liability  to  overset.  Johnso7i. 

CRAnK'-SID-IJD,  a.  (Nattt.)  Noting  a vessel 
which  is  able  to  bear  but  little  sail  from  liabil- 
ity to  overset.  Maunder. 

CRANK'Y  (krSng'Ice),  a.  Sprightly;  crank.  Todd. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  V,  Y,  long;  A,  £,  I,  6,  U,  V,  short; 


A,  E,  I,  o,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


CRAZE 


CRANNIED 

CRAiy'NIED  (kran'jd),  a.  Full  of  crannies  or 
chinks'.  Browne. 

CRAN'NY,  n.  [L.  crena,  a notch  or  slit ; Fr.  cran.] 

1.  A small  crack  ; a cleft ; a chink  ; a fissure ; 
a crevice  ; a narrow  hole. 

As  you  may  see  great  objects  through  small  crannies  or 
holes,  so  you  may  see  great  axioms  of  nature  through  small 
and  contemptible  instances.  Bacon. 

2.  ( Glass-blowing .)  An  instrument  used  in 

making  the  necks  of  glasses.  Clarke. 

CRAN'NY,  a.  Pleasant ; brisk  ; sprightly  ; lively ; 
merry ; jovial.  [Local,  Eng.]  Wtlbraham. 

CRAN'O-MAN-CY,  n.  [Gr.  soar  ion,  the  skull,  and 
liavTitu,  divination.]  Divination  by  the  crani- 
um. - Dumglison. 

CRAN-TA'RA,  n.  [Gael,  crcan  tariff h,  the  cross 
of  shame  ; — so  named  because  disobedience  to 
what  the  symbol  implied  was  considered  infa- 
mous.] The  fiery  cross,  which  was  the  rallying 
symbol  in  the  Highlands  of  Scotland,  on  any 
sudden  emergency.  Ogilvie. 

CRANTS,  n.  pi.  [Ger.  kranz,  a garland ; Dut. 
krans. ] Garlands  carried  before  the  bier  of  a 
maiden,  and  hung  over  her  grave.  Shak. 

Yet  here  she  is  allowed  her  virgin  crants.  Shak. 

CRAP,  n.  Darnel : — buckwheat.  [Local,  in  both 
senses.]  Farm.  Ency. 

CRAp'AU-DINE,  n.  [Fr.  crapaudineJ]  An  ulcer, 
or  a tread,  on  the  coronet  of  a horse.  Bailey. 

CRAp'AU-DINE,  a.  Noting  a door  which  turns 
on  pivots  at  the  top  and  bottom.  Buchanan. 

CRAPE,  n.  [L.  crispus,  crisped ; It.  crespa,  a 
wrinkle;  Fr  .crepe-,  creper,  to  crisp,  to  frizzle; 
Dut.  krip ; Ger.  krepp.]  A kind  of  gauze 
made  of  raw  silk  woven  without  crossing,  and 
stiffened  with  gum-water;  — when  dyed  black, 
much  worn  by  ladies  as  a mourning  dress.  XJre. 

CRAPE,  v.  a.  To  form  into  ringlets;  to  curl,  as 
the  hair.  Clarke. 

f CRAP'PLE  (krap'pl),  n.  [Ger.  krappcln.]  A 
claw.  — See  Grapple.  Spenser. 

CRAP'NEL,  n.  ( Naut .)  A hook  or  drag  to  draw 
up  any  thing;  grapnel.  — See  Grapnel.  Ash. 

CRAP  ' II- I.A,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  KpamAl.ri,  drunken- 
ness, debauch.]  A surfeit ; crapulence.  Cotton. 

f CRAP'ULE,  n.  A surfeit ; crapula.  II.  More. 

CRAP'U-LENCE,  n.  Surfeit;  sickness  by  intem- 
perance. [r.]  Bailey. 

CRAp'U-LENT,  a.  [L.  crapulentus,  dead-drunk.] 
Surfeited  ; oppressed  with  surfeit  : — drunk  ; 
crapulous,  [r.]  Blount. 

CRAP'U-LOUS,  a.  [L.  crapulosus , given  to  drunk- 
enness ; Fr.  crapuleux.\  Drunken  ; intemper- 
ate ; surfeited  ; crapulent,  [u.]  For.  Qu.  Rev. 

f CrAre,  n.  [Old  Fr.  crater.]  A small,  slow- 
sailing  sea-vessel ; a cray.  Shak. 

CRA§E.  See  Craze.  Todd. 

CRASH,  v.  11.  [Fr . ecrascr,  to  crush.  — “ It  ap- 
pears to  be  the  same  word  as  crush,  though  usu- 
ally applied  to  the  sound  caused  by  the  act  of 
crushing.”  Richardson.  — Goth,  kriustan.]  [i. 
crashed;  pp.  crashing,  crashed.]  To  make 
a sudden,  loud  noise,  as  of  many  things  falling 
or  breaking  at  once  ; to  fall  with  noise. 

Mountainous  in  bulk. 

They  roll  to  Delphi  with  a crashing  sound.  Glover. 

f CRASH,  v.  a.  To  break  or  bruise  ; to  crush. 
Sinks  the  full  pride  her  ample  walls  enclosed, 

In  one  wild  havoc  crashed.  Mallet. 

CRASH,  n.  1.  A sudden,  loud  noise,  as  of  many 
things  breaking  or  falling  at  once.  “ With  a hid- 
eous crash.”  Shak.  “The  crash  of  worlds.  "Pope. 

2.  A coarse  kind  of  linen  cloth  ; — mostly 
used  for  towels.  Clarice. 

CRASH'ING,  n.  A noise,  as  of  many  things 
breaking  or  falling  at  once  ; a crash.  Zeph.  i.  10. 

CRJi  'SIS,  n.  [Gr.  spams,  a close  union  ; Kepavrtiyt, 
to  blend  together.] 

1.  (Med.)  A mixture  of  the  constituents 

of  a fluid,  as  of  the  blood,  humors,  &c.  : — ap- 
plied also,  in  a more  general  sense,  as  synony- 
mous with  constitution.  Dunglison. 

2.  (Gram.)  A contraction  of  two  vowels, 


000 

OOO 

which  form  separate  syllables,  into  one,  as  in 
di,  for  dii  ; synaeresis.  Andrews. 

f CRASS,,  a.  [L.  crassus.]  Gross  ; thick ; coarse. 
“ Somewhat  crass  and  corpulent.”  Hall. 

CRAS'SA-MENT,  n.  [L.  crassamentum .]  A clot, 
as  of  blood ; crassamentum.  Clarke. 

CRAS-SA-JUEJV'  TUM,  n.  [L.]  (Chon.)  The  thick 
part  of  any  fluid  ; — particularly  the  clot  of  the 
blood,  as  distinct  from  the  serum.  Dunglison. 

CRAs'SI-MENT,  n.  A clot ; crassament.  Smith. 

CRAS'SI-TUDE,  n.  [L.  crassitudo  ; Sp.  crasitud .] 
Grossness  ; coarseness  ; thickness.  Bacon. 

tCRAss'NJgSS,  n.  Grossness.  Glanville. 

+ CRAS-T{-NA'TION,  n.  [L.  crastinus,  pertain- 
ing to  to-morrow;  eras,  to-morrow.]  A putting 
oft  till  to-morrow  ; procrastination.  Bailey. 

CRA-TJE'GUS,n.  [Gr.  Knaraiyo;.]  (Bot.)  A ge- 
nus of  small,  ornamental,  hardy  trees,  esteemed 
for  their  neat  foliage,  the  earliness  of  their 
flowers  in  spring,  and  the  rich  colors  of  their 
berries  in  autumn  ; the  hawthorn.  Loudon. 

CRATCH,  n.  [Fr.  creche.]  A frame  or  rack  in 
which  hay  is  put  for  cattle  ; a manger  ; a crib. 

She  bare  her  first-born  son,  and  laid  him  in  a cratch. 

Luke  ii.  7.  Wicklijfe's  Trans. 

t CRATCH,  v.  a.  To  scratch.  Iluloet. 

CRATCH'— CRA'DLE,  n.  A figure  of  the  cratch 
made  by  a string  stretched  between  the  fingers 
of  both  hands  for  the  amusement  of  children  ; 
— written  also  scratch-cradle.  Clarke. 

CRAtcH'?§,  n.  pi.  [Ger.  krdtze,  the  itch,  mange.] 
(Farriery.)  A swelling  on  the  pastern  under 
the  fetlock,  and  sometimes  under  the  hoof  of  a 
horse.  Craig. 

CRATE,  n.  [L.  crates .]  A wicker  pannier,  or  a 
sort  of  basket  or  hamper;  — used  especially  for 
crockery  ware. 

I have  seen  a horse  carrying  home  the  harvest  on  a crate. 

Johnson. 

CRA'TpR,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  Kparfip.] 

1.  (Antiq.)  A vessel  for  holding  mixed  wine 

and  water  ; a bowl.  IVm.  Smith. 

2.  The  mouth  or  circular  cavity  at  the  sum- 
mit of  a volcano. 

3.  (Astron.)  An  ancient  southern  constella- 
tion ; the  Cup.  Hind. 

CRA-TER'J-FORM,  a.  [L.  crater,  crateris,  a bowl, 
and  forma,  form.]  Shaped  like  a bowl  or  a gob- 
let ; goblet-shaped.  P.  Cyc. 

CRAUNCH  (krincli),  v.  a.  [Dut.  schrantsen .]  [t. 
CRAUNCHED;  pp.  CRAYNCHINO,  CRAYNCIIED.] 
To  crush  with  the  teeth  ; to  chew  with  violence 
and  noise  ; to  crunch. 

She  would  craunch  the  wings  of  a lark,  bones  and  all.  be- 
tween her  teeth.  Swift. 

CRA-VAt',  n.  [ Menage  derives  cravat  from  the 
Croats,  a sort  of  German  troops,  usually  called 
Cravates,  by  whom,  he  says,  this  ornament,  in 
1636,  was  introduced  into  France.  — Hire  says 
from  Goth,  craw,  the  neck,  and  wad,  cloth. — 
It.  cra.vatta-,  Sp.  corbata\  Fr.  cravate.)  A 
piece  of  silk  or  other  cloth  worn  by  men  about 
the  neck ; a neckcloth. 

Which  others  for  cravats  have  worn 

About  their  necks.  Iludibras. 

CRAVE,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  crafian  ; Dan.  krreve.]  \i. 

CRAVED  ; pp.  CRAVING,  CRAVED.] 

1.  To  ask  earnestly,  submissively,  or  with 
importunity ; to  entreat ; to  beseech ; to  beg. 

Humbly  on  my  knee 

I crave  your  blessing.  Shak. 

2.  To  desire  strongly  ; to  long  for;  to  hanker 
after;  as,  “ To  crave  food.” 

Syn.  — See  Ask. 

CRA'VEN  (kra'vn),  n.  [A.  S.  crafian,  to  crave. 
“ One  who  has  craved  or  craven  his  life  from 
his  antagonist.”  Tookc .] 

1.  A judicial  term  in  the  ancient  trial  by  bat- 
tle, used  by  the  party  who  was  defeated,  or  gave 
up  the  contest ; a recreant ; a coward ; a das- 
tard ; a poltroon. 

Craven  is  one  who  has  craved  or  craven  his  life  at  the 
enemy’s  hands,  instead  of  resisting  to  the  death.  Trench. 

Is  it  fit  this  soldier  keep  his  oath? 

He  is  a craven  and  a villain  else.  Shak. 

2.  A cock  conquered  and  dispirited. 

No  cock  of  mine;  you  crow  too  like  n craven.  Shak. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — (J,  £,  g,  soft ; G,  G,  £,  g, 


CRA'VEN  (kra'vn),  a.  1.  Cowardly;  base.  Shak. 

2.  (Geog.)  Noting  the  dialect  spoken  in  the 
deanery  of  Craven  in  the  West  Hiding  of  York- 
shire. Bosworth. 

f CRA'VEN  (kra'vn),  v.  a.  To  make  recreant,  or 
cowardly.  Shak. 

CRAV'ER,  n.  One  who  craves.  Sherwood. 

CRAV'JNG,  n.  1.  The  act  of  asking  with  earnest- 
ness. 

2.  Unreasonable  or  strong  desire. 

CRAv'ING,  p.  a.  1.  Asking  earnestly  ; begging; 
beseeching. 

2.  Desiring  earnestly  or  unreasonably  ; long- 
ing for.  “ A craving  appetite.”  Arbuthnot. 

CRA  V'ING-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  having  an  un- 
reasonable or  strong  desire  ; craving.  Todd. 

CRAw,  n.  [Dan.  kroe .]  The  crop  or  first  stom- 
ach of  birds.  “ The  crop,  or  craw.”  Ray. 

CRAW'FISH,  n.  [Fr.  terevisse.]  (ZoGl.)  A fresh- 
water crustacean  cf  the  genus  Astacus,  found  in 
Europe,  the  north  of  Asia,  and  in  North  Amer- 
ica ; the  river  lobster.  Agassiz. 

& g=  “ Our  crayfish  or  crawfish  is  said,  by  some  of 
our  philologers,  to  be  the  French  icrevisse,  and  no 
doubt  rightly  ; but  still  the  matter  is  not  self-evident. 
Trace,  however,  the  word  through  these  successive 
spellings,  krevys  (Lydgate),  crevish  (Gascoigne),  crui- 
fish  (Holland),  and  the  chasm  between  crayfish,  or 
crawfish,  and  ecrevisse  is  by  the  aid  of  these  three  in- 
termediate spellings  bridged  over.”  Trench. 

CRAWL,  v.  n.  [Dut.  krielen .]  \i.  crawled  ; 

pp.  CRAWLING,  CRAWLED.] 

1.  To  move  upon  the  belly,  as  a worm ; to 

creep.  “That  crawling  insect.”  Dryden. 

2.  To  move,  as  a child  on  the  hands  and 

knees ; to  move  weakly,  slowly,  or  timorously. 
“Every  child  who  can  crawl.”  Swift. 

He  was  hardly  able  to  crawl  about  the  room.  Arbuthnot. 

3.  To  move  stealthily  or  clandestinely  ; to  in- 
sinuate one’s  self ; to  practise  servility.  Cranmer. 

Hath  crawled  into  the  favor  of  the  king.  Shak. 

4.  To  have  a sensation  as  of  an  insect  creep- 
ing upon  the  skin.  Boag. 

CRAWL,  n.  Slow  motion,  as  of  an  insect  that 
creeps.  Clarke. 

CRAWL,  n.  [Sp.  corral,  a yard,  a fish-pond.] 

1.  A pen  or  enclosure  of  hurdles  for  fish  or 

for  turtles.  Clarke. 

2.  The  well  in  a boat.  Johnson. 

CRAwl'IJR,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  crawls ; 
a creeper. 

CRAx,  n.  [Gr.  /cpd|a),  to  croak.]  (Ornith.)  A 
genus  of  large  gallinaceous  birds,  found  in  Mex- 
ico and  South  America;  the  curassow. — See 
Cracinje,  and  Curassow.  Van  Der  Hoeven. 

f CRAY,  or  CRAy'IJR,  n.  [Old  Fr.  crater.]  A 
small  sea-vessel ; — written  also  crare.  Shak. 

CRAy'FISH,  n.  See  Crawfish.  Floyer. 

CRAY'ON  (kra'un),  n.  [Fr.,  from  crate,  chalk.] 

1.  A piece  or  cylinder  of  soft  clay  or  other 

mineral  matter,  white  or  colored  variously;  — 
used  for  drawing  on  paper.  Fairholt. 

2.  A little  wooden  rod  with  a slender  slip  of 
some  substance  prepared  for  drawing,  embed- 
ded in  the  centre  of  it  ; a pencil. 

3.  A drawing  or  design  done  with  a crayon, 

or  pencil.  Johnson. 

CRAY'ON,  a.  Noting  a drawing  done  with  a 
crayon  ; drawn  by  a pencil,  or  crayon.  Jodrell. 

CRAY'ON,  v.  a.  [Fr.  crayonner .]  To  sketch  or 
design,  as  with  a crayon.  Burke. 

CRAY'ON— pAINT'ING,  n.  The  act,  or  the  art,  of 
drawing  with  crayons.  Ogilvie. 

CRAZE,  v.  a.  [Fr.  ecraser,  to  crush.]  [?'.  crazed  ; 
pp.  CRAZING,  CRAZED.] 

1.  To  break  ; to  crush  ; to  crack.  “ The  pot 

was  crazed.”  Chaucer. 

Then  through  the  fierv  pillar  and  the  cloud 
God,  looking  forth,  will  trouble  all  his  host, 

And  craze  their  chariot  wheels.  Milton. 

2.  To  grind ; to  comminute ; to  pulverize. 
“ The  tin  ore  passeth  to  the  crazing m\W.”  Carcw. 

3.  To  impair  in  intellect  ; to  make  insane. 

Every  sinner  docs  more  extravagant  things  than  any  man 
can  do  that  is  crazed  and  out  of  his  wits,  only  with  this  sad 
difference,  that  he  knows  better  wlmt  he  docs.  Tillotsun. 


hard ; § as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


CRAZE 


334 


CREDIBLENESS 


CRAZE,  n.  Insanity  ; craziness,  [it.] 

The  whole  affair  was  composed  of  three  nearly  equal 
parts;  popular  discontent,  government  exaggeration,  and 
public  craze.  Lord  Cockburn. 

CRAZED  (krazd),  p.  a.  Made  insane  ; impaired 
in  intellect ; crazy.  “ Kate  is  crazed.”  Cowper. 

CRA'ZpD-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  crazed,  [it.] 
“ The  crazedness  of  their  minds.”  Hooker. 

CRAZE— MILL,  ) n \ crushing-mill ; a mill 

CRAZ'jNG— MILL,  ) resembling  a"grist-mill  ; — 
used  for  grinding  tin.  Clarke. 

CRA'ZI-LY,  acl.  In  a crazy  manner.  Bailey. 

CRA'ZI-NESS,  n.  1.  The  state  of  being  crazed, 
or  broken  ; the  state  of  being  impaired,  weak- 
ened, or  shattered. 

Nor  will  I speak  now  of  the  craziness  of  her  title  to  many 
of  them  [places].  Howell. 

There  is  no  craziness  we  feel  that  is  not  a record  of  God’s 
having  been  offended  by  our  nature.  \V.  Mountagu. 

2.  Disorder  of  mind;  weakness  of  intellect; 
insanity.  Johnson. 

Syn.  — See  Insanity. 

CRA'ZING,  n.  (Pottery.)  A term  which  denotes 
the  cracking  of  the  glaze  upon  articles  of  delft 
and  porcelain.  Francis. 

CR.A'ZY,  a.  [Fr.  ecrase,  crushed,  crazed. — See 
Craze.] 

1.  Broken  ; decrepit ; weak  ; feeble ; out  of 
order. 

We  will  bestow  you  in  some  better  place. 

Fitter  for  sickness  and  for  crazy  age.  Slink. 

Physic  can  but  mend  our  crazy  state. 

Patch  an  old  building,  not  a new  create.  Dryden. 

2.  Disordered  in  mind,  or  intellect ; insane  ; 

distracted.  “ Crazy  brains.”  Iludibras. 

t CRE'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  created.  Watts. 

t CREAGHT  (krat),  n.  [Ir.]  Herds  of  cattle. Davies. 

t CREAGHT  (krat),  v.  n.  To  graze.  Davies. 

CREAK,  v.  n.  [Dut.  kricken  ; Old  Fr.  criquer. 
— “All  from  the  sound.”  Richardson .]  ft. 
CREAKED  ; pp.  CREAKING,  CREAKED.]  To 

make  a harsh,  grating  noise,  or  sound.  “ Creak- 
ing hinges.”  “ Creaking  locusts.”  Dryden. 

CREAK,  v.  a.  To  cause  to  make  a harsh  noise. 

Creaking  my  shoes  on  the  plain  masonry.  Shak. 

CREAK,  n.  A harsh  noise  ; a creaking.  Roget. 

CREAK'ING,  n.  A harsh,  grating  sound,  or  noise. 
“ The  creaking  of  shoes.”  Shak. 

CREAM,  n.  [L .cremor\  Sp.  crema  ; Fr.  creme  ; 
Goth,  kreima ; A.  S.  ream ; Dut.  room ; Ger. 
rghm.] 

1.  The  yellowish,  unctuous,  or  oily  substance 
which  collects  on  the  surface  of  milk  when  it  is 
cooled  and  left  at  rest ; that  part  of  milk  which 
is  converted  into  butter  by  agitation,  or  churning. 

I am  as  vigilant  as  a cat  to  steal  cream.  Shak. 

2.  The  best  part  of  any  thing  ; the  choice  part. 

"Welcome,  O flower  and  cream  of  knights-errant. 

Shelton's  Von  Quixote. 

Cream  of  lime,  the  pellicle  of  carbonate  of  lime 
which  collects  on  the  surface  of  lime  water  when  it 
is  exposed  to  the  air.  — Cream  of  tartar,  (Com.)  the 
purified  bi-tartrate  of  potash  ; — a salt  prepared  from 
the  lees  of  wine  by  dissolving  and  rccrystallizing  them, 
and  so  called  because  the  crystals  are  first  formed 
upon  the  surface,  and  are  there  the  whitest.  Ure. 

CREAM,  V.  n.  [i.  CREAMED  ; pp.  CREAMING, 
creamed.]  To  be  covered  with  something  on 
the  surface,  as  milk  with  cream.  Shak. 

There  are  a sort  of  men  whose  visages 

Do  cream  and  mantle  like  a standing  pool.  Shak. 

CREAM,  v.  a.  1.  To  skim  the  cream  from. 
“ Creamed  milk.”  Wodroephe,  1623. 

2.  To  take  the  best  part  of. 

Such  a man,  truly  wise,  creams  off  nature,  leaving  the 
sour  and  the  dregs  for  philosophy  and  reason  to  lap  up.  Swift. 

CREAM'— BOWL,  n.  A bowl  for  cream.  B.Jonson. 

CREAM’— CHEESE,  71.  Cheese  made  partly  of 
cream.  Ash. 

CREAM'—1 COL-ORED  (-urd),  a.  Resembling  the 
color  of  cream ; pale-yellow.  Goldsmith. 

CREAM'— FACED  (-fast),  a.  Pale  from  coward- 
ice ; cowardly.  “ Cream-faced  loon.”  Shak. 

CI!E A M'— FRUIT,  n.  ( Bot .)  1.  An  eatable  fruit 
found  at  Sierra  Leone.  P.  Cyc. 


2.  A plant  ; Boupcllia  grata  ; — so  called 
from  the  cream-like  juice  of  its  fruit.  Loudon. 

CREAM'— NUT,  n.  The  fruit  of  the  Berthollctia 
excclsa  ; the  Brazil-nut.  Clarke. 

CREAM'— PITCH- pR,  n.  A vessel  for  cream. 

CREAM'— POT,  n.  A pot  for  cream.  Child. 

CREAM'— SLICE,  n.  A sort  of  wooden  knife, 
twelve  or  fourteen  inches  long.  Farm.  Ency. 

CREAM'Y,  a.  1.  Full  of  cream,  or  containing 
cream.  “ Creamy  bowls.”  Collins. 

2.  Having  the  nature  of  cream  ; like  cream. 

Your  creamy  words  but  cozen.  Beau.  Sf  FI. 

CRE'ANCE,  n.  [Fr.]  (Falconry.)  A fine,  small 
line,  fastened  to  a hawk’s  leash  when  she  is  first 
lured.  Johnson. 

CREASE  (kres),  n.  [Ger.  krausen,  to  lay  in  folds. 

— “In  the  old  chronicle  of  Robert  of  Gloucester, 

creysede  occurs  in  the  sense  of  crossed  ; whence 
Hearne  conjectures  our  creased  to  be  derived.” 
Todd.  — Skinner,  with  whom  Johnson  agrees, 
refers  it  to  the  L .creta,  chalk.  — “ Mr.  Hearne’s 
etymology  appears  the  more  rational.”  Rich- 
ardson.]  A mark  made  as  by  doubling  or  fold- 
ing paper,  cloth,  or  any  thing.  Swift. 

CREASE  (kres),  v.  a.  [i.  creased  ; pp.  CREAS- 
ING, creased.]  To  mark  as  by  doubling. 

Creased  like  dog’s-cars  in  a folio.  Gray. 

CRE'A-SOTE,  n.  See  Creosote.  Ogilvie. 

CRE'AT,  n.  [Fr.]  (Man.)  An  usher  to  a riding 
master.  Crabb. 

CRE-AT'A-BLEj  a.  That  may  be  created ; capa- 
ble of  being  created.  For.  Qu.  Rev. 

CRJJ-ATE',  v.  a.  [Sans,  kri  ; L.  creo,  creatus  ; It. 
creare  ; Fr.  over.]  [ i . created;  pp.  creat- 
ing, CREATED.] 

1.  To  cause  to  exist  by  the  force  of  original 
power,  or  by  the  agency  of  deputed  power  ; to 
bring  into  being  ; to  originate. 

In  the  beginning,  God  created  the  heavens  and  the  earth. 

Gen.  i.  1. 

Have  we  not  all  one  Father?  Hath  not  .one  God  created 
us?  Mai.  ii.  10. 

2.  To  be  the  occasion  of ; to  produce  ; to  cause. 

Long  abstinence  is  troublesome  by  the  uneasiness  it  ci'e- 
ates  in  the  stomach.  Arbuthnot. 

3.  To  invest  with  any  new  character  ; to 
make. 

Richard,  I will  create  thcc  Duke  of  Glostcr.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Make. 

fCRf-ATE',  a.  Begotten;  created.  Shak. 

CRf.-AT'pD,  p.  a.  Formed  by  creation  ; caused 
to  exist ; made  ; produced. 

CRE'A-TINE,  n.  [Gr.  speas,  Kpitog,  flesh.]  (Chem.) 
A crystallizable  substance,  obtained  from  mus- 
cular fibre.  Hoblyn. 

CRJJ-A'TION  (kre-a'shun),  n.  [L.  creatio ; It. 
creazione ; Sp.  creacion  ; Fr.  creation.’] 

1.  The  act  of  creating,  or  causing  to  exist. 

2.  The  act  of  investing  with  a new  character. 

“ The  creation  of  peers.”  Johnson. 

3.  That  which  is  created  ; the  thing  created. 

Or  art  thou  but 

A dagger  of  the  mind,  a false  creation?  Shak. 

4.  The  aggregate  of  created  things ; the  uni- 
verse. 

When  man  was  first  formed,  creation  was  his  book,  and 
God  his  preceptor.  Bp.  Borne. 

CRJE-A'TION-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  creation.  Craig. 

CRp-A'TIVE,  a.  That  can,  or  does,  create.  “Cre- 
ative power.”  Addison. 

CRIJ-A'TIVE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
creative  ; the  power  of  creating.  Coleridge. 

CRp-A'TOR,  n.  [L.]  One  who  creates  ; a maker  ; 

— distinctively,  the  Supreme  Being,  who  be- 
stows existence. 

Open,  ye  heavens,  your  living  doors;  let  in 

The  great  Creator , from  his  work  returned.  Milton. 

CRp-A'TOR-SHIP,  n.  State  of  a creator.  Clarke. 

CRg-A'TRpSS,  n.  She  who  creates,  produces,  or 
makes  any  thing,  [r.]  Spenser. 

CREAT'IJR-AL  (kret'yur-al),  a.  Relating  to,  or 
having  the  qualities  of,  a creature.  More. 

II  CREAT'URE  (kret'yur,  24)  [kre'chur,  W.J.  ; kre'- 


chur,  S. ; kre'lur,  E.  F.  Ja. ; kre'tynr,  K.  ; kre'- 
tur,  colloquially  kret'shor,  Sm.],  n.  [L.  creatus, 
created  ; Low  L.  crcatura.— Gael,  cr  cut  air.] 

1.  A being,  animate  or  inanimate,  created  by 
original  power  ; a created  being. 

God’s  first  creature  was  light.  Bacon. 

Creatures  vile  as  cats  and  dogs.  Shak. 

2.  A general  term  for  man  ; a person. 

Yet  crime  in  her  could  never  creature  find.  Spenser. 

3.  A term  of  contempt  or  of  tenderness,  ac- 
cording to  the  sense  of  the  adjective  joined 
with  it.  “Guilty  creatures.”  “Sweet  crea- 
ture.” Shak.  “ Poor  creature.”  Johnson. 

4.  One  who  owes  his  elevation  or  fortune  to 

another  ; a dependant.  “ The  duke’s  creat- 
ure.” Clarendon. 

f CREAT'URE-LESS,  a.  Unaccompanied  by  any 
creature ; alone. 

God  was  alone 

And  creatureless  at  first.  Dottne. 

II  CREAT'URE-LY  (kret'yur-le),  a.  Having  the 
qualities  of  a creature.  Cheyne. 

fCREAT'URE-SHlP,  n.  The  state  of  being  a 
creature.  Dr.  Cave. 

f CREAT'UR-IZE,  v.  a.  To  render  of  the  nature 
of  a creature,  or  created  being. 

Consanguinity  . . . would  rather  degrade  and  ereaturizc 
tlidt  mundane  soul.  Cudworth. 

CREAZE,  n.  (Mining.)  The  tin  in  the  middle 
part  of  the  huddle,  or  washing-pit.  Weale. 

GRE-BRI-COS'TATE,  a.  [L.  creber,  close,  and 
costa,  a rib.]  (Conch.)  Marked  with  closely  set 
ribs,  or  ridges.  Craig. 

CRE-BRI-SUL'CATE,  a.  [L.  creber,  close,  and 
sulcus,  a furrow.]  (Conch.)  Marked  with  close- 
ly set  transverse  furrows.  Craig. 

f CREB'RI-TUDE,  n.  [L.  crebritudo  ; creber,  fre- 
quent.] Frequency.  Bailey. 

f CRE'BROUS,  a.  Frequent.  Goodwin. 

CRE'D^NCE,  n.  [L.  credo,  credens,  to  believe ; 
It.  crcdcnza . ; Sp  .crecncia;  Fr  .credence.] 

1.  Reliance  upon  the  testimony  of  another,  or 
of  others  ; belief ; credit. 

The  ground  of  credence  was  the  same  in  both:  namely, 
that  the  doctrines  they  taught  were  worthy  of  God.  Warhurton. 

2.  That  which  gives  a claim  to  credit.  “ Let- 
ters of  credence."  Hayward. 

3.  (Eccl.)  A small  table  or  shelf  in  a church 

at  the  side  of  the  altar,  on  which  the  bread  and 
wine  to  be  used  in  the  eucharist  are  placed ; 
prothesis.  Hook. 

f CIIE'DpNCE,  v.  a.  To  believe.  Skelton. 

CRF.-DEJY' DUM,  n. ; pi.  credenda.  [L.]  Thing 
to  be  believed;  an  article  of  faith.  South. 

CRE'DgNT,  a.  1.  Believing  ; easy  of  belief;  cred- 
ulous. “ With  too  credent  ear.”  [r.]  Shak. 

2.  Not  to  be  questioned;  deserving  credit. 

My  authority  bears  a credent  bulk.  Shak. 

CRIJ-DEN'TIAL  (kre-den'sh?]),  a.  Giving  a title 
to  credit.  “ Credential  letters.”  Camden. 

CRg-DEN'TIAL,  n.  1.  That  which  gives  a title 
to  credit ; the  warrant  upon  which  belief  or  au- 
thority is  claimed.  “Reason  our  best  creden- 
tial." Buckinghamshire. 

2.  pi.  Writings,  testimonials,  or  letters,  show- 
ing that  one  is  entitled  to  credit,  or  is  clothed 
with  authority  ; — particularly  the  letters  given 
to  an  ambassador  or  other  public  officer. 

CRED-I-BlL'l-TY,  n.  [It.  credibilita ; Sp.  credi- 
bilidad ; Fr.  credibility.]  The  quality  of  being 
credible  or  worthy  of  belief ; credibleness.  “The 
credibility  of  the  Gospel  History.”  Lardner. 

CRED'I-BLE,  a.  [L.  credibilis  ; It.  credibile  ; Sp. 
creible.]  That  may  be  believed ; worthy  of  credit 
or  belief ; trustworthy. 

A tale  written  in  the  Bible, 

"Which  must  needs  be  credible.  Gower. 

Upon  the  testimony  of  credible  persons,  I am  free  from 
doubt.  Tillotson. 

Syn.  — That  which  may  he  reasonably  believed  is 
credible  ; that  which  is  likely  to  happen  is  probable. 
Conformity  to  the  habits  of  assertion  constitutes  cred- 
ibility; conformity  to  the  habits  of  observation,  or  to 
the  course  of  nature,  probability. 

CRED'I-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  cred- 
ible ; credibility  ; just  claim  to  belief.  “ The 
credibleness  of  these  narratives.”  Boyle. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  !,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  $,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


CREDIBLY 


CREPITATE 


335 


CRED'I-BLY,  ad.  In  a credible  manner. 

CRED'IT,  n.  [L.  creditum,  trust  ; It.  § Sp.  crc- 
dito  ; Fr.  credit. ] 

1.  Reliance  upon  testimony;  belief;  faith. 

“I  may  give  credit  to  reports.”  Addison. 

AVhat  though  no  credit  doubting  wits  may  give? 

The  fair  and  innocent  shall  still  believe.  Pope. 

2.  That  which  procures  belief,  or  inspires 
confidence ; authoritative  testimony. 

We  are  contented  to  take  this  upon  your  credit.  Hooker. 

3.  Good  repute  ; esteem  ; estimation. 

Yes,  while  I live  no  rich  or  noble  knave 

Shall  walk  the  world  in  credit  to  his  grave.  Pope. 

4.  That  which  contributes  to  good  repute, 
esteem,  or  reputation  ; honor. 

I published  because  I was  told  I might  please  such  as  it 
was  a credit  to  please.  Pope. 

5.  Influence  of  a reputable  name  or  character. 

They  desired  him  to  use  his  credit  that  a treaty  might  be 

entered  into.  Clarendon. 

6.  (Com.)  The  selling  of  goods,  or  the  trans- 
fer of  property,  in  exchange  for  a written  or 
implied  promise  of  payment  at  a future  time  ; 
as,  “ To  do  business  on  credit”  ;“  To  grant  a 
long  or  a short  credit.”  A reputation  for  pe- 
cuniary worth  and  responsibility  which  entitles 
a person  or  persons  to  be  trusted ; as,  “ The 
credit  of  a merchant  or  of  a mercantile  house.” 

7.  ( Book-keeping .)  That  side  of  a personal 
account  on  which  every  thing  is  entered  that 
answers  as  an  offset  to  a debt ; as,  “To  carry 
money,  goods,  or  notes  to  the  credit  of  A.  B.” 
That  which  is  entered  in  an  account  as  an 
offset  to  a debt,  or  for  which  the  party  in  whose 
favor  the  entry  is  made  becomes  the  creditor  of 
another;  as,  “ The  credits  exceed  the  debits.” 
That  side  of  accounts  not  personal  which  re- 
cords the  items  of  money,  goods,  notes,  &c.,for 
which  something  equivalent  has  been  received ; 
as,  “To  carry  notes  paid  to  the  credit  of  cash.” 

Syn.—  See  Belief,  Name. 

CRED'IT,  v.  a.  [L.  credo,  creditus,  to  believe  ; It. 
credere-,  Sp.  creer ; Fr.  croire,  crediter. ] [i. 

CREDITED  ; pp.  CREDITING,  CREDITED.] 

1.  To  believe  ; to  rely  upon,  as  trustworthy  ; 
to  confide  in  as  true. 

If  the  gospel  nnd  the  apostles  may  bo  credited , no  man  can 
be  a Christian  without  charity.  Locke. 

2.  To  do  honor  or  credit  to. 

May  here  her  monument  stand  so, 

To  credit  this  rude  age.  Waller. 

3.  To  give  a credit  to  ; to  admit  as  a debtor  ; 

to  trust.  Johnson. 

4.  To  place  to  the  credit  side  of  an  account  ; 
as,  “ To  credit  goods  purchased  to  the  account 
of  ‘Cash,’  or  of  ‘Notes  Payable.’” 

5.  To  carry  or  place  to  the  credit  of;  as,  “To 
credit  a person  for  money  received  on  account.” 

CRED'IT-A-BLE,  a.  1.  fThnt  maybe  believed; 
credible.  “ Creditable  witnesses.”  Ludlow. 

2.  Worthy  of  approbation;  reputable;  hon- 
orable ; estimable.  “ A creditable  way  of  liv- 
ing.” Arbuthnot. 

CRED'IT-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
creditable.  Decay  of  Piety. 

CRED’IT-A-BLY,  ad.  Reputably. 

CRED'IT-OR,  n.  [L.]  1.  fOne  who  credits  or 

believes. 

The  easy  creditors  of  novelties.  Daniel. 

2.  One  to  whom  a debt  is  owed ; opposed  to 
debtor. 

Creditors  have  better  memories  than  debtors;  and  ci'edit- 
ors  are  a superstitious  sect,  great  observers  of  set  days  and 
times.  Franklin. 

CRED'J-TRIX,  n.  [L.]  She  to  whom  a debt  is 
owed,  [u.]  Sherwood. 

CRE-DU'LT-TY,  n.  [L.  credulitas  ; It . credulith  \ 
Sp.  credulidad ; Fr.  credulity  The  quality  of 
being  credulous ; easiness  of  belief ; readiness 
to  believe  without  sufficient  evidence. 

To  believe  in  Christianity,  without  knowing  why  we  be- 
lieve it,  is  not  Christian  faith,  but  blind  credulity.  Wliately. 

The  only  wav  to  avoid  credulity  and  incredulity  — the  two 
necessarily  easily  going  together  — is  to  listen  to  and  yield  to 
the  best  evidence,  and  to  believe  and  disbelieve  on  good 
grounds.  Whately. 

Syn.  — See  Superstition. 

CRED  U-LOUS  (kred'u-lus),  a.  [L.  credulus  ; It. 
‘Si.Sp.  credulo ; Fr.  credule.]  Apt  to  believe 
without  sufficient  evidence ; too  easy  of  belief ; 


of  weak  mind;  easily  imposed  upon;  unsus- 
pecting. 

My  medicine,  work  I Thus  credulous  fools  are  caught.  Shak. 

CRED'U-LOUS-LY,  ad.  In  a credulous  manner. 

CRED'U-LOUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality^ of  being 
credulous;  credulity.  SirE.Sandys. 

CREED,  n.  [L .credo,  to  believe;  It.,  Sp.,  Sj  Fr. 
credo.— A..  S.  credit.  — Gael,  croud  ; M.  crcd.] 
“ As  the  first  word,  credo,  I believe,  giveth  a 
denomination  to  the  whole  confession  of  faith 
(the  Apostles’  Creed),  from  thence  commonly 
called  the  Creed.”  Pearson.'] 

1.  A summary  of  Christian  belief,  or  of  the 
articles  of  faith.  “The  larger  and  fuller  view 
. . . set  down  in  the  creeds  of  the  church.” 

Hammond. 

2.  Any  profession  of  that  which  is  believed  ; 
a statement  of  the  articles  of  belief;  as,  “ The 
creeds  of  political  parties.” 

Syn.  — See  Belief. 

CREED'— mAK-ER,  n.  One  who  forms  a creed. 

CREEK!,  v.  n.  To  creak.  — See  Creak.  Shak. 

CREEK,  n.  1.  [A.  S.  crecca ; Dut.  kreek.— Fr. 
crique.]  A small  inlet  of  the  sea  or  of  a river ; 
a bay  ; a cove.  Milton. 

When  the  master  returned,  he  reported  that  there  was  no 
passage  into  the  lake  by  the  creek,  which  was  fifty  fathoms 
wide  at  the  entrance;  that  the  bottom  was  everywhere  rocky, 
and  the  sides  bounded  by  a wall  of  coral  rocks.  Cook's  Voy. 

2.  A small  river;  a rivulet. 

Lesser  streams  and  rivulets  are  denominated  creeks. 

Goldsmith's  Geography. 

PSp  Creek  is  often  so  used  in  the  Middle,  Southern, 
and  Western  States;  but  it  is  rarely  so  used  in  England. 

3.  [Ger.  kricchen,  to  creep.]  First  appear- 

ance of  light  in  the  morning ; dawn.  “ He 
waked  at  creek  of  day.”  Turberville. 

CREEK'ING,  p.  a.  See  Creaking. 

CREEK'Y,  a.  Full  of  creeks  ; winding.  Spenser. 

CREEL,  or  CREIL,  n.  A kind  of  basket,  such  as 
is  used  by  anglers.  Brande. 

CREEP,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  creopan  ; Dut.  kruipen ; Sw. 
krypa  ; Dan.  krybe.]  [ i . crept  ; pp.  creep- 

ing, crept.] 

1.  To  move  as  a worm,  insect,  or  reptile ; 

to  crawl.  “ Creeping  like  snail.”  Shak. 

Ye  that  walk 

The  earth,  and  stately  tread,  or  lowly  creep.  Hilton. 

2.  To  grow  along  the  ground,  or  on  supports, 
as  vines  or  plants. 

And  creeping  vines  on  arbors  weaved  around.  Dryden. 

3.  To  move  slowly  or  by  insensible  degrees. 

“ The  creeping  hours  of  time.”  Shak. 

To-morrow,  and  to-morrow,  and  to-morrow 
Creeps  in  this  petty  pace  from  day  to  day.  Shak. 

4.  To  move  timorously,  or  secretly. 

We  here  took  a little  boat,  to  creep  along  the  sea-shore  as 
far  as  Genoa.  Addison. 

It  is  night,  wherein  all  the  beasts  of  the  forest  do  creep 
forth.  Ps.  civ.  20. 

5.  To  behave  with  servility;  to  proceed  in  a 
fawning  manner. 

To  come  os  humbly  as  they  used  to  creep 

To  holy  altars.  Shak. 

6.  To  steal  in  ; to  come  without  being  noticed. 

“ The  sophistry  which  c)-eeps  into  most  of  the 
books  of  argument.”  Locke. 

CREEP'IJR,  n.  [A.  S.  creopcre  ; Dut.  kruiper: ] 

1.  Fie  who,  or  that  which,  creeps. 

2.  ( Ent .)  A kind  of  insect. 

The  fishers  see  a number  of  these  skippers  and  ereepb-s 
settled  thick  about  their  baits.  Holland. 

3.  (Ornith.)  A small,  climbing  bird  of  the 
family  Certhidce  and  sub-family  Certhince.  Gray. 

KPy-  The  true  creepers  ( Certlmur)  are,  for  the  most 
part,  adapted  to  live  upon  trees  and  to  feed  upon  in- 
sects which  infest  the  bark.  Baird. 

4.  (Bot.)  A plant  that  grows  on  a support,  or 

creeps  along  the  ground.  Gray. 

Winders  or  creepers , as  ivy,  briony,  and  woodbine.  Bacon. 

5.  ( Naut .)  An  iron  instrument,  with  four 

claws  ; — used  for  dragging  the  bottom  of  a har- 
bor or  river  to  find  any  thing  lost.  Dana. 

6.  An  iron  used  to  slide  along  the  grate  in 

kitchens.  Bailey. 

7.  A kind  of  galoche,  or  low  patten  or  clog 

worn  by  women.  Bailey. 

8.  (Arch.)  pi.  Leaves  or  bunches  of  foliage 

on  the  angles  of  spires,  pinnacles,  &c.,  in  Goth- 
ic buildings ; crockets.  Francis. 


CREEP'-HOLE,  n.  1.  A hole  to  hide  in. 

2.  A subterfuge  ; an  excuse.  Johnson. 

CREEP'ING,  p.  a.  1.  Moving  along  the  ground  ; 
extending  horizontally  ; crawling.  Hamilton. 

2.  (Bot.)  Growing  flat  on,  or  beneath,  the 
ground,  and  rooting.  Gray. 

CREEP'ING— CROW 'FOOT  (-fut),  n.  (Bot.)  A 
species  of  Ranunculus.  Booth. 

CREEP'ING-LY,  ad.  Slowly  ; in  a creepingmanner. 

f CREE'PLE,  n.  A lame  person  ; a cripple.  Donne. 

CREESE,  n.  A kind  of  dagger  used  by  the  Ma- 
lays. Maunder. 

CRE-MAS'TfR,  n.  £Gr.  Kpeyaort/p  ; Kps/iaio,  to  sus- 
pend.]  (Anat.)  The  muscle  by  which  the  tes- 
ticles are  drawn  up.  Dunglison. 

f CRIJ-MA'TION,  n.  [L .crematio-,  cremo,crema- 
tus,  to  burn.]  The  act  of  burning.  Browne. 

CRIJ-MO'NA,  n.  (Mus.)  A superior  kind  of  vio- 
lin ; — so  named  from  Cremona,  where  it  was 
made.  Brande. 

CRE  ’MOR,  n.  [L.,  cream.]  A soft  liquor  resem- 
bling cream.  “ Chyle,  or  cremoA”  Ray. 

CREM'O-^IN,  n.  See  Crimson.  Todd. 

CREM§,  n.  See  Krems. 

CRE'NATE,  a.  (Bot.)  Having  rounded 
notches  at  the  edges,  as  a leaf ; cren- 
elled.  Loudon. 

CRE'NAT-ED,  a.  [L.  crena,  a notch.] 

Notched;  indented.  Woodward. 

CREN'A-TURE,  n.  The  state  of  being  notched; 
a notching.  Loudon. 

CREN'pL-LATE,  v.  a.  [L.  crena , a notch ; Fr. 
creneler,  to  indent,  to  notch.]  To  form  with 
crenelles,  or  loop-holes,  as  a breastwork. 

Glos.  of  Mil.  Terms. 

CREN'IJL-LAT-ED,  p.  a. 

(Arch.)  Noting  a kind  of 
indented  moulding,  used 
in  Norman  buildings. 

Francis. 

CREN-EL-LA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  forming,  or 
the  state  of  having,  crenelles.  Britton. 

CR^-NELLE',  n.  A loop-hole  or  opening  in  par- 
apets, &c.,  for  archers  to  shoot  through.  Britton. 

CREN'JILLED  (kren'eld),  a.  (Bot.)  Having  round- 
ed notches  at  the  edges.  P.  Cyc. 

CRE'NIC,  a.  [Gr.  /c/n/i'b,  a well  or  spring.]  (Chem.) 
Noting  a brown  acid  discovered  by  Berzelius  in 
certain  mineral  waters.  Ogilvie. 

CREN'KLE,  n.  (Naut.)  Same  as  Cringle.  Crabb. 

CREN'IT-LATE,  a.  (Bot.)  Toothed  with  fine 
rounded  teeth.  Loudon. 

CREN'U-LAT-^D,  a.  Same  as  Crenulate.  Craig. 

CRE'OLE,  n.  [It.  creolo  ; Sp.  criollo  ; Fr.  creole.] 
A native  of  Spanish  America  or  the  West  In- 
dies, born  of  European  parents,  or  descended 
from  European  ancestors,  as  distinguished  from 
a resident  inhabitant  bom  in  Europe,  as  well  as 
from  the  offspring  of  mixed  blood,  as  the  mu- 
latto, born  of  a negro  mother,  and  the  mestizo, 
bom  of  an  Indian  mother.  P.  Cyc. 

“ The  Spanish  and  Portuguese  apply  the  term 
to  the  blacks  born  in  their  colonies,  never  to  whites.” 
Notes  Sf  Queries. 

p fg=-  “ The  word  creole  means  a native  of  a West 
India  colony,  whether  he  be  black,  white,  or  of  the 
colored  population.”  Carmichael. 

CR]j]-0'LI-AN,  a.  Belonging  to,  or  resembling, 
the  Creoles.  Ash. 

CRE'O-SOTE,  n.  [Gr.  rptos,  Kp{u> c,  flesh,  and  o6o>, 
or  to  save  ; aorfip,  a preserver  ; Fr.  creosote.] 
(Chem.)  A colorless,  oily,  transparent  fluid,  of 
bitter  taste,  obtained  from  tar  by  distillation. 
It  is  a very  powerful  antiseptic  ; — written  also 
creosote  and  kreosote.  Ure. 

CRE'PANCE,  n.  [L.  crepo,  crepans,  to  crack.] 
(Farriery.)  A chap  or  scratch  in  a horse’s  leg, 
given  by  the  shoe  of  a hind  foot  striking  the 
other  hind  foot,  and  often  changing  into  an 
ulcer.  Crabb. 

CRE'PANE,  n.  (Farriery.)  Crepance.  Far.  Diet. 

CREP'I-TATE,  v.  n.  [L.  crepito,  crepitatus  ; It. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  ROLE.  — 9, 


g,  soft;  £,  G,  5,  I,  hard;  § ns  z;  % as  gz. — THIS,  this. 


CREPITATION 


CRIBBLE 


336 


crcpitare  ; Fr.  crepiter.]  [i.  crepitated  ; pp. 
crepitating,  crepitated.]  To  make  a small, 
crackling  noise  ; to  crackle.  Cockeram. 

CREP-J-TA'TION,  n.  [Fr.  crepitation .] 

1.  A small,  crackling  noise.  Johnson. 

2.  (Surg.)  The  noise  made  by  the  friction  of 

fractured  bones  when  the  surgeon  moves  them 
in  certain  directions.  Dunglison. 

CREP 'I-  7’1/S,  n.  [L.  crcpo,  crepitus,  to  crack,  to 
rattle.] 

1.  (Med.)  A discharge  of  wind  from  the  bow- 
els ; a fart.  Dunglison. 

2.  The  crackling  noise  produced  by  pressing  a 
cellular  membrane  when  it  contains  air.  Braude. 

CRE'PON,  n.  [Fr.]  A stuff  made  of  wool,  of 
silk,  or  of  wool  and  silk,  resembling  crape.  TJre. 

CREPT,  i.  & p.  from  creep.  See  Creep. 

t CRE-PUS'CLE,  n.  Same  as  Crepusccle.  Ogilvie. 

CRE-PUS'CU-LAR,  a.  1.  Relating  to  twilight; 
glimmering,  [r.1  Month.  Rev. 

2.  ( Ornith . &.  Ent.)  Noting  birds  and  insects 
that  are  seen  on  the  wing  late  in  the  evening, 
and  before  sunrise.  “ Certain  birds  and  insects 
are  called  crepuscular.”  Baird. 

f CRE-PUS'CULE,  n.  [L.  crepusculum  ; creper, 
dusky;  It.  crepuscolo  ; Sp.  crcpusculo ; Fr . cre- 
puscule.\  Twilight ; crepusculum.  Bailey. 

f CRE-PUS'CU-LINE,  a.  Glimmering  ; crepus- 
cular. Sprat. 

f CRE-PUS'cy-LOUS,  a.  Glimmering.  Glanville. 

CRF.-PUS' CU-LUM,  n.  [L.]  (Astron.)  The  time 
from  the  first  dawn  of  morning  to  the  rising  of 
the  sun,  or  between  the  setting  of  the  sun  and 
the  last  remains  of  day  ; twilight.  Bouvier. 

CRES-CEAT'DO,  7i.  [It.]  (Mus.)  A direction  to 

the  performer  to  increase  the  volume  of  sound 
from  soft  to  loud,  marked  thus  [-=d]-  Brande. 

CRES'CENT,  n.  [L.  cresco,  crescens,  to  increase.] 

1.  The  moon  on  the  increase. 

My  power ’s  a crescent,  and  my  auguring  hope 

Says  it  will  come  to  the  full.  Shed:. 

The  word  is  applied  also  to  other  heavenly 
bodies  when  less  than  one  half  of  their  disk  is  visible. 

2.  The  figure  of  the  new  moon,  used  for  the 
symbol  of  Mahometanism  or  of  the  Turkish 
empire.  “ The  empire  of  the  Crescent.”  Brande. 

3.  (Her.)  A bearing  in  the  form  of  ahalf  moon. 

The  crescent  is  frequently  used  to  distinguish  the  coat 

armor  of  a second  brother  or  junior  family  from  that  of  the 
principal  branch.  Brande. 

4.  A name  applied  to  three  orders  of  knight- 
hood which  used  the  crescent  for  a symbol ; the 
first  instituted  by  Charles  I.,  king  of  Naples  and 
Sicily,  in  1268  ; the  second  by  Rene  of  Anjou,  in 
1448  ; and  the  third  by  the  sultan  Selim,  in  1801. 
The  last-mentioned  order  is  still  in  existence, 
and  is  remarkable  for  the  fact  that  none  but 
Christians  are  eligible  for  admission.  Brande. 

5.  ( Mus .)  A Turkish  instrument  with  bells 
or  jingles  ; — used  in  military  music.  Moore. 

CRES'CENT,  a.  [L.  tyesco,  crescens,  to  grow; 
It.  crescente  ; Sp.  creciente  ; Fr.  croissant .]  In- 
creasing ; growing  ; enlarging.  “ He  was  then 
of  a crescent  note.”  ’ , , Sfhak. 

Astarte,  queen  of  heaven,  with  crescent  horns.  Milton. 

CRES’CENT,  v.  a.  To  mark  or  adorn  with  a cres- 
cent, or  with  any  thing  in  the  form  of  a cres- 
cent. [r.] 

A dark  wood  crescents  more  than  half  the  lawn.  Seward. 

CRES'CENT- ED,  p.  a.  Adorned  with  a crescent. 

CRES'CENT— FORMED,  a.  Formed  like  a cres- 
cent ; crescent-shaped.  Scott. 

CRES'CENT— LIKE,  a.  Resembling  a crescent. 

CRES'CENT-SHAPED  (-Shapt),  a.  (Bot.)  Shaped 
like  a crescent ; lunate.  Craig. 

CRES'CIVE,  a.  Increasing  ; growing,  [r.]  Shale. 

CRESS,n.  [A.  S.  c.rerse ; Dut.  hers ; Ger.  kresse  ; 
It.  crescione  ; Fr.  cresson.  — Menage  derives  it 
from  L.  cresco,  to  grow.  — “ Perhaps  from  cres- 
co, it  being  a quick  grower.”  Johnson .]  (Bot.) 
The  name  given  to  various  plants,  with  acrid  or 
pungent  leaves.  Some  of  them  are  used  as  a 
salad,  and  others  are  employed  in  medicine. 
Common  cress  is  Lepidium  sativum  ; water- 
cress, Nasturtium  officinale  ; Belleisle  or  Nor- 


mandy cress,  Barbarea  prcccox ; Indian  cress, 
Tropatolum  majus.  P.  Cyc. 

CRES-SELLE',  7i.  [Fr.  crecelle .]  (Eccl.)  An  in- 
strument of  wood,  used  in  the  Romish  church, 
during  passion-week,  instead  of  bells.  Hook. 

CRES'SET,  n.  [Fr.  croisset,  dim.  of  croix,  a cross  ; 
— because  beacons  had  anciently  crosses  upon 
their  tops.  Johnson.  — “ Probably  Fr.  creuset,  a 
crucible  or  open  pot  which  always  contained 
the  light.”  Nares.  — Dut.  kaers,  a candle.] 

1.  A light  in  an  open  pot  or  pan,  set  upon  a 
beacon  or  a watch-tower,  or  carried  in  the  hand. 

A burning  cresset  was  showed  out  of  the  steeple.  Jfolinshed. 

Vigilance,  in  her  one  hand  a lamp,  or  cresset.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  A kitchen  utensil  for  setting  a pot  over 

the  fire.  [Local.]  Ogilvie. 

3.  (Coopering.)  An  iron  frame  used  by  coop- 
ers in  heating  barrels. 

CRES'SET— LIGHT,  71.  A large  light  or  lantern 
fixed  on  a pole.  Ash. 

CRESS'-ROCK-ET,  n.  (Bot.)  A Spanish  crucif- 
erous shrub  ; Vella  pscudocytisus.  Loudon. 

CREST,  7i.  [L.  crista-,  It.  crcsta  ; Sp.  crcston ; 

Fr.  crete.] 

1.  The  feathers  or  other  ornament  on  the  top 
of  a helmet ; — often  used  for  the  helmet  itself. 

His  valor,  shown  upon  our  crests  to-day. 

Hath  taught  us  how  to  cherish  such  high  deeds.  Shale. 

2.  The  comb  of  a cock  ; a tuft.  Milton. 

3.  Any  tuft,  or  ornament,  on  the  head,  as 
that  assigned  by  poets  to  serpents  : — the  top. 

Their  crests  dividej 

And,  towering  o’er  his  head,  in  triumph  ride.  Di'yden. 

4.  The  rising  part  of  a horse’s  neck. 

5.  Loftiness  of  mien  ; pride  ; spirit ; courage. 

When  horses  should  endure  the  bloody  spur, 

They  fall  their  crests.  Shak. 

6.  (Her.)  The  ornament  of  a helmet. 

The  horn ; 

It  was  a crest  ere  thou  was  born.  Shak. 

CREST,  V.  a.  [ i . CRESTED  ; pp.  CRESTING,  crest- 
ed.] 

1.  To  serve  as  a crest  for ; to  cover  like  a 
crest. 

Ilis  legs  bestrid  the  ocean;  his  reared  arm  crested  the 
world.  Shak. 

2.  To  mark  with  long  streaks,  like  the  plumes 
of  a helmet ; to  adorn  as  with  a plume  or  crest. 

Like  ns  the  shining  sky,  in  summer’s  night, 

Is  crested  all  with  lines  of  fiery  light.  Spenser. 

CREST'ED,  p.  a.  1.  Wearing  a crest,  plume,  tuft, 
or  comb.  “ Crested  helmets.”  Milton.  “ The 
crested  bird.”  Dryde7i. 

2.  (Bot.)  Applied  to  some  elevated 
appendage  terminating  a particular  or- 
gan ; cristate. 

A stamen  is  crested  when  the  filament  projects 
beyond  the  anther.  Loudon. 

CREST'ED— DIV'ER,  n.  (Ornith.)  A large  water- 
fowl  ; Podiceps  cristatus  ; — so  called  from  its 
having  a tuft  on  its  head.  — See  Podicipi- 
nje.  Booth. 

CREST'FAL-LEN  (krest'fid-ln),-  a. 

1.  Dejected ; dispirited  ; disheartened.  Shak. 

2.  (Man.)  Noting  the  condition  of  a horse 
when  the  crest  hangs  to  one  side.  London  Eticy. 

CREST'LESS,  a.  Having  no  crest;  not  dignified 
with  coat-armor  ; of  ignoble  birth.  Shak. 

CREST-MA-RtNE',  n.  Rock-samphire.  Maunder. 

CREST'— TILES,  n.  pi.  (Arch.)  Tiles  used  to 
cover  the  ridge  of  a roof,  upon  which  they  fit  in 
the  manner  of  a saddle.  Weale. 

CRES'WELL,  7i.  The  broad  edge  or  verge  of  the 
sole  of  a shoe.  Bailey. 

CRE-TA'CEOUS  (kre-ta'shus,  66),  a.  [L . crctacctis ; 
creta,  chalk  ; Fr.  cretace .]  Having  the  quali- 
ties of  chalk  ; abounding  with  chalk  ; chalky  ; 
as,  “ Cretaceous  substances.”  Grew. 

CRE-TA'CEOUS-LY,  ad.  In  a manner  like  chalk. 

CRE'TAN,  or  CRE'TIAN,  a.  (Geog.)  Belonging 
to  the  Island  of  Crete,  or  Candia.  Ash. 

CRE-TAT'ED,  a.  Rubbed  with  chalk,  [r.]  Bailey. 

CRETE,  n.  (Geog.)  A native  of  Crete  ; a Cretian. 

CRE'TIAN  (kre'sh?n),  7i.  (Geog.)  Anative  of  Crete. 

CRE'TIC,  a.  [Gr.  KpriTixis ; L.  creticus.)  (Pros.) 
Noting  a kind  of  foot  in  Greek  and  Latin  po- 
etry. Beck. 


CRE'TIC,  71.  (Pros.)  A foot  in  Greek  and  Latin 
poetry,  consisting  of  a short  syllable  between 
two  long  ones.  Bentley. 

CRE'TI-cI§M,  n.  Same  as  Cretism.  Craig. 

CRE^TIN,  7i.  [Fr.]  An  idiot  afflicted  with  the 

goitre,  often  found  in  the  Alpine  valleys,  in  the 
V alais.  Brande. 

CRE'TJN-I§M,  7i.  [Fr.  cretinisme.] 

1.  A species  of  idiocy  with  which  the  goitrous 
inhabitants  of  the  Alpine  valleys  are  afflicted. 

2.  The  goitre,  or  a wen  or  swelling  on  the 

throat.  Kidd. 

CRE  TI§M,  n.  [Gr.  xpijrurpdj  ; rpr/rtfa,  to  behave 
like  a Cretan,  i.  e.  to  lie.]  A Cretan  practice  ; 
a falsehood.  Smart. 

A CRE-TOSE',  a.  [L.  c7'etosus  ; creta,  chalk.] 
Chalky  ; containing  chalk.  Ash. 

CREUX  (kro),  7t.  [Fr.,  a hollow,  or  cavity.]  (Sculp.) 
The  reverse  of  relief. — To  engrave  en  creux  is 
to  cut  below  the  surface.  Crabb. 

CRE-VASSE' , n.  [Fr.]  A gap  ; an  opening;  a 
crevice  ; a ravine  ; a gulley  ; — applied,  es- 
pecially in  the  southern  and  western  portion  of 
the  U.  S.,  to  a breach  in  a levee  or  embankment 
of  a river.  Bartlett. 

CREV'ET,  7i.  A melting-pot  used  by  goldsmiths; 
a cruset.  Crabb. 

CREV'ICE  (krev'js),  7i.  [L.  crepo,  to  crack  ; Old 

Fr.  crevis ; Fr.  crevasse;  Sw.  krdfla;  Dan. 
/wefts.]  A fissure  ; a small  opening  ; a crack  ; 
a cleft ; a gap  ; a chink. 

I pried  me  through  the  crevice  of  a wall.  Shak. 

CREV'ICE,  v.  a.  To  crack  ; to  flaw,  [r.]  Wot  ton. 

CREV'IS,  7i.  [Fr . ecrevisse.]  Crayfish;  crawfish. 
[North  of  Eng.]  Smith. 

CREW  (kru),  n.  [A.  S.  cread,  or  cruth,  a crew.] 

1.  A company  of  persons  associated  for  any 
purpose,  — in  a good  sense,  [r.] 

Whose  only  word  commanded  all  the  crew 

Of  Homan  knights.  Gascoigne. 

There  a noble  creiv 

Of  lords  and  ladies  stood  on  every  side.  Spenser. 

2.  A company  of  persons,  — in  a bad  sense; 
a band  ; a gang  ; a set. 

He,  with  a creiv  whom  like  ambition  joins 

With  him,  or  under  him  to  tyrannize.  Milton. 

3.  (Naut.)  The  company  of  sailors  belonging 
to  a ship,  boat,  or  any  vessel. 

The  anchors  dropped,  his  crew  the  vessels  moor.  Drydcn. 

Syn.  — See  Band. 

CREW  (kru),  i.  from  crow.  — See  Crow. 

CREW'EL  (kru'el),  71.  [Dut.  klewcl.]  Yarn  or 
worsted  wound  on  a ball.  Walton. 

CREW'ET  (kru'et),  n.  See  Cruet. 

CRIB,  7i.  [A.  S.  cryb  ; Dut.  k7-ib  ; Ger.  krippe  ; 

Sw.  krubba  ; Dan.  krybbe.] 

1.  The  rack  or  manger  of  a stable. 

The  ox  knoweth  his  owner,  and  the  ass  his  master's  crib. 

Isa.  i.  3. 

2.  The  stall  of  an  ox,  cow,  or  calf.  Johnsoti. 

3.  A bin  : — case  or  box  in  salt  w’orks. 

4.  A small  habitation  ; a cottage. 

Why  rather,  Sleep,  liest  thou  in  smoky  cribs, 

Than  in  the  perfumed  chambers  of  the  grcai?  Shak. 

5.  A frame  for  a child’s  bed.  Clarke. 

6.  A cribble  or  sieve.  Swift. 

7.  A classic  with  a translation.  Clarke. 

CRIB,  V.  a.  [?.  CRIBBED  ; pp.  CRIBBING,  CRIBBED.] 

1.  To  put  in  a crib  ; to  enclose,  as  in  a crib  ; 
to  confine  ; to  cage. 

Now  I’m  cabined,  cribbed,  confined,  bound  in.  Shak. 

2.  To  steal  for  a petty  purpose.  Smart. 

CRIB,  v.  n.  To  be  confined,  as  in  a crib.  Sma7-t. 

CRIB'BAfjrE,  n.  A game  at  cards  in  which  the 
dealer  makes  up  a third  hand  for  himself,  partly 
from  the  hand  of  his  opponent.  Si7iart. 

CRIB'— BIT-ING,  71.  (Farriery.)  The  habit  which 
some  horses  have  of  biting  the  manger.  Brande. 

CRlB'BLE  (krlb'bl),  7i.  1.  [L.  cribellum,  dim.  of 

cribrum,  a sieve  ; It.  cribro,  crivello  ; Sp.  criba ; 
Fr.  crible .]  A coarse  sieve,  for  sifting  corn, 
sand,  or  gravel ; a riddle.  Bra7ide. 

2.  [Old  Fr.  c7-iblure .]  Coarse  meal.  Johnson. 

CRlB'BLE,  a.  Coarse ; as,  “ Cribble  bread.”  Iluloet. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  is,  Y,  l07ig  ; A,  E,  !,  6,  tl,  f,  short;  A,  E>  1.  9,  V.  Y»  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


CRIBBLE 


337 


CRINOIDEA 


CRIB'BLE,  V.  a.  [i.  CllIliRLED  ; pp.  crirbling, 
cribbled.]  To  sift  with  a cribble,  riddle,  or 
sieve.  Lyttletoti . 

f cri-BrA'TION,  n.  [L.  cribro,  cribratus,  to  sift.] 
(Pharmacy.)  The  act  of  sifting  drugs.  Bailey. 

CRIB'RI-FORM,  a.  [L.  cribrum,  a sieve,  and/or- 
ma,  form;  Fr . cribrifonne.]  (Anat.)  Having 
the  form  of  a sieve  ; — applied  to  the  plate  of 
the  ethmoid  bone,  through  which  the  fibres  of 
the  olfactory  nerve  pass  to  the  nose.  Dunglison. 

CItl-BROSE',  a.  ( Bot .)  Perforated  like  a sieve 
with  small  "apertures.  Loudon. 

CRIEH'TON-ITE,  n.  (Min.)  A variety  of  ilmenite, 
or  titanate  of  iron.  Dana. 

orIck,  n.  1.  [It.  cricchi.  — See  Creak.]  A 

creaking,  as  of  a door ; creak.  Johnson. 

2.  A rheumatic  affection,  or  cramp,  as  of  the 
neck.  Dunylison. 

CRICK'fT,  n.  1.  [Dut.  krekel.  — “ Certainly  from 
the  sound  it  utters.”  Richardson.  — Fr.  criquet.] 
A chirping  insect  of  the  genus  Grgllus,  some 
species  of  which  frequent  houses.  Harris. 

I heard  the  owl  scream  and  the  crickets  cry.  Shak. 

When  the  cricket  shrills,  he  raises  the  wing- 
covers  a little,  and  shullles  them  together  lengthwise, 
so  that  the  projecting  vanes  of  one  are  made  to  grate 
against  those  of  the  other.  Harris. 

2.  [A.  S.  cricc,  a staff.]  A game  played  with 
a bat  and  ball. 

3.  A low  seat  or  stool. 

CRICK'J5T-ER,  7i.  One  who  plays  at  cricket.  Perry. 

CRICK'lJT-lNG-AP'PLE,  n.  A small  species  of 
apple.  Johnson. 

CRlCK'ET— MATCH,  7i.  A match  at  cricket. 

CRl'COID,  a.  [Gr.  Kpiitos,  a ring,  and  (76os,  form.] 
(Anat.)  Annular  ; ring-shaped.  Braude. 

CRI'IJR,  71.  One  who  cries  or  proclaims,  as  he  who 
cries  goods  for  sale,  or  the  officer  who  makes 
proclamations  in  a court  of  justice. 

CRIME,  n.  [Gr.  spina,  a matter  for  judgment ; 
sot  vs),  to  separate,  to  judge  ; L.  crimen  ; cento, 
to  judge  ; It.  crimine  ; Sp.  crimen ; Fr.  crime.] 

1.  An  infraction  of  law,  but  particularly  of 
human  law,  and  so  distinguished  from  (not  op- 
posed to)  sin  ; an  offence  against  society  or 
against  morals,  as  far  as  they  are  amenable  to 
the  laws  ; a great  offence  ; a felony. 

A crime  or  misdemeanor  is  an  act  committed  or  omitted 
in  violation  of  a public  law.  Blackstone. 

Actions  contrary  to  the  precepts  of  religion  are  called  sins; 
actions  contrary  to  the  principles  of  morals  are  called  vices; 
and  actions  contrary  to  tne  laws  of  the  state  are  called  crimes. 

Maunder. 

2.  f The  cause  or  origin  of  a wrong  act. 

The  tree  of  life,  the  crime  of  our  first  father’s  fall.  Spenser. 

A capital  crime  is  one  for  which  the  penalty  is  death. 

Syn. — Crime  is  a violation  of  a human  law,  or 
the  law  of  a state;  sin  is  a violation  of  the  divine 
law,  or  the  precepts  of  religion  ; vice  is  opposite  to 
virtue,  and  is  an  offence  against  morality,  or  a viola- 
tion of  the  moral  law.  Crime  is  especially  the  object 
of  jurisprudence  ; vice , of  ethics  ; sin , of  theology. 

/A  felony  is  a capital  crime,  or  a heinous  offence  ; a 
misdemeanor  is  a minor  crime,  or  less  than  a crime. 
— See  Evil,  Offence. 

fCIUME'FUL,  a.  Full  of  crime  ; wicked.  Shak. 

t CRIME'LESS,  a.  Without  crime ; innocent.  Shak. 

CRIM'I-NAL,  a.  [L.  criminalis  ; It . criminalc  \ 
Sp.  criminal ; Fr.  criminel. ] 

1.  Contrary  to  law;  partaking  of  the  nature 
of  crime. 

Live  thou,  and  to  thv  mother  dead  attest 

That  clear  she  died  from  blemish  criminal.  Spenser. 

2.  Tainted  with  crime  ; guilty  of  a crime. 

The  neglect  of  any  of  the  relative  duties  renders  us  crim- 
inal in  the  sight  of  God.  Ilogers. 

3.  Relating  to  crime  ; not  civil ; as,  “ A crim- 
inal  prosecution  ” ; “ Criminal\a.vi .” Blackstone . 

Criminal  conversation,  (Law.)  adultery; — usually 
abbreviated  thus,  crim.  con. 

Syn. — Criminal  respects  the  character  of  the  of- 
fence ; guilty,  the  fact  of  committing  it.  The  degree 
of  criminality  of  a person  is  to  be  estimated  by  circum- 
stances ; his  guilt  requires  tb  be  proved  by  evidence. 
He  who  contradicts  another  abruptly  in  conversation, 
may  be  said  to  be  guilty  of  a breach  of  politeness,  but 
he  would  not  be  styled  criminal. 


CRIM'I-NAL,  7i.  A person  guilty  of  a crime  ; a 
malefactor ; a culprit ; a convict  ; a felon. 

The  same  severe  impositions  are  not  indifferently  to  be 
laid  upon  criminals.  Bp.  Taylor. 

Syn. — Criminal , culprit,  malefactor,  felon,  and  con- 
vict, are  all  terms  employed  to  denote  public  offenders. 
Criminal  is  a general  term,  and  comprises  all  the  oth- 
ers. Malefactor  is  one  who  has  committed  some 
crime  ; culprit,  a criminal  arraigned  at  the  bar ; felon, 
one  guilty  of  a capital  or  great  crime ; convict,  one 
under  the  sentence  of  law  for  a crime. 

CRIM-I-NAL'J-TY,  n.  [Low  L.  criniinalitas  ; It. 
criminalith ; Sp.  criminalidad ; Fr.  criminalite .] 
The  quality  of  being  criminal ; guiltiness ; 
guilt.  Coke. 

Syn.  — See  Criminal. 

CRlM'I-NAL-LY,  ad.  In  a criminal  manner. 

CRLM'I-NAL-NESS,  7i.  The  quality  of  being  crim- 
inal ; criminality  ; guiltiness.  Hammond. 

CRIM'I-NATE,  v.  a.  [L.  criminor,  criminatus ; 
It.  criminare .]  [*.  criminated  ; pp.  crimi- 

nating, criminated.]  To  charge  with  crime  ; 
to  accuse  ; to  impeach  ; to  reproach  ; to  censure. 

It  is  no  slight  authority  which  shall  persuade  us  to  crimi- 
nate with  the  charge  of  disloyalty  an  uncorrupt,  independent 
Parliament.  Burke. 

CRIM-I-NA'TION,  n.  [L.  crimination  It.  crimi- 
nazione ; Sp.  criminacion. ] The  act  of  crimi- 
nating ; accusation  ; charge  ; censure. 

If  provoked,  as  I trust  I never  shall  be,  into  crimination 
and  recrimination.  Daniel  Webster. 

CRIm'I-NA-TIVE,  a.  Charging  with  crime  ; cen- 
suring ; criminatory.  Brougham. 

CRIM'f-NA-TO-RY,  a.  Relating  to  crimination  ; 
accusing ; censorious.  Bailey. 

t CRl  M'l-NOUS,  a.  [L.  crimmosus.]  Wicked; 
guilty  ; criminal.  Bp.  Hall. 

f CrIm'J-NOUS-LY,  ad.  Wickedly.  Hammond. 

+•  CRIM'l-NOyS-NESS,  n.  Wickedness;  guilt. 
“The  criminousness  of  his  fault.”  Boyle. 

CRIM'O^IN  (krim'zn),  a.  [It.  cremismo.]  Crim- 
son. — See  Crimson.  Spenser. 

CRIMP,  a.  [A.  S.  acruma7i,  or  acrymma7i,  to 
crumble ; Dut.  kruimelen,  to  crumble ; Ger. 
kriimeln.] 

1.  Friable  ; brittle  ; easily  crumbled.  “ The 

crimp  earth.”  Philips. 

2.  Not  consistent.  [A  low  cant  word.]  Johnson. 

The  evidence  is  crimp ; the  witnesses  contradict  them- 
selves. Arbuthnot. 

CUlMP,  7i.  1.  A game  at  cards.  B.  J071S071. 

2.  One  who  decoys  others  into  military  ser- 
vice. [A  low  word.]  Johnso7t. 

3.  An  agent  for  coal-merchants,  and  for  per- 
sons concerned  in  shipping.  Buchanan. 

CRIMP,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  ge-cryinpt,  curled  ; Dut.  $ 
Ger.  krimpen,  to  crumple  ; Sw.  krympa ; Dan. 
krympe.]  [i.  crimped  ; pp.  crimping,  crimp- 
ed.] 

1.  To  curl  or  crisp,  as  the  hair.  Jolmso7i. 

2.  To  form  into  ridges  ; to  plait.  Smart. 

3.  To  decoy  for  the  army.  [Low.]  Smart. 

4.  (Cooker//.)  To  make  crisp  by  gashing,  as 

cod-fish.  Smart. 

CRIMP' A§1E,  7i.  The  act  of  crimping,  [r.]  Maimder. 

CRIMP'ING,  71.  The  act  of  one  who  crimps ; 
crimpage. 

CRIMP'ING— IR-ON,  n.  An  iron  for  curling  hair. 

CRIMP'ING— MA-<JHINE',  n.  A machine  for  form- 
ing a kind  of  plaiting  or  fluting  on  frills  or  ruf- 
fles. W.  Ency. 

CRIM'PLE  (-pi),  v.  a.  [Dim.  of  crimp.]  [i.  crim- 
PLED  ; pp.  CllIMPLING,  CRIMPI.ED.]  To  Cause 
to  shrink  or  contract ; to  corrugate. 

He  passed  the  cautery  through  them,  and  accordingly 
crimpled  them  up.  Wiseman. 

CRIM'SON  (krim'zn),  n.  [Ar.  ke7-7nes,  the  cochi- 
neal insect ; Low  L.  kermisinus  ; It.  cremisi ; 
Sp.  carmcsi ; Fr.  cra7>toisi. — Ger.  karmesm.] 
The  color  of  red  somewhat  darkened  with  blue. 
“ Crimson,  a very  deep  red  with  an  eye  of  blue.” 
Boyle.  “The  virgin  crimson  of  modesty.”  Shak. 

CRIMSON  (krim'zn),  a.  Red,  darkened  with  blue. 
“A  crimson  poppy  flower.”  Chapman.  “The 
c7'imson  web  of  war.”  Gray. 


CRIM'SON  (krim'zn),  v.  a.  To  dye  with  crimson. 
Shak.  “ The  crimso7ied  east.”  Thomson. 

CRlM'ijON,  v.  n.  To  be  tinged  with  red;  to  be- 
come of  a crimson  color  ; to  blush.  Smart. 

CRIM'SON— II UED,  a.  Of  the  hue  or  color  of 
crimson.  Clarke. 

CRIM'§ON— PET'ALLED,  a.  Having  petals  of  the 
color  of  crimson.  Ec.  Rev. 

CRIM'SON— WARM,  a.  Warm  to  redress.  Clarke. 

fCRI'NAL,  a.  [L.  crmalis,  from  ermis,  hair.] 
Belonging  to  the  hair.  RIount. 

CRi'NAT-pD,  a.  Having  long  hair  ; hairy  ; re- 
sembling hair.  P.  Cyc. 

CRI'NA-TO-RY,  a.  Made  of,  or  relating  to,  the 
hair.  Craig. 

CRIN'CUM  (krlngk'um),  n.  A cramp  ; a contrac- 
tion : — whimsical  notion.  “ Crincum  of  the 
mind.”  [Ludicrous.]  Jfudibras. 

CRl'N pL,  or  CRl'N^T,  71.  A very  fine,  hair-like 
feather.  Booth. 

CRIN(JE  (krlnj),  n.  A servile  bow;  mean  civility. 

With  sacrifice  of  knees,  of  crooks,  and  cringe.  B.  Jonson. 

CRINf/E  (krlnj),  v.7i.  [Ger.  kriechen  ; A.  S.  crymb- 
ing,  a bending.]  [i.  cringed  ; pp.  cringing, 
cringed.]  To  bend  in  submission,  servility, 
or  flattery;  to  bow  servilely  or  obsequiously; 
to  fawn. 

One  so  superstitiously  devout,  that  he  is  ready  to  cringe 
and  crouch  to  every  stock.  Bp.  Hall. 

CRINGE  (krlnj),  v.  a.  To  draw  together;  to  con- 
tract. [R.] 

Whip  him,  fellows. 

Till,  like  a boy,  you  sec  him  cringe  his  face.  Shak. 

CRlN^E'LING,  n.  One  who  cringes;  a mean, 
servile  flatterer.  Ogilvie. 

CRIN<?'IJR, n.  One  who  cringes;  a flatterer.  Todd. 

CRINGING,  p.  a.  Bowing  obsequiously;  fawning. 
“ The  cringing  knave.”  Swift. 

CRlNG'lNG-LY,  ad.  In  a cringing  manner. 

CRIN'GLE  (kvlng'gl,  82),  71.  [Dut.  krinkel,  a bend, 
a ring.]  (Naut.)  A short  piece  of  rope  having 
each  end  spliced  into  the  bolt-rope  of  a sail, 
and  confining  an  iron  ring  or  thimble.  Dana. 

CRIN-I-CULT'E-RAL,  a.  [L.  ermis,  hair,  and 
cultura,  cultivation.]  Relating  to  the  growth 
of  hair.  . Clarke. 

CRI-Nlp'pU-OUS,  a.  [L , crhiigcr,  long-haired; 
ermis,  hair,  and  gero,  to  bear.]  Hairy.  Baile7j. 

CRi'NlTE,  a.  [L . erinitus,  hairy;  crinis,  hair ; 

It.  $ Sp.  crinito .] 

1.  Having  the  appearance  of  hair  ; hairy. 

“ Crinite,  caudate  stars.”  Fairfax. 

2.  (Bot.)  Bearded  with  long  hairs.  drag. 

CRIN'KLE  (krlng'kl,  82),  v.n.  [Dut.  klinkclen. — 
The  dim.  of  cringe.  Richardson.]  [t.  crinkled  ; 
pp.  crinkling,  crinkled.]  To  go  in  and  out; 
to  run  in  flexures  ; to  wrinkle  ; to  curl. 

ller  legs  are  two  faint  ciKnkling  props.  Beaumont. 

CRIN'KLE  (krlng'kl),  v.  a.  1.  To  make  with 
many  flexures;  to  mould  into  inequalities. 

For  the  house  is  crinkled  to  and  fro.  # Chaucer. 

2.  To  cause  to  bend  under  a load.  Brockett. 

CRIN'KLE  (krlng'kl),  n.  A wrinkle  ; a sinuosity. 
“The  crinkles  in  this  glass.”  Search. 

CRIN'KLE H (krlnk'kld),  p.  a.  Formed  in  flexures ; 
wrinkled. 

CRINK'LING,  p.  a.  Running  in  flexures  ; wrin- 
kling. 

CRI'NO,  7i.  [L.  crinis,  hair;  It.  crine,  or  crino, 

hair.]  (Med.)  A cuticular  disease,  supposed  to 
arise  from  the  insinuation  of  a hair-worm  under 
the  skin  of  infants.  Brande. 

CRI'NOID,  ) a.  Belonging  to  the  crinoidea. 

cri-NoId'AL,  ) ' Miller. 

CRi-NOID  ’ F.- B,  71.  pi.  [Gr.  koIvov,  a lily,  and  1 7Aos, 
form.]  (Pal.  & /.oil.)  A family  of  nearly  ex- 
tinct animals  belonging  to  the  order  Echinoder- 
mata,  having  a radiated,  lily-shaped  disk  sup- 
ported on  a jointed  stem.  When  the  stem  is  cy- 
lindrical the  species  are  called  encrinites. Brande. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  <?,  $,  g,  soft ; £,  G,  £,  %,  hard;  S as  z ; 
43 


JC  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


CRINOIDEiE 


CROCK 


338 


CRl-NOID  'E-JE,  re.  pi.  See  Crinoidea.  Baird. 

CRi-NOlD'E-AN,  re.  One  of  the  Crinoidea.  Brande. 

CRIN'O-LINE,  71.  [F r.,from  crin,  horsehair,  and  lin, 
flax.]  An  expansive  stiff  skirt  worn  by  women, 
made  originally  of  hair  cloth  ; — now  applied  to 
a skirt  of  any  material,  stiffened  with  starch  or 
other  substance,  or  expanded  by  hoops.  Blunt. 

CRI-NOSE',  a.  [L.  crinis,  hair.]  Hairy  ; covered 
with  hair,  [r.]  Bailey. 

CRI-NOS'I-TY,  n.  Hairiness,  [r.]  Bailey. 

CRl'JTUM,  n.  ( Bot .)  A genus  of  plants,  the  bulb 
of  one  species  of  which  (Crinum  Asiaticum ) is 
used  in  the  East  Indies  as  an  emetic.  Baird. 

CRIP'LING,  n.  A short  spar  set  up  as  a support 
against  the  side  of  a house.  Britton. 

CRlP'PLE  (krlp'pl),  re.  [A.  S.  creopere,  a creeper, 
a cripple;  Dut.  kruiper\  Ger.  kriippel ; Sw. 
krympling ; Dan.  kriippel ; Gael,  crioplach  ; M. 
criggyl .]  A lame  person  ; one  who,  from  any 
cause,  has  not  the  full  use  of  his  limbs. 

See-the  blind  beggar  dance,  the  cripple  sing.  rope. 

CRlP'PLE,  a.  Lame,  [r.]  S/iak. 

CRIP  PLE,  V.  a.  [t.  CRIPPLED  ; CRIPPLING, 
crippled.]  To  lame  ; to  make  lame  ; — to  dis- 
able. “ Crippled  fingers.”  Dryden. 

f CRI P'FLE-NESS,  re.  Lameness.  Johnson. 

CRI  P'PLING,  re.  Same  as  Cripling.  Ogilvie. 

CRi'SIS,  re.;  pi.  crI'seij.  [Gr.  xaiVij ; Koivo,  to 
separate,  to  decide  ; L.  crisis ; It.  crise,  or  crisi ; 
Sp.  crisis  ; Fr.  crise. ] 

1.  The  time  when  any  thing  is  at  its  height ; 
a decisive  point  in  any  important  affair ; a criti- 
cal time;  a decisive  turn  ; a turning  point. 

This  hour ’s  the  very  crisis  of  your  fate.  Dryden. 

2.  (Med.)  That  point  in  a disease  in  which  it 
takes  a decisive  turn. 

Crimes,  properly  so  called,  do  very  seldom  happen  in  other 
than  fevers  and  the  like  acute  diseases.  Bogle. 

CRISP,  a.  [L.  crispus,  curled  or  wrinkled ; It. 
crespo,  wrinkled ; A.  S.  crisp,  curled,  frizzled.] 

1.  Curled;  frizzled.  “ Crisp  hair.”  Chaucer. 

Bulls  are  more  crisp  on  the  forehead  than  cows.  Bacon. 

2.  Turning  in  and  out;  winding.  “Leave 

your  crisp  channels.”  Shak. 

3.  Easily  broken  ; brittle  ; friable  ; crispy. 

If  the  cakes  at  tea  eat  short  and  crisp , they  Were  made  by 
Olivia.  Goldsmith. 

4.  Effervescing  or  sparkling,  as  liquors  ; brisk. 

Friar,  you  must  leave 

Your  neat,  crisp  claret,  and  fall  to  your  cider.  Beau.  5r  FI. 

CRISP,  v.  a.  [L.  crispo  ; It.  crespare ; Sp.  cres- 
par ; Fr.  creper.]  [i.  crisped;  ^.crisping, 

CRISPED.] 

1.  To  contract  into  knots  or  curls  ; to  twist ; 
to  curl ; to  make  wavy.  “ Crisped  tresses.” 
Drayton.  “ Crisped  books.”  MiUon. 

2.  To  make  crisp,  crispy,  or  brittle.  Clarke. 

CRISP,  v.  re.  To  curl.  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

CRIS’PAT-f.D,  a.  Rough  with  waving  lines.  Craig. 

f CRIS-PA'TION,  re.  The  act  of  curling,  or  the 
state  of  being  curled.  Bacon. 

CRIS'PA-TURE,  re.  The  state  of  being  curled.  Craig. 

CRISP' ER,  re.  That  which  crisps  or  curls  ; an  in- 
strument for  friezing  or  crisping  cloth.  Booth. 

CRIS'PIN,  re.  A name  sometimes  applied  to  shoe- 
makers, of  whom  St.  Crispin  was  the  reputed 
patron  saint.  Crabb. 

CRISP'ING— IR'ON  (-l'urn),  re.  A curling-iron  ; 
crisping-pin.  Beau.  Sf  FI. 

CRISP'ING— PIN,  re.  A curling-iron.  Isaiah  iii.  22. 

t CRIS-PI-SUL'CANT,  a.  [L.  crispisulcans  ; cris- 
pus, curled,  and  sulco,  sulcans,  to  furrow.] 
Waved  or  undulating,  as  lightning.  Bailey. 

CRISP'lTE,  re.  (Min.)  An  ore  of  titanium;  titanic 
acid ; rutile.  Dana. 

CRISP'LY,  ad.  In  a crisp  or  brittle  manner. 

CRISP'NySS,  re.  State  of  being  crisp  ; curledness. 

CRISP'Y,  a.  1.  Curled ; frizzled ; crisp.  Johnson. 

2.  Short  and  brittle  ; crisp.  Smart. 

CRlSS'— CROSS,  re.  1.  The  mark  made  in  the 


shape  of  a cross  as  the  signature  of  one  who 
cannot  write.  Brackett. 

2.  A game  played  on  slates  or  paper  by  chil- 
dren. Bartlett. 

CRISS-CROSS-ROW'  (krls-kros-ro'),  re.  [A  cor- 
ruption of  Christ-cross-row.']  The  alphabet  : — 
tHe  beginning.  — See  Christ-cross- row. 

She  is  not  come  to  the  criss-cross-row  of  her  perfection 
yet.  ISoutUeme. 

CRlS'TATE,  a.  [L.  cristatus-,  crista,  a crest.] 
(Bot.)  Having  an  elevated  appendage  resem- 
bling a crest ; crested.  — See  Crested.  Gray. 

CRl-TE'RI-ON,  re. ; pi.  CRITERIA,  rarely  CRITERI- 
ON'S. [Gr.  xpi Ti'iptoe ; /cpiVo),  to  judge  ; It.  § Sp.  cri- 
teria ; Fr.  criterium.]  A rule,  mark,  or  standard 
by  which  a judgment  or  estimate  can  be  formed  ; 
a test ; a measure. 

Our  knowledge,  therefore,  is  real  only  so  far  as  there  is  a 
conformity  between  our  ideas  and  the  reality  of  things.  But 
what  shall  be  the  criterion 'i  Locke. 

Criterion  is  now  used  chiefly  to  denote  the  character  which 
distinguishes  truth  from  falsity.  Fleminy. 

This  is  originally  a Greek  word,  and  the  Greek 
plural  criteria  is  most  commonly  used  ; but  criterions 
is  countenanced  by  some  grammarians,  as  Priestley, 
Grant,  Sec.,  and  by  some  authors,  as  Blackstone, 
Story,  &c. 

Criterion  was  so  little  felt  to  be  an  English 
word  in  the  time  of  Jeremy  Taylor,  that  he  writes  it 
Kpirfipioi /.”  Trench. 

Syn.—  Criterion  is  a rule  or  standard  by  which  a 
judgment  may  be  formed  ; standard  is  that  which  lias 
been  established  or  tried  by  a proper  test,  and  is  used 
in  the  ordinary  concerns  oflife.  A criterion  of  merit  or 
of  demerit,  of  right  and  wrong  ; a standard  of  weights 
and  measures  ; a standard  of  excellence,  of  eloquence. 
Judge  by  a criterion  ; compare  with  a standard  ; try 
by  a test. 

CRi-TE'RI-O-NAL,  a.  Relating  to,  or  having  the 
nature  of,  a criterion,  [r.]  Coleridge. 

CRItH'O-MAN-CY,  re.  [Gr.  epiOh,  barley,  and 
fiavriia,  divination.]  (Ant.)  Divination  by  ex- 
amining the  dough  or  matter  of  the  cakes 
offered  in  sacrifices,  and  the  meal  strewed  over 
the  victims  to  be  killed.  Craig. 

CRIT'IC,  a.  [Gr.  k(utik6;  ; L.  criticus  ; It.  § Sp. 
critico',  Fr.  critique. ] Relating  to  criticism; 
critical.  “ Critic  learning.”  Pope. 

CRIT'IC,  re.  [Gr.  Kpiructif ; koIvui,  to  discern,  to 
judge  ; L.  criticus  ; It.  critico  ; Fr.  critique .] 

1.  A judge  of  literary  merit,  or  of  merit  in 
the  fine  arts  generally;  a connoisseur. 

Now  learn  what  morals  critics  ought  to  show; 

For  ’t  is  but  half  a judge’s  task  to  know.  Pope. 

The  two  most  distinguished  critics  of  the  last  [eighteenth] 
century,  Bishop  Warbiirton  and  Dr.  Johnson.  J.  Galt. 

2.  One  apt  to  find  fault ; a censurer. 

I thought  he  would  have  played  the  ignorant  critic  with 
every  tiling.  B.  Jonson. 

3.  Critical  examination  ; critique.  Johnson. 

f CRIT'IC,  v.  n.  To  play  the  critic;  to  criticise. 

They  . . . comment,  critic , and  flourish  upon  them.  Temple. 

CRlT'I-CAL,  a.  1.  Capable  of  judging;  discern- 
ing; nicely  judicious.  “ The  judgment  of  more 
critical  ears.”  Chillingworth. 

2.  Exact ; accurate.  “ Poets  and  orators  . . . 

without  this  critical  knowledge.”  Burke. 

3.  Inclined  to  find  fault ; captious ; censorious. 

O gentle  lady,  do  not  put  me  to  it; 

For  I am  nothing,  if  not  critical.  Shak. 

4.  Pertaining  to,  or  containing,  criticism. 

Johnson’s  Lives  of  the  Poets  is  the  finest  critical  work  ex- 
tant, and  can  never  be  read  without  instruction  and  delight. 

Byron. 

5.  Relating  to  a crisis ; decisive.  “ In  so 

critical  a juncture.”  Swift. 

Our  circumstances  are  indeed  critical ; but  then  they  are 
the  critical  circumstances  of  a strong  and  mighty  nation. 

Burke. 

Critical  'philosophy , a name  sometimes  given  to  the 
metaphysical  system  of  Kant,  from  his  work  entitled 
Criticism  of  Parc  Reason. 

CRiT'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a critical  manner ; exactly. 

CRlT'!-CAL-N£SS,  re.  The  quality  of  being  criti- 
cal ; exactness ; accuracy ; nicety.  Johnson. 

CRIT-IC-AS'TIJR,  re.  An  inferior  critic.  Qre.  Rev. 

CRIT'I-CfS-A-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  criti- 
cised ; that  may  be  criticised.  Elphinston. 

CRlT'j-ClfjjE,  v.  a.  [It.  critic  ire ; Sp.  critical'.] 
[i.  CRITICISED  ; pp.  CRITICISING,  CRITICISED.]  | 


To  examine  carefully  with  reference  to  excel- 
lences and  defects  ; to  pass  judgment  upon. 

Nor  shall  I look  upon  it  as  any  breach  of  charity  to  criti- 
cise the  author,  so  long  as  I keep  clear  of  the  person.  Addison. 

lie- ' This  word  is  often  spelt  by  good  writers  criti- 
cize •,  but  more  commonly  criticise.  1 1 is  spelt  criticize 
in  the  dictionaries  of  Bailey,  Kersey,  Dyche,  Martin, 
Smart,  and  Clarke  ; and  criticise  in  almost  all  the 
other  English  dictionaries. 

CRIT'I-CilJE,  v.  re.  To  play  the  critic  ; to  judge  ; 
— especially  in  regard  to  the  faults  and  beau- 
ties of  any  work  of  literature  or  of  art. 

Cavil  you  may,  but  never  criticise.  Rope. 

CRIT'I-CI§-£R,  re.  One  who  criticises.  Blackwall. 

CR!t'!-CI§M,  re.  The  act,  or  the  art,  of  criticising 
or  judging;  critical  examination  or  observation, 
especially  as  applied  in  exhibiting  the  merits 
and  defects  of  a literary  production,  or  of  a work 
of  art ; remark  ; stricture  ; critique. 

Criticism , though  dignified  from  the  earliest  'ages  by  the 
labors  of  men  eminent  for  knowledge  and  sagacity,  has  not 
yet  attained  the  certainty  and  stability  of  science.  Johnson. 

Criticism,  with  some,  is  svnon3rmous  with  censure;  others 
have  a different  notion  or  the  word.  Criticism  properly 
means  an  impartial  judgment  of  a subject.  P.  Cyc. 

Syn.  — See  Animadversion. 

CRI-TIQ.UE'  (kre-tek'),  re.  [Fr.]  A critical  exam- 
ination ; critical  remarks  ; criticism  ; a review. 

This  critique  on  the  Hippolytus  will  let  the  reader  at  once 
into  the  true  character  of  Seneca,  which,  he  now  6ees,  is  that 
of  a mere  declamatory  moralist.  llurd. 

Syn.  — See  Review. 

f CRI-TiaUE'  (kre-tek'),  v.  a.  [Fr.  critiquer.]  To 
criticise.  Pope. 

CRIZ'ZEL-iNG,  re.  Same  as  Crizzle.  Clarke. 

CRIZ'ZLE,  or  CRIZ'ZEL  (krlz'zl),  re.  Roughness 
on  the  surface  of  glass,  rendering  it  dull.  Smart. 

CROAK  (krok),  V.  re.  [Gr.  npdit, w,  ; L.  crocio  ; 

It.  crocitare  ; Sp.  croajar;  Fr.  croasser.  — A.  S. 
cracettan  ; Dut.  kicaaken ; Ger.  krachzen.]  \i. 
CROAKED  ; pp.  CROAKING,  CROAKED.] 

X.  To  make  a hoarse,  low  noise,  like  a frog. 
And  querulous  frogs  in  muddy  pools  do  croak.  Maps  Virgil. 

2.  To  caw,  as  a raven  or  a crow. 

I would  croak  like  a raven.  Shak. 

3.  To  murmur;  to  complain.  Smart. 

CROAK,  re.  [Goth,  kruk  ; Old  Fr.  erotic.]  A cry 
or  sound  like  that  made  by  the  frog  or  the 
raven.  “ The  hoarse,  deep  croak  of  the  cor- 
vorant.”  Pennant. 

CROAK'yR,  re.  One  that  croaks  ; a murmurer. 

CROAK'ING,  re.  A low,  harsh  sound,  as  of  a frog. 

CROAK'ING,  p.  a.  Making  a hoarse  noise  : — 
murmuring. 

CRO'AT,  re.  (Gcog.)  A native  or  a soldier  of 

Croatia.  Bright. 

CROC'A-LlTE,  re.  [L.  crocus,  saffron,  and  Gr.  /.iOos, 
a stone.]  (Min.)  A variety  of  natrolite.  Dana. 

CRO'CEOUS  (kro'slius,  66),  a.  [L.  croceus  ; crocus, 
saffron.]  Consisting  of,  or  pertaining  to,  saf- 
fron ; like  saffron,  [r.]  Bailey. 

CRO'CHy§,  re.  pi.  Little  buds  or  knobs  about  the 
tips  of  a deer’s  horn.  Craig. 

CROCHET  (kro'sha),  re.  [Fr.,  a hook.]  A species 
of  knitting  performed  by  means  of  a small  hook, 
the  material  being  fancy  worsted,  cotton,  or 
silk.  Ogilvie. 

CROCHET  (kro-sha'),  v.  it.  To  practise  the  kind  of 
knitting  called  crochet. 

fCRO'CI-A-RY  (kro'she-a-re,  661,  re.  [See  Cro- 
sier.] The  person  whio  carries  the  crosier  before 
the  archbishop.  Ash. 

CRO-CID'O-LITE,  re.  [Gr.  Kpoicis,  a piece  or  knot 
of  wool,  and  Udos,  a stone.]  (Min.)  Blue  iron- 
stone, or  blue  asbestos;  — so  named  from  its 
wool-like,  fibrous  structure.  Dana. 

f CRoy-I-TA'TION,  re.  [L.  crocitatio .]  The  croak- 
ing of  frogs  or  of  ravens.  Bailey. 

CROCK,  re.  [A.  S.  crocca,  a pot,  a pitcher;  Frs. 
kroek ; Dut.  kruik  ; Dan.  krukke.] 

1.  f A cup  or  other  vessel  made  of  earth. 

Like  foolish  flies  about  a honey  crock.  Spenser. 

2.  A low  seat ; a stool. 

I seated  her  upon  a little  crock  at  my  left  hand.  Taller. 

3.  The  black  or  soot  on  a pot  or  kettle.  Bay. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short ; A,  p,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  IIEIR,  HER; 


CROCK 


339 


CROSIERED 


UR6CK,  v.  a.  [i.  crocked;  pp.  crocking, 
crocked.]  To  defile  or  blacken  with  soot;  to 
blacken  ; to  soil.  [Local,  Eng.  & U.  S.]  Forby. 


CROCK'IJR-Y,  n.  [A.  S.  crocca,  a pot,  a pitcher; 
W.  crocan,  a pot.]  Vessels  made  of  clay  and 
dried  by  heat ; earthen  ware.  Johnson. 


CROCK'JET,  n.  [Fr.  crochet .] 

1.  (Arch.)  An  ornament 

placed  at  the  angles  of 
pediments,  canopies,  pin- 
nacles, &c.,  resembling 
buds  of  trees,  or  bunches 
of  foliage.  Francis. 

2.  A large  roll  of  hair 
formerly  worn.  Halliwell. 


CROCK'Y,  a.  Blackened  or  defiled  with  crock; 
smutty.  [Local.]  Forby. 

CROC'O-DlLE,  or  CROC'O-DILE  (18)  [krok'o-dll, 
Ja.  K.  Sm.  C.  XV b. ; krok'q-dll,  S.  IK.  P.  •/.  E. 
F.],  n.  [Gr.  KOOKoStikos  ; ko6ko$,  the  crocus,  dei).6s, 
fearful,  — because  it  dislikes  crocus  or  saffron. 
Vossius.  Fuller. — “Herodotus  says  the  name 
was  first  imposed  by  the  Ionians,  from  their 
resemblance  to  lizards,  so  named  by  them.” 
Richardson.  — L.  crocodilus ; It.  coccodrillo ; Sp. 
cocodrilo;  Fr  .crocodile.] 

1.  ( Zoul .)  An  amphibious,  voracious  animal 

of  the  lizard  kind ; the  largest  of  the  saurian 
reptiles.  Some  crocodiles  attain  the  length  of 
thirty  feet,  especially  those  of  the  Nile.  — See 
Alligator.  Baird. 

Ambiguous  between  sea  and  land. 

The  river-horse,  the  scaly  crocodile.  Milton. 

USp  Crocodiles,  properly  so  called,  are  natives  of  both 
the  Old  and  the  New  World,  and  like  the  rest  of  the 
Lacertce,  are  oviparous  ; they  deposit  their  eggs  in  the 
sand  or  mud  near  or  on  the  banks  of  the  rivers  they  fre- 
quent, and  theyoung,  when  hatched,  immediately  pro- 
ceed to  the  water.  The  egg  of  the  common  or  Nilotic 
crocodile  is  not  much  larger  than  that  of  a goose,  and  is 
covered  with  a hard,  calcareous  shell.  The  upper  jaw 
of  the  crocodile  is  generally  said,  hut  erroneously,  to  be 
movable.  This  mistake  arises  from  the  fact  that  the 
lower  jaw  is  much  produced  posteriorly,  and  articu- 
lated with  the  upper  very  far  back.  Baird. 

2.  (Logic.)  A sophistical  argument.  Ogilvie. 

Crocodile  tears,  false  or  affected  tears  ; a term  de- 
rived from  the  fabulous  story  that  crocodiles  shed  tears 
over  those  whom  they  devour. 

CROC-O-DIL'5-AN,  a.  Relating  to,  or  resembling, 
the  crocodile.  Buckland. 


CROC-O-DlL'JJ-AN,  n.  A crocodile  ; one  of  the 
crocadilean  family.  Buckland. 

CROC-O-DIl'I-TY,  n.  [Gr.  xpomhW.of,  a fallacy 
of  the  sophists.]  (Logic.)  A captious  or  sophis- 
tical mode  of  arguing.  Ogilvie. 

CRO'CO-NATE,  n.  (Chem.)  A salt  formed  by  a 
union  of  croconic  acid  with  a base.  Ogilvie. 

CRO-CON'IC,  a.  [Gr.  epdeos,  the  crocus.]  (Chem.) 
Noting  an  acid  resulting  from  the  action  of  po- 
tassium on  carbonic  oxide  ; — so  named  from 
its  yellow  color.  Brande. 

CRO-CROIS'ITE,  n.  (Min.)  A chromate  of  lead  ; 
red  lead-ore.  Dana. 


CRO'CUS,  n. ; pi.  L .cro'ci;  Eng.  cRo'cys-E§. 
[Gr  . kookos  ; L.  crocus .] 

1.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  beautiful  plants  distin- 
guished for  early  flowering  in  spring.  Saffron 
is  obtained  from  one  of  the  species. 

Fair-handed  Spring  unbosoms  every  grace, 

Throws  out  the  snowdrop  and  the  crocus  first.  Thomson. 

2.  (Chem.)  A name  applied  to  any  mineral 
powder  of  a deep  yellow  or  a red  color.  Craig. 

CROFT,  n.  [A.  S.  croft.]  A small  field  adjoining 
a dwelling-house  and  kitchen-garden  ; — some- 
times applied  also  to  any  small  tract  of  land. 
Tending  my  flocks  hard  by  in  the  hilly  crofts 
That  brow  this  bottom  glade.  Milton. 

•f  CROI-SADE\  n.  [Fr .croisade\  croixj  a cross.] 
A crusade.  — See  Crusade.  Fuller. 


f CRoi-SA'DO,  n.  Crusade. — See  CRuSADE.Baeon. 

CROl'.SF.g,  n.  pi.  [Old  Fr.  crois,  a cross.]  Pil- 
grims or  soldiers  who  carry  a cross ; crusaders. 
“ The  conquests  of  the  croises.”  Burke. 

CROIS'SANTE,  n.  [Fr.  croissant , a crescent.] 
{Her.)  A term  for  a cross,  the  ends  of  which  are 
formed  like  a crescent,  or  half-moon.  Ogilvie. 


CROK'ER,n.  A large  water-fowl  found  in  the  Ches- 
apeake and  the  large  rivers  of  Virginia.  Ogilvie. 

CRO'MA,  n.  [It.,  from  Gr.  ^pupa.]  (Mus.)  A 
quaver  ; a musical  character.  Hamilton. 

CROME,  n.  A provincial  term  for  an  implement 
with  crooked  or  hooked  prongs  ; — written  also 
croom.  Farm.  Ency. 

CROM'LpCH  (krom'lek),  n.  [W.  cromlec  ; crom, 
crooked,  and  llec,  a fiat  stone.]  A series  of 
huge,  broad,  flat  stones,  placed  on  other  stones 
set  on  end  ; — found  in  Wales,  in  Devonshire, 
and  Cornwall,  as  well  as  in  Scotland  and  Ire- 
land and  some  continental  countries,  and  sup- 
posed to  have  been  Druidical  altars.  Rowland. 

CRO-MOR'NA,  n.  The  name  of  a reed  stop  in  the 
organ.  Clarke. 

CRO'NAjEH,  n.  See  Coranach.  Ogilvie. 

CRONE,  n.  [Scotch  croyn,  crone,  or  croon,  a groan  ; 
— applied  to  the  hollow  murmuring  sound  with 
which  old  witches  uttered  their  incantations  ; 
also  to  the  incantation  itself,  and  hence,  proba- 
bly, to  the  witch.  Jamieson.  Richardson .] 

1.  A contemptuous  term  for  an  old  woman. 
“This  cursed  crone.”  Chaucer.  “That  crooked 
crone.”  Gascoigne. 

2.  An  old  ewe. 

Fresh  herrings  plenty  Michael  brings, 

“With  fatted  crones , and  such  old  things.  Tus$er. 

CRO'NlJL.w.  The  iron  end  of  a tilting  spear.  Ash. 

CRO'NJJT,  n.  [Probably  contracted  from  coronet .] 
(Farriery.)  The  hair  over  the  top  of  a horse’s 
hoof.  Johnson. 

CRON'STJJD-ITE,  n.  (Min.)  A mineral  contain- 
ing silex  and  iron.  Dana. 

CRO'NY,  n.  [See  Crone.]  A bosom  companion  ; 
an  intimate  friend  or  associate.  [A  colloquial 
and  cant  word.]  Bailey. 

To  oblige  your  crony  Swift, 

Bring  our  dame  a new-year’s  gift.  Swift. 

jg^This  was  formerly  the  same  word  as  crone. 

Marry  not  an  old  crony  or  a fool  for  money.  Burton. 

f CRON'Y-CAL,  a.  Acronycal.  — See  Acronycal. 

CROO'DLE,  v.  n.  To  cower,  stoop,  or  hover  over; 
to  lie  close  and  snug  ; to  cuddle.  [Local.]  Forby. 

||  CROOK  (kruk,  51)  [kruk,  P.  J.  F.  Sm.  Wb.  Nares ; 
look,  S.  W.  E.  Ja.  K.  C.],  n. 

1.  [Sw.  krok\  kroka,  to  curve,  to  bend;  Dan. 

krog ; Celt.  crok\  Rus.  kriok .]  Any  crooked  or 
bent  instrument,  as  a shepherd’s  hook,  or 
a bishop’s  crosier.  “ The  bishop  with  his 
crook.”  Chaucer. 

I sing  the  man  who  Judah’s  sceptre  bore 

In  that  right  hand  which  held  the  crook  before.  Cowley. 

2.  Any  thing  bent ; a bend  ; flexure  ; curva- 
ture. 

Through  lanes,  and  crooks , and  darkness  most  we  passed. 

PhaeVs  Virgil. 

3.  An  artifice  ; a trick  ; device. 

For  all  your  brags,  hooks,  and  crooks , you  have  such  a fall 
as  you  shall  never  he  able  to  stand  upright  again  in  this  mat- 
ter. Abp.  Cranmer  to  Bp.  Gardiner. 

4.  [L.  crux,  a cross.]  A gibbet.  Spenser. 

Syn.  — See  Staff. 

||  CROOK  (kruk),  v.  a.  [Sw.  kroka  ; Fr.  crocher.] 
[*•  CROOKED  ; pp.  CROOKING,  CROOKED.] 

1.  To  make  crooked;  to  bend;  to  curve. 

No!  let  the  candied  tongue  lick  absurd  pomp 

And  crook  the  pregnant  hinges  of  the  knee.  Sheik. 

2.  To  cause  to  deviate  from  rectitude;  to 
turn  from  the  right  course  ; to  pervert. 

Whatsoever  affairs  pass  such  a man’s  hands,  he  crooketh 
them  to  his  own  ends.  Bacon. 

||  CROOK  (kruk),  v.  n.  To  be  bent;  to  turn. 
“ Their  shoes  crooking  upwards.”  Camden. 

||  CROOK'— BACK  (kruk'b&k),  n.  A man  with  a 
crooked  back.  Shah. 

||  CROOK'— BACKED  (kruk'bSkt),  a.  Having  a 
crooked  back ; bent-shouldered.  Dryden. 

||  CROOK'^D  (kruk'ed),  a.  1.  Bent;  not  straight; 
winding ; oblique.  “ Crooked  lanes.”  Thomson. 

2.  Without  rectitude  ; untoward  ; perverse. 

They  are  a perverse  and  crooked  generation.  Deut.  xxxii.  5. 

||  CROOK 'J^D-LY  (krflk'ed-le),  ad.  In  a crooked 
manner. 


II  CROOK' 5 D- NESS  (kruk'ed-nes),  n.  1.  The  state 
of  being  crooked  or  curved;  curvity ; inflection. 

2.  Deformity;  distortion.  “Any  crookedness 

or  spot  in  their  sacrifice.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

3.  Depravity ; perverseness. 

My  will  hath  been  used  to  crookedness  and  peevish  mo- 
rosity.  Bp.  Taylor. 

||  CROOK'IJD-PAT'JJD,  a.  Having  a crook  in  the 
head.  Shak. 


HfCROOK'EN  (kruk'kn),  v.  a.  To  crook.  Homilies. 

||  CROOK'— KNEED  (kruk'ned),  a.  Having  crooked 
knees.  Shak. 

II  CROOK'— SHOUL-DIjl RED  (kruk'shol-derd),  a. 
Having  bent  shoulders.  South. 

CROOM,  n.  An  implement  with  crooked  prongs ; 
— also  written  crome.  [Local.]  Farm.  Ency. 

CROON,  v.  n.  [L.  grunio.  — A.  S.  runian  ; Belg. 
kreunen .]  To  roar.  [Local,  Eng.]  Holloway. 

CROP , n.  1.  [A.  S.  crop,  the  top,  an  ear  of  corn.] 
The  highest  part  or  end  of  any  thing,  as  the 
head  of  a tree,  or  the  ear  of  corn  ; summit ; top. 
'•‘Crop  and  root.”  Chaucer. 

2.  That  which  is  gathered  as  fruit ; the  harvest. 

What  crop  did  rise  upon  so  rash-sown  seed.  Gascoigne. 

Laboring  the  soil,  and  reaping  plenteous  crop.  Milton. 

3.  [See  Crop,  v.  a.]  Any  thing  cut  off. 

Guiltless  of  steel,  and  from  the  razor  free, 

It  falls  a plenteous  crop  reserved  for  thee.  Dryden. 

CROP,  n.  [A.  S.  crop-,  Dut.  krop ; Ger.  kropf; 
Icel.  krof. .]  The  first  stomach  or  craw  of  a bird. 

It  [the  food]  is  immediately  swallowed  into  the  crop  or 
craw.  Bay. 

CROP,  v.  a.  [Dut.  krappen,  to  cut  off.  Skinner.] 
\i.  cropped;  pp.  cropping,  cropped  — some- 
times cropt.  Cowper.] 

1.  To  cut  off,  as  the  ends  of  anything  ; to  lop. 

I will  crop  off  from  the  top  of  his  young  twigs  a tender 
one.  . Ezck.  xvii.  22. 

Pleased  to  the  last,  he  crops  the  flowery  food. 

And  licks  the  hand  just  raised  to  shed'his  blood.  Tope. 

2.  To  gather,  as  fruit;  to  pluck. 

O fruit  divine! 

Sweet  of  thyself,  but  much  more  sweet  thus  cropped.  Milton. 

3.  To  provide  with  seed,  aj  land,  for  a future 

crop  ; to  plant ; to  sow.  A.  'Smith. 

f CROP,  v.  n.  To  yield  a harvest.  Shak. 

To  crop  out,  (Min.  & Grol.)  to  rise  above  the  sur- 
face of  the  ground,  as  a stratum  of  coal,  &c.,  or  a 
series  of  strata.  Brande. 


CROP'— EAR,  n.  A horse  with  cropped  ears.  Shak. 

CROP'— EARED  (krop'erd),  a.  Having  the  ears 
cropped.  B.  Jonson. 

CROP'FUL,  a.  Satiated  ; with  a full  belly.  Milton. 

CROP'OUT,  n.  (Min.  & Geol.)  A term  used  by 
miners  for  the  rising  up  at  the  surface  of  the 
ground  of  one  or  more  strata.  Brande. 

CROPPED  (kropt),  p.  a.  Cut  oft’  at  the  ends  ; 
lopped ; reaped. 

CROP'PER,  n.  A pigeon  with  a large  crop.  Walton. 

CROP'PING,  n.  The  act  of  gathering  crops  : — a 
cutting  off.  Seager. 

CROP'— StCK,  a.  Sick  from  repletion.  Tate. 

CROP'— SICK-N£SS,  n.  The  state  of  being  sick 
from  repletion.  Whitlock. 

CRO'QUAJVT  (kro'kint),  n.  [Fr.  eroquer,  cro- 
quant,  to  crackle  between  the  teeth.]  A kind 
of  paste  or  cake.  Merle. 


CRORE,  n.  Ten  millions.  [East  Indies.]  Hamilton. 

CRO'.SIER  (kro'zher),  n.  [Fr. 
crosse  ; croix,  a cross.] 

1.  (ZJtW.)  A gilded  staff,  sur- 
mounted by  a cross,  borne 
before  an  archbishop  : — the 
name  also  applied  to  the  staff, 
crooked  at  top,  carried  before 
a bishop  ; a pastoral  staff' ; a shepherd’s  crook. 

Fair  holt. 

2.  (Astron.)  The  figure  of  a cross  made  by 

four  stars  in  the  southern  hemisphere  ; the 
Southern  Cross.  Loudon  Ency. 

Syn.  — See  Staff. 


CRO'SH?RED  (kro'zherd),  a.  Having  or  bearing  a 
crosier.  P.  Cyc. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MdVE,  NOR,  SON; 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  £,  ?,  g,  soft ; £,  G,  £,  |,  hard ; § as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


CROSLET 


340  CROSS-QUESTIONING 


1.  [Old  Fr.  croisselet.\ 


A small 
'Spenser. 
A crucible.  Chaucer. 


CROS'L^T,  n. 

2.  [Old  Fr.  croisueil .] 

||  CROSS  (krSs  or  kraus,  21) 

[kros,  S.  IV.  P.  F.  Ja.  K. 

Sm. ; kraus,  J.  IV b.  Nares] , 
n.  [L.  crux,  crucis  ; It. 
croce ; Sp.  cntz ; Fr.  croix.  PL. 

— A.  S. cilice;  Dut.  kruis ; 

Gcr.  kreuz-;  Sw.  Sj  Dan.  JL 
kors  ; W.  croes. ] “ 

1.  A gibbet  made  of  two 
pieces  of  wood  placed  athwart  each  other,  either 
in  the  form  of  the  letter  T or  of  the  letter  X ; 
the  instrument  by  which  the  Saviour  suffered. 

He  took  his  death  upon  the  cross.  Qoivtr. 

2.  The  ensign  of  the  Christian  religion. 

And  on  his  breast  a bloody  cross  he  bore. 

The  dear  remembrance  of  his  dying  Lord.  Spenser. 

3.  The  Christian  religion,  in  allusion  to  the 
mode  in  which  its  founder  suffered  death. 


The  preaching  of  the  cross  is  to  them  that  perish  foolish- 
ness. 1 Cor.  i.  18. 

4.  Trial  of  patience  ; misfortune  ; vexation. 

Then  let  us  teach  our  trial  patience, 

Because  it  is  a customary  cross.  Shak. 

A great  estate  hath  great  crosses , and  a mean  fortune  hath 
but  small  ones.  Bp.  Taylor. 

5.  The  figure  made  by  drawing  one  line 
through  another  ; as,  “ The  cross  used  as  a sig- 
nature by  those  who  cannot  write.” 

6.  A piece  of  coin  marked  with  a cross.  “ He 

had  not  a cross  to  pay  them.”  Howell. 

7.  Church  lands  in  Ireland. 


Church  lands  lying  within  the  same  [counties],  which  were 
called  the  cross.  Buries. 

8.  An  intermixture  of  different  races  in  breed- 
ing. Naturalist. 

9.  (Arch.)  A building  in  the  form  of  a cross  : 

— a monument,  originally  of  a religious  char- 
acter, still  seen  in  many  market-squares  and 
other  places  in  England.  Crabb. 

10.  ( Surveying .)  An  instrument  for  laying  off 
off  sets  perpendicular  to  the  main  course.  Davies. 

Cross  and  pile,  a play  with  money,  in  which,  a coin 
being  thrown  up, it  is  a matter  of  chance  whether  the 
side  bearing  the  cross  fall  uppermost  or  the  other. 
“ Cross.  I win,  and  pile , you  lose.”  — See  Pile.  Swift. 

To  take  up,  or  bear,  the  cross,  to  submit  to  trials  or 
afflictions. 


||  CROSS,  a.  1.  Falling  or  lying  athwart;  inter- 
secting; transverse ; oblique. 

In  direct  lines,  or  in  the  intersection  of  cross  ones.  Bentley. 

2.  Contradictory  ; opposite  ; contrary. 

It  runs  cross  to  the  belief  of  the  rest  of  mankind.  Atlcrbury. 

3.  Perverse  ; untractable  ; unmanageable. 

The  cross  circumstances  of  a man’s  temper.  South. 

4.  Unsuccessful ; adverse  ; unfortunate. 

I cannot,  without  some  regret,  behold  the  cross  issue  of  my 
design.  G/anville. 

5.  Peevish  ; fretful  ; ill-tempered  ; captious. 
“ A cross  answer.”  Taylor.  “ All  cross  hu- 
mors.” Tillotson. 

6.  Interchanged. 

Cross  marriages  between  the  king’s  son  and  the  archduke’s 
daughter,  and  again  between  the  archduke’s  son  and  the 
king’s  daughter.  Bacon. 

Syn.  — See  Captious. 

||  CROSS,  prep.  1.  Athwart ; transversely ; across. 

The  enemy  had  cut  down  great  trees  cross  the  ways.  Knolles. 

2.  From  side  to  side  ; over. 

I charge  thee,  waft  me  safely  cross  the  channel.  Shak. 

||  cross,  v.  a.  [i.  crossed  ; pp.  crossing, 

CROSSED.] 

1.  To  pass  across,  or  to  cause  to  pass  or  lie 
athwart ; as,  “To  cross  a track.” 

To  cross  the  cudgels  to  the  laws.  Iludihras. 

2.  To  mark  with  a cross  or  with  crosses. 

I shall  carefully  observe  not  to  cross  over  or  deface  the 
copy  of  your  papers  for  the  future.  Pope. 

3.  To  cancel.  “To  cross  an  article.”  Johnson. 

4.  To  pass  over  ; as,  “ To  cross  the  ocean.” 

5.  To  thwart  ; to  embarrass  ; to  interfere 
with  ; to  obstruct ; to  hinder. 

But  Jove’s  will  ever  all  iaw  overcomes; 

No  other  god  can  cross  or  make  it  void.  Chapman. 

6.  To  contradict ; to  oppose  ; to  injure. 

In  all  this  there  is  not  a syllable  which  any  ways  crossrth 
us*  Hooker. 

7.  To  breed  by  union  of  different  races. 

||  CROSS,  v.  n.  1.  To  lie  or  pass  athwart.  Johnson. 


2.  To  be  inconsistent ; to  disagree. 

Men’s  actions  do  not  always  cross  with  reason.  Sidney. 

||  CROSS'— ARMED  (-arind),  a.  1.  Having  the  arms 
folded  across.  Donne. 

2.  ( Bot .)  Having  branches  opposite  to  each 
other,  and  nearly  perpendicular  to  the  main 
stem ; brachiate.  Maunder. 

||  CROSS'— AR-ROW,  n.  An  arrow  of  a crossbow. 
“ Shot  in  the  head  with  a cross-arrow." Beau.^  FI. 

||  CROSS'BAR,  n.  A transverse  bar ; abarofiron 
bent  at  each  end,  used  as  a lever  to  turn  the 
shank  of  an  anchor.  IVeale.  Dana. 

||  CROSS'BARRED  (-biinl),  a.  Secured  by  trans- 
verse bars.  Milton. 

II  CROSS'BAR— SHOT',  n.  A bullet  with  an  iron 
bar  passing  through  it ; — used  for  cutting  the 
rigging  of  an  enemy’s  ship,  for  demolishing  pal- 
isades, &c.  London  Ency. 

||  CROSS'—  BEAM,  n.  (Arch.)  A large  beam  pass- 
ing from  wall  to  wall,  and  serving  to  hold  the 
sides  of  a house  together.  Crabb. 

II  CROSS' BeAr-ER,  n.  (Eccl.)  In  the  Romish 
Church,  the  chaplain  of  an  archbishop  or  primate 
who  bears  a cross  before  him  on  solemn  occa- 
sions : — an  officer  in  the  inquisition  who  makes 
a vow  before  the  inquisitors  or  their  vicars  to 
defend  the  Catholic  faith,  though  with  loss  of 
fortune  and  life.  London  Ency. 

||  CROSS'— BILL,  n.  1.  (Law A A bill  brought  by  a 
defendant  against  the  plaintiff.  Burrill. 

2.  (Ornith.)  A bird 
of  the  family  Fringilli- 
dee  and  sub-family  Lox  - 
ianee ; — so  named  from 
the  form  of  its  bill. — 

See  Loxianje.  Gray. 

||  CROSS'— BILLED(-bild), 
a.  (Ornith.)  Noting 
birds  which  have  the 
parts  of  the  bill  cross- 
ing each  other  ; having  a cross-bill.  Pennant. 

||  CROSS'— BIRTH,  n.  (Obstetrics.)  Labor  impeded 
by  the  presentation  of  the  foetus  in  an  unnatu- 
ral position.  Ogilvie. 

||  CROSS'BITE,  n.  A deception  ; a cheat.  “ With- 
out . . . dreaming  of  a crossbite."  [r.]  L’ Estrange. 

||  CROSS'BITE,  v.  a.  To  contravene  by  deception  ; 
to  swindle  ; to  cheat ; to  defraud,  [r.]  Collier. 

||  CROSS'-BOW,  n. 

A weapon  for 
shooting  arrows, 
formed  by  pla- 
cing a bow  athwart  a stock.  Carew. 

||  CROSS'— BOW-yR,  n.  A shooter  with  a cross- 
bow. “ The  cross-bowers  of  Genoa.”  Raleigh. 

||  CROSS'— BOW-MAN,  n.  One  who  uses  a cross- 
bow; a cross-bower.  Todd. 

||  CROSS'— BREED,  n.  • The  offspring  of  parents 
of  two  different  breeds  ; — generally  applied  to 
animals.  Brande. 

||  CROSS'— BREED-TNG,  n.  The  system  of  breeding 
animals,  as  horses,  dogs,  &e.,  from  individuals 
of  two  different  offsprings  or  varieties.  Ogilvie. 

||  CROSS'— BUN,  n.  A cake  marked  with  a cross  ; 
— called  also  Good-Friday  bun.  Todd. 

II  CROSS'-CHOCKS,  ii.  pi.  (Naut.)  Pieces  of  tim- 
ber fayed  across  the  dead-wood  amidships,  to 
make  good  the  deficiency  of  the  heels  of  the 
lower  futtocks.  Dana. 

||  CROSS'— COURSE,  n.  A transverse  course. 

II  CROSS-CUT',  V.  a.  (i.  CROSSCUT  ; pp.  CROSS- 
CUTTING, crosscut.]  To  cut  across.  “ Cross- 
cutting the  rise  of  this  limestone  hill.”  Robinson. 

||  CROSS'CUT— sA.W',  n.  A large  saw,  managed 
by  two  persons,  for  sawing  crosswise  large  logs 
or  timber.  Ross. 

||  CROSS'— dAy^,  n.  pi.  The  three  days  preceding 
the  feast  of  Ascension.  Ilalliwell. 

CROS-SETTE',  n.  [Fr.]  (Arch.)  1.  A truss  or 
console  on  the  flank  or  return  of  an  architrave 
of  a door,  window,  &c.  Francis. 


2.  The  small  projecting  piece  in  archstones 
which  hang  upon  the  adjacent  stones.  Brande. 

||  CROSS— p J[-AM-I-NA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  cross- 
examining  ; the  examination  of  a witness  by 
the  party  opposed  to  that  by  whom  the  witness 
has  been  called. 

||  CROSS— EiJC-AM'INE  (kros-egz-am'jn),  v.a.  (Law.) 
To  examine  or  question  a witness  of  the  oppo- 
site party  ; to  cross-question.  Spectator. 

||  CROSS— lJ^-AM'l-NpR,  n.  One  who  cross-ex- 
amines. Gent.  Mag. 

||  CROSS'— EYE  (kros'l),  n.  That  sort  of  squint  by 
which  both  eyes  turn  towards  the  nose,  so  that 
the  rays  of  light,  in  passing  to  the  eyes,  cross 
each  other.  Forby. 

||  CROSS'— EYED  (kros'ld),  a.  Having  cross-eyes, 
or  eyes  turned  towards  the  nose.  Colton. 

||  CROSS'— FIRE,  n.  (Mil.)  A term  used  to  denote 
that  the  lines  of  fire  from  two  or  more  parts 
of  a work  cross  one  another.  Ogilvie. 

||  CROSS'— FLOOK-ANS,  n.  pi.  (Mining.)  Veins 
of  stony  matter  running  north  and  south;  — a 
term  used  by  the  miners  of  Cornwall.  Brande. 

||  CROSS-FLOW',  v.  n.  To  flow  in  a contrary  di- 
rection. Crossflowing  course.”  Milton. 

II  CROSS'-FUR-ROW,  n.  (Agric.)  A furrow  or 
trench,  cut  across  other  furrows,  to  intercept 
the  water  which  runs  along  them,  in  order  to 
convey  it  to  the  margin  of  the  field.  Brande. 

II  CROSS'— GAR-NJJT,  ll.  A sort  of  hinge.  Crabb. 

||  CROSS'— GAR-T£RED,  a.  Furnished  with  cross- 
garters. Shak. 

II  CROSS'— GRAINED  (kroa'grand),  a.  1.  Having 
the  fibres  crossed  or  irregular  ; as,  “ Cross- 
grained  wood.”  Moxon. 

2.  Perverse  ; untractable  ; ill-tempered. 

The  spirit  of  contradiction  in  a cross-grained  woman  is 
incurable.  L'  Estrange. 

||  CROSS'— HEAD,  n.  A crossbar  fixed  centrally  on 
the  top  of  a piston-rod  of  a steam-engine.  IVeale. 

||CROSS'lNG,  n.  1.  Act  of  crossing  or  passing 
over  ; as,  “ The  crossing  of  the  Atlantic.” 

2.  Intersection  ; as,  “ The  crossing  of  threads 
in  weaving.” 

3.  Act  of  making  the  sign  of  the  cross.  “Your 
magical  exorcisms  . . . your  crossings.’’  Bp.  Hall. 

4.  Path  across  ; as,  “ The  crossings  of  streets.” 

5.  (Railroads.)  The  arrangement  of  rails  to 

form. a communication  from  one  track  to  an- 
other. Ogilvie. 

II  CROSS'-JACIC  (kro'jak),  a.  (Naut.)  Noting  the 
lower  yard  of  the  mizzen-mast.  Dana. 

II  CROSS'-LEGGED  (kros'legd),  a.  Having  the 
legs  crossed.  “ They  sit  cross-legged  as  tai- 
lors.” Sir  T.  Herbert. 

||  CROSS'LpT,  n.  (Her.)  A little  cross.  Maunder. 

||  CROSS'— LIKE,  a.  Having  the  form  of  a cross. 

||  CROSS'LY,  ad.  In  a cross  manner  ; athwart. 

||  CROSS'NF.SS,  n.  1.  Intersection.  Johnson. 

2.  Perverseness  ; peevishness.  “A  crossness 
or  aptness  to  oppose.”  Bacon. 

||  CROSS 'PATCH,  n.  An  ill-tempered  or  peevish 
person.  [Low.]  Clarke. 

||  CROSS'PAWL^,  n. pi.  (Ship-building.)  Pieces  of 
timber  that  keep  a vessel  together  while  in  her 
frames.  Dana. 

||  CROSS'— PIECE,  n.  (Naut.)  A piece  of  timber 
connecting  two  bitts.  Dana. 

||  CROSS'— PUR-POSE,  n.  1.  A kind  of  enigmati- 
cal game ; a sort  of  riddle ; the  proposal  of  a 
difficulty  to  be  solved  ; an  enigma. 

The  preceding  sport  was  probably  the  diversion  of  the  age, 
and  of  the  same  stamp  with  our  modern  cross-purposes. 

Wh  alley. 

2.  That  which  apparently  involves  a contra- 
diction ; inconsistency. 

To  allow  benefit  of  clergy,  and  to  restrain  the  press,  seems 
to  have  something  of  cross-purpose  in  it.  Shaftesbury. 

II  CROSS-aUES'TION,  v.  a.  To  cross-examine. 

II  CROSS— ClUES'TION-lNG,  n.  The  act  of  one 
who  cross-examines. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  1,  6,  U,  Y,  short; 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL; 


HEIR,  HER; 


CROSS-READING 


341 


CROW-KEEPER 


II  CROSS'-READ-ING,  n.  The  act  of  reading  a 
page  of  a newspaper,  &c.,  across  the  lines 
which  divide  it  into  columns,  thus  confounding 
the  sense.  Boswell. 

||  CROSS'— ROAD,  n.  A road  which  crosses  the 
country,  or  which  crosses  other  roads.  Guthrie. 

||  CROSS'— ROW  (kros'ro),  n.  The  alphabet ; — 
probably  so  called  from  the  cross  formerly  placed 
at  the  beginning ; — called  also  christ-cross-row, 
and  criss-cross-roio. 

He  hearkens  after  prophecies  and  dreams, 

And  from  the  cross-row  plucks  tho  letter  G.  Shak. 

||  CROSS'— SILL,  n.  A block  of  stone  or  of  wood 
laid  in  broken  stone  filling  to  support  a sleeper 
or  a number  of  sleepers.  Tanner. 

II  CROSS'-SPRING-ER,  71.  {Arch.)  The  rib  in 
groined  arches  which  extends  diagonally  from 
one  pier  to  another.  YVeale. 

||  CROSS'-STAfF,  n.  ( Naut .)  An  instrument 
formerly  used  to  take  the  meridian  altitude  of 
the  sun  or  the  stars.  Harris. 

||  CROSS'— STONE,  n.  {Min.)  A stone  so  called 
from  the  intersection  of  its  crystals ; stauro- 
lite.  Dana. 

||  CROSS'-TIE,  n.  A sleeper  on  a railroad.  Tanner. 

II  CROSS'-TIN-ING,  n.  (Agric.)  A mode  of  har- 
rowing crosswise.  Clarke. 

II  CROSS'-TREE§,  n.  pi.  {Naut.)  Pieces  of  oak, 
supported  by  the  cheeks  and  trestle-trees,  at 
the  mast-heads,  to  sustain  the  tops  on  the  lower 
mast,  and  to  spread  the  topgallant  shrouds  at 
the  topmast  head.  Dana. 

II  CROSS'-VAULT-ING,  n.  {Arch.)  The  vaulting 
formed  by  the  intersection  of  two  or  more  sim- 
ple vaults.  YVeale. 

||  CROSS'— WAY,  n.  A path  intersecting  the  chief 
road,  or  the  place  where  one  road  intersects  an- 
other. Shak. 

||  CROSS'— WIND,  n.  A wind  blowing  across  a 
course ; a wind  blowing  from  the  right  or  the 
left.  Boyle. 

||  CROSS' WltjE,  ad.  Across  ; in  the  form  of  a cross. 

II  CROSS 'WORT  (-wUrt),  n.  {Bot.)  1.  A plant  of 
the  genus  Valantia ; Valantia  cruciata.  Loudon. 

2.  A genus  of  small,  herbaceous  plants  ; Cru- 

cianetta.  Loudon. 

3.  A plant  of  the  genus  Galium  ; Galium 

cruciatum.  Eng.  Ency. 

CROT ' J1-L.O,  n.  [Gr.  tcpdralou.]  {Mus.)  A Turk- 
ish musical  instrument.  Brande. 

CROT1 A-LUM,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  Kn6ra?.o v,  a rat- 
tle.] {Mus.)  An  ancient  kind  of  castanet  used 
by  the  Corybantes,  or  priests  of  Cybele.  Brande. 

CROT' A-LtjS,  n.  [Gr.  room). or,  a rattle  ; L.  crot- 
alutn .]  (Zoiil.)  A genus  of  poisonous  ser- 
pents ; the  rattlesnake.  Brande. 

CROTCH,  n.  [Fr.  croc,  crochet,  a hook.]  The  angle 
formed  by  the  parting  of  two  legs  or  branches  ; 
a fork,  as  of  a tree. 

Save  elm,  ash,  and  crab-tree  for  cart  and  for  plough; 

Save  step  for  a stile  of  the  crotch  and  the  bough.  Tusser. 

CROTCH'gD,  a.  1.  Having  a crotch  ; forked. 
“ A crotched  brook.”  Holinshed. 

2.  Cross  ; peevish.  [Local,  Eng.]  Forby. 

CROTCII'ET,  n.  [Fr.  crochet,  dim.  of  croc,  a hook.] 

1.  (ilfes.)  A note  equal  to  _Q |r-| — >_ 

half  a minim  or  a fourth  of  a 7C~jYa — | — |H~Jt 
semibreve,  as  each  of  the 

notes  in  the  cut.  Moore. 

2.  {Arch.)  A piece  of  wood  fitted  into  an- 
other, to  support  a building. 

The  crotchets  of  their  cot  in  columns  rise.  Dryden. 

3.  (Gram.)  pi.  Marks  or  hooks  [thus]  in 
which  words  or  phrases,  or  an  explanation  or 
correction,  are  included  ; — called  also  brackets. 

4.  (Med.)  A curved  instrument  for  extracting 

the  fetus. . Dunglison. 

5.  A whim  or  perverse  conceit ; an  odd  or  ex- 
travagant fancy. 

But  airy  whims  and  crotchets  lead 

To  certain  loss  and  ne’er  succeed.  Wilkie. 

t CROTCII'ET,  v.  n.  To  play  in  a measured  time. 

The  nimblest  crotcheting  musician.  Donne. 


CROTCH'JJT-ED,  p.  a.  Having  musical  notation. 

Morsels  of  Scripture  warbled,  quavered,  and  crotchcted. 

Harmar. 

CROTCH'ET-Y,  a.  Full  of  conceits;  fanciful; 
whimsical ; odd.  Ch.  Ob. 

CRO'TON,  n.  [Gr.  Kportliv,  a tick  ; also  the  Palma- 
Christi , or  thorn  bearing  the  castor-berry,  which 
resembles  a tick;  L.  croton,  the  castor-oil  plant.] 
(Bot.)  A genus  of  euphorbiaceous  plants,  of 
several  species.  One  of  tirem,  Croton  tiglium, 
a native  of  the  East  Indies,  yields  the  powerful 
drug  croton-oil ; another,  Croton  eleuteria,  fur- 
nishes the  cascarilla  bark  of  commerce.  Loudon. 

CRO'TON- ATE,  n.  (Chem.)  A salt  formed  by 
the  union  of  crotonic  acid  with  a base.  Craig. 

CRO-TON'IC,  a.  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  ob- 
tained from  croton-oil.  • Craig. 

CRO'TON— OIL,  n.  (Med.)  A vegetable  oil  ex- 
pressed from  the  seeds  of  the  Croton  tiglium. 
It  is  a most  powerful  drastic  cathartic,  and  is 
applied  externally  as  a rubefacient.  Dunglison. 

CR  6 T-  O-  PHA-  or  'NJE,  n. 
pi.  [Gr.  Kpdros,  a noise 
made  by  striking,  and 
tpdyw,  to  eat.]  ( Ornith .) 

A sub-family  of  birds  of 
the  order  Scansores  and 
family  Cuculidce ; anis. 

Gray. 

CROUCH,  v.  n.  [Fr.  crochu, 

crooked,  or  Ger.  kau-  Crotophaga  major. 
chen,  to  crouch.  Skinner.  — Ger.  kriechen,  to 
creep.  — Probably  from  crook,  by  the  common 
change  of  k into  ch.  Richardson .]  \i. 

CROUCHED  ; pp.  CROUCHING,  CROUCHED.] 

1.  To  stoop  low ; to  lie  down  ; to  lie  close  to  the 
ground.  “ Lions  crouching  at  her  feet.”  Tatler. 

2.  To  bend  servilely  ; to  fawn  ; to  cringe. 

He  will  not  creep  nor  crcruch  with  feigned  face. 

But  walks  upright  with  comely,  steadfast  pace.  Spenser. 

■f  CROUCH,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  cruce,  the  cross.  — See 
Cross.]  To  make  the  sign  of  the  cross  upon  ; 
to  bless.  Chaucer. 

f CROUCH'— BACK,  n.  One  who  wears  a cross  on 
his  back.  Fuller. 

f CROUCH'ED,  a.  Signed  with  the  cross.  Ash. 

CROUCFI'ED-FRI'AR,  n.  ( Eccl .)  One  of  an  or- 
der of  friars,  so  called  from  the  cross  which 
they  wore ; — called  also  crossed-friar.  Fuller. 

CROUCII'ING,  p.  a.  Stooping;  servilely  bending. 

CROUD,  n.  See  Crowd.  Todd. 

CROUP  (krop),  n.  [It.  groppa-,  Sp . gntpa  •,  Fr. 
croupe. ] The  hindmost  part  or  rump  of  certain 
animals  ; — especially  the  buttocks  of  a horse. 

This  carter  thwacked  his  horse  upon  the  croup.  Chaucer. 

CROUP,  7i.  [M.  Goth,  hropjan,  to  cry  out;  A.  S. 

hreopan—  Fr.  croup.)  (Med.)  A disease  which 
mostly  attacks  young  children,  affecting  the 
throat ; an  inflammation  of  the  larynx  and 
trachea,  which  gives  risq  to  a secretion  that  is 
apt  to  concrete  as  soon  as  formed,  thus  produ- 
cing a false  membrane.  It  is  attended  with  a 
difficulty  of  breathing,  and  a peculiar,  ringing 
cough.  Dunglison. 

CRoC-pAde'  (kru-pad'),  n.  [Fr.]  (Man.)  A leap 
in  which  the  horse  pulls  up  his  hind  legs  close 
to  the  belly.  Maunder. 

CROUP'ER,  n.  See  Crupper.  Buchanan. 

CROU'PI-ER  [kro'pe-er,  Sm. ; kro-pgr',  A’.],  n.  [Fr., 
a partner .] 

1.  He  who  watches  the  cards  and  collects  the 

money  at  a gaming-table.  Clarke. 

2.  A vice-president,  or  one  who  sits  at  the 
lower  end  of  the  table  as  assistant  chairman  at 
banquets.  [Scotland.] 

Sir  James  Mackintosh  presided;  Cranstoun  was  croupier. 

Lord  Cockl/urn. 

CROUT,  n.  [Ger.  kraut,  cabbage.]  Cabbage 
chopped  fine  and  pickled; — written  also  krout, 
and  sour-crout.  Maunder. 

CROW  (kro),  v.  n.  [A.  S.  crawan  ; Dut.  krayen ; 
Ger.  kriihen.)  \i.  crew  or  crowed  ; pp.  crow- 
ing, crowed.] 

1.  To  make  the  noise  of  a cock. 

But  even  then  the  morning  cock  crew  loud.  Shak. 

Shrill  crows  the  cock,  the  dogs  give  dismal  yell.  Mickle. 


2.  To  boast;  to  vaunt;  to  exult;  to  vapor; 
to  bluster  ; to  swagger. 

Vaunting  Sennacherib  crowing  over  poor  Jerusalem. 

Jip.  Hull. 

CROW  (kro),  n.  [Goth,  kruk ; A.  S .crate;  Hut. 
kraal ; Ger.  kreihe  : — all  formed  from  the  sound 
made  by  the  bird.  Richardson .] 

1.  (Ornith.)  A large,  black,  carnivorous  bird, 
that  makes  a croaking  noise  ; a bird  of  the 
family  Corvid a?  and  sub-family  Corvinee.  Cray. 

2.  The  noise  which  a cock  makes.  Johnson. 

3.  A bar  of  iron,  furnished  ordinarily  with 
claws  at  one  end,  used  as  a lever ; a crow-bar. 

Get  me  an  iron  crow,  and  bring  it  straight.  Shak. 

4.  The  mesentery  of  a beast ; — a term  used 

by  butchers.  Ogilvie. 

To  pluck  a crow,  or  to  pull  a crow,  to  contend  about 
trifles.  L'Estrange.  Hudibrus. 

CROW'— BAR,  7i.  A strong  iron  bar  sharpened 
at  one  end,  used  as  a lever ; a crow. 

CROW'— BER-RY,  n.  (Bot.)  1.  An  evergreen  un- 
der-shrub ; Enipetrum.  Loudon. 

2.  The  fruit  or  berry  of  the  Empetrutti ; crake- 
berry.  Booth. 

CROWD,  n.  1.  [A.  S.  cread , or  ci'utli. \ A multi- 
tude confusedly  pressed  together  ; a concourse  ; 
a swarm  ; a throng. 

Showing  himself  not  only  to  a few  disciples,  but  to  great 
crowds  of  them,  five  hundred  at  a time.  Sharp. 

2.  The  populace  ; the  vulgar ; the  rabble. 

He  went  not  with  the  crowd  to  see  a shrine, 

* But  fed  us  by  the  way  with  food  divine.  Dryden. 

3.  A promiscuous  medley. 

In  the  Icarian  Sea.  dashing  and  breaking  among  its  crowd 
of  islands.  Tope. 

4.  [W.  cncth.)  f A fiddle;  a violin.  Burton. 

Syn.  — See  Multitude. 

CROWD,  v.  a.  \i.  crowded  ; pp.  CROWDING, 
CROWDED.] 

1.  To  fill  with  a confused  multitude,  or  with 

many  things  ; to  encumber.  Drayton. 

A mind,  which  is  ever  crowding  its  memory  with  things 
which  it  learns,  may  cramp  the  invention  itself.  Watts. 

2.  To  press  close  together;  to  compress. 

Many  of  them  [ideas]  seem  to  be  crowded  into  an  instant. 

Locke. 

3.  To  throng  about ; to  press  upon. 

Why  will  vain  courtiers  toil, 

And  crowd  a vainer  monarch  for  a smile  ? Granville. 

4.  To  press  for  payment,  as  a debtor ; to  pur- 
sue with  solicitation  ; to  dun.  [Colloquial.] 

To  crowd  sail,  (Naut.)  to  make  all  possible  speed 
by  spreading  wide  ail  the  sails. 

CROWD,  v.  7i.  1.  To  flock  together;  to  swarm; 

to  he  numerous.  “ We  shall  find  instances  of 
folly  crowd  in  upon  us.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

2.  To  make  a way  among  a multitude. 

A mighty  man,  had  not  some  canning  sin 

Amidst  so  many  virtues  crowded  in.  Cowleg. 

3.  [See  Crowd,  n.,  No.  4.]  f To  fiddle. 

“Fiddlers,  crowd  on.”  Massinger. 

CROWD'ED,  p.  a.  Pressed  together  : — filled  with 
a multitude. 

CRoWd'ER,  n.  1.  One  who  crowds. 

2.  f One  who  plays  on  the  crowd  ; a fiddler. 

Chevy-chase  sung  by  a blind  crowder.  Sidney. 

CROW'DY,  n.  Food  made  of  meal  and  water, 
sometimes  mixed  with  milk,  or  food  made  of 
bread  boiled  in  milk  ; — a general  term  in  Scot- 
land for  food  of  the  porridge  kind.  Brockctt. 

CROW'FLoW-ER,  7i.  A kind  of  campion.  Shak. 

CROW'FOOT  (kro'fut),  n.  1.  (Bot.)  A plant  of 
several  species  ; Ranunculus ; — written  also 
crow’s-foot.  Loudon. 

2.  (MU.)  An  iron  instrument,  with  spikes, 
to  wound  horses’  feet,  and  so  made  that  when  it 
is  thrown  on  the  ground  one  of  the  spikes  will 
necessarily  stand  upwards;  a caltrop.  Mil.  Diet. 

3.  (Naut.)  A complication  of  small  cords 

spreading  out  from  a long  block,  and  used  for 
suspending  the  awnings  or  steadying  the  top- 
sails. Maunder. 

CROW'— KEEP-ER,  71.  1.  A person  employed  to 

drive  crows  from  the  fields.  Fares. 

Practise  thy  quiver  and  turn  crow-keeper.  Drayton. 

2.  A stuffed  figure  to  frighten  crows  ; a scare- 
crow. Nares. 

Scaring  the  ladies  like  a crow-keeper.  Shak. 


M?EN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  S6N  ; BULL,  BUR,  RpLE.  — 9,  9,  g,  soft;  C,  fi,  c,  g,  hard;  1}  as  z;  ^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


CROW-MILL 


342 


CRUDENESS 


CROW'— MILL,  n.  A trap  to  catch  crows.  Booth. 

CROWN,  n.  [Gr.  Kopwvrj,  the  tip  ; L., 

It.,  $ Sp.,  corona,  a crown;  Fr.  cou- 
ronne.  — Dut.  kroon ; Ger.  § Dan. 
krone ; Sw.  krona.  — W.  coron.~\ 

1.  An  ornamental  badge  worn 
on  the  head  of  an  emperor,  king, 
or  other  sovereign  ; the  emblem 
of  royalty  or  of  sovereignty. 

Uneasy  lies  the  head  that  wears  a crown.  Shak. 

2.  Regal  power;  sovereignty;  royalty. 

If  ministers  thus  persevere  in  misadvising  the  king,  I will 
not  say  that  they  can  alienate  the  affections  of  his  subjects 
from  the  crown,  but  I affirm  they  will  make  the  crown  not 
worth  his  wearing.  Chatham. 

3.  A circular  ornament  of  metal,  leaves  or 

flowers,  denoting  superiority  or  distinction,  worn 
on  the  head  ; a coronet ; a coronal ; a garland  ; 
a chaplet.  “ Triumphal  crowns  . . . made  with 
laurel  or  bay-leaves.”  W.  Smith. 

4.  Honorary  distinction  ; reward ; recom- 
pense ; honor ; dignity. 

They  do  it  to  obtain  a corruptible  crown , but  we  an  incor- 
ruptible. 1 Cor.  ix.  25. 

5.  The  top  of  the  head. 

Behold!  if  fortune  or  a mistress  frowns. 

Some  plunge  in  business,  others  shave  their  crotvns.  Tope. 

6.  The  top  of  any  thing,  as  of  51  mountain  ; 
a summit.  “ The  crown  of  the  cliff.”  Shak. 

7.  The  cylindrical  part  of  a hat:  — also  the 

top  of  a hat.  P.  Cyc.  Urc. 

8.  An  English  silver  coin  of  the  value  of  five 
shillings  sterling  (about  $1.21),  anciently 
stamped  with  the  figure  of  a crown  : — a term 
applied  also  to  several  coins  of  other  nations. 

9.  Completion  ; accomplishment.  Johnson. 

10.  {Arch.)  The  uppermost  member  of  a cor- 
nice ; — called  also  corona  and  larmier  : — the 
upper  member  of  an  arch,  a wall,  &c.  Francis. 

11.  {Naut.)  The  part  of  an  anchor  where  the 

arms  are  joined  to  the  shank.  Dana. 

12.  {Eccl.)  A little  circle  on  the  top  of  the 

head,  from  which  the  hair  has  been  shaved ; the 
clerical  tonsure,  — a distinguishing  mark  of  the 
Roman  Catholic  clergy.  London  Ency. 

13.  {Bot.)  An  appendage  at  the  top  of  the 

claw  of  some  petals  ; corona.  Gray. 

14.  (Jewellery.)  The  upper  work  of  a rose-dia- 
mond which  centres  in  a point  at  top.  Crabb. 

15.  ( Geom .)  A plane  ring  comprehended  be- 
tween two  concentric  perimeters.  Rees. 

Crown  of  a cable,  (Naut.)  the  bights  formed  by  the 
several  turns.  Mar.  Diet. — Pleas  of  the  crown,  (Eng. 
Law.)  criminal  actions.  Bouvier. 

CROWN,  v.  a.  [i.  CROWNED  ; pp.  CROWNING, 
CROWNED.] 

1.  To  invest  with  a crown. 

Her  who  fairest  does  appear, 

Crown  her  queen  of  all  the  year.  Dryden. 

2.  To  cover  or  deck,  as  with  a crown. 

And  peaceful  olives  crowned  his  hoary  head.  Dryden. 

3.  To  make  illustrious;  to  dignify  ; to  adorn. 

Thou  hast  made  him  a little  lower  thau  the  angels,  and 

hast  crowned  him  with  glory  aud  honor.  Ts.  viii.  5. 

4.  To  recompense;  to  reward;  to  repay. 

Virtue  preserved  from  fell  destruction’s  blast, 

Led  on  Dy  Heaven,  and  crowned  with  joy  at  last.  Shak. 

5.  To  complete  ; to  perfect ; to  finish. 

The  crowning  privilege  of  friendship  is  constancy.  South. 

To  crown  a knot,  (Naut.)  to  pass  the  strands  over 
and  under  eacli  other  above  the  knot.  Dana. 

CRO\Vn,  a.  Relating  to  the  crown  or  top  ; highest. 

CROWNED  (kroflnd ),  p.  a.  Wearing  a crown  : — 
decked  as  with  a crown  : — rewarded ; recom- 
pensed : — completed;  perfected. 

Crowned,  cup,  a cup  so  full  of  liquor  that  the  con- 
tents rise  above  the  brim  like  a crown  ; a bumper  : — 
also,  a cup  ornamented  with  a garland.  Nares. 

CROWN'JJR,  n.  1.  One  who,  or  that  which,  crowns. 

2.  A corrupted  and  vulgar  word  for  coroner. 
“ Crowner’s- quest  law.”  Shak. 

CROtV.V'ET,  n.  1.  A coronet.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  Chief  end  ; ultimate  reward,  [r.]  Shak. 

CROW1— NET,  n.  A net  to  catch  wild  fowl.  Rees. 

CRO\Vn'— GLASS,  n.  Afinesortof  window-glass, 
differing  from  flint-glass  in  containing  no  oxide 
of  lead.  Brande. 

CROVVN'-IM-PE'Rl-AL,  n.  (Bot.)  A perennial 
bulbous  plant  having  showy  flowers ; Fritillaria 
imperialis.  Loudon. 

CRoWn'ING,  n.  1.  (Arch.)  The  finishing  of  any 
decoration,  as  a pediment,  a cornice,  &c.  Todd. 


2.  (Naut.)  The  finishing  of  a knot  by  inter- 
weaving the  strands.  Mar.  Diet. 

CROWN'ING,  p.  a.  Investing  with  a crown;  — 
rewarding  ; completing  : — rising  up  in  the  mid- 
dle, and  descending  gradually  towards  each 
side  : — borne  on  the  summit  or  apex. 

CR6Wn'-JEW-?L§,  n.  pi.  The  royal  jewels. 

CROVVn'-LAnD,  7i.  The  land  or  other  real  prop- 
erty belonging  to  the  crown,  or  sovereign. Brande. 

CROWN'— LAW,  n.  ( Law .)  A term  applied  in 
England  to  the  criminal  law,  — the  crown  being 
the  prosecutor  in  criminal  proceedings.  Burrill. 

CROWN'— LAW-YfR,  n.  A lawyer  who  is  in  the 
service  of  the  crown.  Goldsmith. 

CROWN'LESS,  a.  Having  no  crown. 

CR6vVn'-LIKE,  a.  Resembling  a crown.  Gardiner. 

CRO\Vn'— NET,  n.  A kind  of  fishing-net.  Jodrell. 

CROWN'— OF-FICE,  n.  (Law.)  A department  in 
the  English  court  of  King’s  Bench  which  takes 
cognizance  of  all  criminal  causes;  — commonly 
called  the  crown-side  of  the  court.  Burrill. 

CROWN'— POST,  n.  (Arch.)  The  central  post  of 
a framed  or  trussed  roof ; king-post.  XVeale. 

CROWN'— SAW,  n.  A species  of  circular  saw 
formed  by  cutting  the  teeth  round  the  edge  of  a 
hollow  cylinder.  Francis. 

CRO  WIN'— SCAB,  n.  (Farriery.)  A filthy  scab  about 
the  corners  of  a horse’s  hoof.  Farrier’s  Diet. 

CROWN'— SIDE,  n.  (Law.)  The  criminal  depart- 
ment of  the  court  of  King’s  Bench ; crown- 
office.  Burrill. 

CROYVN'-THIS-TLE  (-this-sl),  71.  (Bot.)  A plant ; 
the  crown-imperial.  Johnson. 

CROWN'-WHEEL,  7i.  A wheel 
the  teeth  of  which  are  at 
right  angles  to  its  plane,  or 
parallel  to  its  axis,  as  that 
shown  in  the  figure,  or  as  the 
balance-wheel  of  a watch ; a 
contrate-wheel.  J.  Bigelow. 

CROWN'— WORK  (krofin'wiirk),  n.  (Fort.)  An 
outwork  situated  on  some  elevated  point  to  de- 
fend a position  and  cover  other  works.  It  con- 
sists of  a bastion  connected  by  a curtain  on  each 
side  with  two  demi-bastions.  Glos.  of  Mil.  Terms. 

CROW'— QUILL,  7i.  A quill,  or  one  of  the  large 
feathers,  of  the  crow.  Goldsmith. 

CROW’!-!'— BILL,  n.  A kind  of  forceps  for  draw- 
ing bullets,  &c.,  out  of  wounds.  Crabb. 

CROW’§'— FOOT  (kro/.'fht),  71. ; pi.  crow’s-feet. 

1.  pi.  The  wrinkles  produced  by  age  under 
the  eyes,  or  at  their  outer  corners. 

Till  crow's-feet  grow  under  your  eye.  Chaucer. 

2.  (Bot.)  A plant.  — See  Crowfoot. 

CROW'— SILK,  n.  (Bot.)  A fine,  thread-like,  aquat- 
ic vegetable  ; — a name  given  to  several  species 
of  the  genus  Conferva.  Eng.  Cyc. 

CROW’§'— NEST,  n.  (Naut.)  A look-out,  as  a 
cask,  at  the  main  top-gallant-mast  head  in 
arctic  vessels.  Simmonds. 

CROW'-STONE,  n.  (Arch.)  The  top  stone  of  the 
gable  end  of  a honse.  Halliwcll. 

CROW'— TOE,  n.  A kind  of  pui'ple  hyacinth. 

The  tufted  crow-toe  aud  pale  jessamine.  Milton. 

CROYL'STONE,  n.  Crystallized  cauk.  Woodward. 

CROZE,  71.  A cooper’s  instrument.  Newton. 

CRO'ZI^R,  (kro'zher),  n.  See  Crosier.  Fab-holt. 

CRUCHED-FRIAR,  n.  See  Crouched-friar. 

CRtJ'CI-AL  (kru'she-?l,  06),  a.  [L.  crux,  crucis,  a 
cross  ; Fr.  crucial.) 

1.  Relating  to,  or  like,  a cross  ; transverse ; 

intersecting.  “ The  crucial  incision.”  “ Cru- 
cial ligaments.”  Dunglison. 

2.  Severe  ; searching ; decisive. 

CRIJ'CI-AN  (-she-rin,  66),  n.  (Ich.)  Ayellowfish  of 

the  carp  kind  ; Cyprinus  gibelio.  Yarrell. 

f CRtJ'CI-ATE  (kru'she-at),  V . a.  [L.  crucio,  cru- 
ciatus .]  To  torture  ; to  torment,  [u.]  Bale. 

CRLl'CI-ATE  (kru'slie-jt,  66),  a.  1.  f Tor-  £S\  _ 
mented  ; tortured.  Bale.  /pvMP-Y 

2.  (Bot.)  Having  four  parts  so  ar- 
ranged  as  to  resemble  a Maltese  cross ; wF 
cruciform;  cross-shaped.  P.  Cyc.  If 

+ CRt?-CJ-A'TION, n.  Torture;  torment.  Bp.  Hall. 


CRli'CJ-BLE,  7i.  [LowL.  crucibulum ; It.  crogiuolo ; 
Sp.  crisol ; Old  Fr.  croi- 
set-,  Fr.  creuset.  — “So 
called  from  being  made  \ ^ 
in  the  shape  of  a cross,  or  \ / 

from  having  a cross  im-  \ / 

pressed  upon  it.”  Richardson.  — “ Because  for- 
merly marked  with  a cross  (cruce)  to  prevent  evil 
spirits  from  marring  the  chemical  operation.” 
Sullivan.  — “L.  crucio,  to  torment,  because,  in 
the  language  of  old  chemistry,  the  metals  were 
tortured  by  fire  to  yield  up  their  various  virtues.” 
Brande .]  A melting-pot  of  a chemist  or  a gold- 
smith ; — so  made  as  to  bear  the  strongest  heat 
without  melting.  Boyle. 

RSr-The  best  crucibles  are  formed  from  a pure  fire- 
clay, mixed  with  a finely. ground  cement  of  old  cru- 
cibles, and  a portion  of  black-lead  or  graphite.  Ure. 

CRU'CI-FLR,  n.  [L.,  the  cross-bearer  ; crux,  cru- 
cis, a cross,  and  fero,  to  bear.]  (Bot.)  A plant 
of  the  cruciferous,  or  cabbage,  tribe.  Eng.  Cyc. 

CRU-CIF'ER-OUS,  a.  1.  Bearing  a cross.  Johnson. 

2.  (Bot.)  Noting  plants  whose  petals  are  dis- 
posed crosswise ; cruciate.  Loudon. 

CRU'CI-FI-IJR,  n.  One  who  crucifies,  llammond. 

CRU'CI-FIX,  7i.  [Low  L.  crucifixus  ; crux,  crucis, 
a cross,  and  figo,fixus,  to  fix,  to  fasten ; It.  cro- 
cifisso  ; Sp.  crucifixo  ; Fr.  crucifix .] 

1.  f The  cross  as  the  symbol  of  the  Christian 

religion.  Bp.  Taylor. 

2.  A cross  with  the  figure  of  Christ  upon  it : — - 

a representation,  in  painting  or  in  sculpture,  of 
our  Saviour  oh  the  cross.  Addison. 

There  stands  at  the  upper  end  of  it  a large  crucifix,  very 
much  esteemed.  Addison. 

CRU-CI-FIX'ION  (kru-se-fik'sliun),  n.  The  act  of 
crucifying;  the  mode  of  putting  to  death  by 
nailing  or  binding  to  a cross.  Addison. 

CRU'CI-FORM,  a.  [L.  crux,  crucis,  a cross,  and 
forma,  form.]  Having  the  form  of  a cross. 
“ That  . . . cruciform  image.”  Warton. 

CRU'CI-FY,  v.  a.  [Low  L.  crucifigo  ; crux,  crucis, 
a cross,  andyfyo,  to  fasten  ; It.  crocifiggere  ; Sp. 
crucificar-,  Fr.  crucifer .]  [i.  crucified;  pp. 

crucifying,  crucified.] 

1.  To  put  to  death  by  nailing  or  by  binding 
the  hands  and  the  feet  to  a cross. 

When  they  were  come  to  the  place  which  is  called  Calvarv, 
there  they  crucified  him.  Luke  xxiii.  33. 

2.  To  subdue  or  overcome  by  the  influence  of 
Christian  principles. 

Knowing  this,  that  our  old  man  is  crucified  with  him,  that 
the  body  of  sin  might  be  destroyed.  Jiom.  vi.  G. 

3.  f To  torment ; to  torture  ; to  disturb. 

That  which  crucifies  us  most  is  our  own  folly.  Burton. 

C R 1J- C I f; ' E R- 0 1 J S,  a.  [L.  crux,  crucis,  a cross, 
and  gero,  to  bear.]  Bearing  a cross.  Browne. 

CrO'CITE,  n.  [L.  crux,  crucis,  a cross.]  (Min.) 
A variety  of  andalusite,  which  crystallizes  in 
the  form  of  a cross.  Datia. 

CRUD,  n.  Same  as  Curd.  — See  Curd.  Jolmson. 

CRUD'DLE,  v.  71.  To  curdle  : — to  crowd  ; to  hud- 
dle ; — to  stoop.  [Local.]  Halliwell.  Brockett. 

CRUDE,  a.  [L.  crudus,  from  Gr.  spi-os,  icy  cold ; 
It.  Sj  Sp.  crudo  ; Fr.  cru.) 

1.  In  a raw  state  ; raw ; uncooked  ; undressed. 

Alas,  how  simple,  to  these  cates  compared, 

Was  that  crude  apple  that  diverted  Eve!  Milton. 

2.  Not  changed  by  any  process  of  prepara- 
tion ; unrefined.  “ Common  crude  salt.”  Boyle. 

3.  Not  ripened;  immature;  unripe. 

A juice  so  crude  as  cannot  be  ripened  to  the  degree  of 
nourishment.  Bacon. 

4.  Not  perfected  ; unformed;  unfinished. 

Deep  under  ground  materials  dark  and  crude.  Milton. 

5.  Not  well  digested.  Bacon. 

6.  Unconcocted  by  the  intellect;  without  due 
reflection  ; not  premeditated  ; unpremeditated. 
Absurd  expressions;  crude,  abortive  thoughts.  Roscommon. 

7.  Having  undigested  or  imperfect  notions ; 
without  practical  wisdom  ; inexperienced. 

Deep  versed  in  books,  and  shallow  in  himself, 

Crude,  or  intoxicate,  collecting  toys.  Milton. 

8.  (Paint.)  Noting  a picture  in  which  the 

colors  are  rudely  laid  on,  and  do  not  blend  or 
harmonize.  Brande. 

CRtJDE'LY,  ad.  In  a crude  manner;  unripely. 

CRtJDE'N^SS,  n.  State  of  being  crude  ; crudity. 


Crown-wheel. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  l,  6,  0,  Y,  short; 


A,  5,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


CRUDITY 

CRU'DI-TY,  re.  [L.  cruditas  ; It.  crudita;  Fr. 
erudite .] 

1.  The  state  of  being  crude  ; indigestion  ; in- 
concoction ; crudeness. 

Crudity  is  a vicious  concoction  of  things  received.  SirT.Elyot. 

2.  Any  thing  undigested. 

They  are  oppressed  with  this  very  learning,  as  a stomach 
with  crudities.  Hammond. 

May  we  not  ask  such  prefacers,  if  what  they  allege  be  true, 
what  has  the  world  to  do  with  them  and  their  crudities'.' 

Harris. 

t CRlJ'DLE,  v.  a.  [See  Curdle.]  To  coagulate  ; 
to  curdle.  Spenser. 

fCRU'DY,  a.  1.  [See  Curd.]  Concreted;  coag- 
ulated. “ Crudy  blood.”  Spenser. 

2.  [See  Crude.]  Raw;  crude. 

The  foolish  and  crudy  vapors  which  environ  it  [the  brain]. 

Shak. 

CRU'IJL,  a.  [L.  crudelis  ; It.  crude le  ; Fr.  cruel.'] 

1.  Disposed  to  give  pain  to  others  * void  of 

pity  ; hard-hearted  ; unmerciful ; unfeeling ; in- 
human ; savage;  barbarous  ; brutal.  “They  are 
cruel,  and  have  no  mercy.”  Jer.  vi.  23. 

2.  Marked  by  inhumanity ; causing  pain. 

“ Cruel  hatred.”  Ps.  xxv.  19.  “ One  of  the 

crudest  fights.”  Sidney. 

Syn.  — A cruel  person  takes  pleasure  in  another’s 
pain.  Inhuman  is  opposed  to  humane  or  merciful; 
burl/arous,  to  refined  ; savage  is  a stronger  term  than 
barbarous  ; brutal  relates  to  the  nature  of  a brute.  — 
A cruel  disposition  ; a cruel  tyrant ; an  inhuman  prac- 
tice ; a barbarous  custom  ; savage  ferocity  ; bridal  dis- 
position or  conduct;  an  unmerciful  creditor.  — See 
Sanguinary. 

CRIJ'EL— HEART-UD,  a.  Delighting  in  cruelty; 
hard-hearted  ; ferocious.  Shak. 

CRU'f.L-LY,  ad.  In  a cruel  manner;  inhumanly. 

CRU'£L-NESS,  re.  The  state  of  being  cruel  ; in- 
humanity ; cruelty.  Spenser. 

CRC'JjJL-TY,  re.  [L.  crudelitas  ; It.  crudelta  \ Sp. 
crueldad ; Fr.  cruaute.] 

1.  The  quality  of  being  cruel ; inhumanity ; 
savageness ; barbarity. 

This  man  [Jeffries],  who  wantoned  in  cruelty.  Hume. 

2.  A cruel  act ; barbarous  treatment. 

Nor  provoke  them  so  with  cruelties  that  they  despair.  Udal. 

f CRU'pN-TATE,  a.  [L.  cruento,  cruentatus,  to 
make  bloody.]  Smeared  with  blood.  Glanville. 

f CRU-EN'TOUS,  a.  [L.  cruentus.]  Bloody;  cru- 
entate.  A Venice  Looking-glass,  1648. 

CRft'IJT,  re.  [Fr.  cruchette.]  A sort  of  vial  for 
vinegar,  oil,  or  sauces.  Swift. 

CRUISE  (kriis),  re.  [Ger.  krug  ; Fr.  critche,  a jar.] 
A small  bottle  ; a cruet.  — See  Cruse. 

A cruise  of  fragrance  formed  of  burnished  gold.  Pope. 

CRUISE  (kruz),  v.  re.  [Dut.  kruissen,  to  cruise ; 
kruis,  a cross ; Ger.  kreuzen,  to  cruise ; kreuz,  a 
cross.— Fr.  croiser,  to  cross  ; croix,  a cross. — 
“To  cross  up  and  down.”  Richardson.  — “It 
seems  simply  from  crossing  the  sea  without 
any  certain  course.”  Sullivan.  — See  Cross.] 
\i.  CRUISED  ; pp.  CRUISING,  CRUISED.] 

1.  To  rove  over  the  sea  without  any  certain 

course,  with  a view  to  capture  an  enemy’s 
ships,  or  for  protecting  commerce,  or  for  plun- 
der as  a pirate.  Martin. 

2.  To  make  a voyage  at  sea. 

CrOi^E  (kruz),  re.  1.  A voyage  of  an  armed  ves- 
sel in  search  of  an  enemy’s  ships,  to  protect 
commerce,  or  for  plunder  as  a pirate.  Brancle. 

2.  A voyage  at  sea.  Smol/et. 

CRUISER  (kruz'er),  re.  A person,  or  a ship,  that 
cruises.  Johnson. 

CRUISING,  p.  a.  Roving  on  the  sea  in  quest  of 
plunder,  or  for  other  purposes.  Ash. 

CRUL'L£R,  re.  [Dut.  kruller.]  A kind  of  sweet 
cake  boiled  in  lard.  Bartlett. 

CRUM  > (krum),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  acruman.]  [i. 

CRUMB  )■  CRUMMED  ; pp.  CRUMMING,  CRUMMED  ; 
or  i.  CRUMBED  ; pp.  CRUMBING,  CRUMBED.]  To 
break  into  crums  or  small  pieces. 

Crum  not  your  bread  before  you  taste  your  porridfie. 

U Beau.  % FI. 

> (krum),  re.  [A.  S.  cruma ; Dut.  kraim ; 

CRUMB  ) Ger.  krume.] 

1.  A small  particle  or  fragment,  usually  of 


343 

bread.  “ Some  of  the  crums.”  Chaucer.  “ Only  a 
crum.”  Gower.  “ The  table  crums.”  Thomson. 

2.  The  soft  part  of  bread,  as  distinguished 
from  the  crust. 

Take  of  manchct  about  three  ounces,  the  crumb  only,  then 
cut.  Bacon. 

Iftf*  Both  forms,  crum  and  crumb , are  given  in  tire 
principal  English  Dictionaries,  and  both  have  long 
been  in  good  use.  Although  crum  is  more  in  accord- 
ance with  the  etymology,  yet  it  may  be  doubted 
whether  it  is  better  supported  by  usage  than  crumb. 
Smart  remarks,  in  relation  to  the  word,  “ It  is  often 
unnecessarily  spelled  crumb.” 

CRUM'BLE,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  acruman-,  Dut.  kruime- 
len ; Ger.  krilmeln.]  [i.  crumbled  ; pp.  crum- 
bling, crumbled.]  To  break  into  small  pieces. 

He  with  his  bare  wand  can  unthread  thy  joints, 

And  crumble  all  thy  sinews.  Milton. 

CRUM'BLE,  v.  re.  To  fall  into  small  pieces.  Shak. 

The  clods  grow  warm  and  crumble  where  he  sows.  Addison. 

CRUM'BLE,  re.  A small  crumb.  Forby. 

CRUM'BLED  (krum'bld),  p.  a.  Broken  into  small 
pieces.  “ The  crumbled  earth.”  Milton. 

CRUM'BLING,  p.  a.  Breaking  or  falling  into 
small  pieces.  “ Crumbling  clods.”  Dryden. 

CRUM'— CLOTH,  re.  A cloth  spread  on  a floor  or 
under  a table  to  receive  whatever  may  fall,  and 
to  keep  the  carpet  or  the  floor  clean.  Craig. 

f CRU'MB-NAL,  re.  [L.  crumena.]  A purse. 

Thus  cram  they  their  wide-gaping  crumenal.  More. 

CRUM'MA-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  broken  into 
crums.  Sherwood. 

CRUM'MY,  a.  1.  Soft,  as  bread  without  crust; 
not  crusty.  Johnson. 

2.  Full  of  crums  ; consisting  of  crums.  Smart. 

CRUMP,  a.  [A.  S.  crumb,  or  crump  ; Dut.  krom  ; 
Ger.  krumm.]  Crooked  ; bent.  “ Crump  shoul- 
ders.” Bp.  Taylor. 

CRUMP,  a.  Brittle  ; dry-baked.  Forby. 

CRUM'PET,  re.  A kind  of  soft  cake.  Todd. 

CRUM'PLE,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  crompeht,  wrinkled; 
crump,  crooked;  Ger.  krumpen.]  [i.  crumpled  ; 
pp.  crumpling  ; crumpled.]  To  draw  into 
w'rinkles  ; to  wrinkle  ; to  rumple. 

Sir  Roger  alighted  from  his  horse,  and,  exposing  his  palm 
to  two  or  three  that  stood  by  him,  they  crumpled  it  into  all 
shapes,  and  diligently  scanned  every  wrinkle  that  could  be 
made.  Addison. 

CRUM'PLE,  v.  re.  To  shrink  up  ; to  contract. 
“ Crumpling  creatures.”  Smith. 

CRUM'PLED  (krum'pld),  a.  Wrinkled;  crooked; 
rumpled.  Moor. 

CRUM'PLING,  re.  An  apple  of  a rumpled  appear- 
ance ; a small,  degenerate  apple.  Johnson. 

f CRUMP— SHOUL'DERED  (klump-sliol'derd),  a. 
Having  crooked  shoulders.  V Estrange. 

CRUM'PY,  a.  Brittle;  crump.  Forby. 

CRUNCH,  v.a.  [See  Craunch.]  [i.  CRUNCHED  ; 
pp.  crunching,  crunched.]  To  crush  between 
the  teeth  ; to  craunch ; to  scrunch.  Southey. 

t CRUNK,  > 

f CRUN'KLE  ) v'  n'  r^°  cry  a crane.  Bailey. 

CRU  'OR,  re.  [L.,  from  Gr.  solos,  icy  cold.]  Blood 
coagulated  by  cooling  or  otherwise  ; extravasated 
blood;  gore;  — sometimes  applied  to  blood  in 
general  and  to  its  coloring  matter.  Dunglison. 

CRUP,  re.  [Old  Fr.]  See  Croup.  Todd. 

CRUP,  a.  1.  Short ; brittle.  “ Crup  cake.”  Todd. 

2.  Snappish ; crusty.  “ A crup  answer.” 
[Provincial,  England.]  Todd. 

CRUP'PER  [krup’per,  S.  IF.  F.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K. 
Sm. ; krup'per,  Wb.],  re.  [It.  groppiera ; Sp. 
grupera  ; Fr.  croupiere,  from  croupe,  the  but- 
tocks of  a horse.] 

1.  +The  rump  of  a horse. 

As  made  both  horses’  cruppers  kiss  the  ground.  Hai'rwgton. 

2.  A leathern  strap  attached  to  a saddle  and 

fitted  to  go  under  a horse’s  tail,  to  keep  the  sad- 
dle from  moving  forwards.  Shak. 

CRUP'PJJR,  v.  a.  To  put  a crupper  on. 

CRtr'RAL,  a.  [L.  crus,  cruris,  the  leg;  Fr.  cru- 
ral.] 


CRUST 

1.  Belonging  to  the  leg.  “ The  crural  mus- 
cles.” Arbuthnot. 

2.  Shaped  like  a leg  or  a root.  Brande. 

CRU-SADE',  re.  [L.  crux,  cruets,  a cross  ; It.  cro- 
ciata;  Sp.  cruzttda  ; Fr.  croisade.] 

1.  pi.  Military  expeditions  under  the  banner 

of  the  cross  first  undertaken  A.  D.  1096,  and 
repeated  at  intervals  subsequently  during  the 
twelfth  and  thirteenth  centuries,  by  the  Chris- 
tian nations  of  Western  Europe,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  recovering  the  Holy  Land  from  its  infi- 
del Mahometan  possessors.  Gibbon. 

The  crusades  retarded  the  march  of  civilization,  thickened 
the  clouds  of  ignorance  and  superstition,  and  encouraged  in- 
tolerance, cruelty,  and  fierceness.  Mill. 

2.  Any  war  undertaken  on  pretence  of  de- 
fending the  cause  of  religion.  London  Ency. 

3.  A romantic  enterprise.  Clarke. 

4.  A Portuguese  coin  marked  with  the  figure 

of  a cross  ; a crusado.  Johnson. 

CRU-SADE',  v.  a.  To  travel  through  while  zeal- 
ously engaged  in  some  enterprise. 

He  [Chalmers]  crusaded  the  country.  .V.  Brit.  Rev. 

CRU-SAd'BR,  n.  One  employed  in  a crusade. 

CRU-SAD'ING,  p.  a.  Engaged  in,  or  relating  to, 
the  crusades.  Qu.  Rev. 

f CRU-SA'DO,  re.  1.  Crusade.  Swinburne. 

2.  A Portuguese  coin  stamped  with  the  figure 
of  a cross.  Shak. 

CRUS’Crf,  re.  [It.]  1.  Bran  ; that  which  remains 
after  the  flower  is  sifted.  Gratjlia. 

2.  An  academj  established  at  Florence,  in 
1582,  for  purifying  the  Italian  language,  and 
compiling  a dictionary.  F.  Cyc. 

CRi)SE,  re.  [See  Cruise.]  A small  cup,  or  a 
small  bottle;  a vial;  a cruet.  “A  little  oil  in  a 
cruse.”  1 Kings  xvii.  12. 

CRU'SET,  re.  [Fr.  creuset.]  A goldsmith’s  cru- 
cible, or  melting  pot.  Phillips. 

CRUSH,  v.  a.  [Goth,  kroton ; A.  S.  crangan ; Fr. 
ecraser.]  [ i . crushed  ;pp.  crushing,  crushed.] 

1.  To  press  between  two  hard  bodies  or  be- 
tween forces  ; to  compress  ; to  squeeze. 

Bacchus,  that  first  from  out  the  purple  grape 
Ci'ushed  the  sweet  poison  of  misused  wine.  Milton. 

2.  To  break  by  pressure  ; to  demolish. 

Vain  is  the  force  of  man,  and  Heaven ’s  as  vain, 

To  crush  the  pillars  which  the  pile  sustain.  Dryden. 

3.  To  subdue  ; to  conquer  ; to  overpower. 

I thought  to  crush  him  in  an  equal  force.  Shak. 

"What  can  that  man  fear  who  takes  care  to  please  a Being 
that  is  so  able  to  crush  all  his  adversaries  'i  Addison. 

To  crush  a cup , to  empty  a cup.  “ I pray  come  and 
crush  a cup  of  wine.”  Slink. 

CRUSH,  v.  n.  To  be  condensed  or  concentrated  ; 
to  be  put  into  a smaller  mass.  Johnson. 

CRUSH,  n.  A collision  ; a rushing  together  ; crash. 

Thou  shalt  flourish  in  immortal  youth, 

Unhurt  amidst  the  war  of  elements, 

The  wreck  of  matter,  and  the  crush  of  worlds.  Addison. 

CRUSHED  (krusht),  p.  a.  Pressed  together:  — 
subdued : — broken. 

CRUSH'BR,  re.  He  who,  or  that  which,  crushes. 

CRUSH'ING,  p.  a.  Pressing  together:  — subdu- 
ing : — breaking. 

CRUST,  re.  [L.  crusta  ; It.  crosta;  Fr . croutc. — 
Dut.  korst ; Ger.  kruste.] 

1.  Any  shell  or  external  coat ; a hardened 
surface.  “ Hid  under  a crust  of  dross.”  Addison. 
“ Arched  over  with  a crust  of  earth.”  Bentley. 

2.  A collection  of  matter  into  a hard  body  ; 
a concreted  deposit ; an  incrustation. 

The  viscous  cnist  stops  the  entry  of  the  chyle  into  the 
lacteals.  Arbuthnot. 

3.  The  case  of  a pie  made  of  flour,  or  meal, 
and  baked. 

When  he  should  have  been  hunting  down  a buck,  he  was 
by  his  mother’s  side  learning  how  to  season  it  or  put  it  in  a 
crust.  Addison. 

4.  A piece  of  bread  hardened  by  baking  or  by 
long  keeping. 

The  impenetrable  cnist  thy  teeth  defies.  Dryden. 

Men  will  do  tricks,  like  dogs,  for  crusts.  L'Estrange. 

CRLTST,  V.  a.  [*.  CRUSTED  ; pp.  CRUSTING, 
CRUSTED.] 

1.  To  cover  with  a crust,  or  hard  case  ; to  in- 
crust; to  envelop. 

The  whole  surface  may  be  crusted  over.  Addison* 


MIEN,  SIR;  MdVE,  NOR,  SbN ; BULL,  BUR,  RtJLE.—  9,  <f,  g,  soft;  jC,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  $ as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


CRUST 

2.  To  line  with  concretions.  “Foul  and 
crusted  bottles.”  Swift. 

CRUST,  v.  n.  To  gather  or  contract  a crust. 

The  place  that  was  burnt  crusted  and  healed  in  very  few 
days.  Temple. 

CR  Os ' TA,  n.  [L.,  a crust,  inlaid  work.]  A gem 
engraved  for  inlaying  on  a vase,  &c.  Braude. 

CRUS-tA  'CF.-A  (krus-ta'slie-9,  66),  n.  pi.  [L.  frus- 
ta. a crust,  a shell  ; Fr.  crustacees.]  ( Zoiil .)  A 
class  of  articulated  animals  having  a shelly  coat- 
ing or  crust,  articulated  limbs,  a branchial  res- 
piration, and  a dorsal  ventricle  or  heart,  like 
the  lobster,  crab,  &c.  T an  Der  Hoeven. 

CRFS-TA'CEAN  (krus-ta'sh?n,  66),  n.  (Zoiil.)  A 
crustaceous  animal ; one  of  the  Crustacea. 

CRUS-TA'CEAN,  a.  (Zoiil.)  Relating  to  the  Crus- 
tacea ; crustaceous.  Kirby. 

CRUS-tA-C5-6l'0-(?Y,  n.  [Eng.  Crustacea,  and 
Gr.  kayos,  a discourse.]  That  part  of  zoology 
that  treats  of  crustaceous  animals.  P.  Cyc. 

CRUS-TA'UEOUS  (krus-ta’shus,  66),  a.  [See  Crus- 
tacea.] ( Zoil .)  Shelly,  with  joints,  as  a lob- 
ster; crustacean.  Woodward. 

CRUS-TA 'CEOUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
crustaceous,  or  having  jointed  shells.  Johnson. 

CRUS'TAL,  a.  [L.  crusta,  a crust.]  Relating  to, 
or  containing,  crust ; crusty.  N.  Brit.  Reti. 

CRUS-TA-LOp'I-CAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  crustal- 
ogy.  Ogilvie. 

CRUS-TAL'O-^IST,  n.  One  who  describes  crus- 
taceous animals,  or  who  is  versed  in  the  science 
that  relates  to  them.  Clarke. 

CRUS-TAl'0-<?Y,  n.  Crustaceology.  Smart. 

CRUS'tAt-ED,  a.  [L.  crustata,  crustaceous  an- 
imals.] Coated  with  a crust.  Smart. 

CRUS-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  crusta,  a crust:]  An  ad- 
hering covering ; an  incrustation.  Pcgye. 

CRUS-TIF'IC,  a.  [L.  emsta,  a crust,  and  facio, 
to  make.]  Producing  a crust  or  skin.  Maunder. 

CRUST'I-LY,  ad.  In  a crusty  manner ; testily. 

CRUST'I-NESS,  n.  1.  The  quality  of  being  crusty. 

2.  Peevishness ; moroseness.  Johnson. 

CRUST'Y,  a.  1.  Having  a crust ; crustal.  “The 
egg  and  its  crusty  coat.”  Derham. 

2.  Surly  ; morose ; snappish ; peevish. Preston. 

CRUT,  re.  The  rough  part  of  oak  bark.  Craig. 

CRUTCH,  n.  [A.  S.  cricc  ; Dut.  krttk  ; Gcr.  krtlcke ; 
Dan.  krykke ; Sw.  krycka. — It.  croccia , gruccia.) 

1.  A support  for  lame  persons  or  cripples, 
made  with  a cross-piece  at  one  end,  hollowed  so 
as  to  fit  under  the  arm  at  the  shoulder  joint. 

The  dumb  shall  sinp,  the  lame  his  crutch  forego, 

And  leap  exulting  like  the  bounding  roe.  Pope. 

2.  The  upright  projection  of  a woman’s  sad- 
dle. W.  Phillips. 

Syn.  — See  Staff. 

CRUTCH,  V.  a.  [/.  CRUTCTIED  ; pp.  CRUTCHING, 
ckutched.]  To  support  on  crutches,  as  a crip- 
ple ; to  give  support  to ; to  support. 

Two  fools  that  crutch  their  feeble  sense  on  verse.  Drydcn . 

CRUTCH'JjiD— FRI'AR,  re.  See  Crouched -friar. 

CRtJTH,  or  CROWTH  (krutli),  re.  [W.  erwth .] 
(Mus.)  An  instrument  of  the  violin  kind,  former- 
ly used  in  Wales. — See  Crowd,  No.  4.  Hawkins. 

CROx,  re.;  pi.  cRV'cF.if.  [L.,  a cross.]  A cross; 
any  thing  that  torments,  vexes,  or  puzzles.  Todd. 

Cruz  criticorum  (cross  of  critics),  the  greatest  diffi- 
culty that  can  occur  to  critics.  Todd. 

CR0'YS-HA<?E,  re.  (Tch.)  A kind  of  shark  with  a 
conical  head ; Lanina  cornubica.  Clarke. 

f CRU-zA'DO,  re.  [Port.]  See  Crtsado.  Todd. 

CRY,  v.  re.  [Goth,  greitan ; A.  S.  graetan-,  Dut. 
kruten.  — - W . crio.  — It.  gridare;  Sp.  gridar, 
and  gritar  ; Fr.  crier.]  [ i . cried  ; pp.  CRYING, 
CRIED.] 

1.  To  speak  or  call  loudly,  vehemently,  or 
importunately  ; to  make  an  outcry  ; to  exclaim. 

Mcthought  I heard  a voice  cry,  Sleep  no  more ! Shak. 

I cried,  by  reason  of  my  affliction,  unto  the  Lord;  and  he 
heard  ms.  j0„,  2. 

2.  To  express  grief,  or  any  distress,  by  loud 
utterances  or  by  weeping ; to  weep  ; to  sob. 


344 

Ye  shall  cry  for  sorrow  of  heart,  and  shall  howl  for  vexa- 
tion of  spirit.  Isa.  lxv.  14. 

lie  struggles  first  for  breath,  and  cries  for  aid, 

Then  helpless  in  his  mother’s  lap  is  laid.  Divjden. 

3.  To  utter  an  inarticulate  voice,  as  an  irra- 
tional animal. 

lie  giveth  to  the  beast  his  food,  and  to  the  young  ravens 
which  cry.  Ps.  cxlvii.  i). 

To  cry  out , to  exclaim  ; to  scream  ; to  clamor. 
“ They  cry  out  bv  reason  of  the  arm  of  the  mighty.” 
Job  xxxv.  9.  — To  complain  loudly,  with  of.  “ We 
are  ready  to  cry  out  of  an  unequal  management.”  At- 
terbury.  — To  blame  or  censure,  with  o/,  against , or 
upon.  “Behold,  I cry  out  of  wrong  ; but  I am  not 
heard.”  Job  xix.  7. 

Syn. — Children  cry  ; grown  persons  weep  and  la- 
ment. 

CRY,  v.  a.  To  proclaim  publicly,  as  something 
lost  or  found;  to  make  public  ; to  publish. 

Love  is  lost,  and  thus  she  cries  him.  G Yashaw. 

To  cry  down , to  blame;  to  depreciate;  to  decry. — 
To  cry  up,  to  applaud  ; to  praise  : — to  raise  the  price 
of  by  proclamation.  “ All  the  effect  made  by  crying 
up  the  pieces  of  eight  was  to  bring  in  much  more  of 
that  species.”  Temple. 

CRY,  re. ; pi.  cries.  [Fr.  cri.] 

1.  A loud  sound  uttered  to  express  importu- 
nity, grief,  or  any  distress  ; a weeping  ; a crying. 

Esau  . . . cried  with  a great  and  exceeding  bitter  cry. 

Gen.  xxvii.  34. 

All  the  first  born  in  the  land  of  Egypt  shall  die,  . . . and 
there  shall  be  a great  cry  throughout  all  tlie  laud.  Ex.  xi.  5,  G. 

2.  Inarticulate  utterance,  as  of  the  lower  ani- 
mals. “The  cries  of  birds  and  beasts.”  Locke. 

3.  Popular  clamor  ; outcry  ; a roar;  a scream. 

The  cry  went  once  for  thee, 

And  still  it  might,  und  yet  it  may  again.  Shak. 

4.  Proclamation,  as  of  wares  to  be  sold.  “ The 

cries  of  London.”  Johnson. 

5.  A pack  of  dogs. 

A cry  of  hell-hounds  never  ceasing  barked.  Jlilton. 

f CRY'AL,  re.  The  heron.  Ainsworth. 

CRY'£R,  re.  See  Crier.  Johnson. 

CRY'ER,  re.  (Ornith.)  Falcon-gentle  ; the  female 
or  the  young  of  the  goshawk,  or  Astur  palitm- 
barius.  Ainsworth. 

CRY'JNG,  re.  1.  The  act  of  calling  clamorously ; 
an  importunate  call  or  outcry.  Sir  T.  E/yot. 

2.  The  act  of  weeping  ; lamentation. 

And  there  shall  be  no  more  death,  neither  sorrow,  nor 

crying.  Rev.  xxi.  4. 

CRY'jNG,p.  a.  Calling  aloud:  — weeping;  la- 
menting:— notorious;  enormous;  heinous. 

Heinous  offences  arc  called  crying  sins.  Loicth. 

CRY'O-LITE,  re.  [Gr.  solos,  icy  cold,  and  l.iOos,  a 
stone.]  (Min.)  A double  fluoride  of  sodium 
and  aluminum,  a rare  mineral  from  Greenland ; 
— so  named  from  .being  readily  fusible  in  the 
flame  of  a candle.  Dana. 

CRY-OPH'O-RUS,  re.  [Gr.  solos,  icy  cold,  and 

<ptpui,  to  produce.]  (Chem.)  An  instrument  con- 
trived by  Dr.  Wollaston,  about  1778,  for  freezing 
water  by  its  own  evaporation.  Brande. 

CRYPT  (krlpt),  re.  [Gr.  nputr ry  ; xptlaTUi,  to  hide  ; L. 
crypta;  Sp.  cript.a ; Fr.  crypte.] 

1.  A subterranean  cell  or  cave,  especially  for 
interment  under  a church ; a grave  ; a tomb. 

It  was  thought  proper  to  deposit  his  body  in  the  crypt  of 
that  magnificent  cnurch.  Malone. 

2.  (Arch.)  The  under  or  hidden  part  of  a 

building : — a subterranean  chapel.  Weale. 

CRYP'TA,  re.  [L.  — See  Crypt.]  (Bot.)  The 
name  applied  to  the  small  round  receptacles  for 
secretion  in  the  leaves  of  some  plants,  as  the 
orange  and  the  myrtle.  Craig. 

CRYP'TJC,  ) 0j  [Gr.  KovyriKts,  fit  for  hiding ; L. 

CRYP'TI-CAL,  ) crypticus,  concealed.]  Hidden  ; 
secret.  “ Cryptic  ways  of  working.”  Glanville. 

CRYP'TI-CAL- LY,  ad.  Occultly  ; secretly. 

CRYP-TO-OA'MI-A,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  KOinrrds,  hidden, 
and  yAyos,  a marriage.]  (Bot.)  A class  of  plants 
having  no  visible  means  of  fructification,  being 
either  destitute  of  flowers,  or  having  flowers 
which  are  formed  upon  a plan  different  from 
that  of  ordinary  plants,  as  ferns,  mosses,  li- 
chens, algae,  fungi,  &c.  P.  Cyc. 

CRYP-TO-gA'MI-AN,  a.  Same  as  Cryptogamic. 

CRYP-TO-GA M'lC,  ) a (Bot.)  Relating  to 

CRyP-TOG'A-MOflS,  > the  cryptogamia ; having 
tlie  fructification  concealed.  Lyell. 


CRYSTALLIZED 

CRYP-TOG'A-MIST,  re.  One  versed  in  that  part  of 
botany  which  relates  to  the  cryptogamia.  Smith. 

CRYP-TOG'A-MY,  re.  [See  Cryptogamia.]  (Bot.) 
A concealed  fructification.  Pennant. 

CRYP-TOG'RA-PHAL,  a.  Relating  to  cryptogra- 
phy ; cryptographical.  Boyle. 

CRYP-TOG'RA-PH£R,  re.  One  who  writes  in  se- 
cret characters.  Craig. 

CRYP-TO-GRAPH'IC,  ( a Renting  to  eryp- 

CRYP-TO-GRAPH'I-CAL,  ) tography.  Clarke. 

CRYP-TOG'RA-PIIY,  re.  [Gr.  Kplnruj,  to  hide,  and 
ypdtpto,  to  write.] 

1.  The  art  of  writing  in  secret  characters ; 
writing  in  cipher  ; polygraphy. 

2.  Secret  characters  ; ciphers.  Johnson. 

CRYP-TOL'O-pY,  re.  [Gr.  Kplirrio,  to  hide,  and 
kayos,  a discourse.]  Secret  or  enigmatical  lan- 
guage. Johnson. 

CRYS'TAL  (kris'tal),  re.  [Gr.  spCorakkos,  ice,  rock- 
crystal  ; KfHioraiMj),  to  congeal ; uovos,  cold ; L. 
crystallum,  and  crystallite ; It.  cristallo ; Sp. 
cristal;  Fr.  cristal : — A.  S.  cnstalla ; Dut.  kris- 
tal ; Gcr.  kry stall. ] 

1.  (Chem.  & Min.)  An  inorganic  solid  body, 
bounded  by  plane  surfaces  symmetrically  ar- 
ranged, and  produced  by  the  laws  of  chemical 
affinity  acting  on  its  constituent  molecules  in 
the  transition  from  a fluid  to  a solid  state.  Dana. 

If  the  menstruum  be  overcharged,  the  metals  will  shoot  into 
certain  crystals.  Jiacon. 

2.  A superior  kind  of  glass.  “ The  cup  being 

of  fair  crystal.”  Milton. 

3.  The  glass  which  covers  the  face  of  a watch ; 

a watch-glass.  Clarke. 

Iceland  crystal,  crystallized  carbonate  of  lime,  found 
in  Iceland  ; calc  spar  ; Iceland  spar.  — Rock-crystal, 
a pure  crystal  of  quartz  ; white  stone.  Dana. 

flSfln  its  original  signification,  this  term  was  ap- 
plied only  to  crystals  of  quartz,  which  the  ancient 
philosophers  believed  to  be  water  congealed  by  intense 
cold.  Dana. 

CRYS'TAL,  a.  1.  Consisting  of  crystal.  “ Crys- 
tal window.”  Shak. 

2.  Bright  ; clear  ; transparent  ; pellucid. 
“ Crystal  streams.”  Dryden. 

CRYS'TAL-FORM,  a.  Having  the  form  of  crys- 
tal . Craig. 

CRYS'TAL-LlNE,  or  CRYS'TAL- LINE  (19)  [krls'- 
tjl-lln  or  krls'tjl-lln,  S.  W.  F.  K. ; krls'tal-lln,  J. 
Ja.\  krls'tjl-lin,  Sire.],  a.  [Gr.  Kovard/.iivos ; L. 
crystallinus ; It.  cristallino ; Sp.  cristalino;  Fr. 
cristallin .] 

1.  Made,  or  consisting,  of  crystal.  “ My  pal- 
ace crystalline.”  Shak. 

2.  Like  crystal ; bright ; clear ; pellucid  ; 
transparent.  “ Crystalline  sky.”  Milton.  “ Crys- 
talline tide.”  Mason. 

Crystalline  heavens,  ( Ancient  Astron.)  two  spheres 
imagined  between  tlie  primum  mobile  and  the  firma- 
ment in  the  Ptolemaic  system.  Maunder. — Crystal- 
line humor,  or  crystalline  lens,  a lenticular,  transpar- 
ent body,  situated  between  the  vitreous  and  the  aque- 
ous humors  of  the  eye,  and  contained  in  a capsule. 
Its  use  is  to  refract  the  rays  of  light  and  to  serve,  in 
combination  with  the  other  humors,  to  form  images 
of  objects  on  tlie  retina.  Lloyd. 

CRYS'TAL-LlTE,  re.  [Gr.  Kpborakkos,  rock-crystal, 
and  lidos,  a stone.]  Whinstone  cooled  slowly 
after  fusion.  Smart. 

CRYS'TAL-LlZ-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  crystal- 
lized; capable  of  being  crystallized.  Hamilton. 

CRtS-TAL-LI-ZA'TION,  re.  [It.  crist  allizzazione ; 
Sp.  crist alizacion  ; Fr.  cristallisation .] 

1.  The  process  of  crystallizing ; congelation 
into  crystals. 

It  [boiled  cane-juice]  is  poured  into  a cooler,  where  the 
crystallization  is  soon  completed.  Granger. 

2.  The  mass  formed  by  crystallizing.  “All 

mineral  crystallizations.”  Woodward. 

CRYS'TAL-LIZE,  V.  a.  [i.  CRYSTALLIZED  ; pp. 
CRYSTALLIZING,  CRYSTALLIZED.]  To  form  into 
crystals ; to  cause  to  form  crystals.  Boyle. 

CRYS'TAL-LIZE,  v.  re.  To  become  changed  into 
crystals ; to  assume  the  form  of  crystals. 

Anv  mineral  solution  will  crystallize  into  glacious  bodies. 

Browne . 

CRYS'TAL-LIZED  (krls't»l-llzd),  p.  a.  Formed 
into  crystals. 


A,  E,  r,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  ?,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


CRYSTALLOGENIC 


CUCUMBER 


345 


CRYS-TAL-LO-(?EN'IC,  ) a.  Relating  to  crys- 

CRYS-TAL-LO-yEN'I-CAL,  > tallogeny.  Dana. 

CRYS-TAL-LO<?'fl-NY,  n.  [Gr.  KoboTaUog,  rock- 
crystal,  and  ytwaoi,  to  produce  ; Fr.  cristallo- 
genie.)  {Min.)  The  formation  and  internal 
structure  of  minerals.  Dana. 

CRYS-TAL-LOG'RA-PHJJR,  n.  One  versed  in 
crystallography.  Ed.  Rev. 

CRYS-TAL-LO-GRApH'IC,  ) a . Relating  to 

CRYS-TAL-LO-GRAPH'I-CAL,  ) crystallography. 

CRYS-TAL-LO-GRAPH'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  By  crys- 
tallization. Journal  of  Science. 

CRYS-TAL-LOG'R  A-PHY,  re.  [Gr.  KpuoTaV.os,  rock- 
crystal,  and  ypa<l>ij>,  to  describe ; It.  cristallo- 
grafia ; Sp.  cristalografia ; Fr.  crist  alio  graphic.) 
The  doctrine  or  science  of  crystallization  ; the 
doctrine  of  the  relation  of  crystallized  forms, and 
of  the  origin  and  structure  of  crystals.  Brande. 

CRYS-TAL'LO-TYPE,  n.  [Gr.  KputrraV.o rock- 
crystal,  and  tvttos,  an  impression.]  A photo- 
graphic picture  taken  on  glass.  Fairholt. 

CRYS'TAL-EUR-OY,  71.  [Gr.  KoboTaUoq,  rock- 
crystal,  and  loyov,  work.]  Crystallization.  Crabb. 

CTE'NOID  (te'nbld),  a.  Relating  to  the  etenoid- 
ians.  Brande. 

CTy-NOID'I-AN  (te-niil'de-an),  n.  [Gr.  ktIis,  uri- 
vo a comb,  and  ubo<,  form.]  {Teh.)  One  of  an 
order  of  fishes  having  scales  composed  of  layers 
with  pectinated  or  toothed  margins.  Jiuckland. 

CUB,  re.  1.  [Of  uncertain  etymology.  — Minsheu 
suggests  L.  cubo,  to  lie  down.]  The  young  of  a 
beast,  generally  of  a bear  or  a fox. 

Pluck  the  young  suckling  cubs  from  the  she-bcar.  Shale. 

2.  The  young  of  a whale.  Waller. 

Oil  the  approach  of  our  boats,  they  [the  whales]  all  took 
their  cubs  under  their  fins.  Cook. 

3.  A young  boy  or  a young  girl.  [A  term  of 

contempt.]  Shah. 

4.  [Perhaps  L.  rtibo,  to  lie  down ; or  a cor- 

ruption of  coop.  Todd.)  A stall  for  cattle.  [Lo- 
cal, Eng.]  Todd. 

5.  f A cupboard.  Abp.  Laud. 

CU  B,  V.  a.  & 71.  [i..  CUBBED  ; pp.  CUBBING,  CUBBED.] 
To  bring  forth  ; — used  of  beasts,  or  contempt- 
uously of  persons.  Dryden. 

■f  CUB,  v.  a.  [Perhaps  a corruption  of  to  coop. 
Nares.)  To  shut  up,  as  in  a cub  ; to  coop. 

To  be  cubbed  up  on  a sudden,  how  shall  he  be  perplexed ! 

Burton. 

CU-BA'TIONj  7i.  [L.  cubatio  ; cubo , to  lie  clown  ; 

Fr.  cubation.)  The  act  of  lying  down.  Bailey. 

CU'BA-TO-RY,  a.  Recumbent,  [r.]  Bailey. 

CU'BA-TURE,  re.  [It.  cubatura  ; Fr . cubature. — 
See  Cube.]  ( Mensuratio re. ) The  measurement 
of  the  contents  of  a solid  body,  or  the  finding 
of  a cube  equal  to  it.  Harris. 

CUB' BRIDGE-HEAD,  re.  (Naut.)  A partition 
made  of  boards,  &c.,  across  the  forecastle  and 
half  deck  of  a ship.  Scott. 

CUB'BY— HOLE,  n.  A snug,  confined  place ; a 
small’  closet.  Joinings. 

CUB'-DRAwN,  a.  Sucked  dry  by  cubs.  “The 
cub-drawn  bear.”  Shah. 

CUBE,  7i.  [Gr.  ku(3os  ; L.  cubus;  It.  <S, 

Sp.  cubo;  Fr.  cube.) 

1.  {Geom.)  A regular  solid  bounded 

by  six  equal  squares.  Davies. 

2.  (Arith.)  The  product  obtained 

by  taking  a number  or  quantity  three  times  as  a 
factor ; — thus,  the  cube  of  3 is  3 X 3 X 3 = 27  ; 
the  cube  of  a is  a X a X a = a3.  Eliot. 

Cube  root,  (Arith.)  the  number  or  quantity  that 
produces  a given  cube  by  being  multiplied  twice  into 
itself ; as,  3 is  the  cube  root  of  27. 

CU'BEB,  re.  [Sp.  cubeba ; Fr.  cubibe.)  A small 
fruit  or  berry  of  a pungent  taste  and  aromatic 
smell,  growing  on  a vine  fonnd  in  China,  Java, 
&c. ; Java  pepper;  Piper  cubeba.  Brande. 

CU'By-BINE,  re.  {Chem.)  A vegetable  principle 
found  in  cubebs.  Craig. 

CUBE'— ORE,  re.  (Mill.)  A mineral  of  an  olive- 
green  color  ; arseniate  of  iron.  Dana. 


^ — 

\ 

A 

\ 

CUBE'-SPAR,  re.  (Mill.)  An  anhydrous  sulphate 
of  lime.  Hamilton. 

CU'BIC,  I a%  [Gr.  kv(}oc6s  ; L.  cubicus ; It.  3, 

CU'BI-CAL,  ) Sp.  cubico;  Fr.  cubique.)  Relating 
to  a cube  ; having  the  form  or  properties  of  a 
cube.  “ Cubic  numbers.”  Hale.  “ Cubical 
dice.”  Bentley. 

Cubic  equation,  (Algebra.)  an  equation  in  which  the 
highest  exponent  of  the  unknown  quantity,  in  any 
term,  is  3.  Davies. 

CU'BI-CA,  re.  A very  fine  kind  of  shalloon.  W.Ency. 

CU'BI-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a cubical  method.  More. 

CU'BI-CAL-NESS,  re.  The  state  or  the  quality  of 
being  cubical.  Clarke. 

f CU-Blc'U-LAR,  a.  [L.  cubic ulum,  a bed-cham- 
ber.] Belonging  to  a bed-room.  Howell. 

f CU-BIC'U-LA-RY,  a.  [L.  cubicularis ; cubiculum, 
a bed-chamber.]  Fitted  for  the  posture  of  ly- 
ing-down. Browne. 

CU'BI-FORM,  a.  [It.  cubifortne.)  Having  the 
form  of  a cube.  Johnson. 

CU'BIT,  7i.  [Gr.  Kbfhrov,  the  elbow ; L.  cubitum,  or 
cubitus  ; It.  <5,  Sp.  cubito.) 

1.  (Anat.)  The  forearm : — the  larger  bone 

of  the  arm  from  the  elbow  to  the  wrist ; the 
ulna.  Dunglison. 

2.  A measure,  — originally,  the  distance  from 

the  elbow  to  the  extremity  of  the  middle  finger. 
— The  Roman  cubit  was  nearly  17i  inches  ; the 
Hebrew  a little  less  than  22 ; the  English,  18 
inches.  Holder.  Arbuthnot. 

CU'BI-T  AL,  a.  [L.  cubitalis  ; Sp.  <Sf  Fr.  cubital.) 

1.  Relating  to  the  forearm  ; as,  “ The  cubital 

nerve”;  “ The  cubital  veins.”  Dunylison. 

2.  Containing  the  length  of  a cubit.  “ A cu- 
bital measure.”  Browne. 

CU'BI-TAL,  7i.  A fore-sleeve  for  the  arm,  from 
the  elbow  downwards.  Crabb. 

CU'BIT-yD,  a.  Having  the  measure  of  a cubit. 

CU'BI-TUS,  7i.  [L.]  (Anat.)  The  forearm:  — 

the  ulna ; cubit.  Dunylison. 

CU'BI-ZIT,  7i.  (Min.)  Silicate  of  alumina  and 
soda  ; analcime.  Dana. 

CUB'LfSS,  a.  Destitute  of  cubs.  Byron. 

CU' BO— CUBE,  7i.  (Algebra.)  The  sixth  power. 
“64  is  the  cubo-cube  of  2.”  Francis. 

CU'BO— CU'BO— CUBE,  re.  (Algebra.)  The  ninth 
power.  “ 512  is  the  cubo-cubo-cube  of  2.”  Francis. 

CU'BO-DO-DEC-A-HE'DRAL,  a.  Having  the  two 
forms  of  a cube  and  a dodecahedron.  Craig. 

CU'BO-OC-TA-HE'DRAL,  a.  Having  the  two 
forms  of  a cube  and  an  octahedron.  Craig. 

CU'BOID,  i a.  [(jr-  Ktifiog,  a cube,  and  elboi, 

CU-BOID'AL,  ^ form;  Fr.  txuboide.)  Relating  to, 
or  resembling,  a cube.  Smart. 

CUCK'ING— STOOL,  re.  [A.  S.  scealfing-stol,  a 
ducking-stool,  or  cucking-stool.]  An  engine  for 
the  punishment  of  scolds  and  unquiet  women 
by  ducking  them  in  water ; — also  for  delin- 
quent brewers  and  bakers  ; a ducking-stool ; a 
tumbrel ; a castigatory  ; a trebuchet.  Whisliaw. 

CUCK'OLD,  re.  1.  [Fr . cocu.  — “The  Italian  cu- 
colo,  a cuckoo,  gives  us  the  verb  to  cucol  (with- 
out the  terminating  d),  as  the  common  people 
rightly  pronounce  it,  and  as  the  verb  was  for- 
merly and  should  still  be  written.x 

I am  cuckolled,  and  fooled  to  boot,  too.  Beau,  FI. 

To  cucol  is  to  do  as  the  cuckoo  does  [deposits 
its  eggs  in  the  nests  of  other  birds],  and cucoled, 
cucol’ d,  cucold,  its  past  participle,  means  cuck- 
oo-ed,  i.  e.  served  as  the  cuckoo  serves  other 
birds.”  Tooke.  — “Tooke  seems  to  have  settled 
the  etymology  of  this  word  very  clearly.”  Rich- 
ardson. “ Perhaps  cuckoo’d ; i.  e.  one  served 


As  that  ungentle  gull,  the  cuckoo  bird, 
Useth  the  sparrow. 


Shak. 


i.  e.  forced  to  bring  up  a brood  not  its  own.” 
iVarcs.]  One  who  is  married  to  an  adulteress  ; 
one  whose  wife  is  false  to  his  bed.  Shak. 

2.  The  plant  burdock.  J.  Jennings. 

CUCK'OLD,  v.  a.  [See  Cuckold,  re.]  1.  To  make 
a man  a cuckold  by  seducing  his  wife.  Shak. 


English  cuekoo. 


American  cuckoo. 


2.  To  bring  upon  a husband  the  reproach  of 
being  a cuckold  by  proving  unfaithful  as  a wife  ; 
to  wrong  a husband  by  unchastity.  Dryde7i. 

CUCK'OLD-IZE,  v.  a.  To  make  cuckolds;  to 
cuckold.  Dryden. 

CUCK'OLD-LY,  a.  Having  the  qualities  of  a 
cuckold ; mean  ; cowardly.  “ Poor  cuckoldbf 
knave.”  Skak. 

CUCK'OLD-MAK'FR,  re.  One  who  makes  a cuck- 
old ; one  who  corrupts  a wife.  Shak. 

CUCK'OL-DOM,  re.  1.  The  state  of  being  a cuck- 
old. Arbuth7iot. 

2.  Adultery.  “ She  is  conspiring  cuckoldom 
against  me.”  Dryden. 

CUCK'OO,  re.;  pi.  cOck'oo?.  [Gr.  k6kkv(;  L.  cu- 
culus  ; It.  cucco,  cucu- 
lo ; Sp.  cuclillo  or  cu- 
co;Fr.coucou:  — Dut. 
kockoek ; Ger .kuckuk ; 

Sw  kuku.  “Allman-  sGjts's. 
ifestly  from  the  sound  A ' ^ ' 

uttered  by  this  bird.” 

Richardson.)  ( Or- 
nith.)  A well-known 
passerine  bird  of  the 
genus  Cuculus,  named 
from  its  note  in  the 
spring.  It  differs  from 
almost  every  other  bird  in  not  constructing  a 
nest,  never,  under  any  circumstances,  hatching 
its  own  eggs,  but  depositing  them  in  the  nest  of 
some  other  bird,  as  the  hedge-sparrow.  Brande. 

CUCK'OO— BUD,  7i.  (Bot.)  The  common  plant 
■ Ranunculus  bulbosa; — called  also  butter-cup, 
king’s-cup,  butter-flower,  and  gold-cup.  Craig. 

And  cuckoo-buds  of  yellow  hue.  Shak. 

CUCK'OO— FLOVA'JJR,  n.  The  plant  Cardumine 
pratensis,  or  mea,dow  lady’s-smock.  Loudon. 

CUCK'OO-LIKE,  re.  Like  the  cuckoo. 

CUCK'OO-PlNT,  n.  A plant  of  the  genus  Arum. 

CUCK'OO— SPIT'TLE,  re.  A spumous  dew  or  exu- 
dation found  upon  certain  plants,  as  lavender 
and  rosemary.  Browne. 

fCUC'OUEAN  (kuk'kwen),  71.  [Fr.  coquine.)  A 
vile  woman  ; a prostitute.  B.  Jonson. 

CU-CU’ Ll-DJE,  7i.  pi.  [L.  cuculus,  a cuckoo.] 
(Or/iith.)  A family  of  birds  of  the  order  Scanso- 
res,  including  the  sub-families  Indicatorince, 
Saurothermcc,  Coccyzince,  Crotophagince,  and 
Cuculinat.  Gray. 

CU-CU-Li'JVJE,  7i.pl.  [L. 
cuculus,  a cuckoo.]  ( Or- 
nith.) A sub-family  of 
birds  of  the  order  Scan- 
sores  and  family  Cuculi- 
dee ; cuckoos.  Gray. 

CU-CUL' 

CU-COl'LAT-ED  $ ku'ku-lat,  P.  Ja.  R.  Wb.),  a. 
[L.  cucuUatus  ; cucu/lus,  a hood  ; It.  cucullato.) 

1.  Hooded ; covered  as  with  a hood.  Jo)i7iso7i. 

2.  (Bot.)  Having  the  shape  of  a 
hood,  as  a leaf  or  a petal.  Loudon.  fMfl) 

3.  (F.7it.)  Noting  the  prothorax  when 

it  is  elevated  into  a kind  of  hood  which 
receives  the  head.  Maunder. 

CU-eijL'LUS,  re.;  pi.  cvcvlli.  [L.]  A cap, 
cowl,  or  hood,  worn  on  the  head  by  the  ancient 
Romans  and  by  monks.  Crabb. 

CU'CU-LUS,  re.  [L .,  a cuckoo.)  (Ornith.)  A ge- 
nus of  passerine  birds,  including  the  cuckoo, 
and  characterized  by  having  the  toes  situated 
two  before  and  two  behind.  Brande. 

CU'CUM-BIJR  [ku'kQm-her,  E.  Ja.  K.  S/n.  C.  Wb. ; 
kou'kum-ber,  S.  IK.  P.  F.  Kenrick,  Scott;  kuk'- 
um-ber,  J.),  n.  [L . cucumis  ; It .cocomero;  .Sp. 
cohombro ; Fr.  co7icombre ; Dut.  komkommer ; 
Ger.  kukummer,  or  kukumber.)  (Bot.) 

1.  A genus  of  plants,  with  herbaceous  scan- 
dent  stems  ; Cucumis.  The  Cucumis  sativus, 
or  common  cucumber,  and  the  Cucumis  7iielo, 
or  melon,  are  the  best  known  species.  Loudon. 

2.  The  fruit  of  the  Cucumis  sativus.  It  is 

cold  and  watery,  and,  when  unripe,  used  for  sal- 
ads and  pickles.  Loudon. 

Walker  says  of  this  word,  “ It  seems  too  firmly 


Cuculus  canorus. 


TLATE  > [ku-kul'l9t,  s.  IK.  J.  K.  Sm.; 
TlAT-ED  ) ku'k 


MiEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — y,  £,  y,  g,  soft ; C,  G,  c,  g,  hard ; S$  as  z ; as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 
44 


CUCUMIFORM 


346 


CULMEN 


fixed  in  its  sound  of  coiocumbcr  to  be  altered  ; ” but 
Smart  (1836)  remarks,  “ Nowell-taught  person,  ex- 
cept of  the  old  school,  now  says  cowcumber,  or  spar- 
row-grass, although  any  other  pronunciation  of  cu- 
cumber and  asparagus  would  have  been  pedantic  some 
thirty  years  ago.” 

CU-CU' MI-FORM,  a.  [L.  cucumis , a cucumber, 
and  forma,  form.]  Shaped  like  a cucumber ; 
having  the  longitudinal  section  oblong,  and  the 
transverse  circular.  Maunder . 

CU' CU-M/S,  n.  [L.,  a cucumber.']  ( Bot .)  A ge- 
nus of  plants  including  the  common  cucumber 
and  the  melon.  Loudon. 

CU'CUR-BIT,  n.  [L.  cucurbita,  a gourd;  Fr.  cu- 
curbit e.)  A chemical  vessel,  originally  in  the 
shape  of  a gourd,  used  in  distillation.  Boyle. 

CU-CUR'  BI-TA,  n.  [L.,  a gourd.]  (Bot.)  A ge- 
nus of  plants,  including  the  gourd,  pumpkin, 
squash,  water-melon,  See.  Loudon. 

CU-CUR-BI-TA'CEOUS  (ku-kiir-be-ta'shus,  66),  a. 
[L.  cucurbita,  a gourd  ; It.  &;  Sp.  cucurbitaceo  ; 
Fr.  cucurbitace.]  (Bot.)  Noting  a genus  of 
plants  including  the  cucumber,  melon,  pump- 
kin, gourd,  &c. : — noting  a fruit  like  a gourd. 

Chambers. 

CU-CUR'BI-TIVE,  a.  Applied  to  small,  flat  worms, 
of  the  shape  of  the  seed  of  a gourd.  Todd. 

CUD,  n.  [A.  S.  cud ; ceowan,  to  chew.] 

1.  The  food  which  ruminating  animals  bring 
from  the  first  stomach  into  the  mouth  to  chew 
again. 

Because  half  a dozen  grasshoppers  under  a fern  make  the 
field  ring  with  their  importunate  chink,  whilst  thousands  of 
great  cattle,  reposed  beneath  the  shadow  of  the  British  oak, 
chew  the  cud  and  are  silent,  pray  do  not  imagine  that  those 
who  make  the  noise  are  the  only  inhabitants  of  the  field.  Burke. 

2.  A small  quantity  of  tobacco  ; a quid.[Vulg.] 

3.  The  first  stomach  of  animals  that  chew 

their  food  more  than  once.  Crabb. 

To  chew  the  r.U , to  think,  ponder,  or  ruminate  upon 
a thing. 

CUD'BEAr,  n.  A powder  of  a violet-red  color; 
the  coloring  matter  of  the  orchil ; — used  in  dye- 
ing violet  or  crimson.  It  was  first  made  an  ar- 
ticle of  trade  in  England  by  Dr.  Cuthbert  Gor- 
don, from  whom  it  derived  its  name.  Ure. 

CUD'DEN  (kud'dn),  n.  [Icel.  kutte,  a dwarf. 
Serenius.  — Ger.  kudde,  a pig.  Todd.  — “ Prob- 
ably from  cud,  as  if  slavering  while  he  chewed.” 
Richardson .] 

1.  A clown  ; a stupid  rustic.  Dryden. 

2.  (Ich.)  A fish  of  the  genus  Gadus,  found  on 

the  coasts  of  Scotland,  Ireland,  and  the  U.  S. ; 
the  coal-fish,  or  cole-fish ; Gadus  carbonarius, 
or  Merlangus  carbonarius.  Yarrell. 

CUD'DLE,  v.  n.  [W.  cuddio,  to  hide.  Todd.  — Teut. 
hidden,  to  come  together.  Jamieson.]  [ i . cud- 
dled ; pp.  cuddling,  cuddled.]  To  lie  close 
or  snug ; to  snuggle  ; to  squat. 

She  cuddles  low  behind  the  brake.  Prior. 

CUD'DLE,  v.  a.  To  press  close,  so  as  to  keep 
warm ; to  embrace  closely.  Smart. 

CUD'DY,  n.  1.  The  coal-fish ; cudden ; Gadus 
carbonarius.  — See  Cudden. 

The  cuddy  is  a fish  of  which  I know  not  the  philosophical 
name.  , Johnson. 

2.  A clown  ; a dunce ; a cudden.  Johnson. 

3.  A three-legged  stand  used  as  a fulcrum  hi 

lifting  or  laying  rail-road  blocks.  Francis. 

4.  ( Xaut .)  A cabin  in  the  fore  part  of  a boat : 

— in  a vessel  of  war,  a place  between  the  cap- 
tain-lieutenant’s cabin  and  the  quarter-deck,  di- 
vided into  partitions  for  the  master  and  other 
officers.  Dana.  London  Ency. 

CUD'(?]JL  (kfiil 'jel),  n.  [Dut.  kudse.  Skinner. 
Junius.  — W.  cogel.]  A short  stick  to  strike 
with  ; a club.  “ With  cudgels  we  killed  many 
of  them”  [fowls],  Hackluyt. 

To  cross  the  cudgels,  to  forbear  the  contest ; — from 
the  practice  of  cudgel-players  to  lay  one  cudgel  over 
the  other.  L' Estrange. 

CUD'yyL,  V.  a.  [t.  CUDGELLED  ; pp.  CUDGEL- 
LING, cudgelled.]  To  beat  with  a cudgel ; to 
strike  with  a stick  ; to  cane. 

My  lord,  he  speaks  most  vilely  of  you,  and  said  he  would 
cudgel  you.  Shak. 

A company  of  young  fellows  were  cudgelling  a walnut- 
tree.  L'  Estrange. 

CUD'yEL-LfR,  n.  One  who  cudgels  another. 
“ A night-walking  cudgeller.”  Milton. 


CUD'Gf.L-LlNG,  n.  The  act  of  beating  with  a 
cudgel ; a flogging ; a whipping.  Locke. 

CUD'yyL-PLAY,  n.  Play  or  contest  with  cud- 
gels. Beaum. 

CUD'OEL— PLAY'ING,  n.  Play  with  cudgels.  “ A 
match  of  cudgel-playing."  Harrington. 

CUD'GfL— PROOF,  a.  Able  to  resist  a cudgel. 
“ His  doublet  was  . . . cudgel-proof.”  Hudibras. 

CUD'LE  (lcud'dl),  n.  A small  sea-fish.  Carew. 

CUD'WEED,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  belonging  to  the 
genus  Gnaphalium  ; goldy-locks  or  everlasting; 
— remarkable  for  the  permanence  of  its  colors 
and  of  its  dried  leaves.  Farm.  Ency. 

CUE  (ka),  n.  1.  [L.  cauda,  a tail  ; It.  <5;  Sp. 
coda  ; Fr.  queue.]  The  tail  or  end  of  any  thing, 
as  the  long  curl  of  a wig.  Johnson. 

2.  The  last  words  of  a speech  in  a play  taken 
by  an  actor  as  a direction  when  to  enter,  to  be- 
gin to  speak,  or  to  do  any  thing  which  his  part 
requires. 

Py ramus,  jtou  begin;  when  you  have  spoken  your  speech, 
enter  into  that  brake;  and  so  every  one  according  to  his  cue. 

Shak. 

3.  An  intimation  ; a suggestion  ; a hint. 

What  would  he  do, 

Had  he  the  motive  and  the  cue  for  passion 

That  I have?  He  would  drown  the  stage  with  tears.  Shak. 

4.  The  part  which  an  actor  is  to  play  in  his 
turn. 

Nothing  appears  in  his  cue  to  move  pity,  or  any  way  make 
the  audience  of  Iris  party.  Rymcr. 

5.  Temper  of  mind  ; humor.  [Low.]  Johnson. 

6.  f [The  name  of  the  letter  q,  taken  as  an 

abbreviation  for  L.  quadrans,  a fourth  part,  a 
farthing.]  A small  portion  of  bread  or  beer  ; a 
farthing’s  worth  or  less  ; — a term  formerly  cur- 
rent in  both  the  English  universities,  the  letter 
q being  the  mark  in  the  buttery  books  to  denote 
such  portion.  Nares. 

With  kidneys,  rumps,  and  cues  of  single  beer.  Beau.  8f  FI. 

7.  The  straight  rod  used  in  billiards.  Smart. 

CUE,  v.  a.  [i.  cued  ; pp.  cuing,  cued.]  To  tie 
into  a cue  or  tail.  More. 

CUERPO  (kvver'po),  n.  [Sp.,  body,  L .corpus.] 

To  be  in  cuerpo  is  to  be  without  the  upper  coat 
or  cloak,  so  as  to  show  the  shape  of  the  body. 
Exposed  in  cuerpo  to  their  rage, 

Without  my  arms  aud  equipage.  Hudibras. 

CUFF,  n.  1.  [Of  doubtful  etymology.  — Goth. 
kaupatyan,  to  strike  ; Dan.  hep,  a club.  Lyc. 
Serenius.  — Gr.  kovtui,  to  strike.  Skinner. — 
Gr.  sblaipoi,  a box  on  the  ear.  Junius.  — It. 
zuffa,  a battle.  Johnson.  — Pers.  kafa,  a blow. 
Webster.  — Sw.  knujfa.]  A blow  or  stroke,  par- 
ticularly with  the  fist 

With  wounding  cuff  of  cannon’s  fiery  ball.  Mir.  for  Mag. 

Unless  the  poet  and  the  player  went  to  cuffs  in  the  ques- 
tion. Shak. 

2.  [Fr.  coiffe,  a hood.  Skinner.]  The  fold 
at  the  end  of  a sleeve.  B.  Jonson. 

CUFF,  v.  n.  [i.  cuffed  ; pp.  cuffing,  cuffed.] 
To  fight ; to  scuffle.  Dryden. 

CUFF,  v.  a.  To  strike  with  the  open  palm,  the 
fist,  talons,  or  wings ; to  buffet ; to  beat ; to 
strike. 

Do  cuff  him  soundly,  but  never  draw  thy  sword.  Shak. 

They  with  their  quills  did  all  the  hurt  they  could, 

And  cuffed  the  tender  chickens  from  their* food.  Dryden. 

CU'FIC,  a.  Relating  to  Cufa,  in  Irac  Arabi,  once 
the  seat  of  the  caliphs: — noting  a species  of 
characters  anciently  used  in  writing,  as  also 
coins  anciejjtly  in  use.  Ency.  Am. 

CU1  BO'tN'O  (kl'bo'nd).  [L.]  To  whose  benefit 
will  it  tend  ? — for  what  use  ? to  what  end  ? 

CUIN'A(.E  (kwin'jj),  n.  [Probably  corrupted 
from  coinage.]  The  making  of  tin,  &c.,  into 
pigs  for  carriage.  Cowell. 

CUI-RASS'  (kwe-ras',  or  kwe'rSs)  [kwe-ras',  IV.  F. 
Ja.  C.  Wb.  ; ku'ras,  S.  K.  ; kwE'ras,  P.  J.  Sm.], 
n.  [Gr.  skin  or  leather ; L.  corium , skin 

or  leather ; Low  L.  coriaceus,  a breastplate  ; 
It.  corazza  ; Sp.  coraza  ; Fr.  cuirasse;  cuir, 
leather.]  A piece  of  defensive  armor,  made  of 
plate,  well  hammered,  serving  to  cover  the  body 
from  the  neck  to  the-  girdle,  both  before  and 
behind  ; a breastplate.  P.  Cyc. 

CUI-RAS-SIER'  (kwe-rfts-ser'),  n.  [It.  corazziere  ; 


Sp.  coracero;  Fr.  cuirassier.]  A soldier  armed 
with  a cuirass  ; a soldier  in  armor. 

Cuirassiers , all  in  steel,  for  standing  fight.  Milton. 

CUISIl  (kwis)  [kvvls,  W.  J.  F.  Ja.  Sm.  C.  Wb. ; 
kusli,  f>.  K.  ; kwlsli,  P.],  n.  [L.  coxa,  the  hip; 
It.  coscia  ; Fr.  cuisse,  the  thigh.]  The  armor  for 
the  thigh.  — See  Cuisse. 

I saw  young  Harry  with  his  beaver  on, 

Ilis  cuishes  on  his  thigh,  gallantly  armed. 

Rise  from  the  ground  like  feathered  Mercury.  Shak. 

CUI-^IME  ’ (kwe-zen'),  n.  [Fr.]  1.  A kitchen. 

2.  Cookery.  Observer. 

CUISSE  (kwis),  it . [Fr.,  the  thigh.]  Armor  for 

the  thigh-;  cuish.  Crabb. 

CUL-DEE',  n. ; pi.  cBl-dee$'  [kul-dez',  IF.  Ja. 
Sm.  ; kul'dez,  S.  J.  F.  IF6.].  [Contracted  from 
L.  cultores  Dei,  worshippers  of  God.]  (Eccl. 
Hist.)  One  of  a very  ancient  religious  fraternity, 
whose  principal  seat  was  at  Iona  or  Icolmkiil, 
one  of  the  western  islands  of  Scotland,  and 
whose  missionary  exertions  extended  over 
Scotland,  England,  Wales,  and  Ireland.  Eden. 

CUL’—DE—SAC',  n.  [Fr .,  the  bottom  of  a bag.] 
An  alley  or  street  open  only  at  one  end  ; a blind- 
alley.  Bouvier. 

CUL'JJR-A(!E,  n.  [Fr.  cul,  the  breech.]  (Bot.) 
A plant.  Same  as  arsesnuirt.  Ainsworth. 

CU'LF.X,  n.  [L.,  a gnat.]  (Ent.)  A genus  of 
dipterous,  or  two-winged  insects,  including  the 
gnat  and  the  mosquito.  Brande. 

CU-LIQ'I-FORM,  a.  [L.  culex,  a gnat,  and  forma, 
form.]  Having  the  form  of  a gnat.  Smart. 

CU'LI-NA-Ry,  a.  [L.  culinarius ; culina,  a kitch- 
en, or  food  ; Fr.  culinaire.]  Relating  to,  or  used 
in,  the  kitchen  or  cookery.  “ Culinary  fire.” 
Boyle.  “ Culinary  arts.”  Cowper. 

CULL,  v.  a.  [L.  colligo,  to  collect;  It.  cogliere  ; 
Fr.  cueillir.]  [ i . culled  ; pp.  culling,  culled.] 
To  select  from  others  ; to  pick  out  of  many  ; to 
select ; to  choose  ; to  sort.  Hooker. 

Amongst  the  rest,  a small,  unsightly  root, 

But  of  divine  effect,  he  culled  me  out.  • Milton. 

CULL,  n.  A dupe  ; a cully.  — See  Cully.  Clarke. 

CUL'LIJN-DER,  n.  A strainer  ; a colander. — See 
Colander.  Crabb. 

CULL'JJR,  n.  One  who  culls:  — an  inspector. 

Sherwood. 

CUI.'LET,  n.  [Fr.  cuillette,  a collection.]  Broken 
glass  to  be  melted  with  fresh  materials.  Brande. 

CUL-LI-BIL'I-TY,  n.  Credulity  ; gullibility. 
“ Thoughtlessness  and  cullibility ."  [Low.]Sic[/f. 

CUL'LJ-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  cheated  ; gullible, 
[it.]  Perry. 

CUL'LING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  selecting. 

2.  Any  thing  selected  or  separated  from  the 
mass.  Todd. 

CULL'ION  (kul'yun),  n.  [It.  coqlione,  a fool.] 

1.  A scoundrel;  mean  wretch;  scullion.  Shak. 

2.  (Bot.)  A bulbous  root ; orchis.  Clarke. 

CULL'lON-LY  (kul'yun-le),  a.  Mean  ; base.  Shak. 

CUL'LIS,  n.  1.  [Fr.  coulisi]  Broth  or  jelly 
strained.  Beau.  § Ft. 

2.  [Fr.  coulisse,  a groove.]  (Arch.)  A gutter 

in  a roof : — any  groove  or  channel.  Weale. 

cCl'LUM-bIne,  n.  See  Columbine.  Spenser. 

CUL'LY,  n.  [It.  coglione,  a fool.  Johnson.  — 
Dut.  kullen,  to  cheat.  Webster .]  One  imposed 
upon  by  low  sharpers:  — a dupe  of  a strumpet. 
“ The  rich  cullies.”  Dryden. 

cCfL'LY,  v.  a.  To  befool ; to  cheat.  Pomfret. 

CUL'LY-I§M,  n.  State  of  being  a cully.  Spectator. 

CULM,  n.  1.  [L.  culmus,  a stalk.]  (Bot.)  The 
smooth  jointed  stalk  or  stem  of  corn,  grasses, 
sedges,  &c.  ; haulm  or  straw.  Farm.  Ency. 

2.  [W.  ciolm.]  Glance  coal,  blind  coal,  or 
anthracite,  found  in  beds  of  bituminous  coal, 
generally  in  those  situations  where  the  latter 
has  come  in  contact  with  basalt ; — applied  par- 
ticularly to  anthracite  in  the  state  of  small  par- 
ticles. P.  Cyc. 

CUL  'MEN,  n.  [L.]  Summit.  “At  the  culmen 
or  top  was  a chapel.”  Sir  T.  Herbert. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  £,  I,  6,  U,  f,  short;  A,  5,  l,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


CULMIFEROUS 


347 


CUMULO-STRATUS 


CUL-MIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  culmus , a stalk,  and 
fero,  to  bear  ; It.  § Sp.  culmifero. ] 

1.  ( Bot .)  Having  culms,  or  smooth  jointed 

stalks,  as  corn,  grasses,  &c.  ; producing  straw 
or  stalks.  “ Culmiferous  plants,  as  oats,  bar- 
ley, wheat.”  Arbutlinot. 

2.  Containing  culm,  or  anthracite. 

CUL'MI-NANT,  a.  Being  vertical  or  at  the  high- 
est point ; culminating.  Coleridge. 

CUL'MI-nATE,  v.  n.  [L.  c.ulmen  ; It.  culminare-, 
Sp.  culmincir ; Fr.  culminer.]  [I.  culminated  ; 
pp.  culminating,  culminated.]  To  be  ver- 
tical ; to  be  in  the  meridian  or  at  the  highest 
point ; to  reach  the  top,  or  summit. 

The  regal  star,  then  culminating , was  the  sun.  Deaden. 

CUL'MI-NAT-ING,  p.  a.  Rising  to  the  vertical 
point  or  the  meridian.  “ Where  I may  view  . . . 
the  culminating  sun.”  Pitt. 

CUL-MI-NA'TION,  n.  [It.  culminazione  ; Sp. 
culminacion ; Fr.  culmination .] 

1.  The  act  of  culminating ; the  transit  of  a 

planet  or  other  heavenly  body  through  the  me- 
ridian. Johnson. 

2.  The  highest  point  of  maturity. 

We  wonder  how  that  which  in  its  putting  forth  was  a 
flower  should,  in  its  growth  and  culmination , become  a this- 
tle. • Farindun. 

CUL-PA-BlL'l-TY,  n.  [Sp.  culpabilidad  ; Fr. 
culpabilite .]  The  state  of  being  culpable ; 
blamableness ; culpableness.  Johnson. 

CUL'PA-BLE,  a.  [L.  cttlpabilis  ; culpa,  a fault  ; 
It.  c'olpabile;  Sp.  § Fr.  culpable .]  Deserving 
censure  or  blame  ; blamable  ; censurable. 

All  such  ignorance  is  voluntary,  and  therefore  culpable. 

South. 

CUL'PA-BLE- NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  cul- 
pable ; guiltiness  ; blame.  Sharp. 

CUL'PA-BLY,  ad.  In  a culpable  manner. 

CUL'PA-TO-ItY,  a.  Censuring  ; reprehensory. 
“ Used  ...  in  a culpatory  sense.”  IValpole. 

CtJL'PRlT,  n.  [Abbreviation  of  L.  cttlpabilis, 
guilty,  and  Old  Fr.  prest,  or  prit,  ready,  i.  e.  to 
prove  it ; a phrase  used  anciently  by  the  clerk 
of  the  assize  or  clerk  of  the  arraigns,  on  the 
arraignment  of  a prisoner  at  bar,  and  employed, 
in  the  course  of  time,  to  denote  a prisoner  so 
arraigned.  Blackstone.  Burrill.  — A contrac- 
tion of  Fr.  culpe,  a fault,  a crime,  and  pm,  par- 
ticiple of  prendre,  to  take,  i.  e.  one  taken  a 
prisoner  for  crime.  Richardson.  — L.  culpa,  a 
crime,  and  reatus,  the  condition  of  one  accused, 
or  L.  culpa,  crime,  and  Fr.  pris,  participle  of 
prendre,  to  take,  i.  e.  one  taken  in  the  act  of 
crime.  Sullivan.'] 

1.  A person  arraigned  before  a court  for  a 
crime  ; one  indicted  for  a criminal  offence. 

An  author  is  in  the  condition  of  a culprit ; the  public  are 
his  judges.  Prior. 

2.  A criminal  ; a malefactor. 

The  culprit,  by  escape  grown  bold, 

Pilfers  alike  from  young  and  old.  Moore. 

Syn.  — See  Criminal. 

CULT,  n.  [L.  cultus.]  Homage;  worship. 

Thus  is  every  one  convinced  of  the  reality  of  a better  self, 
and  of  the  cult  or  homage  which  is  due  to  it.  Shaftesbury. 

The  forms  of  a cult  to  satisfy  the  religious  sentiment  of 
the  masses.  West.  Rev. 

CULTCH,  n.  The  spawn  of  the  oyster.  Sprat. 

CUL-TEL-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  cultello,  cultellatus, 
to  level  land  with  the  plough  ; Fr.  cultellation. ] 

( Geom .)  A mode  of  measuring  by  means  of  a 
horizontal  projection.  Spiers. 

CUL'TpR,  n.  Colter.  — See  Colter.  Shah. 

CUL'TI-VA-BLE,  a.  [It.  coltivabile ; Sp.  <Sr  Fr. 
cultivable .]  Capable  of  cultivation.  Todd. 

CUL'T{-VAT-A-BLE,  a.  Cultivable.  Craig. 

CUL'TI-VATE,  v.  a.  [L.  colo,  cultus,  to  till;  It. 
coltivare  ; Sp.  cultivar ; Fr.  cultiver .]  [i.  cul- 

tivated ; pp.  CULTIVATING,  CULTIVATED.] 

1.  To  prepare  for  crops  ; to  till ; to  culture  ; 
as,  “To  cultivate  land.” 

2.  To  produce  from  the  soil ; to  raise  by  til- 
lage ; as,  “ To  cultivate  wheat  or  maife.”  Smart. 

3.  To  search  into  by  study;  to  study;  as, 
“ To  cultivate  a particular  science.” 

• £'  ^ 0 improve  by  tuition ; to  refine  by  moral 
influences ; to  meliorate. 


To  cultivate  the  wild,  licentious  savage 

With  wisdom,  discipline,  and  liberal  arts.  Addison. 

5.  To  foster  ; to  cherish. 

I shall  be  heartily  disposed  to  cultivate  your  acquaint- 
ance. Loivth  to  Wartmrton. 

CUL'TI-VAT-UD,  p.  a.  Improved  by  culture  ; 
tilled  : — improved  in  mind  or  manners. 

CUL-TI-VA'TION,  n.  [It.  coltivazione  ; Sp.  culti- 
vacion  ; Fr.  cultivation .] 

1.  The  actor  the  art  of  cultivating  the  soil,  or 
of  raising  crops  by  tillage  ; agriculture  ; culture. 

The  state  of  cultivation  among  this  rude  people  was  so  im- 
perfect, that  it  was  with  difficulty  they  could  afford  subsist- 
ence to  their  new  guests.  Robertson. 

2.  Acquisition  by  research  or  study.  “ A 

cultivation  of  learning.”  Dryden. 

3.  Improvement  in  mental  habits,  manners, 
or  elegance  ; refinement;  as,  “A  person  with- 
out cultivation.” 

Syn. — Cultivation  or  improvement  of  the  mind; 
cultivation  or  refinement  of  the  taste  or  the  manners. 
Cultivation,  applied  to  husbandry,  expresses  more  than 
culture  or  tillage . Cultivation  of  the  earth,  the  soil, 
or  of  flowers,  or  corn  ; culture  of  the  earih  ; tillage  of 
land  in  preparing  it  for  seed. 

CUL'T(-vA-TOR,  n.  [Sp.  cullivador ; It . coltiva- 
tore  ; F r.  cuitivateur. \ 

1.  One  who  cultivates  ; an  agriculturist.  Boyle. 

2.  An  agricultural  implement ; a sort  of 

horse-hoe,  plough,  or  harrow  for  stirring  and 
pulverizing  the  earth.  Farm.  Ency. 

Syn.  — See  Farmer. 

CUL'Tit  ATE,  a.  [L.  cultratus  ; culter,  a 
knife.]  (Bot.  & Ornith.)  Colter-shaped; 
shaped  like  a •pruning  knife.  Loudon. 

CUL'TRAT-BD,  a.  Formed  like  a knife  ; 
cuitrate.  Hamilton. 

CUL'TRI-FORM,  a.  [L.  culter,  cultri,  a knife, 
and  forma,  form.]  Shaped  like  a pruning- 
knife ; cuitrate.  Craig. 

OUL-TRl  V'OR-OUS,  a.  [L.  culter,  cultri,  a knife, 
and  voro,  to  devour.]  Devouring  or  swallowing 
knives.  Dunglison. 

CULT'U-RAL,  a.  Relating  to  culture  ; promot- 
ing culture  or  education.  [A  new  word.] 

An  important  class  of  cultural  establishments.  Dr.  F.  Liehcr. 

CULTURE  (kult'yur),  n.  [L.  cultura  ; colo,  cul- 
tus, to  cultivate  ; It.  coltura ; Sp.  cultura ; Fr. 
culture .] 

1.  The  act,  or  the  art,  of  tilling  the  ground, 
or  of  raising  crops  by  tillage  ;. cultivation. 

They  rose  as  vigorous  as  the  sun, 

Then  to  the  culture  of  tne  willing  glebe.  Thomson. 

2.  Improvement  or  melioration  by  effort. 

The  mind  that  lies  fallow  but  a single  day  sprouts  up  in 
follies  that  are  only  to  be  killed  by  a constant  and  assiduous 
culture.  Spectator. 

CULT'URE  (kult'yur),  v.  a.  To  cultivate.  “In 
countries  cultured  high.”  Thomson. 

CULT'URE-LESS,  a.  Without  culture.  Craig. 

CULT'UR-IST,  n.  A cultivator,  [r.]  Foster. 

CUL'VIJR,  n.  [L.  columba;  A.  S.  culfra.]  A 
pigeon  or  dove.  Spenser. 

CUL'VBR— HOUSE,  n.  A dove-cot.  Ilarmar. 

CUL'VjER-IN  [kul'ver-In,  S.  W.  P.  J.  E.  F.  K. 
Sm.  ; kul've-ren,  Jai],  n.  [It.  colubrina  ; Fr. 
coulevrine ; couleuvre,  a serpent.]  (Mil.)  A 
species  of  ordnance;  a long  cannon,  equal  to 
an  eighteen-pounder;  — so  named  from  being 
ornamented  with  sculptured  snakes.  Brande. 

■ 1 demi-culverin,  (Mil.)  a nine-pounder. 

CUL'VER-KEY  (kul'ver-ke),  n.  A flower.  Walton. 

CUL'VJJRT,  n.  An  arched  passage  or  drain  for 
water  beneath  a road,  canal,  or  railway.  Brande. 

CUL'VpR-TAIL,  n.  1.  ( Carp.)  Dovetail.  Bullokar. 

2.  (Naut.)  The  fastening  of  a ship’s  callings 
into  the  beam.  Crabb. 

CUL'VER- TAILED,  a.  ( Ship-building .)  United 
or  fastened,  as  pieces  of  timber,  by  a dovetailed 
joint.  Maunder. 

CUM'BIJNT,  a.  [L . cumbens  •, — cubo,  Cubans,  to 
lie  down.]  Lying  down;  reclining;  recum- 
bent. “ Cumbent  sheep.”  Dyer.1 

CUM'BER,  v.  a.  [Dut.  komberen  ; Ger . kiimmern, 
to  grieve ; to  afflict ; Sw.  bekymra,  to  trouble ; 


Fr.  encombrer. } [i.  cumbered  ; pp.  cumber- 

ing, CUMBERED.] 

1.  To  oppress  with  a load  or  burden  ; to  over- 
load; to  encumber. 

The  variety  of  arguments  cumbers  the  memory.  Locke. 

2.  To  embarrass;  to  obstruct;  to  impede. 

Why  asks  he  what  avails  him  not  in  fight, 

And  would  but  cumber  and  retard  his  flight?  Dryden. 

3.  To  busy  or  perplex,  as  with  cares. 

Martha  was  cumbered  about  much  serving.  Luke  x.  40. 

4.  To  be  troublesome  in,  as  something  useless. 

Doth  the  bramble  cumber  a garden  ? Grew. 

f CUM'BER,  n.  [Sw.  bekymmer,  care  ; Dan.  hum- 
mer.] Vexation;  embarrassment.  Sidney. 

CUM'BpR-SOME,  a.  1.  Burdensome;  trouble- 
some ; embarrassing  ; vexatious  ; cumbrous. 

The  weapons  of  natural  reason  are,  as  the  armor  of  Saul, 
rather  cumbersome  about  the  soldier  of  Christ  than  needful. 

Hooker. 

2.  Unwieldy ; unmanageable. 

Very  long  tubes  are  cumbersome , and  scarce  to  be  man- 
aged. Newton. 

CUM’BIJR-SOME-LY,  ad.  In  a cumbersome  or 
troublesome  manner. 

CUM'BJJR-SOME-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  cum- 
bersome; encumbrance;  obstruction.  Sherwoocl. 

CUM' B IJR— WORLD  (-wiirld),  n.  Something  that 

1 encumbers  the  world  ; something  useless,  [r.] 
A cumber-world , yet  in  the  world  am  left, 

A fruitless  plot  with  brambles  overgrown.  Drayton. 

CUM'BRANCE,  n.  Burden  ; encumbrance.  “With 
some  cioud  of  cumbrance.”  Grafton. 

CUM'BRI-AN,  a.  ( Geol .)  A term  applied  to  a 
system  of  rocks  in  Cumberland,  Eng.  ; — now 
merged  with  Cambrian  or  Silurian.  Sedgwick. 

CUM'BROUS,  a.  1.  Burdensome  ; oppressive  ; 
cumbersome.  “ Heavy  and  cumbrous.”  Rambler. 

Bent,  rather,  how  I may  be  quit 
Fairest  and  easiest  of  this  cumbrous  charge.  Hilton. 

2.  Troublesome;  vexatious;  disturbing. 

A cloud  of  cumbrous  gnats  do  him  molest.  Sjjenscr. 

3.  Obstructing  or  clogging,  as  things  con- 
fusedly mingled: 

Swift  to  their  several  quarters  hasted  then 

The  cumbrous  elements,  earth,  flood,  air,  tire.  Milton. 

CUM'BROUS-LY,  ad.  In  a cumbrous  manner. 

CUM'BROUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  cum- 
brous ; encumbrance.  Ed.  Rev. 

CUM'BU-LU,  n.  (Bot.)  A high  tree  growing  in 
Malabar,  the  root  of  which  is  used  in  febrile 
diseases.  Maunder. 

CUM'FRUY,  n.  A plant.  — See  Comfrey. 

CUM'IN,  n.  [From  the  Arabic  name  of  the  plant, 
qamoiin.  Loudon.  — Gr.  kv/uvov  ; L.  cuminum ; 
Fr.  cumin.']  (Bot.)  A dwarf,  fennel-looking 
plant,  cultivated  in  the  south  of  Europe  and 
Lesser  Asia  for  its  hot  aromatic  seeds,  which  are 
used  like  those  of  anise,  caraway,  &c. ; Cumi- 
num cyminum  : — the  seeds  of  Cuminum  cymi- 
num.  Loudon. 

Pay  tithes  of  cumin.  Matt,  xxiii.  23. 

c0m'MING-TON-ITE,  n.  (Min.)  A mineral  found 
in  mica-slate,  at  Cummington  and  Plainfield, 
Mass.,  associated  with  garnet  and  pyrites.  Dana. 

CUM'SHAw,  n.  A present.  [East  Indies.]  Malcom. 

CU'MU-LATE,  v.  a.  [L.  cumulo,  cumulatus ; cu- 
mulus, a heap  ; Sp.  cumular ; Fr.  cumuler .] 
To  heap  together ; to  accumulate.  Shelton. 

CU-MU-LA'TION,  n.  Accumulation.  Abp.  Laud. 

CU'MU-LA-TlST,  n.  One  who  accumulates  ; one 
who  collects  together,  [r.]  Ch.  Ob. 

CU'MU-LA-TIVE,  a.  [It.  <Sp  Sp.  cvmulativo;  Fr. 
cumulaiif. ] Consisting  of  parts  heaped  togeth- 
er ; increasing  by  successive  additions. 

As  for  knowledge  which  man  rcceiv<^h  by  teaching,  it  is 
cumulative.  Racon. 

The  argument  is  cumulative  in  the  fullest  sense  of  that 
term.  Raley. 

cu ' mu-lo-cir-ro-strA  ' rus,  n.  [L. cumulus, 
a heap,  cirrus,  a curl,  and  stratum  a coverlet.] 
(Meteor.)  The  cloud  into  which  the  others  re- 
solve themselves  when  rain  falls ; the  nimbus; 
the  rain-cloud.  Brande. 

CU-MU-LOSE',  a.  Full  of  heaps.  Maunder. 

CU'MU-LO-STRA'TUS,  n.  [L.  cumulus,  a heap, 


MiEN,  SIR;  MdVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  9,  9,  g,  soft.;  C,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  as  gz. 


- 1 111  c1,  Tills. 


CUMULUS 


CURATIVE 


348 


and  stratus,  a coverlet.]  (Meteor.)  A cloud 
having  the  appearance  of  a cumulus  and  of  a 
stratus  ; a mass  of  rounded  clouds  mixed  with 
those  that  are  fleecy  ; a twain-cloud.  Francis. 

CU'MU-LUS,  n. ; pi.  cumuli.  [L.,  a heap.]  (Me- 
teor.) A species  of  cloud  increasing  upwards 
from  a horizontal  base,  and  assuming  more  or 
less  of  a conical  figure.  Braude. 

f CUN,  v.  a.  [M.  Goth.  &;  A.  S.  cunnan  ; Dut.  § 
Ger.  kennen  ; Sw.  kunna ; Dan.  kunne.]  To 
know  ; to  con.  Barret. 

To  cun  a ship,  {Naut.)  to  direct  her  course.  Johnson. 

CU-A'JB  ' U-LJt,  n.  pi.  [L.,  cradles  ; Fr.  cunables .] 
A term  applied  to  the  copies  now  existing  of 
the  first  printed  books,  or  to  such  as  were  print- 
ed in  the  fifteenth  century.  Athenaeum. 

+ CUNC-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  cunctatio.]  Delay;  pro- 
crastination. Hayward. 

f CUNC'TA-TlVE,  a.  Cautiously  slow;  tarrying; 
lingering ; dilatory.  Bacon. 

CUJTC-tA’TOR,  n.  [L.]  One  given  to  delay; 
a lingerer  : — the  surname  of  Q.  Fabius  Maxi- 
mus. [r.]  Hammond. 

■f  CUND,  v.  a.  [M.  Goth,  if  A.  S.  cunnan,  to  know.] 
To  give  notice  to.  Carew. 

CU'NIJ-AL,  a.  [L.  cuneus,  a wedge.]  Relating 
to,  or  resembling,  a wedge.  Johnson. 

CU  N F.-.^TE,  > 0>  [L.  euneatus  ; cuneus,  a 

CU'Np-AT-pD,  > wedge.]  (Anat.&Bot.)  Having 
the  longitudinal  diameter  exceeding  the  trans- 
verse, and  narrowing  gradually  downwards  ; 
shaped  like  a wedge ; cuneiform.  Brande. 

CU-N£-AT'IC,  a.  [L.  cuneus,  a wedge.]  Noting 
Assyrian  characters  used  in  writing  and  sculp- 
ture ; cuneiform  ; arrow-headed.  Layard. 

CU-NE'I-FORM  [ku-ne’e-form,  S.  IF.  P.  Ja.  Sm. 
C.  ; ku'ne-fdrm,  K.  IVbA,  a.  [L.  cuneus,  a 
wedge,  and  forma,  form  ; It.  ty  Sp.  euneiforme  ; 
Fr .euneiforme.]  Having  the  form  of  a wedge. 
“ Specimens  of  the  cuneiform  writing.”  Brande. 

CU-NETTE'  ,n.  [Fr.]  (Fort.)  A narrow  ditch  run- 
ning at  the  bottom  of  a dry  ditch,  for  draining 
it ; — written  also  cuvette.  Glos.  of  Mil.  Terms. 

CU-NlC'U-LOOs,  a.  [Gr.  kCvikXos  ; L.  cuniculus, 
a rabbit.]  Relating  to  rabbits,  [r.]  Maunder. 

CU'Nl-FORM,  a.  [L.  cuneus,  a wedge,  and.  forma, 
form.]  Wedge-shaped;  cuneiform.  Smart. 

CUN'N^R,  n.  1.  (Conch.)  A kind  of  shell-fish  less 
than  an  oyster  ; the  limpet  or  patella.  Ainsworth. 

2.  (Ich.)  A salt-water  perch. 

C&N'NWG,  a.  [M.  Goth.  # A.  S.  cunnan,  to 
know,  to  be  able.  — See  Cun.] 

1.  f AYell-instructed  ; knowing;  skilful. 

Send  me  a man  cunning  to  work  in  gold.  2 Cl iron.  ii.  7. 

2.  f Performed  or  executed  with  skill  or  inge- 
nuity. “ Cunning  works  in  gold.”  Ex.  xxxi.  4. 

An  altar  carved  with  cunninrj  imagery.  Spenser. 

3.  Artfully  deceitful  ; artful  ; designing  ; 
crafty  ; subtle  ; sly  ; shrewd. 

Nothing  doth  more  hurt  than  that  cunning  men  pass  for 
w,se-  Bacon. 

Syn.  — Cunning,  which  was  formerly  much  used 
in  the  sense  of  knowing  or  skilful,  is  now  commonly 
used  in  an  ill  sense,  implying  art  or  craft.  A cunning 
child,  a cunning  fortune-teller  ; a crafty  old  man  ; a 
crafty  or  shrewd  politician  ; a subtle  disputant ; an  art- 
ful manager;  a sly  deceiver;  sly  humor;  a wily  ene- 
my. — See  Artful,  Subtle. 

CUN'NING,  n.  [A.  S.  cunning,  experience;  cun- 
nan, to  know,  to  be  able.] 

1.  + Knowledge  ; skill ; ingenuity. 

Virtue  and  cunning  were  endowments  greater 
than  nobleness  and  riches.  Shak. 

If  I forget  thee,  O Jerusalem,  let  my  right  hand  forget  her 
cunning.  cxxxvii.  5. 

2.  Fraudulent  dexterity;  artifice;  deceit; 
duplicity;  craft;  art;  shrewdness. 

We  take  cunning  for  a sinister  or  crooked  wisdom.  Bacon. 
Cunning  is  only  the  mimic  of  discretion,  and  may  pass 
upon  weak  men  in  the  same  manner  as  vivacity  is  often  mis- 
taken for  wit,  and  gravity  for  wisdom.  Addison. 

Syn.  — See  Art,  Artifice. 

CUN'NING-LY,  ad.  In  a cunning  manner;  art- 
fully ; slyly. 


CUN'NING— MAN,  ji.  1.  A man  of  cunning  or 
craft. 

2.  A fortune-teller.  M.  Casaubon. 

CUN'NING -NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  cun- 
ning; subtlety;  craftiness  ; slyness.  Beau.  § FI. 

CUP,  n.  [L.  cupa,  a tub  ; It.  coppa  ; Sp.  copa  ; 
Fr.  coupe.  — A.  S.  cupp  ; Dut.  if  Dan.  kop  ; Sw. 
kopp  ; Ger.  kopf. — W.  cwpan.] 

1.  A small  vessel  to  drink  from. 

Cups  of  clean  gold  and  cups  of  silver.  Biers  Ploulnnan. 

2.  The  liquor  contained  in  a cup ; a draught ; 
as,  “A  cup  of  tea  or  cotfee.” 

When  the  ava  is  ready,  cups  of  it  are  handed  a^out.  Cook 

3.  pi.  Social  entertainment ; a drinking  bout. 

Thence  from  cups  to  civil  broils.  Milton. 

4.  In  the  Scriptures,  a symbolical  term  for 
that  which  is  allotted  by  Providence,  whether 
good  or  evil.  “ My  cup  runneth  over.”  Ps.  xxiii.  5. 

O my  Father,  if  it  be  possible,  let  this  cup  pass  from  me. 

Matt.  xxvi.  30. 

5.  Any  thing  hollow  like  a cup. 

The  cowslip’s  golden  cup  no  more  I see.  Shenstone. 

6.  A vessel  used  for  drawing  blood  ; a cup- 

ping-glass.  Arbiithnot, 

Cup  and  ball , a toy  consisting  of  a cup,  to  which  a 
ball  is  attached  by  a string,  and  in  which  the  player 
attempts  to  catch  the  ball  after  tossing  it  up.  — Cup 
and  cun,  familiar  companions,  — the  can  being  the  large 
vessel  out  of  which  the  cup  is  tilled. 


Swear  he ’s  a most  facetious  man; 
That  you  and  he  are  cup  and  can. 


Swift. 


CUP,  V.  a.  [t.  CUPPED  ; pp.  CUPPING,  CUPPED.] 

1.  To  supply  with  cups  or  with  drink.  Shak. 

2.  (Med.)  To  fix  a cupping-glass  upon  the 

skin.  “ They  bled,  they  cupped,  they  purged.” 
— See  Cupping.  Pope. 

CUP'— BeAR-J5R  (kup'bir-er),  n.  1.  An  attendant 
who  pours  out  and  hands  wine.  Broome. 

2.  An  officer  of  the  king’s  household  who  was 
formerly  an  attendant  at  a feast.  Maunder. 

||  CUP'BOARD  (kub'burd)  [kub'burd,  S.  IF.  F.  Ja.  K. 
C.\  kup'bord,  P.  IV b.  ; kup'liurd,  J.;  kub'bdrd, 
Sm.],  n.  [ Cup  and  board,  i.  e.  a board,  or  shelf, 
for  cups.]  A case  with  shelves,  in  which  earth- 
enware, victuals,  &c.,  are  placed.  Swift. 

||  CUP'BOARD  (kub'burd),  t>.  a.  To  hoard  up.  Shak. 

CU'PIJL,  n.  [L. cupella,  a small  vat ; It .coppclla; 
Sp.  copela  ; Fr.  coupelle .]  A shallow  vessel,  or 
crucible,  generally  made  of  bone  earth,  and 
shaped  somewhat  like  a cup  ; — used  in  assay- 
ing precious  metals.  Brande. 


CIJ'P^L-DUST,  n. 
metals. 


Powder  used  in  purifying 
Smart. 


CU-PEL-LA'TION,  n.  [It.  coppellazione  ; Sp.  co- 
pelacion  ; Fr.  coupellation .]  The  process  of 
assaying  and  purifying  the  precious  metals,  as 
gold  and  silver,  by  the  use  of  the  cupel.  Brande. 

CUP'FUL,  n. ; pi.  cupfuls.  As  much  as  a cup 
holds.  IF.  Ency. 

CUP'— GALL,  n.  A gall  found  oikthe  leaves  of  oaks, 
which  contains  the  worm  of  a small  fly.  Smart. 

CU'PID,  n.  [L.  cupido,  desire  ] (Homan  My- 
thol.)  The  god  of  love  ; — called,  by  the  Greeks, 
Eros.  . Addison. 

CU-PID'I-TY,  n.  [L.  cupiditas  ; cupio,  to  long 
for  ; It.  ciipidith ; Sp.  cupididad  ; Fr.  cupidiU .] 
'Unreasonable  longing,  particularly  for  wealth ; 

/ strong  desire  ; avarice.  “ That  tyrant  blinded 
with  the  cupidity  of  ruling.”  Hall's  Henry  VII. 

If  prescription  be  once  shaken,  no  species  of  property  is 
secure  when  it  once  becomes  an  object  large  enough  to  tempt 
the  cupidity  of  indigent  power.  Burke. 

Syn.  — See  Avarice. 

CUP'— MOSS,  n.  [Perhaps  a corruption  of  club- 
moss,  the  trivial  name  of  the  genus  Lycopodi- 
um. Ogilvie .]  A species  of  moss.  Hemans. 

CU'PO-LA,  n.  ; pi.  cu'pq-la$.  [It.  cupola  ; Sp. 
cupula  ; Fr.  coupole.] 

_ 1.  (Arch.)  A roof  or  vault  of  a building, 
rising  in  a spherical  or  spheroidal  form ; a 
dome  : — a small  structure  on  the  top  of  a dome, 
or  rising  from  the  roof  of  a building,  for  orna- 
ment, for  a bell-turret,  or  to  light  a staircase, 
&c. ; — called  also  a lantern.  Francis.  Weale. 

2.  (Anat.)  The  apex  of  the  cochlea.  Dunglison. 

3.  The  top  of  a furnace  in  an  iron-founderv  ; 
— often  used  for  the  furnace  itself.  Ogilvie. 


f CU'PO-LAED,  a.  Having  a cupola.  SirT.  Herbert. 

COPiPJED  (kup'ed  or  kupt ),p.  a.  & a.  Bled  by  cup- 
ping;— shaped  like  a cup.  Goldsmith. 

CUP'PJJR,  n.  One  who  cups  ; one  who  lets  blood 
by  scarifying.  Smart. 

CUP'PING,  n.  (Med.)  A species  of  bloodletting, 
performed  by  scarifying  the  skin  with  lancets, 
and  applying  a cupping-glass,  in  which  the  air 
is  rarefied  by  heat  or  by  an  exhausting  syringe. 

Cupping  is  of  two  kinds  ; one  1 y which  some 
blood  is  taken  away,  generally  simply  termed  cup- 
ping; the  other  when  no  blood  is  abstracted,  which 
is  accordingly  termed  dry-cupping.  P.  Cyc. 

CUP'PING— GLASS,  n.  (Med.)  A cup-shaped 
glass,  used  in  the  operation  of  cupping. 

CU'PRf.-OUS,  a.  [L .cuprous-,  cuprum,  copper; 
It.  cupreo  ; Sp.  cobrizo .]  Consisting  of,  or  re- 
sembling, copper;  coppery.  Boyle. 

CU-PRES'SUS,  n.  [Gr.  KVirnpuraof,  from  KImpos,  the 
Isle  of  Cyprus,  where  this  tree  is  abundant ; L. 
cupressus .]  (Bot.)  A coniferous  genus  of  ever- 
green trees  ; the  cypress.  Loudon. 

CU-PRlF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  cuprum,  copper,  and 
fero,  to  bear.]  Producing  copper.  Smart. 

CUP'— RO^E,  n.  The  poppy.  [Local,  North  of 
Eng.]  Todd. 

CUP'— SHAPED  (-sliapt),  a.  Shaped  like  a cup. 

CU'PU-LA,  n.  [L.]  (Bot.)  See  Cufule.  Ilenslow. 

CU'PULE,  n.  [L.  cupula,  a little  tub;  Fr. 
citpule. ] (Bot.)  The  cup  of  the  acorn  ; 
the  husk  of  a filbert,  &c.  P.  Cyc. 

CU-PU-LIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  cupula,  a lit-  ' 
tie  tub,  and  fero,  to  bear.]  (Bot.)  Bearing  cu- 
pules.  Smart. 

CUP'-VALVE,  n.  A valve  exactly  resem- 
bling a conical  valve,  except  that  it  is 
made  in  a hemispherical  or  cup-shaped 
form.  Francis. 

CUR,  n.  [Dut.  korr. — W.  corgi,  a cur-dog.] 

. “The 


1.  A worthless,  degenerate  dog. 

snarling  cur.”  Falconer. 

2.  A reproachful  epithet  applied  to  a 
man  ; a snarling,  ill-natured  person. 


Shak. 


CU-RA-BlL'I-TY,  n.  [Fr.  curabilite .]  The  qual- 
ity of  being  curable  ; curableness.  Ramage. 

CU'IIA-BLE,  a.  [Sp.  Sf  Fr.  curable.]  That  may 
be  cured  or  healed.  ‘‘Curable  diseases.”  Harvey. 

CU’RA-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  cu- 
rable. “ The  curablcness  of  all  diseases.”  Boyle. 

CtJ-RA-yOA'  (ku-ra-so'),  n.  A spirituous  liquor 
flavored  with  orange  peel,  cinnamon,  and  mace. 
It  is  prepared  in  great  perfection  by  the  Dutch, 
and  derives  its  name  from  the  Island  of  Curaifoa, 
where  it  was  first  made.  Brande. 

CU'RA-CY,  n.  The  office  or  district  of  a curate. 
“ A curacy  here  in  town.”  Swift. 

CU'RA-SINE,  n.  (Chem.)  An  alkaloid  extracted 
from  the  S/rychnos  toxifera,  urasi,  or  poison- 
plant  of  Guiana.  It  is  yellowish,  amorphous, 
bitter,  and  "exceedingly  poisonous.  Ogilvie. 

CU-RAs'SOW,  n.  (Or- 
nith.)  A gallinaceous 
bird,  nearly  as  large  as 
a turkey,  of  the  family 
Cracidat  and  sub-fam- 
ily Cracince.  Gray. 

CU’RATE,  n.  [L.  cura- 
tor, a guardian ; cura, 
care  ; It.  curato .]  A 
parish  priest  who  has 
the  cure  of  souls  ; — 
applicable  originally  to  any  clergyman  lawfully 
appointed  to  a parish,  but  now  commonly  re- 
stricted to  a clergyman  hired  to  perform  the 
duties  of  another.  Eden. 

I thought  the  English  of  curate  had  Loen  an  ecclesiastical 
hireling.  No  such  matter;  the  proper  import  of  the  word 
signifies  one  who  has  the  cure  of  souls.  Collier. 

He  spared  no  pains;  for  curate  he  had  none, 

Nor  durst  he  trust  another  with  his  care.  Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Clergyman. 

CU'RATE-SHJP,  n.  Same  as  Curacy.  Swift. 

CU'RA-TIVE,  a.  [L.  euro,  curatus,  to  take  care 


Crested  curassow. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  TJ,  f,  short;  A,  JJ,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


CURATOR 


349 


CURLER 


of;  cura,  care;  It.  $Sp.  curativo ; Fr.  curatif.] 
Relatin';  to,  or  tending,  to  the  cure  of  diseases. 

CU-RA'TOR,  n.  [L. ; It.  curators  ; Fr.  cur  at  cur.) 
One  officially  appointed  to  the  care  and  super- 
intendence of  something;  a superintendent ; a 
guardian.  Bacon. 

CU-RA'TOR -SHIP,  n.  The  office  of  curator ; 
guardianship.  Bouvier. 

CU-RA ' TRIX,  n.  [L.]  A female  superintendent 
or  guardian.  Richardson. 

CURB,  n.  [L.  curvo,  to  bend  or  bow  : — Fr.  courbc.] 

1.  A part  of  a bridle,  consisting  chiefly  of  an 
iron  chain  passed  over  the  beard  of  the  horse 
and  attached  to  the  upper  part  of  the  branches 
of  the  bit,  in  such  a way  as  to  be  made  to  press 
on  the  under  side  of  the  mouth  when  the  rein 
is  pulled. 

The  ox  hath  his  bow,  the  horse  his  curb.  Shak. 

2.  Any  thing  that  restrains  or  checks ; re- 
straint ; hinderance  ; a check. 

My  free-born  soul  disdains 
A tyrant’s  curb.  Dryden. 

3.  A frame  round  the  mouth  of  a well.  Francis. 

4.  The  outer  edge  of  a foot  pavement  or 

sidewalk.  Francis. 

5.  (Farriery.)  A tumor  situated  on  the  back 

part  of  the  hind  leg  of  a horse  immediately 
below  the  hock.  Crabb. 

CURB,  v.  a.  [L.  curvo  ; Fr.  courber.\  [ i . curbed  ; 
pp.  CURBING,  CURBED.] 

1.  +To  bend;  to  inflect;  to  bow;  to  curve. 

“ Crooked  and  curbed  lines.”  Holland. 

2.  To  guide  or  restrain  with  a curb. 

Part  wield  their  arms,  part  curb  the  foaming  steed.  Milton. 

3.  To  restrain  ; to  check ; to  control. 

I ’ll  curb  her  mad  and  headstrong  humor.  Shak. 

Nature  to  all  things  fixed  the  limits  fit. 

And  wisely  curbed  proud  man’s  pretending  wit.  Pope. 

4.  To  furnish  with  a curb,  as  a well  or  a 
sidewalk. 

CURB' A-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  curbed  or  re- 
strained. [r.]  Perry. 

CURB'ING,  n.  The  act  of  restraining;  a check. 
“ The  curbings  of  adversity.”  Feltham. 

CURB'LIJSS,  a.  Having  no  curb.  Dr.  Allen. 

CURB'-PLATE,  n.  {Arch.)  The  wall-plate  of  a 
circular  or  elliptical  roof  or  dome:  — the  wall- 
plate  of  a sky-light : — the  plate  which  receives 
the  upper  rafters  of  a curb-roof.  Ogilvie. 

CURB'— ROOF,  n.  A roof  with 
angular  projections  running 
lengthwise  on  the  sides,  and 
formed  by  the  meeting  of 
two  sets  of  rafters  which  are 
inclined  to  each  other ; — 
called  also  mansard-roof, 
from  the  name  of  its  invent-  Curb-roof, 
or,  and  in  the  U.  S.  it  is  frequently  termed 
gambrel-roof.  Francis. 

CURB'-STONE,  n.  1.  A stone  on  the  edge  of  a 
pavement  to  hold  it  in  its  place.  Smart. 

2.  A stone  at  the  mouth  of  a well.  Perry. 

CURCH,  or  COURCHE,  n.  A woman’s  covering 
for  the  head  ; a kerchief.  Sir  W.  Scott. 

CUR-CU'LI-O , n.  [L.,  the  corn-weevil.)  {Ent.) 
A name  applied  to  a family  of  beetles,  em- 
bracing the  corn-weevil  and  other  species,  which 
are  destructive  to  fruits.  Harris. 

CUR  ' CU-MH,  n.  [Ar.  kurcum  ; It.  5,  Fr.  curcuma .] 
(Bot.)  A genus  of  plants  including  the  turmeric 
plant,  or  Curcuma  longa  ; turmeric.  Loudon. 

CUR'Cy-MA— PA'PgR,  n.  Paper  stained  with  a 
decoction  of  turmeric  ; — used  as  a test  of  free 
alkali,  by  which  its  yellow  color  is  changed  to 
brown.  . Ogilvie. 

CUR'CU-MINE,  n.  ( Chem .)  The  coloring  matter 
of  turmeric.  Iloblyn. 

CURD,  n.  [“  By  the  common  metathesis  of  r 
from  crude,  which  is  from  the  L.  crudus,  raw, 
crude.  The  root  is  the  Gr.  spbo s [cold].”  Sul- 
livan.— Ir . cruth.  — See  Crude,  and  Crud.] 
The  concretion  of  the  thicker  part  of  any  liquor ; 
— particularly  the  coagulation  or  coagulum  of 
milk. 

Tliis  night,  at  least,  with  me  forget  your  care; 

Chestnuts,  and  curds,  and  cream  shall  be  your  fare.  Dryden. 


CURD,  V.  a.  [i.  CURDED  ; pp.  CURDING,  CURDED.] 
To  turn  to  curds  ; to  curdle  ; to  coagulate.  Shak. 

CUR'DI-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  curdy  ; the 
state  of  being  curdled.  Qu.  Rev. 

CUR'DLE,  v.  a.  [The  diminutive  of  curd. — It. 
quagliare,  to  curdle.]  To  cause  to  coagulate  or 
thicken ; to  curd. 

There  is  in  the  spirit  of  wine  some  acidity  by  -which  bran- 
dy curdles  milk.  Floyer. 

CUR'DLE,  V.  n.  \i\  CURDLED  ; pp.  CURDLING, 
curdled.]  To  coagulate  ; to  concrete ; to  thick- 
en. “ Curdling  cheese.”  Thomson.  “ Cur- 
dling blood.”  Garth. 

CUR'DLED  (kur'dld),  p.  a.  Turned  into  curds  ; 
coagulated  ; as,  “ Curdled  milk.” 

CURD'LysS,  a.  Destitute  of  curd.  Dr.  Allen. 

CUR'— DOG,  n.  A dog  that  has  the  qualities  of  a 
cur;  a cur.  “Worse  than  the  cur-dog  or  ser- 
pent.” Hall. 

CURD'Y,  a.  Consisting  of,  or  resembling,  curds  ; co- 
agulated; concreted.  “ A curdy  mass.” Arbuthnot. 

CURE,  n.  [L.,  It.,  <Sf  Sp.  cura,  care  ; Fr.  cure,  care, 
cure.] 

1.  fCare;  concern. 

Of  study  took  he  most  cure  and  heed.  Chaucer. 

The  diligent  cure  ancT  charge  of  his  church.  Joye. 

2.  The  spiritual  charge  of  a parish,  or  the 
parish  itself ; the  employment  of  a curate  ; as, 
“ The  cure  of  souls.” 

It  is  a great  misfortune  to  a young  clergyman,  when  he  is 
confined  to  a country  cure,  to  be  destitute  of  books.  Kelson. 

3.  A remedy  ; a restorative. 

Cold,  hunger,  prisons,  ills  without  a cure.  Dryden. 

4.  The  act  of  healing ; restoration  of  health. 

I do  cures  to-day  and  to-morrow.  Luke  xiii.  32. 

CURE,  v.  a.  [L.  euro,  to  care  for ; It.  curare ; 
Sp.  curar ; Fr.  curer.]  [i.  cured  ; pp.  curing, 

CURED.] 

1.  To  restore  to  health  or  to  a sound  state ; 
to  remedy  ; to  heal ; — applied  to  persons  or  to 
diseases. 

He  cured  many  of  their  infirmities.  Luke  vii.  21. 

He  gave  them  power  to  cure  diseases.  Luke  ix.  1. 

2.  To  prepare,  so  as  to  preserve  from  corrup- 

tion, by  drying,  smoking,  salting,  &c.  “The 
beef  would  be  so  ill  cured.”  Temple. 

Syn.  — Cure  a disease  ; heal  a wound  ; remedy  a 
grievance.  — Cure  is  the  effect  of  remedy. 

CURE,  v.  n.  To  become  well ; to  be  cured.  Shak. 

CURE  (ku'ra),  n.  [Fr.]  A curate.  Surenne. 

CLTRED  (kurd),  p.  a.  Restored  to  health  ; healed. 

CIJRE'Lyss,  a.  That  cannot  be  cured ; incurable  ; 
without  cure.  “ The  cureless  wound.”  Surrey. 

CUR'yR,  n.  One  who  cures  ; a healer.  Shak. 

CU-RETTE' , n.  [Fr.]  An  oculist’s  instrument, 
shaped  like  a little  scoop.  Dunglison. 

CUR'FEW  (kiir'fu),  n.  [Fr.  couvre-feu ; couvrir, 
to  cover,  and  feu,  fire.] 

1.  An  evening  bell,  anciently  rung  in  Eng- 
land at  eight  o’clock,  as  a signal  that  fires 
should  be  put  out,  and  families  go  to  bed. 

Oft,  on  a plat  of  rising  ground, 

I hear  the  far-off  curfew  sound.  Milton. 

The  curfew  tolls  the  knell  of  parting  day.  Gray. 

2.  + A cover  for  a fire  ; a fire-plate.  “ Pans, 

pots,  curfews,  and  the  like.”  Bacon. 

CU'RI-A,  n. ; pi.  curia;.  [L.]  ( Roman  Law.) 

One  of  the  thirty  parts  into  which  Romulus  di- 
vided the  Roman  people  : — the  place  or  build- 
ing in  which  each  curia  assembled  : — the  place 
of  meeting  of  the  Roman  senate  ; the  senate- 
house.  Burrill. 

CU-RI-A-LIS'TIC,  a.  [L.  curialis,  pertaining  to 

the  imperial  court  or  senate-house ; curia,  a 
court.]  Pertaining  to  a court.  Ogilvie. 

f CU-RI-AL'I-TY,  n.  [L.  curialis. ] The  privi- 
leges and  retinue  of  a court.  Bacon. 

fCU'RJ-ET,  n.  Armor  for  the  thigh.  Spenser. 

CUR'ING— HOUSE,  n.  A building  in  which  sugar 
is  drained,  as  in  the  West  Indies.  Ure. 

OU-RI-O-LOO'IC,  o.  [Gr.  KvpioJ.oyiK6s  ; ubpioi,  lit- 
eral, and  ).6yos,  a discourse.]  Describing  liter- 


ally;— applied  to  hieroglyphics  which  consist 
of  simple  pictures  of  the  things  meant.  Smart. 

CU-RI-OS'I-TY,  n.  [L . curiositas ; It.  curiosith ; 
Sp.  curiosidad ; Fr.  curiosite. — See  Curious.] 

1.  f Scrupulous  regard  ; carefulness. 

When  thou  wast  in  thy  gilt  and  tliy  perfume,  they  mocked 
thee  for  too  mueh  curiosity.  Shu/c. 

2.  Nicety  ; exactness  ; accuracy. 

The  curiosity  of  the  workmanship  of  nature.  Ray. 

3.  Anxiety  to  know  or  learn  ; eager  desire 
for  information  ; disposition  to  scrutinize  ; in- 
clination to  inquiry  ;.  inquisitiveness. 

Curiosity,  inquisitive,  importune 

Of  secrets.  Milton. 

Desire  to  know  why  and  how,  curiosity ; so  that  man  is 
distinguished  not  only  by  his  reason,  but  also  by  this  singu- 
lar passion,  from  all  other  animals.  MoljOes. 

4.  Something  curious,  or  that  excites  inter- 
est ; an  interesting  spectacle  ; a rarity. 

We  took  a ramble  together  to  see  the  curiosities  of  this 
great  town.  Addison. 

CU-RI-O  '.§d,  n. ; pi.  cO-Ri-d'goQ.  [It.]  A curi- 
ous person  ; a virtuoso. 

Wilkins,  the  greatest  curioso  of  his  time.  Life  vf  A.  Wood.  . 

CU'RI-OUS,  a.  [L.  curiosus;  cura,  care;  It.  8; 
Sp.  curioso  ; Fr.  curieux.] 

1.  Careful ; anxious. 

I marvel  why  he  is  so  curious  to  cause  us  to  worship  the 
saints  that  are  asleep.  Frith. 

We  all  should  be  curious  and  watchful  against  vanities. 

lip.  Taylor . 

2.  Exact;  nice;  subtle.  “ With  a more  curi- 
ous discrimination.”  Holder. 

3.  Exhibiting,  or  requiring,  care,  skill,  or 
nicety.  “ The  curious  girdle  of  the  ephod.” 
Ex.  xxviii.  8.  “To  devise  curious  works.” 
Ex.  xxxv.  32. 

4.  Having  curiosity  ; anxious  to  know ; de- 
sirous of  information  ; inquisitive  ; scrutinizing. 

Where  aught  we  hear,  and  curious  are  to  hear 

What  happens  new.  Milton. 

5.  Singular ; strange  ; unusual ; rare  ; as, 

“ A curious  fact.” 

CU'RI-oOs-LY,  ad.  In  a curious  manner ; exactly. 

CU'RI-OIJS-NESS,  n.  1.  The  quality  of  being 
curious  ; inquisitiveness  ; curiosity. 

Thus  curiousness  to  knowledge  is  the  guide.  Alexander. 

2.  Exactness ; nicety.  South. 


CURL,  n.  [L.  cirrulus,  dim.  of  cirrus,  a curl. 
Sullivan.  — Dut.  krul ; Dan.  krolle .] 

1.  A ringlet  of  hair. 

His  golden  tresses  waved;  his  curls  behind 

Flow  loosely  down,  and  dance  upon  the  wind.  Hart. 

2.  A sinuosity  ; an  undulation  ; a flexure  ; a 

wave.  “ If  the  glass  be  without  waves  or 
curls."  Newton. 

3.  A disease  of  potatoes  in  which  the  leaves 

are  curled  and  shrunk  up.  Brande. 


CURL,  v.  a.  [Dut.  krullen  ; Oer.  krcluseln  ; Dan. 
krolle.  — Chaucer  writes,  “ crulle  was  his  hair.”] 
[t.  CURLED  ; pp.  CURLING,  CURLED.] 

I.  To  form  into  curls  ; to  turn  in  ringlets. 
“ A serving-man  that  curled  my  hair.”  Shak. 


As  the  vine  curls  her  tendrils.  Milton. 

2.  To  dress,  or  adorn,  with  curls.  “The 

curled  Antony.”  Shak. 

3.  To  writhe  ; to  twist. 

I sooner  will  find  out  the  beds  of  snakes. 

Letting  them  curl  themselves  about  my  limbs.  Beau,  if  FI. 

4.  To  raise  in  waves  or  undulations. 


Seas  would  be  pools  without  the  brushing  air 

To  curl  the  waves.  Dryden. 


CURL,  v.  n.  1.  To  shrink  or  be  bent  into  curls  or 
ringlets  ; as,  “To  make  the  hair  curl.” 

2.  To  assume  an  undulated,  scroll-like,  or 
twisted  form. 

The  curling  billows  roll  their  restless  tide.  Dryden. 
While  curling  smokes  from  village  tops  are  seen.  Rope. 

3.  To  play  at  the  game  of  curling.  [Scotland.] 
CURLED  (kiirld), a.  Formed  into  curls;  waved  ; 

twisted ; curly. 


CURL'pD-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  condition  of 
being  curled.  Johnson. 

CURLED'— PATE  (kiirld'pat),  a.  Having  curled 
hair.  “ Curled-pate  ruffians.”  Shak. 

CUR L'F.R,  n.  1.  He  who,  or  that  which,  curls. 

2.  One  who  plays  at  the  game  of  curling. 
[Scotland.] 


MiEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RfiLE.  — (f,  £,  <;,  g,  soft;  j 0,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  § as  z ; % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


CURLEW 


350 


CURSORY 


CUR'LEYV  (kiir'- 
lu),  n.  [Fr. 
courlieu.]  (Ur- 
nith.)  A bird  of 
the  order  Gral- 
kf  and  family 
Scolopacidee,  or 
snipes.  It  is  of 
an  ash  color,  di- 
versified with 
black,  and  fre- 
quents the  sea- 
shore in  winter, 
and  in  summer 
retires  to  heathy,  boggy  moors,  or  to  the  moun- 
tains ; Numenius  arquata.  Yarrell. 

CURL'— HE  AD- pi),  a.  Having  the  hair  curled; 
having  curled  hair.  Huloet. 

CURL'I-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  curly.  Todd. 

CURL'[NG,p.a.  Forming  curls  ; twisting;  writhing. 

CURL'ING,  n.  A Scottish  amusement  or  game 
played  on  the  ice,  and  consisting  in  hulling  one 
stone  against  another,  which  is  thus  driven  to- 
ward a mark.  Jamieson. 

CURL'ING— IR'ON§  (-I'urnz),  n. pi.  An  instrument 
to  curl  the  hair  with  ; curling-tongs.  Johnson. 

CURL'ING-Ly,  ad.  In  a curling  manner. 

CURL'JNG— STUFF,  n.  Timber  in  which  the  fibres 
wind  or  curl  at  the  places  where  branches  have 
shot  out  from  the  trunk  of  the  tree.  Clarke. 

CURL'LYG-TONG§,  n.  pi.  Curling-irons.  Smith. 

CURL'Y,  a.  Inclining  to  curl  ; having  curls.  Todd. 

CURL'Y— HEAD-pD,  a.  Having  a curly  head. 

CURL'Y— PAT-pD,  a.  Having  a curly  pate  ; curly- 
headed.  L.  Lloyd. 

CUR-MUD'I^EON  (ktir-mud  jun),  n.  [Fr.  cceur 
mechant ; cceur , heart,  and  mediant. , wicked. 
Johnson.  Hares.  — Ger.  kurmede,  right  of  a land- 
lord to  the  best  cattle  or  goods  of  a tenant. 
“From  claims  of  this  kind  might  easily  arise 
an  application  to  him  who  made  them,  similar 
to  that  of  miser  or  griper.”  Todd.  — A.  S.  ceorl, 
churl,  and  modigan,  minded,  i.  e.  churl-minded. 
Booth.]  An  avaricious,  churlish  fellow ; a mi- 
ser ; a niggard ; a churl.  “ A penurious  curmud- 
geon.” Locke. 

CUR-MUD'^EON-LY,  a.  Like  a curmudgeon  ; 
avaricious ; churlish.  L’ Estrange. 

CUR'RANT  [kur'ran,  S.  IV.  J.  F. ; kur'rant,  P.  E. 
Ja.  K.  Sm.  C.],  n.  [ Currants , or  Corinthian 
grapes,  so  called  because  they  came  from  Cor- 
inth?— Dut.  korent ; Sw.  korinter ; Fr.  raisin 
de  Corinthe,  grape  of  Corinth.] 

1.  A small  dried  grape  cultivated  in  Zante, 

Cephalonia,  and  Ithaca,  and  in  the  Morea  in 
the  vicinity  of  Patras.  Brande. 

2.  The  fruit  of  the  common  garden  shrubs 

belonging  to  the  genus  Ribes.  The  common 
red  currant  is  Ribes  rubrum  ; the  black  cur- 
rant is  Ribes  nigrum.  Loudon. 

CUR'RANT— JEL'LY,  n.  Jelly  made  of  currants. 

CUR'RANT— WINE,  n.  Wine  made  of  currants. 

CUR'RpN-C Y,  n.  [See  Current.] 

1.  Constant  flow;  uninterrupted  course.  “The 
currency  of  time  to  establish  a custom.”  Ayliffe. 

2.  Readiness  of  utterance ; fluency.  Johnson. 

3.  Continued  transmission  by  speech  or  writ- 
ing from  one  person  to  another  ; general  recep- 
tion. “ The  report  had  a long  currency.”  Johnson. 

It  cannot  be  too  often  repeated,  until  it  comes  into  the 
currency  of  a proverb,  “ To  innovate  is  not  to  reform.”  Burke. 

4.  Common  valuation  ; general  esteem. 

He  takes  greatness  of  kingdoms  according  to  their  bulk 
and  currency , and  not  after  intrinsic  value.  Bacon. 

5.  A power  of  passing  from  hand  to  hand ; 
circulation,  as  of  coin. 

The  currency  of  those  halfpence  would  he  destructive  to 
this  kingdom.  Swift. 

6.  The  circulating  medium ; that  which  passes 
for  money  in  a country  ; the  aggregate  of  coin, 
bills,  notes,  &c.,  in  circulation  ; as,  “ A metal- 
lic currency  ” ; “A  mixed  currency." 

CUR'RpNT,  a.  [L.  curro,  currens,  to  run ; It. 
corrente;  Sp.  corriente  ; Fr.  courant.] 


1.  Running  ; passing.  “ Like  the  current 

fire,  that  runneth  upon  a cord.”  Gower. 

2.  Passing  from  one  person  to  another  by 
speech  or  writing;  generally  received;  com- 
mon ; general ; as,  “ Current  opinions.” 

3.  Established  by  common  estimation ; set- 
tled by  vulgar  opinion  ; popular. 

The  difference  between  worth  and  merit,  strictly  taken ; 
that  is  a man’s  intrinsic,  this,  his  current , value.  Grew. 

4.  Passing  from  hand  to  hand  ; circulating. 

Shekels  of  silver,  cun'cnt  money  with  the  merchant. 

Gen.  xxiii.  16. 

5.  That  may  be  allowed;  that  may  be  admit- 
ted ; passable. 

Fouler  than  heart  can  think  thee,  thou  canst  make 

No  excuse  current  but  to  hang  thyself.  Shak. 

6.  Now  actually  passing.  “ The  current 

year.”  Johnson. 

CUR'RANT,  n.  1.  A running  stream. 

The  current  that  with  gentle  murmur  glides. 

Thou  know’st,  being  stopped,  impatiently  doth  rage.  Shak. 

2.  A progressive  motion  of  the  water  of  the 
sea  at  a certain  place  ; as,  “ The  current  of  the 
Gulf  Stream.” 

3.  Course  ; progression. 

As  one  that  staid  the  current  of  her  sway.  Daniel. 

Syn. — See  Stream. 

CUR-REN’  TF.  CAL’ Jt-MO.  [L.]  With  a run- 
ning or  rapid  pen.  Hamilton. 

CUR'R F.NT-  LY,  ad.  In  a current  manner  ; gen- 
erally. “ It  is  currently  reported.”  Jones. 

CUR'RENT— MON'JJY,  n.  Money  that  passes  at  a 
fixed  value.  Crabb. 

CUR'Rf.NT-NESS,  n.  1.  The  state  of  being  cur- 
rent ; currency.  Johnson. 

2.  f Easiness  of  pronunciation  ; as,  ‘‘Current- 
ness of  language.”  Camden. 

CUR'RI-CLE,  n.  [L.  curriculum,  a course;  a 
chariot.] 

1.  t A course  ; career  : — a race-course. 

Upon  a curricle , in  this  world,  depends  a long  course  of 
the  next.  Browne. 

2.  A light  chariot ; a carriage.  Johnson. 

3.  An  open  chaise  with  two  wheels  drawn  by 

two  horses  abreast.  Todd. 

CUR-RIC ' U-LtfM,  n.;  pi.  curricula.  [L.,  a 
course.]  A course  of  studies  in  a university, 
college,  &c.  Ec.  Rev. 

CUR'RIED,  p.  a.  1.  Dressed,  as  leather. 

2.  Mixed,  prepared,  or  flavored  with  curry,  as 
meat.  Clarke. 

CUR'RI-ER,  n.  [L.  coriarius ; coriwrn,  leather; 
Fr.  corroyeur.]  One  who  curries  or  dresses 
leather.  L’  Estrange. 

CiiR'RISH,  a.  Resembling  a cur;  brutal;  snarl- 
ing ; churlish ; snappish. 

Sweet  speaking  oft  a currish  heart  reclaims.  Sidney. 

CUR'RISH-LY,  ad.  In  a currish  manner;  bru- 
tally ; snappishly.  Fox. 

CUR'RISH-NESS,  n.  Moroseness;  churlishness. 
“ Diogenes,  by  his  currishness,  got  him  the  name 
of  dog.”  Feltham. 

CUR'RY,  v.  a.  [L.  corium,  leather  ; Fr.  corroy- 
er;  citir,  leather.]  [*.  curried  ; pp.  currying, 
curried.] 

1.  To  dress  leather,  after  it  is  tanned,  by 

beating,  rubbing,  &c.  Johnson. 

2.  To  beat ; to  drub. 

By  setting  brother  against  brother, 

To  claw  and  curry  one  another.  JTudibras. 

3.  To  rub  a horse,  or  other  animal,  with  a 
card,  comb,  or  scratching  instrument. 

Your  short  horse  is  soon  curried.  Beau.  $r  FI. 

4.  To  prepare  with  curry,  as  meat.  Clarke. 

To  curry  favor,  to  seek  favor  by  officiousness,  polite 

attentions,  or  flattery.  “ To  curry  favor  with  the  el- 
fin knight.”  Spenser. 

CtjR'RY,  v.  n.  To  seek  favor  by  flattery. 

If  I had  a suit  to  Master  Shallow,  I would  humor  his  men; 
if  to  his  men,  I would  cun'y  with  Master  Shallow.  Shak. 

CUR'RY,  n.  (Cookery.)  1.  A. highly-spiced  East- 
Indian  mixture  ; curry-powder.  W.  Ency. 

2.  A stew,  variously  made,  and  highly  sea- 
soned with  curry-powder,  &c.  W.  Ency. 

CUR'RY— COMB  (-kom),  n.  An  iron  instrument 
for  currying  horses  or  other  animals.  Locke. 


CUR'RY-ING,  n.  1.  The  act,  or  the  art,  of  dress- 
ing skins  after  they  are  tanned.  Ure. 

2.  The  act  of  rubbing  down  a horse  with  a 
card  or  comb.  “ The  currying  of  horses.”  Bacon. 

CUR'RY-POtV'DJJR,  n.  (Cookery.)  A condiment 
of  which  the  ingredients  are  generally  turmeric, 
coriander-seed,  cayenne,  black  pepper,  ginger, 
cumin,  mushroom-powder,  with  salt,  cinnamon, 
onions,  garlic,  &c. ; curry.  Ogilvie. 

CURSE,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  cursian .]  [ i . cursed  ; pp 

CURSING,  CURSED.] 

1.  To  wish  evil  to  ; to  execrate ; to  impre- 
cate ; to  anathematize. 

Love  your  enemies;  bless  them  tliat  curse  you.  Matt.  v.  44. 

2.  To  afflict;  to  torment;  to  injure  severely. 

On  impious  realms  and  barbarous  kings  impose 

Thy  plagues,  and  curse  them  with  such  sons  as  those.  Tope. 

CURSE,  v.  n.  To  utter  imprecations  or  curses. 
“ Began  he  to  curse  and  to  swear.”  Matt.  xxvi.  74. 

CURSE,  n.  1.  Malediction ; imprecation  ; exe- 
cration ; anathema. 

O,  my  offence  is  rank;  it  smells  to  heaven; 

It  hath  the  primal,  eldest  curse  upon ’t.  Shak. 

2.  A great  evil ; affliction  ; torment ; torture  ; 
vexation ; vexatiousness. 

If  this  toil  was  inflicted  as  a curse,  it  is  tempered  with  many 
alleviations.  Burke. 

Syn.  — See  Malediction. 

CURS'^D  (kiirs'ed),  p.  a.  1.  Blasted  by  a curse; 
unsanctified ; unholy. 

* Come,  lady,  while  Heaven  lends  us  grace, 

Let  us  fly  this  cursed  place.  Milton. 

2.  Deserving  a curse  ; hateful  ; detestable. 

Restrain  in  me  the  cursed  thoughts  that  nature 

Gives  way  to  in  repose.  Shak. 

3.  Vexatious;  troublesome. 

This  cursed  quarrel  be  no  more  renewed.  Dryden. 

CURSED  (kiirst),  i.  & p.  from  curse.  Execrated. 

CURS' JJD-LY,  acl.  In  a cursed  manner;  misera- 
bly ; shamefully.  [Low.]  Pope. 

CUliS']JD-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  under  a 
curse.  Johnson. 

CURS'ER,  n.  One  who  utters  curses.  Dryden. 

CUR'SHIP,  n.  Dogship  ; meanness.  Hudibras. 

CtiRS'ING,  n.  [A.  S.  cur  sung.]  An  execration  ; a 
curse.  “ The  blessings  and  cursings.”  Josh. xiii.  34. 

CUR'SI-TOR,  n.  [Low  L.,  derived  from  the  writs 
de  cursu,  i.  e.  those  original  writs  which  issued 
in  ordinary  eases  and  of  course.  Burrill.]  (Late.) 
An  officer  in  the  English  Court  of  Chancery, 
whose  duty  it  is  to  make  out  original  writs. 
They  are  twenty-four  in  number,  certain  shires 
being  allotted  to  each,  and  form  a peculiar  cor- 
poration. Cowell. 

CUR'SIVE,  a.  [L.  curro,  cursus,  to  run  ; It.  cor- 
sivo. ] Rapid  ; running ; as,  “ Cursive  writing  ” ; 
i.  e.  running  hand.  Bos  worth. 

CUR'SOR,  n.  [L.,  a runner.]  Any  part  of  a 
mathematical  instrument  that  slides  backwards 
and  forwards,  as  the  movable  leg  of  a beam 
compass.  Francis. 

f CUR'SO-RA-RY,  a.  [L.  cursorius,  pertaining  to 
a race-course  ; cursus,  a race-course.]  Cursory  ; 
hasty.  “ With  a cursorary  eye.”  Shak. 

CUR-SO'RI-AL,  a.  Adapted  for  running.  Maunder. 

CUR'SO-RI-LY,  ad.  In  a cursory  manner  ; has- 
tily. 

CUR-SO-Ri'JTJZ,  n. 
pi.  [L.  curro,  cur- 
sus, to  run.]  (Or- 
nith.)  A sub-family 
of  birds  of  the  order 
Grallce  and  fami- 
ly Charadriadce  ; 
coursers.  Gray. 

CUR'SO-RI-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  cur- 
sory ; slight  attention ; haste.  Johnson. 

CUR-So'RI-t/S,  n.  [L.  cursor,  a runner.]  (Or- 
nith.)  A genus  of  plovers.  — See  Charadhi- 
adte.  Yarrell. 

CUR'SO-RY,  a.  [L.  cursorius,  pertaining  to  a 
race-course ; curro,  cursus,  to  run.] 

1.  Hasty  ; quick  ; inattentive  ; slight ; desul- 


Cursorius  gallicus. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  C,  V,  short;  A,  £,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


CURST 


351 


CUSTOM 


tory  ; done  quickly  or  carelessly.  “ Upon  a 
cursor y and  superficial  view.”  Addison. 

2.  f Going  about;  not  stationary.  “Their 
cursory  mew.”  Proceedings  against  Garnet,  1606. 

Syn.  — Cursory  includes  both  hasty  and  slight. 
Cursory  remarks ; desultory  or  incoherent  observa- 
tions ; hasty  answer ; slight  notice  ; careless  habit. 

t CURST,  a.  Froward  ; peevish  ; snarling. 

They  [bears]  are  never  curst  but  when  they  are  hungry.  Shale. 

f CURST'NESS,  n.  Peevishness  ; malignity.  Shak. 

CUR  'SUS,  n.  [L.]  A course  ; a race.  Maunder. 

CURT,  a.  [L.  curtus  ; Fr.  court,  courted]  Short; 
abridged  ; concise.  “ A curt  epitome.”  Browne. 

CUR-TAlL'  (ltur-tal'),  v.  a.  [L.  curto ; Fr.  cour- 
tauder ; court , short,  and  tailler,  to  cut.]  [i. 
CURTAILED  ; pp.  CURTAILING,  CURTAILED.]  To 
cut  off ; to  cut  short ; to  abridge  ; to  shorten. 

I,  that  am  curtailed  of  all  fair  proportion.  Shak. 

Have  the  burdens  of  the  war  compelled  them  to  curtail 
any  part  of  their  former  expenditure?  Burke. 

CUR'TAIL— DOG,  n.  [curt,  tail,  and  dog.']  A dog 
having  his  tail  cut  short,  according  to  the  forest 
laws,  partly  as  a mark,  and  partly  to  prevent 
him  from  coursing,  from  the  notion  that  the 
tail  of  a dog  is  necessary  to  him  in  running;  — 
applied  also  to  a dog  not  meant  for  sport,  or  a 
dog  that  has  missed  his  game.  Mares. 

CUR-TAIL' J,R,  n.  One  who  curtails.  Waterland. 

CUR-TAIL'ING,  n.  The  act  of  shortening.  Swift. 

CUR-TAIL'— STEP,  n.  [Arch.)  The  lower  step  in 
a flight  of  stairs,  ending  at  its  outer  extremity 
in  a scroll.  Brande. 

CUR'TAIN  (lciir'tjn),  n.  [It.  # Sp.  cortina  ; Fr. 
courtine .] 

1.  A hanging  cloth  which  may  be  contracted 
or  expanded  at  pleasure  so  as  to  admit  or  ex- 
clude the  light,  to  conceal  or  discover  any  thing  ; 
as,  “ The  curtain  before  a window,  round  a bed, 
or  in  front  of  the  stage  in  a theatre.” 

2.  (Fort.)  That  part  of  the  rampart  which 
connects  the  flanks  of  two  bastions.  Campbell. 

To  draw  the  curtain,  to  draw  it  over  an  object,  or  to 
withdraw  it.  — To  drop  the  curtain,  to  make  an  end, 
as  of  a play. 

CUR'TAIN,  v.  a.  To  enclose  with  curtains.  Shak. 

Him  close  she  curtained  round  with  vapors  blue.  Tope. 

CUR'TAINED  (kiir'tind),  p.  a.  Furnished  with 
curtains.  “ Curtained  sleep.”  Shak. 

CUR'TAIN— LECT'URE  (-lekt'yur),  n.  A reproof 
given  in  bed  by  a wife  to  her  husband.  Addison. 

CUR'TAIN-LESS,  a.  Without  curtains.  Craig. 

CUR'TAL,  n.  [Fr.  courtaud ; court,  short,  and 
tailler,  to  cut.  Douce.]  A horse  with  a docked 
tail,  [r.]  B.  Jonson. 

CUR'TAL,  a.  [L.  curtus,  short.]  Brief  or  abridged ; 
short.  “ Curtal  aphorisms.”  [r.]  Milton. 


CURT'NESS,  n.  Shortness;  conciseness.  Kames. 
CURT'SY,  n.  See  Courtesy.  Johnson. 

CU'RULE,  a.  [L.  curulis,  belonging  to  a chariot ; 
currus,  a chariot;  Fr.  curule.]  Applied  to  the 
chair  of  a Roman  magistrate,  which  was  drawn 
in  a chariot ; magisterial. 

And  Tully’s  curule  chair  and  Milton’s  golden  lyre.  Akenside. 


CU-RUR'LgT,  n.  (Ornith.)  A sort  of  plover.  Crabb. 

CUR' VAL,  <J  a [L.  curvo,  curvans,  to  bend.] 
UR'VANT,  ) (Her.)  Curved  or  bowed.  Ogilvie. 


CUR 
CUR'VATE, 
CUR'VA-T£D, 


a.  [L.  curro,  curcatus,  to  bend.] 
Bent;  crooked;  curved.  Johnson. 


CUR-VA'TION,  n.  [L.  curvatio.]  The  act  of 
bending  or  crooking,  [k.]  Pearson. 

CUR'VA-TURE,  n.  [L.,  It.,  Sj  Sp.  curvatura.] 
Crookedness ; the  continual  bending  of  a line 
from  a rectilinear  direction.  “ A lesser  orbit 
which  has  more  curvature.”  Maclaurin. 

CURVE  (kiirv),  a.  [L.  curvus ; It.  <Sr  Sp.  curvo  ; 
Fr.  courbe.]  Crooked;  bent;  inflected;  curved. 
“ A curve  line.”  Bentley. 

CURVE,  n.  1.  (Geom.)  A line  which  changes  its 
direction  at  every  point ; a line  of  which  no 
three  consecutive  points  lie  in  the  same  direc- 
tion ; part  of  a circle.  Davies. 

2.  Any  thing  bent ; a flexure.  “ Little  blocks 
of  wood  hollowed  into  a curve.”  Cook. 

CURVE,  v.  a.  [L.  curvo;  It.  cur  care ; Sp.  corvar ; 
Fr.  courber.]  [i.  curved  ; pp.  curving,  curv- 
ed.] To  bend;  to  crook;  to  inflect.  “The 
tongue  is  drawn  back  and  curved.”  Holder. 

CURVED  (kiirvd),  p.  a.  Bent;  formed  into  a 
curve ; as,  “ A curved  line.” 

CURV'JF.D-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  curved. 

CUR-VET',  or  CUR'VpT  [kur-vet',  S.  IK.  P.  J.  F. 
Ja. ; kiir'vet,  K.  Sm.  C.  I Vb.],  v.n.  [It.  corvet- 
tare;  Sp .corvetear;  Fr.  courbetter.] 

1.  To  leap,  as  a horse  ; to  bound. 

The  wounded  steed  curvets , and,  raised  upright, 

Lights  on  his  feet  before.  Drydcn. 

2.  To  frisk;  to  be  licentious.  Johnson. 

CUR' VET,  or  CUR-VET'  [kur-vet',  S.  IK.  P.  J.  E. 
F.  ; kiir'vet,  Ja.  K.  Sm.  C.],  n. 

1.  [It.  corvetta ; Sp.  corveta ; Fr.  courbette.] 

(Man.)  A movement  made  by  a horse  when  he 
raises  both  of  his  fore  feet  at  the  same  time,  and 
while  he  is  bringing  them  down  again,  raises 
his  hind  feet,  so  that  all  his  feet  are  off  the 
ground  at  once  ; a leap  ; a bound.  “ Again  I 
put  him  to  make  curvets.”  Berenger. 

2.  A frolic ; a prank.  Johnson. 

||  CUR-VI-LIN'E-AD,  n.  An  instrument  for  form- 
ing curves.  Francis. 

||  CUR-VI-LIN'E-AL,  a.  Deviating  from  a straight 
line  ; crooked  ; curvilinear.  “ The  curvilineal 
motion  of  the  moon.”  Blount. 


CUR'TAL— FR  I' AR,  n.  The  porter  at  the  court- 
gate  of  a monastery.  Smart. 

CUR'TATE,  a.  [L.  curto,  curtatus,  to  shorten.] 
(Astron.)  Applied  to  the  distance  of  a heaven- 
ly body  from  the  sun,  reduced  to  the  "ecliptic ; 
or  the  interval  between  the  sun  and  that  point 
where  a perpendicular  let  fall  from  the  body 
meets  the  ecliptic.  Bouvier. 

CUR-TA'TION,  n.  (Astron.)  The  interval  between 
a planet’s  distance  from  the  sun  and  the  curtate 
distance.  Chambers. 

CURTE'LASSE,  or  CUR'TLE-AXE,  n.  See  Cut- 
lass. Johnson. 

CUR'TE-SY,  n.  [“By  some  understood  in  its 
ordinary  sense  of  favor ; others  trace  it  to  L. 
curia,  a court.”  Burrill.]  (Law.)  A species  of 
freehold  estate,  not  of  inheritance  ; an  estate 
enjoyed  rather  by  favor  of  law,  than  as  a matter 
of  right.  — See  Courtesy.  Burrill. 

CUR'Tl-LAyE,  n.  [L.  cors,  cortis,  a yard ; Low 
L . cortilagium;  Old  Fr .courtiUage.]  (Law.)  A 
yard,  court-yard,  or  piece  of  ground  lying  near 
to  a dwelling-house,  and  included  within  the 
same  fence.  Burrill. 

CURT'LY,  ad.  Briefly;  concisely,  [r.]  Gayton. 


II  CUR-VI-LIN'E-AR  [kur-ve-lin'y?r,  S.  IK.  E.  F. 
Ja.  K.  Sm. ; kur-ve-lln'e-ar,  P. ./.  R.  C.j,  a.  [L. 
curvus,  crooked,  and  linea,  a line.]  Relating  to 
a curve  or  to  curves ; conforming  to  a curved 
line;  curvilineal.  “ All  the  curvilinear  motions 
in  the  solar  system.”  Maclaurin. 

CUR-VI-LIN-E-AR'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being 
curvilinear,  [r.]  ' Ogilvie. 

CURV'ING,  n.  A bending;  a curved  form. 

CiiR'VI-TY,  n.  [It.  curvith..]  The  state  of  being 
curved ; crookedness.  Holder. 

CUR'VO-GRAPH,  n.  [L.  curvus,  curved,  and  Gr. 
yoat/iio,  to  describe.]  An  arcograph.  Brande. 

CUSH'AT,  n.  (Ornith.)  The  ring-pigeon  or  ring- 
dove ; Columba  palumbus.  Yarrell. 

CUSH'EW— BIRD,"  n.  (Ornith.)  A bird  of  the  fam- 
ily Penelopince,  having  a large,  oval,  bony  tuber- 
cle on  the  head  behind  the  bill ; Crax  Pauxi.  — 
See  PenelopiNjE.  Van  Der  Hoeven. 

CUSH'ION  (kush'un),  n.  [L.  culcitinum,  dim.  of 
culcita,  a bed,  a cushion  ; It.  cuscino  ; Sp.  cojin  ; 
Fr.  coussin;  Dut.  kussen;  Ger.  kiissen,  kissen.] 

1.  A pillow  or  soft  pad  for  a seat;  a soft  pad 

placed  upon  a chair  or  a sofa.  Shak. 

2.  Any  thing  made  like  a pillow  by  stuffing  a 


bag  of  leather  or  other  material;  as,  “The 
cushion  used  by  engravers  to  support  the  plate.” 

3.  A riotous  kind  of  dance  formerly  in  use  in 

England  at  weddings.  Halliwell. 

4.  The  padded  inner  edge  of  a billiard  table. 

Hoyle. 

CUSH'ION,  v.  a.  1.  To  seat  on  a cushion.  Ogilvie. 

2.  To  fit  with  a cushion. 

CUSH'ION-CAP'I-TAL,  n.  (Arch.)  The  capital 
of  a column  so  sculptured  as  to  resemble  a 
cushion  pressed  down  by  the  weight  of  its  en- 
tablature. Weak. 

CUSH'IONED  (kush'und),  p.  a.  Seated  on  a cush- 
ion : — furnished  with  a cushion. 

CUSH'ION-ET  (kfish'un-et),  n.  A little  cushion. 
Couchant  upon  these  precious  cushionets.  Beaumont. 

CUSK,  n.  (Ich.)  A sea-fish  of  the  genus  Gadus ; 
the  torsk  ; Brosmius  vulgaris.  Storer. 

f CUSK'IN,  n.  A kind  of  ivory  cup.  Bailey. 

CUSP,  n.  [L.  cuspis,  a point.] 

1.  (Astron.)  A point  or  horn  of  the  moon,  or 

other  luminary.  Hind. 

2.  (Geom.)  A point  at  which  a curve,  when 
interrupted  in  its  course  in  one  direction,  turns 
immediately  into  a contrary  one.  Church. 

3.  (Arch.)  A projecting 

point  in  the  folit^tion,  tracery, 
arches,  panels,  &c.,  of  Gothic 
architecture.  Weak. 

f CUS'PAT-ED,  a.  Ending  in  a 
point.  Bailey. 

CUS'PI-DAL,  a.  [L.  cuspis,  cuspidis,  a point.] 
Sharp  ; ending  in  a point,  [r.]  More. 

f CUS'PI-DAte,  v.  a.  [L.  cuspido,  cuspidatus; 
cuspis,  a point.]  To  sharpen.  Cockeram. 

CUS'PI-D^TE,  ) n.  (Bot.)  Having  a sharp 

CUS'PI-DAT-ED,  ) end ; pointed;  applied 
to  the  apex  of  a body  when  it  gradually 
tapers  into  a hard  point  : — also  used 
sometimes  to  express  abruptly  acumi- 
nate. Brande. 

ClJS'PIS,n.  [L.]  The  sharp  end  of  a thing;  a 
cusp.  More. 

CUS'TARD,  n.  [W.  cwst  ird,  cwstart.  Walters. — 
Perhaps  from  gustare,  to  taste.  Minslieu.]  Food 
made  of  eggs  and  milk,  "sweetened,  and  baked 
or  boiled.  Pope. 

CUS'TARD— AP'PLE,  n.  1.  (Bot.)  The  common 
name  of  several  species  of  plants  belonging  to 
the  genus  Anona,  natives  of  the  tropics  in  both 
hemispheres.  Loudon. 

2.  The  fruit  of  the  Anona,  which  is  a soft 
and  pulpy  berry,  sometimes  as  large  as  an  or- 
ange, but  generally  more  like  a plum.  Loudon. 

CUS'TARD— COF'FIN,  n.  A crust  made  to  hold  a 
custard.  Shak. 

CUS-TO'DI-AL,  a.  [See  Custody.]  Relatingto  cus- 
tody or  guardianship.  “ The  custodial  charges.” 

Letter  to  the  Bp.  of  Rochester,  1772. 

CUS-TO'DI-AN,  n.  A keeper;  a guardian ; a su- 
perintendent. [r.]  IK.  Irving. 

CUS-TO'DI- AN-SHIP,  n.  The  office  or  charge  of 
a custodian,  [r.]  London  Athenaeum. 

CUS'TO-DY,  n.  [L.,  It.,  <5,  Sp.  custodia;  L.  cus- 
tos,  custodis,  a keeper.] 

1.  A keeping  or  guarding ; guardianship. 

We  being  strangers  here,  how  dar’st  thou  trust 

So  great  a charge  from  thine  own  custody?  Shak. 

2.  Restraint  of  liberty  ; imprisonment. 

For  what  peace  will  be  given 
To  us  enslaved,  but  custody  severe?  Milton. 

3.  Defence  ; security  ; protection. 

Ships  for  the  custody  of  the  narrow  seas.  Bacon. 

CIJS'TOM,  n.  1.  [L.  consuesco,  consuetus,  to  be 
accustomed ; It.  costume,  or  costvma  ; Sp.  cos- 
tumbre ; Old  Fr .coustume;  Fr . coutume.]  The 
frequent  repetition  of  the  same  act ; habitual 
practice ; established  manner  ; usage ; fashion. 

Sleeping  within  my  orchard, 

My  custom  always  of  the  afternoon.  Shak. 

Such  precedents  are  numberless;  we  draw 
Our  right  from  custom;  custom  is  a law 
As  high  as  heaven,  as  wide  as  seas  or  iand.  Lansdowne. 

2.  Patronage  or  support  in  any  business. 

Let  him  have  your  custom , but  not  yoirr  votes.  Addison. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RfjLE.  — y,  (j,  g,  soft;  e,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


CUSTOM 


352 


CUTTER 


3.  [Fr.  coutume;  conter,  to  cost.]  A tax,  or 
duties  paid  upon  merchandise  and  goods  im- 
ported or  exported  ; impost ; toll ; tribute  ; — 
in  this  sense  commonly  in  the  plural. 

Render,  therefore,  to  all  their  dues;  tribute  to  whom  trib- 
ute, custom  to  whom  custom.  Bom.  xiii.  7. 

Those  commodities  may  be  dispersed,  after  having  paid 
the  customs  in  England.  Temple. 

4.  (Law.)  A law  or  a right,  not  written,  but 
established  by  long  use.  It  differs  from  pre- 
scription in  being  common  to  many,  whereas 
prescription  is  peculiar  to  an  individual.  Burrill. 

Syn.  — Custom  is  the  frequent  repetition  of  the  same 
act  ; habit  is  the  effect  of  such  repetition.  Custom  is 
the  fashion  of  numbers  ; usage,  the  habit  of  numbers. 
Custom  has  relation  to  time;  usage , to  space.  An  ohl 
custom  ; a vulgar  usage  ; a fixed  habit ; the  prevailing 
fashion  ; the  common  practice.  — See  Duties,  Tax, 
Usage. 

f CUS'TOM,  v.  a.  To  pay  a custom  or  duty  for. 
“ Goods  . . . not  lawfully  customed.”  Hackluyt. 

t CUS'TOM,  v.  n.  To  accustom.  Spenser. 

CUS'TOM- A-BLE,  a.  1.  Common  ; customary. 
“ Customable  manner  of  speech.”  Martin,  loot. 

2.  Liable  to  pay  duties  ; as,  “ Customable 
goods  or  merchandise.” 

CUS'TOM-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
customable.  Johnson. 

CUS'TOM- A -IiLY,urf.  According  to  custom.  “Tem- 
ples . . the  Christians  customably  used.” Homilies. 

CtJs'TOM-A-EI-LY,  ad.  Habitually;  commonly. 
“That  men  . . . customarily  do.”  Sharp. 

CUS'TOM-A-RI-NESS,  n.  Frequency;  common- 
ness. Gov.  of  the  Tongue. 

CUS'TOM-A-RY,  a.  1.  Conformable  to  estab- 
lished custom  ; common  ; usual ; wonted  ; ha- 
bitual. “ Customary  belief.”  Glanville. 

2.  (Law.)  According  to  a law  or  a right  es- 
tablished by  some  custom  or  long-established 
usage.  “ Customary  tenants.”  Burrill. 

CUS'TOM-A-RY,  n.  [Old  Fr.  coustumier ; Fr. 
coutumier .]  A book  containing  an  account  or 
record  of  the  customs,  and  municipal  rights  of 
a city,  province,  &c. ; the  book  of  common  law; 
as,  “ The  customary  of  Normandy.”  Ogilvie. 

CUS'TOMED  (kus'tumd),  a.  Accustomed. 

One  morn  I missed  him  on  the  customed  hill.  Gray. 

CUS'TOM-IJR,  n.  1.  One  who  is  in  the  habit  of 
purchasing  at  a shop,  factory,  &c. ; an  accus- 
tomed buyer ; a dealer. 

If  you  love  yourselves,  be  you  customers  at  this  shon  of 
heaven;  buy  the  truth.  Bp.  Hall. 

2.  f A collector  of  customs  ; a toll-gatherer. 

Customers  of  the  small  or  petty  custom  and  of  the  sub- 
sidy. JIackluyt. 

3.  f A common  woman  ; a strumpet.  Shale. 

CtlS'TOM— HOUSE,  7i.  A house  where  vessels 
and  merchandise  are  entered,  and  duties  upon 
goods,  imported  or  exported,  are  collected.  Sicift. 

CUS'TOM— HOUSE— BRO'KER,  n.  A person  au- 
thorized to  act  for  other  parties  in  the  entry  or 
clearance  of  ships,  and  the  transaction  of  gen- 
eral business  at  the  custom-house.  Ogilvie. 

t CUS'TOM— SHRUNK,  a.  Having  fewer  custom- 
ers than  formerly.  Shah. 

CfJs'TOS,  n.;  pi.  cus-to'de^.  [L.]  A keeper; 
a superintendent.  Ainsworth. 

C &S ' TOS  BRE ' VI-  CrM,  n.  [Low  L.]  (Eng.  Law.) 
The  keeper  of  the  writs ; a principal  clerk  of 
the  courts  of  King’s  Bench  and  Common  Pleas, 
whose  duty  it  was  to  receive  and  keep  all  the 
writs  returned  into  the  court.  Burrill. 

CilS'TbS  ROT-U-LO'RUM,  n.  [Low  L.]  (Eng. 
Law.)  The  keeper  of  the  rolls ; he  who  has 
the  keeping  of  the  records  of  the  sessions  of 
the  peace,  and  also  of  the  commission  of  the 
peace  itself.  He  is  always  a justice  of  the  quo- 
rum in  the  county  where  appointed,  and  is  the 
principal  civil  officer  in  the  county.  Burrill. 

CUS'TREL,  n.  1.  [Old  Fr.  coustillier ; coustille, 
a long  poniard.]  A buckler-bearer.  Ltl.  Herbert. 

2.  A vessel  for  wine.  Ainsworth. 

CUS'TU-MA-RY,  n.  A book  of  laws  and  customs. 
— See  Customary.  Selt/en. 

Drawn  from  the  old  Germanic  or  Gothic  custumary.  Burke. 


CUT,  v.  a . [Etymology  doubtful.  — Sans,  kutta , 
to  cut.  — Serenius  traces  it  to  Goth,  kota,  to 
cut.  — Skinner  suggests  Gr.  k6kto),  to  strike,  to 
cut;  Fr.  couper , to  cut;  couteau , a knife. — 
Probably  Fr.  couteau , a knife.  Johnson .]  [i. 

CUT;  pp.  CUTTING,  CUT.] 

1.  To  separate  or  divide  by  an  edged  instru- 
ment; to  make  an  incision  in;  as,  “To  cut  a 
thread  ” ; “ To  cut  the  finger. ” 

When  entire  separation  is  intended,  it  is  usu- 
ally accompanied  by  off , down,  asunder,  in  two,  or  in 
pieces. 

2.  To  fashion  by  hewing  or  carving. 

I know  that  thy  servants  can  skill  to  cut  timber  in  Leba- 
non. 2 Chron.  ii.  8. 

Why  should  a man  whose  blood  is  warm  within 
Sit  like  his  grandsire  cut  in  alabaster?  Shak. 

3.  To  pass  through  or  divide  as  with  an  edged 
instrument. 

The  pleasantest  angling  is  to  see  the  fish 

Cut  with  her  golden  oars  the  silver  stream.  Shak. 

4.  To  touch  the  sensibilities  of ; to  affect. 

The  man  was  cut  to  the  heart  with  these  consolations. 

Addison. 

5.  To  divide,  as  a pack  of  cards. 

We  sure  in  vain  the  cards  condemn; 

Ourselves  both  cut  and  shuffled  them.  Prior. 

6.  To  castrate;  to  geld.  Huloet. 

7.  To  intersect;  to  cross.  “One  line  cuts 

another  at  right  angles.”  Johnson . 

8.  To  avoid;  to  shun;  to  disown,  as  an  ac- 
quaintance. [Modern  cant  language.]  Todd. 

To  cut  a caper , to  (lance  ; to  frisk  about.  — To  cut  a 
dash,  to  make  a great  show  ; to  make  a figure. — To 
cutdmon,  to  fell : — t to  excel.  “ So  great  is  his  natural 
eloquence  that  he  cuts  down  the  finest  orator.”  Addi- 
son. [A  low  phrase.  Johnson.] — To  cut  off,  to  sep- 
arate from  the  other  parts  ; to  abscind  ; to  amputate : 

— to  destroy  ; to  extirpate  ; to  bring  to  an  end,  or  cause 
to  die.  “ To  cut  off  contentions.”  Hayward.  “ This 
great  commander  was  suddenly  cut  off.”  Howell. — 
To  intercept  ; to  preclude.  “ He  cut  off  their  land 
forces  from  their  ships.”  Bacon. — To  cut  out , to 
shape  ; to  form.  “ Images  cut  out  in  juniper.”  Bacon. 
“ A forest  cut  out  into  walks.”  Addison.  — To  scheme ; 
to  contrive.  “ Every  man  had  cutout  a place  for  him- 
self in  his  own  thoughts.”  Addison.  — To  debar.  u I 
am  cut  out  from  any  thing  hut  common  acknowledg- 
ments.” Pope.  — To  excel ; to  outdo.  Johnson.  — To 
adapt ; to  suit.  “ You  know  I am  not  cut  out  for 
writing  a treatise.”  Rymcr.  — To  cut  short,  to  hinder 
from  proceeding.  “ Achilles  cut  him  short.”  Dryden. 

— To  abridg*e.  “ The  soldiers  were  cut  short  of  their 

pay.”  Johnson.  — To  cut  up,  to  divide  into  pieces  with 
a sharp  instrument  : — to  separate  from  the  root. 
“ Who  cut  up  mallows.”  Job  xxx.  4.  “ This  doctrine 

cuts  up  all  government  by  the  loots.”  Locke.  — To 
censure  or  criticise  severely. 

CUT,  v.  n.  1.  To  make  way  by  dividing.  “When 
the  teeth  are  ready  to  cat."  Arbuthnot. 

2.  To  use  a knife  or  edged  tool,  as  in  surgical 
operations. 

lie  saved  the  lives  of  thousands  by  his  manner  of  cutting 
for  the  stone.  Pope. 

3.  To  interfere,  as  a horse.  Johnson. 

To  cut,  to  divide  and  turn  up  cards  for  determining 

the  players,  or  for  any  other  purpose.  — To  cut  up,  to 
be  divided  or  separated  into  parts  by  an  edged  instru- 
ment. “ The  only  question  of  their  legislative  butch- 
ers will  be,  how  he  cuts  up.”  Burke. — To  cut  and 
run,  to  run  away  ; to  escape  ; to  be  off.  Halliwell. 

ClJT,p.a.  1.  Divided;  separated.  Shak. 

2.  f Drunk  ; intoxicated.  Johnson. 

Cut  and  dry,  prepared  or  ready  for  use. 

Sets  of  phrases,  cut  and  diyi. 

Evermore  thy  tongue  supply.  Swift. 

CUT,  n.  1.  A gash,  incision,  or  wound,  made  by 
an  edged  tool. 

2.  A canal,  or  channel,  made  by  art. 

This  great  cut  Sesostris  purposed  to  have  made  wider  and 
deeper,  and  thereby  to  have  let  in  the  Red  Sea  into  the  Med- 
iterranean. Knolles. 

3.  A part  cut  off ; a piece  ; a slice ; a shred. 

“ A number  of  short  cuts.”  Hooker. 

4.  Any  thing  that  wounds  like  a cutting  in- 
strument, as  a severe  blow  or  lash  with  a whip, 
and,  metaphorically,  a severe  remark  or  a sar- 
casm. 

This  was  the  most  unkindest  cut  of  all.  Shak. 

5.  A lot,  as  that  made  by  cutting  a stick, 
straw,  or  piece  of  paper  to  be  put  with  others  of 
different  lengths,  and  drawn  out  in  determining 
a stake. 

A man  may  as  reasonably  draw  cuts  for  his  tenets.  Locke. 
^ 6.  A near  passage,  path,  or  way  by  which 
some  angle  is  cut  off ; a short  way. 


The  gentleman  would  needs  see  me  part  of  my  way  and 
carry  me  a short  cut  through  his  own  ground.  Swift. 

7.  The  stamp  on  which  a picture  is  carved, 

and  by  which  it  is  impressed.  Johnson. 

8.  A picture  engraved  upon  a stamp  of  wood 
or  of  metal,  and  impressed  or  printed  from  it; 
an  engraving. 

He  is  set  forth  in  the  prints  or  cuts  of  martyrs.  Browne. 

9.  The  act  of  dividing  a pack  of  cards. 

The  deal,  the  shuffle,  and  the  cut.  Swift. 

10.  Manner  of  cutting;  fashion  ; form  ; shape. 

“ Beard  of  formal  cut.”  Shale. 

Their  clothes  are  after  such  a pagan  cut . too.  Shak. 

11.  A castrated  horse ; a gelding. 

The  collier’s  cut  the  courtier’s  steed  will  tire.  Gascoigne. 

12.  A quantity  of  yarn  ; a skein.  Brockett. 

Cut  and  long  tail,  men  of  all  kinds;  — originally 

applied  to  dogs.  Shak. 

Cy-TA'NJJ-OUS,  a.  [L.  cutis,  the  skin  ; It.  <Sr  Sp. 
cutanco  ; Fr.  cutane.)  Relating  to,  or  affecting, 
the  skin.  “ Cutaneous  eruptions.”  Arbuthnot. 

CUTCII,  n.  1.  The  gummy  resin  o'  a tree  found 
in  Persia,  near  the  Gulf  of  Cutch.  Ljungstedt. 

2.  The  spawn  of  the  oyster.  Hamilton. 

CUTCH'JS-RY>  n.  A court  of  justice,  or  a public 
office.  [East  Indies.]  Hamilton. 

CUTE,  a.  [Contraction  of  acute.  — M.  kutcA 
Sharp;  expert;  keen;  acute.  [Colloquial.]  Todd. 

CUT'— GRASS,  n.  A species  of  grass  having 
rough  leaves.  Bigelow. 

fCUTH,  a.  [A.  S.]  Known  ; famoux  ; — used 
in  the  formation  of  proper  names  ; as,  Cuthw in, 
a knowing  conqueror ; CuthreA,  a knowing 
counsellor;  Cuthbert,  famous  for  skill.  Gibson. 

CU'TI-CLE,  n.  [L.  euticula,  dim.  of  cutis,  the 
skin;  It  .cuticola;  Sp.  euticula;  Fr.  cuticle .] 

1.  A transparent,  dry,  thin  membrane,  devoid 

of  nerves  and  vessels,  which  covers  all  the  sur- 
face of  the  body  except  the  nails  and  hair;  the 
scarf-skin ; epidermis.  Dunglison. 

2.  A thin  skin  formed  on  the  surface  of  liquor. 

When  any  saline  liquor  is  evaporated  to  cuticle.  Newton. 

3.  (Bot.)  The  thin  vesicular  membrane  that 

covers  the  surface  of  vegetables.  Brancle. 

CU-TIC'U-LAR,  a.  [It.  cuticulare ; Sp.  euticularl] 
Belonging  to  the  cuticle  or  skin.  Johnson. 

CU'TIS,n.  [L.]  (Anat.)  The  true  skin  or  derm, 
as  distinguished  from  the  cuticle,  epidermis,  or 
scarf-skin.  Hoblyn. 

CUT'LASS,  n.  [L.  cultellus,  dim.  of  cutter,  a 
knife  ; It.  coltellaccio  ; Fr.  coute/as.']  A strong 
sword  slightly  curved  backward  towards  the 
point,  and  having  only  one  cutting  edge,  the 
back  being  thick ; — written  also  cutlace,  curt- 
axe,  curtleaxe,  and  cutlash.  Fairholt. 

CUT'LIJR,  n.  [Fr.  coutelier. ] One  who  makes  or 
one  who  sells  knives ; a manufacturer  of,  or  a 
dealer  in,  cutlery.  Wotton. 

CUT'L^R-Y,  n.  All  kinds  of  sharp  and  cutting 
instruments  made  of  iron  or  steel,  as  knives, 
forks,  scissors,  razors,  &c. ; articles  made  by 
cutlers.  Todd. 

CUT'LIjT,  n.  [Fr.  cbtelette,  dim.  of  cote,  side.] 
A rib  or  a slice  of  meat  for  cooking ; a steak. 
“ Mutton  cutlets."  Swift. 

f CUT'LING,  n.  The  art  of  cutlery.  Milton. 

CUT'PURSE,  n.  One  who  cuts  purses  for  the  pur- 
pose of  theft ; a pickpocket ; a thief.  Shak. 

Cutting  purses,  a common  practice  when 
men  wore  purses  at  their  girdles.”  Johnson. 

CUT-TEE',  n.  1.  One  who  is  cut,  shunned,  or 
avoided.  [A  cant  word.]  Qu.  Beo. 

2.  ( Weaving.)  A box  to  hold  the  quills  of  a 
weaver’s  loom.  Crabb. 

CUT'TER,  n.  1.  One  who  cuts  any  thing.  “ He 
who  is  called  the  cutter  or  dissector.”  Greenhill. 

2.  An  instrument  or  machine  that  cuts  any- 
thing ; as,  “ A hay  cutter.” 

3.  Afore  tooth  that  cuts  meat;  incisor.  Bay. 

4.  An  officer  in  the  exchequer,  who  cuts  on 

the  tallies  the  sums  paid.  Cowell. 

5.  f A ruffian ; a bravo  ; bully  : — sharper. 

Barret. 

6.  (Naut.)  A small  boat  attached  to  a ship  of 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  H^IR,  HER; 


CUTTHROAT 


353 


CYGNET 


war  : — a light,  fast-sailing  vessel  with  one  mast ; 
a kind  of  sloop.  Dana. 

7.  A small,  light  sleigh.  [U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

8.  A soft,  yellow  brick,  used  for  face  work, 

from  the  facility  with  which  it  can  be  cut  or 
rubbed  down.  Orjilvie. 

CUT'THROAT,  a.  Cruel ; inhuman.  Dryden. 

CUT'THROAT,  n.  A ruffian  ; a murderer.  Knolles. 

CUT'TING,  n.  1.  Incision.  “ Ye  shall  not  make 
any  cuttings  in  your  flesh.”  Levit.  xix.  28. 

2.  A piece  cut  oft'.  “ The  burning  of  the  cut- 
tings of  vines.”  Bacon. 

3.  An  excavation  made  through  earth  or  rock, 

as  for  the  track  of  a railroad.  Craig. 

4.  (Farriery.)  The  action  of  a horse  when  he 

strikes  the  inner  and  lower  part  of  the  fetlock 
joint  with  his  hoof  while  travelling.  Craig. 

5.  Division,  as  of  a pack  of  cards.  Hill. 

6.  A caper ; a curvet.  Florio. 

7.  ( Surg .)  The  operation  of  removing  a cal- 
culus, or  stone,  from  the  bladder.  Dunglison. 


CUT'TING,  p.  a.  1.  Penetrating  or  dividing  by  an 
edge  ; sharp  ; as,  “ A cutting  tool.” 

2.  Severe;  sarcastic;  as,  “ A cutting  remark.” 


CUT'TING-LY,  acl.  In  a cutting  manner.  Craig. 
CUT'TI.E  (kut'tl), 


CUT'TLE-FISH 


n.  1.  [A.S.cw- 
dele.\  ( Zool .) 
A mollask  of  the  genus  Sepia, 
which,  when  it  is  pursued  by  a 
fish  of  prey,  throws  out  a black 
liquor;  — sometimes  called  the 
ink-fish.  — See  Sepia.  Agassiz. 

lie  that  uses  manv  words  for  the  ex- 
plaining [of]  any  sunject,  doth,  like  the 
cuttle-/ui/i1hide  himselfiu  his  own  ink.^ay. 


2.  f A foul-mouthed  fellow.  “If  you  play  the 

saucy  cuttle  with  me.”  Shak. 

3.  f [See  Cut.]  A knife.  “Dismembering 
himself  with  a sharp  cuttle Bale. 


CUT'TLE— BONE,  n.  The  dorsal  plate  of  the  cut- 
tle-fish, used  as  an  absorbent,  for  tooth-powder, 
and  for  polishing  the  softer  metals ; Sepia  offici- 
nalis. Dunglison. 

CUT'TOE,  n.  [Fr.  couteau.]  A knife.  [Local.]  Judd. 

CUT'-TOOTHED,  a.  (Bot.)  Cut  and 
toothed  at  the  same  time,  as  certain 
leaves.  Loudon. 

CUT'TY,  w.  A loose  woman  : — a worth- 
less girl ; a slut : — a spoon  : — a tobac- 
co-pipe cut  or  broken  short.  [Scotland.]  Ogilvie. 

CUT'TY— STo6l,  n.  A seat  in  old  Scottish 
churches,  upon  which  one  who  had  offended 
against  chastity  was  seated  during  three  Sun- 
days and  publicly  rebuked  by  the  minister  : — a 
short-legged  stool.  [Scotland.]  Jamieson. 

CUT'WAL,  n.  The  chief  police  officer  of  a large 
city.  [East  Indies.]  Hamilton. 

CUT'— WA-Tf.R,  n.  1.  ( Naut .)  The  fore  part  of  a 
ship’s  prow,  that  cuts  the  water.  Dana. 

2.  (Arch.)  The  lower  portion  of  a pier  separat- 
ing two  arches  of  a bridge  ; — usually  of  stone, 
and  pointed  at  each  end,  so  as  to  resist  the  ac- 
tion of  the  current  or  of  floating  ice.  Francis. 

3.  (Ornith.)  A name  applied  to  the  black- 
billed auk,  or  razor-bill  (Ale a torda).  Maunder. 

CUT'WORK  (-wUrk),  n.  Embroidery.  B.Jonson. 

CUT'WORM  (-wiirm),  n.  (Ent.)  The  larva  of  a 
moth  of  the  genus  Agroslis,  which  is  destruc- 
tive to  young  plants.  Harris. 

CU-VETTE' , n.  [Fr.]  1.  (Surg.)  A spoon-like 

instrument  for  extracting  a cataract. 

2.  (Fort.)  A trench  dug  in  the  middle  of  a 
large,  dry  ditch.  — See  Cunette.  Crabb. 

"f  UUZ,  n.  A jocular  title  of  one  who  was  admit- 
ted to  the  fraternity  of  a printing-office.  Crabb. 

CY'AN-ATE,  n.  [Fr.]  (Chem.)  A salt  formed  by 
the  union  of  cyanic  acid  with  a base.  Ure. 

CY-A'NIJ-AN,  a.  [Gr.  kv&vios,  dark  blue.]  Having 
an  azure  color.  Pennant. 

CY-AN-HY'DR|C,  a.  [ cyanogen  and  hydrogen.'] 
(Chem.)  Noting  an  acid,  otherwise  called  hydro- 
cyanic acid,  or  prussic  acid.  Ure. 


CY-AN'IC,  a.  [Fr.  cyanique .]  (Chem.)  Noting  an 
acid  compounded  of  cyanogen  and  oxygen.  P.Cyc. 

CY'A-NIDE,  n.  (Chem.)  A compound  of  cyanogen 
with  a metal.  lire. 

CY'A-NiTE,  n.  [Gr.  Kunvos,  a dark-blue  substance ; 
Fr.  cyanite .]  (Min.)  A mineral,  commonly  of 
a blue  color  ; silicate  of  alumina.  Brande. 

CY-AN'O-^EN,  n.  [Gr.  sham c,  a dark-blue  sub- 
stance, and  yiri’hu,  to  beget ; from  being  an  es- 
sential ingredient  of  Prussian  blue  ; Fr.  cyano- 
gtne.]  (Chem.)  A biearburet  of  azote  or  ni- 
trogen, a gaseous  compound,  colorless,  inflam- 
mable, and  of  a highly  pungent  odor  ; — some- 
times termed  prussine,  or  prussine  gas.  P.  Cyc. 

CY-A-NOM'E-TER,  n.  [Gr.  sOai/os,  a dark-blue 
substance,  and  plrpov,  a measure.]  An  instru- 
ment for  measuring  the  intensity  of  the  color  of 
the  sky,  and  thereby  deducing  the  quantity  of 
vapor  floating  in  the  atmosphere.  Francis. 

CY-AN-OP'A-THY,  n.  [Gr.  svaio;,  a dark-blue 
substance,  and"  nado;,  suffering.]  A disease  in 
which  the  surface  of  the  body,  especially  the 
exposed  parts,  is  colored  blue.  Dunglison. 

CY-A-J\rd'SIS,  n.  [Gr.  Kvdvmaig,  a dark-blue  color.] 
(Med.)  The  blue-disease,  by  which  the  surface 
of  the  body  becomes  of  a blue  or  lead  color ; 
blue  jaundice.  Brande. 

CY-AN'O-TYPE,  n.  [Gr.  siiavos,  a dark-blue  sub- 
stance, and  r£mof,  a type.]  A speejes  of  photog- 
raphy. Smart. 

CY-AN'U-RET,  n.  [Fr.  cyanure.]  (Chem.)  A 
compound  of  cyanogen  with  a metal ; cya- 
nide. Brande. 

CY-A-NU'RIC,  a.  [Fr.  cyanuriquc.]  (Chem.) 
Noting  an  acid  obtained  from  decomposing 
urea  by  heat.  Brande. 

CY'AR,  n.  [Gr.  idiap,  a hole.]  (Anat.)  The  orifice 
of  the  internal  ear.  Crabb. 

CY-ATH'E-A,  n.  [Gr.  k iaOos,  a cup.]  (Bot.)  A 
genus  of  tree-ferns.  P.  Cyc. 

CY-AtH'I-FORM,  a.  [Gr.  sbados,  a cup,  and  L. 
forma,  form.]  Shaped  like  a cup.  P.  Cyc. 

CYB'l-t/M,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  Khjiiov,  the  tunny- 
fish.]  (Pal.)  A genus  of  fossil  fishes.  Pictet. 

CY'CAS,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  trees  which  ap- 
pear to  be  intermediate  between  the  palms  and 
the  ferns,  cultivated  in  China  and  Japan,  and 
valued  for  the  pith  of  the  trunk,  which  furnishes 
a kind  of  sago.  Loudon. 

CYC'LA-MEN,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  KVKXdptvos,  or  kv- 
K?.6pivov.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  tuberous-rooted 
plants  with  beautiful  flowers ; sowbread.  Sprat. 

CYC'LA-MINE,  n.  (Chem.)  A vegetable  principle 
found  in  the  root  of  the  Cyclamen  Europautn. 

CY'CLE,  n.  [Gr.  kvkXo;,  a circle ; L.  cyclus ; It. 
ciclo ; Sp.  cyclo ; Fr.  cycled] 

1.  (Ancient  Astron.)  An  imaginary  circle  or 
orb  in  the  heavens. 

How  gird  the  sphere 

With  centric  and  eccentnc,  scribbled  o’er 

Cycle  and  epicycle,  orb  in  orb.  Milton. 

2.  A revolution  of  a certain  period  of  time 
within  which  the  same  facts  or  events  recur 
regularly  and  perpetually  in  the  same  order  ; a 
round  or  periodical  space  of  time ; a period. 

We  do  commonly  style  a lesser  space  a cycle,  and  a greater 
by  the  name  of  period.'  Bolder. 

Cycle  of  the  sun,  or  solar  cycle,  a period  of  28  years, 
after  which  the  same  days  of  the  week  recur  on  the 
same  days  of  the  year.  — Cycle  of  the  moon,  a period 
of  19  solar  years,  after  which  the  new  and  full 
moons  fall  on  the  same  days  of  the  year  as  they  did 
19  years  before  ; — called  also  the  golden  number,  and 
the  Metonic  cycle , from  its  inventor,  Meton.  Lon- 
don Ency. — Cycle  of  indiction,  or  Roman  indiction , a 
period  of  15  years,  not  astronomical,  but  entirely  arbi- 
trary, and  supposed  to  have  had  reference  to  certain 
judicial  acts  that  took  place  under  the  Greek  emperors 
at  stated  intervals  of  that  number  of  years.  Brande. 

CYC'LIC,  a.  [Gr.  kvk?.oc6s  ; Fr.  cyclique.]  Relat- 
ing to,  or  containing,  a cycle.  Qu.  Rev. 

Cyclic  chorus,  the  chorus  which  performed  the  songs 
and  dances  of  the  dithyrambic  odes,  at  Athens;  — so 
named  from  their  dancing  round  the  altar  of  Bacchus 
in  a circle.  — Cyclic  poets,  epic  poets  who  followed 
Homer,  and  wrote  merely  on  the  Trojan  war  and  its 
heroes,  keeping,  as  it  were,  to  one  circle  of  subjects. 

BraWig. 

CfC'LI-CAL,  a.  Cyclic.  Coleridge. 


CY'CLO-GR  APH,  n.  [Gr.  k(jk?.os,  a circle,  and 
ypaipio,  to  describe.]  An  instrument  for  describ- 
ing the  arcs  of  circles  ; an  arcograph.  Francis. 

CY'CLOID  [sl'klold,  IF.  P.  Ja.  K.  Sm. ; sik'lold, 
Buchanan],  n.  [Gr.  KVKl.oeidnf,  circular  ; kUk/.oc, 
a circle,  and  eldos,  form  ; It.  j,  Sp.  cichidc  ; Fr. 
cycloidc.]  (Gcom.)  A curve 
which  is  traced  out  by  any  \p)  ( ) 

point  in  the  plane  of  ^ 

circle  rolling  on  a straight  line,  and  continuing 
in  the  same  plane. 

/Kg’*  If  the  generating  point  is  upon  the  circumfer- 
ence of  the  circle,  the  curve  is  called  the  common  cy- 
cloid ; if  it  is  without  the  circumference,  the  curve 
is  called  the  curtate  cycloid.  ; and  if  it  is  within  it,  the 
curve  is  called  the  prolate  or  infected  cycloid ; — called 
also  trochoid.  Davies. 


CY'CLOID,  a.  (Ieh.)  Noting  fishes  belonging  to 
the  order  of  cycloidians.  Agassiz. 

CY-CLOID'AL,  a.  [It.  cicloidale  ; Fr  .cycloidal.] 
Relating  to  a cycloid.  Chambers. 

CY-CLOl'DI-AN,  n.  (Ich.)  One  of  an  order  of 
fishes  distinguished  by  having  scales  composed 
of  concentric  superposed  laminae  with  smooth 
edges,  as  the  salmon.  Agassiz. 

CY-CLOM'E-TRY,  n.  [Gr.  kvkXo;,  a circle,  and 
pirpov,  a measure.]  The  art  of  measuring  cy- 
cles. Wallis. 


CY'CLONE,  n.  [Gr.  kvk).6<o,  to  encircle.]  A rota- 
tory wind  advancing  on  aline.  “ By  the  term 
cyclones,  I mean  rotatory  winds  advancing  on  a 
line.”  Capt.  A.  Parish. 

CY-CLO-PyE'DI- A (sl-klo-pe'de-a)  [sl-klo-pe'de-a, 
IF.  P.  J.  Ja.  K.  Sm. ; si-klo-pe-de'?,  S.  ; sl-klo- 
ped'y?,  P.  K.],  n.  [Gr.  »cii/cjo.<,  a circle,  and  7ra<- 
itla,  instruction.]  A circle  of  the  arts  and  sci- 
ences ; a book,  or  series  of  volumes,  containing 
a view  of  the  arts,  sciences,  and  literature,  ar- 
ranged in  alphabetical  order ; an  encyclopaedia. 

pfg-  More  correctly  written  encycloptedia,  from  the 
Greek  words  iv  kvkXoi  iraiStta,  instruction  in  a circle. 
Brande. 

Syn.  — See  Dictionary. 

CY-CLO-PE'AN,  or  CY-CLO'P]J-AN  [sl-klo-pg'an, 
Ja.  Sm.  R.  C.Wb. ; sj-klo'pe-jn,  K.  Ash,  Brande], 
a.  Relating  to  the  Cyclops  ; vast  ; gigantic  ; 
terrific ; cyclopic.  Bp.  Hall. 

CY'CLO-PEDE,  n.  Cyclopaedia.  Warton. 


CY-CLO-PE'DJ-A,  n.  See  CYCLOPAEDIA. 


CY-CLO-PED'IC, 

CY-CLO-PED'I-CAL, 


a.  Belonging  to,  or  re- 
sembling, a cyclopaedia. 

Ec.  Rev. 


CY-CLOP'IC,  a.  Relating  to  the  Cyclops  ; gigan- 
tic ; vast.  “ Cyclopic  monsters.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

CY'CLOPS,  n.  sing.  8z.pl.  [Gr.  KfwJcinrft,  creatures 
with  circular  eyes  ; kLkXos,  a circle,  &\f>,  the  eye.] 

1.  (Myth.)  Vulcan’s  workmen,  giants  who  had 
only  one  eye,  in  the  middle  of  their  forehead. 
According  to  Homer,  they  were  a gigantic,  in- 
solent, lawless  race  of  shepherds  in  Sicily. 

IF  m.  Smith. 

2.  (Zool.)  A genus  of  branchiopods  inhabit- 
ing fresh  waters.  Bail'd. 

CY-CLO-STO  'MM,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  kCkXos,  a circle,  and 
oropa,  the  mouth.] 

1.  (Ich.)  A tribe  of  cartilaginous  fishes  in 

which  the  mouth  is  surrounded  by  a large  cir- 
cular lip,  as  in  the  lamprey.  Brande. 

2.  (Zobl.)  A genus  of  air-breathing  gastero- 

pods  or  snails,  in  which  the  aperture  of  the 
shell  is  round.  Brande. 


CY'CLO-STOME,  n (Ich.)  One  of  the  Cyclo- 
stoma. \ Brande. 

CY-CLOS'TO-MOUS,  a.  (Zotil.)  Having  a circu- 
lar mouth ; round-mouthed.  Kirby. 

CY-CLO-STY'LAR,  a.  [Gr.  kOkXo 5,  a circle,  and 
otu'/.os,  a pillar.]  (Arch.)  Relating  to  a struc- 
ture composed  of  a circular  range  of  columns 
without  an  interior  building  or  core.  Weale. 

CY'D^R,  n.  See  Cider.  Todd. 

CY-E-^!-0L'0-£Y,  n.  [Gr.  Kbyait,  pregnancy ; 
kvIui,  to  bear  in  the  womb,  and  Xbyo;,  a discourse.] 
(Med.)  The  doctrine  of  gestation  Dunglison. 

CYG’NIJT  (slg'net),  n.  [Gr.  kCkvo(,  a swan  ; L.  cyg- 
nus ; It.  cygno  ; Fr . cygne.]  (Ornith.)  A young 
swan.  Shak. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  ROLE.  — <J,  £,  g,  soft;  G,  fi,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 
45 


CYGNINiE 


354 


CYG'NUS,  n.  [L.,  a swan.']  ( Astron .)  A con- 
stellation in  the  northern  hemisphere.  Hind. 


CYG-JYi'MJE,  n.pl. 
[L.  cygnus,  a 
swan.]  ( Urnitli .) 
A sub-family  of 
birds  of  the  or- 
der Anseres  and 
family  Anatidce ; 
swans.  Gray. 


Cygnus  ferus.- 


CYL'IN-D^R,  n.  [Gr.  Mivb oos  ; L. 
cylindrus  ; It.  4'  Sp.  cilindro ; Fr. 
cylindre.] 

1.  ( Geom .)  A right  prism  whose 
bases  are  circles  ; a solid  which 
may  be  generated  by  revolving  a rectangle  about 
one  of  its  sides.  Peirce. 


■KSr*  The  side  about  which  the  rectangle  is  revolved 
is  the  axis , and  the  opposite  side  generates  a curved 
surface,  which  is  called  the  convex  or  lateral  surface. 
Any  section  of  the  surface  by  a plane  is  called  a base. 
If  the  plane  of  a base  is  perpendicular  to  the  axis  the 
cylinder  is  right,  and  the  base  a circle  ; otherwise  it 
is  oblique , and  the  base  elliptical.  Davies. 

2.  (Gunnery.)  The  bore  of  a cannon  or  great 
gun.  Maunder. 

CYL-IN-DRA'CEOUS  (66),  a.  Cylindrical.  Ogilvie. 


I a.  [Gr.  KV?.tvApuc6s ; Fr.  cy - 
L,,  ) lindriquc .]  Partaking  of  the 


CY-LIN'DRJC, 

cy-lTn'drj-cal. 

nature,  or  the  form,  of  a cylinder.  Arbuthnot. 

Cylindrical  surface,  a surface  generated  by  the  mo- 
tion of  a straight  line  which  continues  always  paral- 

Eliot. 


lei  to  another  straight  line. 


CY-LIN'DRI-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  the  manner  of  a 
cylinder. 

CYL-IN-DRI<J'I-TY,  n.  State  of  being  cylindric.  [r.] 

CY-LIN'DRI-FORM,  a.  Having  the  form  of  a cyl- 
inder.  Maunder. 

CYL  IN-DROID  [sil'in-drriTd,  Ja.  K.  Sm.;  se-lln'- 
drind,  Crabb],  n.  [Gr.  KbXiv&pop,  a cylinder,  and 
litas,  form  ; It.  cilindroide ; Fr.  cylindrolde.]  A 
solid  body,  differing  from  the  cylinder  by  hav- 
ing its  base  elliptical ; a right  cylinder  with  an 
elliptical  base.  Davies. 

CY-LIN-DHO-MET'RIC,  a.  [Gr.  KiXivbpos,  a cyl- 
inder, and  i.irpoo,  a measure.]  Belonging  to  a 
scale  used  in  measuring  cylinders.  Maunder. 


CY'M.d,  n.  1.  [Gr.  Kiryta,  or  rruu,  a foetus,  a sprout ; 
L.  cyma.]  (Pot.)  A cyme.  Brande. 

2.  [Gr.  ru- 
ga.] (Arch.)  A 
■waved  member 
or  moulding  of 
a cornice,  con- 
vex at  the  bot- 
tom and  concave  at  the  top,  or  the  reverse.  In 
the  former  case  it  is  termed  cyma  recta,  and  in 
the  latter  cyma  reversa.  Brande. 

CY-MAR',  n.  A loose,  light  gown.  — See  Simar. 

Her  body  shaded  with  a slight  cymar.  Dryden. 

CYM'A-TINE,  n.  (Min.)  A fibrous  mineral.  Dana. 

CY-MA  ' TI-  tjTM  (se-ma'she-um),  n.  [L.,  from  Gr. 
Ku/idnov,  dim.  of  Kuya,  a wave.]  (Arch.)  Same 
as  Cyma.  Brande. 


CSfM'BAL,  n.  [Gr.  Kbyftalav ; L.  cymbalum ; It. 
cembalo-,  Sp . cimbalo-,  Fr . cymbale.) 

1.  A musical  instrument,  consisting  of  two 
plates  of  metal,  in  the  form  of  a dish,  which, 
when  struck  together,  produce  a ringing  sound. 

2.  A mean  instrument  used  by  gypsies,  &c., 

consisting  of  a steel  wire  in  a triangular  form, 
passing  through  small  rings,  which  may  be 
moved  along  the  wire  by  a rod,  while  the  instru- 
ment is  held  suspended.  London  Ency. 

itS^The  precise  form  of  the  instrument,  as  used  by 
the  ancients,  is  unknown.  Smart. 

3.  A sort  of  cake  ; doughnut.  [Local,  U.  S.] 

+ CYM'BAL-IST,  n.  A player  on  a cymbal.  Blount. 

CYM'BI-FORM,  a.  [L.  cymba,  a boat,  and 

forma,  form  ; Fr.  cymbiforme.]  Formed 
like  a boat ; boat-shaped.  P.  Cyc. 

CYM'BI-CM.  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  KupjSiov,  a 
cup.]  (Conch.)  A kind  of  sea-shell  ; a 
gondola.  Brande. 


CYME,  n.  [See  Cyma.]  (Bot.)  A kind 
of  inflorescence,  as  of  the  elder,  hav- 
ing the  form  of  a corymb,  but  of  the 
determinate  sort,  the  central  flower  of 
each  portion  opening  earliest.  Gray. 

CY-MIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  cyma,  a sprout,  and  fero, 
to  bear.]  Bearing  cymes.  Craig. 

CY'MOID,  a.  [Gr.  k vga,  an  embryo,  and  iibos, 
form.]  (Bot.)  Relating  to,  or  resembling,  a 
cyme  or  cyma.  Forster. 

CY'MO-FHANE,  n.  [Gr.  Ktiga,  a wave,  and  tpalvto, 
to  appear.]  (Min.)  A mineral  of  a green  col- 
or, of  different  shades,  and  having  a conchoidal 
or  undulated  fracture.  It  resembles  the  chrys- 
oberyl.  Weale. 

CY-MOPH'A-NOUS,  a.  Having  a wavy  light ; 
opalescent ; chatoyant.  Ogilvie. 

CY-MOSE',  a.  (Bot.)  Relating  to,  or  resembling, 
a cyme  or  cyma.  P.  Cyc. 

CY'MOUS,  a.  (Bot.)  Same  as  Cymose.  Ogilvie. 

CY-NAN'jCHE,  n.  [Gr.  KWay^q,  a dog-throttling; 
Kuan-,  kuv6s,  a dog,  and  ayxw<  to  strangle.]  (Med.) 
Inflammation  of  the  lining  membrane  of  the 
upper  part  of  the  air-passages  ; — a disease  of 
many  varieties,  comprising  common  sore  throat, 
quinsy,  and  croup.  Dunglison. 

CY-NAN'THRO-PY,  n.  [Gr.  Kitov,  kvv6s,  a dog, 
and  dV0p<uTOs,  a man.]  A species  of  madness 
in  which  men  have  the  qualities  of  dogs.  Johnson. 

Cy-NAP  !-NA,  ) n (Chem.)  An  alkaloid  ob- 

CYN'A-PINE,  ) tained  from  cynapium,  or  fool’s- 
parsley.  Clarke. 

CY-JYA ' PI-  CM,  n.  [Gr.  Kitov,  xvvis,  a dog,  and 
dmav,  parsley.]  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the  genus 
JEthusa ; fool’s-parsley.  Loudon. 

CYJY'Jl-RJl,  n.  [Gr.  n-vfipa,  a dog-thorn,  a kind 
of  wild  rose.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants  of  the 
thistle  kind,  including  the  artichoke.  Craig. 

CYN-A-RA'CEOyS  (-shus),  a.  (Bot.)  Having  the 
character  of  plants  of  the  genus  Cynara.  Craig. 

CYN-ARC-TOM'A-EHY,  n.  [Gr.  Kitov,  a dog, 
apKTos,  a bear,  and  gax’i,  a battle.]  Bear-bait- 
ing with  a dog.  Hudibras. 

CY-MAR  ' RHO-DON,  n.  [Gr.  kbtov,  kvv6;,  a dog, 
and  liotov,  a rose.]  (Bot.)  A fruit  composed  of 
several  free,  hard,  and  indehiscent  ovaries,  en- 
veloped by,  but  not  united  to,  the  fleshy  tube  of 
the  calyx,  as  that  of  the  rose.  Henslow. 

f CYN-E-^ET'ICS,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  KUvqyiriKa  ; Kitov, 
kovos,  a dog,  and  qyiogat,  to  lead.]  The  art  of 
hunting  with  dogs.  Browne. 

CYN'IC,  ) a_  [Gr.  KvviKt 5j , dog-like  ; Kitov, 

CYN'I-CAL,  > Kvvbf,  a dog;  L.  cynicus ; It.  & Sp. 
cinico  ; Fr.  cynique.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  dog-star  ; as,  “The  cynic 
year,  or  canicular  year.”  — See  Canicular. 

2.  Relating  to  the  philosophy  of  Diogenes, 
or  to  the  Cynics. 

3.  Having  the  qualities  of  a dog ; brutal ; 
snarling ; carping  ; snappish  ; ill-natured. 

IIo  was  a man  of  . . . morose  and  cynical  temper.  Burnet. 

I hope  it  is  no  very  cynical  asperity  not  to  confess  obliga- 
tions where  no  benefit  has  been  received.  Johnson. 

CYN'IC,  n.  1.  A follower  of  Diogenes;  a phi- 
losopher of  the  snarling  sect. 

2.  A morose  man  ; a misanthrope. 

Without  these  precautions,  the  man  degenerates  into  a 
cynic.  Addison. 

CYN'J-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a cynical  manner.  Bacon. 

CYN'I-CAL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  cyni- 
cal ; moroseness.  Booth. 

CYN'I-CI§M,  n.  The  quality  of  a cynic ; misan- 
thropy ; moroseness.  Sir  W.  Scott. 

CYN'IC— SPA^M,  n.  [Gr.  kvvik6s,  dog-like,  and 
atraaua,  a spasm.]  (Med.)  A convulsive  con- 
traction of  the  muscles  of  one  side  of  the  face, 
distorting  the  mouth,  nose,  &c.  Dunglison. 

CY-ATIC'  TIS,  n.  [Gr.  Kitov,  a dog,  and  iicrij,  a 
kind  of  weasel  or  ferret.]  (Zolil.)  An  African 
mammiferous  quadruped,  resembling  the  fox, 
and  living  in  burrows.  Baird. 

CY'NIPS,  n.  [Gr.  Kito,  to  impregnate.]  (Ent.)  A 


CYPRIAN 

Linmean  genus  of  hymenopterous  insects  ; the 
gall-fly.  Brande. 

CYN'  O-DOJV,  n.  [Gr.  Ktioiv,  Kvvbp,  a dog,  and 
bbois,  ifiovros,  a tooth.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of 
grasses  ; dog’s-tooth  grass.  P.  Cyc. 

C YJY-O-G LOS  ' SUM,  n.  [Gr.  KiioyixoctTo v ; Kitov, 
kuv6(,  a dog,  and  y/.ibaaa,  the  tongue ; L.  cyno- 
glossos. ] (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants ; hound’s- 
tongue.  P.  Cyc. 

CY-NOG'RA-PH Y,  n.  [Gr.  Kitov,  kvv6;,  a dog,  and 
ypdtpto,  to  describe.]  A description  or  history 
of  the  dog.  Craig. 

CYM-O-LYS'SJi,  n.  [Gr.  Kvvbi.uaaog,  mad  from  the 
bite  of  a dog  ; kviov,  kwos,  a dog,  and  i.iaaa,  rage.] 
(Med.)  Canine  madness;  hydrophobia. 

Dunglison. 

CYN-O-REX'I-fl,  n.  [Gr.  Kitov,  kvv6s,  a dog,  and 
opt(ts,  a longing;  Fr.  cynorexie.]  (Med.)  An 

insatiable  or  canine  appetite.  Crabb. 

CY'NO-SURE,  or  CYN'O-SURE  [sl'no-sur,  S.  E. 

1{. ; sln'o-sur,  J.  Wb.  ; sln'o-sliur  or  sl'no-sliur, 
IF.;  sln'o-sur  or  sl'no-sur,  I'. ; sl'no-shur,  Ja. ; 
sln-o-shor'  or  sl'no-shor',  K.  ; sl'no-zur  or  sl'no- 
zhor,  Sm.],  n.  [Gr.  KUi  otrovaa,  a dog’s  tail  ; Kitov, 
kuv 6s,  a dog,  and  ovpd,  a tail ; L.  cynosura ; It. 
Sp.  cinosura-,  Fr.  cynosure.] 

1.  A name  of  the  constellation  Ursa  Minor, 
or  the  Lesser  Bear,  which  contains,  in  the  tail, 
the  pole  star  by  which  mariners  are  guided. 

As  seamen  that  are  run 
Far  northward  find  long  winters  to  be  light, 

And  in  the  cynosure  adore  the  sun.  Davenant. 

2.  Any  thing  which  attracts  or  fixes  the  at- 
tention ; a point  of  attraction. 

Where  perhaps  some  beauty  lies, 

The  cynosure  of  neighboring  eyes.  Milton. 

CY-JYO-SU' RUS,  n.  [Gr.  Kwiaovpa,  a dog’s  tail.] 
(Bot.)  A genus  of  grasses ; the  crested  dog’s- 
tail  or  gold-seed.  P Cyc. 

CY'ON,  n.  See  Cion,  and  Scion.  Evelyn 

CY-O-PHO  ' RI-J1,  n.  [Gr.  Kvotpopla,  pregnancy; 
kuo s,  the  foetus,  and  tpipto,  to  bear.]  (Med.) 
Time  of  gestation  ; pregnancy.  Dunglison. 

CY-PF.-RA  ' CF.-JE  (sl-pe-ra'she-e),  n.  [Gr.  Kumtpo;, 
a kind  of  sedge  ; L.  cyperos.]  (Bot.)  A family 
of  plants  differing  from  grasses  in  the  parts  of 
fructification,  and  in  the  sheath  being  closed  up, 
not  slit ; the  sedge  family.  Loudon. 

CYP-E-RA'CEOUS  (-shus,  66),  a.  (Bot.)  Belong- 
ing to  the  class  Cyperacece.  Ci-aig. 

CYP'E-RCs,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants  of  the 
sedge  family  ; — also  the  root  of  one  species.  Gray. 

CY'PIIER,  n.  See  Cipher.  Todd. 

CYPH'O-NltjM,  n.  [Gr.  Kvtptov,  a sort  of  pillory  in 
which  criminals  were  fastened  by  the  neck  ; 
Kutpiovtapb;,  punishment  by  the  Kutptvv  ; Fr.  cypho- 
nisme .]  An  ancient  mode  of  punishment,  which 
consisted  in  besmearing  the  criminal  with  hon- 
ey, and  then  exposing  him  to  insects  while  fas- 
tened to  a stake  or  extended  on  the  ground  with 
his  arms  pinioned.  Brande. 

CY-PRJE  'jt,  n.  [Gr.  Kvrrpla,  one  of  the  names  of 
Venus.]  (Conch.)  A genus  of  mollusks  ; the 
cowry.  Brande. 

CY'PRESS,  n.  [Gr.  Kim&piocos  ; L.  cupressus  ; It. 

cipresso  ; Sp.  cipres ; Fr.  cypres f]  The  common 
name  of  the  forest  trees  of  the  genus  Cupressus 
and  order  Conferee.  They  are  evergreen,  and  dis- 
tinguished from  the  firs  and  pines  by  their  leaves 
being  mere  scales,  their  cones  being  formed 
of  a small  number  of  peltate  woody  bracts,  and 
their  seeds  being  very  small,  angular,  and  sev- 
eral to  each  bract.  From  its  use  at  funerals, 
and  in  adorning  sepulchres  among  the  ancients, 
the  cypress  is  taken  as  an  emblem  of  mourn- 
ing. Eng.  Ency. 

Poplars  and  alders  ever  quivering  played. 

And  nodding  cypress  formed  a fragrant  shade.  Pope. 

Bind  you  my  brows  with  mourning  cypress.  Bp.  Hall. 

CY'PRESS,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  cypress.  “ Cy- 
press trees.”  Shak.  “ Cypress  shades.”  Milton. 

2.  Made  of  cypress.  “ Cypress  chests.”  Shak. 

CYP'RI-AN,  a.  1.  (Geog.)  Belonging  to  the 
island  of  Cyprus. 

2.  [See  Cyprian,  n.]  Devoted  to  lewd  pleas- 
ures ; licentious.  Ash. 

CYP'RI-AN,  n.  1.  A native  of  Cyprus. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  E,  I,  9,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


CITRINE 


DACTYLET 


355 


2.  [Gr.  Ktmpts,  a name  of  Venus,  from  KIra-pos, 
or  Cyprus,  her  favorite  island.]  A devotee  of 
Venus;  a prostitute.  Booth. 

CYP'RINE,  a.  Belonging  to  the  cypress-tree.  Ash. 

CYT'RINE,  n.  [L.  cyprius,  pertaining  to  copper.] 
(Min  ) A species  of  idocrase  having  a blue  tint, 
probably  from  the  presence  of  copper.  Dana. 

CY-PRJJV'I-DJE,  n.  pi.  ( Ich .)  The  carp  family. 

CY-PRI'JYUS , n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  Kvrrpivos,  a species 
of  carp.]  (Ich.)  A genus  of  fishes  of  which 
the  common  carp  is  the  type.  Yarrell. 

CYP'RI-OT,  n.  (Geog.)  A native  or  inhabitant  of 
Cyprus.  Ed.  Rev. 

CYP-RI-PE'  DI-tjM,  n.  [Gr.  Kkfiit,  a name  of  Ve- 
nus, and  TTofuov,  a sock  or  buskin.]  (Bot.)  A 
genus  of  plants  ; lady’s-slipper.  London. 

CY'PRIS,  n.  (ZoOl.)  A genus  of  branchiopod, 
fresh-water  crustaceans,  with  two  pairs  of  feet 
and  two  antennae,  terminated  by  a pencil  of  fine 
hairs,  which  they  use  for  locomotion.  Baird. 

CY'PRUS,  n.  [From  Old  Fr.  crespe,  crape,  or 
from  the  Island  of  Cyprus,  where  it  was  first 
manufactured.  Skinner.  — From  Cyprus,  where 
it  was  made,  or  from  cypress,  as  being  used  in 
mourning.  Johnson.  — Most  probably  from  Cy- 
prus, where  it  was  originally  manufactured. 
Todd.)  A thin,  transparent,  black  stuff. 

Your  picture  . . . one  half  drawn 

In  solemn  Cyprus,  the  other  cobweb  lawn.  B.  Jonson. 

CY'PRUS-LAWN,  n.  Same  as  Cyprus. 

And  sable  stole  of  cyprus-lawn.  Milton. 

CYP ' SE-LA,  n.  [Gr.  ku^IL),  a hollow  vessel.] 
(Bot.)  A one-seeded,  one-eelled,  indehiscent 
fruit ; — called  also  achenium.  Brande. 

CYP-SF.-U'M'JE,  n.  pi.  [L. 
cypsellus,  the  swift.] 

(Ofnith.)  A sub-family 
of  fissirostral  birds  of  the 
order  Passeres  and  family 
Hirundinidce ; swifts. 

Gray. 


Dthe  fourth  letter  and  third  consonant  of  the 
s alphabet,  is  a dental  and  a mute , and  has  a 
sound  nearly  approaching  to  that  of  t.  In  its 
formation  the  continuous  flow  of  the  breath  is 
interrupted  by  the  pressure  of  the  tongue  against 
the  gum  of  the  upper  front  teeth.  It  differs 
from  t in  its  capability  of  some  continuation, 
and  in  its  being  uttered  in  the  natural  tone  of 
the  voice.  In  etymologies,  it  is  frequently  in- 
terchanged with  t and  th.  — As  a Roman  nu- 
meral, it  denotes  500,  and  with  a dash  over  it 
5000.  — It  is  used  as  a key  in  music,  and  also 
to  denote  a sliding-valve  in  a steam-engine. 

DA-Al ' DER,  n.  [But.]  A Dutch  coin,  of  the 
value  of  about  half  a crown.  Crabb. 

DAb,  v.  a.  [Goth,  daupjan  ; Dut . dabben. — Fr. 
dauber.)  [i.  dabbed  ; pp.  dabbing,  dabbed.] 

I.  To  strike  suddenly  ; to  slap.  “ To  da&him 
in  the  neck.”  Sir  T.  More. 

2.  To  touch  gently.  “ Dabbing  it  [a  sore] 
with  fine  lint.”  Sharp. 

DAB,  n.  1.  A quick  or  sudden  blow;  a touch. 
“ A dab  in  the  mouth  with  a broken  sword.” 

Memoirs  of  Captain  Crichton. 
2.  A small  soft  lump  of  any  thing.  Johnson. 

3.  An  expert ; an  adept.  “ A third  [writer] 
is  a dab  at  an  index.”  Goldsmith. 

An  Eton  stripling  training  for  the  law, 

A dunce  at  syntax,  but  a dab  at  taw.  Anon. 

4.  (Ich.)  A small,  flat  fish,  of  a dark-brown 
color  ; the  Pleuronectes  limanda.  Maunder. 

DA-bce  ' CI-A  (66),  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants; 
Irishwort  ; — called,  in  Ireland,  St.  Dabeoc’s 
Leath,  whence  the  name.  P.  Cyc. 

DAB  BLE  (d&b'bl),  v.  a.  [Dim.  of  dab  ; Dut.  dab- 


CYR-1J-NA'!C,  a.  [Gr.  K upprai/efs.]  (Gcotj.)  Re- 
lating to  Cyrene.  id.  Rev. 

CYR-5-NA'IC,  n.  One  of  an  ancient  sect  of  phi- 
losophers, so  called  from  their  founder,  Aristip- 
pus of  Cyrene  ; a Cyrenian.  Maunder. 

CY-RE'NI-AN,  a.  (Geog.)  Pertaining  to  Cyrene, 
a region  on  the  northern  coast  of  Africa.  Craig. 

CY-RE'NI-AN,  n.  1.  A native  of  Cyrene.  Craig. 

2.  One  of  a sect  of  Epicureans  established 
at  Cyrene  by  Aristippus,  who  was  a disciple  of 
Socrates ; a Cyrenaic.  Craig. 

CYR-!-0-L09'IC,  a.  [Gr.  Khpios,  principal,  chief, 
and  i.iyos,  a discourse.]  Relating  to  capital 
letters.  Smart. 

CYR'TO-STYLE,  n.  [Gr.  rfpros,  curved,  and  a rul.os, 
a pillar.]  (Arch.)  A circular,  projecting  por- 
tico. Weale. 

CYST,  n.  [Gr.  Kuans,  a bag.  — A.  S.  cyst,  a chest, 
a sheath.]  (Anat.)  A pouch,  or  sac,  containing 
morbid  matter,  without  opening,  and  commonly 
of  a membranous  nature,  developed  accidentally 
in  one  of  the  natural  cavities,  or  in  the  substance, 
of  organs  ; — written  also  kyst.  Dunglison. 

CYST'jgD,  a.  Enclosed  in  a cyst  or  bag.  Clarke. 

CYS'TJC,  a.  [Gr.  kuhtis,  a bag.]  (Med.) 

1.  Belonging  to  the  gall-bladder.  “ Cystic 

artery.”  “ Cystic  calculi.”  Dunglison. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  urinary  bladder.  “ Cys- 
tic remedies.”  Dunglison. 

3.  Having  cysts  or  cells,  as  some  tumors. 

“ Cystic  sarcoma.”  Dunglison. 

Cystic  oxide,  ( Chem .)  one  of  the  ingredients  found 
in  urinary  calculi.  Dunglison. 

CYS'TlNE,  n.  (Chem.)  A term  applied  by  some 
chemists  to  cystic  oxide.  Brande. 

CYS'TIS,  n.  Same  as  Cyst.  Wiseman. 

CYS-TI'TIS,  n.  [Gr.  Khans,  the  bladder.]  (Med.) 
Inflammation  of  the  bladder.  Brande. 


D. 


belen.)  [t.  dabbled  ; pp.  dabbling,  dab- 
bled.] To  dip  a little  or  often  ; to  wet ; to  be- 
sprinkle ; to  moisten.  “ Dabbled  wings.”  Swift. 
“ Hair  dabbled  in  blood.”  Shak. 

DAB'BLE,  v.  n.  1.  To  play  in  water,  mud,  or  any 
moist  mixture ; to  paddle  with  the  hands  or 
feet.  “ I saw  a young  child  dabbling  in  a buck- 
et of  water.”  Boyle. 

2.  To  make  slight  or  superficial  essays  ; as, 
“To  dabble  in  politics  or  in  poetry.” 

3.  To  make  impertinent  changes  ; to  tamper; 
to  meddle.  “ Dabbling  with  the  text.”  Atterbury. 

DAb'BI.^R,  n.  1.  One  who  dabbles  or  plays  in 
water,  mud,  or  some  moist  mixture. 

2.  One  who  makes  slight  and  superficial  es- 
says ; a sciolist.  “ Dabblers  in  metaphysics  are 
the  most  dangerous  creatures  breathing.”  Tucker. 

dAB'CHICK,  n.  A small  water-fowl  of  the  grebe 
kind  ; the  little  or  black-chin  grebe  ; Podiceps 
minor ; — called  also  dip-chick,  dob-chick,  and 
didapper.  Yarrell. 

DAb'ST^R,  n.  One  who  is  expert  at  any  thing  ; 
a dab  ; an  adept.  [Vulgar.]  Smart. 

DA  CA'PO,  ad.  [It.,  again,  from  the  begin- 
ning.) (Mus.)  A term  placed  at  the  end  of  a 
movement,  to  acquaint  the  performer  that  he  is 
to  return  and  end  with  the  first  strain.  Moore. 

DACE,  n.  [Dut.  daas.) 

(Ich.)  A small  river- 
fish  of  the  carp  family ; 

Leuciscus  vulgaris ; — 
called  also  dar,  dare, 
and  dart.  Baird. 

DAy'^-LO,  n.  [A  transposition  of  L.  alcedo,  a 


CYS'TO-CELE,  n.  [Gr.  kIkt ms,  the  bladder,  and 
Kyly,  hernia.]  (Med.)  A hernia  or  rupture 
arising  from  the  protrusion  of  the  bladder. 

Brande. 

CYS-TO-LITH'IC,  a.  [Gr.  Khans,  the  bladder,  and 
hOos,  a stone.]  (Med.)  Relating  to  the  stone 
in  the  bladder.  Dunglison. 

CYS'TOSE,  a.  (Med.)  Like  a cyst.  Dunglison. 

CYS'TO-TOME,  n.  [Fr.]  An  instrument  used 
in  cystotomy.  Dunglison. 

CYS-TOT'O-MY,  n.  [Gr.  Khans,  the  bladder,  and 
Toyii,  a cutting.]  (Surg.)  The  operation  of  cut- 
ting into  the  bladder.  Dunglison. 

CYT'J-SINE,  n.  (Chem.)  A purgative  deleterious 
substance  obtained  from  the  seeds  of  Cytisus 
laburnum,  Cytisus  alpinus,  &c.  P.  Cyc. 

CYT' I-SdS,  n.  [L.  ; Gr.  Kbnaos,  a kind  of  clo- 
ver.] (Bot.)  A genus  of  ornamental  trees 
and  shrubs  including  the  two  species  of  Labur- 
num. Loudon. 

CYT'O-BLAsT,  n.  (Bot.  & Phys.)  The  nucleus, 
cellule,  or  centre  of  assimilative  force,  from 
which  the  organic  cell  is  developed.  Brande. 

CZAR,  or  TZAR  (z’4r),  n.  [L.  Ceesav,  Ger.  kai- 
ser-, Dut.  czaar  ; Sw.  czar  ; Slav,  tzari  ; Dan., 
It..  Sf  Sp.  zar.)  The  title  of  the  Emperor  or 
Autocrat  of  Russia. 

Syn.  — See  Monarch. 

CZA-RI'NA  (za-re'ri?),  n.  The  title  of  the  Em- 
press of  Russia.  Goldsmith. 

CZA-RIN'I-AN,  a.  Relating,  or  belonging,  to  the 
Emperor  or  the  Empress  of  Russia.  Craig. 

CZAR'ISH  (zir'jsh),  a.  Relating  to  the  czar,  or 
Emperor  of  Russia.  Tatler. 

CZAR'O-WITZ  (zar'o-wlts),  n.  [Rus.  czarovicz.)  ■ 
The  title  of  the  czar’s  eldest  son.  Smart. 


kingfisher.]  (Ornith.)  A large  Australian  spe- 
cies of  passerine  birds,  nearly  allied  to  the  king- 
fisher. Bratule- 

DA'CIAN  (da'shjn,  66),  a.  (Geog.)  Belonging  to 
Dacia,  now  Wallachia.  Murray. 

DA-COIT',  n.  [Bengalee.]  One  of  a gang  of  rob- 
bers in  Hindostan  ; decoit.  Hamilton. 

DA-COI'TY,  n.  [Bengalee.]  Gang-robbery  in 
Hindostan,  practised  by  night ; decoity.  Tytler. 

dAc-R  Y-^E-LO ' SIS,  n.  [Gr.  <5axpt>,  a tear,  and 
yil.aui,  to  laugh.]  (Med.)  A species  of  insanity 
in  which  the  patient  weeps  and  laughs  at  the 
same  time.  Dunglison. 

DAC-RY-O'MA,  n.  [Gr.  iaxpOw,  to  weep.]  (Med.) 
A diseased  state  of  the  lachrymal  duct  of  the 
eye,  by  which  the  fluid  that  usually  passes  into 
the  nose  is  ejected  from  the  eye  in  the  lorin 
of  tears.  Brande. 

DAc'TYL,  n.  [Gr.  SqktvI.os,  a finger  ; also  a dac- 
tyl, which,  like  a finger,  consists  of  one  long 
and  two  short  members  ; L.  dactylus  ; It.  dat- 
tilo  ; Sp.  dactilo  ; Fr.  dactyle.)  (Prqp.)  A po- 
etic foot,  consisting  of  one  long  syllable  and  two 
short  ones,  as  corpora,  or  of  one  accented  syl- 
lable and  two  unaccented  ones,  as  typ'ical. 
The  following  couplet  is  composed  entirely  of 
dactyls  : — 

Some  with  im  | punity  I snatch  oppor  | tunity, 

Slay,  and  ex  | ult  in  con  1 cealment’s  im  | munity.  FI.  Smith. 

+ DAc'TYL,  v.  n.  To  run  nimbly.  B.  Jonson. 

DAC'TY-LARj  a.  Relating  to,  or  consisting  of, 
the  dactyl ; dactylic.  Craig. 

f DAC'TY-LET,  n.  A dactyl.  Bp.  Hall. 


Acanthylis  pelasgia. 


Dace. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RlJLE.  — 9,  £,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  6,  £,  g,  hard;  ^ as  z;  £ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


DACTYLIC 


356 


DAINTY 


II  DAC-TAlTC  [dak-tll'jk,  Ja.  Sm.  R.  ; dak't?-lTk, 
K.  Wb.  Todd],  a.  [Gr.  SiiktuIikos  ; \j.  dacty Il- 
eus ; Fr.  dacty lique .] 

1.  (Pros.)  Relating  to,  or  consisting  of,  the 

dactyl.  “ The  power  of  the  spondaic  and  dac- 
tylic harmony.”  Rambler. 

2.  Noting  verses  which  end  with  a dactyl  in- 
stead of  a spondee.  Maunder. 

||  DAoTYL'ICS,  n.  pi.  Metres  which  consist  of  a 
repetition  of  dactyls  or  equivalent  feet.  P.  Cyc. 

DAC-TYL'J-O-GLYPH,  n.  [Gr.  SaKTvl.ioyXtyos  ; bau- 
rvhos,  a finger-ring,  and  yl.lxpui,  to  engrave.] 

1.  An  engraver  of  stones  used  to  ornament 

finger-rings.  Elmes. 

2.  The  inscription  of  the  name  of  the  artist 

on  a gem.  Gwilt. 

DAC-TYL-I-OG'LY-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  iaKTvhoyhnpia.] 
The  art  of  engraving  gems.  Elmes. 

DAc-TYL-I-OG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  basrihoi,  a fin- 
ger-ring. and  yotitput,  to  describe ; Fr.  dactylogra- 
phies] The  science  of  gem  engraving.  Brande. 

DAC-TYL'I-Q-MAN-CY,  n.  [Gr.  baKTvhos,  a fin- 
ger-ring, and  parr  da,  divination.]  Divination 
by  means  of  finger-rings.  Maunder. 

DAC-TYL'ION  (dak-tll'yon),  n.  [Fr.,  from  Gr. 
SilKruXot,  a finger.]  (Med.)  The  union  of  the 
fingers  with  each  other.  Palmer. 

dAc'TYL-IST,  n.  A proficient  in  dactylic  versi- 
fication ; — applied  especially  to  those  who  com- 
pose in  Latin  and  Greek. 

May  is  certainly  a sonorous  dactylist.  Wcirton. 

DAC-  TY-Li ' TIS,  n.  [Gr.  HktuIos,  a finger.]  (Med.) 
Inflammation  of  the  finger.  Dunglison. 

DAC-TYL-0L'0-<3Y,  n.  [Gr.  IuktvXos,  a finger, 
and  id yos,  a discourse ; Fr.  dactylologies]  The 
art  of  conversing,  or  communicating  ideas,  by- 
spelling  words  with  the  fingers,  as  practised  by 
the  deaf  and  dumb.  Dalgamo. 

dAC-TYL'O-mAN-CY,  n.  Dactyliomancy.  Brande. 

DAC-TY-LON'O-MV,  n.  [Gr.  S6ktv).os,  a finger, 
and  rtfiu,  to  deai  out.]  The  art  of  numbering 
with  the  fingers.  Penny. 

DAC-TYL-OP'T£R-OUS,  a.  [Gr.  1&ktv).os,  a fin- 
ger, and  nrepdv,  a wing  or  a fin.]  (Ich.)  Noting 
fishes  the  inferior  rays  of  whose  pectoral  fin  are 
partially  or  entirely  free.  Brande. 

dAc-TYL-OP  'TER-  IIS,  n.  [See  Dactylopteu- 
ous.]  (Ich.)  A genus  of  fishes  containing  two 
species,  of  which  the  most  remarkable  is  the 
flying-gurnard.  Brande. 

®AD>  In.  [A  word  formed  from  the  syllables 

DAD'DY,  ) da  da,  the  early  utterance  of  chil- 
dren ; Gael,  dait ; Ir.  dat  'd ; W.  § Corn,  tad ; 
Arm.  tat.)  A childish  term  for  father. 

DAD'DLE,  v.  n.  [Dim.  of  dade.]  To  walk  un- 
steadily or  feebly  ; to  toddle.  Todd. 

DAD'DLE,  n.  The  hand  or  the  foot.  [Colloquial 

and  low,  Eng.]  Brockett. 

dAd'DOCK,  n.  (Bot.)  The  heart  of  a tree  thor- 
oughly rotten,  [it.]  Maunder. 

DAD'DY— LONG'— LEG§,  n.  (EntS)  The  popular 
name  of  an  insect  of  the  genus  Tipula,  having 
the  body  and  legs  long  and  slender ; the  crane- 
fly  ; — called  also  father-long-legs.  Baird. 

f D.ADE,  v.  a.  To  lead,  as  a child  just  learning  to 
walk.  “To  dade  and  lead  by  the  hand.”  Holland. 

The  little  children,  when  they  learn  to  go, 

By  painful  mothers  daded  to  and  fro.  Drayton. 

fDADE,  v.  n.  To  walk  slowly  or  unsteadily,  as  a 
child  just  beginning  to  go  alone. 

No  sooner  taught  to  dade  than  from  their  mother  trip. 

Drayton. 

DA'DO  [da'do,  Ja.  Sm.  Wb.],  n.  [It.  dado,  a die.] 
(Arch.)  The  cubical  part  of  the  pedestal,  be- 
tween the  base  and  the  cornice  ; the  die  : — the 
part  of  the  mouldings  round  the  walls  of  a room 
between  the  base  and  the  sub-base.  Weale. 

DJE' DAL,  a.  [Gr.  baibai.os,  from  the  name  of  a 
famous  Athenian  artist,  who  is  fabled  to  have 
constructed  the  celebrated  labyrinth  at  Crete,  in 
which  the  Minotaur  was  kept  ; L.  dcedalusi] 
Skilful ; ingenious  ; — in  an  active  or  a passive 
sense. 

Here  ancient  Art  her  daedal  fancies  played.  Warton. 


DJE-DA  'LF.-A,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  fungi  most 
of  whose  species  grow  upon  wood.  Loudon. 

DAl-DA'LI-AN,  a.  Maze-like;  resembling  a lab- 
yrinth ; intricate  ; dedalous.  Cotgrave. 

DiED'A-LOUS,  a.  (Bot.)  See  Dedalois. 

DAsS'MAN,  n.  (Zod.)  See  Desman.  Eng.Ency. 

t dAff,  7i.  [Dut.  doj  ; Ger.  daub;  Icel.  dattf.) 
A blockish  or  foolish  fepaw.  Chaucer. 

DAFF,  v.  a.  To  daunt.  [Local,  Eng.]  Grose. 

f dAff,  v.  a.  [See  Doff  ] To  toss  aside  ; to 
put  off ; to  doff. 

Thou  madcap  Prince  of  Wales,  that  doffed  the  world 
aside.  iihak. 

L)AFF,  v.  n.  [Sw.  dofwa.]  To  be  foolish  ; to 
make  sport;  to  toy.  [Scotland.]  Jamieson. 

dAf-FA-dIl  LY,  1 ji.  A plant ; the  nar- 

DAF-FA-DOYVN-DIL'LY,  ) cissus  ; daffodil. 

Bid  amaranthus  all  his  beauty  shed, 

And  daffodillies  fill  their  cups  with  tears.  Milton. 
Strew  me  the  ground  with  daffadowndillies , 

And  cowslips,  and  kingcups,  and  loved  lilies.  Spenser. 

f DAF'FLE,  v.  n.  To  betray  loss  of  memory.  Craig. 

dAf'FQ-dA,  n.  [Gr.  aetpdini.os  ; L.  asphodelits  ; 
Fr.  asphodele,  (fleur)  d’asphodlle ; Dut.  ajfodille  ; 
Ger.  uffodillwurzS]  A species  of  narcissus  bear- 
ing yellow  flowers  ; Narcissus-pseudo-narcis- 
sus ; — called  also  sometimes  daffodilly,  and 
daffadowndilly.  Loudon. 

DAFT,  a.  1.  Silly;  stupid.  [Local,  Eng.]  Arnold. 

2.  Playful ; frolicsome.  [Scotland.]  Jamieson. 

dAg,  n.  1.  [See  Dagger.]  A dagger ; a pon- 
iard. Johnson. 

2.  f [Gael,  dag.]  A hand-gun  ; a pistol. Burton. 

3.  [Sw.  dago,  dew ; Dan.  taaqe , mist.]  Dew. 

[Local,  Eng.]  Ray. 

4.  f [A.  S.  daag,  something  loose.]  A slip  ; 

a shred  ; a shoe-string.  Chaucer. 

DAg,  v.  a.  1.  fTo  cut  into  slips.  Chaucer. 

2.  To  let  fall  in  water  or  mire  ; to  daggle  ; to 
bemire.  [Local,  Eng.]  Johnson. 

dAg,  v.  n.  [Sw.  dagga,  to  form  dew.]  To  driz- 
zle. [Local.]  Brockett. 

I)Ag  jfi F It,  n.  [Ger.  degen , a sword;  Dut. dagge ; 
Sw.  daggert;  Gael.  <S;  Ir.  daigear,  a dagger; 
Bret,  dag,  dager. — It.  Sp.  daga;  Fr.  dagiiei] 

1.  A short  sword  ; a poniard.  Sidney. 

2.  (Fencing.)  A blunt  blade  of  iron,  with  a 

basket  hilt,  used  for  defence.  Johnson. 

3.  (Printing.)  The  obeliscus  or  obelisk,  a 
mark  of  reference;  thus  [f]. 

4.  (Naut.)  A piece  of  timber  that  crosses  all 

the  puppets  of  the  bilgeways,  to  keep  them  to- 
gether. Dana. 

Dagger -plank,  ( Naut .)  the  plank  that  secures  the 
heads  of  the  puppets.  — Dagger-lcnees , (Naut.)  cer- 
tain pieces  whose  sides  are  cast  down  and  bolted 
through  the  cramp.  Crabb. 

To  look  or  speak  daggers,  to  look  or  speak  fiercely, 
savagely. 

dAg'GJJR,  v.  a.  To  stab  with  a dagger.  Deklcer. 

DAo'GIyR-FISH,  n.  A kind  of  sea-fish.  Ash. 

dAg'G£ES-;-DRAW'[NG,  n.  The  act  of  drawing 
daggers ; approach  to  open  attack ; a quarrel. 
“Always  at  daggers-drawing.”  Butler. 

dAg'GLE,  v.  a.  [Dim.  of  dag. ] [*.  daggled  ; 

pp.  daggling,  daggled.]  To  dip  or  trail  in 
mire  or  water  : to  draggle.  Swift. 

dAg’GLE,  v.  n.  To  run  through  wet  or  dirt  ; to 
draggle.  Pope. 

f DAG'GLED— TAIL,  a.  Trailed  in  mud  or  mire  ; 
bemired;  bespattered.  Swift. 

dAg'GLE— TAIL,  n.  A slattern  ; a slut;  a drag- 
gle-tail. Smart. 

DAg'GLE— TAIL,  ? a Trailed  in  mud  ; be- 

dAg'GLE— TAILED,  ) mired  ; bespattered.  Craig. 

dAg'LOCK,  n.  A loose  lock  of  wool,  much  soiled 
or  fouled.  Todd. 

DA'GON,  n.  [Heb.  "pHI.]  A god  of  the  Philis- 
tines, whose  idol  was  pulled  down  by  Samson. 
The  idol  is  described  by  Diodorus  Siculus  as 
having  the  head  of  a woman  united  to  the  body 
of  a fish. 

Dayov  his  name,  sea-monster,  upward  man, 

And  downward  fish.  Milton. 


DAg'SWAIN,  n.  A rough,  coarse  sort  of  coverlet 
or  carpet,  made  from  daglocks  or  the  refuse  of 
wool.  Harrison. 

DAG'TAlLED  (dSg'tald),  a.  Dirtied,  [li.]  Bp.  Hall. 

DA-GUER'RI-AiV,  a.  Pertaining  to  Daguerre,  or 
to  the  daguerrotype  invented  by  him.  Clarke. 

DA-GUERR'O-TYPE  (da-ger'o-ilp),  n.  [ Daguerre , 
the  name  of  the  inventor,  a French  artist,  and 
Gr.  rinws,  an  image.] 

1.  The  process  or  the  art  by  which  images 

are  fixed  on  metal  plates.  A sheet  of  silvered 
copper  is  exposed  to  the  vapor  of  iodine,  and 
becomes  coated  with  the  iodide  of  silver.  It  is 
then  placed  in  a camera  obscura,  where  the 
image  of  some  object  is  made  to  fall  upon  it 
for  a short  time ; and  such  is  the  change  pro- 
duced in  the  iodide  of  silver  by  the  solar  rays, 
that  subsequent  exposure  of  the  plate  to  the 
vapor  of  mercury  brings  out  the  image  in  a 
distinct  and  permanent  form.  Brande. 

2.  The  picture  produced  by  the  process  of 
Daguerre. 

DA-GI  ERR  O-I  VP-ER,  l One  who  practises 

DA-GUERR'O-TY-IMST,  ) the  art  of  daguerro- 
type. Clarke. 

DA-GUERR-0-T\  P IC,  ) a Relating  to,  or 

DA-GUERR-O-TYP'I-CAL,  > formed  by,  the  da- 
guerrotype process.  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

DA  It 'LI- A [da'le-3,  JT'i. ; da'le-a,  Sm. ; dal'e-?,  CS\, 
[Named  from  Andrew  Dahl,  a Swedish  botanist, 
and  pupil  of  Linnteus.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of 
plants,  with  beautiful  flowers,  belonging  to  the 
natural  order  Composite,  and  containing  two 
principal  species,  both  natives  of  Mexico,  of 
which  there  are  many  varieties  ; — called  also, 
by  the  continental  botanists,  Georgina.  Loudon. 

DAH'LINE,  n.  (Chem.)  The  fecula  obtaineckfrom 
the  roots  of  the  dahlia,  and  identical  with  inu- 
line.  Ure. 

DAl'LI-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  or  hap- 
pening daily.  Taylor. 

DAl'LY,  a.  [A.  S.  deeglic  ; dreg,  day,  and  lie,  like.] 
Happening  or  occurring  every  day  ; sufficient 
for  the  day  ; diurnal ; quotidian. 

Syn. — Daily  is  a familiar  and  colloquial  term; 
diurnal,  scientific.  Daily  occurrences  ; diurnal  mo- 
tion of  the  earth  ; quotidian  fever. 

DAl'LY  (da'Ie),  ad.  Every  day;  very  often. 

f DAINT,  a.  [See  Dainty.]  Delicate ; elegant ; 
dainty.  “ Diets  daint.”  Spenser. 

f DAlNT,  n.  Something  delicious;  a dainty. 
“ Daints  my  lowly  roof  maintains  not.” Fletcher. 

dAin'TIJ-OUS,  a.  Dainty.  Chaucer. 

DAIN'TI-LY,  ad.  In  a dainty  manner  ; delicate- 
ly ; nicely. 

DAlN'TI-NESS,  n.  1.  The  quality  of  being  dain- 
ty ; deliciousness.  “ The  daintiness  of  the  pro- 
vision which  he  served.”  Hakewill. 

2.  Elegance  ; nicety.  “ The  duke  exceeded 
in  the  daintiness  of  his  leg  and  foot.”  Wotton. 

3.  Fastidiousness  ; squeamishness. 

Of  sand,  and  lime,  and  clay  Vitruvius  hath  discoursed 
without  any  daintiness.  Wotton . 

4.  Delicacy  ; effeminacy.  “ The  daintiness 

and  niceness  of  our  captains  who  . . . use  furred 
boots  and  cloaks.”  Hackluyt. 

fDAlNT'LY,  ad.  Deliciously;  daintily.  Sackville. 

f dAIN'TR^L,  n.  A delicacy.  Tr.  of  Bulling er. 

DAlN'TY,  a.  [Old  Fr.  dain;  Fr.  daim,  a deer, 
because  its  flesh  has  always  been  esteemed  a 
great  dainty.  Skinner. — L .dens,  a tooth;  It. 
dente;  Sp.  diente;  Fr.  dent.  Minsheu.  — W. 
dantaith,  a choice  morsel ; a dainty.  Gurnett .] 

1.  Agreeable  to  a nice  taste  ; delicious. 

“ Dainty  meats.”  Gower. 

2.  Elegant ; delicately  beautiful. 

And  to  those  dainty  limbs  which  Nature  lent, 

For  gentle  usage  and  soft  delicacy.  Milton. 

3.  Fastidious  ; squeamish.  “ The  daintiest 

sense.”  Davies. 

4.  f Scrupulous;  ceremonious.  “ Dainty  of 

leave-taking.”  Shak. 

5.  Affectedly  fine.  “ Dainty  speakers.”  Prior. 

DAlN'TY,  n.  1.  Something  delicious,  nice,  or 
delicate  ; a tidbit.  “ Eden’s  dainties."  Beaumont. 


A,  E,  i,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  ?,  J,  O,  IT,  Y,  obscure; 


FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


DAIRY 


Be  not  desirous  of  his  dainties,  for  they  are  deceitful  meat. 

Prov.  xxiii.  3. 

2.  A term  of  fondness. 

Why,  that’s  my  dainty,  I shall  miss  thee.  Shak . 

Syn.  — A dainty  or  tidbit  is  a delicious  morsel  of 
cookery;  delicacy , something  pleasant  to  the  taste. 
Fond  of  dainties  and  tidbits-,  eager  to  procure  all  tile 
delicacies  of  tile  season.  — “ Those  who  indulge  them- 
selves freely  in  dainties  and  delicacies,  scarcely  know 
what  it  is  to  eat  with  an  appetite.”  Crabb. 

DAl'Jty  (da're),  n.  [M.  Goth,  daddjan,  to  milk. 
— Icel.  deygia,  to  give  milk.  — S w.  dia,  to  milk  ; 
cleja,  a dairy-maid.] 

1.  Collectively,  milk,  and  whatever  on  a farm 

relates  to  it,  as  the  manufacture  of  butter  and 
cheese.  Temple. 

Grounds  were  turned  much  in  England  either  to  feeding 
or  dairy.  Temple. 

2.  The  place  where  milk  is  preserved  or  man- 
ufactured into  butter  or  into  cheese. 

What  stores  my  dairies  and  my  folds  contain ! Dryden. 

3.  A milk-farm,  [it.]  Bacon. 

DAI'Ry,  a.  Belonging  to  the  keeping  of  cows 
and  making  butter  and  cheese.  Ash. 

DAl'RY— HOUSE,  n.  A house,  connected  with  a 
farm,  in  which  milk,  cheese,  &c.,  are  kept. Craig. 

DAI'RY— MAID,  n.  A female  servant  who  man- 
ages a dairy.  Addison. 

DAl'RY— ROOM,  n.  A room  where  milk  is  kept 
or  made  into  food.  Craig. 

DA'IS,  n.  [“I  apprehend  that  the  word  dais 
originally  signified  the  wooden  floor  (Fr.  d’ais  ; 
L.  da  assibus)  which  was  laid  at  the  upper  end 
of  a hall,  as  we  still  see  in  college  halls,  &c. 
That  part  of  the  room,  therefore,  which  was 
floored  with  planks  was  called  the  dais,  the  rest 
being  either  the  bare  ground,  or  at  best  paved 
with  stone.”  Tyrwilt.  — “ As  the  principal  ta- 
ble was  always  placed  upon  a dais,  it  began  very 
soon,  by  a natural  abuse  of  words,  to  be  called 
itself  a dais,  and  people  were  said  to  sit  at  the 
dais,  instead  of  at  the  table  upon  the  dais.”  Brit- 
ton. — Dossium,  or  dossun,  for  L.  dorsum,  the 
back.  Menage.  — “May  not  the  word  be  deske, 
a table  or  a platform?”  Richardson. — Fr. 
dais ; Old  Fr.  dots  ; Provenyal  deis ; from  Gr. 
<5iotco5,  a quoit ; L.  discus  ; It.  desco  ; Ger.  tisch. 
Diez. — See  Desk.] 

1.  A platform  in  a hall  or  banqueting-room 
raised  above  the  level  of  the  other  flooring. 

Britton. 

2.  The  principal  table  placed  upon  an  elevat- 
ed platform  in  a dining-hall.  Britton. 

3.  A name  formerly  given  to  the  chief  seat 

at  the  principal  table  in  a baronial  hall,  usually 
having  a canopy  over  it.  Weale. 

4.  The  canopy  of  an  altar,  a throne,  or  a tri- 
bunal. Weale. 

DAl'SjJF.D  (da'zjd),  a.  Full  of,  or  furnished  with, 
daisies.  “ The  prettiest  daisied  plot.”  Shak. 

DAI'fjY  (da'ze),  n.  [A.  S.  aceges-ege,  day’s-eye.] 
(Bot.)  A well-known  plant  of  the  order  Compos- 
ita;  and  genus  Beilis-, — sometimes  written 
day’s-eye.  Loudon. 

As  he  passed,  the  woods  put  forth  their  blossoms,  the  earth 
her  primroses  and  day's-eyes , to  behold  him.  Howell. 

Daisies  pied  and  violets  blue.  Shak. 

DAI'SY— DAP'PLED,  a . Diversified  or  variegated 
with  daisies.  Warton. 

DA'KER,  n.  [Gr.  him,  ten  : Goth,  daker.]  The 
number  ten.  In  old  English  statutes  a daker 
was  sometimes  ten  hides,  at  others  twelve. 

DA'KER— HEN,  n.  ( Ornitli .)  A fowl  of  the  order 
Graltce,  resembling  a partridge  or  quail ; land- 
rail; corn-crake;  Crex  pratensis.  Maunder. 

DA'KIR,  n.  Same  as  Daker.  Clarke. 

DAL,  n.  A sort  of  East-Indian  vetch.  Hamilton. 

DALE,  n.  [Goth,  dalei  ; A.  S.,  Dan.,  &;  Dut.  dal ; 
Ger  .that-,  T)a.n.fyS\v.dal-,'W.dbl-,  Corn.  &;  Slav. 
dol;  Gael,  y Ir.  dail.]  A low  place  between 
hills ; a vale  ; a small  valley ; — not  often,  like 
valley,  applied  to  extensive  tracts.  “ The  grate- 
ful variety  of  hills  and  dales."  Derham. 

Syn.  — See  Valley. 

DA ' LE-A,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  pretty  little 
plants  ; — named  after  Thomas  Dale,  an  Eng- 
lish botanist.  Loudon. 


357 

DAl'LJ-ANCE,  n.  [See  Dally.]  1.  + Delay. 

You  use  this  dalliance  to  excuse 
Your  breach  of  promise.  Shak. 

2.  Acts  of  fondness  ; interchange  of  caresses. 

Nor  gentle  purpose,  nor  endearing  smiles 
Wanted,  nor  youthful  dalliance.  Milton. 

3.  Sexual  intercourse  ; coition.  Milton. 

DAL'LI-f.R,  n.  One  who  dallies  ; atrifler.  Ascham. 

f DAL'LOP,  n.  A tuft,  or  clump.  Tusser. 

dAl'LY,  v.  n.  [Ger.  dahlen,  to  dally  ; Dut.  dol- 
len,  to  trifle;  VV.  data-,  to  hold;  Arm.  dalea .] 
[i.  DALLIED  ; pp.  DALLYING,  DALLIED.] 

1.  To  delay;  to  wait. 

Lingering  life  doth  dally  but  in  vain.  Gascoigne. 

2.  To  lose  time  in  trifles  ; to  procrastinate  idly. 

It  is  madness  to  dally  any  longer.  Calamy. 

3.  To  trifle  ; to  sport. 

Let  me  not  dally  with  my  queen’s  distress.  Smollett. 

4.  To  interchange  caresses  ; to  play  the  wan- 
ton ; to  fondle ; to  toy.  Shak. 

dAl'I.Y,  v.  a.  To  put  off ; to  delay,  [r.]  Knolles. 

DAL-MAT'jC,  n.  Dalmatica.  Sir  IF.  Scott. 

DAL-MAt'I-CA,  n.  A long,  white  gown,  with 
sleeves,  worn  by  deacons  in  the  Roman  Catho- 
lic Church  over  the  alb  and  stole  ; — so  named 
from  Dalmatia,  whence  it  was  borrowed. Brande. 

dAl'RI-AD,  n.  One  of  a tribe  of  people  that  for- 
merly inhabited  a part  of  Scotland.  Ed.  Rev. 

dAL-RI-Ad'IC,  a.  Relating  to  the  Dalriads. 

DAL  SEGJVO  (dal  san'yo).  [It.]  (Mus.)  A di- 
rection to  repeat  from  the  sign  ( ).  Warner. 

DAL'TONt-I§M,  n.  Inability  to  distinguish  certain 
colors;  color-blindness;  achromatopsia-,  — so 
named  from  the  chemist,  Dr.  Dalton.  Wartman. 

DAM,  n.  [From  dame.] 

1.  A female  parent ; — used  of  beasts,  and, 

in  contempt,  of  the  human  mother.  Shak. 

2.  A crowned  piece,  or  man,  in  the  game  of 

draughts.  Clarke. 

DAM,  n.  [Dut.  dam-,  Ger.  Sy  Sw.  damni.]  A mole 
or  bank  to  confine  water,  or  to  obstruct  its  flow. 

dAm,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  demman  ; Dut.  dammen  ; Ger. 
diimmen.]  \i.  dammed  ; pp.  damming,  dammed.] 

1.  To  confine  or  obstruct  by  dams,  as  water. 

2.  To  obstruct ; to  restrain. 

Fair  moon, . . . 

...  if  your  influence  be  quite  dammed  up 

With  black  usurping  mists.  Milton. 

dAm'A<?E,  n.  [L.  damnum,  harm,  and  ago,  to 
do  ; Old  Fr.  damage  ; Fr.  dommage .] 

1.  Mischief ; hurt ; detriment  ; loss  ; injury  ; 
— a very  general  word  applied  to  any  detriment 
to  any  possession,  interest,  or  right. 

To  tlie  utmost  of  our  ability,  we  ought  to  repair  any  dam- 
aye  we  have  done.  Beattie. 

2.  pi.  (Law.)  The  indemnity  or  pecuniary 
satisfaction  awarded  for  an  injury  ; as,  “ To 
assess  damages.” 

flSf-The  word  damages  was  formerly  used  and 
understood  in  two  senses  ; one,  called  by  Lord  Coke 
the  proper  and  general  signification,  which  included 
costs  of  suit ; the  other,  called  the  strict  or  relative 
sense,  which  was  exclusive  of  costs.  The  latter  is 
the  modern  meaning.  Burrill. 

Syn. — See  Injury,  Loss. 

dAm'AGE,  v.  a.  [/.  damaged  ; pp.  damaging, 
damaged.]  To  hurt;  to  injure  ; to  impair. 

The  English  fleet  had  been  much  damaged  by  the  engage- 
ment in  Solbay.  Burnet. 

DAm'A£E,  v.  n.  To  take  damage.  Johnson. 

DAM'AGE-A-BLE,  a.  1.  Susceptible  of  hurt,  in- 
jury, or  deterioration  ; liable  to  be  damaged ; as, 
“ Damageable  goods.” 

2.  Hurtful ; mischievous. 

The  other  denied  it  because  it  would  be  damageable  and 
prejudicial  to  the  Spaniard.  Camden. 

DAMAGED  (d&m'sijd),  p.  a.  Injured;  hurt;  im- 
paired; as,  “ Damaged  goods.” 

DAM'A<?E-FEA'SANT  [-fa'zjnt,  Ja.  IC.  Sm. ; -fez'- 
ant,  Wb.],  a.  [Norm.  Fr.]  (Late.)  Doing  hurt 
or  damage  ; — a term  applied  to  cattle  trespass- 
ing on  another  man’s  ground.  Brande. 

DA'MAR— PINE,  n.  See  Dammar-pine. 

dAm'AS,  n.  A sabre  of  Damascus  steel.  Crabb. 


DAMIANIST 

dAm'AS-CENE,  n.  [L.  Damascenus  ; Fr.  dama- 
scene.] 

1.  ( Geog .)  That  part  of  Syria  of  which  Da- 
mascus was  the  capital. 

2.  [Sp.  damascena.]  A plum;  — pronounced 

dam'zn,  and  now  written  damson.  Bacon. 

DAM'AS-CENE,  a.  (Geog.)  Relating  to  Damas- 
cus. Earnshatc. 

dAm'ASK,  n.  [It.  <Sr  Sp.  damasco;  Fr.  da  mas .] 

1.  Cloth  woven  with  flowers  and  figures, 
originally  brought  from  Damascus,  made  of  silk 
and  flax,  and,  in  modern  times,  with  a mixture 
of  cotton  and  wool. 

Clothes  of  velvet,  damask,  and  of  gold.  Siclgate. 

2.  A red  color,  as  that  of  the  damask-rose. 

Her  damask  late  now  changed  to  purest  white.  Fairfax. 

DAM'ASK,  v.  a.  [It.  damascare.] 

1.  To  form  or  imprint  the  figures  of  flowers 

upon  stuffs.  Johnson. 

2.  To  variegate  ; to  diversify. 

On  the  soft,  downy  bank,  damasked  with  flowers.  Milton. 

3.  To  adorn  with  figures,  as  steel-work. 

Mingled  metal  damasked  o’er  with  steel.  Dryden. 

DAm'ASK,  a.  Of  the  color  of  damask,  or  of  the 
rose  so  called.  “ Damask  meadows.”  Corbet. 

DAM'AS-KEEN,  v.  a.  [It.  damaschinare;  Fr. 
damasquiner.]  To  ornament,  as  iron  or  steel, 
by  the  mode  of  manufacture,  by  etchings,  or  by 
inlaying  with  gold  and  silver,  — applied  also 
to  a similar  ornamentation  of  other  metals. 
“ Cups  of  fine  Corinthian  latten  gilded  and 
damaskeened."  Purchas. 

dAm'AS-KEEN-ING,  n.  The  art  of  adorning  iron 
or  steel,  by  a peculiar  process  of  manufacture, 
by  etchings,  or  by  inlaying  with  gold  or  silver  ; 

— used  chiefly  in  enriching  the  blades  of  swords 

and  the  locks  of  pistols.  Fairhott. 

DAM'AS-Ix?N  [dam'as-ken,  Ja.\  dSm'as-kln,  Sm. ; 
d?-mas'kjn.  A'.],  n.  [Fr.  damasquine,  dam- 
asked.] A sabre,  named  from  Damascus.  “ No 
old  Toledo  blades  or  damaskins.”  Howell. 

DAM' ASK-PLUM,  n.  (Bot.)  A small,  dark-col- 
ored plum.  Smart. 

dAm'ASK— RO§E,  n.  (Bot)  The  red  rose  of  Da- 
mascus ; Rosa  damascena.  Loudon. 

Damask-roses  have  not  been  known  in  England  above  one 
hundred  years.  Bacon. 

DAM'ASK— STEEL,  n.  A fine  kind  of  steel  from 
the  Levant,  of  a streaky,  mottled  appearance, 
used  in  the  manufacture  of  the  best  sword  and 
cimeter  blades.  Craig. 

DA-MASSE',  n.  [Fr.  damassL]  Linen  made  in 
Flanders ; — so  called  from  its  large  flowers, 
resembling  those  of  damask.  Crabb. 

DA-MAS'SIN,  n.  [Fr.]  A species  of  woven  dam- 
ask, with  gold  or  silver  flowers.  Brande. 

DAME,  n.  [L.  domina,  a mistress  of  a family  ; It. 
§ Sp.  damn  ; Fr.  dame.  — Dan.  dame.] 

1.  Originally,  the  English  title  of  honor  for  a 

woman,  but  particularly  for  the  mistress  of  a 
family,  being,  by  rank,  a lady ; the  wife  of  a 
knight  or  baronet ; — still  used  in  English  law 
to  signify  a lady.  “ That  proud  dame,  the  lord- 
protector’s  wife.”  Shak. 

2.  The  mistress  of  a family  in  humble  life  ; a 
farmer’s  wife  ; — now  mostly  so  used.  Watts. 

If  it  was  not  for  his  waking  our  dame,  she  would  not 
wake  us.  L'  Estrange. 

3.  Woman  in  general  ; a matron. 

4.  A woman  who  keeps  a school ; a school- 
mistress. 

Like  many  others  who  were  born  in  villages,  he  [Robert 
Hall]  received  his  first  regular  instructions  at  a dame's  school 

— that  of  Dame  Scotton.  Dr.  O.  Gregory. 

lie  [John  Britton]  was  first  at  a dame's  school,  where  he 

learnt  “ Criss-cross-row”  from  a horn-book.  Gent.  Mag. 

Shonstone  learned  to  read  of  an  old  dame,  whom  his  poem 
of  “ The  Schoolmistress  ” has  delivered  to  posterity.  Johnson. 

DAMEf— VI'O-LET,  n.  (Bot.)  A perennial  plant; 
a species  of  Hesperis  ; — called  also  rocket,  and 
queen'  s-gilly flower.  Miller. 

dAmE'WORT  (-wiirt),  n.  (Bot.)  A plant;  — 

same  as  Dame’s-violet.  Maunder. 

DA'MI-AN-Ist,  n.  (Eccl.  Hist.)  One  of  a sect 
who  denied  any  distinction  in  the  Godhead  ; — 
so  named  from  Damian,  or  Damian  us,  Bishop 
of  Alexandria,  in  the  sixth  century.  Craig. 


MIEN,  SIR  ; MOVE,  NOR,  SON  ; 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE. — 9,  <?,  9,  g,  soft;  C,  fi,  q,  g,  hard; 


^ as  z;  S as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


DAMMARINE 


358 


DANEGELD 


DAM'MA-RXNE,  n.  A resinous  substance  ob- 
tained from  the  dammar-pine.  Craig. 

DAm'MAR-PINE,  n.  ( Bot .)  The  name  of  two 

large,  coniferous  trees,  the  Dammara  orientalis, 
and  the  Dammara  australis.  Lindley. 

DAMN  (d&m),  v.  a.  [L.  damno ; It.  dannare; 
Sp.  damnar ; Fr.  damner.]  [i.  damned;/)/?. 
DAMNING  ; DAMNED.] 

1.  To  condemn  ; to  judge  to  be  guilty. 

He  that  doubteth  is  damned , if  he  eat.  Rom.  xiv.  23. 

Jesus  said  to  her,  Neither  I shall  damn  thee. 

John  viii.  11.  Wickliffe's  Trans. 

2.  To  sentence  to  punishment.  “ Damned  to 

prison.”  Chaucer. 

3.  ( Theol .)  To  doom  to  eternal  punishment; 
to  sentence  to  the  torments  of  hell.  Bacon. 

4.  To  censure  or  condemn,  by  hooting,  hiss- 
ing, or  by  any  other  tokens  of  disapprobation. 

Damn  with  faint  praise,  assent  with  civil  leer, 

And,  without  sneering,  teach  the  rest  to  sneer.  Pope. 

dAm-NA-BIL'I-TY,  n.  Liability  to  damnation; 
damnableness.  Scott. 

dAm'NA-BLE,  a.  [L.  damnabilis ; It.  dannahilc ; 
Sp.  Sj  Fr.  damnable.'] 

1.  Deserving  condemnation ; highly  censur- 
able. 

He ’s  a creature  unprepared,  unmeet  for  death; 

And  to  transport  him  in  the  mind  he  is 

Were  damnable.  Shale. 

2.  {Theol.)  Procuring,  or  worthy  to  procure, 
damnation  or  eternal  punishment. 

He  does  not  reckon  every  schism  of  a damnable  nature. 

Swift. 

3.  Odious  ; execrable.  “ 0 thou  damnable 

fellow!  ” [Low.]  Shah. 

DAM'NA-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  damna- 
ble. “ The  damnableness  of . . . impiety.”  Prynne. 

DAM’NA-BLY,  ad.  1.  In  a highly  censurable  de- 
gree. Bp.  Hall. 

2.  {Theol.)  In  a manner  to  incur  or  to  merit 
damnation.  “To  deny  Christ  damnably.”  Sout  h. 

3.  Odiously  ; execrably.  [Low.]  Dennis. 

4.  Excessively  ; extremely.  [Low.]  Congreve. 

DAM-NA'TION,  n.  [L.  damnatio ; It.  danna- 
zione  ; Sp.  damnation;  Fr  .damnation.] 

1.  f Condemnation  ; judgment ; punishment. 

For  he  that  eateth  and  drinketh  unworthily  eateth  and 

drinketh  damnation  to  himself,  not  discerning  the  Lord's 
body.  1 Cor.  xi.  29. 

2.  {Theol.)  Sentence  to  future  punishment ; 
condemnation  to  everlasting  misery.  Bp. Tag  lor. 

DAM'N  A-TO-RY,  a.  [L.  damnatorius.]  Con- 
taining a sentence  of  condemnation.  “ Dam- 
natory clauses  of  the  . . . creed.”  Bp.  Tomline. 

DAMNED  (damd  or  dSm'ned),  p.  a.  Hateful;  de- 
testable ; abhorred.  Shah. 

Igf-  “ This  word,  in  familiar  language,  is  scarcely 
ever  used  as  an  adjective,  and  pronounced  in  one  syl- 
lable, but  by  the  lowest  vulgar  and  profane;  in  seri- 
ous speaking,  it  ought  always,  liko  cursed , to  be  pro- 
nounced in  two.  Thus,  in  Shakspeare  : — 

But,  O,  what  damned  minutes  tells  lie  o’er 

Who  dotes,  yet  doubts,  suspects,  yet  strongly  loves.” 

— Walker. 

DAM-nIf'IC,  a.  [L.  damnificus ; damnum,  loss, 
and  facio,  to  make.]  Procuring  loss  ; mischiev- 
ous. Bailey. 

DAM'NF-FY,  v.  a.  [Low  L.  damnifico .]  To  en- 
damage ; to  injure.  “ That  the  commonwealth 
of  learning  be  not  damnified.”  Milton. 

f DAM'NING-NESS,  n.  Tendency  to  procure  dam- 
nation. “ Tiic  damningness  of  sins.”  Hammond. 

+ DAM'0-§el,  n.  [See  Damsel.]  A young  un- 
married woman  ; a damsel.  Shah. 

f dAM-0-§el'LA,  n.  Same  as  Damosel.  Shah. 

DAMP,  n.  [Dut.  <Sf  Dan.  damp ; Ger.  dampf ; Sw. 
damb,  dust.] 

1.  Moisture;  fog;  vapor.  “ Damps  and  dread- 
ful gloom.”  Milton. 

2.  Dejection ; depression  of  spirits. 

Adam,  by  this,  from  the  cold,  sudden  damp 
Recovering,  and  his  scattered  spirits  returned.  Milton. 

Damps,  pi.,  and  Clioke-damp , terms  applied  to  nox- 
ious exhalations  in  wells,  mines,  and  pits,  usually 
consisting  of  carbonic  acid  gas,  and  which  produce 
instant  suffocation.  — Fire-damp,  light  carburetted 
hydrogen  gas,  which  accumulates  in  coal-mines,  and 
mixed  with  atmospheric  air,  explodes  on  contact  with 
ilame.  Brande. 


DAMP,  a.  1.  Moist ; humid  ; slightly  wet. 

I,  a prisoner,  chained,  scarce  freely  draw 

The  air,  imprisoned  also,  close  ana  damp.  Milton. 

2.  Dejected  ; sunk  ; disheartened.  “ Looks 
downcast  and  damp.”  [r.]  Milton. 

DAMP,  V.  a.  [t.  DAMPED  ; pp.  DAMPING,  DAMPED.] 

1.  To  wet  slightly  ; to  moisten. 

2.  To  check  or  abate,  as  the  ardor  or  liveli- 
ness of  any  emotion,  passion,  movement,  or  ac- 
tion ; to  repress. 

Dread  of  death  hangs  over  the  mere  natural  man,  and 
damps  all  his  jollity.  Atterbury. 

Usury  dulls  and  damps  all  industries,  improvements,  and 
new  inventions.  Bacon. 

DAMP'EN  (damp'pn),  v.n.  To  grow  damp.  Byron. 

DAMP'EN,  v.  a.  To  make  damp.  JV.  Johnson. 

DAMPER,  n.  I.  He  who,  or  that  which,  damps, 
checks,  or  abates. 

2.  A valve  in  a chimney,  stove-pipe,  or  fur- 
nace, to  check  or  regulate  the  draught.  Brande. 

3.  ( Miis.)  A part  in  a musical  instrument  to 

deaden  vibration.  Francis. 

DAMP'ISH,  a.  Somewhat  damp  ; moist.  More. 

DAMP'ISH-NESS,  n.  Tendency  to  moisture. Bacon. 

DAMP'NESS,  n.  Moisture;  slight  humidity. 
“ The  dampness  of  the  ground.”  Mortimer. 

Syn.  — See  Moisture. 

+ DAmP'Y,  a.  1.  Slightly  wet;  moist;  damp. 
“ Dampy  shade.”  [it.]  Drayton. 

2.  Dejected  ; gloomy.  “ Dispel  dampy 
thoughts.”  [r.]  Haywood. 

dAm'§|JL,  n.  [Fr.  damoisel,  masc. ; damoiselle, 
fem.  “ A diminutive  of  the  Latin  domina,  and 
hence,  a young  lady.”  Sullivan.  — See  Dame.] 

1.  A young  person  of  rank  of  either  sex  ; — so 

used  formerly.  “We  read  of  damsel  Pepin, 
damsel  Louis  le  Gros,  damsel  Richard  prince  of 
Wales.”  Maunder. 

2.  A young  unmarried  woman  ; a maiden  ; a 
girl.  “ The  damsel  \%  not  dead.”  Mark  v.  29. 

Thammuz  came  next  behind, 

Whose  annual  wound  in  Lebanon  allured 

The  Syrian  damsels  to  lament  his  fate 

In  amorous  ditties  all  a summer’s  day.  Milton. 

dAm^PL-TRAin,  n.  A troop  of  damsels. 

And  to  the  queen  the  damsel-train  descends.  Pope. 

DAm'§ON  (dSm'zn),  n.  {Bot.)  A small,  black 
plum,  a variety  of  the  Prunus  domestica  ; — 
formerly  written  damascene,  originally  brought 
from  Damascus.  Eng.  Encg. 

f DAN,  n.  [L.  dominies,  a master ; Sp.  dan.]  The 
old  term  of  honor  for  men,  as  we  now  say 
Master,  Sir,  or  Don. 

Dan  Chaucer,  well  of  English  undefiled.  Spenser. 

DAN,  n.  {Coal-Mining.)  A small  truck  or  sledge 
used  in  coal-mines.  Brande. 

DA'NA-IDE,  n.  {Hgclrodynamics.)  A machine 
moved  by  a fall  of  water  applied  between  two 
cylinders,  through  one  or  more  pipes.  Brande. 

DA'NA-lTE,  n.  {Min.)  A mineral  composed  of 
iron,  arsenic,  sulphur,  and  cobalt.  Dana. 

DAn'BU-RITE,  n.  (Min.)  A yellowish  mineral, 
consisting  of  silica,  boracic  acid,  and  lime  ; — 
found  at  Danbury,  Connecticut.  Dana. 

DANCE  (12),  v.  n.  [Goth,  thinsan ; Old  Gcr.  dinsan ; 
Dut.  danssen ; Ger.  tanzen  ; Dan.  dandse  ; Sw. 
dansa  ; W.  daivnse.  — It.  danzare ; Sp.  danzar ; 
Fr.  danser .]  [ i . danced  ;pp.  dancing,  danced.] 

1.  To  move  with  regulated  motions  of  the 

feet,  generally  in  accord  with  music.  “She 
dances  featly.”  Shah. 

2.  To  jump  up  and  down ; to  move  nimbly. 

“ I’ll  make  him  dance."  Shah. 

To  dance  attendance,  to  wait  with  suppleness  or  ob- 
sequiousness. Dryden. 

DANCE,  v.  a.  To  make  to  dance  ; to  move  quick- 
ly up  and  down  ; to  dandle. 

Many  a time  he  danced  thee  on  his  knee.  Shak. 

DANCE,  n.  [Gcr.  tanz  ; Fr.  danse  ; Gael,  danns.] 

1.  A graceful  movement  of  the  figure,  accom- 
panied by  measured  steps  in  accord  with  music. 

Almost  every  country  can  boast  of  its  national  dances  pe- 
culiar to  the  inhabitants.  Brande. 

2.  {Mus.)  A tune  by  which  dancing  is  regu- 
lated, as  a waltz,  a hornpipe,  &c.  Moore. 

I dAn'C^R,  n.  One  who  practises  dancing.  Wot  ton. 


DAN-CETTE',  a.  {Her.)  Largely  indented.  JRoget. 

dAn'CING,  n.  The  act  of  moving  with  regulated 
and  graceful  steps. 

To  trace  the  origin  of  dancing  would  be  a difficult  task. 

Pulleyn. 

I am  not  of  that  opinion  that  all  dancing  generally  is  re- 
pugnant unto  virtue.  Sir  T.  Bigot. 

dAN'CJNG— MAs'TpR,  n.  A man  who  teaches 
dancing. 

dAn’CJNG— SCHOOL,  n.  A school  for  teaching 
dancing. 

dAN-DP-LI'ON,  n.  [Fr.  dent  de  lion,  lion’s 
tooth ; from  the  toothed  edges  of  the  leaves.] 
{Bot.)  A composite  plant,  bearing  a yellow  flow- 
er, and  much  used  for  greens ; Leontodon  tarax- 
acum. Loudon. 

dAN'DER,  n.  [Corrupted  from  dandruff.] 

1.  Scurf ; dandruff'.  Halliwell. 

2.  Anger;  rage.  “ When  his  dander  is  up.” 

[Provincial  or  low.]  Qu.  Rev. 

DAN’DpR,  v.  n.  [See  Dandle.]  To  wander;  to 
talk  incoherently.  Clarke. 

DAN'DI-FY,  v.  a.  [Eng.  dandy,  and  L.  facio,  to 
make.]  To  make  like  a dandy.  West.  Rev. 

DAN'DI-PRAT,  n.  [“  Skinner  says,  1 Perhaps  it  is 
derived  from  danten,  to  sport,  Dut.,  and  praet, 
trifles  ’ ; — or  perhaps  from  our  own  word  dandle. 
Camden  says  that  Henry  VII.  ‘ stamped  a small 
coin  called  dundyprats  ’ ; but  that  clearly  meant 
a dwarf  coin.  It  is  probably  from  dandle. 

Whether  prat  is  formed  from  brat  may  be 
doubted  ; but  from  the  same  source  comes  jack- 
a-dandy,  and  the  very  modern  abbreviation  of 
it,  dandy.”  Nares.  — Jamieson  refers  dandy  to 
Ieel.  dandi,  and  Su.  Goth,  daenne,  liberal ; and 
he  defines  it  to  be  that  which  is  fine,  nice,  or 
possessing  supereminence.] 

1.  f A small  piece  of  money.  Camden. 

A knave  scarce  worth  a dandiprat.  Baret. 

2.  A little  fellow;  a dwarf;  an  urchin;  — 
usually  a term  of  contempt. 

One  of  her  chaplains,  ...  a very  dandiprat,  and  exceed- 
ingly  deformed.  World  of  Wonders. 

DAN'DLE,  v.  a.  [Dut.  dandijnen,  to  dandle  ; Ger. 
tdndeln,  to  dally  ; land,  idle  talk.  — It.  dondolare, 
to  swing;  Fr.  dandiner,  to  be  silly.]  [».  dan- 
dled ; pp.  DANDLING,  DANDLED.] 

1.  To  move  up  and  down,  as  an  infant ; to 
fondle ; to  dance. 

Then  shall  ye  be  dandled  upon  her  knees.  Isa.  Ivi.  12. 

2.  To  treat  like  a child ; to  amuse  with  trifles. 

I am  ashamed  to  be  dandled  thus.  Addison . 

3.  f To  delay ; to  defer  with  trifles. 

Captains  do  so  dandle  their  doings.  Spenser. 

DAn'DL^R,  n.  One  who  dandles  or  fondles. 

dAn'DRIFF,  n.  See  Dandruff.  Dunglison. 

DAN'DRUFF,  n.  [A.  S.  tan,  a spreading  erup- 
tion, and  drofi  filthy.  Somncr .]  A scaly  exfo- 
liation of  the  cuticle  ; Pityriasis  ; — applied 
particularly  to  the  scurf  at  the  roots  of  the  hair 
of  the  head.  Dunglison. 

DAN'DY,  n.  [Contracted  from  dandiprat,  or  jack- 
a-daiidy.  — See  Dandiprat.]  1.  A coxcomb ; 
a fop  ; a beau.  Qu.  Rev. 

2.  A cylinder  for  making  lines  on  paper. Brande. 

DAN'DY— COCK,  I Poultry  of  the  bantam 

dAn'DY-HEN,  ) breed ; bantam  fowls.  Todd. 

dAn'DY-ISH,  a.  Like  a dandy.  Craig. 

DAN'DY-i?M,  n.  The  quality  of  being  a dandy ; 
foppishness.  Qu.  Rev. 

dAN'DY-IZE,  v.  a.  & n.  To  act,  or  to  form,  like 
a dandy,  [r.]  Carlyle. 

DAn'DY-LING,  n.  A little  dandy  ; a ridiculous 
fop.  ' Qu.  Rev. 

DANE,  n.  {Geog.)  A native  of  Denmark.  Verstegan. 

dANE'GEI.D,  n.  [A.  S.,  from  Dane  and  geld,  or 
gyld,  a payment.]  Danish  tribute ; an  annual 
tax  first  levied  on  the  Anglo-Saxons  in  the  reign 
of  King  Ethelred,  for  the  purpose  of  bribing 
the  Danes  to  desist  from  their  depredations, 
and  afterwards  made  permanent  for  the  purpose 
of  maintaining  an  armed  force  to  defend  the 
coast  from  any  invading  enemies;  — written  al- 
so danf.gelt.  Burrill. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  I,  O,  U,  Y.  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


DANE  WORT 


DANE'WORT  (rtan'wUrt),  re.  ( Bot .)  The  plant  or 
shrub  wallwort,  or  dwarf  elder,  a noxious,  fetid 
herb,  of  the  genus  Sambucus.  Johnson. 

DANGER  (dan 'jer),  n.  [Low  L . dangerium  ; Fr. 
danger.  — M.  dangeyr .]  Exposure  to  death, 

loss,  or  injury;  risk;  hazard;  peril. 

They  that  sail  on  the  sea  tell  of  the  danger.  .Eccles.xliii.  24. 

Syn. Danger,  peril,  jeopardy,  hazard,  risk,  and 

venture,  all  imply  the  idea  of  chance  and  uncertainty. 
Danger,  peril,  and  jeopardy  arc  applied  only  to  evils  ; 
danger  is  generic;  peril  is  imminent  danger;  jeopardy 
is  great  danger,  hut  a less  common  term.  Hazard, 
risk,  anti  venture  imply  some  prospect  or  chance  of 
good  as  well  as  of  evil.  Man  is  always  in  danger  of 
losing  life,  health,  friends,  or  property  ; is  in  peril  by 
sea  or  land;  engages  in  battle  at  tile  hazard  of  his  life; 
runs  a risk  in  an  enterprise;  and  sometimes  does  an 
act  rashly  or  at  a venture.  A general  who  runs  the 
risk  of  a battle,  is  in  danger  of  his  life,  and,  if  his  sol- 
diers desert  him,  he  is  in  peril. 

DANGER,  v.  a.  To  endanger,  [r.]  Shah. 

DANKER-LESS,  a.  Exempt  from  danger  ; with- 
out hazard ; without  risk.  Sidney. 

DAN'^Ek-OUS,  a.  [Norm.  Fr.  daungerous,  du- 
bious ; Fr.  dangcreux.\ 

1.  Full  of  danger ; perilous  ; hazardous. 

Already  have  we  conquered  half  the  war. 

And  the  less  dangerous  part  is  left  behind.  Dryden. 

2.  Endangering ; causing  peril. 

A man  of  an  ill  tongue  is  dangerousin  his  city.  Ecclus.  ix.  18. 

3.  Endangered;  being  in  danger;  as,  “Mr. 
S.  is  quite  dangerous  ” ; i.  e.  in  a state  of  danger. 
[Local,  England,  and  colloquial,  U.  S.]  Forby. 

DAN'^Ek-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  a dangerous  manner  ; 
hazardously ; perilously. 

DAN'9ER-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
dangerous  ; danger  ; peril.  Boyle. 

dAn'GLE  (dang'gl),  v.  n.  [Dan  .dingle-,  Sw.  din- 

gla.\  [i.  DANGLED  ; pp.  DANGLING,  DANGLED.] 

1.  To  hang  loose  and  swinging  in  the  air. 

The  spinners’  webs  ’twixt  spray  and  spray  . . . 

By  filmy  cords  there  dangling.  Drayton. 

2.  To  hang  upon  ; to  follow  obsequiously. 

They  dangle  after  persons  in  high  life,  who  often  despise 

their  meanness.  Knox. 

dAn'GLE,  v.  a.  To  carry  suspended  loosely  ; to 
carry,  as  something  that  dangles.  Cowper. 

dAN’GLER,  n.  One  who  dangles  ; one  who  hangs 
about  women  only  to  waste  time. 

Gay,  young  military  sparks,  and  danglers  at  toilets.  Burke. 

DA'NjSII,  a.  ( Geog .)  Relating  to  the  Danes. 

DANK  (dangk',  82),  .a.  [Ger.  tunken,  to  dip.  Skin- 
ner.]  Damp  ; humid  ; moist. 

While  cold  Oblivion,  ’mid  thy  ruins  laid, 

Folds  his  dank  wing  beneath  the  ivy  shade.  Heber. 

DANK  (dangk),  n.  I.  f Moisture  ; humidity. 
“ The  rawish  dank  of  winter.”  Marston. 

2.  The  watery  element,  [k  J 

Yet  oft  they  quit 

The  dank,  and,  rising  on  stiff  pinions,  tour 

The  mid  aerial  sky.  Milton. 

3.  A small  silver  coin  of  Persia.  Crabb. 

4.  A small  weight  for  precious  stones  in  Ara- 
bia. Crabb. 

DANK'ISH  (dSngk'jsh),  a.  Somewhat  dank.  Shah. 

dAnK'ISH-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  dank  ; 
moisture ; dampness,  [r.]  Sherwood. 

DAN'NE-BROG,  n.  An  ancient  Danish  order  of 
knighthood.  Brande. 

DAN'NOCK,  n.  A hedger’s  glove  ; a hedging- 
glove.  [Local.]  Halliwell.  Farm.  Ency. 

DA-NU'BI-AN,  a.  {Geog.)  Relating  to  the  Dan- 
ube. 

DA'6u-IUTE,  n.  (Min.)  A mineral  resembling 
schorl  in  appearance  ; rubellite.  Maunder. 

D4P>  l v.  n.  [See  Dab.]  To  let  bait  fall  gen- 

DAPE,  ) tly  into  the  water,  [r.]  Walton. 

f DA-PAT'J-CAL,  a.  [L . dapaticus.]  Sumptuous 

in  cheer ; festive.  Cockeram. 

DAPH'NE,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  batpvy,  the  laurel,  or 
bay-tree.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  diminutive  shrubs, 
found  in  the  more  temperate  parts  of  Europe 
and  Asia,  mostly  evergreens,  of  great  beauty, 
with  fragrant  flowers,  and  leaves  of  a peculiar 
velvet  texture.  Loudon. 


359 

DAPH'NI-A,  n.  [L.]  1.  (Min.)  A kind  of  precious 
stone.  Crabb. 

2.  (Zo/il.)  A genus  of  thin-shelled  Crustacea, 
belonging  to  the  order  Branchiopoda.  Baird. 

DAPH'NINE,  n.  (Chcm.)  A bitter  principle  ob- 
tained from  the  Daphne  alpina.  Vre. 

DAP  'I-FF.R,  n.  [L.,  from  daps,  dapis,  a banquet, 
and  fero,  to  bear.] 

1.  One  who  brings  meat  to  the  table  ; a do- 
mestic who  waits  on  the  table.  Reeve. 

2.  (Law.)  A steward,  either  of  a king  or  a 

lord  ; a seneschal.  Burr  ill. 

DAP'FER,  a.  [Dut.  dapper,  valiant ; Ger.  tapfer  ; 
Dan.  &;  Sw.  tapper .] 

1.  Little  and  active  ; lively.  “ He’s  so  very 

little,  pert,  and  dapper."  Otway. 

And  on  the  tawny  sands  and  shelves 

Trip  the  pert  fairies  and  the  dapper  elves.  Milton. 

2.  f Neatly  formed  ; spruce  ; nice  ; trim  ; 

neat  ; pretty.  “ Dapper  ditties  ...  to  feed, 
youth’s  fancy.”  . Spenser. 

f dAp'PER-LING,  n.  A dandiprat.  Ainsworth. 

dAp'PLE,  a.  [From  apple,  like  the  Fr.  pommels, 
from  pomme.  Skinner.']  Marked  with  various 

colors ; variegated ; spotted.  Chaucer. 

DAP'PLE,  n.  1.  A single  spot  of  any  animal 
marked  with  various  colors. 

As  many  eyes  as  my  gray  mare  hath  dapples.  Sidney. 

2.  A color  variegated  with  spots.  • Locke. 

DAP'PLE,  v.  a.  [i.  dappled  ; pp.  DAPPLING, 
dappled.]  To  spot ; to  variegate  with  spots. 

The  gentle  day 

Dapples  the  drowsy  cast  with  spots  of  gray.  Shak. 

DAP'PLE— BAY,  a.  Of  a bay  color  marked  with 
spots.  “ A dapple-bay  . . . horse.”  Maunder. 

DAP'PLED  (dap'pldj,  a.  Marked  or  variegated 
with  spots  of  a different  color. 

The  big  round  tears  ran  down  his  dappled  face.  Thomson. 

DAp'PLE— GRAY,  a.  Gray,  marked  with  spots  ; 
“ His  steed  was  all  dapple-gray .”  Chaucer. 

D.AR,  n.  (Ich.)  A fish  of  the  genus  Leuciscus ; 
— called  also  dace  and  dart.  Bailey. 

DA-RAP't!,  n.  (Logic.)  An  arbitrary  term,  de- 
noting the  first  two  propositions  to  be  universal 
affirmatives,  and  the  last  a particular  affirma- 
tive. Maunder. 

DARE,  v.  n.  [Goth,  daursan;  A.  S.  dear-,  Frs. 
doare  ; Dut.  clurven  ; Ger.  diirfen .]  \i.  durst  ; 

pp.  daring,  dared.]  To  have  courage  or 
boldness  ; to  venture  ; not  to  be  afraid. 

I dare  do  all  that  may  become  a man ; 

Who  dares  do  more  is  none.  Shak. 

DARE,  v.  a.  [i.  DARED  ; pp.  DARING,  dared.] 

1.  To  challenge ; to  defy  ; to  brave. 

To  dare  the  vile  contagion  of  the  night.  Shak. 

We  can  certainly  say,  “I  dared  him  to  accept  my  chal- 
lenge” ; and  we  can  perhaps  say,  “I  dared  venture  on  the 
expedition.”  Latham. 

2.  fTo  daunt ; to  dismay. 

For  I have  done  those  follies,  those  mad  mischiefs, 

Would  dare  a woman.  Beau.  Sr  FI. 

To  dare  larks,  {Falconry.)  to  bewilder  them  by 
means  of  small  mirrors,  or  by  keeping  a falcon  hov- 
ering above  whilst  the  fowler  throws  bis  net  over 
them.  Spenser . Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Brave. 

dAre,  n.  1.  + Defiance  ; challenge. 

Pompeius  hath  given  the  dare  to  Caasar.  Shak. 

2.  f Boldness  ; hardihood  ; daring,  [r.]  Shak. 

3.  (Ich.)  A small  fish ; the  dace ; Leuciscus 

vulgaris.  Johnson. 

dAre-DEV'IL,  n.  A rash  adventurer ; a desper- 
ado. [Vulgar.]  Roget. 

f dAre'FUL,  a.  Full  of  defiance  ; bold.  Shak. 

dAr'ER,  n.  One  who  dares,  ventures,  or  defies. 

DARGUE  (darg),  n.  The  quantity  of  peat  which 
one  man  can  cut  and  two  men  wheel  in  a day. 
[Local.]  Farm.  Ency. 

DAR'IC,  re.  [Gr.  Sapfucdt  ; L.  daricus.  — “ So 
called  by  the  Greeks  from  Darius,  the  name  of 
several  Persian  sovereigns.”  Brande.  — “Prob- 
ably derived  from  Pers.  dara,  a king.”  Lid- 
dell <S;  Scoff.] 


DARK-MINDED  . 

1.  A Persian  gold  coin,  weighing  nearly  129 

grains.  P.  Cyc. 

2.  A Persian  silver  coin,  of  various  weights, 

from  84  to  235—8^  grains.  P.  Cyc. 

DAr'ING,  a.  Bold;  adventurous;  fearless;  he- 
roic ; brave  ; intrepid.  “ O daring  princ e.’’Pope. 
Syn.  — See  Bold. 

dAr'ING,  re.  Bold  or  hazardous  act ; defiance. 

Courage  may  be  virtue  where  the  daring  is  extreme;  and 
extreme  fear  no  vice,  when  the  danger  is  extreme.  Hobbes. 

dAr'ING-HAr'DY,  a.  Fool-hardy,  [r.]  Shak. 
dAr'ING-LY,  ad.  Boldly  ; courageously. 

dAr'ING-NESS,  re.  The  quality  of  being  daring' 
boldness  ; courage.  Ilammond . 

DAR'I-OLE,  re.  A kind  of  rich,  sweet  cake.  Merle. 

DARK,  a.  [A.  S.  deorc  ; Gael.  t$  Ir.  dorch .] 

1.  Wanting  light ; without  light ; opaque. 

A boundless  continent. 

Dark , waste,  and  wild,  under  the  frown  of  night.  Milton/ 

2.  Wanting  clearness;  obscure  ; mysterious  ; 
not  easily  understood. 

What  may  seem  dark  at  the  first  will  afterwards  be  found 
more  plain.  Hooker. 

3.  Secret ; concealed  ; not  divulged. 

Meantime  we  shall  express  our  darker  purpose.  Shak. 

4.  Blind.  “ A dark  old  man.”  [r.]  Dryden. 

5.  Wanting  discernment ; unenlightened. 

What  in  me  is  dark 

Illumine;  what  is  low  raise  and  support.  3fiIton. 

6.  In  color  approaching  to  black ; not  vivid 
or  bright. 

And  now  the  thickened  sky 

Like  a dark  ceiling  stood;  down  rushed  the  rain.  Milton. 

7.  Gloomy  ; cheerless  ; dismal ; dire. 

She  disappeared,  and  left  me  dark.  Milton. 

8.  Unclean  ; foul ; impure,  [r.] 

His  cyc  surveyed  the  dark  idolatries 
Of  alienated  Judah.  Milton. 

9.  Atrocious  ; sinister  ; wicked  ; infernal. 

Fit  vessel,  fittest  imp  of  fraud,  in  whom 
To  enter,  and  his  dark  suggestions  hide.  Milton. 
Wilt  thou  conceal  this  dark  conspiracy?  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Dismal,  Opaque. 

DARK,  re.  1.  Darkness;  obscurity;  want  of  light. 
“ We  can  hear  ...  in  the  dark.”  Holder. 

2.  Want  of  knowledge  ; ignorance.  “ As 

much  in  the  dark  ...  as  before.”  Locke. 

3.  Obscure  condition  or  state  ; obscurity. 

All  he  says  of  himself  is,  that  he  is  an  obscure  person;  one, 
I suppose  he  means,  that  is  in  the  dark.  Atterbury. 

4.  f A blot ; a stain. 

Some  darks  had  been  discovered.  Shirley. 

f DARK,  v.  a.  To  darken  ; to  obscure.  “The 
winged  air  darked  with  plumes.”  • Milton. 
DARK'— COL-ORED  (-kul'urd),  a.  Having  a dark 
color.  Jodrell. 

DARK'EN  (dar'kn),  V.  a.  [*.  DARKENED;  pp. 
DARKENING,  DARKENED.] 

1.  To  deprive  of  light ; to  make  dark. 

I will  darken  the  earth  in  a clear  day.  Amos  viii.  9. 

2.  To  obscure;  to  render  unintelligible. 

Who  is  this  that  darkeneth  counsel  with  words  without 
knowledge?  Job  xxxviii.  2. 

3.  To  impair  or  destroy  the  vision  of. 

His  right  eye  shall  be  utterly  darkened.  Zech.  xi.  17. 

4.  To  obscure,  as  the  intellect;  to  make  dim. 

His  confidence  did  seldom  darken  his  foresight.  Bacon. 

5.  To  render  less  bright,  white,  or  fair. 

While  the  sun  or  the  stars  be  not  darkened.  Eccl.  xii.  2. 

6.  To  sully ; to  foul ; to  tarnish. 

Evil  enough  to  darken  all  his  goodness.  Shak. 

DARK'EN  (dar'kn),  v.  re.  To  grow  dark. 

Let  the  sweet  heavens  endure, 

Not  close  and  darken  above  me.  Tennyson. 

dARK'EN-F.R  (d&r'kn-er),  re.  He  who,  or  that 
which,  darkens.  “ The  first  great  darkener  of 
men’s  minds,  sensuality.”  South. 

DARK'— EYED  (dilrk'id),  a.  Having  dark  eyes, 
f DARK'— HOUSE,  re.  A mad-house.  Shak. 

DARK'ISH,  a.  Somewhat  dark;  dusky. 
DARK'LING,  a.  Being  in  the  dark,  [it.] 

On  darkling  man  in  pure  effulgence  shine.  Johnson. 
DARK'LY,  ad.  With  darkness  ; obscurely. 

DARK'— MIND-ED,  a.  Having  a dark  mind; 
gloomy ; ill-disposed.  Baxter. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL, 


BUR,  rDle.  — 9,  £,  g,  soft;  JC,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


DARKNESS 


3G0 


DATHOLITE 


DARK'NJgSS,  n.  1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
dark  ; absence  of  light ; obscurity. 

Darkness  and  light  are  both  alike  to  thee.  Ps.  cxxxix.  12. 

2.  Concealment ; secrecy  ; privacy. 

"What  I tell  you  in  darkness , that  speak  ye  in  light.  Matt.  x.  27. 

3.  State  of  being  intellectually  clouded  ; want 
of  knowledge ; ignorance. 

Enlightener  of  my  darkness , gracious  things 

Thou  hast  revealed.  Milton. 

4.  The  quality  of  lacking  brightness  ; as, 
“ The  darkness  of  clouds,  colors,  &c.” 

5.  Cheerlessness  ; gloom.  Joel  ii.  2. 

6.  Foulness;  impurity;  wickedness. 

His  holy  rites  and  solemn  feasts  profaned, 

And  with  their  darkness  durst  affront  his  light.  Milton. 

Syn.  — Darkness  is  the  reverse  of  light,  and  it  is  the 
absence  of  light:  it  is  a stronger  term  than  obscuri- 
ty, which  is  partial  darkness,  and  is  the  reverse  of 
brightness  or  clearness.  Dimness  is  obscurity,  as  ap- 
plied to  the  sight.  What  is  dark  is  not  seen  ; what  is 
obscure  is  not  seen  clearly.  Darkness  of  night ; dim- 
ness of  vision.  A dark  night ; obscure  atmosphere  ; 
dim  sight;  gloomy  prospect.  The  darkness  of  igno- 
rance ; obscurity  of  meaning  or  of  condition  ; gloom 
of  superstition. 

DARK'SOME,  a.  Gloomy  ; obscure  ; dark.  " Dark- 
some desert.”  Milton. 

DARK'— SOULED  (sold),  a.  Having  a dark  soul 
or  mind.  Clarke. 

DARK'— WORK-ING  (-w\irk-),  a.  Working  in  a 
dark  manner.  “ Dark-working  sorceress.”  Shak. 

DARK'Y,  n.  A negro.  [Low.]  Bartlett. 

DAR'LING,  a.  Favorite;  tenderly  beloved,  ‘-v*  here 
is  your  darling  Rutland  ? ” Shak. 

DAR'LING,  n.  [A.  S.  deorling  ; deor , dear,  and 
ling,  noting  condition.]  A favorite  ; one  much 
beloved. 

She  became  the  darling  of  the  princess.  Addison. 

DARN,  v.  a.  [W.  darnio,  to  piece. — A.  S.  dyrnan, 
to  hide.]  [i.  darned  ; pp.  darning,  darned.] 
To  mend,  as  a hole  in  any  textile  fabric,  by  sew- 
ing in  imitation  of  the  original  texture. 

To  darn  up,  to  repair.  “ To  darn  up  tile  rents  of 
schism  by  calling  a council.”  Milton. 

DARN,  n.  [W.  darn,  a patch.]  A part  that  is 
darned  in  any  textile  fabric.  Hyde. 

DAR'NfL,  n.  [From  A.  S.  dorian,  to  hurt.  Rich- 
ardson.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  grasses,  including 
rye-grass,  or  ray-grass  ; Solium.  Loudon. 

DARN'JJR,  n.  One  who  darns. 

DAR'NfX,  n.  A kind  of  cloth  from  Belgium  ; — 
so  called  from  the  city  of  Doornick.  Beau.  <Sf  FI. 

DAR'NIC,  n.  See  Dornic. 

DARN'JNG,  n.  The  act  or  work  of  one  that  darns. 

DA-ROO'— TREE,  n.  ( Bot .)  The  Egyptian  syca- 
more ; Ficus  sycamorus.  P.  Cyc. 

f DAR-RAlN'  (d?r-ran'),ti.  a.  [Norm.  Fr.  dareigner, 
to  prove.] 

1.  To  prepare  for ; to  range  troops  for.  “ Dar- 

rain  your  battle.”  Shak. 

2.  To  test ; to  try. 

Redoubted  battle  ready  to  darrain.  Spenser. 

dAr'REIN,  a.  [Norm.  Fr.  darrain ; a corrup- 
tion of  Fr.  dernier. 1 (Law.)  Last.  “ Darrein 
continuance.” 

Darrein  presentment,  the  last  presentment  of  a 
benefice.  Blackstone. 

DAR  'SIS,  n.  [Gr.  Sipa,  to  skin,  to  flay.]  (Anat.) 
The  process  of  removing  the  skin„for  exposing 
the  organs  covered  by  it.  Dunglison. 

DART,  n.  [A.  S.  darath  ; Ger.  tart ; Sw.  dart ; It. 

Sp.  dardo  ; Fr.  dat'd.] 

1.  A short,  missile  weapon  thrown  by  the 
hand  ; a small  lance. 

2.  (Poetry.)  Any  missile  weapon.  Shak. 

3.  ( Ich .)  A sort  of  fish;  the  dace  ; Leuciscus 

vulgaris:  — See  Dar.  Eng.  Ency. 

DART,  V.  a.  [l.  DARTED  ; pp.  DARTING,  DARTED.] 

1.  To  hurl  rapidly,  as  a javelin,  in  the  direc- 
tion of  its  length. 

2.  To  throw ; to  emit ; — applied  to  whatever 
is  viewed  as  having  rays. 

Or  what  ill  eyes  malignant  glances  dart.  Tope. 

DART,  v.n.  To  fly  swiftly  as  a dart.  Shak. 


DAR'TARlj,  n.  pi.  [A.  S.  teter\  Fr.  dartres. — 
See  Tetter.]  A sort  of  scab  or  ulceration  on 
the  skin  of  lambs.  Farm.  Ency. 

DART'fR,  n.  1.  One  who  darts  or  throws  a dart. 

2.  ( Ornith .)  A 
web-footed  bird  of 
the  pelican  family 
that  feeds  upon 
fish,  and  has  a very 
long  neck  and  a 
slender  bill ; — so 
called  from  their 
manner  of  sudden- 
ly darting  at  their 
prey,  and  termed 
also  snake-bird.  — Darter,  or  snake-bird. 

See  Plotinac.  Brande. 

DART'ING-LY,  ad.  Swiftly,  as  a dart. 

DARTRE  (dar'tr),  n.  [Fr.]  (Med.)  A vesicular 
disease  of  the  skin  ; herpes.  Dunglison. 

DAR'TROUS,  a.  [Fr.  dartreux.]  (Med.)  Par- 
taking of  the  character  of  dartre,  or  herpes ; 
herpetic.  Ogilvie. 

DASH,  v.  a.  [Sw.  daska,  to  strike;  Dan.  daske.) 
[i.  DASHED;  pp.  DASHING,  DASHED.] 

1.  To  strike  or  to  throw  violently. 

In  their  hands  they  shall  bear  thee  up,  lest  at  any  time 
thou  dash  thy  foot  against  a stone.  Matt.  iv.  6. 

2.  To  ruin  ; to  destroy. 

Nothing  shall  ever  dash  my  joys.  Dr.  Spencer. 

3.  To  drench  by  dashing.  “This  tempest 

dashing  the  garment.”  Shak. 

4.  To  suffuse ; to  overspread.  “ Dashed 
with  blushes  for  her  slighted  love.”  Addison. 

5.  To  surprise ; to  con  found  with  shame  or  fear. 

Dash  the  proud  gamester  in  his  gilded  car.  Pope. 

6.  To  adulterate  or  deteriorate  by  an  admixt- 
ure of  another  substance  ; to  mix. 

Bred  to  dash  and  draw. 

Not  wine,  but  more  unwholesome  law.  Hudibras. 

Pleasure  must  be  dashed  with  pain.  Watts. 

7.  To  form  by  casting  small  stones.  Clarke. 

To  dash  over,  to  obliterate,  as  writing.  — To  dash 

offer!  out,  to  do  something  at  a dash  or  stroke  ; to  exe- 
cute hastily  or  rapidly. — To  dash  in  pieces,  to  break 
into  fragments : — to  destroy;  to  overthrow  utterly. 
“ Thou  slialt  dash  them  in  pieces  like  a potter’s  vessel.” 
Ps.  ii.  9. 

DASH,  v.  n.  1.  To  move  with  rapidity  or  with  vi- 
olence ; to  rush  impetuously.  “ Dashed  through 
thick  and  thin.”  Dryden. 

2.  To  draw  lines  rapidly,  — hence,  to  sketch 
rapidly. 

With  just,  bold  strokes  he  dashes  here  nnd  there. 

Showing  great  mastery,  with  little  care.  Rochester. 

DASH,  n.  [Sw.  A Dan.  dask,  a blow.] 

1.  A violent  rushing  together  ; a collision. 

“ The  dash  of  clouds.  Thomson. 

2.  Stroke  ; blow  ; — used  chiefly  with  other 

words  in  an  adverbial  sense  ; as,  “At  a dash  ” ; 
“ At  first  dash.”  Shak. 

3.  Any  thing  that  comes  with  sudden  violence. 

“A  dash  of  rain.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

4.  A small  admixture  or  infusion. 

There  is  nothing  which  one  regards  so  much  with  an  eye 
of  mirth  and  pity  as  innocence,  when  it  has  in  it  a dash  of 
folly.  Addison. 

5.  A flourish;  an  ostentatious  show;  as,  “To 
cut  a dash.”  [Vulgar.] 

6.  (Gram.)  A mark  of  punctuation,  thus 
[ — ],  denoting  a change  in  the  construction  of 
a sentence,  a break,  omission,  or  transition, 
an  unexpected  turn  of  sentiment,  or  a pause 
of  emphasis. 

7.  (Mus.)  A small  mark,  thus  ['],  showing 

that  the  note  over  which  it  is  placed  is  to  be 
performed  in  a short  and  distinct  manner : — 
an  oblique  line  drawn  through  the  figures  of 
thorough-bass,  to  show  that  certain  tones  are 
to  be  sharped.  Warner. 

DASH,  ad.  A word  used  to  express  the  sound  of 
water  dashed. 

The  waters  fall  dash,  dash  upon  the  ground.  Dryden. 

DASH'— BOARD,  n.  A dasher;  splash-board.  Craig. 

dAsII'IJR,  n.  A piece  of  board  or  of  leather  in 
front  of  a vehicle,  to  protect  the  driver  from  mud, 
water,  &c.,  thrown  by  the  horse’s  feet.  Leivis. 

dAsH'ING,  a.  1.  Precipitate;  rushing  carelessly. 
“ Dashing  . . . politician.”  Burke. 


2.  Making  a flourish;  ostentatious;  as,  “A 
dashing  young  man.” 

DASH'!§M,  n.  Affected  importance  ; foppishness. 
“ His  claim  to  . . . dashism.”  [r.]  Knox. 

DAs'TARD,  n.  [A.  S.  adastrigan,  to  dismay.]  A 
mean  coward  ; a poltroon.  “ This  dastard  at 
the  battle.”  Shak. 

Syn. — See  Coward. 

DAs'TARD,  v.  a.  To  render  cowardly,  [r.]  Dryden. 

dAs'TARD-IZE,u.  a.  To  intimidate,  [r.]  Howell. 

dAs'TARD-LI-NESS,  n.  Cowardliness.  Barret. 

DAS'TARD-LY,  a.  Disgracefully  or  meanly  tim- 
orous ; cowardly.  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

f DAS'TARD-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  das- 
tardly ; cowardliness.  Huloet. 

+ dAs'TARD-Y,  n.  Cowardliness.  Arnway. 

DAS'Y-URE,  n.  [Gr.  baabs,  bushy,  and  ovpd,  tail.] 
(Zoiil.)  A genus  of  carnivorous  marsupials, 
comprehending  those  which  have  hairy  tails 
combined  with  digitigrade  feet.  Waterhouse. 

DA'TA,  n.  pi.  [L.,  things  given.]  Truths  or 
premises  given  or  admitted,  from  which  to  de- 
duce conclusions  ; the  facts  from  which  an  in- 
ference is  drawn.  — See  Datum.  Taylor. 

DA-TA' RI-A,  n.  [It.]  The  papal  office  of  the 
chancery,  from  which  all  bulls  are  issued ; the 
office  of  a datary.  — See  Datary.  Ency.  Am. 

DA'TA-RY,  n.  [Low  L.  datarius  ; L.  do,  datus, 
to  give.] 

1.  An  officer  of  the  chancery  of  Rome,  who 

affixes  to  the  papal  bulls  the  expression  Datum 
Romeo,  (aiven  at  Rome.)  Bp.  Bedell. 

2.  The  employment  of  a datary.  Howell. 

DATE,  n.  [Low  L.  datum,  from  L.  do,  datus,  to 

give  ; It.  ^ Sp.  data ; Fr.  date.] 

1.  The  specification  of  the  time  of  some  writ- 
ing, or  of  the  stamping  of  a coin  or  a medal. 

The  date  of  a letter  denotes  the  time  when  it  was  "iven 
from  under  our  hands.  Sullivan. 

2.  The  time  of  an  event ; epoch ; era ; as, 
“ The  date  of  a discovery.” 

3.  End  ; close  ; termination,  [r.] 

What  time  would  spare,  from  steel  receives  its  date , 

And  monuments,  like  men,  submit  to  fate.  Pope. 

4.  Duration  ; continuance.  “ Ages  of  end- 
less date.”  [r.]  Milton. 

Syn.  — The  date  of  signing  the  Declaration  of  In- 
dependence; tile  date  of  a letter;  the  Christian  era ; 
tlie  epoch  of  the  Hegira.  — See  Time. 

DATE,  n.  [Gr.  SoktAos,  a finger,  also  a date,  be- 
cause it  grows  out  from  the  leaves  like  the  fin- 
gers from  the  hand  ; L.  dactylus  ; It.  datillo  ; 
Sp.  datil ; Fr.  datte.]  The  fruit  of  the  date- 
tree; — much  used  for  food  in  Arabia,  Persia, 
and  Upper  Egypt.  Loudon. 

DATE,  V.  a.  [i.  DATED  ; pp.  DATING,  DATED.] 

1.  To  note  with  the  time  at  which  any  thing 
is  written  or  done  ; as,  “To  date  a letter.” 

2.  To  determine  upon  a time  as  the  true  or 
the  probable  period  of  an  event;  as,  “To  date 
the  invention  of  printing.” 

DATE,  v.  n.  1.  To  reckon,  as  from  some  era. 

We  date  from  the  late  era  of  about  six  thousand  years. 

Bentley. 

2.  To  have  the  origin ; to  begin ; as,  “ The 
revival  of  Greek  learning  dates  from  the  con- 
quest of  the  Byzantine  empire.” 

DAT'^D,j9.  a.  Marked  with  the  time  or  date. 

DATE’LIjSS,  a.  Without  any  fixed  term.  “Death’s 
dateless  night.”  Shak. 

With  forests  huge  of  dateless  time 
Thy  will  has  hung  each  peak  sublime.  Sterling. 

dATE'-PALM  (-pam),  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  palms 
of  which  the  common  variety  is  the  date-tree  ; 
Phoenix.  Loudon. 

DATE'-PLUM,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  trees  ; Di- 
ospyros.  Loudon. 

dAt']?R,  n.  One  who  dates  writings  ; — applied 
particularly  to  the  officer  otherwise  called  da- 
tary. Cotgrave. 

DATE'— TREE,  n.  The  species  of  palm  which 
bears  the  date  ; the  common  date-palm ; Phoe- 
nix dactylifera.  Loudon. 

DATH'O-LITE,  n.  [Gr.  baoOvto,  to  thicken,  and 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  €r,  Y,  short ; A,  jg,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure  ; 


FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


DATISCINE 


361 


DAY 


XiBos,  a stone,  — in  allusion  to  its  want  of  trans- 
parency. Craig.]  (Min.)  A mineral  composed 
of  silica,  lime,  and  boracic  acid;  found  in  Nor- 
way, the  Tyrol,  &c. ; boro-silicate  of  lime.  Dana. 

dAT'IS-CINE  (19),  n.  ( Chem .)  A substance  hav- 
ing the  appearance  of  grape  sugar,  found  in  the 
Datisca  cannabina.  Brande. 

DAT'I-Sl,  n.  (Logic.)  An  arbitrary  term  denot- 
ing the  first  proposition  to  be  a universal  af- 
firmative, and  the  last  two  particular  affirma- 
tives. Maunder. 

DA'TIVE,  a.  [L.  dativvs  ; do,  datus,  to  give.] 

1.  (Gram.)  Noting  the  case  of  the  indirect  or 
remote  object,  the  relation  of  which,  in  Eng- 
lish, is  commonly,  expressed  by  to  or  for. 

2.  (Law.)  In  one’s  gift ; that  may  be  given 

and  disposed  of  at  pleasure  ; — applied  to  an 
officer  in  the  sense  of  removable,  as  distin- 
guished from  perpetual  : — that  which  is  given 
by  the  magistrate,  as  distinguished  from  that 
which  is  cast  upon  a party  by  the  law  or  by  a 
testator.  “ A dative  executor.”  Burrill. 

DA'TIVE,  n.  (Gram.)  The  name  of  the  case  of 
the  indirect  or  remote  object,  being  the  third 
case  of  Latin  and  Greek  nouns.  Adam. 

I)  A ' TUM,  n. ; pi.  data.  [L.,  a thing  given.)  A 
truth,  statement,  or  proposition  granted  and 
admitted  ; the  fact  from  which  an  inference  is 
drawn.  — See  Data.  Blackstone. 

DA'TUM— LINE,  n.  (Surveying .)  The  horizontal 
line  of  a vertical  section  from  which  heights 
and  depths  are  calculated.  Tanner. 

DA-TU’ RA,  n.  [Ar.  tatorah .]  (Bot.)  A genus 
of  plants  ; thorn-apple.  The  common  species, 
Datura  stramonium,  is  poisonous  in  every  part, 

. bringing  on  delirium,  tremors,  &c.  The  her- 
baceous part  and  the  seeds  are  used  in  medi- 
cine as  a narcotic  and  antispasmodic.  Loudon. 

DA-TU'RI-A,  ft.  (Chem.)  A poisonous  vegetable 
alkali  obtained  from  the  seeds  of  the  Datura 
stramonium,  stramony  or  thorn-apple.  P.  Cyc. 

DA-TU'RINE,  n.  (Chem.)  The  active  principle 
of  the  Datura  stramonium,  or  thorn-apple  ; da- 
turia.  Hamilton. 

DAUB,  v.  a.  [W.  du'bio,  to  daub.  — Junius  thinks 
daub  is  of  the  same  origin  as  dabble.  — See  Dab- 
ble.] \i.  DAUBED  ; pp.  DAUBING,  DAUBED.] 

1.  To  smear;  to  plaster;  to  cover,  as  with 
mud  or  any  adhesive  substance. 

She  took  for  him  an  ark  of  bulrushes,  and  daubed  it  with 
slime  and  with  pitch.  Ex.  ii.  3. 

2.  To  begrime  ; to  defile  ; to  soil. 

He ’s  honest,  though  daubed  with  the  dust  of  the  mill. 

Cunningham. 

3.  To  disguise  ; to  conceal. 

So  smooth  he  daubed  his  vice  with  show  of  virtue,  . . . 

He  lived  from  all  attainder  of  suspect.  Shak. 

4.  To  paint  coarsely. 

If  a picture  is  daubed  with  many  bright  and  glaring  colors, 
the  vulgar  admire  it.  Watts. 

5.  f To  adorn  showily,  and  without  taste. 

“ Daubed  with  lace.”  Dryden. 

6.  To  flatter  grossly,  [r.] 

Be  sure  conscience  will  not  daub.  South. 

fDAUB,  r.  a.  To  play  the  hypocrite. 

Poor  Tom ’s  acold.  — I cannot  daub  it  farther.  Shah. 

DAUB,  n.  1.  Any  viscous  or  adhesive  matter. 

It  [her  face]  lies  in  daub , and  hid  in  grease.  Dryden. 

2.  A coarse  painting.  “ ’Tis  a melancholy 
daub,  my  lord.”  Sterne. 

DAUBER,  n.  1.  One  who  daubs  or  smears. 

2.  A coarse  painter. 

Europe’s  worst  dauber,  and  poor  Britain’s  best.  Byron. 

3.  A gross  flatterer.  Johnson. 

4.  (Printing.)  A tool  used  for  inking  copper- 
plates. Ogilvie. 

DAUB'pR-Y,  n.  Adaubing;  any  thing  artful.  Shah. 

DAUB'ING,  n.  1.  Any  thing  adhesive  ; plaster. 

2.  Coarse  painting.  Walpole. 

3.  Gross  flattery.  Bp.  Burnet. 

DAUB'Y,  a.  Viscous;  glutinous;  smeary  .Dryden. 

Da U ' C US,  n.  [Gr.  bavKoe,  a carrot;  L.  daucus.] 
(Bot.)  A genus  of  umbelliferous  plants  ; the 
carrot-  Loudon. 

DAUGH'TgR  (d&w'ter),  n.  [M.  Goth,  daughtar  ; 


A.  S .dohtor;  Dut.  dochter ; Ger.  tochter ; Dan. 
datter ; Icel.  dottir,  dochter ; Sw.  dolter.  — Pers. 
dochtar;  Sans,  duhitre  ; Gr.  Suydrr/p.] 

1.  The  female  offspring  of  a man  or  woman. 

2.  A daughter-in-law. 

And  when  she  came  to  her  mother-in-law,  she  said,  Who 
art  thou,  my  daughter  ? Ruth  iii.  16. 

3.  Any  female  descendant.  “ This  woman, 
being  a daughter  of  Abraham.”  Luke  xiii.  16. 

4.  A term  of  kindness  or  compassion. 

Daughter,  be  of  good  comfort.  Matt.  ix.  22. 

5.  A female  inhabitant ; a woman. 

Dinah  went  out  to  see  the  daughters  of  the  land.  G'en.xxxiv.  1. 

dAugH'T£R-!N-LAW,  n.  The  wife  of  one’s 
son.  Blackstone. 

dAUGH'TIJR-LESS  (davv'ter-Ies),  a.  Having  no 
daughter  ; without  a daughter.  Gower. 

DAUGH'TER-LI-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  a 
daughter,  or  of  being  daughterly.  More. 

dAuGII'TER-LY  (d&w'ter-le),  a.  Like,  or  becom- 
ing, a daughter;  dutiful.  “Your  very  daughterly 
dealing.”  Sir  T.  More. 

dAUK,  n.  [Hind,  ddk .]  The  post  or  mail  : — a 
system  of  forwarding  letters  and  passengers  by 
bearers  stationed  at  certain  distances.  Smart. 

DAUNT  (d&nt)  [dint,  IP.  J.  F.  Ja.  Sm.  Wb.  ; d&wnt, 

S.  E.  K. ; da  win  or  dant,  P.],  v.  a.  [L.  domito, 
to  subdue  ; Fr.  dompter.  Skinner  and  Johnson. 
— Scot,  dant,  to  subdue.  Jamieson. — Sullivan 
says  the  root  is  Gr.  Sayau),  to  subdue.]  [». 
daunted  ; pp.  daunting,  daunted.]  To  in- 
timidate ; to  dishearten ; to  check  by  fear  of 
danger. 

Some  pretences  daunt  and  discourage  us,  while  others 
raise  us  to  a brisk  assurance.  Glanville. 

DAUNT'JJR,  n.  One  who  daunts.  Warner. 

DAUNT'LIJSS,  a.  Fearless  ; intrepid  ; incapable 
of  being  intimidated  by*  danger  or  difficulty. 
“ The  dauntless  spirit  of  resolution.”  Shak. 

dAUNT'LJJSS-NESS,  n.  Fearlessness.  Bailey. 

dAU'PHIN  (daw'fjn),  n.  [Gr.  Sd.tpii,  beAtplvof,  a dol- 
phin ; L.  delphinus;  Fr.  dauphin .]  The  title 
originally  borne  by  the  counts  of  Viennois,  who 
wore  the  figure  of  a dolphin  as  an  armorial 
bearing,  and  in  1349  transferred,  together  with 
the  province  of  Dauphine,  to  the  heir-apparent 
of  the  crown  of  France  ; the  title  of  the  eldest 
son  of  the  King  of  France.  Since  the  revolution 
of  1830  the  title  has  been  discontinued.  P.  Cyc. 

DAU'  RHINE,  n.  [Fr.]  The  wife  of  the  dau- 
phin ; the  dauphiness.  F.  Bush. 

DAU'PH{N-ESS,m.  The  wife  or  widow  of  a dauphin. 

DA'VID— GEOR'GI-AN,  ) (EccL  jjist^  A fol_ 

DA'VID-IST,  ) lower  of  the  fanatic  or 

impostor  David  George,  of  the  16th  century, 
who  pretended  to  be  the  Messiah,  rejected  mar- 
riage, and  denied  the  resurrection.  Pagitt. 

DA'VID-SON-ITE,  n.  (Min.)  A mineral  of  a 
greenish-yellow  color  ; a variety  of  beryl ; sili- 
cate of  alumina  and  glucina.  Dana. 

DA'V|D’§— STAFF,  n.  (Naut.)  An  instrument 

used  by  mariners.  Crabb. 

DA-VI'NA,  n.  (Min.)  See  Davyne. 

DA'VIT  [da'vjt,  J.  K.  Sm.; 
d&v'it,  Wb.\,n.  [Fr.  davier.) 

(Naut.)  A short  spar  with  a 
sheave  at  the  end  used  as  a 
crane  to  hoist  the  flukes  of 
the  anchor  to  the  top  of  the 
bow:  — pi.  two  cranes  for 
suspending  a boat  over  the 
side  or  the  stem  of  a vessel. 

Mar.  Diet.  Dana. 

DA'VITE,  n.  (Min.)  Same  as  Davyt . Eng.Ertey. 

DA'VY  JONE§,  n.  A sailor’s  name  for  a sea- 
devil.  Craig. 

DA'VYNE,  n.  (Min.)  A mineral  consisting  chief- 
ly of  silica,  alumina,  and  potash,  found  among 
masses  of  lava  from  Mt.  Vesuvius,  and  named 
in  honor  of  Sir  Humphry  Davy  ; a variety  of 
nepheline.  Dana. 

DAVYT,  n.  (Min.)  A fibrous  sulphate  of  alu- 
mina ; feather-alum ; hair-salt.  Dana. 


dAw,  n.  [ Skinner  thinks  it  is  so  called  from  the 
sound  it  utterg.]  A bird ; the  jackdaw,  &c. 


“ Crows  and  daws."  Shak. 

DAW,  v.  n.  [See  Dawn.]  1.  f To  dawn.  “Morn- 
ing daws.”  Drayton. 

2.  To  thrive.  [Local.]  Grose. 

f DAw,  v.  a.  To  daunt ; to  frighten.  Shak. 

You  daw  him  too  much,  in  troth,  sir.  B.  Jonsnn. 


t dAw'COCK,  n.  A male  daw  ; a jackdaw.  Withal. 

DAW'DLE,  V.  n.  [».  DAWDLED  ; pp.  DAWDLING, 
dawdled.]  To  waste  time  ; to  trifle. 

Come,  some  evening,  and  dawdle  over  a dish  of  tea  with 
me.  Johnson. 

DAW'DLE,  n.  A trifler ; a dawdler.  Lloyd. 

DAw'DLER,  n.  One  who  dawdles  ; an  idler. 

DAw'DY,  n.  A slattern.  [N.  of  Eng.]  Brockett. 

DAw'ISH,  a.  Like  a daw.  [r.]  Bale. 

DAWK,  n.  A cant  word  among  workmen  for  a 
hollow,  rupture,  or  incision  in  their  stuff.  Moxon. 

DAWK,  v.  a.  To  mark  with  an  incision.  Moxon. 

dAwk,  n.  Mail.  [India.]  — See  Dauk.  Brown. 

DAWM,  n.  A copper  coin  of  the  value  of  of 

a rupee.  [India.]  Smart. 

DAWN,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  dagian;  Dut.  dagen  ; Ger. 
tagen.  — See  Day.]  [i.  dawned  ; pp.  dawn- 
ing, DAWNED.] 

1.  To  begin  to  show  day  or  daylight ; to  grow 
light.  “ Sacred  light  begins  to  daivn.”  Milton. 

2.  To  open  ; to  give  the  first  tokens  of  exist- 
ence ; as,  “ The  truth  dawns  upon  my  mind.” 

DAWN,  n.  1.  The  first  appearance  of  light  in 
the  morning,  or  the  time  between  the  first  ap- 
pearance of  light  and  the  sun’s  rise. 

Clothin"  the  palpable  and  familiar 

With  golden  exhalations  of  the  dawn.  Coleridge. 

2.  Beginning  ; first  rise  ; earliest  appearance. 

These  tender  circumstances  diffuse  a da-urn  of  serenity 
over  the  soul.  Rope. 

DAWN'ING,  p.  a.  Growing  light : — opening. 

DAWN'ING,  n.  1.  Break  of  day  ; dawn. 

This  bird  of  dawning  singeth  all  night  long.  Shak. 

2.  Earliest  appearance.  “ Dawnings  of  sue- 
cess.”  Burke. 

DAY  (da),  n.  [Goth,  dags  ; A.  S.  dreg  ; Dut.  dag  ; 
Ger.  tag;r Dan.  <Sf  Sw.  dag.  — L.  dies.) 

1.  The  interval  of  time  during  which  the  sun 

remains  above  the  horizon  ; the  time  between 
the  rising  and  setting  of  the  sun,  in  contradis- 
tinction to  night ; — sometimes  called  the  arti- 
ficial day,  though  this  designation  belongs  more 
properly  to  the  civil  day  ; — the  natural  dag  of 
the  Romans  ; — the  solar  day  of  the  old  writers 
on  law.  Burrill. 

2.  The  time  in  which  the  earth  makes  a com- 

plete revolution  upon  its  axis  with  respect  to 
any  celestial  body,  varying  in  length  according 
as  the  body  with  which  the  earth’s  rotation  is 
compared  is  fixed  or  movable  ; as,  “ A sidereal 
day  ” ; “A  lunar  day.”  Brande. 

435=  The  sidereal  day  is  the  time  that  elapses  be- 
tween two  successive  culminations  of  a fixed  star,  be- 
ing always  of  the  same  length,  and  equal  to  23 1).  56  m. 
4.09  sec.  — The  lunar  day  is  tlie  time  that  elapses 
between  two  successive  culminations  of  the  moon,  its 
average  length  being  24  h.  54  m.  Herschel. 

3.  The  portion  of  time  which  elapses  between 

two  successive  transits  of  the  sun  over  the  same 
meridian,  commencing  at  noon,  called,  in  mod- 
ern science,  the  astronomical,  solar,  or  apparent 
day.  The  length  of  this  day  is  continually  vary- 
ing, owing  to  the  unequal  velocity  of  the  earth 
in  different  parts  of  its  orbit,  and  the  obliquity 
of  the  ecliptic.  Brande. 

4.  The  period  of  twenty-four  hours,  com- 

mencing and  terminating  at  mean  midnight, 
called  the  civil  or  mean  solar  day,  being  a mean 
of  all  the  solar  days  in  the  year.  Brande. 

A day,  in  contemplation  of  law.  usually  comprises  all  the 
twenty-four  hours,  beginning  and  ending  at  twelve  o’clock 
at  night.  . Burrill. 

Different  nations  have  commenced  their  civil 
day  variously,  as,  the  Babylonians,  at  sunrise;  the 
Umbrians,  at  midday;  the  Greeks,  at  sunset;  and 
the  Romans,  as  well  as  most  nations  in  modern  times, 
at  midnight. 

5.  Light  of  day  ; sunshine. 

The  west  yet  glimmers  with  some  streaks  of  day.  Shak. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — Q,  <?,  g,  soft ; £,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  S as  z;  X as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 
46 


DAYBEAM 


302 


DEADLINESS 


6.  A particular  point  of  time  ; any  specified 
time  ; a period  : — life. 

In  the  day  thou  eatest  thereof  thou  shalt  surely  die.  Gen.  ii.  17. 

My  debtors  do  not  keep  their  day.  Dryden. 

Honor  thy  father  and  thy  mother,  that  thy  days  may  be 
long  upon  the  land  which  the  Lord  thy  God  giveth  thee. 

Ex.  xx.  12. 

7.  The  contest  of  the  day  ; victory.  “ The 

day  is  ours.”  “The  day  is  lost.”  “Awake, 
and  win  the  day.”  Shak. 

8.  (Arch.)  One  of  the  compartments  in  a 

Gothic  window.  Weale. 

Day  by  day,  every  day.  “ Day  by  day  we  magnify 
tllee.”  Book  of  Common  Prayer. — But  or  only  from 
day  to  day,  without  certainty  of  continuance.  Shak. — 
One  of  these  days,  at  some  future  time.  — To-day,  on 
this  day  ; at  the  present  time.  — Days  of  grace,  days 
granted  by  a court  of  law  for  delay  ; also  days  allowed 
by  custom,  and  sanctioned  by  decisions  of  courts  of 
justice,  for  the  delay  of  payment  of  a hill  or  note  after 
the  time  specified  ; the  number,  in  the  U.  S.  and  in 
England,  being  generally  three.  — Days  in  bank,  (Eng. 
Law.)  days  of  appearance  in  the  court  of  common 
pleas.  Bonnier. 

DAY'BEAM,  n.  A beam  of  light  by  day.  Bowring. 

DAY'— BED,  n.  A couch  for  repose  in  the  day.  Shak. 

DAY'— BOOK  (da'buk),  n.  A tradesman’s  journal ; 
a book  in  which  merchants,  &c.,  make  entries  of 
their  daily  business  transactions  in  the  order  of 
their  occurrence.  Johnson. 

DAY'BREAK,  n.  The  dawn  ; the  first  appearance 
of  light  in  the  morning.  Dryden. 

DAY'— COAL,  n.  (Mining.)  The  upper  stratum 
of  coal  in  a mine.  Ash. 

DAYr'— DREAM,  71.  A visionary  plan  or  scheme, 
conceived  or  formed  when  one  is  awake  ; a 
revery.  Dryden. 

DAY'— DREAM-JNG,  n.  The  act  of  making  day- 
dreams. Coleridge. 

DAY'— DREAM- Y,  a.  Relating  to,  or  abounding 
in,  day-dreams.  Coleridge. 

DAY'— FLI-ER,  7i.  (Ent.)  An  insect  that  flies  by 
day.  Kirby. 

DAY'— FLO\V-ER,  n.  (Bot.)  A name  of  herba- 
ceous plants  of  the  genus  Commelyna.  Gray. 

DAY'— FI.Y,  7i.  (Etit.)  A neuropterous  insect  of 
the  genus  Ephemera,  which,  after  its  change 
into  the  perfect  fly,  survives  but  a fqw  hours. 

DAY'— LA-BOR,  7i.  Labor  by  the  day.  Milton. 

DAY”— LA'BOR-pR,  71.  One  who  works  by  the 
day.  “ Ten  day-laborers.”  Milton. 

DAY'LIGHT  (da'llt),  n.  The  light  of  the  day. 

Will  you  murder  a man  in  plain  daylight?  Dryden. 

DAY'-LlL-Y,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants  bear- 
ing fine  orange,  yellow,  white,  or  blue  flowers ; 
Hemerocallis.  Loudon. 

DAY'— MARE,  n.  (Med.)  A species  of  incubus 
occurring  during  wakefulness.  lloblyn. 

DAY'— NET,  n.  A net  to  catch  larks,  &c.  Crabb- 

DAY'— PEEP,  n . The  dawn  of  the  morning.  Milton. 

DAY'— RlJLE,  n.  (Eng.  Law.)  A writ,  order,  or 
rule  of  a court  permitting  a prisoner  to  go  with- 
out the  bounds  of  the  prison  for  one  Any  .Crabb. 

DAY'— SIGHT  (-sit),  7i.  An  affection  of  the  vision 
in  which  it  is  dull  and  confused  in  the  dark, 
but  clear  in  the  daylight;  — sometimes  called 
7 light-blindness  and  hen-blindness.  Hoblyti. 

DAY'— SLEEP,  n.  Sleep  in  the  daytime.  Mead. 

f DAYSMAN  (dazJman),  n.  [ day  and  man  ; — so 
called  from  his  fixing  the  day  for  decision. 
Nares.\  An  umpire  or  judge  ; an  arbitrator. 

Daysman,  a person  who  mediated  between  two  contending 
parties  for  the  purposes  of  reconciliation.  It.  Half. 

DAY'— SPRING,  n.  The  rise  of  the  day;  the  dawn. 

Hast  thou  commanded  the  morning  since  thy  days  : and 
caused  the  day-spring  to  know  his  place?  Job  xxxviii.  12. 

DAY'-STAR,  n.  1.  Venus  when  she  appears  in  the 
morning  ; the  morning-star  ; Lucifer.  2 Pet.  i.  19. 

2.  The  orb  of  day  ; the  sun. 

So  sinks  the  day-star  in  the  ocean  bed.  Milton. 

4fjp-See  citation  under  Diurnal  from  P.  L.,  Book 
x.  line  1009. 

Before  the  day-star  learned  to  move 

In  pomp  of  fire  along  his  grand  career.  T.  Moore. 

DAY'— STREAM,  n.  A stream  flowing  by  day. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6 


DAY’S— WORK  (-wilrk),  n.  The  work  done  or  ap- 
pointed to  be  done  in  a day. 

DAY'TiME,  n.  The  time  in  which  there  is  the 
light  of  day.  Bacon. 

dAy'-WEA-RIED  (da'we-rjd),  a.  Weary  with  the 
work  of  day.  Shak. 

f DAY'— WOM-AN  (da'wum-un),  71.  A dairy-wo- 
man ; a dairy-maid.  Shak. 

DAY1'— WORK  (-wiirk),Jt.  Work  done,  or  imposed, 
by  the  day  ; day-labor.  Fairfax. 

DAY'— WRIT,  7i.  (Eng.  Law.)  See  Day-rule. 

+ D,\ZE,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  dwcescan,  to  extinguish  ; 
duxes,  dull,  stupid.]  To  dazzle.  Dryden. 

DAZE,  n.  A glittering  stone  found  in  tin  and  in 
lead  mines.  Crabb. 

dAz'ED,  a.  Dull;  stupid;  confused.  Halliwell. 

D,\Z'^D-NESS,  7i.  State  of  being  dazed.  Chalmers. 

DA'ZIED.  See  Daisied.  Shak. 

DAZ'ZLE  (daz'zl),  v.  a.  [A  dim.  of  daze. — See 
Daze.]  [t.  dazzled  ; pp.  dazzling,  dazzled.] 

1.  To  overpower  with  a bright  light;  to  dim, 
as  the  vision,  by  excess  of  light. 

Dark  with  excessive  bright  thy  skirts  appear, 

Yet  dazzle  heaven,  that  brightest  seraphim 

Approach  not  but  with  both  wings  veil  their  eyes.  Milton. 

2.  To  astonish  by  a bright  light  ; to  strike  or 
surprise  with  splendor  or  brilliancy. 

Their  rich  retinue  long 

Of  horses  led,  and  grooms  besmeared  with  gold, 

Dazzles  the  crowd,  and  sets  them  all  agape.  Milton. 

DAZ'ZLE,  v.  n.  To  be  overpowered  with  light. 

Dazzle  mine  eyes?  or  do  I see  three  suns?  Shak. 

DAZ'ZLE,  71.  A dazzling  light ; brilliancy.  Moore. 

DAZ'ZLE-MENT,  n.  The  act  of  dazzling  ; excess 
of  light ; brilliancy.  “ It  beat  back  the  sight 
with  a dazzle7ne/it.”  [li.]  Donne. 

DAZ'ZLING,  p.  a.  Overpowering  with  splendor. 

DAz'ZLjNG-LY,  ad.  In  a dazzling  manner. 

DE.  A Latin  preposition,  meaning  literally  from, 
or  away  from,  used  as  a prefix,  denoting  some- 
times separation,  re7noval,  Ac.,  sometimes  7ie- 
gation ; and  in  some  cases,  it  is  used  intensively. 

DEA'CON  (de'kn),  n.  [Gr.  Sidsovof  ; biasoi  ito,  to 
serve  ; L.  diaconus  ; It.  A Sp.  diacono  ; Fr.  dia- 
cre : — A.  S.  deacon  ; Dut.  diaken  ; Ger.  diaco7i.~\ 

1.  A church  officer  with  various  duties  in  dif- 
ferent communions.  In  the  Ro/nan  Catholic 
Church,  he  officiates  in  certain  ceremonies  as 
an  assistant  to  the  priest.  In  the  Church  of 
England,  he  constitutes  one  of  the  third  or  low- 
est order  of  the  ordained  clergy,  and  is  empow- 
ered to  perform  all  the  duties  of  a beneficed 
clergyman  except  consecrating  the  elements  at 
the  Lord’s  supper,  and  pronouncing  the  bless- 
ing. In  Prcsbyteria7i  Churches,  he  attends  to 
the  secular  interests  of  the  congregation.  In 
hidepende7it  Churches,  he  distributes  the  bread 
and  wine  to  the  communicants. 

The  first  appointment  of  deacons  is  mentioned  in  Acts  vi., 
where  the  apostles  direct  the  congregation  to  look  out  seven  1 
men  of  honest  report,  upon  whom  they  may  lay  their  hands. 

Brand e. 

2.  The  president  of  an  incorporated  trade, 

formerly,  by  virtue  of  his  office,  a member  of  the 
town  council  : — an  overseer  of  the  poor.  [Scot- 
land.] Johnso7i. 

Syn.  — See  Clergyman. 

DEA'CON- HOOD  (de'kn-hud),  n.  The  office  of  a 
deacon  ; deaconship.  Bosworth. 

DE  A 'CON-ESS  (de'kn-es),  n.  A female  deacon  in 
the  ancient  church.  Bp.  Patrick. 

DEA'CON-RY  (de'kn-re),  n.  The  office  of  a dea- 
con ; deaconship.  Goodwin. 

DEA'CON-SHIP  (de'kn-ship),  n.  The  office  of  a 
deacon.  Hooker. 

DEAD  (ded),  a.  [Goth,  dauths  ; A.  S.  dead  ; Frs. 
dead  ; Dut.  doocl ; Ger.  todt ; Dan.  A Sw.  dud.'] 

1.  Deprived  or  destitute  of  life  ; lifeless  ; 
noting  that  state  of  an  organized  being  in 
which  all  the  vital  functions  have  entirely  ceased 
to  act ; — sometimes  followed  by  of  before  the 
cause  of  death.  “ The  king  is  dead.”  “ Thou 
dead  elm.”  Shak.  “ The  crew  . . . were  dead 
of  hunger.”  Arbuthnot. 


>,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  E,  1,  O,  U,  Y>  obscure;  FARE, 


2.  Noting  a state  resembling  death.  “ Dead 

sleep.”  Ps.  lxxvi.  6. 

3.  Devoid  of  spiritual  life.  “ Dead  in  tres- 
passes and  sins.”  Eph.  ii.  1. 

4.  Lacking  warmth  or  fervor  ; cold  ; frigid. 

IIow  cold  and  dead  docs  a prayer  appear  that  is  composed 

in  the  most  elegant  forms  of  speech,  when  it  is  not  height- 
ened by  solemnity  of  phrase  from  the  sacred  writings! 

Addison. 

5.  Wanting  action  or  motion  ; inert  ; as, 
“ Dead  matter.’ * 

6.  Without  show  of  life  ; unenlivened.  “ Dead 

winter.”  Kno'lcs. 

7.  Having  no  resemblance  of  life.  “ Dead 

coloring.”  Dn/den. 

8.  Obtuse  ; dull ; heavy. 

The  bell  seemed  to  sound  more  dead  than  it  did  when  i list 
before  it  sounded  in  the  open  air.  lloyle. 

9.  Vapid;  insipid;  — used  of  liquors. 

10.  Void  and  unvaried  ; empty  ; vacant.  “ A 

dead  plain.”  • Bacon. 

11.  Deep  ; dense.  11  Dead  darkness.” Hayward. 

USy  In  general,  dead  is  applied  to  whatever  lias  any 

of  the  peculiar  or  distinguishing  qualities  or  appear- 
ances of  death,  as  stillness,  inactivity,  impotence,  dul- 
ness,  or  monotony. 

Dead  language,  a language  that  has  ceased  to  he 
spoken. — Dead  letter,  a letter  which  lias  remained  a 

certain  length  of  time  in  the  post-office  uncalled  for. 

The  dead,  n.  pi.  Dead  men.  “ The  sheeted  dead  did 
squeak  and  gibber  in  the  Roman  streets.”  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Lifeless. 

DEAD,  n.  Time  of  the  deepest  stillness  or  gloom  ; 
depth.  “ In  dead  of  night.”  Dryden.  “ The 
dead  of  winter.”  South. 

t DEAD,  v.  n.  To  lose  force.  Bacon. 

f DEAD,  v.  a.  To  deaden;  to  deprive  of  force. 
“ To  dead  sound.”  Bacon. 

DEAD'— BORN,  a.  Born  lifeless ; stillborn.  Johnson. 

DEAD'— COL 'OR-ING,  n.  (Paint.)  The  first  layer 
of  coloring,  of  a dark  tinge,  serving  as  a ground 
for  the  more  lively  colors.  Clarke. 

f DEAD'— DO-ING,  a.  Destructive  ; killing.  “ Some 
fierce,  dead-doing  man.”  Hudibras. 

DEAD'— DRUNK,  a.  So  drunk  as  to  be  motionless 
and  insensible.  Davies. 

DEAD'EN  (ded'dn),  V.  a.  [*.  DEADENED  ; pp. 
DEADENING,  DEADENED.] 

1.  To  diminish  or  deprive  of  force,  vigor,  or 

action  ; to  weaken.  “ Monotony  . . . soon  dead- 
ens attention.”  Seeker. 

2.  To  make  vapid  or  spiritless,  as  beer.  Bacott. 

3.  To  render  less  sensible  ; to  harden.  “ Dead- 
ened to  sinful  ways.”  Hopkins. 

4.  (Painting .)  To  make  less  brilliant ; to 
darken  ; to  dim. 

DEAD'— EYE,  n.  (Navt.)  A sort  of  round,  flat- 
fish, wooden  block,  encircled  with  a rope  or 
iron  band,  and  pierced  with  three  holes,  to  re- 
ceive the  lanyard  ; — used  chiefly  to  extend  the 
6hrouds  and  stays.  Mar.  Diet. 

DEAD'— FREIGHT  (-frat),  71.  (Late.)  In  contracts, 
the  amount  of  goods  required  to  complete  a 
cargo.  Bouvier. 

DEAII'HEAD,  n.  One  who  rides  in  a public  car- 
riage, visits  the  theatre,  &c.,  without  charge. 
[Colloquial.]  Bartlett. 

DEAD'-HEArT-ED,  a.  Having  a faint  heart; 
faint-hearted,  [r.]  Bp.  Hall. 

DEAD'— HEART'ED-NESS,  n.  Pusillanimity  ; 

faint-heartedness,  [r.]  Bp.  Hall. 

DEAD'ISH,  a.  Resembling  what  is  dead ; dull ; 
lifeless ; inactive.  Stafford. 

DEAD'-KILL-!NG,  a.  Instantly  killing.  Shak. 

DEAD'— LIFT,  7i.  A lift,  as  of  a dead  body  ; a lift 
made  with  main  strength.  Hudibras. 

DEAD'-LIGHTS  (dSd'ITts),  n.  (Naut.)  Strong 
wooden  ports  or  shutters  put  over  the  glass 
windows  of  the  cabin  as  a defence.  Brande. 

f DEAD'LI-HOOD  (ded'le-hud),  n.  The  state  of 
the  dead.  Pearson. 

DEAD' LI- NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  deadly  ; 
power  to  produce  death. 

The  deadliness  of  Lazarus  his  sickness.  Bp.  Tai/lor. 

As  for  my  relapses,  I know  their  clanger,  and  (had  I not 
to  do  with  ah  infinite  mercy)  their  deadlines s.  Bp.  Ball. 


FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


DEADLY 


363 


DEARLING 


DEAD'LY  (ded'le),  a.  1.  Destroying  life  ; caus- 
ing death  ; murderous  ; destructive  ; fatal. 

He  at  whom  I cast 

The  weapon  with  such  deadly  force  is  gone.  Cowper. 

2.  Having  the  disposition  to  take  life  ; san- 
guinary ; implacable. 

Thy  assailant  is  quick,  skilful,  and  deadly.  Shak. 

Syn. — Deadly  is  applied  to  whatever  is  productive 
of  death;  mortal,  to  what  terminates  in  death  ; fatal 
ami  destructive,  not  only  to  what  causes  death,  but  to 
any  great  mischief.  — Deadly  poison  ; deadly  or  impla- 
cable hatred  ; a mortal  wound  or  disease ; a fatal  blow 
or  malady  ; a destructive  fire. 

DEAD'Ly,  ad.  1.  Mortally.  “ A deadly  wounded 
man.”  Ezek.  xxx.  24. 

2.  Excessively;  extremely.  “ Deadly  weary.” 
Orrery.  “ Deadly  cunning.”  Arbutlinot. 

DEAD'LY— CAR'KOT,  n.  (Bot.)  An  herbaceous 
plant  of  the  genus  Thapsia.  Loudon. 

DEAD'Ly— HAND' p D,  a.  Sanguinary;  disposed 
to  kill.  “ The  deadly-handed  Clifford.”  Shak. 

DEAD'LY— NIGHT'SHADE,  n.  (Bot.)  A poison- 
ous perennial  plant  ; Atropa  belladonna.  — See 
Belladonna.  Booth. 

DEAD'— MARCH,  n.  A march,  or  piece  of  milita- 
ry music,  played  at  a funeral  procession.  Booth. 

DEAD'NpSS,  n.  1.  The  state  of  being  dead  ; 
want  of  life. 

When  he  seemed  to  show  his  weakness  in  seeking  fruit 
upon  that  fig-tree  that  had  none,  he  manifested  his  power  bv 
cursing  it  to  deadness  with  a word.  South. 

2.  Want  of  some  property  pertaining,  or  anal- 
ogous, to  vital  energy,  as  of  activity,  ardor,  liveli- 
ness, or  spirit.  “The  deadness  of  trade.”  Kil- 
linabeck.  “ Deadness  of  the  faculties.”  Pearce. 
“Vour  . . . eyes  betray  a deadness.”  Dryden. 
“ Deadness  or  flatness  in  cider.”  Mortimer. 

DEAD'— NET-TLE  (ded'net-tl),  n.  (Bot.)  A plant, 
belonging  to  the  genus  Lamium,  of  several  spe- 
cies, taking  its  name  from  the  resemblance  of 
its  leaves  to  those  of  the  nettle,  without  having 
any  stinging  property.  Eng.  Ency. 

DEAD'— PLEDGE,  n.  (Law.)  Mortmain.  Crabb. 

DEAD'— RECK'ON-ING  (ded'rek'kn-jng),  n.  ( Naut .) 
The  estimation  of  a ship’s  place  by  the  log,  or 
the  records  of  courses,  distances,  &c.,  in  the 
log-book,  without  observation  of  the  heavenly 
bodies.  Dana. 

DEAD'— RIS-ING,  n.  (Ship-building.)  A term  ap- 
plied to  those  parts  of  a vessel’s  floor,  through- 
out her  whole  length,  in  which  the  floor-tim- 
bers abut  upon  the  lower  buttocks.  Dana. 

DEAD'-SET,  n.  1.  A concocted  scheme  to  de- 
fraud a person  by  gaming.  Grose. 

2.  A determined  or  resolute  attempt.  Clarke. 

DEAD'— SHOT,  n.  A good  marksman.  Clarke. 

DEAD'— STRUCK,  a.  Struck  with  horror;  as- 
tounded. “ The  dead-struck  audience.”  Bp.  Hall. 

DEAD'— TOP,  n.  A disease  incident  to  young 
trees.  Farm.  Ency. 

DEAD'— VOT-ING,  a.  Immutable  or  inexorable 
in  voting.  Cowper. 

DEAD'— WA-TpR,  n.  (Naut.)  The  eddy  of  water 
made  under  a vessel’s  counter  or  stern  when 
she  is  advancing.  Dana. 

DEAD'— WIND,  n.  (Naut.)  The  wind  directly 
against  the  course  of  the  ship.  Crabb. 

DEAD'— WOOD  (-wud),  n.  (Naut.)  Blocks  of 
timber  laid  upon  each  end  of  the  keel  where 
the  vessel  narrows.  Dana. 

DEAD'-WORKS  (-wurks),  n.  pi.  (Naut.)  The 
parts  of  a ship  which  are  above  the  surface  of 
the  water  when  she  is  balanced  for  a voyage. 

II  DEAF  (del)  [def,  S.  W.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  R. 
Kenrick,  Scott,  Barclay,  Nares-,  dsf,  Wb.\,  a. 
[Goth,  daubs  ; A.  S.  § Frs.  deaf ; Dut.  doof ; 
Ger.  taub-,  Dan.  dov  ; Icel.  dauf ; Sw.  dof.] 

1.  Wanting  the  sense  of  hearing,  or  Having 
impaired  or  defective  hearing. 

A blind  or  deaf  man  has  infinitely  more  reason  to  deny 
the  being,  or  the  possibility  of  the  being,  of  light  or  sounds, 
than  an  atheist  can  have  to  deny  or  doubt  of  the  existence 
of  God.  Clarke. 

_ 2.  Noting  an  indisposition  to  listen  ; — some- 
times used  with  to. 

None  so  deaf  as  those  who  will  not  hear.  Proverb. 


O that  men’s  ears  should  be 

To  counsel  deaj',  but  not  to  flattery  I Shak. 

3.  Stunned ; having  the  sense  of  hearing 
overpowered.  “ Deaf  with  the  noise.”  Dryden. 

4.  Obscurely  affecting  the  sense  of  hearing  ; 

sounding  low,  hollow,  or  dull.  “ A deaf  mur- 
mur.” Dryden. 

5.  Barren  ; blasted.  [North  of  Eng.] 

A deaf  nut  is  a nut  of  which  the  kernel  is  decayed.  Grose. 

Tile  pronunciation  of  this  word  is  uniformly 
marked  dSf  (also  deafen,  def'fn)  by  the  English  ortlio- 
epists  ; hut  it  is  very  common  in  the  U.  S.  to  pronounce 
it  def.  — Forby  says  that  the  diphthong  ea,  in  the  vul- 
gar or  common  language  of  Norfolk  and  Suffolk,  in 
England,  “ has  the  sound  of  long  e in  some  cases  in 
which  it  ought  not  to  have  it,  as  in  deaf,  dead,  tread, 
spread,”  &c. 

||  DEAF  (def),  v.  a.  To  make  deaf ; to  deafen. 
“ Deafed  with  clamors.”  Shak. 

II  DEAF'EN  (def'fn)  [def'fn,  S.  W.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja. 
K.  Sm.  R.  Kenrick,  Scott,  Barclay,  Nares ; 
de'fn,  1 Vb.],  v.  a.  To  deprive  of  the  power  of 
hearing;  to  make  deaf;  to  stun.  “ Deafened 
with  promiscuous  cries.”  Addison. 

|1  DEAF'LY  (def'le),  ad.  Without  sense  of  sounds  : 
— obscurely.  Johnson. 

||  DEAF'LY,  a.  Lonely;  solitary  ; far  from  neigh- 
bors. [Local,  Eng.]  Ash. 

||  DEAF'— MUTE,  n.  A person  who  is  both  deaf 
and  dumb.  P.  Cyc. 

||DEAF'N|JSS  (defines),  n.  1.  The  state  of  being 
deaf ; imperfection  in  the  sense  of  hearing. 

It  was  impossible  for  him  to  hear  a man  three  yards  off  by 
reason  of  deafness.  State  Trials. 

2.  Indisposition  or  refusal  to  listen  ; unwill- 
ingness to  hear. 

I found  such  a deafness  that  no  declaration  from  the  bish- 
ops could  take  place.  King  Charles. 

DEAL,  n.  [A.  S.  dal ; Dut.  deel ; Ger.  theil ; 
Dan.  deel ; Sw.  del.] 

1.  A part ; a portion ; a division  ; a dole  ; 
quantity;  degree;  extent.  “A  tenth  deal  of 
flour.”  Ex.  xxix.  40.  “ A great  deal  of  artifice 
and  sophistry.”  Addison. 

What  a deal  of  cold  business  doth  a man  misspend  the 
better  part  of  life  in  — in  scattering  compliments  and  tender- 
ing visits  I IS.  Jenson. 

2.  The  act  of  dealing  cards. 

The  deal , the  shuffle,  and  the  cut.  Swift. 

3.  (Arch.)  The  small  thickness  into  which  a 

piece  of  timber  is  cut  up  ; — now  applied  to 
the  wood  or  timber  of  fir  or  pine  cut  or  sawed 
into  dimensions  of  6 feet  or  more  in  length,  7 
inches  or  more  in  width,  and  from  3 to  4 inches 
in  thickness.  Pieces  under  6 feet  in  length 
are  called  deal  ends.  If  less  than  7 inches 
wide  they  are  called  battens.  P.  Cyc. 

Whole  deal,  a term  for  the  standard  thickness  of  1J 
inches,  by  which  deals  are  purchased,  and  to  which 
they  are  reduced,  whatever  may  he  their  actual  thick- 
ness.— Slit  deal,  deal  of  half  tile  standard  thickness 
of  1J  inches.  Braude. 

DEAL,  v.  a.  [Goth,  daily  an  \ A.  S.  drelan ; Dut. 
deelen  ; Ger.  theilen  ; Dan.  deele  ; Sw.  dela.]  [j. 
DEALT  (t  DEALED)  ; pp.  DEALING,  DEALT, 
(f  DEALED).] 

1.  To  divide  ; to  distribute  ; to  share  ; to  give. 

Deal  thy  bread  to  the  hungry.  Isa.  lviii.  7. 

2.  To  bestow  in  succession. 

One  with  a broken  truncheon  deals  his  blows.  Dryden. 

DEAL,  i>.  n.  1.  To  act,  behave,  or  conduct  one’s 
self  with  reference  to  others. 

He  will  deal  clearly  and  impartially.  Tillotsrm. 

2.  To  mediate  ; to  intervene ; to  interpose. 
“ He  that  deals  between  man  and  man.”  Bacon. 

3.  To  trade;  to  transact  business.  “They 
buy  and  sell,  they  deal  and  traffic.”  South. 

To  deal  by,  to  treat  in  any  manner.  “ Such  a one 
deals  not  fairly  by  his  own  mind.”  Locke. — To  deal 
in,  to  have  to  do  with  ; to  be  engaged  in  ; to  practise. 
“Authors  who  deal  in  political  matters.” — To  deal 
with,  to  treat ; to  treat  in  any  manner ; to  use.  “ Men 
who  have  been  tints  dealt  with  by  their  country.”  — 
To  contend  with  ; to  have  to  do  with  ; to  encounter. 
“ If  she  hated  me,  I should  know  what  passion  to 
deal  srith.”  Sidney. 

t DE-AL'bAte,  v.  a.  [L . dealbo,  dealbatns.]  To 
whiten  ; to  bleach.  Cockeram. 

DE-AL-BA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  whitening.  “Calci- 
nation. . . dealbation,  rubification.”  [r.]  Howell. 


DEAL'IJR,  n.  1.  One  who  deals  ; a trader. 

I was  acquainted,  I confess,  with  their  practices;  but  I 
never  did  intend  to  be  a dealer  in  them.  State  Trials. 

2.  One  who  distributes  the  cards.  Johnson. 

DEAL'ING,  n.  1.  Action ; practice ; conduct. 
“ The  dealings  of  men  who  administer  govern- 
ment.” Addison. 

2.  Treatment.  “ They  cannot  but  expect 
very  severe  dealings.”  Parliamentary  History. 

3.  Intercourse;  trade;  business;  traffic. 

Syn. — See  Commerce. 

DEALT  (delt),  i.  & p.  from  deal.  See  Deal. 

DEAL'— TREE,  n.  The  tree  from  which  deals  are 
made ; the  fir-tree.  Clarke. 

f DE-AM'BU-LATE,  v.  n.  [L.  deambulo,  deermbu- 
latus.\  To  walk  abroad.  Cockeram. 

f DE-AM-BU-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  deambulatio.)  The 
act  of  walking  abroad.  Elyot. 

f DB-Am'BU-LA-TO-RY,  a.  Removing  from  one 
place  to  another  ; strolling;  ambulatory.  “De- 
ambulatory actors.”  Bp.  Morton. 

f DE-Am'BU-LA-TO-RY,  n.  [L.  deambulator ium.] 
A sheltered  place  to  walk  in.  Warton. 

DEAN,  n.  [L.  dccanus,  a chief  of  ten  (from  L. 
decent,  ten  ; Gr.  bbca) ; It.  decano ; Sp.  dean  ; 
Fr.  doyen. — A.  S.  deacon,  diacon  ; Dut.  d taken.] 

1.  (Church  of  England.)  An  ecclesiastical 
dignitary  of  three  classes ; namely,  deans  of 
cathedrals,  rural  deans,  and  deans  in  peculiars. 

II/}  Tile  dean  of  a cathedral  is  an  ecclesiastical 
magistrate,  next  in  degree  to  the  bishop.  He  is  chief 
of  tlie  chapter,  and  is  called  a dean  because  lie  former- 
ly presided  over  ten  prebendaries  or  canons.  A rural 
dean  was  orignally  a beneficed  clergyman  appointed 
by  the  bishop  to  exercise  a certain  jurisdiction  in  dis- 
tricts of  a diocese  remote  from  his  personal  superin- 
tendence ; but  his  chief  duty,  at  present,  is  to  visit  a 
certain  number  of  parishes,  and  to  report  their  condi- 
tion to  the  bishop.  A dean  in  peculiars  is  a dean  of  a 
particular  parish  and  church,  or  rural  district  that  has 
jurisdiction  within  itself,  and  is  not  under  the  ordinary 
of  tlie  diocese.  Brande. 

2.  An  officer  in  the  universities  of  Oxford 
and  Cambridge  (Eng.),  who  superintends  the 
religious  services  in  the  college  chapels.  II  arton. 

3.  In  some  colleges,  as  University  College, 

London,  the  head  of  the  faculty.  Warton. 

4.  A clerk  or  secretary  of  the  faculty  of  a 
theological,  a law,  or  a medical  school.  [U.  S.] 

Dean  and  chapter,  the  style  and  title  of  the  govern- 
ing body  of  a cathedral.  Hook.  — Dean  of  the  arches , 
tlie  presiding  judge  of  the  Court  of  Arches.  [Eng.]  — 
The  dean  of  faculty,  president  of  tile  faculty  of  advo- 
cates in  Edinburgh.  — A dean  of  guild,  the  chief  officer 
of  the  merchant  guilds,  or  societies  of  trading  persons. 
[Scotland. J — A dean  of  a monastery,  a superior  under 
an  abbot,  to  assist  in  the  oversight  of  the  monks. 

Syn.  — See  Clergyman. 

DEAN'IvR-Y,  n.  1.  The  office  of  a dean.  Clarendon. 

2.  The  revenue  of  a dean.  Swift. 

3.  The  house  of  a dean.  Shak. 

4.  A division  of  an  archdeaconry,  formerly 
under  the  jurisdiction  of  a dean. 

Each  archdeaconry  is  divided  into  rural  deaneries , and 
each  deanery  is  divided  into  parishes.  Blackstone. 

DEAN'IJSS,  n.  The  wife  of  a dean.  Sterne. 

DEAN'SIIIP,  n.  The  office  of  a dean.  Warton. 

DEAR  (der),  a.  1.  [A.  S.  deor,  or  dyre,  precious, 
beloved  ; Dut.  dter  ; Ger.  theuer  ; Sw.  dyr  ; 
Dan.  dyre.]  At  a high  price  ; costly  ; expensive. 

To  feed  on  venison  when  it  sold  so  dear.  Pope. 

2.  Attended  with  scarcity  and  high  prices. 

“ A dear  year.”  Johnson. 

3.  Highly  valued ; precious  ; beloved. 

Be  ye  followers  of  God,  ns  dear  children.  Eph.  v.  1. 

4.  f [A.  S.  derian,  to  hurt.]  Hateful ; griev- 
ous. 

Would  I had  met  mv  dearest  foe  in  heaven 

Or  ever  I had  seen  that  day  1 Shak. 

t DEAR,  v.  a.  To  make  dear.  Shelton. 

DEAR  (der),  n.  A word  of  endearment ; darling. 

Go,  dear ; each  minute  does  new  danger  bring.  Dryden. 

DEAR'BORN,  n.  A light,  four-wheeled  carriage. 

DEAR'-BOUGHT  (der'bkwt),  a.  Bought  at  a high 
price.  “ Dear-bought  blessings.”  Dryden. 

+ DF.AR'LING,  n.  A darling.  Spenser. 


MtEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  ROLE.  — g,  <?,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  j,  f,  hard;  § as  z;  £ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


DEAR-LOVED 


364 


DEBAUCH 


DEAR1— LOVED  (der'luvd),  a.  Much  loved.  “My 
dear-loved  cousin.”  Shak. 

DEAR'LY,  ad.  1.  At  a high  price.  “ Bought 
dearly  enough.”  Bacon. 

2.  With  great  fondness  or  affection.  “ He 
loved  her  dearly.”  Wotton. 

+ DEARN,  v.  a.  To  darn.  — See  Darn.  Sherwood. 

f DEARN  (dern),  a.  [A.  S.  deorn,  or  dym .]  Lone- 
ly ; solitary  ; secret.  Shak. 

DEARN,  n.  (Arch.)  A door-post;  a threshold; 
— written  also  dern.  Britton. 

DEAR'NIJSS,  n.  1.  Quality  of  being  dear;  high 
price.  “ The  dearness  of  corn.”  Swift. 

2.  Fondness ; tender  estimation ; precious- 
ness ; affection  ateness. 

The  peace  between  the  two  kings,  whatever  mutual  dear- 
nesses there  had  appeared,  was  but  short.  Strype. 

+ DEARN 'LY,  ad.  Secretly  ; privately  : — mourn- 
fully. “ That  dearnly  cried.”  Spenser. 

DEAR'-PUR-CHASED  (-chjst),  a.  Purchased  at 
high  price.  Watts. 

DEARTH  (derth),  n.  [From  A.  S.  dear,  dear;  or 
derian,  to  hurt.  — “ Dearth  is  the  third  person 
sing.,  and  means  some  or  any  season  or  weath- 
er, or  other  cause,  which  dereth,  or  maketh 
dear,  hurteth  or  doeth  mischief.”  Richardson .] 

1.  A scarcity  which  makes  food  dear. 

In  times  of  dearth , it  drained  much  coin  out  of  the  king- 
dom to  furnish  us  with  corn  from  foreign  parts.  Bacon. 

2.  Want ; need  ; famine. 

Of  every  tree  that  in  the  garden  grows 

Eat  freely  with  glad  heart;  fear  here  no  dearth.  Milton. 

3.  Barrenness  ; poverty  ; sterility.  “ That 

dearth  of  plot.”  Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Scarcity. 

f DE-AR-TIC'U-LATE,  v.  a.  [L.  de,  priv.,  and  ar- 
ticuius.]  To  disjoint ; to  dismember.  Bailey 

DEAR' Y,  n.  A word  of  endearment ; a dear.  Hill. 

DBAS,  71.  See  Dais.  Walter  Scott. 

DEATH  (deth),  n.  [Goth,  danthns  ; A.  S.  death  ; 
Dut.  dood ; Ger.  tod ; Dan.  % Sw.  tod.  — See 
Dead.] 

1.  Extinction  of  life ; entire  loss  of  vitality  ; 
that  state  of  an  organized  being  in  which  all 
its  natural  functions  have  ceased  to  act ; mor- 
tality ; decease  ; demise  ; dissolution  ; departure. 

Be  thou  faithful  unto  death , and  I will  give  thee  a crown 
of  life.  Rev.  ii.  10. 

2.  Imminent  peril  of  death.  “ In  prisons  more 

frequent,  in  deaths  oft.”  2 Cor . xi.  23. 

3.  The  cause  of  death  ; — used  either  of  the 
agent  or  of  the  instrumental  cause. 

The  endeavors  Achilles  used,  to  meet  with  Hector,  and  be 
the  death  of  him,  is  the  intrigue.  Broome. 

When  hissing  through  the  air  the  feathered  deaths  were 
dealt.  Drj/dt  n. 

4.  A skeleton,  as  the  symbol  of  mortality. 

“ Married  to  a death's  head.”  Shak . 

I was  all  ear. 

And  took  in  strains  that  might  create  a soul 
Under  the  ribs  of  Death.  Milton. 

5.  Unlawful  taking  of  life;  murder.  “A 

man  of  death.”  [r.]  Bacon. 

6.  State  of  being  under  the  power  of  sin,  or 
of  being  spiritually  dead. 

ne  that  loveth  not  his  brother  abideth  in  death.  \John\WAA. 

7.  ( Theol .)  Damnation;  endless  punishment. 

“ Everlasting  death."  Church  Catechism . 

Civil  death , ( Law .)  the  state  of  a person  who, 
though  having  natural  life,  has  lost  all  his  civil  rights. 

Syn.  — Death  is  used  to  denote  the  final  lot  of  all 
things  living,  of  man,  beasts,  plants,  &c.  Departure , 
decease , and  demise  are  expressions  applied  only  to  the 
condition  of  human  beings.  — The  decease  of  a man,  or 
his  departure  from  this  life  ; the  demise  of  a king  ; the 
mortality  of  all.  “ The  three  words  death , decease , and 
demise  all  denote  the  same  thing.  The  first  is  the  sim- 
ple and  familiar  term  ; the  second  is  formal,  being 
much  used  in  proceedings  at  law  ; the  third  is  cere- 
monious, and  scarcely  used  of  any  but  princes  and 
grandees.”  Campbell . 

DEATH'— BED,  n.  1.  The  bed  on  which  a person 
dies.  “ Thou  ’rt  on  thy  death-bed .”  Shak. 

2.  A man’s  last  sickness. 

A death-bed' a a detector  of  the  heart.  Young. 

3.  ( Scotch  Law.)  A state  of  sickness  which 

ends  in  death.  Burrill. 


DEATH'— BELL,  n.  The  bell  that  announces 
death ; the  passing  bell.  Cowper. 

DEATH'— BLOW,  n.  A fatal  blow  or  stroke  ; de- 
struction. Qu.  Rev. 

DfiATH'— BOD-ING,  a.  Portending  death.  “ Death- 
boding  cries.”  Sfiak. 

DEATH'— DANCE,  n.  The  dance  of  death.  Burke. 

DEATH'— DART-ING,  a.  Inflicting  death,  as  with  a 
dart.  “Death-darting  eye  [of  cockatrice].”  Shak. 

DEATH'— DAY,  71.  The  day  of  one’s  death ; the 


day  of  dissolution.  Drayton. 

DEATH'— DEEP,  a.  Resembling  the  state  of 
death ; profound.  Young. 

DEATH'— DJ£-VOT']JD,  a.  Devoted  or  doomed  to 
death.  Francis. 

DEATH'— Do-JNG,  7i.  Destruction. 

DEATH'— DO-ING,  a.  Destructive.  Kirby. 

DEATH'— DOOMED  (-domd),  a.  Doomed  or  sen- 
tenced to  death.  Coleridge. 


DEATH'FUL,  a.  Full  of  slaughter  ; causing 
death  ; murderous  ; destructive. 

The  deathful  scene;  princes  on  princes  rolled.  Pope. 

f DEATII'FUL-NESS,  71.  Appearance  as  of  death. 
“ Remote  from  a deathf  illness.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

DEATH'I-FY,  v.  a.  [Eng.  death,  and  L.  facio,  to 
make.]  To  kill  or  make  dead,  [a.]  Colei'idgc. 

DEATH'LpSS,  a.  Immortal ; never-dying  ; ever- 
lasting; undying. 

Ne’er  shall  oblivion’s  murky  cloud 

Obscure  his  deathless  jiraise.  Sir  7T.  Jones. 

DEATH'— LIKE,  a.  Resembling  death.  “ A. death- 
like slumber.”  Pope. 

DEATH'LI-NESS,  71.  The  quality  of  being  death- 
ly. [r.]  Southey. 

DEATII'Ly  (deth'le),  a.  Fatal;  mortal;  deadly. 
“ Unwholesome  and  deathly.”  Udal. 

DEATH’S'— DOOR  (deths'dor),  n.  A near  approach 
to  death ; imminent  danger  of  dying .L'Estra7igc. 

DEATH'— SHAD-OWED  (delh'shSd-od),  a.  Encom- 
passed by  the  shades  of  death.  More. 

DEATH’S'-HEAD-MOTH',  n.  (Ent.)  A large, 
handsome  moth,  so  named  from  the  remarkable 
appearance  of  the  figure  of  a human  skull  upon 
its  thorax ; the  Achcrontia  atropos  of  modern 
authors  ; — called  also  hawk  moth. 

Westwood.  Baird. 

DEATHS'MAN,  77.  An  executioner.  Shak. 

Far  more  expressive  than  our  term  of  “ executioner  ” is 
their  [ancient-writers1]  solemn  one  of  the  deathsnuin. 

I.  Disraeli. 

DEATH'-STROKE,  n.  The  stroke  of  death; 
death-blow.  Coleridge. 

DEATH'-TO-KEN  (deth'to-kn),  n.  That  which 
signifies  approaching  death.  Shak. 

DEATH'WARD,  ad.  Toward  death.  Beau.  <Sf  FI. 

DEATH'— WAR-RANT  (deth'wor-),  71.  (Law.)  An 
order  for  the  execution  of  a criminal.  Goldsmith. 

DEATH'-WATCH  (deth'wStsh),  77.  (E7lt.)  A 

small  insect  of  the  beetle  kind  whose  ticking 
noise  has  been  imagined  to  prognosticate  death ; 
Anobium  tessellatum.  Baird. 

The  solemn  death-watch  Clicked  the  hour  she  died.  Gay. 

tDf-AU'RATE,  v.  a.  [L.  dcauro,  deauratus .]  To 
gild  or  cover  with  gold.  Bailey. 

t DE-AU'RATE,  a.  Gilded.  Bullokar. 

f DE-AU-RA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  gilding.  Bailey. 

DEAVE,  or  DEVE,  v.  a.  To  deafen;  to  stupefy 
with  noise.  [Scotland.]  Jamieso7i. 

f DJJ-BAo'jCHATE,  v.  77.  [L.  debacchor,  debaccha- 
tus. ] To  rage  as  a drunkard.  Cockera7n. 

t DEB-AC-GHA'TION,  n.  [L.  dcbacchatio .]  A 
raging ; a madness.  Prynne. 

D^-BA'CLE  (de-b'i'kl),  n.  [Fr.  debacle,  a break- 
ing up.]  (Geol.)  The  geological  or  pristine 
deluge  : — a great  rush  of  waters  which  breaks 
down  all  opposing  barriers,  carrying  with  it 
stones,  rocks,  and  other  fragments,  and  spread- 
ing them  in  all  directions.  Brande. 


DE-BAR',  V.  a.  \i.  DEBARRED;  pp.  DEBARRING, 
debarred.]  To  exclude ; to  hinder ; to  pre- 
vent. “ Debarred  from  all  commerce.”  Raleigh. 

Syn.  — See  Deprive. 

t D1J-BARB',  v.  a.  [L.  de,  priv.,  and  barba,  the 
beard.]  To  deprive  of  the  beard.  Bailey. 

DE-BARK',  v.  a.  [Fr.  debarquer ; de,  from,  and 
barque,  a vessel.]  [i.  debarked  ; pp.  debark- 
ing, debarked.]  To  land;  to  set  on  shore; 
to  disembark.  Bailey.  Ed.  Rev. 

^Sr"  This  word,  though  found  in  the  principal  Eng- 
lish dictionaries,  is  little  used  in  England  ; and  the 
use  of  it  has  been  censured  by  English  critics. 

DE-BARK',  v.  n.  To  go  on  shore  ; to  land  ; to  dis- 
embark ; as,  “ The  infantry  have  debarked.” 

DE-BAR-KA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  disembarking, 
or  landing  ; disembarkation.  Todd. 

DE-BAR'MENT,  n.  The  act  of  debarring  or  ex- 
cluding; exclusion.  Chalmers. 

DE-BAR  RASS,  v.  a.  [Fr.  dibarrasser .]  To  dis- 
embarrass. [r.]  Ec.  Rev. 

DE-BASE',  v.  a.  [Norm.  Fr.  debase,  below.]  [i. 
DEBASED  ; pp.  DEBASING,  DEBASED.]  To  re- 
duce from  a higher  to  a lower  state  ; to  lower 
in  dignity,  purity,  worth,  or  any  other  quality  ; 
to  degrade  ; to  abase.  “ To  debase  religion  with 
frivolous  disputes.”  Hooker.  “ Letting  his  sub- 
ject debase  his  style.”  Addiso7i. 

Pleasure  aud  sensuality  debase  men  into  beasts.  Broome. 

He  reformed  the  coin,  which  was  much  . . . debased  in  the 
times  and  troubles  of  King  Stephen.  Hale. 

Syn.  — See  Abase. 

DE-BASE'MENT,  n.  1.  The  act  of  debasing,  or 
of  reducing  to  a lower  state.  “ The  means  of 
improvement  or  of  debaseme7it.”  Beattie. 

2.  The  state  of  being  debased  or  degraded  ; 
abasement ; degradation.  Marston. 

Syn.  — See  Abasement. 

DE-BAs'ER,  n.  One  who  debases.  “ Debasers  of 
metals.”  Sir  W.  Jones. 

DE-bAt'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  debated  ; dispu- 
table. “Debatable  ground.”  Hayward. 

DE-BATE',  n.  [Sp.  debate  ; Fr.  debat .] 

1.  A contention  of  argument ; a disputation  ; 
a controversy. 

At  London,  you  may  see  men  sauntering  in  the  Court  of 
Requests,  while  the  most  important  debate  is  carrying  on  in 
the  two  Houses.  Hume. 

2.  The  report  of  a debate ; as,  “ Hansard’s 
Parliamentary  Debates.” 

3.  An  altercation  ; a quarrel  ; a contest. 

So  ’gnu  he  to  discourse  tiie  whole  debate. 

Winch  that  strange  knight  for  him  sustained  had.  Spenser. 

Syn.  — See  Difference. 

DE-BATE',  v.  a.  [It.  dibattere ; Sp.  debatir  ; Fr. 
debattre.]  [».  debated  ; pp.  debating,  de- 
bated.] 

1.  To  contend  for  in  argument ; to  discuss  ; ■ 
to  dispute  ; to  argue. 

He  could  not  debate  any  thing  without  some  commotion. 

Clarendon. 

2.  To  contest;  to  fight  or  strive  for. 

They  see  the  boys  and  Latian  youth  debate 

The  martial  prizes  on  the  dusty  plain.  Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Discuss. 

f DE-BATE',  v.  7i.  To  engage  in  fight.  Spenser. 

To  debate  on  or  upon , to  deliberate  upon.  Shak.. — 
To  discuss.  Taller. 

DE-BATE'FUL,  a.  1.  Contentious  ; quarrelsome. 

“ So  debateful  and  contentious.”  [r.]  Udal. 

2.  Full  of  conflict.  “ Debateful  strife  and 
cruel  enmity.”  [r.]  Spenser. 

DE-BATE'FUL-LY,  ad.  In  a contentious  manner. 

DE-BATE'MENT,  n.  Controversy  ; contest,  [it.] 
Without  debatement  further,  more  or  less.  Shah. 

DE-BAT'ER,  n.  One  who  debates  ; a disputant. 

DE-BAT'ING-SO-CI'E-TY,  n.  A society  formed 
for  the  purpose  of  acquiring  the  art  of  speak- 
ing extempore  ; a society  for  practice  in  debate. 

DE-BAUCH',  v.  a.  [Fr.  debaucher .]  [*.  de- 
bauched; pp.  DEBAUCHING,  DEBAUCHED.] 

1.  To  corrupt ; to  vitiate. 

Her  pride  debauched  her  judgment.  Cowley . 

2.  To  corrupt  with  lewdness  ; to  pollute. 

Men  so  disordered,  so  debauched , and  bold.  Dryden. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  E,  !,  9,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  fAr,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER  ; 


DEBAUCH 


365 


DECAMP 


3.  To  corrupt  by  intemperate  indulgence  ; to 
deprave  by  excesses.  Tillotson. 

DJJ-bAUCH',  v.  n.  To  riot;  to  revel.  Young. 

DE-BAUCH',  n.  1.  Intemperate  indulgence  ; ex- 
cess ; voluptuousness. 

The  first  physicians  by  debauch  were  made; 

Excess  began,  and  sloth  sustains,  the  trade.  Dryden. 

2.  A fit  of  intemperance  ; a drunken  revel. 

Not  so  Silenus  from  his  night’s  debauch.  Wilkie. 

3.  Lewdness;  licentiousness.  Marvell. 

DEBAUCHE  (da-bo-sha'),  n.  [Fr.]  A debauchee  ; 
a libertine  ; a rake.  — See  Roue.  South. 

DE-BAUCHED'  (de-bsLucht'),  p.  a.  Corrupted; 
vitiated  by  debauchery  ; dissolute. 

Syn.  — See  Dissolute. 

Dp-BAUCH'JJD-LY,  ad.  In  a licentious  manner. 
“ To  live  . . . debauchedly.”  Cowley. 

DJJ-B AUCH'ED-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
addicted  to  intemperate  or  licentious  indul- 
gence. Bp.  Hall. 

DEB-AU-£HEE'  (deb-o-she'),  7t.  One  addicted  to 
debauchery  ; a libertine  ; a rake.  Bp.  Berkeley. 

DE-bAUCH'PR,  n.  One  who  debauches.  “ The 
deceiver,  and  the  debaucher."  Bolingbroke. 

DJJ-bAuCH'ER-Y,  n.  1.  The  act  of  debauching; 
seduction  from  duty.  “ To  complete  the  de- 
bauchery of  the  army.”  Burke. 

2.  The  state  of  being  debauched. 

3.  Intemperate  or  licentious  practice  ; excess  ; 

lewdness.  Swift. 

D?-bAUCH'M?NT,  n.  The  act  of  debauching; 
debauchery.  “ Debouchment  and  disimprove- 
ment.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

f Djp-BAUCH'N^SS,  n.  Debauchedness.  Amway. 

f DJP-bAucht'N^SS,  n.  Debauchedness.  Scott. 

f D(5-BEL',  v.  a.  [L.  debello.]  To  vanquish;  to 
conquer ; to  overcome. 

Him  long  of  old 

Thou  didst  debel.  Milton. 

f DE-BEL'LATE,  v.  a.  [L.  debello,  debellatus .] 
To  debel ; to  vanquish.  Bacon. 

f DEB-EL-LA'TION,  ti.  The  act  of  conquering  in 
war.  Sir  T.  More. 

DE-BENT'URE  (de-bent'yur),  n.  [L.  debentur, 
they  are  due  ; debeo,  to  owe.]  {Law.) 

X.  A custom-house  certificate,  entitling  the 
exporter  of  imported  goods  to  a drawback  of 
the  duties  paid  on  their  importation.  Burrill. 

2.  An  instrument,  in  some  government  de- 
partments, by  which  the  government  is  charged 
to  pay  to  a creditor  or  to  his  assigns  the  sum 
found  due,  on  auditing  his  accounts.  Brande. 

DJJ-BENT'URED  (de-bent'yurd),  a.  Noting  such 
goods  as  are  entitled  to  debenture.  Todd. 

f DEB'ILE,  a.  [L.  debilis.]  Weak ; feeble.  Shak. 

DJJ-BIL'I-tAte,  v.  a.  [L.  debilito,  debilitatus  ; 
debilis,  weak.]  [i.  debilitated  ; pp.  debili- 
tating, debilitated.]  To  enfeeble;  to  weak- 
en ; to  render  languid ; to  enervate. 

Immoderate  watch  . . . doth  debilitate  the  powers  animal. 

Sir  T.  Elyot. 

Sometimes  the  body  in  full  strength  we  find, 

"While  various  ails  debilitate  the  mind.  Jenyns. 

DE-BlL'I-TAT-ED,  p.  a.  Enfeebled;  weakened. 
“ Their  debilitated  posterity.”  „ Browne. 

DE-BlL-I-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  debilitatio ; It.  debi- 
litazione  ; Sp.  debilitacion  ; Fr.  debilitation.'] 
The  act  of  weakening.  K.  Charles. 

DE-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [L.  debilitas ; debilis,  weak; 
Fr . debilite.]  Weakness;  feebleness  ; languor ; 

decay  of  strength  ; imbecility  ; infirmity. 

The  men  being  quite  jaded,  we  were  obliged  by  mere  de- 
bility to  desist.  Anson. 

Syn.  — Debility,  infirmity,  imbecility,  feebleness, 
weakness , and  languor  all  imply  a want  of  strength  or 
vigor.  Debility  and  languor  respect  that  which  is 
physical;  the  other  terms  that  which  is  either  phys- 
ical or  moral.  Debility  may  be  general  or  local  ; in- 
firmity is  local  and  accidental;  imbecility,  feebleness, 
and  weakness  are  general  ; languor,  accidental.  De- 
bility of  body  ; infirmity  of  age,  of  nature,  or  of  the 
will ; imbecility,  feebleness,  or  weakness  of  body  or 
mind  ; languor  of  feeling. 

DEB’IT  [deb'it,  F.  K.  Sm.  Wb. ; de'bit,  Ja.],  n. 
[L.  debitum ; debeo,  to  owe  ; Fr.  debit.]  {Book- 


keeping.) That  side  of  a personal  account  on 
which  every  thing  of  the  nature  of  a debt  is 
entered  ; as,  “ To  carry  money  or  goods  to  the 
debit  of  A B.” — That  which  is  entered  in  an 
account  as  a,  debt ; money  due  ; as,  “ The  debits 
exceed  the  credits.”  — That  side  of  an  account 
not  personal  which  records  the  items  of  money, 
goods,  &c.,  for  which  something  equivalent  has 
been  given  ; as,  “ To  carry  cash  paid  for  goods 
to  the  debit  of  merchandise.” 

In  the  modern  system  of  book-keeping  tile  debit 
side  of  an  account  is  the  left-hand  side. 

DEB'IT,  V.  a.  \i.  DEBITED  ; pp.  DEBITING,  DEB- 
ITED.] {Book-keeping .)  To  charge  with  debt ; 
to  enter  on  the  debit  side  of  a book.  Todd. 


f DEB'I-TOR,  n.  [L.]  Debtor.  Shak. 

DE-BI-TU-MIN-I-ZA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  freeing 
from  bitumen.  Silliman. 


DE-BI-TU'MIN-IZE,  v.  a.  To  free  from  bitumen  ; 


to  deprive  of  bitumen.  Lyell. 

DEB' LAI,  ti.  [Fr.]  {Fort.)  The  hollow  space 
or  excavation  formed  by  removing  earth  for 
the  construction  of  parapets.  Stocqueler. 

f DE-BOISE',  v.  a.  To  debauch.  Gayton. 

f DE-BOISE',  n.  A debauchee.  Butler. 

f DE-BOISH',  v.  a.  To  debauch.  Burton. 

fDE-BOIST',  v.  a.  To  debauch.  “ Leisure  to  de- 
boist  themselves.”  Donne. 


DEB-O-nAiR'  (deb-o-nAr'),  a.  [Fr.  debonnaire  ; de 
bon  air,  of  a good  appearance.]  Courteous  ; af- 
fable ; complaisant  ; gentle  ; mild. 

So  buxom,  blithe,  and  debonair.  Milton. 

f DEB-O-NAiR'I-TY,  n.  [Fr.  debonnairete.)  Com- 
plaisance; gentility;  courteousness.  Chaucer. 

DEB-O-nAir'LY,  ad.  Elegantly;  gracefully. 

Your  apparel  sits  about  you  most  debonairly.  Ford. 

DEB-O-nAir'NESS,  71.  The  quality  of  being  deb- 
onair; civility;  complaisance,  [r.] 

I’ll  go  to  the  duke  . . . with  all  the  gayety  and  debonairness 
in  the  world.  Sterne. 

f DE-BOSH',  v.  a.  [See  Debauch.]  To  debauch. 

A lazy  life  is  scurvy  and  deboshed.  Ford. 

DE-BOUIJH'  (de-bosh'),  v.  71.  [Fr.  deboucher ; de, 
from,  and  bouche,  the  mouth.]  To  march  out 
of  a wood,  a narrow  pass,  or  a defile,  into  open 
ground.  Glos.  of  Mil.  Terms. 

DEBOUCHE  (da-bo-sha'),  n.  [Fr.]  A11  opening  ; 
demand  or  market  for  goods.  Rawson. 

DEBOUCHURE  (da-bo-shur’),  n.  [Fr.]  The  mouth 
or  opening  of  a river  or  a strait.  Macdonnel. 

DEBRIS  (da-bre'),  n.  [Fr.,  from  de,  from,  and 
briser,  to  break.]  {Geol.)  Fragments  of  rocks, 
boulders,  gravel,  or  sand,  detached  from  the 
summits  and  sides  of  mountains  ; ruins ; rub- 
bish. Buckland. 

DEBT  (det),  n.  [L.  debitum ; debeo,  to  owe;  It. 
<%■  Sp.  debito;  Fr.  dette.] 

1.  That  which  one  person  owes  to  another, 
whether  it  be  money,  goods,  or  services  ; some- 
thing due;  obligation  ; due.  “One  that  died 
greatly  in  debt.”  Bacon.  “ He  that  dies  pays 
all  debts.”  Shak. 

2.  Sin  ; trespass  ; offence  ; transgression. 

Forgive  us  our  debts  as  we  forgive  our  debtors.  Matt.  vi.  12. 

3.  {Law.)  A sum  of  money  due  by  certain  and 

express  agreement : — that  which  is  due  to  a 
man  under  any  form  of  obligation  or  promise  : 
— an  action  to  recover  a debt  or  a certain 
specific  sum  of  money.  Burrill. 

The  debt  of  nature,  death. 

Syn. — A debt  is  both  obligatory  and  compulsory  ; 
wliat  is  due  is  obligatory,  but  not  always  compulsory. 
A person  contracts  debts,  and  receives  his  due.  Pay  a 
debt ; give  to  every  one  Ins  due. 

DEBT'ED  (det'ed),  a.  Indebted,  [r.]  Shak. 

DEBT-EE'  (det-e'),  n.  {Law.)  A person  to  whom 
a debt  is  due ; a creditor.  Blackstone. 


2.  {Book-keeping.)  The  debit  side  of  an  ac- 
count-book. Addison. 

f DEB-UL-LF'TION  (deb-ul-lTsh'un),  n.  [L.  de, 
from,  and  bullio,  to  boil.]  A bubbling,  or  boil- 
ing, over.  Bailey. 

DEBUT  (da-bu'),  Ti.  [Fr.]  An  entrance  upon 
any  thing  ; first  attempt ; first  appearance  ; — 
particularly  applied  to  the  first  appearance  of 
an  actor,  or  his  first  appearance  on  any  particu- 
lar stage. 

DEBUTAJYT  (da-bu-ting'),  71.  [Fr.]  One  who 

makes  a debut ; one  who  appears  for  the  first 
time  before  the  public.  Qu.  Rev. 

DEC'A-CIIORD  (dek'a-kijrd),  n.  [Gr.  heua,  ten,  and 
yopb>),  a string.] 

1.  {Mus.)  An  ancient  musical  instrument  of 

ten  strings.  Hammond . 

2.  Something  having  ten  parts.  Todd. 

DEC-A-GHOR'DON,  ti.  Same  as  Decachord.  “A 
decachordon  of  ten  . . . questions.”  Watson. 

DEC-A-CU'MI-NAT-ED,  a.  [L.  deeacuminatus  ; 
de,  from,  and  cacumen,  the  top.]  Having  the 
top  cut  oft',  [it.]  Bailey. 

DEC'A-DAL,  a.  Consisting  of  tens.  Smart. 

DEC'ADE,  ti.  [Gr.  Sexat,  biKabos  ; clsa,  ten  ; L. 
decas,  decadis  ; It.  <Sf  Sp.  decade ; Fr.  decade.] 
The  sum  or  number  of  ten,  as  ten  books,  ten 
days,  ten  years,  or  ten  parts.  “ Livy  in  the 
seventh  [book]  of  his  first  decade.”  “ Divers 
decades  of  years.”  Browne.  “ He  . . . put  one 
in  each  decade  to  death.”  Langhorne. 

||  DE-CA'DENCE,  n.  [L.  decadentia  ; It.  deca- 
denza-, Sp.  dccadencia  ; Fr.  decadence.  — See 
Decay.]  Decay ; decadency.  Bowles. 

||  DE-CA'DEN-CY  [de-ka'den-se,  S.  W.  P.  J.  K. 
Sm.  R.  ; dek'a-den-se,  Ja.],  n.  Decay ; fall. 
“ To  obscurity  and  decadency .”  Swinburne. 

DEC'A-DIST,  n.  A writer  of  decades,  [r.]  Blount. 

DEC'A-GON,  n.  [Gr.  bitca,  ten,  and  yoivia,  an  an- 
gle ; Fr.  drcar/onc.]  {Geom.)  A plane  figure 
having  ten  sides  and  ten  angles.  Brande. 

DEC'A-GRAm,  n.  [Fr.  decagramme  ; Gr.  lira,  ten, 
and  ypapya,  the  Greek  term  for  the  Roman 
scruple.]  A French  weight  of  ten  grammes, 
equal  to  134.34  grains  Troy. 

DEC-A-(}YJ\r'l-A,  n.  [Gr.  lisa,  ten,  and  yvvi'j,  a 
female.]  {Bot.)  An  order  in  the  tenth  class  of 
the  Linnaean  system  of  botany,  including  those 
plants  which  have  ten  pistils.  Henslow , 

DEC-A-(rYN'I-AN,  a.  [Gr.  htua,  ten,  and  yvv/j,  a 
female.]  {Bot.)  In  the  Linnaean  system,  having 
ten  pistils,  or  female  organs  of  fructification. 

DE-CAG'Y-NOUS,  a,  {Bot.)  Having  ten  pistils  or 
styles ; decagynian.  Gray. 

DEC-A-HE'DRAL,  a.  [Gr.  Sexa,  ten,  and  U pa,  a 
base.]  Having  ten  sides,  or  bases.  Smart. 

DEC-A-HE'DRON,  n. ; pi.  decahedra.  {Geom.) 

A figure  having  ten  bases  or  sides.  Smart. 

DEC  ' A-LI-TRF.,  n.  [Fr.,  from  Gr.  lisa,  ten,  and 
lirpa,  a pound.]  A French  measure  of  ten  litres, 
or  610.28  cubic  inches,  equal  to  two  and  one 
fifth  imperial  gallons.  Davies. 

DE-CAl'Q-GIST,  n.  An  expounder  of  the  deca- 
logue. Gregory. 

DEC'A-LOGUE  (dek'a-log),  71.  [Gr.  bfubloyos.*,  Duct, 
ten,  and  loyo;,  a discourse  ; L.  decalogus ; It. 
If  Sp.  decalogo  ; Fr.  decalogue.]  The  ten  com- 
mandments given  by  God  to  Moses  on  Mount 
Sinai. 

DE-CAM'E-R6n,  n.  [It.  decamerone,  from  Gr. 
i5 Ga,  ten,  and  yyepa,  a day  ; Fr.  decameron.] 
The  Anglicized  name  of  Boccaccio’s  celebrated 
collection  of  tales,  which  are  supposed  to  be 
related  in  turn  during  ten  days.  Brande. 


DEBT’LESS  (det'les),  a.  Free  from  debt.  “ In 
honor  debtless.”  [r.]  Chaucer. 

DEBT'OR  (det'ur),  n.  [L.  debitor  ; It.  debitore  ; 
Fr.  debiteur.] 

1.  One  who  owes  any  thing  to  another,  as 
money,  goods,  or  services  ; one  who  is  indebted. 
There  died  my  father,  no  man’s  debtor.  Pope. 


DEC  'A-ME-TRE,  n.  [Fr.,  from  Gr.  Stun,  ten,  and 
ytrpov,  a measure.]  Ten  metres,  a French 
measure  of  length,  equal  to  thirty-two  and  four- 
fifths  feet.  Smart. 

DE-CAMP',  v.  n.  [It.  decampare ; Sp.  decani- 
par  ; Fr.  decamper.  — See  Camp.]  [j.  de- 
camped ; pp.  decamping,  decamped.] 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — Q,  §1,  9,  £,  soft;  £,  6,  £,  g,  hard;  ^ as  z ; ^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


DECAMPMENT 


366 


DECENNOVARY 


1.  To  shift  the  camp  ; to  move  off. 

The  army  of  the  King  of  Portugal  was  at  IOlvason  the  *22d 
of  the  last  month,  and  would  decamp  on  the  24th.  Tatlcr. 

2.  To  go  away  in  haste  ; to  flee.  [Colloquial.] 

DE-CAMP'MENT,  n.  [Fr.  decampement. ] The 
act  of  decamping  ; movement.  Johnson. 

DEC'A-NAL,  or  Dg-CA'N AL  [de-ka'n;tl,  Ja.  R. 
Todd ; dek'a-nal,  Sm.  IV b. ; de'ka-nal,  AT.],  a. 
[L.  decanus. — See  Dean.]  Pertaining  to  a 
deanery ; set  over  ten  canons  or  prebendaries. 
“ The  seats  on  the  decanal  side.”  Malone. 

DE-CAJV' DRI-A,  n.  [Gr.  i5 Ua,  ten,  and  ai-rjo, 
avbpof,  a male,  or  stamen.]  (Bot.)  One  of  the 
Linnsean  classes  in  botany,  including  all  plants 
which  have  ten  stamens.  Craig. 

DJp-CAN'DRI-AN,  a.  [Gr.  biica,  ten,  and  avgg,  oV 
igo;,  a male.]  (Bot.)  Having  ten  stamens  or 
male  organs  of  fructification.  Smart. 

DJJ-CAN'DROyS,  a.  (Bot.)  Having  ten  stamens  ; 
decandrian.  P.  Cyc. 

DEC-AN'GU-LAR,  a.  [L.  decern,  ten,  and  angulus, 
an  angle.]  Having  ten  angles.  Grier. 

DJ.-CANT',  v.  a.  [It . deeantare ; Sp.  decantar-, 
Fr.  decanter.  — See  Cant.]  \i.  decanted  ; pp. 
DECANTING,  DECANTED.]  To  pour  off  gently. 
They  attend  him  daily  as  their  chief, 

Decant  his  wine,  and  carve  his  beef.  Swift. 

f DE-CAn'TATE,  v.  a.  To  decant.  Baxter. 

DEC-A.\-TA'TION,  n.  [It.  decantazione  ; Sp.  de- 
co nta  cion  ; Fr.  decantation .]  The  act  of  decant- 
ing ; a pouring  off.  Brande. 

D£-CAN'TpR,  n.  1.  One  who  decants  liquors. 

2.  A glass  vessel  for  liquor,  or  for  receiving 
liquor  decanted.  Johnson. 

DEC-A-PHYL'LOUS,  or  Dp-CAPH'YL-LOUS  (131), 
a.  [Gr.  btsa,  ten,  and  <pbV.ov,  a leaf.]  (Bot.) 
T en-leaved.  Crabb. 

D£-cAP'I-TATE,  v.  a.  [L.  decapito,  deeapitatus ; 
de,  from,  and  caput,  capitis,  the  head  ; It.  deca- 
pitare',  Sp.  decapilar  ; Fr.  decapiter.]  [i.  de- 
capitated ; pp.  DECAPITATING,  DECAPI- 

TATED.] To  behead;  to  cut  oft' the  head. 

D$-CAP-I-tA'TION,  n.  [It.  decapitazione ; Sp. 
clecapitacion  ; Fr.  decapitation .)  The  act  of  de- 
capitating or  beheading.  Arnway. 

DEC'A-POD,  n.  [Gr.  h tea,  ten,  and  ttov;,  ntS os, 
a foot.]  (Zobl.)  One  of  the  Decapoda  : — a 
name  applied  by  Dr.  Leach  to  a tribe  of  cephal- 
opods,  including  those  which  have  ten  locomo- 
tive or  prehensile  appendages  proceeding  from 
the  head,  two  of  which,  longer  than  the  rest, 
are  called  tentacles.  Brande. 

DEC'A-POD,  a.  [Gr.  bit <a,  ten,  and  m us,  udios,  a 
foot ; Fr.  decapode .]  Having  ten  feet. 

DE-CAP'  O-DA,  n.  pi.  (Zoitl.)  The  highest  order 
of  crustaceans,  characterized  by  ten  ambulatory 
thoracic  feet.  Cuvier. 

Dp-CAP'O-DOUS,  a.  (ZoSl.)  Pertaining  to  those 
crustaceous  and  molluscous  animals  which  have 
ten  feet  or  arms.  Owen. 

Dp-CAR' BON- ATE,  v.  a.  To  deprive  of  carbon; 
to  decarbonize,  [r.]  Clarke. 

DJJ-CAR-BON-J-ZA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  decar- 
bonizing. Brande. 

DE-CAR'BON-IZE,  v.  a.  [i.  decarbonized  ; pp. 
DECARBONIZING,  DECARBONIZED.]  To  deprive 
of  carbon.  P.  Cyc. 

DE-CAR'DI-NAL-TZE,  v.  a.  To  deprive  of  the 
rank  of  cardinal.  Howell. 

DEC'A-STDEH  (dek'a-stlk),  n.  [Gr.  bitca,  ten,  and 
ericas,  a line.]  A poem  of  ten  lines.  Howell. 

DEC'A-STYLE  [dek'a-stll,  Ja.  K.  Sm. ; de-kiis'tjl, 
Crabb,  Ash),  n.  [Gr.  biter t,  ten,  and  orvXos,  a 
column.]  (Arch.)  A building  of  which  the  por- 
tico has  ten  columns.  Weale. 

DEC-A-SYL-LAB'ICj  a.  [Gr.  bltca,  ten,  and  avX- 

Xa8g,  a syllable.]  Having  ten  syllables.  Brande. 

DEC'A-TON,  n.  (Ent.)  The  tenth  segment  of  in- 
sects. Maunder. 

DE-CAY'  (de-ka.'),  v.  n.  [L.  de,  down,  and  cado, 
to  fall ; It.  decadere  ; Sp.  decaer ; Fr.  dechoir.) 
[i.  DECAYED  ; pp.  DECAYING,  DECAYED.] 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6 


1.  To  lose  soundness  or  excellence ; to  de- 
cline ; to  be  gradually  impaired  ; to  waste  away. 

Three  centuries  he  [the  onk]  grows,  ami  three  he  stays 

Supreme  in  state,  and  in  three  more  decays.  Dryden. 

Till,  dying  otf,  the  distant  sounds  decay.  Dope. 

2.  To  rot;  to  putrefy,  [r.]  Taylor. 

Syn. — See  Perish. 

DE-cAY',  v.  a.  To  impair;  to  bring  to  decay; 
to  cause  to  fail,  [r.] 

It  is  so  ordered  tliat  almost  every  thing  which  corrupts  the 
soul  decays  the  body.  Addison. 

DE-cAY'  (de-ka'),  n.  1.  Any  gradual  failure,  as 
of  soundness,  strength,  or  prosperity  ; decline. 

Throughout  the  whole  vegetable,  sensible,  and  rational 
world,  whatever  makes  progress  towards  maturity,  as  soon  as 
it  has  passed  that  point,  begins  to  verge  towards  decay.  Blair. 

2.  The  cause  of  decline,  [r.] 

He  that  plots  to  be  the  only  figure  among  ciphers  is  the 
decay  of  a whole  age.  Bacon. 

Syn.  — Decay  expresses  more  than  decline.  By  de- 
cay , things  gradually  lose  their  health  or  perfect  state  ; 
by  decline , their  strength  and  vigor;  by  consumption , 
their  existence.  The  decay  of  old  age  ; the  decline  of 
life  or  of  health;  the  decline  and  fall  of  empires;  a 
rapid  decline  ; a wasting  consumption.  “ The  prop  de- 
clines when  it  bends,  and  decays  when  it  rots.”  Taylor. 

D£-CAYED'  (de-kad'),  p . a.  Fallen  to  decay; 
impaired ; grown  worse. 

D^-CAY'JpD-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  decayed 
or  impaired.  Todd. 

DE-CAY'ER,  n.  That  which  causes  decay. 

Intemperance  is  a great  decaycr  of  beauty.  Junius. 

DB-CAY'ING,  n.  The  act  or  the  condition  of  suf- 
fering decay.  “ Subject  to  decayings." Massinger. 

DEC'CA-N  Y,  a.  (Geog.)  Relating  to  the  Deccan 

in  Hindostan.  Earnshaw. 

D1J-CEASE'  (de-ses'),  n.  [L . decessus  ■,  Fr.  dtc&s.) 
Death  ; departure  from  life.  “ Enjoy  the  king- 
dom after  my  decease.”  ShaTc. 

Syn.  — See  Death. 

DE-CEASE'  (de-ses'),  V.  n.  [I,,  decedo,  to  depart ; 
de,  from,  and  cedo,  to  go;  It.  decedere ; Fr.  de- 
cider.) [i.  DECEASED  ; pp.  DECEASING,  DE- 
CEASED.] To  die  ; to  depart  from  life. 

Till  he,  pressed  down  by  his  own  weighty  name, 

Did,  like  the  vestal,  under  spoils  decease.  Dryden. 

DE-CEASED'  (de-sest'),  p.  a.  Dead;  having  de- 
parted from  life. 

Df-CE'DIJNT,-  n.  (Pennsylvania  Laic.)  A de- 
ceased person.  Bouvier. 

DE-CE'DENT,a.  Departing;  goingaway.  [r.]  Ash. 

DE-CEIT'  (de-set'),  n.  [L.  deceptio. — See  De- 
ceive.] 

1.  An  action,  or  that  in  an  action,  which  is 
designed  to  mislead  or  deceive;  fraud;  artifice; 
deception ; cheat. 

Free  from  deceit  his  face,  and  full  as  free  his  heart.  Driiden. 

2.  That  which  is  obtained  by  fraud,  [r.] 

As  a cage  is  full  of  birds,  so  are  their  houses  full  of  deceit ; 
therefore  are  they  waxen  rich.  Jer.  v.  27. 

Syn.  — See  Art,  Artifice,  Deception. 

DJJ-CEIT'FUL,  a.  Full  of  deceit;  fraudulent ; fal- 
lacious ; delusive.  “Deceitful jilts.”  Rochester. 

The  lovely  young  Lavinia  once  had  friends, 

And  Fortune  smiled,  deceitful , on  her  birth.  Thomson. 

Syn.  — See  Fallacious. 

DJJ-CEIT'FUL-LY,  ad.  Fraudulently;  with  deceit. 

DE-CEIT'FUL-NESS,  to.  The  quality  of  being  de- 
ceitful. “ The  care  of  the  world  and  the  deceit- 
fulness of  riches.”  Matt.  xiii.  22. 

DE-CEIT'LESS,  a.  Without  deceit.  Bp.  Hall. 

DJJ-CEIV'A-BLE,  a.  1.  That  may  be  deceived  ; 
liable  to  be  imposed  upon. 

How  wouldst  thou  use  me  now,  blind,  and  thereby 

Deceivable.  Milton. 

2.  f That  may  lead  to  error ; deceitful. 

He  received  nothing  but  fair  promises,  which  proved  de- 
ceivable.  Hayward. 

DJJ-CEIV'A-BLE-NESS,  to.  1.  Liability  to  decep- 
tion. Gov.  of  the  Tongue. 

2.  Ability  to  deceive.  Hopkins. 

Dp-CEIVE'  (de-sev'),  v.  a.  [L.  decipio  ; de,  from, 
and  capio , to  seize ; Fr.  decevoir.)  [i.  deceived  ; 
pp.  deceiving,  deceived.] 

1.  To  cause  to  mistake  ; to  lead  into  error  ; 
to  impose  upon ; to  delude ; to  cheat ; to  beguile. 


i,  U,  V,  short ; A,  E>  L Q,  y,  Y,  obscure;  FARE, 


Adam  was  not  deceived ; but  the  woman,  being  deceived f 
was  in  the  transgression.  I Tim.  ii.  ]4. 

2.  To  deprive  of  something";  to  rob.  [r.] 

Plant  fruit-trees  in  large  borders,  and  set  therein  fine  flow- 
ers, but  thin  and  sparingly,  lest  they  deceive  the  trees,  bacon. 

Syn.  — Of  the  three  terms,  deceive,  delude,  impose 
upon , tu  deceive  is  the  most  general.  Men  often  de- 
ceive themselves,  and  they  deceive  others  from  a va- 
riety of  motives  ; they  impose  upon  others  for  purposes 
of  gain,  or  for  other  selfish  objects.  Deceived  by  false 
impressions  or  false  statements  ; imposed  upon  by  mis- 
representations; deluded  by  false  hopes. 

DECEIVED  (de-sev'ed  or  de-sevd'),  p.  a.  Led 
into  error  ; beguiled  ; imposed  upon  ; deluded. 

DE-CEIV'ER  (de-sev'er),  to.  One  who  deceives,  or 
leads  into  error  ; an  impostor. 

Syn.  — Deceiver  is  a generic  term  ; impostor,  spe- 
cific. A deceiver  or  cheat  practises  deception  on  indi- 
viduals ; an  impostor,  on  the  public. 

DE-CEIV'ING  (de-sev'jng),  n.  The  act  of  cheat- 
ing ; deception. 

D]J-CEM'BpR,  to.  [L.  decern,  ten;  this  being 
among  the  early  Romans  the  tenth  month  ; It. 
dicembre;  Sp.  diciembre ; Fr.  d 'Cembre.)  The 
twelfth  and  last  month  of  the  year. 

DE-CpM-DEN'TATE,  a.  [L. decern,  ten,  and  dens, 
dent  is,  a tooth.]  Having  ten  teeth  or  tooth-like 
processes.  Smart. 

Df-CEM'FID,  a.  [L.  decern,  ten,  and  findo,  fidi, 
to  split.]  (Bot.)  Cleft  tenfold.  Smart. 

DE-CEM-LOC'U-LAR,  a.  [L.  decern,  ten,  and 
locularis,  pertaining  to  a small  compartment ; 
loculus,  a small  compartment.]  (Bot.)  Having 
ten  cells  for  seeds.  Smart. 

Dp-CEM'PJg-DAL,  a.  [L.  dccempeda,  a ten-foot 
measuring  rod ; decern,  ten,  and  pes,  pedis,  a 
foot.]  Ten  feet  in  length,  [r.]  Bailey. 

DE-CEM'  VIR,  w.;  pi.  L.  DE-CEM  'vi-rI;  Eng. 
de-cem ' viKtf.  [L.  decent,  ten,  and  vir,  a man.] 
One  of  ten  Roman  magistrates  (B.  C.  451-449) 
intrusted  with  the  whole  government  of  the 
state.  Gibbon. 

DE-CEM'VT-RAL,  a.  [L.  decemviralis ; Fr.  de- 
cemviral.)  Belonging  to  a decemvirate.  (Votton. 

DJg-CEM'VI-RATE,  to.  [L.  dccemviratus.) 

1.  The  dignity  and  office  of  the  decemviri. 

2.  Any  body  of  ten  men.  Sir  W.  Jones. 

t DE'CEACE,  to.  [Fr.  decence.)  Decency.  Sprat. 

DE'CIJN-CY,  to.  [L .deeentia;  It.  decenza\  Sp. 
decencia-,  Fr.  decence.  — See  Decent.] 

1.  Propriety  of  form,  appearance,  or  manner; 
proper  formality  ; becoming  ceremony ; fitness  ; 
suitableness. 

The  consideration  immediately  subsequent  to  the  being 
of  a thing  is,  what  agrees  or  disagrees  with  that  tiling,  what 
is  suitable  or  unsuitable  to  it;  and  from  this  springs  the  no- 
tion of  decency  or  indecency,  that  which  becomes  or  misbe- 
comes. South. 

Were  the  offices  of  religion  stripped  of  all  the  external 
decencies  of  worship,  they  would  not  make  a due  impression 
on  the  minds  of  those  who  assist  at  them.  Atterbury. 

2.  Modesty  or  delicacy  in  speech,  as  opposed 
to  ribaldry  or  obscenity. 

Immodest  words  admit  of  no  defence; 

For  want  of  decency  is  want  of  sense.  Tope. 

Syn.  — Decency  respects  the  conduct ; decorum  and 
propriety , the  behavior.  A person  conducts  himself 
with  decency,  lie  behaves  with  decorum  or  propriety. 
Indecency  is  a vice  ; indecorum  or  impropriety , a fault. 
— See  Modesty. 

DE-CEN'NA-RY,  n.  [L.  decern , ten,  and  annus , a 
year.] 

1.  A period  of  ten  years.  Smart. 

2.  A tithing  composed  of  ten  neighboring 
families  of  freeholders. 

The  whole  land  was  divided  into  hundreds,  and  those 
again  into  decennaries.  Hobbes. 

DB-CEN'NI-AE,  a.  [L.  decennalis ; Fr.  dccennal.) 

1.  Happening  every  ten  years ; as,  “ A decen- 
nial census.” 

2.  Continuing  for  ten  years.  Bullokar. 

DE-  CEN  'JVI-  Cm,  to.  [L.]  The  space  of  ten  years  ; 

a decennary.  Ilallani. 

DJJ-CEN'NO-VAL,  a.  [L.  decern,  ten,  and  nor  cm, 
nine.]  Decennovary.  “A  decennoval  circle, 
or  [a  circle]  of  nineteen  years.”  Holder. 

DJJ-CEN'NO-VA-RY,  a.  Relating  to  the  number 
nineteen.  “This  whole  decennovary  progress 
of  the  epacts.”  [r.]  Holder. 


, FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


DECENT 


367 


DECK 


DE'CfNT,  a.  [L.  decerns,  decentis;  decco,  to  be 
fit;  It.  § Sp.  decente;  Fr.  decent.] 

1.  Becoming  ; decorous  ; proper  ; fit ; suita- 
ble. “ Pastimes  . . . comely  and  decent.”  Ascham. 

2.  Not  immodest ; modest. 


The  Eunomians  seem  to  have  been  of  opinion  that  it  was 
not  necessary  for  persons  to  be  plunged  all  over  in  water, 
and  that  it  was  not  decent  for  them  to  be  stripped  at  the  per- 
formance of  this  religious  rite.  Jortm. 

3.  Well-formed  ; comely  ; graceful. 

And  sable  stole  of  Cyprus  lawn 

Over  thy  decent  shoulders  drawn.  Milton. 

4.  Tolerable;  passable;  moderate;  as,  “A 
decent  scholar.” 

A very  decent  execution.  Addison. 

Any  man  of  decent  talents.  London  Standard. 

DE'CpNT-LY,  ad.  In  a decent  or  proper  manner. 

DE'CIJNT-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  decent; 
becomingness;  decency,  [r.]  Todd. 


f D^-CEP-TI-BIL'I-TY,  n.  Liableness  to  be  de- 
ceived. Glanville. 


tmj-CEP'TI-BLE,  a.  Liable  to  be  deceived. 
“ The  most  deceptible  part  of  mankind.”  Browne. 

DE-CEP'TION,  n.  [L.  deceptio;  decipio,  to  de- 
ceive ; It.  decezione  ; Sp.  decepcion  ; Fr.  decep- 
tion.— See  Deceive.] 

1.  Act  of  deceiving  or  leading  into  error  ; im- 
posture ; imposition ; deceit. 

AH  deception  is  a misapplying  of  those  signs  which,  by 
compact  or  institution,  were  made  the  means  of  men’s  sig- 
nifying or  conveying  their  thoughts.  South. 

2.  The  state  of  being  deceived.  “ And  fall 

into  deception  unaware.”  Milton. 

3.  Artifice  ; a trick  ; a cheat ; as,  “ Jugglers 
practise  various  deceptions.” 

Syn. — Deception  is  used  for  an  individual  act  of 
one  who  deceives;  deceit , either  for  the  act  or  the 
habit  of  mind.  An  act  of  deception  ; a long  course  of 
deceit.  We  speak  of  a deception  of  the  senses,  or  an 
optical  deception  ; but  deceit  cannot  be  properly  thus 
used.  Fraud  is  an  individual  act  of  deceit,  or  an  act 
of  cheating,  as  in  mercantile  transactions. 


fDJJ-CEP'TIoys,  a.  Tending  to  deceive  ; decep- 
tive. “ Deceptions  functions.”  Shak. 

Djp-CEP'TIVE,  a.  [Fr.  deceptif.]  Tending  to 
deceive ; deceiving ; deceitful ; misleading. 

Deceptive  cadence,  ( Mas .)  a cadence  in  which  the 
final  close  is  avoided  by  varying  the  final  chord. 

Syn.  — See  Fallacious. 

Dp-CEP'TIVE-LY,  ad.  In  a deceptive  manner. 

DE-CEP'TI  VE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  de- 
ceptive. 

Dy-CEP'TO-RY,  or  DEy'JJP-TO-RY  [de-sep'tur-e, 

S.  P.  K.  S'm.  IVb.;  des'ep-tur-e,  \V.  /a.],  a. 
Tending  to  deceive ; deceptive,  [r.]  Bailey. 

f DE-CERN'  (de-sern'),  v.  a.  [L.  decerno  ; Fr.  de- 
cerner .]  To  judge  ; to  discern.  Cranmer. 

f DE-CERN'MpNT,  n.  Discernment.  Goodwin. 

f Dy-CERPT',  a.  [L.  decerptus.]  Cropped.  Bailey. 

f DIJ-CERP'TI-BLE,  a.  That  maybe  taken  off’; 

that  may  be  cropped.  Bailey. 

Dy-CERP'TION,  n.  [L.  decerpo,  to  pluck  away ; 
de,  from,  and  carpo,  to  seize.] 

1.  The  act  of  cropping  off. 

2.  A part  taken  away  or  separated,  [r.] 

If  our  souls  are  but  particles  and  decerptions  of  our  parents, 
then  I must  have  been  guilty  of  all  the  sins  ever  committed 
by  my  parents.  Glanville. 

DE-CIJR-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  decertatio  ; decerto,  to 
fight  it  out.]  A final  and  decisive  contest. . [r.] 

Now  or  never  is  the  day  of  decertation , pro  aris  et  focis,  [for 
our  altars  and  our  hearths,]  God  and  our  country.  Arnway. 

f Dp-CES'SION,  n.  [L.  decessio.]  A departure. Scott. 

Djj-CHARM',  v.  a.  [Fr.  decharmer.  — See  Charm.] 
To  counteract  by  a charm  ; to  disenchant. 
“ Cured  by  decharming  the  witchcraft.”  Harvey. 

Dy-f-’HRIST'IAN-IZE,  v.  a.  To  turn  from,  or 

divest  of,  Christianity.  Smart. 

D£-ClD'A-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  decided,  or 
determined.  Jones. 

DE-CIDE',  v.  a.  [L.  decido  ; de,  off,  and  credo,  to 
cut;  It.  decider  e ; Sp.  decidir ; Fr.  decider.]  [i. 
decided;  pp.  deciding,  decided.]  To  settle; 
to  terminate;  to  end;  to  conclude;  — applied 
to  what  is  in  dispute,  question,  or  doubt. 

In  confidence  whereof  I once  again 
Defy  thee  to  the  trial  of  mortal  fight, 

By  combat  to  decide  whose  god  is  God, 

Thine  or  whom  I with  Israel’s  sons  adore.  Milton. 


Dy-CIDE',  v.  n.  To  determine;  to  conclude. 

Who  shall  decide  when  doctors  disagree 't  Pope. 

DJJ-CID'pD,  p.  a.  1.  Determined;  resolute;  un- 
wavering; as,  “To  take  a decided  stand.” 

2.  Clear;  unquestionable;  as,  “A  decided 
gain.” 

3.  Unequivocal;  positive;  absolute;  as,  “A 
decided  answer.” 

Dlj-ClD'y D-LY,  ad.  In  a determined  manner; 
positively  ; — absolutely  ; clearly. 

DJJ-CID'yD-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  decided. 

f DJJ-CIDE'MJJNT,  n.  Decision.  Beau.  <$■  FI. 

DEy'I-DENCE,  n.  [L.  decido,  to  fall  oft';  de,  off', 
and  cado,  to  fall.]  A falling  off.  “ The  deci- 
dence  of  their  [deer’s]  horn.”  [r.]  Browne. 

DIJ-ClD'JpR,  n.  One  who  decides  or  determines. 

DJJ-CID'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a deciding  manner  ; de- 
cidedly. Browne. 

DEy-I-DU'I-TY,  n.  Deciduousness,  [r.]  Keith. 

DIJ-CID'U-OUS  (de-sid'u-fis),  a.  [L.  deciduus ; 
decido,  to  fall  oft';  de,  oft’,  and  cado,  to  fall.] 

1.  ( Bot .)  Falling  oft,  or  subject  to  fall ; — ap- 
plied to  leaves  which  fall,  or  to  plants  whose 
leaves  fall,  in  autumn,  and  also  to  a calyx  and 
corolla  which  fall  before  the  fruit  forms ; — 
used  in  contradistinction  to  evergreen.  Gray. 

2.  (Zoiil.)  A term  applied  to  any  thing  that 
has  but  a temporary  existence,  and  falls  off  in  a 
certain  stage  of  growth,  as  the  terminal  whorls 
of  pupaform  land-shells,  the  hair,  horns,  and 
teeth  of  certain  animals,  &c.  Ruschenberger. 

Dy-ClD'y-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
deciduous.  Bailey. 

DEy'I-GRAM,  n.  [Fr.  decigramme,  from  L.  deci- 
mus,  the  tenth,  and  Fr.  gramme .]  A French 
weight  equal  to  the  tenth  part  of  a gramme,  or 
1.5432  grains.  Davies. 

DEy'ILE,  n.  [L.  decern,  ten.]  ( Astrol .)  An  as- 
pect or  position  of  two  planets  when  they  are 
distant  from  each  other  thirty-six  degrees,  or  a 
tenth  part  of  the  zodiac.  Bouvier. 

DEQ'I-lJ-TRE,  n.  [Fr.]  A French  measure  of 
capacity  equal  to  the  tenth  part  of  a litre,  or 

0.176  pint.  Davies. 

DE-CIL'LION  (-yun),  n.  A number  involved  to 
the  tenth  power.  Craig. 

DfJ-CIL'LIONTH,  a.  Relating  to  a decillion.  Craig. 

DEy'I-MAL,  a.  [Li  decimus;  decern,  ten-.  It.  deci- 
mate ; Sp.  decimal-,  Fr.  decimal.] 

1.  Belonging  to  a system  or  a series  based  on 

a regular  tenfold  increase  or  decrease.  “ The 
decimal  notation.”  Burke. 

2.  Treating  of  a system  based  on  a regular 
tenfold  increase  or  decrease;  as,  “ Decimal 
arithmetic.” 

Decimal  fractions,  ( Arith .)  fractions  which  have  for 
their  denominator  some  power  of  ten,  as  -2$,  y§(y, 
written  respectively,  .2,  .03,  .005,  the  num- 
ber of  figures  which  follow  the  period  indicating  the 
number  of  0’s  in  the  denominator.  Davies. 

DEy'I-MAL,  n.  ( Arith .)  Any  number  expressed 
in  the  scale  of  tens  ; — usually  applied  to  a deci- 
mal fraction.  Davies. 

DEy'I-MAL-IZE,  v.  a.  To  reduce  to  a decimal 
system!  [r.]  Clarke. 

DEy-I-MAL-I-ZA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  reducing 
or  conforming  to  decimals.  R.  Slater. 

DEy'I-MATE,  v.  a.  [L.  decimo,  decimatus ; deci- 
mus, the  tenth ; decern,  ten  ; Fr.  decimer.]  [i. 
DECIMATED  ; pp.  DECIMATING,  DECIMATED.] 

1.  To  tithe  ; .to  take  the  tenth  part.  Johnson. 

2.  To  select  by  lot  every  tenth  soldier  or  man 
for  punishment  by  death.  “ In  military  punish- 
ments, when  a regiment  is  decimated.”  Horsley. 

3.  To  select  the  tenth  out  of  a number  of 
persons  ; — to  select,  as  the  tenth. 

1 have  heard  you  are  as  poor  as  a decimated  cavalier. 

Dry  den. 

4.  To  destroy  a large  but  indefinite  part  of 
any  aggregate  body  ; as,  “ The  colony  was  deci- 
mated by  pestilence.” 

D E y - 1 - M A ' T l O N , n.  [L.  decimatio  ; It.  decima- 
zione ; Fr.  decimation.] 


1.  The  act  of  decimating ; a tithing. 

The  first  means  intended  to  increase  your  majesty’s  reve- 
nues I call  a decimation , importing  the  tenth  of  a subject's 
estates  to  be  paid  us  a yearly  rent.  State  trials. 

2.  The  selection  by  lot  of  every  tenth  man  for 

punishment  by  death.  Shak. 

3.  A heavy  loss  of  life  from  any  cause  in  an 
army  or  other  large  body  of  persons. 

DEfj 'I-M A-TOR,  n.  One  who  decimates.  South 

DEQ ' I-ME-TRE,  n.  [Fr.]  A French  measure 
of  length,  equal  to  the  tenth  part  of  a metre,  or 
3.937  inches.  Davies. 

DP-ClM'f.-TER,  n.  See  Decimetre.  Craig. 

DEQ’l-MO-SEX'Tb,  n.  [L.]  Sixteen-fold  size ; 
— usually  written  16mo.  or  16°. 

1; ■ A book  is  in  dccimo-scxto  when  a sheet  is 
folded  into  16  leaves. 

DE-Ci'PHER  (de-sl'fer),  v.  a.  [It.  dcciferarc  ; Sp. 
descifrar ; Fr.  dechijfrer.  — See  Cipher.]  [?. 

DECIPHERED  ; JB/I.DECIPHERING, DECIPHERED.] 

1.  To  explain  that  which  is  written  in  ciphers. 

Zelmane,  that  had  the  same  character  in  her  heart,  could 
easily  decipher  it.  Sidney. 

2.  To  read  that  which  is  obscurely  written,  or 
has  become  partially  obliterated  ; as,  “ To  deci- 
pher an  ancient  manuscript  or  inscription.” 

3.  To  interpret;  to  explain  ; to  unfold.  “To 

decipher  an  ambiguous  speech.”  Johnson. 

4.  To  detect ; to  find  out ; to  discover. 

Yon  are  both  deciphered 

For  villains.  Shak . 

5.  +To  write  out  in  cipher. 

This  letter  was  decijthered,  and  found  hidden  in  the  duke’s 
house;  . . . the  cipher  itself  was  found  in  the  tiles  of  the 
house.  State  Trials. 

Dy-CI'PIIf.R-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  deciphered; 
capable  of  being  read.  Gent.  Mag. 

DE-Cl'PHIJR-ER,  n.  One  who  deciphers. 

Dp-Ci'PHER-ESS,  n.  A female  who  deciphers. 
“ Astrology  . . . celestial  decipheress.”  Byrom. 

DE-Cl'PHER-lNG,  n.  The  act  of  explaining  or 
unfolding.  Month.  Rev. 

Dy-CI'PHyR-MENT,  n.  The  act  of  deciphering. 
[r.]  For.  Qu.  Rev. 

Dy-CI”§ION  (de-slzh'un,  93),  n.  [L.  decisio  ; It. 
decisione  ; Sp.  decision;  Fr.  decision. — See 
Decide.] 

1.  f Separation;  division. 

The  essence  of  God  is  . . . indivisible;  and  therefore  his 
nature  is  really  communicated,  not  by  derivation  or  decision, 
but  by  a total  and  plenary  communication.  Pearson. 

2.  The  act  of  deciding  ; determination,  as  of 
a doubt,  a difference,  or  an  event. 

The  fundamental  reasons  of  this  war, 

"Whose  great  decision  hath  much  blood  let  forth.  Shak. 

3.  That  which  is  decided  upon  ; conclusion  ; 
as,  “ To  declare  a decision.” 

4.  {Law.)  The  judgment  or  determination 

given  by  a competent  tribunal : — the  report  of 
such  determination.  Bouvier. 

5.  The  quality  of  being  determined  ; firm- 
ness ; resolution  ; as,  “ A person  of  great  decis- 
ion” ; “ Decision  of  character.”  John  Foster. 

Syn.  — A decision  may  he  legal  or  arbitrary,  and  it 
puts  an  end  to  all  question  ; a determination  is  a choice 
between  compared  motives  ; a resolution  is  a choice 
of  action  rather  than  of  inaction.  Resolution  is  op- 
posed to  doubt  ; determination,  to  uncertainty  ; decis- 
ion, to  hesitation. 

DE-Cl'SIVE,  ti.  [It.  & Sp.  decisivo;  Fr.  decisif] 
Having  power  to  decide  ; putting  an  end  to  all 
dispute,  question,  or  doubt ; final;  conclusive. 
“ Decisive  of  the  controversy  between  vice  and 
virtue.”  Rogers. 

Syn.  — See  Final. 

DE-CI'SIVE-LY,  ad.  In  a decisive  manner. 

Dy-CI'SIVE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  deci- 
sive ; the  power  to  determine  a difference,  a 
doubt,  or  an  event ; conclusiveness.  Johnson. 

Dy-Cl'SO-RY,  a.  [Fr.  decisoire .]  Able  to  deter- 
mine. [r.]  Sherwood. 

DECK,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  decan,  or  theccan ; Dut.  dekken ; 
Old  Ger.  dechan ; Ger.  decken  ; Dan.  tcekke,  and 
dcr-kke ; Icel.  thekia  ; Sw . betiicka. — Gr.  ariyu  ; 
L.  tego  ; Sp.  tejar.]  [i.  decked  ; pp.  decking, 

DECKED.] 

1.  To  cover;  to  overspread. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON ; BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — y,  <?,  9,  g,  soft;  jC,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  ^ as  z ; % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


DECK 


3G8 


DECLINE 


Ye  mists  and  exhalations,  . . . 

In  honor  to  the  world’s  great  Author,  rise! 

"Whether  to  deck  with  clouds  the  uncolored  sky, 

Or  wet  the  thirsty  earth  with  falling  showers.  Milton. 

Thou  didst  smile 

When  I have  decked  the  sea  with  drops  full  salt.  Shak. 

2.  To  dress  elegantly  ; to  array  ; to  adorn  ; 
to  embellish  ; to  ornament ; to  decorate. 

Millions  of  spinning  worms, 

That  in  their  green  shops  weave  the  smooth-haired  silk 

To  deck  her  sons.  Milton. 

DECK,  n.  1.  The  planked  floor  of  a ship  which 
connects  the  sides  together. 

The  deck  of  a ship,  so  called  because  it  covers  and  conceals 
the  rest  of  a ship.  Richardson. 

2.  A pack  of  cards  piled  regularly.  “ Parallel 
plates,  as  in  a deck  of  cards.”  Grew. 

DECKED  (dekt),  p.  a.  Adorned : — furnished  with 
a deck. 

Busses,  or  decked  vessels  from  20  to  80  tons  burden.  A.  Smith. 

DECK'LL,  n.  A movable  raised  edge-frame  used 
in  the  manufacture  of  paper.  lire. 

DECK'JJR,  n.  One  who  decks  or  adorns  ; a cov- 
erer.  “ A woman  decker  of  brides.”  Sherwood. 

A double-decker , two-decker , or  a three-decker , (JiTaut.) 
a ship  having  two  decks  or  three  decks. 

DECK’ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  adorning. 

2.  Ornament;  embellishment.  “Such  glo- 
rious deckings  of  the  temple.”  Homilies. 

DE-CLAIM',  v.  n.  [L.  dcclamo ; dc,  out,  and  c la- 
mo,  to  cry ; It.  declamare ; Sp.  declamar;  Fr. 
declamer.]  [i.  declaimed  ; pp.  declaiming, 

DECLAIMED.] 

1.  To  harangue;  to  speak  rhetorically,  or  in 

a manner  adapted  to  move  a public  assembly  ; 
to  speak  loudly  or  earnestly.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  To  speak  set  orations,  as  is  practised  in 
schools. 

They  should  likewise  use  to  declaim  in  Latin  and  Eng- 
lish. Cow  let/. 

3.  To  speak  in  an  inflated  and  vehement 
style,  without  sound  argument.  “ At  least,  he 
[Milton]  does  not  declaim."  J.  A.  St.  John. 

Syn. — Men  declaim  and  harangue  in  public  to  mul- 
titudes, and  against  public  men  and  public  measures  ; 
they  inveigh  and  rail  against  private  individuals.  A 
declaimer  or  haranguer  is  noisy,  and  makes  long  and 
loud  speeches ; an  inveiglier  or  railer  is  virulent  and 
personal. 

DJp-CLAtM',  v.  a.  1.  To  deliver  rhetorically. 

2.  fTo  advocate.  “Makes  himself  the  dev- 
il’s orator,  and  declaims  his  cause.”  South. 

Dg-CLAIM'ANT,  n.  One  who  declaims;  an  ha- 
ranguer ; a declaimer.  Clarke. 

DE-CLAIM'pR,  n.  One  xvho  declaims  or  makes 
declamatory  speeches  ; an  haranguer. 

Sallust  was  a good  historiographer,  but  no  good  declaimer. 

Fothcrby . 

Loud  declaimers  on  the  part 
Of  liberty,  themselves  the  slaves  of  lust.  Cowper. 

DE-CLAIM  I NG,  n.  1.  The  act  of  public  speaking. 

2.  An  harangue  ; declamation.  South. 

DEC-LA-MA'TION,  n.  [L.  declamatio  ; It.  decla- 
mazione ; Sp . declamacion  •,  Fr.  declamation.] 

1.  The  act  of  declaiming,  and  particularly  an 
exercise  in  speaking  or  oratory  ; as,  “ A public 
declamation  by  the  students  of  an  academy  or 
a college.” 

2.  That  which  is  declaimed,  either  a select 
or  an  original  address  ; a declamatory  speech. 

Their  speeches  being  so  many  declamations  which  tire  us 
by  their  length.  Dryden. 

Many  of  the  finest  passages  in  his  [Milton’s]  controversial 
writings  are  sometimes  spoken  of,  even  by  favorable  judges, 
as  declamation.  J.  A.  St.  John. 

f DEC'LA-MA-TOR,  n.  [L.]  A declaimer.  “ Dec- 
lamators,  artificial  speakers.”  Sir  T.  Elyot. 

DE-CI.AM'A-TO-RY,  a.  [L.  dcclamatorius ; It.  Sp 
Sp.  declamatorio ; Fr.  dtclamatoiref] 

1.  Being  in  the  style  or  manner  of  declama- 

tion, or  of  an  harangue.  “A  declamatory 
theme.”  Wotton. 

2.  Addressing  the  passions ; vehement  and 

falsely  rhetorical ; inflated.  “ The  declamatory 
opinions  of  . . . splenetic  men.”  Sterne. 

DF.-CeAr'A-BLE,  a.  [L.  declaro,  to  make  clear.] 
That  may  be  declared  or  openly  stated  without 
liability  to  disproof. 

This  is  declarable  from  the  best  writers.  Browne. 

DEC'EA-RANT,  n.  One  who  declares,  [it.]  Scott. 

DEC-LA-RA'TION,  n.  \C.  declaration  declaro,  to 
make  clear ; Sp.  declaracion ; Fr.  declaration .] 


1.  f An  explanation.  Chaucer. 

2.  An  explicit  and  open  statement ; an  affir- 

mation, annunciation,  or  proclamation.  “That 
sublime  and  affecting  declaration  of  his  inten- 
tions.” Porteus. 

In  a law,  the  obligation  to  do  or  not  to  do  precedcth,  and 
the  declaration , what  is  to  be  done  or  not  done,  followeth 
after.  Hobbes. 

3.  (Law.)  A specification,  in  a methodical 
and  logical  form,  of  the  circumstances  which 
constitute  the  plaintiff’s  cause  of  action.  Bouvier. 

Syn. — Declaration  or  affirmation  of  the  fact.  A 
declaration  of  independence,  or  of  war  ; a proclamation 
of  tile  president  or  the  governor. 

DP-CLAR'A-TIve,  a.  [L.  declarations  ; Tr.de- 
claratif.  — See  Declare.] 

1.  Explanatory;  making  manifest  or  known ; 

significant ; expressive.  “ Declarative  of  their 
form  or  nature.”  Grew. 

2.  Making  affirmation  ; assertive  ; express. 

“ So  declarative  on  the  same  side.  Swift. 

DU-CLAr'A-TIVE-LY,  ad.  In  a declarative  man- 
ner. 

DEC'LA-RA-TOR,  n.  [L.]  ( Scottish  Law.)  An 

action  by  which  a party  prays  that  something 
may  be  declared  in  his  favor.  Burrill. 

DE-CLAR'A-TO-RI-LY,  ad.  In  the  form  of  a dec- 
laration ; by  declaration.  Browne. 

DE-CLAR'A-TO-RY,  a.  [Sp.  declaratorio  ; Fr. 
declaratoire.]  Making  declaration  ; affirmative; 
declarative  ; expressive  ; not  promissory. 

These  blessings  are  not  only  declarator y of  the  good 
pleasure  of  God  towards  men.  Tillotson. 

A declaratory  law , or  act,  a new  act  explaining  a 
former  law,  but  containing  no  new  provision. 

DE-CL.4RE',  v.  a.  [L.  declaro  ; dc,  from,  and  cla- 
ms, clear  ; It.  dichiarare  ; Sp.  dcclarar ; Fr.  de- 
clarer.]  [ i . declared  ; pp.  DECLARING,  de- 

clared.] 

1.  f To  make  clear ; to  free  from  obscurity. 

To  declare  this  a little,  we  must  assume  that  the  surfaces 

of  such  bodies  are  exactly  smooth.  Boyle. 

2.  To  state,  assert,  or  proclaim  openly  or 
clearly  ; to  publish  ; to  utter  ; to  announce. 

Declare  his  glory  among  the  heathen.  1 Chron.  xvi.  24. 

Thy  works  declare 

Thy  goodness  beyond  thought,  and  power  divine.  Milton. 

To  declare  one's  self \ to  show  or  make  known  one’s 
opinion  or  position.  Addison. 

Syn.  — A person  may  declare  publicly  or  privately; 
but  he  proclaims  or  publishes  only  in  a public  manner. 
Declare  or  proclaim  war ; declare  or  affirm  the  fact  ; 
assert  the  truth  ; utter  it  with  the  lips  ; and  publish  it 
to  the  world.  A determination  may  be  either  an- 
nounced, declared,  or  proclaimed  ; but,  when  it  is  an- 
nounced, it  is  merely  notified  as  about  to  take  place  ; 
when  declared,  it  is  merely  stated  openly  ; when  pro- 
claimed, it  is  published  to  the  world  at  large. 

DIJ-CLARE',  v.  n.  To  make  a declaration  ; to  an- 
nounce clearly  some  opinion  or  resolution. 

To  declare  for  or  against  some  person,  party,  or 
tiling  ; to  show  one’s  self  in  favor  of,  or  opposed  to,  it. 

DE-CLARED'  (de-klArd'),  p.  a.  Avowed  ; pro- 
claimed : — real  or  actual ; as,  “ The  declared 
value  of  merchandise.”  — See  Official  Value. 

DE-CLAr'^D-LY,  ad.  Avowedly  ; openly. 

DIJ-CLAr'IJD-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  declared 
or  proclaimed.  More. 

f D^-ClArE'MENT,  n.  Discovery;  declaration. 
“ A declarement  of  very  different  parts.”  Browne. 

DE-ClAr'£R,  n.  One  who  declares,  or  makes 
known  ; a proclaimer.  Sharp. 

DF.-CLAr'ING,  n.  Act  of  stating  a declaration. 

D$-CLEN'SION,  n.  [L.  declinatio.] 

1.  Downward  slope ; descent.  “ The  declen- 
sion of  the  land  ...  to  the  sea.”  Burnet. 

2.  Act  of  declining ; declination  ; a falling 
or  lapse  towards  an  inferior  state ; deteriora- 
tion ; degeneracy. 

The  decay  of  wit  and  learning,  among  the  French,  which 
generally  follows  the  declension  of  empire.  Spectator. 

3.  (Gram.)  The  inflection  or  changes  in  the 

terminations  of  nouns,  pronouns,  articles,  and 
adjectives.  * 

Declension  of  the  needle.  See  DECLINATION. 

D^-CLIN'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  declined.  “ De- 
clinable parts  of  speech.”  Tyrwhitt. 


DEC'LI-NATE,  a.  [L.  declino,  declinatus,  to  bend 
downwards.]  (But.)  Curved  down  wards.  P.Cyc. 

DEC-LJ-NA'TION,  n.  [L.  declinatio ; It.  declina- 
zione  ; Sp.  declinacion  ; Fr.  declinaison.] 

1.  The  act  of  bending  or  turning  dowm.  “ A 
declination  of  the  head.”  Johnson.  “ The  dec- 
lination of  the  wheel  of  fortune.”  Dryden. 

2.  Deviation  from  a right  line,  or  from  a per- 

pendicular. “ The  declination  of  atoms  in  their 
descent.”  Bentley. 

3.  Deviation  from  rectitude. 

That  a peccant  creature  should  repent  of  every  declina- 
tion, and  violation  of  the  rules  of  just  and  honest,  this  right 
reason  . . . could  not  but  infer.  South. 

4.  The  act  of  declining,  refusing,  or  shunning. 

Wc  must  be  separated  from  them  ...  by  a voluntary  dec- 
lination of-their  familiar  conversation.  lip.  Hall. 

5.  (Astron.)  The  angular  distance  of  a heav- 
enly body  from  the  equinoctial,  either  north  or 

south.  Bouvier. 

Declination  of  the  magnetic  needle,  the  deviation  of 
the  axis  of  a magnetic  needle  from  the  astronomical 
meridian. — Declination  of  a wall,  or  vertical  plane , 
(Dialling.)  the  arc  of  the  horizon  comprehended  be- 
tween the  wall  or  plane  on  which  a vertical  dial  is 
fixed  and  the  prime  vertical  circle,  when  counted 
from  east  to  west,  or  between  the  wall  or  plane  and 
tile  meridian,  vvtien  counted  from  north  to  south. 

SST  Formerly,  little  or  no  distinction  seems  to  have 
been  made  between  declension  and  declination.  “ The 
declination  of  t he  monarchy.”  Bacon.  “ The  decli- 
nation of  justice.”  State  Trials.  “ Declension  of  the 
needle.”  Grainger.  “Declination  of  nouns.”  Johnson. 

DEC'EI-NA-TOR,  n.  [It.  declinatore  ; F r.  declina- 
teur.] 

1.  An  instrument  used  in  dialling  for  taking 
the  angles  made  by  different  planes.  Francis. 

2.  (Astron.)  An  instrument  for  taking  the 

declination  of  stars.  Clarke. 

||  DB-CLlN'A-TO-RY  [de-klin'a-tur-e,  W.  J.  F.  Ja. 
Sm. ; de-kll'na-tur-e,  S. ; dek-ljn-a'tur-e,  K.],  n. 
[Fr.  declinatoire .]  An  instrument  used  in  dial- 
ling ; a declinator.  Chambers. 

||  DU-CIAN'A-TO-RY, a.  [Fr .declinatoire.]  (Late.) 
Noting  the  plea  of  sanctuary,  or  of  benefit  of 
clergy,  before  trial  and  conviction.  Burrill. 

DU-CLI'NA-TURE,  n.  The  act  of  .declining  ; a 
refusal,  [it.]  Dr.  Win.  Robertson. 

The  declinature  of  that  offer  is  no  less  graceful.  Scotsman. 

DlJ-CLlNE',  v.  n.  [Gr.  ichivin  ; L.  declino  ; do,  down, 
and  clino,  to  bend;  It.  declinare;  Sp.  declinar; 
Fr.  deeliner.]  [ i . declined  ; pp.  declining, 

DECLINED.] 

1.  To  lean,  bend,  or  incline  downwards.  “ With 

declining  head.”  Shak. 

2.  To  shun  ; to  avoid  ; to  refuse. 

This  is  the  fortune  of  them  . . . that  decline  from  vices, 
and  take  the  way  of  virtue.  Chaucer. 

3.  To  lapse  towards  an  inferior  state  ; to  be- 

come impaired  in  soundness  or  in  strength  ; to 
sink;  to  decay;  as,  “ Manners, morals,  empires, 
decline."  “ Our  declining  years.”  Swift. 

Sometimes  nations  will  decline  so  low 
From  virtue,  which  is  reason,  that  no  wrong, 

But  justice,  wifti  some  fatal  curse  annexed, 

Deprives  them  of  their  outward  liberty.  Milton. 

4.  To  decrease  in  amount  or  in  value ; to  les- 

sen ; to  diminish.  “Mr.  Rysbrach  . . . found 
his  business  decline."  Walpole. 

Syn.  — See  Decay. 

DJE-CLINE',  v.  a.  1.  To  bend  downward.  “De- 
cline your  head.”  Shak. 

2.  f To  cause  to  turn  aside  from. 

You  decline  your  life 

Far  from  the  maze  of  error,  custom,  strife.  B.  Jonson. 

3.  fTo  cause  to  yield  or  succumb.  “To  de- 

cline the  conscience  in  compliment  to  the 
senses.”  Boyle. 

4.  To  shun  ; to  avoid. 

"Whatever  they  judged  to  be  most  agreeable  or  disagreea- 
ble, they  would  pursue  or  decline.  Atterbunj. 

5.  To  refuse  courteously  ; as,  “ To  decline  an 
offer,  invitation,  or  a favor.” 

6.  (Gram.)  To  vary  or  inflect,  as  words  through 
their  forms;  — formerly  including  declension 
and  conjugation,  but  now  limited  to  the  inflec- 
tion of  nouns,  pronouns,  articles,  and  adjectives. 

Syn.  — See  Refuse. 

DJJ-OLINE',  n.  1.  Tendency  to  become  lower, 
less,  or  worse ; descent ; diminution  ; decay  ; 
declension  ; as,  “ The  decline  of  commerce, 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long  ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  $,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


DECLINER 


3G9 


DECREMENT 


prosperity,  health,  or  life  ” ; “ The  Decline  and 
Fall  of  the  Roman  Empire.”  Gibbon. 

2.  Decay  of  health  ; consumption.  Dunglison. 

DJJ-CLiN'JJR,  n.  1.  One  who  declines.  “ A stu- 
dious decline)'  of  honors  and  titles.”  Evelyn. 

2.  A species  of  dial.  Francis. 

DE-CLIN'ING,  p.  a.  That  declines  ; decaying  ; 
sinking ; descending  obliquely. 

DEC-LI-NOM'E-TJpR,  n.  [L.  declinatio,  declina- 
tion, and  metrum,  from  Gr.  ptrpov,  a measure.] 
(Magnetism.)  An  instrument  for  measuring  the 
variation  of  the  magnetic  needle.  Clarke. 

DE-CLl'NOUS,  a.  (Hot.)  Curved  downwards  ; 
declinate.  Clarke. 

DE-CLIV'I-TOUS,  a.  Having  a declivity  ; de- 
scending; sloping.  Ec.  Rev. 

DE-CLIV'I-TY,  n.  [L.  declivitas ; declivis,  slop- 
ing; It.  declivitct;  Sp.  declividad',  Fr.  declivite.] 

1.  Inclination  reckoned  downwards,  as  accliv- 
ity is  reckoned  upwards  ; gradual  descent. 

The  declivity  was  so  small  that  I walked  near  a mile  before 
I got  to  the  shore.  Swift. 

2.  A surface  which  inclines  downwards. 

A river  ran  through  it,  and  fell  down  a steep  declivity  at 
the  end  of  it.  Sir  W . Jones. 

Dp-CLl'VOUS,  a.  [L.  declivis.']  Gradually  de- 
clining or  descending  ; sloping.  Johnson. 

DJJ-COCT',  v.  a.  [L.  decoquo,  decoctus,  to  boil 

down  ; de,  down,  and  coquo,  to  cook  ; It.  dicuo- 
cere.]  (i.  decocted;^.  decocting,  decocted.] 

1.  To  prepare  by  boiling ; to  digest  in  hot 

water.  Bacon. 

2.  To  digest  by  the  stomach.  Davies. 

3.  To  heat;  to  inflame  ; to  excite,  [r.]  Shak. 

DE-COCT'I-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  decocted,  or  pre- 
pared by  boiling ; that  may  be  digested.  Bailey. 

DJJ-COC'TtON,  n.  [L.  decoctio  ; It.  decozione  ; 
Sp.  decoccion  ; Fr.  decoction.] 

1.  The  act  of  decocting  or  boiling  any  thing, 
to  extract  its  virtues. 

The  lineaments  of  a white  lily  will  remain  after  the  strong- 
est decoction.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  An  extract  or  preparation  made  by  boilmg 

an  organic  substance  in  water.  Ure. 

DE-COC'TIVE,  a.  Having  power  to  decoct.  Smart. 

DU-COCT'URE  (tyur),  n.  A decoction.  Bailey. 

DJJ-COlT',  n.  One  of  a gang  of  robbers  in  India  : 
— written  also  dacoit.  C.  P.  Brown. 

DIJ-COL'LATE  [de-kol'at,  Ja.  Sm.  R.  ; de-kol'at 
or  dek'o-lat,  A’. ; dek'o-lat,  Wb. — See  Contem- 
plate], v.  a.  [L.  decollo,  decollatus  ; de,  off, 
and  collum,  the  neck  ; It.  decollare  ; Sp.  dego- 
llar ; Fr.  dicoller.]  [i.  decollated  ; pp.  de- 
collating, decollated.]  To  behead  ; to  de- 
capitate. “A  decollated  head  of  St.  John  the 
Baptist.”  Burke. 

DE-COL'lAT-ED,  p.  a.  (Conch.)  Applied  to  uni- 
valve shells  in  which  the  apex  is  worn  off  in  the 
progress  of  growth.  Woodward. 

DEC-OL-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  decollatio  ; It.  dccol- 
lazione ; Sp.  degollacion  ; Fr.  decollation.]  The 
act  of  beheading  ; — used  chiefly  in  reference  to 
the  decapitation  of  John  the  Baptist,  to  the  fes- 
tival instituted  by  the  Romish  Church  in  his 
honor,  and  to  the  celebrated  picture  of  Mabuse 
which  represents  this  subject.  Brando. 

The  feast  of  the  decollation  of  Saint  John  Baptist.  Fabyan,1350. 

DE-COL'OR,  v.  a.  [L.  decoloro  ; de,  priv.,  and  colo- 
ro,  to  color  ; Fr.  decolorer.]  [?'.  decolored  ; pp. 
decoloring,  decolored.]  To  take  color  from ; 
to  deprive  of  color  ; to  decolorate.  Brande. 

DE-COL'O-RANT,  n.  Any  substance  that  re- 
moves color,  as  animal  charcoal.  Clarke. 

DIJ-COL'OR-Ate,  v.  a.  [See  Decolor.]  To  de- 
prive of  color ; to  decolor.  Phil.  Mag. 

D F, - C O L-O  R- A ' T I O N , n.  [L.  decoloratio  ; Fr.  de- 
coloration.] Act  of  decoloring ; absence  of  color. 
“ Decoloration  or  whiteness  of  skin.”  Ferrand. 

DJg-COL'OR-IZE,  v.  a.  [See  Decolor.]  To  de- 
prive of  color  ; to  decolor.  Phil.  Mag. 

DE-COM-Pos-i'A-BLE,  a.  [Fr.  decomposable.]  Ca- 
pable of  being  decomposed.  Ure. 

DE-COM-PO§E',  v.  a.  [L.  de,  from,  and  com- 


pono,  compositus , to  put  together  ; It.  dccom- 
porre\  Sp.  descomponer ; Fr.  decomposer .]  [t. 

DECOMPOSED  ; pp.  DECOMPOSING,  DECOM- 
POSED.] To  separate,  as  the  constituent  parts 
of  a body  ; to  resolve  into  original  elements  ; 
to  analyze  ; to  decompound. 

DE-COM-PO§E',  v.  n.  To  resolve  into  elementa- 
ry particles  ; to  become  decomposed.  Ure. 

DE-COM-PO§'lTE,  a.  1.  (C'hem.)  Compounded  a 
second  time,  or  compounded  with  a compound. 
“ Decomposites  of  three  metals.”  Bacon. 

2.  (Bot.)  Decompound.  Ogilvie. 

D E - C 6 M - P O - § I ''  TI O N'  (-zish'un),  n.  .[It.  decom- 
posizione  ; Sp.  decomposicion  ; Fr.  decompo- 
sition.] 

1.  The  act  of  decomposing  ; the  act  of  sepa- 
rating the  constituent  parts  of  a substance  ; a 
resolution  into  original  elements  ; separation 
of  parts  ; analysis  ; resolution. 

2.  f A compounding  with  a compound.  “A 
dexterous  decomposition  of  two  or  three  words 
together.”  Instruct,  for  Oratory,  Ox.  1682. 

Decomposition  of  light,  (Opt.)  the  resolving  of  light 
into  tile  colors  of  the  prismatic  spectrum.  — Decompo- 
sition of  forces,  (Meek.)  the  finding  of  two  or  more 
forces  that  shall  he  equivalent  to  a given  force. 

tvjy-  The  prefix  de,  in  this  word,  and  in  several  oth- 
ers closely  related,  is  sometimes  intensive,  and  some- 
times negative. 

DE-COM-POIJ'ND',  V.  a.  [*.  DECOMPOUNDED  ; pp. 
DECOMPOUNDING,  DECOMPOUNDED.] 

1.  To  compound  anew.  Newton. 

2.  To  resolve  a compound  into  simple  parts  ; 

to  decompose  ; to  analyze.  Johnson. 

DE-COM-POUND',  a.  1.  Composed  of  bodies 
already  compounded  ; compounded  a second 
time.  Boyle. 

2.  (Bot.)  Compounded  or  divided  several 
times,  as  some  stems.  Gray. 

DE-COM-POUND'A-BLE,  a.  Liable  to  be  decom- 
pounded ; that  may  be  decomposed. 

T DEC'O-R  A-MENT,  n.  [L.  decoramentum.]  Or- 
nament ; embellishment.  Bailey. 

DEC'O-RAtE,  V.  a.  [L.  decoro,  decoratus-,  decus , 
decoris,  ornament ; It.  clecorare ; Sp.  decorar ; 
Fr.  decorer.]  [i.  decorated  ; pp.  decorating, 
decorated.]  To  ornament ; to  adorn  ; to  em- 
bellish ; to  beautify  ; to  deck. 

This  essay  is  not  decorated  with  many  comparisons.  Warton. 

Syn. — See  Adorn,  Furnish. 

DEC-O-rA'TION,  n.  [It.  decorazione ; Sp.  deco- 
racion-,  Fr  .decoration.] 

1.  The  act  of  decorating  or  adorning. 

2.  Ornament  ; embellishment  ; any  thing 
which  adds  beauty. 

This  helm  and  heavy  buckler  I can  spare, 

As  only  decorations  of  the  war.  Dryden. 

3.  (Arch.)  Combination  of  ornamental  ob- 
jects. Weale. 

4.  pi.  The  scenes  or  scenery  in  theatres. 

DEC'O-R  A-TIVE,  a.  Bestowing  decoration  ; or- 
namenting; adorning.  C.  Lamb. 

DEC'O-ltA-TOR,  n.  [Fr.  decor  at  eur.]  One  who 
decorates  or  embellishes. 

||  D^-CO'ROUS,  or  DEC'O-ROUS  [de-ko'rus,  S.  IF. 
./.  F.  Ja.  Sm.  R.  Johnson,  Dyche,  Barclay,  Rees ; 
dek'o-rus,  P.  E.  Wb.  Ash  ; dek'o-rus  or  de-ko'rus, 
K.],  a.  [L.  decorus ; cleceo,  to  befit.]  Pos- 
sessed of  decorum  ; befitting  the  person  or  the 
circumstances ; agreeable  to  decorum  ; decent ; 
becoming  ; suitable  ; fit  ; proper. 

Such  is  the  apology,  expressed  or  implied,  of  many  indi- 
viduals who  support  a decorous  character,  and  imagine  that 
they  arc  in  no  respect  objects  of  compassion.  Knox. 

jeer-  “ An  uneducated  English  speaker  is  very  apt  to 
pronounce  tins  word  with  the  accent  on  the  first  syl- 
lable, according  to  the  analogy  of  his  own  language  ; 
but  a learned  ear  would  be  as  much  shocked  at  such  a 
departure  from  classical  propriety,  as  in  the  words  so- 
norous and  canorous.”  Walker. — See  Indecorous. 

||  DE-CO'ROUS-LY,  ad.  In  a becoming  manner. 

DB-COR'TI-cATE,  v.  a.  [L.  decortico,  decortica- 
tus ; de,  off,  and  cortex,  corticis,  the  bark  ; Fr. 
decortiquer.]  [£.  decorticated  ; pp.  decor- 
ticating, decorticated.]  To  divest  of  the 
bark,  rind,  or  husk ; to  peel ; to  strip.  “ Barley 
dried  and  decorticated.”  Arbuthnot. 

DIJ-COR-TI-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  decorticatio  ; Fr. 


decortication.]  The  act  of  peeling  or  stripping 
off  the  bark  or  husk.  Miller. 

DE-CO'RUM,  n.  [L.]  An  external  manner  suit- 
ed to  the  person  and  the  circumstances  ; pro- 
priety; seemliness;  decency. 

Using  this  decorum  in  our  gestures,  applications,  speeches, 
habit,  addresses,  receptions,  and  generally  in  all  we  do.  I/alc. 

Syn.  — See  Decency. 

DE-COY'  (de-koF),  v.  a.  [Dut.  koyen  ; kooi,  a cage 
or  decoy.]  \i.  decoyed  ; pp.  decoying,  de- 
coyed.] 

1.  To  lure  into  a net,  cage,  or  snare  ; to  entrap. 

A fowler  had  taken  a partridge,  who  offered  to  decoy  her 
companions.  L'Estrange. 

2.  To  entice  ; to  allure  ; to  attract. 

Rolph  answered  that  the  king  might  be  decoyed  thence. 

Clarendon. 

Syn.  — See  Allure. 

DE-COY',  n.  1.  Any  thing  designed  as  a lure  or 
snare  ; an  artifice  to  entrap. 

An  old  dram-drinker  is  the  devil's  decoy.  Berkeley. 

2.  The  place  into  which  wild  fowl  are  decoyed. 

DE-COY'— DUCK,  n.  A duck  that  lures  others 
where  they  may  be  shot  or  taken.  Mortimer. 

DE-COY'— MAN,  n.  One  who  decoys.  Pennant. 

DE-CREASE'  (de-kres'),  v.  n.  [L.  decresco ; de,  priv., 
and  cresco,  to  grow;  It.  decrescere ; Sp.  decre- 
ed", Fr.  decroitre .]  [i.  decreased;  pp.  de- 

creasing, decreased.]  To  be  gradually  di- 
minished ; to  become  less  ; to  lessen  ; to  abate. 

When  the  sun  comes  to  his  tropics,  days  increase  and  de- 
crease but  a very  little  for  a great  while  together.  Newton. 

Syn.  — See  Abate. 

DE-CREASE',  v.  a.  To  make  less  ; to  diminish. 
“ Heat  . . . decreases  their  resistance.”  Newton. 

DE-CREASE'  (de-kres'),  n.  1.  The  state  of  dimin- 
ishing ; a lessening  ; a gradual  diminution. 
“ The  degrees  of  increase  and  decrease.”  Bacon. 

2.  The  wane  of  the  moon.  Bacon. 

f DEC-RE-A'TION,  n.  Decrement ; diminution. 

Cudworth. 

DE-CREE',  v.  n.  [L.  decerno,  decretus  ; It.  decre- 
tare  ; Sp.  decretar ; Fr.  decreter.]  (i.  decreed  ; 
pp.  decreeing,  decreed.]  To  ordain  ; to  ap- 
point ; to  determine. 

As  my  eternal  purpose  hath  decreed.  Milton. 

DE-CREE',  v.  a.  To  assign  by  a decree  ; to  or- 
der ; to  appoint ; to  ordain. 

They  themselves  decreed 

Their  own  revolt,  not  I.  Milton. 

DE-CREE',  n.  [L.  decretum  ; It.  § Sp.  decreto  ; 
Fr.  decret.] 

1.  An  edict  or  act  of  a ruler  or  a body  of  men 
in  authority,  having  the  force  of  law  ; as,  “ The 
Berlin  and  Milan  decrees.” 

The  fixed  decree  which  not  all  heaven  can  move; 

Thou,  Fate,  fulfil  it,  and,  ye  powers,  approve.  rope. 

2.  An  established  rule  or  law.  “ A decree 

for  the  rain.”  Job  xxviii.  26. 

3.  (Late.)  The  judgment  of  a court  of  equity 

or  admiralty,  answering  to  the  judgment  of  a 
court  of  common  law.  Burrill. 

4.  (Civil  Law.)  A judgment  or  sentence 

given  by  the  emperor  ; an  edict.  Burrill. 

5.  (Canon  Law.)  An  ecclesiastical  law,  in 

contradistinction  to  a secular  law  : — the  title 
of  the  first  of  the  two  great  divisions  of  the  Cor- 
pus Juris  Canonici,  more  commonly  known  as 
“ Gratian’s  decree.”  Burrill. 

6.  (Theol.)  The  settled  purpose  of  God  fore- 
ordaining whatsoever  comes  to  pass.  Buck. 

Syn.  — A decree  is  the  decision  of  one  or  of  many  ; 
as,  “ A decree  of  the  court  ” ; “ A decree  of  the  Senate.” 
An  edict  speaks  the  will  of  an  individual,  and  is  pecu- 
liar to  a despotic  government ; as,  “ The  edict  of  the 
emperor.”  The  Emperor  of  Russia  issues  a ukase, 
which  is  a species  of  edict.  The  Sovereign  of  England 
and  the  President  of  the  United  States  issue  proclama- 
tions.. — See  Law. 

DE-CREE' A- BLE,  a.  That  may  be  decreed.  Vernon. 

DE-CREE'ER,  n.  One  who  decrees.  Goodwin. 

DE-CREET',  n.  (Scottish  Law.)  A final  judg- 
ment of  a court ; a sentence.  Brande. 

DEC'RE-MENT,  n.  [L.  decrementum  ; It.  § Sp. 
decremento.  — See  Decrease,  v.  n.] 

1.  Gradual  decrease  ; diminution. 

Mountains,  and  the  other  elevations  of  the  earth,  suffer  a 
continual  dt  ert  m m . Woodward. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BTJLL,  BUR,  RULE.  — (J,  9,  9,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  ^ os  gz.  — THIS,  this. 

47 


DECREPIT 


370 


DEDUCEMENT 


2.  The  small  part  by  which  something  is  di- 
minished ; the  quantity  lost  by  decreasing.  Craig. 

3.  (Math.)  The  small  part  by  which  a varia- 

ble quantity  becomes  less  and  less  ; — opposed 
to  increment.  Brande. 

4.  (Her.)  The  wane  of  the  moon  from  the 

full  to  the  new.  Craig. 

Decrement  equal  of  life,  a term,  in  the  doctrine  of 
annuities,  signifying  that  out  of  a certain  number  of 
lives  there  should  be  an  annual  decrease  within  a 
given  period  of  years.  Crabb. 

DIJ-CREP'jT,  a.  [L.  decrepitus  ; dc,  from,  used 
intensively,  and  crepo,  crepitus,  to  rattle,  to 
crack;  It. if  Sp.  dccrcpito  ; Fr.  decrepit.)  Wasted 
and  worn  out  with  age  ; broken  down  ; in  the 
last  stage  of  decay. 

This  pope  is  decrepit-,  . . . take  order  that,  there  be  chosen 
a new  pope,  of  fresh  years.  Bacon. 

XKir"  This  word  is  often  written  and  pronounced, 
inaccurately,  dccrepid ; as,  “An  old,  decrepid  man.” 
Dryden.  “ He  seemed  so  dccrepid,  as  well  as  deaf.” 
Wilberforce. 

DJJ-CREP'l-TATE,  v.  a.  [L.  de,  from,  used  in- 
tensively, and  crepo,  to  rattle,  to  crack;  It.  de- 
crepitare;  Sp.  decrepitar ; Fr.  dgprepiter .]  [/. 

DECREPITATED  ; pp.  DECREPITATING,  DECREP- 
ITATED.] To  roast  or  calcine  in  a strong  heat, 
with  crackling,  as  salt.  Browne. 

DE-CREP'I-TATE,  v.  n.  To  crackle  by  means  of 
heat,  or  over  a fire.  Ure. 

DF.-CREP-l-TA'TION,  n.  [It.  decrepitazione  ; Sp. 
dccrepitacion  ; Fr.  decrepitation .]  The  act  of 
decrepitating ; a crackling  noise,  as  that  made 
by  salt  when  heated.  Quincy. 

DE-CREP'IT-NESS,  n.  Decrepitude,  [r.]  Bentley. 

DJJ-CREP'I-TUDE,  n.  [Sp.  decrepitud ; Fr.  de- 
crepitude.) The  feebleness  of  age;  the  last 
stage  of  infirm  old  age  ; decline  of  life. 

Many  seem  to  pass  on  from  youth  to  decrepitude  without 
any  reflection  on  the  end  of  life.  Johnson. 

f DE-CREP'I-TY,  n.  Decrepitude.  Chapman. 

DE-CRF.S-CEN'  DO,  n.  [It.]  (Mas.)  A direction 
to  the  performer  to  decrease  the  volume  of 
sound,  from  loud  to  soft,  marked  thus  [ ] ; 

— opposed  to  crescendo.  Warner. 

IJp-CRES'CENT,  a.  [L.  decresco,  decrescens,  to 
grow  less  ; de,  priv.,  and  cresco,  to  grow.] 
Growing  less  ; decreasing.  Johnson. 

DIJ-CRE'TAL  [de-kre'tfil,  S.  P.  J.  E.  F.  K.  Sm. 
if.  1 Vb . ; de-kve'tjl  or  dek're-tal,  IF.  Ja.],  n.  [It. 
decretale  ; Sp.  decretal ; Fr.  decretale.  — See  De- 
cree.] 

1.  A decree  of  the  pope.  Sir  T.  More. 

2.  A book  of  decrees  or  edicts  ; — especially 
a book  containing  the  papal  decrees.  Spenser. 

3.  pi.  The  title  of  the  second  of  the  two  great 

divisions  of  the  canon  law,  the  first  being  called 
the  Decree.  Bun-ill. 

DJJ-CRE'TAL,  a.  [L.  decretalis.\  Pertaining  to, 
or  of  the  nature  of,  a decretal.  “ A decretal 
epistle  of  the  pope.”  Milton. 

+ D^-CRE'TION,  n.  [L.  decretio.)  A growing 
less  ; decrease.  Pearson. 

DE-CRE'TTST,  n.  [Fr.  decretiste. ] One  who  is 
versed  in  the  decretal.  Ayliffe. 

DJJ-CRE'TIVE,  a.  Making  a decree  ; of  the  na- 
ture of  a decree  ; disposing.  Bp.  Hall. 

DER'RIJ-TO-RI-LY,  ad.  In  a definitive  mariner. 

“ Deal  concisely  and  decretorily .”  Goodman. 

DEC'RF.-TO-RY  [dSk're-tur-e,  S.  IF.  P.  J.  F.  Ja. 
K.  Sm.  if.  Wb.  ; de-kru'tur-e,  E.  Ash) , a.  [L. 
decretorius ; Sp.  decretorio .] 

1.  Judicial;  definitive;  coming  by  a decree. 

“ The  decretory  rigors  of  a condemning  sen- 
tence.” _ South. 

2.  Belonging  to  a decision  ; deciding  condition 

or  destiny;  determining;  decretive.  ‘‘Those 
sad  decretory  words,  ‘ Many  shall  seek  to  enter 
in,  and  shall  not  be  able.’  ” Bp.  Taylor. 

The  day  of  j udgment  is  truly  and  most  literally  the  critical, 
the  decretory , day.  Donne. 

f Df-CREW'  (-kru'),  v.  n.  [Fr.  ddcroitre.)  To 
decrease  ; to  lessen.  Spenser. 

Dp-CRI'AL,  n.  The  act  of  decrying ; loud  con- 
demnation ; clamorous  censure. 

The  decrial  of  an  art  on  which  the  cause  and  interest  of 
wit  and  letters  absolutely  depend.  Shaftesbury. 


DIJ-CRI'IJR,  n.  One  who  decries  or  censures 
clamorously.  South. 

t DE-CRoWN',  v.  a.  To  deprive  of  a crown  ; to 
discrown.  Hakewill. 

t DB-CRoWn'JNG,  n.  The  act  of  discrowning. 
“ The  dccrowning  of  kings.”  Overbury. 

t DEC-RUS-TA'TION,  n.  The  removal  of  a crust 
or  rind.  Cot  grave. 

DJp-CRY',  v.  a.  [Fr.  decrier.']  [/.  decried  ; pp. 
decrying,  decried.]  To  cry  down ; to  cen- 
sure clamorously  ; to  disparage  ; to  traduce. 

Quacks  and  impostors  are  still  cautioning  us  to  beware  of 
eounterfeits,*and  decry  others’  cheats  only  to  make  more  way 
for  their  own.  Swift. 

Syn.  — See  Disparage. 

f DEC-U-BA'TION,  n.  [L.  decumbo , decubitus , 
to  lie  down.]  The  act  of  lying  down.  Evelyn . 

DE-CUM  FENCE,  ) [L.  ^eCambo,  decumbcns, 

D£-CUM'B]5N-CY,  ) to  lie  down;  de,  down,  and 
cubo,  to  lie.]  ’The  act,  or  the  posture,  of  lying 
down  ; prostration.  “ The  ancient  manner  of 
decumbency.”  Browne. 

DB-CUM'BENT,  a.  1.  Lying  or  leaning;  reclin- 
ing; recumbent.  “The  decumbent  portraiture 
of  a woman.”  Ashmole. 

2.  (Bot.)  Reclined  on  the  ground,  the  sum- 
mit tending  to  rise.  Gray. 

DE-CUM'BIJNT-LY,  ad.  In  a decumbent  manner. 

DE-CUM' BI-TURE,  n.  1.  (Med.)  The  time  at 
which  a patient  takes  to  his  bed,  or  during 
which  he  is  confined  to  his  bed.  “ From  his 
first  decumbiture.”  Boyle. 

During  his  decumbiture , ho  was  visited  by  his  most  dear 
friend,  the  Bishop  of  Gloucester.  Life  of  Firmin. 

2.  (Astrol.)  An  aspect  of  the  heavens,  at  a 
given  moment,  from  which  an  astrologer  draws 
prognostics  of  recovery  or  of  death.  Dryden. 

DEC'U-PLE  (dek'u-pl),  a.  [Gr.  StKmrl.ovc  ; Inca, 
ten,  and  nUieu,  to  fold  ; L.  decuplus .]  Tenfold  ; 
repeated  ten  times.  Browne. 

DEC'U-PLE,  n.  A number  made  tenfold,  or  ten 
times  repeated.  Smart. 

DEC'U-PLE,  v.  a.  [/.  DECUPLED  ; pp.  DECUPLING, 
decupled.]  To  increase  to  a tenfold  propor- 
tion. Bridges. 

DE-CU'RI-ON,  n.  [L.  decurio ; decern,  ten.]  (Ro- 
man Ant.)  A commander  over  ten  men.  Temple. 

DiJ-CU'RI-ON-ATE,  n.  The  office  of  a decurion. 

Clarke. 

DE-CUR'RENT,  a.  [L.  dccurro,  decurrens,  to  run 
down;  de,  down,  and  curro,  to  run.]  (Bot.) 
Noting  leaves  which  are  prolonged  on  the  stem, 
beneath  the  insertion,  as  in  thistles.  Gray. 

DE-CUR'RENT-LY,  ad.  In  a decurrent  manner. 

f DE-CUR'SION,  n.  [L.  decursio.]  A running 
down.  “ Decursion  of  waters.”  Hale. 

DE-CilR'SIVE,  a.  [Fr.  decursif.]  (Bot.)  Having 
a tendency  to  run  down.  " Loudon. 

DE-CUR'SIVE-LY,  ad.  (Bot.)  With  a tendency 
to  run  down. 

f DE-CURT',  v.  a.  [L.  decurto .]  To  abridge. 

“ Your  decurted  or  headless  clause.”  Bale. 

fi  DEC-UR-TA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  cutting  short, 
or  shortening.  Bailey. 

fDEC'U-RY,  n.  [L.,  It.,  <Sf  Sp.  decuria-,  Fr.  decli- 
ne.) Ten  men  under  a decurion.  Raleigh. 

DE-CUS'SATE  [de-kus'sat,  S.  IF  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja. 
Ii.  Sm.-,  de'kus-at,  Wb.  — See  Contemplate], 
v.  a.  [L.  decusso,  decussatus,  to  divide  cross- 
wise, in  the  form  of  an  X ; decussis,  the  num- 
ber ten  ; It.  decussare.)  [/.  decussated  ; pp. 
decussating,  decussated.]  To  intersect  at 
acute  angles ; to  divide  crosswise ; to  inter- 
sect. Ray. 

DJJ-CUS'SATE,  a.  (Bot.)  Applied  to  the  arrange- 
ment of  bodies  in  pairs  that  alternately  cross 
each  other,  as  the  leaves  of  many  planfs; 
crossed  at  right  angles.  Brande. 

DE-CUS'sAt-ED,  p.  a.  Intersected  ; cut  at  acute 
angles  ; — arranged  in  pairs. 

DEC-US-SA'TION,  n.  1.  The  act  of  crossing  ; 
intersection.  Ray. 


2.  (Bot.)  The  crossing  of  parts,  as  leaves  on 

a stem,  in  pairs  that  are  alternately  at  right 
angles.  Ruschenberger. 

3.  (Conch.)  The  crossing  of  the  strise  or  lines 

on  shells.  Ruschenberger. 

DE'DAL,  a.  Skilful;  ingenious. — Sec  D.edal. 

DED'A-LOUS,  a.  [See  Dtedalian.]  1.  Da?dalian. 
2.  (Bot.)  Having  a margin  with  various  turn- 
ings and  windings.  Smart. 

t DE-DEC'O-RAtE,  v.  a.  [L.  dcdecoro.)  To  dis- 
grace ; to  bring  a reproach  upon.  Bailey. 

t DE-DEC-O-RA'TION,  7i.  [I.,  dedecoratio.)  The 
act  of  disgracing  ; disgrace.  Bailey. 

Df.-DEC'O-ROUS  [de-dek'o-rus,  S.  IF.  Ja.  Sm. — 
See  Decorous],  a.  [L.  dcdecorus.)  Disgrace- 
ful; reproachful,  [u.]  Bailey. 

DED-EN-Tl''TION  (ded-en-tlsh'un),  n.  [L.  de, 
priv.,  and  dentitio,  teething.]  ‘ A shedding  of 
teeth.  “ Dedentition  or  falling  of  teeth.”  Browne. 

DED'I-CATE,  v.  a.  [L.  dedico,  dedicatus  ; It.  de- 
dicare ; Sp.  dedicar ; Fr . dedier.)  [/.dedicat- 
ed ; pp.  dedicating,  dedicated.] 

1.  To  set  apart  and  consecrate  to  God,  or  to  sa- 
cred uses  ; as,  “ To  dedicate  a house  of  worship.” 

2.  To  devote  to  some  person,  use,  or  end. 
“ "Will  to  greatness  dedicate  themselves.”  Shah. 

lie  went  to  learn  the  profession  of  a soldier,  to  which  he 
had  dedicated  himself.  Clarendon. 

3.  To  inscribe,  or  address,  as  a book,  to  a 
patron  or  a friend. 

To  whom  can  I dedicate  this  poem  with  so  much  justice 
as  to  you  ? Dryden. 

Syn.  — Dedicate  and  devote  may  be  employed  both 
in  temporal  and  in  spiritual  matters  ; consecrate  and 
hallow,  only  in  spiritual.  A man  devotes  himself  to 
his  business  or  to  his  duties,  whether  public  or  private, 
secular  or  religious.  An  author  dedicates  iiis  work  to 
his  patron  ; a house  of  public  worship  is  dedicated-,  a 
church  is  consecrated ; certain  days  or  sacred  tilings 
are  hallowed.  — See  Addict. 

DED'I-CATE,  a.  Consecrate  ; dedicated.  “ A 
thing  dedicate  . . . unto  God.”  Spelman. 

DED'l-CAT-^D, p.  a.  Consecrated;  set  apart  to 
sacred  uses. 

DED-I-CA-TEE',  n.  One  to  whom  a dedication  is 
made.  ‘ [r.]  Ed.  Rev. 

DED-I-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  dedication  It.  dcdicazi- 
one ; Sp.  dcdicacion.) 

1.  The  act  of  dedicating  or  consecrating  to 
God.  “ The  dedication  of  the  temple.”  Addison. 

2.  The  act  of  devoting  to  some  person,  use, 
or  end  ; solemn  appropriation. 

3.  An  inscription  or  address  to  a patron. 

Fed  by  soft  dedication  all  day  long.  Pope. 

DED'I-CA-TOR,  n.  [L.]  One  who  dedicates.  Pope. 

DED-I-CA-TO'RI-AL,  a.  Relating  to  a dedica- 
tion ; dedicatory.  Gray. 

DED'I-CA-TO-RY,  a.  [It.  &;  Sp.  dcdicatorio ; Fr. 
dedicatoire.)  Relating  to,  or  containing,  a dedi- 
cation. “ An  epistle  dedicatory.”  Dryden. 

DF.D' I-MUS,  n.  [L.,  we  hare  given.)  (Law.)  A 
writ  to  commission  a private  person  to  do  some 
act  in  place  of  a judge.  Bouvier. 

fDE-DI"TION  (de-dlsh'un),  n.  [L.  deditio.)  A 
giving  up  ; surrender.  Hale. 

+ DED'O-LENT,  a.  [L.  dedoleo.)  Feeling  no 
sorrow  or  compunction.  Halliwell. 

DJJ-DUCE',  v.  a.  [L.  deduco  ; de,  forth,  and  thtco, 
to  lead;  It.  dedurre ; Sp.  dedueir ; Fr.  diduire.) 
[i.  DEDUCED  ; pp.  DEDUCING,  DEDUCED.] 

1.  f To  lead  forth.  “Deduce  a colony.”  Selden. 

2.  To  trace  the  course  of ; to  describe  at  length. 

I will  deduce  him  from  his  cradle  . . . till  he  was  swallowed 
up  in  the  gulf  of  fatality.  Wot  ton. 

3.  To  bring ; to  draw. 

O goddess,  say ! shall  I deduce  my  rhymes 

From  the  dire  nation  in  its  early  times?  Dope. 

4.  To  derive  from  something  known  ; to  infer. 
Before  we  can  deduce  a particular  truth,  we  must  be  in 

possession  of  the  general  truth.  Fleming. 

5.  fTo  deduct;  to  subtract. 

A matter  of  four  hundred 

To  be  deduced  upon  the  payment.  B.  Jonson. 

Syn. — See  Derive. 

DJ>-DUCE'MJ>NT,  n.  Act  of  deducing  ; that  which 
is  deduced  ; inference  ; deduction.  Milton. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short ; A,  5,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  IIEIR,  HER; 


DEDUCIBILITY 


371 


DEEY 


DE-DU-CI-BlL'l-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being  de- 
ducible ; deducibleness.  [k.]  Coleridge. 

Dfl-DU'CI-BLE,  a.  [It.  dedweibile ; Sp.  deducible.) 
That  may  be  deduced  or  inferred ; inferrible  ; 
consequential.  “ Deducible  from  these.”  South. 

DE-DU'CI-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
deducible  ; deducibility.  Scott. 

DE-DU'CIVE,  a.  Performing  a deduction  ; infer- 
ential. [r.]  " Bailey. 

DE-DUCT',  v.  a.  [L.  deduco,  deductus.  — See 
Deduce.]  [i.  deducted  ; pp.  deducting,  de- 
ducted.] 

1.  To  subtract ; to  take  away  ; to  separate. 

We  deduct  from  the  computation  of  our  years  that  part  of 
our  time  which  is  spent  in  the  incogitancy  of  infancy.  Morris. 

2.  fTo  reduce;  to  bring  down.  “Do  not 

deduct  it  to  days.”  Massinger. 

Syn.  — Deduct  and  subtract  have  both  the  meaning 
of  taking  from,  hut  the  former  is  used  in  a general, 
and  the  latter  in  a technical  sense.  The  tradesman 
deducts  what  lias  been  paid  from  the  entire  debt,  and 
thus  learns  What  remains  due;  the  accountant  sub- 
tracts small  sums  from  the  gross  amount. 

DE-DUC'TION,  n.  [L.  deductio ; It.  deduzione ; 
Sp.  deduccion;  Fr.  deduction.  — See  Induc- 
tion.] 

1.  The  act  of  deducing  or  subtracting. 

2.  That  which  is  deducted  or  taken  away  ; an 
abatement.  “ Make  fair  deductions."  Pope. 

3.  The  act  of  drawing  inferences. 

To  draw  out  a particular  truth  from  a general  truth  in 
which  it  is  enclosed  is  deduction;  from  a necessary  and  uni- 
versal truth  to  draw  consequences  which  necessarily  follow, 
is  demonstration.  . . . £ Fleming. 

4.  That  which  is  drawn  from  premises  ; an 
inference ; a conclusion. 

Set  before  you  the  moral  law  of  God,  with  such  deductions 
from  it  as  our  Saviour  hath  drawn.  Dujipa. 

DE-DUC'TIVE,  a.  [It.  deductivo.)  Relating  to, 
or  coming  by,  deduction  ; deducible. 

Mathematics  will  ever  remain  the  most  perfect  type  of  the 
deductive  method.  J.  S.  Mill. 

DE-DUC'TI  VE-LY,  ad.  By  regular  deduction. 

DEED,  n.  [Goth,  deds ; A.  S.  deed ; Dut.  daad  ; 
Ger.  that ; Sw.  dad ; Dan.  daad.  — See  Do.] 

1.  That  which  is  done  ; an  action  ; an  act ; a 
performance.  “ Charitable  deeds."  Smalridge. 

2.  An  exploit ; an  achievement ; a feat. 

Thousands  there  were  in  darker  fame  that  dwelt, 

Whose  deeds  some  nobler  poem  shall  adorn.  Drydcn. 

3.  Power  of  action  ; agency.  “ With  will 

and  deed  created  free.”  Milton. 

4.  Reality  ; fact ; — used  in  adverbial  phrases 
with  in  ; as,  “ In  very  deed  ” ; “ In  deed  and  in 
truth.” 

4/5“  In  and  deed  are  written  as  one  word,  and  form 
an  adverb,  when  not  modified  or  coupled  with  some 
other  phrase;  as,  “ Indeed  it  is.” 

5.  {Law.)  An  instrument  in  writing  upon  pa- 
per or  parchment,  between  parties  able  to  con- 
tract, and  duly  sealed  and  delivered.  Kent. 

4Sp  Tile  term  is  usually  confined  in  its  application 
to  conveyances  of  real  estate,  or  of  some  interest 
therein.  — Whether  it  is  essential  that  a deed  be  signed 
as  well  as  scaled,  seems  to  be  still  a question  in  Eng- 
lish law In  American  law  it  appears  to  be  tile  pre- 

vailing doctrine  that  a deed  must  be  signed  as  well  as 
sealed.  Burrill. 

Syn.  — Deed  and  act  are  both  applied  to  what  is 
done  ; hut  act  refers  to  the  power  exerted,  and  deed  to 
tile  work  performed  ; as,  “ A voluntary  or  involuntary 
uct  ” ; “A  good  or  a bad  deed."  Jiet  is  a single  effort 
or  exertion  of  power ; as,  “ The  act  of  the  will  or  of 
the  government.”  Action  is  a continued  exercise  of 
poider,  and  is  opposed  to  a state  of  rest ; as,  “ The  ac- 
tion of  a machine.”  Feat  is  commonly  applied  to  such 
performances  as  require  strength  and  activity  of  the 
body.  “ Tile  feats  of  horsemanship  or  of  jugglery.” 
Deed,  exploit,  and  achievement  are  terms  which  rise 
progressively  on  each  other.  Exploit  and  achievement, 
without  an  epithet,  are  used  in  a good  sense  ; and  an 
achievement  is  more  than  exploit.  Deeds  are  good  or 
bad,  ordinary  or  extraordinary  ; exploits  u.ni  achieve- 
ments, extraordinary  performances See  Act. 

DEED,®,  a.  To  transfer  or  convey  by  deed. 

4®“  “Used  in  the  U.  S. ; — chiefly  as  a colloquial 
word.”  Pickering. 

DEED'LESS,  a.  Without  action ; inactive  ; indo- 
lent. “ Deedless  boasters.”  Pope. 

DEED'-POLL,  n.  {Law.)  A single  deed  ; a deed 
made  by  one  party  only,  not  indented,  but  cut 
even  on  the  edges,  or  polled,  as  it  was  anciently 
termed. 


A deed-poll  is  not,  strictly  speaking,  an  agreement  between 
two  persons,  but  a declaration  of  some  one  particular  person 
respecting  an  agreement  made  by  him  with  some  other  per- 
son. Bouvier. 

DEED'Y,  a.  Active  ; industrious  ; notable.  [Pro- 
vincial, Eng.]  Halliwell.  Cowper. 

DEEL,  n.  The  devil.  [Local,  Eng.]  Brockett. 

DEEM,  v.  n.  [Goth,  doms ; A.  S.  deman.]  [i. 
DEEMED  ; pp.  DEEMING,  DEEMED.] 

1.  To  conclude  upon  consideration  ; to  think  ; 
to  judge  ; to  suppose  ; to  fancy  ; to  opine. 

The  shipmen  deemed  that  they  drew  near  to  some  coun- 
try. Acts  xxvii.  27. 

2.  f To  make  estimate  of. 

Rather  than  envy,  let  them  wonder  at  her, 

But  not  to  deem  of  her  desert  aspire.  Spenser. 

DEEM,  v.  a.  To  judge  ; to  suppose  ; to  think  ; 
to  imagine  ; to  believe  ; to  determine. 

He  who,  to  be  deemed 

A god,  leaped  fondly  into  Etna’s  flames.  Milton . 

fDEEM,  n.  Judgment;  opinion.  “What wicked 
deem  is  this  ? ” Shah. 

DEEM'STpR,  n.  [A.  S.  deman,  to  judge.]  An 
elective  judge  in  the  Isle  of  Man,  and  in  Jersey. 

The  two  deemsters  Hn  Isle  of  Man]  have  equal  .jurisdic- 
tion, are  judges  in  civil  and  criminal  cases,  and  administer 
the  oath  m the  Manx  language.  J*.  Cyc. 

DEEP,  a.  [Goth,  diupan,  diitps ; A.  S.  deop,  or 
diop ; Dut.  diep ; Ger.  tief ; Sw.  djup  ; Dan.  dyb.\ 

1.  Reaching  or  lying  far  below  the  surface,  or 

upper  or  outer  part  ; — opposed  to  shallow,  in  a 
literal  sense.  “ The  brook  is  deep."  “ The 
deep  bosom  of  the  ocean.”  “ Ten  fathom 
deep."  “ This  deep  pit.”  “ Peep  scars.”  “A 
deep  glass  of  Rhenish  wine.”  Shak. 

2.  Not  easily  fathomed,  seen  through,  or  pen- 

etrated ; profound;  thoiougli;  entire;  — op- 
posed to  shallow,  in  a figurative  sense.  “ The 
sense  lies  deep."  Locke.  “ Two  deep  divines.” 
Shak.  “A  deep  sleep.”  Gen.  ii.  21.  “Deep 
poverty.”  2 Cor.  viii.  2.  “ Projects  deep." 

Milton.  “ Deep  shames.”  “ A deep  repent- 
ance.” Shak. 

3.  Absorbed  ; swallowed  up  ; engrossed. 

“ How  deep  am  I in  love  ! ” Shak. 

4.  Dark  ; — applied  to  colors. 

"With  deeper  brown  the  grove  was  overspread.  Dry  den. 

5.  Grave  ; low  in  the  scale  ; — applied  to 
sounds  ; as,  “ A deep  bass.” 

6.  {Mil.)  Noting  a number  of  men  arranged 
closely  one  behind  another,  and  including  the 
one  in  front. 

Troops  are  told  off  in  ranks  of  two  or  three  deep.  Stocqueler. 

4®=*  Deep  is  often  used  in  composition. 

DEEP,  7i.  1.  Any  body  of  deep  water,  but  par- 

ticularly the  sea  ; the  main  ; the  ocean. 

Launch  out  into  the  deep.  Luke  v.  4. 

Huge  leviathans 

Forsake  unsounded  deeps  to  dance  on  sands.  Shak. 

The  unadorned  bosom  of  the  deep.  Milton. 

2.  The  middle,  or  midst ; the  depth  ; the  dark- 
est or  stillest  part.  “ In  deep  of  night.”  Shak. 

3.  Any  unfathomable  expanse.  “ Time’s 

dark  deeps."  Bulioer. 

Or  do  his  errands  in  the  gloomy  deep.  Milton. 

DEEP,  ad.  Deeply  ; to  a great  depth.  Milton. 

DEEP'— CUT,  n.  An  open  excavation  of  unusual 
depth.  Tanner. 

DEEP'— DRAw-ING,  a.  Sinking  deep  in  water. 
“ The  deep-drawing  barks.”  Shak. 

DEEP'-DRAWN,  a.  Drawn  from  great  depth. 

DEEP'EN  (dep'pn),  v.  a.  [i.  DEEPENED  ; pp. 
DEEPENING,  DEEPENED.] 

1.  To  increase  the  depth  of ; to  make  deeper. 

“ It  would  raise  the  banks  and  deepen  the  bed 
of  the  Tiber.”  Addison. 

2.  To  make  more  profound  or  intense  ; as, 
“ To  deepen  joy  or  sorrow.” 

3.  To  make  more  dark  ; — applied  to  colors. 

“ You  must  deepen  your  colors.”  Pcacham. 

4.  To  make  more  grave  ; — applied  to  sounds. 

Deepens  the  murmurs  of  the  falling  floods. 

And  breathes  a browner  horror  on  the  woods.  Pope. 

DEEP'EN,  v.  n.  To  grow  deep  or  deeper.  Hurd. 

j-DEEP'FET,  a.  Deep-fetched.  Shak. 

DEEP'-FETCHED  (-feclid),  a.  Fetched  or  brought 
from  a deep  place.  Rowe. 


DEEP'— GREEN,  a.  Of  a strong  green  color; 
dark-green.  Thomson. 

DEEP'— LAID,  a.  Laid  deeply;  well-concerted; 
shrewdly-planned.  Scott. 

DEEP'LY,  ad.  1.  To,  or  at,  a great  depth  ; far 
below  the  surface. 

Fear  is  a passion  that  is  most  deeply  rooted  in  our  natures. 

Tillotson. 

2.  Profoundly  ; thoroughly  ; entirely.  “ Both 
dissemble  deeply."  “ Deeply  indebted.”  Shak. 

3.  In  a high  degree  ; greatly. 

He  had  deeply  offended  both  his  nobles  and  his  people.  Racon. 

4.  Darkly; — applied  to  colors.  “ The  deep- 
ly red  juice  of  buckthorn  berries.”  Boyle. 

DEEP'— MOUTHED  (-moutfid),  a.  Having  a loud 
voice  ; making  a loud  noise.  “ Deep-mouthed 
dogs.”  Dryden.  “ Decp-moutlied  sea.”  Shak. 

DEEP'— MU§-ING,  a.  Contemplative  ; lost  in 
thought.  Pope. 

DEEP'NlySS,  7i.  l.  Depth  ; distance  beneath  the 
surface.  “ Deepness  of  earth.”  Matt.  xiii.  5. 

2.  Profoundness  ; sagacity.  Beau.  St  FI. 

3.  Craft  ; insidiousness  ; artfulness.  “ The 

deepness  of  Satan.”  Gregory. 

DEEP'— READ  (dep'red),  a.  Profoundly  versed  in 
books  ; well-read.  L’ Estrange. 

DEEP'— ROOT-^D,  a.  Having  deep  roots ; firmly 
fixed  or  established.  Pope. 

DEEP'— SEAT-IJD,  a.  Seated  deeply  ; well-estab- 
lished. “ Deep-seated  inflammation.”  Brande. 

DEEP'— TONED  (-tdnd),  a.  Having  a deep  or  sol- 
emn tone  or  sound.  . Cowper. 

DEEP'— VAULT-ED,  a.  Having  deep  vaults. 

From  hell’s  deep-vaulted  den  to  dwell  in  light.  Milton. 

DEEP'— WAIST-1JD,  a.  {Naut.)  Having  a deep 
waist  ; — applied  to  a ship  when  the  waist,  or 
central  portion  of  the  main  deck,  is  considerably 
below  the  quarter-deck.  Clarke. 

DEER,  n.  sing.  & pi. 

[Goth,  dius ; A.  S. 
deor,  a wild  beast, 
deer  ; Dut.  dier-r; 

Ger.  thier  ; Dan. 
dyr ; Sw.  djur.— 

Gr.  Blip,  a wild 
beast.]  {Zoiil.)  A 
ruminating  quad- 
ruped, or  a fam- 
ily of  ruminat- 
ing quadrupeds,  of 
several  species, 
having  caducous 
horns,  which  gen- 
erally are  proper 
only  to  the  male,  Red  deer,  or  stag  (male), 
and  are  covered  when  young -with  a deciduous, 
hairy  skin  ; the  Cervus  of  Linnaeus.  Baird. 

4®=  In  the  language  of  the  chase,  in  England,  the 
male,  female,  and  young  of  the  red  deer  are  respec- 
tively called  hart  or  stag,  hind,  and  calf-,  of  the  fallow 
deer,  buck,  doc,  and  fawn.  P.  Cyc. 

DEER'— FOLD,  n.  A fold  or  park  for  deer.  Ash. 

DEER'— HOUND,  n.  A hound  for  hunting  deer;  a 
stag-hound.  Booth. 

DEER'— HUNT-ING.  n.  The  act  of  hunting  deer. 

DEER'— KILL-ER,  7i.  One  who  kills  deer.  Sctcard. 

DEER'— NECK,  71.  An  ill-formed  neck,  as  of  a 
horse.  Farm.  Ency. 

DEER'— STALK-ER  (der'stlwk-er),  n.  One  who 
hunts  deer  on  foot.  Ed.  Rev. 

DEER'-STALK-ING  (der'stihvk-jng),  71.  The  act 
of  hunting  deer  on  foot.  Sc/'ojie. 

DEER'— STEAL-JJR,  7i.  One  who  steals  deer.  Jacob. 

DEER'— STEAL-ING,  7i.  The  act  of  stealing  deer. 

Dfl-E'SIS,  n.  [Gr.  blr/ai j,  prayer.]  {Rhet.)  An 
invocation  to  the  supreme  power.  Crabb. 

f DE'  F.SS,  7i.  [Fr.  dresse.]  A goddess.  Croft. 

DEE V,  7i.  [Per.]  {Myth.)  Among  the  ancient 
Persians,  the  appellation  of  the  inferior  spirits 
in  the  kingdom  of  darkness  : — in  the  fairv-sys- 
tem  of  modern  Persia,  the  name  of  a class  of 
malignant  beings,  implacable  enemies  of  the 
Peris.  Keiyhtley. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOIl,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — £,  (j,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  § as  z ; ^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


DEFACE 


372 


DEFENCE 


DE-FACE',  v.  a.  [L.  de,  priv.,  and  facio,  to  make  ; 
It .disfare;  Sp .deshacer;  Ft.  defair e.\  [£.  de- 
faced ; pp.  DEFACING,  DEFACED.] 

1.  f To  destroy  ; to  cancel. 

Pay  him  six  thousand,  and  deface  the  bond.  Shak. 

2.  To  injure  the  beauty  of ; to  mar  ; to  efface  ; 
to  obliterate  ; as,  “ To  deface  a monument.” 

Syn.  — A thing  is  defaced  by  having  its  surface  in- 
jured or  destroyed  ; disfigured  by  the  loss  of  any  part  ; 
deformed  by  being  made  improperly,  or  without  natu- 
ral symmetry.  Inanimate  objects  are  mostly  defaced 
or  disfigured , but  seldom  deformed.  A person  may  dis- 
figure himself  by  his  dress ; but  he  is  deformed  by  the 
hand  of  nature. 

DE-FACE'MENT,  n.  The  act  of  defacing  or  mar- 
ring; injury;  razure. 

The  recent  ruins,  and  the  new  defacements,  of  his  plun- 
dered capital.  Burke. 

DE-FA'CER,  n.  One  who  defaces;  a destroyer. 

DE  fAc  ' TO.  [I..,  in  reality.']  {Law.)  A term 
used  to  denote  a thing  actually  existing  or  done. 

IPS"  “ A king  de  facto  is  one  who  is  in  actual  pos- 
session of  the  crown,  though  having  no  lawful  right 
to  it,  in  distinction  from  a king  de  jure,  who  has  a 
right  to  the  crown,  but  is  not  in  possession  of  it.” 
Tomlins. 

DEF-rE-CA'TlON,  n.  See  Defecation.  Brande. 

fog- FAIL' ANCE,  n.  [Fr . def alliance.]  Failure. 
“ A defailance,  or  an  infirmity.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

DE-FAL'CATE  [de-fal'kat,  S.  W.  J.  F.Ja.  K.  Sm. ; 
de-fai'kat,  P.],  v.  a.  [Low  L.  defalco^  defalca- 
te ; de,  off,  and  falx,  f aids,  a sickle  ; or,  ac- 
cording to  Diez,  Old  Ger.  halgan,  to  take  away  : 

— It.  aifalcare ; Sp.  desfalcar ; Fr.  defalquer .] 
[/.  DEFALCATED  ; pp.  DEFALCATING,  DEFALCAT- 
ED.] To  cut  off ; to  lop  ; to  take  away  a part  of : 

— generally  applied  to  public  accounts,  or  to  the 
use  of  money. 

One  would  have  thought  the  natural  method,  in  a plan  of 
reformation,  would  be,  to  take  the  present  existing  estimates 
as  they  stand,  and  then  to  show  what  may  be  practicably 
and  safely  defalcated  from  them.  Burke. 

DEF-AL-cA'TION,  n.  [Low  L.  defalcatio  ; It. 
difalcazione ; Fr.  defalcation.'] 

1.  The  act  of  defalcating,  diminishing,  or 
abating  ; diminution  ; abatement. 

The  tea-table  shall  be  set  forth  every  morning  with  its 
customary  bill  of  fare,  and  without  any  manner  of  defalca- 
tion. Spectator. 

2.  The  quantity  diminished  or  abated. 

3.  A breach  of  trust  by  one  who  has  the 

charge  or  management  of  money.  Bouvier. 

f Dfl-FALK',  v.  a.  [See  Defalcate.]  To  cut  off ; 
to  lop  away  ; to  defalcate.  Bp.  Hall. 

DEF-A-MA'TION,  n.  [L.  diffamatio ; Sp.  difa- 
macion  ; Fr.  diffamation .]  The  act  of  defaming 
or  of  maliciously  circulating  reports  injurious 
to  another’s  reputation  ; the  act  of  speaking 
slanderous  words  of  another  ; a slanderous  re- 
port ; slander  ; calumny  ; aspersion  ; detraction. 

Many  dark  and  intricate  motives  there  are  to  detraction 
and  defamation.  Addison. 

Written  defamation  is  otherwise  termed  libel,  and  oral 
defamation  slander.  BurriU. 

Syn.  — See  Slander. 

DE-FAM’ A-TO-RV,  a.  [It.  diffamatorio ; Fr.  dif- 
famatoire .]  Injurious  to  reputation  ; calumni- 
ous ; slanderous  ; libellous.  “ Defamatory 
words,  written  and  published,  constitute  a 
libel.”  Maunder. 

I) E-FA ME',  v.  a.  [L.  diffamo  ; de,  priv.,  and  fama, 
reputation;  It.  dijfamare;  Sp.  disfamar ; Fr. 
diffamer.]  \i.  defamed  ; pp.  defaming,  de- 
famed.] To  censure  maliciously  and  falsely 
in  public ; to  spread  an  evil  report  concerning  ; 
to  libel ; to  calumniate  ; to  asperse  ; to  slander. 

They  held  no  torture  then  so  great  as  shame. 

And  that  to  slay  was  less  than  to  defame.  Butler. 

Syn.  — See  Asperse,  Slander. 

t DE-FAME',  n.  Disgrace;  dishonor.  Spenser. 

Df,-FAM'5R,  n.  One  who  defames,  or  openly  ut- 
ters words  injurious  to  another’s  reputation. 

DIJ-FAM'ING,  n.  Defamation.  Jerem.  xx.  10. 

DE-FA  M'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a defaming  manner. 

D£-FAT'!-GA-BLE,  a.  Liable  to  be  weary.  “We 
were  made  defatiyable.”  [it.]  Glanville. 

I) E-FAT  [-G Ate , r.  a.  [L.  defat/go,  dffatiqatus.) 
To  weary  ; to  tire,  [r.]  ’ Sir  T.  Herbert. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6 


f DIJ-FAT-I-GA'TION,  n.  Weariness;  fatigue. 

“ An  unavoidable  defatigation.”  [n.]  Bp.  Hall. 

DE-FAULT',  n.  [Low  L.  difalta-,  It.  diffalt.a\ 
Old  Fr.  default-,  Fr.  defaut.  — Sec  Fault.] 

1.  Omission  of  a duty  ; neglect.  Johnson. 

2.  Defect ; fault ; offence. 

Partial  judges  we  are  of  our  own  excellences,  and  other 
men’s  defaults.  Dryden. 

3.  Want;  lack;  destitution. 

Cooks  could  make  artificial  birds  and  fishes  in  default  of 
the  real  ones.  Arbuthnot. 

4.  {Law.)  An  omission  of  some  act  which  a 

person  ought  to  do  in  order  to  entitle  himself 
to  a legal  remedy,  as  non-appear'ance  in  court 
at  a day  assigned ; neglect;  failure.  Burrill. 

DIJ-FAULT',  V.  a.  \i.  DEFAULTED  ; pp.  DEFAULT- 
ING, DEFAULTED.] 

1 f To  withdraw  a part  of.  “ Defaulting  un- 
necessary and  partial  discourses.”  Hales. 

2.  {Late.)  To  deprive  of  the  benefit  of  a legal 
process  for  non-appearance  in  court ; to  enter 
judgment  against  in  consequence  of  a default. 

DE-FAULT',  v.  n.  1.  f To  offend. 

That  he  ’gainst  courtesy  so  foully  did  default.  Spenser. 

2.  {Late.)  To  fail  in  performing  any  contract 
or  stipulation,  or  to  appear  in  court.  Johnson. 

DJJ-FAULT'ED,  a.  Ruinous ; fallen  to  decay. 
“ The  old  defaulted  building.”  Knight. 

DE-FAULT'ER,  n.  1.  Cne  deficient  in  his  ac- 
counts ; a peculator. 

2.  {Law.)  One  guilty  of  default  ; one  who 
fails  to  appear  in  court.  Marvell. 

D£-FEA'§ANCE  (de-fO'z?ns),  n.  [Low  L.  defei- 
santia-,  Fr.  defaisance,  from  difaire,  to  undo, 
to  make  void.] 

1.  f Defeat.  “ His  foes’  defeasance.”  Spenser. 

2.  {Late.)  The  act  of  annulling  any  contract 

or  stipulation.  “ A defeasance  of  the  right  of 
succession.”  Guthrie.  — An  instrument  which 
defeats  the  force  of  some  other  deed  made  at 
the  same  time  : — a condition  annexed  to  a 
deed,  which  being  performed,  the  deed  is  ren- 
dered void.  BurriU. 

D?-FEA'§ANCED  (de-fe'zrmst),  a.  {Law.)  Liable 
to  be  forfeited.  Burrows. 

Dy-FEA^f'I-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  annulled.  “A 
defeasible  title.”  Davies. 

DE-FEAT',  n.  [It.  disfatta  ; Fr.  defait.] 

1.  An  undoing ; a destruction  ; deprivation. 

And  made  defeat  of  her  virginity.  Shak. 

2.  An  overthrow ; loss  of  a battle  ; repulse. 

End  Marlborough’s  work,  and  finish  the  defeat.  Addison. 

3.  Frustration.  “ The  defeat  of  Julian’s  im- 
pious purpose  to  rebuild  the  temple.”  Warburton. 

Df-FEAT',  v.  a.  [It.  disfare-,  Fr.  dtfairc.]  \i. 
DEFEATED;  pp.  DEFEATING,  DEFEATED.] 

1.  f To  undo ; to  destroy. 

His  unkindness  may  defeat  my  life.  Shak. 

2.  To  render  unsuccessful  in  battle;  to  van- 
quish or  to  repulse ; to  conquer  ; to  overthrow. 

They  invaded  Ireland,  and  were  defeated  by  the  Lord 
Mountjoy.  Bacon. 

3.  To  frustrate ; to  foil ; to  render  of  no  avail. 

He  pleaded  still  not  guilty,  and  alleged 

Many  sharp  reasons  to  defeat  the  law.  Shak. 

To  defeat,  of  to  prevent  the  acquisition  or  attain- 
ment of.  “ Defeated  o/your  prey.”  Dryden. 

Syn. — An  army  is  defeated , vanquished,  and  over- 
thrown ; — defeated , when  unsuccessful,  or  when  a bat- 
tle is  lost  ; vanquished,  when  forced  to  yield  ; and  over- 
thrown, when  rendered  incapable  of  serious  resistance. 
A person  is  defeated  in  his  plans,  foiled  in  his  schemes, 
frustrated  in  his  endeavors,  and  disappointed  in  his  ex- 
pectations.— See  Conquer. 

DE-FEAT'J>D,  p.  a.  1.  Conquered  or  repulsed  in 
battle  ; vanquished  ; overthrown. 

2.  Frustrated;  rendered  unsuccessful. 

f DE-FEAT'URE,  n . 1.  Alteration  of  features. 

Time’s  deformed  hand 

Hath  written  strange  defeatures  in  my  face.  Shak. 

2.  Defeat.  “ The  defeature  of  the  Carthagin- 
ians.” Massinger. 

DEF'JJ-CAte,  v.  a.  [L.  defeeco,  defa-catus ; de, 
from,  and  fax,  feeds,  sediment ; Fr.  difequer.] 
[i.  DEFECATED  ; pp.  DEFECATING,  DEFECATED.] 

1.  To  free  from  lees,  dregs,  or  impurities  ; to 
clear  from  sediment ; to  clarify  ; to  filtrate. 


i,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  y,  J,  O,  V,  Y,  obscure;  FARE, 


I practised  a way  to  defecate  the  dark  and  muddy  oil  of 
amber.  Boyle. 

2.  To  purify;  to  clear;  to  free.  “We  defe- 
cate the  notion  from  materiality.”  Glanville. 

DEF'y-CATE,  a.  1.  Purged  from  lees;  defecated. 
“ This  liquor  was  very  defecate.”  Boyle. 

2.  Purified ; separate  from  what  is  gross  or 
low.  “ Defecate  faculties.”  Glanville. 

DEF-p-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  defacatio. ] 

1.  The  act  of  defecating  or  cleansing  from 
lees,  dregs,  and  impurities  ; clarification. Harvey. 

2.  Purification  from  what  is  gross  or  low. 
“ A defecation  of  the  faculties.”  Bp.  T aylor. 

DE-FECT',  n.  [L.  defcio,  defeetus,  to  fail ; de,  priv., 
and  facio,  to  make  ; It.  diffetto  ; Sp.  difecto.] 

1.  Deficiency;  absence  of  an  essential  part; 

— the  opposite  of  superfluity. 

Had  this  strange  energy  been  less, 

Defect  had  been  as  fatal  as  excess.  Blackmore. 

2.  Physical  imperfection  ; a blemish. 

Men,  through  some  defect  in  the  oraans,  want  words,  yet 
fail  not  to  express  their  universal  ideas  t>y  signs.  Locke. 

3.  Moral  imperfection  ; failing  ; fault ; foible. 

We  had  rather  follow  the  perfections  of  them  whom  we 
like  not  than  in  defects  resemble  them  whom  we  love.  Hooker. 

4.  A fault;  a mistake;  error.  “Laying  de- 
fects of  judgment  to  me.”  Shak. 

Syn. — See  Blemish,  Imperfection. 

f Dy-FECT',  v.  n.  To  be  deficient ; to  fail.  Browne. 

Dy-FECT-I-BIL'I-TY,  n.  Imperfect  state.  “ De- 
fectibility  of  the  connection.”  [r.]  Hale. 

Dp-FECT'I-BLE,  a.  Imperfect;  defective.  “A 
defectible  understanding.”  [it.]  Bp.  Taylor. 

DE-FEC'TION,  n.  [L.  defectio  ; Fr.  defection.]  A 
falling  oft'  from  a cause,  a party,  or  a princi- 
ple ; revolt  from  duty  or  allegiance;  a back- 
sliding. “Defection  from  Christ.”  Bate. 

Syn.  — Defection  is  a general  term  ; revolt,  a spe- 
cies of  defection.  Revolt  differs  from  defection  by  im- 
plying previous  forced  subjection,  and  comprehending 
active  opposition,  and  from  apostasy,  in  denoting  a 
wider  departure.  Defection  from  a cause  or  a party  ; 
revolt  against  a government  or  sovereign  ; apostasy 
from  principles  which  have  been  professed  ; failure  in 
performance,  or  in  business. 

DIJ-FEC'TION-IST,  n.  One  who  practises,  or  pro- 
motes, defection.  Lond.  Morn.  Chron. 

DE-FEC'TIVE,  a.  [L.  defectivus  ; Sp.  defectivo ; 
Fr.  difcctif] 

1.  Raving  a defect ; wanting  the  requisite 
amount  or  quality  ; insufficient  ; deficient ; as, 
“Defective  weight”;  “A  defective  machine”; 
“ Defective  strength.” 

2.  Imperfect ; faulty  ; — either  in  a natural  or 
a moral  sense.  “ A defective  projectile  motion 
of  the  blood.”  Arbuthnot.  “Four  or  five  hy- 
potheses . . . which  are  all  defective.”  Locke. 

Our  tragedy  writers  have  been  notoriously  defective  in  giv- 
ing proper  sentiments  to  the  persons  they  introduce.  Addison. 

Defective  noun,  a noun  wanting  one  or  more  cases. 

— Defective  verb,  a verb  wanting  some  of  the  tenses 
or  forms. 

Syn.  — Defective  and  deficient  are  negative,  imply- 
ing something  wanting;  faulty  is  positive,  implying 
something  wrong.  That  is  defective  in  which  some- 
thing is  wanting  ; that  is  deficient  which  wants  some 
part ; that  is  faulty  which  is  niismade.  A book  is  de- 
fective if  some  of  its  leaves  are  deficient  or  wanting. 
Defective  performance;  deficient  account  ; faulty  or 
imperfect  work.  — See  Short. 

Dy-FEC'TIVE-LY,  ad.  In  a defective  manner ; 
imperfectly ; faultily. 

Dy-FEC'TI  VE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  de- 
fective, imperfect,  or  faulty.  “ The  defective- 
ness of  some  particular.”  Addison. 

f DJJ-FECT-y-OS'I-TY,  n.  Imperfection  ; faulti- 
ness ; defectiveness.  W.  Mountagu. 

f Dy-FECT'U-OUS,  a.  Full  of  defects  ; imperfect ; 
faulty ; defective.  Barrow. 

DEF-E-dA'TION,  n.  Pollution.  — See  Defceda- 
tion.  [r.]  Todd. 

Dy-FENCE',  n.  [L.  defensio,  or  defensa ; It.  dife- 
sa-,  Sp.  defensa-,  Fr.  defense.] 

1.  The  act  of  guarding  against  danger ; self- 
defence.  “ Stand  in  your  own  defence.”  Shak. 

2.  Something  employed  to  ward  off  danger  or 
injury;  guard;  protection;  fortification.  “Go, 


FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


DEFENCE 


373 


DEFINE 


put  on  thy  defences.”  “ Give  him  defence  against 
the  elements.”  Shak. 

Rehoboam  . . . built  cities  for  defence.  2 Chron.  ii.  5. 

3.  A plea  designed  to  secure  against  some 
threatened  harm  or  loss ; vindication  ; justifi- 
cation. 

Why,  then,  alas! 

Do  I put  up  that  womanly  defence , 

To  say  I have  done  no  harm  ? Shak. 

4.  Skill  in  defending  from  danger ; skill  in 
fencing,  &c. 

A man  of  great  defence , expert  in  battles.  Spenser. 

5.  f Prohibition.  “ Severe  defences.”  Temple. 

6.  (Law.)  A denial  by  the  defendant  of  the 
truth  or  validity  of  the  plaintiff’s  complaint: 
— ' the  answer  made  by  the  defendant  to  the 
plaintiff  ’s  action,  by  demurrer  or  plea  at  law  : — 
that  which  is  done  by  a defendant  to  embarrass, 
delay,  or  defeat  a plaintiff’s  action.  Burrill. 

7.  (Fort.)  The  part  that  flanks  another  work. 

Syn.  — See  Defend. 

f DE-FENCE’,  v.  a.  To  defend  by  fortification; 
to  guard  ; to  protect.  Fairfax. 

D^-FENCE’L^SS,  a.  Without  defence  ; destitute 
of  protection  from  assault  and  danger,  and 
hence  unfortified,  ungarrisoned,  unguarded,  or 
unarmed;  exposed;  weak.  “ These  defenceless 
doors.”  “ My  defenceless  head.”  Milton. 

D£-FENCE'LESS-LY,  ad.  In  a defenceless  or 
unprotected  manner. 

D$-FENCE'LESS-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  de- 
fenceless ; an  unprotected  state.  Bp.  Fleetwood. 

DE-FEND',  v.  a.  [L.  defendo  ; It.  difendere ; Sp. 
defender ; Fr.  defendre.]  [i.  defended  ; pp. 

DEFENDING,  DEFENDED.] 

1.  f To  keep  off;  to  repel.  “ To  defend  the 

sunny  beams.”  Spenser. 

2.  To  guard  from  danger;  to  protect;  to 

stand  in  defence  of.  “ Edward  will  defend  the 
town.”  Shak. 

3.  To  vindicate;  to  uphold;  to  maintain. 

“ Defend  the  justice  of  my  cause.”  Shak. 

4.  To  fortify  ; to  secure. 

And  here  the  access  a gloomy  grove  defends.  Dryden. 

5.  fTo  forbid  ; to  prohibit. 

No  interdict 

Defends  the  touching  of  these  viands  pure.  Milton. 

6.  (Laic.)  To  deny  the  right  of  the  plaintiff, 

or  the  wrong  charged ; to  oppose  or  resist  a 
claim  at  law;  to  contest  a suit: — in  contracts, 
to  guarantee  ; to  warrant.  Burrill. 

Syn.  — To  defend  is  to  keep  off ; to  protect  is  to 
cover  over.  In  defence  there  may  be  the  aid  of  an 
equal  or  a superior;  in  protection,  that  of  a superior. 
To  defend  a culprit  is  to  be  his  advocate  ; to  protect 
him,  is  to  afford  him  shelter  against  the  magistrate. 
Defend  the  innocent  ; protect  the  weak  ; vindicate 
those  who  are  unjustly  accused  ; repel  aggression. 

DE-FEND'A-BLE,  a.  [Fr.  dffendable.]  Defen- 
sible. [r.]  Sherwood. 

DIJ-FEND'ANT,  n.  1.  One  who  defends  against 
an  assailant  or  any  danger  ; a defender.  “ The 
defendants  on  the  wall.”  Wilkins. 

2.  (Law.)  The  party  against  whom  an  action 
is  brought ; — opposed  to  plaintiff.  Burrill. 

DIJ-FEND'ANT,  a.  Defensive;  fit  for  defence,  [n.] 

DE-FEN-DEE',  n.  One  who  is  defended;  — op- 
posed to  defender,  [r.]  Sydney  Smith. 

Dg-FEND'ER,  n.  [Fr.  dffendeur.] 

1.  One  who  defends  against  any  danger  ; a 
champion ; a vindicator. 

2.  (Canon  Laic.)  A defendant. 

DE-FEN'DRESS,  n.  A female  who  defends.  Stow. 

DE-FEN'SA-TIVE,  n.  1.  Guard  ; defence.  Browne. 

2.  (Surg.)  A bandage  or  plaster,  to  protect  a 
wound  from  injury.  Johnson. 

DE-FEN-SI- BIL’I-TY,  n.  Defensibleness.  Benton. 

DE-FEN'SI-BLE,  a.  1.  That  may  be  defended ; 
capable  of  being  protected  against  outward  vio- 
lence. “ Defensible  cities.”  Addison. 

2.  That  may  be  shown  to  be  lawful  or  right ; 
capable  of  vindication  ; justifiable. 

I conceive  it  very  defensible  to  disarm  an  adversary,  and 
disable  him  from  doing  mischief.  Collier. 

DE-FEN'SI-fiLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  de- 
fensible ; capableness  of  being  defended.  Ash. 


DE-FEN'S!  VE,  a.  [It.  difensivo ; Sp.  defensivo ; 
Fr.  defensif.  — See  Defend.] 

1.  That  serves  to  defend ; proper  for  defence. 

“ Defensive  arms  lay  by.”  Waller. 

2. '  Being  in  a state  or  posture  of  defence,  [li.] 

What  stood,  recoiled 

Defensive  scarce.  Milton. 

3.  Resisting  attack  or  aggression  ; — opposed 
to  offensive  and  aggressive  ; as,  “ Defensive  war.” 

Since,  therefore,  we  cannot  win  by  an  offensive  war,  at 
least  a land-war.  the  model  of  our  government  seems  natu- 
rally contrived  tor  the  defensive  part.  Dryden . 

DE-FEN'SIVE,  n.  1.  A state  or  posture  of  defence. 

His  majesty,  not  at  all  dismayed,  resolved  to  stand  upon 
the  defensive  only.  Clarendon. 

2.  A safeguard ; protection,  [r.] 

Wars  preventive,  upon  just  fears,  are  true  defensives.  Bacon. 

DE-FEN'SIVE-LY,  ad.  In  a defensive  manner. 

DE-FEN'SO-RY,  a.  [L.  defensorius .]  Tending 

to  defend;  defensive.  Johnson. 

f DJJ-FENST',p.  from  defend.  Defended.  Fairfax. 

DE-FER',  V.  n.  [L.  defer o ; It.  deferre  ; Sp.  defe- 
rir;  Fr.  deferer.]  [i.  deferred  ; pp.  defer- 
ring, deferred.] 

1.  To  pay  deference,  or  respect ; to  submit,  in 
matters  of  judgment  and  belief. 

Herodotus  ...  is  as  fabulous  as  Homer  when  he  defers  to 
the  common  reports  of  countries.  Pope. 

2.  To  put  off ; to  delay  ; to  procrastinate. 

God  . . . will  not  long  defer 

To  vindicate  the  glory  of  his  name.  Milton. 

DE-FER',  v.  a.  1.  fTo  render;  to  offer.  “The 

worship  deferred  to  the  Virgin.”  Brevint. 

2.  To  put  off ; to  delay  ; to  adjourn  ; to  post- 
pone. 

Defer  the  promised  boon,  the  goddess  cried.  Pope. 

3.  To  refer;  to  leave  to  the  judgment  of. 

The  commissioners  deferred  the  matter  unto  the  Earl  of 

Northumberland.  Bacon. 

Syn.  — See  Adjourn. 

DEF'F.R-IJNCE,  n.  [It.  dejerenza ; Sp.  deferen- 
cia  ; F r.  deference .] 

1.  Submission  to  the  judgment  of  another. 
“ A blind  deference  to  authority.”  Middleton. 

2.  High  regard ; great  respect ; reverence  ; 

veneration.  “For  whose  wisdom  and  goodness 
he  has  the  greatest  deference.”  Swift. 

3.  Complaisance  ; delicate  consideration. 

A natural  roughness  makes  a man  un  complaisant  to  others, 
so  that  he  has  no  deference  for  their  inclinations,  tempers,  or 
conditions.  Locke. 

Syn.  — See  Complaisance,  Respect. 

DEF'ER-ENT,  a.  [L.  defero,  deferens-,  It.  § Sp. 
deferente-,  Fr.  deferent.']  That  carries  or  con- 
veys. [r.]  Bacon. 

DEF'IJR-JJNT,  n.  1.  That  which  carries:  [r.] 

Air  is  the  most  favorable  deferent  of  sounds.  Bacon. 

2.  (Anat.)  A vessel  in  the  human  body  that 

conveys  fluids.  Chambers. 

3.  (Astron.)  In  the  Ptolemaic  system,  a cir- 
cle or  circular  orbit  of  a heavenly  body  bearing 
on  its  circumference  the  centre  of  a subordinate 
circle  or  orbit,  called  the  epicycle,  in  which 
another  heavenly  body  moves. 

j8@=-  Thus  the  earth’s  orbit,  to  choose  an  example 
out  of  the  modern  system,  is  a deferent  on  which  the 
moon’s  orbit  is  carried.  P.  Cijc. 

DEF-F.R-EN'TIAL,  a.  Implying  deference  ; re- 
spectful. ‘ Ec.  Rev. 

DEF-ER-EN'TIAL-LY,  ad.  In  a deferential  man- 
ner ; respectfully.  Gent.  Mag. 

f DE-FER'MENT,  n.  The  act  of  deferring  ; delay. 
“ My  grief  . . . begs  a deferment.”  Suckling. 

DiJ-FER'RIJR,  n.  One  who  defers.  B.  Jonson. 

DEF-ER-VES'CIJNCE,  n.  [L.  defervesco,  defer- 
vescens .]  The  state  of  growing  cool,  [r.]  Ash. 

DB-FEU'DAL-IZE,  v.  a.  To  deprive  of  the  feudal 
character  or  form.  West.  Rev. 

f DEFF'LY,  ad.  See  Defly.  Spenser. 

DB-FI'ANCE,  n.  [Fr.  defiance,  suspicion,  distrust ; 
dtfi,  defiance.] 

1.  Act  of  defying,  daring,  or  braving  ; a chal- 

lenge ; an  invitation  to  fight.  “ He  breathed 
defiance  to  my  ears.”  Shak. 

2.  A challenge  to  make  an  impeachment 

good.  Johnson. 


3.  Contempt  of  opposition  or  of  danger;  a 

setting  at  nought.  “This  open  and  scandalous 
violation  and  defiance  of  his  most  sacred  funda- 
mental laws.”  Sharp. 

4.  f Refusal.  “ Take  my  defiance.”  Shak. 

Dg-FI'ANT,  a.  Bidding  defiance  ; challenging  ; 

daring ; courageous.  Brydges. 

The  defiant  constancy  of  youth.  Qu.  lies. 

DE-FI'ANT-LY,  ad.  With  defiance  ; daringly. 

f DIJ-Fl'A-TO-Ry,  a.  Bearing  defiance.  Shelford. 

DE-Fl"CIlJNCE  (de-flsh'ens),  n.  Deficiency.  “ In 
thee  is  no  deficience  found.”  Milton. 

DJE-FI “CIEN-CY  (de-fisli'en-se,  66),  n.  [L.  deficio, 
deficiens,  to  be  wanting ; Sp.  deficiencia,  defi- 
ciency.] 

1.  Want;  lack  of  a part.  “ Deficiency  of 
blood.”  Arbuthnot.  “ When  the  low  grounds 
fail,  the  uplands  supply  the  deficiency .”  Granger. 

2.  Imperfection  ; incompleteness  ; defective- 

ness ; failure;  a failing.  “ Perversion  whereof 
all  deficiency  . . . arises.”  Mountagu. 

DE-FI''CIENT  (de-flsh'ent),  a.  Wanting  a part ; 
imperfect ; defective  ; incomplete. 

His  creating  hand 

Nothing  imperfect  or  deficient  made.  Milton. 

Deficient  numbers,  (rfrith.)  numbers  such  that  the 
sum  of  their  aliquot  parts  is  less  than  the  numbers 
themselves  : thus,  8 is  a deficient  number,  because  its 
aliquot  parts,  — 1,  2,  4,  — when  added  together,  make 
only  7.  Brande. 

Syn.  — Deficient  is  the  opposite  of  entire.  If  a part 
is  wanting,  tile  whole  is  deficient.  — See  DEFECTIVE. 

DF,-FI"CIENT-LY  (de-flsh'ent-le),  ad.  In  a de- 
fective manner. 

DB-FI''CIENT-NESS  (de-flsh'ent-nes),  n.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  deficient ; deficiency.  Scott. 

DEF'l-CIT,n.  [L.,  it  is  wanting .]  Want;  defi- 
ciency in  an  account,  or  a number.  Auckland. 

DE-Fl'IJR,  n.  One  who  defies  ; a challenger. 

f DJJ-FIG-y-RA'TION,  n.  Disfiguration.  “ De- 
figurations and  deformations.”  Bp.  Hall. 

f DF.-FIG'URE,  v.  a.  To  delineate;  to  describe. 
“ Stones  as  they  are  here  defig  Wed."  Weever. 

DEF-I-LAD'ING,  n.  (Fort.)  The  act  of  arrang- 
ing the  plan  of  the  exposed  sides  of  a fortress 
so  as  to  shelter  the  interior  works  when  they 
are  in  danger  of  being  commanded  by  the  ene- 
my from  some  higher  point.  Glos.  of  Mil.  Terms. 

DB-FiLE',  v.  a.  [Goth,  fuls,  foul  ; A.  S.  ful, 
foul ; afylan,  to  defile  ; befylan  or  gefylan,  to 
befoul  or  pollute.]  [i.  defiled  ; pp.  defil- 
ing, DEFILED.] 

1.  To  make  foul  or  dirty;  to  make  filthy;  to 

soil.  “ Pitch  doth  defile.”  Shak. 

2.  To  render  morally  impure  ; to  sully  ; to 
pollute  ; to  corrupt. 

God  requires  rather  that  we  should  die,  than  defile  our- 
selves  with  impieties.  Stillinyjleet. 

3.  To  defame  ; to  tarnish  ; to  stain. 

He  is  justly  reckoned  among  the  greatest  prelates  of  this 
age,  however  his  character  may  be  defiled  by  mean  and  dirty 
hands.  Swift. 

4.  To  violate;  to  deflour;  to  ravish. 

The  husband  murdered,  and  the  wife  defiled.  Prior. 

5.  To  make  ceremonially  unclean.  Lev.  xxii.  8. 

Syn.—  See  Contaminate. 

DE-FILE',  v.  n.  [L.  de,  from,  off,  and  filum,  a 
thread;  Sp.  desjilar ; Fr.  clefilcr.]  To  march 
or  move  off  in  a line,  or  file  by  file ; to  file  off. 

The  Turks  defiled  before  the  enemy.  Gibbon. 

DE-FILE'  [de-fll',  W.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  R.  Wb. ; 
def'e-le,  S.  ; de-feV  or  de-fll',  K. ; de'fil,  S»t.],  n. 
[Fr.  defile.]  A narrow  passage  or  road,  through 
which  troops  can  march  only  by  making  a small 
front  and  filing  off.  Addison. 

DJg-FILE'MENT,  n.  1.  The  act  of  defiling. 

2.  The  state  of  being  defiled  ; pollution. 

There  are  of  defilements  two  sorts;  defilements  of  the  flesh, 

. . . and  also  defilements  of  the  spirit.  Uojj/dtis. 

DE-FlL'ER,  n.  One  who  defiles  or  pollutes. 

DJJ-FIN'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  defined.  V.  Knox. 

DJJ-FlNE',  v.  a.  [L.  defihio,  to  bound  off;  de, 
from,  and  finis,  a limit;  It.  diffnire ; Sp.  defi- 
nir-,  F r.  definer.]  [i.  defined  ; pp.  defining, 
DEFINED.] 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  9,  9,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  § as  z ; as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


DEFINE 


374 


DEFRAY 


1.  To  fix  the  limits  of ; to  set  bounds  to ; to 
limit ; to  circumscribe  ; to  bound. 

2.  fTo  decide;  to  determine.  “ In  field  the 

challenge  to  define.”  Spenser. 

3.  To  describe ; to  declare  the  properties  or 
circumstances  of ; as,  “ To  define  a circle.” 

4.  To  give  the  signification  of ; to  declare  the 
meaning  of ; to  explain,  as  a word  or  term. 

Like  wit,  much  talked  of,  not  to  be  defined.  Otway. 

f DE-FINE',  v.n.  To  determine;  to  decide.  Bacon. 

DJJ-FiNED'  (de-find'),  p.  a.  1.  Limited  ; bounded. 

2.  Explained. 

3.  Having  clear  and  distinct  outlines. 

The  rings  were  . . . distinct  and  well  defined.  Newton. 

f DE-FINE'MENT,  n.  The  act  of  defining;  de- 
scription ; definition.  Shak. 

DF,-FIN'ER,  n.  One  who  defines  or  explains. 

DE-FIN'JNG,  n.  The  act  of  giving  a definition  ; 
explanation. 

DE-FlN'ING,  p.  a.  1.  Limiting;  bounding. 

2.  Explaining  ; giving  definitions. 

DEF'I-NITE  (def'e-nSt),  a.  [L.  deflnitus .] 

1.  Having  fixed  limits  in  space  ; bounded  ; 
determinate;  as,  “ A definite  extent.” 

2.  Having  certain  limits  in  signification  ; as, 
“ A definite  phrase.” 

3.  Determined  ; exact ; precise.  “ Some  cer- 
tain and  definite  time.”  Aylffe. 

4.  (Grain.)  Noting  the  article,  as  the  in  Eng- 
lish, which  limits  or  defines  the  signification  of 
the  noun  to  which  it  is  applied. 

f DEF'I-NITE,  n.  That  which  is  explained  or  de- 
fined. [it.]  Ayliffe. 

DEF'J-NITE-LY,  ad.  In  a definite  manner. 

DEF'I-NITE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  defi- 
nite ; certainty  ; exactness  ; accuracy. 

DEF-I-N!''TION  (def-e-nlsh'un),  n.  [L.  definitio  ; 
It.  definizione ; Sp.  definieion ; Fr.  definition .] 

1.  f Decision  ; determination.  Chaucer. 

2.  An  explanation  in  words,  which  distin- 
guishes the  thing  explained  from  other  things  ; 
the  process  of  stating  the  exact  meaning  of  a 
word,  by  means  of  other  words. 

Settling  the  significations  of  words,  which  settling  of  sig- 
nifications they  call  definitions.  Jlobbes. 

Logicians  distinguish  definitions  into  essential  and  acci- 
dental. An  essential  definition  states  what  are  regarded  as 
the  constituent  parts  of  the  essence  of  that  which  is  to  be  de- 
fined; and  an  accidental  definition  (or  description)  lays  down 
what  arc  regarded  as  circumstances  belonging  to  it,  viz.,  prop- 
erties or  accidents,  such  as  causes,  effects,  &c.  Wh.ate.ly. 

Syn. — The  definition  of  a word  defines  or  limits 
the  extent  of  its  signification  ; the  explanation  is  the 
act  of  making  plain,  and  may  include  both  definition 
and  illustration.  Definition  separates ; explanation 
makes  plain  ; description  exhibits.  To  point  out  the 
limits  which  separate  one  thing  from  another,  is  to 
define  it ; to  make  a thing  plain  to  the  understanding 
is  to  explain  it ; to  trace  out  its  character  and  form  is 
to  describe  it.  Definition  of  a word  ; explanation  of  a 
word  or  a sentence  ; description  of  a thins.  A concise 
definition  j an  ample  explanation  ; a minute  description. 

DE-FlN'l-TIVE,  a.  [L.  definitive;  It.  Sp.  de- 
fin /tiro  ; Fr.  definitif.] 

1.  Determinate  ; positive ; express.  “ A 

strict  and  definitive  truth.”  Browne. 

2.  Terminating  a suit  ; final  ; conclusive. 

“ Give  definitive  sentence.”  Chaucer. 

DE-FIN'I-TIVE,  n.  (Gram.)  A word  which  de- 
fines or  limits  the  signification  of  another  word 
with  which  it  is  .connected; — applied  particu- 
larly to  what  is  otherwise  called  a definite  arti- 
cle, or  a demonstrative  pronoun,  as  the,  this, 
that,  in  English.  “ Definitives  . . . called  by 
grammarians  articles.”  Harris. 

DE-FIn'I-TIVE-LY,  ad.  In  a definitive  manner. 

DE-FIN  I-TI VE-XESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  de- 
finitive ; decisiveness.  Bailey. 

DE-FIN'I-TOR,  n.  [L.]  An  assessor  or  coun- 
sellor to  a superior  in  religious  orders.  Crahh. 

DE-FlN'I-TUDE,  n.  Definiteness. 

That  tile  form  of  adjectives  varies  with  their  definlhnle  or 
indefinitude,  has  been  seen.  Latham. 

t DE-FIX',  v.  a.  [L.  defigo,  deflxus.]  To  fix.  “To 
defix  their  princely  seat.”  [it.]  Herbert. 

DEF-LA-GR  A-BIL'I-TY,  n.  (Chem.)  The  proper- 
ty of  taking  fire  and  burning  entirely  away  in 
a very  brief  time.  Boy  le. 


DE-FLA'GRA-BLE,  or  DEF'LA-GRA-BLE  [de-fla'- 
gr?-bl,  N.  IF.  J.  l‘\  Ja.  K.  ; de-fiiig'ra-hl,  P. ; def'- 
la-gra-bl,  Snt.],  a.  (Chem.)  Having  the  quality 
of  taking  fire  and  burning  entirely  away  with 
great  rapidity  ; combustible.  Boyle. 

DEF'LA-GR.ATE,  v.  n.  [L.  defiagro,  drfiagratus  ; 
de,  from,  used  intensively,  and  flagro,  to  burn.] 
[i.  DEFLAGRATED  ; pp.  DEFLAGRATING,  DEF- 
LAGRATED.] (Chem.)  To  burn  suddenly  with 
an  explosion.  Brande. 

DEF'LA-GRATE,  v.  a.  (Chem.)  To  cause  to  burn 
suddenly  ; to  set  on  fire.  Todd. 

d£f-LA-GRA'TION,  n.  [It.  deflagrations ; Sp. 
deflagracion  ; Fr.  deflagration.]  (Chem.)  The 
act  of  deflagrating ; the  sparkling  combustion 
of  substances  without  violent  explosion  ; rapid 
combustion,  particularly  of  metals  by  galvanism. 

DEF'LA-GRA-TOR,  n.  (Chem.)  A species  of  gal- 
vanic battery  for  deflagrating  metals  and  pro- 
ducing intense  heat  and  light.  Hamilton. 

DE-FLECT',  v.  n.  [L.  defleeto  ; de,  from,  and 
flecto,  to  turn.]  [?'.  deflected  ; pp.  deflect- 
ing, deflected.]  To  turn  aside;  to  deviate 
from  a true  course.  “ The  needle  deflecteth  not, 
but  lieth  in  the  true  meridian.”  Browne. 

Those  actions  which  deflect  and  err  from  the  order  of  this, 
and  are  unnatural  and  inordinate.  Bp.  Taylor. 

DE-FLECT',  v.  a.  To  bend;  to  turn  aside.  Lord. 

DE-FLEC'TION,  n.  [L.  deflexlo  ; It.  deflessione ; 
Fr.  deflexion.] 

1.  The  act  of  deflecting  ; deviation  from  a cer- 
tain course  or  from  the  true  direction  ; as,  “ The 
deflection  of  the  magnetic  needle.” 

The  censure  of  Catullus,  with  a little  dcfiection,  might 
very  properly  be  applied  unto  him.  Fotherby. 

2.  (Opt.)  The  bending  of  the  rays  of  light 

towards  an  opaque  body  when  passing  near  it ; 
— termed  by  Newton  inflection.  Maunder. 

3.  (Naut.)  The  tendency  of  a ship  from  her 
true  course  by  reason  of  currents,  & c.  Maunder. 

DE-FLEX'URE  (de-fiek'shur),  n.  A turning  aside  ; 
deflection,  [r.]  Bailey. 

DE-FLO'RATE,  a.  [L.  de,  priv.,  and  flos,  floris,  a 
flower.]  (Bot.)  Past  the  flowering  state,  as  an 
anther  after  it  has  discharged  its  pollen.  Gray. 

DEF-LO-RA'TION,  n.  [It.  deflorazione ; Fr.  de- 
floration.] 

1.  The  act  of  deflouring;  rape.  Johnson. 

2.  A selection  of  that  which  is  most  valua- 
ble ; anthology.  “ An  epitome,  or  defloration 
made  by  Robert  of  Loraine.”  [li.]  Seldcn. 

DE-FLOUR',  v.  a.  [L.  de,  priv.,  and  flos,  floris,  a 
flower  ; It.  deflorare  ; Sp.  desflorar ; Fr.  diflorer.] 
[i.  defloured  ;pp.  deflouring,  defloured.] 

1.  To  deprive  of  flowers.  “ Deflouring  the 

gardens.”  Mountagu. 

2.  To  ravish ; to  take  away  a woman’s  vir- 
ginity. Shah. 

3.  To  deprive  of,  as  beauty  or  grace.  “ The 
beauty  of  his  soul  was  defloured.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

DE-FLOURED'  (de-flburd'),  p.  a.  1.  Ravished ; 
deprived  of  purity. 

2.  Deprived  of  beauty  or  grace. 

DE-FLOUR'ER,  n.  One  who  deflours. 

f DE-FLOW',  v.  n.  [L.  defluo.]  To  flow  as  water. 

Browne. 

fDEF'LU-OUS,  a.  [L.  defluas.]  That  flows 
down  ; falling  off.  Bailey. 

DE-FLU1  VI-  (iM,  n.  [L.]  A falling  off  of  the 
hair  or  of  the  bark  by  disease  ; alopecy.  Crabb. 

f DE-FLUX',  n.  [L.  defluxus.]  Defluxion.  Bacon. 

DE-FL0x'ION  (de-fluk'shun),  n.  [L.  defluxio.] 
(Med.)  A flowing  of  humors  from  a superior  to 
an  inferior  part ; a discharge  of  fluid  from  a 
mucous  membrane  ; catarrh  ; — sometimes  used 
synonymously  with  inflammation.  Dunglison. 

fDEF'LY,  ad.  Dexterously;  — deftly.  Spenser. 

DEF-QE-DA'TION  (def-e-da'shun),  n.  [L.  de,  from, 
used  intensively,  and  feedo,  to  make  filthy;  Fr. 
defedation.]  The  act  of  making  filthy ; pollu- 
tion ; corruption.  “ Defcedation  of  so  many 
parts  by  a bad  printer  and  a worse  editor.1’ 
[r.]  Bentley. 

DE-FO-LI-A'TION,  n.  [L.  de,  from,  and  folium,  a | 


leaf.]  (Bot.)  The  falling  of  the  leaf,  or  the  sea- 
son of  the  falling  of  leaves.  Loudon. 

DE-FORCE',  v. a.  [LowL.  deforcio  ; Fr.  deforcer.] 
(Law.) 

1.  To  keep  by  force  from  the  right  owner. 

Blackstone. 

2.  To  resist  an  officer  of  law.  [Scotland.] 

DE-FORCE'MENT,  n.  [Low  L . deforciamentum.] 

1.  (Law.)  A keeping  out  by  force  or  wrong ; 

a wrongful  withholding  of  lands  or  tenements 
to  which  another  has  a right.  Burrill. 

2.  (Scot.  Law.)  Resistance  to  an  officer  en- 
gaged in  the  discharge  of  his  duty.  Burrill. 

DE-FORCE'OR,  n.  (Law.)  Deforciant.  Tomlins. 

DE-FOR'CJ-ANT  (de-lor'she-jnt),  n.  (Law.)  One 
who  deforces ; one  who  wrongfully  keeps  the 
owner  of  lands  or  tenements  out  of  possession 
of  them.  Bouvier. 

DE-FOR-CI-A'TION,  n.  (Late.)  A seizure  of 
goods  for  satisfaction  of  a lawful  debt;  a dis- 
tress. Jacob. 

DE-FORM',  v.a.  [L .deformo;  de,  priv.,  and  forma, 
form;  It.  dfformare ; Sp.  deformar;  Fr.  de- 
former.]- [i.  DEFORMED;  pp.  DEFORMING,  DE- 
FORMED.] 

1.  To  form  without  due  proportion  and  sym- 
metry, or  with  the  union  of  unsuitable  parts. 

Cheated  of  feature  by  dissembling  nature. 

Deformed,  unfinished,  sent  before  my  time 

Into  this  breathing  world,  scarce  half  made  up.  Shak. 

2.  To  produce  imperfection  in  the  form  or 
in  the  parts  of ; to  disfigure  ; to  deface. 

Zopyrus  and  Fisistratus  wounded,  mangled,  deformed 
themselves  that  they  might  thereby  gain  their  ends. 

Bp.  Reynolds. 

3.  To  make  unsightly  or  repulsive;  to  de- 
prive of  grace  ; to  render  unbecoming. 

Old  men  with  dust  deformed  their  hoary  hair.  Drytlen. 

Syn.  — See  Deface. 

f DE-FORM',  a.  Ugly;  deformed;  misshapen. 
“ That  monster  so  deform."  Spenser. 

Sight  so  deform  what  heart  of  rock  could  long 

Dry-eyed  behold?  Milton. 

DEF-OR-MA'TION,  n.  [L.  deformatio;  It.  de- 
formazione ; Sp.  deformacion ; Fr.  deforma- 
tion.] A defacing ; a disfiguring.  B'p.  Hall. 

DE-FORMED'  (de-formd'),  p.  a.  1.  Disfigured; 

ugly  ; devoid  of  natural  symmetry.  Hay. 

2.  Base  ; shameful.  B.  Jonson. 

DE-FORM 'ED- LY,  ad.  In  a deformed  manner. 

DE-FORM'ED-NESS,  n.  Ugliness  ; disagreeable- 
ness of  form ; deformity. 

DE-FORM'ER,  n.  One  who  deforms  or  defaces. 

DE-FORM'J-TY,  n.  [L.  deformitas;  It.  deformi- 
ta;  Sp.  deformidad  ; Fr.  d fformiUi] 

1.  Want  of  symmetry  or  beauty;  imperfec- 
tion of  form ; unnatural  conformation  ; distor- 
tion ; crookedness  ; ugliness. 

To  spy  my  shadow  in  the  sun, 

And  descant  on  mine  own  deformity.  Shak. 

2.  Want  of  regularity  or  due  order. 

Reforming  either  church  or  state  when  deformities  are 

such.  Kiny  Charles. 

fDE-FOR'SOR,  n.  (Law.)  One  who  casts  out  by 
force.  — See  Deforceor.  Blount. 

f DE-FOUL',  v.  a.  [See  Defile.]  To  defile  ; to 
befoul.  “ Boy,  with  blood  defouled.”  Spenser. 

DE-FRAUD',  v.  a.  [L.  defraudo  ; de,  from,  used 
intensively,  and  fraudo,  to  cheat ; It.  defrau- 
dare;  Sp.  defraudar  ; Fr . fraud er.]  [i.  de- 

frauded ; pp.  DEFRAUDING,  DEFRAUDED.] 

1.  To  deprive  of  by  fraud  or  trick  ; to  take 
away  from  wrongfully  and  by  artifice  ; to  cheat. 

Are  you  defrauded  when  he  feeds  the  poor?  Dryden. 

2.  To  keep  back  from  dishonestly;  as,  “To 
defraud  a servant  of  his  wages.” 

Syn.  — See  Cheat. 

DEF-RAU-DA'TION,  7i.  [L.  defraudatio.]  Pri- 
vation by  fraud.  [rJ]  Browne. 

DE-FRAUD'ER,  n.  One  who  defrauds. 

f DE-FRAUD'MENT,  n.  The  act  of  defrauding; 
privation  by  deceit  or  fraud.  Milton. 

DE-FRAy'  (de-fra'),  v.  a.  [Fr.  defray ci- ; frais, 
expenses.]  [i.  defrayed  ; pp'.  defraying, 
defrayed.] 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  E,  I,  9,  U,  Y>  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


DEFRAYER 


375 


DEHUSK 


1.  To  bear,  pay,  or  settle,  as  costs  or  charges. 

He  gave  a warrant  tor  a sum  of  money  to  me  for  defraying 
my  expenses  while  I staid,  together  with  those  of  uiy  jour- 
ney to  London.  Ludlow. 

2.  f To  satisfy  ; to  content. 

Nought  but  dire  revenge  his  anger  might  defray.  Spenser. 

DE-FRAY']JR  (de-fra'er),  n.  One  who  defrays. 

Dfl-FRAY'MIJNT,  n.  The  payment  of  expenses. 
“ The  defrayment  of  . . . charges.”  Speed. 

DEFT,  a.  [A.  S.  daft.] 

1.  f Proper  ; fitting.  Shak. 

2.  Pretty;  neat.  “ Deft  lass.”  Broome. 

3.  Dexterous;  skilful.  “ Deftest  feats.”  Gay. 

DEF’  TF.R-DJiR' , n.  The  chancellor  of  the  ex- 
chequer. [Turkey.]  Brande. 

DEFT'LY,  ad.  Neatly:  — dexterously.  Gay. 

f DEFT'N$SS,  n.  Neatness;  beauty.  Drayton. 

DJJ-FUNCT',  a.  [L.  defunctus  ; de,  priv.,  and  fun- 
gor,  functus,  to  execute,  to  do  ; It.  § Sp.  de- 
finite, Fr.  defunt.]  Having  finished  the  occu- 
pations of  life  ; dead  ; deceased.  Bp.  Bull. 

D1J-FUNCT'  (de-fungkt'),  n.  One  deceased  ; a dead 
person.  “ The  friends  of  the  defunct .”  Graunt. 

f DIJ-FUNC'TION  (de-fungk'shun),  n.  [L.  de- 
functio.]  Death  ; decease.  Shale. 

Dp-FY',  v.  a.  [Low  L.  diffido  ; It.  disfidare  ; Sp. 
desfiar ; Fr.  defier.  — “ Probably  from  the  Latin 
de  fide  [from  faith]  in  the  sense  of  to  fall  from 
allegiance,  and,  in  consequence,  to  declare  war, 
to  dare  to  the  combat.  Defy  is  a feudal  term.” 
Sullivan.']  [i.  defied  ; pp.  defying,  defied.] 

1.  To  challenge ; to  dare. 

I once  again 

j Defy  thee  to  the  trial  of  mortal  light.  3filton. 

2.  To  brave  ; to  treat  with  contempt ; to  dis- 
regard; as,  “To  defy  public  sentiment.” 

3.  fTo  reject;  to  refuse.  “I  defy  all  coun- 
sel.” “ I do  defy  thy  commiseration.”  Sh-i/c. 

4.  fTo  renounce;  to  give  up.  “All  studies 

here  I solemnly  defy.”  Shak. 

/i®*  “ The  first  and  feudal  sense  of  tile  word  is,  not 
merely  to  fall  from  allegiance  to  rebellion,  but  in  gen- 
eral to  declare,  on  either  part,  the  dissolution  of  the 
faith  reciprocally  pledged  between  the  lord  and  vas- 
sal.” Todd. 

Syn.  — See  Brave. 

D1J-FY',  n.  A challenge  ; defiance.  Dryden. 

DIJ-FY'JJR,  n.  Defier.  — See  Defier.  South. 

DEG,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  deegan,  to  dve.]  To  moisten  ; 
to  wet ; to  sprinkle.  [Local,  Eng.]  Brockett. 

DIJ-GAR'NISfl,  v.  a.  [Fr.  degarnir  ; de,  nega- 
tive, and  garnir,  to  furnish.]  To  unfurnish;  to 
dismantle  ; to  disgarnish.  [r.]  Washington. 

Dp-GAR 'NISH-MENT,  n.  The  act  of  degarnishing 
or  stripping,  [r.]  Maunder. 

f Dp-^EN'DER,  v.  n.  To  degenerate.  Spenser. 

f Dp-^EN'DpRED,  a.  Degenerated.  Spenser. 

Dp-tJlEN'pR-A-CY,  n.  1.  The  act  of  degenerat- 
ing, or  becoming  inferior  in  nature  or  kind. 

The  ruin  of  a state  is  generally  preceded  by  a universal 
degeneracy  of  manners  and  contempt  of  religion.  Swift. 

2.  The  state  of  being  degenerate,  or  inferior 
in  character  or  morals  to  the  preceding  mem- 
bers of  the  same  stock  or  race  ; deterioration. 

There  was  plainly  wanting  a divine  revelation  to  recover 
mankind  out  of  their  universal  corruption  and  degeneracy. 

Clarke. 

3.  Inferiority  ; meanness  ; poorness.  “ De- 
generacy of  spirit.”  Addison. 

DE-lJJEN'plt-ATE,  v.  n.  [L.  degenero,  degenera- 
tus ; de,  from,  and  genus,  generis,  race;' It.  de- 
generare  ; Sp.  degenerar ; Fr.  degenerer.]  [i. 
degenerated ; pp.  degenerating,  degen- 
erated.] To  become  inferior  to  the  preceding 
members  of  the  same  stock  or  race ; to  fall 
from  the  virtue  of  ancestors,  or  from  a better 
state;  to  become  worse  ; to  deteriorate. 

. Y[hat  would  the  Romans  have  been,  had  they  degenerated 
m this  proportion  for  live  or  six  generations  more?  Harris. 
Without  art,  the  noblest  seeds 
Of  flowers  degenerate  into  weeds.  Butler. 

When  wit  transgresseth  decency,  it  degenerates  into  inso- 
lence and  impiety.  Tillotson. 

Dp-t^EN'pR-ATE,  a.  Fallen  from  the  virtue  of 
ancestors,  or  from  a better  state  ; degenerated;  | 


inferior  ; mean  ; base.  “ A degenerate  age.” 
Stillingflcct.  “Faint-hearted  and  degenerate 
king.”  Shak. 

Dp-t^EN'pR-ATE-LY,  ad.  In  a degenerate  or 
base  manner. 

Dp-^EN'pR-ATE-NESS,  n.  A degenerate  state  ; 
degeneracy.  Johnson. 

Dp-<jfEN-pR-A'TION,  n.  [It.  degenerazione  ; Sp. 
degeneracion ; Fr.  degeneration.] 

1.  The  act  of  degenerating  or  growing  worse. 
“Degeneration  unto  any  thing  harmful.”CW’fet/. 

2.  A degenerate  state  ; degeneracy.  Bates. 

3.  A degenerate  thing,  [r.]  Browne. 

Dp-pfEN'pR-A-TIVE,  a.  Tending  to  cause  de- 
generacy ; making  worse.  Month.  Rev. 

Dp-^JEN'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  degener,  departing  from 
its  kind.] 

1.  Degenerate,  [r.]  Johnson. 

2.  Vile  ; base  ; infamous.  “ Degenerous 

passion.”  [r.]  Dryden. 

DP-^EN'PR-OUS-LY,  ad.  Basely  ; meanly.  “De- 
generously  employed.”  Decay  of  Piety. 

f Dp-GLO'RIED,  a.  Dishonored.  “ With  thorns 
deyloried.”  Fletcher. 

Dp-GLU'TI-NATE,  v.  a.  [L.  deglutino,  deglu- 
tinatus  ; de,  priv.,  and  glutino,  to  glue.]  To 
unglue ; to  undo  ; to  slacken.  Smart. 

DEG-Ly-Tl''TION  (deg-lu-tish'un),  n.  [L.  deglu- 
titio,  to  swallow  down ; It.  deglutizione,  deglu- 
tition ; Sp .deglucion;  Fr.  deglutition.] 

1.  The  act  of  swallowing  food.  Ray. 

2.  The  power  of  swallowing.  Arbuthnot. 

DEG-Ly-Tl"TIOUS,  a.  Relating  to  deglutition, 
or  swallowing,  [r.]  Heber. 

DEG-RA-DA'TION,  n.  [It.  degradazione ; Sp.  de- 
graded on  ; Fr.  degradation.] 

1.  The  act  of  degrading ; a deprivation  of 
dignity  ; a reducing  in  rank,  or  a removal  from 
office  ; humiliation. 

He  saw  many  removes  and  degradations  in  all  the  other 
offices  of  which  he  had  been  possessed.  Clarendon. 

2.  The  state  of  being  degraded  or  degenerate ; 
degeneracy  ; debasement ; abasement. 

The  lifting  of  a man’s  self  up  in  his  own  opinion  has  had 
the  credit,  in  former  ages,  to  be  thought  the  lowest  degrada- 
tion that  human  nature  could  well  sink  itself  to.  Locke. 

3.  A diminution  or  lessening  in  value, 

strength,  or  efficacy.  Johnson. 

4.  (Paint.)  The  lessening  and  obscuring  of 
objects  represented  as  at  a distance.  Johnson. 

5.  (Geol.)  The  wearing  away  of  rocks,  beach- 

es, banks,  &c.,  by  the  action  of  water  or  other 
causes.  Craig. 

Syn.  — See  Abasement. 

DP-GRAde',  v.  a.  [L.  de,  down,  and  gradus,  a 
step  ; It.  clegraclare  ; Sp.  degradar  ; Fr.  degra- 
der.] [t.  DEGRADED  ; pp.  DEGRADING,  DE- 
GRADED.] 

1.  To  deprive  of  office,  rank,  or  title;  to  dis- 
grace. “ Degrading  bishops  and  abbots.”  Bale. 

2.  To  diminish  the  worth  of;  to  reduce  in 
value  or  in  estimation  ; to  lower ; to  sink. 

Nor  fihalt  thou,  by  descending  to  assume 

Man’s  nature,  lessen  or  degrade  thine  own.  Milton. 

3.  (Geol.)  To  reduce  in  altitude  or  in  mag- 
nitude, as  a mountain.  Craig. 

Syn.  — To  degrade  respects  the  external  station  or 
■rank  ; to  disgrace , the  moral  estimation  or  character. 
Ail  officer  of  the  army  is  degraded ; a minister  of  state, 
disgraced.  Disgraced  by  vicious  conduct;  degraded 
by  being  placed  in  a lower  station.  — See  Abase, 
Disparage. 

Dp-GRAD'pD,y>.  a.  1.  Deprived  of  dignity  or  rank. 

2.  Debased ; low.  “ A degenerate  and  de- 
graded state.”  Milton. 

3.  (Tier.)  Noting  a cross  when  it  has  steps  at 

each  end.  London  Ency. 

f Dp-GRADE'MpNT,  n.  Degradation.  Milton. 

DP-GRAd'JNG,  p.  a.  1.  Depriving  of  dignity  or 
rank ; mortifying. 

2.  Disgracing;  dishonoring. 

DP-GRAd'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a degrading  manner. 

f DEG-RA-VA'TION,  n.  [L.  degravo,  to  weigh 
down.]  The  act  of  making  heavy.  Bailey. 

DJE-GREE',  n.  [L.  gradus  ; It.  § Sp.  grado  ; Fr. 
degre.] 


1.  A step  or  single  movement  towards  an  ob- 
ject ; a step  in  progress. 

The  knowledge  of  myself,  . . . 

Which  to  true  wisdom  is  the  first  degree.  Davies. 

2.  f A stair  ; a step,  as  of  a staircase.  Chaucer. 

3.  Station  ; rank  ; order  ; class  ; quality.  “ A 

squire  of  low  degree.”  Shale. 

Great  indeed 

His  name,  and  high  was  his  degree  in  heaven.  Milton. 

4.  A distinction  conferred  by  universities 
and  colleges  upon  their  students  and  others,  in 
token  of  their  proficiency  in  the  arts  or  sci- 
ences, and  entitling  them  to  certain  privileges. 

■6®°  Degrees  are  given  in  arts,  divinity,  law,  medi- 
cine, music,  and  science  : and  they  are  styled  Bachelor, 
Master,  and  Doctor  ; — instead  oi'  which  last,  in  some 
foreign  universities,  they  confer  that  of  Licentiate. 

5.  Measure  or  extent,  determined  by  given 
relations  ; proportion. 

The  self-existent  being  . . . must  of  necessity  . . . contain 
in  himself  the  sum  and  highest  degree  of  all  the  perfection 
of  all  things.  Clarke. 

6.  (Genealogy.)  The  distance  from  a certain 
ancestor ; a remove  in  the  line  of  descent. 

King  Latinus,  in  the  third  degree, 

Had  Saturn  author  of  his  family.  Dryden. 

7.  (Astroti.  & Math.)  A definite  part  of  a cer- 
tain quantity. 

IKS'  In  geometry,  a degree  contains  60  minutes, 
and  is  the  360th  part  of  the  circumference  of  a circle. 
On  tile  earth’s  surface,  a degree  of  a great  circle  is 
69.1  miles  nearly.  The  degrees  of  small  circles,  as  of 
parallels  of  latitude,  are  less  and  less  as  they  are 
nearer  their  poles.  In  mathematical  and  other  instru- 
ments, a degree  is  a division  or  interval  of  a scale. 

8.  (Algebra.)  State  of  a term  with  respect  to 

the  sum  of  the  exponents  of  all  its  factors  ; thus, 
a'2  b c is  a term  of  the  fourth  degree  : — state  of 
an  equation  with  respect  to  the  greatest  sum  of 
the  exponents  of  the  unknown  quantities  in 
any  term  ; thus,  a x2  y -\-b  x y = c is  an  equa- 
tion of  the  third  degree.  Peirce. 

9.  ( Arith .)  A combination  of  three  figures  ; 
thus,  36o  is  a degree,  140,420,  two  degrees. 

10.  (Mus.)  The  difference  of  position,  or  ele- 

vation, between  any  two  notes  : — a note-place 
on  the  staff.  Moore. 

11.  (Gram.)  A term  used  with  respect  to  the 
form  of  adjectives  as  affecting  their  signification. 

BSp  Thus  wise  is  said  to  be  in  the  positive  degree, 
wiser  in  file  comparative,  and  wisest  in  the  superla- 
tive degree. 

By  degrees,  little  by  little  ; step  by  step;  gradually. 

A person  who  is  addicted  to  piny  or  gaming,  though  he 
took  hut  little  delight  in  it  at  first,  by  degrees  contracts  a 
strong  inclination  towards  it.  Spectator. 

Syn.  — See  Class. 

t D£-GUST',  v.  a.  [L.  degusto.]  To  taste. Cockeram. 

f DEG-US-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  degustatio.]  The  act 
of  tasting.  Bp.  Hall. 

Df-HISCE'  (de-hls'),  v.  n.  [L.  dehisco  ; de,  from, 
used  intensively,  and  hio,  to  gape.]  To  open, 
as  the  capsule  of  a plant.  P.  Cyc. 

DB-HIS'C^NCE,  n.  [Fr.  dehiscence.]  ( Bot .)  The 
opening  of  the  suture  of  the  anther,  so  that  the 
pollen  may  fall  out  : — the  opening  of  the  valves 
of  certain  fruits  for  the  discharge  of  the 
seeds.  Gray. 

DIJ-HIS'CF.NT,  a.  [Fr.  dehiscent.]  (Bot.)  Open- 
ing or  gaping,  as  an  anther  or  a fruit,  to  dis- 
charge its  contents.  Loudon. 

DE- HON-JJS-tA  'T  ION,  n.  Disgrace.  Bp.  Gaudcn. 

t DE-IIO-NES'tAte,  v . a.  [L.  dchonesto,  dcho- 
nestatus ; de,  priv.,  and  honeslo,  to  honor.]  To 
disgrace  ; to  dishonor.  Taylor. 

DF.-HOR?  ’ ,prep.  [Fr.]  (Law.)  Without.  “ De- 
hors the  land.”  Blackstone. 

D1S-HORT',  v.  a.  [L.  dchortor.]  To  dissuade  ear- 
nestly. [r.]  Bp.  Hall. 

DE-IIOR-tA'TION,  n.  [L.  dehortatio.]  Dissua- 
sion. “ Dehortation  from  vice.”  [r.]  Knight. 

Df.-IIOR'TA-Tl  VE,  a.  Tending  to  dissuade  ; dis- 
suasive ; dehortatory.  [r.]  Coleridge. 

DB-HOR'TA-TO-RY,  a.  [L.  dehortatorius.]  Tend- 
ing to  dissuade ; -dissuasive.  Bp.  Hall. 

DB-HOR'TA-TO-RY,  n.  Dissuasion.  Milton. 

f D£-IloRT'JER,  n.  A dissuadcr.  Sherwood. 

f DJJ-HUSK',  v.  a.  To  strip  the  husk  from.  Draut. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON  ; BULL,  BUR,  ROLE.  — ■ 9,  9,  $,  g,  soft;  E,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


DEICIDE 


376 


DELEGACY 


DE'I-CIDE,  n.  [L.  deus,  a god,  and  ccedo,  to  kill ; 
It.  Sp.  deiciaio. ] 

1.  The  murder  of  a divine  being ; — applied 
to  the  act  of  putting  our  Saviour  to  death.  Prior. 

2.  One  of  the  executioners  of  Christ.  Craig. 

f Dp-IC'TI-CAL-LY,  ad.  [Gr.  heiKTiuds,  pointing 

out  with  the  finger.]  In  a manner  to  point  out 
or  designate.  Hammond. 

DIJ-If'IC,  a.  [L.  deificus  ; deus,  a god,  and  facio, 
to  make.]  Making  divine  ; deifical.  Smart. 

DJJ-lF'l-CAL,  a.  Making  divine  ; producing  like- 
ness to  God.  “A  deifical  communion.”  Homilies. 

DE-I-FI-CA'TION,  n.  1.  The  act  of  deifying,  or 
raising  to  the  rank  of  a god  ; apotheosis.  “ The 
deification  of  Romulus.”  Ellis. 

2.  The  state  of  one  deified.  Spectator. 

DE'I-FIED  (de'e-fld),  p.a.  1.  Adored  as  a god. 

2.  Praised  excessively. 

DE'I-Fl-pR,  n.  One  who  deifies.  Coventry. 

DE'I-FORM,  a.  [L.  deus,  a god,  and  forma,  form.] 
Of  a godlike  form.  More. 

t DE-I-FORM'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being  de- 
iform ; resemblance  of  deity.  More. 

DE'I-FY  (de'e-fi),  v.  a.  [L.  deus,  a god,  and  facio, 
to  make;  It .deificare  ; Sp.  deificar-,  Fr.  deifier. ] 

[i.  DEIFIED  ; pp.  DEIFYING,  DEIFIED.] 

1.  To  make  a god  of ; to  raise  to  the  rank  of 

a deity ; to  class  among  the  gods.  “ They  . . . 
deified  the  several  parts  of  nature.”  Jortin. 

2.  To  extol  or  praise  as  a god;  to  treat  as  if 
a deity  or  a god ; to  extol  greatly. 

lie  did  so  deify  the  pope  as  made  all  that  he  had  said  in 
praise  of  his  master  and  mistress  seem  temperate  and  passa- 
ble. Bacon. 

DEIGN  (dan),  v.  n.  [L.  dignor,  to  think  worthy; 
It.  deynare  ; Fr.  daigner.]  \i.  deigned  ; pp. 
deigning,  deigned.]  To  think  fit;  to  con- 
descend ; to  vouchsafe. 

To  fight  with  thee  no  man  of  arms  will  deign.  Milton. 

DEIGN  (dan),  v.  a.  1.  To  grant  ; to  permit ; to 
allow;  to  bestow. 

And  the  mute  silence  hist  along, 

’.Less  Philomel  will  deign  a song.  Milton. 

2.  To  consider  worthy  of  notice  and  regard  ; 
— opposed  to  disdain. 

Thy  palate  then  did  deign 

The  roughest  berry*  on  the  rudest  hedge.  Shale. 

BEIGN'ING  (dan'jng),  n.  The  act  of  condescend- 
ing or  vouchsafing.  Johnson. 

HE  'i  ORA  'TI-A  (-gra'she-rt).  [L.]  By  the  grace 
of  God  ; — a formula  used  in  the  ceremonial  de- 
scription of  the  title  of  a sovereign.  Brande. 

DE’l  JU-DI" CI-tjM  (de'l-ju-dish'e-um).  [L.] 
(Law.)  The  judgment  of  God;  — a term  ap- 
plied to  the  old  Saxon  trial  by  ordeal.  Hamilton. 

DEIL,  or  DEEL,  n.  Devil.  [Scottish.]  Jamieson. 

I) EL- .VO-  THE ' R I-  (IM,  n.  [Gr.  hi ivds,  terrible,  and 
tlnpiov,  a beast.] 

(Pal.)  A genus 
of  fossil,  gigan- 
tic herbivorous 
pachyderms  in- 
termediate be- 
tween the  mas- 
todon and  the  DeSnotherium. 

manatee,  supposed  to  have  been  aquatic,  and 
remarkable  for  enormous  tusks,  which  pro- 
jected downward  from  the  lower  jaw  ; — written 
also  Dinotherium.  Agassiz. 

t DE-IN'TJJ-grAte,  v.  a.  [L.  deintegro,  deinte- 
gratus ; de,  priv.,  and  integro,  to  restore.]  To 
spoil ; to  disintegrate.  Bailey. 

*t  DE-IP'A-ROUS,  a.  [L.  deiparus ; deus,  a god,  and 
pario,  to  bear.]  That  brings  forth  a god.  Bailey. 

DEIP-NOS'O-PHIST,  n.  [Gr.  heerrvoaoijiitrr^s  ; hiiir- 
iiov,  a supper,  and  cojuarfu,  a sage.]  One  of  an 
ancient  class  of  philosophers  who  u*ere  noted 
for  their  discourses  at  meals.  Gent.  Mag. 

DE'IS,  n.  A high  seat.  — See  Dais.  Chaucer. 

DE'I§M  (de'izm),  n.  [It.  fy  Sp.  deismo  ; Fr.  de- 
isme .]  The  doctrine  or  creed  of  a deist ; be- 
lief in  the  existence  of  God,  coupled  with  dis- 
belief of  revealed  religion. 

Deism  seems  to  have  sprung  up  abroad  about  the  middle 
of  the  sixteenth  century.  IVaterland . 

DE'JST,  n.  One  who  believes  in  the  existence  of 
God,  but  disbelieves  revealed  religion. 


Theist  and  deist  both  signify  simply  one  who  believes  in 
God;  and,  about  the  beginning  of  the  last  century,  both  were 
employed  to  denote  one  who  believes  in  God  independently 
of  revelation.  But,  from  about  the  time  of  Shaftesbury,  the 
term  deist  has  generally  been  applied  to  such  as  are  indiffer- 
ent or  hostile  to  the  claims  of  revelation.  Fleming. 

Syn.  — See  Infidel. 

DE-IS'TIC,  ) a_  Relating  to  deism  or  to  de- 

DE-IS'TJ-CAE,  > ists.  Hall. 

DE-IS'T{-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a deistical  manner.  Ash. 

D£-IS'TI-CAL-NESS,m.  The  state  of  being  deis- 
tical ; deism.  Scott. 

f DE'J-TATE,  a.  Divine  ; possessing  the  nature 
of  a god.  Abp.  Cranmer. 

DE'I-TY  (de'e-te),  n.  [L.  deltas  ; deus,  a god  ; It. 
deitii ; Sp.  deidad;  Fr.  deite.] 

1.  The  divine  nature  ; divinity  ; the  nature 

and  essence  of  God ; godhead.  Hooker. 

2.  God  ; the  Divine  Being. 

I seem,  for  my  own  part,  to  see  the  benevolence  of  the 
Deity  more  clearly  in  the  pleasures  of  very  young  children 
than  in  any  thing  in  the  world.  Paley. 

3.  The  supposed  divine  nature  of  a false  god. 
“ Deity . . . which  was  given  to  Venus.”  Raleigh. 

4.  A fabulous  or  false  god ; an  imaginary 

god,  or  an  animate  or  inanimate  object  viewed 
as  a god.  Shak. 

rr  ■ The  word  deity,  as  used  by  good  writers  for  the 
Divine  Being,  or  for  a heathen  god,  lias  the  article 
prefixed,  as  in  the  citation  from  Paley  under  defini- 
tion No.  2. 

D (EJECT',  v.  a.  [L.  dejicio,  dejectus;  Fr.  dif- 
fer.] [t.  DEJECTED  ; pp.  DEJECTING,  DEJECTED.] 

1.  f To  cast  down  ; to  depress.  “ She  dejects 

her  eyes.”  Fuller. 

2.  To  cast  into  deep  grief;  to  dispirit;  to 
make  sad ; to  dishearten  ; to  discourage. 

Nor  think  to  die  dejects  my  lofty  mind.  Pope. 

f DE-JECT',  a.  Cast  down;  afflicted;  dejected. 
“ A deject  spirit  in  man.”  Beau.  1$  FI. 

DE-JECT’(iD,  p.  a.  Cast  down  ; disheartened  ; 
dispirited ; sorrowful ; sad. 

But  gloomy  were  his  eyes,  dejected  was  his  face.  Drydcn. 

DE-JECT'IJD-LY,  ad.  In  a dejected  manner.Racora. 

DE-JECT'BD-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  cast 
down;  lowness  of  spirits ; dejection.  Ileywood. 

DlJ-JECT'JfR,  n.  One  who  dejects.  Cotgrave. 

DE-JEC'TfON,  n.  [L.  dejectio ; It .dejezione;  Sp. 

deyeccion  ; Fr.  dejection. ] 

1.  The  state  of  being  dejected  ; lowness  of 
spirits ; melancholy. 

Deserted  ...  he  sinks  into  utter  dejection.  Rogers. 

2.  A low  state ; weakness  ; partial  loss.  “ De- 
jection of  appetite.”  [it.]  Arbuthnot. 

3.  f A thrusting  down.  Hallywell. 

4.  f A casting  down  or  humbling  one’s  self. 

Adoration  implies  submission  and  dejection.  Pearson. 

5.  (Med.)  The  act  of  going  to  stool: — a 

stool ; excrement.  Ray. 

Syn.  — Dejection  and  depression  are  occasional  ; 
melancholy,  more  permanent.  Dejection  implies  more 
than  depression,  and  less  tiian  melancholy.  Depression 
of  spirits  ; great  dejection  ; incurable  melancholy.  The 
reverse  of  dejection  is  joy  ; of  low-spiritedness,  gayety  ; 
of  melancholy,  cheerfulness. 

f Df-JECT'LY,  ad.  Dejectedly.  Sherwood. 

DIJ-JEC'TO-RY,  a.  Promoting  evacuation  by 
stool.  “ Dejectory  medicines.”  Ferrand. 

DJJ-JECT'URE,  n.  Excrement.  Arbuthnot. 

t DEJ'P-RAte,  v.  a.  [L.  dejero,  dejerabus. ] To 
swear  deeply.  Cockeram. 

f DEJ-E-RA'TION,  n.  [L.  dejeratio. ] The  act 
of  taking  a solemn  oath.  Bp.  Hall. 

DEJEUNER  ) (da'zlm-na'),  n.  [Fr.]  A break- 

DEJEUNE  ) fast ; the  morning  meal: — now 
used  in  the  fashionable  world  as  synonymous 
with  luncheon.  Craig. 

DE  JU' RE.  [L.]  (Law.)  By,  or  of,  right  ; by 
law.  — See  De  Facto.  Tomlins. 

f DE-LAC-ER-A'TION,  n.  [L.  delacero,  delacera- 
tus.]  Diiaceration.  Bailey. 

f DE-LAC-RY-MA'TION,  n.  [L.  delacrymatio. ] 
Waterishness  of  the  eyes.  Bailey. 

f DEL-  AC-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  delactatiof]  A wean- 
ing from  the  breast.  Bailey. 


DE-LAP-SA'TION,  n,  A falling  down.  Craig. 

DE-LAPSE'  (de-lfips'),  v.  n.  [L.  delabor,  delap- 
sus. ] To  glide  or  fall  down,  [n.]  Drayton. 

DE-LApSED'  (de-ISpst'),  a.  Fallen  down.  ‘‘The 
delapsed  crown.”  Drayton. 

DU-LAP'SION,  n.  Act  of  falling  down.  Holland. 

DJJ-LAte',  v.  a.  [L.  defero,  delutus.] 

1.  To  carry;  to  convey;  transmit.  “The 

time  wherein  sound  is  delated.”  Bacon. 

2.  To  spread  abroad  ; to  make  public.  “ The 
crime  is  delated  or  notorious.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

3.  To  carry  on;  to  conduct.  “ Delating  . . . 

the  empire.”  Warner. 

4.  To  inform  against;  to  accuse.  Bp.  Burnet. 

DE-DATE',  v.  n.  To  discourse  largely  ; to  dilate. 
— See  Dilate.  Goodwin. 

ltS“  Dilate  was  written  not  uncommonly  delate  by 
old  writers'.  Richardson. 

DE-lA'T£R,  n.  An  accuser.  Bp.  Hall. 

DE-lA'TION,  n.  [L.  delatio;  It.  delazione ; Sp. 
delacion  ; Fr.  delation.] 

1.  The  act  of  carrying  ; a conveyance.  “ The 
delation  of  light  is  m an  instant.”  [it.]  Bacon. 

2.  Extension.  Berners. 

3.  Accusation;  information  against.  Wotton. 

f DE-LA'TOR,  n.  [L.]  One  who  delates,  or  ac- 
cuses ; an  accuser  ; an  informer.  “ His  accuser 
or  delator.”  Howell. 

The  delators,  a race  of  men  . . . almost  extinguished  under 
the  former  reigns,  again  became  formidable.  Gibbon. 

DE-LAY'  (de-la'),  v.  a.  [L.  differo,  dilatus;  Sp. 
dilatar  ; Fr  .delayer.]  [i.  delayed  ; yip.  de- 
laying, delayed.] 

1.  To  defer  ; to  put  off ; to  postpone.  “He 

delayed  his  business.”  Berners. 

2.  To  stop  for  a time  ; to  detain  ; to  hinder. 

Must  sad  Ulysses  ever  be  delayed ? Pope. 

3.  fTo  allay;  to  mitigate.  “ Delay  hot  Ti- 
tan’s beams.”  Spenser. 

DB-LAy'  (de-la'),  v.  n.  To  refrain  from  action  ; to 
stop  ; to  linger ; to  procrastinate. 

Advantage  feeds  him  fat,  while  men  delay.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Hesitate. 

DE-LAY',  n.  [Fr.  delai. ] 1.  A deferring;  pro- 


crastination. 

The  conduct  of  our  lives  will  not  bear  delay.  Locke. 

2.  Detention;  stay;  stop. 

The  chief  without  delay 

Passed  on.  Dryden. 

3.  (Law.)  Time  within  which  something  is  to 

be  done,  as  alloxved  either  by  law  or  by  agree- 
ment of  the  parties.  Bouvier. 

DE-I,Ay'£R,  n.  1.  One  who  delays,  defers,  or 
hinders.  “ A delayer  of  justice.”  Swift. 

2.  A lingerer  ; a loiterer.  Waits. 


f DE-LAy'MJJNT,  n.  Ilinderance  ; delay.  Gower. 

DEL  CRED  ' F.-RE,  n.  [It.,  of  belief,  trust,  or  war- 
ranty.] (Mercantile  Laic.)  The  agreement  by 
which  an  agent  or  factor,  in  consideration  of  an 
additional  premium  or  commission,  engages, 
when  he  sells  goods  on  credit,  to  guarantee  the 
solvency  of  the  purchaser.  Burrill. 

Del  credere  commission,  the  additional  commission 
granted  to  a factor  for  guaranteeing  the  solvency  of  a 
purchaser  to  whom  lie  sells  goods  on  credit.  Burrill. 

DE'LE,  v.  a.  [L.,  imperative  of  deleo.]  (Print- 
ing.) Blot  out;  erase;  — used  as  a direction 
to  printers.  Hamilton. 

DEL'E-BLE  [del'e-bl,  Ja.  K.  R.  ; de'le-bl,  Sm.],  a. 
[L.  delebilis .]  That  may  be  blotted  out ; that 
may  be  erased.  More. 

DE-LEC'TA-BLE,  a.  [L.  delectabilis.]  Pleasing  ; 
delightful.  “ Delectable  bowers.”  Quarles. 

DE-LEC'TA-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
delectable  ; delightfulness ; pleasantness. Barret. 

DIJ-LEC'TA-BLY,  ad.  Delightfully;  pleasantly. 
“ May  we  not  delectably  consider.”  Bale. 

DEL-EC-TA'TION  [del-ek-ta'shun,  IF.  Ja.  R.  ; 
de-lek-ta'shun,  S.  K.  Sm.],  n.  [L.  delectatio  ; 
Sp.  delectacion  ; Fr.  delectation.]  Lively  pleas- 
ure ; delight.  Sir  T.  More. 

f DEL'p-GA-CY,  n.  1.  A certain  number  of  per- 
sons delegated;  a delegation.  Abp.  Laud. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  ¥,  short;  A,  £,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  IIEIR,  HER ; 


DELEGATE 


377 


DELIGHTFULNESS 


2.  A commission.  “ By  way  of  delegacy,  or 
grand  commission.”  Raleigh. 

DEL'R-GATE,  v.  a.  [L.  delego,  delegatus-,  It. 
delegare-,  Sp . delegar -,  Fr.  deleguer.)  [i.  del- 
egated ; pp.  DELEGATING,  DELEGATED.] 

1.  To  send  on  an  embassy ; to  depute.  Johnson. 

2.  To  commission  for  the  transaction  of  some 
business  ; to  empower  to  act. 

3.  To  intrust ; to  commit  to  another’s  power. 

We  . . . can  pretend  to  no  further  jurisdiction  over  each 
other  than  vvliat  he  lias  delegated  to  us.  Decay  of  Piety. 

DEL' 5-GATE,  n.  [L.  legatus  ; It.  deligato  ; Sp. 
deligado  ; Fr.  deligue.]  One  who  is  sent  to  act 
for,  or  to  represent  another  ; a deputy  ; a repre- 
sentative ; a commissioner  ; as,  “ A delegate  to 
a convention.” 

tpff-  A delegate,  in  the  Congress  of  the  U.  S.,  is  the 
representative  of  a territory,  and  has  the  right  of  de- 
bating, but  not  of  voting. 

Court  of  delegates,  the  great  court  of  appeal  in  Eng., 
both  in  ecclesiastical  causes  and  from  the  decisions  of 
the  Admiralty  Court.  It  is  now  abolished,  and  its 
functions  transferred  to  the  privy  council.  P.  Cyc. 

Syn.  — See  Representative. 

DEL'E-GATE, a.  Deputed;  delegated.  Bp.  Taylor. 

DEL'E-GAT-ED,  p.  a.  Commissioned  to  repre- 
sent another ; deputed. 

DEL-E-GA'TION,  n.  [L.  legatio  ; It.  delegazione  ; 
Sp.  delegacion  ; Fr.  delegation .] 

1.  The  act  of  delegating,  or  putting  in  com- 
mission. Barrow. 

2.  The  persons  delegated  ; the  whole  of  the 
persons  who  represent  a state  or  district,  or 
the  like,  in  a deliberative  assembly ; as,  “ The 
delegation  from  Ohio  ” ; “ The  delegation  from 
Philadelphia.” 

3.  (Law.)  A kind  of  novation,  or  substitution, 

whereby  the  original  debtor,  in  order  to  be  lib- 
erated from  his  creditor,  gives  him  a third  per- 
son, who  becomes  obliged  in  his  stead  to  the 
creditor,  or  to  the  person  appointed  by  him  : — 
Ihe  transfer  of  authority  from  one  or  more  per- 
sons to  another  or  to  others.  Bouvier. 

DE-LEJT'  DA,  n.  pi.  [L.]  Things  to  be  blotted 
out  or  erased.  Hamilton. 

f DEL-E-NIF'I-CAL,  a.  [L.  delenijicus.']  Having 
virtue  to  assuage  or  ease  pain.  Bailey. 

DE-LETE',  v.  a.  [L.  deleo,  deletus. ] [?’.  delet- 

ed ; pp.  deleting,  deleted.]  To  erase;  to 
efface  ; to  blot  out.  D.  Steicart. 

DEL-5-TE'RT-OUS,  a.  [Gr.  Irjl.rjrypios  ; bylcopai, 
to  destroy  ; It.  <§■  Sp.  deletereo  ; Fr.  deUtire.] 

1.  Destructive  ; deadly  ; poisonous.  “ Their 

[plants’]  deleterious  quality.”  Goldsmith. 

2.  Injurious;  pernicious;  hurtful;  as,  “A 
deleterious  practice.” 

f DEL'5-TER-Y,  a.  Destructive;  deleterious. 
“ Deletery  medicines.”  Hudibras. 

DE-LE'TION,  n.  [L.  deletio;  It.  deletion  e.] 

1.  The  act  of  blotting  out ; erasure.  Cockeram. 

2.  Destruction,  [r.]  Bp.  Taylor. 

DEL-E-TF'TIOUS  (del-e-tish'us),  a.  [L.  deleo,  de- 
letus, to  erase.]  Admitting  erasure  or  blotting 
out ; — applied  to  paper.  Crabb. 

DEL'E-TO-RY,  n.  That  which  blots  out.  [r.] 

Confession  . . . was  most  certainly  intended  as  a deletory 
of  sin.  Up,  Taylor. 

DELE,  n.  1.  [Goth,  dalf,  a pit ; A.  S.  dclfan,  to 
dig.]  f A mine,  quarry,  or  pit.  Ray. 

2.  [See  Delft.]  A kind  of  earthen  ware 
made  to  imitate  porcelain  ; delft.  Smart. 

DELFT,  or  DELFT'- WARE,  n.  A kind  of  earth- 
en ware,  covered  with  white  glazing,  to  give  it 
the  appearance  of  porcelain  ; — so  named  from 
having  been  originally  made  at  Delft,  in  Hol- 
land.  Brande. 

DE'LI-AC,  n.  [From  Delos.']  ( Fine  Arts.)  A 
kind  of  sculptured  vase  : — beautiful  bronze  and 
silver.  Craig. 

fDEL'l-BATE,  v.  a.  [L.  delibo,  delibafus.]  To 
sip  ; to  taste.  Marmion. 

t DEL-J-BA'TION,  n.  A taste  ; a sip.  Bp.  Berkeley. 

DE-Ll  B'ER-ATE,  v.  n.  [L.  delibero,  deliberatus ; 
de,  concerning,  and  libro,  to  weigh  ; It.  delibe- 
rare;  Sp . deliberar -,  Fr.  delibirer.]  [i.  delib- 


erated ; pp.  deliberating,  deliberated.] 
To  ponder  any  thing  in  the  mind ; to  consider 
or  think  in  order  to  determine  ; to  reflect. 

When  love  once  pleads  admission  to  our  hearts, 

In  spite  of  all  the  virtue  we  can  boast, 

The  woman  that  deliberates  is  lost.  Addison. 

Syn.  — See  Consider,  Think. 

D£-LlB'£R-ATE,  v.  a.  To  weigh  in  the  mind  ; to 
consider.  Abp.  Laud. 

D5-LIB'5R-ATE,  a.  1.  Acting  only  after  exam- 
ination and  reflection  ; circumspect ; wary  ; — 
applied  to  persons  ; as,  “ A deliberate  accuser.” 

2.  Formed  after  weighing  carefully  ; well 
considered  ; as,  “ A deliberate  verdict.” 

3.  Slow ; gradual.  “Deliberate  death.” Hooker. 

Syn.  — See  Thoughtful. 

D5-LIB'£R-ATE-LY,  ad.  In  a deliberate  manner. 

Df.-LIB'JER-ATE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
deliberate  or  circumspect ; wariness  ; careful 
consideration.  “ The  deliberateness  befitting  a 
Parliament.”  King  Charles. 

D£-L!B-5R-A'TION,  n.  [L.  deliberation  It.  de- 
liberazione ; S-p.  deliberation -,  Fr.  deliberation .] 

1.  The  act  of  deliberating;  a careful  weigh- 
ing of  reasons  in  order  to  a decision ; thought 
in  order  to  choice  ; consideration. 

Every  spontaneous  action  is  not  therefore  voluntary ; for 
voluntary  pi-esupposes  some  precedent  deliberation,  that  is  to 
say,  some  consideration  and  meditation  of  what  is  likely  to 
follow.  Hobbes. 

2.  Discussion,  agitation,  or  consultation  rel- 
ative to  a measure  ; as,  “ The  deliberations  of 
a legislative  assembly.” 

Syn.— See  Agitation,  Consultation. 

D5-l!b'5R-A-tIve,  a.  [L.  deliberativus ; It.  § 
Sp.  deliberative ; Fr.  deliberatif i]  Pertaining 
to  deliberation ; that  deliberates  or  may  delib- 
erate. “ Deliberative  assemblies.”  Bouvier. 

The  people,  by  their  representatives  and  grandees,  were 
intrusted  with  a deliberative  power  in  making  laws.  Burke. 

DE-LI  B'ER-A-TlVE,  n.  A discourse  or  kind  of 
oratory  in  which  a question  is  deliberated,  or 
carefully  weighed  and  examined. 

In  deliberatives,  the  point  is,  what  is  good  and  what  is  evil; 
and  of  good,  what  is  greater,  and  of  evil,  what  is  less.  Bacon. 

DE-L'IB'ER-A-TIVE-LY,  ad.  In  a deliberative 
manner.  “ It  acted  deliberatively.”  Burke. 

D5-l!b'5R-A-TOR,  n.  One  who  deliberates.  “ De- 
liberators of  questions.”  V.  Knox. 

DEL'J-CA-CY,  n.  [It.  delicatezza ; Sp.  delicadeza ; 
Fr.  delicatesse.] 

1.  The  quality  of  being  delicate,  or  of  pleas- 
ing highly ; rare  agreeableness  to  the  taste  or 
to  some  other  sense. 

On  hospitable  thoughts  intent, 

What  choice  to  choose  for  delicacy  best.  Milton. 

2.  Something  highly  pleasing  to  the  taste,  or 
to  some  other  sense  ; a dainty. 

These  delicacies 

I mean  of  taste,  sight,  smell  — herbs,  fruits,  and  flowers. 
Walks,  and  the  melodies  of  birds.  M'uton. 

3.  Fineness,  lightness,  or  elegance  of  struc- 
ture ; as,  “A  fabric  of  great  delicacy.” 

4.  Elegant  or  feminine  beauty. 

A man  of  goodly  presence,  in  whom  strong  making  took 
not  away  delicacy,  nor  beauty  fierceness.  Sidney. 

5.  Exemption  from  hardship  ; indulgence. 
“ Gentle  usage  and  soft  delicacy.”  Milton. 

6.  Inability  to  undergo  hardship  ; weakness  ; 
as,  “ Delicacy  of  constitution.” 

7.  Unobtrusive  and  affectionate  attention. 
“ The  delicacies  of  friendship.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

8.  Carefulness ; tact ; as,  “ To  impart  un- 
pleasant news  with  great  delicacy.” 

9.  Shrinking  sensitiveness  ; sensibility;  scru- 
pulousness. “That  . . . delicacy  which  makes 
him  afraid  of  being  spoken  ill  of.”  Addison. 

10.  Freedom  from  every  thing  coarse,  gross, 
or  impure ; refinement. 

False  delicacy  is  affectation,  not  politeness.  Spectator. 

Syn.  — See  Dainty. 

DEL'I-CATE,  a.  [L.  delicatus  ; delicio,  to  allure  ; 
It.  delicato  ; Sp.  delicado  ; Fr.  deli  cat.] 

1.  Pleasing  to  a nice  taste ; pleasant  to  any 
sense.  “ A delicate  dish.”  Bp.  Taylor.  “ A 
delicate  odor.”  Shah. 

2.  Of  nice  or  exquisite  appearance,  forma- 
tion, or  structure.  “ Their  [the  lungs’]  texture 
is  extremely  delicate.”  Arbuthnot.  “ Delicate 
cheeks.”  Shak. 


3.  Pleased  only  with  what  is  nice-or  rare  ; fas- 
tidious ; dainty.  “ Delicate  appetites.”  Tatter. 

4 Discriminative  ; having  nice  perceptions  ; 
as,  “ A delicate  taste.” 

5.  Small  but  beautifully  formed  ; slender  ; as, 
“ Delicate  limbs.” 

6.  Without  power  of  endurance  ; effeminate  ; 

unable  to  endure  hardship  ; tender  ; weak.  “ A 
delicate  and  tender  prince.”  Shak. 

7.  Mild ; soft ; pleasant  ; fine  ; delightful. 

The  climate  ’8  delicate,  the  air  most  sweet.  Shak. 

8.  That  must  be  touched  with  care  and  tact ; 
requiring  caution  ; as,  “ A delicate  subject.” 

9.  Free  from  all  grossness  or  impurity  ; re- 
fined ; pure.  “ My  delicate  Ariel.”  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Fine. 

DEL'I-CATE,  n.  1.  One  fond  of  dainties.  Tatler. 

2.  pi.  Niceties;  delicacies,  [r.]  Churchill. 

DEL'I-CATE-LY,  ad.  In  a delicate  manner. 

DEL'I-CATE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  del- 
icate ; softness  ; effeminacy.  “ The  delicateness 
of  the  Persians.”  Brande. 

DEL-I-CA-TESSE',  n.  [Fr.]  Delicacy.  Swift. 

fDEL'l-CE§  (del'e-sez),  n.  pi.  [L . delicicc  ; Fr. 
delices.]  Pleasures.  Gower. 

f D5-Ll"CI-ATE  (de-llsh'e-at,  66),  v.  n.  [L.  delicio, 
deliciatus.]  To  take  delight ; to  feast.  “Flora 
is  disposed  to  deliciate.”  Partheneia  Sacra. 

DE-LI"CIOUS  (de-lish'us,  66),  a.  [L.  deliciosus  ; 
It.  delizioso ; Sp.  delicioso  , Fr.  delicieuxA  Highly 
pleasing  to  the  senses  ; grateful.  “ This  deli- 
cious garden.”  “ The  soft]  delicious  air.” Milton. 

PSP  It  is  now  little  used,  except  in  relation  to  tbo 
sense  of  taste,  but  is  sometimes  extended  to  the  intel- 
lectual taste. 

Syn.  — See  Delightful. 

Dg-Ll''CIOIJS-LY,  ad.  In  a delicious  manner. 

DB-LP'CIOUS-NESS  (de-lTsh'us-nes),  n.  The  qual- 
ity of  being  delicious ; delight ; pleasure. 

DE-LICT',  v.  [L.  delictum,  a fault.]  (Law.)  The 
act  by  which  one  person,  by  fraud  or  malignity, 
causes  some  damage  or  tort  to  another.  Bouvier. 

DEL-I-GA'TION,  n.  [L.  dcligatio  ; dcligo,  deli- 
gat  us,  to  bind  up;  Fr.  cleligation.]  (Surg.)  A 
binding  up  ; a bandaging.  Wiseman. 

DE-LIGIIT'  (de-llt'),  n.  [It.  diletto  ; Sp.  deleite.] 

1.  A high  degree  of  enjoyment ; pleasurable 

emotion  ; great  pleasure  ; rapture  ; joy  ; charm. 
“ Sounds  that  give  delight.”  Shak. 

2.  The  cause  of  pleasure  or  joy. 

She  was  his  care,  his  hope,  and  his  delight.  Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Pleasure. 

DB-LlGIlT'  (de-llt'),  v.  a.  [L.  delecto  -.  It.  dillct- 
tare ; Sp.  deleitar ; Fr.  delecter.]  [i.  delight- 
ed ; pp.  delighting,  delighted.]  To  please 
highly ; to  gratify  much ; to  afford  extreme 
pleasure  to  ; to  enrapture  ; to  charm.  “ The 
sight  will  much  delight  thee.”  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Charm. 

DE-LlGHT'  (de-llt'),  v.  n.  To  have  delight  or 
pleasure.  “ You  delight  not  in  music.”  Shak. 

DE-LIgiiT'A-BLE,  a.  Causing  delight;  delight- 

i ful.  “ Spice  delightable.”  [r.]  Chaucer. 

DE-LIGHT'ED  (de-llt'ed),  p.  a.  Much  pleased  ; 
highly  gratified. 

DE-IAGHT'ER  (de-llt'er),  n.  One  who  delights. 
“ A delighter  in  telling  bad  stories.”  Barrow. 

DE-LIGHT'FUL  (de-llt'ful),  a.  Affording  delight ; 
extremely  pleasant ; charming ; very  agreeable. 
“ Delightful  harmony.”  Shak.  “ The  situation 
was  delightful.”  Cook. 

Syn.  — Delightful,  charming,  and  pleasing  are  ap- 
plied both  to  the  pleasures  of  the  mind  and  those  of 
the  senses,  — delicious,  usually  only  to  those  of  the 
senses.  A delightful  employment,  scene,  or  spectacle  ; 
charming  music,  disposition  ; pleasing  manner  or  ad- 
dress ; a delicious  n.orsel  or  fruit.  — See  Amiable. 

DE-LIGHT'FUL-LY  (de-llt'ful-le),  ad.  In  a de- 
lightful manner. 

DE-LlGHT'FUL-NESS  (de-llt'ful-nes),  n. 

1.  The  quality  of  affording  great  pleasure. 
“ The  delightfulness  of  society.”  Barrow. 

2.  Joy  ; great  pleasure  ; delight.  Machin. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 
48 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  9,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  2f  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


DELIGHTING  LY 


DEL  SEGNO 


378 


Dp-LIGHT'ING-LY,  ad.  With  delight.  “ He  did 
not  consent  . . . delightinglg.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

DE-LIG  HT'L^SS  (de-llt'les),  a.  Wanting,  or  not 
affording,  delight.  “ Day  delightless.”  Thomson. 

fDp-LlGHT'OUS,  a.  Delightful.  Chaucer. 

DE-LIGHT 'SOME  (-llt'sum),  a.  Delightful.  “This 
country  seemed  . . . delightsome.’’  Hackluyt. 

DE-LfGHT'SOME-LY,  ad.  Delightfully.  Sherwood. 

DE-LlGHT'SOME-NESS  (de-llt'siim-n«s),  n.  De- 
lightfulness. Johnson. 

DE-LIM'JT,  v.  a.  To  bound;  to  limit,  [r.]  Ed.  Rev. 

DE-LIM-I-TA'TION,  n.  [Fr  .delimitation.]  Lim- 
itation. [h.]  Ed.  Rev. 

f DE-LINE',  v.  a.  To  delineate.  Otway. 

DE-LIN'E-A-MENT,  n.  Delineation,  [r.]  Selden. 

DE-LIN'E-ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  delineo,  delineatus ; dr, 
of,  and  linea,  a line  ; It.  delineare ; Sp.  deli- 
near.]  [i.  DELINEATED  ; pp.  DELINEATING, 
DELINEATED.] 

1.  To  draw  lines  so  as  to  exhibit  the  form  of ; 
to  design  ; to  sketch ; to  represent.  “ They 
may  delineate  old  Nestor  like  Adonis.”  Browne. 

2.  To  describe  so  as  to  present  a picture  to 
the  mind ; to  set  forth  in  a lively  manner. 

I have  not  time  to  delineate  to  you  the  glories  of  God’s 
heavenly  kingdom.  Wake. 

DE-LIN-E-A'TION,  n.  [L.  delineatio  ; Sp.  dcli- 
neacion  ; Fr.  delineation .] 

1.  The  act  of  delineating  ; a description. 

2.  A representation  by  lines  ; an  outline  ; 

a sketch  ; a draught.  Mortimer. 

Syn.  — See  Sketch. 

DE-LIx'E-A-TOR,  n.  One  who  delineates.  V.Knox. 

t DE-LIN’E-A-TURE,  n.  Delineation.  Cotgrave. 

f DE-LIN'I-MENT,  n.  [L.  deliniment um.]  A 

mitigating  or  assuaging  ; a liniment.  Bailey. 

f DEL-I-Nl"TION,  n.  [L . delino,  to  smear.]  The 
act  of  smearing.  • Henry  More. 

DE-LIN'aUEN-CY,  n.  [L.  delinquentia  ; It . delin- 
qurnza.]  A failure  in  duty ; a fault ; an  offence  ; 
a misdeed;  a misdemeanor  ; a crime. 

It  [the  doctrine  of  precxi.vtence]  supposeth  . . . this  to  bo  a 
6tate  of  incarceration  for  former  delim/uencies.  Glanville. 

DE-LIN'CAUEA'T,  a.  [L.  delinquens ; Fr.  delin- 
quant.]  Failing  in  duty  ; guilty  of  an  offence. 

He  that  politically  . . . practiseth  cither  for  his  own  profit 
or  for  any  other  sinister  ends,  may  be  well  termed  a delinquent 
person.  State  Trial '*. 

D E-LIN 'Q.UENT  (de-llng'kwent),  n.  One  who  fails 
in  duty ; one  who  commits  a fault,  offence,  or 
crime ; an  offender. 

On  those  judges  lies  a heavy  curse 

That  measure  crimes  by  the  delinquent'*  purse.  Brome. 

DE-LIN'aUENT-LY,  ad.  In  a delinquent  manner. 

f DEL'I-QUATE,  v.  n.  [L.  de,  down,  and  liquo, 
liquatus,  to  dissolve.]  To  melt ; to  deliquesce  ; 
to  be  dissolved.  Boyle. 


3.  t Interruption  of  the  sun’s  light  without 
an  eclipse. 

Such  a deliquium  we  read  of  immediately  subsequent  to 
the  death  of  Caisar.  Spenser. 

DE-LIR'A-CY,  n.  Delirium.  Abp.  Sancroft. 

t DE-LIR'A-MENT,  n.  [L.  deliramentum.]  De- 
lirium. lieywood. 

f DE-LIR'AN-CY,  n.  The  state  of  being  deliri- 
ous ; delirium  ; deliracy.  Bp.  Gauden. 

f DE-LI'RANT,  a.  Delirious  ; raving.  Dr.  Owen. 

F DE-Ll'RATE,  v.  n.  [L.  deliro,  deliratus;  Fr. 
delirer.]  To  dote  ; to  rave.  Cockeram. 

f DEL-1-RA'TION,  n.  Alienation  of  mind  ; mad- 
ness. “Hallucinations  or  delirations.”  Cudworth. 

DE-LIR'I-OUS,  a.  [L.  delirus;  deliro,  deliratus, 
to  go  out  of  the  furrow ; de,  from,  and  lira,  a 
furrow  ; It.  deliro .]  Affected  by  delirium ; wan- 
dering in  mind  ; raving  ; frenzied  ; deranged  ; 
insane. 

But  if  on  bed 

Delirious  flung,  sleep  from  his  pillow  flics; 

All  night  he  tosses,  nor  the  balmy  power 

In  any  posture  finds.  Thomson. 

DE-LtR'l-OUS-Ly,  ad.  In  a delirious  manner. 

DE-LIr'I-OI'S-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  delirious. 

DE-LiR'I-UM,  n.  [L.]  (Med.)  A disorder  of  the 
intellect,  or  alienation  of  mind,  connected  with 
fever.  — It  is  dependent  on  disease,  and  thus 
distinguished  from  mania  or  madness. 

Syn.  — See  Insanity. 

DE-LI R'l-ijM  TRE'MENfl.  [L.]  (Med.)  A 
disease  of  the  brain,  characterized  by  frightful 
dreams  and  visions,  and  resulting  from  the  ex- 
cessive and  protracted  use  of  spirituous  liquors. 
It  is  almost  peculiar  to  drunkards.  Brande. 

BSP  “A  barbarous  expression,  intended  to  convey 
the  idea  of  a delirium  coexisting  witli  a tremulous 
condition  of  the  body  or  limbs.”  Iloblijn. 

DEL-I-TES'CENCE,  n.  [L.  delitescentia  ; Fr.  de- 
litescence.] 

1.  Retirement ; obscurity. 

To  soothe  him  into  inactivity  and  delitescence.  Johnson. 

2.  ( Surg .)  A sudden  and  unexpected  subsi- 
dence, as  of  a tumor.  Brande. 

DEL-I-TES'CENT,  a.  [L.  dclitesco,  delitescens, 
to  hide  away.]  Concealed  ; lying  hid.  Johnson. 

f DE-LIT'I-GATE,  v.  a.  [L.  delitigo,  delitagatus .] 
To  strive  with  in  words  ; to  chide.  Cockeram. 

f DE-LIT-J-GA'TIQN,  n.  A striving  ; a contend- 
ing : — a chiding.  Bailey. 

DE-LlV'ER,  v.  a.  [L.  libero ; liber,  free;  It.  libe- 
rare,  and  deliberat  e •,  Sp.  delibrar;  Fr.  delivrer.] 
[t.  DELIVERED  ; pp.  DELIVERING,  DELIVERED.] 

1.  To  set  free  ; to  liberate  ; to  release.  “Thus 

she  the  captive  did  deliver.”  Prior. 

2.  To  rescue ; to  save ; to  extricate ; to  re- 
deem. 


t DE-LlV'ER,  a.  Nimble;  free;  active.  Chaucer. 

DE-LIV'ER-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be,  or  is  to  be, 
delivered.  llale. 

DE-I.I  V'ER-ANCE,  n.  [Fr.  delirrance. ] 

1.  Release,  as  from  captivity  or  confinement; 
liberation  ; emancipation  ; redemption  ; escape. 
“Preach  deliverance  to  the  captives.”  Luke  iv.  18. 

2.  Rescue,  as  from  impending  danger  or  evil. 
“ Unexpected  deliverances  from  evil.”  Beattie. 

3.  The  act  of  uttering  or  pronouncing.  Shah. 

4.  Parturition  ; childbirth.  ~ Bacon. 

BSP  In  the  last  two  senses,  delivery  is  now  com- 
monly used. 

Syn.  — Deliverance  from  oppression  or  trouble  ; 
release  from  prison  ; rescue  from  captivity  ; delivery  of 
property,  or  of  a speech  ; jail -delivery. 

DE-LI  V'ER-ER>  n.  One  who  delivers  ; a rescuer. 

DE-LIV'ER-ESS,  n.  A female  deliverer.  Qu.  Rev. 

t DE-LIV'ER-LY,  ad.  Nimbly.  Spenser. 

f DE-LIV'ER-NESS,  n.  Agility  ; activity.  Todd. 

DE-LIV'ER-Y,  n.  1.  The  act  of  delivering,  giving 
over,  committing,  or  yielding  up  ; surrender. 

The  investitures  of  bishops  and  abbots  . . . originally  given 
by  the  delivery  of  the  pastoral  ring  and  staff.  Burnet. 

2.  Release;  liberation;  emancipation. 

He  swore,  with  sobs, 

That  he  would  labor  my  delivery.  Shale. 

3.  Manner  of  speaking ; utterance  ; pronun- 
ciation ; elocution. 

I was  charmed  with  the  gracefulness  of  his  figure  and  de- 
livery, as  well  as  with  his  discourses.  Addison. 

4.  Childbirth ; parturition.  Isa.  xxvi.  7. 

5.  f Use  of  the  limbs ; agility ; activity.  JFotton. 

Syn.  — See  Deliverance. 

DELL,  n.  [Of  the  same  origin  as  dale.  Johnson. 
— A.  S.  aelfan,  to  dig,  to  delve.  Richardson. — 
Goth.  Dut.  dal.  — See  Dale,  and  Delve.]  A 
hollow  place  ; a little  dale  or  valley  ; a dingle. 

Dingle  or  bushy  dell  of  this  wild-wood.  Milton. 

DE-LOUL',  n.  [Arab.]  (Zoiil.)  A dromedary  ; a 
swift  camel  for  riding.  Layard. 

DELPH,  n.  See  Dele,  and  Delft.  Swift. 

DEL'PHI-A,  n.  (Chem.)  A vegetable  alkali  ; del- 
pbinia.  — See  Delphinia.  P.  Cyc. 

DEL'PIII-AN,  a.  Delphic.  Smart. 

DEL'PHjC,  a.  [Gr.  bchfnK6;,  AeXtpol,  the  name  of  a 
city  of  Phocis,  in  Greece  ; L.  delphicus .] 

1.  Relating  to  Delphi,  the  seat  of  the  most 
famous  oracle  of  antiquity;  as,  “The  Delphic 
priestess.” 

2.  Resembling  a Delphic  response  ; oracular. 

“ Those  Delphic  lines.”  Milton. 

DEL'PHIN- ATE,  n.  (Chem.)  A compound  of  del- 
pliinic  acid  and  a base..  Craig. 

DEL'PIIINE  (del'fin),  a.  [L.  dclphinus,  a dol- 
phin.— See  Daufiiin.]  Relating  to  the  dau- 
phin of  France. 


F DKL'I-QIIATE,  v.a.  To  dissolve.  Cudworth. 

F DEL-I-dUA'TION,  n.  Deliquescence.  Bailey. 

DEL-I-aUESCE'  (dcl-e-kwes'),  V.  n.  [L.  dcli- 
quesco .]  (Chem.)  To  become  liquid  by  absorb- 
ing moisture  from  the  atmosphere  ; — said  of 
certain  salts  ; to  liquefy.  Brande. 

DEL-I-ftUES'CENCE,  n.  [Sp.  delicuescencia ; Fr. 
deliquescence.]  (Chem.)  The  process  of  deli- 
quescing; a gradual  liquefaction  by  the  absorp- 
tion of  water  from  the  air.  Brande. 

DEL-1-Q.UES'CENT,  a.  [L.  deliquesco,  deliques- 
cens,  to  melt ; It.  deliquescente ; Sp.  delicue- 
seente  ; Fr.  deliquescent.]  (Chem.)  Liquefying 
in  the  air ; liquefiable.  P.  Cyc. 

DE-LI"&UI-ATE  (de-llk'we-at),  v.  n.  [See  Del- 
, iguate.]  To  deliquesce.  Smart. 

DE-LI-Q.UI-A'TION,  n.  Deliquescence.  Craig. 

DE-LI  "Q.UI- Cm  (de-lik'we-um),  n.  1.  [L.  ; de, 
down,  and  liquo,  to  dissolve.]  (Chem.)  Deli- 
quescence. Bp.  Berkeley.  The  liquid  produced 
by  the  deliquescence  of  a solid.  Smart. 

2.  [L. ; aelinquo,  to  leave.]  (Med.)  Faint- 
ing ; swooning ; syncope. 

He  . . . carries  strong  waters  about  with  him,  for  fear  of 
deliqufunis,  or  being  sick.  Burton. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  O 


I was  like  to  be  apprehended  for  the  witch  of  Brain  ford, 
but  that  my  admirable  dexterity  of  wit,  counterfeiting  the 
action  of  an  old  woman,  delivered  me.  Shale. 

3.  To  give  over ; to  commit  ; to  yield  up ; 

to  surrender  ; to  grant ; to  relinquish  ; to  trans- 
fer ; to  discharge.  “Deliver  me  the  key.”  “ See 
these  letters  delivered.”  Shak. 

Swear  unto  me  . . . that  thou  wilt  neither  kill  me  nor  de- 
liver  me  into  the  hands  of  my  master.  1 Sam.  xxx.  15. 

4.  To  utter  ; to  pronounce  ; to  speak. 

I known  clergyman  who  appeared  to  deliver  his  sermon 
without  looking  into  his  notes.  Swift. 

5.  To  disburden  of  a child,  as  in  childbirth. 

She  is  something  before  her  time  delivered.  Shale. 

6.  fTo  put  into  action;  to  give  effect  to  ; to 
exert. 

Musidorus  could  not  perform  any  action,  or . . . deliver 
that  strength  more  nimbly.  Sidney. 

Syn.  — A person  is  delivered  or  rescued  from  exist- 
ing evil,  and  saved  from  impending  or  future  evil. 
Deliver  or  rescue  from  t lie  hands  of  an  enemy  ; save 
from  destruction  ; liberate,  free,  or  set.  free  from  prison 
or  confinement  ; release  from  bondage.  — Deliver  prop- 
erty into  the  hands  of  the  owner;  surrender  a for- 
tress ; give  up,  or  yield,  the  point  in  dispute  ; deliver, 
or  discharge,  a cargo.  — Deliver  a discourse  ; speak,  or 
tell,  the  truth  ; utter  a sentiment. 

To  deliver  over,  to  put  into  another’s  hands ; to 
transmit. — To  deliver  up,  to  surrender.  “ Deliver  up 
the  crown.”  Shale. 


I,  U,  Y,  short ; A,  E.  I.  9,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE, 


Delphine  editions  of  the  Latin  classics  were  editions 
prepared  by  thirty-nine  distinguished  scholars,  at  tile 
suggestion  of  Louis  XIV.,  for  tile  use  of  the  Dauphin 
tin  usum  Deljiliini),  under  the  superintendence  of 
Montausier,  Bossuet,  and  Huet.  Brande. 

DEL-PHIN'I-A,  n.  (Chem.)  A vegetable  alkali 
obtained  from  the  seeds  of  Delphinium  staphi- 
sagria,  or  staves-acre.  Brande. 

DEL-PHIN'IC,  a.  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  ob- 
tained from  the  oil  of  Dclphinus  globiccps.  Craig. 

DEL'PHIN-ITE,  n.  (Min.)  A mineral,  called  also 
cpidote,  and  pistaeite.  Cleaveland. 

DEL- Pill  Jr ' I-  UM,  n.  [Gr.  bthpts,  a dolphin.] 
(Bot.)  A genus  of  plants;  the  larkspur;  — so 
called  from  the  resemblance  of  the  nectary  to 
the  conventional  figures  of  the  dolphin.  Craig. 

DEL-PIII 'MUS,  n.  [L.]  1.  (Zoiil.)  A Linnacan 

genus  of  cetaceous  mammals  ; — restricted,  in 
modern  zoology,  to  those  species  of  cetacea 
which  have  teeth  in  both  jaws,  all  simple  and 
almost  all  conical ; the  dolphin.  Brande. 

2.  (Astron.)  The  Dolphin  ; a northern  con- 
stellation. Hind. 

DEL  SEGJTO  (del  san'yo).  [It.,  from  the  sign.] 
(Mus.)  A musical  direction  to  repeat  from  the 
sign. 

FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


DELTA 


379 


DEMENTIA 


DEL'TA,  n. ; pL  deltas.  The  name  of  the  Greek 
letter  A : — a term  applied  to  an  alluvial  tract 
of  country,  of  a triangular  shape,  like  the  Greek 
letter  A,  between  the  diverging  mouths  of  a 
river,  often  subject  to  inundation.  Lyell. 

DIJL-TA'IC,  a.  Relating  to,  or  resembling,  a del- 
ta ; triangular.  Ld.  Rev. 

DEL'TA— LEAVED,  a.  ( Rot .)  Having  leaves 

shaped  like  the  Greek  letter  A.  Maunder. 

DEL'TOID,  a.  1.  Resembling  the  Greek  letter 
delta  [A]. 

2.  (Anat.)  Noting  a muscle  of  the  shoulder 

which  serves  to  lift  the  arm.  Brande. 

3.  (Bait.)  Having  the  form  of  a triangle  or  of 
the  Greek  delta  (A) ; as,  “ A deltoid  leaf.”  Gray. 

DEL'TOID,  n.  [Fr.  deltotdei]  ( Anat .)  A triangu- 
lar muscle  which  forms  the  fleshy  part  of  the 
shoulder,  and  covers  the  shoulder  joints  ; — serv- 
ing to  raise  the  arm  directly  upwards.  Dunylison. 

DEL'TOID— O' V ATE,  a.  Having  an  outline  be- 
tween the  shape  of  an  egg  and  of  the  Greek 
letter  A.  Craig. 

DE-LUD'A-BLE,  a.  Liable  to  be  deceived. 
“Cognition  is  noways  deludable."  [r.]  Browne. 

DIJ-LUDE',  v.  a.  [L.  deludo  ; de,  upon,  and  ludo , 
to  play  ; It.  deludere ; Sp.  deludir. ] [i.  delud- 

ed ; pp.  DELUDING,  DELUDED.] 

1.  To  lead  into  error  by  imposing  upon  the 
understanding;  to  mislead;  to  deceive  ; to  im- 
pose upon  ; to  beguile  ; to  cheat ; to  circumvent. 

Let  not  the  Trojans,  with  a feigned  pretence 

Of  proffered  peace,  delude  the  prince.  Dri/den. 

2.  f To  disappoint ; to  frustrate  ; to  elude. 

“ It  deludes  thy  search  ” Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Deceive,  Mislead. 

DE-LUD'ED,  p.  a.  Deceived ; imposed  upon  ; be- 
guiled ; cheated. 

DE-LUD'ER,  n.  One  who  deludes  ; a deceiver. 

DE-LUD'ING,  n.  Collusion  ; deception.  Prideaux. 

DEL'UIJIE  (del'luj),  n.  [L.  diluvium  ; diluo,  to 
wash  away  ; It.  4 Sp.  diluvio  ; Fr.  deluge .] 

1.  An  inundation,  or  overflowing  of  the  earth, 
either  wholly  or  in  part,  by  water  ; a flood  ; an 
overflow  ; — particularly  the  great  flood  in  the 
time  of  Noah. 

2.  Any  overflow  resembling  an  inundation. 

“ A fiery  deluge.”.  Milton. 

3.  A wide-spreading  and  overwhelming  ca- 
lamity. “ This  deluge  of  pestilence.”  Chaucer. 

Syn. — See  Overflow. 

DEL'UGE  (del'luj),  V.  a.  [i.  DELUGED  ; pp.  DEL- 
UGING, DELUGED.] 

1.  To  cover  with  waters  ; to  lay  totally  under 
water  ; to  submerge  ; to  inundate  ; to  drown. 

Deluged  by  the  foam, 

The  ship  sinks  foundering  in  the  dark  abyss.  Philips. 

2.  To  cover  with  any  thing  liquid. 

At  every  step  before  Achilles  stood 

The  crimson  surge,  and  deluged  him  with  blood.  Pope. 

3.  To  cover,  as  with  water : to  overwhelm 
with  any  wide-spreading  calamity. 

At  length  corruption,  like  a general  flood, 

Shall  deluge  all.  v Pope. 

Df-LU'§ION  (de-lu'zlnin,  93),  n.  \L.  delusio ; It. 
delusione. ] 

1.  The  act  of  deluding ; a trick  by  ■which  the 
understanding  is  imposed  upon  ; deception. 

Give  thy  fond  arts  and  thy  delusions  o’er.  Rowe. 

2.  A false  belief ; illusion  ; fallacy  ; error. 

I,  waking,  viewed  with  grief  the  rising  sun. 

And  fondly  mourned  the  dear  delusion  gone.  Prior. 

Syn.  — See  Illusion. 

DE-LU'S1VE,  a.  Tending  to  delude;  deceptive; 
deceitful ; fraudulent ; fallacious  ; illusory.  “ A 
delusive  dream.”  Sherburne. 

Syn.  — See  Fallacious. 

DIJ-LU'SIVE-LY,  ad.  In  a delusive  manner.  Scott. 

DE-LU'SIVE-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality 
of  being  delusive.  Tucker. 

DE-LU'SO-Ity,  a.  Delusive.  “ Those  delusory, 
false  pretences.”  Prynne. 

DELVE  (delv),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  delfan ; Dnt.  delveni] 
[t.  DELVED;  pp.  DELVING,  DELVED.]  To  dig; 
to  open  the  ground  with  a spade. 

He  digged  a pit,  and  delved  it  deep.  Milton. 

To  delve  one  to  the  root,  to  trace  liis  genealogy.  Shak. 


DELVE,  v.  n.  To  dig;  to  use  the  spade. 

When  Adam  delved,  and  Eve  span, 

Where  was  then  the  gentleman  'i  John  Ball  or  Wat  Tyler. 

DELVE,  n.  1.  f A pit ; a ditch.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  -f  A dell.  “ That  shady  delve.”  Spenser. 

3.  A certain  quantity  of  coals  dug  in  the 

mine.  [Local.]  Craig. 

DELV'ER,  n.  One  who  delves  ; a digger. 

DlJ-MAG-NE-TI-zA'TION,  n.  Act  of  depriving 
of  magnetism,  or  of  animal  magnetism.  Clarke. 

Dp-MAG'NJJ-TiZE,  v.  a.  To  deprive  of  magne- 
tism. Clarke. 

I1LM-A-GOG  IC,  ? a.  [Gr.  hypaytoyiKl^.']  Re- 

D£\I-A-GOG'!-CAL,  ) lating  to,  or  like,  a dema- 
gogue ; factious,  [it.]  Coleridge. 

DEM'A-GOG-i§M,  or  DEM'A-GO-<?I§M,  n.  The 
practice,  or  the  principles,  of  a demagogue. 

Clarke. 

DEM'A-GOGUE  (dem'a-gog),  n.  [Gr.  Sypayojyos  ; 
dijyosi  people,  and  ayui,  to  lead.]  A ringleader 
of  a faction  or  of  the  rabble ; a popular  and 
factious  orator  or  agitator;  a factious  or  sedi- 
tious leader. 

Dcmagngi,  employed  by  Hacket,  went  before  dem- 
agogues. — Milton  finds  demagogue  in  Icon  Basilike; 

— “ this  goblin  word,”  as  he  calls  it.  Trench. 

A plausible,  insignificant  word,  in  the  month  of  an  expert 

demagogue,  is  a dangerous  and  dreadful  weapon.  South. 

DEM-A-GO£'Y,  n.  [Gr.  bypayuiyia.)  The  quali- 
ties of  a demagogue.  Maunder. 

DE-MAIN',  or  Dp-MESNE'  (de-man'  or  de-men') 
[de-men',  IF.  J.  F.  K.  Sm. ; de-man',  S.  E.  Ja. ; 
de-man'  or  de-men',  P.],  n.  [L.  dominium  ; 
Low  L.  demanium,  domaniurn,  dominicum-,  Fr. 
domain  ; Old  Fr.  demaine,  demain.  — “Demain, 
demean,  demesne,  domain  ; — the  same  word,  so 
variously  written.”  Richardson.  — “As  to  its 
etymology,  there  have  been  various  sugges- 
tions ; viz.,  demesne,  a man’s  own  land  ; de 
main,  that  of  which  he  has  manual  occupa- 
tion ; domus,  that  which  is  kept  for  the  support 
of  the  household.  All  these,  together  with  the 
word  demesne  itself,  are  rejected  by  Spelman, 
who  considers  the  proper  spelling  to  be  demain, 
the  French  form  of  the  Latin  dominicum,  the 
original  word,  formed  from  dominus."  Burrill. 

— “ Demesne  is  derived  from  de  mansio,  and 
properly  means  that  part  of  the  estate  attached 
to  the  mansion,  or  house,  where  the  proprietor 
remains  or  resides.”  Sullivan .] 

1.  (Law.)  Land  which  a man  had  under  his 

immediate  control,  either  by  having  it  in  his 
actual  manual  possession,  or  by  having  the 
right  to  resume  possession  at  pleasure  : — the 
lord’s  own  land,  in  contradistinction  to  what 
was  held  by  his  tenants  : — land  which  was  man- 
ually occupied  and  possessed  for  the  support  of 
the  lord  and  his  household.  Burrill. 

2.  The  proprietorship  of  one  holding  a manor ; 
as,  “ An  owner  in  demesne.” 

3.  Property  in  real  estate.  Cowper. 

Ancient  demesne,  (Eng.  Law.)  certain  manors  which 

were  in  the  hands  of  the  crown  in  the  time  of  Ed- 
ward the  Confessor,  or  William  the  Conqueror,  as 
appears  by  Domesday  Boole,  in  which  they  were  en- 
tered. Burrill. 

DE-mAnd'  (12),  v.  a.  [L.  demando,  to  give  in 
charge  ; to  intrust ; It.  dimandare ; Sp.  deman- 
dar ; Fr.  demander,  to  ask.]  [t.  demanded  ; 
pp.  DEMANDING,  DEMANDED.] 

1.  To  ask  with  authority  ; to  call  for  ; to 
claim  ; to  require  ; to  exact. 

The  pound  of  flesh  which  I demand  of  him 

Is  dearly  bought;  ’t  is  mine,  and  1 will  have  it.  Shak. 

2.  To  question  ; to  inquire  of ; to  interrogate. 

The  oracle  of  Apollo,  being  demanded  when  the  war  and 
misery  of  Greece  should  have  an  end,  replied,  when  they 
would  double  the  altar  in  Delos,  which  was  of  a cubical 
form.  Pcacham. 

3.  (Law.)  To  claim  as  due  ; to  prosecute  in 

a real  action.  Johnson. 

Syn.  — See  Exact. 

DJJ-MAnd'  (12),  n.  [Sp.  demanda  ; Fr.  demande .] 

1.  A claim  ; a call  of  authority  ; a requisition  ; 
an  exaction. 

He  that  has  the  confidence  to  turn  his  wishes  into  demands , 
will  be  but  a little  way  from  thinking  he  ought  to  obtain 
them.  Locke. 

2.  The  act  of  calling  for  any  thing  with  a 

view  to  purchase  it ; a want ; desire  to  obtain. 

The  bookseller  tells  me  the  demand  for  those  my  papers  in- 
creases  daily.  Addison. 


3.  That  which  is  demanded. 

4.  A question  ; an  inquiry;  an  interrogation. 

The  good  Anchises  raised  him  with  his  hand, 

Who,  thus  encouraged,  answered  our  demand.  Dryden. 

5.  (Law.)  A calling  for  a thing  due,  or  claimed 

to  be  due  ; — a thing  or  an  amount  claimed  to 
be  due  ; a claim.  Burrill. 

Demand  and  supply,  ( Polit . Economy.)  terms  used  to 
express  the  relations  between  consumption  and  pro- 
duction— between  t lie  demand  of  purchasers  and  the 
supply  of  commodities  by  those  who  have  them  to 
sell.  P.  Cyc. 

DE-MAnd'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be,  or  is  proper 
to  be,  demanded.  Bacon. 

DE-MAND'ANT,  n.  1.  One  who  demands;  a de- 
manded “ The  importunity  of  the  demand- 
ant.” Burke. 

2.  (Law.)  One  who  brings  a real  action,  or 
who  demands  lands,  Ac. ; — corresponding  to 
plaintiff  in  personal  actions.  Burrill. 

DE-MAND'ER,  n.  One  who  demands.  Holland. 

DE-MAnD'RESS,  n.  (Law.)  A female  demand- 
ant or  plaintiff.  Cotgrave. 

DE-MAR'cAte,  v.  a.  To  divide;  to  Separate; 
to  bound  ; to  mark  the  limits  of.  [it.]  Wilkinson. 

DE-MAR-cA'TION,  n.  [Sp.  demarcacion ; Fr. 
demarcation.  — See  Mark.]  Division;  a boun- 
dary by  which  one  object  is  separated  from 
another ; — used  only  in  the  expression  line  of 
demarcation.  Brande. 

DE-MARCH',  n.  Gait;  march,  [it.]  Lornl.  Jour. 

DE'MARjCH,  n.  [Gr.  <5 ypapxos ; L.  demarehus .]  A 
magistrate  of  a ward.  [England.]  Smart. 

DE-MEAN',  V.  a.  [t.  DEMEANED  ; pp.  DEMEAN- 
ING, DEMEANED.] 

1.  [“From  the  Fr.  se  demener,  to  behave,  or 
conduct  one’s  self.”  Norm.  Fr.  demesne". ~\  To 
behave  ; to  carry  ; to  conduct ; — with  the  re- 
flective pronoun. 

Those  plain  and  legible  lines  of  duty  requiring  us  to  de- 
mean ourselves  to  God  humbly  and  devoutly,  to  our  govern- 
ors obediently,  and  to  our  neighbors  justly,  and  to  ourselves 
soberly  and  temperately.  South. 

2.  To  debase;  to  disgrace;  to  humble. 

Lord,  dost  thou  go  about  to  wash  my  feet?  It  is  a thou- 
sand times  titter  that  I should  wash  thine;  nor  can  I bear  to 
see  thee  demean  thyself  thus.  Doddridge. 

HSf*  “ Demean  . . . some  writers  erroneously  use 
this  word  in  the  sense  of  debase,  as  if  it  were  a com- 
pound of  mean,  low,  base.”  Sullivan. 

3.  fTo  treat.  “That  man  demean  and  use 
his  own  body  in  . . . decorum.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

Syn.  — See  Behave. 

DE-MEAN',  n.  Estate  in  land.  — See  Demain, 
and  Demesne.  Johnson. 

f DE-MEAN'  (de-men'),  n.  1.  A mien;  demeanor. 
“ They  bring  me  news  of  his  demean.”  Spenser. 

2.  Treatment ; usage. 

Of  all  the  vile  demean  and  usage  bad.  Spenser. 

DE-MEAN'OR,  n.  Carriage;  behavior;  deport- 
ment; conduct;  air.  “ Propriety  of  demeanor.” 
Steele.  “Your  unassuming  demeanor.”  Smith. 

Syn.  — See  Air,  Behavior. 

j-  DE-MEAN'URE,  n.  Demeanor.  Barrett. 

DE-M  EM-BRA'TION,  n.  [L.  dis,  asunder,  and 
membrum,  a limb  ; Fr.  dimembrer,  to  dismem- 
ber.] The  act  of  dismembering,  or  cutting  off 
a member.  Grahame. 

DE'MEN-CY,  n.  [L.  dementia ; do,  out  of,  and 
mens,  mentis,  the  mind;  It.  demenza;  Sp.  de- 
mentia-, Fr.  demencei]  (Law.)  Loss  of  under- 
standing ; insanity.  Skelton. 

Syn.  — See  Insanity. 

DE-MENT',  v.  a.  [L.  demento  ; Sp.  dementar. ] 

[i.  DEMENTED  ; pp.  DEMENTING,  DEMENTED.] 

To  make  mad  or  insane,  [r.]  Bale. 

DE-MEN'TATE,  u.  a.  [L.  demento,  dementatus .] 
To  make  mad  or  frantic.  Burton. 

DE-MEN'TATE,  a.  Infatuated;  insane.  “Arise, 
thou  dementate  sinner.”  [u.]  Hammond. 

DE-MEN-TA'TfON,  n.  The  act  of  making  mad 
or  depriving  of  the  senses,  [it.]  Whitlock. 

DE-MENT'ED,  p.  a.  Insane  ; infatuated.  Qu.  Rev. 

DE-MEJV'TI-A  (de-mgn'slie-?),  n.  [L.]  (Med.)  A 
form  of  mental  alienation,  most  frequently  oc- 


MiEN,  SIR; 


MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RtJLE.  — 9,  <},  9,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  c,  |,  hard; 


Sj  as  z;  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


DEMEPIIITIZATION 


380 


DEMON 


curving  in  aged  persons ; loss  of  intellect ; idi- 
ocy ; demency.  Palmer. 

Syn.  — See  Insanity. 

DP-MEPH-I-TJ-ZA'TION,  to.  The  act  of  purifying 
from  mephitic  or  foul  air.  Craig. 

Dp-MEPH'I-TlZE,  V.  a.  [L.  de,  priv.,  and  mephi- 
tis, a noxious  exhalation.]  To  purify  from  me- 
phitis or  unwholesome  air.  Smart. 

t Dp-MER<jJE',  v.  a.  [L.  demergo. ] To  immerse. 

Boyle. 

Dp-MER'JT,  n.  [It.  & Sp.  demerito  ; Fr.  deme'rite.] 

1.  f Desert ; — either  in  a good  or  a bad  sense. 

These  men  . . . receive  according  to  their  demerits ; and 

first  for  their  faults.  State  Trials. 

2.  Ill  desert ; that  which  makes  worthy  of 
punishment  or  of  blame. 

Mine  is  the  merit,  the  demerit  thine.  Dryden. 

fDE-MER'lT,  v.  a.  [L.  demereor,  demeritus  ; Fr. 
demeriter. \ 

1.  To  deserve ; — either  in  a good  or  a bad 
sense.  “ If  I have  demerited  any  love  ...  at 
your  hands.”  Udal.  “ They  . . . demerit  a hal- 
ter.” State  Trials. 

2.  To  deprive  of  merit.  Shelford. 

f Dp-MiiRSE',  v.  a.  [L.  demergo,  demersus. ] To 

plunge  into  ; to  immerse.  Boyle. 

DJ-MERSED'  (de-merst'),  a.  [L.  demergo,  de- 
mersus, to  sink.]  (Bot.)  Under  water  ; — ap- 
plied to  leaves  growing  under  water.  Gray. 

DE-MER'SION,  n.  [L.  demersio  ; It.  demersione .] 

1.  A drowning;  immersion,  [r.]  Bailey. 

2.  ( Chem .)  The  act  of  dissolving  any  thing 

by  immersion  in  a liquid.  Bailey. 

DE-ME§'MF,R-IZE,  v.  a.  To  free  from  the  influ- 
ence of  mesmerism ; to  demagnetize.  Month.  Rev. 

Dp-MESNE'  (de-men'),  n.  (Law.)  See  Demain. 

Dp-MES'NJ-AL  (de-me'ne-jl),  a.  Belonging  to  a 
demesne,  [r.]  Maunder. 

DEM'I—  (dein'e).  [Fr.,  from  L.  dimidium;  di, 
apart,  and  medius,  the  middle.]  A prefix  or  in- 
separable particle,  used  in  composition,  and 
signifying  half-,  as,  demigod,  that  is,  half  a god. 
It  corresponds  with,  and  is  related  to,  the  Greek 
hemi,  and  the  Latin  semi. 

DE-MI',  n.  A half-fellow  at  Magdalen  College, 
Oxford.  — See  Demy.  Crabb. 

DEM'I-BAINj  to.  A hip-bath  ; demi-bath.  Clarke. 

DEM'J-BAS'TION,  n.  (Fort.)  A part  of  a crown- 
work  which  has  one  face  and  one  flank  cut  off 
by  the  capital.  Campbell. 

DEM'I— BATH,  n.  A bath  in  which  the  lower  half 
only  of  the  body  is  immersed ; a hip-bath.  Craig. 

DEM'I— BIU-GADE',  n.  (Mil.)  A half  brigade.  Craig. 

DEM'I— CA'DPNCE,  n.  (Mus.)  An  imperfect  ca- 
dence ; the  last  or  final  sound  of  a verse  in  a 
chant  when  it  falls  on  any  other  than  the  key- 
note. Moore. 

DEM'I— CAN'NON,  to.  A kind  of  cannon,  formerly 
used,  carrying  balls  from  30  to  36  pounds’ 
weight.  Shak. 

DEM'I— CROSS,  «•  An  instrument  for  taking  the 
altitude  of  the  sun  and  stars.  Maunder. 

DEM'J— CUL'VER-IN,  ra.  (Gunnery.)  Anine-pound- 
er ; — written  also  demy-culverin.  “ Two  demi- 
culverins  and  two  other  good  guns.”  Clarendon. 

DEM'!— DE'I-FY,  v.  a.  To  half  deify.  Cowper. 

DEM'!— DEV'IL  (-dev'vl),  n.  One  partaking  of  the 
infernal  nature ; one  who  is  half  a devil.  Shak. 

DEM'J— DIS'TANCE,  n.  (Fort.)  The  distance  be- 
tween the  outward  polygons  and  the  flank.  Crabb. 

DEM'!— Dl'TONE,  n.  (Mus.)  A minor  third. — 

See  Third.  Brande. 

DEM'!— GAUNT'LET,  n.  (Surg.)  A bandage,  like 
a glove,  used  in  setting  disjointed  fingers.  Crabb. 

DijM'I— GOD,  n.  One  who  partakes  of  the  divine 
nature  ; one  who  is  half  a god  ; a deified  hero ; 
— applied  especially  to  one  of  the  inferior  di- 
vinities of  Greece  and  Rome,  who  was  the  off- 
spring of  a divinity  and  a mortal.  Brande. 

DEM'J— gGd'DJJSS,  n.  A female  demi-god.  Craig. 


DEM'I-GORGE,  n.  (Fort.)  Half  a gorge;  that 
part  of  the  polygon  which  remains  after  the 
flank  is  raised,  leading  from  the  curtain  to  the 
angle  of  the  polygon.  London  Ency. 

f DEM'J-GRATE,  v.  71.  [L.  demigro,  demigratus .] 

To  emigrate.  Cockeram. 

f DEM-J-GRA'TION,  n.  Emigration.  Cockeram. 

DEM'J-GROAT,  7i.  A half  groat.  Craig. 

DEM'I-JOHN  (dem'e-jon),  n.  [Arab,  damagan.  Nie- 
buhr. — From  Damaghan,  a town  in  Khorassan, 
a province  of  Persia,  once  famous  for  its  glass- 
works. G.  P.  Marsh. — Fr . dame-jeanne.)  A 
large  glass  vessel  or  bottle  approaching  the 
spherical  form,  with  a small  neck,  and  usually 
enclosed  in  wicker-work.  Ada7ns. 

DEM’!-lANCE,  n.  A light  lance.  Dryden. 

DEM'DLUNE,  7i.  (Fo7't.)  A work  constructed  to 

cover  the  curtain  and  shoulders  of  the  bastions ; 
— sometimes  called  a ravelin.  Campbell. 

DEM'I— MAN,  71.  Half  a man.  Knolles. 


DEM’I— NAT'URED  (-nat'yurd),  a.  Partaking  half 
the  nature  of  another  animal.  Shak. 


DEM'!-OF-Fl"CIAL  (-of-flsh'al,  66),  a.  Partly 
official  or  partly  authorized.  Craig. 

DEM  I— PREM'!-Sp§,  n.pl.  Half  premises.  Hooker. 

DEM'!— PUP'PJET,  n-  A half-sized  puppet.  Shak. 

DEM'!— CiUA'VpR,  n.  (Mus.)  A note  equal  0 
in  duration  to  half  a quaver ; a semiqua-  \ 
ver  ; — represented  thus  : £ 

DEM'!— REP,  to.  A woman  of  demi-reputation,  or 
suspicious  character.  Burney. 

DEM  1-RI-LIE  ' VO,  n.  [It.]  Half-relief ; a mode 
of  sculpture  representing  figures  standing  half 
out  from  the  plane.  Hamilton. 

DE-Ml§-A-BlL'!-TY,  to.  (Law.)  The  quality  of 
being  demisable.  Burrill. 

DE-MLj'A-BLE,  a.  (Law.)  Capable  of  being  de 
mised  or  leased.  Blaekstone. 

DEM  !-SAng,  71.  [Fr.  demi,  half,  and  sa>ig,  blood.] 
(Law.)  One  who  is  of  half-blood.  Crabb. 

Dp-MIijiE'  (de-mlz'),  to.  [L.  demissio  ; demitto,  to 
remove;  de,  from,  and  mitto,  to  send  ; Fr.  de- 
mise.] 

1.  (Law.)  The  conveyance  of  an  estate  either 

in  fee,  for  life,  or  for  a term  of  years ; a lease  : 
— the  natural  dissolution  of  the  sovereign  of 
England,  by  which  the  royal  authority  is  trans- 
ferred, without  any  interregnum  or  interval,  to 
his  successor.  Burrill. 

So  tender  is  the  law  of  supposing  even  a possibility  of  his 
[the  king’s]  death,  that  his  natural  dissolution  is  generally 
called  Ins  demise,  — “demissio  regis,  vel  corona;,”  — an  ex- 
pression which  signifies  merely  a transfer  of  property. 

Jilackstone. 

2.  Death;  decease; — used  in  speaking  of  a 
distinguished  personage. 

Syn.  — See  Death. 

Dp-MI§E'  (de-mlz'),  V.  a.  [i.  DEMISED  ; pp.  DE- 
MISING, DEMISED.] 

1.  (Law.)  To  convey,  as  an  estate  for  life  or 

for  years  ; to  lease.  Ilammotid. 

2.  To  grant  at  one’s  death  ; to  grant  by  will ; 

to  bequeath.  Swift. 

DEM']— SEM-J-QUA'VER,  to.  (Mus.)  A note  of  the 
sixth  degree  of  length,  reckoning  from  the 
semibreve,  or  Ion; 
mon  use  ; the  -A— 
represented  thus  : 

t DE-MISS',  a.  [L.  demissus.]  Humble.  Spc7iser. 

Dp-MIS'SION,  7i.  [L.  demissio  ; Fr.  demission.) 

1.  Diminution  of  dignity  ; degradation,  [r.j 

L’  Estrange. 

2.  Relinquishment ; surrender.  Holinshed. 

Dp-MIS'SIVE,  a.  Humble;  submissive.  Shcnstone. 

t Dp-MISS'Ly,  ad.  In  a humble  manner;  sub- 
missively. She7-wood. 

DEM'JS-SO-RY,  a.  See  Dimissory. 

f Dp-MIT',  v.  a.  [L.  demitto .] 

1.  To  cause  to  drop  or  hang  down  ; to  de- 
press ; to  let  fall.  Browne. 

2.  To  submit;  to  humble.  “She,  being 

heaven-born,  demits  herself  to  such  earthly 
drudgery.”  Norris. 


gest  note  now  in  com-  ^ 
part  of  a semibreve  ; — 


DEM'!— TINT,  m.  (Paint.)  A tint  representing 
the  mean  or  medium  between  light  and  shade  ; 
— by  some  called  a half -tbit.  Brande. 

DEM'!— TONE,  to.  (Mus.)  An  interval  of  half  a 
tone ; a semitone.  Moore. 

DEM'l-URpE,  to.  [Gr.  byyiovpyds ; bypo;,  the  peo- 
ple, and  ipyw,  to  work  ; L.  demiurgusi]  A name 
given  by  the  Platonic  philosophers  to  an  ex- 
alted and  mysterious  agent  by  whom  God  was 
supposed  to  have  created  the  universe.  Hence 
the  Demiurgus,  or  Logos,  as  the  same  imagi- 
nary agent  is  termed  in  the  Timarns  of  Plato,  is 
identified  by  the  Platonizing  Christians  with 
the  second  person  in  the  Trinity.  Brande. 

DEM-I-UR  <?!C,  I a Creative;  belonging  to 

DEM-I-UR'G!-CAL,  ) a demiurge,  [r.]  Ash. 

DEM'I-VILL,  to.  (Laiv.)  A half  vill,  consisting 
of  five  freemen,  or  frank  pledges.  Blacksto/ie. 

DEM'I-VOLT,  to.  (Man.)  An  artificial  motion  of 
a horse,  in  which  he  raises  his  fore  legs  in  a 
peculiar  manner.  Buchanan. 

DEM'{— WOLF  (-wulf),  to.  A mongrel  dog,  be- 
tween a dog  and  wolf.  Shak. 

DE-MOC'RA-CY,  TO.  [Gr.  SypoKparla ; brj/jos,  the 
people,  and  koutIu,  to  rule  ; It.  democrazia  ; Sp. 
democracia ; Fr.  d-mocratie.)  A form  of  gov- 
ernment in  which  the  sovereign  power  is  lodged 
in  the  body  of  the  people  ; a republic. 

Syn. — See  Republic. 

DEM'O-CrAt,  to.  An  advocate  for,  or  defender 
of,  democracy ; a republican.  Watson. 

DEM-O-CRAT  JC,  ) (Gr.  bypoKpartsd;  ; It. 

DEM-O-CRAt'I-CAL,  ) $ Sp.  democratico  ; Fr. 
democratiquc.]  Pertaining  to  a democracy,  or  a 
government  by  the  people  ; republican  ; popular. 

f DEM-O-CRAT'I-CAL,  to.  A democrat.  Hobbes. 

DEM-O-CRAT' J-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a democratical 
manner. 

D]J-M6c'RA-TI§M,  to.  The  principles  or  spirit 
of  democracy,  [r.]  Qu.  Rev. 

DF.-MOC'RA-TlST,  to.  A democrat,  [r.]  Burke. 

D p-M OCR  A-TIZ E,  V.  a.  [Gr.  bypoKparl^o).']  To 
render  democratic,  [r.]  Ec.  Rev. 

f Dp-MOC'R  A-TY,  to.  Democracy.  “That  fierce 
democraty.”  Milton. 

DEM-O-GOR1  GOJ\T,  to.  [Gr.  iaipoiv,  a god,  and 
yopyi;,  fearful.]  (Myth.)  A mysterious  divin- 
ity of  antiquity,  who  was  regarded  as  an  object 
of  terror.  “ The  dreaded  name  of  demogor- 
go7i."  Milton. 

DEMOISELLE  (dem-wS-zel'),  TO.  [Fr.,  <1  girl, — 
dim.  of  dame.  — See  Damsel.] 

1.  A pavier’s  instrument.  Crabb. 

2.  (Ornitli.)  A species  of  bird  remarkable 

for  the  gracefulness  and  symmetry  of  its  form  ; 
the  Numidian  crane.  Maunder. 

Dp-MOL'!SII,  v.  a.  [L.  demolior ; de,  down,  and 
7nolior,  to  hurl ; de,  down,  and  moles,  a pile,  or 
building;  It.  demolire ; Sp.  demoler ; Fr.  dimo- 
lir,  demolissant .]  [i.  demolished  ; pp.  demol- 
ishing, demolished.]  To  destroy  by  throwing 
down,  as  the  materials  of  a building  or  other 
structure  ; to  ruin  ; to  dash  or  break  to  pieces  ; 
to  dismantle  ; to  overthrow;  to  raze. 

I expected  the  fabric  of  my  book  would  long  since  have 
been  demolished , and  laid  even  with  the  ground.  Tillotson. 

Syn.  — To  demolish , overthrow , raze,  dismantle , and 
destroy  are  terms  which  include  the  common  idea  of 
throwing  down  what  has  been  built.  Demolish  the 
walls,  overthrow  the  columns,  raze  the  city,  dismantle 
the  towers,  and  destroy  the  fortifications.  “ The  col- 
umns overthrown , the  demolished  walls,  t lie  ruined  ar- 
cades, of  yon  venerable  cloister,  form  so  impressive 
an  object,  that  it  would  be  barbarous  to  destroy  the 
venerable  remains.”  Taylor. 

DIJ-MOL'ISH-ER,  to.  One  who  demolishes. 

D1J-MOLTSH-MENT,  TO.  Ruin  ; destruction  ; dem- 
olition. [r.]  Beau.  % FI. 

DEM-0-LI"TION  (dem-o-lTsh'un),  to.  [L.  dcmoli- 
tio  ; It.  demolizione ; Sp.  dernolicion  ; Fr.  de- 
molition.]  The  act  of  demolishing ; overthrow ; 
destruction. 

DE'MON,  to.  [Gr.  baiyoiv  ; It.  i Sf  Sp.  detnotlio  ; Fr. 
demoti.] 


A,  E,  i,  O,  U,  Y,  lotig ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short; 


A,  p,,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure.  — fAre,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL; 


HEIR,  HER; 


DEMONESS  381  DENARCOTIZE 


1.  (Myth.)  A divinity  of  a rank  below  the 
great  gods. 

Holy  demons  by  great  Jove  designed 

To  be  on  earth  the  guardians  of  mankind.  Cooke's  Hesiod. 

2.  A spirit ; — either  angel  or  fiend. Cudworth. 

Th e.  demons,  like  the  fairies  and  goblins  of  other  mytholo- 
gies, are  represented  with  various  characters  of  beneticence, 
malice,  ana  wanton  mischief.  Braude. 

3.  An  evil  spirit ; a devil;  — a very  common 

use.  “ Cursed  demon.”  Prior. 

4.  An  infuriate  or  fiend-like  man. 

Syn.  — See  Devil. 

DE' MON-ESS,  n.  A female  demon.  Mede. 

Dfl-MON'Jg-TIZE,  v.  a.  To  divest  of  standard 
value,  as  money,  [r.] 

The  government  of  Holland  demonetized  gold,  and  made 
silver  the  standard  of  value.  Prof.  P.  Bowen. 

Dfi-MO'NI-AC,  n.  1.  One  who  is  possessed  by  a 
demon  or  an  evil  spirit.  “ Lunatics  and  de- 
moniacs that  were  restored  to  their  right  mind.” 

Bentley. 

2.  ( Eccl . Ilist.)  One  of  a branch  of  the  Ana- 
baptists whose  distinguishing  tenet  is,  that  at 
the  end  of  the  world  the  demons  or  devils  will 
be  saved.  Eden. 

DE-MO  N[-AC,  ? a.  [Gr.  baiponauh;  ; It.  Sp. 

DEM-O-NI'A-CAL,  ) demoniaco;  ~Fr.demonia.que .] 

1.  Spiritual.  “The  demoniac,  or  angelic, 

kind  of  being.”  Cudworth. 

2.  Belonging  to  a demon  ; devilish.  “ Demo- 
niac holds.”  Milton.  “ Demoniacal  pranks.” 
Shaftesbury. 

3'.  Influenced  by  an  evil  spirit.  “The  pos- 
sessions called  demoniacal."  Warburton. 

DEM-O-NI'A-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a demoniacal  man- 
ner. Dr.  Allen. 

DEM-0-NI'A-CI§M,  n.  1.  The  state  of  being  a 
demoniac.  Craig. 

2.  The  practices  of  demoniacs.  Craig. 

DJJ-MO'Nl-AN,  a.  Of  the  nature  of  a demon. 
“ Demonian  spirits.”  Milton. 

Dp-MO'N{-AN-I§M,  n.  The  state  of  being  pos- 
sessed by  a devil.  Craig. 

DE'MON-IijfM,  n.  The  belief  in  demons,  or  the 
worship  of  demons  ; demonianism.  Shaftesbury . 

DE'MON-IST,  n.  A believer  in  demons,  or  a wor- 
shipper of  demons.  Shaftesbury. 

DE'MON-IZE,  v.  a.  To  render  demoniacal  or  dia- 
bolical. Harris. 

DE-MON-OC'RA-CY,  n.  [Gr.  baipojv,  bai/xovo;,  a 
demon,  and  Kparcw,  to  rule.]  The  government 
of  demons,  [r.]  Bailey. 

||  DE-MON-OL'A-TRY,  n.  [Gr.  baipuiv,  a demon, 
and  hirptia,  worship  ; Fr.  demonolatrie .]  The 
worship  of  demons.  “ Astrolatry  and  demonol- 
atry.”  Cudworth. 

||  Dp-MON-O-LO^'I-CAL,  a.  Relating  to  demon- 
ology. • Notes  $ Queries. 

||  DE-MON-OL'O-GIST,  n.  One  versed  in  demon- 
ology. For.  Qu.  Rev. 

II  DE-MON-OL'O-GY,  or  DEM-0N-0L'0-<?Y,  n. 
[Gr.  baipuiv,  a demon,  and  b6yo;,  a discourse.] 
A treatise  on  demons  or  evil  spirits.  Howell. 

DE-MOJV-O-MA  'JVI-At  n.  (Med.)  A species  of 
madness,  in  which  the  person  supposes  himself 
possessed  by  the  devil,  or  under  demoniacal  in- 
fluence. Dunglison. 

f DE-MON'O-MIST,  n.  One  in  subjection  to  a 
demon.  “ Greater  demonomists.”  Herbert. 

t DIJ-MON'O-MY,  n.  [Gr.  Saipan,  a demon,  and 
vdpos,  law.]  The  dominion  of  demons.  Herbert. 

DE'MON-RY,  n.  The  practices  of  demons.  Clarke. 

DE'MON-SHIP,  n.  The  state  of  being  a demon. 

“ Probationers  to  a demonship.”  Mede. 

Dlj-MO  \-STRA-B[  I/I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing demonstrable ; demonstrableness. 

Coleridge. 

DIJ-MON'STRA-BLE,  a.  [L.  demonstrabilis  ; Sp. 
demostrable  ; Fr.  demontrable .]  That  may  be 
demonstrated ; capable  of  being  proved. 

DE-MOn’STRA-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
demonstrable.  Clarke. 


DJJ-MON'STRA-BLY,  ad.  Beyond  possibility  of 
refutation.  “Demonstrably  proved.”  Porteus. 

f DE-MON'STRANCE,  n.  Demonstration.  “Good 
reasons  and  demonstrances.”  Holland. 

DIJ-MON'STRATE  [de-mon'strat,  S.  W.  P.  J.  E. 
F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  R.  C.;  dem'on-strit,  Wb.  — See 
Contemplate],  v.  a.  [L.  demonstro,  demon- 
stratus ; de,  of  or  from,  used  intensively,  and 
monstro,  to  point  out ; It.  dimostrare ; Sp.  de- 
mostrar;  Fr . demontrer.]  [t.  demonstrated  ; 

pp.  DEMONSTRATING,  DEMONSTRATED.] 

1.  To  prove  by  a chain  of  argument  founded 
on  self-evident  or  admitted  principles;  to  show 
as  a necessary  consequence  ; to  make  evident. 

2.  (Anat.)  To  exhibit,  as  the  parts  of  a dis- 
sected body. 

Syn.  — To  demonstrate  is  to  prove,  or  show  to  he  true 
in  a specific  manner.  A geometrical  problem  or  point 
of  science  is  demonstrated ; a fact  is  proved  by  testi- 
mony. 

DEM-ON-STRA'TION,  n.  [L.  demonstratio  ; It. 
demostrazione ; Sp.  demostracion;  Fr.  demon- 
stration.] 

1.  The  act  of  demonstrating ; the  exhibition 
of  one  truth  as  the  consequence  of  another ; 
that  process  by  which  a result  is  shown  to  be  a 
necessary  consequence  of  the  premises  from 
which  it  is  asserted  to  follow',  on  the  supposition 
that  those  premises  are  admitted,  either  as  mat- 
ter of  fact,  or  of  intuitive  evidence,  or  of  previ- 
ous demonstration. 

To  draw  out  a particular  truth  from  a general  truth  in 
which  it  is  enclosed,  is  deduction ; from  a necessary  and  uni- 
versal truth  to  draw  consequences  which  necessarily  follow, 
is  demonstration.  Fleming. 

2.  Proof  by  experiment,  or  by  the  exhibition 
of  facts  to  the  senses. 

Which  way  soever  we  turn  ourselves,  we  are  encountered 
with  clear  evidences  and  sensible  demonstrations  of  a deity. 

Tillotson. 

3.  (Anat.)  The  exhibition  of  parts  dissected ; 
the  teaching  of  practical  anatomy. 

4.  (Mil.)  A manoeuvre  practised  for  the  pur- 

pose of  misleading  the  enemy ; a movement ; 
— usually  in  the  plural.  Brande. 

DE-MON'STRA-TIVE,  a.  [L.  demonstrativus ; Sp. 
demonstrative;  Fr.  demonstratif]  Having  the 
power  of  demonstration  ; invincibly  conclusive ; 
proving  fully.  “ Demonstrative  evidence.”  Cook. 

Demonstrative  adjectives,  (Oram.)  such  as  point  out 
precisely  the  tilings  to  which  they  relate.  They  are 
this  and  that,  with  their  plurals  these  and  those. 

DE-MON'STRA-TIVE-LY,  ad.  In  a demonstra- 
tive manner. 

DE-MON'STRA-TIVE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  demonstrative.  Latham. 

DEM'ON-STRA-TOR,  or  D^-MON’STRA-TOR 
[dem'un-stra-tur,  S.  R.  T Vb. ; dem-un-stra'tur,  P. 
Ja.;  dem-un-stra'tur  or  de-mon'stra-tur,  (V.  K. 
Sm.~\,  n.  [L.] 

1.  One  w'ho  demonstrates  or  establishes  by 

unquestionable  proof.  Berkeley. 

2.  (Anat.)  One  who  exhibits  the  dissected 

parts  of  the  human  body  ; a teacher  of  practical 
anatomy.  Dunglison. 

It®”  “ The  accent  on  the  penultimate  syllable  of 
this  word  seems  appropriated  to  one  whose  office  it  is 
to  demonstrate  or  exhibit  any  part  of  philosophy  ; 
when  it  merely  means  one  who  demonstrates  any 
tiling  in  general,  the  accent  is  on  the  same  syllable  as 
tlie  verb.”  Walker. 

DE-MON'STRA-TO-RY,  a.  Tending  to  demon- 
strate ; demonstrative.  Johnson. 

Df,-MoR- A I.-I-Z  A 'TION,  n.  [Sp.  demoralizacion ; 
Fr.  demoralisation .]  The  act  of  demoralizing; 
destruction  of  morals.  Qu.  Rev. 

DE-MOR'AL-IZE,  v.  a.  [Sp.  demoralizar  ; Fr. 
d^moraliser .]  [ i . demoralized  ; pp.  demor- 

alizing, demoralized.]  To  deprive  of  moral 
principles  or  habits  ; to  corrupt;  to  deprave  ; to 
vitiate. 

The  pernicious  influence  of  their  demoralizing  creed. 

Crit.  Rev. 

DEM-OS-THEN'IC,  a.  Relating  to  Demosthenes, 
or  to  his  style.  Blackwood. 

DE-MOT'IC,  a.  [Gr.  brjporiKhg,  common  ; brjpo;,  the 
people.]  Noting  the  written  characters  of  the 
ancient  Egyptians  in  common  use,  in  distinc- 
tion from  the  hieratic  and  the  hieroglyphic. 

Sharpe. 


DEMP'STBR,  n.  [A.  S.  deman,  to  judge.]  For- 
merly an  officer  in  a Scottish  court  who  pro- 
nounced the  doom  or  sentence,  as  directed  by 
the  judge  or  the  clerk.  Jamieson. 

f D^-MULCE',  v.  a.  [L.  demttlceo .]  To  soothe  ; 
to  soften  ; to  assuage.  Sir  T.  Elyot. 

Df-MUL'CIjlNT,  a.  Softening;  mollifying.  “Sub- 
stances . . . called  demulcent  or  mild.”  Arbuthnot. 

DJJ-MUL'CpNT,  n.  (Mccl.)  An  agent  or  solution 
that  protects  a sensible  surface  from  the  action 
of  irritating  matter.  P.  Cgc. 

Dp-MUR',  v.  n.  [L . demoror ; It .dimorare;  Sp. 
demorar;  Fr.  demeurer.]  [i.  demurred  ; pp. 
DEMURRING,  DEMURRED.] 

1.  To  doubt ; to  pause  ; to  hesitate. 

The  ambassadors  thought  tit  to  demur , and  so  sent  into 
England  to  receive  directions.  Hayward. 

2.  (Law.)  To  raise  an  objection  in  point  of 
law,  and  rest  or  pause  upon  it,  awaiting  the  de- 
cision of  the  court : — to  object  to  the  pleading 
of  the  opposite  party,  as  insufficient  to  sustain 
his  action  or  defence,  and  refer  it  to  the  judg- 
ment of  the  court : — to  abide  in  law.  Burrill. 

Syn.  — See  Hesitate. 

DE-MUR',  v.  a.  To  doubt  of.  [r.]  Milton. 

DIj-MUR',  n.  Doubt ; hesitation.  Ahp.  Crcinmer. 

DE-MURE',  a.  [Fr.  des  moeurs,  of  good  manners.] 

1.  Decorous  ; sober ; decent  ; of  serious  or 
pensive  look  ; grave. 

Come,  pensive  nun,  devote  and  pure, 

Sober,  steadfast,  and  demure.  Milton. 

With  countenance  demure  and  modest  grace.  Spenser. 

2.  Affectedly  modest ; prudish. 

Demure  (which  is  “des  mccurs,”  of  good  manners)  con- 
veyed [originally]  no  hint,  as  it  docs  now,  of  an  overdoing 
of  the  outward  demonstrations  of  modesty.  Trench. 

t Dp-MURE',  v.  n.  To  look  with  an  affected  mod- 
esty. “ Octavia  . . . demuring  upon  me.”  Shak. 

DJJ-MURE'LY,  ad.  1.  In  a demure  manner ; 
gravely  ; solemnly.  Massinger. 

2.  With  affected  modesty.  Shak. 

DE-MURE'NESS,  n.  1.  Soberness  ; gravity.  North. 

2.  Affected  modesty  ; prudery.  Bp.  Taylor. 

DJJ-MUR'RA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  demurred  to ; 
that  may  be  objected  to.  Maunder. 

DE-MUR'RA^E,  n.  (Mer.  Law.)  The  delay  of  a 
vessel  in  a port,  in  loading  or  unloading,  beyond 
the  time  specified: — mofley  payable  to  the 
owner  of  a ship  on  the  part  of  the  shippers  or 
the  consignees  of  goods,  as  compensation  for 
detention  beyond  the  time  stipulated  for  her 
loading  or  discharge.  Pol.  Did. 

DJJ-MUR'RER,  n.  1.  One  who  demurs,  or  hesi- 
tates. 

2.  (Law.)  An  issue  between  a plaintiff  and  a 
defendant  on  a matter  of  law,  importing  that 
the  objecting  party  will  not  proceed,  because  no 
sufficient  statement  has  been  made  on  the  other 
side,  but  will  wait  the  judgment  of  the  court 
whether  he  is  bound  to  answer.  Burrill. 

Demurrer  to  evidence,  (Law.)  an  objection  by  one 
party  to  the  evidence  produced  by  the  opposite  party, 
on  atrial,  as  being  insufficient  in  law  to  maintain  or 
overthrow  the  issue,  and  referring  it  to  the  court  to 
determine  what  the  law  is  upon  the  facts  as  shown 
in  evidence.  Burrill. 

DJE-MY',  n.  [Fr.  demi. ] 

1.  Demi-sized  paper,  or  that  which  is  a degree 

smaller  than  medium,  and  two  degrees  smaller 
than  royal.  Maunder. 

2.  A demi-fellow,  or  half-fellow,  in  Magdalen 
College,  Oxford,  in  England.  — See  Demi. 

DE-MY',  a.  Denoting  a kind  of  paper  smaller  in 
size  than  medium.  Brande. 

DJ-MY'-ROY-AL,  a.  Noting  paper  of  a fine  qual- 
ity. Shcnstone. 

DEN,  n.  [A.  S.  denu.~\  A cavern,  or  subterra- 
nean hole  or  cavity  ; a cave.  “ A den  for 
beasts.”  Beau.  Sg  FI.  “ A robber’s  den."  Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Cave. 

DEN.  [A.  S.  denu,  a dale,  a den,  — a plain.]  A 
termination,  in  the  names  of  places,  signifying 
a valley,  or  a woody  plain.  Camden. 

DEN,  v.  n.  To  dwell  as  in  a den.  Chambers. 

DJJ-NAR'CO-TlZE,  v.  a.  To  take  away  the  nar- 
cotic principle  or  quality  from.  Craig. 


MiEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RlJLE.  — Q,  £,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  £ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


DENARIUS 


382 


DENTAL 


VE-nA 1 Rf-us,  tt. ; pi.  denarii.  [L.] 

1.  A Roman  silver  coin,  supposed  to  be  equal 

to  7|d.  sterling  ($0,157).  Braude. 

2.  A Roman  gold  coin  of  the  value  of  25  sil- 
ver denarii.  Wm.  Smith. 

DEN'A-RY,  a.  [L.  denarius  ; Fr . denaire.]  Con- 
taining ten ; tenfold.  Smart. 

DEN'A-RY,  n.  1.  The  number  of  ten.  Digby. 

2.  A coin;  a denarius.  Udal. 

DP-NA-TION-AL-I-ZA'TION  (de-n3sh-un-ril-e-za'- 
sliun),  n.  The  act  of  denationalizing.  Ch.  Ob. 

Dp-NA"TION-AL-IZE,  v.  a.  [Sp.  denacionalizer ; 
Fr.  denationaliser.]  [*.  denationalized  ; pp. 
DENATIONALIZING,  DENATIONALIZED.]  To  de- 
prive of  national  rights.  George  IV. 

DU-NAT'y-RAL-IZE,  v.  a.  To  divest  of  natural 
qualities  ; to  render  unnatural,  [r.]  Ed.  Rev. 

f Dp-J^AY',  n.  Denial ; refusal.  Shale. 

+ Dp-NAY',  e.  a.  [L.  denego  ; Fr.  denier.]  To  de- 
ny. “ Not  granting  nor  denaying.”  Fairfax. 

DEN'DR  A-jCHATE,  71.  [Gr.  bevbpa^arrj;  ; btvhpov,  a 
tree,  and  Aparin,  the  agate ; L.  dendr achates.] 
(Min.)  Arborescent  agate,  or  agate  containing 
the  figures  of  shrubs  or  parts  of  plants.  Maunder. 

DEN'DRI-FORM,  a.  [Gr.  Sli’bpor,  a tree,  and  L. 
forma , form.]  Having  the  form  of  a tree.  Roget. 

DEN'DRITE,  n.  [Gr.  tivipirts  ; llvbpov,  a tree  ; 
L.  dendritis  ; Fr.  dendrite.]  (Min.)  A stone 
or  mineral  on  which  are  the  figures  of  trees  or 
shrubs.  Phillips. 

DpN-DRIT  IC,  1 [Gr.  hvSptrris,  tree-like.] 

DpN-DRIT'I-CAE,  > Veined  like  the  leaves  of  a 
tree  ; branched  like  a tree.  P.  Cyc. 

DEN ’ DRO- COL- A P-TI  ’ NJE,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  UvSpov, 
a tree,  and 
Kol.nTTre),  to 
peck.]  ( Or- 
nith.)  A sub- 
family of 
tenuirostral 
birds  of  the 
order  Passe- 

res  and  fam-  Dendrocolaptes  decumnnus. 
lly  Certhidce; 
tree-creepers.  Gray. 

DEN-DROD’ 0-Jl,n.  [Gr.  hlvhoov,  a tree,  and  b>6v, 
an  egg.]  (fool.)  A sub-genus  of  tunicated  mol- 
lusks  ; — so  called  from  the  ramified  form  of  the 
ovarium.  Brande. 

DEN'DRO-DUS,  n.  [Gr.  llvlpov,  a tree,  and  <Jr5oi>s, 
a tooth.]  (Pal.)  A genus  of  placoid  fossil  fishes 
from  the  red  sandstone.  Pictet. 

DEN'DROlD,  a.  [Gr.  tivlpottArjs,  tree-like;  Fr. 
dendroide .]  Resembling  a tree  ; dendritic.  Gray. 

DpX-DROI 'D AL,  a.  (Bot.)  Dendroid.  P.  Cyc. 

DEN'DRO-LITE,  n.  [Gr.  bivlpov,  a tree,  and 
1 iOoi,  a stone.]  (Pal.)  A petrified  fossil  tree, 
shrub,  plant,  or  part  of  a plant.  Hamilton. 

DpN-DROL'O-^IST,  n.  One  who  is  versed  in  den- 
drology. Staughton. 

DpN-DROL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  bivbpov,  a tree,  and 
1.6 yos,  a discourse.]  A discourse  on  trees,  or  the 
natural  history  of  trees.  Maunder. 

DpN-DROM'p-TpR,  n.  [Gr.  SlvSpov,  a tree,  and 
piroov,  a measure.]  An  instrument  for  measur- 
ing trees,  or  for  ascertaining  the  quantity  of 
timber  in  trees.  Loudon. 

DEN'DRO-MYS,  n.  [Gr.  livbpov,  a tree,  and  pus,  a 
mouse.]  (Zobl.)  A South  African  genus  of  ro- 
dents, nearly  allied  to  the  true  mice,  but  inhab- 
iting trees.  Brande. 

DEN'DRO-PHIS,  n.  [Gr.  Slvlpov,  a tree,  and  otyit, 
a serpent.]  (Zobl.)  A genus  of  harmless  ser- 
pents having  a long,  slender  body.  Brande. 

DE'NpB,  n.  [Ar.,  a tail.]  (Astron.)  A bright 
star  in  the  tail  of  the  Lion.  P.  Cyc. 

f DEN'p-GATE,  v.  a.  [L.  denego,  denegatus.]  To 
deny-  Cocker  am. 

f DEN-p-GA'TION,  n.  A denying.  Bullokar. 

DEN'GUp  (dSn'ga),  n.  [Sp.]  A kind  of  rheu- 


matic fever  which  appeared  in  1S27  and  1828  in 
the  West  Indies,  and  in  the  southern  portion 
of  the  U.  S.  ; — called  also  dandy-fever,  bouqiiet- 
fever,  and  bucket-fever.  ' Dunghson. 

Dp-Nl'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  denied  ; that  may 
be  contradicted.  Browne. 

DJJ-Nl'AL,  n.  1.  The  act  of  denying;  negation  ; 
the  contrary  to  affirmation  or  confession.  “ De- 
nial would  but  make  the  fault  fouler.”  Sidney. 

2.  Refusal  to  grant  any  thing  asked, 
lie,  at  every  fresh  attempt,  is  repelled 

With  faint  denials , weaker  than  before.  Dnjden. 

3.  Disavowal  ; a disowning  ; as,  “ Peter’s  de- 
nial of  his  Master.” 

Denial  of  one’s  self,  the  act  of  refraining  from  the 
gratification  of  any  desire  ; self-denial. 

Dp-Nl'pR,  n.  One  who  denies  ; one  who  contra- 
dicts, refuses,  or  disowns. 

DE-NIF.R  ' (de-ner'),  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  denarius.] 
An  old  French  copper  coin;  the  twelfth  part  of 
a French  penny,  or  sou.  Shah. 

DEN'I-GRATE  [den'e-grat,  P.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  Wb.  ; 
de-nl'grat,  S.J.  F. ; den’e-grat  or  de-nl'grat,  IF.], 
v.  a.  [L.  denigro,  denigratus ; It.  denigrarc  ; 
Sp.  denigrar  ; Fr.  denigrer.]  To  blacken. 
“ VTiite  bodies  will  be  denigrated  by  heat.”  Boyle. 

f DEN-I-GRA'TION,  n.  [L . denigratio.]  Ablack- 
ening.  “ Instances  of  denigration.”  [it.]  Boyle. 

DEN-l-TRA'TION,  n.  ( Chem .)  Disengagement 
of  nitric  acid,  [it.]  Clai-ke. 

DEN-I-ZA'TION,  n.  [Fr.  denization.]  The  act 
of  making  a denizen,  or  of  conferring  the  rights 
of  a citizen.  Davies. 

DEN'I-ZEN  (den'e-zn),  n.  [Old  Fr.  donaison,  from 
L.  donatio,  a gift.  Minsheu.  — W.  dinesydd, 
dinaswr,  a citizen.] 

1.  (Eng.  Law.)  An  alien  born,  who  has  re- 

ceived from  the  gift  of  the  king  (ex  donatione 
7'egis),  letters  patent  to  make  him  either  perma- 
nently or  for  a time  an  English  subject.  He 
may  take  lands  by  purchase  and  devise,  but  not 
by  inheritance.  Burrill. 

2.  A stranger  or  foreigner  admitted  to  resi- 
dence and  certain  rights  in  an  adopted  country. 

Ye  gods, 

Natives  or  denizens  of  blest  abodes.  Pope. 

3.  A citizen  or  inhabitant ; a dweller;  — in  a 
general  sense.  “ A denizen  of  the  world.”  Grew. 

DEN'I-ZEN  (den'e-zn),  v.  a.  To  render  a denizen  ; 
to  naturalize  ; to  enfranchise,  [n.]  Donne. 

DEN'I-ZEN-SHIP,  n.  The  state  or  condition  of  a 
denizen.  Ann.  Reg. 

DEN'N^T,  n.  A two- wheeled  carriage  for  trav- 
elling. Sat.  Mag. 

Dp-NOM'I-NA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  named.  “ De- 
nominable  from  the  humors.”  [r.]  Browne. 

DF-NOM'I-NATE,  v.  a.  [L.  denomino,  denomi- 
natus  ; de,  of,  and  nomen,  a name  ; It.  denomi- 
nare;  Sp . denominar ; Fr . denominer.]  [i.  de- 
nominated; pp.  denominating,  denominat- 
ed.] To  name  ; to  give  a name  or  an  epithet  to  ; 
to  entitle  ; to  style  ; to  designate.  “ Those  other 
passions  . . . denominated  selfish.”  Ilume. 

Syn.  — See  Name. 

DIJ-NOM'I-NATE,  a.  (Arith.)  Denoting  a num- 
ber which  expresses  the  kind  of  unit  treated 
of ; — opposed  to  abstract-,  thus,  seven  pounds  is 
a denominate  number,  but  seven,  without  refer- 
ence to  concrete  units,  is  abstract.  Davies. 

DE-NOM-I-nA'TION,  n.  [L . denominatio ; It.de- 
nominazione ; Sip.  denomination  ; Fr.  denomi- 
nation.] 

1.  The  act  of  denominating  or  naming. 

2.  A name  or  epithet  given  to  some  object. 

“ The  denomination  of  sublime.”  Burke. 

3.  A division  ; a class  ; a sect ; — particularly 
of  Christians.  “ Philosophy ...  has  divided  it  [the 
world]  into  sects  and  denominations."  South. 

4.  (Arith.)  A kind  of  quantity  or  number. 

DE-NOM-I-NA'TION-AL,  a.  Relating  to  denom- 
inations or  sects  of  religion.  Dr.  J.  Pye  Smith. 

DE-NO M-I-NA'TIQN-AL-LY,  ad.  According  to 
denominations.  Matthewson. 

Dp-NOM'I-NA-TIVE,  a.  [It.  Sj  Sp.  denominativo ; 
Fr.  denominatif] 


1.  That  gives  a name  or  appellation.  Johnson. 

2.  That  obtains  a distinct  appel’ation.  “ The 

least  denominative  part  of  time.”  Cocker. 

D]J-NOM'I-NA-TIVE-LY,  ad.  Byname  or  denom- 
ination. Baxter. 

Df.-NOM'I-NA-TOR,  n.  1.  t The  giver  of  a name. 
“ Eber,  the  father  of  the  Hebrews,  and  denom- 
inator of  the  Hebrew  tongue.”  Lightfoot. 

2.  (Math.)  That  term  of  a fraction  which 
denotes  the  number  of  parts  into  which  the  unit 
or  whole  is  divided.  Thus,  in  the  fraction  ^ 
(two  fifths)  of  a foot,  5 is  the  denominator,  and 
indicates  that  the  unit,  or  one  foot,  is  divided 
into  5 equal  parts,  and  2,  the  numerator,  shows 
how  many  of  these  parts  are  to  be  taken  • — the 
divisor,  or  quantity  placed  below  the  horizontal 
line.  Brande. 

DIJ-NOT'A-BLE,  a.  Thatmay  be  denoted.  Browne. 

f DEN'O-tATE,  v.  a.  To  denote.  Bui'ton. 

DEN-O-TA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  denoting,  [r.] 

Hammond. 

f DIJ-NO'TA-TIVE,  a.  That  denotes.  Cotgrave. 

Df-NOTE',  v.  a.  [L.  denoto  ; It.  denotare;  Sp. 
denotar-,  Fr.  dinoter. ] [t.  denoted  ; pp.  de- 

noting, DENOTED.]  To  mark  ; to  be  a sign  of  ; 
to  betoken;  to  signify  ; to  indicate;  to  typify ; 
to  imply  ; to  note. 

Thy  wild  acts  denote 

The  unreasonable  fury  of  a beast.  Shak. 

DE-NOTE'MIJNT,  n.  Sign  ; indication,  [r.]  Shak. 

DENOUEMENT  (den-o'inilng'),  n.  [Fr.,  from  L. 
de,  priv.,  and  nodus,  a knot.]  The  unravelling, 
development,  or  discovery  of  the  plot  in  a dra- 
ma or  other  literary  work.  Dr.  Warton. 

DF.-NOUNCE',  v.  a.  [L.  denuncio,  to  denounce; 
It.  denunziare-,  Sp.  denunciar ; Fr.  denoncer.] 
[<•  DENOUNCED \pp.  DENOUNCING,  DENOUNCED.] 

1.  To  threaten  or  menace  by  proclamation  or 
by  some  outward  sign. 

I denounce  unto  you  this  day  that  yc  shall  surely  perish. 

Del;! . xxx.  18. 

2.  To  accuse  publicly ; to  stigmatize  ; to  cen- 
sure. “He  was  denounced  for  a heretic.”  More. 

Dp-NOUNCE'MIJNT,  n.  Denunciation.  “The 
denouncement  of  his  curse.”  Browne. 

DJf.-NOUNt^'ER,  n-  One  who  denounces. 

DE  NO' VO.  [L.]  Anew;  from  the  beginning. 

DENSE,  a.  [L.  densas ; It.  Sp.  denso ; Fr. 
dense.] 

1.  Close;  compact;  having  the  atoms  or  com- 
ponent parts  closely  united  ; condensed  ; thick. 

In  the  air,  the  higher  you  go,  the  less  it  is  compressed,  and 
consequently  the  less  dense  it  is.  Locke. 

2.  (Bot.)  Noting  the  panicle  when  it  has  an 

abundance  of  flowers  very  close.  Maunder. 

DEN'SI-TY,  n.  [L.  densitas  ; Fr . den  site.]  The 
state  of  being  dense  ; the  property  in  bodies  by 
which  they  contain  a certain  quantity  of  matter 
under  a certain  bulk  or  magnitude  ; closeness 
of  constituent  parts  ; compactness.,; — opposed 
to  rarity.  Newton. 

DENT,  7i.  [A.  S.  dy7it,  a stroke.  — See  Dint.] 

1.  t A blow  ; a stroke.  “ That  dent  of  thun- 
der.” Chaucer.  “ From  the  dent  of  the  French 
sword  . . . untouched.”  Hall. 

2.  A mark  or  indentation  made  by  a blow,  or 
by  the  pressure  of  something  hard. 

3.  A wire  staple  that  forms  the  tooth  of  a 
card. 

DENT,  V.  a.  \i.  DENTED  ; pp.  DENTING,  DENTED.] 
To  indent;  to  impress  with  a dent.  Drydcn. 

DEN'TJl-GRJl,  n.  (Swg.)  An  instrument  for 
drawing  teeth.  Dunglison. 

DEN'TAL,  a.  [L.  dentalis ; dens,  de7itis,  a tooth  ; 
Sp.  dental ; It.  &;  Fr.  denlale.] 

1.  Belonging  to  the  teeth.  Johnso7i. 

2.  (Gram.)  Articulated  in  part  by  the  aid  of 
the  teeth  ; as,  “ Dental  letters.” 

DEN'TAL,  n.  (Conch.)  I.  A small  shell-fish, 
of  the  genus  dentalium.  Woodward. 

2.  (Gram.)  A consonant  articulated  by  press- 
ing the  tip  of  the  tongue  against  the  upper  teeth, 
or  the  ridge  of  gum  covering  their  roots.  The 
dentals  are  d,  t,  ill,  s,  and  z. 


A; 


E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  f,  short ; A,  ?,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


DENTALITE 


383 


DEPART 


DEN'TA-LITE,  n.  [L.  dens,  dentis,  a tooth,  and 
Gr.  a stone.]  ( Pal .)  A fossil  animal  of 

the  genus  Dentalium.  Maunder. 

DF.JV- TA  'Ll-  UM,  n.  ( Conch.')  A genus  of  gastero- 
pods  having  a conical,  slender  shell  open  at  both 
ends.  Woodward. 

DEN'TAL— SUR'fjJEON,  n.  A dentist.  Dunglison. 

DF.JT-TA'  RI-A,  n.  [L.  dens,  dentis,  a tooth,  in 
allusion  to  the  tooth-like  structure  of  the  roots.] 
(Bot.)  A genus  of  cruciferous,  perennial  plants 
with  toothed  root-stocks  of  a pleasant,  pungent 
taste  ; toothwort.  Loudon. 

DEN'TA-RY,  a.  Relating  to  dentition,  or  to  the 
teeth.  " Maunder. 

DEN'T  ATE,  ) 0.  rL.  den  tat  us.]  (Bot.  & Or- 

DEN'TAT-JJD,  > nithi)  Having  points  like  teeth ; 
toothed  ; notched.  “ Dentate  leaf.”  Gray. 
“ Serrated  or  dentated  bills.”  Paley. 

DIJN-TA'TION,  ii.  The  form  or  formation  of 
teeth.  “ Its  [the  woodpecker’s]  barb,  its  den- 
tation." Paley. 

DFIN-TA'TO— SIN'U-ATE,  a.  (Bot.) 

Having  points  like  teeth  with  hol- 
lows about  the  edge  ; scolloped  and 
toothed.  Loudon. 

DENT'JJD,  a.  Notched;  indented. 

Barret. 

DEJV-TEL'LI  (den-tel'le),  n.  pi.  [It.]  (Arch.) 
Ornaments  on  cornices  bearing  some  resem- 
blance to  the  teeth  ; modillions.  Clarke. 

DEN'TI-CLE,  n.  [L.  denticulus  ; dens,  dentis,  a 
tooth.]  (Arch.)  A small,  projecting  point  or 
tooth  ; a dentil.  Crahb. 

DEN-TIC'IT-LATE,  ) a%  (Bot.)  Having  the  edge 

DEN-Tlo'y-LAT-ED,  ) like  small  teeth  or  notch- 
es finely  dentate.  Loudon. 

DpN-TIC'U-LATE-LY,  ad.  In  a denticulate  man- 
ner. 

Df,N-TlC-U-LA'TION,  n.  The  state  of  being 
denticulated,  notched,  or  set  with  small  teeth, 
or  prominences  resembling  teeth.  Grew. 

DEN'TI-CULE,  n.  [L.  denticulus ; dens,  dentis, 
a tooth  ; Fr.  denticule.)  (Arch.)  The  flat,  pro- 
jecting part  of  a cornice,  on  which  dentils  or 

modillions  are  cut.  Francis. 

DEN'T  [-FORM,  a.  . [L.  dens,  dentis,  a tooth,  and 
forma,  form.]  Having  the  form  of  teeth.  Loudon. 

DEN'TI-FRICE,  ii.  [L.  dens,  dentis,  a tooth,  and 
frico,  to  rub;  Fr.  dentifrice .]  A powder  or 
other  substance  for  scouring,  cleaning,  and  pre- 
serving the  teeth.  Holland. 

DEN'TIL,  n.  (Arch.)  A denticle  ; a modillion  ; a 
member  of  a cornice  so  cut  as  to  give  it  some 
resemblance  to  a set  of  teeth.  Crabb. 

DEN'TI-LAT-JpD,  a.  Formed  like  teeth  : — having 
teeth.  • P.  Cyc. 

DEN-TI-LA'TION,  ii.  The  formation  and  evolu- 
tion of  teeth  ; dentition.  P.  Cyc. 

DEN'TI-LAVE,  n.  [L.  dens,  dentis,  a tooth,  and 
lavo,  to  wash.]  A lotion  or  wash  for  cleaning 
the  teeth.  Perry. 

DIJN-TiL'O-CIUIST,  n.  [L.  dens,  dentis,  a tooth, 
and  loquor , to  speak.]  One  who  speaks  through 
the  teeth.  Ash. 

DIJN-TlL'O-CtUY,  n.  The  art  of  speaking  through 
the  teeth.  ’ Ash. 

DEN'TINE,  re.  [L.  dens,  dentis,  a tooth.]  The 
fundamental  tissue  of  a tooth.  Brewer. 

DEN-TI-ROS'T^R,  n.  [L.  dens,  dentis,  a tooth, 
and  rostrum,  a beak.]  ( Ornith .)  A bird  of  the 
tribe  Dentirostres.  Craig. 

DEN-TI-ROS'TRAL,  a.  (Ornith.)  Noting  a bird 
of  the  tribe  Dentirostres.  Brande. 

DF.JV- TI-ROS  ' T RFS,  n.  pi.  (Ornith.)  A tribe 
of  birds  of  the  order  Passeres,  having  a notch 
and  a tooth-like  process  on  each  side  of  the  up- 
per mandible,  as  the  butcher-bird.  They  are 
rapacious,  and  prey  on  smaller  and  weaker 
birds.  Gray. 

DEN'TI-SCAlp,  n.  [L.  dens,  dentis, .a.  tooth,  and 
scalpo,  to  scrape.]  An  instrument  for  cleaning 
the  teeth.  Ash. 


DEN'TIST,  n.  [It.  S;  Sp.  dentista;  Fr.  dentiste.] 
One  who  devotes  himself  to  the  study  of  the 
diseases  of  the  teeth  and  their  treatment ; a 
surgeon  for  the  teeth  ; — called  also  dental-sur- 
geon, and  surgeon-dentist.  Dunglison. 

DJJN-TIS'TIC,  ? a.  Relating  to  a dentist,  or 

DJEN-TIS'TI-CAL,  > to  dentistry.  Dr.  Wcstcott. 

DEN'TIS-TRY,  n.  The  business  or  art  of  a den- 
tist ; dental  surgery.  Dunglison. 

D]JN-Tl''TION  (den-tlsh'nn),  n.  [L.  dentitio ; 
dens,  dentis,  a tooth  ; It.  dentizione ; Sp.  denti- 
cion  ; Fr.  dentition .] 

1.  The  formation  and  evolution  of  the  teeth  ; 
the  cutting  of  the  teeth  ; teething.  P.  Cyc. 

2.  The  time  of  teething.  Smith. 

t DIJN-TlZE',  v.  n.  To  have  the  teeth  renewed. 
“ She  did  dentize  twice  or  thrice.”  Bacon. 

DEN'TOID,  a.  [L.  dens,  dentis,  a tooth,  and  Gr. 
ethos,  form.]  Resembling  a tooth.  Smart. 

f DJJ-NU'dAte,  v.  a.  [L.  denudo,  denudatus ; nu- 
dus,  naked.]  To  strip  ; to  denude.  Hammond. 

D^-NU'DATE,  a.  (Bot.)  Appearing  naked,  as 
plants  when  flowers  appear  before  the  leaves  ; 
denudated.  Ruschenberger. 

DEN-U-DA'TION,  ii.  1.  The  act  of  making  naked  ; 
laying  bare  or  depriving  of  covering.  Bp.  Hall. 

2.  (Geol.)  A removal  of  a portion  of  land 
by  the  action  of  running  water,  so  as  to  lay  bare 
the  inferior  strata.  Ruschenberger. 

DIJ-NUDE',  v.  a.  [L.  denudo  ; It.  denudare  ; Sp. 
desnudar  ; Fr.  deiiuder.]  \i.  denuded  ; pp. 
denuding,  denuded.]  To  strip;  to  divest; 
to  make  naked.  “ Denude  a vine-branch  of  its 
leaves.”  Ray. 

DE-NUN'CI-ATE  (de-nun'she-at,  66),  v.  a.  [L.  de- 
nuncio, denunciatus . — See  Denounce.]  [i.  be- 
nunciated  ; pp.  denunciating,  denunciat- 
ed.]  To  denounce  ; to  threaten  : — to  stigmatize. 

The  vicinage  of  Europe  had  not  only  a right,  but ...  an 
exigent  interest  to  demaiciate  this  new  work.  Burke. 

DE-NUN-CI-A'TION  (de-nun-she-a'shun,  66),  il. 
[L.  denunciatio  ; It.  denunziazione  ; Sp.  denun- 
ciacion;  Fr.  denonciation.] 

1.  Act  of  denouncing  ; the  proclamation  of  a 

threat ; public  menace  ; arraignment.  “ A de- 
nunciation or  indiction  of  a war.”  Bacon. 

2.  f Publication  ; announcement.  “ Denun- 
ciation of  banns  before  matrimony.”  Bp.  Hall. 

DE-NUN'CI-A-TlVE,  a.  That  denounces;  de- 
nunciatory. [n.]  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

DE-NfJN'CI-A-TOR  (de-nun'she-a-tur),  n.  [L.  de- 
nuntiator .] 

1.  One  who  denounces  or  threatens. 

2.  (Law.)  One  who  gives  information  against 

another  ; an  accuser.  Ayliffe. 

DJJ-NUN'CI- A-TO-Ry  (de-nun'she-fi-to-re),  a.  Re- 
lating to,  or  implying,  denunciation  ; commina- 
tory ; condemnatory.  Johnson. 

DIJ-NY'  (de-nl'),  v.  a.  [L.  denego  ; Sp.  denegar ; 
Fr.  denier.]  [i.  denied  ; pp.  denying,  de- 
nied."] 

1.  1 o contradict ; to  declare  to  be  untrue. 

“ Then  came  the  Sadducees,  which  deny  that 
there  is  any  resurrection.”  Luke  xx.  27. 

2.  To  refuse  to  grant ; to  withhold.  “ Two 

things  have  I required  of  thee  ; deny  me  them 
not.”  Prov.  xxx.  7. 

3.  To  disavow;  to  refuse  to  acknowdedge. 

If  we  den y him,  he  also  will  deny  us.  2 Tim.  ii.  12. 

4.  To  renounce;  to  abjure.  “Denying  un- 
godliness and  worldly  lusts.”  fit.  ii.  12. 

To  deny  one’s  self,  to  forego  tile  gratification  of  one’s 
desires  ; to  practise  self-denial.  Mtrrbury. 

Syn.  — To  deny  respects  matters  of  fact  or  knowl- 
edge ; to  refuse,  matters  of  wish  or  request.  He  denied 
tile  fact,  contradicted  the  statement,  disowned  his  con- 
nection, disavowed  the  authorship,  renounced  the 
claim,  opposed  the  design,  disclaimed  the  intention, 
and  refused  compliance.  — See  Refuse,  Disclaim. 

DE-OB-STRUCT',  v.  a.  [L.  deobstruo,  deobstructus ; 
de,  priv.,  and  obstruo,  to  build  in  the  way  ; Fr. 
deobstruer .]  To  clear  from  impediments.  More. 

DE-OB'STRU-yNT,  a.  (Med.)  Having  power  to 
remove  obstructions  and  to  open  the  animal 
passages  ; aperient.  Arbuthnot. 


DE-OB'STRU-ENT,  11.  (Med.)  A medicine  that 
has  the  power  to  remove  obstructions  and  open 
the  animal  passages  ; an  aperient.  Dunglison. 

DE'O-DAnd,  ii.  [L.  Deo  dandus,  to  be  given  to 
God.]  (Eng.  Law.)  A personal  chattel,  ani- 
mate or  inanimate,  as  a horse,  or  a cart,  that, 
having  caused  the  untimely  death  of  any  man 
by  mischance,  was  given  to  God;  that  is,  for- 
feited to  the  king  to  be  applied  to  pious  uses. 

Deodcinds  are  unknown  in  American  law,  and  have  very 
recently  (‘J  and  10  Viet.)  been  abolished  in  England.  Brande. 

DE-O-DAR',  n.  (Bot.)  A species  of  cedar  in  India, 
highly  valued  for  timber,  and  as  an  ornamental 
tree  ; Indian  cedar  ; Cedrus  deodara.  Loudon. 

DIJ-O'DOR-IZE,  v.  a.  To  deprive  of  odor  ; to  dis- 
infect. Examiner. 

DJJ-O'DOR-IZ-ER,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which, 
deodorizes  ; — applied  especially  to  a substance 
which  has  the  power  of  destroying  fetid  effluvia, 
as  chlorine,  chloride  of  zinc,  nitrate  of  lead, 
&c.  Brande. 

t DF,-6n'ER-ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  deonero,  dconeratus .] 
To  unload;  to  discharge.  Coclceram. 

DJJ-ON-TO-LO£'I-CAL,  a.  Relating  to  deontol- 
ogy. — Brougham. 

DE-ON-TOL'O-^lIST,  n.  One  versed  in  deontol- 
ogy. Ec.  Rev. 

DE-0N-T0L'0-9Y>  n • [Gr.  Slou,  due,  and  h iyos,  a 
discourse.]  The  science  of  duty ; the  science 
of  ethics  as  founded  on  the  tendency  of  actions 
to  promote  happiness.  J.  Bentham. 

f DE-OP'PI-LAte,  v.  a.  [L.  de,  priv.,  and  oppilo, 
to  shut  up.]  To  free  from  obstructions.  Boyle. 

f DJJ-6p-P!-LA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  freeing  or 
clearing  from  obstructions.  Browne. 

t D^-OP'PI-LA-TIVE,  a.  Deobstruent.  Harvey. 

f DIJ-OP'PI-LA-TIVE,  n.  (Med.)  A medicine  to 
clear  obstructions.  Ash. 

t DJE-OR-DI-NA'TION,  n.  Disorder.  Dr.  Raicley. 

f DJS-OS'CIT-LAte,  v.  a.  [L.  deosculor,  deoscu- 
latus .]  To  kiss.  Cockei'am. 

t DE-OS-CU-LA'TION,  n.  A kissing.  Stilling fleet . 

DJJ-OX'I-DAte,  v.  a.  [Fr.  desoxyder .]  (Chem.) 
To  reduce  from  the  state  of  an  oxide;  to  deox- 
idize ; — written  also  deoxydate.  Smart. 

DIE-OX-I-DA'TION,  ii.  The  act  of  deoxidating, 
or  reducing  from  the  state  of  an  oxide.  Smart. 

DE-OX-I-DI-ZA'TION,  n.  Deoxidation.  Clarke. 

DJ5-OX'I-DlZE,  v.  a.  [i.  deoxidized  ; pp.  deox- 
idizing, deoxidized.]  (Chem.)  To  reduce 
from  the  state  of  an  oxide  ; to  deoxidate ; — 
written  also  deoxydize.  Brande. 

DE-OX'I-DTzE-MENT,  n.  The  act  of  deoxidizing  ; 
deoxidation.  Brande. 

DE-OX'Y-^EPA-Ate,  v.a.  [Fr . clesoxygener.]  To 
deprive  of  oxygen.  Smart. 

DJJ-OX-Y-t?  EN-A'TTON,  n.  [Fr.  desoxygenation.] 
The  act  of  deoxygenating.  Smart. 

T D^-PAlNT',  v.  a.  [See  Depict.] 

1.  To  picture  ; to  represent  by  colors  or  paints. 

“ Depainted  on  a wall.”  Chaucer. 

2.  To  describe  ; to  delineate.  “ Depaint  in 

roundelay.”  Gay. 

t DF,-pA[NT']JR,  n.  A painter.  G.  Douglas. 

DJE-PART',  v.  n.  [L.  dis,  asunder,  and  partior, 
to  divide  ; It.  dispartire-,  Sp.  departir ; Fr.  de- 
partir .]  [i.  depakted  ; pp.  departing,  de- 

parted.] 

1.  To  go  away  ; to  vanish  ; to  disappear. 

Show  his  eyes,  and  grieve  his  heart; 

Come  like  shadows,  so  depart.  Shak. 

2.  To  leave  the  world;  to  die. 

Now  lettest  thou  thy  servant  depart  in  peace.  Luke  ii.  29. 

3.  (Law.)  To  forsake  or  abandon  the  ground 

assumed  in  a former  pleading,  and  assume  a 
new  one.  Burrill. 

To  depart  from,  to  go  away  from  : — to  desist  from  ; 
to  abandon  : to  give  up.  “ To  depart  from  the  most 
unreasonable  of  all  their  demands.”  Clarendon. — To 
depart  from  God , to  fall  away  from  him  ; to  aposta- 
tize.— t To  depart  with,  to  part  with  ; to  let  go.  Shak. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — Q,  9,  g,  soft ; e,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


DEPART 


384 


DEPLORE 


f DE-PART * v.a.  1.  To  distribute.  “ They  de- 
parted his  clothes.”  Matt,  xxvii.  35  ( Wickliffe ). 

2.  To  separate  ; to  set  free.  Spenser. 

3.  To  retire  from;  to  leave;  to  quit.  “To  de- 
part Rome.”  B.  Jonson. 

j(Kg=  To  depart  this  life,  to  die  : — still  in  use. 

+ DE-PART',  n.  1 A going  away.  “ At  my  de- 
part from  France.”  Shak. 

2.  Death;  departure.  “Tidings  ...  were 
brought  me  of  your  loss  and  his  depart .”  Shak. 

3.  ( Chem .)  A separation  of  a compound  sub- 
stance into  its  elements.  Bacon. 

DE-PART'ER,  n.  One  who  departs  : — one  who 
refines  metals  by  separation.  Johnson. 

DE-PART'ING,  n.  1.  t Separation.  “ Like  life 
and  death’s  departing."  Shak. 

2.  A going  away.  “The  first  departing  of  the 
kind.”  Shak. 

f DE-PAR-TI''TION,  n.  Separation.  Chaucer. 

DE-PART'M1JNT,  n.  [It.  dipartimento  ; Sp.  de- 
partamento  ; Fr.  departement. ] 

1.  Separate  part,  office,  or  division. 

Let  him  consider  what  virtues  his  department  of  life  par- 
ticularly requires.  Knox. 

2.  A part  or  division  in  the  executive  gov- 
ernment ; distinct  class  of  official  duties  ; as, 
“The  department  of  state,  or  the  treasury.” 

M.  de  la  Tour  du  Pin  . . . comes  to  give  an  account  of  the 
state  of  his  department.  Burke. 

The  temporary  heads  of  departments  were  required  to 
prepare  and  lay  before  the  first  magistrate  such  statements, 
&c.  Marshall's  Life  of  Washington. 

3.  A province  or  subdivision  of  a country  or 

kingdom,  as  in  France.  Brande. 

DEP-ART-MENT' AL,  a.  Relating?  to  a depart- 
ment. “The  departmental  guards.”  Burke. 

Bp-PART'URE  (-yur),  n.  1.  The  act  of  departing; 
a going  away  ; exit.  “ My  lord  being  in  the  gal- 
lery of  my  ship,  at  my  departure.”  State  Trials. 

2.  Removal  from  life  ; death  ; decease. 

Happy  was  their  good  nrincc  in  his  timely  departure , 
which  barred  him  from  the  knowledge  of  his  sou’s  miseries. 

Sidney. 

3.  A forsaking ; an  abandoning;  desertion; 

— with/ro»i.  “ Departure  from  evil.”  Tillotson. 

4.  ( Surveying .)  The  distance  between  two 

meridians  drawn  through  the  extremities  of  any 
course  and  considered  as  parallel.  Davies. 

5.  ( Naut .)  The  distance  a ship  has  made 

from  the  meridian  east  or  west ; the  whole  east- 
ing or  rvesting  made  by  a ship.  Bowditcli. 

6.  (Law.)  The  abandonment  of  the  ground 

taken  in  a former  pleading,  and  the  adoption  of 
another.  Burrill. 

Syn.  — See  Death. 

t DE-PAs'CENT,  a.  [L . depascens.]  Feeding. 

■f  Dp-PAST'URE  (de-pSst'yur),  v.  a.  [L.  depasco, 
depastus .]  [*.  depastured  ; pp.  depasturing, 
depastured.]  To  pasture  ; to  graze.  Spenser. 

f Rf-PAST'URE,  v.  n.  To  graze.  Blackstone. 

_ • 

f D(5-PA'TR1-ATE,  v.  n.  [L.  de,  from,  and  patria, 
one’s  country.]  To  go  from  one’s  country.  “A 
subject . . . may  depatriate  and  go.”  Mason. 

+ DE-PAu'PER-ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  depaupero,  depau- 
peratus  ; pamper,  poor.]  [i.  depauperated  \pp. 
DEPAUPERATING,  DEPAUPERATED.]  To  make 
poor  ; to  impoverish.  “ Abjection  and  humility 

— which  depauperate  the  spirit.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

DJJ-PAU'PJJR-AT-ED,  a.  ( Bot .)  Imperfectly  de- 
veloped; ill-formed.  P.  Cyc. 

DJf-PAU'PIJR-IZE,  v.  a.  [t.  depauperized  ; pp. 
depauperizing,  depauperized.]  To  raise  or 
free  from  a state  of  pauperism. 

Our  efforts  at  depauperizing  the  children  of  paupers  would 
he  more  successful,  if  the  process  were  not  carried  on  in  a 
lump.  Ed.  Her. 

+ DE-PEACH',  v.  a.  [Fr.  depecher,  to  despatch.] 
To  acquit;  to  discharge.  Hackluyt. 

f DE-PECT'I-BLE,  a.  [L.  depecio,  to  comb.]  Sus- 
ceptible of  being  extended  or  diffused.  Bacon. 

t DIJ-PEC-U-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  depeculor,  depecu- 
latus,  to  embezzle.]  Peculation.  Cockcram. 

t D?-PEINCT'  (de-pant'),  V.  a.  [L.  depingo,  de- 
pinctus  ; Fr.  depeindre.)  To  paint.  Spenser. 

E1J-PEND',  v.  n.  [L.  dependeo ; de,  from,  and  pen- 


deo,  to  hang  ; It.  dipendere  ; Sp.  depender ; Fr. 
dependre .]  [i.  depended  ; pp.  depending, 

depended.] 

1.  To  hang  ; to  be  pendent. 

Dewy  drops  in  icicles  upon  each  bough  depend.  Mir.  for  Mag. 

2.  To  be  dependent;  to  be  in  a state  of  de- 
pendence ; to  rely  : — followed  by  on  or  upon. 

Never  be  without  money,  nor  depend  ujion  the  courtesy  of 
others,  which  may  fail  at  a pinch.  Bacon. 

3.  To  be  connected  with,  as  with  a cause  or 
antecedent ; to  be  the  effect  of. 

The  peace  and  happiness  of  a society  depend  on  the  jus- 
tice and  fidelity,  the  temperance  and  charity,  of  its  mem- 
bers. Rogers. 

4.  To  be  yet  undetermined ; to  be  in  suspense. 

The  fatal  chance 

Of  life  and  death  dependeth  in  balance.  Lydgate. 

5.  To  be  fixed  with  attention;  to  hang. 

The  hearer  oh  the  speaker’s  mouth  depends.  Digden. 

6.  To  rely;  to  rest;  to  trust  to. 

Common  fame  ...  is  not  to  be  depended  upon.  Swift. 

DE-PEND'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  depended 
upon.  “ Dependable  friendships.”  [r.]  Pope. 

DJg-PEND'ANCE,  n.  See  Dependence.  Dryden. 

DJJ-PEN  D' A.\T,  n.  [L.  dependens ; Fr.  dependant.) 
One  who  is  subordinate  or  in  subjection  ; a vas- 
sal ; a hanger-on  ; a dependent.  — See  Depend- 
ent, and  Dependence.  Hooker. 

DE-PEND  FACE,  ) [L.  dependeo,  dependens, 

DE-PEND'EN-CY,  I to  depend ; Fr.  dependancc , 
dependence.] 

1.  The  state  of  hanging  down,  or  being  pen- 
dent, from  a supporter.  Johnson. 

2.  Something  hanging  from  a support. 

Like  a large  cluster  of  black  grapes  they  show, 

And  make  a long  dependence  from  the  bough.  Dryden. 

3.  The  state  of  deriving  support  from ; reli- 
ance ; trust;  confidence  ; — with  on  or  upon. 

The  expectation  of  the  performance  of  our  desire  is  that 
we  call  dependence  upon  him.  Stilling  fleet. 

4.  The  state  of  being  related  to  a cause  or 

antecedent ; concatenation  ; connection.  “ The 
dependence  of  ideas.”  Locke. 

5.  The  state  of  being  dependent,  subordinate, 
or  subject  to; — with  on  or  upon.  “Their  de- 
pendency on  the  crown  of  England.”  Bacon. 

6.  That  which  is  subordinate,  particularly  a 
subject  province  ; an  adjunct.  “The  earth  and 
its  dependencies.”  Burnet.  “ A prince  be- 
reaved of  his  dependencies.”  Bacon. 

ftfif  These  several  words,  dependence,  dependency, 
dependent,  n .,  dependent,  a.;  dependence,  dependency,  de- 
pendant, n.,  dependant,  a.,  are  given  in  both  iliese 
forms  in  the  principal  English  Dictionaries;  the  dif- 
ference being  in  the  use  of  e and  a ; the  c coming  from 
the  Latin,  and  the  a from  the  French.  — “ If  there  is 
any  kind  of  principle  to  determine  a doubt  in  this 
case,  it  is  this  — that  the  form  ent  should  be  used  for 
the  adjective  and  abstract  substantive  derived  from 
it,  as  dependent,  dependence,  and  the  French  form  for 
the  common  substantive  noun,  as  a dependant ; but  tile 
principle  is  not  consistently  acted  upon.”  Smart. 

DE-PEND'IJNT,  a.  [L.  dependens  ; Fr.  dependant .] 

1.  Hanging  down.  Pcacham. 

2.  Relating  to  something  as  cause  or  antece- 
dent ; relating  to  something  previous. 

3.  Having  dependence  ; deriving  support 
from;  relying  upon  for  the  means  of  subsist- 
ence ; as,  “ Dependent  on  charity.” 

4.  Subordinate  ; in  the  power  of  another. 

No  feeble  tyrant  of  a petty  state 

Courts  thee  to  shake  on  a dependent,  throne.  Johnson. 

DE-PEND'ENT,  n.  [L.  dependens-,  Fr.  depend- 
ant.]  One  in  subjection  or  subordinate  ; a de- 
pendant. — See  Dependant,  and  Depend- 
ence. Sharp. 

DE-PEND'ENT-LY,  ad.  In  a dependent  manner. 

DE-PEND'ER,  n.  One  who  depends ; a dependant. 

DE-PEND'ING,  p.  a.  Hanging  from;  relying  on  ; 
trusting  to. 

DE-PEND'JNG-LY,  ad.  In  a depending  or  subor- 
dinate manner.  Hale. 

f DE-PEO'PLE  (de-pg'pl),  V.  a.  [Fr.  d/’peupler .] 

To  depopulate  ; to  dispeople.  Chapman. 

DE-PER'D1T,  n.  [L.  deperdo,  deperditus,  to  destroy, 
to  ruin.]  Any  thing  lost  or  destroyed,  [r.]  Paley. 

f DE-PER'DITE-LY,  ad.  [L.  deperditus .]  Desper- 
ately. “ Deperditely  wicked.”  Dean  King. 


f DEP-ER-DI"TION  (-dish'un),  n.  Loss.  Browne. 

fDE-PERT'I-BLE,  a.  Divisible;  separable.  Bacon. 

t DE-PHLEGM'  (de-flem'),  v.  a.  To  clear  from 
phlegm  ; to  deplilegmate.  Bogle. 

DE-PHLEG'MATE  (de-fleg'mat),  V.  a.  [Gr.  tpl./yto, 
to  burn  ; Low  L.  dephlegmo,  dephleymatus .]  [i. 

dephlegmated  ; pp.  dephlegmating,  de- 
phlegmated.]  To  clear  from  aqueous  matter; 
to  rectify  ; to  distil.  Boyle. 

DEPH-LEG-MA'TION  (def-leg-ma'sllun),  n.  The 
operation  of  freeing  spirits  of  wine  and  certain 
other  fluids  from  the  water  which  they  usually 
contain.  ’ Brande. 

f DE-PMLEGM'ED-NESS  (de-flem'ed-nes),  n.  The 
state  of  being  freed  from  aqueous  matter.  Boyle. 

DEPH-LO-GIS'TI-CATE,  v.  a.  [L.  de,  priv.,  and 
Gr.  i/tloyiards,  inflammable  ; (p/.oyi^oi , to  burn.] 
[*.  dephlogisticated  ; pp.  depiilogisticat- 
ing,  dephlogisticated.]  (Chem.)  To  deprive 
of  phlogiston,  or  the  supposed  principle  of  in- 
flammability, sometimes  identified  with  hydro- 
gen. Brande. 

DEPH-LO-GIS'TI-CAT-ED,  p.  a.  Deprived  of 
phlogiston. 

Dephlogisticated  air,  a term  applied  by  Dr.  Priestley 
and  others  to  what  is  now  called  oiygen  gas.  Maunder. 

DEPH-LO-GIS-TI-CA'TION,  n.  (Chem.)  The  act 
or  the  process  of  separating  phlogiston  from  a 
body.  Brande. 

DE-PlCT',  v.  a.  [L.  depingo,  depictus-.  It.  dipin- 
gere;  Fr.  depemdre .]  [i.  depicted;  pp.  de- 

picting, depicted.] 

1.  To  paint;  to  portray;  to  represent  in  colors. 

The  cowards  of  Laceda?mon  depicted  upon  their  shields 

the  most  terrible  beasts  they  could  imagine.  Bp.  Taylor. 

2.  To  describe  ; to  represent  in  words. 

When  the  distractions  of  a tumult  are  sensibly  depicted , 

while  you  read  you  seem  indeed  to  see  thejn.  Felton. 

DE-PIC'TION,  n.  The  act  of  depicting;  a paint- 
ing. [u.]  Howitt. 

DE-PICT'URE  (de-pTkt'yur),  v.a.  To  represent  in 
colors  ; to  depict ; to  paint.  Shenstone. 

DEP'I-LATE,  v.  a.  [L.  depilo,  depilatus  ; de,  priv., 
and  pilus,  the  hair.]  To  pull  oft’  hair.  Cockeram. 

DEP-I-LA'TION,  n.  A pulling  off  the  hair.  Dryden. 

II  DE-PIL'A-TO-RY  [dc-pll'a-tur-e,  W.  P.  K.  Sm. 
Wb. ; de-jil’ij-tur -e,  S.Ja.),  n.  [Fr . depilatoire.] 
(Med.)  A substance  or  application  which  takes 
away  hair  from  any  part  of  the  body.  Brande. 

II  DE-PIL'A-TO-RY,  a.  Having  the  quality  of 
taking  off  the  hair.  Chambers. 

DE-PI'LOUS,  or  DEP'l-LOUS  [de-pl'Ius,  S.  IV.  F. 
Ja.;  dep'e-lus,  It.  Sm. ; de-pl'Ius  or  dep'e-lus, 
/’.],  a.  [L.  depilis.)  Without  hair,  [r .]  Browne. 

DEP-LAN-TA'TION,  n.  [L.deplanto,  deplantatus .] 
The  act  of  taking  up  plants,  [r.]  Clarke. 

DE-PLE'TION,  n.  [L.  depleo,  depictus-,  de,  priv., 
and/> leo,  to  fill.] 

1.  (Med.)  The  act  of  emptying  the  animal 

vessels  by  blood-letting  or  by  evacuant  medi- 
cine : — inordinate  evacuation.  Dunglison. 

2.  The  act  of  exhausting  or  draining;  as,  “A 
depletion  of  the  treasury.” 

DE-PLE'TO-RY,  a.  (Med.)  Causing  depletion ; 
emptying.  Med.  Jour. 

f DEP-Ll-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  de,  priv.,  and  plico,  to 
fold.]  An  unfolding  or  untwisting.  Mountague. 

DE-PLO'RA-BLE,  a.  [It.  dcplorabile ; Sp.  de- 
plorable ; Fr.  deplorable .]  That  is  to  be  de- 
plored ; miserable  ; lamentable  ; sad  ; calami- 
tous ; grievous.  “ The  deplorable  condition  to 
which  the  king  was  reduced.”  Clarendon. 

DE-PLO'RA-BLE-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  deplora- 
ble. “ Sadness  and  deplorableness."  Hammond. 

DE-PLO'RA-BLY,  ad.  Lamentably;  miserably. 

f DE-PLO'RATE,  a.  Lamentable;  hopeless.  “The 
case  is  then  most  deplorate.”  L’ Estrange. 

DEP-LO-RA'TION,  n.  [L.  deploratio  ; It.  deplo- 
razione .]  Act  of  deploring  ; lamentation.  Speed. 

DE-PLORE',  v.  a.  [L.  deploro  ; It.  dcplorarc ; Sp. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  !,  6,  C,  Y,  short;  A,  E,  I,  9»  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


DEPLORED 


385 


DEPRAVEDNESS 


deplorar  ; Fr.  deplorer.]  [i.  deplored  ; pp.  de- 
ploring, deplored.]  To  sorrow  deeply  for; 
to  grieve  for ; to  lament ; to  bewail ; to  mourn  ; 
to  bemoan. 

Those  loud  laments  her  echoing  maids  restore, 

And  Hector,  yet  alive,  as  dead  deplore . Dryden. 

Full  oft  our  human  foresight  I deplore.  Wordsworth. 

Syn.  — To  deplore  is  a stronger  expression  than  to 
lament.  He  that  laments  or  bewails  grieves  aloud  ; he 
that  deplores  or  mourns  grieves  silently.  — See  Be- 
wail. 

DE-PLORED',  p.  a.  1.  Lamented:  — lamentable. 

2.  [L.  deploratus.]  + Incurable ; given  over 
by  physicians. 

Physicians  do  make  a kind  of  scruple  and  religion  to  stay 
with  the  patient  alter  the  disease  is  deplored.  Bacon. 

t DE-FLOR'ED-LY,  ad.  Lamentably.  Bp.  Taylor. 

DE-PLOR'ED-NESS,  n.  Deplorableness.  Bp.  Kail. 

f D^l-PLORE'MJgNT,  n.  Deploration.  Cockeram. 

DE-PLOR'ER,  n.  One  who  deplores.  Boyle. 

DE-PLOR'ING,  n.  Lamentation;  a weeping ; de- 
ploration. F.  Butler. 

DE-PLOR'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a deploring  manner. 

DE-PLOY',  v. a.  [L.de,  from,  and plico,  to  fold;  Fr. 
deployer.]  [?'.  deployed  ; pp.  deploying,  de- 
ployed.] (Mil.)  To  unfold  ; to  extend  ; to  dis- 
play, as  a body  of  troops. 

A column  of  troops  is  deployed  when  the  divisions  spread 
wide,  or  open  out.  Todd. 

DE-PLOY',  v.  n.  (Mil.)  To  open;  to  extend. 

A column  is  said  to  deploy  when  it  makes  a flank  march 
or  unfolds  itself,  so  as  to  display  its  front.  Sullivan. 

DE-PLOY',  n.  (Mil.)  The  expansion  of  a body  of 
troops,  previously  compacted  in  a column,  so  as 
to  present  a large  front.  Brande. 

DE-PLOY'MENT,  n.  [Fr.  deploy  emeriti  (Mil.) 
Same  as  Deploy.  Crabb. 

DEP-LU-MA'TION,  n.  1.  The  act  of  plucking  off 
feathers.  Cotgrave. 

2.  (Med.)  A disease  or  swelling  of  the  eye- 
lids, by  which  the  eyelashes  fall  out.  Phillips. 

DE-PLUME',  v.  a.  [L.  deplumis,  featherless;  de, 
priv.,  and  pluma,  a feather  ; Fr.  deplumer. ] To 
strip  of  feathers  or  plumes.  “Their  wings  de- 
plumed.” B.  Jonson. 

DE-PO-LAR-I-ZA'TION,  n.  (Opt.)  The  act  of  de- 
polarizing. Francis. 

DE-PO'LAR-IZE,  v.  a.  (Opt.)  To  deprive  of  po- 
larity, or  to  change  with  respect  to  polarization  ; 
to  reduce  or  restore,  as  a ray  of  polarized  light, 
to  its  former  state.  Brande. 

DE-PONE',  v.  a.  [L.  depono,  to  lay  down.]  To 
lay  down  as  a pledge  or  security  ; to  wager ; to 
risk,  [r.]  Hudibras. 

DE-PONE',  v.  n.  To  bear  witness  ; to  depose. 

Not  that  he  was  in  a condition  to  depone  to  every  thing  he 
tells.  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

fipg-  Depone  and  depose  are  both  derived  from  the 
same  Latin  verb,  depono.  “ The  Scotch  use  depone , the 
English  depose.”  Richardson. 

DE-PO'NENT,  a.  [It.  A Fr.  deponent ; Sp.  depo- 
nente.\  (Gram.)  Noting  Latin  verbs  which 
have  a passive  form  bqt  an  active  meaning. 

DE-PO'NENT,  n.  1.  (Law.)  One  tvho  makes  a 
deposition  ; one  who  gives,  under  oath,  testi- 
mony which  is  reduced  to  writing ; one  who 
makes  oath  to  a written  statement.  Burrill. 

2,  (Gram.)  A deponent  verb.  Beattie. 

Syn.  — A deponent  gives  a deposition  as  a written 
testimony ; a witness  gives  a verbal  testimony. 

DE-POP'U-LAR-IZE,  v.  a.  To  make  or  render  un- 
popular. [r.]  West.  Rev. 

DE-POP'U-LATE,  v.  a.  [L.  depopulor,  depopula- 
tus,  to  lay  waste ; de,  priv.,  and  populus,  the 
people.]  [i.  depopulated  ; pp.  depopulat- 
ing, depopulated.]  To  deprive  of  inhabi- 
tants ; to  unpeople  ; to  dispeople. 

He,  with  Edrick,  the  traitor,  . . . entered  into  Mercia,  and 
especially  into  Warwickshire,  depopulating  all  places  in  their 
way.  Milton. 

DE-POP'U-LATE,  v.  n.  To  become  dispeopled  ; 
to  become  destitute  of  people.  Goldsmith. 

DE-POP-U-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  depopulation,  Sp.  de- 
populacion ; Fr.  depopulation.']  The  act  of  de- 
populating ; a reduction  of  inhabitants.  Hume. 


DE-POP'U-LA-TOR,  n.  One  who  depopulates. 

DE-PORT',  v.  a.  [L.  deporto ; de,  off,  and  porto, 
to  carry  ; It.  diportare  ; Sp.  deportar ; Fr.  d :- 
porter. ] [i.  deported  ; pp.  deporting,  de- 
ported.] 

1.  f To  banish;  to  exile.  Sir  Dudley  Carleton. 

2.  To  demean  ; to  behave  ; to  conduct;  — 
with  the  reflective  pronoun. 

Thus  (lid  our  Lord  deport  himself.  Barrow. 

f DE-PORT',  n.  Demeanor ; deportment.  Milton. 

DEP-OR-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  deportatio  ; It . depor- 
tazione;  Sp . deportacion-,  Fr  .deportation.]  The 
act  of  carrying  away  ; removal ; transportation  ; 
exile ; banishment. 

There  were  three  remarkable  captivities  and  deportations 
of  the  Jews.  Browne. 

DE-PORT'MENT,  n.  [Fr.  dfortement.]  Conduct, 
viewed  in  its  relation  to  others  ; demeanor  ; be- 
havior ; carriage ; comportment. 

What ’s  a fine  person,  or  a beauteous  face, 

Unless  deportment  gives  them  decent  grace?  Churchill. 

Syn. — See  Behavior. 

DE-PO§'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  deposed,  or  di- 
vested of  office.  Howell. 

DE-PO'^AL,  n.  The  act  of  deposing,  or  divesting 
of  office  ; deposition.  Fox. 

DE-PO§E',  v.  a.  [L.  depono,  depositus ; de,  down, 
and  pono,  to  put ; It.  deporre ; Sp .deponer;  Fr. 
deposer .]  [i.  deposed  ; pp.  deposing,  de- 

posed.] 

1.  fTo  laydown;  to  deposit.  “Additional 

mud  deposed  upon  it.”  Woodward. 

2.  fTo  lay  aside.  “God  hath  deposed  his 

wrath  towards  all  mankind.”  Barrow. 

3.  f To  take  away  ; to  strip  of. 

You  may  my  glory  and  my  state  depose.  Shale. 

4.  To  degrade  from  a throne  or  other  high 
station  ; to  dethrone  ; to  cause  to  descend  from 
any  office  or  rank  ; to  cashier  ; to  dismiss. 

Unpitied,  be  deposed,  and  after  live.  Dryden. 

5.  fTo  examine  on  oath. 

According  to  our  law, 

Depose  him  in  the  justice  of  his  cause.  Shak. 

DE-PO§E',  v.  n.  To  give  testimony  ; to  bear  wit- 
ness ; to  testify  ; to  depone.  Sidney. 

DE-PO§'ER,  n.  1.  One  who  deposes,  or  divests 
another  of  an  office.  Davenant. 

2.  A deponent;  a witness.  State  Trials. 

DE-PO§'ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  deposes.  “The 
deposing  and  murdering  of  kings.”  State  Trials. 

DE-PO§'lT,  v.  a.  [L.  depono,  depositus  ; It.  de- 
posit,are  ; Sp.  depositor.  — See  Depose.]  [i. 
deposited  ; pp.  depositing,  deposited.] 

1.  To  drop;  to  let  fall;  to  throw  down;  as, 
“ The  wine  deposits  a sediment.” 

2.  To  lay  aside  ; to  discontinue,  [r.]  Fell. 

3.  To  lodge;  to  lay  up;  to  hoard;  to  place 
for  preservation.  “Where  the  ashes  of  one  of 
the  greatest  poets  on  earth  are  deposited.”  Garth. 

4.  To  lay  up  as  a pledge  or  security.  Johnson. 

5.  To  commit  to  the  care  of ; to  intrust. 

The  people  with  whom  God  thought  fit  to  deposit  these 
things  for  the  benefit  of  the  world.  Clarke. 

DE»PO§>'IT,  n.  1.  Any  thing  thrown  down,  left,  or 
lodged. 

Disdains  the  banks,  and  throws  the  golden  sands. 

A rich  deposit,  on  the  bordering  lands.  Cowper. 

2.  (Gcol.)  The  solid  matter  left  by  flowing 
water ; as,  “ Alluvial  deposits.” 

3.  (Chem.)  Any  substance  precipitated  from 
a solution  by  decomposition. 

4.  Any  thing  committed  to  the  care  or  safe- 

keeping of  another.  “ This  precious  deposit  of 
legal  and  constitutional  liberty.”  Hurd. 

5.  A sum  of  money  or  other  valuable  property 
lodged  as  a security  or  pledge ; pawn.  Pownall. 

6.  A place  where  things  are  deposited;  a de- 
pository ; a store-house.  Craig. 

7.  Money  left  in  a bank  for  safe-keeping. 

In  deposit,  in  a state  of  pledge,  or  of  trust  for  safe- 
keeping. 

Syn.  — A deposit  may  be  made  for  purposes  of  con- 
venience or  chariry  ; a pledge,  pawn,  and  security  are 
given  for  the  relief  of  some  want,  or  to  secure  the  per- 
formance of  some  act. 

DE-PO§'l-TA-RY,  n.  [L . depositarius ; It.  § Sp. 
depositario ; Fr.  dfositaire.] 

1.  One  with  whom  any  thing  is  intrusted. 


“ A depositor  shall  . . . inquire  into  the  charac- 
ter of  his  intended  depositary.”  Sir  Wm.  Jones. 

I am  the  sole  depositary  of  my  own  secret,  and  it  shall 
perish  with  me.  Junius. 

2.  (Law.)  One  who  receives  the  goods  of  an- 
other to  keep  without  compensation.  Burrill. 

M i)  - Depositary  is  properly  used  for  a person,  and 
depository  for  a place  ; but  the  two  words  are  some- 
times confounded. 

DE-PO§'IT-ED,  p.  a.  Placed;  laid  up;  laid  aside. 

DE-POS'IT-ING,  n.  A laying  aside.  Decay  of  Piety. 

DEP-0-fjI''TION  (dep-o-zlsh'un), n.  [L.  deposition 
It.  deposizione  ; Sp.  dcposicion  ; Fr.  deposition.] 

1.  The  act  of  depositing,  or  throwing  down ; 
as,  “ The  deposition  of  sediment.” 

2.  That  which  is  thrown  down  ; a deposit. 

3.  The  act  of  giving  or  laying  before  “The 

deposition  of  examples.”  Mountague. 

4.  Declaration ; assertion. 

If  a person  of  clear  fame  assert  a thing,  which  he  is  ready 
to.  maintain  with  the  loss  of  his  life,  there  is  no  reason  to 
doubt  the  truth  of  his  deposition.  Bales. 

5.  The  act  of  dethroning,  or  of  divesting  of 

office  or  dignity.  “ The  causes  of  his  [James  II.] 
deposition.  ’ ’ Bolingbroke. 

6.  (Law.)  The  act  of  giving  testimony  on 

oath  : — the  testimony  of  a witness  or  deponent 
reduced  to  writing  and  signed,  as  given  under 
oath  before  a commissioner,  examiner,  or  other 
judicial  officer,  in  answer  to  interrogatories  and 
cross-interrogatories.  Burrill. 

DE-POfj'I-TOR,  n.  [L.]  One  who  makes  a deposit. 

DE-PO§'l-TO-RY,  n.  The  place  where  any  thing 
is  deposited  or  lodged.  — See  Depositary. 

DE-PO§'I-Tt/M,  n.  [L.]  A deposit.  Warburton. 

f DE-POS'I-TURE,  n.  A depositing.  “ By  precious 
embalments,  depositures  in  dry  earth.”  Browne. 

DEPOT  (de-po')  [de-po',  K.  R.  C.  Wb.  ; da-po',  Ja. 
Sm.  — Often  pronounced  de'pfi,  U.  S.],  n.  [Fr.] 

1.  (Mil.)  A depository  for  the  stores,  ammu- 

nition, &c.,  of  an  army  : — a place  for  the  recep- 
tion of  recruits,  or  of  detached  parties  from  dif- 
ferent regiments:  — the  reserve  company  of  a 
regiment  left  at  home  when  the  regiment  is  on 
foreign  service.  Glos.  of  Mil.  Terms. 

2.  (Fort.)  A particular  place  at  the  trail  of 

the  trenches,  out  of  the  reach  of  the  cannon  of  a 
besieged  place,  where  the  troops  who  are  or- 
dered to  attack  the  outworks  generally  assem- 
ble. Mil.  Ency. 

3.  A place  where  any  kind  of  goods  is  de- 
posited ; a storehouse  ; a warehouse.  Craig. 

4.  A building  for  the  convenience  of  passen- 

gers at  a terminus  or  a stopping-place  on  a 
railroad ; a station-house.  Clarke. 

USD  “ The  newly-adopted  French  word  depot  be- 
comes in  tlie  plural  [as  spoken]  an  old  English  word, 
depose.”  Mitford , lo04. 

DEP-RA-VA'TION,  n.  [L.  depravatio  ; It . depra- 
vazionc  ; Sp . depravation  •,  Fr.  depravation.] 

1.  t Censure  ; a speaking  ill  of.  Shak. 

2.  The  act  of  depraving  or  making  bad  ; the 
act  of  vitiating  ; vitiation  ; corruption.  Swift. 

3.  The  state  of  what  has  become  bad  ; degen- 
eracy ; depravity. 

If  it  [refinement]  does  not  lead  directly  to  purity  of  man- 
ners,  [it]  obviates  at  least  their  greatest  depravation. 

Sir  J.  Reynolds. 

Syn.  — See  Depravity. 

DE-PR  A VE',  v.  a.  [I..  depravo-,  de,  from,  used 
intensively,  and  prams,  crooked  ; It.  depra- 
vare ; Sp.  depravar  ; Fr.  depraver.]  [i.  de- 
praved ; pp.  DEPRAVING,  DEPRAVED.] 

1.  fTo  pervert;  to  misrepresent;  to  put  a 
bad  construction  on. 

Lest  the  same  kneeling  should  bj'  any  person  ...  be  mis- 
construed and  depraved.  Communion  Service 

2.  f To  censure  ; to  speak  ill  of ; to  defame. 

Our  captains  began  to  deserve  to  be  depraved  and  con- 
demned. Golden  Book. 

3.  To  make  bad  ; to  vitiate  ; to  corrupt ; to 
contaminate  ; to  mar  ; to  spoil ; to  impair. 

Whose  pride  depraves  each  other  better  part.  Spenser. 

DE-PRAVED'  (de-pravd'),  p.  a.  Corrupted;  cor- 
rupt; vicious. 

DE-PRAV'ED-LY,  ad.  In  a depraved  manner. 

DE-PR AV'ED-NESS,  n.  Corruption;  depravity. 
“ Original  depravedness.”  Hammond. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — n,  9,  c, 

49 


g,  soft ; jC,  G,  5,  I,  hard;  § as  z ; % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


DEPRAVEMENT 


386 


DEPURATE 


t DE-PRAVE'Mf.NT,  n.  A vitiated  state  ; depra- 
vation. “ Irreligious  depravement.”  Milton. 

Dp-PRAV'JJR,  n.  1.  + One  who  censures ; a de- 
fanier  ; a vilifier.  “ The  backbiters  and  deprav- 
ers of  this  work.”  Holland. 

2.  One  who  depraves  or  vitiates ; a corrupter. 
“ Depravers  of  Scripture.”  Puller. 

Dp-PR.Av'ING,  n.  Act  of  traducing.  “Anything 
in  derogation  or  depraving  of  said  book.”  Todd. 

D?-PRAV'|NG-LY,  ad.  In  a depraving  manner. 

Dp-PRAV'I-TY,  n.  1.  The  state  of  being  de- 
praved or  vitiated  ; corruption.  “ A depravity 
in  the  understanding.”  Tottie. 

2.  Wickedness  ; viciousness  ; vice. 

They  extenuate  his  depravity,  and  ascribe  some  goodness 
unto  him.  Browne 

Syn.  — Depravity  characterizes  the  existing  state 
of  a person  or  tiling  ; depravation  and  corruption  des- 
ignate the  making  or  producing  of  the  corrupt  state. 
Depravity  of  mind  or  character  ; depravation  of  man- 
ners or  of  morals  ; corruption  of  principle  or  of  language. 

DEP'RIJ-OA-BEE,  a.  [It.  deprecabile .]  That  is  to 
be  deprecated  ; very  undesirable.  Paley. 

DEP'R  F,-CATE,  v.  a.  [L.  deprccor,  deprecatus  ; 
de,  from,  and  precor,  to  pray ; Sp.  deprecar.] 
[i.  DEPRECATED  ; pp.  DEPRECATING,  DEPRE- 
CATED.] 

1.  To  endeavor  to  avert  by  prayer  ; to  pray 
exemption  or  deliverance  from ; to  beg  off ; to 
entreat  or  urge  against. 

Daniel  kneeled  upon  his  knees  to  deprecate  the  captivity 
of  his  people.  Hewyt, 

2.  To  implore  mercy  of.  [Not  proper.] 

Those  darts;  whose  points  make  gods  adore 

His  might  and  deprecate  his  power.  Prior . 

DEP'RF.-CAT-ING-LY,  ad.  In  a deprecating  man- 
ner. 

DEP-RE-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  deprecatio  ; It.  depre- 
cazione  ; Sp.  deprecacton  ; Fr.  deprecation.'] 

1.  The  act  of  deprecating ; prayer  against 

evil.  “ A deprecation  of  death.”  Donne. 

2.  The  act  of  imploring  mercy,  or  begging  par- 
don, for ; entreaty.  South. 

3.  t An  imprecation  ; a curse. 

I fear  ...  we  may  with  too  much  justice  apply  to  him  the 
scriptural  deprecation . “He  that  withholdetli  Ills  corn,  the 
people  shall  curse  him.”  Gilpin. 

DEP'Rp-cA-TiVE,  a.  [It.  &;  Sp.  deprecativo ; Fr. 
deprecatif.]  Being  in  the  form  of  a prayer; 
deprecatory.  Comber. 

DEP'R£-cA-TOR,n.  One  who  deprecates.  Johnson. 

DEP'Rp-CA-TQ-RY,  Serving  to  deprecate  ; en- 
treating the  removal  of  displeasure  or  of  evil. 
“ Humble  and  deprecatory  letters.”  Bacon. 

D^-PRE'CI-ATE  (de-pre'she-at,  66),  V.  a.  [L.  de- 
pretio , depretiatus  ; de,  priv.,  and pretium,  price  ; 
It.  disprezzare ; Fr.  deprecier.]  \i.  depreci- 
ated ; pp.  DEPRECIATING,  DEPRECIATED.] 

1.  To  bring  down  to  a lower  price.  Johnson. 

2.  To  lessen  in  value  ; to  disparage  ; to  decry  ; 
to  traduce  ; to  degrade  ; to  malign  ; to  censure. 

It  is  very  natural  for  such  as  have  not  succeeded  in  it  [po- 
etry] to  depreciate  the  works  of  those  who  have.  Spectator. 

Syn.  — See  Disparage. 

DIJ-PRE'Cj-ATE  (de-pre'she-at),  v.  n.  To  fall  in 
value,  or  to  become  of  less  value.  Smart. 

ffj-So  used  in  the  United  States,  but  not  often  by 
good  English  writers. 

Dp-PRE-CI-A'TION  (de-pre-she-a'shun),  n.  [Fr. 
depreciation.] 

1.  The  act  of  depreciating ; the  act  of  lessen- 
ing the  value. 

2.  Decrease  of  value.  “ This  depreciation  of 

their  funds.”  Burke. 

DE-PRE'CI-A-TlVE  (de-pre'she-ir-tlv),  a.  Tending 
to  depreciate  ; depreciatory.  Smart. 

DJJ-PRE'CI-A-TOR  (de-pre'she-a-tpr),  n.  One  who 
depreciates.  Knox. 

Dp-PRE'CI-A-TO-RY  (de-pre'she-ri-to-re),  a.  Tend- 
ing to  depreciate  ; depreciative.  Qu.  Rev. 

DEP'Rp-DA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  depredated  or 
preyed  upon.  Bacon. 

DEP'RIJ-DATE,  v.  a.  [L.  deprcrdor,  depreedatus ; 
de,  from,  and  prreda,  booty;  It.  depredare;  Fr. 
depreder.]  [i.  depredated  ; pp.  depredat- 
ing, DEPREDATED.] 


1.  To  rob  ; to  pillage;  to  plunder.  Johnson. 

2.  To  prey  upon  ; to  waste  ; to  destroy. 

It  maketh  the  substance  of  the  body  more  solid  and  com- 
pact, and  so  less  apt  to  be  consumed  and  depredated  by  the 
spirits.  Bacon. 

DEP-Rp-DA'TION,  n.  [L.  depreedatio  ; It . depre- 
dazione;  Sp.  depredation;  Fr.  depredation.] 

1.  The  act  of  depredating  or  robbing ; rob- 
bery ; pillage ; plunder. 

The  land  bad  never  been  before  so  free  from  robberies  and 
depredations  as  through  his  reign.  Wotton. 

2.  Waste  ; consumption  ; destruction.  Bacon. 

DEP'"R 5-dA-TOR,  n.  One  who  depredates;  a 
robber.  “ Great  depredators  of  the  earth.” 

Syn.  — See  Robber. 

DEP'RE-dA-TO-RY,  a.  Pertaining  to  depreda- 
tions or  robbery  ; pillaging  ; ravaging  ; plun- 
dering. “ Depredatory  incursions.”  Cook. 

DEP-RE-IIEND',  v.  a.  [L.  deprehendo.]  [/.  dep- 
reiiended;  pp.  DEPItEHENDING,  depreiiend- 
ED.]  [R.] 

1.  To  take  unawares  ; to  detect.  Bp.  Taylor. 

2.  To  discover;  to  discern.  “Motions... 
to  be  deprehended  by  experience.”  Bacon. 

+ DEP-RF.-IIEN'SI-BLE,  a.  That  maybe  depre- 
hended or  discovered.  Petty. 

f DEP-RE-HEN'SI-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of 
being  deprehensible.  Bailey. 

f DEP-RE-HEN'SION,  n.  [L.  deprehensio.]  Act 
of  deprehending ; detection  ; apprehension. 

Her  dcpi'ehension  is  made  an  aggravation  of  her  shame. 

Bp.  Hall 

DE-P HESS',  v.  a.  [L.  deprimo,  depressus  ; de, 
down,  and  premo,  to  press  ; It.  deprimere  ; Sp. 
deprimir  ; Fr.  deprimer.]  \i.  depressed;  pp. 
DEPRESSING,  DEPRESSED.] 

1.  To  press  or  to  thrust  down  ; to  lower.  Milton. 

2.  To  let  fall ; to  drop  ; to  cast  down.  “ De- 
pressing the  eye.”  Newton. 

3.  To  degrade  ; to  abase  ; to  humble. 

The  gods  with  case  frail  man  depress  or  raise.  Pope. 

4.  To  make  despondent;  to  deject;  to  dis- 
hearten; to  discourage;  to  dispirit.  “Gloom 
which  is  apt  to  depress  the  mind.”  Addison. 

5.  To  make  dull  ; to  lessen  in  activity  or  in 
value ; — to  depreciate  ; as,  “ To  depress  trade  ” ; 
“ To  depress  prices.” 

G.  To  put  out  of  sight ; to  render  obscure  ; to 
banish. 

The  world,  and  nil  its  views  and  pageantry,  will  be  de- 
pressed, and  heavenly  truth  shine  out  m all  its  splendor. 

Gilpin. 

7.  ( Naut .)  To  cause  to  sink  in  elevation,  by 
sailing  or  travelling  in  a certain  direction  ; to 
bring  nearer  to  the  horizon. 

When  n person  sails  towards  the  equator,  he  is  said  to 
depress  the  pole.  Mar.  Diet. 

8.  [Algebra.)  To  reduce  to  a lower  degree,  a$ 

an  equation.  Brande. 

DE-PRESSED'  (de-prest'),  p.  a.  1.  Pressed  down ; 
— dejected;  disheartened;  discouraged;  dis- 
pirited. 

2.  ( Bot .)  Flattened,  as  if  pressed  down  from 

above  ; flattened  vertically.  Gray. 

3.  ( Zoiil .)  Applied  to  the  whole  or  a part  of  an 

animal  body  when  its  vertical  section  is  shorter 
than  the  transverse.  Brande. 

DE-PRES'SrON  (de-presh'un),  n.  [L.  depressio  ; 
It.  deyressione  ; Fr.  depression.] 

1.  The  act  of  depressing,  or  pressing  down  ; 

the  state  of  being  pressed  down.  Wotton. 

2.  A hollow ; a sunken  part  of  a surface. 
“ Prominences  and  depressions.”  Spectator. 

3.  The  act  of  degrading  or  humbling ; degra- 
dation ; abasement. 

Depression  of  the  nobility  may  make  a king  more  absolute, 
but  less  safe.  Bacon. 

4.  Despondency  ; dejection;  melancholy  ; sad- 
ness. “ In  great  depression  of  spirit.”  Baker. 

5.  A state  of  dulness  or  inactivity  ; as,  “ De- 
pression of  trade.” 

6.  (Sure/.)  Operation  for  a cataract;  couching. 

7.  (Astron.)  Angular  distance  below  the  hori- 
zon. “ Depression  of  the  pole.”  Lidgate. 

Angle  of  depression,  (Trigonometry.)  tile  angle 
formed  by  a horizontal  line  and  a line  drawn  to  some 
lower  object.  — Depression  of  the  pole,  tile  approach  of 
the  pole  to  the  horizon  as  a spectator  travels  towards 
the  equator;  — caused  by  the  spherical  figure  of  the 


earth.  — Depression  of  the  visible  horiion,  (JVaut.)  the 
dipping  of  the  visible  horizon  beloiv  the  true  horizon- 
tal plane, or  below  a tangent  to  the  earth’s  surface,  at  the 
place  of  observation  — Depression  of  an  equation,  (Al- 
gebra.) the  reduction  of  its  degree  by  division.  Brandc- 

Syn.  — See  Abasement,  Dejection. 

Dp-PRES'SIVE,  a.  Tending  to  depress.  Thomson. 

DJJ-PRESS'OR,  n.  1.  One  who  depresses. 

2.  ( Anat .)  A muscle  that  depresses  some 
part  of  the  body.  Dunglison. 

PEP'RI-MENT,  a.  [L.  deprimo,  deprimens,  to  de- 
press.] (Anat.)  Noting  a muscle  that  depresses 
the  external  ear.  “Depriment  muscles.”  Derham. 

f DF.-PRl'^liRE,  n.  [Fr.  depriser,  to  undervalue.] 
Disesteem ; contempt  ; disdain.  Mountaguc. 

Df.-PRl  V'A-BLE,  a.  Liable  to  deprivation.  Hooker. 

DEP-RI-VA'TION,  n.  1.  The  act  of  depriving  or 
dispossessing  ; a taking  away. 

2.  The  state  of  being  deprived  ; loss  ; bereave- 

ment. “ Whose  end  is  destruction  and  eternal 
deprivation  of  being.”  Bentley. 

3.  Degradation  ; deposition.  “ The  depriva- 

tion, death,  and  destruction  of  the  queen’s 
majesty.”  State  Trials,  1571. 

4.  (Law.)  The  deposition  of  a clergyman 
from  his  benefice  or  preferment.  Phillips. 

Syn.  — See  Loss. 

DIJ-PRlVE',  v.  a.  [L.  de,  from,  and  privo,  to  take 
away;  It  .privare;  Sp  .privar;  Fr . priver.]  [i. 
DEPRIVED  ; pp.  DEPRIVING,  DEPRIVED.] 

1.  To  take  from  ; to  bereave  of ; to  dispossess. 

A monstrous  bulk,  deformed,  deprived  of  sight.  Pope. 

2.  To  free  ; to  release  ; to  deliver,  [r.] 

To  deprive 

Remembrance  of  all  pains.  Spenser . 

3.  To  debar  ; to  hinder  from  possessing;  to 
abridge.  “ Deprived  of  sepulchres.”  Drydcn. 

4.  (Laic.)  To  depose  from  a benefice  or  pre- 
ferment. “ Deprived  for  inconformity.”  Bacon. 

Syn.  — To  bereave  is  a stronger  term  than  to  de- 
prive. What  we  are  deprived  of  may  be  restored,  hut 
what  we  are  bereft  of  never  returns.  Deprived  of 
wealth,  property,  or  comforts  ; bereft  of  children  ; de- 
barred from  privileges  ; abridged  of  rights  or  of  pleas- 
ures. 

f DF.-PRlVE'MpNT,?i.  Deprivation  ; bereavement. 
“ A deprivement  of  their  rights.”  Goodwin. 

DE-PRIV'IJR,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  deprives. 

DEPTH,  n.  [Goth,  diupitha ; A.  S.  deop,  deep : 
Dut.  diepte,  depth  ; Sw.  djup  ; Dan.  dybed.] 

1.  The  distance  or  measure  below  the  sur- 

face; profundity  ; deepness ; — opposed  to  height. 
“The  depth  of  the  water.”  Bacon. 

2.  Measure;  whole  extent.  “The  depth  of 

this  knavery.”  Shak. 

3.  A deep  place  ; indefinite  extent ; abyss. 

A spirit  raised  from  depth  of  under  ground.  Shak. 

4.  A part  remote  from  the  limits  ; the  middle  ; 

as,  “ The  depths  of  a forest  ” ; “ The  depth  of 
winter.”  Clarendon. 

5.  Obscurity  ; inexplieableness.  Addison. 

G.  Sagacity  ; discernment ; penetration  ; pro- 
fundity. “ Persons  of  little  depth.”  South. 

7.  An  abyss  ; a bottomless  gulf.  Prov.  viii.  27. 

Depth  of  a squadron,  (Mil.)  the  number  of  men  in  a 
file.  — Depth  of  a sail,  (JTnut.)  tile  extent  of  a square 
sail  from  the  head-rope  to  the  foot-rope.  Crabb. 

f DEPTII'EN  (dep'tlm),  v.  a.  To  make  deeper; 
to  deepen.  Bailey. 

DEPTH'LIJSS,  a.  Having  no  depth,  [r.]  Francis. 

f dP-PU'CF.-LATE,  v.  a.  [Fr.  depuceler .]  To  de- 
flour ; to  rob  of  virginity.  Bailey. 

f DE-PULSE',  v.  a.  [L.  depello,  depulsus.]  To 
drive  away  ; to  repel.  Cockeram. 

f DF.-PUL'SION,  n.  [L.  depulsio.]  The  act  of 
driving  away ; expulsion.  Speed. 

DE-PUL'SO-RY,  a.  [L.  depulsorius.]  Putting 
away ; averting,  [r.]  Bailey. 

DEP'U-RATE,  v.  a.  [L.  de,  from,  used  inten- 
sively, and  puro,  puratus,  to  purify ; It.  depu- 
rare;  Sp.  depurar;  Fr.  depur er.]  [».  depurat- 
ed ; pp.  DEPURATING,  DEPURATED.] 

1.  To  render  pure  ; to  purify  ; to  cleanse. 

“ To  depurate  thy  blood.”  Boyle. 

2.  To  clarify  ; to  clear.  Grainger. 


E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short ; A,  p,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; IIEIK,  Ili'.R 


DERIVE 


DEPURATE 

f DEP'U-RATE,  a.  Cleansed;  pure.  “A  very 
depurate  oil.”  Boyle. 

DEP-U-KA'TION,  n.  [It.  depurazione ; Sp.  depu- 
racion  ; Fr.  depuration.'] 

1.  The  act  of  depurating  ; a cleansing  from 

impurities  ; purification  ; clarification.  “ Dep- 
uration of  the  blood.”  Boyle. 

2.  The  cleansing  of  a wound.  Johnson. 

DEP'U-RA-TOR,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which, 
depurates  or  cleanses.  Kirby. 

DEP'U-RA-TO-RY,  a.  [Fr.  depuratoire.]  Tend- 
ing to  depurate,  or  purify.  Sydenham. 

f DE-PURE',  v.  a.  To  make  pure  ; to  cleanse  ; to 
purge.  Raleigh. 

f DIJ-PUR'GA-TO-RY,  a.  [L-  de,  from,  and  pur- 
gatorius,  purgative.]  Tending,  or  havingmow- 
er,  to  purge  ; expurgatory.  Cotgrave. 

DEP-U-RI''TION,  n.  Depuration.  Craig. 

DEP-U-TA'TION,  n.  [It.  deputazione  \ Sp . dipu- 
tacion ; Fr.  deputation.] 

1.  The  act  of  deputing  or  commissioning  to 
transact  business  ; the  act  of  delegating  author- 
ity to  a substitute  or  agent.  “ Their  . . . deputa- 
tion to  offices  of  power  and  dignity.”  Barrow. 

2.  The  occupancy  of  a commission  ; vicege- 
rency ; commission. 

Of  all  the  favorites  that  the  absent  king 

In  deputation  left  behind  him  here.  Shak. 

3.  The  person,  or  the  persons  collectively, 
deputed  or  commissioned  ; a delegation. 

f DEP'U-TA-TOR,  n.  One  who  grants  deputa- 
tion ; one  who  deputes.  Locke. 

Dy-PUTE',  v.  a.  [L.  deputo,  to  allot ; It.  depu- 
tare-,S\>.  deputar-,  Fr.  deputer.]  [I.  deputed  ; 
pp.  DEPUTING,  DEPUTED.] 

1.  To  appoint  as  a substitute  or  agent  ; to 
empower  to  act  for  another  ; to  delegate  ; to 
commission. 

And  Linus  thus,  deputed  by  the  rest, 

The  heroes’  welcome,  and  their  thanks,  expressed. 

Roscommon. 

2.  To  appoint  to  an  office. 

Deputing  Cassius  in  his  government.  Shak. 

D^-PUTE',  n.  Vicegerent;  deputy.  [Scottish.] 

The  fashion  of  every  depute  carrying  his  own  shell  on  his 
back  in  the  form  of  his  own  carriage  is  a piece  of  very  mod- 
ern dignity.  I myself  rode  circuits,  when  I was  advocate- 
depute , between  1807  and  1810.  Lord  Cockburn. 

DEP'U-TlZE,  v.  a.  [i.  DEPUTIZED ; pp.  DEPU- 
TIZING, deputized.]  To  depute  ; to  employ 
or  appoint  as  deputy.  [Colloquial,  U.  S.] 

They  seldom  think  it  necessary  to  deputize  more  than  one 
person  to  attend  to  their  interests.  Fort  Folio , 1811. 

DEP'U-TY,  n.  [Fr.  depute.] 

1.  One  deputed,  or  appointed,  to  act  for 
another  ; a representative  ; a delegate  ; a sub- 
stitute ; an  envoy. 

He  exerciseth  dominion  over  them  as  the  vicegerent  and 
deputy  of  Almighty  God.  Hale. 

2.  (Laic.)  One  deputed  to  act  in  the  name 

and  right  of  another,  and  for  whose  misconduct 
the  principal  is  answerable.  Burrill. 

,6®=-  It  is  used  in  composition,  as  deputy-collector, 
deputy- postmaster,  deputy-sheriff,  &c.,  to  designate 
one  who  is  appointed  to  act  in  the  place  of  the  col- 
lector, postmaster,  sheriff,  &c. 

Syn.  — See  Ambassador,  Representative. 

f Dfi-QUAN'TI-TATE  (de-kwon'te-tat),  V.  a.  [L. 
de,  priv.,  and  quantitas,  quantitatis,  quantity.] 
To  diminish  the  quantity  of.  Browne. 

DER— . A term  used  in  the  beginning  of  names  of 
places  ; generally  derived  from  A.  S.  deor,  a 
wild  beast,  unless  the  place  stands  upon  a river ; 
for  then  it  may  rather  come  from  the  Brit,  dur, 
water.  Gibson’s  Camden. 

D^-RAt^'I-NATE,  v.  a.  [Fr.  diraciner ; de,  from, 
and  racine,  a root,  from  L.  radex,  radicis .]  To 

pluck  or  tear  up  by  the  roots  ; to  destroy  ; to 
extirpate,  [r.] 

The  colter  rusts 

That  should  deracinate  such  savagery.  Shak. 

DE-RA^-I-nA'TION,  n.  The  act"  of  plucking  up 
by  the  roots.  Maunder. 

f DE-RAIGN'  (dc-ran'),  v.  a.  [Norm.  Fr.  des- 
reigner .] 

1.  (Law.)  To  prove  ; to  justify  : — also  to  dis- 
prove or  refute,  as  the  assertion  of  an  adverse 
party.  Burrill. 


387 

2.  To  disorder;  to  turn  out  of  course;  to 
derange  ; to  disarrange.  Whishaw. 

DE-RAIGN'MENT  (de-ran'ment),  n.  1.  (Law.) 
The  act  of  deraigning. 

2.  A turning  out  of  course  ; a disordering  or 

disarranging  ; a displacing.  Johnson. 

3.  A renunciation  of  profession  ; a departure 

from  religion  ; apostasy.  . Blount. 

DE-RAIN',  ^ gee  DerAIgn,  Deiiaign- 

D£-RAlN'MIJNT.  j ment.  Johnson. 

DE-RAn^E',  v.  a.  [Fr.  deranger ; de,  priv.,  and 
ranger,  to  range  ; to  set  in  order.]  [i.  de- 
ranged ; pp.  DERANGING,  DERANGED.] 

1.  To  turn  out  of  the  proper  course  ; to  dis- 
arrange ; to  disorder  ; to  confuse. 

The  republic  of  regicide  . . . has  actually  conquered  the 
finest  parts  of  Europe;  has  distressed,  disunited,  deranged, 
broke  to  pieces,  all  the  rest.  Burke. 

2.  To  disturb  the  regular  action  of;  to  dis- 
concert. 

A casual  blow,  or  a sudden  fall,  deranges  some  of  our  in- 
ternal  parts,  and  the  rest  of  life  is  distress  and  misery.  Blair. 

3.  To  make  insane  ; to  unsettle  the  reason  of. 

4.  (Mil.)  To  deprive  of  rank  or  to  remove 
from  office,  as  the  staff  of  a principal  military 
officer  when  he  resigns  or  is  dismissed.  Boag. 

D1J-RAN(JED'  (de-ranjd'),  p.  a.  1.  Put  out  of 
place  ; misplaced  ; disarranged. 

2.  Disordered  in  mind  ; delirious  ; insane ; 
as,  “ A deranged  man.” 

3.  (Mil.)  Deprived  of  rank  or  office. 

Djp-R AN QfE'MIJNT,  n.  [Fr.  derangement.] 

1.  The  act  of  deranging  or  disturbing. 

2.  The  state  of  being  deranged  ; disorder. 

“From  'he  complexity  of  its  mechanism  . . . 
liable  to  erangement.”  Palexj. 

3.  Discomposure  or  disorder  of  mind  or  in- 
tellect ; delirium  ; insanity.  Paley. 

Syn.  — See  Insanity. 

f DE-RAY',  n.  [Old  Fr.  desrayer , to  turn  from 
the  right  way.] 

1.  Tumult ; noise.  Johnson. 

2.  Merriment ; jollity.  Douglass. 

f DERE,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  deriaxi.]  To  hurt.  Spenser. 

DERE,  a.  1.  Hurtful.  [Local,  Eng.]  Ilolloiuay. 

2.  f Dear.  “ My  country  dcre.”  Chaucer. 

DE-REIGN'M1JNT  (de-ran'ment),  n.  (Law.)  See 
Deraignment.  Hardwicke. 

DER'5-LICT,  a.  [L.  derelictus .] 

1.  (Law.)  Wilfully  or  intentionally  relin- 
quished ; left ; forsaken  ; abandoned. 

That  is  regarded  as,  or  held  for,  derelict , which  the  owner 
has  cast  away,  with  the  intention  of  never  again  considering 
as  his  property.  Bun  ill. 

2.  Empty  ; vacant ; unemployed.  “ Unoccu- 

pied  and  derelict  minds.”  Burke. 

DER'£-LICT,  n.  (Law.)  Any  thing  forsaken  or 
left,  or  intentionally  cast  away:  — a tract  of 
land,  suitable  for  cultivation,  left  by  the  retir- 
ing of  the  sea. 

DER-F)-LlC'TION,  n.  [L.  derelictio  ; de,  from,  and 
relinquo,  relictus,  to  leave  ; It.  derelizione .] 

1.  The  act  of  leaving  or  forsaking  ; abandon- 

ment ; desertion.  “ A professed  dereliction  of 
former  evil  habits.”  Blair. 

2.  The  state  of  being  left  or  forsaken. 

Hadst  thou  not  been  thus  forsaken,  we  had  perished ; thy 
dereliction  is  our  safety.  Bp.  Hall. 

3.  (Law.)  The  abandonment  of  property:  — 

the  gaining  of  land  from  the  water  by  the  sea’s 
retiring  below  the  usual  water  mark  ; — opposed 
to  alluvion,  or  alluvium.  Burrill. 

DlJ-RlDE',  v.  a.  [L.  derideo  ; de,  from,  used  inten- 
sively, and  video,  to  laugh ; It.  deridere .]  [i. 
DERIDED  ; pp.  DERIDING,  DERIDED.]  To  laugh 
at  with  contempt  or  ill-nature ; to  treat  with 
scorn;  to  ridicule  ; to  scoff  at ; to  jeer;  to  mock. 

Many  of  the  loose  and  profligate  votaries  of  vice  . . . have 
been  reformed  by  the  sermon  which  they  intended  to  slight, 
and  had  perhaps  begun  to  deride.  Knox. 

Syn.  — See  Ridicule. 

DE-rId'JJR,  n.  1.  One  who  derides  ; a scoffer. 

2.  A droll ; a buffoon.  Johnson. 

Dp-RlD'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a jeering  manner. 

Dp-Rp'fjION  (de-rizh'un,  93),  n.  [L.  derisio  ; It. 
derisione;  Fr.  derision.] 


1.  The  act  of  deriding  or  laughing  at ; the  act 
of  jeering  or  scoffing. 

2.  Contempt ; scorn  ; ridicule  ; mockery. 

British  policy  is  brought  into  derision  in  those  notions 
that,  a while  ago,  trembled  at  the  power  of  our  arms.  Burke. 

3.  An  object  of  contempt  and  ridicule  ; a 
laughing-stock. 

Thy  foes’  derision,  captive,  poor,  and  blind.  Milton. 

Syn.  — Derision  partakes  of  hostility  or  ill-lnimor 
and  scorn  ; scorn,  of  aversion  and  contempt ; ridicule 
and  mockery,  of  hostility  and  good-lmmor.  Derision 
is  applied  to  persons  ; ridicule,  mockery,  and  scorn,  to 
persons  and  tilings. 

DE-Rl'SIVE,  a.  [It .derisiro.]  Tending  to  deride  ; 
containing  derision  ; scoffing  ; derisory.  “ De- 
risive taunts.”  Pope. 

Dp-RI'SIVE-LY,  ad.  In  a derisive  manner  ; con- 
temptuously. Herbert. 

DE-RI'SO-RY,  a.  [It.  derisorio-,  Fr.  derisoire.] 
Mocking;  ridiculing;  derisive.  “Derisory  man- 
ner.” Shaftesbury. 

DlJ-RlV'A-BLE,  a.  1.  That  may  be  derived  or 
obtained,  as  from  a source  ; obtainable.  “ The 
advantage  derivable  from  it.”  Boyle. 

2.  Attainable  by  right  of  descent.  “ Honor 

derivable  upon  me.”  South. 

3.  Dedueible  as  from  premises. 

The  second  sort  of  arguments,  from  ourselves,  are  derivable 
from  some  of  these  heads.  Wilkins. 

4.  That  may  be  traced  to  a root ; as,  “ Words 

derivable  from  the  Celtic.”  Johnson. 

fDER'I-VATE,  v.  a.  [L.  derivo,  derivatus.  — See 
Derive.]  To  derive.  Huloet. 

DER-I-vA'TION,  n.  [L.  derivatio  ; It.  derivazi- 
one-,  Sp.  derivacion-,  Fr.  derivation.] 

1.  f The  act  of  deriving  or  turning  off,  as 

water  into  a new  channel.  Burnet. 

2.  (Surg.)  A drawing  of  humors  from  some 

part  of  the  body.  Wiseman. 

3.  Transmission  of  any  thing  from  its  source  ; 

communication.  Hale. 

4.  State  of  being  derived;  descent.  “The 
Son’s  derivation  from  the  Father.”  Clarke. 

5.  A tracing  of  descent ; genealogy.  Hurd. 

6.  A deduction  from-  premises.  Glanville. 

7.  (Grain.)  The  tracing  of  a word  from  its 
original  root  or  etymon. 

But  this  kind  of  writing,  which  seems  to  be  reformed, 
which  is,  that  writing  should  be  consonant  to  speaking,  is  a 
branch  of  unprofitable  subtleties;  for  pronunciation  itself 
every  day  increases,  and  alters  the  fashion;  and  the  denta- 
tion of  words,  especially  from  foreign  languages,  is  utterly  de- 
faced and  extinguished.  Bacon. 

8.  (Math.)  The  operation  of  deducing  one 
function  from  another,  according  to  some  fixed 
law  ; the  process  of  finding  a derivative.  Davies. 

DER-I-VA'TION-AL,  a.  Relating  to  derivation  ; 
derivative.  Latham. 

DJJ-RIV'A-TIVE,  a.  [L.  derivativus ; It.  § Sp. 
derivativo ; Fr.  derivatif.]  Derived  or  taken 
from  another.  “ A derivative  perfection.”  Hale. 

A derivative  chord,  (Mus.)  a chord  derived  from  a 
fundamental  chord.  Moore. 

Dg-RiV'A-TlVE,  n.  1.  A thing  or  a word  derived 
from  another.  Shak. 

2.  (Hied.)  An  agent  employed  to  draw  away 

the  fluids  of  an  inflamed  part.  Hoblyn. 

3.  (Math.)  A relation  between  the  successive 

states  of  a varying  function  ; the  ratio  of  the 
change  in  the  value  of  the  function  to  that  in 
the  value  of  the  variable.  Peirce. 

DlJ-RlV'A-Tl  VE-Ly,  ad.  In  a derivative  manner. 

DE-ItlVE',  v.  a.  [L.  derivo,  to  draw  off ; de,  from, 
and  rivus,  a stream  ; It.  derivare ; Sp.  derivar  ; 
Fr.  deriver.]  [ i . derived  ; pp.  deriving,  de- 
rived.] 

1.  fTo  draw  or  turn  off,  as  water,  into  a new 

channel.  Holland. 

2.  fTo  spread;  to  diffuse. 

The  streams  of  the  public  justice  were  derived  into  every 
part  of  the  kingdom.  Davies. 

3.  fTo  communicate,  as  from  a source. 

The  censers  of  these  wretches,  who,  I am  sure,  could  derive 
no  sanctity  to  them  from  their  own  persons.  South. 

4.  To  receive  or  attain  by  conveyance  or 

transmission.  “ Property  derived  from  the  prm- 
torian  soldiers.”  Decay  of  Piety. 

5.  To  deduce,  as  from  a cause  or  source. 

From  these  two  causes,  of  the  laxity  and  rigidity  of  the 
fibres,  the  methodists,  an  ancient  set  of  physicians,  derived 
all  diseases.  Arbuthnot. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.— 9,  9,  9,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z ; $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


DERIVE 


3S8 


DESCENT 


6.  ( Gram .)  To  deduce,  as  a word,  from  its  root. 

The  French  language  is  the  great  medium  through  which 
English  words  of  Latin  origin  are  derived.  Sullivan. 

Syn.  — A person  derives  his  name  from  his  ances- 
tors or  from  a given  source,  and  traces  his  family  to  a 
given  period  ; and  he  deduces  principles  from  observa- 
tion and  experiment.  Words  are  derived  from  their 
etymons,  and  traced  to  their  sources. 

D^-RIVE',  v.  7i.  To  come;  to  be  deduced;  to 
originate,  [r.] 

For  power  from  heaven 

Derives,  and  monarchs  rule  by  gods  appointed.  Prior. 

DE-RIV'JJR,  n.  One  who  derives  or  deduces. 

DERM,  n.  [Gr.  dtapa.]  (Anat.)  The  true  skin,  or 

organized  layer  of  the  tegumentary  covering  of 
animals.  Braude. 

DER'MAL,  a.  Belonging  to  the  skin.  Brande. 

DpR-MAP'Tp-RAN,  n.  [Gr.  Hoya,  the  skin,  and 
TTTfpiivj  a wing,  — skin-winged.]  ( Ent .)  One  of  an 
order  of  insects  w'hieh  have  the  elytra  wholly 
coriaceous  and  always  horizontal ; the  forficula, 
or  earwig.  Brande. 

DpR-MAT'IC,  a.  [Gr.  lloya,  ligyaro;,  the  skin.] 
Pertaining  to  the  skin.  Craig. 

DER'MA-TlNE,  a.  Dermatic.  Craig. 

DER'MA-TINE,  n.  [Gr.  ihya,  Mpyaros,  the  skin.] 
(Min.)  A mineral  of  a resinous  lustre  and  a 
green  color,  sometimes  occurring  in  crusts  on 
serpentine ; a variety  of  kerolite.  Dana. 

DER-MA-TOG'R  A-P1IY,  n.  [Gr.  Moya,  Mpyaros,  the 
skin,  and  ypripw,  to  write.]  A description  of  the 
skin ; dermatology.  Buchanan. 

DER  M A-TOII),  a.  [Gr.  i hlyya,  Mpynros,  the  skin, 
and  dfioi,  form.]  (Med.)  Resembling  the  skin  ; 
dermoid.  Dunglison. 

DER-MA-TOL'O-^rY,  n.  [Gr.  Mpya,  llpyaros,  the 
skin,  and  i.nyo t,  a discourse.]  A treatise  on  the 
skin  and  its  diseases.  Brande. 

DER'MIC,  a.  [Gr.  Moya,  the  skin.]  (Med.)  Act- 
ing on,  or  through,  the  skin.  Hoblgn. 

DER'MIS,  n.  The  true  skin  ; theiderm.  Hoblyn. 

DIJR-MOG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  Moya,  the  skin,  and 
ypai/jw,  to  write.]  .(Med.)  An  anatomical  descrip- 
tion of  the  skin.  - Dunglison. 

DER'MOID,  a.  [Gr.  t Moya,  the  skin,  and  <7<5oj, 
form.]  Resembling  the  skin.  Dunglison. 

DER'MO— SKEL'IJ-TON,  n.  [Gr.  tiny  a,  the  skin, 
and  oKflirdv,  a dried  body.]  A term  applied  to 
the  coriaceous,  crustaceous,  testaceous,  or  osse- 
ous integument,  such  as  covers  most  inverte- 
brate and  some  vertebrate  animals.  It  serves 
more  or  less  completely  the  offices  of  protecting 
the  soft  parts  of  the  body,  and  as  a point  of  at- 
tachment to  the  moving  powers.  Brande. 

DpR-MOT'O-MY,  n.  [Gr.  Myyn,  Moyaros,  the  skin, 
and  Toyo,  a cutting  ; r (yvu,  to  cut.]  (Med.)  The 
anatomy  of  the  skin.  Dunglison. 

f DERN,  a.  [A.  S.  dearn,  or  dyrn,  hidden ; secret.] 

1.  Hidden  ; secret.  Chaucer. 

2.  Sad;  solitary.  — See  Dearn.  More. 

DERN,  n.  (Arch.)  A door-post;  a threshold;  — 

written  also  dearn.  Britton. 

+ DERN'FUL,  a.  Mournful;  dismal;  melancholy. 
“ Dernful  noise.”  Bryskett. 

DERNIER  (dern-yir'  or  der'ne-er)  [dern-yar',  S. 
W.  J.  F.  K.;  dern-yer',  E.  ; der'ne-er,  P.  .Sm.], 
a.  [Fr.]  Last ; — used  only  in  the  phrase  der- 
nier ressort  (last  resort).  Ayliffe. 

t DERN'LY,  ad.  Mournfully.  Spenser. 

DER'O-GATE,  v.  a.  [L.  derogo,  dcrogatus,  to  re- 
peal a part  of  a law  ; de,  priv.,  and  rogo,  to  pro- 
pose a bill ; It.  derogare  ; Sp.  derogar  ; Fr.  de- 
roger. ] [i.  derogated  ; pp.  derogating,  der- 
ogated.] 

1.  To  invalidate  some  part  of,  as  a law  or  an 
established  rule  ; to  annul. 

. b-  several  contrary  customs  and  styles,  many  of  those 
civil  and  canon  laws  are  controlled  and  derogated.  Hale. 

2.  To  detract  from  ; to  disparage. 

lie  will  derogate  the  praise  and  honor  due  so  worthy  an 
enterprise.  Holinshed. 

DER'O-GATE,  v.  n.  1.  To  detract;  to  lessen 
reputation  ; — used  with  from. 

Hot  from  Bis  glory  derogate  in  aught.  Stirling. 


2.  f To  act  beneath  one’s  character. 

You  cannot  derogate , my  lord.  Shale. 

DER'O-GATE,  a.  [It.  dcrogato  ; Sp.  derogado .] 
Devoid  of  force  ; invalid,  [r.] 

The  chief  ruler  being  in  presence,  the  authority  of  the 
substitute  was  clearly  derogate.  Hull. 

DER'O-GATE-LY,  ad.  In  a disrespectful  manner. 

DER-O-GA'TION,  n.  [L.  derogatio;  It.  dcroga- 
zione ; Sp.  derog avion  ; Fr.  derogation.} 

1.  The  act  of  derogating;  the  partial  invali- 
dation or  abrogation  of  a law.  “ The  deroga- 
tion or  partial  relaxation  of  that  law.”  South. 

2.  Detraction  ; disparagement  ; a diminish- 
ing of  value  or  estimation. 

I hope  it  is  no  derogation  to  the  Christian  religion  to  sa y 
that . . . qll  that  is  necessary  to  be  believed  in  it  by  all  nien  is 
easy  to  be  understood  by  all  men.  Locke. 

DE-ROG'A-TiVE,  a.  Derogatory,  [r.]  Browne. 

DjE-ROG' A-TO-RI-LY,  ad.  In  a derogatory  or 
detracting  manner  ; disparagingly.  Aubrey. 

DE-RdG'A-TO-Rl-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
derogatory.  Bailey. 

DF.-ROG'A-TO-RY,  a.  [L.  deroyatorius ; It.  <S;  Sp. 
derogatorio .]  Tending  to  lessen  or  take  from  ; 
detracting ; dishonoring. 

So  vain  are  the  cavils  of  those  who  . . . interpret  that  man- 
ner of  proof  which  matters  of  fact  are  capable  of  in  a sense 
derogatory  to  the  firmness  of  our  Christian  faith.  Slillingfleet. 

Derogatory  clause,  {Law.)  a certain  sentence,  cipher, 
or  secret  character,  inserted  by  a testator  in  his  w ill, 
and  known  to  him  alone,  accompanied  with  a condi- 
tion that  no  will  he  may  afterwards  make  is  to  be 
reckoned  valid  unless  it  contains  an  exact  copy  of  this 
sentence,  cipher,  or  character  ; — used  as  a precaution 
against  the  extortion  of  later  wills  by  violence,  or  the 
obtaining  of  them  by  suggestion.  London  Ency. 

DER'RICK,  n.  (Naut.  & Arch.)  An  apparatus 
for  hoisting  heavy  weights.  It  is  variously  con- 
structed, but  usually  consists  of  a spar,  sup- 
ported by  stays  and  guys,  and  furnished  with  a 
purchase,  as  the  pulley,  or  the  wheel  and  axle 
and  pulley  combined.  Dana. 

fDER'RING,  a.  Daring.  Spenser. 

DER'VIS,  n.  [Per.]  The  name  of  a class  of  reli- 
gious persons  among  the  Mahometans  of  Tur- 
key and  Asia,  who  atfect  great  austerity,  living 
partly  in  monasteries  and  partly  leading  a soli- 
tary life,  either  stationary  or  wandering ; — writ- 
ten also  demise  and  dervish.  Brande. 

f DEPART,  n.  See  Desert.  Todd. 

DES'CANT  (des'kant,  114),  n.  [Old  Fr.  deschant .] 

1.  (Mus.)  A composition  in  several  parts:  — 

the  highest  kind  of  female  voice,  or  the  highest 
part  in  a score;  the  soprano; — written  also 
discant.  Moore. 

SUP  Plain  descant  is  confined  to  a due  series  of  con- 
cords, and  is  the  same  as  simple  counterpoint ; figura- 
tive descant  admits  an  admixture  of  discords;  and 
double  descant  infers  that  contrivance  of  the  parts 
which  admits  of  the  treble  or  any  high  part  being  con- 
verted into  the  bass,  and  the  contrary.  Moure.  Warner. 

2.  A melody  ; a song. 

The  wakeful  nightingale. 

She  all  night  long  her  amorous  descant  sung.  Milton. 

3.  A discourse  ; a disputation  ; a disquisi- 

tion branching  out  into  several  divisions ; a se- 
ries of  comments  or  strictures.  South. 

DES-CANT'  [des-kant',  S.  IV.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sill. ; 
des'kjnt,  Johnson,  Ash'],  v.  n.  [L.  dis,  apart, 
and  canto,  to  sing ; Sp.  discantar.]  [i.  des- 
canted ; pp.  DESCANTING,  DESCANTED. 1 

1.  (Mus.)  To  sing  in  parts  ; to  run  a division 
or  variety  upon  notes. 

2.  To  discourse  at  large  ; to  expatiate  ; to 
enlarge ; to  comment  freely  ; to  make  remarks ; 
to  animadvert. 

Com’st  thou  for  this,  vain  boaster,  to  survey  me. 

To  descant  on  my  strength,  and  give  thy  verdict?  Milton. 

DJJS-CANT'£R,  n.  One  who  descants.  Foster. 

DpS-CANT'ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  descants  ; 
remark;  comment.  “The  descantings  of  fan- 
ciful men  upon  them  [mysteries].”  Burnet. 

Dp-SCEND'  (de-send'),  v.  n.  [L.  descendo ; de, 
down,  and  scando,  to  climb  ; It.  discendere  ; Sp. 
descender  ; Fr.  descendre .]  [i.  descended  ; 

pp.  DESCENDING,  DESCENDED.] 

1.  To  remove  from  a higher  place  to  a lower  ; 
to  go  or  come  downwards  ; to  alight. 


"Where  heaven 

With  earth  and  ocean  meet's;  the  setting  sun 

Slowly  descended.  Milton . 

2.  To  come  down  from  a more  elevated  sta- 
tion or  topic  ; — in  a figurative  sense. 

0,  pardon  me  that  I descend  so  low. 

To  show  the  line,  and  the  predicament. 

Wherein  you  range  under  this  subtle  king.  Shak. 

3.  {Mus.)  To  fall  in  sound  ; to  pass  to  a note 
less  acute. 

4.  To  proceed  from  a source  or  original ; to 
be  derived  ; to  take  one’s  origin. 

From  these  our  Henry  lineally  descends.  Shak. 

5.  To  fall  to  a successor  in  the  order  of  in- 
heritance ; to  pass  immediately  from  one  per- 
son to  another  by  the  operation  of  law. 

When  the  son  dies,  let  the  inheritance 

Descend  unto  the  daughter.  Shak. 

6.  To  pass,  in  a discourse,  from  general  to 
particular  considerations.  Decay  of  Piety. 

7.  To  enter;  to  engage  in. 

lie  shall  descend  into  battle,  and  perish.  1 Sam.  xxvi.  10. 

8.  To  make  a sudden  invasion  ; to  fall  upon. 

The  Grecian  fleet  descending  on  the  town.  Dryden. 

To  descend  into  one’s  self,  to  sink  into  deep  thought ; 
to  meditate  deeply.  Shak. 

Dy-SCEND',  v.  a.  To  move  or  go  down.  “They 
both  descend  the  hill.”  . Milton. 

D^-SCEND'ANT,  n.  [Fr.]  The  offspring  of  an 
ancestor ; progeny.  “ The  defection  of  our 
first  parents  and  their  descendants.”  IJale. 

D£-SCEND'Jf  NT,  a.  1.  Falling  ; sinking  ; de- 
scending. “ The  descendant  juice.”  Ray. 

2.  Proceeding  from  an  original  or  an  ancestor. 

Speaks  thee  desccndent  of  ethereal  race.  Pope. 

DE-SCEND'ER,  n.  One  who  descends.  Hammond. 

Dfi-SCEND-I-BIL'NTY,  n.  Capability  of  being 

transmitted  from  ancestors.  Blackstone. 

DE-SCEND'I-BLE,  a.  1.  That  may  be  descended, 
or  passed  down,  as  a hill. 

2.  That  may  descend,  as  an  inheritance.  "De- 
scendible estate.”  Sir  W.  Jones. 

DIJ-SCEND'ING,  p.  a.  Coming  down;  coming 
lower  ; falling  ; sinking  ; declining. 

DE-SCEN'SION  (de-sen'shun),  n.  [L.  descensio  ; 

It.  discensione  ; Sp.  A Fr.  descension.] 

1.  The  act  of  descending  ; descent.  “ There 

is  no  descension  but  from  above.”  Vdal. 

2.  A sinking  to  something  low  or  degrading. 

From  a god  to  a bull  I a heavy  descension.  Shak. 

Right  descension,  ( Jlstron .)  a point  or  an  arc  of  the 
equator  which  descends  at  the  same  time  with  a star 
or  sign  below  the  horizon,  in  a right  sphere.  Oblique 
descension,  a point  or  an  arc  of  the  equator  which  de- 
scends at  file  same  time  with  a star  or  sign  below  the 
horizon,  in  an  oblique  sphere.  Bouvier. 

Dp-SCEN'SION-AL,  a.  Relating  to  descension,  or 
descent.  Johnson. 

Df.-SCEN'SIVE,  a.  [It.  discensivo .]  Descending  ; 
having  power  to  descend,  [r.]  Sherwood. 

DES-CEN-SO'RI-UM,  n.  (Chem.)  A vessel  used 
in  distillation.  Clarke. 

DF, -SCENT',  n.  [Fr.  descent e.] 

1.  The  act  of  descending  or  passing  from  a 
higher  to  a lower  place  ; the  motion  of  a body 
towards  the  centre  of  the  earth ; descension ; 
— opposed  to  ascent. 

Why  do  fragments  from  a mountain  rent 

Tend  to  the  earth  with  such  a swift  descent ? Blackmore. 

2.  Fall  from  a higher  state,  condition,  or  sta- 
tion ; degradation. 

O.  foul  descent’,  that  I.  who  erst  contended 

With  gods  to  sit  the  highest,  am  now  constrained 

Into  a beast.  Milton. 

3.  Inclination  downwards  ; a declivity  ; a 
slope.  “ Down  the  dark  descent.”  Milton. 

4.  A lower  rank  in  the  order  of  being. 

Infinite  descents 

Beneath  what  other  creatures  are  to  thee.  Milton. 

5.  f Lowest  or  low  place. 

From  the  extremest  upward  of  thy  head 

To  the  descent  and  dust  below  thy  feet.  Shak. 

6.  A proceeding  from  an  original  or  a pro- 
genitor ; extraction. 

Turnus,  for  high  descent  and  graceful  mien, 

Was  first  and  favored  by  the  JLntian  queen.  Dryden. 

7.  A single  degree  in  the  genealogical  scale  ; 
a generation. 

From  son  to  son  some  four  or  five  descents.  Shak. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  {,  O,  y,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


DESCRIBABLE 


389 


DESIGN 


8.  Offspring ; issue  ; descendants,  [it.] 

. If  care  of  our  descent  perplex  us  most, 

Which  must  be  born  to  certain  woe.  Milton. 

9.  A hostile  invasion. 

They  feared  that  the  French  and  English  fleets  would 
make  a descent  upon  their  coasts.  Jortin. 

10.  (Law.)  Transmission  of  estates  by  inher- 
itance. Burrill. 

11.  (Mus.)  The  act  of  passing  from  one  note 

to  another  less  acute.  Boat/. 


Collateral  descent,  descent  from  a brother,  nephew, 
or  other  collateral  representative. — Lineal  descent, 
descent  from  father  to  son,  without  any  deviation. 

DJJ-SCRi  B' A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  described. Paley. 

DE-SCRIBE',  v.  a.  [L.  describo  ; de,  off,  and 
scribo,  to  write;  It.  descrivere ; Sp . describir  ; 
Fr.  decrire .]  [t.  described  ; pp.  describing, 

DESCRIBED.] 

1.  To  mark  the  form  or  figure  of ; to  draw  a 
plan  of ; to  delineate  ; to  trace  ; as,  “ To  describe 
a circle.” 

They  [maps]  are  most  commonly  described  upon  a paral- 
lelogram. Gregory,  1650. 

2.  To  define  by  properties  or  accidents  ; to 
represent  by  words  or  other  signs ; to  give  an 
account  of  ; to  relate. 

As  thou  namest  them  I will  describe  them.  Shak. 

3.  f To  distribute  into  divisions  ; to  divide  by 
marks. 

Men  passed  through  the  land  and  described  it  by  cities 
into  seven  parts  in  a book.  Jos.  xxiii.  ly. 

DE-SCRiB'pNT,  a.  (Geom.)  Applied  to  a line  or 
superficies,  by  motion  of  which  a superficies  or 
solid  is  described.  Crabb. 

DE-SCRIB'JJR,  n.  One  who  describes.  Raleigh. 

DE-SCRI'JJR,  n.  One  who  descries.  Crashaw. 

DE-SCRlP'TION  (de-skrTp'shun),  n.  [L.  descrip- 
tio\  It.  descrizione  ; Sp.  descripcion;  Fr.  de- 
scription.) 

1.  The  act  of  describing  or  of  marking  the 
form  or  figure  ; the  act  of  delineating  or  tracing. 

2.  A delineation  of  any  thing  by  properties 

or  accidents  ; a representation  by  words  or  other 
signs  ; an  account ; relation  ; recital.  “ It  beg- 
gared all  description.”  Shak. 

3.  A class  expressed  by  a representation  ; a 
sort.  “A  friend  of  Cedis  description.”  Shak. 

4.  The  figure  of  any  thing  delineated  by  visible 

marks.  Gregory. 

DE- SCRIP' TIVE,  a.  [It.  descrittivo  ; Sp.  descrip- 
tive-, Fr.  descriptif.) 

1.  That  describes  or  delineates  ; representing 
by  visible  marks  ; as,  “ A descriptive  figure.” 

2.  Representing  by  words  or  other  signs. 

“Some  noble  lines  . ...  descriptive  of  the  apo- 
theosis of  Pompey.”  Looker-on. 

3.  Having  the  property  of  describing.  “ De- 
scriptive powers.'’  Sir  J.  Reynolds. 

Descriptive  geometry,  (Math.)  that  branch  of  geom- 
etry which  has  for  its  object  the  graphic  solution  of 
all  problems  involving  three  dimensions,  by  means  of 
projections  upon  auxiliary  planes,  of  which  there  are 
usually  two,  one  horizontal,  called  the  horizontal 
plane  of  projection,  the  other  vertical,  called  the  ver- 
tical plane  of  projection.  Davies. 

DE-SCRlP'TIVE-LY,  ad.  In  a descriptive  man- 
ner. Month.  Rev. 

DE-SCRIP'TIVE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
descriptive.  Milman. 

f DF.-SCRlVE',  v.  a.  [It  .descrivere.  — See  De- 
scribe.] To  describe.  Bp.  Fisher. 

DE-SCRY',  v.  a.  [Fr.  deserter .]  [i.  DESCRIED  ; 

PP-  DESCRYING,  DESCRIED.] 

1.  fTo  give  notice  of;  to  disclose.  Chaucer. 

2.  To  perceive  by  the  eye;  to  discover;  to 

spy- 

Both  through  the  guard,  which  never  him  descried , 

And  through  the  watchmen,  who  him  never  spied.  Spenser. 

3.  To  detect;  to  find  out,  as  any  thing  con- 
cealed. Wotton. 

4.  To  discern,  or  spy  out,  at  a distance  ; to 

espy.  “ To  descry  the  distant  foe.”  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  See. 

t DE-SCRY',  n.  Something  descried;  thing  dis- 
covered ; discovery.  Shak. 

t DES'E-CATE,  v.  a.  [L.  deseco,  desecatus.)  To 

cut  olf ; to  mow.  Cockeram. 

DES'E-CRATE,  v.  a.  [L.  desecro,  desecratus  ; de,  | 


priv.,  and  sacro,  to  consecrate  ; sacer,  sacred  ; 
Fr.  desacrer.)  [i.  desecrated;  pp.  desecrat- 
ing, DESECRATED.] 

1.  To  divest  of  sacredness  ; to  profane  by 
misapplication ; to  pervert  from  a sacred  pur- 
pose. 

When  the  soul  sinks  under  a temptation,  the  dwelling- 
place  of  God’s  name  is  desecrated.  Horne. 

2.  To  divest  of  a sacred  office  or  character,  [it.] 
The  clergy  cannot  suffer  corporal  punishment,  without 

being  previously  desecrated.  Tooke. 

DES-E-CRA'TIONj  n.  The  act  of  desecrating  or 
profaning;  profanation.  “ A desecration  of  that 
holy  day.”  Bp.  Porteus. 

DE^'ERT,  a.  [L.  desertus  ; It.  deserto ; Sp.  de- 
sierto-,  Fr.  desert .]  Uninhabited ; forsaken; 
wild ; waste  ; solitary  ; desolate. 

Full  many  a flower  is  born  to  blush  unseen, 

And  waste  its  sweetness  on  the  desert  air.  Gray. 

Syn.  — See  Solitary. 

DE§'ERT,  n.  [L.  desertum  ; It.  deserto ; Sp.  de- 
sierto ; Fr.  desert.)  An  uninhabited  country 
or  place  incapable  of  affording  sustenance  to 
man  ; a wilderness  ; a waste  ; a solitude. 

The  camel  is  the  sole  medium  of  communication  between 
those  countries  which  are  separated  by  extensive  deserts. 

Braude. 

DE-§ERT'  (de-zert',  114),  v.  a.  [L.  desero,  desertus  ; 
de,  priv.,  and  sero,  to  join  together,  to  put  into 
rank;  It.  disertare ; Sp.  desertar  ; Fr.  deserter.) 
[*.  DESERTED  ; pp.  DESERTING,  DESERTED.] 

1.  To  leave  without  permission,  as  a post  of 
duty ; to  fall  away  from  ; as,  “ To  desert  an 
army  ” ; “ To  desert  a vessel.” 

2.  To  forsake  ; to  leave  ; to  abandon;  to  quit. 

I had  then 

Not  wholly  lost  nor  quite  deserted  been.  Denham. 

Syn.  — See  Abandon,  Abdicate. 

DE-^ERT',  v.  n.  To  quit  the  army  or  post  to 
which  one.  belongs. 

DE-§ERT',  n.  [Old  Fr.  deserte.  — See  Deserve.] 

1.  That  which  is  deserved  ; merit  or  demerit ; 
claim  to  reward  or  liability  to  punishment ; a de- 
serving; worthiness  or  unworthiness.  “Equal 
desert,  both  of  praise  and  dispraise.”  Hooker. 

Use  every  man  after  his  desert,  and  who  shall  ’scape  whip- 
ping? Shah. 

2.  Reward  or  punishment  justly  due  ; due. 

Render  to  them  their  desert.  xxviii.  4. 

Syn.  — Desert  denotes  what  a person  deserves  or 
is  entitled  to  receive,  whether  good  or  ill  ; reward, 
what  he  actually  receives,  in  consequence  of  his  con- 
duct, whether  good  or  bad  ; claim,  what  lie  has  a right 
to  demand  ; worth , his  qualities  ; merit,  his  services. 
Good  or  ill  desert-,  suitable  reward ; just  claim  ; moral 
worth ; great  merit. 

DE-SjERT',  n.  See  Dessert.  Johnson. 

DE-§ERT'ED,  p.  a.  Forsaken;  abandoned. 

DE-§ERT'ER,  n.  One  who  deserts  or  abandons  ; 
— applied  particularly  to  a soldier  or  a sailor 
who  deserts  his  post  of  duty. 

The  base  deserter  of  his  native  land.  Dryden, 

f DE-§ERT'FUL,  a.  Deserving.  Beau.  FI. 

DE-§ER'TION,  n.  [L.  desertio ; Sp.  desercion ; 
Fr.  desertion.) 

1.  The  act  of  deserting  or  leaving  the  army, 
or  one’s  post,  without  permission,  and  without 
the  intention  of  returning. 

2.  The  act  of  forsaking  or  abandoning.  “The 

desertion  of  God’s  Holy  Spirit.”  Sherlock. 

3.  The  state  of  being  deserted.  “ The  spirit- 
ual agonies  of  a soul  under  desertion.”  South. 

DE-?ERT'LESS,  a.  Without  desert  or  merit ; 
without  claim  to  favor,  [r.]  Beau.  <Sf  FI. 

DE-§ERT'LESS-LY,  ad.  Without  cause  ; unde- 
servedly. [r.]  ' Beau.  $ FI. 

f DE-§ER'TRICE,  n.  She  who  deserts.  Milton. 

DE-SERVE'  (de-zerv'),  v.  a.  [L.  deservio,  deservi- 
tus  ; de,  for,  and  servio,  to  serve.]  [*.  deserved  ; 
pp.  deserving,  deserved.]  To  be  worthy  of 
(either  good  or  ill)  ; to  merit ; to  earn.  “Your 
love  deserves  my  thanks.”  “This  deserves 
death.”  . Shak. 

’Tis  not  in  mortals  to  command  success: 

But  we  ’ll  do  more,  Sempronius:  we  ’ll  deserve  it.  Addison. 

DE-SERVE',  v.  n.  To  be  worthy  of  reward  or 
punishment. 

According  to  the  rule  of  natural  justice,  one  man  may 
merit  or  deserve  of  another.  South. 


DE  SERVED'  (de-zervd '),  p.  a.  Merited;  earned. 

DE-SER'VED-LY  (de-zer'ved-le),  ad.  According 
to  desert;  justly.  Milton. 

DE-SERV'ER,  n.  One  who  deserves  or  merits. 

DE-SERV'ING,  n.  Act  of  meriting;  desert. 

I deserved  it.  and  would  bear 
My  own  deserving.  Milton. 

DE-SERV'ING,  a.  Worthy  ; meritorious  ; having 
desert.  “ The  most  deserving  objects. " Atterbury. 

DE-SERV'1NG-LY,  ad.  In  a deserving  manner. 

DES-HA-BILLE',  n.  [Fr.  deshabille.)  Undress  ; 
loose  dress.  — See  Dishabille.  Todd. 

DE-SlC'CANT,  a.  [L.  desicco , desiccans,  to  dry  up.] 
Drying  up,  as  moisture  or  humors.  Ash. 

DE-SIC'CANT,  n.  (Med.)  An  application  that 
dries  up.  “ Desiccants  to  dry  up  the  diseased 
part.”  Wiseman. 

!|  DE-SIC 'CATE  [de-sik'kat,  S.  IF.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  K. 

Sm.  B.  ; des'e-lcat,  Wb.  Johnson),  v.  a.  [L.  de- 
sicco, desiccatus-,  de,  from,  used  intensively,  and 
sicco,  to  dry  up  ; It.  diseccare  ; Sp.  desccar ; Fr. 
dessecher.)  [i.  desiccated;  pp.  desiccating, 
desiccated.]  To  dry  up  ; to  exhaust  of  moist- 
ure. “ Bodies  desiccated  by  heat  or  age.”  Bacon. 

||  DE-SIC'cAtE,  v.  n.  To  grow  dry.  Ricaut. 

DES-IC-CA'TION,  n.  1.  The  act  of  drying ; the 
process  of  becoming  dry. 

2.  The  state  of  being  dried.  Bacon. 

DE-SIC'CA-TlVE,  a.  Having  the  power  of  drying, 
or  of  exhausting  moisture.  “ A desiccative  or 
drying  nature.”  Ferrand. 

DE-SlC'CA-TlVE,  n.  (Med.)  An  application  to 
dry  up  the  secretions  of  membranes,  ulcers,  &c. 
“ May  be  prevented  by  desiccatives.”  U'iseman. 

DE-SlD'ER-ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  desidero,  desideratus ; 
It.  desiderare.)  [i.  desiderated  ; pp.  desid- 
erating, desiderated.]  To  be  in  want  of; 
to  want ; to  desire.  “ A work  so  much  desired, 
and  yet  desiderated.”  Broicne. 

Ill-furnished  is  that  library  whose  shelves  desiderate  these 
volumes,  Gent.  Mag. 

Syn.  — We  desire  what  we  have  not  yet  possessed, 
and  we  desiderate  what  we  possess  no  longer. 

Wm.  Taylor. 

DE-SID-ER-A'TION,  n.  Act  of  desiderating,  [r.] 

Desire  is  aroused  by  hope,  while  desideration  is  inflicted 
by  reminiscence,  Wm.  Taylor. 

DE-SID'E-R-A-tIve,  a.  (Gram.)  Implying  desire. 
“Verbs  called  desiderative.”  Beattie. 

DE-SID'ER-A-TI VE,  n.  1.  An  object  of  desire; 
something  wished  for.  Harris. 

2.  (Gram.)  A verb  derived  from  another 
verb,  and  expressing  a desire  of  doing  the  act 
denoted  by  the  primitive.  Andrews. 

DE-SI D-ER-A  'TUM,  n.  ; pi.  DESIDERATA.  [L.] 
Something  not  possessed,  but  desirable  or  want- 
ed ; an  object  of  desire  ; a thing  wanted. 

To  correct  this  inconvenience  has  long  been  a desideratum 
in  that  art.  Paley. 

f DE-SID-I-OSE',  a.  [L . dcsidiosus .)  Idle  ; lazy  ; 
slothful ; careless.  Bailey. 

DE-SlGHT'  (-sit'),  n.  Something  that  displeases 
the  eye  ; an  unsightly  object.  [Local.]  Hallhcell. 

||  DE-SIGN'  (de-sin'  or  de-zln')  [de-sin',  W.  P.  J. 
F.Sm.R.Wb.-,  de-zln',  .S.  E.  Ja.  A'.],  v.  a.  [L. 
desiyno-,  de,  out,  and  signo,  to  mark:  It.  de- 
segnare;  Sp.  dcsegnar  ; Fr.  designer,  dessiner.) 
\i.  DESIGNED;  pp.  DESIGNING,  DESIGNED.] 

1.  To  mark  or  point  out  by  tokens  ; to  desig- 
nate ; to  describe. 

There  must  be  ways  of  designing  and  knowing  the  person 
to  whom  this  regal  power  of  right  belongs.  Locke. 

2.  To  form  in  idea;  to  project;  to  plan  ; to 
purpose ; to  intend. 

Whether  the  picture  or  outlines  be  well  drawn,  or,  as  more 
elegant  artisans  term  it,  well  designed.  Wotton . 

Now,  what  has  Ajax  done,  or  what  designed ? Dryden. 

3.  To  devote  in  intention  ; to  appi’opriate. 

lie  was  designed  to  the  study  of  the  law.  Dryden. 

4.  To  establish  or  form  for  some  end. 

The  acts  of  religious  worship  were  purposely  designed  for 
the  worship  of  [God].  Stillingjleet. 

||  DE-SlGN',  v.  n.  To  intend  ; to  purpose.  Addison. 


DL-SIG1N  ^ae-si 


II  U!  UC-/.1II 


MiEN,  SIR;  m6vE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.— 9,  9,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  5,  1,  hard;  § as  z;  y as  gz.  — THIS,  thi 


DESIGNABLE 


390 


DESPAIR 


1.  A project ; an  intention ; a purpose  ; a 
plan  ; a scheme. 

None  but  intelligent  beings  net  with  design.  Fleming. 

Is  he  a prudent  man,  as  to  his  temporal  estate,  that  lays 
designs  only  tor  a day  'i  I'illotson. 

2.  ( Fine  Arts.)  The  idea  or  conception  which 

an  artist  endeavors  to  express  in  his  work  ; a 
figure  traced  in  outline  without  relief:  — a 
sketch  in  water-color,  in  which  the  chiaro- 

scuro is  expressed  with  Indian  ink,  sepia,  or 
bistre ; or  a sketch  in  which  the  object  repre- 
sented is  clothed  in  its  proper  colors  : — a draw- 
ing from  which  a building  or  other  work  of  art 
may  be  executed.  Fairholt. 

3.  (Manufactures.)  The  figures  with  which 

fabrics  are  ornamented,  as  in  diaper,  damask, 
&c.  London  Ency. 

4.  ( Mus .)  The  invention  and  conduct  of  the 

subject  ; the  disposition  of  every  part  of  a 

piece.  London  Ency. 

jUrts  of  design , those  of  painting,  sculpture,  and 
architecture. 

Syn.  — Design,  purpose , project , scheme , and  plan 
all  imply  a certain  end  in  view,  and  means  used  to 
accomplish  it.  Design  and  purpose  look  more  to  the 
end  ; scheme  and  plan,  to  the  means.  — They  formed  a 
project  to  revolutionize  the  country  ; with  this  design 
they  devised  a scheme,  and  then  met  together  to  mature 
their  plan.  They  had  long^therished  such  an  intention, 
and  for  this  purpose  they  provided  themselves  with 
the  means  of  executing  it.  — See  Aim,  Device. 

||  DE-SIGN'A-BLE  (de-sIn'fLrbl),  a.  That  may  be 
marked  out  or  distinguished.  “The  desiynable 
parts.”  Boyle. 

DES'IG-NATE  [des'jg-nat,  W.  Ja.  IC.  Sm.  B.  Wb. 
Bees  ; de-slg'nat,  P.  V.  a.  [L.  desiyno,  de- 
signatus  ; It.  deseynare. — See  Design.]  [i. 
DESIGNATED  ; pp.  DESIGNATING,  DESIGNATED.] 

1.  To  point  out;  to  distinguish  ; to  specify. 
“ Invidious  to  designate  faults.”  Brit.  Critic. 

2.  To  appoint;  to  assign;  to  allot;  as,  “To 
designate  an  officer  to  some  command.” 

3.  To  name;  to  entitle;  to  style;  to  denom- 
inate. 

Syn.  — See  Name. 

DES'IG-NATE,  a.  Marked  out ; appointed;  des- 
ignated.' [it.]  Sir  G.  Buck. 

DES-IG-NA'TION,  n.  [L.  designatio  ; It . desiyna- 
zione;  Sp .designation;  Fr .designation.] 

1.  The  act  of  marking  out  or  determining  the 
limits.  “A  wise  designation  of  time.”  Dcrham. 

2.  Appointment ; direction.  “By  his  Father’s 
eternal  designation Hopkins. 

3.  Application;  use;  appropriation. 

Finite  and  infinite  seem  ...  to  be  attributed  primarily,  in 
their  first  designation , only  to  those  things  which  have  parts. 

Locke. 

4.  That  which  serves  to  distinguish  ; as,  “ A 
person  known  by  some  peculiar  designation." 

DES'IG-NA-TIVE,  a.  [It.  desegnativo  ; Sp.  de- 
siqnatiro;  Fr.  desiqnatif.]  Appointing  ; show- 
ing. [r.]  Cotgrave. 

DES'IG-NA-TOR,  n.  [L.]  1.  One  who  designates. 

2.  An  officer  who  assigned  seats  to  the  spec- 
tators at  the  ancient  Roman  games.  Brande. 

3.  A master  of  ceremonies  at  Roman  funer- 
als. Brande. 

||  Dy-SIGNED'  (de-slnd'  or  de-zlnd'),  p.  a.  Intend- 
ed ; projected ; planned. 

||  Dy-SIGN'yD-LY,  ad.  Intentionally.  Bay. 

||  Dy-SIGN'yR,  n.  1.  One  who  designs  or  intends. 

2.  A plotter;  a contriver.  “Ambitious  de- 
signers." Hammond. 

3.  One  who  conceives  or  forms  a plan  in 
painting,  sculpture,  architecture,  &c. 

||  j-  Dp-SIGN'FUL-NESS,  n.  Abundance  of  design 
or  contrivance.  Barrow. 

||  Dy-SIGN'ING,  a.  Insidious  ; intriguing  ; artful; 
as,  “A  designing  demagogue.” 

||  Dy-SIGN'ING,  n.  The  art  of  delineating  objects. 

“ Music,  or  painting,  or  designing .”  Cowley. 

||  Dy-SIGN'LysS,  a.  Without  intention  or  design. 

II  Dy-SIGN'LySS-LY,  ad.  Inadvertently. 

II  f Dy-SlGN'MyNT,  n.  1.  Purpose  ; intent.  Shak. 

2.  Idea  or  sketch  of  a work.  Dryden. 

f DES'I-NENCE,  n.  [L.  desino,  desinens,  to  leave 


off ; It.  desinenza.]  A close  ; end.  “ Cadence 
or  desinence  of  rhyme.”  Bp.  Hall. 

fDES'I-NENT,  a.  Ending;  extreme.  “Tritons 
. . . their  desinent  parts  fish.”  B.  Jonson. 

Df.-SIP'I-ENT,  a.  [L.  desipio,  desipiens,  to  be 
foolish ; de,  priv.,  and  sapio,  to  be  wise.]  Fool- 
ish ; trifling  ; playful.  Smart. 

Dy-ijiiR-A-BlL'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being  desira- 
ble ; desirableness.  Ed.  Bev. 

Dp-^IR'A-BLE,  a.  1.  That  is  to  be  desired ; 
worthy  of  desire  ; that  is  to  be  earnestly  wished ; 
optable  ; needed  ; wanted  ; eligible. 

Not  obvious,  not  obtrusive,  but  retired, 

The  more  desirable.  Milton. 

2.  Pleasing  ; delightful. 

I immediately  took  the  hint,  . . . bein';  unwilling  to  omit 
any  thing  that  might  make  me  desirable  in  her  eyes.  Watts. 

Dy-§IR'A-BLE,  n.  An  object  worthy  of  desire  ; 
that  which  should  be  desired.  “ The  unseen  de- 
sirables of  the  spiritual  world.”  [n.]  1 Vatts. 

DIJ-^IR'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
desirable.  State  Trials,  1649. 

DJjl-§lR'A-BLY,  ad.  In  a desirable  manner. 

DJy-ijW  RE'  (de-zlr'),  n.  [L.  desiderium;  It.  deside- 
rio;  Sp.  deseo  ; Fr.  dtisir.] 

1.  Uneasiness  of  the  mind  from  the  absence 
of  something  wanted  ; eagerness  to  obtain  or 
to  enjoy  ; a longing  for  ; a hankering. 

Thou  openest  thy  hand,  and  satisfiest  the  desire  of  every 
living  thiug.  Ps.  cxlv.  16. 

2.  The  object  of  desire  ; the  thing  desired. 

I take  away  from  thee  the  desire  of  thine  eyes  with  a 
stroke.  Ezetc.  xxiv.  16. 

Syn.  — Desire  is  a more  constant,  or  less  transient 
feeling  than  wish  ; longing  is  an  impatient  and  con- 
tinued desire  ; hankering  is  a desire  for  something 
that  is  not  within  one’s  reach  ; coveting  is  the  desire 
of  what  is  another’s.  Desires  and  longings  should  he 
regulated  ; wishes,  limited  ; hankerings  and  covctings, 
suppressed. 

DE-§IRE'  (de-zlr'),  v.  a.  [L.  desidero ; It.  desiare; 
Sp.  descar ; Fr.  dhirer. ] [i.  desired  ; pp.  de- 

siring, desired.] 

1.  To  wish  for  earnestly ; to  long  for  ;•  to 

covet.  “ As  a servant  earnestly  desireth  the 
shadow.”  " Job  vii.  2. 

2.  To  ask  ; to  request;  to  solicit. 

My  father  desires  your  worship’s  company.  Shak. 

3.  fTo  require;  to  demand;  to  exact. 

A doleful  case  desires  a doleful  song.  Spenser. 

Djp-^IRED'  (de-zlrd'),  p.  a.  1.  Wished  for  ; longed 
for ; coveted. 

2.  + Regretted.  “ He  [Jehoram]  reigned  in 
Jerusalem  eight  years,  and  departed  without 
being  desired."  ' 2 Chron.  xxi.  20. 

Dy-§IRE'Lyss,  a.  Without  desire,  [r.]  Donne. 
DJJ-^lR'ER,  n.  One  who  desires.  Sir  T.  More. 

DE-§lR'OUS,  a.  [Fr.  desireux.]  Full  of  desire ; 
eager ; longing. 

Desirous  to  behold  once  more  thy  face.  Milton. 

Dy-§lR'oys-LY,  ad.  Eagerly;  with  desire. 
Dy-ijUR'OUS-NESS,  n.  Fulness  of  desire.  Bailey. 

II  DF.-SIST'  [de-slst',  W.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  B. 
C.  Wb.;  de-zist',  S.],  v.n.  [L.  desisto ; de, 
from,  and  sisto,  to  stand  ; It.  dcsistere  ; Sp.  de- 
si  stir  ; Fr.  desister.]  To  cease ; to  stop  ; to  leave 
off ; to  forbear  ; — sometimes  with  from. 

A politician  desists  from,  liis  designs  when  he  finds  they 
are  impracticable.  Blair. 

||  Dy-SIST'ANCE,  n.  The  act  of  desisting;  cessa- 
tion. “ Desistance  from  giving.”  [».]  Boyle. 

||  Dy-SIST'J  VE,  a.  Ending  ; concluding.  Walker. 

f DES'I-TlVE,  a.  [L.  desino,  desitus,  to  leave  off.] 
Ending  ; final ; desistive.  Watts. 

f DES'I-TlVE,  n.  (Logic.)  A proposition  which 
relates  to  an  end  or  termination.  Watts. 

DESK,  n.  [A.  S.  disc,  a table,  a dish  ; Dut.  disch  ; 
Gcr.  tisch,  atable;  Dan.  &;  Sw.  disk.  — SeeDAls.] 

1.  An  inclining  table  for  the  use  of  writers  or 

readers,  usually  made  with  a box  or  repository 
underneath.  Pope. 

2.  A kind  of  rostrum,  or  raised  seat,  from 

which  the  morning  and  evening  service  is  read. 
[Church  of  England.]  Eden. 

3.  The  pulpit  in  a church.  Craig. 


DESK,  v.  a.  To  shut  up,  as  in  a desk.  “ In  a 
walnut  shell  was  desked.”  [r.]  Tomkins. 

DES'MAN,  n.  [Fr.]  (Zoiil.)  An  insectivorous 
aquatic  animal  of 
the  LinnEean  genus 
Sorex,  and  of  the 
family  of  shrews  or 
shrew-mice,  having 
under  the  tail  two  Jx.ima„. 

small  follicles,  which  contain  an  unctuous  sub- 
stance of  a musky  odor  ; the  museovy  or  musk- 
rat of  the  English ; Mygale  Moschata  ; — writ- 
ten also  deesrnan.  Baird. 

DES'MINE,  n.  (Mm.)  A silicate  of  alumina  and 
lime;  stilbite.  Dana. 

DyS-MOG'R A-PJiy,  n.  [Gr.  leapt;,  a ligament, 
and  ypad >u,  to  write.]  ( Anat .)  A description  of 
the  ligaments  of  the  body.  Dunglison. 

Dys-MOL'O-GY,  n-  [Gr.  fitapii,  a ligament,  and 
ioy6i,  a discourse.]  (Anat.)  That  branch  of  anat- 
omy which  describes  the  ligaments.  Dunglison. 

DyS-MOT'O-MY,  n.  [Gr.  leapd;,  a ligament,  and 
ropp,  a cutting;  rlpvto,  to  cut.]  (Anat.)  The 
dissection  of  the  ligaments.  Dunglison. 

DES'O-LATE,  a.  [L . desolatus  ; It.  desolato  ; Sp. 
desolado.] 

1.  Without  inhabitants;  desert;  lonely. 

This  hero  appears  at  first  in  a desolate  island.  Broome. 

2.  Without  society;  without  companions; 

solitary.  “ Leave  me  desolate."  Shak. 

His  . . . desolate  condition  so  wrought  upon  his  melnn- 
choly  temper  that  he  pined  away.  State  Trials. 

3.  Deprived  of  inhabitants  ; laid  waste  ; in  a 
ruinous  condition. 

lte  laid  waste  their  cities;  and  the  land  was  desolate,  and 
the  fulness  thereof.  Ezek.  xix.  7. 

Syn.  — See  Ravage,  Solitary. 

DES'O-LATE,  v.  a.  [L.  desolo,  desolatus ; de,  from, 
used  intensively,  and  solo,  to  make  solitary  ; so- 
lus, alone  ; It.  desolare ; Sp.  desolar;  Fr.  desoler.] 
[l.  DESOLATED  ; pp.  DESOLATING,  DESOLATED.] 
To  deprive  of  inhabitants  ; to  depopulate  ; to 
lay  waste  ; to  ravage. 

Tell  how  we  may  restore,  by  second  birth, 

Mankind,  and  people  desolated  earth.  Dryden. 

The  Island  of  Atlantis  was  not  swallowed  by  an  earth- 
quake, but  was  desolated  by  a particular  deluge.'  Bacon. 

DES'O-LATE-LY,  ad.  In  a desolate  manner. 

DES'O-LATE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  deso- 
late ; desolation.  Temple. 

DES'O-LAT-ER,  n.  One  who  causes  desolation. 

“ This  desolater  or  maker  of  desolation.”  Mede. 

DES-O-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  desolatio  ; It.  desolazione ; 
Sp.  desolacion  ; Fr.  desolation.] 

1.  The  act  of  desolating  or  laying  waste ; re- 
duction to  solitude  ; devastation  ; ravage. 

What  with  your  praises  of  the  country,  what  with  your 
discourse  of  the  lamentable  desolation  thereof  made  by  the 
Scots,  you  have  filled  me  with  a great  compassion.  Spenser. 

2.  The  state  of  being  desolate  or  waste. 

I will  bring  the  land  into  desolation.  Lev.  xxvi.  32. 

3.  Gloominess  ; sadness  ; afflicted  condition. 

Then  your  hose  shall  be  ungartered,  and  every  thing 
about  you  demonstrate  a careless  desolation.  Shak. 

4.  A place  wasted  and  forsaken  ; a desert. 

How  is  Babylon  become  a desolation'.  Jer.  i.  23. 

Syn.  — See  Ravage. 

DES'O- LA-TOR,  n.  See  Desolater.  Todd. 

DES'O-LA-TO-RY,  a.  Causing  desolation.  “ Des- 
olatory  judgments.”  [r.]  Bp.  Hall. 

Dy-SPAlR',  n.  [Fr.  desespoir.] 

1.  Expectation  of  certain  evil ; entire  loss  of 

hope  ; a state  of  mind  arising  from  the  persua- 
sion that  some  great  evil  cannot  be  averted  or 
removed  ; hopelessness  ; desperation.  “ Per- 
plexed, but  not  in  despair."  2 Cor.  iv.  8. 

One  loved  with  hope,  one  languished  with  despair.  Dryden. 

2.  That  of  which  there  is  no  hope,  [r.] 

Strangely-visited  people,  . . . 

The  mere  despair  of  surgery,  he  cures.  Shak. 

3.  ( Theol .)  Loss  of  hope  or  confidence  in  the 
mercy  of  God. 

May  not  hope  in  God,  or  godly  sorrow,  be  perverted  into 
presumption  or  despair?  Sprat. 

Syn.  — Despair  is  the  deprivation  or  loss  of  hope  j 
hopelessness , the  want  of  hope.  Despair  lies  mostly 
in  reflection  ; despondency , in  the  feelings.  Despair 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  l,  6,  U,  f,  short;  A,  y,  1,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  I1ER; 


DESPAIR 


391 


DESPUMATE 


and  hopelessness  check  exertion  ; despondency  or  de- 
spondence unfits  for  exertion  ; desperation  impels  to 
greater  exertion. 

DJJ-SPAlR',  v.  n.  [L.  despero ; de,  priv.,  and  spero, 
to  hope  ; It.  disperare  ; Sp.  desesperar  ; Fr. 
desesptrer.]  [*.  despaired  ; pp.  despairing, 
despaired.]  To  be  without  any  hope  ; to  lose 
all  hope ; to  give  up  expectation  ; to  despond. 

Despair  not  of  his  pardon 
Whose  ear  is  ever  open,  and  whose  eye 
Gracious  to  readmit  the  suppliant.  Milton. 

fDE-SPAlR',  v.  a.  1.  To  cause  to  despair  ; to  de- 
prive of  hope.  Sir  R.  Williams. 

2.  To  give  up  hope  of;  to  lose  confidence  in. 
“ Despair  thy  charm.”  Shak. 

f Dg-SPAlR'A-BLE,  a.  Unhopeful.  Cotgrave. 

DE-SpAir'ER,  n.  One  without  hope.  Dryden. 

+ DE-SPAlR'FUL,  a.  Full  of  despair.  “ Despair- 
fid  outcries.”  Spenser. 

DJJ-SPAlR'lNG,  p.  a.  Indulging  despair;  hope- 
less ; desperate. 

Dp-SPAlR'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a despairing  manner. 

DJg-SPAlR'ING-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  in 
despair ; hopelessness.  Clarice. 

DESPATCH',  or  DIS-PATCH',  v.  a.  [It.  dispac- 
ciare-,  Sp.  despachar ; Fr.  depecher.]  \i.  de- 

spatched ; pp.  DESPATCHING,  DESPATCHED.] 

1.  To  send  away  hastily,  as  a messenger,  let- 
ters, &c. 

Some  hero,  too,  must  be  despatched  to  bear 

The  mournful  message  to  Pelides’  ear.  Pope. 

2.  To  send  out  of  the  world  ; to  put  to  death. 

He  drank  bull’s  blood,  . . . which  desjjatcheth  a man  in 
twenty-four  hours.  North. 

3.  To  perform  quickly ; to  hasten  ; to  expe- 
dite ; to  accelerate  ; — to  conclude  ; to  finish. 

No  sooner  is  one  action  despatched  . . . but  another  unea- 
siness is  ready  to  set  us  on  work.  Locke. 

“ The  word  despatch , till  Dr.  Johnson  corrected 
it,  was  always  written  with  an  i.”  Walker.  — It  is 
spelled  dispatch  in  the  dictionaries  of  Baret,  Colgrave, 
Holyoke,  Kersey,  Bailey,  Ainsworth,  Dyclie,  Martin, 
Barlow,  Lemon,  Crabb,  Webster,  and  Richardson  : — 
despatch  in  those  of  Johnson,  Entick,  Kenrick,  Ash, 
Perry,  Sheridan,  Walker,  Jones,  Browne,  Fulton 
Enfield,  Jameson,  Knowles,  Smart,  Craig,  and  Reid. 
Richardson,  although  he  spells  it  dispatch , says,  “ De- 
spatch is  more  consistent  with  the  origin  of  the  word, 
despr.schcr , or  depGchcr  [Fr.]  ; despachar  [Sp.].” 
Nares  says,  “Dispatch  seems  to  be  fixed  beyond  the 
power  of  an  etymologist  ” ; and  Smart  remarks,  “ Dis- 
patch was  tile  common  spelling,  but  is  giving  way  to 
tile  other,  as  etymologically  proper.”  Good  usage, 
however,  as  well  as  the  dictionaries,  is  much  divided. 

DE  SPATCH',  n.  [It.  dispaccio  ; Fr . depeche.] 

1.  The  act  of  sending  in  haste  with  a message. 
“After  the  despatch  of  Rodolph.”  State  Trials. 

2.  A communication,  or  message,  on  public 
business,  sent  with  expedition,  and  often  by  a 
special  messenger ; as,  “ A bearer  of  despatches.” 

3.  A message  sent  in  haste ; as,  “ A tele- 
graphic despatch.” 

4.  Hasty  execution  ; performance.  “ The 

despatch  of  a good  office.”  Addison. 

5.  Speed ; expedition.  “ Able  to  carry  his 
scythe  . . . with  a sufficient  despatch.”  Raley. 

6.  f Conduct;  management. 

Put  this  great  business  into  my  despatch.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Haste. 

DIJ-SPATCH'ER,  n.  One  who  despatches. 

DU-SPATCH'FUL,  a.  Disposed  to  make  haste  ; 
intent  on  speed,  [r.]  Milton. 

DIJ-SPECT',  n.  [L.  despectus ; It.  dispetto.\  Con- 
tempt. [r.]  Coleridge. 

f DE-SPEC'TION,  n.  [L.  despectio. ] A looking 
down  upon ; a despising.  W.  Montagu. 

DES-PE-RA'DO  [des-pe-ra'do,  P.  E.  F.  Sm.  R. 
Wb. ; des-pe-ra'do,  Ja. ; des-pe-ra'do  or  des-pe- 
ra'do,  K.],  n. ; pi.  desperadoes.  [Sp.]  One 
who  is  desperate ; one  who  is  reckless  of  dan- 
ger ; one  fearless  of  consequences.  Glanville. 

DES'P£R-ATE,  a.  [L.  desperatvs  ; It.  disperato.\ 

1.  Having  no  hope  ; despairing ; hopeless. 

Yet  gives  not  o’er,  though  desperate  of  success.  Milton. 

2.  Not  admitting  hope ; to  be  despaired  of ; 
hopeless  ; wretched.  “ My  suit  then  is  desperate.” 
Shak.  “ A man  of  desperate  fortunes.”  Pope. 

One  who  goes  on  without  anv  care  or  thought  of  reform- 
ing, such  an  one  we  vulgarly  call  a desperate  person. 

Hammond. 


3.  Without  regard  to  safety  ; careless  of  dan- 
ger ; rash  ; precipitate  ; reckless ; frantic. 

Beware  of  desperate  steps;  the  darkest  day, 

Live  till  to-morrow,  will  have  passed  away.  Cowper > 

4.  Great  in  the  extreme.  “ A desperate  out- 
rage.” Shak.  “ Desperate  sots  and  fools.”  Pope. 

Syn.  — Desperate  signifies  deprived  of  hope  ; hope- 
less, wanting  hope.  Desperate  is  applied  to  both  per- 
sons and  tilings  ; hopeless , commonly  to  tilings.  A 
person  may  make  a desperate  effort  in  a hopeless  under- 
taking. A desperate  man  is  reckless  of  danger;  one 
who  is  hopeless  makes  no  effort. 

f DES'PiJR- ATE,  n.  One  who  is  in  despair;  a 
desperate  man.  Donne. 

DES'PF,R-ATE-LY,  ad.  In  a desperate  manner  ; 
madly;  recklessly;  — greatly;  extremely. 

DES'PER-ATE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  des- 
perate ; hopelessness.  Clarendon. 

DES-PER-A'TION,  n . [L.  desperatio ; It.  dispe- 

razione;  Sp.  desesperacion.] 

1.  State  of  being  desperate  or  wdthout  hope ; 
absence  of  hope  ; hopelessness  ; despair. 

2.  Such  a loss  of  hope  as  makes  one  careless 
of  danger  or  reckless  of  consequences. 

This  desperation  of  success  chills  all  our  industry.  Hammond. 

Syn.  — See  Despair. 

DES-PI-C  A-BIL'I-T  Y,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
despicable  ; despieableness.  [r.]  Ec.  Rev. 

DES'PI-CA-BLE,  a.  [L.  despicabilis .]  That  is  to  be 
despised  ; base  ; mean  ; contemptible  ; pitiful ; 
abject;  vile;  worthless. 

When  men  of  rank  and  figure  pass  away  their  lives  in 
criminal  pursuits  and  practices,  they  render  themselves  more 
vile  and  despicable  than  any  innocent  man  can  be,  whatever 
low  station  his  fortune  and  birth  have  placed  him  in.  Addison. 

Syn.  — See  Abject,  Contemptible. 

DES'PI-CA-BLE- NESS,  n.  Vileness;  worthless- 
ness. “ Despicableness  of  the  matter.”  Doyle. 

DES'PI-CA-BLY,  ad.  In  a despicable  manner. 


f D5-SPI"CI5N-CY  (de-splsh'en-se),  n.  [L.  de- 
spicientia.]  A despising.  Mede. 

DJJ-SPi^'A-BLE,  a.  Despicable,  [it.]  Quarles. 

f Dp-SPI§'AL,  n.  Scorn;  contempt.  “A  de- 
spisal  of  religion.”  South. 


DE-SPI§E'  (de-splz'),  v.  a.  [L.  despicio  ; de,  down, 
and  specio,  to  look.]  [i.  despised  ; pp.  despis- 
ing, despsied.]  To  look  down  upon  with  con- 
tempt ; to  disrespect ; to  disregard  ; to  slight ; 
to  disdain  ; to  scorn;  to  contemn  ; to  spurn. 

The  poor  man’s  wisdom  is  despised,  and  his  words  arc  not 
heard.  Eccles.  ix.  16. 

No  man  thinks  much  of  that  which  he  despises.  Johnson. 

Syn.  — See  Contemn,  Disregard,  n. 

D]J-SPi§'JJD-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  despised. 

He  sent . . . despisedness  to  vanquish  pride.  Milton. 

DJE-SPl^'pR  (de-splz'er),  n.  One  who  despises. 

DJJ-SPl§'ING,  n.  The  act  of  scorning  ; contempt. 
“ An  overmuch  despising  of  the  armies.”  Bacon. 

Dp-srl^'ING-LY,  ad.  Contemptuously.  Clarke. 

Dp-SPITE',  n.  [L.  despectus  ; de,  down,  and  spe- 
cio,  to  look;  It.  dispetto ; Sp .despecho;  Norm. 
Fr.  despite',  Fr.  depit.] 

1.  f Contempt;  scorn;  disdain. 

And  had  despite  that  woman  king  should  be. 

Robert  of  Gloucester. 

2.  Insult;  outrage.  “ He  who  . . . hath  done 
despite  unto  the  spirit  of  grace.”  Heb.  x.  29. 

3.  Bold  opposition  ; defiance.  “ In  despite 

of  the  father’s  justice.”  Roice. 

4.  Malice  ; malignity  ; violent  hatred.  “ Thy 
despite  against  the  land  of  Israel.”  Ezek.xxv.  6. 

f DJ5-SPITE',  v.  a.  To  vex  ; to  offend.  Raleigh. 

DE-SPITE',  prep.  In  spite  of ; notwithstanding. 
“ Despite  Duke  Humphrey.”  Shak.  “ Despite 
his  idiomatic  felicities.”  Qu.  Rev. 

DJJ-SPlTE'FUL,  a.  Malicious  ; full  of  spleen, 
spite,  or  hate  ; malignant. 

Preserve  us  from  the  hands  of  our  despiteful  and  deadly 
enemies.  King  Charles. 

Df.-SPITE'FUL-LY,  ad.  In  a despiteful  manner; 
maliciously ; malignantly. 

Love  your  enemies,  bless  them  that  curse  you,  do  good  to 
them  that  luite  you,  and  pray  for  them  which  desjjitcfulli/  use 
you  and  persecute  you.  Matt . v.  44. 


DB-SPITE'FUL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
despiteful ; malice  ; hate  ; malignity. 

f DES-PlT'JE-OUS,  a.  Malicious  ; furious.  “ Des- 
piteous  torture.”  Shak. 

fDES-PIT'B-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  a furious  manner. 
“ Dcspitcously  dragged  at  horse’s  heels.”  Speed. 

DE-SPOIL',  v.  a.  [L.  despolio  ; de,  from,  used 
intensively,  and  spo/io,  to  strip,  to  rob ; It.  dis- 
pogliare  ; Sp .despojat",  Fr . dlpouiller.]  [i.  de- 
spoiled ; pp.  despoiling,  despoiled.] 

1.  To  strip  ; to  divest ; to  unclothe.  Spenser. 

2.  To  rob ; to  deprive  by  force ; to  pillage ; 
to  plunder.  “ Despoiled  of  my  dignities.”  Chaucer. 

DE-SPOIL'ER,  n.  One  who  despoils.  lluloet. 

DB-SPOIL'MIJNT,  n.  The  act  of  despoiling  ; rob- 
bery; spoliation,  [r.]  Ilobhouse. 

DE-SPO-LI-A'TION,  n.  [L.  despoliatio.]  The 
act  of  despoiling;  spoliation,  [it.]  Bailey. 

DJp-SPOND',  v.  n.  [L.  despondeo  ; de,  priv.,  and 
spondeo,  to  promise.]  [i.  desponded  ; pp.  de- 
sponding, desponded.]  To  be  cast  down  ; to 
lose  hope  or  courage;  to  be  disheartened. 

It  is  every  man’s  duty  to  labor  in  his  calling,  and  not  to 
despond  for  any  miscarriages  or  disappointments  that  were 
not  in  his  own  power  to  prevent.  L' Estrange. 

D£-SPOND'ENCE,  n.  A state  of  despair  ; despond- 
ency. “ To  sink  into  despondence.”  Johnson. 

DE-SPOND'JJN-CY,  n.  Absence  of  hope,  with 
dejection  of  mind  ; state  of  despair  ; abject  dis- 
couragement ; hopelessness  ; despair. 

Religion  is  no  friend  to  laziness  and  stupidity,  or  to  supine 
and  sottish  despondencies  of  mind.  Dp.  Taylor. 

Syn.  — See  Despair. 

Df.-SPOND'JJNT,  a.  Dispirited  ; disheartened  ; 
dejected.  “ A despondent  sinner.”  Bates. 

DE-SPOND'fiNT-LY,  ad.  In  a desponding  man- 
ner; gloomily;  dejectedly.  Barrow. 

DB-SPOND'ijR,  n.  One  who  desponds.  “ I am 
no  desponder.”  Swift. 

DE-SPOND'ING,  p.  a.  Given  up  to  despondency  ; 
despairing. 

Desponding  Peter  sinking  in  the  waves.  Dryden. 

DE-SPOND'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a hopeless  manner. 

f Df-SPON'SATE,  v.  a.  [L.  desponso,  desponsa- 
tus.]  To  betroth;  to  affiance.  Cockeram. 

fDES-PON-SA'TION,  n.  [L.  desponsatio.]  The 
act  of  betrothing.  Bp.  Taylor. 

DES'POT,  n.  [Gr.  Seairdry; ; It.  dispoto  ; Sp.  de- 
spot.a  ; Fr.  despote.]  One  who  governs  with  un- 
limited and  irresponsible  power ; an  absolute 
sovereign  : — a tyrant. 

Syn.  — See  Tyrant. 

D]JS-P<jT  IC,  J a [Gr.  SemtoTtKis  ; It.  <Sj  Sp. 

D£S-POT'!-CAL,  ) despotico-,  Fr. despotiquei]  Ab- 
solute in  power  ; arbitrary  ; tyrannical. 

There  is  something  among  men  more  capable  of  shaking 
despotic  power  than  lightning,  whirlwind,  or  earthquake; 
that  is,  the  threatened  indignation  of  the  whole  civilized 
world.  Daniel  Webster. 

Syn.  — See  Absolute,  Magisterial. 

DBS-rOT'l-C AL-LY,  ad.  In  a despotic  or  arbi- 
trary manner. 

D£S-P6t'I-CAL-NESS,  n.  Disposition  to  exer- 
cise arbitrary  power.  Johnson. 

DES'POT-I§M,  n.  [It.  4 Sp.  despotismo  ; Fr. 
despotisme.] 

1.  The  power  of  a despot ; absolute  potver. 

2.  A form  of  government  in  which  the  mon- 
arch rules  by  his  sole  and  sovereign  authority, 
unchecked  by  constitution  or  laws  ; the  rule  of 
a despot ; absolutism  ; autocracy  ; tyranny. 

Whenever  men  have  become  heartily  wearied  of  licentious 
anarchy,  their  eagerness  has  been  proportionably  great  to 
embrace  the  opposite  extreme  of  rigorous  despotism,  nhatety. 

Syn.  — See  Tyranny. 

DE-SPU'MATE  [de-spu'mat,  S.  P.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  ; 
des'pu-mat,  Wb.  Davies],  v.  n.  [L.  despumo, 
despumatus  ; de,  off,  and  spumo,  to  foam;  It. 
spumare  ; Sp.  despumar  ; Fr.  despumer.] 

1.  To  throw  off  parts  in  foam  or  scum  ; to 

froth  ; to  work.  Johnson. 

2.  To  throw  off  impurities. 

That  discharge  will  help  the  constitution  to  despumate  and 
purify,  and  so  to  get  into  good  health.  Cheyne. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  9,  9,  g,  soft;  E,  G,  £,  |,  hard;  § as  z;  ? as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


DESPUMATE 


392 


DETAILER 


DE-SPU'mATE,  v.  a.  To  work  off,  or  separate,  as 
impurities.  “ Despumcited  upon  the  emunctory 
glands.”  Cheyne. 

DES-PU-MA'TION,  re.  [L.  despumatio.]  The  sep- 
aration of  impurities  in  the  form  of  froth  or 
scum  at  the  surface  of  any  liquid.  Dunglison. 

t DE-SPUME',  v.  a.  [See  Despumate. ] To  de- 
spumate. “ If  honey  be  despumed."  Holland. 

DJJS-CIUA'MATE,  v.  a.  & re.  To  scale  off.  Smart. 

DES-aUA-MA'TION,  re.  [L.  desquamatio  ; de, 
from,  and  squama,  a scale  ; Fr.  desquamation .] 
(Med.)  The  separation  of  layers  or  scales  from 
the  skin  or  bones  ; exfoliation.  Brande. 

DpS-aUAM'  A-TO-RY,  n.  An  instrument  by  which 
desquamation  is  performed.  L’ Estrange. 

f DESS,  n.  [A.  S.  disc. — See  Desk.]  A table 
on  a raised  floor  : — a desk.  Spenser. 

DE§-§ERT'  (dez-zert'),  re.  [Fr.  dessert,  desservir, 
to  clear  away.]  A service  of  fruits,  comfits, 
sweetmeats,  &c.,  after  the  substantial  parts  of 
a dinner  or  meal.  Dryden. 

DJJS-TEM'P^R,  n.  A peculiar  sort  of  painting. 
— See  Distemper.  Fairholt. 

f DES'TI-NA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  destined  or 
determined.  Chaucer. 

+ DES'TI-NAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  destiny.  Boi'cius. 

f DES'TJ-N.Ate,  v.  a.  [L.  destino,  destinatus  ; It. 
dcstinare.]  To  destine  ; to  appoint.  Fotherby. 

t DES'TI-NATE,  a.  Fixed;  determined;  de- 
signed. Bp.  Morton. 

DES-TI-NA'TION,  n.  [L.  destinatio  ; It.  destina- 
zione  ; Sp.  destinacion  ; Fr.  destination .] 

1.  The  act  of  destining  or  devoting.  “ Des- 
tination ...  to  several  ends  and  uses.”  Hale. 

2.  Purpose  for  which  any  thing  is  appointed ; 
ultimate  design  : — appointment.  “ Which  des- 
tination not  coming  to  be  accomplished.”  Boyle. 

3.  The  place  intended  to  be  reached  ; as, 

“ His  destination  is  Paris.” 

DES'TINE  (des'tin),  v.  a.  [L.  destino,  to  make 
fast ; It.  clestinare ; Sp.  destinar  ; Fr.  destiner.\ 
[i.  DESTINED  ; pp.  DESTINING,  DESTINED.] 

1.  To  appoint ; to  devote  ; to  ordain.  “ Des- 
tined to  that  good  hour.”  Milton. 

2.  To  appoint  by  a judicial  sentence  ; to  doom. 

We  [Satan  and  the  fallen  angels]  are  decreed, 

Reserved,  and  destined  to  eternal  woe.  Milton. 

3.  To  fix  unalterably ; to  allot. 

The  infernal  judge’s  dreadful  power. 

From  the  dark  urn  sllall  throw  thy  destined  nour.  Prior. 

Syn.  — See  Allot. 

DES'TIN-IST,  n.  A believer  in  destiny  ; fatalist. 
[r.]  ' Phren.  Jour. 

DES'TI-NY,  re.  [It.  St  Sp.  destino  ; Fr.  destined] 

1.  A state  or  condition  appointed  and  deter- 
mined ; doom  ; lot ; fortune  ; destination. 

Thither  he 

Will  come  to  know  his  destiny.  Shak. 

2.  Invincible  or  inevitable  necessity  depend- 
ing on  a superior  cause  ; fate. 

But  who  can  turn  the  stream  of  destiny?  Spenser. 

The  Destinies,  (Myth.)  the  three  Pares?  or  Fates. 

Syn.  — Destiny  and  fate  are  pagan  terms,  corre- 
sponding nearly  to  necessity  and  providence.  The  des- 
tiny of  man ; fate  of  mortals  ; human  lot ; final  doom ; 
absolute  necessity ; overruling  providence. 

DES'TI-TUTE,  a.  [L.  destitutus  ; It.  destituto.] 

1.  Being  in  want;  not  possessing;  devoid; 
wanting.  “ Regions  destitute  of  day.”  Dryden. 

“ Destitute  of  strength.”  Addison. 

2.  Abject ; friendless  ; needy  ; indigent. 

He  will  regard  the  prayer  of  the  destitute.  Ps.  cii.  17. 

DES'TI-TUTE,  n.  One  who  is  destitute.  “ Have 
pity  on  this  poor  destitute.”  [r.]  P.  St.  John. 

+ DES'TI-TUTE,  v.  a.  To  forsake  ; to  leave. 

“ To  . . . destitute  a plantation.”  Bacon. 

DES'TI-TUTE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  des- 
titute ; destitution.  Ash. 

DES-TI-TU'TION,  n.  [L.  destitutio  ; de,  from,  and 
statuo,  to  set ; Sp.  destitucion  ; Fr.  destitution.'] 

1.  The  state  of  being  destitute  ; utter  want ; 
indigence.  “ Left  in  so  great  destitution.” Hooker. 

2.  Deprivation,  [r.]  Sterne. 

DE-STROY',  v.  a.  [L.  destruo  ; de,  priv.,  and 

A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6, 


struo,  to  build;  It.  distruggere ; Sp.  destruir; 
Fr.  detruire.]  [i.  destroyed  ; pp.  destroy- 
ing, DESTROYED.] 

1.  To  demolish ; to  overturn ; to  raze ; to 
ruin ; to  overthrow ; to  pull  down  ; to  subvert. 
“ The  Lord  will  destroy  this  city.”  Gen.  xix.  14. 

Time  . . . changeth  aU, . . . 

And  all  things  destroyeth  he.  Chaucer. 

2.  To  kill;  to  extirpate.  “Some  sorts  of 

flies  destroy  spiders.”  Hale. 

3.  To  lay  waste  ;■  to  make  desolate. 

Go  up  against  this  land,  and  destroy  it.  2 Kings  xviii.  25. 

4.  To  put  an  end  to ; to  bring  to  nought  ; to 

annihilate.  Locke. 

Syn.  — See  Demolish. 

DE-STROY' A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  destroyed, 
ruined,  or  killed.  “ Plants  . . . destroyable  by 
the  weather.”  [k.]  Derham. 

DE  STROY'ER,  n.  One  who  destroys.  Cowper. 

DE-STROY'ING,  p.  a.  Laying  waste  ; killing  ; ex- 
terminating ; annihilating. 

j-  DE-STRUCT',  v,a.  [L . destruo,  destructus.]  To 
destroy.  “Creatures  . . . wholly  destructed.” Mede. 

DE-STRUCT-I-BlL'I-TY,  n.  [Fr.  destructibilite.] 
The  quality  of  being  destructible.  Johnson. 

DE-STRUCT'I-BLE,  a.  [L.  destructibilis  ; Sp.  de- 
sti-uible.]  That  may  be  destroyed  ; perishable. 

DE-STRUCT'I-BLE-NESS,  re.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing destructible  ; destructibility.  Dr.  Allen. 

DE-STRUC'TION,  n.  [L  .destruction  It . distruzi- 
one;  Sp . destruccion  ; Fr.  destruction.] 

1.  Act  of  destroying  ; subversion  ; demoli- 
tion ; overthrow  ; as,  “ The  destruction  of  a 
town.” 

2.  Death ; slaughter  ; massacre.  “ The  de- 
struction of  my  kindred.”  Ex.  viii.  6. 

3.  The  state  of  being  destroyed  ; ruin.  “ So 

near  destruction  brought.”  Waller. 

4.  Cause  of  destruction.  “ The  destruction 

that  wasteth  at  noonday.”  Ps.  xci.  6. 

5.  ( Theol .)  Eternal  death  ; annihilation.  Buck. 

Syn.  — See  Ruin. 

DE-STRUC'TION- 1ST,  n.  1.  One  who  favors  de- 
struction ; a destructive,  [r.]  Qu.  Rev. 

2.  (Theol.)  One  who  believes  that  the  final 
punishment  of  the  wicked  consists  in  a total  ex- 
tinction of  being,  or  annihilation.  Buck. 

DE-STRUC'TIVE,  a.  [L.  destructivus  ; It.  distrut- 
tivo  ; Sp.  destructive  ; Fr.  destructif.]  That  de- 
stroys ; ruinous  ; wasting  ; mischievous  ; perni- 
cious : deadly  ; — with  of  or  to,  when  followed  by 
the  object.  “Destructive  fires.”  Dryden.  “ De- 
structive of  all  politeness.”  Addison.  “ De- 
structive to  the  strength.”  Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Deadly,  Final. 

DE-STRUC'TIVE,  re.  A destroyer;  a radical  re- 
former; dcstructionist ; — a term  of  reproach 
from  political  opponents.  Qu.  Rev. 

DE-STRUC'TI  VE-LY,  ad.  In  a destructive  manner. 

DE-STRUC'TI  VE-NESS,  n.  1.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing destructive. 

Consider  . . . the  excessive,  unavoidable  destructiveness  of 
these  monstrous  ways  to  the  speedy  peace  and  settlement  of 
our  church  and  state.  Prynne. 

2.  (Phren.)  A propensity  to  destroy,  kill,  or 

murder.  Combe. 

t DE-STRtJCT'OR,  re.  A destroyer.  Boyle. 

DES-U-DA'TION,  re.  [L.  desudatio  ; de,  used  inten- 
sively, and  sudo,  to  sweat.]  (Med.)  A profuse 
and  inordinate  sweating  ; — a term  most  com- 
monly applied  to  an  eruption  of  small  pimples, 
like  millet-seed,  appearing  chiefly  on  children, 
and  owing  to  a want  of  cleanliness.  Dunglison. 

DES'UE-TUDE  (des'we-tud)  [des'we-tud,  W.  J.  F. 
Ja.  K.  Sm.  R.  C.  Wb. ; d£'swe-tud,  S. ; de-su'e- 
tud,  E.  Ash],  re.  [L.  desuetwlo  ; desuesco,  to 
disuse ; de,  priv.,  and  suesco,  to  become  accus- 
tomed ; It.  dissuetudine ; Fr.  desuetude.]  Ces- 
sation of  use,  practice,  or  custom ; discontinu- 
ance ; disuse. 

This  is  the  only  instance  in  which  wise  laws  have  suffered 
a sort  of  tacit  repeal  by  a general  consent  in  the  neglect  of 
them,  and  have  passed  into  desuetude.  Horsley. 

D E-SUL' PHIJ-RATE,  v.  a.  [i.  desulphurated  ; 
pp.  DESULPHU RATING,  DESULPHURATED.]  To 
deprive  of  sulphur.  Smart. 


i,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  E>  l>  9,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE, 


DE-SUL'PHU-RA-TION,  re.  (Chem.)  The  act,  or 
the  operation,  of  depriving  of  sulphur.  Maunder. 

||  DES'UL-TO-RJ-LY,  ad.  In  a desultory  manner. 

||  DES'UL-TO-RJ-NESS,  re.  The  quality  of  being 
desultory.  Boyle. 

||  f DES-UL-TO'RI-OUS,  a.  Desultory ; immetliod- 
ical.  “ Desultorious  and  light.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

II  DES'UL-TO-RY  [des'ul-tur-e,  S.  W.  P.  J.  F.  Ja. 
K.  Sm.  R.  C.  Wb.  ; de-sul'iur-e,  Ash,  Entick ], 
a.  [L.  desultorius  ; de,  from,  and  salio,  to  leap  ; 
desilio,  desultus,  to  leap.] 

1.  By  starts  and  leaps  ; irregular.  “ Desul- 
tory pace.”  Warton. 

2.  Roving  from  one  thing  to  another  ; un- 
connected ; unsettled ; immethodical. 

Tjiis  makes  my  reading  wild  and  desultory;  and  I seek 
refuge  from  the  uneasiness  of  thought  from  any  book  . . . 
that  can  engage  my  attention.  iVarburton. 

“ Desultory  means,  properly,  leaping,  as  a rider 
in  the  circus  does,  from  the  hack  of  one  running  horse 
to  another,  this  rider  being  technically  called  a de- 
suitor-, and  the  word  being  transferred  from  him  to 
those  who  suddenly  and  abruptly  change  their  courses 
of  study.”  Trench. 

+ DE-SUME',  V.  a.  [L.  desumo ; de,  from,  and  su- 
tno,  to  choose.]  To  take  from  or  away ; to  bor- 
row. ‘ Hale. 

DE-SY-NON'Y-MIZE,  V.  a.  To  show  not  to  be 
synonymous;  to  cause  to  be  different  in  mean- 
ing. Trench.  Coleridge. 

DE-TACH',  v.  a.  [It.  distaccare-,  Sp . destacar ; 
Fr.  detacher .]  [t.  detached  ; pp.  detaching, 

DETACHED.] 

1.  To  sever  ; to  disjoin  ; to  separate  ; to  dis- 
engage ; to  part  from. 

They  are  instruments  in  the  hands  of  our  Maker  ...  to 
detach  us  from  the  present  scene,  to  fix  our  affections  on 
thiugs  above.  Porteus. 

2.  (Mil.  & Naval.)  To  send  away,  as  a part 

of  a military  force,  or  of  a fleet,  for  a particular 
service.  “ A detached  body  of  the  French  ly- 
ing in  their  way.”  Burnet. 

Syn. — See  Separate. 

DE-TACHED'  (de-tacht'),  p.  a.  1.  Separated  ; 
disengaged  ; parted  from. 

2.  (Mil.  & Naval.)  Sent  on  a particular  ser- 
vice ; as,  “A  detached  body  of  troops.” 

3.  (Paint.)  Applied  to  all  objects  in  a picture 

which  appear  to  stand  out  from  those  by  which 
they  are  surrounded.  Brande. 

DE-TAcH'MENT,  re.  [Fr.  detachement .] 

1.  The  act  of  detaching  or  separating. 

2.  The  thing  or  part  detached.  Blackmore. 

3.  A body  of  troops  sent  out  from  the  main 
army,  or  a number  of  ships  selected  from  a fleet 
for  a particular  service. 

’Tis  not  for  our  own  strength,  brother  Shandy;  a sentinel 
in  a wooden  sentry-box  might  as  well  pretend  to  stand  it  out 
against  a detachment  of  fifty  men.  We  are  upheld  by  the 
grace  aud  the  assistance  of  the  best  of  beings.  Sterne. 

DE-TAlL'  (de-tal '),  v.  a.  [Fr.  detailler ; de,  off, 
and  tailler,  to  cut.]  \i.  detailed;  pp.  de- 
tailing, detailed.] 

1.  To  relate  particularly;  to  particularize; 
to  display  minutely,  or  part  by  part ; to  enu- 
merate ; to  relate  ; to  recount. 

His  [Evelyn’s]  life  may  be  found  detailed  in  the  new  edi- 
tion  of  his  Sculptura.  Walpole. 

2.  (Mil.)  To  detach,  as  troops  for  a particu- 
lar service.  Clarke. 

DE-TAlL',  or  DE'TAIL  (115)  [de-tal',  S.  W.  P.  J. 
E.  F.  Ja.  K.  R.  Wb. ; de'tal,  Sm.  CL],  re.  [Fr.] 

1.  A minute  account  or  relation  ; an  account 
by  particulars;  narration;  recital;  narrative. 

At  last,  as  if  suddenly  recollecting  himself,  he  [Job]  re- 
sumes the  detail  of  his  own  misery.  Lou  th. 

2.  pi.  The  minor  parts  of  a composition  es- 
sential to  its  truth  or  finish.  Fairholt. 

3.  (Mil.)  A body  of  troops  detached  for  a 

particular  service  ; a detachment.  Clarke. 

f&fi-  Smart  and  Clarke  appear  to  be  the  only  Eng- 
lish orthoepists  who  place  the  word  detail  in  that 
class  of  words  of  two  syllables  which,  when  nouns, 
have  the  accent  on  the  first  syllable,  and  when  verbs, 
on  the  second.  It  is  common  in  the  United  States  to 
pronounce  it,  when  a noun,  de  tail. 

DE-TAILED',  p.  a.  Minutely  related  or  recited; 
particular  ; as,  “ A detailed  account.” 

DE-TAlL'ER  (de-tal'er),  re.  One  who  details. 


FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


DETAIN 


393 


DETESTATION 


DE-TAIN'  (de-tan'),  v.  a.  [ L.  detineo ; de,  priv., 
and  teneo,  to  hold  ; It.  detmere ; Sp.  detener  ; Fr. 
detenir .]  [£.  detained  ; pp.  detaining,  de- 

tained.] 

1.  To  withhold  ; to  keep  back. 

Detain  not  the  wages  of  the  hireling.  Bp.  Taylor. 

2.  To  hold  in  custody ; to  confine.  “ De- 
tained in  prison  for  his  offence.”  Hall. 

3.  To  restrain  from  departure  ; to  retain. 

For  pity  now  she  can  no  more  detain  him.  Shak. 

Syn. — See  Hold. 

DE-TA  IN'DER,  n.  (Laic.)  A writ  for  holding  one 
in  custody.  — See  Detinue.  Johnson. 

DJJ-TA1N']JR,  n.  1.  One  who  detains  or  with- 
holds. “ The  detainers  of  tithes.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

2.  f Detention.  “Angry  at  his  longer  de- 
tainer." Bp.  Sma/ridge. 

3.  (Law.)  The  act  of  unlawfully  keeping 

another  out  of  possession  of  lands  or  tene- 
ments. Burritl. 

DE-TA  IN' M ENT,  n.  The  act  of  detaining;  de- 
tention. “ Detainment  in  prison.”  Blackstone. 

DF.-TECT',  v.  a.  [L.  detego,  detectus ; de,  priv., 
and  i lego,  to  cover.]  [i.  detected  ; pp.  detect- 
ing, detected.] 

1.  To  lay  bare,  as  that  whjph  was  meant  to 
be  concealed  ; to  discover  ; to  find  out,  as  a 
crime  or  artifice  ; to  convict. 

Their  weakly  frauds  his  keen  replies  detect.  Dryden. 

2.  f To  accuse  ; to  complain  of. 

lie  was  untruly  judged  to  have  preached  such  articles  as 
he  was  detected  of.  Sir  T.  More. 

Syn.  — To  detect  is  to  lay  bare  what  was  meant  to 
be  concealed  ; to  discover  is  to  find  out,  or  to  lay  bare, 
what  was  covered  ; to  uncover  is  to  take  otf  the  cover. 
To  detect  a criminal  is  to  find  out  or  discover  his 
crime  ; to  conoid  him  is  to  prove  him  guilty. 

DE-TECT'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  detected  or 
found  out ; discoverable.  Gent.  Mag. 

DE-TECT'ER,  n.  One  who  detects.  Shak. 

DE-TEC'TION,  n.  [L.  detectio .] 

1.  The  act  of  detecting  ; discovery,  as  of  guilt, 

fraud,  or  of  any  thing  hidden.  “ The  detection 
of  this  day’s  black  conspiracy.”  Barrow. 

Not  only  the  sea,  but  rivers  and  rains  also,  are  instru- 
mental to  the  detection  of  amber  and  other  fossils.  Woodward. 

2.  The  state  of  being  detected ; conviction. 

DE-TEC 'T I VE,  a.  That  detects  or  discovers  ; 
that  finds  out  any  thing  concealed.  Dickens. 

DE-TEC'TIVE,  n.  One  who  detects  ; a policeman 
employed  to  detect  offenders. 

For  fifteen  years  there  was  no  establishment  of  detectives 
connected  with  the  police.  Qu.  Rev. 

The  detective  stands  in  a very  different  position  from  the 
ordinary  policeman.  Qu.  Rev. 

DE-TECT'OR,  n.  [L  ] Detecter.  Raleigh. 

f DE-TEN'E-BRATE,  v.  a.  [L.  de,  priv.,  and  ten- 
ebree,  darkness.]  To  dispel  darkness.  Ash. 

DE-TENT',  n.  [L.  detentus ; Fr.  d°tentc.\  A 
stop  which  locks  and  unlocks  the  machinery  of 
a clock  in  striking.  Brande. 

DE-TEN'TION,  n.  [L.  detentio  ; It.  detenzione  ; 
Sp.  detencion  ; Fr.  detention.) 

1.  The  act  of  detaining  or  withholding.  “ The 

detention  of  debts  long  since  due.”  Shak. 

2.  Restraint ; confinement ; imprisonment. 

Nothing  could  assure  the  quiet  of  both  realms  . . . but  their 
detention  in  safe  custody.  Spotswood. 

3.  Enforced  delay  ; state  of  being  detained. 

Minding  to  proceed  farther  south,  without  long  deten tion 
in  those  parts,  he  dismissed  them.  Hackluyt. 

DE-TER',  i>.  a.  [L.  deterreo  ; de,  off,  and  terreo, 
to  frighten.]  [i.  deterred  ; pp.  deterring, 
deterred.]  To  discourage  by  terror,  difficulty, 
or  danger;  to  cause  to  desist  ; to  hinder. 

But  thee  or  fear  deters , or  sloth  detains.  Pope. 

There  is  no  reason  why  any  man  should  be  deterred  from 
a holy  and  virtuous  life  for  fear  of  the  labor  and  pains  of  it. 

Tittotson. 

Syn.  — One  is  deterred  from  commencing  an  under- 
taking by  fear,  danger,  or  difficulty  ; prevented  or 
hindered,  by  obstacles  ; discouraged  or  disheartened  in 
•prosecuting  it,  by  want  of  a prospect  of  success. 

DE-TER^E',  v.  a.  [L.  detergeo  ; de,  off,  and  ter- 
geo,  to  wipe;  It.  deter g ere-,  Fr.  deter ger .]  ft. 
deterged  ; pp.  deterging,  deterged.]  To 
wipe  off;  to  cleanse,  as  a sore.  Wiseman. 


DE-TER'9ENT.  a-  [It-  # Sp.  detergente  ; Fr.  de- 
tergent.) Having  the  power  of  cleansing ; de- 
tersive. 

The  food  ought  to  be  nourishing  and  detergent.  Arbuthnot. 

DE-TiiR'9ENT,  n.  That  which  cleanses.  “ Tar- 
water,  as  a detergent."  Bp.  Berkeley. 

DE-TE'RI-O-RATE,  v.  a.  [L.  deterioro,  deteriorp,- 
tus ; deterior,  worse  ; It.  deteriorare ; Sp.  dete- 
riorar  ; Fr.  deteriorer.)  [i.  deteriorated  ; pp. 
deteriorating,  deteriorated.]  To  impair; 
to  make  worse. 

We  have  our  Latin-English  counterparts  “to  ameliorate” 
and  “ to  deteriorate and  tin*  language  ought  not  to  be  im- 
poverished by  the  loss  of  the  Saxon-English  counterparts 
“ to  better”  and  “ to  worsen.”  Reed. 

DE-TE'RI-O-RATE,  v.  n.  To  grow  worse  ; to 
degenerate;  as,  “ Soil  deteriorates."  Smart. 

DE-TE-RI-O-RA'TION,  n.  [It.  deteriorazione ; Sp. 
deterioracion  ; Fr.  deterioration.)  The  act  of 
making,  or  of  growing,  worse  ; degeneracy.  “A 
regular  progress  of  deterioration.  Guthrie. 

DE-TE-RI-OR'!-TY,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state 
of  being  worse  ; degeneracy.  Craig. 

DE-TER'MENT,  n.  1.  The  act  of  deterring. 

2.  Hinderance ; cause  of  discouragement. 

These  are  not  all  the  determents  that  opposed  my  obej'ing 
you.  Boyle. 

DE-TER-MI-NA-BlL'l-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing determinable.  Coleridge. 

DE-TER'MI-NA-BLE,  a.  [L.  determinabilis ; It. 
determinabile  ; Sp.  determinable.)  That  may 
be  determined  ; conclusive  : — definite. 

The  point  now  before  us  is  not  wholly  determinable  from 
the  bare  grammatical  use  of  the  words.  South. 

DE-TER'MI-NA-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
determinable,  [r.]  Scott. 

DE-TER'MI-NANT,  a.  Causing  determination  ; 
that  determines.  Coleridge. 

DE-TER'MI-NANT,  n.  That  which  determines, 
or  causes  determination.  Ec.  Rev. 

f DE-TER'MI-NATE,  v.  a.  [L.  determino,  deter- 
minatus.)  To  determine.  Shak. 

DE-TER'MI-NATE,  a.  1.  Definite  ; fixed.  “ A 
determinate  number  of  feet.”  Dryden. 

2.  Established  ; settled  ; positive  ; definite ; 
explicit ; express  ; determined. 

By  the  determinate  counsel  of  God.  Acts  ii.  23. 

3.  Decisive;  conclusive;  resolute;  fixed. 

I’ the  progress  of  this  business, 

Ere  a determinate  resolution,  he  — 

I mean  the  bishop  — did  require  a respite.  Shak. 

4.  (Math.)  Admitting  one  solution,  or  of  a 

limited  number  of  solutions  ; as,  “ A determi- 
nate problem.”  Davies. 

DJJ-TER'MI-NATE-Ly,  ad.  Ina  determinate  man- 
ner ; resolutely ; unchangeably. 

DE-TER'MJ-NATE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
determinate.  Perry. 

DE-TER-MI-NA'TION,  n.  [L.  determinatio  ; It. 
determinazione  ; Sp.  deter minacion;  Fr.  deter- 
mination.) 

1.  The  act  of  determining  or  deciding ; de- 

cision ; award.  “The  speedy  determination  of 
civil  and  criminal  causes.”  Swift. 

2.  The  result  of  deliberation  ; resolution. 

They  have  acquainted  me  with  their  determination.  Shak. 

3.  Absolute  direction  to  a certain  end. 

When  we  voluntarily  waste  much  of  our  lives,  that  remiss- 
ness can  by  no  means  consist  with  a constant  determination 
of  will  or  desire  to  the  greatest  apparent  good.  Locke. 

4.  (Law.)  A ceasing,  termination,  or  coming 

to  an  end  ; — distinguished  from  expiration , as 
depending  upon  contingency.  “ Any  sudden 
determination  of  his  estate.”  Blackstone. 

5.  (Physics.)  The  tendency  of  a body  in  any 

particular  direction.  Maunder. 

Determination  of  blood,  (Med.)  an  excessive  flow  of 
the  blood  to  some  part.  Hobltjn. 

Syn.  — See  Decision. 

DE-TER'MI-NA-TIvE,  a.  [It.  &j  Sp.  determina- 
tivo ; Fr.  determinatif.) 

1.  That  determines  or  makes  a limitation. 

If  the  term  added  to  make  up  the  complex  subject  does 
not  necessarily  or  constantly  belong  to  it.  then  it  is  determina- 
tive, and  limits  the  subject  to  a particular  part  of  its  exten- 
sion; as.  “Every  pious  man  is  happy.”  Watts. 

2.  Directing  to  a certain  end.  “ The  . . . de- 
terminative power  of  a just  cause.”  Bramhall. 


DE-TER'MI-NA-TOR,  n.  [L.]  One  who  deter- 
mines ; determiner,  [r,]  Browne. 

Dp-TER'MINE  (de-ter'm jn),  v.  a.  [L.  determino  ; 
de,  otf,  and  termino,  to  bound  ; It.  determinare ; 
Sp.  deter minar ; Fr.  determiner.)  [i.  deter- 
mined ; pp.  determining,  determined.] 

1.  To  bound  ; to  limit.  “That  hill  which  de- 
termines their  view  at  a distance.”  Atterbury. 

2.  To  fix  permanently  ; to  settle  ; to  adjust  ; 
to  conclude  ; to  decide. 

Milton’s  subject  . . . does  not  determine  the  fute  of  single 
persons  or  nations,  but  of  a whole  species.  Addison. 

3.  To  resolve  on  ; to  purpose  ; to  design.  “ De- 
termined, not  concluded.”  Shak. 

Evil  is  determined  against  our  master.  1 Sam.  xxv.  17. 

4.  To  influence  ; to  give  a direction  to. 

The  will  is  said  to  be  determined  when,  in  consequence  of 
some  action  or  influence,  its  choice  is  directed  to,  and  fixed 
upon,  a particular  object.  Edwards. 

5.  (Law.)  To  cause  to  cease  or  terminate; 
to  bring  to  an  end. 

Where  a tenant  holds  his  estate  at  the  will  of  his  lessor,  the 
latter  may  determine  his  will,  and  put  him  out  whenever  he 
pleases.  Burrill. 

6.  fTo  deprive  of  life;  to  destroy. 

Till  sickness  hath  determined  me.  Shak. 

DE-TER' MINE,  v.  n.  1.  To  conclude  ; to  decide. 
“ The  learned  shall  determine.”  Locke. 

2.  fTo  end;  to  terminate;  to  cease. 

The  danger  determined  by  their  deaths.  Hayward. 

DE-TER'MINED  (de-ter'mjnd),  p.  a.  Decided  ; 

resolute  ; firmly  resolved  ; fixed  ; firm  ; inflexi- 
ble ; as,  “ A determined  enemy.” 

DE-TER'MIN-JpD-LY,  ad.  In  a determined  man- 
ner. , Qu.  Rev. 

DJJ-TER'MIN-ER,  n.  One  who  determines. 

DJE-TER'MIN-I§M,  n.  (Met.)  The  doctrine  that 
motives  invincibly  determine  the  will. 

This  name  is  applied,  by  Sir  W.  Hamilton,  to  the  doctrine 
of  Hobbes,  as  contradistinguished  from  the  ancient  doctrine 
of  fatalism.  * Fleming. 

DE-TJJR-UA'TION,  n.  [L.  de,  out  of,  and  terra, 
the  earth  ; Fr.  deterrer,  to  unearth.]  The  act 
of  digging  any  thing  from  the  earth  ; the  act  of 
unburying  or  disinterring.  Woodward. 

DE-TER'RENCE,  n.  That  which  deters;  hinder- 
ance. [r.]  Ec.  Rev. 

DE-TER'RJJNT,  n.  That  which  deters  or  hinders  ; 
a preventive.  Ec.  Rev. 

DE-TER'SION,  n.  [L.  deter  go,  detersus ; Sp.  § Fr. 
detersion.)  The  act  of  cleansing  a sore. 

I furthered  the  detersion  of  the  ulcer  by  rubbing  it  with 
vitriol  stone.  Wiseman. 

DE-TER'SIVE,  a.  [It.  detersivo ; Fr.  detersif.) 
Having  power  to  cleanse  ; detergent.  “ A 
strong  lye,  very  detersive.”  Holland. 

DE-TER'SIVE,  n.  (Med.)  An  application  that 
cleanses  wounds  or  sores.  “ Ulcers  dressed 
with  detersives Wiseman. 

DE-TER'SIVE-LY,  ad.  In  a detersive  manner. 

DE-TER'SIVE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  de- 
tersive, or  of  having  power  to  cleanse.  Ash. 

DE-TEST',  v.  a.  [L.  detestor ; de,  concerning,  and 
testor,  to  be  a witness  ; It.  detestare  ; Sp.  detes- 
tar  ; Fr.  detester.)  [ i . detested  ; pp.  detest- 
ing, detested.]  To  dislike  exceedingly ; to 
hate  ; to  abhor  ; to  loathe  ; to  abominate. 

For  as  the  gates  of  Hades  I detest 

The  sordid  wretch  whom  want  can  tempt  to  lie.  Coivper. 

Syn.  — See  Abhor. 

DE-TEST' A-BLE,  a.  [It.  detestabile  ; Sp.  detes- 
table ; Fr.  detestable.)  That  may  be  detested ; 
hateful ; execrable  ; very  odious  ; abominable. 

By  reason  of  his  cruelty  he  became  detestable.  Udal. 

Syn.  — See  Abominable. 

DE-TEST'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
detestable.  Clarke. 

DE-TEST'A-BLY,  ad.  Hatefully  ; abominably. 

f DE-TEST'ATE,  v.  a.  To  detest.  State  Trials,  1649. 

DET-ES-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  detestatio;  It.  detesfa- 
zione\  Sp.  drtestacion ; Fr.  detestation.)  The 
act  of  detesting ; strong  dislike  ; hatred  ; ab- 
horrence ; abomination. 

Love  of  God  will  inspire  us  with  a detestation  for  sin.  ns 
what  is  of  all  things  most  contrury  to  his  divine  nature.  Swi/t. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RtJLE.  — <J,  £,  9,  g,  soft ; J0,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  ^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 

50 


DETESTED 


394 


DEVELOP 


DU-TEST'fD,  p.  a.  Hated  ; abominated  ; ab- 
horred. “ Ithaca’s  detested  shore.”  Dry  den. 

Dp-TEST'ER,  n.  One  who  detests.  Hopkins. 

Dp-THRONE',  v.  a.  [L.  de,  from,  and  thronus, 
a throne;  Fr.  ditrCmet\ — See  Throne.]  \i. 

DETHRONED  ; pp.  DETHRONING,  DETHRONED.] 
To  divest  of  regality  or  sovereign  power ; to 
depose  from  the  throne.  “ The  question  of  de- 
throning . . . kings.”  Burke. 

Dp-TH RONE'MpNT,  n.  The  act  of  dethroning. 
“ The  dethronement  of  Philip.”  Bolinghroke. 

Dp-THRON'pR,  n.  One  who  dethrones.  Arnway. 

f DJJ-THRO-NI-ZA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  dethron- 
ing ; dethronement.  Hall. 

t DE-TIIRO'NlZE,  v.  a.  To  dethrone.  Cotgrave. 

DET'I-NET,  n.  [L .,  he  detains.]  (Law.)  A term 
anciently  used  in  declaring  in  certain  actions 
of  debt,  as  against  executors  and  administrators, 
&c. : — a term  applied  to  the  action  of  replevin 
where  it  is  founded  on  the  wrongful  detention 
of  a thing.  Burrill. 

DET'I-NUE,  or  Dp-TIN'UE  [det'e-nu,  K.  Sm.  Wb. 
Brande,  Crabb  ; de-tln'u,  S.  IF.  Ja.],  n.  [Fr. 
detenue.]  (Law.)  A species  of  personal  action 
which  lies  to  recover  the  specific  possession  of 
a personal  chattel  wrongfully  detained  from  an- 
other, where  the  original  taking  was  lawful,  (as 
where  the  possession  was  acquired  by  delivery, 
finding,  &c.,)  or  its  value,  and  damages  for  its 
detention.  Burrill. 

DET'O-NATE,  v.  n.  [L.  detono,  detonatus  ; de, 
down,  and  tono,  to  thunder  ; Sp.  detonar  ; Fr.  di- 
toner.]  [i.  DETONATED  ; pp.  DETONATING,  DET- 

ONATED.] (Chem.)  To  ignite  and  explode  with 
a loud  report ; to  make  a noise  like  thunder. 
“ The  mixture  detonates.”  Brande. 

DET'O-NATE,  i’.  a.  (Chem.)  To  cause  to  explode 
with  a loud  report ; to  inflame  so  as  to  produce 
explosion  ; to  explode.  Brande. 

DET'O-NAT-ING,  p.  a.  Exploding. 

Detonating  powder,  fulminating  mercury,  silver,  and 
other  compounds  which  explode  with  a loud  noise 
when  struck  or  heated.  — Detonating  tube,  a stout  glass 
tube  used  by  chemists  for  the  detonation  of  gaseous 
bodies. 

DET-O-NA'TION,  n.  [It.  detonazione ; Sp.  deto- 
nacion  ; Fr.  detonation,]  (Chem.)  The  act  of 
detonating  ; an  explosion  by  the  inflammation 
of  combustible  bodies.  Boyle. 

DET-O-NI-ZA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  exploding,  as 
in  the  case  of  certain  combustible  bodies.  Craig. 

DET'O-NIZE,  v.  a.  (Chem.)  To  cause  to  explode  ; 
to  detonate.  “ Detonized  nitre.”  Arbuthnot. 

DET'O-NIZE,  v.n.  To  explode ; to  detonate.  Smart. 

DJJ-TOR'SION,  n.  A wresting;  a perversion.  Donne. 

DE-TORT',  v.  a.  [L.  detorqueo,  detortus  ; de,  from, 
and  torqueo,  to  twist ; Fr.  ditorquer.]  ft.  de- 
TORTED  ; pp.  DETORTINO,  DETORTED.J  To 
wrest  from  the  original  import,  meaning,  or  de- 
sign ; to  twist ; to  pervert,  [r.] 

The  Arians,  . . . by  corrupting,  detorted  the  words  of  Scrip- 
ture to  their  sense.  Hammond. 

D&TOUR  (da-tor  ),  n.  [Fr.]  A turning;  a wind- 
ing ; a circuitous  way.  Dean  Tucker. 

Dp-Tit  ACT',  v.  n.  [L.  detraho,  detractus ; de, 
from,  and  traho,  tractus,  to  draw  ; It.  detrarre ; 
Sp.  detractor ; Fr.  detractor .]  [i.  detracted  ; 

pp.  detracting,  detracted.]  To  depreciate 
the  merit,  the  motives,  or  the  good  deeds  of  an- 
other ; to  derogate  ; — with  from. 

It  has  been  the  fashion  to  detract  both  from  the  moral  and 
literary  character  of  Cicero.  Knox. 

Syn.  — See  Asperse,  Disparage,  Slander. 

DE-TRACT',  v.  a.  1.  To  take  away  ; to  withdraw. 

The  multitude  of  partners  does  detract  nothing  from  each 
man’s  private  share.  Boyle. 

2.  To  depreciate  the  merit  of ; to  defame. 

Detracting  what  laboriously  we  do.  Drayton. 

Dp-TRACT'JJR,  n.  One  who  detracts  ; a detract- 
or. “ Detracters  and  malicious  writers.”  North. 

DE-TRACT'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a detracting  manner. 

Dp-TRAC'TION,  n.  [L.  detractio  ; It . detrazione ■, 
Sp.  detraccion  ; Fr.  detraction .] 


1.  A withdrawing  ; a taking  away.  “ The 
detraction  of  eggs  of  the  said  wild-fowl.”  Bacon. 

2.  The  act  of  detracting  ; depreciation  ; slan- 
der ; defamation. 

Thieving  and  detraction,  near  akin, 

No  twins  more  like;  they  seemed  almost  the  same: 

One  stole  the  goods,  the  other  the  good  name.  F.  Fletcher. 

Syn.  — See  Slander. 

DE-TRAC'TIOUS  (-shus),  a.  Lessening  the  honor 
of ; detractory  ; dishonorable,  [it.]  Johnson. 

Dp-TRAc'TIVE,  a.  1.  Tending  to  detract  or  draw 
away;  drawing.  “ A detractive  plaster.”  Knight. 

2.  Disposed  to  detract  from  merit ; derogat- 
ing ; disparaging.  “ An  envious  and  detractive 
adversary.”  Bp.  Morton. 

DE-TRAc'TIVE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
detractive.  Ash. 

DE-TRACT'OR,  n.  [L.]  1.  One  who  detracts  ; a 
defamer.  Burton. 

2.  ( Anat .)  A muscle  that  draw’s  down  the 
part  to  which  it  is  attached.  Crabb. 

DE-TRAC'TO-RY,  a.  Defamatory;  derogatory. 
“ The  detractory  lie.”  Arbuthnot. 

DJJ-TRACT'RpSS,  n.  A woman  who  detracts  ; a 
censorious  woman.  Addison. 

+ Dg-TRECT',  v.  a.  [L.  detrecto.]  To  draw  back 
from  ; to  refuse  ; to  decline.  Fotherby. 

t DET-RIJC-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  detrectatio .]  The 
act  of  refusing  ; a declining.  Cockeram. 

DET'RI-MENT,  n.  [L.  detrimentum  ; de,  off,  and 
te.ro,  tritus,  to  rub ; It.  &;  Sp.  detrimento ; Fr. 
detriment.]  Loss;  damage;  mischief;  injury; 
hurt ; disadvantage. 

A present  personal  detriment  is  so  heavy  where  it  falls,  and 
so  instant  in  its  operation,  that  the  cold  commendation  of  a 
public  advantage  never  was,  and  never  will  be,  a match  tor 
the  quick  sensibility  of  a private  loss.  Burke. 

Syn.  — See  Injury,  Loss. 

DET'RI-MENT,  v.  a.  To  make  worse  ; to  injure  ; 
to  harm  ; to  hurt.  More. 

DET-RI-MEN'TAL,  a.  Causing  detriment ; inju- 
rious ; hurtful ; mischievous.  “ Prejudices  which 
are  detrimental  to  our  country.”  Addison. 

DET-RI-MEN'T  AL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
detrimental  or  hurtful.  Scott. 

Djf-TRi'TAL,  a.  Relating  to  detritus  ; crumbling; 
wearing  away.  Dr.  Allen. 

DE-TR1TE',  a.  [L.  detritus.]  Worn  out.  Clarke. 

Dp-TRI''T[ON  (de-trish'yn),  n.  [L.  detero,  detri- 
tus.] The  act  of  wearing  away.  “The  gradual 
detrition  of  time.”  Stevens. 

DlJ-TRl'TPS,  n.  [L.]  (Gcol.)  Deposits  of  sub- 
stances comminuted  by  attrition;  — the  larger 
fragments  being  usually  termed  debris. 

Sand  is  the  detritus  of  silicious  rocks.  Ruschenbcrger. 

Dp-TRUDE'  (de-trud'),  v.  a.  [L.  detrado ; de, 
down,  and  trudo,  to  thrust ; It.  detrudere.]  [i. 
DETRUDED  ; pp.  DETRUDING,  DETRUDED.]  TO 
thrust  down  ; to  force  into  a lower  place. 

The  torpid  sap,  detruded  to  the  root 

By  wintry  winds.  Thomson. 

DE-TRUN'cATE,  v.  a.  [L.  detrunco,  detruncatus ; 
de,  off,  and  trunco,  to  lop.]  [i.  detruncated  ; 
pp.  detruncating,  detruncated.]  To  cut 
off ; to  lop  ; to  shorten.  Cockeram. 

DET-RUN-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  detruncatio .]  The 
act  of  lopping,  cutting,  or  abbreviating. 

It  may  sometimes  happen,  by  hasty  detrvncation,  that  the 
general  tendency  of  the  sentence  may  be  changed.  Johnson. 

DE-TRU'§ION  (de-tru'zhun,  93),  n.  [L.  detrusio  ; 
It.  detrusione.]  The  act  of  detruding  or  forcing 
down;  a thrusting  down.  “Their  [the  rebel 
angels’]  dejection  and  detrusion  into  the  caligi- 
nous  regions  of  the  air.”  Hallywell. 

DET-U-MES'CENCE,  n.  [L.  detumesco,  detumes- 
cens,  to  cease  swelling;  It . detumescenza ; Fr. 
detumescence.]  Diminution  of  swelling;  subsi- 
dence of  any  thing  swollen.  Cudworth. 

DE'TUR.  [L .,  let  it  be  given.]  A term  applied 
to  a book  given  as  a present  to  a meritorious 
undergraduate  in  Harvard  University.  Peirce. 

t DETTyR-BA'TION,  n.  [L.  deturbo,  deturbatus, 
to  drive  down.]  Degradation.  Bailey. 

Dp-TURN',  v.  a.  [Fr.  detourner.]  To  deter.  Digby. 


f DIJ-TUR'PATE,  v.  a.  [I,,  deturpo,  deturpatus.] 
To  defile  ; to  contaminate.  Bp.  Taylor. 

DEUCE  (dus),  n.  [Fr.  deux,  two.]  A card  or  a 

’ die  with  two  spots  upon  it.  Shak. 

DEUCE  I (dus),  7i.  [Dusius,  a term  applied  by 

DEUSE  ) the  Gauls  to  a demon.]  The  devil ; a 
demon.  [Vulgar.]  Congreve. 

DEU'spD,  a.  Devilish;  excessive.  “The  man 
had  a deused  deal  of  pride.”  [Low.]  Todd. 

DEU-TE'RJ-ON,  n.  [Gr.  tiivtipxov.]  (Med.)  The 
secundines  ; the  after-birth.  Crabb. 

DEU'Tp-RO-CA-NON'I-CAL,  a.  [Gr.  fitvripos,  the 
second,  and  Kavonisds,  canonical.  — See  Canon.] 
(Eccl.)  Applied  to  those  books  of  Scripture  that 
were  taken  into  the  canon  after  the  rest.  Buck. 

IIEU-T p R-OG  A -MI ST  (du-ter-og'ft-mist),  ?i.  [Gr. 
SivTiftayaphn,  to  marry  a second  time.]  One  who 
marries  a second  time.  Goldsmith. 

DEU-TE  R-OG  A - M Y (du-ter-og'j-me),  n.  [Gr.  biv- 
Ttpoyapia.]  A second  marriage.  Goldsmith. 

DEU-TpR-ON'O-MY,  n.  [Gr.  btvnpoc,  second,  and 
vopos,  law.]  The  fifth  and  last  book  of  Moses,  or 
of  the  Pentateuch  ; — so  called  from  being  a 
repetition  of  the  law. 

DEU-Ty-ROP-A-^THl  A,  ) n [Gr.  btiirepo;,  second, 

DEU-TE-ROP'A-THY,  ) and  n60o 5,  suffering.] 
(Med.)  A secondary  disease,  or  sympathetic  af- 
fection of  one  part  with  another,  as  of  headache 
from  an  overloaded  stomach.  Dunglison. 

DEU-TpR-OS'CO-PY,  71.  [Gr.  Siirtpos,  second,  and 
ckottIw,  to  perceive,] 

1.  The  second  meaning;  the  meaning  beyond 

the  literal  sense.  Browne. 

2.  Second  sight,  [r.]  Sir  IF.  Scott. 

DEU-TER-OX'IDE,  71.  [Gr.  bevrepos,  second,  and 
Eng.  oxide.]  (Chem.)  Deutoxide.  Smart. 

DEUT-HY-DROG'U-RET,  > [Gr.  ltL.Tlpos> 

DEU-TO-HY-DROG'U-RET,  > second,  and  Eng. 
hydrogen.]  (Chem.)  A compound  of  two  equiv- 
alents of  hydrogen  with  one  equivalent  of  some 
base.  Clarke. 

DEU-TOX'IDE,  71.  [See  Deuteroxide.]  (Chem.) 
A compound  containing  one  atom  or  prime 
equivalent  of  a base,  in  combination  with  two 
atoms  of  oxygen  ; binoxide.  Brande. 

DEUT'  ZI-A,  71.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  deciduous 
shrubs  found  in  India,  China,  and  Japan.  P.  Cyc. 

DE-VAP-O-RA'TION,  n.  [L.  de,  priv.,  and  vapo- 
ratio,  a steaming.]  A change  from  vapor  into 
water,  as  in  the  formation  of  rain.  Smart. 

f DE-VAST',  v.  a.  [L.  devasto .]  To  waste  ; to 
devastate.  “ The  thirty  years’  war  that  devasted 
Germany.”  Bolinghroke. 

D5-VAS'TATE,  or  DEV'AS-TATE  [de-vas'tat,  IF. 
Ja.  Sm.  R.  ; de-vas'tat,  P.  ; dev'as-tat,  K.  I Vb.], 
v.  a.  [L.  devasto,  devastatus ; de,  from,  used 
intensively,  and  vasto,  to  lay  waste  ; It.  depa- 
sture, Sp  .devastar;  Fr . dev  aster.]  \i.  devas- 
tated ; pp.  DEVASTATING,  DEVASTATED.]  To 
lay  waste  ; to  ravage ; to  pillage  ; to  destroy. 
“The  countries  devastated,  the  cities  laid  in 
ruins.”  Bolinghroke. 

DEV-AS-TA'TION,  n.  [It.  devastazione  ; Sp.  de- 
vastation-, Fr.  devastation .] 

1.  The  act  of  devastating,  or  the  state  of  be- 

ing devastated  ; a laying  waste  ; waste  ; havoc  ; 
desolation.  “ The  devastation  of  our  fruitful 
and  pleasant  villages.”  Bp.  Hall. 

2.  (Law.)  The  waste  of  the  property  of  a de- 

ceased person  by  his  executor  or  administrator  ; 
— sometimes  called  devastavit.  Burrill. 

Syn.  — See  Ravage. 

DEV-JIS-tA'  VIT,  11.  [L.,  he  has  xcasted.]  (Laic.) 
Mismanagement  and  waste  of  property  by  an 
executor,  administrator,  or  trustee.  Bouvier. 

Dp-VEL'OP,  v.a.  [It.  sviluppare-,  Fr.  developper. 
Perhaps  from  the  Latin  de,  priv.,  and  volvere,  to 
roll,  i.  e.  to  roll  back.  Richardson .]  [i.  devel- 
oped ; pp.  DEVELOPING,  DEVELOPED.] 

1.  To  disengage  from  something  that  infolds 
or  conceals  ; to  disentangle  ; to  clear  from  cov- 
ering ; to  unfold  ; to  unravel  ; to  exhibit ; to  dis- 
close ; to  make  known  ; — often  written  develope. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  t,  short;  A,  5,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  IIEIR,  HER; 


DEVELOPER 


395 


DEVOLVE 


Take  him  to  develop , if  you  can ; 

And  hew  the  block  off,  and  get  out  the  man.  rope. 

To  develop  the  latent  excellences  . . . of  our  art  requires 
more  skill  and  practice  in  writing  than  is  likely  to  be  pos- 
sessed by  a man  perpetually  occupied  in  the  use  of  the  pencil 
and  pallet.  Sir  J.  Reynolds . 

2.  (Math.)  To  change  the  form  of. 

To  develop  an  expression  is  to  change  its  form  by  the  ex- 
ecution of  certain  indicated  operations.  Davies. 

DIJ-VEL'OP-ER,  n.  One  who  develops. 

Dp-VEL'OP-MENT,  n.  [Fr.  diveloppcment. ] 

1.  The  act  of  developing ; an  unfolding  ; an 

exhibition  ; a disclosure.  “ An  examination  and 
development  of  the  beauties  of  the  loves  of  the 
birds  in  [Thomson’s]  Spring.”  Warton. 

2.  (Rhys.)  Change  from  the  embryo  state  to 

maturity  ; growth  ; increase.  Dunglison. 

3.  (Math.)  The  process  by  which  any  math- 

ematical expression  is  changed  into  another  of 
equivalent  value  or  meaning,  and  of  more  ex- 
panded form.  P.  Cyc. 

f DEV-U-NUS'tATE,  v.  a.  [L.  devenusto,  devenus- 
tatus  ; de,  priv.,  and  venusto,  to  beautify.]  To 
deface  ; to  disfigure.  Waterhouse. 

t DF,-VER'£ENCE,  n.  [L.  devergentia.]  Declivity; 
declination  ; divergence.  Bailey. 

DE-VEST',  v.  a.  [L.  dcvestio,  to  undress  ; de, 
priv.,  and  vestio,  to  clothe  ; Fr.  devetir .]  [»’. 

DEVESTED  ; pp.  DEVESTING,  DEVESTED.] 

1.  To  deprive,  as  of  clothing ; to  strip  ; to 
divest.  — See  Divest. 

Then  of  his  arms  Androgeus  he  devests.  Denham. 

2.  (Law.)  To  take  away ; to  deprive  of,  or 
alienate,  as  a possession,  a title,  right,  or  estate. 

tPSf  It  is  the  opposite  of  to  invest.  As  invest  signifies 
to  deliver  the  possession  of  any  thing  to  another,  so 
devest  signifies  the  taking  it  away.  Wkishaw. 

DE-VEST',  v.  n.  (Law.)  To  be  lost  or  alienated. 

f DE-VEX',  a.  [L.  devexus .]  Bending  down  ; de- 
clivous ; inclining  downwards.  Bailey. 

tDP- VEX',  n.  Devexity.  May. 

Dp-VEX'l-TY,  n.  Incurvation  downwards;  de- 
clivity. “ The  heaven’s  devexity.”  Davies. 

DE'VI-ATE,  v.  71.  [L . devio,  deviatus ; de,  from, 
and"  via,  the  way  ; It.  diviare  ; Sp.  deviar  ; Fr. 
denier. \ [i.  deviated  ; pp.  deviating,  devi- 

ated.] 

1.  To  wander  or  turn  aside  from  ; to  digress. 

Others  to  some  faint  meaning  make  pretence; 

But  Shad  well  never  deviate  s into  sense.  Dryden. 

2.  To  go  astray  ; to  err ; to  swerve  ; as,  “ To 
deviate  from  the  truth.” 

Syn.  — One  deviates  from  a direct  path,  a right 
line,  a straight  course,  or  a prescribed  rule  ; swerves 
from  duty  or  from  truth  ; wanders  from  the  subject  in 
which  he  is  engaged  ; and  digresses  in  relating  a story. 

DE'VI-ATE,  v.  a.  To  cause  to  deviate.  Powell. 

D£-VI-A'TION,  7i.  [Sp.  deriacion;  Fr.  deviation .] 

1.  The  act  of  deviating  ; a wandering. 

These  bodies  constantly  move  round  in  the  same  tracts, 
without  making  the  least  deviation.  Cheyne. 

2.  Variation  from  established  rule,  or  from 
something  regarded  as  a standard. 

Having  once  surveyed  the  true  and  proper  natural  alpha- 
bet, we  may  easily  discover  the  deviations  from  it.  Holder. 

3.  Offence;  obliquity  of  conduct.  “Worthy 

persons,  if  inadvertently  drawn  into  a devia- 
tion, will  endeavor,”  &c.  S.  Richardsoti. 

4.  (Marine  Insurance.)  A voluntary  depart- 

ure, without  necessity  or  any  reasonable  cause, 
from  the  regular  and  usual  course  of  the  spe- 
cific voyage  insured.  ' Buri'ill. 

DE-VICE',  7i.  [L.  divido,  divisus,  to  divide;  It. 

Sj  Sp.  divisa,  a device  ; Fr.  devise.] 

1.  An  act  implying  ingenuity  or  cunning ; a 
design  ; a contrivance  ; a project ; a scheme  ; 
a stratagem  ; an  expedient. 

There  are  many  devices  in  a man’s  heart;  nevertheless  the 
counsel  of  the  Lord  shall  stand.  Pros.  xix.  21. 

2.  An  emblem  which  represents  one  object 
by  another  which  bears  some  resemblance  to  it ; 
an  emblem  or  ensign,  formerly  borne  on  shields 
or  embroidered  on  banners  as  a cognizance. 

The  device  of  John  Alcoek,  founder  of  Jesus  College. 
Cambridge,  ...  is  a pun  upon  his  name.  It  is  a cock  perched 
up°n  a globe;  by  which  latter  symbol,  it  is  to  be  presumed, 
the  “ all  is  adumbrated.  Lower. 

3.  Invention  ; ingenuity;  genius.  “ He ’s  . . . 

full  of  noble  device.”  Shah. 

Of  rare  and  wonderful  device.  Trench. 


4.  f A spectacle;  a show.  Beau.  -S,  FI. 

Syn. — Device  carries  with  it  the  idea  of  ingenuity 
anu  cunning,  and  is  often  employed  for  a bad  purpose  ; 
contrivance  is  the  result  of  ingenuity  and  plain  judg- 
ment, and  is  commonly  applied  to  some  useful  pur- 
pose. A crafty  device  ; an  ingenious  or  useful  con- 
trivance.— A pleasing  or  expressive  device,  design,  or 
emblem See  Expedient. 

f DE-VICE'FUL,  a.  Full  of  devices;  inventive. 

Some  clerks  do  doubt  in  their  deviceful  art.  Spenser. 

t DIJ-VTCE'FUL-LY,  ad.  In  a deviceful  manner. 

DEV'IL  (dev'vl),  n.  [Gr.  SiaPol.o ;,  a traducer,  ca- 
luminator,  — introduced  into  the  Teutonic  or 
northern,  as  well  as  into  the  Latin  or  southern, 
languages.  — L.  duct  bolus  ; It.  diavolo-,  Sp.  dia- 
blo ; Fr.  diable.  — A.  S.  dcofol ; Dut.  cluivel; 
Ger.  teufel ; Dan.  diavel ; Sw.  diefvul.  — W. 
diafi\  Gael,  diabhol;  Ir.  diabhal-,  Arm.  diaoul-, 
— Scot.  deiL] 

1.  The  tempter  and  spiritual  enemy  of  man- 

kind ; the  chief  of  the  apostate  angels,  referred 
to  throughout  the  books  of  the  Old  and  New 
Testaments  under  various  names  and  titles,  as 
Satan,  Lucifer,  Belial,  Apollyon,  Abaddon,  the 
Man  of  Sin,  the  Adversary,  &c.  “Ye  are  of 
your  father,  the  devil."  John  viii.  44. 

Abashed  the  devil  stood, 

And  felt  how  awful  goodness  is.  Milton. 

2.  An  evil  spirit ; a demon.  “ Vexed  with  a 

devil."  Matt.  xxv.  22. 

3.  A very  wicked  person  ; a traitor. 

Have  not  I chosen  you  twelve?  and  one  of  you  is  a devil ? 

John  vi.  70. 

4.  A vulgar  expletive  expressing  wonder  or 
vexation,  &c. 

The  things  we  know  are  neither  rich  nor  rare, 

But  wonder  how  the  devil  they  got  there.  Pope. 

5.  A printer’s  errand-boy.  Barham. 

6.  A machine  for  dividing  rags  or  cotton  in 

paper-making.  Francis. 

Syn. — Devil  (from  the  Greek  Sia/3o\os,  calumnia- 
tor, traducer,  fulse-accuser ) and  satan  (from  tile  He- 
brew pia,  adversary)  are  used  indifferently  for  the 

prince  of  darkness,  or  the  chief  evil  spirit,  that  tempts 
men  to  evil.  “ That  old  serpent,  which  is  the  devil  and 
satan.”  Rev.  xx.  2.  Demon  (from  tile  Greek  Salpiou 
and  laipoi'iou,  translated  in  the  common  version  of 
the  New  Testament  devil ) commonly  means  an  evil 
spirit.  “ Mary  Magdalene  — out  of  whom  went  seven 
devils’1:  — dat/iovta,  demons.  Luke  viii.  2.  Demon, 
however,  is  sometimes  used  in  a good  sense  ; as,  “ The 
demon  of  Socrates,  or  of  Tasso  ” ; “ My  good  demon, 
who  sat  at  my  right  hand  during  the  course  of  this 
whole  vision,”  Ac.  Addison. 

DEV'IL  (dev'vl),  v.  a.  1.  To  make  devilish. 

2.  To  cut  up  rags  with  the  machine  called  a 

devil.  Clarke. 

3.  To  broil  and  pepper  excessively.  [A  term 

of  cookery.]  Smart. 

DEV'IL-ET  (dev'vl-et),  7i.  A little  devil;  a dev- 
ilkin.  [r.]  Qu.  Rev. 

DEV'IL-ING,  71.  A young  devil.  Beau.  § FI. 

DEV'IL-ISH  (dev'vl-ish),  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  the 
devil ; partaking  of  the  qualities  of  the  devil ; 
diabolical ; malicious  ; wicked.  “ A mean  and 
devilish  nature.”  Hume. 

2.  Enormous ; excessive  ; very  great.  “ Thou’rt 
a devilish  cheat.”  [Low.]  ^ Addiso7i. 

DEV'IL-ISH-LY  (dev'vl-Tsh-le),  ad.  Diabolically. 

DEV'IL-ISH-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  the  devil. 
“ The  devilishness  of  their  temper.”  Edwards. 

f DEV'IL-I^M,  7i.  Diabolical  wickedness.  “Not 
heresy,  but  mere  devilism.”  Bp.  Hall. 

fDEV'IL-IZE  (dev'vl-Iz),  v.  a.  To  place  in  the 
rank  of  devils.  Bp.  Hall. 

DEV'IL- KIN  (dev'vl-kin),  n.  A little  devil.  Clarissa. 

DEV'IL-NESS,  7i.  Quality  of  a devil.  Gloucester. 

DEV'IL-RY  (dev'vl-re),  n.  Communication  with 
the  devil ; fiendish  wickedness  ; deviltry. 

Quitting  grandeur  and  revelry  to  flee  from  this  devilry. 

H.  Smith. 

DEV'IL’§-BIT,  n.  The  vulgar  name  of  the  plant 
Scabiosa  succisa,  the  extremity  of  the  root- 
stock  of  which  dies  off  square,  — an  appearance 
vulgarly  accounted  for  by  ascribing  it  to  a bite 
from  the  devil.  Loudo7i. 

f DEV'IL-SHIP  (dev'vl-ship),  71.  1.  The  character 
of  a devil ; devilism.  Cowley. 


2.  A humorous  title  for  a devil.  “ Bless  his 
devilship.”  Dryden. 

DEV'IL-TRY  (dev'vl-tre),  n.  Any  thing  very 
wicked  or  hateful  ; mischief.  [Vulgar.]  Forhy. 

DE'VI-OUS,  a.  [L.  detdus ; de,  from,  and  via, 
a way.] 

1.  Departing  from  the  direct  or  regular  track. 

The  devious  paths  where  wanton  fancy  leads.  Roivc. 

2.  Out  of  the  common  way.  “ Through  devious, 

lonely  wilds  I stray.”  Addison. 

3.  Wandering;  roving;  rambling.  “The 

\A\d\y -devious  morning  walk.”  Thomso7i. 

4.  Erring  ; going  astray. 

One  devious  step,  at  first  setting  out,  frequently  lends  a 
person  into  a wilderness  of  doubt  and  error.  -O’.  Richardson. 

DE'VI-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  a devious  manner. 

DE'VI-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  devi- 
ous. “ The  astonishing  deviousness  of  such  a 
digression  as  this.”  Whitaker. 

f D E - V I R ' (j  I-\  - A T E , v.  a.  [L.  c levirgino,  devirgi- 
7iatus. ] To  deflour  ; to  ravish.  Sa/ulys. 

DE-VI§'A-BLE,  a.  1.  That  may  be  devised  or 
contrived.  Ba>-row. 

2.  ( Law.)  That  may  be  bequeathed.  Blackstone. 

D£-VI§E'  (de-vlz'),  v.  a.  [L.  divido,  divisus,  to 
divide  ; it.  divisare  ; Sp.  divisar ; Fr.  deviser .] 

[/'.  DEVISED  ; pp.  DEVISING,  DEVISED.] 

1.  To  form  in  idea ; to  imagine  ; to  contrive  ; 
to  invent ; to  plan ; to  scheme  ; to  project ; to 
concert. 

He  could,  by  his  skill  . . . devise  those  rare  engines.  Peacham. 

Devise  not  evil  against  thy  neighbor.  Prov.  iii.  29. 

2.  (Law.)  To  bequeath  ; to  grant  by  will : — 
to  frame  or  draw  an  instrument,  as  a convey- 
ance or  an  assurance,  by  counsel.  Burrill. 

Syn.  — Devise  a plan  ; contrive  a machine  ; project 
a scheme  ; concert  a measure;  invent  an  instrument. 
— Devise  real  property  by  will  or  testament;  be- 
queath personal  property  by  will. 

f DE-vi^E',  v.n.  To  consider;  to  contrive  ; to 
form  schemes.  Spenser. 

DJJ-VI§E'  (de-viz'),  n.  [Low  L.  devisa,  or  divisa ; 
Sp.  devisa-.  Old  Fr.  anise.']  (Law.)  A gift  or 
disposition  of  lands  or  other  real  property  by 
will  : — a bequest ; a legacy  : — a will  ; a testa- 
ment. Spelman. 

DEV-I-SEE'  (dev-e-ze',  130),  71.  (Laiv.)  One  to, 
whom  a devise  or  bequest  has  been  made.UtyTt^ 

DE-VIS'pR,  71.  One  who  devises,  generally  tJ 
contriver.  “ Devisers  of  wholesome  laws.”  Gh'ewi 

DEV-!-§OR',  or  DE-Vf'SQR  (130)  [dev-e-zbr',  Ja. 
Maunder ; de-vi'zur,  K.  Sm.  B.  C.  I Vb.Ash],  7i. 
(Law.)  • One  who  devises  by  will ; — the  correla- 
tive of  devisee.  Bio-rill. 

f DEV'I-TA-BLE,  a.  [L.  devitabilis.]  Possible  to 
be  avoided ; avoidable.  Bailey. 

f DEV-I-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  devitatio.]  The  act  of 
escaping  or  avoiding.  Bailey. 

DE-VIT-RI-FI-CA'TION,  71.  [L.  de,  priv.,  vitrum, 
glass,  and  facio,  to  make.]  The  act  or  the 
process  of  depriving  glass  of  its  transparency, 
or  of  converting  it  into  an  opaque  substance  of 
a grayish-white  color.  J.  Bigelow. 

f DEV-O-CA'TION,  7i.  [L . dcrocatio.]  A calling 
away.  “ Flattering  devocations.”  Hallywell. 

D£-VOlD',  a.  [L.  de,  used  intensively,  and  Eng. 
void ; F r.  vide.] 

1.  Empty;  vacant;  void.  “I  awoke,  and 

found  her  place  devoid.”  Spe7iser. 

2.  Destitute  ; wanting;  not  possessing.  “ De- 
void of  sense.”  Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Empty. 

DEVOIR  (dev-wbr'),  7i.  [Fr.,  from  L.  debeo,  to 

owe.]  Service  ; duty  ; act  of  civility  or  obse- 
quiousness. 

Gentlemen  who  do  not  design  to  marry,  yet  pay  their 
devoirs  to  one  particular  fair.  Spectator. 

DEV-O-LU'TION,  n.  [L.  devolution  It.  devolu- 
zione  ; Sp.  devolucio7i ; Fr.  devolution.] 

1.  Act  of  devolving  or  rolling  down.  “The 
devolution  of  earth  upon  the  valleys.”  Woodward. 

2.  Removal  successively  from  hand  to  hand. 
“ Devolution  and  descent  of  inheritance.”  Vdal. 

Df.-VOLVE'  (de-volv'),  v.  a.  [L.  devolvo  ; de, 


MiEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — <J,  (J,  q,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  q,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


DEVOLVE 


396 


DIA- 


down,  and  volvo,  to  roll ; 1 1 . devoir  ere ; Sp.  de- 
vo/ver.]  [i.  devolved  ; pp.  devolving,  de- 
volved.] 

1.  To  cause  to  fall  or  roll  down  ; to  roll  down. 

Every  headlong  stream 

Devolves  his  winding  waters  to  the  main.  Akenside. 

2.  To  transfer  ; to  deliver  over  ; to  consign. 

They  devolved  their  whole  authority  into  the  hands  of  the 

council  of  sixty.  Addison. 

DIJ-VOLVE',  v.  n.  1.  To  roll  down.  “Streams 
that  had  . . . devolved  into  the  rivers  below.”  Lord. 

2.  To  fall  in  succession  ; to  descend  by  inher- 
itance ; to  be  transferred.  “ His  estate  devolved 
to  Lord  Somerville.”  Johnson. 

DE-YOLYE'ME.VT,  n.  The  act  of  devolving.  Craig. 

DE-VO'NJ-AN,  a.  1.  ( Geog .)  Relating  to  Devon 
or  Devonshire.  Murchison. 

2.  ( Geol .)  Applied  to  the  palaeozoic  strata  of 
Devonshire,  in  England.  Murchison. 

DEV'ON-ITE,  n.  (Min.)  A mineral  so  named 
from  having  been  first  found  in  Devonshire  ; 
subphosphate  of  alumina  ; wavellite.  Dana. 

DEV'ON-PORT,  n.  A sort  of  desk  placed  on  a 
pedestal  filled  with  drawers,  — used  for  writing 
on  ; — so  named  from  the  inventor.  IV.  Encg. 

fDEV-O-RA'TION,  n.  [L.  devoratio.]  The  act  of 
devouring.  Holinshed. 

f Df.-VO'TA-RY,  n.  A votary.  “ A frequent  pil- 
grimage of  devotaries.”  Gregory. 

DE-VOTE',  v.  a.  [L.  dpvoveo,  devotus  ; de,  from, 
used  intensively,  and  voveo,  to  vow ; Sp.  deco- 
ver ; Fr.  devouer.]  [*.  devoted  ; pp.  devoting, 
DEVOTED.] 

1.  To  dedicate  ; to  consecrate  ; to  appropriate, 
pledge,  or  promise  by  vow. 

No  devoted  thing,  that  n man  shall  devote  unto  the  Lord, 
. . . shall  be  sold  or  redeemed.  Lev.  xxvii.  28. 

2.  To  addict ; to  resign  ; to  give  up.  “ They 
devoted  themselves  unto  all  wickedness.”  Grew. 

3.  To  execrate  ; to  curse  ; to  doom  to  evil. 

Let  her,  like  me,  of  every  joy  forlorn, 

Devote  the  hour  when  such  a wretch  was  born.  Rowe. 

Syn.  — See  Addict. 

t DE-VOTE',  a.  Devoted.  Milton. 

+ D5-VOTE',  n.  [Fr.  devot.)  A devotee.  “One 

professeth  himself  a devote.”  Sir  E.  Sandgs. 

DE-VOT'ED,  p.  a..  1.  Consecrated ; dedicated. 

2.  Doomed  ; consigned  to  evil.  “ Jsiobe’s  de- 
voted issue.”  Dryden. 

3.  Strongly  attached  ; zealous  ; ardent.  Shah. 

DU-VOT'FD-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  devoted. 
“ Devotedness  to  our  Maker.”  Seeker. 

DEV-O-TEE’,  n.  One  entirely  devoted  ; — gener- 
ally one  wholly  given  up  to  superstitious  rites  ; 
a bigot.  “ The  visions  of  a devotee.”  Goldsmith. 

DE-VOTE'MfcNT,  n.  The  act  of  devoting,  or  ap- 
propriating, by  a vow.  “ [Iphigenia’s]  denote- 
ment was  the  demand  of  Apollo.”  [lt.J  Hind. 

DJJ-VOT'yR,  n.  1.  One  who  devotes. 

2.  A worshipper.  “Whole  towns  sometimes 
. . . are  devoters  of  our  Lady.”  Sir  M.  Sandgs. 

Df.-VO'TION,  n.  [L.  devotio  ; It.  devozione  ; Sp. 
devocion ; Fr.  devotion .] 

1.  The  state  of  being  consecrated  or  devoted. 

2.  Internal  subjection  of  man  to  God ; devout 
feeling;  piety;  religion;  devoutness. 

With  heart,  and  voice,  anil  eyes 
Directed  in  devotion,  to  adore 
And  worship  God  supreme.  Milton. 

3.  An  act  of  religion,  or  of  external  worship. 

As  I passed  by  I beheld  your  devotions.  Acts  xvii.  23. 

4.  Expression  of  devout  feeling ; prayer. 

An  aged.  holv  man, . . . 

That  day  and  night  said  his  devotion.  Spenser. 

5.  Act  of  reverence  or  respect.  Shah. 

6.  Strong  affection ; ardent  love  or  friendship. 

“Extraordinary  devotion  for  [the  person  of]  the 
prince.”  Clarendon. 

7.  Ardor ; earnestness  ; eagerness. 

He  seeks  their  hate  with  greater  devotion  than  tliev  can 
render  it  to  him.  Shak. 

8.  f State  of  dependence;  disposal. 

Arundel  castle  would  keep  that  rich  corner  of  the  country 
at  his  majesty’s  devotion.  Clarendon. 

Syn.  — See  Holy,  Religion. 

DIJ-VO'TION-AL,  a.  Relating  to  devotion  ; de- 


vout; religious.  “ Devotional  postures.”  South. 
“ Devotional  spirit.”  Gregory. 

DIJ-VO'TION-AL-iST,  n.  One  superstitiously  or 
outwardly  devout ; devotionist.  Coventry. 


DIJ-VO'TION-IST,  n.  One  outwardly  devout. 

Churlish  and  rigorohs  way  of  mortification  . . . [of]  some 
blind  devotionists.  Bp.  Hall. 

f DfJ-VO'TIOUS-NESS,  n.  Piety.  Hammond. 

fD^-VO'TO,  n.  A devotee.  Spenser. 


f Df-VOT'OR,  n.  A devoter.  Beaumont. 

DE-VOUR',  v.  a.  [L.  devoro  ; de,  down,  and  voro, 
to  swallow ; It.  divorare ; Sp .devorar;  Fr.de- 
vorcr.\  [ i . devoured  ; pp.  devouring,  de- 

voured.] 

1.  To  eat  up  greedily  or  ravenously  ; to  swal- 

low eagerly.  “ Some  evil  beast  hath  devoured 
him.”  , Gen.  xxxvii.  33. 

2.  To  destroy  or  consume  with  rapidity ; to 
swallow  up  ; to  waste  ; to  annihilate. 

Our  plains,  our  temples,  and  our  towns  devoured.  Dryden. 

3.  To  enjoy  with  avidity. 

Longing  they  look,  and  gaping  at  the  sight, 

Devour  ner  o’er  and  o’er  with  vast  delight.  Dryden. 

Djl-VOUR'f.R,  n.  One  who  devours  ; one  who  de- 
stroys or  consumes.  Prynne. 

Dp-VOUR'ING,  p.  a.  Eating  up;  consuming; 
swallowing.  “ Devouring  lightnings.”  West. 

DJJ-VOUR'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a consuming  manner. 


DJE-VOUT',  a.  [L.  devotus  ; It.  <Sf  Sp.  dev  to  ; Fr. 
devot.l 

1.  Full  of  devotion  ; pious  ; religious  ; devoted 
to  holy  duties.  “ Devout  in  the  worship  of  our 
God.”  Rogers.  “ Devout  sentiments.”  Porteus. 

2.  Expressive  of  devotion  or  piety. 

Then  with  uplifted  hands,  and  eyes  devout.  Milton. 

3.  Sincere  and  earnest ; as,  “ Devout  wishes 
for  another’s  happiness.” 

Syn.  — See  Holy. 

f DE-VOUT',  n.  A devotee.  Sheldon. 

DJg-VdUT'FUL,  a.  Full  of  devotion  ; devout,  [r.] 
In  that  devoutful  action  of  the  East.  Daniel. 

Df.-VOUT'LpSS,  a.  Destitute  of  devotion.  Smart. 

DfJ-VOUT'Lf SS-NESS,  n.  the  quality  of  being 
devoutless,  or  destitute  of  devotion  ; want  of  de- 
votion. Bp.  of  Chichester,  1576. 

D£- VOUT'LY,  ad.  In  a devout  manner;  piously. 

DIJ-YOUT'NpSS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  devout; 
piety  ; devotion.  Glanville. 


f Dp-VOVE',  v.  a.  [L.  devoveo.]  To  doom  to  de- 
struction ; to  devote.  Cowley. 

f DE-VoW',  v.  a.  1.  To  devote.  “ His  colleague 
was  devowed  for  the  army.”  Holland. 

2.  To  disavow  ; to  disclaim.  Fletcher. 

DEW  (du),  n.  [A.  S.  deaw,  Dut.daauw;  Ger. 
than  ; Sw.  dagg  ; Dan.  dug.  — Gr.  bevio,  to 
moisten.  — See  Thaw.]  The  moisture  that  is 
deposited  from  the  atmosphere,  especially  at 
night,  upon  the  surfaces  of  bodies  cooled  by 
radiation. 

Sweet  duy,  so  calm,  so  cool,  so  bright, 

The  bridal  of  the  earth  and  sky! 

The  dew  shall  weep  thy  fall  to-night. 

For  thou  must  die.  Herbert. 

DEW  (du).  v.  a.  To  wet  as  with  dew;  to  bedew. 
“ Dewed  with  the  tears.”  Spenser. 


DJJ-WAN',  n.  An  officer  of  finance  in  India. 

Hamilton. 

DEW'— BENT  (du'bent),  a.  Bent  by  dew.  “ The 
dew-bent  rose.”  Thomson. 


DEW'BpR-R\',  n.  ( Bot .)  The  blue  bramble,  or 
Rubus  ctesivs,  and  its  fruit ; — so  termed  from 
the  resemblance  of  the  bloom  or  waxy  secretion 
upon  the  fruit  to  dew.  Braude. 

DEW-BP-SPRENT',  a.  Sprinkled  with  dew. 
“ Knot-grass  dew-besprent.”  Milton. 

DEW'— BRIGHT  (du'brlt),  a.  Bright  from  dew; 
glistening  with  dew.  Thomson. 

DEW'— CLAW,  n.  The  bone  or  little  nail  behind 
a deer’s  foot.  Crabb. 

DEW'-DROP  (du'drop),  n.  A drop  of  dew.  Shak. 
And  marble  fountains,  scattering  high 
Illumined  dew-drops  in  the  sky.  Trench. 


DEW'-DROP-PING,  a.  Dropping  dew  ; wetting 
as  with  dew.  Thomson. 

DEW'— F ALL,  n.  The  falling  of  dew.  Jodrett. 

DEW'— IM-PEARLED'  (du'jm-perld'),  a.  Covered 
with  dew-drops,  which  resemble  pearls.  Drayton. 

DEW'J-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  dewy.  Kcates. 

DEW'LAP  (da'lap),  n.  1.  The  membranous, 
fleshy  substance  which  hangs  down  from  the 
throats  of  oxen  or  neat  cattle,  and  which  in 
grazing  laps  the  dew. 

And  from  his  neck  the  double  dew-lap  hung.  Addison. 

2.  A lip  flaccid  with  age.  Shak. 

DEW'LAPT,  a.  Furnished  with  dewlaps.  Shak. 

DEW'LpSS,  a.  Having  no  dew.  Buckingham. 

DEW'— POINT,  n.  (Meteor.)  The  degree  indicat- 
ed by  the  thermometer  when  dew  begins  to  be 
deposited,  varying  with  the  temperature  of  the 
atmosphere.  Brande. 

DEW'— STONE,  n.  A species  of  English  lime- 
stone which  collects  dew  largely.  Loudon. 

DEW'— WORM  (du'wiirm),  n.  A worm,  otherwise 
called  earth-worm  and  lob-worm,  iiving  just 
under  the  surface  of  the  ground ; Lumbrieus 
ierrestris.  Crabb. 

DEW'Y  (du'e),  a.  1.  Partaking  of,  or  resembling, 
dew.  “ Dewy  mist.”  Milton. 

Immersed  in  dewi / sleep  ambrosial.  Cowper. 
’Tis  a morning  pure  and  sweet, 

And  a dewy  splendor  falls.  Tennyson. 

2.  Moist  with  dew. 

And  he,  as  if  he  would  the  charming  air  repay, 

Shook  thousand  odors  from  his  dewy  wings.  Collins. 

DEX' TER,  a.  [L.]  1.  f Right,  as  opposed  to 

left.  “The  dexter  cheek.”  Shak. 

’ 2.  (Her.)  Noting  particularly  the  right-hand 
side  of  a shield.  Johnson. 

DpX-TER'I-TY,  n.  [L.  dexteritas  ; Fr .dexteriU.) 

1.  The  quality  of  being  dexterous  ; adroit- 
ness ; expertness  ; activity  ; readiness. 

Dexterity  of  hand,  even  in  common  trades,  cannot  be  ac- 
quired without  much  practice  and  experience.  A.  Smith. 

2.  Readiness  of  contrivance,  or  invention ; 
quickness  of  expedient. 

His  wisdom,  by  often  evading  from  perils,  was  turned  into 
a dexterity  to  deliver  himself  from  dangers.  Bacon. 

Syn.  — See  Ability. 

DEX'TJpR-OUS,  a.  [L.  dexter .] 

1.  Expert  in  the  use  of  the  limbs,  or  in  man- 

ual employments  ; adroit ; clever.  “ A dexter- 
ous workman.”  Johnson. 

2.  Expert  in  management ; fertile  in  expedi- 
ents. “ His  dexterous  wit.”  Dryden. 

3.  Skilful;  artful;  done  with  dexterity;  as, 
“ Dexterous  manoeuvres.” 

Syn.—  See  Clever. 

DEX'TJJR-OUS-LY,  ad.  With  dexterity  ; expert- 
ly ; skilfully  ; artfully.  Addison. 

DEX'TER-OUS-NESS,  n.  Skill ; dexterity.  Howell. 

DEX'TRAL,  a.  1.  Relating  to  the  right  hand; 
right ; not  left.  Broivne. 

2.  (Conch.)  Opening  to  the  right; — applied 
to  the  aperture  of  a spiral  shell,  in  opposition 
to  sinistral,  opening  to  the  left.  Woodward. 

D^X-TRAL'I-TY,  n.  State  of  being  dextral.R/’oicne. 

DEX'TRjNE,  n.  [L.  dexter,  right;  Fr  .dextrine.] 
(Chemf  The  gummy  matter  into  which  the  in- 
terior substance  of  starch  globules  is  converted 
by  diastase,  or  by  certain  acids  ; — so  named 
from  its  property  of  turning  the  plane  of  the 
polarization  of  light  to  the  right  hand.  Brande. 

DEX-TROR'SAL,  a.  Rising  from  right  to  left,  as 
a spiral  line.  Smart. 

. DEX'TROUS,  a.  Dexterous.  — See  Dexterous. 

DEY  (da),  n.  A Turkish  title  of  dignity,  given 
to  the  governors  of  Algiers  (before  the  French 
conquest),  Tunis,  and  Tripoli.  Brande. 

DI— . [Gr.  ill's,  twice.]  (Chem.)  A prefix  denoting 
two  equivalents  of  the  constituent  of  a com- 
pound last  indicated  in  the  name ; as,  “ Di- 
chloride  of  mercury,” — a compound  of  one 
equivalent  of  chlorine  and  two  of  mercury. 

Graham. 

DI'A-.  [Gr.]  A prefix  signifiying  through. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  V,  short;  A,  {,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


DIABASE 


DI'A-BASE,  n.  (Min.)  Greenstone.  Dana. 

Dl-A-BB-TE'Rl-AL,  a.  [Gr.  btaflarfipto;  ; <3id, 
through,  and  tlarrjp,  the  threshold.]  Passing 
beyond  the  borders  of  a place.  Smart. 

DI-A-BE'TE§,  n.  sing.  & pi.  [Gr.  <5i af'/Tp; ; bib, 
through,  and  /3«iVw,  to  go.]  (Med.)  An  immod- 
erate and  morbid  secretion  of  urine,  in  which 
urea  is  replaced  by  saccharine  matter.  Dunglison. 

DI-A-BET'IO,  l [Gr.  <5i aflgrps,  diabetes.] 

DI-A-BET'I-CAL,  > Relating  to  diabetes.  Bailey. 

DI-Ab'LE-RY  (de-ab'bl-re),  n.  [Fr.  diablerie .] 

1.  Incantation  ; sorcery  ; witchcraft.  Clarke. 

2.  Mischief;  wickedness;  deviltry.  Craig. 

DI-A-BOL'JC,  ) a.  [Gr.  btaPoZtK6; ; biafiolo;, 

DI-A-BOL'I-CAL,  ) the  devil ; It.  <Sf  Sp.  diabolico; 
Fr.  diabolique .]  Devilish ; partaking  of  the 
qualities  of  the  devil ; impious;  atrocious.  “ Di- 
abolic power.”  Milton.  “ A most  diabolical 
outrage.”  L’  Estrange. 

DI-A-BOL'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a diabolical  manner. 

DI-A-BOL'I-CAL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  a devil ; 
devilishness.  Dr.  Warton. 


DI-A-BOL'I-FY,  v.  a.  [L.  diabolus,  a devil,  and 
facio,  to  make.]  To  represent  as  diabolical. 

The  Lutheran  [turns]  against  the  Calvinist,  and  tliaboli/ies 
him . Farindon. 

DI-AB'0-LI§M,  n.  1.  Possession  by  the  devil. 
“ He  was  now  projecting  the  farce  of  diabolisms 
and  exorcisms.”  Warburton. 

2.  Conduct  worthy  of  a devil.  “ Guilty  of  di- 
abolism.” Browne. 

DI-Ab'O-LIZE,  v.  a.  To  render  diabolical;  to 
make  devilish.  Ec.  Rev. 


DI-A-BRO  ’SIS,  n.  [Gr.  biappuiat; ; ha,  through, 
and  (UPpiiaKtu,  to  eat.]  (Med.)  The  action  of 
a corrosive  substance,  or  the  gradual  destruc- 
tion of  a part  by  such  a substance  ; corrosion ; 
erosion.  Dunglison. 

DI-A-CA-THOL'I-CON,  n.  [Gr.  bio,  through,  and 
xaGobiK df,  universal.]  (Med.)  A kind  of  purga- 
tive medicine  ; — so  called  from  its  general  use- 
fulness. Dunglison. 

DI-A-CAUS'TjC,  a.  [Gr.  bid,  through,  and  Kavari- 
k6;,  burning.]  (Geom.)  Applied  to  a curve  to 
which  the  rays  of  light,  issuing  from  a luminous 
point,  and  refracted  by  another  curve,  are  tan- 
gents ; noting  a caustic  curve  formed  by  refrac- 
tion. — See  Caustic.  Brande. 

DI- A-CAUS'TIC,  n.  (Med.)  That  which  is  caus- 
tic by  refraction,  as  a double  convex  lens, 
sometimes  used  for  cauterizing  an  ulcer  by  di- 
recting the  sun’s  rays  upon  it.  Dunglison. 

dI-A-jCHAS'TIC,  a.  Cleaving  asunder  spontane- 
ously. Clarke. 

DI-AjCH'Y-LON  (dl-ak'e-lon). , n.  [Gr.  bid^vZor,  suc- 
culent.] (Med.)  An  emollient  digestive  plaster, 
formerly  prepared  from  expressed  juices,  but 
now  made  by  boiling  hydrated  oxide  of  lead 
with  olive  oil.  Hoblyn.  Brande. 

DI-A-CO'DI-fJM,  n.  [L.  diacodion,  from  Gr.  <5«5, 
through,  and  nubia,  a poppy-head.]  (Med.)  A 
preparation  of  the  poppy.  Brande. 

DI-Ac'O-NAL,  a.  [See  Deacon.]  Relating  or 
belonging  to  a deacon. 

DI-AC'O-NATE,  a.  Governed  or  managed  by  dea- 
cons. “ One  great  diaconate  church.”  Goodwin. 


DI-AC'O-NATE,  n.  [L.  diaconatus  ; It.  A Sp.  di- 
aconato  ; Fr.  diaconat.)  The  office  of  a deacon; 
deaconship.  Ec.  Rev. 

DI-A-COU'STIC,  a.  Belonging  to  diacoustics ; 
relating  to  diaphonics  ; diaphonic. 


Dl-/y-COU'ST!CS,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  bianovariKa ; bid, 
through,  and  aKoCw,  to  hear.]  The  science 
which  treats  of  the  properties  of  sounds  re- 
fracted in  passing  through  media  of  different 
densities ; diaphonics.  Brande. 


Dl-A-CRIT'IC,  ; a [Gr.  biaKpniK6;.]  Distin- 
DI-A-CRIT'I-CAL,  > guishing  by  a point  or  mark. 

From  f,  in  the  Icelandic  alphabet,  v is  distinguished  only 
by  a diacritical  point.  Johnson . 


Dl-A-DEL'  PHI-4,  n.  [Gr.  hi;,  twice,  and  ablhpo;, 
a brother.]  (Bot.)  A class  of  plants  which  have 
their  stamens  united  in  two  parcels.  P.  Cyc. 


397 


DIALOGISM 


DI-A-DEL  PIII-AN,  1 a-  (Bot.)  Belonging  to  the 

DI-A-DEL'PHOUS,  > diadelphia  ; having  the  sta- 
mens united  in  two  parcels.  P.  Cyc. 

DI'A-DEM,  n.  [Gr.  btbbypa  ; bid, 
through,  and  bloi,  to  bind  ; L.,  It., 

<Sf  Sp.  diadema  ; Fr.  diademe.] 

1.  The  symbol  of  royalty  among 

various  Oriental  nations,  origi- 
nally a fillet  worn  round  the  tem- 
ples, made  of  silk,  linen,  or  wool, 
and  generally  white  ; a royal*  head-dress  ; a 
tiara.  London  Ency. 

2.  A crown  ; the  ornament  or  badge  of  roy- 

alty worn  on  the  head.  “ King  Richard,  appar- 
elled in  vesture  and  robe  royal,  the  diadem  on 
his  head.”  Hall. 

3.  Regal  power  ; empire.  Dryden. 

4.  (Her.)  A circle  or  rim  serving  to  enclose 

the  crown  of  a sovereign  prince,  and  to  bear 
the  globe  and  cross  or  the  fleurs-de-lis  for  their 
crest.  London  Ency. 

DI'A-DEMED  (dl'?-demd),  a.  Adorned  with  a di- 
adem. “ Diademed  with  rays  divine.”  Pope. 

DI-J-DEX' IS,  n.  [Gr.  btabl^o/jai,  to  transfer.] 
(Med.)  A transformation  of  a disease  into 
another  differing  from  the  former  both  in  its  na- 
ture and  seat.  Dunglison. 

DI'A-DROM,  n.  [Gr.  biabpoprj.]  A complete  course  ; 

— the  swing  of  a pendulum,  or  the  time  in 

which  it  performs  its  vibrations.  Locke. 

DI-A3R'JJ-SIS  (dl-er'e-sls)  [dl-er'e-sis,  W.  P.  J.  F. 
Ja.Sm.;  dl-e're-sls,  S.  K.],  n. ; pi.  d!-;er'e-se§. 
[L.,  from  Gr.  biaipetn; ; btaipiui,  to  divide.] 

1.  (Pros.)  The  resolution  of  a diphthong,  or  a 
contracted  syllable,  into  two  syllables.  Johnson. 

2.  (Gram.)  The  mark  [ ■•  ] used  to  denote  the 
resolution  of  a syllable,  or  that  two  successive 
vowels  are  not  to  be  pronounced  as  a diphthong, 
but  separately,  as  in  aerial. 

DI-A-GLYPH'JC,  a.  [Gr,  biayUipw,  to  engrave.] 
Applied  to  sculpture,  &c.,  having  the  objects 
sunk  into  the  general  surface.  Francis. 

DI-AG-NO'SIS,  n.  [Gr.  bidyroets  ; biayiyvdiarw,  to 
distinguish.] 

1.  (Med.)  The  art  of  distinguishing  diseases  ; 

that  branch  of  medicine  the  object  of  which  is 
to  discriminate  diseases.  ' Dunglison. 

2.  (Bot.)  A short  distinguishing  character,  or 

descriptive  phrase.  Gray. 

DI- AG-NOS'TIC,  a.  [Gr.  binyvoirTTiKo;  ; It.  § Sp. 
diagnostico  ; Fr.  diagnostique.]  (Med.)  Relat- 
ing to  diagnosis;  indicating  the  nature  of  a dis- 
ease. “ Diagnostic  symptoms.”  Brande. 

DI- AG-NOS'TIC,  n.  (Med.)  A symptom  distin- 
guishing a disease.  Harvey. 

dJ-AG-NOS'TI-CATE,  v.  a.  To  discriminate,  as 
diseases.  Dr.  J.  Bigelow. 

DI-AG'O-NAL,  a.  [Gr.  biaywvios ; bid,  through,  and 
ydfvia,  an  angle  ; L.  diaqonalis  ; It.  diagonals  ; 
Sp.  (S;  Fr.  diagonal .]  (Ceom.)  joining  the  ver- 
tices of  two  angles  of  a polygon  which  are  not 
adjacent.  Woodward. 

DI-AG'O-NAL,  n.  (Geom.)  A straight  line 
connecting  the  vertices  of  any  two  angles 
of  a polygon  that  are  not  adjacent. 

DI-Ag'O-NAL-LY,  ad.  In  a diagonal  direction. 

f DI-A-GO'NI-AL,  a.  Diagonal.  Milton. 

DI-Ag  'ON-ITE,  n.  (Min.)  Another  name  for 
brewsterite.  Dana. 

DI'A-GRAM,  n.  [Gr.  bibypappa  ; bib,  through,  and 
ypappa,  that  which  is  written ; L.  diagramma  ; 
It.  diagramma  ; Fr.  diagrammed) 

1.  (Geom.)  The  figure  drawn  for  the  illustra- 
tion or  demonstration  of  a geometrical  proposi- 
tion. “ Diagrams  drawn  on  paper.”  Locke. 

2.  Any  explanatory  sketch;  any  drawing  for 

illustration.  Fairholt. 

3.  (Mus.)  The  staff,  or  system  of  note-lines  : 

— the  scale  : — the  score.  Warner. 

DI'A-GRAph,  n.  [Gr.  biaypaipb,  a marking  off  by 
lines;  bib,  through,  and ypbipw,  to  write.]  An  in- 
strument used  in  perspective.  Brande. 

Dl-A-GRAPH'IC,  ? a.  Relating  to  diagraphics  ; 

dI-A-GRApH'I-CAL,  ) descriptive.  Cockeram. 


Dl-A-GRAPH'JCS,  n.  pi.  The  art  of  design,  or 
drawing.  Francis. 

DI- A-GRYD'I-ATE,  n.  [L.  diagrydium,  a purga- 
tive plant  (Convolvulus  scammonia).)  (Med.)  A 
strong  purgative,  in  which  scammony,  or  Con- 
volvulus scammonia,  is  an  ingredient.  Floycr. 

Di'AL,  n.  [L.  dies,  a day.  — W.  deial,  a dial.] 

T.  An  instrument  for  showing  the  hour  of  the 
day  by  means  of  a shadow  cast  by  the  sun  from 
a stile  or  gnomon  ; — called  also  sun-dial.  Dials 
are  called  horizontal,  vertical,  or  inclined,  ac- 
cording to  the  position  of  the  plane  on  which 
the  shadow  falls. 

True  as  the  needle  to  the  pole, 

Or  as  the  dial  to  the  sun.  Gay. 

2.  The  face  of  a clock  or  watch,  upon  which 
are  marked  the  hours  of  the  day.  Jamieson. 

Syn. — See  Clock. 

DI'A-LECT,  n.  [Gr.  biaZeKTos ; It.  dialetto  ; Sp. 
dialecto  ; Fr.  dialecte .] 

1.  The  form  of  a language,  or  the  mode  of 
speaking  or  writing  it,  peculiar  to  a certain  prov- 
ince or  district ; subdivision  of  a language. 

The  Irish,  the  Welsh,  and  the  Erse  [or  Gaelic]  are  no  other 
than  different  dialects  of  the  same  tongue,  the  ancient  Celtic. 

Blair. 

2.  A language  ; a tongue.  “ The  universal 

dialect  of  the  world.”  South. 

Though  to  the  Tuscans  I the  smoothness  grant. 

Our  dialect  no  majesty  doth  want.  Drayton. 

Syn.  — See  Language. 

Dl-A-LEC'TAL,  a.  Relating  to,  or  partaking  of, 
a dialect ; dialectical.  Latham. 


a.  [Gr.  biaZiKTiKb f ; It.  dia- 
lettico  ; Sp.  dialectico ; Fr. 


DI-A-LEC'TIC, 

DI-A-LEC'TI-CAL, 
dialectique .] 

1.  Relating  to  dialectics  or  logic  ; logical. 

“ Dialectical  subtleties.”  Boyle. 

He  [Kant]  opposes  dialectic  arguments  to  apodietic,  or  de- 
monstrative, arguments.  Fleming. 

2.  Relating  to  a dialect ; idiomatic.  Hodges. 


DI-A-LEC'TIC,  n. ; pi.  dI-a-lEc'tics.  [Gr.  biaZ.ai- 
tiki'i  ; biaZlyio,  to  choose,  also  to  converse,  to 
reason  ; L.  dialcctica  ; It.  dialettica  ; Sp.  dia- 
lectica;  Fr.  dialectique .]  “Logie,  the  art  of 
reasoning.”  Johnson.  “ The  old  name  for  the 
practical  part  of  logic.”  P.  Cyc.  “ The  sub- 
ject matter  of  logic.”  Poste.  — “ In  the  philoso 
phy  of  Kant,  dialectic  means  what  is  probable  ; 
— the  logic  of  probabilities.”  Fleming. 

Dialectic  provides,  and  logic  appreciates,  argumentation; 
dialectic  exercises  the  invention,  and  logic  the  judgment. 

Wm.  Taylor. 

DI-A-LEC'TI-C  AL-LY,  ad.  In  a dialectical  man- 
ner. “ He  discoursed  . . . dialectically.”  South. 


DI-A-L£C-Tl''CIAN  (dl-a-1ek-tlsh'an,  66),  n.  One 
who  is  versed  in  dialectics  ; a logician. 

Bayle  excelled  more  as  a dialectician , than  as  a logician. 
Hobbes  excelled  more  as  a logician , than  as  a dialectician. 

Wm.  Taylor. 

DI-A-LEC-TOL'O-^rY,  n.  [Gr.  <3 mA/xro?,  a dialect, 
and  /.dyo;,  a discourse.]  That  branch  of  philolo- 
gy which  treats  of  dialects.  Beck. 

DI'AL-ING,  n.  The  art  of  constructing  sun-dials, 
so  as  to  indicate  the  exact  solar  time.  Francis. 


Dl'AL-IST,  n.  A constructor  of  dials.  Moxon. 

DI-AL'LA-GP,  n.  [Gr.  Siallayfj,  an  interchange.] 

1.  (Rhet.)  A figure  of  speech  by  which  argu- 

ments are  placed  in  various  points  of  view,  and 
then  turned  to  one  point.  Smart. 

2.  (Min.)  A mineral  of  foliated  structure 

easily  divided  in  one  direction,  its  natural  joints 
and  fractures  exhibiting  a very  different  lustre 
and  appearance.  Brande. 

DI-AL-LAO'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  formed  of,  di- 
allage. Craig. 

f DI'AL-LEL,  a.  [Gr.  bidU.rjZos.']  Crossing  ; inter- 
secting, as  lines.  Ash. 

DI-A-LO^'l-CAL,  a.  Dialogistical.  Burton. 

DI-A-LOG'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  the  manner  of  dia- 
logue ; dialogistically.  Goldsmith. 

DI-Al'Q-£ISM  (dl-al 'o-j izm),  n.  [Gr.  btal.oytopd; ; 
It.  Sj  Sp.  dialogismo ; Fr.  dialog isme.) 

1.  (Rhet.)  A mode  of  writing  which  consists 
in  reporting  a conversation  without  introducing 
the  personages  as  speaking  ; oblique  narrative  ; 
indirect  discourse.  Brande. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MdVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RlJLE.  — £,  £,  g,  soft;  0,  G,  £,  %,  hard;  § as  z;  £ as 


gz.  — THIS,  this. 


DIALOGIST 


398 


DIARTIIROSIS 


2.  The  species  of  conversation  held  by  a per- 
son with  himself,  when  reduced  to  the  narrative 
form.  Stokes,  1659. 

DI-AL'O-tJilST,  n.  [Gr.  hal.oyiarpc  ; It.  dialogista ; 
Sp.  dialog uist a ; Fr.  dialogiste .] 

1.  A speaker  in  a dialogue ; an  interlocutor. 
“ Varo,  one  of  the  dialogists,  says.”  Warburton. 

2.  A writer  of  dialogues.  Skelton. 

DI-AL-O-GIS'TIC,  ) a.  [Gr.  hal.oyiartKdc.) 

DI-AL-0-<jHS'TI-CAL,  ) Having  the  form  of,  or 
relating  to,  dialogue.  Todd. 

DI-AL-O-^JS'TI-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  the  manner  of 
dialogue.  Bp.  Richardson. 

Dl-AL'O-GlTE,  n.  (Min.)  A carbonate  of  manga- 
nese. Cleaveland. 

DI-AL'O-GIZE,  v.  n.  [Gr.  haXoyi^opat ; It.  dta- 
logizzare ; Sp.  dialogizar;  Fr.  dialogiser.]  To 
discourse  in  dialogue.  Fotherby. 

Dl'A-LOGUE  (dlVlog),  n.  [Gr.  hAXoyos ; L .dial- 
ogus  ; It.  § Sp.  dia/ogo  ; Fr.  dialogue .]  A dis- 
course or  conversation  between  two  or  more 
persons,  either  real  or  imaginary  ; a conference  ; 
a colloquy.  Shah. 

Syn.  — See  Conversation. 

Dl'A-LOGUE,  v.  n.  To  discourse  with  another. 

Dost  dialogue  with  thy  shadow?  Shak. 

DI  A-LOGUE— WRITER  (dl'a-log-rlt'er),  n.  One 
who  writes  dialogues  ; a dialogist.  Wart  on. 

DUAL— PLATE,  n.  The  plate  of  a sun-dial,  on 
which  the  hours  are  marked,  or  the  face  of  a 
clock  or  a watch.  Addison. 

DI-AL'Y-SIS,  n. ; pi.  dI-Xe'y-se?.  [Gr.  SiaXueis, 
dissolution  ; <5<d,  throughout,  and  luw,  to  loose.] 

1.  (Rhet.)  A figure  of  speech  in  wrhich  sever- 
al words  are  put  together  without  being  con- 
nected by  a conjunction,  as  in  the  sentence, 
“I  came,  I saw,  1 conquered”;  asyndeton. 

2.  (Gram.)  A mark  [••]  placed  over  two 
vowels  to  show  that  they  are  to  be  pronounced 
separately  ; a diaeresis,  as  in  zoiilogy. 

3.  (Med.)  A solution  of  continuity: — a dis- 

solution or  loss  cf  strength;  weakness  of  the 
limbs.  Dunglison. 

DI-A-LYT'IC,  a.  [Gr.  haXoriKAs.)  Unbracing  the 
fibres  ; relaxing.  Scott. 

DI-A-M  AG-NET'IC,  a.  [Gr.  ^i<5,  across,  and  yay- 

vrn,  thie  magnet.]  (Chem.)  Taking  a position 
at  right  angles  to  the  magnetic  meridian  ; re- 
pelled by  either  pole  of  a magnet.  Brande. 

DI-A-M  AN'TINE,  a.  [It.  <Sr  Sp.  diamantino.  — See 
Diamond.]  Adamantine,  [n..]  Sylvester. 

DI-AM'E-TER,  n.  [Gr.  haperpoc ; ha,  through,  and 
liirpov,  a measure  ; L.  diametrus  ; It.  § Sp.  dia- 
metro ; Fr.  diamitre.] 

1 .(Geom.)  Any  right  line  which  passes  through 
the  centre  of  a circle  and  is  terminated  on  both 
sides  by  the  circumference ; or,  more  generally, 
a straight  line  which  bisects  a system  of  paral- 
lel chords  drawn  in  a curve ; — called  also, 
when  perpendicular  to  the  chord  which  it  bi- 
sects, an  axis.  Davies. 

2.  The  distance  through  the  centre  of  any 
object. 

The  diameter  of  a column  is  the  thickness  of  the  shaft 
measured  at  the  bottom.  Its  diameter  of  diminution  is 
measured  across  the  shaft  at  the  top.  Francis. 

f DI-Am’E-TRAL,  a.  [It.  diametrale  ; Sp.  diame- 
tral-, Fr  .diametral.]  Diametrical.  B.  Jonson. 

f Dl-AM'JE-TRAL-LY,  ad.  Diametrically. Bp.  flail. 

DI-A-MET  RIC,  I Describing  a diameter  ; 

DI-A-MET'RI-CAL,  ) being  in  the  direction  of  a 
diameter;  direct.  “ The  very  diametrical  point 
of  opposition.”  Bates. 

Dl-A-MET'RI-CAL- LY,  ad.  In  a diametrical  di- 
rection. “ Diametrically  opposed.”  Dowell. 

|j  DI'A-MOND,  or  DIA'MOND  [dl'a-mund,  IF.  P.  Ja. 
6'.;  dl'immd,  S.  J.  E.  K. ; di’a-mund  or  dl'mund, 
F.  S/?i.],  n.  [Gr.  ASdpac,  ahipavroc  ; a priv.  and 
It, yaw,  to  subdue  ; L.  adamas,  adamantis  ; It.  A\ 
Sp.  diamante ; Fr  .diamant.  — So  called  because 
it  resists  the  action  of  an  ordinary  fire.] 

I.  The  most  valuable  and  the  hardest  of  all 
stones  or  gems  ; adamant.  It  consists  of  char- 
coal or  carbon  in  a pure  and  crystalline  form, 


and  is  found  of  all  shades  of  color,  those  which 
are  colorless  or  have  some  decided  tint  being 
most  esteemed.  Though  insensible  to  the  action 
of  any  ordinary  fire,  it  burns,  and  is  -wholly  con- 
sumed, at  a temperature  of  14°  Wedgewood, 
producing  carbonic  acid  gas.  Dana. 

2.  A rhombus  ; a lozenge ; as,  “ The  dia- 
monds on  a card.” 

3.  One  of  a suit  at  cards,  marked  with  the 
figure  of  a rhombus  or  lozenge. 

The  baron  now  his  diamonds  pours  apace.  Pope. 

4.  The  smallest  type  used  in  English  printing. 

This  line  is  printed  in  the  type  called  diamond. 

||  Dl'A-MOND,  a.  Resembling  or  constructed  like 
a diamond.  P.  Cyc. 

||  Dl'A-MOND— CUT'TJJR,  71.  One  who  cuts  dia- 
monds. Clarke. 

||  DI'A-MOND-ED,  a.  In  squares  like  a diamond. 
“ Diamonded  or  streaked.”  Fuller. 

||  Dl'A-MOND-RING,  n.  A ring  bearing  a diamond 
or  set  with  diamonds.  Clarke. 

||  Dl'A-MOND— SET'TJJR,  n.  One  who  sets  dia- 
monds in  rings  or  other  ornaments.  Clarke. 

II  Di'A-MOND-SHArED  (-sliapd),  a.  Shaped  like 
a diamond  ; rhombus-shaped.  Clarke. 

Dl-AM-O-TO'SIS,  n.  [Gr.  ha,  through,  and  yard c, 
lint.]  (Med.)  The  introduction  of  lint  into  an 
ulcer  or  wound.  Dunglison. 


Dl'A-PlJR,  v.  n.  To  draw  flowers  or  arabesques 
upon  cloths.  “ If  you  diaper  on  folds.”  Peacham. 

f dI'A-PIIAned  (di'a-fand),  a.  [See  Diapha- 
nous.] Transparent.  Trans,  of  Boccalini. 

Dl-A-PHA-NE'I-TY,  n.  Transparency;  pellucid- 
ness ; translucency.  Ray. 

DI-A-PHAn'IC,  a.  Transparent ; pellucid.  Raleigh. 

dI-ApII'A-NOUS  (dl-afifs-nus),  a.  [Gr.  ha^avfn; 
ha,  through,  and  ipaivw,  to  shine.]  Seen  through ; 
transparent ; translucent ; pellucid.  “ The  jas- 
per . . . green,  but  diaphanous.”  Sir  IF.  Jones. 

DI-Aph'A-NOUS-LY,  ad.  Transparently.  Bailey. 

DI- A- P H ON' I £ a.  [See  Diaphonics.]  Re- 

DI-A-PHON'I-CAL,  ) lating  to  diaphonics.  Smart. 


DI-A-PHON'ICS,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  <5io,  through,  and 
fun/,  sound.]  The  science  or  doctrine  of  re- 
fracted sounds  ; diacoustics.  Brande. 


DI-A-PHO-RE'SIS,  n.  [Gr.  ha<l>6nrictc  ; <5io,  through, 
and  ipopiw,  to  bear.]  (Med.)  A greater  degree  of 
perspiration  than  is  natural,  but  less  than  in 
sweating:  — any  kind  of  cutaneous  evacua- 
tion. Dunglison. 


DI-A-PHO-RET'JC, 

DI-A-PHO-RETT-CAL 


l a. 

' d ia 


[Gr.  ha^oprjr/Kds ; L. 
diaphorcticus ; It.  if  Sp. 
diaforetico  ; Fr.  diaphoretique.’]  Causing  dia- 
phoresis or  profuse  perspiration.  Watts. 


DI-A-NAtTC,  a.  [Gr.  harow,  to  flow  through.] 
(Logic.)  Reasoning  progressively.  Scott. 

Dl-JtJf1  DRI-A,  n.  [Gr.  iij,  twice,  and  A vljp,  arSpde, 
a male.]  (Bot.)  In  the  Linnaean  system,  a class 
of  plants  having  two  stamens.  P.  Cyc. 

dI-AN'DRI-AN,  I a-  (Bot.)  Relating  to  the  dri- 

DI-An'DROUS,  j andria;  applied  to  a plant  hav- 
ing two  stamens.  P.  Cyc. 

DI-An'THIJS,  n.  [Gr.  hoc,  divine,  and  avBoc,  a 
flower.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants,  mostly  ev- 
ergreens with  beautiful  flowers,  the  most  re- 
markable species  of  which  are  Dianthus  barba- 
tus,  or  sweet-william,  and  Dianthus  caryophyl- 
lus,  or  the  clover-pink  ; the  pink.  Loudon. 

f DI'A-pASE,  7i.  [See  Diapason.]  The  diapa- 
son. Spenser. 

DI'A-PA$M  (dl'?-pazm),  n.  [Gr.  StAnacrpa.']  A 
powder  or  perfume.  B.  Jonson. 

DI-A-PA'§ON  (dl-a-pa'zqn),  77.  [Gr.  hanaawv  ; i5iq, 
through,  and  rac,  all  ; It.  diapason .]  (Mas.)  An 
interval  used  to  express  the  octave  of  the 
Greeks;  a chord  which  "includes  all  tones:  — a 
scale  by  which  instrument-makers  adjust  the 
bore  of  their  pipes,  &c.  : — the  compass  of  the 
tones  of  a voice  or  of  an  instrument.  Warner. 

From  harmony,  from  heavenly  harmony, 

This  universal  frame  began; 

From  harmony  to  harmony 
Through  all  the  compass  of  the  notes  it  ran, 

The  diapason  closing  full  in  man.  Dri/den. 

Diapason-eliapente,  the  diapason  or  octave  together 
with  the  fifth  ; the  interval  of  a twelfth. 

Diapason-iliatessaron,  the  diapason  with  the  fourtli ; 
the  interval  of  an  eleventh. 

DI-A-PEN'TE,  77..  [Gr.  hi,  through,  and  nhre, 
five  ; L.  <Sr  It.  diapente .] 

1.  (Mus.)  The  complete  fifth  ; a musical  inter- 
val embracing  five  degrees  of  the  scale.  Brande. 

2.  (Med.)  A medicine  composed  of  five  ingre- 
dients. Dunglison. 

Dl'A-PpR,?t.  [Fr .diapre,  corrupted  from  d’  Ypres, 
— Ypres,  in  Flanders,  being  the  original  place 
of  the  manufacture.] 

1.  Linen  cloth  woven  in  flowers  or  other  fig- 
ures, much  used  for  table-cloths,  napkins,  tow- 
els, &c. 

2.  A napkin  ; a towel  : — a clout. 

Let  one  attend  him  with  a silver  basin, 

Another  bear  the  ewer,  a third  a diaper.  Shade. 

3.  (Arch.)  A kind  of  orna- 
mental decoration  applied  to 
plain  surfaces,  in  which  the 
pattern  of  flowers  or  ara- 
besques, either  carved  or  paint- 
ed, is  continually  repeated,  and 
usually  in  squares.  Fairholt. 

Dl'A-PJJR,  77.  a.  To  variegate  ; 
to  diversify  ; to  flower. 

She  [the  spring]  doth  diaper  the  ground  with  beauties.  Ford. 


DI-A-PIIO-RET'JC,  77.  (Med.)  A medicine  which 
promotes  diaphoresis,  or  profuse  perspiration  ; 
— distinguished  from  a sudorific,  which  pro- 
motes sweating.  " Dunglison. 

DI-  A-PHO-RET'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a diaphoretical 
manner.  Ash. 

DI-A-PHO-RET'I-CAL- NESS,  77.  The  quality  of 
being  diaphoretic.  Scott. 

DI'A-PHRAGM  (dl'g-fram),  77.  [Gr.  Sta<ppaypa  ; 
Sid,  through,  and  i/ipdovw,  to  fence  in ; L.  dia- 
plnagma ; It.  &■  Sp.  dia,fragma ; Fr.  diaphragme.] 

1.  (Anat.)  The  midriff,  a muscular  and  ten- 
dinous partition  which  separates  the  thorax  or 
chest  from  the  abdomen,  in  mammals.  Brande. 

2.  (Conch.)  A straight,  calcareous  plate 

which  divides  the  cavity  of  certain  shells  into 
two  parts  only.  Brande. 

3.  Any  partition  which  divides,  wholly  or  in 

part,  a hollow  body.  London  Eney. 

DI-A-PHRAG-MAt'IC,  a.  Belonging  to  the  dia- 
phragm. Dunglison. 

DI-A-PHRAG-MA-TI'TJS,  n.  (Med.)  Inflamma- 
tion of  the  diaphragm  ; diaphragmitis.  Brande. 

DI-A-PHRAG-Ml'TIS,  77.  (Med.)  Inflammation  of 
the  diaphragm;  diaphragmatitis;  — a rare  dis- 
ease. Dunglison. 

DI-A-PLAS'TICS,  77.  pi.  [Gr.  hanXdaaw,  to  set  a 
limb.]  (Med.)  Medicines  proper  to  be  used  in 
the  treatment  of  dislocated  limbs.  Crabb. 

DI-AP-NOT'JC,  a.  [Gr.  Stanvt),  exhalation.]  (Med.) 
Noting  remedies  which  operate  by  promoting 
gentle,  imperceptible  perspiration.  Craig. 

Dl-A-PO-RE'SIS,  77.  [Gr.  ha-roppaic.)  (Rhet.) 
Apparent  hesitation  or  doubt  in  a speaker  as 
to  the  manner  in  which  he  should  proceed,  the 
subjects  he  has  to  treat  of  being  all  equally  im- 
portant. Maunder. 

Dl'AR-CHY,  ?7.  [Gr.  <5lf,  double,  and  apx'i , rule.] 
A government  by  two  rulers.  Ec.  Rev. 

DI-A'RI-AL,  a.  [See  Diaiiy.]  Relating  to  a di- 
ary or  journal ; diarian.  Ec.  Rev. 

DI-A'RI-AN,  a.  Relating  to  a diary.  Smart. 

DI'A-RIST,  77.  One  who  keeps  a diary,  or  journal. 

DI-AR-RIICE'A  (di-?-re'?),  77.  [Gr.  happoia  ; hi, 
through,  and  ptw,  to  flow;  It.  <Sf  Sp.  diarrea; 
Fr.  diarrhee.)  (Med.)  A flux,  or  disease  char- 
acterized by  frequent  liquid  alvine  evacuations, 
and  generally  owing  to  inflammation  of  the  mu- 
cous membrane  of  the  intestines.  Dunglison. 

DI-AR-RHCET'IC  (dl-?r-ret'i!c),  a.  (Med.)  Relat- 
ing to  diarrhoea  ; purgative.  Arbuthnot. 

Dl-AR-THRO'SjS,  77.  [Gr.  SiApBpwaic  \ ha,  through, 
and  apdpov,  a joint.]  (Anat.)  A movable  articu- 
lation, or  an  articulation  which  permits  the 


Sajy 

yy 

yy 

yy 

& 

A, 


E,  I, 


O, 


U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure; 


FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


DIARY 


399 


DICTAMEN 


Sones  to  move  freely  on  each  other  in  every  di- 
rection, as  in  the  case  of  the  shoulder-joints ; 
abarticulation.  Dunglisort , 

Dl'A-RY,  n.  [L.  diarium;  dies,  a.  day;  It.  Sf  Sp. 
diario.]  A note-book,  register,  or  account  of 
daily  occurrences  ; a journal.  Brande. 

fDI'A-RY,  a.  Daily.  “ A diary  ague.”  Bacon. 

Di-AS-CHls  'MA,  n.  [Gr.  hao^iopn  ; i5(a',  through, 
and  e^ilm,  to  cleave  ; It.  diaschisma .]  ( An- 

cient Mas.)  An  interval  forming  the  half  of  a 
a minor  semitone.  Brande. 

DI'A-SPORE,  n.  [Gr.  Siamopb,  dispersion.]  (Min.) 
A laminated  mineral,  a small  fragment  of  which, 
when  heated,  decrepitates,  and  is  dispersed, 
— whence  the  name.  Brande. 

DI-AS-TAL'TIC,  a.  [Gr.  SiaoTal.Tocbs  ; ilia,  through, 
and  oriD.w,  to  place.]  ( Ancient  Mus.)  Applied 
to  intervals  admitting  of  extension.  Crctbb. 

DI'AS-TASE,  n.  [Gr.  fnaaraaiq,  division.]  ( Chern .) 
A vegetable  principle,  allied,  in  its  general  prop- 
erties, to  gluten,  and  appearing  in  the  germina- 
tion of  barley  and  other  seeds,  and  converting 
their  starch  into  gum  and  sugar,  for  the  nutri- 
tion of  the  embryo.  It  may  be  extracted  from 
crushed  malt  by  water,  ana  precipitated  from 
the  solution  by  alcohol.  The  name  refers  to  its 
property  of  separating  two  supposed  constitu- 
ents of  starch.  Hoblyn. 

DI-AS'TA-SIS,  n.  [Gr.  Suiaraais,  separation.] 
(Med.)  The  separation  of  two  bones  from  each 
other,  and  particularly  of  the  bones  of  the  cra- 
nium, of  the  radius  from  the  ulna,  and  of  the 
fibula  from  the  tibia.  Dunglison. 

DI'AS-TEM,  n.  [Gr.  SiSerrjpa;  L.  $ It.  diastema .] 
(Mus.)  A simple  interval,  as  distinguished  from 
a compound  one.  Moore. 

Di-AS'TO-LS,  n.  [Gr.  SiaoTol.r) ; Siaartlhn,  to  di- 
late ; It.  (Sf  Sp.  diastole .] 

1.  (Med.)  A dilatation  of  the  heart  and  arte- 
ries ; — opposed  to  systole.  Ray. 

2.  (Rhet.)  A figure  by  which  a short  syllable 

is  made  long.  Johnson. 

DI'A-STYLE,  n.  [Gr.  Sia,  through,  and  or'ul.os,  a 
column  ; It.  (Sf  Sp.  diastilo .]  ( Arch.)  That  mode 

of  arranging  columns  in  which  the  intercolum- 
niation,  or  space  between  the  columns,  con- 
sists of  three,  or,  according  to  some,  of  four 
diameters.  Harris. 

f DI'A-SYRM,  n.  [Gr.  haanojibs  ; lib,  through,  and 
avpw,  to  rend.]  A reproof.  Dodd. 

Dl-A-TES'SA-RON,  n.  [Gr.  Siareoedoiov  ; lid, 
through,  and  naaarm,  four ; It.  diatessaronJ] 

1.  (Theol.)  The  four  Gospels  : — a harmony  of 

the  four  Gospels.  Maunder. 

2.  (Ancient  Mus.)  A fourth  ; an  interval  em- 
bracing four  degrees  of  the  scale.  Warner. 

3.  (Med.)  An  electuary  containing  four  in- 
gredients. Crabb. 

DI-A-THER'MAL,  a.  [Gr.  Sib,  through,  and  Beppy, 
heat.]  Pervious  to  heat,  as  rock-salt.  Brande. 

DI-A-THER'MAN-CY,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
permeable  to  heat!  Hoblyn. 

Dl-A-THER-MA-NE'I-TY,  n.  Same  as  Diather- 
mancy. ’ ’ Hoblyn, 

Dl-A-THER'MA-NOUS,  a.  [Gr.  ltd,  through,  and 
Oepyaivu),  to  warm.]  Applied  to  certain  substan- 
ces, such  as  transparent  pieces  of  rock-salt,  &c., 
which  suffer  radiant  heat  to  pass  through  them  ; 
pervious  to  heat ; diathermal.  Brande. 

DI-ATH'JJ-SIS,  n.  [Gr.  diaflfffij.]  (Med.)  The  state 
of  the  body  or  constitution  ; — predisposition  to 
certain  diseases  rather  than  others.  Dunglison. 

DI-AT'O-MOUS,  a.  [Gr.  ha,  through,  and  rill  Via, 
to  cut.]  (Min.)  Applied  to  minerals  which  have 
one  diagonal  cleavage.  Clarke. 

Dl-A-TON  IC,  ) a.  [Gr.  liarovtKd;;  Sia,  through, 

DI-A-TON'I-CAL,  ) and  rttvia,  to  stretch;  It.  (Sf  Sp. 
diatonico. \ (Mus.)  Proceeding  in  the  order  of 
tones;  or  from  tone  to  tone;  denoting  the  nat- 
ural scale  of  music,  which,  proceeding  by  de- 
grees, includes  both  tones  and  semitones. Brande. 

Dl-A-TON'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  Harmoniously;  musi- 
cally- ‘ ‘ Burney. 

DP  A-  TRIBE,  or  DI-AT'RI-BE  [diVtnb,  K.  C. 


Wb.  Maunder',  dl-St're-be,  Bailey,  Ash,  Todd, 
Rees',  dl'a-trlb,  P. ; dla-tri-bc,  S/n. ; dl'a-trlb  or 
dl-ai'rg-b?,  If.],  n.  [Gr.  Siarpijlfi  ; hb,  through, 
and  T-jw/Iw,  to  wear  ; L.,  It.,  (Sf  Sp.  diatriba .] 

1.  A disputation  ; a dissertation  ; a continued 
discourse. 

I am  not  yet,  by  all  his  diatribe , so  instructed  or  im- 
proved as  to  discern  one  real  misadventure  in  those  dis- 
course. Hammond . 

2.  A strain  of  invective  ; a philippic.  “ Herrff- 
atribe  against  intellectual  people.”  M.  C.  Clarke. 

Dl-AT'RI-BIST,n.  A writer  of  diatribes.  Hammond. 

Dl-A-ZEUC'TIC,  ) [Gr.  Ita^fVKriKb;,  disjunctive  ; 

DI-A-ZEU'TIC,  ) Sid,  through,  and  {tlyyvvyi,  to 
unite.]  (Ancient  Mus.)  Appliedto  the  tone  dis- 
joining two  fourths,  one  on  each  side  of  it,  and 
which,  joined  to  either,  made  a fifth.  Brande. 

DIB,  v.  a.  To  dip.  [Local.]  Barret.  Wright. 

DIB'BER,  n.  (Agric.)  An  instrument  with  dibbles 
or  teeth  for  making  holes  in  the  ground.  Loudon. 

DIB'BLE,  n.  [Dut.  dipfel.  — See  Dab.] 

1.  A small  spade ; a pointed  instrument  to 
make  holes  in  the  ground  for  planting  seeds. 

There  comes  another  strange  gardener  that . . . never  han- 
dled a dibble  or  spade  to  set  the  least  pot-herb.  Milton. 

2.  A tooth  or  point.  Clarke. 

3.  A setting  stick.  [Local.]  Ilalliwell. 

DIB'BLE,  V.  a.  [f.  DIBBLED  ; pp.  DIBBLING,  DIB- 
BLED.] To  plant  with  a dibble.  Clarke. 

DlB'BLE,  v.  n.  To  dip,  as  in  angling.  Walton. 

DIB'BLER,  n.  An  agricultural  instrument  used 
in  planting  ; a dibble.  Loudon. 

Dl-BOTII'RI-AN,  n.  [Gr.  Its,  twice,  and  06Opos,  a 
pit.]  ( Ent .)  One  of  a division  of  tape-worms  ; 
— so  called  from  having  not  more  than  two  pits 
or  fossae  on  its  head.  Brande. 

DI-BRAN'EIH-ATE,  n.  [Gr.  Sis,  double,  and  (IpSy- 
%t<i,  gills.]  (Zoiil.)  One  of  an  order  of  cephalo- 
pods,  including  such  as  are  furnished  with  two 
gills,  three  distinct  hearts,  an  apparatus  for 
secreting  and  discharging  an  inky  fluid,  and  ce- 
phalic arms,  never  exceeding  ten  in  number,  sol- 
id, and  supporting  acetabula  or  suckers.  Brande. 

DIB'STONE,  n.  A little  stone  which  children, 
in  a game,  throw  at  another  stone.  Locke. 

j-  DI-CA'OIOUS  (de-ka'shus,  66)',  a.  [L.  dicax,  di- 
cacis,  sarcastic.]  Talkative  ; saucy.  Maunder. 

f-  Dl-C'Ay'r-TY,  n.  [L.  dicacitas,  dicacitatis.] 
Sauciness  ; raillery  ; banter.  Graves. 

DI'cAst,  n.  [Gr.  SiKnarris .]  An  officer  in  ancient 
Greece,  somewhat  like  our  juryman.  Buchanan. 

DICE,  n.pl.  of  die.  A game.  — See  Die.  Bentley. 

DICE,  V.  n.  [i.  DICED  ; pp.  DICING,  DICED.]  To 
play  at,  or  game  with,  dice. 

I . . . diced  not  above  seven  times  a week.  Shak. 

DICE'— BOX,  n.  The  box  from  which  the  dice  are 
thrown.  “ To  rattle  the  diee-box.”  Horsley. 

DlCE'-COAL,  n.  A species  of  coal  easily  split- 
ting into  cubical  fragments.  _ Brande. 

Dl-CEPII'A-LOUS,  a.  [Gr.  Sis,  double,  and  Kapalti, 
a head.]  Having  two  heads  on  one  body.  Craig. 

Dl'CF.R,  n.  A player  at  dice;  one  who  dices. 
“ False  as  dicers’  oaths.”  Shak. 

DI'CE-RAS,  n.  [Gr.  Sis,  double,  and  sipas,  a horn.] 
(Pal.)  A genus  of  fossil  conchifers,  so  named 
from  having  two  prominent  spiral  umbones  re- 
sembling twisted  horns.  Woodward. 

DICH.  Do  it,  or  may  it  do.  “ Much  good  dich 
thy  good  heart.”  Shak. 

peg-  “This  word  seems  corrupted  from  dit,  for  do 
it.”  Johnson.  — “ It  lias  not  been  met  with  elsewhere, 
nor  is  it  known  to  be  provincial.”  JVures. 

Dl-EHAS'TA-SIS,  n.  [Gr.  Si^a^w,  to  cleave  asun- 
der.] The  process  of  cleaving  asunder  sponta- 
neously. Clarke. 

Dl-EHLA-MYD'E-OUS,  a.  [Gr.  Sis,  twice,  and 
^/apls,  a cloak.]  (Bot.)  Having  two  coverings  ; 
having  both  calyx  and  corolla.  Gray. 

DI-EHOL'O-PHUS,  n.  [Gr.  Si\a,  separately,  and 
Idipos,  a crest.]  (Ornith.)  A genus  of  wading 
birds,  including  the  cariama,  in  which  the  crown 
of  the  head  is  furnished  with  a tuft  of  feathers 
spreading  in  two  directions.  Brande. 


Di-eHO-PHY' IA,  n.  [Gr.  li-^oipvta,  a division.] 
(Med.)  A disease  of  the  hair  in  which  the  ends 
split  and  become  forked.  Dunglison. 

DI-EHOT'O-MlST,  n.  One  who  dichotomizes  ; 
one  who  divides  any  thing  into  parts.  Bacon. 

DI-EHOT'O-MIZE,  V.  a.  [Gr.  Si^oToptoi ; St^n, 
asunder,  and  Ttjivu,  to  cut.]  To  separate  ; to 
divide  ; to  bisect,  [r.]  Bp.  Hall. 

Dl-EHOT'O-MOUS,  a.  (Bot.)  Bifur-  V 

cate  ; successively  forked  ; divided  yi 

into  two  branches,  as  a stem,  hair, 

&c.  Gray. 

Dichotomous-corymhed,  composed  of  I 

corymbs,  in  which  the  pedicels  are  di- 
vided  and  subdivided  in  pairs.  Maunder. 


DI-EIIOT'O-MOUS-Ly,  ad.  In  a dichotomous 
manner.  ’ Phil.  Mag. 

DI-EHOT'O-MY  (dl-kot'o-me,)  n.  [Gr.  Si^oropiu.] 

1.  (Astron.)  The  phase  of  the  moon  when 

she  shows  just  half  her  disk.  Maunder. 

2.  (Logic.)  The  distribution  of  ideas  by  pairs  ; 

a reduction  into  two  heads.  Watts. 


DI'EHRO-I§M,  7i.  [Gr.  Sis,  twice,  and  %p6a r,  color.] 
(Opt.)  A property  of  some  crystallized  bodies  of 
appearing  under  two  distinct  colors,  according  to 
the  direction  in  which  they  are  viewed,  or  in  which 
the  rays  of  light  pass  through  them.  Brewster. 

DI'EHRO-ITE,  n.  [Gr.  Sis,  twice,  and  \pba,  color.] 
(Min.)  A variety  of  iolite  ; — so  called  from  the 
colors  it  exhibits  when  viewed  in  different  di- 
rections. Hamilton. 

DI-EHRO-MAT'IC,  a.  [Gr.  Sis,  double,  and^pw/m, 
color.]  Having  two  colors.  Wartman. 


DURING,  7i.  The  act  of  playing  at  dice.  Latimer. 
Dl^'ING— HOUSE,  7i.  A house  where  dice  are 
played,  [r.]  Milton. 

DICK'JJN^,  n.  or  interj.  The  devil; — used  as  a 
vulgar  exclamation. 

I cannot  tell  what  the  dickens  his  name  is.  Sheik. 


t DICKER,  71.  [Gr.  Shea,  ten.]  Ten  in  quantity; 
daker.  “ A dicker  of  hides.”  Bailey. 

DICK'ER,  v.  n.  To  barter.  [New  York.]  Bartlett. 

DICK'Y,  n.  1.  An  ass,  male  or  female.  Forby. 

2.  A sham  bosom  of  a shirt.  [Local.]  Grose. 

3.  A common  leather  apron.  Wright. 

4.  A linen  shirt-collar.  [Local,  U.  S.] 

5.  An  under-petticoat.  [Local.]-  Halliwell. 

6.  An  outside  seat  of  a carriage  over  the  hind 

"wheels.  [Local.]  C.  Brown. 

DIC'LI-NATE,  a.  [Gr.  Sis,  twofold,  and  n/ituo,  to 
incline.]  (Min.)  Having  two  axes  obliquely  in- 
clined. Clarke. 

DIC'LI-NOUS,  a.  (Bot.)  Having  the  stamens  in 
one  flower  and  the  pistils  in  another.  Gray. 

DI-COC'COUS,  a.  [Gr.  Ukokkos  ; Sis,  twice,  and 

kokkos,  a berry.]  (Bot.)  Containing  two  grains 
of  seed.  Smart. 


DI-COT-Y-LE'DON  [di-kot-e-le'don,  Sm.  TVS.  P. 
Cyc.  Brande;  dl-kp-tll 'e-don,  AT.],  n.  [Gr.  lie, 
twice,  and  noTvlriSinv,  a cup-shaped  hollow.] 
(Bot.)  One  of  a class  of  plants  which  have  their 
embryo  furnished  with  two  cotyledons,  or  seed- 
leaves  ; one  of  the  class  of  plants  which  are 
called  also  exogens.  Brande. 

Df-COT-Y-LED'O-NOUS,  a.  (Bot.)  Having  two 
cotyledons.  Lyell. 

Dl-CROT'IC,  a.  [Gr.  Sis,  twice,  and  koot(o),  to 
strike.]  (Med.)  A term  applied  to  the  pulse 
where  the  artery  conveys  the  sensation  of  a 
double  pulsation.  Hoblyn. 


fDIC-TA'MBN,  n. 
[Low  L.]  A pre- 
cept ; dictation. 


DIC'RO-TIJS,  a.  [Gr.  Sinporos ; Sis,  twice,  and 
KpoTito,  to  beat.]  (Med.)  Applied  to  the  pulse 
when  it  beats  twice  as  fast  as  usual.  Dunglison. 
ni-CRU-Pl’MJE, 

?i.  pi.  ( Ornith.) 

A sub-family  of 
dentirostral 
birds,  of  the  or- 
der Passeres  and 
family  Atnpeli- 
dee  ; Drongo 
shrikes.  Gray. 


Dicrurus  graudis. 

Ld.  Falkland. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — <?,  9,  g,  soft;  E,  G,  c,  1,  hard;  § as  z;  £ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


DICTAMNUS 


400 


DIES  NON 


DJC-TAm'NUS,  ra.  [L.,  from  Dicte,  a mountain 
of  Crete,  where  the  plant  abounds.]  ( Bot .)  A 
genus  of  fragrant  plants,  the  roots  of  which  are 
used  in  medicine  as  an  opiate  and  drastic  ; 
Fraxinella  : — an  evergreen  under-shrub  ; Ori- 
ganum dictanmus  ; dittany  of  Crete.  Loudon. 

DIC'TATE,  v.  a.  [L.  dicto,  dictatus  ; dico,  to  say  ; 
It.  dettare ; Sp.  dietary  Fr.  dieter .]  [/.  dic- 

tated ; pp.  DICTATING,  DICTATED.] 

1.  To  declare  with  authority ; to  command ; 
to  prescribe  ; to  direct. 

Whatsoever  is  dictated  to  us  by  God  himself,  or  by  men 
who  are  divinely  inspired,  must  be  believed  with  full  assur- 
ance. 11  atts. 

Reason  will  dictate  unto  me  what  is  for  my  own  good  and 
benefit.  State  Trials. 

2.  To  utter  part  by  part,  as  sentences,  so  that 
they  may  be  repeated  or  written. 

Syn.  — To  dictate  implies  entire  subserviency  in 
the  person  dictated  to.  A minister  dictates  to  bis  sec- 
retary : an  author  dictates  to  bis  amanuensis  what  to 
write  ; a physician  prescribes  to  his  patient ; an  officer 
commands  his  soldiers. 

DIC'TATE,  n.  1.  An  authoritative  maxim  ; a 
precept.  “ The  dictates  of  the  gospel.”  Jortin. 

2.  An  order  ; a command. 

Then  let  this  dictate  of  my  love  prevail.  Pope. 

DJC-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  dictation  Fr.  dictation .] 
The  act  of  dictating  ; prescription  ; direction. 
“ The  dictation  of  God’s  Spirit.”  Bp.  Hall. 

DJC-TA'TOR,  n.  [L.]  1.  A magistrate  of  ancient 
Rome,  created  in  seasons  of  exigency,  and  in- 
vested for  a time  with  unlimited  power.  Gibbon. 

2.  Any  one  invested  with  absolute  authority. 
“ The  great  dictator  of  fashions.”  B.  Jonson. 

DIC-T  A-TO'RI-AL,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  a dicta- 
tor ; absolute;  unlimited  ; as,  “To  invest  with 
dictatorial  power.” 

2.  Imperious  ; authoritative  ; overbearing  ; 
dogmatical.  “ A dictatorial  style.”  Watts. 

DIC-TA-TO'RI- AL-LY,  ad.  In  a dictatorial  man- 
ner ; imperiously.  Qu.  Rev. 

f DiC-TA-TO'RT-AN,  a.  Arbitrary;  absolute; 
dictatorial.  “ A dictatorian  power  over  all 
times.”  State  Trials. 

DIC-TA'TOR-SHiP,  n.  1.  The  office  of  dictator. 
“ His  laying  down  the  dictatorship.”  Langhorne. 

2.  Imperiousness  ; authority.  Dryden. 

DIC'TA-TO-RY,  a.  Overbearing;  dogmatical; 
dictatorial,  [r.]  Milton. 

DJC-TA'TR|JSS,  n.  A dictatrix.  Carlyle. 

DIC-TA'TRIX,  n.  [L.]  A female  dictator.  Knox. 

DIC-TAT'URE  (djk-tat'yur)  [djk-ta'chur,  S. ; djk- 
ta'cliur,  W. ; djk-ta'tur,  Ja.  Sin.  ; dlk'tj-tur, 
IVb.],  n.  The  office  of  a dictator;  a dictator- 
ship. “A  kind  of  dictature  in  sciences.”  Bacon. 

DICTION’,  n.  [L.  dictio ; It.  dizione;  Sp.  diccion , 
a speaking;  Fr.  diction .]  Language,  as  used 
to  express  thought  ; manner  of  expression ; 
expression  ; phraseology  ; style.  ’ 

Diction , being  the  vehicle  of  the  thoughts,  first  presents 
itself  to  the  intellectual  eye.  Johnson. 

Syn.  — See  Style. 

dIC-TION-A'RF-AN,  n.  One  who  compiles  a dic- 
tionary ; a lexicographer,  [r.]  Dr.  Dawson. 

DIC'TION-A-RY  (dik'shu»-?-re),  n.  [Low  L.  dic- 
tionarium,  from  L.  dictio , a word  ; It.  diziona- 
rio\  Sp.  diccionario ; Fr.  dictionnaire .] 

1.  A book  containing  the  words  of  a language, 
arranged  alphabetically,  with  explanations  of 
their  meaning ; a lexicon  ; a vocabulary  ; a 
word-book. 

2.  A work  giving  information  on  any  science 
or  subject,  under  words  or  heads  alphabetically 
arranged,  as  of  chemistry,  biography,  geogra- 
phy, &c. ; an  encyclopaedia. 

Syn  .—Dictionary  is  a general  term  ; as,  “An  Eng- 
lish, French,  or  Latin  dictionary  or  word-book  ” ; “ A 
geographical,  biographical,  or  chemical  dictionary  ” ; 
“ A dictionary  of  the  arts  and  sciences.”  Lexicon  is  a 
species  of  dictionary,  appropriately  applied  to  the  dead 
languages  ; as,  “ A Hebrew  or  Greek  lexicon .”  An 
encyclopedia,  or  a cyclopaedia,  is  a dictionary  embracing 
the  whole  circle  of  science,  literature,  and  art.  A 
vocabulary  is  a sort  of  partial  dictionary  ; as,  “ A vo- 
cabulary of  English  words.”  A glossary  is  an  explan- 
atory vocabulary  ; as,  “ A glossary  of  obsolete  terms, 
or  of  provincial  words,  or  words  peculiar  to  an  au- 


thor.” A nomenclature  is  a list  of  names  or  words 
peculiar  to  some  branch  of  science  ; as,  “ A nomen- 
clature of  botany.” 

DIC'TUM,  n. ; pi.  dicta.  [L.] 

1.  A word  ; a saying  ; an  assertion  ; a prov- 
erb. 

2.  {Law.)  A casual  or  extrajudicial  opinion 

delivered  by  a judge.  Hamilton. 

DID,  i.  from  do.  See  Do. 

fDI-DAC'TIC  [de-dak'tjk,  IF.  J.  F.  Sm.;  dl-dkk'- 
tik,  S.  E.  A'.],  n.  A treatise  on  education. 

Milton. 

DI-DAc  TIC,  ) a_  [(Jr-  StSanriKils  ; SiSaaKio,  to 

DI-DAC'TI-CAL,  ) teach ; It.  didattico ; Sp.  di- 
dactico  ; Fr.  didactique.]  Preceptive  ; giving 
instruction  ;•  teaching.  “ Didactic  poetry.” 

Blair. 

D]-DAC'TI-CAL-LY,  ae?.  In  a didactic  manner.AsA. 

DI-DAC'TJCS,  n.pl.  The  art  or  science  of  teach- 
ing. [r.]  Biblical  Repository. 

dI-dAC'TYL,  a.  [Gr.  SiSoktvI.os  ; Sis,  double,  and 
SoktoI.os,  a finger.]  ( Zoiil .)  Having  only  two 

toes  or  fingers.  Brande. 

Df-DAC'TYL,  n.  ( Zoul .)  An  animal  having  only 
two  toes.  Kirby. 

Dl-DAc'TY-LOtTS,  a.  {Zoiil.)  Having  only  two 
toes ; didactyl.  Smart. 

DID  AP-PER,  n.  ( O rn.it h.)  A lobe-footed,  aquatic 
bird  of  the  grebe  kind;  a dabchick  or  dobchick  ; 
Podiceps  minor.  Yarrell. 

DI-dAs'CA-LAR,  a.  Didactic;  preceptive;  did- 
ascalic.  [r.]  Bulwer. 

DlD-AS-CAL'lC  [dld-?s-kal'ik,  IF.  J.  Sm.  R.  ; dl- 
das'ka-Hk,  S.  A’.],  a.  [Gr.  SiSaoKa?.iK6s .]  Pre- 
ceptive ; didactic.  Prior. 

DID'D^R,  v.  n.  To  quake  with  cold;  to  shiver. 
[Local,  North  of  Eng.]  Sherwood. 

DID'DLE,  v.  n.  1.  To  totter,  as  a child;  to  dad- 
dle.  — See  Daddle.  Quarles. 

2.  To  trifle  ; to  waste  time  ; to  dawdle.  Forby. 

DlD'DLE,  v.  a.  To  cheat;  to  deceive;  to  dupe; 
to  impose  upon.  Halloway. 

DID'DLED,  p.  a.  Cheated  ; deceived.  Clarke. 

DI-DEC-A-HE'DRAL,  a.  [Gr.  Sis,  twice,  Shea,  ten, 
and  'iSpa,  a base.]  ( Crystallography '.)  Having 
the  form  of  a decahedral,  or  ten-sided,  prism, 
with  pentahedral,  or  five-sided,  summits. 

Clarke. 

DI-DEL'PHIC,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  didelphys,  or 
an  animal  of  the  opossum  kind.  Clarke. 

Dl-DEL'PHYS,  n.  [Gr.  Sts,  twice,  and  Sthpls,  the 
matrix.]  {Zoiil.)  A name  originally  applied  to 
the  opossum  and  all  other  quadrupeds  which  have 
a duplicature  of  the  integument  of  the  abdo- 
men forming  a pouch,  in  which  the  prematurely 
born  young  are  received,  protected,  and  nour- 
ished. In  modern  systems  the  term  is  restrict- 
ed to  that  group  of  marsupials  in  which  there 
are  certain  species  deficient  in  the  abdominal 
pouch.  Brande. 

Dl-DI  'NJE,  n.  pi.  {Ornith.)  A sub-family  of 
birds,  now  supposed  to  be  extinct,  of  the  order 
ColumbtB  and  family  Co/umbidce ; dodoes.  — See 
Dodo.  Gray. 

DI-DO-DEC- A-HE'DRAL,  a.  [Gr.  Sis,  twice,  SoiSiku, 
twelve,  and  eSpa,  a seat,  a base.]  Having  the 
form  of  a dodecahedral  or  twelve-sided  prism, 
with  hexahedral  or  six-sided  summits.  Oyilvie. 

Dl'DRACHM  (dl'drkm),  n.  [Gr.  SiSpa^pov.]  A 
double  drachma,  a Grecian  coin  equal  to  a half- 
shekel, the  Jewish  tribute-money,  or  about  30 
cents.  Bp.  Taylor. 

Dl-DRACH'MA,  n.  A didfachm.  Campbell. 

DIDST,  v.  The  second  person  sing.  i.  from  do. 

f DI-DUCE'MIJNT,  n. Division  ; separation.  Bacon. 

DI-DUC'TION,  n.  [L.  diductio.]  Separation  of 
one  -part  from  the  other.  “To  hinder  the  di- 
duction  of  its  sides.”  Boyle. 

DI-DUC'TI  VE-LY,  ad.  By  diduction.  Browne. 


VI-  D On-  CU-Li  'NAS,  n.pl. 

{ Ornith.)  A sub-family 
of  birds  of  the  order  Co- 
lumhm  and  family  Co- 
lumbidce ; tooth-billed  pig- 
eons. Gray. 

D['D™,  _ l»-  [Gr.  Si- 

DI-DYM'J-UM,  J Svpus,  twin.]  Didunculus  stripirostris. 
{Min.)  A metal  found  united  with  oxide  of 
cerium,  and  so  called  from  being,  as  it  were, 
the  twin-brother  of  lantanium,  which  was  pre- 
viously found  in  the  same  body.  Hoblyn.  Ure. 

DID'Y-MOUS,  a.  [Gr.  SiSvpos,  twin.]  {Bot.)  Grow- 
ing in  pairs  or  twins.  P.  Cyc. 

DID-  Y-NA  'MI-A,  n.  [Gr.  Sis,  double,  and  Siva  pis, 
power.]  (Bot.)  The  fourteenth  class  of  plants 
in  the  Linnacan  system  ; the  class  of  plants 
which  have  four  stamens,  two  short  and  two 
long ; — otherwise  called  tetrandria.  P.  Cyc. 

DID-Y-NA'MI-ANj  a.  {Bot.)  Having  four  sta- 
mens ; didynamous.  Smart. 

Dl-DYN'A-MOUS,  a.  {Bot.)  Having  four 
stamens  in  two  pairs,  one  pair  shorter 
than  the  other.  Gray. 

DIE  (dl),  v.  n.  [Goth,  dauthjan  ; A.  S.  dea- 
dian  ; Dut.  dooden,  to  kill ; Ger.  tiidten  ; 

Sw.  do ; Dan.  de.  — Gr.  flfcw  ; Fr.  tuer,  to  kill.] 
\i.  DIED  ; pp.  DYING,  DIED.]  • 

1.  To  cease  to  live  ; to  lose  life  ; to  expire ; to 
decease ; to  perish. 

All  flesh  died  that  moved  upon  the  earth.  Gen.  vii.  21. 
These  taught  us  how  to  live;  and  (O,  too  high 
The  price  of  knowledge!)  taught  us  how  to  die.  Tickett. 
We  thought  her  dyina  when  she  slept, 

And  sleeping  when  she  died.  Hood. 

2.  To  lose  life,  or  wither,  as  a vegetable. 

Except  a corn  of  wheat  fall  into  the  ground  and  die,  it 
abideth  alone;  but  if  it  die , it  bringetli  forth  much  fruit. 

John  xii.  24. 

3.  To  come  to  an  end;  to  come  to  nothing ; 

to  be  lost ; to  cease  ; to  end;  to  vanish;  to  dis- 
appear. “ Letting  the  secret  die  within  his  own 
breast.”  Spectator. 

When  dying  clouds  contend  with  growing  light.  Skak. 

4.  To  sink;  to  faint;  to  languish.  “His 

heart  died  within  him.”  1 Sam.  xxv.  1. 

5.  {Theol.)  To  become  subject  to  penal  suf- 
fering for  sin  ; to  perish  everlastingly.  Hakewill. 

To  die  away,  to  decrease  gradually.  Addison. 

Syn. — See  Perish. 

DIE  (dl),  n.  ; pi.  dice.  [L.  datum,  given,  i.  e. 
delivered  or  thrown  from  the  hand.  Skinner.  — 
It.  &;  Sp.  dado  ; Fr.  de.] 

1.  A small  cube,  marked  on  its  faces  with 
spots  from  one  to  six,  used  in  gaming. 

I have  set  my  life  upon  a cast. 

And  I will  stand  the  hazard  of  the  die.  Shak. 

2.  Hazard  ; chance.  “ Such  is  the  die  of 

war.”  Spenser. 

3.  Any  cubic  body.  “ AVords  . . . pasted  upon 

little  flat  tablets  or  dice.”  Watts. 

4.  {Arch.)  The  cubical  part  of  a pedestal  be- 
tween its  base  and  cornice  ; dado.  Fail-holt. 

DIE  (dl),  n. ; pi.  dies.  A stamp  for  giving  the 
impress  to  coin,  &c.  “ Dies  made  use  of  by 

Wood  in  stamping  his  money.”  Swift. 

DlE  (dl),  v.  a.  To  tinge.  — See  Dye. 

DI-E'CI  AN  (dl-e'slirm,  66),  n.  {Bot.)  A genus  of 
plants!  — See  Dhecia.  Hamilton. 

DI-E'DRAL,  a.  Dihedral.  Cleaveland. 

f Dl-EN'NI-AL,  a.  [L.  diennis.]  Biennial.  Scott. 


Dl'JgR,  n.  See  Dyer. 

Dl-ER'JJ-StS,  n.  See  Di.eresis. 

Di-F.R-VIL’ LA,  n.  {Bot.)  A pretty,  low  shrub, 
with  yellowish  flowers  ; — so  named  from  Dier- 
ville,  a French  surgeon.  Loudon. 

Di'p-sts  [dl'e-sls,  Sm.  A.  Wb.  P.  Cyc.  ; dl-e'sjs, 
Brande],  n.  [Gr.  Sums ; It.  diesis.) 

1.  (Mus.)  The  name  given  to  the  smallest  in- 
terval used  in  the  music  of  the  ancient  Greeks  : 
— a term  in  modern  music,  applied  to  the  ele- 
vation of  a note  above  its  natural  pitch.  Moore. 

2.  ( Print. ) The  mark  [ j ] ; called  also  double- 
dagger;  used  as  a mark  of  reference.  P.  Cyc. 

DI'E§  NON.  [L.,  an  abbreviation  of  dies  non 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long  ; A,  E,  !,  6,  U,  Y,  short ; 


A,  (b  I,  O,  F,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


DIET 


401 


DIFFRACT 


juridicus,  a day  not  juridical.  Burrill.]  ( Law .) 
No  day  in  court  ; a day  on  which  the  judges  do 
not  sit.  " Hamilton. 

ni’f/r,  n.  [Gr.  Siaira  ; L.  diceta  ; It.  § Sp.  dicta  ; 
Fr.  diets-] 

1.  Food ; provisions  ; victuals. 

No  part  of  diet ...  is  so  healthful,  and  so  agreeable  to 
the  stomach,  as  good  and  well-ripened  fruits.  Temple. 

2.  Food  regulated  by  the  laws  of  health,  or 
by  some  prescribed  rule. 

I commend  rather  some  diet  for  certain  seasons  than  fre- 
quent use  of  physic.  Bucon. 

Syn.  — See  Food. 

DUfT,  n.  [L.  dies,  a day;  It.  ty  Sp.  dieta ; Fr. 
diete.] 

1.  (Politics.)  The  principal  national  assembly 
in  several  countries  of  modern  Europe. 

The  Polish  diets  were  held  in  the  open  country.  Brande. 

2.  A meeting  of  delegates  for  deliberation. 

eSf  “ The  word  is  sometimes  derived  from  the  word 

theut  or  dcut  (from  which  comes  the  modern  word 
diet),  signifying  people.”  Am.Ency. — “ Diet,  people, 
in  old  Swedish  tluaut  and  tlvyd.”  P.  Cijc. 

Syn.  — See  Assembly. 

DI'JJT,  V.  a.  [ i . DIETED  ; pp.  DIETING,  dieted.] 

1.  To  feed  by  the  rules  of  medicine. 

Cleopatra  . . . suffered  herself  to  be  cured  and  dieted  as 

they  listed.  Korth. 

2.  To  supply  with  food  ; to  feed. 

They  do  but  diet  him  a season  to  win  him.  T-jndale. 

DI'JJT,  v.  n.  1.  To  eat  by  prescribed  rules  ; to 
eat  sparingly;  as,  “To  diet  for  the  removal  of 
disease.” 

2.  To  eat ; to  feed. 

Inbred  worm 

That  diets  on  the  brave  in  battle  fallen.  Cowper. 

DI'1JT-A-RY,  a.  Treating  of,  or  pertaining  to,  a 
system  of  dieting.  Bailey. 

Dl'JJT-A-RY,  n.  A system  or  course  of  diet.  Huloet. 

Dl'JJT-DRlNK,  -a.  A medicated  liquor.  Locke. 

Di'JJT-f.R,  n.  0ne  who  diets,  or  who  prescribes 
rules  in  regard  to  dieting,  or  eating.  Shak. 

DI-p-I  ET  IC,  I a.  StatrijrtKds  ; It.  <Sc  Sp. 

DI-5-TET'J-CAL,  ) dietetico.]  Relating  to  diet  ; 
regulating  food  or  diet.  “ To  refrain  from  cold 
drink  ...  a dietetical  caution.”  Browne. 

Dl-E-TET'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a dietetical  manner. 

DI-E-TET'ICS,  n.  pi.  (Med.)  That  part  of  medi- 
cal science  which  relates  to  diet  or  food  ; regi- 
men. Brande. 

DI-E-TJET'IST,  n.  A physician  who  treats  of  or 
prescribes  dietetics.  Dunglison. 

DI'E-TINE,  n.  [Dim.  of  diet.]  A subordinate  or 
local  diet,  assembly,  or  convention.  Smart. 

DI'lJT-lNG,  it.  The  act  of  eating  by  rules.  Milton. 

Dl'ET-IST,  n.  One  skilled  in  diet.  Qu.  Rev. 

Df-E-Tl"TIAN,  n.  A dietist.  [it.]  Qu.  Rev. 

DIED  ET  MOJV  DROIT  (deu'a-mon-drwa').  [Fr.] 
God  and  my  right,  — the  motto  on  the  Royal 
Arms  of  England.  Tomlins. 

DTF-FAR-RE-A'TION,  n.  [L.  diffarreatio  ; It. 
diffurrazione ; Sp.  difurreacion.)  Among  the 
Romans  a form  of  divorce  by  a religious  cere- 
mony, with  a cake  made  of  spelt ; — opposed  to 
confarreation.  Bullokar. 

DIF'FER,  v.  n.  [L.  differo  ; dis,  apart,  and  fero, 
to  bear  ; It.  differire ; Sp.  diferir ; Fr.  differer.] 
[t.  DIFFERED  ; pp.  DIFFERING,  DIFFERED.] 

1.  To  be  unlike  ; to  be  distinguished  from. 

Therein  do  men  from  children  nothing  differ.  Shale. 

2.  To  disagree  ; to  he  of  another  opinion. 

Others  differ  with  me  about  the  truth  and  reality  of  these 
speculations.  Cheme. 

3.  To  be  at  variance ; to  contend.  Bacon. 

Syn.  — Persons  and  tilings  may  differ,  disagree,  and 

vary  ; persons  only  dissent.  Writers  differ  in  their 
views,  vary  in  their  narrations,  and  disagree  in  their 
conclusions.  A person  dissents  from  the  established 
religion  of  a country. 

DIF'FER,  v.  a.  To  make  different,  [r.] 

But  something ’t  is  that  differs  me  and  thee.  Cowley. 

DIF'FER-JJNCE,  n.  [L.  differentia ; It.  differenza ; 
Sp.  difcrencia  ; Fr.  difference.] 


1.  The  state  of  feeing  different  or  distinct  from 
something ; dissimilarity ; diversity  ; unlike- 
ness ; variation  ; disparity  ; inequality. 

But  mutual  wants  this  happiness  increase; 

All  nature’s  difference  keeps  all  nature's  pence.  Pope. 

2.  The  quality  by  which  one  object  differs  Ot- 
is distinguished  from  another. 

On  difference,  and  its  opposite  resemblance,  all  scientific 
classification  depends.  Pichurdson. 

3.  Dispute  ; debate  ; controversy  ; quarrel ; 
contest ; contention. 

What  was  the  difference ? 

It  was  a contention  in  public.  Shak. 

4.  The  ground  of  controversy ; the  point  in 
question. 

Are  you  acquainted  with  the  difference 

That  holds  the  present  question  in  the  court?  Shak. 

5.  Distinction  ; discrimination. 

To  make  a difference  between  the  unclean  and  the  clean. 

Lev.  xi.  47. 

6.  Evidence  of  distinction ; differential  mark. 

“ The  true  marks  and  differences  of  sovereign- 
ty.” [r.]  Davies. 

7.  (Logic.)  The  formal  or  distinguishing  part 

of  the  essence  of  a species.  Whately. 

8.  (Math.)  The  result  obtained  by  subtract- 
ing one  quantity  from  another.  Davies. 

9.  (Her.)  A term  applied  to  the  figures  in 

coats  of  arms,  which  distinguish  one  family 
from  another,  or  which  show  how  distant  young- 
er branches  are  from  the  elder  or  principal 
branch.  London  Encg. 

Syn. — Difference  is  either  external  or  internal; 
distinction,  external.  Difference  in  character;  distinc- 
tion in  dress  ; difference  between  good  and  evil  ; dis- 
tinction between  real  and  apparent  good.  A distinc- 
tion without  a difference  is  a pretended  dissimilarity. 
Distinction  is  applied  to  delicate  variations  ; difference , 
to  unlikeness,  whether  hostile  or  otherwise;  diversity, 
to  glaring  contrasts-,  discrimination,  to  formal  criti- 
cism. Variety  of  objects  ; variation  of  temperature  ; 
diversity  of  tastes  ; dissimilarity  of  character  ; disparity 
of  age  or  rank  ; inequality  of  condition  ; contrariety  of 
opinion. — Difference  implies  a hostile  feeling  or  con- 
duct ; dispute,  a hostile  verbal  contest  or  debate.  We 
end  a dispute  or  debate,  and  make  up  a difference.  — 
See  Disagreement. 

dIf'FJJR-F.NCE,  v.  a.  \i.  differenced  ; pp.  dif- 
ferencing, differenced.]  To  make  differ- 
ent ; to  mark  by  some  distinction ; to  distinguish. 

We  see  nothing  that  differences  the  courage  of  Mnestheus 
from  that  of  Sergesthus.  Pope. 

DIF'FER- ^ NT,  a.  [L.  differens,  differentis;  It. 
differente  ; Sp.  diferente Fr.  different.] 

1.  Distinct ; not  the  same. 

There  are  covered  galleries  that  lead  from  the  palace  to 
five  different  churches.  Addison. 

2.  Unlike  ; dissimilar. 

Men  are  as  different  from  each  other  as  the  regions  in 
which  they  are  born  are  different.  Dryden. 

Syn. — Different  has  two  meanings  ; one  opposed 
to  same,  tile  other,  to  similar.  A different , not  tile 
same , person  or  thing;  a distinct  subject  ; a separate 
parcel.  Several  different  things  may  be  either  alike  or 
unlike.  Different  colors ; different  or  unlike  appear- 
ance ; dissimilar  texture.  Things  may  be  very  differ- 
ent or  infinitely  various.  Two  brothers  may  be  so  un- 
like that  one  might  think  they  belonged  to  different 
families. 

DIF-F]JR-EN'TIAL  (dlf-fer-en'slisd),  a.  [It.  diffe- 
rcnziale-,  Sp.  diferencial ; Fr . differential.] 

1.  Making  discrimination  ; discriminating  ; 

as,  “ Differential  duties.”  Mackenzie. 

2.  (Math.)  Relating  to  a differential. 

Differential  calculus , that  branch  of  mathematics 

which  explains  the  methods  of  finding  the  differentials 
of  all  determinate  functions. — Differential  coefficient, 
the  quotient  of  the  differential  of  a function  by  the  dif- 
ferential of  the  variable.  Eliot.  — Differential  thermom- 
eter, an  instrument  for  measuring  very  small  differ- 
ences of  temperature.  Brande.  , 

DIF-FFIR-EN'TIAL,  n.  (Math.)  An  infinitesimal 
difference  between  two  states  of  a variable  quan- 
tity. Eliot. 

DlF-F^R-EN'Tl-ATE,  v.  a.  [It.  differenziare.] 
(Math.)  To  find  the  differential  of.  Davies. 

DIF-FER-EN-TI-A'TION,  n.  1.  (Math.)  The  act 
of  differentiating ; the  operation  of  finding  the 
differential  of  any  function.  Davies. 

2.  (Nat.  Hist.)  The  formation  or  discrimina- 
tion of  differences  or  varieties.  “ The  mode  of 
the  differentiation  of  species.”  Agassiz. 

DIF'FIJR-JJNT-LY,  ad.  In  a different  manner. 


t DXF'FI-CILE,  a.  [L.  difficilis.]  Difficult.  Bacon. 
fDIF'FJ-CILE-NESS,  n.  Difficulty.  Bacon. 

f DIF-FJ-CIL'I-TATE,  V.  a.  To  make  difficult. 
“ Our  love  difficilitateth  this  duty.”  Montagu. 

DIF'FI-CULT,  a.  [L.  difficul,  the  old  form  of  dif- 
Jicilis  ; Sp.,  difficultoso  ; Fr.  difficultueux.] 

1.  Flard  ; not  easy  ; arduous;  as,  “ A difficult 
ascent  ” ; “A  difficult  crossing  ” ; “A  difficult 
subject  ” ; “A  difficult  passage.” 

Was  ever  any  thing  difficult  or  glorious  achieved  by  a sud- 
den cast  of  a thought?  ” .South. 

2.  Hard  to  do  or  to  practise.  “ Difficult  pre- 
cepts.” Gilpin. 

3.  Hard  to  be  pleased  or  satisfied  ; not  com- 
plaisant; unaccommodating;  unyielding;  aus- 
tere; as,  “ A.  difficult  m&n.” 

Syn.  — See  Arduous,  Hard. 
t DIF'FI-CHLT,  v.  a.  To  make  difficult;  to  im- 
pede. Sir  IV.  Temple. 

-f- DiF'FI-CU L-TATE,  v.  a.  [Fr.  difficulter.]  To 
render  difficult.  Cotgrave. 

DIF'FI-CULT-LY,  ad.  In  a difficult  manner; 
hardly ; with  difficulty.  [R.]  Rogers. 

f DIF'Fl-Cl'LT-NESS,  n.  Difficulty.  “ The  dif- 
Jicultness  of  this  present  work.”  Golding. 

DIF'FI-CUL-TY,  n.  [L.  difficult  as  ; It.  difficolta  ; 
Sp.  diffcultad  ; Fr.  difficulte.] 

1.  The  quality  of  feeing  difficult ; arduous- 

ness ; — opposed  to  facility  or  easiness.  “ A 
work  of  lafeor  and  difficulty."  Rogers. 

2.  Something  hard  to  accomplish. 

They  mistake  difficulties  for  impossibilities.  South. 

3.  Something  embarrassing  ; perplexity  ; 
trouble  ; obstruction  ; obstacle  ; impediment. 

Thus  difficulties  prove  a soul  legitimately  great.  Dryden. 

4.  Objection  ; cavil.  “ Raising  difficulties 
concerning  the  mysteries  in  religion.”  Swift. 

Syn.  — See  Impediment. 

f DIF-FIDE',  v.  n.  [L.  i lifftdo.]  To  have  no  con- 
fidence ; to  distrust.  More. 

DlF'FI-DENCE,  n.  [L.  diffident, ia  ; It . diffidenza: 
Fr.  defiance.] 

1.  f Distrust ; want  of  confidence  in  others, 
or  in  some  proposition.  “ Diffidence  of  God.” 
Milton.  “Reasons  for  suspicion  and  diffidence'' 
Bentley. 

2.  Distrustfulness  of  one’s  own  powers  ; the 
disposition  to  depreciate  one’s  self ; excessive 
modesty  ; bashfulness  ; timidity. 

Diffidence  and  presumption  but  arise  from  the  want  of 
knowing,  or  rather  endeavoring  to  know,  ourselves.  Steele. 

Syn.  — See  Basiifulness,  Modesty,  Shyness. 
DIF'FI-DENT,  a.  [L.  diffidens,  diff'dentis ; It.  dif- 
fidente  ; F r.  defiant .] 

1.  Distrustful;  doubtful;  lacking  confidence. 
“ Be  not  diffident  of  wisdom.”  [r.]  Milton. 

2.  Distrustful  of  one’s  self,  or  of  one’s  own 
powers  ; excessively  modest ; bashful  ; timid. 

Syn.  — See  Basiifulness,  Distrustful,  Mod- 
esty. 

DlF'FI-DENT-LY,  ad.  In  a diffident  manner. 
DIF'FI-DENT-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  dif- 
fident ; diffidence.  Ash. 

fDIF-FIND',  v.  a.  [L.  diffiiulo.]  To  cleave  in 
two  ; to  split.  Bailey. 

fDIF-FlN'l-TlVE,  a.  Definitive.  Sir  H.  Wotton. 
f DIF-FIS'SION  (djf-flsh'un),  n.  [L.  diffissio.] 
The  act  of  splitting.  Bailey. 

f DIF-FLA'TION,  it.  [L.  difflo,  difflatus,  to  blow 
away.]  The  act  of  blowing  away.  Bailey. 

DlF'FLU-JjNCE,  > n [L.  difffuo,  diffluens.]  Ten- 
DI F'FLU-EN-CY,  ) dency  to  flow  off  in  every  di- 
rection ; the  effect  of  fluidity,  [it.]  Browne. 
f DIF'FLU-ENT,  a.  [L.  diffluens,  diffffuentis.] 
Flowing  every  way  ; not  fixed.  Bailey. 

DlF'FORM,  a.  [It.  ^ Fr.  diff'ormc  ; Sp.  disforme.] 

1.  f Dissimilar  ; unlike  ; different.  “ Dif- 

forrn  rays.”  Newton. 

2.  Of  two-  forms  ; irregular.  “A  diff'orm 

flower.”  Johnson. 

f DIF-FOR'MI-TY,  n.  Diversity  of  form ; irregu- 
larity. “ Ineqtialities  or  difformities."  Browne. 
DIF-FRACT',  v.  a.  [L.  diffringo,  diffractus,  to 
break  in  pieces.]  [ i . diffracted  ; pp.  dif- 


DIF'FJJR-ING-LY,  ad.  Differently.  Boyle. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — <t,  <?,  q,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 
51 


DIFFRACTION 


402 


DIGNIFIED 


fracting,  diffracted.]  To  turn  aside ; to 
bend  from  a right  line,  [r.]  Ed.  Rev. 

DIF-FRAC'TION,  n.  [It.  diffrazione ; Ex.  diffrac- 
tion.] {Opt.)  The  deviation  or  inflection  which 
rays  of  light  undergo  in  passing  very  near  the 
extremities  of  an  opaque  body.  Brando. 

DIF-FRAc'TIVE,  a.  Causing  diffraction.  Carlyle. 

DIF-FItAN'CHI.^E- MENT,  n.  Disfranchisement. 
— See  Disfranchisement.  Johnson. 

DIF-FU§E'  (djf-fuz'),  v.  a.  [L.  diffundo,  diffusus ; 
dis,  apart,  and  fundo,  to  pour  ; It.  diffondere  ; 
Sp . difundir.]  [*.  diffused;  pp.  diffusing, 
diffused.]  To  pour  out,  as  water  upon  a 
plane,  so  that  it  may  run  every  way ; to  spread 
or  disperse  widely;  to  extend  in  every  direc- 
tion ; to  scatter ; to  circulate ; to  disseminate. 

The  moon  her  beams  diffuses  o’er  the  sea.  Couper. 
And  through  the  conquered  world  diffuse  our  fame.  Drydeti. 

Syn.  __  See  Spread. 

DIF-FUSE'  (djf-fus'),  a.  [L.  diffusus  ; It.  diffuso; 
Fr.  d iff  us.] 

1.  Extended.  “ A diffuse  and  various  knowl- 
edge of  divine  and  human  things.”  Milton. 

2.  (Rhet.)  Employing  many  words  ; not  con- 

cise ; prolix  ; copious  ; amplified.  “ The  style 
diffuse  and  verbose.”  Warton. 

3.  (Bot.)  Spreading  widely,  horizontally,  and 

irregularly.  Gray. 

Syn.  — Diffuse  is  opposed  to  concise  ; prolix,  to 
concise  or  laconic.  A diffuse  writer  wanders  from  liis 
subject,  and  is  fond  of  amplification  ; a prolix  writer 
is  fond  of  circumlocution,  minute  details,  and  trifling 
particulars. 

DIF-FU^ED'  (djf-fuzd'),  p.  a.  1.  + Loose;  flowing 
negligently.  “ Diffused  attire.”  Shak. 

2.  Lying  extended ; dispersed  ; scattered. 

See  how  he  lies  at  random,  carelessly  diffused.  Milton. 

DIF-FU§'ED-LY,  ad.  Widely;  dispersedly. 

DIF-FUfj'JED-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  diffused. 

DIF-FUSE'LY,  ad.  1.  Widely  ; extensively.  “ Her 
magic  flame  diffusely  flies.”  Rowe. 

2.  With  many  words  ; not  concisely. 

DIF-FUSE' NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  diffuse, 
or  lacking  conciseness. 

DIF-FUij'ER,  n.  One  who  diffuses. 

DJF-FU-^I-bIl'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being  dif- 
fusible ; capability  of  diffusion.  Craig. 

DIF-FU.^'I-BLE  (djf-fuz'e-bl),  a.  Capable  of  being 
diffused ; that  may  be  diffused.  Todil. 

DIF-FU'§I-BLE-NESS,  n.  Diffusibility.  Craig. 

DJF-FU'§ION  (djf-fu'zhun,  93),  n.  [E.  diffusio  ; It. 
diffusione  ; Sp.  difusion  ; Fr.  diffusion.'] 

1.  The  act  of  diffusing  ; a spreading ; an  ex- 
tension ; as,  “The  diffusion  of  light.” 

2.  The  state  of  being  scattered ; dispersion. 

“ The  diffusion  of  species.”  Bacon. 

3.  {Rhet.)  Diffuseness ; prolixity.  Johnson. 

DIF-FU'SIVE,  a.  [It.  diffusivo  ; Sp.  difusivo.] 

1.  Having  the  quality  of  spreading  every  way. 

The  divine  benignity  is  much  more  diffusive  than  the 

light,  the  air,  . . . and  fiOcth  every  thing  according  to  its  ca- 
pacity of  reception.  Hale. 

2.  Dispersed ; extended.  “ The  diffusive  body 

of  Christians.”  Tillotson. 

3.  {Rhet.)  Copious ; diffuse ; prolix. 

Syn.  — See  Ample. 

DIF-FU'SI VE-LY,  ad.  In  a diffusive  manner; 
widely ; extensively. 

DIF-FU'SIVE-NESS,  n.  1.  The  quality  of  being 
diffusive  ; extension  ; dispersion.  Bp.  Hall. 

2.  Want  of  conciseness;  copiousness;  pro- 
lixity. Addison. 

DlG,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  dician,  to  make  a ditch;  Sw. 
dika,  to  ditch ; Dan.  diger.]  [i.  dug  or  digged  ; 
pp.  digging,  dug  or  digged.] 

1.  To  excavate  ; to  hollow  out  by  removing 
whatever  occupied  the  space  ; to  delve ; as,  “To 
dig  a ditch  ” ; “ To  dig  a well.” 

He  digged  a pit,  and  delved  it  deep.  Milton. 

2.  To  open  and  break  np  with  a spade,  or  sim- 
ilar instrument ; as,  “ To  dig  a garden.” 

3.  To  procure  by  digging;  — often  followed 
by  up  or  out. 

But  greedy  mortals,  rummaging  her  store. 

Digged  from  her  entrails  first  the  precious  ore.  Dryden. 

4.  To  poke  in  the  ribs.  [Low.]  Clarke. 


DlG,  v.  n.  To  work  with  a spade,  or  other  tool  ; 
to  delve ; to  do  servile  work  ; to  toil. 

I cannot  dig , to  beg  I am  ashamed.  Luke  xxi.  3. 

DIG,  n.  1.  A cut  with  a spade.  Clarke. 

2.  A poke  or  thrust  in  the  ribs.  [Low.]  Clarke. 

DIG'A-MIST,  n.  [Gr.  dis,  twice,  and  yapeu,  to 
marry.]  One  who  marries  the  second  time  ; 
one  who  marries  a second  wife  or  a second  hus- 
band after  the  death  of  the  first.  Milman. 

Dl-GAM'MA,  n.  [Gr.  llyagpa.]  The  Eolic  letter 
F ; — so  called  because  it  resembles  the  Greek 
letter  gamma  (r),  made  double.  Pope. 

In  yEolic,  and  sometimes  in  Ionic,  the  Greek  T was  a kind 
of  aspirate,  called,  from  the  way  of  writing  it  (p),  digainma. 

Liddell  Sf  Scott. 

DIG'A-MOUS,  a.  Relating  to  a second  marriage 
after  the  death  of  the  first  wife.  Milman. 

DIG'A-MY,  n.  [Gr.  biyapia.]  Second  marriage; 
marriage  to  a second  wife  or  a second  husband 
after  the  death  of  the  first,  [r.]  Hammond. 

DI-GAS'TRIC,  a.  [Gr.  i5if,  twice,  and  yaan'ip,  the 
belly.]  {Anat.)  Double-bellied;  applied  to  a 
double  muscle  situated  externally  between  the 
lower  jaw  and  the  mastoid  process.  Bratule. 

f DIG'pR-ENT,  a.  That  causes  digestion.  Bailey. 

DI'GEST,  n.  [L .digesta-,  Sp .digesto-,  Fr .digeste.] 

1.  A collection  or  compilation  of  the  Roman 
or  civil  law  ; a pandect  ; — the  most  noted  one 
was  made  by  the  order  of  Justinian. 

2.  A compilation  or  body  of  laws  methodized 
or  reduced  to  a system  ; a code ; a system  : — a 
compend  ; an  abstract ; a synopsis. 

Syn.  — See  J?bridgment. 

DI-REST'  (de-jest',  114),  v.  a.  [L.  digero,  digestus ; 
dis,  apart,  and  gero,  to  bear  ; It.  digerire,  and  di- 
gest ire  ; Sp.  digerir  and  digestir-,  Fr.  digerer.] 
[i.  DIGESTED  ; pp.  DIGESTING,  DIGESTED.] 

1.  To  distribute  into  classes;  to  arrange  or 
dispose  methodically  ; to  methodize  ; to  system- 
atize. “ Digesting  dissimilar  parts  into  order.” 

2.  To  dissolve  and  concoct  in  the  stomach  ; 
to  convert  into  chyme. 

Each  then  has  organs  to  digest  his  food.  Prior. 

3.  To  meditate,  as  acquired  knowledge,  so  as 
to  render  it  serviceable ; to  range  in  the  mind. 

Grant  that  we  may  in  such  wise  hear  them  [the  Scrip- 
tures], read,  mark,  and  inwardly  digest  them.  Com.  Prayer. 

4.  To  brook  ; to  receive  without  open  resent- 
ment or  repugnance. 

Ilowsoe’er  thou  speakest,  ’mongst  other  things  I shall  di- 
gest it.  Shak. 

5.  {Client.)  To  soften  by  gently  heating  with 

water  or  other  liquid  in  a flask  or  similar  ves- 
sel. Bentley. 

6.  {Surg.)  To  dispose  a wound  to  generate 

healthy  pus.  Johnson. 

Syn.  — See  Dispose. 

DI-REST’,  v.  n.  1.  To  become  concocted. 

Hunger’s  my  cook;  my  labor  brings  me  meat, 

"Which  best  digests  when  it  is  sauced  with  sweat.  Browne. 

2.  To  suppurate  ; to  form  pus.  Johnson. 

DI-REST'pD,jJ.a.  1.  Having  undergone  digestion. 

2.  Reduced  to  system  ; methodized. 

DI-REST'JJD-LY,  ad.  In  a methodical  manner. 

DI-REST'IJR,  n.  1.  He  who,  or  that  which,  digests. 

2.  That  which  promotes  digestion.  “ Rice 

...  is  a great  digester.”  Temple. 

3.  {Mech.)  A strong  metal  vessel  with  a safe- 
ty valve,  in  which  bodies  may  be  subjected  to 
the  action  of  high-pressure  steam.  Brande. 

DI-REST-I-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being  di- 
gestible. Dr.  Chegne. 

DI-REST'I-BLE,  a.  [L.  digestibilis ; It.  digestibile ; 
Sp.  digerible .]  Capable  of  being  digested. 

DI-REST'I-BLE-NESS,  n:  The  quality  of  being  di- 
gestible ; digestibility.  Scott. 

DI-RES'TION  (de-jest'yun),  n.  [L.  digestio  ; It. 
digestione ; Fr.  digestion.  — See  Digest.] 

1.  The  act  of  digesting  or  methodizing. 

The  digestion  of  the  counsels  in  Sweden  is  made  in  sen- 
ate.  Temple. 

2.  The  conversion  of  food  into  chyme  : — also 

applied  to  the  entire  functions  of  the  intestinal 
canal.  Brande. 

Now  pood  digestion  wait  on  appetite, 

And  health  on  both.  Shale. 


3.  {Chem.)  The  operation  of  gently  heating 

a substance  with  some  solvent.  Bacon. 

4.  {Surg.)  The  treatment  by  which  wounds 

and  ulcers  were  formerly  brought  to  generate 
healthy  pus.  Brande. 

DI-RES'TJVE,  a.  [It.  § Sp.  digestivo ; Fr.  digestif.] 

1.  That  digests  ; methodizing  ; adjusting. 

Business  ripens  by  digestive  thoughts.  Drydcn. 

2.  Causing  or  promoting  the  conversion  of 

the  food  into  chyme.  Browne. 

3.  (Chem.)  Softening  by  heat.  Hale. 

4.  (Surg.)  Causing  suppuration  in  wounds 

and  ulcers.  Dunglison. 

DI-RES'TIVE,  n.  1.  That  which  increases  the 
tone  of  the  stomach  and  aids  digestion. 

2.  (Surg.)  An  application  which  causes  sup- 
puration. “ Dressed  with  digestives.”  Wiseman. 

f DI-REST'URE  (de-jest'yur),  n.  Digestion.  Harvey. 

DIG'GA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  digged,  [r.]  lluloet. 

DIG'GRR,  n.  One  who  digs.  Boyle. 

DIG'GING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  excavating. 

2.  A place  where  ore  is  dug  ; a mine.  Dickens. 

tDIGHT  (dlt),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  dihtan.]  To  dress; 
to  deck  ; to  adorn. 

Storied  windows  richly  dight, 

Casting  a dim,  religious  light.  Milton. 

DIR'IT,  n.  [L.  digitus,  a finger  ; It.  digito.] 

1.  Three  fourths  of  an  inch.  Bogle. 

2.  (Astron.)  The  twelfth  part  of  the  diam- 

eter of  the  sun  or  the  moon ; — a term  em- 
ployed in  relation  to  eclipses.  Johnson. 

3.  (Arith.)  One  of  the  ten  symbols  or  figures, 
0,  1,2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  and  9,  by  which  all  num- 
bers are  expressed. 

DIR'IT,  v.  a.  To  point  out  with  the  finger.  “I 
shall  never  care  to  be  digited  with  a ‘ that  is 
he.’  ” Feltham. 

DIR'I-TAL,  a.  [L.  digitalis  ; It.  digitale  ; Sp. 
1$  Fr.  digital .]  Pertaining  to  a finger.  Bailey. 

Di<f-I-TA' LI-A,  n.  (Chem.)  A vegetable  alkali 
or  alkaloid,  procured  from  the  digitalis  or  fox- 
glove. P.  Cyc. 

DIO'!-TA-LiNE,  n.  (Chem.)  The  active  principle 

of  digitalis  ; digitalia.  Dunglison. 

Djg-I-TA ' LIS,n.  [L.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants, 
the  species  of  which  have,  for  the  most  part, 
showy  flowers  ; the  foxglove.  Loudon. 

Dl(f-I-TA' RI-A,  n.  [L.  digitus,  a finger.]  (Bot.) 
A genus  of  grasses ; finger-grass.  Loudon. 

DIR'I-TATE,  a.  (Bot.  & Zoul.)  Fingered ; formed 
or  spread  like  fingers.  P.  Cyc. 

f DIR'I-TATE,  v.  a.  To  point  out,  as  with  a fin- 
ger ; to  digit.  Robinson. 

DIR'I-tAT-RD,  a.  (Bot.  & Zoiil.)  a £. 

Branched  like  fingers.  Browne,  (| 

DIR'I-TATE-LY,  ad.  In  a digitate  ^ ipr 
manner.  Clarke. 

dIR-I-TA'TION,  n.  (Anat.)  A division  in  the  form 

of  a finger.  Dunglison. 

DIR'I-TI-FORJI,  a.  [L.  digitus,  a finger,  and  for- 
ma, form.]  (Bot.)  Formed  like  fingers.  Loudon. 

dIR'I-TLGRAdE,  a.  [L.  digitus,  a finger,  and 
gradior,  to  walk.]  (Zoiil.)  Walking  upon  the 
toes,  as  the  lion,  cat,  &c.  Brande. 

DIR'I-TI-GRAde,  n.  (Zoiil.)  An  animal  that 
walks  upon  its  toes,  as  the  lion,  cat,  & c.  Roget. 

f DI-GLA'DI-ATE,  v.  n.  [L.  digladior,  digladiatus  ; 
gladius,  a sword.]  To  fight  with  swords: — to 
quarrel ; to  contend.  Hales. 

f DI-GLA-DI-A'TION,  n.  A combat  with  swords  : 
— contest ; quarrel.  “Sore  digladiations." Evelyn. 

DI'GLYPH,  n.  [Gr.  liyl.vipos.]  (Arch.)  A project- 
ing face  with  two  panels  sunk  upon  it;  an  im- 
perfect triglyph,  with  only  two  channels  instead 
of  three.  Weale. 

f DIG-NI-FI-CA'TION,  n.  Exaltation.  Walton. 

DIG'NI-FlED  (dlg'ne-fld),  a.  1.  Invested  with 
ecclesiastical  dignity  ; distinguished  by  honors. 

Abbots  are  styled  dignified  clerks,  as  having  some  dignity 
in  the  church.  Ayliffe. 

2.  Marked  with  dignity ; stately ; noble ; grave ; 
as,  “ A dignified  demeanor.” 


A,  E,  I,  6,  0,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  T,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  R,  1,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure.  — FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


DIGNIFY 


403 


DILIGENT 


DIG'NI-FY,  v.  a.  [L.  dignus,  worthy,  and  facio, 
to  make ; It.  dignificare  ; Sp.  dignificarf]  [i. 

DIGNIFIED  ; pp.  DIGNIFYING,  DIGNIFIED.] 

1.  To  invest  with  dignity;  to  ennoble  ; to  ad- 
vance ; to  prefer  to  office  ; to  promote.  Johnson. 

2.  To  improve  by  some  distinction ; to  exalt ; 
to  adorn  ; to  give  lustre  to  ; to  honor ; to  grace. 
“ Your  worth  will  dignify  our  feast.”  B.  Jonson. 

DIG'NI-TA-RY,  n.  ( Eccl .)  An  Episcopal  clergy- 
man advanced  to  some  rank  above  that  of  a 
parochial  priest,  as  a bishop,  dean,  archdeacon, 
and  prebendary.  Swift. 

DIG'NI-TY,  n.  [L.  dignitas ; It.  dignita ; Sp. 
dignidad ; Fr.  dignity.  1 

1.  Elevated  rank  ; high  place  or  station  ; ele- 
vation ; advancement ; preferment.  Shak. 

2.  That  which  inspires  respect  and  awe;  hon- 
orable or  elevated  bearing  or  conduct ; gran- 
deur of  mien;  majesty  ; honorable  distinction. 

These  eyes 

Saw  never  yet  such  dignity  and  grace.  Cowper. 

3.  A person  in  office ; a magistrate.  2 ret.  ii.  10. 

4.  f A general  or  leading  principle  ; a maxim. 

The  sciences  concluding  from  dignities  and  principles 
known  by  themselves.  Browne. 

5.  ( Tthet .)  The  right  use  of  tropes.  Craig. 

6.  {Astral.)  The  position  held  by  a planet,  in- 
dicating advantage.  Johnson. 

7.  {Eng.  Law.)  High  rank  in  civil  life,  as 
that  of  duke,  earl,  baron,  baronet,  &c.  : — high 
rank  in  the  church,  as  that  of  bishop,  dean, 
archdeacon,  and  prebendary.  London  Ency. 

Syn.  — See  Excellence. 

fDIG-NO'TION,  n.  [L.  dignosco,  dignotus.]  Dis- 
tinction ; a diagnostic.  Browne. 

DIG'O-NOUS,  a.  [Gr.  Sis,  twice,  and  yiaria,  an 
angle.]  (Bot.)  Having  two  angles.  Smart. 

DI  GRA' DO.  [It.,  step  by  step.)  (Mus.)  An  ex- 
pression implying  that  the  passage  to  which  it 
refers,  moves  by  conjoint  intervals.  Moore. 

Dl'GRAM,  n.  [Gr.  Sis,  twice,  and  ypdypa,  a letter.] 
A union  of  two  letters  in  one  sound.  Barnes. 

Dl'GRAPII,  n.  [Gr.  Sis,  twice,  and  ypd<j> <o,  to  write.] 
A union  of  two  vowels  or  of  two  consonants  rep- 
resenting a single  sound  of  the  voice,  as  ea  in 
head,  ph  in  phial.  Sheridan. 

DI-GRESS',  v.  n.  [L.  digredior,  digressns  ; dis, 
apart,  and  gradior,  to  walk  ; It.  digredire  ; Sp. 
digredir.]  [t.  digressed  ; pp.  digressing,  di- 
gressed.] To  turn  aside  ; to  wander ; to  devi- 
ate from  the  direct  or  regular  path,  or  from 
the  main  design  or  subject ; to  diverge. 

Thus  far  have  I digressed  from  my  former  subject.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Deviate. 

DI-GRES'SION  (de-gresh'un),  n.  [L .digressio;  It. 
digressione ; Sp.  digresion  ; Fr.  digression.] 

1.  The  act  of  digressing ; a turning  aside ; a 
wandering  or  rambling  ; an  excursion. 

But  this  is  mere  digression  from  my  purpose.  Shak. 

2.  A passage  deviating  from  the  main  design 
of  a discourse. 

The  digressions  I cannot  excuse  otherwise  than  by  the 
confidence  no  man  will  read  them.  Sir  JK  Temple. 

3.  {Astron.)  The  apparent  distance  of  the  in- 

ferior planets  Mercury  and  Venus  from  the  sun ; 
elongation.  Brande. 

Kg*  Elongation  is  applied  indifferently  to  any  plan- 
et, whereas  digression  is  usually  confined  to  the  two 
inferior  ones.  Brande. 

Syn. — See  Excursion. 

DI-GRES'SION-AL  [de-gresh'un-?l),  a.  Not  per- 
taining to  the  main  design  ; digressive.  “ Di- 
gressional  ornaments.”  Warton. 

DI-GRES'SJVE,  a.  [It.  digressivo  ; Sp.  digresivo  ; 
Fr.  digressif.]  Proceeding  by  digression ; de- 
viating from  the  main  design.  “ The  digressive 
sallies  of  the  imagination.”  Johnson. 

DI-GRES'SIVE-LY,  ad.  In  the  way  of  digression. 

Dl-QYJV'I-A,  n-  [Gr.  Sis,  twice,  and  yum),  a fe- 
male.] {Bot.)  A class  of  plants  having  two 
styles.  p.  Cyc. 

Dl-^YN'I-AN,  a.  (Bot.)  Doubly  feminine  ; hav- 
ing two  pistils ; digynous.  Smart. 

DI'tJJY-NOUS,  a.  (Bot.)  Having  two  pistils  or 
styles;  digynian.  Gray. 


Dl-HE'DRAL,  a.  ( Geom .)  [Gr.  Sis,  twice,  and 
cSpa,  a base.]  Having  two  sides.  Brande. 

DI-HE'DRON,  n.  (Geom.)  A figure  with  two  sides 
or  surfaces.  Buchanan. 

Dl-HEX-A-HE'DRAL,  a.  [Gr.  Sts,  twice,  cf,  six, 
and  eSpa,  a base.]  (Crystallography .)  Having 
the  form  of  a hexahedral  prism  with  trihedral 
summits.  Craig. 

f DI-JU'DI-CANT,  n.  A judge  ; one  who  deter- 
mines or  decides.  Glanville. 

DI-JU'DI-CATE,  v.  a.  [L.  dijudico,  dijudicatus.] 
To  determine  ; to  decide  ; to  judge,  [r.]  Hales. 

DI-JU-DI-CA'TION,  n.  Judicial  distinction.  “Our 
most  abstracted  dijudications.”  [r.]  Cockeram. 

DIKE,  n.  [A.  S.  die  ; Dut.  dyk  ; Ger.  deich  ; Sw. 
& Slav,  dike  ; Dan.  dige  ; Gael,  dige  ; Ir.  diog.  — 
It.  diga  ; Fr.  digue.]  Written  also  dyke. 

1.  A channel  to  receive  water ; a ditch.  “Lit- 
tle channels  or  dikes.”  Ray. 

2.  A mound  to  hinder  inundation. 

It  is  God  that  breaks  up  the  floodgates  of  so  great  a del- 
uge,  and  all  the  art  and  industry  of  man  is  not  sufficient  to 
raise  up  dikes  and  ramparts  against  it.  Cowley. 

3.  ( Geol .)  A mass  of  unstratified  or  igneous 

rock,  such  as  granite,  trap,  or  lava,  appearing 
as  if  injected  into  fissures  in  the  stratified  rock, 
so  as  to  intersect  the  strata.  Brande. 

DIKE,  v.  a.  [i.  diked  ; pp.  diking,  diked.]  To 
surround  or  to  protect  with  a dike. 

They  . . . came  to  a narrow  passage,  well  diked , near  to  the 
place  where  their  enemies  should  land.  Berners. 

DI-LA^'JJR-Ate,  v.  a.  [L.  dilacero,  dilaceratus ; 
dis,  apart,  and  lacero,  to  rend ; It.  dilacerare ; Sp. 
dtlacerar ; Fr.  dilaefrer.]  [i.  dilacerated  ; pp. 
DILACERATING,  DILACERATED.]  To  tear  ; to 
force  in  two  ; to  rend.  Browne. 

DI-LAg-jpR-A'TION,  n.  [L.  dilaceratio  ; Sp.  di- 
laceracion ; Fr.  dilaceration.]  The  act  of  rend- 
ing in  two  ; a rending  in  two.  “ Dilaceration 
of  the  nervous  fibres.”  Arbuthnot. 

f DI-LA'NI-Ate,  v.  a.  [L.  dilanio,  dilaniatus.] 
To  tear  in  pieces  ; to  lacerate.  Howell. 

f DI-LA-NI-A'TION,  n.  A tearing  or  rending  in 
pieces ; laceration.  Bullokar. 

DI-LAP'J-DATE,  v.  a.  [L.  dilapido,  dilapidatus ; 
dis,  apart,  and  lapis,  lapidis,  a stone ; It.  dilapi- 
date ; Sp . dilapidar ; Fr . dilapider.]  To  pull 
down  ; to  waste  ; to  squander. 

Was  her  moderation  seen  in  dilapidating  the  revenues  of 
the  church?  Hard. 

DI-LAP'I-DATE,  V.  11.  [l.  DILAPIDATED  ; pp.  DI- 

LAPIDATING, dilapidated.]  To  go  to  ruin; 
to  fall  by  neglect  or  by  decay,  as  a building. 

The  church  of  Elgin  . . . was  at  last . . . shamefully  suf- 
fered to  dilapidate.  Johnson. 

DT-LAP'I-DAT-pD,  p.  a.  Pulled,  or  thrown,  down  ; 
decayed;  ruined.  “ Dilapidated  houses.”  Bp. 

Horsley.  “ A dilapidated  fortune.”  Trench. 

DI-lAp-I-dA'TION,  n.  [L.  dilapidatio ; Sp.  di- 
lapidacion;  Fr.  dilapidation.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  dilapidated  ; decay  ; ruin. 

The  shameful  dilapidation  into  which  a great  empire  must 

fall  by  mean  reparations  upon  mighty  ruins.  Burke. 

2.  (Eccl.)  The  destruction  or  waste  of  build- 

ings or  other  property  belonging  to  a spiritual 
living.  Pol.  Diet. 

DI-LAP'I-DA-TOR,  n.  One  who  dilapidates  ; one 
who  pulls  down  ; one  who  wastes.  Strype. 

DJ-LA-T A-BlL'J-TY,  n.  [It.  dilatabilith  ; Sp.  di- 
latabilidad ; Fr.  dilatabilite.]  The  quality  of  be- 
ing dilatable  ; — opposed  to  contractibility.  Ray. 

DI-LAT'A-BLE,  a.  [It.  dilatabile ; Sp.  dilatable.] 
That  may  be  dilated  ; capable  of  extension. 
“ These  [bronchia]  end  in  small  air-bladders, 
dilatable  and  contractible.”  Arbuthnot. 

DIL-A-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  dilatatio  ; It.  dilatazione ; 
Sp.  dilatacion  ; Fr.  dilatation.]  The  act  of  di- 
lating; extension  in  every  direction;  an  ex- 
panding. “ The  contraction  or  dilatation  of  the 
apple  of  the  eye.”  Smith,  on  Old  Aye. 

[|  DI-LATE',  or  DI-LATE',  v.  a.  [L.  dilato,  inten- 
sive of  differo,  dilatus ; dis,  apart,  and  fero,  to 
bear;  It.  dilatare-,  Sp  .dilatar;  Fr  .dilator.]  [i. 
DILATED  ; pp.  DILATING,  DILATED.] 


c 1.  To  extend  in  all  directions  ; to  spread  out; 
to  expand  ; to  enlarge  ; to  widen ; to  distend. 

Satan,  alarmed, 

Collecting  all  his  might,  dilated  stood, 

Like  Teneriffc  or  Atlas,  un removed.  Milton . 

2.  To  relate  at  large  ; to  tell  diffusely,  [r.] 
A prayer  of  earnest  heart 

That  I would  all  my  pilgrimage  dilate.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Enlarge. 

||  DI-LATE',  v.  n.  1.  To  widen  ; to  expand  ; to 
extend  in  all  directions  ; as,  “ The  pupil  of  the 
eye  dilates  on  going  into  the  dark.” 

2.  To  speak  largely  and  copiously  ; to  enlarge ; 
to  expatiate  ; to  descant. 

It  may  be  behoveful  for  princes  ...  or  their  ministers  to 
dilate  upon  it,  and  improve  their  lustre  by  any  addition  or 
eloquence  of  speech.  Clarendon. 

||  f DI-LATE',.  a.  Extensive;  dilated.  B.  Jonson. 

||  DI-LAT'^R,  n.  One  who  dilates.  Shelton. 

||  DJ-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  dilatio  ; Sp.  dilacion ; Fr. 
dilation.]  Delay.  “ Wilful  dilations.”  Bp.  Hall. 

||  DI-lA'TIVE,  a.  Tending  to  dilate.  Coleridge. 

||  DI-LA'TOR,  n.  ( Anat .)  A muscle  that  dilates 
any  part.  “ The  dilators  of  the  nose.”  Arbuthnot. 

DIL'A-TO-RI-LY,  ad.  In  a dilatory  manner. 

DIL'A-TO-RI-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  dil- 
atory ; slowness  ; sluggishness. 

DIL'A-TO-RY,  a.  [L.  dilator ius ; It.  Sp.  dilato- 
rio  ; Fr.  dilatoire.] 

1.  Inclined  to  delay;  tardy;  slow;  given  to 
procrastination  ; sluggish  ; loitering.  Addison. 

2.  (Law.)  Tending,  or  intended,  to  cause  de- 
lay. “ Dilatory  plea.”  Burrill. 

Syn.  — See  Slow. 

DIL'A-TO-RY,  n.  (Law.)  That  which  delays  or 
puts  oft';  that  which  causes  delay.  Burrill. 

f DIL'DO,  n.  The  burden  of  an  old  ballad.  Shak. 

f DI-LEC'TION,  n.  [L.  dilectio.]  The  act  of  lov- 
ing ; affection  ; kindness.  Martin. 

DI-LEM'MA,  n.  [Gr.  Sihegga ; Sts,  double,  and 
haixllivta,  to  take  ; L.  (y  It.  dilemma  ; Sp.  dilema  ; 
Fr.  dilemme.] 

1.  (Logic.)  An  argument  consisting  of  two  or 

more  contradictory  propositions  which  lead  to 
the  same  conclusion.  Fleming. 

j85y»  The  following  arguments  arc  instances  of  the 
dilemma . “ If  the  patient  either  eats  or  abstains  front 
food,  he  will  die.”  — “ Whoever  committed  the  fault  is 
either  too  ignorant  to  he  our  guide,  or  too  dishonest  to 
he  trusted  ; in  either  case,  he  is  unworthy  of  our  con- 
fidence.” Dr.  Wilson. 

2.  A situation  in  which  there  is  no  course 
open  free  from  objection  ; a vexatious  alterna- 
tive ; a difficult  or  doubtful  choice. 

A strong  dilemma  in  a desperate  case, 

To  act  with  infamy  or  quit  the  place.  Swift. 

DIL-E  T-  TAJY ' TE,  n.  ; pi . dJl-et-taN’  ti.  [It.] 
An  admirer  or  lover  of  the  fine  arts ; an  ama- 
teur in  music,  painting,  &c. ; — sometimes  ap- 
plied contemptuously  to  an  affected  admirer  of 
the  fine  arts,  or  to  one  who  criticises  them  em- 
pirically. Fairholt. 

DiL-®T-TAN'T5-I§M,  n.  The  quality  or  the  pur- 
suit of  a dilettante.  Qtt.  Rev. 

Dl  L'l-QENCE,  n_  [L.  diligentia ; diligo,  to  love ; 
It.  diligenza  ; Sp.  diligencia  ; Fr.  diligence.] 

1.  Steady  application  to  business  ; assiduity  ; 
assiduousness ; industry. 

How  profitable  is  it  for  every  one  of  us  to  be  reminded,  as 
we  are  reminded  when  we  make  ourselves  aware  of  the  deri- 
vation of  diligence  from  “ diligo,"  to  love,  that  the  only  secret 
of  true  industry  in  our  work  is  love  of  that  work!  Trench. 

2.  Carefulness  ; heed ; attention  ; attentive- 
ness ; — opposed  to  negligence. 

I will  receive  it  with  all  diligence  of  spirit.  Shak. 

3.  (Scottish  Law.)  A process  by  which  per- 

sons, lands,  or  effects  are  seized  in  execution 
or  in  security  for  debt:  — a warrant  issued  by  a 
court  for  enforcing  the  attendance  of  witnesses, 
or  the  production  of  writings.  Brande. 

Syn.  — See  Industry. 

D1L' I-tjENCE  (dll'e-zh&ns),  n.  [Fr.]  A four- 
wheeled  carriage  for  conveying  passengers;  a 
French  stage-coach.  Carter. 

DlL'I-CENT,  a.  [L.  diligens ; It.  Sy  Sp.  diligentc ; 
Fr.  diligent.] 

1.  Constant  in  application  ; assiduous  ; not 


MiEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON ; BULL,  BUR,  R<5lE.  — £,  Q,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  % as  z;  ^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


DILIGENTLY 


404 


DIMNESS 


idle ; busy  ; sedulous  ; active.  “ A man  dili- 
gent in  his  business.”  Prov.  xxii:  29. 

2.  Steadily  and  perseveringly  applied ; prose- 
cuted with  constant  effort. 

The  judges  shall  make  diligent  inquisition.  Dcut.  xix.  18. 

Syn.  — One  who  is  diligent  is  fond  of  his  employ- 
ment, and  performs  steadily  the  work  which  he  lias 
in  hand  ; one  who  is  industrious  is  not  only  diligent  in 
performing  his  task,  hut  is  desirous  always  to  have 
employment.  One  who  is  busy  is  not  at  leisure. 
One  who  is  expeditious  performs  his  task  rapidly. 
One  who  is  assiduous  is  constantly  employed.  A dil- 
igent student ; assiduous  in  the  pursuit  of  learning  ; 
industrious  in  habit  ; an  industrious  mechanic  ; expe- 
ditious in  performance;  prompt  in  execution.  — See 
Sedulous. 

DIL'|-£ENT-LY,  a cl.  In  a diligent  manner. 

DILL,  n.  [A.  S.  dile;  Ger.  dill.]  ( Bot .)  An  an- 
nual aromatic  plant  which  produces  seeds  hav- 
ing something  of  the  flavor  of  caraway,  and 
used  as  a carminative  in  medicine  ; Anethum 
graveolens.  Brands. 

-f-DIL'LING,  n.  A darling  ; a favorite  child.  “The 
dilling  of  her  mother.  ’ Drayton. 

DlL'LY,  n.  [A  corruption  of  the  French  dili- 
gence.] A small  public  carriage.  Wright. 

So  down  thy  hill,  romantic  Ashbourne,  glides 

The  Derby  dilltj,  carrying  three  insides.  Canning. 

DIL'LY— DALLY,  v.n.  To  delay;  to  loiter;  to 
linger ; to  hesitate.  Baker. 

f Dl-LU'CID,  a.  [L.  dilucidus.]  Clear  ; lucid  ; 
luminous.  “ Dilucid  description.”  Bacon. 

f DI-LU'CI-DATE,  r.  a.  [L.  dilucido,  dilucidatus .] 
To  make  clear  ; to  elucidate.  Browne. 

t DI-LU-CJ-DA'TION,  n.  Elucidation.  Boyle. 

f DI-LU-ClD'l-TY,  n.  Clearness.  Holland. 

f DJ-LU'CID-LY,  ad.  Clearly  ; evidently.  “ Di- 
lucidly  and  fully.”  Hammond. 

DIL'U-ENT,  a.  [L.  diluo,  diluens ; It.  § Sp.  dilu- 
ente.]  Having  the  power  to  make  thin. 

Every  fluid  is  diluent,  as  it  contains  water  in  it.  Arbuthnot. 

DIL'U-ENT,  n.  1.  That  w hich  thins  other  matter  ; 
that  which  increases  fluidity. 

The  gastric  juice  is  not  a simple  diluent , but  a real  sol- 
vent. Haley. 

2.  (Med.)  Any  drink  which  increases  the  se- 
cretions,  and  appears  to  dilute  the  fluids  of  the 
body.  Brande. 

DI-LUTE',  v.  a.  [L.  diluo,  dilutus;  dis,  apart, 
and  luo,  to  wash;  It.  diluire-,  Sp.  diluir ; Fr. 
diluer.]  [*.  DILUTED  ; pp.  DILUTING,  diluted.] 

1.  To  make  thin  ; to  attenuate  by  the  admix- 
ture of  other  liquids  ; as,  “To  dilute  wine.” 

2.  To  make  weak.  “ Lest  these  colors  should 

be  diluted.”  Newton. 

DI-LUTE',  v.  n.  To  become  diluted.  Reid. 

DI-LUTE',  a.  Thin ; attenuated ; reduced  in 
strength  ; weak ; as,  “ A dilute  acid  ” ; “ If  the 
red  and  blue  colors  were  more  dilute.”  Newton. 
“ A dilute  and  waterish  exposition.”  Hopkins. 

DI-LUT'IJD-LY,  ad.  In  a diluted  manner. 

DI-LUTE'NIJSS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality  of 
being  dilute.  Wilkins. 

DI-LUT'JJR,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  dilutes. 
“Water  is  the  only  diluter.”  Arbuthnot. 

DI-LU'TION,  n.  [Sp.  diluicion ; Fr.  dilution.] 

1.  The  act  of  diluting,  or  making  thin  or  weak. 

Opposite  to  dilution  is  coagulation  or  thickening.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  A diluted  or  weak  liquid. 

DI-LU'VI-AL,  a.  [L.  diluvialis  ; diluvium,  a flood.] 

1.  Relating  to  the  deluge  or  flood ; diluvian. 

“ The  diluvial  theory.”  Hitchcock. 

2.  Caused  by  a deluge.  “ Diluvial  elevations 

and  depressions.”  Hitchcock. 

DJ-LU'VI-AL-IST,  n.  One  who  attributes  certain 
geological  phenomena  to  a deluge.  Clarke. 

DJ-LU'VJ-AN,  a.  [It.  Sf  Sp.  diluviano ; Fr.  dilu- 
vien.]  Relating  to  the  deluge  ; diluvial.  Burnet. 

+ DI-LU'VI-AtE,  v.  n.  [L.  diluvio,  dilumatus.] 
To  run  or  flow  as  a flood.  Sir  E.  Sandys. 

DI-LU'VI-ON,  n.  Same  as  Diluvium.  Buckland. 

DI-LU’  VI-(/M,  n.  [L .,  a deluge.]  ( Geol .)  Ac- 


cumulations of  sand  or  gravel,  sometimes  mixed 
with  clay  and  bowlders,  the  evident  result  of  gla- 
cio-aqueous  agency  ; drift.  Hitchcock. 

DIM,  a.  [A.  S.  dim.]  1.  f Weak  in  sound;  of  a 
low  tone.  “ He  heard  a murmuring  full  low 
and  dim.”  Chaucer. 

2.  Not  seeing  clearly ; not  quick  to  see.  “ The 
dim,  weak  sight.”  Dry  den.  “Mine  eyes  grow 
dim.”  Shak. 

3.  Dull  of  apprehension  ; obtuse.  “ The  un- 
derstanding is  dim.”  Rogers. 

4.  Not  clearly  seen;  imperfectly  discerned; 
obscure.  “ Dim  to  our  internal  view.”  Pope. 

5.  Not  shining  brightly  or  vividly;  dull;  as, 
“ A dim  light.” 

How  is  the  gold  become  diml  Lam.  iv.  1. 

6.  Dusky  ; dark  ; not  luminous. 

Not  Erebus  itself  were  dim  enough 

To  hide  thee  from  prevention.  Shak . 

DIM,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  adimmian .]  [f.  dimmed  ; pp. 

dimming,  dimmed.] 

1.  To  render  incapable  of  seeing  clearly ; to 
darken.  “ It  dims  the  dazed  eyes.”  Spenser. 

Gazing  on  that  which  seems  to  dim  thy  sight.  Shak. 

2.  To  make  less  bright;  to  render  less  con- 
spicuous ; to  obscure. 

The  envious  clouds  are  bent 
To  dim  his  [the  sun’s]  glory.  Shak. 

The  principal  figure  in  a picture  is  like  a king  among  his 
courtiers,  who  dims  all  his  attendants.  Dryden. 

DIM,  n.  ( Mus .)  Contraction  of  diminuendo.  Moore. 

f DIM'BLE,  n.  [A.  S.  dim  hoi,  a dim  hole,  a cave. 
Tocld.]  A bower ; a cell ; a dingle.  B.  Jonson. 

DIME,  n.  [L.  deeima,  a tenth  ; decern,  ten  ; Norm. 
Fr.  dieme;  Fr.  disme,  or  dime.]  A silver  coin 
of  the  United  States,  of  the  value  of  ten  cents  ; 
the  tenth  part  of  a dollar.  Patterson. 

DI-MEN'SION  (de-men'shun),  n.  [L.  dimensio  ; di- 
metior,  to  measure ; It.  dimensione ; Sp.  § Fr. 
dimension .] 

1.  The  measure  or  compass  of  a thing  ; exten- 
sion in  one  direction  ; length,  breadth,  or  thick- 
ness. “ The  dimensions  of  the  room.”  Swift. 

These  as  a line  their  long  dimension  drew.  Milton. 

2.  (Algebra.)  A literal  factor  of  a term ; as, 
“ atbx3  is  a term  of  six  dimensions.”  Davies. 

DI-MEN'SIONED  (de-men'shund),  a.  Having  di- 
mensions ; — used  in  composition.  Pope. 

DI-MEN'SION-LESS,  a.  Without  any  bulk. 

The  orb  of  Saturn  itself  grows  dimrnsiojilcss  when  com- 
pared to  that  vn9t  extent  of  space  which  the  stellar-solar 
systems  possess  and  occupy.  Warburton. 

DI-MEN'SI-TY,  n.  Dimension,  [r.]  Howell. 

DI-MEN'SIVE,  a.  Marking  the  boundaries. 

But  who  can  mark  the  soul’s  dimensive  hues  ? Davies. 

II  DIM'E-TIJR  [dlm'e-ter,  Ja.  K.  Wb. ; dl'me-ter, 
S«t.],  a.  [Gr.  iiperpos ; bis,  two-fold,  and  ylrpov, 
a measure  ; L.  dimeter.]  Having  two  poetical 
measures.  Tyrwhitt. 

||  DlM'F-TER,  n.  A poetic  measure  of  four  feet; 
a series  of  two  metres.  Beck. 

DI-MET'RIC,  a.  (Min.)  Having  axes  of  two 
kinds.  Clarke. 

DIM'— EYED  (dlm'ld),  a.  Having  indistinct  vis- 
ion ; dim-sighted.  Armstrong. 

f DIM-I-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  dimicatio .]  The  act 
of  fighting;  a battle.  Bailey. 

f DI-MID'I-ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  dimidio,  dimidiatus .] 
To  divide  into  two  parts.  Cockeram. 

DI-MID'I-ATE,  a.  1.  Having  half  the  regular 
extent.  “ The  dimidiate  platform  of  your  stair- 
case.” Tucker. 

2.  (Bot.)  Halved,  as  when  a leaf  or  a 
leaflet  has  only  one  side  developed,  or  a jff 
stamen  has  only  one  lobe  or  ceil.  Gray.  fra] 

Sometimes  the  anthers  are  one-cel]ed  by  the  ffiww 
suppression  of  one  lobe,  being  dimidiate,  or  re-  ^ 
duced,  as  it  were,  to  half-stamens.  Gray. 

DI-MID-I-A'TION,  n.  [L.  dimidiatio .]  Division 
into  two  equal  parts,  [r.]  Bailey. 

DI-MIN'ISH,  v.  a.  [L.  diminvo ; dis,  apart,  and 
minuo,  to  lessen  ; It.  diminuire ; Sp.  diminuir; 
Fr.  diminuer. ] [i.  diminished  ; pp.  diminish- 
ing, diminished.] 

1.  To  make  less  ; to  lessen  ; to  abate.  “ Thou 
shalt  diminish  the  price  of  it.”  Lev.  xxv.  16. 


2.  To  take  away ; to  subtract. 

Ye  shall  not  add  unto  the  word  which  I command  you, 
neither  shall  ye  diminish  aught  from  it.  Deul.  iv.  2. 

3.  To  reduce  ; to  impair  ; to  degrade,  [r.] 

Impiously  they  thought 

Thee  to  diminish.  Milton. 

4.  (Mus.)  To  make  smaller  by  a semitone,  as 

a minor  interval.  Dwight. 

DI-MIN'ISH,  v.n.  To  grow  or  become  less;  to 
decrease ; to  lessen  ; to  be  reduced. 

Crete’s  ample  Helds  diminish  to  our  eye.  Pope. 

Syn.  — See  Abate. 

DI-MlN'ISH-IJR,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  dimin- 
ishes. Todd. 

DI-MIN'ISH-ING-LY,  ad.  In  a manner  to  lessen. 

f DI-MIN'ISH-MENT,  n.  Diminution;  a lessen- 
ing. Sir  J.  Cheke. 

DI-MJAT-  U-EJY ' DO.  [It.,  diminishing .]  (Mus.) 
A direction  to  lessen  the  volume  of  sound  from 
loud  to  soft;  — usually  marked  thus  [^=-]. 

t DI-MIN'U-ENT,  a.  Lessening.  Bp.  Sanderson. 

f DIM'I-NUTE,  a.  Small;  diminutive.  Gorges. 

j-DIM'j-NUTE-LY,  ad.  In  a diminute  manner; 
diminutively.  Bp.  Sanderson. 

DIM-I-NU'TION,  n.  [L.  diminutio ; It.  diminu- 
zionc ; Sp.  diminucion  ; Fr.  diminution .] 

1.  The  act  of  diminishing;  a lessening. 

Not  capable  of  any  diminution  or  augmentation.  Hooker. 

2.  The  state  of  being  diminished  or  growing 

less;  decrease.  Locke. 

3.  A loss  or  deprivation  of  dignity  ; degrada- 
tion ; discredit. 

Nor  thinks  it  diminution  to  be  ranked 

In  military  honor  next.  Philips. 

4.  (Arch.)  The  gradual  decrease  of  the  diam- 
eter of  a column  as  it  rises.  Johnson. 

5.  (Mus.)  The  imitation  of,  or  reply  to,  a 
subject  in  notes  of  half  the  length  or  value  of 
those  of  the  subject  itself,  as  in  figures.  Moore. 

6.  (Law.)  An  omission,  imperfection,  or  de- 
ficiency in  a record.  Burrill. 

DI-MlN'U-TIVE,  a.  [It.  § Sp.  diminutivo;  Fr. 
diminutif.]  Small  of  the  kind  ; very  small ; too 
small ; little  ; contracted  ; minute. 

The  poor  wren, 

The  most  diminutive  of  birds,  will  fight, 

Her  young  ones  in  the  nest,  against  the  owl.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Little. 

DI-MlN'U-TIVE,  n.  1.  Something  very  small,  [r.] 
Follow  his  chariot;  monster-like  be  shown 
For  poorest  diminutives,  for  doits.  Shak. 

2.  That  which  diminishes.  “ Diminutives , 

alteratives,  cordials.”  [r.]  Burton. 

3.  (Gram.)  A word  formed  from  another  to 
denote  a smaller  object  of  the  same  kind,  as, 
gosling,  a little  goose,  manikin,  a little  man, 
formed  respectively  from  goose  and  man. 

DI-MlN'y-TlVE-LY,  ad.  In  a diminutive  manner. 

DI-MIN'U-TIVE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
diminutive  ; smallness ; littleness.  Student. 

DIM'ISH,  a.  Somewhat  dim.  — See  Dimmish. 

f DI-MIS'SION,  n.  [L.  dimissio ; It . dimissione.] 
Leave  to  depart ; dismission.  Barrow. 

DlM'lS-SO-RY  [dlm'js-sur-e,  IF.  J.  F.  Ja.  Sm.Wb. ; 
dl-mls'sur-e,  S.  A'.],  a.  [L.  dimissorius.]  Dis- 
missing to  another  jurisdiction. 

Without  the  bishop's  dimissonj  letters,  presbyters  might 
not  go  to  another  diocese.  Pp.  Taylor. 

f DI-MIT',  v.  a.  [L.  dimitto .] 

1.  To  allow  to  go  ; to  send  away.  Bp.  Hall. 

2.  To  grant;  to  farm;  to  let.  Huloet. 

DlM'I-TY,  n.  [Dut.  diemet.]  A cotton  cloth  of 
thick  texture,  striped  or  otherwise  ornamented 
in  the  loom,  and  very  rarely  dyed.  Brande. 

DIM'LY,  acl.  In  a dim  manner  ; not  clearly. 

DIM'MING,  n.  The  act  of  making,  or  of  becoming, 
dim.  “ The  dimming  of  our  shining  star.”  Shak. 

DIM'MJSH,  a.  Somewhat  dim. 

My  eyes  are  somewhat  dimmish  grown.  Swift. 

DiM'NIJSS,  n.  [A.  S.  dinines.]  1.  Dulness  of  sight. 

Not  with  a total  blindness, ...  hut  such  a dimness  that  they 
could  not  see  any  thing  distinctly.  Dp.  1 atnek. 

2.  Dulness  of  comprehension ; obtuseness. 
“ Dimness  of  perception.”  Decay  of  Piety. 


A,  E,  !,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  !,  6,  tj,  t,  short; 


A,  y,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  fAr,  fAst,  FALL; 


HfilR,  HER; 


DIMORPHISM 


405 


DIP 


3.  Something  that  causes  indistinct  vision  ; 
darkness  ; obscurity. 

With  such  thick  dimness  of  excited  dust 

In  their  impetuous  march  they  filled  the  air.  Cowper. 

4.  Want  of  brightness  ; faintness  of  color. 

“ Dimness  on  the  beamy  gold.”  Tickell. 

5.  Dismalness  ; gloominess.  “ Trouble  and 
darkness,  dimness  of  anguish.”  Isa.  viii.  22. 

Syn.  — See  Darkness. 

Dl-MOR'PHISM,  n.  [Gr.  Sis,  double,  and  yopftj, 
form.]  (Min.)  The  property  which  certain 
substances,  as  carbonate  of  lime  and  sulphur, 
have  of  crystallizing  in  two  forms.  Dana. 

DI-MOR'PHOUS,  a.  (Min.)  Assuming  two  crys- 
talline forms.  Phillips. 

DlM'PLE  (dim'pl),  w.  [dint,  a hole  ; dintlc,  a little 
hole  ; by  a careless  pronunciation,  dimple.  Skin- 
ner. — See  Dimble.]  A small  natural  cavity  in 
the  cheek,  chin,  or  other  part  of  the  face. 

In  each  cheek  appears  a pretty  dimple ; . . . 

These  lovely  caves,  lliese  round,  enchanting  pits, 

Opened  their  mouths  to  swallow  Venus’  liking.  Shak. 

DlM'PLE,  v.  n.  To  sink  in  small  cavities. 

And  smiling  eddies  dimpled  on  the  main.  Dry  den. 

DIM'PLED  (dlm'pld),  a.  Set  with  dimples.  Shak. 

DIM'PLY,  a.  Full  of  dimples;  dimpled.  “The 
dimply  pool.”  Thomson. 

DIM'— SEEN,  a.  Indistinctly  seen.  Thomson. 

DIM'— SIGHTED  (-slt'ed),  a.  Having  dim  sight. 

DIM'— SIGHT' JfD-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
dim-sighted ; indistinctness  of  sight.  Roget. 

DIM'— TWlN-KLING,  a.  Twinkling  dimly.  Clarke. 

DIN,  n.  [A.  S.  dyne.)  A loud  or  rattling  noise  ; 
a violent  and  continued  sound ; clatter.  “The 
odious  din  of  war.”  Milton. 

DIN,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  dynian,  dynan.)  [i.  dinned  ; 
pp.  DINNING,  DINNED.] 

1.  To  stun  with  noise  ; to  assail  with  clamor. 

Din  your  ears 

With  hungry  cries.  Oiuiay. 

2.  To  impress  with  clamorous  repetition. 

She  had  continually  interrupted  my  repose  with  dinning 
in  my  ears  the  folly  of  refusing  honors.  Fielding. 

f DIN'AR-jEHY,  n.  [Gr.  Sis,  two-fold,  and  apy^S, 
government.]  A form  of  government  in  which 
two  persons  have  the  supreme  control.  Bailey. 

DIN'DLE,  n.  A local  term  applied  to  the  com- 
mon and  to  the  com  sow-thistles,  and  also  to 
hawkweed.  Farm.  Ency. 

DINE,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  dynan. — It.  desinare;  Fr. 
diner.)  [i.  dined  ; pp.  dining,  dined.]  To  eat 
dinner  ; to  eat  the  chief  meal  of  the  day. 

DlNE,  v.  a.  To  give  a dinner  to  ; to  furnish  with 
dinner  or  a meal ; to  feed.  Dryden. 

DIN'ER— OUT,  n.  One  who  is  in  the  habit  of 
dining  in  company,  and  away  from  his  own 
home.  Ed.  Rev. 

f DI-NET'I-CAL,  a.  [Gr.  Sivtio,  to  whirl.]  Whirl- 
inground;  vertiginous.  “ A spherical  figure  is 
most  commodious  for dinetical  motion. "Browne. 

DING,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  denegan  ; Gael,  diong,  to  tin- 
kle.] [i.  DINGED  ; pp.  DINGING,  DINGED.  — The 
preterite  dung  is  nearly  obsolete.] 

1.  To  dash  with  violence ; to  hurl.  Marston. 

2.  To  impress  with  force.  Johnson. 

DING,  v.  n.  To  bluster ; to  huff.  [Low.]  Arbuthnot. 

DING'— d6ng,  n.  A word  expressing  the  sound 

made  by  the  ringing  of  a bell.  Shak. 

DIN'GJJY,  n.  A Bengal  ferry-boat.  Malcom. 

DlN'GJ-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  dingy. 

DIN'GLE  (dlng'gl,  82),  n.  [Generally  considered 
a diminutive  of  A.  S.  den,  or  deny,  a vale.  Rich- 
ardson.) A hollow  between  hills  ; a dale. 

I know  each  lane,  and  every  alley  green, 

Dingle,  or  bushy  dell  of  this  wild  wood.  Milton. 

DIN'GLE-DAN'GLE,  ad.  Carelessly  pendent. 

“ Boughs  hanging  dingle-dangle.”  Warton. 

f DING'THRIFT,  n.  A spendthrift.  Granger. 

DIN'^IY  (dln'je),  a.  [A.  S.  dunnian,  to  darken.] 

1.  Of  a dark  brown  color ; dun  ; dusky  ; ob- 
scure. “ The  dingy  sea.”  Ellis. 

2.  Soiled;  sullied;  dirty;  as,  “ A dingy  fa.ee.” 


DIN'^Y,  n.  (Xaut.)  A small  boat.  “The  ship’s 
dingy,  or  smallest  boat.”  Molyneux. 

DIN'ING— ROOM,  n.  A room  to  dine  in.  Bp.  Taylor. 

DIN'NJgR,  n.  [A.  S.  dynan,  to  dine.  — Gael.  § Ir. 
dinneir,  dinner.  — It.  desinare-,  Fr.  diner,  to 
dine.]  The  chief  meal  of  the  day. 

DIN'NER-BELL,  n.  Abell  rung  to  announce  that 
dinner  is  ready.  Clarke. 

DIN'NJJR-LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  dinner.  Fuller. 

DIN'NgR— TA'BLE,  n.  A table  prepared  for  din- 
ner ; the  table  at  which  dinner  is  served. 

DIN'N^R— TIME,  n.  The  time  of  dining.  Shak. 

DI-NOR  'NIS,  n.  [Gr.  Sards,  terrible,  and  Spvts,  a 
bird.]  (Pal.)  A genus  of  extinct  gigantic  birds 
of  the  family  Strutliionidce , the  remains  of  sev- 
eral species  of  which  have  been  found  in  New 
Zealand.  Baird. 

Dl-NO- THE ' RI- UM,  n.  (Pal.)  See  Deinothe- 
rium.  Buckland. 

DINT,  n.  [A.  S.  dynt.  — See  Dent.] 

1.  f A blow;  a stroke.  “That  mortal  dint.” 

Milton. 

2.  The  mark  made  by  a blow,  or  by  violent 

pressure  ; a dent.  Dryden. 

3.  Force  ; power.  “ By  dint  of  arms.”  Ad- 
dison. “ By  dint  of  reason.”  Bolingbroke. 

O,  now  you  weep,  and  I perceive  you  feel 

The  dint  of  pity.  Shal\ 

f DINT,  v.  a.  To  mark  by  a blow  or  by  pressure  ; 
to  make  a dent  in  ; to  dent.  Spenser. 

DI-NU-MER-A'TION,  n.  [L.  dinumeratio  ; It.  di- 
numerazione.)  The  act  of  numbering  one  by 
one  or  singly ; enumeration,  [r.]  Bullokar. 

||  DI-On'lJ-SAN,  or  DI-O-CE'SAN  [dl-os'e-san,  S. 
W.  J.  F.  Ja.  K.  R.  C. ; dl-os’e-zan,  P.  Sm. ; dl- 
o-se'sfin,  Bailey,  Johnson,  Barclay.  Dyche, 
Rees\  dl'q-se-sjn,  Win),  n.  [It.  § Sp.  dioce'sano  ; 
Fr.  diocesain.)  A bishop  as  he  stands  related 
to  his  own  clergy  or  flock.  South. 

||  DI-09'IJ-SAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  a diocese.  “Dio- 
cesan or  provincial  synods.”  Spelman. 

DI'O-CESE,  n.  [Gr.  Siohspais  ; Sis,  apart,  obstoi,  to 
dwell;  L.  dicecesis-,  Fr.  diocese.) 

1.  A district ; a province.  L.  Addison. 

2.  (Eccl.)  The  territorial  extent  of  a bishop’s 

jurisdiction  ; a bishopric  : see  of  a bishop  ; — 
written  also  diocess.  “ The  diocese  of  Win- 
chester.” Raleigh. 

Syn.  — See  Bishopric. 

t DI-O-CES'f-N^R,  n.  One  who  belongs  to  a 
diocese.  Bacon. 

DI-OC-TA-HE'DRAL,  a.  [Gr.  Sis,  double,  SktSi, 
eight,  and  cSpa,  a base.]  (Crystallography.) 
Noting  a crystal,  the  faces  of  which  form  two 
octahedrons.  Craig. 

DI'O-DON,  n.  [Gr.  Sis,  double,  and  oSoOs,  SSdvros, 
a tooth.]  (I chi)  A genus  of  plectognathic  fishes, 
with  undivided  jaws,  each  with  a single  and 
continuous  plate.  They  have  the  power  of  in- 
flating the  belly,  as  have  also  the  fishes  of  the 
allied  genus  Tetrodon,  and  both  are  sometimes 
called  globe-fishes.  Baird. 

DI-O-DoN-O-CEPH'A-LOUS,  a.  [Gr.  Sts,  double, 
SSobs,  SSovtos,  a tooth,  and  tsupah'i,  ahead.]  (Zool.) 
Having  two  sets  of  teeth.  Craig. 

DI-CE'CI-A  (dl-e'sbe-a),  n.  [Gr.  Sis,  double,  and 
oiKta,  a house.]  (Bot.)  A class  of  plants  which 
have  male  or  stamen-bearing  flowers  on  one 
plant,  and  female  or  pistil-bearing  flowers  on 
another,  as  willows.  P.  Cyc. 

Dl-CE'CIOUS  (-e'slius),  a.  (Bot.)  Having  stamens 
on  one  plant,  and  pistils  on  another.  P.  Cyc. 

Di-OM-E-DE'A,  n.  (Ornith.)  A genus  of  birds  of 
the  sub-family  Diomedince,  inhabiting  the  north 
and  south  seas,  and  being  the  largest  of  all 
water-birds  ; the  albatross.  Baird. 

dI-  o-me-  dI  'nje,  n.  pi. 

( Ornith.)  A sub-family 
of  birds  of  the  order  An- 
seres  and  family  Pro- 
cellarida ; albatrosses. 

— See  Albatross. 

Gray,  Diomedea  cauta. 


DI-O-PHAN'TINE,  a.  Relating  to  Diophantus,  or 
to  his  mathematical  analysis.  Hamilton. 

Dl-OP'SlDE,  n.  [Gr.  Sis,  two-fold,  and  0^1;,  ap- 
pearance.] (Min.)  A variety  of  pyroxene  ; white 
augite.  It  consists  entirely  of  silica,  lime,  and 
magnesia,  and  is  of  a white,  grayish,  or  grayish- 
green  color.  Dana. 

DI-OP  ' SIS,  n.  [Gr.dioifus,  a view  through.]  ( Ent .) 
A genus  of  dipterous  insects  remarkable  for 
having  the  eyes  and  antenna;  situated  at  the 
extremity  of  slender  horny  peduncles  rising 
from  the  sides  of  the  head.  Brandc. 

Dl-OP'TASE,  n.  [Gr.  Sid,  through,  and  on royai,  to 
see.]  (Min.)  A crystallized  silicate  of  copper  of 
an  emerald-green  color  ; emerald  copper.  Dana. 

Dl-OP'TR  A,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  bio-rpa  ; Sia,  through, 
and  Unroyai,  to  see.]  An  instrument  for  meas- 
uring the  altitude  of  distant  objects.  Weale. 

DI-OP'TRIC,  > [Gr.  Sionrpusis  ; Sia,  through, 

DI-OP'TRI-CAL,  ) and  onroyai,  to  see.]  Relating 
to  dioptrics  ; — affording  a medium  for  the 
sight ; assisting  the  sight  in  the  view  of  distant 
objects.  “Grinders  of  dioptrical  glasses. "Boyle. 

d!-6p'TRICS,  n.  pi.  (Opt.)  That  part  of  optics 
which  treats  of  the  refractions  of  light  passing 
through  different  mediums,  as  the  air,  water, 
glass,  &c. ; refraction  of  light.  Brande. 

Dl-O-RA'MA  [dl-o-ra'ma,  Sm.  C. ; dl-o-r&'mj,  Ja.), 
n.  [Gr.  Siopaui,  to  see  through  ; S16,  through,  and 
opa uj,  to  see  ; It.  diorama.)  A mode  of  painting 
and  scenic  exhibition,  invented  by  two  French 
artists,  Daguerre  and  Bouton,  and  producing  a 
very  high  degree  of  optical  illusion. 

The  peculiar  and  almost  magical  effect  of  the 
diorama  arises,  in  a considerable  measure,  from  the 
contrivance  employed  in  exhibiting  the  painting, 
which  is  viewed  through  a large  aperture  or  prosce- 
nium. Beyond  this  opening  the  picture  is  placed  at 
sucli  a distance  that  the  light  is  thrown  upon  it,  at  a 
proper  angle,  from  the  roof,  which  is  glazed  with 
ground  glass,  and  cannot  he  seen  by  the  spectator, 
who  is  in  comparative  darkness,  receiving  no  other 
light  than  what  is  reflected  from  the  painting  itself. 
By  means  of  shutters  or  curtains  the  light  may  be  di- 
minished or  increased  at  pleasure,  and  some  parts  of 
the  picture  being  transparent,  light  may  be  admitted 
through  it,  — an  artifice  which  secures  the  advantages 
of  painting  in  transparency  without  its  defects.  P.  Cyc. 

DI-O-RAM'IC,  a.  Relating  to,  or  resembling,  a 
diorama.  Month.  Rev. 

Dl'O-RlfjSM,  n.  [Gr.  Sioptapds ; <5id,  through,  and 
opos,  boundary.]  Distinction  or  definition.  More. 

Dl-O-RIS'TIC,  ) [Or.  SiopurriK6s.)  Defin- 

DI-O-RIS'TI-CAL,  ) ing;  distinguishing.  Smart. 

•fDI-O-RIS'TI-CAL-LY,  ad.  Distinctively.  More. 

DI'O-RITE,  n.  (Min.)  The  variety  of  trap  or 
greenstone  in  which  felspar,  or  orthoclase,  is  re- 
placed by  albite.  Dana. 

DI-O-RIT'IC,  a.  (Min.)  Resembling,  or  contain- 
ing, diorite.  Craig. 

DI-OR-THO'SIS,  n.  [Gr.  SiipQiaais ; Sia,  through, 
and  dptids,  straight.]  (Surg.)  The  art  or  the  act 
of  straightening  crooked  limbs.  Harris. 

Dl-OS-CO ' RE-A,  n.  pi.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants 
which  furnish  the  tropical  esculents  called  yams ; 
— so  named  from  Dioscorides,  an  eminent  Greek 
botanist.  P.  Cyc. 

DI-0§  'MA,  n.  [Gr.  Sia,  through,  and  o£w,  to  have 
an  odor.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  rutaceous  shrubs 
found  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  They  have 
alternate  simple  leaves,  strongly  marked  \ ith 
dots  of  transparent  oil,  and  diffusing  a pou  :r- 
ful  odor  when  bruised.  P.  Cyc. 

DJ-OS'MINE,  n.  (Chem.)  A substance  extracted 
from  the  leaves  of  Diosma  crinata.  Craig. 

DI-o'TA,  n.  [L.]  (Ant.)  A jar  or  drinking-pot 
with  two  handles  ; an  amphora.  Ed.  Ency. 

Dl-OX'IDE,  n.  [Gr.  Sis,  twice,  and  Eng.  oxide.) 
(Chem.)  A combination  of  one  equivalent  of 
oxygen  with  two  of  some  positive  body ; a sub- 
oxide. ' Hoblyn. 

DI-OX' Y- LITE,  n.  [Gr.  Sis,  double,  S\ls,  acid,  and 
l.iBos,  a stone.]  (Min.)  A mineral  consisting 
of  sulphate  of  lead  and  carbonate  of  lead.  Dana. 

DIP,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  dippan  ; Dut.  doopen ; Ger.  tau- 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — Q,  Q,  5,  |,  soft;  £,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  § as  7. ; ^ ao  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


DIP 


406 


DIRECT 


fen.']  [i.  dipped  ; pp.  dipping,  dipped.  — 
Sometimes  dipt.  Dryden.] 

1.  To  immerse ; to  plunge  into  any  liquid. 
“ l)lp  thy  morsel  in  the  vinegar.”  Ruth  ii.  14. 

2.  To  moisten  ; to  damp  ; to  wet.  [it.] 

And  though  not  mortal,  yet  a cold,  shuddering  dew 

Dips  me  all  o’er.  Milton. 

3.  To  engage  in,  as  any  affair.  “ lie  was  . . . 
dipt  in  the  rebellion  of  the  Commons.”  Dryden. 

4.  t To  mortgage ; to  pledge. 

Dive  on  the  use,  and  never  dip  thy  lands.  Dryden. 

5.  To  take  out  with  a ladle  or  other  small 
vessel  ; as,  “ To  dip  water  with  a cup.” 

6.  To  baptize  by  immersion.  Clarke. 

DTP,  v.n.  1.  To  plunge,  as  with  a ladle  into  a 
liquid,  for  the  purpose  of  taking  from  it. 

Wc  have  snakes  in  our  cups  and  in  our  dishes:  and  who- 
ever clijis  too  deep  will  find  death  in  the  pot.  L' Estrange. 

2.  To  enter;  to  pierce  ; to  penetrate. 

The  vulture  dipping  in  Prometheus*  side.  Glunvillc. 

3.  To  enter  slightly  into  any  thing. 

I sometimes  find  more  [repetitions]  upon  dipping  in  the 
first  volume.  Dope. 

4.  To  do  or  to  take  any  thing  at  random. 

Wouldst  thou  prefer  him  to  some  man  ? Suppose 

1 dipped  among  the  worst,  and  Stains  chose.  Dryden. 

5.  To  incline,  as  the  magnetic  needle,  or  as 
a stratum  of  rock. 

The  needle  assumes  the  position  shown  in  the  figure,  dip- 
ping down  at  an  angle  of  73'/  20"  7'.  Silliman. 

DIP,  n.  1.  The  act  of  dipping  or  immersing  in 
any  liquid.  “ The  dip  of  oars.”  Glover. 

2.  ( Magnetism .)  The  inclination  of  a mag- 

netic needle,  or  the  angle  which  it  makes  with 
the  plane  of  the  horizon  when  poised  on  its 
centre  of  gravity  and  at  liberty  to  turn  in  the 
vertical  plane.  Brande. 

3.  ( Geol .)  The  angle  which  strata  make  with 
the  plane  of  the  horizon,  or  the  point  of  the 
compass  towards  which  the  strata  slope.  Lyell. 

4.  Sweet  sauce  for  pudding.  Forby. 

5.  Sauce  made  of  fat  pork  for  fish.  [U.  S.] 

6.  A candle  made  by  dipping.  Smart. 

Dip  of  the  horizon,  (Naut.)  the  angle  comprehended 

between  two  lines  drawn  from  the  point  of  observa- 
tion, one  horizontal,  and  the  other  a tangent  to  the 
surface  of  the  sea  ; the  apparent  angular  depression 
of  the  visible  horizon.  Brande. 

DI-PAS'jEHAL,  a.  [Gr.  bis,  double,  and  ir«<r^a,the 
passover.j  Including  two  passovers.  Carpenter. 

DlP'CIlICK,  n.  ( Ornith.)  A dabchick.  Careiv. 

Dl-PER'I-ANTII,  n.  [Gr.  bis,  double,  irtoi,  about, 
and  avOos,  a flower.]  (Bot.)  A plant  the  flowers 
of  which  consist  of  two  floral  envelopes.  Craig. 

DI-PET'A-LOUS,  a.  [Gr.  iff,  double,  and  vlralov, 
a leaf.]  ( Bot .)  Applied  to  a corolla  having 
only  two  petals.  Maunder. 

II  DIPII'THONG  (dlp'thong)  [dip'thong,  S.  W.  P.J. 
F.  Sm.  C. ; dlf'thong,  E.  K.  Scott ; dlf'thong  or 
dlp'thbng,  Ja.\,  n.  [Gr.  biipOoyyxs ; <5 if,  double, 
and^flt'yyopai,  to  utter ; L.  diphthongus ; Fr.  diph- 
thongue. ] A union  of  two  vowels  in  one  sylla- 
ble ; as  in  vain,  Cresar,  brow. 

JKg“  A diphthong  is  proper  if  both  the  vowels  are 
sounded,  as  in  boil ; improper , if  only  one  of  the  vow- 
els is  sounded,  as  in  beat. 

Hgp  “ In  the  English  pronunciation  of  diphthong, 
triphthong , aphthong,  and  ophthalmic , dropping  the  A, 
which  in  our  language  is  superfluous  as  a mark  of  as- 
piration witli  a consonant,  we  pronounce  the  remain- 
ing consonant  p in  the  usual  manner.”  Smart. 

||  DIPH'THONG  (dtp'thSng),  v.  a.  To  form  or  pro- 
nounce as  a diphthong,  [it.]  Ch.  Ob. 

||  DIPH-TIION'G AL  (dlp-thong'gal,  82)  [dip'thong- 
gal,  Sm. ; dif-tiiong  g?l,  K.  I Vb.],  a.  Having  the 
nature  of  a diphthong.  P.  Cye. 

||  DIPH-THON'GAL-LY,  ad.  In  the  manner  of  a 
diphthong,  [u.]  ' Wylie. 

DI- PH (7- CEPH ’A- LJl,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  bufrvfc,  of  double 
nature,  and  Ketyakij,  the  head.]  (Ent.)  A genus 
of  coleopterous  insects.  P.  Cye. 

Dl-PHYL'LOUS,  or  DIPH'YL-LOUS  (131),  a.  [Gr. 
bi<frv).h>s ; bis,  double,  and  tpbi./.ov,  a leaf.]  (Bot.) 
Two-leaved.  Smart. 

Dip -LA-  CAN ' THUS,  n.  [Gr.  bnr).6os,  double,  and 
axavtia,  a spine.]  (Pal.)  A genus  of  fossil 
plaeoid  fishes.  Agassiz. 


DI-PLEI ’DO-SCOPE,  «.  [Gr.  bnrl.dos,  double,  tlbo;, 
form,  and  aeontio,  to  view.]  (Optics.)  An  optical 
instrument  for  indicating  the  passage  of  the  sun 
or  a star  over  the  meridian,  by  the  Coincidences 
of  two  images,  formed  by  a single  and  a double 
reflection.  Brande. 

DI-PLEU'RA,  n.  [Gr.  Sin/Aos,  double,  and  bvpa,  a 
tail.]  (Pal.)  A genus  of  fossil  trilobites.PrWef. 

DI-PLIN'  TIII-US,n.  [Gr.  bis,  double,  and  n/.ivOos, 
a brick.]  (Arch.)  A wall  two  bricks  thick.  Grier. 

DIP'LO-DOUS,  n.  [Gr.  biitlios,  double,  and  bbovs, 
a tooth.]  (Pal.)  A genus  of  fossil  plaeoid 
fishes  found  in  the  coal  formation.  Agassiz. 

DIP'LO-JJ,  n.  [Gr.  bxul&n,  joining  ; Fr.  diploe. ] 
(Anat.)  The  horny  or  spongy  substance  between 
the  tables  of  the  skull.  Brande. 

DIP-LO-GEN'JC,  a.  [Gr.  bcnl.dos,  double,  and  yi main, 
to  produce.]  Producing  two  substances  : — par- 
taking of  the  nature  of  two  bodies.  Craig. 

DIP'LO-ITE,  n.  (Min.)  Another  name  for  latro- 
bite.  Dana. 

DI-PLO'MA,  n. ; pi.  di-plo'ma?.  [L.,  from  Gr. 

Sini.iopa,  any  thing  folded  double;  It.  diploma-, 
Fr.  diplome.]  A letter  or  writing  conferring 
some  privilege,  honor,  or  authority  ; — now  al- 
most wholly  restricted  to  certificates  of  degrees 
conferred  by  universities  and  colleges. 

DJ-PLO'MA-CY  [de-pls'mj-se,  Ja.  K.  Sm.  B.  C. 
Wb. ; dlp'lo-ma-se,  IF.],  n.  [It.  diplomazia ; Sp. 
diplomacia  ; Fr.  diplomatic.] 

1.  The  art,  the  practice,  or  the  science  of  con- 

ducting negotiations  or  making  treaties  between 
nations  by  means  of  their  foreign  ministers,  or 
written  correspondence ; and  the  art  of  compos- 
ing diplomatic  despatches.  Brande. 

2.  A body  of  diplomatists  or  envoys.  “ The 
diplomacy,  who  were  a sort  of  envoys.”  Burke. 

3.  Political  or  artful  management.  Smart. 

DIP'LO-MATE,  n.  [Fr.]  A diplomatist.  West.  Rev. 

DI-PLO’MATE,  or  DIP'LO-MATE,  v.  a.  \i.  dipi.o- 
MATED;  pp.  DIPI.0  MATING,  DIPLOMA  TED.]  To 
invest  with  a diploma  or  privilege.  “ He  was 
diplomatcd  doctor  of  divinity.”  A.  Wood. 

DIP-LO-MA'TIAL,  a.  Diplomatic,  [r.]  Qu.  Rev. 

DIP-LO-MAT'IC,  ? a.  [It.  (S;  Sp . diplomatico 

DlP-LO-MAT'I-CAL,  S Fr.  diplomatique.] 

1.  Relating  to  diplomacy,  or  to  a body  of  en- 

voys. “ The  diplomatic  system.”  “ The  diplo- 
matic body.”  Burke. 

2.  Relating  to  diplomatics.  “The  diplomatic 

science.”  Astle. 

DIP-LO-MAT'IC,  n.  One  engaged  in  diplomacy; 
a diplomatist.  Clarke. 

DlP-LO-MAT'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a diplomatic 
manner.  Ec.  Rev. 

Dll’-LO-MAT'ICS,  n.  pi.  The  science  which  has 
for  its  object  the  knowledge  of  ancient  docu- 
ments of  a public  or  political  character,  and  es- 
pecially the  determination  of  their  authenticity 
and  their  age.  P.  Cye. 

DI-PLO'MA-Tl.^M,  n.  Diplomacy.  Gent.  Mag. 

DJ-PLO'MA-TIST  [de-plo'mj-tist,  I(.  Sm.  R.  C.], 
n.  One  who  is  versed,  or  employed,  in  diplo- 
macy. Todd. 

DI-PLO  1 PI-A,  n.  [Gr.  bini.dos,  double,  and  oitto- 
p at,  to  see;  Fr.  diplopic.]  (Med.)  A disease  of 
the  eye  by  which  a single  object  makes  two,  and 
sometimes  more,  impressions,  so  that  it  appears 
double,  triple,  &c.  Dunglison. 

DlP-LO-ZO'ON,  n.  [Gr.  btit7.6os,  double,  and  ^won, 
an  animal.]  A singular  parasitic  worm,  which 
infests  the  gills  of  the  bream,  and  which  appears 
to  he  formed  of  two  distinct  bodies  united  in 
the  middle.  Brande. 

DIP'O-DY,  n.  [Gr.  bnrobia  ; bis,  double,  and  rox is, 
ndbos,  a foot.]  (Pros.)  Two  feet  included  in 
one  measure,  or  a series  of  two  feet.  Beck. 

DIP'PFIR,  n.  1.  One  that  dips. 

2.  A vessel  used  to  dip  with. 

3.  (Ornith.)  A name  of  the  water-ousel,  or 
water-crow  ; Cinclus  aquaticus.  Eng.  Ency. 

4.  (Astron.)  The  popular  name  of  seven  stars 
in  the  constellation  of  the  Great  Bear. 


DIP'PJNG— NEE'DLE, n.  (Mag- 
netism.) An  instrument 
showing  the  direction,  in  a 
vertical  plane,  of  the  mag- 
netic force  of  the  earth,  con- 
sisting of  a magnetic  needle 
suspended  at  its  centre  of 
gravity,  and  allowed  to  move 
freely  in  the  plane  of  the 
magnetic  meridian.  Brande. 

DI-PRIS-MAT'IC,  a.  [Gr.  bis,  two-fold,  and  pris- 
matic.] (Crystallography.)  Doubly  prismatic ; 
having  a cleavage  parallel  to  a four-sided  vertical 
prism,  and  also  to  a horizontal  prism.  Clarke. 

DIP'SAS,  n.  [Gr.  btxj,6s ; L.,  Sp.,  <Sf  Fr.  dipsas.] 

1.  A serpent  whose  bite  produces  the  sensa- 
tion of  unquenchable  thirst.  Milton. 

2.  (Iierp.)  A genus  of  eolubrine  serpents  hav- 

ing the  body  much  less  compressed  than  the 
head.  Van  Der  Hoeven. 

3.  (Conch.)  A genus  of  fresh-water  bivalves, 

or  conchifers.  Brande. 

DIP-SO ' SIS,  n.  [Gr.  bi\f.a,  thirst.]  (Med.)  Mor- 
bid thirst.  Iloblyn. 

DIP ' TE-RA,  n.pl.  [Gr.  binripos ; bis,  double,  and 
nrepdr,  a wing.]  (Ent.)  An  order  of  insects  hav- 
ing two  wings  only,  as  the  common  house-fly 
and  the  bluebottle-fly.  Harris. 

DIP'TIJ-RAL,  a,  i.  (Ent.)  Relating  to  the  dip- 
tera  ; having  two  wings  ; double-winged  ; dip- 
terous. P.  Cye. 

2.  (Arch.)  Noting  a 
temple  which  has  a doub- 
le range  of  columns  all 
around.  Weale. 

DIP'TB-RAL,  n.  A dipte- 
ral temple.  Brande. 

DiP'TIJ-RAN,  n.  (Ent.)  One  of  the  diptera  ; one 
of  an  order  of  insects  having  two  wings.  Brande. 

DiP'TIJ-RON,  n.  [Gr.  biurtpos  ; bis,  double,  and 
TTTtpdv,  a wing.]  (Arch.)  A temple  with  a double 
range  of  columns  all  around  it ; a dipteral  tem- 
ple. Ash. 

DIP'Tp-ROUS,  a.  (Ent.)  Relating  to  the  diptera; 
dipteral.  Clarke. 

DIP'ToTE,  n.  [Gr.  blnrojTa  ; ilk,  twice,  and  nrxo- 
t6s,  fallen  ; Fr.  diptote.]  (Gram.)  A noun  hav- 
ing two  cases  only.  Clark. 

DIP'TYjEII,  n.  [Gr.  binrvyos ; bis,  double,  and 
■nrbaeoi,  to  fold  ; I,,  diptychum.] 

1.  A register  of  men  who  have  held  high  of- 
fices, or  of  celebrated  saints  and  martyrs.  Lloyd. 

2.  A tablet  of  wood,  metal,  or  other  substance, 
used  by  the  Romans  for  writing,  folded  like  a 
book  of  two  leaves.  — See  Diptychum.  Brande. 

DIP  ' TY-CHilM,  n. ; pi.  diptygha.  [L.  — See 
Diptych.]  (Eccl.)  An  ancient  register  of  the 
Greek  Church,  so  called  because  it  consisted  of 
two  leaves,  on  one  of  which  were  written  the 
names  of  the  living,  and  on  the  other  those  of 
the  dead,  which  were  rehearsed  during  the 
office.  Crabb. 

DI-PYRE',  n.  [Gr.  bimpos ; bis,  twice,  and  nup,  fire.] 
(Min.)  A silicate  of  alumina  and  lime  ; a hard 
mineral  of  a whitish  or  reddish  color ; — so  named 
from  the  fact  that  before  the  blowpipe  it  first  be- 
comes phosphorescent,  and  then  fuses.  Dana. 

Dl-RA-DI-A'TION,  n.  [L.  dis  and  radiatio.]  The 
diffusion  of  rays  from  a luminous  body.  Smart. 

DIRE,  a.  [L.  dims  ; It.  diro.]  Dreadful  ; dire- 
ful ; dismal ; horrible ; horrid ; terrible ; fearful. 

Hydras,  and  gorgons,  and  cliimairas  dire.  Milton . 

Syn. — See  Dismal. 

DI-RECT',  a.  [L.  directus  ; It.  diritto ; Sp.  directo  ; 
Fr.  direct.] 

1.  Straight ; not  crooked  ; as,  “A  direct  road.” 

2.  Tending  to  some  point  without  deviation. 

It  was  no  time  by  direct  means  to  seek  her.  Sidney . 

3.  From  father  to  son  ; — opposed  to  collateral. 
The  grandson  succeeds  his  grandsire  in  a direct  line.  Johnson. 

4.  Not  ambiguous  ; plain  ; express. 

He  nowhere,  that  I know,  says  it  in  direct  words.  Locke. 

5.  Ingenuous;  frank;  open;  sincere. 

There  be  that  are  in  nature  faithful  and  sincere,  and  plain 
and  direct , not  crafty.  Bacon. 


Dipteral  temple. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short ; A,  £,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


DIRECT 


407 


DISACCOMMODATE 


6.  ( Astron .)  In  the  order  of  the  signs  ; — op- 
posed to  retrograde.  Dryden. 

Direct  tax,  a tax  imposed  on  the  incomes  or  tile 
property  of  individuals,  as  distinguished  from  a tax 
on  the  articles  purchased  or  consumed  by  them,  called 
an  indirect  tax.  Brande. 

Syn.—  See  Immediately,  Straight. 

DI-RECT',  v.  a.  [L.  dirigo,  directus  ; dis,  used  in- 
tensively, and  rego,  to  lay  straight ; It.  diri- 
gere\  Sp . dirigir ; Fr.  dinger.]  [i.  directed  ; 

lip.  DIRECTING,  DIRECTED.] 

1.  To  aim  or  point  in  a straight  line. 

The  spear  flew  hissing  through  the  middle  space, 

And  pierced  his  throat,  directed  at  his  face.  Dryden. 

2.  To  regulate;  to  manage;  to  guide ; to 
conduct ; to  govern  ; to  control. 

Some  god  direct  my  judgment.  Shale. 

3.  To  point  out  the  course  to;  to  show. 

Direct  me 

To  him  from  whom  you  brought  them.  Shak. 

4.  To  superscribe  with  the  name  and  resi- 
dence of  the  person  to  whom  something  is  sent ; 
to  address  ; as,  “To  direct  a letter.” 

5.  To  order  ; to  prescribe  to ; to  command. 

I ’ll  direct  my  men  what  they  shall  do.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Address,  Appoint,  Conduct,  Di- 
rection, Govern,  Show. 

DI-RECT',  n.  ( Mus .)  A character  (/vv)  used  at 
the  end  of  a staff  to  show  in  what  degree  the 
first  note  of  the  next  staff  stands.  Warner. 

DI-RECT'FR,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  directs  ; 
— commonly  written  director. 

DI-REC'TION,  n.  [L.  directio ; It.  direzione  ; Sp. 
direccion ; Fr.  direction.'] 

1.  The  act  of  directing;  aim  at  a certain  point ; 
as,  “ To  give  a particular  direction  to  a missile.” 

2.  The  line  or  course  in  which  any  thing 

moves;  tendency.  “No  body  can  . . . alter  the 
direction  of  its  motion.”  Cheyne. 

3.  Line  in  which  any  thing  is  observed  ; 
course  with  reference  to  other  objects,  or  to 
points  of  the  compass;  as,  “To  sail  in  the  di- 
rection of  any  place.” 

4.  Instruction  how  to  find  a person  or  place ; 
as,  “ To  give  directions  to  a traveller.” 

5.  Superscription  ; address,  as  of  a letter. 

6.  The  act  of  guiding  ; guidance  ; manage- 

ment; superintendence;  administration.  “I 
put  myself  to  thy  direction."  Shak. 

7.  Order  ; command ; prescription. 

logo  hath  direction  what  to  do.  Shak. 

8.  f Promptness  ; expedition. 

Then  with  direction  to  repair  to  Ravenspurgh.  Shak. 

Syn.  — Order  and  command  imply  authority  ; direc- 
tion, both  authority  and  instruction.  Directions  and 
prescriptions  are  to  be  followed  ; orders  and  commands 
are  to  be  obeyed.  A captain  has  the  command  of  itis 
company,  and  gives  directions  to  those  subordinate  to 
him.  A physician  gives  prescriptions  to  his  patient. 
Direction  of  affairs  ; management  of  business.  — The  di- 
rection of  a letter  ; the  address  of  a person,  a letter,  or  a 
card  ; t lie  superscription  of  a letter  or  a monument.  — 
The  direction  or  aim  of  a weapon.  — See  ADMINIS- 
TRATION, Command,  Tendency. 

L DI-REC'TI-TUDE,  n.  A state  of  discredit;  — 
so  used  ludicrously  by  Shakspeare. 

DI-REC'TTVE,  a.  [It.  direttivo ; Sp.  directivo.] 

1.  That  directs  ; giving  direction.  Grew. 

2.  Informing  ; showing  the  way.  Thomson. 

DI-RECT'LY,  ad.  1.  In  a direct  manner ; recti- 
linearly.  “ Directly  downwards.”  Woodward. 

2.  In  a direct  manner  ; not  by  implication  or 

circumlocution.  Addison. 

3.  Immediately  ; quickly  ; without  delay. 

Sometimes  used  in  the  sense  of  as  soon  as,  or 
immediately  after. 

Some  policemen,  directly  they  enter  the  force,  show  the 
taste  so  strongly  that  they  are  at  once  marked  off  for  this  es- 
pecial service.  QVt  peVt 

Syn.  — See  Immediately. 

DI-RECT'NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  direct; 
straightness  ; tendency  to  a point.  “ The  sun, 
and  the  directness  of  his  rays.”  Bentley. 

DI-REC'TOR,  n.  1.  One  who  directs,  superin- 
tends, manages,  or  controls. 

In  all  affairs  thou  sole  director.  Swift. 

2.  An  officer  who  manages  the  affairs  of  a 
bank  or  other  company  or  association. 

"Wliat  made  directors  cheat  in  South-Sea  year?  Pope. 


3.  A guide  ; a counsellor ; an  adviser. 

I am  her  director  ...  in  spiritual  affairs.  Dryden. 

4.  That  which  directs  ; a rule. 

Common  forms  were  not  designed 

Directors  to  a noble  mind.  Swift. 

5.  ( Sitry .)  A grooved  instrument  to  direct 

the  hand  in  surgical  operations.  Sharp. 

DI-RlJiC-TO'RI-AL,  a_  1.  That  directs ; giving  di- 
rection ; enacting  rule. 

The  emperor’s  power  in  the  collective  body,  or  the  diet,  is 
not  directorial,  but  executive.  Guthrie. 

2.  Belonging  to  directors,  or  to  the  French 
Directory.  “ Directorial  conquests.”  Burke. 

DI-REC'TOR-SHIP,  n.  The  office  of  director.  “A 
candidate  for  the  directorship.”  Mickle. 

DI-REC'TO-RY,  a.  [L.  directorius.] 

1.  That  directs  ; guiding.  “ This  needle  . . . the 
mariners  . . . call  their  directory  needle.  "Gregory . 

2.  ||  Commanding  ; enjoining.  Blackstone. 

DI-REC'TO-RY,  n.  1.  A rule  to  direct ; a guide. 

Behold  how  closely  the  church  hath  followed  the  apostles' 
directory.  Comber. 

2.  A book  of  directions  for  religious  services. 

The  Book  of  Common  Prayer  might  be  taken  away,  and, 
. . . instead  thereof,  a Directory  might  be  used.  Clarendon. 

3.  A book  containing  an  alphabetical  list  of 
the  principal  inhabitants  of  a city,  town,  state, 
&c.,  with  their  places  of  abode,  business,  &c. ; 
a book  containing  the  addresses  of  individuals. 

4.  A board  of  directors.  Smart. 

5.  (Hist.)  The  executive  body  of  the  French 

republic  under  the  constitution  of  1795.  Burke. 

DJ-REC'TRIJSS,  n.  She  who  directs.  Scott. 

DJ-REC'TRlX,  n.  1.  She  who  directs. 

2.  ( Geom .)  A line  along  which 
another  line  moves  in  generating 
a curved  surface  : — a straight  line 
so  situated,  in  respect  to  a conic 
section,  that  the  ratio  obtained  by 
dividing  the  distance  from  any 
point  of  the  curve  to  it,  by  the  dis- 
tance from  the  same  point  to  the 
focus,  shall  be  constant; — thus  Directrix  of  a 
A B is  the  directrix,  perpendicular  pala  0 a’ 
to  the  axis  A F,  of  the  parabola  D E.  Davies. 

DIRE'FUL,  a.  Dire;  dreadful  ; terrible;  horrid. 

Achilles’ wrath,  to  Greece  the  direful  spring 

Of  woes  unnumbered,  heavenly  goddess,  sing.  Pope. 

D1RE'FUL-LY,  ad.  In  a direful  manner;  fear- 
fully ; very  hurtfully.  Ash. 

DIRE'FUL-NESS,  n.  Dreadfulness  ; horror.  “The 

direfulness  of  this  pestilence.”  Dr.  Warton. 

DI-REMP'TION  (de-rem'shun),  it.  [L.  diremptio .] 
Separation,  [r.]  ’ Bp.  Hall. 

DIRE'NESS,  n.  Dismalness  ; .horror.  Shak. 

DI-REP'TION,  n.  [L.  direptio.]  The  act  of  plun- 
dering ; a pillaging.  Speed. 

DIRljJE  (di’rj),  n.  A mournful  song  or  ditty ; a 
funeral  song. 

Our  solemn  hymns  to  sullen  dirges  change.  Shak. 

“ Dirige — a solemn  service  in  the  Romish 
Church,  being  a hymn  [or  antiphony],  beginning,  Di- 
rige gressus  meos.  Hence  probably  our  dirge,  though 
it  lias  been  disputed  ; and  the  hymn  dirige  was  not 
exactly  a dirge.  Yet  any  other  etymology  is  more 
forced.”  Naves. — “Chaucer,  Bale,  and  Bacon,  and 
the  compilers  of  our  Homilies,  write  this  funeral  ex- 
pression, dirige.”  Todd.  — “ Their  diriges,  their  tren- 
tals,  and  their  shrifts.”  Spenser. 

Syn.  — See  Song. 

DIR'I-GENT,  a.  [L.  dirigo,  dirigens , to  direct ; 
It.  dirigente.]  (Geom.)  Noting  a line  of  motion 
along  which  a deseribent  line  or  surface  is  car- 
ried in  the  genesis  of  any  figure.  Crabb. 

DIR'I-<?ENT,  n.  (Geom.)  A dirigent  line;  a di- 
rectrix. Clarke. 

DIRK,  n.  [Gael,  dure-,  Scot,  durk-,  M.  dirk.]  A 
kind  of  dagger  or  poniard.  Tickell. 

DIRK,  v.  a.  To  stab  with  a dirk.  Gray. 

f DIRK,  a.  Dark.  “ The  dirk  night.”  Spenser. 

t DIRK  (dirk),  v.  a.  To  darken.  Spenser. 

DIRT  (dirt),  n.  [Belg.  & Ieel.  dryt ; Dut.  drek.] 

1.  Filth;  mud;  mire;  dust;  anything  that 


renders  foul  or  unclean.  “ The  great  heaps  of 
dirt."  Addison. 

2.  Vileness,  or  something  vile  or  mean. 
“ Honors  which  are  thus  sometimes  thrown 
away  upon  dirt  and  infamy.”  Melmoth. 

DIRT,  v.  a.  To  foul;  to  bemire ; to  dirty. 

Ill  company  is  like  a dog  who  dirts  those  most  whom  he 
loves  best.  Swift. 

DIRT'I-LY,  ad.  In  a dirty  manner ; filthily ; meanly. 

DIRT'1-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  dirty  ; filthi- 
ness ; foulness.  “ The  hardship,  disagreeable- 
ness, and  dirtiness  of  his  [a  collier’s]  work.” 
Smith.  “ Dirtiness  of  speech.”  Barrow. 

DIRT'— PEL-LET,  n.  A ball  of  mire  or  dirt.  Swift. 

DIRT'— PIE,  n.  A form  moulded  of  clay,  in  imi- 
tation of  pastry.  Suckling. 

DIRT'— ROT-TEN  (-tn),  a.  Thoroughly  decayed. 
“ Dirt-rotten  livers,  wheezing  lungs.”  Shak. 

DIRT'Y,  a.  1.  Covered  with  dirt;  foul;  nasty; 
filthy  ; squalid ; unclean.  “ Dirty  hands.”  Shak. 

2.  Sullied  ; clouded.  “ The  clear  white  color 

will  be  altered  into  a dirty  one.”  Locke. 

3.  Mean ; base  ; vile.  “ Mean  in  their  dis- 
courses, and  dirty  in  their  practices.”  South. 

DIRT'Y,  V.  a.  [l.  DIRTIED  ; pp.  DIRTYING,  DIRT- 
IED.] 

1.  To  stain  with  filth ; to  foul  ; to  soil. 
“ Never  used  to  dirty  their  fingers.”  Arbuthnot. 

2.  To  disgrace ; to  scandalize.  Johnson. 

DI-RUP'TION,  n.  Disruption  ; breach.  Johnson. 

DIS—  (dis  or  dlz).  An  inseparable  particle,  which 
sometimes  implies  separation,  but  commonly 
privation  or  negation,  equivalent  to  the  particle 
tin ; as,  to  arm,  to  cfoarm. 

AST  “ When  the  accent,  either  primary  or  second- 
ary, is  on  this  inseparable  preposition,  the  s is  always 
sharp  and  hissing  ; but  when  the  accent  is  on  the  sec- 
ond syllable,  t lie  s will  be  either  hissing  or  buzzing, 
according  to  the  nature  of  the  consecutive  letter.  That 
is,  if  a sharp  mute,  as  p,  t,  k,  or  c hard,  succeed,  the 
preceding  s must  be  pronounced  sharp  and  hissing, 
as  dispose,  distaste,  &c. ; but  if  a flat  mute,  as  b,  d,  or 
g hard,  or  a vowel  or  a liquid,  begin  the  next  syllable, 
the  foregoing  s must  be  sounded  like  z,  as  disburse, 
disdain,  &c. ; but  if  tile  secondary  accent  be  on  this 
inseparable  preposition,  as  in  disbelief,  &c.,  the  s re- 
tains its  pure  hissing  sound.”  Walker. 

In  accordance  with  Walker,  Smart  says,  “ As  to 
the  pronunciation  of  this  prefix,  the  s is  unvocal  [i.  e. 
sharp  or  hissing]  if  the  accent,  primary  or  secondary, 
is  on  the  syllable ; but  if  the  next  syllable  be  accented, 
and  begin  with  a real  vowel  (not  u)  or  a vocal  con- 
sonant [i.  e.  flat  mute],  the  s is  sounded  z,  unless  tiie 
word  is  connected  with  a principal  word  in  which  the 
s is  unvocal ; for  in  such  case  the  derivative  follows 
the  primitive.” 

DlS-A-BIL'I-TY,  ri.  [It.  disabilita.] 

1.  Want  of  power  or  of  ability;  inability;  in- 

competence. “ Disabilities  to  perform  what 
was  covenanted.”  Milton. 

2.  (Law.)  Want  of  qualification;  legal  im- 
pediment ; incapacity  to  do  a legal  act.  Burrill. 

Syn. — See  Inability. 

DI^-A'BLE  (dlz-a'bl),  V.  a.  \i.  DISABLED  ; pp. 
DISABLING,  DISABLED.] 

1.  To  deprive  of  ability,  strength,  power,  or 
force  in  respect  either  to  mental  or  to  physical 
qualities  ; to  make  unfit  for  service  ; to  weaken  ; 
to  render  incompetent  or  useless;  to  disqualify; 
to  incapacitate. 

A Christian's  life  is  a perpetual  exercise,  a wrestling  and 
warfare,  for  which  sensual  pleasure  disables  him.  Bp.  Taylor 

2.  f To  disparage  : to  undervalue. 

Disable  all  the  benefits  of  your  own  country.  Shak. 

3.  (Law.)  To  deprive  of  legal  qualifications  ; 

to  incapacitate  ; to  disqualify.  Burrill. 

Dls-A'BLED  (dlz-a'bld),  p.  a.  Deprived  of  ability; 
disqualified  for  any  act ; weakened;  rendered, 
by  wounds  or  injury,  unfit  for  service. 

f DI§-A'BLE-MENT,  n.  Deprivation  of  power ; 
disqualification  ; disability.  Bacon. 

DIS-A-BU§E',  v.  a.  [Fr.  desabuscr.]  [».  disa- 
bused ; pp.  DISABUSING,  DISABUSED.]  To  Set 
free  from  a mistake  ; to  set  right ; to  undeceive. 

Dr.  Horne  justly  supposed  that  the  admirers  of  Hume 
were  more  likely  to  be  disabused  of  their  error,  by  the  tear  of 
derision,  than  by  any  force  of  argumentation.  Knox. 

DIS-AC-COM'MO-DATE,  v.  a.  To  discommode  ; 
to  put  to  inconvenience;  to  annoy.  1 Varburton. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  ROLE.  — 9,  (f, 


soft;  C,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


DIS  ACCOMMODATION 


408 


DISAPPROBATION 


DTS-AC-COM-MO-DA'TION.w.  State  of  being  un- 
accommodated or  unfit ; unsuitableness.  Hale. 

f DIS-AC-CORD',  v.  n.  [It.  scnrdare  ; Fr.  desac- 
e order.]  To  withhold  assent ; to  refuse.  Spenser. 

DIS-AC-CUS'TOM,  V.  a.  [».  DISACCUSTOMED  ; pp. 
disaccustoming,  disaccustomed.]  To  de- 
stroy the  force  of  habit.  Johnson. 

DlS-AC-KN6WL'ED£E  (dis-?k-nol'ej),  V.  a.  [ i . 
DIS  ACKNOWLEDGED  ; pp.  DISACKNOWLEDGING, 
disacknowledged.]  To  refuse  to  acknowl- 
edge ; to  disown.  “ Disacknowledging  or  re- 
jecting the  due  government.”  Hammond. 

fDlS-AC-QUAINT',  v.  a.  To  dissolve  or  re- 
nounce acquaintance  with.  Cotgrave. 

DIS-AC-QUAINT'ANCE,  n.  A disuse  or  a re- 
nouncing of  familiarity,  [r.]  South. 

DIS-A-DORN',  v.  a.  To  deprive  of  ornament. 

Deform  his  beard,  and  (lisadom  thy  head.  Congreve. 

+ DIS-AD-vAnce',  v.  a.  To  stop;  to  check;  to 
cause  to  retreat.  Spenser. 

+ DIS-AD-vANCE',  v.  n.  To  keep  back;  to  re- 
main in  the  rear  ; to  halt.  G.  Fletcher. 

d!s-AD-vAn'TA<?E,  n.  [It.  disavvantaggio ; Sp. 
desventaja ; Fr.  d^savantage.] 

1.  W ant  of  advantage  ; an  unfavorable  or  un- 
suitable condition ; a state  in  which  loss  or 
harm  may  be  suffered  ; want  of  preparation. 

Truth  unseasonably  and  unmannerly  proposed  comes 
with  a disadvantage.  South. 

2.  Prejudice  to  reputation,  interest,  or  other 
good  ; loss  ; injury  ; detriment ; damage. 

Chaucer  in  many  things  resembled  Ovid,  and  that  with 
no  disadvantage  on’the  side  of  the  modern  author.  Dryden. 

3.  Something  preventive  of  success,  or  adapt- 
ed to  bring  loss  ; as,  “ The  darkness  of  the  night 
was  a disadvantage  to  our  operations.” 

tDIS-AD-VAN'TA9E,  v.  a.  To  injure.  Fuller. 

f DlS-AD-VAN'T  A(JE-A-BLE,  a.  Injurious  ; pre- 
judicial ; disadvantageous.  Bacon. 

DlS-AD-VAN-TA'9EOl'S  (dis-atl-vjn-ta'jus),  a. 
Contrary  to  advancement,  success,  or  interest ; 
unfavorable;  injurious;  prejudicial;  hurtful. 

They  have  taken  him  in  the  worst  and  most  disadvanta - 
geous  lights.  Addison. 

DlS-AD-VAN-TA'9EOyS-LY(dIs-ad-v?n-ta'jus-le), 
ad.  In  a disadvantageous  manner. 

DIS- AD- V AN-TA'^rEOUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality 
of  being  disadvantageous.  Tyers. 

f DIS-AD-VEN'Tl'RE,  n.  Misfortune.  Raleigh. 

f DIS-AD-VENT'y-ROUS,  a.  Unhappy;  unpros- 
perous  ; unfortunate.  Spenser. 

DIS-AF-FEGT',  v.  a.  [It.  disaffezionare.)  [i.  dis- 
affected ; pp.  DISAFPECTING,  disaffected.] 

1.  To  fill  with  discontent  or  ill-will ; to  alienate. 

They  had  attempted  to  disaffect  and  discontent  his  maj- 
esty’s late  army.  Clarendon. 

2.  fTo  dislike  ; to  disdain. 

Making  plain  that  truth  which  my  charity  persuades  me 
most  of  them  disused.  ChilUngiuorth. 

3.  To  derange  or  put  out  of  the  natural  order ; 

to  disarrange  ; to  disorder.  “ It  disaffects  the 
bowels.”  Hammond. 

DIS-AF-FECT'j>D, p.  a.  Alienated;  dissatisfied. 

DIS-AF-FECT'JgD-LY,  ad.  In  a disaffected  manner. 

DIS-AF-FECT'ED-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
disaffected,  [r.]  Strype. 

DIS-AF-FEC'TION,  n.  [It.  disaffezione .] 

1.  Want  of  affection;  disloyalty;  dislike; 

alienation  ; ill-will.  “ An  esteem,  not  a dis- 
affection, towards  his  teacher.”  Strype. 

2.  f Disorder  ; bad  constitution.  Wiseman. 

f Dls-AF-FEC’TIOX-ATE,  a.  [It.  disaffezionato.) 
Wanting  affection.  “ A beautiful  but  disaffec- 
tionate  and  disobedient  wife.”  Hayley. 

dJS-AF-FIRM',  v.  a.  1.  To  contradict ; to  deny; 
to  disprove.  Udal. 

2.  {Law.)  To  annul  or  cancel,  as  a voidable 
contract.  Bouvier. 

Dls-AF-FIRM'ANCE,  n.  1.  Denial  ; negation  ; 
confutation  ; a disproving.  Hale. 

2.  {Law.)  The  annulling  or  cancelling  of  a 
voidable  contract.  Bouvier. 


DIS-AF-FIR-MA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  disaffirm- 
ing ; confutation  ; disaffirmance.  Brande. 

DIS-AF-FOR'IJST,  v.  a.  To  reduce  from  the  priv- 
ileges of  a forest  to  the  state  of  common  ground. 

The  commissioners  of  the  treasury  moved  the  king  to  dis- 
afforest some  forests  of  his.  Bacon. 

DIS-AG'GIIE-GATE,  v.  a.  To  separate  into  its 
component  parts,  as  an  aggregate  mass.  Craig. 

DIS-Ag-GRE-G A'TION,  n.  [Fr.  desagrigation.] 
The  act  of  separating  an  aggregate  body  into  its 
component  parts.  Maunder. 

DIS-A-GREE',  v.  n.  [Fr.  desagreer .]  [i.  dis- 

agreed ; pp.  DISAGREEING,  DISAGREED.] 

1.  To  differ ; not  to  be  the  same  ; to  vary  ; not 
to  be  coincident ; not  to  agree. 

The  mind  clearly  and  infallibly  perceives  all  distinct  ideas 
to  disagree.  Locke. 

2.  To  be  of  different  opinions  ; to  dissent. 

Why  both  the  bands  in  worship  disagree. 

And  some  adore  the  flower,  and  some  the  tree.  Dryden. 

3.  To  be  in  a state  of  opposition  ; to  be  at 
variance  ; not  to  accord  or  harmonize. 

They  reject  the  plainest  sense  of  Scripture  because  it 
seems  to  disagree  with  what  they  call  reason.  Atterbury . 

4.  To  be  in  a state  of  discord  ; to  quarrel. 

5.  To  be  unfitted  or  unsuitable;  as,  “This 
kind  of  food  disagrees  with  him.” 

Syn.  — See  Differ. 

DIS-A-GREE'A-BLE,  a.  [Fr.  desagreable.) 

1.  Inconsistent  ; incongruous ; unsuitable. 
“ Conduct  disagreeable  to  her  sincerity.”  [r.] 

Broome. 

2.  Not  agreeable;  offensive;  unpleasant;  dis- 
pleasing. “With  some  disagreeable  message.” 

Clarendon. 

DIS-A-GREE'A-BLE-NESS, n.  1.  Unsuitableness; 
contrariety ; opposition,  [r.]  Johnson. 

2.  Unpleasantness  ; offensiveness.  “ The  dis- 
agreeableness of  the  habit.”  South. 

DIS-A-GREE' A-BLY,  ad.  In  a disagreeable  mam 
ner  ; unpleasantly. 

DIS-A-GREE'Mf  NT,  n.  [Fr.  disagriment.] 

1.  The  state  of  disagreeing ; dissimilitude  ; 
diversity  ; difference  ; dissimilarity.  Wilkins. 

2.  Difference  of  opinions  ; contrariety  of  sen- 
timents ; alienation. 

They  seemed  one  to  cross  another,  . . . whereas  in  truth 
their  disagreement  is  not  great.  / looker . 

3.  Dissension;  discord;  stiife;  quarrel. 

4.  Unsuitableness  ; unfitness,  [it.] 

From  these  different  relations  of  different  things  there 
necessarily  arises  an  agreement  or  disagreement  of  some  things 
to  others.  Clarke. 

Syn.  — Disagreement  is  the  cessation  of  acquies- 
cence ; dissension , contrariety  of  sentiment ; division , 
a separation  of  conduct;  and  discord,  an  alienation  of 
affection.  We  may  disagree  before  we  proclaim  our 
dissent , and  divide  without  discord.  Disagreement,  in 
opinion  often  causes  alienation , dissension , and  angry 
contentions.  Discord  in  families  ; strife , quarrels , and 
angry  contents  among  neighbors.  Difference  of  opinion 
or  conduct ; dissimilarity  or  dissimilitude  of  character 
or  of  circumstances. 

DIS-A-GRE'J>Rj  n.  One  who  disagrees.  Hammond. 

f DIS-AL-LIE(?E'  (-lej'),  v.  a.  To  alienate  from 
allegiance.  “To  disalliege  a whole  feudary 
kingdom  . . . from  England.”  Milton. 

DIS-AL-LoW',  v . a.  [/.disallowed;  pp,  dis- 
allowing, DISALLOWED.] 

1.  To  refuse  to  allow;  to  refuse  permission 
to  ; to  withhold  assent  from  ; not  to  justify. 

If  her  father  disallow  her  in  the  day  that  he  heareth,  not 
any  of  her  vows  . . . shall  stand.  Hum,  xxx.  5. 

2.  To  consider  as  unlawful  or  unjustifiable  ; 
to  refuse  to  sanction. 

They  disallowed  self-defence,  second  marriages,  and 
usury.  Bentley. 

3.  To  deny  the  authority  of ; to  disown. 

When,  said  she. 

Were  those  first  councils  disallowed  by  me?  Dryden. 

4.  To  reject ; to  set  aside. 

The  stone  which  the  builders  disallowed , the  same  is  made 
the  head  of  the  corner.  1 Pet.  ii.  7. 

DIS- AL-LOW',  v.  n.  To  refuse  permission  or  as- 
sent ; not  to  grant.  Hooker. 

DIS-AL-LoW'A-BLE,  a.  Not  allowable. 

Neutrality  is  always  a thing  dangerous  and  disallowable , 
because  it  onendeth  all  parties.  Raleigh. 

DIS-AL-LoW'A-BLE-NESS, n.  The  state  of  being 
disallowable.  Ash. 


DIS-AL-LOW'ANCE,  n.  Prohibition  ; disappro- 
bation. “ Denial  or  disallowance.”  State  Trials. 

Beza  . . . liked  not  of  their  behavior,  and  signified  his  dis- 
allowance of  it  in  a letter  to  our  bishop.  Strype, 

t DIS-AL-LY',  v.  a.  To  ally  wrongfully.  Milton. 

DI  SAL' TO.  [It.,  by  the  leap.)  ( Mus .)  A mo- 
tion by  skips,  not  by  degrees.  Craig. 

+ dI§-AN'jEIIOR  (dlz-angk'kur),  v.  a.  To  drive 
from  its  anchor.  ‘ Cotgrave. 

f DIS-AN-^EL'I-CAL,  a.  Not  angelical.  Coventry. 

DI^-AN'J-MATE,  v.  a.  1.  To  deprive  of  breath, 
spirit,  or  life,  [r.]  Cudworth. 

2.  To  discourage;  to  deject. 

The  presence  of  a king  . . . disanimates  his  enemies.  Shale. 

t Dl§-AN-I-MA'TION,n.  Privation  of  life.  Browne. 

DIS-AN-NEX',  V.  a.  [i.  DISANNEXED  ; pp.  DIS  AN- 
NEXING, DISANNEXED.]  To  sunder ; to  disu- 
nite ; to  disjoin  ; to  dissever.  “ The  provinces 
were  lost  and  disannexed.”  State  Trials. 

D1S-AN-NUL',  V.  a.  [ i . DISANNULLED  ; pp.  DIS- 
ANNULLING, disannulled.]  To  make  void  ; 
to  deprive  of  power ; to  annul ; to  nullify  ; to 
vacate. 

For  the  Lord  of  hosts  hath  purposed;  and  who  shall  dis- 
annul it?  Isa.  xiv.  27. 

USr-  This  word,  which  is  in  good  use,  is  of  the  same 
meaning  as  annul.  Annul  has  The  sense  of  privation, 
and  tiie  prefix  dis  has  not,  in  this  case,  its  usual  effect 
to  negative  the  meaning  of  the  word.  Dr.  Johnson 
remarks,  in  relation  to  disannul,  “ It  is  formed  con- 
trarily  to  analogy.  It  ought,  therefore,  to  be  rejected 
as  ungrammatical  and  barbarous.” 

DIS-AN-NUL'LER,  n.  One  who  disannuls  or 
makes  null.  Beau.  % FI. 

DIS-AN-NUL'LING,  n.  The  act  of  annulling  or 
making  void  ; nullification.  “ A disannulling 
of  the  commandment.”  Ileb.  vii.  18. 

DIS-AN-NUL'MENT,  n.  Annulment.  Lord. 

+ DIS-A-NOINT',  v.  a.  To  deprive  of  the  effects 
or  consequences  of  being  anointed.  Milton. 

f DIS-AP-PAR'RL,  v.  a.  To  disrobe;  to  put  out 
of  order,  [r.]  Junius,  1635. 

DIS-AP-PEAR'  (-per'),  v.  n.  [i.  disappeared  ; 
pp.  DISAPPEARING,  DISAPPEARED.]  To  be  lost 
to  view  ; to  go  away  or  out  of  sight ; to  vanish. 

Tile  pictures  drawn  in  our  minds  are  laid  in  fading  colors, 
and,  if  not  sometimes  refreshed,  vanish  and  disappear.  Locke. 

DIS-AP-PEAR'ANCE,  n.  The  act  of  disappear- 
ing ; removal  from  sight ; end  of  appearance. 

The  bulk  of  our  species  . . . are  such  as  are  not  likely  to  he 
remembered  a moment  after  their  disappearance.  Addison. 

DIS-AP-PEAR'ING,  n.  Cessation  of  appearance  ; 
disappearance.  “ Disappearings  of  the  heaven- 
ly bodies.”  ' Coventry. 

DIS-AP-PEN'DEN-CY,  n.  A detachment  from  a 
former  connection.  Burn. 

DlS-AP-PEN'D^NT,  a.  Separated  or  detached 
from ; unconnected.  Burn. 

DIS-AP-PLIED'  (-plld'),p.  a.  Misapplied.  Cowper. 

DlS-AP-POINT',  v.  a.  [Fr.  desappointer.  — See 
Appoint.]  [i.  disappointed  ; pp.  disap- 
pointing, DISAPPOINTED.] 

1.  To  hinder  from  something  desired  ; to  de- 
feat of  expectation  ; to  fail  to  gratify  ; to  balk. 

Our  comfortable  expectations  in  earthly  things  do  not  sel- 
dom disappoint  us.  Bp.  Hall. 

2.  To  frustrate  ; to  make  vain  ; to  foil. 

The  superior  Being  can  defeat  all  his  designs,  and  disap- 
point all  his  hopes.  Tillotson. 

Syn.  — See  Defeat. 

DIS-AP-POINT'ED,  p.  a.  1.  Having  suffered  dis- 
appointment ; balked. 

2.  f Unprepared ; not  prepared. 

Cut  off  even  in  the  blossoms  of  my  sin, 

Unhouseled,  disappointed,  unaneled.  Shak. 

DIS- AP-POINT'M^NT,  n.  [Fr.  desappointement .] 
The  state  of  being  disappointed  ; defeat  of 
hopes  ; miscarriage  of  expectations  or  designs. 

How  many  disappointments  have,  in  their  consequences, 
saved  a man  from  ruin  I Spectator. 

DIS-AP-PRE'CI-ATE  (-slie-at,  66),  v,  a.  To  hold 
in  slight  esteem ; to  undervalue.  Craig. 

DIS-AP-PRO-BA'TION,  n.  [It.  disapprovazionc  ; 
Sp.  desapprobacion  ; Fr.  disapprobation .]  The 


A,  E,  T,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  H,  short;  A,  )J,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


DISAPPROBATORY 


409 


DISCERN 


act  of  disapproving ; the  feeling  which  we  have 
in  view  of  something  that  does  not  accord  with 
our  standard  of  right  or  of  taste  ; disapproval. 
“ A well-grounded  disapprobation.”  Hoadly. 

DlS-AP'PRO-BA-TO-RY,  a.  Implying,  or  express- 
ing, disapprobation.  Smart. 

DIS-AP-PRO'PRI-ATE,  v.  a.  1.  (Law.)  To  dis- 
sever, as  a benefice,  from  a perpetual  spiritual 
corporation.  Blackstone. 

2.  To  remove  from  individual  possession  ; to 
deprive  of  appropriation.  Milton. 

DIS-AP-PRO'PRI-ATE,  a.  (Law.)  Not  held  in 
appropriation  by  a spiritual  corporation. 

If  the  corporation  which  has  the  appropriation  is  dissolved, 
the  parsonage  becomes  clisapiiropriate.  Blackstone. 

DIS-AP-PROV' AL,  n.  Disapprobation;  unfavor- 
able judgment.  “ Not  a word  let  fall  from  them 
in  disapproval  of  that  opinion.”  Glanville. 

DIS-AP-PROVE',  v.  a.  [It.  disapprovare ; Sp.  de- 
saprobar  ; Fr.  desapprouver. — See  Approve.] 
[*.  DISAPPROVED  ; pp.  DISAPPROVING,  DISAP- 
PROVED.] 

1.  To  account  deserving  of  censure ; to  cen- 
sure ; to  dislike  ; to  condemn. 

For  other  things  mild  Heaven  a time  ordains, 

And  disapproves  that  care,  though  wise  in  show, 

That  with  superfluous  burden  loads  the  day, 

And,  when  Grod  sends  a cheerful  hour,  refrains.  Milton. 

2.  To  reject;  to  decline  confirming  ; to  refuse 
to  sanction  ; to  withhold  approbation  from  ; to 
disallow. 

A project  for  a treaty  of  barrier  with  the  States  was  trans- 
mitted hither  from  Holland,  and  was  disapproved,  of  by  our 
own  courts.  Swift. 

Syn.  — To  disapprove  is  an  act  of  the  judgment; 
to  dislike , an  act  of  the  will ; to  censure,  an  expression 
of  disapprobation.  Disapprove  tile  act ; dislike  tile 
person  ; censure  the  conduct ; reject  a proposal. 

DIS-AP-PROV'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a disapproving 
manner ; with  disapprobation. 

t Dli-j'ARD,  n.  A dunce.  — See  Dizzard.  Burton. 

DIS-ARM',  v.  a.  [It.  disarm  arc  ; Sp.  desarmar ; 
Fr.  desarmer.  — See  Arm.]  [i.  disarmed  ; pp. 

DISARMING,  DISARMED.] 

1.  To  deprive  or  divest  of  arms,  or  other 
means  of  defence ; to  strip. 

I can  here  disarm  thee  with  this  stick.  Shak. 

2.  To  deprive  of  any  thing  injurious  ; to  ren- 
der harmless  ; to  incapacitate.  Smart. 

DI§-AR'MA-MENT,  n.  The  act  of  disarming  or 
depriving  of  arms.  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

DISARMED'  (diz-'irmd'),  p.  a.  Deprived  of  arms  ; 
unarmed.  “ The  boy  disarmed.”  Dry  den. 

DLjS-ARM'If.R,  n.  One  who  deprives  of  arms. 

Dl^-ARM'ING,  n.  Deprivation  of  arms.  Hammond. 

DIS-AR-rAn(^E',p.«.  [See  Arrange.]  [f.  disar- 
ranged ; pp.  disarranging,  disarranged.] 
To  disturb  the  order  or  arrangement  of ; to  put 
out  of  order ; to  unsettle ; to  disorder ; to  de- 
range. 

We  could  hardly  alter  one  word,  or  disarrange  one  mem- 
ber [of  the  sentence],  without  spoiling  it.  Blair. 

dIs-AR-RAN£E'MENT,  n.  Disorder  ; derange- 
ment ; disturbance  of  the  order.  Baxter. 

DIS-AR-RAY',  v.  a.  [Old  Fr.  desarroyer.  — See 
Array.]  [i.  disarrayed  ; pp.  disarraying, 
disarrayed.] 

1.  To  undress  ; to  divest  of  clothes.  Svenser. 

2.  To  rout ; to  overthrow. 

Great  Amythaon,  who  with  fiery  steeds 

Oft  disarrayed  the  foes  in  battle  ranged.  Fenton. 

DIS-AR-RAY',  n.  [Fr.  desarroi,  disorder.] 

1.  Disorder  ; confusion  ; overthrow. 

Disarray  and  shameful  rout  .ensue.  Dryden. 

2.  State  of  being  uncovered  ; undress. 

In  ragged  robes,  and  filthy  disarray.  Spenser. 

Dis-AR-Tlc'U-LATE,  v.  a.  [See  Articulate.] 
To  divide;  to  separate.  Smart. 

fDIS-AS-SENT',  n.  Dissent.  Hall. 

f DIS-AS-SENT'ER,  n.  One  who  does  not  assent 
or  concur ; a dissenter.  State  Trials,  1634. 

f DlS-AS-SI-DLl'I-TY,  n.  Absence  of  assiduity; 
cessation  cf  constant  attention.  Wotton. 

DIS-AS-SO'CI-ATE  (dls-as-so'she-at),  V.  a.  To 
disunite  ; to  deprive  of  association.  Florio. 


DI^-As'TIJR  (12),  n.  [It.  disastro,  from  Gr.  aorrjp, 
a star;  Sp.  desastre-,  Fr.  d“Sastre.~\ 

1.  j-An  unfavorable  portent  in  the  heavens. 

“ Disasters  veiled  the  sun.”  Shak. 

2.  Mishap  ; mischance  ; reverse  ; calamity. 

“Weary  with  disasters.”  Shak. 

“ The  faith  in  the  influence  of  the  stars  sur- 
vives, so  far  at  least  as  words  go,  in  disaster,  disas- 
trous, ill-starred,  ascendant,  ascendency,  and,  indeed, 
in  tile  word  influence  itself.”  Trench. 

Syn.  — See-MisFORTUNE. 

f ClS-As'TijR,  v.  a.  1.  To  blast  by  the  stroke  of 
an  unfavorable  star.  Sidney. 

2.  To  afflict;  to  bring  disaster  or  misfortune 
upon.  “ The  swain  disastered  stands.”  Thomson. 

f DI^-As'TIJR-LY,  ad.  Disastrously.  Drayton. 

DIS-As'TROUS,  a.  [It.  disastroso  ; Sp.  desastroso ; 
Fr.  desastreux .] 

1.  Unfortunate  ; unlucky  ; calamitous.  “ A 
disastrous  day  to  the  Scots.”  Hayward.  “ Her 
disastrous  fate.”  Denham. 

2.  Gloomy  ; threatening  disaster. 

The  moon. 

In  dim  eclipse,  disastrous  twilight  sheds.  Milton. 

Dlfj-As'TROUS-LY,  acl.  In  a disastrous  manner. 

Dl.ji-AS'TROUS-NESS,  n.  Calamitousness.  Bailey. 

f DLjj-Au'THOR-IZE,  v.  a.  To  deprive  of  author- 
ity or  of  credit,  [r.]  Wotton. 

DIS-A-VOUCH',  v.  a.  [See  Avouch.]  To  dis- 
claim ; to  disown  ; to  disavow.  Daniel. 

DIS- A-VOW',  v.  a.  [Fr.  desavouer.  — See  Avow.] 
[i.  DISAVOWED  ; pp.  DISAVOWING,  DISAVOWED.] 
To  annul,  as  a vow  ; to  disown  ; to  disclaim  ; to 
deny,  as  a fact,  charge,  or  opinion ; to  disallow. 

The  love  where  Death  has  set  his  seal 

Nor  age  can  chill,  nor  rival  steal, 

Nor  falsehood  disavow.  Byron. 

Syn.  — See  Deny. 

DIS-A-VoW'AL,  n.  Theactof  disavowing;  denial. 

An  earnest  disavowal  of  fear  often  proceeds  from  fear. 

S.  Richardson. 

f DIS-A-VoW'ANCE,  n.  Disavowal.  “Denial 
and  disavowance  of  this  point.”  South. 

DIS-A-VOW'ER,  n.  One  who  disavows.  Ash. 

f DlS-A-VdW'MENT,?i.  Denial;  disavowal.  “Any 
disavowment  thereof.”  Wotto,:. 

DISBAND',  v.  a.  [It.  sbandare  ; Old  Fr.  desbait- 
der.  — See  Band.]  [i.  disbanded;  pp.  dis- 
banding, DISBANDED.] 

1.  To  dismiss  from  military  service ; to  break 
up,  as  an  army. 

Bid  him  disband  his  legions.  Addison. 

2.  To  loosen  ; to  unbind;  to  set  free.  “Sav- 
age bull  disbanded  from  his  stall.”  Stirling. 

3.  f To  scatter  ; to  disperse.  Woodward. 

DI^-BAND',  v.  n.  1.  To  retire  from  military  or 
other  service ; to  break  up ; to  separate. 

Our  navy  was  upon  the  point  of  disbanding.  Bacon. 

2.  fTo  be  dissolved  or  scattered. 

Yea,  when  both  rocks  and  all  things  shall  disband. 

Then  shalt  thou  be  my  rock  and  tower.  Herbert. 

DlS-BAND'ED,;i.  a.  Dismissed  from  military  ser- 
vice. “ The  disbanded  people.”  Burke. 

dI^-BAND'ING,  n.  The  act  of  dismissing,  or  re- 
tiring, from  military  service  ; a separating. 

DIS-bAnd'MENT,  n.  The  act  of  disbanding;  a 
disbanding,  [r.]  Lond.  Statis.  Soc. 

DI^-BARK',  v.  a.  1.  To  strip  the  bark  from  ; 
to  deprive  of  bark ; to  bark.  “ Fir-trees  un- 
squared and  only  disbarked.”  Boyle. 

2.  To  disembark  ; to  debark,  [r.]  Pope. 

f DIS-BE-COME',  v.  a.  To  misbecome.  Massinger. 

DIS-Bg-LIEF',  n.  [See  Belief.]  Refusal  of 
credit ; denial  of  faith  or  belief ; unbelief. 

Our  belief  or  disbelief  of  a thing  does  not  alter  the  nature 
of  the  thing.  TiUotson. 

DIS-BF.-LIEVE'  (dis-be-lev'),  V.  a.  [i.  DISBE- 
LIEVED ; pp.  DISBELIEVING,  DISBELIEVED.] 
Not  to  believe  ; to  refuse  to  credit ; not  to  hold 
true  ; to  discredit. 

There  have  been  doubtless,  in  all  ages,  such  as  hnve  dis- 
believed the  existence  of  any  thing  but  what  was  sensible. 

Cudworth. 

DIS-BIJ-LIEV'ER,  «•  One  who  disbelieves  or  re- 
fuses belief ; an  unbeliever. 


An  humble  soul  is  frighted  into  sentiments  because  a man 
of  great  name  pronounces  heresy  upon  the  contrary  senti- 
ments, and  casts  the  disbeliever  out  of  the  church.  Watts. 

Syn.  — See  Infidel. 

Dl§!-BENCH',  v.a.  To  drive  from  a seat,  [r.]  Shak. 

Dl^-BEND',  v.  a.  To  bend  amiss.  Stirling. 

DI^-BlND',  v.  a.  To  free  from  bands  or  from 
bondage  ; to  unbind.  Mede. 

t Dl§- BLAME',  v.  a.  To  clear  from  blame;  to 
excuse  ; to  exonerate.  Chaucer. 

f Dlij-BOD'IED  (dTz-hod'jd),  a.  Disembodied.  “ Dis - 
bodied  souls.”  Glanville. 

t DIS-BOS-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  dis,  priv.,  and  Fr.  bos- 
quet, a grove.]  The  act  of  turning  woodland  into 
cultivated  land.  Scott. 

Dlij-BOVV'EL,  v.  a.  To  disembowel.  Spenser. 

dIsj-BrAncii',!’.  a.  To  break  off,  as  a branch.SAa&. 

DLji-BUD',  v.  a.  To  take  buds  from.  Bailey. 

DI^-BUR'DEN  (dlz-biir'dn),  V.  a.  \i.  DISBUR- 
DENED ; pp.  DISBURDENING,  DISBURDENED.] 
To  ease  of  a burden  ; to  unload  ; to  disen- 
cumber, discharge,  or  unburden  ; to  disburthen. 

Disburden  all  thy  cares  on  me.  Addison. 

DIfji-BUR'DEN,  v.  n.  To  ease  the  mind.  Milton. 

DIEj-BURSE'  (diz-biirs'),  v.  a.  [Fr.  d 'bourser  ; 
bourse,  a purse.]  [i.  disbursed  ; pp.  disburs- 
ing, disbursed.]  To  pay  out,  or  away,  as  mon- 
ey ; to  expend ; to  spend. 

Take  the  chain,  and  bid  mv  wife 
Disburse  the  sum,  on  the  receipt  thereof.  Shak. 

Di§-BURSE'MENT,  n.  [Fr.  deboursement.] 

1.  The  act  of  disbursing  or  expending.  “Great 

occasions  of  disbursements."  Spenser. 

2.  The  sum  disbursed ; money  paid  or  ex- 
pended; expenditure.  Melmoth. 

DI§-BURS'JER,  n.  One  who  disburses. 

DI§-BUR'THEN,  v.  a.  To  unload  ; to  disburden. 
“ About  to  disburthen  his  mind.”  Johnson. 

DISC,  n.  [L.  discus .]  The  face  of  the  sun,  moon, 
or  a planet.  — See  Disk. 

f DIS-CAL'CIJ-ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  dis,  priv.,  and  calceo, 
calceatus,  to  furnish  with  shoes.]  To  strip  or 
divest  of  shoes.  Cockeram. 

t Dls-CAL'CE-AT-ED,  p.  a.  [L.  discalceatus .] 
Stripped  of  shoes,  [it.]  Johnson. 

f Dls-CAL-Cy-A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  prilling  off 
the  shoes  or  sandals.  Browne. 

DIS-CAMP',  v.  a.  To  cause  to  remove,  or  go, 
from  the  camp ; to  decamp.  Holland. 

f DIS-cAn'DY,  v.  n.  To  dissolve  ; to  melt.  Shak. 

DIS-CA-PAy'l-TATE,  v.a.  To  incapacitate;  to 

render  incapable  ; to  disable,  [r.]  C.  Lamb. 

DIS-CARD',  v.  a.  [L.  dis,  apart,  and  charta,  pa- 
per ; It.  scartare ; Sp.  descartar  ; Fr.  ecarter.] 
[i.  DISCARDED  ; pp.  DISCARDING,  DISCARDED.] 

1.  To  throw  out  of  the  hands,  as  cards  which 

are  not  needed  in  the  game.  Machin. 

2.  To  dismiss  from  service  ; to  discharge. 

Their  captains,  if  they  list,  discard  whom  they  please. 

Spenser. 

3.  To  cast  off ; to  thrust  away;  to  reject. 

Justice  discards  party,  friendship,  kindred,  and  is  always, 
therefore,  represented  as  blind.  Addison. 

Syn.  — See  Dismiss. 

f DIS-CARD'URE,  n.  The  act  of  discarding. Hayter. 

f DIS-CAR'NATE,  a.  [L.  dis,  priv.,  and  caro, 
carnis,  flesh.]  Stripped  of  flesh.  Glanville. 

DIS-CASE',  v.  a.  To  strip  ; to  undress. 

Therefore  disease  thee  instantly  and  change  garments 
with  this  gentleman.  Shak. 

f DIS-CEP-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  disceptatio .]  Dis- 
putation. “ Disceptation  and  reasoning.”  More. 

DIS-CEP-TA'TOR,  n.  [L.]  A decider;  an  um- 
pire; an  arbitrator ; a judge,  [r.]  Smart. 

DI§-CERN'  (djz-zern',  66),  v.  a.  [L.  discerno  ; dis, 
apart,  and  cerno  (Gr.  Kpivui),  to  separate ; It. 
discernere ; Sp.  discernir;  Fr.  discemer.]  [*, 
DISCERNED  ; pp.  DISCERNING,  DISCERNED.] 

1.  To  distinguish;  to  mark  or  note  as  differ- 
ent ; to  discriminate. 

An  eye  discerning 

Thine  honor  from  thy  suffering.  Shak 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  Rt/LE.  — O,  <?,  *,  soft;  C,  0,  c, 

52 


hard;  § as  z;  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


DISCERN 


410 


DISCIPLINE 


2.  To  discover ; to  perceive  ; to  see  ; to  descry. 

Our  unassisted  sight ...  is  not  acute  enough  to  discern  the 
irtinutc  texture  of  visible  objects.  Beattie. 

3.  To  perceive  by  the  intellect ; to  gain  knowl- 
edge of  by  comparison  ; to  judge. 

What  doth  better  become  wisdom  than  to  discern  what  is 
worthy  the  living?  Sidney. 

4.  To  make  choice  between  ; to  discriminate. 

W ere  so  good  or  bad,  just  at  a price ; 

For  nothing  else  discerns  the  virtue  or  the  vice.  B.  Jonson. 

Syn.  — See  Perceive,  See. 

DI§-CERN'  (djz-zern'),  V.  n.  1.  To  make  distinc- 
tion ; to  perceive  the  difference  ; to  judge.  “ To 
discern  between  a subject  and  a rebel.”  Lockc. 

2.  f To  have  judicial  cognizance.  “It  discern- 
eth  of  . . . frauds,  crimes  of  stellionate.”  Bacon. 

Dlij-CEUN'F.R  (djz-zern'er),  n.  One  who  discerns. 

DIS-CERN'I-BLE  (diz-zer'ne-bl),  a.  That  may  be 
discerned  ; perceptible  ; discoverable. 

The  Spirit  of  God  not  showing  itself  to  the  soul  immedi- 
ately, is  not  discernible  by  itself,  as  light  is,  but  by  its  opera- 
tions. South. 

DI§-CERX'I-BLE-NESS  (diz-zSr'ne-hl-nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  discernible  ; visibleness. 

DISJ-CERN'I-BLY  (djz-zern'e-ble),  ad.  Perceptibly. 

DI^-CERN'ING  (djz-zern'ing),  a.  Judicious;  know- 
ing ; sagacious  ; discriminating. 

This  hath  been  maintained  not  only  by  warm  enthusiasts, 
but  by  cooler  and  more  discerning  heads.  Atterbury. 

DI§-CERN'ING,  n.  Act  of  perceiving.  Shak. 

DI§-CERN'ING-LY  (diz-zern'ing-le),  ad.  In  a dis- 
cerning manner ; judiciously. 

DI.^-CERN'MENT  (diz-zcrn'inem),  n.  [It . disccrni- 
mento  ; Sp.  discernimiento  ; Fr.  discemement.] 

1.  The  act  of  discerning  or  distinguishing. 

It  is  not  practicable  to  frame  rules  for  the  discernment  be- 
tween due  praises  and  flatteries.  Mountaju. 

2.  Power  of  discerning  or  distinguishing ; in- 
sight ; penetration ; sagacity  ; judgment. 

flow  great  a part  of  true  wisdom  it  is  to  be  able  to  distin- 
guish between  tilings  that  differ,  things  seemingly,  but  not 
really,  alike!  This  is  remarkably  attested  by  our  words  dis- 
cernment and  “ discretion,"  which  are  now  used  as  equiva- 
lent, the  first  to  " insight,"  the  second  to  " prudence,"  while 
yet,  in  their  earlier  usage,  and  according  to  their  etymology, 
— being  both  fr  m **  discerno," — they  signify  the ‘power  of 
so  seeing  things  that,  in  seeing,  we  distinguish  and  separate 
them  one  from  another.  Trench. 

Syn. — Discernment  to  distinguish  differences  or 
discern  characters  ; discrimination  to  observe  and  mark 
differences  ; penetration  or  perception  to  perceive  and 
understand  ; sagacity  to  discern  and  to  avoid  being 
imposed  upon;  insight  into  character ; judgment  to 
decide  ; discretion  to  guide.  Speculation  requires  dis- 
cernment ; decision  and  action  require  judgment.  — See 
Sagacity. 

DIS-CERP',  v.  a.  [L.  discerpo  ; dis,  apart,  and 
carpo,  to  pluck  ; It.  discerpere.\ 

1.  fTo  rend  or  tear  in  pieces. 

Bacchus  was  discerped  by  the  giants.  Stukely. 

2.  To  separate  ; to  disjoin  ; to  disunite,  [it.] 

But  that  it  [the  soul]  was  discerped  from  the  substance  of 
Coil  in  time.  Warburton. 

DIS-CERP-I-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being  dis- 
cerptible ; discerptibility.  [it.]  Wollaston. 

DIS-CERP'I-BLE,  a.  Separable,  [r.]  Bailey. 

DIS-CERP'SION,  n.  See  Discerption.  Todd. 

DIS-CERP-TI-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
discerptible ; diseerpibility.  [it.]  Johnson. 

DIS-CiiRP'TI-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  torn 
asunder  or  disunited  by  force  ; separable,  [it.] 

What  is  most  dense  and  least  porous  will  be  most  coherent 
and  least  discerptiile.  Glanrille. 

DIS-CERP'TI-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing discerptible  ; discerptibility.  [it.]  Ash. 

DIS-CERP'TION,  n.  The  act  of  discerping  or 
pulling  to  pieces.  “ The  discerption  of  Osiris’s 
body  into  fourteen  parts.”  [it.]  Coventry. 

DIS-CERP'TI  VE,  a.  Capable  of  separating  ; that 
separates  or  divides.  jV.  Brit.  Rev. 

f DIS-CES'SION  (djs-sesh'un),  n.  [L.  iliscessio. ] 
Departure  ; a going  away  from.  Bp.  Ilall. 

DIS-CH  A R (j  1’/,  r.  a . [Sp.  dcscurgar ; Fr.  d-'t: har- 
der.— See  Charge.]  [i.  discharged  ; pp. 

DISCHARGING,  DISCHARGED.] 

1.  To  remove  the  cargo,  or  contents  of;  to 
unload  ; to  disburden ; as,  “ To  discharge  a 
vessel.” 


2.  To  take  away,  as  a load  or  burden ; to  take 
out ; as,  “ To  discharge  a cargo.” 

3.  To  free  from  or  to  relieve,  as  of  something 
burdensome.  “ Discharged  of  business FDryden. 

4.  To  remove,  as  an  atlliction  or  penalty. 

’Tis  hoped  his  sickness  is  discharged.  Shak. 

5.  To  let  go  the  charge  of.  “To  discharge 
their  birding-pieces.”  Shak.  “ When  a Ley- 
den jar  is  discharged."  Francis. 

6.  To  let  fly  or  go,  as  a missile  ; to  shoot. 

Discharge  thy  shafts;  this  ready  bosom  rend.  Dope. 

7.  To  utter  ; to  give  vent  to  ; to  express. 

lie  did  discharge  an  horrible  oath.  Shak. 

8.  To  pay,  or  clear  by  payment,  as  a debt. 

Is  he  not  able  to  discharge  the  money?  Shak. 

9.  To  send  away,  as  a creditor,  by  payment. 

“ Money  to  discharge  the  Jew.”  Shak. 

10.  To  set  free,  release,  absolve,  or  acquit, 
as  of  an  obligation,  claim,  accusation,  or  ser- 
vice due  ; to  exonerate  ; to  relieve  ; to  clear. 

A grateful  mind, 

By  owinjr,  owes  not,  but  still  pays  — at  once 
Indebted  and  discharged.  Milton. 

They  wanted  not  reasons  to  be  discharged  of  all  blame. 

Hooker. 

11.  To  put  away  ; to  obliterate  ; to  destroy. 

Herbs  poisonous  and  purgative,  whose  ill  quality  perhaps 
may  be  discharged.  Bacon. 

12.  To  perform  or  execute,  as  a duty  or  office. 

“ We  will  discharge  our  duty.”  Shak. 

13.  To  dismiss,  as  from  office,  service,  or  one’s 

presence  ; to  send  away  ; to  discard.  “ The 
soldier  was  discharged."  Johnson. 

He  discharged  me  with  these  words.  Shak. 

14.  To  set  at  liberty  ; to  set  free  ; as,  “ To 
discharge  a prisoner.” 

15.  To  let  out  or  emit,  as  pus.  Wiseman. 

18.  To  disclose;  to  reveal ; to  make  known. 

Infected  minds 

To  their  deaf  pillows  will  discharge  their  secrets.  Shak. 

17.  f To  act  dramatically  ; to  represent. 

You  have  not  a man  in  all  Athens  able  to  discharge  Pvra- 
mus  but  lie.  Slial. 

18.  (Arch.)  To  relieve  of  incumbent  weight. 

“ To  discharge  the  lintel  of  the  weight  which 
would  otherwise  be  borne  by  it.”  Gioilt. 

19.  (Law.)  To  cancel  ; to  put  an  end  to. 

“ To  discharge  a mortgage,  &c.”  Burrill. 

Syn.  — See  Dismiss. 

DIS-CHAR^fE',  v.  n.  1.  f To  be  broken  up. 

The  cloud,  if  it  were  oily  or  fatty,  would  not  discharge. 

Bacon. 

2.  To  let  go  or  deliver  a charge;  to  fire. 

I will  discharge  upon  her  . . . with  two  bullets.  Shak. 

DIS-OIlXR§rE',  n.  1.  The  act  of  discharging  ; an 
unloading ; as,  “ The  discharge  of  a cargo.” 

2.  Emission  ; vent ; an  issuing. 

The  wretched  animal  heaved  forth  such  groans, 

That  their  discharge  did  stretch  Ins  leuthern  coat 
Almost  to  bursting.  Shak. 

3.  That  which  is  discharged  ; matter  vented 
or  emitted.  “ A thin,  serous  discharge.”  Sharp. 

4.  Explosive  removal  of  a charge  ; explosion  ; 
report  ; sound.  “Discharge  of  artillery.”  Shak. 

5.  Performance  ; execution.  “ The  discharge 

of  those  duties.”  L’ Estrange. 

6.  Payment;  as,  “The  discharge  of  a debt.” 

7.  Dismission  from  office,  or  service.  “ The 
governor  solicited  his  discharge.”  Johnson. 

8.  Release,  as  from  an  obligation,  claim,  debt, 
or  penalty. 

There  is  no  discharge  in  that  war.  Feel.  viii.  8. 

9.  Absolution  from  a crime  ; acquittal ; ac- 
quittance. “An  acquittance  or  discharge  of  a 
man  upon  some  precedent  accusation.”  South. 

10.  A setting  at  liberty  ; a freeing  ; as,  “ The 
discharge  of  a prisoner.” 

11.  Ransom  ; price  of  deliverance.  Milton. 

12.  (Arch.)  The  relief  or  distribution  of  a 

weight  or  load  to  be  borne  : — a brick  wall  or 
post  trimmed  up  to  a piece  of  timber  overloaded 
in  its  bearing.  Francis. 

13.  (Law.)  The  act  of  setting  free;  acquit- 

tance:— the  instrument  by  which  a person  is 
discharged  from  a debt  or  obligation,  or  an  en- 
cumbrance is  cancelled  : — in  equity  practice,  a 
statement  of  disbursements  and  an  offset  of 
counter  claims,  brought  in  and  filed  on  account- 
ing before  a master  in  chancery.  Burrill. 

DIS-CHA IMy'f.R,  n.  1.  One  who  discharges. 

2.  (Elec.)  An  instrument  for  discharging 
electricity.  Francis. 


DIS-CHAR^r'ING,  n.  The  act  of  unloading,  re- 
leasing, or  unburdening.  Richardson. 

Discharging-rod , (Elec.)  an  instrument  for  dis- 
charging a Leyden  jar,  formed  of  a tube  of  glass, 
with  a metallic  chain  or  wire  running  through  it, 
each  end  being  terminated  by  a brass  cap  or  ball. 

Francis. 

DIS-CHURCH',  v.  a.  To  unchurch,  [r.]  Bp.  Hall. 

f DIS-CIDE',  v.  a.  [L.  disc  id o.)  To  cut  or  tear 
to  pieces  ; to  divide  ; to  part.  Spenser. 

DIS'CI-FORM,  a.  [L.  discus,  a disk,  and  forma, 
form.]  ( Hot.)  Flat  and  circular,  like  a disk  or 
quoit ; disk-shaped.  Gray. 

1"  DIS-CINCT],  a.  [L . discinctus.)  Ungirded.  Scott. 

f DJS-CIND',  v.  a.  [L.  disci ndo.)  To  divide  ; to 
part.  “ Nations  discinded  by  the  main  .’’Howell. 

DIS-CI'PLE  (-pi),  n.  [L.  discipulus ; disco,  to 
learn  ; It.  discepolo  ; Sp.  discipulo  ; Fr.  disciple.] 

1.  One  who  professes  to  receive  instruction 
from  another ; a scholar  ; a pupil. 

A^young  disciple  should  behave  himself  so  well  as  to  gai» 
the  affection  and  the  ear  of  his  instructor.  Hafts. 

2.  A follower  of  some  teacher  ; a follower  in 
doctrine  ; an  adherent. 

By  this  shall  all  men  know  that  ye  are  my  disciples,  if  ye 
have  love  one  to  another.  John  xiii.  ho. 

Syn. — See  Follower,  Scholar. 

DIS-CI'PLE,  v.  a.  1.  To  bring  up  ; to  teach  ; to 
train.  “ Discipled  of  the  bravest.”  Shak. 

2.  To  convert  to  an  adherent  or  disciple  ; to 

cause  to  become  a follower.  Ilammond. 

3.  To  discipline  ; to  punish.  Spenser. 

DIS-CI'PLE— LIKE,  a.  Becoming  a disciple.  “A 
son-like  and  disciple-like  reverence.”  Milton. 

DIS-Cl'PLE-SHlP,  n.  The  state  of  being  a disci- 
ple. “ The  terms  of  his  disci pleship.”  Hoadly. 

DlS-Cl'PLESS,  n.  A female  disciple,  [it.]  Udal. 

DIS'CI-PlTN-A-BXjE,  a.  [It.  disciplinabile  ; Sp. 
<Sf  Fr.  disciplinable.] 

1.  Capable  of  receiving  instruction.  “Hum- 
ble and  disciplinable.”  Hale. 

2.  That  may  be  made  matter  of  discipline. 

DIS'CI-PLIN-A-RLE-NESS,  n.  Capacity  of  re- 
ceiving instruction  or  discipline.  Hale. 

DlS'CI-PLlN-AL,  a.  [It.  disciplinale.]  Relating 
to  discipline  ; disciplinary,  [it.]  Latham. 

DIS’CI-PLIN-ANT,  n.  One  of  a strict  religious 
order,  [it.]'  Shelton. 

DIS-CI-PLI-NA'RI-AN,  a.  Pertainingto  discipline. 
“ Disciplinarian  uncertainties.”  Glanville. 

DIS-CI-PLI-NA'RI-AN,  n.  1.  One  who  enforces  dis- 
cipline, or  adherence  to  stated  rules;  martinet. 

lie,  being  a strict  disciplinarian , would  punish  their 
vicious  manners.  Fuller. 

2.  A term  formerly  applied  to  the  Puritans 
and  Presbyterians.  Sanderson. 

DIS'CI-PLI-NA-RY,  a.  [Fr.  disciplinaire.] 

1.  Relating  to  a regular  course  of  education. 

Studies,  wherein  our  noble  and  gentle  youth  ought  to 

bestow  their  time  in  a discijtlinary  way.  Milton. 

2.  Relating  to  discipline,  or  government  by 

strict  rules.  “ Those  canons  in  behalf  of  mar- 
riage were  only  disciplinary.”  Bp.  Feme. 

Dls'CI-PLINE,  n.  [L.  disciplina  ; disco,  to  learn ; 
It.  $ Sp.  disciplina  ; Fr.  discipline.] 

1.  Education  ; instruction  ; training. 

The  cold  of  the  northern  parts  is  that  which,  without  aid 
of  disci  /dine,  doth  make  the  bodies  hardest  and  the  courage 
warmest.  Bacon. 

He  openeth  also  the  ear  to  discipline.  Job  xxxvi.  10. 

2.  Any  thing  as  taught ; art ; science. 

Art  may  be  said  to  overcome  and  advance  nature  in  these 
mechanical  disciplines.  Wilkins. 

3.  Method  of  government ; order ; rule.  “A 

right  pattern  of  sound  discipline.”  Hooker. 

4.  State  of  subjection  ; control. 

The  most  perfect,  who  have  their  passions  in  the  best  dis- 
cipline, are  yet  obliged  to  be  constantly  on  theirguurd.  Rogers. 

5.  Chastisement ; correction  ; punishment. 

Plants  raised  with  tenderness  arc  seldom  strong; 

Man’s  coltish  disposition  asks  the  thong; 

And,  without  discipline , the  favorite  child, 

Like  a neglected  forester,  runs  wild.  Coupcr. 

6.  The  peculiar  mode  of  life  in  accordance 

with  the  rules  of  some  profession,  fraternity,  or 
society.  Braude. 

7.  The  punishments  employed  in  convents, 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  ?,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


DISCONNECT 


DISCIPLINE 


411 


or  self  inflicted  by  enthusiasts,  by  way  of  mor- 
tification. Brande. 

8.  ( Eccl .)  The  application,  in  a Christian 
Church,  of  those  principles  and  rules  which  re- 
gard the  purity,  order,  efficiency,  and  peace  of 
its  members.  Eden. 

Syn. — See  Correction. 


DIS'CJ-PLIne,  v.  a.  [It.  disciplinare ; Sp.  disci- 
plinar;  Fr.  discipliner.]  [i.  disciplined  ; pp. 

DISCIPLINING,  DISCIPLINED.] 

1.  To  educate ; to  teach ; to  train ; to  ad- 
vance by  instruction  ; to  instruct. 

They  were  with  care  prepared  and  disciplined  for  confir- 
mation. Addison. 

2.  To  regulate  ; to  govern.  “ Disciplining 
them  [appetites]  with  fasting.”  _ Scott. 

3.  To  chastise;  to  correct;  to  punish. 

Has  he  not  disciplined  Aufidius  soundly  ? • Shak. 

4.  To  subject  to  ecclesiastical  discipline. 

Syn. — See  Chastise. 

DIS'CI-PLINED  (dis'se-pllnd),  p.  a.  Prepared  by 
discipline ; instructed. 

DIS'CI-PLlN-IJR,  n.  One  who  disciplines.  Milton. 

DlS-CLAIM',  v.  a.  [dis,  priv.,  and  claim.]  [i.  dis- 
claimed ; pp.  disclaiming,  disclaimed.] 

1.  To  relinquish  the  claim  to ; to  renounce ; 
to  cast  off. 

Here  I disclaim  all  my  paternal  care.  Shak. 

2.  To  deny  any  knowledge  or  approval  of , to 
disavow ; to  disown. 

He  calls  the  gods  to  witness  their  offence, 

Disclaims  the  war,  asserts  his  innocence.  Dry  den. 

3.  To  refuse  ; to  forbear  to  yield. 

Let  none  to  strangers  honors  due  disclaim.  Pope. 

4.  {Law.)  To  deny  or  disavow,  as  another’s 

claim  ; — to  decline  accepting,  as  an  estate,  in- 
terest, or  office.  Burrill. 

Syn.  — To  disclaim  is  to  throw  off  a claim  ; to  dis- 
own, not  to  admit  as  one’s  own.  He  disclaimed  t lie 
honor,  disowned  or  denied  the  relationship,  renounced 
the  claim,  disavowed  the  intention,  and  rejected  the 
proposal.  — See  Deny. 

f DlS-CLAIM',  v.  n.  To  renounce  a claim. 

You  cowardly  rascal!  Nature  disclaims  in  thee;  a tailor 
made  thee.  Shak. 

DIS-CLAIM'JJR,  n.  1.  One  who  disclaims. 

2.  A formal  disavowal. 


I think  tlie  honor  of  our  nation  to  he  somewhat  concerned 
in  the  disclaimer  of  the  proceedings  of  this  society.  Burke. 

3.  {Law.)  Renunciation  or  disavowal  of  a title 
or  a claim;  the  relinquishment  of  an  interest 
or  estate  : — in  chancery  pleading,  the  renunci- 
ation of  the  defendant  of  all  claims  to  the  subject 
of  the  demand  made  by  the  plaintiff’s  bill  or 
writ.  Bouvier. 


Disclaimer  of  tenure,  or  tenancy , (Law.)  a denial  that 
the  estate  is  held  from  the  person  claiming  to  be  the 
owner.  Bouvier. 


DIS-CLA-MA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  disclaiming ; 
a disowning,  [r.]  Ed.  Rev. 

DlS-CLO§E',  v.  a.  [L.  discludo  ; dis,  priv.,  and 
close.]  [t.  disclosed  ; pp.  DISCLOSING,  dis- 
closed.] 

1.  To  uncover ; to  bring  to  open  view. 

The  shells  being  broken,  . . . the  stone  included  in  them  is 
thereby  disclosed  and  set  at  liberty.  Woodward. 

2.  To  make  known;  to  reveal;  to  show;  to 
divulge ; to  tell. 

She  that  could  think,  and  ne’er  disclose  her  mind.  Shak. 

3.  +To  cause  to  open  ; to  hatch,  as  eggs. 

It  is  reported  by  the  ancients  that  the  ostrich  layeth  her 
eggs  under  sand,  where  the  heatof  the  sun  discloses  them. 

Bacon. 

Syn.  — To  make  known  that  which  was  before 
concealed  is  the  common  signification  of  the  words 
to  disclose,  divulge,  reveal , and  tell ; hut  to  tell  is  less 
restricted  in  its  use  than  the  others.  Disclose  or  di- 
vulge what  was  before  concealed,  or  unknown;  re- 
veal a secret  or  an  unknown  truth  ; tell  a story,  a tale, 
a truth,  or  a falsehood  ; relate  tile  circumstances. — 
See  Communicate,  Publish,  Tell. 

DIS-OLO§E',  v.  n.  To  open  ; to  gape.  Thompson. 

f DIS-CLO§E',  n.  Discovery  ; disclosure.  Young. 

DIS-CLO§'£R,  n.  One  who  discloses.  Browne. 

DlS-CLOjJ'URE  (dls-klo'zhur),  n.  1.  The  act  of 
disclosing  or  uncovering ; discovery ; exposi- 
tion. “ Both  for  the  use  and  disclosure  of 
causes.”  Bacon. 


2.  The  act  of  making  known ; the  act  of  re- 

vealing; a revelation.  “ A sudden  . . . disclos- 
ure of  the  king’s  mind.”  Bacon. 

3.  That  which  is  disclosed. 

f DIS-CLOUD’,  v.  a.  To  disperse,  as  clouds;  to 
free  or  clear  from  that  which  obscures.  Feltham. 

t DIS-CLOUT',  v.  a.  To  free  from,  or  take  out  of, 
a clout  or  napkin.  Bp.  Ilall. 


f DlS-CLU'§ION  (dis-klu'zhun),  n.  [L.  disclusio.] 
Emission.  “ Disclusions  of  light.”  More. 

f DIS-COAST',  v.  n.  To  quit  the  coast ; to  depart, 
or  separate,  from.  Barrow. 


DIS-CO-HE'RENT,  a.  Incoherent.  Clarke. 

DlS'COID,  n.  1.  A body  resembling  a disk.  Boag. 
2.  {Conch.)  A univalve  shell  of  which  the 
whorls  are  disposed  vertically  on  the  same  plane,! 
so  as  to  form  a disk.  Brande. 


DIS  ColD,  ? a.  [Gr_  SioKoeiit'is  ; Hijkos,  a disk, 
DIS-COlD'AL,  ) and  ilbos,  form.] 

1.  Having  the  form  of  a disk.  Ash. 

2.  {Bot.)  Dilated  into  the  form  of  a disk  : — 

relating  to  the  disk  or  central  part  of  a head  of 
flowers,  and  not  to  the  margin ; without  rays 
or  ray-flowers.  Gray. 


DXS-COL'OR  (dls-kul'lur),  V.  a.  [L.  dccoloro  ; It. 
discolor  are-,  Sp.  descolorar ; Fr.  decolorer.]  [i. 
discolored  ; pp.  discoloring,  discolored.] 
1?  To  change  in  respect  to  color;  to  change 
from  the  natural  hue  ; to  stain  ; to  tarnish. 


We  shall  your  tawny  ground  with  your  red  blood  dis- 
color.  Shak. 


2.  To  put  a false  appearance  upon. 

Have  a care  lest  some  beloved  notion,  or  some  darling  sci- 
ence, so  prevail  over  your  mind  as  to  discolor  all  your  ideas. 

Watts. 


DIS-COL-OR-A ’TION,  n.  [It.  discolorazione ; Fr. 
decoloration.] 

1.  The  act  of  discoloring.  Boyle. 

2.  Change  of  color;  stain.  “Spots  and  dis- 
colorations of  the  skin.”  Arbuthnot. 


Dls-COL'ORED  (-kul'lurd),  a.  1.  Having  the  color 
changed ; changed  from  the  natural  hue.  Shak. 

2.  Variegated;  diversified;  party-colored. 
“ Discolored  flowers.”  B.Jonson.  “ Discolored 
mead.”  Spenser. 


DIS-COM'FIT  (dis-kum'fit),  v.  a.  [L.  dis,  priv.,  and 
configo,  to  fasten  ; It.  sconfiggcre  ; Fr.  dtconfire.] 
[i.  discomfited;  pp.  discomfiting,  discom- 
fited.] To  scatter  in  flight ; to  defeat ; to  rout ; 
to  overthrow ; to  conquer  ; to  vanquish ; to 
overpower ; to  subdue  ; to  beat. 

The  Amalekites  smote  them,  and  discomfited  them  even 
unto  Hormah.  Num.  xiv.  45. 

DIS-COM'FIT  (dis-kum'fit),  n.  Defeat ; rout ; over- 
throw; discomfiture.  Milton. 

DIS-COM'FIT-URE,  n.  Defeat ; overthrow  ; rout. 

Behold,  every  man’s  sword  was  against  his  fellow,  and 
there  was  a very  great  discomfiture.  1 Sam.  xiv.  14). 

DIS-COM'FORT  (dis-kum'furt),  n.  1.  Want  of  com- 
fort ; uneasiness  ; disturbance ; disquietude. 

I am  so  much  a fool,  should  I stay  longer. 

It  would  be  my  disgrace  and  3*our  discomfort.  Shak. 

2.  Distress ; grief ; sorrow. 

What  mean  you,  sir, 

To  give  them  this  discomfort  t Look,  they  weep.  Shak. 

DIS-COM'FORT,  v.  a.  [It.  disconf orta/re ; Fr. 
deco?iforter.]  To  make  uneasy  ; to  disturb  ; to 
disquiet ; to  sadden,  [it.] 

Though  I distrust. 

Discomfort  you,  my  love,  it  nothing  must.  Shak. 

F DIS-COM'FORT- A-BLE,  a.  1.  Melancholy  ; with- 
out comfort.  “ Discomfortable  cousin.”  Shak. 

2.  Uncomfortable;  unpleasant.  “No  other 
news  but  discomfortable.”  Sidney. 

f DIS-COM'FORT- A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Uncomforta- 
bleness ; want  of  comfort ; discomfort.  Sandys. 

DIS-COM-MEND',  v.  a.  To  blame  ; to  censure. 

Neither  do  I discommend  the  lofty  style  in  tragedy.  Dryden. 

DIS-COM-MEND'A-BLE,  a.  Blamable ; censura- 
ble.  — See  Commendable,  [r.]  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

f DIS-COM-MEND'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Censurable- 
ness ; blamableness.  Bailey. 

d!S-COM-MEN-DA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  blam- 
ing ; censure  ; reproach,  [r.]  Ilakewill. 


DIS-COM-MEND'JJR,  n.  One  who  discommends. 

f DIS-COM-Mls'SION,  v.  a.  To  deprive  cf  a com- 
mission. A bp.  Laud. 

f DIS-COM'MO-DATE,  v.  a.  To  incommode. 
“ Wars  did  . . . discommodate  the  king.”  Howell. 

DIS-COM-MODE',  V.  a.  [ i . discommoded  ; pp. 
discommoding,  discommoded.]  To  incom- 
mode ; to  put  to  inconvenience,  [r.]  Bailey. 

DIS-COM-MO'DI-OUS,  a.  Incommodious;  incon- 
venient. [r.]  Spenser. 

DIS-COM-MO'DI-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  a discommodi- 
ous  manner,  [it.]  Craig. 

DIS-COM-MO’DI-OUS- NESS,  n.  Inconvenience. 
“ The  discommodiousness  of  the  place.”  North. 

DIS-COM-MOD'I-TY,  n.  Incommodity ; disad- 
vantage ; misfortune,  [r.]  Bacon. 

DIS-COM'MON,  i>.  a.  1.  To  deprive  of  the  right  of 
common. 

Thou  discommonest  thy  neighbor’s  kine. 

And  warn’st  that  none  teed  on  thy  field  save  thine.  Pp.  Hall. 

2.  To  deprive  of  the  privileges  of  a place,  as 
of  a university. 

Bishop  King,  then  vice-chancellor,  discommoned  three  or 
four  townsmen  together.  State  Trials. 

3.  {Law.)  To  deprive  of  the  commonable 

quality,  as  lands,  by  enclosing  or  appropriating 
them.  Burrill. 

DIS-COM'PA-NY,  v.  a.  To  deprive  of  company; 
to  dissociate,  [r.]  B.  Jonson. 

F DIS-COM-PLEX'ION  (dls-kom-plek'slmn),  V.  a. 
To  change  the  hue  or  color  of.  Beau.  8$  FI. 

DIS-COM-PO§E'  (dls-kom-po/.1),  v.  a.  [Sp.  deseom- 
poner-,  Fr.  decomposer.]  [i.  discomposed;  pp. 
DISCOMPOSING,  DISCOMFOSED.] 

1.  To  disorder  ; to  derange  ; to  disturb.  Swift. 

2.  To  perturb;  to  ruffle;  to  agitate;  to  dis- 
concert; to  disquiet;  to  harass  ; to  vex. 

Ill,  in  death,  it  shows 

Your  peace  of  mind  by  rage  to  disconqjose.  Dryden. 

3.  FTo  displace  ; to  discard. 

He  never  put  down  or  discomposed  a counsellor  or  near 
servant.  Bacon. 

Syn.  — See  Disturb. 

Dis-C0M-P0§ED',  p.  a.  Disturbed;  ruffled;  un- 
easy. 

DIS-COM-POiS'lJD-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
discomposed;  disquiet;  agitation.  Hale. 

FDIS-C6M-PO-§I''TION  (-zish'),  n.  Inconsist- 
ency ; disagreement.  Donne. 

DIS-COM-PO§'URE  (dis-kom-po'zhur),  n.  1.  The 
state  of  being  discomposed  ; disorder ; perturba- 
tion. “ Discomposure  of  mind.”  Clarendon. 

2.  F Inconsistency  ; disagreement.  Boyle. 

DIS-COMPT'  (dls-kiifint'),  v.  a.  [Fr.  descompter.] 
To  discount.  — See  Discount.  Iludibras. 

DlS-CON-CERT',  v.  a.  [i.  disconcerted  ; pp. 
disconcerting,  disconcerted.] 

1.  To  throw  into  disorder  ; to  undo,  as  a con- 
certed plan  ; to  frustrate  ; to  defeat. 

He  disconcerted,  all  their  hopes  and  expectations.  TIurd. 

2.  To  discompose  ; to  confuse  ; to  bewilder; 
to  derange  ; to  disorder  ; to  disturb. 

A careless  gesture,  a word,  or  a look,  is  enough  to  discon- 
cert them.  Collier. 

F DIS-CON'CJJRT,  n.  Want  of  concert.  “Our 
disconcert  for  their  defence.”  Temple. 

DIS-CON-CER'TION,  n.  Act  of  disconcerting; 
discomposure.  State  Trials. 

DIS-CON-DU'CIVE,  a.  Not  conducive  ; obstruc- 
tive ; hindering,  [it.]  Seager. 

DIS-CON-FORM'A-BLE,  a.  Not  conformable  ; dis- 
senting; not  complying  or  assenting.  “ Discon- 
formable  in  religion  from  us.”  [it.]  Stoic. 

DIS-CON-FORM'I-TY,  n.  Want  of  conformity. 
“ Disconformity  to  his  practice.”  [r.]  Barrow. 

DIS-CON-GR(;'!-TY,  n.  Want  of  agreement ; un- 
likeness  ; disparity.  “ That  much  discongruity 
betwixt  him  [God]  and  us.”  Mountagu. 

DIS-CON-NECT',  V.  a.  [i.  DISCONNECTED  ; pp. 
disconnecting,  disconnected.]  To  separate ; 
to  disjoin  ; to  break  the  ties  or  connection. 

The  Episcopal  Church  of  England,  before  the  reformation 
connected  with  the  see  of  Rome,  since  then  disconnected. 

Burke. 


MiEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE. 


— Q>  9’  oi  softs  C,  U,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z; 


as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


DISCONNECTED 

DIS-CON-NECT'BD,  p.  a.  Not  connected;  sep- 
arate. Blair. 

DIS-CON-NEC'TION,  11.  Separation  ; disunion. 
“Distrust  and  disconnection.”  Burke. 

DIS-CON'S g-CR  ATE,  v.  a.  To  divest  or  deprive 
of  consecration  ; to  desecrate,  [it.]  Andrews. 

+ DlS^GQN-SENT',  v.  n.  To  disagree;  to  differ; 
not  to  give  assent.  Milton. 

t DIS-CON'SO-LA-CY,  n.  The  state  of  being  dis- 
consolate ; disconsolateness.  Barrow. 

DlS-CON'SO- LANCE,  n.  Disconsolateness. Clarke. 

DlS-CON'SO-L  \TE,  a.  [Old  Fr.  desconsole  ; Sp. 
desconsolado.  ] 

1.  Void  of  consolation  or  comfort ; hopeless; 
sorrowful ; melancholy  ; afflicted  ; sad. 

The  ladies  and  the  knights,  no  shelter  nigh, 

Were  dropping  wet,  disconsolate,  and  wan.  Dryden. 

2.  Saddening  ; gloomy.  “ The  disconsolate 

darkness  of  our  winter  nights.”  Ray. 

DIS-CON'SO-LATE-LY,  ad.  In  a disconsolate 
manner ; sorrowfully. 

DIS-CON'SO-LATE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
disconsolate.  Barrow. 

+ DlS-CON-SO-LA'TION,  11.  Want  of  comfort. 
“ Disconsolation  and  heaviness.”  Bp.  Hall. 

DIS-CON-TENT',  n.  1.  Want  of  content  ; unea- 
siness ; dissatisfaction. 

Now  is  the  winter  of  our  discontent 

Made  glorious  summer  by  this  son  of  York.  Shaft. 

2.  A discontented  person  ; a malecontent. 

Fickle  changelings,  and  poor  discontents.  Shak. 

DIS-CON-TENT',  a.  Discontented.  Hayward. 

DIS-CON-TENT',  v.  a.  [It.  discontentare ; Sp 
descontentar .]  [t.  discontented  ; pp.  discon- 

tenting, discontented.]  To  dissatisfy  ; to 
make  uneasy  ; to  displease. 

Those  that  were  there  thought  it  not  fit 
To  discontent  bo  ancieut  a wit.  Suckling. 

DIS-CON-TENT' 5 D,  a.  Uneasy;  dissatisfied. 

These  are,  beyond  comparison,  the  two  greatest  evils  in 
this  world:  a diseased  body  and  a discontented  mind.  Tillotson . 

Dls-CON-TENT'JJD-LY,  ad.  In  a discontented 
manner ; with  discontent. 

DIS-CON-TENT'yD-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  dis- 
contented ; uneasiness  ; dissatisfaction.  Daniel. 

f DIS-CON-TENT'FUL,  a.  Discontented.  Ilowe. 

DIS-CON-TENT'ING,  a.  Giving  no  satisfaction  ; 
dissatisfying ; displeasing.  Milton. 

DIS-CON-TENT'MjgNT,  n.  The  state  of  being 
discontented  ; uneasiness. 

The  politic  and  artificial  nourishing  of  hopes  ...  is  one  of 
the  best  antidotes  against  the  poison  of  discontentment.  Bacon. 

DIS-CON-TIN'U-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  discon- 
tinued. [r.]  Dr.  Allen. 

DlS-CON-TIN'U-ANCE  (dis-kon-tln'yu-jns),  n. 

1.  Want  of  continuance;  interruption;  ces- 

sation ; intermission.  “ Long  discontinuance 
of  our  conversation  with  him.”  Atterbury. 

2.  (Law.)  The  termination  or  suspension  of 

an  estate  tail ; a species  of  ouster  of  a freehold 
by  which  the  right  of  entry  was  taken  away  and 
the  issue  put  to  a trial : — a chasm  in  the 
pleading : — the  termination  of  an  action  at 
law  by  the  voluntary  act  of  the  plaintiff,  or  in 
consequence  of  the  plaintiff’s  omitting  to  con- 
tinue the  process  or  proceedings  by  proper  en- 
tries on  the  record.  Bouvier.  Burrill. 

DIS-CON-TiN-y-A'TION,  n.  [It.  discontinua- 
zione  ; Fr.  discontinuation.']  Disruption  of  con- 
tinuity ; separation.  “ Discontinuation  of 
parts.”  Newton. 

DlS-CON-TIN'UE  (dls-kon-tln'yu),  v.  a.  [It.  dis- 
continuare ; Sp.  discoritinuar ; Fr.  discontinue)'.] 
[t.  DISCONTINUED;  pp.  DISCONTINUING,  DIS- 
CONTINUED.] 

1.  To  leave  off;  to  break  off ; to  intermit ; to 
stop  ; to  put  an  end  to. 

A ou  cannot  now  discontinue  these  obliging  offices  without 
forfeiting  your  character  of  constancy.  Mclmoth. 

2.  To  cease  to  take  or  receive  ; as,  “ To  dis- 
continue a periodical.” 

DIS-CON-TIN'UE,  v.n.  1.  To  lose  continuity  ; to 
sutler  disruption  ; to  break.  Bacon. 


412 

2.  To  be  kept  from  possession ; — with  from. 

Thou  shalt  discontinue  from  thy  heritage.  Jer.  xvii.  4. 

DIS-CON-TiN'y-ED-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
discontinued.  , Scott. 

DIS-CON-TIN-U-EE'  (130),  n.‘(Law.)  One  whose 
estate  is  discontinued.  Blackstone. 

DIS-CON-TIN'y-UR,  il.  One  who  discontinues. 

DIS-CON-TI-NU'I-TY,  n.  [Fr.  discontinuity] 
Want  of  continuity  or  absolute  contact,  [it.] 

Discontinuity  of  parts  is  the  principal  cause  of  the  opacity 
of  bodies.  Newton. 

DlS-CON-TlN-U-OR',  n.  (J-aw.)  One  who  discon- 
tinues ; — opposed  to  discontinuee.  Blackstone. 

DIS-CON-TIN'y-OftS,  a.  1.  Not  continuous; 
broken  off ; interrupted. 

2.  Wide  ; extended  ; gaping.  “ Discontinu- 
ous wound.”  Milton. 

Discontinuous  function,  (Math.)  a function  which 
does  not  vary  continuously  as  the  variable  increases 
uniformly.  Davies. 

f DIS-CON-VEN'IENCE,  n.  Incongruity;  dis- 
cordance ; inconvenience.  Fotherby. 

f DIS-CON-VEN'IJENT,  a.  Inconvenient ; unsuit- 
ed ; repugnant.  Bp.  Reynolds. 

DIS'CORD,  n.  [L.,  It.,  S|  Sp.  discordia ; L.  dis, 
priv.,  and  cor,  cordis,  the  heart ; Fr.  discorde.] 

1.  Want  of  concord  or  harmony  ; disagree- 

ment ; opposition  ; alienation  of  affection  ; con- 
tention ; strife.  “He  that  soweth  discord 
among  his  brethren.”  Prov.  vi.  19. 

2.  (Mus.)  A combination  of  musical  tones, 
which,  not  being  adapted  in  nature  to  harmon- 
ize with  each  other,  sound  disagreeably  togeth- 
er;— dissonance ;— opposed  to  concord.  Warner. 

Syn.  — See  Disagreement. 

t DIS-CORD',  v.  n.  To  disagree  ; not  to  suit  with. 
“ The  one  . . . discording  with  the  other."  Bacon. 

f DIS-CORD'A-BLE,  a.  That  produces  discord. 
“ Discardable  cause.”  Chaucer. 

DJS-CORD'ANCE,  ? n%  [it,  discordanza  ; Sp.  dis- 

DIS-CORD'AN-CY,  j cordancia  ; Fr.  discordance.] 
Want  of  concord;  disagreement;  opposition; 
inconsistency  ; discord.  “ Discordancies  of  in- 
terest.” I Varton.  “The  discordance  of  these 
errors.”  Bp.  Horsley. 

DJS-CORD'ANT,  a.  [L.  discors ; It.  discordante ; 
Fr.  discordant.] 

1.  W anting  agreement ; being  at  variance  ; 
opposite  ; incongruous. 

So  various,  so  discordant,  is  the  mind. 

That  in  our  will  a different  will  we  find.  Dryden. 

2.  Wanting  concord  ; dissonant;  inharmoni- 
ous ; as,  “ Discordant  sounds.” 

DIS-CORD' ANT-LY,  ad.  In  a discordant  manner. 

DIS-CORD' ANT-NESS,  n.  Discordance,  [r.]  Scott. 

f DIS-CORD'FUL,  a.  Quarrelsome;  not  peacea- 
ble. “ That  discordful  crew.”  Spenser. 

f DIS-CORD'OUS,  a.  Discordant;  dissonant.  “The 
discordous  jars.”  Bp.  Hall. 

-f-DIS-COR'PO-RATE,  a.  Deprived  of  corporate 
privileges.  Proclamation  of  James  II. 

■f  DIS-COUN'SEL,  v.  a.  To  dissuade.  Spenser. 

DIS'COUNT  (114),  n.  [It.  sconto;  Sp.  descucnto  ; 
Fr.  decompte.] 

1.  An  allowance  or  deduction,  according  to 
the  rate  of  interest,  for  money  advanced  before 
it  is  due  ; — an  allowance  on  a debt  not  yet  due, 
in  consideration  of  immediate  payment ; — a 
deduction  from  the  customary  price  : — act  of 
discounting. 

2.  The  sum  deducted  or  refunded.  Swift. 

II  DIS-COUNT'  (114)  [dis-koGnt',  S.  W.  P.  J.  E.  F. 
Ja.  K.  Sm.  ; dTs'kbunt,  Wb.  Rees],  v.  a.  [It. 
scontare  ; Sp.  descontar ; Fr.  decompter.]  [i. 
DISCOUNTED  ; pp.  DISCOUNTING,  DISCOUNTF.D.] 

1.  To  count  back  ; to  pay  back,  or  by  a coun- 
ter reckoning. 

Parvisol  discounts  arrears. 

By  bills  for  taxes  and  repairs.  Swift. 

2.  To  deduct,  as  a certain  sum  or  rate  per 
cent.;  as,  “To  discount  four  per  cent.” 

3.  To  lend  or  advance  money  upon,  with  de- 
duction of  discount ; as,  “ To  discount  a note.” 

j8®=“  The  accent  [on  the  second  syllable]  is  proper, 
but  in  the  mercantile  world,  the  verb  is  very  com- 


DISCOURSE 

monly  made  to  bear  the  same  accent  as  the  noun.” 

Smart. 

||  DIS-COUNT',  v.  n.  To  lend  money,  deducting 
interest  at  the  time  of  the  loan.  Mason. 

DIS-CoOnT'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  discounted; 
subject  to  discount.  Smart. 

DIS'COUNT— DAY,  n.  The  day  of  the  week  on 
which  a bank  discounts  notes  and  bills.  Craig. 

DlS-COUN'TE-NANCE,  v.  a.  [Fr.  decontenancer.] 
[}■  DISCOUNTENANCED  ; pp.  DISCOUNTENANC- 
ING, DISCOUNTENANCED.] 

1.  To  abash  ; to  put  to  shame. 

lie  came,  and  with  him  Eve,  more  loth,  though  first 

To  offend,  discountenanced  both  aud  discomposed.  Milton. 

2.  To  show  disapprobation  of;  to  discourage. 

Be  careful  to  discountenance  in  children  any  thing  that 
looks  like  rage  and  furious  anger.  Tillotson. 

DIS-COUN'TJf, -NANCE,  1 1.  Disfavor;  treatment 

tending  to  check  or  discourage  ; disregard. 

He  patiently  hears  . . . the  discountenance  he  meets  with 
from  a wicked  aud  profane  world.  Rogers. 

DIS-COUN'TJJ-NAN-CyR,  n.  One  who  discoun- 
tenances. Bacon. 

DIS- C 6 UN  T ' E R , n.  One  who  discounts.  Burke. 

DiS-COUR'AyE  (dis-kur'gj),  v.  a.  [Fr.  decoura- 
ger.]  [i.  discouraged  ; pp.  discouraging, 

DISCOURAGED.] 

1.  To  repress  the  courage  of ; to  dishearten; 
to  depress  ; to  deprive  of  confidence  ; to  deter. 

Our  brethren  have  discouraged  our  heart,  saving,  The 
people  is  greater  and  taller  than  we.  Dent.  i.  28. 

2.  To  discountenance  ; to  seek  to  check;  as,  * 
“To  discourage  an  enterprise.” 

Syn.  — See  Deter. 

t DIS-COOr'A^E,  n.  Want  of  courage.  Elyot. 

DIS-COUR'AGE-A-BLE,  a.  That  Can  be  discour- 
aged or  disheartened.  Bp.  Hall. 

DIS-COrR'A£E-MENT,  n.  [Fr.  decouragement.] 

1.  The  act  of  discouraging.  Johnson. 

2.  State  of  being  discouraged;  depression. 

Over-great  discouragement  might  make  them  desperate. 

State  Trials. 

3.  The  cause  of  depression  ; that  which  dis- 

heartens. “ Preserving  to  the  end  under  all 
discouragements.”  Clarke. 

DlS-COUR'AG-FR,  n.  One  who  discourages. 

DIS-COURSE'  (dis-kors'),  n.  [L.  discursus ; It.  dis- 
corso ; Sp.  discurso ; Fr.  discours.] 

1.  The  power  or  the  act  of  the  understand- 
ing, by  which  it  passes  from  premises  to  conse- 
quences ; the  process  of  ratiocination  ; reason- 
ing ; reason. 

Sure  He  that  made  us  with  such  large  discourse. 

Looking  before  anil  after,  gave  us  not 
That  capability  and  godlike  reason 

To  fust  in  us  unused.  Shak. 

Reasoning,  or  discourse,  is  the  act  of  proceeding  from  cer- 
tain judgments  to  another  founded  on  them.  Whately. 

2.  The  communication  of  thoughts  upon  any 
subject,  in  a formal  manner,  whether  made  by 
writing  or  orally  ; a treatise  ; a dissertation  ; a 
speech  ; a sermon. 

My  intention  in  this  and  some  future  discourses _ is  to  set 
before  you  tire  divine  authority  of  the  Christian  religion. 

Bp.  Pearce. 

3.  Mutual  intercourse  by  spoken  language  ; 

conversation  ; talk.  “ Sweet  discourse,  the  ban- 
quet of  the  mind.”  Dryden. 

Syn.  — Sec  Conversation,  Speech. 

DIS-COURSE'  (dis-kors'),  v.  n.  [It.  discorrere;  Sp. 
discurrir ; Fr . discourir.]  [/.discoursed;^.). 

DISCOURSING,  DISCOURSED.] 

1.  To  pass  from  premises  to  consequences; 

to  reason.  “Brutes  do  want  that  quick  dis- 
coursing power.”  Davies. 

2.  To  speak  or  communicate  thoughts  in  a 
formal  manner  ; as,  “ To  discourse  upon  the  im- 
mortality of  the  soul.” 

3.  To  talk  ; to  converse  ; to  relate.  “ Stand 

not  to  discourse.”  Shak. 

Syn. — See  SPEAK. 

DIS-COURSE',  v.  a.  1.  To  treat  of ; to  converse 
concerning  ; to  discuss  ; to  talk  over. 

Hard  are  the  ways  of  truth,  and  rough  to  walk; 

Smooth  on  the  tongue  discoursed,  pleasing  to  the  ear.  Jlilton. 

2.  To  give  forth  ; to  utter ; to  emit. 

Give  it  [the  pipe]  breath  with  your  mouth,  and  it  will  dis- 
course most  excellent  music.  Shak. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  ft,  I,  5,  ft,  V,  short;  A,  5,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  IIE1R,  HER; 


DISCOURSELESS 


413 


DISCRIMINATOR 


DIS-COURSE'LESS,  a.  Having  no  discourse. 

Rash  and  discourseless  brains.”  Shelton. 

DIS-COURS'JJR,  n.  One  who  discourses. 

DIS-COURS'ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  discours- 
es ; reasoning;  connected  thought.  “Fears 
and  weak  discour  sings.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

DIS-COUR'SIVE,  a.  1.  Passing  from  antecedent 
to  consequent ; reasoning  ; discursive.  Milton. 

2.  Containing  dialogue;  interlocutory.  “ D/s - 

coursive  scenes.”  Dryden. 

3.  Conversable  ; communicative.  “ A com- 
plaisant man,  very  free  and  discoursive.”  Wood. 

||  DIS-COUR'TE-OUS  (dis-kUr'te-us  or  dls-kort'yus) 
[dYs-kiir'chus,  S.  W. ; dls-kiir'che-us,  P.  ; dis- 
kur'te-us,  J.  R. ; dls-kiirt'yus,  F. ; dis-kor'te-us, 
Ja. ; dls-kort'yus,  K.  Sm.],  a.  [Fr.  discourtois.\ 
Wanting  in  courtesy,  or  good  manners;  un- 
courteous  ; uncivil ; uncomplaisant  ; rude. 

They  would  not  be  uncivil  or  discourteous  in  thwarting 
the  mind  and  pleasure  of  their  company.  Barrow. 

II  DIS-COUR'TE-OUS-LY,  ad.  Uncivilly  ; rudely. 

||  DIS-COUR'TE-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  discourteous  ; incivility ; discourtesy.  Ash. 

DIS-COUR'TE-SY,  n.  [It.  discortesia  ; Sp.  des- 
cortesia  ; Fr.  'discourtcsie.]  Incivility ; rude- 
ness; act  of  disrespect ; discourteousness.  “As 
if  I had  done  him  a discourtesy.”  Wiseman. 

f DlS-COURT'SIHP,  n.  Want  of  respect;  inci- 
vility; discourtesy.  B.  Jonson. 

DIS'COUS,  a.  Flat  and  circular  like  a disk  or 
quoit ; disk-shaped  ; discoid.  Quincy. 

DJS-cdv'9-NANT,  v.  a.  To  dissolve  covenant  or 
contract  with.  Craig. 

DIS-COV'f.R  (dis-kuv'er),  v.  a.  [It.  discorrire  ; Sp. 
descubrir ; Fr.  decouvrir.  — See  Cover.]  [?’. 

DISCOVERED;  pp.  DISCOVERING,  DISCOVERED.] 

1.  To  take  off  or  remove,  as  a cover. 

For  the  greatness  of  thy  iniquity 'arc  thy  skirts  discovered, 
and  thy  heels  made  bare.  Jer.  xiii.  22. 

2.  To  expose  to  view ; to  bring  to  light ; to 
disclose  ; to  lay  bare  ; to  uncover  ; to  show;  to 
make  known  ; to  reveal ; to  tell. 

Go.  draw  aside  the  curtains,  and  discover 

The  several  caskets  to  this  noble  prince.  Shale. 

Law  can  discover  sin,  but  not  remove.  Milton. 

3.  To  find  out,  as  something  hidden  or  not 
known  before  ; to  ascertain. 

Harvey  discovered  the  circulation  of  the  blood.  Godwin. 

He  shall  never  discover,  by  any  alteration  in  me,  my 
knowledge  of  his  mistake.  Pope. 

4.  To  find,  as  a person  concealed ; to  detect. 

Up  he  starts, 

Discovered  and  surprised.  Milton. 

5.  To  espy;  to  descry. 

When  we  had  discovered  Cyprus,  we  left  it  on  the  left 
hand.  Acts  xxi.  3. 

Syn.  — See  Detect,  Find,  Invent,  Show, 
Tell. 

DIS-COV'ER-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  discovered  ; 
that  may  be  seen  ; apparent.  Locke. 

DIS-COV'ER-ER,  n.  1.  One  who  discovers. 

2.  An  explorer ; a scout ; a spy. 

Send  discoverers  forth 

To  know  the  numbers  of  our  enemies.  Shak. 

fDIS-COV'ER-MENT,  n.  Discovery.  Fairfax. 

DlS-COV'JJRT,  a.  (Law.)  Not  covert ; free  from 
matrimonial  ties.  Bouvier. 

DIS-COV'JKR-TURE,  n.  1.  Discovery. 

2.  (Law.)  Freedom  from  coverture  or  mati'i- 
ntonial  ties.  Blackstone. 

DIS-COV'ER-Y,  n.  1.  The  act  of  discovering  or 
finding  out.  “ Discoveries  of  dishonor.”  Shak. 

2.  The  act  of  making  known  ; disclosure. 

Such  a discovery  ought  to  be  made  as  late  as  possible.  Swift. 

3.  Something  discovered. 

In  religion  there  have  been  many  discoveries , but  (in  true 
religion,  I mean)  no  inventions.  Trench. 

4.  (Law.)  The  revealing  or  disclosing  of  a 

matter  by  a defendant,  in  his  answ'er  to  a bill 
filed  for  that  purpose.  Burrill. 

DIS-CRA'DLE,  v.  n.  & a.  To  come,  or  take,  from 
the  cradle  ; — to  burst  forth.  Ford. 

DIS-CRED'IT,  n.  Want  or  loss  of  credit  or  favor; 
dishonor  ; reproach  ; disgrace. 

Those  loose  and  frothy  declaimers  who  have  brought  dis- 
credit on  eloquence.  Blair. 


Syn. — Discredit  signifies  the  loss  of  credit;  dis- 
grace, dishonor , and  ignominy , the  loss  of  esteem  or 
character.  A bankrupt  incurs  discredit ; a dismissed 
minister  or  an  expelled  student,  disgrace ; one  who 
fails  to  perform  his  duty,  dishonor ; an  offender,  re- 
proach; a felon,  ignominy.  — See  Infamy. 

DIS-CRED'IT,  v.  a.  [It .screditare;  Sp.  desacredi- 
tar  ; Fr.  dicrediter . — See  Credit.]  [*.  dis- 
credited ; p/L  discrediting,  discredited.] 

1.  To  distrust;  to  place  no  confidence  in  ; to 

give  no  credit  or  belief  to  ; to  disbelieve.  “ No 
informer  . . . was  discredited."  Holland. 

2.  Todeprive  of  credibility ; to  destroy  trust  in. 

He  had  framed  to  himselftmany  deceiving  promises  of  life, 

which  i have  discredited  to  him.  Shak. 

3.  To  make  disreputable ; to  make  less  rep- 
utable; to  bring  reproach  upon  ; to  disgrace. 

Without  care,  - . . our  virtues  will  be  often  discredited 
with  the  appearance  of  evil.  Rogers. 

DIS-CRED'IT-A-BLE,  a.  Disreputable;  disgrace- 
ful. “ Discreditable  shift.”  • Blair. 

DIS-CRED'IT-A-BLY,  ad.  In  a discreditable  man- 
ner ; disreputably. 

DIS-CRED'I-TOR,  71.  One  who  discredits. 

DIS-CREET',  a.  [L.  discerno,  discretus,  to  sepa- 
rate, to  discern  ; It.  Sg  Sp.  discrcto;  Fr.  discrete] 
Having  discretion  ; prudent ; wise  ; circum- 
spect; cautious;  notrash. 

Forasmuch  as  God  hath  showed  thee  all  tills,  there  is  none 
so  discreet  and  wise  as  thou.  Gen.  xli.  9. 

Syn.  — See  Cautious,  Prudent. 

DIS-CREET'LY,  ad.  In  a discreet  manner ; pru- 
dently. 

DIS-CREET'N)JSS,  n.  Discretion.  Johnson. 

DIS'CRE-PANCE  [dis'kre-pans,  S.  TU.  P.  E.  J.  F. 
Ja.  K.  Sm.  R. ; djs-crep'jns,  J Vb.  Maunder ],  n. 
Difference ; discrepancy.  Pearson. 

DIS'CRJJ-PAN-CY,  n.  [L.  discrcpantia ; discrcpo, 
to  sound  discordantly  ; It.  discrepanza ; Sp.  dis- 
crepancia\  Fr.  discrepance.']  Difference;  dis- 
agreement ; incongruity  ; inconsistency.  “ Dis- 
crepancy of  opinion.”  Mountagu. 

A great  deal  of  the  discrepancy  observable  in  the  Gospels 
arises  from  omission.  Daley. 

DIS'CRE-PANT  [dis'kre-pSnt,  S.  W.  P.  E.  Ja.  K. 
Sm.  If.;  djs-lcrep'ant,  Wb.],  a.  [It.  <Sr  Sp.  dis- 
crcpante .]  Different ; disagreeing  ; unlike. 

Are  not  all  laws,  discrepant  from  Gbd’s  laws,  evil?J5p-  Ilall. 

f DIS-CRETE',  v.  a.  [L . discerno,  discretus.]  To 
separate  ; to  divide.  Browne. 

DIS-CRETE'  [djs-kret',  W.  P . J.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  R. 
Wb. ; dis'kret,  S.  Ash],  a.  [L  .discerno,  dis- 
cretus,  to  separate.] 

1.  Separate ; distinct ; not  continuous.  Johnson. 

2.  Disjunctive ; discretivc. 

“ I resign  my  life,  but  not  my  honor,”  is  a discrete  proposi- 
tion. Johnson. 

Discrete  proportion , ( Arith .)  is  one  in  which  the 
ratio  of  the  first  term  to  the  second  is  equal  to  that  of 
the  third  to  the  fourth,  but  not  equal  to  that  of  the 
second  to  the  third  : thus,  3 : 6 : : 8 : 16  ; — opposed  to 
a continued  or  geometrical  proportion,  of  which  the 
following  is  an  example  ; 3 : 6 : : 12  : 24.  Davies . — 
Discrete  quantity , a quantity  of  which  the  component 
parts  have  a separate  and  distinct  existence  ; thus, 
numbers  are  discrete  quantities,  being  composed  of 
separate  units,  j Braude. 

A - “ This  word  and  its  companion  concrete , one 
would  have  supposed,  should  have  the  same  accentua- 
tion in  all  our  pronouncing  dictionaries  ; and  yet 
scarcely  any  two  words  are  more  difFerently  accented. 
The  accent  is  placed  on  the  last  syllable  of  concrete 
by  Dr.  Ash,  Buchanan,  Perry,  Entick,  and  Bailey  ; 
and  on  the  first  by  Sheridan,  Dr.  Johnson,  Smith,  W. 
Johnston,  and  Dr.  Kenrick.  Scott  accents  the  last 
syllable  of  concrete  when  an  adjective,  and  the  first 
when  a substantive — a distinction  very  agreeable 
to  analogy  ; but  Entick,  directly  contrary  to  this 
analogy,  reverses  this  order.  Discrete  is  always  used 
as  an  adjective,  but  has  scarcely  less  diversity  of  ac- 
centuation than  concrete.  Dr.  Johnson,  Dr.  Kenrick, 
Mr.  Nares,  Mr.  Scott,  Perry,  and  Entick  accent  it  on 
the  last  syllable  ; and  Dr.  Ash,  Mr.  Sheridan,  and  Bai- 
ley on  the  first.  — But  I apprehend  the  accent  ought  to 
he  placed  on  the  first  syllable  of  concrete  when  a sub- 
stantive, and  on  the  last  of  both  words  when  adjec- 
tives.” Walker. 

It  may  he  seen  that  all  the  recent  authorities  place 
the  accent  on  the  second  syllable  of  discrete , hut  a 
majority  of  them  on  the  first  syllabic  of  concrete. — 
See  Concrete. 

DIS-CRE''TION  (djs-kresh'un),  n.  [L.  discretio  ; 


discerno,  discretus,  to  separate  ; It.  discrezione ; 
Sp.  discrecion  ; Fr.  discretion.  — See  Discern.] 

1.  f Separation  ; disjunction.  Mede. 

2.  The  quality  of  being  discreet ; knowledge 
to  govern  or  direct  one’s  self  properly;  judg- 
ment; prudence;  capacity  for  wise  management. 

The  better  part  of  valor  is  discretion.  Shak. 

Discretion  is  the  perfection  of  reason,  and  a guide  to  win 
all  the  duties  of  life.  Addison. 

3.  The  exercise  of  judgment  or  prudence. 

Was  it  discretion,  lords,  to  let  this  man, 

This  honest  man,  wait?  Shak. 

To  surrender  at  discretion,  to  deliver  up  one’s  self 
to  the  discretion  of  another  ; to  surrender  without 
stipulation  of  conditions. 

DIS-CRE"TION-AL  (dis-kresh'un-al),  a.  Left  to 
discretion  or  choice  ; discretionary.  “ Discre- 
tional authority.”  Bp.  Horsley. 

DIS-CRE''TION- AL-LY  (djs-kresh'un-sil-le),  ad.  At 
pleasure  ; at  choice.  Nares. 

DIS-CRE''TION-A-RY  (dis-kresh'un-a-re),  a.  [Fr. 
discretionnaire .]  Left  to  discretion  ; controlled 
only  by  judgment ; discretional. 

The  major,  being  a person  of  consummate  experience,  was 
invested  with  discretionary  power.  Taller. 

DIS-CRE'TIVE  [djs-kre'tjv,  W.  P.  Ja.  Sm.  R.Wb. ; 
dls'kre-tlv,  S.  A.],  a.  (Logic.)  Disjunctive  ; 
noting  separation  or  opposition. 

A discretivc  proposition  is  that  which  is  opposed  to 
another  by  means  of  but,  though,  yet,  &.C.,  which  are 
called  discretivc  conjunctions. 

DIS-CRE'TIVE-LY,  ad.  In  a discretive  manner. 

DIS-CRI’  MEN,  n.  [L.,  a separation .]  (Med.)  A 
bandage  used  in  bleeding  on  the  forehead  or 
from  the  frontal  vein.  Dunglison. 

DIS-CRIM'I-NA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  discrimi- 
nated; distinguishable,  [r.]  Bailey. 

DlS-CRlM'J-NAL,  a.  [L.  discriminalis,  that  serves 
to  divide.]  Noting  a line  between  the  hand  and 
the  arm  ; — called  also  the  dragon’s  tail.  Brande. 

DIS-CRlM'I-NAN-CY,  n.  The  capability  or  power 
of  discriminating,  [r.]  P.  Mag. 

DIS-CRJmT-NATE,  v.  a.  [L.  discrimino,  discrimi- 
natus\  Sp.  discriminar.  — See  Discern.]  [i. 
discriminated;  pp.  discriminating,  dis- 
criminated.] 

1.  f To  separate  ; to  select.  “To  discriminate 

the  goats  from  the  sheep.”  Barrow. 

2.  To  mark  as  distinct  or  peculiar;  to  distin- 
guish by  certain  tokens  ; to  perceive  the  differ- 
ence of.  “ In  outward  fashions  . . . discriminat- 
ed from  all  the  nations  of  the  earth.”  Hammond. 

Syn. — See  Distinguish. 

DIS-CRlM'j-NATE,  v.  n.  To  make  a distinction  ; 
to  note  peculiarities  or  differences.  Coivper. 

DIS-CRIM'i-NATE,  a.  Discriminated ; distinct. 
“No  discriminate  sex.”  Bacon. 

DIS-CRlM'l-NATE-LY,  ad.  With  discrimination  ; 
distinctly ; discriminatively.  Johnson. 

DIS-CRIM'J-NATE-NESS,  n.  Distinctness ; marked 
difference,  [it.]  Bailey. 

DIS-Cr!m'I-NAT-ING,  p.  a.  Marking  a difference ; 
distinguishing. 

DIS-CRIM-I-NA'TION,  n.  1.  The  act  of  discrimi- 
nating ; distinction. 

A satire  should  expose  nothing  but  what  is  corrigible, 
and  make  a due  discrimination  between  those  that  are  and 
those  that  are  not  the  proper  objects  of  it.  Addison. 

2.  The  faculty  of  discriminating  or  perceiv- 
ing differences  ; discernment ; penetration ; as, 
“A  person  of  nice  discrimination.” 

3.  Mark  of  distinction ; that  which  shows 
that  objects  are  regarded  as  unlike. 

Tnke  heed  of  abetting  any  factions,  or  applying  any  pub- 
lic discriminations  in  matters  of  religion.  King  Charles. 

Syn. — See  Difference,  Discernment. 

DIS-CRI M'I-NA-TIVE,  a.  1.  That  discriminates 
or  distinguishes  ; making  discrimination ; char- 
acterizing. “ Discriminative  badges.”  Hale. 

2.  That  observes  distinction.  “Discrimina- 
tive Providence.”  More. 

DJS-CRIM'I-NA-TlVE-LY,  ad.  With  discrimina- 
tion. “ Discriminatively  used.”  Mede. 

DIS-CRTM'I-NA-TOR,  n.  [L.]  One  who  discrimi- 
nates or  distinguishes.  Ilaslam. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  Itt'LE.  — 9,  £,  9,  g,  soft ; C,  G,  c,  j§,  hard;  f;  as  z ; £ OS  gz.  — THIS,  tfiis. 


DISCRIMINATORY 


DJS-CRIM'I-NA-TQ-RY,  a.  That  discriminates; 
discriminative.  Athenamm. 

t DIS-CRIM'J-NOUS,  a.  Dangerous.  Haney. 

DIS-CROYVN',  V.  a.  [i.  DISCROWNED  ; pp.  DIS- 
CROWNING, discrowned.]  To  deprive  or  di- 
vest of  a crown.  Charles  I. 

+ DJS-CRtJ'CJ-AT-JNG,  a.  Excruciating;  painful 
in  the  extreme.  Browne. 

f DIS-CU'BI-TO-RY,  a.  [L . discubitorius.]  Fitted 
to  the  posture  of  reclining.  “ Custom,  by  de- 
recs,  changed  their  cubiculary  beds  into  cliscu- 
itory.’’  Browne. 

f DIS-CUL/PATE,  v.  a.  [L.  cits  and  culpo,  culpa- 
tus ; Sp.  disculpar .]  To  exculpate.  Ashton. 

DIS-CUL-pA'TION,  n.  Exculpation,  [r.]  Burke. 

DIS-CUM'BpN-CY,  n.  [L.  discumbo , discumbcns, 
to  recline  at  table.]  The  reclining  or  recum- 
bent posture  adopted  by  the  ancients  at  their 
meals ; recumbency, 

The  Greeks  and  Romans  used  the  custom  of  discumhcncy 
at  meals.  Browne. 

DIS-CU.M'BER,  v.  a.  To  free  from  an  encum- 
brance ; to  disencumber  ; to  disentangle.  Pope. 

f DIS-CURE',  v.  a.  [Fr.  discourrir.]  To  discover. 

The  plain  truth  unto  me  discure.  Lydgate. 

f DIS-CUR'Rf.NT,  a.  Not  current.  SirE.Sandys. 

DIS-CUR'SION,  n.  [Fr.  discursion .]  The  act  of 
passing  from  one  thing  to  another ; gradation 
of  reasoning  or  argument.  Hobbes. 

f DIS-CUR'SIST,  n.  A disputer.  L.  Addison. 

DIS-CtiR'SIVE,  a.  [Sp.  discursivo ; Fr.  discursif  i] 

1.  Proceeding  regularly  from  premises  to  con- 
sequences ; argumentative ; reasoning. ' 

There  hath  been  much  dispute  . . . whether  they  [brutes] 
have  a kind  of  discursive  faculty,  which  some  call  reason.  Hide. 

2.  Roving;  desultory  ; rambling.  “The  natu- 
ral and  discursive  motion  of  the  spirits.”  Bacon. 

DIS-CUR'SIVE-LY,  ad.  In  a discursive  manner. 

DJS-CUR'SJVE-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality 
of  being  discursive.  Barrow. 

DIS-CUR'SO-RY,  a.  Partaking  of  the  nature  of 
discourse  or  reasoning ; discursive  ; argumenta- 
tive. Bp.  Hall. 

DJS-CUR' SUS,  n.  [L.]  (Logic.)  Ratiocination; 
argumentation  ; discourse.  Crabb. 

DIS'CFS,  n. ; L.  pi.  disci ; Eng.  pi.  discuses. 
[L.,  from  Gr.  Siai to;.]  A quoit ; a heavy  circular 
piece  of  iron  thrown  in  the  ancient  sports ; a 
disk. 

From  Elatrcus’  strong  arm  the  discus  flies.  Pope. 

DIS-CUSS',  v.  a.  [L.  discutio,  discussus,  to  dash 
to  pieces,  to  scatter ; dis,  asunder,  and  cjuatio,  to 
strike;  It.  discatere ; Sp.  discutir ; Fr.  disc  uteri] 
[ l . DISCUSSED  ; pp.  DISCUSSING,  DISCUSSED.] 

1.  f To  break  in  pieces.  Browne. 

2.  fTo  shake  oft';  to  cast  aside. 

All  regards  of  shame  she  had  discussed.  Spenser. 

3.  To  debate;  to  reason  upon;  to  inquire 
into  ; to  sift ; to  examine  by  disputation. 

Men  are  never  so  likely  to  settle  a question  rightly  as  when 
they  discuss  it  freely.  Macaulay. 

4.  (Med.)  To  scatter;  to  disperse;  to  resolve. 
“ A pomade  ...  to  discuss  pimples.”  Rambler. 

5.  (Law.)  To  exhaust  a remedy  against  a 

principal  debtor  before  proceeding  against  the 
surety.  Burrill. 

Syn. — Discuss  the  point,  topic,  &c. ; debate,  the 
question  ; examine  the  subject  or  question  ; sift  the 
matter.  A discussion  or  debate  is  carried  on  by  two 
or  more  persons  ; an  examination  may  be  made  by  one 
only. 

DJS-CUSS'$R,  n.  One  who  discusses.  Johnson. 

DIS-CUSS'JNG,  n.  Examination.  Ayliffe. 

DIS-CUS'SION  (djs-kush'un),  n.  [L.  discussio ; 
It.  discuss  t one ; Sp  .discusion;  Fr  .discussion.] 

1.  The  act  of  discussing  or  sifting  ; agitation 
of  a question  in  order  to  some  determination  ; 
disquisition ; examination. 

Whosoever  is  afraid  of  submitting  any  question,  civil  or 
religious,  to  the  test  of  free  discussion,  is’inore  in  love  with 
his  own  opinion  than  with  truth.  Bp.  Watson. 

2.  (Med.)  Dispersion,  as  of  a tumor.  Wiseman. 

3.  (Law.)  The  exhausting  of  a remedy  against 


414 

a principal  debtor,  before  proceeding  against  the 
surety.  Burrill. 

4.  (Math.)  The  operation  of  assigning  special 
values  to  the  arbitrary  quantities  which  enter  into 
an  equation  and  interpreting  the  results.  Eliot. 

Syn. — See  Agitation,  Discuss. 

DIS-CLTS'SION-AL,  a.  Relating  to  discussion  ; 
discussive.  [r.]  Ed.  Bev. 

DIS-CUS'SIVE,  a.  (Med.)  Discutient.  Johnson. 

DIS-CUS'SIVE,  n.  (Med.)  A discutient.  Smart. 

DJS-CU'TI IJNT  (djs-ku'shent),  n.  [L.  discutio,  dis- 
cutiens.]  (Med.)  A medicine  to  disperse  morbid 
matter.  “ Repellents  and  discutients.”  Wiseman. 

DIS-CU'TIIJNT,  a.  (Med.)  Dispersing  morbid 
matter ; discussive.  Dunglison. 

DIS-DAiN',  v.  a.  [L . dedignor ; de,  negative,  and 
aignor,  to  deem  worthy ; It.  disdegnare  ; Sp. 
desdehar  ; Fr.  didaigner.]  [/.  disdained  ; pp. 
DISDAINING,  disdained.]  To  regard  with  con- 
tempt ; to  despise  ; to  contemn  ; to  scorn  ; to 
consider  as  unworthy  or  unbecoming. 

There  dwelt  the  scorn  of  vice,  and  pity  too, 

For  those  who  did  what  she  disdained  to  do.  Waller. 

Syn.  — See  Contemn. 

DISDAIN',  v.  n.  1.  To  consider  as  derogatory ; 
to  scorn. 

Two  potent  thrones,  that  to  be  less  than  gods 
Disdained.  Milton. 

2.  To  take  umbrage  ; to  be  angry.  B.  Jonson. 

DJS-DAIN',  n.  [It.  sdegno-,  Sp.  desden;  Fr.  di- 
et ain.]  Indignation  united  with  contempt ; scorn  ; 
contempt ; haughtiness. 

But  against  you,  ye  Greeks,  ve  coward  train, 

Gods!  how  my  soul  is  moved  with  just  disdain.  Pope. 

Syn.  — Sec  Contemn,  Haughtiness. 

DIS-DAIN'FUL,  a.  Full  of,  or  expressing,  dis- 
dain ; contemptuous  ; scornful. 

Let  not  Ambition  mock  their  useful  toil. 

Their  homely  joys,  and  destiny  obscure; 

Nor  Grandeur  hear,  with  a disdainful  smile, 

The  short  and  simple  annals  of  tile  poor.  Gray. 

Syn.  — See  Fastidious. 

DI§-DAlN'FUL-LY,  ad.  In  a scornful  manner. 

DIS-DAIN'FUL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
disdainful ; contemptuousness  ; scorn.  Sidney. 

DI^-DAlN'lNG,  n.  Scorn;  contempt.  Donne. 

DI§-DAIN'ISH-LY,  ad.  Disdainfully.  Vices. 

t DI§-DAlN'OyS,  a.  Disdainful.  “ A disdainous 
and  grievous  look,”  Sir  T.  Elyott. 

f Dl^-DAIN'OUS-I.Y,  ad.  Disdainfully.  Bale. 

Dllf-DE'j-FY,  v.  a.  To  deprive  of  the  quality  of 
being  a deity.  Feltham. 

Dl.S-DI-A-PA'ljSON,  n.  [Gr.  bis,  twice,  Sul,  through, 
and  naadv,  all.]  (Mus.)  A name  given  by  the 
Greeks  to  a scale  of  two  octaves.  P.  Cyc. 

DIS-EAfjE'  (djz-ez'),  n.  [dis  and  case.  — Norm. 
Fr.  desease.] 

1.  fWant  of  ease;  unquietness;  distress. 
“ In  the  world  ye  shall  have  disease.” 

John  xvi.  33.  Wickliffe’s  Translation. 

2.  Any  morbid  state  of  the  body  generally,  or 
of  any  particular  organ  or  part  of  the  body ; any 
derangement  of  the  functions,  or  alteration  of 
the  structure,  of  the  animal  organs.  Brande. 

3.  Any  moral  or  mental  disorder. 

Though  all  afflictions  arc  evils  in  themselves,  yet  they  arc 
good  for  us,  because  they  discover  to  us  our  disease , and  tend 
to  our  cure.  Tillotson. 

Syn.  — Disease , disorder , distemper , complaint , and 
mcilady  all  denote  an  ill  state  of  health  ; but  disease  is 
the  most  common  medical  term,  and  malady  is  the 
most  vague  and  least  common  of  these  terms,  and  dis- 
temper is  now  applied  chiefly  to  animals.  A painful 
disease  ; a slight  indisposition,  illness,  complaint,  or  dis- 
order ; sickness  of  the  stomach;  severe  sickness;  a 
catching  distemper ; a common  malady.  Disease  in 
man  ; distemper  ill  brutes. 

DI§-EA§E',  V.  a.  [i.  DISEASED  ; pp.  DISEASING, 
DISEASED.] 

1.  t To  make  uneasy;  to  disturb.  Locke. 

2.  To  afflict  with  disease  ; to  infect;  to  dis- 
order. “ Diseased  in  his  feet.”  1 Kings  xv.  23. 

DI$-EA§ED'  (djz-ezd'),  p.  a.  Affected  by  disease ; 
distempered. 

Syn.  — See  Sick. 

DI^-EA.^'pD-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  dis- 
eased ; sickness  ; morbid  state.  Burnet. 


DISENABLE 

f DI§-EA§E'FUL,  a.  Full  of,  or  causing,  dis- 
ease. 

Discascful  dainties,  riot  and  excess.  Warton. 

t D!§-EA§E'M(5NT,  n.  Trouble;  disease.  Bacon. 

DI.s-ED(j!ED'  (dlz-ejd'),  a.  Deprived  of  the  edge  ; 
blunted ; dulled  ; cloyed.  Shak. 

Dl§-ED'!-FY,  v.  a.  To  fail  of  edifying.  Waterton. 

DIS-£M-BARK',  v.  a.  [It.  sbarcare  ; Sp.  desem- 
barcar ; Fr . desembarquer.]  [£.  disembarked; 
pp.  disembarking,  disembarked.]  To  land, 
as  troops,  &c.,  from  a ship ; to  carry  to  land  or 
to  shore.  “ Disembark  my  coffers.”  Shak. 

DIS-jJM-BARK',  v.  n.  To  land;  to  go  onshore. 

There  disembarking  on  the  green  seaside. 

We  land  our  cattle,  and  the  spoil  divide.  Pope. 

DIS-EM-BAR-KA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  disembark- 
ing  or  landing.  Goldsmith. 

DlS-JJM-BAR'RASS,  v.  a.  [It.  sbarazzare ; Sp. 
desembarazar ; Fr . drsembarrasser .]  \i.  disem- 

barrassed ; pp.  disembarrassing,  disem- 
barrassed.] To  free  from  clog  or  embarrass- 
ment ; to  set  free ; to  extricate  ; to  disengage. 

We  have  disembarrassed  it  from  all  the  intricacy  which 
arose  from  the  different  forms  of  declension.  Blair. 

Syn.  — See  Disengage. 

DlS-EM-BAR'R ASS-MENT,  n.  Deliverance  from 
embarrassment  or  perplexity.  Johnson. 

Dls-f,M-BAY',u.a.  To  clear  from  a bay.  Sherburne. 

DlS-EM-BEL'LISH,  V.  a.  [It.  disabbellire.]  To 
divest  of  embellishment.  Carlyle. 

DIS-fhM-BIT'TIJR,  v.  a.  To  free  from  bitterness 
or  acrimony. 

Encourage  such  innocent  amusements  as  may  disembitter 
the  minds  of  men.  Addison. 

DIS-flM-BOD'IED  (-bod'jd),  p.  a.  1.  Divested  of 
the  body. 

How  shall  I know  thee  in  the  sphere  that  keeps 

The  disembodied  spirits  of  the  dead?  Bryant. 

2.  Discharged  from  military  incorporation  ; 
separated,  as  a body  of  soldiers. 

Syn.  — See  Incorporeal. 

DIS-£M-b6d'Y,  v.  a.  [t.  disembodied  ; pp.  dis- 
embodying, disembodied.] 

1.  To  divest  of  or  free  from  the  body. 

2.  To  discharge  from  military  incorporation 

or  assemblage.  Richardson. 

DlS-pi-BOGUE'  (dts-em-bog'),  V.  a.  [Old  Fr. 
disemboucher ; Fr.  embouchure,  the  mouth  of  a 
river.]  [t.  disembogued  ; pp.  disemboguing, 

DISEMBOGUED.] 

1.  To  pour  out  or  discharge  at  the  mouth,  as 
a river ; to  give  vent  to  ; to  empty. 

Rolling  down,  the  steep  Timavus  raves. 

And  through  nine  channels  diseinhoyues  his  waves.  Dryden. 

2.  To  cast  forth  ; to  eject.  Beau.  <5;  El. 

DIS-fiM-BOGUE'  (dls-em-bog'),  v.  n.  To  gain  a 
vent ; to  flow  forth. 

The  rivers  disembogue  into  the  sea.  Chcyne. 

DlS-pM-BOGUE'M£NT  (dls-em-bog'ment),  n.  Act 
of  discharging  water  into  a lake  or  sea.  Smart. 

DIS-pM-BO§'OM  (dls-em-buz'um),  v.  a.  To  sep- 
arate from  the  bosom.  Youny. 

DlS-f.M-BoW'IJL,  v.a.  [i.  DISEMBOWELLED  ; pp. 
DISEMBOWELLING,  DISEMBOWELLED.]  To  take 
out  the  bowels  of ; to  eviscerate.  Phillips. 

DIS-EM-BoW'ERED  (-bou'erd),  a.  Deprived  of  a 
bower,  [it.]  Bryant. 

DIS-EM-BRAN'GLE,  v.  a.  To  free  from  contest. 
“ Disembrangle  these  matters.”  Berkeley. 

DIS-EM-RROrL',  v.  a.  [Sp.  descmbrollar.]  \i. 

DISEMBROILED  ; pp.  DISEMBROILING,  DISEM- 
BROILED.] To  free  from  perplexity  or  confu- 
sion ; to  disentangle. 

The  system  of  his  politics  is  disembroiled.  Addison. 

f DIS-EM'PfUE,  v.  a.  To  deprive  of  empire  or 
command.  Speed. 

DIS-EM-PLOY',  v.  a.  To  deprive  of  employment ; 
to  dismiss  from  service.  Bp.  Taylor. 

DIS-IJN-A'BLE,  v.  a.  To  deprive  of  power  or  abil- 
ity ; to  disable ; to  disqualify. 

Now  age  has  overtaken  me,  and  want,  a more  insuficra- 
ble  evil,  has  wholly  disenabled  me.  Dryden. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


DISENAMOURED 


415 


DISGRACEFUL 


DIS-IJN-AM'OURED  (-am'urd),  a.  Freed  from  the 
thraldom  of  iove.  “ Don  Quixote  disenamoured 
of  Dulcinea  del  Toboso.”  Shelton. 

DIS-EN-CII  ANT'  (12),  v.  a.  [Sp.  desencantar ; Fr. 
desenchanter .]  [i-  disenchanted  ; pp.  disen- 

chanting, disenchanted.]  To  free  from  an 
enchantment;  to  deliver  from  the  power  of 
charms  or  spells. 

"Where  are  your  promised  aids,  your  charms,  your  herbs, 
Your  deep- read  scholar’s  spells,  and  magic  rites  ? 

Can  all  these  disenchant  me?  Massinger . 

DIS-IJN-CIIANT'ER,  n.  One  who  disenchants  ; 
one  who  frees  from  enchantment. 

DIS-EN-C1I Ant' MEAT,  ??.  The  act  of  disenchant- 
ing. “ Disenchantment  of  Dulcinea.”  Shelton. 

DIS-EN-CHARM',  v.  a.  To  free  from  the  influ- 
ence of  charms  or  fascination.  Bp.  Taylor. 

DlS-f.N-CLO.^E',  v.  a.  To  throw  open,  as  some- 
thing that  has  been  enclosed.  Craig. 

DIS-EN-CUM'BER,  v.  a.  [i.  DISENCUMBERED; 
pp.  DISENCUMBERING,  DISENCUMBERED.]  To 
free  from  that  which  encumbers  or  obstructs  ; 
to  disburden.  “ Disencumbered  from_  her 
chains.”  loung. 

DIS-EN-CUM'BIJRED  (dls-en-lcum'berd),p.  a.Freed 
from  encumbrance. 

DJS-JJN-CUM'BRANCE,  n.  Freedom  from  any 
thing  that  encumbers  or  is  burdensome.  “ De- 
sire of  ease  and  disencumbrance.”  Spectator. 

DIS-EN-DoW'MENT,  n.  The  act  of  divesting  or 
depriving  of  endowment.  Ec.  Rev. 

DIS-JjjN-FRAN'CITI^E,  v.  a.  To  deprive  of  privi- 
leges or  rights  ; to  disfranchise.  Booth. 

DIS-pN-FRAN'CHl§E-MENT,  n.  The  act  of  dis- 
enfranchising ; disfranchisement.  Booth. 

DIS-f.N-GAgE',  v.  a.  [Fr.  degager.']  [i.  disen- 
gaged ; pp.  disengaging,  disengaged.] 

1.  To  set  at  liberty  ; to  set  free  ; to  release  ; 
to  liberate  ; to  extricate  ; to  disentangle  ; to 
separate  ; to  disjoin  ; to  detach. 

I He  disengaged  the  dart  with  pain.  Fill. 

2.  To  set  free  from  any  obligation,  attach- 
ment, or  pursuit ; to  withdraw;  to  wean. 

We  should  . . . disengage  our  minds  from  other  things, 
that  we  may  the  more  effectually  attend  to  the  new  object 
which  we  wish  to  remember.  Beattie. 

Syn.  — To  disengage  signifies  to  free  from  engage- 
ment; to  disentangle,  to  free  from  entanglement ; to 
disembarrass , to  free  from  embarrassment ; to  extricate , 
to  free  from  perplexity  or  danger.  Disengaged  from 
common  pursuits  ; disentangled  from  party  alliances  ; 
disembarrassed  from  debt  ; extricated  from  oppression 
or  from  ruin  ; released  from  an  engagement ; liberated 
from  prison. 

DIS-EN-GApE',  v.  n.  To  set  one’s  self  free ; to 
withdraw  the  affections. 

Providence  gives  us  notice,  by  sensible  declensions,  that 
we  may  disengage  from  the  world  by  degrees.  Collier. 

DIS-F,N-GADED'  (dls-en-gajd'),  a.  Not  engaged  ; 
being  at  liberty  or  at  leisure  ; vacant.  “ A free 
and  disengaged  manner.”  Spectator. 

DIS-£N-GA(jl'ED-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
disengaged  ; disengagement ; disjunction. 

DJS-IJN-G AflF/M F, NT,  n.  [Fr.  d&gagement .] 

1.  The  state  of  being  disengaged  ; release  or 
freedom  from  an  engagement  or  obligation. 
“ Disengagement  from  earthly  trammels.” 

Sir  W.  Jones. 

2.  Freedom  of  attention  ; vacancy.  Johnson. 

DIS-JJN-NO'BLE,  v.  a.  To  deprive  of  that  which 
ennobles  ; to  render  ignoble  ; to  disgrace. 

An  unworthy  behavior  degrades  and  disennobles  a man. 

Guardian. 

DI3-IJN-ROLL',  v.  a.  To  remove  out  of  aroll.  Donne. 

DIS-EN-SLAVE',  v.  a.  To  redeem  or  set  free  from 
slavery  ; to  manumit ; to  disinthrall.  South. 

DIS-IJN-TAN'GLE  (-tSng'gl),  V.  a.  \i.  DISENTAN- 
GLED ; pp.  DISENTANGLING,  DISENTANGLED.] 

1.  To  free  from  entanglement;  to  loose  from 
that  which  is  interwoven  or  connected  ; to  un- 
ravel; as,  “To  disentangle  a skein  of  thread.” 

2.  To  set  free  from  impediments  or  difficulty ; 
to  disembroil ; to  disengage  ; to  separate. 

It  becomes  extremely  hard  to  disentangle  our  idea  of  the 
cause  from  the  effect  by  which  wc  are  lecl  to  know  it.  Burke. 

Syn.  — See  Disengage. 


DIS-UN-TAN'GLE-MENT  (dis-en-tang'gl-ment),  n. 
The  act  of  disentangling,  unravelling,  or  freeing 
from  difficulty.  Warton. 

DIS-UN-TER',  v.  a.  See  Disinter.  Browne. 

DIS-EN-THRALL',  v.  a.  To  release  from  thral- 
dom ; to  set  free. — See  Disinthrall.  South. 

Dls-^N-THRONE',  v.  a.  To  dethrone. 

To  disenthi’one  the  King  of  heaven  we  war.  Milton. 

DIS-EN-Tl'TLE,  v.  a.  To  deprive  of  claim  or  title. 

Every  ordinary  offence  does  not  disentitle  a son  to  the  love 
of  his  father.  South. 

DIS- FIN-TOMB'  (dls-en-tom'),  V.  a.  To  take  out  of 
a tomb  ; to  disinter.  Tallmadge. 

f DIS-EN-TRAIL',  v.  a.  To  divest  of  the  entrails, 
bowels,  or  intestines  ; to  disembowel.  Spenser. 

DIS-JJN-TrAnCE',  v.  a.  To  awaken  or  restore 
from  a state  of  trance.  Iiudibras. 

DIS-EN-TWlNE',  v.  a.  To  free  from  the  state  of 
being  entwined ; to  untwist.  Byron. 

DI.ji-ERT',  a.  [L.  disertus.]  Eloquent,  [r.]  Boag. 

DIS-ER'TI-TUDE,  n.  [L.  disertitudo .]  Elo- 
quence. [r.]  Clarke. 

DIS-ES-POUfpE',  v.  a.  To  separate  after  faith 
plighted  ; to  prevent  from  espousal. 

Such  was  the  rage 

Of  Turnus  for  Lavinia  disesfiousea.  Milton. 

DIS-ES-TAB'LISH,  v.  a.  To  overthrow;  to  un- 
settle. [r.]  N.  E.  Elders. 

DIS-ES-TEEM',  n.  Slight  regard ; disregard;  want 
of  esteem;  disfavor;  dislike.  “ They  go  on  in 
opposition  to  general  disesteem.”  Tatler. 

DIS-ES-TEEM',  v.  a.  To  regard  slightly  ; to  reck- 
on of  little  account ; to  hold  in  slight  contempt. 

I would  not  be  thought  to  disesteem  or  dissuade  the  study 
of  nature.  Locke. 

DIS-ES-TEEM'F.R,  n.  One  who  disesteems.  Boyle. 

DIS-ES-TI-MA'TION,  n.  Want  of  esteem  ; dis- 
respect ; disesteem.  Reynolds. 

f DIS-EX'ER-Cl§E,  v.  a.  To  deprive  of  exercise. 
“ By  disexercising  . . . our  abilities.”  Milton. 

f DIS-FAN'CY,  v.  a.  To  dislike.  Hammond. 

DIS-FA'VOR,  n.  [It.  disfavore ; Sp.  disfavor.'] 

1.  Want  of  favor  ; unpropitious  regard  : dis- 
countenance ; disesteem  ; disregard. 

The  least  thing  which  shall  be  offered  in  disfavor  to  the 
established  church.  Abp.  Dawes. 

2.  The  state  of  being  out  of  favor  ; a state  of 
unacceptableness. 

After  his  sacrilege  he  was  in  disfavor  with  both  [God  and 
man].  Sjielman. 

3.  An  ungracious  or  unkindly  act.  “ He 

might  dispense  favors  and  disfavors  according 
to  his  own  election.”  Clarendon. 

DIS-FA'VOR,  v.  a.  [It.  disfavorire .] 

1.  To  discountenance  ; to  oppose  by  mani- 
festing disapproval. 

Appius  Claudius  . . . disfavored  the  factions  of  great  men. 

Raleigh. 

2.  To  render  unseemly;  to  mar  the  appear- 
ance of.  B.  Jonson. 

f DIS-FA'VOR- A-BLE,  a.  Unfavorable.  “For- 
tune disfavor  able.”  Stoic. 

f DIS-FA'VOR- A-BLY,  ad.  Unfavorably. 

Mountagu. 

DIS-FA'VOR-IJR,  n.  One  who  disfavors.  Bacon. 

DIS-FEAT'URE  (dis-fet'yur),  v.  a.  To  deprive  of 
features ; to  disfigure ; to  deform.  Coleridge. 

dIs-FIG-U-RA'TION,  n.  [It.  disfigurazione  ; Sp. 
desfiguracion.] 

1.  Act  of  disfiguring  ; disfigurement.  Johnson. 

2.  Injury  to  appearance  ; the  result  of  disfig- 
uring ; deformity.  Shaftesbury . 

DIS-FIG'URE  (dis-flg'yur),  v.  a.  [It.  disfigurare  ; 
Sp.  desfigurar ; Fr.  defgurer.]  \i.  disfigured  ; 
pp.  disfiguring,  disfigured.]  To  injure  or 
mar  the  form  or  appearance  of ; to  deform  ; to  de- 
face. “ Disfigured  with  their  wounds.”  Addison. 

Syn.  — See  Deface. 

DIS-FlG'URE-MENT,  n.  A marring  of  figure  or 
beauty ; defacement.  Hume. 


DlS-FIG'LT-RFlR,  n.  One  who  disfigures.  Clarke. 

DIS-FOR'jpST,  v.  a.  See  Disafforest.  Johnson. 

DIS-FRAN'CHI^E  (dls-fran'chjz),  v.  a.  [It.  dis- 
franeare.]  \i.  disfranchised  ; pp.  disfran- 
chising, disfranchised.]  To  deprive  of  char- 
tered rights ; to  deprive  of  any  privileges  or  im- 
munities of  a citizen. 

Any  particular  member  may  be  disfranchised,  or  lose  hi9 
place  in  the  corporation,  by  acting  contrary  to  the  laws  of 
his  society,  or  laws  of  the  land.  Blackstone. 

DIS-FR  AN 'CHIDED  (dis-fian'chizd),  p.  a.  De- 
prived  of  privileges. 

DIS-FRAN'CHI^E-MENT,  n.  The  act  of  disfran- 
chising, or  the  state  of  being  disfranchised  ; de- 
privation of  privileges.  Burke. 

fDlS-FRI'AR,  v.  a.  To  divest  of  the  state,  con- 
dition, or  order  of  a friar.  Sandy s. 

DIS-FUR'NISH,  v.  a.  To  unfurnish;  to  deprive; 
to  strip  ; to  divest ; to  dismantle.  Shah. 

f DIS-FUR'NI-TURE,  n.  The  act  of  disfurnisll- 
ing  ; a divesting ; a deprivation.  Mountagu. 

f DI^-GA(pE',  v.  a.  To  disengage.  Holland. 

d!§-GAl'LANT,  v.  a.  To  deprive  of  gallantry  or 
courage,  [n.]  B.  Jonson. 

DI^-GAR'LAND,  v.  a.  To  deprive  of  the  orna- 
ment of  a garland.  Drummond. 

DI§-GAR'NISII,  v.  a.  [Fr.  dega/mir.]  \i.  Dis- 
garnished  ; pp.  disgarnisiiing,  disgar- 
nished.] 

1.  fTo  strip  of  ornaments.  Martin. 

2.  To  take  guns  from,  as  a fortress  ; to  dis- 
mantle ; to  disfurnlsh ; to  divest.  Hall. 

DJij-GAR'RI-SON  (-gar're-sn),  V.  a.  To  deprive  of 
a garrison.  Dr.  Hewyt. 

DIS-GAV'JRL,  v.  a.  (Late.)  To  deprive  lands  of 
that  principal  quality  of  gavelkind  tenure  by 
which  they  descend  equally  among  all  the  sons 
of  the  tenant.  Burrill. 

f Dl§-GLO'RI-FY,  v.  a.  To  deprive  of  glory.  Milton. 

DI^-GOR^JE',  v.  a.  [Fr.  dfforger ; de,  from,  and 
gorge,  the  throat.]  [i.  disgorged  ; pp.  dis- 
gorging, disgorged.] 

1.  To  discharge  from  the  throat  or  stomach 
through  the  mouth  ; to  spew  ; to  vomit. 

From  the  distant  shore  they  loudly  laughed 
To  see  his  heaving  breast  disgorge  the  briny  draught.  Drydcn. 

2.  To  pour  out  with  violence ; to  eject. 

Four  infernal  rivers,  that  disgorge 

Into  the  burning  lake  their  baleful  streams.  Milton. 

3.  To  yield,  as  something  held  wrongfully ; to 
give  up  ; to  relinquish  ; to  surrender.  D.  Webster. 

Dl§-GOR(?E'M?NT,  n.  The  act  of  disgorging. 

Loathsome  disgorgements  of  their  wicked  blasphemies. 

B/>.  I Tall . 

f Dl.jJ-GOS'PEL,  v.  n.  To  pervert  the  gospel.  Milton. 

DLS-GRAce',  n.  [It.  disgrazia  ; Sp.  desgracia ; 
Fr.  disgrace.] 

1.  State  of  being  out  of  favor ; degradation. 

Pray  Heaven,  lie  sound  not  my  disgrace.  Shak. 

2.  A state  of  ignominy  ; dishonor  ; shame ; 
reproach ; infamy ; disrepute  ; opprobrium  ; dis- 
credit. 

This  deep  disgrace  in  brotherhood 
Touches  me  deeper  than  you  can  imagine.  Shak. 

3.  Cause  of  shame,  dishonor,  or  reproach. 

What  a disgrace  it  is  to  me  to  remember  thy  name!  Shak. 

4.  f An  act  of  unkindness;  a disfavor.  Sidney. 

Syn.  — See  Discredit,  Infamy. 

DISGRACE',  v.  a.  [It.  disgraziare  ; Sp.(fes<7ra- 
ciar\  Fr.  disgracier.]  [i.  disgraced  ; pp.  dis- 
gracing, disgraced.] 

1.  To  put  out  of  favor.  “ The  minister  was 

disgraced.”  Johnson. 

2.  To  bring  shame,  dishonor,  or  a stain  upon  ; 

to  subject  to  reproach ; to  discredit.  “His  ig- 
norance disgraced  him.”  Johnson. 

3.  To  treat  ignominiously ; to  dishonor  ; to 
degrade. 

[He]  disgraced  me  in  my  happy  victories.  ShM:. 

Syn.  — See  Abase,  Degrade. 

DLS-GRACE'FUL,  a.  Shameful  ; ignominious  ; 
dishonorable;  base;  mean;  vile;  scandalous. 
“ Disgraceful  language.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

Syn.  — Sec  Base. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.— 9,  G,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  S,  c,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  ^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


DISGRACEFULLY 


416 


DISINCLINATION 


DI§-GRACE'FUL-LY,  ad.  In  a disgraceful  manner. 

DI§-GRACE'FUL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
disgraceful ; ignominy  ; disgrace  ; shamefulness. 

DI§-GRA'C)JR,  n.  One  who  disgraces. 

DLSGRA'CIOLS  (dlz-gra'sluis),  a.  [It.  disgrazio- 
50.]  Unpleasing;  ungracious.  Shak. 

f Dt^-GRA'CIVE,  a.  That  disgraces;  disgraceful, 
[it.]  Feltham. 

f dIs-GRADE',  v.  a.  To  deprive  of  an  order  or 
dignity;  to  degrade.  Cowell. 

f DI§-GRAD'ING,  n.  {Old  Eng.  Late.)  The  de- 
priving of  an  order  or  dignity.  Burrill. 

t DIS'GRp-GATE,  v.  a.  [Fr.  disgreger.]  To  sep- 
arate ; to  disperse.  More. 

DI§-GUi§E'  (djz-glz/),  v.  a.  [Fr.  d°guiser.']  [i. 

DISGUISED  ; pp.  DISGUISING,  DISGUISED.] 

1.  To  conceal,  or  change  the  appearance  of, 
as  by  an  unusual  dress  ; to  mask  ; to  muffle. 

And  she  put  her  widow’s  garments  of!’  from  her,  and  cov- 
ered her  with  a cloak,  and  disguised  herself.  Bible,  1551. 

2.  To  hide  by  a counterfeit  appearance ; to 
dissemble ; to  feign. 

When  we  are  touched  with  some  important  ill,  . . . 

Sorrow  nor  joy  can  be  disguised  by  art.  Dryden. 

3.  To  change  in  manners  or  behavior  by  the 
use  of  spirituous  liquor ; to  make  drunk ; to 
intoxicate. 

The  whole  magistracy  was  pretty  well  disguised.  Spectator. 

DJij-GUi.SE'  (diz-glz'),  n.  1.  A dress  intended  to 
conceal  the  person  who  wears  it ; a counterfeit 
dress ; a mask. 

In  which  disguise 
Her  father  hath  commanded  her  to  slip 
Away  with  Slender.  Shak. 

2.  A false  appearance  ; counterfeit  semblance. 

False  oaths,  false  tears,  deceits,  disguises.  Pope. 

3.  The  change  produced  in  the  manners  or 

behavior  by  drinking  spirituous  liquor  ; intoxi- 
cation. Shak. 

DI§-GUI§ED'  (djz-glzd'),  p.  a.  1.  Changed  by  a 
disguise  or  mask  ; disfigured. 

2.  Intoxicated  or  affected  by  drink. 

D[§-GUT§'ED-LY  (diz-glz'ed-Ie),  ad.  With  dis- 
guise ; by  means  of  a disguise.  Todd. 

DI§-GUf§'I?D-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  dis- 
guised. [r.]  Bp.  Hall. 

t DI§-GUl§E'MENT,  n.  Disguise.  Sidney. 

DI^-GULji'JJR  (djz-giz'er),  n.  One  who  disguises. 

DJ§-GU!§'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  uses  or 
practises  disguises.  Donne. 

2.  Theatrical  pastime;  frolic  in  masks  ; mum- 
mery. B.  Jonson. 

DI§-GUST',  n.  [Fr.  dfoitf.] 

1.  Aversion  of  the  palate ; great  disrelish  or 

distaste  ; nausea  ; loathing.  Johnson. 

2.  Dislike  ; repugnance  ; extreme  displeas- 
ure. “ Dark  disgust  and  hatred.”  Thomson. 

Syn.  — See  Displeasure,  Repugnance. 

DJS-GUST',  v.  a.  [L.  dis,  priv.,  and  gusto,  to  taste  ; 
It.  disgustare ; Sp.  disgustar ; Fr.  degohter.~\ 
[i.  DISGUSTED  ; pp.  DISGUSTING,  DISGUSTED.] 

1.  To  raise  aversion  in  the  stomach.  Johnson. 

2.  To  produce  in  the  mind  the  feeling  of  aver- 
sion, disrelish,  or  dislike ; to  offend  ; to  dis- 
please ; — usually  with  at  or  with.  “For  fear 
of  disgusting  the  English.” 

Those  unenlargcd  souls  are  disgusted  with  the  wonders 
which  the  microscope  has  discovered.  Watts. 

DI^-GUST'FUL,  a.  Nauseous  ; causing  aversion  ; 
disgusting.  “ The  most  disgustful  task  that 
ever  I undertook.”  ’ Swift. 

DIS-GUST'FUL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
disgustful.  Sir  Wm.  Jones. 

DI§-GUST'ING,  p.  a.  Causing  disgust ; offensive  ; 
odious ; hateful ; loathsome. 

Syn.  — See  Offensive. 

DI^-GUST'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a manner  to  disgust. 

DISH,  n._  [A.  S.  disc,  a dish,  a table  ; Dut.  disch  ; 
Ger.  tisch-,  W.  dysgl. — “With  the  consent  of 
all,  says  Wachter,  from  the  Gr.  i 5twos,  L.  discus 
[a  plate,  a quoit]  ; and  so  called  from  the  shape.” 
Richardson.  — See  Dais,  Disk,  and  Desk.] 


1.  A broad,  shallow  vessel  in  which  food  is 
served  up  at  the  table. 

2.  Food  served  in  a dish;  a particular  kind 

of  food.  “ A dish  fit  for  the  gods.”  Shak. 

What  needs  of  dainty  dishes  to  devise?  Spenser. 

3.  A hollow  place  in  a field ; cavity.  Clarke. 

4.  (Mining.)  A trough  about  twenty-eight 

inches  long,  six  wide,  and  four  deep,  in  which 
ore  is  measured.  Carew. 

DISH,  v.  a.  \i.  dished  ; pp.  dishing,  dished.] 

J . To  serve  in  a dish.  Shak. 

2.  To  make  hollow  or  dish-like.  Carey. 

3.  To  cheat,  ruin,  or  frustrate.  [Low.]  Smart. 

DIS-HA-BIL'I-TATE,  v.  a.  [dis,  priv.,  and  habili- 
tate..]  To  disqualify  ; to  disentitle,  [r.]  Todd. 

DIS-H A-BILLE'  (dis-a-bll'),  a.  [Fr.  deshabille. ] 
Loosely  or  carelessly  dressed.  Dryden. 

DIS-H  A-BILLE'  (dls-a-bll'),  n.  [Fr.  deshabille .] 
Undress  ; loose  dress  ; — written  also  deshabille. 

We  have  a kind  of  sketch  of  dress,  if  I may  so  call  it, 
among  us,  called  a dishabille ; every  thing  is  thrown  on  with 
a loose  and  careless  air.  Guardian. 

f DIS-hAb'IT,  v.  a.  To  drive  from  an  abode  or 
habitation  ; to  dislodge.  Shak. 

f DIS-HAR-MO'NJ-OUS,  a.  Wanting  harmony; 
unharmonious  ; discordant.  Hallywell. 

f DIS-HAR'MO-NY,  n.  Want  of  harmony  ; dis- 
cord. “ Disharmony  in  the  faculties ."  Glanville. 

DISH 'CLOTH,  n.  A cloth  for  wiping  dishes  ; a 
dishclout.  Smart. 

DISH'CLOUT,  n.  A cloth  for  wiping  dishes.  Shak. 

DIS-HEART'EN  (dis-hdrt'tn),  V.  a.  [?.  DISHEART- 
ENED ; pp.  DISHEARTENING,  DISHEARTENED.] 
To  deprive  of  heart,  courage,  or  hope  ; to  dis- 
courage ; to  deject ; to  depress  ; to  dispirit. 

He  not  disheartened,  then  nor  cloud  those  looks 
That  wont  to  be  more  cheerful  and  serene.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Deter. 

Dls-HEART'EN-ING  (dls-bar'tn-ing),  p.  a.  Caus- 
ing dejection  ; discouraging. 

DIS-H  EART  EN-lNG-LY,  ad.  In  a manner  to 
cause  dejection ; discouragingly.  Bailey. 

DISHED  (dlsht),  p.  a.  1.  Served  up  in  a dish.  Shak. 

2.  Hollowed  like  a dish  ; excavated. 

3.  Ituined;  frustrated.  [Vulgar.]  Carey. 

Dished  wheel,  a conical  wheel,  or  a wheel  of  which 

tile  spokes  incline  outward  from  a plane  perpendicu- 
lar to  the  hub  at  their  points  of  insertion.  Bigelow. 

t DI1J-HEIR'  (dlz-Ar'),  v.  a.  To  disinherit.  Dryden. 

f DIS-HELM',  v.  a.  To  deprive  of  the  helm  or 
helmet.  Berners. 

t DIS-HER  t-.SON  (dls-her’e-zn),  n.  Disinherison. 
“ The  disherison  of  you  and  your  posterity.  ’’Hall. 

f DIS-IIER'IT,  v.  a.  To  disinherit.  Spenser. 

f DlS-IlER’IT-ANCE,  n.  Disinheritance. 

Beau.  § FI. 

d!s-HER'!T-OR,  n.  (Law.)  One  that  puts  an- 
other out  of  his  inheritance.  Crabb. 

DI-SHEV'F.L  (de-sliev'el),  v.  a.  [Fr.  decheveler  ; 
de,  or  dis,  priv.,  and  cheviu,  hair.]  [*.  dishev- 
elled ; pp.  DISHEVELLING,  DISHEVELLED.]  To 
spread  disorderly  and  loosely,  as  the  hair. 

And  mourning  matrons  with  dishevelled  hair.  Dryden. 

DI-SHEV'FL,  v.  n.  To  be  spread  without  order. 
Their  hair,  curling,  dishevels  about  their  shoulders.  Herbert. 

DISH'FUL,  n.  As  much  as  a dish  will  hold.  North. 

DlSH'ING,  a.  Having  the  form  of  a dish ; dish- 
like ; concave  ; hollow  ; — applied  particularly 
to  wheels  of  which  the  spokes  incline  outwards 
from  a plane  perpendicular  to  the  hub  at  their 
points  of  insertion.  Bigelow. 

DI^-HON'FST  (dlz-on'estj,  a.  [L.  dis,  priv.,  and 
honestus,  honorable  ; It.  disonesto  ; Sp.  desho- 
nesto ; Fr.  deshonnetei) 

1.  Not  honest;  void  of  probity;  faithless; 
fraudulent ; deceitful ; knavish  ; wicked. 

Bid  the  dishonest  man  mend  himself;  if  lie  mend,  he  is  no 
longer  dishonest.  Shak. 

2.  Disfigured  ; disgraced  ; dishonored,  [r.] 

Dishonest , with  lopped  arms,  the  youth  appears.  Dryden. 

3.  Ignominious  ; dishonorable.  [».] 

Inglorious  triumphs  and  dishonest  scars.  Pope. 


4.  Proceeding  from,  or  characterized  by,  fraud. 

Her  princes  in  the  midst  thereof  are  like  wolves,  raven- 
ning  the  prey  ...  to  get  dishonest  gain . Ezek.  xxii.  Iff. 

5.  Unchaste  ; lewd  ; libidinous  ; wanton. 

Holding  in  disdain  the  German  women 

For  some  dishonest  manners  of  their  life.  Shak. 

t Dl^-IION'JJST,  v.  a.  To  dishonor.  “Kinsfolks 
. . . dishonested  by  one  shame.”  Vives. 

Dliji-HON'IJST-LY  (dlz-on'est-le),  ad.  In  a dis- 
honest manner  ; fraudulently. 

DIS-HON'FS-TY  (diz-on'es-te),  n.  [It.  disoncsta; 
Sp.  deshonestidad  ; Fr.  deshonnetete .] 

1.  The  quality  of  being  dishonest ; want  of 
integrity  ; unfaithfulness  to  duty  ; faithlessness  ; 
deceitfulness  ; knavery  ; wickedness. 

A forcer  . . . if  he  has  tolerable  sense,  will  avoid  entering 
into  such  a minute  detail,  in  which  he  must  perpetually  ex- 
pose lus  ignorance  and  dishonesty.  Jortin. 

2.  A dishonest  act;  a wicked  deed. 

From  thousand  dishonesties  have  I him  drawn.  Wyat. 

3.  Unchastity  ; incontinence.  Shak. 

DIS-HON'OR  (dlz-on'or),  n.  [It.  disonore  ; Sp. 

aeshonra  ; Fr.  deshonneur .]  Want  of  honor  ; re- 
proach ; disgrace  ; ignominy;  scandal;  indigni- 
ty ; shame ; discredit. 

So  good  that  no  tongue  could  ever 
Pronounce  dishonor  of  her.  Shak. 

I lived  in  such  dishonor  that  the  gods 
Detest  my  baseness.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Discredit. 

DI§-HON'OR  (dlz-on'or),  v.  a.  [It.  disonorare; 
Sp.  deshonrar ; Fr.  deshonorer.]  [i.  dishon- 
ored ; pp.  DISHONORING,  DISHONORED.] 

1.  To  disgrace;  to  bring  shame  upon. 

Put  on  him 

What  forgeries  you  please;  marry,  none  so  rank 

As  may  dishonor  him.  Shak. 

2.  To  treat  with  indignity  ; to  vilify. 

Justice,  sweet  prince,  against  that  womau  there, 

That  hath  abused  and  dishonored  me.  Shak. 

3.  To  violate  ; to  debauch  ; to  ravish.  Shak. 

4.  To  deprive  of  ornament  or  of  beauty,  [r.] 

Ilis  scalp,  if  not  dishonored  quite  of  hair, 

The  ragged  fleece  is  thin,  and  thin  is  worse  than  bare. 

Dnjden. 

5.  (Coni.)  To  neglect  or  refuse  acceptance  or 
payment  of,  as  a bill,  note,  or  draft.  Craig. 

Dlij-HON'OR-A-BLE  (dIz-on'or-?-hl),  a.  1.  Not 
honorable  ; shameful  ; reproachful ; ignomini- 
ous ; disgraceful. 

Employ  the  countenance  and  grace  of  Heaven 

In  deeds  dishonorable.  Shak. 

2.  Devoid  of  honor  ; destitute  of  probity  ; 
dishonest ; base.  “ Dishonorable  boy.”  Shak. 

3.  fNot  receiving  esteem  or  attention. 

lie  that  is  honored  in  poverty,  how  much  more  in  riches? 
and  he  that  is  dishonorable  in  riches,  how  much  more  in  pov- 
erty ! Ecclus.  x.  31. 

Syn.  — See  Base. 

DI§-HON'OR-A-BLE-NESS  (diz-on'or-a-bl-nes),  n. 
The  quality  of  being  dishonorable.  A.  Smith. 

DLS-HON'OR-A-BLY  (dlz-on'or-j-ble),  ad.  In  a 
dishonorable  manner  ; with  dishonor. 

DI§-H0N'0-RA-RY,  a.  Tending  to  disgrace  ; 
bringing  reproach  upon.  Clarke. 

DI§-HON'OR-ER,  n.  One  who  dishonors. 

DIS-HORN',  v.  a.  To  deprive  of  horns.  Shak. 

Dlf-IIU'MOR  (diz-yu'mur),  n.  Ill-humor. Spectator. 

DI§-IIU'MOR,  v.  a.  To  put  out  of  humor.  B.  Jonson. 

DlSH'WASIl-ER  (dlsh'wosh-er),  n.  A bird,  so 
called  from  its  peculiar  motion ; wagtail.  Johnson. 

dIsH'-WA-TJJR,  n.  The  water  in  which  dishes 
are  washed. 

DIS-JM-PARK',  v.  n.  To  free  from  the  barriers  of 
a park  ; to  free  from  restraint.  Craig. 

f DlS-IM-PROVE',r.  «.  To  cause  to  grow  worse  ; 
to  deteriorate.  “ Hurtful  branches  . . . which 
disimprove  the  fruit.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

DIS-IM-PROVE'MFNT,  n.  Change  for  the  worse  ; 
deterioration,  [r.]  Norris. 

DIS-IN-CAR'CER-ATE,  v.  a.  To  free  from  prison  ; 
to  set  at  liberty,  [r.]  Harvey. 

dIs-IN-CLI-nA'TION,  n.  [It.  disinclinazione."] 
Want  of  inclination  or  affection  ; slight  repug- 
nance or  dislike  ; aversion.  “ A disinclination 
to  books  or  business.”  Guardian. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  ?,  1,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


DISINCLINE 


417 


DISLODGE 


DIS-IN-CLINE',  v.  a.  [Sp.  desinclinar .]  [i.  dis- 

inclined ; pp.  DISINCLINING,  DISINCLINED.] 
To  produce  dislike  to  ; to  make  averse. 

They  were  careful  to  . . . disincline  them  [the  people]  from 
any  reverence  or  affection  to  the  queen.  Clarendon. 

Syn.  — See  Averse. 

DIS-JN-OLINED'  (dls-jn-kllnd'),  p.  a.  Averse;  not 
inclined  ; unwilling.  Young. 

DIS-IN-COR'PQ-RAte,  v.  a.  [Fr.  desincorporer .] 
To  deprive  of  corporate  powers  and  rights ; to 
detach  from  a corporation.  Hume. 

DIS-IN-COR'PO-RATE,  a.  Disunited  from  a body 
or  society  ; detached  from  a corporation.  Bacon. 

DlS-IN-COR-PO-RA'TION,  n.  [Fr.  desincorpora- 
tioni]  The  act  of  disincorporating.  Warton. 

DIS-IN-FECT',  v.  a.  [It.  disinfettare  ; Sp.  desinfi- 
cionar  ; Fr.  disinfecter. ] To  free  or  purify  from 
infection.  Dunglison. 

DIS-IN-FECT 'ANT,  n.  A substance  which  pre- 
vents infection  ; as,  “Chloride  of  lime  is  a dis- 
infectant.” P.  Cyc. 

DIS-IN-FEC'TION,  n.  [It.  disinfezione  ; Fr.  di- 
sinfection.'] Act  of  disinfecting ; purification 
from  infection.  Dunglison. 

t dIs-In-QE-NU'I-TY, n.  Disingenuousness.  “Ill 
nature  and  dising enuity .”  Clarendon. 

DIS-IN-QEN'U-OUS,  a.  Not  ingenuous  ; not 
frank  ; unfair  ; meanly  artful  ; crafty  ; sly  ; 
cunning ; uncandid. 

Persons  entirely  disingenuous , who  really  do  not  believe 
the  opinion  they  defend.  Hume. 

DlS-IN-QEN'U-OfJS-LY,  ad.  In  a disingenuous 
manner  ; artfully  ; unfairly.  Warton. 

DIS-IN-QEN'y-OUS-NESS,  n.  Unfairness;  low 
craft ; want  of  candor  or  honesty. 

DlS-IN-HAB'IT-yD,  a.  Deprived  of  inhabitants. 

DlS-IN-HER'l-§ON  (dis-in-lier'e-zn),  n.  1.  The 
act  of  disinheriting;  disherison.  Bacon. 

2.  The  state  of  being  disinherited.  Bp.  Taylor. 

DIS-IN-HER'IT,  v.  a.  [i.  disinherited  ; pp.  dis- 
inheriting, DISINHERITED.]  To  cut  off  from 
an  hereditary  right ; to  deprive  of  an  inheritance. 

Owen,  distressed  as  he  was  by  poverty,  . . . was  disap- 
pointed in  the  expectation  of  riches  at  the  death  of  a wealthy 
uncle,  who  disinherited  him  for  some  of  his  poetry.  Knox. 

DIS-IN-HER'IT-ANCE,  n.  The  act  of  disinherit- 
ing. State  Trials,  1620. 

DlS-JN-HUME',  v.  a.  To  disinter.  For.  Qu.  Rev. 

Dl^-IN'T^-GRA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  disinte- 
grated or  separated  into  integrant  parts.  Craig. 

DI^-IN'TE-GRAte,  v.  a.  [L.  dis,  apart,  and  in- 
teger, integris,  entire.]  \i.  disintegrated  ; pp. 
disintegrating,  disintegrated.]  To  sep- 
arate the  integrant  parts  of.  Buckland. 

Dl^-iN'TE-GRAT-ED,  p.  a.  Reduced  to  minute 
parts  ; as,  “ A disintegrated  rock.”  Buckland. 

dJ^-IN-TE-GRA'TION,  n.  The  separation  of  the 
integrant  parts  or  particles  of  a substance ; — 
distinguished  from  decomposition,  or  the  sep- 
aration of  constituent  parts.  Buckland. 

DIS-IN-TER',  v.  a.  [Sp.  desenterrar ; Fr.  deterrer. ] 

[ i . disinterred  ; pp.  disinterring,  disin- 
terred.] 

1.  To  unbury;  to  take  out  of  the  grave  ; to 

disentomb  ; to  exhume.  May. 

2.  To  raise,  as  from  the  grave  ; to  bring  to 
light  ; to  bring  out ; to  develop. 

The  philosopher,  the  saint,  or  the  hero,  the  wise,  the  good, 
or  the  great  man,  often  lie  hid  and  concealed  in  a plebeian, 
which  a proper  education  might  have  disinterred.  Addison. 

t Dl§-IN'TER-ESS-£D,  a.  Disinterested.  Dryden. 

t DI^-lN'TElR-ESS-MENT,  n.  Disregard  of  pri- 
vate interest ; disinterestedness.  Prior. 

t DI§-IN'TyR-EST,  n.  1.  Prejudice  to  interest  ; 
injury  ; harm  ; disadvantage.  Glanville. 

2.  Indifference  to  private  interest ; disinter- 
estedness. Garth. 

t Dl^-IN'TJJR-EST,  v.  a.  To  disengage  ; to  sep- 
arate from  interest  in.  Feltham. 

DI^-In'TER-EST-ED,  p.  a.  Superior  to  private 
regards  ; without  personal  concern  or  interest ; 
free  from  self-interest.  Ludlow. 

DI§-I  N'T£R-EST-£D-LY,  ad.  In  a disinterested 
manner.  Shaftesbury. 


DIS-lN'Tf.R-EST-ED-NESS,  n.  Freedom  from, 
or  disregard  of,  private  interest. 

Lactantius  also  argues  in  defence  of  the  religion  from  the 
consistency,  simplicity,  disinterestedness , and  sufferings  of 
the  Christian  historians.  Palcy. 

f Dl^-IN'Tf.R-EST-ING,  a.  Uninteresting.  “Quo- 
tations of  disinteresting  passages.”  Warburton. 

DlS-IN-TER'Mf.NT,  n.  The  act  of  disinterring 
or  unburying  ; exhumation.  Booth. 

DIS-jN-THRAL'DOM,  n.  Disinthralment.  Scott. 

DIS-IN-THR  ALL',  v.  a.  [i.  disinthralled  ; 
pp.  DISINTIIRALLING,  DISINTHRALLED.]  To  Set 
free  ; to  rescue  from  slavery,  bondage,  or  trouble. 
In  straits  and  in  distress. 

Thou  didst  me  disinthrall.  Milton. 

DlS-IN-THRAL'MENT,  n.  The  act  of  disinthrall- 
ing  or  freeing  from  thraldom.  Booth. 

t DI^-IN'TRI-cAte,  v.  a.  To  disentangle.  Scott. 
f DIS-IN-URE',  v.  a.  To  deprive  of  habit.  Milton. 

f dI^-IN-V  A-LID'I-TY,  n.  Want  of  validity, 
strength,  or  force.  Mountagu. 

DIS-IN-VES'TI-TURE,  n.  The  act  of  depriving 
of  investiture,  [r.]  West.  Rev. 

f DIS-IN-VITE',  v.  a.  To  retract,  revoke,  or  re- 
call an  invitation.  Sir  J.  Finett. 

DIS-IN-VOLVE',  v.  a.  To  disentangle  ; to  un- 
fold; to  unroll,  [r.]  Young. 

Dlf-JEC'TA  MEM' BRA,  pi.  [L.]  Scattered 
members  or  limbs. 

DLS-JEC'TION,  n.  [L.  disjicio,  disjectus,  to  hurl 
in  pieces.]  Overthrow;  destruction.  “The 
sudden  disjeetion  of  Pharaoh’s  host.”  Horsley. 

DIs-JoIN',  v.  a.  [L.  disjungo  ; It.  disgiungere  ; 
Fr.  disjoindre. ] [t.  disjoined  ; pp.  disjoining, 
disjoined.]  To  separate  ; to  part;  to  sunder; 
to  sever ; to  dissever ; to  detach  ; to  disunite. 
“ Even  not  in  death  disjoined.”  Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Separate. 

DI§-Jo!n',p.  n.  To  be  separated  ; to  part.  Garth. 

DISJOINT',  v.  a.  [f.  disjointed  ; pp.  disjoint- 
ing, disjointed.] 

1.  To  put  out  of  joint ; to  dislocate;  to  luxate. 

Yet  what  could  swords  or  poisons,  racks  or  flame, 

But  mangle  and  disjoint  the  brittle  frame?  PHor. 

2.  To  separate  or  break  at  joints  or  junctures ; 
to  disconnect;  to  unloose  ; to  break  in  pieces. 

No  public  shock  disjointed,  this  fair  frame.  Daniel. 
Mouldering  arches  and  disjointed,  columns.  Johnson. 

3.  To  render  incoherent  or  incongruous. 

“ Her  words  disjointed."  Shak. 

DLS-JOINT',  v.  n.  To  part  at  junctures  ; to  be 
disconnected ; to  fall  in  pieces. 

Let  the  frame  of  things  disjoint.  Shak. 

DlS-i-JOINT',  a.  Disjointed  ; separated.  “ Dis- 
joint and  out  of  frame.”  [r.]  Shak. 

DI^-JcilNT'ED-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  dis- 
jointed. Ed.  Rev. 

DI§-JOINT'LY,  ad.  Separately.  Sir  M.  Sandys. 

f dI§-JU-DI-CA'TION,  n.  Judgment;  discrimi- 
nation. “ Disjudications  of  colors.”  Boyle. 

DISJUNCT'  (dlz-jungkt',  82),  a.  [L.  disjunctus .] 

1.  Disjoined ; separate,  [r.]  Glanville. 

2.  ( Ent .)  Applied  to  an  insect  when  the  head, 

trunk,  and  abdomen  are  separated  by  a deep  in- 
cision. Maunder. 

DISjj-JUNC'TION  (dlz-jun gk'shun,  82),  n.  [L.  dis- 
junct io  ; It.  disgiunzione ; Sp.  disyuncion ; Fr. 
disjonction. ] 

1.  The  act  of  disjoining  or  separating ; dis- 

union ; separation.  “The  disjunction  of  the 
body  and  the  soul.”  Locke. 

2.  The  state  of  being  disjoined  ; disunion. 

3.  A disjunctive  proposition. 

One  side  or  other  of  the  following  disjunction  is  true.  Paley. 

DI§-JUNC'TIVE  (dTz-jungk'tjv),  a.  [L.  disjuncti- 
vus  ; dis,  priv.,  and  jungo,  junctus,  to  join  ; It. 
disgiuntivo  ; Sp.  disyuritivo  ; Fr.  disjonctif. ] 

1.  Opposite  ; incapable  of  union.  “ Whose 
atoms  are  of  that  disjunctive  nature.”  Grew. 

2.  (Gram.)  Disjoining  the  sense,  though 
joining  the  words  ; as,  “ The  disjunctive  con- 
junctions but,  either,  or,  nor,  &c.” 


Disjunctive  proposition,  (Logic.)  a proposition  com- 
pounded of  two  or  more  categorical  propositions,  so 
stated  as  to  imply  that  one  or  more  of  them  must  lie 
true  ; as,  “ A poem  is  ei  I Her  good,  had,  or  indifferent ; 
hut  it  is  not  good,  therefore  it  is  bad  or  indifferent.” 
Brande. — Disjunctive  syllogism,  a syllogism  of  which 
the  major  proposition  is  disjunctive  ; as,  “ The  earth 
moves  in  a circle  or  an  ellipse  ; but  it  does  not  move 
in  a circle,  therefore  it  moves  in  an  ellipse.”  Watts. 

Dl^-JUNC'TIVE,  n.  [Fr.  disjonctive.]  A disjunc- 
tive conjunction.  Harris. 

DIS-i-JUNO'TI  VE-LY,  ad.  In  a disjunctive  man- 
ner ; separately. 

Dltj-JUNCT'URE  (dlz-jungkt'yur),  n.  1.  The  act 
of  disjointing  ; dislocation.  “ Bruises,  disjunct- 
ures,  or  brokenness  of  bones.”  Goodwin. 

2.  Separation;  disunion.  Wotton. 

DISK,  n.  [Gr.  HioKos ; L.  discus.  — See  Dais.] 

1.  A circular  plate  of  stone  or  metal  thrown 
in  games  ; a quoit ; a discus. 

His  soldiers  hurled  the  disk  or  bent  the  bow.  Couper. 

2.  ( Astron .)  The  face  of  the  sun,  moon,  or  a 
planet,  as  it  appears  projected  on  the  sky. 

3.  (Bot.)  The  central  part  of  a head  of  flow- 

ers, like  the  sunflower,  as  opposed  to  the  ray 
or  margin:  — a fleshy  expansion  of  the  recep- 
tacle of  a flower.  Gray. 

4.  (Conch.)  The  part  of  the  valves  lying  be- 
tween the  umbo  and  the  margin.  Ruschenberger. 

ggp-  Frequently  written  disc. 

DIS-KIND'NESS, n.  Unkindness;  injury.  Search. 

DISLIKE'  fdjz-llk'),  n.  1.  Disinclination  ; aver- 
sion ; antipathy  ; repugnance  ; distaste. 

Our  likings  and  dislikes  are  founded  rather  upon  humor 
and  fancy  than  upon  reason.  L' Estrange. 

2.  f Disagreement ; discord.  Fairfax. 

Syn.  — See  Displeasure,  Repugnance. 

DI§-LIKE'  (dlz-llk'),  v.  a.  [*.  disliked  ; pp.  dis- 
liking, disliked.] 

1.  Not  to  like ; to  have  aversion  to ; to  disrelish. 

Whatever  you  dislike  in  another  person  take  care  to  cor- 
rect in  yourself.  Sprat. 

2.  To  displease  ; to  offend. 

Art  thou  not  Borneo,  and  a Montague? 

Neither,  fair  saint,  if  either  thee  dislike ? Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Averse,  Disapprove. 

f DI§-LlKE'FUL,  a.  Disaffected  ; malign.  Spenser. 

Dl§-LIK'EN  (-ii'kn),  v.  a.  To  make  unlike.  Shak. 


f DIS-5-LIKE'NBSS,  n.  Unlikeness.  Locke. 

d!§-LIK'ER,  n.  One  who  dislikes.  Speed. 

Dl§-LIMB'  (dlz-llm'),  v.  a.  To  tear  the  limbs 
from  ; to  dilaniate.  Bailey. 

t dT^-LIMN'  (dlz-lltn'),  v.  a.  To  unpaint;  to  strike 
out  of  a picture.  Shak. 


DIS'LO-CAte,  v.  a.  [Low  L.  disloco,  dislocatus  ; 
dis,  apart,  and  loco,  to  place  ; It.  dislogare  ; Sp. 
dislocar ; Fr.  disloquer.]  [j.  dislocated;  pp. 
DISLOCATING,  DISLOCATED.] 

1.  To  put  out  of  joint ; to  disjoint ; to  luxate. 

To  dislocate  and  tear  thy  flesh  and  bones.  Shak. 

2.  To  disturb  the  situation  or  arrangement  of ; 
to  displace  ; to  disarrange  ; to  disorder. 

The  strata  on  all  sides  of  the  globe  were  dislocated. 

Woodward. 

Our  civil  war  hath  dislocated  all  relations.  Fuller. 

Syn.  — See  Break. 

DIS'LO-CATE,  a.  Dislocated.  Montgomery. 

DIS'LO-CAT-ED,  p.  a.  Put  out  of  place ; disjointed. 

dIS-LO-CA'TION,  n.  [It.  dislogazione ; Sp.  dis- 
locacion  ; Fr.  dislocation .] 

1.  Derangement  of  position ; displacement. 

“ Dislocation  of  the  mouths.”  Raleigh. 

2.  (Surg.)  The  act  of  dislocating  or  forcing 

a bone  out  of  its  socket,  or  the  state  of  a dislo- 
cated joint ; luxation.  Dunglison. 

3.  ( Geol .)  Displacement  of  strata  from  their 

original  position.  Ruschenberger. 

DIS-LODQE'  (dlz-loj'),  v.  a.  [It . disloggiare ; Sp. 
desalojar ; Fr.  dc/oger.]  [i.  dislodged;  pp. 
dislodging,  dislodged.]  To  remove  from  a 
place  of  retirement  ; to  force  from  a station,  as 
an  army ; to  remove,  drive,  or  take  away  ; to 
expel.  “ The  Volscians  are  dislodged.”  Shak. 

The  shell-fish  which  are  resident  in  the  depths,  live  and  die 
there,  and  are  never  dislodged  or  removed  by  storms  nor  cast 
upon  the  shores.  Woodward. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  rClE.  — Q,  Q,  £,  g,  soft ; C,  6,  £,  f,  hard;  S as  z ; X as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 
53 


DISLODGE 


418 


DISORDER 


DI^-LODyE',  v.  n.  To  remove  from  a habitation 
or  a station  ; to  go  away  to  another  place. 

The  one  [array] . . . quietly  gave  back  and  dislodged.  Milton. 

DI§-LOD(?E'MENT,  n.  Act  of  dislodging  or  re- 
moving to  another  place.  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

DlS-LO-yiS'TIC,  a.  1.  Illogical,  [r.]  Smart. 

2.  Refuting ; disproving,  [u.]  Smart. 

DRjj-LOY'AL,  a.  [ dis  and  loyal.  — Fr.  deloyal.] 

1.  Not  loyal ; not  true  to  allegiance  -;  false  to 
a sovereign.  “ That  most  disloyal  traitor.”  S/iak. 

2.  Dishonest ; perfidious  ; treacherous  ; false. 

“ A false,  disloyal  knave.”  Shah. 

3.  Not  true  to  the  marriage-bed  ; false  in  love. 

Give  me  a living  reason  she’s  disloyal.  Shak. 

DLS-LOY' AL-LY,  ad.  In  a disloyal  manner. 

Dl§-LOY'AL-TY,  n.  1.  Want  of  loyalty  or  fidel- 
ity to  a sovereign.  “ Treason  and  disloyalty .” 

State  Trials. 

2.  Want  of  fidelity  in  love ; unfaithfulness. 

“ Disloyalty  to  the  king’s  bed.”  Spectator. 

Dl^'MAL  (dlz'mjl),  a.  [Of  uncertain  origin.  Rich- 
ardson.— Minsheu  suggests  L .dies  malus,  an 
evil  day.  — “ The  account  given  by  Serenius 
[English  and  Swedish  Dictionary]  of  the  origin 
of  the  adj.  dismal,  deserves  our  attention.  — 

‘ A Goth.  Dys,  Dea  mala,  numen  ultorium,  et 
mal,  Moes.  Goth,  mel,  tempus  proefinitum.  Inde 
dismal,  q.  d.  Dysas  mal,  dies  vindicta:.’  ” Jamie- 
son.] 

1.  Dark  ; gloomy  ; clouded  ; cheerless. 

Dire  is  the  region,  dismal  is  the  way.  Pope. 

2.  Dire  ; sorrowful  ; melancholy  ; unhappy. 

“ A dismal  and  a fatal  end.”  Shak. 

3.  Frightful  ; horrid  ; horrible  ; terrible.  “ A 

dismal,  universal  hiss.”  Milton. 

Syn.  — Dismal  scenes  or  abode  ; a dismal  or  gloomy 
state  of  mind;  gloomy  or  melancholy  prospect;  de- 
pressed spirits;  sad  or  sorrowful  countenance;  dire 
calamity;  dark  night;  dark  designs;  uncomfortable 
condition. 

Dh-TMAL-LY,  ad.  In  a dismal  manner  ; horribly. 

DI§'MAL-NESS,  n.  Horror;  dreadfulness. 

DI§-MAN',  v.  a.  To  deprive  or  divest  of  manhood ; 
to  unman.  Feltham. 

Dl§-MAN'TLE,  V.  a.  [l.  DISMANTLED  ; pp.  DIS- 
MANTLING, DISMANTLED.] 

1.  To  strip,  as  of  a covering  ; to  divest ; to  de- 
prive. “ Dismantling  him  of  his  honor.”  South. 

2.  To  throw  or  take  off,  as  a dress  ; to  loose. 

A thing  so  monstrous,  to  dismantle 

So  many  folds  of  favor.  Shak. 

3.  To  break  down  ; to  sever. 

His  nose  dismantled  in  his  mouth  is  found.  Dryden. 

4.  (Naut.)  To  unrig,  as  a ship,  and  deprive  of 
stores,  guns,  and  other  furniture.  Mar.  Diet. 

5.  (Mil.)  To  strip  of  outworks:  — to  make 

useless.  “ To  dismantle  a gun.”  Campbell. 

Syn.  — See  Demolish. 

DliJ-MAN'TLED  (dlz-man'tld),  p.  a.  Deprived  of 
outworks  ; stripped. 

DISj-MAn'TLING,  n.  The  act  of  dismantling  or 
stripping  of  outworks.  Hakewill. 

f dI^-MAR'RY,  v.  a.  To  divorce.  Berners. 

Dl§-M  AR'SHAL,  v.  a.  To  derange ; to  disarrange ; 
to  disorder,  [r.]  Drummond. 

DT§-MASK'  (12),  v.  a.  [i.  dismasked  ; pp.  DIS- 
masking,  dismasked.]  To  divest  of  a mask; 
to  uncover  from  concealment.  Shak. 

DI§-MAST',  v.  a.  [t.  DISMASTED  ; pp.  DISMAST- 
ING, dismasted.]  To  deprive  of  masts.  Anson. 

DI^-MAsT'ED,  p.  a.  Deprived  of  the  mast. 

+ DIJS-MAW',  v.  a.  To  throw  out  of  the  maw  or 
stomach  ; to  disgorge.  Shelton. 

DISj-mAY'  (djz-ma'),  v.  a.  [Goth,  mayan,  to  be 
able,  with  a negative  prefix. — It.  smagare ; Sp. 
desmayar .]  [t.  dismayed  ; pp.  dismaying, 

dismayed.]  To  terrify  ; to  appall ; to  daunt;  to 
affright ; to  frighten  ; to  horrify. 

Nothing  can  make  him  remiss  in  the  practice  of  his  duty; 
no  prospect  of  interest  can  allure  him,  no  danger  dismay 
him.  Attertmry. 

DI^-MAY',  v.  n.  To  suffer  dismay  or  fright ; to 
be  daunted  ; to  be  appalled. 

Dismay  not,  princes,  at  this  accident.  Shak.  j 


Dlfj-WAY',  n.  Fall  of  courage  ; .terror  ; fear;  af- 
fright; alarm;  horror ; consternation. 

All  sat  mute, 

Pondering  the  danger  with  deep  thoughts;  and  each 

In  other’s  countenance  read  his  own  dismay.  Milton. 

DbS-MAY'pD-NESS,  n.  Fall  of  courage  ; dismay. 

f DIS-mAy'fOl,  a.  Full  of  dismay ; causing 
dismay ; fearful.  Spenser. 

f DISME  (dem),  n.  [Fr.]  A tenth  ; the  tenth 
part;  a tithe. — See  Dime.  Shak. 

f Dl§-MEA§'URED,  a.  Mismeasured.  Golden  B. 

Dl^-MEJl'BpR  (dlz-mem'b?r),  V.  a.  [It.  smem- 
brare ; Sp.  desmembrar  ; Fr.  demembrer.)  [i. 
dismembered  ; pp.  dismembering,  dismem- 
bered.] 

1.  To  divide,  separate,  or  disjoin  member 
from  member  ; to  dislimb  ; to  dilacerate. 

And  in  their  rage,  I having  hold  of  both, 

They  whirl  asunder,  and  dismember  me.  Shak. 

2.  To  divide  into  parts  ; to  separate  ; to  cut  off. 

The  Ch&telenie  of  Arth,  which  F ranee  had  dismembered. 

Sir  \V.  Temple. 

Dls-MEM'BER-MENT,  n.  1.  The  act  of  dismem- 
bering or  rending  limb  from  limb. 

2.  Division.  “ To  prevent  the  dismemberment 
of  their  monarchy.”  Bolingbroke. 

Dl§-MET'TLED  (dlz-met'tld),  a.  Without  spirit ; 
spiritless,  [r.]  Llewellyn. 

DI^-MISS',  v.  a.  [L.  dimitto,  dimissus ; dis, 
apart,  and  mitto,  to  send  ; It.  dimittere;  Sp.  di- 
mi  tir  ; Fr.  dimettrcA  [f.  dismissed  ; pp.  dis- 
missing, dismissed.] 

1.  To  send  away  ; to  permit  to  go ; to  give 
leave  of  departure  ; to  discharge. 

With  thanks  and  pardon  to  you  all, 

I do  dismiss  you  to  your  several  countries.  Shak. 

2.  To  discard;  to  turn  off‘;  to  remove  from 

office  or  employment.  Johnson . 

To  dismiss  a cause , (Law.)  to  remove  a cause  out  of 
court  without  further  nearing.  Bonvier. 

Syn.  — To  dismiss  is  a general  term,  and  signifies 
to  send  away  ; discharge  and  discard  denote  modes  of 
dismissing.  Dismiss  is  applicable  to  persons  of  all 
stations  ; discharge , to  persons  of  subordinate  stations. 
Neither  dismiss  nor  discharge  defines  the  motive  of  the 
action  ; but  discard  implies  censure.  A person  may 
request  to  be  dismissed  or  discharged,  but  never  to  be 
discarded.  Dismiss  an  officer,  minister,  or  servant; 
discharge  a soldier  ; discard  a dishonest  clerk. 

f DISMISS',  n.  Discharge  from  office.  “ Grief 
for  their  dismiss. ’*  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

DJ^-MIS'SAL,  n.  Dismission.  Bp.  Horstcy. 

DIS-MIS'SION  (djz-mish'un),  n.  [L.  dimissio ; 
It.  dimessione ; Sp.  dimision.] 

1.  The  act  of  dismissing ; permission  to  go ; 
leave  to  depart ; discharge  ; dismissal. 

If  thou  be  man,  approach, 

And  win  a swift  dismission  to  the  shades.  Cowper. 

2.  Removal  from  office  or  employment.  “A 

sufficient  cause  of  dismission  of  any  member  out 
of  the  House.”  State  Trials. 

3.  (Law.)  Removal  of  a suit  in  equity.  Craig. 

DJS-MlS'SJVE,  a.  Granting  dismission.  “ The 

dismissive  writing.”  Milton. 

f DlSS-MORT'GAfJE  (dlz-mbr’gttj),  v.  a.  To  re- 
deem from  mortgage.  Howell. 

DISMOUNT'  (diz-inount'),  V.  a.  [It.  dismontare  ; 
Sp.  desmontar  ; Fr.  demonter.']  \i.  dismount- 
ed ; pp.  DISMOUNTING,  DISMOUNTED.] 

1.  To  throw  off  from  a horse’s  back  ; to  un- 
horse. 

Lest  from  this  flying  steed,  unreined  . . . 

Dismounted , on  the  Aleian  field  I fall.  Milton. 

2.  To  eject,  bring  down,  or  cause  to  descend, 
from  any  elevation  or  place  of  honor. 

Samuel,  . . . bein^  ungratefully  and  injuriously  dismount- 
ed from  his  authority,  did  yet  retain  towards  that  people  a 
zealous  desire  of  their  welfare.  Barroiv. 

To  dismount  cannon , (Mil.)  to  remove  them  from 
their  carriages,  or  in  any  way  to  render  them  unfit  for 
service,  as  by  breaking  the  carriages,  wheels,  axle- 
trees,  &c.  Mil.  Encrj. 

DI^-MOUNT',  v.  n.  1.  To  alight  from  a horse; 
to  get  down.  “ He  ordered  all  his  cavalry  to 
dismount."  Addison. 

2.  To  descend  ; to  sink. 

The  bright  sun  ’ginneth  to  dismount.  Spenser. 

dIs-NAT'U-RAL-IZE,  v.  a.  To  make  alien  ; to 
deprive  of  the  privileges  of  birth.  Locke. 


t Dl§-NAT'yRED,  a.  Unnatural.  Shak. 

DltJ-NEST',  v.  a.  To  dislodge  ; to  eject.  Dryden. 

DIS-Q-BE'DI-ENCE,  n.  [It.  disubbidienza ; Sp. 
desobediencia  ; Fr.  drsobeipsance .] 

1.  Want  of  obedience ; violation  of  lawful  com- 
mand or  prohibition  ; neglect  or  refusal  to  obey. 

• Prepare  to  die, 

For  disobedience  to  your  lather’s  will.  Shak. 

2.  A want  of  compliance,  as  with  a law. 
“ This  disobedience  of  the  moon.”  Blackmore. 

f DlS-O-BE'DI-fJN-CY,  n.  Disobedience.  Taylor. 

DIS-O-BE’DI-ENT,  a.  [It.  disubbidiente  ; Sp .deso- 
bcdietite;  Fr.  dcsobeissant.)  That  disobeys  ; not 
obedient ; unsubmissive  ; uncomplying. 

Whereupon.  O King  Agrippa,  I was  not  disobedient  unto 
the  heavenly  vision.  Acts  xxvi.  19. 

DlS-O-BE'DJ-ENT-LY,  ad.  In  a disobedient  man- 
ner. “ Disobediently  refused.”  llolinshed. 

DlS-O-BEY'  (dls-o-ha'),  V.  a.  [It.  disubbidire ; Sp. 
desobedecer ; Fr . dfsobeir.)  u.  disobeyed  ; pp. 
disobeying,  disobeyed.]  To  neglect  or  refuse 
obedience  to ; to  break  the  commands  of ; to 
transgress  ; to  violate  ; to  infringe. 

Once  more  the  god  stood  threatening  o’er  his  head. 

With  added  curses  it  he  disobeyed.  Digden. 

Dls-O-BEY'ER,  n.  One  who  disobeys.  Hammond. 

DIS-OB-LI-gA'TION,  n.  I.  Freedom  from  obli- 
gation. “ The  conscience  is  restored  to  liberty 
and  disobligation.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

2.  Offence;  cause  of  disgust.  “ A disobliga- 
tion to  the  prince.”  Clarendon. 

DlS-OB'LI-GA-TO-RY,  a.  Releasing  obligation. 
“ Disobligatory  power.”  King  Charles. 

II  DlS-0-BlA<?E'  [dls-o-bllj',  E.  F.  Ja.  Sm.  R.  Wb. ; 
dis-o-blej’,  P.  ; dls-o-bllj’  or  dis-o-blej’,  S.  IV.  K. 
— See  Oblige],  v.  a.  [It.  disobb/igare ; Sp. 
desobligar  ; Fr.  desobliger.]  [i.  disobliged  ; 
pp.  disobliging,  disobliged.] 

1.  To  treat  with  unkindness  ; to  offend  ; to 
give  slight  offence  to  ; to  displease. 

My  plan  has  given  offence  to  some  gentlemen  whom  it 
would  not  be  very  safe  to  disoblige.  Addison. 

2.  fTo  release  from  obligation  or  duty 

No  unkindness  of  a brother  can  wholly  rescind  that  rela- 
tion, or  disoblige  us  from  the  duties  annexed  thereto.  Barrow. 

||  DlS-O-BLiyE'MENT,  n.  Release  from  obliga- 
tion : — offence ; displeasure,  [r.]  Milton. 

||  DIS-O-BLIfy'ER,  n.  One  who  disobliges, 
offensive ; ill-natured. 

||  DIS-O-BLiy'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a disobliging  man- 
ner. Clarendon. 

||  DlS-O-BLly'jNG-NESS,  n.  Disposition  to  dis- 
please ; offensiveness.  Johnson. 

f DlS-OC'CI-DENT,  v.  a.  To  turn  away  from  the 
west.  Marvell. 

f dIS-OC-CU-PA'TION,  n.  AVant  of  occupation 
or  employment.  IJ.  More. 

Di-SO'MUM,  n.  [L.]  (Ancient  Sculp.)  A tomb 
for  the  reception  of  two  persons.  Brande. 

f DiS-O-PiN'ION  (-yun),  n.  Disbelief  ; scepti- 
cism. “ Belief  or  disopinion.”  Bp.  Reynolds. 

Dl§-ORBED'  (dlz-orbd'),  a.  Thrown  out  of  its 
own  orbit.  “ Like  a star  disorbed.”  Shak. 

Dis-OR'DER,  n.  [It.  disordine ; Sp .desorden  ; Fr. 
desordre.  — dis  and  order.) 

1.  Want  of  order;  irregularity;  confusion. 

Shame  and  confusion!  all  is  on  the  rout. 

Fear  frames  disorder , and  disorder  wounds 

Where  it  should  guard.  Shak. 

2.  Tumult  ; disturbance  ; tumultuousncss  ; 
riotousness  ; violation  of  decorum  and  quiet. 

My  lady  bade  me  tell  you  that,  though  she  harbors  you  as 
her  kinsman,  she ’s  nothing  allied  to  your  disorders.  Shak. 

3.  Derangement  of  the  animal  economy  ; ill- 

ness; sickness  ; distemper ; complaint;  — com- 
monly used  for  a slight  disease.  Johnson. 

4.  Discomposure  ; turbulence  of  passion  ; 
mental  derangement. 

I will  not  keep  this  form  upon  my  head, 

When  there  is  such  disorder  in  my  wit.  Shak. 

5.  Violation  of  order  or  rule. 

From  vulgar  bounds  with  brave  disorder  part, 

And  snatch  a grace  beyond  the  reach  of  art.  Pope. 

Syn.—  See  Disease. 


DlS-O-BLiy'ING,  p.  a.  Not  obliging;  ungra 
cious  ; unaccommodating ; unkind ; unfriendly 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short ; 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; 


HEIR,  HER; 


DISORDER 


419 


DISPENSARY 


Dl§-OR'DpR,  v.  a.  [It.  disordinare ; Sp.  desorde- 
nar.  — dis  and  order. \ [i.  disordered  ; pp. 

DISORDERING,  DISORDERED.] 

1.  To  put  out  of  order  or  method  ; to  throw 
into  confusion;  to  derange;  to  disarrange  ; to 
discompose;  to  confound;  to  disturb.. 

The  incursions  of  the  Goths  and  other  barbarous  nations 
disordered  the  affairs  of  the  Roman  empire.  Arbulhnot. 

2.  To  obstruct,  or  interrupt,  as  an  organ  of  the 
body,  in  its  natural  functions. 

They  [the  stomach  and  other  internal  organs]  may  by  par- 
ticular impediments  be  sometimes  disordered  or  obstructed 
in  their  operations.  Shajtesbury. 

3.  To  disturb  the  mind  ; to  discompose.  “Dis- 
ordered into  a wanton  frame.”  Barrow. 

4.  f To  depose  from  holy  orders.  Dryden. 

Dl§-OR'DpRED  (dlz-or'derd),  p.  a.  1.  Disorderly  ; 
irregular  ; unrestrained  in  behavior. 

Men  so  disordered,  so  debauched  and  bold. 

That  this  our  court,  infected  with  their  manners. 

Shows  like  a riotous  inn.  Shak. 

2.  Put  out  of  order;  deranged;  as,  “ A dis- 
ordered stomach.” 

Syn.  — See  Sick,  Sickness. 

DI^-OR'DpR-^D-Ly,  ad.  In  a disordered  man- 
ner. Ilolinshed. 

DI^-OR'DgR-f.D-NESS,  n.  Want  of  order . Knolles. 

DI§OR'DIJR-LI-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  dis- 
orderly ; disorderedness.  Cudworth. 

DlS-OR'DpR-LY,  a.  1.  Destitute  of  order ; con- 
fused ; unmethodical ; irregular. 

His  forces  seemed  no  army,  but  a crowd. 

Heartless,  unarmed,  disorderly , and  loud.  Cowley. 

2.  Contrary  to  law  or  good  order;  deviating 
from  established  rules  ; excessive  ; intemperate. 

Seneca  draws  a picture  of  that  disorderly  luxury  which 
changes  day  into  night,  and  night  into  day,  and  inverts  every 
stated  hour  of  every  office  of  life.  Hume. 

3.  Tumultuous  ; turbulent ; rebellious. 

If  we  subdue  our  unruly  and  disorderly  passions  within 
ourselves,  we  should  live  more  easily  and  quietly  with 
others.  Stillingflcet. 

Syn.  — See  Factious,  Irregular,  Tumultu- 
ous. 

DI§-6R'D£R-LY,  ad.  1.  Without  method;  con- 
fusedly. “Savages  fighting  disorderly.”  Raleigh. 

2.  Without  law  ; inordinately. 

"W e behaved  not  ourselves  disorderly  among  you.  2 Thess.  iii.  7. 

f Dllj-OR'DI-NATE,  a.  Disorderly.  “ If  our  actions 
and  affections  both  be  disordinate.”  Holland. 

f Dl§-OR'Dj-NATE-LY,  ad.  Irregularly.  Hall. 

DI§-OR-DI-NA'TION,  n.  Disarrangement  ; dis- 
order; derangement,  [r.]  Bacon. 

DI§-6R-GAN-I-ZA'TI0N,  n.  [It.  disorganizza- 
zione ; Sp.  desorganizacion ; Fr.  disorganisa- 
tion.] 

1.  The  act  of  disorganizing  or  destroying  or- 
ganized system,  or  organic  structure. 

The  anarchy  of  the  administration  of  Pache,  which  has 
completely  disorganized  the  supply  of  our  armies;  which,  by 
that  disorganization , reduced  the  army  of  Dumourier  to  stop 
in  the  middle  of  its  conquests.  Burke. 

2.  The  state  of  being  disorganized.  “ The 

difficulty  and  the  disorganization  with  which 
they  have  to  contend.”  Paley. 

DIS-OR'GAN-TZE,  v.  a.  [It.  disoraanizzare ; Sp. 
desorganizar ; Fr.  disorganiser.]  [i.  disor- 
ganized ; pp.  DISORGANIZING,  DISORGANIZED.] 
To  destroy  the  structure  or  organized  system 
of ; to  put  out  of  order  ; to  discompose  ; to  dis- 
arrange; to  derange  ; to  disorder.  Burke. 

Dl^-OR'GAN-IZ-^R,  n.  One  who  disorganizes, 
disarranges,  or  disorders.  Williams. 

t Dl^-O'RJ-^N-TAT-^D,  a.  Disoriented.  Harris. 

Dlg-O'RI-ENT,  v.  a.  [Fr.  desorienter .)  To  turn 
from  the  east,  [it.]  Warburton. 

Dli^-OWN'  (dlz-on'),  v.  a.  [i.  disowned  ; pp. 
DISOWNING,  DISOWNED.] 

1.  Not  to  own  ; to  refuse  to  acknowledge ; 
to  disavow ; to  disclaim. 

When  somebody  told  him  that  his  mother  and  his  breth- 
ren  stood  without,  desiring  to  see  him,  he  seemed  almost  to 
disown  this  earthly  relation  to  them.  Bearcc. 

2.  To  deny  ; to  disallow.  “They  who  broth- 
er’s better  ciaim  disown."  Dryden. 

Syn. — See  Deny,  Disclaim. 

DI^-OWN'MIJNT  (diz-on'ment),  n.  The  act  of  dis- 
owning ; disavowal,  [it.]  J.  J.  Gurney. 


DI§-OX'Y-DATE,  V.  a.  [Fr.  desoxyder. ] ( Chem .) 
Deoxidate.  — See  Deoxidate. 


DI§-6x-Y-DA'TION,  n.  [Fr.  desoxydation.] 
(Chem.)  The  act,  or  the  process,  of  freeing  from 
oxygen ; deoxidation.  Craig. 

Dl§-6x'Y-<yEN-ATE,  v.  a.  [Fr.  desoxygener.] 
(Chem.)  To  deprive  of  oxygen;  to  deoxidate. 

Clarke. 


d!s-OX-Y-95N-A'TION,  n.  [Fr.  desoxygenation.] 
( Chem.)  The  act  or  process  of  separating  oxy- 
gen from  any  substance.  Craig. 


f DIS-pAce',  v.  n.  To  move  or  range  about. 
“ Dispacing  to  and  fro.”  Spenser. 

DIS-PAlR',  v.  a.  To  part  a couple.  Beau.  Sj  FI. 


t DIS-PAND',  v.  a.  [L.  dispando.] 
to  display  ; to  spread  abroad. 


To  expand  ; 
Bailey. 


f DIS-PAn'SION,  n.  Expansion. 


Bailey. 


DIS-PAr'A-DISED,  (-dlst),  a.  Turned  out  of  par- 
adise. [r.]  Cockeram. 


DIS-PAR' A£E,  v.  a.  [L.  dis,  negative,  par, parts, 
equal,  and  ago,  to  do;  Norm.  Fr.  clespurager ; 
Fr.  deparer .]  [t.  disparaged  ; pp.  disparag- 
ing, DISPARAGED.] 

1.  f To  marry  to  another  of  inferior  condi- 
tion ; to  match  unequally  or  unsuitably.  Johnson. 

2.  To  lower  in  rank  or  estimation  ; to  degrade  ; 
to  detract  from  ; to  underrate  ; to  undervalue  ; 
to  decry  ; to  treat  with  contempt ; to  reproach  ; 
to  traduce  ; to  vilify. 

Thou  durst  not  thus  disparage  glorious  arms. 

Which  greatest  heroes  have  in  battle  worn.  Milton . 
Two  gods  of  no  inferior  fame, 

Whom  ancient  wits  with  reverence  name. 

Though  wiser  moderns  much  disparage  — 

I mean  the  gods  of  love  and  marriage.  Mallet. 

3.  To  bring  reproach  upon ; to  cause  dis- 
grace to.  Atterbury. 

Syn.  — To  disparage,  detract,  and  traduce  are  ap- 
plied to  persons  ; to  depreciate,  degrade , reproach,  vili- 
fy, and  decry,  to  persons  or  to  things.  Men  are  too  apt 
to  disparage  their  rivals,  detract  front  their  merit,  re- 
proach, vilify , and  traduce  their  character,  depreciate 
their  performances,  degrade  themselves  by  misconduct, 
and  to  decry  the  measures  of'an  opposite  party. 

f DIS-PAr'A^E,  n.  Marriage  with  one  of  inferior 
condition  ; unequal  marriage.  Spenser. 

DIS-PAR'A^E-MENT,  n.  1.  (Eng.  Laic.)  Une- 
qual marriage  ; an  injury  done  to  a ward  by  mar- 
rying him  or  her  to  a person  of  inferior  degree, 
or  against  decency.  Cowell. 

And  thought  that  match  a foul  disparagement.  Spenser. 

2.  Act  of  disparaging  or  undervaluing ; de- 
traction ; reproach  ; indignity  ; dishonor. 

Nothing  hath  wrought  more  prejudice  to  religion,  or 
brought  more  disparagement  upon  truth,  than  boisterous  and 
unseasonable  zeal.  Barrow. 

DIS-PAr'A^-ER,  n.  One  who  disparages.  Bogle. 

D!S-pAr'A<?-ING-LY,  ad.  Contemptuously ; 
slightingly.  " Peters. 

DIS'PA-RATE,  a.  [L.  disparatus ; Fr.  disparate .] 
Separate  ; dissimilar  ; unequal. 

The  affection  on  both  sides  is  the  most  cordial,  though  the 
rank  of  the  parties  be  the  most  disparate.  Bp.  Horsley. 


DIS'PA-RATES,  n.  pi.  Things  so  unlike  or  une- 
qual that  they  cannot  be  compared  with  each 
other.  Abp.  Usher. 

+ DlS-PA-Rl''TION,  n.  Disappearance.  Bp.  Hall. 

DIS-PAr'I-TY,  n.  [L.  dispar,  disparts,  unlike  ; 
It.  disparity ; Sp.  disparidad  ; Fr.  disparite .] 

1.  Inequality  ; difference  in  degree  ; — used 
with  in  or  of. 

But  the  disparity  of  years  and  strength 
Between  you  and  your  son,  duly  considered. 

We  would  not  so  expose  you.  Massinger. 

2.  Dissimilitude  ; unlikeness. 

Just  such  disparity 
As  is  ’twixt  air  and  angels’  purity, 

’Twixt  woman’s  love  and  man’s  will  ever  be.  Donne. 

Syn. — See  Difference. 

DIS-PARK',  v.  a.  [Fr.  deparquer.']  To  break  or 
throw  open;  to  lay  open;  — applied  first  to 
parks,  and  then  to  other  enclosed  places. 

You  have  fed  upon  my  signories, 

Disparked  my  parks,  and  felled  my  forest  woods.  Shak. 

The  veil  of  the  temple  divided  of  itself,  and  opened  the 
enclosures,  and  disparked  the  sanctuary.  Bp.  Taylor. 

DIS-PARK'ING,  n.  The  act  of  liberating  from  a 
park.  “ First  openings  and  disparkings.”  Taylor. 


f DIS-PAR'KLE,  v.  a.  [dis,  intensive,  and  spar- 
kle.] To  scatter  ; to  disperse.  Dr.  Clarke. 

DjS-PART',  V.  a.  [i.  DISPARTED;  pp.  DISPART- 
ING, DISPARTED.]  To  divide  in  two ; to  sepa- 
rate ; to  break  ; to  burst ; to  rive. 

That  same  mighty  man  of  God, 

That  blood-red  billows  like  a walled  trout 

On  either  side  disparted  with  his  rod.  Spenser. 

DIS-PART',  v.  n.  To  divide  or  separate  ; to  part. 

The  silver  clouds  disparted.  Shelly. 

DIS'PART,  n.  (Gunnery.)  The  difference  be- 
tween the  semi-diameter  of  the  base  ring,  at  the 
breech  of  a gun,  and  that  of  the  ring  at  the 
swell  of  the  muzzle.  P.  Cyc. 

DIS-PAS'SION  (djs-pash'un),  n.  Freedom  from 
mental  perturbation  or  passion  ; quiet. 

What  is  called  by  the  Stoics  apathy  or  disjiassion  [is  called! 
by  the  Sceptics  indisturbance,  by  the  Molenists  quietism,  by 
common  men  peace  of  conscience.  Temple. 

DIS-PAS'SION-ATE  (dls-pash'un-?t),  a.  Free  from 
passion;  unexcited;  unruffled;  composed;  tem- 
perate ; calm  ; moderate  ; cool. 

Reason  requires  a calm  and  dispassionate  situation  of  the 
mind  to  form  her  judgments  aright.  Search. 

f DIS-PAs'SlON-AT-JgD,  a.  Free  from  passion  ; 
dispassionate.  Dr.  Maine. 

DIS-PAS'SION- ATE-LY,  ad.  In  a dispassionate 
manner ; calmly  ; tranquilly  ; soberly. 

f DIS-PAS'SIONED  (dis-pash'und),  a.  Free  from 
passion ; dispassionate.  Donne. 

DIS-PATCH',  v.  a.  [It.  dispacciare  ; Sp.  despa- 
char  ; Fr.  despescher  or  dipecher.]  [i.  dis- 
patched; pp.  DISPATCHING,  DISPATCHED.] 

1.  To  send  away  hastily  ; to  despatch.  Temple. 

2.  To  send  out  of  the  world ; to  put  to  death  ; 

to  kill.  Udal. 

3.  To  perform  business  quickly  ; to  execute  ; 

to  hasten  ; to  expedite.  Milton. 

Dgy-  For  citations,  and  for  remarks  on  the  orthogra- 
phy, see  Despatch. 

DIS-PATCH',  n.  1.  Speed  ; haste  ; despatch.  Paley. 

2.  Execution  ; management.  Milton. 

3.  An  express;  a message.  — See  Despatch. 

DIS-PATCH'JgR,  n.  One  who  dispatches  ; de- 
spatches — See  Despatcher.  Hammond. 

DJS-PAtCH'FUL,  a.  Hasty;  expeditious;  quick; 
despatchful.  — See  Despatchful.  Pope. 

f DIS-PATCH'MENT,  n.  Dispatch.  St.  Trials,  1529. 

DlS'PA-THY,  n.  Want  of  feeling  or  passion ; 
apathy,  [r.]  Southey. 

DIS-PAu'PpR,  v.  a.  (Eng.  Late.)  To  deprive  of  the 
privilege  of  suing  m forma  pauperis.  Bouvier. 

DIS-PAU'PJpRED  (dis-p&u'perd),  p.  a.  (Law.)  In- 
capacitated from  suing  in  forma  pauperis.  Crabb. 

DlS-PEACE',  n.  Want  of  peace,  [r.]  Irving. 

DIS-PEL',  v.  a.  [L.  dispello  ; dis,  asunder,  and 
pello,  to  drive.]  [*.  dispelled  ; pp.  dispel- 
ling, dispelled.]  To  disperse  ; to  drive  away ; 
to  scatter  by  driving ; to  dissipate. 

If  the  night 

Have  gathered  aught  of  evil,  or  concealed, 

Disperse  it,  as  now  light  dispels  the  dark.  Milton. 

Syn.—  Dispel  is  a stronger  term  than  disperse.  A 
thing  is  destroyed  by  being  dispelled,  and  separated  or 
scattered  by  being  dispersed.  The  wind  disperses  the 
clouds  ; the  sun  dispels  clouds  and  darkness.  The 
mob  is  dispersed,  sheep  scattered,  ignorance  or  dark- 
ness dispelled ; property  or  an  estate  is  dissipated. 

f DIS-PENCE',  n.  See  Dispense.  Spenser. 

DIS-PEND',  v.  a.  [L.  dispendo.]  To  spend  ; to 
expend,  [it.]  Spenser. 

f DIS-PEND'pR,  n.  One  who  distributes.  Wickliffe. 

DIS- PEN'S  A- BLE,  a.  [It.'  dispensabile  ; Sp.  de- 
spensable .] 

1.  That  may  he  dispensed  or  administered. 

“ Laws  of  the  land  . . . dispensable  by  the  ordi- 
nary courts.”  [r.]  State  Trials,  1680. 

2.  That  may  be  dispensed  with.  “ A small 

dispensable  right.”  South. 

D]S-PEN'S  A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the 
quality  of  being  dispensable.  Hammond. 

DJS-PEN'SA-RY,  n.  [Fr.  dispensaire .] 

1.  A shop  in  which  medicines  are  com- 
pounded. Hoblyn. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RllLE.  — <J,  <?,  9,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z ; $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


DISPENSATION 


420 


DISPLEASURE 


2.  A charitable  institution  by  which  the  poor 
are  supplied  with  medicines.  Hoblyn. 

DIS-PIJN-SA'TION,  n.  [L.  dispensatio  ; Sp.  dis- 
pensacion ; Fr.  dispensation.] 

1.  The  act  of  dispensing ; distribution  ; the 
dealing  out  of  any  thing  ; — applied  particularly 
to  God’s  dealings  with  his  creatures. 

Do  thou,  my  soul,  the  destined  period  wait 
When  God  shall  solve  the  dark  decrees  of  fate, 

His  now  unequal  dispensations  clear, 

And  make  all  wise  and  beautiful  appear.  Tickell. 

2.  Administration  ; stewardship. 

A dispensation  of  the-  gospel  is  commi  tted  unto  me.  ICor.  ix.  1? . 

3.  Scheme  ; plan  ; economy  ; as,  “ The  Mosaic 
dispensation  ” ; “ The  Christian  dispensation." 

4.  (Eccl.)  An  exemption  from  some  law;  li- 
cense or  permission  to  do  something  forbidden, 
or  omit  something  commanded. 

A dispensation  was  obtained  to  enable  Dr.  Barrow  to 
marry.  Ward. 

5.  Excuse;  forgiveness;  pardon,  [it.] 

’T  is  a crime  past  dispensation.  Dryden. 

DJS-PEN’SA-TIVE,  a.  Granting  dispensation,  [it.] 
D JS-PEN'SA-Tl  VE-LY,  ad.  By  dispensation. 

DiS'P£NT-SA-TOR,  n.  [L.]  A dispenser  ; a dis- 
tributer. “ Dispensators  of  her  favor.”  Bacon. 

DIS-PEN’SA-TO-Rj-LY,  ad.  By  way  of  dispen- 
sation. Goodwin. 

L)IS- PEN'S  A-TO-Ry,  a.  [L.  dispensatorius.] 
Granting  dispensation.  Bp.  Rainbow. 

DIS-PEN'S A-TO-Ry,  n.  1.  A book  which  de- 
scribes the  history,  composition,  and  prepara- 
tion of  medicines  , a pharmacopoeia.  Braude. 
2.  A dispensary.  Hammond. 

Syn.  — “A  dispensatory  differs  from  a pharmaco- 
ptria,  in  containing  the  physical  and  medical  history 
of  tile  various  substances  ; whilst  tile  pharmacopeia 
is  restricted  to  the  mode  of  preparing  them,  & c.  The 
pharmacopeia , too,  is  published  under  the  authority  of, 
and  by  the  members  of  a college  nr  association,  whilst 
a dispensatory  contains  tile  whole  of  the  pharmacopeia 
or  pharmacopeias , with  additions  by  the  author,  under 
whose  authority  alone  it  usually  appears.  Formerly, 
the  words  were  used  indiscriminately.”  Dtingtison. 

DIS-PENSE',  v.  a.  [I,  dispense  ; It.  dispensare ; 
Sp.  dispensar  ; Fr.  dispenser.]  [/.  dispensed; 

pp.  DISPENSING,  DISPENSED.] 

1.  To  deal  out ; to  distribute ; to  apportion. 

God  . dwelleth  above,  . . . dispensing  or  ordaining 
meeds  to  good  men,  and  torments  to  wicked  men.  Chaucer, 

2.  To  administer  ; to  execute  ; to  direct. 

While  you  disjtense  the  laws  and  guide  the  state.  Drj/den. 
To  dispense  with,  to  permit  the  want  of;  to  do  with- 
out ; as,  “ To  dispense  with  a fire  ” ; “ To  dispense 
with  another’s  company.”  — To  disregard  ; to  set 
aside.  “ We  must,  of  force,  with  this  decree  dispense .” 
Shak.  To  excuse.  “ Unfeeling  fools  can  with  such 
wrongs  dispense .”  “ I could  not  dispense  with  myself 
from  making  a voyage  to  Caprea.”  Addison.  To  ob- 
tain a dispensation  from. 

Hast  thou  not  sworn  allegiance  unto  me? 

Canst  thou  dis/tense  with  Heaven  for  such  an  oath?  Shak. 

Syn.  — To  dispense  is  to  deal  out  generally  or  in- 
discriminately ; to  distribute , to  deal  out  to,  or  divide 
among,  individuals.  Providence  dispenses  blessings 
to  all;  a prince  distributes  favors  as  he  pleases.  A 
share  in  a common  property  is  distributed  or  allotted 
to  each  proprietor. 

fDJS-PENSE',  v.  n.  To  make  amends. 

One  loving  hour 

For  many  years  of  sorrow  can  dispense.  Spenser. 

t D{S-PENSE',  n.  Dispensation  ; exemption. 

Indulgences,  dispenses , pardons,  bulls.  Milton. 

DIS-PEN'S^R,  n.  One  who  dispenses.  Udal. 

Dls-PEO'PLE  (dls-pe'pl),  v.  a.  [Fr.  depeupler .] 
\l.  DISPEOPLED  ; pp.  DISPEOPLING,  DISPEO- 
PLED.] To  depopulate  ; to  empty  of  inhabi- 
tants. 

Lest  his  heart  exalt  him  in  the  harm 

Already  done,  to  have  dispeopled  heaven.  Milton. 

DIS-PEO'PLER  (dls-pe'pler),  n.  A depopulator. 
“Stern  dispeopler  of  the  plain.”  Lewis . 

f DIS-PER£E',  v.  a.  [L.  disperyo.)  To  sprinkle  ; 
to  scatter  ; to  disperse.  Shak. 

DIS-PER'I-WIGGED  (-wigd),  a.  Deprived  of  a 
periwig,  [it.]  Cowper. 

DI-SPER'MOUS.  a.  [Gr.  fag,  double,  and  a-nlgpa, 
seed.]  ( Bot .)  Containing  only  two  seeds.  Crabb. 

DJS-PER'SAL,  n.  Dispersion.  Crowe. 


DfS-PiilRSE'  v.  a.  [L.  disperyo,  dispersus ; dis, 
apart,  and  sparqo,  to  scatter ; It.  disperyere ; 
Sp.  dispersar  , irr.  disperser .]  [i.  dispersed; 

pp.  DISPERSING,  DISPERSED.] 

1.  To  drive  to  different  parts ; to  scatter ; to 
dissipate ; to  dispel. 

I scattered  them  among  the  heathen,  and  they  were  dis- 
persed umong  the  countries.  Ezek.  xxxvi.  lb. 

At  length  the  sun,  gazing  upon  the  earth, 

Dispersed  those  vapors  that  otfended  us.  Shak. 

2.  To  diffuse  ; to  spread ; to  disseminate. 

He  sent  command  to  the  lord  mayor  straight 

To  stop  the  rumor,  aud  alluy  those  tongues 

That  durst  disj terse  it.  Shak. 

3.  To  distribute;  to  dispense.  Bacon. 

Syn. — See  Dispel,  Spread. 

D1S-PERSE',  v.  n.  To  fly  or  go  in  different  ways; 
to  separate  ; to  spread  ; to  scatter.  Swift. 

Glory  is  like  a circle  in  the  water. 

Which  never  ceuseth  to  enlarge  itself, 

Till,  by  broad  spreading,  it  disperse  to  nought.  Shak. 

DIS-PERSED  (djs-perst'),  p.  a.  Scattered  ; dis- 
tributed ; spread.  11  Dispersed  love.”  Bp.  Hall. 

DIS-PERS'pLI-LY,  ad.  In  a dispersed  manner; 
here  and  there.  Hooker. 

DJS-PERS'BD-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  dispersed. 
“ From  their  [clouds’]  dispersedness.”  More. 

+ DIS-PERSE’N^SS,  n.  Thinness;  scatteredness. 
“ Disperseness  of  habitations.”  Brerewood. 

DIS-PERS'JjJR,  n.  One  who  disperses  ; a spreader. 

D]S-PER'SION  (djs-per  shun),  n.  [L.  dispersio ; 
It.  dispersione  ; Sp.  &;  Fr.  dispersion.] 

1.  The  act  of  dispersing  or  scattering. 

The  tragedy  of  Absyrtus,  and  the  dispersion  of  his  mem- 
bers by  Medea.  Browne. 

2.  The  state  of  being  dispersed  ; diffusion. 

We  must  conclude  that  this  is  a sin  of  a higher  nature, 
which  hath  not  been  expiated  by  sixteen  hundredyears’ cap- 
tivity and  dispersion.  b tilling  fleet. 

3.  (Opt.)  The  angular  separation  of  the  con- 

stituent rays  of  light  when  decomposed  or  sep- 
arated by  the  prism.  Brande 

DIS-PER'SJVE,  a.  Having  the  power,  or  tending, 
to  disperse  ; scattering.  Dyer. 

f DIS-PIERCE*,  v,  a.  To  disperse.  Drayton. 

DJS-  pIr’jT,  v a.  [d/s  and  spirit.]  [/.dispirit- 
ed , pp.  dispiriting,  DISPIRITED.]  To  de- 
prive of  spirit,  courage,  or  resolution  ; to  dis- 
courage; to  deject;  to  depress;  to  dishearten. 

Our  men  are  dispirited,  and  not  likely  to  get  any  thing  by 
fighting  with  them.  Ludlow. 

DlS-PIR'[T-pD,  p.  a.  1.  Deprived  of  spirit ; dis- 
couraged; disheartened;  downcast;  dejected. 

2.  Wanting  in  animation  ; languid  ; dull. 
“ Dispirited  recitations.”  Hammond. 

DIS-PIR  IT-^D-NESS,  ?l.  Want  of  vigor  or  spirit. 
“ Faintness  and  dispiritedness.'’  Boyle 

+ DIS-PIT'IJ-OUS,  a.  Rancorous:  malicious  : fu- 
rious. “ Dispiteous  rage.”  Spenser. 

f DJS-PIT  5-OtJS-LV,  ad.  Maliciously.  Chaucer. 

dIs-PI.ACE  , v a.  [Fr.  deplacer.]  [/.DISPLACED; 
pp.  DISPLACING,  DISPLACED.] 

1.  To  put  out  of  place ; to  remove.  “ If  it  be 

possible  for  you  to  displace  it  [the  corner-stone] 
with  your  little  finger.”  Shak. 

2.  To  eject  from  office  or  dignity  ; to  depose. 

It  shall,  and  may  be,  lawful  for  us,  our  heirs,  and  succes- 
sors, to  remove  and  displace  every  such  governor.  Hackluyt. 

3.  t To  disturb;  to  disorder.  “ You  have  dis- 
placed the  mirth.”  Shak. 

DIS-PLAce'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  displaced  or 
removed,  [r.]  Ed.  Rev. 

dIs-PLACED'  (dis-plast’),  p.  a.  Put  out  of  place. 

DIS-PLAOE'M^NT,  n.  [Fr.  dpla  cement.)  The  act 
of  displacing,  or  putting  out  of  place.  Phil.  Mag. 

dIS-PLA'CEN-CY,  n.  [L.  displicentia ; Sp.  dis- 
plicencia.]  Displeasure  ; dislike  ; dissatisfac- 
tion ; — opposed  to  complacency.  “With  dis- 
placency,  or,  to  use  a more  common  word,  with 
dislike.'”  Beattie. 

dIs-PLANT’,  v.  a.  [Fr.  deplanter.]  [»’.  displant- 
ed  ; pp.  displantino,  displanted.] 

1.  To  pluck  up,  as  a plant;  to  remove. 

I seek  not  to  displant  you 

Where  you  desire  to  grow.  Massinger. 


2.  To  eject ; to  drive  out. 

Curse  on  those  French  pirates  that  displanted  us.  Beau.  Sr  Ft. 

3.  To  deprive  of  colonists,  or  inhabitants,  [r.] 
All  those  countries  which,  lying  near  unto  any  mountains, 

had  been  planted  with  English,  were  shortly  di*plunted. 

Spenser. 

DIS-PLAN-TA’TIQN,  ra.  The  act  of  displanting; 
removal.  Raleigh. 

DIS-PLANT’JNG,  n.  Removal ; ejection.  Hakewill. 

DIS-PlAt’,  v.  a.  To  untwist;  to  uncurl.  “His 
hair  should  be  displatted .”  [r.]  Hakewill. 

DIS-PLAY'  (djs-pla'),  v.  a.  [L.  dis,  priv.,  and  plico, 
to  fold;  It.  dispiegare;  Sp.  dcsplcgar ; Fr.  di- 
ployer.]  [i.  displayed;  pp.  displaying,  dis- 
played.] 

1.  To  spread  wide  ; to  lay  open  ; to  open  ; to 
unfold ; to  expand  ; to  extend. 

By  which  he  saw  the  ugly  monster  plain, 

Half  like  a serpent,  horribly  displayed.  Spenser. 

And  let  fowl  fly  above  the  earth,  with  wings 
Displayed  on  the  open  firmament  of  heaven.  Milton. 

2.  To  exhibit ; to  show ; to  bring  into  view. 
But  his  growth  now  to  youth’s  full  flower  displaying 
All  virtue,  grace,  and  wisdom  to  achieve 

Things  highest,  greatest,  multiplies  my  fear.  Milton. 

3.  To  set  ostentatiously  to  view;  to  parade; 

to  show  off.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Show. 

DJS-PLAy',  v.  n.  1.  To  lay  any  thing  open,  as  in 
dissection.  “ He  carves,  displays,  and  cuts  up 
to  a wonder.”  Spectator. 

2.  To  talk  without  restraint. 

The  very  fellow  which  of  late 

Displayed  so  saucily  against  your  highness.  Shak. 

DIS-PLAY'  (djs-pla'),  n.  1.  An  exhibition  to  the 
view  or  to  the  thoughts  ; manifestation.  “ The 
stupendous  display  of  omnipotence.”  Spectator. 

2.  Open,  public,  or  ostentatious  show;  pa- 
rade ; pomp.  “ A rhetorical  display.”  Glanvill. 
Syn.  — See  Show. 

DIS-PLAY'ER,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  displays, 
f DIS'PLE,  v.  a.  To  discipline.  “ Only  the  merry 
Friar  in  Chaucer  can  disple  them.”  Milton. 
f DIS-PLEA^'ANCE,  n.  [Fr . deplaisance.]  Anger; 

displeasure ; dissatisfaction.  Spenser. 

f Dls-PLEAI5'ANT  (dis-plez’rint),  a.  Unpleasant. 
“ Odor  . . . noxious  and  displeasant.”  Glanvill. 

fDIS-PLEA§'ANT-LY,  ad.  In  an  unpleasing 
manner.  Sir  T.  Elyot. 

DIS-PLEA§E'  (dis-plez'),  V.  a.  [L.  displiceo  ; dis, 
priv.,  anAplaceo,  to  please;  It.  dispiacere ; Sp. 
desplacer ; Fr.  deplaire.]  [/.  displeased;  j)p. 
displeasing,  displeased.]  To  offend;  to 
dissatisfy  ; to  make  angry  ; to  provoke  ; to  vex  ; 
to  irritate  ; to  affront. 

If  I obey  them, 

I do  it  freely,  venturing  to  displease 
God  for  the  fear  of  man.  Milton. 

Syn.  — To  displease , offend , provoke , vex,  and  af- 
front, all  imply  a painful  feeling  caused  by  the  conduct 
of  another.  Displeased  at  what  is  improper;  offended 
or  provoked  at  what  is  offensive  or  disrespectful ; vexed 
at  gross  misconduct ; affronted , irritated,  or  made  angry 
by  insult  or  by  ill  treatment. 

DIS-PLEA^E',  v.  n.  To  disgust;  to  raise  aversion. 
Foul  sights  do  rather  displease  in  that  they  excite  the 
memory  of  foul  things  than  in  the  immediate  objects.  Bacon. 

DIS-PLEA§'?D-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
displeased  ; dissatisfaction,  [r.]  South. 

| niS-PLEAfj'ER,  n.  One  who  displeases.  Milton. 

I DlS-PLEA§'ING-NESS,  n.  Offensiveness.  Locke. 

DlS-PLEA^'URE  (dls-plezh'ur),  n.  [Fr.  deplaisir.] 

1.  Dislike ; dissatisfaction ; distaste  ; dis- 
gust ; offence  ; — anger  ; indignation  ; resent- 
ment. 

On  me  alone  thy  just  displeasure  lay.  Dryden. 

2.  The  cause  of  dissatisfaction  or  anger;  that 
which  displeases ; offence. 

Now  shall  I be  more  blameless  than  the  Philistines,  though 
I do  them  a displeasure.  Judg.  xv.  3. 

3.  f State  of  disgrace  ; disfavor. 

He  went  into  Poland,  being  in  disiAeasure  with  the  pope 
for  overmuch  familiarity.  Peacham. 

Syn.  — Displeasure  is  the  opposite  of  pleasure,  and 
is  produced  by  persons  only  ; distaste  and  disgust  are 
produced  by  things;  dislike  and  dissatisfaction,  by  per- 
sons or  by  tilings.  Displeasure  and  offence  imply  a 
calmer  feeling  then  anger,  indignation , or  resentment. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  $,  l,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure.  — FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


DISPLEASURE 


421 


D I S P RO  PORTION  A B L Y 


t DIS-PLEA§’URE,  v.  a.  To  displease.  Bacon. 

tDIS'PLI-CENCE,  n.  [L.  displicentia.)  Dislike; 
displeasure  ; dissatisfaction.  Goodwin. 

t DTs'PLI-CEN-CY,  n.  Displicence.  Owen. 

D|S-PLODE',  v.  a.  [L.  displodo  ; dis,  used  inten- 
sively, and  plaudo,  to  clap.]  [i.  disploded; 
pp.  disploding,  disploded.]  To  burst  or 
break  asunder  with  a loud  noise  ; to  explode. 

In  posture  to  displode  their  second  tire 
Of  thunder.  Milton. 

DTS-PLODE',  v.n.  To  go  off  with  a loud  noise, 
as  a cannon  ; to  explode. 

Like  rubbish  from  disploding  engines  thrown.  Young. 

DIS- PLOSION  (djs-plo'zhun),  n.  Explosion. 

The  first  displosion  dissipates  the  clouds.  Young. 

DIS-PLO'SIVE,  a.  Noting,  or  implying,  displo- 
sion  ; explosive.  Smart. 

DIS-PLUME',  v.  a.  [ i . displumed  ; pp.  DISPLUM- 
ING, displumed.]  To  strip  of  plumes  or 
feathers: — to  dishonor  ; to  disgrace.  Burke. 

DI-SPON'DEE,  n.  [Gr.  ill's,  double,  and  tnovbuo;, 
a spondee  ; Fr.  dispotuPe.)  (Pros.)  A double 
spondee,  consisting  of  four  long  syllables.  Beck. 

DIS-PONE',  v.  a.  [L.  dispono. — See  Dispose.] 
(Scottish  Law.)  To  make  over  ; to  convey  to 
another  in  a legal  form.  Jamieson. 

DlS-Po'NER,  n.  (Scot.  Law.)  A grantor.  Burrill. 

DIS-PONtjJE',  v.  a.  To  distill  or  drop,  as  from  a 
full  sponge  ; — written  also  dispunge.  Shak. 

D(S-PORT',  n.  [Old  Fr.  desport .]  Play  ; sport ; 
pastime.  “ Love’s  disport.”  Milton. 

DJS-PORT',  v.  a.  [L.  dis,  apart,  and  porto,  to  car- 
ry ; Old  Fr.  desporter .]  [ i . disported  ; pp. 

DISPORTING,  DISPORTED.] 

1.  To  divert ; to  amuse.  Shak. 

2.  To  remove  from  a port.  Clarke. 

DIS-PORT',  v.  n.  To  play;  to  toy;  to  wanton; 
to  frolic  ; to  gambol ; to  sport. 

Disporting  on  thy  m argent  green.  Gray. 

t DjS-PORT'MIJNT,  n.  Diversion;  sport.  More. 

D{S-PO§'A-BLE,  a.  [It.  di sponi bile  ; Sp.  % Fr.  dis- 
ponible. ] That  may  be  disposed  of  or  used. 

The  enemy  has  a large  disposable  force.  Todd. 

DIS-PO§'AL,  n.  1.  The  act  of  disposing;  method 
of  arranging  ; distribution  ; disposition  ; ar- 
rangement. “ Tax  not  divine  disposal."  Milton. 

2.  The  power,  or  the  right,  of  bestowing. 

Are  not  the  blessings  both  of  this  world  and  the  next  in 
his  disposal ? Atterbury. 

3.  Power  of  ordering ; management ; govern- 
ment ; regulation  ; control ; conduct. 

The  execution  leave  to  high  disposal.  Milton. 

Syn.  — . See  Disposition. 

DIS-PO^E'  (djs-p5z'),  v.  a.  [L.  dispono,  dispositits  , 
dis,  apart,  and  pono , to  place  ; It.  disporre  ; Sp. 
disponer ; Fr.  disposer.)  \i.  disposed  ; pp.  dis- 
posing, disposed.] 

1.  To  place  in  order ; to  arrange  ; to  range. 

Ladies,  there  is  an  idle  banquet 
Attends  you;  please  you  to  dispose  yourselves.  Shak. 

2.  To  regulate  ; to  adjust ; to  order  , to  de- 
termine ; t<-  set  right ; to  settle. 

The  knightly  forms  of  combat  to  dispose.  Dryden. 

3.  To  employ;  to  bestow;  to  give,  [r.] 

You  have  disposed  much  in  works  of  public  piety.  Sprat 

4.  To  turn  to  any  end  or  consequence. 

Endure  and  conquer;  Jove  will  soon  disjiose 

To  future  good  our  past  and  present  woes.  Dryden. 

5.  To  incline  ; to  give  a propension  ; to  frame 
the  mind  of ; to  move ; — with  to. 

Suspicions  dispose  kings  to  tyranny,  husbands  to  jealousy, 
and  wise  men  to  irresolution  and  melancholy.  Bacon. 

6.  To  adapt ; to  make  fit ; — with  for. 

And  mortal  food  as  may  dispose  him  best 

For  dissolution  wrought  by  sin.  Milton. 

To  dispose  of , to  determine  the  condition  of.  “ Men 
.. . dispose  o/ their  possessions.”  Locke.  To  bestow  ; 
to  give  away.  “ I have  disposed  of  her  to  a man  of 
business.”  Tatler.  To  place  in  some  condition  ; to 
arrange  for.  “Come,  cousin,  I’ll  dispose  of  you.” 
Shale.  To  put  out  of  one’s  possession  ; as,  “ To  dis- 
pose of  a house  ” : — to  remove  out  of  the  way  ; to  put 
away  ; to  get  rid  of.  “ To  dispose  of  their  dead  bod- 
ies.” Shak. 

Syn.  — To  dispose,  arrange , and  range,  all  imply 


the  idea  of  placing  in  some  order,  or  a systematic 
laying  apart.  Disposed  in  rows;  arranged  in  order; 
ranged  in  a straight  line ; placed  on  a shelf.  Books 
are  arranged  in  a library  ; the  contents  of  a book,  or 
the  laws  of  a country,  are  digested.  — Disposed  or  in- 
clined to  do  well. 

f DJS-PO^E',  v . ii.  To  bargain  ; to  make  terms. 

You  did  suspect  she  had  disposed  with  Caesar.  Shade. 

f D|S-PO§E',  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  disposes  ; 
disposal;  dispensation;  arrangement;  regula- 
tion. 

All  is  best,  though  oft  we  doubt 
What  the  unsearchable  dispose 
Of  highest  Wisdom  brings  about.  Milton. 

2.  Power  of  ordering  ; management. 

All  that  is  mine  I leave  at  thy  disjjose.  Shak. 

3.  Cast  of  behavior;  demeanor. 

He  hath  a person  and  a smooth  dispose 

To  be  suspected,  framed  to  make  women  false.  Shak. 

4.  Cast  of  mind  ; disposition.  Shak. 

DIS-POfj'f D-NESS,  n.  Disposition;  inclination. 

“ Their  own  disposedness  to  evil.”  Mountagu. 

+ DIS-PO§E'M£)NT,  n.  The  quality  of  being  dis- 
posed. “ Above  all  such  extrinsical  contri- 
vances and  disposements.”  Goodwin. 

DIS-PO.'j'^R,  n.  1.  One  who  disposes  or  distri- 
butes ; a distributer ; a giver ; a bestower. 

The  magistrate  is  both  the  beggar  and  the  disposer  of  what 
is  got  by  begging.  Grant. 

2.  A governor ; a director  ; a manager  ; a reg- 
ulator. “ Leave  events  to  their  Disposer.”  Boyle. 

D|S-PO§'ING,  n.  Direction;  determination. 

The  whole  disposing  thereof  is  of  the  Lord.  Prov.  xvi.  33. 

DIS-Po§'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a manner  to  adapt,  reg- 
ulate, or  govern.  Mountagu. 

DlS-PO-S["TlON  (dls-po-zlsh'un),  n.  [L.  disposi- 
tion It.  disposizione  ; Sp.  disposition ; Fr.  dis- 
position.) 

1.  The  act  of  disposing  or  arranging,  or  the 
state  of  being  disposed  or  arranged. 

Appoint  not  heavenly  disposition.  Milton. 

2.  Power  of  ordering;  management;  disposal. 
“ At  the  disposition  of  mine  executrix.”  Fabyan. 

3.  Mode  of  arrangement ; order  ; method. 

I ask  whether  the  connection  of  the  extremes  be  not  more 
clearly  seen  in  this  simple  and  natural  disposition.  Locke. 

4.  Fitness  or  tendency;  propension;  liability. 
“A  great  disposition  to  putrefaction.”  Bacon. 

5.  Temper,  character,  or  frame  of  mind  ; pre- 
disposition ; inclination  ; temperament ; humor ; 
as,  “ A good  or  bad,  kind  or  cruel,  disposition." 

6.  (Printing.)  The  act  of  separating  the 

types  in  a form,  and  distributing  them  in  their 
several  cases.  London  Ency. 

7.  (Paint.)  The  general  arrangement  of  the 
parts  of  a picture  or  composition. 

Composition  may  be  considered  as  the  general  order  or 
arrangement  of  a design;  disposition , as  the  particular  order 
adopted.  Fairholt. 

8.  (Arch.)  The  arrangement  of  the  whole 
design  of  a building  ; — distinguished  from  dis- 
tribution, which  signifies  the  particular  arrange- 
ments of  the  internal  parts  of  a building.  Brande, 

Syn.  — Disposition  or  arrangement  of  an  army  ; es- 
tablished order  ; regular  method  ; distribution  of  parts  : 
— disposition  or  disposal  of  property.  Disposition  is  a 
permanent  and  settled  state  of  mind,  more  positive 
and  stronger  than  inclination  ; temper  is  transitory 
and  fluctuating.  Disposition  relates  to  the  general 
character  and  motives  of  action;  temper  influences 
the  actions  for  the  time  being.  A person  may  have  a 
good  disposition,  though  his  temper  may  be  indifferent. 
Disposition  to  always  do  one’s  duty  ; inclination  to 
study  ; a placid  or  irascible  temper.  — See  Qu ality. 

DIS-PO-§I''TION-AL,  a.  Relating  to  disposition. 
[r.]  J.  Johnson. 

f DIS-PO§'I-TIVE,  a.  [It.  4 Sp.  dispositivo. ) 

1.  That  implies  disposal ; decretive.  “ Dis- 
positive and  enacting  terms.”  Ayliffe. 

2.  Pertaining  to  inclination  or  natural  dispo- 
sition. “ Dispositive  holiness.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

f DIS-POf-i'I-TIVE-LY,  ad.  In  a dispositive  man- 
ner. “Dispositively  verified.”  Browne. 

f DIS-PO§'l-TOR,  n.  (Astro!.)  A disposer  or 
ruler ; a planet  which  is  lord  of  that  sign  in 
which  another  planet  is.  Johnson. 

DIS-PO§-§ESS'  (dls-poz-zes1),  V.  a.  [It.  dtsposses- 
sare.]  \i.  dispossessed;  pp.  dispossessing, 


dispossessed.]  To  put  out  of  possession  ; to 
deprive  ; to  disseize  : — to  take  away. 

Ye  shall  dispossess  the  inhabitants  of  the  land,  and  dwell 
therein.  Num.  xxxiii.  53. 

DIS-PO§-§ES'SIQN  (dls-poz-zesh'un),  n.  [Fr.  dti 
possession.) 

1.  The  act  of  dispossessing  ; deprivation. 

2.  The  state  of  being  dispossessed.  Farmer. 

3.  (Law.)  A species  of  injury  to  real  proper- 

ty by  the  amotion  or  deprivation  of  possession  ; 
— otherwise  termed  ouster.  Burrill. 

DIS-PO!j-§ESS'OR,  n.  One  who  dispossesses  or 
puts  out  of  possession.  Cowley. 

DIS-POST',  v.  a.  To  remove  from  a post ; to  dis- 
place. [r.]  Chalmers. 

DIS-PO^'URE  (djs-po'zhur),  n.  1.  The  act  of  dis- 
posing; disposal,  management.  “ The  dispos- 
ures  of  Providence.”  Bates. 

2.  t Posture ; disposition ; state.  Wotton. 

DIS-PRAI^E',  n.  1.  Blame;  censure. 

By  aught  that  I can  speak  in  his  dispraise.  Shak. 

2.  Discredit;  reproach;  disgrace;  dishonor. 

My  faults  will  not  be  hid;  and  it  is  no  dispraise  to  me  that 
they  will  not.  Pope. 

DlS-PRAl^E',  V.  a.  [ i . DISPRAISED  ; pp.  DISPRAIS- 
ING, DISPRAISED.]  To  blame;  to  censure. 

• In  praising  Antony  I have  dispraised  Caesar.  Shak. 

DIS-PRAIfj'ER,  n.  A censurer;  one  who  blames. 

f DIS-PRAIis'l-BLE,  a.  Unworthy  of  commenda- 
tion or  praise.  Bailey. 

DIS-PRAI^'ING-LY,  ad.  With  blame  or  censure. 

When  I have  spoken  of  you  dispraisingly.  Shak. 

DIS-PREAD'  (djs-spred'),  v.  a.  [dis  and  spread. ] 
[i.  DISPREAD  ; pp.  DISPREADING,  DISPREAD.J 
To  spread  different  ways  ; to  spread  widely. 

Above,  below,  around,  with  art  disnread , 

The  sure  enclosure  folds  the  genial  bed.  Pope. 

In  this  word,  and  a few  others,  dis  means  dif- 
ferent ways,  in  different  directions. 

DIS-PREAD',  v.  n.  To  be  spread.  “Heat  dis- 
preading through  the  sky.”  Thomson. 

DIS-PREAD'IJR,  n.  A publisher ; a divulger.  Milton. 

t DIS-PREJ'U-DiCE,  v.  a.  To  free  from  preju- 
dice. Mountagu. 

f DiS-PRp.-PARE',  ii.  a.  To  deprive  of  prepara- 
tion ; to  render  unfit  or  unprepared.  Hobbes. 

DIS-PRl§'ON  (-prlz'zn),  v.  a.  To  let  go  from 
prison  ; to  set  free  ; to  liberate.  Clarke. 

f DIS-PRIV'I-LEIjlE,  v.  a.  To  deprive  of  privi- 
leges, or  of  a peculiar  or  proper  right.  Jaru. 

DIS-PRIZE',  v.  a.  [It.  disprezzare ; Sp.  despreciar.) 
To  undervalue  ; to  depreciate,  [r.]  Cotton. 

DIS-PRO-FESS',  v.  a.  To  abandon  the  profession 
of ; to  cease  to  profess,  [r.]  Spenser. 

DIS-PROF'IT,  n.  Loss  ; damage  ; detriment.  Fox. 

f DtS-PROF'IT,  v.  n.  To  cause  to  be  without 
profit ; to  lose.  Bale. 

f DIS-PROF'IT-A-BLE,  a.  Unprofitable.  Hall. 

DIS-PROOF',  n.  Confutation  ; conviction  of  error. 

J need  not  offer  any  thing  further  in  support  of  one,  or  in 
disproof  of  the  other.  Rogers. 

f DIS-PROP'ER-TY,  v.  a.  To  dispossess  of;  to 
take  away  from.  Shak. 

DIS-PRO-POR'TION,  n.  [It.  disproporzione ; Sp. 
disproportion-,  Fr.  disproportion.)  Want  of 
proportion  ; unsuitableness  of  one  thing,  or  part 
of  a thing,  to  another  ; want  of  symmetry  ; dis- 
parity. 

For  their  strength, 

The  disproportion  is  so  great,  we  cannot  but 

Expect  a fatal  consequence.  Denham. 

DIS-PRO-POR'TION,  v.  a.  To  join  unfitly;  to 
form  by  bringing  together  things  unsuitable  or 
not  in  proper  proportion. 

There  sits  Deformity  to  mock  my  body, 

To  shape  my  legs  of  an  unequal  size, 

To  disproportion  me  in  every  part.  Shak. 

DIS-PRO-POR'TION-A-BLE,  a.  Wanting  propor- 
tion ; disproportionate.  Bp.  Taylor. 

DIS-PRO-POR'TION-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Want  of 
proportion  ; disproportionality.  Hammond. 

Dls-PRO-POR'TION-A-BLY,  ad.  Not  proportion- 
ably ; disproportionately. 


MIEN,  SIR; 


MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — <J,  £,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z ; 


as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


DISPROPORTJONAL 


422 


DISREMEMBER 


DIS-PRO-POR'TION-AL,  a.  Wanting  proportion  ; 
disproportionable.  Locke. 

DIS-PRO-POR-TION-Al'I-TY,  n.  Want  of  pro- 
portion. [r.]  ’ More. 

DiS-PRO-POR'TION-AI.-LY,  ad.  Without  pro- 
portion ; disproportionately. 

DlS-PRO-POR'TION-AL-NESS,  n.  Want  of  pro- 
portion ; disproportionableness.  Ash. 

DIS-PRO-POR'TION-ATE,  a.  Wanting  propor- 
tion ; unsymmetrical ; unsuitable. 

It  is  plain  that  men  have  agreed  to  a disproportionate  and 
unequal  possession  of  the  earth.  Locke. 

DlS-PRO-POR'TION-ATE-LY,  ad.  Without  pro- 
portion ; disproportionally.  Boyle. 

DIS-PRO-POR'TION- ATE-NESS,  n.  Want  of  pro- 
portion ; unsuitableness.  Johnson. 

DIS-PRO’PRI-ATE,  v.  a.  To  deprive  of  appropri- 
ation ; to  disappropriate.  Clarke. 

DIS-PROV'A-BLE,  a.Thatmay  be  disproved.Boy/e. 

DIS-PROV'AL,  n.  The  act  of  disproving;  dis- 
proof ; confutation.  Ld.  Shaftesbury. 

DIS-PROVE',  v.  a.  \i.  disproved  ; pp.  DISPROV- 
ING, DISPROVED.] 

1.  To  show  or  prove  to  be  erroneous  or  false ; 

to  confute ; to  refute.  . 

It  is  easier  to  affirm  than  to  disprove.  Holder. 

2.  + To  disapprove  ; to  disallow.  Hooker. 

Syn.  — See  Confute. 

PlS-PROV'fR,  n.  One  who  disproves.  T Votton. 

f DIS-PRO-VID'ED,  a.  Unprovided;  unfurnished. 
“ Instrument  . . . unprovided  of  strings.”  Boyle. 

f DlS-PUNCT',  v.  a.  [L.  dispungo,  dispunctus .] 
To  point  or  mark  oft' ; to  separate  or  sever.  Fox. 

f DIS-PUNGE',  v.  a.  1.  To  expunge;  to  erase;  — 
written  also  disponge.  IVotton. 

2.  To  discharge,  as  a saturated  sponge  when 
squeezed ; to  distil  or  drop  copiously.  Shak. 

DIS-PUN’ISH-A-BLE,  a.  1.  Without  penal  re- 
straint ; not  punishable,  [r.]  Ilolinshed. 

2.  f(Law.)  Not  answerable.  Burrill. 

t DlS-PUR'POSE,  v.  a.  To  turn  from  a purpose, 
meaning,  or  design.  Brewer. 

t DIS-PURSE',  v.  a.  To  pay;  to  disburse.  Shak. 

t DIS-PUR-VEY'  (dls-pur-va'),  v.  a.  To  deprive  ; 
to  disfurnish.  Barret. 

f DIS-PUR-VEY'ANCE  (-va'ans),  n.  Want  of  pro- 
vision ; lack  of  furnishing  supplies.  Spenser. 

II  DIS'PU-TA-BLE  [dis'pu-t?-bl,  S.  J.  F.  Sm.  R.  C. 
Wb. ; djs-pu't?-bl,  F. ; dis'pu-t?-bl  or  djs-pu'tat-bl, 
\V.  Ja.  A’.l,  a.  [L.  disputabilis  ; It.  disputa- 
ble ; Sp.  iSr  Fr.  disputable.] 

1.  That  may  be  disputed ; liable  to  contest  ; 
controvertible  ; debatable  ; doubtful. 

Until  any  point  is  determined  to  be  a law,  it  remains  dis- 
putable by  every  subject.  Swift. 

2.  fFond  of  disputation  ; contentious. 

lie  is  too  disputable  for  me.  Shak. 

“ Dr.  Johnson,  Dr.  Ash,  Dr.  Kenrick,  W.  John- 
ston, Mr.  Smith,  Perry,  and  Bailey  are  for  the  second 
pronunciation  of  this  word  [dis -pj't^-bl]  ; and'Mr. 
Sheridan,  Mr.  Nares,  Buchanan,  and  Entick  for  the 
first  [dTs'pu-t^-bl] ; and  this,  notwithstanding  the  ma- 
jority of  suffrages  against  it,  is,  in  my  opinion,  decid- 
edly most  agreeable  to  the  best  usage,  ft  were  un- 
doubtedly to  he  wished  that  words  of  this  form  pre- 
served the  accent  of  the  verb  to  which  they  correspond  ; 
but  this  correspondence  we  find  entirely  set  aside  in 
lamentable , comparable,  admirable , and  many  others, 
with  which  disputable  must  certainly  class.”  Walker. 

||  DIS'PU-TA-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
disputable.  T.  Philips. 

t DiS-PU-TAy'I-Ty,  n.  Proneness  to  dispute  ; a 
disputatious  way  or  manner.  Bp.  Ward. 

+ DIS'PU-TANT,  a.  Disputing;  engaged  in  con- 
troversy ; controverting.  Milton. 

DIS'PU-TANT,  n.  One  who  disputes  ; anarguer; 
a controvertist ; a reasoner  ; a disputer. 

The  skilful  disputant  well  knows  that  he  never  has  his 
enemy  at  more  advantage  than  when,  by  allowing  the  prem- 
ises, he  shows  him  arguing  wrong  from  nis  own  principles. 

Warburton. 

DIS-PU-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  disputatio ; Fr.  dispu- 
tation.] 


1.  The  act  of  disputing ; altercation  ; contro- 
versy ; argumental  contest ; debate  ; dispute. 

Disputation  about  the  knowledge  of  God  commonly  pre- 
vaileth  little.  Hooker. 

2.  A college  exercise,  in  which  parties  advo- 
cate opposite  sides  of  some  question. 

DIS-PU-TA'TIOUS,  a.  Inclined  to  dispute;  cav- 
illing ; disputative ; contentious. 

A . . . wrangling,  disputatious  habit  will  not  be  borne.  Knox. 

DIS-Py-TA'TIOUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
disputatious  ; fondness  for  debate.  C.  Lamb. 

DIS-PU'TA-TIVE,  a.  Disposed  to  dispute.  “Their 
disputative  and  scrupulous  zeal.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

DIS-PUTE',  v.  n.  [L.  dispute ; dis,  apart,  and  puto, 
to  clear  up  ; It.  disputare ; Sp .disputar;  Fr. 
dispute r.]  [ i . disputed  ; pp.  disputing,  dis- 

puted.] To  contend  by  argument ; to  oppose 
or  controvert  the  opinions  of  others ; to  alter- 
cate ; to  wrangle  ; to  debate  ; to  reason  ; to  argue. 

The  atheist  can  pretend  no  obligation  of  conscience  why 
he  should  dispute  against  religion.  Tillotson. 

DIS-PUTE',  v.  a.  1.  To  reason  about;  to  argue; 
to  discourse  upon  ; to  debate  ; to  discuss. 

What  was  it  that  ye  disputed  among  yourselves  by  the 
way  ? Mark  ix.  33. 

2.  To  attempt  to  prove  false  or  unfounded ; 
to  controvert ; to  call  in  question  ; to  impugn  ; 
as,  “To  dispute  an  assertion.” 

3.  To  contend  for  ; to  strive  for.  “ So  dis- 
pute the  prize.”  Dryden. 

DI.S-PUTE',  n.  [It.  «Sf  Sp.  disputa;  Fr.  dispute.] 
Debate  ; discussion  ; verbal  contest ; conten- 
tion of  argument ; disputation  ; controversy. 

The  fair  way  of  conducting  a dispute  ia  to  exhibit,  one  by 
one,  the  arguments  of  your  opponent,  and,  with  each  argu- 
ment, the  precise  and  specific  answer  you  are  able  to  give  it. 

Paley. 

Bnjond  all  dispute,  not  capable  of  being  disputed ; 
unquestionable. 

Syn.—  See  Difference,  Quarrel. 

DIS-PUTE' LESS,  a.  Indisputable.  Bailey. 

DIS-PUT'pR,  n.  One  who  disputes ; a disputant. 

DIS-PUT'JNG,  n.  Disputation  ; altercation. 

Do  all  things  without  murmurings  and  disputings.  Phil.  ii.  14. 

II  DlS-QUAL-I-FI-UA'TION  (-kwol-e-fe-ka'shun),M. 

1.  The  act  of  disqualifying. 

2.  That  which  disqualifies  or  renders  unfit ; 

disability.  Spectator. 

||  DIS-QUAL'I-FiED  (dls-kwol'e-fid),  p.  a.  Not 
qualified  ; unqualified  ; unfitted  ; incapable. 
“Unworthy  and  disqualified  persons.”  Aytiffe. 

II  Dls-QUAL'1-FY  (dSs-kwol'e-f!)  [dis-kwol'e-fi,  W. 
P.  J.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  R.;  dls-kwal'e-fi,  iS.  E.], 
V.  a.  [ i . DISQUALIFIED  ; pp.  DISQUALIFYING, 
DISQUALIFIED.] 

1.  To  divest  or  deprive  of  qualifications ; to 
make  unfit ; to  incapacitate  ; to  disable  by  some 
impediment ; — with  for  or  from. 

We  often  pretend,  and  sometimes  really  wish,  to  sympa- 
thize with  the  joys  of  others,  when  by  that  disagreeable  sen- 
timent [envy]  we  are  disqualified  from  doing  so.  A.  Smith. 

2.  (Law.)  To  deprive  of  a right  or  claim  by 

some  restriction.  Swift. 

Syn.  — See  Incapable. 

II  DIS-QUAL'I-FY-ING  (dls-kwol'e-fl-jng),  p.  a. 
Rendering  unfit ; disabling. 

f DIS-QUAN'TI-TY  (dls-kwon'te-te),  V.  a.  To 
lessen  ; to  diminish  in  quantity  or  number.  Shak. 

DIS-QUi'ET,  n.  Want  of  quiet  or  tranquillity; 
uneasiness;  restlessness;  vexation;  anxiety. 

The  reflection  upon  honest  and  virtuous  actions  hath 
nothing  of  regret  or  disquiet  in  it.  Tillotson. 

DlS-QUI'ET,  a.  Unquiet;  uneasy,  [r.]  Shak. 

DIS-QUi'lJT,  v.  a.  [i.  disquieted  ; pp.  disqui- 
eting, disquieted.]  To  deprive  of  quiet,  tran- 
quillity, or  serenity  ; to  disturb  ; to  discompose ; 
to  make  uneasy  ; to  harass  ; to  vex. 

Why  art  thou  vexed,  O my  soul,  and  why  art  thou  dis- 
quieted within  me?  Ps.  xlii.  5. 

Syn.  — See  Disturb. 

t DIS-QUl'E-TAL,  n.  Disquietude.  More. 

DlS-QUl'ET-ER,  n.  One  who  disquiets;  a dis- 
turber ; an  harasser.  Ilolinshed. 

t DlS-QUi'IJT-FUL,  a.  Producing  uneasiness; 
causing  disquietude.  Barrow. 


DIS-QUi'pT-lNG,  n.  Vexation  ; disturbance. 
“ Peace  abroad  . . . disquietings  at  home.”  Baker. 

t DIS-QUI'E-TIVE,  a.  Causing  disquiet.  Howe. 
DIS-QUi'ET-LY,  ad.  Without  rest ; uneasily.  Shak. 

f DIS-QUI'ET-MENT,  n.  Uneasiness;  a disquiet- 
ing. “ Disquietments  of  conscience.”  Hopkins. 

DIS-QUi'pT-NESS,  n.  Uneasiness;  restlessness. 

Without  affliction  or  disquietness.  Spenser . 


f DIS-QUI'ET-OUS,  a.  Causing  disquiet.  Milton. 

DIS-QUI'E-TUDE,  n.  Want  of  quiet;  disquiet; 
uneasiness  ; anxiety  ; disturbance. 

Little  happiness  attends  a great  character:  and  to  a multi- 
tude of  disquietudes  the  desire  of  it  subjects  an  ambitious 
mind.  Addison. 


DIS-QUI-§I''TlON  (dis-kwe-zish'un),  n.  [L.  dis- 
quisitio ; dis,  used  intensively,  and  queero,  qiue- 
situs,  to  inquire  carefully  ; It.  disquisizione  ; Sp. 
disquisicion  ; Fr.  disquisition.]  Examination 
into  any  subject  by  careful  analysis,  or  by  argu- 
ment ; argumentative  inquiry ; a formal  dis- 
cussion ; exposition  ; dissertation  ; essay. 

His  [our  Saviour’s]  lessons  did  not  consist  of  disquisitions. 

Paley. 

Syn.  — See  Essay. 


DIS-QUj-^P'TION-AL,  a.  Relating  to  disquisi- 
tion ; disquisitive.  [r.]  Month.  Rev. 

DIS-QUI-§I''TION-A-RY,  o.  Pertaining  to  dis- 
quisition ; disquisitive.  Clarke. 

DIS-QUl§'J-TIVE,  a.  Relating  to  disquisition  ; 
examining.  Hawkins. 

DIS-QUl^'l-TO-RY,  a.  Relating  to,  or  containing, 
disquisition  ; disquisitive.  Ec.  Rev. 

t DI§-RAN9E')  v.  a.  To  disarrange.  Wood. 

dI§-RANK',  v.  a.  To  put  out  of  the  rank.  May. 

f d!§-RAY\  n.  Disarray.  “ To  put  it  [our  army] 
in  disray.”  Holland. 

f Dl.’j-RE' AL-IZE,  v.  a.  To  deprive  of  the  reality  ; 
to  render  vague  and  uncertain.  Udal. 


DIS-RIJ-gArD',  n.  Want  of  regard  or  attention  ; 
neglect;  omission  to  notice  ; contempt.  “ Dis- 
regard and  contempt  of  the  clergy.”  Strype. 

DIS-RE-GARD',  v.  a.  [i.  disregarded;  pp.  dis- 
regarding, disregarded.]  To  omit  to  no- 
tice ; to  pay  no  attention  to  ; to  neglect ; to 
slight ; to  contemn. 

It  is  too  common  for  those  who  have  been  bred  to  scholas- 
tic professions,  and  passed  much  of  their  time  in  academies, 
...  to  disregard  every  other  qualification,  and  to  imagine 
that  they  shall  find  mankind  ready  to  pay  homage  to  their 
knowledge,  and  to  crowd  about  them  for  instruction. Rambler. 

Syn. — Disregard  and  neglect  are  commonly  ap- 
plied to  tilings  ; slight,  to  persons.  Things  are  often 
disregarded  or  neglected  from  heedlessness  ; persons 
are  slighted  from  dislike  or  contempt.  He  disregarded 
wise  counsel,  neglected  his  duty,  and  slighted  his 
friends.  To  contemn,  a stronger  term,  is  nearly  equiv- 
alent to  despise.  — See  Neglect. 


DIS-RE-gArd'ER,  n.  One  who  disregards.  Boyle. 

DIS-RE-gArD'FUL,  a.  Without  paying  regard; 
negligent;  contemptuous.  Barrow. 

DIS-RE-GARD'FUL-LY,  ad.  Negligently;  con- 
temptuously. 

f DI^-REG'U-LAR,  a.  Irregular.  “Disregular  pas- 
sions.” Evelyn. 

DI§-REL'ISH,  n.  1.  Dislike  of  the  palate ; dis- 
taste ; as,  “ A disrelish  for  butter.” 

2.  Bad  taste;  nauseousness.  “Hatefulest 

disrelish."  Milton. 

3.  Dislike  of  the  mind ; aversion  ; antipathy. 

Men  love  to  hear  of  their  power,  but  have  an  extreme  dis- 
relish to  be  told  of  their  duty.  Burke . 


DI§-REL'ISH,  v.  a.  [i.  disrelished  ; pp.  DIS- 
RELISHING, DISRELISHED.] 

1.  To  make  nauseous  ; to  infect  with  an  un- 
pleasant taste ; to  distaste. 

Fruits  of  taste  to  please 

True  appetite,  and  not  dist'elish  thirst 

Of  nectarous  draughts  between  from  milky  stream.  Milton. 

2.  To  dislike  the  taste  or  savor  of ; to  loathe; 
as,  “To  direlish  highly-seasoned  food.” 

3.  To  want  a taste  for ; to  have  an  aversion  to. 

All  private  enjoyments  are  lost  or  disrelished.  Pope. 

DIS-RF.-MEM'BER,  v.  a.  To  lose  memory  of;  to 
forget.  [Local,  Southern  States.]  Sherwood. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  0,  t,  short;  A,  E.  I.  9,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER  ; 


DISREPAIR 


423 


DISSERVE 


t dIs-RE-pAiR',  n.  The  state  of  being  out  of  re- 
pair or  proper  order.  Scott. 

DIS-REP-y-TA-BtL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
disreputable,  [r.]  Athenceum. 

DIS-REP'U-TA-BLE,  a.  Not  reputable;  vulgar; 
low  ; discreditable  ; dishonorable. 

DlS-REP'U-TA-BLY,  ad.  In  a disreputable  man- 
ner ; dishonorably.  Burke. 

DLS-REP-U-TA'TION,  n.  Dishonor;  loss  of  rep- 
utation ; disrepute. 

Gluttony  is  not  of  so  great  disreputation  among  men  as 
drunkenness.  Bp.  Taylor. 

DIS-R^-PUTE',  n.  Ill  character  ; dishonor;  dis- 
credit ; ill  repute.  Hale. 

Another  vice,  which  by  reason  of  its  commonness  hath 
almost  lost  all  disrepute  among  us,  and  among  some  is  passed 
into  credit,  is  revelling  and  drunkenness.  Sharpe. 

f DIS-R1J-PUTE',  v.  a.  To  hold  in  no  considera- 
tion or  honor  ; to  bring  into  disgrace.  Mountagu. 

DIS-Rp-SPECT',  n.  Incivility;  want  of  respect; 
slight ; disesteem. 

DIS-Rp-SPECT',  v.  a.  To  hold  in  no  considera- 
tion or  esteem;  to  show  disrespect  to.  “We 
have  disrespected  and  slighted  God.’’  Comber. 

DIS-Rp-SPECT'pR,  n.  One  who  disrespects,  [r.] 

Too  many  witty  disrespecters  of  the  Scripture.  Boyle. 

DIS-Rp-SPECT'FUL,  a.  Wanting  respect ; irrev- 
erent ; uncivil ; discourteous  ; impolite. 

DlS-RE-SPECT'f UL-LY,  a(i'  jn  a disrespectful 
manner  ; irreverently  ; uncivilly. 

DIS-Rp-SPECT'FUL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing disrespectful  ; want  of  respect.  Ash. 

DlS-Rp-SPEC'TIVE,  a.  Disrespectful.  “A  disre- 
spective  forgetfulness  of  thy  mercies.”  Bp.  Hall. 

t Dli-i-RE  V'pR-ENCED,  a.  Treated  without  rev- 
erence or  respect.  Sir  T.  More. 

Dl§-ROBE',  V.  a.  [».  DISROBED  ; pp.  DISROBING, 
disrobed.]  To  take  the  robe  oti' ; to  undress  ; 
to  uncover  ; to  strip. 

I’ll  disrobe  me  of  these  Italian  weeds.  Shak. 

Now  be  the  muse  disrobed  of  all  her  pride.  Churchill. 

DI^-ROB'pR,  n.  One  who  disrobes.  Gayton. 

DISROOT',  v.  a.  1.  To  tear  up  by  the  roots  or 
from  the  foundation  ; to  deracinate.  Goldsmith. 

2.  To  disseat.  [r.]  Beau.  8$  FI. 

DI§-RUD'DpR,  v.  a.  To  deprive  of  the  rudder. 

Dlij-RUD'DpRED  (diz-rud'derd),  p.  a.  Deprived 
of  the  rudder. 

t DI^-RfJ'Lj-LY,  ad.  Disorderly.  Chaucer. 

Dh-5-RUPT',  v.  a.  To  separate;  to  rend  or  break 
asunder,  [r.]  Thomson. 

DISRUPT', p.  a.  Rent  asunder;  broken,  [r.]  Ash. 

Dl§-RUP'TION  (dlz-rup'shun),  n.  [L.  disruptio  ; 
dis,  apart,  and  rumpo,  ruptus,  to  break  ; Fr.  dis- 
ruption.] 

1.  The  act  of  breaking  or  bursting  asunder. 

These  iron  chains  are  no  sooner  fast  than  broken:  there 

was  more  than  a human  power  in  this  disruption.  Bp.  Hall. 

2.  Breach  ; rent ; dilaceration.  “ Disruption 
and  dislocation  of  the  strata.”  Woodward. 

DIS-SAT-IS-FAC'TION,  n.  The  state  of  being 
dissatisfied  ; want  of  satisfaction  ; discontent. 

There  would  be  a general  dissatisfaction  in  the  people,  if 
this  ordinance  were  not  passed.  Clarendon. 

Syn. — See  Displeasure. 

DIS-SAT-IS-FAC'TO-RI-NESS,  n.  Unsatisfactori- 
ness  ; inability  to  give  content.  Hale. 

DIS-sAT-IS-FAC'TO-RY,  a.  Unsatisfactory;  un- 
able to  give  content ; displeasing.  Shaftesbury. 

DIS-SAT'IS-FY,  v.  a.  ft.  dissatisfied;  pp.  dis- 
satisfying, dissatisfied.]  To  fail  to  satisfy 
or  please  ; to  discontent ; to  displease. 

When  a new  government  is  established,  by  whatever 
means,  the  people  are  commonly  dissatisfied  with  it.  Hume. 

DIS-SCAT'TJJR,  v.  a.  To  shed  abroad  ; to  dis- 
perse. Daniel. 

DIS-SEAT',  v.  a.  To  throw  or  put  out  of  a seat; 
to  displace  ; to  unseat.  Shak. 

DIS-SECT',i>.  a.  [L.  disseco,  dissectus  ; dis,  apart, 


and  seco,  to  cut;  Sp.  disecar-,  Fr.  dissequer.] 
[t.  dissected  ; pp.  dissecting,  dissected.] 

1.  ( Anat .)  To  cut  in  pieces,  as  an  animal  or 

other  organized  body,  for  the  purpose  of  dis- 
playing the  structure  and  use  of  its  various  or- 
gans and  parts  ; to  anatomize.  Palmer. 

2.  To  divide  and  examine  minutely  or  care- 
fully ; to  inspect  or  examine  in  separate  parts 
or  divisions. 

This  paragraph,  that  has  not  one  ingenuous  word  through- 

• out,  I have  dissected  for  a sample.  Atterbury. 

DIS-SECT'pD,  p.  a.  1.  Cut  in  pieces. 

2.  ( Bot .)  Cut  deeply  into  many  lobes  or  di- 
visions. _ . Gray. 

DIS-SECT'I-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  dissected.  Paley. 

DIS-SECT  ING-KNIFE,  n.  (Anat.)  A knife  used 
for  dissection. 

DIS-SEC'TION,  n.  [It . dissezione  ■,  Sp . diseccion; 
Fr.  dissection .] 

1.  (Anat.)  The  act  of  dissecting ; the  cutting 
to  pieces  of  an  animal  or  organized  body  in  or- 
der to  display  and  elucidate  its  structure  and 
functions  ; anatomy. 

2.  Critical  division  and  examination  ; nice 

inspection.  Glanville. 

DIS-SECT'OR,  n.  One  who  dissects  ; an  anatomist. 

DIS-SEI'§IN,  or  DIS-SEI'ZIN  (dis-se'zjn),  n.  (Law.) 
Deprivation  or  putting  out  of  seisin  ; a species 
of  injury  by  ouster  or  dispossession,  or  the  un- 
lawful dispossessing  of  a man  of  his  land,  tene- 
ment, or  other  immovable  or  incorporeal  right. 

Burrill. 

DIS-SEIZE',  or  DIS-SEI§E',  v.  a.  [Fr.  dessaisir.]  [i 
disseized  ; pp.  disseizing,  disseized.]  (Law.) 
To  deprive  of  seisin  ; to  dispossess  wrongfully  ; 
to  oust ; to  deprive  of  actual  possession.  Locke. 

DIS-Spi-ZEE',  n.  (Law.)  One  who  is  disseized  ; 
— opposed  to  disseizor.  Burrill. 

DIS-SEIZ'OR,  n.  (Law.)  One  who  disseizes. 

DIS-SEIZ'OR-ESS,  n.  (Late.)  A woman  that  dis- 
seizes another  person.  Scott. 

f DIS-SEIZ'URE,  n.  Disseisin.  “ Spoils  and  dis- 
seizures.”  Speed. 

DJS-SEM'BLANCE,  n.  Dissimilitude  ; unlike- 
ness. [r.]  Osborne. 

DIS-SEM'BLE,  v.  a.  [L .dissimulo  ; dis,  priv.,  and 
similis,  like;  It.  dissemidare ; Fr.  dissimuler.\ 
[i.  DISSEMBLED  ; pp.  DISSEMBLING,  DISSEM- 
BLED A 

1.  To  hide  under  false  appearance ; to  pre- 
tend that  not  to  be  or  exist  which  really  is  or 
does  exist ; to  disguise  ; to  conceal. 

And  fairly  did  dissemble  her  sad  thoughts’  unrest.  Spenser. 

2.  To  pretend  that  to  be  which  is  not  ; to 
feign  ; to  simulate. 

He  soon  dissembled  a sleep.  Tatler. 

Syn.  — See  Feign. 

DIS-SEM'BLE  (djs-sem'bl),  v.  n.  To  play  the  hyp- 
ocrite ; to  use  false  professions  ; to  be  insin- 
cere ; to  dissimulate  ; to  feign. 

Of  all  thy  suitors,  here  I charge  thee,  tell 

Whom  thou  lovest  best.  See  thou  dissemblest  not.  Shak. 

DIS-SEM'BLIJR,  n.  One  who  dissembles,  feigns, 
or  pretends  ; a hypocrite.  Ford. 

Syn. — See  Hypocrite. 

DIS-SEM'BLING,  n.  Dissimulation.  “All  dis- 
sembling set  aside.”  Shak. 

DIS-SEM'BLING-LY,  ad.  In  a dissembling  man- 
ner ; with  dissimulation.  Bp.  Taylor. 

DIS-SEM'I-NATE,  v.  a.  [L.  dissemino,  dissemi- 
natus  ; dis,  abroad,  and  semino,  to  sow  ; semen, 
seed;  It.  disseminare ; Sp.  diseminar ; Fr.  dis- 
sembler.) [i.  DISSEMINATED  ; pp.  DISSEMINAT- 
ING, disseminated.]  To  scatter  as  seed  ; to 
spread  every  way  ; to  spread  abroad  ; to  dis- 
perse ; to  diffuse  ; to  propagate ; to  circulate. 

Nor  can  we  certainly  learn  that  any  one  philosopher  of 
note  embraced  onr  religion  till  it  had  been  tor  many  years 
preached,  and  disseminated,  and  taken  deep  root  in  the 
world.  Atterbury. 

Syn.  — See  Spread. 

DIS-SEM-I-NA'TION,  n.  [L.  disseminatio  ; It. 
dissemint tzione  ; Sp.  diseminacion  ; Fr.  dissemi- 
nation.] The  act  of  disseminating  ; diffusion. 
“ The  dissemination  of  speculative  notions 
about  liberty  and  the  rights  of  man.”  Horsley. 


DIS-SfiM'I-NA-TIVE,  a.  Tending  to  spread. 

Tile  effect  of  heresy  is,  like  the  plague,  infectious  and  dis- 
senwiatire.  Bp.  Taylor. 

DIS  SEM'I-NA-TOR,  n.  [It.  disseminatore.]  One 
who  disseminates  ; a spreader.  Decay  of  Piety. 

DIS-SEN'SION  (djs-sen'shun),  n.  [L.  dissensio  ; 
It.  dissensione ; Sp.  disension;  Fr.  dissention.] 
Disagreement  in  opinion  ; contrariety  of  senti- 
ment or  feeling;  alienation  of  feeling;  discord; 
variance ; difference ; strife ; contention ; quarrel. 

And  sow  dissension  in  the  hearts  of  brothers.  Addison. 

Syn.  — See  Disagreement. 

DIS-SEN'SIOUS  (djs-sen'shus),  a.  Disposed  to 
discord ; quarrelsome,  [r.]  Ascham. 

DIS-SEN'SIOUS-LY,  ad.  In  a dissensious  or  quar- 
relsome manner.  Chapman. 

DIS-SENT',  v.  n.  [L.  dissentio  ; dis,  apart,  and 
sentio , to  think ; It.  dissentire ; Sp.  disentir .] 
[i.  DISSENTED  ; pp.  DISSENTING,  DISSENTED.] 

1.  To  disagree  in  opinion  ; to  think  otherwise. 

There  are  many  opinions  in  which  multitudes  of  men  dis- 
sent from  us  who  are  as  good  and  wise  as  ourselves.  Addison. 

2.  To  be  unlike  ; to  vary  ; to  differ.  Hooker. 

3.  (Eccl.)  To  differ  or  to  separate  from  the 

established  church.  Hudibras. 

Syn. — See  Differ. 

DIS-SENT',  n.  *1.  The  act  of  dissenting  ; disagree- 
ment ; difference  of  opinion  ; dissension.  “ Did 
he  declare  any  dissent  ? ” State  Trials,  1651. 

2.  f Difference  of  nature;  opposite  quality. 

“ The  dissent  of  the  metals.”  • Bacon. 

3.  (Eccl.)  Difference  of  religious  opinion  from 
that  of  the  established  church. 

DIS-SpN-TA'Np-OUS,  a.  Disagreeing  ; contra- 
ry ; — opposed  to  consentaneous. 

Their  [Jews’]  capacities  . . . being  dissentaneous , and  repug- 
nant to  the  common  humor  and  genius  of  mankind.  Barrow. 

t DIS'S£N-TA-RY,  a.  Dissentaneous;  inconsist- 
ent. “ Not  discreet  or  dissentary.’’  Milton. 

f dIs-SJJN-TA'TION,  n.  Act  of  dissenting.  Howe. 

DIS-SENT'pR,  n.  One  who  dissents  or  disagrees 
in  opinion ; one  who,  in  a country  where  a cer- 
tain religion  is  established,  dissents  from  that 
religion;  — particularly  one  who  dissents  from 
the  established  Church  of  England.  The  term 
is  commonly  applied  only  to  Protestants.  The 
Roman  Catholics  are  generally  referred  to  as  a 
distinct  class.  Brande. 

The  first  dissenters  from  the  Church  of  England  were  the 
Turitans.  Brande. 

Syn. — See  Heretic. 

DIS-SENT']JR-I§M,  n.  The  spirit  or  the  princi- 
ples of  dissent,  or  of  the  dissenters.  Qu.  Rev. 

DIS-SEN  Tlf.NT  (-sen'shent),  a.  Disagreeing;  dis- 
senting. “ Without  one  dissentient  voice.”  Knox. 

DIS-SEN'TIpNT  (djs-sen'shent),  n.  One  who  dis- 
sents or  disagrees.  Sir  Wm.  Jones. 

DJS-SENT'ING,  n.  Act  of  one  who  dissents.  “Any 
offence  at  my  dissentings.”  Mountagu. 

DIS-SEN'TIOUS,  a.  See  Dissensious.  Daniel. 

DIS-SEP'I-MENT,  n.  [L.  dissepiment  urn  ; 
dis,  asunder,  and  sepio,  to  part.]  (Bot.)  tejW 
The  partition  in  the  inside  of  a compound  at 
ovary,  or  fruit,  formed  by  the  union  of  the  sides 
of  its  constituent  carpels.  P.  Cgc. 

f DIS-SERT',  v.  n.  [L.  disserto.]  To  discourse  ; 
to  dispute  ; to  debate.  Harris. 

DIS-spR-TA'TION,  n.  [L . dissertatio  \ lt.disser- 
tazione ; Sp.  disertacion ; Fr.  dissertation.]  An 
oral  or  a written  examination  of  a question  or  a 
subject ; a discourse  ; a disquisition  ; a treatise  ; 


an  essay;  a tract;  a discussion.  Broome. 

Syn.  — See  Essay. 

DIS-SER-TA'TION-AL,  a.  Relating  to  disserta- 
tions ; disquisitional,  [r.]  Ch.  Ob. 

DlS-spR-TA'TlON-IST,  n.  An  author  of  disser- 
tations ; dissertator.  [u.]  Ch.  Ob. 

DIS'SER-TA-TOR,  n.  [L.]  One  who  discourses. 
“ Our  dissertator  learnedly  argues.”  Boyle. 

fDIS-SERT'LY,  ad.  By  discourse.  Holland. 


DIS-SER VE',  v.  a.  [It.  disservire-,  Fr.  desservir.  — 
See  Serve.]  [/.  disserved  ; pp.  disserving, 
disserved.]  To  do  injury  to  ; to  harm  ; to  hurt. 

Desires  of  things  of  this  world,  by  their  tendency,  serve  or 
disserve  our  interests  in  another.  Boyers. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — y,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


424 


DISSUADE 


DISSERVICE 

DIS-SER'VICE,  n.  Ill  service  ; injury  ; mischief ; 
hurt ; harm.  Bp.  Horne. 

DIS-SER'VICE-A-BLE,  a.  Unserviceable.  Hale. 

DIS-SER'VICE-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Hurt;  unservice- 
ableness. Norris. 

DlS-SER'VJCE-A-BLY,  ad-.  Injuriously.  Racket. 

t Dls-SET'TLE,  v.  a.  To  unsettle.  Cudworth. 

t DIS-SET'TLED-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  qual- 
ity of  being  unsettled.  More. 

DIS-SET'TLE-MENT,  n.  The  act  of  unsettling. 
“ Dissettlement  of  legal  appointments.”  Glanville. 

DIS-SEV’pR,  v.  a.  [dis  and  sever.]  [i.  DISSEV- 
ERED ; pp.  DISSEVERING,  DISSEVERED.]  To 
part  in  two  ; to  break ; to  divide  ; to  sunder  ; to 
separate ; to  sever. 

The  meeting  noints  the  sacred  hair  dissever 
From  the  fair  head  for  ever  and  for  ever.  Pope. 

“In  this  word,  the  particle  dis  makes  no  change 
in  the  signification,  and  therefore  the  word,  though 
supported  by  great  authorities,  ought  to  be  ejected 
from  our  language.”  Johnson.  — But  the  word  is  in 
good  use  ; and  dis , in  dissever , in  disannul , and  in  dis- 
part, may  be  regarded  as  merely  intensive. 

nlS-SEV'ER-ANCE,  n.  The  act  of  dissevering; 
separation  ; severance.  _ Hoccleve. 

DlS-SEV-pR-A’TION,  n.  The  act  of  dissevering, 
or  separating ; disseverance.  Ann.  Phil. 

DIS-SEV'pR-ING,  n.  Separation  ; severance. 
“ The  dissevering  of  fleets.”  Raleigh. 

Dis  SI-DEMCE,  ii.  [L.  dissidentia  ; dis,  apart,  and 
sedeo,  to  sit ; Sp.  disidencia ; Fr.  dissidence.] 
Disagreement ; variance  ; contrariety.  Bailey. 

DIS'SI-DENT,  a.  Varying  ; not  agreeing.  Robinson. 

DIS'SJ-DENT,  n.  [L.  dissident!.]  1.  One  who 
dissents  from  others  ; a dissenter.  Gibbon. 

2.  ( Eccl . Hist.)  A name  applied  to  a person 
of  the  Lutheran,  Calvinistic,  and  Greek  pro- 
fession in  Poland.  Guthrie. 

||  DIS-SIL'IIJNCE  (dis-sll'yens  or  djs-sll'e-ens),  n. 
[L.  dissilio,  dissi liens ; dis,  apart,  and  salio,  to 
leap.]  The  act  of  starting  asunder.  Johnson. 

||  DIS-sIl,'I£NT  (djs-sll'yent  or  djs-sll'e-ent)  [djs- 
sil'yent,  >S.  IV.  Ja.  K.  ; djs-sll'le-ent,  P.  Sm.],a. 
Springing  or  starting  asunder.  Johnson. 

DFS-SI-LI"TION  (dls-se-llsh'un),  n.  A bursting 
in  two  ; a springing  or  starting  asunder.  Boyle. 

Dls-SIM'I-LAR,  a.  [L.  dissimilis  ; It.  dissimi/are  ; 
Fr.  dissimilaire.]  Not  similar;  unlike;  hete- 
rogeneous ; different.  Boyle. 

Syn.  — See  Different. 

DlS-SlM-I-LAR  I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
unlike  ; unlikeness  ; dissimilitude.  Cheyne. 

Syn.  — See  Difference,  Disagreement. 

DIS-sIm'I-LAR-LY,  ad.  In  a dissimilar  manner. 

DIS-STm'I-LE,  n.  (Rhct.)  A dissimilitude;  a 
comparison  or  illustration  by  contraries,  as  a 
simile  is  by  something  which  is  like,  [it.]  Todd. 

DIS-SI-MTl'I-TUDE,  n.  [L.  dissi militudo  ; It.  dis- 
similitudine  ; Sp.  disimihlud  ; F r. dissimilitude . ] 

1.  Unlikeness  ; want  of  resemblance.  “ Dis- 
similitude of  condition.”  Idler. 

2.  (Rhet.)  A comparison  by  contraries. 

Syn. — See  Disagreement. 

t DIS-SIm'U-LATE,  a.  Dissembling;  feigning. 

Under  smiling  she  was  dissimulate.  Chaucer. 

DIS-SIM'U-LATE,  v.  n.  To  dissemble;  to  feign  ; 
to  make  pretence,  [r.]  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

DIS-SIM-U-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  dissimulatio  ; It. 
dissimulazione  ; Sp.  disimulacion  ;~  Ftt  disscfna- 
lotion.]  The  act  of  dissembling ; the  act  of 
concealing  something  which  exists  ; deceit ; 
hypocrisy  ; simulation. 

Dissimulation  is  but  a faint  kind  of  policy  or  wis- 
dom. Bacon. 

Syn.  — Simulation  is  a pretence  of  what  is  not : 
and  dissimulation  is  a concealment  of  vvliat  is.  Tatter. 

+ DIS-SIM't'LE,  v.  a.  [Fr.  dissimuler.]  [See 
Dissemble.]  To  dissemble.  Sir  T.  Elyot. 

t DIS-SlM'y-LlJR,  n.  A dissembler.  “ A fair 
speaker  and  great  dissimuler.”  Fabyan. 


f DlS-SlM'y-LlNG,  n.  A dissembling.  “Subtle 
lookings  and  dissimulings.”  Chaucer. 

DIS'S[-PA-BLE,  a.  [L.  dissipabilis  ; It.  dissipa- 
bile.]  Liable  to  dispersion,  [it]  Bacon. 

DIS'Sj-PATE,  v.  a.  [L.  dissipo,  dissipatus  ; dis, 
apart,  and  supo,  to  throw  ; It.  dissipare  ; Sp.  di- 
si  par  ; Fr.  dissiper.]  \i.  dissipated  ; pp.  dis- 
sipating, dissipated.] 

1.  To  cause  to  disappear ; to  scatter ; to  dis- 
perse ; to  dispel. 

The  more  clear  light  of  the  gospel . . . dissipated  those  fog- 
gy mists  of  error.  Selden. 

2.  To  squander  ; to  spend  lavishly  ; to  waste. 

The  vast  wealth  that  was  left  him,  being  reckoned  no  less 
than  eighteen  hundred  thousand  pounds,  was  in  three  years 
dtssipat* Burnet. 

Syn.  — See  Dispel,  Spend. 

DIS'SJ-PATE,  v.  n.  To  practise  dissipation  ; to 
live  idly  : — to  disappear  ; to  vanish.  Craig. 

DIS'SI-pAT-ED,  p.  a.  1.  Squandered;  wasted; 
as,  “ A dissipated  inheritance.” 

2.  Addicted  to  dissipation  ; prodigal ; as,  “ A 
dissipated  youth.” 

DtS-SI-PA'TION,  n.  [L.  dissipation  It.  dissipa- 
zione  ; Sp.  disipacion  ; Fr.  dissipation.] 

1.  The  act  of  dissipating  or  scattering  : — the 
state  of  being  dissipated  ; dispersion.  “With- 
out loss  or  dissipation  of  the  matter.”  Bacon. 

2.  The  act  of  squandering  or  wasting.  “In 
the  dissipation  of  the  large  fortunes.”  Priestley. 

3.  That  which  diverts  from  any  occupation. 

I have  begun  two  or  three  letters  to  you  by  snatches,  and 
been  prevented  from  finishing  them  by  a thousand  avoca- 
tions and  dissipations.  Swift. 

4.  A dissolute  course  of  life  ; the  conduct  of 
one  who  wastes  time,  money,  and  health  in  the 
gratification  of  vicious  propensities  ; excess. 

f dIs-SLAn'D^R,  v.  a.  To  slander.  Chaucer. 

+ DIS-SLAN’DER,  n.  Slander.  Hall. 

f DIS-SLAN'DpR-OUS,  a.  Slanderous.  Fabyan. 

DIS-SO-Cl-A-BIL'I-TY  (dIs-so-sh?-?-bTl'e-te),  n. 
Want  of  sociability.  Warburton. 

DIS-SO  CI-A-BLE  (dls-so'she-j-bl),  a.  [L.  disso- 
ciabilis  ; Fr.  dissociable.]  Not  sociable  ; not  to 
be  brought  to  good  fellowship.  Burton. 

DIS-SO'CIAL  (dis-so'shjl),  a.  [L.  dissocialis.] 
Disinclined  to  society  ; not  social.  Ld.  Karnes. 

DlS-SO’CIAL-lZE,  v.  a.  To  make  unsocial  ; to 
disunite.  Hr.  R.  Vaughan. 

DIS-SO'CI-AtE  [dis-so'she-at),  v.  a.  [L.  dissocio, 
dissociatus  ; dis,  priv.,  and  socio,  to  unite.]  [t. 
dissociated  ; pp.  dissociating,  dissociat- 
ed.] To  separate;  to  disunite.  “ Dissociating 
every  state  from  every  other.”  Burke. 

DIS-SO-CI-A'TION  (dJs-so-she-a'sliun),  n.  [Sp. 
disociacion.]  Separation  ; disunion.  Howell. 

DIS-SO-LU-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [It.  dissolubilith  ; Sp. 
disolubilidad.]  The  quality  of  being  dissolva- 
ble ; capability  of  dissolution.  Hale. 

DIS'SO-LU-BLE,  a.  [L.  dissolubilis ; It.  dissolu- 
bile  ; Sp  .disoluble;  Fr.  dissoluble.]  That  may 
be  dissolved  ; dissolvable.  Browne. 

DIS'SO-LIT-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
dissolvable ; dissolubility.  Boyle. 

DIS'SO-LUTE,  a.  [L.  dissolutus ; It.  dissoluto  ; 
Sp.  disoluto.]  Loose  ; wanton  ; unrestrained  ; 
lax  ; licentious  ; debauched.  “ So  dissolute  a 
crew.”  Shak.  “The dissolute  life  he  led.”  Strype 

Syn.  — Dissolute  life  ; licentious  conduct ; loose 
manners  ^unrestrained  actions;  lax  principles;  de- 
bauched habits.  Dissoluteness  is  the  excess  of  loose- 
ness ; licentiousness,  the  consequence  of  laxness,  or  free- 
dom from  external  restrait  t. 

Dls'SO-LUT-yD,  p.  a.  Rendered  dissolute  ; cor- 
rupted. [r.]  C.  Lamb. 

DIS'SO-LUTE-LY,  ad.  In  a dissolute  manner ; 
loosely  ; wantonly. 

DIS'SO-LUTE-NESS, n.  Laxity  of  manners;  de- 
bauchery. “The  great  dissoluteness  of  man- 
ners which  the  world  complains  of.”  Locke. 

DIS-SO-LU'TION,  n.  [L.  dissolutio  ; It.  dissolu- 
zione  ; Sp.  disolueion ; Fr  .dissolution.] 

1.  The  act  of  dissolving,  melting,  or  liquefy- 
ing ; change  from  a solid  to  a liquid  state  ; lique- 
faction. 


2.  f That  which  results  from  dissolving  a 
body  ; product  of  liquefaction  ; a solution. 

Dissolve  the  iron  in  the  aquafortis,  and  weigh  the  dissolu- 
tion. Bacon. 

3.  The  resolution  of  any  substance  into  its  con- 
stituent elements  ; separation  of  parts  ; decom- 
position. “ The  dissolution  of  the  body.”  Clarke. 

4.  Extinction  of  life  ; death. 

We  expected 

Immediate  dissolution.  Milton. 

5.  A breaking  up  or  disorganizing ; destruc- 
tion ; ruin.  “ Unexpected  dissolutions  of  the 
great  monarchies  ...  of  the  world.”  South. 

When  this  world’s  dissolution  shall  be  ripe.  Milton. 

6.  The  breaking  up  of  an  assembly. 

A dissolution  is  the  civil  death  of  a Parliament.  Blackstone. 

7.  Laxity  ; dissipation  ; dissoluteness.  “ A 
universal  dissolution  of  manners.”  Atterbury. 

Fame  makes  the  mind  loose  and  gayish,  scatters  the  spir- 
its, and  leaves  a . . . dissolution  upon  all  the  faculties.  South. 

8.  ( Law .)  The  act  of  annulling,  as  a con- 
tract. Burrill. 

DIS-^OL-VA-BlL’I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
dissolvable.  Richardson. 

DI^-^OLV'A-BLE,  a.  [It.  dissolubile  ; Sp.  di solu- 
ble.] That  may  be  dissolved  or  melted.  “ Dis- 
solvable by  the  moisture  of  the  tongue.”  Newton. 

DIS-§OLV'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
dissolvable ; dissolvability.  Boay. 

DISSOLVE'  (djz-zolv'),  v.  a.  [L.  dissolvo  ; dis, 
apart,  and  solro,  to  loosen  ; It.  dissolvere ; Sp. 
disolver ; Fr.  dissoudre.]  [i.  dissolved  ; pp. 
dissolving,  dissolved.] 

1.  To  destroy  the  form  of  by  disuniting  the 
parts  by  heat,  moisture,  &c. ; to  melt ; to  liquefy. 

And  yet  April,  with  his  pleasant  showers, 

Dissolveth  the  snow,  and  bringeth  forth  his  flowers.  Chaucer. 

2.  To  disunite  ; to  loose  ; to  separate.  “Noth- 
ing can  dissolve  us.”  Shak. 

3.  To  break  up ; to  bring  to  an  end  ; to  ter- 
minate ; as,  “ To  dissolve  a partnership.” 

By  him  [the  king]  alone  they  [Parliaments]  are  prorogued 
and  dissolved.  Bacon. 

4.  To  cause  to  perish  ; to  destroy. 

Swift,  speedy  time,  feathered  with  flying  hours, 

Dissolves  the  beauty  of  the  fairest  brow.  Daniel. 

5.  To  solve  ; to  clear  ; to  resolve.  “ Thou 

canst  dissolve  doubts.”  Dan.  v.  6. 

6.  To  put  into  a state  of  languor  ; to  relax. 

Angels  dissolved  in  hallelujahs  lie.  Dryden. 

7.  (Law.)  To  annul,  as  a contract.  Burrill. 

DJ§>-§OLVE',  v.  n.  I.  To  melt;  to  liquefy  ; to  be 

liquefied.  “ As  wax  dissolves.”  Addison. 

2.  To  sink  away  ; to  perish  ; to  be  destroyed. 

For  I am  almost  ready  to  dissolve, 

Hearing  of  this.  Shak. 

3.  To  be  put  into  a state  of  languor.  Johnson. 

DI^-^OLV'UNT,  a.  [It.  dissolvente  ; Sp.  disol- 
rente  ; Fr.  dissolvant.]  Having  the  power  of 
dissolving;  solvent.  '‘Dissolvent  juices.”  Ray. 

D!§-§OLV'ENT,  n.  1.  That  which  has  the  power 
of  dissolving  ; menstruum  ; solvent.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  (Med.)  A medicine  capable  of  dissolving 
swellings,  concretions,  &c.  Dunglisoti. 

D!S-§OLV'J5R,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  dis- 
solves. 

DI§-§OLV'!-BLE,  a.  See  Dissolvable.  Hale. 

DIS'SO-NANCE,  n.  [L.  dissonantia ; dis,  apart, 
and  sono,  to  sound;  It.  dissonanza ; Sp.  diso- 
nancia ; Fr.  dissonance.] 

1.  A mixture  of  harsh,  unharmonious,  un- 

pleasant sounds  ; jargon  of  sounds  ; want  of 
harmony  or  concord ; discord.  Garth. 

2.  Disagreement ; incongruity.  Milton. 

DfS'SO-NAN-OY,  7i.  Discord  ; dissonance. 

Then  shall  he  see  the  ugliness  of  sin,  the  t lissonancy  of  it 
unto  reason.  Bp.  Taylor. 

DIS'SO-NANT,  a.  [L.  dissonans  ; It.  dissonante; 
Sp.  disonante ; Fr.  dissonant.] 

1.  Discordant ; harsh  ; unharmonious. 

Dire  were  the  strain,  and  dissonant  to  sing.  Thomson. 

2.  Incongruous  ; differing.  “ Dissonant  from 

all  the  doctrine  of  our  Saviour.”  Milton. 

DIS-SUAde'  (dTs-swad'),  v.  a.  [L.  dissuadeo ; dis, 
apart,  and  suadeo,  to  persuade  ; It.  dissuadere  ; 
Sp .disuadir;  Fr.  dissuader.]  [i.  dissuaded; 
pp.  DISSUADING,  DISSUADED.] 

1.  To  divert  by  persuasion ; to  turn  from  any 
action  by  advice  or  by  solicitation. 


A,  E,  !,  6,  U,  Y,  long  ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  ?,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  H&IR,  HER; 


DISSUADER 


425 


DISTHRONIZE 


Here  shame  dissuades  him,  there  his  fear  prevails.  Addison. 

2.  To  represent  as  unadvisable  or  inexpe- 
dient ; to  discourage  ; to  dehort. 

War,  therefore,  open  or  concealed,  alike 

My  voice  dissuades.  Milton. 

DIS-SUAD'£R  (dls-swad'er),  n.  One  who  dissuades. 

DlS-SUA'ijION  (dls-swa'zhun),  n.  [L.  dissitasio  ; 
It.  clissuasione  ; Sp.  disuasion  ; Fr.  dissuasion.] 
The  act  of  dissuading ; advice  or  persuasion 
against  a thing  ; dehortation  ; discouragement. 

In  spite  of  all  the  dissuasions  of  his  friends.  Boyle. 

DIS-SUA'SI  VE  (dls-swa'sjv),  a.  [It.  dissuasivo  ; 
Sp.  disuasivo  ; Fr.  dissuasif.\  Tending  to  dis- 
suade. “Dissuasive  reasoning.”  Abp.  Seeker. 

DIS-SUA'SIVE  (dls-swa'siv),  n.  That  which  dis- 
suades ; an  argument  employed  to  dissuade  ; a 
dehortation.  “A  hearty  dissuasive  from... 
the  practice  of  swearing  and  cursing.”  Sharp. 

DIS-SUA'SIVE-LY,  ad.  By  dissuasion.  Clarke. 

DIS-SUN'DpR,  v.  a.  To  sunder,  [r.]  Chapman. 

f DIS-SWEET'EN  (dls-swe'tnj,  V.  a.  To  deprive 
of  sweetness.  Bp.  Richardson. 

DIS-SYL-LAb'IC,  a.  Consisting  of  two  syllables. 

DIS-SYL-LAb-I-FI-CA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  form- 
ing into  two  syllables,  [r.]  Ch.  Ob. 

DIS-SYL-lAb'I-FY,  v.  a.  To  form  into  two  syl- 
lables ; to  dissyllabize.  Ch.  Ob. 

DIS-SYL/LA-BlZE,  v.  a.  [Gr  <5 U,  double,  and  oul- 
hatfi^iD,  to  form  syllables.]  To  form  into,  or  ex- 
press in,  two  syllables.  Ch.  Ob. 

DIS-SYL'LA-BLE,  or  DIS'SYL-LA-BLE  [dls'sil-la- 
bl,  S.  W.  J.  K.  ; did-sll'la-bl,  P.  F.  Ja.  Sm.  C. 
Wb.~),  n.  [Gr.  hiocvl.afia. ',  It.  dissillabo ; Sp. 
disilabo  ; Fr.  dissyllabe. ] A word  of  two  sylla- 
bles. “ Dissyllables , whether  spondee,  trochee, 
or  iambic.”  Dryden. 

D!S-SYM'PA-THY,  n.  Want  of  sympathy  ; indif- 
ference ; apathy,  [r.]  Johnston. 

DIS  TAFF,  w.  ; pi.  distaffs  (distaves,  Beau.  % 
FI.).  [A.  S.  distcef.) 

L The  staff  from  which  the  flax  is  drawn  off 
in  spinning.  “ To  twirl  her  distaff.”  Goldsmith. 

It  hangs  like  flax  on  a distaff.  Shak. 

2.  Woman,  or  a woman,  as  symbolized  by  the 
distaff.  “ A distaff  in  the  throne.”  Dryden. 

The  Freneh  say,  “ The  crown  of  France  never  falls  to  the 
distaff."  Todd. 

DIS'tAfF— THIS'TLE  (dls't&f-thls'sl),  n.  A spe- 

cies of  thistle  ; Carthamus  lanatus  ; — used  in 
France  and  in  Spain  for  distaffs.  Loudon. 

DIS-TAiN',  v.  a.  [Old  Fr.  desteindre.]  [i.  dis- 

TAINED  ; pp.  DISTAIN  I NG,  DISTAINED.] 

1.  To  stain  ; to  tinge  with  another  color. 

Nor  ceased  his  arrows  till  the  shady  plain 

Seven  mighty  bodies  with  their  blood  distain.  Dryden. 

2.  To  blot;  to  sully  ; to  tarnish;  to  soil. 

The  worthiness  of  praise  distains  his  worth. 

If  he  that’s  praised  himself  bring  the  praise  forth.  Shak. 

DIS'TAL,  a.  ( Zolil .)  Relatively  distant;  distinc- 
tive ; — applied  to  the  furthest  extremity  of  a 
bone.  Owen. 

DIS'TANCE,  n.  [L.  distantia ; dis,  apart,  and 
sto,  stans,  to  stand ; It.  distanza  ; Sp.  distan- 
cin', Fr.  distance .] 

1.  Extent  of  space,  or  interval,  between  two 
things ; remoteness. 

’Tis  distance  lends  enchantment  to  the  view, 

And  robes  the  mountain  in  its  azure  hue.  Campbell. 

2.  Interval  or  length  of  time.  “ Ten  years’ 

distance.”  Prior. 

3.  A space  marked  out  in  a race-course. 

“The  horse  that  ran  the  whole  field  out  of  dis- 
tance." L'  Estrange. 

4.  Ceremonious  .reserve  ; distant  behavior. 

’Tis  by  respect  and  distance  that  authority  is  upheld. 

Atterbury. 

5.  Coldness ; alienation  ; aversion  ; dislike. 

On  the  part  of  Heaven, 

Now  alienated,  distance  and  distaste.  Milton. 

6.  Disjunction  or  separation  of  ideas.  Locke. 

7.  ( Mus .)  The  interval  between  two  notes. 

Dwight. 

DIS'TANCE,  V.  a.  [t.  DISTANCED  ; pp.  DISTANC- 
ING,'DISTANCED.] 

1.  To  leave  behind,  as  in  a race  ; to  surpass  ; 
to  outdo  ; as,  “To  distance  a competitor.” 


2.  To  cause  the  appearance  of  being  at  a dis- 
tance ; to  make  seem  distant. 

That  which  gives  a relievo  to  a bowl  is  the  quick  light  or 
white  which  appears  to  be  on  the  side  nearest  to  us,  and  the 
black,  by  consequence,  distances  the  object.  Dryden. 

DIS'TANT,  a.  [L.  disto,  distans,  to  stand  apart ; 
It.  8$  Sp.  distante;  Fr.  distant. J 

1.  Remote  in  place,  time,  or  nature  ; not 
near  ; far.  “ Things  near  . . . and  things  dis- 
tant." Watts.  “ Very  distant  time.”  Shak. 

2.  Reserved  or  col’d  ; not  familiar  ; shy.  “ Dis- 
tant behavior.”  Johnson. 

3.  Not  allied  ; incongruous  ; abhorrent. 

What  besides  this  unhappy  servility  to  custom  can  recon- 
cile men  that  own  Christianity  to  a practice  so  widely  distant 
from  it?  Gov.  of  the  Tongue. 

4.  Indirect ; not  obvious  or  plain.  “ In  mod- 
est terms  and  distant  phrases.”  Addison. 

Syn.—  Distant  country  ; far  from  home  ; remote 
corner;  remote  antiquity:  — distant , shy,  or  reserved 
manners  : — distant  or  not  obvious  connection  or  allu- 
sion. 

f DIS-TAn'TIAL,  a.  Distant.  Derham. 

DIS'TANT-LY,  ad.  Remotely:  — with  distance 
or  reserve  ; not  familiarly.  Sterne. 

DIS-TAsTE',  n.  1.  Aversion  of  the  palate  ; dis- 
relish. “ The  distaste  of  satiety.”  Bacon. 

2.  Disquiet ; uneasiness  ; dissatisfaction. 

Prosperity  is  not  without  many  fears  and  distastes,  and 

adversity  is  not  without  comforts  and  hopes.  Bacon. 

3.  Anger ; alienation  of  affection ; dislike. 

The  king  [Henry  VIII.]  loved  to  raise  mean  persons,  and, 

upon  the  least  distaste,  to  throw  them  down.  Burnet. 

Syn.  — See  Displeasure. 

DIS-TAsTE',  V.  a.  [».  DISTASTED  ; pp.  DISTAST- 
ING, DISTASTED.] 

1.  To  disrelish  ; to  dislike  ; to  loathe.  “ To 
make  others  distaste  them  [words] . ’ ’ Stilling  fleet. 

2.  To  displease  ; to  offend  ; to  disgust.  “Dis- 

tasting and  disobliging  many  of  the  chief  no- 
bility.” Temple. 

3.  To  make  distasteful  or  unpleasant. 

Nothing  but  continuance  and  abuse  hath  distasted  these 

things.  Bp.  Iiall. 

DIS-TASTE'FUL,  a.  1.  Nauseous  to  the  pal- 
ate; loathsome.  “The  green,  distasteful 
fruit.”  Dryden. 

2.  Offensive  ; unpleasant ; disagreeable. 

For  ’twas  distasteful  to  my  noble  mind 

That  the  vile  world  into  my  wants  should  look.  Drayton. 

3.  Expressing  distaste  or  dissatisfaction. 

“ Distasteful  looks.”  Shak. 

DIS-TAsTE'fOl-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
distasteful  ; offensiveness  ; disagreeableness. 
“ Allaying  . . . much  of  the  bitter  and  distaste- 
fulness  of  our  physic.”  Mountagu. 

f DIS-TAS'TIVE,  n.  That  which  gives  disrelish  ; 
something  distasteful.  Whitlock. 

DIS-TEM'PJJR,  n.  [Fr . detrempe.)  1.  f Want  of 
a due  temper ; a disproportionate  mixture  of 
parts. 

The  true  temper  of  empire  is  a thing  rare,  and  hard  to 
keep;  for  both  temper  and  distemper  consist  of  contraries. 

Bacon. 

2.  f A temperature  evil  or  unseasonable. 

Those  countries  which  were  situated  directly  under  the 
tropic  were  of  a distemper  uninhabitable.  Jialeigh. 

3.  Illness  ; indisposition  ; malady  ; disease  ; 
— sometimes  restricted  to  a slight  illness,  often 
applied  to  disease  of  brutes,  and  commonly  to  a 
disease  of  any  kind. 

They  heighten  distempers  to  diseases.  Suckling. 

Gouts,  dropsies,  fevers,  and  lethargies,  with  innumerable 
other  distempers.  Addison. 

4.  A disease  of  dogs,  commonly  considered 

to  be  catarrhal.  Brande. 

5.  Bad  constitution  of  mind  ; predominance 

of  any  passion  or  appetite.  “ Little  faults,  pro- 
ceeding on  distemper.”  Shak. 

6.  Ill-humor  ; depravity,  [r.]  K.  Charles. 

7.  {Paint.)  A preparation  of  opaque  color, 

grount}  up  with  size  and  water,  used  in  scene- 
painting : — written  also  destemper.  Brande. 

fiffr  “ Distemper,  which  we  still  employ  in  the  sense 
of  sickness,  was  that  evil  frame  either  of  a man’s  body 
or  of  his  mind  (for  it  was  used  alike  of  both)  which 
had  its  rise  in  an  unsuitable  mingling  of  the  humors.” 
Dr.  Trench. 

Syn.  — See  Disease. 

DJS-TEM'PJJR,  v.  a.  [It.  distemperare ; Fr.  de- 
tremper. ] [*.  distempered  ; pp.  distemper- 

ing, DISTEMPERED.] 


1.  ff  To  change  the  due  temper  or  mixture  of. 

Through  the  great  abundance  of  his  meat  thp  humors  in 
his  body  are  distempered.  Chaucer. 

2.  To  bring  disease  upon  ; to  disease.  “ A 

distempered  head.”  Shak. 

3.  To  deprive  of  equanimity ; to  disturb ; to 

ruffle.  “ Minds  . . . distempered  by  interest, 
passion,  or  partiality.”  Addison. 

4.  (Paint.)  To  compound  into  distemper. 
“ Distempering  the  colors  with  ox-gall.”  Petty. 

f DIS-TEM'PIJR-ANCE,  n.  Distemperature. 

They  (meats]  annoy  the  body  in  causing  distemperance. 

Sir  T.  Elyot. 

ff  DIS-TEM'PER-ATE,  a.  1.  Immoderate  ; not 
temperate.  “ Distemperate  heat.”  Raleigh. 

2.  Diseased;  disordered. 

Thou  hast  thy  brain  distemperate  and  out  of  rule. 

Wodroephe , 1(523. 

DIS-TEM'PgR-A-TURE,  n.  1.  Distemper;  want 
of  a due  temper  or  mixture.  “ Some  distem- 


perature of  the  blood.”  [r.]  Home. 

2.  Bad  or  unseasonable  temperature,  [r.] 

Through  this  distemperature  we  see 

The  seasons  alter;  hoary-headed  frosts 

Fall  in  the  fresh  lap  of  the  crimson  rose.  Shak. 

3.  Disturbance  ; disorder ; confusion. 

At  jour  birth, 

Our  grandam  earth  with  this  disten^erature 
In  passion  shook.  Shak. 

4.  Perturbation  of  mind  ; uneasiness. 

Thy  earliness  doth  me  assure 
Thou  art  uproused  by  some  distemperature.  Shak. 


5.  Indisposition;  slight  illness;  distemper. 

Notwithstanding  which  distemperature,  ...  he  went  upon 
the  next  Sabbath  unto  the  court  at  Whitehall.  Sir  G.  Paul. 

DIS-TEM'PERED  (dis-tem'perd),  p.  a.  1.  fUn- 
seasonably  tempered  ; deviating  from  customary 
temperature.  “ No  distempered  day.”  Shak. 

2.  Diseased ; disordered. 

Young  son,  it  argues  a distempered  head 

So  soon  to  bid  good  morrow  to  thy  bed.  Shak. 

3.  Immoderate  ; unregulated  ; intemperate. 

Distempered  zeal,  sedition,  cankered  hate.  Dryden. 

4.  Put  out  of  humor;  disturbed  ; ruffled  ; dis- 
affected. “ Distempered  lords.”  Shak. 

DIS-TEM'PER-pD-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
distempered.  Scott. 

DIS-TEM'PER-lNG,  n.  (Paint.)  The  act  or  the 
process  of  painting  in  distemper.  Smart. 

ff  DIS-TEM'PER-MENT,  n.  Disturbance;  disorder. 

Then  as  some  sulphurous  spirit  sent 
* By  the  torn  air’s  aistempej'ament.  Feltham. 

DIS-TEND',  v.  a.  [L.  distendo  ; dis,  apart,  and 
tendo,  to  stretch  ; It.  distendere ; Sp.  distender  ; 
Fr.  distendre .]  [t.  distended  ; pp.  distend- 

ing, DISTENDED.] 

1.  To  stretch  out  in  length  ; to  extend. 

Upon  the  earth  my  body  I distend.  Stirling. 

2.  To  stretch  out  in  breadth  and  length ; to 

expand  ; to  dilate ; to  widen ; to  enlarge.  “ The 
full  distended  clouds.”  Thomson. 

How  such  ideas  of  the  Almighty’s  power 

(Ideas  not  absurd)  distend  the  thought  1 Young. 

DIS-TEN-SJ-BIL'J-TY,  n.  Capability  of  being  dis- 
tended. Clarke. 

DIS-TEN'SI  VE,  a.  That  distends  : — that  may  be 
distended.  Smart. 

DIS-TENT',  a.  Spread ; distended,  [r.]  Thomson. 

f DIS-TENT',  n.  Breadth.  Wotton. 

DIS-TEN'TION,  n.  [L.  distentio ; It.  distensione ; 
Fr.  distention.) 

1.  The  act  of  distending ; a stretching  out  or 
spreading  ; dilation  ; enlargement.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  A stretching  apart ; divarication,  [r.] 

Our  legs  to  labor  more  in  elevation  than  in  distention.  I Cotton. 

f DIS-TER',  v.  a.  [L.  dis,  apart,  and  terra,  land.] 
To  banish  from  a country.  Howell. 

f DIS-TER'MI-NATE,  a.  [L.  disterminatus.]  Sep- 
arated by  bounds.  Bp.  Hall. 

ff  DIS-TER-MI-NA'TION,  n.  A shutting  out  of 
bounds  ; exclusion  ; separation.  Hammond. 

DlS'THENE,  n.  [Gr.  Si;,  double,  and  trblvo;,  power.] 
(Min.)  A name  given  to  kyanite,  in  allusion  to 
its  unequal  hardness  and  electric  properties  in 
two  different  directions.  Dana. 

f DIS-TIIRONE',  v.  a.  To  dethrone.  Smith. 

ff  DIS-THRO'NIZE,  v.  a.  To  dethrone.  Spenser. 


MiEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — $,  g,  soft;  £,  O,  £,  g,  hard ; § as  7;  £ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 

54 


DISTICH 


426 


DISTRACT 


DIS’TICH  (dls'tjk),  n.  [Gr.  blan^ov;  b!;,  double, 
and  an^os,  a row ; L.  aistichon  ; It.  Sg  Sp.  disti- 
co  ; Fr.  distique.]  A couplet  of  verses  ; a 
couple  of  poetic  lines  making  complete  sense. 

litg*  In  the  Greek,  Latin,  and  German  languages, 
distich  is  applied  to  pieces  of  poetry  consisting  of  two 
lines  in  hexameter  and  pentameter  verse.  Brands. 

DIS'TICH-OUS,  a.  (Bot.)  Arranged  in  two 
rows,  as  the  leaves  of  many  grasses  ; two- 
ranked.  Gray. 

D{S-TIL',  v.  n.  [L.  destillo;  de,  from,  and 
stillo,  to  fall  drop  by  drop  ; It.  distillare  ; 

Sp.  destilar ; Fr.  distiller.']  [L  distilled  ; 

pp.  DISTILLING,  DISTILLED.] 

1.  To  fall  by  drops  ; to  drop  ; to  trickle. 

Soft  showers  distilled  and  suns  grew  warm  in  vain.  Pope. 

2.  To  flow  gently  and  silently. 

The  Eu nh rates  distilleth  out  of  the  mountains  of  Arme- 
nia, and  fulleth  into  the  Gulf  of  Persia.  Raleigh. 

3.  To  use  a still ; to  practise  distillation. 

Hast  thou  not  learned  me  how 
To  make  perfumes,  distil , preserve?  Shak. 

DJS-TIL',  v.  a.  1.  To  let  fall  in  drops  ; to  drop. 

They  pour  down  rain  according  to  the  vapor  thereof, 
which  the  clouds  do  drop  and  distil  upon  man  abundantly. 

Job  xxxvi.  28. 

2.  ( Chem .)  To  purify  or  separate  from  grosser 
admixtures  by  the  process  of  artificial  evapora- 
tion and  subsequent  condensation;  as,  “To 
distil  spirits”;  “To  distil  water”: — to  sub- 
ject to  distillation  ; as,  “ To  distil  molasses.” 

3.  To  melt ; to  dissolve,  [r.] 

Swords  by  the  lightning’s  subtle  force  distilled , 

And  the  cold  sheath  with  running  metal  tilled.  Addison. 

DJS-TlL'LA-BLE,  a.  [Sp.  destilable ; Fr.  distil- 
lable.] That  may  be  distilled.  “ Distillable 
concretes.”  Boyle. 

DIS-Tj  L-L.\'TlON,  n.  [It.  distillazione ; Sp.  des- 
titution ; Fr.  distillation.] 

1.  The  act  or  the  process  of  distilling  or 

falling  in  drops.  Johnson. 

2.  That  which  falls  in  drops.  Johnson. 

3.  (Chem.)  The  act  or  the  art  of  separating  a 
substance  from  grosser  admixtures,  by  evapo- 
ration and  condensation  : — the  act  or  the  pro- 
cess of  subjecting  to  heat  in  order  to  drive  oft' 
vapor. 

The  serum  of  the  blood,  by  a strong  distillation,  affords  a 
spirit,  or  volatile  alkaline  salt,  and  two  kinds  of  oil,  and  an 
earth.  Arbuthnot. 

4.  The  substance  obtained  by  distillation. 

“ Like  a strong  distillation.”  Shak. 

Destructive  distillation,  the  distillation  of  organic 
products  at  high  temperatures,  by  which  the  ultimate 
elements  are  separated  or  evolved  in  new  combina- 
tions.— Dry  distillation,  the  distillation  of  substances 
per  se,  or  without  the  addition  of  water.  Braude. 

DIS-TIL'LA-TO-RY,  a.  [It.  distillatorio  ; Fr.  dis- 
tillatoire .]  Belonging  to,  or  used  in,  distilla- 
tion. “ Distillatory  vessels.”  Boyle. 

DIS-TILLED'  (djs-ttld'), . p.  a.  Formed  by  distilla- 

tion ; as,  “ Distilled  liquors.” 

DJS-TlL'LfR,  n.  One  who  distils;  one  whose 
business  it  is  to  extract  spirituous  liquor  by  dis- 
tillation. 

DIS-TIL'Lp-RY,  n.  1.  A place  or  a building 
where  spirituous  liquors  are  distilled. 

2.  The  art  of  distilling  spirits.  Todd. 

DIS-TIL'LING,  n.  The  act  of  distillation. 

D(S-TIL'MENT,  n.  Act  of  distilling  : — that  which 
is  distilled  ; distillation,  [r.] 

Upon  my  secure  hour  thy  uncle  stole, 

And  in  the  porches  of  mine  ear  did  pour 

The  leperous  distilment.  Shak. 

DIS-TINCT'  (djs-tingkt',  82),  a.  [L.  distinctus  ; 
It.  <Sr  Sp.  distinto  ; Fr.  distinct.] 

1.  Distinguished  by  some  sign  or  mark ; 
marked  out ; specified. 

No  place 

Is  yet  distinct  by  name.  Milton. 

2.  Decorated ; adorned ; variegated. 

Nor  less  on  either  side  tempestuous  fell 
His  arrows  from  the  Iburfofd-visaged  Four, 

Distinct  with  eyes,  and  from  the  living  wheels, 
Distinct  alike  with  multitude  of  eyes.  Milton. 

3.  Different ; not  the  same  in  number  or 
kind  ; separate.  “ Distinct  titles.”  “ Distinct 
persons.”  Locke.  “ Distinct  abodes.”  Young. 

4.  Clear  ; plain  ; unconfused  ; definite  ; as, 
“ Distinct  vision  ” ; “ Distinct  ideas.” 

Syn. — One  man  is  distinct  from  another  man; 
one  piece  of  silver  is  distinct  from  another  ; but  a man 


is  different  from  a horse,  and  gold  is  different  from 
silver.  — See  Clear,  Different. 

f DIS-TINCT'  (djs-tingkt'),  v.  a.  To  distinguish. 

In  the  which  year  [12K8]  died  Stephen  Langton,  Archbish- 
op of  Canterbury,  by  whom  . . . the  chapters  of  the  Bible,  in 
that  order  and  number  as  we  now  use  them,  were  first  dis- 
tincted.  John  Fox. 

DIS-TINC'TION  (-tlngk'shun),  n.  [L.  distinctio  ; 
It.  distinzione  ; Sp.  distincion  ; Fr.  distinction.] 

1.  The  act  of  distinguishing  or  making  dis- 

tinct; notation  of  difference.  “ Distinction  of 
real  and  apparent  good.”  Norris. 

2.  The  power  of  observing  wherein  two  things 
differ  or  are  distinct ; discernment ; discrimina- 
tion ; penetration  ; judgment. 

To  take  away,  therefore,  that  error  which  confusion  breed- 
eth,  distinction  is  necessary.  Hooker. 

3.  That  by  which  one  thing  is  distinguished, 
or  by  which  it  differs,  from  another  ; difference 
in  quality  ; substantial  difference. 

Nice  distinctions  in  phraseology,  and  minute  differences  in 
words,  should  be  observed  by  accurate  translators,  yewcome. 

This  faculty  of  perception  puts  the  distinction  betwixt  the 
animal  kingdom  and  the  inferior  parts  of  matter.  Locke. 

4.  Difference  in  regard  or  treatment. 

Maids,  women,  wives,  without  distinction , fall.  Dryden. 

5.  Elevation  of  rank  or  of  character  ; honor- 
able notice  ; eminence  ; note  ; superiority. 

And  win  himself  distinction  and  renown.  Cowper. 

University  distinctions  are  a great  starting-point  in  life; 
they  introduce  a man  well;  nay,  they  even  add  to  his  influ- 
ence afterwards.  Dr.  T.  Arnold. 

6.  Separation  of  parts  ; division.  “ The  dis- 
tinction of  tragedy  into  acts.”  Dryden. 

“ Distinction  is  wider  in  signification  than 
difference ; for  all  things  that  are  different  are  also 
distinct  ; but  all  tilings  that  are  distinct  are  not  also 
different.  One  drop  of  water  does  not  specifically 
differ  from  another  ; but  they  are  individually  distinct.” 

Fleming. 

Syn. — See  Celebrity,  Difference. 

DIS-TlNC'TjVE  (djs-tlngk'tjv),  a.  [It.  § Sp.  dis- 
tintivo ; Fr.  distinctif.] 

1.  That  makes  distinct ; marking  distinction 

or  difference.  “ The  distinctive  character  of 
the  war.”  Burke. 

2.  Having  the  power  to  distinguish  ; discrim- 
inating; discriminative;  judicious. 

The  more  judicious  and  distinctive  heads  do  not  reject  it. 

Burke. 

DJS-TINC’TjVE-LY,  ad.  In  a distinctive  manner. 

D I S-TINC'T[V  E-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
distinctive.  Goodwin. 

D[S-TINCT'LY  (djs-tlngkt'le),  ad.  In  a distinct 
manner  ; clearly  ; plainly. 

DIS-TINCT'NfiSS,  n.  1.  The  quality  or  the  state 
of  being  distinct  or  separate. 

The  ancient  philosophers  were  induced  likewise  to  assert 
the  soul’s  immortality  together  with  its  incorporeity  or  dis- 
tinctness from  the  body.  Cudworlh. 

2.  Precision  ; clearness ; perspicuity. 

The  Scripture  always  expresses  this  matter  accurately, 
with  great  and  exact  distinctness.  Clarke. 

3.  Nice  observation  of  difference  ; acuteness. 
“ Distinctness  of  apprehension.”  Spenser. 

Syn.  — See  Clearness. 

DIS-TINCT'URE,  n.  Distinctness,  [r.]  Ed.  Rev. 

D|S-TIN'GUISH  (djs-tlng'gwjsh),  v.  a.  [L.  distin- 
guo  ; dis,  apart,  and  stinguo,  to  mark  out  ; It. 
distinguere ; Sp.  distinguir  ; Fr.  distinguer.] 
[i.  distinguished  ; pp.  distinguishing,  dis- 
tinguished.] 

1.  To  make  distinct  by  some  mark  or  token  ; 
to  indicate  by  something  characteristic  ; to 
point  or  mark  out  by  some  peculiarity. 

Not  more  distinguished  by  her  purple  vest 

Than  by  the  charming  features  of  her  face.  Dryden. 

2.  To  divide  by  points  of  difference. 

Moses  distinguishes  the  causes  of  the  flood  into  those  that 
belong  to  the  heavens  and  those  that  belong  to  the  earth,  the 
rains  and  the  abyss.  Burnet. 

3.  To  set  apart  from  others  by  some  mark  of 
honor;  to  make  known  or  eminent;  to  make 
famous  or  celebrated  ; to  signalize. 

Few  are  formed  with  abilities  to  discover  new  possibilities 
of  excellence,  and  to  distinguish  themselves  by  means  never 
tried  before.  Rambler. 

4.  To  recognize  as  distinct  by  some  quality  or 
sign  ; to  discriminate  ; to  discern  ; to  perceive. 

A judging  sight  would  soon  distinguish  either.  Drayton. 

By  our  reason  we  are  enabled  to  distinguish  good  from  evil, 
as  well  as  truth  from  falsehood.  Watts. 

Syn.  — To  distinguish  is  a general,  to  discriminate, 


a particular  term.  To  distinguish  is  to  mark  broad 
and  obvious  differences  ; to  discriminate , such  as  are 
more  minute.  An  ignorant  man  can  distinguish  a 
rose  from  a lily  ; a botanist  discriminates  between  the 
varieties  closely  allied  and  nearly  resembling  each 
other.  — A man  distinguishes  himself  by  ins  talents, 
learning,  and  performances,  and  signalizes  himself  by 
heroic  achievements.  — See  Perceive. 

D|S-TIN'GUISH  (djs-tlng'gwjsh),  v.  n.  To  make 
distinction ; to  find  or  show  the  difference. 

It  will  happen  continually  that  rightly  to  distinguish  be- 
tween two  words  will  throw  great  light  upon  some  contro- 
versy in  which  those  words  play  a principal  part;  nav,  will 
virtually  put  an  end  to  that  controversy  altogether.  Trench. 

DIS-T1N'GUISH-A-BLE  (djs-tlng'gwjsh-a-bl,  82),  a. 
[It.  distinguibiie ; Sp.  distinguible .] 

1.  That  may  be  distinguished ; that  may  be 
recognized  as  distinct. 

The  characteristic  symptom  of  human  madness  is  the 
rising  up  in  the  mind  ot  images  not  distinguishable  by  the 
patient  from  impressions  on  the  senses.  Paley. 

2.  Separable  by  points  of  difference.  “ Dis- 
tinguishable into  different  ideas.”  Locke. 

3.  That  may  mark  distinction  or  honor. 

I would  endeavor  that  my  betters  should  seek  me  by  the 
merit  of  something  distinguishable,  instead  of  my  seeking 
them.  * Swift. 

DIS-TlN'GUJSH-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of 
being  distinguishable.  Ash. 

DIS-TIN'GUISH-A-BLY,  ad.  So  as  to  be  distin- 
guished. Blackstone. 

DIS-TIN'GUISHED  (djs-ting'gwjsht),  p.  a.  Cele- 
brated ; illustrious  ; eminent ; transcendent ; 
extraordinary  ; noted  ; famous.  “ That  dis- 
tinguished metaphysician  [Sir  William  Ham- 
ilton].” Rich. 

Syn.  — See  Famous. 

DIS-tTn'GU|SH-5D-LY,  ad.  In  a distinguished 
manner.  Swift. 

DIS-TlN'GUlSH-ER,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which, 
distinguishes.  Dryden. 

DIS-TlN'GUlSH-lNG,  p.  a.  Marking  distinction  ; 
as,  “ A distinguishing  mark  or  sign.” 

DIS-tIn'GUISH-ING-LY,  ad.  With  distinction; 
with  some  mark  of  preference. 

The  heads  of  that  party  have  been  distinguishingly  favor- 
able to  me.  Pope. 

DIS-TIN'GUISH-MENT,  n.  The  act  of  discrimi- 
nating or  making  a difference  between,  [r.] 

And  mannerly  distinguishnient  leave  out 
Between  the  prince  and  beggar.  Shak. 

DIS-Tl'TLE  (dls-tl'tl),  v.  a.  To  deprive  of  a title 
or  right ; to  disentitle.  B.  Jonson. 

DIS-TORT',  v.  a.  [L.  distorqueo,  distortus  ; dis, 
apart,  and  torqueo,  to  turn.]  [t.  distorted  ; 
pp.  DISTORTING,  DISTORTED.] 

1.  To  twist  or  change  from  the  natural  shape 
or  posture  ; to  writhe  ; to  twist ; to  deform. 

Now  mortal  pangs  distort  his  lovely  form.  Smith. 

Wrath  and  malice,  envy  and  revenge,  do  darken  and  dis- 
tort the  understandings  of  men.  Tillotson. 

2.  To  wrest  from  the  true  meaning ; to  per- 
vert. 

These  words  of  Mr.  Hooker,  thus  pitifully  distorted,  are 
the  only  proof  he  hath  for  his  assertion.  Hammond. 

f DIS-TORT',  a.  Distorted.  Spenser. 

DIS-TORT'^R,  n.  That  which  distorts.  Craig. 

DjS-TOR'TION  (djs-tor'shun),  n.  [L.  distortio  ; 
It.  distorsione  ; Fr.  distorsion.] 

1.  The  act  of  distorting  ; a writhing  or  twist- 

ing : — the  state  of  being  distorted,  twisted,  or 
deformed  ; grimace.  “ The  bellowings  and  dis- 
tortions of  enthusiasm.”  Addison. 

2.  Act  of  wresting  from  the  true  meaning. 
“ A childish  distortion  of  my  words.”  Bp.  Wren. 

3.  (Med.)  An  unnatural  deviation  of  shape 

or  of  position  in  any  part  of  the  body,  producing 
visible  deformity.  Brande. 

DIS-TOR'Tj VE,  a.  That  distorts;  causing  dis- 
tortion. Qu.  Rev. 

DIS-TRACT',  v.  a.  [L.  distraho,  distractus ; dis, 
apart,  and  traho,  to  draw;  It.  distrarre ; Sp. 
distraer  ; Fr.  distraire.]  [I.  distracted  ; pp. 

DISTRACTING,  DISTRACTED.  — DISTRAUGHT, 
the  old  participle,  is  obsolete.] 

1.  To  pull  or  draw  apart ; to  separate ; to 
divide. 

Built  as  a city  that  is  at  unity  in  itself,  but  now  distracted 
from  itself.  Fuller. 

2.  To  draw  different  ways  at  once  ; to  affect 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  0,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  fAr,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


DISTRACT 


427 


DISTURB 


by  contrary  impressions ; to  perplex  ; to  dis- 
turb ; to  confound  ; to  harass. 

If  our  sense  of  hearing  were  a thousand  times  quicker  than 
it  is,  how  would  a perpetual  noise  distract  us  I Locke. 

fDIS-TRACT',  a.  Mad;  distracted.  Drayton. 

DIS-TRACT'ED,  p.  a.  1.  Perplexed;  disturbed; 
harassed;  confounded.  “ Distracted  with  im- 
moderate cares.”  _ Ray. 

2.  Deprived  of  reason  ; mad  ; frantic  ; insane. 
You  shall  find  a distracted  man  fancy  himself  a king.  Locke. 

DIS-TRACT'jpD-LY.ad.  Madly  ; franticly.  Shah. 

Drs-TRACT'ED-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  dis- 
tracted ; distraction.  Bp.  Hall. 

DIS-TRACT'ER,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  dis- 
tracts, perplexes,  or  confounds.  More. 

DIS-TRAcT'I-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  distracted; 
capable  of  being  drawn  aside.  Scott. 

DIS-TRAc'TILE,  n.  ( Bot .)  A connective  which 
divides  into  two  unequal  portions,  of  which  one 
supports  a cell  and  the  other  not.  Brande. 

DIS-TRAC'TION,  n.  [L.  distractio  ; It.  distra- 
zione-,  Sp . distraccion  ; Fr  .distraction.] 

1.  The  act  of  distracting;  a drawing  apart 
from  ; separation.  “ Uncapable  of  distraction 
from  him  with  whom  thou  wert  one.”  Bp.  Hall. 

2.  f A detachment ; a separate  part. 

His  power  went  out  in  such  distractions  as 
Beguiled  all  spies.  Shak. 

3.  A state  of  mind  in  which  the  attention  is 
called  different  ways  ; confusion  ; perplexity  ; 
embarrassment ; abstraction. 

That  ye  may  attend  upon  the  Lord  without  distraction. 

1 Cor.  vii.  35. 

4.  A disturbance  ; a discord ; a division. 

The  enemies  of  the  government  tried  what  could  be  made 
of  this  to  create  distractions  among  us.  Burnet. 

5.  Violent  perturbation,  as  from  grief. 

The  distraction  of  the  children,  who  saw  both  their  parents 
expiring  together, would  have  melted  the  hardest  heart.  Tatter. 

6.  Loss  of  reason  ; madness  ; insanity. 

Commiserate  all  those  who  labor  under  a settled  distrac- 
tion. Atterbury. 

Syn.  — See  Insanity. 

+ DIS-TRAC'TIOUS,  a.  Causing  distraction  ; dis- 
tracting ; perplexing.  Cudworth. 

DIS-TRAC'TIVE,  a.  Causing  perplexity;  dis- 
tracting. “ Distractive  cares.”  Bp.  Hall. 

DIS-TRAIN'j  v.  a.  [L.  dist.ringo  ; disj  apart,  and 
stringo,  to  draw  tight;  It.  distringere ; Norm. 
Fr.  destraindre .]  [i.  distrained  ; pp.  dis- 

training, DISTRAINED.] 

1.  t To  restrain  ; to  confine  ; to  bind.  “ Held 

distrained  with  chains.”  Chaucer. 

2.  f To  rend  ; to  tear.  Surrey. 

3.  (Law.)  To  seize  and  keep  as  a pledge  in 

order  to  compel  the  performance  of  some  duty, 
such  as  the  payment  of  rent,  the  performance 
of  services,  an  appearance  in  court,  &c. : — to 
seize  for  debt.  Burrill. 

Here  ’8  Beaufort,  that  regards  not  God  nor  king, 

Hath  here  distrained  the  Tower  to  his  use.  Shak. 

DlS-TRAlN',  v.  n.  (Law.)  To  make  seizure. 

I will  not  lend  money  to  my  superior,  upon  whom  I can- 
not distrain  for  the  debt.  Camden. 

DIS-TRAlN'A-BLE,  a.  (Law.)  That  may  be  dis- 
trained ; liable  to  be  distrained.  Blackstone. 

DIS-TRAlN'OR,  n.  (Law.)  One  who  distrains; 
the  party  distraining  goods  or  chattels.  Burrill. 

DjS-TRAlNT',  n.  (Law.)  Seizure.  Bailey. 

DIS-TRAit'  (dls-tra'),  a.  [Fr.]  Absent  in 

thought ; abstracted  in  mind,  [it.]  Chesterfield. 

f DIS-TRA  UGHT'  (djs-trSLwt'),  p.  from  distract. 
Distracted.  — See  Distract.  Spenser. 

DJS-TREAM',  v.  n.  To  flow  or  stream  forth,  [r.] 

A swelling  tear  distreamed  from  every  eye.  Shenstone. 

D(S-TRESS',  n.  [L.  districtio,  a hinderance,  a 
difficulty  ; It.  distretta;  Fr.  ditresse.] 

1.  Calamity  ; misery  ; misfortune  ; adversity  ; 
affliction  ; trouble  ; perplexity  : — state  of  danger. 

People  in  affliction  or  distress  cannot  be  hated  by  generous 
minds.  .S’.  Richardson. 

2.  Anguish;  agony;  pain;  suffering;  as, 
“ Distress  of  body.” 

3.  (Law.)  The  taking  of  a personal  chattel 
from  the  possession  of  the  wrong-doer,  into  the 


hands  of  the  party  injured,  as  a pledge  for  the 
redress  of  injury,  the  performance  of  a duty,  or 
the  satisfaction  of  a demand:  — the  thing  or 
chattel  distrained.  Burrill. 

Syn.  — See  Adversity,  Affliction. 

DIS-TRESS',  v.  a.  [ i . distressed  ; pp.  distress- 
ing, DISTRESSED.] 

1.  To  oppress  with  pain  or  calamity  ; to  make 
miserable  ; to  afflict ; to  trouble  ; to  perplex  ; to 
embarrass ; to  harass. 

I will  distress  the  inhabitants  of  the  land.  Jer.  x.  18. 

Such  is  the  fate  of  hapless  lexicography  that  not  only 
darkness  but  light  impedes  and  distresses.  Johnson. 

2.  (Law.)  To  seize;  to  distrain.  Johnson. 

Syn.  — Distressed  in  circumstances,  in  feeling,  by 

misfortune,  &c. ; afflicted  by  the  loss  of  friends  ; har- 
assed by  attacks  of  enemies  ; perplexed  with  difficul- 
ties*, troubled  with  cares.  — See  Afflict. 

DIS-TRESS'ED-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  di-- 
tressed.  Scott. 

DIS-TRESS'FUL,  a.  1.  Full  of  distress  or  trouble  ; 
causing  misery.  “ Distressful  events.”  Watts. 

2.  Proceeding  from  or  indicating  distress. 
“ Distressful  cries.”  Pope. 

DIS-TRESS 'FUL-LY,  ad.  To  a distressing  de- 
gree ; painfully.  “ Distressfully  deaf.”  Johnson. 

DIS-TRESS'ING,  a.  Harassing;  afflicting  ; pain- 
ful ; distressful ; as,  “ A distressing  accident.” 

DIS-TRESS'ING,  n.  Distress ; calamity.  “ Joy 
after  long  distressing.”  Fletcher. 

DIS-TRIB'U-TA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  distrib- 
uted. Sir  Wm.  Jones. 

DIS-TRIB'Il-TA-RY,  a.  That  distributes  that 
is  or  may  be  distributed.  Williams. 

DIS-TRIB'UTE,  v.  a.  [L.  distribuo,  distributus ; 
dis,  apart,  and  tribuo,  to  allot  ; It.  distribuire  ; 
Sp.  distribuir;  Fr.  distribuer .]  [*.  distrib- 

uted ; pp.  DISTRIBUTING,  DISTRIBUTED.] 

1.  To  divide  amongst  more  than  two;  to  ap- 
portion ; to  deal  out ; to  assign  ; to  allot ; to 
appropriate  ; to  dispense ; to  administer. 

Justice  distributes  to  each  man  his  right.  Dri/den. 

2.  To  separate,  as  into  classes ; to  arrange  in 
classes  ; to  classify  ; to  class.  . Smart. 

3.  (Printing .)  To  separate,  as  types,  and  re- 

place them  in  their  cells  or  cases,  after  a sheet 
has  been  printed  off'.  Smart. 

4.  (Logic.)  To  apply  as  a term  to  every  mem- 

ber of  the  class  which  it  denotes  ; to  employ,  as 
a term,  in  its  full  extent.  Whately. 

Syn.  — See  Allot,  Dispense,  Divide,  Spread. 

DIS-TRIB'y-T^R,  n.  One  who  distributes. 

DlS-TRI-BU'TION,  n.  [L.  distributio  ; It.  distri- 
buzione  \ Sp.  distribution-,  Fr.  distribution.'] 

1.  The  act  of  distributing,  dealing  out,  allot- 
ting or  dispensing;  dispensation. 

Of  great  riches  there  is  no  real  use  except  it  be  in  the  dis- 
tribution.  Bacon. 

2.  The  act  of  dividing  and  disposing  in  order 
the  parts  of  any  thing  ; disposition.  Smart. 

3.  That  which  is  distributed.  “ Our  charita- 
ble distributions.”  Atterbury. 

Syn.  — See  Disposition. 

DIS-TRtB'y-TlVE,  a.  [It.  # Sp.  distributivo  ; Fr. 
distributif.] 

1.  That  distributes  ; that  divides  and  assigns 
to  each  his  part.  “ Distributive  justice.”  Swift. 
“ Distributive  laws.”  Hobbes. 

2.  (Gram.)  That  denotes  one  of  two  or  more 
persons  or  things  taken  separately  ; as,  “ A dis- 
tributive adjective.” 

Distributive  adjectives,  (Gram.)  adjectives  which 
denote  several  persons  or  things  taken  individually, 
as  each,  every , either,  and  neither. 

DIS-TRIB'y-TIVE-LY,  ad.  By  distribution  ; singly. 

DIS-TRIB'U-TjVE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
distributive.  Fell. 

DISTRICT,  n.  [L.  distringo,  districtus,  to  stretch 
out,  also,  to  detain  ; Low  L.  distringo,  districtus, 
to  bind  ; It.  distretto  ; Sp.  dis frit  o ; Fr.  district.] 

1.  (Law.)  In  old  law,  a circuit  or  territory 
within  which  the  power  of  distraining  or  other 
coercive  authority  might  be  exercised  ; — in 
modern  law,  a portion  of  territory,  as  of  a state, 
county,  city,  or  town  defined  by  law  within 
which  a certain  jurisdiction  or  authority  may  be 


exercised ; a civil  division  of  a state  or  country 
for  judicial  or  other  purposes.  Burrill. 

2.  A region  within  given  lines  ; a province ; 
a tract ; a territory. 

Those  districts  which  between  the  tropics  lie.  Black-more. 

Syn.  — District  is  a territorial  division,  or  the  cir- 
cuit of  jurisdiction ; as,  “A  district  for  a school,  a 
court,”  &c.  ; circuit  is  a territory  visited  by  judges  for 
holding  courts  ; a county  nr  shire  is  the  subdivision  of 
a state  or  a kingdom  for  the  administration  of  justice ; 
a province  is  a subdivision  of  a country,  or  a foreign 
country  under  subjection  ; a region  is  a territory  of 
indefinite  extent,  as  also  is  a tract,  though  less  exten- 
sive than  a region.  — See  Land. 

DIS'TRICT,  a.  1.  f Harsh ; rigorous  ; strict. 
“ The  rod  of  district  severity.”  John  Fox. 

2.  Belonging  to  a district.  Richardson. 

District  court,  a court  which  has  cognizance  of  cer- 
tain causes  within  a district.  — A district-court  in  the 
U.  S.  consists  of  a single  judge,  and  acts  both  as  a 
court  of  common  law  and  as  a court  of  admiralty. 
Burrill.  — District  attorney,  a prosecuting  officer  in  a 
judicial  district.  — District  judge,  the  judge  of  a judi- 
cial district. — District  school,  a public  or  free  school 
within  a district. 

DIS'TRICT,  V.  a.  \i.  DISTRICTED  ; pp.  DISTRICT- 
ING, districted.]  To  divide  or  lay  off'  into 
districts.  Smith. 

DIS-TRIC'TION,  n.  Sudden  display;  a flash,  [r.] 

A smile  breaks  out  with  the  brightest  distriction.  Collier. 

DIS-TROtlB'LE,  v.  a.  To  harass  ; to  perplex. 

Wickliffe. 

DIS-TRUST',  v.  a.  [rf os  and  trust.]  [t.  dis- 
trusted ; pp.  DISTRUSTING,  DISTRUSTED.]  To 
regard  with  diffidence,  mistrust,  or  suspicion ; 
not  to  trust ; to  suspect ; to  discredit ; to  disbe- 
lieve ; to  doubt. 

I am  ready  to  distrust  mine  eyea.  Shak. 

Syn. — See  Doubt. 

DIS-TRUST',  7i.  1.  Suspicion;  want  of  faith; 

want  of  confidence  in  another. 

Your  soul’s  above  the  baseness  of  distrust.  Dryden. 

2.  The  state  of  being  regarded  with  suspi- 
cion ; loss  of  credit ; discredit. 

To  me  reproach 

Rather  belongs,  distrust,  and  all  dispraise.  Milton. 

DIS-TRUST'ER,  n.  One  who  distrusts.  Ed.  Rev. 

DIS-TRUST'FUL,  a.  1.  Full  of  distrust;  apt  to 
distrust ; wanting  confidence  ; suspicious  ; mis- 
trustful; apprehensive. 

These  men  arc  too  distnistf id,  and  much  to  blame  to  use 
such  speeches.  Burton. 

2.  Not  confident ; diffident ; modest ; timorous. 

Distrustful  sense  with  modest  caution  speaks.  Pope. 

Syn.  — Distrustful  signifies  full  of  distrust,  or 
wanting  confidence;  suspicious,  having  suspicion; 
diffident,  wanting  confidence  in  one’s  self;  apprehen- 
sive, having  apprehension.  Distrustful  of  another’s 
integrity;  suspicious  of  bis  honesty  ; diffident  of  one’s 
self;  apprehensive  of  danger.  — See  Bashfulness. 

DIS-TRUST 'FUL-LY,  ad.  In  a distrustful  man- 

ner ; with  distrust. 

DIS-TRUST'FUL-NESS,  71.  The  quality  of  being 
distrustful ; want  of  confidence.  Knight. 

DIS-TRUST'ING,  7i.  Want  of  confidence  ; suspi- 
cion. “ Uncivil  distrustings.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

DIS-TROST'LESS,  a.  Without  suspicion  or  dis- 
trust. “ A distrustless  reliance  on  God.”  Boyle. 

f DIS-TUNE',  v.  a.  To  untune.  Sir  H.  Wotto7i. 

DIS-TURB',  v.  a.  [L.  disturbo ; dis,  apart,  and 
turbo,  to  throw  into  disorder;  turba,  from  Gr. 
Tbpfln,  disorder  ; It.  distw-bare ; Sp.  disturbin'.] 
[*.  DISTURBED  ; pp.  DISTURBING,  DISTURBED.] 

1.  To  agitate ; to  put  into  irregular  motion  ; 
to  throw  into  confusion  ; to  convulse.  Johnsoti. 

2.  To  rouse  from  a state  of  repose  ; to  mo- 
lest; as,  “The  noise  distm-bed  the  sleepers.” 

The  bellows’  noise  disturbed  his  quiet  rest.  Spenser . 

3.  To  interrupt ; to  impede  ; to  hinder.  “ Care 

distw-bs  study.”  Johnson. 

4.  To  perplex  ; to  disquiet ; to  trouble. 

You  groan,  sir,  ever  since  the  morning  light, 

As  something  had  disturbed  your  noble  sprite.  Dryden. 

5.  To  turn  off  or  aside  from  any  direction  ; — 
with  from,  [r.] 

Disturb 

His  inmost  counsels^/rom  their  destined  aim.  Milton. 

Syn.  — Disturbed  or  disquieted  by  noise  or  riot  ; 
discomposed  or  vexed  by  ill  treatment ; interrupted  or 
molested  by  intruders ; perplexed  with  difficulties  j 
troubled  with  domestic  trials. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — Q,  <?,  <;,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


DISTURB 


428 


DIVAN 


t D[S-TURB',  n.  Confusion  ; disturbance.  Milton. 

DIS-TilRB'ANCE,  n.  1.  The  state  of  being  dis- 
turbed ; interruption  of  a quiet  or  settled  state  ; 
agitation  ; disorder  ; derangement ; commotion  ; 
tumult. 

Disturbances  on  earth  through  female  snares.  Milton. 

2.  Perturbation  of  the  thoughts ; confusion ; 
perplexity;  molestation.  I Vatts. 

Syn. — See  Agitation. 

DIS-TURB'pR,  n.  One  who  causes  disturbance. 

DIS-TURB'ING,  p.  a.  Causing  disturbance. 

t DIS-TURN',  v.  a.  To  turn  off  or  aside.  Daniel. 

DIS'TYLE,  n.  [Gr.  SiarvZ.os.]  (Arch.)  A portico 
of  two  columns.  Ogilvie. 

Dl-SUL'PHATE,  n.  ( Chem .)  A salt  containing 
one  equivalent  of  sulphuric  acid  and  two  equiv- 
alents of  the  base.  Turner. 

DI-SUL'PHli-RET,  n.  [Gr.  its,  double,  and  Eng. 
sulphur et.]  (Chem.)  A compound  containing 
one  equivalent  of  sulphur  and  two  equivalents 
of  some  other  substance.  Graham. 

f DIS-U'NJ-FORM,  a.  Not  uniform.  Coventry. 

||  DIS-UN'ION,  (dls-yun'yun)  [dls-yun'yun,  S.  E.  F. 
K.  Sm.  R. ; dls-u'ne-un,  W.  P.  J.  Ja.],  n.  [It. 
disunions,  Sp .desunion;  Fr.  disunion.) 

1.  Separation  ; disjunction.  “ The  disunion 

...  of  these  two  constituent  parts.”  Horsley. 

2.  Breach  of  concord.  “ A disunion  between 

the  two  houses.”  Clarendon. 

||  DIS-UN'ION-IST,  n.  One  who  promotes  or  favors 
disunion.  North. 

DIS-IT-NITE'  (dls-yu-nlt'),  v.  a.  [It.  disunire; 

Sp.  desunir;  Fr.  desunir.]  \i.  disunited  ; pp. 
DISUNITING,  DISUNITED.] 

1.  To  separate;  to  divide;  to  part;  to  dis- 
join ; to  dissociate;  to  sever  ; to  dissever. 

The  beast  thev  then  divide,  and  disunite 

The  ribs  and  limbs,  observant  of  the  rite.  Pope. 

2.  To  set  at  variance  ; to  interrupt  the  harmo- 
ny of.  “ O nations,  never  be  disunited."  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Divide,  Separate. 

DIS-U-NITE',  v.n.  To  fall  asunder;  to  become 
separate  ; to  part.  South. 

DIS-U-NIT'ER,  n.  Hewho,  or  that  which,  disunites. 

Dls-U'NI-TY  (dTs-yu'ne-te),  n.  Want  of  unity  ; a 
state  of  separation. 

Disunity  is  the  natural  property  of  matter.  More. 

DlS-U'^AyE,  n.  1.  Cessation  of  use  or  custom. 
“ The  rest  to  be  abolished  by  disusage.”  Hooker. 

2.  The  state  of  being  unaccustomed  or  inex- 
perienced. State  Trials,  1650. 

D1S-USE'  (dls-yfis'),  n.  Cessation  of  use  or  cus- 
tom ; desuetude. 

Let  us  not  stifle,  or  weaken  by  disuse  or  contrary  practice, 
. . . the  good  inclinations  of  nature.  Marrow. 

DIS-U§E'  (dls-yuz'),  v.  a.  (dis  and  use.  — It. 
disusare ; Sp.  desusar. ] [i.  disused  ; pp.  dis- 

using, disused.] 

1.  To  desist  from  using  ; to  cease  to  make  use 
of ; not  to  use.  “ Arms  long  disused.”  Denham. 

2.  To  disaccustom  ; — generally  with  to. 

“Bion  long  disused  to  play.”  Blacklock. 

DT§-VAL-y-A'TION,  n.  Act  of  disvaluing;  dis- 
grace ; disreputation.  “ Devaluation  of  the 
power  of  the  Spaniard.”  Bacon. 

DI§-VAL  UE  (dlz-v&l'yu),  v.  a.  To  bring  into  dis- 
esteem ; to  undervalue.  Shall. 

DliJ- VAL’LE,  n.  Disregard;  disgrace.  B.Jonson. 

+ DI§- VAN-TA'yEOUS,  a.  Disadvantageous. Dray. 

t DI§-VEL'OP,  v.  a.  To  develop.  Bailey. 

t Dl§-VEN'TURE,  n.  Disadventure.  Shelton. 

+ Di§-VI'§pR,  v.  n.  To  take  off  the  visor,  or  mask 
which  covers  and  protects  the  visage.  Hall. 

DI§-VOUCH',  v.  a.  To  destroy  the  credit  of;  to 
contradict. 

Every  letter  he  hath  writ  hath  dirvouched  another.  Shall. 

fDIS-WARN',  v.  a.  To  direct  by  previous  notice; 
to  warn  against.  “ Diswarning  me  . . . from 
coming  to  Theobold’s.”  Williams. 

• f DlS-WIT',  v.  a.  To  divest  or  deprive  of  wit. 
DlS-WlT'TfD,  a.  Mad;  distracted.  Drayton. 

fDIS-WONT',  v.  a.  To  deprive  of  accustomed 
usage ; to  disaccustom.  Bp.  Hall. 


fDiS-WORK'MAN-SHIP  (dls-wiirk'-),  n.  Ill  or 
bad  workmanship.  Hey  wood. 

f DIS-WOR'SH]P  (dls-wur'shjp),  n.  A cause  of 
disgrace.  Milton. 

f DIT,  n.  1.  [A.  S.  dihtan,  to  write  ; Ger.  dichten. — 
See  Ditty.]  A ditty;  a poem  ; a tune.  Spenser. 

2.  [L.  dictum.']  A word  ; a decree.  Kelham. 

f DIT,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  dyttan.]  To  close  up.  More. 

f dI-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  dito,  ditatus,  to  enrich.] 
The  act  of  enriching.  Bp.  Hall. 

DITCH,  n.  [A.  S.  die ; Dut.  dyk  ; Ger.  deich,  a 
dike,  deicher,  a ditcher.  — See  Dig,  and  Dike.] 

1.  A narrow  channel  or  trench  dug  in  the 
earth  for  the  passage  or  the  reception  of  water. 

Sudden  the  ditches  swell,  the  meadows  swim.  Thomson. 

2.  A long,  narrow  receptacle  of  water  in  the 

earth  ; — sometimes  used  of  a rivulet  or  brook 
in  contempt.  Bacon. 

3.  (Fort.)  An  excavation,  fosse,  moat,  or 
trench  made  round  the  works  of  a fortification, 
and  furnishing  the  earth  necessary  for  the  con- 
struction of  the  rampart  and  parapet.  Campbell. 

Ditches  are  of  two  kinds,  wet  and  dry;  but,  in  modern  for- 
tification, the  dry  ditch  is  considered  preferable  to  the  wet 
one.  Stocqueler. 

DITCH,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  dician.  — See  Dig.]  [ i . 

ditched  ; pp.  ditching,  ditched.]  To  make 
a ditch.  Swift. 

DITCH,  v.  a.  1.  To  surround  with  a ditch,  trench, 
or  moat.  Barret. 

2.  To  dig  a ditch,  or  ditches,  in.  Craig. 

DITCH'BUR,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the  genus  Arc- 
tium ; the  clotbur ; common  burdock.  Ash. 

DITCH'— DE-LI V'y RED  (-erd),  a.  Brought  forth 
in  a ditch.  Shak. 

DITCH'y R,  n.  One  who  digs  ditches.  Jewett. 

DITCH'ING,  n.  The  art  of  forming  ditches. 

DITCH'— LIKE,  a.  Resembling  a ditch.  Savage. 

t DlTE,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  dihtan .]  To  make  ready. 

His  hideous  club  aloft  he  dites.  Spenser. 

DI-TET-JtA-HE'DRAL,  a.  [Gr.  Sis  and  tetrahe- 
dral.] (Min.)  Being  tetrahedral  with  dihedral 
summits.  Clarke. 

DI'TH p-I§M,  n.  [Gr.  Sis,  two,  and  Beds,  god.]  The 
doctrine  of  the  existence  of  two  gods,  a good  and 
an  evil  one  ; dualism  ; Manicheism.  Cudworth. 

DI'THy-IST,  n.  One  who  believes  in  ditheism. 
“ To  reason  with  pagan  ditheists."  Bolingbroke. 

Dl-THp-lS'TIC,  ? a<  Relating  to  ditheism. 

Dl-THy-IS'TI-CAL,  > Bolingbroke. 

DITH'Y-RAMB  (dlth'e-rSmb),  n.  [Gr.  St8upap(3os  ; 
L.  dithijr ambus.]  A hymn  in  honor  of  Bacchus, 
full  of  wild  transport ; a dithyrambic  hymn. 

The  dithyramb  with  clamors  dissonant.  Holland. 

DITH-Y-RAM'BIC,  a.  [Gr.  Si8vpapl3tK6s  ; L.  dithy- 
rambic us  ; It.  A Sp.  ditirambico  ; Fr.  dithyram- 
bique.]  Relating  to  a dithyramb  ; wild  ; enthu- 
siastic. “ His  [Pindar’s]  impetuous  dithyrambic 
tide.”  Cowley. 

DITH-Y-RAM'BIC,  n.  1.  A song  in  honor  of  Bac- 
chus'; a dithyramb.  Roscommon. 

2.  Any  poem  written  with  wildness  and  en- 
thusiasm. “ Pindar  and  other  writers  of  dithy- 
rambics.”  Walsh. 

j-DP'TION  (dlsh'un),  n.  [L.  ditio .]  Dominion; 
sovereignty  ; rule  ; sway.  Evelyn. 

DI'TONE,  n.  [Gr.  Sirovos ; Sis,  two,  and  rivos,  tone.] 
(Mus.)  A double  tone  ; the  greater  third  ; an 
interval  of  two  whole  tones.  Moore. 

Dl-TRl-CHOT'O-MOUS,  a.  [Gr.  Sis, 
two,  Tfujpoo,  in  three  places,  and  idyvoi, 
to  cut.]  ( Bot.)  Divided  in  two  or  three 
ramifications,  as  a stem.  Loudon. 

DIT'RJ-GLYPH  [dlt're-gllf,  Sm.  Cl. 

Braude-,  de-trl'gljf,  C.],  n.  [Gr.  Sis,  two,  Tents, 
three,  and  yZtspw,  to  carve.]  (Arch.)  An  arrange- 
ment of  intercolumniations  in  the  Doric  order, 
by  which  two  triglyphs  are  obtained  in  the  frieze 
between  the  triglyphs  that  stand  over  the  col- 
umns. Brande. 

Dl-TRO-CHE'AN,  a.  [Gr.  Sirpi^aios,  a double 
trochee;  L.  ditrochccus .]  Containing  two  tro- 
chees. Ed.  Rev. 


DI-TRO'jCHEE,  n.  [Gr.  Strpo^aTos.]  (Pros.)  A 
double  trochee.  Clarke. 

DJT-TAN'DpR,  n.  (Bot.)  The  common  name  ap- 
plied to  a plant  of  the  genus  Lcpidium,  or  pep- 
perwort,  of  which  the  most  common  species  is 
Lepidium  sativum,  or  common  cress.  Johnson. 

DlT'TA-NY,  n.  [Gr.  SinTayvos ; Ai/crt),  a mountain 
of  Crete;  L . dictamnus  ; It . dittamo -,  Fr.  dic- 
ta me.]  (Bot.)  An  aromatic  perennial  plant; 
dittany  of  Crete  ; Origanum  dictamnus.  Miller. 

DIT'TAY,  n.  [L.  dictum .]  (Scottish  Law.)  A 
criminal  accusation  ; indictment.  Jamieson. 

DlT'TIED  (dlt'tjd),  a.  Sung;  adapted  to  music. 

Who,  with  his  soft  pipe  and  smooth-dimed  song.  Milton. 

DIT'TO,  ad.  or  n.  [L.  diet  us,  said  ; If.  detto.]  As 
said,  or  as  aforesaid  ; the  same  thing  repeated; 

— usually  contracted  and  written  do. 

DIT-TOL'O-GY,  n-  [Eng.  ditto,  and  Gr.  Ziyos, 
a discourse.]  A double  reading.  Crabb. 

Djt'ty,  n.  [A.  S.  dihtan,  to  compose,  to  write. 

— Belg.  df  Dut.  dicht,  a poem.  — Ger.  dichten,  to 
write  poetry.  — L.  dico,  dictus,  to  say.]  A little 
poem  to  be  sung  ; a song;  a lay. 

His  annual  wound,  in  Lebanon,  allured 

The  Syrian  damsels  to  lament  his  fate 

In  amorous  ditties  all  a summer's  day.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Song. 

DIT'TY-ING,  n.  The  singing  of  ditties.  “Your 
cheerful  dittying.”  Fletcher. 

DI-U-RE'SJS,  n.  [Gr.  Siohpvcris ; Sia,  intensive, 
and  duptw,  to  void  urine.]  (Med.)  An  excessive 
flow  of  urine.  Brande. 

DI-U-RET'JC,  a.  [Gr.  Siovpr)rnc6s ; L-  diureticus  ; 
It.  X Sp.  diuretico  ; Fr.  diuretique.]  (Med.) 
Tending  to  promote  a copious  discharge  of 
urine.  Young. 

DI-U-RET'IC,  n.  (Med.)  A medicine  which  has 
the  property  of  increasing  the  secretion  of 
urine.  Dunglison. 

DMJ-RET'I-CAL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
diuretic,  [r.]  Scott. 

Dl-UR'NAL,  a.  [L.  diurnus;  dies,  a day;  It.  % 
Sp.  diumo  ; Fr.  diurne.] 

1.  Relating  to  or  constituting  the  day  ; daily ; 

quotidian.  “The  diurnal  hours.”  Prior. 

Some  better  warmth  to  cherish 
Ourjimbs  benumbed  ere  this  diurnal  star 
Leave  cold  the  night.  Milton. 

2.  Performed  in  a day.  “ The  diurnal  revo- 
lution of  the  sun.”  Locke. 

Syn.  — See  Daily. 

Dl-UR'NAL,  n.  1.  f A journal;  a day-book;  a 
daily  paper.  “ Writers  of  diurnals."  Tatler. 

2.  ( Ornith.)  One  of  a tribe  of  raptorial  birds, 

including  those  which  fly  by  day  and  have  lateral 
eyes.  Brande. 

3.  (Ent.)  One  of  a family  of  lepidopterous 
insects  which  fly  chiefly  during  the  day.  Brande. 

DI-UR'NAL-IST,  n.  A journalist,  [r.]  Bp.  Hall. 

DI-UR'NAL-LY,  ad.  Daily  ; every  day.  [r.]  Tatler. 

Dl-UR'NAL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  diur- 
nal or  daily.  Scott. 

f DI-UR-NA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  remaining  dur- 
ing the  day.  Hall. 

Dl-U-TUR'NAL,  a.  [L.  diuturnus.]  Lasting;  of 
long  continuance,  [r.]  Milton. 

Dl-U-TUR'NI-TY,  n.  [L.  diutumitas  ; It.  diutur- 
nitci ; Sp.  diuturnidad .]  Length  of  duration  ; 
continuance  of  time.  [R.]  Broicne. 

DI-VAN'  (de-v&n'),  n.  [Per.  dhjodn.  A word  used 
in  Persia,  Turkey,  and  Arabia.  — “ The  earliest 
acceptation  in  which  we  find  it  employed  is  that 
of  a muster-roll,  or  military  pay-book.”  P.  Cyc .] 

1.  The  great  council  of  the  Turkish  empire; 

the  Turkish  council  of  state.  Brande. 

2.  The  saloon  or  hall  where  a council  is  held  • 

a state-chamber  or  room  where  company  is  re- 
ceived. P-  Cyc. 

3.  A seat  at  the  sides  of  a council-chamber  ; 

a sofa.'  P.  Cyc. 

4.  A collection  of  poems  by  one  and  the 

same  author.  “ The  divan  of  Sadi.”  “ The 
divan  of  Hafiz.”  Brande. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  XJ,  Y,  long  ; A,  £,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short; 


A,  Jg,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; H&IR,  HER; 


DIVAPORATION 


429 


DIVIDE 


5.  Any  council  assembled. 

Forth  rushed  in  haste  the  great  consulting  peers, 

Raised  from  the  dark  divan.  Milton. 

DI-VAP-O-RA'TION,  n.  ( Chem .)  The  driving  out 
of  vapors  by  means  of  fire,  [k.]  Crabb. 

DI-vAr'I-cAte,  v.  n.  [L.  divarico,  divaricatus ; 
dis,  apart,  and  varico,  to  stretch  the  legs.]  [i. 
DIVARICATED  J pp.  DIVARICATING,  DIVARI- 
CATED.] 

1.  To  open  wide ; to  part  itself  into  two  ; to 

be  stretched  apart ; to  stride.  Woodward. 

2.  ( Bot .)  To  diverge  at  an  obtuse  angle  ; to 

be  widely  divergent.  P.  Cyc. 

DI-vAr'I-CAte,  v.  a.  To  divide  into  two.  Grew. 

DI-VAr'I-CATE,  a.  ( Nat . Hist.)  Spread  out 
w idely  ; widely  divergent.  Brande. 

DI-VAR-I-CA'TION,  n.  [Fr.  divarication.'] 

1.  The  state  of  being  divaricated  or  forked  ; a 

divergence  ; a forking.  “ A divarication  of  the 
way.”  Ray. 

2.  A disagreement  in  opinion.  Browne. 

3.  (Nat.  Hist.)  A crossing  or  intersection  of 

fibres  at  different  angles.  Maunder. 

DIVE,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  dippan;  Dut.  doopen.  — See 
Dip.]  [i.  dived  ; pp.  diving,  dived.] 

1.  To  plunge  voluntarily  under  water  or  other 
liquid  with  the  head  first. 

Not  so  bold  Arnall;  with  a weight  of  skull 
Furious  he  dives.  Pope. 

2.  To  go  down,  move,  or  remain  under  water 
in  search  of  something. 

The  poor  Indians  are  eaten  up  by  them  [crocodiles]  when 
they  dive  for  pearl.  Raleigh. 

3.  To  go  deep  into  any  subject ; to  penetrate. 
“ To  dive  into  the  nature  of  things.”  Locke. 

DIVE,  v.  a.  To  explore  by  diving,  [r.] 

The  Curtii  bravely  direct  the  gulf  of  fame.  Denham. 

f DI-VEL',  v.  a.  [L.  divello .]  To  pluck  or  pull 
asunder  ; to  sever.  Browne. 

DI-VEL'LIJNT,  a.  Drawing  asunder,  [r.]  Smart. 

DI-VEL'LI-CATE,  v.  a.  [L.  dis,  apart,  and  vel- 
lico,  to  pluck.]  To  pull ; to  tear,  [r.]  Todd. 

DI'V?R,  n.  1.  One  who  dives. 

AnseresanA  family 
allied  to  the  grebe, 

and  SO  called  from  Great  northern  diver,  or  loon 
its  habit  of  diving  (Culymbus  glacialis). 

very  frequently.  Gray. 

f DI'VERB,  n.  [L.  diverbium.]  A by- word  ; a 
proverb.  Burton. 

DI-VER-BfR-A'TION,  n.  [L.  diverbero,  diverbera- 
tus,  to  separate.]  A sounding  through.  Craig. 

DI-VER^E',  v.  n.  [L.  divergo ; dis,  apart,  and 
t 'ergo,  to  turn  ; It.  divergere  ; Sp.  divergir  ; Fr. 
diverger.)  [i.  diverged  ; pp.  diverging,  di- 
verged.] To  tend  various  ways  from  one 
point ; — opposed  to  converge. 

The  rays  proceeding  from  nigh  objects  do  more  diverge, 
and  those  from  distant  objects  less.  Derham. 

DI-VERflE'.MpNT,  n.  Divergence.  Clarke. 

DI-VER'55NCE,  n.  [It.  divergenza ; Sp.  diver- 
genciay  Fr.  divergence.]  The  act  of  diverging; 
a proceeding  in  different  directions  from  one 
point ; — opposed  to  convergence.  “ Divergence 
of  sound.”  Sir  W.  Jones. 

Dl-VER'<jJl?N-CY,  n.  Same  as  Divergence.  Paley. 

DI-VER'<?ENT,  a.  [It.  Sj  Sp.  divergente;  Fr.  di- 
vergent.] Tending  to  various  parts  from  one 
point,  as  two  or  more  lines ; separating  from 
each  other  ; — opposed  to  convergent.  Johnson. 

DI-VER^f'ING,  p.  a.  Tending  various  ways  from 
one  point,  as  two  or  more  lines  ; divergent. 

DI-VER<jr'|NG-LY,  ad.  In  a diverging  manner. 

DI'VER§  (dl'verz),  a.  [L.  diversus ; dis,  apart, 
and  verto,  to  turn ; Fr.  divers.] 

1.  f Differing  ; unlike  ; diverse.  “ A prey  of 
divers  colors  of  needle-work.”  Judg.  v.  30. 

2.  Several ; sundry  ; more  than  one  ; various  ; 
many  ; numerous.  “Divers  miracles.”  Heb.  ii.  4. 


ft =>  Divers  ami  diverse  are  both  derived  from  L. 
diversus  ; and  they  were  formerly  used  indiscrimi- 
nately ; hut  good  usage  has  now  affixed  to  them  dif- 
ferent meanings.  — “Divers  implies  difference  only  ; 
diverse,  difference  with  opposition.  ‘ Thus,  the  sev- 
eral evangelists  narrate  the  same  events  in  divers  man- 
ners, but  not  in  diverse.’  ” Dr.  Trench. 

Dl'VpRS-COL'ORED  (-kul'lurd),  a.  Having  va- 
rious colors.  “ With  divers-colored  fans.”  Shale. 

DI'VJjiRSE,  a.  [L.  diversus-.  It.  &;  Sp.  diverso  ; 
Fr.  dicers.  — See  Divers.]  Turned  from  one 
another  ; different ; varied  ; diversified  ; vary- 
ing ; unlike.  “ Four  great  beasts  came  up  from 
the  sea,  diverse  one  from  another.”  Dan.  vii.  3. 

DI'VJpRSE,  ad.  In  different  directions;  diversely. 

His  papers  light  fly  diverse , tossed  in  air.  Pope. 

f DI-VERSE',  v.  n.  To  turn  aside.  “The  red- 
cross  knight  diversed.”  Spenser. 

DI'VERSE-LY,  ad.  1.  In  a diverse  manner  ; va- 
riously ; differently. 

The  gifts  of  God  are  . . . diversely  bestowed.  Hooker. 

2.  In  different  directions. 

On  life’s  vast  ocean  diversely  we  sail.  Pope. 

DI-VER'SI-FI-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  diver- 
sified. • Boyle. 

DJ-VER-SI-FI-CA'TION,  n.  [It.  diversificazione.] 

1.  The  act  of  diversifying  or  making  various 
in  form  or  in  quality  ; a varying. 

2.  The  state  of  being  diversified  ; variation ; 
modification  ; alteration  ; change.  “ Colors  . . . 
produced  by  diversifications  of  the  light.”  Boyle. 

DI-VER'SI-FIED  (de-ver'se-fld),  p.  a.  Made  dif- 
ferent ; various. 

DI-VER'SI-FORM,  a.  Varying  in  form;  of  vari- 
ous form.  Smart. 

DI-VER'SI-FY,  v.  a.  [L.  diversus,  different,  and 
facio,  to  make;  It.  diversificare ; Sp.  diversi- 
ficar ; Fr.  diversifier.]  [ i . di  versified  ; pp.  di- 
versifying, diversified.] 

1.  To  make  different;  to  distinguish,  as  one 
thing  from  another.  “ Species,  as  much  sepa- 
rated and  diversified  one  from  another.”  Locke. 

2.  To  make  various ; to  mark  with  variety ; 
to  vary  ; to  variegate.  “ The  country  being  di- 
versified between  hills  and  dales.”  Sidney. 

It  was  easier  for  Homer  to  find  proper  sentiments  for  Gre- 
cian generals  than  for  Milton  to  diversify  his  infernal  council 
with  proper  characters.  Addison. 

Dl-V^R-SIL'O-aUENT,  a.  [L.  diversus,  different, 
and  eloqvor,  to  speak.]  Speaking  in  different 
ways;  speaking  variously.  Craig. 

DI-VER'SION,  n.  [It.  diverzione-,  Sp.  fy  Fr.  di- 
version.] 

1.  The  act  of  diverting  or  turning  aside. 
“ Diversion  of  it  [sap]  to  the  sprouts.”  Bacon. 

2.  That  which  diverts  or  draws  aside ; that 
which  allures  the  mind  from  study  or  from  grave 
pursuits ; sport ; play  ; pastime  ; amusement ; 
recreation  ; entertainment ; divertisement. 

Such  productions  of  wit  and  humor  as  expose  vice  and 
folly  furnish  useful  diversion  to  readers.  Addison. 

3.  (Mil.)  The  act  of  drawing  the  enemy  off 

from  some  design  by  threatening  or  attacking  a 
distant  part.  Johnson. 

1 8®““  The  word  diversion  means  no  more  than  that 
which  diverts  or  turns  us  aside  from  ourselves,  and  in 
this  way  helps  us  to  forget  ourselves  for  a little.”  Dr. 
Trench. 

Syn.  — See  Amusement. 

DJ-VER'SI-TY,  n.  [L.  diversitas  ; It.  diversith  ; 
Sp.  diversidad ; Fr.  diversite.] 

1.  The  quality  or  the  state  of  being  diverse  ; 
difference  ; dissimilitude  ; unlikeness. 

Then  is  there  in  this  diversity  no  contrariety.  Hooker. 

2.  Variety;  different  kinds.  Hooker. 

Society  cannot  subsist  without  a diversity  of  stations.  Royers. 

3.  Distinct  being  ; not  identity.  “ The  ideas 

of  identity  and  diversity.”  Locke. 

4.  The  state  of  being  made  various ; varie- 
gation. 

Blushing  in  bright  diversities  of  day.  Pope. 

Syn.  — See  Difference,  Variety. 

f DI-V^R-SlV'O-LENT,  a.  [L.  diversus,  differ- 
ent, and  volens,  wishing.]  Desiring  different 
things.  “ You  diversivolent  lawyer.” Webster. 

DI'VJRS-LY,  ad.  See  Diversely.  Pope. 


DI- VERT',  v.  a.  [L.  diverto  ; dis,  apart,  and  ver- 
to, to  turn;  It.  divertere  ; Sp.  § Fr.  divert ir.] 
[i.  DIVERTED  ; pp.  DIVERTING,  DIVERTED.] 

1.  To  draw  away  from;  to  turn  aside. 

They  diverted  raillery  from  improper  objects,  and  cave  a 
new  turn  to  ridicule.  Addison. 

2.  To  allure  from  study,  from  business,  or 
from  any  thing  with  which  the  mind  is  seriously 
occupied ; to  please  ; to  amuse ; to  entertain ; 
to  recreate. 

An  ingenious  gentleman  did  divert  or  instruct  the  king- 
dom by  his  papers.  Swift. 

3.  f To  subvert ; to  destroy.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Amuse,  Jest. 

DI-VERT',  v.  n.  To  practise  diversion;  to  turn 
aside ; to  diverge.  Philips. 

DI-VERT'ER,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  diverts. 

f DI-VERT'I-CLE,  n.  A turning  ; a by-way.  Hales. 

DI-VERT'ING,/).  a.  Affording  diversion  or  amuse- 
ment ; exhilarating  ; divertive.  Cowper. 

DI-VERT'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a manner  that  diverts. 

DI-VERT'ING-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  affording 
diversion,  [r.]  Scott. 

DI-VER'TI§E  [de-ver'tiz,  W.  P.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  R. ; 
dl-ver-tlz',  Wbi],v.  a.  [See  Divert.]  To  please; 
to  amuse  ; to  entertain  ; to  recreate  ; to  divert. 

Let  orators  instruct,  let  them  divertise,  and  let  them 
move  us.  Dryden. 

DI-VER'TI^E-MENT,  n.  [Fr.  divertissement.] 
Diversion  ; recreation  ; amusement.  “ He  has 
no  relish  to  such  divertisements.”  Tucker. 

flgy  “ This  old  word,  in  modern  use,  has  a half 
French  pronunciation  (de-vi*r'tez-mong'),  and  signi- 
fies a short  ballet,  or  other  entertainment,  between 
the  acts  of  longer  pieces.”  Smart. 

DI-VER'TIVE,  a.  Recreative;  amusing;  divert- 
ing. “ Divertive  fables.”  Boyle. 

DI-VEST',  v.  a.  [L.  devestio  ; de,  priv.,  and  vestio, 
to  clothe  ; It.  divestire ; Fr.  devetir.]\i.  divest- 
ed ; pp.  divesting,  divested.]  To  strip  ; to 
deprive  ; to  disarm  ; to  strip  : — opposed  to  in- 
vest ; as,  “ To  divest  a man  of  clothing,  of  arms, 
of  honor,  or  of  office.”  — See  Devest. 

DI-VES'TI-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  divested ; capa- 
ble of  being  stripped.  Boyle. 

DI-VES'TI-TURE,  n.  (Law.)  The  surrender  of 
property.  Maunder. 

Dl-VEST'MpNT,  n.  Act  of  divesting.  \R.]Coleridge. 

f DI-VEST'URE,  n.  The  act  of  putting  off.  Boyle. 

DI-VID'A-BLE,  a.  1.  That  may  be  divided ; divisi- 
ble. “ Hard  and  not  easily  diridable.”  Pearce. 

2.  f Divided;  separate;  different.  Shak. 

DIVI— DIVI,  n.  (Com.)  The  astringent  part  of 

the  Ccesalpinia  coriarea  ; — used  in  tanning  and 
dyeing.  Cyc.  of  Com. 

f DI-VlD'ANT,  o.  Different ; separate.  Shak. 

DI-VIDE',  v.  a.  [L.  divido  ; It.  dividere  ; Sp.  di- 
vidir  ; Fr.  diviser.]  [i.  divided;  pp.  divid- 
ing, divided.] 

1.  To  part  into  tw'o  or  more  pieces  ; to  sepa- 
rate into  parts  ; to  sever  ; to  sunder. 

Divide  the  living  child  in  two,  and  give  half  to  the  one  and 
half  to  the  other,  1 Kings  iii.  25. 

2.  To  keep  apart  or  separate,  as  by  a parti- 
tion ; to  interpose  a barrier  between. 

You  must  go 

Where  seas,  and  winds,  and  deserts  will  divide  you.  Drgden. 

3.  To  disunite  in  opinion,  feeling,  or  interest ; 
to  cause  to  be  discordant ; to  set  at  variance. 

There  shall  be  five  in  one  house  divided.  Luke  xii.  52. 

4.  To  distribute  ; to  share  ; to  allot ; to  deal 

out ; to  give  in  shares.  “ A right  to  divide  the 
earth  by  families.”  Locke. 

5.  (Com.)  To  apportion,  as  dividends  or  prof- 
its, among  shareholders.  Craig. 

6.  To  separate  into  two  parts,  as  the  mem- 

bers of  a legislative  body,  in  order  to  determine 
a vote.  Craig. 

Syn.  — To  divide  is  to  disunite  or  separate  into  two 
parts  ; to  distribute  is  to  divide  or  separate  into  several 
parts.  A town  is  divided  by  a river  passing  through 
it ; countries  are  divided  into  districts,  provinces,  or 
counties,  and  are  separated  by  mountains  and  seas.  — 
Opinions,  minds,  &.C.,  are  divided ; corporeal  substances 
are  separated  or  parted ; a sum  of  money,  or  favors, 
are  distributed.  — See  SEPARATE. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  £,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  j,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  If  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


DIVIDE 


430 


DIVULGE 


DJ-VIDE',  v.  n.  1.  To  be  parted  or  severed  ; to 
part ; to  sunder  ; to  separate. 

To  right  and  left  the  front 
Divided , and  to  either  flank  retired.  Milton. 

2.  To  break  friendship  ; to  be  set  at  variance. 

“ Brothers  divide.”  Shak. 

3.  To  be  of  different  opinions. 

Commentators  and  critics  have  divided  upon  this  matter. 

Waterland. 

4.  ( Legislation .)  To  form  into  two  groups,  in 

order  to  determine  a vote.  Clarke. 

DJ-VIDE',  n.  ( Topography .)  A ridge  of  land 

separating  the  affluents  of  one  stream  from 
those  of  another  ; water-shed.  Eliot. 

DI-VfD'£D,p.  a.  1.  Formed  into  divisions  ; parted. 

2.  (Bot.)  Applied  to  leaves  cut  into  divisions, 
extending  to  the  midrib  or  to  the  leaf-stalk. Gray. 

DI-VID'^D-LY,  ad.  In  parts  ; by  divisions. 

DI  V'1-DEND,  n.  [L.  dividendum,  that  is  to  be  divid- 
ed ; It.  dividenda  ; Sp.  dividendo ; Fr.  dividende.] 

1.  A share;  a division; — especially  a share 
or  sum  paid  to  creditors  out  of  the  estate  of  a 
bankrupt,  or  to  proprietors  from  the  interest  or 
annual  income  of  a bank  or  other  stock. 

2.  ( Arith .)  The  number  or  quantity  given  to 

be  divided.  Pike. 

■f- DlV'J-DENT,  n.  1.  Division;  share.  Fox. 

2.  One  who  divides  ; a divider.  Harrington. 

DJ-ViD'JJR,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  divides. 

D!-VlD'BR§,  n.  pi.  An  instrument  for  dividing 
lines,  describing  circles,  &c.  Eliot. 

DJ-VfD'ING,  n.  Separation.  Heb.  iv.  12. 

DJ-VID'ING,  p.  a.  Separating;  making  division. 

DI-ViD'U-AL,  a.  Divided  ; shared  in  common,  [r.] 
And  her  reign, 

With  thousand  lesser  lights,  dividual  holds.  Milton. 

DJ-VID'U-AL-LY,  ad.  In  a divided  manner. 

DJ-VID'U-OUS,  a.  [L.  dividuus. ] Divided  ; di- 
vidual. [r.]  Coleridge. 

DIV-J-NA'TION,  n.  [L.  divinatio ; It.  divina- 
zione  ; Sp.  dicinacion  ; Fr.  divination.'] 

1.  The  act  of  divining ; the  art  or  the  act  of 

foretelling  future  events  by  certain  superstitious 
experiments  and  observations  arbitrarily  insti- 
tuted, or  by  the  inspection  of  entrails,  flame, 
cakes,  wine,  flight  of  birds,  &c. ; observation  of 
the  planets,  stars  and  clouds,  and  sometimes 
by  the  alleged  influence  of  spirits  or  the  divine 
afflatus.  London  Ency. 

Certain  tokens  they  noted  in  birds,  or  in  the  entrails  of 
beasts,  or  by  other  like  frivolous  divinations.  Hooker. 

2.  A conjectural  presage  or  prediction. 

Tell  thou  thy  earl  his  divination  lies.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Prophecy. 

DIV'[-nA-TOR,  n.  [L.]  A diviner.  Burton. 

DJ-VIN'A-TO-RY  [de-vln'a-tur-e,  K.C.  Wb. ; de-vl'- 
na-tur-e,  Ja. ; dlv'e-na-tur-e,  Sm.] , a.  [It.  irSp. 
divinatorio ; Fr.  divinatoire .]  Pertaining  to 
divination,  [n.]  Raleigh. 

DJ-VINE',  a.  [L.  divinus  ; dious,  a god ; It.  % Sp. 
divino  ; Fr.  aivin.] 

1.  Pertaining  or  belonging  to  God.  “ Partak- 
ers of  the  divine  nature.”  2 Pet.  i.  4. 

2.  Proceeding  from  God  ; not  natural ; not 

human.  “ Dimne  revelation.”  Clarke. 

3.  Partaking  of  the  nature  of  God ; excellent 

in  a supreme  degree;  godlike.  “The  divinest 
and  richest  mind.”  Davies. 

4.  Appropriated  to  God  ; heavenly  ; spirit- 
ual ; holy  ; sacred.  “ Divine  songs.”  Watts. 

5.  f Presageful  ; divining.  “His  heart,  di- 
vine of  something  ill.”  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Holy. 

DJ-VINE',  n.  1.  A minister  of  the  gospel;  a 
priest ; a clergyman.' 

Claudio  must  die  to-morrow;  let  him  be  furnished  with 
divines.  Shak. 

2.  One  versed  in  divinity ; a theologian. 
“ Our  most  eminent  divines.”  Spectator. 

Syn. — A minister  of  tile  eospel,  or  a clergyman,  is 
a divine  ; a professor  of  divinity  or  theology  is  a the- 
ologian or  a learned  divine. — See  Clergyman. 

DJ-VINE',  v.  a.  [L.  divino  ; It.  divinare  ; Fr.  di- 
viner.] [i.  DIVINED  ; pp.  DIVINING,  DIVINED.] 

1.  To  foretell  ; to  predict;  to  presage.  “The 

prophets  that  divine  lies.”  Ezek.  xiii.  9. 

2.  f To  make  divine;  to  deify.  Spenser. 


DJ-VINE1,  v.  n.  1.  To  foretell  or  predict  by  divi- 
nation, or  by  some  superstitious  or  supernatu- 
ral means  ; to  utter  prognostications.  “ Divine 
to  me  by  the  familiar  spirit.”  1 Sam.  xxviii.  8. 

2.  To  conjecture ; to  guess.  “ He  has  di- 
vined rightly.”  Dryden. 

Dl-VINE'Ly,  ad.  In  a divine  manner;  by  the 
agency  of  God  ; supremely  ; excellently. 

DJ-VlNE'NJJSS,  n.  1.  The  quality  of  being  di- 
vine ; divinity.  • Shaftesbury . 

2.  Supreme  excellence.  Shak. 

DJ-VIN'JJR,  n.  1.  One  who  divines  or  practises 
divination;  a conjurer.  “ Witches,  magicians, 
diviners,  and  such  inferior  seducers.”  Browne. 

2.  One  who  guesses  ; a conjecturer.  “ A no- 
table diviner  of  thoughts.”  Locke. 

DJ-VlN'JJR-ESS,  n.  A prophetess,  [r.]  Dryden. 

DIV'JNG,  n.  The  act  of  descending  into  the  water. 

DIV'JNG,  p.  a.  Passing  or  going  under  water. 

DIV'ING— BELL,  n.  A machine  or  apparatus  in 
the  form  of  a bell  or  an  inverted  cup,  by  means 
of  which  persons  may  descend  below  the  sur- 
face of  the  water,  and  remain  for  some  time 
without  injury  to  the  health  while  executing  va- 
rious operations,  respiration  being  sustained  by 
the  compressed  air  in  the  upper  portion.  Brande. 

f DJ-VlN'j-FIED  (-fid),  a.  Participating  of  the 
divine  nature.  Partheneia  Sacra,  1633. 

DJ-VIN'ING— ROD,  n.  A forked  branch,  usually 
of  hazel,  said  to  be  useful  for  discovering  mines 
or  water  under  the  ground.  P.  Cyc. 

DI-VIN'J-TY,  n.  [L.  divinitas  ; It.  divinita  ; Sp. 
divinidad ; Fr.  aivinite.) 

1.  The  quality  of  being  divine  ; the  nature  of 
God;  participation  of  the  nature  of  God;  di- 
vine nature  ; deity ; godhead. 

He  attributes  divinity  to  other  things  than  God.  Stilling  fleet. 

2.  God  ; the  Deity  ; the  Supreme  Being. 

’T  is  the  divinity  that  stirs  within  us.  Addison. 

3.  A celestial  being ; an  angel.  “ Subser- 
vient divinities."  Cheyne. 

4.  A false  god ; an  idol. 

Beastly  divinities  and  droves  of  gods.  Prior. 

5.  The  science  of  divine  things  ; theology. 

“ The  study  of  divinity.”  Clarke. 

6.  Something  supernatural. 

They  say  there  is  a divinity  in  odd  numbers.  Shak. 

DiV'l-NfZE,  v.  a.  To  make  divine  ; to  deify,  [r.] 

The  doctors  have  divinized  wrath,  cruelty,  &c.  Ramsay. 

DJ-VIS-J-BIL'J-TY,  n.  [It.  dirisibilita  ; Sp.  divisi- 
bilidad;  Fr.  divisibility.]  The  quality  of  being 
divisible,  or  separable  into  parts.  Locke. 

DJ-VI^'J-BLE  (de-vlz'e-bl),  a.  [L.  divisibilis  ; It. 
divisibi/e ; Sp.  is  F r.  divisible .]  Capable  of  be- 
ing divided ; separable.  Clarke. 

DJ-Vl^'I-BLE,  n.  A divisible  substance.  “The 
composition  of  bodies,  whether  it  be  of  divisi- 
bles or  indivisibles.”  Glanville. 

DJ-VI^'J-BLE-NESS,  n.  Divisibility.  “The  in- 
definite divisibleness  of  matter.”  Boyle. 

DI-vI^'J-BLY,  ad.  In  a divisible  manner. 

DJ-Vlis'ION  (de-vTzh'un,  93),  n.  [L.  divisio  ; It. 
divisione  ; Sp.  Fr.  division.] 

1.  The  act  of  dividing.  “ The  division  of  the 

spoil.”  Gibbon. 

2.  The  state  of  being  divided.  2 Esdr.  vi.  41. 

3.  That  which  divides,  separates,  or  keeps 
apart ; a partition  ; demarcation.  Johnson. 

4.  The  part  separated  from  the  rest ; a por- 

tion ; a section.  “ If  we  look  into  communities 
and  divisions  of  men.”  Addison. 

5.  Disunion  ; discord  ; difference  ; disagree- 

ment. “ The  great  cause  of  all  the  schisms  and 
divisions.”  Clarke. 

6.  A distinguishing  mark  ; a distinction. 

I will  put  a division  between  my  people  and  thy  people. 

Ex.  vtii.  23. 

7.  ( Rhet .)  A part  of  a discourse. 

Express  the  heads  of  your  divisions  in  as  few  and  clear 
words  as  you  can.  Swift. 

8.  (Mil.]  A portion  of  an  army  commanded 

by  a general  officer,  and  comprising  cavalry,  in- 
fantry, and  artillery.  Campbell. 

9.  (Naval.)  A select  number  of  ships  in  a 

fleet  or  squadron,  distinguished  by  a particular 


flag  or  pendant,  and  usually  commanded  by  a 
general  officer.  London  Ency. 

10.  (Arith.)  A rule  which  shows  how  often 

one  number  is  contained  in  another;  the  op- 
eration of  finding  from  two  quantities  a third, 
which  multiplied  by  the  first  shall  produce  the 
second.  Davies. 

11.  (Mus.)  The  separation  of  the  interval  of 

an  octave  into  a number  of  less  intervals  ; — a 
series  of  notes  always  applied,  in  vocal  music, 
to  a single  syllable.  Moore. 

Syn. — See  Disagreement,  Part. 

DJ-VI^'ION-AL  (de-vizh'un-al),  a.  Relating  to 
division;  dividing.  [r.‘]  Smart. 

DJ-VI^'ION-A-RY  (de-vlzh'un-a-re),  a.  [Fr.  dici- 
sionnaire .]  Noting  division,  [r.]  Gen.  Dearborn. 

fDJ-VISj'ION-lJR,  n.  A divider.  Sheldon. 

DI-VI'SJVE,  a.  1.  That  forms  or  notes  distribu- 
tion ; distributive.  Mede. 

2.  That  divides  or  sets  at  variance  ; creating 
division  or  discord.  Burnet. 

DJ-VI'SJ VE-LY,  ad.  So  as  to  divide.  Ec.  Rev. 

DJ-Vl'§OR  (de  vl'zur),  n.  [L.  divisor.)  (Arith.) 
The  number  by  which  the  dividend  is  divided. 

Common  divisor,  (Aritli.)  any  number  that  will  di- 
vide two  or  more  numbers  without  a remainder. 

DJ-VORCE',  n.  [L.  divortium ; diverto,  to  turn 
away;  It.  divorzio  ; Sp.  ditorcio ; Fr.  divorce.] 

1.  (Law.)  The  separation  of  husband  and 

wife  by  the  sentence  of  the  law  or  by  a compe- 
tent judge ; the  dissolution  of  the  marriage 
contract  by  law,  either  totally  (a  vinculo  matri- 
monii, i.  e.  from  the  bond  of  marriage),  or  par- 
tially (a  mensa  et  thoro,  i.  e.  from  table  and  bed, 
or  from  bed  and  board).  Burrill. 

2.  Separation  ; disunion.  “ Alienation  of 
mind  and  divorce  of  affections.”  K.  Charles. 

3.  The  cause  of  separation.  Shak. 

DJ-VORCE',  v.  a.  [Low  L .divortio;  Sp.  dirorciar  ; 
Fr.  divorcer.]  [t.  divorced  ; pp.  divorcing, 

DIVORCED.] 

1.  To  separate,  by  a legal  process,  or  by  sen- 
tence of  the  law,  as  a husband  and  wife. 

Who  would  have  imagined  that  the  desire  that  Henry 
VIII.  had  to  be  divorced  from  his  wife,  would  have  brought 
about  the  reformation  in  England?  Priestley. 

2.  To  part ; to  separate  ; — applied  to  things. 

Were  it  consonant  unto  reason  to  divorce  these  two  sen- 
tences ? Hooker. 

3.  To  put  away  ; to  put  off ; to  divest. 

• Nothing  but  death 

Shall  e’er  divorce  my  dignities.  Shak. 

DJ-VOR-CEE',  n.  A person  divorced. 

Lord  Highgate  took  the  divorcee  home,  and  married  her. 

A’.  B.  Rev. 

DJ-VORCE'LfSS,  a.  Free  from  divorce.  Coleridge. 

DJ-VORCE'M£NT,  n.  Divorce.  “Let  him  give 
her  a writing  of  divorcement.”  Matt.  v.  31. 

DJ-VOR'CJJR,  n.  1.  He  who,  or  that  which,  di- 
vorces. 

Death  is  the  eternal  divorcer  of  marriage.  Drummond . 

2.  One  of  a sect  called  divorcers,  whose  ori- 
gin is  attributed  to  Milton. 

Those  I term  divorcers  that  would  be  quit  of  their  wives 
for  slight  occasions;  and,  to  maintain  this  opinion,  one  hath 
published  a tractate  of  divorce.  Pagitt. 

DJ-VOR'CJ-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  divorced.  Milton. 

DJ-VoR'CJVE,  a.  That  divorces  ; that  has  power 
to  divorce.  “ This  divorcive  law.”  Milton. 

DIV'OT,  n.  A thin,  flat  turf,  generally  of  an  ob- 
long form,  used  for  thatching  houses  and  for 
fuel.  [Scot.]  Jamieson. 

DI-VO 'TO.  [It.,  devout.]  (Mus.)  Noting  a man- 
ner suited  to  excite  devotion.  Moore. 

f DJ-VUL'GATE,  v.  a.  [L.  divulgo,  divulgntus,  to 
spread  among  the  people.]  To  divulge. 

Which  [thing]  is  divulgated,  or  spread  abroad.  Huloct. 

f DJ-VUL'GATE,  a.  Published  ; made  known. 

By  which  the  faith  was  divulgate  and  spread.  More. 

DIV-UL-GA'TION,  n.  [L.  divulgatio  ; It.  divol- 
gazione  ; Sp.  divulgacion  ; Fr.  divulgation.]  The 
act  of  divulging  ; a publishing,  [r.]  Bp.  Hall. 

DI-VULGE',  v.  a.  [L.  divulgo  ; dis,  noting  sepa- 
ration, and  vulgus,  the  people;  It.  divulgare ; 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  0,  Y,  short;  A,  JJ,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


DIVULGE 


431 


DOCK 


Sp.  divulgar ; Fr.  divulguer.]  [i.  divulged  ; 

pp.  DIVULGING,  DIVULGED.] 

1.  To  spread  abroad ; to  make  commonly 
known  ; to  reveal  to  the  world ; to  publish ; to 
disclose  ; to  spread ; to  tell. 

The  great  Architect 
Did  wisely  to  conceal,  and  not  divulge 
His  secrets.  Milton. 

2.  To  declare  by  a public  act ; to  proclaim. 

God  marks 

The  just  man,  and  divulges  him  through  heaven 
To  all  his  angels.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Disclose,  Publish,  Spread,  Tell. 

DJ-VUL^E/,  v.  n.  To  become  public,  [r.] 

Keep  it  from  divulging . Shah. 

D[-VUL^JE'M(5NT,  n.  The  act  of  divulging  or 
making  known,  [r.]  P.  Mag. 

DI-VUL'GER,  n.  One  who  divulges.  Knox. 

DI-VUL'SION  (de-vul'shun),  n.  [L.  divulsio .]  A 
plucking  away;  a rending  asunder;  laceration. 
“ Divulsion,  or  separation  of  elements. "Holland. 

DI-VUL'SIVE,  a.  That  tears  apart.  Bp.  Hall. 

DI-tvAjr',n.  [Persian.]  See  Divan.  P.Cyc. 

Dl'ZEN  (dl'zn),  v.  a.  [“  This  word  seems  cor- 
rupted from  dight.”  Johnson.]  [».  dizened  ; 
pp.  dizening,  dizened.] 

1.  To  dress  ; to  attire  ; to  clothe. 

Take;  the  armor  down,  and  see  him  dizened.  Beau.  V FI. 

2.  To  rig  out;  to  deck  gayly;  to  bedizen. 

Your  ladyship  lifts  up  the  sash  to  be  seen. 

For  sure  I had  dizened  you  out  like  a queen.  Swift. 

f DIZZ,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  dgsian,  to  be  foolish.]  To 
make  dizzy  ; — to  puzzle  ; astonish. 

Now  he  [Rozinante]  is  dizzed  with  the  continual  circles  of 
the  stables.  Gayton. 

f DIZ'Z  ARD,  n.  Ablockhead ; afool. — See  Disard. 

Shall  I be  such  an  idiot  and  dizzard  to  suffer  every  man 
to  speak  upon  me  whatever  they  list?  Homilies. 

DIZ'ZI-NESS,  n.  [A.  S.  dysines.]  Quality  of 
being  dizzy  ; giddiness  ; a whirling  in  the  head. 
“ Such  a dizziness  as  throws  them  down  when 
they  mean  to  stand.”  Mountagu. 

DIZ'ZY,  a.  [A.  S.  dysi,  dysig;  Dut.  duizelig.] 

1.  Affected  with  vertigo  ; giddy. 

Up  went  poor  Hobgoblin’s  heels; 

Alas!  his  Drain  was  dizzy.  Drayton. 

2.  Causing  or  producing  giddiness. 

The  dismal  cry  of  confused  pain 
Which  to  this  dizzy  height  the  fitful  wind 
Hath  borne  from  each  sad  quarter  of  the  vale.  Talfourd. 

3.  Arising  from,  or  caused  by,  giddiness. 

A dizzy  mist  of  darkness  swims  around.  Pitt. 

4.  Thoughtless  ; heedless.  “ At  thy  heels 

the  dizzy  multitude.”  Milton. 

DIZ'ZY,  v.  a.  To  make  giddy  ; to  confuse. 

To  divide  him  inventorially  would  dizzy  the  arithmetic  of 
memory.  Shah. 

DIZ'ZY— EYED  (-Id),  a.  Blind  through  dizziness. 

Dizzy-eyed  fury,  and  great  rage  of  heart.  Shah. 

DJER-RID  ' (jer-red'),  n.  A blunt  Turkish  jave- 
lin. Maunder. 

DO,  v.  a.  [Goth,  tauyan  ; A.  S.  don ; Dut.  doen ; 
Ger.  thun.— Gael,  dean.]  [I  do,  thou  doest 
or  dost,  he  doe?  or  doth  ; — i.  did  ; pp.  do- 
ing, done.] 

1.  To  perform  ; to  execute ; to  effect. 

What’s  done  we  partly  may  compute, 

But  know  not  what’s  resisted.  Bums. 

Whatsoever  thy  hand  findeth  to  do , do  it  with  tlrp  might. 

Eccles.  ix.  10. 

2.  To  finish  ; to  complete  ; to  accomplish  ; to 
end. 

There  came  a great  voice  from  the  throne,  saving,  It  is 
done.  Rev.  xi.  17. 

3.  To  exert ; to  put  forth. 

Do  thy  diligence  to  come  shortly  unto  me.  2 Tim.  iv.  9. 

4.  To  cook;  as,  “The  meat  is  not  well  done” 

5.  To  convey  ; to  carry ; to  bear. 

Do  a fair  message  to  his  kingly  ears.  Shak. 

6.  To  confer,  or  confer  upon  ; to  bestow. 

If  there  be  any  good  thing  to  be  done. 

That  may  to  thee  do  ease,  and  grace  to  me, 

Speak  to  me.  Shak. 

You  do  her  too  much  honor.  Swift. 

7.  +To  cause;  to  make.  “We  do  you  to 

wit  of  the  grace  of  God.”  2 Cor,  viii.  1. 

8.  f To  put. 

The  Lord  Aubrey  Yere 

Was  done  to  death.  Shak. 


What  to  do  with , how  to  employ  ; how  to  dispose  of. 

We  all  of  us  complain  of  the  shortness  of  time,  saith  Sen- 
eca, and  yet  we  have  much  more  than  we  know  what  to  do 
with.  Addison. 

To  have  to  do  with , to  have  concern  with. 

What  had  I to  do  with  kings  and  courts?  Rowe. 

To  do  away , to  remove  ; to  take  away.  “ Do  away 
the  iniquity  of  thy  servant,  for  I have  done  very  fool- 

- ishly.”  2 C/iron.  xxi.  8.  — To  overthrow  ; as,  “ To  do 
away  objections.” 

DO,  v.  n . [See  Do,  v.  a.~\  1.  To  act  or  behave 

in  any  manner,  well  or  ill. 

The  Lord  will  do  as  he  hath  spoken.  2 Kings  xx.  9. 

I do  well  to  be  angry.  Jonah  iv.  9. 

2.  To  make  an  end;  to  conclude;  — used 
only  in  the  compound  past  tenses. 

Go  to  the  reading  of  some  part  of  the  New  Testament,  not 
carelessly  or  in  haste,  as  if  you  had  a mind  to  have  done , but 
attentively,  as  to  be  able  to  give  some  account  of  what  you 
have  read.  Duppa. 

3.  [A.  S.  dugan  ; Ger.  taugen.]  To  succeed; 
to  fulfil  or  answer  a purpose. 

ilQp  “In  the  phrase  this  will  do , [meaning]  this 
will  answer  the  purpose,  the  word  do  is  wholly  differ- 
ent from  the  word  meaning  to  act.  The  inflection  of 
the  two  words  is  different  in  Anglo-Saxon  ; the  infin- 
itives are  dugan  and  don , respectively.”  Latham. 

4.  To  be  in  a certain  state,  as  regards  health. 

That  ye  may  know  my  affairs,  and  how  I do.  Tychicus 
shall  make  known  all  things.  Eph.  vi.  21. 

How  does  your  honor  for  this  many  a day?  Shak. 

To  have  done  with , to  cease  to  be  concerned  with ; 
— used  only  in  the  compound  past  tenses. 

I have  done  with  Chaucer  when  I have  answered  some  ob- 
jections. Dryden. 

To  do  without , to  dispense  with. 

4^=*  Do  sometimes  serves  to  transpose  affirmative 
into  negative  or  interrogative  sentences;  as,  “He 
hears:  he  does  not  hear”;  “He  speaks:  does  he 
speak  ? ” 

Do  is  frequently  used  to  save  the  repetition  of  a 
verb,  or  phrase  containing  a verb  ; as,  “ If  you  can 
grant  his  request,  do  so.” 

Lucretius  wrote  on  the  nature  of  things  in  Latin,  as  Em- 
pedocles had  already  done  in  Greek.  Acton. 

The  word  which  is  represented  by  do  can  often  be 
supplied  after  it;  as,  “Help  me,  do : i.  e.  do  help 
me  ” ; “ He  envies  me  as  much  as  I do  him  ; i.  e.  as 
much  as  I do  envy  him.” 

Do  is  also  used  as  an  auxiliary  verb  for  the  sake  of 
emphasis : — 

1.  By  way  of  positive  assertion. 

Perdition  catch  my  soul 
But  I do  love  thee;  and  when  I love  thee  not, 

Chaos  is  come  again.  Shak. 

2.  By  way  of  strong  negation  ; as,  “ I cannot,  I 

do  not  believe  it.” 

3.  To  convey  the  idea  that  what  was  once  true 

is  not  true  now. 

My  lord,  you  once  did  love  me.  Shak. 

Do  is  sometimes  used  as  an  auxiliary  without  add- 
ing any  thing  to  the  meaning  of  the  verb  with  which 
it  is  connected. 

’Tis  true  this  god  did  shake, 

His  coward  lips  did  from  their  color  fly, 

And  that  same  eye  whose  bend  doth  awe  the  world 
Did  lose  his  lustre.  Shak. 

Do  is  sometimes  superfluous  or  expletive.  This  use 
of  the  word  is  obsolescent  . 

I am  not  gamesome;  I do  lack  some  part 

Of  that  quick  spirit  that  is  in  Antony.  Shak. 

f DO,  n.  1.  A feat ; a deed.  — See  Doe.  Butler . 

2.  Bustle  ; tumult.  — See  Ado.  Locke. 

DO.  [It.]  ( Mus .)  A name  given  to  the  first  of 

the  syllables  used  in  solmization,  answering  to 
the  ut  of  the  French.  P.  Cyc. 

f DO'AND,  p.  Doing.  “ Well  doand.”  Chaucer. 

DOAT,  v.  n.  See  Dote.  Young. 

DOB'B£R,  n.  A float  to  a fishing-line.  [Local, 
New  York.]  Bartlett. 

DOB'BIN,  n.  1.  A name  applied  to  an  old,  jaded 
horse.  “ Dobbin , my  thill-horse.”  Shak . 

2.  Sea-gravel.  [Local,  Eng.]  Holloway. 

DOB'CHICK,  n.  ( Ornith .)  A palmiped  bird  of  the 
grebe  kind  ; dabchick  ; Podiceps  minor.  — See 
Dabchick.  Yarrell. 

DOB-E-REl'Nl^R^— LAMP,  n . A contrivance  for 
producing  an  instantaneous  light  by  throwing  a 
jet  of  hydrogen  gas  upon  recently  prepared, 
spongy  platinum,  which  instantly  becomes  red 
hot,  and  sets  fire  to  the  gas;  — invented  by 
Prof.  Dobereiner  of  Jena,  Germany.  Ogilvie. 

DOB'HASH,  n.  An  interpreter  ; one  who  speaks 
two  languages.  [East  Indies.]  Hamilton. 


DOB'ULE,  n.  ( Ich .)  A fresh- water  fish,  allied  to 
the  roach  ; Leuciscus  dobula.  Eng.  Ency. 

f DO'C^NT,  a.  [L.  doceo , docens , to  teach.]  Teach- 
ing; instructing.  Laud. 

DO-CE'Ti'E,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  (5 ox/w,  to  seem.]  ( Eccl . 
Hist.)  A sect  of  Christians  of  the  first  and 
eleventh  centuries,  who  held  that  Christ  acted 
and  suffered  only  in  appearance,  and  not  in 
reality.  Hook. 

DO£H'MI-AC,  a.  [Gr.  ^o^yia^dg.']  (Pros.)  Not- 
ing a foot  consisting  of  five  syllables.  Scott. 

DO€H'MI-US,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr .66^/xtog.']  In  an- 
cient prosody,  a foot  of  five  syllables,  the  first  and 
fourth  short,  the  second,  third,  and  fifth  long. 

DO^-I-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being  docible  ; 
docibleness.  [r.] 

Humility  is  the  safest  ground  of  docility,  and  docility  the 
surest  promise  of  docibility.  Coleridge. 

DOC'I-BLE  (dos'e-bl)  [dos'e-bl,  S.  IF.  J.  E.  F.  Ja. 
K.  Sm.  C.  ; do'se-bl,  P.  I Vb.],  a.  [L.  docibi- 
lis  ; It.  Fr.  docile.]  That  may  be  learnt ; capa- 
ble of  being  learnt ; teachable  ; docile.  Bp.  Bull. 

DOtj'I-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  do- 
cible ; teachableness.  “ The  docibleness  of 
dogs.”  Walton. 

DO^'ILE  [dos'd,  S.  IF.  E.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  C. ; do'- 
sjl,  P.  Wb  .],  a.  [L.  docilis  ; doceo,  to  teach  ; 
It.  docile  ; Sp.  docil ; Fr.  docile.]  Able  to  learn  ; 
that  may  learn  ; disposed  to  be  taught ; teach- 
able ; docible. 

Dogs  soon  grow  accustomed  to  whatever  they  are  taught, 
and,  being  docile  and  tractable,  are  very  useful.  Ellis. 

it ,)  - Docile  and  docible  are  commonly  used  synony- 
mously ; but  a difference  in  their  meaning  is  properly 
given  by  Bishop  Hacketin  tile  following  quotation. — 
“ Whom  nature  hath  made  docile , it  is  injurious  to 
proiffbit  him  from  learning  any  thing  that  is  docible." 

Syn. — See  Ductile. 

DO-CTl'I-TY,  n.  [L.  docilitas  ; It.  docilith  ; Sp. 
clocilidad ; Fr.  docilite.]  The  quality  of  being 
docile  ; readiness  to  learn  ; teachableness. 

What  is  more  admirable  than  the  fitness  of  every  creature 
for  use?  — the  docility  of  an  elephant,  and  the  insitiency  of  a 
• camel,  fpr  travelling  in  deserts?  Grew. 

DOtj'I-MA-CY,  n.  [Gr.  boKtyaoia,  a test;  i5o/apd£«, 
to  prove  ; Fr.  docimasie.]  The  act  or  the  art  of 
examining  by  test ; — applied,  in  metallurgy,  to 
experiments  made  to  determine  the  nature  and 
purity  of  a metal ; in  pharmacy,  to  the  testing  of 
medicines  and  poisons  ; in  medical  jurispru- 
dence, to  the  different  proofs  to  which  the  lungs 
of  a new-born  child  are  subjected,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  ascertaining  whether  it  was  born  alive 
or  dead.  Ure.  Dunglison. 

DOU-I-MAS  TIC,  a.  [Gr.  hoKifiaorucbs ; Fr.  doci- 
mastique.]  Relating  to  the  application  of  tests. 

Docimastic  art,  the  art  of  assaying  minerals  or  ores, 
in  order  to  ascertain  the  quantity  of  metal  which  they 
contain  ; metallurgy.  Braude. 

DOq-I-MAs' TI-CE,  n.  [Gr.]  Docimaey.  Crabb. 

DOtJ-I-MOL'O-^Y,  n.  [Gr.  boKiyaaia,  a test,  and 
).dyo ;,  a discourse.]  A treatise  on  the  art  of 
assaying  or  examining  in  metallurgy,  chemis- 
try, obstetrics,  or  forensic  medicine.  Craig. 

DOQ'I-TY,  n.  Docility  ; quickness  of  comprehen- 
sion. [Provincial  in  Eng.,  and  colloquial  in 
some  parts  of  the  U.  S.]  Halliwell. 

DOCK,  n.  [A.  S.  docce.  — Gr.  iavKos,  a kind  of 
carrot ; L.  daucus.]  The  common  name  of 
plants  of  the  genus  Rumex. 

Hateful  docks , rough  thistles,  kecksies,  burs.  Shak. 

DOCK,  n.  [Goth,  dok,  a deep  or  gulfy  place. 
Thomson.  — Gr.  fo'^opai,  to  receive.  Johnson. 
— Dut.  duyken ; Ger.  ducken,  to  stoop,  to 
sink.  Richardson.] 

1.  A place  for  building,  repairing,  or  laying 
up  ships. 

2.  A space  between  two  contiguous  wharves. 
[U.  S.] 

A naval  dock  is  a place  provided  with  all  sorts 
of  naval  stores,  timber,  and  all  the  requisite  materials 
for  ship-building.  A graving  or  dry  dock  is  used  for 
receiving  ships  for  repair.  Wet  docks , or  basins , are 
used  for  keeping  vessels  afloat  at  a certain  level,  in 
order  to  load  and  unload  them  with  ease.  A sectional 
dock , or  floating  dock , is  a dock  in  which  vessels  are 
raised  out  of  the  water,  for  repairs,  on  a series  of  air- 
tight boxes. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  9,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  £,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


DOCK 


432 


DODECASYLLABLE 


3.  The  place  where  a criminal,  or  person  on 
trial,  stands  in  court.  London  Ency. 

DOCK,  n.  [Dut.  duyken  ; Ger.  duckcn , to  stoop, 
to  hang  down.  Richardson.  — W.  tocio,  to  dock.] 

1.  The  stump  of  a tail  which  has  been  cut ; 

the  part  of  the  tail  which  remains  after  dock- 
ing. Johnson. 

2.  A leather  case  to  cover  a horse’s  dock 

3.  The  fleshy  part  of  the  tail,  as  distinguished 

from  the  hair.  Grew. 

DOCK,  V.  a.  [('.  DOCKED  ; pp.  DOCKING,  DOCKED.] 

1.  To  cut  off’,  as  the  tail  of  an  animal.  Martin. 

2.  To  cut  short,  as  a reckoning.  Swift. 

3.  To  bring  into  a dock,  as  a ship.  Johnson. 

DOCKAGE,  n.  A charge  for  the  use  of  a dock  for 
ships  ; dock-rent.  Trader’s  Guide. 

DOCK'CRESS,  n.  ( Bot .)  The  common  name  of 
the  plant  Lapsana  communis  ; nipplewort.  Craig. 

DOCK'y  N,  or  DOCK'ON,  n.  A weed;  the  dock. 
[North  of  Eng.]  Brockett. 

DOCK'yT,  n.  [Dut.  duyken ; Ger.  ducken,  to  hang 
down,  to  dock,  and  generally  to  cut  off ; hence, 
docket,  a large  writing  curtailed,  shortened. 

Richardson.  — L.  documentum.  Brande.  — W. 
tociad,  a cutting  off.] 

1.  A summary  of  a larger  writing.  Johnson. 

2.  A direction  tied  upon  goods  ; a label.  Bailey. 

3.  (Law.)  A brief  or  abstract  in  writing: — an 
abridged  entry  of  an  instrument  or  proceeding 
in  an  action:  — a list  or  register  of  abridged 
entries  : — an  abridged  entry  of  a judgment, 
that  is,  the  title  of  the  cause,  amount  of  the 
judgment,  time  of  the  recovery,  attorneys’ 
names,  &c.  : — a subscription  at  the  foot  of  let- 
ters patent,  by  the  clerk  of  the  dockets.  Burrill. 

“ The  list  or  calendar  of  causes  ready  for  hear- 
ing or  trial,  prepared  hy  clerks  for  the  use  of  courts, 
is,  in  some  of  the  United  States,  called  a docket.” 
Burrill. 

To  strike  a docket  is  said  of  a creditor  who  gives  a 
bond  to  the  lord-chancellor,  engaging  to  prove  his 
debtor  to  be  a bankrupt,  whereupon  a fiat  of  bank- 
ruptcy is  issued  against  the  debtor.  [England.]  Oyilcie. 

DOCK'yT,  V.  a.  [i.  DOCKETED  ; pp.  DOCKETING, 
DOCKETED.] 

1.  To  mark  the  contents  or  titles  of  papers 

on  the  back  of  them  : — to  make  an  abridged  en- 
try of  a judgment  or  other  proceeding  in  a book 
kept  for  that  purpose  : — to  abstract  and  enter  in 
a book.  Burrill. 

Whatever  letters  and  papers  you  keep  docket , and  tie  them 
up  in  their  respective  classes.  Chesterfield. 

2.  To  enter  in  a docket  or  a list.  Craig. 

DOCK’— mAs-TIJR,  n.  The  master  or  superintend- 
ent of  a dock.  Clarke. 

DOCK'— RENT,  n.  Charges  for  storing  goods  in  a 
dock ; dockage.  Simmonds. 

DOCK'— YARD,  n.  A place  or  yard  provided  with 
all  sorts  of  naval  stores,  timber,  and  all  the 
requisite  machinery  for  ship-building ; a naval 
dock.  London  Ency. 

DOC'TOR,  n.  [L.  doctor ; doceo,  doctus,  to  teach  ; 
It.  dottore ; Sp.  doctor  ; Fr.  docteur.] 

1.  One  who  shows,  points  out,  or  explains ; 
an  instructor  ; a teacher. 

They  found  him  in  the  temple,  sitting  in  the  midst  of  the 
doctors.  Lake  ii.  4G. 

When  doctors  disagree, 

Disciples  then  are  free.  Old  Proverb. 

2.  Any  able  or  learned  man ; an  adept. 

Then  subtle  doctors  Scriptures  make  their  pride.  Denham. 

3.  One  who  has  received  the  highest  degree 
in  the  faculties  of  divinity,  law,  physic,  or  mu- 
sic ; a title  of  learned  distinction. 

4.  A physician  ; one  whose  business  is  to 
cure  diseases  ; one  who  practises  medicine. 

By  medicine  life  may  be  prolonged,  yet  death 

Will  seize  the  doctor  too.  ShaJc. 

5.  [A  supposed  corruption  of  abductor. 

Brande.)  A thin  plate  of  steel  used  in  scrap- 
ing the  color  or  mordant  off  copper  plates,  in 
calico-printing.  Brande. 

DOC'TOR,  V.  a.  [i.  DOCTORED  ; pp.  DOCTORING, 
DOCTORED.] 

1.  To  treat  with  medicines  , to  physic ; to 

cure ; to  heal.  [Colloquial.]  Johnson. 

2.  To  confer  the  degree  of  doctor  upon  ; to 

doctorate.  Pope. 


DOC'TOR,  v.  n.  To. practise  physic.  [Low.]  Craig. 

DOC'TOR-AL,  a.  [It.  dottorale  ; Sp.  <Sf  Fr.  docto- 
ral.]  Relating  to  the  degree  of  doctor.  Dryden. 

The  bed  of  a sick  man  is  a school,  a doctoral  chair  of 
learning  and  discipline.  Bp.  King. 

DOC'TOR-AL-LY,  ad.  In  manner  of  a doctor 
or  physician,  [it.]  Hakewill. 

DOC'TOR-ATE,  n.  [It.  dottorato  ; Sp.  doctorado  ; 
Fr.  doctorat.\  The  degree  or  rank  of  a doctor; 
doctorship. 

I thank  you  for  your  congratulations  on  my  advancement 


to  the  doctorate.  Hurd. 

DOC'TOR-ATE,  v.  a.  [It.  dottorare  ; Sp.  doctoral-.) 
To  confer  the  degree  of  doctor  upon.  Warton. 

DOC'TOR— ER'RANT,  n.  An  itinerant  doctor  or 
physician.  Butler. 

DOC'TOR-ESS,  n.  A female  who  practises  physic  ; 
a female  physician  ; a doctress.  Todd. 

DOC 'TOR-IN  G,  n.  The  act  of  treating  with  med- 
icine. More. 

f DOC'TOR-LY,  a.  Like  a learned  man.  Bp.  Hall. 


DOC'TOR§— COM'MON§,  n.pl.  The  popular  name 
of  the  courts  and  offices  incorporated  in  London, 
in  1768,  under  the  title  of  “ The  College  of  Doc- 
tors of  Law  exereent  in  the  Ecclesiastical  and 
Admiralty  Courts.”  Burrill. 

DOC'TOR-SHIP,  m.  A doctorate,  [r.]  Clarendon. 

DOC'TRysS,  n.  A female  who  practises  physic ; 
a female  physician  ; a doctoress.  Ash. 

DOC  ' TRI-JTAiRE  ' (dok'tre-nir'),  n.  [Fr.]  (Pol- 
itics.) A cant  word  applied,  in  1815,  to  one  of 
a class  of  politicians  in  France,  who  sought  to 
establish  a frame  of  constitution  more  resem- 
bling that  of  England  than  any  that  had  pre- 
viously subsisted  in  France ; a philosophical 
party,  regarded  by  their  opponents  as  the- 
orists. Brande. 

DOC'TRI-NAL,  a.  [L.  doctrina,  doctrine ; It.dot- 
trinale  ; Sp.  <Sr  Fr.  doctrinal .] 

1.  Relating  to,  or  containing,  doctrine. 

The  verse  naturally  affords  us  the  doctrinal  proposition 
which  shall  be  our  subject.  South. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  act  or  the  means  of  teach- 
ing. “ A doctrinal  instrument.”  Hooker. 

DOC'TRj-NAL,  n.  A matter  of  doctrine. 

Not  such  as  assent  to  every  word  in  Scripture  can  be  said 
in  doctrinals  to  deny  Christ.  South. 

DOC'TRj-NAL-LY,  ad.  In  a doctrinal  manner. 
“ To  speak  affirmatively,  or  doctrinally."  Milton. 

DOC-TRI-NA'RI-AN-I^M,  n.  The  principles  of 
the  Doctrinaires.  Ec.  Rev. 

DOC'TRINE  (dok'trjn),  n.  [L  .doctrina-,  It.  dot- 

trina-,  Sp  .doctrina-,  Fr  .doctrine.) 

1.  A principle,  position,  or  the  body  of  prin- 
ciples at  large,  laid  down  by  a teacher,  or  held 
by  a sect ; that  which  is  taught ; dogma  ; tenet ; 
precept ; as,  “ The  doctrine  of  gravitation  ” ; 
“The  doctrines  of  Epicurus  ”;  “The  doctrines 
of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church.” 

2.  Act  of  teaching;  course  of  instruction. 

lie  said  unto  them  in  ])is  doctrine.  Mark  iv.  2. 

3.  Manner  of  teaching. 

The  people  were  astonished  at  his  doctrine-,  for  he  taught 
them  as  one  huving  authority.  Matt.  vii.  28,  2D. 

Syn.  — Doctrine  is  that  which  is  to  be  believed, 
and  is  the  thing  taught,  and  rests  on  the  authority  of 
the  individual  by  whom  it  is  framed  ; dogma  is  a doc- 
trinal notion  established  or  professed  by  some  body  of 
men  ; a principle  or  tenet  rests  on  its  own  intrinsic 
merit ; a precept  is  a rule  established  by  some  author- 
ity. The  doctrine  of  a church  is  its  creed.  Believe 
doctrines ; hold  or  imbibe  principles  or  tenets  ; obey 
precepts.  The  doctrines  of  the  gospel  ; the  dogmas  of 
a church  or  sect.  — Dogma  is  often  used  in  an  offen- 
sive sense,  implying  undue  authority  ; and  this  offen- 
sive sense  is  applied  commonly  to  its  derivatives  dog- 
matic, dogmatical , and  dogmatism. 

DOC'U-MENT,  n.  [L.  documentum  ; doceo , to 
teach  ; It.  # Sp.  documento  ; Fr.  document .] 

1.  That  which  is  taught ; precept;  direction. 
A most  necessary  instruction  and  document  for  them.  Bacon. 

2.  In  an  ill  sense,  dogmatical  instruction. 
“ The  documents  of  cracking  authors.”  Harvey . 

3.  A writing  or  paper  containing  some  infor- 
mation, evidence,  or  directions  ; as,  “The  doc- 
uments in  the  state  department”  ; “The  docu- 
ments in  the  case  of  Warren  Hastings.” 


4.  (Law.)  A written  instrument  adduced  for 
the  purpose  of  showing  or  proving  a claim  or 
title ; an  evidence  of  title. 

[Documents]  properly  include  all  material  substances  on 
which  the  thoughts  of  men  are  represented  by  any  species  of 
conventional  mark  or  symbol.  Thus,  the  wooden  score  on 
which  a baker  and  his  customers  indicate  by  notches  the 
number  of  loaves  of  bread  supplied,  the  old  exchequer  tal- 
lies, and  such  like,  are  documents  as  much  as  the  most  elab- 
orate deed.  pest. 

DOC’U-MENT,  V.  a.  \l.  DOCUMENTED  ; pp.  DOC- 
UMENTING, DOCUMENTED.] 

1.  To  teach  ; to  direct ; to  instruct. 

I am  finely  documented  by  my  own  daughter.  Dryden. 

2.  To  furnish  with  documents  or  papers,  as  a 

vessel.  I).  Webster. 

DOC-U-MENT'AL,  a.  1.  Belonging  to  instruction 
or  the  act  of  teaching.  More. 

2.  Contained  in  documents.  Fraser’s  Mag. 

DOC-U-MENT'A-RY,  a.  Consisting  of  documents; 
pertaining  to  written  evidence  in  law.  Todd. 

DODD,  v.  a.  To  cut  the  wool  from  the  tails  of 
sheep.  Craig. 

DOD'DART,  n.  [See  Dodder.]  A game  played 
in  a level  field  with  a wooden  ball,  and  a bent 
stick,  called  a doddart.  Halliwell. 

DOD'IiyD,  a.  [An  abbreviation  of  doe-headed. 
Todd.)  Being  without  horns:  — applied  to 
sheep.  Farm.  Ency. 

DOD’DyR,  n.  [Ger.  dotter,  dotteren,  to  tremble. 
— See  Totter.]  (Bot.)  The  common  name 
applied  to  twining  parasitical  plants  of  the  genus 
Cuscuta.  Loudon. 

DOD'DJpRED  (dod'derd),  a.  Overgrown  with  dod- 
der. “Doddered  oaks.”  Dryden. 

DOD'DyR-ING,  a.  Trembling. 

The  sailor  hugs  thee  to  the  doddering  mast.  Thomson. 

DOD'DLE,  v.  n.  To  tottle;  to  totter;  to  walk 
feebly.  [Local.]  Brockett. 

DO-DEC-A-DAC'TY-I.ON,  n.  [Gr.  (SahSf sa,  twelve, 
and  16ktv?.os,  a finger.]  (Anat.)  The  first  of  the 
small  intestines  ; duodenum.  Its  length  is 
about  twelve  fingers’  breadth.  Dunylison. 

DO-DEC'A-GON,  n.  [Gr.  <5a>ih*a,  twelve,  and  yumia, 
an  angle ; It.  df  Sp.  dodecagono-,  Fr.  dodeca- 
gone.)  (Gcom.)  A polygon  of  twelve  sides  and 
twelve  angles.  Davies. 

DO-DEC- A-yYN'I-A,  n.  [Gr.  Sibbtsa,  twelve,  and 
yvvi'i,  a woman.]  (Bot.)  An  order  of  plants  hav- 
ing twelve  pistils  or  styles.  P.  Cyc. 

DO-Dy-CAy'Y-NOUS,  a.  (Bot.)  Applied  to  plants 
having  twelve  styles  or  stigmas.  Henslow. 

DO-DEC-A-HE'DRAL,  a.  Belonging  to  a dodeca- 
hedron. Francis. 

DO-DEC-A-HE'DRON  [do-dek-a-he'- 
dron,  K.  Sm. ; do-de-kj-he'dron, 

Wb. ; do-de-kfi-lied'ron,  Ja.),  n.\ 
pi.  L.  DO-D&C-A-Ht' DMA-,  Eng. 
do-d£c-a-he'drqn$.  [Gr.  Iwifica, 
twelve,  and  tilpa,  abase.]  (Geom.) 

A polyhedron  bounded  by  twelve 
faces.  The  regular  dodecahedron 
is  bounded  by  twelve  equal  and 
regular  pentagons,  and  is  one  of 
the  five  regular  solids.  Davies. 

DO-Dy-OAN'DyR,  n.  [Gr.  IdfiiKa,  twelve,  and  avi'ip, 
Mptis,  a man.]  (Bot.)  A plant  having  from 
twelve  to  twenty  stamens ; one  of  the  class  Do- 
decandria.  Henslow. 

DO-DE-CAW DRI-Ji,  n.  [Gr.  Idlem,  twelve,  and 
an'ip,  avlptis,  a man;  Fr.  dodecandrie.)  (Bot.) 
The  eleventh  class  of  plants  in  the  system  of 
Linna-us,  comprehending  those  that  have  from 
twelve  to  twenty  stamens.  Henslow. 

DO-Dy-CAN'DRI-AN,  P a_  (Bot.)  Pertaining  to 

DO-Dy-CAN'DROUS,  ) the  class  of  plants  called 
Dodecandria.  Gray. 

DO-DEC-A-PET'A-LOUS,  a.  [Gr.  luiliKn,  twelve, 
and  jr iraXov,  a petal.]  (Bot.)  Having  twelve 
petals.  Craig. 

DO-DEC'A-STYLE,  n.  [Gr.  ttbfxKa,  twelve,  and 
otT-?.os,  a column.]  (Arch.)  A building  that  has 
twelve  columns  in  front,  or  on  one  side.  Brande. 

DO-DEC- A-SYL'LA-BLE,  n.  [Gr.  Idboca,  twelve, 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  G,  Y,  short ; 


A,  y,  J,  O,  y,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


DODECATEMORION 


433 


DOGHOOK 


and  avV.afh),  a syllable.]  A word  composed  of 
twelve  syllables.  Scott. 

f DO-DBC-A-TE-MO'RI-ON,  n.  [Gr.  Su6(KaTiyi6- 
ptop  ; SwSiicaros,  twelfth,  and  pdpiov,  a part.]  The 
twelfth  part.  Creecli. 

DO-DEC-A-TEM'O-RY,  n.  A term  sometimes  ap- 
plied to"  each  of’  the  twelve  signs  of  the  zodiac. 
“ The  dodecatemories,  or  constellations.”  Burton. 

DO- DE- CA  ' THE- ON,  h.  [Gr.  c5ui5 era,  twelve, 
6c6s,  a god.]  (Ant.)  An  antidote  among  the 
ancients,  composed  of  twelve  simples  ; — so 
named  after  the  twelve  Grecian  deities.  Craig. 

DOD^E,  v.  n.  [Probably  corrupted  from  dog,  to 
shy  and  play  sly  tricks  like  a dog.  Johnson. — 
From  dog  ; i.  e.  to  run  about,  this  way  and  that, 
like  a dog  catching  after  the  scent.  Skinner. 

— Teut.  ducken,  dongen,  tougen,  to  duck,  to  con- 
ceal. Thomson .]  [ i . dodged;  pp.  dodging, 

DODGED.] 

1.  To  shift  place,  by  a sudden  and  evasive 
movement,  as  another  approaches. 

For  he  had,  any  time  this  ten  years  full, 

Dodged,  with  him  betwixt  Cambridge  and  the  Bull.  Milton. 

2.  To  use  craft ; to  play  mean  tricks ; to  use 

low  shifts.  “ Dodging  and  showing  tricks  with 
God.”  South. 

3.  To  play  fast  and  loose ; to  raise  expecta- 

tions and  then  disappoint  them.  “ She  dodged 
with  me  above  thirty  years.”  Addison. 

DODGE,  v.  a.  To  evade  by  suddenly  shifting  posi- 
tion ; as,  “ To  dodge  a blow.” 

DODGE,  n.  1.  The  act  of  dodging,  or  suddenly 
shifting  place. 

2.  An  evasion  ; a trick ; an  artifice.  “ A 
new  dodge”  [Colloquial.]  Charles  Brown. 

DODG'ER  (dod'jer),  n.  One  who  dodges  ; one  who 
is  guilty  of  mean  tricks.  Cotgrave. 

f DODG’ER-Y,  n.  Act  of  dodging  ; trick.  Hacket. 

DOD'I-POLE,  n.  [Perhaps  from  dote,  and  pole, 
the  head.  Richardson.  — See  Dote.]  A dunce  ; 

— spelt  also  cloddy-pole  and  dotipole.  “ Num- 

sculls,  dodipoles,  dunderheads.”  Sterne. 

DOD'KIN,  n.  [Dim.  of  doit.]  A little  doit ; a 
small  coin.  “ She’s  not  worth  a dodkin.”  Shelton. 

DOD'MAN,  n.  A crustaceous  fish,  that  casts 
its  shell ; — called  also  hodmandod.  Bacon. 

DO'DO,  n.  [It.,  Sp., 

Port.,  <Sf  Fr.  dodo.] 

( Ornitli .)  A bird,  now 
extinct,  belonging  to 
the  genus  Didus  ; — 
called  also  dronte.  It 
was  originally  discov- 
ered by  the  Portuguese 
in  1499,  on  the  island 
now  called  Mauritius. 

It  was  afterwards  ob- 
served by  the  Dutch  in 
1598,  and  in  the  early  Dotl0’  or  dronte- 
part  of  the  following  century.  It  is  said  to  have 
been  one  of  the  largest  of  the  feathered  race,  but 
the  most  uncouth  and  unwieldy  of  the  whole.  It 
had  only  four  or  five  short  black  feathers  in  the 
place  of  wings,  and  a tuft  of  curly  feathers  in- 
stead of  a tail.  The  toes  were  short,  with  thick, 
blunt  claws,  and  the  bill  very  large.  Brande. 

DOD'RAN.*;,  n.  [L.]  (Ant.)  A Roman  measure 
equal  to  about  nine  inches,  being  the  space  be- 
tween the  end  of  the  thumb  and  of  tlie  little 
finger  when  both  are  fully  extended.  Brande. 

DOE  (do),  n.  [A.  S.  da, ; Dan.  daa  ; Dut.  deyn. 

— L.  dama ; It.  damma,  daima ; Fr.  daine  ; — 

so  called  from  its  timidity  or  fearfulness,  from 
the  Gr.  6upa,  fear.  Voss.  Richardson.]  (Zoiil.) 
A she  deer ; particularly  the  female  of  the  fal- 
low deer,  the  male  being  called  buck.  — See 
Deer.  p.  Cyc. 

t DOE  (do),  n.  A feat ; what  one  has  to  do. 

No  sooner  does  he  peep  into 

The  world  but  he  has  done  his  doe.  Butler. 

DO'ER,  n.  1.  One  who  does  any  thing;  an  agent; 
an  actor ; a performer. 

Jove,  not  I,  is  doer  of  this.  Shale. 

2.  One  who  habitually  practises  or  observes. 

The  doers  of  the  law  shall  be  justified.  Horn.  ii.  13. 

3.  (Scotch  Law.)  An  agent  or  attorney.  Kames. 


DOE§  (duz)  [duz,  S.  W.  P.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  : — by 
some  erroneously  pronounced  duz],  v.  The  ac- 
tive, indicative,  present,  third  person  singular 
from  do.  — See  Do. 

DOE'SKIN,  n.  1.  The  skin  of  the  doe. 

2.  A sort  of  dressed  woollen  cloth.  Booth. 

DOFF,  v.  a.  [To  do  off.  Johnson.  — Dut.  dof,  a 
push.]  [i.  DOFFED  • pp.  DOFFING,  DOFFED.] 

1.  To  put  off’,  as  dress ; to  lay  aside ; to  strip. 

Nature,  in  awe  to  him, 

Had  doffed  her  gaudy  trim, 

With  her  great  Master  so  to  sympathize.  Milton. 

2.  To  get  rid  of ; t.o  put  away. 

Your  eye  in  Scotland 

Would  create  soldiers,  and  make  women  fight 
To  doj}'  their  dire  distresses. 

3.  To  put  off’ till  some  future  time ; to  delay. 

Every  day  thou  doffsl  me  with  some  device,  lago.  Shak. 

DOF'FIJR,  n.  [doff.]  That  part  of  a carding 
machine  which  doffs,  strips,  or  takes  the  cotton 
from  the  cylinder.  Francis. 

DOG,  n.  [Icel.  doggur-,  Dut.  dogghe  ; Ger.  docke. 

— It.  § Sp.  dogo  ; Fr.  dogue .] 

1.  A well-known  domestic  animal  of  the  ge- 
nus Canis,  and  of  various  species. 

A friend  to  dogs;  for  they  are  honest  creatures, 

And  ne’er  betray  their  masters,  never  fawn 

On  any  that  they  love  not.  Otway. 

2.  A reproachful  name  for  a man. 

What  men  have  I ? Dogsl  Cowards!  Sheik. 

3.  f A gay  young  man  ; a blood.  Johnson. 

4.  An  iron  to  lay  wood  upon  in  a fireplace ; 
an  andiron.  “ Iron  dogs  bear  the  . . . inch.” Fuller. 

5.  ( Mech .)  A piece  of  small  machinery  which 
acts  as  a catch  or  clutch  : — a hook  used  in  saw- 
mills to  draw  logs  out  of  the  water. 

Francis.  Smart. 

6.  (Naut.)  A short  iron  bar  with  a fang  or 
with  teeth  at  one  end,  and  a ring  at  the  other ; 

— used  as  a purchase,  the  fang  being  placed 

against  a beam  or  a knee,  and  the  block  of  a 
tackle  hooked  to  the  ring.  Dana. 

7.  (Astron.)  A term  applied  to  two  constella- 
tions, the  Canis  - Major,  or  Greater  Dog,  and 
the  Canis  Minor,  or  Lesser  Dog. 

Among  the  southern  constellations,  two  there  are  who 
bear  the  name  of  the  Dog.  Browne. 

To  throw,  or  send,  to  the  dogs,  to  throw  away. 

Throw  physic  to  the  dogs;  I’ll  none  of  it.  Shak. 

To  go  to  the  dogs,  to  be  devoured,  destroyed,  or 
ruined. 

Dog  is  used  adjectively  for  the  male  of  several 
animals;  as,  “The  dog- fox”:  — prefixed  to  other 
words,  it  denotes  meanness,  degeneracy,  or  worth- 
lessness ; as,  “ Doa.-cheap  ” ; “ Do^-Latin.” 

DOG,  v.  a.  To  watch  or  hunt,  as  a dog  does  ; to 
follow  insidiously,  or  with  servility. 

I have  been  pursued,  dogged , and  way-laid.  Pope. 

DOG'-APE,  n.  An  ape  having  a head  like  that  of 
a dog.  Shak. 

DO'GATE,  n.  The  office  or  dignity  of  doge.  Smart. 

DOG'-BANE,  n.  (But.)  See  Dog’s-bane.  Miller. 

DOG'— BEE,  n.  A drone,  or  male  bee.  Halliwell. 

DOG'— BELT,  n.  (Coal-mining.)  A strong,  wide, 
leather  strap  worn  round  the  waist,  to  which  a 
chain  is  attached,  passing  between  the  legs  of 
the  men  who  draw  the  dans,  or  sledges,  in  the 
low  works.  Brande. 

DOG'BER-RY,  n.  (Bot.)  The  fruit  of  the  corne- 
lian cherry,  a species  of  dog-wood  (Comtes  inas- 
cula).  Ash. 

DOG'BER-RY— TREE,  n.  (Bot.)  The  tree  which 
produces  the  dogberry  ; a species  of  dog-wood  ; 
the  cornelian  cherry  ; Cornus  mascula.  Clarke. 

DOG'— BIS'CUIT  (-kit),  n.  Coarse,  waste,  or  broken 
biscuit,  sold  for  feeding  dogs.  Simmonds. 

DOG'BOLT,  n.  A word  of  contempt.  Beau.  § FI. 

DOG'— BRI-GR,  n.  (Bot.)  The  brier  that  bears  the 
hip  ; Rosa  canina.  Browne. 

DOG'-CAb-BAGE,  n.  See  Dog’s-cabbage. 

DOG'— CHEAP,  a.  [Cheap  as  dog’s  meat.  Johnson. 

— A.  S.  god,  good,  and  ceap,  bargain.  Latham. 

— See  Cheap.]  Very  cheap.  Dryden. 

DOG'— DAY,  n. ; pi.  dog'-days.  One  of  the  days, 

otherwise  called  canicular  days,  — a term  ap- 
plied by  the  ancients  to  the  period  of  summer, 


from  the  15th  of  July  to  the  20th  of  August, 
during  which  Sirius,  or  the  Dog-star,  was  above 
the  horizon  at  the  same  part  of  the  day  with  the 
sun. 

ggg=  The  dog-days  are  variously  computed. — “ They 
are  reckoned  about  40,  and  are  set  down  in  the  [Eng- 
lish] almanacs  as  beginning  on  the  3d  day  of  July, 
and  ending  on  the  11th  of  August.”  Brande.  — The 
American  Encyclopedia  says,  “ This  name  is  applied 
to  the  period  between  t lie  24th  of  July  and  the  24th  of 
August”;  and  Dr.  Webster  states  that  “dog-days 
commence  the  latter  part  of  July,  and  end  the  begin- 
ning of  September.”  — See  Canicular. 

DOG'DRAVE,  n.  A kind  of  sea-fish.  Halliwell. 

DOG'DrAw,  n.  ( Forest  Law.)  Drawing  after 
(that  is,  pursuing)  a deer  with  a dog  ; — one  of 
the  circumstances  which  constituted  what  was 
called  the  manifest  depreliension  of  an  offender 
against  venison  in  a forest.  Burrill. 

DOGE,  n.  [L.  dux  ; duco,  to  lead  ; It.  doge  ; Sp. 
duque ; Fr.  doge-,  Eng.  duke.]  The  title  for- 
merly given  to  the  first  magistrate  in  the  re- 
publics of  Venice  and  Genoa.  Brande. 

DOQE'ATE,  n.  The  office  or  dignity  of  a doge  ; 
dogate.  Craig. 

DOGE'LGSS,  a.  Having  no  doge.  Byron. 

DOG'— fAN-CI-JJR,  n.  One  who  has  a fancy  for 
dogs  ; one  who  deals  in  dogs.  Clarke. 

DOG'— FIGHT  (-fit),  n.  A battle  between  two 
dogs.  Bp.  Hall. 

DOG'— FISH,  n.  (Ich.)  A fish  of  the  shark  kind,  of 
several  species.  Yarrell. 

DOG'— FISII-GR,  n.  (Ich.)  A kind  of  shark.  Walton. 

DOG'— FLY,  n.  (Ent.)  A voracious,  biting  fly,  com- 
mon among  woods  and  bushes,  and  very  trouble- 
some to  dogs.  It  somewhat  resembles  the  black 
fly  that  infests  cattle.  Crabb. 

DOG'— FOX,  n.  The  male  of  the  fox.  Booth. 

DOG'GGD,  a.  Like  a surly  dog;  sullen;  surly; 
moody;  gloomy;  sour;  morose: — stubborn; 
obstinate;  wilful. 

Now 

Doth  dogged  War  bristle  his  angry  crest. 

And  snarleth  in  the  gentle  eyes  of  Peace.  Shak. 

DOG'GGD-LY,  ad.  In  a dogged  manner  ; sullen- 
ly ; morosely  ; with  an  obstinate  resolution. 

A man  may  always  write  when  he  will  set  himself  dog- 
gedly to  it.  Johnson. 

DOG'GGD-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  dogged  ; 
gloom  ; sullenness  ; moroseness  : — stubborn- 
ness ; obstinacy.  Bp.  Taylor. 

DOG'GGR,  n.  [Icel.  dugga,  a fishing  vessel.] 

1.  A kind  of  fishing  vessel  with  one  or  two 

masts ; — used  by  the  Dutch.  Waterston. 

2.  A term  used  in  some  localities  by  miners 
and  mineral  borers  for  a hard,  useless  stone, 
generally  a compound  of  silica  and  iron.  Craig. 

II  DOG'GGR-EL,  or  DOG'GERGL  [dog'grel,  S.  IV.  J. 
F.  Ja.  ; dog'ger-ei,  P.  K.  Sm.  2?.],  a.  [From 
dog.  Johnson.  Tyrwhitt .]  Loosed  from  the 
measures  or  rules  of  regular  poetry  ; vile  ; des- 
picable ; mean  ; — applied  to  verse  of  a low,  bur- 
lesque kind.  “ My  doggerel  rhyme.”  Gascoigne. 

||  DOG'GGR-EL,  n.  Irregular,  mean,  or  worthless 
verses,  as  those  used  in  burlesque  poetry. 

It  is  a dispute  among  critics  whether  burlesque  poetry 
runs  best  in  heroic  verse,  like  that  of  the  Dispensary,  or  in 
doggerel , like  that  of  Hudibras.  Addison. 

DOG’GGR-mAn,  n.  A sailor  belonging  to  a dog- 
ger. Smart. 

DOG'GGT,  n.  Docket.  — See  Docket.  Brande. 

DOG  GISH,  a.  1.  Currish;  snappish;  brutal. 

Forasmuch  as  thejr  abandoned  all  shamefacedness  in  their 
words  and  acts,  they  were  called  “cynici,”  in  English  dog- 
gish. Sir  T.  Elyot. 

2.  Greedy,  like  a dog;  gluttonous  ; voracious. 
“A  doggish  appetite.”  Fotherby. 

DOG'GISH-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  doggish. 
dog'-grAss,  n.  (Bot.)  See  Dog’s-grass. 

DOG'-HEART-GD,  a.  Cruel ; pitiless  ; malicious. 
“ His  [Lear’s]  dog-hearted  daughters.”  Shak. 

DOG'— HOLE,  n.  A vile  hole  fit  for  dogs  alone  ; a 
dog-kennel ; a mean  habitation.  Shak. 

DOG'HOOK  (-huk),  n.  A hook  or  wrench  used 
for  separating  iron  boring  rods.  Halliwell. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — y,  G>  £>  sofi i B>  E>  !>  hard;  § as  z;  £ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


DOG-HOUSE 


434 


DOLE 


DOG'-HOUSE,  n.  A kennel  for  dogs.  Craig. 

DOG'— KEEP-£R,  n.  One  who  keeps  dogs;  one 
who  has  the  management  of  dogs.  Swift. 

DOG— KEN-NF.L,  n.  A little  hut  or  house  for 
dogs ; a dog-house.  Dryden. 

DOG’— LAT-jN,  n.  Barbarous  orbadLatin.  Clarke. 

DOG'-LEACH,  n.  A dog-doctor.  Beau.  $ FI. 

D6G'-LEG-G1JD-STAIR§,  n.  pi.  (Arch.)  A stair- 
case not  straight  from  bottom  to  top,  nor  built 
round  a single  newel,  or  a well,  but  consisting  of 
two  or  more  straight  portions,  one  over  another, 
and  connected  by  a platform  or  landing  ; stairs 
having  a wall  between  the  upper  flights.  Crabb. 

DOG'-LI-OHflN,  n.  ( Bot .)  Ground  liverwort; 
Pe/tidea  canina  ; — so  called  from  its  being  an 
imaginary  cure  for  hydrophobia.  Ogilvie. 

DOG'— LOUSE,  n.  An  insect  that  infests  dogs. 

f DOG'LY,  a.  Likeadog;  churlish.  Lord  Rivers. 

f DOG'LY,  ad.  In  a manner  like  a dog.  Huloet. 

DOG’MA,  n. ; pi.  L.  d&g'ma-ta  ; Eng.  dog'ma?. 
[L.,  from  Gr.  loypa,  that  which  seems  true  to 
one,  a public  resolution  ; It.  domma  ; Sp.  dog- 
ma ; Fr.  dogme.]  A statement  in  the  form  of 
a decision  or  decree,  by  some  person  or  body 
claiming  authority ; a settled  principle ; an 
established  doctrine  ; a tenet ; a maxim. 

The  opinion  of  those  who  hold  that  the  Gentiles  were  not 
to  be  circumcised  was  ndopted  by  the  apostles  and  elders  of 
Jerusalem  in  council,  and  then  became  a dogma.  Eden. 

Syn.  — See  Doctrine. 

DOG'— M.AD,  a.  Mad  as  a dog  sometimes  is.  Swift. 

DOG-MAT  IC,  ? fz.  [Gr.  loyyariKds;  It.  dom- 

DOG-MAT'I-C  AL,  > matico  ; Sp.  dojmatico  ; Fr. 
dogmatique.] 

1.  Relating  to  dogmas  or  settled  principles. 

2.  Positive  ; confident ; magisterial ; author- 
itative ; — peremptory  ; arrogant. 

One  of  these  authors  is,  indeed,  so  grave,  sententious,  dog- 
matical a rogue,  that  there  is  no  enduring  him.  Swift. 

Dogmatical  theology , the  systematic  arrangement  of 
the  main  articles  of  Christianity,  and  the  statement 
of  the  same  in  the  form  of  definite  propositions.  Eden. 

DOG-MAT'IC,  n.  1.  One  of  a sect  of  physicians, 
called  also  Dogmatists,  in  contradistinction  to 
Empirics  and  Methodists.  Hakewill. 

2.  A dogmatist ; a dogmatizer. 

The  fault  licth  altogether  in  the  dogmatics , that  is  to  say, 
those  that  are  imperfectly  learned,  and  with  passion  press  "to 
have  their  opinion  pass  every  where  for  truth.  HoIAks. 

DOG-MAT'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a dogmatical  man- 
ner ; positively;  authoritatively:  — arrogantly. 

DOG-MAT'I-CAL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
dogmatical ; magisterialness.  Hurd. 

DOG-MA-TP'CIAN  (dog-m?-tJsh'?n),  n.  A dog- 
matist. [it.]  Qu.  Rev. 

DOG-MAT'ICS,  n.  pi.  The  science  which  treats 
of  the  arrangement  and  the  statement  of  the 
doctrines  of  Christianity  ; dogmatic  theology. 

Month.  Rev. 

d6g'MA-T!§M,  n.  1.  The  quality  of  one  who 
dogmatizes  ; positiveness  of  opinion.  “ The 
refinements  of  subtilty,  and  the  dogmatism  of 
learning.”  Johnson. 

2.  (Med.)  A system  or  theory  among  the  an- 
cients resulting  from  the  application  of  philos- 
ophy and  physical  and  chemical  theories  to 
medicine.  Craig. 

DOG'MA-TIST,  n.  1.  One  who  dogmatizes ; a 
dogmatical  teacher  ; a dogmatizer. 

A dogmatist  in  religion  is  not  a great  way  off  from  a bigot, 
and  is  in  high  danger  of  growing  up  to  be  a bloody  perse- 
cutor. Watts. 

He  who  is  certain,  or  presumes  to  say  he  knows,  is,  whether 
he  be  mistaken  or  in  the  right,  a doginatist.  Fleming. 

2.  One  of  a sect  of  ancient  physicians  ; a dog- 
matic. Brande. 

DOG'MA-TlZE,  r.  n.  [It.  dogmatizzare  ; Sp.  dog  ■ 
matiza) •;  Fr.  dogmatiser.' ] [i.  dogmatized  ; pp. 
DOGMATIZING,  Dogmatized.]  To  affirm  posi- 
tively ; to  assert  authoritatively ; to  declare  per- 
emptorily. 

Prompt  to  impose,  and  fond  to  dogmatize.  Pope. 

DOG'MA-TlZ-pR,  n.  One  who  dogmatizes. 

The  very  dogmatizer , that  teacheth  for  doctrines  or  com- 
mandments of  God  his  own  dictates.  Hammond.  | 


DOG'MA-TO-RY,  a.  Dogmatical.  For.  Qu.  Rev. 

DOG'RO!=!E,  n.  (Bot.)  The  wild  brier,  that  bears 
the  hip  ; dog-brier  ; Rosa  canina.  Loudon. 

DOG’§'— BANE,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  deciduous 
herbaceous  plants,  the  stalks  of  one  species  of 
which  the  North  American  Indians  use  as  a 
substitute  for  hemp  ; Apocgnum.  Loudon. 

DOG’!-!'— CAB-BA^E,  n.  (Bot.)  A deciduous  trail- 
ing plant ; Thelygonum  cgnocrambe.  Loudon. 

DOG’^'JEAR,  n.  ; pi.  dog’^'ear?.  The  corner  of 
the  leaf  of  a book  turned  down. 

With  the  sweat  of  my  own  hand  I did  make  plain  and 
smooth  the  dogsears  throughout  our  great  Bible.  Arbuthnot. 

DOG’^'EAR,  v.  a.  To  turn  down,  as  the  corners  of 
the  leaves  of  a book.  Smart. 

DOG’S'— FEN-NgL, n.  (Bot.)  An  evergreen  plant; 
corn-camomile  ; Anthemis  arvensis.  Farm.  Ency. 

DOG’§'— GRASS,  n.  (Rot.)  A perennial  plant  very 
common  in  uncultivated  grounds,  the  root  of 
which  is  used  in  medicine  ; Triticum  repens  ; — 
called  also  creeping  wheat-grass,  couch,  white- 
couch,  couch-grass,  twich,  knot-grass,  dog-wheat, 
and  quickens.  Loudon. 

DOG'SIIIP,  n.  The  quality  of  a dog.  Johnson. 

DOG'— SHORES,  n.  pi.  (Naval  Arch.)  Pieces  of 
timber  used  to  prevent  a vessel  from  starting 
while  removing  the  keel-blocks  preparatory  to 
launching.  Ogilvie. 

DOG'— SICK,  a.  Sick  as  a dog.  Dyet. 

DOG'— SKIN,  a.  Made  of  the  skin  of  a dog.  Tatlcr. 

DOG'— SLEEP,  n.  Pretended  sleep.  Addison. 

DOG’ij'— MEAT,  n.  The  meat  or  food  of  dogs; 
vile  meat  or  food  ; refuse  ; offal.  Dryden. 

DOG’SJ'— MER'CU-RY,  n.  1.  (Bot.)  A poisonous 
plant ; Mereurialis  perennis.  Craig. 

2.  (Astron.)  The  constellation  Ursa  Minor. 

DOG’§'— POI-§ON  (-pbi-zn),  n.  (Bot.)  A name  of 
the  plant  jLthusa  cynapium,  or  common  fool’s- 
parsley.  Craig. 

•DOG’S'— RUE,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the  genus 
Scrophularia.  Clarke. 

DOG’§'— TAIL,  n.  (Bot.)  A well-known  British 
pasture  grass,  exceedingly  abundant  in  all  nat- 
ural and  artificial  grass  land ; — sometimes 
called  gold-seed  ; Cynosurus  cristatas.  Ogilvie. 

DOG'— STAR,  n.  The  star  Sirius  or  Canicula,  the 
brightest  of  the  fixed  stars,  which  gave  the  name 
to  the  dog-days ; the  principal  star  in  the  con- 
stellation Canis  Major.  — See  Dog-day.  Hind. 

DOG'— STONE!-!,  n.  1.  (Bot.)  A species  of  orchis  ; 
fool-stones.  Ogilvie. 

2.  Rough  or  hewn  stones  as  imported  to 
make  mill-stones.  Simmonds. 

DOG’§'— TONGUE  (dogz'tung),  n.  (Bot.)  A plant ; 
hound’s-tongue  ; Cynoglossum  officinale.  Booth. 

DOG’S'— TOOTH— VI'O-LET,  n.  (Bot.)  A beautiful 
bulbous  plant ; Ery'thronium  dens  canis. Loudon. 

DOG'TAIL— GRASS,  n.  (Bot.)  A species  of  grass. 
— See  Dog’s-tail.  Pilkington. 

DOG'— TOOTH,  n. ; pi.  dog'-teeth.  1.  A sharp- 
pointed  human  tooth,  called  also  an  eye-tooth. 

2.  (Arch.)  A peculiar  ornament,  consisting 
of  pointed  projections,  used  in  the  Anglo-Nor- 
man buildings  of  the  12th  century.  Francis. 

DOG'-TRICK,  n.  An  ill  turn ; surly  or  brutal 
treatment.  Drydeii. 

DOG'— TROT,  n.  A gentle  trot,  like  that  of  a dog. 
This  said,  they  both  advanced  and  rode 
A < log-trot  through  the  bawling  crowd.  Butler. 

DOG'— VANE,  n.  (Naut.)  A small,  light  vane, 
formed  by  a piece  of  pack-thread  and  some 
slices  of  cork  stuck  full  of  feathers,  placed  on 
the  windward  side  of  the  quarter-deck  to  aid  the 
helmsman  in  steering  when  the  ship  is  on  the 
wind.  Hamilton. 

DOG'— Vl'O-LET,  n.  (Bot.)  A blue  violet,  not 
fragrant,  common  in  groves,  hedges,  thickets, 
and  heathy  ground  ; Viola  canina.  Booth. 

I DOG'-WATCH  (dog'woch),  n.  (Naut.)  A term 


applied  to  two  watches,  of  two  hours  each,  from 
4 to  6,  and  from  6 to  8 o’clock,  F.  M.  Dana 

DOG'-WEA-RY,  a.  Tired  as  a dog.  Shak. 

DOG'WHEAT,  n.  (Bot.)  One  of  the  popular 
names  of  Triticum  repens  ; dog’s-grass  ; couch, 
grass.  Farm.  Ency. 

DOG'VVHELK,  a.  (Conch.)  The  name  given  by 
fishermen  to  the  Nassa  reticulata,  a common 
species  of  univalve  shells.  Woodward. 


DOG'— WOOD  (dog'wud),  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of 
plants  of  several  species  ; Cornus.  Loudon. 

DOG'-WOOD-TREE  (-wfid-tre),  n.  (Bot.)  The 
Piscidia  crythrina ; Jamaica  dog-wood  ; — much 
valued  for  timber.  Ogilvie. 

DON,  n.  The  name  applied,  in  Java,  to  the  fibre 
of  the  Ejoo  or  Gomuti  palm  (Arenga  saccha- 
rifera).  Simmonds. 

DOI'LY,  n.  1.  f [“  So  -called,  I suppose,  from 
the  name  of  the  first  maker.”  Johnson.]  A kind 
of  woollen  stuff.  Congreve. 

2.  A small  napkin  placed  with  nine  and 
fruit  on  the  table  after  dinner.  Todd. 

DO  ING,  ft. ; pi.  d6'ing$.  1.  Any  thing  done  ; an 
act ; a deed;  an  action. 

Tn  him  [Luke]  was  given  power  to  write  the  doings  of  the 
apostles.  Wicktiffe. 

2.  Mode  of  acting;  behavior;  conduct. 

Yet  have  I found  thy  works  ungodly,  and  thy  doings  vile 
and  abominable.  Bale. 

DOIT,  it.  [I-.  digitus ; Fr.  doigt,  a finger.  “As 
much  brass  as  can  be  covered  with  the  tip  of 
the  finger."  Skinner.  — Dut.  duit ; Ger.  deut.] 

1.  A small  Dutch  coin  valued  at  the  eighth  of 
a penny,  or  about  a quarter  of  a cent.  Johnson. 

2.  The  ancient  Scotch  penny  piece,  being 

one  twelfth  of  a penny  sterling.  Craig. 

3.  Any  small  piece  of  money. 

When  they  will  not  give  a doit  to  relieve  a lame  beggar, 
they  will  lay  out  ten  to  see  a dead  Indian.  Shak. 

In  Anna’s  wars,  a soldier,  poor  and  old, 

Had  dearly  earned  a little  nurse  of  gold; 

Tired  with  a tedious  march,  one  luckless  night, 

He  slept,  poor  dog!  and  lost  it  to  a doit.  Pope. 

4.  Any  thing  of  little  value  ; a trifle.  Craig. 

DdlT'K]N,  n.  A small  coin  ; a doit.  Tomlins. 


f DOKE,  n.  A duck.  Chaucer. 

DOK-I-MAS'TIC,  a.  Docimastic. 

DO-LAB'Rj-FORM,  a.  [L.  dolabra,  an  axe, 
and  forma,  form.] 

1.  (Bot.)  Having  the  form  of  an  axe, 
as  some  leaves  ; axe-shaped.  Loudon. 

2.  (Zool.)  Shaped  like  a hatchet,  as  the  foot 

of  certain  bivalves.  Brande. 

DOLCE  (dol'cha).  [It.,  sweet.]  ( Mus .)  An  in- 
struction to  the  performer  that  the  music  is  to 
be  executed  softly  and  sweetly.  Brande. 

D 01. CEJHENTE  (dol'cha-men-ta).  [It.]  (Mus.) 
Same  as  Dolce.  Moore. 


DOL-CI'NO,  n.  [It.]  A small  bassoon.  Simmonds. 

DOLE,  n.  [A.  S.  dal,  a portion  ; Dut.  deel ; Ger. 
theil-,  Dan.  deel\  Sw.  del.] 

1.  The  act  of  doling,  or  dealing  out ; distri- 
bution ; apportionment ; allotment. 

It  was  your  presurmise. 

That  in  the  dole  of  blows  your  son  might  drop.  Shak. 

2.  Portion  ; lot ; allowance  ; share  ; a deal. 

Let  every  man  beg  his  own  way,  and  happy  man  be  his 
dole  [i.  e.  let  his  lot  be  the  title  happy  man].  Beau.  $ FI. 

3.  Provision  or  money  given  in  charity  ; gift ; 
donation ; gratuity. 

Clients  of  old  were  feasted;  now  a poor. 

Divided  dole  is  dealt  at  the  outward  door.  Dryden. 

4.  Something  that  divides  ; a boundary. 

Accursed  be  he  (saith  Almighty  God  by  Moses)  who  re- 

moveth  his  neighbor’s  doles  or  marks.  Homilies. 

5.  f A void  space  left  in  tillage.  Bailey. 

DOLE,  n.  [L.  dolor,  dolcre,  to  be  in  pain  ; It.  dttolo, 
doglia ; Sp  .dueler,  Fr.  dueil.]  Pain;  grief ; sor- 
row ; affliction ; distress. 

Time  of  thy  dole,  thy  wife  new  dead,  I grant.  Surrey. 

To  change 

Torment  with  ease,  and  soonest  recompense 

Dole  with  delight.  Milton. 

DOLE , n.  [Gr.  iW.o?,  deceit;  L.  dolus-,  It.  if  Sp. 
dolo ; Fr.  dol.]  (Scottish  Law.)  A malevolent 
intention  ; — considered  an  essential  ingredient 
to  constitute  an  action  criminal.  Ogilvie. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  0,  Y,  short;  A,  $,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


DOLE 


435 


DOMESTIC 


DOLE,  v.  a.  [Goth,  dailyan  ; A.  S.  declan  ; Dut. 
dee/en ; Ger.  theilen  ; Dan.  deele ; Sw.  dela .]  [t. 

doled  ; pp.  doling,  doled.]  To  deal  out  in 
small  quantities  ; to  distribute  ; to  apportion  ; 
to  allot ; to  divide.  Brockett. 

DOLE'— FISH,  n.  That  portion  of  the  fish  caught 
in  the  North  Seas  which  the  fishermen  receive 
for  their  allowance  Crabb. 

DOLE  FUL,  a.  X.  Expressing  grief ; sorrowful  ; 
piteous  ; woful  ; rueful ; lamentable  ; dismal. 
For  none  but  you,  or  who  of  you  it  learns, 

Can  rightfully  aread  so  doleful  lay.  Spenser. 

2.  Feeling  grief ; afflicted ; melancholy ; sad. 

Hnw  oft  my  doleful  sire  cried  to  me,  Tarry,  son, 

When  first  he  spied  my  love.  Sidney. 

3.  Impressing  sorrow  ; dismal  ; dolorific. 

“ The  doleful  regions  of  the  dead.”  Pitt. 

DOLE'FUL-LY,  ad.  In  a doleful  manner;  sor- 
rowfully ; mournfully. 

How  dolefully  his  dole  thou  didst  rehearse  1 Spenser. 

DOLE'FUL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  dole- 
ful ; sorrowfulness  ; sorrow  ; melancholy  ; sad- 
ness. “ The  music  wrought,  indeed,  a doleful- 
ness.” Sidney. 

DOLE'— MEAD-OW,  n.  , A meadow  in  which  sev- 
eral persons  have  a share.  Cowell. 

■f-  DO'LENT,  a.  [L.  doleo,  dolens,  to  grieve.]  Sor- 
rowful. “ Effeminately  dolent.”  Ford. 

DOL'p-RlTE,  n.  (Min.)  A species  of  trap-rock, 
composed  of  augite  and  felspar;  basalt.  Lyell. 

DOLE'SOME,  a.  Gloomy  ; dismal ; doleful. 
Hellward  bending  o’er  the  beach  descry 
The  dolesomc  passage  to  the  infernal  sky.  Pope. 

DOLE'SOME-LY,  ad.  In  a dolesome  manner. 

DOLE'SOME-NESS,  n.  Gloom  ; melancholy.  “The 
dolcsomeness  of  the  grave.”  Bp.  Hall. 

DO 'Ll  CA'pAx.  [L.]  (Law.)  Capable  of  mis- 
chief or  criminal  intention ; of  the  age  of  dis- 
cretion ; capable  of  distinguishing  between  good 
and  evil.  Burrill. 

DOL  'I-CIIOS,  n.  [Gr.  Soiled;,  long,  — in  allusion 
to  the  length  of  its  pods.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of 
leguminous  plants  growing  in  theEast  and  West 
Indies,  of  many  species,  the  pods  of  most  of 
which  are  eatable.  Loudon. 

DOL-I-CHU'  RUS,n.  [Gr.  loh^ouoos,  long-tailed.] 

1.  (Pros.)  A long-tailed  verse  ; a verse  hav- 
ing a redundant  foot  or  syllable.  Crabb. 

2.  (Ent.)  A genus  of  hymenopterous  insects, 

belonging  to  the  family  Fossores.  Craig. 

DOL'I-MAN,  n.  A long  kind  of  vest  worn  by  the 
Turks.  Scott. 

DO'-LIT-TLE,  n.  One  who  does  or  performs  lit- 
tle ; an  inefficient  person.  Bp.  Richardson. 

DOLL,  n.  [A  contraction  of  Dorothy.  Johnson. — 
It  may  have  been  adopted  from  the  Old  French 
dol,  trumpery,  a trick ; or  it  may  be  an  abbre- 
viation of  idol.  Todd.  — Perhaps  from  the  Dut. 
dol,  stupid,  senseless ; A.  S.  dwolian,  to  deceive. 
Richardson.  — W.  delio,  an  image.] 

1.  An  image  made  in  imitation  of  an  infant 
for  the  amusement  of  girls  ; a girl’s  puppet  or 
baby. 

2.  Pigeon’s  dung.  [Scotland.]  Simmonds. 

DOL'LAR,  n.  [Dut.,  Dan.,  <Sf  Sw.  duler.  — Ger.  tha- 
ler. “ So  called  from  the  Ger.  thal,  a dale,  a val- 
ley ; because  they  were  first  coined  in  the  valley 
of  Joachim.”  Wachter.  — A.  S.  ctcel,  a portion, 
being  a part  or  portion  of  a ducat.  Skinner. 
Tooke.  — Sw.  daler,  from  the  town  of  Dale  or 
Daleberg,  where  it  was  coined.  Thomson.')  A 
silver  coin  of  Germany,  Holland,  Spain,  the 
United  States,  Mexico,  &c.,  of  different  values  ; 
— that  of  the  United  States  dollar  is  100  cents, 
or  4s.  2d.  sterling. 

DOL  LY,  n.  (Mining.)  A machine  for  washing 
ore,  — being  a board  with  projecting  pins  placed 
over  a tub  and  turned  by  a winch.  Simmonds. 

DOL'MAN,  n.  A Turkish  robe  formerly  presented 
by  the  grand  seignor  to  the  janizaries  on  the 
first  day  of  Ramadan.  Crabb. 

DOL'M£N,  n.  [Celt.]  A table-stone,  or  a table 
of  stones,  such  as  is  found  among  Druidical  re- 
mains ; cromlech.  Smart. 


DOL'O-MITE,  n.  [In  honor  of  M.  Dolomeau,  a 
French  geologist.]  (Min.)  A variety  of  magne- 
sian carbonate  of  lime,  occurring  crystallized  as 
rhomboidal  bitter-spar,  and  in  large  deposits 
as  a distinct  formation  overlying  that  of  the 
coal.  Baird. 

DOL-O-MIT'IC,  a.  Relating  to,  or  containing, 
dolomite.  P.  Cyc. 

DO'LOR  [do'lnr,  S.  IV.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm. ; dol'or, 
Nares,  Entick),  n.  [L.  dolor.  — See  Dole.] 

1.  Pain;  pang;  suffering ; distress;  anguish. 

“ The  dolors  of  death.”  Bacon. 

2.  Grief ; sorrow  ; sadness.  “ The  abundant 

dolor  of  the  heart.”  Shak. 

DOL-O-RIF'JSR-OUS,  a.  [L.  dolor,  pain,  and  fero, 
to  bear.]  Producing  pain.  “ Doloriferous  ef- 
fects in  the  joints.”  Whitaker. 

DOL-O-RIF  IC,  I [It.  <Sj  Sp.  dolorifico.) 

DOL-O-RIF'I-CAL,  ) Causing  grief  or  pain.  Ray. 

DOL-O-ROfb.  [It.]  (Mas.)  Noting  a soft  and 
pathetic  style  of  execution.  . Crabb. 

DOL'O-ROUS,  a.  [L.  dolorosus  ; It.  A-  Sp.  doloro- 
sa ; Fr.  douloureux.)  Causing  pain,  sorrow,  or 
grief;  painful;  sorrowful ; dolorific  ; — gloomy; 
doleful ; dismal. 

Such,  for  the  most  part,  are  the  dolorous  effects  and  bitter 

South. 


stp; 

appendages  of  a prevailing  temptation. 


Hell  itself  will  pass  away, 

And  leave  her  dolorous  mansions  to  the  peering  day.  Milton. 

DOL'O-ROUS-LY,  ad.  In  a dolorous  manner; 
sorrowfully  ; mournfully.  Bale. 

DOL'O-ROUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  dol- 
orous ; sorrowfulness.  Bp.  Taylor. 

DOL  PHIN,  n.  [Gr.  hehpl;,  inhfims ; L.  delphinus  ; 
It.  deljino  ; Sp.  delfin ; Fr.  dauphin.) 

1.  (Zo:>l.) 

The  popular 
name  of  sev- 
eral species  of 
Delphinus,  a 
genus  of  ce- 
taceous mammalia, 

1 comprehending,  ac- 
cording to  some  nat- 
uralists, the  dolphin 
proper,  the  sword- 
fish, the  porpoise; 


Common  dolphin  (Delphinus  delphis). 


Coryphxna  hippuris 


the  grampus,  &c.  ; — appropriately  the  Delphi- 
nus delphis,  or  common  dolphin,  celebrated  in 
the  writing's  of  the  ancients.  The  fish  to  which 
seamen  and  poets  give  this  name  is  the  cory- 
phene  (Coryphcena  hippuris  of  Linnaeus),  long 
celebrated  for  the  swiftness  of  its  swimming, 
and  its  brilliant  and  beautiful  colors.  Brande. 

There  remains  at  Tajnarus  a Email  figure  in  brass  of  a 
man  seated  on  u dolphin's  back,  the  votive  ottering  of  Arion 
himself.  . Beloe's  Herodotus. 

2.  (Grecian  Ant.)  A mass  of  iron  or  lead, 
which  was  hung  at  the  yard-arm,  and  then  sud- 
denly dropped  on  an  enemy’s  ships.  W.  Smith. 

3.  (Astron.)  A constellation,  so  called  from 
its  fancied  resemblance  to  a dolphin.  Hind. 

4.  (Naut.)  A spar  or  buoy  made  fast  to  an 

anchor,  and  usually  supplied  with  a ring,  to 
which  a cable  may  be  bent  : — a mooring-post 
placed  at  the  entrance  of  a dock,  or  on  a quay 
or  wharf:  — a rope  or  strap  round  a mast  to 
support  the  puddening,  where  the  lower  yards 
rest  in  the  slings.  Ogilvie.  Dana. 

5.  (Mil.)  A handle  of  a brass  gun  or  mortar, 

made  in  the  form  of  a dolphin.  Crabb. 

6.  (Arch.)  A technical  term  applied  to  the 

pipe  and  cover  at  a source  for  the  supply  of 
water:  — an  emblem  of  love  and  social  feeling 
frequently  introduced  as  an  ornament  to  coronas 
suspended  in  churches.  I Veale.  FaBholt. 

DOLTHIN-ET,  n.  A female  dolphin. 

The  lion  chose  his  mate,  the  turtle  dove 

Her  dear,  the  dolphin  his  own  dolphinet.  Spenser. 

DOL'PHIN— FLY,  n.  (Ent.)  An  insect  of  the  aphis 
tribe,  destructive  to  beans.  Farm.  Ency. 

DOLT,  n.  [A.  S.  dol,  a dolt  ; Dut.  dol , dull  ; Ger. 
toll.)  A dunce;  a blockhead;  an  ignoramus; 
a dullard.  “ Asses,  fools,  dolts.”  Shak. 

t DOLT,  v.  n.  To  behave  foolishly.  New  Custom. 

DOLT'ISH,  a.  Stupid  ; dull ; foolish  ; blockish. 
“ The  most  arrant  doltish  clown.”  Sidney.” 
“ Doltish  ignorance.”  Hammond. 


DOLT'ISH-LY,  ad.  In  a doltish  manner ; stupid- 
ly ; foolishly.  Bailey. 

DOLT'ISII-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  doltish  ; 
dulness;  stupidity;  foolishness.  “Such blind- 
ness and  doltishness.”  John  Fox. 

f DOLVEN,  p.  from  delve.  Buried.  “ I would  be 
dolven  deep.”  Chaucer. 

—DOM.  [A.  S.]  A termination  of  nouns,  denot- 
ing dominion,  property,  jurisdiction  ; as  king- 
dom, dukedom,  earldom  : — in  a secondary  sense, 
quality,  state,  or  condition  ; as  wisdom,  free- 
dom, martyrdom,  thraldom. 

DOM,  n.  [L.  clominus , a lord.]  A title,  in  the 
middle  ages,  given  to  the  pope,  and  afterwards 
to  Roman  Catholic  dignitaries  and  some  monas- 
tic orders.  — See  Don,  and  Dan. 

f DOM'A-BLE,  a.  [L.  domabi/is  ; domo,  to  tame  •, 
It.  domabile  ; Sp.  domable.)  Capable  of  being 
tamed ; tamable.  Cockeram. 

f DOM'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
tamable  ; tamableness.  Scott. 


f DOM'A^E,  n.  Subjugation. 


Hobbes. 


DO-MAIN'  (do-man'),  n.  [L.  dominium,  property'; 
It.  § Sp.  dominio ; Fr.  domaine.  — See  Demain.] 

1.  The  territory  under  the  jurisdiction  of  a 
sovereign  ; demesne  ; dominion  ; empire. 

Rome’s  great  emperor,  whose  wide  domain 
In  ample  territory,  wealth,  and  power. 

And  long  renown  thou  justly  mayst  prefer 

Before  the  Parthian.  Milton. 

Fair  Thetis  wooes  thee  with  her  blue  domain.  Mickle. 

2.  (Laic.)  Ownership  of  land ; immediate  or 

absolute  ownership  ; paramount  or  ultimate 
ownership  : — an  estate  or  patrimony  which  one 
has  in  his  own  right;  land  of  which  one  is  the 
absolute  owner  ; demesne.  Burrill. 

The  large  domain  his  greedy  sons  divide.  Pope. 

Right  of  eminent,  domain,  the  inherent  sovereign  pow- 
er claimed  by  tile  legislature  of  a state  of  controlling 
private  property  for  public  uses.  Burrill. 

DO'MAL,  a.  [L.  domus,  a house ; It.  domal.) 
(Astro!.)  Relating  to  a house. 

Mars  is  now  entering  into  the  first  house,  and  will  shortly 
appear  in  all  his  domal  dignities.  Addison. 

DO-MA'NJ-AL,  a.  Relating  to  domains  or  landed 
estates,  [n.]  p.  Cyc. 

DOM-BE'YA,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants  found 
in  the  East  Indies,  and  in  Bourbon  and  Mada- 
gascar ; — so  named  from  J.  Dombey,  a French 
botanist.  Eng.  Ency. 

DOME,  n.  [Gr.  Hoya,  or  b6yo;,  a house;  Stylo,  to 
build  ; L.  domus  ; It.  duomo,  a cathedral ; Sp. 
dombo,  a cupola  ; Fr.  dome.) 

1.  A building  of  any  kind  ; a house.  Britton. 

It  chanced  the  noble  master  of  the  dome 

Still  made  his  house  the  wandering  stranger’s  home.  Parnell. 

2.  (Arch.)  A roof  the  base  of  which  is  a cir- 

cle, an  ellipse,  or  a polygon,  and  its  vertical  sec- 
tion a curve  line  concave  towards  the  interior ; 
a cupola.  Weale. 

AST  The  Italians  call  the  principal  church  in  a place 
il  duomo,  tlie  temple  ; hence  many  French  and  Eng- 
lish architects  apply  the  name  to  that  member  which 
is  of  such  frequent  occurrence  in  the  domes  of  Italy  ; 
namely,  the  cupola.  Britton. 

3.  Any  thing  shaped  like  the  dome  of  a build- 

ing; as,  “The  dome  of  a furnace  ”;  “The  dome 
of  a locomotive  engine.”  Weale. 

flQy  “ There  is  a strong  propensity,  particularly  in 
the  people  of  London,  to  pronounce  tiiis  word  so  as  to 
rhyme  with  room  ; hut  this  is  contrary  to  all  our  dic- 
tionaries.” Walker. 

DOME'BOOK  (-buk),  n.  [A.  S.  dombec.)  A book 
or  code  said  to  have  been  compiled  under  the 
direction  of  Alfred,  and  to  have  contained  the 
principal  maxims  of  the  common  law,  the  pen- 
alties for  misdemeanors,  and  the  forms  of  ju- 
dicial proceedings.  Burrill. 

DOMED  (dotnd),  a.  Having  a dome.  P.Mag. 

d6me§'dAy  (domz'da),  n.  See  Doomsday. 

DOME'— SHAPED  (-sliapt),  a.  Shaped  like  a dome  ; 
having  the  form  of  a dome.  Buckland. 

j- DOME.^'MAN  (ddmz'mjn),  to.  A judge  ; a dooms- 
nian.  ’ Wickliffe. 

DO-MES'TIC,  a.  [I/,  domesticus,  domestic  ; do- 


MiEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  9,  g,  soft ; Id,  6,  c,  g,  hard;  l. j as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


DOMESTIC 


436 


DONATE 


mestici,  household  slaves  ; It.  § Sp.  domestico, 
a servant ; F r.  domestique .] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  house  or  home  ; homely. 

Domestic  happiness,  thou  only  hliss 

Of  Paradise  that  has  survived  the  fall.  Cowper. 

The  practical  knowledge  of  the  domestic  duties  is  the  prin- 
cipal glory  of  a woman.  S.  Richardson. 

2.  Fond  of  home  or  privacy  ; attached  to 
family  enjoyments,  and  devoted  to  family  duties ; 
as,  “ A domestic  husband  or  wife.” 

3.  Of,  or  pertaining  to,  one’s  country;  not 
foreign  ; intestine. 

Next  to  the  sin  of  those  who  began  that  rebellion  theirs 
must  needs  be  who  hindered  the  speedy  suppression  ot  it  by 
domestic  dissensions.  TCuig  Charles. 

4.  Inhabiting  the  house,  or  attached  to  the 
house ; not  wild ; tame  ; as,  “ Domestic  animals.” 

DO-MES'TIC,  n.  1.  One  who  houses  or  resides 
with  another ; a house-servant ; menial. 

A servant  dwells  remote  from  all  knowledge  of  his  lord's 
purposes;  he  lives  as  a kiud  of  foreigner  under  the  same  roof; 
a domestic , and  yet  a stranger  too.  South. 

2.  pi.  Domestic  or  American  manufac- 
tures ; cotton  goods.  [U.  S.]  Simmonds. 

Syn.  — See  Servant. 

DO-MES'TI-CAL,  a.  Domestic.  “ Domestical 

"celebration  of  the  Passover.”  Hooker.  “Actions 
both  foreign  and  domestical.”  Daniel,  [it.] 

f DO-MES'TI-CAL,  n.  A household.  Nichols. 

DO-MES’TI-CAL- LY,  ad.  In  a domestic  manner ; 
relatively  to  domestic  affairs  ; privately. 

lie  was  glad  to  return  to  Sheene,  where  he  lived  domesti - 
call'/,  as  usual,  till  the  death  of  Sir  W.  Temple.  Orrery. 

They  tell  us  that  “whether  we  view  aristocracy  before,  or 
behind,  or  sideways,  or  any  way  else,  domestically  or  pub- 
licly, it  is  still  a monster.”  Burke. 

t DO-MES'TI-CANT,  a.  Belonging  to  the  same 
family.  Sir  E.  Dering. 

DO-MES'TI-CATE,  v.  a.  [It.  domesticare ; Sp. 
domesticar ; Fr  .domestiquer.]  [/.domesticat- 
ed ; pp.  DOMESTICATING,  DOMESTICATED.] 

1.  To  make  domestic  ; to  domiciliate  ; to  ac- 
custom to  keep  at  home.  S.  Richardson. 

2.  To  render,  as  it  were,  of  the  same  family. 

Having  the  entry  into  your  houses,  and  being  half  domes - 
ticated  by  their  situation.  Burke. 

3.  To  cause  to  be  attached  to  the  house ; to 

tame.  “ The  sheep,  in  the  domesticated  state,  is 
destitute  of  ordinary  means  of  defence  or  es- 
cape.” Paley. 

DO-MES-TI-CA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  domesticat- 
ing, or  making  domestic.  Kames. 

DO-MpS-TI^'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being  domes- 
tic ; a domestic  affair  or  habit.  “ The  domes- 
ticities of  life.”  [r.]  J.  Martineau. 

DOM'^TT,  n.  A plain  cloth,  of  which  the  warp 
is  cotton  and  the  weft  woollen.  Booth. 

DOm'J-CAL,  a.  Relating  to,  or  shaped  like,  a 
dome.  Loudon. 

DOM'I-CILE,  n.  [L.  domicilium,  a habitation  ; It. 
<Sf  Sp.  domicilio  ; Fr.  domicile .] 

1.  A place  of  abode  ; a house  ; a mansion  ; a 
dwelling  ; a residence  ; habitation  ; home. 

Let  him  have  no  culinary  fire,  no  domicile.  Sir  W.  Jones. 

2.  (Law.)  The  place  in  which  a person  has 
taken  up  his  permanent  residence,  and  to  which, 
when  he  is  absent  from  it,  he  has  the  intention 
of  returning ; residence  as  determining  the  mu- 
nicipal law  to  which  a man  is  subject.  Burrill. 

DOM'I-CILE,  v.  a.  [t.  DOMICILED  ; pp.  DOMICIL- 
ING, domiciled.]  To  establish  in  a fixed  resi- 
dence ; to  domiciliate.  Ld.  Mansfield. 

DOM-J-CIL'I-AR,  n.  A domestic  ; an  inmate. 

The  nuns  of  Strasburg,  the  prebendaries,  the  capitulars, 
and  domiciliars , all  wished  they  had  followed  the  nuns  of 
St.  Ursula’s  example.  Sterne. 

DOM-I-OIL'I  A-RY  (dorn-e-sTI'yj-re),  a.  [It.  § Sp. 
domiciliari'o  ; Fr.  domiciliaire.]  Relating  to 
an  abode,  or  private  residence.  Burke. 

Domiciliary  visit,  (Law.)  a legal  visit  to  a private 
house,  for  the  purpose  of  searching  it. 

DOM-I-CIL'|-ATE,  v.  a.  [Sp.  domiciliarse ; Fr. 
domicilier .]  [/.  domiciliated  ; pp.  domicili- 
ating, DOMICILIATED.] 

1.  To  establish  in  a fixed  residence  ; to  dom- 
icile. Clarke. 

2.  To  render  domestic;  to  domesticate;  to 
tame.  “The  domiciliated  animals.”  Pownall. 


DOM-J-CIL-I-A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  domiciliat- 
ing or  establishing  in  a fixed  residence.  Milman. 

DOM-I-CUL'TURE,  n.  [L.  domus,  a house,  and 
cultura,  cultivation.]  A term  applied  to  house- 
keeping and  cookery,  [it.]  R.  Park. 

fDOM'I-FY,  v.  a.  [L.  domus,  a house,  and  facio, 
to  make.] 

1.  To  tame  ; to  domesticate.  Bailey. 

2.  (Astrol.)  To  divide  the  heavens  into  twelve 

houses  or  parts.  Smart. 

DOM'I-JVA,  n.  [L.,  a lady.]  (Law.)  A title 
given  to  honorable  women  who  anciently,  in 
their  own  right,  held  a barony.  Crabb. 

DOM  I-NANCE,  / Predominance;  ascenden- 

DOM'I-NAN-CY,  ) cy ; rule,  [r.]  Pacldngton. 

DOM'I-NANT,  a.  [L.  dominor,  dominans,  to  play 
the  lord,  from  Gr.  hayaio,  to  tame ; It.  Sj  Sp.  do- 
minante  ; Fr.  dominant.]  ■ Predominant ; pre- 
siding ; prevailing ; ruling.  “ The  dominant 
party  in  England.”  . Wood.  Uu.  Rev. 

flSf-  “ This  word  is  getting  into  general  use.”  Ec. 
Rev. 

DOM'I-NANT,  n.  (Mas.)  1.  The  fifth  note  or  tone 
of  any  scale  ; as,  “ G is  the  dominant  of  the 
scale  or  key  of  C.”  Warner. 

2.  The  common  chord  of  which  the  fifth  of 
any  key  or  scale  is  the  fundamental  tone  ; the 
dominant  chord.  Warner. 

DOM'I-NATE,  v.  n.  [L.  dominor,  dominatus,  to 
play  the  lord  ; dominus,  a lord  ; It.  dominare  ; 
Sp.  dominar ; ~Fr.  do  miner. f To  have  sway;  to 
predominate  ; to  prevail.  Dryden.  Ec.  Rev. 

DOM'J-NATE,  v.  a.  To.  govern  ; to  rule.  Ec.  Rev. 

DOM-I-NA'TION,  n.  [L.  dominatio,  rule ; It.  do- 
minazione-,  Sp . dominacion  •,  Fr.  domination.] 

1.  Power  ; dominion  ; rule  ; sway. 

Virtue  hath  now  no  domination.  Chaucer. 

2.  Unrestricted  power;  absolute  dominion; 
supremacy  ; tyranny  ; despotism. 

There  are  ambitious  men 

That  strive  for  domination.  Brome. 

3.  A ruling  party.  “ That  austere  and  inso- 
lent domination  [the  aristocracy].”  Burke. 

4.  pi.  An  order  of  angels  invested  with  high 
authority.  “ The  aspiring  dominations.”  Milton. 

Either  thrones,  either  dominations,  either  princehoods, 
either  powers.  Col.  i.  16.  I Vickliffe's  Trans. 

DOM'I-NA-TIVE,  a.  [It.  <Sf  Sp.  dominativo.] 

1.  Imperious  ; insolent.  Bailey. 

2.  Governing;  presiding;  ruling.  “Wisdom 

and  dominative  virtue.”  Sandys. 

DOM’ I-nA-TOR,  n.  [L .,  a lord.]  A ruler;  the 
presiding  or  predominant  power  ; the  ruling  in- 
fluence.Sole  dominator  of  Navarre.”  Shak. 

Jupiter  with  Mars,  dominator  $ fox  this  north-west  part  of 
the  world.  Camden. 

God,  who  is  the  dominator  of  glory,  gives  and  takes  away 
as  seemeth  good  to  him.  Donne. 

DOM'I-Ng,  n.  [L.  dominus .]  A cant  term  for  a 
schoolmaster;  a teacher. — See  Dominie.  Locke. 

DOM-J-NEER',  v.  n.  [See  Dominate,  v.  n .]  [£. 

DOMINEERED  ; pp.  DOMINEERING,  DOMINEER- 
ED.] To  rule  in  an  insolent,  overbearing,  or 
haughty  manner  ; to  govern  arbitrarily  ; to  lord 
it ; to  tyrannize  ; to  swell  ; to  bluster. 

Ilis  wishes  tend  abroad  to  roam, 

And  hers  to  domineer  at  home.  Prior. 

DOM-I-NEER',  v.  a.  To  govern  ; to  rule,  [r.] 

Each  village-fable  domineers  in  turn 

His  brain’s  distempered  nerves.  IValpole. 

DOM-I-NEER'ING,  p.  a.  Ruling  with  insolence  ; 
overbearing ; tyrannical. 

DO-MIN'I-CAL,  a.  [Low  L . dominicalis ; L . do- 
minicus  ; dominus,  a lord  ; It.  dominicale  ; Sp. 
Si  Fr.  dominical .]  Relating  to  the  Lord;  — the 
Lord’s  day,  or  Sunday: — noting  the  Lord’s 
prayer. 

The  Dominical  Prayer  and  the  Apostolical  Creed  are  two 
acts  tending  to  the  same  object  of  devotion.  Howell. 

Dominical  letter,  a letter  (one  of  the  first  seven  in  tile 
alphabet)  which  is  used  in  the  almanacs  to  represent 
Sunday. 

DO-MIN'I-CAL,  n.  1.  The  Lord’s  day.  “ Every 
dominical  in  the  year.”  [R.l  Hammond. 

2.  The  Lord’s  prayer,  [it.] 

We  decree  that  every  woman,  when  she  doth  communi- 
cate, have  her  dominical.  Jewell. 


DO-MIN'J-CAN,  a.  [Fr.  dominicain. ] Belonging 
to  St.  Dominic,  or  the  order  of  that  name. 

DO-MIN'I-CAN,  n.  A friar  of  the  order  of  St. 
Dominic  ; — called  also  predicant,  or  preaching 
friar,  jacobin,  and  black-friar.  Maunder. 

DO-MIN'J-CIDE,  n.  [L.  dominus,  a lord,  and  catdo, 
"to  kill.] 

1.  The  murder  of  a master.  Clarke. 

2.  One  who  kills  his  master.  Boag. 

DOM'J-NUJ,  n.  A term  familiarly  applied  to  a 
schoolmaster  in  Scotland  ; a pedagogue ; — 
sometimes  applied  also  to  a clergyman.  — See 
Domine.  Jamieson. 

DO-MIN'ION  (do-mln'yun),  n.  [L.  dominium, 
property  ; It.  % Sp.  dominio .] 

1.  Sovereign  authority  ; absolute  rule. 

To  the  only  wise  God  our  Saviour,  be  glory  and  majesty, 
dominion  and  power,  both  now  and  ever.  Jude  25. 

2.  Right  of  ownership  ; right  of  using  and 
disposing  of  a thing  at  pleasure. 

He  could  not  have  private  dominion  over  that  which  was 
under  the  private  dominion  of  another.  Locke. 

3.  Territory  governed ; region;  country  ; dis- 

trict. “ She  . . . dwelt  in  the  dominion  of  Arche- 
laus.”  Usher. 

4.  The  people  under  the  jurisdiction  of  a 
sovereign. 

Judah  was  his  sanctuary,  Israel  his  dominion.  Ps.  cxiv.  2. 

5.  Predominance  ; ascendency. 

Objects  placed  foremost  ought  to  be  more  finished  than 
those  cast  behind,  and  to  have  dominion  over  things  confused 
aiul  transient.  Dryden. 

6.  An  order  of  angels.  Johnson . 

By  him  were  all  things  created,  visible  and  invisible, 

whether  they  be  thrones,  or  dominions,  or  principalities,  or 
powers.  Col.  i.  16. 

Syn.  — See  Authority. 

DOM'I-NO,  n. ; pi.  d6m'i-no$.  [It.] 

1.  A kind  of  hood  or  garment  formerly  worn 

over  the  head  and  shoulders  by  priests  as  a pro- 
tection from  the  weather.  Maunder. 

2.  A woman’s  mourning  vest.  Crabb. 

3.  A masquerade  garment  worn  by  men  and 

women,  consisting  of  a long  silk  mantle,  with  a 
cap  and  wide  sleeves.  Maunder. 

As  to  masked  balls,  it  is  an  amusement  altogether  to  be 
condemned,  except  those  of  the  opera.  Neither  should  we 
appear  there  except  in  a domino.  Mine.  Celuart. 

4.  A flat  piece  of  ivory  or  bone  of  oblong 
shape,  variously  dotted  after  the  manner  of  dice, 
used  in  playing  the  game  called  dominos.  Smart. 

5.  pi.  A game  played  by  two  or  more  persons 

with  twenty-eight  pieces  of  ivory,  variously  dot- 
ted. Maunder. 

DOjH’I-JTUS,  n.  ; pi.  d&Mi-ni.  [L.]  Master; 
sir  ; — a title  anciently  given  to  a clergyman, 
gentleman,  or  lord  of  a manor.  Ash. 

DO'MITE,  n.  (Min.)  A grayish  earthy  variety  of 
trachyte ; — from  the  Puy-de-Dome  in  Au- 
vergne, France.  Dana. 

DON,  n.  [L.  dominus,  a lord  ; Port,  dom  ; Sp. 
don ; Fr.  dom.] 

1.  A Spanish  title,  formerly  given  only  to 
noblemen,  but  now  of  general  application. 

2.  A term  applied  familiarly  or  ironically  to 
one  who  thinks  himself  a person  of  importance. 

To  the  great  dons  of  wit 
Phoebus  gives  them  full  privilege  alone 
To  damn  all  others  and  cry  up  their  own.  Dryden. 

3.  A fellow  or  an  officer  of  college.  [Cam- 
bridge Univ.,  Eng.]  Bristed. 

DON,  v.  a.  [to  do  on.]  To  put  on  ; to  invest  with  : 
— opposed  to  doff.  — See  Doff. 

Then  up  he  rose,  and  donned  his  clothes.  Shak. 

flgg-  This  word,  said  by  Johnson  to  be  obsolete,  is, 
according  to  Brockett,  in  common  use  in  the  north  of 
England. 

DO'NA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  given.  Craig. 

DO'NA-CTTE,  n.  (Pal.)  A petrified  shell  of  the 
genus  Donax.  Ogilvie. 

DO'NA-RY,  n.  [L.  donariitm,  a votive  offering ; 
dono,  to"  give.]  A thing  given  to  sacred  uses. 
“ Inscriptions,  pendants,  donaries.”  Burton. 

fDON'AT,  or  DON'JJT,  n.  A grammar ; — so 
named  from  Donatus,  author  of  an  “ Introduc- 
tion to  the  Latin  Language.”  Chaucer. 

DO'NATE,  v.  a.  [L.  dono,  donatus,  to  give ; It. 
donare-,  Fr.  doner.  — Sec  Donation.]  [i.  do- 


I,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  Il&IR,  HER; 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  I,  9,  U,  Y,  obscure ; FARE 


DONATION 


437 


DOOR-PANEL 


NATED ; pp.  DONATING,  DONATED.]  To  give; 
to  contribute.  [A  modern  word.]  Qu.  Rev. 

More  than  a hundred  thousand  dollars  have  been  donated 
to  both  branches  ot' the  institution  by  members  of  bis  [S.  Phil- 
lips'] family.  Dr.  E.  A.  Park. 

DO-NA'TION,  n.  [L.  donatio,  a giving;  dono,  to 
give  ; It.  donazione ; Sp.  donacion  ; Fr.  donation .] 

1.  The  act  of  giving  or  bestowing  ; a granting. 

After  donation  there  is  an  absolute  change  and  alienation 

made  of  the  property  of  the  thiug  given.  South. 

2.  That  which  is  gratuitously  given  ; a gift ; 
a grant ; a largess. 

And  some  donation  freely  to  estate 
On  the  blessed  lovers.  Shak. 

3.  {Law.)  The  act  by  which  the  owner  of  a 
thing  voluntarily  transfers  the  title  and  posses- 

- sion  of  the  same  from  himself  to  another  per- 
son, without  any  consideration.  Bouvier. 

4.  ( Eccl . Law.)  A mode  of  acquiring  a bene- 

fice by  deed  of  gift  alone,  without  presentation, 
institution,  or  induction.  Burrill. 

Syn.  — See  Gift. 

DO-NA'TION-PAR'TY,  n.  A gathering  of  pa- 
rishioners at  the  house  of  their  pastor,  at  which 
each  one  brings  some  gift  for  his  benefit : — a 
party,  the  object  of  which  on  the  part  of  the 
guests  is  to  make  a donation  to  the  person  or 
the  family  that  entertains  them.  [Local,  N . Eng.] 

DON'A-TI§M,  n.  {Eccl.  Hist.)  The  tenets  of  the 
Donatists.  A bp.  Whitgift. 

DON'A-TIST,  n.  {Eccl.  Hist.)  A Christian  schis- 
matic of  Africa,  or  follower  of  Donatus,  bishop 
of  Casa  Nigra  in  Numidia,  a theologian  of  the 
fourth  century,  who  taught  that  the  church  was 
not  infallible,  that  it  had  erred  in  his  time,  and 
that  he  was  to  be  the  restorer  of  it.  Hooker. 

DON-A-TIS'TIC,  ) a.  Pertaining  to  the  Don- 

DON-A-TIS'TI-CAL,  5 atists.  Fuller. 

DON'A-TIVE  [don'j-tlv,  W.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  Sm. 
R.  C.\  do'n?-tIv,  S.  K.  Wb.\,  n.  [L. donativum, 
a present;  dono,  to  give;  It.  <Sf  Sp.  donativo ; 
Fr.  donatif.) 

1.  A gift ; a donation  ; a largess. 

They  were  entertained  with  public  shows  and  donatives, 
to  make  them  more  easily  digest  their  lost  liberty.  Dryden. 

2.  {Eccl.  Law.)  A benefice  given  by  a patron 

without  presentation  to  the  bishop,  or  institu- 
tion or  induction  by  his  order.  Cowell. 

DON'A-TIVE,  a.  Vested  or  vesting  by  donation. 
“ Donative  advowson.”  Burrill. 

DO-NA'  TOR,  n.  [L.]  {Civil  and  old  Eng.  Late.) 
A donor  or  giver.  Burrill. 

DON'A-TO-RY,  n.  {Scottish  Law.)  A person  on 
whom  the  king  bestows  his  right  to  any  forfeit- 
ure that  has  fallen  to  the  crown.  Crabb. 

DO'NAX,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  (5<ira|,  a sort  of  reed, 
also  a kind  of  boring  shell-fish.] 

1.  {Bot.)  A species  of  grass  found  in  the 

south  of  Europe,  and  used  for  fishing-rods,  for 
looms,  and  many  other  purposes  ; Arundo  do- 
nax.  Loudon. 

2.  {Conch.)  A genus  of  bivalve  shells,  the 

form  of  which  is  inequilateral  and  wedge- 
shaped.  Maunder. 

DONE  (dun),  p.  from  do.  See  Do. 

fpjp  When  done  is  used  in  the  sense  of  agreed,  in 
concluding  a bargain  or  wager,  Johnson,  and  some 
other  lexicographers,  call  it  an  interjection.  In  such 
cases  it  is  used  elliptically  for  it  is  done. 

f DONE  (dun).  The  old  infinitive  of  do.  “ As 
maidens  used  to  done.”  Spenser. 

DO-NEE',  n.  {Law.)  One  to  whom  a donation  is 
made,  or  a bequest  given  : — in  old  English  law, 
he  to  whom  lands  were  given,  also,  later,  he  to 
whom  lands  and  tenements  are  given  in  tail : — 
in  modern  and  American  law,  the  party  execut- 
ing a power,  and  otherwise  called  the  appointee ; 
— opposed  to  donor.  Burrill. 

DO-NIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  donum,  a gift,  and  fero, 
to  bear.]  Bearing  gifts.  Ogilvie. 

DON'JON  (diin'jun),  n.  [Low  L.  dunjo ; Old  Fr. 
dongeon-,  Fr.  donjon.  — A.  S.  dun,  a hill.] 

1.  The  principal  and  strongest  tower  of  a cas- 
tle, usually  raised  on  an  artificial  mound,  and 
situated  in  the  innermost  court ; — called  also 


the  keep,  or  donjon-keep.  Its  lower  part  was 
commonly  used  as  a prison  for  the  confinement 
of  captives.  — See  Dungeon.  Britton. 

2.  {Arch.)  A pavilion  raised  above  the  roof 
of  a house,  to  command  a fine  view.  Crabb. 

DON'KJJY  (dong'ke,  82),  n.  An  ass,  or  mule,  for 
the  saddle,  or  for  draught. 

“ In  Chaucer’s  Canterbury  Tales,  v.  16954,  we 

have  — 

Thor  gan  our  hoste  to  jape  and  to  play, 

And  sayde,  Sires,  what?  Dun  is  in  the  mire. 

“There  is  also  an  old  proverbial  simile:  — 

As  dull  as  Dun  in  the  mire. 

“ It  is  supposed  that  Dun  was  a nickname  applied  to 
the  ass  from  his  color,  in  the  same  way  as  Burnell,  in 
the  Chester  Whitsun  Playes,  MS.  Harl.  2013,  and  Rus- 
sell, applied  to  the  fox,  Canterbury  Tales,  v.  15340. 

“As  to  the  termination  key,  it  is  probably  (as  in  mon- 
key, jockey,  which  are  the  only  words  of  similar  for- 
mation which  I can  call  to  mind  at  present)  the  same 
as  kin,  which  has  the  force  of  a diminutive  in  words 
like  lambkin,  mannikin,  & c.”  Notes  tSs  Queries. 

DON'KIJY-EN'fJHNE,  n.  A kind  of  steam-pump 
to  feed  boilers.  Simmonds. 

DON'NA,  n.  [It.,  a lady. ] The  Italian  title  for 
lady,  corresponding  to  the  Spanish  dona,  and 
the  Port.  dona.  Qu.  Rev. 

DON'NAT,  n.  [do  and  naught.  Johnson .]  An  idle 
fellow.  [North  of  England.]  Granger. 

DON'NISjM,  n.  The  quality  of  a don,  or  one  who 
thinks  himself  of  great  consequence  ; arrogant 
or  haughty  behavior.  Clarke. 

DO'NOR,  n.  [L.  donor  ; dono,  to  give.] 

1.  One  who  gives  gratuitously  ; one  who 
makes  a donation  ; a giver. 

On  the  one  hand,  the  acceptance  of  that  gift  by  Mr.  Has- 
tings  must  have  pledged  a tacit  faith  for  some  degree  of  indul- 
gence towards  the  c/onor;  if  it  was  a free  gift,  gratitude;  if  it 
was  a bargain,  justice  obliged  him  to  it.  Burke. 

2.  {Law.)  The  party  making  a donation  : — 
one  who  gives  lands  to  another  in  tail : — in  mod- 
ern law,  the  party  conferring  a power.  Burrill. 

DON'SHIP,  n.  [See  Don,  m.]  A title  given  to 
gentlemen  and  knights. 

I draw  the  lady 

Unto  my  kinsman’s  here  only  to  torture 

Your  donships  for  a day  or  two.  Beau.  FI. 

DON'ZEL,  n.  [Low  L.  domicellus ; L.  dominus,  a 
lord ; It.  donzello  ; Sp.  doncel ; Fr.  damoisel 
or  damoiseau .]  A young  gentleman  following 
arms,  and  not  yet  knighted  ; a page. 

Esquire  to  a knight-errant,  donzel  to  the  damsels.  Butler 

DOOB,  n.  {Bot.)  A species  of  grass  ; Cynodon 
dactylon  ; — called  also  doub-grass,  and  dog’s- 
tooth  grass.  Clarke. 

DOO'DLE,  n.  [“  Perhaps  corrupted  from  do-little.” 
Johnson .]  A trifler ; a simple  fellow ; an  idler.-4s/t. 

DOO'DLE— SACK,  n.  A provincial  name  of  the 
Scotch  bagpipe.  Sir  G.  Head. 

DOOK,  n.  A piece  of  wood  inserted  in  a brick 
wall ; a wooden  brick.  [Scotland.]  Jamieson. 

t DOOLE  (dol),  n.  Dole ; grief.  Spenser. 

DOO'LY,  n.  A covered  litter  or  palanquin,  for  con- 
veying the  sick  or  wounded.  [India.]  Simmonds. 

DOOM,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  deman,  to  think,  to  judge; 
Dut.  doemen ; Sw.  domma  ; Dan.  domme.\  [i. 
DOOMED;  pp.  DOOMING,  DOOMED.] 

1.  To  estimate  in  respect  to  merit  or  demerit; 
to  judge  ; to  determine. 

Him  through  malice  fallen, 

Father  of  mercy  and  grace,  thou  dost  not  doom 
So  strictly,  but  much  more  to  pity  incline.  Milton. 

2.  To  sentence  ; to  condemn. 

He  may  be  doomed  to  chains,  to  shame,  to  death.  Smith. 

3.  To  decree  ; to  destine  ; to  appoint. 

Have  I a tongue  to  doom  my  brother’s  death, 

And  shall  that  tongue  give  pardon  to  a slave?  Shak. 

Fate  and  the  gods 

Have  doomed  our  ships  to  seek  the  Latian  land.  Bn/dcn. 

4.  To  tax  by  estimate  or  at  discretion.  [New 
Eng.]  Mass.  Colony  Laws,  ed.  1660.  Pickering. 

DOOM,  n.  [Goth,  doms  ; A.  S.  dom  ; Dut.  doem ; 
Sw.  & Dan.  dom.) 

I.  Judicial  sentence  ; judgment ; decree. 

And  now,  without  redemption,  all  mankind 

Must  have  been  lost,  adjudged  to  death  and  hell 

By  doom  severe.  Milton. 

Revoke  that  doom  of  mercy;  for ’t is  Clifford.  Shak. 


2.  The  last  judgment.  “The  crack  of  doom.” 

“ The  perpetual  doom."  Shak. 

3.  The  state  to  which  one  is  destined  ; inev- 
itable condition  ; fate  ; destiny. 

Till  yon  dial 

Casts  its  thin  shadow  on  the  approaching  hour 

I hear  this  gallant  traitor.  On  the  instant 

Come,  without  word,  and  lead  him  to  his  doom.  Talfourd. 

4.  f Discrimination  ; discernment. 

He  was  of  manners  mild,  of  doom  exact.  Mir.  for  Mag. 

Syn.  — See  Destiny. 

DOOM,  n.  {Bot.)  A remarkable  species  of  palm- 
tree,  growing  near  Thebes  in  Upper  Egypt,  and 
bearing  a fruit  of  about  the  size  of  an  orange, 
with  a nutritious  rind,  and  a hard,  semi-trans- 
parent kernel,  that  is  turned  into  beads  and  oth- 
er ornaments  ; — sometimes  written  doum,  and 
called  also  gingerbread-tree.  Eng.  Cyc. 

DOOM'A^E,  n.  A fine  or  penalty.  Laws  of  N.  Ii. 

DOOM'FUL,  a.  Full  of  judgment  or  condemna- 
tion. “ Doomful  deluge.”  [r.]  Drayton. 

DOOMSDAY,  n.  1.  f A day  of  sentence,  or  judg- 
ment. Piers  Plouhman.  Shak. 

2.  The  day  of  final  and  universal  judgment. 

Men,  wives,  and  children  stare,  cry  out,  and  run 

As  it  were  doomsday . Shut,-. 

DOOMSDAY— BOOK  (-buk),  n.  [doomsday  and 
book.  Johnson.  — “Of  doubtful  origin.  The  first 
syllable  seems  derived  from  doom,  judgment.” 
Brands.  — “ The  Booke  of  Bermondsey  saith 
this  book  was  laid  up  in  the  king’s  treasury 
(which  was  in  the  church  of  Winchester  or 
Westminster),  in  a place  called  Dornus  Dei,  or 
God’s  house,  and  so  the  name  of  the  book,  there- 
fore, called  Dornus  Dei,  and  since,  shortly, 
Domesday .”  Stoic’s  Annals .]  A book  made  by 
order  of  William  the  Conqueror,  in  which  the 
extent  and  limits  of  the  lands  of  England,  their 
proprietors,  tenures,  value,  &c.,  were  registered ; 
— called  also  doom-book,  domesday-book,  or,  sim- 
ply, domesday. 

The  Danes  also  brought  in  a reckoning  of  money  by  ores, 
“per  oras,”  which  is  mentioned  in  doomsday-hock. ~ Camden. 

DOOM§'MAN,  n.  A judge.  — See  Domesman. 

DOOR  (dor),  n.  [Sans.  dear.  — Gr.  Ouaa. — Goth. 
dauro,  or  daur  ; A.  S.  duru,  or  dora  ; Frs.  dbar  ; 
Dut.  deur ; Ger.  thiir.  — “Now  a doore,  it  is 
as  much  to  say  as  through,  and  not  improper, 
because  it  is  a durh-fare,  or  thorough  passage.” 
Verstegan.  Tooke.\ 

1.  The  place  of  usual  entrance  in  a house,  or 
into  a room  in  the  house  ; a doorway  ; entrim  le. 

Without  rules  there  can  be  no  art,  any  more  than  re 
can  be  a house  without  a door  to  conduct  you  in.  Diyuen. 

2.  The  wooden  or  other  frame  that  closes  and 
opens  the  entrance  of  a house,  room,  or  of  some 
other  enclosure. 

Every  door  of  free  will  open  flew.  Spenser. 

At  last  she  spied,  at  that  room's  upper  end, 

Another  iron  door.  Spenser. 

3.  In  familiar  language,  a house. 

Martin’s  office  is  now  the  second  door  in  the  street.  Arbuthnot. 

4.  Means  of  approach;  passage;  avenue. 

I am  the  door  of  the  sheep.  John  x.  7. 

To  lie  at  the  door  of  a person,  to  be  imputable  or 
chargeable  to  him.  “ If  I have  failed,  the  fault  lies 
wholly  at  my  door.”  Drydcn.  — In  or  -within  doors,  in 
the  house. — Without  doors,  out  of  door  or  doors,  out  of 
the  house.  “ Running  out  of  doors.”  Farmer. — Fig- 
uratively, no  wore  to  be  found  ; quite  gone.  “ Ilis  im- 
aginary title  of  fatherhood  is  out  of  doors.”  Locke. — 
Next  door  to,  near  ; bordering  upon. 

DOOR'— CASE,  n.  The  frame  in  which  the  door  is 
enclosed.  Brande. 

DOOR'— FRAME,  n.  The  surrounding  case  of  a 

door,  into  and  out  of  which  the  door  opens  and 
shuts  ; door-case.  I Veale. 

f DOOR'ING  (dor'jng),  n.  A door-case. 

So  terrible  a noise  as  shakes  the  doorings  of  houses  in  those 
islands  ten  miles  off.  Milton. 

DOOR'— KEEP-pR  (dor'kep-er),  n.  One  that  has 

charge  of  a door  or  entrance  ; a porter. 

I had  rather  be  a door-keeper  in  the  house  of  my  God  than 
to  dwell  in  the  tents  of  wickedness.  Ps.  lxxxiv.  10. 

DOOR'— NATL  (dor'nal),  n.  1.  The  nail  on  which, 
in  ancient  doors,  the  knocker  struck. 

Dead  as  a door-nail.  Piei-e  Plouhman. 

2.  A nail  to  fasten  a door. 

DOOR'— pAN-IJL,  n.  The  panel  of  a door.  Hawkins. 


MlEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  ROLE.  — (j,  <;, 


soft;  IS,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z ; $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


DOOR-POST 


DOTAGE 


DOOR'— POST,  n.  The  post  of  a (Joor. 

DOOR'— SILL,  n.  A piece  of  timber  at  the  foot  of 
a door  ; threshold.  Johnson. 

DOOR'STpAD,  n.  Entrance  or  place  of  a door. 
Did  nobody  clog  up  the  king’s  doorstead  more  tlmn  I, 
there  would  be  room  for  all  honest  men.  Wat'uurton. 

DOOR'— STONE,  n.  The  stone  at  the  threshold. 
DOOR'— WAY,  n.  The  passage  of  a door.  Ed.  Rev. 
f DOP'PING,  n.  A dipping,  as  of  ducks.  Smart. 
DOQ'UET  (dok'et),  n.  See  Docket. 

DOR,  v.  a.  To  deceive.  — See  Dorr.  B.  Jonson. 

DOR,  n.  [A.  S.  dora,  a locust,  a drone.]  ( Ent .) 
A kind  of  beetle ; the  common  cockchafer ; 
Melolontha  imlgaris  ; — called  also  dor-buy,  dor- 
beetle,  dummador,  and  May-bug.  Harris. 

Do'RA,  n.  ( Bot .)  See  Doura..  Loudon. 

DO-RA'DO,  n.  [Sp.,  gilt.]  ( Astron .)  A southern 
constellation  ; — called  sometimes  the  Sword- 
-fish. Brande. 

DO-REE',  or  DO'REE  [do-re', 

Ja.  I Vb.  Todd-,  do'rg,  Sm.], 
n.  [Fr.  doree,  gilt.]  ( Ich .) 

A name  given  to  several 
species  of  aeanthopterygi- 
ous  fish  of  the  genus  Zeus. 

The  common  doree  is  dis- 
tinguished by  its  large  and 
long  head,  its  dusky-green  Common  doree,  or  dory 
color,  accompanied  by  a {Zevsfaber  ofLiun»us). 
strong  gilt  tinge,  and  by  a large  oval  dusky  spot 
on  each  side ; — commonly  called  John  [Fr. 
jaune,  yellow]  Dory.  - Yarrell. 

DO'RI-AN,  a.  [Fr.  dorien.]  (Geog.)  Relating  to 
Doris  or  Doria  in  Greece  ; Doric. 

The  Dorian  mood 

Of  flutes  and  soft  recorders.  Milton. 

DO'IJI-AN,  n.  A native  of  Doris.  P.  Cyc. 

DOR'IC,  a.  [Gr.  Awoucdj ; It.  Sp.  Dorico ; Fr. 
Dorique .] 

1.  (Geog.)  Relating  to  Doris,  or  to  the  Dori- 
ans ; as,  “ The  Doric  dialect.” 

2.  (Arch.)  Denoting  the  sec- 
ond order  of  columns,-  between 
the  Tuscan  and  the  Ionic.  The 
Doric  order  is  distinguished  for 
simplicity  and  strength. 

Pilasters  round 

Were  set,  and  Doric  pillars  overlaid 
With  golden  architrave.  Milton. 

3.  Denoting  one  of  the  three  ancient  kinds 
of  music.  Its  character  was  majestic,  inciting 
to  cool  and  deliberate  courage.  Bp.  Newton. 

DOR'|-Ci§M,  n.  A Doric  phrase  or  idiom.  Boyle. 

DO'RIS,  n.  1.  (Zoiil.)  A genus  of  naked  gastrop- 
odous  marine  mollusks,  which  are  likewise  des- 
titute of  any  internal  testaceous  plate.  Gould. 

2.  (Astron.)  An  asteroid  discovered  by  Gold- 
schmidt in  1857.  Lovering. 

DO'RI^M,  n.  [Gr.  Afc’ptoi ipts-]  A Doric  phrase  ; a 
Doricisni.  Essay  on  Gr.  % L.  Pros.  1796. 

DO'RIZE,  v.  n.  [Gr.  Aupi£u.]  To  imitate  the  Do- 
rians; to  use  the  Doric  dialect.  Cudworth. 

DOR'MAN-CY,  n.  The  state  of  being  dormant: 

quiescence  ; sleep  ; abeyance.  Horsley. 

DOR'MANT,  a.  [L.  dormio,  dormiens,  to  sleep  ; 
It.  dormente ; Sp.  durmiente  ; Fr.  dormant.'] 

1.  Sleeping ; inactive ; at  rest ; quiescent. 

“ Dormant  anger.”  Congreve.  “ Dormant  sea.” 
G.  Fletcher.  “ Dormant  organization.”  Paley. 

2.  Concealed  ; not  divulged ; secret.  “ Dor- 
mant musters  of  soldiers.”  Bacon. 

3.  (Her.)  In  a sleeping  posture. 

Not  a lion  rampant,  but  rather  couchant  and  dormant. 

Brown. 

4.  (Law.)  Suspended  ; not  active  ; not  in  ex- 

ercise;  — not  apparent;  not  known.  Burrill. 

5-  (Arch.)  Noting  a vertical  window  in  the 
sloping  roof  of  a house.  “ Old  dormant  win- 
dows.” Cleaveland. 

Dormant,  partner,  ( Com .)  a partner  who  takes  no 
ac  ive  part  in  a business,  but  who  shares  the  profits 
and  is  liable  for  his  proportion  of  the  losses  ;_called 
also  a silent  or  sleeping  partner.  Crabb. 

DOR'MANT,  n.  A large  beam  lying  across  a room ; 
a sleeper ; a dormer.  Fairfax. 


438 


DOR'MIJR,  n.  1.  (Arch.)  A cross-beam;  a dor- 
mant ; a sleeper. 

2.  A window  standing  vertically  on  a sloping 
roof ; — probably  so  called  from  its  lighting  dor- 
mitories-, a luthern.  Writ- 
ten also  dormant,  dormar, 
and  dormant. 

DOR'M^R-WIN'DOW,  n. 

(Arch.)  A window  placed 
vertically  in  the  sloping 
roof  of  a house.  Smart. 

DOR'MI-TIVE,  n.  [L.  dor- 
mio, to  sleep;  Sp.  dormi-  ja 
tivo ; Fr.  dormitif]  (Med.) 

A medicine  for  promoting  Dormer-window, 
sleep  ; a soporiferous  potion  ; an  opiate. 

Does  any  distressed  patient  want  an  emetic  ...  or  a dor- 
mitivet  Arbuthnot. 

DOR'MI-TIVE,  a.  Causing  sleep;  tending  to  pro- 
duce sleep  ; somniferous.  " Perry. 

DOR'MI-TO-RY,  n.  [L.  dormitorium ; dormio,  to 
sleep  ; It.  <§•  Sp.  dormitorio .] 

1.  A place  to  sleep  in  ; commonly  a large 
sleeping  apartment,  capable  of  containing  many 
beds.  “ Dormitory  of  a convent.”  Bp.  Hall. 

2.  A burial-place.  1 ' A dormitory  among  the 

ashes  of  kings.”  Ludlow. 

DOR'MOUSE,  n. ; pi. 
dor'mIce.  [L.rfor- 
miens,  sleeping, 
and  rnus, a mouse.] 

(Zoiil.)  A small 
animal,  of  the 
genus  Myoxus, 

intermediate  be-  

twTeen  the  squirrel  Common  dormouse  (.Myoxus  avella- 
and  the  common  nanus). 

mouse,  that  remains,  with  little  interruption, 
in  a torpid  or  lethargic  state  during  the  win- 
ter. Bell. 

DORN,  n.  [Ger.  dorn,  a thorn.]  (Ich.)  A fish; 
the  thornback ; Rara  clavata.  Carew. 

f DOR'NIK,  or  DOR'NjX,  n.  [Of  Doornik,  or 
Tournay,  in  Belgium,  where  first  made.  Bailey. 
Johnson .]  A term  formerly  applied  to  various 
kinds  of  goods  manufactured  at  Tournay,  used 
for  curtains,  hangings,  and  carpets;  — written 
also  darnic,  darmx,  and  dornek.  Nares. 

DOR'NOCK,  n.  A species  of  figured  linen,  of 
stout  fabric  ; — so  called  from  Dornoek,  in  Scot- 
land, where  it  was  first  manufactured  for  table- 
cloths. lire. 

DO'RON,  n.  [Gr.  rtopoi;.]  A gift : — the  measure  of 
a hand’s  breadth.  Clarke. 

f DORP,  n.  [A.  S.  thorpe  ; Dut.  dorp  ; Ger.  dorf.] 
A small  village.  — See  Thorpe. 

No  neighboring  dorp,  no  lodging  to  be  found.  Dryden. 

f DORR,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  dydrian,  to  deceive.]  To  de- 
ceive ; to  trick  ; to  cheat;  to  outwit.  “ That  vil- 
lain dorrs  me.”  B.  Jonson. 

DORR,  n.  (Ent.)  The  cockchafer.  — See  Dor. 

A hundred  businesses  of  other  men  flv  continually  about 
his  head,  . . . and  strike  him  in  the  face  like  dorrs.  Cow/e/i. 

DORR'— BEE-TLE,  n.  (Ent.)  The  dorr.  Goldsmith. 

DORR'pR,  n.  An  idle  person  ; a drone.  “Con- 
tent to  live  idle,  like  dorrers .”  [it.]  More. 

kind  of  beetle ; the 
Milton. 

DORR'— IIAwk,  n.  (Ornith.)  Abird;  — called  also 
goatsucker  and  night-jar.  Pennant. 

DijR'SAL,  a.  [L.  dorsualis  ; dorsum,  the  back  ; 
It.  dorsale  ; Sp.  Fr.  dorsal.]  Belonging  to,  or 
growing  on,  the  back.  Pennant. 

fDOR'SALE,  n.  A kind  of  tapestry;  dorsel.  Ash. 

f DORSE,  n.  1.  [Old  Fr.  ders,  from  L.  dorsum, 
the  back.]  A canopy.  “ A dorse  of  crimson 
velvet.”  Sutton. 

2.  The  back  of  a book.  “ Books,  all  richly 
bound  with  gilt  dorses.”  Wood. 

DOR'SIJL,  n.  [L.  dorsum,  the  back  ; Fr.  dos,  dos- 
sier ; Norm.  Fr.  doscl,  doser,  a silk  canopy.] 

1.  A pannier  for  a beast  of  burden  ; a pack- 

saddle.  Scott. 

2.  A kind  of  woollen  stuff.  Clarke. 


DORR'-FLY,  n.  (Ent.)  A 
cockchafer.  — See  Dor. 


3.  (Arch.)  A hanging  or  screen  of  rich  stuff 
at  the  back  of  a throne  or  chair  of  state.  Britton. 

DOR'SpR,  n.  1.  A pannier  ; a dorsel. 

I mav  meet  her 

Kidmg  from  market,  one  day,  ’twixt  her  dor  sera.  Beau.  tf  FI. 

2.  Tapestry;  hangings.  Halliwell. 

DOR-Sr-BRAN'enr-ATE  (-brang'ke-at,  82),  a.  [L. 

dorsum,  the  back,  and  branchial  (Gr.  (ipi-yvia), 

. the  gills.]  (Zoiil.)  Having  the  branchia:  or  gills 
distributed  along  the  body.  Craig. 

DOR-SI-BRAN'GHI-ATE,  n.  1.  (Zool.)  One  of  an 
order  of  anellidans  which  have  the  gills  pro- 
jecting from  the  middle  part  of  the  back  or  the 
sides  of  the  body.  Cuvier. 

2.  A mollusk  with  gills  attached  to  the  back. 

Owen. 

DOR-SlF'pR-OUS,  a.  [L.  dorsum,  the  back,  and 
fero,  to  bear.]  (Bot.)  Bearing  or  producing 
seeds  on  the  back  of  the  leaves.  Maunder. 

DOR-SIP'A-ROUS,  a.  [L.  dorsum,  the  back,  and 
pario,  to  bring  forth.]  Same  as  Dorsiferous. 

DOR-STE ' Nl-Ji,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  stemless 
plants  with  radical  leaves,  native  of  tropical 
America,  the  root  of  one  species  of  which  is 
used  in  medicine,  and  called  contrayerva.  Baird. 

DOR' SUM,  n.  [L.]  1.  (Anat.)  The  back. 

2.  The  ridge  of  a hill.  Warton. 

f DORT'URE  (dbrt'yur),  n.  A dormitory.  Bacon. 
DO'Ry,  n.  (Ich.)  A fish.  — See  Doree. 

DO'RY,  n.  The  name  of  a small  boat.  Ch.  Browne. 

DOSE,  n.  [Gr.  (idcus  ; biltepi,  to  give  ; L.  dos-,  It. 
dosa  ; Sp.  dosis  ; Fr.  dose.] 

1.  A determinate  quantity  of  medicine  to  be 
taken  at  one  time. 

In  a vehement  pain  of  the  head  he  prescribed  the  juice  of 
the  thapsia  . . . without  mentioning  the  dose.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  Any  thing  nauseous  or  disagreeable  that 

one  is  required  to  take.  Butler. 

3.  A sufficient  quantity  of  any  thing.  Granville. 

DOSE,  V.  a.  \i.  DOSED  ; pp.  DOSING,  DOSED.] 

1.  To  apportion  in  a dose. 

Plants  seldom  used  in  medicine,  being  esteemed  poison- 
ous,  if  corrected  and  exactly  dosed , may  prove  powerful 
medicines.  Derham. 

2.  To  administer  a dose  to.  “ A bold,  self- 

opinioned  physician,  who  shall  dose,  and  bleed, 
and  kill  him  secundum  artem.”  South. 

3.  To  give  any  thing  nauseous  to.  Johnson. 

DOS'pL,  n.  1.  Drapery  or  hangings  round  the 
walls  of  a hall ; — used  also  in  churches.  Weale. 

2.  Ornamental  stuff  for  the  back  of  a chair 
or  a throne.  — See  Dorsel.  Weale. 

DOS'pR,  n.  See  Dorsel.  Britton. 

DO'SIS,n.  [Gr.]  A dose,  [r.]  Dr.  Jackson. 

DO-SoL'O-GV,  n.  [Gr.  ddvif,  that  which  is  given, 
and  l.dyo j,  a discourse.]  A treatise  on  doses  of 
medicine;  posology.  Rowbotham. 

DOSS,  v.  a.  To  attack  with  the  horn  ; to  toss. 
[Local,  Eng.]  Wright.  Farm.  Ency. 

DOS'SpR,  n.  A basket;  a pannier  ; a dorser. — 
See  Dorsel.  “ Dosser  of  fish.”  B.  Jonson. 

DOS'SIL,  n.  [Old  Fr.  dosil,  a stopple.]  (Med.) 

A pledget ; a nodule  or  lump  of  lint,  to  be  laid 
on  a sore.  Wiseman. 

DOST  (dust)  [dust,  S.  W.  P.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  C. ; — 
sometimes  pronounced  dost],  v.  The  second  per- 
son sing.,  present  indicative,  from  do.  — See  Do. 

D6T,  n.  1.  [Corrupted  from  jot,  a point.  John- 
son.— Merely  the  past  participle  of  the  A.  S. 
verb  dyttan,  to  stop  up,  to  shut  in.  Tooke. 
Richardson.  — SeeDrr.]  A small  point  or  spot,  • 
as  a period.  “Two  dots  over  the  units.”  Sharpe. 

2.  [Gr.  lilrnpi,  to  give  ; L.  dos,  a marriage  por- 
tion ; Fr.  dot.]  The  fortune,  portion,  or  dowry 
which  a woman  brings  to  her  husband,  upon 
marriage.  [Louisiana.]  Bouvier. 

DOT,  V.  a.  [i.  DOTTED  ; ]rp.  DOTTING,  DOTTED.] 

1.  To  mark  with  specks  or  dots.  Burke. 

2.  To  mark  with  small,  varied,  and  detached 
objects  ; — said  of  landscapes. 

DOT,  v.  n.  To  make  dots,  or  spots.  Johnson. 

DO'TAGE,  n.  [See  Dote.]  1.  Imbecility  of  mind  ; 
loss  of  understanding,  as  in  old  age  ; senility. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; 


A,  P,  I,  o,  t,  Y,  short ; A,  £,  J,  O,  V,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL; 


HEIR,  HER; 


DOUBLENESS 


DOTAL 

The  last  stage,  the  stage  of  dotage,  remains,  and  this  is  the 
pantomime  of  life.  Johnson. 

2.  Excessive  affection  or  fondness. 

If  on  your  head  my  fury  does  not  turn, 

Thank  that  fond  dotage  which  you  so  much  scorn.  Dryden. 

DO'TAL,  a.  [Gr.  SiStupt,  to  give  ; L.  dos,  a dowry  ; 
dotalis,  dotal ; It.  dotale  ; Sp.  § Fr.  dotal.']  Re- 
lating to  a woman’s  marriage  portion;  consti- 
tuting, or  comprised  in,  her  portion. 

Shall  I,  of  one  poor  dotal  town  possessed, 

My  people  thin,  my  wretched  country  waste?  Garth. 

Dotal  property,  ( Law .)  property  which  a wife  brings 
to  a husband. 

+ DO'TANT,  n.  A doter  ; a dotard.  “ Such  a de- 
cayed dotant  as  you  seem  to  be.”  Shale. 

DO'TARD,  n.  [The  past  participle  of  A.  S.  dyde- 
rian,  to  delude.  Tooke.]  One  whose  intellect 
is  impaired,  particularly  by  old  age  ; one  weak 
or  imbecile  in  mind ; a driveller.  “ The  sickly 
dotard  wants  a wife.”  Prior. 

DO'TARD-LY,  ad.  Like  a dotard  ; stupidly.  More. 

DO-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  dos,  a dowry ; It.  dotazione ; 
Sp . dotaeion-,  Fr  .dotation.] 

1.  The  act  of  giving  a dowry  or  marriage  por- 
tion to  a woman.  Bailey. 

2.  [Law.)  The  act  by  which  the  founder  of  a 

hospital  or  other  charity  endows  it  with  prop- 
erty ; endowment.  Bouvier. 

f DOTE,  n.  [L.  dos,  dotis  ; Fr.  dot,  a dowry.]  A 
marriage  portion  ; dowry.  “There  is  no  men- 
tion of  dote  nor  dower.”  Wyatt,  1540. 

DOTE,  v.  n.  [Fr.  radoter,  to  rave  ; Dut.  dutten. 
Johnson.  — From  doddered,  the  regular  past 
tense  of  the  A.  S.  dydrian,  to  delude,  or  from 
the  Ger.  dotteren,  to  tremble,  to  totter.  Tooke. 

Richardson.]  [i.  doted  ; pp.  doting,  doted.] 

1.  To  exhibit  mental  weakness ; to  be  im- 
paired in  intellect ; to  drivel. 

His  [James  I.]  courtiers  flattered  him;  and  Archbishop 
"Whitgift,  who  died  soon  afterwards,  and  probably  doted  then, 
declared  himself  verily  persuaded  that  the  king  “spake  by 
the  Spirit  of  God.”  Bolingbroke. 

2.  To  be  in  love  to  extremity  ; to  be  over-fond. 

No,  Belvidera,  by  the  eternal  truth, 

1 dote  with  too  much  fondness.  Otway. 

O,  would  the  King,  Biron,  and  Longaville 

Were  lovers  too!  — 

For  none  offend  where  all  alike  do  dote.  Shale. 

To  dote  on,  or  upon,  to  regard  with  excessive  fond- 
ness. 

O Death,  all  eloquent!  you  only  prove 

What  dust  we  dote  on  when ’t  is  man  we  love.  Tope. 

I never  knew  a woman  so  dote  upon  a man.  Shah. 

t DOT'^D,  a.  Stupid.  “ Doted  ignorance.”  Spenser. 

f DOTE'HEAD,  n.  [See  Dote.]  A dotard.  “ The 
dotchead  was  beside  himself.”  Tyndale. 

DOT'JJR,  n.  One  who  dotes  or  dotes  upon  ; a 
driveller.  “ A dumb  doter  with  a pipe.”  Burton. 

+ DOTES,  n.  pi.  [L.]  Natural  endowments  ; in- 
tellectual gifts  ; talents.  B.  Jonson. 

DOTH  (duth)  [duth,  S.  IF.  P.  F.  Sm.  ; doth,  W6.], 
v.  The  third  person  singular,  present  indica- 
tive, from  do.  — See  Do. 

DOT'ING,  p.  a.  1.  Mentally  weak  or  imbecile; 
drivelling.  “ Old  doting  Nature.”  Dryden. 

2.  Excessively  fond.  “ A doting  love.”  Sidney. 

DOT'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a doting  manner. 

DOT'ING-NESS,  n.  Mental  weakness  or  imbecil- 
ity ; drivelling.  Scott. 

DOT'ISH,  a.  Weak  ; stupid ; drivelling.  Scott. 

DOT'TARD,  n.  A tree  kept  low  by  cutting. 

For  great  trees  we  see  almost  all  overgrown  trees  in  church- 
yards, or  near  ancient  buildings,  and  the  like,  are  pollards 
and  dottards , and  not  trees  at  their  full  height.  Bacon. 

PSP  Authorities  differ  as  to  the  meaning  of  this 
word.  Johnson  says,  a tree  kept  low  by  cutting; 
Todd  suggests  a decayed  tree;  and  Richardson  defines 
it  to  be  a tree  doddered,  or  overgrown  with  dodder. 

DOT'TfJD,  p.  a.  1.  Marked  with  dots,  spots, 
points,  or  specks. 

2.  Diversified  with  small,  detached  objects. 

3.  Applied  to  a defect  in  mahogany.  Ogilvie. 

DOT'T^R-pL,  n.  [Dim.  of  doddered',  A.  S.  dyd- 
rian, to  delude.  Tooke.  — From  dote.  Johnson.] 

1.  A species  of  plover  ; the  Charadrius  mo- 
rinellus  of  Linnteus  ; — written  also  dottrel. 

The  dotterel,  which  wfe  think  a very  dainty  dish, 

Whose  taking  makes  such  sport  as  no  man  more  can  wish; 


439 

For,  as  you  creep,  or  cower,  or  lie,  or  stoop,  or  go. 

So,  marking  you  with  care,  the  apish  bird  doth  do, 

And,  acting  every  thing,  doth  never  mark  the  net 

Till  lie  be  in  the  snare  which  men  have  for  him  set.  Drayton. 

2.  A dupe  ; a gull  ; a dunce.  “ Devout  dot- 
trels and  worldly-wise  people.”  Bale.  “ In- 
veigle those  dottrels  to  hearken  to  us.”  Barrow. 

f DOT'TpR-EL,  a.  [See  Doddek.]  Overgrown 

with  dodder ; doddered.  Ascham. 

DOUANIER  (do-an'e-a),  n.  [Fr.]  A custom-house 
officer.  Smart. 

DOU'A  Y— BI'BLE,  n.  An  English  translation  of 
the  Bible  used  by  the  Roman  Catholics,  and  so 
called  from  having  been  printed  at  Douay,  in 
France,  early  in  the  17th  century.  Calmet. 

DOUB'-GRAsS,  n.  ( Bot .)  A species  of  grass; 
Cynodon  dactylon ; — called  also  dooh.  Clarke. 

DOUB'LE  (dub'bl),  a.  [Gr.  tiitcl.do;,  or  Sntl.oT’s,  two- 
fold ; Sis,  twice,  and  ttI.ckw,  to  twine  ; L.  duplex', 
It.  doppio;  Sp .djoble',  Fr.  double.  — Tiwt.dubfel', 
Ger.  doppelt ; Dan.  Hobbelt ; Sw.  dubbclt.] 

1.  Notingtwoof  a sort  taken  together  ; being 
in  pairs.  “ Great  double  chains.”  R.  Brunere, 

2.  Twice  as  much  ; — used  with  or  without  to. 

Measure  double , and  double  weight.  Gower. 

This  sum  is  almost  double  to  what  is  sufficient.  Swift. 

3.  Of  two  kinds  ; twofold. 

Darkness  and  tempest  make  a double  night.  Dryden. 

4.  Deceitful ; acting  two  parts,  one  openly, 
the  other  in  secret. 

Douhle 

Both  in  his  words  and  meaning.  Shah. 

5.  Having  two  similar  parts,  as  two  edges. 

“ The  lance  and  double  axe.”  Dryden. 

6.  Noting  that  state  of  a flower  in  which  the 

essential  organs,  or  stamens  and  pistils,  are 
changed  into  petals.  Gray. 

In  the  feast  of  ever-blooming  roses  and  of  douhle  roses,  we 
are  in  danger  of  being  perverted  from  a love  of  simplicity  as 
manifested  in  the  wild  single  rose.  //.  IV.  Beecher. 

DOUB'LE  (dub'bl),  ad.  Twice;  doubly.  “I  was 
double  their  age.”  Swift. 

Double  is  much  used  in  composition,  generally 
for  doubly,  two  ways  or  twofold. 

DOUB'LE  (dub'bl),  V.  a.  [i.  DOUBLED;  pp.  DOUB- 
LING, DOUBLED.] 

1.  To  fold  one  part  over  another. 

He  bought  her  sermons,  psalms,  and  graces, 

And  doubted  down  the  useful  places.  PHor. 

2.  To  increase  by  the  addition  of  the  same 
number  or  quantity  ; to  put  or  add  equal  to  equal. 

Pay  him  six  thousand,  and  deface  the  bond; 

Double  six  thousand,  and  then  treble  that.  Shale. 

3.  To  contain  or  to  equal  twice  any  quantity 
or  number. 

The  adverse  fleet 

Still  doubling  ours.  Di'yden. 

4.  ( Naut .)  To  pass  round  a headland.  “He 
doubled,  the  promontory  of  Carthage.”  Knolles. 

5.  (Mil.)  To  unite  two  ranks  or  files  in  one. 

To  double  the  reins,  (Man.)  said  of  a horse  when  lie 

leaps  several  times  to  throw  his  rider.  Bailey. 

DOUB'LE  (dub'bl),  v.  n.  1.  To  increase  to  twice 
the  given  value,  quantity,  number,  or  measure. 

It  lias  been  shown  by  the  experience  of  America,  and  of 
other  countries  under  similar  circumstances,  that  population 
has  gone  on  for  a lengthened  period  doubling  in  every  twenty 
or  five-and-twenty  years.  Braude. 

2.  To  turn,  and  go  a second  time  over  the 
same  ground,  or  in  the  course  or  direction  al- 
ready passed. 

Doubling  and  turning  like  a hunted  hare.  Dryden. 

3.  To  play  tricks  ; to  use  deception.  “You 

double  with  me.”  B.  Jonson. 

4.  (Printing.)  To  set  up  the  same  word  or 
words  unintentionally  a second  time. 

To  double  upon,  (Mil.)  to  enclose  between  two  fires. 

DOUB'LE  (dub'bl),  n.  1.  Twice  the  quantity,  num- 
ber, value,  or  measure.  “ If  the  thief  be  found 
let  him  pay  double.”  Ex.  xxii.  4. 

2.  A turn  in  running,  to  escape  pursuit ; an 
endeavor  to  elude  or  deceive. 

I would  now  rip  up 

All  their  arch-villanies,  and  all  their  doubles. 

Which  are  more  than  a hunted  hare  e’er  thought  on. 

Beau.  Sr  El. 

3.  f Strong  beer  ; beer  of  twice  the  common 
strength.  “ A pot  of  good  double.”  Shak. 

4.  f One  thing  similar  to  another  ; a counter- 
part; as,  “ His  or  her  double.”  Johnson. 

DOUB'LE— BAR'RIJLLED  (dub'bl-bSr'reld),  a.  Hav- 
ing two  barrels  ; as,  “ A double-barrelled  gun.” 


DOUB  LE— BASS,  ) n_  ( Mus .)  The  largest 

DOUB'LE— BASS-VI'OL,  ) and  deepest- toned 
stringed  instrument  of  the  viol  kind,  being  in 
pitch  an  octave  lower  than  the  violoncello,  or 
bass-viol ; contra-basso  ; violono.  Dwight. 

DOUB'LE-BIT'ING,  a.  Biting,  or  cutting,  on  each 
side.  “ His  double-biting  axe.”  Dryden. 

DOUB'LE— BREA  ST' 1JD,  a.  Double  or  lapping  on 
the  breast,  with  two  rows  of  buttons,  as  a coat. 

DOUB'LE— BUT'TONED  (dub'bl-but'tnd),  a.  Hav- 
ing two  rows  of  buttons.  Gay. 

DOUB'LE-CHARGE'  (dub'bl-ch&rj'),  V.  a.  To 
charge  with  a double  proportion.  Shak. 

DOUB'LE— DEAL' JJR,  n.  A deceitful,  insidious 
person ; one  who  says  or  does  one  thing,  and 
thinks  or  intends  another. 

Double-dealers  may  pass  muster  for  a while  ; but  all  parties 
wash  their  hands  of  them  in  the  conclusion.  L' Estrange. 

DOUBLE— DEAL'ING,  n.  Fraudulent  dealing; 
artifice  ; deceit ; duplicity  ; deception. 

This  last  union  [of  prudence  with  dissimulation]  was 
necessary  for  the  goodness  of  Ulysses  ; for,  without  that,  his 
dissimulation  might  have  degenerated  into  wickedness  and 
doubledealing.  Broome. 

DOUB-LE-DYE',  v.a.  To  dye  twice  over.  Dryden. 

DOUB'LE— E A 'GLE,  n.  A gold  coin  of  the  U.  S. 
valued  at  $20.  Winslow. 

DOUB'LE-EDGED,  a.  Having  two  edges.  Huloet. 

DOUBLE— ENTENDRE  (do'bl-an-tin-di),  n.  [Fr. 
double,  doubly,  and  entendre,  to  mean.  This 
phrase  is  of  English  coinage,  and  is  rendered 
in  French  by  double  entente.)  A phrase  with  a 
double  meaning,  the  more  hidden  often  being 
an  indelicate  one,  Arbuthnot. 

DOUB'LE— EN 'TRY,  «.  A mode  of  book-keeping 
in  which  two  entries  are  made  of  every  trans- 
action, in  order  that  one  may  check  the  other. 

DOUB'LE— EYED  (dub'bl-Id),  a.  Having  a deceit- 
ful aspect  or  look.  Spenser. 

DOUB'LE-FACED  (dub'bl-fast),  a.  Having  two 
faces  : — practising  duplicity  ; hypocritical ; de- 
ceitful. 

Fame,  if  not  double-faced , is  double-mouthed*  Milton, 

DOUB  LE-FLOW'BRED  (dub’bl-flbfi'erd),  a.  Not- 
ing plants  in  which  the  stamens  and  pistils  are 
transformed  into  petals.  Clarke. 

DOUB'LE— FLO\V'£R-lNG,  n.  The  transforma- 
tion of  stamens  and  pistils  into  petals. 

DO  LIB'LE— FORMED  (dub'bl-fbrmd),  a.  Having  a 
mixed  form.  Milton. 

DOUB'LE— FOR'TI-Ff  ED,  a.  Doubly  fortified  or 
strengthened.  Clarke. 

DOUB'LE— FOUNT'pD,  a.  Having  two  sources. 

The  double-founted  stream.  Milton, 

DOUB'LE— FRONTED  (dub'bl-frfint'ed),  a.  Hav- 
ing a double  front.  * Moore. 

DOUB-LE— GILD',  v.  a.  To  gild  with  double  coating. 

England  shall  double-gild  his  treble  guilt.  Shak. 

DOUB'LE— HA ND'ED,  a.  Having  two  hands:  — 
deceptive  ; deceitful.  Glanvillc. 

DOUB'LE— HEAD' JJD  (dfib'bl-hSd'ed),  a.  Having 
two  heads.  Mortimer. 

DOUB'LE— HE ART'ED,  a.  Having  a false  heart. 
“ Double-hearted  hypocrites.”  Sandys. 

DOUB-LE— LOCK',  v.  a.  To  lock  or  fasten  twice. 
“ He  immediately  double-locked  his  door .’’Tatler. 

DOUB'LE— MANNED  (-mand),  a.  Having  a double 
number  of  men.  Clarke. 

DOUB'LE— MEAN'ING,  a.  Having  two  meanings  ; 
deceitful.  “A  double-meaning  prophesier.”  Shak. 

DOUB'LE-MlND'ED,  a.  Unsettled ; undeter- 
mined ; having  different  minds  at  different  times. 

A double-minded  man  is  unstable  in  all  his  ways.  Jas.  i.  8. 

DOUB'LE— MOUTHED  (dub'bl-mbutbd),  a.  Hav- 
ing two  mouths.  Milton. 

DOUB'LE— NAT'URED  (dub'bl-nat'yurd), a.  Hav- 
ing a twofold  nature. 

Two  kinds  of  life  hath  dnuble-nal  red  man, 

And  two  of  death.  Young. 

DOUB'LE-NESS  (dub'bl-nes),  n.  1.  The  state  of 
being  double  or  twofold.  “ The  doubleness  of 
the  benefit.”  Shale. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  £,  g,  soft;  €,  fi,  £,  |,  hard;  § as  z;  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


double-octavp: 


DOUCKER 


440 


./ 

z7 

/ 

/ 

/ 

2.  Duplicity ; insincerity ; hypocrisy ; double- 
dealing;.  “ Friends  full  of  doubleness."  Chaucer. 

DOUB'LE— OC'TAVE,  n.  (.1  las.)  An  interval  of 
two  octaves,  or  fifteen  notes  in  diatonic  pro- 
gression ; a fifteenth.  London  Ency. 

DOUB'LE— PLEA'  (dub'bl-ple'),  n.  (Law.)  A plea 
in  which  a defendant  alleges,  for  one  single 
purpose,  two  or  more  distinct  grounds  of  de- 
fence, when  one  of  them  would  be  as  effectual 
as  both  or  all.  . Bouvier. 

DOUB'LE— QUAR'RfL  (dub'bl-kwor'rel), n.  (Eccl. 
Law.)  A complaint  made  by  a clerk  to  the  arch- 
bishop of  the  province,  against  an  inferior  ordi- 
nary, for  delaying,  or  refusing  to  do,  justice  in 
some  ecclesiastical  matter.  Cowell. 

DOUB'LER  (dub'bler),  n.  1.  One  who  increases  a 
thing  by  adding  to  it  its  equal.  Huloet. 

2.  A large  plate.  Brockett. 

3.  (Elec  ) An  instrument  to  augment  a very 
small  quantity  of  electricity,  so  as  to  render  it 
manifest  by  sparks  or  the  electrometer.  Crabb. 

DOUB'LE— RP-FRAC'TION,  n.  (Optics.)  The 
phenomenon  which  is  seen  when 
light,  in  its  passage  through  cer- 
tain substances,  as  Iceland  spar 
(carbonate  of  lime),  follows  two 
distinct  paths,  forming  with  each 
other  an  angle  of  greater  or  less 
amount : — thus,  if  a crystal  of  Iceland  spar, 
A B C D,  be  placed  on  a sheet  of  white  paper, 
over  a black  spot,  on  looking  through  the  crys- 
tal, from  the  point  S,  two  spots  will  be  seen, 
one  at  O and  the  other  at  E.  Brande. 

DOUB-LE-SHADE'  (dub-bl-shad'),  v.  a.  To  double 
the  natural  darkness  of  the  place. 

•Now  began 

Night,  with  her  sullen  wings,  to  double-shade 

The  desert.  Milton. 

DOUB'LE— SHlN'lNG,  a.  Shining  with  double 
lustre.  “ Double-shining  day.”  Sidney. 

DOUB'LE— STAR,  n.  (Astron.)  Two  stars  which 
lie  so  close  together  as  to  appear  to  be  one  ex- 
cept when  seen  through  a telescope.  Hind. 

DOUB'LfT  (dub'let),  n.  1.  [From  double.]  Two; 
a pair.  Clarke. 

2.  [So  called  from  being  double.  Mins  hen.]  A 
man’s  inner  garment  that  folds  close  round  the 
body ; a waistcoat. 

His  doublet  was  of  sturdy  buff. 

And,  though  not  sword,  yet  cudgel-proof.  Iludibras. 

3.  A military  garment. 

4.  Among  lapidaries,  a stone  composed  of 

two  pieces  of  crystal  with  colors  between  them, 
so  as  to  appear  as  if  the  whole  were  tinged  with 
these  colors.  London  Ency. 

5.  (Printing.)  A word  or  phrase  unintention- 
ally doubled,  or  set  up  the  second  time. 

6.  (Optics.)  A contrivance  in  a microscope 

for  correoting  spherical  aberration  and  chromat- 
ic dispersion,  and  rendering  the  object  more 
clear  and  distinct.  Ogilvie. 

DOUB'LE—1 TONGUED'  (dub'bl-tungd'),  a.  Deceit- 
ful ; giving  contrary  accounts  of  the  same  thing 
at  different  times. 

Much  she  feared  the  Tyrians,  double-tongued.  Dryden. 

DOUB'LIJTS,  n.  pi.  1.  Two  dice  which  have  the 
same  number  of  dots  on  each.  London  Ency. 

2.  A game  at  dice  within  tables.  London  Ency. 

DoOb'LE— VAULT,  n.  (Arch.)  One  vault  built 
over  another,  with  a space  between  the  convex- 
ity of  the  one  and  the  concavity  of  the  other ; — 
used  in  domical  roofs,  to  cause  them  to  present 
the  appearance  of  a dome,  in  proper  proportion, 
both  externally  and  internally.  Ogilvie. 

DOUB’LING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  doubles, 
or  folds  one  part  over  another ; a plait ; a fold. 

2.  The  act  of  adding  to  a thing  twice  as  much. 

“ This  sweet  doubling  of  one  single  life.”  Sidney. 

3.  A turning  back  upon  the  same  course,  to 

avoid  pursuit.  “ Hunted  as  through  every 
doubling."  Goldsmith. 

4.  An  artifice  ; a shift ; a trick.  “ Such  like 

shiftings  and  doublings.”  Scott. 

5.  (Her.)  pi.  The  linings  of  the  mantles 

borne  around  the  shield  of  arms.  Crabb. 

6.  (Hav.)  The  act  of  sailing  round  a cape,  or 

other  projecting  point  of  land.  Maunder. 

7.  (Arch.)  The  course  of  slates  at  the  eaves 


of  a house;  — sometimes  applied  to  the  eaves- 
board.  Ogilvie. 

8.  (Mil.)  The  placing  of  two  or  more  ranks 
into  one.  Crabb. 

Duublinn  upon,  ( JVaut .)  the  act  of  enclosing  any 
part  of  a hostile  fleet  between  two  fires,  or  of  cannon- 
ading it  on  both  sides.  London  Ency. 

DOUB'LING— NAIL,  n.  A nail  used  to  fasten  the 
lining  of  the  gun-ports  in  a ship.  Ash. 

DOUB-LOON'  (dub-lon'),  n.  [It . doblone  ; Sp.  do- 
blon-,  Port,  dobra o ; Fr.  doublon .]  A Spanish 
gold  coin,  the  value  of  which,  as  coined  in  1772, 
is  £3  os.  10.05d.  ($15.93).  McCulloch. 

DOUB'LY  (dub'ble),  ad.  1.  Twice  ; in  a twofold 
manner.. 

Being  doubly  smitten,  likewise  doubly  smite.  Spenser. 

2.  Deceitfully  ; insincerely.  “ He  is  a man 
that  deals  doubly."  Huloet. 

DOUBT  (dbfit),  v.  n.  [L.  dubito,  to  doubt;  duo, 
two;  It.  clubitare  ; Sp.  dudar ; Old  Fr.  doubter-, 
Fr.  douter.\  \i.  doubted;  pp.  doubting, 

DOUBTED.] 

1.  To  waver  in  opinion  or  judgment ; to  be 
uncertain,  or  in  suspense;  to  question;  — used 
sometimes  with  of. 

How  long  dost  thou  make  us  to  doubt?  If  thou  he  the 
Christ,  tell  us  plainly.  John  x.  24. 

Peter  doubted  in  himself  of  the  vision.  Acts  x.  17. 

Never  he  afraid  to  doubt,  if  only  you  have  a disposition  to 
believe,  and  doubt  in  order  that  you  may  end  in  believing 
the  truth.  Abp.  Leighton. 

2.  To  dread;  to  fear;  to  scruple. 

Why  doubt  we 

To  incense  his  utmost  ire?  Milton. 

3.  To  suspect;  to  fancy;  to  believe. 

She  dissipates  my  fortune,  and  contradicts  all  my  humors; 
yet  the  worst  of  it  is,  I doubt  I love  her,  or  I should  never 
Dear  all  this.  Sheridan. 

DOUBT  (dout),  v.  a.  1.  To  question;  to  hesitate 
to  believe,  on  account  of  imperfect  knowledge  ; 
as,  “ We  cannot  doubt  the  truth  of  the  axiom, 
that  the  whole  is  greater  than  a part.” 

2.  To  distrust ; to  suspect. 

To  admire  superior  sense,  and  doubt  their  own.  Pope. 

3.  fTo  dread;  to  fear;  to  stand  in  awe  of. 
“ He  was  a good  man,  and  doubted  God.”  Rob- 
ert o f Gloucester.  “ All  the  world  thy  person 
doubteth.”  Gower. 

4.  fTo  fill  with  fear;  to  frighten. 

One  single. valor. 

The  virtues  of  the  valiant  Caratach, 

More  doubts  me  than  all  Britain.  Beau.  V FI. 

Syn.  — The  truth  of  what  lie  said  was  doubted, 
his  statement  questioned,  his  authority  distrusted,  and 
liis  veracity  suspected. 

DOUBT  (dout),  n.  [Fr.  doutc.\  1.  A wavering 
or  fluctuation  of  mind  or  judgment ; unsettled 
state  of  opinion ; suspense ; hesitation  ; inde- 
cision. “ They  wore  in  doubt,  saying,  What 
meaneth  this  ? ” Acts  ii.  12. 

2.  Uncertainty  of  condition  ; hazard ; doubt- 

fulness. “ Thy  life  shall  hang  in  doubt  before 
thee.”  Deut.  xxviii.  66. 

3.  Suspicion;  distrust;  mistrust.  “I  stand 

in  doubt  of  you.”  Gal.  iv.  20. 

4.  f Dread;  awe;  fear.  “ Pope  Urban  durst 

not  depart  for  doubt."  Berners. 

5.  f Difficulty  ; danger.  “Well  approved  in 

many  a doubt.”  Spenser. 

Syn. — Doubt  relates  to  the  understanding,  and 
regards  matters  of  fact  and  belief ; hesitation,  suspense, 
and  indecision  relate  more  to  the  will,  and  regard 
action  or  conduct.  A person  may  have  a doubt  wliat 
to  believe,  hesitation  what  to  say,  suspense  or  indecision 
what  to  do,  uncertainty  what  to  expect,  a scruple  about 
the  propriety  of  an  act  of  his  own,  and  a suspicion  of 
the  design  of  another. 

DOUBT'A-BLE  (dout'a-bl),  a.  1.  That  may  he 
questioned;  questionable.  Sherwood. 

2.  -j-To  be  dreaded  ; formidable  ; redoubtable. 

God  wot  thy  lordship  is  doubtable.  Chaucer. 

f DOUBT'ANCE  (dout'ans),  n.  [Fr.  doutance.] 
Unsettled  state  of  opinion  ; doubt.  Chaucer. 

DOUBT'^R  (dbut'er),  n.  One  who  doubts  or  wavers 
in  opinion  or  judgment.  “ Obliged  to  answer 
doubters  and  cavillers.”  Jortin. 

DOUBT'FUL  (dofit'ffil),  a.  1.  Full  of  doubts  ; un- 
settled in  opinion;  undecided;  wavering;  du- 
bious ; hesitating.  “ I am  doubtful.”  Shah. 

2.  Ambiguous ; obscure;  equivocal;  as,  “A 
doubtful  expression.” 


3.  That  may  be  doubted  ; undetermined;  un- 
decided; uncertain;  questionable;  as,  “A 
doubtful  matter.” 

4.  Of  uncertain  issue  ; hazardous  ; precarious. 

We  have  sustained  one  day  in  doubtful  fight.  Milton, 

Syn.  — The  case  is  doubtful  j the  issue,  dubious  ; 
the  language,  ambiguous  ; the  expressions,  equivocal ; 
the  meaning,  obscure ; the  object,  questionable ; the 
weather,  uncertain  ; the  means  of  subsistence,  preca- 
rious.— See  Ambiguous. 

DOUBT'FUL-LY  (dbut'ful-le),  ad.  1.  In  a doubt- 
ful  manner  ; dubiously.  “ She  took  it  doubt- 
fully." State  Trials. 

2.  Ambiguously;  obscurely. 

IIow  doubtfully  these  spectres  fute  foretell ! 

In  double  sense  and  twilight  truth  they  dwell.  Dryden. 

3.  f In  a state  of  dread. 

With  that  she  waked,  full  of  fright, 

And  doubtfully  dismayed.  Spenser. 

DOUBT'FUL-NESS  (dout'ful-nes),  n. 

1.  The  state  of  being  doubtful ; dubiousness  ; 
suspense  of  mind ; instability  of  opinion. 

Obscurity  as  to  the  origin  of  muscular  motion  brings  no 
doubtfulness  into  our  observations  upon  the  sequel  of  the 
process.  Paley. 

2.  Ambiguity  ; obscurity;  equivocalness.  “ No 

doubtfulness  in  any  word.”  Wilson. 

3.  Uncertainty  of  condition  ; hazard.  Johnson. 

DOUBT'ING  (dbut'jng),  n.  1.  The  state  of  one 
who  doubts ; suspense,  wavering,  or  hesitancy 
of  mind.  “ Lifting  up  holy  hands,  without  wrath 
and  doubtings.”  1 Tim.  ii.  8. 

2.  Suspicion;  distrust.  “Without  any  fear 
or  doubting  of  our  good  meaning.”  Drake. 

DOUBT'jNG  (dbut'jng),  p.  a.  Cherishing  doubt ; 
wavering ; fluctuating. 

DOUBT'ING-LY  (dciut'ing-le),  ad.  In  a doubting 
or  undecided  manner.  “ I tendered  my  thoughts 
concerning  respiration  but  doubtinglg.”  Bogle. 

DOUBT'LIJSS  (dbut'les),  a.  1.  Free  from  doubt  ; 
undoubted  ; certain.  Beaumont. 

2.  Free  from  fear  or  apprehension  of  danger. 

Pretty  child,  sleep,  doubtless  and  secure.  Shafc. 

DOUBT'Lf.SS  (dbut'les),  ad.  Without  doubt ; with- 
out question ; unquestionably. 

Doubtless  he  would  have  made  a noble  knight.  Shak. 

DOUBT'LpSS-LY  (dbut'les-le),  ad.  Unquestiona- 
bly. “ You  may,  and  doubtlessly  will.”  Beau,  fy  FI. 

t DOUBT'OUS  (dout'us),  a.  Doubtful.  Chaucer. 

DOUC,  n.  (Zoill.)  A monkey  of  Cochin  China, 
distinguished  by  the  variety  and  brilliancy  of  its 
colors;  Simianemceus.  Van  Der  Hoeven. 

DOUCE,  v.  a.  & n.  See  Dowse. 

f DOU'CpD  (do'sed),  n.  [L.  dulcis,  sweet;  Fr. 
doucct.)  A musical  instrument.  Chaucer. 

f DOU-C^-PERE',  n.  [Fr.  les  douze pairs.)  One 
of  the  twelve  peers  of  France.  Spenser. 

f DOU'CET  (do'set),  n.  1.  A musical  instrument ; 
a doueed.  Tyrwhitt. 

2.  A little  custard  or  pasty.  Cotgrave. 

DOU'C^TS,  n.  pi.  See  Dowcets.  Todd. 

DOUCEUR  (do-siir')  [do-siir',  Sin.  ; do-skur',  Ja. ; 
do'sar',  K. ; dS'sur',  Manor],  n.  [Fr.] 

1.  Sweetness  of  manner  ; gentleness  ; kind- 
ness ; mildness. 

Blame  with  indulgence,  and  correct  with  douceur.  Chesterfield. 

2.  A lure  ; a bribe  ; a present. 

These  are  the  douceurs  by-  which  we  are  invited  to  regi- 
cide, fraternity,  and  friendship.  Burke. 

DOUQHE  (dosh),  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  duco,  to  con- 
duct.] A jet  or  current  of  fluid  directed  to,  or 
made  to  fall  upon,  some  part  of  the  body,  for  a 
medicinal  purpose.  When  water  is  applied,  it 
is  called  the  liquid  douche  ; and  when  a current 
of  vapor,  the  vapor-douche.  According  to  the 
direction  in  which  the  current  is  applied,  it  is 
termed  the  descending,  the  lateral,  or  the  as- 
cending douche.  Dunglison. 

DOU-CINE',  n.  [Fr.]  (Arch.)  A moulding  cut 
in  the  form  of  a wave,  half  concave  and  half 
convex,  serving  as  a cymatium  to  a delicate 
cornice.  Crabb. 

DOUCK'IJR  (duk’er),  n.  [From  to  douck,  corrupt- 
ed from  to  duck.  Johnson .]  A local  name  for 
the  web-footed  bird,  Colgmbus  glacialis  ; the 
great  northern  diver.  — See  Diver.  Bag. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  fi,  I,  6,  t),  tf,  short;  A,  £,  1,  Q,  U,  Y,  obscure.  — FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


DOUDON 


441 


DOWNCAST 


DOfJ'DON,  n.  An  East-India  copper  coin.  Crabb. 

DOUGH  (do),  n.  [A.  S.  (lah  ; Dut.  deeg ; Ger. 
teig  ; Dan.  dej  ; Siv.  deg. — The  past  participle 
of  A.  S.  verb  deawian,  to  moisten,  to  wet. 
Tooke.]  Paste  made  of  flour  or  meal  moist- 
ened with  water  or  other  liquid  for  bread,  cake, 
or  pies,  yet  unbaked.  Sterne. 

My  cake  is  dough , my  undertaking  has  never  come 
to  maturity.  Shak. 

DOUGH-BAKED  (do'bakt),  a.  Unfinished;  soft. 
“ As  if  he  were  dough-baked.”  Beau.  $ FI. 

DOUGH'FACE  (do'fas),  n.  A cant  term  applied 
to  a pliable  politician,  such  as,  in  England,  is 
styled  “ a nose  of  wax.”  [U.  S.]  John  Randolph. 

DOUGH'-FACED  (do'fast),  a.  Cowardly  ; weakly 
pliable,  as  a politician.  Bartlett. 

DOUGH'-KNEAD-ED  (d5'ned-ed),  a.  Soft,  like 
dough.  “ So  like  a dough-kneaded  thing.”  Milton. 

DO  UGH '-NUT  (do'nut),  n.  A cake  made  of  flour, 
eggs,  and  sugar,  and  cooked  in  lard. 

DOUGH'TI-LY  (dou'te-Ie),  ad.  In  a doughty  plan- 
ner; courageously;  bravely.  John  Fox. 

DOUGH 'TI-NESS  (ddu'te-nes),  n.  Valor  ; cour- 
ageousness ; bravery.  Shelton. 

DOUGH  TY  (dou'te),  a.  [A.  S.  dohtig,  dihtig, 
doughty  ; — dugan,  to  be  able.]  Brave  ; valiant ; 
courageous  ; noble  ; able  ; strong. 

The  third  Edward,  that  doughty  knight.  Rob.  of  Glouc. 

Xfezf*  Now  chiefly  used  ironically  or  in  burlesque. 

She  smiled  to  see  the  doughty  hero  slain; 

But  at  her  smile  the  beau  revived  again.  rope. 

DOUGH 'TY-HAND-ED,  a.  Powerful ; strong.SAa/c. 

DOUGH'Y  (do'e),  a.  Soft  like  dough.  “ The  un- 
baked and  doughy  youth.”  Shak. 

DOUM,  n.  ( Bot .)  See  Doom.  Eng.  Cyc. 

DOURJi  (do'rd),  n.  [Arab.]  A species  of  grain 
much  cultivated  in  Arabia,  throughout  Asia, 
and  in  the  south  of  Europe  ; Indian  millet ; 
Guinea  corn;  Sorghum  vulgare  ; — written  also 
dora,  dhurra,  and  durra.  Eng.  Ency. 

DOUSE,  v.  a.  [Gr.  <5uo>,  duvu),  to  sink.]  [t.  doused  ; 

pp.  DOUSINO,  DOUSED.] 

1.  To  plunge  or  thrust  suddenly  into  the 
water  ; to  immerse  ; to  dip. 

I have  doused  my  carnal  affections  in  all  the  vileness  of 
the  world.  Hammond. 

2.  ( Naut .)  To  lower  or  slacken  suddenly,  as 

the  sails.  Dana. 

DOUSE,  v.  a.  To  strike.  — See  Dowse. 

DOUSE,  v.  n.  To  fall  suddenly  into  the  water. 

To  swing  in  air  or  douse  in  water.  Hudibras. 

f DOUT,  v.  a.  [To  do  out.\  To  put  out.  Shak. 

f DOUT'Jf.R,  n.  An  extinguisher  for  a candle.  Ray. 

DOUZF.  ’ F.J3  VE  (do'z.ev),  n.  [Fr.  douze,  twelve.] 
(Mus.)  A scale  of  twelve  degrees.  Clarke. 

DOVE  (duv),  n.  [Goth,  dubo  ; A.  S.  duva\  Dut. 
duif;  Ger.  taube ; Dan.  due  ; Icel.  dufa;  Sw. 
dufca.] 

1.  ( Ornith .)  A bird  of  the  Linnsean  genus 

Columba,  of  which  there  are  several  species,  as 
the  ring-dove,  the  stock-dove,  and  the  turtle- 
dove ; a species  of  pigeon  ; a domesticated  or 
tame  pigeon.  Yarrell. 

Wise  as  serpents  and  harmless  as  doves.  Matt.  v.  16. 

UST  The  dove  is  the  emblem  of  love,  simplicity,  in- 
nocence, purity,  mildness  ; — holding  an  olive  blanch, 
it  is  an  emblem  of  peace;  — in  Christian  art  it  is  the 
symbol  of  the  Holy  Ghost.  Fairholt. 

2.  A term  of  endearment.  “ What ! dead, 

my  dove  ? ” Shak. 

DOVE'— COT  (duv'kot),  n.  A small  building  or 
box  in  which  doves  are  bred  and  kept.  Shak. 

DOVE'— DRAWN,  a.  Drawn  by  doves. 

■ I met  her  deity 

Cutting  the  clouds  towards  Paphos,  and  her  son 
Dove-drawn  with  her.  Shak. 

DOVE'-EYED  (diiv'ld),  a.  Having  eyes  like  those 
of  a dove.  Fenton. 

DOVE'— HOUSE  (duv'hbus),  n.  A small  house  for 
doves.  “ Havoc  in  the  dove-house.”  L’ Estrange. 

DOVE'LgT,  n.  A little  or  a young  dove.  Booth. 


DOVE'-LIKE  (duv'llk),  a.  Resembling  a dove. 

Thou  from  the  first 

Wast  present,  and,  with  mighty  wings  outspread, 

Dove-like  sat’st  brooding  on  the  vast  abyss.  Milton. 

DOVE’§'— FOOT  (duvz'fut),  n.  (Bot.)  The  popu- 
lar name  of  the  Geranium  molle.  Loudon. 

DOVE'SHIP,  n.  The  quality  of  a dove ; inno- 
cence ; purity.  “ Let  our  dovesliip  approve  it- 
self in  meekness  of  suffering.”  Bp.  Hall. 

DOVE'TAlL  (duv'- 
tal), n. 

1.  (Car.)  Ajoint 

used  by  carpenters 
in  connecting  two 
pieces  of  wood  by 
letting  one  piece, 
in  the  form  of  an  expanded  dove’s  tail,  or  a 
wedge  reversed,  into  a corresponding  hollow  in 
the  other.  Weale. 

2.  ( Anat. .)  A suture,  or  serrated  articulation, 

as  of  the  bones  of  the  head.  Hoblyn. 

3.  (Arch.)  A Gothic  architectural  ornament 

in  the  form  of  dovetails.  Francis. 

DOVE'TAlL,  V.  a.  [i.  DOVETAILED  ; pp.  DOVE- 
TAILING, dovetailed.]  To  unite  by  a dove- 
tail or  by  dovetails.  Burke. 

DOVE'TAILED  (-tald),  p.  a.  United  by  means  of 
a dovetail  or  dovetails. 

DOVE'tAiL-ING,  n.  The  method  of  joining  by 
dovetails.  Ash. 

DOV'ISH,  a.  Having  the  innocence  of  a dove. 
“Dovish  simplicity.”  [n.]  Confut.  ofN.  Shaxton. 

j~ DoW,  v.  a.  [Fr.  douer .]  To  endow;  to  give 
as  a dower.  Wickliffe. 

DOW,  n.  A kind  of  vessel  navigated  by  Arabs  in 
the  Indian  Ocean ; — written  also  dau.  Water ston. 

DOW'A-BLE,  a.  Entitled  to  dower  ; that  may  be 
endowed.  Blackstone. 

DoW'A-<?ER,  n.  [Fr.  douairiere,  douaire , dower.] 

1.  A widow  possessed  of  a dower  from  a de- 
ceased husband  ; — a widow  who  has  property  of 
her  own  brought  by  her  to  her  husband,  and 
settled  on  herself  after  his  decease.  Brande. 

2.  A title  given  to  a woman  of  rank  who  sur- 

vives her  husband  to  distinguish  her  from  the 
wife  of  her  husband’s  heir  having  the  same 
title.  Brande. 

Catherine  no  more 

Shall  be  called  queen,  but  princess  dowager , 

And  widow  to  Prince  Arthur.  Shak. 

DoW'C^TS,  n.  pi.  In  the  language  of  the  chase, 
the  testicles  of  a hart  or  stag.  B.  Jonson. 

DOVVD.w.  A woman’s  night-cap.  [N.Y.]  Bartlett. 

DoW'DY,  n.  [Scot,  dawdle  ; Dut.  tod,  a rag.  — 
See  Dud.]  An  awkward,  ill-dressed  woman. 

They  dote  on  dowdies  and  deformity.  Dryden. 

DOW'DY,  a.  Awkward ; ill-dressed  ; — applied  to 
women.  “ The  dowdy  creature.”  Gay. 

DoW'DY-ISH,  a.  Like  a dowdy  ; ill-dressed.  Byron. 

DOW'fA,!!.  A pin  of  wood  * -a— a 

or  of  iron  used  in  join-  | |j| 

ing  together  two  pieces  “ ( u 

of  timber,  the  pin  in  f ' jl 

one  piece  being  driven  • — „ „ , — v 

into  a corresponding  hole  in  the  other.  Britton. 

DOW'IJL,  V.  a.  [/'.  DOAVELLED  ; pp.  DOAVELLING, 
dowehed.]  To  fasten  with  dowels.  Crabb. 

DOW'JJR  (dciu'er),  n.  [Gr.  Iw; , that  which  is  given  ; 
L.  i/os,  a dowry ; Low  L.  dotarium,  douarium ; 
Fr.  douaire.'] 

1.  Endowment ; gift. 

I wonder  by  what  dower 
Or  patent  you  had  power 
From  all  to  rape  a judgment.  Feltham. 

2.  That  which  the  wife  brings  to  her  hus- 
band in  marriage  ; dowry.  Dryden. 

3.  (Law.)  That  portion,  usually  one  third, 

of  a man’s  lands  and  tenements  which  his  widow 
is  entitled,  after  his  death,  to  have  and  hold  for 
the  term  of  her  natural  life.  Burrill. 

DoW'JgRED  (dou'erd),  a.  Having  a dower.  Shak. 

DdW'ER-LESS,  a.  Wanting  a fortune ; unpor- 
tioned. “ Thy  dowerless  daughter.”  Shak. 

DoW'ER-Y,  n.  Dower.  — See  Doavek. 


DoW'LAS,  n.  [“  Probably  from  Dourlaus,  a 
town  of  Picardy,  formerly  celebrated  for  this 
manufacture.”  Skinner.]  A kind  of  coarse 
and  strong  linen  fabric.  Shak. 

f DOVVLE,  n.  [“  Perhaps  from  wool.”  Todd.  — 
Dowle,  or  .dole,  or  deal,  are  but  one  word  differ- 
ently pronounced  and  written,  and  mean  merely 
a part,  piece,  or  portion.  Tooke.]  A feather ; 
down.  “ One  dowle  that’s  in  my  plume.”  Shak. 

There  is  a certain  shell-fish  in  the  sea,  called  pinna,  that 
bears  a mossy  dowle  or  wool,  whereof  cloth  was  spun  and 
made.  Hist,  of  Man.  Arts,  1G61. 

DOWN,  n.  1.  [Dut.  dons  ; Ger.  daune  ; Sw.  dun  ; 
Dan.  6$  Icel.  dmm.\  The  soft,  fine  feathers  from 
the  breasts  of  birds,  particularly  of  ducks,  geese, 
and  swans.  “ A pillow  of  down.”  Gower. 

2.  Fine,  soft  hair. 

On  thy  chin  the  springing  heard  began 

To  spread  a doubtful  down , and  promise  man.  Prior. 

3.  (Bot.)  The  pubescence  or  hairiness  of 
plants  : — also  the  pappus  or  hairy  crown  of  the 
seed  of  certain  plants,  as  the  thistle.  Maunder. 

4.  Any  thing  that  gives  repose. 

Thou  bosom  softness,  down  of  all  my  cares.  Southern. 

DOWN,  n.  [A.  S.  dun  ; Dut.  duin  ; Ger.  dilne  ; Sw. 
dun  ; It.  duna\  Fr  .dune-,  Celt  .dune.] 

1.  pi.  Banks  or  elevations  of  sand  formed 

along  the  sea-coast  by  the  joint  action  of  the 
waves  and  the  wind.  P.  Cyc. 

The  downs  having  attained  a certain  height,  the  wind  has 
no  longer  the  power  to  increase  their  elevation,  and  they  are 
then  urged  forward  upon  the  land.  P.  Cyc. 

2.  A tract  of  poor,  naked,  hilly  land,  used 
chiefly  for  pasturing  sheep.  [England.] 

Not  all  the  fleecy  wealth 

That  doth  enrich  those  downs  is  worth  a thought 

To  this  my  errand.  Milton. 

3.  A road  for  shipping,  in  the  English  Chan- 
nel, between  Deal  and  the  Goodwin  Sands, 
forming  a place  of  anchorage  for  vessels  of  all 
dimensions,  and  being,  in  time  of  Avar,  the  place 
of  rendezvous  for  the  English  navy.  P.  Cyc. 

4.  [down,  the  adverb.]  A state  of  depression 
or  abasement.  “ Ups  and  downs.”  Qu.  Rev. 

DOWN,  a.  [From  doivn,  the  prep.] 

1.  f Downright ; plain  ; positi\_e  ; absolute. 

“ Her  many  doivn  denials.”  Beau.  <Sp  FI. 

2.  Downcast ; dejected ; as,  “ A down  look." 

DOWN,  prep.  [A.  S.  adun.]  Along  a descent, 
from  higher  to  lower. 

His  gory  visage  down  the  stream  was  sent, 

Down  the  swift  Hebrus  to  the  Lesbian  shore.  Milton. 

DOWN,  ad.  [A.  S.  adun,  adune,  down,  dotvnward. 
— The  past  participle  of  A.  S.  dujian,  to  sink. 
Tooke.] 

1.  In  a descending  direction ; tending  from 
higher  to  loAver. 

Down  from  his  head  the  liquid  odor  ran.  Dryden. 

2.  On  the  ground,  or  any  flat  surface  ; as,  “ He 
is  lying  down.” 

3.  Below  the  visible  horizon.  “ The  moon  is 

doivn.”  Shak. 

4.  Into  disgrace  or  disrepute. 

There  is  not  a more  melancholy  object  in  the  world  than  a 
man  who  has  written  himself  down.  Addison. 

5.  Into  proper  consistence.  “ To  be  boiled 

down  to  a sapid  fat.”  Arbutlinot. 

up  and  down,  here  and  there;  ramblingly. 

Down  in  the  mouth,  dispirited.  [Vulgar.]  Forhy. 

DOWN,  interj.  An  exhortation  variously  used  to 
signify  come,  go,  take,  or  throw  down  ; — con- 
sidered by  some  as  an  adverb  modifying  a verb 
understood.  “Dottm  Avith  them.”  Shak.  “ Down 
Avith  the  palace  ! ” Dryden. 

Down , reason,  then;  vain  reasonings,  rather,  down.  Milton. 

f DOWN,  v.  n.  To  go  down  ; to  descend. 

Probably  it  will  hardly  down  with  any  body  at  first 
hearing.  Locke. 

f DOWN,  v.  a.  To  subdue  ; to  conquer. 

To  down  proud  hearts  that  would  not  willing  die.  Sidney. 

DOWN,  v.  a.  To  cover  or  line  with  down,  or  Avith 

■ fine,  soft  feathers.  Young. 

DoWn'BeAr,  v.  a.  To  bear  doum.  Clarke. 

DOWN'-BED,  n.  A bed  of  down.  M.  Halifax. 

DoWN'cAST,  a.  Bent  doivn  ; directed  to  the 
ground  ; dejected.  “ The  downcast  look  of 
modesty.”  Sidney. 


m!eN,  SIR;  MdVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  R0LE.  — £,  <?,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  tfiis. 

56 


DOWNCAST 


442 


DRACUNCULUS 


t DOVVX'cAST,  ft.  Sadness  ; melancholy  look. 

That  downcast  of  thine  eye,  Olympias, 

Shows  a tine  sorrow.  Beau.  !f  FI. 

DoWX'pD,  a.  Furnished,  or  stuffed,  with  down. 

Their  nest  so  deeply  downed,  and  built  so  high.  Young. 

DOWN'FALL,  «.  1.  A sudden  fall.  “ Each  down- 
fall of  a flood.”  Dryden. 

2.  Fall  from  rank  or  state ; loss  of  reputa- 
tion ; ruin ; destruction. 

We  have  seen  some  bv  the  ways  by  which  they  had  de- 
signed to  rise  uncontrollably  to  have  directly  procured  their 
utter  downfall . /South. 

DoWn'FALLEN  (diiun'ftln),  a.  Ruined;  fallen. 
“ Downfallen  cliffs.”  Carew . 

f novVN'-tyYVED  (ddun'jivd),  or.  Hanging  down 
like  the  loose  cincture  which  confines  fetters 
round  the  ankles. 

Ilis  stockings  fouled. 

Ungartered,  and  down-gyved  to  his  ankles.  Shak. 

DOVVx’HAUL,  v.  a.  ( 'Naut .)  To  pull  down.  Ash. 

DOVVn'HAUL,  n.  (Naut.)  A rope  used  to  haul 
down  jibs,  stay-sails,  and  studding-sails.  Dana. 

DoWN'HEART-pD,  or.  Dejected;  spiritless. 

DOVVx'HILL,  n.  Declivity  ; descent.  Dryden. 

DdWN'Hll.L,  a.  Declivous;  descending.  “A 
downhill  greensward.”  Congreve. 

DOVVX'j-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  downy.  Booth. 

DoWN'LpSS,  a.  Having  no  down.  Richardson. 

DOWN'— LOOKED  (doun'lokt),  a.  Appearing  sad  ; 
dejected ; melancholy.  Dryden. 

DOWN'LY-ING,  a.  1.  About  to  lie  down.  Johnson. 

2.  About  to  be  brought  to  bed,  as  a woman 
in  travail.  Johnson. 

DoWn'LY-ING,  n.  The  time  of  lying  down  or  of 
repose  ; night  ; bed-time. 

All  these  [servants]  were  daily  attending,  downlying  and 
and  uprising.  Cavendish. 

DoWN'RlGHT  (doan'rlt),  a.  1.  Plain  ; clear  ; ab- 
solute ; undisguised.  “ Downright  madness.” 
L’ Estrange.  “Downright  atheism.”  Rogers. 

2.  Sincere  ; earnest.  “ Reverend  Cranmer, 
learned  Ridley,  downright  Latimer.”  Fuller. 

DOVViY'RfGIlT,  ad.  1.  Straight  or  right  down; 
perpendicularly.  “ Cleft  downright.''  Butler. 

2.  Completely  ; without  stopping  short.  “She 

fell  downright  into  a fit.”  Arbuthnot. 

3.  Plainly:  openly;  unceremoniously.  “We 

shall  chide  downright.”  Shak. 

t DoWn'RIGHT-LY  (dbfln'rlt-le),  ad.  In  plain 
terms  ; bluntly.  “ They  do  not  downrightly  as- 
sert falsehoods.”  Barroiv. 

DOVVN'RiGIIT-NESS,  n.  Honest  or  plain  deal- 
ing ; honesty.  Todd. 

DoWx'ROP-JNG,  a.  Distilling  downwards.  Shak. 

DovVx fj,n.pl.  See  Down. 

DoWn’SETT,  n.  (Her.)  The  separated  parts  of 
an  ordinary.  Ogilvie. 

DoWn'-ShAre,  n.  A breast-plough  to  pare  off 
the  turf  on  downs.  Loudon. 

DoWN'SIT-TJNG,  n.  A sitting  down,  or  going  to 
rest ; repose. 

My  downsitting  and  mine  uprising.  Ps.  cxxxix.  2. 

f DOVVN'STEEP-Y,  a.  Having  a great  declivity. 
“ A craggy  and  downsteepy  rock.”  Florio. 

DOVVX'— TROD,  a.  Down-trodden.  Shak. 

DOtVX'— TROD-DEN  (diiun'trod-dn),  a.  Trodden 
underfoot;  trampled  upon.  “ The  down-trod- 
den vassals  of  perdition.”  Milton. 

DoWn'WARD,  a.  1.  Noting  descent. 

With  downward  force, 

That  drove  the  sand  along,  he  took  his  way.  Dryden. 

2.  Bending  ; arching ; declivous.  “ The  down- 
ward heaven.”  Dryden. 

3.  Desponding;  depressed  ; dejected  ; gloomy. 

“ Downward  thoughts.”  Sidney. 

4.  Grovelling;  stooping  to  baseness.  “A 

downward  appetite.”  Dryden. 

DOVAx  WARD,  £ a(i  jn  a (jescen(jjng  course, 

DoWX  W A R D , x whether  of  space,  time,  or  con- 
dition. — See  Backward. 

Let  no  dank  Will  mislead  you  to  the  heath; 

He  glows  to  draw  you  downward  to  your  death.  Collins. 

The  monks  in  those  houses,  abounding  in  wealth,  and 
living  at  ease  and  in  idleness,  did  so  degenerate  that,  from 
the  twelfth  century  downward , their  reputation  abated  much. 

Burnet. 


DoWN'WEED,  n.  Cottonweed.  Barret. 

DoWN'Y,  a.  1.  Composed  of  down,  or  finely- 
ciliated  filaments.  “ Downy  feather.”  Shak. 
“ Downy  wings.”  Dryden.  “ Downy  pillow.” 
Pope. 

2.  Covered  with,  or  composed  of,  fine,  soft 
hair ; as,  “ A downy  cheek  or  face.” 

On  each  cheek  the  downy  shade.  West. 

3.  ( Bot .)  Covered  with  pubescence,  or  nap ; 
clothed  with  a coat  of  soft  and  short  hairs.  Gray. 

4.  Resembling  down  ; soft ; light.  Shak. 

DoW'RAL,  a.  Relating  to,  composing  or  consti- 
tuting, a dower.  “ Dowral  gifts.”  [r.]  Potter. 

DOVV'R^SS,  n.  (Law.)  A woman  entitled  to 
dower.  Bouvier. 

DoW'Ry,  n.  1.  The  portion  or  property  which 
the  wife  brings  her  husband  in  marriage ; dow- 
er.— See  Dower.  Dryden. 

2.  A reward  paid  for  a wife. 

Ask  me  never  so  much  dowry  and  gift.  Gen.  xxxiv.  12. 

DOWSE,  v.  a.  [Sw.  daska , to  strike.  Todd.  — Dut. 
donsen,  to  strike  with  the  fist  on  the  back.  Skin- 
ner.'] To  give  a blow  on  the  face,  [r.]  Bailey. 

DoWsE,  n.  A slap  on  the  face.  [Vulgar.]  Smart. 

f DoyAst,  n.  A stroke  ; a dowse. 

IIow  sweetly  does  this  fellow  take  his  do  last  l Beau.  If  FI. 

DOX-O-LO^r'I-’CAL,  a.  Relating  to,  or  contain- 
ing, a doxology.  “ The  three  first  collects  are 
noted  to  he  doxological.”  Hooper. 

D0X-0L'0-£lZE,  v.  a.  To  praise  by  using  dox- 
ologies.  [r.]  Ash. 

DOX-OL'O-tjrY  (doks-ol 'o-je),  n.  [Gr.  lo(o?.oytn; 
l6(a,  praise,  and  ).6yot,  a discourse  ; Middle  L. 
doxologia  ; It.  dossologia-,  Port,  doxologia;  Fr. 
doxologie.]  A form  of  praise  or  glorification  said 
or  sung  in  divine  service,  commonly  at  the  close 
of  a prayer,  psalm,  or  hymn.  Stilling  fleet. 

DOX' Y,  n.  [ Skinner  suggests  Dxit.  docken,  to  give 
quickly  ; Webster , Sw.  docka,  a baby,  doll,  or 
plaything.]  A prostitute  ; a loose  wench.  Shak. 

DOY'Lf.Y,  n.  See  Doily. 

DOZE,  v.  n.  [M.  Goth,  dwala,  dull ; A.  S.  dicers, 
dull,  stupid ; Dut.  dwaas,  dull,  stupid ; Icel. 
dasast.]  [».  dozed  ; pp.  dozing,  dozed.] 

1.  To  slumber;  to  be  half  asleep;  to  sleep 
lightly  ; to  drowse.  “ If  he  happened  to  doze  a 
little,  the  jolly  cobbler  waked  him.”  L’ Estrange. 

2.  To  live  in  a state  of  drowsiness. 

Now  to  the  banks  where  bards  departed  doze.  Pope. 

Syn.  — See  Sleep. 

DOZE,  v.  a.  1.  To  spend  in  drowsiness. 

Chiefless  armies  dozed  out  the  campaign.  Pope. 

2.  To  stupefy;  to  dull.  “He  was  dozed  in 
his  understanding.”  [r.]  Clarendon. 

DOZE,  n.  A light  sleep  ; a slumber.  Perry. 

DOZ'EX  (duz'zn),  n ; pi.  DOZEN  or  DOZENS.  [L. 
duodecim,  twelve  ; It.  dozzina  ; Sp.  docena ; Fr. 
douzaine.  — Dut.  dozyn;  Ger.  dutzend ; Dan. 
dusin ; Sw.  dussin.]  The  number  of  twelve. 

SSW  It  is  a noun  plural  of  number,  as  one  dozen, 
ten  dozen.  The  plural  form  dozens  is  rarely  used. 

DOZ'EN  (duz'zn),  a.  Twelve ; twice  six.  “ A 
dozen  or  fourteen  gentlewomen.”  Shak. 

DOZ'JJR,  n.  One  who  dozes.  Smart. 

DO'Zl-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  dozy;  drow- 
siness. “ A doziness  in  his  head.”  Locke. 

DOZ'ING,  n.  Drowsiness;  sluggishness.  “La- 
ziness and  dozing.”  Ld.  Chesterfield. 

DO'ZY,  a.  Sleepy;  drowsy;  sluggish. 

The  yawning  youth,  scarce  half  awake, 

His  lazy  limbs  and  dozy  head  essays  to  raise.  Dryden. 

DOZ'ZLED  (doz'zld),  a.  Stupefied;  heavy.  “Be- 
ing dazzled  with  fear.”  Bp.  Racket.  [Obs.  or 
local.]  Halliwe.il. 

DRAB,  n.  1.  [A.  S.  dr  Dut.  drabbe,  dregs,  lees.] 
A strumpet ; a prostitute.  Shak. 

2.  A slut;  a dirty,  vulgar  woman.  King. 

3.  A wooden  box,  in  salt  works,  for  holding 
the  salt  taken  out  of  the  boiling  pans.  Crabb. 

DRAB,  n.  [It.  drappo,  cloth  ; Sp.  trapo  ; Fr. drap.) 
A thick,  woollen  cloth,  of  a dun  or  dull  brown 
color,  or  one  resembling  fuller’s  earth.  Shak. 


DRAB,  v.  n.  To  keep  the  company  of  drabs ; to 
associate  with  strumpets.  Beau,  FI. 

DRAB,  a.  Of  a dun  color,  like  that  of  fuller’s 

earth,  or  of  the  cloth  so  called.  Clarke. 

DRAB'Bf.R,  n.  One  who  keeps  company  with 
drabs  or  depraved  women.  Massinger. 

DRAB'BIXG,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  keeps  com- 
pany with  drabs. 

DRAB'BISH,  a.  Having  the  quality  of  a drab. 

I marked  the  drabbisli  sorceress.  Draut. 

DRAB'BLE,  v.  a.  To  draggle  ; to  trail  upon  the 
wet  ground,  as  the  skirts  of  a garment.  Hunter. 

DRAB'BLE,  v.  n.  To  fish  for  barbel  with  a line  put 
through  a piece  of  lead  : — to  draggle.  Clarke. 

DrAb'BI.IJR,  ft.  (Naut.)  A piece  of  canvas  laced 
to  the  bonnet  of  a sail,  to  give  it  more  drop  or 
depth.  Dana. 

DRAb'BLING,  n.  (Angling.)  A method  of  catch- 
ing barbels  with  a line  put  through  a piece  of 
lead.  London  Ency. 

DRAb'— COL-OR,  n.  Dun  color,  or  the  color  of 
fuller’s  earth.  Richardson. 

DRAB’— COL-ORED,  a.  Having  the  color  of  ful- 
ler’s earth.  “ A dark,  drab-colored  coat.”  Sterne. 

DRAC,  n.  A malicious  or  tricksome  demon,  for- 

merly much  dreaded  by  the  country  people  in 
many  parts  of  France.  London  Ency. 

DRJ1-CJE  ' NJl,  n.  [Gr.  Ipdieaiva,  a she-dragon.] 
(Bot.)  A genus  of  endogenous  plants,  one 
species  of  which,  the  Draccena  draco,  furnishes 
the  resin  called  dragon’s-blood.  Loudon. 

DRA'CANTH,  n.  Gum-tragacanth.  Booth. 

DRACHM  (dram),  ft.  [Gr.  bpa^pj/,  Ipdcaopat,  to 

frasp  ; L.  drachma  ; It.  dramma;  Sp.  dracma; 
r.  drachme.] 

1.  A Greek  silver  coin.  — See  Drachma. 

2.  A Greek  weight.  — See  Drachma. 

3.  In  apothecaries’  weight,  the  eighth  part  of 
an  ounce  ; a dram.  — See  Dram. 

4.  In  avoirdupois  weight,  the  sixteenth  part 
of  an  ounce;  a dram.  — See  Dram. 

DRAch ' MA,  ft.  ; pi.  DRAfmlMJF.-,  Eng.  dra(:ii'- 
ma$.  [Gr.  Ipa^utj ; L .drachma.] 

1.  A Greek  coin  of  different  values  ; a drachm. 
“ A drachma,  so  termed,  for  that  it  was  as  much 
as  the  hand  could  gripe.”  North's  Plutarch. 

DSP  The  average  value  of  the  attic  drachma,  from 
the  time  of  Solon  till  that  of  Alexander,  was  93 d. 
sterling  ; the  average  value  of  the  AJginetan  drachma 
was  Is.  \d.  3.2 qr.  U ni.  Smith. 

2.  A Greek  weight  equal  to  2 dwt.  7 gr.  Troy 
weight ; a drachm.  Brande. 

DR A-Cl'NA,  ? n j-Qj.  IpAicatvet,  a she-dragon.] 
DRAg'INE,  ) (Chem.)  The  coloring  matter  of 
dragon’s-blood;  draconine.  P.  Cyc. 

DRA’ CO,  ft.  [L.]  1.  ( ZoOl .)  A genus  of  small 

saurian  reptiles  ; the  flying  lizard.  Baird. 

2.  (Astron.)  The  Dragon  ; a constellation  of 
» the  northern  hemisphere.  Hind. 

3.  A luminous  exhalation  from  marshy 
grounds.  Maunder. 

DRA-CON'IC,  a.  Relating  to  the  constellation 
Draco,  or  the  Dragon.  Byron. 

DRA-CO'NINE,  ft.  [Gr.  bpaiaov,  a dragon  ; L.  dra- 
co.] The  coloring  matter  of  dragon’s-blood  ; — 
called  also  ilracina,  and  dracine.  Brande. 

DRA-CON'TIC,  a.  [ Caput  draconis,  the  dragon’s 
head,  a name  anciently  given  to  one  of  the 
nodes  of  the  lunar  orbit.]  (Astron.)  Noting  the 
retrograde  motion  of  the  line  of  the  moon’s 
nodes,  on  the  ecliptic,  or  the  time  in  which  the 
line  of  the  nodes  completes  a revolution.  Crabb. 

DRA-CON'TIXE,  a.  Relating  or  pertaining  to  a 
dragon.  Southey. 

DRj}-C(jfr’ CU-Lirs,  ft. ; pi.  DriACimcuLi.  [L., 
a little  dragon ; draco,  a dragon.] 

1.  (Ent.j  The  Guinea  worm  ; the  Filaria  me- 
dinensis  of  Linmous ; — common  in  hot  coun- 
tries. Van  Der  Hoeven’. 

2.  (Zoul.)  A genus  of  flying  lizards. 

Van  Der  Hoeven. 
3.  (Bot.)  A species  of  arum,  having  leaf- 
stalks spotted  like  a serpent’s  belly.  Loudon. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


DRAD 


443 


DRAIL 


4.  ( Ich .)  A species  of  fish  about  ten  inches 
long,  of  a reddish-brown  color  above,  and  white 
beneath  ; sordid  dragonet ; sculpin  ; Calliony- 
7>ius  dracunculus.  1 arrell. 

f DRAD,  a.  Terrible;  formidable;  dread. 

Whilst  the  drad  danger  does  behind  remain.  Spenser. 

f DRAD,  i.  of  dread.  Feared. 

She  weakly  started,  yet  she  nothing  drad.  Spenser. 

DRAFF,  n.  [A.  S.  drabbe ; Dut.  drabbe,  draf, 
droef ; Sw.  draf-,  Gael.  $ Ir . drab/i.]  Refuse; 
lees';  dregs;  any  thing  vile  and  worthless. 
“ Draff'  and  husks.”  Shak.  “Draff  of  servile 
food.”  Milton. 

DRAFF'ISH,  a.  Worthless ; draffy.  “ Draffish 
declarations.”  Bale. 

DRAFF'— SACK,  n.  A sack  for  containing  draff. 
“ I lie  as  a draff-sack  in  my  bed.”  Chaucer. 

DrAff'-TUB,  n.  A tub  or  vessel  for  holding 
wash  or  swill  for  pigs.  Ash. 

DRAFF'Y,  a.  Worthless;  dreggy.  ‘‘The  dregs 
and  draffy  part.”  Beau.  8j  FI. 

DRAFT,  n.  [Corrupted  from  draught. — See 
Draught.] 

1.  Act  of  drawing.  — See  Draught. 

2.  (Mil.)  A drawing  or  selection  of  men  from 
one  corps  to  complete  another:  — a body  of 
men  drawn  from  an  army  or  regiment.  Campbell. 

3.  (Com.)  An  order  by  which  one  person 
draws  on  another  for  a certain  sum  of  money; 
a check  ; a bill  of  exchange  ; — also  the  money 
drawn  on  a bill  of  exchange  : — an  allowance  in 
weighing  commodities.  The  same  name  is 
given,  in  England,  to  an  allowance  made  at  the 
custom-house  on  excisable  goods. 

4.  The  drawing  of  lines  for  a plan  ; the  plan 
so  drawn.  — See  Draught. 

In  other  senses  the  word  retains  its  original 
orthography,  draught.  — See  Draught. 

DRAFT,  V.  a.  [(.  DRAFTED  ; pp.  DRAFTING, 
DRAFTED.] 

1.  (Mil.)  To  draw  or  select,  as  men  from  one 

corps  to  complete  another.  Campbell. 

2.  To  detach  or  select,  as  men  from  any  com- 
pany or  society. 

3.  To  prepare,  as  a writing  for  some  pur- 
pose ; to  draught;  as,  “ To  draft  resolutions.” 

4.  To  draw,  as  a plan ; to  delineate  ; to 
draught. 

DRAFTS'MAN,  n.  One  who  draws  writings  or 
designs.  — See  Draughtsman. 

DRAG,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  dragan;  Dut.  draagen ; Ger. 
tragen  ; Dan.  drage  ; Sw.  draga;  Gael,  dragh.] 
[t.  DRAGGED;  pp.  DRAGGING,  DRAGGED.] 

1.  To  draw  or  pull  along  by  main  force. 

Which,  like  a wounded  snake,  drags  its  slow  length  along. 

Pope. 

2.  To  draw  or  pull  over,  as  with  a drag  or  a 

harrow ; to  harrow.  Clarke. 

DRAG,  v.  n.  1.  To  hang  so  low  as  to  trail  or  be 
drawn  along  on  the  ground.  Dryden. 

2.  To  linger;  to  proceed  slowly.  “ He  drag- 
geth  behind  him  in  reasoning.”  Sir  T.  More. 

3.  To  fish  w'ith  a drag.  Clarke. 

DRAG,  n.  1.  A net  drawn  along  the  bottom  of 
the  water  ; a drag-net.  Dryden. 

2.  An  instrument  with  hooks  to  catch  hold  of 

things  under  water.  Walton. 

3.  A kind  of  car  drawn  by  the  hand.  Moxon. 

4.  An  apparatus  for  retarding  or  stopping  the 

rotation  of  one  wheel  or  several  wheels  of  a 
carriage  in  descending  a hill.  Clarke. 

5.  A plank  sledge  for  drawing  stones.  Clarke. 

6.  A machine  for  dredging  docks,  clearing 
rivers,  &c. 

7.  A harrow  for  breaking  clods.  Wright. 

8.  pi.  Floating  pieces  of  timber,  joined  so 
that  they  may  carry  a load  down  a river.  Crabb. 

9.  (Naut.)  A machine  consisting  of  a sharp, 

square  iron  ring,  encircled  with  a net ; — any 
thing  that  tends  to  retard  a ship’s  progress,  as 
boats  when  towed.  London  Ency. 

DRA-GAN'TINE,  n.  [See  Dracanth.]  A mu- 
cilage obtained  from  gum-tragacanth.  Hoblyn. 

DRAG'— BAR,  tl.  A strong  iron  rod,  with  eyeholes 
at  each  end,  connecting  a locomotive  engine 
and  tender  by  means  of  an  iron  bolt  called  the 
drag-bolt.  Weale. 


DRAg'-BOLT,  n.  A bolt  serving  to  couple  a lo- 
comotive engine  and  tender  together,  and  re- 
movable at  pleasure.  Weale. 

DRAG  -CHAIN,  n.  A chain  that  drags  or  is  drawn 
on  the  ground.  Crabb. 

j-  DRAGGES,  7i.pl.  Drugs.  Chaucer. 

DRAG'GLE,  v.  a.  [Dim.  of  drag. — Gdel. drabhas.] 
[i.  DRAGGLED  ; pp.  DRAGGLING,  DRAGGLED.] 
To  make  dirty  by  dragging  on  the  ground  ; to 
drabble  ; to  trail. 

lie  wore  the  same  gown  live  years,  without  draggling  or 
tearing.  . Swift. 

DRAG'GLE  (drSg'gl),  V.  n.  To  grow  dirty  by  being 
drawn  along  the  ground ; to  drabble  ; to  trail. 
His  draggling  tail  hung  in  the  dirt, 

Which  on  his  rider  he  would  flirt.  Butler. 

DRAG'GLE— TAIL,  7i.  A sluttish  woman. Sherwood. 

DliAG'GLE-TAlLED,  a.  Draggling  on  the  ground ; 
untidy.  Moor. 

DRAg'-LINK,  n.  A link  for  connecting  the 
cranks  of  two  shafts.  Weale. 

DRAG'MAN,  n.  A fisherman  who  uses  a drag-net. 
“ The  draymen  of  Severn.”  Hale. 

DRAG'— NET,  7i.  A net  drawn  along  the  bottom 
of  the  water  to  take  fish. 

It  is  not  to  he  expected  that  all  should  be  fish  which  is 
caught  iu  a drag-net.  * Fuller. 

DRAg'O-MAN,  71.  ; pi.  drXg'O-mXn?.  [Turk,  tru- 
kemati;  It.  dragom-inno ; Sp.  dragoman-,  Fr. 
trucheman. ] An  interpreter  in  Turkey  and 

other  Eastern  countries  ; — particularly  an  in- 
terpreter attached  to  an  embassy  or  a consulate 
in  the  Levant.  — Written  also  drogotnan  and 
dn/ggennan.  Bratide. 

DRAg'ON,  71.  [Gr.  SpQKoiv  ; L.  draco  ; It.  dragone ; 
Sp.  § Fr.  dragon ; Dut.  draak  ; Ger.  draclie. ] 

1.  A huge,  fabulous  animal,  celebrated  in  the 
mythology  of  many  nations,  and  generally  repre- 
sented as  an  enormous  winged  serpent.  Fairliolt. 

In  the  Old  Testament,  the  w'ord  signifies  some- 
times venomous  land  serpents,  and  at  other  times 
large  river  or  sea  fishes,  more  particularly  the  croco- 
dile and  whale.  In  the  New  Testament,  the  word  is 
taken  for  Satan,  the  personification  of  sin.  In  Chris- 
tian art,  the  dragon  typifies  both  sin  and  idolatry.  In 
heraldry,  it  is  borne  in  coats,  crests,  and  supporters. 
Eftsoons  that  dreadful  dragon  they  espied 
Where  stretched  he  lay  upon  the  sunny  side 
Of  a great  hill,  himself  like  a great  hill.  Spenser. 

The  dragon  shalt  thou  trample  under  foot.  Ps.  xci.  13. 

Thou  breakest  the  heads  of  dragons  in  the  waters. 

Ps.  Ixxiv.  18. 

And  the  great  dragon  was  cast  out,  that  old  serpent,  called 
the  devil.  Rev.  xii.  9. 

2.  A meteor,  in  cold,  marshy  countries,  which 
sometimes  becomes  luminous.  — See  Draco. 

Night’s  swift  dragons  cut  the  clouds  full  fast.  Shah. 

3.  A short  musket  hooked  to  a swivel  attached 

to  a soldier’s  belt,  and  bearing  on  the  muzzle 
the  representation  of  a dragon’s  head,  which 
was  fabled  to  spout  fire.  Fairholt. 

4.  A fierce,  violent  man  or  woman.  Johnson. 

5.  (Astron.)  An  ancient  constellation  of  the 
northern  hemisphere.  — See  Draco. 

6.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  apetalous  plants  ; Dra- 

contium  ; — so  called  because  the  stem  is  mot- 
tled like  the  skin  of  a serpent.  Loudon. 

7.  (Zoiil.)  _ A 

kind  of  small,  in- 
offensive lizard, 
of  the  genus  Dra- 
co, having  an  ex- 
pansion of  the 
skin  on  each  side 
which  forms  a Draco  fimbriatus. 

kind  of  wing,  serving  to  sustain  the  animal  like 
a parachute,  when  it  leaps  from  branch  to 
branch.  — See  Draco.  Maunder. 

DRAG'ON,  a.  1.  Consisting  of  dragons. 

"While  Cynthia  checks  her  dragon  yoke 

Gently  by  the  accustomed  oak.  Milton. 

2.  Monstrous  ; frightful,  like  a dragon. 

The  dragon  womb 

Of  Stygian  darkness.  Milton. 

DRAG-ON-NADE  ',  7i.  [Fr.]  Dragoonade.  Seward. 

DRAg'ON— BEAM,  71.  (Arch.)  A horizontal  piece 
of  timber  on  which  the  hip  or  angle  rafters  of  a 
roof  pitch.  Brande. 

DRAg'ON-ESS,  7i.  A female  dragon.  Chapman. 

DRAg'ON-ET,  7i.  1.  A little  dragon.  Spenser. 


2.  (Ich.)  The  English  name  for  a genus  of 
fishes  having  the  head  oblong  and  depressed, 
the  eyes  placed  at  the  top  of  the  head  and  rather 
close  together,  and  the  body  smooth  and  with- 
out scales;  Calliony/nus. — See  Dracuncu- 
lus. Y arrell. 

DRAG'ON— FlSII,  n.  (Ich.)  The  dragonet.  Clarke. 

DRAg'ON-FLY,  n.  (E7it.)  A 
ferocious,  neuropterous  in- 
sect, of  the  family  Libelluli- 
dre,  having  large  and  strongly 
reticulated  wings,  and  the 
posterior  extremity  of  the  ab- 
domen furnished  with  hooks 
or  peculiar  appendages.  It 
has  extraordinary  powers  of 
flight  and  precision  of  movement.  Baird. 

DRAg'ON-IsII,  a.  Having  the  form  of  a dragon. 

Sometimes  we  see  a cloud  that’s  dragonish.  Shale . 

DRAG'ON-LiKE,  a.  Furious  ; fiery,  like  a drag- 
on. “ He  fights  dragon-like.”  Sheik. 

DRAG'ON’S-BLOOD  (drSg'unz-blud),  n.  A resin- 
ous substance,  of  a dark-brown  or  bright  red 
ctdor,  friable,  and  of  a shining  fracture.  It  is 
obtained  from  various  plants,  but  mostly  from 
some  palms  of  the  genus  Calamus  ; used  for  col- 
oring varnishes,  staining  marble,  &c.  Ure. 

DRAG'ON’Jj—  HEAD  (drag'unz-hed),  n. 

1.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  ornamental  plants,  so 

called  on  account  of  the  appearance  of  the 
flowers ; Dracoccphalum.  Crabb. 

2.  (Her.)  The  tawny  color  in  the  escutcheon 

of  sovereign  princes.  Crabb. 

3.  (Astron.)  A term  formerly  applied  to  the 

ascending  node  of  the  planets.— See  Drag- 
on’s-tail.  Brande. 

HOP  Tile  deviation  of  a planet  from  the  ecliptic,  in 
passing  from  one  node  to  the  other,  seems,  according 
to  the  fancy  of  some,  to  make  a figure  like  t hat  of  a 
dragon,  whose  belly  is  where  she  lias  the  greatest  lat- 
itude, tlie  intersections  representing  the  head  and 
tail.  London  Ency. 

DRAg'ON-SHELL,  71.  (Co7ich.)  A species  of  pa- 
tella or  limpet.  Ash. 

DRAg'ON’§-TAil,  n.  (Astron.)  The  descending 
node  of  a planet ; that  point  in  which  the  centre 
of  a planet  passes  from  the  north  to  the  south 
side  of  the  ecliptic  ; — usually  indicated  by  the 
symbol  If.  — See  Dragon’s-iiead.  Brande. 

DRAg'ON’§-WA'T£R,  7i.  A name  given  to  a 
plant  belonging  to  the  genus  Calla.  Clarke. 

DRAg'ON— TREE,  71.  (Bot.)  A species  of  palm, 
the  inspissated  juice  of  which  produces  a red 
powder  resembling  dragon’s-blood ; Dracce7ia 
draco.  Loudon. 

DRA-GOON',  71.  [So  called  from  dragon,  the  short 
musket  formerly  used  by  soldiers.  Fab-holt. — 
From  the  Roman  draconarii,  whose  military 
standard  was  the  representation  of  a dragon. 
Junius.  — An  appellation  given  to  horsemen, 
perhaps  for  their  rapidity  and  fierceness.  Skin- 
ner. — Ger.  tragen,  to  carry.  Jolieison.  — It.  dra- 
gone ; Sp.  <Sr  Fr.  dragon.) 

1.  One  of  a species  of  cavalry  trained  and 

armed  to  act  either  on  foot  or  on  horseback,  as 
emergencies  may  require.  Brande. 

2.  f A dragoonade.  Bp.  Barlow. 

3.  A variety  of  pigeon.  Clarke. 

DRA-GOON',  v.  a.  [Fr.  di'agonner .]  [i.  dra- 

gooned ; pp.  DRAGOONING,  DRAGOONED.] 

1.  To  give  up  to  the  rage  of  soldiers.  Prior. 

2.  To  compel  or  subdue  by  violent  measures, 

as  by  employing  an  armed  force.  Clarke. 

DRAG-OON-ADE',  71.  [Fr.  f lrago7inade.']  An  aban- 
donment of  a place  to  the  rage  of  soldiers. 

It  was  supported  by  the  authority  of  a great  king,  and  the 
terror  of  ill  usage,  and  a dragoonade  in  conclusion,  yet  it 
succeeded  ill  in  England.  * Burnet . 

DRA-GOON'ER,  7i.  One  of  a company  of  dragoons. 

Slanning.  with  three  hundred  musketeers,  bad  fallen  upon 
and  beaten  their  reserve  of  dragooners.  Clarendon. 

DRAgSj'MAN,  7i.  One  who  manages  a drag.  Head. 

f DRAIL,  v.  a.  [Corrupted  from  draggle,  the  dim. 
of  drag.  Bichardson .]  To  trail ; to  draggle. 
“ Drailmg  his  sheep-book  behind  him.”  More. 

f DRAlL,  v.  n.  To  draggle;  to  trail. 

If  we  would  keep  our  garment  clean,  it  is  not  sufficient  to 
wash  it  only,  unless  we  have  also  a continual  cure  to  keep  it 
from  drailing  in  the  dirt.  South. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — Q,  <?,  9,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  ? as  gz.  — THIS,  ttiis. 


DRAIN 


444 


DRAW 


DRAIN,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  drehnigean,  to  drain,  to  strain ; 
Todd.  — Drygan,  to  dry  up.  'l'ooke.  — L.  traho, 
to  draw;  Fr.  trainer.  Skinner.]  [i.  DRAINED  ; 
pp.  DRAINING,  DRAINED.] 

1.  To  draw  off  gradually ; to  cause  to  run  or 
flow  oft'. 

The  liqujd  ore  he  drained 

Into  fit  moulds  prepared.  Milton. 

The  last  emperor  drained  the  wealth  of  those  countries 
into  his  own  coffers.  Swift. 

2.  To  empty  or  make  dry  by  drawing  gradu- 
ally away  ; to  exhaust ; to  empty. 

The  royal  babes  a tawny  wolf  shall  drain.  Dn/den. 

DRAIN,  v.  n.  1.  To  run  or  flow  off  gradually. 

It  [the  meat]  was  then  laid  in  such  a position  as  to  permit 
the  juices  to  drain  from  it.  Cook. 

2.  To  become  empty  or  dry  by  the  flowing  off 
of  liquor  ; as,  “ To  let  a bottle  drain.” 

DRAIN,  n.  A channel  for  water  or  other  liquid  to 
flow  off;  a watercourse  ; a sink.  Mortimer. 

DRAIN'A-BLE,  o.  That  may  be  drained.  Sherwood. 

DRAlN'AQE,  n.  The  act,  or  the  process,  of  drain- 
ing lands.  Ed.  Rev. 

DRAIN'pR,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  drains. 

DRAIN'ING,  n.  The  act  of  making  drains,  or  of 
drawing  off  water  or  other  liquid.  Bacon. 

DRAIN'LESS,  a.  Not  capable  of  being  drained  or 
exhausted;  inexhaustible.  Shelley. 

DRAIN'— TRAP,  n.  A stench-trap. 

DRAKE,  n.  1.  [Perhaps  from  Dut.  &;  Ger.  dreck , 
mud,  because  it  delights  in  mud.  Richardson. 
— Gael,  drac,  drake.J  The  male  of  the  duck. 

Ye  fisher  herons  watching  eels; 

Ye  duck  and  drake,  wi’  airy  wheels, 

Circling  tne  lake.  Bui-ns. 

2.  + [Gr.  <5p<fcwi>.]  A small  piece  of  artillery. 

I see  the  fire 

Of  sacres,  drakes,  and  basilisks  combined.  FansKaiv. 

3.  A species  of  fly ; — called  also  drake-fly. 

“ The  drake  will  mount  steeple-height  into  the 
air.”  Walton. 

DRAM,  n.  [Gr.  Ipa^yi'n  L.  drachma.  — See 
Drachm.] 

1.  In  apothecaries’  weight,  the  eighth  part  of 
an  ounce,  or  sixty  grains,  or  three  scruples. 

2.  In  avoirdupois  weight  the  sixteenth  part 
of  an  ounce. 

3.  A small  quantity.  “ Any  dram  of  mercy.” 
Shak.  “ Drams  of  favor.”  Stirling. 

4.  Such  a quantity  of  spirituous  liquor  as  is 

usually  drunk  at  once.  Swift. 

DRAM,  v.  n.  To  drink  drams.  [Low.]  Johnson. 

DRA'MA,  or  DRAM'A  [dra'm?,  S.  F. ; dri'm?,  P. 
Ja.  K.  Wb. ; d ra  in  a or  dram'?,  W.  C. ; dram'?, 
E.  Sm. ; dra'm?  or  drd'm?,  Ri],  n.  [Gr.  bpdya, 
iphui,  to  do,  to  act;  L .drama-,  It.  dramina  ; Sp. 
drama  ; Fr.  drame .] 

1.  A poem  or  prose  composition  in  which  the 
action  or  narrative  is  not  related,  but  represent- 
ed. The  various  species  of  the  drama  are  trag- 
edy, comedy,  tragi-comedy,  farce,  opera,  and 
burletta. 

The  circumscription  of  time  wherein  the  whole  drama  be- 
gins and  ends  is,  according  to  ancient  rule  and  best  example, 
within  the  space  of  twenty-four  hours.  Milton. 

2.  Dramatic  literature. 

“ The  last  mode  [dram'a]  of  pronouncing:  this 
word  is  that  which  was  universally  current  till  within 
these  few  years  ; but  the  first  [dra'inal  has  insensibly 
stolen  into  use,  as  we  may  observe  from  the  several 
dictionaries  which  have  adopted  it.  Mr.  Sheridan,  W. 
Johnston,  and  Mr.  Nares,  as  far  as  we  can  judge  by  the 
position  of  the  accent,  pronounce  it  with  the  first  a 
long;  and  Dr.  Kenrick  and  Buchanan  with  the  same 
letter  short.  Mr.  Scott  gives  both  ways  ; but,  by  plac- 
ing the  sound  with  the  long  a first,  seems  to  prefer  it. 
The  authorities  are  certainly  on  the  side  I have  adopt- 
ed ; and  I tbink  it  may  be  with  confidence  asserted 
that  an  Englishman,  who  had  never  heard  the  word 
drama  pronounced,  would  naturally  place  the  accent 
upon  the  first  syllable,  and  pronounce  the  vowel  in 
that  syllable  long  and  slender.”  Walker. 

Syn.  — See  Play. 

DR  A- MAT  It,  ) j-Qr.  $paiictTuc6s  ; L.  dra- 

DR A-mAt'I-CAL,  ) maticus  ; It.  drammatico  ; Sp. 
dramatico ; Fr.  dramatique.]  Relating  to,  or 
having  the  form  of,  a drama ; represented  by 
action ; theatrical. 

Dramatical  effect  is  the  proper  subject  of  the  dramatic  art. 

Braude. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6 


The  whole  structure  of  that  work  [the  Iliad]  is  dramatic 
and  lull  of  action.  Pope. 

Dramatical  or  representative  poesv  is,  as  it  were,  a visible 
history;  lor  it  sets  out  the  image  of  things  as  if  they  were 
present,  and  history  as  if  they  were  past.  Bacon. 

DRA-mAt'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a dramatic  manner  ; 
not  simply  or  naturally  ; affectedly. 

DRAM  'A-  7YS  PF.R-SO ' M'JE,  n.  pi.  [L.,  the  per- 
sons of  the  drama.]  The  characters  or  persons 
represented  in  a drama.  Johnson. 

DRAM'A-TIST,  n.  A writer  of  dramas  or  plays. 

The  only  poet,  modern  or  ancient,  who,  in  the  variety 
of  his  characters,  can  vie  with  Ilomer,  is  our  great  English 
dramatist.  Beattie. 

DRAM'A-TIZ-A-BLE,  a.  Thatmay  be  dramatized, 
or  adapted  to  scenical  representation.  West.  Rev. 

DR.AM'A-TIZE,  v.  a.  [i.  dramatized  ; pp.  dram- 
atizing, dramatized.]  To  adapt  to  scenical 
representation  ; to  give  to  a composition  the 
form  of  the  drama.  Knight. 

DRAm'A-TUR-GY,  n.  [Gr.  Ipii/ia,  a play,  and 
cpyov,  work.]  The  science,  or  the  art,  of  dra- 
matic poetry  and  representation.  Brande. 

DRAM'— CUP,  n.  A cup  or  vessel  to  hold  drams. 
“To  brandish  a dram-cup.”  Goldsmith. 

DRAM'— DRINK-ER,  n.  One  who  drinks  drams. 
“ Some  tough  dram-drinker,  set  up  as  the  devil’s 
decoy  to  draw  in  proselytes.”  Bp.  Berkeley. 

DRAM'— DR1NK-INC,  n.  The  practice  of  drinking 
drams.  Hawkins. 

DR  AM' MING,  n.  The  act  of  drinking  drams.  Foote. 

DRANK,  i.  from  drink.  See  Drink. 

DRANK,  n.  A name  for  the  wild  oats  which  in- 
fest corn.  Crabb. 

f DRAPE,  v.  n.  1.  [Fr.  draper,  to  clothe.]  To 
make  cloth.  “ The  clothier  might  drape  ac- 
cordingly as  he  might  afford.”  Bacon. 

2.  [Fr.  rfnyier,  to  censure.]  To  jeer;  to  sat- 
irize. Temple. 

DRAPE,  v.  a.  To  cover  or  ornament  with  cloth 
or  drapery  ; as,  “ The  hall  was  draped  in  black.” 

DRAP'IJR,  n.  [Fr.  drapier.]  One  who  deals  in 
cloth.  “ The  draper  and  mercer.”  Howell. 

If  a piece  of  cloth  in  a draper's  shop  be  variously  folded,  it 
will  appear  of  differing  colors.  Boyle. 

DRA'PER-IED  (dra'per-jd),  a.  Furnished  with 
drapery.  Sir  G.  Temple. 

DR  A'PIJR-Y,  n.  [Low  L.  draperia ; It.  drapperia ; 
Fr.  draperie.] 

1.  Cloth  ; woollen  stuffs.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  Cloth-work  ; the  trade  of  making  cloth. 

He  made  statutes  for  the  maintenance  of  drapery.  Bacon. 

3.  Curtains,  hangings,  tapestry,  &c.  Maunder. 

4.  ( Sculp . & Paint?)  The  representation  of 
the  dress  or  clothing  of  the  human  figure. 

It  requires  the  nicest  judgment  to  dispose  the  drapery,  so 
that  the  folds  shall  have  an  easy  communication,  anil  grace- 
fully follow  each  other  with  such  natural  negligence  as  to 
look  like  the  effect  of  chance,  and  nt  the  same  time  6how  the 
figure  under  it  to  the  greatest  advantage.  Sir  J.  Reynolds. 

f DRA'P^T,  n.  Cloth;  coverlet.  Spenser. 

DRAS'TIO,  a.  [Gr.  Ipaarnco;,  efficacious  ; 6piiu>,  to 
act ; It.  A Sp.  drastico ; Fr.  drastique.]  {Med.) 
Powerful  ; active ; applied  to  purgatives ; as, 
“ A drastic  cathartic.”  Dunglison. 

DRAs'TICS,  ti.pl.  {Med.)  Medicines  which  speed- 
ily and  effectually  purge.  Crabb. 

DrAugh  (dritf),  n.  Draff.  — See  Drape. 

DRAUGHT  (drift),  n.  [The  past  participle  of  the 
A.  S.  dragan,  to  dr'augh  (now  written  to  draw), 
draughed,  draugh’d,  draught.  Richardson .] 

1.  The  act  of  drawing  or  pulling.  “ Custom 
of  using  oxen  for  all  sorts  of  draught.”  Temple. 

2.  Capability  of  being  drawn ; the  force  or 
power  necessary  to  move  any  thing. 

The  Hertfordshire  wheel-plough  is  the  best  and  strongest 
for  most  uses,  and  of  the  easist  draught.  Mortimer. 

3.  The  act  of  drinking;  — the  quantity  of  li- 
quor drunk  at  once  ; a potion. 

They  slung  up  one  of  their  hogsheads,  and  I drank  it  off 
at  a draught-,  which  I might  well  do,  for  it  did  not  hold  half 
a pint.  Swift. 

4.  Any  liquor  drunk,  or  drawn  to  be  drunk. 

’T  is  a little  thing 

To  give  a cup  of  water;  yet  its  draught 
Of  cool  refreshment,  drained  by  fevered  lips, 

May  give  a shock  of  pleasure  to  the  frame 


, 0,  Y,  short;  A,  U,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE, 


More  exquisite  than  when  necturean  juice 
Renews  the  life  of  joy  in  happiest  hours.  Talfourd. 

5.  A current  of  air  ; as,  “ To  sit  in  a draught.” 

6.  A delineation  or  picture  ; — particularly  a 

drawing,  or  design  of  any  thing  to  be  construct- 
ed, as  a house  or  a vessel.  Anson. 

7.  A written  sketch  or  outline  ; delineation. 

I have,  in  a short  draught , given  a view  of  our  original 
ideas,  from  whence  all  the  rest  are  derived.  Locke. 

8.  That  which  is  drawn  or  taken  by  drawing; 
as,  “ A draught  of  fishes.” 

9.  A privy  ; a sink;  a drain.  Matt.  xv.  17. 

10.  A stratagem  in  battle ; a sudden  and  un- 
expected attack  on  an  enemy. 

I conceive  the  manner  of  your  handling  of  the  service,  bv 
drawing  sudden  draughts  upon  the  enemy  when  he  looketn 
not  for  you.  Spenser. 

11.  {Mil.)  A drawing  of  forces.  — See  Draft. 

12.  {Com.)  A bill  of  exchange.  — See  Draft. 

13.  {Naut.)  The  depth  to  which  the  lowest 
part  of  a ship  sinks  in  water ; the  depth  of  water 
necessary  to  float  a ship. 

With  roomy  decks,  her  puns  of  mighty  strength, 

Deep  in  her  draught,  and  warlike  in  her  length.  Dryden. 

14.  {Masonry.)  The  chisel-dressing  at  the 

angles  of  stones,  made  to  guide  the  workman  in 
levelling  the  several  surfaces.  Buchanan. 

15.  {Pattern-making.)  The  bevel  given  to  the 
parts  of  a pattern,  that  it  may  be  easily  drawn 
from  the  sand  in  moulding. 

Angle  of  draught,  the  angle  made  by  the  line  of 
draught  with  a line  upon  the  plane  over  which  a body 
is  drawn.  — Draught  of  a chimney,  the  rate  of  motion 
of  the  ascensional  current  of  heated  air  and  other 
gases  in  a chimney. — On  draught,  in  a state  to  be 
drawn  from  a cask,  in  distinction  from  the  state  of 
being  bottled  ; as,  “ To  keep  ale  on  draught.” 

DRAUGHT  (drift),  v.  a.  To  draw  out  or  off;  to 
call  forth.  — See  Draft.  Addison. 

DRAUGHT  (drift),  a.  1.  Used  for  drawing ; as, 
“ A draught  horse.” 

2.  Drawn  from  a cask  in  small  quantities ; as 
“ Draught  cider.”  Ash . 

DrAught'-BOAIID,  n.  A checkered  board  for 
playing  draughts.  Maunder. 

DRAuGIIT'-COM-PASS-E^,  n.  pi.  Compasses 
provided  with  several  movable  points  to  make 
the  finer  lines  in  architectural  draughts.  Crabb. 

DRAUGHT'-EN-^INE  (drift'en-jjn),  n.  An  en- 
gine used  for  pumping  water.  Weale. 

DRAUGHT'-HOOK  (drift'huk),  n.  {Mil.)  A large 
iron  hook  fixed  on  the  cheek  of  a gun-carriage, 
there  being  two  on  each  side  ; — used  to  draw 
the  guns  backwards  and  forwards.  Mil.  Diet. 

DRAUGHT'— HORSE,  n.  A strong,  coarse  kind  of 
horse,  suitable  for  the  service  of  a plough,  a cart, 
or  other  carriage  of  burden,  as  distinguished 
from  a saddle-horse.  London  Ency. 

DRAugHT'-HOUSE  (drift'hous),  n.  A house  in 
which  filth  is  deposited.  2 Kings  x.  27. 

DRAuGHT'-NET  (drift'net),  n.  A net  for  catch- 
ing fish.  Drayton. 

DRAUGHTS  (drifts),  n.  pi.  1.  A kind  of  game 
played  on  a checkered  board  ; — in  the  United 
States  commonly  called  checkers.  Johnson. 

2.  {Med.)  A mild  vesicatory  ; an  epispastic  ; 
a sinapism  ; as,  “ To  put  draughts  on  the  feet.” 

DRAUGHTS'MAN,  n.  1.  One  who  draws  plead- 
ings, writings,  pictures,  plans,  or  maps.  Todd. 

2.  A dram-drinker  ; a tippler.  Tatler. 

DRAUGHTS'MAN-SHIP,  n.  The  office  or  work  of 
a draughtsman.  Sir  J.  Herschel. 

f DRAVE,  i.  from  drive.  Drove.  — See  Drive. 

DRAW,  v.  a.  [Goth.  & A.  S.  dragan ; Gael,  dragh. 
— See  Drag.]  [t.  drew;  pp.  drawing, 

DRAWN.] 

1.  To  cause  to  move  forward  by  the  applica- 
tion of  force  in  advance ; to  pull  towards  one  in 
any  direction. 

What  was  set  before  him, 

Which  without  help  of  eye  might  be  assayed.— 

To  heave,  pull,  draw,  or  break,  — he  still  performed. 

All  with  incredible,  stupendous  force.  Milton. 

2.  To  cause  to  come  or  be  directed  towards  a 
person  or  a thing  ; to  attract. 

Religion  will  requite  all  the  honor  we  can  do  it  by  the 
blessings  it  will  draw  down  upon  us.  Tillotson. 

The  poet 

Did  feign  that  Orpheus  drew  trees,  stones,  and  floods, 


FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


DRAW 


445 


DRAYMAN 


Since  nought  so  stockish,  hard,  and  full  of  rage, 

But  music,  for  the  time,  doth  change  his  nature.  Shak. 
Draw  out  with  credulous  desire,  and  lead  at  will 
The  manliest,  resolutest  breast, 

As  the  magnetic,  hardest  iron  draws.  Milton. 

3.  To  take,  or  let  out ; as  “ To  draxo  wine  from 
a cask  or  blood  from  the  body.” 

4.  To  suck  ; to  drain. 

He  hath  drawn  thee  dry.  Eccl.  xiii.  7. 

5.  To  inhale  ; to  take  into  the  lungs. 

I,  a prisoner  chained,  scarce  freely  draw 

The  air,  imprisoned  also.  Milton. 

6.  To  extract ; to  obtain  ; to  get. 

Spirits,  by  distillations,  may  be  drawn  out  of  vegetable 
juices.  (Jheyne . 

Several  wits  entered  into  commerce  with  the  Egyptians, 
and  from  them  drew  the  rudiments  of  sciences.  Temple. 

7.  To  send  forth ; to  force  from  the  breast ; 
as,  “ To  draw  a sigh  or  groan.” 

8.  To  receive,  procure,  or  take  ; as,  “ To  draw 
money  from  a bank,  or  a prize  in  a lottery.” 

For  thy  three  thousand  ducats  here  is  six. 

— If  every  ducat  in  six  thousand  ducats 
Were  in  six  parts,  and  every  part  a ducat, 

I would  not  draw  them ; I would  have  my  bond.  Shak. 

9.  To  produce  ; to  bear;  as,  “ A bond  or  note 
draws  interest  from  its  date.” 

10.  To  lead,  as  a motive. 

My  purposes  do  draw  me  much  about.  Shak. 

11.  To  move  gradually  or  stealthily. 

The  liers  in  wait  draw  themselves  along.  Jvdg.  xx.  37. 

As  their  people  increased,  they  drew  themselves  more 
westerly  towards  the  Red  Sea.  * Raleigh. 

12.  To  lengthen  ; to  stretch. 

How  long  her  face  is  drawn ! how  pale  she  looks  I Shak. 

In-some  similes,  men  draw  their  comparisons  into  minute 
particulars  of  no  importance.  Felton. 

13.  To  extend  in  length  ; as,  “ To  draw  a line 
on  paper”;  “ To  draw  a line  of  circumvallation.” 

14.  To  represent  by  lines  drawn  upon  any  sur- 
face ; to  delineate  with  a pencil  or  crayon. 

The  emperor,  one  day,  took  up  a pencil  which  fell  from 
the  hand  of  Titian,  who  was  then  drawing  his  picture;  and, 
upon  the  compliment  which  Titian  made  him  on  that  occa- 
sion, he  said,  Titian  deserves  to  be  served  by  Caesar ."Dryden. 

15.  To  represent  by  words  or  in  fancy. 

The  historian  draws  so  lively  a picture  of  the  follies  and 
vices  of  that  period,  that  it  is  impossible  to  read  his  account 
without  taking  a deep  interest  in  the  events  which  he  relates. 

Reed. 

I do  arm  myself 
To  welcome  the  condition  of  the  time. 

Which  cannot  look  more  hideously  on  me 

Than  I have  drawn  it  in  my  fancy.  Shak. 

16.  To  deduce  ; to  infer  ; to  derive  ; as,  “ To 
draw  conclusions.” 

17.  To  take  the  bowels  from;  to  embowel  ; 
to  eviscerate.  “ Draw)  your  poultry.”  King. 

18.  To  trace  by  scent,  as  a hound  does.  Coles. 

19.  To  withdraw;  to  draw  off.  Shak. 

20.  (Com.  & Law.)  To  compose  or  write  ac- 
cording to  a given  form;  to  draft;  as,  “To 
draw  a bill  of  exchange.” 

Clerk,  draw  a deed  of  gift.  Shak. 

21.  ( Naut .)  To  sink  into  the  water  ; to  require 
a certain,  depth  of  water  for  floating;  as,  “A 
ship  draws  fifteen  feet  of  water.” 

To  draw  a jib , (Naut.)  to  shift  it  over  the  stay  to 
leeward,  when  it  is  aback.  Dana.  — To  draw  back , 
to  receive  back,  as  duties  on  goods  for  exportation.  — 
To  draw  in,  to  pull  in  ; to  contract.  “ Draw  in  the 
flowing  reins.”  Gay.  — To  inveigle  ; to  entice.  “ It 
was  the  prostitute  faith  of  faithless  miscreants  that 
drew  them  in,  and  deceived  them.”  South.  — To  in- 
hale. Richardson.  — To  bring  together  ; to  collect ; to 
apply  to  any  purpose  by  distortion  or  violence.  Locke. 

— To  draw  off,  to  take  away  ; to  withdraw  ; to  abstract. 
“ It  draws  men’s  minds  off  from  the  bitterness  of  par- 
ty.” Addison.  — To  extract  by  distillation.  Addison. 

— To  draw  on,  to  occasion  ; to  cause  ; as,  “ To  draw 
on  an  enemy’s  fire  ” : — to  persuade  or  induce  to  fol- 
low : — ( Com.)  to  demand  payment  by  an  order,  check, 
or  draft. — To  draw  out,  to  protract ; to  lengthen. 

Notes  with  many  a winding  bout 

Of  linked  sweetness  long  drawn  out.  Milton. 

— To  extend  or  spread  by  beating  or  hammering;  as, 
“ To  draw  out  a piece  of  iron  ” : — to  draw  off: — to 
pump  out,  or  obtain  by  questioning;  to  call  or  bring 
forth  : — (Mil.)  to  call  forth  soldiers  in  battle  array.  — 
To  draw  over,  to  entice  from  a party.  “Some  might 
be  brought  into  his  interests  by  money,  others  drawn 
over  by  fear.”  Addison.  — To  raise  in  a still.  Boyle. 

— To  draw  the  curtain,  to  pull  it  aside,  or  slide  it  back  ; 
also,  to  close  or  spread  it.  “ Drawing  the  curtain , 
that  the  candle  might  not  complain  of  her  blushing.” 
Sidney. — To  draw  together , to  collect  or  bring  togeth- 
er. — To  draw  up,  to  elevate  ; to  raise  : — to  compose 
or  write  with  care,  and  in  due  form  : — (Mil.)  to  array 
in  order  of  battle. 

DRAW,  v.  n.  1.  To  pull  any  thing.  “ A heifer 
which  hath  not  drawn  in  the  yoke.”  Dent.  xxi.  3. 


2.  To  be  diminished  ; to  shrink  ; to  contract. 

I have  not  yet  found  certainly  that  the  water  itself,  by 
mixture  of  ashes  or  dust,  will  shrink  or  draw  into  less  room. 

Bacon. 

3.  To  go  or  come ; to  move  in  any  direction. 

They  returned  to  the  camp  where  the  king  was,  and  the 
Scotch  drew  a little  back  to  a more  convenient  post  for  their 
residence.  Clarendon. 

4.  (Naut.)  To  be  filled  by  the  wind.  “ A sail 
draivs  when  it  is  filled  by  the  wind.”  Dana. 

5.  To  pull  out  or  unsheathe  a sword. 

Again,  again,  and  near! 

Best  draw , and  stand  upon  our  guard.  Milton. 

6.  To  practise  the  art  of  delineation.  Locke. 

7.  To  excite  inflammation,  or  produce  a se- 

rous or  puriform  discharge,  by  means  of  exter- 
nal applications  to  the  skin.  Hoblyn. 

To  draw  back,  to  retire  ; to  retreat ; to  withdraw  : 

— to  apostatize  ; to  abandon  the  faith.  Heb.  x.  38.  — 
To  draw  near,  or  nigh , to  come  near  ; to  approach. 
“ It  is  good  for  me  to  draw  near  to  God.”  Ps.  Ixxiii. 
28.  “ Draw  nigh  to  God,  and  he  will  draw  nigh  to 
you.”  Ja. s.  iv.  8. — To  draw  off,  to  move  away;  to 
withdraw.  Collier. — To  draw  on,  to  advance;  to 
approach. 

The  fatal  day  draws  on  when  I must  fall.  Dryden. 

— (Com.)  To  direct  a person  to  pay  money  by  a draft  or 
bill  of  exchange  ; as,  “ I have  drawn  on  him  for  the 
whole  amount.” — To  draw  out,  to  take  or  let  out, 
as  liquor  from  a cask.  John  ii.  8:  — to  depart;  to 
retire.  Ez.  xii.  21. — To  draw  up,  (Mil.)  , > form  in 
battle  array.  “ The  Lord  Bernard,  witli  the  king’s 
troops,  seeing  there  was  no  enemy  left  on  that  side, 
drew  up  in  a large  field  opposite  to  the  bridge.”  Clar- 
endon. 

tig?-  “ To  draw  retains,  through  all  its  varieties  of 
use,  some  shade  of  its  original  meaning,  to  pull.  It 
expresses  an  action  gradual,  or  continuous,  and  lei- 
surely. Thus,  we  forge  a sword  by  blows,  but  we  draw 
it  in  a continued  line.  We  pour  liquor  quick,  but  we 
draw  it  in  a continued  stream.  We  force  compliance 
by  threats,  hut  we  draw  it  by  gradual  prevalence.  We 
write  a letter  with  whatever  haste,  hut  we  draw  a bill 
with  slow  scrupulosity.”  Johnson. 

DRAW,  n.  1.  The  act  of  drawing;  draught. 77eaf/t. 

2.  A lot  or  chance  drawn.  Johnson. 

3.  That  part  of  a bridge  which  is  made  to  be 
drawn  up  or  aside. 

DRAw'A-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  drawn. 

More. 

DRAW'BACK,  n.  1.  Any  loss  of  advantage ; any 
thing  that  deducts  from  a step  gained.  Maunder. 

2.  (Com.)  Any  sum  of  money  paid  back  ; 
especially  an  allowance  made  by  government  to 
merchants  on  the  reexportation  of  certain  im- 
ported goods  upon  which  duties  have  been  paid  : 

— also  a repayment  or  remission  of  a duty  laid 
on  any  article  produced  in  a country,  and  suita- 
ble for  the  foreign  market,  when  such  article  is 
entered  for  exportation.  Bouvier.  A.  Smith. 

DRAW'BRID^E,  n.  A 
bridge  which  may  be 
raised,  lowered,  or 
drawn  aside,  so  as  to 
hinder  or  admit  com- 
munication at  pleas- 
ure. Carew. 

Modern  drawbridges  to 
locks  and  docks  are  usually 
made  to  opeu  and  shut  hori- 
zontally. Britton. 

DRAw'CAN-S[R,m.  [The 
name  of  a character  in 
“ The  Rehearsal. ”]  A 
blustering  bully  ; a 
braggadocio.  Addison.  Drawbridge  of  a castle. 

DRAw'CUT,  n.  A single  cut  with  a knife. 

DRAw-EE',  n.  One  to  whom  a bill  of  exchange 
is  addressed,  or  on  whom  it  is  drawn.  Burrill. 

DRAw'ER,  n.  1.  He  who,  or  that  which,  draws. 

2.  One  who  draws  a bill  of  exchange,  or 

draft ; — correlative  of  drawee.  Burrill. 

3.  A box  in  a bureau,  case,  or  table,  made  to 

be  drawn  out  at  pleasure.  Locke. 

DRAWER!?,  n.  pi.  A close-fitting  under  garment 
for  the  lower  limbs.  Johnson. 

DRAw'GEAR,  n.  A harness  adapted  to  draught- 
horses,  &c.  Crabb. 

DRAw'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  draws. 

2.  (Fine  Arts.)  The  art  of  representing  any 
object  by  means  of  lines  circumscribing  its 

boundaries  ; the  art  of  pictorial  representation, 
in  contradistinction  to  painting,  the  one  delin- 


eating by  the  pencil  or  crayon,  the  other  by  the 
brush  : — a picture  made  by  drawing.  Fairholt. 

3.  The  distribution  of  a lottery. 

4.  In  sporting,  beating  the  bushes,  &c.,  after 

a fox.  Crabb. 

DRAw'JNG-KNIFE  (-nlf),  n.  1.  (Carp.)  A tool 
used  to  make  an  incision  in  the  surface  of  wood 
along  the  path  which  a saw  is  to  follow.  Ogilvie. 

2.  A tool  having  a long  blade  and  two  han- 
dles, used  by  coopers  for  shaving  hoops;  a 
shave. 

DRAw'ING— MAS'TIJR,  n.  A teacher  of  the  art 
of  drawing.  Smart. 

DRAw'ING— PEN,  n.  A pen  used  by  surveyors, 
architects,  &c.,  in  drawing  lines.  Ash. 

DRAw'ING— ROOM,  n.  1.  A room  for  the  recep- 
tion of  company,  or  into  which  the  company 
retire  from  the  dining-table  ; a withdrawing- 
room.  Pope. 

2.  The  company  invited  to,  or  assembled  in, 
a drawing-room.  Johnson. 

DRAw'ING— SLATE,  n.  A fine-grained  soft  stone, 
allied  to  clay,  slate,  or  argillite,  a rock  along 
with  which  it  always  occurs  ; — sometimes, 
called  black  chalk,  and  used  in  marking  or  in 
crayon-drawing.  Ogilvie. 

DRAWL,  v.  n.  [Dim.  of  draw,  or  a corruption  of 
draggle.  Richardson.  — Dut.  draalen,  to  lin- 

ger. Todd.)  \i.  DRAWLED  ; j op.  DRAWLING, 
drawled.]  To  utter  any  thing  in  a slow, 
tedious  manner ; to  draw  out  the  words,  or 
speak  in  a slow,  lingering  tone. 

Then  mount  the  clerks,  and  in  one  lazy  tone 
Through  the  long,  heavy  page  drawl  on.  Tope. 

DRAWL,  v.  a.  To  drag  out  in  a tiresome  manner. 

Thus,  sir,  does  she  constantly  drawl  out  her  time,  without 
either  profit  or  satisfaction.  Idler. 

DRAWL,  n.  A tiresome,  lingering  tone  of  voice. 

The  modes  of  grief  are  not  included  all 

In  the  white  handkerchief  and  mournful  drawl.  Lloyd. 

f DRAW'— LATCH,  n.  A thief  or  robber.  Burrill. 

DRAWL'ING,  p.  a.  1.  Uttering  in  a slow,  pro- 
tracted, or  dilatory  manner. 

2.  Prolix ; tedious. 

Observe  the  effect  of  argumentation  in  poetry:  we  have  too 
much  of  it  in  Milton;  it  transforms  the  noblest  thoughts  into 
drawling  inferences,  find  the  most  beautiful  language  into 
prose.  Beattie. 

DRAwl'ING-NESS,  n.  A protracted  manner  of 
speaking,  [r.]  Bailey. 

DRAW'— LINK,  n.  A contrivance  for  linking  or 
securing  together  the  several  carriages  of  a rail- 
way-train.  Buchanan. 

DRAWN,  p.  a.  [From  draw.  — See  Draw.] 

1.  Pulled  ; dragged. 

2.  Equal ; where  neither  party  gains  the  vic- 
tory. “ A drawn  game.”  Addison. 

3.  Melted  ; as,  “ Drawn  butter.” 

4.  Eviscerated.  “ Drawn  fox.”  Shak. 

DRAWN'-BAT-TLE,  n.  (Mil.)  A battle  in  which 
both  parties  claim  the  victory,  or  retire  upon 
equal  terms.  Campbell. 

DRAW'— NET,  n.  A net  for  catching  the  larger 
sort  of  birds,  made  with  wide  meshes.  Crabb. 

DRAw'-PLATE,  n.  A steel  plate  having  a gra- 
dation of  conical  holes,  through  which  wires  are 
drawn  to  be  reduced  and  elongated.  Craig. 

DRAW'— WELL,  n.  A deep  well  from  which  water 
is  drawn  with  a long  cord  or  pole.  Grew. 

DRAY,  n.  [A.  S.  dreege ; dragan,  to  draw. — L. 
traha.\ 

1.  A sled  without  wheels  ; a drag.  Barret. 

2.  A carriage  with  low,  heavy  wheels.  “A 

brewer’s  dray.”  Richardson. 

3.  A squirrel’s  nest ; — written  also  drey. 
“Climbed  like  a squirrel  to  his  dray.”  Cowper. 

DRAy'AIJIE,  n.  Use  of  a dray,  or  a charge  for  the 
use  of  a dray.  Hunter. 

DRAY'— CART,  n.  A cart  with  low,  heavy  wheels, 
for  drawing  heavy  loads ; a dray.  Addison. 

DRAY'— HORSE,  n.  A horse  used  for  drawing  a 
dray.  Tatler. 

DRAY'MAN,  n. ; pi.  draymen.  A man  whose 
business  it  is  to  drive  a dray.  Ludlow. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — g,  <?,  9,  g,  soft ; £,  G,  5,  g,  hard ; § as  z; 


^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


DRAY-PLOUGH 

DRAY'— PLOUGH  (-plbu),  re.  An  ancient  sort  of 
plough.  Mortimer. 

f DRAZ'EL  (driiz'zl),  re.  [Perhaps  corrupted  from 
drossel,  the  scum  or  dross  of  human  nature  ; or 
from  the  Fr.  drolesse,  a strumpet.  Johnson.'] 
A slut ; a dirty  woman.  Hudibras. 

DREAD  (dred),  n.  [A.  S.  dreed.] 

1.  Great  and  continuing  fear  ; terror  ; dismay. 

Was  ever  any  wicked  man  free  from  the  stings  of  a guilty 

conscience,  from  the  secret  dread  of  divine  displeasure,  and 
of  the  vengeance  of  another  world?  Tillotson. 

2.  Awe  ; fear  mingled  with  reverence. 

The  tear  of  you,  and  the  dread  of  you,  shall  be  upon  every 
beast  of  the  earth.  Gen.  ix.  2. 

3.  The  cause  of  great  fear  ; the  person  or 
thing  dreaded. 

Sanctify  the  Lord  of  Hosts  himself,  and  let  him  be  your 
fear,  and  let  him  be  your  dread.  Isa.  vih.  13. 

4.  Dreadfulness;  terribleness. 

In  what  martial  equipage 

They  issue  forth,  steel  bows  and  shafts  their  arms, 

Of  equal  dread  in  fight  or  in  pursuit.  Milton. 

Syn. — Dread  is  a degree  of  permanent  fear  ; an 
habitual  and  painful  apprehension  of  some  tremen- 
dous event.  Cogan. 

DREAD,  a.  1.  Terrible;  frightful;  dreadful. 

Return,  Alpheus;  the  dread  voice  is  past.  Milton. 

2.  Awful ; venerable  in  the  highest  degree. 
“ Thy  dread  tribunal. ” Milton. 

DREAD  (dred),  v.  a.  [i\  DREADED  ; pp.  DREAD- 
ING, dreaded.]  To  regard  with  great  and  con- 
tinuing fear ; to  fear  in  an  excessive  degree. 

I dread  him  not,  nor  all  his  giant  brood. 

Though  fame  divulge  him  father  of  five  sons, 

All  of  gigantic  size,  Goliath  chief.  . Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Apprehend. 

DREAD,  v.  n.  To  be  in  great  fear. 

Be  strong  and  of  good  courage;  dread  not,  nor  be  dis- 
mayed. ■ 1 Chron.  xxii.  13. 

DREAD'A-BLE,  a.  That  maybe  dreaded  or  feared. 
[b.]  Calendar  of  Shepherds. 

DREAD'— BOLT-pD,  a.  Having  a dreadful  bolt. 
“ The  deep  dread-bolted  thunder.”  Shah. 

DREADER,  n.  One  who  dreads.  “ Great  dread- 
ers of  Popery.”  Swift. 

DREAD'FUL,  a.  1.  f Full  of  dread ; feeling  dread. 
“ Dreadful  of  danger.”  Spenser. 

2.  Impressing  or  exciting  dread;  terrible; 
formidable  ; direful ; horrible  ; tremendous. 

If,  by  our  dreadful  compact,  he  must  fall, 

I will  not  smite  him  with  my  coward  thought, 

Winging  a distant  arm;  I will  confront  him.  Talfourd. 

3.  Awe-inspiring;  awful ; venerable.  “How 

dreadful  is  this  place  ! ” Gen.  xxviii.  17. 

Syn. —See  Fearful,  Formidable. 

DR£AD'FUL-LY,  ad.  In  a dreadful  manner. 

DREAD'FUL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  dread- 
ful ; terribleness.  “ Dreadfulness  of  the  great 
judgment.”  tidal. 

DREAD'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a dreading  manner. 

Mistrustfully  he  trusteth,  and 

He  dreadingty  did  dare.  Warner. 

DREAD'LIJSS,  a.  Fearless  ; intrepid. 

All  night  the  dreadless  angel,  un pursued. 

Through  heaven’s  wide  champaign  held  his  way.  Milton. 

DREAD'LJgSS-NESS,  n.  Fearlessness.  Sidney. 

DREAD'NAUGHT  (dred'nSuvt),  n.  1.  A thick  cloth 
with  a long  pile ; fearnought.  W.  Ency. 

2.  A garment  made  of  the  cloth  so  called. 

DREAM  (drem),  n.  [Dut.  droom ; Ger.  traum  ; 
Dan.  <Sf  Sw.  drum.  — Celt,  drem , a nocturnal  vis- 
ion. lhre.  — By  metathesis  from  L.  dormire,  to 
sleep.  Skinner.  — Slav,  dremate.] 

1.  A series  of  thoughts,  or  a train  of  ideas, 
which  occupy  the  mind,  or  those  imaginary 
•transactions  in  which  it  is  engaged  during  sleep. 

I had  a dream , which  was  not  all  a dream.  Byron. 

'The  records  of  history,  both  sacred  and  profane,  abound 
in  instances  of  dreams  which  it  is  impossible  to  account  for 
on  any  other  hypothesis  than  that  of  a supernatural  inter- 
position. Braude. 

2.  A revery  ; an  idle  fancy  ; a wild  conceit ; a 
groundless  notion  ; a vain  anticipation  of  the 
future. 

Syn.  — Dreams  are  commonly  exercises  of  the  mind 
in  sleep;  reveries  and  idle  fancies , in  wakeful  hours. 
— See  Vision. 

DREAM  (drem),  V.  n.  [i.  DREAMED,  DREAMT ; pp. 
DREAMING,  DREAMED,  DREAMT.] 


446 

1.  To  have  a series  of  thoughts,  or  train  of 
ideas,  pass  through  the  mind  in  sleep. 

I this  night 

Such  night  till  this  I never  passed)  have  dreamed , 
i dreamed,  not,  as  I oft  am  wont,  of  thee, 

Works  of  day  past,  or  morrow’s  next  design, 

But  of  offence  and  trouble  which  my  mind 

Knew  never  till  this  irksome  night.  Milton. 

2.  To  think  ; to  imagine;  to  have  a notion. 

He  [the  country  parson]  is  not  witty,  or  learned,  or  elo- 
quent, but  holy  — a character  Ilermogenes  never  dreamed  of, 
and  therefore  he  could  give  no  precepts  thereot.  Herbert. 

DREAM,  v.  a.  1.  To  see  or  to  fancy  in  a dream. 
At  length  in  sleep  their  bodies  they  compose, 

And  dreamt  the  future  fight,  and  early  lose.  Dryden. 

And  Joseph  dreamed  a dream.  Gen.  xxxvii.  5. 

2.  To  spend  idly  or  vainly;  to  while  away. 

Why  does  Anthony  dream  out  his  hours, 

Anu  tempts  not  fortune  for  a noble  day.  Dryden. 

DREAM'pR,  re.  1.  One  who  dreams. 

2.  An  idle,  fanciful  man  ; a visionary.  Shah. 

DREAM'IJR-Y,  n.  The  practice  or  the  habit  of 
dreaming  or  musing.  Qu.  Rev. 

f DREAM'FUL,  a.  Full  of  dreams ; dreamy.  “ The 
dreamful  fancy.”  Michel. 

DREAM'I-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  dreamy,  or 
full  of  dreams.  Ed.  Rev. 

DREAM'ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  dreams. 
“ The  remembrance  of  our  dreamings."  Watts. 

DREAM'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a dreamy  manner.  “We 
dreamingly  affirm.”  Cudwortli. 

DREAM'— LAND,  n.  The  land  of  dreams;  — an 
imaginary  region.  Ar.  Brit.  Rev. 

DREAM'LiJSS,  a.  Free  from  dreams. 

Deep  and  dreamless  have  my  slumbers  been.  Talfourd. 

DREAM'LfSS-LY,  ad.  In  a dreamless  manner. 

DREAMT,  i.  & p.  from  dream.  Often  used  instead 
of  dreamed.  — See  Dream.  Qu.  Rev. 

DREAM'Y,  a.  Relating  to,  or  full  of,  dreams. 

That  fine  and  dreamy  sleep 
When  Fancy,  ever  the  mother  of  deep  truth. 

Breathes  her  dim  oracles  on  the  soul  of  youth.  B.  IF.  Procter. 

DREAR  Hirer),  a.  [A.  S.  dreorig ; Dut.  droerig, 
dreary.]  Mournful ; dismal  ; gloomy  ; dreary. 
Forests  and  enchantments  drear. 

Where  more  is  meant  than  meets  the  car.  Milton. 

+ DREAR,  n.  Dread;  terror. 

The  hoarse  night-raven,  trump  of  doleful  drear.  Spenser. 

f DREAR'I-HEAD,  n.  Horror;  dismalness.  “Hid- 
eous shape  of  drearihead.”  Spenser. 

DREAR'j-IIOOD  (-lifid),  n.  Dreariness.  More. 

DUEAR'I-LY,  ad.  In  a dreary  manner ; dismally. 

f DREAR'J-MENT,  n.  Dismalness;  dread  ; terror. 

Enrolled  in  flames  and  mouldering  dreariment.  Spenser. 

DREAR'I-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  dreary. 

Passing  on  through  the  dreariness  of  solitude,  we  found  a 
party  of  soldiers  from  the  fort  working  on  the  road,  under 
the  superintendence  of  a sergeant.  Johnson. 

DREAU'Y  (drer'e),  a.  [A.  S.  dreorig ; Dut.  droc- 
rig.]  Hrear ; gloomy  ; dismal ; liorrid. 

Through  many  a dark  and  dreary  vale 

They  passed  o'er  many  a region  dolorous.  Milton. 

DREDGE,  n.  1.  [A.  S.  ( Irrege.  — See  Drag.]  A 
net  or  drag  for  taking  oysters. 

For  oysters  they  have  a peculiar  dredge,  which  is  a thick, 
strong  net,  fastened  to  three  spills  of  iron,  and  drawn  at  the 
boat’s  stern,  gathering  whatsoever  itmeeteth  lying  in  the  bot- 
tom of  the  water.  Carew. 

2.  A machine  for  clearing  canals  and  rivers  ; 

a dredging-machine.  Clarke. 

3.  [See  Dregs.]  A mixture  of  oats  and  barley 

sown  together.  Grose. 

DREDGE,  V.  a.  \i.  DREDGED  ; pp.  DREDGING, 
DREDGED.] 

1.  To  gather,  or  take,  with  a dredge.  Carew. 

2.  To  remove,  as  saDd  and  mud  from  the 
beds  of  rivers,  harbors,  &c.,  with  a dredging- 
machine. 

3.  To  scatter  flour  on  any  thing  roasting. 
“ Dredge  you  a dish  of  plovers.”  Beau.  <§•  FI. 

DREDGE'— BOX,  n.  A box  used  for  dredging  or 
scattering  flour  ; a dredging-box.  Clarke. 

DREDGE'MAN,  n.  One  who  fishes  for  oysters 
with  a dredge.  Crabb. 

DREDO'GIG  re.  1.  One  who  fishes  for  oysters  with 
a dredge  ; a dredgeman.  Sprat. 


DRESS 

2.  A sort  of  open  barge  used  in  removing 

sand,  silt,  &c.,  from  the  beds  of  rivers  and  har- 
bors ; a dredging-machine.  , Clarke- 

3.  A box  to  dredge  meat  with ; a dredging- 

box  ; a dredge-box.  Asii. 

DREDG'ING-BOX,  n.  A box  used  for  dredging 
or  scattering  flour ; a dredge-box.  Richardson. 

DREDG'ING— MA-GHINE',  n.  A machine  for  tak- 
ing up  dirt  from  the  bottom  of  mines,  rivers, 
canals,  harbors,  docks,  &c.  Brandc. 

DREE,  a.  Long  ; tedious.  [North  of  Eng.]  Todd. 

t DREE,  v.  a.  ' [A.  S.  dreogan.]  To  suffer  ; to 
endure.  Ray. 

DREG'GI-NESS,  re.  Fulness  of  dregs  or  lees  ; 
feculence.  Johnson. 

DREG'GISH,  a.  Foul  with  dregs  or  lees  ; feculent ; 
dreggy.  “ Dreggish  liquor.”  Harvey. 

DREG 'GY,  a.  Containing,  or  consisting  of,  dregs 
or  lees  ; muddy  ; feculent.  Boyle. 

DREGf-i,  n.pl.  [A.  S.  dresten,  or  drosen-,  dreosan, 
or  dreoran,  to  fall  ; applied  to  that  which  falls, 
sinks,  or  settles  to  the  bottom.  Wachter.  — Dut. 
drek,  dirt ; droessem,  dregs  ; Ger.  dreck,  dirt ; 
druse,  dregs  ; Dan.  drank,  dregs  ; Sw.  drtiqg. 
— Gr.  rP0|.] 

1.  That  which  remains  after  draining ; sedi- 
ment, lees,  or  grounds  of  liquor ; feculence. 
[The  singular  form  of  this  word  occurs  in  Shak. 
and  Burnet,  but  is  not  now  in  use.] 

"What  too  curious  ttreg  espies  my  sweet  lady  in  the  foun- 
tain of  our  lover  Bhak.  — This  dreg  of  time.  Buriat. 

2.  Any  worthless  matter  ; dross  ; refuse  ; 
scum  ; recrement ; offscourings. 

After  the  death  of  Cromwell,  the  partisans  of  the  Stuarts, 
in  conjunction  with  the  dregs  of  the  populace,  clamored  for 
the  restoration  of  tire  exiled  family.  J.  A.  At.  John. 

The  dregs  and  refuse  of  life.  Rogers. 

Syn. — Dregs  and  Ices  are  what  remain  when  the 
liquor  is  drawn  off;  sediment  is  that  which  subsides 
to  tile  bottom.  Dregs  or  lees  of  wine  ; sediment  of 
water  ; dross  from  metals  ; recrement  of  tile  blood  or 
of  ores  ; scum  from  the  surface  of  liquors  ; refuse  of 
timber  or  of  the  people. 

f DREIN  (dran),  v.  n.  To  drain.  Congreve. 

DRENCH,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  drencan,  to  give  to  drink ; 
adrencan,  to  drown,  plunge,  or  overwhelm ; 
Dut.  drenken,  to  give  to  drink,  to  soak  ; Ger. 
trSnken ; Sw.  dreinka.]  [i.  drenched  ; pp. 

DRENCHING,  DRENCHED.] 

1.  t To  drown.  Wickliffe. 

2.  To  wet  thoroughly  . to  soak  ; to  steep  ; to 
saturate  with  water  oi*Bther  liquid. 

Such  flowers  as  no  dew  drenches.  Campbell. 

A land  rent  with  civil  feuds,  or  drenched,  it  may  be,  in 
fraternal  blood.  D.  Webster. 

3.  To  bathe,  or  bedew,  with  any  liquid  that 
causes  sleep. 

Let  Eve  (for  I have  drenched  her  eyes) 

Here  sleep  below.  Milton. 

4.  To  physic  violently ; to  purge.  Mortimer. 

DRENCH,  n.  1.  Any  thing  drunk,  or  given  to 
be  drunk  ; — particularly  a liquid  potion  or  dose 
of  medicine. 

Lot  such  bethink  them  if  the  sleepy  drench 

Of  that  forgetful  luke  benumb  not  still.  Milton. 

Their  counsels  are  more  like  a drench,  that  must  be  poured 
down,  than  a draught  which  must  be  leisurclv  drank,  if  I 
liked  it.  > King  Charles. 

2.  A drain,  or  channel.  Todd. 

3.  ( Law .)  A species  of  tenant  mentioned  in 

Domesday  Book.  Burrill. 

DRENCH'ER,  n.  One  who  drenches. 

DRENCH'ING,  n.  The  act  of  wetting  ; a soaking. 

Mine  is  the  drenching  in  the  sea  so  wan.  Chaucer. 

f DRENG'AOE,  n.  The  tenure  by  which  the 
drenches  held  their  lands.  • Burrill. 

fDRENT,y).  Drenched;  drowned;  — written  al- 
so dreint.  Spenser. 

DRESS,  v.  a.  [L.  dirigo,  to  direct,  to  put  right  or 
straight.  — It.  drizzare;  Sp.  enderezar,  to  raise, 
to  erect. — Fr.  dresser,  to  make  straight.]  [i. 
DRESSED  ; pp.  DRESSING,  DRESSED.  — DrEST 
is  often  used.] 

1.  f To  put  right  or  straight. 

At  all  times  thou  shalt  bless  God,  and  pray  him  to  dress 
thy  ways.  Chaucer. 

2.  fTo  address;  to  direct  one’s  self. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  !,  6,  U,  f,  short;  A,  £,  l,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; H&IR,  HER; 


DRESS 


447 


DRILL-HUSBANDRY 


But  to  Griseldc  again  I will  me  dress.  Chaucer. 

3.  To  set  or  put  in  order  ; to  take  care  of. 

Anti  the  Lord  God  took  the  man  and  put  him  into  the 
garden  of  Eden,  to  dress  it  and  to  keep  it.  Gen.  11. 15. 

4.  To  cover  with  medicaments,  as  a wound. 

In  time  of  my  sickness,  another  chirurgeon  dressed  her. 

Mortimer. 

5.  To  prepare  for  any  purpose  ; to  fit  for 
ready  use. 

In  Orkney,  they  dress  their  leather  with  roots  of  tormentil, 
instead  of  bark.  11  f seman. 

When  he  dresseth  the  lamps,  he  shall  burn  incense. 

Ex.  xxx.  7. 

6.  To  curry  ; to  rub  ; to  comb. 

Our  infirmities  are  so  many,  that  we  arc  forced  to  dress 
and  tend  horses  and  asses,  that  they  may  help  our  needs. 

Jii>.  lay  lor. 

7.  To  clothe  ; to  invest  with  clothing. 

8.  To  adorn  ; to  deck  ; to  decorate  ; to  em- 
bellish ; as,  “To  dress  a ship.”  Falconer. 

9.  (Man.)  To  break  or  teach,  as  a horse. 

A steed 

Well  mouthed,  well  managed,  which  himself  did  dress ; 
llis  aid  in  war,  his  ornament  in  peace.  Dryden. 

10.  (Mil.)  To  keep  a company  or  battalion  in 

such  a position  or  order  as  to  preserve  an  exact 
continuity  of  line  in  the  whole  front ; to  adjust 
to  a straight  line.  Glos.  of  Mil.  Terms. 

To  dress  out , or  up,  to  dress  gayly,  elegantly,  or 
pompously. — To  dress  the  line , (Mil.)  to  arrange  any 
'given  number  of  soldiers,  so  as  to  stand  perfectly  cor- 
rect with  regard  to  the  several  points  of  an  alignement 
that  have  been  taken  up.  Mil.  Diet. 

DRESS,  v.  n.  1.  To  put  on  clothes  ; to  be  clothed. 

2.  To  pay  particular  regard  to  dress. 

Bred  only,  and  completed  to  the  taste 

Of"  lustful  appetence,  to  sing,  to  dance, 

To  dress , and  troll  the  tongue,  and  roll  the  eye.  Milton. 

3.  (Mil.)  To  adapt  one’s  position,  in  a rank 
of  men,  to  the  exact  continuity  ofline.  Campbell. 

DRESS,  n.  1.  Clothes;  garments;  vesture;  at- 
tire ; apparel ; — particularly  clothes  worn  in 
assemblies,  or  on  ceremonial  occasions ; rich 
garments  ; elegant  attire  ; array.  . 

We  sacrifice  to  dress  till  household  joys 

And  comforts  cease.  Dress  drains  our  cellars  dry, 

And  keeps  our  larder  bare;  puts  out  our  fires, 

And  introduces  hunger,  frost,  and  woe 

Where  peace  and  hospitality  might  reign.  Cowpcr. 

2.  A lady’s  gown  ; as,  “ A silk  dress.” 

3.  The  quality  of  being  fastidious  in  respect 
to  attire  ; the  practice  of  dressing  richly  or  gayly. 

The  man  of  pleasure,  dress,  and  gallantry.  Pope. 

Syn.  — See  Apparel,  Clothes. 

DRESS'IJR,  n.  1.  One  who  dresses  ; — particular- 
ly one  employed  in  putting  on  the  clothes,  or 
adorning  the  person,  of  another. 

Command  my  dresser  adorn  her  with 

The  robes  that  I gave  order  for.  Massinger. 

2.  One  who  regulates  or  adjusts ; one  who 

puts,  or  keeps,  in  order.  “ The  dresser  of  a 
vineyard.”  Luke  xiii.  7. 

3.  One  who  prepares  cloth.  A.  Smith. 

4.  [Fr.  dressoir .]  The  table  or  bench  in  a 
kitchen  on  which  any  thing  is  dressed,  prepared, 
arranged,  or  placed. 

I had  not  been  there  above  a month  when,  being  in  the 
kitchen,  I saw  some  oatmeal  on  the  dresser.  Spectator. 

5.  pi.  (Mil.)  Men  who  take  tip  direct  or  rela- 
tive points,  by  which  a corps  is  enabled  to  pre- 
serve a regular  continuity  of  front.  Craig. 

DRESSING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  dresses. 

2.  Attire;  habiliment.  “ A dressing  I saw  a 

jeweller’s  wife  wear.”  B.  Jonson. 

3.  The  act  of  clearing,  preparing,  or  putting 

in  order.  “ The  dressing  of  wool.”  Fives . 

4.  The  application  made  to  a sore  or  wound. 

The  second  day  after  we  took  off  the  dressings.  Wiseman. 

5.  Manure  spread  on  land.  Brown. 

6.  A term  applied  to  gum,  starch,  and  other 

articles  used  in  stiffening  or  preparing  silk, 
linen,  and  other  fabrics.  Brande. 

7.  (Cookery.)  The  stuffing  of  fowls,  &c. 

8.  (In  founderies.)  The  clearing  of  the  cast- 
ings after  being  taken  from  the  moulds.  Ogilvie, 

9.  pi.  (Arch.)  Those  parts  of  an  edifice  which 

are  intended  to  set  off  or  decorate  the  coarser 
work.  “ The  mouldings  of  a doorway  or  win- 
dow are  its  dressings."  Francis. 

DRESSING— CASE,  n.  A case  or  box  to  hold 
articles  used  in  dressing.  Clarke. 

DRESS'ING-GoWn,  n.  A gown  worn  while  dress- 
ing ; a loose  gourn.  Dickens. 


DRESS'ING— ROOM,  n.  .A  room  for  dressing  in  ; 
a room  in  which  clothes  are  put  oil.  Swift. 

DRESS'ING-TA'BLE,  n.  A table  made  for  con- 
venience in  dressing  ; a toilet.  Clarke. 

DRESS'— MAK-£R,  n.  A maker  of  dresses,  gowns, 
or  similar  garments  ; a mantua-maker.  Craig. 

DRESS' Y,  a.  Showy  in  dress  ; fond  of  dress  ; af- 
fecting great  taste  and  elegance  in  dress.  Todd. 

DREST,  i.  & p.  from  dress  ; — often  used  in  poetry 
and  in  familiar  style  for  dressed.  — See  Dress. 

f DRETCH  (drecli),  v.  n.  To  delay.  Chaucer. 

f DRETCH  (drecli),  v.  a.  To  trouble  ; to  harass. 

As  man  that  in  his  dream  is  dretched,  sore.  Chaucer. 

f DRETCH'ING  (drech'ing),  n.  Delay.  Chaucer. 

DREUL,  v.  n.  To  drool.  — See  Drool.  Craig. 

DREW  (dru),  i.  from  draw.  See  Draw. 

DREY  (dra),  n.  A squirrel’s  nest;  — written  also 
dray.  White. 

DRIB,  v.  a.  [Contracted  from  dribble,  or  another 
form  of  drip.) 

1.  To  crop  ; to  cut  off ; to  defalcate. 

Merchants’  pains  come  short  of  half  the  mart; 

For  he  who  drives  their  bargains  dribs  a part.  Dryden. 

2.  To  entice  gradually  ; to  allure. 

With  daily  lies  she  dribs  thee  into  cost: 

That  ear-ring  dropped  a stone;  that  ring  is  lost.  Dryden. 

DRIB,  n.  A drop  ; — a small  quantity;  a driblet. 
“ Rhymes  retailed  in  dribs.”  [r.]  Swift. 

DRlB'BLE,  v.  n.  [Dim.  of  drip.)  [i.  dribbled  ; 
pp.  dribbling,  dribbled.] 

1.  To  fall  in  drops  ; to  drip.  Johnson. 

2.  To  fall  slowly  or  weakly.  Paley. 

3.  To  be  small  or  trifling ; to  act  feebly. 

“ Some  dribbling  skirmishes.”  Holland. 

4.  To  slaver,  as  a child ; to  drivel.  Chaucer. 

DRlB'BLE,  v.  a.  To  let  fall  or  throw  down  in  drops. 

Ten  thousand  casks 

Forever  dribbling  out  their  base  contents.  Cowper. 

DRIB'BIJNG,  n.  A falling  in  drops.  “ The  drib- 
bling of  water.”  Woodward. 

DRIB'LJT,  n.  1.  A small  portion  of  anything; 
a fragment.  “ The  driblet  of  a day.”  Dryden. 

2.  A small  sum ; odd  money  in  a sum.  Johnson. 

DRIED  (drid),/?.a.  Made  dry;  freed  from  moisture. 

DRl'ER,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  dries  ; that 
which  has  the  quality  of  expelling  or  absorbing 
moisture  ; a desiccative.  Bacon. 

DRIFT,  n.  [Past  p.  from  A.  S.  t Irfan,  to  drive.] 

1.  Any  thing  driven  along  by  force  ; a heap 

of  any  matter  driven  together  ; as,  “ A drift  of 
snow”;  “ Drifts  of  rising  dust.”  Pope. 

2.  The  state  of  being  driven,  or  the  motion 

resulting  from  being  driven ; course.  “ Our 
drift  was  south,  for  the  wind  was  at  north  all 
this  night.”  Hackluyt. 

3.  Aim ; intention  ; purpose ; design ; scope  ; 
tendency. 

The  proper  work  of  man,  the  grand  drift  of  human  life,  is 
to  follow  reason,  that  noble  spark  kindled  in  us  from  heaven. 

Barrow. 

4.  A drove  of  cattle.  Simmonds. 

5.  The  act  of  driving  cattle.  Burrill. 

6.  (Mining.)  A passage  dug  under  the  earth 

between  one  shaft  and  another.  Francis. 

7.  ( Naut.)  The  angle  which  the  line  of  a ship’s 

motion  makes  in  a storm  with  the  nearest  me- 
ridian, when  she  drives  with  her  side  to  the  wind 
and  is  not  governed  by  the  helm  ; — also,  the 
distance  which  a ship  drives  on  that  line  : — pi. 
Those  pieces  in  the  sheer-draught  where  the 
rails  are  cut  off.  London  Ency.  Dana. 

The  drift  of  a current  is  its  angle  and  velocity. 

Mar.  Diet. 

8.  (Ship-building.)  The  difference  between 

the  size  of  a bolt  and  the  hole  into  which  it  is 
to  be  driven,  or  between  the  circumference  of  a 
hoop  and  that  of  the  mast  on  which  it  is  to  be 
driven.  Ogilvie. 

9.  (Mech.)  An  instrument  of  steel,  used  to 

enlarge  holes  in  metal.  Weale. 

10.  (Arch.)  Horizontal  force,  or  lateral  pres- 
sure, as  of  an  arch  ; thrust.  . Brande. 

11.  (Geol.)  A term  applied  to  the  diluvial  for- 
mations, or  earth,  rocks,  &c.,  drifted  by  water 


from  their  original  positions  and  subsequently 
deposited.  Craiq. 

Drift  of  a forest,  (Law.)  the  view  and  examination 
of  the  cattle  in  a forest,  to  know  whether  it  is  sur- 
charged or  not,  or  whether  the  beasts  are  commonable, 
&c.  Crabb. 

Syn.  — See  Tendency. 

DRIFT,  V.  a.  [i.  DRIFTED \pp. DRIFTING,  DRIFTED.] 

1.  To  drive  ; to  urge  along.  Johnson. 

2.  To  throw  together  in  heaps.  Johnson. 

DRIFT,  v.  n.  1.  To  form  into  heaps  ; as,  “ The 
snow  drifts.” 

2.  To  float  or  be  driven  along  upon  the  water. 

The  pieces  of  ice,  both  great  and  small,  drifted  fust  to  the 
westward.  Cook. 

DRIFT,  a.  Movable  or  moved  by  force  or  currents 
of  air  or  water  ; as,  “ Drift  sand  ” ; “ Drift  ice.” 

DRIFT'LpSS,  a.  Without  drift,  aim,  or  purpose  ; 
purposeless ; aimless.  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

DRlFT'SAIL,  n.  (Naut.)  A sail  used  under  water 
to  guide  the  head  of  a ship  in  a storm.  Ash. 

DRIFT'— WAY,  n.  1.  A way,  road,  or  path  for 
driving  cattle  in.  Cowell. 

2.  The  course  of  a ship  when  driven  by  a 

storm.  — See  Drift.  Crabb. 

3.  (Mining.)  A passage  cut  under  the  earth 

from  shaft  to  shaft.  Weale. 

DRIFT'— WIND,  n.  A wind  that  drifts  or  drives 
all  before  it. 

Waters 

That  drift-winds  force  to  raging.  Beau.  Sf  FI. 

DRIFT'— WOOD  (-wud),  n.  Wood,  or  timber, 

floating  at  random  on  water.  Murchison. 

DRIFT'Y,  a.  Abounding  in,  or  forming,  drifts  ; 
drifted.  B.  Burns. 

DRILL,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  thirlian ; Dut.  A Ger.  d fil- 
ial ; Sw.  dr  ilia  I)  [i.  drilled  ; pp.  drilling, 

DRILLED.] 

1.  To  pierce,  perforate,  or  bore  as  with  a drill. 

My  body  through  and  through  he  drilled.  Hudibras. 

2.  To  drain  ; to  draw  through. 

Drilled  through  the  sandy  stratum  every  way, 

The  waters  with  the  sandy  stratum  rise.  Thomson. 

3.  (Mil.)  To  instruct  in  the  exercise  of  the 

firelock  and  in  the  first  principles  of  field  move- 
ments. Campbell. 

4.  To  instruct  learners  in  the  rudiments  of 
any  art  or  science. 

5.  (Agric.)  To  sow  in  rows  or  drills.  Clarke. 

6.  To  exhaust  or  waste  slowly  ; to  spend  in 

delay.  “ This  accident  hath  drilled  away  the 
whole  summer.”  Swift. 

To  drill  on,  to  entice  slowly  ; to  draw  on  from  step 
to  step.  “ .She  drilled  him  on  to  five  and  fifty,  and  she 
will  drop  him  in  his  old  age.”  Addison. 

DRILL,  v.  n.  1.  To  flow  gently  ; to  trickle. 

There  was  no  water  on  this  island  but  at  one  place,  on  the 
cast  side,  close  by  the  sea;  there  it  drills  slowly  down  from 
the  rocks.  Cook. 

2.  To  muster  for  military  exercise.  Beau.^Fl. 

3.  To  sow  seed  in  drills.  Farm.  Ency. 

DRILL,  n.  1.  An  instrument  used  for  piercing  or 

boring  holes  in  any  substance.  Weale. 

2.  f A small  stream  or  rill.  “ The  drills  of 
the  water  might  pass  into  rivers.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

3.  [Perhaps  contracted  from  drivel.  Ilichard- 

son.)  A kind  of  ape  or  baboon  ; the  limits  leu- 
cophreus  of  Kuhl.  Fischer. 

Baboons, . . , such  as  they  call  drills.  Sir  IT.  Temple. 

4.  (Agric.)  A channel  or  furrow  for  the  recep- 

tion of  seed  : — a row  of  grain  sowed  by  a drill- 
plough  : — a machine  for  sowing  seeds  in  rows  ; 
a drill-plough.  Brande. 

5.  (Mil.)  The  instruction  of  officers  and  sol- 
diers in  the  exercise  of  the  firelock,  and  ijr  the 
first  principles  of  field  movements.  Campbell. 

DRILL'-BOW,  n.  (Mech.)  A small  bow,  the  string 
of  which  is  used  for  the  purpose  of  rapidly  turn- 
ing a drill.  Brande. 

DRILL'— BOX,  n.  (Agric.)  A box  for  holding  seed 
and  sowing  it.  Ash. 

DRILL'— HAR-ROVV,  n.  (Agric.)  A small  harrow 
used  between  drills  for  the  purpose  of  extirpat- 
ing weeds,  pulverizing  the  earth,  &c.  Loudon. 

DRILL'— HU§'BAND-RY,  n.  (Agric.)  The  culti- 
vation of  arable  land,  by  sowing  the  crops  in 
rows.  Brande. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — (J,  Q,  q,  g,  soft ; C,  jG,  5,  |,  hard ; § as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


DRILLING 


448 


DROFLAND 


DRlLL'JNG,  71.  1.  The  act  of  piercing  or  boring 

holes  with  a drill. 

2.  The  act  of  sowing  seed  with  a drill. 

3.  The  training  of  recruits  to  their  duty  by 
frequent  exercise. 

4.  A kind  of  coarse  cotton  or  linen  cloth. 

DRILL7— PLOUGH  (dril'plbfi), n.  (Agric.)  A plough 
which  digs  or  ploughs  the  earth,  and  sows  grain, 
in  rows.  Loudon. 

DRINK  (dringk,  82),  v.  n.  [Goth,  drigkan ; A.  S. 
drincan ; Dut.  drinken  ; Ger.  trtnken ; Dan. 
drikke ; Sw.  di'icka. ] [*.  drank;  pp.  drink- 

ing, drunk  or  drunken.  — Drunk  was  former- 
ly often  used  as  the  imperfect,  instead  of  drank  ; 
and  drunken  for  the  participle.  Drank  is  some- 
times used  as  the  participle.  Drunken  is  not 
now  in  good  use,  except  as  an  adjective ; as, 
“A  drunken  man.”] 

1.  To  swallow  something  liquid,  as  for  the 
purpose  of  quenching  thirst. 

So  I drank , and  she  made  the  camels  drink  also.  Gen.  xxiv.  40. 

2.  To  quaff;  to  carouse  ; to  revel. 

And  they  drank , and  were  merry  with  him.  Gen.  xliii.  34. 

3.  To  be  in  the  habit  of  using  spirituous 

liquors  to  excess  ; to  tipple.  Pope. 

To  drink  to  or  unto,  to  salute  in  drinking  ; to  invite 
to  drink  by  drinking  first.  “ I drink  unto  your  grace.” 
Shak. — To  wish  well  to,  in  the  act  of  taking  the  cup. 


DRINK’L^SS,  a.  Without  drink.  Chaucer. 

DRiNK'-MON-EY,  n.  Money  given  to  buy  liquor 
for  drinking  the  health  of  the  giver  ; a gratuity 
to  servants.  Arbuthnot. 

DRINK'— OF'FpR-ING,  n.  An  offering  of  wine,  in 
the  religious  services  of  the  Jews.  Lev.  xxiii.  13. 

DIUP,  v.  7i.  [A.  S.  dripan,  driopan,  dropia7i ; Dut. 

druipen  ; Ger.  triefen  ; Dan.  dryppe  ; Sw.  dry- 
pa.]  [ i . dripped  ; yip.  dripping,  dripped.] 

1.  To  fall  in  drops  ; to  dribble.  Walton. 

2.  To  have  drops  falling  from,  as  any  thing 
wet. 

Who  would  not  take  offence  to  sec  a face 

All  daubed  and  dripping  with  the  melted  grease?  Congreve. 

DRIP,  v.  a.  To  let  fall  in  drops. 

The  lofty  barn  of  some  rich  swain 

Which  from  the  thatch  drips  fast  a shower  of  rain.  Swift. 

DRIP,  n.  1.  That  which  falls  in  drops  ; dripping. 

2.  (Arch.)  The  projecting  edge  of  a mould- 

ing channelled  beneath  so  that  the  rain  will  drip 
from  it ; corona.  Weale. 

3.  (Law.)  A species  of  servitude  by  which 

one  man  engages  to  permit  the  waters  flowing 
from  the  roof  of  his  neighbor’s  house  to  fall, 
or  drip,  on  his  estate.  j Bur  rill. 

DRIP'PING,  71.  1.  The  act  of  falling  in  drops  : — 

that  which  falls  in  drops. 


I drink  to  the  general  joy  of  the  whole  table.  Shak. 
DRINK,  v.  a.  1.  To  swallow, — applied  to  liquids. 
Drink  waters  out  of  thine  own  cistern,  and  running  waters 
out  of  thine  own  well.  Prov.  v.  15. 

2.  To  suck  up  ; to  imbibe  ; to  absorb. 

The  land  is  a land  of  hills  and  valleys,  and  drinketh  water 
of  the  rain  of  heaven.  Vcvt.  ii.  11. 

3.  To  receive  or  take  in  by  the  senses  of  hear- 
ing or  seeing. 

My  ears  have  not  yet  drunk  a hundred  words.  Shak. 
I drink  delicious  poison  from  thy  eye.  Pope. 

4.  To  inhale  ; to  take  into  the  lungs,  as  air. 

5.  To  smoke, — applied  to  tobacco.  B.Jonson. 
To  drink  blood,  to  put  to  death.  “ Ye  shall  eat  the 

flesh  of  the  mighty,  and  drink  the  blood  of  the  princes 
of  the  earth.”  Kick,  xxxix.  19.  — To  drink  down,  to 
act  upon  by  drinking ; to  overcome  or  subdue  by  drink- 
ing. “ I hope  we  shall  drink  down  all  unkindness. ” 
Shak.  — To  drink  the  health  of,  to  pledge  one  in  drinking. 
— To  drink  in,  to  receive  or  take  ineagerly  by  any  inlet. 
And  with  fixed  eyes  drink  in  immortal  rays.  Cowley. 


A rude  altar.  . . . overgrown  with  moss, 

And  stained  with  drippings  of  a million  showers.  Talfourd. 

2.  The  fat  collected  from  roast  meat.  Swift. 

DRIP'P|NG— PAN,  7i.  The  pan  in  which  the  drip- 
pings of  roast  meat  are  caught. 

t DRIP'PLE,  a.  Weak  or  rare.  Fairfax. 

DRIP'— STONE,  71.  (Arch.)  A projecting  tablet  or 
moulding  over  the  heads  of  doorways,  windows, 
&c. ; — usually  hollowed  on  the  under  side  so 
that  rain  or  condensed  moisture  may  drop 
from  it.  Britton. 

DRI  VE,  v.  a.  [Goth,  dreiban ; A.  S .drifan-,  Dut. 
dryven\  Ger.  treiben;  Dan.  drive  ; Sp.  d/'ifva.] 
[i.  drove;  pp.  driving,  driven. — Dravc, 
formerly  used  as  the  imperfect,  is  now  obsolete.] 

1.  To  impel  or  urge  forward  ; to  push  forward ; 

to  force  along  ; to  impel.  “ The  hammer  drives 
the  nail.”  Johnson. 

2.  To  expel  by  force  ; to  send  away. 


— To  drink  off,  to  swallow  at  a single  draught.  “ He 
drinks  it  off  and  dies.”  South.  — To  drink  up,  to  drink 
the  whole.  “ Alexander,  after  he  had  drank  up  a cup  of 
fourteen  pints,  was  going  to  take  another.”  Arbuthnot. 

DRINK,  n.  [A.  S.  drinc  ; Ger.  trank  ; Dut.  drank. ] 
Liquor  to  be  drunk;  beverage;  potion. 

DRINK'  A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  drunk  ; fit  to  be 
drunk ; potable. 

By  this  means  the  water  would  become  drinkable.  Boyle. 


Weaponless  I flew 

To  seek  the  tyrant,  and  was  driven  with  scoffs 
From  the  proud  gates  which  shelter  him.  Talfourd. 

3.  To  chase  ; to  hunt. 

To  drive  the  deer  with  hound  and  horn 

Earl  Percy  took  his  way.  Chevy  Chase. 

4.  To  cause  to  proceed  under  guidance,  as  a 

carriage,  or  a team.  Addison. 

5.  To  clear  any  place  by  forcing  away  what 
is  in  it.  [r.] 


DRINK'A-BLE,  n.  A litjuor  that  may  be  drunk  ; 
as,  “ Eatables  and  drinkables.”  Craig. 

DRINK' A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality 
of  being  drinkable,  [r.]  Johnson. 

DRINK'flR,  n.  One  who  drinks;  — particularly 
one  who  is  intemperate  in  his  use  of  spirituous 
liquors  ; a drunkard. 

The  drinker  and  debauched  person  is  the  object  of  scorn 
and  contempt.  South. 

DRINK' JNG,  n.  1.  Act  of  swallowing  liquors. 

2.  An  entertainment  with  liquors  ; carouse  ; 
carousal. 

We  came  to  fight  you.  — For  my  part  lam  sorry  it  is  turned 
to  a drinking.  Shak. 

3.  The  habit  of  using  strong  or  spirituous 
liquors  intemperately. 

I then  considered  drinking  ns  a necessary  qualification  for 
a gentleman  and  a man  of  fashion.  Chesterfield. 

DRINK'ING,  p.  a.  Pertaining  to  the  habitual  use 
of  ardent  spirits  ; as,  “ A drinking  song.” 

DRINK'JNG— BOUT,  n.  A convivial  revelry;  ca- 
rouse ; carousal.  Cowpcr. 

DRINK'JNG-GLAsS,  n.  A glass  to  drink  from. 

DRINK'ING— HORN,  n.  A drinking-cup  used  in 
ancient  times,  made  of  a horn. 

Witlaf,  a king  of  the  Saxons, 

Ere  yet  his  last  he  breathed. 

To  the  merry  monks  of  Croyland 
His  drinking-horn  bequeathed.  Longfellow. 

DRINK'ING-HOUSE,  7i.  A house  where  liquors 

are  retailed  and  drunk  ; an  ale-house. 


We  come  not  with  design  of  wasteful  prey 

To  drive  the  country,  force  the  swains  away.  Drgden. 

6.  To  force  ; to  compel ; to  oblige. 

He  was  driven  by  the  necessities  of  the  times,  more  than 
by  his  own  disposition,  to  rigor.  King  Charles. 

7.  To  press;  to  urge  ; as,  “To  drive  a bar- 
gain, or  an  argument.” 

8.  To  carry  on  a drive  ; to  take  in  a carriage. 

9.  To  carry  on  ; to  prosecute;  to  be  active 
in  ; as,  “ To  drive  a trade  or  business.” 

10.  (N- ant.)  To  carry  at  random  on  the  water  ; 
to  drift ; as,  “ The  wind  drives  the  ship.” 

The  trade  of  life  cannot  be  driven  without  partners.  Collier. 

To  drive  away,  to  compel  to  remove  to  a distance 
to  disperse  ; to  dispel  ; to  scatter  ; to  expel. — To  drive 
back , to  repel.  — To  drive  feathers,  to  separate  the 
lighter  from  the  heavier  by  exposing  them  to  a current 
of  air  passing  through  the  machine  in  which  they,  are 
placed. 

nis  thrice-r/rii/’c/}  bed  of  dowrn.  Shak. 

— To  drive  off,  to  force  to  remove  to  a distance ; to 
expel  ; to  drive  away.  — To  drive  out,  to  expel.  “ They 
forthwith  drave  out  their  governor.”  Knolles. 

DRIVE,  v.  n.  1.  To  go  as  by  external  impulse  ; 
to  be  urged  forward  ; to  be  forced  along. 

But  why  drives  on  that  ship  so  fast, 

Without  or  wave  or  wind? 

The  air  is  cut  away  before. 

And  closes  from  behind.  Coleridge. 

2.  To  rush  with  violence  ; to  go  furiously. 

The  wolves  scampered  away,  however,  as  hard  as  they 

could  drive.  L Estrange. 

3.  To  go  or  pass  in  a carriage.  “ Drive  to- 
wards Dover.”  Shak. 


4.  To  tend  to,  as  an  ultimate  design  ; to  aim; 

— usually  with  at.  “We  have  found  out  the 
point  he  drives  at.”  Locke. 

5.  To  aim  a blow ; to  deal  a stroke. 

Four  rogues  in  buckram  let  drive  at  me.  Shak. 

6.  f To  take  and  keep  the  property  of  another 
as  a pledge  ; to  distrain.  “ To  drive  for  rent.” 

Cleaveland. 

7.  (Naut.)  To  scud  before  a gale,  or  to  drift 

in  a current.  Da7ia. 

HSf"  Drive  ‘^is  distinguished  from  drag  thus:  any 
thing  driven  (the  drove ) is  followed  by  the  driver  or 
drover,  and  does  not  imply  contact  ; any  thing  dragged 
follows  that  which  drugs,  and  does  imply  contact.” 

Richardson. 

DRIVE,  n.  1.  Passage  in  a carriage,  distinguished 
from  a ride  on  horseback.  “We  had  a dreary 
drive  to  St.  Andrew’s.”  Boswell. 

2.  A course  on  which  carriages  are  driven. 

“ The  drive  of  Hyde  Park.”  Richardson. 

3.  Force;  speed.  Baker. 

DRlV'EL  (drlv'vl),  v.  71.  [The  diminutive  of  drive. 
Richardson.  — From  the  root  drip.  Johnson. 

— Perhaps  from  the  Icel.  drafa,  to  talk  idly  or 
foolishly.  Todd.]  [i.  drivelled  ; pp.  drivel- 
ling, DRIVELLED.] 

1.  To  let  the  spittle  fall,  like  a child,  an  idiot, 

or  a dotard  ; to  slaver.  “ Forced  to  drivel  like 
some  paralytic.”  Grew. 

2.  To  be  weak  or  foolish  ; to  dote.  Shak. 

DRlV'EL  (drlv'vl),  71.  1.  An  involuntary  flow  of 

saliva  ; slaver.  Diyden. 

2.  An  idiot ; a fool  ; a driveller.  Johnson. 

3.  f A servant.  “ D/ivcl  or  drudge.”  Huloet. 

DRIV'EL-Lf.R  (drlv'vl-er),  71.  One  who  driv- 
els ; a slaverer ; a drivel ; a fool ; an  idiot ; a 
dotard. 

And  Swift  expires,  a driveller  and  a show.  Johnson. 

DRlV'EL- LING,  p.  a.  Slavering,  like  a child  or 
an  idiot: — doting;  playing  the  fool.  “ Some 
drivellmy  Greek  mythologist.”  Warburton. 

DRlV'EL-LlNG,  7i.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  drivels  ; 
slaver ; drivel ; involuntary  flow  of  saliva.  J.  Fox. 

2.  Foolishness;  folly;  idiocy. 

DRIV'EN  (dnv'vn),  p.  from  drii >e.  See  Drive. 

DRIVER,  n.  1.  He  who,  or  that  which,  drives  ; — 
particularly  one  who  drives  beasts,  or  a drover, 
and  one  who  drives  a carriage ; a coachman  ; a 
carman  ; a charioteer. 

2.  An  overseer  of  slaves.  [U.  S.]  Whittier. 

3.  A substance  interposed  between  the  driv- 
ing instrument  and  the  thing  driven.  Clarke. 

4.  (Naut.)  A large  sail  occasionally  set  upon 

the  mizzen-gaff;  a spanker.  Dema. 

5.  (Ship-building.)  The  foremost  spur  in  the 

bilge-ways.  Mar.  Diet. 

6.  (Machinery.)  Any  part  which  communi- 
cates motion  to  another  part.  Weale. 

DRIV'|NG,  71.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  drives.  “The 
d7~ivin'l  of  Jehu.”  2 Kmgs  ix.  20. 

2.  Tendency  ; scope  ; drift.  Brewer. 

DRIVING,  p.  a.  Impelling;  urging  forward; 
forcing;  as,  “A  driving  wheel.” 

DRIZ'ZLE  (drizV.1),  v.  a.  [Dim.  from  Goth,  driu- 
san ; A.  S.  dreosan,  to  fall ; Ger.  rieseln,  to 
drizzle.]  [t.  drizzled  ; pp.  drizzling,  driz- 
zled.] To  shed  in  very  small,  slow  drops,  as 
winter  rains. 

When  the  sun  sets,  the  air  doth  drizzle  dew.  Shak. 

DRIZ'ZLE,  v.  71.  To  fall  in  very  small,  slow  drops  ; 
to  rain  gently.  “ These  tears  that  drizzle  from 
mine  eyes.”  Marlotv. 

DRIZ'ZLE . n.  Small  rain ; mizzle;  mist.  Todd. 

DRIZ'ZL|NG,  7i.  A slow  drop  or  dropping.  Bale. 

DRlZ'ZLJNG,  p.  a.  Falling  in  small  or  slow  drops. 

DRIZ'ZLY  (drlz'le),  a.  1.  Shedding,  or  abound- 
ing in,  drizzle  ; small  rain.  “ Winter’s  drizzly 
reign.”  TJryden. 

2.  Being  in  small  drops ; resembling  drizzle. 
“ Drizzly  dew.”  Thor7xson. 

DROF'LAND,  n.  [A.  S.  dryfene,  driven.]  A quit- 
rent  or  yearly  payment  formerly  made  by  some 
tenants  to  the  king,  or  their  landlords,  for  driv- 
ing their  cattle  through  a manor  to  fairs  or 
markets.  Burrill. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  !,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  0,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure; 


FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER  ; 


DROGER 


449 


DROSERA 


ERO'ljJER,  n.  A vessel  built  for  burden  or  for 
transporting  cotton,  lumber,  &c.  Bartlett. 

DRUG 'MAN,  or  DROG'O-MAN,  n.  An  interpreter. 
— See  Dragoman.  P.  Cyc. 

t DROIL,  n.  [A  contraction  of  drivel.  Junius. — 
Gael,  droll,  an  idler.]  A slave ; a drudge. 
“ Peasants  and  drolls.”  Beau.  <Sf  FI. 

f DROIL,  v.  n.  To  work  sluggishly  ; to  plod. 

Let  such  vile  vassals 

Drudge  in  the  world,  and  for  their  living  droll.  Spenser. 

DROIT,  n.  [Fr.,  right.]  (Laic.)  A legal  title  ; a 
just  claim  ; a writ  of  right,  being  the  highest 
kind  of  writ.  Tomlins. 

Droit  d'aubaine , [Fr.  aubaine , from  L.  alibi  natus , a 
person  born  elsewhere.  Spelman. ] a prerogative  of  the 
sovereigns  of  some  countries  in  Europe,  entitling  them, 
on  the  death  of  an  alien  or  stranger,  to  all  he  was  worth, 
unless  he  had  a particular  exemption.  Burrill. 

Droits  of  admiralty,  (Law.)  perquisites  attached  to 
the  office  of  admiral,  or  of  lord  high-admiral  in  Eng- 
land. P.  Cgc. 

f DROIT'U-RAL,  a.  (Law.)  Relating  to  the  mere 
right  of  property,  as  distinguished  from  the  right 
of  possession.  Burrill. 

DROITZSCJIKA,  n.  A Russian  four-wheeled 
pleasure  carriage.  — See  Drosky.  IF.  Ency. 

DROLL  (drol),  n.  1.  A jester ; a buffoon.  “A 
set  of  merry  drolls.”  Spectator. 

2.  A farce;  something  exhibited  to  raise  mirth. 

Lofty  lines  in  Smithficld  drolls.  Swift. 

DROLL,  a.  [Fr.  drule ; Dut.  Sr  Ger.  drollig.  — 
“ Eng.  troll,  to  turn,  roll,  or  tumble  about,  seems 
a more  simple  and  satisfactory  etymology.” 
Richardson.]  Ludicrous  ; queer  ; laughable  ; 
ridiculous  ; strange  ; odd  ; comical.  “ The  droll 
figures  those  gallant  youths  exhibited.”  Melmoth. 

Syn.  — See  Ludicrous. 

DROLL,  v.  n.  To  jest ; to  play  the  buffoon.  “ Dis- 
posed to  droll.”  [r.]  Swift. 

f DROLL,  v.  a.  To  cheat ; to  cajole  ; to  flatter. 

Men  that  will  not  be  reasoned  into  their  senses  may  yet 
be  laughed  or  drolled  into  them.  L' Estrange. 

DROLL'F,R,w.  A jester  ; a buffoon  ; a droll.  “The 
apes  and  drollers.”  Glanville. 

DROLL'ER-Y,  n.  1.  Idle  jokes  ; buffoonery. 

Such  men  ns  these  are  not  to  be  argued  with  till  they  can 
be  persuaded  to  use  arguments  instead  of  drollery.  Clarke. 

2.  f A show  performed  by  puppets.  Shah. 

DROLL'ING,  n.  Burlesque  ; low  wit.  “ Rude 
drolling  and  buffooning.”  Hallywell. 

DROLL'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a jesting  manner.  “Con- 
temptuously and  perhaps  drollingly.”  Boyle. 

DROLL'ISH,  a.  Somewhat  droll.  “A  drollish 
and  witty  kind  of  peeyishness.”  Sterne. 

DROM'JJ-DA-RY  [drum'e-da-re,  W.P.  J.F.  Ja.K.\ 
drom'e-da-re,  S.  Sm.l,  n.  [Gr.  Spopds,  swift; 
AoafUtr,  to  run ; Low  L.  dromedarius ; It.,  Port., 
Sf  Sp.  dromedario ; 

Fr.  dromedaire.] 

(Zoul.)  A species 
of  camel ; the  Ara- 
bian and  African 
camel,  having  only 
one  hump  on  the 
back  ; — distin- 
guished from  the 
Bactrian  camel, 
which  has  two 
humps.  See  CAM-  Dromedary  (Camelus  dromedarius). 
el.  Eng.  Cyc. 

DRONE,  n.  [A.  S.  dran,  dram  ; Ger.  drohne.] 

1.  The  male  of  the  honey-bee,  which  makes 

no  honey,  and  is  therefore  expelled  from  the 
hive  by  the  rest.  It  may  be  readily  distinguished 
from  the  queen-bee  and  the  neuter  or  worker,  by 
its  greater  breadth,  its  large  eyes,  and  its  abdo- 
men, which  has  only  four  segments  visible  from 
the  upper  side.  Eng.  Cyc. 

All  with  united  force  combine  to  drive 

The  lazy  drones  from  the  laborious  hive.  Dryden. 

2.  A slothful  person  ; a sluggard  ; an  idler. 

On  the  household  hearth 

A burdenous  drone.  Milton. 

3.  A humming  noise,  like  that  of  the  drone. 

“ The  drone  of  one  plain  song.”  Milton. 

4.  The  largest  tube  of  a bagpipe,  which  emits 

a continued  droning  sound.  Boag. 


DRONE,  V.H.  [).  DRONED  ; pp.  DRONING,  DRONED.] 

1.  To  live  in  idleness  ; to  lounge.  Dryden. 

2.  To  give  a heavy,  dull  tone.  “ The  cym- 
bal’s droning  sound.”  Dryden. 

DRONE,  v.  a.  To  read  in  a dull,  monotonous 
manner. 

And  the  reader  droned  from  the  pulpit. 

Like  the  murmur  of  many  bees. 

The  legend  of  good  Saint  Guthlac, 

And  Saint  Basil’s  homilies.  Longfellow. 

DRONE'— BEE,  n.  The  male  bee ; drone.  Ash. 

DRONE'— FLY,  n.  A two-winged  insect  resem- 
bling the  drone-bee.  Ash. 

DRONE'— PIPE,  n.  The  hum  of  an  insect. 

You  fell  at  once  into  a lower  key 

That ’s  worse  — the  drone-pipe  of  a humble-bee.  Cowper. 

DRON'GO— SHRIKE,  n.  (Ornith.)  A passerine 
bird  of  the  family  Ampelidce  and  sub-family 
Dicrurinte.  Gray. 

DRON'ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  drones.  Swift. 

DRON'ING,  p.  a.  1.  Living  in  idleness  ; lazy. 
“ A droning  duke.”  Goldsmith. 

2.  Giving  a dull  sound. 

Save  where  the  beetle  wheels  his  droning  flight.  Gray. 

DRON'ISII,  a.  Like  a drone  ; idle  ; sluggish  ; in- 
dolent ; inactive  ; lazy. 

The  dronish  monks,  the  scorn  and  shame  of  manhood.  Rowe. 

DRON'JSII-LY,  ad.  In  a dronish  manner.  Bailey. 

DRON'ISH-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  dron- 
ish ; idleness  ; laziness.  Bailey. 

DRON'TE,  n.  (Ornith.)  The  dodo.  Eng.  Cyc. 

DRON'Y,  a.  Sluggish  ; dronish.  Johnson. 

DROOL,  v.  n.  [From  drivel,  anciently  spelt  driuel.] 
To  slaver,  as  a child  ; to  drivel.  [Provincial  in 
Eng.,  and  colloquial  in  the  U.  S.]  Holloway. 

DROOP,  v.  n.  [From  drop.  — See  Drop.]  [t. 
DROOPED  ; pp.  DROOPING,  DROOPED.] 

1.  To  sink  or  hang  down,  as  from  loss  of 

strength  ; to  lean  downwards  ; to  wilt ; to  wither. 
“ Her  drooping  head.”  Pope. 

Then  drooped  the  fading  flowers  (their  beauty  fled). 

And  closed  their  sickly  eyes,  and  hung  the  head.  Dryden. 

2.  To  faint ; to  grow  weak ; to  be  dispirited 
or  depressed ; to  languish. 

Come,  my  friend! 

What!  drooping  yet?  Talfourd. 

DROOP'ER,  n.  One  who  droops.  Ilolinshed. 

DROOP'ING,  n.  A downcast  look  : — a withering. 

And  an  unquiet  drooping  of  the  eye.  Byron. 

DROOP'ING,/).  a.  1.  Sinking,  falling,  or  hang- 
ing down  ; as,  “ A drooping  flower.” 

2.  Growing  weak  ; languishing  ; fainting. 

In  drooping  soldiers  a new  courage  sprung.  Roscommon. 

DROOP'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a drooping  manner. 

DROP,  n.  [A.  S.  dropa  ; Dut.  drop ; Frs.  drip  ; 
Ger.  tropfen .] 

1.  A globule  of  any  liquid,  or  as  much  of  any 
liquid  as  falls  at  once  when  there  is  not  a con- 
tinual stream. 

2.  A diamond  hanging  in  the  ear ; an  ear-ring. 

The  drops  to  thee,  Brillante,  we  consign; 

And,  Momentilla,  let  the  watch  be  thine.  Pope. 

3.  A platform  on  which  a felon  stands,  and 

which  drops  from  under  him  when  he  is  exe- 
cuted. Grose. 

4.  (Arch.)  A frustum  of  a cone,  used  as  an 

ornament  under  the  triglyph  of  a Doric  archi- 
trave ; — called  also  gutta.  Britton. 

5.  ( Naut .)  The  depth  of  a sail,  from  head  to 

foot,  amidships.  Dana. 

6.  pi.  (Med.)  A form  of  medicine  in  which 

the  dose  is  measured  by  drops.  Hoblyn. 

DROP,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  dropian ; Dut.  druipen,  drop- 
pelen ; Ger.  triefen,  traufen,  or  tropfen  ; Dan. 
dryppe  ; Sw.  drypa.]  [?'.  dropped  or  dropt  ; 
pp.  DROPPING,  DROPPED  Or  DROPT.] 

1.  To  pour  or  let  fall  in  drops  or  globules. 

Some  natural  tears  they  dropped but  wiped  them  soon. 

Milton. 

2.  To  let  fall,  in  a general  sense  ; to  let  go  ; 
to  lower  ; as,  “ To  drop  an  anchor.” 

3.  To  give  over  ; to  quit ; to  leave  ; to  relin- 
quish ; to  abandon.  “ I drop  you  here.”  L’ Es- 
trange. “ They  suddenly  dropt  the  pursuit.” 
Sharpe.  “ She  will  drop  him.”  Addison. 


4.  To  utter  slightly  or  casually  ; to  speak  in- 
cidentally ; as,  “To  drop  a hint.” 

5.  To  bedrop  ; to  spot  or  speckle.  “ Coats 

dropped  with  gold.”  Milton. 

To  drop  in,  to  insert  indirectly,  or  by  way  of  digres- 
sion. 

St.  Paul's  Epistles  contain  nothin?  but  points  of  Christian 
instruction,  amongst  which  be  seldom  fails  to  drop  in  the 
great  and  distinguishing  doctrines  of  our  holy  religion.  Locke. 

DROP,  v.  n.  1.  To  fall  in  drops  or  single  glob- 
ules ; to  distil. 

The  quality  of  mercy  is  not  strained; 

It  droppetli  as  tile  gentle  rain  from  heaven 

Upon  the  place  beneath.  Shah. 

2.  To  let  drops  fall ; to  be  discharged  in  drops. 

The  heavens  dropped  at  the  presence  of  God.  Vs.  lxvil.  8. 

3.  To  fall  suddenly,  abruptly,  or  spontane- 
ously, in  a general  sense. 

So  mayst  thou  live  till,  like  ripe  fruit,  thou  drop 

Into  thy  mother’s  lap.  Milton. 

4.  To  fall  in  death  ; to  die  suddenly. 

In  the  dole  of  blows  your  son  might  drop.  Shah. 

5.  To  come  to  nothing  ; to  sink  into  silence; 
to  disappear  ; to  vanish. 

I heard  of  threats  occasioned  by  my  verses.  I sent  to  ac- 
quaint them  where  I was  to  be  found;  and  so  it  dropped.  Pope. 

6.  To  fall  short  of  a mark,  [r.] 

Often  it  drops  or  overshoots.  Collier. 

7.  To  be  depressed  or  lowered.  Craig. 

8.  (Naut.)  To  be  deep  in  extent,  as  a sail.  “Her 
main-topsail  drops  seventeen  yards.”  Mar.  Diet. 

To  drop  astern,  (Naut.)  to  retrograde ; to  move  hark. 
— To  drop  down , to  move  down  towards  tiie  sea.  — To 
drop  in,  to  happen  in;  to  visit  unexpectedly.  Dryden. 

DRO1  PAX,  n.  [Gr.  Spunra(,  a pitch  ointment.] 
(Med.)  A plaster,  or  any  thing  to  take  oft'  the 
hair  ; a depilatory.  Ash. 

DROP'HJT,  n.  A little  drop.  Shak. 

f DROP'MEAL,  ad.  [A.  S.  drop-mcelum ; dropa, 
a drop,  and  mtrl,  a portion.]  By  drops. 

Dugre’s  Dialogues. 

DROP'P^R.w.  He  who,  orthat  which, drops.  Walton. 

DROP'PING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  falling  in  drops. 

A continual  dropping  in  a rainy  day.  Prow  xxvii.  1.5. 

2.  That  which  drops.  Donne.  Pope. 

DROP'PING,  p.  a.  Falling  in  drops  or  globules  ; 
distilling  ; — falling  ; descending. 

A dropping  fire,  (Mil.)  a constant,  irregular  dis- 
charge of  small  arms.  Ogiloie. 

DROP'PING— BOT'TLE,  n.  An  instrument  for 
supplying  small  quantities  of  water  to  test- 
tubes,  &c. ; an  edulcorator.  Hoblyn. 

DROP'PING-LY,  ad.  By  drops.  Iiuloet. 

DROPS,  it.  pi.  (Med.)  See  Drop,  n.  6. 

DROP'— SIJ-RENE',  n.  [L . gutta  serena.]  (Med.)  A 
disease  by  which  sight  is  destroyed  without  any 
perceptible  change  in  the  organization  of  the  eye ; 
amaurosis  or  gutta  serena.  — See  Amaurosis. 

Eyes  that  roll  in  vain. 

So  thick  a drop-serene  hath  quenched  their  orbs.  Milton. 

DROP'SI-CAL,  a.  1.  Partaking  of  dropsy;  dis- 
eased with  a dropsy  ; hydropical ; dropsied  ; as, 
“ Dropsical  disorders.” 

2.  Tending  to  a dropsy;  liable  to  dropsy. 
“ Dropsical  persons.”  Arbuthnot. 

DROP'SI-CAL-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  drop- 
sical. Scott. 

DROP'STED  (drop'sjd),  a.  Diseased  with  a dropsy. 

"Where  great  addition  swells,  and  virtue  none, 

It  is  a dropsied  honor.  Shak. 

DROP'— STONE,  n.  Spar  formed  into  the  shape 
of  drops.  Woodward. 

DROP'SY,  n.  [Gr.  Mpwij'  ; Mwp,  water,  and  ui[,  the 
aspect ; L.  hydrops,  whence  anciently  hydropi- 
sy  ; thence  Aropisy,  and  dropsy.] 

1.  (Med.)  An  unnatural  collection  of  watery 

fluid  in  any  part  of  the  body.  Brande. 

2.  (Bot.)  A disease  in  succulent  plants,  from 

an  excess  of  water.  Brande. 

DROPT,  i.  & p.  from  drop.  Often  used  instead  of 
dropped.  — See  Drop.  Ed.  Rev. 

DROP'WORT  (-wurt),  n.  (Bot.)  An  aquatic  poi- 
sonous plant,  with  fleshy-fingered  roots  ; CEnan- 
the  crocata.  Eng.  Cyc. 

DROS  ’ F.-RA,  n.  [Gr.  bpoorpts,  dewy.]  (Bot.)  A 
genus  of  plants  so  called  because  the  leaves  are 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 

57 


BULL,  BUR,  Rf'LE.  — 9,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  £, 


hard;  § as  z ,•  ^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


DROSKY 


450 


DRUM 


set  with  hairs  which  discharge  a viscid  fluid, 
which  looks  like  dew  ; sun-dew.  Eng.  Cgc. 

DROS'KY,  or  DROSCH'Kp,  n.  A Russian  four- 
wheeled  pleasure-carriage  ; — corrupted  from 
droitzschka.  — See  Droitzschka.  W.  Encxj. 

DRO-SOM'G-TIjR,  n.  [Gr.  Sptaos,  dew,  and  plrpov, 
measure.]  An  instrument  for  measuring  the 
quantity  of  dew  gathered  on  any  substance  in 
the  night.  Hamilton. 

DRfiss,  n.  [A.  S.  dros  ; dreosan,  to  cast  down,  to 
precipitate  ; Dut.  droessen  ; Ger.  drtlsen,  dregs.] 

1.  The  scum  or  extraneous  matter  of  metals 
thrown  off  in  the  process  of  melting  ; as,  “The 
dross  of  iron.” 

2.  Rust ; incrustation  upon  metal.  Addison. 

3.  Any  thing  remaining  after  the  removal  of 

the  better  part ; waste  matter  ; refuse  ; leav- 
ings ; sweepings.  1 ‘ The  dross  and  filth  of  sen- 
sual delights.”  Tillotson. 

Syn.  — See  Dregs.  • 

t DUoS'SJf  L,  n.  A sluggard  ; a drotchel.  Warner. 

DROSS'I-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  drossy  ; 
impurity  ; foulness. 

The  furnace  of  affliction  refines  us  from  earthly  drossiness, 
and  softens  us  for  the  impression  of  God's  own  stamp.  Boyle. 

DROSS'HJSS,  a.  Destitute  of  dross.  Stevens. 

DROSS'Y,  a.  1.  Full  of  dross ; scorious ; recre- 
mentitious.  “ Drossy  gold.”  Davies. 

2.  Worthless  ; foul  ; impure,  like  dross. 
“ Drossy  rhymes.”  Donne. 

t DROTCH'EL,  n.  [Corrupted  from  d raze l or  dros- 
sel .]  An  idle  wench  : — a sluggard.  Minsheu. 

DROUGHT  (drbut),  n.  [A.  S.  drugoth ; drygan,  or 
doigan,  to  dry.  — The  third  person  sing,  of  dry- 
gan. Tooke.  — Dut.  droogte.] 

1.  Dryness ; want  of  rain  ; a long  continu- 
ance of  dry  weather. 

O earth,  I will  befriend  thee  more  with  rain 

Than  youthful  April  shall  with  all  his  showers; 

In  summer’s  drought  I’ll  drop  upon  thee  still.  Shak. 

2.  Thirst ; want  of  drink. 

One  whose  drought. 

Yet  scarce  allayed,  still  c>es  the  current  stream.  Milton. 

This  word  is  often  pronounced  as  if  written 
drouth,  but  improperly.  When  these  abstracts  take  g 
in  their  composition,  and  this  g is  not  preceded  by  a 
vowel,  the  t does  not  precede  the  A,  hut  follows 
it,  as  weigh,  weight ; fly , flight-,  no,  nought,  &c. — 
“ Drought  is  vulgarly  pronounced  drouth-,  it  is  even 
written”so  by  Milton  ; but  in  this  he  is  not  to  he  imi- 
tated, having  mistaken  the  analogy  of  this  word,  as 
well  as  that  of  height,  which  he  spells  heighth,  and 
which  is  frequently  so  pronounced  by  the  vulgar.” 
Walker.  — See  Drouth. 

DROUGHT'I-NESS  (drou'te-nes),  n.  The  state  of 
wanting  rain  ; want  of  rain.  Johnson. 

DROUGIIT'Y  (drbu'te),  a.  1.  Arid  ; wanting  rain. 
“ Droughty  and  parched  countries.”  Ray. 

2.  Thirsty ; wanting  drink ; dry.  “ The  droughty 
traveller  or  hunter.”  Sloane. 

DROUTH,  n.  1.  Want  of  rain  ; dry  weather.  Bacon. 

2.  Thirst ; want  of  drink. 

And  every  tongue,  through  utter  drouth, 

Was  withered  at  the  root.  Coleridge. 

If"5=This  word  is  written  drouth , instead  of  drought. , 
by  some  old  English  writers ; and  this  form  is  still  used 
in  some  parts  of  England  and  Scotland,  and  by  many 
persons  in  the  United  States.  — “ Our  old  authors, 
perhaps  more  correctly,  write  and  pronounce  drouth .” 
Smart. — “It  is  improperly  writteiw/ro^ff/it.”  Rich- 
ardson.— “People  of  education  in  America  have  al- 
ways avoided  using  the  word  drouth , considering  it 
as  a mere  vulgar  corruption  of  drought.  Mr.  Webster, 
however,  in  the  learned  preface  to  his  Compendious 
Dictionary,  following  the  etymology  of  the  word,  as 
given  by  Ilorne  Tooke,  defends  drouth  as  the  genuine 
word,  and  condemns  drought  as  a corruption. ” Pick- 
ering.— See  Drought. 

DROVE,  i.  from  drive . See  Drive. 

DROVE,  n.  [A.  S.  draf.  — See  Drive.] 

1.  A number  of  cattle  driven  ; a collection  of 
animals  or  beasts  under  the  care  of  a driver,  as 
oxen,  cows,  sheep,  &c. 

2.  A crowd  ; a collection. 

The  sounds  and  seas,  with  all  their  finny  drove.  Milton. 
Whole  droves  of  blockheads  choking  up  the  way.  Dryden. 

3.  A drift-way,  or  common  road  for  driving 

cattle.  [England.]  Cowell. 

Syn.  — See  Herd. 

f DRO  VEN  (dro'vn),  p.  from  drive.  Driven. — 
See  Drive. 


DRO'VJJR,  n.  [From  drive.] 

1.  One  who  fattens  cattle  or  sheep  for  sale, 
and  drives  them  to  market ; a driver.  South. 

2.  f A boat  driven  forward  by  the  tide,  [r.] 

He  woke, 

And  saw  his  droller  drive  along  the  stream.  Spenser. 

f DRO'VY,  a.  [A.  S.  drof,  dirty.  — See  Draffy.] 
Filthy  ; muddy  ; roiled.  “ To  drink  drovy  or 
troubled  water.”  Chaucer. 

DROWN,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  adrencan  ; Dan.  drukne  ; 
Sw.  dranka.  — See  Drench.]  [i.  drowned; 
pp.  DROWNING,  DROWNED.] 

1.  To  destroy  or  put  to  death  by  immersing  in 
water  or  other  fluid  ; to  sink  under  water  till  dead. 

Like  one  that  hath  been  seven  days  drowned. 

My  body  lay  afloat.  Coleridge. 

2.  To  cover  with  liquid;  to  overwhelm;  to 
overflow  ; to  inundate  ; to  deluge. 

To  dew  the  sovereign  flower,  and  drown  the  weeds.  Shak. 

3.  To  sink,  immerge,  or  lose  in  any  thing;  — 
to  overcome  ; to  overpower. 

Most  men  being  in  sensual  pleasures  drowned.  Davies. 

DROWN,  v.  n.  1.  To  be  suffocated  in  water  or 
other  fluid ; to  die  by  being  immersed  in  water. 

Methought  what  pain  it  was  to  drown.  Shak. 

2.  {Law.)  To  merge  or  sink. 

In  some  cases,  a right  of  freehold  shall  drown  in  a chattel. 

Coke's  Littleton. 

DROWN' A^E,  n.  Act  of  drowning,  [r.]  Carlyle. 

DROWNED  (droutid), />.  a.  Suffocated  in  water  or 
other  fluid ; overwhelmed ; inundated ; deluged. 

DRdWN'JjR,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  drowns. 

DRoWN'ING,  n.  Suffocation  by  immersion  under 
water  or  other  fluid.  TJdal. 

DRoWN'ING,  p.  a.  Suffocating  in  water  or  other 
fluid  : — overwhelming  ; inundating. 

DROWSE'  (drbuz),  v.  a.  [Dut.  droosen ; A.  S. 
dreosan,  to  fall,  to  drop,  or  droop.]  [i.  drowsed  ; 
pp.  drowsing,  drowsed.]  To  make  heavy 
with  sleep ; to  dispose  to  sleep.  Milton. 

DROWSE,  v.  n.  To  grow  heavy  with  sleep  ; to 
doze.  “ He  d rou-sed  upon  his  couch.”  South. 

Syn.  — See  Sheep. 

DROWSE,  n.  A slight  sleep  ; a slumber.  Clarke. 

DROW'.SI-IIEAD  (-lied),  n.  Inclination  to  sleep  ; 
drowsiness ; sleepiness,  [it.] 

A pleasing  land  of  drowsihead  it  was. 

Of  dreams  that  wave  before  the  half-shut  eye.  Thomson. 

f DRoW§'I-IIED,  n.  Drowsiness;  drowsihead. 

The  royal  virgin  shook  off  drowsihed.  - Spenser . 

DROlV'SI-LY,  ad.  In  a drowsy  manner  ; sleep- 
ily ; sluggishly.  Dryden. 

DRoW'§I-NESS,  n.  1.  The  state  of  being  drowsy; 
doziness ; sleepiness. 

What  a strange  drowsiness  possesses  them!  Shak. 

2.  Inactivity  ; sluggishness.  Bacon. 

DROVV'^Y,  a.  1.  Tending  to  fall  asleep  while  sit- 
ting up  ; dozy  ; heavy  with  sleepiness  ; sleepy. 

Drowsy  am  I,  and  yet  can  rarely  sleep.  Sidney. 

2.  Lulling  ; causing  sleep.  “ Drowsy  couch.” 
Spenser.  “ Drowsy  murmurs.”  Addison. 

And  drowsy  tinklings  lull  the  distant  folds.  Gray. 

3.  Didl ; stupid  ; sluggish  ; heavy.  “ Our  au- 
thor with  all  his  drowsy  reasoning.”  Atterbury. 

DROW'S-TY— HEAD'flD,  a.  Sluggish.  Fotherby. 

DRUB,  v.  a.  [Dut.  Ger.  treffen  ; Dan.  droebe, 
to  kill  ; Sw.  tlrabba,  to  hit,  to  engage  the  ene- 
my.] [i.  DRUBBED  ; pp.  DRUBBING,  DRUBBED.] 
To  beat  heartily  ; to  thrash.  Hudibras. 

DRUB,  n.  A thump  ; a knock  ; a blow.  “Innu- 
merable drubs  and  contusions.”  Addison. 

DRIJB'BING,  n.  A beating  ; a flogging.  Hume. 

DRUDGE,  v.  n.  [The  past  participle  (droog,  druge ) 
of  A.  S.  dreogan,  to  act,  to  suffer.  Tooke.)  \i. 
DRUDGED;  pp.  DRUDGING,  DRUDGED.]  To  la- 
bor in  mean  offices  ; to  work  hard  ; to  slave. 

Here  rather  let  me  drudge  and  earn  my  bread.  Milton. 

DRUDGE,  v.  a.  To  consume  tediously  or  labori- 
ously. “ Drudge  away  the  day.”  Otway. 

DRUDGE,  n.  1.  One  employed  in  mean  labor  ; a 
hard  worker;  one  who  slaves ; a slave  ; a hack. 

Ordained  his  drudge,  to  execute 

Whate’er  his  wrath  shall  bid.  Milton. 


2.  An  agricultural  implement  of  the  rake  or 
harrow  kind. — See  Dredge.  Farm.  Ency. 

Syn.  — See  Servant. 

DRUDGE'— HORSE,  n.  A horse  used  for  hard 
work.  Jarvis. 

DRUDG'^R,  n.  1.  A mean  laborer  ; a drudge. 

2.  A drudging-box ; a dredger.  Johnson. 

DRUDG'IJ-RY,  n.  Mean  labor;  hard,  servile  work  ; 
ignoble  toil.  “Weary  drudgeries.”  Southern. 

Syn.  — See  Work. 

DRUDG'ING— BOX,  n.  See  Diiedging-box. 

DRUDG'ING-LY,  ad.  Laboriously  ; toilsomely. 

t DRU'JJ-RIE,  n.  [Old  Fr.]  Courtship;  gallantry. 

Of  Indies’  love  and  di-ueric.  Chaucer . 

DRUG,  n.  [Past  participle  of  the  A.  S.  drigan, 
drugan,  to  dry.  Tooke.  — Dut.  droogery.  — It., 
Port.,  <Sf  Sp.  aroga;  Fr.  drogue .] 

1.  A general  name  of  commodities  used  for 

the  purposes  of  medicine,  dyeing,  tanning,  and 
for  various  other  purposes.  Francis. 

2.  Any  thing  unsalable,  or  for  which  there  is 
no  demand. 

Fletcher ’s  despised,  your  Jonson  out  of  fashion. 

And  wit  the  only  drug  in  all  the  nation.  Dn/den. 

3.  f A mean  laborer ; a drudge.  Shak. 

DRUG,  V.  a.  [i.  DRUGGED  ; pp.  DRUGGING, 
DRUGGED.] 

1.  To  season  with  ingredients,  commonly  me- 
dicinal. “ I’ve  drugged  their  possets.”  Shak. 

2.  To  tincture  with  something  noxious.  Milton. 

3.  To  administer  drugs  to.  Fenton. 

DRUG,  v.  n.  To  prescribe  or  administer  drugs. 
“ Your  drugging  doctors.”  B.  Jonson. 

DRUG'— DAMNED,  a.  Infamous  for  poisons. 
“ Drug-damned  Italy.”  Shak. 

fDRUG'GGR,  n.  A druggist.  Burton. 

DROg'GIJR-MAN,  n.  An  interpreter.  — See  Drag- 
oman. Dryden. 

DRUG 'GET,  n.  [It.  dror/hetto  ; Port.  <S;  Sp.  dro- 
guete\  Fr.  droguet.  — From  Drogheda,  a town 
in  Ireland.  Sullivan .]  A coarse,  flimsy  woollen 
stuff',  used  for  carpets,  for  packing,  and  for  rough 
female  garments  in  Scotland.  Simmonds. 

DRUG'GIST,  n.  A dealer  in  drugs  and  medicines. 

DRUG'— MILL,  n.  A machine  for  triturating  drugs. 

f DRUG'STJJR,  n.  A druggist.  Boyle. 

DI(  |!*m,  n.  [Gr.  bpvs,  an  oak.  Milton.  Skinner. — 
“ Derived  by  the  Latins  from  hpvt,  an  oak,  but 
more  probably  of  Celtic  origin.”  Brarnle.  — “It 
is  hard,”  says  a writer  in  the  Encycloptcdia 
Britannica,  “ to  imagine  how  the  rncient  Britons 
should  come  to  speak  Greek.” — Brit,  deruidhon, 
very  wise  men.  Lye.  — Brit,  derw,  an  oak,  and 
udd,  a lord  or  master.  Wacliter.  — Brit,  dru  or 
derw,  an  oak,  and  hud,  incantation.  Ency.  Brit. 
— A.  S.  dry,  a magician  — a Druid.  Somner. — 
Ir.  drui,  a magician.  Crabb.  — W.  derwen,  an 
oak  ; derwydd,  a Druid  ; Gael.  <S,-  Ir.  druid.] 

1.  One  of  the  priests  of  the  Celtic  inhabitants 

of  ancient  Gaul  and  Britain.  They  worshipped 
chiefly  in  consecrated  groves,  and  offered  human 
sacrifices.  Brande. 

There  was  a class  of  the  Druids,  whom  they  called  Bards, 
who  delivered  in  songs  (their  only  history)  the  exploits  of 
their  heroes,  and  who  composed  those  verses  which  contained 
the  secrets  of  druidicnl  discipline,  their  principles  of  natural 
and  moral  philosophy,  their  astronomy,  and  the  mystical 
rites  ot  their  religion.  Burke. 

2.  A bard  ; a poet ; a scald. 

In  yon  tier  grave  a Druid  lies, 

"Where  slowly  winds  the  stealing  wave.  Collins. 

DR(J'TD-ESS,  n.  A female  Druid  ; an  enchantress. 

Pennant. 

DRU-ID'l-CAL,  a.  Relating  to  the  Druids.  Burke. 

DRU'ID-ISH,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  resembling,  the 
Druids.  “ The  druidish  religion.”  Holinshed. 

DRU'ID-!§M,  n.  The  doctrines,  rites,  and  cere- 
monies of  the  Druids. 

The  great  anil  capital  objects  of  their  [the  Saxons’]  wor- 
ship were  taken  from  druid  ism.  Jjurkc. 

DRUM,  n.  [Dut  from,  trommel ; Ger.  trommel ; 
Dan.  tronune  ; Sw.  trurnma.  — A.  S.  dreman,  or 
dryman,  to  play  on  an  instrument.] 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  tong;  A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  short,  A,  1J,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure ; FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


DRUM 


451 


DRY-ROT 


1.  (Mus.)  An  instrument  of  percussion  formed 

by  stretching  a piece  of  parchment  over  each 
end  of  a cylinder  of  thin  wood  or  brass  ; — prin- 
cipally used  for  martial  music.  Brancle. 

2.  (Mil.)  One  who  beats  a drum ; a drum- 
mer. Mil.  Diet. 

3.  Anything  shaped  like  a drum;  as,  “A 
drum  for  figs  ” ; “A  drum  for  a stove-pipe.” 

4.  The  quantity  contained  in  the  vessel  called 
a drum  ; as,  “ A drum  of  figs.” 

5.  ( Mecli .)  A revolving  cylinder  or  barrel, 

around  which  endless  straps,  chains,  or  cords 
are  passed,  to  communicate  motion  or  power  to 
other  machinery.  When  such  cylinders  are 
narrow  in  the  direction  of  their  axes,  they  are 
called  pulleys,  or  riggers.  Francis. 

6.  (Anat.)  'i'he  tympanum  of  the  ear  : — also, 

the  middle  ear,  tympanitic  cavity,  or  barrel  of 
the  ear,  behind  the  tympanum.  Comings. 

7.  (-4rc/t.)  The  upright  part  of  a cupola,  ei- 

ther above  or  below  a dome  : — also,  the  centre, 
vase,  bell,  or  basket  of  the  Corinthian  and  com- 
posite capitals.  Brande.  Francis. 

8.  A large  concourse  of  visitors  ; an  assem- 
bly or  rout. 

“ Routs,  drums,  balls,  and  assemblies.”  Rambler. 
“ Styled  a drum,  from  the  noise  and  emptiness  of  the 
entertainment.”  Smollett. 

DRUM,  v.  n.  [i.  drummed;  pp.  drumming, 

DRUMMED.] 

1.  To  beat  or  play  upon  a drum. 

Fantome  advances  to  him  drumming.  Addison. 

2.  To  beat  with  a pulsatory  motion,  as  the 

heart.  “ His  drumming  heart.”  Shaft. 

3.  To  beat  or  tattoo  with  the  fingers ; as, 
“ To  drum  on  the  window.” 

4.  f To  emit  a humming,  droning,  sullen 

sound  or  noise  ; to  tinkle.  Browne. 

DRUM,  v.  a.  To  expel  ignominiously  with  the 
sound  of  a drum  ; — used  with  out. 

They  drummed  and  trumpeted  the  wretches  out  of  their 
hall  of  audience.  Burke. 

To  drum  up,  to  assemble  by  the  beat  of  the  drum  : — 
to  gather  or  draw  by  solicitation  or  effort ; as,  “ To 
drum  up  customers.” 

f DRUM'BLE,  v.  n.  To  drone  ; to  be  sluggish.  Shah. 

DRUM'— FISH,  n.  ( Ich ■)  A fish  found  in  the 
American  waters.  Woodward. 

DRUM'-HEAD,  n.  1.  The  head  or  pelt  of  a drum ; 
the  parchment  forming  the  end  of  a drum.  Paley. 

2.  The  top  part  of  a capstan.  Dana. 

f DRUM'LY,  a.  [drumble,  in  the  sense  of  slug- 
gish. Todd,  — W.  from,  heavy'.]  Thick;  stag- 
nant; muddy: — slow.  Wodroephe,  1623. 

DRUM'— MA-JOR,  n.  (Mil.)  The  chief  drummer  of 
a regiment.  Cleaveland. 

DRUM'— MA-KER,  n.  One  who  makes  drums. 

DRUM'M^R,  n.  1.  One  who  drums,  or  whose 
office  it  is  to  beat  the  drum.  Gay. 

2.  ( Ent .)  A species  of  cockroach  ; Blatta  gi- 
gantea ; — so  called  from  the  drumming  or 
knocking  sound  which  it  makes.  Maunder. 

DRUM'  MOND— LIGHT  (-lit),  n.  An  intense  light 

produced  by  directing  the  flame  of  the  oxyhy- 
drogen  blow-pipe  upon  a piece  of  quick-lime  ; 

— so  called  from  the  inventor,  Lieut.  Drum- 
mond, who  first  used  it  for  illuminating  signals. 

A pretty  good  substitute  for  the  Drummond -light  may  be 
formed  by  directing  a stream  of  oxygen  gas  through  the  flame 
of  a spirit-lamp  upon  a lump  of  quick-lime.  Davies. 

DRUM 'STICK,  n.  1.  A stick  with  which  a drum 
is  beaten.  Addison. 

2.  Any  thing  resembling  the  stick  with  which 
a drum  is  beaten,  as  the  upper  part  of  the  leg 
of  a turkey. 

DRUNK  (drungk,  82),  a.  1.  Intoxicated  with  strong 
liquor  ; inebriated  ; tipsy  ; drunken. 

We  generally  conclude  that  man  drunk  who  takes  pains  to 
be  thought  sober.  Spectator. 

2.  Drenched  or  saturated  with  moisture. 

I will  make  mine  arrows  drunk  with  blood.  Dent,  xxxii.  42. 

DRUNK,  p.  from  drink.  See  Drink. 

“ There  are  speakers  who  are  too  refined  to  use 
the  perfect  participle  of  the  verbs  1 to  drink,’  1 to 
run,’  ‘to  begin,’  &c.,  and  substitute  the  imperfect 
tense.  Thus,  instead  of  saying,  ‘ I have  drunk,’  ‘ lie 
has  run,’  ‘ they  have  begun,’  they  say,  ‘ I have  drank,' 

‘ he  has  ran,’  1 they  have  began,’  &c.  These  are  minor 
errors,  I admit;  still  nice  ears  detect  them.”  Gwynne. 

— See  Drink 


DRUNK'ARD,  n.  One  addicted  to  drunkenness  ; 
an  intemperate  person  ; a toper  ; a sot ; a tipler. 

God  will  not  take  the  drunkard's  excuse,  that  he  has  so 
long  accustomed  himself  to  intemperate  drinking  that  now 
lie  cannot  leave  it  off.  South. 

Disgust  and  despair  follow  the  dnmkard  like  his  shadow. 

IVigglesworth: 

DRUNK'EN  (drung'kn,  82),  p.  a.  [From  drink.  See 
Drink.  — A.  S.  druncen .] 

1.  Intoxicated  with  liquor  ; inebriated.  “They 
are  drunken,  but  not  with  wine.”  Isa.  xxix.  9. 

Old  Silenus,  bloated,  drunken.  Longfellow. 

2.  Frequently  or  habitually  drunk ; sottish. 

Is  not  this  Stephano,  my  drunken  butler?  Shale. 

3.  Saturated  with  moisture.  Spenser. 

4.  Done  in  a state  of  intoxication.  “A  drunken 
slaughter.”  Shah.  “ Drunken  quarrels.”  Swift. 

t DRUNK'EN-HEAD,  n.  Drunkenness.  Gower. 

DRUNK'EN-LY  (drung'ku-le),  ad.  In  a drunken 
manner.  “ Filthy  and  drunkenly.”  Hackluyt. 

DRUNK'EN-NESS  (drung'kn-nes),  n.  [A.  S.drun- 
ccnnes.\ 

1.  Intoxication  ; ebriety  ; inebriety. 

The  best  cure  for  drunkenness  is,  while  sober,  to  observe  a 
drunken  man.  Chinese  Maxim. 

Passion  is  the  drunkenness  of  the  mind.  Spenser. 

2.  Habitual  intoxication  ; sottishness.  Watts. 

f DRUNK'EN-SHIP,  n.  Drunkenness.  John  Fox. 

t DRUNK'SHIP,  n.  Drunkenness.  Gower. 

DRU-PA'CEOUS  (dru-pa'shus,  66),  a.  ( Bot .)  Re- 
lating to,  or  producing,  drupes.  Smart. 

DRUPE,  n.  [Gr.  Spvn-a,  an  over-ripe  olive;  Spvrrc- 
rys,  falling  from  the  tree  ; Spas,  a tree,  and  ninrui, 
to  fall ; L ..druppa;  Fr  .drupe.']  (Bot.)  A gen- 
eral name  for  a one-celled,  one-seeded 
or  two-seeded,  indeliiscent  fruit,  consist- 
ing  of  a fleshy,  succulent  exterior,  and  a mum 
hard  stone  in  the  centre,  containing  the  tr 
seed,  as  the  peach,  cherry,  plum,  &c.  P.  Cyc. 

DRUSE,  n.  [Ger.  dr  use.)  (Mining.)  A cavity  of 
which  the  interior  surface  is  lined  with  crystals ; 
a geode.  Cleaveland. 

DRUS'jpD,  a.  Drusy ; covered  with  minute  crystals. 

DRU'§E§,  n.  pi.  The  name  of  a remarkable  peo- 
ple who  inhabit  the  environs  of  Mt.  Lebanon ; 
— written  also  Druses.  P.  Cyc. 

DRU'SY,  a.  (Min.)  Abounding,  or  covered,  with 
very  minute  crystals.  Cleaveland. 

DRUX'JyY,  ) a_  (Naut.)  Applied  to  decaying 

DRUX'Y,  ) timber.  Mar.  Diet. 

DRY  (dri),  a.  [A.  S.  dri,  drig,  or  dryg ; Dut. 
droog.\ 

1.  Free  from  water,  moisture,  or  any  liquid ; 
arid  ; not  wet ; not  juicy  ; not  green  ; not  rainy  ; 
without  tears  ; as,  “Dry  hay”;  “ Dry  wood  or 
tree”;  “ Dry  weather  ” ; “ Dry  eyes.” 

2.  Thirsty  ; wanting  or  craving  drink. 

3.  Not  giving  milk;  as,  “A  dry  cow.” 

4.  Jejune;  barren;  destitute  of  ornament; 
meagre  ; unembellished  ; plain  ; uninteresting. 

It  is  a dry  fable,  with  little  or  nothing  in  it.  L' Estrange. 

5.  Flard  ; keen  ; sly  ; severe  ; sarcastic  ; as, 
“ A dry  remark  ” ; “ A dry  rub.”  Hudibras. 

6.  (Paint.)  Noting  a harsh  and  formal  out- 

line, and  a color  deficient  in  mellowness  and 
harmony.  Fairliolt. 

7.  (Sculpt.)  Used  in  speaking  of  a work  where- 

in there  is  a want  of  luxuriousness  and  tender- 
ness in  the  forms.  Brande. 

Dry  goods,  textile  fabrics,  such  as  are  sold  by 
linen  drapers,  mercers,  &c.,in  distinction  from  groce- 
ries. — Dry  money,  specie ; real  coin  ; as,  “ He  paid  a 
hundred  dollars  in  dry  money.”  — Dry  stone  wall,  a 
stone  wall  built  without  mortar.  — Dry  wines,  as  op- 
posed to  sweet  wines,  are  those  in  which  the  saccha- 
rine matter  and  the  ferment  are  so  exactly  balanced, 
that  they  have  mutually  decomposed  each  other,  and 
no  sweetness  is  perceptible.  Encyc.  Dom.  Econ. 

DRY,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  drigan,  adrigan,  or  drygan, 
adrygan;  Dut.  droogen ; Ger.  dGrren;  Sw.  tor- 
ka.  — Gr.  Oioai ; L.  torreo .]  [i.  dried  ; pp.  dry- 
ing, dried.]  To  free  from  water,  moisture,  or 
any  liquid ; to  desiccate. 

See,  they  have  caught  the  father  of  the  flock. 

Who  dries  his  fleece  upon  the  neighboring  rock.  Dryden. 

To  dry  up,  to  make  dry  ; to  deprive  totally  of  mois- 
ture. “ Their  honorable  men  are  famished,  atid  their 
multitude  dried  up  with  thirst.”  Is.  v.  13.  “ They 
satv  the  fig-tree  dried  up  from  the  roots.”  Mark,  xi.30. 


DRY,  v.  n.  1.  To  become  dry  ; to  lose  moisture. 

The  brook  dried  because  there  had  been  no  rain. 

1 Kings  xvii.  7. 

2.  To  wither,  as  a limb.  “ Jeroboam’s  hand 
dried  up.”  1 Kings  xiii.  4. 

DRY'AD,  n. ; pi.  dry'ad!?.  [Gr.  Spuds,  SpvaSos  ; Spvs, 
a tree ; L.  dry  as.)  (Mythol.)  An  imaginary 
woodland  female  deity,  supposed  to  inhabit  the 
woods  and  groves  ; a wood-nymph.  Milton. 

DRY-KJV'DRK,  n.  pi.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  Austra- 
lian shrubs,  with  hard,  dry,  evergreen,  beautiful 
leaves  ; — named  from  J.  Dr  gander.  F.  Cyc. 

DRY'KS,n. ; pi.  dry ' a-dk$.  [L.,  from  Gr.  Spuds, 
SpudSos.)  Dryad. — See  Dryad.  Ainsivorth. 

DRY'— BEAT,  v.  a.  To  beat ; to  strike  lightly.  Shak. 

DRY'— BEAT-EN  (drl'bGt-tn),  a.  Severely  beaten  : 
beaten  up  lightly.  Shak. 

DRY'— BEL-LY— AjEHE'pi.  A species  of  colic  .Merle. 

DRY'— BLOW,  n.  (Med.)  A blow  which  neither 
wounds  nor  sheds  blood.  Crabb. 

DRY'— BONED  (-bond),  a.  Having  dry  bones. 

DRY'— CAS-TOR,  n.  (ZoBl.)  A species  of  beaver;  — 
sometimes  called  the  parchment-beaver.  Booth. 

DRY'JgR,  n.  See  Drier.  Temple. 

DRY'— EYED  (drl'ld),  a.  Without  having  the  eyes 
suffused  with  tears  ; without  weeping. 

Sight  so  deform  what  heart  of  rock  could  long 

Di'y-eyed  behold ? Adam  could  not,  but  wept.  Milton. 

f DRY'— FAT,  n.  A basket  for  dry  things.  Tarleton. 

DRY'— FOOT,  n.  A dog  that  pursues  game  by  the 
scent  of  the  foot.  Craig. 

To  draw  dry-foot,  to  pursue  game  as  a dog,  by  the 
scent  of  tile  foot. 

A hound  that  runs  counter,  and  ye  t draws  dry-foot  well.  Shak. 

DRY'ING,  n.  Act  of  making  dry  ; desiccation. 

DRY'ING-OlL,  n.  An  oil,  such  as  linseed  oil, 
which  dries  quickly,  from  having  been  heated 
with  oxide  of  lead ; — used  for  paints.  Brande. 

DRY'ITE,  n.  [Gr.  Spas,  an  oak.  Craig.]  (Pal.) 
Fragments  of  petrified  or  fossil  wood,  in  which 
the  structure  of  the  wood  is  recognized.  Craig. 

DRY'LY,  ad.  1.  In  a dry  manner ; with  dryness ; 
without  moisture. 

Like  one  of  our  French  withered  pears,  it  looks  ill,  it  eats 
dryly.  Shak. 

2.  Coldly  ; frigidly ; without  affection. 

For  virtue  is  but  dryly  praised,  and  starves.  Dryden. 

3.  Slyly;  severely;  wittily;  sarcastically. 

4.  Without  embellishment  or  interest ; unin- 
teresting. “ Dryly  didactive.”  Goldsmith. 

DRY'— MEASURE  (mezli-ur),  n.  The  measure  of 
dry  goods,  by  the  peck,  bushel,  &c.  Davies. 

DRY'NgSS,  n.  [A.  S.  drignys .]  1.  The  state  of 

being  dry  or  free  from  moisture  ; want  of  mois- 
ture; siceity.  “ Dryness  of  the  soil.”  Browne. 

2.  Want  of  embellishment ; want  of  that  which 

excites  the  interest  or  engages  the  mind  or  the 
passions.  “ Penury  of  fancy,  or  dryness  of  ex- 
pression.” Garth. 

3.  Want  of  sensibility;  want  of  ardor.  “Dry- 
ness of  spirit.”  Taylor. 

4.  (Paint.)  A term  applied  to  a style-qf  paint- 

ing in  which  the  outline  is  harsh  and  nmnal, 
and  the  color  deficient  in  mellowness  and  nar- 
mony.  Fairliolt. 

DRY'— NURSE,  n.  A nurse  who  brings  up  and 
feeds  a child  by  hand,  hut  does  not  suckle  it. 

DRY'— NURSE,  v.  a.  To  nurse  without  suckling. 
“ Dry-nursed  by  a bear.”  Hudibras. 

DRY'O-PHITE,  n.  (Zobl.)  A kind  of  frog.  Crabb. 

DRY'OS,  n.  (Bot.)  A kind  of  mistletoe.  Crabb. 

DRY'— POINT,  n.  A sharp  needle,  with  which  fine 
lines  are  engraved  on  copper-plate.  Crabb. 

DRY'— POINT-ING,  n.  The  grinding  of  needles 
and  table-forks.  What  eh/. 

DRY'— ROT,  n.  A disordered  state  incident  to 
timber,  which,  by  decomposing  the  fibres,  re- 
duces its  substance  to  a mass  of  dry  dust.  It  is 
called  also  sap-rot ; and  in  the  United  States  it 
is  vulgarly  called  powder-post.  Hamilton. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  9,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


DRY-RUB 


452 


DUCTILITY 


DRY'— RUB,  v.  a.  To  make  clean  by  rubbing, 
without  wetting.  Dodsley. 

DRY'— SALT-fR,  n.  1.  A dealer  in  salted  or  dried 
meats,  and  in  the  materials  used  in  pickling, 
salting,  and  preserving  various  kinds  of  food. 

Brande. 

Almost  thirty  years  have  elapsed  since  1 heard  by  accident 
of  a d ry-salter , who  had  acquired  a great  reputation  and  a 
large  fortune  from  possessing  a secret  that  had  enabled  him 
to  send  out  to  the  Indies,  and  other  hot  countries,  beef  and 
pork  iu  a better  state  of  preservation  than  any  of  the  trade. 

Mr  It'.  Fordyce,  lfiX). 

2.  A dealer  in  gums,  drugs,  dye-stuffs,  min- 
eral colors,  tanning  substances,  artificial  ma- 
nures, and,  generally,  in  the  chemical  salts  used 
by  dyers  and  manufacturers.  Simmonds. 

DRY'— SALT'E-RY,  n.  A term  applied  to  the  ar- 
ticles kept  by  a dry-salter.  Ogilvie. 

DRY'— SHOD,  a.  Having  dry  feet. 

The  Lord  shall  shake  his  hand  over  the  river,  and  smite 
it,  and  make  men  go  over  dry-shod.  Isa.  xi.  15. 

DRY'-STOVE,  n.  A glazed  structure  for  contain- 
ing the  plants  of  dry,  arid  climates ; such  as 
cactuses,  aloes,  &c.  Brande. 

DRY'— VAT,  n.  A basket  or  other  vessel  for  hold- 
ing dry  things.  Clarke. 

DU 'AD,  n.  The  number  two ; duality.  Harris. 

DU'AL,  a.  [Gr.  Hho  ; L . dualis  ; duo,  two.]  Ex- 
pressing the  number  two,  as  the  dual  number 
in  Greek,  a form  of  the  noun  and  verb  by  which 
two  persons  or  things  are  denoted.  J.  Clarke. 

DU'AL-X§M,  n.  1.  A system  of  philosophy  which 
refers  all  existence  to  two  ultimate  principles  ; 
the  doctrine  of  two  sovereign  principles,  as 
Water  and  Night,  Time  and  Necessity,  Good  and 
Evil ; — especially  the  doctrine  of  two  gods,  one 
good  and  the  other  evil ; Manicheism.  Brande. 

2.  ( Theol .)  The  doctrine  that  all  mankind  are 
divided,  in  the  eternal  foreknowledge  of  God, 
and  by  his  arbitrary  decree,  into  two  classes,  — 
the  elect  and  the  reprobate.  Brande. 

DU’AL-IST,  n.  A believer  in  the  doctrine  of  du- 
alism. Craig. 

DU- A I.- IS 'TIC,  (i.  Relating  to  dualism  or  duali- 
ty. “ The  dualistic  hypothesis.”  Brande. 

DU-AL'I-TY,  n.  [It.  dualitii.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  two  ; a binary  number. 

“ A controversy  concerning  the  duality  or  unity 
of  wills  in  Christ.”  Hales. 

2.  Division  ; separation.  Davies. 

DU'AN,  n.  [Gael.  § Ir.]  A division  of  a poem  ; a 
canto ; a poem ; a song.  Ossian.  Burns.  Byron. 

DU ' ARCH- Y,  n.  [Gr.  Sbo,  two,  and  ap%i},  govern- 
ment.] Government  by  two  persons.  Turner. 

DUB,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  dubban,  to  strike;  Gael.  § Ir. 
dufy,  to  dip  or  dub.]  [i.  dubbed  ; pp.  dubbing, 

DUBBED.] 

1.  To  tap  with  a sword  in  conferring  knight- 
hood ; to  invest  with  the  honor  of  knighthood. 

The  king  stood  up,  under  his  cloth  of  state,  took  the  sword 
from  the  lord  protector,  and  dubbed  the  lord  mayor  of  Lon- 
don knight.  Hayward. 

2.  To  invest  with  any  kind  of  new  dignity, 
character,  or  title. 

These  demoniacs  let  me  dub 

With  the  name  of  legion  club.  Swift. 

3.  ( Carp .)  To  reduce,  cut  down,  or  bring 
to  an  even  surface  by  means  of  an  adze.  Defoe. 

4.  (Masonry.)  To  make  good  the  decayed 

part  of  a wall  before  painting  it.  Francis. 

“ To  dub,  a word  resting  on  one  of  the  noblest 
usages  of  chivalry,  has  now  something  of  the  ludi- 
crous about  it.”  Trench. 

DUB,  v.n.  To  make  a quick  or  brisk  noise.  “Now 
the  drum  dubs."  Beau.  &;  FI. 

DUB,  n.  1.  t A blow;  a knock  ; a tap.  Hudibras. 

2.  [Celt,  dubh,  a stream.]  A small  pool  of 
water ; a puddle.  [Provincial,  Eng.]  Brockett. 

DUB'B$D,  a.  Blunt ; not  pointed.  [Provincial, 

Eng.]  Todd. 

DUB'BJJR,  n.  1.  One  who  dubs. 

2.  A leathern  vessel  or  jar  made  of  thin  un- 
tanned goat-skin,  and  used  in  India  to  hold  oil, 
ghee,  &c. ; — called  also  dapper.  Waterston. 

DUB'BING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  striking  in  confer- 
ring some  dignity,  as  knighthood. 


2.  (Masonry .)  The  process  of  making  good 
op  repairing  the  decayed  part  of  a wall  before 
pointing  it.  Francis. 

DU'BJ-ATE,  v.  n.  To  doubt,  [n.]  Cli.  Ob. 

DU-BI'E-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being  in  doubt;  un- 
certainty ; doubtfulness,  [is.]  Wardlaw. 

t DU-BI-OS'I-TY,  n.  A thing  doubtful.  Browne. 

DU'BI-OUS,  a.  [L.  dubius ; It . dubioso  ; Fr .dou- 
teux.] 

1.  Doubtful;  not  settled;  not  determined; 
uncertain.  “ Dubious  questions.”  Denham. 

2.  Not  plain  ; not  clear.  Milton. 

The  dark  and  dubious  paths  of  bondage.  Mehnoth. 

Syn.  — See  Doubtful. 

DU'BI-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  a dubious  manner.  Sicift. 

DU'BI-OUS-NESS,  n.  Doubtfulness,  [r.]  Broome. 

DU'BI-TA-BLE,  a.  [L.  dubito,  to  doubt.  — See 
Doubt.]  Doubtful;  uncertain.  More. 

f DU'BI-TAN-CY,  n.  Doubt.  Hammond. 

DU-BI-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  dubitatio ; dubito,  to 
doubt.]  Act  of  doubting ; doubt,  [r.]  Browne. 

DU'BI-TA-TIVE,  a.  Implying,  or  expressing, 
doubt,  [r.]  Dr.  Crombie. 

DU'CAL,  a.  [It.  ducale  ; Port.,  Sp.,  fy  Fr.  ducal.] 
Pertaining  to  a duke  or  to  a dukedom.  “ A 
ducal  coronet.”  Johnson. 

DUC'AT,  n.  [It.  ducato  ; Port.  &;  Sp.  ducado  ; Fr. 
ducat.  — “It  is  said  they  appeared  earliest  in 
Venice,  and  that  they  bore  the  following  motto  : 
Sit  tibi,  Christe,  datus,  quern  tu  regis,  iste  Du- 
catus, — whence  the  name.”  Ogilvie.]  A coin 
struck  bv  a duke,  common  in  several  European 
states.  They  are  either  of  silver  or  gold : average 
value  of  the  former  from  3«.  to  4s.  sterling,  and 
of  the  latter  somewhat  over  9s.  Brande. 

DUC-A-TOON',  n.  [It.  ducatone  ; Sp.  1$  Fr.  duca- 
ton  ; — Dut.  dukaton.]  A silver  coin  of  Venice 
and  Holland.  The  ducatoon  of  Venice  is  worth 
about  4s.  sterling,  that  of  Holland  about 
5s.  0>d.  P.  Cyc. 

DUCH'F.SS,  n.  [Fr.  duchesse  ; due,  a duke.]  A 
consort,  or  a widow,  of  a duke  : — also,  a female 
sovereign  of  a dukedom.  Todd. 

DUCH'Y,  n.  [Fr.  duche.]  The  territory  of  a duke; 
a dukedom  ; as,  “ The  duchy  of  Savoy.” 

DUCII'Y— COURT,  n.  A court  appertaining  to  a 
duchy,  especially  that  of  the  duchy  of  Lancaster 
in  England.  Whishaw. 

DUCK,  n.  [See  Duck,  ».] 

1.  ( Ornith .)  A web-footed  water- 
fowl,  of  the  order  Anseres  and  family 
Anatidce , of  many 
species,  some  wild 
and  some  tame ; the 
Anas  of  Linnaeus. 

2.  A quick 
nation  of  the 

resembling  the  ac-  Canvas-back  duck  ( Fulicjula 
tion  of  a duck  in  the  valisneria). 

water.  “ Ducks  and  nods.”  Milton. 

3.  A word  of  endearment  or  fondness.  Otway. 

To  make  ducks  and  drakes,  to  Throw  any  thing  so  as 

to  imitate  the  motion  of  those  birds  upon  the  water: 
— to  play  at  duck  and  drake  witii  money,  is  to  throw 
it  away  as  hoys  throw  stones  or  other  things  upon 
the  water  ; to  squander  it,  spend  it  wastefnlly,  use- 
lessly. Richardson. 

DUCK,  n.  [Dut.  dock,  cloth  ; Ger . tuch.]  A linen 
fabric  lighter  and  finer  than  canvas,  used  for 
small  sails,  seamen’s  trousers,  &c.  Simmonds. 

DUCK,  v.n.  [A.  S.  gedufan;  Dut.  duiken  ; Ger. 
ducken.]  \i.  ducked;  pp. ducking, ducked.] 

1.  To  dive,  dip,  or  sink  under  water.  “You 
shall  duck  twice  before  I help  you.”  Beau.  8;  FI. 

In  Tiber  ducking  thrice  by  break  of  day.  Dryden. 

2.  To  bow  low;  to  cringe. 

The  learned  pate 

Ducks  to  the  golden  fool.  Shale. 

DUCK,  v.  a.  1.  To  put  suddenly  under  water  ; to 
immerse. 


2.  To  drop  suddenly,  as  the  head,  after  the 
manner  of  a duck. 

As  some  raw  youth  in  country  bred 

Will  duck  his  head  aside.  Swift. 

DUCK'— BILL,  n.  ( Zoul .)  An  extraordinary  ovo- 
viviparous  animal,  peculiar  to  Australia  and 
Van  Diemen’s  Land,  having  a beak  like  that  of 
a duck  engrafted  on  the  head  of  a quadruped, 
thus  appearing  to  constitute  a link  between  the 
aquatic  birds  and  the  mammalia;  — called  also 
Ornithorhynchus,  mallanyong,  tambreet,  and 
water-mole.  — See  Ornithorhynchus. 

Waterhouse. 

DUCK'— BILLED  (-bald),  a.  Having  the  bill  of  a 
duck  ; — applied  to  the  duck-bill.  Eng.  Cyc. 

DUCK'pR,  n.  1.  One  that  ducks  ; a diver.  Ray. 

2.  A cringer  ; a fawner.  Beau.  Ij  FI. 

DUCK'— HAWK,  n.  (Ornith.)  A bird  of  the  order 
Accipitres  and  family  Falconida  ; Circus  ecrugi- 
nosus; — called  also  moor-buzzard,  marsh-har- 
rier, and  harpy.  Yarrell. 

DUCK'-hGnT-JNG,  n.  The  act  of  hunting  ducks. 

DUCK'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  putting  suddenly 
under  water. 

2.  Cringing ; fawning.  Abp.  Laud. 

DUCK'ING— STOOL,  n.  A stool  formerly  used  for 
ducking  scolds;  a cucking-stool.  — See  Cuck- 
ing-stool. Addison. 

DUCK'— LEGGED  (duk'legd),  a.  Short-legged  like 
a duck.  Dryden. 

Wake  up,  wake  up,  my  duck-legged  man.  O.  W.  Holmes. 

DUCIv'LING,  n.  A young  duck  ; a little  duck. 

Amid  the  ducklings  let  her  scatter  corn.  Gay. 

DUCK'— MEAT,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant ; duckweed. 

— See  Duckweed.  Johnson. 

DUC-KOY',  n.  & v.  a.  See  Decoy.  Grew. 

DUCK’S'— FOOT  (-ffit),  n.  (Bot.)  A low,  neat, 
herbaceous  plant,  with  white  flowers  hidden  by 
the  overshadowing  broad  leaves  ; May-apple  ; 
Podophyllum  pcltatum.  Loudon. 

DUCK'— WEED,  n.  (Bot.)  The  common  name  of 
annual  weeds  of  the  genus  Lemna,  which  float 
on  stagnant  water;  —.so  called  because  some 
species  afford  nourishment  to  ducks.  Loudon. 

DUCT,  n.  [L.  ductus,  a leading  ; duco,  ductus,  to 
lead.] 

1.  f Guidance  ; direction.  “ To  follow  the 

duct  of  the  stars.’  Hammond. 

2.  A passage  through  which  any  thing  is  con- 

ducted ; — particularly  a canal  or  tube  through 
which  fluids  are  conveyed  in  the  internal  struc- 
ture of  animals  or  plants.  Addison. 

DUC'TI-BLE,  a.  [Low  L.  ductabilis.]  That  may 
be  drawn  out  ; ductile.  Fuller. 

DUC'TILE,  ft.  [L.  ductilis  ; duco,  to  lead ; It. 
duttile;  Sp.  ductil;  Fr.  ductile.] 

1.  Easy  to  be  led  ; easy  to  be  induced  ; docile ; 
yielding  ; complying  ; tractable. 

Dryden,  whose  genius  was  not  very  fertile  of  merriment, 
nor  ductile  to  humor,  but  acute,  argumentative,  comprehen- 
sive, and  sublime.  • Johnson. 

2.  That  may  be  drawn  out  or  extended  in 

length  ; — applied  to  metals.  Bacon. 

3.  Flexible;  pliable.  "Ductile  rind.”  Dryden. 

The  ductile  wax  with  busy  hands  I mould.  Tope. 

Syn.  — Ductile  signifies  easily  drawn  out ; mallea- 
ble, easily  beaten  out,  or  spread  out  by  heating  ; plia- 
ble, easily  folded  or  bent ; flexible,  easily  bent  ; docile, 
easily  taught ; tractable,  easily  managed  or  governed. 

— See  Flexible. 

DUC'TILE-LY,  ad.  In  a ductile  manner. 

DUC'TILE-NESS,  it.  The  quality  of  being  duc- 
tile ; ductility.  Donne. 

Dfj'C-TI-LlM'JJ-TER,  n.  [Eng.  ductility  and  Gr. 
ylryov,  a measure.]  An  instrument  for  showing 
with  precision  the  ductility  of  metals.  Hamilton. 

DUC-TIL'I-TY,  n.  [It.  duttilitii ; Sp.  ductilidad ; 
Fr.  duciilite..] 

1.  The  quality  of  being  ductile  ; the  property 
possessed  by  certain  bodies,  particularly  met- 
als, which  renders  them  capable  of  being  drawn 
out  or  extended  in  length  without  any  separa- 
tion of  their  parts. 

2.  Tractableness ; docility.  Burke. 


Being  ofttimes  ducked  over  head  and  ears  into  the  sea. 

Hackluyt. 


A,  E,  T,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  G,  Y,  short;  A,  T$,  J,  Q,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


DUCT10N 


453 


DULL 


-f-DUC'TION,  n.  [L.  ductio  ; duco,  to  lead.]  Guid- 
ance ; a leading.  Feltham. 

fDUCT'URE  (dukt'yur),  «.  Direction;  guidance. 
“ The  ducture  of  common  reason.”  South. 

DUD,  n.  [Gael.  % Ir.  dud  ; Dut.  tod.]  A rag  ; a tat- 
ter ; — commonly  used  in  the  plural  in  the  sense 
of  rags,  or  tattered  garments.  Jamieson. 

DUD'DIJR,  v.  n.  To  dodder  or  totter ; to  tremble. 
“ I dudder  and  shake  like  an  aspen  leaf,  every 
joint  of  me.”  — See  Dodder.  Ford. 

DUD'DpR,  v.  a.  To  deafen  with  noise  ; to  render 
the  head  confused.  [Local,  Eng.]  Jennings. 

DUD'DF.-RY,  n.  A place  where  rags  are  kept  for 
sale.  " Gent.  Mag.  Grose. 

DUDGEON  (dud'jun),  n.  1.  [W.  bidogan  ; Gael. 
biodig,  a dagger,  and  dudgeon.  — W.  dygen, 
malice;  dig,  digter,  anger.  — Ger.  degen,  a 
sword.]  A small  dagger  : — a handle  to  a dag- 
ger. Shah. 

2.  Anger;  ill-will ; quarrelsomeness ; resent- 
ment ; indignation. 

The  cuckoo  took  this  a.  little  in  dudgeon.  V Estrange. 

Bishop  Wilkins  defines  dudgeon-dagger , “a 
small  sword  whose  handle  is  the  root  of  the  box  ” ; and 
Nares  defines  dudgeon,  “ a peculiar  kind  of  handle  to 
a dagger  ” ; and  he  says  “ dudgeon  seems  afterwards 
to  have  been  used  for  brevity’s  sake,  instead  of  dud- 
geon dagger."  Butler  says  of  his  hero’s  dagger,  that 
“ It  was  a serviceable  dudgeon. 

Either  for  fighting  or  for  drudging.” 

— “ To  take  in. dudgeon,  to  take  in  bad  part,  to  be  dis- 
pleased at.  — “ Some  derive  [this  phrase]  from  dud- 
geon, a dagger,  q.  d.  to  resent  a thing  so  ill,  as  to  draw 
the  sword  to  be  revenged  ; others  from  A.  S.  dolg,  a 
wound,  and  that  from  L.  dolendo,  grieving,  q.  d.  to 
bear  an  injury  impatiently.”  Bailey. 

DUD'^EON— DAG’e^R,  n.  A short  sword.  — See 
Dudgeon. 

Their  zeal  and  dudgeon-daggers.  Beau.  Sf  FI. 

DUD'LEY-LlME'STONE,  ii.  ( Geol .)  A calcare- 
ous deposit  belonging  to  the  Silurian  system, 
Occurring  near  Dudley,  Eng.  P.  Cyc. 

DUD'MAN,  n.  [See  Dud.]  A scarecrow,  [r .]Bailey. 

DUE  (du),  a.  [L.  debeo,  deb  it  us ; It.  dovere,  do- 
vuto ; Sp.  deber  ; Fr.  dtl,  past  part,  of  devoir,  to 
owe.] 

1.  Owed  ; that  ought  to  be  paid  or  done. 

There  is  a respect  due  to  mankind  which  should  incline 
even  the  wisest  of  men  to  follow  innocent  customs.  Watts. 

Mirth  and  cheerfulness  are  but  the  due  reward  of  inno- 
cence of  life.  More. 

2.  That  ought  to  arrive  or  to  have  arrived  ; 

as,  “ The  vessel  is  now  due,  or  has  been  long 
due.”  Clarke. 

3.  Proper;  fit;  appropriate;  befitting;  be- 

coming ; suitable.  “ A due  sense  of  the  vanity 
of  earthly  satisfactions.”  Atterbury. 

4.  Seasonable  ; exact ; without  deviation. 
“Beating  the  ground  in  so  due  time.”  Sidney. 

5.  Owing  to  ; occasioned  by.  Boyle. 

D£g=-  “ Proper,  but  not  usual.”  Johnson.  — “ In  such 

sentences  as,  ‘The  money  is  owing,’  ‘It  was  due  to 
the  ignorance  of  the  scholars,’  &c.,  both  words  are, 
undoubtedly,  misapplied.”  Oraham. 

DUE  (du),  ad.  Exactly ; directly ; duly.  “The 
course  is  due  east.”  Johnson. 

DUE  (du),  n.  1.  That  which  is  owed  ; that  which 
any  one  has  a right  to  demand,  claim,  or  pos- 
sess ; that  which  can  justly  be  required ; debt. 

The  due  of  honor  in  no  point  omit.  Shak. 

2.  Right ; just  title  ; lawful  claim. 

The  key  of  this  infernal  pit,  by  due. 

And  by  command  of  heaven’s  all-powerful  King, 

I keep.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Debt. 

t DUE  (du),  v.  ft.  To  invest ; to  endue.  Shah. 

DUE'— BILL,  n.  An  acknowledgment  of  a debt  in 
writing,  differing  from  a promissory  note  in  not 
being  payable  to  order  or  transferable  by  mere 
indorsement.  Bouvier. 

DUE'-DIS-TANT,  a.  Placed  at  a proper  distance. 

A seat  soft-spread  with  furry  spoils  prepare, 

Due-distant , for  us  both  to  speak  and  hear.  Pope. 

fDUE'FUL  (du'ful),  a.  Fit ; becoming ; proper. 
“Their  dueful  service.”  Spenser. 

DU'IJL,  n.  [L.  duellum,  from  duo,  two,  — old  form 
of  bellum,  war  ; It.  Sg  Port,  duello ; Sp.  duelo ; 
Fr.  duel.]  A combat  between  two  ; — particu- 


larly, a combat  with  deadly  weapons  between 
two  individuals,  at  an  appointed  time  and  place, 
for  the  settlement  of  some  private  difference. 

If  the  matter  should  be  tried  by  duel  between  two  chant- 
pions.  p Bacon. 

The  practice  of  the  duel,  as  a private  mode,  recognized 
only  by  custom,  of  deciding  private  differences,  seems  to  be 
of  comparatively  recent  date.  Braude. 

DU'JEL,  v.  il.  To  fight  a duel  or  a single  combat. 

"We  come  hither  not  to  cavil,  but  to  duel.  Bacon. 

DU'IJL,  v.  a.  To  attack  or  fight  with  singly. 

Who,  single  combatant, 

Duelled  their  armies  ranked  in  proud  array.  Milton. 

DU'JJL-LER,  n.  A duellist,  [r.]  Fuller. 

DU'IJL-LING,  n.  The  act  or  the  custom  of  fight- 
ing duels. 

Shakspeare,  in  As  You  Like  It,  has  rallied  the  mode  of 
formal  duelling , then  so  prevalent,  with  the  highest  humor 
and  address.  Warburton. 

It  is  astonishing  that  the  murderous  practice  of  duelling 
should  continue  so  long  in  vogue.  Franklin. 

Duelling  was  then  [1822],  as  now,  an  absurd  and  shocking 
remedy  for  private  insult.  Lord  Cockburn. 

DU'EL-LIST,  n.  One  who  fights  duels. 

lie  fights  as  you  sing,  keeps  time,  distance,  and  proportion 
— the  very  butcher  of  a silk  button,  a duellist,  a duellist.  iSUak 

fi  DU-EL'LO,  n.  [It.,  a duel.]  The  practice  of 
duelling,  or  the  code  of  laws  and  rules  which 
relate  to  it.  “ He  cannot  by  the  duello  avoid 
it.”  Shak. 

DU-EL'LUM,  n.  [L.]  ( Old  Eng.  Laic.)  A single 
combat  between  two,  to  prove  the  truth  in  a 
suit ; the  one  who  overcame  being  considered 
as  having  proved  his  case.  Burrill. 

fDUE'NlJSS  (du'nes),  n.  [See  Due.]  State  of 
being  due.  “ That  dueness,  that  debt.”  Goodwin. 

DU-EN'NA,  n.  ; pi.  du-en'na$.  [Sp.  dueha,  from 
L.  domina,  the  mistress  of  a family.] 

1.  The  chief  lady  in  waiting  on  the  Queen  of 

Spain.  Brands. 

2.  An  elderly  woman  holding  a middle  situa- 

tion between  a governess  and  a companion,  and 
appointed  to  take  charge  of  the  younger  female 
members  of  a gentleman’s  or  nobleman’s  family 
in  Spain  or  Portugal.  Brandc. 

3.  Any  old  woman  kept  to  guard  a younger. 

“I  bribed  her  duenna.”  Arbuthnot. 

DU-ET  , ) n.  [It.  duetto,  from  L.  duo,  two.]  A 

DU-ET'TO,  ) piece  of  music  composed  for  two 
voices  or  for  two  instruments.  Moore. 

DUF'FEL,  ) n pi  From  Duffel,  a town  in  France 

DUF'FLE,  ) [Belgium].”  Booth.  — Dut.  duffel.] 
A stout  milled  flannel  with  a thick  nap  or 
frieze. 

Of  waistcoats  Harry  has  no  lack. 

Good  duffle  gray  aud  flannel  fine.  Wordsworth. 

DUF'FER,  n.  1.  A hawker  of  smuggled  goods,  or 
of  linen  and  silk.  Smart. 

2.  A pedler;  — applied  to  one  who  sells 
women’s  clothes.  [Local,  Eng.]  Halliwell. 

DUG,  ii.  [Icel.  deggia,  to  give  suck.  Lye.  — 
Richardson  suggests  its  alliance  to  tug.  — See 
Tug.]  A pap  ; a nipple  ; a teat ; the  breast ; — 
now  used  only  of  beasts,  or  as  a term  of  con- 
tempt when  applied  to  the  human  female. 

As  mild  and  gentle  as  the  cradle  babe 

Dying  with  mother’s  dug  between  its  lips.  Shak. 

Milks  twice  an  hour,  and  drains  the  famished  dams. 

Whose  empty  dugs  in  vain  attract  the  lambs.  Beattie. 

DUG,  i.  Sc  p.  from  dig.  See  Dig. 

DU-GONG','w.  ( Zool .)  An  herbivorous  mammal 
of  the  East  In- 
dian seas,  inter- 
mediate between 
the  Cetacea  and 
the  Pachyder- 
mata,  having  an 
elongated  body,  Dugong. 

with  flippers  near  the  head,  and  terminated  by 
a crescent-shaped  tail.  Van  Der  Hocren. 

KST  The  Indian  dugong  resembles,  in  general  form, 
the  manatee.  It  lives  in  shallow  waters  on  the  sea- 
coasts  and  subsists  on  algte  and  fuci.  Baird. 

DUG'OUT,  n.  A boat  or  canoe  formed  by  the  ex- 
cavation of  a large  log.  [Western  States.]  Flint. 

DUKE,  n.  [L.  dux,  a leader ; duco,  to  lead  ; It. 
duca ; Port.  § Sp.  duque ; Fr.  due.] 

1.  A leader  ; a chief. 

When  as  the  Trojan  duke  did  her  forsake.  Harrington. 


2.  In  Great  Britain,  one  of  the  highest  order 
of  nobility,  being  next,  in  rank,  to  the  Prince 
of  Wales  ; as,  “The  Duke  of  Argyle.”  Smart. 

3.  In  some  countries  of  Europe,  a sovereign 
prince  ; as,  “ The  Duke  of  Modena.” 

To  dine  with  Duke  Humphrey,  to  have  no  dinner 
at  all.  Halliwell. 

Syn.  — See  Monarch. 

DUKE'DOM,  n,  The  seigniory,  jurisdiction,  pos- 
sessions, title,  or  quality  of  a duke  ; a duchy. 

Our  fatal  dukedom  to  your  dukedom  bound.  Drayton. 

DUKE'LING,  n.  An  inferior  or  subordinate  duke. 
“ The  dukelings  and  these  fellows.”  [r.]  Ford. 

DUL-CA-MA'RA  [dul-kft-ma'ra,  Sm.  Brandc  ; dul- 
kani'a-ra,  C.  O.],  n.  [L.  dulcis,  sweet,  and 
amarus,  bitter.]  ( Bot .)  Woody  nightshade,  or 
bitter-sweet ; Solanum  dulcamara ; — so  called 
because  the  roots  and  stalks,  on  being  chewed, 
produce  a sensation  of  bitterness,  which  is  soon 
succeeded  by  a degree  of  sweetness.  Eng.  Cyc. 

■fi  DULCE,  v.  a.  To  make  sweet;  to  sweeten.  North. 

DUL'CET,  a.  [L.  dulcis,  sweet ; It.  dolce  ; Sp. 
du/ce;  Fr.  doux.] 

1.  Sweet  to  the  taste  ; luscious.  “ Dulcet 
water.”  Hawes.  “ Dulcet  creams.”  Milton. 

2.  Sweet  to  the  ear ; pleasing  to  any  of  the 
senses  or  to  the  mind.  “ Dulcet  symphonies.” 
Milton.  “ Dulcet  philosophy.”  B.  Jonson. 

DUL-CJ-FI-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  dulcis,  sweet,  and 
facio,  to  make.]  The  act  of  sweetening ; the 
act  of  freeing  from  acidity,  saltness,  or  acri- 
mony. Boyle. 

DUL-CIF'LU-OUS,  a.  [L.  dulcis,  sweet,  and  fluo, 
to  flow.]  Flowing  sweetly.  Clarke. 

DUL'CI-FY,  v.  a.  [L.  dulcis,  sweet,  and  facio,  to 
make;  It . dulcificare ; Sp  .dulciflcar;  Er . dulci- 

fier.]  [t.  DULCIFIED  ; pp.  DULCIFYING,  DULCI- 
FIED.] To  sweeten  ; to  free  from  acidity,  salt- 
ness, or  acrimony.  Arbuthnot. 

DUL-CIL'O-CIUY,  n.  [L.  dulcis,  sweet,  and  loquor, 
to  speak.]  A soft  manner  of  speaking.  Maunder. 

DUL'CI-MpR,  n.  [It.  dolcimello  ; dolce,  sweet,  from 
L.  dulcis.  Skinner.]  A name  given  by  the 
translators  of  the  Bible  to  an  ancient  musical 
instrument  mentioned  in  Dan.  iii.  5 : its  precise 
nature  and  shape  are  unknown.  — The  name  is 
now  given  to  an  instrument  strung  with  brass 
wires,  and  struck  with  little  sticks  held  in  the 
hands  of  the  performer. 

It  was  an  Abyssinian  maid. 

And  on  her  dulcimer  slie  played, 

Singing  of  Mount  Abora.  Coleridge. 

f DUL'CI-NESS,  n.  [L.  dulcis,  sweet.]  Sweet- 
ness ; easiness  of  temper.  ' Bacon. 

f DUL'CI-TUDE,  n.  [L.  dulcitudo ; dulcis,  sweet.] 
Sweetness.  Cockeram. 

-f-  DUL'COR,  n.  [L.]  Sweetness.  L.  Addison. 

DUL'CO-RATE,  v.  a.  [L.  dulcoro,  dulcoratus ; 
dulcor,  sweetness.]  To  sweeten  ; to  free  from 
acrimony,  [it.]  Wiseman. 

DUL-CO-RA'TION,  n.  Act  of  making  sweet;  a 
sweetening,  [r.]  Bacon. 

DUL'ED^E,  ii.  A peg  of  wood  which  joins  the 
ends  of  six  fellies  that  form  the  round  of  a 
wheel  of  a gun  carriage.  Crabb. 

DU'LI-A  [du'le-j,  W.  P.  Sm.  C.],  n.  [Gr.  Sovlctc, 
servitude.]  An  inferior  worship  or  adoration, 
as  that  of  saints,  in  distinction  from  /atria. — 
See  Latria.  Stillingfleet. 

DULL,  a.  [Goth,  deals',  A.  S.  dol,  dull,  foolish  ; 
dwelian,  to  thicken,  to  err.  Tooke.  — Dut.  dol, 
mad,  frantic  ; Ger.  toll ; Gael.  $ Ir.  dhr.  — See 
Dolt.] 

1.  Slow  of  understanding;  stupid;  doltish; 
blockish  ; unintelligent ; indocile  ; simple  ; fool- 
ish ; stolid.  “ My  wits  are  so  dull.”  Gower. 

2.  Wanting  sensibility  or  keenness;  not 
quick. 

This  people’s  heart  is  waxed  gross,  and  their  ears  are  dull 
of  bearing.  Matt.  xiii.  13. 

3.  Not  having  a thin  edge  ; not  sharp,  as  a 
knife  or  other  instrument ; blunt ; obtuse. 

Meeting  with  Time,  slack  thing,  said  I, 

Thy  scythe  is  dull;  whet  it,  for  shame.  TTcrbert. 

4..  Sad ; melancholy  ; depressing  ; dismal. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RlJLE.  — £,  <?,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  ,=>  as  z ; ^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


DULL 


454 


DUKE 


Fly,  fly,  profane  fogs,  far  hence  fly  away; 

Taint  not  the  pure  streams  of  the  springing  day 

"With  your  dull  influence.  Crashaw. 

5.  Not  bright  or  clear;  dim;  as,  “A  dull 

eye”  ; “A  dull  fire  ” ; “A  dxdl  mirror  ” ; “ Dull 
weather.”  r 

6.  Drowsy ; sleepy ; lifeless.  Johnson. 

7.  Wearisome;  tedious;  not  pleasant;  not 

delightful.  “ To  make  dictionaries  is  dull 
work.”  Johnson. 

8.  Gross;  insensible.  “The  dull  earth.”  Shah. 

9.  Slow  of  motion;  heavy;  sluggish.  “The 

waters  waxed  dull.”  Spenser. 

Syn.  — See  Lifeless,  Simple,  Slow. 

DULL,  v.  a.  [i.  helled  ; pp.  dulling,  dulled.] 

1.  To  stupefy ; to  deaden,  as  the  mental  fac- 
ulties ; to  weaken  the  power  of. 

Nothing  hath  more  (lulled  the  wits,  or  taken  away  the  will 
of  children  from  learning,  than  care  in  making  of  Latin. 

Ascham. 

2.  To  blunt ; to  make  dull  or  obtuse. 

And  borrowing  didls  the  edge  of  husbandry.  Shak. 

3.  To  sadden  ; to  make  melancholy. 

The  nobles  and  the  people  are  all  dulled 

With  this  usurping  king.  Beau.  8f  FI. 

4.  To  sully;  to  tarnish.  “ The  breath  dulls 

the  mirror.”  Bacon. 

5.  To  spend  listlessly  ; to  pass  idly. 

Bull  not  away  thy  days  in  slothful  supinity.  Browne. 

DULL,  v.  n.  To  become  dull  or  stupid. 

I dull  under  your  discipline.  Chaucer. 

DUL'LARD,  n.  A blockhead;  a dolt.  Shak. 

DUL'LARD,  a.  Doltish;  stupid;  dull-brained. 
“My  dullard  head.”  Bp.  Hall. 

DUL'LARD-I§M,  n.  Stupidity,  [r.]  Maunder. 

DULL'— BRAINED  (dul'braml),  a.  AVanting  activi- 
ty of  mind ; stupid  ; foolish  ; doltish.  Shak. 

DULL'— BROWED  (dul'briiud),  a.  Havinga  gloomy 
look  or  brow.  “ Dull-hrowed  Sorrow.”  Quarles. 

DULL'— DIS- POSED'  (dul'djs-pozd'),  a.  Inclined  to 
sadness  ; melancholy.  B.  Jonson. 

DULL'fD  (dul’led),  p.  a.  i.  & p.  from  dull. 

DULL'JpR,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  makes  dull. 

DULL'— EYED  fdul'ld),  a.  Having  dull  eyes,  or  a 
sad  look.  “ Dull-eyed  Melancholy.”  Slmk. 

DULL'— HEAD,  n.  A stupid  person  ; a blockhead  ; 
a dullard.  Ascham. 

DULL'— SIGHT-5 D (dul’slt-ed),  a.  Having  poor 
sight ; purblind.  Huloet. 

DULL'— WIT- TJJD,  a.  Having  a dull  wit ; stupid; 
heavy ; dull-brained.  Huloet. 

DUL'LY,  ad.  In  a dull  manner. 

Supinely  calm  and  dully  innocent.  Lyttleton. 

DUL'NIJSS,  n.  1.  The  quality  of  being  dull ; want 
of  quick  perception ; slowness  of  apprehen- 
sion ; stupidity  ; indocility. 

Nor  is  the  dulness  of  the  scholar  to  extinguish,  but  rather 
to  inflame,  the  charity  of  the  teacher.  South. 

2.  Bluntness,  as  of  a cutting  instrument ; 
want  of  a fine  edge  or  sharpness.  Johnson. 

3.  Dimness;  want  of  lustre.  Johnson. 

4.  Drowsiness ; inclination  to  sleep. 

Thou  art  inclined  to  sleep.  ’T  is  a good  dulness, 

And  give  it  way.  Shak. 

5.  Sluggishness  of  motion.  Johnson. 

DU-LOC'RA-CY,  n.  [Gr.  toukog,  a slave,  and  k odro;, 
power ; sparim,  to  be  strong.]  A government  of 
slaves ; a government  in  which  slaves  and  base 
people  hold  the  reins  of  power,  [r.]  Bailey. 

DIJLSE,  n.  ( Bot .)  A species  of  algae  or  sea-weed 
of  a reddish-brown  color,  which  in  some  parts 
of  Scotland  is  eaten ; the  true  dulse  is  Halyme- 
nia  edulis,  the  common  dulse  Halymenia  pal- 
mata.  Loudon. 

There,  with  its  waving  blade  of  green, 

The  sea-flag  streams  through  the  silent  water, 

And  the  crimson  leaf  of  the  dulse  is  seen 
To  blush,  like  a banner  bathed  in  slaughter.  Percival. 

DU'LY,  ad.  [From  due.~\  In  a due  manner  ; prop- 
erly ; fitly  ; exactly  ; regularly. 

Seldom  attended  church,  *t  was  such  a busy  life, 

But  duly  sent  his  family  and  wile.  Pope. 

DU'MA-SINE,  n.  [Gr.  Seine,  to  steep.]  (Chem.)  An 
empyreumatic  oil,  obtained  by  rectifying  ace- 
tone derived  from  the  acetates.  ” iloblyn. 


DUMB  (dum),  a.  [Goth,  dumbs ; A.  S.  dumb  ; Dut. 
doin',  Dan.  dum-,  Sw.  dumb.  — Heb. 
from  the  obsolete  root  Qirq,  to  be  dumb.] 

1.  Unable  to  speak  ; destitute  of  the  power 
of  speech  ; speechless  ; mute. 

Better  is  a dumb  mouth  than  a brainless  skull.  Skelton. 

The  multitude  wondered,  when  they  saw  the  dumb  speak 
and  the  blind  see.  Matt.  xv.  31. 

2.  Silent ; holding  peace  ; not  speaking. 

I was  dumb,  I opened  not  my  mouth,  because  thou  didst  it. 

Ps.  xxxix.  11. 

3.  Not  using  words,  or  speech.  “A  dumb 
show.”  Shak.  “ Dumb  signs.”  Dryden.  “ Dumb 
eloquence.”  Roscommon. 

Syn. — He  is  dumb  or  speechless  who  cannot  speak  ; 
lie  is  silent  who  does  not  speak  ; he  is  mute  whose 
silence  is  compulsory.  Persons  are  called  dumb  who 
are  so  from  birth.  Eastern  slaves  whose  tongues 
have  been  cut  out,  are  called  mutes. 

DUMB  (dum),  v.  a.  To  silence  ; to  cause  to  be  si- 
lent. “ Deep  clerks  she  dumbs.”  [it.]  Shak. 

DUMB'— BELL,  n.  A short  bar  of  iron  with  a 
knob  at  each  end,  to  be  held  in  the  hand,  and 
swung  to  and  fro  for  exercise.  Crabb. 

DUMB'— DIS-COUR'SIVE,  a.  Silently  pleading. 
“ A dumb-discoursive  devil.”  Shak. 

DUMB'LY  (dum'le),  ad.  Mutely;  silently.  Shak. 

DUMB'NESS  (dum'nes),  n.  [A.  S.  dumnys.) 

1.  The  state  of  being  dumb ; incapacity  to 

speak  ; inability  to  utter  articulate  sounds ; 
aphonia.  Farmer. 

2.  Silence;  omission  or  refusal  of  speech; 
muteness. 

My  downcast  eyes 

And  guilty  dumbness  witnessed  my  surprise.  Bryden. 

DUMB'— SHOW  (dum'sho),  n.  A tale  or  a scene 
exhibited  by  signs,  without  language  or  words ; 
a pantomime.  Shak. 

DUMB'— WAIT-5R,  n.  A sliding  platform  in  a 
closet  used  for  conveying  food,  &e.,  from  one 
story  to  another.  JV.  Ency. 

DUM'FOUND,  v.  a.  To  confuse  ; to  strike  dumb. 
“ To  have  dumbfounded  the  justice.”  Spectator. 

Like  an  aspen  leaf  shaking,  dum/ounded  and  quaking, 

I stood  all  aghast.  Horace  Smith. 

DUM-FOUND'JJR,  v.  a.  Todumfound.  [it.]  Swift. 

DUM'MA-DOR,  n.  ( Ent .)  A kind  of  beetle;  the 
common  cockchafer;  Melolontha  vulgaris-, — 
called  also  dor,  and  May-buy.  Farm.  Ency. 

fDUM'M5R-5R,  «•  One  who  pretends  to  he 
dumb  ; one  who  feigns  dumbness.  Burton. 

DUM'MY,  n.  1.  One  who  is  dumb. 

Speak!  for  thou  long  enough  hast  acted  dummy.  II.  Smith. 

2.  The  hand  which  is  dealt  to  the  vacant 
place,  or  which  represents  a player,  when  only 
three  persons  play  at  whist.  Todd. 

DU-MOSE',  a.  [L.  dumosus,  dumus,  a bush.] 
(Bot.)  Having  a compact,  bushy  form.  P.  Cyc. 

DU'MOUS,  a.  (Bot.)  Same  as  Dumose.  Clarke. 

DUMP,  v.  a.  [Perhaps  allied  to  Dut.  dompelen,  to 
plunge,  dip  ; Ger.  dumpeln,  to  heave  and  set.] 
To  unload,  as  wood,  coal,  &c.,  from  a cart  by 
tilting  it  up.  [Colloquial,  U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

DUMP,  n.  [Dut.  dom,  dull,  blunt,  stupid  ; Ger. 
dumm.  — Allied  to  dumb.  Skinner.) 

1.  Sorrow  ; melancholy  ; sadness  ; sulkiness  ; 
— commonly  used  in  the  plural. 

He ’s  in  a deep  dump  now.  Beau.  8,-  FI. 

Some  of  our  poor  families  have  fallen  into  such  flumps. 

Sir  T.  More. 

2.  A doleful  tune  or  ditty.  Shak.  Gay. 

3.  Any  tune  or  ditty. 

Play  me  some  merry  dump  to  comfort  me.  Slink. 

4.  A clumsy,  leaden  counter  used  by  boys  at 

chuck-farthing.  Smart. 

To  be  in  the  dumps,  to  be  sulky,  dejected,  or  gloomy. 

DUMP'ISH,  a.  Sad;  melancholy;  dejected.  “A 
dead,  dumpish,  and  sour  life.”  Herbert. 

DUMP'ISH-LY,  ad.  In  a moping,  melancholy 
way  ; dejectedly.  Bp.  Hall. 

DUMP'ISH-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  dump- 
ish ; sadness  ; melancholy.  “ Dumpishness  of 
mind  and  inward  sighing.”  Hall. 


DOMP'LING,  n.  [“From  dump.”  Johnson.  “Per- 
haps the  dim.  of  dump.”  Richardson.)  A 
small  round  mass  of  paste  or  dough,  boiled, 
often  enclosing  slices  of  apple.  Dryden. 

DUMPS,  n.  pi.  A fit  of  melancholy.  — See  Dump. 

DUM'PY,  a.  1.  Sullen;  sulky.  Brockett. 

2.  Short  and  thick.  Halliwell. 

Ilcr  stature  tall  — I hate  a dumpy  woman.  Byron. 

DU'MUS,  n.  [L.,  a bush.)  (Bot.)  A low  and  much- 
branched  shrub.  . Brandc. 

DUN,  a.  1.  Of  a dark  color  partaking  of  brown 
and  black  ; of  fulvous  brown.  Ncicton. 

2.  Dark  ; gloomy  ; obscure. 

, Satan  there 

Coasting  the  wall  of  heaven  on  this  side 
In  the  dun  air  sublime.  Milton. 

DUN,  v.  a.  [».  DUNNED  ; pp.  DUNNING,  DUNNED.] 
[A.  S.  dynan,  to  clamor,  to  din.  Skinner. 
Tooke. — It  is  said  to  owe  its  origin  to  one  Joe 
Dun,  an  active  and  dexterous  bailiff  in  the  time 
of  Henry  VII.  It  became  a proverb  when  a 
man  refused  to  pay  his  debts,  “ Why  don’t  you 
dun  him  ” ? that  is,  “ Why  don’t  you  send  Dun 
to  arrest  him  ? ” Notes  Sy  Queries.)  To  solicit 
or  ask  with  importunity,  as  for  a debt. 

I shall  be  dunning  thee  every  day.  Bacon. 

DUN,  v.  a.  To  cure,  as  fish,  in  a particular  man- 
ner, so  as  to  impart  a dun  color.  Bartlett. 

DUN,  n.  1.  A clamorous,  importunate  creditor. 
“Some  rascally  dun.”  Arbuthnot. 

2.  A demand  for  a debt. 

3.  [A.  S.  dun,  dune.  — See  Down,  and  Dune.] 
An  eminence  ; a mound  ; a bank.  Johnson. 

DUN'BIRD,  n.  (Ornith.)  A species  of  duck;  the 
pochard  ; Fuliyula  ferina.  Yarrell. 

DUNCE,  n.  [“The  word  (as  conjectured  by  Mr. 
Tooke  and  Mr.  Todd)  was  first  introduced  by 
the  Thomists  or  disciples  of  Thomas  Aquinas, 
in  contempt  towards  their  antagonists  the  Seo- 
tists,  or  disciples  of  [Duns  Scotus  or]  John  Scott 
of  Duns.  Dunce’s  disciples,  Duncemen,  Dunces.” 
Richardson.)  A foolish  person  ; a thickskull ; 
a dolt ; a simpleton  ; a blockhead. 

In  school  divinity  as  able 
As  he  that  bight  irrefragable; 

A second  Thomas,  or,  at  once 

To  name  them  all,  another  Bunco.  Iludibras. 

IlfJP  “ At  the  revival  of  learning,  some  still  clung 
to  these  schoolmen,  and  to  one  in  particular,  Duns 
Scotus,  the  great  teacher  of  tile  Franciscan  order  ; and 
many  times  an  adherent  of  the  old  learning  would 
seek  to  strengthen  bis  position  by  an  appeal  to  its 
great  doctor,  familiarly  called  Duns-,  while  the  others 
would  contemptuously  rejoin,  ‘ O,  you  are  a Duns- 
vian,’  or,  more  briefly, ‘You  are  a Duns,’  or,  ‘ This 
is  a piece  of  duncery  ; ’ and,  inasmuch  as  the  new 
learning  was  ever  enlisting  more  and  more  of  the 
genius  and  scholarship  of  tlie  age  on  its  side,  the  title 
became  more  and  more  a term  of  scorn.  . . . And 
thus,  from  that  long  extinct  conflict  between  the  old 
and  the  new.  learning,  that  strife  between  the  mediae- 
val and  the  modern  theology,  we  inherit  the  words 
dunce  and  duncery.”  Trench. 

DUN'CE-RY,  n.  Dulness ; stupidity.  Milton. 

As  though  we  were  ip  a school  of  duncery,  and  not  in  a 
discourse  of  pleasure.  Sir  T.  Smith. 

DUN'CI-FY,  v.  a.  Tjo  make  a dunce.  I Varburton. 

DUN'CISI-I-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  a dunce; 
folly  ; dulness  ; dunbery.  West.  Rev. 

DUN'DJJR,  n.  The  lees  of  cane-juice; — fer- 
mented and  used  in  the  West  Indies  in  the 
manufacture  of  rum.  W.  Ency. 

DUN'DER-IIEAD,  n.  [“Perhaps  from  Dut.  don- 
deren,  to  thunder ; stupefied,  stupid  with  din  or 
noise.”  Richardson.)  A stupid  fellow  ; a block- 
head ; a dolt ; a dunce.  “ Numskulls,  doddy- 
poles,  and  dunderheads.”  Sterne. 

DUN'DER-PATE,  n.  A dunderhead.  Craig. 

DUN'DI-VER,  n.  (Ornith.)  A species  of  duck; 
the  goosander;  Mery  us  merganser,  or  Meryus 
castor.  Yarrell. 

DUNE,  n.  [A.  S.  dun,  dune.  — See  Down.] 

1.  A low  hill  of  blown  or  movable  sand  ; a 

down.  Lyell. 

Till  the  sand  was  blown  and  sifted 
Like  preat  snowdrifts  o’er  the  landscape, 

Heaping  all  the  shore  with  sand  dunes. 

Sandhills  of  the  Napou  Wudjoo.  Longfellow. 

2.  A circular  building  with  a hemispherical 


A,  E,  I,  5,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


DURESS 


DUNFISH 

or  conical  roof  formed  of  rough  stones  without 
cement.  Britton. 

DUN'FISII,  n.  Cod-fish  cured  in  a particular  man- 
ner, and  so  named  from  its  color.  Bartlett. 

DUN'— FLY,  n.  A species  of  fly.  Walton. 

DUNG,  n.  [A.  S.  dung,  dincg  ; Ger.  dung , danger ; 
Dan.  dynd,  mud,  mire  ; Sw.  dynga.]  The  excre- 
ment of  animals,  used  as  manure.  Bacon. 

DUNG,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  dyngan  ; Ger.  dlingcn.) 

1.  To  manure  with  dung.  Bacon. 

2.  ( Calico-printing .)  To  immerse  in  a bath 

of  cow-dung  and  warm  water.  Urc. 

DUNG,  v.  n.  To  void  excrement.  Swift. 

DUNG'— CART,  n.  A cart  for  carrying  dung.  Ash. 

DUNGED,  p.  a.  from  dung.  Covered  with  dung. 

DUN'GEON  (dun'jun),  n.  [Fr.  dongeon,  or  donjon. 
— See  Donjon.]  A strong,  close,  dark  prison, 
or  dark  room  in  a prison,  usually  under  ground. 
“ In  a dungeon  deep.”  Spenser. 

DUN'^EON,  v.  a.  To  shut  up  or  to  immure,  as  in 
a dungeon.  Bp.  Hall. 

DUN'GEON-ING,  n.  The  act  of  immuring  in  a 
dungeon.  “ The  mutilations  and  loathsome 
dungeoning  of  Leighton.”  Coleridge. 

DUNG'— FORK,  n.  A fork  for  tossing  or  moving 
dung.  Mortimer. 

DUNG'IIILL,  n.  1.  A heap  of  dung.  Swift. 

2.  Any  mean  or  vile  abode  or  situation. 

“ Our  earthly  dunghill.”  Dryden. 

3.  fAtermof  reproach  for  a man  meanly  born. 

Out,  dunghilU  Dar’st  thou  brave  a nobleman  ? Shak. 

DUNG'IIILL,  a.  Sprung  from  the  dunghill ; mean  ; 
low  ; base.  “ Dunghill  swain.”  Fletcher. 

DUNG'ING,  n.  (Calico-printing.')  The  application 
of  a bath  of  cow-dung,  diffused  through  hot  wa- 
ter, to  cotton  goods,  in  a particular  stage  of  the 
manufacture.  Ure. 

DUNG'MEER§,  n.  pi.  Pits  where  dung,  weeds, 
&c.,  are  mixed  to  lie  and  rot  together.  Craig. 

DUNG'Y,  a.  Full  of  dung  ; filthy  : — mean;  vile  ; 
low ; base  ; worthless.  Shak. 

DUNG'YARD,  n.  A yard  for  dung;  the  place  of 
the  dunghill.  Mortimer. 

DUN'KpR  (dung'ker,  82),  n.  (Theol.)  One  of  a 
sect  of  Christians  that  took  its  rise  in  Penn- 
sylvania, about  the  year  1724,  the  members  of 
which  practised  abstinence  and  mortification, 
under  the  idea  that,  by  so  doing,  they  secured 
the  favor  of  God,  and  salvation  for-themselves 
and  others.  Buck. 

DUN'KITE,  n.  A kind  of  kite.  Halliwell. 

DUN'NA£E,  n.  (■ Naut .)  A term  applied  to  loose 
wood,  as  boughs  of  trees,  fagots,  &c.,  or  light 
timber,  laid  in  the  bottom,  or  upon  the  ballast, 
and  against  the  sides  of  a ship’s  hold,  as  also 
sometimes  between  different  kinds  of  goods  or 
packages,  to  preserve  the  cargo  from  injury  by 
leakage  or  chafing.  Dana. 

DUN'NgR,  n.  One  who  duns  ; a dun.  Spectator. 

DUN'NING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  duns  or 
solicits  the  payment  of  a debt.  Simmonds. 

2.  The  process  of  curing  cod-fish  so  as  to 
give  them  a dun  color.  Simmonds. 

DUN'NISH,  a.  Inclining  to  a dun  color.  Ray. 

DUN'NY,  a.  Deaf;  stupid.  [Local. Eng.]  Grose. 

f DUNT,  n.  A blow  ; a stroke.  Halliwell. 

DUNT,  n.  A staggering  affection,  particularly  ob- 
served in  yearling  lambs.  [Provincial.]  Hoblyn. 

DUN'TF.R— GOOSE,  n.  A provincial  name  for  the 
eider-duck.  Craig. 

DU'O,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  Ho,  two.]  ( Mus .)  A 
song  or  piece  of  music  for  two  performers  ; a 
duet.  Warner. 

DU-O-DJJ-CEN'NI-AL,  a.  [L.  duodecim,  twelve, 
and  annus,  a year.]  Consisting  of  twelve 
years.  Ash. 

DU-O  DEQ'l-MAL,  a.  (Arith.)  Numbered  by 
twelve ; twelfth.  Hamilton. 


455 

DU-0-DEg'J-MAL§,  n.  pi.  [L.  duodecim,  twelve.] 
A system  of  numbers  the  scale  of  which  is 
twelve ; — a method  used  by  artificers  in  esti- 
mating the  superficial  and  solid  contents  of 
their  work.  Davies. 

DU-O-DEQ'JM-FID,  a.  [L.  duodecim,  twelve,  and 
Jindo,  Jidi,  to  cleave.]  Divided  into  twelve 
parts  or  portions.  Clarke. 

DU-O-DEIJt'I-MO,  n.  ; pi.  du-q-de£'!-m6$.  [L.]  A 
book,  or  the  size  of  a book,  when  a sheet  is 
folded  into  twelve  leaves. 

DU-O-DEC'U-PLE  (du-o-dek'ku-pl),  a.  [L.  duo, 
two,  and  decuplus,  tenfold.]  Consisting  of 
twelves.  Arbuthnot. 

DU-O-DE'N  A,  n.  [L.,  twelve  each.)  (Law.)  A jury 
of  twelve  men  : — a dozen.  Burrilt. 

DU-O-DEN'A-RY,  a.  [L.  duodenarius.] 

1.  Comprising,  or  relating  to,  a dozen.  Roget. 

2.  Increasing  in  a twelvefold  rate.  Roget. 

DU-O-DE  'MUM,  n.  [L.  duodeni,  twelve  each.] 
(Anat.)  The  first  of  the  small  intestines,  in 
immediate  connection  with  the  stomach  ; — so 
called  from  its  being  equal  in  length  to  the 
breadth  of  twelve  fingers.  Dunglison. 

DU-O-LIT’jpR-AL,  a.  [L.  duo,  two,  and  litera,  a let- 
ter.] Consisting  of  two  letters ; biliteral.  Smart. 

DUP,  v.  a.  [To  do  up. ] To  open.  [Low.] 

Then  up  he  rose,  and  donned  his  clothes, 

And  dujiped  the  chamber  door.  Slink. 

DUP'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  duped.  Clarke. 

DUPE,  n.  [Fr.  dupe.]  One  who  is  easily  deceived 
or  imposed  upon  ; a credulous  man ; a gull. 

A usurping  populace  is  its  own  dupe,  a mere  underworker, 
and  a purchaser  in  trust  for  some  single  tyrant.  Sivi/t. 

I have  not  been  thv  dupe,  nor  am  thy  prey  — 

But  was  my  own  destroyer.  Huron. 

DUPE,  v.  a.  [Fr.  duper.J  [i.  duped  ; pp.  dup- 
ing, duped.]  To  deceive  ; to  impose  upon;  to 
trick  ; to  cheat ; to  gull. 

Deserting  friends  at  need,  and  duped  by  foes.  Thomson. 

DUP'E-RY,  n.  The  quality  of  a dupe  ; a trick  ; a 
cheat.  Ld.  Macartney.  Adam  Smith. 

DU'PI-ON,  n.  A double  cocoon  formed  by  two 
silk-worms.  Simmonds. 

DU'PLE,  a.  [L.  duplus,  or  duplex .]  Double  ; one 
repeated,  [r.]  Johnson. 

DU'PLE  (du'pl),  v.  a.  To  double,  [r.]  Ch.  Ob. 

Dir’ FLEX,  a.  [L.]  ( Bot .)  Double  ; twofold. 

Du’ FLEX  QUE-RE'I.A,n.  [L.,  a double  quarrel.) 
(Eng.  Reel.  Laic.)  A complaint  in  the  nature 
of  an  appeal  from  the  ordinary  to  his  next  im- 
mediate superior.  Bouvier. 

DU'PLI-CATE,  v.  a.  [L.  duplico,  duplicatus  ; duo, 
two,  and  plico,  to  fold  ; It.  duplicare  ; Sp.  dupli- 
car .]  To  double,  [it.]  Granville. 

DU'PLI-CATE,  a.  [It .duplicato;  Sp . duplicado.) 
Double  ; twofold. 

Duplicate  proportion  or  ratio  is  the  proportion  or  ra- 
tio of  squares.  Thus,  in  geometrical  proportion,  the 
first  term  to  the  third  is  said  to  he  in  a duplicate  ratio 
of  the  first  to  the  second,  or  as  its  square  is  to  the 
square  of  the  second.  Thus,  in  2,  4,  8,  16,  the  ratio 
of  2 to  8 is  a duplicate  of  that  of  2 to  4,  or  as  the  square 
of  2 is  to  the  square  of  4 ; also,  the  duplicate  ratio  of 
a to  b is  the  ratio  of  a2  to  42.  Harris. 

DU'PLI-CATE,  n.  1.  Another  correspondent  to 
the  first ; a second  thing  of  the  same  kind ; — a 
copy  ; a transcript ; a counterpart. 

Of  all  these  he  [Vcrtue]  made  various  sketches  and  notes, 
always  presenting  a duplicate  of  his  observations  to  Lord 
Oxford.  Walpole. 

2.  (Law.)  An  original  instrument  repeated; 
a document  which  is  the  same  as  another  in  all 
essential  particulars:  — the  certificate  of  dis- 
charge given  to  an  insolvent  debtor  who  takes 
the  benefit  of  the  act  for  the  relief  of  insolvent 
debtors.  Burrill.  Bouvier. 

DU-PLI-CA'TION,  n.  [It.  duplicazione ; Sp.  du- 
plication ; Fr.  duplication.) 

1.  The  act  of  doubling  or  folding.  Burton. 

2.  That  which  is  doubled  ; a fold. 

The  peritoneum  is  a strong  membrane,  every  where  double, 
in  the  duplications  of  which  all  the  viscera  . . . ore  hid. 

Wiseman. 

Duplication  of  the  cube,  (Math.)  the  operation  of 
finding  a cube  the  volume  of  which  is  equal  to  double 
that  of  a given  cube.  Davies. 


DU'PLI-CA-TURE,  n.  [It.  duplicatura.)  Any 
thing  doubled  ; a fold  ; a doubling,  [r.]  Ray. 

DU-PLlc'I-TY,  n.  [L.  duplicitas  ; duplex,  double; 
duo,  two,  aiid  plico,  to  fold  ; It.  duplicitu  ; Sp. 
duplicidad ; Fr.  duplicity.) 

1.  f Doubleness  ; the  number  two.  Watts. 

2.  Doubleness  of  heart  or  tongue ; decep- 
tion ; deceit ; dissimulation  ; guile  ; artifice. 

Even  the  world,  that  despises  simplicity,  does  not  profess 
to  approve  of  duplicity , or  double-foldedness.  Trench. 

3.  (Law.)  Double  pleading;  the  pleading  of 

two  or  more  distinct  matters.  Bouvier. 

Syn.  — See  Art,  Artifice. 

DUPLY,  n.  A second  reply,  [r.]  Sir  W.  Scott. 

DUP'PER,  n.  A globular  vessel  made  of  buffalo’s 
hide,  in  which  castor-oil  is  imported  from  India ; 
— written  also  dubber.  Brandc. 

DTJ-RA-BIL'I-TY,  n.  Quality  of  being  durable; 
power  of  lasting ; durableness;  permanence. 

Our  times  upon  the  earth  have  neither  certainty  nor  dura- 
bility. Raleigh. 

Syn. — Durability  is  the  power  of  lasting;  dura- 
tion, the  act  of  lasting.  Durability  lies  in  the  tiling; 
constancy , in  tile  person.  Durability  of  a substance ; 
duration  of  a sovereign’s  reign  ; constancy  of  friend- 
ship ; permanence  of  a situation. 

DU'RA-BLE,  a.  [L.  durabi/is  ; duro,  to  last;  du- 
rus,  hard  ; It.  aurabile;  Sp.  durable.)  Having 
power  to  last ; without  decay  ; lasting  ; abiding ; 
constant ; permanent.  Swift. 

DU'R  A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  du- 
rable; power  of  lasting;  durability;  perma- 
nence. ‘‘The  durableness  of  metals.”  A.  Smith. 

DU'RA-BLY,  ad.  In  a durable  manner.  “Deeply, 
durably,  or  extensively  injurious.”  Knox. 

DU'  RA  mA ' TER,  n.  [L.,  hard  mother.)  (Anat.) 
The  outer  membrane  of  the  brain  ; — so  named 
from  its  hardness  compared  with  the  membrane 
which  lies  under  it,  called  pin  mater,  the  term 
mater  being  applied  to  each,  from  a notion  that 
they  were  the  mothers  of  all  other  membranes, 
or  because  they  protected  the  brain.  Iloblyn. 

DU-RA'MJJN,  n.  [L.,  hardness.)  (Bot.)  The  ful- 
ly-formed central  iayers  of  the  wood  of  exoge- 
nous trees  ; the  heart-wood.  Brande. 

DU'RANCE,  n.  [L.  duro , durans,  to  last.] 

1.  Continuance  ; duration  ; endurance. 

Of  how  short  durance  was  this  new-made  state ! Dryden . 

2.  Imprisonment;  confinement;  duress. 

“Languishing  in  durance.”  South. 

t DU'RANCE,  n.  Same  as  Durant.  Smart. 

DU'RANT,  n.  A glazed  woollen  stuff  or  cloth;  a 
sort  of  tammy  ; — now  called  everlasting.  Booth. 

DU-RAM'TE  VI'TA.  [L.]  (Law.)  During  life. 

DU-RA' TE.  (Mus.)  Noting  a sound  which  of- 
fends the  ear.  Moore. 

DU-RA'TION,  n.  [L .duratio-,  duro,  to  last ; du- 
rus,  hard  ; It.  durazione ; Sp.  duracion.) 

1.  Continuance  in  time  ; continuation. 

That  we  have  our  notion  of  succession  and  duration  from 
this  original,  viz.,  from  the  reflection  on  the  train  of  ideas 
which  we  find  to  appear  one  after  another  in  our  own  minds, 
seems  plain  to  me,  in  that  we  have  no  pcrccntion  of  duration 
but  by  considering  the  train  of  ideas  that  take  their  turns  in 
our  understandings.  Locke. 

Duration , like  space,  is  continuous  and  uninterrupted. 

Crombic. 

2.  Power  of  continuance  ; durability.  Bogcrs. 

Syn.  — See  Continuance,  Durability. 

DUR-BAR',  or  DAR-BAR  ’,  n.  [Persian.]  An 
audience-room,  or  place  where  a sovereign  or 
viceroy  gives  audience.  [India.]  Hamilton. 

DUR'DEN,  n.  A thicket  in  a valley.  Crabb. 

f DURE,  v.n.  [L.  duro  ; It.  dura  re  ; Fr.  durer.) 
[i.  dured  ; pp.  during,  dured.]  To  last ; to 
endure  ; to  continue. 

Yet  bath  he  not  root  in  himself,  but  dureth  for  a while. 

Matt.  xiii.  21. 

f DURE'FUL,  a.  Lasting  ; long-lived. 

The  dureful  oak,  whose  sap  is  not  yet  dried.  Spenser. 

f DURE'LIJSS,  a.  Without  continuance;  transi- 
tory ; short.  “ Durcless  pleasures.”  Raleigh. 

DU'RESS  [du'rSs,  S.  W.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm. 
C. ; du-rcs',  Wb.],  n.  [L.  duritia,  hardness ; 
durus,  hard  ; Norman  Fr.  duresse,  hardship.] 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE. — 9,  <?,  5,  g,  soft;  G,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  % as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


PURESS 


456 


DWELL 


1.  Constraint ; confinement ; imprisonment. 

1)0  you  by  duress  him  compel  thereto.  Spenser . 

2.  (Law.)  The  state  of  compulsion  or  neces- 

sity in  which  a person  is  induced,  by  the  restraint 
of  his  liberty  or  menace  of  bodily  harm,  to  exe- 
cute a deed,  or  do  any  legal  act,  or  to  commit  a 
misdemeanor.  Burrill. 

DU-RESS',  v.  a.  To  subject  to  duress.  “ If  the 
party  duressed  do  make  any  motion.”  Bacon. 

DU-RESS'OR,  n.  (Law.)  One  who  subjects  an- 
other to  duress.  Bacon. 

DUR'ING,  prep.  For  the  time  of  the  continuance 
of.  “ During  his  childhood.”  Locke. 

“ This  word  is  rather  a participle  from  dare; 
as,  1 During  life,  durante  vita  : life  continuing  ’ ; 1 Dur- 
ing my  pleasure : my  pleasure  continuing  the  same.1  ” 
Johnson. 

Du'RI-b,n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  trees.  P.Cyc. 

DU'Rl-ON,  or  DOO'Rg-AN,  n.  [Malay.  Crabb.] 
The  fruit  of  the  durio,  a tree  found  in  the  Ma- 


_ - layan  archipelago.  P.  Cyc. 

f DU'RI-TY,  n.  [Fr.  durete. — See  Duress.] 

1.  Hardness  ; firmness.  Browne. 

2.  Severity  ; cruelty.  Cockeram. 

f DU'ROUS,  a.  [L.  durus.]  Hard.  Smith. 

DUR'RA,  n.  See  Doura.  Loudon. 


D UR-  R UM-sJl'LR,  n.  An  inn  in  India.  Maunder. 

BURST,  i.  from  dare.  See  Dare. 

DUSE,?!.  A demon  or  evil  spirit; — commonly 
written  deuce.  — See  Deuce.  Craig. 

DUSK,  a.  [A.  S.  thystre;  Dut.  duister;  Ger.  dus- 
ter; Sw.  dyster.]  Tending  to  darkness  or  black- 
ness ; dark  ; somewhat  dark  ; darkish  ; dusky. 

A pathless  desert,  dusk  with  horrid  shades.  Milton. 

DUSK,?!.  1.  Incipient  darkness  ; twilight.  “The 
dusk  of  the  evening.”  Spectator. 

2.  Moderate  darkness  of  color. 

Some  sprinkled  freckles  on  his  face  were  seen, 

"Whose  dusk  sets  off  the  whiteness  of  the  skin.  Dryden. 

DUSK,  v.  a.  To  make  dusk,  [r.]  Marston. 

DOSK,  v.  n.  To  grow  dark  ; to  lose  light,  [r.] 
Dusked  his  eyes  too,  and  failed  his  breath.  Chaucer. 

DftSK'I-LY,  ad.  In  a dusky  manner.  Sherwood. 

DUSK'I-NESS,  ?!.  [A.  S.  thysternes.)  State  of 
being  dusky  ; incipient  darkness.  Sir  T.  More. 

DUSK'ISH,  a.  Inclining  to  duskiness  ; only  mod- 
erately dark.  “ Duskish  vapors.”  Stirling.  “A 
duskish  cloud.”  Boyle. 

DUSK'ISH-LY,  ad.  With  duskishness;  in  a dusk- 
ish manner.  “ To  burn  duskishly.”  Bacon. 

DfjSK'ISH-NESS,  ?!.  Moderate  duskiness  or  dim- 
ness. “ Duskishness  of  the  sight.”  Sir  T.  Elyot. 

t DUSK'NESS,  n.  Dimness.  Sir  T.  Elyot. 

DUSK'Y,  a.  [See  Dusk.]  1.  Tending  to  dark- 
ness ; somewhat  dark  ; obscure  ; not  clear  ; dusk. 
As  soon  as  Night  her  dusty  veil  extends.  Pope. 

2.  Gloomy  ; sad  ; melancholy.  Bentley. 

DUST,  n.  [A.  S.  dust,  dyst;  Gael,  dus.] 

1.  Earth  or  other  matter  reduced  to  a dry 
powder ; earthy  substance  ; any  thing  pulverized. 

A broad  and  ample  road,  whose  dust  is  gold.  Milton. 

Dust  thou  art,  and  unto  dust  shalt  thou  return.  Gen.  iii.  111. 

2.  The  state  of  dissolution  • — the  grave  or 
earth.  “Now  shall  I sleep  in  the  dust.”  Job  vii.21. 

3.  A mean  and  dejected  state ; a low  and 
miserable  condition. 

Thou  hast  brought  me  into  the  dust.  Ps.  xxii.  15. 

4.  A tumult ; a commotion,  or  uproar ; as, 

“ To  kick  up  a dust.”  [Low.]  Brockett. 

5.  (Bot.)  The  pollen  of  the  anther.  Ogilvie. 

DOST,  v.  a.  [i.  dusted  ; pp.  dusting,  dusted.] 

1.  To  free  from  dust;  as,  “ To  dust  furniture.” 

2.  To  sprinkle  with  dust,  [r.]  Sherwood. 

3.  To  separate  by  a sieve  ; to  levigate.  Sprat. 

DUST'— BRUSH,  ?i.  A brush  for  dusting  rooms  and 
furniture. 

DUST'— CART,  ?!.  A cart  for  conveying  dust  from 
the  streets.  Ash. 

DUST'f.R,  n.  1.  He  who,  or  that  which,  frees 
from  dust  or  clears  away  the  dust. 

2.  A sieve ; a sifter.  Sprat. 


DUST'j-NESS,  ?!.  The  state  of  being  covered  with 
dust.  “ Dustiness  of  the  roads.”  Graves. 

DUST'ING,  ?!.  The  act  of  one  who  dusts  or  frees 
from  dust.  Clarke. 

DUST'MAN,  ?!. ; pi.  dustmen.  One  whose  em- 
ployment it  is  to  carry  away  the  dust.  “ The 
dustman’s  cart.”  Gay. 

DUST'— PAN,  n.  A utensil  to  hold  the  sweepings 
of  a room  ; a kind  of  shovel.  Simmonds. 

DUST'— POINT,  ?!.  A rural  game.  “ At  dust-point 
or  at  quoits.”  Drayton. 

DUST'Y,  a.  [A.  S.  dystig .]  Filled,  covered,  or 
clouded  with  dust.  “ The  dusty  field.”  Addison. 

DUST'Y— FOOT  (-fut),  n.  ; pi.  DUSTY-FEET.  A 
name’  for  a foreign  trader  or  pedler,  who  has 
no  settled  habitation.  Holland. 

DUTCH,  a.  Relating  to  Holland  or  to  its  inhab- 
itants. Johnson. 

The  Dutch  and  Flemish  languages  were  originally  the 
same.  P.  Cyc. 

If  o ’ Dutch  was  formerly  used  for  German  ; and  the 
German  name  of  Germany  is  Deutschland. 

Though  the  root  of  the  English  language  be  Dutch  [Ger- 
man]. yet  it  may  he  said  to  have  been  inoculated  afterwards 
on  a F rench  stock.  Preface  to  Rowel’s  Lexicon. 

Dutch  gold , an  alloy  of  copper  and  zinc  ; — called 
also  pinchbeck.  Hoblyn.  — Dutch  mineral , metallic  cop- 
per beaten  out  in  very  thin  leaves.  Hoblyn. 

DUTCH,  it.  1.  (Geog.)  The  people  of  Holland. 

2.  The  language  of  the  Dutch. 

DUTCH,  V.  a.  [t.  DUTCHED  ; pp.  DUTCHING, 
dutched.]  To  clarify  and  harden  by  immers- 
ing in  heated  sand,  as  goose-quills.  Sat.  Mag. 

DUTCH'— CLINK-ERSi,  n.  pi.  Long,  narrow  bricks, 
of  a brimstone  color,  very  hard,  and  well  burnt, 
imported  from  Holland.  Simmonds. 

DUTCHESS,  ?!.  See  Duchess.  Shak. 

DUTCH'— OV-EN  (-fiv'vn),  ?i.  A tin  hanging-screen 
for  cooking  before  a kitchen  range  or  an  ordi- 
nary fire-grate.  Simmonds. 

DUTCH'— RUSH,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  containing  a 
large  quantity  of  silica,  and  used  for  polishing 
wood  and  metals  ; the  rough  horsetail  ; Equi- 
setum  It gemale ; — called  also  shave-grass.  Booth. 

DUTCH'— TlLEij,  n.  pi.  Glazed  and  painted  orna- 
mental tiles ; — formerly  much  used  for  the 
jambs  of  chimneys.  Simmonds. 

DUTCH'Y,  ?!.  [Fr.  duche .]  See  Duchy. 

||  DU'Tf-OUS  [du'te-us,  IF.  P.  J.  Ja.  Sm. ; du'tyus, 
S.  E.  F.  A'.],  a.  [From  duty.] 

1.  Obedient ; dutiful ; obsequious  ; submis- 
sive. 

A duteous  daughter  and  a sister  kind.  Dryden. 

2.  f Enjoined  by  duty  ; enforced  by  the  rela- 
tion of  one  to  another.  “ Duteous  tics.”  Shak. 

||  DU'T£-0&S-LY,  ad.  In  a duteous  manner. 

||  DU'TIJ-OIJS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  du- 
teous or  dutiful ; obedience.  Bp.  Taylor. 

DU'TJ-A-BLE,  a.  Liable  to  duty,  or  to  have  du- 
ties assessed.  [U.  S.]  J.  Marshall. 

DU'TIED,  a.  Subjected  to  duties,  taxes,  or  cus- 
toms. Boag. 

DU'TI-FUL,  a.  1.  Disposed  and  accustomed  to 
perform  duty  ; obedient ; submissive  to  natural 
or  legal  superiors  ; obsequious.  “ The  most 
dutiful  son  that  I have  ever  known.”  Swift. 

2.  Expressive  of  respect  or  dutifulness ; giv- 
ing token  of  reverence  ; imposed,  or  demanded, 
by  duty.  “ Dutiful  reverence.”  Sidney. 

Syn. — See  Obedient. 

DU'TI-FUL-LY,  ad.  In  a dutiful  manner.  Swift. 

DU'TI-FUL-NESS,  ?!.  Quality  of  being  dutiful  or 
duteous;  duteousness;  obedience. 

Piety  or  dutifulness  to  parents  was  a most  popular  virtue 
among  the  Romans.  Dryden. 

DU'TY,  n.  [From  due.]  1.  That  which  a man 
is,  by  any  natural,  moral,  or  legal  obligation, 
bound  to  do,  or  to  refrain  from  doing ; obliga- 
tion. 

Duty  is  that  conduct  which  is  due  to  God,  or  it  is  the  debt 
which  man  mu--;  to  his  Maker.  /'.  Pa 

“ Duty ” and  “right”  are  relative  terms.  If  it  be  the  duty 


of  one  party  to  do  something,  it  is  the  right  of  some  other 
party  to  expect  or  exact  the  doing  of  it.  Fleming. 

Daily  duties , paid 

Hardly  at  first,  at  length  will  bring  repose 

To  the  sad  mind  that  studies  to  perform  them.  Talfourd. 

The  primal  duties  shine  aloft  like  stars.  Wordsworth. 

2.  Act  of  reverence  or  respect ; deference. 
“They  both  . . . did  duty  to  their  lady.”  Spenser. 

3.  Any  service,  business,  or  office  ; particu- 
larly the  business  of  a soldier  or  guard.  Dryden. 

4.  Any  money  paid  to  government  on  goods  ; 

impost ; custom  ; tax ; toll.  Addison. 

5.  The  work  done  by  a steam-engine,  as  esti- 

mated by  the  weight  raised  with  a given  quan- 
tity of  fuel.  Simmonds. 

Syn. — Duty  is  a moral  obligation  imposed  from 
within  ; obligation  is  a duty  imposed  from  without. 
Duty  implies  a previous  obligation  ; and  an  obligation 
involves  a duty.  Duties  of  parents  and  children,  hus- 
bands and  wives,  of  teachers  and  scholars;  obligation 

to  pay  debts,  to  fulfil  engagements  and  promises 

Duties,  customs,  and  imposts  on  merchandise  and  im- 
ports ; taxes  on  property  ; toll  for  passing  a bridge. — 
“ My  obligation  is  to  give  another  man  his  right ; my 
duty  is  to  do  what  is  right.  Hence,  duty  is  a wider 
term  than  obligation  ; just  as  right  the  adjective  is 
wider  than  right  the  substantive.”  Wheicell.  — See 
Business,  Homage,  Tax. 

DU-UM'VIR,  ?!. ; pi.  otj-um' ri-Rl.  [L.  duo,  two, 
and  vir,  a man.]  One  of  two  Roman  magis- 
trates who  held  office  jointly.  Ainsworth. 

DU-UM'VI-RAL,  a.  Relating  to  the  duumviri  or 
the  duumvirate  of  Rome.  Craig. 

DU-UM'VIR-ATE,  n.  [L.  duumviratus .]  The 
office,  dignity,  or  government  of  two  men  in  the 
same  office,  as  in  ancient  Rome.  Chambers. 

DU-YONG',  n.  (ZoOl.)  See  Dugong.  Brande. 

DVVALE,  ?!.  [Ger.  dwallen,  to  mope,  to  be  stupid.] 

1.  A soporific  draught;  a stupefying  potion. 
Arise!  quoth  she;  what,  have  ye  drunken  dwale?  Chaucer. 

2.  (Bot.)  The  deadly  nightshade,  so  named, 

perhaps,  from  its  stupefying  or  poisonous  qual- 
ity ; Atropa  belladonna.  Johnson. 

3.  (Her.)  A sable  or  black  color.  Todd. 

DWARF  (dworf),  ?!.  [A.  S.  diceorh,  dwcorg;  Dut. 
dwerg  ; Sw.  § Dan.  doerg ; Ger.  zwerg.— Gael. 
droich .] 

1.  A man  much  below  the  common  size,  or 
any  animal  or  thing  much  smaller  than  the 
common  size. 

The  term  dwarf  is  a vague  one.  as  we  cannot  say  how 
small  a person  must  be  to  be  so  called.  Pop.  Ency. 

■83=  In  the  mythology  of  the  northern  nations  of 
Europe,  dwarfs  were  evil  and  deformed  spirits. 

2.  f An  attendant  on  a lady  or  a knight  in 

romances.  Spenser. 

DWARF,  V.  a.  [*.  DWARFED  ; pp.  DWARFING, 
dwarfed.]  To  hinder  from  growing  to  the 
natural  size  ; to  stunt.  “ The  whole  sex  is,  in 
a manner,  dwarfed.”  Addison. 

DWARF,  a.  Being  below  the  common  size ; 
stunted;  dwarfish;  — often  used  in  composi- 
tion; as,  “ Dwarf -elder.”  Dryden. 

DWARF'JSH,  a.  Below  the  natural  size;  small; 
little  ; stunted  ; diminutive. 

Is  he  of  dwarfish  and  abortive  size? 

“ Sweet  little  moppet!  ” the  fond  father  cries.  Francis. 

DWARF'ISH-LY  (dworf  jsh-le),  ad.  Like  a dwarf. 

DWARF'ISH-NESS,  ?!.  Quality  of  being  dwarfish  ; 
diminutiveness  of  stature  ; littleness. Bp.  Taylor. 

DWARF'LING,  ?!.  A little  dwarf.  Sylvester. 

DWARF'— WALL,  ?!.  (Arch.)  A low  wall,  not  so 
high  as  the  story  of  a building  in  which  it  is 
used.  Brande. 

DWARF'Y,  a.  Small ; dwarfish,  [r.]  Waterhouse. 

f DWAUI.E,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  dwelian,  or  dwolian,  to 
err  ; Dut.  dwaalen  ; Ger.  dwallen,  to  mope.]  To 
be  delirious;  to  yield  to  reveries.  Junius. 

DWELL,  v.  n.  [ Somner  thinks  from  A.  S.  dwe- 
lian, to  err,  to  wander.  — Su.  Goth,  dwala;  Al- 
lemannic  dwalen ; Ger.  weilen,  to  stay ; rcr- 
weilen,  to  abide ; Dan.  dvcele,  to  tarry.]  [i. 
DWELT  or  DWELLED  ; pp.  DWELLING,  DWELT 
or  dwelled.  — Dwelled  is  now  rarely  used.] 

1.  To  remain  ; to  tarry.  Spenser. 

2.  To  abide  for  some  length  of  time;  to  con- 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  D,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  T,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


DWELL 


457 


DZEREN 


tinue  ; to  reside  ; to  inhabit ; to  have  a fixed 
place  of  residence  ; to  stay  ; to  sojourn. 

Within  the  navel  of  this  hideous  wood. 

Immured  in  cypress  shades,  a sorcerer  dwells.  Milton. 

To  dwell  on  or  upon,  to  hang  upon  with  fondness. 
“That  face  on  which  f dwelt  vvitli  joy.”  Pope.  — To 
continue  long.  “ Upon  this  subject  tile  inspired  poet 
dwells  through  the  whole  sequel  of  the  psalm.”  Bp. 
Horsley. 

Syn.  — See  Abide. 

f DWELL,  v.  a.  To  inhabit.  “We,  sometimes, 
who  dwell  this  wild.”  [r.]  Milton. 

DWELLER,  n.  One  who  dwells  ; an  inhabitant. 
“The  dwellers  upon  earth.”  Bp.  Beveridge. 

DWELLING,  n.  Habitation;  place  of  residence ; 
residence  ; abode  ; dwelling-place. 

Ilis  dwelling  is  low,  in  a valley  green.  Spenser. 

Syn.  — See  Mansion. 

D WE  LIVING— HOUSE,  n.  A house  built  for  the 
purpose  of  being  dwelt  in  or  inhabited  ; a house 
in  which  one  resides.  Ayliffe. 

DVVELL'ING— PLACE,  n.  Place  of  residence. 

DWIN'DLE,  v.  n.  [A  diminutive  of  divine.  — See 
Divine.]  [*.  dwindled  ; pp.  dwindling, 
DWINDLED.] 

1.  To  shrink ; to  grow  little  ; to  diminish. 

Weary  seven  nights  nine  times  nine, 

Shall  he  dwindle,  peak,  and  pine.  Shak. 

2.  To  degenerate;  to  fall  away;  to  sink. 

I grieve  that  our  senate  has  dwindled  into  a school  of 
rhetoric.  Sir  W.  Jones. 

DWIN'DLE,  v.  a.  To  make  less;  to  bring  low. 

Our  drooping  days  are  dwindled  down  to  nought.  Thomson. 

DWIN'DLE,  n.  The  act  of  growing  less;  decline. 
“ The  dwindle  of  posterity.”  Johnson. 

DWiNE,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  dwinan,  to  fade,  to  vanish  ; 
Dut.  verdwynen;  Low  Ger.  dwinen.]  To  pine 
away  ; to  decline,  especially  by  sickness.  [Scot- 
land and  North  of  England.]  Clmucer.  Halliwell. 

DY-Ad'IC,  a.  [Gr.  IvaSiK/ls ; two.]  Belonging 
or  relating  to  the  number  two. 

Dyadic  arithmetic , a kind  of  arithmetic  in  which  1 
and  0 only  are  used  ; viz. : 2 is  represented  by  10,  3 
by  11,  4 by  100,  9 by  1001.  Hamilton. 

DYE,  n.  1.  A coloring  liquor.  Coivley. 

2.  Color;  stain;  tinge.  Bacon.  Gay. 

Syn.  — See  Color. 

DYE,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  deagan.\  \i.  dyed  ; pp.  dye- 
ing, dyed.]  To  color  by  a chemical  process  ; 
to  give  a new  and  permanent  color  to  ; to  tinge  ; 
to  stain.  Milton. 

DYE'— HOUSE,  n.  A house  for  dyeing  cloths,  &c. 

DYE'ING,  n.  The  act,  or  the  art,  of  staining,  or 
coloring  cloth  and  other  substances  by  chemical 
process,  in  such  a manner  that  the  colors  shall 
not  be  easily  altered  by  those  agents  to  which 
they  will  most  probably  be  exposed.  Francis. 

DYE'ING,  p.  from  dye.  Staining.  — See  Dye. 

DY'ER,  n.  One  who  dyes  or  tinges.  Adam  Smith. 

DY'ER’S— WEED,  n.  ( Bot .)  A species  of  plant 
affording  a most  beautiful  yellow  dye  for  cotton, 
woollen,  &c. ; Reseda  luteola.  Loudon. 

DYE'STUFF,  n.  Materials  used  in  dyeing.  Ash. 

DYE-WOOD  (-wud),  n.  Wood  used  by  dyers. 

DY'ING,  p.  a.  1.  Losing  life  ; expiring. 

2.  Subject  to  death  ; mortal. 

How  (treat,  how  plentiful,  how  rich  a dower 

Dost  thou  within  this  dying  flesh  inspire!  Sir  J.  Davies. 

3.  Pertaining  to  death,  or  to  the  time  of 
death;  as,  “ A dying  bed  ” ; “ Dying  words.” 

DY'ING,  n.  Death;  the  act  of  expiring. 

Always  bearing  about  in  the  body  the  dying  of  the  Lord 
Jesus,  that  tile  life  also  of  Jesus  might  be  made  manifest  in 
our  body.  2 Cor.  iv.  10. 

DY'ING-LY,  ad.  As  at  the  moment  of  giving  up 
the  ghost ; as  at  the  point  of  death.  Beau.  § FI. 

DY'ING-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  dying.  Congreve. 


MiEN,  SIR  ; MOVE,  NOR,  SON  ; BUI. 
58 


Pertaining  to  a dynam- 
Clarke. 


DYKE,  n.  A mound  ; a bank.  — See  Dike.  Pope. 

DYN'AM,  n.  [Fr.  dyname.  — See  Dynamics.]  A 
dynamical  unit;  the  unit  of  moving  force;  — 
applied  to  the  pound  and  the  foot.  Whewell. 

DY-NAM'B-TJIR,  n.  [Gr.  buvnpis,  power,  and 
ptrpov,  a measure.]  (Optics.)  An  instrument 
for  measuring  or  ascertaining  the  magnifying 
power  of  telescopes.  Braiule. 

DYN-A-MET'RI-CAL,  a 
eter. 

DY-NAM'IC,  ) a%  [Gr.  bbvapis,  power.]  Re- 

DY-NAm'I-CAL,  ) lating  to  dynamics.  Coleridge. 

DY-NAM'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  According  to  dynamics. 

DY-NAM'ICS,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  bbvapis,  power.] 

1.  (Mech.)  The  science  of  moving  powers,  or 
of  matter  in  motion,  or  of  the  motion  of  bodies 
that  mutually  act  upon  one  another.  P.  Cyc. 

2.  (Mus.)  The  doctrine  of  the  degrees  of 

force  in  tones.  Dwight. 

DYN'A-MI§M,  n.  The  doctrine  that  all  substance 
involves  force.  Fleming. 

DYN-A-MOM'IJ-TJJR,  n.  [Gr.  btwapt s,  power,  and 
pirpov,  a measure.]  An  instrument  for  measur- 
ing power  of  any  kind,  as  the  strength  of  men 
and  animals,  the  force  of  machinery,  &c.  Brande. 

t DYN'AST,  n.  [Gr.  bwamris,  a lord ; Fr .dynaste.] 

1.  A ruler ; a governor.  A.  Wood. 

2.  A dynasty.  Gregory. 

f DY-NAS'TA,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  bwaarys,  a lord.]  A 
tyrant.  “ Dynastas,  or  proud  monarchs.” Milton. 

D\  -NAS  TIC,  I Relating  to  a dynasty. 

DY-NAS'TJ-CAL,  > Cent.  Mag. 

DY-NAS'  TI-DJE,  n.  pl.  [Gr.  bvmtrrys,  a lord.] 
( Ent .)  A family  of  remarkably  powerful  beetles, 
of  gigantic  size.  Brande. 

DY-NAS'TI-DAN,  n.  (Ent.)  One  of  the  Dynasti- 
dee ; a very  large  kind  of  beetle.  Kirby. 

DY'NAS-TY,  or  DYN'AS-TY  [dl'n^s-te,  S.  P.  E. 

K.  \Vb. ; dln'js-te,  J.  Ja.  Sm.  R. ; dl'n?s-te  or 
dln'?s-te,  W.  P\],  n.  [Gr.  bvvaarda,  power  ; 
buvaarys,  a lord ; buvapat,  to  be  able.] 

1.  Government ; sovereignty,  [it.] 

Greece  was  divided  into  several  dynasties,  which  our  au- 
thor has  enumerated  under  their  respective  princes.  Pope. 

2.  A succession,  race,  or  family  of  sovereigns 
or  rulers. 

At  some  time  or  other,  to  be  sure,  all  the  beginners  of  dynas- 
ties  were  chosen  by  those  who  called  them  to  govern.  Burke. 

DY-NOM'ly-NB,  n.  (Zoiil.)  A genus  of  Crustacea,  of 
which  the  only  species  known  is  the  Dynomene 
hispida,  found  in  the  Isle  of  France.  Cuvier. 

DYS'CLA-SITE,  n.  [Gr.  bis,  bad,  with  difficulty, 
and  k16io,  to  break.]  (Min.)  A fibrous  mineral, 
of  white  color  and  pearly  lustre  ; okenite.  Dana. 

DYS'CRA-SY,  n.  [Gr.  buuKpncia,  bad  temperament ; 
bus,  bad,  and  Kpaais,  a mixture.]  (Med.)  A mor- 
bid state  of  the  constitution.  Uoblyn. 

DYS-EN-TER  IC,  ) a_  [Gr.  bveevrcpiicis ; L. 

DYS-JEN-TER'I-CAL,  ) dysentericus ; It.  dissente- 
rico ; Sp.  disenterico ; Fr.  dyssenterique.]  Re- 
lating to,  resembling,  or  troubled  with  dysen- 
tery. Boyle. 

DYS'EN-TER-Y  [dls'en-tfir-e,  S.  W.  P.  J.  F.  Ja. 
Sm.  ; dls'en-ler-e  or  dls-sen'ter-e,  K.],  n.  [Gr. 
bvatvTfpia  ; bus,  bad,  and  cvrepov,  an  intestine ; 

L.  dysenteria ; It.  dissenteria  ; Sp.  disenteria ; 

Fr.  dyssenterie .]  (Med.)  An  inflammation  of 
the  mucous  membrane  of  the  large  intestine,' 
attended  with  fever,  more  or  less  inflammatory, 
frequent  mucous  or  bloody  evacuations,  and 
violent  colicky  pains ; bloody -flux.  Dunglison. 

fSf  “ Dr.  Johnson,  Dr.  Ash,  Dr.  Kenrick,  and  Bu- 
chanan accent  this  w ord  on  the  second  syllable ; and 
Mr.  Sheridan,  Mr.  Nares,  Mr.  Scott,  W.  Johnston, 
Perry,  Entick,  and  Bailey,  on  the  first.  That  this  is 
in  possession  of  the  best  usage  I have  not  the  least 
doubt ; and  that  it  is  agreeable  to  the  analogy  of  ac- 
centing words  from  the  learned  languages,  which  we 


naturalize  by  dropping  a syllable,  is  evident  from  the 
numerous  class  of  words  of  the  same  kind.  See 
Academy,  Incomparable,  &c.  A collateral  proof 
too,  that  this  is  the  true  pronunciation  is,  that  mesen- 
tery, a word  of  the  same  form,  is  by  all  the  above- 
mentioned  lexicographers  who  have  tiie  word,  except 
Bailey,  accented  on  the  first  syllable.”  Walker. 

DYS'LU-lTE,  n.  [Gr.  bis,  with  difficulty,  and  i.Cw, 
to  loose.]  (Min.)  A mineral  of  vitreous  lustre,  in- 
fusible before  the  blow-pipe  ; a variety  of  spinel, 
containing  zinc,  manganese,  and  iron.  Dana. 

DYS'NO-MY,  n.  [Gr.  bvevopia,  a bad  code  of 
laws  ; bis,  bad,  and  vipos,  a law.]  The  enacting 
of  bad  laws,  [it.]  Cockeram. 

DYS'O-DILE,  n.  [Gr.  bvaibbys,  ill-smelling  ; bus, 
ill,  and  o£w,  to  smell.]  (Min.)  A coal  of  a green 
or  yellowish-gray  color,  emitting,  when  burnt,  a 
very  fetid  odor.  Cleaveland. 

DYS-OP'SY,  n.  [Gr.  bus,  bad,  and  btpats,  sight.] 
(Med.)  Dimness  of  sight.  Clarke. 

DYS'O-REX-Y,  n.  [Gr.  bus,  bad,  and  oplfys,  appe- 
tite.] (Med.)  A depraved  appetite.  Clarke. 

DYS-PEP'SI-A,  n.  [L.]  (Med.)  Dyspepsy.  — See 
Dyspepsy.  Dunglison. 

DYS'Pf,P-SY,  or  DYS-PEP'SY  [dis'pep-se,  S.  W. 
E.  F.  Ja.  K.  R.  ; dis-pep'se,  S?n.  Wb.  Johnson, 
Ash,  Maunder],  n.  [Gr.  bvmrt Sin  ; bOs,  bad,  and 
ttItttio,  to  digest;  L.  dyspepsia;  It.  A,-  Sp.  dis- 
pepsia;  Fr.  dyspepsie.]  (Med.)  A diseased  or 
disordered  state  of  the  stomach,  or  the  digestive 
organs  ; the  difficult  and  imperfect  conversion 
of  the  food  into  nutriment;  difficulty  of  diges- 
tion ; indigestion.  , Dunglison. 

DYS-PEP'TIC,  n.  One  afflicted  with  dyspepsy,  or 
difficulty  of  digestion.  Qu.  Rev. 

DYS-PEP" 

DYS-PEP" 
of  digestion. 

DYS-} 

DYS' 

impracticability  of  deglutition. 

DYS'PtlO-NY,  n.  [Gr.  buoiptovia  ; bOs,  bad,  and 
ipiovi/,  voice  ; L.  dysphonia.]  (Med.)  Difficulty 
of  speaking  or  articulating  sounds.  lioblyn. 

DYS-PHO'RI- A,  a.  [Gr.  bus,  bad,  and  </>epu>,  to 
bear.]  (Med.)  Dissatisfaction ; restlessness ; 
suffering.  Dunglison. 

DYSP-NCE'  A (dlsp-ne'a),  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  bta- 
mota  ; bus,  bad,  and  ttvim,  to  breathe.]  (Med.)  A 
difficulty  of  breathing.  lioblyn. 

DYSP-NO'IC,  a.  [Gr.  bvmnoiKis,  short  of  breath  ; 
L.  dyspnoicus.]  (Med.)  Affected  with,  or  re- 
sulting from,  dyspnoea.  Craig. 

DYS-THET'IC,  a.  [Gr.  bvafttrlio,  to  be  in  bad  ease.] 
(Med.)  Relating  to  a morbid  state  of  the  blood- 
vessels, or  to  a bad  habit  of  the  body.  Craig. 

DYS-THYM'IC,  a.  [Gr.  buaOvpiKis,  melancholy.] 
(Med.)  Desponding  ; depressed  in  mind.  Craig. 

DYS'TOME,  ? a [Gr.  (5 (is,  with  difficulty,  and 

DYS-TO-MOUS,  i rlpvto,  to  cut.]  (Min.)  Hard  to 
cleave.  Clarke. 

DYS-TOM'IC,  a.  [Gr.  bis,  bad  or  hard,  and  ro/uj, 
a section  ; rtpvio,  to  cut.]  (Min.)  Having  an  im- 
perfect fracture  or  cleavage.  Craig. 

DYS-U'  RI-A,  n.  See  Dysury.  Dunglison. 

DYS'U-RY  (dizh'u-re  or  dls'yu-re)  [dlzh'u-re,  W. 
J.  F.Ja. ; dls'yu-re,  S.  P.  E.  K.  Sm.  /?.],  n.  [Gr. 
bveronpia  ; bus,  with  difficulty,  and  olpov,  urine  ; L. 
dysuria.]  (Med.)  A difficulty  in  voiding  the 
urine.  Brande. 

DY-TIS ' CUS,  n.  (Ent.)  A genus  of  aquatic,  co- 
leopterous insects,  inhabiting  stagnant  waters  ; 
the  water-beetle.  Cuvier. 

DZE'REN  (ze'ren),  n.  (Zo/il.)  A species  of  antelope, 
inhabiting  the  dry,  arid  deserts  of  Central  Asia, 
Thibet,  China,  and  Southern  Siberia.  Baird. 


LP  > £ a.  Relating  to  dyspepsy ; 

’EP'TI-CAL,  ) having  dyspepsy  or  difficulty 
ligestion.  ' Copeland. 

S-PIIA  ? n_  [Gr.  bus,  had,  and  ipaytir 

3'PIIA-yy,  ) to  eat.]  (Med.)  Difficulty  oi 


Brande. 


L,  BUR,  R0LE.  — Q,  <p,  (j,  *,  soft;  C,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  y as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


E 


458 


EARLY 


the  fifth  letter  of  the  alphabet,  is  the  second 
and  the  most  frequent  vowel  in  the  English 
language.  It  has  various  sounds,  the  two  prin- 
cipal of  which  are  long,  as  in  mete,  and  short, 
as  in  met.  It  is  frequently  silent  at  the  end  of 
words,  but  sometimes,  in  this  case,  serves  to  in- 
dicate that  the  preceding  vowel  is  to  have  its 
long  sound;  as  can,  cane;  man,  mane  ; plum, 
plume.  When  silent  after  c and  g,  it  has  also 
the  effect  of  showing  that  these  letters  should 
have  respectively  the  sounds  of  s and  j ; as,  luce, 
stage,  which,  without  the  final  silent  e,  would 
become  lac  and  stag. 

E — A Latin  prefix,  the  same  as  ex,  signifying 
from,  or  out  of,  and  in  many  words  having  a 
privative  meaning. 

EACH  (Sell),  a.  & pron.  [Celt,  ceach  ; A.  S.  celc, 
or  elc ; Out.  elk.)  Either  of  two  ; one  of  two  or 
any  greater  number  taken  separately  from 
another,  and  implying  the  existence  of  the 
other  ; every  one  separately  considered. 

Though  your  orbs  of  different  greatness  be, 

Yet  both  are  for  each  other’s  use  disposed.  Dryden. 
The  invention  all  admired,  and  each  how  he 
To  be  tire  inventor  missed.  Milton. 

Po ' Each  can  be  applied  to  one  of  two  or  any 
greater  number  ; ccery  can  be  applied  only  to  one  of 
more  than  two  individuals.  — See  All. 

f EACH'WHERE  (ech'liwir),  ad.  Every  where. 

Mild  was  the  wind,  calm  seemed  the  sea  to  be. 

The  sky  eachwhere  did  flow  full  bright  and  fair.  Spenser. 

£AD— , or  ED—.  A Saxon  prefix  in  proper  namos, 
signifying  happy,  fortunate  ; as,  LYAvard,  happy 
preserver;  Edgar,  happy  power;  Edwin,  happy 
conqueror.  Gibson. 

EAD'ISII,  n.  A second  crop  of  grass;  aftermath  ; 
rowen  ; — written  commonly  eddish.  Ogilvie. 

EA'GpR  (e'ger),  a.  [L.  acer,  brisk,  courageous  ; 
sharp;  It.  agro  ; Sp.  ar/rio  ; Fr  .ait/re.  — W.  car.  1 

1.  f Sharp  ; sour  ; acid. 

With  a sudden  vigor  it  doth  posset 
And  curd,  like  eager  droppings  into  milk, 

The  thin  and  wholesome  blood.  Shak. 

2.  Keen;  severe;  biting;  piercing,  [it.] 

The  air  bites  shrewdly;  it  is  very  cold. 

It  is  a nipping  and  an  eager  air.  Shak. 

3.  Keenly  desirous  ; ardently  wishing  or  long- 
ing. “ Eager  for  the  journey.”  Drgden. 

4.  Vehement;  ardent;  earnest;  fervent; 

zealous  ; forward  ; precipitate  ; impetuous  ; im- 
portunate ; impatient ; intense. 

Imperfect  zeal  is  hot  and  eager , without  knowledge.  Sprat. 

5.  Brittle  ; easily  broken ; not  ductile.  [Cant 
term  of  artificers.] 

Gold  will  be  sometimes  so  eager,  as  artists  call  it,  that  it 
will  as  little  endure  the  hammer  as  glass  itself.  Locke. 

Syn. — See  Keen,  Ready. 

EA'£ER-LY  (e'ger-lc),  ad,  In  an  eager  manner. 

EA'G$R-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state  of  be- 
ing eager ; ardency ; strong  desire  ; ardor  ; ear- 
nestness ; greediness  ; avidity. 

The  eagerness  and  strong  bent  of  the  mind  after  knowt- 
edge,  if  not  warily  regulated,  is  often  an  hindcruncc  to  it. 

Locke. 

Syn.  — See  Avidity. 

EA'GLE  (E'gl),  n.  [L.  <Sf  It. 
aguila ; Sp.  agnila  ; Fr.  aigle.) 

1.  ( Ornith.)  A bird  of  prey, 
of  the  order  Accipitres  and 
family  Falconidce,  regarded, 
on  account  of  its  acute  vision, 
its  strength,  the  elevation  and 
rapidity  of  its  flight,  its  lon- 
gevity, and  various  other 
qualities,  as  the  king  of  birds  ; 
hence  it  is  a symbol  of  roy- 
alty, and  a frequent  crest, 
much  used  in  heraldry.  Its  „,„uell 
figure  was  represented  in  the  (.Aguila  chryuntos). 
military  standard  of  the  ancient  Romans ; and 


it  is  a representative  or  emblem  in  the  arms  of 
the  United  States. 

Arts  still  followed  where  Rome's  eagles  flew.  Pope. 

2.  A gold  coin  of  the  United  States  of  the 
value  of  ten  dollars,  or  about  43s.  sterling. 

3.  (Astron.)  A constellation  in  the  northern 

hemisphere  having  its  right  wing  contiguous  to 
the  equinoctial ; aquila.  London  Ency. 

EA'GLE— EYED  (e'gl-Id),  a.  Sharp-sighted,  as  an 
eagle.  “ Eagle-eyed  to  see  . . . faults.”  Drgden. 

EA'GLE— FLIGHTED,  a.  Flying  like  an  eagle  ; 
mounting  high.  Ogilvie. 

EA'GLE— HAWK,  n.  (Ornith.)  A genus  of  pre- 
dacious birds,  natives  of  South  America.  Ogilvie. 

EA'GLE— oWL,  n.  (Ornith.)  One  of  the  Bnhoni- 
nce,  or  horned  owls,  a sub-family  of  owls,  one 
of  the  largest  species  of  which  is  the  Bubo  Vir- 
g ini  anus,  or  great  horned  owl.  Baird. 

EA'GLE-PIN'IONED  (-yund),  a.  Having  an  ea- 
gle’s wings.  Cowper. 

EA'GLE— RAY,  n.  (Ich.)  A large  species  of  ray- 
fish,  rarely  found  in  the  British  seas ; miller  ; 
Mgliobatis  aquila.  YarreU. 

EA'GLE— SIGHTED,  a.  Having  sharp  sight.  Shak. 

EA'GLE— SPEED,  n.  Swiftness,  like  that  of  an 
eagle.  “ With  eagle-speed  she  cut  the  sky. "Pope. 

EA'GLgSS,  n.  The  hen-eagle.  Sherwood. 

EA'GLE— STONE,  n.  (Min.)  A term  applied  by 
the  old  pharmaceutists  to  globular  clay  iron- 
stone, which  they  called  lapis  eetites.  Braude. 

EA'GLpT,  n.  A young  eagle.  Davies. 

EA'GLE— WINGED  (-wTngd),  a.  Having  the  wings, 
as  it  were,  of  an  eagle.  Shak. 

EA'GLE— WOOD  (e'gl-wud),  n.  [From  the  Ma- 
layan name  agila.  P.  Cgc.\  A liighly-fragrant 
Oriental  wood,  used  by  Asiatics  for  burning  as 
incense.  P.  Cye. 

EA'GRE  (e'gur),  n.  [Dan.  ceger,  the  ocean.]  A 
tide  swelling  above  another  tide.  Drgden. 

f EAL'DpR-MAN,  n.  [A.  S.  ealdorman,  elder- 
man.]  A Saxon  magistrate  ; alderman.  Sadler. 

t EAME  (era),  n.  [A.  S.  cam.)  Uncle.  Spenser. 

FAN  (en),  v.  n.  [A.  S.  eanian.)  To  bring  forth ; 
to  yean.  “ In  caning  time.”  — See  Yean.  Shak. 

EAN'LING,  n.  A lamb  just  born. — See  Yean- 
ling. “ Eanlings  which  were  freaked.”  Shak. 

EAR  (er),  n.  [A.  S.  care;  Frs.  ear;  Ger.  ohr; 
Dut.  oor ; Sw.  iirja.  — L.  auris ; It.  orecchio  ; Sp. 
oreja;  Fr ,oreillc.\ 

1.  The  organ  of  hearing. 

That  keen  the  word  of  promise  to  our  ear , 

And  break  it  to  our  hope.  Shak. 

2.  The  external  prominent  part  of  the  organ 
of  hearing. 

Ilis  master  shall  bore  his  ear  through  with  an  awl.  F.t.  xxi.  G. 

3.  Power  of  discriminating  tones  and  inter- 
vals ; musical  perception. 

I have  a reasonable  good  ear  in  music.  Shak . 

4.  The  privilege  of  being  heard  ; a hearing ; 
regard  ; heed  ; attention. 

Hear  my  prayer,  give  ear  to  the  words  of  my  mouth.  Ps.  liv.  2. 

. 5.  Disposition  to  like  or  to  dislike  what  is 
heard  ; judgment ; opinion  ; taste.  “ According 
to  the  style  and  ear  of  those  times.”  Denham. 

6.  Any  thing  resembling  ears,  as  the  handles 
of  some  vessels.  “ A pot  without  an  ear.”  Swift. 

7.  [A.  S.  ear,  aehher.)  A spike  or  head  of 
corn  or  grain. 

He  delivereth  each  a jewel,  made  in  the  figure  of  an  ear  of 
wheat.  Bacon. 

the  U.  S.  applied  especially  tP  maize. 

About  oue^s  cars,  about  t lie  head  or  person.  — To  he 
by  the  ears , or  to  fall  together  by  the  ears , to  quarrel, 


scuffle,  or  fight. — To  set  by  the  . cars , to  engage  in 
strife  ; to  cause  to  quarrel.  — Up  to  one's  ears , deeply 
involved  or  engaged.  [Vulgar.]  V Estrange, 

t EAR  (er),  v.  a,  To  take  in  eagerly  by  the  ear. 

I cared  her  language,  lived  in  her  eye,  O coz.  Beau.  Sf  FI. 

t EAR  (er),  v.  a.  [L.  aro , to  plough ; A.  S.  eria?i.\ 
To  till ; to  plough.  Dent,  xxi.  4. 

I have,  God  wot.  a large  field  to  car , 

And  weak  are  the  oxen  in  my  piough.  Chaucer. 

EAR  (er),  v.  n.  [A.  S.  cr/iher,  an  ear  of  corn.] 
[f.  EARED  ; pp.  EARING,  EARED.]  To  form 
ears,  as  corn.  Sandys. 

f EAR'A-BLE  (er'j-bl),  a.  Used  to  be  tilled.  Barret. 

EAR'AgHE  (er'ak),  n.  Pain  in  the  ear.  Ash. 

f EAR' AL  (er';d),  a.  Receiving  by  the  ear. 
“Merely  earcil,  verbal,  and  worded  men ." Hewyt. 

EAR'— BORED  (er'bord),  a.  Having  the  ears  per- 
forated. “ Servile,  ear-boml  slave.”  Bp.  llall. 

EAR'-CAP,  n.  A cover  for  the  ears.  Clarke. 

EAR  — DEAF-EN-ING  (tir'def-fn-ing),  a.  Stunning 

_ the  ear.  Shak. 

EAR'— DRUM,  n.  The  tympanum,  a membrane  in 
the  ear.  lioget. 

EARED  (Grd),  a.  1.  Having  ears.  Sherwood. 

2.  Furnished  with  ears,  as  corn. 

3.  f Ploughed.  “ The  thrice-eared  field. "Pope. 

EAR'— HOLE,  n.  The  aperture  of  the  ear  ; the 
opening  into  the  ear.  Goldsmith. 

EAR'ING,  n.  1.  A ploughing  of  land. 

Net  there  arc  five  years  in  which  there  shall  neither  lie 
earing  nor  harvest.  qC)u  (j. 

2.  Formation  of  ears  of  corn. 

3.  (Naut.)  A rope  attached  to  the  cringle  of 
a sail,  by  which  it  is  bent  or  reefed.  Dana. 

EAR'— KISS-ING,  a.  Slightly  touching  the  ear. 
“Ear-kissing  arguments.”  Shak. 

EARL  (iirl),  n.  [A.  S.  eorl,  chief,  leader.]  A title 
of  English  nobility,  next  below  a marquis  and 
above  a viscount,  'it  is  the  oldest  English  title, 
and  was  anciently  the  highest  in  the  kingdom  ; 
now  the  third. 

ta-y-  It  was  used  by  the  English,  after  the  Norman 
conquest  in  1066,  to  express  the  French  title  nf  count. 
Hence  the  wife  of  an  earl  is  still  styled  countess. 

Brande, 

EAR— LAP,  n.  The  tip  of  the  ear.  Huloet. 

EAltL'DOM  (erl'dnm),  n.  [A.  S.  corldom ; eorl, 
an  earl,  and  dom,  power,  office.]  The  seign- 
iory, jurisdiction,  or  dignity  of  an  earl.  Spenser. 

EARL'DOR-MAN,  n.  Same  as  E ald erm an. Zbcr/ce. 

EARLES'— PEN-NY  (erlz'pen-ne),  n.  [L.  arrhalis, 
pertaining  to  earnest-money ; arrha,  or  ana, 
earnest-money.]  Earnest-money.  Bag. 

EAR'LfhSS,  a.  1.  Without  ears.  Pope. 

2.  Disinclined  to  hear ; deaf.  “A  surd  and 
earless  generation  of  men.”  Browne. 

EAR'— LIKE,  a.  Resembling  the  ear.  Jodrell. 

EAR'Li-NKSS  (er'Ie-nes),  n.  State  of  being  early. 
“Earliness  in  the  morning.”  Johnson. 

EARL'— MAR-SH AL  (erl'mlr-shal),  n.  One  of  the 
great  officers  of  state  in  England,  whose  busi- 
ness is  to  take  cognizance  of  all  matters  relat- 
ing to  honor,  pedigrees,  and  military  solemni- 
ties. Brande. 

EAR'-LOCK,  n.  A curl  or  twist  of  the  hair  near 
the  ear  ; a love-lock.  Prgnne. 

EAR'LY  fer'le),  a.  [A.  S.  atrliee.) 

1.  Prior  in  the  order  of  time  ; timely  ; at  the 
proper  time;  seasonable.  “ Early  fruit.”  Pope. 

Thus  we  salute  thee  with  our  rarfi/  song. 

And  welcome  thee,  and  wish  thee  long.  Milton. 

2.  Before  the  usual  time  ; premature. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  ?,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


EARLY 


459 


EASE 


Sickness  is  earl)/ old  age;  it  teaches  diffidence  in  our  earthly 
state,  and  inspires  us  with  thoughts  of  a future.  Pope. 

3.  At  the  beginning  of  the  day. 

She.  when  apostles  fled,  could  danger  brave. 

Lust  at  his  cross,  and  earliest  at  his  grave.  E.  S.  Barrett. 

Earl]/  rising  not  only  gives  us  more  life  in  the  same  num- 
ber of  our  years,  but  adds  likewise  to  their  number.  Colton. 

KAR'LY,  ad.  In  good  season  ; soon  ; betimes. 

Those  that  seek  me  early  shall  find  me.  Brov.  viii.  17. 

Early  to  bed,  and  early  to  rise, 

Makes  a man  healthy,  wealthy,  and  wise.  Franklin. 

EAR'-MARK,  n.  A mark  on  the  ear,  as  of  sheep  : 
— a distinguishing  mark.  Cox. 

EAR-MARK',  v.  a.  To  mark,  as  sheep,  cattle, 
&c.,  on  the  ear.  Spenser. 

EARN  (ern),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  earnian,  to  earn,  to  de- 
serve.] [i.  EARNED  ; j op.  EARNING,  EARNED.] 

1.  To  gain,  get,  obtain,  or  acquire  as  the  re- 
ward of  labor  or  performance  of  some  service. 

Arming  to  overcome 

By  suffering,  and  earn  rest  from  labor  won.  Milton. 

2.  To  merit  or  deserve  in  recompense  for  la- 
bor; as,  “He  earns  more  than  his  wages.” 

Syn.  — See  Acquire,  Get. 

EARN  (ern),  v.  n.  To  curdle.  [North  of  Eng.]  Ray. 

fEARN  (ern),  v.  n.  [A.  S. gyrnan,  to  desire.]  To 
long;  to  yearn. — See  Yearn.  Spenser. 

EAR'N^ST  (er'nest),  a.  [A.  S.  eornost,  eornest .] 

1.  Ardent  in  any  affection ; warm ; zealous  ; 
importunate.  “A  prayer  of  earnest  heart.”  Shak. 

2.  Intent;  eager;  fixed. 

On  that  prospect  strange 

Their  earnest  eyes  they  fixed.  Milton. 

3.  Serious  ; important ; not  trifling.  “ They 

whom  earnest  lets  do  often  hinder.”  Hooker. 

Syn . — See  Hearty,  Intent,  Zealous. 

EAR'NpST,  n.  1.  A serious  or  real  event;  se- 
riousness ; something  not  a jest ; reality. 

Take  heed  that  this  jest  do  not  one  day  turn  to  earnest. 

Sidney. 

2.  Pledge  ; first  fruits.  “ The  earnest  of  that 

which  is  to  come.”  Hooker. 

3.  (Law.)  Part  of  the  price  paid  for  property 

or  goods  sold,  or  money  given  in  token  that  a 
bargain  is  ratified,  or  to  bind  a contract ; — 
often  called  earnest-money.  Burxill. 

To  be  in  earnest,  to  be  serious  and  not  jesting. 

EAR'NJJST-LY  (er'nest-le),  ad.  [A.  S.  eornestlice .] 
In  an  earnest  manner  ; ardently  ; zealously  ; ea- 
gerly ; intently ; seriously. 

And,  being  in  agony,  he  prayed  more  earnestly.  Lukexx ii.  44. 

A certain  maid  earnestly  looked  upon  him.  Luke  xxii.  56. 

EAR'NIJST—  MON'EY,  n.  Money  paid  to  bind  a 
bargain  ; earnest.  — See  Earnest,  3.  Clarke. 

EAR'NIJST-NESS  (er'nest-nes),  n.  1.  The  quality 
of  being  earnest ; ardor;  zeal;  eagerness;  ve- 
hemence. 

His  fond  complaints 

Have  so  much  earnestness  and  passion  in  them.  Addison. 

2.  Seriousness;  solemnity. 

There  never  was  a charge  maintained  with  such  a show 
of  gravity  and  earnestness.  Attertmry. 

3.  Solicitude  ; anxiety ; care,  [r.] 

With  overstraining,  and  earnestness  of  finishing  their 
pieces,  they  often  did  them  more  harm  than  good.  Dryden. 

+ EARN'FUL,  a.  Full  of  anxiety.  P.  Fletcher. 

EARN'ING  (Srn'jng),  n.  [A.  S.  earnung .] 

1.  The  act  of  one  who  earns. 

2.  pi.  That  which  is  earned  ; the  wages  or 
reward  of  labor. 

This  is  the  great  expense  of  the  poor  that  takes  up  almost 
all  their  earnings.  Locke. 

EAR'— PICK,  n.  An  instrument  for  cleaning  the 
ears.  Todd. 

EAR'— PIER-CpR,  n.  (Ent.)  The  name  of  an  in- 
sect; earwig;  horficula  auricularia.  Goldsmith. 

EAR  — PIER-CING,  a.  Piercing  or  affectin0,  the 
ear.  “ The  ear-piercing  fife.”  Shak. 

EAR'— RING,  n.  [A.  S.  ear-hring  ; Gcr.  ohrringe. \ 
A jewel  or  ornament  worn  in' the  ear. 

As  an  ear-ring  of  gold,  so  is  a wise  reprover  upon  an  obe- 
dient car.  prov,  xxy.  jo. 

EARSE  (ers),  n.  See  Erse. 

t Karsh  (grsh),  n.  [L.  aro,  to  plough ; A.  S. 
erian,  to  plough.]  A ploughed  field.  May. 


EARSII  (ersh),  n.  Eddish.  — See  Ersh. 

EAR— SHELL,  n.  (Conch.)  A flattened  univalve 
shell  resembling  the  ear  in  form  ; a species  of 
Haliotis.  Woodward. 

EAR'— SHOT,  n.  Reach  of  the  sense  of  hearing  ; 
as,  “ To  be  within  car-shot."  Dryden. 

EAR'— SORE,  n.  Something  that  offends  the  ear  ; 
something  disagreeable  to  be  heard.  Phil.  Mas. 

EARTH  (ertli),  n.  [Goth,  airtha ; A.  S.  eorthe  ; 
Ger.  erde  ; Dut.  aarde  ; Dan.  iord  ; Sw.  ford.] 

1.  The  name  of  the  world  or  planet  which  we 
inhabit ; the  mass  or  material  which  composes 
the  globe  or  the  crust  of  the  globe  ; the  terra- 
queous globe ; the  world. 

Nought  so  vile  that  on  the  earth  doth  live 

But  to  the  earth  some  special  good  doth  give.  Shak. 

2.  The  inhabitants  of  the  earth  ; the  world. 

Behold,  this  day  I am  going  the  way  of  all  the  earth. 

Josh,  xxiii.  14. 

3.  The  solid  part  of  the  globe,  in  distinction 
from  fire,  air,  and  water. 

While  water,  earth , 

And  air  attest  his  bounty.  Thomson. 

4.  Terrene  or  earthy  matter  ; soil ; ground. 

Immediately  it  sprang  up,  because  it  had  no  depth  of 
earth.  Mark  iv.  5. 

5.  A distinct  region  ; country,  [r.] 

In  ten  set  battles  have  we  driven  back 

These  heathen  Saxons,  and  regained  our  earth.  Dryden. 

6.  ( Chem .)  A body  or  substance  composed  of 
oxygen  and  a base  ; a metallic  oxide,  inodor- 
ous, dry,  uninflammable,  and  infusible.  P.  Cyc. 

J8Q=*  The  principal  chemical  earths  are  alumina, 
baryta,  glucina,  lime,  magnesia,  silica,  strontia,  yt- 
tria,  and  zirconia.  P.  Cyc. 

Syn.  — Earth  is  used  as  the  name  of  one  of  the 
planets  belonging  to  the  solar  system,  which  move 
round  the  sun.  In  this  sense,  world  or  globe  is  inad- 
missible. In  speaking  of  the  earth , reference  is  com- 
monly made  to  its  material  or  external  part ; as,  “ The 
structure  or  surface  of  the  earth  ” ; tc  The  productions 
or  inhabitants  of  the  earth.”  World  is  used  to  denote 
the  earth  viewed  with  reference  to  its  inhabitants. 
“ A decree  that  all  the  world  should  be  taxed.”  “ The 
civilized  world.”  “ The  eastern  world.”  “ The  west- 
ern world.”  Globe  is  often  used  geographically  and 
geologically  ; as,  “ The  terrestrial  globe.”  We  speak 
of  sailing  round  the  worlds  or  round  the  globe ) not, 
round  the  earth. 

EARTH,  V.  a.  [f.  EARTHED  ; pp.  EARTHING, 
EARTHED.] 

1.  To  put  or  to  hide  in  earth;  to  bury;  to 
inter.  “ The  miser  earths  his  treasure.”  Young. 

My  root  is  earthed , and  I,  a desolate  branch, 

Left  scattered  in  the  highway  of  the  world.  Massinger. 

2.  To  cover  with  earth.  “ Earth  up  with 

fresh  mould  the  roots.”  Evelyn. 

EARTH,  v.  n.  To  retire  under  ground  ; to  burrow. 

Hence  foxes  earthed , and  wolves  abhorred  the  day.  Tickcll. 

EARTH'— BAG,  n.  (Fort.)  A sack  filled  with  sand 
or  earth.  Todd. 

EARTH'— BANK,  n.  A bank,  mound,  or  fence 
made  of  earth  and  turf.  Todd. 

EARTH'— BOARD  (e’rth'bord),  n.  The  board  of  a 
plough,  which  turns  over  the  earth.  Mortimer. 

EARTH'— BORN,  a.  1.  Born  on  the  earth  or  as 
one  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  earth  ; terrigenous. 
Creatures  of  other  mould,  earth-born,  perhaps, 

Not  spirits.  Milton. 

2.  Meanly  born  ; of  low  birth. 

Earth-born  Lycon  shall  ascend  the  throne.  Smith. 

EARTH'— BOUND,  a.  Bound  to  the  earth.  Shak. 

EARTH'— BRED,  a.  Bred  of  the  earth;  grovel- 
ling; vile;  base;  low.  Brewer. 

EARTH'— CR£-AT'BD,  a.  Formed  of  earth.  Young. 

f EARTH'— DIN,  n.  [A.  S.  eorth-dyn. ] 'An  earth- 
quake. Ogilvie. 

EARTII'EN  (er'tlin),  a.  Made  of  earth,  or  made 
of  clay.  “ Earthen  pots.”  Shak. 

EARTH'-EN-GEN'DERED  (-derd),  a.  Bred  of 
earth ; earth-born.  Fanshaio. 

EARTII'EN— WARE,  n.  Ware  made  of  earth  or 
clay  ; pottery.  P.  Cyc. 

EARTH'— FED,  a.  Fed  with  earthly  things  ; low; 
abject ; base.  B.  Jonson. 

EARTH'— FLAX,  n.  (Min.)  A delicate  variety  of 


asbestos,  the  fibres  of  which  are  fine  as  flax ; 
amianthus.  “ Earth-flax  or  salamander’s  hair.” 
—See  Amianthus.  Woodward. 

EARTH 'J-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  earthy  ; 
grossness.  More.  Hammond. 

EARTH'LI-NESS,  n.  Worldliness.  Cotgrave. 

EARTH 'LING,  n.  [A.  S.  eorthling,  a farmer.]  An 
inhabitant  of  the  earth  ; a mortal.  Drummond. 

EARTH'LY  (erth'le),  a.  [A.  S.  earth  lie.} 

1.  Belonging  to  or  like  the  earth  or  the  world ; 
not  heavenly. 

If  1 have  told  you  earthly  things,  and  ye  believe  not,  how 
shall  ye  believe  if  1 tell  you  of  heavenly  tilings?  John  iii.  12. 

2.  Corporeal  or  carnal  ; not  spiritual ; not 
mental ; sensual ; sordid  ; worldly  ; vile  ; low. 

Earthly  minds,  like  mud  walls,  resist  the  strongest  bat- 
teries. Locke. 

This  wisdom  descendeth  not  from  above,  but  is  earthly, 
sensual,  devilish.  Jas.  iii.  15. 

3.  Of  any  thing  on  earth.  “ What  earthly 
benefit.”  “ One  earthly  thing  of  use.”  Pope. 

EARTH'LY— MIND-pD,  a.  Having  an  earthly  or 
sensual  mind  ; worldly  ; selfish.  More. 

EARTH'LY—  MIND'JED-NESS,  n.  Worldliness; 
grossness ; sensuality.  Gregory. 

EARTH'— NUT,  n.  A name  given  to  several  vege- 
table productions  grown  under  ground,  as  the 
Bunium  bulbocastanum,  the  Conopodium  flexuo- 
sum,  the  pods  of  the  Arachis  hypogcea,  the  tu- 
bers of  the  Cyprus  rotundus,  &c.  Braude. 

EARTH'— I’EA,  n.  (Bot.)  The  climbing  legumi- 
nous plant  Lathyrus  amphicarpos.  Loudon. 

EARTH'CAUAKE  (erth'kwak),  n.  [ earth  and  quake. 
— A.  S.  eorthe,  earth,  and  cwacian,  to  quake.] 
A shaking,  trembling,  or  violent  agitation,  of 
the  earth,  which  is  often  attended  with  destruc- 
tive consequences,  and  is  one  of  the  most  for- 
midable phenomena  of  nature. 

An  earthquake  is  defined  to  be  a vehement  shake  or  agita- 
tion of  some  considerable  place,  or  part  of  the  earth,  from 
natural  causes,  attended  witli  a huge  noise  like  thunder,  and 
frequently  with  an  eruption  of  water,  or  smoko,  or  winds,  &c. 

Franklin. 

EARTH'— SIIAK-ING,  a.  Shaking  the  earth.  Milton. 

EARTHWARD,  atf.  Towards  the  earth.  Campbell. 

EARTHWORK  (evth'wurk),  n.  (Engineering.) 
That  part  of  the  construction  of  railroads,  ca- 
nals, &c.,  which  requires  the  displacement  of 
earth  by  cuttings  and  embankments.  Weale. 

EARTII'WORM  (erth'wurm),  n.  1.  (Zo  'l.)  A 
worm  that  lives  under  ground,  characterized  by 
a long  cylindrical  body  divided  by  transverse  fur- 
rows into  a great  number  of  rings;  — a name 
given  to  all  the  species  of  the  genus  Lumbricus 
of  Linnaeus.  Brande. 

2.  A sordid  person ; a miser.  Norris. 

EARTH'Y  (erth'e),  a.  1.  Partaking  of  the  sub- 
stance of  the  earth  ; composed  of  earth  ; terrene. 

The  first  man  is  of  the  earth,  earthy.  1 Cor.  xv.  47. 

2.  Inhabiting  the  earth;  pertaining  to  the 
earth  ; terrestrial.  “ Earthy  spirits.”  Dryden. 

And  flaming  ministers,  to  watch  and  tend 

Their  earthy  charge.  Milton. 

3.  Not  refined;  gross;  coarse.  “My  earthy 

gross  conceit.”  Shak. 

EAR'— TRIJM-PIJT,  n.  A trumpet  used  to  assist 
the  hearing.  Gent.  Mag. 

EAR'— WAX  (er' waits),  n.  The  cerumen  or  wax 
formed  in  the  ear.  Ray. 

EARWIG,  n.  [A.  S.  ear-wigga ; eare,  the  ear, 
and  wigga,  a worm  ; Dan.  uhr-wigg.} 

1.  (Ent.)  A well-known  insect,  vulgarly  sup- 
posed to  have  a propensity  to  creep  into  the  ear, 
and  often  found  under  stones  and  beneath  the 
bark  of  trees ; Forflcula  auricularia.  Baird. 

2.  A whisperer;  a prying  informer.  Johnson. 

EAR'— WIT-NESS  (Cr'wlt-nes),  n.  One  who  hears 
or  attests  any  thing  as  heard  by  himself.  Hooker. 

EAR'WORT  (er'wiirt),  n.  (Bot.)  An  herb  reputed 
good  for  deafness ; Hedyotis  auricularia.  Crabb. 

EASjE  (ez),  n.  [A.  S.  cath,  easy.  — Fr.  also.  See 
Easy.] 

1.  Freedom  from  pain  or  suffering. 

Thrive  under  evil,  and  work  ease  out  of  pain 
Through  labor  and  endurance.  Milton. 

2.  Freedom  from  solicitude  or  from  annoy- 
ance ; quiet ; tranquillity. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BIJLL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  9,  9,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  e,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  ^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


EASE 


4G0 


EBB 


Among  these  nations  shalt  thou  find  no  ease,  neither  shall 
the  sole  of  thy  foot  have  rest.  Dent,  xxviii.  G5. 

If  thou  desirest  ease , in  the  first  take  care  of  the  ease  of 
thy  mind,  for  that  will  make  other  sufferings  east/.  Fuller. 

3.  Intermission  of  labor  ; rest ; repose. 

After  no  more  toil. 

Of  their  sweet  gardening  labor,  than  sufficed 

To  recommend  cool  zephyr,  and  made  ease 

More  east/.  Milton. 

The  love  of  ease  is  always  gaining  upon  age. 

4.  Facility  ; exemption  from  difficulty. 

And  winds  with  case 

Through  the  pure  marble  air  his  oblique  way.  Milton. 

5.  Freedom  from  stiffness,  constraint,  or  for- 
mality in  manners,  speech,  or  writing. 

True  ease  in  writing  comes  from  art,  not  chance. 

As  those  move  easiest  who  have  learned  to  dance.  Pope. 

At  ease , free  from  pain  or  from  anxiety  3 Undis- 
turbed 3 tranquil. 

Syn.  — Ease , repose,  quiet,  and  rest , all  imply  a 
motionless  state.  Ease  and  quiet  respect  action  on 
tlie  body  ; rest  and  repose , action  of  the  body.  We 
are  easy  or  quiet  when  freed  from  all  external  agency 
that  is  painful ; we  have  rest  or  repose  when  the  body 
ceases  to  be  in  motion.  — A person  enjoys  ease , or  has 
easiness  of  disposition.  — Easiness  of  an  undertaking  ; 
facility  of  performance.  A person  is  said  to  live  at 
ease , and  to  perform  his  task  with  facility. 

EA§E  (ez),  V.  a.  [l,  EASED  ; pp.  EASING,  EASED.] 

1.  To  free  from  pain,  from  labor,  or  of  any 
burden  ; to  relieve  ; to  disburden  ; to  lighten. 

Now  I have  eased  my  bosom  of  the  pain.  Dry  den. 

I mean  not  that  other  men  be  eased , and  ye  burdened. 

2 Cor.  viii.  13. 

2.  To  assuage  ; to  alleviate ; to  allay ; to  ap- 
pease ; to  mitigate  ; to  soothe  ; to  pacify. 

As  if  with  sports  my  sufferings  I could  ease.  Dryden. 

3.  To  render  less  difficult ; to  facilitate. 

High  over  seas 

Flying,  and  over  lands,  with  mutual  wing 

Easimj  their  flight.  Milton. 

To  ease  off,  or  ease  away,  (JVaut.)  to  slacken  a rope 
gradually. 

Syn.  — See  Redress. 

EA.jjE'FUL  (ez'ful),  a.  Quiet;  peaceable;  fit  for 
rest.  “ Easeful  bed.”  [r.]  Shak. 

EAijE'FUL-LY,  ad.  In  a quiet  manner.  Sherwood. 

EAfjF/FUL-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  at  ease.  Boag. 

EA’§EL  (e'zl),  n.  [Ger.  esel,  an  ass.]  (Paint.) 
The  frame  on  which  a painter  rests  his  picture 
while  at  work  upon  it.  Brande. 

EA^E'LJSS  (ez'les),  a.  Wanting  ease,  [it.]  Donne. 

EA'.^EL— PIECE  (e'zl-pes),  n.  A painting  of  which 
the  size  is  so  small  that  it  may  be  painted  on 
an  easel,  in  contradistinction  to  those  paintings 
which  are  painted  on  the  wall  or  ceiling.  Todd. 

EA§E'M£NT  (ez'ment),  n.  1.  Evacuation  of  ex- 
crement. Sir  T.  Elyot. 

2.  Exemption  from  expenses ; advantage ; 

convenience  ; accommodation ; privilege. 

He  has  the  advantage  of  a free  lodging,  and  some  other 
easements.  Swift. 

3.  Act  of  easing  or  relieving ; relief;  allevia- 

tion ; mitigation.  “ Removal  or  easement  of  his 
affliction.”  Barrow. 

4.  (Laic.)  A convenience,  privilege,  or  ad- 

vantage which  one  neighbor  has  of  another  by 
grant  or  prescription,  as  a way  through  his 
ground,  a sink,  &c.  Brande. 

EA'ijjl-LY,  ad.  In  an  easy  manner ; with  ease. 

EA'§I-NESS,  n.  1.  The  state  of  being  easy  or  not 
difficult ; freedom  or  exemption  from  difficulty  ; 
facility ; ease. 

Easiness  and  difficulty  are  relative  terms.  Tillotson. 

2.  Want  of  firmness;  readiness  of  compli- 
ance; as,  “An  easiness  of  temper.” 

3.  Freedom  from  constraint,  formality,  or  the 
appearance  of  effort. 

Abstruse  and  mystic  thoughts  you  must  express 

With  painful  care,  but  seeming  easiness.  Roscommon. 

Syn.  — See  Ease. 

EAST  (est),  n.  [Goth,  ustan-,  A.  S.  Frs.  east-, 
Dut.  oost ; Ger.  ty  S\v.  ost.  — Fr.  est.) 

1.  The  point  of  the  horizon  at  which  the  sun 
is  seen  to  rise  in  the  equinoxes,  opposite  to  the 
west-,  that  point  of  the  horizon  lying  on  the 
right  hand  when  one’s  face  is  turned  towards 
tbe  north  pole  ; the  point  of  the  compass  in  a di- 
rection at  right-angles  to  that  of  north  and  south. 

2.  The  regions  in  the  eastern  parts  of  the 


world  with  respect  to  Europe,  as  Asia  Minor, 
Syria,  Persia,  India,  China,  &c. 

Or  where  the  goegeous  East , with  richest  hand, 

Showers  on  her  kings  barbaric  pearl  and  gold.  Milton . 

EAST,  a.  Towards  the  rising  sun  ; eastern.  “From 
the  west  . . . unto  the  east  border.”  Ezck.  xlv.  7. 

EAST'ER  (est'er),  n.  [A.  S.  caster,  or  coster,  from 
the  goddess  Eostre,  an  imaginary  deity  wor- 
shipped by  the  Anglo-Saxons,  and  especially 
honored  by  festivities  in  April.  Bede.  — “The 
most  obvious  [derivation]  is  the  A.  S.  yst,  a 
storm,  — the  time  of  Easter  being  subjected  to 
the  continual  recurrence  of  tempestuous  weath- 
er.” P.  Cyc .]  The  day  on  which  the  resur- 
rection of  Christ  is  commemorated ; the  third 
day  after  Good  Friday,  being  the  first  Sunday 
after  the  full  moon  which  happens  upon,  or 
next  after,  the  21st  day  of  March,  corresponding 
in  season  to  the  passover  of  the  Jews. 

EAST'ER— DA  Y,  n.  The  festival  of  Easter.  Drayton. 

EAST'ER— GI'ANT,  n.  ( Bot .)  Snakes-weed ; bis- 
tort ; Polygonum  bistortum.  [No.  Eng.]  Loudon. 

EAST'ER-LING,  n.  1.  A native  of  some  country 
eastward  with  respect  to  another.  Bp.  Taylor. 

2.  A species  of  waterfowl.  Johnson. 

3.  A piece  of  money  coined  in  the  East  by 

Richard  II.  of  England.  Crabb. 

4.  A name  formerly  applied  to  a trader  in 

England  from  Germany  or  the  coasts  of  the 
Baltic.  “Merchants  of  Norway,  Denmark  . . . 
called  . . . easterlings."  Ilolinshed. 

EAST'ER-LING,  a.  Belonging  to  the  money  of 
the  Easterlings,  or  Baltic  traders  : — sterling. 
— See  Sterling.  Todd. 

EAST'ER-Ly,  a.  1.  Coming  from  the  east ; as, 
“ An  easterly  wind.” 

2.  Towards  the  east;  as,  “The  easterly  coast 
of  England”  ; “ An  easterly  direction.” 

EAST'ER-LY,  ad.  In  the  direction  of  the  east. 

EAST'JERN,  a.  [A.  S.  eastern .] 

1.  Belonging  to  the  east;  oriental;  as, 
“ Eastern  nations  ” ; “ Eastern  languages.” 

2.  Towards  the  east ; in  an  easterly  direction  ; 
as,  “Th  e eastern  side”;  “An  eastern  voyage.” 

EAST'ING,  n.  In  navigation  and  surveying,  the  dis- 
tance eastward  from  a given  meridian.  Bowditcli. 

EAST'— IN'S  U-LAR,  a.  Relating  to  the  Eastern 
Islands.  For.  Qu.  Rev. 

t EAST-LAND'ISH,  a.  Relating  to  the  east.  '*  The 
castlundish  and  Low  Dutch.”  Verstegan. 

EAST'WARD,  ad.  Towards  the  east.  Browne. 

EA'iJY  (5'ze),  a.  [Goth,  azets  ; A.  S.  eath,  easy. 
— Chaucer,  eth,eyth.  — Fr.  aiss,  ease.] 

1.  That  is  free  from  difficulty  ; not  difficult. 

A work  though  easy,  yet  withal  very  weighty.  Hooker. 

2.  Exempt  from  disquiet  or  trouble ; quiet ; 
tranquil ; at  rest ; not  harassed  ; not  anxious  ; 
unmolested. 

Keep  their  thoughts  easy  and  free.  Locke. 

3.  Free  from  pain ; as,  “ He  has  suffered 
much  from  the  wound,  but  is  now  easy.” 

4.  Complying;  unresisting;  not  unwilling  ; 
ready ; pliant ; facile ; submissive. 

With  such  deceits  he  gained  their  easy  hearts.  Dryden. 

5.  Free  from  want  or  from  solicitude  as  to 
the  means  of  living  ; comfortable. 

They  should  be  allowed  such  a rent  as  would  make  them 
easy.  & Swift. 

6.  Not  formal;  not  stiff;  unconstrained. 

“ The  easy  vigor  of  a line.”  Pope. 

7.  Not  causing  or  requiring  labor,  fatigue,  or 
discomfort;  as,  “ An  easy  ascent  ” ; “ An  easy 
saddle-horse  ” ; “ Easy  circumstances.” 

8.  Not  hard  to  bear;  not  burdensome  ; light. 

My  yoke  is  easy,  und  my  burden  light.  Matt.  xi.  30. 

9.  (Com.)  Not  straitened  or  restricted  pecun- 
iarily ; as,  “ An  easy  money-market.” 

10.  (Naut.)  Applied  to  a ship  that  moves  over 
the  sea  without  jerking  or  straining.  Brande. 

Syn.  — See  Ease. 

EAT  (et ),v.a.  [Goth.  A.  S.  etan  ; Dut.  eten. — 
Gael.  <Sf  Ir.  ith.  — Gr.  ebio  ; L.  edo.)  [i.  ate  or 
EAT  ; pp.  RATING,  EATEN  Of  EAT.] 

1.  To  take  into  the  mouth  and  swallow  for 
food ; to  chew  and  swallow  as  food. 

Man  did  eat  angels’  food.  Ps.  lxxviii.  25. 


2.  To  consume ; to  corrode ; to  wear  away. 

And  ever  against  eating  cares 
Lap  me  in  sort  Lydian  airs. 

To  cat  one’s  words , to  take  back  or  retract  what 
was  said. 

jQSr*  Grammarians  differ  much  with  respect  to  the 
conjugation  of  this  verb.  Lowth,  Priestley,  Grant, 
Crombie,  Arnold,  and  Bullions  give  i.  ate,  p.  eaten  ; 
Murray  and  Hiley,  i.  ate  or  cat,  p.  eaten  ; G.  Brown 
and  Fowler,  i.  ate  or  eat,  p.  eaten  or  rat ; Latham,  i. 
ate , p.  eaten  or  eat 3 Webster,  i.  ate,  p.  eat  or  eaten ; 
Smart,  i.  eat  or  ate  (et),  p.  Sat  or  eaten.  Smart  re- 
gards ate  and  eaten  obsolescent. 

Syn. — Men  eat  and  are  fed',  infants  are  fed,  but 
cannot  cat.  Men  are  not  properly  said  to  feed  3 beasts 
feed.  In. a metaphorical  sense,  rust  eats  iron  j the 
imagination  feeds  on  romances. 

EAT  (et),  v.  n.  1.  To  take  food  ; to  feed. 

If  any  would  not  work,  neither  should  he  eat.  2 Thess.  iii.  10. 

2.  To  make  way  by  corrosion  ; to  corrode. 

Their  word  will  eat  as  doth  a canker.  2 Tim.  ii.  17. 

EAT'A-BLE  (etVbl),  a.  That  may  be  eaten  ; 
that  may  be  taken  as  food ; esculent.  Iluloet. 

EAT'A-BLE,  n.  Any  thing  that  may  be  eaten. 
“ Eatables  we  brought  away.”  Darnpier. 

EAT'A^rE,  n.  Food  for  horses  and  cattle  from 
the  aftermath.  Todd . 

EAT'EN  (e'tn),  p.  from  cat.  Devoured ; con- 
sumed ; — corroded  ; worn  away.  — See  Eat. 

EAT'ER  (et'er),  n.  [A.  S.  ctere.'] 

1.  One  that  eats,  or  takes  food. 

Be  not  among  wine-bibbers,  among  riotous  eaters  of  flesh. 

Pro v.  xxiii.20. 

2.  That  which  corrodes  ; a corrosive.  Johnson. 

f EATII  (Gth),  a.  [A.  S.  eath.)  Easy.  Spenser. 

EAT'ING  (et'ing),  n.  The  act  of  chewing  and 
swallowing  ; reception  of  food.  Exod.  xii.  4. 

EAT'ING— HOUSE,  n.  A house  to  eat  in ; a 
dining-house.  L’  Estrange. 

EAT'ING— ROOM,  n.  A room  to  eat  in. 

EMU— DE— COLOGNE  (o'de-ko-lon'),  n.  [Fr.,  water 
of  Cologne .]  Cologne  water  ; a perfumed  spirit 
originally  prepared  at  Cologne.  Brande. 

EMU—  DE—  LUCE  (o'de-lus'),  11.  [Fr.]  A strong 

solution  of  ammonia,  scented  with  mastic  and 
oil  of  amber ; — used  in  India  as  a remedy  against 
the  bites  of  poisonous  snakes.  Brande. 

EM  U—  D E—  VIE  (o'de-ve'),  ii.  [Fr.,  water  of  life.) 
The  French  name  for  brandy. 

EM  U — MEDICINML  (o-nied'e-se-ndT),  n.  [Fr., 
medicinal  water.)  A vinous  infusion  of  the 
flowers  of  colchicum  ; — used  for  the  cure  of  the 
gout  and  rheumatism.  " Loudon. 

EAVE§  (evz),  ii.pl.  [A.  >S.  efese,  a brim,  eaves.] 
(Arch.)  The  edges  of  the  roof  of  a building, 
which  usually  project  beyond  the  face  of  the 
walls  so  as  to  throw  off  the  water. 

His  tears  ran  down  his  beard  like  winter  drops 
From  eaves  of  reeds.  Shak. 

EAVEip'— BOARD  (-bord),  n.  (Arch.)  An  arris  fillet 
nailed  across  the  rafters  at  the  eaves  of  a roof  to 
raise  the  lower  course  of  tiles  or  slates.  Francis. 

EAVE^'CAtCH,  n.  (Arch.)  A thick  board  with 
a feather-edge  to  receive  the  lower  course  of 
the  tiles  on  the  roof  of  a house.  3sA. 

EAVESDROP,  v.  n.  To  catch  what  comes  from 
under  the  eaves,  or  to  listen  near  the  windows 
of  a house  to  hear  what  is  said  within  ; to  watch 
for  an  opportunity  to  hear  private  conversation. 

Telling  of  some  politicians  who  were  wont  to  eavesdrop 
in  disguises.  Milton. 

EAVESDROP,  n.  The  water  which  falls  in  drops 
from  the  eaves  of  a house.  Ogilvie. 

EAVE^'DROP-P^R,  n.  One  who  skulks  about  a 
a house  to  listen ; an  insidious  listener. 

Eavesdroj)pers , or  such  as  listen  under  walls  or  windows, 
or  the  eaves  of  a house,  to  hearken  after  discourse,  and  there- 
upon to  frame  slanderous  and  mischievous  tales,  are  a com- 
mon nuisance.  - Blackstone. 

E A VEfji 'DROP-PING,  ii.  1.  The  dropping  of  water 
from  the  eaves  ; — the  drip.of  eaves.  Clarke. 

2.  The  act  of  an  insidious  listener.  Milton. 

EAVES'lAth,  n.  Same  as  Eavescatch.  Ash. 

EBB  (eh),  n.  [A.  S.,  Ger.,  Dut.,  <S,  Dan.  ebbe; 
Sw.  ebb.) 


A,  E,  i,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  Oj  Y,  short;  A,  ?,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure.  — FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; H&IR,  HER; 


EBB 


461 


ECHIDNA 


1.  The  reflux  of  the  tide  towards  the  sea ; — 
opposed  to  flow. 

Hither  the  seas  at  stated  times  resort, 

Then  with  a gentle  ebb  retire  again.  Addison. 

2.  A falling  to  a lower  state ; decline:  decay. 

Painting  was  then  at  its  lowest  ebb.  Dryden. 

EBB  (eb),  v.  n.  [A.  S.  ebban  ; Ger.  § Dut.  ebben .] 

[i.  EBBED  ; pp.  EBBING,  EBBED.] 

1.  To  flow  back  towards  the  sea  ; to  recede  ; 
to  retire  ; as,  “ The  tide  ebbs." 

2.  To  decline  ; to  decay  ; to  decrease.  “ The 

hours  of  life  ebb  fast.”  Blacklock. 

f EBB,  a.  Shallow.  Holland.  Bp.  Hall. 

EBB'ING,  n.  1.  The  reflux  of  the  tide.  Johnson. 
2.  A declining;  a falling  away.  Bp.  Taylor. 

EBB'— TIDE,  n.  The  reflux  of  the  tide.  Falconer. 
EB'EN,  or  EB'ON,  n.  See  Ebony.  Johnson. 

E'BLON-lTE,  n.  ( Eccl . Hist.)  One  of  an  early 
sect  of  Christians,  who  denied  the  divinity  of 
Christ.  Burnet. 

E'BI-ON-lTE,  a.  {Eccl.  Hist.)  Relating  to  the 
sect  called  Ebiomtes.  Whiston. 

EB'LA-NINE,  n.  ( Chern .)  A substance  obtained 
from  pyroxylic  spirit.  Hoblyn. 

EB'ON,  a.  [See  Ebony.]  1.  Dark;  black.  “ Eb- 
on shades.”  Milton.  “ Eion-colored  ink.”  Shak. 
2.  Made  of  ebony.  “ Ebon  arrow.”  Prior. 

£b'ON-IST,  7i.  A worker  in  ebony.  Scott. 

EB'ON-IZE,  v.  a.  To  make  like  ebony,  or  as 
black  as  ebony.  ‘ Smart. 

EB'ON-Y,  n.  [Gr.  cj3evo; ; L.  cbenus ; It.  iS,  Sp. 
ebano ; Fr.  ebene.]  A hard,  heavy,  valuable 
wood,  which  admits  a fine  polish  ; — brought 
principally  from  Madagascar,  Mauritius,  and 
Ceylon.  It  is  of  several  colors,  as  yellow,  red, 
green,  and  black,  of  which  the  last  is  most 
highly  prized.  Weale. 

But  our  captain  counts  the  image  of  God,  nevertheless  his 
image  cut  in  ebony , as  if  done  in  ivory.  Fuller. 

EB'ON-Y— TREE',  71.  The  popular  name  of  the 
Anthyllis  Cretica,  which  grows  in  Crete.  Ogilvie-. 
EBOULEMEJVT  (a-hol-m&ng'),  n.  [Fr.]  ( Fo/t .) 

The  crumbling  of  a wall  or  rampart.  Smart. 
E-BRAC'TE-ATE,  a.  [L.  e,  priv.,  and  bractea,  a 
thin  plate.]  ( Bot .)  Having  no  bracteje  or  floral 
leaves  ; destitute  of  bracts.  Lindlcy. 

E-BRAC'TE-Q-LATE,  a.  {Bot.)  Destitute  of 
bracteoles,  or  little  bracts.  Gray. 

E-BRl'E-TY,  77..  [L.  ebrietas ; It.  ebi-icth ; Sp. 

ebriedad ; Fr.  ibrieti.]  Drunkenness  ; inebri- 
ety ; inebriation  ; intoxication.  Warton. 

F.-BRIL  'LADE  (e-bril'yad),  71.  [Fr.]  {Man.)  A 

check  of  the  bridle,  by  a jerk  of  one  rein,  when 
a horse  refuses  to  turn.  Johnsoi i. 

E-BRI-OS'I-TY,  71.  Habitual  drunkenness  ; ebri- 
ety.  [r.]  Broivne. 

EBRI-OUS,  a.  [L .ebrius;  Sp . ebrioso.]  Drunk; 
intoxicated  ; — habitually  intemperate.  S/na/'t. 

t E-BULT/IATE,  v.  71.  [L.  ebullio,  to  boil  up.] 

To  boil  or  bubble  up ; to  effervesce.  Prynne. 

E-BULL'IENCE  (e-bul'yens),  n.  Ebullition;  ebull- 
iency. [it.]  Coleridye. 

E-BULL'IEN-CY  (e-bul'yen-se),  n.  [L.  ebullio, 
ebullicns,  to  boil  up.]  Operation  of  boiling 
over ; ebullition ; effervescence ; ebullience. 

“ Ebulliency  of  their  fancy.”  [r.]  Cudworth. 

E-BULL'IENT  (e-bul'yent),  a.  Boiling  over;  boil- 
ing or  bubbling  up.  Young. 

EB-UL-Ll''TION  (eb-u-lTsh'un),  71.  [L.  ebullitio ; 

bulla,  a bubble;  It.  ebullizione ; Sp  . ebullicion; 
Fr.  ebullition.'] 

1.  The  motion  produced  in  a liquid  by  the 
rapid  conversion  of  a part  of  it  into  vapor 
which  escapes ; operation  of  boiling  up  with 
heat. 

2.  Any  motion  similar  to  that  of  boiling,  as 
that  produced  by  fermentation ; effervescence. 

lion  in  aqua  fortis  will  full  into  ebullition.  Browne. 

3.  A sudden  outburst ; outbreak  ; effort. 

The  greatest  ebullitions  of  imagination.  Johnson. 
Syn.  — Ebullition,  fermentation,  and  effervescence 
have  strong  resemblances,  and  yet  strong  characteris- 
tic differences.  Water  is  in  a state  of  ebullition  when 
acted  upon  by  great  heat,  so  as  to  be  boiling- ; liquids 


are  in  a state  of  effervescence  when  gaseous  matter  is 
caused  to  escape  from  them  by  heat  or  by  fermenta- 
tion ; wine,  beer,  &c.,  undergo  fermentation. 

E-BUR'NE-AN,  a.  [L.  eburneus;  ebur,  ivory.]  Re- 
lating to,  or  consisting  of,  ivory.  Smart. 

E-CAU'DATE,  a.  [L.  e,  priv.,  and  cauda,  a tail.] 
{Bot.)  Without  a tail  or  spur.  Craig. 

EC'BA-SIS,  n.  [Gr.  the  issue  or  event  of 

a matter;  «/3«bw,  to  go  out  from.]  {Rhet.)  A 
figure  by  which  the  orator  treats  of  things  ac- 
cording to  their  issue  or  consequence.  Smart. 

EC-BAT'IC,  a.  {Gram.)  Noting  a form  of  expres- 
sion which  implies  a consequence;  — distin- 
guished from  telic,  which  implies  an  end  or 
purpose,  [r.]  Stuart. 

EC'BO-LE,  7i.  [Gr.  eKpol.fj.]  {Rhet.)  A digression 
or  figure  by  which  the  narrator  introduces  an- 
other person  speaking  his  own  words.  Smart. 

EC-CA-LE-O'BI-ON,  n.  [Gr.  eKtcal.itn,  to  call  out, 
and  @io;,  life.]  A contrivance  for  hatching  eggs 
by  artificial  heat ; egg-hatching  machine.  Clarke. 

EC'QE  HO 'MO.  [L.,  Behold  the  man.]  The 
name  of  any  painting  which  represents  our  Sa- 
viour given  up  to  the  people  by  Pilate.  Crabb. 

EC-CEN  TRIC,  ? n_  iKKtvTpos ; etc,  from, 

EC-CEN'TRI-CAL,  ) and  Kevrpov,  a centre;  L.  ec- 
centros ; It.  eccentrico ; Sp.  excentrico ; Fr.  ex- 
centrique.] 

1.  Deviating  from  the  true  line  of  a circle  ; as, 
“The  planets  do  not  move  in  circular,  but  in 
elliptical  or  eccentric  orbits.” 

2.  Not  having  the  same  centre  ; — opposed  to 
concentric. 

Whence  is  it  that  planets  move  alt  one  and  tire  same  way 
in  nrbs  concentric,  while  comets  move  all  manner  of  ways  in 
orbs  very  eccentric ? Fcvjton. 

3.  Of  a different  nature  ; contrary. 

His  own  ends  must  needs  be  often  eccentric  to  the  ends  of 
liis  master.  Bacon. 

4.  Deviating  from  the  common  course  or 
method  ; irregular  ; abnormal  ; anomalous  ; pe- 
culiar ; singular;  odd;  strange;  as,  “An  ec- 
centric person  ” ; “ Ecce/itric  conduct.” 

Syn.  — See  Particular,  Odd. 

EC-C£N'TRIC,  71.  1.  A circle  not  having  the  same 
centre  with  another  circle,  when  one  lies  within 
the  other.  Bacon. 

2.  He  who,  or  that  which,  deviates  from  the 
usual  method,  or  common  standard.  Hammond. 

3.  {Met h.)  Apart 
of  a steam  engine, 
by  which  the  valves 
are  made  to  open 
and  close  alternate- 
ly, being  a circular 

disk,  attached  to  the  Eccentric  of  a steam-engine.  • 
crank-shaft,  and  revolving  within  a strap  or 
ring,  and  having  its  axis  of  revolution  on  one 
side  of  the  centre.  Weale. 

EC-CEN'TRI-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  an  eccentric  man- 
ner. “ Eccentrically  wild.”  Lloyd. 

EC-CEN'TRIC— GEAR,  7i.  {Machinery.)  The  parts 
which  transmit  the  motion  of  an  eccentric. 
EC-(?EN-TRl£'j-TY,  n.  [It.  eccentricita-,  Sp.  ex- 
ccn.tr/cidad ; Fr.  exce/itricite.] 

1.  The  quality  of  being  eccentric  ; deviation 

from  a centre.  Jolmson. 

2.  The  state  of  having  a centre  different  from 

that  of  another  circle.  Holder. 

3.  Irregularity  ; singularity  ; oddness. 

Akenside  was  a young  man,  warm  with  every  notion  con- 
nected with  liberty,  and,  by  an  eccentricity  which  such  dis- 
positions do  not  easily  avoid,  a lover  of  contradiction.  Johnson. 

4.  {Astron.)  The  distance  between  the  cen- 

tre of  a planet’s  orbit  and  the  centre  of  the  sun, 
or  the  distance  between  the  centre  of  an  ellipse 
and  either  of  its  foci.  Harris. 

Eccentricity  of  a conic  section,  IGeom.)  the  ratio  of 
the  distance  between  the  foci  to  the  transverse  axis. 

Eliot. 

EC-CEN 'TRIC— ROD,  n.  {Mech.)  The  rod  that 
transmits  the  motion  of  an  eccentric.  Weale. 
EC-CEN 'TRIC— STRAP,  71.  The  band  of  iron 
which  embraces  the  circumference  of  an  eccen- 
tric, and  within  which  it  moves.  Weale. 

EC-CEN'TRIC— WHEEL,  n.  {Mech.)  A wheel 

which  is  fixed  on  an  axis  that  does  not  pass 
through  the  centre.  Ogilvie. 


EC’QE  S/G'JVUM.  [L.]  See  the  sign  or  proof. 

EC-CIIY-MO  SIS,  71.  [Gr.  ; tn^bio,  to  pour 

out.]  {Med.)  Extravasation  of  blood  into  the 
cellular  membrane,  as  produced  by  blows  and 
bruises.  Braude. 

EC-CLE ' '§I-A  (ek-kle'zlie-j),  71.  [Gr.  hodrjaia  ; L. 
ecclesia,  an  assembly.] 

1.  {Grecian  Antiq.)  The  great  assembly  of 

the  Athenian  people,  at  which  every  free  citizen 
might  attend  and  vote.  Brancle. 

2.  A church  ; a congregation.  P.  Cyc. 

EC-CLE'§I-AL,  a.  Ecclesiastical.  Milton. 

EC-CLE'^I-AN,  71.  One  who  holds  or  maintains 
the  principle  of  ecclesiastical  domination  over 
the  civil  power.  Smart. 

EC-CLE'fjil-ARjEH,  7i.  [Gr.  iKKl.r/oia,  an  assembly, 
and  ap^dj,  a leader.]  A ruler  of  a church.  Ash. 

EC-CLE'§I-AST,  7i.  1.  + Ecclesiastes.  Chaucer. 

2.  A priest ; an  ecclesiastic.  “ A Greek  ec- 
clesiast.”  Ed.  Rev. 

EC-CLE-§I-AS'TE§  (ek-kle-ze-as'tez),  71.  [Gr.  k- 
Khtaiaorris,  a preacher.]  One  of  the  canonical 
books  of  the  Old  Testament. 

EC-CLE-?I-AS'TIC,  [Gr. 

EC-CLE-S?!-AS  TI-CAL,  ) Ik,  out  or  forth,  and  kol- 
l.iu),  to  call,  to  summon;  L.  ecclesiasticus ; It. 
ecclesiastico  ; Sp.  eclesiastico  ; Fr.  ecclesiastique.] 
Relating  to,  or  appropriated  to,  the  church  ; not 
civil  or  secular.  “ Ecclesiastic  government.” 
“ Ecclesiastical  writers.”  Swift. 

Ecclesiastical  courts,  courts  in  which  causes  relating 
to  matters  of  the  church  are  determined  according  to 
the  canon  law.  — Ecclesiastical  states,  the  states  under 
the  temporal  jurisdiction  of  tile  Pope. 

EC-CLE-?!-AS'TIC  [elc-kle-ze-as'tjk,  S.  J.  E.  IC. ; 
elc-kle-zhe-as'tjic,  IF.  F.  ja.  ; ek-kle-ze-as'tik, 
Sm. ; ek-kle-ze-as'tjk,  P.  K.],  71.  A person  ded- 
icated to  the  service  of  the  church  and  the  min- 
istry of  religion  ; a priest  ; a clergyman,  or  re- 
ligious teacher,  connected  with  an  episcopacy. 
— See  Clergyman.  Bui-net. 

EC-CLE-§I-AS'TI-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  accordance 
with  the  church.  Bp.  Taylor. 

EC-CLE-§I-AS'TI-CI§M,  71.  Adherence  to  the 
principles  of  the  church.  IV.  Brit.  Rev. 

EC-CLE-^I-AS'TI-CUS,  71.  [L.,  from  Gr.  tKKl.yaiaa- 
tikHs.]  One  of  the  books  of  the  Apocrypha. 

EC-CLE-S!-0-LO£'i-CAL,  a.  [See  Ecclesiolo- 
gy.]  Relating  to  ecclesiology.  Qu.  Rev. 

EC-CLE-§I-0L'0-9lST,  71.  One  versed  in  eccle- 
siology. F.  A.  Palcy. 

EC-CLE-§!-OL'Q-<?Y,  77.  [Gr.  iKKl.ticrla,  the  church, 
and  l.dyog,  a discourse.]  A discourse  concern- 
ing the  church,  or  church  edifices ; the  science 
which  relates  to  church  edifices.  ' Faber. 

EC'CO-PE,  7i.  [Gr.  Ik,  from,  and  k6-kt<i>,  to  cut.] 
(Surg.)  Act  of  cutting  out:  — a perpendicular 
division  of  the  cranium  by  a cutting  instrument. 

„ Dwigliso7i. 

EC-CO-PRO  P'lC,  > a.  [Qr.  fV)  fronlj  an(p 

EO-CO-PROT'J-CAL,  > Kiwpo v,  excrement.]  (Med.) 
Gently  purging ; slightly  purgative,  [r.]  Ash. 

EC-CO-PROT'IC,  ii.  (Med.)  A mild  purgative  or 
laxative  medicine.  Dunglison. 

EC-CRI-NOL'O-GYi  ft-  [Gr.  I KKpiito,  to  secrete, 
and  ).6yof,  a discourse.]  (Med.)  A treatise  on 
secretions.  Dunglison. 

EC' CRI-SIS,  n.  [Gr.  cKKptois ; irend-w,  to  separate.] 
(Med.)  Excretion  of  any  excrementitious  or 
morbific  matter.  Dunglison. 

EC'DY-SIS,  n.  [Gr.  exSvoi; ; IkIOw,  to  strip  off.] 
The  "sloughing  or  moulting  of  the  skin,  as  in 
serpents ; desquamation.  Dunglison. 

E^HF.LOJV  (esh'e-Iong),  n.  [Fr.,  round  or  step  of 
a ladder .]  (Mil.)  The  position  of  an  army  when 
its  divisions  are  so  formed  as  to  be  behind  one 
another  in  the  form  of  steps.  Brande. 

E-eillD  ’JVA,  n.  [Gr.  CX" 3- 
va,  a viper.]  ( Zoidl .)  A 
genus  of  ovoviviparous 
mammals,  found  in  Aus- 
tralia. They  have  the 

general  form  of  the  ant-  Ecliidua  hystrix. 


IUiEN,  SIR;  WOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — Q,  9,  9,  g,  soft;  C,  fi,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  7. ; as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


ECIIINATE 


462 


ECONOMY 


eater,  but  are  covered  with  spines,  and  hence, 
among  the  colonists  of  Australia,  the  animal  is 
known  by  the  name  of  porcupine,  or  porcupine 
ant-eater.  Waterhouse. 

EGII'I-NATE,  or  U-EIII'NATE,  ) a_  [Qr.  Ixi- 

EGH'I-NAT-ED,  or  E-£HI'NAT-ED,  > i/oj;  L.echi- 
natus,  set  with  prickles ; echinus,  a 
hedgehog.]  {Nat.  Hist.)  Bristled  j||p||||| 
like  a hedgehog ; covered  with  sharp 
points  ; bristly.  Woodward. 

E-eniN'  1-DJE,  n.  pi.  (Zoiil.)  A family  of  radi- 

ated animals,  including,  and  resembling,  the 
sea  hedgehog.  horbes. 

E-G HIN'I-DAN,  n.  {Pal.)  A fossil  animal  re- 
sembling the  echinus.  Buckland. 

jE-£HlN'J-TAL,  a.  Relating  to,  or  like,  the  echi- 
nus or  the  echinite.  Roberts. 


EGII'IN-ITE,  n.  {Pal.)  A calcareous  petrifaction 
of  the  echinus,  or  sea-hedgehog.  Hamilton. 

E-EHIN-O-CAC'TUS,  n.  [Gr.  fytvos,  a hedgehog, 
and  kuktos,  a prickly  plant.]  (Bot.)  A genus 
of  plants  remarkable  for  the  form  of  their 
stems,  and  for  the  curious  manner  in  which 
their  spines  are  arranged;  the  hedgehog-thistle. 

P.  Cyc. 

5-EHIN'O-DERM,  n.  [Gr.  ty'nos,  a hedgehog,  and 
Slppa,  the  skin.]  One  of  the  Echinodermata. 

Forbes. 

E-CHpN'-O-DF.R'jUJt-T A,  n.  pi.  [See  Eciiino- 
derm.]  (Zo'jl.)  A class  of  invertebrate  radi- 
ated animals,  whose  bodies  are  protected  by  a 
crustaceous  covering.  Forbes. 

ECH-Ijr-OPII' O-RA,  7i.pl.  [Gr.  the  hedge- 

hog, and  ipepui,  to  bear.]  {Bot.)  A genus  of  um- 
belliferous perennial  herbs,  including  the  sea- 
parsnip  or  sea  prickly  samphire.  Loudon. 

E-£HI'NOPS,  n.  [Gr.  f^iro.-,  a hedgehog,  and 
otfis,  appearance.]  {Bot.)  A genus  of  plants ; 
the  globe-thistle.  Loudon. 

E-£HlN'y;LATE,  a.  [See  Echinate.]  {Bot.) 
Beset  with  small  prickles.  Gray. 


E-eili'JYUS  (e-kl'nus),  n. ; pi.  E-fiil'yl. 
from  Gr.  lx‘v°St  a hedgehog.] 

1.  {Zoiil.)  A genus  of  Echin- 

odermata having  a symmetri- 
cal globose-depressed  form, 
an  inferior  central  mouth,  a 
superior  central  anus,  and 
numerous  short  spines;  sea- 
urchin  ; sea-hedgehog ; sea- 
egg.  Forbes. 

2.  {Bot.)  The  prickly  head  of  a plant,  or  the 

cover  of  the  seed.  Johnson. 

3.  (Arch.)  A moulding  ; the  ovolo  or  quarter 
round  carved  with  eggs  and  anchors.  Braude. 


Edible  sea-urchin 
( Echinus  esculentus). 


{Mas.)  A kind  of  scale  to  measure  the  duration 
of  sounds  and  to  ascertain  their  intervals  and 
ratio.  Brande. 

E-JCHOM'E-TRY,  7i.  1.  The  art  of  measuring  the 
duration  of  sounds.  Craig. 

2.  The  art  of  constructing  vaults  to  produce 
echoes.  Todd. 

ECLAIRCISSEMENT  (e-klir'sjs-imlug'  or  e-klir'- 
sjz-ment)  [ek-klar'sjz-ment,  W.  Ja.  ; ek-klersiz- 
ment,  S. ; ek-kl&r'sis-nion,  P.  ; ek-klar'sjz-mong, 
J.  S/n. ; ck-klar-sjz-mong'  or  ek-klar'sjs-ment,  K. ; 
e-klar'sjz-m&ng,  E.],  7i.  [Fr.]  Explanation; 

the  act  of  clearing  up  an  affair. 

I will  follow-  your  exumple  in  the  frankness  and  openness 
of  this  eclaircissemcni.  Warburton. 

BCJF  “ This  word,  though  long  in  use,  is  not  yet 
naturalized.  Every  syllable  but  the  last  may  he  per- 
fectly pronounced  by  an  Englishman  who  does  not 
speak  French  ; but  this  syllable,  having  a nasal  vowel, 
not  followed  by  hard  tor;  (see  Encore),  is  an  in- 
superable difficulty  ; the  nearest,  sound  to  it  would 
perhaps  be  to  make  it  rhyme  with  tony  and  strong. 
But  a speaker  would,  perhaps,  risk  less  by  pronounc- 
ing it  like  an  English  word  at  once,  than  to  imitate 
the  French  sound  awkwardly.”  Walker. 

E-CLAfR'CIZE,  v.  a.  [Fr.  eclair cir ; clair,  clear.] 
To  clear  from  obscurity  ; to  make  clear;  to  ex- 
plain. Craig.  N.  Y.  Indcpetident. 

EO-LA MP'SY,  71.  [Gr.  tKl.aptf.ts ; UHdpctrut,  to  shine.] 
{Med.)  A flashing  of  light,  such  as  is  symp- 
tomatic of  .epilepsy.  S/nart. 

E-cliAT'  /e-kla’)  [e-kla',  P.  J.  Ja.  Sm.  JVb. ; 

' e-kllw  , S.  W.  E.  F.  if.],  n.  [Fr.] 

1.  Striking  effect ; brilliancy  ; splendor  ; lus- 
tre ; as,  “ The  eclat  of  a great  achievement.” 

2.  Noise;  acclamation;  renown;  applause; 
as,  “ The  speech  was  received  with  great  eclat.” 

EC-LEC'TIC,  a.  [Gr.  IkU  fir  t Kill ; Ik). i -/Cl),  to  choose  ; 
lt.ee/ettico-,  Sp.  eclectico ; Fr.  eclectique.]  Se- 
lecting ; choosing ; — applied  particularly  to 
certain  ancient  philosophers  who  professed  to 
choose  what  was  good  from  all  sects.  “ Cicero 
was  of  the  eclectic  sect.”  Watts. 

EC-LEC'TIC,  7i.  1.  One  of  a class  of  ancient  philos- 
ophers, who  professed  to  be  of  no  one  sect,  but 
to  choose  what  was  good  from  all  sects  ; — one 
who  selects  his  opinions  from  those  of  others, 
or  from  different  sources.  Bra7ide. 

2.  One  of  a sect  in  the  Christian  church,  who 
considered  the  doctrine  of  Plato  conformable  to 
the  spirit  of  the  Christian  doctrine.  Buck. 

3.  One  of  a sect  of  physicians  among  the  an- 
cients. Todd. 

EC-LEC'TI-CAL-EY,  ad.  By  the  way  of  choosing 
or  selecting;  in  the  manner  of  the  eclectical 
philosophers.  Oyilvie. 

£C-LEC'TI-CI§M,  7i.  [Fr.  iclectismed)  The  habit  or 
the  principle  of  selecting  from  different  sources  ; 
the  eclectic  system  of  philosophy.  Ed.  Rev. 


ECHT-UM,  7i.  [Gr.  e^i!,  a viper.]  (Bot.)  A genus 
of  shrubby  plants  ; viper’s-bugloss.  Loudon. 

EjCH'O  (ek'o),  71. ; pi.  EjCII'oe?.  [Gr.  ; L. 
echo-,  It.  eco,  ecco-,  Sp.  eco;  Fr.  echo.] 

1.  A sound  reflected  from  a distant  surface, 

and  repeated  to  the  ear ; the  repercussion  of 
sound ; the  sound  returned.  » 

Babbling  Echo  mocks  the  hounds, 

Replying  shrilly  to  the  well-tuned  horns.  Shak. 

2.  (Myth.)  A nymph,  who  pined  into  a sound 
for  love  of  Narcissus. 

Sweet  Echo , sweetest  nymph,  that  liv’st  unseen 

Within  thy  airy  shell.  Milton. 

3.  (Arch.)  A vault  or  arch  made  for  the  pur- 
pose of  producing  echoes.  Brande. 

EjEH'O  (ek'o),  v.  n.  [i.  echoed  ; pp.  echoing, 

ECHOED.] 

1.  To  give  the  repercussion  of  sound ; to  re- 
turn a sound  ; to  resound. 

At  the  parting 

All  the  church  echoed.  Shah. 

2.  To  be  sounded  back.  Blacktnore. 

To  sounds  which  echo  farther  west 

Than  your  sires’  “ Islands  of  the  Blest.”  Byron. 

EEH'O,  v.  a.  To  send  back,  as  a sound  or  voice. 

Those  peals  are  echoed  by  the  Trojan  throng.  Dryden. 

EEH'O-LESS,  a.  Having  no  echo.  Byrom. 

B-GHOM'B-TBR  (e-kom'e-ter),  n.  [Gr. 

sound,  and  ylrpov,  a measure  ; Fr.  i-chometre.) 


EC-LEGM'  (ek-lem'),  n.  [Gr.  UXtiypa-  to 

lick  up  ; i.  e.  a medicine  that  melts  in  the  mouth ; 
L.  ecligma ; Fr.  eclegrtie.]  (Med.)  A medicine 
made  of  oils  and  sirups.  Quincy. 

EC-LIP-SA'RIJ-ON,  n.  An  instrument  for  show- 
ing the  phenomena  of  eclipses.  Ferguson. 


B-CLlPSE'  (e-klips'),  71.  [Gr. 
eKl.utf.is ; Ultimo,  to  cease,  to||| 
fail ; L.  eclipsis  ; It.  cclissi ; 

Sp  .eclipse-,  Fr.  eclipse.] 

1.  (Astron.)  An  obstruc- 
tion  or  obscuration  of  the?*]; 
light  of  a heavenly  body  by 
the  intervention  of  another 


Fig.  l. 


M 


Fig.  2. 


body  ; thus,  S representing  the  sun,  M the  moon, 
and  E the  earth,  Fig.  1,  in  which  the  moon  is 
interposed  between  tile  sun  and  the  earth,  shows 
an  eclipse  of  the  sun ; and  Fig.  2,  in  which  the 
earth  is  interposed  between  the  sun  and  the 
moon,  shows  an  eclipse  of  the  moon.  Brande. 

2.  Obscuration ; darkness. 


Eight,  the  prime  work  of  God,  to  me  is  extinct, 
Irrecoverably  dark,  total  eclipse.  Milton. 

E-CLIPSE'  (e-klips'),  v.  a.  [i.  ECLirsED ; pp. 
ECLIPSING,  ECLIPSED.] 

1.  To  darken  or  obscure  by  intercepting  the 
light  from  a luminous  body  ; as,  “ The  sun  is 
eclipsed  by  tbe  moon.” 

2.  To  render  less  striking  or  dazzling ; to  ob- 
scure ; to  cloud ; to  veil. 


He  eclipsed  the  glory  of  bis  divine  majesty  with  a veil  of 
flesh.  (,'ulumn . 

3.  To  throw  into  shade  or  obscurity;  to  degrade. 

Another  now  hath  to  himself  engrossed 

All  power,  and  us  eclipsed.  Milton. 

4.  To  put  out;  to  extinguish.  “Born  to 

eclipse  thy  life.”  [r.]  Shak. 

E-CLIPSE'  (e-klips'),  v.  n.  To  suffer  an  eclipse. 

The  laboring  moon 

Eclipses  at  their  charms.  Milton. 

E-CLIP'TJC,  a.  [Gr.  UlentriKis,  relating  to  an 
eclipse  ; Ultimo,  to  cease,  to  fail;  L .eclipticus; 
Fr.  ecliptique.] 

1.  Relating  to,  or  described  by,  the  ecliptic. 

“ Ecliptic  way.”  Blackrnore. 

2.  In  eclipse;  obscured;  clouded;  darkened. 

“ Ecliptic  condition.”  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

Ecliptic  digit,  the  12th  part  of  the  diameter  of  the 
sun  or  moon,  a term  used  to  define  the  magnitude  of 
an  eclipse.  . Brande. 

ly-CI.i  P'Tj C,  n.  ( Astron .)  An  imaginary  great 
circle  of  the  sphere,  or  of  the  heavens,  repre- 
senting the  path  which  the  earth  describes 
among  the  fixed  stars  in  its  annual  revolution 
about  the  sun,  and  intersecting  the  equinoctial 
at  an  angle  of  about  23°  28' ; the  apparent  path 
of  the  sun  about  the  earth;  — so  called  because 
eclipses  happen  only  when  the  moon  is  in  the 
same  plane  or  very  near  it.  Brande. 

EC'LOGUE  (ek'log),  n.  [Gr.  Uloyrj,  choice  ; L. 
ecloga.]  A pastoral  poem  ; a bucolic.  Pope. 

The  persons,  who  are  introduced  conversin'?  in  eclogues , or 
whose  adventures  are  recounted  in  them,  are  shepherds. 

Brande. 

||  EC-O-NOM'IC,  a.  Economical.  “Economic  art.” 
— See  Economical.  Davies. 

||  EC-O-NOM'I-CAL,  or  E-CO-NOM'I-CAL  [ek-o- 
riom'c-kril,  W.  J.  F.  Ja.  Sm. ; e-ko-nom'e-k?l,  S.  E. 
if.],  a.  [Gr.  otKovoptKis ; L.  mconomicus  ; It.  Sj Sp. 
economico-,  Fr.  economique.- — See  Economy.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  regulation  of  a house- 
hold. “ Economical  affairs.”  Watts. 

2.  Careful  in  expenditures ; not  wasteful  or 
extravagant ; frugal ; thrifty  ; sparing ; saving ; 
as,  “An  economical  servant  or  housekeeper.” 

3.  Managed  with  frugality  ; as,  “ An  econom- 
ical establishment.” 

Syn.  — See  Frugal. 

||  EC-O-NpM'J-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  an  economical  or 
frugal  manner ; with  economy. 

||  EC-O-NOM'ICS,  7i.pl.  Household  management. 
“ In  politics  and  economics.”  Knox. 

E-CON'Q-MfST,  7i.  1.  A frugal  manager  of  do- 
mestic or  public  affairs.  Goldsmith. 

2.  One  versed  in  political  economy.  Snuirt. 

E-CON-O-MI-ZA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  economiz- 
ing or  managing  frugally.  Ed.  Rev. 

JJ-CON'O-MIZE,  V.  a.  [i.  ECONOMIZED  ; pp.  ECON- 
OMIZING, economized.]  To  manage  frugally  ; 
to  employ  with  economy  ; to  save.  “To  econ- 
omize time  or  money.”  Todd. 

E-CON 'O-MIZE,  v.  n.  To  be  prudent  or  frugal  in 
expenditures ; to  be  economical.  “ lie  does 
not  know  how  to  economize.”  Sma7-t. 

E-CON'O-MY,  71.  [Gr.  oiKttvopia ; o'ikos,  a house, 
and  vopds,  a rule  or  law ; L.  ceconomia ; It.  <Sf  Sp. 
economia ; Fr.  economic.] 

1.  The  management  of  a family. 

By  St.  Paul’s  economy,  the  heir  differs  nothin"  from  a 
servant.  Bp.  Taylor. 

2.  Thrifty  management ; frugality  in  the  use 
of  money,  time,  and  labor. 

I have  no  other  notion  of  economy  titan  that  it  is  the  parent 
of  liberty  and  ease.  Swift. 

3.  Disposition,  regulation,  or  arrangement  of 
things,  whether  in  the  works  of  nature  or  of 
man;  as,  “Animal  economy”  ; “Vegetable 
economy  ” ; “ The  Jewish  economy.” 

This  economy  must  be  observed  in  the  minutest  parts  of 
an  epic  poem.  Leyden. 

Political  economy,  tile  science  which  investigates 
the  circumstances  most  favorable  to  the  production  of 
national  wealth,  and  the  laws  which  determine  its 
distribution  among  the  different  ranks  and  orders  of 
society.  Brande. 

Syn.  — Economy  is  more  comprehensive  than  fru- 
gality. It  includes  frugality,  and  implies  a prudent 
management  of  affairs.  Frugality  is  care  in  avoiding 
needless  expense.  Economy  and  frugality  are  virtues  ; 
parsimony,  which  is  an  excessive  and  penurious  fru- 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  lony ; A,  E,  I.  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  E,  J,  O,  IT,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


ECORCHE 


463 


EDGE-RAIL 


gality,  is  a vice.  The  term  economy  is  variously  ap- 
plied, as  the  economy  of  a family,  of  a government,  of 
nature,  or  of  the  universe  ; the  management  of  busi- 
ness. A judicious  economy,  proper  frugality ; mean 
parsimony . 

ECORCHE  (a-kbr'sha),  re.  [Fr.]  A representa- 
tion of  the  human  figure  without  skin,  for  the 
study  of  the  muscles.  Eairholt. 

ECOUTE  (i-kot'),  re.  [Fr.,  a place  for  listening.'] 
{Fort.)  A small  gallery  in  front  of  the  glacis  of 
a fortification,  serving  to  annoy  or  to  interrupt 
the  miners  of  the  enemy.  Stocqucler. 

EC'PHA-SIS,  n.  [Gr.  cKi/taats ; iietpaivio,  to  show 
forth.]  An  explicit  declaration.  Clarke. 

EC-PHO-NE  'JIM,  re.  [Gr.  Uipmeypa  ; etc,  from,  and 
(fnovy,  voice.]  . ( Rhet .)  A breaking  out  of  the 
voice  with  some  interjectional  particle ; excla- 
mation. Crabb. 

EC'PHO-NEME,  re.  [Gr.  (Kt/nivtipa.]  (Gram.)  The 
mark  of  exclamation  [ ! ];  used  to  denote  emo- 
tion, surprise,  or  wonder.  G.  Brown. 

EC-PHO-JVE'SIS,  re.  [Gr.  iK^invyais.]  (Bhet.)  A 
figure  of  speech  which  consists  of  an  exclama- 
tion used  by  the  orator  to  express  strong  emo- 
tion. Crabb. 

EC-PHRAc'TIC,  a.  [Gr.  tV^edffaa),  to  remove  ob- 
structions.] {Mecl.)  . Having  the  property  of 
dissolving  or  attenuating  viscid  matter  and  of 
removing  obstructions  ; attenuating  ; deobstru- 
ent. Harvey. 

JJC-PIIRAc'TICS,  n.  pi.  {Med.)  Attenuating  med- 
icines. Quincy. 

EC-PHY-SE'SIS,  re.  [Gr.  iKipba,t<ns.]  (Med.)  A 
quick  breathing.  - Maunder. 

EC-PY-RO'SIS,  re.  [Gr.  E/cn-fcpuais.]  Destruction 
by  fire.  St.  John. 

EC-RHYTH'MUS,  re.  [Gr.  (VpuOpof ; U,  from,  and 
jjvOg if?,  regular  motion.]  {Med.)  An  irregular 
or  disordered  pulse.  Crabb. 

EC'STA-SIED  (eks'tH-sId),  a.  Filled  with  ecstasy. 
“ The  most  ecstasied  soul  on  earth.”  Norris. 

EC'STA-SIZE,  v.  a.  To  fill  with  ecstasy  or  ex- 
cessive joy.  [r.]  F.  Butler. 

EC'STA-SY,  re.  [Gr.  htrratn;,  displacement ; he, 
out,  and  iarypi,  to  place  ; L.  ecstasis  ; It.  cstasi ; 
Sp.  extasi ; Fr.  extase.] 

1.  A state  in  which  the  mind  is  so  absorbed 
or  lost  that  the  ordinary  objects  of  the  senses 
do  not  affect  it ; a trance. 

Whether  what  we  call  ecstasy  be  not  dreaming  with  our 
eyes  open  I leave  to  be  examined.  Locke. 

2.  Excessive  joy ; rapture  ; transport ; delight ; 
enthusiasm. 

The  religious  pleasure  of  a well-disposed  mind  docs  not 
affect  by  rapture  and  ecstasy,  but  is  like  the  pleasure  of  health, 
still  anil  sober.  South. 

Or  waked  to  ecstasy  the  living  lyre.  Gray. 

3.  f Madness.  “ Blasted  with  ecstasy.”  Shak. 

Syn.  — Ecstasy , rapture , and  transport  all  denote 

an  extraordinary  emotion,  or  excessive  mental  excite- 
ment. Ecstasy  and  rapture  are  always  pleasurable ; 
as,  “ Great  joy  produces  ecstasy  or  rapture Trans- 
port is  applied  both  to  pleasurable  and  to  painful  feel- 
ings ; transports  of  joy,  rage,  or  anger.  'Trance  is  an 
ecstatic,  temporary  view  of  the  spiritual  world. 

f EC'STA-SY,  v.  a.  To  fill  with  rapture.  Scott. 

EC-SrAT  IC,  ) [Gr.  eKarariKtig ; It.  estati - 

£C-STAT'l-CAL,  ) co ; Sp.  extatico ; Fr.  exto- 
tique.  — See  Ecstasy.] 

1.  Completely  absorbing;  entrancing. 

There  doth  my  soul  in  holy  vision  sit. 

In  pensive  trance,  and  anguish,  and  ecstatic  fit.  Milton. 

2.  Filling  with  ecstasy  or  excessive  joy  ; trans- 
porting ; ravishing.  “ Ecstatic  dreams.”  Pope. 

3.  f Tending  to  external  objects.  Norris. 

JJC-STAT'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  an  ecstatic  manner  ; 

ravishingly  ; rapturously  ; delightedly. 

EC'TA-SIS,  re.  [Gr.  hcraait,  ,*  bcrcivui , to  extend.] 
{Pros.)  The  lengthening  of  a syllable  from 
short  to  long.  ~ Craig. 

EC-THUP  ’SIS,  re.  [Gr.  1VM4 1;  ; hcQUfhn,  to  de- 
stroy.] {Latin  Pros.)  The  elision  of  the  final 
syllable  of  a word  ending  in  rn,  when  the  next 
word  begins  with  a vowel.  Scudamore. 

EC’  THY-MA,  n.  [Gr.  hOupa  ; IkQuw,  to  break  out.] 


{Med.)  A cutaneous  eruption,  characterized  by 
large  round  pustules  upon  an  indurated  and 
highly  inflamed  base.  Dunglison. 

EC'TO-BLAST,  re.  [Gr.  cktos,  outside,  and  iMao- 
t6 5,  a bud.]  {Anat.)  The  membrane  of  a cell,  as 
distinguished  from  the  membrane  of  the  meso- 
blast,  or  nucleus,  from  that  of  the  entoblast,  or 
nucleolus,  and  from  that  of  the  entosthoblast,  or 
cell  within  the  nucleolus.  Agassiz. 

EC-TROT'JC,  a.  [Gr.  inrirpibaKOJ,  to  produce  abor- 
tion.] {Med.)  Noting  applications  to  prevent 
the  development  of  any  disease.  Dunglison. 

EC-TY-LOT'IC,  a.  [Gr.  f/c,  out  of,  and  riilo;,  a 
callus.]  {Med.)  Having  a tendency  to  remove 
callosities  or  indurations  of  the  skin.  Craig. 

EC-TY-LOT'IC,  re.  (Med.)  Any  thing  applied  to 
a wart,  or  other  callosity  or  induration  of  the 
skin,  to  eat  it  down.  Dunglison. 

EC'TY-PAL,  a.  Taken  from  the  original ; copied. 
“ The  ectypal  copies.”  Ellis. 

EC'TYPE,  re.  [Gr.  cktvtto c,  worked  in  relief;  L. 
ectypum  ; Fr .cctype.)  A copy  from  an  original ; 
properly  a copy  in  relief,  [it.]  Locke. 

EC-TY-POG'R  A-PHY,  re.  [Gr.  cktuttos,  worked  in 
relief,  and  yparfiw,  to  describe.]  A mode  of  etch- 
ing by  which  the  lines  are  raised  on  the  plate 
instead  of  being  sunk  in.  Fairholt. 

LC-U-MEN  IC,  l a.  jA ; , oIkou/icv[k6s  ; oiKoupe vrj, 

EC-U-MEN'I-CAL,  > the  inhabited  world  ; Fr.  cecit- 
menique.]  General  ; universal ; — applied  par- 
ticularly to  the  councils  of  the  church  ; as,  “ An 
ecumenical  council.”  Stilling  feet. 

EC'U-RIE  (ek'u-re),  re.  [Fr.]  A lodging-place  for 
horses  ; a stable.  Johnson. 

EC’ZE-JHA  [ek'ze-ma,  Dunglison ; ek-ze'me,  C. 
Brande],  re.  [Gr.  in^ya.]  {Med.)  An  eruption 
of  small  vesicles  on  the  skin,  usually  set  close 
or  crowded  together.  Dunglison. 

E-dA'CIOUS  (e-da'shus),  a.  [L.  edax,  edacis ; cdo, 
to  eat.]  Eating;  voracious  ; devouring.  Johnson. 

E-DA'CIOUS-NESS  (e-da'shus-nes),  re.  The  qual- 
ity of  being  edacious  ; edacity.  Scott. 

5-DAc'I-TY  (e-das'e-te),  n.  [L.  cdacitas  ; It.  edaci- 
ta  ; Fr.  edacite.]  Voracity  ; greediness.  Bacon. 

F.-DAPH’  O-DON,  re.  [Gr.  eSatjtos,  foundation, 
base,  and  dSovs,  tbWrdf,  a tooth.]  {Pal.)  A 
genus  of  fossil  placoid  fishes.  Agassiz. 

ED  'DA,  re.  [An  Icelandic  word  which  signifies 
the  mother  of  poetry.]  A book  containing  a 
collection  of  Scandinavian  poetry,  and  an  ac- 
count of  the  ancient  Scandinavian,  or  Runic 
and  Icelandic,  mythology. 

BUS-  There  are  two  Eddas  ; tile  older  is  believed  to 
have  been  reduced  to  writing,  from  oral  tradition,  in 
Iceland,  between  A.  D.  1056  and  1133.  Tile  new 
Edda,  supposed  to  have  been  composed  200  years 
after  tile  former,  is  an  abridgment  of  it,  with  a new 
arrangement  of  its  parts.  P.  Cijc. 

ED'D^R,  re.  [A.  S.  eder,  a hedge.] 

1.  {Husbandry.)  Such  wood,  shoots,  or  twigs, 

as  are  worked  into  the  top  of  hedge-stakes  to 
bind  them  together.  Tusser. 

2.  A viper  ; an  adder.  [Local.]  Brapkett. 

ED'DpR,  v.  a.  To  bind  together  or  to  make  tight 
by  edder.  Mortimer. 

ED'DISH,  re.  [A.  S.  edisc.]  A second  crop  of 
grass  ; aftermath  ; rowen.  [Local,  Eng.]  Todd. 

ED'DOEiJ  (-doz),  71.  The  name  given  by  the  ne- 
groes of  the  Gold  Coast  to  the  esculent  root 
of  Caladium  esculeiitum.  Eng.  Cyc. 

ED'DY,  7i.  [A.  S.  ed,  backward,  again,  and  ea, 

running  water  ; Icel.  ida,  a whirlpool.] 

1.  The  water  of  a stream  or  tide  that,  by  some 
partial  repercussion,  runs  contrary  to  the  gen- 
eral current ; a contrary  current.  Dryden. 

2.  Circular  motion  in  a liquid  or  in  air ; 
whirlpool.  “ In  circling  eddies  play.”  Addison. 

ED'DY,  a.  Whirling  ; moving  circularly.  “ Eddy 
winds.”  Dryden.  “ Eddy  currents.”  Hacking  t. 

ED'DY,  V.  re.  [t.  EDDIED  ; pn.  EDDYING,  EDDIED.] 
To  move  as  an  eddy.  “ Eadymg  flames,”  West. 

ED'DY,  v.  a.  To  form  into  an  eddy.  Tho/)ison. 


ED'DY-VVA'TJJR,  re.  (iVtiref.)  The  water  that 
falls  back,  as  it  were,  on  the  rudder  of  a ship 
under  sail ; dead-water.  Todd. 

ED'DY— WIND,  71.  Wind  heat  back  from  a sail, 
a mountain,  or  any  other  obstacle.  Clarke. 

ED-EE-FOR'SITE,  7i.  {Mm.)  A mineral  com- 

posed of  silica  and  lime;  neutral  silicate  of 
lime.  Dana. 

ED'U-LlTE,  71.  {Min.)  A mineral  containing  sil- 
ica, alumina,  and  lime ; prehnite.  Da7ia. 

E-DEM'A-TOSE,  ) 0>  [Gr.  a tumor  ; Fr. 

Jg-DEM'A-TOUS,  ) cede77iateux .]  Relating  to  oede- 
ma ; full  of  humors  ; swelling.  Harvey. 

E'DEN,  re.  [Heb.  yiS,  delight,  pleasure.]  A 
pleasant  region  in  which  was  placed  the  garden 
of  our  first  parents ; paradise.  Sir.  IF.  Jo/ies. 

E'DJJN-iZED  (G’den-lzd),  a.  Admitted  to  a state 
of  paradisiacal  happiness.  Davies. 

E-DEN'TAL,  re.  [L.  e,  priv.,  and  de7is,  dentis,  a 
tooth.]  ( ZoOl .)  One  of  the  Edentata.  Bra7ide. 

E-DEN ' TA-  TA,  71.  pi.  [L. 
edentatvs,  deprived  of 
teeth ; e,  priv.,  and  dens, 
dentis,  a tooth.]  {Zoiil.) 

The  sixth  order  of  mam- 
mals in  Cuvier’s  arrange-  Skull  of  the  armadillo, 
ment,  including  those  which  have  no  incisors, 
or  front  teeth,  and  which  have  great  claws  on 
their  toes,  as  the  sloth,  the  armadillo,  the  ant- 
eater,  &c.  Cuvier. 

Tlie  Edc7)tata  show  little  intelligence,  and  their 
movements  are  slow  and  embarrassed.  Baird. 

g-DEN'T ATE,  ) a _ Toothless  ; destitute  of 

E-DEN 'TAT-ED,  ) teeth.  Bailey.  Gray. 

E-DEN'TATE,  n.  {Zool.)  One  of  the  Edentata-, 
an  edental.  * Clarke. 

E-DEN-tA'TION,  re.  The  act  of  extracting  teeth  ; 
a pulling  out  of  teeth,  [it.]  Cockeram. 

E-DEN'TU-LOUS,  a.  Toothless.  Owen. 

EDljrE  (ej),  re.  [A.  S.  ecg ; Ger.  ecke  ; Dan.  eg.] 

1.  The  thin,  sharp,  cutting  part  or  side  of  a 
blade  ; as,  “ The  edge  of  a knife.” 

2.  A narrow  part  rising  from  a broader. 

Some  harrow  their  ground  over,  and  then  plough  it  upon 

an  edge.  Mortimer. 

3.  Brim  ; brink  ; margin  ; border ; rim  ; verge  ; 
extremity  ; as,  “ The  edge  of  a precipice.” 

4.  Intenseness  of  desire.  “ The  hungry  edge 

of  appetite.”  Shak. 

5.  Keenness  or  acrimony  of  temper. 

Abate  the  edge  of  traitors,  gracious  Lord.  Shak. 

6.  {Geom.)  The  line  in  which  the  faces  of  a 

polyhedron  meet.  Eliot. 

To  set  the  teeth  on  edge , to  cause  an  uneasy  tingling 
in  the  teeth. 

Syn.  — See  Border. 

ED^JE  (ej),  V.  a.  [).  EDGED  ; pp.  EDGING,  EDGED.] 

1.  To  render  thin  or  sharp,  as  the  cutting  part 

of  a knife,  sword,  &c. ; to  sharpen.  Dryde/i. 

2.  To  furnish  with  an  edge.  “ My  sword, 

though  edged  with  flint.”  Dryden. 

3.  To  border  with  any  thing;  to  fringe. 

“ With  rubies  edged  and  sapphire.”  Dryden. 

4.  To  exasperate  ; to  stimulate  ; to  incite. 
“ Might  have  edged  his  desperation.”  Wotton. 

5.  To  put  forward  little  by  little. 

Ed  fling  by  degrees  their  chairs  forwards,  they  were  in  a 
little  time  got  up  close  to  one  another.  Lockc. 

EDIJIE,  v.  71.  To  move  forwards,  sideways,  or  by 
little  and  little,  as  in  sailing  close  to  the  wind. 
“ I must  edge  upon  a point  of  wind.”  Drydeii. 

To  edge  area)/,  or  off,  to  remove,  as  from  a coast,  by 
little  and  little. — To  edge  in  with,  to  approach,  as  a 
shore,  gradually. 

EDpE'-BONE,  7i.  The  rump-bone  of  an  ox  or 
a cow  ; — called  also  aitchbone  and  7iatchbone. 

EDITED  (ejd  or  ed'jed),  p.  a.  1.  Having  an  edge ; 
sharp  ; not  blunt.  Diyby. 

2.  {Bot.)  Noting  any  part,  or  patch,  of  color, 
when  it  is  surrounded  by  a narrow  rim  of  a dif- 
ferent color.  Ilenslow. 

ED(?E'LESS,  a.  Having  no  edge  ; blunt.  Shak. 

ED^IE'— RAIL,  71.  An  iron  bar  or  rail  upon  the 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — <?,  9,  g,  soft;  E,  G,  £,  1,  hard;  §!  as  z;  £ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


EDGE-RAILWAY 


EFFABLE 


4G4 


edge  of  which  the  wheels  of  a railroad  car  roll, 
a flange  being  formed  upon  their  inner  side, 
projecting  about  an  inch,  in  order  to  prevent 
them  from  sliding  off.  Brande. 

ED^E'— RAIL-WAY,  n.  A railway  or  railroad  in 
which  the  carriages  run  upon  the  edges  of  iron 
bars, — in  distinction  from  the  tram-road,  in 
which  the  iron  rails  are  flat.  Francis. 

ED£E'-TOOL,  n.  A sharp  tool  to  cut  with,  as  an 
axe,  a chisel,  &c.  “ There  must  be  no  jesting 

with  edje-tools .”  L’ Estrange. 

ED<JE'Wl§E,  ad.  In  the  direction  of  the  edge. 

EDGING,  n.  1.  That  which  is  put  on  an  edge  or 
a border  for  ornament ; a fringe.  “ Bordered 
with  a rosy  edging  round.”  Dryden. 

2.  A narrow  lace.  Johnson. 

3.  ( Gardening .)  The  series  of  small,  hardy 

plants,  set  round  the  edges  or  borders  of  flower- 
beds, &c. ; border.  Maunder. 

ED'I-BLE,  a.  [L.  edo,  to  eat.]  Eatable  ; fit  to  be 
eaten.  “ Some  flesh  is  not  edible.”  Bacon. 

ED'I-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  edible, 
or  fit  to  be  eaten.  Scott. 

E'DICT  [e'fljkt,  S.  IF.  J.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  R.  II 'b.; 
ed'jkt  or  e'dikt,  P.J,  n.  [L.  edictum-,  It.  editto  ; 
Sp.  edicto  ; Fr.  edit.]  A public  ordinance  or  de- 
cree issued  by  a sovereign  or  high  power ; an 
instrument  signed  and  sealed  by  a despotic 
prince  to  serve  as  a law  to  his  subjects  ; an 
ordinance  ; a rescript ; a proclamation. 

Severe  decrees  may  keep  our  tongues  in  awe, 

But  to  our  thoughts  what  edict  can  give  law?  Dryden. 

Edicts,  properly  speaking,  cannot  exist  in  Britain,  because 
the  enacting  of  laws  is  lodged  in  the  Parliament,  and  not  in 
the  king.  Ogilvie . 

Syn.  — See  Decree,  Law. 

E-DIC'TAL,  a.  Relating  to  edicts  ; — generally 
applied  to  Roman  law. 

The  English  equity  has  some  resemblance  to  the  Roman 
edictal  law.  P.  Cyc. 

ED'I-FI-CANT  [ed'e-fe-kant,  K.  Sm.  Wb. ; e-dif’e- 
kant,  Ja.  Todd],  a.  [L.  cedifico,  ccdificans,  to 
build.]  Building;  constructing,  [it.]  Dugard. 

ED-I-FJ-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  cedificatio;  It.  edifica- 
zione ; Sp.  edificacion  ; Fr.  edification .] 

1.  A building  or  edifice,  [r.]  Bullokar. 

2.  Improvement  by  instruction  ; instruction  ; 
enlightenment, — particularly  applied  to  the 
improvement  of  the  moral  or  religious  char- 
acter. 

Not  meaning  that  every  word  not  designed  to  edification 
shall  be  reckoned  for  a sin.  Bp.  Taylor. 

Out  of  these  magazines  I shall  supply  the  town  with  what 
may  tend  to  their  edification.  Addison. 

ED'I-FI-CA-TO-RY,  a.  [It.  $ Sp.  edificatorio.] 
Tending  to  edification,  [r.]  Bp.  Hall. 

ED'I-FICE  (ed'e-fls),  n.  [L.  cedificium ; It.  <S[-  Sp. 
edificio  ; Fr.  edifice.]  A fabric  ; a building  ; a 
structure.  Shah. 

Syn.  — Edifice  is  a term  commonly  applied  to  a 
large  public  building,  as  a church,  a temple,  state- 
house,  &c. ; structure  ami  fabric  are  applied  to  the  art 
or  method  of  building  or  constructing,  or  to  the  result 
of  the  construction.  A splendid  edifice ; an  elegant 
structure  ; the  structure  of  a vessel  or  of  an  animal  ; 
a large  fabric  ; the  fabric  of  the  universe  ; the  fabric 
of  cloth. 

ED-l-FI''CIAL  (ed-e-flsh'al),  a.  [L.  cedificialis .] 
Relating  to  edifices.  Hist.  Rivers  Gr.  Brit.  1794. 

ED'I-FI-ER,  n.  1.  t A builder.  Huloet. 

2.  One  who  edifies,  improves,  or  instructs 
another.  Johnson. 

ED'I-FY,  v.  a.  [L.  cedifico,  to  build  ; It.  edificare ; 
Sp.  edificar ; Fr.  klifier.]  [i.  edified  ; pp.  ed- 
ifying, EDIFIED.] 

1.  fTo  build;  to  construct.  “ There  was  a 

holy  chapel  edified.”  Spenser. 

2.  To  improve  by  instruction,  particularly  in 
character ; to  instruct ; to  enlighten. 

lie  that  prophesieth  edifieth  the  church.  1 Cor.  xiv.  14. 

Men  are  edified  when  either  their  understanding  is  taught 
or  when  their  hearts  are  moved.  Hooper. 

3.  fTo  convince;  to  persuade.  Bacon. 

ED'I-FY-ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  edifies;  — 
improvement  by  instruction  ; edification. 

Endless  genealogies,  which  minister  questions  rather  than 
godly  edifying.  1 Tim.  i.  4. 

ED'J-FY-ING,  p.  a.  Tending  to  edify  ; instructive. 
“ Edifying  conversation.”  L’ Estrange. 


ED’I-FY-ING-LY,  ad.  In  a manner  to  improve 
by  instruction.  ■ Killingbcch. 

ED'I-FY-JNG-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  edi- 
fying or  instructive.  Clarke. 

E'DILE,  n.  [I,,  tedilis  ; redes,  a building.]  (Rom. 
Ant.)  A magistrate  in  ancient  Rome,  who  had 
the  charge  of  the  temples,  public  buildings, 
streets,  &c. ; — written  also  cedile.  Johnson. 

E'DlLE-SIIIP,  n.  The  office  of  edile.  Gray. 

ED'ING-TON-ITE,  n.  (Min.)  A mineral  found  in 
Scotland,  in  small,  grayish-white,  translucent 
prisms  ; a crystallized  felspar.  Brande. 

ED'IT,  v.  a.  [L.  edo,  editus,  to  publish  ; Old  Fr. 
editer.]  [i.  edited  ; pp.  editing,  edited.]  To 
superintend,  revise,  or  prepare  for  publication, 
as  a book,  newspaper,  &c. ; to  conduct ; to  man- 
age, as  a literary  publication.  Brit.  Crit. 

£-Dl''TION  (e-dish'un),  n.  [L.  editio  ; It.  edi- 
zione  ; Sp.  edicion  ; Fr.  edition.]  The  impres- 
sion, publication,  or  republication  of  a book ; 
the  number  of  copies  printed  at  one  time  or  for 
one  publication  ; as,  “ The  first  edition,  the 
second  edition,”  &c. 

f E-dF'TION-^R,  n.  An  editor.  Gregory. 

ED'I-TOR,  n.  [L.]  One  who  edits  ; one  who  su- 
perintends, revises,  or  prepares  a work  for  pub- 
lication : — the  conductor  of  a newspaper,  jour- 
nal, magazine,  &c.  Addison.  Pope. 

ED-I-TO'RI-AL,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  an  editor. 
“ Editorial  duty.”  Dr.  Parr. 

2.  Written  or  composed  by  an  editor;  as, 
“ The  article  is  editorial.” 

ED'I-TOR-SIHP,  n.  The  office,  function,  or  busi- 
ness of  an  editor.  Tyers. 

ED’I-TRESS,  n.  A female  editor.  Ec.  Rev. 

f E-DIT'y-ATE,  v.  a.  [Low  L.  cedituo,  ceclituatus.] 
To  govern  or  manage,  as  a house.  Gregory. 

ED-RI-OPII-TIlAl.’ MA,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  elfiniof,  im- 
movable, and  dtpOal./id s,  the  eye.]  (Zoiil.)  A 

class  of  cmstaceous  animals,  with  sessile  eyes 
situated  on  the  sides  of  the  head.  P.  Cyc. 

ED-U-CA-RIL'I-TY,  n.  Capacity  or  capability  of 
being  educated,  [r.]  Chalmers. 

ED'U-CA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  educated  ; teach- 
able. [r.]  Chambers. 

ED'U-CATE  (ed'yu-kat)  [ed'u-kat,  S.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  ; 
ed'jti-kat,  IF.],  v.  a.  [L.  educo,  educatus,  to  lead 
forth;  e,  from,  and  duco,  to  lead;  It.  educare ; 
Sp.  educar-,  Fr.  eduquer.]  [«.  educated  ; pp. 
educating,  EDUCATED.]  To  bring  forth,  de- 
velop, or  form  the  various  physical,  intellectual, 
and  moral  faculties  of ; to  form  the  mind  and 
character  of ; to  train  ; to  bring  up  ; to  breed  ; 
to  instruct,  as  youth  ; to  nurture  ; to  teach. 

ED'U-CAT-ED,  p.  a.  Having  received  education  ; 
instructed  ; as,  “ An  educated  man.” 

ED-U-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  educatio  ; It.  educazione  ; 
Sp.  cducacion  ; Fr.  klucation. ] The  act  of  ed- 
ucating ; the  act  of  developing  and  cultivating 
the  various  physical,  intellectual,  and  moral 
faculties  ; formation  of  the  manners,  and  im- 
provement of  the  mind  ; instruction  ; tuition  ; 
nurture ; breeding. 

Education , in  the  most  extensive  sense  of  the  word,  may 
comprehend  every  preparation  that  is  made  in  our  youth  for 
the  sequel  of  our’lives.  Paley. 

’T  is  education  forms  the  common  mind; 

Just  as  the  twig  is  bent  the  tree ’s  inclined.  Pope. 

Syn.  — Education  includes  instruction,  moral  dis- 
cipline, and  the  whole  training  made  use  of  for  im- 
proving the  mind  and  forming  the  character  and 
manners,  and  it  belongs  appropriately  to  childhood 
and  youth.  Brccdinrr  respects  especially  the  manners 
and  outward  conduct  in  the  early  part  of  life.  Instruc- 
tion is  the  communication  of  knowledge  in  literature, 
science,  business,  &c.  Tuition  is  the  act  of  teaching 
pupils  ; nurture , the  training  of  children. 

ED-U-CA'TION -AL,  a.  Relating  to  education. 
[“  A modern  word,  now  in  good  use.”  Ec.  Rev.'] 

We  are  now  pretty  well  used  to  ^educational,"  and  the 
word  is  sometimes  serviceable  enough.  Trench. 

ED-y-OA'TION-AL-Ly,  ad.  By  means  of  educa- 
tion ; by  way  of  instruction.  Ch.  Ob. 

ED-U-CA'TION- A-RY,  a.  Belonging  to  educa- 
tion ; educational,  [r.]  Agnes  Strickland. 


£D-y-CA'TION-IST,  n.  One  who  is  versed  in,  or 
who  promotes,  education.  Brit.  Crit. 

ED'U-CA-TOR,  n.  [L.]  One  who  gives  instruc- 
tion ; one  who  instructs  youth.  Dr.  Vincent. 

E-DUCE',  v.  a.  [L.  educo,  to  lead  forth  ; e,  from, 
and  duco,  to  lead  ; It.  educere  ; Sp.  educir .]  [t. 

educed  ; jip.  educing,  educed.]  Todrawout; 
to  bring  out ; to  extract. 

From  .seeming  evil  still  educing  good.  Thomson. 

E-DU'CI-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  educed.  Martineau. 

E-DUCT',  n.  That  which  is  educed.  Brande. 

E-DUC’TION,  n.  [L.  eductio  ; Sp.  educcion.)  The 
act  of  educing  or  bringing  out.  Boyle. 

E-DUC'TION— PIPE,  n.  (Steam-engine.)  The  pipe 
through  which  the  expanded  steam  escapes. 

E-DUC'TIVE,  a.  Drawing  out;  extractive.  Boyle. 

jE-DUC'TOR,  n.  [L.;  an  educator .]  He  who,  or 
that  which,  elicits.  Smart. 

E-DUL'CO-RANT,  a.  [I,,  dulcoro,  dulcorans,  to 
sweeten.]  (Med.)  Having  the  property  of 
sweetening.  Craig. 

E-DUE  'CO-RANT,  n.  A medicine  which  purifies 
the  fluids  by  depriving  them  of  their  acidity  or 
other  disagreeable  qualities.  Craig. 

E-DUL'CO-RATE,  v.  a.  [L.  dulcoro,  dulcoratus  ; 
didcis,  sweet;  It.  addolcirc  ; Fr.  kliilcorer.]  [7. 
EDULCORATED  ; pp.  EDULCORATING,  EDULCO- 
RATED.] 

1.  To  make  sweet;  to  sweeten,  [r.]  Evelyn. 

2.  (Chem.)  To  wash,  so  as  to  purify  from 
acids,  salts,  or  any  soluble  substance.  Chambers. 

E-DUL-CO-RA'TION,  n.  [It.  edulcorazione ; Fr. 
idulcoration] 

1.  The  act  of  edulcorating  or  sweetening. 

2.  (Chem.)  The  cleansing  of  substances,  es- 

pecially pulverulent  precipitates,  by  the  repeat- 
ed effusion  of  water  so  as  to  remove  all  soluble 
matters,  and  render  them  free  from  taste  and 
smell.  Brande. 

E-DUL'CO-RA-TIVE,  a.  Having  the  quality  of 
sweetening  or  cleansing.  Todd. 

E-DUL'CO-RA-TOR,  n.  An  instrument  for  sup- 
plying small  quantities  of  water  to  test-tubes, 
watch-glasses,  &c. ; a dropping-bottle.  Hoblyn. 

f E-DUL'IOUS  (e-dul'yus),  a.  [L.  ec lulls.]  Eata- 
ble. “ Beans,  or  such  eclulious  pulses.”  Browne. 

EE.  A termination  giving  to  the  words  in  which 
it  occurs  a passive  sense,  denoting  the  party  to 
whom  an  act  is  done,  or  on  whom  a right  is 
conferred, — the  receiving  party.  Thus  feoffee 
denotes  the  party  to  whom  a feoffment  is  made, 
donee  the  party  who  receives  a gift,  &c.  Burrill. 

EEK,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  ecan,  to  increase.]  See  Eke. 

f EEK'ING,  n.  Augmentation  ; increase.  Spenser. 

EEL  (Cl),  n.  [A.  S.  cel ; Ger.,  Dut.,  A Dan.  aal.] 
(Ich.)  A malacopterygian  apodal  fish  of  the 
genus  Murcena  or  Anguilla,  having  an  elon- 
gated, serpent-like  body  covered  with  a thick  and 
soft  skin,  in  which  the  scales  are  deeply  em- 
bedded and  scarcely  apparent.  Eng.  Cyc. 

EEL'— FISH-ING,  n.  The  act  or  the  art  of  catching 
eels.  Clarke. 

EEL'-GRASS,  n.  (Bot.)  A grass-like  marine 
herb,  with  ribbon-shaped  leaves  ; Zostera  mari- 
na. Gray. 

EEL'— PIE,  n.  A pie  made  of  eels.  Ogilvie. 

EEL'-POT,  n.  A kind  of  basket  used  for  catch- 
ing eels.  Clarke. 

EEL'-POUT,  n.  (Ich.)  A fresh-water  fish;  bur- 
bot ; Sota  vulgaris  ; — also  the  viviparous  blen- 
ny ; Zoarces  viviparus.  Yarrell. 

EEL'-SHAPED  (el'shapt),  a.  Shaped  like  an  eel. 

EEL'— SKIN,  n.  The  skin  of  an  eel.  Shak. 

EEL'-SPEAR,  n.  A spear  for  catching  eels. 

E’EN  (en),  acl.  A contraction  of  even. 

E’ER  (Ar),  ad.  A contraction  for  ever. 

EFF,  n.  A small  lizard  ; eft.  — See  Eft.  Johnson. 

EF'FA-BLE,  a.  [L.  efabilis ; ejfor,  to  speak.] 
That  may  he  explained ; explicable.  Barrow. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  XiyY,  long;  A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


EFFACE 


465 


EFFLORESCE 


JJF-FACE',  v.  a.  [L.‘  ex,  out  of,  and  facies,  face, 
form  ; Fr.  e facer.]  \i.  effaced  ; pp.  effac- 
ing, EFFACED.] 

1.  To  remove  any  thing  written,  painted,  en- 
graved, carved,  or  in  any  way  impressed  upon 
a surface  ; to  rub  off ; to  wipe  out ; to  blot  out ; 
to  expunge ; to  erase  ; to  obliterate  ; to  cancel. 

Characters  on  dust  the  first  breath  of  wind  effaces.  Locke. 

Otwav  failed  to  polish  or  refine. 

And  fluent  Shakspeare  scarce  effaced  a line.  Pope. 

2.  To  destroy  or  wear  away,  as  an  impression 
of  the  mind. 

Nor  length  of  time  our  gratitude  efface.  Dn/clen. 

Syn.  — To  efface  is  to  destroy  the  surface,  or  to  rub 
out ; to  erase,  to  scratcli  out ; to  expunge,  to  wipe 
out ; to  obliterate,  to  blot  or  wear  out  ; to  cancel,  to 
cross  the  lines  of  a writing.  Efface  an  inscription  ; 
erase  a line  ; expunge  a part  of  a writing  ; obliterate 
the  whole. 

y F-FACE' A-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  effaced. 

yF-FACE'MyNT,  n.  Act  of  effacing.  Perry. 

f 5 F- FAS 'Cl- NATE,  v.  a.  [L.  effascino,  effascina- 
tus.\  To  bewitch  ; to  fascinate.  Cockcram. 

fyF-FAS-CI-NA'TION,  n.  [L.  effascinatio.]  Fas- 
cination ; enchantment.  Shelf ord. 

yF-FECT',  n.  [L.  efectus  ; ex,  from,  and  facio, 
to  make;  It.  effetto  ; Sp.  efecto  ; Fr.  ejfet.] 

1.  That  which  is  produced  by  an  operating 
cause  ; result ; issue  ; consequence. 

Wc  see  the  pernicious  effects  of  luxury  in  the  ancient 
Homans.  Addison. 

2.  Result  intended ; advantage  ; profit. 

Christ  is  become  of  no  effect  unto  you.  Gal.  v.  4. 

3.  Purport ; substance  ; general  intent. 

They  spake  to  her  to  that  effect.  2 Chron.  xxxiv.  22. 

4.  Fact ; reality. 

No  other  in  effect  than  what  it  seems.  Denham. 

5.  Striking  appearance  ; specious  exhibition  ; 
as,  “ That  was  done  for  effect.” 

6.  ( Fine  Arts.)  First  impression  produced  by 

. the  sight  of  a picture  or  other  work  of  art ; also, 

the  result  of  all  the  peculiar  excellences  of  the 
true  master.  Fairholt. 

7.  pi.  ( Law .)  Goods  ; movables  ; furniture  ; 
personal  estate  ; personal  or  movable  goods. 

The  emperor  knew  that  they  could  not  convey  away  many 
of  their  effects.  Addison. 

g. n This  word  [ effects ] has  been  held  to  be  more 
comprehensive  than  the  word  goods,  as  including  fix- 
tures, which  “ goods  ” will  not  include.  Burrill. 

Syn.  — Effect  is  that  which  is  produced  by  some 
cause  or  agent,  and  it  is  applied  to  both  physical  and 
moral  subjects  ; consequence  is  that  which  follows, 
and  is  applied  only  to  moral  subjects.  Effects  are  the 
genus  ; consequences  and  results , the  species,  and 
therefore  included  in  the  effects.  Effects  are  immedi- 
ate, consequences  more  remote  than  effects , and  results 
more  remote  than  consequences.  Immediate  effect ; 
remote  consequence  ; final  result  or  issue. 

yF-FECT',  v.  a.  [L.  efficio,  effect  us ; It.  effettu- 
are;  Sp . efectuar  ■,  Fr.  effectuer .]  [i.  effect- 

ed ; pp.  EFFECTING,  EFFECTED.] 

1.  To  produce,  as  a cause  ; to  cause. 

The  change  was  effected  by  vinegar.  Boyle. 

2.  To  bring  to  pass  ; to  accomplish  ; to  exe- 
cute ; to  achieve. 

What  he  decreed 

He  effected.  Wilton. 

yF-FECT'yR,  n.  See  Effector.  Spenser. 

yF-FECT'J-BLE,  a.  That  can  be  effected ; prac- 
ticable ; feasible,  [r.]  Browne. 

yF-FEC'TION,  n.  [L.  effectio,  a doing ; It.  effe- 
zione .] 

1.  Act  of  effecting  ; performance.  Hale. 

2.  (Geom.)  A problem  or  praxis  drawn  from 

some  general  proposition  ; the  geometrical  con- 
struction of  a proposition.  Ash. 

yF-FEC'TIVE,  a.  [L.  efectivus ; It.  effettivo ; Sp. 
efectivo ; Fr.  effect  if.]  Having  ‘the  power  to 
produce  effects  ; producing  effect ; efficacious  ; 
effectual;  efficient;  operative;  active;  service- 
able ; as,  “ An  effective  force.” 

Whosoever  is  an  effective  real  cause  of  doing  his  neighbor 
wrong  is  criminal.  Bp.  Taylor. 

Syn.  — Causes  which  have  the  power  to  produce, 
or  which  usually  have  a share  in  producing,  a given 
effect,  are  called  effective  ; those  which  actually  pro- 
duce, or  actually  have  a share  in  producing,  an  effect, 
efficient ; those  having  a large  share,  efficacious  ; those 
having  a share,  or  having  already  produced  a decisive 
effect,  effectual.  An  effective  military  force;  efficient 
cause  ; efficacious  remedy  ; effectual  stop  or  cure. 


yF-FEC’TIVE-LY,  ad.  In  an  effective  manner. 

yF-FEC'TI  V E-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  ef- 
fective or  of  producing  effects.  Ash. 

yF-FECT'Lyss,  a.  Without  effect ; impotent  ; 
useless.  “ Sure,  all ’s  effectless.”  Shak. 

yF-FEC'TOR,  n.  [L.]  He  who,  or  that  which,  pro- 
duces any  effect ; performer ; — creator ; maker. 

The  effectors  of  what  they  were  the  foreshowers.  Spenser. 

That  Infinite  Being  who  was  the  effector  of  it.  Dcrham. 

JJF-FECTS',  n.  pi.  Movables  ; goods  ; furniture  ; 
personal  estate. — See  Effect.  Addison. 

yF-FECT'U-AL  (ef-fekt'yu-?l),  a.  1.  Producing 
decisive  effect ; having  effect ; operative ; effica- 
cious ; adequate ; as,  “ Effectual  means  to  ac- 
complish a purpose.” 

2.  f Expressing  facts  ; veracious.  “ Con- 
clude my  words  effectual.”  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Effective. 

yF-FECT'U-AL-LY,  ad.  In  an  effectual  manner ; 
so  as  to  produce  an  effect ; efficaciously. 

yF-FECT'U-AL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
effectual.’  ’ Stillingfteet . 

y F-  F E C T ' U- ATE,  -v.  a.  [It.  effettuare  ; Sp.  efec- 
tuar ; Fr.  effectuer .]  [i.  effectuated  ; qip.  ef- 

fectuating, effectuated.]  To  bring  to  pass ; 
to  effect ; to  accomplish.  “ After  all  that  was  to 
be  done  abroad  was  effectuated.”  Burnet. 

yF-FECT-U-A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  effectuating 
or  bringing  to  pass,  [r.]  Coleridge. 

f yF-FECT'U-OSE,  a.  Effectual.  Joye. 

f pF-FECT'U-OUS,  a.  Effectual.  Barret. 

f yF-FECT'LT-OUS-LY,  ad.  Effectually.  Stapleton. 

yF-FEM'I-NA-CY,  n.  [Sp.  afeminacion ; Fr.  ef- 
feminaiion.]  The  quality  of  being  effeminate  ; 
softness  unbecoming  a man  ; womanish  soft- 
ness, weakness,  delicacy,  or  timidity. 

But  foul  effeminacy  held  me  yoked 
Her  bondslave.  Milton. 

yF-FEM'l-NATE,  a.  [L.  effeminatus  ; femina,  a 
woman  ; It.  effeminato  ; Sp.  afeminado.] 

1.  Having  the  qualities  of  a woman  ; woman- 
ish ; soft  to  an  unmanly  degree  ; feminine. 

The  king,  by  his  voluptuous  life,  became  effeminate.  Bacon. 

Such  a style,  compared  with  the  more  manly  elocution  of 
Cicero,  we  call  effeminate.  Campbell. 

2.  Tender;  delicate  ; — in  a good  sense. 

As  well  we  know  your  tenderness  of  heart, 

And  gentle,  kind,  effeminate  remorse.  Shak. 

y F-FEM'I-NATE,  v.  a.  [L.  effemino,  effeminatus  ; 
It.  effeminare ; Sp.  cfeminar;  Fr.  effeminer.] 
[i.  EFFEMINATED  ; pp.  EFFEMINATING,  EFFEM- 
INATED.] To  make  effeminate  or  yvomanish ; 
to  emasculate  ; to  unman  ; to  soften.  Bacon. 

Their  wickedness  naturally  tends  to  effeminate  them.  Scott. 

yF-FEM'I-NATE,  v.  n.  To  grow  or  become  femi- 
nine or  womanish  ; to  soften. 

In  a slothful  peace  courage  will  effeminate.  Pope. 

yF-FEM'I-NATE,  n.  An  effeminate  person.  “This 
wanton  young  effeminate.”  Daniel. 

yF-FEM'I-NATE-LY,  ad.  1.  In  an  effeminate 
manner.  “ Effeminately  gay.”  Fawkes. 

2.  By  means  of  a woman ; by  womanish  arts. 
“ Effeminately  vanquished.”  Milton. 

yF-FEM'I-NATE-NESS,  n.  Unmanly  softness  ; 
effeminacy.  Sidney.  Fuller. 

f y F-FEM-I-NA'TION,  n.  [L.  effeminatio.]  Ef- 
feminacy. “Degenerous  effcmination.”  Browne. 

EF-FEJf'  DI,  n.  A Turkish  word  which  signifies 
lord,  master,  or  superior,  and  is  joined  as  a title 
of  respect  to  ecclesiastical,  legal,  and  other  civil 
functionaries,  in  contradistinction  to  aga,  the 
title  by  which  high  military  personages  are  des- 
ignated. P.  Cyc. 

f EF'Fy-ROUS,  a.  [L.  efferus ; fera,  a wild 
beast.]  Fierce  ; wild  ; savage.  Bp.  King. 

EF-FyR- VESCE'  (ef-fer-ves'),  v.  n.  [L.  effervesco.] 
[i.  EFFERVESCED  ; pp.  EFFERVESCING,  EFFER- 
VESCED.] To  be  in  that  state  of  commotion  or 
bubbling  which  arises  in  a fluid  when  a part  of 
it  flies  off  in  an  elastic  form  ; to  work,  as  liquids 
when  fermenting  ; to  froth  ; to  ferment.  Mead. 

EF-FyR-VES'cyNCE,  n.  [It.  effervescenza ; Sp. 


efervescencia  ; Fr.  effervescence.]  The  act  of  ef- 
fervescing ; intestine  commotion  of  a fluid;  es- 
cape of  gaseous  matter  from  liquids  in  the  pro- 
cess of  chemical  action  and  decomposition  ; a 
bubbling;  fermentation. 

Syn.  — See  Ebuli.ition. 

EF-FyR-VES'cyN-CY , n.  Effervescence.  Ash. 

EF:FyR- VES'eyNT,  a.  [It.  cffcrvescente  ; Fr.  ef- 
fervescent.] That  effervesces  ; bubbling  ; boil- 
ing. Ure. 

EF-FyR-VES'CI-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  effervescing ; 
that  may  effervesce.  Smart. 

yF-FETE',  a.  [L.  effaitus  ; ex,  priv.,  and  foetus, 
ox  fetus,  fruitful,  productive.] 

1.  That  can  no  longer  bring  forth  ; exhausted ; 
barren.  “ The  animal  becomes  effete.”  Bay. 

“ The  earth  effete  by  the  drought.”  Bentley. 

2.  Worn  out  with  age.  South. 

EF-FI-cA'CIOUS  (ef-fe-ka'shus),  a.  [L.  efficax, 
efficacis  ; It.  it  Fr.  efficace ; Sp.  eficaz.]  Actu- 
ally producing  effects ; producing  the  conse- 
quence intended  or  desired ; effectual ; powerful. 

But  you  will  ask,  Upon  what  account  is  it  that  prayer  be- 
comes  efficacious  with  God  to  procure  us  the  good  things  we 
pray  for?  I answer,  Upon  this,  that  it  is  the  fulfilling  or  that 
condition  upon  which  God  has  promised  to  convey  his  bless- 
ings tomen.  South. 

Syn.  — See  Effective. 

EF-FI-CA'CIOUS-LY,  ad.  Effectually. 

EF-FI-CA'CIOUS-NESS  (ef-fe-ka'shus-nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  efficacious  ; efficacy.  Ash. 

EF'FI-CA-CY,  n.  [L.  efficacitas ; It.  effcacia ; Sp. 
eficacia  ; Fr.  efficacite.]  The  quality  of  being  effi- 
cacious ; power  to  produce  effects ; production 
of  the  consequence  intended  ; as,  “ The  efficacy 
of  remedies.” 

yF-FI"CiyNCE  (ef-fisli'yens),  ) [L. 

yF-Fl''CiyN-CY  (ef-fish'yen-se),  ) cientia  ; Sp. 
ejicicncia.]  The  quality  of  being  efficient ; the 
act,  or  the  power,  of  producing  effects  ; agency. 

The  manner  of  this  divine  efficiency  being  far  above  us. 

Hooker. 

yF-FF'CiyNT  (ef-fish'yent),  a.  [L . efficiens ; It. 
iffcicnte  ; Sp.  eficiente  ; Fr.  efficient .1  Actually 
producing  or  helping  to  produce  effects  ; that 
produces  directly  a certain  effect ; causing  ef- 
fects ; effective  ; efficacious  ; effectual  ; compe- 
tent ; able  ; active  ; operative. 

If  man  has  not  within  himself  a principle  of  self-motion, 
his  motions  must  all  be  owing  to  the  efficient  impulse  of  some 
extrinsic  cause.  Clarke. 

Syn.  — See  Effective. 

EF-FX''CiyNT,  n.  The  cause  of  effects;  factor. 
“The  great  efficient  of  the  world.”  Hale. 

yF-FI"CiyNT-LY  (ef-fish'yem-le),  ad.  In  an  ef- 
ficient manner ; effectively.  South. 

f^yF-FIERCE',  v.  a.  To  make  fierce.  Spenser. 

4 F-FI(y'I- A!.,  a.  Exhibiting  in  effigy.  Todd. 

yF-FIG'I-ATE,  ».  a.  [L.  effigio,  effigiatus.]  To 
form  in  semblance,  [r.]  Dean  King. 

yF-FIG-I-A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  imaging.  Bailey. 

yF-Fl<?'I-E§  (ef-fid'je-ez),  n.  [L.  effigies.]  Effigy. 
“ The  effigies  or  actual  image  of  which.”  Dryden. 

EF'FI-GY,  n.  [L.  effigies  ; effingo,  to  form  or 
fashion  ; It.  effigie;  Sp.  efigie  -,  Fr.  effigie.]  An 
image  or  figure  of  a person  ; the  representation 
of  a person  — sometimes  applied  to  a portrait, 
but  ordinarily  to  the  sculptured  figures  on  sep- 
ulchral monuments,  and  to  the  heads  of  mon- 
archs,  &c.,  on  coins  and  medals.  Fairholt. 

To  bum  or  to  hang  in  effigy,  to  burn  or  to  hang  an 
image  of  a personj  as  a mark  of  disgrace  and  contempt. 

f yF-FLAG'I-TATE,  v.  a.  [L.  effiagito,  effiagita- 
ftts.]  To  demand  earnestly.  Cockeram. 

yF-FLATE',  v.  a.  [L.  effio,  effiatus.]  To  puff  up. 
“He  . . . being  effiatea  with  pride.  [r.J  Wood. 

yF-FLA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  breathing  out. 

A soft  effiation  of  celestial  fire 

Came,  like  a rushing  breeze,  and  shook  the  lyre.  Parnell. 

EF-FLO-RESCE'  (gf-flo-r6s'),  v.  n.  [L.  effioresco.] 
[t.  EFFLORESCED  ; pp.  EFFLORESCING,  EFFLO- 
RESCED.] To  form  dust  or  powder,  or  to  be 
covered  with  a feathery  incrustation,  on  the  sur- 
face, as  crystals,  which  lose  their  water  of  crys- 
tallization by  exposure  to  air.  Brande. 


MIEN,  SIR  ; MOVE,  NOR,  SON  ; 
59 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE.— 9,  <?,  9,  g,  soft;  C,  6,  £,  |,  hard;  § as  z; 


as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


EFFLORESCENCE 


466 


EGOTISM 


EF-FLO-RES'C^iNCE,  ^ n [L.  effloresco ; Sp. 

EF-FLO-RES'C^N-CY,  ) eflorescmcia  ; Fr.  efflo- 
rescence.] 

1.  (Hot.)  The  flowering  season  ; the  produc- 
tion of  flowers  ; a flowering.  Bacon. 

2.  (Med.)  A redness  or  eruption  on  the  skin, 
as  in  measles,  and  similar  diseases.  Quincy. 

3.  ( Chern .)  The  act  of  efflorescing  ; a change 
or  crumbling  down  of  certain  crystallized  salts 
to  powder  on  exposure  to  the  air  ; the  spontane- 
ous crumbling  down  of  transparent  crystals  in 
consequence  of  the  loss  of  water.  Brande. 

EF-FLO-RES'CIJNT,  a.  [It.  efflorescente ; Fr.  ef- 
florescent] Shooting  out  in  the  form  of  flow- 
ers ; shooting  into  white  threads  or  spiculae ; 
forming  a white  dust  on  the  surface.  “ Efflo- 
rescent  incrustations.”  Woodward. 

EF'FLU-ence,  n.  [Fr.  effluence .]  That  which 
flows  out ; efflux  ; emanation. 

Bright  effluence  of  bright  essence  increate.  Milton. 

EF'FLIJ-EN-CY,  n.  Same  as  Effluence.  Ash. 

EF'FLU-JJNT,  a.  [L.  ex,  out  of,  and  fluoMliians, 
to  flow;  Sp.  efluente ; Fr.  effluent. j Flowing 
out ; issuing  out.  “ Effluent  beams.”  Parnell. 

EF-FLU'VJ-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  thrown  off 
in  the  form  of  effluvium.  Boyle. 

jfF-FLU'VJ-ATE,  v.  n.  To  throw  off  effluvia. 
[r.]  Boyle. 

jpF-FLU'VI-UM,  n.  ; pi.  ef-flu'vi-a.  [L.]  Some- 
thing flowing  out  in  the  form  of  vapor  ; minute 
and  generally  invisible  particles  which  exhale 
from  terrestrial  bodies  or  putrefying  mat- 
ter; invisible  vapor.  “Sulphureous  effluvium." 
Browne.  “ Atomical  effluvia.”  Glanville. 

flF'FLUX,  n.  The  act  of  flowing  out ; effusion  ; 
flow  : — that  which  flows  out ; emanation  ; efflu- 
ence. “ By  continual  effluxes  of  those  powers 
and  virtues.”  South. 

f pF-FLUX',  t’.  n.  [L.  effluo,  effluxus.]  To  run 
out  ; to  flow  away  : — to  pass  away.  Boyle. 

EF-FLUX'ION  (ef-fluk'shun),  n.  1.  The  act  of 
flowing  out ; flow ; effusion ; efflux. 

2.  That  which  flows  out ; effluvium ; emana- 
tion ; effluence. 

There  are  some  light  effluxions  from  spirit  to  spirit.  Bacon. 

5F-FO'D!-E.\T,  a.  [L .effodio,  efl'odiens,  to  dig  up.] 
Digging  up  ; accustomed  to  dig.  [k.]  Craig. 

t fF-FORCE',  y.  a.  [Fr.  efforcer.]  To  force. 

Ere  that  we  to  efforee  it  do  begin.  Spenser. 

f EF-FORM',  v.  a.  [L . efformo.\  To  form.  “ Ef- 
forming  us  after  thy  own  image.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

+ £F-FOR-MA'TION,  n.  Formation.  More. 

EF'FORT,  n.  [L.  ex,  from,  and  fortis,  strong; 
Fr.  effort.']  An  exertion  of  strength  ; exertion  ; 
essay ; attempt ; trial ; struggle  ; laborious  en- 
deavor ; as,  “To  make  an  effort.”  Denham. 

Syn. — See  Attempt,  Endeavor. 

EF'FORT-LfSS,  a.  Making  no  effort.  Southey. 

Jf  F-FOS'SION  (ef-fosh'un),  n.  [L.  effossio  ; effo- 
dio, effossus,  to  dig  up.]  The  act  of  digging  up. 
“The  effossion  of  coins.”  Arbuthnot. 

f PF-FRAI'A-BLE,  a.  [Fr.  effroyable.]  Fright- 
ful. “ Their  effraiable  nature.”  Harvey. 

f £F-FRAY',  v.  a.  [Fr  .effrayer.]  To  make  afraid; 
to  affright ; to  scare.  Spenser. 

f EF-FR  E-NA'TION,  n.  [L.  effreenatio ; froenum, 
a rein.]  Unruliness.  Gockeram. 

t f.F-FRONT',  v.  a.  To  give  assurance  to. 

I am  naturally  bashful,  nor  hath  conversation,  age,  or 
travel  been  able  to  effront  me.  Browne. 

$F-FRON'TE-RY  (ef-frun'te-re),  n.  [L.  effrons, 
effrontis,  barefaced ; frons,  frontis,  the  brow  ; 
Fr.  effronterie.]  Indecorous  or  insolent  bold- 
ness ; impudence  ; shamelessness ; audacity  ; 
assurance  ; hardihood. 

Others  with  ignorance  and  insufficiency  have  self-admi- 
ration and  effrontery  to  set  up  themselveB.  Watts. 

Syn.  — See  Audacity. 

f 5F-FRONT'y-OUS-LY,  ad.  With  effrontery; 
insolently ; shamelessly.  North. 

pF-FUL^E'  (ef-raij'),  v.  n.  [L.  effulgeo.)  To  send 
forth  lustre  or  effulgence.  [r.J  Thomson. 


f,F-FUL'9?NCE,  n.  A resplendent  or  dazzling 
light ; lustre  ; brightness  ; splendor  ; brillian- 
cy ; radiance. 

On  darkling  man  in  pure  effulgence  shine, 

And  cheer  the  clouded  mind  with  light  divine.  Johnson. 

Syn.  — See  Radiance. 

EF-FUL/(^$NT,  a.  Shining;  bright;  luminous; 
dazzling.  “ Effulgent  rays  of  light.’ * Cooper . 

£F-FUL'^r£NT-LY,  ad,  Jn  an  effulgent  manner. 

t?F-FU-MA-BlL'l-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
volatile,  or  of  flying  off  in  fumes.  Boyle. 

t pF-FUME',  v.  a.  [L.  fumus,  smoke.]  Tobreathe 
or  puff  out.  B.  Jonson. 

f 5F-FUND',u.  a.  [L .effundo.]  To  pour  out.  More. 

£F-FU§E'  (ef-fuz'),  v.  a.  [L.  effundo,  effusus.] 
[t.  EFFUSED;  pp.  EFFUSING,  EFFUSED.]  To 
pour  out;  to  spill ; to  shed. 

At  last  emerging  from  his  nostrils  wide 

And  gushing  mouth  effused  the  briny  tide.  Pojie. 

5F-FU§E',  v.  n.  To  emanate.  Thomson. 

t £F-FO§E',  n.  Waste;  effusion. 

And  much  effuse  of  blood  doth  make  me  faint.  Shale. 

JgF-FUSE',  a.  1.  f Dissipated;  extrava- 
gant. Bp.  Richardson. 

2.  ( Bot .)  Poured  forth  ; spreading 
loosely  : — applied  to  an  inflorescence. 

3.  (Conch.)  Noting  shells  which  have 
the  lips  separated  by  a groove.  Maunder. 

EF-FU'§ION  (ef-ffl'zhun,  fl3),  n.  [L.  effusio  ; It. 
effuzione ; Sp.  efusion.] 

1.  The  act  of  effusing  or  pouring  out  a liquid  ; 
an  outpouring.  “ Effusion  of  wine.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

2.  A waste,  spilling,  or  shedding,  as  of  blood. 

Stop  effusion  of  Christian  blood.  Shale. 

3.  That  which  is  poured  out ; efflux. 

Wash  me  with  that  precious  effusion , and  I shall  be  whiter 
than  snow.  King  Charles. 

4.  Expression  of  thought  by  words. 

Ills  style  [Johnson’s]  was  the  most  unlike  of  all  styles  to 
the  natural  effusion  of  a cultivated  mind.  Sir  J.  Mackintosh. 

5.  The  act  of  giving  freely ; bountiful  donation. 
“ That  liberal  effusion  of  all,”  &c.  Hammond. 

6.  (Anat.)  The  escape  of  any  fluid  out  of  the 
vessel  containing  it  into  another  part. 

The  effusion  of  scrum  is  a common  result  of  inflammation 
of  serous  membranes.  Dunglison. 

7.  (Astron.)  That  part  of  the  sign  Aquarius 

represented  on  celestial  globes  by  the  water  is- 
suing out  of  the  urn  of  the  water-bearer;  — 
called  also  fusion.  London  Ency. 

PF-FU'S?1VE,  a.  Pouring  out;  dispersing;  dif- 
fusive ; spreading ; expansive. 

The  effusive  South 

Warms  the  wide  air.  Thomson. 

pF-FU'SIVE-Ly,  ad.  In  an  effusive  manner. 

pF-FU'SIVE-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  effusive. 

EFT,  n.  [A.  S.  efeta,  efete.]  (Zolil.)  The  com- 
mon name  applied  to  the  various  species  of  sal- 
amanders or  newts,  particularly  to  the  smooth 
newt,  or  Sissotriton  punctatus.  Bell. 

f EFT,  ad.  [A.  S.  aft,  or  eft,  again.]  Soon; 
quickly.  Spenser. 

f EFT'gST,  ad.  superl.  Soonest;  first.  Shah. 

EFT'SlTHEjj,  ad , Ofttimes.  [Local,  North  of 
England.]  Haltiwell. 

f EFT-SOON^’,  ad.  [A.  S.  eft-sona .]  Soon  af- 
terwards ; in  a short  time.  Spenser. 

Hold  off,  unhand  me,  gray-beard  loon  ! 

Eftsoons  his  hand  dropt  he.  Coleridge . 

E-GAD',  inter/.  Noting  exultation  ; — reputed  to 
be  a corruption  or  a diminutive  of  the  oath  “ by 
God.”  Lancashire  Dialect. 

E'EIJR,  n.  [Dan.  ager,  the  ocean.] 

1.  An  impetuous  flood  or  tide  ; eagre.  Browne. 

2.  An  early-blossoming  tulip.  Ash. 

EG'E-RAN,  n.  (Min.)  A variety  of  garnet  found 
near  Eger  in  Bohemia.  Brande. 

E-(fE  ' RI- A,  n.  (Astron.)  An  asteroid,  or  minor 
planet,  discovered  at  Naples  by  Dr.  De  Gasparis, 
on  the  2d  of  Nov.,  1850.  Brande. 

t E-£ER'MT-NATE,  v.  n.  To  germinate.  Cochcram. 

1J-GEST',  v.  a.  [L.  egcro,  egestus.]  To  throw 
out;  to  void  as  excrement,  [r.]  Booth. 


¥-<?EST  ION  (e-jest'yyn),  n.  [L.  egestio  ; It.  eges- 
tione ; Sp.  egestion.]  The  act  of  egesting  or 
voiding  digested  matter  or  food.  Hale. 

EGG,  n.  [A.  S.  ag  ; Dut.  ei  ; Ger.  ey  ; Dan.  eg,  <eq  ; 
Sw.  agg  ; Gael.  ugh.  — L.  ovum ; It.  ovo  ; Fr. 
ceuf.  — Old  Eng.  ey  ; pi.  eyren.] 

1.  A body  from  which  an  animal  originates  ; 
ovum  ; — popularly  a body  laid  by  fowls,  tur- 
tles, &c.,  usually  covered  with  a thin  shell,  and 
containing  a yolk  and  albumen. 

WiE  Tile  essential  parts  of  an  eaa  are  the  yolk,  the 
Purkinjean  or  germinal  vesicle,  and  the  Wagnerian 
vesicle,  or  germinal  dots.  The  albumen,  or  white, 
ami  the  shell,  are  of  secondary  importance,  and  are 
not  present  in  all  kinds  of  eggs.  Agassiz. 

2.  Any  thing  shaped  like  an  egg.  Boyle. 

EGG,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  egyian  ; Icel.  eggia.]  [i. 

EGGED;  pp.  EGGING,  egged.]  To  incite;  to 
instigate  ; to  edge,  [r.]  Derham. 

EGG— AND— TONGUE, n.  (Arch.) 

An  ornament  carved  on  the 
ovolo.  Weale. 

EGG'— BAG,  n.  A receptacle  for  eggs.  Goldsmith. 

EGG'— BIRD,  n.  (Ornith.)  A name  given  to  some 
species  of  web-footed  birds  of  the  family  Lari- 
dee,  or  gulls.  Yarrell. 

EGG'— BORN,  a.  Produced  from  an  egg.  Drayton. 

EGG'— CUP,  n.  A cup  used  for  holding  an  egg 
to  be  eaten  at  table.  Clarke. 

EG'GfR,  n.  [See  Egg,  v.  «.]  1.  One  who  eggs, 

or  incites.  Sherwood. 

2.  A gatherer  of  eggs  ; eggler.  Holbrook. 

EG'Gf-RY,  n.  A nest  of  eggs,  [it.] — SeeEYRY. 

EGG'— HOT,  n.  A posset  made  of  eggs,  ale,  bran- 
dy, and  sugar.  Merle. 

EG'GING,  n.  Incitement.  Clcaveland. 

EGG'L^R,  n.  A dealer  in  eggs.  Brockett. 

EGG'NOG,  n.  A drink  made  of  spirit,  milk,  sugar, 
and  eggs,  beaten  up  together.  IF.  Ency. 

EGG'— PLANT,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  cultivated  for 
its  egg-shaped  fruit,  which  is  used  boiled, 
stewed  in  sauces,  &c.,  like  the  love-apple  ; So- 
latium melongena.  Loudon. 

EGG'— SHAPED  (eg'shapt),  a.  Shaped  like  an  egg ; 
having  the  form  of  an  egg ; ovate.  II ill. 

EGG'— SHELL,  n.  The  shell  or  crust  of  an  egg. 

E-91-LOP'l-CAL,  a.  [Gr.  alylZen]/,  an  ulcer  in  the 
eye  ; L.  eegilops.]  Affected  with  the  segilops ; 
having  an  ulcer  in  the  corner  of  the  eye.  Coles. 

E'0!-LOPS,  n.  See  ./Egilops.  Todd. 

E'9IS,  n.  See  iEois.  Todd. 

jp-GLAN'DU-LOSE,  ) [L.  e> 

priv.,  and  glan- 

E-GLAN'DU-LOUS,  > dutosus,  glandulous  ; glan- 
dular, glands.]  Destitute  of  glands.  Craig. 

EG'LAN-TINE,  or  EG'LAN-TINE  (19),  [eg'l?n-lln, 
S.  j.  E.  .la.  K.  Sm.  ; eg'lan-tln,  IF.  F.],  n.  [Fr. 
eglantier.]  (Bot.)  A species  of  wild  rose  ; sweet- 
brier  ; Rosa  rubiginosa  ; — applied  by  Milton  to 
the  honeysuckle. 

O’crcanopicd  with  luscious  woodbine, 

With  sweet  musk  roses,  and  with  eglantine.  Shale. 

E-GLOM'$-RAtE,  v.  a.  [L.  e,  priv.,  and  glomero, 
glomeratus,  to  form  into  a ball.]  To  unwind,  as 
thread  from  a ball.  Craig. 

||  E'GO-I§M,  n.  [L.  ego , I ; It.  <§-  Sp.  egoismo  ; Fr. 
egoisme.] 

1.  The  opinion  of  those  who  profess  to  be 
sure  of  nothing  but  their  own  existence.  Reid. 

2.  The  love  of  one’s  self ; selfishness.  Clarke. 

||  F/GO-IST,  [It.  iSf  Sp.  egoista  ; Fr.  rgoiste.)  One 

of  a class  of  philosophers  who  professed  to  be 
sure  of  nothing  but  their  own  existence.  Reid. 

||  E-GO'!-TY,  n.  [L.  ego,  I.]  Personality  ; iden- 
tity. [r.] 

I would  say  the  egoity  remains;  that  is  — that  by  which  I 
am  the  same  I was.  Wollaston. 

||  E'GO-MI§M,  n.  Same  as  Egoism.  Baxter. 

E'GO-THE-I§M,  n.  [Gr.  lyui,  I,  and  (hoc,  god.]  The 
doctrine  of  those  who  deify  self.  Christ.  Exam. 

||  E'GO-TlSM,  or  EG'O-TISM  [e'go-tlzm,  S.  P.  J. 
E.  Ja.  K.  ; e'go-tlzm  or  eg'o-tlzm,  IF.  F.  ; eg'o- 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short ; A,  5,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


EGOTIST 


467 


EKE 


tizm,  Sm.  R.],  n.  [Gr.  iyib,  I ; L.  ego  ; It.  <Sr  Sp. 
egotismo.]  The  frequent  use,  or  the  vanity 
which  is  manifested  by  the  frequent  repetition, 
of  the  first  personal  pronoun  in  conversation 
or  writing,  or  by  talking  much  of  one’s  self. 

/j£g=-  “Contrary  to  my  own  judgment,  I have  made 
the  c,  in  the  first  syllable  of  this  word,  long,  because 
I see  it  is  uniformly  so  marked  in  all  the  dictionaries 
1 have  seen  ; but  I am  much  mistaken  if  analogy  does 
not,  in  time,  recover  her  rights,  and  shorten  this 
vowel  by  joining  it  to  the  g,  as  if  written  cg-o-tism.” 
Walker. 

Syn.  — See  Vanity. 

||  E'GO-TlST,  n.  One  who  talks  much  of  himself. 

A tribe  of  egotists  for  whom  I have  always  had  a mortal 
aversion.  Spectator. 

||  E-GO-TIS'TIC,  ? a.  Self-conceited ; vain  ; 

||  E-GO-TIS'TI-CAL,  > opinionated.  Todd. 

II  E-GO-TIS'TJ-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  an  egotistical 
manner.  Booth. 

II  E'GO-TlZE,  V.  n.  [t.  EGOTIZED  ; pp.  EGOTIZING, 
egotized.]  To  talk  or  write  much  of  one’s 
self ; to  be  egotistical.  “ I egotize  in  my  letters 
to  thee.”  Cotoper. 

II  E-GRE'^IOUS  (e-gre'jus)  [e-gre'jus,  S.  E.  F.  K. ; 
e-gre'je-iis,  IK.  P.  J.  Ja.  Sm.  A.],  a.  [L.  egre- 
gius ; ex,  from,  and  grex,  gregis,  a flock ; It.  Sg 
Sp.  egregio.)  Eminent ; remarkable  ; extraor- 
dinary ; distinguished;  either  in  a good  or  a bad 
sense;  — now  generally  used  in  a bad  sense. 
“ Egregious  merits.”  Milton.  “ Egregious 
impudence.”  Bp.  Hall. 

||  E-GRE'£IOUS-LY,  ad.  Eminently  ; remarkably  ; 
— generally  in  a bad  sense. 

||  p-GRE'plOyS-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  egre- 
gious or  extraordinary.  Sherwood. 

E'GRfSS,  n.  [L.  egressus  ; It.  egresso.~\ 

1.  The  act  of  going  out ; departure  ; egression. 
“ Thou  shalt  have  egress  and  regress.”  Shah. 

2.  (Astron.)  The  passing  off  of  a planet  from 

the  sun’s  disk.  Hind. 

Jf-GRES'SION  (e-gresh'un),  n.  [L.  egressio .]  The 
act  of  going  out ; egress.  B.  Jonson. 

E-GRESS'OR,  n.  One  who 
makes  egress  ; one  who 
goes  out.  [r.]  Dwight. 

E'GR^T, n.  [Fr .aigrette, 
a heron,  and  a tuft  of 
feathers.] 

1.  ( Ornith.)  A fowl  of 
the  heron  kind.  Bailey. 

2.  A feather  of  the 
heron.  B.  Jonson. 

3.  (Bot.)  The  down  of 
thistles,  &c. ; aigrette. 

4.  (Zobl.)  A species 
of  ape  ; Simia  Aygula 
of  Linnaeus.  Fischer. 

E'GRpTT,  n.  An  orna-  Little  egret 

ment  of  ribbons.  Boag.  (.Ardea  garzetta). 

f EG'RI-MO-Ny,  n.  1.  [Gr.  aypepibvy ; L.  agrimo- 
nia.)  (Bot.)  The  herb  agrimony.  Cotgrave. 

2.  [L.  wgrimonia.']  Great  sorrow.  Cockeram. 

E'GRI-OT,  n.  [Fr.  aigret ; aigre,  sour.]  A spe- 
cies of  acid  cherry.  Bacon. 

•f  EG'RI-TUDE,  n.  [L . cegritudo.\  Sickness  of 
mind ; sorrow.  Sir  T.  Elyot. 

?-(JYP'TlAN,  a.  [Gr.  Aiytmrtos.]  (Geog.)  Re- 
lating to  Egypt.  Warhurton. 

Egyptian  bean,  a name  formerly  given  to  the  fruit 
of  the  plant  .X'dinnbium  speciosum-, — called  also  Py- 
thagorean beau  and  Indian  sacred  bean.  — Egyptian 
kale,  a variety  of  the  turnip-stemmed  cabbage,  called 
also  Rabikale. — Egyptian  lotus,  the  plant  JVymplura 
lotus,  a native  of  the  hot  parts  of  the  East  Indies,  Af- 
rica, and  America.  — Egyptian  pebble,  a species  of 
agate  or  jasper.  — Egyptian  thorn,  the  Jlcacia  vera  of 
Willdenow,  an  ornamental  tree,  native  of  the  north- 
ern parts  of  Africa.  Craig.  Ogilvie. 

£-(}YP'TIAN  (e-jip'shan),  n.  (Geog.)  1.  A native 
of  Egypt. 

2.  f A gypsy.  — See  Gypsy.  Sherwood. 

EH  (a),  interj.  Noting  doubt,  inquiry,  or  slight 
surprise  ;•  eigh.  — See  Eioh.  Smart. 

El'DlJR,  n.  [Ger.  Sg  Sw.  eider.)  Same  as  Eider- 
duck. — See  Eider-Duck.  Todd. 


Eider  duck  ( Somatcria  mollissimd). 


El'DIJR-DoWN,  n.  The  soft,  fine,  light,  elastic 
down  of  an  eider-duck.  Pennant. 

Ei'DpR— DUCK,  n. 

(Ornith.)  A spe- 
cies of  duck  found 
in  the  northern 
parts  of  Europe, 

Asia,  and  Ameri- 
ca, and  much  val- 
ued for  its  down. 

Yarrell. 

ei'do-grAph,  n. 

[Gr.  fidof,  form, 

and  ypatpw,  to  describe.]  An  instrument  by 
which  copies  of  drawings  are  made,  reduced,  or 
enlarged  in  any  proportion,  within  certain  lim- 
its. Brande. 

El-DOU-RA'NI-ON,  n.  [Gr.  Rios,  form,  and  ovpA- 
t" or,  of  the  heavens.]  A representation  of  the 
heavens.  Craig. 

EIGH  (a),  interj.  An  expression  of  sudden  de- 
light. Johnson. 

EIGHT  (at),  n.  An  island  in  a river ; ait.  Evelyn. 

EIGHT  (at),  a.  & n.  [Goth,  alita  ; A.  S.  eahta, 

or  ehta  ; Dut.  agt  ; Ger.  acht\  Dan.  otte.  — Gr. 
Iktio  ; L.  octo  ; It.  otto ; Sp.  ocho  ; Fr.  huit .] 
Twice  four  ; seven  and  one. 

EIGH'TEEN  (a'ten),  a.  & n.  [A.  S.  eahta-tyne .] 
Twice  nine  ; eight  and  ten. 

EIGH-TEEN'— MO  (a-ten'-),  n.  [ eighteen , and  the 
last  syllable  of  L.  decimo,  the  tenth  : — equiv- 
alent to  the  combination  of  L.  octo,  eight,  or 
octavus,  eighth,  and  decimo,  tenth.]  A term 
designating  the  size  of  a book  in  which  a sheet 
is  folded  into  eighteen  leaves. 

EIGH'TEENTH  (a'tenth),  a.  [A.  S.  eahta-teotha .] 
Next  in  order  after  the  seventeenth  : — noting 
one  of  eighteen  parts  into  which  any  thing  is 
divided. 

EIGH'TEENTH  (a'tenth),  n.  (Mas.)  An  interval 
comprising  two  octaves  and  a fourth  ; the  repli- 
cate of  the  eleventh.  Moore. 

EIGHT'FOLD  (at'fold),  a.  Eight  times  the  num- 
ber or  the  quantity. 

EIGHTH  (atth),  a.  & n.  [A.  S.  eahtetha .]  Next  in 
order  after  the  seventh  ; — the  ordinal  of  eight  : 
— noting  one  of  eight  parts  into  which  any 
thing  is  divided. 

EIGHTH  (atth),  n.  (Mus.)  1.  The  interval  be- 
tween a note  and  its  octave ; an  interval  of 
seven  conjunct  degrees,  that  is,  of  five  tones 
and  two  semitones.  Dwight. 

2.  The  eighth  note  of  the  diatonic  scale.  P.  Cyc. 

EIGHTH'LY  (atth'le),  ad.  In  the  eighth  place. 

EIGH'TI-ETH  (a'te-eth),  a.  Next  in  order  to  the 
seventy-ninth  : — noting  one  of  eighty  parts 
into  which  any  thing  is  divided. 

EIGHT'SCORE  (at'skor),  a.  & n.  Eight  times  twen- 
ty ; one  hundred  and  sixty.  Shak. 

EIGH'TY  (a'te),  a.  & n.  [A.  S.  eahtatig .]  Eight 
times  ten  ; fourscore. 

EIGNE  (a'ne  or  an),  a.  [Fr.  nine  ; L.  ante,  before, 
and  natus,  born.  Menage .]  (Law.)  Eldest  or 
first-born;  — entailed.  B/ackstone.  Bacon. 

EI'KON  (I'kon),  n.  [Gr.  fbojr.]  (Sculp.)  An  im- 
age ; a statue.  Fairholt. 


EILD,  n.  See  Eld.  Todd. 

f EI'SEL  (e'sel),  n.  [A.  S.  eisile,  vinegar.]  Vin- 
egar ; verjuice.  Sir  T.  More. 

EI'SEN-RAHM  (-rim),  n.  (Min.)  Red  ochre.  Dana. 

f ElS-TEDD'FOD,  n.  [W.  eistedd,  to  sit.]  A meet- 
ing ; an  assembly  or  session  of  bards,  formerly 
held  in  Wales.  P.  Cyc. 

II  EI'THER  (e'ther)  [e'ther,  S.  IK.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja. 
K.  Sm.  R.  Wh.  Scott,  Nares,  Smith,  Fry ; 
e'ther  or  I'ther,  Kenrick ; i'ther,  IK.  Johnston ], 
a.  & pron.  [A.  S.  eegther  or  egther .] 

1.  One  or  the  other  of  two  : — any  one  of  an 
indeterminate  number.  “ Either  of  several 
provinces.”  Hale. 


Goring  made  a fast  friendship  with  Digby,  either  of  them 
believing  he  could  deceive  the  other.  Clarendon, 

2.  Each. 

j fjgp-^Eacli  signifies  both  of  them,  taken  distinctly  or 
separately  ; either  properly  signifies  only  the  one  or  the 
other  of  them,  taken  disjunctively.  For  which  reason 
the  expression  in  the  following  passages  seems  im- 
proper : 4 They  crucified  two  others  with  him,  on 
either  side  one,  and  Jesus  in  the  midst.’  John  xix.  18. 
4 On  either  side  of  the  river  was  there  the  tree  of  life.’  ” 
Lowth. 

XtS$y* 44  Either  and  neither  are  so  often  pronounced 
I'ther  and  nl'ther , that  it  is  hard  to  say  to  which  class 
they  belong.  Analogy,  however,  without  hesitation, 
gives  t lie  diphthong  the  sound  of  long  open  e,  rather 
than  that  of  i,  and  rhymes  them  with  breather , one 
who  breathes.”  Walker.  — Smart  says,  44  Between  c/'- 
therund  el'ther  there  is  little,  in  point  of  good  us  ige, 
to  choose  ” : — yet  he  remarks, 44  But  usage,  as  well  as 
regularity,  favors  the  sound  of  e in  these  two  words.” 

||  EI'TH^R,  conj.  Or  ; as,  “ Either  this  or  that.” 

jp-JAC'U-LATE  (e-j^k'y ii-lat),  v.  a.  [L.  ejaculor , 
ejacuiatus  ; Fr.  ejaculer .]  [i.  ejaculated  ; pp. 

EJACULATING,  EJACULATED.] 

1.  f To  throw ; to  shoot  or  dart  forth.  “ Rays 

ejaculated  thence.”  Blackmore. 

2.  To  utter  briefly  and  suddenly,  as  an  ex- 
pression, a prayer,  or  a cry. 

E-JAC-U-LA'TION,  n.  [It.  ejaculazione  ; Sp.  eya - 
culacion;  Fr.  ejaculation .] 

1.  The  act  of  ejaculating  or  throwing  out. 

There  seemeth  to  be  in  the  act  of  envy  an  ejaculation  of 
the  eye.  Bacon. 

2.  A short,  sudden  expression,  cry,  or  prayer. 

All  which  prayers  of  our  Saviour,  and  others  of  like  brev- 
ity, are  properly  such  as  we  call  ejaculations;  an  elegant 
similitude  from  a dart  or  arrow  shot  or  thrown  out.  South. 

E-JAC'U-LA-TO-RY,  a.  [It.  ejacidatorio  ; Sp. 
eyaculato  ; Fr.  ejaculatoire .] 

1.  Throwing  or  darting  out.  “Vessels  both 

preparatory  and  ejaculatory .”  Smith. 

2.  Uttered  in  the  form  of  an  ejaculation. 
“ The  short  ejaculatory  prayers.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

3.  Sudden  ; hasty.  “ The  merit  of  ejaculatory 

repentances.”  L’  Estrange. 

E-JECT',  v.  a.  [L.  ejicio,  ejectus;  e,  out,  and 
jacio,  to  throw.]  [t.  ejected  ; pp.  ejecting, 
ejected.] 

1.  To  throw  out ; to  cast  forth ; to  void  ; to 
discharge  ; to  vomit ; as,  “ To  eject  any  thing 
from  the  stomach.” 

2.  To  dispossess  of  office  or  of  property;  to 
put  or  turn  out  of  possession  ; to  expel  ; to  oust. 
“The  French  king  was  again  ejected.”  Dryden. 

3.  To  throw  aside  as  useless  ; to  reject. 

To  have  ejected  whatsoever  the  church  doth  make  account 
of  could  not  have  been  defended.  Hooker. 

E-.IECTION  (e-jek'shun),  n.  [L.  ejectio  ; Fr.  ejec- 
tion.] 

1.  The  act  of  one  who  ejects ; a casting  out 
or  discharge  ; an  evacuation  ; as,  “An  ejection 
from  the  stomach  or  bowels.” 

2.  A turning  out  of  possession  ; dismission  ; 

expulsion.  “Our  first  parent,  after  his  ejection 
out  of  paradise.”  Bp.  Hall. 

E-JECT'M£NT,  n.  1.  Expulsion  ; banishment.  “ A 
six  years’  exile  and  ejectment.”  Bp.  Flectioood. 

2.  (Laic.)  A species  of  mixed  action  for  the 
recovery  of  the  possession  of  real  property,  and 
of  damages  and  costs  for  the  unlawful  detention 
of  them.  Burrill. 

F-JECT'OR,  n.  One  who  ejects.  Sydney  Smith. 

EJ-U-LA'TION  (ed-yu-la'shun),  n.  [L.  ejulatio .] 
An  outcry  ; lamentation  ; moan  ; wailing.  “ Like 
sighs  or  ejulations  in  man.”  [it.]  Hale. 

EKE,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  eacan .]  [t.  eked  ; pp.  eking, 

eked.] 

1.  To  add  to  ; to  increase  ; to  augment. 

And  mine  [strength]  to  eke  out  hers.  Shak. 

2.  To  supply  or  fillup,  as  something  deficient. 

Still  he  kind, 

And  eke  out  our  performance  with  your  mind.  Shak. 

3.  To  lengthen  ; to  spin  out ; to  protract. 

I speak  too  long;  but ’t  is  to  piece  the  time, 

To  eke  it.  Shak. 

EKE,  ad.  [A.  S.  eac .]  Also  ; likewise ; beside  ; 
moreover.  Spenser. 

A train-band  captain  eke  was  he.  Cowper. 

EKE,  n.  • An  addition,  [r.]  Geddes. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BOLL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  9,  9,  g,  soft;  E,  G,  c, 


;,  hard;  § as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


EKEBERGITE 


468 


ELDERSHIP 


EK-JJ-ISER'^LTE,  n.  (Min.)  A massive  and  sub- 
fibrous  variety  of  scapolite.  Dana. 

EK'JNG,  n.  Increase  ; addition.  Todd. 

E' LA'  (a' la'),  n.  (Mtis.)  A term  formerly  ap- 
plied to  the  highest  note  in  the  scale  of  Guido, 
and  since  proverbially  applied  to  any  hyperboli- 
cal saying.  Moore. 

E-LAB'O-RATE,  v.  a.  [L.  elaboro,  elaboratus  ; It. 
elaborare ; Sp.  elaborar ; Fr.  e laborer.]  [t.  elab- 
orated ; j op.  ELABORATING,  ELABORATED.] 

1.  To  bestow  labor  upon  ; to  produce  with  la- 
bor. “Honey  is  elaborated  by  the  bee.”  Boyle. 

2.  To  heighten  and  improve  by  labor  or  by 
successive  operations. 

Or,  in  full  joy,  elnhornte  a sigh.  Young. 

The  sap  is  diversified,  and  still  more  elaborated  and  exalt- 
ed, as  it  circulates  through  the  vessels  of  the  plant.  Arbuthnot. 

E-LAB'O-RATE,  a.  [L.  elaboratus ; It.  elaborate; 
Sp .elaborado-,  Fr.  elabore.]  Wrought  with  la- 
bor ; much  studied  ; much  labored  upon  ; highly 
finished;  as, “ An  elaborate  discourse.”  Swift. 

E-LAB’O-RATE-LY,  ad.  In  an  elaborate  manner. 

E-LAB'O-RATE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
elaborate.  “ Great  elaborateness  of  dialogue 
and  incessant  ambition  of  wit.”  Johnson. 

E-LAB-O-RA'TION,  n.  [L.  elaboratio  ; Sp.  elabo- 
ration ; Fr.  elaboration.] 

1.  The  act  of  elaborating  ; great  labor. 

2.  (Phi/s.)  Process  of  assimilation  in  animals 

or  vegetables  ; as,  “ The  elaboration  of  the  tis- 
sues ” ; “ Elaboration  of  sap  ” ; “ The  elabora- 
tion of  the  sperm  and  eggs.”  Ray. 

E-lAb'O-RAT-OR,  n.  One  who  elaborates.  Ogilvie. 

f E-LAb'O-RA-TO-RY,  n.  [Fr.  elaboratoire.] 
A laboratory.  — See  Laboratory.  Wood. 

E-LJE'lS,n.  [Gr.  O.aia,  the  olive-tree.]  ( Bot .) 
A genus  of  palms  which  afford  oil.  P.  Cyc. 

E-LJE-O-CAR' PUS,  n.  [Gr.  eiala,  the  olive-tree, 
and  uapxis,  fruit.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  evergreen 
trees,  the  stones  in  the  fruit  of  which,  being 
cleaned  from  the  pulp  and  set  in  gold,  are 
formed  into  necklaces.  Loudon. 

E-L/E'O-LITE,  n.  [Gr.  V.aiov,  oil,  and  XiBos,  a 
stone.]  (Min.)  A coarse,  massive  variety  of 
nephaline.  Dana. 

E-lA'I-DATE,  n.  ( Chem .)  A salt  formed  by  the 
union  of  elaidic  acid  with  a base.  Ogilvie. 

EL-A-ID  IC,  a.  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  derived 
from  elaidine  and  potassa.  Francis. 

E-LA'I-d!NE,».  [Gr.  cXaiov,  oil.]  ( Chem.)  A fatty 
matter  produced  by  the  action  of  nitric  acid  up- 
on certain  oils,  particularly  castor-oil.  P.  Cyc. 

E-LAIN',  or  JJ-LA'IN,  n.  [Gr.  cXaiov,  oil.]  (Chem.) 
That  portion  of  fat  or  oil  which  retains  the  liquid 
state;  oleine.  — See  Oleine.  Brande. 

E-LAI-OD'IC,  a.  [Gr.  V.aiov,  oil,  and  rflo;,  form.] 
(Chem.)  Derived  from  castor-oil.  Brande. 

E-LAt-OM'E-TJJR,  n.  [Gr.  V.atov,  oil,  and  ytrpov, 
a measure.]  An  instrument  for  detecting  the 
adulteration  of  olive-oil.  Brande. 

E-LA']S,  n.  (Bot.)  See  Elajis.  Loudon. 

f E-LAmP'JNG,  a.  Illuminating  like  a lamp; 
shining.  G.  Fletcher. 

E-lANCE’,  v.  a.  [Fr.  dancer.]  To  throw  out; 
to  shoot  out;  to  dart. 

Elance  thy  thought,  and  think  of  more  than  man.  Young. 

E'LAND,  n.  (Zotil.)  A 
species  of  antelope, 
found  in  Africa,  being 
the  largest  of  the 
antelopes  ; Antilope 
areas.  Fischer. 

E-LA 'JYUS,n.  [Fr .dan, 
sudden  motion.]  (Or- 
nith.)  A genus  of  birds 
of  the  kite  kind;  the 
swallow-tailed  hawk. 

Nuttall. 

E-LA'O-LlTE,  n.  [Gr.  Eland. 

tiaia,  an  olive,  and  XlOo ;,  a stone.]  (Min.)  A 
brittle  mineral  of  a greasy  lustre,  found  in  Nor- 
way, and  sometimes  used  in  jewellery.  Brande. 


EL-A-OP'TEN,  n.  (Chem.)  The  liquid  portion  of 
the  volatile  oils,  when  separated  from  the  con- 
crete or  crystallizable  portion,  which  had  been 
called  stearopten.  — See  Stearopten.  Brande. 

E-LAP-1-dA'TIQN,  n.  [L.  c,  priv.,  and  lapidatio, 
a throwing  of  stones  ; lapis,  a stone.]  A clear- 
ing away  of  stones.  Ogilvie. 

E-LAPH ' I-i,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  cXaQos,  a stag.]  (Zolil.) 
A family  of  ruminants  including  the  musk-deer, 
the  stag,  and  the  giraffe.  Van  Der  Hoeven. 

EL'A-PHINE,  a.  (ZoOl.)  Resembling  the  stag,  or 
Cercus  elaphus.  Craig. 

E-eAPSE', v.n.  [L ,elabor,elapsus.]  [i.elapsed; 
pp.  elapsing,  elapsed.]  To  pass  away ; to 
glide  away  ; to  lapse  ; — applied  to  time  ; as,  “ A 
long  time  has  elapsed  since  I saw  him.” 

E-EAQ'UE-ATE  (e-lak'we-at),  v.  a.  [L.  e,  priv., 
and  htqueo,  to  entangle  ; laqueus,  a snare.]  To 
disentangle,  [r.]  Clarke. 

E-LAs' MO-DUS,  n.  [Gr.  ii.aoyds,  a metal  plate, 
and  dhobi,  a tooth.]  (Pal.)  A genus  of  fossil 
placoid  fishes  of  the  family  Chimteridte.  Pictet. 

E-LAS-MO-THE' RI-UM,  n.  [Gr.  IXaaybi,  a metal 
plate,  and  Oygiov,  a beast.]  (Geol.)  A large,  ex- 
tinct, pachydermatous  animal.  Brande. 

E-LAS  1IC,  1 a [Gr.  iXavvw,  or  eXAw,  to  drive  ; 

E-I.As'TI-CAL,  S It.  Sf  Sp.  elastico  ; Fr.  elastique.] 
Having  elasticity ; having  power  to  restore  or 
to  return  to  the  original  form  ; springing  back  ; 
springy  ; rebounding.  “ Like  a piece  of  elastic 
gum.”  Paley.  “ A subtle,  elastic  ether.”  Burke. 

E-lAs'TI-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  an  elastic  manner  ; 
with  a spring.  Clarke. 

E-I.As'TJC-GUM,  n.  Caoutchouc  or  India-rub- 
ber. Crabb. 

E-LAS- TlE'J-TY,  n.  [It.  elasticith  ; Sp . elastici- 
dad;  Fr.  dasticite.]  A property  in  certain 
bodies  by  which  they  restore  themselves  to 
their  original  form  and  dimensions  after  the 
external  force,  by  which  they  have  been  dilated 
or  compressed  or  bent,  is  withdrawn  ; springi- 
ness ; tendency  to  rebound.  Brande. 

E-LAS'T|C-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  elas- 
tic ; elasticity.  Scott. 

E-lAte',  a.  [L.  elatus.]  Raised,  elevated,  or 
elated  in  spirits  ; flushed,  as  with  success. 

Too  soon  dejected,  and  too  soon  elate.  Pope. 

E-LATE',  v.  a.  [L.  ejfero,  elatus .]  [t.  elated  ; 

pp.  ELATING,  ELATED.] 

1.  To  elevate,  as  with  success  ; to  puff  up  ; 
to  flush  ; to  inflate.  “ Elated  by  victory.”  Hume. 

2.  To  heighten  ; to  exalt,  [r.] 

Or  truth,  divinely  breaking  on  his  mind, 

Elates  his  being,  and  unfolds  his  power.  Thomson. 

E-LAT'EB-LY,  ad.  In  an  elated  manner.  Felt  ham. 

E-LAT'ED-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  elated. 

E-LAT'ER  [e-lat'er,  Sm.  C.  Henslow ; el'?-ter,  Cl. 
Brande],  n.  [Gr.  iXaryp,  a leaper.] 

1.  (Ent.)  One  of  the  Elateridte.  Harris. 

2.  (Bot.)  An  elastic,  spiral  filament.  Henslow. 

E-LAt'ER,  n.  That  which  elevates.  Boyle. 

EL-A-TER' I-DJE,  n.  pi.  (Ent.)  A family  of  co- 
leopterous insects  that  throw  themselves  up- 
wards with  a jerk  when  laid  on  their  backs ; 
spring-beetles.  Harris. 

E-lAt'E-RINE,  n.  (Chem.)  The  active  principle 
of  the  elaterium  or  wild  cucumber.  Hoblyn. 

E-lAT'F.-RITE,  n.  Mineral  caoutchouc,  an  elas- 
tic variety  of  bitumen.  Buchanan. 

EL-A-  TE  'RI-  CM,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  iX.arrjptov.] 

1.  (Med.)  A powerful  cathartic  obtained  from 
the  wild  cucumber  (Cucumis  sylvestris).  Hill. 

2.  (Bot.)  A kind  of  fruit,  such  as  is  found  in 

the  genus  Euphorbia,  consisting  of  three  or  more 
carpels,  consolidated  when  young,  but  bursting 
with  elasticity  when  ripe.  Brande. 

EL'A-TER-Y,  n.  [Gr.  iXaTyptos,  driving,  forcing.] 
Force  which  drives  apart;  elasticity,  [r.]  Clarke. 

EL'A-TLNE,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  water-plants  ; 
water-wort ; water-pepper.  Craig. 

E-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  elatio  ; It.  elazione .]  The 


state  of  being  elated  ; high  spirits  from  success  ; 
exaltation  ; pride  of  prosperity  ; elevation. 

God  began  to  punish  this  vain  elation  of  mind  by  with- 
drawing his  favors.  Atterbury. 

EL'BOW  (el'bo),  n.  [A.  S.  elboga  ; Ger .elbogen; 
Dut.  elleboog  ; Dan.  albue.] 

1.  The  next  joint  or  curvature  of  the  arm  be- 
low the  shoulder. 

2.  Any  flexure  or  angle  ; a sudden  or  abrupt 
turn  ; as,  “ An  elbow  in  a wall,  or  in  a river.” 

3.  (Arch.)  An  upright  side  which  flanks  a pan- 
el-work ; as,  “ The  elbows  of  a windo vi.” Francis. 

4.  (Naut.)  Two  crosses  in  the  cables  when  a 

vessel  is  moored.  Dana. 

To  be  at  one’s  elbow,  to  be  near;  to  be  at  hand. — 
To  be  out  at.  the  elbows , to  be  in  need  of  better  gar- 
ments ; to  be  in  great  difficulty  or  disorder. 

EL'BOW,  v.  a.  [i.  ELBOWED  ; pp.  ELBOWING, 
elbowed.]  To  push  with  the  elbow  ; to  push  ; 
as,  “To  elbow  one’s  way  through  a crowd.” 

EL'BOW,  v.  n.  1.  To  jut  out  in  angles.  Johnson. 

2.  To  push  one’s  way ; to  clash ; to  jostle  ; 
to  contend.  “ Elbowing  insolence.”  Grainger. 

EL'BOW-CHAiR,  n.  A chair  with  arms  to  sup- 
port the  elbows.  Gay. 

EL'BOW— GREASE,  n.  A trivial  term  for  ener- 
getic and  continuous  hand-labor.  Halliwell. 

EL'BOW— PIE'CE§,  n.  pi.  Coverings  for  the 
juncture  of  plate-armor  at  the  elbow.  Fairholt. 

EL'BOW— ROOM,  n.  Room  to  stretch  out  the  el- 
bows on  each  side  ; freedom  from  confinement ; 
room  or  space  for  exertion.  Shak. 

EL-CA'JA,  n.  (Bot.)  An  Arabian  tree,  the  fruit 
of  which  is  emetic,  and  is  employed  in  an  oint- 
ment for  the  cure  of  the  itch  ; Trichilia  emet- 
ica.  Brande. 

ELCESAITES,  n.  pi.  (Eccl.  Hist.)  Ancient 
heretics,  who  made  their  appearance  in  the 
reign  of  the  Emperor  Trajan,  and  took  their 
name  from  their  leader,  Elcesai.  Buck. 

t ELD,  n.  [A.  S.  eld,  age,  time  ; eald,  old.] 

1.  Old  age.  “ He  was  of  great  eld."  Brunne. 
“ Palsied  eld."  Shak.  “ Childless  eld.”  Milton. 

2.  Old  people  ; elderly  persons. 

They  count  him  of  the  green-haired  eld.  Chapman. 

3.  Old  times  ; antiquity.  Shak. 

EL'DER,  a.  [A.  S.  ealdor ; Dut.  ouder ; Dan. 
ccldre.]  Surpassing  another  in  years ; older ; 
senior ; elderly.  Hooker. 

EL'DER,  n • 1-  An  older  person  ; an  aged  per- 

son ; one  whose  age  claims  respect ; a senior. 

Rebuke  not  an  elder , but  entreat  him  as  a father,  and  the 
younger  men  as  brethren.  1 Tim.  v.  1. 

2.  An  ancestor.  “ Carry  your  head  as  your 
elders  have  done  before  you.”  L’ Estrange. 

3.  A ruler,  as  among  the  Jews  or  in  the 

church.  Johnson. 

4.  A minister  or  ecclesiastic.  “ Ordain  elders 

in  every  city.”  Tit.  i.  5. 

5.  (Presbyterian  Church.)  A layman  having 

ecclesiastical  authority.  Cleaveland. 

EL'DER,  n.  [A.  S.  ellarn  ; Ger.  holder .]  (Bot.) 
The  English  name  of  a genus  of  plants  ; Sam- 
bucus.  Sambucus  nigra,  or  common  elder,  a 
showy  tree  when  in  flower  and  fruit,  is  nar- 
cotic, purgative,  and  acrid.  The  flowers,  in  de- 
coction, are  diaphoretic  and  expectorant,  and  are 
used  to  flavor  vinegar.  The  berries  are  poisonous 
to  poultry,  but  make  a sort  of  wine.  Loudon. 

EL'DER-BER'RY,  n.  The  fruit  of  the  elder. 

EL'DER— GUN,  n.  A popgun  made  of  elder.  Shak. 

EL'DER-LY,  a.  Bordering  upon  old  age  ; some- 
what old.  “ Elderly  people.”  Swift. 

Syn. — Elderly,  aged,  and  old  rise  by  gradation  in 
their  meaning.  Elderly  is  less  than  aged  ; aged,  less 
than  old.  Elderly,  elder,  and  aged  are  more  commonly 
applied  to  persons  ; old,  to  persons  or  to  tilings ; as, 
an  old  man,  an  old  horse,  an  old  house.  Elderly  and 
aged,  as  applied  to  persons,  are  more  respectful  terms 
than  old.  — See  Old. 

t EL'DERN,  a.  Made  of  elder.  Sir  T.  Overbury . 

EL'DER-SHIP,  n.  1.  Seniority.  “ My  claim  to 
her  by  eldership  I prove.”  Dryden. 

2.  (Eccl.)  Office  or  function  of  an  elder  in  a 
church  : — the  older  of  elders.  Hooker. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  tJ,  Y,  short;  A,  E,  l,  9,  V,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


ELDEST 


469 


ELECTRO-MAGNETIC 


EL'DgST,  a.  Oldest  ; most  aged;  most  advanced 
in  years.  “ Our  eldest  Malcolm.”  Shak. 

ELD'ING,  n.  [A.  S.  (elan,  to  burn.]  Wood  for 
burning;  fuel.  [Local,  Eng.]  Grose. 

EL  DO-RA'DO,  n.  [Sp.,  the  (/olden  region.]  A pro- 
verbial term  for  an  imaginary  country  abound- 
ing in  gold  or  other  rich  products  of  nature  ; — 
so  applied  from  the  fact  that  Orellana,  the 
lieutenant  of  Pizarro,  pretended  to  have  discov- 
ered a region  in  South  America,  which  he  thus 
named  from  the  immense  quantity  of  gold  and 
other  precious  metals  that  he  asserted  he  had 
seen  in  Manoa,  its  capital.  P • Cyc. 

ELD'RICH,  a.  Hideous  ; ghastly.  [Local.]  Clarke. 

EL-E-AT'IC,  a.  [Gr.  IXeartrfs.]  Noting  a system 
of  ancient  philosophy,  which  derived  its  name 
from  Elea,  in  Italy,  the  residence  of  Xenopha- 
nes, the  founder.  P.  Cyc. 

EL-E-AT'JC,  n.  An  adherent  to  the  Eleatic  phi- 
losophy. Brande. 

£L-E-CAM-PANE',  n.  [From  the  officinal  name 
En'ula  campana.  London.'] 

1.  (Boi.)  A species  of  large,  herbaceous 

plants,  growing  in  moist  meadows,  the  bitter 
root  of  which  is  sometimes  used  to  flavor  con- 
fectionery ; Inula  helenium.  Loudon. 

2.  A sweetmeat,  or  common  candy,  made  of 

the  root  of  the  plant  elecampane.  Hill. 

g- LECT',  v.  a.  [L.  eligo,  electus-,  It.  elcggere; 
Sp.  elegir ; Fr.  elire.]  [i.  elected  ; pp.  elect- 
ing, ELECTED.] 

1.  To  take  in  preference ; to  select  as  prefer- 
able; to  choose. 

O ye  gods ! might 

I elect  my  fate  I Phillips. 

2.  To  choose  for  any  office  or  use ; to  select 
by  vote  ; as,  “ To  elect  a representative.” 

3.  (Theol.)  To  select  for  some  peculiar  priv- 
ilege or  favor ; to  predestinate.  Burnet. 

Syn.  — See  Choose. 

g-LECT',  a.  [It.  eletto  ; Sp.  electo.] 

1.  Selected  as  preferable  ; taken  by  preference 
from  among  others  ; chosen. 

With  these,  that  never  fade,  the  spirits  elect 

Bind  their  resplendent  locks.  Milton. 

2.  Chosen  to  an  office,  but  not  yet  in  office. 

The  bishop  elect  takes  the  oaths  of  supremacy.  Ayliffe. 

5- LECT',  n.  (Theol.)  1.  One  chosen  or  set  apart. 

Behold  mine  elects  in  whom  my  soul  delighteth.  Isa.  xlii.  1. 

2.  A person  or  persons  elected  for  some  pe- 
culiar privilege,  or  for  salvation. 

Shall  not  God  avenge  his  own  elect ? Luke  xviii.  7. 

U-LECT'ANT,  n.  An  elector,  [r.]  Search. 

E-LECT'A-RY,  n.  [L.  electarium .]  A form  of 
medicine.  — See  Electuary.  Walker. 


5-LECT'j-CISM,  n.  Eclecticism.  Craig. 

g-LEC'TION,  n.  [L.  electio-,  It.  elezionc ; Sp. 
eleccion ; Fr  .election.] 

1.  The  act  of  electing  or  choosing. 

2.  Power  of  choosing ; free  choice  ; prefer- 
ence ; selection. 

He  has  referred  it  to  our  own  election  which  we  will 
choose.  Rogers. 

3.  The  act  or  the  public  ceremony  of  choos- 
ing officers  of  government. 

I was  sorry  to  hear  with  what  popular  heat  elections  were 
carried.  King  Charles. 

4.  Distinction ; discrimination. 

To  use  men  with  much  difference  and  election  is  good;  for 
it  maketh  those  preferred  more  thankful,  and  the  rest  more 
officious.  Bacon. 

5.  (Theol.)  The  choice  made  by  God  of  indi- 
viduals of  the  human  race  to  enjoy  peculiar  priv- 
ileges and  blessings ; predestination.  Rom.  ix.ll. 

IJ-LEC'TION— DAY,  n.  The  day  on  which  an  elec- 
tion is  held.  Oldham. 

JJ-LEC-TION-EER',  v.  n.  To  use  means  for  pro- 

moting an  election  to  an  office  ; to  use  arts  in  an 
election ; to  canvass.  Qu.  Rev. 

g-LEC-TION-EER'gR,  n.  One  who  is  active  in 

promoting  an  election.  Dean  Isaac  Milner. 

g-LEC-TION-EER'ING,  n.  The  course  of  meas- 
ures and  arts  used  in  an  election.  War  ton. 

Electioneering  is  not  only  a political  activity,  and  a social 
one  — it  is  an  art,  and  it  is  even  a game.  . . . Thomas,  Mar- 
quis of  Wharton,  who  died  in  1715,  was  calculated  to  have 
spent  in  electioneering  the  sum  of  ,£*0,1X10.  Q n.  ltcv. 


g-LEC-TION-EER'ING,  p.  a.  Using  means  to 
promote’  an  election  ; furthering,  or  employed 
about,  an  election.  Ld.  Brougham. 

g-LEC'TIVE,  a.  [It.  elettivo  ; Sp.  electivo  ; Fr. 
electif.  — See  Elect.] 

1.  Bestowed,  or  regulated,  by  choice;  — op- 
posed to  hereditary ; as,  “ An  elective  monarchy.” 

2.  That  elects;  exerting  the  power  of  choice. 

All  moral  goodness  consisteth  in  the  elective  act  of  the  un- 
derstanding will.  Grew. 

Elective,  affinity,  ( Chem .)  the  apparent  preference 
which  chemical  substances  show  lo  certain  others 
when  combining  with  them. — Elective  franchise, 
(Politics.)  the  right  of  voting  in  the  election  of  a pub- 
lic officer  or  magistrate.  Qu.  Rev. 

E-LEC'TIVE-LY,  ad.  By  choice;  by  election.  Ray. 

5-LEC'TOR,  n.  [L.]  1.  One  who  elects ; one 

who  has  the  right  of  choosing  public  officers  ; 
one  who  possesses  the  elective  franchise  ; a voter. 

2.  A prince  of  the  old  German  empire,  who 
had  a voice  in  the  choice  of  the  emperor. 

Ij gp  On  the  dissolution  of  the  German  empire  in  1806, 
the  title  of  elector  was  merged  in  that  of  king,  grand- 
duke,  &c.,  by  all  the  German  states  except  Hesse  Cas- 
sel,  whose  sovereign  is  still  designated  elector.  Braude. 

g-LEC'TO-RAL,  a.  [It.  elettorale  ; Sp.  electoral-, 
Fr.  Electoral.]  Relating  to  an  election  or  to  an 
elector  ; electorial.  Burke. 

U-LEC-TO-RAL'I-TY,  n.  The  territory  of  an  elec- 
tor ; electorate.  Wotton. 

g-LEC'TOR-ATE,  n.  [It.  elettorato  ; Sp.  electora- 
do;  Fr.  electorate]  The  territory,  jurisdiction, 
or  the  dignity  of  an  elector-,  as  in  Germany. 

E-LEC'TOR-ESS,  n.  An  electress.  Burnet. 

E-LJJC-TO'RI-AL,  a.  Relating  to  an  elector  or 
an  election.  “ An  electorial  college.”  Burke. 

B-LEC'TOR-SHlP,  n.  The  office  of  an  elector. 
“The  son  is  to  succeed  him  in  the  elector- 
ship.” Howell. 

f B-LEC'TRE  (e-lek'tur),  n.  [Gr.  rp.ocrpor ; L. 
electrum .]  Amber.  — See  Electrum.  Bacon. 

E-LgC-TREP'g-TgR,  n.  [Gr.  ifiliKTpov,  amber  (for 
electricity),  and  L.  peto,  to  travel  to,  to  seek.] 
An  instrument  for  changing  the  direction  of 
electrical  currents.  Francis. 

g-LEC'TRgSS,  n.  [Fr.  elect  rice.]  The  wife,  or 
the  widow,  of  an  elector.  Burke. 

g-LLC'TRIC,  ) electrum,  amber.  — It. 

g-LEC'TRI-CAL,  S elettrico  ; Sp.  electrico  ; Fr. 
electrique.] 

1.  Containing,  or  capable  of  exhibiting,  elec- 
tricity ; as,  “ Amber  is  an  electric  substance.” 

2.  Pertaining  to  electricity  ; as,  “ Electric 

fluid  ” ; “ Electric  shock.”  Brande. 

B-LEC'TRIC,  n.  A body  or  a substance  capable 
of  exhibiting  electricity,  and  of  preventing  the 
passage  of  it  from  one  body  to  another;  a non- 
conductor of  electricity.  Smart. 

JJ-LEC'TRI-CAL-LY,  ad.  By  electric  influence  ; 
by  means  of  electricity.  Clarke. 

E-LEC'TRI-CAL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
electrical.  ’ Scott. 

U-LEC'TRIC— CUR'RENT,  n.  A current  or  stream 
of  electricity  passing,  by  means  of  a conductor 
or  conductors,  from  a body  overcharged  to 
another  undercharged.  Ogilvie. 

E-LEC'TRIC— EEL,  n.  (Ich.)  A species  of  fish 
resembling  the  eel,  and  possessing  the  power  of 
communicating  electric  shocks  so  violent  that 
men  and  even  horses  are  overpowered  by  them  ; 
the  Gymnotus  electricus.  Van  Der  Iloeven. 

E-LgC-TRp'CIAN  (e-lek-trlsh'un),  n.  One  who 
is  versed  in  the  science  of  electricity.  Wilson. 

E-LEC-TRl^'l-TY,  n.  [Gr.  IjXiKTpov,  amber;  It. 
elettricith ; Sp.  electricidad ; Fr.  electricite.] 

1.  The  invisible,  subtile  agent,  termed  the 
electric  fluid,  produced  by  the  friction  of  certain 
substances,  as  amber,  glass,  sealing-wax,  &c., 
and  so  called  from  having  been  first  observed  in 
amber ; a property  in  bodies,  when  excited  by 
friction,  of  attracting  or  repelling  other  bodies. 

2.  The  science  which  explains  the  laws  of  the 

electric  fluid.  Franklin. 

JJ-LEC'TRIC— TEL'B-GRAPH,  n.  An  apparatus 


employed  for  transmitting  intelligence  by  means 
of  electricity.  Morse. 

g-LEC'TRI-FI-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  electri- 
fied ; capable  of  being  electrified.  Smart. 

B-LEC-TRI-FJ-CA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  electri- 
fying ; the  state  of  being  charged  with  electrici- 
ty. Craig. 

g-LEC'TRI-FIED,  p.  a.  Charged  with  electricity  ; 
as,  “ A body  lightly  electrified.” 

E-LEC'TRI-FY,  V.  a.  [*.  ELECTRIFIED  ; pp.  ELEC- 
TRIFYING, ELECTRIFIED.] 

1.  To  communicate  electricity  to  ; to  render 
electric  ; as,  “ To  electrify  a Leyden  jar.” 

2.  To  affect  by  an  electric  shock ; as,  “ To 
electrify  a person  for  the  cure  of  disease.” 

3.  To  rouse  suddenly,  as  by  a shock  of  elec- 
tricity ; to  thrill  ; to  charm ; to  enchant ; as, 
“ His  speech  electrified  the  audience.” 

JJ-LEC'TRj-FY,  v.  n.  To  become  electric.  Craig. 

g-LEC'TRj-FY-ING,  p.  a.  Thrilling;  enchanting. 

g-LEC'TRINE,  a.  [Gr.  rjlltTpivos.]  Relating  to 
electrum  or  amber.  Maunder 

5-LKC-TR!-zA'TION,  n.  [It.  elettrizzazionc ; Sp. 
clectfizacion ; Fr.  electrisation .]  The  act  of 

electrizing.  Ogilvie. 

E-LEC'TRIZE,  v.  a.  [It.  elettrizzare  ; Sp . electri- 
zar ; Fr.  elect-riser.]  [ i . electrized  ; pp.  elec- 
trizing, electrized.]  To  electrify.  P.  Cyc. 

E-LEC'TRIZ-gR,  n.  That  which  electrizes;  espe- 
cially an  electric  apparatus  used  for  medical 
purposes.  Harrington. 

B-LEC'TRO-BI-OL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  ^.f/erpor,  amber 
(for  electricity),  Gios,  life,  and  l.Oyos,  discourse.] 
The  science  of  electrical  forces  as  shown  in 
mesmerism.  Brande. 

E-LEC'TRO— jCHEM'I-CAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  elec- 
tro-chemistry. Clarke. 

E-LEC'TRO— £HEM'IS-TRY,  n.  The  science  which 
treats  of  the  agency  of  electricity  or  galvanism 
in  effecting  chemical  changes.  P.  Cyc. 

E-LEC'TRODE,  n.  [Gr.  rjl.tKTpov,  amber  (for  elec- 
tricity), and  6<5d{,  a way.]  The  surface  by  which 
electricity  passes  into  and  out  of  other  media  ; 
— used  chiefly  in  speaking  of  the  poles  of  a gal- 
vanic battery.  Brande. 

B-LEC'TRO-DY-NAM'IC,  ) Relating  to 

B-LEC'TRO-DY-NAm'I-CAI.,  > electro-dynamics. 

Smart. 

E-LEC'TRO— DY-NAM'ICS,  Ji.  pi.  [Gr.  tjkf srpov, 

amber  (for  electricity),  and  SLnafus,  power.]  The 
science  which  treats  of  the  effects  or  phenom- 
ena of  electricity  in  motion.  P.  Cyc. 

B-LEC'TRO-GILD'ING,  n.  A mode  of  gilding 
copper  or  silver  by  the  agency  of  voltaic  elec- 
tricity. Ogilvie. 

E-LIJC-TROL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  jjXiKTpov,  amber  (for 
electricity),  and  1.6 yo(,  a discourse.]  That  de- 
partment of  physical  science  which  treats  of 
electricity.  Ogilvie. 

E-LBC-TROL'Y-Sls,  n.  [Gr.  ijhisrpov,  amber  (for 
electricity),  and  low,  to  dissolve.]  (Chem.)  The 
act  of  resolving  compounds  into  their  elements 
by  electricity  ; the  decomposition  of  bodies  by 
the  electric  current.  Faraday. 

g-LEC'TRO-LYTE,  n.  A substance  susceptible 
of  direct  decomposition  by  the  action  of  an  elec- 
tric current  or  the  voltaic  pile.  Brande. 

E-LEC-TRO-LYT'IC,  a.  Relating  to  electrolysis, 
or  electro-chemical  decomposition.  Faraday. 

g-LEC'TRO-LY-ZA-BLE,  a.  Susceptible  of  de- 
composition by  the  electric  current.  P.  Cyc. 

fJ-LEC-TRO-LY-ZA'TION,  n.  The  act  or  the  pro- 
cess of  electrolyzing.  Francis. 

E-LEC'TRO-LYZE,  v.  a.  [See  Electrolysis.] 
To  resolve  compounds  into  their  elements  by 
the  agency  of  electricity.  Brande. 

B-LEC'TRO-MAg'NET,  n.  A bar  of  iron  made 
temporarily  magnetic,  by  causing  a current  of 
electricity  to  pass  through  a wire  coiled  around 
it.  Francis. 

E-LEC'TRO-MAG-NET'IC,  a.  Noting  what  per- 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — <J,  £,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  Y as  Sz-  — THIS,  this. 


ELECTRO-MAGNETISM 


470 


E L EM  ENTATION 


tains  to  that  form  of  magnetism  which  is  pro- 
duced, or  affected,  by  electricity.  “ Electro- 
magnetic apparatus.”  Francis. 

E-LEC'TRO-MAg'N£T-!§M,  n.  The  science  which 
treats  of  electricity  and  galvanism  as  agents  of 
communicating  magnetic  properties.  P.  Cyc. 

E-LEC'TRO-MET'AL-LtiR-<?Y,  n.  The  art  of 
making  copies  of  any  object  in  copper,  silver, 
gold,  &c.,  by  the  agency  of  voltaic  electricity ; 
the  electro-chemical  precipitation  of  the  metals, 
from  a state  of  solution,  upon  prepared  sur- 
faces, as  applied  to  various  purposes  in  the 
arts.  Hoblyn. 

E-LgC-TROM'P-Tf.R,  n.  [Gr.  ij/.CKrpov,  amber  (for 
electricity),  and  pcrpov,  a measure.]  An  instru- 
ment for  ascertaining  the  presence  and  for 
measuring  the  intensity  of  electricity.  Brande. 

5-LEC-TRO-MET'RIC,  l a<  Pertaining  to  an 

E-LEC-TRO-MET'RI-CAL,  > electrometer. Oyilvie. 

5-EEC'TRO-MO'TION,  n.  The  motion  conferred 
upon  magnets  by  electricity.  Smart. 

$-LEC'TRO-MO'T|VE,  a.  Exciting,  or  produ- 
cing, electro-motion.  Francis. 

E-LEC-TRO-MO'TOR,  n.  An  instrument  or  ap- 
paratus to  move  the  electric  fluid.  Ure. 

E-LEC'TRO-NEG'A-TIY'E,  a.  Being  in  such  a 
state,  with  respect  to  electricity,  as  to  be  repelled 
by  bodies  negatively  electrified,  and  attracted 
by  those  positively  electrified  Ure. 

E-LEC'TRO— NEG'A-Tl  VE§,  n.  pi.  Those  sub- 
stances which,  in  electro-chemical  decomposi- 
tions, make  their  appearance  at  the  anode  or 
electro-positive  pole.  Brande. 

E-LEC-  TROPH' O-R  &S,  1 i. ; pi.  electrophori. 
[Gr.  ijl.iKTpov,  amber  (for  electricity),  and  ipooiw , 
to  bear.]  A machine  for  preserving  electricity  a 
long  time,  consisting  of  two  plates,  one  of  which 
is  a resinous  electric,  and  the  other  a metallic 
plate.  Hamilton. 

E-EEC'TRO-PLATE,  v.  a.  To  plate  with  silver 
by  electricity.  Clarke. 

E-LEC'TRO-PLAT'JNG,  n.  A mode  of  plating 
inferior  metals  with  silver  by  the  agency  of  vol- 
taic electricity.  Oyilvie. 

E-LEC'TRO-PO'LAR,  a.  ( Electricity .)  Having 
electric  poles,  one  positive  and  the  other  nega- 
tive ; — applied  to  conductors.  Brande. 

E-LEC'TR0-P6§'!-TIVE,  a.  In  such  a state  with 
respect  to  electricity  as  to  be  attracted  by  bodies 
negatively  electrified.  Smart. 

$-LEC'TRO-P6§'I-Tl  VE§,  n.  pi.  Bodies  appear- 
ing in  electro-chemical  decompositions  at  the 
cathode  electro-negative  pole.  Brande. 

£-LfiC'TRO-SCOPE,  n.  [Gr.  l)).tKrpov,  amber  (for 
electricity),  and  uKottim,  to  view;  Fr.  electro- 
scope.]  An  instrument  for  exhibiting  the  at- 
tractive and  repulsive  agency  of  electricity,  or 
for  indicating  its  presence ; an  electrometer. 

The  gold  leaf  electrometer  and  other  similar  arrangements 
are  electroscopes.  Brande. 

E-LEC'TRQ-STAT'ICS,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  rjlacrpov,  am- 
ber (for  electricity),  and  crania};,  causing  to 
stand;  iarypi,  to  stand.]  The  science  which 
treats  of  electricity  in  equilibrium,  as  distin- 
guished from  electro-dynamics.  Oyilvie. 

IJ-LEC'TRO— TEL-5-GRAph'JC,  a.  Pertaining  to 
the  electric  telegraph.  Clarke. 

e-LEC'TRO-TlNT,  n.  A method  of  etching  by 
galvanism.  The  subject  being  painted  on  cop- 
per with  a thick  varnish  or  paint,  the  plate  is 
submitted  to  the  electro-coppering  process,  by 
which  a deposit  is  made  upon  it,  forming  anoth- 
er plate  with  the  lines  of  the  device  marked  in 
intaglio,  or  sunken.  Oyilvie. 

5-LEC'TRO-TYPE,  n.  [Gr.  yl.eKrpov,  amber  (for 
electricity),  and  rimo ;,  a model  or  type.] 

1.  A method  of  obtaining  in  metal  perfect 
copies  or  fac-similes  of  medals,  coins,  copper- 
plates, printing-types,  &c.,  by  means  of  the 
power  which  voltaic  electricity  has  of  decom- 
posing metallic  salts  in  solution,  and  precipitat- 
ing the  metal  upon  a prepared  surface.  Francis. 

2.  An  impression  of  a medal,  coin,  copper- 
plate, printing-types,  &c.,  obtained  by  the  elec- 


tric precipitation  of  copper,  or  other  metal,  from 
its  solution  ; voltatype.  Brande. 

5-LEC'TRO-TYPE,  v.  a.  To  copy  or  make  a fac- 
simile of  by  the  electro-chemical  process  of  de- 
positing metals  from  their  solution  upon  a 
mould.  Hamilton. 

B-LEC'TRO— Vl'TAE,  a.  Noting  two  electric  cur- 
rents, which  are  supposed  by  some  physiologists 
to  move  in  the  nerves  of  animals,  the  one  ex- 
ternal and  cutaneous,  moving  from  the  extrem- 
ities to  the  cerebro-spinal  axis  ; the  other  in- 
ternal, and  proceeding  from  that  axis.  Brande. 

E-LEC1  TRUM,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  rjlisrpov,  amber.] 

1.  (Ant.)  A term  applied  by  the  ancients  to 

various  substances,  but  especially  to  the  sub- 
stance now  called  amber,  and  to  an  alloy  consist- 
ing of  four  parts  of  gold  and  one  part  of  silver  ; 
an  alloy  of  gold  and  silver.  Brande. 

2.  Argentiferous  gold  ore.  Craig. 

f-LECT'lJ-A-RY,  n.  [L.  electuarium  ; It.  elettua- 
rio  ; Sp.  electuario  ; Fr.  elect uaire.\  (Med.)  A 
medicine  compounded  of  some  conserve,  honey, 
sirup,  &c. ; a powder  mixed  with  sirup. 

It ,>  The  confections  of  the  present  pharmacopoeia 
aro  substituted  for  the  former  electuaries.  Brande. 

EL-f  E-i\IOi->'Y-NA-RY  (ei-e-moz’e-nj-re),  a.  [Gr. 
i/.ertpoaim) ; L.  eleemosgna,  alms.  — See  Ai.ms.] 

1.  Living  on  charity  or  alms.  “ The  eleemos- 
ynary boys  of  that  monastery.”  Warton. 

2.  Given  in  charity  or  for  the  support  of  the 

poor.  “ Eleemosynary  lands.”  Stephens. 

3.  Founded  by  charitable  donations  for  the 
purpose  of  dispensing  some  kind  of  gratuity  ; 
as,  “ An  eleemosynary  institution.” 

EL-pE-MOfJ'Y-NA-RY,  n.  One  who  lives  on  alms. 
“ Living  as  an  eleemosynary .”  South. 

EL'E-G  A.YCE,  n.  [L.  elegantia  ; It.  eleganza  ; Sp. 
elegancia ; Fr.  wgance.] 

1.  The  beauty  of  propriety  ; that  which  pleases 

by  its  propriety,  grace,  symmetry,  or  beauty  ; 
gracefulness.  “ Elegance  of  dress.”  “ Purity 
and  elegance  of  style.”  Addison. 

2.  Refinement ; polish  ; politeness. 

The  natural  progress  of  the  works  of  men  is  from  rude- 
ness to  convenience,  from  convenience  to  elegance , and  from 
elegance  to  nicety.  Johnson. 

EL'f.-GAN-cy,  n.  Elegance.  Bp.  Taylor. 

EL'E-G  ANT,  a.  [L.  e/egans,  from  cligo,  to  choose  ; 
It.  >Sf  Sp.  elegante  ; Fr.  elegant.) 

1.  Having  elegance  ; pleasing  by  beauty,  sym- 
metry, or  propriety  ; graceful;  as,  “An  elegant 
house  ” ; “ Elegant  furniture.” 

2.  Refined  ; not  coarse  ; graceful ; polished  ; 
polite;  genteel;  as,  “ Elegant  manners.” 

Polite  with  candor,  elegant  with  ease.  Pope. 

Syn.  — Elegance  implies  high  cultivation  by  train- 
ing and  art ; hut  grace  is,  in  a great  measure,  a natu- 
ral gift.  A rustic  girl,  with  little  education,  may  have 
a graceful , comely , or  becoming  appearance  and  man- 
ners ; but  an  elegant  woman  must  be  highly  educated 
and  accomplished.  An  elegant  or  accomplished  lady  ; 
an  elegant  taste  or  style  ; refined , polite , or  polished 
manners  ; genteel  appearance  ; graceful  attitude  ; 
comely  figure  ; becoming  dress.  — See  Accomplished, 
Genteel,  Polite. 

EL-E-  GjJY ' TI-JE  (-she-e),  n.  pi.  [L.]  Things 
elegant,  pretty,  or  ornamental.  Ainsworth. 

EL'E-G ANT-LY,  ad.  In  an  elegant  manner  ; in 
a manner  to  please  by  beauty,  propriety,  or 
grace ; gracefully. 

EL'E-GANT-MiND'ED,  a.  Having  an  elegant 
mind  or  a refined  taste.  IJ.  More. 

||  EL-E-^I'AC  (120)  [gl-e-jl'?k,  S.  W.  J.  E.  F. 
Jn.  Sm.  E.  C.  ; e-le'je-Sk  or  Sl-e-jl'^k,  P.  K.  ; 
?-le'je-ak,  WbJ],  a.  [Gr. Ucye laKog  ; L.  elegiacusn 
It.  <Sf  Sp.  elegiaco;  Fr.  dlegiaque .] 

1.  Used  in,  or  relating  to,  elegies  ; as,  “ Ele- 
giac verse.”  Holland . 

2.  Mournful ; sorrowful ; plaintive. 

Let  elegiac  lay  the  love  relate.  Gay. 

Elegiac  verse , a pentameter  verse  used  in  elegies. 

jQfiy*  English  words  ending  in  iac  have  the  accent 
placed  on  the  preceding  syllable,  elegiac  being  the 
only  exception.  (See  Prin.  120.)  Almost  all  the  or- 
thoepists  place  the  accent  of  this  word  on  the  penulti- 
mate syllable. 

“ Our  own  analogy  would  lead  us  to  place  the  ac- 
cent upon  the  second  syllable  of  this  word  ; hut  its 
derivation  from  the  Latin  elegiacus , and  the  Greek 
i\zyitaKoq  (in  both  which  the  antepenultimate  is 
long),  obliges  us,  under  pain  of  appearing  grossly  il- 


literate, to  place  the  accent  on  the  same  letter.  But 
it  may  be  observed  that  we  have  scarcely  an  instance 
in  the  whole  language  of  adopting  a Latin  or  Greek 
word,  and  curtailing  it  of  a syllable,  without  remov- 
ing the  accent  higher  on  the  English  word.”  Wulker. 

||  EL-^-^rl'AC,  n%  Elegiac  verse.  Warton. 

EL-£-£I'A-CAL,  a.  Belonging  to  an  elegy,  or  to 
elegiac  verse  ; elegiac.  Cotgrave. 

E-LE-^I-Am'BIC,  a.  [Gr.  ileyflov,  the  metre  of 
the  elegy,  consisting  of  an  hexameter  and  a pen- 
tameter, and  an  iambic  verse.]  (Pros.) 

Noting  a sort  of  verse  used  by  Horace.  Crabb 

EL-£-£l'AST,  ji.  A writer  of  elegies  ; elegist. 

The  great  fault  of  these  elegiusts.  Goldsmith. 

EL-^-^I-OG'RA-PHER,  n . A writer  of  elegies. 

Clarke . 

EL'p-^rlST,  7i.  A writer  of  elegies.  Warton. 

E-LE ' (flT,  n.  [L.,  he  has  chosen.]  (Law.)  A 
writ  of  execution  given  on  judgments  for  debt 
or  damages ; — so  called  because  the  plaintiff  had 
choice  of  this  writ  or  of  another  called  fieri 
facias.  Burrill. 

EL'£-£Y,  n.  [Gr.  i?.eyela ; L.  elegia ; It.  Sp. 
elegia;  Old  Fr.  elegie.]  A poetical  composition 
of  mournful  character ; a mournful  song ; a 
funeral  song  ; a dirge. 

So  on  Meander’s  banks,  when  death  is  nigh, 

The  mournful  swau  sings  her  own  elegy.  Dryden. 

EL'g-MpNT,  n.  [L.  elementum ; It.  S;  Sp.  ele- 
ment o ; Fr.  element.) 

1.  A first  or  constituent  principle  of  any 
thing;  that  which  admits  not  of  division  or  de- 
composition into  two  or  more  ingredients  of 
unlike  properties  ; a simple  or  undecompounded 
body  ; as,  “ The  elements  of  water  are  oxygen 
and  hydrogen.” 

t&ff-  Formerly,  and  still  in  popular  language,  earth , 
a r,  water , and  fire  are  called  the  four  elements,  be- 
cause they  were  formerly  deemed  first  principles. 
“ The  elements  be  kind  to  thee.”  Shuk. 

2.  pi.  First  principles  of  any  art  or  science  ; 
essential  points  ; rudiments;  as,  “ The  elements 
of  arithmetic.” 

3.  pi.  The  letters  of  a language.  Johnson. 

4.  pi.  (Physics.)  The  data  employed  in  a cal- 
culation, as  of  an  eclipse,  &c. 

5.  The  proper  habitation  or  sphere  of  any 
thing ; suitable  state.  “ A fish  is  out  of  his 
element  when  he  is  not  in  the  water.”  Milton. 

6.  pi.  (Theol.)  The  bread  and  wine  used  in 

the  Lord’s  supper.  Hook. 

f EL'E-MENT,  v.  a.  To  compound  or  constitute 
of  elements.  “ Elemented  bodies.”  Boyle. 

EL-F-MEN'TAL,  a.  [Sp.  elemental.'] 

1.  Relating  to  the  elements  ; — relating  to,  or 
produced  by,  one  or  more  of  the  four  elements, 
earth,  air,  water,  and  fire. 

Transparent,  elemental  air.  Milton. 

Winds,  rain,  and  storms,  and  elemental  war.  Dryden. 

2.  Arising  from  first  principles;  natural. 

“ Elemental  repugnancy.”  Browne. 

3.  Relating  to  the  first  principles  or  rudi- 

ments ; rude  ; simple  ; elementary.  “ Elemen- 
tal knowledge.”  Burke. 

EL-E-MpN-TAL'I-TY,  n.  Combination  of  ingre- 
dients. [r.]  Whitlock. 

EL-E-MENT'AL-LY,  ad.  In  an  elemental  man- 
ner. Smart. 

EL-IJ-MENT'A-RI-NESS,  il.  The  quality  of  being 
elementary.  Scott. 

+ EL-E-M(;n-TAR'!-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being 
elementary  or  uncompounded.  Browne. 

EL-F-MENT'A-RY,  a.  [L.  elemental- ius  ; It.  ele- 
mentario,  elementare;  Fr.  el'mentaire.] 

1.  Having  only  one  principle  or  constituent 
part ; uncompounded  ; simple  ; as,  “ Oxygen 
is  an  elementary  substance.” 

2.  Relating  to  or  explaining  first  principles 
or  elements ; rudimental ; rudimentary  ; pri- 
mary ; initial ; as,  “ An  elementary  treatise.” 

3.  Of,  or  belonging  to,  one  or  more  of  the 

four  elements,  earth,  air,  water,  and  fire.  “ The 
elementary  region.”  Spenser. 

Elementary  organs,  (Bot.)  the  vesicles  and  tubes 
of  which  the  cellular  and  vascular  tissues  are  com- 
posed. Henslow. 

EL-JJ-MEN-TA'TION,  n.  Instruction  in  the  first 
principles,  [u.]  Coleridge. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  ?,  (,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; n£lR,  HER; 


ELEMI 


471 


ELINGUID 


EL' 5- MI  (el'e-me)  [el'e-me,  Wb.  Crabb,  Brande  ; 
e-IC'me,  K.  Johnson,  Ash j,  n.  ( Med .)  A resin- 
ous exudation  from  the  Amyris  elemifera,  a 
tree  found  in  the  West  Indies  and  other  trop- 
ical countries;  — used  in  ointments.  Brande. 

EL'E-MINE,  n.  ( Chern .)  The  crystalline  and  pu- 
rified resin  of  elemi.  Brands. 

||  E-LENjEH',  or  JJ-LENCH'  [e-Iengk',  Sm.  C.  Wb.  ; 
e-lencli',  P.  K. ; e-lench'  or  e-lengk',  Ja.],  n.  ; pi. 
e-lenghs'  or  e-lench'e$.  [Gr.  eZey^og;  L. 
elenchus .]  {Logic.)  A specious  argument;  a 
sophism. 

All  your  elenchs  in  logic  come  within  the  compass  of 
juggling.  Selden. 

It  is  the  safest  way  to  set  down  eUnchcs  as  monitors.  Bacon. 

||  E-LEN'jEHI-CAL,  a.  Relating  to  an  elench.  Scott. 

||  (J-LEN'jFHI-CAL-LY,  ad.  By  means  of  an  elench 
or  specious  argument.  Ogilvie. 


||  U-LENEHTZE,  v.  n.  To  argue  captiously  or 
sophistically  ; to  dispute.  B.  Jonson. 

II  tp-LENEH'TJ-CAL,  a.  Elenchical.  Wilkins. 

t EL'£N<jrE,  a.  See  Ellinge.  Todd. 


f EL'UN^E-NESS,  n.  See  Ellingeness.  Chaucer. 
E-LE'OT,  n.  A species  of  apple.  Mortimer. 
EL'g-PIIANT  (el'e-fant),  n.  [Gr.  iXitftas,  IXttpavros; 
L.  elephas ; It.  A Sp.  elefante ; Fr.  elephant.  — 
A.  S.  elp,  or  yip.) 

1.  {Zobl.)  A pach- 
ydermatous animal, 
the  largest  of  living 
quadrupeds,  and  re- 
markable for  its  pro- 
boscis or  trunk. 

There  are  three  spe- 
cies, two  in  Asia  and 
one  in  Africa.  The 
latter  has  remarka- 
bly large  ears. 

Van  Der  IJoeven. 

2.  The  tusk  of  the 
elephant ; ivory. 

High  o’er  the  gate,  in  elephant  and  gold, 

The  crowd  shall  Caesar’s  Indian  war  behold.  Dryden. 


Asiatic  elephant 
( Elephas  I adieus'). 


EL'E-PHANT— AP'PLE,  n.  ( Bot .)  A noble  Indi- 
an tree  bearing  a fruit  not  unlike  an  orange ; 
Veronia  elephantum.  Loudon. 

EL'p-PII  ANT—  BEE'TLE,  n.  {Ent.)  Alarge  insect 
of  the  beetle  kind ; Scarabceus  elephas.  Goldsmith. 


EL-p-PHAN'TI-AC,  a.  {Med.)  Affected  with  the 
elephantiasis.  Ash. 

£L-E-PHAN-TI'A-SlS,  n.  [Gr.  eX«pavTiams  ; L. 
elephantiasis.].  {Med.)  A term  applied  to  va- 
rious affections,  but  ordinarily  to  a condition  in 
which  the  skin  is  thick,  livid,  rugous,  tubercu- 
late,  and  insensible  to  feeling.  l)i mglison. 

EL-^-PHAN'TjNE,  a.  [Gr.  IXttpavrivo; ; L.  ele- 
phantinus  ; Fr.  eUphantin .] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  elephant: — resembling 

an  elephant  in  size ; huge.  Johnson. 

2.  {Roman  Ant.)  An  epithet  applied  to  cer- 

tain ancient  Roman  books  of  record,  perhaps 
because  made  of  ivory.  Maunder. 

3.  {Pal.)  Noting  an  epoch  distinguished  for 

large  pachydermatous  animals,  resembling  the 
elephant.  Mantell. 

EL'IJ-PHANT— LEG,  n.  The  popular  name  for 
elephantiasis.  Buchanan. 

EL  £-1  HAN-TOID,  ) a [Gr.  IXlipas,  an  ele- 

EL-e-PHAN-TOID'AL,  ) phant,  and  ilbos,  form.] 
Formed  like  an  elephant ; having  the  shape  of 
an  elephant ; elephant-shaped.  Phillips. 

EL'£-PH ANT— PA'PER,  n.  A term  used  to  des- 
ignate a large  kind  of  drawing  paper.  Fairholt. 

EL'E-PHANT’S— FOOT  (fut),  n.  {Bot.)  1.  The 
common  name  of  a genus  of  evergeen  plants  the 
radical  leaves  of  which  are  supposed  to  resem- 
ble an  elephant’s  foot ; Elephnntopus.  Loudon. 

2.  A plant  of  the  genus  Testudinaria ; Hot- 
tentot’s bread ; — so  called  because  the  Hotten- 
tots make  use  of  its  root,  in  times  of  scarcity, 
for  food.  Loudon. 

EL-EU-SIN'J-AN,  a.  [Gr.  EiW.vof.]  Relating 
to  Eleusis  in  ancient  Greece,  or  to  the  rites 
performed  there  in  the  worship  of  Ceres  and 
Proserpine.  “ Eleusinian  mysteries.”  Brande. 

EL'p-VATE,  v.  a.  [L.  elevo,  elevatus  ; e,  from,  and 


levo,  to  raise  ; It.  elevare ; Sp.  elevar ; Fr.  elever.] 

\i.  ELEVATED  ; pp.  ELEVATING,  ELEVATED.] 

1.  To  raise  up  from  a lower  to  a higher  level  ; 
to  bring  to  a higher  point ; to  raise  ; to  lift ; as, 
“ The  table  was  elevated  on  a platform.” 

2.  To  raise  to  a higher  station ; to  promote  ; 
as,  “ To  elevate  a man  to  office.” 

3.  To  exalt ; to  dignify  ; to  improve ; as, 
“ Such  studies  elevate  the  mind.” 

4.  To  cheer  ; to  animate  ; to  elate. 

Hope  elevates , and  joy 

Brightens  his  crest.  Milton. 

5.  f To  lessen  in  weight  or  value  ; to  depre- 
ciate ; to  detract  from.  Holland.  Hooker. 

Syn.  — See  Lift. 

EL'g-VATE,  a.  [It.  elevato ; Sp.  elerado.)  Ex- 
alted; raised  aloft;  elevated.  “Towers  and 
temples  proudly  elevate."  Milton. 

EL'fl- VAT-£D,  p.  a.  Raised  high;  exalted; 
lofty ; sublime  ; noble. 

Syn.  — See  Tall. 

EL'JJ-VAt-JJD-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  ele- 
vated. Scott. 

EL'p-VAT-ING,  p.  a.  Raising  up;  exalting; 
elating. 

EL-1J- VA'TION,  n.  [L.  elevatio  ; It . elevazione  ; 
Sp.  elevacion  ; Fr.  elevation.] 

1.  The  act  of  elevating,  raising,  or  exalting. 

2.  The  state  of  being  elevated  ; exaltation  ; 
dignity  ; — applied  to  rank,  to  the  operations  of 
the  mind,  or  to  style. 

Angels,  in  their  several  degrees  of  elevation  above  us,  may 
be  endowed  with  more  comprehensive  faculties.  Locke. 

We  are  to  love  him  with  all  possible  elevation  of  spirit. 

Norris. 

His  style  was  so  far  from  tumid  that  it  rather  wanted  a 
little  elevation.  Wotton. 

3.  A part  raised  higher  than  that  which  sur- 
rounds it ; an  elevated  place  ; as,  “ An  elevation 
in  a floor,  in  a plain,  in  a road,”  &c. 

4.  {Astron.)  The  height  of  any  heavenly  body 

with  respect  to  the  horizon.  Johnson. 

5.  {Gunnery.)  The  angle  which  the  central 

line  in  the  bore  of  a cannon  or  a mortar  makes 
with  the  plane  of  the  horizon.  Buchanan. 

6.  {Arch.)  An  orthographic  draught  of  the 
face  or  principal  side  of  a building.  Francis. 

7.  {Dialling.)  The  angle  which  the  style 

makes  with  the  substylar  line.  Crabb. 

Elevation  of  the.  host,  ( Catholic  Church.)  that  part  of 
the  ceremony  of  the  mass  which  consists  in  the 
priest’s  raiding  the  host  above  his  head  for  the  adora- 
tion of  the  people.  - Crabb. 

EL'p-VA-TOR,  n.  [Sp.  elevador  ; Fr.  elevateur.] 

1.  He  who,  or  that  which,  elevates,  raises,  or 

exalts.  Craig. 

2.  {Anat.)  A muscle  that  serves  to  raise  the 

part  in  which  it  is  inserted.  Dunglison. 

3.  {Surg.)  An  instrument  to  raise  portions 
of  bone  which  have  been  depressed.  Dunglison. 

4.  {Mech.)  An  apparatus,  consisting  of  small 

sheet-iron  boxes  attached  to  a revolving  leather 
strap,  used  for  raising  grain  and  similar  sub- 
stances. Craig. 

EL'p-VA-TO-RY,  a.  [It.  elevatorio .]  Tending  to 
elevate.  Boase. 

EL'p-VA-TO-RY,  v.  [Fr.  elevatoire .]  {Surg.) 
An  instrument  used  in  trepanning,  for  raising  a 
depressed  or  fractured  part  of  the  skull.  Clarke. 

ELEVE  (a-lav'),  n.  [Fr . eleve.]  One  brought  up, 
or  protected,  by  another  ; a pupil ; a disciple  ; a 
scholar.  Ld.  Chesterfield. 

P-LEV'EN  (e-Iev'vn),  a.  & n.  [A.  S.  c endlcfen , 
endlufon  ; Dut.  elf;  Ger.  eilf,  elf;  Dan.  ellcve .] 
Ten  and  one. 

p-LEV'ENTH  (e-lev'vntli),  a.  [A.  S.  cendlefta.] 
Next  in  order  after  the  tenth. 

p-LEV'ENTH,  n.  {Mus.)  An  interval  consisting 
of  ten  conjunct  degrees,  or  eleven  diatonic 
sounds ; the  octave  of  the  fourth.  Moore. 

ELF,  n.  ; pi.  elve§  (dlvz).  [A.  S.  (elf,  elf;  Low 
Ger.  elf;  Ger.  alp  ; Dan.  alfe  ; Sw.  elfwa.] 

1.  An  imaginary  being  in  the  mythology  of 
the  nations  in  the  north  of  Europe  ; a kind  of 
diminutive  spirit  or  demon,  good  or  bad  ; a wan- 
dering spirit,  supposed  to  be  seen  in  wild 
places ; a fairy  ; a goblin. 

Of  airy  elves  by  moonlight  shadow  seen.  rope. 

2.  A diminutive  being ; a dwarf.  Iluloet. 


ELF,  v.  a.  To  entangle  as  hair,  in  so  intricate  a 
manner  that  it  cannot  be  unravelled  ; — said  by 
the  vulgar  of  elves  or  fairies.  “ Elf  all  my  hair 
in  knots.”  Shah. 

ELF'— AR-ROW,  n.  At  flint-stone  sharpened  on 
each  side,  frequently  found  in  Great  Britain  ; — 
probably  used  in  war  by  the  ancient  Britons, 
though  vulgarly  supposed  to  have  been  shot  by 
elves  or  fairies.  Maunder. 

ELF'— BOLT,  71.  A flint  arrow-head;  an  elf-ar- 
row.  Jamieson. 

ELF'IN,  a.  Relating  to  elves  or  to  fairies  ; elfish. 

Around  their  chief  the  elfin  host  appeared.  Cooper. 

ELF'IN,  n.  An  elf  : — a child  ; an  urchin. 

Shensi  one. 

ELF'ISH,  a.  Relating  to  elves  or  fairies  ; — resem- 
bling elves  ; having  the  quality  of  elves.  Warton. 

ELF'— LOCK,  n.  A knot  of  hair  twisted  intricately  ; 
superstitiously  said  to  be  the  work  of  elves.  Shak. 

ELF'— SHOT,  n.  Same  as  Elf-bolt.  Jamieson. 

ELF'— SKIN,  n.  The  skin  of  an  elf.  Shak. 

EL'GIN,  a.  Applied  to  a series  of  ancient  sculp- 
tured tnarbles,  which  were  chiefly  decorations 
of  the  Parthenon  at  Athens;  — now  deposited  in 
the  British  Museum  in  London,  and  so  called 
from  having  been  obtained  by  the  Earl  of  Elgin, 
in  1812.  P.  Cyc. 

p-Lip'lT,  v.  a.  \L.elicio;  elicitus;  It . elicere.]  [i. 
ELICITED  ; pp.  ELICITING,  ELICITED.]  To  bring 
or  draw  out ; to  draw  out  by  labor  or  art ; to 
educe;  to  extract.  “ That  may  elicit  the  assent 
of  reasonable  men.”  Hale. 

t p-LIIjJ'lT,  a.  Brought  into  act;  made  actual  or 
real.  “ Elicit  act  of  the  will.”  South. 

t p-LIQ'I-TATE,  v.  a.  To  elicit.  More. 

f P-LIQ-I-tA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  eliciting. 

The  elicitation  which  the  schools  intend  is  a deducing  of 
the  power  of  the  will  into  act.  Bp.  Bramhall. 

E-L1DE',  v.  a.  [L.  elido;  It .elidere;  Sp.  elidir; 
Fr.  elider .]  [i.  elided  ; pp.  eliding  ; elided.] 

1.  t To  break  in  pieces  ; to  crush.  Hooker. 

2.  To  cut  off',  as  a syllable.  Brit.  Crit. 

EL-I-GI-bTl'I-TY,  n.  [It.  eligibility;  Sp.  eligi- 
bilidad ; Fr.  eligibilite.) 

1.  The  quality  or  the  state  of  being  eligible  ; 
worthiness  to  be  chosen  ; eligibleness. 

Sickness  hath  some  degree  of  eligibility , at  least  by  an  after 
choice.  Bp.  Taylor. 

2.  {Politics.)  The  state  of  being  legally  qual- 
ified ; capability  of  being  legally  chosen.  Burke. 

EL'I-G!-BLE  (el'e-je-bl),  a.  [L.  eligibilis;  It.  eli- 
gible; Sp . elegible  ; Fr  .eligible.] 

1.  That  may  be  elected ; fit  to  be  chosen  ; 
worthy  of  choice  ; preferable  ; desirable. 

Certainty,  in  a deep  distress,  is  more  eligible  than  pus- 
pense.  S.  Richardson. 

2.  { Politics ) Legally  qualified;  capable  of 
being  legally  chosen  ; as,  “ A man  is  not  eligible  to 
the  Senate  unti^he  has  attained  a certain  age.” 

EL'!-£!-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality,  or  the  state, 
of  being  eligible  ; eligibility.  Johnson. 

EL'I-RI-BLY,  ad.  In  a manner  to  be  worthy  of 
choice  ; suitably.  Craig. 

t EL'I-MATE,  v.  a.  [L.  elimo,  elimatus,  to  file  ; 
lima,  a file.]  To  polish  ; to  smooth.  Scott. 

E-LlM'I-NATE,  v.  a.  [L.  elimino,  eliminatus ; e, 
out  from,  and  limen,  a threshold  ; It.  eliminare  ; 
Sp.  eliminar;  Fr . eliminer.]  [f.  eliminated  ; 
pp.  eliminating,  eliminated.] 

1.  To  put  out  of  doors  ; to  exclude.  Lovelace. 

2.  To  extricate  ; to  release  ; to  set  free. 

Eliminate,  my  spirit;  give  it  range.  Young. 

3.  {Algebra.)  To  cause  to  disappear,  as  a 
quantity  from  an  equation ; to  disengage ; to 
separate. 

E-LIM-T-NA'TION,  7i.  [Fr.  eliminatio7\.] 

1.  The  act  of  eliminating  or  extricating:  re- 
jection; extrusion;  separation.  Bp.  Hall. 

2.  {Algebra.)  The  process  of  separating  a 

quantity  from  an  equation.  Davies. 

E-LTn'GITID.u.  [L .elinguis;  e,  priv.,  and  lingua, 
the  tongue.]  Without  the  power  of  speech ; 
tongue-tied ; dumb,  [r.]  Cole. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE. — 9,  <?,  9,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  ^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


ELIQUAMENT 


472 


ELOPS 


5-LHL’UA-MENT  (e-lik'wa-ment),  n.  ( Chem .)  A 
juice  squeezed  out  of  fat  or  fat  fish.  Crabb. 

EL-I-ttUA'TION,  n.  [I..  eliquatio ; eliquo , eliqita- 
tus,  to  melt.]  {Chem.)  The  operation  of  sepa- 
rating two  metals  of  different  fusibility  by  ex- 
posing them  to  a heat  which  will  melt  one  and 
not  the  other.  Chambers. 


5-LI''§ION  (e-llzh'un,  93),  n.  [L.  elisio;  It.  eli- 
sione  ; Sp.  elision ; Fr.  elision.) 

1.  f Division  ; separation.  Bacon. 

2.  (Gram.)  The  act  of  eliding,  cutting  off,  or 
suppressing  a vowel  or  a syllable,  particularly 
at  the  end  of  a word,  for  the  sake  of  euphony. 

5-LI'SOR,  n.  ; pi.  e-li'sqr?.  [Old  Fr.  eliser,  to 
choose.]  (Law.)  One  of  two  persons  appointed 
by  the  court  to  return  a jury  when  the  sheriff 
and  coroner  have  been  challenged  as  incom- 
petent. Blackstone. 

ELITE  (a-let'),  n.  [Fr.,  from  Hire,  to  choose  ; L. 
eligo,  to  choose.]  The  chosen  part,  particu- 
larly of  an  army  ; the  flower  of  an  army,  a com- 
pany, or  a society  ; the  best  part. 

f 5-LIX'ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  elixo,  clixatus.]  To  boil ; 
to  seethe.  Cockeram. 

f EL-IX-A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  elixating  or  boiling. 
“ Elixation  is  the  seething  of  meat.”  Burton. 

5-LIX'IR  (e-Uk'sur),  n.  [Arab.]  1.  (Alchemy.) 
The  solution  or  menstruum  employed  for  trans- 
muting metals  to  gold.  “No  chemist  yet  the 
elixir  got.”  Donne. 

2.  (Med.)  In  old  pharmacy,  a tincture,  es- 

sence, or  solution  ; — in  modern  pharmacy,  a 
mixture  of  two  or  metre  tinctures  ; a compound 
tincture.  Thompson. 

3.  The  extract  or  quintessence  of  any  thing. 
“The  highest ...  elixir  ot  worldly  delight.  "South. 

4.  Any  cordial,  or  invigorating  substance. 

What  wonder,  then,  if  fields  and  regions  here 
Breathe  forth  elixir  pure?  Milton. 

Elixir  vitriol , a mixture  of  an  aromatic,  or  aromatics, 
with  oil  of  vitriol,  or  sulphuric  acid. 


Elk  ( Cervus  alces , or 
Alces 


5-LIZ'A-BETH-AN  [c-liz'a-beth-an,  Sm. ; e-liz-a- 
bd'than,  Cl. ; e-lTz-a-beth'an,  IF/;.],  a.  Belong- 
ing to  Queen  Elizabeth,  or  to  the  age  in  which 
she  reigned;  as  “ Elizabethan  architecture.” 

ELK,  n.  [A.  S.  elch  ; Sw. 
elg.  — Gr.  «ioj ; L.  alces ; 

It.  S;  Sp.  alee.)  ( Zolil .) 

The  largest  of  the  ani- 
mals belonging  to  the  ge- 
nus Cervus ; the  moose- 
deer.  It  is  higher  at  the 
shoulders  than  the  horse, 
and  its  horns  weigh  some- 
times about  fifty  pounds. 

Brande. 

ELKE  («lk),  n.  1.  (Zoijl.) 

A wild  swan  or  hooper ; 

Cy gnus  ferns.  Todd.  Alces  matchis). 

2.  (Bot.)  A kind  of  yew.  Craig. 

ELL,  n.  [A.  S.  cine ; Dut.  el-,  Ger.  elle.  — L. 

ulna  ; It.  auna  ; Sp.  ana  ; Fr.  aune.]  A meas- 
ure of  different  lengths  in  different  countries. 
The  Flemish,  English,  and  French  ells  are  re- 
spectively three,  five,  and  six  quarters  of  a 
yard.  P.  Cyc. 

5L-LA(;'IC,  a.  [From  the  French  word  galle 
(gall),  reversed.]  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acitl  ob- 
tained, by  Braconnot,  from  gall-nuts.  Brande. 

SI.-L  EB'O-RINE,  n.  (Chem.)  An  acrid  resin  ob- 
tained from  the  Helleborus  hyemalis.  P.  Cyc. 

-)•  EL'LIN(iE,  a.  [A.  S.  celeng,  troublesome.] 
Cheerless  ; sad  ; dull ; lonely.  Piers  Plouhman. 

f EL’LINQJE-NEss, n.  Cheerlessness;  loneliness. 

To  advertise  you  the  great  ellingenesH  that  I find  here  since 
your  departing.  Henry  VlII.'s  Letter  to  Anne  liolcyn. 

5L-LIPSE',  n.  [Gr.  <t.]  (Geom.)  A 

tion  of  a cone,  made  by  cutting  it 
by  a plane  passing  obliquely  through 
its  opposite  sides  ; a curve  such  that 
the  sum  of  the  distances  of  any 
point  from  two  given  points,  called 
the  foci,  is  equal  to  a given  line ; ellipsis.  Brande. 

EL-LlP'SIS,  n. ; pi.  el-lIp'se?.  [Gr.  cUtnltf,  L. 
ellipsis  ; It.  ellisse  ; Sp.  elipse  ; Fr.  ellipse .] 

1.  (Rhet.)  A figure  by  which  something  is  left 
out,  as  a word  or  a part  of  a sentence.  Brande. 

2.  (Printing.)  The  marks,  thus  [ — ],  [****], 


[ ],  denoting  the  omission  or  suppression 

of  letters  or  words,  as  k — g for  king. 

3.  (Geom.)  An  oval  figure;  one  of  the  three 
sections  peculiar  to  the  cone,  the  parabola  and 
hyperbola  being  the  other  two.  — See  Ellipse. 

f L-LlP'SO-GRAPH,  n.  [Gr.  elheopt t,  an  ellipse, 
and  ypaiput,  to  describe.]  An  instrument  for  de- 
scribing an  ellipse  ; an  elliptograph.  Francis. 

EL-LIP'SOID,  n.  [Gr.  cDenf/ts,  an  ellipse,  and 
tibos,  form  ; Fr.  ellipsoldc.]  (Geom.)  A solid,  all 
the  plane  sections  of  which  are  ellipses.  Davies. 

Oblate  ellipsoid,  an  ellipsoid  generated  by  the  revo- 
lution of  an  ellipse  about  its  conjugate  axis. — Pro- 
late ellipsoid,  an  ellipsoid  generated  by  the  revolution 
of  an  ellipse  about  its  transverse  axis.  Eliot. 

IJL-LlP'fesoiD,  ) a I.  Relating  to,  or  resem- 

EL-L!P-SolD'AL,  ) bling,  an  ellipsoid.  Blois. 

2.  (Bot.)  Having,  or  approaching  to, 
an  elliptical  figure.  Gray. 

EL- LIP  TjC,  j a [Gr.  elXtctTTiKde  ; It.  el- 

5L-LIP'TI-CAL,  > littico ; Sp.  eliptico ; Fr.  ellip- 
tique.\ 

1.  (Rhet.)  Partaking  of  an  ellipsis ; having 
words  understood  ; as,  “ An  elliptical  expres- 
sion.” 

2.  (Geom.)  Having  the  form  of  an  ellipse  or 
ellipsis  ; oval ; as,  “ The  planets  move  in  ellip- 
tic orbits.” 

EL-LtP'TJ-CAL-LY,  ad.  1.  In  an  elliptical  man- 
ner ; with  something  omitted.  Hurd. 

2.  In  the  form  of  an  ellipse  or  oval. 

EL-LIp'TIC-c6m'PASS-F,§,  n.  An  instrument 
for  describing  an  ellipse  by  continued  motion. 

EL-LIP-TI<j'I-TY,  n.  [Fr.  ellipticite .]  The  qual- 
ity of  being  elliptical ; deviation  from  a sphere. 

plff-  A term  used  in  the  theory  of  the  figure  of  the 
earth,  meaning  the  difference  between  the  equatorial 
and  polar  semi-diameters,  divided  by  the  equatorial 
semi-diameter.  Davies. 

pL-LiP'TIC-LAN'CE-O-LATE,  a.  (Bot.) 
Having  a form  between  elliptical  and  lan- 
ceolate. Loudon. 

EL-LlP'TO-GRAPH,  n.  [Gr.  cUeaf.is,  an  el- 
lipse, and  ypd(pu>,  to  describe.]  An  instru- 
ment for  drawing  ellipses ; a trammel ; an  el- 
lipsograph. Weale. 

5L-LIP'TOID,  n.  [Gr.  eUeopts,  an  ellipse,  and  ilbo; , 
form.]  An  infinite  or  indefinite  ellipse.  Crabb. 

ELM,  n.  [A.  S.  elm  ; Ger.  ulme  ; Dan.  § Sw. 
aim.  — L.  ulmus  ; It.  § Sp.  olrno;  Fr.  orme .] 
(Bot.)  The  common  name  of  large  forest  trees 
of  the  genus  Ulmus.  Gray. 

iSL'M5N,  a.  Of  or  belonging  to  the  elm.  Todd. 

EL'MOS— FIRE,  n.  An  appearance  caused  by 
fiery  meteors  in  the  atmosphere  ; — often  seen 
playing  about  the  masts  and  rigging  of  ships, 
and  called  by  sailors,  if  two  flames  are  visible, 
Castor  and  Pollux,  if  only  one,  Hellene.  Ogilvie. 

EL' MY,  a.  Abounding  with  elm-trees.  Warton. 

t EL-O-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  cloco,  elocatus,  to  let  out 
to  farm  ; e,  from,  and  locus,  a place.] 

1.  A removal  from  the  usual  place  of  resi- 
dence. Bp.  Hall. 

2.  A departure  from  the  usual  mood ; an  ec- 
stasy. Fotherby. 

5-LOC'U-LAR,  a.  [L.  e,  without,  and  loculus,  a 
partition.]  (Bot.)  Having  only  one  cell ; uni- 
locular. Henslow. 

EL-O-CU'TION,  n.  [L.  elocutio  ; eloquor,  elocutus, 
to  speak  out;  It.  elocuzione;  Sp.  elocucion-,  Fr. 
Elocution.) 

1.  The  power  of  expressing  thought  by  speech. 
Gave  elocution  to  the  mute,  and  taught 

The  longue  not  made  for  speech  to  speak  thy  praise.  Milton. 

2.  The  art  of  clothing  the  thoughts  in  suita- 
ble words  ; happy  diction  ; eloquence,  [r.] 

Elocution  is  applying  of  apt  words  and  sentences  to  the 
matter.  Wilton. 

The  third  happiness  of  this  poet’s  imagination  is  elocution , 
or  the  art  of  clothing  that  thought  in  apt,  significant,  and 
sounding  words.  • Dryden. 

3.  Manner  of  speaking;  the  management  of 
the  voice  in  speaking ; oral  expression ; pro- 
nunciation ; delivery ; utterance. 

A travelled  doctor  of  physic,  of  bold  and  of  able  elocution. 

Wotton. 


Elocution , in  order  to  be  perfect,  must  convey  the  mean- 
ing clearly,  forcibly,  and  agreeably.  Whately. 

Syn.  — See  Eloquence. 

EL-O-CU'TION-A-RY,  a.  Relating  to  elocution 
or  delivery.  Ch.  Ob. 

EL-O-CU'TION-IST,  n.  One  versed  in  elocution; 
a teacher  of  elocution.  White. 

f EL'0-CU-T(VE,  a.  Relating  to  elocution  ; hav- 
ing the  power  of  elocution.  Feltham. 

ELOGE  (a-lozh'),  n.  [Fr.]  1.  A panegyrical  ora- 
tion in  honor  of  a distinguished  person  de- 
ceased; a funeral  oration.  Atterbury. 

2.  That  which  is  said  in  praise  of  a person  or 
his  qualities. 

Letters  . . . which  contained  the  strongest  elope  of  his 
courtesy  and  liberality.  Sir  IV.  Jones. 

f KL'O-QHST,  n.  [Old  Fr.  elogiste. ] A eulogist. 
“ A passionate  elogist.”  Wotton. 

E-LO' C^I-IJM,  n.  [L.]  An  elogy  ; a eulogy. 

And  sometimes  in  elogiums  ’tis  the  art 

With  plain  simplicity  to  win  the  heart.  Dodsley. 

EL'0-(JY,  n.  [L.  elogium  ; It.  Sp.  elogio  ; Fr. 
eloge.)  Praise;  panegyric;  eulogy,  [r.]  Hurd. 

E-LO’ HIM,  n.  pi.  [Heb.  tTribsL]  One  of  the 
names  of  the  Supreme  Being.  Ash. 

f 5-LoIg'NATE  (e-lol'nat),  v.  a.  [Fr.  eloigner .] 
To  put  at  a distance  ; to  remove.  Howell. 

5-LOIGNE'  (e-lbln'),  v.  a.  [Fr.  eloigner .]  To 
banish ; to  remove  afar  off. — See  Eloin.  Spenser. 

5-LOlGN'M5NT,  n.  [Fr.  Hoignement.)  Remote- 
ness ; distance,  [r.]  Shenstone. 

5-LOIN',  v.  a.  [Fr.  eloigner .]  (Law.)  To  re- 
move ; to  banish ; to  send  away.  Whishaw. 

5-LOIN'ATE,  v.  a.  To  remove.  Clarke. 

f 5-LONG',  v.  a.  [L.  elongo.l  To  put  far  off ; to 
retard  ; to  protract ; to  prolong.  G.  Fletcher. 

5-LON'gAtE  (e-long'gat),  v.  a.  [L.  elongo,  elon- 
gatus;  It.  allungare  ; Er.  eloigner.)  [/.elon- 
gated ; pp.  ELONGATING,  ELONGATED.] 

1.  To  draw  to  greater  length  ; to  lengthen ; to 
draw  out ; to  protract ; to  stretch.  Johnson. 

2.  To  put  farther  off;  to  remove.  Broicne. 

t 5-LON'gATE,  v.  n.  To  go  off  to  a distance ; to 
recede.  Browne. 

5-LON'GATE,  I p a (Bot.)  Noting  any  part 

E-LON'GAT-5D,  > or  organ  in  any  way  remark- 
able for  its  length,  in  comparison  with  its 
breadth.  Henslow. 

EL-ON-G A'TION  (iSl-qng-ga'shun),  n.  [Low  L. 
elongatio ; It.  elongazione ; Sp.  elongacion;  Fr. 
elongation .] 

1.  The  act  of  elongating  or  lengthening. 

“ The  elongation  of  the  fibres.”  Arbuthnot. 

2.  Continuation  ; extension.  “ Elongation 

...  of  the  natural  goodness  of  God.”  Fotherby. 

3.  Distance  ; space  between  one  thing  and 
another. 

The  distant  points  appear  to  the  eye  in  so  small  a degree 
of  elongation.  Olanvillc. 

4.  Withdrawal ; removal.  “ Elongation  of 
ourselves  from  God’s  presence.”  Bp.  Hall. 

5.  (Astron.)  The  apparent  distance  of  a heav- 
enly body  from  the  sun.  Brande. 

6.  (Surg.)  An  imperfect  luxation,  or  a par- 
tial dislocation,  happening  in  consequence  of 
the  relaxed  state  of  the  ligaments.  Quincy. 

5-LOPE',  v.  n.  [M.  Goth,  hlaupan,  to  leap  ; A.  S. 
hleapan ; Dut.  loopen ; Ger.  laifen. ] [i.  eloped  ; 
pp.  eloping,  eloped.]  To  run  away  ; to  break 
loose  from  legal  or  natural  ties  ; to  abandon  a 
legal  guardian  and  go  off  with  another  person  ; 
— applied  especially  to  a wife  or  to  an  unmarried 
woman  who  runs  away  with  a paramour. 

Great  numbers  of  them  [women!  have  eloped  from  their 
allegiance.  Addison. 

The  fool  whose  wife  elopes  some  thrice  a quarter.  Pope. 

5-LOPE'M5NT,  n.  The  act  of  eloping;  — gen- 
erally used  of  a wife  who  voluntarily  departs 
from  her  husband  with  a paramour,  or  of  an 
unmarried  female  who  secretly  quits  her  family 
for  a gallant  or  a promised  husband.  Blackstone. 

E'LOl’S,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  Jttotp.] 

1.  (left.)  A small  fish  known  in  the  West  In- 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A\  5,  J,  O,  [I,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


ELOQUENCE 

dies  by  the  name  of  the  Sein-fish,  Sea  Gally- 
wasp  ; Etops  saurus.  Maunder . 

2.  ( Zool .)  A kind  of  serpent. 

Cerastes  horned,  hydrus,  and  elops  drear.  Milton. 

EL'O-QUENCE  (el'o-kwens),  n.  [L.  eloqucntia  ; 
eloquor , to  speak  out ; It.  el.quenza ; Sp.  elo- 
cuencia ; Fr.  eloquence. \ 

1.  The  art  of  clothing  thoughts  in  such  lan- 
guage, and  of  uttering  them  in  such  a manner, 
as  is  adapted  to  produce  conviction  or  persua- 
sion ; the  art  of  speaking  well ; oratory. 

Fit  words  attended  on  his  weighty  sense, 

And  mild  persuasion  flowed  in  eloquence.  Pope. 

2.  The  expression  of  thoughts  and  sentiments 
in  appropriate  language  in  written  composition. 

Here  Johnson  lies  — a sage  hv  all  allowed, 

Whom  to  have  bred  may  well  make  England  proud; 

Whose  prose  was  eloquence , by  wisdom  taught, 

The  graceful  vehicle  of  virtuous  thought.  Cowper. 

As  the  mind  of  Johnson  was  robust,  but  neither  nimble 
nor  graceful,  so  his  style  was  void  of  all  grace  and  ease,  and, 
being  the  most  unlike  of  all  styles  to  the  natural  effusion  of  a 
cultivated  mind,  had  the  least  pretensions  to  the  praise  of 
eloquence.  Sir  J.  Mackintosh. 

Syn.  — Elocution  consists  chiefly  in  the  manner  of 
delivery  ; eloquence , more  in  the  matter  that  is  deliv- 
ered ; oratory  is  the  art  of  public  speaking  : rhetoric , 
the  theory  of  the  art.  Elocution  is  employed  in  utter- 
ing with  propriety  the  words  of  another,  and  it  is 
requisite  for  an  actor  ; eloquence  is  confined  to  the  ex- 
pression of  one’s  own  thoughts  and  feelings,  and  is 
requisite  for  a speaker.  Eloquence  relates  more  to 
what  lies  in  the  person,  and  is  natural  ; oratory  and 
rhetoric , more  to  what  is  artificial  and  acquired  by 
art  and  practice.  An  eloquent  speaker,  speech,  or 
style  ; an  oratorical  manner  ; a rhetorical  display. 

EL'O-CIUENT,  a.  [L.  eloquens  ; It.  eloquente ; Sp. 
elocuente  ; Fr.  eloquent. ] 

1.  Having  the  power  of  appropriate  and  im- 
pressive utterance ; speaking  well ; persuasive ; 
as,  “ An  eloquent  advocate  ” ; “ An  eloquent 
orator  ” ; “ An  eloquent  preacher.” 

As  that  dishonest  victory 
At  Chasronea,  fatal  to  liberty, 

Killed  with  report  that  old  man  eloquent.  Milton. 

2.  Marked  by  the  characteristics  of  eloquence ; 
powerful  and  beautiful  in  the  expression  of 
truth  or  feeling  ; as,  “ An  eloquent  speech  ” ; 
“ An  eloquent  style.” 

EL'O-CIUENT-LY,  ad.  In  an  eloquent  manner. 

ELSE  (els),  pron.  & a.  [A.  S.  elles  ; Dan.  ellers. 
— “ This  word  else,  formerly  written  alles,  aleys, 
alyse,  elles,  ellus,  ellis,  ells,  els,  and  now  else,  is 
no  other  than  the  [A.  S.]  ales  or  alys,  the  im- 
perative of  ales-an  or  alys-an,  [L.]  dimittere,  to 
dismiss.”  Tooke.]  Other;  one  besides;  — used 
after  the  word  with  which  it  agrees  ; as,  “Noth- 
ing else  ” ; “Any  body  else.” 

ELSE  (els),  ad.  or  con/.  1.  Otherwise.  “ Thou  desir- 
est  not  sacrifice  ; else  would  I give  it.”  Ps.  li.  16. 

2.  Besides;  except  that  mentioned ; as,  “No- 
where else." 

ELSE' WHERE  (els'hwAr),  ad.  [A.  S.  elles-hweser.] 
In  any  other  place ; in  other  places  ; in  some 
other  place. 

•j- ELSE' WI§E,  ad.  Otherwise.  Udal. 

EL'SIN,  n.  [Craven  Dialect,  elesen.]  A shoe- 
maker’s awl.  [Local,  Eng.]  Ramsay. 

jg-LU'CI-DATE,  v.  a.  [Low  L.  elucido,  elucidatus  ; 
Sp.  elucidar;  Fr.  elucider .]  [i.  elucidated  ; 

pp.  ELUCIDATING,  ELUCIDATED.]  To  throw 
light  upon  ; to  free  from  obscurity  ; to  explain  ; 
to  expound  ; to  clear  ; to  make  plain  ; to  illus- 
trate ; as,  “ To  elucidate  a difficult  question.” 

Syn.  — See  Explain. 

B-LU-CJ-dA'TION,  n.  [Fr.  Elucidation .]  The  act 
of  elucidating  ; explanation;  exposition;  illus- 
tration. “ In  order  to  the  elucidation  of  this 
matter.”  Boyle. 

B-LU'CI-DA-TIVE,  a.  That  elucidates ; throwing 
light ; making  plain ; explanatory. 

B-LU'CI-DA-TOR,  n.  One  who  elucidates  or 
makes  plain  ; explainer.  Johnson. 

B-LU'CI-DA-TO-RY,  a.  Explaining ; affording 
light ; elucidative.  Qu.  Rev. 

E-LUC-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  eluctatio ; eluctor,  to 
struggle  out  of.]  Success  or  victory  in  a strug- 
gle. “ We  find  ourselves  freed  by  a comfortable 
and  joyous  eluctation.”  [it.]  Bp.  Hall. 

f B-LU'CU-BRATE,  v.  n.  [L.  elucubro,  elucubra- 


473 

tus,  to  compose  by  lamp  light.]  To  watch  and 
write  by  lamp  light.  Blount. 

f 5-LU-CU-BR  A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  studying  by 
lamp  light ; lucubration.  Evelyn. 

B-LUDE',  v.  a.  [L.  eludo\  It.  eludere;  Sp.  eludir ; 
Fr.  eluder.]  p.  eluded  ; pp.  eluding,  elud- 
ed.] 

1.  To  escape  or  get  away  from  by  stratagem ; 
to  avoid  by  artifice  ; to  evade  ; to  avoid  ; to  shun. 

Several  pernicious  vices  among  us  elude  the  punishment 
of  any  law  yet  invented.  Swift. 

2.  To  baffle  ; to  foil ; as,  “ Some  of  nature’s 
secrets  have  eluded  the  closest  scrutiny.” 

Syn.  — See  Avoid,  Evade. 

B-LU'DI-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  eluded.  Swift. 

E'LUL,  n.  [Heb.  b^tL]  A Jewish  month  an- 
swering to  a part  of  August  and  September ; 
the  12th  month  of  the  civil  Jewish  year,  and 
the  6th  of  the  ecclesiastical.  Crabb. 

t B-LUM'BAT-pD,  a.  [L.  elumbis  ; e,  from,  and 
lumbus,  the  loin.]  Weakened  or  made  lame  in 
the  loins.  Bailey. 

B-LU'§ION  (e-lu'zhun,  93),  n.  [L.  elusio\  It.  elu- 
siotie.]  Act  of  eluding  ; an  escape  by  artifice  ; 
evasion. 

The  impostures  and  elusions  of  those  who  have  pretended 
to  it  [transmutation  of  metals].  Woodward. 

B-LU'SIVE,  a.  1.  That  eludes  ; practising  arts  to 
escape  from  any  thing  ; evasive. 

Elusive  of  the  bridal  day,  she  gives 

Fond  hope%to  all,  and  all  with  hopes  deceives.  Pope. 

2.  Fallacious  ; deceptive  ; delusive  ; as  “ Elu- 
sive pleasures.” 

B-LU'SO-RI-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  elusory  ; 
aptness  to  elude.  Ash. 

E-LU'SO-RY,  a.  [It .elusorio.]  Tending  to  elude  or 
deceive  ; elusive  ; delusive  ; deceptive.  Browne. 

B-LUTE',  v.  a.  [L.  eluo,  elutus.]  To  wash  off ; 
to  cleanse  ; to  elutriate.  Arbuthnot. 

E-LU'TRI-ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  elutrio,  elutriatus.\  [». 

ELUTRIATED;  pp.  ELUTRIATING,  ELUTRIATED.] 
To  purify  by  washing  and  straining  off  or  de- 
canting the  liquid  from  the  substance  washed  ; 
to  cleanse  ; as,  “ To  elutriate  ores.”  Ure. 

B-LU-TRI-A'TION,  n.  The  purification  of  sub- 
stances, as  ores,  &c.,  by  washing  and  straining 
off  or  decanting  the  liquid  used.  Ure. 

B-LUX'ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  luxo,  luxatus. ] To  dislo- 
cate ; to  luxate,  [r.]  Boag. 

EL-UX-A'TION,  n.  [L.  eluxatus.]  Dislocation; 
luxation.  Dunglison. 

EL'VAN,  a.  Relating  to  elves ; elvish.  Boase. 

EL'VAN,  n.  (Min.)  A hard,  close-grained  stone 
found  in  mines.  [Cornish.]  Weale. 

EL'VAN,  a.  (Mining.)  Applied  by  the  Cornish 
miners  to  the  porphyritic  and  other  veins  and 
masses,  which  occasionally  traverse  granite 
and  clay  slate,  deranging  the  direction  of  the 
metallic  veins.  Brande. 

ELVE'— LOCK,  n.  See  Elf-lock.  Browne. 

EL'VBR,  n.  A young  conger  or  sea-eel MJhambers- 

ELVE§  (elvz),  n.  The  plural  of  elf.  — See  Elf. 

ELV'ISH,  a.  1.  Relating  to  elves.  — See  Elfish. 

2.  Mischievous;  spiteful;  peevish.  Halliwett. 

ELV'ISH— MARKED  (-markt),  a.  Marked  or  dis- 
figured by  elves  or  fairies.  Shah. 

EL-Y-DOR'IC,  a.  [Gr.  ehuov,  oil,  and  Moip,  water.] 
(Paint.)  Noting  a species  of  painting  with  a 
vehicle  composed  of  oil  and  water.  Brande. 

B-LY''S!-AN  (e-llzh'e-an,  93)  [e-llzh'e-fin,  W.  P. 

J.  Ja.  Sm.  R. ; e-llzh'ytin,  E.  F. ; c-UVzhan,  S. 

K. ],  a.  [Gr.  nlvaiof.]  Pertaining  to  Elysium ; 
deliciously  soothing  ; exceedingly  delightful ; 
blissful ; happy. 

There  is  no  death!  what  seems  so  is  transition; 

This  life  of  mortal  breath 

Is  but  the  suburb  of  the  life  elysian , 

Whose  portal  we  call  death.  Lonqfcllow. 

E-L  Y"§1-  ijM  (e-lizh'e-um),  n. ; pi.  L.  ; 

Eng.  E-Li’,'$!-CM§.  [L.,  from  Gr.  bUxnov ; Fr. 

Elysee.]  (Greek  <Sf  Roman  Myth.)  The  place 
or  region  assigned  to  happy  souls  after  death  ; 


EMANCIPATE 

the  Elysian  fields  ; islands  of  the  blest ; — any 
place  exquisitely  pleasant. 

Who.  as  they  sung,  would  take  the  prisoned  soul, 

And  lap  it  iu  Elysium.  Milton. 

B-LYT'RJ-FORM,  a.  [Gr.  elvrpov,  an  elytron,  and 
E.  forma,  form.]  Formed  like  the  elytron.  Kirby. 

||  EL'Y-TRINE,  n.  (Chem.)  A substance  in  the 
horiiy  covering  of  insects.  Smart. 

EL'Y-TRO-CELE,  n.  [Gr.  iJ.vrpov,  a sheath,  and 
Krj.r],  a tumor.]  (Med.)  A tumor  in  the  vagina  ; 
vaginal  hernia.  Dunglison. 

EL'Y-TROID,  a.  [Gr.  V.vrpo v,  a sheath,  and  /Tlo;, 
form.]  Formed  like  a sheath.  Buchanan. 

II  EL'Y-TRON,  n.  ; pi.  el'y-tra.  [Gr.  ci.orpov.] 
( Ent .)  A winged  sheath,  or  upper  crustaceous 
membrane,  which  forms  the  superior  wing  of  an 
order  of  insects  commonly  called  beetles. 

Agassiz. 

EL'Y-TRUM,  or  B-LY'TRUM  [el'e-trum,  Cl. 
Brande-,  e-H'trum,  Sm.  Maunder],  n.  ; pi.  el'y- 
tra.  (Ent.)  Elytron.  — See  Elytron.  Brande. 

EL'ZIJ-VIR,  a.  1.  Noting  editions  of  classical  and 
other  books  published  by  the  Elzevirs,  a cele- 
brated family  of  printers  and  publishers  at  Am- 
sterdam,Leyden,  the  Hague,  and  Utrecht. P.Cyc. 

2.  Noting  a kind  of  printing  type  used  for 
titles,  and  having  a round,  open,  distinct  face ; 
— introduced  by  the  Elzevirs. 

EM — A prefix. — See  En. 

f B-MA^'ER-Ate,  v.  n.  [L.  emacero,  emaceratus.] 
To  grow  lean  ; to  emaciate.  Bullokar. 

f E-mA9-BR-A'TION,  n.  Emaciation.  Bullokar. 

E-MA'CI-ATE  (e-ma'she-at,  66),  v.  a.  [L.  emctcio, 
emaciatus ; It.  emaciare .]  [i.  emaciated  ; pp. 

emaciating,  emaciated.]  To  make  lean  or 
thin  ; to  waste ; to  deprive  of  flesh  ; to  attenuate. 

B-MA'CI-AtE  (e-rna'she-at),  v.  n.  To  lose  flesh  ; 
to  grow  lean.  “ He  [Aristotle]  emaciated  in  the 
too  anxious  inquiry.  Broume. 

E-MA'CI-ATE  (e-ma'she-jt),  ? a emaci- 

B-MA'CI-AT-BD  (e-ma'she-at-ed),  > ato .]  Made  or 
grown  lean ; wasted  ; lean  ; thin.  “ His  flock  ema- 
ciate.” Shenstone.  "Emaciated  cheeks.”  Knox. 

B-MA-CI-A'TION  (e-ma-she-a'shun),  n.  [It.  ema- 
ciazione-,  Sp . emaciacion Fr.  emaciation.] 

1.  The  act  of  making  or  of  growing  lean. 

2.  State  of  being  emaciated ; leanness.  Graunt. 

f E-mAc'U-lAte,  v.  a.  [L.  emaculo,  emaculatus ; 
e,  priv.,  and  macula , a spot.]  To  take  out 
spots  from ; to  free  from  spots.  Hales. 

f B-mAC-U-LA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  emaculating 
or  freeing  from  spots.  Johnson. 

EM'A-NANT  [emVnant,  W.  P.  K.  Sm.  B.  Wb. ; 
e'ma-nant,  S.  J.  F.  Ja.],  a.  [L.  emano,  ema- 
nans,  to  flow  out.]  Issuing  from  something  else. 

Those  two  emanant  acts  or  works,  the  work  of  creation 
and  providence.  Hale. 

EM'A-NATE,  v.  n.  [L.  emano,  emanatus;  It. 
emanare;  Sp.  emanar\  Fr.  emancr.]  [i.  ema- 
nated ; pp.  emanating,  emanated.]  To  is- 
sue or  flow  from  something  else  ; to  arise  ; to 
issue  ; to  go  from  ; to  proceed  ; to  spring  ; as, 
“ Light  emanates  from  the  sun  ” ; “ The  powers 
of  government  emanate  from  the  people.” 

Syn.  — See  Arise. 

EM'A-NATE,  a.  Issuing  out ; emanant.  Southey. 

EM-A-NA'TION,  n.  [L.  emanatio-,  It.  emanazi- 
one;  Sp.  emanacion-,  Fr  .emanation.] 

1.  The  act  of  issuing  from  something. 

2.  That  which  issues  from  something ; an 
efflux;  issue. 

The  letters  were  by  no  means  efforts  of  the  genius,  but 
emanations  of  the  heart.  I'ojie. 

EM'A-NA-TIVE  [em'st-nft-tTv,  IF.  ; ein'fi-na-tjv,  K. 
Sm.  R.  Wb. ; e-m&n'a-tlv,  S.  P.  Ja.],  a.  That 
emanates ; issuing  from  ; emanant.  Glanville. 

EM'A-NA-TO-RY,  a.  That  emanates;  emana- 
tive.  More. 

5-mAN'CI-PATE,  v.  a.  [L.  emancipo,  emancipa- 
tus ; e,  from,  and  mancipium,  a slave  ; It.  eman- 
cipare  ; Sp.  emancipar  ; Fr.  emanciper.]  [i. 
EMANCIPATED  ; pp.  EMANCIPATING,  EMANCI- 
PATED.] 

1.  To  set  free  from  servitude  or  from  civil  re- 
striction ; as,  “ To  emancipate  slaves.” 


MiEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  ROLE.  — C,  9,  e,  4,  soft;  E,  E,  q,  \,  hard;  § as  7. ; ^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 
60 


EMANCIPATE 


474 


EMBERIZA 


2.  To  liberate  or  free  from  any  restraint. 

They  emancipated  themselves  from  dependence.  Arbuthnot. 

P-MAN'Cj-PATE,  a.  Set  at  liberty  ; free.  Cowper. 

P-MAN'C[-PAT-pD,  p.  a.  Set  at  liberty  ; restored 
to  freedom;  emancipate. 

E-MAN-CI-pA'TION,  n.  [L.  emancipation  It. 
emancipazione  ; Sp.  emancipacion ; IT.  emanci- 
pation.] The  act  of  emancipating ; deliverance 
from  slavery  or  from  civil  or  other  restraint ; 
manumission  ; liberation  ; enfranchisement. 
“ In  the  chains  of  error,  w ithout  hope  of  eman- 
cipation.” Glanville. 

Syn.  — Emancipation  or  manumission  is  the  libera- 
tion or  act  of  setting  free  from  slavery  or  servitude. 
Enfranchisement  or  affranchisement  is  the  act  of  setting 
free  and  investing  with  the  privileges  of  freemen  or  cit- 
izens. The  emancipation  of  slaves  ; abolition  ot  slavery. 

p-MAN-Cl-PA'TION-IST,  n.  An  advocate  for 
emancipation.  Qu.  Rev. 

p-MAN'CJ-PA-TOR,  n.  [L.]  One  who  emanci- 
pates or  sets  free  from  servitude.  Todd. 

E-MAN'CI-pIST,  n.  A convict  who  has  been  par- 
doned or  emancipated.  [A  term  in  use  in  New 
South  Wales.]  Qu.  Rev. 

p-MAR'<?I-NATE,  v.  a.  [L.  emargino,  emargina- 
tu s.]  To  take  the  margin  or  edge  from.  Cockeram. 

p-MAR'GI-NATE,  ) 

p-MAR'0[-NAT-pn,  i “•  emargmatus.] 

1.  ( Bot .)  Notched  at  the  summit.  Gray.  ffps 

2.  ( Zoiil .)  Having  the  margin  broken  m y) 

by  an  obtuse  notch  cr  the  segment  of  a W' 
circle.  Rrande.  l| 

3.  (Min.)  Having  all  the  edges  of  the 

primitive  form  truncated  each  by  one  face ; — 
applied  to  crystals.  Craig. 

p-MAR'OJ-NATE-LY,  ad.  In  the  form  of  notches. 

p-MAR-0!-NA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  taking  away 
the  margin.  Smart. 

P-MAS'CU-LATE,  v.  a.  [L.  emasculo,  emascula- 
tus ; e,  priv.,  and  masculus , a male;  Fr.  emas- 
culer.]  [i.  emasculated  ; pp.  emasculating, 

EMASCULATED.] 

1.  To  castrate  ; to  deprive  of  virility.  Gravnt. 

2.  To  effeminate  ; to  weaken  ; to  debilitate. 

Dangerous  principles  emasculate  our  spirits,  and  spoil  our 
temper.  Collier . 

5-MAs'CU-LATE,  a.  Unmanned  ; vitiated.  “De- 
generous  emasculate  slave.”  Hammond. 

E-MAS-CU-LA'TION,  n.  [Fr.  emasculation.] 

1.  Act  of  emasculating;  castration.  Gayton. 

2.  Effeminacy;  weakness.  Johnson. 

P-mAs'CU-LA-TO-RY,  a.  Tending  or  serving  to 

emasculate.  " Clarke. 

pM-BALE',  v.  a.  [It . imballare  ; Sp.  embalar  ; 
Fr.  emballer.] 

1.  To  form  into  a bale ; to  make  up  into  a 

bundle  or  package  ; to  pack.  Johnson. 

2.  To  bind  up ; to  enclose.  Spenser. 

f EM-BALL',  v.  a.  To  enclose ; to  embale.  Shah. 

PM-BALM'  (em-bam'),  v.  a.  [Gr.  tv,  in,  and  0Ah- 
oapov,  resin  of  the  balsam  tree ; It.  inbalsamare ; 
Sp.  cmbalsamar\  Fr.  embaumer.]  [i.  em- 
balmed ; pp.  embalming,  embalmed.] 

1.  To  preserve  with  balm  or  other  fragrant 
substances ; to  impregnate  with  aromatics  in 
order  to  prevent  putrefaction  : — to  preserve. 

So  Joseph  died,  and  they  embalmed  him.  Gen.  1.  26. 

2.  To  fill  with  the  odor  of  balm  or  any  sweet 
scent. 

The  buxom  air  cmbalined 
With  odors.  Milton. 

PM-BALMED'  (em-bimd'),  p.  a.  Impregnated 
with  aromatics,  so  as  to  prevent  putrefaction  ; 
perfumed ; preserved. 

PM-BALM'PR  (em-bdm'er),  n.  One  who  embalms 
or  preserves.  “Not  so  good  embalmers  as  the 
Egyptians.”  Bacon. 

pM-BALM'ING  (em-bim'jng),  n.  The  process  of 
preserving  dead  bodies,  so  as  to  prevent  putre- 
faction. Warburtm. 

pM-BALM'MpNT  (em-b'irn'ment),  n.  [Fr.  em- 
baumement .]  The  act  of  embalming.  Malone. 

pM-BANK',  v.  a.  1.  To  throw  or  heap  np,  as  a 
bank  ; to  imbank.  Richardson. 

2.  To  protect,  secure,  or  confine  with  banks 
or  by  means  of  banks  ; to  bank.  P.  Cyc. 


pM  BANK'MJJNT,  n.  1.  Act  of  forming  a bank. 

2.  An  artificial  bank  or  mound  of  earth  ; as, 
“ The  embankment  of  a railroad.”  P.  Cyc. 

pM-BAR',  V.  a.  \i.  EMBARKED  ; pp.  EMBARKING, 
EMBARKED.] 

1.  To  bar  or  shut  in ; to  enclose  as  with  bars. 

Where  fast  embarred  in  mighty  brazen  wall.  Spenser. 

2.  To  stop;  to  prevent;  to  hinder,  [r.] 

He  embarred  all  further  trade  for  the  future.  Bacon. 

PM-BAR'CA-DERE,  n.  [Fr.  embarcadrre  ; Sp.  em- 
barcadero .]  A landing-place,  [it.]  Smart. 

EM-BAR-CA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  embarking. — 
See  Embarkation.  Clarendon. 

pM-BAR'GO,  n. ; pi.  em-bar'goe§.  [It.,  Sp.,  <Sf  Fr. 
embargo.]  A restraint  or  prohibition  imposed 
by  the  public  authorities  of  a country  on  mer- 
chant vessels,  or  other  ships,  to  prevent  their 
leaving  its  ports,  sometimes  amounting  to  an 
entire  interdiction  of  commercial  intercourse ; 
a detention  of  a vessel  in  port ; a prohibition  to 
sail.  Burrill. 

pM-BAR'GO,  v.  a.  [Sp.  embargar.]  [i.  embar- 
goed ; pp.  embargoing,  embargoed.]  To  lay 
an  embargo  upon  ; to  prohibit ; to  stop.  Coles. 

pM-BARK',  v.  a.  [L.  in,  in,  and  barca,  a boat ; It. 
imbarcare;  Sp .embarcar;  Fr.  embarquer.]  \i. 
EMBARKED  ; pp.  EMBARKING,  EMBARKED.] 

1.  To  put  on  shipboard. 

The  king  caused  a body  of  foot  to  be  embarked  on  those 
ships.  Clarendon. 

2.  To  engage  in.  “ Such  an  alliance  as  might 
embark  them  against  France.”  * Clarendon. 

PM-BARK',  v.  n.  1.  Togo  on  shipboard;  to  set 
sail.  “ I should  with  speed  embark.”  Phillips. 

2.  To  enter  upon  any  business ; to  engage; 
as,  “To  embark  in  an  undertaking.” 

EM-BAR-KA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  embarking; 
act  of  going  or  of  putting  on  board  a ship. 

f pM-BARK'MpNT,  n.  [Fr.  embarquement  ] Act 
of  embarking;  enterprise;  embarkation.  Shak. 

pM-BAR'RASS,  v.  a.  [It.  imbarrazzare ; Sp.  eni- 
baracar  ; Fr.  embarrasser.]  [t.  embarrassed  ; 
pp.  embarrassing,  embarrassed.] 

1.  To  perplex  ; to  entangle ; to  make  difficult ; 
as,  “ His  affairs  are  much  embarrassed.” 

2.  To  trouble  ; to  distress  ; to  harass  ; as, 
“ To  be  embarrassed  by  debts.” 

3.  To  confound;  to  confuse  ; to  disconcert ; 
as,  “To  be  embarrassed  in  company.” 

Syn.  — See  Puzzle. 

PM-BAR'RASS,  n.  [Fr.  embarras.]  Embarrass- 
ment. [r.]  Warburton. 

pM-BAR'RASSED  (em-b5r'r?st),  a. 

1.  Perplexed;  entangled;  intricate;  as,  “His 
affairs  are  in  an  embarrassed  state.” 

2.  Confounded;  confused;  disconcerted. 

Awkward,  embarrassed , stiff,  without  the  skill 

Of  moving  gracefully  or  standing  still.  Churchill. 

pM-BAR'RASS-lNG,  p.  a.  Perplexing;  distress- 
ing; difficult:  — confusing;  disconcerting. 

pM-BAR'RASS-MENT,  n.  1.  Perplexity;  entan- 
glement ; as,  “ Embarrassment  in  one’s  affairs.” 

2.  Trouble;  distress;  anxiety;  as,  “To  suffer 
embarrassments  in  business.” 

3.  Confusion  of  mind;  abashment;  as,  “To 
feel  embarrassment  in  addressing  an  assembly.” 

pM-BASE',  v.  a.  To  vitiate;  to  deprave;  to  de- 
base:— to  degrade  ; to  vilify,  [r.]  Spenser. 

pM-BA.SE'MpNT,  n.  1.  Act  of  embasing  or  de- 
basing; deterioration;  debasement,  [r.]  South. 

2.  (Med.)  A bathing-tub  or  vessel  filled  with 
warm  water  ; embasis.  Clarke. 

EM'BA-SIS,  n.  [Gr.  cpdatn;.]  A bathing-tub  or 
vessel  filled  with  warm  water.  Crabb. 

+ EM-BAS-SADE',  n.  [Sp.  embajada  ; Fr.em6n.9- 
sadc .]  An  embassy.  Spenser. 

PM-BAS'SA-DOR,  n.  An  ambassador.  Denham. 

Kjf-  For  the  etymology  and  for  remarks  on  the 
spelling  of  this  word,  see  Ambassador. 

pM-BAS'SA-DRESS,  n.  See  Amrassadress. 

t pM-BAS'S  A-DRY,  n.  Embassy.  Leland. 

EM'BAS-SAQiE,  n.  Same  as  Embassy.  Shak. 

Giving  audience  to  the  embassages  of  the  Gauls.  Holland. 


EM'BAS-Sy,  n.  1.  The  message  of  an  ambassa- 
dor ; a public  message. 

Here  Persian,  tell  thy  embassy.  Glover. 

2.  The  function  of  an  ambassador ; commis- 
sion ; as,  “ He  is  well  qualified  for  the  embassy.” 

3.  Any  solemn  message. 

He  sends  the  angels  on  embassies  with  his  decrees.  Bp.  Tat/lor. 

4.  The  person  or  persons  intrusted  with  a 
public  or  solemn  message  ; legation. 

Or  embassies  from  regions  far  remote, 

In  various  habits.  Milton. 

&2T  “ Though  our  authors  write  almost  indiscrim- 
inately embassador  or  ambassador,  embassage  or  tnnbas- 
sage,  yet  there  is  scarcely  an  example  of  ambassy,  all 
concurring  to  write  embassy.”  Johnson. 

f pM-BAs'TARD-IZE,  v.  a.  To  make  bastard;  to 
render  illegitimate  or  base.  Milton. 

pM-BATHE',  v.  a.  See  Imbathe.  Spenser. 

pM-BAT'TLE,  V.  a.  [i.  EMBATTLED  ; pp.  EM- 
BATTLING, embattled.]  To  range  in  order  or 
array  of  battle  ; to  prepare  for  battle.  Shak. 

PM-BAT'TLE.  v.  n.  To  be  ranged  in  battle  ar- 
ray ; to  be  drawn  up  for  battle.  Shak. 

PM-BAT'TLED  (em-bat'tld),  a.  1.  Arrayed  for 
battle.  “ Embattled  ranks.”  Milton. 

2.  Furnished  with  battlements. 

From  the  height  of  the  embattled  towers.  Drayton. 

3.  Indented  like  a battlement ; notched.  “A 

diadem  embattled  wide.”  Spenser. 

4.  Being  the  place  of  a battle. 

Yc  who  through  the  embattled  field 

Seek  bright  renown.  Akenside. 

pM-BAT'TLE-MENT,  n.  An  indented  parapet, 
belonging  originally  to  military  works,  the  in- 
dents, crenelles,  or  embrasures  being  used  for 
discharging  missiles  ; battlement.  Oyilvie. 

pM-BAY.' (em-ba'),  v.  a.  [i.  EMBAYED ; pp.  EM- 
BAYING, EMBAYED.] 

1.  To  enclose  in  a bay  ; to  landlock.  Shak. 

2.  [Fr.  baigner.]  f To  bathe  ; to  wash. .Spenser. 

pM-BEAM',  v.  a.  To  clothe  or  cover  with  beams 
of  light.  S.  Fletcher. 

pM-BED',  V.  a.  [/.  EMBEDDED  ; pp.  EMBEDDING, 
embedded.]  To  place,  as  in  a bed;  to  sink  in 
another  substance; — written  also  imbed.  Paley. 

pM-BED'DpD,  p.  a.  Placed  in  ; imbedded.  Paley. 

pM-BED'MpNT,  n.  Act  of  embedding.  Marryatt. 

pM-BEL'LISH,  v.  a.  [It.  imbellire,  from  L.  bel/us, 
handsome;  Fr.  embellir .]  [i.  embellished; 

pp.  embellishing,  embellished.]  To  add 
grace,  beauty,  or  elegance  to  ; to  decorate  ; to 
adorn  ; to  beautify  ; to  deck. 

The  work  as  of  a kingly  palace-gate, 

With  frontispiece  of  uiamoud  and  gold 
Embellished.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Adorn. 

pM-BEL'LISH-pR,  n.  One  who  embellishes.  Todd. 

PM-BEL'HSH-ING-LY,  ad.  So  as  to  embellish. 

pM-BEL'LISH-MENT,  n.  [Fr.  embellissement .] 

1.  The  act  of  embellishing  ; decoration. 

2.  That  which  embellishes ; ornament. 

Wisdom,  discipline,  and  liberal  arts, 

The  embellishments  of  life.  Addison. 

EM'BpR,  a.  [A.  S.ymbren,  a circuit,  an  anniver- 
sary.] Coming  at  appointed  seasons  ; — an  epi- 
thet applied  to  certain  fast-days  appointed  by 
Pope  Calixtus  for  imploring  the  blessings  of 
God  on  the  fruits  of  the  earth,  and  upon  the 
ordinations  performed  in  the  church  at  these 
times.  They  occur  four  times  a year,  or  once 
in  each  of  the  four  seasons,  being  the  first 
Wednesday,  Friday,  and  Saturday  after  the  iirst 
Sunday  in  Lent,  after  Whitsunday,  after  the 
festival  of  the  Holy  Cross  on  the  14th  of  Sep- 
tember, and  after  the  festival  of  St.  Lucia  on 
the  13th  of  December.  Brande. 

EM'BpR— GOOSE,  n.  (Ornith.)  A web-footed 
bird  of  the  genus  Colymbus,  larger  than  the 
common  goose,  and  found  about  Iceland  and 
the  Orkneys ; the  great  northern  diver ; Co- 
lymbus glacialis.  Eng.  Cyc. 

f EM'BpR-ING,  n.  The  ember-days.  Tusser. 

EM-BpR-I'ZA,  n.  (Ornith.)  A genus  of  birds 
belonging  to  the  order  Passeres,  and  including 
various  species  of  buntings.  — See  Emrekizi- 
nje.  Yarrell. 


A, 


I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  t,  short;  A,  p,  (,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure ; FARE,  FAR,  FAST, 


FALL;  HEIR,  HER ; 


EMBERIZI1NLE 


475 


EMBRACE 


F.M-Bp'.R-I-Zi'NJE,  n.  pi. 

( Ornith.)  A sub-family 
of  conirostral  birds  of 
the  order  Passeres  and 
family  Fringillidce ; 
buntings.  Gray. 

EM'BER.s,  n.  pi.  [A.  S. 
i emyrian , ashes  ; Dan. 

e/nmer  ; Scot,  emmers,  r o 

embers.]  Hot  cinders  ; (Electrophones  lapponicus). 
ashes  not  extinguished. 

He  rakes  hot  embers  and  renews  the  fires.  Dryden. 

EM'BpR- WEEK,  n.  A week  in  which  an  ember- 
dav  falls.  “ The  four  seasons  of  the  year  called 
ember-weeks.”  Ayliffe. 

j-  EM-BET'TER,  v.  a.  To  make  better;  to  cause 
to  be  better. 

For  cruelty  doth  not  embetter  men.  Daniel. 

EM-BEZ'ZLE,  v.  a.  [Old  Fr.  embesler.']  [i.  em- 
bezzled ; pp.  EMBEZZLING,  EMBEZZLED.] 

1.  To  purloin  or  appropriate,  as  property  in- 

trusted ; to  appropriate  by  breach  of  trust ; to 
peculate;  as,  “The  treasurer  embezzled  the 
funds  of  the  company.”  Th.  Fuller. 

2.  To  squander  ; to  waste. 

When  thou  hast  embezzled  all  thy  store.  Dryden. 

EM-BEZ'ZLE-MENT  (ein-bez'zl-ment),  n. 

1.  The  act  of  embezzling  ; the  appropriation 
to  one’s  own  use  or  benefit  of  property  or 
money  intrusted  to  him  by  another  ; peculation. 

Embezzlement  is  distinguished  from  larceny,  properly  so 
called,  as  being  committed  in  respect  of  property  which  is 
not,  at  tile  time,  in  tire  actual  or  legal  possession  of  tile 
owner.  Burrill. 

2.  The  thing  embezzled.  Johnson. 

EM-BEZ'ZLER,  n.  One  who  embezzles.  Todd. 

EM-BIBE',  v.  a.  See  Imbibe.  Todd. 

EM-BIL'LOW,  v.  n.  To  heave  as  the  waves  of 
the  sea  ; to  swell.  Lisle. 

EM-BIT'TIJR,  v.  a.  To  imbitter.  Coleridge. 

EM-BlT'T£R-MENT,  n.  The  act  of  imbittering. 
[r.]  ‘ Coleridge. 

EM-BLAZE',  v.  a.  [It.  blasonare  ; Sp .blasonar; 
Fr.  blasonner.  — A.  S.  blase,  that  which  makes 
a blaze.] 

1.  To  make  to  glitter  or  shine  by  decorations. 

Tli’  unsought  diamonds 

Would  so  emblaze  the  forenead  of  the  deep.  Milton. 

2.  To  adorn  with  ensigns  armorial;  to  em- 
blazon ; to  blazon. 

The  imperial  ensign  streaming  to  the  wind, 

With  gems  and  golden  lustre  rich  emblazed.  Milton. 

3.  To  kindle  ; to  set  in  a blaze. 

Sulphur-tipt,  emblaze  an  ale-house  fire.  Pope. 

EM-BLA'ZON  (em-bla'zn),  v.  a.  [i.  EMBLAZONED  ; 
pp.  EMBLAZONING,  EMBLAZONED.] 

1.  To  adorn  with  ensigns  armorial  ; to  blazon. 

2.  To  set  out  in  glaring  colors  or  in  pompous 
style  ; to  set  forth  conspicuously  ; to  display. 

We  find  Augustus,  for  some  petty  conquest,  emblazoned 
by  the  poets  to  the  highest  pitch.  Hakewill. 

EM-BLA'ZON-ER  (em-bla'zn-er),  n.  1.  One  who 
emblazons  ; a blazoner  ; a herald.  Johnson. 

2.  One  who  sets  forth  or  publishes  any  thing 
in  pompous  style.  “I  step  again  to  thisemWa- 
zoner  of  his  title-page.”  Milton. 

EM-BLA'ZON-ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  em- 
blazons or  adorns  with  ensigns  armorial. 

EM-BLA'ZON-MENT,  n.  The  act  of  emblazon- 
ing ; emblazonry,  [r.]  Ed.  Rev. 

EM-BLA'ZON-RY  (em-bla'zn-re),  n.  1.  The  act 
or  the  art  of  emblazoning ; blazonry. 

2.  Pictures  on  shields  ; heraldic  ornaments. 

With  bright  emblazonry  and  horrent  arms.  Milton. 

EM'BL^M,  n.  [Gr.  t^/D.ppa,  that  which  is  put  in 
or  on  ; fpda'D.w,  to  put  in  ; L.  <Sf  It.  emblema ; Fr. 
emblem  e.\ 

1.  Inlaid  work  ; inlay ; enamel. 

Crocus,  and  hyacinth,  with  rich  inlay. 

Broidered  the  ground,  more  colored  than  with  stone 

Of  costliest  emblem.  Milton. 

2.  A real  or  a painted  object  representing  one 
thing  to  the  eye  and  another  to  the  understand- 
ing ; an  allusive  figure  ; symbol ; type  ; device. 

She  had  all  the  royal  makings  of  a queen. 

The  rod,  and  bird  of  peace,  and  all  such  emblems.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Device,  Figure. 


EM'BLEM,  v.  a.  To  represent  in  an  allusive 
manner ; to  emblematize,  [r.]  Feltham. 

EM-BLEM ' A-TA,  fl.pl.  [L.  ; Gr.  iyil/.rnw.rn..'\  (,4n- 
cient  Art.)  Decorative  figures  upon  golden,  sil- 
ver, or  copper  vessels,  which  could  be  taken  off 
at  pleasure.  Fairholt. 

EM-BL1J M-AT'IC,  ) a-  [Jt.  § Sp.  emblemati- 

EM-BLpM-AT'l-CAL,  5 co  ; Fr.  embUmatique. ] 

1.  Representative  ; significant ; figurative  ; 
allusive  ; as,  “ A lamb  is  emblematic  of  inno- 
cence ” ; “ Emblematical  types.”  Guardian. 

2.  Represented  by  emblems.  “ Emblematic 

worship.”  Prior. 

EM-BLpM-AT'I-CAL-Ly,  ad.  In  the  manner  of 
emblems  ; by  means  of  emblems.  Swift. 

EM-BLEM-AT'I-CAL-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
emblematical.  Scott. 

EM-BLEM'  A-TlST,  n.  A writer  or  an  inventor  of 
emblems.  “ Emblematists  and  heralds.”  Browne. 

EM-BLEM' A-T1ZE,  v.a.  To  represent  by  an  em- 
blem, symbol,  or  type.  “ His  blue  robe  to  em- 
blematize the  air.”  More. 

EM'BUJ-MENTS,  n.  pi.  [Low  L.  emblado  ■ Fr. 
emblaver,  to  sow  with  corn  ; hie,  corn.]  ( Law .) 
Produce  or  fruits  of  lands  sown  or  planted  ; — 
so  called  when  it  becomes  a question  whether  a 
tenant’s  executors  or  the  landlord  shall  have 
them. 

The  doctrine  of  emblements  extends  not  only  to  corn  sown, 
but  to  roots  planted,  or  other  annual  artificial  product. 

Jilackstone • 

EM'BLpM-fZE,  v.  a.  To  represent  by  emblems; 
to  emblematize,  [r.]  Smart. 

EM'BLIJM-iZ-ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  em- 
blemizes ; a making  of  emblems.  Cotgrave. 

JJM-BLOOM',  v.  a.  To  cover  with  bloom,  or  as 
with  bloom  ; to  decorate  ; to  enliven.  Savage. 

EM-BLOS'SOM,  v.  a.  To  cover  with  bloom  or 
blossom.  Cunningham. 

JJM-BOD'LIJR,  n.  One  who  embodies.  Percival. 

EM-BOD'I-MENT,  n.  Act  of  embodying.  Ed.  Rev. 

EM-BOD'Y,  V.  a.  [i.  EMBODIED  ; pp.  EMBODY- 
ING, EMBODIED.] 

1.  To  invest  with  a body  ; to  put  into  a mate- 

rial shape  ; to  imbody.  “ The  Platonic  hypoth- 
esis that  spirits  are  embodied.”  G/anville. 

2.  To  drawtogether  into  one  company  or  mass ; 
to  incorporate  ; as,  “ To  embody  soldiers.” 

EM-BOGU'ING  (em-bog'jng),  n.  [Fr.  embouchure.'] 
The  mouth  of  a river;  the  place  where  a river 
empties  itself  into  the  sea.  [r.]  Florio. 

EM-BOL'DEN  (em-bol'dn),  V.  a.  [2.  EMBOLDENED  ; 
pp.  EMBOLDENING,  EMBOLDENED.]  To  make 
bold  ; to  give  courage  to  ; to  encourage. 

Nothing  emboldens  sin  so  much  as  mercy.  Shak. 

EM-BOLD'EN-ER,  n.  One  who  emboldens.  Baxter. 

EM'BO-LI^M,  n.  [Gr.  fp0okt<rii6( ; epllal.ho,  to 
throw  in ; It.  § Sp.  embolismo  ; Fr.  embolisme 

1.  Intercalation  ; insertion  of  days  or  years 
to  produce  regularity  and  equation  of  time. 
“ Finding  out  embolisms  or  equations.”  Holder. 

2.  The  time  inserted  or  intercalated.  Johnson. 

EM-BO-LI§'MAL,  a.  Embolismic.  fimart. 

EM-BO-LJ^-MAT'I-CAL,  a.  Embolismic.  Scott. 

EM-BO-Ll§  MIC,  ? a embolismico ; Fr. 

EM-BO-LI§'MI-CAL,  > embolismique. ] Relatingto 
embolism,  or  intercalation ; intercalary.  Brande. 

EM'BO-LUS,  n. ; pi.  Em'bo-lI.  [L.  ; Gr.  cyllolos ; 
fyfiaV.o),  to  put  in.]  Any  thing  inserted  and  act- 
ing in  another,  as  a wedge  or  the  piston  of  a 
pump  or  a steam-engine.  Arbuthnot. 

EMBONP OINT  (ang'bpng-pw&ng'),  n.  [Fr.]  A 
state  of  health  accompanied  with  corpulence  ; 
good  plight  of  body  ; plumpness.  Warburton. 

JJM-BOR'Df.R,  v.  a.  [Old  Fr.  embordurer.}  To 
adorn  with  a border.  — See  Imborder.  Todd. 

EM-Bo'§OM,  v.  a.  See  Imbosom.  Sidney. 

EM-B6ss',  v.  a.  \i.  embossed  ; pp.  embossing, 

EMBOSSED.] 


1.  [Fr.  bosse,  a protuberance.]  To  form  with 
protuberances  ; to  cover  with  lumps. 

Blotches  and  blains  must  all  his  flesh  emboss.  Milton. 

2.  To  ornament  with  relief  or  rising  work ; 
as,  “ To  emboss  a shield.” 

f gM-BOSS',  v.  a.  [Fr.  ernboiter,  to  put  in  a box  ; 
embosser,  to  make  fast.] 

1.  To  enclose  ; to  cover.  “ A knight  in 

mighty  arms  embossed."  Spenser. 

2.  [It.  emboscare ; bosco,  a forest.]  To  hide 
in  a thicket ; to  imbosk. 

Like  that  self-bcprottcn  bird 

In  the  Arabian  woods  embossed.  Milton. 

3.  [Sp.  embocar,  to  cast  out  at  the  mouth  ; 
boca,  a mouth.]  To  hunt  hard,  so  as  to  cause 
to  foam  at  the  mouth,  as  deer. 

As  a dismayed  deer  in  chase  embossed.  Sjienscr. 

EM-BOSSED'  (em-bost'),  p.  a.  1.  Formed  or  orna- 
mented with  embossments.  “ Brass-£222- 
bossed  book.”  Warton.  Mn? J 

2.  ( Bot .)  Projecting  in  the  centre  like  ifEA 
the  boss  of  a shield.  Loudon. 

EM-BOSS'ING,  n.  The  art  of  producing  figures 
in  relief  from  a plane  surface  of  metal,  by  means 
of  a chisel  or  punch.  Fairholt. 

JJM-BOSS'MENT,  n.  1.  The  act  of  embossing. 

2.  A protuberance  ; any  thing  standing  out 
from  the  rest,  as  in  relief  or  raised  work ; jut ; 
eminence.  “ Alleys  without  any  bulwarks  or 
embossments.”  Bacon. 

EM-BoT'TLE,  v.  a.  [Old  Fr.  embotteler.  Cot- 
grave. ] To  include  in  bottles  ; to  bottle.  Phillips. 

EMBOUCHURE  (ang-bo-shur'),  n.  [Fr.  bouche, 
mouth.] 

1.  The  mouth  of  a river.  Wraxall. 

2.  ( Mus .)  The  aperture  or  mouth-hole  of  a 

musical  instrument.  Brande. 

EM-BOUND',  v.  a.  See  Imbound.  Shale. 

EM-BOW'  (em-bo'),  v.  a.  To  bend  like  a bow;  to 
arch.  “ Embowed  like  the  moon.”  Spenser. 

EM-BOWED',  p.  a.  (Her.)  Bent  or  bowed.  Ogilvie. 

EM-BOW'EL,  V.  a.  [*.  EMBOWELLED  ; pp.  EM- 
BO WELLING,  EMBOWELLED.] 

1.  To  take  out  the  bowels  of ; to  deprive  of  en- 
trails ; to  disembowel ; to  eviscerate.  Shak. 

2.  To  bury  or  enclose  in  another  substance. 

“ Embowelled  in  the  earth.”  Spenser. 

EM-BO\V'EL-LER,  n.  One  who  embowels;  one 
who  removes  the  entrails.  Greenhill. 

EM-BoW'EL-MENT,  n.  The  act  of  embowelling; 
evisceration.  Lamb. 

EM-BOW'ER,  v.  a.  [*.  EMBOWERED  ; pp.  EMBOW- 
ERING, embowered.]  To  place  Or  lodge  in  a 
bower  ; to  shelter ; to  cover.  Thomson. 

EM-BOW'ER,  v.  n.  To  lodge  or  dwell  in  a bower ; 
to  bower.  Spenser. 

f EM-BOWL1,  v.  a.  To  form  into  a bowl;  to  give 
a globular  form  to.  Sidney. 

EM-BOX',  v.  a.  See  Imbox.  Todd. 

EM-BRACE',  v.  a.  [It.  abbracciare ; Sp.  embra- 
zav,  Fr.  embrasser ; bras,  the  arm.]  \i.  em- 
braced ; pp,  EMBRACING,  EMBRACED.] 

1.  To  hold  or  press  fondly  in  the  arms;  to 
encircle  with  the  arms  ; to  hug ; to  clasp. 

.Esau  ran  and  embraced  Jacob.  Gen.  xxxiii.  4. 

2.  To  seize  ardently  ; to  lay  hold  on  ; to  wel- 
come ; as,  “ To  embrace  an  opportunity.” 

3.  To  take  in;  to  comprehend;  to  include; 

to  contain  ; to  comprise.  “ Natural  philosophy 
embraces  many  sciences.”  . Johnson. 

4.  To  enclose  ; to  encompass ; to  encircle. 

Low  at  his  feet  a spacious  plain  is  placed,  , 

Between  the  mountain  and  the  stream  emlmaced.  Denham. 

5.  To  admit ; to  receive  ; to  accept. 

What  cannot  be  eschewed  must  be  embraced.  Shak. 

6.  (Laic.)  To  attempt  to  influence  corruptly, 

as  a jury,  by  promises,  entreaties,  money,  en- 
tertainments, and  the  like.  Blackstone. 

Syn.  — See  Comprehend. 

EM-BRACE',  v.  n.  To  join  in  an  embrace. 

Let  me  embrace  with  old  Vincentio.  Shak. 

EM-BRAce',  n.  The  act  of  embracing ; fond 
pressure  in  the  arms ; a'  hug.  “ Accept  this 
hearty  embrace.”  • Shak. 


bunting 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — (J,  i},  9,  g,  soft;  C,  jG,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  as  gz.  — THIS,  ibis. 


EMBRACED 


EMETIC 


476 


EM-BRACED',  p.  a.  (Her.)  Braced  together  ; 
tied  or  bound.  Ogilvie. 

EM-BRACE'MENT,  n.  1.  Act  of  embracing  or 
clasping  ; an  embrace  ; a hug.  [r.]  Shak. 

2.  f Enclosure  ; comprehension.  “ Embrace- 
merit  of  bones,  nerves,  and  membranes.”  Bacon. 

3.  f Admission ; reception  ; acceptance.  “ Em- 

bracement  of  Christian  religion.”  1 Veever. 

pM-BRACE'OR,  or  EM-BRA'SOR,  n.  (Laic.)  One 
who  practises  embracery.  1'omlins. 

EM-BRA'CER,  n.  One  who  embraces.  Howell. 

EM-BRA'CE-RY,  n.  (Law.)  An  attempt  to  cor- 
rupt, or  to  influence  by  unlawful  means,  a court 
or  jury.  Blackstone. 

EM-BRA’CING,  p.  a.  (Bot.)  Clasping  a stem  as 
the  lower  part  of  a leaf.  Loudon. 

EM-BRA'CING, n.  An  embrace  ;a  hugging. Burton. 

f EM-BRAlD',  v.  a.  To  upbraid.  Sir  T.  Elyot. 

EM-BRAnCH'MENT,  n.  The  act  or  the  process 
of  forming  a branch.  Haslam. 

EM-BRAn'GLE,  v.  a.  See  Imbrangle.  Berkeley. 

EMBRASURE  (em-brj-zliur'  or  em-bra'zhur)  [em- 
bra'zhur,  W.  J.  F.  Ja.  ; em-hra-zhor',  S’.  K.  ; em- 
bra-zur',  P.  Sm.  Wb.],  n.  [Fr.] 

1.  (Fort.)  An  opening  made  in  a wall  or  par- 
apet of  a fortified  place  or  a breastwork  of  a bat- 
tery through  which  guns  are  fired.  Brande. 

2.  (Arch.)  The  enlargement  of  a window  or 

a door  on  the  inside.  Gwilt. 

f EM-BRAVE',  v.  a.  1.  To  decorate  ; to  embellish ; 
to  deck  ; to  grace  ; to  adorn.  Spenser. 

2.  To  fill  with  courage.  Beaumont. 

EM-BRIGHT'  (em-brlt'),  v.  a.  To  make  bright; 
to  brighten,  [r.]  Cunninyharn. 

EM-BRO-CA'DO,  n.  A pass  in  fencing.  Halliwell. 

EM'BRO-CATE,  v.  a.  [Gr.  > It.  enibroc- 

care ; Sp.  embrocar .]  [t.  embrocated  ; pp. 

embrocating,  embrocated.]  To  moisten  and 
rub,  as  a diseased  part,  with  a liquid  substance. 

Oil  of  roses  and  vinegar  to  embrocate  her  arm.  Wiseman. 

EM-BRO-CA'TION,  n.  [It.  embroccazione ; Sp. 
embrocacion ; Fr.  embrocation .] 

1.  The  act  of  embrocating. 

2.  (Med.)  A lotion ; a fluid  application  to  any 

part  of  the  body.  Wiseman. 

EM-BROID'ER,  v.  a.  [Fr.  broder;  Sp.  bordar.] 
[t.  EMBROIDERED  ; pp.  EMBROIDERING,  EM- 
BROIDERED.] To  decorate  with  embroidery  or 
figured  work  ; to  border  with  ornaments ; to  di- 
versify with  needle-work.  “ A rich,  embroidered 
canopy.”  • Shak. 

EM-BRoTd'ERED  (em-brold'erd),  p.  a.  Ornament- 
ed with  figure-work. 

Embroidered  purple  clothes  the  golden  beds.  Pope. 

EM-BROID'ER-ER>  n-  One  who  embroiders. 

EM-BROID'ER-Y,  n.  [Fr.  broderie .] 

1.  The  art  of  working  figures  on  cloth  with  a 
needle  and  thread  ; needle-work  of  gold,  silver, 
or  silk,  upon  stuff’s,  muslin,  &c. ; variegated  nee- 
dle-work. “ With  gay  embroidery  dressed.”  Pope. 

2.  Variegation  or  diversity  of  colors.  “The 
natural  embroidery  of  the  meadows.”  Spectator. 

EM-BROIL'j  v.  a.  [It.  imbrogliare ; Fr.  embrouiUer .] 
[i.  EMBROILED  ; pp.  EMBROILING,  EMBROILED.] 

1.  To  disturb  ; to  confuse  ; to  distract;  to  in- 
volve in  trouble  by  discord. 

I had  no  design  to  embroil  my  kingdom  in  a civil  war. 

King  Charles. 

2.  To  perplex  ; to  entangle. 

The  Christian  antiquities  at  Rome  are  embroiled  with  fable 
and  legend.  Addison. 

EM-BROIL',  n.  Embroilment,  [r.]  Shaftesbury. 

E-M-BROIL'MENT,  n.  [Fr.  cm hrouillement.]  The 
act  of  embroiling  ; confusion  ; disturbance. 

He  was  not  apprehensive  of  a new  embroilment.  Burnet. 

EM-BRONZE',  or  EM-BRONZE',  v.  a.  To  cover 
with  bronze.  — See  Bronze.  Francis. 

E-M-BROTH'EL,  v.  a.  To  enclose  in  a brothel. 
“ Worse  than  embrothelled  strumpet.”  Donne. 

EM-BRoWN',  v.  a.  See  Imbrown.  Fenton. 

EM-BROe',  v.  a.  See  Imbrue.  Dryden. 


EM-BRUTE',  v.  a.  To  render  brutish;  to  bruti- 
fy.  — See  Imbiiute.  Cawthorne. 

EM'BRY-O,  n.  ; pi.  EM'BRY-O?.  [Gr.  cpPpvov  ; L. 
embryon ; It.  embrione ; Sp.  embrion ; Fr.  em- 
bryon .] 

1.  (Anat.  & Zool.)  The  child  in  the  womb 
before  it  becomes  a foetus.  Dunylison. — The 
young  of  an  animal  until  it  is  born.  Agassiz. 

2.  The  rudiments  of  any  thing  yet  unformed. 

“ A noble  work  in  embryo.”  Swift. 

3.  (Bot.)  The  undeveloped  plantlet  in  a seed. 

Gray. 

EM'BRY-O,  a.  Relating  to  an  embryo ; unfin- 
ished ; embryotic.  “ Our  embryo  state.” 

EM-BRY-OG'O-NY,  n.  [Gr.  cp0pvor,  a foetus,  and 
yovfi,  that  which  begets.]  (Anat.)  The  forma- 
tion of  embryos.  Broussais. 

fiM-BR Y-OG'R A-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  cpppvov,  a foetus, 
and  ypaipu,  to  describe.]  (Anat.)  The  descrip- 
tion of  embryos.  Dunylison. 

EM-BRY-6l'0-GY,  n.  [Gr.  cpffpvov,  a fetus,  and 
>-oyof,  discourse  ; It.  embrioloyia ; Fr.  embryo- 
logie.)  The  science  which  treats  of  the  mode 
in  which  animals  originate  and  are  developed. 

Agassiz. 

EM'BRY-ON,  n.  Same  as  Embryo,  [r.]  Milton. 

EM'BRy-ON,  a.  Unfinished;  embryonic.  Browne. 

EM'BRY-O-NATE,  ) (Bot.)  Formed  like  an 

EM'BRY-O-NAT-ED,  j embryo  ; relating  to  an 
embryo  ; embryonic.  Locke. 

EM-BRY-ON'JC,  a.  Relating  to,  or  like,  an  em- 
bryo ; embryotic.  Coleridge. 

Embryonic  sack,  (Bot.)  an  integument  in  tile  ovule, 
within  which  the  embryo  is  developed.  Hcnsloio. 

EM-BRY-dT'JC,  a.  Relating  to,  or  resembling, 
an  embryo  ; embryonic.  P.  Cyc. 

EM-BRY-OT'O-MY,  n.  [Gr.  Ip0pvoropia  ; cp0pvov, 
a fetus,  and  ripvu>,  to  cut ; It.  embriotomia ; 
Fr.  embryotomie .]  (Med.)  The  operation  of 
cutting  the  fetus  out  of  the  womb.  Brande. 

EM'BRY-OUS,  a.  Embryonic.  Craig. 

fEM-BURSE',  v.  a.  [Fr . embourser.]  To  stock 
with  money  ; to  imburse.  Todd. 

EM-BUSH',  v.  a.  To  conceal  in  bushes  or  in  a 
wood ; to  ambush,  [r.]  Shelton. 

f EM-BU§'Y  (em-blz'ze),  v.  a.  To  employ.  Skelton. 

fEME,  n.  Uncle.  — See  Eame. 

E-MEN'A-GOGUE  (e-men'j-gSg),  n.  See  EMMEN- 
AGOGUE. 

E--MEND',  p.  a.  [L .emendo-,  e,  out  of,  and  menda,  a 
fault;  It.  emendare ; Sp.  emendar ; Fr.  emender.] 
To  free  from  fault  or  blemish;  to  make  better; 
to  mend ; to  correct ; to  amend,  [r.]  Feltham. 

Syn.  — See  Amend. 

E-MEND'A-BLE,  a.  [L.  cmendabilis  ; It.  emenda- 
bile ; Sp.  emendable .]  Amendable,  [r.]  Bailey. 

E-MEND'AL§,  n.  pi.  Balance  of  money  to  meet 
losses  or  other  emergencies;  — a word  used  in 
the  accounts  of  the  Society  of  the  Inner  Temple, 
London.  Ogilvie. 

f E-MEND'ATE-LY,  a.  Free  from  fault ; without 
faulty  correct.  Taverner. 

EM-EN  DA'TION,  n.  [L.  emendatio ; It.  emenda- 
zione .]  The  act  of  amending ; change  for  the 
better  ; correction  of  errors  ; improvement ; as, 
“ Emendations  in  an  edition  of  a book.” 

EM'EN-dA-TOR,  n.  [L.]  One  who  makes  emen- 
dations ; a corrector  ; an  improver.  “ The  Ro- 
man emendators  of  Gratian.’  Bp.  Cosin. 

E-MEND' A-TO-RY,  a.  [L.  emendatorius .]  Caus- 
ing emendation  ; correcting.  Dr.  Warton. 

f E-MEND'I-CAtE,  v.  a.  [L.  emenclico,  emendi- 
catus  ; mendicus,  a beggar.]  To  beg.  Cockeram. 

EM'ER-ALD,  n.  [Gr.  apapayhos ; L.  smaragdus; 
It.  cmeraldo ; Sp.  esmera/da-,  Fr.  emeraude.] 

1.  (Min.)  A very  hard,  crystallized,  precious 
stone,  of  a green  color  ; — used  in  jewellery. 

Emerald  and  beryl  are  varieties  of  the  same  species,  the 
former  including  the  rich  green  transparent  specimens  which 
owe  their  color  to  oxide  or  chrome,  the  latter  those  of  other 
colors.  Dana. 


2.  A printing  type  of  a size  between  minion 

and  nonpareil.  Simmonds. 

3.  (Her.)  The  green  tincture  in  coat  armor ; 

vert.  Crabb. 

EM'ER-ALD— GREEN',  n.  (Paint.)  A pigment  of 
a brilliant  light-green  color,  prepared  from  the 
arseniate  of  copper,  known  in  commerce  as 
Scheele’s  green.  Fair  holt. 

E-MER(yE',  v.  n.  [L.  emergo  ; e,  priv.,  and  mer- 
go,  to  plunge ; It.  emergere .]  [i.  emerged  ; 

pp.  EMERGING,  EMERGED.] 

1.  To  rise  out  of  a fluid  or  other  covering. 

The  mountains  emerged  when  the  waters  retired.  Burnet. 

2.  To  come  forth  ; to  emanate  ; to  issue. 

The  ruys  emerge  out  of  the  surface  of  the  prism.  Newton. 

3.  To  rise  into  view ; to  become  visible. 

Then  from  ancient  gloom  emerged 
A rising  world.  Thomson. 

E-MER  GEA’C’E,  )n  [It.  emergenza ; Sp . emer- 

E-MER'GEN'-GY,  ) gencia .] 

1.  The  act  of  emerging;  emanation.  Browne. 

2.  A sudden  occasion  ; unexpected  occur- 
rence ; unforeseen  casualty. 

Most  of  our  rarities  have  been  found  out  by  casual  emer- 
gency. Glanville. 

3.  Pressing  necessity  ; urgency;  exigency. 

In  any  case  of  emergency  he  would  employ  the  whole 
wealth  of  his  empire.  Addison. 

Syn.  — See  Exigency. 

E-MER'GENT,  a.  [L.  emergo,  emergens,  to  emerge  ; 
It.  A;  Sp.  emergeute  ; Fr.  emergent.] 

1.  Rising  out  of  water,  or  something  that  cov- 
ers, like  a fluid  ; emerging. 

Immediately  the  mountains  huge  appear 
Emergent.  Milton. 

2.  Growing  out  of ; issuing  from.  “ A necessi- 
ty emergent  from  the  things  themselves.”  South. 

3.  Rising  into  view,  notice,  or  honor. 

The  man  that  is  once  hated  is  not  easily  emergent.  B.Jonson. 

4.  Sudden;  unexpected;  casual.  “ Emer- 
gent occasion.”  Clarendon. 

E-MER'<?ENT-LY,  Fy  emerging.  Clarke. 

E-MER'GENT-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality 
of  being  emergent.  Scott. 

E-MEIi'<?ENT— YEAR,  n.  (Chron.)  The  year  or 
epoch  from  which  any  computation  of  time  is 
made.  Maunder. 

EM'E-RIL,  n.  1.  A very  hard  stone  ; a glazier’s 
diamond  to  cut  glass.  Clarke. 

2.  Emery.  — See  Emery.  Drayton. 

E-MER'I-TED,  a.  [L.  emeritus  ; Fr.  emerite .]  Al- 
lowed to  have  done  sufficient  public  service.  — 
See  Emeritus.  Evelyn. 

E-MER’  I-Tl,n.  pi.  [L.l  (Homan  Ant.)  A term 
applied  to  soldiers  and  other  public  functiona- 
ries of  ancient  Rome,  who  had  honorably  re- 
tired from  their  country’s  service.  Brande. 

E-MER’ I-TtjS,  a.  [L.]  An  epithet  applied  to 
one  who  is  honorably  discharged  from  perform- 
ing further  public  duty  in  a university  or  col- 
lege ; as,  “ A professor  emeritus.”  Crabb. 

EM'ER-OD§,  ) n pi  Piles.  — See  Hemor- 

EM'ER-OlD§,  ) rhoids.  Dent,  xxviii.  27. 

E-MER'SION  (e-nier'shun),  n.  [L.  emersus ; It. 
emersione  ; Sp.  emersion-,  Fr.  emersion.] 

1.  The  act  of  emerging  or  rising  out  of  any 

thing ; — opposed  to  immersion.  Barrow. 

2.  (Astron.)  A reappearance  of  a heavenly 

body  after  undergoing  an  eclipse.  Hind. 

EM'E-RY,  n.  (Min.)  A hard  amorphous  mineral; 
a variety  of  corundum  or  sapphire,  employed 
by  lapidaries  in  cutting  gems,  and  used  for  pol- 
ishing steel,  marble,  &c.  ; — so  called  from  Cape 
Emeri,  in  the  Island  of  Naxos,  whence  the  best 
variety  is  obtained.  Brande. 

EM’F.-SIS,n.  [Gr.  ipim; ; ipioi,  to  vomit.]  (Med.) 
A vomiting.  Dunglison. 

E-MET'IC,  a.  [Gr.  IpiTtKis iptw,  to  vomit;  It.  <Sf 
Sp.  emetico  ; Fr.  emetique.]  Producing  emesis 
or  vomiting  ; causing  to  vomit.  “ Herbs,  some 
purgative,  some  emetic.”  Hale. 

E-MET'IC,  n.  (Med.)  A medicine  which  produces 
vomiting.  “ Caustics,  emetics,  &c.”  Dr.  Warton. 

Emetic  tartar,  or  Tartar  emetic,  (Chem.)  a triple  salt, 
composed  of  antimony,  potassa,  and  tartaric  acid. 


A,  E,  !,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  t,  short;  A,  E.  1.  9.  U.  Y>  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  II&IR,  HER; 


EMETICAL 


477 


EMPANELMENT 


E-MET'J-CAL,  a.  Same  as  Emetic.  Johnson. 

E-MET'|-CAL-LY,  ad.  So  as  to  provoke  to  vomit. 

EM'E-TINE,  n.  ( Chem .)  Avery  powerful  emetic 
substance,  white,  pulverulent  and  bitter,  ob- 
tained from  ipecacuanha.  Brande. 

EM'lJ-TO-CA-THAIt'TIC,  a.  {Med.)  Noting  med- 
icines which  produce  vomiting  and  purging  at 
the  same  time.  Craig. 

EM-E-TOL'O-yY,  n.  [Gr.  c/jktos,  vomiting,  and 
Xdyui,  a discourse.]  {Med.)  A treatise  on  vomit- 
ing and  emetics.  Dunglison. 


EMEU,  ( n.{Zobl.)  A large  bird 
E'MEVV,  ) that  cannot  fly,  be- 
longing to  the  family  Struthio- 
nidce,  or  ostriches;  the  Aus- 
tralian cassowary  ; Dromaius 
Novee  Hollandiee  ; — written 
also  emu.  Van  Dei • Hoeven. 

EMEUTE  (a-mut'),  n.  [Fr.]  An 
uproar  ; a riot ; a popular  out- 
break or  disturbance,  Surenne. 


Emeu. 


EM'I-CANT,  a.  [L.  emico,  emicans,  to  spring 
forth.]  Beaming  forth;  sparkling;  flying  off. 
[r.]  Blackmore. 

EM-I-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  emicatio.\  Act  of  spark- 
ling; a flying  off  in  particles  ; scintillation. 

Iron  in  aqua  lortis  will  fall  into  ebullition  with  noise  and 
emication.  Browne. 


E-MIC'TION,  n.  [L.  mingo,  mictus,  to  void  urine.] 
Discharge  of  urine ; that  which  is  discharged 
by  the  urinary  passages  ; urine.  Harvey. 

£m'I-GRAnt,  a.  [It.  emigrante ; Fr  .emigrant.) 
Moving  from  one  place  to  another.  Burke. 


EM'I-GRANT,  n.  One  who  emigrates.  Warton. 

EM'I-GRATE,  v.  n.  [L.  emigro,  emigratus ; e, 
from,  and  migro,  to  remove  ; It.  emigrare  ; Sp. 
emigrar;  Fr . emigre?-.]  ft.  emigrated;  pp. 
emigrating,  EMIGRATED.]  To  pass  from  one’s 
country  in  order  to  reside  in  another  ; to  change 
residence.  Burke. 


f EMT-GRATE,  a.  Wandering;  roving.  Gayton. 

EM-I-GRA'TION,  n.  [L.  emigratio ; It.  ernigra- 
zione;  Sp.  emigration;  Fr.  emigration.)  The 
act  of  emigrating  ; a removal  from  one  country 
to  another.  “ I hear  that  there  are  considerable 
emigrations  from  France.”  Burke. 

EM-I-GRA'TIQN-IST,  n.  An  advocate  for  emi- 
gration. For.  Qu.  Rev. 

EM'I-GRA-TOR,  n.  An  emigrant,  [r.]  Gent.  Mag. 

EM'I-NENCE,  n.  [L.  eminentia ; It.  cminenza; 
Sp.  eminentia  ; Fr.  eminence .] 

1.  Something  protuberant  or  prominent ; a 
part  rising  above  the  rest ; projection  ; promi- 
nence. 

They  must  be  smooth,  almost  imperceptible  to  the  touch, 
and  without  either  eminence  or  cavities.  Dryden. 

2.  Elevated  ground ; elevation;  hill;  as,  “ A 
house  placed  on  an  eminence.” 

3.  Summit ; highest  point ; the  top  ; height ; 

“ Every  vertex  or  eminence.”  Ray. 

4.  A conspicuous  place  or  position. 

A person  whose  merit  places  him  on  an  eminence.  Addison. 

5.  Exaltation  ; celebrity  ; fame  ; distinction ; 
as,  “ He  is  a man  of  great  eminence.” 

6.  Supreme  or  high  degree. 

Whatever  pure  thou  in  the  body  enjoyest. 

And  pure  thou  wert  created,  we  enjoy 

In  eminence.  Milton. 

7.  A title  given  to  cardinals  and  others. 

His  eminence  was  indeed  very  fond  of  his  poet.  Hurd. 

EM'I-NEN-CY,  n.  Same  as  Eminence.  Tillotson. 

EM'l-NENT,  a.  [L.  emineo,  eminens,  to  project 
out ; — It.  <Sr  Sp.  eminente  ; Fr.  eminent.) 

1.  Standing  forth  above  the  rest ; high  ; lofty. 

He,  above  the  rest 

In  shape  and  gesture  proudly  eminent , 

Stood  like  a tower.  Milton. 

2.  Conspicuous;  remarkable  ; distinguished ; 
celebrated ; prominent ; illustrious  ; exalted ; 
famous ; as,  “ An  eminent  scholar  or  poet.” 

Eminent  domain , see  DOMAIN. 

Syn.  — See  Famous. 

EM-I-NEN'TIAL,  a.  {Algebra.)  Noting  an  artifi- 


cial kind  of  equation,  which  involves  in  itself 
several  particular  equations.  Francis. 

EM'I-NENT-LY,  ad.  Conspicuously;  in  a high 
degree.  “ Eminently  useful.”  Swift. 

E 'MIR.  or  E-MEER1,  n.  [Arabic,  chief  or  lord.] 
A title  of  dignity  among  the  Turks,  originally 
given  to  the  caliphs,  now,  by  prescriptive  usage, 
to  those  who  are  considered  as  descended  from 
Mahomet  by  his  son-in-law  Ali  and  daughter  Fa- 
tima : — a title,  when  joined  to  another  word 
expressive  of  a particular  office,  given  to  viziers, 
pachas,  &c.  Brande. 

E 'M1R-A  'LEM,  n.  A general  of  the  Turks,  or  the 
keeper  of  all  their  colors.  Crabb. 

EM-IS-sA' RI-UM,  n.  \V.,  an  outlet.]  A sluice  ; 
a floodgate.  Weale. 

EM'jS-SA-RY,  n.  [L .emissarius;  emitto,  emissus, 
to  send  forth  ; e,  forth,  and  mitto,  to  send ; It. 
emissario ; Sp .emisano;  Fr . emissaire.] 

1.  One  sent  out  on  a mission  or  some  busi- 

ness ; — particularly  a private  messenger  or 
agent ; a messenger  ; a spy.  “ Clifford,  an 
emissary  and  spy  of  the  king’s.”  Bacon. 

2.  pi.  {Anat.)  Vessels  through  which  the  ex- 
cretions take  place.  Arbuthnot. 

Syn.  — Emissary  and  spy  are  terms  applied  to  per- 
sons sent  out  by  a government  to  an  enemy’s  coun- 
try for  hostile  purposes.  An  emissary,  whose  office 
is  the  less  dishonorable  of  the  two,  acts  openly,  and 
endeavors  to  influence  the  councils  of  the  enemy,  to 
sow  seeds  of  dissension,  &c.  A spy  is  concealed,  and 
endeavors  to  get  information  that  may  be  useful  to 
his  employers. 

EM'IS-SA-RY,  a.  Looking  about ; prying.  “Your 
emissary  eye.”  [r.]  B.  Jonson. 

E-MlS'SION  (e-nush'un),  n.  [L.emissio;  It.  emis- 
sione  ; Sp.  emision  ; Fr.  emission.] 

1.  The  act  of  emitting,  or  the  process  of  send- 
ing out ; as,  “ The  emission  of  light  or  heat.” 

2.  {Finance.)  The  issuing  or  putting  into  cir- 
culation of  bills  or  notes  : — the  number  or  quan- 
tity of  such  bills  or  notes  issued  at  one  time  ; 
as,  “ The  first  or  second  emission  of  notes.” 

t EM-IS-SF'TIOUS  (em-is-sish'us),  a.  Examining; 
prying.  “ Those  emissitious  eyes.”  Bp.  Hall. 

E-MIS'SIVE,  a.  Sending  out;  emitting.  Brooke. 

EM’IS-SO-RY,  a.  ( Phys .)  Noting  ducts,  espe- 
cially certain  veins,  which  convey  fluids  out  of 
the  body.  Buchanan. 

E-MIT',  v.  a.  [L.  emitto  ; e,  forth,  and  mitto,  to 
send;  It.  emettere ; Sp.  emitir ; Fr.  emettre.]  [i. 
EMITTED  ; pp.  EMITTING,  EMITTED.] 

1.  To  send  forth  ; to  throw  out ; to  vent. 

While  yon  sun  emits  his  rays  divine.  Mickle. 

2.  To  let  fly  ; to  discharge  ; to  dart,  [r.] 

Lest,  wrathful,  the  far-shooting  god  emit 

His  fatal  arrows.  Prior. 

3.  To  issue,  as  an  order,  [r.] 

That  a citation  be  valid,  it  ought  to  be  emitted  by  the 
fudge’s  authority.  Aylijfe. 

4.  To  put  into  circulation ; to  issue  for  circu- 
lation ; as,  “ To  emit  bills  or  notes.” 

E-MIT'TENT,  a.  Sending  out;  emitting.  Boyle. 

f PM-MAn'TF.L,  v.  a.  To  cover,  as  with  a man- 
tle ; to  protect.  Holland. 

f EM-MAR'BLE,  v.  a.  To  make  like  marble  : — to 
make  cold. 

Thou  dost  emmarble  the  proud  heart  of  her.  Spenser. 

EM-MEN'A-GOGUE  (-gog),  n.  [Gr.  ippyrna,  the 
menses,  and  dyu,  to  lead.]  {Med.)  Medicine  to 
promote  menstrual  discharges.  Dunglison. 

EM-MEN-OL'O-tjrY,  n.  [Gr.  ippyvta,  the  menses, 
and  Xdyos,  a discourse.]  A treatise  on  menstru- 
ation. Dunglison. 

EM' MET,  n.  [A.  S.  armet,  amette ; Ger.  ameise.] 
An  ant ; a pismire.  — See  Ant. 

“ Emmrt  and  ant  are  different  spellings  of  the 
same  word.  The  different  spellings  by  which  they 
are  bridged  over  are  emmet,  cmet,  emt,  and  ant.” 
Trench. 

EM-MEVV',  v.  a.  To  confine ; to  coop  up.  Shak. 

f lJM-MOVE',  v.  a.  [L.emoveo;  Fr.  emouvoir.] 
To  excite  ; to  move.  Spenser. 

EM-OL-LES'CENCE,  n.  [L.  mollesco,  mollescens, 
to  become  soft;  Fr . amo/issement.]  The  soften- 
ing of  a metal  in  beginning  to  melt.  Smart. 


U-MOL'H-AtE  (e-inol'ye-at),  v.  a.  [L.  emollio, 
cmolliatus,  to  soften ; mollis,  soft ; It.  amrnol- 
lire .]  [i.  emolli  ated  ; pp.  emolliating,  emoi.- 
liated.]  To  soften;  to  make  effeminate.  Smart. 

||  E-MOL'LI^NT  (e-mol'yent)  [e-mbl’yent,  S.  IF.  J. 
F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  ; e-mol'e-ent,  P.],  a.  [L.  emol- 
lio, emolliens,  to  make  soft ; It.  § Sp.  emolliente ; 
Fr.  emollient.]  (Med.)  Softening;  making  sup- 
ple ; as,  “ Emollient  applications.”  Arbuthnot. 

||  IJ-MOL'LiyNT  (e-mol'yent),  n.  {Med.)  A medi- 
cine which  is  supposed  to  fiave  the  power  of  re- 
laxing the  living  animal  fibre.  Brande. 

f y-MOL'L|-MENT,  n.  [L.  emollimentum .]  A soft- 
ening ; an  assuaging.  Cockeram. 

EM-OL-LI''TION,  n.  [Low  L.  emollitio .]  The  act 
of  softening  ; a softening,  [r.]  Bacon. 

E-MOL'U-MENT,  n.  [L.  emolumentum,  toll  or 
profit  taken  for  grinding  ; molo,  to  grind ; It.  iSf 
Sp.  emolumento  ; Fr.  emolument .] 

1.  Profit  from  labor,  or  compensation  for  ser- 
vices ; pecuniary  gain  ; profit ; lucre  ; pay  ; as, 
“The  emoluments  of  an  office.” 

The  gross  lucre  and  fat  emoluments  of  servitude.  Burke. 

2.  Advantage  ; good  or  gain  in  a general  sense. 

Nothing  gives  greater  satisfaction  than  the  sense  of  having 
despatched  a great  deal  of  business  to  public  emolument.  Tatler. 

Syn.  — Emolument  is  the  reward  of  labor,  bodily 
or  mental,  as  wages  or  compensation  for  manual 
labor,  or  the  salary  or  perquisites  of  an  office.  Profit 
is  applied  to  /ruin  accruing  from  something  that  has 
been  laid  out  first ; as,  “ The  profit  of  trade.” 

E-MOL-U-MENT'AL,  a.  Useful;  yielding  profit. 

Ail  that  is  laudable  and  truly  cmolumental.  Evelyn. 

fE-MONGST'  (e-mungst'),prep..  Among.  Spenser. 

E-MO'TION,  n.  [L.  emoveo,  emotus,  to  move  out, 
to  agitate  ; It.  emozione  ; Fr  .emotion.]  A move- 
ment of  the  mind  or  of  the  feelings  of  the  soul ; 
mental  excitement;  agitation  of  the  sensibili- 
ties or  the  passions  ; perturbation  ; feeling. 

I will  appeal  to  any  man  whether  he  finds  not  the  natural 
emotion  of  the  same  passion  in  himself  which  the  poet  de- 
scribes in  his  feigned  persons.  Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Agitation. 

E-MO'TION,  v.  a.  To  move  ; to  excite. 

As  the  young  chief  th*  affecting  scene  surveys, 

How  all  his  form  the  emotioned  soul  betrays.  Scott. 

E-MO'TION-AL,  a.  Relating  to,  or  implying, 
emotion  ; feeling  ; sentient,  [r.]  For.  Qu.  Rev. 

“ Emotional  ” is  creeping  into  books.  Trench. 

E-MO'TIVE,  a.  Attended  by  emotion;  charac- 
terized by  emotion.  Brooke. 

t E-MOVE',  v.  a.  [L.  emoveo.]  To  move.  Spenser. 

EM-PAiR',  v.a.  [Fr.  empirer.]  To  make  worse; 
to  impair.  — See  Impair.  Spenser. 

EM-PAIS’TIC,  n.  [Gr.  ipnaiartKi} ; Iptraioi,  to  stamp, 
to  emboss.]  {Ancient  Art.)  Inlaid  work  resem- 
bling the  modern  buhl.  Fairholt. 

EM-PALE',  v.  a.  [L.  in,  in,  and  palus,  a stake  ; 
It .impalare;  Sp .empalar;  Fr . empaler.]  [t. 
EMPALED  ; pp.  EMPALING,  EMPALED.] 

1.  To  fence  with  pales  or  stakes;  to  fortify; 

to  impale.  “ The  English  empaled  themselves 
with  their  pikes.”  Raleigh. 

2.  To  enclose  ; to  shut  in  ; to  surround. 

Impenetrable,  em/ialed  with  circling  fire.  Milton. 

3.  To  put  to  death  by  fixing  or  spitting  on  a 
stake  standing  upright. 

Then,  with  what  life  remains,  empaled , and  left 

To  writhe  at  leisure  round  the  bloody  stake.  Addison. 

EM-PALED'  (em-pald'),  p.  a.  Fenced  or  fortified 
with  stakes  ; — having  undergone  empalement. 

EM-PALE'MENT,  n.  [Fr.  empalement.] 

1.  Act  of  empaling  : — punishment  by  em- 
paling. 

2.  An  enclosure  by  palisades.  Craig. 

3.  (Her.)  A conjunction  of  coats  of  arms, 

pale-wise.  Warton. 

4.  (Bot.)  The  calyx  of  a plant.  Miller. 

EM-PAN'EL,  n.  A list  of  jurors;  a panel.  Cowell. 

EM-pAn'EL,  v.  a.  [See  Panel.]  [i.  empan- 
elled; pp.  EMPANELLING,  EMPANELLED.]  To 
twite  or  enroll,  as  the  names  of  a jury,  in  a 
list  or  on  a piece  of  parchment,  called  a panel; 
to  panel ; to  impanel.  Burnet. 

EM-PAN'EL-MENT,  n.  The  act  of  empanelling, 
or  enrolling  on  a list.  Wyse. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — y, 


<;>  soft;  €,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  ^ as  z;  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


EMPARADISE 


478 


EMPOVERISH 


EM-PAr'A-DISE,  v.  a.  See  Imparadise.  Donne. 

EM-PARK',  v.  a.  To  enclose  in  a park;  to  shut 
in  ; to  shut  up  ; to  impound.  Bp.  King. 

JpM-PAR' LANCE,  n.  See  Imparlance.  Spenser. 

EM-PA§M',  n.  [Gr.  ipitdauw,  to  sprinkle.]  (Meet.) 
A powder  for  sprinkling  the  body,  or  any  dis- 
eased part,  to  deprive  it  of  offensive  odor.  Bailey. 

EM-PAs'SION  (em-pasli'un),  v.  a.  To  warm  with 
passion  or  feeling.  — See  Impassion.  Spenser. 

EM-pAst',  v.  a.  See  Impast. 

EM-PEACH',  v.  a.  [Fr.  empecher,  to  hinder.]  To 
impeach.  — See  Impeach.  Sir  T.  Elyot. 

EM-PEARL',  v.  a.  To  cover  with  pearls,  or  with 
any  thing  resembling  pearls.  . Sidney. 

t EM-PEi'KAL>  n.  See  Empiric.  Harmar. 

EM-PEO'PLE  (em-pe'pl),  v.  a.  To  form  into  a 
people  or  community  ; to  people,  [r.]  Spenser. 

EM'PER-ESS,  n.  See  Empress.  Davies. 

f E-tl-PER'lL,  v.a.  To  endanger;  to  peril  Spenser. 

f EM-PER'ISH,  v.  n.  To  perish.  Spenser. 

E.M'PER-QR,  n.  [L.  imperator ; It.  imperadore ; 
Sp.  emperador ; Fr.  empereur.)  The  sovereign 
or  ruler  of  an  empire ; a monarch  in  title  and 
dignity  superior  to  a king;  as,  “The  emperor 
of  Austria  ” ; “ The  emperor  of  Russia.” 

Syn.  — See  Monarch. 

EM’PER-QR-PA'PER,  n-  The  largest  kind  of 
drawing  paper.  Fairholt. 

EM'PER-QR-SHlP,  n.  The  state  or  the  authority 
of  an  emperor.  Faber. 

f EM'PF.-U  V,  n.  [Fr  .empire."]  Empire.  Shak. 

EM-PE'TRUM,  n.  [Gr.  epnirpov,  a rock-plant.] 
(Bot.)  A genus  of  plants;  crow-berry.  Loudon. 

EM'PHA-SIS,  n.  ; pi.  em'piia-se$.  [L.,  from  Gr. 
eptftatne  ; cfttpaivtii , to  show ; It.  enjasi ; Sp.  en- 
fasis  ; Fr.  emphase .] 

1.  A stress  or  force  of  voice  laid  on  a word  or 
a clause  in  a sentence,  in  order  to  enforce  a 
meaning ; impressive  utterance. 

A person  who  clearly  comprehends  what  he  says,  in  pri- 
vate conversation,  never  fails  to  place  the  emphasis  on  the 
right  word.  Hi  ley. 

2.  Impressiveness  ; significance  ; weight. 

These  questions  have  force  and  emphasis , if  they  be  un- 
derstood of  tile  antediluvian  earth.  Burnet. 

Syn.  — Emphasis,  accent,  and  stress  all  denote  an 
increased  effort  of  voice ; accent , on  a syllable  of  a 
word  ; emphasis,  on  an  important  word  in  a sentence  ; 
stress  is  used  both  for  accent  on  a syllable  and  emphasis 
on  a word. 

EM'PHA-StZE,  V.  a.  [ i . EMPHASIZED  ; pp.  EM- 
PHASIZING, emphasized.]  To  utter  with  em- 
phasis ; to  place  emphasis  on;  to  make  cm- 
phatical.  Coleridge.  Dickens.  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

EM  PHAT  IC,  ) a_  [Gr.  f ppartKis.]  Requir- 

EM-PhAT'I-CAL,  > ing  emphasis  ; having  empha- 
sis ; significant ; expressive  ; forcible  ; strong  ; 
striking.  “ Emphatic  terms.”  Arbuthnot.  “The 
expression  is  emphatical.”  Hurd. 

E-M-PHAT'I-CAL-LV,  ad.  In  an  emphatical  man- 
ner ; with  emphasis  ; strongly. 

EM-PHAT'I-CAL-NESSj  n.  The  state  of  being 
emphatical.  Scott. 

EM ' PHLY-SIS,  n.  [Gr.  Iv,  in,  and  ipUats,  an  erup- 
tion.] (Med.)  An  eruption  of  vesicular  pimples 
filled  with  an  acrid  fluid.  Dunglison. 

EM-PHRAC'TIC,  a.  [Gr.  ip<ppaKTin6s ; iytppaaam,  to 
stop  up.]  (Med.)  Stopping  up  the  pores  of  the 
skin.  Scott. 

EM-P  HY-SE  ' MA  (em-fe-se'mj),  n.  [Gr.  tut  Leri;  I a , 
an  inflation  ; ipijnujaw,  to  inflate.]  (Med.)  A col- 
lection of  air  in  the  cellular  membrane,  render- 
ing the  part  tense  and  elastic.  Dunglison. 

EM-PHY-SEM'A-TOUS,  a.  Bloated;  puffed  up  ; 
swollen ; inflated.  Sharp. 

EM- PHY-TE U ' S IS,  n.  [Gr.  einjiliTtvais  ; ip<f>wrihu>, 
to  plant  in  ; iv,  in,  and  ijniTov,  a plant.]  (Civil 
Law.)  A contract  by  which  houses  or  lands  are 
given  forever,  or  for  a long  term,  on  condition 
of  their  being  improved,  and  a small  annual 
rent  paid  to  the  grantor.  Brande. 


EM-PH Y-TEU'TIC,  a.  (Civil  Law.)  Noting  that 
for  which  rent  is  paid  ; taken  on  hire.  Craig. 

f E-M-PIERCE',  v.  a.  To  pierce  into.  Spenser. 

f EM-PIgHT',  p.  Fixed.  — See  Pight.  Spenser. 

EM'PIRE,  n.  [L.  iniperium;  It.  & Sp.  imperio; 
Fr.  empire .] 

1.  Imperial  power  ; absolute  authority ; su- 
preme dominion  ; sovereignty ; supremacy. 

Thou  neither  dost  persuade  me  to  seek  wealth 

For  empire's  sake,  nor  empire  to  atfeet 

For  glory’s  sake,  by  all  thy  argument.  Milton. 

2.  The  country  or  countries  under  the  juris- 
diction of  an  emperor ; as,  “ The  empire  of 
France  ” ; “ The  empire  of  Russia.” 

3.  Command;  sway;  control;  rule;  as,  “The 
empire  of  reason,  or  of  truth.” 

Syn.  — An  empire  is  either  a large  country,  or  sev- 
eral distinct  sovereignties,  governed  by  an  emperor; 
a kingdom  is  a country  governed  by  a king  ; as, 14  The 
Russian  or  Austrian  empire “The  kingdom  of 
Prussia.”  It  is  common  to  say  either,  “ The  kingdom 
of  Great  Britain,”  or,  “The  British  empire .”  The 
Roman  dominion  was  originally  a kingdom , then  a 
republic , afterwards  an  empire . 

EM-PIR'IC,  or  EM'PI-RIC  (122)  [em-pir'jk,  Sm.  Ja. 
R.;  em'pe-rik,  S.J.  Wb, ; em'pe-rik  or  em-pir'jk, 
W.  P.  F.  K.  C .],  n.  [Gr.  ipirttpiKos,  experienced; 
iv,  in,  and  napato,  to  attempt  ; L.  empiricus ; 
It.  $ Sp.  empirico  ; Fr.  empirique .] 

1.  One  of  a sect  of  ancient  physicians,  who 

practised  from  experience  only,  and  not  from 
theory.  Hakewill. 

2.  One  whose  knowledge  is  founded  exclu- 
sively on  personal  experience  ; a trier  of  crude 
experiments  ; a pretender  ; a quack  ; charlatan. 

Such  an  aversion  for  innovators  as  physicians  are  apt  to 
have  for  empirics.  Swift. 

/jgp  “ Dr.  Johnson  tells  us,  the  first  accentuation 
[em'peric]  is  adopted  by  Dryden,  and  the  last  by  Mil- 
ton  ; and  this  he  prefers.  There  is,  indeed,  a strong 
analogy  for  the  last,  as  the  word  ends  in  ic  ; but  this 
analogy  is  sometimes  violated  in  favor  of  the  substan- 
tives, as  in  lunatic , heretic , &c.  ; and  that  this  is  the 
case  in  the  word  in  question,  may  he  gathered  from 
the  majority  of  votes  in  its  favor  ; for,  though  Dr. 
Johnson,  Mr.  Sheridan,  Mr.  Nares,  and  W.  Jhhnston 
are  for  the  latter,  Dr.  Kenrick,  Dr.  Ash,  Mr.  Scott, 
Mr.  Perry,  Buchanan,  Entick,  Bailey,  and  Barclay  are 
for  the  former.  This  word  classes,  too,  with  those 
that  almost  always  adopt  the  antepenultimate  accent ; 
hut  the  adjective  has  more  properly  the  accent  on  the 
second  syllable.”  Walker. 

Syn.  — See  Quack. 

EM-PIR'IC,  ? 1.  Relating  to,  or  versed  in, 

flM-PIR'I-CAL,  S experiments  ; following,  or  rely- 
ing upon,  experience.  “ Empiric  alchemist.” 
Milton.  “The  empiric  school.”  Brande. 

2.  Unwarranted  by  science  ; charlatanic. 
“ Empiric  remedies.”  Dryden. 

Empirical  law,  (Science.)  a law  made  use  of  to  clas- 
sify phenomena  until  their  general  cause  may  he  dis- 
covered. 

pM-PI  R'l-CAL-LY,  ad.  1.  In  an  empirical  man- 
ner ; experimentally  ; according  to  experience. 
We  shall  empirically  deduct  the  causes  of  blackness.  Browne. 

2.  In  the  manner  of  quacks.  Johnson . 

pM-PIR'I-CI^M,  n.  [Fr.  empinsme.\  The  quality 
of  being  empirical ; dependence  on  personal 
experience  alone  ; quackery  ; charlatanism. 

Experience,  the  safest  guide  after  the  mind  is  prepared,  is 
apt.  without  such  preparation,  to  degenerate  to  a vulgar  cm- 
p iricism . Kn  ox. 

EM-PIR'I-CIST,  n.  One  who  practises  empiri- 
cism ; an  empiric.  Smith. 

EM-PLACE'MENT,  n.  [Fr.]  Act  of  placing  ; foun- 
dation : — place  ; site,  as  of  a building.  Arundel. 

t EM-PLAS'TER,  n.  [Gr.  i urfLaaronv  ; L.  emplas- 
trum;  Fr . empldtrc.)  (Med.)  A plaster.  Wiseman. 

f EM-PI.As'TER,  v.  a.  To  cover  with  a plaster; 
to  plaster.  Chaucer. 

EM-PLAS'TIC,  a.  [Gr.  iiittkaartKir,  It.  Sy  Sp.  em- 
plastico ; Fr.  emplastique .]  Viscous  ; gluti- 
nous ; adhesive.  Wiseman. 

EM-PLAS'TIC,  n.  [Fr.  emplastique .]  (Med.)  A 
constipating  medicine.  Crabb. 

f EM-PLAS-TRA'TION,  n.  [L.  emplastratio .] 
( Ilort .)  To  graft  with  scutcheon;  to  scutcheon- 
graft.  Holland. 

EM-PLEAD',  v.  a.  See  Implead. 


EM-PLEC  1 ION,  / n.  [Gr.  iu-i.tvrov  ; ipurkiKU), 

EM-PLEC'TON,  ) to  interweave  ; L.  emplecton.) 
(Arch.)  A method  of  constructing  walls  of  build- 
ings, among  the  Greeks  and  Romans,  in  which 
the  sides  were  formed  of  ashlar  laid  in  regular 
courses,  and  the  space  between  filled  up  with 
rubble- work,  cross-stones  being  placed  at  inter- 
vals to  bind  the  whole  together.  Weale. 

EM-PLOY',  v.  a.  [L.  implico,  to  infold;  It.  im- 
piegare;  Sp.  cmplear  ; Fr.  employer.)  [Lem- 
ployed  ; pp.  EMPLOYING,  EMPLOYED.] 

1.  To  keep  at  work  ; to  busy  ; to  exercise  ; to 
engage  ; to  engross  ; as,  “ To  be  always  em- 
ployed is  one  of  the  secrets  of  happiness.” 

2.  To  make  use  of ; to  use. 

Thou  shalt  not  destroy  the  trees,  and  thou  6halt  not  cut 
them  down  to  employ  them  in  the  siege.  Dent.  xx.  J'J. 

3.  To  intrust  with  some  agency  or  duty. 

Jesus  Christ  is  furnished  with  superior  powers  to  the  an- 
gels because  he  is  employed  in  superior  works.  h afts. 

4.  To  fill  up  with  occupation ; to  occupy. 

To  study  nature  will  thy  time  employ.  Dryden. 

Syn.  — That  which  is  employed  is  made  to  act; 
that  which  is  used  is  acted  upon.  Employ  workmen  ; 
use  a spade,  pens,  paper,  tec.  Use  means;  exercise 
faculties  ; busy  one’s  self. 

EM-PLOY',  n.  [Fr.  emploi .]  State  of  being  em- 
ployed; business;  object  of  industry;  employ- 
ment ; engagement ; occupation  ; duty  ; service. 

Present  to  grasp,  and  future  still  to  find, 

The  whole  employ  of  body  and  of  mind.  Rope. 

They  have  always  a foreigner  for  this  employ.  Addison. 

EM-PLOY'  A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  employed.  Boyle. 

EMPLOYE  (ing-pl w&-a'  or  ein-ploT-a'),  n.  [Fr.] 
One  who  is  employed ; an  official ; a clerk  ; a 
servant.  lioget. 

EM-PLOY'ED-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  em- 
ployed or  occupied.  Richardson. 

EM-PLOY'ER,  n.  One  who  employs.  Shak. 

EM-PLOY'MENT,  n.  1.  The  act  of  employing. 

2.  Business;  occupation  ; object  of  industry ; 
engagement ; avocation  ; calling  ; profession  ; 
as,  “ The  various  employments  of  life.” 

How  various  his  emjAoyments  whom  the  world 

Calls  idle!  Cowper. 

Employment , which  Galen  calls  “nature’s  physician,”  is 
60  essential  to  human  happiness,  that  indolence  is  justly 
considered  the  mother  of  misery.  Burton. 

The  wise  prove,  and  the  foolish  confess,  by  their  conduct, 
that  a life  of  employment  is  the  only  life  worth  leading.  Baley. 

3.  Office  ; post  of  business;  service  ; agency. 

Leaders  on  caeh  side  have  their  hearts  wholly  set  to  get  or 
to  keep  employments.  Swift. 

Syn.  — See  Business,  Occupation,  Work. 

EM-PLUN’GE',  v.  a.  To  put  or  force  into  a liquid 
or  into  any  state  suddenly  ; to  plunge.  Daniel. 

EM-POI'§ON  (em-pbl'zn),  v.  a.  [Fr.  empoisonner.] 
[i.  EMPOISONED  ; pp.  EMPOISONING,  EMPOI- 
SONED.] 

1.  To  destroy  by  poison  ; to  poison.  Bacon. 

2.  To  taint  with  poison;  to  envenom;  to  im- 
bitter. 

One  doth  not  know 

How  much  an  ill  word  may  empoison  liking.  Shak. 

t EM-POI'§ON,  n.  Poison.  Chaucer. 

EM-POI'ijON-ER  (ein-pbl'zn-er),  n.  One  who  kills 
or  destroys  by  poison ; a poisoner.  Bacon. 

EM-POl'§ON-lNG  (em-pm'zu-ing),  n.  The  act  of 
poisoning;  empoisonment.  Bacon. 

t EM-POI'§ON-MENT  (em-pbi'zn-ment),  n.  [Fr. 
empoisonnement.']  The  act  of  poisoning.  Bacon. 

+ EM-PO-RET  IC,  l a%  [Gr.  epitopevTucii  ; ifjro- 

f EM-PO-RET'I-CAL,  ) pia,  commerce.]  Relating 
to  merchandise.  Johnson. 

EM-PO'RI-UM,  n. ; pi.  L.  emporia  ; Eng.  empo- 
riums. [Gr.  ep-nipiov,  a trading-place  ; L.  empo- 
rium ; It.  iSf  Sp.  emporio.] 

1.  A place  of  commerce,  trade,  or  merchan- 
dise ; a mart ; a commercial  city  or  town. 

Those  emporiums  by  the  sea-side,  general  staples,  marts,  as 
Antwerp,  Venice,  &c.  Burton. 

2.  A shop  or  depot  for  goods.  Simmonds. 

3.  (Med.)  f The  brain.  Dunglison. 

EM-POUNI)',  v.  a.  See  Impound. 

EM-POV'ER-ISH,  v.  a.  [L.  pauper,  poor ; It . in- 
porerire  ; Sp.  empobrecer.]  [i.  empoverished  ; 
pp.  EMPOVERISH  ING,  EMPOVERISHED.] 

1.  To  make  poor  ; to  reduce  to  indigence  ; to 
bring  to  want ; to  depauperate.  South. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  f,  short;  A,  E,  !>  Pi  Vi  Yi  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


EMPOVERISHER 


479 


EN- 


2.  To  render  less  fertile  ; to  make  less  pro- 
ductive. “Tillage  empovcnshes  land.”  Johnson. 

lt,-j  ■ vVritten  both  empovcrish  and  impoverish. 

f M-POV'JjiR-iSH-PR,  n.  1.  One  who  empover- 
ishes  ; one  that  makes  others  poor.  Johnson. 

2.  That  which  impairs  the  fertility  of  the  soil. 

An  improver  and  not  an  empovcrisher  of  land.  Mortimer. 

EM-POV'pt-ISH-MENT,  n.  1.  The  act  of  em- 
poverishing ; impoverishment.  Swift. 

2.  Exhaustion  of  fertility  or  productiveness  ; 
as,  “ The  empoverishment  of  the  soil.” 

JpM-I’OW'pR,  v.  a.  [From  power.]  [«.  empow- 
ered ; pp.  EMPOWERING,  EMPOWERED.] 

1.  To  give  legal  power  to  ; to  invest  with  au- 
thority ; to  authorize  ; to  commission;  as,  “To 
empower  an  attorney  to  act  for  another.” 

2.  To  give  natural  ability  to  ; to  enable. 

Does  not  the  same  force  that  enables  them  to  heal,  empower 

them  to  destroy?  • Baker. 

Syn.  — See  Commission. 

EM'PRIJSS,  n.  1.  The  wife  of  an  emperor. 

The  grace  of  him  and  his  great  empress.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  A woman  invested  with  imperial  dignity ; 
a female  sovereign. 

Empress  of  this  fair  world,  resplendent  Eve.  Milton. 

f IJM-PRlNT',  v.  a.  To  imprint.  Hall. 

5M-PRisj>E',  n.  [Old  Fr.  emprise.']  An  attempt 
or  undertaking  of  danger  ; enterprise.  [Poetical.] 

Giants  of  mighty  bone  and  bold  emprise.  Milton. 

EM-PRI§'ON,  v.  a.  To  imprison.  Todd. 

JM-PRlij'ON-MENT,  n.  Imprisonment.  Spenser. 

EM-PROS-TIIOT' O-NOS,  n.  [Gr.  epnpoadfv,  for- 
wards, and  riirio,  to  draw.]  (Med.)  A spasmodic 
action  of  the  muscles,  by  which  the  body  is 
drawn  involuntarily  forwards.  Brande. 

EMP'TI-£R  (em'te-er),  n.  He  who,  or  that  which, 
empties.  B.  Jonson. 

EMP'TI-NESS  (em'te-nes),  n.  1.  The  state  of  be- 
ing empty,  unfilled,  or  unfurnished. 

His  coffers  sound 

With  hollow  poverty  and  emptiness.  Shak . 

2.  Want  of  knowledge  ; ignorance. 

Eternal  smiles  his  emptiness  betray. 

As  shallow  streams  run  dimpling  all  the  way.  Pope. 

3.  A void  space  ; vacuity  ; vacuum. 

Except  an  emptiness  had  come  between.  Dnjclen. 

4.  Want  of  substance  or  solidity.  “ The  emp- 
tiness of  light  and  shadow.”  Dryden. 

5.  Unsatisfactoriness  ; vanity.  “ The  worth 

or  emptiness  of  things  here.”  Atterbury. 

EMP'TION  (em'shun),  n.  [L.  emptio.]  The  act  of 
purchasing.  Arbuthnot. 

EMP'TION-AL,  a.  That  may  be  purchased.  Ash. 

EMP'TY  (em'te),  a.  [A.  S.  remti,  or  remtig.] 

1.  Containing  nothing  ; void  ; devoid  ; vacant. 

The  pit  was  empty,  there  was  no  water  in  it.  Gen.  xxxvii.  24. 

2.  Unfurnished  with  knowledge  or  other  qual- 

ities ; destitute.  “ An  empty,  trifling,  pretend- 
ing pedant.”  Felton. 

Art  thou  thus  boldened,  man,  by  thy  distress, 

That  in  civility  thou  seem’st  so  empty?  Shak. 

3.  Unburdened;  unfreighted;  having  nothing 
to  carry ; unsupplied. 

They  beat  him,  and  sent  him  away  empty.  Mark  xii.  3. 

4.  Wanting  food  or  nourishment ; hungry. 

My  falcon  now  is  sharp  and  empty.  Shak. 

5.  Wanting  substance  or  reality  ; unsubstan- 
tial. “ Empty  dreams.”  Dryden. 

6.  Unable  or  unfitted  to  satisfy  ; unsatisfac- 
tory ; vain.  “ Empty  praise.”  Pope. 

7.  Not  bearing  fruit ; unfruitful;  barren. 

Seven  empty  ears  blasted  with  the  east  wind.  Gen.  xli.  27. 

Syn.  — Empty  is  a term  of  more  general  use,  and  of 
more  extensive  application,  than  vacant , void,  and  de- 
void. Empty  and  vacant  are  used  either  in  a natural 
or  moral  sense  ; void  and  devoid , in  a moral  sense. 
An  empty  vessel  or  house  ; an  emp t.y  dream  ; an  it»- 
fumished  room  ; a vacant  seat  ; a vacant  house  ; void 
of  understanding;  devoid  of  common  sense.  — See 
Vain. 

EMP'TY  (em'te),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  anntian , emp(ian.\ 
[i.  EMPTIED  ; pp.  EMPTYING,  EMPTIED.] 

1.  To  make  empty  or  void ; to  evacuate  ; to 
exhaust ; to  deprive  of  the  contents  ; as,  “ To 
empty  a pitcher  ” ; “ To  empty  a purse. 


2.  To  pour  out,  as  the  contents  of  any  thing. 

The  great  navigable  rivers  that  empty  themselves  into  it 
[the  Euxine].  Arbuthnot. 

EMP'TY  (em'te),  v.  n.  1.  To  become  empty. 
“ The  chapel  empties.”  B.  Jonson. 

2.  To  be  discharged  ; to  flow ; as,  “ The 
Ohio  River  empties  into  the  Mississippi.” 

EMP'TY— H AND- £D,  a.  Having  nothing  in  the 
hands.  Congreve. 

EMP'TY— HE  AD- ED,  a.  Having  an  empty  head  ; 
void  of  understanding.  Goldsmith. 

EMP'TY—  HEART-ED,  a.  Having  an  empty  heart ; 
wanting  sensibility  or  feeling.  Shak. 

EMP'TY-ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  pouring  out  or 
making  empty. 

2.  pi.  Sediment  or  lees  of  beer,  cider,  &c. ; 
yeast.  [U.  S.] 

EMP'TY-SIS,  n.  [Gr.  cpurvais,  a spitting.]  (Med.) 
Expectoration  of  blood  caused  by  hemorrhage 
of  the  lungs.  Dunglison. 

f.M-PUGN'  (cm- pun'),  v.  a.  To  impugn.  Sir  T.More. 

EM-PUR'PLE,  v.  a.  To  make  of  a purple  color  ; 
to  dye,  tinge,  or  stain  with  purple.  Milton. 

f EM'PUSE,  n.  [Gr.  eywoutra  ; Fr.  empuse.]  A 
phantom  ; a spectre.  Bp.  Taylor. 

f EM-PUZ'ZLE,  v.  a.  To  puzzle.  Browne. 

EM-PY-E'MA,  n.  [Gr.  epubppa  ; iv,  in,  and  uvov, 
pus.]  (Med.)  A collection  of  blood  or  pus  in 
some  cavity  of  the  body,  and  particularly  in 
that  of  the  pleura  or  thorax.  Harvey. 

EM-PY-E'SIS,  n.  [Gr.  ipubyais,  suppuration.] 
(Med.)  A pustulous  eruption.  Dunglison. 

t EM-  P Y-IUE  ' UM,  n.  [L.]  Empyrean.  Glanville. 

UM-PYR'E-.AE  [em-plr'e  ?l,  IF.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  Sm. 
B.  ; om-pe-re'al,  A.],  a.  [Gr.  ’ipuupo;  ; iv,  in,  and 
irCp,  fire.]  Formed  of  pure  fire  or  light ; highly  re- 
fined : — relating  to  the  highest  heaven.  “ Gold 
empyreal.”  Milton.  “ Empyreal  sphere.”  Pope. 

Empyreal  air,  oxygen  gas.  Brande. 

II  EM-PY-RE' AN,  or  EM-PYR'fl-AN  [em-pe-re'?n, 
S.  E.  K.  Sm.  Wb. ; em-pe-re'fin  or  em-pTr'e-?n, 
W.  P.  F.Ja.  C.],  n.  [Gr.  ipuioios,  in,  on,  or  by, 
the  fire.]  The  highest  heaven,  where  the  pure 
element  of  fire  was  supposed  to  subsist.  Milton. 

BRP  “ This  word  has  the  accent  on  the  penultimate 
syllable  in  Sheridan,  Kenrick,  Barclay,  Nares,  and 
Bailey  ; and  on  Tile  antepenultimate  in  Ash,  Buchan- 
an, Perry,  and  Entick  ; and  this  last  accentuation  is, 
in  my  opinion,  the  most  correct ; for,  as  the  penulti- 
mate is  short,  there  is  the  same  reason  for  placing  the 
accent  on  the  antepenultimate  as  in  cerulean,  though 
poets,  with  their  usual  license,  generally  accent  the 
penultimate.”  Walker.  — See  EUROPEAN. 

||  EM-PY-RE'AN,  or  EM-PYR'^-AN,  a.  Empyreal. 
“ In  the  empyrean  heaven.”  Cowley. 

fEM'PY-REUM,  n.  Empyreuma.  Harvey. 

EM-PY-REU'MA,  n.  [Gr.  ipubpevpa;  iv,  in,  and 
nip,  fire.]  (Chem.)  The  burnt  smell  produced 
by  the  distillation  or  decomposition  of  some  oily 
animal  or  vegetable  substances.  Brande. 

EM-PY-REU-mAt'IC,  ( a [Fr.  empyreuma- 

EM-PY-REU-MAT'I-CAL,  ) tique.]  Having  em- 
preuma ; having  the  smell  or  taste  of  burnt 
substances.  “ Empyreumatical  oils.”  Boyle. 

EM-PY-REU'MA-TlZE,  v.  a.  To  make  empyreu- 
inatic  ; to  burn,  [r.]  Sat.  May. 

EM-PYR'I-CAL,  a.  [Gr.  cpnvpos,  prepared  by  fire  ; 
iv,  in,  and  nvp,  fire.J  Pertaining  to  combustion, 
or  to  combustibility.  Kirwan. 

EM-PY-RO'SIS,  n.  [Gr.  ipitbpoiai;  ; ipnvp6v>,  to 
burn  ; iv,  in,  and  nBp,  fire.]  Conflagration  ; a 
general  fire,  [r.]  Hale. 

E'MU,  n.  (Ornitli.)  A large  bird.  — See  Emeu. 

EM'U-LATE  (em'vu-lat),  v.  a.  [Gr.  apild.hopat,  to 
contend  ; L.  annulor,  annulatus ; It.  emulare ; 
Sp.  emular.)  [t.  emulated  ; pp.  emulating, 
EMULATED.] 

1.  To  strive  to  equal  or  to  excel ; to  rival ; as, 
“To  emulate  the  virtues  of  others.” 

2.  To  rise  to  equality  with. 

I see  how  thy  eye  would  emulate  the  diamond.  Shak. 

3.  To  imitate ; to  copy  ; to  resemble. 

The  convulsion  emulating  involuntary  laughter.  Arbuthnot. 


t EM'U-LATE,  a.  Desirous  to  excel ; ambitious  ; 
emulous.  “ Emulate  pride.”  Shak. 

EM'U-LAT-ING,  p.  a.  Rivalling;  striving  to  equal. 

EM-U-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  eemulatio  ; It.  emulazione  ; 
Sp.  emulacion;  Fr.  emulation.] 

1.  The  act  of  emulating  ; desire  to  equal  or  to 
excel  others  ; competition  ; rivalry  ; desire  of 
superiority  ; desire  of  excellence. 

Aristotle  allows  that  some  emulation  may  be  good;  yet 
envy  he  utterly  condemns.  Sprat. 

2.  Contest;  contention  ; struggle;  strife. 

Such  factious  emulations  shall  arise.  Shak. 

Syn.  — “ Emulation  is  lively  and  generous,  and  envy 
base  and  malicious  ; the  first  is  a regret  at  our  small 
desert,  the  other  a vexation  at  tile  merit  of  others. 
Emulation  would  raise  us,  and  envy  would  ahasewhat 
is  above  us.”  Ur.  Tit.  Fuller.  — See  COMPETITION, 
Jealous. 

EM'U-LA-TIVE,  a.  [Sp.  emulativo ; Fr.  emulatif] 
That  emulates;  inclined  to  emulation;  rival- 
ling. “ His  emulative  age.”  T.  Warton. 

EM'U-LA-TOR,  n.  [L.  c emulator ; Fr.  emulateur.] 
One  who  emulates;  a competitor;  a rival. 
“ Jealous  emulators.”  Feltham. 

EM'IJ-LA-TRPSS,  n.  [L.  amulatnx ; Fr.  emu- 
latrice .]  She  who  emulates.  Shelton. 

fE'MULE,  v.  a.  [Old  Fr.  efnuler.]  To  emu- 
late. Spenser. 

f £-MUL<yE',  v.  a.  [L.  emulyeo.]  To  milk  out; 
to  press  out ; to  drain.  Bailey. 

E-MUL'OENT,  a.  [L.  emulyeo,  emidgens,  to  milk 
or  drain  out;  It.  <Sf  Sp.  emulgente;  Fr.  emul- 
yent.]  (Anat.)  Applied  to  the  renal  artery  and 
vein,  which  were  formerly  supposed  to  milk,  as  it 
were,  the  urine  through  the  kidneys.  Dunglison. 

y-MUL'OENT,  n.  1.  (Anat.)  An  emulgent  ves- 
sel, as  the  renal  artery,  or  renal  vein.  Craig. 

2.  (Med.)  A term  applied  to  medicine  used 
to  excite  the  flow  of  bile.  Hob/yn. 

EM'U-LOUS,  a.  [L.  remains  ; It.  <Sf  Sp.  emulo.] 

1.  Having  emulation;  rivalling;  competing. 

“ Emulous  schools.”  Bp.  Hall. 

2.  Ambitiously  desirous. 

By  strength 

They  measure  all;  of  other  excellence 

Not  emulous.  Milton. 

EM'U-LOUS- LY,  ad.  In  an  emulous  manner. 

EM'U-LOUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  emu- 
lous ; rivalry  ; competition.  Scott. 

P-MUL'SIC,  a.  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  procured 
from  the  albumen  of  almonds.  Hoblyn. 

£-MUL'SINE,  n.  (Chem.)  Vegetable  albumen  of 
almonds.  Hoblyn. 

E-MUL'SION,  n.  [Low  L.  emulsio,  from  L.  emul- 
geo,  emulsus,  to  milk  out;  It.  emulsione\  Sp. 
emulsion ; Fr.  emulsion.]  (Med.)  A medicinal 
preparation  of  a milky  appearance,  composed 
of  a fixed  oil  divided  and  held  suspended  in 
water  by  means  of  mucilage  ; — a term  also  ap- 
plied to  a resinous  substance,  to  balsam,  or  to 
camphor,  rubbed  up  with  dilute  alcohol,  muci- 
lage, or  yolk  of  egg.  Dunglison. 

y-MUL'SIVE,  a.  [It.  emulsivo ; Fr.  emidsif.] 
Tending  to  soften  ; like  milk.  Smart. 

y-MUNC'TO-RIE^, n.pl.  [L.  emunctorium  ; emun- 
r/o,  emunctus,  to  blow  the  nose ; It.  emuntorio ; 
Fr.  emunetoire.]  (Anat.)  Organs  whose  office 
it  is  to  give  issue  to  matters  which  ought  to  be 
excreted;  excretory  ducts.  “Warm  liquors, 
such  as  open  the  emunctories.”  Arbuthnot. 

f E-MUS-cA'TION,  n.  [L.  emusco,  emuscatus,  to 
clear  from  moss  ; e,  from,  and  muscus,  moss.] 
The  act  of  clearing  from  moss.  Evelyn. 

EM'Y-DlNE,  n.  [L.  emys,  emydis  (Gr.  ipbs),  a 
tortoise.]  A chelonian  reptile  or  tortoise.  Brande. 

EN — A prefix  to  many  English  words,  identical 
with  em,  itn,  and  in.  — En  occurs  in  some 
words  immediately  from  the  Greek  ; otherwise 
en  and  em  are  front  the  Latin  through  the 
French  language ; while  in  and  im  occur  in 
words  which  conic  direct  from  the  Latin.  But 
there  are  many  words  that  waver  between  the 
two  modes  of  spelling ; as,  emporerish  or  im- 
poverish ; enquire  or  inquire;  enclose  or  inclose; 
endorse  or  indorse,  &c. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — y,  £,  9,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  £,  |,  hard;  § as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


EN 


480 


ENCHANTING 


£n.  Formerly  a plural  termination  of  nouns  and 
'■orbs,  as  housen,  ftosen,  they  escapcti ; still  re- 
maining in  a few  nouns,  as  oxen. 

EX-A'BLE,  v.  a.  [See  Able.]  [i.  enabled  ; pp. 
ENABLING,  enabled.]  To  make  able  ; to  sup- 
ply with  strength  or  ability  ; to  empower. 

Temperance  gives  nature  her  full  play,  and  enables  her  to 
exert  herself  in  all  her  force  and  vigor.  Spectator. 

f ]JN-A'BLE-MENT,  n.  The  act  of  enabling; 
power  to  do  any  thing ; ability.  Bacon. 

EX-ACT',  v.  a.  [ en  and  act.]  [i.  enacted  ; pp. 
ENACTING,  ENACTED.] 

1.  To  establish  by  law  ; to  pass  as  a law ; to 
legislate  ; to  institute  ; to  decree  ; to  order. 

It  is  enacted  by  the  laws  of  V enicc.  Shak. 

2.  f To  carry  out  in  act ; to  effect ; to  perform. 
It  is  wrong  to  punish  the  thought  before  it  be  enacted.  Sjienser. 

3.  To  represent  on  the  stage  ; to  act. 

I did  enact  Hector.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Institute. 

t EN-ACT',  n.  Purpose ; determination.  Johnson. 

EN-AC'TIVE,  a.  That  enacts;  having  power  to 
enact.  BramhaU. 

EN-ACT'MENT,  n.  1.  The  act  of  enacting,  de- 
creeing, or  establishing  by  law.  Goldsmith. 

2.  A law  enacted;  a decree;  an  act;  as, 
“ The  enactments  of  a legislature.” 

EX-ACT'OR,  n.  1.  One  who  enacts  or  decrees. 
“ Enactor  of  this  law.”  Atterbury. 

2.  f One  who  performs  any  thing.  Shake. 

f EN-ACT'URE,  n.  Purpose ; determination.  Shah. 

E-NAl-I-O-SAU'RI-AN,  n.  [Gr.  iv,  in,  aks,  the 
sea,  and  oavpos,  a lizard.]  (Pal.)  One  of  a fam- 
ily of  extinct  marine  lizards  embracing  the  ich- 
thyosaurus and  the  plesiosaurus.  Agassiz. 

EN-AL'LA-§rE  ($n-al'la-je),  ».  [L.,  from  Gr.  ivak- 

kaytj,  an  exchange.]  (Gram.)  A change  of 
words,  or  a substitution  of  one  gender,  number, 
case,  person,  tense,  mood,  or  voice  of  the  same 
word  for  another.  Andrews. 

EX-AM'BUSH,  v.  a.  To  hide  in  ambush  ; to  ambush. 
The  enambushed  phalanx  and  the  springing  mine.  Cawthorne. 

EX-AM'EL,  v.  a.  [Fr.  emailler.]  [f.  enamelled  ; 

pp.  ENAMELLING,  ENAMELLED.] 

1.  To  lay  enamel  on  metal;  to  paint  in  en- 
amel ; to  inlay.  Swift. 

2.  To  give  variety  to  by  different  colors. 
“With  gay  enamelled  colors  mixed.”  Milton 

And  paints  the  enamelled  ground.  Gay. 

JgN-AM'pL,  v.  n.  To  practise  the  use  of  enamel. 

It  were  foolish  to  enainel  on  the  glasses  of  telescopes.  Boyle. 

EX-AM'EL,  n.  [Fr .emailler,  to  enamel;  en,  in, 
and  email,  enamel.] 

1.  A substance  used  in  enamelling ; a semi- 

transparent or  opaque  glass  formed  by  the  com- 
bination of  different  metallic  oxides  with  some 
fixed  fusible  salt,  as  a borate,  fluate,  or  phos- 
phate, and  variously  colored,  according  to  the 
ingredients  used,  being  made  blue  by  oxide  of 
cobalt,  yellow  by  the  oxides  of  lead  and  anti- 
mony, green  by  the  oxide  of  copper,  or  the 
oxide  of  chrome,  &c.  Ure. 

2.  (Anat.)  The  hard,  exterior  surface  of  the 
teeth,  or  any  similar  covering. 

3.  (Paint.)  The  art  of  painting  with  verifiable 
colors  on  metal  plates  ; enamelling.  Francis. 

EN-AM'EL,  a.  Relating  to  the  art  of  enamelling. 

Enamel  painting , the  art  of  forming  colored  figures 
and  designs  on  an  enamelled  surface  fixed  upon  gold 
or  copper. 

EX-Am'EL-LAR,  a.  Consisting  of  enamel,  or  re- 
sembling enamel ; smooth ; glossy.  Craig. 

EN-AM'ELLED,  p.  a.  Overlaid  with  enamel  or 
any  thing  resembling  enamel.  Pope. 

Enamelled  cards,  cards  covered  on  one  side  with  a 
coating  of  white  lead  and  size,  pressed  smooth  by  be- 
ing passed  between  highly  polished  steel  rollers. 

JJN-AM'JgL-HJR,  n.  One  who  enamels,  or  over- 
lays metals  with  enamel.  Huloet. 

EX-AM'EL-LING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  enam- 
els, or  the  art  of  an  enameller.  Sir  W.  Petty. 

EX-AM'EL-LIST,  n.  One  who  enamels  ; an  en- 
ameller. Gent.  Mag. 


f EN-AM-O-RA  ' DO  [en-Sm-n-ra'do,  Sm.  Wb. ; en- 
ain-o-ri'do,  A'.],  n.  [Sp.]  A person  enamoured  ; 
an  inamorato.  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

EX-AM'OIR,  v.  a.  [L.  amor,  love ; It.  innamo- 
rare ; Sp.  enamorar ; Fr.  enamour cr.\  [i.  en- 
amoured ; pp.  ENAMOURING,  ENAMOURED.]  To 
inflame  with  love;  to  make  fond. 

No  beauty  doth  so  enamour  our  eyes  as  honesty  should 
lead  with  her  if  she  were  showed  unto  us.  Vives. 

EN-AN-THE'SIS,  n.  [Gr.  A,  in,  and  avOpm s,  blos- 
som.] (Med.)  An  eruption  on  the  skin  con- 
nected with  an  internal  affection,  as  measles, 
&c.  ; distinguished  from  exanthesis.  Dunglison. 

E-NAX-TI-O-PATH'IC,  a.  [Gr.  cvavriotraOps,  of 
contrary  properties;  iv,  in,  urn,  against,  and 
naBos,  suffering.]  (Med.)  Relieving,  but  not 
curing ; palliative.  Dunglison. 

?-NAN-TI-OP'A-THY,  n.  (Med.)  An  opposite 
affection ; allopathy.  Clarke. 

E-XAX-TI-O'SIS,  n.  [Gr.  ivavrhootg  ; ivavrios,  op- 
posite.] (Rhet.)  A figure  by  which  what  is 
spoken  negatively  is  to  be  understood  affirma- 
tively. Craig. 

EN-ARCH',  v.  a.  To  inarch.  Lydgate. 

F.X-AR M ED',  a.  [Fr.  enarme.]  (Tier.)  Having 
the  horns,  beaks,  talons,  &c.,  of  a different  color 
from  the  body.  Todd. 

f EN-AR-RA'TION,  n.  [L.  enarratio.]  Explana- 
tion ; exposition  ; narration.  Hakewill. 

EX-AR-THRO'SIS,  n.  [Gr.  Iv,  in,  and  dpBpov,  a 
joint.]  (Anat.)  A kind  of  articulation  in  which 
the  head  of  a bone  is  received  into  the  cavity  of 
another,  and  can  be  moved  in  all  directions ; 
the  ball-and-socket  joint.  Dunglison. 

f E-nAs'CEXT,  a.  [L.  enascor,  enascens,  to  spring 
up.]  Rising  ; springing  forth.  Warburton. 

f EN-A-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  enato,  enatatus,  to  swim 
out  or  away.]  Act  of  swimming  out.  Bailey. 

f E-NATE',  a.  [L.  enatus.]  Growing  out.  Smith. 

t E-nAun'TER,  ad.  Lest  that.  Spenser. 

+ E-NAv'I-GATE,  v.  a.  [L.  enavigo,  enavigatus .] 
To  sail  over  ; to  navigate.  Cockeram. 

t f.N-BlBE',  v.  a.  To  imbibe.  Skelton. 

f.N-CA^E',  v.  a.  [Fr.  encager.]  [i.  encaged  ; 
pp.  encaging,  encaged.]  To  shut  up  as  in  a 
cage;  to  coop  up;  to  confine;  — written  also 
incage.  "Encaged  in  Wales.”  Shak. 

EX-CAMP',  v.  n.  [From  camp.]  [i.  encamped  ; 
pp.  encamping,  encamped.]  To  pitch  tents  ; 
to  halt  for  a time  on  a march  and  prepare  tem- 
porary habitations  ; to  lodge  in  a camp. 

Michael,  and  his  angels  prevalent 

Encamping , placed  in  guard  their  watches  round.  Milton. 

EN-CAMP',  v.  a.  To  form  an  army  into  a regular 
camp  ; to  place  in  a camp  ; to  order  to  encamp. 
The  people  were  encamjjcd  against  Gibbethon.  1 Kings  xv i.  15. 

EN-CAMP'ING,  n.  Encampment.  Bacon. 

EN-CAMP'MENT,  n.  [It.  accampamento ; Sp. 
campamento ; Fr.  campement.] 

1.  The  act  of  encamping.  Johnson. 

2.  A camp  ; tents  pitched  in  order.  Grew. 

t EN_fAnk'£R,  v_  a_  canker.  Shelton. 

EX-CAN'THIS,  n.  [Gr.  iv,  in,  and  tcavB is,  the  an- 
gle of  the  eye.]  (Med.)  A small  tumor  or  ex- 
crescence growing  from  the  inner  angle  of  the 
eye.  Brande. 

EN-CAR'DI-ON,  n.  [Gr.  iyndplws,  in  the  heart ; 
iv,  in,  and  napSia,  the  heart.]  The  heart  or  pith 
of  vegetables.  Crabb. 

EN-CAr'  PUS,  n.  [L.  ; Gr.  iv,  in,  and  nap  nil;, 
fruit.]  (Arch.)  A festoon  on  a frieze,  consisting 
of  fruits,  flowers,  leaves,  &c.  Brande. 

EN-CASE',  v.  a.  To  enclose;  to  incase.  Beau. § FI. 

EN-cASE'MJJNT,  n.  The  act  of  encasing.  Ed.  Rev. 

EN-CASH'MENT,  n.  (Banking.)  The  payment 
in  cash  of  a note,  draft,  &c.  Ogilvie. 

EN-CAU'MA,  n.  [Gr.  cyxavpa,  a brand ; iynaitn, 
to  burn  in.]  (Med.) 

1.  A tumor  produced  by  a burn.  Dunglison. 

2.  An  ulcer  of  the  cornea  occasioning  the  loss 

of  the  humors.  Dunglison. 


EN-CAUS'TIC,  a.  [Gr.  iysavoTiKd^  ; lysaiuj,  to  burn 
in;  L.  encausticus ; It . encaustico  ; Fr.  encaus- 
tique.]  Burnt  in  ; — applied  to  enamelling;  — 
applied  also  to  a method  of  painting  practised 
by  the  ancients,  not  fully  explained. 

Encaustic  tiles,  decorated  paving-tiles  of  baked  pot- 
tery, much  used  in  the  pavements  and  other  ecclesi- 
astical edifices  of  an  early  date,  and  recently  brought 
again  into  use  with  various  improvements.  Ogilcie. 

EN-CAUS'TJC,  n.  [Gr.  iyKavcTiKij.] 

1.  A method  of  painting  in  burnt  wax,  prac- 
tised by  the  ancients.  Crabb. 

2.  The  art  of  painting  on  enamel  ; painting 
in  which  the  colors  are  fixed  by  heat.  Buchanan. 

JJN-CAVE',  v.  a.  [Fr.  encaver .]  To  hide,  as  in 
a cave.  Shak. 

ENCEINTE  (ing-sant'),  n.  [Fr.]  (Fort.)  An  en- 
closure ; the  rampart  or  embankment  that  com- 
mands a fortified  place.  Campbell. 

ENCEINTE  ('4ng-sant'  or  en-sant'),  a.  [Fr.  cn- 
ceindre,  to  encircle ; to  gird ; from  L.  cingo, 
cinctus.]  (Law.)  Being  with  child;  pregnant. 
— See  Enseint.  Blackstone. 

EN-CE'NI-H,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  iyraivia ; xaiv6s,  new; 
L.  etictenia.) 

1.  (Ant.)  Festivals  anciently  commemorative 

of  the  founding  of  a city  or  the  dedication  of  a 
temple.  Todd. 

2.  Solemnities  at  the  celebration  of  a found- 
er or  a benefactor.  - Oldisworth. 

EN-CE-PHAL'GJ-A,  n.  [Gr.  iv,  in,  nopakti,  the 
head,  and  akyos,  pain.]  (Med.)  Deep-seated 
headache ; cephalalgy.  Dunglison. 

EN-CE-PHAL'IC,  a.  [Gr.  iv,  in,  and  Kttpab},  the 
head.]  Situated  in  the  head.  Dunglison. 

EN-CEPII'A-LO-CELE,  n.  [Gr.  iyshpakos,  the 
brain,  and  snip,  a tumor.]  (Med.)  Hernia  of 
the  brain.  Brande. 

BN-CEPH'A-LOID,  a.  [Gr.  tytciifiakoc,  the  brain, 
and  cTSos,  form.]  (Med.)  Resembling  the  matter 
of  the  brain  ; cerebriform.  Craig. 

EN-CEPH' A-LON,  71.  [Gr.  iyidtpakos;  iv,  in,  and 
Kitfiakr),  the  head.]  (Anat.)  The  brain ; the  con- 
tents of  the  cranium  or  skull.  Brande. 

EN-CEPII-A-LOT'O-MY,  n.  [Gr.  iysitpakos,  the 
brain,  and  ropfj,  a cutting.]  (Med.)  Dissection 
of  the  brain.  Craig. 

EN-CHAFE',  v.  a.  [Fr.  i chauffer .]  [t.  enchafed  ; 
pp.  enchafing,  enchafed.]  To  enrage  ; to 
irritate;  to  chafe.  “ Then  enchafed  blood.”  Shak. 

EX-CHAIN',  v.  a.  [Fr.  enchainer.]  [ i . enchained; 
pp.  ENCHAINING,  ENCHAINED.] 

1.  To  fasten  with  a chain  ; to  hold  in  chains ; 
to  hold  in  bondage;  to  hold  fast;  to  bind. 

The  Tyrinna  enchained  the  images  of  their  gods  to  their 
shrines.  Holland's  Plutarch. 

2.  To  link  together  ; to  concatenate.  “ One 
contracts  and  enchains  his  words.”  Howell. 

EN-CHAlN'MENT,  n.  The  act  of  enchaining,  or 
the  state  of  being  enchained.  Warburton. 

EN-CHANT'  (12),  v.  a.  [L.  incanto ; in,  in,  and 
canto,  to  sing ; It.  incantare ; Sp.  cncantar ; Fr. 
enchanter .]  [t.  enchanted  ; pp.  enchanting, 
ENCHANTED.] 

1.  To  act  upon  by  songs  of  sorcery. 

And  now  about  the  caldron  sing, 

Like  elves  and  fairies  in  a ring, 

Enchanting  all  that  you  put  in.  Shak. 

2.  To  subdue  by  charms  or  spells.  Sidney. 

3.  To  delight  in  a high  degree  ; to  captivate  ; 
to  charm  ; to  fascinate ; to  enrapture ; to  bewitch. 
“Varied  notes  enchanting  every  ear.”  Shak. 

So  stands  the  statue  that  enchants  the  world.  Thomson. 

Syn.  — See  Charm. 

EX-CHAXT'ED,  p.  a.  Affected  by  enchantment 
or  sorcery:  — delighted;  fascinated;  bewitched. 

EX-CHANT'ER,  n.  [Fr.  enchanteur .]  One  who 
enchants  ; a sorcerer.  Spectator. 

EN-CHAXT'ER’?-XlGHT'SHADE,  n.  (Bot.)  The 
common  name  of  plants  of  the  genus  Circata, 
growing  in  damp,  shady  places.  Loudon. 

EN-CHAXT'ING,  p.  a.  Acting  by  enchantment ; 
enrapturing ; delightful. 

Can  any  mortal  mixture  of  earth’s  mould 

Breathe  such  divine  enchanting  ravishment?  Milton. 


A,  E,  I",  6,  U,  Y,  long ; 


A,  E,  I,  6,  0,  Y,  short;  A,  E,  I,  Q,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


ENCHANTINGLY 


481 


ENCOURAGEMENT 


N-CHANTTNG-LY,  ad.  With  the  force  of  en- 
chantment ; delightfully. 

BN-CHANT'MBNT,  n.  [Fr.  enchantement  ] 

1.  The  act  of  enchanting  or  of  influencing  by 
magical  charms  or  spells  ; the  practice  of  mag- 
ical arts  ; incantation  ; conjuration.  “ The  en- 
chantments of  the  Persian  magicians.”  Knolles. 

2.  Irresistible  influence  ; fascination  ; delight. 

Warmth  of  fancy  holds  the  heart  of  a reader  under  the 

strongest  enchantment.  Pope. 

IJN-CHANT'RIJSS,  n.  1.  A female  who  enchants,  or 
who  is  versed  in  magical  arts';  a sorceress.  Shah. 

2.  A woman  who  has  irresistible  influence. 

Oft  with  the  enchantress  of  his  soul  he  talks.  Thomson. 

t EN-CHAR£E',  v.  a.  To  give  in  charge  to.  Hall. 

BN-CIlASE',  v.  a.  [Fr.  enchasser ; en,  in,  and 
chassis,  a frame.]  [i.  enchased  ; pp.  en- 
chasing, ENCHASED.] 

1.  To  infix  ; to  enclose  in  any  other  body  so 
as  to  be  held  fast  but  not  concealed. 

Like  polished  ivory,  beauteous  to  behold, 

Or  Parian  marble  when  enchased  in  gold.  Dmyden. 

2.  To  adorn  by  being  fixed  upon  the  surface. 

To  drink  in  bowls  which  glittering  gems  enchase.  Dryden. 

3.  To  delineate,  as  by  engraving  or  by  verbal 

description  ; to  represent,  [n.]  Spenser. 

4.  ( Fine  Arts.)  To  adorn  metals  by  raised 

or  embossed  work,  punched  from  the  back,  and 
then  cut  on  steel  blocks  or  puncheons,  and 
cleared  with  small  chisels  and  gravers  ; to 

chase.  Brande. 

BN-CIlASED'  (-chast),  p.  a.  1;  Enclosed  as  in  a 
frame  or  in  another  body. 

2.  Adorned  with  embossed  work. 

BN-GHAS'ING,  n.  The  act  or  the  art  of  enrich- 
ing and  ornamenting,  by  designs  or  figures, 
gold,  silver,  and  other  metals.  Hamilton. 

JJN-CJ-lAs'TEN  (en-cha'sn),  v.  a.  To  correct ; to 
chastise ; to  chasten.  H.  K.  White. 

f flN-CHEA'§ON  (en-clie'zn),  n.  [Old  Fr.  enchai- 
som.]  Cause ; occasion.  Spenser. 

BN-CHEER',  v.  a.  To  enliven  ; to  cheer.  Spenser. 

EN-EHI-RID' I-ON,  11.  [Gr.  iy%fipiSiov  ; hi,  in, 
and  vfi'f),  the  hand  ; L.  enchiridtum  ; It.  enchi- 
ridioi]  A little  book  which  may  be  carried  in  the 
hand;  a brief  compilation  ; a manual.  Hakewill. 

BN-CHIij'BL,  v.  a.  To  cut  with  a chisel.  Craig. 

EN'  EHO-dOS,  n.  [Gr.  ey^o;,  a spear,  and  iSoiis, 
a tooth.]  (Pal.)  A genus  of  spear-toothed  fos- 
sil fishes  of  the  mackerel  family,  found  in  the 
chalk  formation.  Agassiz. 

BN-GHO'RI-AL,  a.  [Gr.  iy^iiotos ',  iv,  in,  and 
X<Zoit,  country.]  Belonging  to  the  country; 
popular  ; demotic  ; — applied  particularly  to  the 
Egyptian  hieroglyphics  used  by  the  people  as 
distinguished  from  those  used  by  the  priests. 
The  enchorial  characters  of  the  language  of  Egypt.  Ec.  Rev. 

The  hieratic  or  sacerdotal  character  appears  to  have  been 
a tachygraphv  or  abridged  form  of  the  hieroglyphic  signs 
. . . used  by  the  priests  in  their  records.  The  enchorial,  or 
demotic,  or  cpistolographic  appears  to  be  a further  abridgment 
of  the  hieratic.  P.  Cyc. 

BN-GHO'RIC,  a.  Enchorial.  Young. 

BN-ClNCT'URE,  n.  [L.  in,  in,  and  cinctura,  a 
girdle  ; cingo,  cinctus,  to  gird.]  A band  worn 
round  the  body  ; a cincture.  Wordsworth. 

f BN-CIN'DERED  (en-sln'derd),  a.  Burnt  to  cin- 
ders ; reduced  to  ashes.  Cockeram. 

JgN-CIR'CLE,  v.  a.  [Old  Fr.  cncercler.\  \i.  en- 
circled ; pp.  ENCIRCLING,  ENCIRCLED.]  To 
enclose  in  a circle  or  ring ; to  go  around  ; to 
surround  ; to  environ  ; to  encompass. 

Then  let  them  all  encircle  him  about.  Shah. 

Syn. — See  Circumscribe,  Surround. 

EN-CIR'CLET,  n.  A small  circle  ; a ring.  Sidney. 

EN-CIR'CLING,  p.  a.  Enclosing  in  a ring  or  cir- 
cle; surrounding;  encompassing. 

A realm  defended  with  encircling  seas.  Pope. 

EN-CLAsP',  v.  a.  See  Inclasp.  Parnell. 

KN-CLIT'IO,  n.  [Gr.  iyicXirucdg ; iy k).  !vw,  to  in- 
cline, to  throw  back  the  accent ; It.  enclitico ; 
Fr.  enclitique,.~) 

1.  (Gram.)  A particle  joined  to  the  end  of  a 
Latin  or  Greek  word,  as  que,  ne,  ve,  in  the  ex- 
pressions, virum'jwe,  nec 'ne,  unus  pluresTe  ; — 


so  called  because  they  throw  back  the  accent 
upon  the  preceding  syllable.  Harris. 

2.  pi.  The  art  of  declining  and  conjugating 
words.  Ogilvie. 

EN-CLIT'JC,  ? Having  the  force  of  an  en- 
BN-CLIT'I-CAL,  > clitic;  throwing  back  the  ac- 
cent. “ Enclitical  accent.”  Walker. 


BN-CLIT'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  an  enclitic  manner ; 
by  throwing  back  the  accent.  Smart. 

BN-CLOIS'TBR,  v.  a.  [Fr.  encloitrer.]  To  shut 
up,  as  in  a cloister  ; to  cloister.  Mede. 

BN-CLO§E'  (en-kloz'J,  v.  a.  [L.  includo,  inclusus ; ; 
Fr.  enclore,  enclos.]  [1.  enclosed  ; pp.  enclos- 
ing, ENCLOSED.] 

1.  To  close  on  all  sides ; to  environ  ; to  encir- 
cle ; to  surround ; to  encompass ; to  shut  in  ; as, 
“ To  enclose  lands  by  a fence,  or  a city  by  walls.” 

2.  To  part  off  or  shut  in  by  a fence,  as  lands  ; 
to  set  off  as  private  property ; to  hold  by  an  ex- 
clusive claim ; to  appropriate.  London  Ency. 

3.  To  cover;  to  wrap;  to  envelop;  as,  “To 
enclose  any  thing  in  a letter.” 

ggy  Til  is  word  is  written  indiscriminately  enclose 
and  inclose.  It  is  derived  more  directly  from  the 
French  enclos,  than  from  the  Latin  inclusus.  There 
is,  therefore,  a good  reason  for  writing  enclose  and  en- 
closure. This  is  the  orthography  which  is  given  in 
almost  all  the  English  dictionaries.  Kersey,  Martin, 
Barlow,  and  Richardson,  however,  give  the  prefer- 
ence to  inclose. 

Syn.  — See  Circumscribe,  Inclose,  Sur- 
round. 

JJN-CLO§'iJR,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  encloses. 

BN-CLO§'URE  (en-klo'zlnir),  n.  [Old  Fr.  enclo- 
sure^) — W ritten  also  inclosure. 

1.  Act  of  enclosing.  “ The  membranes  are 
for  the  enclosure  of  all  these  together.”  Wilkins. 

2.  State  of  being  enclosed.  “ The  young  dur- 
ing its  enclosure  in  the  womb.”  Ray. 

3.  The  space  enclosed  or  comprehended  with- 
in certain  limits. 

They  are  to  live  all  in  a body,  and  generally  within  the 
same  enclosure.  Addison. 

4.  Ground  separated  from  the  common,  and 
appropriated  to  private  use  ; a yard. 

’Tis  not  the  common,  but  the  enclosure,  must  make  him 
rich.  South. 

5.  That  which  is  enclosed  in  an  envelope  or 

letter.  Craig. 

EN-CLOTHE',  v.  a.  To  clothe.  West.  Rev. 

BN-CLOUD',  v.  a.  To  cover,  as  with  a cloud  ; to 
throw  into  shade,  [r.]  Spenser. 

BN-COACII',  v.  a.  To  carry  in  a coach.  Davies. 


BN-COF'FIN,  v.  a.  To  enclose  in  a coffin.  Weever. 
f BN-COLD'BN,  v.  a.  To  make  cold.  Feltham. 
BN-COL'LAR,  v.  a.  To  surround  with  a collar; 
to  fit  with  a collar.  Boothroyd. 

BN-COM'BBR,  v.  a.  See  Encumber.  Todd. 
t BN-CdM'B£R-MENT,  n.  [Fr.  encombrement .] 
Molestation ; disturbance  ; vexation.  Spenser. 
EN-CO'MI-AST,  n.  [Gr.iyKWfuaorrj;;  It.,  Sp.,  Sr  Fr. 
encomiaste .]  One  who  pronounces  an  encomi- 
um ; a eulogist ; a panegyrist ; a praiser. 

The  Jesuits  are  the  great  encomiasts  of  the  Chinese.  Locke. 


( a.  [Gr.  iyKOifiiaariK <5$  ; 
, > It.  &■  Sn.  encomia stico.) 


EN-CO-MI-AS'TIC, 
gN-CO-MI-AS'Tl-CAL,  'l  It.  $"Sp. 

Containing  encomium  or  praise  ; bestowing 
praise  ; panegyrical ; laudatory  ; eulogistic  ; as, 
“ Encomiastic  words  or  terms.” 


plaud  ; and  it  may  be  a well-merited  eulogy,  or  mere 
flattery. 

BN-UOM'PASS  (en-kum'p?s),  v.  a.  [From  com- 
pass.]  [?'.  ENCOMPASSED;  pp.  ENCOMPASSING, 

encompassed.]  To  enclose  ; to  encircle  ; to 
surround  ; to  environ  ; to  circumscribe. 

Look  how  my  ring  cncompasseth  thy  finger.  Shah. 

Syn. — See  Circumscribe,  Surround. 

JJN-COM'PASS-MENT  (en-kum'pris-ment),  n. 

1.  The  act  of  encompassing. 

2.  Circumlocution.  “ This  cncoinpassment  and 

drift  of  question.”  Shak. 

||  ENCORE  (ang-kor')  [ong-kor',  S.  IF.  J.  E.  Ja. 
Sm. ; ang-kor',  F.  R.),  ad.  [Fr.]  Again;  once 
more;  — a word  used  at  public  performances, 
exhibitions,  or  shows,  when  the  repetition  of 
some  part  is  called  for.  Pope. 

,6®=-  This  word  is  perfectly  French,  and,  as  usual, 
we  have  adopted  it  with  the  original  pronunciation. 
In  other  words  which  we  have  received  from  the 
French,  where  the  nasal  vowel  has  occurred,  we  have 
substituted  an  awkward  pronunciation  in  imitation 
of  it,  which  lias  at  once  shown  our  fondness  for  for- 
eign modes  of  speaking,  and  our  incapacity  of  acquir- 
ing them.  Thus,  caisson  lias  been  turned  into  enssoo n, 
ballon  into  balloon , dragon  into  dragoon,  and  Chamont 
(a  character  in  the  Orphan)  into  Shamoon-,  but  in  the 
word  before  us  this  nasal  sound  is  followed  by  c bard, 
which  after  n always  involves  hard  g,  and  this  is 
precisely  an  English  sound.  Walker. 

||  EN-CORE'  (hng-kor'),  V.  a.  \i.  ENCORED  ; pp. 
encoring,  encored.]  To  call  for  the  repeti- 
tion of  some  performance,  as  a song.  Whitehead. 

BN-COUN'TER,  n.  [L.  contra,  against;  It.  in- 
contro  ; Sp.  encuentro  ; Fr.  encontre .] 

1.  Act  of  meeting  front  to  front; — particu- 
larly a sudden  or  accidental  meeting. 

To  shun  the  encounter  of  the  vulgar  crowd.  Pope. 

2.  A contest ; a conflict ; a battle  ; an  attack  ; 
a combat  ; an  assault;  an  onset;  a skirmish; 
— particularly  a sudden  fight  between  single 
combatants  or  a small  number  of  men. 

Let’s  leave  this  keen  encounter  of  our  wits.  Shak. 

Two  black  clouds 

Hovering  a space,  till  winds  the  signal  blow, 

To  join  their  dark  encounter  in  mid  air.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Attack. 

gN-COUN'TER,  v.  a.  [It.  incontrare  ; Sp.  encon- 
trar ; Fr.  rencontrer.]  [i.  encountered  ; pp. 
encountering,  encountered.] 

1.  To  meet  front  to  front ; to  meet  by  accident. 

I am  most  fortunate  thus  to  encounter  you.  Shak. 

2.  To  meet,  as  something  unwelcome,  with- 
out flinching  ; to  face  ; to  front. 

If  I must  die, 

I will  encounter  darkness  as  a bride.  Shak. 

3.  To  meet  in  a hostile  manner;  to  attack; 
to  engage  with  ; to  contend  against. 

Putting  themselves  in  order  of  battle,  they  encountered 
their  enemies.  Knolles. 

4.  To  meet  with  reciprocal  kindness. 

See,  they  encounter  thee  with  their  hearts’  thanks.  Shak. 

5.  f To  oppose  ; to  be  counter  to. 

Jurors  are  not  bound  to  believe  two  witnesses,  if  the  prob- 
ability of  the  fact  does  reasonably  encounter  them.  Hale. 

BN-COUN'TER,  v.  n.  1.  To  meet  face  to  face; 
to  meet  suddenly  or  by  chance.  Johnson. 

2.  To  engage  in  conflict ; to  contend  ; to  fight. 

Encounter  so, 

As  doth  the  fury  of  two  desperate  men.  Shak. 

J5N-C6UN'TER-£R,  n.  1.  One  who  encounters  ; 
an  antagonist ; an  opponent ; an  enemy. 

The  doctrines  of  the  reformation  have  kept  the  field  against 
all  encounterers.  Atterbury. 


f 1JN-CO-MI-As'TIC,  n.  A panegyric.  B.  Jonson. 

EN-CO-MI-AS'Ti-C A L-T.y,  ad.  In  an  encomias- 
tic manner  ; with  encomium.  Bacon. 

f £N-C6'MI-ON,  n.  Encomium.  Fotherby. 

JgN-CO'MI-UM,  n. ; pi.  L.  encomia  ; Eng.  enco- 
miums. [L.,  from  Gr.  iyKuiuor.]  Panegyric; 
praise;  eulogy;  eulogium ; commendation. 

I shall  enter  on  no  encomiums  upon  Massachusetts.  Webster. 

Syn.  — Encomium , eulog-y , eulogium , and  panegyric , 
all  imply  the  idea  of  praise  or  high  commendation. 
The  term  encomium  is  used  with  reference  to  things, 
sometimes  also  to  persons.  Eulogy  and  eulogium  are 
used  with  reference  to  persons,  their  character  and 
actions;  and  they  are  commonly  applied  to  a set 
speech,  oration,  or  address,  delivered  in  a public  as- 
sembly. Panegyric  is  a high  commendation  bestowed 
on  any  person  whom  the  speaker  is  disposed  to  ap- 


2. One  that  loves  to  accost  others. 

(),  these  encounterers,  so  gilt  of  tongue, 

They  give  a coasting  welcome  ere  it  comes.  Shak. 

BN-COUR'A<?E  (en-kur'flj),  v.  a.  [L.  in,  in,  and 
cor,  the  heart ; It.  ineoraggiare ; Sp.  encorajar ; 
Fr.  encourage r.]  [i.  encouraged  ; pp.  encour- 
aging, encouraged.] 

1.  To  give  courage  or  confidence  to  ; to  em- 
bolden ; to  inspirit;  to  animate;  to  incite;  to 
stimulate  ; to  instigate  ; to  cheer  ; to  foster. 

2.  To  support ; to  countenance  ; to  cherish  , 
as,  “To  encourage  manufactures  or  commerce.” 

Syn.  — See  Animate. 

BN-COUR ' A<?E- MEN T (en-kur'aj-ment),  n.  [It. 
incorag gimento  ; Fr.  encouragement.'] 

1.  The  act  of  encouraging  ; instigation. 

2.  That  which  encourages;  incentive;  incite- 


MiEN,  SIR  ; MOVE,  NOR,  SON  ; BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — C,  G,  c, 
61 


soft;  £,  G,  c,  |,  hard;  § as  z;  ^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


ENCOURAGER 


482 


ENDENIZATION 


mcnt.  “ The  encouragement  of  virtue,  the  com- 
fort of  adversity.”  Golding. 

3.  Countenance  ; support.  “ All  generous  en- 
couragement of  arts.”  Otway. 

JJN-COflR'AC-f'h,  n. ' One  who  encourages.  “ En- 
couragers  of  noble  actions.”  Burton. 

F.N-COUR'AC-ING,  p.  a.  Affording  encourage- 
' ment;  favoring;  as,  “Encouraging  words.” 

EN-COUR'AtJt-ING-LY,  ad.  In  an  encouraging 
manner;  with  encouragement. 

U N-CRA'DLE,  v.  a.  To  lay  in  a cradle.  Spenser. 
1JN-CREASE',  v.  a.  & n.  See  Increase.  Todd. 
f UN-CRlM'§ONED  (en-krlm'znd),  a.  Having  a 
crimson  color.  Shak. 


UN-CRI'NAL 
UN-cri'nic, 

UN-CRIN'I-TAL, 

encrinites. 


^ a.  Relating  to  encrinites.  Clarke. 
Containini 


the  remains  of 
Clarke. 


EN'CRI-NITE,  n.  [Gr.  iv,  in,  and  vpi- 
vov,  a lily-]  (Pal.)  A fossil  animal ; 
a species  of  star-fisli  having  a radiat-8 
ed,  lily-shaped  disk,  supported  on  a| 
cylindrical,  jointed  stem  ; — some-  'eS 
times  called  stone-lily.  Buekland. 

The  perforated  joints  of  Hie  stems  Encrinite. 
are  found  on  the  sea-sliore  in  the  North 
of  England,  and  are  called  St.  Cuthbcrt’s beads.  Baird. 

EN-CRI-NIT'IC,  ? Relating  to  encrinites  ; 

EN-CRI-NIT'I-CAL,  > encriuital.  Konig. 

EJV'CRI-JVllS,  n. ; pi.  encrwi.  (Pal.)  A genus 
of  crinoidal  star-fishes  ; encrinite.  Pictet. 

f UN-CRlSPED’,  a.  Formed  in  curls;  curled; 

crisped.  “ Hairs  enerisped.”  Skelton. 

JEN-CROACH’  (en-kroch'),  v.  n.  [Fr.  accrocher ; 
croc,  a hook.]  [i. encroached  ; pp.  encroach- 
ing, ENCROACHED.]  To  make  invasion,  as  up- 
on the  rights  of  others ; to  advance  by  stealth  ; 
to  make  inroad ; to  trespass  by  passing  the 
proper  bounds;  to  infringe;  — with  on  ox  upon 
before  an  object. 

He  encroachcth  upon  the  right  and  liberty  of  those  with 
whom  he  meddleth.  Barrow. 

The  encroaching  ill  you  early  should  oppose; 

Flattered,  *t  is  worse,  and  by  indulgence  grows.  JDryden. 

t UN-CROACH',  n.  Encroachment.  South. 


knowledge  arranged  alphabetically  ; a dictiona- 
ry of  the  arts,  sciences,  and  literature  ; a cyclo- 
paedia ; — written  also  encyclopedia.  “In  this 
encyclopedia  and  round  of  knowledge.”  Browne. 

Syn.  — Sec  Dictionary. 

UN-CY-CLO-PATDy,  n.  An  encyclopaedia;  — 
written  also  encyclopedy . [it.]  Glanville. 

UN-CY-CLO-PU-Dl'A-CAL,  a.  Same  as  Ency- 
clopedical. Ec.  Rev. 

UN-CY-CLO-PE'DI-AN,  a.  Relating  to  an  ency- 
clopaedia ; embracing  the  whole  round  of  learn- 
ing; encyclopedical.  Burton. 

UN-CY-CLO-PED'IC,  ? a_  [It.  gp.  cnciclo- 

UN-CY-CLO-PED'I-CAL,  ) psdieo ; Fr.  encyc/opi- 
dique.)  Relating  to  an  encyelopaidia.  liallam. 

UN-CY-CLO-PE'DI§M,  n.  The  labor  of  writing  or 
making  encyclopaedias.  Ec.  Rev. 

UN-CY-CLO-PE'DIST,  n.  One  who  compiles,  or 
assists  in  compiling,  an  encyclopaedia.  Hutton. 

UN-CYST'ED,  a.  [Gr.  tv,  in,  and  scans,  a bag,  a 
bladder.]  Enclosed  in  a vesicle,  bag,  or  cyst, 
as  a tumor.  Dunglison. 

END,  n.  [A.  S.,  Dan.,  § Ger.  ende;  Dut.  eind; 
Sw.  iinde.) 

1.  The  extremity  of  that  which  has  more 
length  than  breadth  ; as,  “ The  end  of  a rod.” 

2.  Ultimate  period  ; cessation  ; close  ; — ap- 
plied to  time,  or  to  what  is  done  in  time. 

Behold,  the  day  groweth  to  an  end.  Judges  xix.  0. 

There  is  no  end  of  all  his  labor.  Eccles.  iv.  8. 

3.  Conclusion;  completion;  close;  as,  “The 
end  of  a discourse.” 

4.  Limit ; termination  ; bound. 

There  is  none  end  of  the  store.  Nahum  ii.  9. 

5.  The  point  beyond  which  no  progression 
can  be  made ; the  point  at  which  progress  ceases. 
They  stagger  to  and  fro,  and  are  at  their  wit’s  end.  J*s.  evii.  27. 

6.  Final  state  or  condition. 

Mark  the  perfect  man,  and  behold  the  upright,  for  the  end 
of  that  man  is  peace.  Ps.  xxxvii.  37. 

7.  Close  of  life  ; decease ; death. 

Unblamcd  through  life,  lamented  in  thy  end.  Pope. 

8.  Cause  of  death,  [n.] 

And  award 

Either  of  you  to  be  the  other’s  end.  Shak. 

9.  Final  issue,  consequence,  event,  or  result. 


1.  To  expose  to  danger  ; to  put  to  hazard ; to 
to  bring  into  peril. 

Every  one  hath  a natural  dread  of  every  thing  that  can 
endanger  hia  happiness.  'I 'i  Hutson. 

2.  To  incur  the  danger  of ; to  hazard,  [it.] 
lie  that  turneth  the  humors  back  endangereth  ulcer6.  Bacon. 

f UN-DAN'GUR-MENT,  n.  Hazard  ; peril.  Spenser. 

t UN-DARK',  v.  a.  To  darken.  Daniel. 

UN-DEAR',  v.  a.  [From  dear.)  [i.  endeared; 
pp.  ENDEARING,  ENDEARED.] 

1.  To  make  dear  ; to  make  beloved  ; to  attach 
to  one’s  self ; to  bind  by  ties  of  affection. 

I sought  by  all  means,  therefore, 

How  to  endear  and  hold  thee  to  me  firmest.  Milton. 

2.  f To  raise  the  price  of.  King  James. 

UN-DEAR'UD-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  en- 
deared or  beloved ; endearment.  More. 

UN-DEAR'ING,  p.  a.  Causing  endearment  ; ten- 
der ; affectionate.  “ Endearing  smiles.”  Milton. 

UN-DEAR'MUNT,  n.  1.  That  which  endears; 
dalliance  ; cause  of  love ; ground  of  affection. 

ner  first  endearments  twining  round  the  soul 

"With  all  the  witchcraft  of  insnaring  love.  Thomson. 

2.  The  state  of  being  endeared  or  beloved  ; 
affection  ; love  ; endearedness. 

When  a man  shall  have  done  all  to  create  endearment  be- 
tween them.  South. 

EN-DEAV'OR  (en-dev'or),  n.  [Fr.  en,  in,  and  de- 
void\ duty.]  Labor  directed  to  some  end;  an 
effort ; an  attempt ; exertion  ; aim. 

Thy  works,  and  alms,  and  all  thy  good  endeavor.  Milton. 

Syn.  — Endeavor  is  labor  directed  to  some  specific 
end  ; effort  is  a laborious  endeavor  or  sudden  exertion 
of  strength.  When  a person  would  accomplish  a de- 
sign, lie  uses  his  endeavors  ; and  if  he  meets  with  un- 
expected obstacles,  he  makes  his  utmost  effort  to  sur- 
mount them.  — See  Attempt. 

1JN-DEA  V'OR,  v.  n.  [i.  endeavored  ; pp.  en- 
deavoring, endeavored.]  To  labor  to  a cer- 
tain purpose  ; to  m'ake  an  effort,  attempt,  or 
essay ; to  try ; to  strive  ; to  aim. 

And  those  were  praised  who  but  endeavored  well.  Pope. 

UN-DEAV'OR,  v.  a.  To  strive  after;  to  make  an 
effort  for  ; to  attempt ; to  essay. 

Men  who  attend  the  altar,  and  should  most 
Endeavor  peace.  Milton. 

It  seems  rational  to  hope  that  minds  qualified  for  great  at- 
tainments should  first  endeavor  their  own  benefit.  Johnson. 


UN-CROACII'UR,  w.  One  who  encroaches.  “An 
encroacher  upon  the  public  liberty.”  Dr.  Spenser. 

UN-CROACH'ING-Ly,  ad.  By  way  of  encroach- 
ment. Bailey. 

UN-CROACH'MUNT,  n.  Act  of  encroaching;  an 
unlawful  intrusion  ; invasion  ; inroad. 

This  left  no  room  for  controversy  about  the  title,  nor  for 
encroachment  on  the  right  of  others.  Locke. 

UN-CRUST',  v.  a.  See  Incrust.  Todd. 

UN-CUM'RUR,  V.  a.  [It . ingombrare ■,  Fr.  encom- 
brer.\  [i.  encumbered  ; pp.  encumbering, 

ENCUMBERED.] 

1.  To  oppress  with  a burden,  so  as  to  render 
motion  difficult;  to  overload;  to  clog;  to  im- 
pede ; to  hinder ; to  obstruct. 

Knowledge,  a rude,  unprofitable  mass, 

The  mere  materials  with  which  wisdom  builds, 

Till  smoothed,  and  squared,  and  fitted  to  its  place. 

Does  but  encumber  whom  it  seems  to  enrich.  Cowper. 

2.  To  entangle  ; to  perplex  ; to  embarrass  ; 
to  complicate  ; as,  “The  subject  is  encumbered 
with  difficulties.” 

3.  To  involve  in  obligations  or  liabilities  ; as, 
“ The  estate  is  encumbered  with  debts.” 

UN-CUM'BR ANCE,  n.  1.  That  which  encumbers; 
burden ; clog  ; load ; impediment. 

Dead  limbs  are  an  encumbrance  to  the  body.  Addison. 

2.  Liabilities  resting  upon  an  estate;  as, 
“ The  property  is  without  encumbrance.” 

UN-CUM'BR  AN-CF,R,R.  One  who  has  a legal  claim 
upon  an  estate  ; one  who  mortgages.  Clarke. 

U N-CYC'LT-CAL,  a.  [Gr.  lyxiiKhog  ; iv,  in,  and 
kCk'/.os,  a circle  ; L.  encyclios  ; It.  A-  Sp.  enciclico ; 
Fr.  encyclique.]  Circular  ; sent  round  through 
a large  region  ; as,  “ An  encyclical  letter.”  [r.] 

Bp.  Taylor. 

UN-CY-CLO-PiE'DT-A,  71.  [Gr.  iyKVKi.oitmhfla  ; iv, 
in,  kvkI.o;,  a circle,  and  nuibtiu,  instruction;  It. 
Ar  Sp.  enciclopedia ; Fr.  encyclopedic .]  A com- 
plete circle  of  the  sciences,  or  general  system  of 


O that  a man  might  know 

The  end  of  tills  day’s  business  ere  it  come!  Shak. 

10.  A fragment;  a scrap  ; as,  “Odds  and  ends.” 

Thus  I clothe  my  naked  villnny 
With  old  odd  ends  stolen  forth  of  Holy  Writ.  Shak. 

11.  Purpose  ; aim  ; object ; design. 

Let  all  the  ends  thou  aim’st  at  be  thy  country’s, 

Thy  God’s,  and  truth’s.  Shak. 

An  end , upright ; erect ; — corrupted  from  on  end. 

Ends  of  the  earth , the  remotest  parts  of  the  earth. 
“ He  causeth  the  vapors  to  ascend  from  the  ends  of  the 
earth.11  Ps.  cxxxv.  7.  — The  inhabitants  of  the  re- 
motest parts  of  the  earth.  “ The  ends  of  the  earth 
were  afraid.”  Isa.  xli.  5. 

END,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  aendian ; Dut.  eindigen  \ Dan. 
ende.']  [i.  ended  ; pp.  ending,  ended.] 

1.  To  terminate;  to  conclude;  to  close;  to 
complete  : to  finish. 

The  harvest  is  past,  the  summer  is  ended.  Jer.  viii.  20. 

2.  To  destroy  ; to  put  to  death  ; to  kill. 

Instead  of  thee,  King  Harry, 

This  sword  hath  ended  him.  Shak. 

END,  v.  n.  1.  To  come  to  an  end  ; to  he  finished ; 
to  conclude.  “ All’s  well  that  ends  well.”  Shak. 

2.  To  have  a bound;  to  terminate. 

His  starry  helm  unbuckled  showed  him  prime 

In  manhood  where  youth  ended.  Milton. 

3.  To  cease  to  exist ; to  fail. 

His  sovereignty  must  have  ended  with  him.  Locke. 

4.  To  conclude  discourse;  to  desist  from 

speaking.  “ The  angel  ended.”  Milton. 

t END'— ALL,  n.  Complete  termination.  Shak. 

EN-dAm'A<?E,  v.  a.  [Fr.  endommager .]  To 

harm ; to  damage,  [r.]  Spenser. 

f EN-DAM'AGE-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  injured  ; 
capable  of  being  damaged.  Huloct. 

t UN-DAM ’AGE- MENT,  n.  Damage  ; loss.  Shak. 

f UN-DAM'A<j}-lNG,  n.  Injury;  damage.  Milton. 

UN-DA N'GUfi>  f- a-  [From  danger.)  [i.  endan- 
gered ; pp.  ENDANGERING,  ENDANGERED.] 


UN-DEAV'OR-UR  (en-dev'or-er),  n.  One  who  en- 
deavors. “ An  humble  endeavorer.”  Rymer. 

UN-DEO'A-GON,  n.  [Gr.  cvltica,  eleven,  and  yui- 
vla,  an’  angle.}  A plane  geometrical  figure, 
bounded  by  eleven  sides  ; undecagon.  Johnson. 

EN-DE-CAG'Y-NOUS,  a.  [Gr.  ivitKa,  eleven,  and 
yvvtj,  a female.]  (Bot.)  Having  eleven  pistils,  or 
female  organs  of  fructification.  Craig. 

EN-DU-CA-PIIYL'LOUS,  or  EN-DU-CAPH' YL- 
LOUS  (131),  a.  [Gr.  cvSexa,  eleven,  and  <poXXov,  a 
leaf.]  (Bot.)  Having  a leaf  composed  of  eleven 
leaflets.  Craig. 

UN-DElC'TIC,  a.  [Gr.  ivUtixrixds,  indicative  ; £v- 
SetKvufu,  to  point  out.]  Pointing  out ; showing  ; 
exhibiting.  Smart. 

F.N-DEIX  'IS,  n.  [Gr.  hStifa.)  (Med.)  An  indi- 
cation or  manifestation  afforded  by  a disease 
itself  of  what  is  proper  to  be  done  for  its  re- 
moval. Dunglison. 

UN-DEL'LI-ON-lTE,  n.  (Min.)  The  triple  sul- 
phuret  of  antimony,  lead,  and  copper,  found  in 
the  mine  Iluel  Boys,  in  the  parish  of  Endellion, 
Cornwall.  Braude. 

UN-DE'MI-AL,  a.  [Gr.  ivlrjptos.)  Endemic.  “ En- 
dcmial  and  local  infirmities.’  [r.]  Ray. 

UN-DEM'IC,  ? n.  [Gr.  Mnytog ; iv,  in,  and 

UN-DEM'I-CAL,  > .irtyof,  a district,  or  the  people 
of  a district1;  It.  Sf  Sp.  endemico ; Fr.  ende- 
mique.)  Peculiar  to  a country  ; — applied  espe- 
cially to  diseases  which  are  peculiar  to  a country, 
and  which  seem  to  arise  from  local  causes  ; 
native.  Dunglison. 

UN-DEM'IC,  n.  Ah  endemic  disease.  McCulloch. 

UN-DEM'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  an  endemical  man- 
ner. Craig. 

UN-DEN-I-ZA'TION,  n.  [See  Denizen.]  The 
act  of  naturalizing,  [r.]  Gent.  Mag. 


A,  E,  1,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  t,  short;  A,  U.  !>  Q,  V,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


ENDENIZE 


483 


ENERGETICAL 


f UN-DEN'IZE,  v.  a.  To  naturalize.  Camden. 

f EN-DEN'I-ZEN  (en-den'e-zn),  v.  a.  To  make 
free ; to  naturalize.  - B.  Jonson. 

END'UR,  n.  One  who  ends  ; a finisher.  Wickliffe. 

EN-DER-MAT'JC,  n.  [Gr.  <Y,  in,  and  bippa,  the 
skin.]  (Med.)  An  endermic.  Ogilvie. 

EN-DER'MIC,  n.  A method  of  using  medicines 
by  rubbing  them  into  the  skin.  Dunglison. 

UN-DICT'  (en-dit'),  v.  a.  [Fr.  endictcr.)  To  accuse 
or  charge  with  crime.  — See  Indict.  Gay. 

$N-DICT'MENT  (en-dlt'ment),  n.  The  act  of  in- 
dicting.— See  Indictment.  Cowell. 

END'ING,  n.  [A.  S.  endnng.] 

1.  Conclusion  ; termination  ; cessation. 

2.  (Gram.)  Final  syllable  or  letter. 

END'-IRON§  (I'urnz),  n.  pi.  Andirons.  Weale. 

UN-DITE',  v.  a.  To  compose ; to  indite.  Waller. 

EN-DIT'JJR,  n.  A composer;  an  inditer.  Milton-. 

EN'DIVE,  n.  [“Derived  from  the  Arabic  name 
hendibeh.”  Loudon.  — It.  endivia ; Sp.  endibia ; 
Fr.  endive .]  A plant  used  as  a winter  salad ; 
Cichorium  endivia.  Loudon. 

END'LUSS,  a.  [A.  S.  endeleas.] 

1.  Having  no  end;  infinite  in  length  or  ex- 
tent ; interminable.  Tillotson. 

2.  Infinite  in  duration  ; everlasting  ; eternal ; 
perpetual.  “ Endless  bliss.”  Spenser.  “ End- 
less life.”  Heb.  vii.  16. 

Endless  screw,  a piece  of  mechanism  formed  by 
combining  the  screw  with  a cog-wheel,  or  by  making 
a screw  act  on  the  threads  of  a female  screw  sunk  in 
the  edge  of  the  wheel.  Brande. 

END'LIJSS-LY,  ad.  Without  end  ; incessantly. 

END'LgSS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  end- 
less. Donne. 

j-END'LONG,  ad.  [A.  S.  andlang,  in  length, 
along.]  In  a straight  line.  Dryden. 

fEND'MOST,  a.  [A.  S.  endemast.)  Remotest; 
at  the  farther  end.  Bailey. 

EN'DO-CARP,  n.  [Gr.  evbov,  within,  and  sap k6;, 
fruit.]  (Bot.)  The  inner  coat  of  the  pericarp, 
membranous  in  some  cases,  but  in  others  hard 
and  bony,  as  in  stone-fruits.  Henslow. 

EN'DO-jCHROME,  n.  [Gr.  evbov,  within,  and  vp5- 
fia,  color.]  (Bot.)  The  coloring  matter  of  algae 
and  the  like.  Gray. 

UN-DOC'TRI-NATE,  v.  a.  See  Indoctrinate. 

UN-DOC 'TRINE,  v.  a.  To  indoctrinate.  Donne. 

EN'DO-^JEN,  n.  [Gr.  evbov,  within,  and  yeivopat, 
to  be  produced.]  (Bot.)  One  of  a primary  class 
of  plants  with  stems  said  to  increase  in  diameter 
by  addition  to  its  inside  or  centre,  as  the  palm- 
tree.  Gray. 

EN-DUR'E-NITE,  n.  (Geol.)  A fossil  palm-like 
tree.  Smart. 

UN-DO§r' E-NOUS,  a.  (Bot.)  Relating  to  endo- 
gens ; having  the  nature  of  endogens.  Gray. 

EN-DO-PHYL'LOUS,  or  UN-DOPII'YL-LOUS  (131), 
a.  [Gr.  evbov,  within,  and  ipbMov,  a leaf.]  (Bot.) 
Enclosed  within  a sheath,  as  the  young  leaves  of 
monocotyledonous  plants.  Brande. 

EN-DO-PLEU'RA,  H.  [Gr.  evbov,  within,  and  irhvpa, 
the  side.]  (Bot.)  The  internal  integument  of 
a seed.  Brande. 

EN-DO-RIfl ' ZA,  n.  [Gr.  evbov,  within,  and  frt£a, 
a root.]  (Bot.)  The  embryo  of  an  endogenous 
plant,  in  which  the  radicle  has  to  rupture  the 
integument  at  the  base  of  the  seed  before  enter- 
ing the  earth.  Craig. 

EN-DO-RIII'ZAL,  a.  (Bot.)  Endorhizous.  Clarke. 

EN-DO-RUf'ZOUS,  a.  (Bot.)  Noting  the  mode 
of  germination  in  endogens.  Henslow. 

EN-DOR-SA'TION,  n.  Indorsement,  [r.]  Qu.  Rev. 

UN-DORSE',  v.  a.  [L.  in,  in,  and  dorsum,  the 
back;  It.  indossare ; Old  Fr.  endosser.)  [(.en- 
dorsed ; pp.  ENDORSING,  ENDORSED.] 

1.  To  cover  on  the  back ; to  put  upon  the 
back  of ; to  burden;  to  load,  [a.] 

Chariots,  or  elephants  endorsed  with  towers 
Of  archers.  Milton. 


2.  To  write  on  the  back  of;  to  superscribe  ; 
to  assign  by  writing  on  the  back  ; to  indorse  ; 
as,  “ To  endorse  a note  or  a bill  of  exchange.” 

fi Of  Endorse  and  its  derivations  are  written  indis- 
criminately endorse,  endorsement,  endorser,  and  in- 
dorse, indorsement,  indorser.  The  principal  English 
Dictionaries  contain  both  forms,  and  in  some  of  them 
the  preference  is  given  to  one  form,  and  in  some,  to  the 
other;  and  both  forms  are  well  authorized  by  good 
use.  Richardson  says:  “More  commonly  written 
endorse .”  — See  Indorse. 

UN-DORSE'MENT,  n.  Superscription  ; indorse- 
ment. — See  Indorsement.  Tatler. 

EN-DOR'SUR,  n.  One  who  endorses ; indorser.  — 
See  Indorser.  Chambers. 

EN-DO-SlPH'O-NITE,  n.  [Gr.  ivbov,  within,  and 
aiipwv,  a tube.]  (Pal.)  A genus  of  extinct  ce- 
phalopods,  with  chambered,  convolute,  discoidal 
shells.  Brande. 

EN-DOS-MOM'E-TUR,  n.  [Eng.  endosmose  and 
Gr.  pirpov,  a measure.]  An  instrument  for 
measuring  the  force  of  the  endosmosmic  action, 
or  the  rapidity  with  which  one  or  other  of  two 
fluids  of  different  densities  will  pass  into  each 
other.  • Brande. 

EN-DOS-MOSE',  ? n%  [Gr.  within,  and  uur- 
EN-DOS-MO'SIS,  ) p6i,  impulsion.]  (Chem.)  That 
property  of  membranous  tissue  or  unglazed 
earthenware  by  which  fluids  of  unequal  densi- 
ties, when  placed  on  opposite  sides  of  it,  are  en- 
abled to  pass  through  and  intermix  ; — opposed 
to  exosmose.  — See  Osmose.  Henslow. 

EN-DOS-MOS'MIC,  a.  Relating  to  endosmose; 

osmotic.  Craig. 

EN-DOS-MOT'IC,  a.  Endosmosmic.  Graham. 

EN'DO-SPERM,  n.  [Gr.  evbov,  within,  and  cneopa, 
a seed.]  (Bot.)  The  albumen  of  seeds,  which  is 
formed  under  their  inner  coating;  perisperm. 
It  is  sometimes  absent.  Henslow. 

EN-DO-SPERM'IC,  a.  (Bot.)  Relating  to  endo- 
sperm ; — noting  an  embryo  when  it  is  accom- 
panied by  an  endosperm.  Ogilvie. 

t UN-DOSS',  v.  a.  [Fr.  endosser.]  To  engrave  ; 

’ to  carve  ; to  cut ; to  mark  by  incisions. 

Her  name  in  every  tree  I will  encloss.  Spenser. 
EN'DO-STOME,  n.  [Gr.  Ivbov,  within,  and  ar6pa, 
a mouth.]  (Bot.)  The  perforation  in  the  inner 
coat  of  the  ovule,  or  the  innermost  of  the  per- 
forations, which  together  make  up  the  fora- 
men. Henslow. 

UN-DO\V',  v.  a.  [L.  doto  ; dos,  dower ; Old  Fr. 
endouer;  Fr.  doner.)  \i.  endowed;  pp.  en- 
dowing, endowed.] 

1.  To  furnish  with  a portion  or  dower. 

He  shall  endow  her  to  be  his  wife.  Exod.  xxii.  1G. 

2.  To  supply  with  pecuniary  means  by  a per- 
manent fund  ; as,  “ To  endow  a college.” 

3.  To  enrich  with  any  excellence,  gift,  or 
faculty ; to  endue  ; to  invest. 

More  lovely  than  Pandora,  whom  the  gods 
Endowed  with  all  their  gifts.  Milton. 

UN-DOWED'  (en-doud'),  p.  a.  Provided  with  en- 
dowment ; furnished  with  a portion. 

UN-DoW'UR  (en-dofl'er),  n.  One  who  endows. 

t UN-DOW'UR,  v.  a.  To  enrich  with  a dower  ; to 
bestow  a dower  upon  ; to  endow.  Waterhouse. 

UN-DOW'MUNT,  n.  1.  The  act  of  endowing  or 
furnishing  with  a dower  ; a dower.  Cowell. 

2.  Property  or  pecuniary  means  bestowed  as  a 
permanent  fund  ; as,  “ The  endowments  of  a 
college,  a hospital,  or  a library.” 

3.  Any  quality  with  which  one  is  endowed  ; 
gift  of  nature ; talent ; faculty. 

By  a desire  of  fame,  great  endowments  are  not  suffered  to 
lie  idle  and  useless  to  the  public.  Addison. 

Syn.  — See  Gift. 

f UN-DRUDGE',  v.  a.  To  make  a slave  or  drudge 
of ; to  enslave.  Bp.  Hall. 

UN-DUE',  v.  a.  [L.  induo ; Fr.  enduire.)  [*.  en- 
dued ; pp.  ENDUING,  ENDUED.] 

1.  To  supply;  to  invest;  to  clothe;  to  indue. 

Endued  with  royal  virtues  as  thou  art.  Milton. 

2.  To  bestow  a dower  upon;  to  endow;  to 
portion  ; to  indue. 

God  hath  endued  me  with  a good  dowry.  Gen.  xxx.  20. 
t UN-DUE'MUNT,  n.  Act  of  enduing.  Barrow. 


UN-DUR’A-BLE,  a.  [Old  Fr.  endurable.)  That 
may  be  endured ; tolerable.  Cotgrave. 

UN-DUR'ANCE,  n.  1.  The  state  of  enduring  or 
suffering ; sufferance ; patience  ; fortitude. 

Their  fortitude  was  most  admirable  in  their  patience  and 
endurance  of  all  evils  of  pain  and  of  death.  Temple. 

2.  Continuance  ; lastingness  ; duration. 

Some  of  them  are  of  very  great  antiquity,  others  of  less 
endurance.  Sxienser. 

Syn.  — See  Patience. 

UN-DURE',  v.  a.  [L.  duro  ; durus,  hard;  Sp.  en- 
durar ; Fr.  endurcr.)  [i.  endured;  pp.  en- 
during, ENDURED.] 

1.  To  sustain  or  support  without  injury  ; to 
bear ; — applied  to  things. 

Both  were  of  shining  steel,  and  wrought  so  pure 
As  might  the  strokes  of  two  such  arms  endure.  Dryden. 

2.  To  bear  with  patience  or  fortitude ; to  suf- 
fer without  complaint ; to  submit  to. 

So  dear  I love  him,  that  with  him  all  deaths 
I could  endure.  Milton. 

3.  To  undergo;  to  suffer ; to  experience. 

How  small,  of  all  that  human  hearts  endure , 

The  part  which  laws  or  kings  can  cause  or  cure ! Goldsmith. 

4.  To  continue  in.  “ The  deer  endureth  the 

womb  but  eight  months.”  Browne. 

Syn.  — See  Bear. 

UN-DURE',  v.  n.  1.  To  be  permanent;  to  last; 
to  remain  ; to  continue ; to  abide. 

For  his  mercies  aye  endure, 

Ever  faithful,  ever  sure.  Milton. 

2.  To  brook  ; to  bear;  to  suffer. 

How  can  I endure  to  see  the  destruction  of  my  kindred? 

Est/t.  viii.  G. 

UN-DUR'UR,  n.  1.  One  who  endures  ; a sufferer. 
2.  He  who,  or  that  which,  continues. 

UN-DUR'ING,  a.  That  endures  ; lasting  ; perma- 
nent. “ An  enduring  substance.”  Horne. 

UN-DUR'ING,  n.  The  act,  or  the  state,  of  endur- 
ing or  suffering ; endurance.  “ His  patient  en- 
during of  extreme  cold  and  heat.”  Holland. 

UN-DUR'ING-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  enduring 
or  lasting  ; lastingness.  Dublin  Rev. 

END'wAy§,  ad.  Same  as  Endwise.  Smollett. 
END'WI^E,  ad.  Erectly;  uprightly;  on  end.  Ray. 

t EN'U-CATE,  v.  a.  [L.  eneco,  enecatus.)  To 
kill ; to  destroy.  Harvey. 

U-NE'ID,  or  E'NE-ID  [e-ne'id,  K.  Sm.Ash ; e'ne-Id, 
Wb.  P.  Cyc.  Brande),  n.  The  Latin  epic  poem 
written  by  Virgil,  of  which  zEneas  is  the  hero ; 
— written  also  JEneid.  Addison. 

EN'U-MA,  n.  [Gr.  evepa  ; evivpt,  to  inject.]  (bled.) 
An  injection  ; a clyster ; a lavement.  Brande. 

EN'U-M Y,  n.  [L.  inimieus  ; in,  priv.,  and  amicus, 
a friend ; It.  inimico ; Sp.  enemigo ; Fr.  ennemi.) 

1.  One  hostile  to  another  ; a foe  ; an  adver- 
sary : — an  opponent ; an  antagonist ; — applied 
to  an  individual  or  to  a nation. 

I say  unto  you,  Love  your  enemies.  Matt.  v.  44. 
The  enemy  thinks  of  raising  threescore  thousand  men. 

Addison. 

2.  One  who  dislikes  any  subject  or  cause. 
“ An  enemy  to  truth  and  knowledge.”  Locke. 

3.  (Mil.)  A hostile  army  or  force.  Campbell. 

4.  (Theol.)  The  common  adversary ; the  devil. 

Defend  us  from  the  danger  of  the  enemy.  Com.  Prayer. 
In  military  phraseology,  enemy  is  used  in  the 
singular  number  for  hostile*  forces,  though  not.  gen- 
erally regarded  as  a collective  noun,  being  joined  with 
a verb  in  the  singular,  and  its  corresponding  pronoun 
being  singular  and  masculine.  “We  have  met  the 
enemy , and  he  is  ours.”  Gen.  Taylor. 

It  is  probable  that  the  enemy  will  make  his  attack  in  two 
principal  corps.  Wellington's  Despatches. 

Syn.  — Enemy  and  foe  are  terms  that  imply  per- 
sonal hostility.  A nation,  an  army,  or  an  individual, 
engaged  in  carrying  on  war,  is  an  enemy  to  the  oppo- 
site party.  A foe  is  one  who  is  actively  hostile.  An 
adversary  is  one  who  is  placed  in  the  position  of  an 
enemy  in  war  or  in  some  other  contest.  Persons  pit- 
ted against  each  other  in  an  argument  or  other  con- 
test are  opponents  ; those  who  struggle  against  each 
other  are  antagonists . A public  or  private  enemy  ; a 
deadly  foe  ; an  open  adversary ; an  opponent  in  a de- 
bate; an  antagonist  in  a contest. 

EN-flR-GLr  IC,  £ a-  [Gr.  ivfpyrjTtKdg,  active; 
EN-ER-^4  ET'I-CAL,  ) It.  $ Sp.  energico.] 

1.  Manifesting  energy  ; active  ; vigorous  ; as, 

“ He  is  very  energetic  in  what  he  undertakes.” 


MIEN,  SIR; 


MOVE,  NOR,  SON  ; DULL, 


BUR,  RULE.  — </,  9,  g,  soft;  jP,  jG,  c,  g,  hard;  § as  z; 


^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


ENERGETICALLY 


484 


ENGARBOIL 


2.  Efficacious  ; powerful  in  effect ; effectual  ; 
effective.  “Unless  the  same  force  be  made 
energetical  and  operative.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

EN-ER-lyET'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In' an  energetic  man- 
ner ; vigorously.  Potter. 

EN-ER-<?ET'I-CAL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
energetic ; activity  ; vigor.  Scott. 

E-NER'yiC,  a.  Powerful  in  effect;  energetic,  [it.] 
Arise,  as  in  that  elder  time. 

Warm,  energic,  chaste,  sublime.  Collins. 

EN'ER-<?fZE,  v.  a.  [Fr.  energiser.  — See  Ener- 

GY.]  [t.  ENERGIZED  ; pp.  ENERGIZING,  ENER- 
GIZED.] To  give  energy  to  ; to  excite  to  action. 
“ Certain  energizing  substances.”  Harris. 

“ Ecstasies  of  energizing  love.”  Bp.  Horsley. 
EN'ER-pIZ-pR,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  ener- 
gizes. 

Two  substantives,  an  energizer  which  is  active,  and  a sub- 
ject which  is  passive.  Harris. 

EN-ER-GIT'MEN,  n.  One  acted  upon  or  possessed 
by  the  devil ; a demoniac.  Smart. 

EN'ER-lfY,  n.  [Gr.  ivioytia ; hi,  in,  and  rpyor, 
work  ; It.  $ Sp.  energia;  Fr.  energie.] 

1.  Power  to  operate  ; inherent  power  ; faculty. 
They  are  not  effective  of  any  thing,  but  are  energie a 

merely.  Bacon. 

2.  Force  ; vigor  ; efficacy  ; power  in  action. 

Inspiring  God!  who,  boundless  spirit  all 
And  unremitting  energy,  pervades, 

Adjusts,  sustains,  and  agitates  the  whole.  Thomson. 

3.  Strength  of  expression  ; spirit  ; life  ; an- 
imation ; as,  “ A style  full  of  energy." 

Syn.  — See  Strength. 

E-NER'VATE  [e-ner'vat,  S.  IV.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  IC. 
S».],  v.  a.  [L.  enervo,  enerratus,  to  take  out 
the  nerves  or  sinews ; e,  from,  and  nervus,  a 
nerve;  It . enervare ; Sp.  enervar ; Fr.  Mercer. 1 

[t.  ENERVATED  \pp.  ENERVATING,  ENERVATED.] 

To  deprive  of  force  or  nerve  ; to  weaken  ; to  en- 
feeble ; to  unnerve  ; to  debilitate  ; to  paralyze. 

Sheepish  softness  often  enervates  those  who  arc  bred  like 
fondlings  at  home.  *•  Locke. 

E-NER'VATE,  a.  Weakened  ; deprived  of  force. 
“ Enervate  string.”  Pope.  “ Enervate  bards.” 
Warton.  “ Enervate  sires.”  Churchill. 


EN-^R-VA'TION,  >t.  [L.  enervatio ; Sp.  enerva- 

tion-, Fr.  enervation .] 

1.  The  act  of  enervating  or  weakening  ; emas- 
culation. Johnson. 

2.  The  state  of  being  weakened  ; effeminacy. 
“ A sign  of  enervation  and  weakness.”  Bacon. 

f E-NERVE',  v.  a.  To  weaken  ; to  enervate.  Milton. 

EAT  FAMllLE  (ang-fi-mel').  [Fr.]  In  a family 
way,  or  in  the  family  circle  ; domestically. 

Deluded  mortals,  whom  the  great 
Choose  for  companions  tete-a-tete, 

Who  at  their  dinner  en  famille 

Get  leave  to  sit  where'er  you  will.  Swift. 

EN-FAM'ISH,  v.  a.  To  kill  with  hunger ; to 
starve ; to  famish,  [r.] 

EN-FEE'BLE,  v.  a.  [i.  enfeebled;  pp.  enfee- 
bling, enfeebled.]  To  make  feeble  ; to  weak- 
en ; to  enervate ; to  debilitate. 

Some  enfeeble  their  understandings  by  sordid  and  brutish 
business.  Bp.  Taylor . 

EN-FEE'BLE-MENT,  n.  1.  The  act  of  making 
feeble. 

2.  Weakness  ; feebleness.  Ec.  Rev. 


jEN-FEE'BEER,  ii.  He  who,  or  that  which,  enfee- 
bles or  weakens.  Phillips. 

EN-FEE  BEING,;!.  a.  Making  feeble  ; weakening. 

■f  EN-FEL'ONEI)  (en-let’und),  a.  [Fr.  enfelonnir, 
to  grow  cruel.]  Fierce ; cruel.  ‘ Spenser . 


II  EN-FEOFF'  (en-fef')  [en-lef,  P.  J.  F.  Sin.  Wh. ; 
en-fef',  S.  IV.  E.  Ja.  C.  Hares'],  v.  a.  [Low  L. 
feoffo. — See  Fee.]  [i.  enfeoffed;  pp.  en- 
feoffing, ENFEOFFED.] 

1.  ( Law .)  To  invest  with  a dignity  or  posses- 
sion in  fee  ; to  convey,  as  a fee.  Burrill. 

2.  fTo  surrender;  to  give  up.  “ [He]  en- 
feoffed himself  to  popularity.”  Shah. 


||  EN-FEOFF’MENT  (en-fef'ment),  n.  [Low  L. 
feoff  amentum.] 

1,  (Law.)  The  act  of  enfeoffing.  Johnson. 

2.  The  instrument  or  deed  by  which  one  is 

invested  with  a fee.  Johnson. 


t EN-FET'TER,  v.  a.  To  bind  in  fetters.  Shah. 

EN-FE  VER,  v.n.  [Old  Fr.  enfierrer.]  To  pro- 
duce fever.  “ Enfevcring  draught.”  [r.]  Seward. 

t EN-FIERCE'  (en-fers'),  v.  a.  To  make  fierce  or 
ferocious.  Spenser. 

||  EN-FI-GADE'  (en-fy-lad')  [en-fe-lad',  S.  IF.  P. 
Ja.  ; ong-fe-lad1,  Sin. ; cn-fe-lad'  or  ong-fe-lad', 
K.],n.  [Fr.  enfiler,  to  rake  ; L .jilum,  a thread.] 

1.  ( Mil.)  The  position  of  that  which  runs  in  a 
straight  line  from  end  to  end,  or  which  lies  in 
the  direction  of  a line  ; concatenation. 

The  trees  have  swelled  out  beyond  the  line  traced  for 
them,  and  destroyed  the  enfilade.  Swinburne. 

2.  (Mil.)  A direct  fire  raking  the  whole  length 

of  a fortification  or  body  of  troops.  Clarke. 

||  EN-FJ-LADE',  v.  a.  (Mil.)  To  pierce  or  rake 
with  shot  in  a right  line  ; to  fire  at  so  as  to 
sweep  the  whole  line.  Campbell. 

EN-FfLED',  a.  (Her.)  Noting  the  condition  of  a 
sword  which  is  represented  in  a charge  as  run 
through  any  object.  Ogilvie. 

t EN-FlRE',  v.  a.  To  fire  ; to  set  on  fire.  Spenser. 

f EN- FLESH ',  v.  a.  To  incorporate,  as  with  the 
flesh  ; to  embody  ; to  incarnate.  Florio. 

EN-FOLD',  v.  a.  See  Infold.  Todd. 

t EN-FULD'MENT,  n.  The  act  of  infolding.  Scott. 

EN-FO'LI-ATE,  v.  a.  See  Infoliate.  Ec.  Rev. 

EN-FORCE',  v.  a.  [Sp.  esforzar  ; Fr.  enforcir.] 
[t.  ENFORCED;  pp.  ENFORCING,  ENFORCED.] 

1.  To  give  vigor  or  strength  to  ; to  animate  ; 
to  instigate  ; to  provoke  ; to  incite  ; to  force. 

Fear  gave  her  wings,  and  rage  enforced  my  flight.  Spenser. 

2.  To  make  or  gain  by  force. 

The  idle  stroke  enforcing  furious  way.  Spenser. 

3.  To  impel  violently  ; to  hurl ; to  throw. 

r As  swift  ns  stones 

Enforced  from  the  old  Assyrian  slings.  Shale. 

4.  To  urge  with  energy  ; to  set  forth  strongly. 

I have  taken  care  to  enforce  loyalty  by  an  invincible  ar- 
gument. Swijt. 

5.  To  compel ; to  constrain  ; to  oblige. 

Adam,  now  enforced  to  close  his  eyes, 

Sunk  down,  and  all  his  spirits  became  entranced.  Milton. 

6.  To  put  in  force ; to  cause  to  be  applied  or 
executed  ; as,  “ To  enforce  a law.” 

7.  t To  press  with  a charge ; to  taunt. 

Enforce  him  with  his  envy  to  the  people.  Shak. 

t EN-FORCE',  v.  n.  1.  To  try  by  force.  Wickliffe. 

2.  To  prove  ; to  demonstrate.  Hooker. 

f EN-FORCE',  n.  Force;  power;  strength.  “A 
petty  enterprise  of  small  enforce."  Milton. 

EN-FORC'EH-Ly,  ad.  By  violence  ; not  by  choice; 
compulsorily.  Shak. 

EN- FORCE' M ENT,  n.  1.  The  act  of  compelling  ; 
compulsion ; force  offered. 

Confess ’t  was  hers,  and  by  what  rough  enforcement 

You  got  it  from  her.  * Shak. 

2.  That  which  gives  force  ; sanction. 

Rewards  and  punishments  . . . established  as  the  enforce- 
ments of  his  law.  Locke. 

3.  Motive  of  conviction  ; urgent  evidence. 

Hammond. 

4.  The  act  of  executing  or  putting  in  force  ; 
execution  ; as,  “ The  enforcement  of  a rule.” 

5.  Pressing  exigence  ; emergency. 

More  than  I have  said 
The  leisure  and  enforcement  of  the  time 
Forbids  to  dwell  oh.  Shak. 

EN-FOR^'ER,  n.  One  who  enforces.  Hammond. 

EN-FOR'CI-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  enforced. 

EN-FOR'EST,  v.  a.  To  turn  into  forest. 

The  ameers  of  Scinde  have  cnforcsted  large  portions  of 
the  country  for  the  purpose  of  converting  them  into  hunting- 
grounds.  Ogilvie. 

t FN-FORM',  v.  a.  To  fashion  ; to  form.  Spenser. 

t EN-FOUL'DERED  (cn-lol'derd),  a.  [Fr.  foudro- 
yer,  to  destroy  with  thunderbolts.]  Mixed  with 
lightning.  “ Enfouldered  smoke.”  Spenser. 

EN-FRAN'CIIISE,  v.  a.  [Fr.  affranchir.  — See 
Franchise.]  [i.  enfranchised  ; pp.  enfran- 
chising, ENFRANCHISED.] 

1.  To  endow  with  a franchise  ; to  make  free  ; 
to  admit  to  the  privileges  of  a freeman  or  citizen. 

The  English  colonies,  enfranchised  by  special  charters, 
were  admitted  to  the  benefit  of  the  laws.  Davies. 


2.  To  set  free  from  slavery  ; to  release  from 
bondage ; to  restore  to  liberty. 

Prisoners  became  slaves,  and  continued  so  unless  enfran- 
chised by  their  masters.  Temple. 

3.  To  admit  as  native  ; to  naturalize,  [it.] 

These  words  have  been  enfranchised  amongst  us.  Watts. 

EN-FRAN'CH!§E-MENT,  n.  [Fr.  affranchisse- 
ment .] 

1.  Act  of  enfranchising;  investiture  of  the 

privileges  of  a freeman  or  citizen.  Cowell. 

2.  Release  from  prison  or  from  slavery.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Emancipation. 

EN-FRAN'CHI§-ER,  n.  One  who  enfranchises  or 
sets  at  liberty.  Sherwood. 

t EN-FREED',  a.  Set  at  liberty.  Shak. 

t EN-FREE'DOM,  v.  a.  To  free  ; to  set  free.  Shak. 

f EN-FRO'WARD,  v.  a.  To  make  froward.  Sandgs. 

fEN-FRO'ZEN  (en-fio'zn), p.  a.  Congealed  with 
cold  ; frozen.  Spenser. 

EN-G A(fE',  v.  a.  [It.  ingaggiare\  Fr.  engager ; 
gage,  a pledge.  — See  Gage.]  [i.  engaged; 
pp.  engaging,  engaged.] 

1.  To  bind  by  contract ; to  pledge. 

I have  engaged  myself  to  a dear  friend.  Shak. 

2.  To  bring  into  a party  ; to  enlist ; as,  “ To 
engage  men  for  any  enterprise.” 

3.  To  attach ; to  unite  ; to  secure  as  an  ad- 
herent. 

Good-nature  engages  every  body  to  him.  Addison. 

4.  To  bring  over ; to  induce  ; to  win  ; to  gain  ; 
to  attract ; to  draw  ; to  allure  ; to  entertain. 

To  every  duty  he  could  minds  engage.  Waller. 

5.  To  hold  the  attention  of;  to  employ;  as, 
“ To  engage  one  in  conversation  or  in  business.” 

6.  To  join  in  fight;  to  encounter. 

The  army  was  engaged  before  the  cannon  was  turned. 

Clarendon. 

Syn.  — See  Rind. 

EN-GACyE',  v.  n.  1.  To  conflict;  to  fight;  to  en- 
counter ; as,  “ To  engage  with  an  enemy.” 

2.  To  embark  in  any  business  ; to  enter  upon 

any  enterprise;  to  enlist  in  any  party.  “Who 
once  engages  is  undone.”  Mallet. 

3.  To  promise;  to  pledge  one’s  self;  as,  “I 
have  engaged  to  assist  him.” 

EN-GA<yED'  (en-gajd’),  p.  a.  1.  Enlisted;  ear- 
nest ; feeling  an  interest. 

2.  Pledged  to  marry  ; betrothed  ; affianced. 

Engaged  columns,  (Arch.)  columns  partly  united 
with,  and  partly  detached  from,  walls  or  piers,  the 
proportion  of  the  shaft  embedded  varying  from  one 
fourth  lo  three  fourths  of  its  circumference.  Britton. 
— Engaged  wheels,  (Mecli.)  wheels  that  are  ill  gear 
with  each  other. 

EN-GA<y'En-[,y,  ad.  Earnestly.  Whitlock. 

EN-GAty'EH-NESS,  n.  Earnestness;  devotedness. 

EN-GAfyE'MENT,  ii.  [Fr.  engagement.] 

1.  The  act  of  engaging  ; promise  ; stipulation  ; 
obligation  by  contract ; contract ; compact ; as, 
“ To  keep  one’s  engagements." 

2.  State  of  being  engaged  ; adherence  to  a 
party  or  a cause  ; bias  of  interest ; partiality. 

This  may  be  obvious  to  any  who  impartially,  and  without 
engagement,  is  at  the  pains  to  examine.  Swift. 

3.  Employment ; occupation  ; avocation. 

The  great  principle  of  human  satisfaction  is  engagement. 

Pateg. 

4.  Fight ; conflict ; battle  ; contest ; combat 
between  armies  or  fleets. 

lie  [the  French  admiral]  would  not  venture  an  engage- 
ment. Burnet. 

5.  f Obligation  ; motive  ; reason.  “ This  is 

the  greatest  engagement  not  to  forfeit  an  op- 
portunity.” Hammond. 

Syn. — See  Battle,  Promise. 

EN-GA(y'ER,  n.  One  who  engages.  “ The  cove- 
nanter, the  engager."  Ellis’s  Serm.,  1661. 

EN-GA<y'!NG,  p.  a.  Attaching;  winning  by  pleas- 
ing ways  ; as,  “ An  engaging  manner.”  Pope. 

EN-GAG'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a winning  or  obliging 
manner ; gracefully. 

f EN-GAL'LANT,  v.  a.  To  make  a gallant  of. 
“ You  were  eternally  engallanted.”  B.  Jonson. 

EN-(?AOL'  (en-jal'),  v.  a.  To  imprison.  Shak. 

f EN-GAll'BoiL,  v.  a.  To  disorder.  Mountagu. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  O,  LT,  V,  short; 


A,  I,  <?,  y,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


EN GARLAND 


485 


ENHANCE 


BN-GAR'LAND,  v.  re.  To  encircle  with  a garland  ; 
to  enwreathe.  Sidney. 

BN-GAR'RI-SON  (en-g5r're-sn),  v.  a.  To  protect 
or  defend  by  a garrison.  Bp.  Hall. 

f EN-GAS'TRI-MUTM,  n.  [Gr.  tv,  in,  yagrrjp,  the 
belly,  and  yDdoj,  speech.]  A ventriloquist.  Todd. 

BN-£EN'DBR,  v.  a.  [L.  genero ; genus,  birth; 
Sp.  engendar  ; Fr.  engendrer.\  [f.  engendered  ; 
pp.  ENGENDERING,  ENGENDERED.] 

1.  To  originate,  as  an  embryo,  by  union  of  the 

sexes  ; to  procreate  ; to  beget ; to  generate  ; to 
breed.  Cotgrave. 

2.  To  produce;  to  cause;  to  occasion.  “Ab- 
stinence engenders  maladies.”  Shak. 

f.N-^EN'DF.R,  v.  n.  1.  To  copulate  ; to  unite  in 
sexual  embrace.  Milton. 

2.  To  be  caused  or  produced. 

Thick  clouds  are  spread,  and  storms  engender  there.  Dryden. 

£N-QEN'DER-1?R,  n.  One  who  engenders  or  begets. 
“ The  engenderers  and  engendered.”  Davies. 

BN-filLD',  v.  a.  To  brighten  ; to  gild.  Shak. 

EN'^JNE  (en'jin)  [en'jjn,  S.  IF.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja. 
K.  S#i.],  n.  [L.  ingenium,  an  invention  ; It. 
ingegno  ; Sp.  ingenio  ; Fr.  engin.] 

1.  Any  mechanical  instrument  of  complicated 
parts,  which  concur  in  producing  an  intended 
effect;  a machine  for  applying  any  of  the  me- 
chanical powers  or  principles  of  physics  to  a 
particular  purpose;  — especially  a machine  for 
throwing  water  to  extinguish  fires,  or  for  apply- 
ing steam  to  propel  vessels,  railroad  trains,  &c. 

2.  Any  instrument,  implement,  or  weapon. 

The  sword,  the  arrow,  the  gun,  with  many  terrible  engines 

of  death.  Ealeigh. 

3.  Means  to  an  end  ; method  ; mode ; way. 

What  letter  is  this  some?  What’s  here?  To  Silvia? 

And  here  an  engine  fit  for  my  proceedings.  Shak. 

4.  One  who  acts  for  another  ; an  agent,  [r.] 

They  had  th’  especial  engines  been.  Daniel. 

EN-tJM-NEER',  n.  [It.  ingegnere  ; Sp.  ingeniero  ; 
Fr.  ingenieur.] 

1.  (Mil.)  One  who  directs  the  artillery  of  an 
army: — one  whose  business  it  is  to  form  and 
direct  the  engines  and  works  necessary  for  of- 
fence and  defence. 

For ’t  is  sport  to  have  the  engineer 

Hoist  with  his  own  petard.  Shak. 

2.  A maker  of  engines.  Bullokar. 

3.  One  who  manages  a steam-engine ; as, 
“ The  engineer  of  a steamship  or  a locomotive.” 

A civil  engineer  is  one  who  constructs  canals, 
railroads,  docks,  harbors,  &c. 

EN-(r(-NEER'ING,  n.  1.  The  art  of  managing 
engines; — the  art  of  attacking  and  defending 
fortified  places.  Lyttleton. 

SSff  It  is  applied  to  all  those  manufacturing  and 
building  operations  in  which  engines  are  used.  Brande. 

2.  Application  of  means  to  an  end ; contri- 
vance ; artifice  ; manoeuvre  ; scheme  ; plot. 

Who,  kindling  a combustion  of  desire, 

With  some  cold  moral  think  to  quench  the  fire, 

Though  all  your  engineering  proves  in  vain.  Coioper. 

Civil  engineering , the  art  of  forming,  or  the  con- 
struction of,  roads,  bridges,  railroads  ; the  construc- 
tion of  machinery  for  all  purposes  ; the  formation  of 
canals,  aqueducts,  harbors,  docks,  drainage  of  lands, 
&c.  — Military  engineering , the  art  of  constructing, 
maintaining,  and  managing  fortifications,  and  all 
buildings,  engines,  or  machinery  necessary  in  military 
posts  ; and  it  includes  instruction  on  all. points  relat- 
ing to  the  attack  and  defence  of  places.  Brande. 

EN'^INE-MAN,  n. ; pi.  enginemen.  One  who 
manages  an  engine  ; an  engineer.  Qu.  Rev. 

EN'<jrINE-RY,  n.  1.  The  art  of  managing  engines. 
“ Architecture,  enginery , or  navigation. "Milton. 

2.  Engines  collectively  ; artillery. 

Training  his  devilish  enginery.  Milton. 

3.  Any  device  or  contrivance ; artifice. 

The  fraudful  enginery  of  Rome.  Shenstone. 

BN-GIRD',  V.  a.  [f.  ENGIRT  or  ENGIRDED  ; pp. 
ENGIRDING,  ENGIRT  Or  ENGIRDED.]  To  encir- 
cle ; to  surround  ; to  environ ; to  gird.  Shak. 

BN-GIR'DLE,  v.  a.  To  surround,  as  with  a girdle; 
to  enclose  ; to  encircle  ; to  gird  ; to  girt.  Glover. 

BN-GIRT',  v.  a.  To  encircle  ; to  engird.  Shak. 

BN-GIRT',  p.  a.  Encompassed;  girt.  Smart. 


EN'fJJT-SCOPE,  n.  [Gr.  fyyts,  near,  and  OKonttn,  to 
see  ; Fr.  engyscope.]  A reflecting  microscope. 

Francis. 

f JJN-GLAD',  r.re.To  make  glad;  to  gladden. Skelton. 

f EN-GLAIMED'  (en-glamd'),  a.  [A.  S . cloemian, 
to  smear.]  Furred;  clammy.  Lib.  Festiv. 

ENG'LAND  (Ing'gljnd),  n.  [A.  S.  Engla-land, 
Angles’  land.]  The  southern  division  of  the 
island  of  Great  Britain. 

Egbert  [A.  D.  810]  caused  all  the  south  of  the  island  to  be 
called  England , after  the  Angles,  of  whom  himself  came.  Speed. 

iflSr-  Though  England  properly  includes  Wales,  the 
word  is  sometimes  used  in  a restricted  sense,  when 
Wales  is  referred  to  as  a distinct  territory. 

To  say  that  the  state  of  the  people  in  regard  to  education 
is  very  low,  is  only  to  state  a defect  common  to  England  and 
Wales;  but  the  latter  couutry  is  even  less  advanced  than  the 
former.  B.  Cyc. 

fENG'LE  (eng'gl)  n.  [Sp.  ingle,  the  groin.]  A 
paramour  ; a favorite  ; ingle.  “ His  mistress 
abroad  and  his  engle  at  home.”  B.  Jonson. 

“I  fear  nothing  better  can  be  made  of  this 
word  than  a different  spelling  of  ingle,  which  is  often 
used  as  a favorite,  and  sometimes  of  the  worst  kind.” 
Jfares. 

ENG'LISII  (ing'glish)  [Ing'gljsh,  S.  IF.  J.  F.  Ja. 
K.  Sm.  If.],  n.  1.  pi.  The  people  of  England. 

2.  sing.  The  language  of  England. 

ENG'LISII  (Ing'glish),  a.  Belonging  to  England 
or  to  its  inhabitants.  Addison. 

ENG'LISH  (ing'gljsh),  v.  a.  [i.  Englished  ; pp. 
Englishing,  Englished.]  To  translate  into 
English  ; to  Anglicize.  Bacon. 

ENG'LISII— MER'CIT-RV,  n.  ( Bot .)  A species  of 
plant  cultivated  in  some  gardens  as  a perennial 
spinage ; Chenopodium  bonus-lienricus.  Its 
leaves  are  sometimes  applied  to  old  wounds, 
and  for  cleansing  old  ulcers.  Loudon. 

ENG'L!SH-RY  (Ing'gljsh-re),  n.  1.  {Law.)  The 
state  or  privilege  of  being  an  Englishman.CouieW. 

2.  The  people  of  England.  “ Failed  to  con- 
ciliate the  Englishry.”  T.  B.  Macaulay. 

BN-GLOOM',  v.  a.  To  render  gloomy.  Dr.  Allen. 

f EN-GLUK',  v.  a.  [Fr.  engine)'.]  To  join  or 
unite,  as  with  glue  ; to  glue.  “ Let  no  sleep 
thine  eye  engine.’’  Gower. 

EN-GLUT',  v.  a.  [L.  glutio  ; Fr.  engloutir.] 

1.  To  swallow  up  ; to  gulp  down.  Shak. 

2.  To  fill ; to  pamper  ; to  glut.  “ Englutted 

with  vanity.”  Ascham. 

tyN-GORE',  v.  a.  [See  Gore.]  To  pierce;  to 
prick  ; to  gore.  Spienser. 

EN-GOIfyE',  v.  a.  [L.  ingurgitare ; It.  engorgi- 
are\  Old  Fr.  engorger;  Fr.  en,  in,  and  gorge, 
the  throat.l  [i.  engorged  ; pp.  engorging, 
engorged.]  To  swallow  greedily ; to  gulp 
down  ; to  devour  ; to  gorge.  Spenser. 

BN-g6R(IE',  v.  n.  To  feed  with  eagerness  and 
voracity  ; to  devour  food. 

Greedily  she  engorged  without  restraint.  Milton. 

JJN-GOROE'MyNT,  n.  1.  The  act  of  engorging. 

2.  {Med.)  An  obstruction  in  the  vessels  of 
any  part  of  the  body  causing  an  increase  of 
volume  ; a congestion.  Dung/ison. 

ENGOULF.E  (iing-go-la'),  a.  [Fr.  engouler,  to 
swallow  down.]  {Her.)  An  epithet  for  crosses, 
saltires,  &c.,  when  their  extremities  enter  the 
mouths  of  lions,  leopards,  &c.  Ogilvie. 

f BN-GRAFF',  v.  a.  To  fix  deeply  ; to  ingraft.  Shak. 

f JJN-GRAfF'MBNT,  n.  Root;  ingraftment.  Ellis. 

BN-GRAFT',  v.  a.  To  ingraft ; to  graft.  Qu.  Rev. 

BN-GRAfT'BD,  p.  a.  Planted;  ingrafted. 

Receive  with  meekness  the  engrafted  word.  James  i.  21. 

BN-GRAIL',  v.  a.  [Fr.  engrller  ; grele,  hail.]  [?. 
engrailed;  pp.  engrailing,  engrailed.] 

1.  To  spot  as  with  hail ; to  variegate. 

A caldron  new  engrailed  with  twenty  hues.  Chapman. 

2.  {Her.)  To  indent  in  curve  lines.  Careio. 

BN-GRAlL',  v.  n.  To  form  an  edging  or  border; 
to  run  in  a waving  or  indented  line.  Parnell. 

BN-GRAILEI)',  p.  a.  I.  Spotted 
as  with  hail. 

2.  {Her.)  Indented  in  curved 
lines. 


BN-GRAIL'MENT,  n.  The  ring  of  dots  round 
the  edge  of  a medal.  Brande. 

BN-GRATN',  V.  a.  [f.  ENGRAINED  ; pp.  ENGRAIN- 
ING, engrained.]  To  dye  in  the  grain  or  nat- 
ural texture  ; to  dye  ; to  imbue  ; to  fix  deep. 
“ With  leaves  engrained  in  lusty  green.” Spenser. 

BN-GRAINED'  (-grand'),  p.  a.  Dyed  in  the  grain  ; 
as,  “ Engrained  carpets.” 

f BN-GRAP'PEE,  v.  n.  To  seize  and  hold  fast;  to 
close  with ; to  grapple.  Daniel. 

BN-GRASP',  v.  a.  To  hold  fast  in  the  hand;  to 
grasp  ; to  gripe.  Spenser. 

BN-GRAVE',  V.  a.  [Gr.  lyyphipu  ; Fr.  engraver. — 
See  Grave,  v.]  [ i . engraved  ; pp.  engrav- 

ing, engraved.] 

1.  To  mark  by  making  incisions,  as  in  metal, 
wood,  or  stone  ; to  cut  with  a chisel. 

Engrave  the  two  stones  with  the  names.  Ex.  xxviii.  11. 

2.  To  impress  deeply  ; to  imprint. 

Or  what  the  Spirit  within 

Shall  on  the  heart  engrave?  Milton. 

3.  [From  grave,  ?i.]  To  put  into  a grave  ; 

to  bury,  [r.] 

So  both  agree  their  bodies  to  engrave.  Spenser. 

BN-GRAVE'MBNT,  n.  Act  of  engraving;  the  work 
of  an  engraver ; an  engraving,  [r.]  Barrow. 

BN-GRAV'BR,  n.  One  who  engraves.  “ All  man- 
ner of  work  of  the  engraver."  Exod.  xxviii.  11. 

I BN-GRAV'B-RY.  n-  Engraved  work.  Browne. 

BN-GRAV'ING,  n.  1.  The  act,  the  art,  or  the 
work  of  an  engraver;  as,  “There  are  several 
kinds  of  engraving." 

2.  That  which  is  engraved  ; an  engraved  plate. 
“The  engravings  of  a signet.”  Exod.  xxviii.  11. 

3.  An  impression  from  an  engraved  plate  ; a 
print;  as,  “The  room  was  ornamented  with  en- 
gravings." 

t BN-GIUEVE',  v.  a.  To  vex ; to  grieve.  Spenser. 

BN-GROSS',  v.  a.  [It.  inyrossare',  Sp.  engrosar ; 
Fr.  grossir.  — See  Gross.]  [».  engrossed  ; pp. 
engrossing,  engrossed.] 

1.  f To  thicken  ; to  make  thick.  “ Engrossed 

with  mud.”  Spenser. 

2.  fTo  make  fat  or  plump  ; to  fatten.  “ To 

engross  his  idle  body.”  Shak. 

3.  To  seize  in  the  gross;  to  swallow  up ; to 
take  up  ; to  absorb  ; to  occupy  ; to  engage. 

Those  two  tilings  that  so  engross  the  desires,  wisdom  and 
pleasure.  South. 

4.  To  buy  up  in  large  quantities,  in  order  to 

raise  a demand  and  sell  again  at  a higher  price  ; 
to  forestall ; to  monopolize.  B/acks/one. 

5.  To  copy  in  a large,  fair  hand,  as  a bill  or 
act  of  a legislative  body,  or  a deed. 

Here  is  the  indictment  of  the  good  Lord  Hastings, 

Which  in  a set  hand  tairly  is  engrossed.  Shak. 

BN-GROSS'F.R,  n.  One  who  engrosses.  “ En- 
grossers of  delegated  power.”  Knox.  “ A new 
sort  of  engrossers  or  forestallers.”  Locke. 

BN-GROSS'ING,  n.  I.  The  act  or  the  practice  of 
buying  up  or  forestalling.  Blackstone. 

2.  Act  of  copying  in  a large,  fair  hand.  Todd. 

BN-GROSS'ING— BLOCK,  n.  A tool  made  use  of 
by  wire-drawers.  Crabb. 

BN-GROSS'MBNT,  n.  1.  The  act  of  engrossing; 
appropriation  of  things  in  the  gross  ; exorbitant 
acquisition.  “ Immoderate  engrossments  of 
power.”  Stvift. 

2.  A copy  of  a written  instrument  in  a large, 
fair  hand. 

Which  clause  was  entered  in  the  bill  that  his  majesty  had 
signed,  and  afterwards  added  to  the  engrossment. 

Life  of  Clarendon. 

f BN-GUARD'  (en-gard'),  v.  a.  To  protect;  to 
defend  ; to  guard.  Shak. 

BN-GULF',  v.  a.  To  cast  or  to  draw  into  a gulf ; 
to  swallow  up ; to  absorb  ; to  ingulf.  Hayward. 

BN-GUEF'MBNT,  n.  The  act  of  ingulfing,  or  over- 
whelming. [r.]  Brande. 

BN-IlA'LO,  v.  a.  To  surround  or  encircle  with  a 
halo.  Schrcedar. 

BN-HANCE'(12),p.  a.  [Fr.  enhausser ; haut,  high.] 
[i.  ENHANCED  ; pp.  ENHANCING,  ENHANCED.] 


MiEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SdN  ; BULL,  BUR,  R0LE.  — <J,  <?,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


I 


ENHANCE 


486 


ENNEACONTAIIEDRAL 


1.  f To  lift  up  ; to  raise  on  high. 

Both  of  them  at  once  their  hands  enhanced.  Spenser. 

2.  To  raise  or  advance,  as  price  or  value. 

Experience  of  want  enhances  the  value  of  plenty.  V Estrange. 

3.  To  increase ; to  augment ; to  aggravate. 

But,  to  enhance  their  pain,  they  view  below 

Where  lakes  stand  full  and  plenteous  rivers  flow.  Rowe. 

Syn.  — See  Heighten. 

Jf  N-hAnce'  (12),  v.  n.  To  become  greater ; to 
increase.  Boag. 

$N-hAnCE'M$NT,  n.  1.  The  act  of  enhancing; 
increase  or  augmentation  of  value.  Bacon. 

2.  Aggravation  ; increase ; augmentation. 
“ Enhancement  of  guilt.”  Gov.  of  the  Tongue. 

EN-HAN'CER,  n.  One  who,  or  that  which,  en- 
hances or  raises  the  price  of  a thing.  Bp.  Hall. 

£N-HAR'BOR,  v.  a.  To  dwell  or  abide  in  ; to  in- 
habit. ’ IF.  Browne. 

$N-HARD'EN  (en-hir'dn),  v.  a.  [Fr.  enhardir.'] 
To  make  hard  ; to  harden  : — to  embolden.  “To 
enhanlen  one  with  confidence.”  Howell. 

f EN-HAR-MO'NJ-AN,  a.  Enharmonic.  Holland. 

EN-IIAR-MON'JC,  ? <i.  [Gr.  happovocts  ; L.  en- 

EN-HAR-MON'I-CAL,  > harmonious  ; It.  $ Sp.  en- 
arnionico  ; Fr.  e'nharmonique .]  (Mas.) 

1.  Applied  to  a scale  which  progresses  by 

smaller  intervals  than  chromatic,  or  semitone, 
intervals.  Dwight. 

2.  Indicating  a change  in  notation  while  the 

same  keys  upon  the  instrument  are  used  ; equi- 
vocal. ' Dwight. 

f EN-HAR-MO'NI-ON,  n.  (Mus.)  A song  of  many 
parts,  or  a concert  of  sundry  tunes.  Holland. 

FN-HEART'EN  (en-hhr'tn),  v.  a.  To  encourage ; 
to  embolden ; to  animate.  Ec.  Rev. 

FN-HY'DRIC,  a.  Containing  enhydrite.  Allen. 

JJN-HY'DRlTE,  n.  [Gr.  in,  in,  and  v 6uig,  water.] 
(Min.)  A stone  containing  water.  Hamilton. 

E-NIG'MA,  n. ; pi.  E-NlG'MA§.  [Gr.  aiviypa  ; a'rno- 
oopai,  to  hint  at ; L.  wnigma  ; It.  <Sf  Sp.  enigma ; 
Fr.  enigmc .]  A proposition  stated  in  obscure 
or  ambiguous  language,  so  as  to  puzzle  the  un- 
derstanding ; a riddle ; an  obscure  question  ; an 
ambiguous  sentence  or  thing. 

His  immortality  alone  can  solve 
The  darkest  of  enigmas , human  hope, 

Of  all  the  darkest,  if  at  death  we  die.  Young. 

Syn.  — See  Riddle. 

II  E-NIG-MAT  IC,  I [e-nig-mat'e-kftl,  S.  P.  Ja. 

II  E-NIG-MAT'I-CAL,  ) K.  Sm. ; 'en-jg-m&t'e-k?!, 
IF.  J.  a.  [Gr.  aiviy/jarunis  ; It.  ,\  Sp.  enig - 
matico ; Fr.  enigmatique. ] Partaking  of  the 
nature  of  an  enigma ; hard  to  be  understood ; 
obscure;  ambiguous;  dark.  “Your  answer, 
sir,  is  enigmatical.”  Shah. 

||  E-NJG-MAT'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  an  obscure  or 
ambiguous  manner. 

^I-NIG'M A-TIST,  71.  [Gr.  aiinypanarys  ; L.  (enig - 
matista.]  One  who  deals  in  enigmas.  Addison. 

U-NIG'MA-TiZE,  V.  n.  [Gr.  aiviyyarilppai.')  To 
deal  in  enigmas  or  riddles.  Todd. 

Jp-NIG-M  A-TOG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  aiviyya,  an  enig- 
ma, and  ypatpui,  to  describe.]  The  art  of  making 
or  of  solving  enigmas  or  riddles.  Clarke. 

5-NIG-MA-TOL'O-gfY,  n.  [Gr.  aivtyya,  an  enig- 
ma, and  i.6yo;,  a discourse.]  The  art  of  making 
or  of  solving  riddles  ; enigmatography.  Ogilvie. 

F.N-JAIL',  v.  a.  To  put  into  a jail ; to  engaol ; to 
imprison.  Smart. 

EN-JOIN',  v.  a.  [L.  injungo  ; It.  ingiungere ; Fr. 
enjoindre.']  [i.  enjoined  ; pp.  enjoining,  en- 
joined.] 

1.  To  direct  earnestly';  to  urge  ; to  admonish. 

“ As  you  enjoined  me,  I have  writ.”  Shah. 

2.  To  prescribe  ; to  direct  with  authority. 

Though  Imight  be  bold  in  Christ  to  enjoin  thee  that  which 
is  convenient,  yet  for  love's  sake  I rather  beseech  thee.  Phil.  8. 

IJN-JOIN'JJR,  n.  One  who  enjoins.  Johnson. 

t pN-JOIN'MpNT,  n.  Injunction.  Browne. 

IJN-JOY'  (eii-joi'),  v.  a.  [Fr .jouir.~\  [i.  enjoyed  ; 
qyp.  ENJOYING,  ENJOYED.] 

1.  To  have  satisfaction  in;  to  feel  or  perceive 
with  pleasure  ; to  be  delighted  with. 


I chiefly,  who  enjoy 

So  far  the  happier  lot,  enjoying  thee.  Milton. 

2.  To  have  possession  or  fruition  of. 

He  who,  to  enjoy 

Plato’s  Elysium,  leaped  into  the  sea.  Milton. 

3.  To  have  sexual  intercourse  with.  Milton. 

To  enjoy  one's  self,  to  be  pleased  ; to  feel  pleasure  ; 

to  be  glad  ; to  be  happy. 

UN-JOY'  (en-jin'),  v.  n.  To  feel  enjoyment  or 
satisfaction  ; to  take  pleasure,  [r.]  . 

And  Adam,  wedded  to  another  Eve, 

Shall  live  with  her  enjoying , I extinct.  Milton. 

JEN-JOY'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  enjoyed;  yield- 
ing enjoyment.  Pope. 

pN-JOY'pR,  n.  One  who  enjoys.  South. 

PN-JOY'MENT,  71.  The  state  of  enjoying  any 
thing ; pleasure,  gratification,  or  satisfaction  in 
the  possession  of  what  is  desirable  ; fruition. 

His  hopes  and  expectations  are  bigger  than  his  enjoyments. 

Tillotson. 

Syn. — Enjoyment  is  more  permanent,  though  it 
may  not  be  so  vivid,  as  gratification.  Fruition  is 
actual  enjoyment.  Enjoyment  of  friendship,  of  study, 
&c.  ; gratification  of  tile  senses  or  of  the  feelings  ; 
actual  fruition.  — See  PLEASURE. 

pN-KER'NpL,  v.  a.  To  form  into  kernels.  Sat.  Mag. 

PN-KIN'DLE,  V.  a.  [f.  ENKINDLED  ; pp.  ENKIN- 
DLING, ENKINDLED.] 

1.  To  set  on  fire  ; to  inflame  ; to  kindle.  “ En- 
kindle all  the  sparks  of  nature.”  Shak. 

2.  To  rouse  ; to  incite  ; as,  “To  enkindle  the 
passions.” 

UN-LACE',  v.  a.  To  fasten  with  lace  ; to  lace  ; to 
inlace.  Southey. 

pN-LACE'MpNT,  n.  The  act  of  enlacing.  Southey. 

UN-LARD',  V.  a.  [i.  ENLAItDED  ; pp.  ENLAltDING, 
enlarded.]  To  grease  ; to  baste.  Shak. 

pN-LAR(rE',  v.  a.  [Sp.  alargar;  Fr.  elargir. — 
See  Large.]  [t.  enlarged  ; pp.  enlarging, 
enlarged.] 

1.  To  make  larger  or  greater  ; to  increase  ; to 
extend  ; to  magnify  ; to  dilate  ; to  expand. 

I will  enlarge  thy  borders.  Ex.  xxxiv.  24. 

This  is  tlmt  science  which  would  truly  enlarge  men’s 
minds,  were  it  studied.  . Locke. 

2.  To  release ; to  set  free ; to  liberate. 

Enlarge  the  man  committed  yesterday.  Shak. 

Thou  hast  enlarged  me  when  I was  in  distress.  Ps.  iv.  1. 

Syn.—  Enlarge  boundaries,  a house,  &c.  ; increase 
property,  expenses,  &c.  ; extend  lines,  views,  pros- 
pects. A Idadder  is  dilated  by  air  ; the  mind  expanded 
by  knowledge. 

pN-LAR^rE',  v.  n.  1.  To  discuss  a matter  fully  ; 
to  speak  in  many  words ; to  expatiate. 

They  appointed  the  chancellor  to  enlarge  upon  any  of 
those  particulars.  Clarendon. 

2.  To  grow  larger  ; to  increase  ; to  swell. 

The  caliphs  obtained  a mighty  empire,  which  was  in  a fair 
way  to  have  enlarged.  Raleigh. 

PN-LAR(JED'  (en-larjd'),  p.  a.  Increased;  ex- 
panded; extended;  magnified:  — liberal. 

pN-LAR(FpD-LY,  ad.  In  an  enlarged  manner. 

pN-LAR(FpD-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  en- 
larged. Ch.  Ex. 

PN-LARprE'MpNT,  n.  1.  The  act  of  enlarging,  or 
the  state  of  being  enlarged  ; augmentation  ; ex- 
tension ; increase  ; dilatation  ; expansion. 

The  Greek  tongue  received  many  enlargements  between 
the  time  of  Homer  and  that  of  Plutarch.  Swift. 

2.  Release  from  confinement ; liberation. 

Then  shall  enlargement  and  deliverance  arise  to  the  Jews. 

Esther  iv.  14. 

3.  Copious  discourse  ; expatiating  speech. 

He  concluded  with  an  enlargement  upon  the  vices  and  cor- 
ruptions which  were  got  into  the  army.  Clarendon. 

PN-LAR^'F.R,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  en- 
larges. 

pN-LARpl'ING,  n.  Extension  ; enlargement.  Ezek. 

UN-LIGHT'  (en-Ilt'),  v.  a.  To  enlighten,  [r.] 

Wit  from  the  first  has  shone  on  ages  past, 

Enlights  the  present,  and  shall  warm  the  last.  Pope. 

pN-LIGHT'EN  (en-ll'tn),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  enlihtan. 
— See  Light.]  [*.  enlightened  ; ftp.  en- 
lightening, enlightened.] 

1.  To  make  light  Or  luminous ; to  illumine  ; 
to  lighten  ; to  illuminate  ; to  supply  with  light. 

The  Lord  will  enlighten  my  darkness.  Ps.  xviii.  28. 


2.  To  instruct;  to  furnish  with  knowledge; 
to  inform. 

’Tis  he  who  enlightens  our  understandings.  Rogers. 

PN-LIGHT'ENED (en-ll'tnd),^). a.  1.  Illuminated; 
supplied  with  light. 

2.  Instructed;  educated;  refined;  highly  civ- 
ilized ; as,  “ An  enlightened  age." 

pN-LIGHT'EN-pR  (en-ll'tn-er),  n.  One  who  en- 
lightens. “Enlightener  of  my  darkness.”  Milton. 

pN-LIGHT'EN-MENT  (en-ll'tn-ment),  n.  Act  of 
enlightening ; illumination ; instruction. Qu.Bev. 

EN-LIMN'  (en-lim')  v.  a.  [Fr.  enluminer .]  To 
illuminate  or  adorn  with  ornamented  letters  or 
with  pictures,  as  a book.  Palsgrave. 

UN-LINK',  v.  a.  To  chain  to  ; to  link.  Shak. 

UN-LIST',  v.  a.  [See  List.]  [i.  enlisted  ; pp. 
enlisting,  enlisted.] 

1.  To  enroll,  as  for  military  service;  to  re- 
cord ; to  register ; to  engage,  by  entering  on  a 
list ; to  list ; to  hire  ; as,  “ Most  of  the  men 
were  enlisted  to  serve  for  a year.” 

2.  To  engage  in  some  cause  ; to  secure  for 
the  advocacy  of  some  interest ; as,  “ To  enlist 
persons  in  an  enterprise  or  in  a political  party.” 

Syn.  — Sec  Enroll. 

UN-LIST',  v.  n.  1.  To  enroll  one’s  self;  to  list; 
as,  “To  enlist  to  serve  in  the  army  or  the  navy.” 

2.  To  make  engagement;  as,  “To  enlist  in 
the  cause  of  another.”  P.  Cgc. 

PN-LIST'MPNT,  n.  The  act  of  enlisting  ; a vol- 
untary engagement  to  serve  as  a soldier  or  sail- 
or ; a voluntary  enrolment.  Brande. 

f pN-LIVE',  v.  a.  To  animate  ; to  make  alive  ; to 
enliven ; to  quicken.  Bp.  Hall. 

PN-Ll'VEN  (en-il'vn),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  liban,  to 
live.]  [i.  enlivened  ; pp.  enlivening,  en- 
livened.] 

1.  To  make  alive  ; to  quicken  ; to  animate. 

There,  warmed  alike  by  Sol’s  enlivening  power. 

The  weed,  aspiring,  emulates  the  flower.  Shenstone. 

2.  To  make  active,  sprightly,  or  cheerful ; to 
give  spirit  or  vivacity  to  ; to  exhilarate  ; to  cheer  ; 
toenspirit;  to  delight;  as,  “Ilis  presence  en- 
livcned  every  circle  which  he  entered.” 

Syn.  — See  Animate. 

pN-Ll'VEN-pR  (en-ll'vn-er),  n.  He  who,  or  that 
which,  enlivens.  Dryden. 

pN-Ll'VEN-ING  (en-ll'vn-Ing),  n.  That  which 
gives  life,  animation,  or  cheerfulness. 

The  good  man  is  full  of  joyful  enlivenings.  Feltham. 

f pN-LU'MINE,  v.  a.  To  illumine.  Spenser. 

EAT-MAN-CItE  (ilng-mang-sha'),  a.  [Fr.  manchc,  a 
sleeve.]  (Her.)  Sleeved  or  resembling  a sleeve  ; — 
applied  to  the  chief  or  upper  part  of  the  escutch- 
eon, when  lines  are  drawn  from  the  centre  of 
the  upper  edge  to  the  sides.  Craig. 

j-  UN-MAR'BLE,  v.  a.  To  turn  to  marble;  to 
harden.  Spenser. 

EN  MRSSE  (ang-rn'is').  [Fr.]  In  a body  ; in  the 
mass ; altogether.  Qu.  Rev. 

f EN-MESH',  v.  a.  To  enclose  in  a net.  Shak. 

UN-MEW',  v.  a.  See  Emmew.  Todd. 

EN'MI-TY,  n.  [L.  inimicitia ; Fr.  inimitie. — 
See  Enemy.]  The  state,  or  the  quality,  of  an 
enemy,  or  of  being  hostile  ; hatred  ; hostility  ; 
animosity;  ill-will;  malignity;  malevolence; 
aversion  ; malice  ; rancor.  “ I will  put  enmity 
between  thee  and  the  woman.”  Gen.  iii.  15. 

Syn.  — Enmity  and  hatred  are  personal  and  long 
continued ; hostility  relates  more  to  public  measures 
and  to  war  ; animosity  is  a fierce  but  transitory  pas- 
sion ; rancor,  a private  and  malignant  malice.  Per- 
sonal enmity  ; deadly  hatred  ; fierce  animosity  ; active 
hostility,  virulent  rancor. — See  Animosity,  Mal- 
ice. 

UN-MOSSED '(-most'),  a.  Covered  with  moss.  Graft?. 

UN-MOVE',  v.  See  Emmove.  Todd. 

UN-MURE',  v.  a.  To  confine  or  enclose  within  a 
wall ; to  immure.  Shak. 

UN-NA'TION,  n.  [Gr.  evvla,  nine.]  (Ent.)  The 
ninth  segment  in  insects.  Maunder. 

EN'NE-A-CON-TA-HE'DRAL,  a.  [Gr.  IwfijKovra, 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short; 


A,  5,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure ; FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL; 


HEIR,  HER; 


/ 


ENNEAD 


487 


ENROLL 


ninety,  and  ilpa,  a base,  a side.]  (Min.)  Hav- 
ing ninety  sides.  Smart. 

f EN'NF.-Ad,  ?i.  [Gr.  ivvc&s ; L.  enneus.)  The  num- 
ber nine.  Bailey. 

EN-NE'A-GON,  or  EN'Np-A-GON  [en-nE'a-gon, 

K.  Sm.  Johnson ; en'ne-?-gon,  I Vh.  Branile, 
Crabb ],  n.  [Gr.  ivvia,  nine,  and  yoivia,  angle  ; 
Fr.  enneagone.)  ( Geom.)  A polygon  of  nine  sides 
or  nine  angles.  Johnson. 

EN-Np-AG'Y-NOUS,  a.  [Gr.  ivvia,  nine,  and  yvvy, 
a woman.]’  ( Bot .)  Having  nine  petals  or  nine 
styles.  Gray. 

EN-N1J- A-HE'DRI-A,  n.  [Gr.  ivvia,  nine,  and  ibpn, 
a side.]  (Geom.)  A figure  of  nine  sides.  Hill. 

EJ\T-NE-An  ' DRI-J1,  n.  [Gr.  Ivvia,  nine,  and  avqp, 
avbpts,  a male  ; Fr.  enneandrie.]  (Bot.)  A class 
of  plants  having  nine  stamens.  Ilenslow. 

EN-NE-AN'DRI-AN,  a.  (Bot.)  Having  nine  sta- 
fnens ; enneandrous.  Smart. 

EN-NE-AN'DROUS,  a.  (Bot.)  Having  nine  sta- 
mens ; enneandrian.  P.  Cyc. 

EN-NE-A-PET'A-LOUS,  a.  [Gr.  Ivvta,  nine,  and 
nira'l.ov,  a leaf.]  (Bot.)  Having  nine  petals  or 
flower-leaves.  Smart. 

EN-NP-A-SPER'MOUS,  a.  [Gr.  ivvia,  nine,  and 
cnrippa',  a seed.]  (Bot.)  Noting  fruit  which  has 
nine  seeds.  Craig. 

EN-Np-AT'IC,  ? Qm  [Qr#  ivvia,  nine.]  Ninth. 

EN-NB-At'I-CAL,  i — Enneatical  days  are  every 
ninth  day  of  a sickness;  and  enneatical  years 
every  ninth  year  of  one’s  life,  [n.]  Bailey. 

f J5N-NEW'  (en-nu'),  v.  a.  To  make  new.  Skelton. 

EN-NO'BLE,  v.  a.  [Sp.  cnnoblecer ; Fr . ennoblir. 
— See  Noble.]  G.  ennobled;  pp.  enno- 
bling, ENNOBLED.] 

1.  To  make  noble  ; to  raise  to  nobility.  Shah. 

2.  To  dignify  ; to  exalt ; to  raise ; to  elevate. 

Prayer  is  the  most  proper  means  to  ennoble,  and  refine,  and 
spiritualize  our  natures.  Sharp. 

What  can  ennoble  sots,  or  slaves,  or  cowards? 

Alas!  not  all  the  blood  of  all  the  Howards.  Pope. 

BN-NO'BLE-MENT,  n.  1.  The  act  of  ennobling, 
or  of  raising  to  the  rank  of  nobility.  Bacon. 

2.  Exaltation  ; elevation  ; dignity. 

The  eternal  Wisdom  enriched  us  with  all  ennoblements. 

Glanvillc. 

ENNUI  (in- we')  [dn-we',  Ja.  Sm. ; ong'we,  A'.], 
n.  [Fr.]  Languor  of  mind  arising  from  lack  of 
occupation  ; want  of  interest  in  present  scenes 
and  surrounding  objects;  listlessness;  weari- 
someness ; tedium ; lassitude. 

The  only  fault  of  it  is  insipidity,  which  is  apt  to  give  a sort 
of  ennui . Gray’s  Letters. 

For  ennui  is  a growth  of  English  root, 

Though  nameless  in  our  language;  we  retort 

The  fact  for  words,  and  let  the  French  translate 

That  awful  yawn  which  sleep  cannot  abate.  Byron. 

EN-O-DA'TION,  n.  [L.  enodatio .]  The  act  of 
untying  a knot ; solution,  [r.]  Bailey. 

f B-NODE',  v.  a.  [L.  enodo.)  To  make  clear; 
to  declare.  Cockeram. 

B-NODE',  a.  [L.  enoclis  ; e,  without,  and  nodus,  a 
knot.]  (Bot.)  Free  from  knots.  Smart. 

IJN-OM'O-TARGH,  n.  [Gr.  ivuiyorta,  a military 

body,  and  apxts,  a chief.]  (Ant.)  The  com- 
mander of  an  enomoty.  Mitford. 

EN-OM'O-TY,  n.  [Gr.  ivwyoria  ; ivtiyorof,  bound  by 
oath.]  (Ant.)  A body  of  men  sworn  to  certain 
duties: — the  name  given  to  a military  body, 
supposed  to  have  been  thirty-two  men,  in  an- 
cient Lacedaemon.  Mitford. 

EN-6p'TO-MAN-CY,  n.  [Gr.  cvoittos,  visible,  as 
in  a mirror,  and  yavreia,  prophecy.]  Divination 
by  means  of  a mirror.  Smart. 

+ 5-NORM',  a.  [L.  enormis.  — See  Enormous.] 
Irregular;  enormous.  More. 

B-NOR'MI-TY,  n.  [L.  enormitas ; e,  from,  and 
norma,  a rule;  It.  enormita ; Sp.  enormidad ; 
Fr.  enormite .] 

1.  f Nonconformity  with  a law;  deviation 
from  a rule  ; irregularity.  Glanvillc.  Cockeram  . 

2.  Deviation  from  right ; depravity  ; wicked- 
ness ; flagitiousness  ; atrocity. 

That  this  lawwill  be  sufficient  to  restrain  enormity  no  man 
can  warrant.  Hooker. 


3.  An  atrocious  crime  or  villany. 

That  kings  may  run  into  enormities  may  be  proved  by 
example.  Swift. 

B-NOR'MOUS,  a.  [L.  enormis-,  e,  from,  and  nor- 
ma, a rule  ; It.  &:  Sp.  enorme  ; Fr.  en orme.\ 

1.  Exceeding  the  common  rule  or  measure  ; 
not  regulated  by  law  ; irregular  ; inordinate. 

Wild  above  rule  or  art,  enormous  bliss.  Milton. 

2.  Excessive  in  size;  huge;  vast;  immense; 
gigantic  ; monstrous ; prodigious. 

A form  enormous , far  unlike  the  race 

Of  human  birth  in  stature  or  in  face.  Pope. 

3.  Extremely  wicked ; flagitious  ; as,  “ An 
enormous  crime.” 

Syn.  — Enormous  signifies  out  of  proportion,  rule, 
or  order;  immense,  not  to  be  measured  ; excessive,  ex- 
ceeding proper  limits  or  rules.  Enormous  and  huge 
are  applicable  especially  to  magnitude  ; immense  and 
vast,  to  extent,  quantity,  or  number.  Enormous  ex- 
presses more  than  huge-,  immense,  more  than  vast. 
Enormous  size  ; huge  animal ; an  immense  expanse  ; an 
immense  difference  ; a vast  number  ; excessive  damages. 
What  is  enormous  excites  surprise,  amazement,  or  ab- 
horrence ; what  is  prodigious  excites  astonishment ; 
what  is  monstrous  excites  wonder.  Enormous  crime 
or  wickedness  ; prodigious  strength  or  labor  ; a mon- 
strous serpent  or  production  of  nature. 

E-NOR'MOUS-LY,  ad.  Excessively  ; beyond  meas- 
ure ; extremely. 

E-NOR'MOUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  enor- 
mous. Decay  of  Piety. 

BN-OR'THO-TROPE,  n.  [Gr.  iv,  in,  6o06;,  upright 
or  straight,  and  rpt'xw,  to  turn.]  A card  or  toy 
by  which  confused  objects  are  transformed  into 
various  figures  or  pictures.  Roivbotham. 

5-NOUGH'  (e-nuP),  n.  [A.  S.  genyht,  or  geniht, 
plenty,  sufficiency.  — M.  Goth,  ganah  ; A.  S. 
genog,  or  genoh,  enough  ; genogan,  to  multiply  ; 
Frs.  genbach  ; Dut.  genoeg  ; Ger.  genug  ; Icel. 
gnogr. ] A sufficiency  ; that  which  is  equal  to 
the  wants  or  the  abilities  ; plenty. 

Esau  said,  I have  enough  for  my  brother.  Gen.  xxxiii.  9. 

Syn.  — A person  lias  a sufficiency  when  Ins  wants 
are  satisfied,  and  enough  when  his  desires  are  satis- 
fied. One  may  therefore  have  a sufficiency  without 
having  enough.  A covetous  man  never  lias  enough, 
though  he  may  have  more  than  a sufficiency. 

5-NOUGH'  (e-nuf),  a.  [A.  S.  genoh.)  That  satis- 
fies desire  ; sufficient.  “ Bread  enough  and  to 
spare.”  Luke  xv.  17. 

E-NOUGH’  (e-nuf'),  ad.  In  a sufficient  degree  ; 
sufficiently.  It  notes  a slight  augmentation  of 
the  positive  degree;  as,  "Large  enough  and 
long  enough  ” ; “ He  is  ready  enough  to  quar- 
rel.”— Sometimes  it  denotes  diminution;  as, 
“The  song  is  well  enough”-,  i.  e.  not  quite 
well,  though  not  much  amiss.  Johnson. 

B-NOUGII'  (e-nuf'),  into;/'.  Noting  fulness  or 
sufficiency.  “ Cry  out,  Enough,  enough.”  Shah. 

5-NOUNCE',  v.  a.  [L.  enuncio ; It.  enunciare-, 
Sp.  enunciar-,  Fr.  Inoncer .]  \i.  enounced; 

pp.  enouncing,  enounced.]  To  declare ; to 
enunciate  ; to  announce,  [r.]  A.  Smith. 

5-NOUNCE'MENT,  n.  The  act  of  enouncing.  Lee. 

5-NOW'  (e-nbu'),  a.  [j)l.  of  enough .]  Being  in 
sufficient  number ; enough.  Addison. 

Man  hath  selfish  foes  enow  besides.  Milton. 

Jj£g=-  It  was  formerly  in  use  in  connection  with 
nouns  plural,  but  it  is  now  nearly  obsolete.  Walker 
remarks  that  “ we  still  hear  some  speakers  talk  of 
having  ink  enough  and  pens  enow ; hilt  the  greater  part 
seem  now  to  use  enough,  botli  for  quantity  and  num- 
ber.” 

EJY  PHSSHJVT  (ing-pis'sang'),  ad.  [Fr.]  In 
passing  ; by  the  way. 

f 5N-PIERCE',  v.  a.  See  Empierce.  Shale. 

BN-CLUICK'EN  (en-kwlk'kn),  v.  a.  To  make  alive  ; 
to  quicken ; to  animate.  More. 

5N-CIUIRE',  v.  n.  [L .inquiro;  Fr.  enquerir .] 

1.  To  seek  for  information  by  asking  ques- 
tions ; to  interrogate  ; to  ask. 

Herod  enquired  of  them  what  time  the  star  appeared. 

Malt.  ii.  7. 

2.  To  make  investigation;  to  examine ; as, 
“ To  enquire  into  a subject.” 

DSt*  This  word,  and  its  derivatives,  are  indifferent- 
ly written  with  in  or  en  ; tile  former  being  conformed 
to  tile  Latin  origin,  the  latter  to  the  French.  Inquire 


is  more  countenanced  than  enquire  by  lexicographers, 
and  perhaps  also  by  usage  ; though  usage  is  much  di- 
vided.— See  Inquire. 

5N-Q.UIRE',  v.  a.  To  ask  about;  to  seek  out; 
to  inquire  ; as,  “ To  enquire  the  way.” 

5N-auiR'5R,  n.  One  who  enquires  ; inquirer. 
— See  Inquirer.  Warburton. 

5N-(1UIR'Y,  n.  Examination.  — See  Inquiry. 

1 5N-RACE',  v.  a.  [Fr.  enraciner .]  To  fix  or 
implant,  as  a root ; to  enroot.  Spenser. 

5N-RA(?E',  v.  a.  [Fr.  enraaer.)  \i.  enraged  ; 
pp.  enraging,  enraged.]  To  excite  to  rage ; 
to  make  furious  ; to  exasperate ; to  irritate ; to 
incense  ; to  provoke  ; to  aggravate.  Shak. 

f 5N-RANQ}E',  v.  a.  1.  To  arrange.  Spenser. 

2.  To  rove  over;  to  range.  Spenser. 

5N-RANK',  v.  a.  To  place  in  orderly  ranks  ; to 
arrange  ; to  rank.  Shak. 

f 5N-RAPT',  v.  a.  \i.  & p.  enrapt.]  To  throw 
into  an  ecstasy  ; to  transport  with  enthusiasm. 
“ Like  a prophet  suddenly  enrapt.”  Shak. 

f BN-RAPT',  p.  a.  Thrown  into  ecstasy.  Shak. 

5N-RAPT'URE  (en-rapt'yur),  v.  a.  [i.  ENRAPT- 
URED ; pp.  ENRAPTURING,  ENRAPTURED.]  To 

throw  into  rapture  ; to  transport  with  pleasure  ; 
to  delight  highly ; to  enchant ; to  charm ; to 
enravish ; to  fascinate.  “ The  enraptured  fair.” 

S hens  tone. 

BN-rAv'ISII,  v.  a.  [Fr.  ravir. — See  Ravish.] 

[i.  ENRAVISHED  ; pp.  ENRAVISHING,  ENRAV- 
ished.]  To  throw  into  ecstasy;  to  enrapture  ; 
to  enchant ; to  charm.  Spenser. 

Which  cannot  but  enravish  every  ingenuous  breast. 

Uallywell. 

BN-RAv'ISII-ING,  p.  a.  Transporting  with  ec- 
stasy ; enrapturing ; enchanting. 

BN-rAv'ISH-ING-LY,  ad.  With  enravishment ; 
so  as  to  enrapture.  More. 

BN-RAV’ISH-MENT,  n.  Ecstasy  of  delight;  rap- 
ture ; transport ; ravishment,  [it.]  Glanvillc. 

BN-RE<y'JS-TER,  v.  a.  [Fr.  enregistrer.]  To  reg- 
ister ; to  enroll.  Spenser. 

f 5N-RHEUM'  (en-rum'),  v.n.  [Fr.  enrhrtmer,  to 
cause  a cold.]  To  take  or  have  a cold.  Harvey. 

5N-RICH',  v.  a.  [It.  arricchirc ; Sp.  enriquecer  ; 
Fr.  enrichir.  — See  Rich.]  \i.  enriched  ; pp. 
ENRICHING,  ENRICHED.] 

1.  To  make  rich  or  wealthy  ; to  endow. 

The  king  will  enrich  him  with  great  riches.  1 Sam.  xvii.  25. 

2.  To  make  fruitful  ; to  fertilize. 

See  the  sweet  brooks  in  silver  mazes  creep. 

Enrich  the  meadows,  and  supply  the  deep.  Blackmore. 

3.  To  supply  with  an  abundance  of  any  thing 
desirable ; to  store. 

There  is  not  one  among  them  that  could  ever  enrich  his 
own  understanding  with  any  certain  truth.  Jiuleigh. 

4.  To  adorn  by  carving,  painting,  or  other 

ornament.  Martin. 

BN-RICH'ER,  n.  One  that  enriches.  Craig. 

BN-R!CH'M5NT,  n.  [Fr.  enrich issement .] 

1.  Act  of  enriching ; increase  of  wealth. 

2.  Improvement  by  the  abundant  supply  of 

what  is  useful  or  desirable.  “ The  enrichment 
of  our  understandings.”  Watts. 

3.  (Arch.)  The  decoration  or  embellishment 

of  the  cornice  of  a building.  Simmonds. 

5N-RIDGE',  v.  a.  To  form  into  ridges.  Shak. 

f BN-RING',  v.  a.  To  bind  ; to  encircle.  Shak. 

f 5N-RI'PEN  (en-rl'pn),  v.  a.  To  ripen.  Donne. 

f 5N-RI VE',  v.  a.  [p.  enriven.]  To  cleave  ; to 
split ; to  rend  ; to  rive.  Spenser. 

BN-ROBE',  V.  a.  [i.  ENROBED;  pp.  ENROBING, 
enrobed.]  To  attire  ; to  dress  ; to  clothe  ; to 
invest.  “ She  shall  be  loose  enrobed.”  Shak. 

BN-ROCK'MBNT,  n.  A mass  of  rocks  or  large 
stones  piled  up  into  a solid  rough  wall,  in  order 
to  resist  the  force  of  water.  Francis. 

BN-ROLL',  v.  a.  [Fr . enrbler.  — See  Roll.]  [i. 
ENROLLED  ; pp.  ENROLLING,  ENROLLED.] 

1.  To  insert  in  a roll,  list,  or  register;  to  en- 
list ; to  register  ; to  chronicle. 

The  names  of  others,  not  their  own,  enrolled.  Dry  den. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RtiLE.  — 9,  £,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  g,  g,  hard;  § as  z ,-  X as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


ENROLLS E 


488 


ENTASIA 


2.  To  record  ; to  leave  in  writing. 

His  oath  enrolled  in  the  Parliament.  Shak. 

3.  f To  involve ; to  inwrap ; to  envelop. 

“ Flames  enrolled  in  smoke.”  Spenser. 

Syn.  — Enroll  and  enlist  respect  persons  only  ; reg- 
ister, persons  and  tilings  ; record , tilings  only.  Men 
are  enrolled  for  the  public  service,  and  enlisted  for  tile 
army.  Births,  marriages,  and  deaths  are  registered  ; 
deeds  are  recorded ; and  events  are  recorded  in  history. 

UN-ROLL'UR,  n.  One  who  enrolls. 

f.N-ROL'M^NT,  n.  [Fr.  enrblement.'] 

1.  The  act  of  enrolling  or  registering. 

2.  Register  ; record.  ‘ 1 The  king  delivered 
the  enrolments  with  his  own  hands.”  Davies. 

Syn.  — See  Record. 

UN-ROOT',  v.  a.  [7.  ENROOTED  ; pp.  ENROOTING, 
enrooted.]  To  fix  by  the  root ; to  implant 
deep  ; to  fix  fast ; to  root.  Sha/c. 

t UN-ROUND',  r>.  a.  To  environ  ; to  surround  ; to 
encircle  ; to  enclose.  Shak. 

EN  ROUTE  (ang'rot').  [Fr.]  On  the  way;  on 
the  passage.  Gent.  Mag. 

EN$  (enz),  ».  [L.,  from  Gr.  rip/,  tv,  to  be.] 

1.  ( Old  Metaphysics.)  That  which  exists  or 
which  may  exist ; a being  ; existence.  Fleming. 

2.  (Old  Chem.)  That  recondite  part  of  a sub- 

stance from  which  all  its  qualities  flow ; es- 
sence. Johnson. 

UN-SAFE',  v.  a.  To  render  safe.  Feltham. 

f UN-sAm'PLE,  n.  [Old  Fr.  ensample.]  Example, 
“Ye  have  us  for  an  ensample.”  Phil.  iii.  17. 

+ UN-S.\M'PLE,  v-  a ■ To  give  an  example  of. 

Homer,  in  the  person  of  Agamemnon,  en&ampled  a good 
governor  and  a virtuous  man.  Spenser. 

UN-SAN'GUINE  (en-s&ng'gwjn),  v.  a.  [L.  sanguis, 
sanguinis,  blood.]  [t.  ensanguined  ; pp.  en- 
sanguining, ensanguined.]  To  smear  or 
stain  with  blood  ; to  suffuse  with  blood.  “ The 
ensanguined  field.”  Milton. 

EN'SATE,  a.  [L.  ensis,  a sword.]  (Hot.)  A 
Shaped  like  a sword  with  a straight  blade  ; /i 
sword-shaped  ; ensiform.  Loudon,  ml 

UN-SCAle',  v.  a.  To  carve  or  form  with  |f| 
scales ; to  cover  with  scales.  Clarke.  * 

UN-SEHED'ULE,  or  UN-SCHED'ULE,  v.  a.  [See 
Schedule.]  To  insert  in  a schedule.  Shak. 

UN-SCONCE',  v.  a.  [See  Sconce.]  [z.  ensconced  ; 
pp.  ensconcing,  ensconced.]  To  cover  as 
with  a sconce  or  fort ; to  place  under  shelter  ; to 
put  in  safety  ; to  secure  ; to  hide. 

I will  ensconce  me  behind  the  arras.  Shak. 

UN-SEAL',  v.  a.  [See  Seal.]  To  impress  ; to 
mark  as  with  a seal ; to  stamp.  Browne. 

UN-SEAM',  v.  a.  [See  Seam.]  1.  To  sow  up;  to 
enclose  by  a seam.  Camden. 

2.  To  contain  ; to  hold  ; to  comprehend. 

And  bounteous  Trent,  that  in  himself  enseanis 

Both  thirty  sorts  of  fish  and  thirty  sundry  streams.  Spenser. 

t UN-SEAM’UD,  a.  [A.  S.  seim,  fat,  grease.] 
Covered  with  seam  or  grease ; greasy.  Shak. 

t UN-SEAR',  v.  a.  To  cauterize ; to  sear.  Shak. 

t UN-SEARCH',  v.  n.  To  try  to  find;  to  search 
for ; to  seek.  Sir  T.  Elyot. 

UN-SEEL',  v.  a.  To  seel,  as  a hawk.  Booth. 

UN-SEINT'  (en-sant'),  a.  (Law.)  Pregnant;  with 
child.  — See  Enceinte.  Blackstone. 

ENSEMBLE  (ing-sSLm'hl),  n.  [Fr.]  The  whole 
so  taken  that  each  part  is  considered  only  in 
relation  to  the  whole  ; the  whole.  Pownall. 

ENSEMBLE  (ing-s&m'bl),  ad.  [Fr.]  Together ; 
all  at  once ; as  one.  Boyer. 

UN-SH.\WLED'  (en-sh&wld'),  p.  a.  Covered  or 
invested  with  a shawl.  Quinn. 

t UN-SHIELD',  v.  a.  To  shield  ; to  cover.  Shak. 

+ UN-SHIELD',  a.  Protected  as  with  a shield. Shak. 

UN-SHRINE',  v.  a.  [See  Shrine.]  [t.  en- 
shrined ; pp.  ENSHRINING,  ENSHRINED.]  To 
enclose,  as  in  a shrine ; to  preserve  as  a thing 
sacred;  to  embalm. 

Warlike  and  martial  Talbot,  Burgundy 

Enshrines  thee  in  his  heart.  Shak. 


UN-SHROUD',  v.  a.  [See  Shroud.]  To  cover 
with  a shroud ; to  shroud  ; to  clothe.  Churchill. 

UN-SIF'UR-OUS,  a.  [L.  ensifer ; ensis,  a sword, 
and  fero,  to  bear.]  Bearing  a sword.  Ash. 

EN'SI-FORM,  a.  [L.  ensiformis ; ensis,  a sword, 
and  forma,  form.]  (But.  &.  Anat.)  Having  the 
form  of  a sword-blade  ; sword-shaped.  P.  Cyc. 

EN'SIGN  (en'sln)  [en'sln,  S.  IV.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K. 
Sm.  R.  ; en'sjn,  -P.],  n.  [L.  insiyne  ; in,  upon, 
and  signum,  a sign ; It.  insegna ; Sp.  enseha ; 
Fr.  enseigne. ] 

1.  The  national  flag  carried  by  a ship  or  a reg- 
iment ; colors  ; banner  ; standard.  “ The  gor- 
geous ensign  of  our  republic.”  D.  Webster. 

Ay,  tear  her  tattered  ensign  down ! 

"Long  has  it  waved  on  high. 

And  many  an  eye  has  danced  to  see 
That  banner  in  the  sky.  O.  W.  Holmes. 

2.  Any  signal  giving  notice  to  persons  in  differ- 
ent places  to  assemble,  or  for  any  other  purpose. 

He  will  lift  up  an  ensign  to  the  nations  from  far.  Is.  v.  26. 

3.  A badge;  a mark  of  distinction. 

The  ensigns  of  our  power  about  we  bear.  Waller. 

4.  (Mil.)  The  lowest  commissioned  officer, 
who  is  subordinate  to  the  lieutenants  in  infantry, 
and  who  carries  the  colors  or  ensign.  Campbell. 

“ I have  given  the  last  syllable  of  this  word 
the  long  sound,  as  I am  convinced  it  is  the  most  cor- 
rect ; though  I am  of  opinion  that,  in  the  military 
profession,  it  isoftener  pronounced  short,  as  if  written 
ensin.  Some  reasons  from  analogy  might  be  produced 
in  favor  of  this  latter  pronunciation,  but  they  do  not 
seem  sufficient  to  outweigh  the  more  general  usage 
which  declares  for  the  former.”  Walker. 

f UN-SIgN'  (en-sln'),  v.  a.  [Old  Fr.  ensignerJ] 

1.  To  mark  with  some  sign.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  (Her.)  To  distinguish  by  an  ornament. 

EN'SIGN—  BF.Ar'UR  (en'sln-bir'er),  n.  One  who 
carries  a flag  or  ensign  ; the  ensign.  Sidney. 

EN'SIGN-CY  (en'sjn-se),  n.  The  rank,  office,  or 
commission  of  an  ensign.  Walker. 

f UN-SIijE',  n.  Stamp  ; quality  ; kind.  Chaucer. 

f UN-SKIED'  (en-skld'),  p.  a.  Placed  in  heaven. 

I hold  you  as  a thing  enskied  and  sainted.  Shak. 

UN-SLAVE',  v.  a.  [See  Slave.]  [i.  enslaved  ; 
pp.  enslaving,  enslaved.]  To  reduce  to 
slavery  or  bondage ; to  deprive  of  liberty. 

A man  not  having  the  power  of  his  own  life  cannot  enslave 
himself  to  any  one  to  take  away  life  when  he  pleases.  Locke. 

lie  is  certainly  the  most  enslaved  who  is  so  in  his  under- 
standing. Locke. 

UN-SLAV'UD-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  enslaved. 

UN-SLAVE'MUNT,  n.  The  act  of  enslaving  or  the 
state  of  being  enslaved ; servitude;  slavery.  “A 
fresh  enslavement  to  their  enemies.”  South. 

UN-SL.\V'UR,  n.  One  who  enslaves.  “ Enslav- 
ers of  mankind.”  Swift. 

UN-SLUM'BER,  v.  a.  To  drown  in  sleep.  “The 
senses  half  enslumbered  lie.”  G.  Fletcher. 

UN-SNAre',  v.  a.  [See  Snare.]  [7.  ensnared  ; pp. 
ensnaring,  ensnared.]  To  take  in  a snare  ; 
to  allure;  to  entrap:  — written  also  insnare. 
“ Lest  the  people  be  ensnared.”  Job  xxxiv.  30. 

UN-SNAR'UR,  n.  One  who  ensnares  or  entraps  ; 
an  in  snarer.  South. 

UN-SNARL',  v.  a.  To  entangle  ; to  snarl.  Spenser. 

f UN-SNARL',  v.  n.  To  snarl,  as  a dog;  to  gnash 
the  teeth.  Cockeram. 

f UN-SO'BER,  v.  a.  To  make  sober.  Bp.  Taylor. 

UN-SPHERE'  (en-sfer'),  v.  a.  [See  Sphere.]  [7. 
ensphered;  pp.  ensphering,  ensphered.] 

1.  To  place  in  a sphere.  J.  Hall. 

2.  To  form  into  a sphere.  Carcw. 

UN-STAMP',  v.  a.  [See  Stamp.]  [7.  enstamped  ; 
pp.  enstamping,  enstamped.]  To  imprint ; to 
stamp. 

Nature  hath  enstamped  upon  the  soul  the  certainty  of  a 
deity.  Bewj/t. 

UN-STATE',  v.  a.  To  invest  with  possession; 
to  invest  with  a certain  rank  ; to  instate.  Shak. 

UN-STEEP',  v.  a.  See  Insteep. 

f F.N-STORE',  v.  a.  To  restore.  Wickliffe. 

f UN-STYLE',  v.  a.  To  name  ; to  call.  Drayton. 


UN-SUE'  (en-su'),  v.  n.  [L.  sequor;  It.  seguire; 
Sp.  seguir;  Old  Fr.  ensuer-,  Fr.  ensuivre,  to  fol- 
low.] [i.  ENSUED  ; pp.  ENSUING,  ENSUED.] 

1.  To  follow  as  a consequence  to  premises. 

Let  this  be  granted,  and  it  must  ensue  that  all  other  light 
of  nature  is  drowned.  Hooker. 

2.  To  follow  in  train  or  in  time  ; to  be  subse- 
quent ; to  come  after  ; to  succeed. 

Of  worse  deeds  worse  suiferings  must  ensue.  Milton. 

t UN-SUE'  (en-su'),  v.  a.  To  follow;  to  pursue. 
“Seek  peace  and  ensue  it.”  1 Pet.  iii.  11. 

UN-SU'JNG,  p.  a.  Following;  succeeding;  com- 
ing next ; as,  “ The  ensuing  year.” 

UN-SfJR'A-BLE,  a.  See  Insurable.  Todd. 

UN-SUR'ANCE  (en-shur'?ns),  n.  See  Insurance. 

UN-SURE'  (en-shdr'),  V.  a.  [7.  ENSURED  ; pp.  EN- 
SURING, ENSURED.] 

1.  To  make  secure  or  certain;  to  assure;  to 
insure.  — See  Insure. 

How  to  ensure  peace  for  any  term  of  years.  Swift. 

2.  f To  betroth.  Sir  7’.  More. 

UN-SUR'UR,  n.  One  who  insures  ; an  ensurer. 

UN-SWEEP',  v.  a.  To  pass  over  with  swiftness. 

A blaze  of  meteors  shoots,  ensweeping  first 

The  lower  skies.  Thomson. 

UN-TAB'LA-TURE,  n.  (Arch.)  The  whole  of  an 
order  which  is  above  the  columns,  and  rests 
upon  them  horizontally,  including  the  archi- 
trave, the  frieze,  and  the  cornice.  Britton. 

UN-TA'BLE-MENT,  n.  [Fr.]  Same  as  Entab- 
lature. [r.]  Evelyn. 

f UN-TACK'LE,  p.  a.  To  supply  or  furnish  with 
tackle,  as  a ship  ; to  tackle.  Skelton. 

UN-TAlL',  n.  [Fr.  entaille-,  entailler,  to  cut.] 

1.  (Laiv.)  An  estate  entailed  or  settled,  with 
regard  to  the  rule  of  its  descent ; a fee  abridged, 
curtailed,  or  limited  to  certain  heirs.  Burrill. 
— The  rule  of  descent.  “Persons  claimin 
under  such  entail.”  Blackstone. 

2.  f Engraved  or  carved  work  ; inlay. 

A work  of  rich  entail , and  curious  mould.  Spenser. 

UN-TAlL',  v.  a.  [It.  intagliare ; Fr.  entailler, 
to  cut.]  [7.  ENTAILED  ; pp.  ENTAILING,  EN- 
TAILED.] 

1.  To  limit,  or  settle,  as  the  descent  of  an 
estate,  so  that  it  cannot  be,  by  any  subsequent 
possessor,  bequeathed  at  pleasure. 

I here  entail 

The  crown  to  thee  and  to  thine  heirs  for  ever.  Shak. 

2.  To  fix  inalienably  upon  any  person  or 
thing  ; to  transmit  in  an  unalterable  course. 

The  intemperate  and  unjust  entail  a secret  curse  upon 
their  estates.  1'illotson. 

3.  f To  carve  ; to  cut ; to  engrave. 

Golden  bends,  which  were  entailed 
With  curious  antics.  Spenser. 

UN-TAlL'MUNT,  n.  1.  The  act  of  entailing. 

2.  That  which  is  entailed.  Ash. 

UN-TAME',  v.  a.  To  subjugate;  to  subdue;  to 
conquer  ; to  tame.  [R.]  Shak. 

UN-tAn'GLE  (en-tang'gl,  82),  v.  a.  [See  Tan- 
gle.] [7.  ENTANGLED  ; lip.  ENTANGLING,  EN- 
TANGLED.] 

1.  To  imvrap  or  involve  in  any  thing  compli- 
cated, and  not  easily  detached;  as,  “To  be 
entangled  in  briers.” 

2.  To  make  confused  by  twisting  or  crossing 
one  part  of  a thing  with  another;  as,  “ To  en- 
tangle the  hair  ” ; “ To  entangle  thread.” 

3.  To  puzzle;  to  bewilder;  to  insnare;  to  em- 
barrass ; to  perplex;  to  confound. 

The  Pharisees  took  counsel  how  they  might  entangle  him 
In  his  talk.  Matt,  x xii.  15. 

Syn.  — See  Implicate,  Puzzle. 

UN-TAN'GLE-MENT  (en-tang'gl-ment),  n.  The 
state  of  being  entangled  or  involved ; intricacy  ; 
perplexity  ; puzzle  ; confusion.  “Entanglements 
of  equivocal  words.”  Locke. 

UN-TAN'GLUR  (en-t&ng'gler),  n.  One  who  entan- 
gles or  involves.  Johnson. 

UN-TAN'GLING,  p.  a.  Involving  ; perplexing  ; 
insnaring  ; embarrassing.  “ Entangling  alli- 
ances.” Washington’s  Farewell  Address. 

EN-TA' $1-A,n.  (Med.)  Tonic  spasm;  a general 
term  applied  to  tetanus,  trismus,  &c.  Dunglison. 


A,  E,  I,  0,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  U.  1.  Q.  V,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


ENTASIS 


489 


ENTHUSIASM 


EN'  TA-SIS,  n.  [Gr.  cvraats ; ivrtivoi,  to  stretch.] 

1.  (Arch.)  A delicate  and  almost  impercepti- 
ble swelling  of  the  shaft  of  a column.  Brande. 

2.  (Med.)  A constrictive  spasm.  Hoblyn. 

JJN-TASS'MflNT,  n.  [Fr.  entassement.]  Aheap; 

a pile  ; an  accumulation,  [r.]  Clarke. 

FN-TAS'TIC,  a.  (Med.)  Relating  to  all  diseases 
characterized  by  tonic  spasms.  Clarke. 

FN-TEL'F'FHY,  n.  [Gr.  ivrO.iytia  ; ivTib'/s,  per- 
fect, and  to  hold  ; L . entelechia.\  An  object 
in  complete  actualization,  as  opposed  to  merely 
potential  existence  ; — a term  of  the  peripatetic 
philosophy.  Brande.  Qu.  Rev. 

FN-TEM'PLE,  v.  a.  To  contain ; to  receive ; to 
embrace,  [r.]  Bushnell. 

EN-TEN'DER,  r.  a.  To  make  tender  ; to  soften  ; 
to  mollify  : — to  treat  kindly,  [r.]  Young. 

ENTENTE  COflDtALE  (ing-tingt'kor-de-al'). 
[Fr.]  (Politics.)  The  manifestation  of  good- 
will and  justice  towards  each  other  exchanged 
between  the  governments  of  two  countries. 

EN'TFR,  v.  a.  [L  .intro-,  It.  entrare ; Sp.  entrar  ; 
Fr.  entrer.]  [i.  entered  ; pp.  entering, 
ENTERED.] 

1.  To  go  or  come  into;  as,  “To  enter  a 
house”;  “To  enter  the  military  or  the  naval 
service  ” ; “To  enter  college.” 

2.  fTo  teach  by  the  first  experiment;  to  in- 

itiate. “ An  excellent  fish  to  enter  a young 
angler.”  " Walton. 

3.  To  introduce  ; to  admit. 

They  of  Rome  are  entered  in  our  counsels.  Shak. 

4.  To  set  down  in  writing;  to  register;  as, 
“ To  enter  a name  in  a book.” 

5.  (Com.)  To  report  at  the  custom-house,  as 
a vessel  on  arrival,  by  delivering  the  proper 
documents;  as,  “To  enter  a vessel  or  her 
cargo.” 

6.  (Carp.)  To  set  in;  to  insert;  as,  “To 
enter  a tenon  in  a mortise.” 

EN'TFR,  v.  n.  1.  To  come  in  ; to  go  or  pass  in. 

Other  creature  here, 

Beast,  bird,  insect,  or  worm,  durst  cuter  none.  Milton. 

2.  To  penetrate  mentally ; to  make  inquiry 
or  scrutiny  ; to  examine. 

He  was  particularly  pleased  with  Sallust  for  his  entering 
into  internal  principles  of  action.  Addison. 

3.  To  take  the  first  steps ; to  begin  ; as,  “To 
enter  upon  the  duties  of  an  office.” 

4.  To  form  a part ; as,  “ Nitrogen  enters  into 
the  composition  of  all  animal  substances.” 

Syn.  — See  Begin. 

EN-TER-A-DE-NOG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  evrepa,  the 
intestines,  din)v,  a gland,  and  ypai/xo,  to  describe.] 
(Med.)  A description  of,  or  treatise  upon,  the 
intestinal  glands.  Dunglison. 

JJN-TER-A-DE-NOL'O-RY,  n.  [Gr.  evrepa,  the  in- 
testines, a/jrjv,  a gland,  and  Zdyos,  discourse.] 
(Med.)  That  part  of  anatomy  which  treats  of 
the  intestinal  glands.  Dunglison. 

EN'TER-CLOSE,  n.  (Arcli.)  A passage  between 
two  rooms,  or  the  passage  leading  from  the  door 
to  the  hall.  Weale. 

f EN'TfSR-DEAL,  n.  Mutual  or  reciprocal  deal- 
ing. “ Enterdeal  of  princes.”  Spenser. 

EN'TER-PIR,  n.  One  who  enters.  “ Enterer  on 
the  stage  of  life.”  Seward's  Letters. 

FN-TER'IC,  a.  [Gr.  ivrepiKd;  ; evrepa,  the  intes- 
tines.] (Med.)  Relating  to  the  intestines.  Craig. 

EN'TpR-ING,  p.  a.  That  enters;  going  in;  — 
introducing ; initiating. 

EN'T^R-ING,  n.  Entrance;  passage  into  a place. 
“There  is  no  . . . entering  in.”  Isa.  xxiii.  1. 

fiN-TE-Rl'TIS,  n.  [Gr.  evrepa,  the  intestines.] 
(Med.)  Inflammation  of  the  intestines.  Brande. 

EN-T1JR-LACE',  v.  a.  See  Interlace.  Elyot. 

EN-TER-MEW'JER,  n.  A hawk  gradually  chang- 
ing the  color  of  his  feathers,  commonly  in  the 
second  year.  Booth. 

EN-TER'O-CELE  [en-ter'o-sel,  IF.  Ja.  Sm. ; en-ter- 
os'e-le,  K.~\,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  evrepoKyZr/ ; evrepa, 
the  intestines,  and  k0. i?,  a tumor.]  (Anat.)  A 
hernia  or  rupture,  in  which  a protrusion  of  the 
intestines  appears  in  the  groin. 


EN'TF-RO-E-PlP'LQ-CEEE,  n.  [Gr.  evrepa,  the 
intestines,  hinloav.  the  omentum  or  caul,  and 
Kcl’h  a tumor.]  (Anat.)  A rupture,  in  which  a 
part  of  the  intestines,  with  a part  of  the  epip- 
loon, or  caul,  is  protruded.  Crabb. 

EN-TE-ROG'RA-PH Y,  n.  [Gr.  evrepa,  the  intes- 
tines, and  ypntpui,  to  describe.]  (Anat.)  That 
branch  of  anatomy  which  describes  or  treats  of 
the  intestines.  Dunglison. 

EN'TJJ-RO— IIY'DRO-CELE,  n.  [Gr.  evrepa,  the  in- 
testines, Mwp,  water,  and  ufj). jj,  a tumor.]  (Med.) 
Intestinal  hernia  complicated  with  hydrocele, 
or  a collection  of  serous  fluid  in  the  scrotum. 

FN-TER'O-LITH,  n.  [Gr.  evrepa,  the  intestines, 
and  XiOos,  a stone.]  (Med.)  Intestinal  concretion 
or  calculus.  Craig. 

EN-TER-oi/O-frY,  n.  [Gr.  evrepa,  the  intestines, 
and  Xoyos,  a discourse.]  (Anat.)  The  part  of  anat- 
omy that  treats  of  the  intestines.  Dunglison. 

EN-TER-OM'PHA-LUS,  n.  [Gr.  evrepa,  the  intes- 
tines, and  dpipai.6;,  the  navel.]  (Med.)  An  um- 
bilical or  navel  rupture.  Dunglison. 

EN-T?R-OS-EHE'0-CELE,  n.  [Gr.  evrepa,  the  in- 
testines, o<r%ri,  the  scrotum,  and  Krjlrj,  a tumor.] 
(Med.)  A rupture  of  the  intestines,  when  they 
descend  into  the  scrotum.  Dunglison. 

EN-TJJR-OT'O-MY,  n.  [Gr.  evrepa,  the  intestines, 
and  rope,  a cutting  ; rep vut,  to  cut.] 

1.  (Anat.)  Dissection  of  the  intestines.  Craig. 

2.  (Surg.)  Incision  of  the  bowels  for  the  re- 
moval of  strangulation,  &c.  Craig. 

f EN-TER-PAR'LANCE,  n.  Parley;  conference. 
“ During  the  enterparlance."  Hayward. 

EN-T15R-PLEAD',  v.n.  ( Laiv .)  To  interplead.  Ash. 

EN-TgR-PLEAD'ER,  n.  (Law.)  One  who  inter- 
pleads. — See  Interpleader.  Cowell. 

EN'TER-PRl§E  (en'ter-prlz),  n.  [It.  intrapresa  ; 
Sp.  empresa  ; Fr.  entreprisei] 

1.  An  undertaking  of  importance  or  hazard ; 
an  adventure  ; an  arduous  attempt. 

Wlict  on  Warwick  to  this  enterprise.  Shak. 

2.  Disposition  to  engage  in  difficult  under- 
takings ; energy  ; hardihood. 

He  possessed  industry,  penetration,  courage,  vigilance, 
and  enterprise.  Hume. 

Syn. — See  Attempt. 

EN'TER-PRRjE,  v.  a.  [It.  intraprendere  ; Sp.  em- 
pire ruler  ; Fr.  entreprendre.\  [i.  enterprised, 

pp.  ENTERPRISING,  ENTERPRISED.] 

1.  To  undertake;  to  attempt;  to  essay. 

The  business  must  be  enterprised  this  night.  Hryden. 

[This]  has  made  it  impossible  for  Mrs.  M.  to  enterjirisc  a 
cake.  Cowper. 

2.  f To  receive  hospitably  ; to  entertain. 

Him  at  the  threshold  met,  and  well  did  enterpi-ise.  Sjicnser. 

EN'TpR-PRi§E,  v.  n.  To  undertake  or  enter  up- 
on any  thing  difficult.  Pope. 

EN'TJJR-PRIlj-ER,  n.  One  who  undertakes  diffi- 
cult things  ; a man  of  enterprise. 

They  commonly  proved  great  enterprisers.  Hayward. 

EN'TER-PRl§-ING,  a.  Disposed  to  undertake  en- 
terprises ; bold  and  prompt;  resolute;  adven- 
turous ; energetic  ; efficient.  Qu.  Rev. 

Syn.  — A person  is  enterprising  who  is  ready  to 
engage  in  untried  and  difficult  projects  or  attempts  ; 
adventurous,  when  ready  to  incur  hazard  ; resolute, 
when  not  easily  discouraged  or  dissuaded  from  his 
undertaking. 

EN'TER-PRlts-ING-LY,  ad.  In  an  enterprising 
manner;  adventurously;  resolutely ; efficiently. 

EN'TER-SOLE,  n.  [Fr.  entresol .]  A low  inter- 
mediate story  between  two  higher  ones  ; a mez- 
zanine ; an  entresol.  Ogilvie. 

EN-TER-TAlN',  v.  a.  [Sp.  entretener;  entre,  be- 
tween, and  tener,  to  hold  ; Fr.  entretenir.\  [i. 

ENTERTAINED  ; pp.  ENTERTAINING,  ENTER- 
TAINED.] 

1.  To  receive  and  treat  hospitably  ; to  lodge. 

Re  not  forgetful  to  entertain  strangers,  for  thereby  some 
have  entertained  angels  unawares.  lleb.  xiii.  2. 

2.  To  treat  at  table ; to  feed. 

You  shall  he  every  day  entertained  with  beef  and  mutton 
of  my  own  feeding.  Addison. 

3.  To  reserve  or  cherish  in  the  mind  ; to  hold ; 
as,  “ To  entertain  an  opinion.” 


4.  To  receive  or  admit  with  a view  to  consider 
and  decide  ; as,  “ To  entertain  a proposal.” 

5.  To  please  ; to  amuse  ; to  divert  ; as,  “ To 
be  entertained  in  hearing  a discourse  or  a play.” 

6.  fTo  make  to  pass  pleasantly  ; to  employ 
or  spend  agreeably. 

And  entertain 

The  irksome  hours  till  his  great  chief  return.  Milton. 

7.  t To  keep  in  one’s  service. 

You,  sir,  I entertain  for  one  of  my  hundred.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Amuse,  Harbor. 

f EN-T®R-TAIN',  n.  [Fr.  entretieni]  Entertain- 
ment ; hospitality.  Spenser. 

EN-T1JR-TAIN'J5R,  n.  One  who  entertains. 

EN-TFR-TAlN'ING,  a.  Amusing;  affording  en- 
tertainment ; as,  “ Entertaining  conversation.” 

£N-TER-TAIN'ING-LY,  ad.  In'  an  entertaining 
or  amusing  manner.  Dr.  Warton. 

EN-TFR-TAiN'ING-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing entertaining.  Coleridge. 

EN-TFR-TAlN'MFNT,  n.  1.  The  act  of  enter- 
taining ; hospitable  treatment  at  table. 

His  office  was  to  give  entertainment 

And  lodging  unto  all  that  came  and  went.  Spenser. 

2.  Provision  furnished  ; a feast ; a treat ; a 
banquet ; a festival. 

Nor  look  for  entertainment  where  none  was; 

Rest  is  their  feast.  Spenser. 

3.  That  which  entertains ; amusement ; di- 
version ; recreation  ; as,  “To  find  entertainment 
in  conversation.” 

The  stage  might  be  made  a perpetual  source  of  the  most 
noble  and  useful  entertainment , were  it  under  proper  regula- 
tions. . Admson. 

4.  Admission ; reception  ; acceptance,  [r.] 

The  sincere  entertainment  and  practice  of  the  precepts  of 
the  gospel.  Sprat. 

5.  f The  state  of  being  in  pay,  as  soldiers  or 
as  servants. 

The  centurions  already  in  the  entertainment,  and  to  be  on 
foot  at  an  hour’s  warning.  Shak. 

6.  f Payment  of  soldiers  or  of  servants. 

The  entertainment  of  the  general  was  but  six  shillings  and 
eightpence.  Davies. 

Syn.  — See  Amusement,  Feast. 

f EN-TFR-tIs'SUED  (en-ter-tlsh'ud),  a.  Inter- 
woven or  intermixed  with  various  colors  or  sub- 
stances. Shak. 

fEN'THF-AL,  or  f EN'TIIF-AT,  a.  [Gr.  evdeos  ; 
iv,  in,  and  Otis,  God.]  Enthusiastic.  IF.  Hodgson. 

EN-THF-AS'TIC,  a.  [Gr.  evdeatrriicds,  inspired  ; iv, 
in,  and  0e6s,  God.]  Divinely  energetic.  Smart. 

EN-THF-AS'TI-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  an  entheastic 
manner.  Clarke. 

EN-THFL-MIN'THE§,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  (VnSs,  within, 
and  il.pavs,  eZytvBo s,  a worm.]  (Med.)  Intestinal 
worms ; intestina  ; entozoa.  Dunglison. 

FN-THRAlL',  v.  a.  See  Inthrall.  Milton. 

f FN-TIIRIlL',  v.a.  To  pierce  ; to  thrill.  Sackvillc. 

FN-THRONE',  v.  a.  [It.  intronizzare  ; Sp.  entro- 
nizar;  Fr . introniser ; Old  Fr.  enthr oner.]  [i. 

ENTHRONED  ; pp.  ENTHRONING,  ENTHRONED.] 

1.  To  place  or  seat  on  a throne  ; to  invest 
with  sovereign  authority. 

Cleopatra  and  himself  in  chairs  of  gold 

"Were  publicly  enthroned.  Shak. 

2.  To  raise  to  a high  place ; to  exalt. 

Mercy  is  above  this  sceptred  sway; 

It  is  enthroned  in  the  hearts  of  kings.  Shak. 

3.  (Eccl.)  To  place  a bishop  on  his  throne  or 

stall  in  his  cathedral.  Craig. 

FN-THRONE'MFNT,  n.  The  act  of  enthroning 
or  placing  upon  a throne,  [r.]  Ec.  Rev. 

FN-THRO-NI-zA'TION,  n.  (Eccl.)  The  act  of 
placing  a bishop  in  his  throne  or  stall.  Hook. 

fFN-THRO'NiZE,  v.  a.  To  enthrone.  Davies. 

f FN-THUN'DFR,  v.  n.  To  thunder.  Mir.  for  Mag. 

||  FN-THU'§!-ASM  [en-thu'ze-azm,  P.  J.  Ja.  K. 
Sm.  C.  ; en-tiiu'zhe-azm,  IF.  F. ; en-thu'zyazni, 
S'.],  n.  [Gr.  ivOuvoiao/jiis ; iv,  in,  and  dels,  God  ; 
It.  <§■  Sp.  entusiasmo  ; Fr.  enthousiasme .] 

1.  A heat  or  ardor  of  mind  caused  by  a belief 
of  private  revelation  ; fanaticism  : — ardor  of 
mind  ; ardent  zeal ; heat  of  imagination. 

Enthusiasm  rises  from  the  conceits  of  a warmed  or  over- 
weening brain.  Locke. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE. 

62 


— 9,  9,  9,  g,  soft;  c,  e, 


£> 


|,  hard;  ^ as  z;  If  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


ENTHUSIAST 


490 


ENTREAT 


Enthusiasm  may  be  defined  tlmt  religious  state  of  mind 
in  which  the  imagination  is  unduly  heated,  and  the  passions 
outrun  the  understanding.  R.  Hall. 

Enlist  the  interests  of  stern  morality  and  religious  enthu- 
siasm in  the  cause  of  religious  liberty,  as  in  the  time  of  the 
old  Puritans,  and  they  will  be  irresistible.  Coleridge. 

2.  Liveliness  of  imagination ; elevation  of 
fancy  ; poetic  rapture  ; genius. 

Poetry,  which,  by  a kind  of  enthusiasm  or  extraordinary 
emotion  of  the  soul,  makes  it  seem  to  us  that  we  behold  those 
things  which  the  poet  paints.  Dryden. 

Syn.  — Enthusiasm  maybe  used  in  a good  sense, 
denoting  an  honest  zeal  in  a good  cause,  or  in  an  ill 
sense,  denoting  a blind  zeal  in  any  cause  ; but  this  ill 
sense  is  more  properly  expressed  by  the  term  fanati- 
cism. “ Enthusiasm  is  the  zeal  of  credulity  j fanati- 
cism, of  bigotry.”  Taylor. 

If  we  would  drive  out  the  demon  of  fanaticism  from  the 
people,  we  must  begin  by  exorcising  the  spirit  of  Epicurean- 
ism from  the  higher  ranks,  and  restore  to  their  teachers  the 
true  Christian  enthusiasm , the  vivifying  influences  of  the 
altar,  the  censer,  and  the  sacrifice.  Coleridge. 

||  EN-THLI'^I-AST,  1-  One  who  is  possessed 
of  enthusiasm ; a visionary  ; a fanatic  ; a zealot. 

Enthusiasts  pretend  that  they  have  the  gift  of  prophecy  by 
dreams.  Pagitt. 

2.  One  who  is  possessed  of  a lively  imagina- 
tion, or  an  elevated  fancy. 

Chapman  seems  to  have  been  an  enthusiast  in  poetry.  Pope. 

Syn.  — See  Fanatic. 

||  EN-THU-§I-AS  TIC,  £ tvOovoiacrrtKds  ; 

||  EN-THU-^I-AS'TI-CAL,  > It.  $ Sp.  entusiastico.] 

1.  Having  enthusiasm ; over-zealous  ; fanat- 
ical ; visionary. 

Extravagant  flights  of  devotion  which  some  enthusiastical 
saints  have  indulged  in.  Atterbury.' 

2.  Vehement;  ardent;  earnest;  zealous  ; as, 
“To  be  enthusiastic  in  the  pursuit  of  fame.” 

3.  Showing  exaltation  of  ideas  or  elevation 
of  fancy.  “ Enthusiastic  raptures.”  Mason . 
“An  enthusiastic  style.”  Burnet. 

Syn.  — See  Zealous. 

||  f EN-THU-§I-AS'TIC,  n.  An  enthusiast;  a 
zealot.  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

II  EN-THU-§I-AS'TI-CAL-LY,  ad.  With  enthu- 
siasm or  ardor.  V.  Knox. 

EN-TIIY-Mir-MAT'IC,  £ a.  Relating  to  an 

EN-THY-Mp-MAT'I-CAL,  S enthymeme.  Whatclg. 

EN'THY-MEME,  n.  [Gr.  ivObyr/ya  ; ivOoyioyat,  to 
ponder;  iv,  in,  and  Obyos,  mind.]  ( Logic .)  An 
imperfect  syllogism,  or  a syllogism  of  which 
one  of  the  premises  is  understood. 

An  enthymeme  is  when  the  major  is  married  to  the  minor, 
but  the  marriage  kept  secret.  Arbuthnot  & Pope. 

pN-TICE',  v.  a.  [Old  Fr.  enticer.]  [i.  enticed  ; 
pp.  enticing,  enticed.]  To  allure  to  ill ; to 
attract ; to  lure  ; to  draw  by  blandishments  or 
hopes ; to  decoy  ; to  tempt ; to  seduce  ; to  coax. 

If  sinners  entice  thee,  consent  thou  not.  Prov.  i.  10. 

Syn.  — See  Allure,  Coax,  Persuade. 

(JN-TTcE'MENT,  n.  1.  The  act  of  enticing.  “ By 
sly  enticement  gives  his  baneful  cup.”  Milton. 

2.  Means  of  enticing ; blandishment ; allure- 
ment ; lure  ; attraction ; temptation  ; as,  “ The 
enticements  of  pleasure  or  of  ambition.” 

Syn.  — See  Allurement. 

5N-Tl9'?R,  n.  One  who  entices  or  allures  to  ill. 

EN-TIQ'JNG,  n.  The  act  of  alluring  to  evil.  South. 

EN-Tly'JNG,  a.  Alluring;  attracting;  attractive. 

She  gave  him  of  that  fair,  enticing  fruit.  Milton. 

jgN-TICJ'lNG-LY,  ad.  In  an  enticing  or  alluring 
manner  ; attractively ; temptingly. 

p.VTIEU'TY  (en-tlr'te),  n.  [Old  Fr.  entiirete.] 
The  whole  ; entireness  ; entirety.  Bacon. 

E.N-TIRE',  a.  [L.  integer-,  in,  priv.,  and  tango, 
to  touch  ; It.  intiero  ; Sp.  e.ntcro  ; Fr.  entier. j 

1.  Not  wanting  or  defective  in  any  part ; 
whole  ; undivided  ; unbroken  ; complete  ; per- 
fect; integral. 

An  antique  model  of  the  famous  Laocoon  is  entire  in  those 
parts  where  the  statue  is  maimed.  Addison. 

2.  Without  abatement  or  admixture  ; full ; 
unalloyed.  “ In  thy  presence  joy  entire.”  Milton. 

3.  Sincere  ; hearty  ; honest ; faithful. 

No  man  had  ever  a heart  more  entire  to  the  king,  the 
church,  or  his  country.  Clarendon. 

4.  (But.)  Noting  even  margins,  or  margins 
not  at  all  toothed,  notched,  or  divided.  Gray. 

Syn.  — See  Complete,  Whole. 


IjlN-TlRE'LY,  ad.  In  the  whole;  completely;  fully. 

EN-TlRE'NJJSS,  n.  1.  The  quality  or  the  state  of 
being  entire;  totality;  completeness;  fulness. 
“ The  entireness  of  the  whole  fabric.”  Bogle. 

2.  f Intimacy  ; familiarity. 

True  Christian  love  may  be  separated  from  acquaintance, 
and  acquaintance  from  entireness.  Bp.  Hall. 

EN-TiRE'TY,  n.  Completeness;  wholeness;  en- 
tireness ; fulness.  Blackstone. 

EN'TI-TA-TIVE,  a.  [L.  oils,  entis,  being.]  Con- 
sidered by  itself ; abstract,  [it.]  Ellis. 

EN'TI-TA-TIVE-Ly,  ad.  In  an  entitative  or  ab- 
stract manner.  Chambers. 

EN-TI'TLE  (en-tl'tl),  v.  a.  [It.  intitolare  ; Sp.  in- 
titular-, Fr.  intituler.~\  [(.entitled;  ^.en- 
titling, ENTITLED.] 

1.  To  grace  or  dignify  with  a title  ; as,  “ The 
governor  of  Massachusetts  is  legally  entitled  his 
Excellency.” 

2.  To  name ; to  designate  ; to  denominate  ; 
to  style  ; as,  “ Milton’s  Epic  is  entitled  ‘Para- 
dise Lost.’  ” 

3.  To  give  a right  or  claim  to. 

God  discovers  the  martyr  and  confessor  without  the  trial 
of  flames  and  tortures,  and  will  hereafter  entitle  many  to  the 
reward  of  actions  which  they  had  never  the  opportunity  of 
performing.  Addison. 

4.  f To  assign  or  appropriate  as  by  a title. 

How  ready  zeal  for  party  is  to  entitle  Christianity  to  their 

designs!  Locke. 

Syn. — See  Name. 

EN'TI-TY,  n.  [Low  L.  entitas;  esse,  ens,  to  be  ; 
It.  entita  ; Sp.  entidad  ; Fr.  entite.'] 

1.  Being  or  existence,  as  an  object  of  thought, 
or  of  sense  ; — opposed  to  nonentity. 

Fortune  is  no  real  entity,  nor  physical  essence.  Bentley. 

2.  A particular  species  of  being.  Bacon. 

EN'TO-BEAST,  n.  [Gr.  hrds,  within,  and  (IXaaris, 

a bud.]  (Anat.)  The  so-called  nucleolus.  — 
See  Ectoblast.  Agassiz. 

UN-TOIL',  v.  a.  To  insnare;  to  take  with  toils 
or  nets  ; to  entangle,  [r.]  Bacon. 

EN-TO-MA-TOG'RA-PIIY,  n.  [Gr.  evroyov,  an  in- 
sect, and  yprnlioi,  to  describe.]  A discourse  or 
treatise  on  the  habits  of  insects.  Maunder. 

JiN-TOMB'  (en-tom'),  v.  a.  [Old  Fr.  entombcr.l 

[t.  ENTOMBED  ; pp.  ENTOMBING,  ENTOMBED.] 
To  put  into  a tomb  ; to  bury.  “ Those  places 
where  they  [martyrs]  were  entombed.”  Hooker. 

Syn.  — See  Burial. 

JN-TOMB'M^NT  (en-tom'ment),  11.  Act  of  en- 
tombing ; burial ; interment ; sepulture.  Barrow. 

£X- 1 oM'lC,  >a  [Or.  ci.ro/jor,  an  insect.]  Re- 

PN-TOM'I-CAL,  ) lating  to  insects.  Craig. 

EN'TO-MOID,  a.  [Gr.  evroyov,  an  insect,  and  il/tos, 
form.]  Having  the  form  of  an  insect.  Ogilvie. 

EN'TO-MOID,  n.  Something  having  the  appear- 
ance of  an  insect.  Craig. 

JJN-TOM'O-LINE  (19),  11.  [Gr.  evroyov,  an  insect, 
and  livov,  a thread.]  ( Chem .)  A chemical  prin- 
ciple found  in  the  elytra  and  wings  of  insects ; 
— called  also  chitine.  Brande. 

EN-TOM'O-LITE,  n.  [Gr.  evroyov,  an  insect,  and 
/.iOoq,  a stone.]  A petrified  insect.  Hamilton. 

EN-TO-MO-LOG'r-CAL,  a.  [Fr.  entomologique. \ 
Relating  tcTentomology.  Harris. 

EN-TO-MOL'O-pIST,  n.  One  versed  in  entomol- 
ogy,  or  the  science  of  insects.  Phil.  Mag. 

EN-TO-MOL'O-I-rY,  n.  [Gr.  evroyov,  an  insect,  and 
l.tlyos,  discourse;  It.  $ Sp.  entoino/ogia  ; Fr.  en- 
tomologie.]  The  science  of  insects ; that  part 
of  zoology  which  treats  of  insects.  Brande. 

EN-TO-MOPII'A-GOUS,  a.  [Gr.  evroyov,  an  insect, 
and  ipayoi,  to  feed.]  ( Zoiil. ) Feeding  on  insects  ; 
insectivorous.  Ogilvie. 

ELf-  TO-MOS ' TUB-  CA,  n.  (Zoi/l.)  A name  given 
to  those  species  of  the  Crustacea  which  are  cov- 
ered with  a thin,  horny  integument,  more  or  less 
like  the  shell  of  a bivalve.  They  are  mostly 
microscopic,  and  all  aquatic,  generally  inhabit- 
ing fresh  water.  Baird. 

ffLP  Tile  Entomostraca  are  carnivorous,  and  are  very 
useful  in  clearing  stagnant  waters  of  putrid  animal 
matter.  They  are  preyed  upon  liy  larger  animals,  and 
form  the  food  of  some  of  our  most  esteemed  fishes.  Baird. 


EN-TO-MOS'TRA-CAN,  n.  [Gr.  cvroyos,  cut,  in- 
cised, and  oorpiiKov,  a shell.]  (Zoiil.)  One  of  the 
Entomostraca.  Brande. 

EN-TO-MOS'TRA-COUS,  a.  (Zoiil.)  Belonging  to 
the  Entomostraca.  Owen. 

EN-TO-MOT'O-MY,  n.  [Gr.  evroyov,  an  insect,  and 
riyvuj,  to  cut.]  The  dissection  of  insects.  Ogilvie. 

EN-TON'IC,  a.  [Gr.  iv,  in,  and  r6vo s,  tone.]  (Med.) 
Having  great  tone,  tension,  or  exaggerated  ac- 
tion. Dunglison. 

t £N-TOR-TI-LA'TION,  n j-pr_  entortillement .] 
A turning  into  a circle.  Donne. 

EN-TOS'THO-BLAST,  11.  [Gr.  evroaOt,  from  within, 
and  / 3Xatrr6 c,  a bud.]  (Anat.)  The  so-called  nucleus 
of  the  nucleolus.  — See  Ectoblast.  Agassiz. 

EN-TO-ZO  'A,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  Ivros,  within,  and  tdov, 
an  animal.]  (Zoiil.)  A general  name  for  those 
parasitical  animals  which  infest  the  bodies  of 
other  animals,  as  intestinal  worms.  Brande. 

EN-TO-ZO'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Entozoa.  Craig. 

en-to-zo  ' OJ\r,  n. ; pi.  entozoa.  See  Entozoa. 

f EN-TRAIL',  v.  a.  [It.  intralciare .]  To  inter- 
weave ; to  interlace  ; to  diversify.  Spenser. 

EN'TRAILS  (eil'tralz),  n.  pi.  [Gr.  evrtpa  ; It.  eii- 
tragno  ; Sp.  entrahas  ; Fr.  entrailles .] 

1.  The  inward  parts  of  animals ; the  intes- 
tines ; the  bowels  ; viscera  ; guts.  Bacon. 

2.  The  internal  parts.  “ The  ragged  entrails 

of  this  pit.”  Shak. 

EN-TRAM'MpL,  v.  a.  [See  Trammel.]  To 
catch  ; to  entangle ; to  insnare.  Hackett. 

EN-TRAM'MELLED  (en-tram'meld),  a.  Curled  or 
frizzled,  as  locks  of  hair.  Cotgrave. 

EN'TRANCE,  11.  [It.  entrata-,  Sp.  entrada ; Fr. 
entree.'] 

1.  The  act  of  entering  or  going  into  any  place. 

They  have  their  exits  and  their  entrances.  Shak. 

2.  Power  or  liberty  of  entering ; ingress. 

Has  the  porter  his  eyes  in  his  head  that  he  gives  entrance 

to  such  companions?  Shak. 

3.  Passage  for  entering  ; avenue ; entry ; inlet. 

And  wisdom  at  one  entrance  quite  shut  out.  Milton. 

4.  Initiation  ; commencement ; beginning. 

This  is  that  which,  at  first  entrance , balks  and  cools 
them.  Locke. 

5.  (Com.)  The  act  of  reporting  a vessel  at 
the  custom-house  on  arrival ; entry.  Boag. 

EN-TrAnce'  (en-tr&ns',  12),  v.  a.  [See  Trance.] 

[(.  ENTRANCED  ; pp.  ENTRANCING, ENTRANCED.] 
To  put  into  a trance ; to  put  into  an  ecstasy  ; to 
ravish  with  delight ; to  enchant ; to  enrapture  ; 
to  fascinate  ; to  charm ; to  electrify. 

I stood  entranced , and  had  no  room  for  thought.  Dryden. 

JgN-TRANOE'MJgNT,  n.  The  act  of  entrancing  or 
enrapturing.  Otway. 

]JN-TrAP',  v.  a.  [It.  attrappare ; Old  Fr.  entraper. 
— See  Trap.]  [i.  entrapped  ; pp.  entrap- 
ping, entrapped.]  To  insnai'e ; to  catch  as  in 
a trap  ; to  involve  ; to  entangle ; to  perplex  ; to 
inveigle ; to  embarrass. 

The  seeming  truth  which  cunning  times  put  on 
To  entrap  the  wisest.  * Shak. 

5N-TREA§'URE,  v.  See  Intreasure.  Todd. 

1JN-TREAT',  v.  a.  [It . trattare ; Fr.  trailer,  to 
treat.]  [i.  entreated*;  pp.  entreating,  en- 
treated.] 

1.  To  solicit  or  ask  urgently  ; to  importune  ; 
to  beseech  ; to  supplicate  ; to  implore  ; to  beg ; 
to  crave. 

Isaac  entreated  the  Lord  for  his  wife.  Gen.  xxv.  21. 

2.  To  prevail  upon  by  solicitation ; to  per- 
suade. 

It  were  a fruitless  attempt  to  appease  a power  whom  no 
prayers  could  entreat.  Rogers. 

3.  fTo  amuse;  to  beguile.  “I  must  en- 
treat the  time  alone.”  Shak. 

4.  f To  receive  ; to  entertain.  Spenser. 

5.  f To  use  in  any  manner  ; to  treat. 

And  the  remnant  took  his  servants,  and  entreated  them 
spitefully,  and  slew  them.  Matt.  xxii.  G. 

Syn.  — See  Ask. 

EN-TREAT',  v.  n.  1.  f To  discourse ; to  treat. 

Of  which  I shall  have  further  occasion  to  entreat.  Hakewill. 

2.  To  make  a petition  ; to  supplicate ; to 
pray.  “ Entreat  for  him.”  Shak. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  V,  short;  A,  U,  I>  9>  V>  Y>  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


ENTREAT 


491 


ENVIRON 


3.  fTo  make  a treaty  or  compact. 

Alexander  was  the  first  that  entreated  of  true  peace  with 
them.  • 1 Mac.  x.  47. 

f EN-TREAT',  n.  Entreaty  ; petition.  Todd. 

£N-TREAT'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  entreated 
or  solicited,  [r.]  Huloet. 

f JpN-TREAT'ANCE,  n.  Petition;  solicitation; 
entreaty.  Fairfax. 

IJN-TREAT'ER,  n.  One  who  entreats.  Fulke. 

]JN-TREAT'FUL,  a.  Full  of  entreaty,  [r.]  Craig. 

JJN-TREAT'ING-LY,  ad.  In  an  entreating  man- 
ner; imploringly.  Craig. 

EN-TREAT'IVE,  a.  That  entreats;  treating; 
pleading.  “ Entreative  phrase.”  Brewer. 

f EN-TREAT' M^NTpi.  Entreaty ; discourse. Shak. 

JJN-TREA'TY,  n.  1.  An  earnest  petition  ; suppli- 
cation ; solicitation;  prayer;  request.  “Obdu- 
rate to  entreaties.”  Shak. 

2.  f Reception  ; entertainment. 

They  shall  find  guests,  entreaty , and  good  room.  B.Jonson. 

Syn.  — See  Prayer. 

ENTREE  (ing-tra'),  n.  [Fr.] 

1.  Admittance  ; admission  ; free  access. 

2.  {Law.)  Entrance  ; an  entry.  Crabh. 

3.  {Cookery .)  Dishes  of  the  first  course. 

ENTREMETS  (ing'tre-ma'),  n.  pi.  [Fr.,  from  en- 
tre,  between,  and  mets,  a dish.] 

1.  Dainties  or  small  dishes  set  at  table  be- 
tween the  main  dishes  ; side-dishes. 

2.  {Mas.)  The  inferior  movements  inserted 

between  the  more  important  parts  of  a compo- 
sition. Moore. 


EN-TRENCH',  v.  n.  See  Intrench.  Holland. 

ENTREPAS  (ing'tre-pa'),  n.  [Fr.]  {Man.)  A 
broken  pace  ; an  amble.  Craig. 

ENTREPOT  (ang'tre-po'),  n.  [Fr.]  A magazine  ; 
a warehouse  for  depositing  goods.  Poienall. 

ENTRESOL  (ang'tre-sSl'),  n.  [Fr.]  {Arch.)  A 
floor  between  other  floors  ; a low  apartment  or 
low  apartments  usually  placed  above  the  first 
floor  ; a mezzanine.  P.  Cyc. 


f yN-TRICK',  v.  a.  To  deceive;  to  trick.  Chancer. 

EN'TRIES,  n.  pi.  {Mus.)  The  name  formerly 
given  to  acts  of  operas,  hurlettas,  &c.  Moore. 

EN'TRO-jEHAl,  a.  [See  Entrochitf..]  {Min.) 
Noting  a kind  of  stone  or  marble  formed  of  the 
bones  of  encrinites.  Smart. 


EN'TRO-GHITE,  n.  [Gr.  iv,  in,  and  rpo^df,  a 
wheei.]  {Pal.)  A genus  of  fossils  constituted 
of  the  petrified  arms  of  the  starfish.  Brande. 

EN'TRY,  n.  [It.  entrata  ; Sp.  entrada ; Fr  .entree.] 

1.  Act  of  entering  ; entrance  ; ingress ; inlet. 

The  Lake  of  Constance  is  formed  by  the  entry  of  the 

Khine.  Addison. 

2.  The  passage  by  which  one  enters  a house. 

A straight,  long  entn/  to  the  temple  led.  Dryden. 

3.  The  act  of  registering  or  setting  down  in 
writing;  record;  as,  “To  make  an  entry  in  a 
merchant’s  account-book.” 

4.  {Com.)  The  act  of  reporting  a vessel  or 
cargo  at  the  custom-house,  on  arrival,  by  de- 
livery of  the  proper  documents.  Simmonds. 

5.  {Law.)  The  act  of  taking  rightful  posses- 

sion of  lands  or  tenements  ; — an  act,  which,  in 
addition  to  breaking,  is  essential  to  the  offence 
of  burglary.  Burrill. 

£N-TUNE',  v.  a.  [Fr.  entoner.)  To  ■ tune  ; to 
sing ; to  chant.  Chaucer. 

JJN-TVVINE',  v.  a.  See  Inttvine.  Milton. 

JJN-TWlNED',  p.  a.  (Her.)  Twisted  or  wrapped 
round  ; as,  “ A sword  entwined  by  a branch  of 
laurel.”  Ogilvie. 

jEN-TWINE'MENT,  n.  The  act  of  entwining  or 
enwrapping,  [it.]  Hackett. 

JgN-TWIST',  v.  a.  To  wreathe  round;  to  twine  ; 
to  twist.  Shak. 

$N-TWIST'JJD,  p.  a.  {Her.)  Twisted  together,  as 
serpents.  Ogilvie. 

t 5-NU'BI-LATE,  v.  a.  [L.  e,  priv.,  and  nubilo, 
nubilatus,  to  cloud.]  To  clear  from  clouds, 
mists,  or  vapors.  Bailey. 


JC-NU'BI-LOUS,  a.  [L.  e,  priv.,  and  nubilus,  cloudy  ; 

. nubes,  a cloud.]  Clear  from  fog,  mist,  or  clouds ; 
serene  ; fair.  Craig. 

5-NU'CLE-ATE,  v.  a..  [L.  enucleo,  cnucleatus,  to 

separate  the  kernel  from  the  husk  ; nucleus,  a 
kernel.]  To  solve ; to  clear ; to  expound  ; to  in- 
terpret. Bailey. 

They  were  so  well  enucleated  in  the  cases.  Johnson. 

E-NU-CLp-A'TION,  n.  A clearing  up  ; explana- 
tion ; exposition.  Cotgrave. 

JJ-NU'MER-ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  enumero,  enumeratus ; 
numerus,  a number ; It.  enumcrare ; Sp.  enume- 
rar ; Fr.  enumercr.']  \i.  enumerated  ; pp. 
ENUMERATING,  enumerated.]  To  mention  or 
reckon  up  singly  ; to  reckon  ; to  count ; to  num- 
ber ; to  compute  ; to  tell ; to  relate.  “ It  would 
be  useless  to  enumerate  the  details.”  Brande. 

5-NU-MpR-A'TION,  n.  [L.  envmeratio ; It.  enu- 
merazione ; Sp.  enumeracion  ; Fr.  enumeration .] 

1.  The  act  of  enumerating;  a numbering. 
“ This  enumeration  of  the  elements.”  Watts. 

2.  {Rhet.)  That  part  of  a peroration  in  which 
the  orator  recapitulates  the  heads  of  the  dis- 
course or  argument ; a summing  up.  Maunder. 

$-NU'MlJR-A-TXVE,  a.  [It.  Sp.  enumeratiro  ; 
Fr . enumeratif.)  That  enumerates  ; reckoning 
up  singly ; counting  over.  ' Bp.  Taylor. 

E-NU'MER-A-TOR,  n.  One  who  enumerates  or 
reckons ; a calculator.  Ed.  Rev. 

E-NUN'CI-A-BLE  (e-nun'she-a-bl,  66),  a.  That  may 
be  enunciated  or  declared.  Coleridge. 

• 

E-NUN'CI-ATE  (e-nun'she-at),  v.  a.  [L.  cnuncio, 
enunciatus ; e,  from,  and  nuncio,  to  tell ; nuncius, 
a messenger  ; It.  enunciare ; Sp.  cnunciar ; Fr. 
enoncer.]  [i.  enunciated ; ^.enunciating, 
enunciated.]  To  declare  ; to  utter;  to  pro- 
claim ; to  relate ; to  express  ; to  pronounce  ; to 
speak ; to  enounce  ; to  announce. 

I know  that  there  is  such  a man  as  Plato,  though  I cannot 
tell  what  he  is,  nor  what  are  all  the  truths  that  may  be  enun- 
ciated concerning  him.  Bp.  Bai  low. 

5-NUN'CI-ATE,  v.  n.  To  utter  sounds. 

Each  has  a little  sound  he  calls  his  own, 

And  each  enunciates  with  a human  tone.  IJart. 

E-NUN-CI-A'TION  (e-nun-she-a'shun,  66),  n.  [L. 
enunciatio  ; It.  enunciazione ; Sp.  enunciacion ; 
Fr.  enonciation.) 

1.  The  act  of  enunciating ; utterance ; proc- 
lamation ; declaration  ; expression  ; announce- 
ment. “ The  enunciation  of  truth.”  Blair. 

2.  Manner  of  utterance ; elocution.  “A  grace- 
ful and  pleasing  enunciation.”  Chesterfield. 

3.  That  which  is  announced  ; information  ; 

intelligence.  Hale. 

E-NUN'CI-A-TIVE  (e-nun'she-a-tlv),  a.  [L.  enun- 
ciativus ; It.  <Sr  Sp.  enunciativo ; Fr.  enoneiatif.\ 
That  enunciates ; declarative  ; expressive.  “ Ex- 
pressed in  all  forms,  indicative,  optative,  enun- 
ciative.” Bp.  Taylor. 

JE-NUN'CI-A-TIVE-LY  (e-nun'she-a-tlv-]e),  ad. 
In  an  enunciative  manner ; declaratively. 

5-NUN'CI-A-TO-RY  (e-nun'she-j-to-re,  66),  a.  Giv- 
ing utterance ; enunciative.  Smart. 

E-NtJRE',  v.  n.  {Law.)  To  become  established; 
to  be  in  force ; to  inure.  — See  Inure.  Whisliaw. 

EN-U-RE1  SIS,  n.  [Gr.  ivovpio),  to  void  urine  in; 
in,  in,  and  olpov,  urine.]  {Med.)  Involuntary 
discharge  of  urine.  Hoblyn. 

f EN-vAs'SAL,  v.  a.  To  subject  to  vassalage  or 
servitude  ; to  make  a slave  of.  More. 

£N- VAULT',  v.  a.  To  enclose  in  a vault;  to  in- 
ter ; to  entomb.  Swift. 

EN-VEI'GLE,  v.  a.  See  Inveigle.  Todd. 

EN-VEL'OP,  v.  a.  [It.  inviluppare  ; viluppo,  a 
bundle  ; Fr.  envelopper .]  [i.  enveloped  ; pp. 

enveloping,  enveloped.] 

1.  To  cover  with  a wrapper;  to  inwrap;  to 
infold  ; as,  “ To  be  enveloped  in  garments.” 

2.  To  cover ; to  hide ; to  surround. 

A cloud  of  smoke  envelops  either  host.  Dryden. 

3.  f To  cover  on  the  inside  ; to  line. 

His  iron  coat,  all  overgrown  with  rust, 

Was  underneath  enveloped  with  gold.  Spenser. 

EN-VEL'OP,  n.  [Fr.  enveloppe,  or  envelope .]  A 


wrapper ; a covering  for  a letter,  parcel,  &c. ; 
an  envelope.  Ash.  Barclay.  Knowles. 

<8®*  Tile  English  form  of  this  word  is  less  sanc- 
tioned by  authorities  than  might  he  wished See 

Envelope. 

EN-VE-LOPFA  (hng-ve-lop'  or  en've-Iop)  [on-ve- 
lop',  S.  W.  ; en've-Iop,  P.  ; an-ve-lop',  /•’.  R.  ; 
ong-ve-lop',  Ja. ; en-vel'up,  K.  Wb.  Bailey,  Ash, 
Barclay,  Dyche,  Martin-,  en-ve-ldp',  J.  ; ongv'- 
lop,  Sm.),  n.  [Fr.] 

1.  A wrapper  ; an  outward  covering  or  case. 

“No  letter  with  an  envelope.”  Swift. 

2.  (Fort.)  A mound  of  earth  raised  to  cover 
or  inclose  some  weak  part. 

3.  ( Astron .)  A stream  of  light  encircling  the 

head  of  a comet  on  the  side  next  to  the  sun  ; — 
called  also  coma.  Hind. 

JK®*  Most  of  the  English  lexicographers  ami  ortlioe- 
pists  both  spell  and  pronounce  the  verb  envelop,  and 
the  noun  envelope,  in  a different  manner  ; the  latter 
being  regarded  as  a mere  French  word.  There  are, 
however,  a few  exceptions  ; and  Walker,  though  he 
authorizes  on-ve-lop',  remarks,  “This  word,  signify- 
ing the  outward  case  of  a letter,  is  always  pronounced 
in  the  French  manner  by  those  who  can  pronounce 
French,  and  by  those  who  cannot,  the  initial  e is 
changed  into  an  o.  Sometimes  a mere  Englishman 
attompts  to  give  the  nasal  vowel  the  French  sound, 
and  exposes  himself  to  laughter  by  pronouncing  a 
after  it,  as  if  written  onyvelope.  This  is  as  ridiculous, 
to  a polite  ear,  as  if  lie  pronounced  it  — as  it  ought  to 
be  pronounced  — like  the  verb  to  envelop.” 

EN-VEL'OPED,  p.a.  (Her.)  Entwined  around  by 
snakes.  Ogilvie. 

EN-VEL'OP-lNG,  p.  a.  1.  Infolding;  inwrap- 
ping; enclosing. 

2.  ( Bot .)  Rolling  inwards  from  the  edges,  as 
a leaf ; involute.  Henslow. 

F.N-V  EL'OP-M ENT,  n.  [Fr.  enveloppement.] 

1.  The  act  of  enveloping  ; a wrapping. 

2.  Perplexity  ; entanglement.  Search. 

JJN-VEN'OM,  v.  a.  [Sp.  envenenar;  Fr.  enveni- 
mer.  — See  Venom.]  [i.  envenomed  ; pp.  en- 
venoming, envenomed.] 

1.  To  taint  with  venom  or  poison  ; to  poison, 
as  a draught  or  a weapon. 

The  treacherous  instrument  is  in  thy  hand 

Unbated  and  envenomed.  Shak. 

2.  To  make  odious  or  hateful. 

O,  what  a world  is  this,  when  what  is  comely 

Envenoms  him  that  bears  it!  Shak. 

3.  To  make  furious ; to  enrage ; to  exasperate. 

That  thus  envenomed,  she  might  kindle  rage.  Dryden. 

f EN-VEN'OM,  n.  Poison  ; venom  .Piers  Plotihman. 

EN-VEN'OMED  (eii-ven'iiind),yi.«.  1.  Tainted  with 
venom  or  poison.  “ Envenomed  robe.”  Milton. 

2.  Exasperated ; malignant ; malicious.  “ The 
envenomed  tongue  of  calumny.”  Smollett. 

f EN-VER'MEIL,  v.  a.  [Fr.  vermeil,  vermilion.] 
To  dye  red.  Milton. 

EN'VI-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  envied;  exciting 
envy ; such  as  to  excite  envy  ; very  desirable ; 
as,  “ An  enviable  position.” 

In  an  enviable  mediocrity  of  fortune.  Carew. 

EN'VI-A-BLY,  ad.  In  an  enviable  manner. 

f 1JN-VIE',  v.  n.  To  strive  ; to  vie.  Spenser. 

EN'VI-JJR,  n.  One  who  envies.  Bacon. 

EN'VI-OUS,  a.  [Fr . envieux.  — See  Envy.]  In- 
fected with  envy  ; malicious  ; pained  by  the  ex- 
cellence or  happiness  of  another  ; jealous. 

See  what  a rent  the  envious  Casca  made.  Shak. 

Syn.  — Sec  Invidious,  Jealous. 

EN'VI-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  an  envious  manner  ; with 
envy  or  jealousy. 

EN' VI-OUS-NESf?,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality  of 
being  envious.  Scott. 

JJN-Vl'RON,  v.  a.  [Fr.  environner.]  [ i . envi- 
roned’; pp.  ENVIRONING,  ENVIRONED.] 

1.  To  surround  ; to  encompass;  to  enclose; 
to  encircle;  to  circumscribe;  to  hem  in;  — to 
invest ; to  besiege  ; to  beset. 

I stand  as  one  upon  a rock 
Environed  with  a wilderness  of  sea.  Shak. 

Methought  a legion  of  foul  fiends 
Environed  me.  Shak. 

2.  To  involve  ; to  envelop  ; to  infold. 

But  darkness  and  the  gloomy  shade  of  death 

Environ  you.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Circumscribe,  Surround. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 


BULL,  BUR,  RCLE.  — y,  9,  5,  g,  soft;  E,  E,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z; 


^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


ENVIRONMENT 


492 


EPHESIAN 


FN-VI'RON-MENT,  n.  The  state  of  being  envi- 
roned or  surrounded.  Holland. 

EN-Vl'RON!?,  or  EN'VI-RON§  [Bn-ve-ronz',  S.  J. 
E.  ; 5n-ve-ronz'  or  en-vl'runz,  IF.  ; en-vl'runz, 
P.  C.  I Vb.",  an've-ronz,  F.  ; Bn've-runz  or  en-vl'- 
runz,  Ja.  ; en've-ronz,  Sm.;  ong-ve-ronz'  or  en- 
vi'runz,  A'.],  n.  pi.  [Fr.  environs.),  The  places 
that  surround  or  lie  near  a town  or  other  place 
or  spot ; places  near  ; neighborhood  ; vicinity. 

When  you  go  to  Genoa,  pray  observe  carefully  all  the  en- 
virons of  it.  Chesterfield. 

riSf-  “ This  word  is  in  general  use,  and  ought  to 
be  pronounced  like  the  English  verb  to  environ  ; hut 
the  vanity  of  appearing  polite  keeps  it  still  in  the 
French  pronunciation  ; and,  as  the  nasal  vowels  in 
the  first  and  last  syllables  are  not  followed  by  hard  c 
or  g,  it  is  impossible  for  a mere  Englishman  to  pro- 
nounce it  fashionably.  — See  Encore.”  Walker. 

“ The  fashionable  pronunciation  of  the  word  envi- 
rons is  now  neither  English  nor  French  ; though  al- 
ready in  Shakspeare’s  time,  at  least  as  a verb,  that 
word  had  acquired  a completely  English  enunciation, 
and  is  often  found  among  our  best  poets,  where  the 
new  pronunciation,  not  recommended  certainly  by 
euphony,  would  destroy  the  verse.”  Mitford,  1804. 

EN-VOL'UME,  v.  a.  To  include  in,  or  form  into, 
a volume.  Month.  Rev. 

EN'VOY,  n.  1.  [Fr.  envoy/!.]  A public  minister  sent 
from  one  government  or  power  to  another  on  a 
special  mission,  and  so  differing  from  an  ambas- 
sador ; a public  diplomatic  minister  of  second 
rank,  inferior  in  dignity  to  an  ambassador,  but 
generally  invested  with  equal  powers.  P.  Cyc. 

2.  A messenger,  [it.]  Blackmore. 

3.  [Fr.  enroll]  f A kind  of  postscript,  to  en- 

force or  recommend  what  had  been  previously 
written  in  prose  or  in  rhyme.  War  ton. 

Syn.  — See  Ambassador. 

EN'VOY-SIUP,  «.  The  office  of  an  envoy.  Coventry. 

EN'VY,  v.  a.  [L.  invideo  ; in,  against,  and  video, 
to  see ; It.  invidiare ; Sp.  envidlar  ; Fr.  envier .] 
[t.  ENVIED  ; pp.  ENVYING,  ENVIED.] 

1.  To  hate  or  dislike  another  for  excellence, 
happiness,  or  success. 

Ephraim  shall  not  envy  Judah,  and  Judah  shall  not  vex 
Ephraim.  Isa.  xi.  13. 

2.  To  grieve  at  any  qualities  of  excellence  or 
gifts  of  fortune  in  another  ; to  grudge. 

You  cannot  envy  your  neighbor’s  wisdom,  if  he  gives  you 
good  counsel,  nor  his  riches,  if  he  supplies  you  in  your 
wants.  Swift . 

“ The  ancient  pronunciation  of  this  word  was 
with  the  accent  on  the  last  syllable,  and  the  y sounded 
as  in  eye , as  the  Scotch  pronounce  it  at  this  day.” 
Walker. 

EN'VY,  v.  n.  To  feel  pain  at  the  sight  of  excel- 
lence or  felicity  ; to  feel  envy,  [r.] 

"Who  would  eni'y  at  the  prosperity  of  the  wicked?  Bp.  Taylor. 
Charity  envicth  not;  charity  vaunteth  not  itself.  1 Cor.  xiii.  4. 

EN'VY,  n.  [L.  & It.  invidia ; Sp.  envidia ; Fr. 
envte J 

1.  Pain,  vexation,  or  hatred  felt  at  the  sight 
of  the  excellence,  happiness,  or  prosperity  of 
others  ; grudge  of  the  good  of  another. 

All  the  conspirators,  save  only  he. 

Did  that  they  did  in  envy  of  great  Caesar.  Shak. 

Envy , to  which  the  ignoble  mind's  a slave, 

Is  emulation  in  the  learned  or  brave.  Pope. 

Emulation  looks  out  for  merits  that  she  may  exalt  herself 
by  a victory;  envy  spies  out  blemishes  that  she  may  lower 
another  by  a defeat.  Colton. 

Envy  sets  the  stronger  seal  on  desert.  B.  Jonson. 
Base  envy  withers  at  another’s  joy, 

And  hates  that  excellence  it  cannot  reach.  Thomson. 

2.  Malice  ; malignity  ; ill-will ; spite. 

For  he  knew  that  the  chief  priests  had  delivered  him  for 
envy.  Mark  xv.  10. 

3.  The  object  of  envy.  Swift. 

4.  f Ill-repute  ; odium.  “ To  discharge  the 
king  of  the  envy  of  that  opinion.”  Bacon. 

The  tribune  is  provided  of  a speech 

To  lay  the  envy  of  the  war  upon  Cicero.  B.  Jonson. 

Syn. — See  Emulation,  Jealousy. 

EN'VY-lNG,  n.  Ill-will;  malice.  “ Where  envy- 
ing and  strife  is  there  is  confusion.”  James  iii.  16. 

•f  EN-WAL'ROW  (en-wol'lo),  v.  a.  To  immerse, 
as  in  filth ; to  roll ; to  wallow.  Spenser. 

5N-WHEEL',  v.a.  To  encircle  ; to  inwheel.  Shak. 

f yN-WI'DEN  (en-wl'dn),  v.  a.  To  make  wider  ; 
to  widen.  Cockeram. 

f Ef/-WO'MAN  (en-wum'an),  v.a.  To  endow  with 
the  qualities  of  woman.  Daniel. 


f FN-WOMB'  (en-w3m'),  V.  a.  1.  To  make  preg- 
nant. “ Enwombcd  of  this  child.”  Spenser. 

2.  To  bury,  as  in  a womb.  Donne. 

FN-VVRAp',  v.  a.  To  wrap  up ; to  inwrap.  Shak. 

JJN-WRAP'MIJNT  (en-rap'ment),  n.  That  which 
enwraps;  a wrapper.  Sliuckford. 

£N- WREATHE',  v.  a.  See  Inwreathe.  Shelton. 

FN-WROUGHT'  (en-rJvvt'),  v.  a.  See  Inwrought. 

E'O-CENE,  a.  [Gr.  //we,  the  morning,  and  xatvos, 
recent.]  ( Geol .)  Relating  to  the  first  of  the 
three  or  four  subdivisions  into  which  the  tertia- 
ry period  of  the  earth  is  divided  by  geologists  ; 
— so  named  because  the  small  proportion  of 
living  species  of  animals  which  it  contains  indi- 
cates what  may  be  considered  the  dawn  of  the 
existing  state  of  the  animal  creation.  Lyell. 

E-O'LI-AN,  a.  1.  (Geog.)  Relating  to  JEolia  or 
to  the  dialect  of  Hiolia  ; eolic. 

2.  Relating  to  JEolus,  god  of  the  winds. 

Eolian  harp,  an  instrument  which  is  played  by  tile 
action  of  the  wind  ; — so  called  from  JEolus,  god  of 
the  winds.  — Eolian  attachment,  see  /Eolian. 

lJ-OL'IO,  a.  [Gr.  AtV.ocds.]  ( Geog .)  Relating  to 
JEolia,  or  the  Greek  dialect  of  JEolia  ; rEolian. 

E-OL'IC,  n.  The  dialect,  verse,  or  music  of  the 
JEolians.  Smart. 

p-OL'I-PlLE,  n.  [L.  JEolus,  god  of  the  winds, 
and pila,  a ball.]  A hollow  ball  of  metal,  with 
a small  orifice  through  a pipe  on  two  opposite 
sides,  used  to  show  how  water  may  be  convert- 
ed into  steam;  — invented  by  Hero  of  Alexan- 
dria, who  describes  a mode  of  communicating  a 
rotary  motion  to  the  ball,  by  allowing  the  steam 
to  react  on  the  atmosphere.  — Written  also 
JEolipi/e.  Stuart. 

E ' 6 fir,  n.  [Gr.  altiv,  an  age,  eternity.]  ( Philos- 
ophy of  Plato.)  A virtue,  attribute,  or  per- 
fection of  the  Deity  existing  throughout  eter- 
nity ; — written  also  won.  Cudworth. 

E'PACT,  n.  [Gr.  hatcris,  added ; inbyui,  to  bring 
to;  hi,  to,  and  dyui,  to  bring;  It.  epatta;  Sp. 
cpacta;  Fr.  epacte.]  ( Citron .)  The  difference 
in  length  between  time  as  measured  by  the 
sun,  and  time  as  measured  by  the  moon  ; the 
excess  of  the  solar  month  above  the  lunar  sy- 
nodical month,  and  of  the  solar  year  above  the 
lunar  year  of  twelve  synodical  months.  Harris. 

EP-A-GO'^E,  n.  [Gr.  hayinyy,  induction  ; iviyai, 
to  bring  in.]  ( Rhet .)  A figure  of  speech  which 
consists  in  proving  universal  propositions  by 
particulars.  Crabb. 

EP'A-GON,  n.  [Gr.  hayu>,  to  lead  or  guide.]  A 
truckle  in  a crane  or  a similar  engine.  Crabb. 

F-PAL'PATE,  a.  [L.  e,  priv.,  and  palpo,  palpa- 
tus,  to  touch  softly.]  (Ent.)  Destitute  of  palps 
or  feelers.  Craig. 

EP-AfiT-A-DI-PLO  1 SIS,  71.  [L. ; G r.  havafi'nt?. '.vet j.] 
(Rhet.)  A figure  by  which  a sentence  begins 
and  ends  with  the  same  words.  Andrews. 

EP-AfiT-A-LEP’ SIS,n.  [L. ; Gr. Iirav6l.rpf.is.]  (Rhet.) 
A figure  by  which  the  same  word  or  sentence  is 
repeated  after  a parenthesis.  Andrews. 

EP-A-NApH'O-RA,  n.  [Gr.  hava/popd.]  (Rhet.) 
A figure  which  consists  in  the  repetition  of  a 
word  or  words  at  the  beginning  of  successive 
clauses  ; anaphora.  — See  Anaphora.  Gibbs. 

E-PAfir'  O-DOS,  n.  [Gr.  Inivofios,  a return.]  (Rhet.) 
A figure  of  speech  which  consists  in  repeating 
a sentence  or  phrase  backwards  ; as, 

Wliat ’s  Hecuba  to  him,  or  he  to  Hecuba?  Shak. 

EP-A-firOR-THO'  SIS,n.  [Gr.  havdpBtvtrts.]  (Rhet.) 
A figure  by  which  the  speaker  recalls  or  retracts 
what  he  has  said,  in  order  to  substitute  some- 
thing else  stronger  or  more  appropriate.  Fowler. 

JE-PAN'THOUS,  a.  [Gr.  hi,  upon,  and  av9os,  a 
flower.]  (But.)  Growing  upon  flowers,  as  some 
fungi  do.  Craig. 

EP'ARCH,  n.  [Gr.  hapyyit ; hi,  upon,  apytv,  to 
rule.]  The  governor  of  a Grecian  province.  Ash. 

EP'ARCH-Y,  n.  [Gr.  hap%al.]  A province  under 
the  jurisdiction  of  an  eparch.  Craig. 

E-PAULS',  n.  [Fr.]  (Fort.)  The  shoulder  of  a 


bastion,  or  the  angle  made  by  the  face  and 
flank.  Braude. 

F-PAULE'iMpNT,  n.  [Fr.]  (Fort.)  A sidework 
hastily  raised  to  cover  or  protect  cannon  or  men  ; 
— used  also  for  a demi-bastion,  consisting  of  a 
face  and  flank,  or  for  the  redoubts  made  on  a 
right  line.  Brande. 

EP'AU-LET,  or  f.P-AU-LETTE',  n.  [Fr.  epau- 
lette", epaule,  the  shoulder.]  (Mil.)  An  orna- 
ment for  the  shoulder  worn  by  military  and 
naval  officers  ; a shoulder-knot.  Burke. 

EP'AU-LET-T£D,  a.  Having  epaulets  ; furnished 
with  epaulets.  JV.  A.  Rev. 

EP-EN-C’E-PHAl'IC,  a.  (Anat.)  Noting  the  bony 
arch  which  encompasses  and  protects  the  epen- 
cephalon.  Brande. 

EP-EN-CEPH'A-LON,  n.  [Gr.  hi,  near,  and  iy- 
xtipai.ov,  the  brain.]  (Anat.)  The  hindmost  of 
the  four  primary  divisions  of  the  brain,  includ- 
ing the  medulla  oblongata,  pons  varolii,  cerebel- 
lum, and  fourth  ventricle.  Brande. 

EP-y-NET'lC,  a.  [Gr.  hatverticis.]  Laudatory; 
panegyrical.  Phillips. 

F-PEN'THE-SIS,  n.  ; pi.  e-pen'thf.-se?.  [L.  ; Gr. 
hlrdeat;.]  (Gram.)  The  insertion  of  a letter  or 
syllable  in  the  middle  of  a word,  as  in  the  Latin 
rettulit  for  retulit.  Andrews. 

F-PEN'THf-SY,  n.  Same  as  Epenthesis.  Craig. 

EP-JJN-THET'IC,  a.  (Gram.)  Inserted  in  the 
middle  of  a word.  Craig. 

EPERGJYF.  (a-p&rn'),  n.  [Fr.]  An  ornamental 
stand,  with  a large  dish,  for  the  centre  of  a ta- 
ble. Smart. 

EP-EX-E-QE  'SIS,  n.  [Gr.  eirehyncts.]  (Rhet.)  A 
full  explanation  or  interpretation  ; exegesis.  Ash. 

5P-EX-E-(jJET'I-CAL,  a.  Explanatory ; inter- 
preting ; exegetical.  Ec.  Rev. 

E'PHA,  or  E'PHAH,  n.  [Heb.  flEa.]  A Hebrew 
dry  measure  containing  about  one  and  one 
ninth  English  bushels:  — a bath.  Gesenius. 

E-PIIED ' PA,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  hpilpa,  the  horse- 
tail.] (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants,  resembling 
horsetail,  the  berries  of  one  species  of  which  are 
eaten  by  the  Russian  peasants,  and  by  the  wan- 
dering hordes  of  all  Great  Tartary.  Loudon. 

E-PHEM'E-RA,  n.  [Gr.  tipi/pipa  ; hi,  for,  and 
npipa,  a day.] 

1.  (Med.)  A fever  continuing  a day.  Bailey. 

2.  (Ent.)  A genus  of  Neuroptera  that  live  in 
a perfect  state  only  about  24  hours.  Brande. 

E-PHEM'E-RAL  [e-fem'e-rjl,  W-  P.  J ■ E.  F.  Ja. 
K.  Sm.",  e-ie'nie-rjl,  S.],  a.  [It.  effimero;  Sp. 
efimero",  Fr.  ephemere.] 

1.  Beginning  and  ending  in  a day ; existing 
for,  or  less  than,  one  day  ; diurnal ; as,  “ Ephem- 
eral insects.” 

2.  Short-lived;  as,  “ Ephemeral  literature.” 

y-PHEM'y-RAL,  n.  An  ephemeral  plant  or  pro- 
duction ; a thing  very  short-lived.  West.  Rev. 

F-PHEM'E-RAN,  n.  A neopterous  insect ; a day- 
fly  ; an  ephemeron.  Brande. 

y-PHEM'y-RIC,  a.  Ephemeral,  [r.]  Clarke. 

5-PHEM'F-RIS,  n.  ; pi.  Epii  E-MiiR'j-DE$.  [L., 
from  Gr.  (tpvpcpis ; hi,  for,  and  r/ptpa,  a day.] 

1.  A journal ; a diary.  Johnson. 

2.  (Astron.)  An  astronomical  almanac ; a ta- 
ble which  assigns  the  place  of  a celestial  body 
at  noon  for  a number  of  successive  days.  Hind. 

3.  (Literature.)  A collective  name  for  re- 

views, magazines,  and  all  kinds  of  periodical 
literature.  Brande. 

Syn. — See  Calendar. 

E-PHEM'E-RIST,  n.  1.  One  who  consults  the 
planets  ; one  who  practises  astrology.  Howell. 

2.  One  who  keeps  a journal ; a journalist. 

Jg-PHEM'13-RON,  n, ; pi.  e-phEm'e-ra.  [Gr.  itprj- 
pepoi,  daily.]  An  insect  or  worm  that  lives  but 
a day ; an  ephemeran.  Derham. 

5-PHEM'F-ROUS,  a.  Short-lived;  ephemeral. 
“ The  ephemerous  tale.”  [r.]  Burke. 

E-PHE'SIAN  (e-fe'zhan),  n.  (Geog.)  1.  A native 
of  Ephesus,  in  Asia  Minor. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  O,  y,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


EPHIALTES 


493 


EPIGRAMMATIZE 


2.  f A dissolute  person.  Shak. 

“Why  termed  Ephesian  is  not  clear,  and  it 
would  be  vain  to  conjecture  the  origin  of  so  idle  and 
familiar  an  expression.”  Nares. 

EPH-I-AL'TE§,  n.  [Gr.  hM.rpg ; BpiaV.ei,  to  leap 
upon.]  {Med.)  The  nightmare.  Brando. 

EPH'OD  [efW,  S.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  C. ; ef'od 
or  s'fod,  IF.],  n.  [Ileb.  TIES,  from  1EK,  to 
gird  on.]  An  ornamental  part  of  the  dress  worn 
by  the  Hebrew  priests,  consisting  of  two  pieces, 
one  of  which  covered  the  front  of  the  body  and 
the  other  the  back,  joined  together,  and  attached 
by  a girdle  over  the  shoulders  and  around  the 
waist.  Calmet. 

EPH'OR,  n.  [Gr.  hpopo;.]  A Spartan  magistrate. 
— See  Ephorus.  Mitford. 

EPH'OR-AL-TY,  n.  The  office  or  the  term  of  an 
ephor.  Mitford. 

EPH' O-Rt/S.  n.\  pi.  EPH’o-Rl.  [L.,  from  Gr. 
Bpopog ; Bjtoptiw,  to  inspect.]  One  ot  five  magis- 
trates of  Sparta  who  were  appointed  to  balance 
and  check  the  regal  power.  Crabb. 

EP'IC,  a.  [Gr.  tiros,  a word,  a tale  ; Bukos  ; L.  epi- 
cus ; It.  (Sf  Sp.  epico  ; Fr.  (pique.)  Narrative; 
spoken  or  delivered  in  a narrative  form  ; not  rep- 
resented dramatically  ; as,  “An  epic  poem.” 

Epic  verse,  hexameter  verse,  used  in  the  epic  poetry 
of  the  Greeks  and  Romans. 

EP'IC,  n.  A narrative  poem,  of  elevated  character, 
describing  generally  the  exploits  of  heroes,  as 
the  Iliad  and  Odyssey  of  Homer,  the  AEneid  of 
Virgil,  and  the  Paradise  Lost  of  Milton.  Brande. 

EP-I-CAR'I-DAN,  n.  [Gr.  hi,  upon,  and  sapig,  a 
shrimp.]  {Conch.)  An  equal-footed  crustacean, 
which  is  parasitic  upon  shrimps.  Brande. 

EP'I-CARP,  n.  [Gr.  hi,  upon,  and  Kapirog,  fruit.] 
(Bot.)  The  external  layer  of  the  pericarp, 
termed  the  skin  of  fruits.  P.  Cyc. 

EP'I-CEDE,  n.  [Gr.  hiKbhiov  ; L.  epicedion. ] 
A funeral  discourse  or  song,  [r.]  Donne. 

EP-I-CE'DI-AL,  a.  Elegiac  ; epicedian.  Ec.Rev. 

EP-I-CE’DI-AN,  a.  Elegiac  ; mournful.  Cockeram. 

EP-I-CE' DI-UM,  n.  [L.]  An  elegy;  a funeral 
song  or  poem  ; a dirge.  Sandys. 

EP'I-CENE,  a.  [Gr.  l-ixoivos  ; hi,  to,  and  koivos, 
common;  L.  epicccnus  ; Fr . epichie.)  {Gram.) 
Common;  of  both  kinds;  — applied  to  Latin 
and  Greek  nouns  which,  whether  masculine  or 
feminine  in  form,  may  be  applied  to  either 
gender.  B.  Jonson. 

EP-I-C^-RAS'TIC,  n.  [Gr.  brtKtpaoTiKig.)  {Med.) 
An  emollient  or  soothing  medicine.  Crabb. 

EP-I-jCHI-RE'MA.  n.  ; pi.  hP-l-jeHl-RE'MA-TA.  [Gr. 
hixtip-npa..]  (Rhet.  & Logic.)  A form  of  argu- 
ment in  which  the  premises  of  a syllogism  are 
laid  down  and  proved,  one  or  both  of  them,  be- 
fore drawing  the  conclusion.  Smart. 

EP-I-COL'IC,  a.  [Gr.  hi,  upon,  and  kMov,  the  co- 
lon.] {Med.)  Relating  to  that  part  of  the  ab- 
domen which  is  over  the  colon.  Dunglison. 

EP-IC-TE'TIAN,  a.  Relating  to  Epictetus,  an 
ancient  Stoic  philosopher.  Smart. 

EP'I-CURE,  n.  [L.  Epicurus.  — See  Epicurean.] 

1.  f An  Epicurean.  Bacon. 

2.  A man  given  to  luxury  ; a luxurious  eater ; 

a voluptuary  ; a sensualist.  Shak. 

Syn. — See  Sensualist. 

||  EP-I-CU-RE'AN  (124)  [ep-e-ku-re'?n,  S.  W.  P.  J. 
E.  F.  ja.  K.  Sin.  C.  ; ep-e-ku're-jn,  Wb.],  n.  A 
follower  of  Epicurus,  an  ancient  Greek  philoso- 
pher:— one  who  is  devoted  to  pleasure.  “ Certain 
philosophers  of  the  Epicureans .”  Acts  xvii.  18. 

||  EP-I-CU-RE'AN,  a.  [Gr.  hiKoiptiog ; L.  epicureus .] 

1.  Pertaining  to  Epicurus,  an  ancient  Greek 
philosopher,  who  considered  pleasure  as  the 
chief  good;  as,  “The  Epicurean  philosophy.” 

2.  Devoted  to  pleasure ; given  to  luxury ; 

luxurious.  “ Epicurean  cooks.”  Shak. 

EP-I-CU-RE' AN-IfJM,  or  EP-I-CU'RE- AN-IijM  [ep- 
e-ku-re'an-izm,  K.  R.  Ash ; ep-e-ku  re-an- i/.m , 
Sm.  Wb.],  n.  The  doctrine  of  Epicurus  ; attach- 
ment to  the  principles  of  Epicurus.  Bolingbroke. 


EPT-CU-Rl?M  (ep'e-ky-rlzm),  11.  [It.  § Sp.  epicu- 
rismo ; Fr.  epicurisme.) 

1.  Devotion  to  the  luxuries  of  the  table  ; lux- 
urious living ; luxury;  sensual  pleasure.  Shak. 

2.  The  doctrine  of  Epicurus.  Warton. 

EP'I-CU-RIZE,  v.  n.  1.  To  devour  like  an  epicure  ; 
to  feast ; to  feed.  Fuller. 

2.  To  profess  the  doctrine  of  Epicurus,  or 
the  Epicurean  philosophy.  Cudworth. 

EP'I-CY-CLE  (ep'e-sl-kl),  n.  [Gr.  hi,  upon,  and 
kckJ.os,  a circle;  It.  A;  Sp.  epiciclo  ; Fr  .epicycle.] 
(Astron.)  In  the  Ptolemaic  system,  a circle 
having  its  centre  on  the  circumference  of  an- 
other greater  circle ; a small  orbit  in  which  a 
heavenly  body  moves  around  a centre  fixed 
upon  the  deferent  of  a planet  and  carried  along 
upon  it.  — See  Deferent. 

Cycle  and  epicycle , orb  in  orb.  Milton. 

EP-I-CY'CLOID,  n.  [Gr.  hi,  up- 
on, klk/.os,  a circle,  and  tllos, 
form  : Fr.  epicyclo>de.\  {Math.) 

A curve  line  generated  by  the 
revolution  of  a point  in  the  circumference  of  a 
circle  which  rolls  on  the  circumference  of  an- 
other circle  either  internally  or  externally ; 
thus,  A being  a circle  around  the  circumference 
of  which  B revolves,  a point  fixed  upon  the  cir- 
cumference of  B will  describe  the  epicycloid 
CDE.  Davies. 

EP-I-CY-CLOID'AL,  a.  Relating  to,  or  resem- 
bling] an  epicycloid.  Francis. 

EP-I-CY-CLOID'AL— WHEE 
n.  A wheel  or  ring  fixed 
to  a frame-work,  toothed 
on  its  inner  side,  and  hav- 
ing in  gear  with  it  an- 
other toothed  wheel  of 
half  the  diameter  of  the 
first,  fitted  so  as  to  revolve 
about  the  centre  of  the 
latter. 

fl®=-This  is  a beautiful  method  of  converting  circu- 
lar into  alternate  motion,  or  alternate  into  circular. 
While  the  revolution  of  tile  smaller  wheel  is  taking 
place,  any  point  whatever  on  its  circumference  will 
describe  a straight  line,  or  will  pass  and  repass 
through  a diameter  of  the  circle,  once  during  each  rev- 

■ olution.  In  practice,  a piston,  rod,  or  other  reciprocat- 
ing part,  may  be  attached  to  any  point  on  the  cir- 
cumference of  the  smaller  wheel.  Bigelow. 

EP-I-DEM'IC,  n.  A disease  which  attacks  many 
persons  at  the  same  time.  Burke. 

EP-J-DEM  JC,  I a [Gr.  hi,  among,  and  Irjyog, 

EP-I-DEM'I-CAL,  ) people;  It.  tig  Sp . cpidemico  ; 
Fr.  epidemique .]  {Med.)  That  falls  at  once 
upon  great  numbers  of  people,  as  a disease  or 
pestilence  ; generally  prevailing  ; affecting  great 
numbers  ; general  ; pandemic. 

Syn.  — See  Contagious. 

EP-I-DEM'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  the  manner  of  an 
epidemic.  Boyle. 

EP-I-DEM'I-CAL-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  ep- 
idemical. Ash. 

EP-I-DEM-I-OG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  hi,  among, 
bryios,  people,  and  yph'<po>,  to  write.]  A history 
or  description  of  epidemics.  Dunglison. 

EP-I-DEM-I-O-LOD'I-CAL,  a.  Relating  to  epi- 
demiology. Dr.  Babington. 

E P- ! - D E M - J - 6 L ' O - (4  y , il.  [Gr.  hi,  among,  liqwg, 
people,  and  loyog,  a discourse.]  The  doctrine 
of  epidemics.  Dunglison. 

EP'I-DEM-Y,  n.  [Gr.  hiSryjia ; L.,  It.,  <5f  Sp.  epi- 
demia  ; fr.  epidemic .]  A disease  which  attacks 
several  persons  at  the  same  time ; an  epidemic 
disease.  Dunglison. 

EP-I-DEJV"  DRUM,  n.  [Gr.  hi,  upon,  and  SevSpov, 
a tree.]  {Bot.)  A genus  of  orchidaceous  epi- 
phytes, consisting  of  numerous  species,  and 
found  almost  exclusively  in  South  America. 

Baird. 


EP-I-DER'MAL,  a.  [Gr.  hi,  upon,  and  lippa,  the 
skin.]  Relating  to  the  epidermis,  or  skin,  or 
bark;  epidermic.  Maunder. 


EP-I-DER'MIJ-OUS,  a.  Epidermic.  Clarke. 


EP-I-DER'MIC, 

EP-I-DER'MI-CAL, 


a.  Relating  to  the  epider- 
mis ; epidermal.  Dunglison. 


EP-I-DER'MI-DAL,  a.  Epidermic.  Clarke. 

EP-I-DER'MIS,  n. ; pi.  £p-j-der'm!-de§.  [L.,froin 
Gr.  hihppis.) 

1.  (Anat.)  The  cuticle  or  scarf  skin  of  the 
body  of  man  or  other  animals.  Dunglison. 

2.  {Bot.)  The  skin  or  exterior  coating  of  a 

plant.  Gray. 

EP-I-DIC  TIC,  ? a.  [Gr.  hdtiKTiKds ; hiheiK- 

EP-I-DIC'TI-CAL,  ) wpt,  to  show  forth.]  Dis- 
playing ; showing  forth.  Knox. 

EP-I-DID'  Y-MIS,  n.  [Gr.  hilthpis.)  {Anat.)  A 
long  canal  formed  by  the  union  of  all  the  semi- 
niferous vessels  folded  several  times  upon  them- 
selves upon  the  outside  of  the  testicle. Dunglison. 

EP'I-DOTE,  n.  [Gr.  hitjiSiopt,  to  increase.]  {Min.) 
A mineral  which  occurs  crystallized,  massive, 
and  granular,  variously  colored,  and  containing 
chiefly  silica,  alumina,  lime,  and  iron.  Dana. 

EP-I-DOT'IC,  a.  {Min.)  Relating  to  epidote ; 
containing  epidote.  Craig. 

EP-I-DRO' Ml-Ji,  n.  [Gr.  hi&popia,  a sudden  at- 
tack.] {Med.)  An  afflux  of  humors, particular- 
ly of  blood,  to  any  part  of  the  body.  Craig. 

EP-I-gJE  'j1,  n.  [Gr.  hi,  upon,  and  yrj,  the  earth.] 
{Bot.)  A genus  of  plants  containing  one  species, 
the  Epigoea  repens,  or  creeping  epigaea,  a very 
fragrant  American  plant.  Gray. 

EP-I-GAl'OUS,  a.  {Bot.)  Growing  on,  or  close  to, 
the  earth.  Gray. 

EP-I-GAS'TRI-AL,  a.  Epigastric.  Lexiphanes. 

EP-I-GAS'TRIC,  a.  [Gr.  hiydcrptog ; hi,  upon, 
and  yaoTi'ip,  the  belly  ; It.  & Sp.  epigastrico ; Fr. 
epigastrique .]  (Anat.)  Pertaining  to  the  epi- 
gastrium. “ The  epigastric  region.”  Dunglison. 

EP-I-GAS'TRI-UM,  n.  [L.  ; Gr.  hiydcTptov ; hi, 
upon,  and  yaon'/p , the  belly.]  {Med.)  The  su- 
perior part  of  the  abdomen.  Iloblyn. 

EP-!-GAS'TR0-CELE,  n.  [Gr.  hi,  upon,  yaortip, 
the  stomach,  and  kD-p,  a tumor.]  {Med.)  A her- 
nia of  the  stomach,  or  of  the  parts  near  it,  wheth- 
er formed  by  the  stomach  or  not.  Dunglison. 

EP-!-GE'AL,  a.  [Gr.  hi,  upon,  and  yla  or  yrj,  the 
earth.]’  {Bot.)  Growing  above  ground;  epigse- 
ous.  Balfour. 

EP'I-GEE,  ? n.  [L.  ; Gr.  hi,  towards,  and  yn, 

EP-I-QE ' UM,  ) the  earth.]  Same  as  Peiugejs. 

EP'I-GENE,  a.  [Gr.  hcyevfc,  growing  after.] 

1.  (Crystallography.)  Noting  a form  not  nat- 
ural to  a substance.  Hamilton. 

2.  (Geol.)  Originating  on  the  surface.  Clarke. 

EP'I-GLOT,  n.  Same  as  Epiglottis.  Ogilvie. 

EP-I-GLOT'TIC,  a.  (Med.)  Relating  to  the  epi- 
glottis or  cartilage  of  the  larynx  covering  the 
glottis.  Dunglison. 

EP-I-GLOT1  TIS,  11.  [Ii.  ; Gr.  hiyhorrii  ; hi, 
upon,  and  yliorrig,  the  glottis;  Fr.  epiglotte.'] 
(Anat.)  A cartilage  of  the  larynx,  which  covers 
the  aperture  of  the  windpipe.  Iloblyn. 

EFT-GRAM,  n.  [Gr.  hiypappn,  an  inscription  ; hi, 
upon,  and  ypdixpn,  a writing;  L.  3$  It.  epigratn- 
ma  ; Sp.  epigraina ; Fr.  epigramme. ] 

1.  f An  inscription.  Huloet. 

2.  A pointed  couplet  or  stanza ; a short  poem 
ending  in  a point  or  turn  of  wit. 

The  point  in  the  conclusion  takes  its  place, 

And  is  the  epigram's  peculiar  £race; 

Some  unexpected  and  some  biting  thought. 

With  poignant  wit  and  sharp  expression  fraught.  Anon. 
An  epigram  is  like  a bee  — a thing 
Of  little  size,  with  honey  and  a sting. 

H igglesworth , from  Martial. 

EP'I-GRAm-IST,  n.  An  epigrammatist.  Ogilvie. 

EP-I-GR AM-MAT'lC,  )a  [Gr.  hiypappaTiKos ; 

EP-I-GRAM-MAt'I-CAL,  > L.  epigramrnaticus ; It. 
epigrammatico ; Sp.  epigramatico ; Dr.  epigram- 
matique. ] 

1.  Relating  to,  or  partaking  of,  epigrams. 
“The  epigrammatic  turns  of  Lucan.”  Addison, 

2.  Dealing  in  epigrams  ; writing  epigrams. 

“ Epigrammatical  poet.”  Camden. 

EP-I-GR AM'MA-TlST,  n.  [Gr.  hiypifiporiariis .] 
A writer  of,  or  dealer  in,  epigrams.  “ The  cpi~ 
grammatist  Martial.”  Peacham, 

EP-I-GRAm'MA-TIze,  v.  a.  To  represent  or  ex- 
press by  epigrams.  Ed.  Rev. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MdVE,  NOR,  SON  ; BULL,  BUR,  ROLE.  — £,  9,  q,  g,  soft;  J0,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z ; $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


EPIGRAPH 


EPISTLE 


EP'I-GRApH,  n.  [Gr.  htypai/n'i ; hi,  upon,  and 
ypai/iu,  to  write  ; It.  <Sj  Sp.  epigrafe ; Fr.  epigraphe.] 

1.  An  inscription  on  a building.  Fairholt. 

2.  ( Literature .)  A citation  from  some  author, 

or  a sentence  framed  for  the  purpose,  placed  at 
the  commencement  of  a work  or  of  its  separate 
divisions.  Drande. 

EP-I-GRAPH'ICS,  n.  pi.  The  science  of  inscrip- 
tions. Month.  Rev. 

E-PIG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  hiypafi/.]  The  study  or 
knowledge  oi‘ inscriptions ; an  inscription. Clarke. 

E-IT<?'Y-NOUS,  a.  [Gr.  fin',  upon,  and  yuvo,  a 
female.]  ( Bot .)  Growing  upon  the  top  of  the 
ovary,  as  the  corolla  and  stamens  of  the  huckle- 
berry and  the  cranberry.  Gray. 

EP'I-LEP-SY,  n.  [Gr.  inthflf'1:  ; hilapPdvio,  to  seize 
upon;  L.  'epilepsia  ; It.  epilessia  ; Sp.  epilepsia ; 
Fr.  epilepsie .]  (Med.)  The  falling  sickness  ; a 
disease  of  the  brain  which  causes  persons  affect- 
ed with  it  to  fall  down  suddenly,  and  is  attended 
by  convulsive  stupor.  Dunglison. 

EP-I-LEP'TIC,  ) [Gr.  ImlrrKTtKds  ; L.  epi- 

EP-I-LEP'TI-CAL,  ) lepticus ; It.  epilettico  ; Sp. 

epi/eptico ; Fr.  epileptique.\ 

1.  Diseased  with  an  epilepsy  ; convulsed. 

“ Epileptic  visage.”  Shah. 

2.  Pertaining  to  epilepsy,  or  the  falling  sick- 
ness ; as,  “ An  epileptic  fit.” 

EP-I-LEP'TIC,  n.  One  diseased  or  afflicted  with 
epilepsy.  Farmer. 

EP-I-LEP'TJCS,  n.  pi.  (Med.)  Medicines  for  the 
cure  of  epilepsy.  ' Crabb. 

EP-I-I.O'  BI-UM,  n.  [Gr.  fir  I,  upon,  and  koffis,  a 
pod.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants,  which  have 
the  flower  seated,  as  it  were,  on  the  top  of  the 
pod  ; the  willow  herb.  London. 

f EP-I-LO-GA'TION,  n.  Conclusion  of  a dis- 
course. Skelton. 

EP-I-LO<?  !®>  l a.  Relating  to,  or  like,  an 

EP-I-LOtpI-CAL,  ) epilogue.  Qu.  Rev. 

E-PlL'O-ghpM,  n.  [Gr.  hil.oyiapSs.]  Computa- 
tion ; enumeration.  Gregory. 

E-PlL-0-(jrIs'TIC,  a.  Having  the  nature  of,  or 
resembling,  an  epilogue.  Warton. 

E-PIL'0-£iZE,  v.  n.  [L.  cpilogo  ; Old  Fr.  cpilo- 
guier.\  To  speak  an  epilogue  ; to  conclude  ; to 
finish  ; to  end.  [a.]  Cockeram. 

RrPIL'O-^iZE,  v.  a.  To  add  or  deliver  in  the 
manner  of  an  epilogue,  [r.]  ‘ Was  cpilogizing 
his  witty  raillery.”  Student,  1750. 

EP'I-LO^UE  (ep'e-18g),  n.  [Gr.  eir D.ityo;',  hileyui, 
to  conclude ; hi,  upon,  and  Uyai,  to  speak  ; L. 
epilogns  ; It.  & Sp.  cpilogo ; Fr.  epilogue .] 

1.  (Drama/)  A poem  or  speech  addressed  to 
the  spectators  at  the  end  of  a play. 

2.  (Rhet.)  The  conclusion  of  a discourse,  or- 

dinarily containing  a recapitulation  of  the  prin- 
cipal matter  delivered.  London  Ency. 

EP'I-LO-GUIZE  (ep'e-Io-glz),  V.  n.  & a.  Same  as 
Epilogize.  — See  Epilogize.  Milton. 

EP-L-MA-CHI  'AYE,  n. pi.  [Gr.  fm'pa^of,  equipped 
for  battle. 

(Ornith.)  A 
sub  - family 
of  tenuiros- 
tral  birds, 
of  the  or- 
der Pasze- 
res  and  fam- 
ily Upupi-  Epimachus  speciosus. 

dee  ; plumed  birds.  Gray. 

EP-I-ME'RAL,  n.  [Gr.  nr/,  upon,  and  ptjptis,  a 
limb.]  (Zoiil.)  The  part  of  the  segment  of  an 
articulated  animal,  which  is  above  the  joint  of 
the  limb.  Owen . 

EP-LY-GLETTE ' , n.  [Fr.]  An  iron  needle  for 
piercing  the  cartridge  of  a piece  of  ordnance 
before  priming.  Stocqueler. 

EP-J-NF'CI-QN  (ep-e-nish'e-un,  66),  n.  [Gr.  ht- 
vuaov ; <iri,  upon,  and  visri,  victory.]  A son" 
of  triumph;  a paian.  ' T.  Warton. 

fiP-I-NYC'TIS,  n.  ; pi.  Ep-i-nIc'ti -nils.  [Gr.  iVi- 
vxiktIs  ; art,  at,  and  vvktos,  night.]  (Med.)  A 


494 

sore  at  the  corner  of  the  eye,  which  is  most  pain- 
ful at  night.  Wiseman. 

EP-I-PAc'TjS,  11.  [L.,  from  Gr.  htiratcTts,  helle- 

borine.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  orchideous,  hardy 
plants.  Loudon. 

E-pIp-E-DOM'E-TRY,  n.  [Gr.  hi,  upon,  nobs,  the 
foot,  and  perpov,  measure.]  Measurement  of 
figures  that  stand  upon  the  same  base.  Davies. 

EP-I-PET'A-LOUS,  a.  [Gr.  hi,  upon,  and  nhu'/.ov, 
a ieaf.]  (Bot.)  Noting  any  organ  of  a plant  which 
is  seated  Mpon  the  corolla  or  the  petals.  Craig. 

5-PIPH'A-NY  (e-pif'a-ne),  n.  [Gr.  hopavna,  ap- 
pearance, manifestation.]  A festival  celebrated 
on  the  l‘2th  day  after  Christmas,  in  commemo- 
ration of  the  manifestation  of  Christ  by  the  star 
which  guided  the  Magi  to  Bethlehem.  Wheatly. 

EP-I-PHO-NE'MA,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  huptbvripa.) 
(Rhet.)  An  exclamation  ; a smart  sentence  at 
the  close  of  a speech.  South. 

E-PIPH'O-RA  (e-plf'o-ra),  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  haftopa.] 

1.  (Med.)  An  involuntary  and  constant  flow  of 
the  water  of  the  eye  ; the  watery  eye.  Dunglison. 

2.  (Rhet.)  Vehement  declamation;  an  em- 
phatic repetition.  Clarke. 

EP'I-PIIRAgM  (ep'e-fram),  11.  [Gr.  hiippaooat,  to 
block  up.]  (Conch.)  The  membranaceous  or 
calcareous  substance  by  which  some  species  of 
mollusks  close  the  aperture  of  the  shell  when 
they  retire  within  to  hibernate.  Woodward. 

EP-I-PHYL-LO-SPER'MOUS,  a.  [Gr.  hi,  upon, 
ipiiDov,  a leaf,  and  azettpn,  seed.]  (Bot.)  Having 
the  seeds  on,  or  at  the  back  of,  the  leaves,  as 
ferns.  , Harris. 

EP-I- PHYL'LOIJS, or  B"PI  PI  I 'YL-LO  US  (132), 

a.  [Gjj.  hi,  upon,  and  tpvl.lov,  a leaf.]  (Bot.) 
Growing  upon,  or  inserted  oil,  the  leaf. 

Henslow. 

EP-I-PII  YS'JR-AL,  a.  Having  the  character 
epiphysis.  Smart. 

B-PIPH'Y-STS  (e-pif' e-sis),  11.  [Gr.  hiipoaig.]  (Med.) 
Any  portion  of  a bone  separated  from  the  body 
of  the  bone  by  a cartilage,  which  becomes  con- 
verted into  bone  by  age. 

The  epiphysis  of  the  fuitus  becomes  the  apophysis  of  the 
adult.  Lhuiylison. 

EP'1-PHYTE,  n.  [Gr.  ini,  upon,  and  ijibrov,  a plant.] 

(Bot.)  A plant  that  grows  upon  other  vegeta- 
bles or  trees,  adhering  to  their  bark,  but  deriv- 
ing no  nutriment  from  them  ; air-plant.  — See 
Air-plant.  P.  Cyc. 

I -5L,  ? a_  (Bot.)  Pertaining  or  relat- 

EP-I-PHYT'IC,  ) ing  to  an  epiphyte.  Gray. 

EP-I-PLy-RO'SJS,  n.  [Gr.  htirh'/pexns.']  (Med.) 
Excessive  repletion  ; distention,  as  of  the  ar- 
teries or  veins  with  blood.  Dunglison. 

EP-I-PLEX'IS,n.  [Gr.  hnrAtjfrs, blame.]  (Rhet.) 
A figure  used  when  an  elegant  kind  of  upbraid- 
ing is  employed  to  convince.  Crabb. 

B-PIP'LO-CE,  n.  [Gr.  hnrl.oKt;,  a plaiting  together.] 
(Rhet.)  A gradual  rising  of  one  clause  of  a sen- 
tence out  of  another  ; a climax.  Scott. 

E-I’fP'LO-CKI.E,  n.  [Gr.  hM.oiv,  the  omentum 
or  caui,  and  Kijbi,  a tumor.]  (Med.)  Hernia  of 
the  omentum  or  caul.  Brande. 

B-PIP'LO-IC,  a.  Relating  to  the  epiploon,  omen- 
tum, or  caul.  Dunglison. 

E-PIP'LO-ON,  n.  [Gr.  hhl.oov  ; hi,  upon,  and  7r?./o >, 
to  swim.]  (Anat.)  A prolongation  of  the  peri- 
toneum, which  floats  above  a portion  of  the  in- 
testines, and  is  formed  of  two  membranous 
layers  with  vessels  and  fatty  bands  distributed 
through  it ; the  omentum ; the  caul.  Dunglison. 

E-PIR-RII  E-0L'0-<?Y,  n-  [Gr.  htpnlio,  to  overflow, 
and  ).6yo(,a  discourse.]  (Bot.)  The  department 
of  botanical  physiology  which  treats  of  the  ef- 
fects of  external  agents  on  living  y\ants. Henslow. 

EP-I-SCE  'JYI-  Cm,  n.  [L.;  Gr.  Ituctkdviov  ; ini, 
upon,  and  active,  the  stage. [ (Arch.)  The  story 
over  the  stage  in  a theatre.  IF.  Smith. 

E-PIS'OO-PA-CY,  n.  [Gr.  hiacozos,  a bishop  ; L. 
episcopat.us ; It.  episcopato  ; Sp.  cpisrnpado  ; Fr. 
episcopat.  — See  Bishop.]  (Eccl.)  That  form 
of  church  government  in  which  diocesan  bish- 


of  an 


ops  are  established  as  distinct  from,  and  supe- 
rior to,  priests  or  presbyters  ; the  government  of 
the  church  by  three  distinct  orders  of  ministers, 
— bishops,  priests,  and  deacons.  Stilling  fleet. 

E-PIS'CO-PAL,  a.  [L.  episcopalis  ; It.  episcopate-, 
Sp.  episcopal ; Fr.  episcopal.]  Belonging  to 
episcopacy  ; belonging  to  a bishop  ; vested  in  a 
bishop;  episcopalian.  “ Episcopal  jurisdiction.” 
“ Episcopal  authority.”  Rogers. 

E-Pls'CO-PAL,  n.  A bishop.  [Scotland.]  Jodrcll. 

E-Pi S-CO-PA 'LI-  AN,  a.  Relating  to  episcopacy  ; 
episcopal.  ‘ Fox. 

E-pIs-CO-PA'LJ-AN,  n.  One  who  adheres  to 
episcopacy ; a churchman.  C.  J.  Fox. 

E-PIS-cp-PA'LI-AN-l§M,  n.  Episcopacy.  Ec.  Rev. 

E-Pls'co-PAL-LY,  ad.  In  an  episcopal  manner. 

+ E-pIs'CO-PANT,  n.  A bishop.  Milton. 

E- PIS 'CO-PATE,  n.  The  office  or  rank  of  a 
bishop ; a bishopric. 

These  great  qualities  conducted  you  to  the  episcopate. 

Arnold  to  Abp.  Herring , 1744. 

f E-PIS'CO-PATE,  v.  n.  To  be  made,  or  to  act  as, 
a bishop.  Wycherly. 

That  a gratified  man  might  episcopate.  The  Leader. 

t E-riS-CO-PA'TION,  n.  The  office  or  duty  of  a 
bishop. 

lie  is  expected  a master  of  episcopation.  The  Leader. 

E-PIS'CO-PJ-CLDE,  n.  [L.  episcopus  (Gr.  hiaKonos), 
a bishop,  and  cado,  to  kill.]  The  killing  of  a 
bishop.  Clarke. 

f E-ITS'CO-PY,  n.  [Gr.  hctTKontj ; hiaco-iio,  to 
examine.]  Survey ; search.  Milton. 

EP-I-SO'DAL,  a.  Relating  to  episode  or  digres- 
sion ; episodical.  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

EP'I-SODE,  n.  [Gr.  huadbtov ; It.  A Sp.  episodio ; 
Fr  .episode.]  An  incidental  narrative,  or  digres- 
sion, as  in  a poem,  separable  from  the  main 
subject,  yet  rising  naturally  from  it.  Addison. 

EP-I-SO'DI- AL,  a.  Relating  to  episode  ; episodi- 
cal ; episodal.  Dr.  Mott. 


EP-I-SOD  IC,  ) a gp_  episodico;  Fr. 

EP-I-SOD'I-CAL,  ) episodique .]  Contained  in  an 
episode  ; pertaining  to  an  episode  ; digression- 
al.  “ Episodical  ornaments.”  Dryden. 

EP-I-SOD'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  By  way  of  episode  or 
digression.  Bp.  Ilurd. 


EP-I-SPAs'TIC,  a.  [Gr.  h , upon,  and  awdot,  to 
draw ; Fr.  epispaslique.]  Pertaining  to  blisters  ; 
drawing ; blistering.  Arbutlinot. 


EP-I-SPAs'TICS,  n.  pi.  (Med.)  External  appli- 
cations to  the  skin,  which  produce  a serous  or 
puriform  discharge,  by  exciting  inflammation  ; 
vesicatories ; blisters.  Hoblyn. 

EP'J-SPERM,  n.  [Gr.  hi,  upon,  and  tr-Klppa,  seed.] 
(Bot.)  The  skin  or  coat  of  a seed,  especially  the 
outer  coat.  Gray. 


EP-I-SPER'MIC,  a.  (Bot.)  Pertaining  to  the  epi- 
sperm,  or  coat  of  a seed.  Ogilvie. 

EP-IS-TAX'IS,  ii.  [Gr.  hiard^eiv,  to  drop,  to 
trickle.]  (Med.)  A bleeding  at  the  nose.  Brande. 


EP-1-.STER'NAL,  11.  [Gr.  hi,  upon,  and  CTlpvov, 
the  breast.]  (Zoiil.)  The  piece  of  the  segment 
of  an  articulate  animal  which  is  immediately 
above  the  sternum.  Owen. 


EP-IS-THOT' O-NOS,  n.  [Gr.  htadev,  forwards, 
and  rilvut,  to  bend.]  (Med.)  A spasmodic  affec- 
tion by  which  the  body  is  bent  forwards.  Brande. 

EP-I-STIL'BfTE,  n.  [Gr.  hi,  with,  and  Eng.  stil- 
bite.)  (Min.)  A crystallized  mineral,  consisting 
chiefly  of  silica,  alumina,  lime,  and  soda,  and 
occurring  with  stilbite.  Dana. 

E-PIS'TLE  (e-pls'sl), ii.  [Gr.  hittTol.j,  a message; 
hisrO./.w,  to  send  to  ; hi,  to,  and  otD./m,  to  send  ; 
L.,  It.,  St  Sp.  epistola ; Fr.  cpitre.]  A written 
communication  to  a person  or  persons ; a let- 
ter ; a writing  sent ; — applied  particularly  in 
dignified  discourse  or  in  speaking  of  the  letters 
of  the  apostles,  or  of  the  ancients  ; as,  “ The 
Epistles  of  Paul  ” ; “ The  Epistles  of  Cicero.” 

Syn.  — Letters  are  short  written  communications, 
which  pass  between  friends,  or  which  grow  out  of 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  E>  l,  0,  V,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


EPISTLE 

the  business  oflife  ; an  epistle  is  a literary  letter,  or  a 
letter  written  for  some  special  purpose.  The  Epistles 
of  Paul  ; the  Letters  of  Gray  or  of  Cowper. 

5-PlS'TLB,  v.  a.  To  write,  as  an  epistle.  “ Thus 
much  may  be  epistled.”  Milton. 

f IJ-PIS'TLIJR  (e-pis'ler),  n.  1.  A writer  of  epistles 
or  letters.  Bp.  Hall. 

2.  ( Eccl .)  Formerly  the  priest  who  read  the 
epistle  at  the  communion  table.  Bailey. 

K-PlS'TO-LA-RY,  a.  [L.  epistolaris  ; It.  episto- 
lary, Sp .epistolary  Fr.  epistolaire.] 

1.  Relating  to  letters  ; suitable  to  letters  ; as, 
“ An  epistolary  style.” 

2.  Having  the  form  of  letters  ; transacted  by 
letters.  “ Epistolary  correspondence.”  Addison. 

E-PIS'TO-LET,  n.  A short  epistle,  [it.]  C.  Lamb. 

El -IS-POL  [C,  l <j.  j-Qr,  iiri<rTohie6s ; L.  epis- 

EP-IS-TOL'I-CAL,  ' tolicus  ; It.  § Sp.  epistolico .] 
Having  the  form  of  an  epistle  ; pertaining  to 
epistles  ; epistolary.  Bentley. 

F.-PlS'TO-LIZE,  v.n.  To  write  letters,  [it.]  Howell. 

E-PIS'TO-LIZ-ER,  71.  One  who  epistolizes ; a 
writer  of  epistles.  Howell. 

E-PIS-TO-LO-GRApH'IC,  a.  [Gr.  iniaro/Lt),  a mes- 
sage, and  ypthpoi,  to  write.]  Belonging  to  epis- 
tolary writing ; epistolary.  Sharpe. 

JJ-PIS-TO-LOG'RA-PHY,  n.  The  art  or  the  prac- 
tice of  writing  epistles.  Clarke. 

E-PIS' TO-M4,  n.  [Gr.  ini,  upon,  and  a-nSpa,  the 
mouth.]  {Conch.)  The  space  between  the  an- 
tennae and  oral  cavity  in  Crustacea.  Maunder. 

J-PIS'TRO-PHp,  n.  [Gr.  £7norpo0i; ; Ini,  to,  and 
arpoipn,  a return.]  ( Rhet .)  A figure  which  con- 
cludes each  member  of  a sentence  with  the 
same  word  or  phrase.  Chambers. 

EP'I-STYLE,  n.  [Gr.  icicri/.iov ; Ini,  upon,  and 
oril.os,  a column  ; It.  epistilio  ; Sp.  epistilo  ; Fr. 
epistyle .]  {Arch.)  The  part  of  a building  laid  up- 
on the  capital  of  a pillar ; an  architrave.  Britton. 

EP'I-TAPH  (ep'e-taf),  71.  [Gr.  intratpiov;  ini, 
upon,  and  raipo ;,  a grave,  a tomb ; L.  epitaphi- 
um;  It.  epitajfio ; Sp.  epitqfio  ; Fr.  epitaphe.] 
An  inscription  on  a tomb  or  monument  in  hon- 
or of  a person  deceased ; — a short  epigram- 
matic composition,  suitable  to  be  placed  on  the 
tomb  or  monument  of  a deceased  person. 

An  epitaph  ought  not  necessarily  to  be  an  epigram,  though 
most  clever  ones  are  epigrams.  Athenaeum. 

EP-I-TA'PHI-AN,  a.  Having  the  nature  of  an  epi- 
taph ; epitaphie.  “ EpitapJiian  speech.”  Milton. 

EP-I-TAPH'IC,  a.  Relating  to,  or  resembling,  an 
epitaph  ; epitaphian.  ,/.  Taylor. 

EP'I-TAPH-IST,  71.  [Gr.  iniTaipierris.l  A writer  of 
epitaphs.  For.  Qu.  Rev. 

E-PIT'A-SIS,  71.  [Gr.  inirains,  a heightening.] 

{Rhei.) 

1.  The  part  of  a play  in  which  the  plot  thick- 
ens, or  which  leads  to  the  catastrophe. 

The  play,  which  will  draw  on  the  cpitasis  now.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  That  part  of  an  address  or  oration  which 

appeals  to  the  passions.  Clarke. 

3.  (Logic.)  The  consequent  term  of  a propo- 
sition. Craig. 

4.  (Med.)  The  paroxysm,  or  period  of  vio- 
lence, of  a fever,  or  a disease.  Dunglison. 

EP-1-THA-LA'MI-UM,  ii.  [L.,  from  Gr.  imOal.Aptov; 
ini,  upon,  and  ddlapos,  a bride-chamber  ; Fr. 
epithalme.]  A nuptial  song  ; a congratulatory 
poem  on  a marriage.  “ The  epithalamium  sung 
by  a crowned  muse.”  Sandys. 

EP-I-THA-LAM'IC,  a.  Relating  to  an  epithala- 
mium- N.  Brit.  Rev. 

£P-I-THAL'A-MY,  n.  A nuptial  song ; an  epitha- 
lamium. [r.]  Cudleigh. 

EP-I-THE ' LI-t/M,  n.  [Gr.  ini,  upon,  and  Or/hj,  a 
nipple.]  (Anat.)  The  cuticle  which  covers  parts 
deprived  of  derma  or  true  skin,  as  the  nipple, 
mucous  membranes,  lips,  &c.  Dunglison. 

EP'I-THEM,  n.  [Gr.  iniOeya  ; ini,  upon,  and  riQrnu, 
to  place ; L.  epithema  ; Fr.  epitheme. ] (Med.) 
A lotion  externally  applied.  Browne. 

EP'I-THET,  n.  [Gr.  IniOirov,  something  added; 


495 

ini,  upon,  and  Tldrjfu,  to  place  ; L.  cpitheton ; It. 
<Sp  Sp.  epiteto  ; Fr.  epithete.] 

1.  An  adjective  denoting  any  quality,  good  or 

bad.  “ Leaving  the  epithets  of  false,  scandalous, 
and  villanous  to  the  author.”  Swift. 

An  epithet  is  an  addition,  but  an  addition  may  be  an  en- 
cumbrance. As  a general  maxim,  no  epithet  should  be  used 
which  does  not  express  something  not  expressed  in  the  con- 
text, nor  so  implied  in  it  as  to  be  immediately  deducible.  Hare. 

2.  A term  expressing  an  attribute  or  quality  ; 
a title  ; as,  “ Richard,  the  Lion-hearted 

Syn.  — Epithet  is  a technical  term  of  the  rhetori- 
cian ; adjective , of  the  grammarian.  The  same  word 
is  an  adjective  inasmuch  as  it  is  a part  of  speech,  and 
it  is  styled  an  epithet  inasmuch  as  it  is  gentle  or  harsh, 
or  an  ornament  of  diction.  In  the  phrase  Alexander 
the  Great , great  is  an  epithet,  inasmuch  as  it  distin- 
guishes Alexander  from  all  other  persons,  and  it  is  an 
adjective,  as  it  expresses  the  quality  of  the  noun,  Alex- 
ander. According  to  some  rhetorical  writers,  the 
term  epithet  is  limited  to  a part  only  of  adjectives; 
but  according  to  others,  it  is  applied  to  the  whole  of 
them.  “ All  adjectives says  Crabb,  “ are  epithets  ; 
but  all  epithets  are  not  adjectives.  Thus,  in  Virgil’s 
Pater  JEneas  (Father  Aeneas),  the  Pater  (Father)  is 
an  epithet , but  not  an  adjective 

EP'I-THET,  v.  a.  To  entitle  ; to  describe.  “Never 
was  a town  better  epitheted.”  [r.]  I Votton. 

EP-I-THET'IO,  a.  Containing  epithets  ; abound- 
ing in  epithets.  Lloyd. 

E-PITH' E-TOJ\T,  n . [Gr.  l-niOerovJ]  An  epithet. 
— See  Epithet.  Shak. 

f EP'I-THITE,  n.  [Gr.  h nOerrjs,  an  impostor.]  A 
lazy  vagrant.  Mason. 

EP-I-THU-MET'IC,  ; B.  [Gr.  hl6~mat  a desirei 

EP-I-TIIU-MET'I-CAL,  > yearning.]  Relating  to 
lust  or  animal  passion,  [r.]  S7iiart. 

EP-I-TlTH'I-DE§,  71.  [Gr.  intTiOrf'/Xr , to  place  upon; 
ini,  upon,  and  Tiihyu,  to  place.]  (Arch.)  The 
crowning  moulding  of  the  cornice.  Weak. 

E-PlT'O-MlJ,  71.  ; pi.  e-pTt'q-me?.  [L.,  It.,  Sp.,  §- 
Fr.  epitome,  from  Gr.  in  it  our] ; intTlyvoi,  to  cut 
off,  to  shorten.]  An  abridgment ; a compen- 
dium ; b.  compend  ; a summary ; a compendi- 
ous abstract. 

Epitomes  are  helpful  to  the  memory.  Wotton. 

Syn.  — See  Abridgment. 

JJ-PIT'O-MIST,  7i.  An  abridger  ; an  epitomizer. 
“ The  epitomist  Florus.”  Milton. 

5-PIT'O-MIZE,  V.  a.  [t.  EPITOMIZED  ; pp.  EPIT- 
OMIZING, EPITOMIZED.] 

1.  To  contract  into  a narrow  space  ; to  bring 

into  a smaller  compass ; to  abridge  ; to  reduce  ; 
to  condense;  to  abstract;  to  shorten.  ‘‘The 
author  they  cite  and  epitomize.”  Boyle. 

If  the  ladies  take  a liking  to  such  a diminutive  race,  we 
should  see  mankind  epitomized.  Addison. 

2.  To  diminish  by  amputation  ; to  curtail. 

We  have  epitomized  many  words  to  the  detriment  of  our 
tongue.  Addison. 

E-PIT'O-MlZ-jpR,  n.  One  who  epitomizes.  Hales. 

EP'I-TRlTE,  71.  [Gr.  inirptro; ; ini,  to,  and  rpiros, 
the  third;  L.  epitritos .]  (Pros.)  A Greek  foot 
consisting  of  four  syllables,  one  long  and  three 
short,  anti  denominated  1st,  2d,  3d,  or  4th  epi- 
trite,  according  as  the  short  syllable  occupied 
the  1st,  2d,  3d,  or  4th  place.  Crabb. 

EP'I-TRITE,  a.  (Pros.)  Noting  a kind  of  Greek 
foot,  consisting  of  four  syllables,  one  long  and 
three  short.  Beck. 

E-PIT'  RO-PE,  11.  [Gr.  intrponi'i ; inirpinw,  to  per- 
mit; Fr.  epitrope. ] ( Rhet .)  A figure  used  by 

an  orator  when  he  grants  to  an  opponent  some- 
thing that  he  may  deny,  in  order  to  obtain  an 
advantage.  Crabb. 

EP-I-ZEUX’IS,  71.  [Gr.  inhibit s.]  (Rhet.)  The 
repetition  of  the  same  word  or  words  with  em- 
phasis; as,  “ Never,  7iever,  never.”  Bailey. 

EP-I-ZO  '4,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  ini,  upon,  and  $Ciov,  an  ani- 
mal.] ( Zoiil .)  A class  of  parasitic  animals,  mostly 
Crustacea,  which  chiefly  infest  fishes.  Braude. 

EP-I-ZO'AN,  n.  One  of  the  epizoa.  Brande. 

EP-I-ZO-OT'IC,  a.  [Fr.  t 'pizoiitique. ] 

1.  Relating  to,  or  diseased  by,  epizoOty.  Craig. 

2.  ( Geol .)  Noting  such  formations  as  contain 

animal  remains.  Smart. 

EP-I-ZO 'O-TY,  7i.  A murrain  or  pestilential  dis- 
ease among  cattle.  Hamilton. 


EQUAL 

E PLU'RI-BUS  U'JVUM,  [L.,  one  of  many.]  The 
motto  of  the  United  States  ; — the  allusion  being 
to  the  formation  of  one  federal  government  out 
of  several  independent  states. 

EP'OEH,  or  E'POjGII  [ep'ok,  S.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm. ; 
e'pok,  P.  BP).;  ep'ok  or  e'p5k,  IF.  C.],  n.  [Gr. 
i no%ij ; initio,  to  stop  ; It.  § Sp.  epoca  ; Fr.  epoque.] 
A point  of  time  fixed  or  rendered  remarkable 
by  some  historical  event,  from  which  dates  are 
subsequently  numbered  ; era  ; period  ; date. 

Time  is  always  reckoned  from  some  known  parts  of  this 
sensible  world,  and  from  some  certain  epochs  marked  out  to 
us  by  tlie  motions  observable  in  it.  Locke. 

Syn.  — See  Time. 

EP'O-jCHA  (ep'o-kj),  n.  Same  as  Epoch.  Prior. 

EP'O-GHAL,  a.  Relating  to  an  epoch,  era,  or  pe- 
riod; periodical.  J.  Galt. 

EP'ODE  [ep'od,  S.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K.  S?n. ; ep'od  or 
e'pod,  IF.  P.  C.],  7i.  [Gr.  fTTipridj;  L.  epodos;  It. 
epodo  ; Sp.  epocla. ; Fr.  epode.] 

1.  The  stanza,  ode,  or  part  of  an  ode,  which 

follows  the  strophe  and  antistrophe.  Milton. 

2.  An  additional  ode  ; as,  “ The  epodes  of 
Horace.” 

E-POD'IC,  a.  Relating  to  or  like  an  epode.  Beck. 

EP-O-PEE',  71.  [Gr.  inonoi'ta  ; enos,  a tale,  a song, 
and  noitoi,  to  make;  Fr.  epopee.]  The  construc- 
tion, plan,  or  materials  of  an  epic  poem  : — an 
epic  poem.  “ Tragedy  borrows  from  the  epo- 
pee.” Dryden. 

EP-O-PtE  'IA  (ep-o-pe'ya),  n.  The  history,  action, 
or  fable  of  an  epic  poem ; epopee.  Hamilton. 

EP 1 OS,  n.  [Gr.  inos ; L.  epos.]  A narrative  or 
epic  poem,  as  the  Iliad  of  Homer.  Smart. 

f EP-O-TA'TION,  11.  [L.  epoto,  epotatus,  to  drink 

out  or  off.]  A drinking  out.  Feltham. 

EPROUVETTE  (a'pro-vet'),  n.  [Fr.]  A machine 
for  proving  the  strength  of  gunpowder.  Brande. 

EP'SOM— SALT,  n.  A crystallized  purgative  salt, 
the  sulphate  of  magnesia  ; — procured  originally 
from  mineral  waters  at  Epsom,  in  England.  Ure. 

EP'll-LA-RY,  a.  [L.  epularis ; epulum,  a feast.] 
Belonging  to  a feast.  Scott. 

f EP-U-LA'TION,  11.  Banquet;  feast.  Browne. 

E-PU'LIS,  11.  [Gr.  ini,  upon,  and  ov'/.a,  the  gums.] 
(Med.)  A small  tubercle  on  the  gums.  Brande. 

EP'U-LOSE,  11.  [L.  epulum,  a feast.]  Feasting 

to  excess  ; revelling,  [r.]  Craiy. 

EP-U-LOS'I-TY,  11.  A feasting  to  excess.  Craiy. 

EP-U-LOT'IC,  n.  (Med.)  A cicatrizing  medicine 
or  medicament.  Wiseman. 

EP-U-LOT'IC,  a.  (Or.  inovXoTtKHs ; ini,  upon,  and 
ovl.rj,  a scar;  Fr.  epulotique.]  Cicatrizing;  heal- 
ing. Brande. 

EP-U-RA'TION,  11.  ,[L.  puro,  puratus,  to  purify.] 
Purification ; depuration.  Royet. 

EPURE  (a-pur'),  11.  [Fr.]  A model ; an  enlarged 
plan  of  a building.  Sitnmonds. 

||  E-Q.UA-BIL'1-TY,  n.  [It.  equabilita.]  Evenness; 
uniformity.  “ Equability  of  motions.”  Ray. 
“ Equability  of  temperature.”  Arbuthnot. 

II  E'OUA-BLE  [e'kwa-bl,  S.  IF.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  K.  C. 
Wb. ; ek'wa-bl,  Sm.],  a.  [L.  cquabilis;  It. 
equabile.] 

1.  Same  in  degree  throughout ; even ; uni- 
form; steady;  equal;  as,  “ Equable  motion”; 
“ Equable  temper.” 

2.  Of  regular  surface  ; smooth,  [it.] 

Ho  would  have  the  vast  body  of  a planet  smooth  and 
equable.  Bentley. 

Syn.  — See  Equal. 

||  E'OUA-BLE- NESS,  re.  The  state  of  being  equa- 
ble ; uniformity.  Scott. 

||  E'OUA-BLY  (e'kwa-ble),  ad.  In  an  equable 
or  uniform  manner. 

E'OUAL  (e'kwjl),  a.  [L.  ceqitalis  ; ccquo,  to  make 
equal  to;  crqims,  even,  equal;  It.  cyuale  or 
uguale  ; Sp.  vjual ; Fr.  egal.] 

1.  Of  the  same  extent,  measure,  or  degree 
when  compared  ; like  another ; alike. 

Equal  lot 

May  join  us;  equal  joy,  ns  equal  love.  Milton. 


liEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR, 


EQUAL 

2.  Equable  ; regular  ; even  ; uniform. 

An  equal  temper  in  his  mind  he  found.  Dryden. 

3.  Impartial;  equitable;  just;  fair. 

Whom  equal  Jove  hath  loved.  7i.  Jonson. 

4.  Proportionate  ; commensurate.  “ Com- 
mendations equal  to  your  merit.”  Dryden. 

5.  Of  sufficient  strength  or  ability;  adequate  ; 
as,  “ He  is  not  equal  to  the  task.” 

Syn.  — Equal  in  number,  quantity,  value,  age,  &c. ; 
like  or  alike  in  appearance,  color,  siiape,  &c.  ; an  cent 
surface  ; equable  temper ; uniform  inhabits,  character, 
and  conduct. 

E'QUAL,  n.  1.  One  of  the  same  rank,  age,  or 
merit,  as  another.  “ He  has  no  equal."  Shah. 

2.  The  state  of  being  equal ; equality.  “ And 
all  things  to  an  equal  to  restore.”  Spenser. 

E’CtUAL,  V.  a.  [t.  EQUALLED  ; pp.  EQUALLING, 
EQUALLED.] 

1.  To  make  equal ; to  make  like  ; to  equalize. 

Those  other  two  equalled  with  me  in  fate, 

So  were  I equalled  with  them  in  renown.  Milton. 

2.  To  rise  to  the  same  level  or  rank  with ; to 
rival. 

I know  nobody  so  like  to  equal  him.  Trumbidl. 

3.  To  be  equal  to;  to  be  adequate  to  “ Did 
but  my  fortunes  equal  my  desires.”  Shah. 

4.  To  recompense  fully ; to  return  in  like 
measure. 

Who  answered  all  her  cares,  and  equalled  all  her  love.  Dryden. 

p-CtUAL'I-TY  (?-kwol'e-te)  [e-kwol'e-te,  IF.  P.J. 
F.  Ja.  Sm.  K. ; e-kwai'e-te,  S.  E.  K.  C.],  n.  [L. 
aqua!  it  as  ; It.  equalita  ; Sp.  igualdad ; Fr . egali- 
#<?.]  The  state  of  being  equal  or  alike  in  any 
quality  or  attribute ; likeness ; uniformity. 
“ Pattern  of  just  equality.”  Milton. 

E-CHJAL-I-ZA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  equalizing,  or 
the  state  of  being  equalized.  Burke. 

E'CUTAL-IZE,  V.  a.  [t.  EQUALIZED  ; pp.  EQUAL- 
IZING, EQUALIZED.] 

1.  To  make  equal ; to  make  even.  “ To 

equalize  accounts.”  Browne. 

2.  fTo  be  equal  to;  to  match. 

A prince  who  would  have  equalized  Ctesar  himself.  Fuller. 

E'QUAL-LY,  ad.  In  an  equal  manner  ; evenly. 

Equally  pinnate , ( Bot .)  noting  a pinnate  leaf  with- 
out an  odd  leaflet  at  its  extremity  ; — called  also  ab- 
ruptly-pinnate.  Gray. 

E'CIUAL-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  equal  or 
like ; equality.  Shah. 

5-QUAN'GU-LAR,  a.  Having  equal  angles  ; equi- 
angular. Johnson. 

E-Q.UA-NIM'1-TY,  n.  [L.  aquanimitas ; eequus, 
equal,  and  animus,  mind ; It.  equanimity ; Sp. 
ecuanimidad .]  Evenness  of  mind  ; a disposition 
or  temper  not  liable  to  be  elated  or  depressed. 

That  equanimity  and  contentedness  which  we  ought  to 
express  in  every  estate  and  condition  in  which  God  hath 
placed  us.  Sharp. 

f E-Q.UAN'1-MOUS,  a.  [L .aquanimis.]  Having 
evenness  of  mind.  Bp.  Gauden. 

E'CIUANT,  n.  ( Astron .)  An  imaginary  circle,  in 
the  Ptolemaic  astronomy,  for  regulating  and  ad- 
justing certain  motions  of  the  planets,  and  re- 
ducing them  to  easier  calculation.  Hutton. 

E-CIUA'TION  (e-kwa'shun),  n.  [L.  eequatio  ; aquo, 
aquatus,  to  make  equal ; It.  equazione  ; Sp.  equa- 
cion;  Fr.  equation.] 

1.  The  act  of  bringing  things  to  an  equality ; 
equality. 

Again  the  golden  day  resumed  its  right. 

And  ruled  in  just  equation  with  the  night.  Rowe. 

2.  (Astron.)  The  reduction  to  a mean  propor- 

tion ; — particularly  applied  to  the  reduction  of 
the  apparent  time  or  motion  of  the  sun  to  the 
mean  or  true  time  : — also  the  difference  be- 
tween mean  and  apparent  time.  Brande. 

3.  (Alyebra.)  The  statement  of  the  equality 
of  two  quantities  ; as,  3s.  = 36d. 

Personal  equation , (Astron.),  a term  lately  intro- 
duced to  denote  the  interval  of  time  by  which  an  ob- 
server, on  the  average  of  a number  of  observations, 
notes  a phenomenon  before  or  after  the  instant  as- 
sumed to  be  that  of  its  actual  occurrence.  Peirce. 

E-GUA'TOR,  n.  [L.  aequo,  aquatics,  to  make 
equal ; It.  equatore  ; Sp.  ecuador  ; Fr.  equateur .] 

1.  (Astron.)  A great  circle  of  the  celestial 
sphere,  of  which  the  plane  is  perpendicular  to 
the  axis  of  the  earth’s  diurnal  motion  ; — so 
called  because,  when  the  sun  is  in  its  plane, 
the  days  and  nights  are  of  equal  length  all  over 
the  world.  It  is  also  called  equinoctial. 


496 

2.  (Geoy.)  A great  circle  of  the  terrestrial 
sphere,  which  is  every  where  equally  distant 
from  the  two  poles,  and  divides  the  earth  into 
the  northern  and  southern  hemispheres. 

II  E-CIUA-TO'RI-AL  [e-kwa-to're-al,  S.  IF.  P.  Ja. 
K . ; ek-wa-to're-al,  «S»i.],  a.  [Sp.  ecuatorio  ; Fr. 
equatorial.']  Pertaining  to  the  equator ; con- 
formed to  the  equator ; as,  “ The  equatorial 
diameter  of  the  earth.” 

||  E-dUA-TO'Rr- A 1.,  n.  (Astron.)  An  instrument 
contrived  for  the  purpose  of  directing  a tele- 
scope upon  any  celestial  object,  whose  right  as- 
cension and  declination  are  known,  and  of  keep- 
ing the  object  in  view  for  any  length  of  time, 
notwithstanding  the  diurnal  motion.  Brande. 

||  E-CtU A-TO'RI-AL-LY,  ad.  In  a line  with  the 
equator.  ’ Paley. 

EQ'UER-RY  (ek'we-re  or  e-kwer'e)  [e-kwer'e,  S. 
IF.  E.  J.  F. ; e'kwer-e,  Ja.  li  b. ; ek'we-re,  P. 
Sm.;  ek'we-re  or  e-kwer'e,  Ii.],  n.  [L . equari- 
us,  pertaining  to  horses ; equus,  a horse ; Fr. 
ecurie,  a stable.  — See  Esquire.] 

1.  A grand  lodge  or  stable  for  horses.  Johnson. 

2.  An  officer  in  the  household  of  the  sov- 
ereign of  England,  subordinate  to  the  master 
of  the  horse. 

The  chief  equerry  is  also  styled  clerk-marshal,  with  a sal- 
ary of  501)/.  per  annum.  There  are  also  four  equerries  in  or- 
dinary whose  salary  is  600/.  per  annum,  and  an  equerry  of  the 
crown  stable.  Brande. 

E&'UIji-RY  (ek'we-re),  n.  Same  as  Equerry. 

E'QUE$,n.;  pi.  eq!  ui-te$  (ek'we-tez).  (Ant.) 
[L.]  One  of  the  body  of  horsemen  or  knights, 
an  order  in  the  ancient  Roman  state.  P.  Cyc. 

5-aiJES'TRI-AN,  a.  [L.  equester  ; equus,  ahorse  ; 
It.  equestre ; Sp.  ecuestra ; Fr.  equestre.] 

1.  Belonging  to  the  Ecjuites  or  Roman 
knights.  “ A sort  of  equestrian  order.”  Burke. 

2.  Belonging  to  horses  or  horsemanship;  as, 
“ Equestrian  performances.” 

3.  Being  on  horseback;  as,  “An  equestrian 
statue.” 

An  equestrian  lady  appeared  upon  the  plains.  * Spectator . 

5-ClUES'TRI-AN-ISM,  n.  The  performance  of  an 
equestrian  ; horsemanship.  Wilherforce. 

||  E-aUI-AN'GLED  (e-kwe-hng'gld),  a.  [Fr.  t<qui- 
angle .]  Having  equal  angles.  Boyle. 

||  E-aUl-AN'GU-LAR,  a.  [L.  aquus,  equal,  and 
angulus,  angle.]  Having  equal  angles.  Simpson. 

E-Q.UI-bAl'ANCE,  n.  [L.  agitus,  equal,  and  bi- 
lanx,  having  two  scales ; his,  double,  and  lanx, 
a dish.]  Equal  weight ; equiponderance.  Clarke. 

E-dUI-BAL/ANCE,  v.  a.  To  have  equal  weight 
with  something.  Ogilvie. 

||  E-CIUJ-CRU'RAL,  a.  [L.  aquicrurius  ; aquus. 
equal,  and  crus,  cruris,  a leg;  It.  cquicrure.] 
Having  equal  legs  ; isosceles.  “ Seven  equicru- 
triangles.”  Browne. 

||  f E-QUI-CRURE'  (e-kwe-krur'),  a.  Equicrural ; 
isosceles.  Digby. 

||  E-aUI-DfF'FJJR-ENT,  a.  Having  equal  differ- 
ences, as  the  terms  of  an  arithmetical  progres- 
sion. Davies. 

||  E-CUJI-DIS'TANCE,  n.  Equal  distance  or  re- 
moteness. Bp.  Hall. 

||  E-QIJI-DtS'TANT  [e-lcwe-dis'tjnt,  S.  IF.  P.  J. 
F.  Ja.  K.  R. ; ek-we-dls'tant,  Sm.],  a.  [L.  aqui- 
distans  ; aquits,  equal,  and  disfans,  distant ; It. 
<S;  Sp.  equidistante ; Fr.  equidistant.]  Being 
equally  distant ; at  the  same  distance.  Ray. 

||  E-QUI-DIS'TANT-LY,  ad.  At  the  same  distance ; 
equally  distant.  Browne. 

E'CIUI-FORM,  a.  [L.  aquus,  equal,  and  forma, 
form.]  Having  the  same  shape  or  form.  Ogilvie. 

II  E-aUI-FORM'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being  equi- 
form ; equal  uniformity ; uniform  equality. 
“ Equiformity  of  motion.”  Browne. 

||  E-QUI-LAT'JJR-AL,  a.  [L.  aquilateralis  ; aquus, 
equal,  and  lotus,  lateris,  a side  ; It.  <Sr  Sp.  equi- 
latero  ; Fr.  equilateral.]  Having  the  sides  equal. 

In  geometry,  a polygon  is  equilateral  when  all  its  sides  are 
equal  to  each  other.  Davies. 

An  equilateral  hyperbola,  (Math.)  an  hyperbola  whose 
axes  are  equal.  Davies. 

||  E-Q,UI-LAT'ER-AL,  n.  A figure  of  equal  sides; 
an  equilateral  figure.  Herbert.  \ 


EQUIP 

||  E-QUI-Lf'BRATE,  v.  a.  [L.  aquus,  equal,  and 
libro,  libratus,  to  balance ; It.  equilibrat  e ; Sp. 
equilibrar ; Fr.  equilibrer.]  [i.  EQUILIBRATED  ; 
pp.  EQUILIBRATING,  EQUILIBRATED.]  To  bal- 
ance equally ; to  equipoise. 

The  bodies  of  fishes  are  equilibrated  with  the  water  in 
which  they  swim.  Boyle. 

!l  E-QUI-LI-BRA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  equilibrat- 
ing; equipoise;  even  balance.  Browne. 

||  E-dUI-LIB'RI-OUS,  a.  Equally  poised  or  bal- 
anced. [r.]  ' Glanville. 

||  E-QUI-LIB'Rl-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  equipoise  or 
even  balance.  “Almost  equilibriously  stated.” 
[b-]  Browne. 

E-QUIL'I-BRIST,  n.  One  who  maintains  a posi- 
tion of  equilibrium  ; one  who  keeps  his  bal- 
ance. Granger. 

jj  E-CiUI-LlB'RI-TY,  n.  [L . aquilibritas.]  Equal- 
ity of  weight,  [r.]  Warburton. 

||  F.-QUI-lIb'RI-UM,  n. ; pi.  L.  e-qui-lIb'jii-a  ; 
Eng.  e-qc!-lib'rj-0m§.  [L,] 

1.  The  state  of  rest  produced  by  the  mutual 
counteraction  of  two  or  more  forces  ; equipoise  ; 
equality  of  weight ; balance  of  power  or  weight ; 
just  poise  or  balance. 

The  balance  is  turned:  and,  wherever  this  happens,  there 
is  an  end  of  the  equilibrium.  Sharjt. 

2.  Equal  diffusion  or  distribution,  as  of  heat, 

electricity,  &c.  Knox. 

hi  equilibrio , [L.]  in  a state  of  equipoise  or  even 
balance. 

II  E-QUI-MUL'TI-PLE,  a.  (Math.)  Multiplied  by 
the  same  number.  Simpson. 

||  E-GUI-MUL  TI-PLE,  n.  [L.  aquus,  equal,  and 
mul tip lico,  to  multiply.]  (Math.)  Any  number 
or  quantity  consisting  of  two  factors  of  which 
one  is  the  same  as  in  another  number  ; thus  25 
and  60  are  equimultiples  of  5 and  12,  being  the 
products  of  these  numbers  multiplied  by  5. 

U-QUI'NAL,  a.  [L.  equinus  ; equus,  a horse.]  Re- 
lating to  a horse.  Todd. 

E'CtUINE,  a.  Equinal ; relating  to  a horse.  Smart. 

||f  E-GU j-NE<j'13S-SA-RY,  a.  [L.  aquus,  equal, 
and  necessarius,  necessary.]  Equally  necessa- 
ry or  needful.  Hudibras. 

||  E-CIUI-NOC'TIAL,  a.  [L . aquinoctialis  ; aquus, 
equal,  and  nox,  noctis,  night;  It.  equinoziale ; 
Sp.  equinoccial ; Fr.  equinoxial.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  equinoxes,  to  the  time 
of  the  equinox,  or  to  the  regions  under  the 
equinoctial  line  ; as,  “ Equinoctial  line  ” ; 
“ Equinoctial  storm  ” ; “ Equinoctial  heat.” 

2.  (Bot.)  Noting  plants  whose  flowers  expand 
and  close  at  certain  hours  of  the  day.  Henslow. 

Equinoctial  colure,  the  meridian  which  passes 
through  the  equinoctial  points.  Davies. 

Equinoctial  points,  tile  two  opposite  points  of  the 
celestial  sphere,  in  which  the  ecliptic  and  the  equator 
intersect  each  other ; one  being  in  the  first  point  of 
Aries,  the  other  in  the  first  point  of  Libra.  Brande. 

Equinoctial  plants,  (Bot.)  those  whose  flowers  ex- 
pand and  close  at  particular  hours  of  the  day.  Itenslow. 

||  E-QUI-NOC'TIAL  (e-kwe-nok'shal)  [e-kwe-nok'- 
slial,  S.  IF.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  K.  B. ; ek-we-nok'slial, 
Sm.],n.  (Astron.)  The  great  line  or  circle  of  the 
celestial  sphere,  formed  by  the  intersection  of 
the  plane  of  the  earth’s  equator  with  the  sphere 
of  the  heavens  ; equinoctial  line.  It  is  now 
commonly  called  the  equator. — See  Equator. 

||  E-QUJ-NOC'TIAL-LY,  ad.  In  the  direction  of 
the  equinoctial. 

II  E'QIJI-NOX  [e'kwe-noks,  S.  IF.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja. 
K.  R.  C.  ; ek'we-noks,  Sm.],  n.  [L.  aquus, 
equal,  and  nox,  night ; It.  equinozio  ; Sp.  equi- 
noccio  ; Fr.  equinoxe.] 

1.  The  intersection  of  the  equator  and  the 
ecliptic;  equinoctial  point;  the  precise  time  in 
which  the  sun  enters  the  first  point  of  Aries  or 
Libra,  when  the  days  and  nights  are  equal.  The 
vernal  equinox  is  about  the  21st  of  March  ; the 
autumnal,  about  the  22d  of  September.  Brande. 

2.  Equinoctial  wind. 

No  more  than  usual  equinoxes  blew.  Dnjden. 

II  E-QUI-NU'MER-ANT,  a.  [L.  aquus,  equal,  and 
numerus,  number.]  Having  the  same  number  ; 
consisting  of  the  same  number,  [r.]  Arbuthnot. 

B-auIP'  (e-kwip'),  V.  a.  [Sp.  equipar ; Fr.  equi- 
per.  — Menage  suggests  Ger.  schiff,  a ship,  as  the 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  fAr,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


EQUIPAGE 


497 


ERADICATE 


origin  of  the  French  verb,  in  its  ancient  spell- 
ing, esquiper.]  [t.  equipped  ; pp.  equipping, 

EQUIPPED.] 

1.  To  fit  as  a ship  for  sea,  or  a soldier  for  ser- 
vice ; to  supply  with  necessary  outfits  or  appa- 
ratus ; to  furnish ; to  appoint ; to  provide  ; to 
arm. 

He  soon  equips  the  ship,  supplies  the  sails.  Dryden. 

2.  To  dress  out ; to  accoutre ; to  array. 
“ Equipped  in  a ridiculous  habit.”  Addison. 

Syn.  — See  Furnish. 

Ea'UI-PA^E  (ek'we-pjj),  n.  [It.  eqidpaggio  ; Sp. 
equipaje  ; Fr.  Equipage.] 

1.  Furniture,  apparatus,  or  equipments  used 
in  war,  particularly  by  land  forces. 

Then  to  advise  how  War  may,  best  upheld, 

Move  by  her  two  main  nerves,  iron  and  gold. 

In  all  her  equipage.  Milton. 

2.  A carriage  of  pleasure  or  of  state,  with  its 
accompaniments. 

Winged  spirits  and  chariots  winged, 

Celestial  equipage!  Milton. 

3.  Attendance  ; retinue  ; train  ; procession. 

lie  is  attended  by  his  female,  and  their  equipage  of  chil- 
dren. Swift. 

4.  Habiliments  ; dress  ; attire  ; apparel. 

He  never  saw  so  many  gentlemen  in  his  life,  and  in  a 
neater  equipage.  Howell. 

EQ'UI-PA£ED  (ek'we-pajil),  a.  Well  furnished 
and  attended  ; accoutred;  equipped.  Spenser. 

II  E-dUI-PfiN'DEN-CV,  n.  [L.  atquus,  equal,  and 
pendeo,  pendens,  to  hang.]  The  act  or  the 
state  of  hanging  in  equipoise.  South. 

||  E-QLTI-PEN'DjpNT,  a.  Hanging  in  equipoise  ; 
balanced.  Maunder. 

JJ-QUlP'IVIlJNT,  n.  [Fr.  eqidpement.] 

1.  The  act  of  equipping  or  fitting  out. 

2.  Furniture  ; apparatus  ; complete  outfit ; 
as,  “The  equipment  of  a soldier”;  “Equip- 
ments of  a ship  ” ; “ Equipments  of  a railroad.” 

II  E'aui-POQE  [e'kwe-polz,  S.  IF.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja. 
K.  ; ek'we-poiz,  Sm.],  n.  [L.  atquus,  equal,  and 
Fr.  poids,  weight.]  The  state  of  being  balanced  ; 
equality  of  weight ; equilibrium.  Glanville. 

II  E-QUI-POL'LIJNCE  [e-kwe-pol'lens,  >S.  IF.  P.  J. 
F.  Ja.  K. ; ek-we-pol'lens,  Sm.],  n.  [L.  aquus, 
equal,  and  pollentia,  power;  It.  eqidpollenza  ; 
Sp.  equipolencia ; Fr.  ^ quipollence. ] Equality 
of  force  or  power.  “ Equipollence  of  pres- 
sure.” Boyle. 

||  E-aUI-POL'LEN-CY,  n.  Equipollence.  Paley. 

||  E-QUI-POL'LENT,  a.  [L.  a quip  aliens ; It . equi- 
pollente  ; Sp .equipolente  ■,  Fr.  equipollent. \ Hav- 
ing equal  power  ; equivalent.  Bacon. 

II  E-aU!-POL'L]JNT-LY,  ad.  Equivalently  ; with 
equal  power.  Barrow. 

||  E-Q.UI-PON  DJJR-ANCE,  ) n [L.  aquus,  equal, 

| E-QUJ-PON'DER-AN-CY,  ) and  pondus,  ponde- 
ris,  a weight ; It.  equiponderanza  ; Fr.  equipon- 
dcrance .]  Equality  of  weight;  equipoise.  Bailey. 

||  E-QUI-PON'DER-ANT,  ^ Being  of  the  same 
weight ; having  the  same  weight.  Ray. 

||t  ErQUJ-PON'DIJR-ATE,  v.  n.  To  weigh  equal ; 
to  be  of  equal  weight.  Wilkins. 

||  E-QUI-PON'D?R-OUS,  a.  Having  equal  weight ; 
equiponderant.  Bailey. 

||t  E-QUI-PON'DT-OUS,  a.  Having  equal  weight 
on  either  part ; equiponderous ; equiponder- 
ant. Glanville. 

||  E-Q.UI-RAD'1-CAL,  a.  [L.  aquus,  equal,  and 
radical.']  Equally  radical.  Coleridge. 

||  E-CIUI-RO'TAL,  a.  [L.  aquus,  equal,  and  rota, 
a wheel.]  Having  wheels  of  equal  size  ; hav- 
ing equal  rotation.  IF.  Ency. 

ECI-UI-SET'IC  (ek-we-set'ik),  a.  ( Chem .)  Noting 
an  acid  obtained  from  the  Equisetum  fluviatile, 
in  which  it  is  combined  with  magnesia.  P.  Cyc. 

EQ.-UI-SET'1-FORM,  a.  [L.  equisetum,  horse-tail 
plant,  and  forma,  form.]  (7 lot.)  Having  the  form 
of  equisetum  ; resembling  equisetum.  Ogilvie. 

ECt-UI-SE'TUM,  n.  [L.  equus,  a horse,  and  seta, 
stiff'  hair.]  ( Bot .)  A genus  of  plants  ; — so  called 
in  allusion  to  the  fine  branches  of  all  the  species  ; 
the  horse-tail.  Loudon. 

B-ClUlS'O-NANCE,  n.  [L.  aquus,  equal,  and  sono, 
sonans,  to  sounds  sonus,  a sound.]  An  equal 
sounding;  consonance  of  the  octave,  &c.  Smart. 


EQ'UI-TA-BLE  (ek'we-ta-bl),  a.  [Fr.  equitable.] 

1.  Distributing  equal  justice  ; just ; upright ; 
impartial;  honest;  as,  “ An  equitable  judge.” 

2.  Due  to  justice  ; reasonable  ; fair  ; as,  “He 
will  agree  to  whatever  is  equitable.” 

Syn.  — See  Fair,  Honest,  Justice. 

E&'Ul-TA-BLE-NESS,  n.  Justness  ; equity.  Locke. 

ECA'UI-TA-BLY  (ek'we-ta-ble),  ad.  Justly;  impar- 
tially ; uprightly ; honestly. 

EQ/UI-TAN-CY  (ek'we-tjn-se),  n.  Horsemanship  ; 
equitation.  Booth. 

EQ-UI-TAN-^EN'TIAL,  a.  [L.  aquus,  equal,  and 
tango,  iangens,  to  touch.]  (Geom.)  Noting  a 
curve  whose  tangent  is  a constant  line.  Hutton. 

EQ/UI-TAnT  (ek'we-tant),  a.  [L.  equito,  equitans, 
to  ride  ; equus,  a horse  ; Fr.  equitant.] 

1.  Riding  on  horseback.  Smart. 

2.  (Bot.)  Having  the  leaves  so  ar- 
ranged that  the  base  of  each  is  en- 
closed within  the  opposite  base  of  that 
which  is  next  below  it,  as  in  the  iris  ; 

— so  applied  by  Linnaeus  from  the  fancied  re- 
semblance of  leaves  in  this  position  to  a man 
on  horseback  or  riding  astraddle.  Gray. 

EQ.-UI-TA'TION  (ek-we-ta'shun),  n.  [L .equitatio', 
equus,  a horse  ; It.  equitazione  ; Sp.  equitacion  ; 
Fr.  equitation.]  The  act  of  riding  on  horse- 
back ; horsemanship.  Boswell. 

E-aUI-TEM-PO-RA'NJFi-OUS,  a.  Of  the  same 
time.  Boyle. 

EH'UI-TY  (ek'we-te),  n.  [L.  aquitas ; aquus, 
equal  ; It.  equita ; Sp.  equidad ; Fr.  equite.] 
Right,  as  contemplated  by  the  law  of  nature ; 
natural  justice ; impartial  distribution  of  jus- 
tice ; impartiality.  “ Christianity  enforcing  all 
justice  and  equity.”  Tillotson. 

Law  and  equity  are  two  things  which  God  hath  joined,  but 
which  man  hath  put  asunder.  Colton. 

A court  of  equity,  or  chancery,  (Law.)  a court  for  the 
correction  of  common  law  in  cases  in  which  it  is  de- 
ficient, or  for  the  application  of  the  principles  of  nat- 
ural right  and  reason  in  the  administration  of  justice. 
“One  of  the  most  eminent  of  American  statesmen 
and  jurists  [A.  Hamilton]  has  observed  that  the  great 
and  primary  use  of  a court  of  equity  is  to  give  relief  in 
extraordinary  cases,  which  are  exceptions  to  general 
rules.”  — Equity  of  redemption,  the  right  which  equity 
gives  to  a mortgageor  of  redeeming  his  mortgaged  es- 
tate after  tile  appointed  period  has  gone  by  for  the 
repayment  of  the  sum  of  money  which  was  due  on 
the  mortgage.  Burrill. 

Syn. — See  Justice,  Rectitude. 

JJ-QUlV  A-LENCE,  l [L.  aquus,  equal,  and 

F.-QUIV'A-LEN-CY,  ) valeo,  valens,  to  be  worth  ; 
It.  equiralcnza  ; Sp.  equivalencia  ; Fr.  equiva- 
lence.] The  state  of  being  equivalent ; equality 
of  value,  excellence,  weight,  power,  meaning, 
or  effect.  Hammond. 

f JJ-QUIV'A-LENCE,  v.  a.  To  be  equal  to.  Browne. 

E-CIUIV'A-LENT,  a.  [It.  Sp.  equivalente  ; Fr. 
equivalent.] 

1.  Equal  in  value,  excellence,  weight,  power, 

or  effect ; equal ; commensurate.  Milton. 

2.  Having  the  same  import  or  meaning. 

Now  to  “ serve  ” and  to  “ minister,”  “ servile  ” and  “ min- 
isterial,” are  terms  equivalent.  South. 

3.  (Geol.)  Noting  strata,  in  different  regions, 
of  which  the  origin  was  contemporaneous. 

4.  (Geom.)  Noting  figures  which  have  the 

same  surface.  Peirce. 

E-QUIV'A-LENT,  n.  1.  A thing  of  the  same 
weight  or  value  ; that  which  is  equal. 

It  rests  for  you  to  make  the  equivalent.  Dryden. 

2.  Offset ; amends ; compensation  ; atonement. 

[They]  fancy  a regular  obedience  to  one  law  will  be  a full 
equivalent  for  their  breach  of  another.  Rogers. 

3.  A letter  expressing  the  same  sound  as 
another  letter. 

4.  (Chem.)  The  number  which  expresses  the 
relative  atomic  weight  of  a chemical  element  as 
compared  with  another,  or  the  ratio  by  weight  in 
which  substances  reciprocally  combine.  Brande. 

5-Q.UIV'A-LENT-LY,  ad.  In  an  equivalent  man- 
ner. ’ ’ Shelton. 

E'CIUI- VALVE,  a.  [L.  equus,  equal,  and  valva, 
the  leaf  of  a folding  door;  Fr.  equivalve.] 
(Conch.)  Having  equal  valves.  Pennant. 

f jE-QUIV'O-CA-CY,  n.  Equivocalness.  Browne. 


5-QUIV'O-CAL  (e-kwlv'o-kfil),  a.  [L.  aquivocus ; 
aquus,  equal,  and  vox,  vocis,  a word ; It.  &;  Sp. 
cquivoco  ; Fr.  equivoque.] 

1.  Being  of  doubtful  signification ; having  a 
double  sense ; ambiguous  ; as,  “ An  equivocal 
expression.” 

2.  Uncertain  ; doubtful ; dubious.  “ IIow 

equivocal  a test ! ” Burke. 

Unfinished  things  one  knows  not  wliat  to  call, 

Their  generation ’s  so  equivocal.  rope. 

Syn.  — See  Ambiguous,  Doubtful. 

+ 5-Q.UIV'O-CAL,  n.  A word  of  doubtful  or 
double  meaning.  Dennis. 

F-aUlV'O-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  an  equivocal  manner; 
ambiguously ; doubtfully. 

JJ-CIUIV'O-CAL-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  equivo- 
cal or  ambiguous  ; ambiguity  ; double  meaning. 
“ The  equivocalness  of  the  word.”  Norris. 

E-CtUIV'O-CATE,  v.  n.  [L.  aquivoco,  aquivocatus ; 
It.  equivocare ; Sp.  eqidvocar;  Fr.  equivoque}’.] 
[ i . equivocated  ; pp.  equivocating,  equivo- 
cated.] To  use  words  of  doubtful  or  double 
meaning ; to  use  equivocal  expressions ; to 
quibble  ; to  shuffle  ; to  evade  ; to  dodge  ; to 
prevaricate.  “ No  man  may  equivocate  when  he 
ought  to  tell  the  truth.”  State  Trials,  1606. 

E-QUIV'O-CATE,  v.  a.  To  render  equivocal.  “He 
equivocated  his  vow.”  Sir  G.  Buck. 

F-aUIV-O-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  aquivocatio  ; It.  equi- 
vocazione-,  Sp.  equivocation,  a mistake.]  Act 
of  equivocating ; ambiguity  of  speech  ; a quib- 
ble ; evasion ; prevarication. 

We  must  speak  by  the  card,  or  equivocation  will  undo  us. 

Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Evasion. 

F-auJv'O-CA-TOR,  n.  One  who  equivocates.  “ A 
secret  liar  or  equivocator.”  Fuller. 

E-QUIV'O-CA-TO-RY,  a.  That  equivocates  ; par- 
taking of  equivocation.  Craig. 

Ed'UI-VOKE  (ek'we-vok)  [ek'we-vok,  K.  Sm.  ; 
e'kwe-vok,  Ja.  T Vb.],  n.  [L.  aquivocus,  ambig- 
uous ; It.  Sp.  cquivoco  ; Fr.  equivoque.] 

1.  An  ambiguous  expression.  “ The  equivoke 

in  the  last  stanza.”  Graves. 

2.  Double  meaning;  a quibble;  an  equivoca- 
tion. “ I know  your  equivokes.”  B.  Jonson. 

EQUIVOQUE  (a'ke-vok'),  n.  [Fr.]  See  Equi- 
voke. Pope. 

E-auiV'O-Ro0s,  a.  [L.  equus,  a horse,  and  voro, 
to  devour.]  Feeding  on  horse-flesh.  Smart. 

E'QUUS,n.  [L.]  (Zoiil.)  A genus  of  quadrupeds 
with  solid  or  undivided  hoofs,  including  the  horse, 
the  ass,  the  quagga,  and  the  zebra.  Cuvier. 

ER.  A termination  of  many  nouns  formed  from 
verbs,  and  signifying  the  doer  of  the  action  ex- 
pressed by  the  verb,  as  lover  from  love,  ruler 
from  rule  ; — written  also  or,  as  visiter  or  vis- 
itor. — It  corresponds  to  the  Saxon  termina- 
tions ere  and  er,  which  “ some  think,”  says 
Bosworth,  “from  xcer,  a man.”  Occurring  in 
connection  with  the  name  of  a place,  as  in  Lon- 
doner, it  is  derived,  according  to  Gibson,  from 
A.  S.  wara,  dwellers. 

E'RA,  n.  [L.  ara  ; It.  § Sp.  era ; Fr.  Ire.]  (Chron.) 
The  account  of  time,  or  a series  of  years,  from 
any  particular  date  or  epoch  ; the  point  of  time 
at  which  the  reckoning  begins  ; an  epoch ; a 
period;  date. 

From  the  blessings  they  bestow 

Our  times  are  dated  and  our  eras  move.  Prior. 

Syn.  — See  Time. 

E-RA'DT-ATE,  v.  n.  [L.  e,  from,  and  radius,  a 
ray.]  To  shoot  like  a ray ; to  radiate.  More. 

E-rA-DI-A'TION,  n.  Emission  of  radiance  or 
splendor  ; radiation.  K.  Charles. 

5-RAD'I-CA-BLE,  a.  That  may  or  can  be  eradi- 
cated, rooted  out,  or  destroyed.  Craig. 

E-rAd'I-CATE,  v.  a.  [L.  eraclico,  eradicatus ; e, 
priv.,  and  radicor,  to  take  root ; radix,  a root ; 
It.  eradicare.]  [i.  eradicated  ; pp.  eradi- 
cating, eradicated.] 

1.  To  pull  up  by  the  root ; to  root  out.  “ lie 
suffereth  aconite  to  he  eradicated.”  Browne. 

2.  To  destroy  completely;  to  extirpate;  to 
exterminate  ; to  annihilate. 

If  vice  cannot  wholly  be  eradicated,  it  ought  to  be  confined 
to  particular  objects.  Su  i/f. 


MiEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  R(JLE.  — G,  <?,  c,  £,  soft;  V,  G,  q,  g,  hard;  .S  as  z ; $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 

63 


ERADICATION 


498 


ERIN 


Syn.  — Eradicate  noxious  weeds  ; eradicate  or  ex- 
tirpate bad  habits,  vices,  abuses.  Exterminate  noxious 
animals,  nations,  &c.  Plague,  pestilence,  and  fam- 
ine extirpate  ; the  sword  exterminates. 

E-rAd-I-CA'TTON,  n.  [L.  eradicatio ; Fr.  eradi- 
cation.]  The"  act  of  eradicating ; destruction  ; 
extirpation.  “Utter  eradication  from  the  face 
of  the  earth.”  Dean  King,  1608. 

E-rAd'i-CA-tIve,  a.  [It.  eradicativo  ; Sp.  erra- 
dicativo Fr.  eradicatif.]  That  eradicates; 
curing  radically  ; driving  quite  away.  Dailey. 

U-rAd'I-CA-TIVE,  n.  (Med.)  A medicine  which 
cures  radically.  Whitlock. 

ER-A-GROS'TIS,  n.  [Gr.  epos,  love,  and  aypioorig, 
a grass.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  grasses  with  pretty 
dancing  spiltelets  ; live-grass.  Loudon. 

E-RAj^'THE-MUM,  n.  [Gr.  tip,  the  spring,  and 
arOof,  a flower.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  acanthaceous 
plants,  with  showy  purple  flowers.  P.  Cyc. 

E-rAjY'THIS,  n.  [See  Eranthemum.]  (Bot.)  A 
genus  of  plants.  Eranthis  hyemalis,  or  winter 
aconite,  is  a small,  stemless,  tuberous,  herba- 
ceous plant  inhabiting  shady  places  in  the  mid- 
land parts  of  Europe,  and  bearing  pale  yellow 
flowers.  P-  Dye. 

J-RA'SA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  erased.  Clarke. 

E-RASE',  v.  a.  [L.  craclo,  crasus ; e,  from,  and 
rado,  to  scrape.]  [i.  erased  ; pp.  erasing, 

ERASED.] 

1.  To  scrape  out ; to  scratch  out ; to  rub  out ; 
to  efface  ; to  obliterate  ; to  expunge ; to  cancel ; 
to  delete  ; to  rase;  as,  “To  erase  what  is  writ- 
ten.” 

2.  To  remove  or  destroy,  as  by  rubbing  or 

blotting  out.  “Till  all  ideas  of  rectitude  and 
justice  are  erased  from  his  mind.”  Burke. 

Syn.  — See  Efface. 

5-RAsED'  (e-rast'),  p.  a.  (Iler.)  Noting  any  thing 
jagged,  from  being  forcibly  torn  oft,  as  distin- 
guished from  couped,  which  term  characterizes 
any  thing  cleanly  cut  off.  Richardson. 

U-RASE'MENT,  n.  The  act  of  erasing  ; erasure; 
destruction.  Johnson. 

B-RAS'JJR,  n.  He  who  or  that  which  erases  : — an 
instrument  for  scratching  out  writing.  Simmonds. 

E-RA'§ION  (e-ra'zhun),  n.  The  act  of  erasing  or 
scratching  out.  Smart. 

JS-RAs'TIAN  (e-r4st'y?n),  n.  (Eccl.  Ilist.)  A fol- 
lower of  Thomas  Erastus,  a German  divine  of 
the  16th  century,  who  denied  the  power  of  the 
church  to  discipline  its  members.  Buck. 

?-RAS'TIAN-I§M  (e-rast'yan-izm),  n.  (Eccl.  Hist.) 
The  doctrine  or  principles  of  the  Erastians.  Leslie. 

E-RA^S'URE  (e-ra'zhur),  n.  The  act  of  erasing  ; 
rasure  ; obliteration.  “Any  corruption  by  muti- 
lation, changes,  or  erasures."  Horsley. 

ER'A-TO,  n.  [Gr.  ’E parui  ; e paras,  lovely  ; tp&o,  to 
love.]  (Myth.)  One  of  the  nine  Muses,  who  pre- 
sided over  amatory  and  lyric  poetry.  She  is 
represented  as  crowned  with  roses  and  myrtle, 
and  holding  a lyre  in  her  hand.  Anthon. 

II  ERE  (ir)  [ar,  W.  J.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm. ; Ar,  P. ; er,  S. 
JS.],  ad.  [M.  Goth,  air,  early  in  the  morning; 
A.  S.  atr,  before  ; Dut.  aer ; Ger.  ehc,  eher ; Icel. 
dr.]  Before ; sooner  than.  [Antiquated.]  Shak. 

Chaucer.  I confess,  is  a rough  diamond,  and  must  be  first 
polished  ere  he  shine.  Dryden. 

||  ERE  (Ar),  prep.  Before.  [Poetical.] 

Our  fruitful  Nile 

Flowed  ere  the  wonted  season.  Dryden . 

ER  'E-B  CTS,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  "Epeflos.]  The  lower 
world ; the  region  of  darkness ; hell. 

Harsh  thunder,  that  the  lowest  bottom  shook 
Of  Erebus.  Milton. 

Not  Erebus  itself  were  dim  enough 

To  hide  thee.  Shak. 

5-RECT'  (e-rekt'),  v.  a.  [L.  erigo,  credits ; e, 
from,  and  rego,  to  make  straight  or  right ; It. 
ereggere ; Sp.  erigir  ; Fr.  /hriger.]  \i.  erected  ; 
pp.  ERECTING,  ERECTED.] 

1.  To  place  perpendicularly  to  the  plane  of 
the  horizon  ; to  place  upright ; to  set  up ; as, 
“ To  erect  a pole,  a flagstaff,  or  a standard.” 

2.  To  raise,  as  a monument  or  building;  to 
build ; to  construct. 

He  erected  there  an  altar.  Gen.  xxxiii.  20. 


E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6, 


3.  To  found  ; to  form  ; to  institute. 

Great  difference  there  is  between  their  proceedings  who 
erect  a new  commonwealth,  and  theirs  who  only  reform  a 
decayed  state.  Hooker. 

4.  To  exalt ; to  elevate  ; to  magnify. 

I am  far  from  pretending  infallibility;  that  would  be  to 
erect  myself  into  an  apostle.  Dryden. 

5.  To  raise  from  a low  position  ; to  lift  up.  [r.] 

Who  dare  not  now,  though  innocent,  erect 

My  downcast  looks.  Sandys. 

6.  To  encourage  ; to  animate  ; to  cheer. 

Why  should  not  hope 

As  much  erect  our  thoughts  as  fear  deject  them?  Denham. 
But  what  if  better  counsels  might  erect 
Our  minds?  Milton. 

To  erect  a ‘perpendicular , ( Oeom .)  to  draw  a line  at 
right  angles  to  another  line  or  to  a plane.  Davies. 

Syn. — See  Build,  Found. 

£-RECT'  (e-rekt'),  v.  n.  To  rise  upright,  [r.] 

For  by  wet  stalks  do  erect , and  leaves  bow  down.  Bacon. 

JJ-RECT',  a.  [L.  crectus  ; It.  cretto.~\ 

1.  Upright;  not  leaning;  not  prone. 

Two  of  far  nobler  shape,  erect  and  tall, 

Godlike  erect , with  native  honor  clad.  Milton. 

2.  Directed  upwards  ; elevated.  “ Suppliant 

hands  to  Heaven  erect.”  Phillips . 

3.  Bold  ; firm ; undismayed ; unterrified. 

Let  no  vain  fear  thy  generous  ardor  tame, 

But  stand  erect.  Glanvillc. 

4.  Intent ; unflagging  ; fixed.  “ That  vigi- 
lant and  erect  attention  of  mind.”  Hooker. 

5.  (Bot.)  Noting  any  organ  or  part  of  a plant 
which  stands  perpendicularly,  or  nearly  so,  to  the 
surface  to  which  its  base  is  attached.  Ilcnslow. 

y-RECT'A-BLE,  a.  That  can  be  erected.  Craig. 

JJ-RECT'ED,  p.  a.  Being  upright  : — elevated  in 
mind  ; magnanimous  ; generous ; noble. 

Glory,  the  reward 

That  sole  excites  to  high  attempts,  the  flame 

Of  most  erected  spirits.  Milton. 

Jg-REC'TILE,  n.  [Fr.  erectile.']  That  may  be 
erected ; susceptible  of  erection  or  of  dilata- 
tion. Dunglison. 

Erectile  tissue,  ( Anat .)  tlio  tissue  peculiar  to  the 
penis,  nipple,  &c.  Dunglison. 

E-RpC-TIL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being  erectile 
or  susceptible  of  erection.  Dr.  Dix. 

E-REC'TION,  7i.  [L.  erectio ; It.  crczione ; Sp. 

ereccion ; Fr.  erection.] 

1.  The  act  of  erecting  or  building  ; as,  “ The 
erection  of  a monument  or  a house.” 

2.  The  state  of  being  raised  or  elevated  from 

a low  position.  “ The  erection  of  the  hills  above 
the  ordinary  land.”  Brerewood. 

3.  Act  of  rousing  ; excitement  to  attention. 

Starting  is  an  erection  of  the  spirits  to  attend.  Bacon. 

4.  (Anat.)  State  of  a part  when  it  becomes 
stiff,  hard,  and  swollen  by  the  accumulation  of 
blood  in  the  areola;  of  its  tissue.  Dunglison. 

p-REC'TIVE,  re.  Raising  ; lifting  up.  Cotgrave. 

U-RECT'LY,  ad.  In  an  erect  posture.  Smart. 

y-RECT'NysS,  The  state  of  being  erect;  up- 
rightness of  posture  or  of  form.  “ Erectness  of 
man’s  stature.”  Stillingfleet. 

B-REC'TO— PA'Tf.NT,  re.  1.  (Bot.)  Noting  a posi- 
tion between  erect  and  spreading.  Ogilvie. 

2.  (Eid.)  Noting  that  the  primary  wings  of 
an  insect  are  erect,  and  the  secondary,  horizon- 
tal. Maunder. 

F-RECT'OR,  n.  1.  One  who  erects,  raises,  or  con- 
structs. W.  Montagu,  1648. 

2.  (Anat.)  A muscle  of  the  penis.  Dunglison. 

II  t ERE-LONG'  (Ar-iong'),  ad.  Before  long. 

And,  following  the  stag,  erelong  slew  him.  Spenser. 

The  world  erelong  a world  of  tears  must  weep.  Milton. 

ER-E-MA-CAU'  SIS,  n.  [Gr.  riptpos,  gentle,  grad- 
ual, and  Kavots,  a burning.]  ( Chem .)  Change 
which  vegetable  and  animal  substances  undergo 
after  death  ; putrefaction  ; — so  called  from  the 
theory  adopted  by  Liebig  and  other  modern  chem- 
ists, that  this  change  is  produced  by  the  union  of 
oxygen  with  combustible  elements,  as  in  the 
burning  of  wood,  and  hence  is  a process  of  slow 
combustion.  Craig. 

fER'B-MIT-A^E,  n.  A hermitage.  Shelton. 

ER'E-MTte,  n.  [Gr.  ! pn pirns ; Ipnpos,  a desert ; L., 
It.,  Sp.  eremita  ; Fr.  ermite .] 

1.  A hermit ; an  anchorite  ; an  ascetic. 


Thou  spirit,  who  led'st  this  glorious  eremite 

Into  the  desert,  his  victorious  field.  Milton. 

2.  (Min.)  A crystallized  mineral,  called  also 
monazite.  Dana. 

ER-JJ-MIT'JC,  jj  a±  Relating  to  an  eremite  ; 

ER-5-.MlT'J-CAL,  ) solitary ; hermitical.  Bp. Hall. 

ER'B-M1-TI§M,  n.  The  state  of  a hermit.  Clarke. 

||  f ERE-NOVty'  (Ar-nou'),  ad.  Before  this  time. 

My  father  has  repented  him  erenow.  Dryden. 

f E-RIJP-tA'TION,  n.  [L.  erepto,  creptatus,  to 
creep  out.]  Act  of  creeping  forth.  Bailey. 

f B-REP'TION,  n.  [L .creptio.]  The  act  of  snatch- 
ing away  by  force.  Cockeram. 

ER'B-THIi;M,  n.  [Gr.  ipiOiopis  ; ipiOifa,  to  irri- 
tate ; L.  erethismus ; Fr.  erithisme .]  (Med.) 
Augmentation  of  the  vital  phenomena  in  any 
organ  or  tissue  ; irritation.  Dunglison. 

ER-B-THlS'TIC,  re.  Relating  to  erethism.  Craig. 

II  + ERE-WHILE'  (Ar-hwlT),  ) adm  Sometime 

||  f ERE-WHILE^'  (Ar-hwllz'),  ) ago  ; before  now. 

I am  as  fair  now  as  I was  erewhile.  Shak. 

ERF,  n.  ; pi.  erven.  The  Dutch  name  in  the 
Cape  Colony  for  a piece  of  garden  land,  usually 
about  half  an  acre.  Simmonds. 

t iiR'GAT,  v.  re.  To  draw,  as  conclusions  ; to  in- 
fer ; to  deduce.  Ilcimjt. 

ER'GA-TA,n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  ipyares.]  A capstan 
or  windlass.  Weale. 

ER' GO,  ad.  [L.]  (Logic.)  Therefore;  conse- 
quently ; — often  used  in  jocular  argumenta- 
tion. “ Ergo,  light  wenches'  will  burn.”  Shak. 

ER'GOT,  n.  [Fr.]  1.  A substance  like  soft  horn  be- 
hind the  pastern  joint  of  a horse.  Farrier’s  Diet. 

2.  Spurred  rye,  — a morbid  and  poisonous  ex- 
crescence, or  parasitic  fungus,  like  a horn  or 
spur,  in  rye  or  grain  ; spur  of  rye  ; — used,  in  med- 
icine, for  accelerating  parturition.  Dunglison. 

f ER'GOT,  v.  n.  [L.  ergo,  therefore.]  To  draw 
conclusions  logically.  Hewyt. 

ER'GOT-INE,  n.  (Chem.)  A narcotic  and  poison- 
ous substance  obtained  from  ergot.  Craig. 

ER'GOT-I§M,  n.  1.  [L.  ergo,  therefore.]  A con- 
clusion logically  deduced ; an  inference. Broionc. 

2.  [Fr.  ergotisme.  — See  Ergot.]  A disease 
in  grain  ; ergot. 

3.  (Med.)  Poisoning  by  ergot ; an  epidemic 

disease,  caused  by  the  use  of  ergot  in  rye-bread. 
It  occurs  in  two  forms,  the  convulsive  and  the 
gangrenous.  Ogilvie.  Dunglison. 

E'R1-A,n.  [Gr.  cpiov,  wool.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of 
curious  epiphytous  plants  ; — so  named  on  ac- 
count of  the  woolliness  of  its  flowers.  Loudon. 

f ER'I-AjCH  (Sr'e-ak),  n.  (Irish  Law.)  A pecuni- 
ary fine  or  satisfaction  which  a party  guilty  of 
murder  was  compelled  to  pay  to  a relative  or 
the  relatives  of  the  deceased.  Spenser. 

E-RI'CA,  ri.  [Gr.  (peine ; eptiKio,  to  break,  — in  al- 
lusion to  the  brittle  branches.]  (Bot.)  An  ex- 
tensive genus  of  beautiful  flowering  plants,  em- 
bracing the  heaths.  P.  Cyc. 

ER-I-CA'CEOUS  (-shus,  66),  a.  (Bot.)  Noting  the 
order  of  plants  to  which  the  genus  Erica  be- 
longs. Smart. 

B-RICH'THI-AN,  n.  Same  as  Erichthus.  Brande. 

E-RICH'  THUS,  n.  [Gr.  dpi,  early,  and  the 

earth.]  (Zoul.)  A genus  of  long-tailed  decapod 
crustaceans,  found  in  tropical  seas.  Brande. 

B-RID'A-NUS,  n.  [L.,  the  river  Eridanus,  or  Po.] 
(Ast7:on.)  One  of  the  southern  constellations, 
containing  84  stars.  Hind. 

JJ-RIO'E-RON,  n.  [Gr.  dp,  the  spring,  and  ylpwv, 
an  old  man.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants ; flea- 
bene  ; flea-wort;  — so  called  from  becoming  old 
early  in  the  year.  Loudon. 

ER'I-(JI-BLE,  re.  [L.  erigo,  to  erect.]  That  may 
be  erected.  Clarke. 

E'RTN  [e’rjn,  Cl.  ; e'rin  or  er'in,  A'.;  er'jn,  C. 
Earnshaw ],  n.  [Irish.]  Ireland.  • 

There  came  to  the  beach  a poor  exile  of  Erin.  Campbell. 


U,  Y,  short;  A,  1J,  !,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  TIER; 


A 


ERINGO 


499 


ERSE 


U-RIN'GO  (e-rlngfgo),  n.  [Gr.  hpvyytov.']  ( Bot .)  A 
genus  of  plants  ; the  sea-holly. — SeeER-YNGlUM. 

ER'I-NITE,  n.  [From  Erin,  in  allusion  to  its  oc- 
curring in  Ireland.]  (Min.)  A native  arseniate 
of  copper.  Smart. 


ER-I-OM'j'l-TJER,  n.  [Gr.  epcov , wool,  and  ptrpov,  a 
measure.]  (Opt.)  An  instrument  for  measur- 
ing the  diameter  of  minute  particles  and  fibres, 
as  of  wool,  by  ascertaining  the  diameter  of  any 
one  of  the  colored  rings  they  produce.  Young. 

ER-I-OPII ' O-RUM,  n.  [Gr.  cpiov,  wool,  and  <ptpu>, 
to  bear.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of 
sedge-like  plants,  the  seeds  of 
which  are  surrounded  with  a 
wool-like  substance.  P.  Cyc. 

E-R1PU ' T-Ji,  n.  [Gr.  ipitb'i,  a 
kick]  (Zoiil.)  A genus  of 
short-tailed  crustaceans. 

Brando.  Eriphia  spinifrons. 


E-RIS-MAT-  U-RI'JY L®, 
n.  (Ornith.)  A sub- 
family of  birds  of 
the  order  Anseres 
and  family Anatida ; 
spring-tailed  ducks. 

Gray. 


Erismatura  leucocephala. 


t U-RIS'TIC,  a.  Eristical.  Life  of  Firmin,  1698. 

f E-RIS'TI-CAL,  a.  [Gr.  tpts,  contention.]  Con- 
troversial ; relating  to  disputes.  Bp. Parker,  1673. 

E'RlX,  n.  (Zoi'd.)  A genus  of  serpents;  — written 
also  oryx.  — See  Eryx.  Eng.  Cyc. 


t ERKE  (erk),  a.  [Gr.  aepyd s ; A.  S.  earg.)  Idle  ; 
lazy ; slothful.  Chaucer. 

ER'LAN-ITE,  n.  (Min.)  A mineral  of  a light- 
green  or  gray  color,  first  observed  at  Erla  iron 
forges,  in  tbe  Saxon  Erzgebirge.  Craig. 


f ERM,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  yrmian,  to  harm ; earm,  mis- 
erable.] To  grieve.  Chaucer. 

ER'MIJ-LIN,  n.  Same  as  Ermine.  Sidney. 

ER'MIN,  n.  (Com.)  An  import  duty  in  the  Le- 
vant. Simmonds. 


ER'MINE  (er'mjn),  n.  [It.  armellino,  ermellino  ; 
Sp.  armino  ; Fr.  hcrmine.  — Dut.  homelyn ; Ger., 
Dan.,  § Sw.  hermelin.  — “Originally,  fur  from 
Armenia.  Chaucer  has  armine."  Sullivan .] 

1.  (Zoiil.)  A species  of  Mustela,  or  stoat ; an 

animal  about  the  size  of  a squirrel,  resembling 
the  weasel,  and  valued  for  its  fur,  which,  in 
winter,  is  white,  and  in  summer  reddish-brown, 
except  on  the  tip  of  the  tail,  where  it  is  always 
black.  Van  Per  Hoeven. 

2.  The  fur  of  ermine ; — generally  prepared 

for  ornamental  purposes  by  intermixing  black 
spots  from  the  tail,  and,  in  this  state,  it  is  used 
as  the  distinctive  doubling  or  lining  of  the 
state  robes  of  sovereigns  and  nobles,  as  well  as 
of  their  crowns  and  coronets.  Brande. 

As  spots  on  ermine  beautify  the  skin.  Collins. 

3.  The  emblem,  office,  or  dignity  of  a judge. 

I call  upon  . . . the  judges  to  interpose  the  purity  of  their 

ermine,  to  save  us  from  this  pollution.  Ld.  Chatham. 

4.  (Her.)  One  of  the  furs  used  tr — T — : — : — ; — 7 

in  blazonry.  It  represents  the  1. 1\  'll . 1‘ . | 
skin  of  that  animal,  white,  spot-  f . '£  . f . f . ( 
ted,  or  timbered  with  black.  .‘f , j , f . | . 

Brande.  _ ‘j‘  _ _ j' 

ER'MINED  (er'mjnd),  a.  Clothed  1'  H t 'll 

with  ermine.  “ Er mined  pride.”  ^ / 

Pope. 

ER  NE,  1 n_  prom  yle  Saxon  ern,  earn,  a cottage, 

ER’ON,  ) or  place  of  retirement.  Gibson's  Camden. 

ERNE,  n.  A local  name  of  the  sea-eagle.  Maunder. 

1J-RODE',  v.  a.  [L.  erodo ; e,  from,  and  rodo,  to 
gnaw;  It.  rodere;  Sp.  roer.~\  [i.  eroded;  pp. 
eroding,  eroded.]  To  eat  from  or  away;  to 
canker  or  eat  away ; to  corrode. 

It  hath  been  received  that  sea-air  hath  antipathy  with  the 
lungs,  and  erodeth  them.  Bacon. 

y-ROD’IJD,  p,  a,  1.  Eaten  away;  corroded. 

2.  (Bot.)  Appearing  as  if  gnawed;  spfl 

jagged.  Loudon.  J'U'i 

E-R6'D$NT,.?t.  (Med.)  A substance  that  Grp 

eats  away  or  erodes.  Hobiyn.  qj 


mi 

ViW 


E-Ro’DI-  l!M,  n.  [Gr.  iptuSt6s,  a heron.]  (Bot.)  A 
genus  of  plants  ; heron’s-bill.  P.  Cyc. 

f ER'O-GATE,  v.  a.  [L.  erogo,  crogaius .]  To 
give  ; to  bestow.  Bp.  Patrick. 

f ER-O-gA'TION,  71.  [L.  crogatio.]  The  act  of 

giving  ; distribution.  Sir  T.  Elyot. 

5-ROSE',  a.  [L.  erodo,  erosus,  to  gnaw  off.]  (Bot.) 
Having  small  sinuses  around  the  margin,  as  if 
gnawed ; eroded.  Smart. 

JE-RO'f*!ION  (e-ro'zhun,  93),  n.  [L.  crosio;  It.  ero- 
sione\  Sp.  croc  ion  ; Fr.  erosion.) 

1.  The  act  of  eroding  or  eating  away.  JoJmson. 

2.  The  state  of  being  eroded  or  eaten  away ; 

corrosion.  Ai-but/mot. 

P-RO'SIVE,  a.  Having  the  property  of  eroding, 
eating  away,  or  corroding  ; corrosive.  Clarke. 

y-ROS'TRATE,  a.  [L.  e,  priv.,  and  rostrum, 
a beak.]  (Bot.)  Not  beaked.  Gray. 

ER'O-TEME,  n.  [Gr.  tpuirrnia,  a question.]  (Rhct.) 
That  which  indicates  a question  ; a note  of  in- 
terrogation. G.  Brown. 

ER-O-TF/SIS,  n.  [Gr.  iptiirticts ; ipiorato,  to  ask.] 
(Rhct.)  A figure  by  which  the  speaker  adopts 
the  form  of  interrogation,  not  to  express  a 
doubt,  but  to  make  a bold  assertion  of  what  is 
asked ; as,  “ He  that  planted  the  ear,  shall  he 
not  hear  ?”  Ps.  xciv.  9.  Gibbs. 

g-ROT'IC,  7i.  An  amatory  poem;  a poem  treat- 
ing of  love.  Sma7-t. 

E-ROT  IC,  ? a ipurued s;  ipoi;,  love  ; It.  <Sf 

E-ROT'I-CAL,  ) Sp.  erotico  : Fr.  erotique.]  Relat- 
ing to  the  passion  of  love;  treating  of  love. Burto7i. 

ER-O-TQ-MA  NI-A,  l [Or.  iotoropaiia  ; ip  (OS,  love, 

ER-O-TOM'A-NY,  > and  pavia,  madness.]  (Med.) 
A species  of  insanity  caused  by  love.  Dunglison. 

ER-PE-TOL'O-^IST,  n.  Herpetologist.  Craig. 

ER-PJJ-TOL'O-^Y,  n.  See  Herpetology. 

ER'  PE-TON,  7i.  [Gr.  epiardf,  a reptile.]  (Zoiil.) 
A genus  of  serpents  furnished  with  two  soft 
prominences,  covered  with  scales,  on  the  muz- 
zle ; — properly  herpeton.  Eng.  Cyc. 

ERR  (er),  v.  71.  [L.  erro  ; It.  errare  ; Sp.  errar; 

Fr.  error.  — Ger.  irren  ; Dan.  irre  ; Sw.  irra.\ 
[i.  ERRED  ; pp.  ERRING,  ERRED.] 

1.  To  wander  ; to  ramble  ; to  rove. 

A storm  of  strokes,  well  meant,  with  fury  flies, 

And  errs  about  their  temples,  ears,  and  lyes.  Dryden. 

2.  To  deviate  from  the  right/ way;  to  go 
astray  ; to  depart  from  rectitude  ; to  be  sinful. 

Wc  have  erred  and  strayed  . . . like  lost  sheep.  Com.  Pra. 
To  err  is  human,  to  forgive  divine.  Pope. 

3.  To  commit  errors  ; to  mistake  ; to  blunder. 

One  that  truly  loves  yon. 

That  errs  in  ignorance,  and  not  in  cunning.  Shah. 

f ERR,  v.  a.  1.  To  mislead ; to  cause  to  err.  Burton. 

2.  To  miss ; to  lose  ; to  mistake. 

I shall  not  lag  behind,  nor  err 
The  way,  though  leading.  Milton. 

f ERR'A-BLE,  a.  Liable  to  err  or  mistake.  Bailey. 

f ERR'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Liableness  to  error  or 
mistake.  Mountagu. 

ER'RAND  [er'ranrl,  P.  J.  E.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  C. ; ar'- 
r?nd,  S.  JK.  ; er'rand  or  ar'rand,  F.],  71.  [Goth. 
aims  ; A.  S.  ter  end ; Dan.  <rrende\  Icel.  erende-, 
Sw.  arende;  Norse  eirendi .]  That  which  is  in- 
trusted to  a messenger ; a message  ; a mandate  ; 
a mission  ; a commission. 

Bear  his  swift  errands  over  moist  and  dry. 

O’er  sea  and  land.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Message. 

ER 'RAND-BOY,  7i.  A hoy  employed  to  deliver 
messages.  Tweddell. 

ER'RANT,  a.  [L.  c7-ro,  erra7is,  to  wander;  It.  $• 
Sp.  erra7itc  ; Fr.  errant.] 

1.  Wandering ; roving ; rambling ; as,  “Knights 
er/'ant.” 

It  was  thought  that  there  are  just  seven  planets  or  errant 
stars.  Browne. 

2.  Abandoned;  vile  ; worthless  ; arrant.  “An 

errant  fool.”  B.  Jonson. 

3.  (Law.)  Itinerant;  — applied  to  judges 

who  go  the  circuit,  and  to  bailiffs.  “ Justices 
errant."  Butler’s  Eng.  Gram.,  1633. 


fiR'RANT— KNIG IIT,  7i.  A knight  who  travelled  in 
search  of  adventures ; a knight-errant.  Congreve. 

ER'RANT-RY,  n.  1.  An  errant  or  wandering  state. 

After  a short  space  of  errantry  upon  the  seas,  he  got  safe 
back  to  Dunkirk.  Addison. 

2.  The  employment  of  a knight-errant ; knight- 
errantry.  — See  Knight-errantry.  Johnsoti. 

JJR-RA'TA,  n.  pi.',  sing.  er-ra'tVm.  [L.]  The 
errors  or  mistakes  in  printing,  usually  given, 
with  corrections,  in  a list  at  the  beginning  or 
the  end  of  the  book  in  which  they  occur. 

ER-RAt'IC,  a.  [L.  erraticus ; erro,  to  wander; 
It.  § Sp.  erratico  ; Fr.  erratique.) 

1.  Wandering;  roving;  not  stationary.  “Each 

erratic  world.”  Blackmore. 

2.  Deviating  from  the  right  or  usual,  way  ; 
irregular  ; abnormal.  “ Erratic  fever.”  Harvey. 

Erratic  blocks,  ( Geol .)  masses  of  rock  widely  scat- 
tered on  the  surface  of  the  eartii,  and  supposed  to  have 
been  drifted  by  icebergs  from  their  original  bed. 

f IJR-rAt'IC,  n.  One  who  errs  or  wanders  from 
rectitude  ; a rogue.  Cocket-am. 

ER-RAT'i-cal,,  Same  as  Erratic.  Bp.  Hall. 

JJR-rAt'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  an  erratic  manner. 

JJR-RAt'J-CAL-NESS,  71.  State  of  being  erratic. 

f ER-RA'TION,  71.  [L.  erratio ; erro,  to  wander.] 
A wandering  to  and  fro.  Cockeram. 

ER-RA'TUM,  71.  ; pi.  er-ra'ta.  [L.]  An  error 
in  writing  or  printing ; — chiefly  used  in  the 
plural.  — See  Errata. 

ER 'RHINE  (er'rln),  71.  [Gr.  i^lnvov ; in,  in,  and 
pin,  or  pis,  the  nose;  It.  errino ; Fr.  er7'hin.\ 
(Med.)  A substance  that  excites  sneezing ; a 
medicinal  snuff;  a sternutatory.  Dunglison. 

ER'RHINE,  a.  That  is  snuffed  up  by  the  nose  ; 
promoting  a discharge  from  the  nose.  Loudo7i. 

ERR'ING,  p.  a.  Wandering  from  the  right  way  ; 
misled  by  error ; liable  to  err  ; fallible ; sinful. 
“ The  erring  soul.”  Milton. 

ER-RO'NJJ-OUS,  a.  [L.  e7-ro7ieus,  wandering ; erro, 
to  wander ; It.  <S,  Sp.  erro7ico  ; Fr.  erro/ie.] 

1.  f Wandering;  straying;  roving;  erratic. 
“ They  roam  erroneous Phillips. 

2.  f Deviating  from  the  ordinary  way  ; irreg- 
ular. “ Erro7icous  circulation.”  A7-buthnot. 

3.  Misled  by  error  ; mistaking ; blundering. 

“ Ei'ro7ieous  conscience.”  South. 

4.  False;  incorrect;  wrong;  not  true;  un- 
true. “ Erro7icous  opinion.”  Hooker. 

UR-RO'NE-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  an  erroneous  manner. 

ER-RO'NE-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  er- 
roneous. Boyle. 

ER'ROR,  71.  [L.  error-,  em>,  to  wander;  It.  er- 

ror e ; Sp.  error ; Fr.  erreur.) 

1.  + A wandering  or  roving  excursion  ; a voy- 
age or  a journey.  “ His  error  by  sea.”  B.  Ju7iso7i. 

2.  Involuntary  deviation  from  truth ; mis- 
apprehension ; mistake  ; fallacy ; blunder. 

En-or  is  a mistake  of  our  judgment.  Locke. 

3.  A fault ; an  offence  ; crime ; sin. 

Blood  he  offered  for  himself,  and  for  the  errors  of  the 
people.  J/cb.  ix.  7. 

4.  (Late.)  A mistake  in  the  foundation,  pro- 
ceedings, judgment,  or  execution  of  a suit  in  a 
court  of  record,  in  matter  of  law  or  of  fact.jBwmYL 

A writ  of  error  is  one  which  authorizes  the  judges 
of  a superior  court  to  examine  a record  on  which 
judgment  has  been  given  in  an  inferior  court,  on  an 
allegation  of  error  in  pleading  a process,  &.C.,  and  to 
affirm  or  reverse  the  same.  Burrill. 

Syn.  — Error  respects  the  act;  fault,  the  agent. 
Error  may  lie  in  the  judgment  or  in  tile  conduct  ; 
fault,  in  the  will  or  intention.  A blunder  arises  from 
gross  carelessness.  All  are  liable  to  error  or  mistake, 
and  none  are  free  from  faults.  An  error  of  judgment 
or  of  the  press  ; a great  mistake  ; a gross  blunder ; a 
common  fault ; a great  offence. 

ER'ROR,  v.  a.  (Law.)  To  rescind,  as  a wrong 
judgment.  Clarke. 

ER'ROR-IST,  7i.  One  who  is  in  error.  Ed.  Rev. 

ERS,  71.  A plant ; bitter  vetch.  Jo/mson. 

ERSE,  n.  [Evidently  another  form  of  the  word 
Dish.  Brande.)  The  language  of  the  descend- 
ants of  the  Gael  or  Celts,  in  the  Highlands  of 
Scotland ; the  Gaelic  language. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — y, 


(?;  soft;  C,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  ^ as  gz. — THIS,  this. 


ERSE 


500 


ESCAPEMENT 


The  Irish  and  Erse  so  nearly  resemble  each  other  that, 
after  a short  familiarity  with  the  pronunciation,  the  Irish  and 
Scots  Highlanders  have  no  dithculty  in  understanding  each 
other.  Bromic. 

ERSE,  a.  Belonging  to  the  ancient  Scotch.  Perry. 

ERSH,  n.  The  stubble  after  corn  is  cut.  [Local.] 

ERST,  ad.  [A.  S.  terst,  superlative  of  cer,  before. 
— Ger.  erst.  — See  Ere.] 

1.  First ; at  first ; in  the  beginning. 

Abandon  this  forestalled  place  at  erst.  Spenser. 

2.  At  a former  time  ; once  ; formerly  ; till  now. 

As  signal  now  in  low,  dejected  state, 

As  erst  in  highest.  Milton. 

,8S=*  Obsolete  or  poetical. 

+ ERST'tVHfLE,  ad.  In  former  times;  before  a 
certain  time  ; aforetime.  Glctnville. 

ER-IT-H  Es'CgXCE,  l )K  [L.  erubescentia ; rubeo, 

ER-lI-BES'CljlN-CY,  > to  be  red;  It.  erubescenza; 
Sp.  erubescencia ; Fr.  erubescence.]  The  act  of 
growing  red  ; redness  ; a blush.  Bailey. 

ER-U-BES'CJNT,  a.  [L.  erubesco,  erubcscens,  to 
grow  red  ; It.  erubescente  ; Fr.  erubescent .]  Red- 
dish ; inclining  to  redness.  Johnson. 

E-RU'CA,  n.  [L.]  1.  ( Ent .)  A worm ; a cater- 

pillar : — • the  larva  state  of  insects.  Loudon. 

2.  ( Bot .)  A genus  of  plants  ; rocket.  Loudon. 

3.  (Conch.)  A genus  of  univalve  mollusks, 

allied  to  Clausilia.  Swainson. 

+ JJ-RUCT',  v.  a.  [L.  eructo .]  To  eructate.  Bailey. 

Jp-RUC'TATE,  v.  a.  [L.  eructo,  eructatus;  It. 
eruttare;  Sp .eructar  ; Fr.  eructer.]  To  belch  ; 
to  throw  from  the  stomach,  as  wind,  [it.]  Howell. 

ER-UC-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  eructatio  ; It.  erutta- 
zione  ; Sp.  eructacion  ; Fr.  eructation .] 

1.  The  act  of  belching  ; ructation.  Swift. 

2.  That  which  is  vented  from  the  stomach,  as 

wind ; a belch.  Arbuthnot. 

3.  A sudden  burst  of  wind  or  other  matter 
from  the  earth. 

Thermo;  are  hot  springs,  or  fiery  eructations.  Woodward. 

||  ER'U-DlTE,  or  ER'U-DITE  [er'u-dlt,  Ja.  K.  Sm. 
It.  iVb. ; er-u-dlt',  IV. ; er'u-dlt,  P.],  a.  [L.  eru- 
ditus ; erudio,  to  instruct;  It.  § Sp.  erudito-,  Fr. 
erudit. ] Having  erudition  ; learned  ; conversant 
with  books."  The  erudite  Germans ."Chesterfield. 

||  ER'U-DITE-LY,  ad.  With  erudition  ; learnedly. 

||  ER'U-DITE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  eru- 
dite or  learned.  Coleridge. 

ER-U-DI"TION  (er-u-dlsh'un),  n.  [L.  eruditio-. 
It.  erudizione;  Sp.  erudition-,  Fr.  erudition.] 
Knowledge  obtained  from  books  or  by  study ; 
learning  ; literature  ; lore  ; scholarship. 

The  earl  was  of  good  erudition,  having  been  placed  at 
study  in  Cambridge  very  young.  IVotton. 

Syn.  — See  Knowledge,  Literature. 

ER'U-GATE,  a.  [L.  e,  priv.,  and  ruga,  a wrinkle.] 
Having  the  wrinkles  rubbed  out ; smooth.  Smart. 

5-RU'9I-NOUS,  a.  [L.  eeruginosus,  full  of  copper 
rust ; It.  rugginoso  ; Fr.  erugineux.]  * 

1.  Partaking  of  copper,  or  of  the  rust  of  cop- 
per. “ Eruginous  earths.”  Browne. 

2.  Green,  with  a blue  tint;  having  the  color 

of  verdigris.  Simmonds. 

y-RUN'DA,  n.  A name  given  in  the  East  to  the 
seed  of  the  castor-oil  plant.  Simmonds. 

t K-bCi'T',  v.  n.  [L.  erumpo,  empties.)  To  burst 
forth  suddenly  and  violently.  Seager. 

5-RUPT'yD,  p.  a.  Burst  forth  ; burst;  broken. 

JJ-RUP'TION  (e-rup'shun),  n.  [L.  eruptio  ; erumpo, 
eruptus,  to  burst  forth  ; e,  from,  and  rumpo,  to 
burst ; It.  eruzione ; Sp.  erupcion  ; Fr.  eruption .] 

1.  Act  of  bursting  forth;  emission;  explosion; 
outburst;  as,  “The  eruptions  of  a volcano.” 

2.  A sudden  hostile  excursion ; a sally. 

Thither,  if  but  to  try,  shall  be,  perhaps. 

Our  first  eruption.  Milton. 

3.  f a violent  exclamation. 

. To  his  secretary  he  would  break  out  into  bitter  and  pas- 
sionate eruptions.  Wotfon. 

4.  (Med.)  A breaking  out  of  pimples  or  pus- 

tules upon  the  skin  : — pimples  ; pustules ; vesi- 
cles ; rash  ; exanthemem.  Dunglison. 

E-RLP'TIVE,  a.  [It.  cruttivo ; Sp.  cruptivo  ; Fr. 
eruptif.] 


1.  That  breaks  out ; bursting  forth. 

When  to  the  startled  eye  the  sudden  glance 

Appears  fur  south  eruptive  through  the  cloud.  Thomson. 

2.  (Med.)  Attended  with  eruptions.  “ Erup- 
tive fevers.”  “ Eruptive  disease.”  Dunglison. 

3.  (Geo!.)  Produced  by  eruption  ; as,"  Erup- 
tive rocks.” 

ER  ' VUM,  n.  [Celt,  erw,  tilled  land,  — to  which 
this  plant  is  a pest.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  legumi- 
nous plants,  one  species  of  which,  lentil  (Ervum 
lens),  is  a legume  of  the  greatest  antiquity,  and 
is  much  prized  in  Eastern  countries.  Loudon. 

ER-Y-MAN'THI-AN,  a.  (Geog.)  Belonging  to  Ery- 
manthus,  a chain  of  mountains  in  Arcadia.  Ash. 

E-RYM-'qi-UM,  or  F.-R  YN'  GO,  n.  [Gr.  liatyyiov.] 
(Bot.)  A genus  of  evergreen  herbaceous  plants, 
somewhat  like  thistles  in  general  appearance, 
one  species  of  which,  Eryngium  maritimum,  or 
sea-holly,  has  long  been  esteemed  as  an  aphro- 
disiac ; — also  written  eringo.  P.  Cyc. 

E'RY-OJY,  n.  (Gcol.)  A fossil  macrourous  crus- 
tacean animal.  P.  Cyc. 

E-RYS' I-MUM,  n.  [Gr.  ipvoi,  to  draw.]  (Bot.)  A 
genus  of  cruciferous  herbaceous  plants  ; hedge- 
mustard.  Loudon. 

ER- Y-. sir'  E-LA S,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  IpvaineXas ; Ipiei, 
iplou),  to  draw  in,  and  n- Has,  near.  — “So  called 
because  it  generally  extends  to  the  neighbor- 
ing parts.”  Dunglison.  — iput)p6s,  red,  and  itii.os, 
skin.  Liddell  % Scott.]  (Med.)  A disease,  vul- 
garly called  St.  Anthony’s  fire,  because  lie 
was  supposed  to  heal  it  miraculously.  It  con- 
sists of  a diffused  inflammation  of  the  skin,  at- 
tended with  swelling  and  pain  in  the  part  par- 
ticularly affected,  and  usually  with  fever  and 
delirium  when  seated  upon  the  head.  Dunglison. 

ER-Y-SI-PEL' A-TOUS,  a.  Relating  to  erysipelas; 
partaking  of  erysipelas.  Bp.  Berkeley. 

ER-Y-SIP'y-LOUS,  a.  Erysipelatous.  Clarke. 

ER-  Y-  THA-  ci  'JYJE,  n.pl. 

(Ornith.)  A sub-family 
of  dentirostral  birds  of 
the  order  Passer es  and 
family  Luscinidee ; rob- 
ins. Gray. 

ER-  Y-  THE  'MA,  n.  [Gr. 
ipbOripa.]  (Med.)  A su- 
perficial redness  of  the 
skin,  resembling  erysipelas ; 
blush. 


Erythaca  rubccula. 


inflammatory 
P.  Cyc. 

ER-Y-THE-MAT'JC,  a.  (Med.)  Relating  to  ery- 
thema ; erythematous.  Dunglison. 

ER-Y-THEM'A-TOUS,  a.  Relating  to  erythema  ; 
erythematic.  Dunglison. 

ER-Y-THRJE' A,  n.  [Gr.  IpvQpds,  red,  — in  allu- 
sion to  the  flowers.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  pretty 
herbaceous  plants  ; centaury.  Gray. 

E-RYTH'RIC,  a.  [Gr.  IpvdpSs,  red.]  (Chcm.)  Not- 
ing an  acid  found  in  the  lichen  Rocella  tinctoria, 
and  called  also  erythrine.  llorsford. 

5-RYTH'RJNE,  n.  [Gr.  Ipv0p6s,  red.]  (Chem.) 
One  of  a series  of  substances  obtained  from  the 
lichen  Rocella  tinctoria.  Brande. 

E-RYTH'RO-(?EJY,n.  [Gr.  ipv$p6f,  red,  andytvvdu, 
to  produce.]  A neutral,  crystalline,  fatty  mat- 
ter found  in  diseased  bile.  P.  Cyc. 

jp-RYTH-RO-LE'IC,  a.  [Gr.  IpvOpit,  red,  and  D.aiov, 
oil;  L oleum,  oil.]  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid, 
of  a red  color  and  an  oily  appearance,  found 
in  archil.  Ogilvie. 

p-RYTH-RO-LE'INE,  n.  (Chem.)  A substance 
contained  in  litmus.  Ogilvie. 

P-RYTH-RO-LIT'MINE,  n.  [Gr.  epvOpds,  and  Eng. 
litmus .]  (Chem.)  A substance  of  a red  color 
contained  in  litmus.  Ogilvie. 

ER-Y-  THR  O ' NI-  UM,  n.  [Gr.  ipvOpds,  red.] 

1.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  bulbous  plants,  some 

species  pf  which  have  red  flowers  and  leaves; 
dog’s-tooth  violet.  Loudon. 

2.  A name  originally  given  to  the  metal  va- 
nadium, from  the  red  color  of  its  acid.  Brande. 

ER-Y-THRO-PHYL'L(NE,  or  ER-Y-TIIROPII'YL- 
LINE,  n.  [Gr.  epvOptls,  red,  and  ipG.Xor,  a leaf.] 
(Chem.)  The  red  coloring  matter  formed  in  cer- 
tain leaves  in  autumn.  Brande. 


That  may  be  escaped  or 
N.  Brit.  Rev. 


ER-Y-THRY’JYA,  n.  [Gr.  ipvdptis,  red.]  (Bot.) 
A leguminous  genus  of  tropical  and  tuberous 
herbs  ; the  coral-tree  ; — so  named  from  its 
bright  red  flowers.  P.  Cyc. 

E'RYX,  n.  (Zotil.)  A genus  of  serpents,  having 
a very  short  obtuse  tail,  and  narrow  ventral 
plates ; — written  also  erix.  Brande. 

ES-CA-LAde',  n.  [Fr.]  (Mil.)  The  assault  of  a 
fortress  by  scaling  the  walls.  Campbell. 

ES-CA-LADE',  v.  a.  To  scale,  as  a wall.  Clarke. 

ESCALOP  (skol'lop  or  es-kol'up)  [skol'lup,  ,S.  W. 
Ja. ; es-kal'up,  P. ; es-kol'up  or  skol'up,  K.],  n. 

1.  (Conch.)  A bivalve  shell-fish  of  the  genus 

Pecten,  regularly  marked  with  ribs  which  ra- 
diate from  the  hinge  to  the  circumference ; a 
scallop.  Maunder. 

2.  An  indentation  similar  to  that  of  the  shell- 

fish called  escalop  ; indenture  ; scallop.  — See 
Scallop.  Brande. 

The  figure  of  the  leaves  is  divided  into  jags  and  escah 

ES-CAL'OPED,  p.  a.  (Her.)  Cov- 
ered, as  an  escutcheon,  with  a 
series  of  waving  lines,  like  that 
on  the  edge  of  an  escalop  shell, 
overlapping  as  shown  in  the  cut. 

ES-CAM'BI-O,  n.  [L.  cambio,  to  ex- 
change.] (Law.)  A license  in 
the  shape  of  a writ,  formerly  granted  to  an  Eng- 
lish merchant  to  draw  a bill  of  exchange  on 
another  in  foreign  parts.  Bun-ill. 

ES-CAP'A-BLE,  a. 
avoided. 

ES-CA-PADE',  n.  [Fr.]  1.  (Man.)  Irregular  mo- 
tion of  a horse. 

He  with  a graceful  pride 

Sprung  loose,  and  flew  into  an  escapade.  Dryden. 

2.  An  impropriety  of  speech  or  behavior  of 
which  an  individual  is  unconscious;  a vagary; 
prank;  frolic.  Brande. 

A youthful  escapade.  Ec.  Rev. 

jpS-CAPE',  v.  a.  [It.  scappare  ; Sp.  eseapar  ; Fr. 
echapper.  — From  L.  ex  [from],  and  capere,  to 
take  away.  Sullivan .]  [j.  escaped  ; pp.  es- 

caping, escaped.] 

1.  To  flee  from  ; to  obtain  exemption  from  ; 
to  avoid  ; to  shun  ; to  fly. 

Be  thou  as  chaste  as  ice,  as  pure  as  snow,  thou  shalt  not 
escape  calumny.  Sliak. 

2.  To  pass  by  without  being  observed;  to 
elude. 

Many  things  may  escape  them,  in  many  they  may  be  de- 
ceived. Hooker. 

Syn.  — See  Avoid. 

gS-cAPE',  v.  n.  1.  To  run  from  danger ; to  has- 
ten away  ; to  flee ; to  fly. 

Escape  for  thy  life;  escape  to  the  mountain,  lest  thou  ho 
consumed.  Gen.  xxi.  17. 

2.  To  get  clear  from  any  danger  without 
harm  ; to  be  passed  without  injury ; as,  “ They 
were  all  killed ; not  one  escaped.” 

ES-CAPE',  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  escapes; 
the  act  of  getting  out  of  danger ; flight. 

I would  hasten  my  escape  from  the  windy  storm  and 
tempest.  Rs.  lv.  7. 

2.  The  state  of  being  freed  from  danger 
without  harm  ; a being  passed  without  injury  ; 
as,  “ That  was  a lucky  escape.” 

3.  f Excursion;  sally;  sortie.  Denham. 

4.  f Subterfuge  ; evasion;  excuse.  “ All  es- 
cape by  way  of  ignorance.”  Raleigh. 

5.  f Irregular  action  ; fitful  play.  “ Thou- 
sand ’scapes  of  wit.”  Shale. 

6.  f Oversight ; mistake  ; blunder. 

In  transcribing  there  would  be  less  care  taken,  and  so  the 
escapes  less  subject  to  observation.  Brercwood. 

7.  (Law.)  Violent  or  privy  evasion  out  of 

some  lawful  restraint: — the  deliverance  of  a 
person  out  of  prison  before  he  is  entitled  to  be 
set  free.  Cowell.  Bouvier. 

8.  (Arch.)  The  scape  or  spring  of  a column  ; 

apophyge.  Britton. 

?S-cApE'MENT,  n.  [Fr.  echappement .] 

1.  Escape  ; flight.  Perry. 

2.  That  part  of  the  mechanism  of  a watch  or 

clock  which  receives  the  force  of  the  spring  or 
the  weight  to  give  motion  to  the  pendulum  or 
the  balance.  Francis. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  JJ,  (,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  ll&IR,  HER; 


ESCAPER 


501 


ESPERANCE 


$S-CAP'pR,  n.  One  who  escapes.  Todd. 

ES-CAPE’-WAR'RANT  (-wor'rant),  n.  (Eng. 
Law.)  A process  addressed  to  all  sheriffs,  &c., 
to  retake  an  escaped  prisoner.  Burrill. 

ES-CAP'JNG,  n.  Avoidance  of  danger.  Ezra  ix.  14. 

ES-CAR'BUN-CLE,  n.  The  heraldic  name  for  the 
precious  stone  called  carbuncle.  Craig. 

ESCAROATOIRE  (es-kar-gj-t  wor'),  n.  [Fr.,  from 
escargot,  a snail.]  A nursery  of  snails.  Addison. 

ES-CARP',  v.  a.  [Fr.  escarper .]  (Mil.)  To  form 
into  a slope,  like  an  escarp.  “ The  glacis  was 
escarped  upon  the  live  rock.”  Carleton. 

ES-CARP’,  n.  [It.  scarpa,  a slope  ; Sp.  escarpa  ; Fr. 
escarped)  (Fort.)  The  sloping  side  of  a ditch 
surrounding,  or  in  front  of,  a work,  and  forming 
the  exterior  of  a rampart ; a scarp.  P.  Cyc. 

ES-CARP'MFINT,  'll.  [Fr.  escarpementd]  ( Geol .) 
The  abrupt  face  of  a ridge  of  high  land.  Lyell. 

pS-CAR’Tf.L,  v.  a.  (Her.)  To  cut  or  notch  in  a 
square  form,  as  a cross.  Ogilvie. 

Esgu-A-LOT'  (esh-a-lot'  or  slia-Iot')  [shj-lot',  S. 
IF.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.K.\  esh-j-lot',  Sm.],n.  [Fr. 
echalottc.)  (llot.)  A plant ; a kind  of  onion; 
Alliumascalonicum.  — See  Shallot.  Mortimer. 

ES'GHAR  (es'k?r),  n.  [Gr.  la^non  ; L.  eschara ; 
Fr.  escarred)  (Med.)  A crust  or  scab  made  on 
the  flesh,  as  in  the  disorganization  or  mortifica- 
tion of  a part,  by  a burn  or  some  caustic  appli- 
cation ; a dry  slough.  Dunglison. 

ES'CHA-RA,  n.  (Zoiil.)  A genus  of  Bryozoa, 
which  form  a foliate  skeleton.  Milne  Edwards. 

ES-jCH  A-ROT'IC,  a.  [Gr.  Ic^apoiriKds  ; L . escha- 
roticus .]  Tending  to  sear  or  burn  the  skin  ; 
producing  a scar  ; caustic.  Wm.  Smith. 

ES-jCHA-ROT'jC  (es-ka-rot'jk),  n.  [Gr.  fV^apwri- 
icts;  L.  escharoticus .]  (Med.)  A substance  which 
forms  an  eschar  or  slough,  when  applied  to  the 
skin  ; a caustic  application.  Floyer. 

ES-£HA-T0L'0-<?Y,  n.  [Gr.  to-^iro;,  the  farthest, 
uttermost,  last,  and  l.S yot,  a discourse  ] The 
doctrine  of  the  last  things.  P>'°f-  G.  Bush. 

ES-CHEAT',  n.  [Low  L.  eschata-,  Old  Fr.  es- 
chete,  eschet,  from  eschcoir,  to  fall.]  (Law.) 
That  which  falls  or  lapses  to  the  original  pro- 
prietor, or  to  the  state,  as  lands  or  other  prop- 
erty, by  the  failure  of  heirs  or  by  forfeiture  : — 
a writ  to  recover  escheats.  Coivell. 

ES-CHEAT',  V.  n.  [i.  ESCHEATED  ; pp.  ESCHEAT- 
ING, escheated.]  (Law.)  To  be  forfeited  by  fail- 
ure of  heirs.  “ All  they  die  possessed  of  escheats 
to  the  king.”  Swinburne’ s True,  through  Spain. 

ES-CHEAT',  v.  a.  (Law.)  To  forfeit.  Bp.  Hall. 

ES-CHEAT'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  escheat;  liable 
to  escheat.  Cotgrave. 

ES-CHEAT'A9E,  n.  The  right  of  succession  to 
an  escheat.  Sherwood. 

ES-CHEAT'OR,  n.  (Laic.)  An  ancient  officer  ap- 
pointed to  look  after  the  escheats  that  fell  due 
to  the  king.  Burrill. 

ES'CHE-VIN,  n.  A name  formerly  given  to  the 
elder  or  warden,  the  principal  of  the  ancient 
guilds.  Simmonds. 

||  ES-CHEW'  (es-chu'),  v.  a.  [Teut.  eschouwen  ; 
A.  S.  scunian  ; Ger.  scheuen,  to  shun.  — Norm. 
Fr.  eschever , eschivir,  and  eschew,  to  avoid.]  [t. 
ESCHEWED  ; pp.  ESCHEWING,  ESCHEWED.]  To 
flee  from ; to  avoid ; to  shun.  Spenser.  Southey. 
Ed.  Rev.  Qu.  Rev.  “ Let  him  eschew  evil  and 
do  good.”  1 Pet.  iii.  11. 

Of  virtue  and  vice,  men  are  universally  to  practise  the  one 
and  eschew  the  other.  ‘ Attcrbury. 

;<©=■  A word  somewhat  antiquated,  but  not  obsolete. 

Syn.  — See  Avoid. 

||  ES-CHEW'ER,  n.  One  who  eschews.  Coleridge. 

II  ES-CHEW'MENT  (es-chu'ment),  n.  The  act  of 
eschewing,  or  avoiding,  [r.]  Ch.  Ob. 

ESfH-SCHOLT'ZI-A,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  beau- 
tiful yellow-flowered  papaveraceous  plants,  in- 
habiting California  and  the  north-western  coast 
of  North  America  ; — so  named  in  honor  of  Dr. 
Eschscholtz,  a botanist.  Loudon. 

CS'iSHY-NITE,  n.  [Gr.  aicr^bn 7,  shame.]  (Min.) 


A crystallized  mineral ; — so  named  by  Berzelius 
in  allusion  to  the  inability  of  chemical  science, 
at  the  time  of  its  discovery,  to  separate  the  two 
unlike  substances  which  it  contained,  titanic 
acid  and  zirconia.  Dana. 

ES-COCH'EON,  n.  See  Escutcheon.  Warton. 

ES'CORT,  n.  [It.  scorta ; Sp.  escolta ; Fr.  escorte .] 

1.  A convoy ; a guard  from  place  to  place  ; a 
company  of  armed  men  attending  on  a person 
as  a guard  or  a distinction. 

While  the  troops  of  my  escort  marched  at  the  ordinary 
rate.  Burke. 

2.  Protection  ; safe  conduct ; safeguard  ; as, 
“ To  travel  under  the  escort  of  a friend.”  Ogilvie. 

ES-CORT',  V.  a.  [ i . ESCORTED  ; pp.  ESCORTING, 
escorted.]  To  attend  ; to  accompany  ; to  wait 
on ; to  convoy. 

They  were  escorted  to  the  city  of  Canterbury.  Warton. 

Syn.  — See  Accompany. 

f ES-COT',  n.  [Old  Fr.  escot ; Fr.  e'eot.]  A tax  ; a 
reckoning ; — now  shortened  into  scot,  and  form- 

• ing  a part  of  the  phrase  scot  and  lot.  — See 
Scot.  Johnson. 

f ES-COT',  v.  a.  To  pay  a reckoning  for ; to  sup- 
port; to  maintain. 

Who  maintains  them?  How  are  they  escoted?'  Shah. 

ES-COU-ADE' , n.  [Fr.]  A small  party  of  armed 
men  ; a squad.  Ogilvie. 

\ ES-COUT ' , n.  [Old  Fr.  escouted)  Persons  sent 
for  intelligence.  Now  scout.  Hayward. 

f ES-CRIPT',  n.  [Old  Fr.  escriptd]  A writing  ; a 
schedule.  Cockeram. 

ESCRITOIRE  (es-kre-twor')  [es-kru-tor',  S.  IF.  J. 
E.  ; skni-tor',  F. ; es-krti-twor',  Ja.  K. ; es-kre- 
twir',  S/n.],  n.  [Old  Fr.,  from  escrire,  to  write.] 
A box,  desk,  or  bureau,  which  forms  a desk  for 
writing ; scrutoire.  Johnson. 

ES-CRI-TO'RI-AL,  a.  Relating  to  an  escritoire 
or  scrutoire.  Cowper. 

ES-CROL',  n.  (Her.)  A scroll;  the  representa- 
tion of  a slip  of  paper,  parchment,  &c.,  on  which 
the  motto  of  an  escutcheon  is  inscribed.  Ogilvie. 

ES-CROVV',  n.  [Old  Fr.  escrowed)  (Laic.)  A 
conditional  instrument  or  deed,  delivered  to  a 
third  person  to  hold  or  keep,  until  the  condition 
is  performed.  Blackstone. 

ES'CIT-AGE,  n.  [Old  Fr.  escu,  a shield.]  (Feu- 
dal Fate.)  Tenure  by  knight  service  : — a pe- 
cuniary satisfaction  paid  in  lieu  of  military  ser- 
vice by  tenants  in  chivalry  ; scutage.  Burrill. 

ES-CU-LA'PI-AN,  a.  Relating  to  Esculapius,  the 
ancient  Greek  physician  ; medical. 

For  what  calls  thy  disease,  Lorenzo?  Not 

For  Eaculapian , but  for  moral  aid.  Young. 

ES'CU-LENT,  a.  [L.  esculentus  ; esca,  food  ; It. 
esculenta  ; Fr  .esculent.)  Good  for  food;  eatable; 
edible.  “ Esculent  herbs.”  Bacon. 

ES'CU-LENT,  n.  Something  that  is  eatable  or  fit 
for  food ; an  edible  substance.  “ Where  the 
fruit  is  the  esculent.”  Bacon. 

ES-CU'LIC,  a.  (Chcm.)  Noting  an  acid  procured 
from  horse-chestnuts.  P.  Cyc. 

ES'CU-LINE,  n.  (Client.)  An  alkaloid  obtained 
from  the  JEsculus  hippocastanum,  or  horse- 
chestnut,  the  ash,  &c.  Hoblyn. 

ES-CU'RI-AL,  n.  (Geog.)  A royal  palace  of 
Spain,  about  twenty-two  miles  from  Madrid, 
commenced  by  Philip  II.  in  1563,  and  designed 
in  honor  of  St.  Lawrence,  after  the  form  of  a 
gridiron,  the  instrument  of  that  saint’s  mar- 
tyrdom. Brande. 

tUff-  The  term  is  considered  by  some  to  be  Arabic, 
meaning  a place  full  of  rocks  ; but  by  others,  it  is  de- 
rived from  scoria  fern , iron  dross,  from  the  circum- 
stance of  there  having  been  anciently  great  iron  works 
near  this  place.  P.  Cyc. 

ES-CUTCH'EON  (es-kuch'un),  n.  [L.  scutum,  a 
shield;  It.  scudo  ; Sp.  escudo ; Fr.  ecussond) 

1.  (Her.)  A shield  of  a family  on  which  coats 
of  arms  are  emblazoned  ; the  ensigns  armorial. 

2.  (Naut.)  That  part  of  a vessel’s  stern  on 

which  her  name  is  written.  Dana. 

3.  A metal  plate,  used  on  doors  for  key-holes, 

&c.  Fairholt. 


An  escutcheon  of  pretence,  the  small  shield  in  the 
centre  of  his  own,  on  which  a man  carries  the  coat 
of  his  wife,  if  she  is  an  heiress  and  he  has  issue  by 
her.  p.  Cyc. 

ES-CUTCH'EONED  (-und),  a.  Having  an  escutch- 
eon or  armorial  ensigns.  Young. 

ES-EM-PLAS'TJC,  a.  [Gr.  1$,  to,  ev,  one,  and 
nl.aartKds,  formed;  tt/.acaos,  to  form.]  Formed 
or  shaped  into  one.  Coleridge. 

ES-EN-BECK'JNE,  n.  (Chem.)  An  alkaloid  ob- 
tained from  the  plant  Escnbekia  febrifuga. 

Craig. 

f ES-LOIN',  v.  a.  [Old  Fr.  esloigner. ] To  ban- 
ish ; to  eloin.  Donne. 

ES-MARK'ITE,  n.  (Min.)  A species  of  datholite, 
or  borosilicate  of  lime,  discovered  by  Esmark 
at  Arendal.  Brande. 

ES'NE-CY,  n.  [Old  Fr.  aisnesse,  primogeniture.] 
(Old  Eng.  Laic.)  A privilege  granted  to  the 
eldest  among  coparceners  to  have  the  first  choice 
after  the  inheritance  was  divided.  Burrill. 

E-Sdq'l-DJE,  n.  [See  Esox.]  (Ich.)  A family 
of  soft-spined  fishes,  having  the  ventral  fins 
placed  under  the  abdomen.  Brande. 

E-SOPH'A-GUS,  n.  (Anat.)  See  (Esophagus. 

E-SOPH-A-GOT'O-MY,  n.  See  (Esophagotomy. 

E SO'PI-AN,  a.  Relating  to  iEsop,  or  to  fables 
like  those  of  iEsop.  Warton. 

ES-O-TER  IC,  ? a [(Jr,  IcwrepiKls,  interior, 

ES-O-TER'I-CAL,  ) intimate  ; Fr.  esotcriqued)  Se- 
cret; mysterious;  acroamatic  ; acroatic  ; — a 
a term  applied  to  instruction,  which,  among  the 
Greeks,  the  teacher  gave  secretly,  as  distin- 
guished from  his  exoteric,  or  public  doctrine, 
and  first  used  in  reference  to  the  private  teach- 
ings of  Pythagoras.  Warburton. 

ES-O-TER'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  an  esoteric  or  pri- 
vate manner.  Warburton. 

ES-O-TER' n.  Esoteric  doctrine,  princi- 
ples, or  philosophy.  Ch.  Ob. 

ES-O-TER'ICS,  n.  pi.  Doctrines  mysterious  or 
hidden  ; acroatics.  Sir  J.  Mackintosh. 

ES'O-TER-Y,  n.  Mystery  ; secrecy. 

Reserving  esoterics  for  adepts,  and  dealing  out  exoteries 
only  to  the  vulgar.  Search. 

E 'SOX,  n.  [Gr.  1 <ro | ; L.  esox.)  (Ich.)  A genus 
of  voracious  fishes;  the  pike  or  pickerel.  Storer. 

ES'PA-DON,  n.  [Sp.]  A sort  of  two-handed 
sword,  of  great  length  and  breadth,  and  with 
two  edges.  Crabb. 

ES-PAL'IER  (es-p&l'yer),  n.  [L.  palus,  a pole; 
It.  spalli  era  ; Sp.  espalera  ; Fr  .espalier A (Hort.) 

1.  A row  of  fruit-tr*ees  or  ornamental  shrubs 
trained  against  a lattice,  and  forming  a hedge 
so  as  to  enclose  a part  of  a garden,  and  to  serve 
as  a shelter  to  tender  plants.  London  Eney. 

2.  The  frame  or  lattice  on  which  trees  or 

shrubs  are  trained.  “ The  espalier  is  construct- 
ed of  wood  or  iron.”  Brande. 

ES-PAL'IER  (es-pal'yer),  V.  a.  (Hort.)  To  plant 
and  train  as  trees  on  espaliers.  Boag. 

ES-PAR'CET,  n.  A kind  of  sainfoin.  Mortimer. 

F.S-PAR  ' TO,n.  [Sp.]  (Bot.)  A species  of  rush 
found  in  the  south  of  Spain,  used  for  making 
cordage,  &c.  McCulloch. 

ESPAULIF.RE  (es-po-lc-Ar'),  n.  [Old  Fr.  ; Fr. 
epaule,  the  shoulder.]  A covering  for  the  shoul- 
der, made  of  overlapping  plates  of  metal ; — 
worn  by  soldiers  in  the  15th  century.  Fairholt. 

ES-PE"CIAL  (es-p?sh'sd),  a.  [L.  specialis .]  Par- 
ticular ; principal ; chief ; special.  “ Abraham, 
the  especial  friend  of  God.”  Barrow. 

Syn.  — See  Special. 

ES-PE"CIAL-LY  (es-pSsh'rd-le),  ad.  In  an  especial 
manner;  principally;  chiefly;  specially. 

Syn. — See  Special. 

ES-PE''CIAL-NESS  (es-pEsh'?l-nes),  n.  The  state 
of  being  especial.  “ Your  precious  diamond  in 
especialness.”  Loe,  1614. 

f ES-PF-RAJVCE  ’ [Ss-pe-rans',  IF.  Ja.  ; es-pe- 
rkns',  S.  K.  \ 6s-per-5ngs',  S/«.],  n.  [Fr.]  Hope. 

All  esperance  so  obstinately  strong.  Shak. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RflLE.  — 9,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


ESPIAL 


502 


ESTABLISH 


?S-PI'AL,  n.  [Old  Fr.  espier.  — See  Espy.] 

1.  fA  spy;  a scout.  “Espials  have  in- 
formed me.”  Shak. 

2.  The  act  of  espying ; observation  ; discov- 
ery. “ A . . . place  of  espial.”  Sir  T.  Elyot. 

IJS-Pl'ijH,  n.  One  who  watches  like  a spy.  Ilarmar. 

ES'PI-NEL,  n.  [Fr.  espinelle .]  A kind  of  ruby. 
— See  Spinel.  Cotgrave. 

ES'PI-O-NAQJE  (es'pe-o-naj  or  es'pe-o-n'4zh)  [es'pe- 
o-naj,  Ja.  It.  ; es'pe-o-nazh,  Sm.  ; es-pe'o-nazh, 
K. ; es-pl'9-naj,  Davies ],  n.  [Fr.  espio image  ; 
espion,  a spy.]  The  occupation  or  practice  of 
a spy ; — applied  particularly  to  the  system 
adopted  by  some  governments  of  employing 
spies  to  watch  the  words  and  conduct  of  sus- 
pected persons,  with  reference  especially  to  their 
bearing  on  political  matters. 

its'  PI-OTTE,n.  [Fr.]  A species  of  rye.  Simmonds. 

ES-PLA-NADE',  n.  [L.  planus,  a plain  ; It.  spi- 
anata  ; Sp.  esplanada  ; Fr.  esplanade.'] 

1.  {Mil.)  A level  ground  within  a fortified 
place,  used  for  exercise,  a walk,  &c. ; properly 
the  space  between  the  fortifications  of  the  town 
and  those  of  the  citadel.  Glos.  of  Mil.  Terms. 

2.  A grass-plot  in  a garden.  Simmonds. 

3.  Any  open  level  public  walk  or  drive  near 

the  sea.  Simmonds. 

ES-PLEEs',  n.  pi.  [L.  cxpleo,  to  fill  up.]  (Laic.) 
The  full  produce  or  product  of  land ; the  profit 
made  of  a thing.  Crabb. 

f 5S-POIL',  n.  Spoil.  Earl  of  Worcester. 

5S-POU'SAL,  n.  The  act  of  espousing  : — adop- 
tion ; protection.  “ The  open  espousal  of  his 
cause.”  Ld.  Orford. 

]JS-POU'§AL,  a.  Relating  to  the  act  of  espous- 
ing or  betrothing.  “ Espousal  sheets.”  Bacon. 

jES-POU'§AL§,  n.  pi.  [L.  sponsalia  ; It.  sposalizia ; 
Fr.  epousailles. J A contract  to  marry,  or  a mu- 
tual promise  of  marriage  ; betrothment.  “ A 
contract  or  espousals  of  the  parties.”  Bp.  Hall. 

^S-POU.SE',  v.  a.  [L.  spondeo,  sponsus,  to  prom- 
ise; It.  sposare ; Sp.  dcsposar ; Old  Fr.  espou- 
ser ; Fr.  epouscr.]  \i.  espoused  ; pp.  espous- 
ing, espoused.] 

1.  To  promise  marriage  with  ; to  betroth. 

The  angel  was  sent  to  a virgin  espoused  to  a man  whose 
name  was  Joseph.  Luke  i.  20,  27. 

2.  To  join  in  wedlock  ; to  marry  ; to  wed. 

With  flowers,  garlands,  and  sweet-smelling  herbs 

Espoused  Eve  decked  first  her  nuptial  bed.  Milton. 

3.  To  adopt ; to  embrace  ; to  take  to  one’s 
self ; to  maintain  ; to  defend  ; to  support. 

The  city,  army,  court,  espouse  my  cause.  Dryden. 

JS-POU.fE'MfNT,  n.  Act  of  espousing.  Craig. 

ES-POU§'ER,  n.  One  who  espouses  or  maintains. 
“ The  espousers  of  that  scheme.”  Allen , 1761. 

5S-PRIN'GAL,  n.  [Fr.  espringalle.]  An  ancient 
warlike  engine,  used  for  casting  great  stones 
and  other  missiles. 

[Some]  in  the  espringal 

Fix  the  brass- winged  arrows.  Southey. 

ESPRIT  DF.  CORPS  («s-pre'de-kor').  [Fr.]  The 
spirit  of  the  body  ; the  corporation  spirit ; — 
that  zeal  for  their  mutual  honor  which  pervades 
a collective  body,  such  as  members  of  the  ar- 
my, the  bar,  &c.  Crabb. 

IJS-PY',  v.  a.  [It.  spiare ; Sp.  espiar ; Old  Fr. 
ttopier  ; Fr.  epier.  — See  Spy.]  [i.  espied  ; pp. 
ESPYING,  ESPIED.] 

1.  To  see  things  at  a distance ; to  perceive  ; 
to  discern ; to  descry. 

Lysimachus  our  Tyrian  ship  enjnes.  Shah. 

2.  To  discover  or  see  unexpectedly. 

As  one  of  them  opened  his  sack,  he  espied  his  money. 

Gen.  xiii.  27. 

3.  To  inspect ; to  examine  ; to  survey  ; to  spy'. 

Moses  sent  me  to  espy  out  the  land,  and  I brought  him 
word  again.  J08.  xiv.  7. 

5S-PY',  v.  n.  To  look  around  , to  watch  ; to  spy. 
“ Stand  by  the  way  and  espy."  Jer.  xlvii.  19. 

f ES-PY',  n.  A scout ; a spy.  Huloet. 

ES ' QUI-MrfU {es'ke-mo),n.  ; pi.  Esquimaux  (es'- 
kc-moz).  One  of  a tribe  of  Indians  who  were 
the  aboriginal  inhabitants  of  Labrador.  Ilearne. 


ES-OUlRE'  (cs-kwrr’),  n.  [L .scutum,  a shield; 
Or.  tnc tiro;,  leather.  — It.  sciidierc  ; Sp.  cscudcro ; 
Norm.  Fr.  equiere,  esquer ; Old  Fr.  escuyer, 
escuier ; Fr.  eetiyer.] 

1.  Originally,  the  shield-bearer  of  a knight. 

This  trusty  companion  was  styled  his  esquire.  Tutler. 

2.  The  title  of  dignity  in  England  next  below 

a knight.  Blount. 

3.  A title  of  a justice  of  the  peace  and  other 
magistrates,  and,  by  courtesy,  a title  extended 
indefinitely  to  men  of  the  liberal  professions 
and  pursuits. 

The  appellation  of  esquire  is  most  notoriously  abused;  it  is 
now  “ populus  annigerorum,”  a people  of  esquires.  Taller. 

/fcjf-The  title  of  esquire  is  coeval  with  the  Con- 
queror; but  in  its  present  application,  it  takes  its 
date  from  Henry  V.  — The  word  is  derived  from  the 
Norman  equiere , from  whence  is  also  derived  equery. 
Pulley n. 

ES-QUlRE',  v.  a.  To  attend  as  an  esquire. 

“ A colloquial  expression  of  the  last  century, 
applied  when  a gentleman  attended  a lady  in  pub- 
lic.” Todd. 

ESQUISSE  (es-kes'),  n.  [Fr.]  {Paint.)  A slight 
sketch,  or  draught,  of  a picture.  Simmonds. 

ES-SAY'  (es-sa'),  v.  a.  [It.  saggiare , assaggiare  ; 
Sp.  ensagar ; Fr.  essager. ] [i.  essayed  ; pp. 

ESSAYING,  ESSAYED.] 

1.  To  attempt ; to  try  ; to  endeavor. 

While  I this  unexpected  task  essay.  Blackmore. 

2.  To  make  experiment  of.  Johnson. 

3.  f To  assay,  as  metals.  Locke. 

ES'SA  Y (es'sa),  n.  1.  An  attempt;  an  endeavor. 

Fruitless  our  hopes,  though  pious  our  essays.  Smith. 

2.  A trial ; an  experiment ; a test. 

Repetitions  wear  us  into  a liking  of  what  possibly,  in  the 
first  essay , displeased  us.  Locke. 

3.  A short  treatise  or  dissertation  ; a tract. 

To  write  just  treatises  requireth  time  in  the  writer  and 
leisure  in  the  reader,  which  is  the  cause  which  hath  made  me 
choose  to  write  certain  brief  notes,  set  down  rather  signifi- 
cantly than  curiously,  which  I have  called  essays.  The  word 
is  late,  but  the  thing  is  ancient.  Bacon. 

Of  the  productions  in  the  English  language,  Bacon’s  Es- 
says contain  the  most  matter  in  the  fewest  words.  Qu.  Bev. 

The  essay  on  study  TBacon’s]  contains  more  thought,  and 
more  closely  packed,  than  perhaps  any  other  English  com- 
position. iV.  B.  liev. 

4.  ( Metallurgy .)  + An  assay.  Johnson. 

Syn.  — Essay , tract , tractate , treatise , dissertation , 

and  disquisition  are  all  used  to  denote  compositions  of 
greater  or  less  length.  Essay  is  commonly  applied  to 
a short  piece  on  some  subject ; as,  “ Lord  Bacon’s 
Essays  ” ; “ The  essays  in  the  Spectator  ” ; though  it 
is  used  by  Locke  as  the  title  of  his  large  work,  “ Es- 
say on  the  Human  Understanding.”  Tract  is  a small 
pamphlet ; as,  “ A religious  tract .”  Tractate , as 
“ Milton’s  Tractate  of  Education,”  is  another  name 
for  tract , and  is  now  little  used.  A treatise  is  more 
systematic  and  extended  than  an  essay.  A dissertation 
and  disquisition  imply  discussion  and  argumentation. 
A short  essay  ; a small  tract ; a short  treatise ; a 
learned  dissertation  ; a profound  disquisition.  — See 
Attempt. 

ES-SAY'ER,  n.  One  who  essays  ; an  essayist. 
“ All  the  essayers  upon  friendship.”  Addison. 

ES'SA  Y-IST,  or  ES-SAY'IST  [es's?-ist,  P.  Ja.  K. 
Sm.  C.;  es-sa'ist,  IV.  JVb.],  n.  A writer  of  es- 
says. “ Such  are  all  the  essayists , even  their 
master,  Montaigne.”  B.  Jonson. 

ES'sAY-WRIT'ER,  n.  A writer  of  essays,  or 
short  compositions  ; an  essayist.  Addison. 

ES'S^NCE,  n.  [L.  essentia  ; esse,  ens,  to  be;  It. 
essenza  ; Sp.  esencia  ; Fr.  essence .] 

1.  The  nature,  substance,  or  being  of  any 
thing  ; that  which  makes  any  thing  to  he  what 
it  is  ; that  upon  which  the  qualities  of  any  thing 
depend ; quintessence. 

All  those  properties  or  qualities  without  which  a thing 
could  not  exist,  or  without  which  it  would  he  entirely  altered, 
make  up  what  is  called  the  essence  of  a thing.  Three  lines 
joining  are  the  essence  of  a triangle;  if  one  is  removed,  what 
remains  is  no  longer  a triangle.  Taylor. 

2.  Person  existing  ; a being. 

As  far  as  gods  and  heavenly  essences 

Can  perish.  Milton. 

3.  Constituent  substance. 

For  spirits,  when  they  please. 

Can  either  sex  assume,  or  both,  so  soft 

And  uncompoundcd  is  their  essence  pure.  Milton. 

4.  The  predominant  qualities  of  any  plant  or 
substance  separated  from  the  grosser  parts  ; as, 
“ The  essence  of  peppermint.” 

5.  Perfume  ; odor  ; scent. 

Nor  let  the  imprisoned  essences  exhale.  Pope. 


ES'SpNCE,  V.  a.  \i.  ESSENCED  ; pp.  ESSENCINO, 
essen ced.]  To  perfume;  to  scent.  Addison. 
Painted  for  sight,  and  essenced  for  the  smell.  Pope. 

ES'SJJNCED  (es'senst),  p.  a.  Perfumed;  scented. 
“ Essenced  fops.”  Addison. 

5S-SENEij'  (es-senz')-,  n. pi.  [Gr.  ’EovijwSi ; L.  Es- 
seni.]  (Eccl.  Hist.)  A sect  among  the  ancient 
Jews,  who  separated  themselves  from  the  peo- 
ple, and  led  a sort  of  monastic  life.  Buck. 

ES'SEN-I§M,  n.  The  doctrine  of  the  Essenes,  a 
sect  of  the  ancient  Jews.  De  Quincey. 

ES-SEN'TIAL  (es-sen'shal),  a.  1.  Relating  to  or 
containing  the  essence  ; necessary  to  the  con- 
stitution or  existence  of  any  tiling  ; vital. 

The  discipline  of  our  church,  although  it  be  not  an  essen- 
tial part  of  our  religion,  should  not  be  rashly  altered.  Bacon. 

2.  Very  important  ; necessary ; indispensa- 
ble ; requisite  ; as,  “ Integrity  and  industry  are 
essential  to  success.” 

3.  Pure  ; highly  rectified  ; volatile  ; as,  “ An 
essential  oil.” 

An  essential  disease , {Med.)  an  idiopathic  disease  ; 

one  not  symptomatic.  Dunglison Essential  oils , 

oils  obtained  by  distillation  from  odoriferous  vegeta- 
ble substances.  — Essential  organs,  ( Bot .)  the  stamens 
and  pistils  of  a plant.  Oray.  — Essential  sails,  true 
salts  which  exist  ready  formed  in  vegetables. 

Syn.  — See  Necessary. 

5S-SEN'TIAL  (es-sen'sh?l),  n.  [It.  essenziale ; Sp. 
esencial ; Fr.  essential.  — See  Essence.] 

1.  Something  that  is  essential  or  necessary  ; 
the  chief  point ; the  most  prominent  character- 
istics. 

In  essentials  and  fundamentals  they  agree.  Mountaffli. 

2.  Existence  ; being ; essence. 

Ilis  utmost  ire,  to  the  height  enraged. 

Will  either  quite  consume  us  or  reduce 

To  nothing  this  essential.  m Milton. 

3.  First  or  constituent  principle  ; nature. 

The  plague  of  sin  has  altered  his  nature,  and  eaten  into 
his  very  essentials.  South. 

4.  {Bot.)  The  prominent  characteristic  by 
which  a particular  species,  or  a particular  group 
of  plants,  is  separated  from  all  others.  Ilensloiv 

5S-SEN-TI-AL'!-TY  (es-sen-she-Sl'e-te),  n.  [It. 
essenzialith ; Sp . esencialidad.]  The  state  or  the 
quality  of  being  essential ; nature.  Swift. 

5S-SEN'TIAL-LY,  ad.  In  an  essential  manner. 

5S-SEN'TIAL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  es- 
sential, or  absolutely  necessary.  Ld.  JJiyby. 

t5S-SEN'TI-ATE  (es-sen'slie-at),  V.  n.  To  be- 
come of  the  same  essence. 

What  comes  nearest  the  nature  of  that  it  feeds  converts 
quicker  to  nourishment,  and  doth  sooner  csscntiale.  li.  Jonson. 

f IJS-SEN'TI-Ate,  p.  a.  To  constitute  the  es- 
sence of.  Boyle. 

ES'S^-RA,  n.  {Med.)  A sort  of  cutaneous  erup- 
tion, distinguished  by  broad,  smooth  spots  ; the 
nettle-rash.  Dunglison. 

5S-S01N',  n.  [Old  Fr.  essoine,  or  exoine ; ex, 
priv.,  and  soign,  care.] 

1.  f Excuse;  exemption.  Spenser. 

2.  {Law.)  An  excuse  which  a person  offers 
for  not  being  in  court  according  to  the  sum- 
mons of  a writ. 

5S-SolN',  a.  {Law.)  Allowed  for  the  appearance 
of  suitors;  — an  epithet  applied  to  the  first  three 
days  of  a term.  Blackstone. 

Essoin-day , formerly  the  day  on  which  a writ  was 
returnable,  and  on  which  tile  courts  sat  to  receive  es- 
soins. 

ES-SOIN',  v.  a.  [Fr.  essoyner.]  To  excuse ; to 
release.  “ I’ll  not  essoin  thee.”  Quarles. 

ES-SOIN'ER,  n.  {Law.)  An  attorney  who  offers 
an  excuse  for  the  absence  of  another.  Cotgrave. 

ES'SON-ITE,  n.  {Min.)  A species  of  garnet ; the 
cinnamon-stone  of  Ceylon.  Dana. 

ES'SO-RANT,  n.  [Fr.]  (Her.)  Noting  a bird 
standing  on  the  ground,  with  the  wings  ex- 
panded, as  if  making  an  effort  to  fly.  Craig. 

JJS-TAb'LISH,  v.  a.  [L.  stabilio ; It.  stabilire; 
Sp.  establecer ; Fr.  etablir.]  [ i . established  ; 
pp.  ESTABLISHING,  ESTABLISHED.] 

1.  To  make  steadfast ; to  settle  firmly  ; to 
fix;  to  found;  to  institute;  to  constitute;  to 
form ; as,  “ To  establish  schools,  institutions, 
laws,  or  customs.” 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; I1EIR,  HER; 


ESTRAY 


ESTABLISHED 

I would  establish  one  general  rule  to  be  observed  in  all 
conversation.  Steele . 

I will  establish  my  covenant  with  him  for  nn  everlasting 
covenant.  Dent.  xxix.  13. 

2.  To  confirm  ; to  approve ; to  make  good ; 
to  verify  ; to  ratify  ; to  sanction. 

Every  vow  nnd  every  oath,  her  husband  may  establish  it 
or  may  make  it  void.  Awn.  xxx.  13. 

Syn.  — See  Confirm,  Constitute,  Fix, 
Found,  Institute,  Ratify. 

ES-TAB'LISHED  (es-t&b'ljslit),  p.  a.  Made  firm; 
ratified  ; fixed ; instituted  by  usage  or  by  law  ; 
as,  “An  established  principle  or  doctrine”; 
“ An  established  church.” 

ES-TAB'LTSH-UR,n.  One  who  establishes./ioo/cer. 

ES-TAB'LISH-MENT,  n.  [Fr.  etablissement .] 

1.  The  act  of  establishing,  or  settling  firmly. 

2.  The  state  of  being  established ; settle- 
ment ; fixed  state. 

All  happy  peace  and  goodly  government 

Is  settled  then  in  sure  establishment.  Spenser. 

3.  Fundamental  principle  ; settled  law  ; foun- 
dation ; basis ; ground. 

The  sacred  order  to  which  you  belong,  and  the  establish- 
ment on  which  it  subsists.  Atterbury. 

4.  Confirmation  of  something  done  ; ratifica- 
tion ; sanction.  Bacon. 

5.  Means  of  support ; allowance  ; income  ; 
salary  ; stipend  ; wages. 

Ilis  excellency  might  gradually  lessen  your  establishment . 

Swift. 

6.  That  which  is  instituted  or  established  for 
private  or  public  uses  ; as,  “ The  establishments 
which  a gentleman  maintains  in  town  and  coun- 
try ” ; “ The  trading  establishments  of  a gov- 
ernment.” 

7.  ( Theol. ) A system  of  religion  recognized 
and  supported  by  the  state  ; as,  “ The  establish- 
ment, or  established  Church,  of  England.” 

8.  (Mil.)  The  quota  of  officers  and  men  in 
an  army,  regiment,  &c. ; as,  “ The  peace  estab- 
lishment." 

Establishment  of  the  port,  a term  to  denote  tile  inter- 
val between  the  time  of  high  water  at  any  given  port, 
and  the  time  of  the  moon’s  transit  immediately  pre- 
ceding tlie  time  of  high  water,  when  the  moon  is  in 
syzygy,  tiiat  is,  at  nevv  and  full  moon.  Braude. 

ES-TA-CADE',  n.  [Fr.]  (Mil.)  A dike  con- 
structed with  piles  in  the  sea,  a river,  or  a mo- 
rass, to  hinder  the  entrance  of  an  enemy.  Crabb. 

ES-TA-FETTE'  (es-tj-fet'),  n.  [Fr.]  (Mil.)  A 
military  courier ; an  express.  Todd. 

lJS-TATE',  n.  [L.  status  ; sto,  to  stand ; It.  stato  ; 
Sp.  estado ; Ola  Fr.  cstta  ; Fr.  etat. — See  State.] 

1.  f The  business  of  government ; the  general 
interest ; the  state. 

I call  matters  of  estate  not  only  the  parts  of  sovereignty,  but 
whatever  conccrneth  any  great  portion  of  the  people.  Bacon. 

2.  Settled  condition  ; state. 

Impotent  estate  of  human  life, 

"Where  hope  and  fear  maintain  eternal  strife.  Prior. 

3.  Property  ; possessions  ; domain ; fortune  ; 
■ — particularly  landed  property. 

Go,  miser,  go!  for  lucre  sell  thy  soul, 

That  men  may  say,  when  thou  art  dead  and  gone, 

See  what  a vast  estate  he  left  his  son  1 Dryden , 

4.  (Law.)  The  title  or  interest  which  a man 

has  in  his  lands  and  tenements.  Beal  estate 
comprises  lands,  tenements,  and  hereditaments, 
held  as  freehold ; personal  estate  comprises  ev- 
ery other  species  of  property,  as  also  interests 
for  a term  of  years  in  lands,  tenements,  and 
hereditaments.  Burrill. 

5.  pi.  Classes  or  divisions  of  the  people  of  a 
country,  or  their  representatives,  who  take  a 
part  in  government. 

The  three  estates  of  the  realm  are  the  three  orders  (etats) 
into  which  all  natural-born  subjects  are  legally  divided;  viz., 
the  clergy,  the  nobility,  and  the  commonalty.  They  are  rep- 
resented in  Parliament  by  the  lords  spiritual,  the  lords  tem- 
poral, and  the  commons.  Notes  and  Queries. 

f US-TATE',  v.  a.  1.  To  settle,  as  a fortune.  Shah. 

2.  To  establish  ; to  fix.  Pearson. 

ES-TAT'EU, p.  a.  Possessed  of  an  estate.  Swift. 

1JS-TEEM v.  a.  [L.  eestimo,  or  estimo ; — proba- 
bly from  ces,  money,  with  the  termination  timo 
or  tumo.  W.  Smith.  — Sp.  estimar ; Fr.  estimer. ] 
[*.  esteemed  ; pp.  ESTEEMING,  esteemed.] 

1.  To  set  a value  on,  whether  high  or  low;  to 
estimate  ; to  value  ; to  appreciate. 

The  worth  of  all  men  by  their  end  esteem.  Spenser. 

2.  To  deem  worthy  of  friendship  or  regard  ; 


503 

to  set  a high  value  on  ; to  regard  with  rever- 
ence ; to  respect ; to  prize. 

Who  would  not  be  loved  more,  though  he  were  esteemed 
less?  Dryden. 

3.  To  hold  in  opinion  ; to  think  ; to  deem. 

One  man  esteemeth  one  day  above  another;  another esteem- 
eth  every  day  alike.  Pom.  xiv.  5. 

Syn.  — See  Estimate. 

f J5S-TEEM',  v.  n.  To  consider  as  to  value.  “ Many 
would  little  esteem  of  their  own  lives.”  Spenser. 

US-TEEM',  n.  1.  Fistimation;  estimate;  reck- 
oning; account. 

Yourself  held  precious  in  the  world’s  esteem.  Shah. 

2.  Great  regard  ; high  value  ; respect ; rever- 
ence; honor;  good-will;  friendship. 

Both  those  poets  lived  in  much  esteem  with  good  and  holy 
men  in  orders.  Dryden. 

As  love  without  esteem  is  volatile  and  capricious,  esteem 
without  love  is  languid  and  cold.  Johnson. 

Syn. — See  Regard,  Respect. 

US-TEEM'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  esteemed;  es- 
timable. “ Esteemable  qualities.”  Pope. 

ES-TEEM'UR,  n.  One  who  esteems.  “ The 
proudest  esteemer  of  his  own  parts.”  Locke. 

ES-TIU;  P'lC,  I [It.  estetico  ; Fr.  esthjtiquc.] 

£S-THET'I-CAL,  ) Relating  to  esthetics; — writ- 
ten also  (esthetic  and  asthetical.  Phil.  Museum. 

US-TIIET'JCS,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  atoOtirucAs,  perceptible; 
aioGyei;,  perception  by  the  senses  ; It.  estetica  ; 
Fr.  csthitique. ] The  science  which  treats  of  the 
beautiful,  or  of  the  principles  of  taste  ; — written 
also  o esthetics . — See  iEsTHETics.  Phil.  Museum. 

£S-TlF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  ccstus,  heat,  and_/cFO,  to 
bear.]  Producing  heat.  Craig. 

ES'Tj-MA-BLE,  a.  [L.  (cstimabilis ; It.  estima- 
bile ; Sp.  4 Fr.  estimable.'] 

1.  That  may  be  estimated  or  valued ; capable 

of  being  valued.  Craig. 

2.  Valuable;  worth  a large  price,  [r.] 

A pound  of  man’s  flesh,  taken  from  a man, 

Is  not  so  estimable  or  profitable 

As  flesh  of  muttons,  beefs,  or  goats.  Shah’. 

3.  That  may  he  esteemed  ; worthy  of  esteem 
or  regard  ; worthy  ; meritorious  ; excellent ; as, 
“ An  estimable  character.” 

Syn.  — See  Valuable. 

ES'TI-M  A-BI.E,  n.  That  which  is  worthy  of  re- 
gard. “ The  balsam  tree,  one  of  the  peculiar 
estimables  of  her  country.”  [r.]  Browne. 

ES'TI-MA-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
estimable  or  deserving  regard.  Johnson. 

ES'TI-MA-BLY,  ad.  In  an  estimable  manner. 

ES'TI-MAte,  v.  a.  [L.  testimo,  astimatus ; It. 
estimate',  Sp  .estimar-,  Fr  .estimer.]  [(.esti- 
mated ; pp.  estimating,  estimated.] 

1.  To  calculate  ; to  compute  ; to  reckon. 

The  measure  of  punishments  being  to  be  estimated  as  well 

by  the  length  of  their  duration  as  the  intenseness  of  their 
degrees.  Locke. 

2.  To  adjust  the  value  of ; to  set  a price  on  ; 
to  prize ; to  rate ; to  appraise ; to  value  ; to 
esteem. 

It  is  by  the  weight  of  silver,  nnd  not  the  name  of  the  piece, 
that  men  estimate  commodities  and  exchange  them.  Locke. 

Syn.  — Persons  and  tilings  are  estimated  according 
to  their  supposed  worth  or  value.  — Estimate  the  ex- 
pense of  building  ; rate  or  prhe  the  value  of  lands  or 
houses  ; compute  the  loss  or  gain  ; appreciate  the  char- 
acter or  motives.  — A man  is  esteemed  for  good  quali- 
ties ; and  estimated  according  to  his  character  or 
worth,  either  favorably  or  otherwise. 

ES'TI-MATE,  n.  1.  Computation  ; calculation  ; — 
particularly  an  approximate  calculation  of  the 
probable  cost  of  any  undertaking,  of  work  to 
be  done,  of  the  quantity  of  materials  required, 
&c.  Simmonds. 

2.  Valuation  ; estimation. 

Outward  actions  can  never  give  a just  estimate  of  us.  Addison. 

ES'TI-MAT-ED,  p.  a.  Valued ; computed  ; calcu- 
lated r as,  “ An  estimated  yearly  revenue.” 

ES-TI-MA'TION,  n.  [L.  t, vstimatio ; It.  estima- 
zione  ; Sp.  estimacion ; Fr.  estimation.] 

1.  The  act  of  estimating  or  appraising;  valu- 
ation ; estimate  ; appreciation  ; appraisement. 

2.  Calculation  ; computation ; a reckoning. 

If  the  scale  do  turn 

But  in  the  estimation  of  a hair.  Shah. 

3.  Opinion  ; judgment ; notion. 


I speak  not  this  in  estimation 
As  what  I think  might  be,  hut  what  I know 
Is  ruminated,  plotted,  and  set  down.  Shak. 

4.  Esteem  ; regard  ; respect ; honor. 

I know  the  gentleman 

To  be  of  worth  and  worthy  estimation.  Shot:. 

ES'TI-MA-TIVE,  a.  [It.  4 Sp.  cstimativo.] 

1.  That  estimates  ; comparing  and  adjusting. 

“ Estimative  or  judicial  faculty!”  Hale. 

2.  That  is  estimated ; imaginative. 

Wandcsforde. 

ES'TI-MA-TOR,  n.  [L.  (estimator.]  One  who  es- 
timates or  values ; an  appraiser.  Jodrell. 

ES'TI-VAL  [es'te-val,  S.  W.  P.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  C. ; 
es-ti'vjl,  Dychc,  Barclay],  a.  [L .(estivus-,  It. 
estivale ; Sp.  4 Fr.  estival.]  Pertaining  to  the 
summer,  or  continuing  for  the  summer.  “ Esti- 
val sunbeams.”  Gayton.  “ Estival  garlands.” 
Browne. 

f ES'TI-VATE,  i’.  n.  To  pass  or  spend  the  sum- 
mer in  any  place.  Cockeram. 

ES-TI-VA'TION,  n.  [L.  (cstivatio ; astas,  sum- 
mer.] 

1.  The  act  of  passing  the  summer. 

Let  it  be  turned  to  a grotto,  or  place  of  shade  or  estivation. 

Bacon. 

2.  (Bot.)  The  arrangement  of  parts  in  a 

flower-bud  in  respect  to  each  other ; — written 
also  (estivation.  Gray. 

ES-TOI-lLe'  (es-twd-la'),  n.  [Old  Fr.]  (Her.) 
A star  with  only  four  long  rays  in  the  form  of  a 
cross,  broad  in  the  centre,  and  terminating  in 
sharp  points.  Ogilvie. 

US-TOP',  v.  a.  [Old  Fr.  estoppel",  Fr.  etovper.) 
[i.  estopped  ; pp.  estopping,  estopped.] 
(Law.)  To  bar  ; to  stop  ; to  preclude.  Blackstone. 

ESTO  PER-PET'  U-A.  [L.,  May  it  be  perpetual.] 
May  this  institution  be  permanent.  Macdonnell. 

ES-  TO-PIL' LA,  n.  [Sp.]  A kind  of  long  lawn  or 
mixed  linen  fabric,  made  in  Silesia.  Simmonds. 

US-TOPPED'  (es-topt'),ffl.  Under  an  estoppel.  Hale. 

US-TOP'PEL,  or  US-TOP'PLE,  n.  (Law.)  An  im- 
pediment or  bar  by  which  a man  is  precluded 
in  law  from  alleging  or  denying  a fact  in  conse- 
quence of  his  own  previous  act,  allegation,  or 
denial  to  the  contrary.  Jacob. 

ES-TOU-fAde',  n.  [Fr.]  (Cookery.)  A mode 
of  cooking  meat  in  close  vessels ; stewing.  Crabb. 

ES-TO'VF.R§,  n.  pi.  [Low  L.  estoveria  ; Old  Fr.  cs- 
touver,  and  estover,  to  furnish.]  (Law.)  The 
right  of  taking  necessary  wood,  &c.,  from  an- 
other’s estate  : — necessaries  or  supplies  allowed 
out  of  a man’s  estate  who  is  confined  for  felony : 
— alimony  to  a woman  divorced.  Blackstone. 

EH-TRAde' , n.  [Fr.]  An  elevated  part  of  the 
floor  of  a room  for  a bed  or  a table  ; a platform. 

ES-TRAM'AfOAr,  11.  [Fr.]  I.  A back-sword. 

2.  A blow  with  the  edge  of  a sword.  Scott. 

US-TRANQ1E',  v.  a.  [Sp.  estranar ; Old  Fr.  es- 
trangei",  Fr.  etranger.  — See  Strange.]  [i. 
estranged  ; pp.  estranging,  estranged.] 

1.  To  keep  at  a distance ; to  withdraw. 

TIad  we  esti'angcd  ourselves  from  them  in  things  indif- 
ferent. Hooker . 

2.  To  divert  from  the  proper  use. 

They  have  estranged  this  place,  and  have  burnt  incense  in 
it  to  other  gods.  Jcr.  xix.  4. 

3.  To  alienate  in  affection  ; to  disaffect. 

I do  not  know,  to  this  hour,  what  it  is  that  has  estranged 
him  from  me.  Pope . 

4.  f To  withhold  ; to  keep  back. 

We  must  estrange  our  belief  from  every  thing  which  is  ■ ■ 
clearly  evidenced.  Glanville. 

ES-TRAN'(?UD-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  es- 
tranged ; estrangement.  Prynne. 

US-TRAN£E'MUNT,  n.  Act  of  estranging  ; alien- 
ation ; withdrawal ; removal ; abstraction. 

Desires,  by  n long  estrangement  from  better  things,  come 
at  length  to  loathe  them.  south. 

f ES-TRAN'GLE,  v.  a.  To  strangle.  Golden  Legend. 

iES-TRA-PADE',  n.  [Fr.]  (Man.)  The  action  of  a 
horse  that  first  rears  or  rises  before,  and  then 
kicks  furiously  with  his  hind  legs.  Farrier’s  Diet. 

f US-TRAY',  v.  n.  [Old  Fr.  estrayer.]  To  stray ; 
to  wander.  Daniel. 


MIEN,  SIR;  m6vE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE. 


— 9,  9.  g,  soft;  IS,  0,  £,  g,  hard; 


S}  as  z; 


as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


E STRAY 


ETHIONIC 


504 


pS-TRAY',  n.  (Law.)  A tame  beast  found  wan- 
dering without  a known  owner ; a stray.  Cowell. 

ES-TREAT',  n.  [L.  extraction-,  Old  Fr.  cstraite .] 
(Law.)  The  true  copy  or  extract  of  an  original 
writing,  especially  of  fines  and  amercements, 
entered  on  the  rolls  of  the  court,  to  be  levied  by 
its  bailiff  or  other  officer  ; — a forfeited  recogni- 
zance taken  out  from  among  the  other  records  of 
the  court,  and  sent  or  returned  to  the  court  of 
exchequer  to  be  prosecuted.  Burrill. 

JJS-TREAT',  v.  a.  [i.  ESTREATED  ; pp.  ESTREAT- 
ING, ESTREATED.] 

1.  To  take  from,  by  way  of  fine.  Boyle. 

2.  (Laic.)  To  take  out  from  among  the  other 
.records  of  a court,  as  a forfeited- recognizance, 

and  return  it  to  the  court  of  exchequer  to  be 
prosecuted.  Burrill. 

f S-TREPE',  v.  a.  [Old  Fr.  cstreper,  to  mutilate.] 
(Laic.)  To  commit  waste  or  spoil  in  lands, 
woods,  or  houses,  to  another’s  damage,  as  by 
cutting  down  trees,  & c.  Burrill. 

ES-TREPE'.ME.NT,  n.  [Low  L.  estrepamentum, 
from  Old  Fr.  estreper,  to  mutilate.]-  (Law.)  A 
stripping  or  spoil  of  land  by  a life  tenant  to  the 
prejudice  of  the  reversioner,  as  by  the  repeated 
ploughing  and  sowing  of  land  without  manur- 
ing it,  by  cutting  down  trees,  &c.  Burrill. 

ES'TRICH,  n.  1.  f The  ostrich. 

The  peacock  not  at  thy  command  assumes 

His  glorious  train,  nor  estricli  her  rare  plumes.  Shak. 

2.  (Com.)  A fine  white  down  that  lies  imme- 
diately under  the  feathers  of  the  ostrich-Bnmde. 

ES'TRID^E.  Same  as  Estrich.  Simmonds. 

f ES'TU-ANCE,  n.  [L.  astus,  heat.]  Heat.  Broume. 

EST'U-A-RY  (est'yu-3-re),  n.  [L.  testuarium ; It. 
&:  Sp.  estiiario  ; Fr.  estuaire. ] The  widening  of  a 
river  at  its  mouth  into  an  arm  of  the  sea  ; an 
inlet  of  the  sea ; an  arm  of  the  sea  ; a frith. 

EST'U-ATE  (est'yu-at),  v.  n.  [L.  astuo,  astuatus.) 
[i.  ESTUATED  ; pp.  ESTUATING,  ESTUATED.]  To 
swell  and  rage ; to  be  agitated ; to  boil.  Cockerani. 

ES-TU-A'TION,  n.  [L.  astuatio  ; It.  estuazione.\ 
The  act  of  boiling ; commotion  of  a fluid  ; agi- 
tation ; disturbance.  Norris. 

fEST'URE  (est'yur),  n.  [L.  eestus,  heat.]  Vio- 
lence ; agitation  ; commotion.  Chapman. 

+ E-§U’RI-ENT,  a.  [L.  esurio,  esuriens,  to  be 
hungry.]  Hungry ; voracious.  Bailey. 

t E§'U-RlNE,  a.  [L.  esurio,  to  be  hungry.]  Cor- 
roding ; eating.  iViseman. 

f E§'U-RiNE,  n.  (Med.)  A medicine  that  pro- 
motes hunger.  Ash. 

E-  TA-QERE ' (a-t'i-zhir'),  n.  [Fr.,  from  etarjer,  to 
elevate  by  stories  or  stages  ; Stage , a story.]  A 
piece  of  cabinet  furniture  with  a set  of  shelves, 
as  a side-board,  a what-not,  &c.  Fairholt. 

ETAT — MAJOR  (a-tit'ma'zhor),  11.  [Fr.]  (Mil.) 

A specific  number  of  officers  belonging  to  the 
same  corps  ; the  staff  officers  ; commissioned 
officers  ; staff.  Fleming  (j  Tibbins. 

ET-A-VlE'LON,  ii.  [Fr.]  Kid,  sheep,  or  other 
skins  prepared  for  glove-making.  Simmonds. 

ET  CJETERA  (et-set'e-ra).  [L.]  These  words, 
as  also  the  contraction  etc.,  or  &c.,  denote  — 
and  others  of  the  like  kind ; and  the  rest ; and 
so  forth;  and  so  on. 

ETCH  (Sch),  v.  a.  [Dut.  ctsen ; Ger . ctzen.  — See 
Eat.]  [(.  etched  ; pp.  etching,  etched.] 

1.  To  engrave  or  prepare  by  means  of  aqua- 
fortis, or  nitric  acid,  as  a copper  plate.  Harris. 

2.  To  sketch;  to  draw;  to  delineate.  “Empty 

terms  to  etch  out  their  systems.”  Locke. 

ETCH,  v.  n.  To  practise  etching.  Gilpin. 

ETCH,  ii.  A second  crop ; after-math ; rowen ; 
eddish.  [Local,  Eng.]  Mortimer. 

fiTCH'yR,  n.  One  who  etches.  Guardian. 

ETCHING,  it.  1.  A method  of  engraving  on  cop- 
per or  other  metals  in  which  the  drawing  is  not 
cut  by  a tool,  but  eaten  out  by  aqua-fortis.  The 
plate  is  covered  with  a coating  of  wax  or  var- 
nish, through  which  the  lines  are  traced  with 
an  etching-needle  in  those  parts  intended  to  be 
acted  upon  by  the  acid.  Fairholt. 


2.  An  impression  from  a drawing  etched  on 
metal.  Todd. 

ETCH'ING— NEE'DLE,  n.  An  instrument  of  steel 
with  a fine  point  for  tracing  outlines,  &c.,  on 
a copper  plate.  Fairholt. 

ET-E-OS'TIC,  ii.  [Gr.  ertos,  true,  and  ari^os,  a 
line,  a verse.]  A chronogrammatical  composi- 
tion. [it.]  B.  Jonson. 

f y-TER'MI-NA-BLE,  a.  Interminable.  Skelton. 

E-TER'NAl,  a.  [L.  at  emus,  contracted  from 
axiternus ; avion,  an  age,  with  the  temporal 
ending  tennis  ; It.  6c  Sp.  eterno ; Fr.  eternal.) 

1.  Without  beginning  and  without  end.  “The 
eternal  God  is  thy  refuge.”  Deut.  xxxiii.  27. 

2.  Without  beginning.  “ Any  being  whose 

duration  has  been  eternal.”  Locke. 

3.  Without  end  ; endless  ; immortal ; undy- 
ing ; everlasting;  interminable;  imperishable. 

That  whosoever  bclieveth  in  him  should  not  perish,  but 
have  eternal  life.  John  iii.  15. 

4.  Perpetual ; ceaseless  ; unceasing. 

And  fires  eternal  in  thy  temple  shine.  Dryden. 

5.  Unchangeable;  immutable. 

Hobbes  believed  the  eternal  truths  which  he  opposed.  Dryden. 

Syn.  — Eternal,  everlasting,  and  endless  all  imply 
duration  without  end  ; and  eternal  is  properly  applied 
to  that  which  has  neither  beginning  nor  end.  The 
eternal  God  ; eternal  existence  ; everlasting  life  ; end- 
less disputes.  — Eiikrlasting  was  formerly  improperly 
used  for  eternal  or  eternity  ; as,  “ Thou  art  from  ever- 
lasting.” Ps.  xciii.  2. 

E-TER'NAL,  n.  [Fr.]  1.  That  which  is  endless. 

AH  godlike  passion  for  eternals  quenched.  Young. 

2.  One  of  the  appellations  of  God. 

That  law  whereby  the  Eternal  himself  doth  work.  Hooker. 

E-TER'NAL-IST,  n.  One  who  holds  that  the  past 
existence  of  the  world  has  been  eternal.  Burnet. 

f E-TER'NAL-IZE,  v.  a.  To  make  eternal. S/celton. 

E-TER'NAL-Ly,  ad.  1.  Without  beginning  and 
without  end. 

No  law  of  his  [God’s]  nature  can  prevent  his  being  eter- 
nally as  he  is.  Cogan. 

2.  Without  end  ; endlessly  ; for  ever. 

Assured  that  our  bodies  shall  be  reunited  to  our  souls,  and 
both  soul  and  body  live  eternally.  Sharp. 

3.  Unchangeably  ; invariably. 

That  which  is  morally  good  or  evil  at  any  time  must  be 
eternally  so.  South. 

4.  Without  intermission  ; perpetually. 

Where  western  gales  etei'nally  reside.  Addison. 

f E-TERNE',  a.  Eternal ; perpetual.  Shak. 

t 5-TER'NI-FY,  V.  a.  To  make  eternal ; to  im- 
mortalize. Mir. for  Mag. 

JE-TER'NI-TY,  n.  [L.  ctcrnitas  ; It.  eternita;  Sp. 
eternidad ; Fr.  etemite .] 

1.  Existence  or  duration  without  beginning 
and  without  end. 

Eternity  is  a negative  idea,  clothed  with  a positive  name. 
It  supposes  in  that  to  which  it  is  applied,  a present  existence; 
and  is  the  negation  of  a beginning  or  of  an  end  of  that  ex- 
istence. Paley. 

2.  Duration  without  end. 

For  who  would  lose, 

Though  full  of  pain,  this  intellectual  being, 

Those  thoughts  that  wander  through  eternity ? Hilton. 

All  that  live  must  die, 

Tassing  through  nature  to  eternity.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Eternal. 

E-TKR'NlZE,  V.  a.  [f.  ETERNIZED  ; pp.  ETERNIZ- 
ING, ETERNIZED.] 

1.  To  make  eternal  or  endless ; to  perpetuate. 

This  other  served  but  to  eternize  woe.  Hilton. 

2.  To  make  for  ever  famous;  to  immortalize. 

I might  relate  of  thousands,  and  their  names 
Eternize  here  on  earth.  Milton. 

JJ-TE'Sjd-AN  (e-ts'zhe-an),  a.  [Gr.  Itijoio ;,  annual; 

L.  etesius  ; It.  6r  Sp.  etesio-,  Fr.  etesien.]  Ap- 
plied to  such  winds  as  blow  at  stated  times  of 
the  year,  as  the  monsoons  and  trade-winds  ; 
annual ; periodical  ; stated.  Todd. 

E'THAL,  n.  [Formed  from  the  first  syllables  of 
ether  and  alcohol,  being  analogous  to  those 
liquids  in  composition.  Chevreul .]  (Chem.)  A 
crystallizable  substance  obtained  from  sperma- 
ceti, and  susceptible  of  union  with  various  bases 
with  which  it  forms  salts  or  soaps.  F.  Cyc. 

f ETHE  (eth),  a.  [A.  S.  cath .]  Easy.  Chaucer. 

f ETH'JgL,  a.  [A.  S.  ethel.)  Noble.  Gibson. 


E'THfR,  ii.  [Gr.  a!0//o  ; aWio,  to  shine  ; L.  ather ; 
It.  etere  ; Sp.  eter  ; Fr.  ether.) 

1.  An  element  or  matter  supposed  to  be  much 
finer  and  rarer  than  air,  and  to  occupy  the 
heavenly  space  from  the  termination  of  the  at- 
mosphere ; refined  air. 

There  fields  of  light  and  liquid  ether  flow, 

Purged  from  the  ponderous  dregs  of  eurth  below.  Dryden. 

2.  (Chem.)  A limpid,  colorless  fluid,  obtained 
by  the  distillation  of  alcohol,  or  rectified  spirit 
of  wine,  with  different  acids,  and  exceedingly 
volatile,  fragrant,  and  inflammable.  P.  Cyc. 

fSkff-  Sulphuric  ether,  or  ether  distilled  with  sul- 
phuric acid,  has  tile  remarkable  property,  recently  dis- 
covered, of  producing  insensibility  to  pain  when  in- 
haled, and  is  now  much  used  for  this  purpose  in 
surgical  operations. 

ETH'ER,  v.a.  To  intertwine  ; to  wattle ; to  wreathe. 
[Local,  Eng.]  Forby. 

IJ-THE'RE-AL,  a.  [Gr.  alOrpto; ; ald/jp,  other;  L. 
ccthereus,  atherius ; It.  St  Sp.  etcreo ; Fr.  ethere.) 

1.  Formed  of  ether;  consisting  of  ether. 

“ Ethereal  plains.”  Dryden. 

2.  Relating  to,  or  existing  in,  the  air. 

Come,  gentle  Spring,  ethereal  mildness,  come.  Thomson. 

3.  Celestial ; heavenly. 

Vast  chain  of  being,  which  from  God  began. 

Natures  ethereal,  human,  ungel,  man.  Pope. 

Ethereal  oil,  a very  fine  oil  found  in  the  residuum 
of  sulphuric  ether. 

Syn.  — See  Celestial. 

E-THE'RE-AL-I.SM,  n.  The  quality  of  being  ethe- 
real ; ethereality.  Ec.  Rev. 

E-THE-ItE-AL'r-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
ethereal ; etherealism.  [it.]  Ec.  Rev.  N.  A.  Rev. 

E-THE'RIu-AL-IZE,  v.  a.  [i.  etherealized  ; pp. 
etherealizing,  etherealized.]  To  render 
ethereal.  Shelley. 

E-THE'RE-AL^NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
ethereal.  Ash. 

f p-TIIE'RE-OUS,  a.  Formed  of  ether  ; ethereal. 
“ Ethereous  mould.”  Milton. 

E-T11E  ’ RI-A,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  a'iOoi,  to  shine.]  (Conch.) 
A genus  of  fresh-water  bivalves  living  attached 
to  shells  and  stones  in  the  Nile  and  other  rivers 
of  Africa.  Baird. 

E-THER-I-FI-CA'TION,  11.  [L.  cctlier,  ether,  and 

facio,  to  make.]  (Chem.)  The  process  by  which 
an  acid  and  alcohol  are  united  together  and  dis- 
tilled so  as  to  form  ether  ; the  process  of  mak- 
ing ether.  P.  Cyc. 

E-THER'I-FORM,  a.  [L.  ather,  ether,  and  forma, 
form.]  Having  the  form  of  ether.  N.  Brit.  Bev. 

ETH'ER-INE,  n.  (Chem.)  A peculiar  carburet- 
ted  hydrogen,  which  has  been  regarded  as  the 
basis  of  ether.  P.  Cyc. 

ETH'ER-IN§,  n.  pi.  The  cross-ropes  of  a thatched 
roof  or  a stack.  [Scotland.]  Simmonds. 

E-THER-I-ZA'TION,  ii.  (Med.)  The  act  or  the 
process  of  subjecting  to  the  influence  of  ether. 

J.  Forbes. 

E'TIIIJR-iZE,  v.a.  (Med.)  To  subject  to  the  in- 
fluence of  either.  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

ETH’IC,  a.  Relating  to  ethics;  moral;  ethical. 
“ Ethic  epistles.”  Pope. 

ETH'I-CAL,  a.  [Gr.  ^floolc  ; jJOoc,  custom,  man- 
ners ; L.  ethicus;  It.  6f  Sp.  etico;  Fr.  ethique.] 
Relating  to  ethics  ; relating  to,  or  treating  of, 
morality  ; moral.  “ The  first  of  ethical  authors 
in  verse.”  ' Warton. 

ETH'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  According  to  ethics  or  mo- 
rality ; morally. 

ETH'ICS,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  t/Bot;  L.  ethos;  It.  &;  Sp. 
etica;  Fr .ethique.)  The  science  that  treats  of 
human  actions  and  mental  affections,  consid- 
ered as  virtuous  or  vicious,  right  or  wrong; 
moral  philosophy ; morality ; morals. 

True  ethics  are  a handmaid  to  divinity  and  religion.  Bacon. 

Syn.  — See  Morality. 

E-THJ-ON'JC,  a.  [Gr.  aiBijp,  air,  and  Otiov,  sul- 
phur.] (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  formed  by  the 
action  of  the  vapor  of  anhydrous  sulphuric  acid 
on  alcohol.  Braude. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


ETHIOP 


505 


EUDiEMONISM 


E'THI-OP,  n.  An  Ethiopian  ; a blackamoor.  “A 
swarthy  Ethiop.”  Shak. 

E-THI-O'PI-AN,  a.  (Geoff.)  Relating  to  Ethio- 
pia, or  to  its  inhabitants.  Ed.  Ency. 

E-THI-O'PI-AN,  n.  (Geoff.)  A native  of  Ethiopia. 

E-TIII-OP'IC,  n.  The  language  of  Ethiopia  ; the 
Ethiopic  language.  Murray. 

E-THI-6P'|C,  a.  (Geoff.)  Relating  to  Ethiopia  or 
Abyssinia.  Bruce. 

E'THI-OPS— MAR'TIAL  (-mar'shal),  n.  Black  ox- 
ide of  iron.  Clarke. 

E'THI-OPS— MIN'JJR-AL,  n.  (Min.)  Sulphuret  of 
mercury.  — See  JEthiops-mineral. 

ETH'MOID,  a.  [Gr.i'/dpds,  a sieve,  and  clSo;,  form  ; 
Fr.  ethmoide.~\  (Anal.)  Resembling  a sieve ; 
ethmoidal.  Dunylison. 

ETH'MOID,  n.  (Annt.)  A cribriform  bone  ; one 
of  the  eight  bones  which  compose  the  cranium. 
It  is  situated  at  the  anterior,  inferior,  and  mid- 
dle part  of  the  base  of  the  skull,  and  is  so  called 
because  its  upper  plate  is  pierced  by  a consider- 
able number  of  holes.  Dunylison. 

JJTH-MOID'AL,  a.  (Anal.)  Belonging  to  the  eth- 
moid or  ethmoid  bone.  Dunylison. 

ETH'NAREH,  n.  [Gr.  r’tbdpyof ; cOvos,  a nation, 
and  « px6*’  a chief!]  (Hist.)  A viceroy  ; a depu- 
ty governor.  Milman. 

ETII'NIC,  I a [Gr.  cOvtKd;  ; cdoo;,  a people,  a 

ETH'NI-CAL,  S tribe;  L.  ethnicus ; It.  <S,  Sp.  etni- 
co ; Fr.  et/mique.] 

1.  Heathen  ; pagan  ; gentile  ; — opposed  to 
Jewish  and  Christian. 

’Tis  etlmic  and  idolatrous. 

From  heathenism  derived  to  us.  JTudibras. 

2.  Relating  to  ethnology,  or  to  races  of  men. 

f ETII'NIC,  n. ; pi.  ethnics.  Heathen.  Raleigh. 

f ETII'NI-Cl^M,  n.  Heathenism.  B.  Jonson. 

ETII-NOG'R A-PIIER,  n.  [Gr.  edvot,  a nation,  and 
ypatpto,  to  describe.]  One  who  is  versed  in  eth- 
nography. Ed.  Rev. 

ETH-NO-GRAPII'IC,  ) a [Fr.  ethnogra- 

ETH-NO-GRApH'I-CAL,  I phique .]  Relating  to 
ethnography  or  to  races  of  mankind.  Robertson. 

ETH-NOG'RA-PIIY,  n.  [Gr.  edeos,  a nation,  and 
y,oa</)w,  to  describe  ; Fr.  ethnographic .]  A descrip- 
tion of  races  of  men  ; the  science  that  treats  of 
the  different  races  of  mankind,  or  of  the  peculiar 
characters,  manners,  customs,  &c.,  of  different 
nations.  Brande. 

Syn.  — Ethnography  and  ethnology  bear  the  same 
relation  almost  to  one  another  as  geology  and  geogra- 
phy. While  ethnography  contents  herself  with  the 
mere  description  and  classification  of  the  races  of 
man,  ethnology , or  the  science  of  races,  investigates 
the  mental  and  physical  differences  of  mankind,  and 
the  organic  laws  upon  which  they  depend  ; seeks  to 
deduce  from  these  investigations  principles  of  human 
guidance,  in  all  the  important  relations  of  social  and 
national  existence.  Fleming. 

ETH-NO-LO(Jt  IC,  ) a # [F r.ethnologique,']  Re- 

ETH-NO-LO^'I-CAL,  ) lating  to  ethnology. 

Hodgkin. 

#TH-n6l'0-<5tIST,  n.  One  who  is  versed  in  eth- 
nology. Dr.  Edwards. 

pTH-NOL'O-^rY,  7i.  [Gr.c0i/of,  a nation,  and  ?.6yog, 
a discourse ; Fr.  ethnologic. ] The  science  of, 
or  a treatise  on,  the  races  of  men.  Pritchard. 

ETH-O-LO^'IC,  > a [L.  ethos,  from  Gr.  ,)0os, 

ETH-O-LOp'I-CAL,  3 manners;  Sp.  etoloyico  ; Fr. 
ethologique.\  Treating  of  morality.  Johnson. 

B-THOL'O-fylST,  n.  One  who  is  versed  in  ethol- 
ogy or  ethics.  Smart. 

B-THOL'O-OY,  n.  [Gr.  rA'oi.oyia ; ijOor;,  custom, 
manners,  and  l.dyos,  a discourse  ; L.  etholoyia  ; 
•It .etologia;  Fr . ethologiei]  A treatise  on  eth- 
ics, or  moral  philosophy ; ethics.  For.  Qu.  Rev. 

Sir  William  Hamilton  has  said  that  Aristotle’s  Rhetoric  is 
the  best  cihologu  extant,  meaning,  that  it  contains  the  best 
account  of  the  passions  and  feelings  of  the  human  heart,  and 
of  the  means  of  awakening  and  interesting  them  so  as  to  pro- 
duce persuasion  or  action.  Fleming. 

f ETH-O-PO-ET'IC,  a.  [Gr.  IfiottotyriKdi,  belong- 
ing to  manners.]  Imitating  manners.  Urquhart. 


f-TIIU'LB,  n.  [Gr.  aWfip,  ether,  and  vb ?,  princi- 
ple, base.]  (Chem.)  The  elementary  carbon  and 
hydrogen,  as  united  in  ether,  which  was  regard- 
ed by  Berzelius  as  an  oxidized  compound  of 
these  elements ; the  hypothetical  radical  of 
ether.  Brande. 

E-THU'SA,  n.  A genus  of  crustaceans.  F.  Cyc. 

ETH'YL,  n.  (Chem.)  Same  as  Etiiule.  Clarke. 

||  E'TI-O-LATE  [s'te-o-lat,  Sm.  Cl.  Wb.  ; e-tl'o-lat, 
C.],  v.  a.  [Gr.  aWto,  to  shine.]  [i.  etiolated  ; 
pp.  ETIOLATING,  .ETIOLATED.]  To  blanch  Or 
whiten  by  excluding  from  air  and  light,  or  from 
the  sun.  Loudon. 

||  E'TI-O-LATE,  v.  n.  To  become  white;  to  be 
whitened  or  bleached.  Boay. 

||  E'TI-O-LAT-ED,  a.  (Bot.)  Blanched  by  exclud- 
ing the  light,  as  the  stalks  of  celery.  Gray. 

E-TI-O-LA'TION,  n.  1.  (Bot.)  The  condition  of 
a plant  in  which  all  the  green  color  is  absent, 
produced  by  a want  of  light ; chlorosis.  Brande. 

2.  (Pathology.)  The  paleness  produced  in 
persons  who  have  been  kept  long  without  light ; 
— a similar  paleness,  the  result  of  chronic  dis- 
ease. Dunglison. 

E-TI-O-LOIJr'I-CAL,  a.  [Gr.  alriol.oytKds ! It.  etio- 
logico.\  Pertaining  to  etiology,  or  the  science 
of  causes.  Ogilvie. 

E-TI-OL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  a'tTio/.oyia  ; atria,  cause, 
and  ).6yos,  a discourse  ; L.  cctiologia  ; It.  <S;  Sp. 
etiologia  ; Fr.  etiologie. ] An  account  of  the  causes 
of  any  thing,  particularly  of  diseases.  Arbuthnot. 

ET-I-GUETTE'  (et-e-ket'),  n.  [It.  etichetta ; Sp. 
etiqueta;  Fr.  etiquette,  a ticket,  ceremony. — 
A tablet  or  small  card  on  which  the  forms  and 
ceremonies  to  be  observed  at  court,  &c.,  on 
particular  occasions,  were  inscribed.  Boiste.\ 
Form  of  behavior  or  manners  expressly  or  tacitly 
required  ; ceremonial  code  of  polite  life  ; forms 
of  ceremony ; ceremony. 

Nothing  is  so  wholesome  as  etiquette  between  neighbors. 

Qu.  Rev. 

E'TITE,  a.  [Gr.  acros  or  alcris,  an  eagle.]  (Min.) 
Eagle-stone.  — See  JEtites.  Ogilvie. 

ET'NA,  ii.  A table  cooking-utensil,  heated  by  a 
spirit-lamp.  Simmoiids. 

]JT-NE'AN,  a.  (Geog.)  Pertaining  to  Etna,  a vol- 
canic mountain  in  Sicily.  Ency. 

ETOURDERIE  (a-tord-re'),  il.  [Fr.]  Heedless- 
ness ; thoughtlessness  ; light-headedness. Roget. 

E-TRUS'CAN,  a.  (Geog.)  Relating  to  Etruria; 
as,  “ An  Etruscan  vase.”  Hamilton. 

f ET'TIN,  n.  [A.  S.  eten.)  A giant.  Beau.  § FI. 

ET'TLE  (et'tl),  v.  ii.  To  earn  by  working.  [Pro- 
vincial. North  of  England.]  Boucher. 

ETUI  (a-twe'),  ii.  [Fr.]  A case  for  tweezers  and 
such  instruments.  Shenstone. 

ET'YM,  n.  An  etymon,  [r.]  H.  Fox  Talbot. 

f ET-Y- M 6 L ' 0-0 E R , ii.  An  etymologist.  Griffith. 

El -Y  -MO-LO[r  IC,  ? [Gr.  irvfiol.oyiKds  ; L. 

E T - y - M O - I /)  G ' I - C A I , , ) etymologicus  ; It.  R Sp. 
etimoloffico ; Fr.  etymologique. ] Relating  to 
etymology.  Gilchrist. 

ET-Y-MO-LO£'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  According  to  ety- 
mology. 

ET-Y-MO-LO<?'!-C6n,  n.  A work  containing  the 
etymologies  of  a language ; a treatise  on  ety- 
mology. Milton. 

ET-Y-MOL'O-^IST,  11.  [It.  # Sp.  etimologista ; 
Fr.  etymologi ste .]  One  who  is  versed  in  ety- 
mology. “ Curious  etymologists."  Fuller. 

ET-Y-MOL'0-£lZE,  v.  n.  & a.  To  search  into 
the  origin  of  words  ; to  give  the  etymology  of  a 
word.  B.  Jonson. 

ET-y-MOL'O-^y,  n.  [Gr.  crvyoloyia  ; erv/tov,  true 
original,  root,  and  Idyos,  a discourse  ; L.  etymo- 
logia  ; It.  fy  Sp.  ctimologia;  Fr.  etymologie.' ] 

1.  That  part  of  philology  which  treats  of  the 
origin  and  derivation  of  words,  as  related  to 
their  signification. 

Fti/mologi/  has  been  so  unsuccessful  in  establishing  clear 
and  definite  principles,  or  so  unfortunate  in  their  applica- 
tion, that  many  persons  regard  it  as  bearing  the  same  rela- 
tion to  grammar  as  astrology  does  to  astronomy,  njcheiny 
to  chemistrj’,  or  perpetual  motion  to  mechanics.  Webford. 


2.  (Gram.)  A treatise  on  the  parts  of  speech  ; 
that  part  of  grammar  which  exhibits  the  uses 
and  inflections  of  the  parts  of  speech. 

HOT  “ In  its  widest  signification,  etymology  takes 
cognizance  of  the  changes  of  the  form  of  words.  How- 
ever, as  the  etymology  which  compares  the  forms  of 
fathers  and  father  is  different  from  the  etymology  that 
compares  father  and  pater, we  have,  of  etymology,  two 
sorts  ; one  dealing  with  the  changes  of  form  that 
words  undergo  in  one  and  the  same  language  ( father , 
fathers),  the  other  dealing  with  the  changes  that 
words  undergo  in  passing  from  one  language  to  an- 
other (pater,  father)."  Latham. 

ET'Y-MON,  ii.;  pi.  Gr.  <S;  L.  etyma  ; Eng.  ety- 
mons. [Gr.  ervpov ; L.  etymon.)  An  original; 
a root,  or  primitive  word.  Blackstone. 

EU.  [Gr.  re.]  A prefix  which  signifies  well,  easy, 
good  ; — opposed  to  dys  [Gr.  iiir],  which  means 
difficult. 

EU'CAI-ItlTE,  n.  [Gr.  cl,  well,  and  Katpd;,  oppor- 
tune.] (Min.)  A seleniuret  of  silver  and  cop- 
per ; — so  named  by  Berzelius  because  it  was 
found  soon  after  the  discovery  of  the  metal  sele- 
nium. Dana. 

EU-CJl-LYP ' TUS,  n.  [Gr.  cl,  well,  and  teaXlntrut, 
to  cover  as  with  a lid.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of 
plants  of  the  myrtle  family,  forming  the  loftiest 
timber  trees  of  Australia.  P.  Cyc. 

EU'jCHA-RIST  (yu'ka-rist),  11.  [Gr.  cit^aytoTta,  a 
giving  of  thanks  ; L.  cucharistia  ; It.  S$  Sp.  eu- 
caristia  ; Fr.  eucharistie. \ 

1.  The  act  of  giving  thanks. 

Some  receive  the  sacrament  as  a eucharist  and  an  office 
of  thanksgiving.  Bp.  Taylo £. 

2.  (Eccl.)  The  sacrament  or  commemoration 

of  the  Lord’s  supper;  communion.  “Bread  to 
be  used  in  the  eucharist."  Hooker. 

EU-EHA-RIS'TIC,  ? [it.  R Sp.  eucaristico ; 

EU-EHA-RlS'TI-CAL,  > Fr.  eucharistique.)  (Eccl  ) 
Relating  to  the  eucharist  or  sacrament  of  the 
Lord’s  supper.  Bp.  Hall. 

EU-jGIILORE',  a.  [Gr.  cl,  well,  and  p.uipos,  green.] 
(Min.)  Having  a distinct  green  color.  Clarke. 

EU-jGH LO'RIC,  a.  Having  a distinct  green  color; 
as,  “ Euchloric  gas  or  euchlorine.”  Ogilvie. 

EU'GHLO-rIne,  n.  (Chem.)  An  oxide  of  chlo- 
rine. Davy. 

EU'jCHLO-RITE,  ii.  (Min.)  A mineral  contain- 
ing water  and  copper.  Hamilton. 

EU-CHO-LO'Gt-ON,  ) [Gr.  cv^oi.dytov ; cv%>/, 

EU-jCHOL'O-OY,  ) prayer,  and  i.dyos,  a dis- 
course.] (Eccl.)  A formulary  of  prayers,  par- 
ticularly in  the  Greek  Church.  Bp.  Bull. 

EU'GHRE  (yu'kr),  ii.  [Fr.]  A game  with  cards, 
all  lower  than  the  seven  not  being  used.  Hoyle. 

EU'EHRO-lTE,  n.  [Gr.  cvxpoos,  of  good  complex- 
ion or  color.]  (Min.)  An  arseniate  of  copper 
of  a bright  emerald-green  color.  Dana. 

EU-GIIRON'IC,  a.  [Gr.  cl>xpoos,  of  good  color.] 
(Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  formed  by  the  action 
of  heat  on  the  mellitate  of  ammonia.  Brande. 

EQ'GHY-MY  [yu'ke-me),  n.  [Gr.  fu^upio;  cl,  well, 
and  xypdt,  juice.]  (Med.)  A good  state  of  the 
humors  of  the  body.  Todd. 

EU-eny-SID'p-RlTE,  n.  [Gr.  cl,  well,  xlu’  to 
melt,  and  ailypog,  iron.]  (Min.)  A silicate  of 
lime,  magnesia,  and  protoxide  of  iron ; a spe- 
cies of  pyroxene.  Brande. 

EU'CLASE,  ii.  [Gr.  cl,  well,  and  Kbits,  to  break.] 
(Min.)  Avery  rare  brittle  mineral,  brought  in 
small  greenish  crystals  from  Peru  and  Brazil ; 
a silicate  of  glucina  and  alumina.  Brande. 

EU'CRA-SY,  il.  [Gr.  cvKpaoiet  ; cl,  well,  and  Kpiioi;, 
temperature;  Fr  .eucrasie.]  (Med.)  A good  tem- 
perament, or  healthy  state  of  the  body.  Reynolds. 

f EUC'TI-CAL,  a.  [Gr.  cvKTtKds,  expressing  a wish ; 
cvxopai,  to'  pray.]  Expressive  of  supplication  ; 
precatory.  “ Sacrifices  expiatory,  euctical,  and 
eucharistical.”  Law. 

E0-D/E'MON-ISM,  n.  [Gr.  cvlatpivtopa  ; cvlaiptov, 
having  a good  genius  or  destiny.]  The  doctrine 
of  happiness,  or  the  system  of  philosophy  which 
makes  human  happiness  its  highest  object ; a 
system  of  moral  philosophy  which  makes  moral- 
ity to  depend  on  the  production  of  happiness ; 
— written  also  eudemonism.  Brande. 


MiEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RtJLE.  — g,  (?,  9,  £,  soft ; C,  fi,  c,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  y as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 

64 


EUDIALYTE 


506 


EURITIC 


EU-DI'A-LYTE,  n.  [Gr.  eZ,  easily,  and  bialbtn,  to 
dissolve.]  (Min.)  A mineral  of  a brownish-red 
color,  found  in  West  Greenland;  — so  called 
from  its  easy  solubility  in  acids.  Dana. 

EU-DJ-OM'E-TflR  (yu-de-Sm'e-ter),  n.  [Gr.  tilSia, 
calm  air,  and  girpov,  a measure  ; I’  r.  euaiomitrel) 
An  instrument  to  measure  the  purity  of  the  air 
or  of  gas,  or  the  quantity  of  oxygen  contained 
in  it.  Francis. 

EU-DI-O-MET'RIC,  ? a_  [Fr.  eudiometrique.] 

EU-DI-O-MET'RJ-CAL,  > Relating  to  eudiometry 
or  to  a eudiometer.  Ec.  Rev. 

EU-Dl-OM'E-TRY,  n.  [Fr.  eudiometrie .]  The 
art  of  ascertaining  the  salubrity  of  the  air  by 
means  of  a eudiometer.  Brande. 

EU-DOX'I-AN§,  n.  pi.  (Eccl.  Hist.)  The  follow- 
ers of  Eudoxius,  patriarch  of  Antioch  and  Con- 
stantinople in  the  14th  century,  and  a noted  de- 
fender of  the  doctrines  of  Arius.  Buck. 

EU-DYN'A-MIS,  n.  [Gr.  tZ,  well,  and  Zvvnpts, 
power.]  (Ornith.)  A genus  of  cuckoos,  charac- 
terized by  great  strength  of  the  bill,  the  legs, 
and  the  toes.  P.  Cyc. 

fEU'tfE  (yu'je),  n.  [L.,  well  done.]  Gratula- 
tion  ; applause.  Hammond. 

EU-QE  'NI-A,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants  of 
the  myrtle  family,  of  many  species,  among 
which  were  formerly  included  the  allspice  and 
the  clove-tree  ; — so  named  in  honor  of  Prince 
Eugene  of  Saxony.  Eng.  Cyc. 

■»Cr-£EN'IC,  a.  (Chcm.)  Noting  an  acid  found  in 
cloves.  Ogilvie. 

EU'GE-NINE,  71.  (Chem.)  A crystalline  substance 
extracted  by  alcohol  from  cloves.  Brande. 

EU  <jlEN-Y,  n.  [Gr.  tvylvna  ; tv,  well,  and  ytvo c, 
race,  stock.]  Nobleness  of  birth.  Ogilvie. 

eCgh  (yo),  n.  [A.  S.  ho.]  A tree  ; the  yew.  — 
See  Yew.  Dryden. 

EU-HAR-MON'IC,  a.  [Gr.  eZ,  well,  and  harmonic.] 
Producing  harmony.  Clarke. 

EU'KAI-RITE,  n.  [Gr.  tZvatpos,  seasonable.] 
(Min.)  A seleniurct  of  silver  and  copper;  — 
written  also  eucairite.  — See  Eucairite.  P.Cyc. 

EU'LI-MJi,n.  (Conch.)  A genus  of  marine  gas- 
teropods,  having  a slender,  conical,  white  and 
polished  shell.  Woodward. 

EU-Ltip'IC, 

EU-LOfjr1 

mendatory  ; eulogistic.  Todd. 

EU-LOp'J-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a eulogical  manner. 

EIJ'LO-£IST,  n.  One  who  bestows  praise  or  eu- 
logizes ; a panegyrist.  Southey. 

EU-LO-GlS'TIC,  ^ a.  Containing  eulogy  or 

EII-LO-GIS'TI-CAL,  > praise  ; laudatory.  Ec.Rev. 

EU-LO-<JHS'TI-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a eulogistic  man- 
ner. Croker. 

EU-LO'GI-UM,  n. ; pi.  eu-lo'(ji-0m§.  [Gr.  tvl.oybi  ; 
tv,  well,  and  ).6y»s,  a discourse  ; L.  elogium.] 
Praise  ; encomium ; eulogy.  Tatlcr. 

To  adorn  the  sofa  with  eulogium  due.  Cowjter 

Syn.  — See  Encomium. 

EU'LO-GlZE  (yu'lo-jlz),  v.  a.  [Gr.  tvloyiio.]  [?. 
EULOGIZED  ; pp.  EULOGIZING,  EULOGIZED.] 
To  panegyrize  ; to  commend ; to  praise.  “Who 
eulogize  their  country’s  foes.”  lluddesford. 
Bishop  Dorsley  publicly  eulogized  this  treatise.  Knox. 
Syn.  — See  Commend. 

EU'LO-GY,  71.  [Gr.  tO.oyia  ; cv,  well,  and  l.byoe,  a 
discourse  ; L.  elogium  ; It.  elogio,  eulogia ; Sp. 
elogio  ; Fr.  eulogie.]  A speech  or  discourse  in 
praise  of  a person  ; praise ; encomium ; panegyr- 
ic. “ Famous  eulogies  of  worthy  men.”  Spenser. 
Syn.  — See  Encomium. 

EU'LY-TINE,  n.  [Gr.  tZ,  well,  and  Urn,  to  dis- 
solve.] (Min.)  A mineral  found  at  Freiberg, 
composed  of  silica,  oxide  of  bismuth,  and  alu- 
mina. Brande. 

EU-MEJV ' 1-DJE,  n.  pi.  (Ent.)  A family  of  hy- 
menopterous  insects  ; solitary  wasps.  Baird. 

EU-MOL'  PUS,  n.  (Ent.)  A genus  of  beetles,  one 


},!c>  I a.  [See  Eulogium.]  Contain- 
jr’I-CAL,  > ing  or  bestowing  praise  ; corn- 


species  of  which  ( Eumolpus  viti)  is  very  inju- 
rious to  the  grape-vine  in  Europe.  Baird. 

EU-NO'MI-A,  7i.  (Astron.)  An  asteroid  discov- 
ered by  De  Gasparis  in  1851.  Hind. 

EU'NO-MY,  n.  [Gr.  iviouhi ; tv,  well,  and  vtpo;,  a 
law.]  A government  by  good  laws.  Smart. 

EU'NlbCH  (yu'nuk),  n.  [Gr.  tirovyos ; tin/,  a bed, 
and  to,  to  take  charge  of ; L.  eunuchus ; It. 
Sp.  eunuco ; Fr.  eunuque.]  A man  who  has 
been  castrated  ; — so  called  in  reference  to  his 
usual  employment  as  chamberlain.  Bacon. 

f EU'NlbCH  (yu'nuk),  v.  a.  To  make  a eunuch  of ; 
to  castrate,  as  a man.  Creech. 

f EU'NU-jCHAtE  (yu'nu-kat),  v.  a.  To  make  a 
eunuch  of ; to  castrate.  Broivne. 

e0'NU£:H-I§M,  n.  The  state  of  a eunuch.  Hall. 

EU-OJY'  Y-MUS,  7i.  [L. ; Gr.  tv,  well,  and  ovoyn, 

a name.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  shrubs  or  small 
trees ; spindle-tree.  Loudon. 

EU-OT'O-MOUS,  a.  [Gr.  fff,  well,  and  ropfi,  a cut- 
ting.] (Min.)  Cleaving  readily.  Clarke. 

EU'PA-THY  (yu'pa-the),  n.  [Gr.  timaQcta  ; eZ,  well, 
and,  nados,  feeling.]  A right  feeling.  Harris. 

EU-PA'TO-RJNE,  7i.  (Chon.)  An  alkaloid  ob- 
tained from  eupatorium.  Horsford. 

EU-PA-TO  RI-UM,  \ n,  [(Jr.  eiiraropiov  ; L.  eupa- 

EU'PA-TO-RY,  ) torium.  — So  named  from 
Eupator,  king  of  Pontus,  who  first  used  it  in 
medicine.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants  including 
bastard  hemp,  or  hemp  agrimony.  Loudon. 

Eupatorium  p erf o ha  turn  is  known  by  the  popular 
names  of  thoroughwort,  fcvcncurt,  boneset,  and  Indian 
sage.  Dunglison. 

EPU'A-TRID,  n.  [Gr.  rS,  well,  and  it ar//p,  a father.] 
A person  who  is  well  born.  Smart. 

EU-PEP  S{-A,  n.  Same  as  ErpErSY.  Brande > 

EU'PEP-SY,  or  EU-PEP'SY  [yu'pep-se,  IF.  Ja. ; 
yu-pep'se,  K.  >Sm.],  n.  [Gr.  tZ,  well,  and 
digestion.]  (Med.)  A good  concoction  or  di- 
gestion ; — opposed  to  dyspepsy.  Smart. 

EU-PEP'TIC  (yu-),  a.  1.  Easy  of  digestion.  Carlyle. 

2.  Having  good  digestion.  Maunder. 

EU'PHEM-I^SM  (yu'fem-izm),  n.  [Gr.  titjwpccpde, 

tv,  well,  and  <ptipi,  to  speak ; It.  eufimismo  ; Sp. 
eufemismo  ; Fr . euphemisme.]  (Rhet.)  The  art 
of  describing  or  noticing  that  which  is  offensive 
in  inoffensive  language,  or  a figure  by  which  a 
more  agreeable  word  or  phrase  is  substituted 
for  one  that  is  offensive,  disagreeable,  or  in- 
delicate. 

It  is  by  a euphemism  that  the  words  “deceased”  and  “de- 
parted” came  at  first  to  be  used  instead  of  “ dead,"  which  is 
no  other  than  a synecdoche  of  the  genus  tor  the  species. 

Dr.  Campbell. 

It  is  far  from  being  enough,  as  Dr.  Campbell  justly  ob- 
serves, to  say  of  this  passage  that  it  is  a euphemism,  by  which 
the  odious  word  “ killed”  is  avoided.  Grant. 

EU'PIIJJ-MIST,  n.  One  who  uses  euphemism  ; a 
euphemistic  writer  or  speaker.  Carlyle. 

eu-phjj-mis’tic,  7 a Relatin„  t0  or  par_ 

EU-PH£-MIS'TI-CAL,  > taking  of  euphemism. 

EU-PHO'NI-AD,  n.  [Gr.  tv,  well,  and  i povtw,  to 
sound.]  A musical  instrument,  invented  by  P. 
S.  & G.  Grosh,  of  Petersburgh,  Pa.,  combining 
the  tones  of  the  organ,  clarinet,  horn,  bas- 
soon, and  violin.  Moore. 

EU-PHON'IC,  > a [It  ^ Sp  evfonico  . Fr.  eu- 

EU-PHON'I-CAL,  ) phonique.  — See  Euphony.] 
Having  euphony,  or  an  agreeable  sound  ; eu- 
phonious. Latham. 

ElI-PHON'I-CON,  71.  [Gr.  eZ,  well,  and  ibovco),  to 
sound.]  The  name  of  a new  and  improved 
piano-forte,  of  the  upright  kind.  Ogilvie. 

EU-PHO'NI-OUS,  a.  Having  an  agreeable  sound  ; 
euphonical.  Roget.  Hallam.  Southey. 

I admit  that  where  a foreign  word  is  more  euphonious  than 
a native  word  of  the  very  same  signification,  its  adoption 
may  add  to  the  pleasure  of  sound,  which  is  by  no  means  to 
be  disregarded  in  language.  Sir  John  Stoildart. 

EU-PIIO  ’N(-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  a euphonious  man- 
ner. ’ Ch.  Ob. 

EU'PHO-NIfsM,  n.  A euphonious  or  agreeable 
sound  ; euphony.  Osivald. 


EU'PIIO-NIZE,  v.  a.  To  make  harmonious  or  eu- 
phonious. West  Rev.  Am.  Ency. 

EIJ'PIIO-NON,  n.  A musical  instrument  of  great 
sweetness  and  power,  resembling  the  upright 
piano  in  form,  but  having  the  tones  of  an 
organ.  Black. 

EU'PIIO-NOUS,  a.  Having  an  agreeable  sound; 
euphonical ; euphonious.  Mitford. 

EU'PHO-NY  (yu'fo-ne),  n.  [Gr.  tvipuvia  ; eZ,  well, 
and  (pon'i,  sound  ; It.  A Sp.  eufonia  ; Fr.  euplio- 
Tiie.]  An  agreeable  sound  in  language; — the 
contrary  to  harshness.  “ Epopaeus,  now  fer  eu- 
phony softened  into  Epomeo.”  Eustace. 

EU-PHOR  ' BI-A,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  exogenous 
plants;  spurge; — so  named  in  honor  of  Eu- 
phorbus,  physician  to  Juba,  King  of  Maurita- 
nia. Loudon. 

EU-PHOR-RI-A'CEOUS  (yu-for-be-a'shus,  66),  a. 
(Bot.)  Relating  to  the  genus  Euphorbia.  P.  Cyc. 

EU-PHOR'BI-AL,  a.  (Bot.)  Relating  to  the  eu- 
phorbia ; euphorbiaceous.  Ogilvie. 

EU-PHUR  ' Bl-UM,  71.  [L.  — See  EUPHORBIA.] 

1.  (Bot.)  A name  formerly  given  to  the  plant 

Euphorbia  officinarum.  Miller. 

2.  A medicinal  gum  or  gum-resin  which  issues 
from  the  Euphorbia  officinarum.  Dunglison. 

EU'PHO-TTdE,  n.  [Gr.  tZ,  well,  and  ^ bs,  light.] 
(Min.)  Diallage  rock,  a variety  of  magnesian 
rock  into  which  serpentine  often  passes.  Dana. 

EU-PIIRA'§I-A,w.  [Gr.  titppaoia,  delight.]  (Bot.) 
A genus  of  annual  plants ; eye-bright.  Loudon. 

EU'I’IIRA-SY  (yu'fra-se),  n.  (Bot.)  The  herb  eye- 
bright ; Euphrasia  officinalis ; — a plant  sup- 
posed to  clear  the  sight.  Milton. 

EU-PHROS'Y-NE,  71.  (Asti'on.)  An  asteroid  dis- 
covered by  Ferguson  in  1854.  Lovering. 

EU'I’HU-I^M,  n.  [Gr.  tbpvif,. comely  ; Fr.  cuphu- 
isme.]  Extreme  purity,  or  fastidious  delicacy, 
in  the  use  of  words  or  language.  Ed.  Rev. 

EU'PHU-IST,  n.  One  who  uses  euphuisms.  Scott. 

Shakspeare  amused  his  audiences  with  ridiculing  euphu- 
\ ists , and  other  the  like  coxcombs.  JL  Rogers. 

EU-PHU-IS'TIC,  a.  Relating  to  euphuism ; fas- 
tidiously delicate  in  language.  Ec.  Rev. 

EU' PI-ON,  71.  [Gr.  iZ,  very,  and  mW,  greasy.] 
(Chem.)  A limpid  and  highly  inflammable  liquid 
obtained  by  the  destructive  distillation  of  vege- 
table substances.  Simmonds. 

EU-PLAS'TIC,  a.  [Gr.  tZ,  well,  and  rlacTirdt, 
plastic  ; vhiamo,  to  form.]  (Med.)  Having  the 
capacity  of  becoming  organizable  in  a high  de- 
gree, as  the  matter  which  forms  false  mem- 
branes resulting  from  acute  inflammation  in 
healthy  persons.  Dunglison. 

EU-PLAS'TIC,  7i.  (Med.)  The  organizable  mat- 
ter by  which  the  tissues  of  the  body  are  re- 
newed. Iloblyn. 

EU-PRAT'IC,  a.  [Gr.  tvnpaKros ; tv,  well,  and 
nfiimij),  to  do.]  Easy  to  be  done.  Ogilvie. 

EU-PYR'I-ON,  n.  [Gr.  tZ,  well,  and  nip,  fire.]  A 
term  applied  to  several  contrivances  for  obtain- 
ing instantaneous  light,  as  lucifer  matches, 
&c.  Brande. 

EO-RA'SIAN  (yu-ra'shfin),  71.  [Contracted  from 
Europe  and  Asia.]  A descendant  of  a Euro- 
pean born  in  Asia.  Clarke. 

EU-RE'KA,  71.  [Gr.,  1 have  found  it,  the  expres- 

sion of  Archimedes  when  he  discovered  a method 
of  detecting  the  adulteration  of  Hiero’s  crown  ; 
t'vpivKvi,  to  find.]  Discovery.  “ Can  afford  to 
smile  at  a hundred  such  fussy  eurekas.”  Ec.  Rev. 

EU-Rl' PUS,  or  F.U' Rl-P&S  [yu're-pus,  K.  Sm. 
Wb.  Ash,  Todd ; yu-rl'pus,  IF.  Brande,  Ains- 
icorth],  n.  [L.]  A strait  or  narrow  sea,  where 
the  water  is  much  agitated  ; the  ancient  name 
of  the  frith  between  Boeotia  and  Euboea.  Burke. 

EU'RITE.  n.  [Gr.  tvpvs,  broad.]  (Min.)  A fine- 
grained granite  in  which  felspar  predominates  ; 
white-stone.  Bra7ide. 

EU'RITH-MY,  n.  See  Eurytiimy.  Crabb. 

EU-RIT'IC,  a.  (Min.)  Containing  or  resembling 
eurite.  Ogilvie. 


A,  E,  f,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  J,  O,  XT,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  IIEIR,  HER; 


EUROCLYDON 


507 


EVANGELIZE 


EU-ROC'LY-DON,  n.  [Gr.  hpoMbuv.]  An  east- 
erly wind",  which,  in  the  Mediterranean  particu- 
larly, is  very  dangerous  ; lcvanter. 

Acts  xxvii.  14. 

EU-RO'PA,  n.  ( Astron .)  An  asteroid  discovered 
by  Goldschmidt  in  1856.  Lovering. 

EU'ROPE,  n.  ( Geog .)  One  of  the  great  divisions 
of  the  globe,  bounded  on  the  north  and  west  by 
the  North  Sea  and  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  on  the 
south  by  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  and  on  the 
east  by  Asia. 

|[  EU-RO-PE'AN  (12-1)  [yu-ro-pe'an,  S.  W.  J.  K.  Sm. 
R.'  C.  1 VI).;  yu-ro-pe'an  or  yu-ro  po-an,  J\],  a. 
[Gr.  Eiipu«(oj ; L.Europceus.]  (Geog.)  Belong- 
ing to  Europe,  or  to  its  inhabitants. 

j(j®=  “ This  word,  according  to  the  analogy  of  our 
own  language,  ought  certainly  to  have  the  accent  on 
the  second  syllable ; and  this  is  the  pronunciation 
which  unlettered  speakers  constantly  adopt ; but  the 
learned,  ashamed  of  the  analogies  of  their  own  tongue, 
always  place  the  accent  on  the  third  syllable,  because 
Europaus  has  the  penultimate  long,  and  is  therefore 
accented  in  Latin.  Epicurean  has  the  accent  on  the 
same  syllable  by  the  same  rule  ; while  Herculean  and 
cerulean  submit  to  English  analogy,  and  have  tile  ac- 
cent on  the  second  syllable,  because  their  penultimate 
in  Latin  is  short.”  Walker. 


||  EU-RO-PE'AN,  n.  (Geog.)  A native  of  Europe. 

EU-RO-PE'AN-I§M,  n.  The  quality  of  being  Eu- 
ropean. Ec.  Rev. 

EU'RUS  (yu'rus),  n.  [L.]  The  east  wind.  Peacham. 
EU-RY'A-LE,  n.  (Bot.)  The  generic  name  of  an 
elegant  aquatic  plant  of  the  East  Indies  and 
China.  Baird. 


EU-RYC'E-ROUS,  a.  [Gr.  evpbc,  broad,  and  tdpa f, 
a horn.]  (Zobl.)  Having  a broad  horn.  Smart. 

EU-R  Y-LA-I-MI  'JYJE,  1l.pl. 

(Orhith.)  A sub-family  of 
birds  of  the  order  Passe- 
res  and  family  Coracidce ; 
boat-bills.  Gray. 

EU-R  YJY ’ O-ME,  11.  (Zool.) 

A genus  of  crustaceans,  Eurylaimus  Sumatranus. 
like  spider-crabs.  Bell.  P.  Cyc. 

EU-R  Y-JYO  'TUS,  n.  [Gr.  tipis,  broad,  and  rdrog, 
the  back.]  (Pal.)  A genus  of  fossil  fishes  re- 
lated to  the  gar-pikes.  Agassiz. 


EU'RYTH-MY  [yu'rjth-me,  S.  W.Ja.K.;  yu-rith'- 
me,  Sot.],  n.  [Gr.  tipuOpia  ; L.  eurythmia ; It. 
% Sp.  euritmia ; Fr.  eurythmie .] 

1.  Just  harmony  of  the  parts,  as  of  a build- 
ing; regular  measure  ; symmetry.  Evelyn. 

2.  (Med.)  Regularity  of  pulse.  Palmer. 


EU-SE'BI-AN,  n.  (Eccl.  Hist.)  A follower  of  Eu- 
sebius, bishop  of  Ctesarea  ; — a term  equivalent 
to  Arian,  and  so  applied  on  account  of  the 
favor  shown  to  the  Arians  by  Eusebius.  Buck. 

EU-STA'jCHI-AN  TUBE,  n.  (Anat.)  A tube  ex- 
tending from  the  inner  side  of  the  tympanum, 
and  opening  at  the  back  of  the  nostrils  ; — so 
called  from  its  discoverer,  Eustachius.  Roget. 


EU-STA'CHl-AN  VALVE,  n.  (Anat.)  A semilunar 
membranous  valve,  which  separates  the  right 
auricle  of  the  heart  from  the  interior  vena  cava  ; 
— so  called  from  having  been  first  described  by 
Eustachius.  Brande. 


EU'STYLE  (yu'stll),  n.  [Gr.  evtrrvXos;  tv,  well, 
and  arbl.og,  a column ; L.  eustylos .]  (Arch.)  The 
position  of  columns  in  an  edifice  at  the  most 
convenient  and  graceful  distance  from  one  an- 
other, or  the  space  of  2,[  diameters.  Weale. 

•f-EU'TAX-Y,  ii.  [Gr.  eura(ia.]  Established  or- 
der or  arrangement.  Waterhouse. 

EU-TER'PB,  n.  [Gr.  well,  and  rtpt rw,  to  delight.] 

1.  (Myth.)  One  of  the  nine  Muses  ; the  Muse 
who  presided  over  music. 

2.  (Astron.)  An  asteroid  discovered  by  Hind 

in  1853.  Lovering. 

EU-TER'Pg-AN,  a.  Relating  to  Euterpe  ; noting 
an  association  for  the  practice  of  music.  Clarke. 

EU-THAN-A',SI-A  (yu-than-a'zhe-a),  n.  [Gr.  tvfla- 
raaia ; cl,  well,  and  Odvarog,  death.]  An  easy 
death ; euthanasy. 

A recovery,  in  my  case  and  at  my  age,  is  impossible;  the 
kindest  wish  of  my  friends  is  euthanasia.  Arbuthvot. 

EU-THAN'A-SY,  or  EU'THAN-A-§Y,  [yu-than'a- 


se,  S.  IF.  Ja.  Kenrick ; yu'than-a-ze,  Sot.],  ii. 
An  easy  death ; euthanasia.  Bailey. 

EU-TYjCH'I-AN  (yu-tlk'e-jn),  11.  (Eccl.  Hist.)  A 
follower  of  Eutychius,  who  denied  the  two  na- 
tures of  Christ ; a monophysite.  Burnet. 

EU-TYUH'I-AN  (yu-tik'e-sm),  a.  (Eccl.  Hist.) 
Pertaining  to  the  Eutychians.  “ The  Eutychian 
heretics.”  Tillotson. 

EU-TYjUH'I-AN-I^M,  n.  (Eccl.  Hist.)  The  system 
or  doctrines  of  Eutychius.  Craig. 

EUX-AN'THINE,  n.  [Gr.  el,  well,  and  (avBds,  yel- 
low.] A substance,  forming  small,  pale-yellow 
crystals,  obtained  from  India  under  the  name 
of  purree,  or  Indian  yellow  ; — supposed  to  be 
derived  from  the  bile  of  the  camel  or  of  the  ele- 
phant. Brande. 

EUX'EN-ITE,  ii.  [Gr.  ev(tm;,  a stranger.]  (Min.) 
A Norwegian  mineral,  containing  columbium, 
yttria,  and  uranium;  — so  named  by  Scheerer, 
in  allusion  to  the  rarity  of  its  occurrence.  Dana. 

EUX'INE,  il.  [Gr.  tv(eiros,  kind  to  strangers,  hos- 
pitable; el,  well,  and  (tiros,  a guest.]  (Geog.) 
The  Black  Sea. 

f B-VA'CATE,  v.  a.  [L.  vaco,  vacatus.]  To  emp- 
ty ; to  evacuate.  Harvey. 

B-VAC'U-AnT,  a.  (Med.)  Provoking  evacuation  ; 
purgative  ; drastic  ; cathartic.  Smart. 

E-vAc'U-ANT,  n.  (Med.)  Medicine  that  pro- 
motes evacuation  ; a cathartic.  Dunglison. 

E-VAc'U-ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  evacao,  evacuatus ; e, 
from,  and  vacuus,  empty  ; It.  evacuare  ; Sp.  eva- 
cuar\  Fr .evacuer.]  [i.  evacuated  ; pp.  evac- 
uating, EVACUATED.] 

1.  To  make  empty  or  void;  to  clear  of  the 

contents.  “ Evacuating  the  church.”  Hooker. 

2.  To  throw  out ; to  void  ; to  eject. 

The  white  [hellebore]  doth  evacuate  the  offensive  humors. 

Holland. 

3.  f To  nullify  ; to  annul. 

If  the  prophecies  are  not  fulfilled  in  Jesus,  it  is  impossible 
to  know  when  a prophecy  is  fulfilled  and  when  not,  which 
would  utterly  evacuate  the  use  of  them.  South. 

4.  To  quit ; to  withdraw  from. 

The  emperor  never  effectually  evacuated  Catalonia.  Swift. 

f E-VAC'U-ATE,  v.  n.  To  let  blood.  Burton. 

B-VAC-U-A'TION,  n.  [L.  evacuatio  ; It.  evacua- 
zione  ; Sp.  evacuacion  ; Fr.  evacuation.'] 

1.  An  emptying  or  drawing  of  the  contents ; 
vacuation.  “ Lest  their  treasury  should  be  ex- 
hausted by  so  frequent  evacuations.”  Potter. 

2.  f Abolition  ; nullification.  Hooker. 

3.  (Mil.)  The  act  of  quitting  or  withdrawing 

from  a place.  Burke. 

4.  (Med.)  The  discharge  of  any  matter  what- 

ever by  the  natural  passages  or  by  an  artificial 
opening.  Dunglison. 

E-VAC'U-A-TlVE,  a.  [It.  $ Sp.  evacuativo;  Fr. 
evacuatif]  (Med.)  That  evacuates  ; purgative  ; 
drastic  ; cathartic.  Cotgravc. 

E-VAC'U-A-TOR,  n.  One  who  evacuates  or  an- 
nuls. “ Evacuators  of  the  law.”  Hammond. 

E-VADE',  v.  a.  [L.  evado ; e,  from,  and  vado,  to 
go;  It.  evadere  ; Sp.  evadir ; Fr.  evader.]  \i. 
EVADED  ; pp.  EVADING,  EVADED.] 

1.  To  escape  from  by  Stratagem  ; to  elude; 
as,  “ To  evade  pursuit  or  punishment.” 

2.  To  avoid  or  decline  by  artifice,  subterfuge, 
or  sophistry  ; as,  “ To  evade  a question.” 

3.  To  be  beyond  the  grasp  or  comprehension  of. 

We  have  seen  how  a contingent  event  bathes  man’s  knowl- 
edge, and  evades  his  powers.  South. 

Syn.  — To  evade  and  elude  both  imply  the  act  of 
avoiding  or  shunning  by  sophistry  or  artifice.  Evade 
a question  by  not  giving  a satisfactory  or  substantial 
answer  ; elude  research  by  some  artifice. 

E-VADE',  v.  n.  1.  To  escape;  to  flee;  to  fly. 
“ Evading  from  perils.”  Bacon. 

2.  To  practise  evasion;  to  equivocate;  to  shuffle. 

The  ministers  of  God  arc  not  to  evade.  South. 

E-VAd'I-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  evaded.  Coleridge. 

EV- A-GA'TION,  n.  [L.  evagatio  ; evagor,  to  roam 
about ; It.  evagazione  ; Sp.  evagacion ; Fr.  eva- 
gation.]  The  act  of  wandering;  excursion; 
ramble ; deviation,  [it.]  Sir  H.  Wotton. 

E - V A (f - ] - A ' T [ O NT , n.  [L.  e,  out  of,  and  vagina, 
a sheath.]^  The  act  of  unsheathing.  Craig. 


E'VAL,  a.  [L.  ovum,  a space  of  time.]  Endur- 
ing for  a long  time,  [n.]  Todd. 

EV-A-NESCE',  v.  n.  [L.  evanesco ; Sp.  ev anescer.] 
To  vanish  ; to  disappear.  Wilkinson. 

EV-A-NES'CJBNCE,  n.  [L.  evanesco,  evanescens, 
to  banish  away.]  The  act  of  evanescing  or  van- 
ishing ; disappearance.  Rambler. 

EV-A-NES'CJJNT,  a.  [Fr.  evanescent.]  I.  Tend- 
ing to  evanesce,  vanish,  or  disappear  ; fleeting  ; 
transitory  ; transient ; ephemeral ; as,  “ Evan- 
escent hues”  ; “ Evanescent  pleasures.” 

2.  Lessening  beyond  the  perception  of  the 
mind  or  of  the  senses ; imperceptible. 

Tile  difference  between  right  and  wrong,  on  some  petty 
cases,  is  almost  evanescent.  Wollaston. 

EV-A-NES’CJJNT-LY,  ad.  In  an  evanescent  or 
fleeting  manner.  Chalmers. 

B-VAN'pBL,  n.  [Gr.  tvayyO.iov,  good  tidings  ; el, 
well,  and  a yyO.ho,  to  announce.] 

1.  The  gospel  of  Christ.  Hook. 

2.  Good  tidings. 

But,  alas!  what  holy  an^el 

Brings  the  slave  this  glad  evangel ? Longfellow. 

||  E-VAN-GE'LT-AN,  a.  Rendering  thanks  for  fa- 
vors. [it.]  Craig. 

||  E-VAN-^EL'IC,  a.  [Gr.  ivayyihuts  ; L.  evangc- 
licus  ; It.  (Sf  Sp.  cvaugelico;  Fr.  evangelique.] 
Relating  to  the  gospel ; consonant  to  the  gos- 
pel; evangelical.  “Evangelic  truth.”  Milton. 

II  E-VAN-<?EL'I-CAL,  or  EV-AN-(?EL'I-CAL 
[e-van-jel'e-kal,  S.  J.  E.  La.  K.  C.  ; ev-an-jel'e- 
ltad,  IF.  F.  Sm.],  a.  Relating  to  the  gospel; 
agreeable  to  or  contained  in  the  gospel ; evan- 
gelic ; as,  “ An  evangelical  doctrine.” 

,8£g»“  This  word,  which  means  simply  appertaining 
to,  or  characteristic  of,  the  gospel , lias  been  applied  to  a 
portion  of  the  English  Church,  who  either  profess  or 
are  supposed  to  ‘ know  and  inculcate  the  gospel  5 in 
an  especial  manner,  and  to  give  peculiar  prominence 
to  the  doctrine  of  salvation  by  faith  in  the  atone- 
ment. The  title  of  ‘ evangelical !’  seems  to  have  un- 
dergone some  change  in  its  meaning  from  that  which 
it  bore  when  it  was  first  used,  and  is  now  not  unfre- 
quently  adopted  as  synonymous  with  Calvinist,  what- 
ever that  word  may  be  supposed  to  imply.”  Eden. 

Syn.  — See  Orthodox. 

||  E-VAN-^EL'I-CAL,  n.  One  who  maintains  evan- 
gelical principles.  Ch.  Ob. 

||  E-VAN-(jrEL'I-CAL-ISM,  n.  Evangelical  princi- 
ples’.— Same  as  Evangelicism.  " Dr.  Arnold. 

||  fl-VAN-t-rEL'l-CAL-LY,  acl.  According  to  the 
gospel.  Milton. 

II  E-VAN-£EL'I-CAL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  evangelical.  Scott. 

II  E-VAN-<j!EL'I-ClSjM,  n.  (Eccl.)  Evangelical 
principles  ; evangelicalism.  Bp.  Jebb. 

B-VAN-OE-Lig'I-TY,  n_  The  quality  of  being 
evangelical ; evangelicism. 

A thorough  earnestness  and  cvangelicity.  Ec.  Rev . 

E-VAN'gE-Ll§M,  n.  The  doctrine  or  preaching 
of  the  gospel ; evangelical  religion  or  doctrine  ; 
evangelicism.  Bacon. 

B-VAN'£B-L1ST,  ii.  [Gr.  (vayyfhaTfc,  the  bringer 
of  good  tidings  ; L.  evangelist  a ; It.  § Sp.  evan- 
gelist a ; Fr.  evangeliste .] 

1.  One  of  the  four  writers  of  gospel  history. 

“ The  four  evangelists.”  Addison. 

2.  A preacher  or  promulgator  of  the  gos- 

pel ; a missionary  : — a term  applied  to  one  li- 
censed to  preach,  but  not  having  under  his 
charge  any  particular  church  or  congregation. 
“ It  were  fit  our  new  evangelists  should  show 
their  authority.”  Decay  of  Piety. 

B-VAN'OE-LIS-TA-RY,  ii.  A selection  from  the 
Gospels’,  to  be  read’,  as  a lesson,  in  divine  ser- 
vice. Gregory. 

B-vAn-GB-LIS'TIC,  a.  Relating  to  evangelism  ; 
evangelical.  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

B-VAN-£BL-!-ZA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  evangel- 
izing. Bp.  Wilberforce.  Ec.  Rev. 

B-VAN'^EL-IZE,  V.  a.  [Gr.  ibayyeU(opat,  to  bring 
good  tidings  ; It.  evangelizzare ; Sp.  evangelizar ; 
Fr.  evangeliser.]  \i.  evangelized  ; pp.  evan- 
gelizing, evangelized.]  To  instruct  in  the 
gospel ; to  teach  the  gospel  to. 


MiEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — g,  If,  g,  soft;  E,  G,  g,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  If  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


EVANGELIZE 


508 


EVENTUALITY 


The  Spirit 

Poured  first  on  his  apostles,  whom  he  sends 
To  evangelize  the  nations.  Milton. 

To  “ evangelize a word  which  the  Rhemish  translators 
were  blamed  for  introducing.  • Trench. 

p-VAN'(^f,L-IZE,  v.n.  To  preach  the  gospel. 

Thus  did  our  heavenly  Instructor  fulfil  the  predictions  of 
the  prophets,  that  he  would  evangelize  to  the  poor.  Porteus. 

t E-vAN'^E-LY,  n.  [See  Evangel.]  Good  tid- 
ings ; the  gospel.  Spenser. 

E-vAN'[D,  a.  [L.  evanidus.]  Evanescent.  Bacon. 

E-VAn'JSH,  v.  n.  [L.  eranesco.\  To  vanish,  [r.] 

Or  like  the  rainbow’s  lovely  form, 

Evanishing  amid  the  storm.  Burns. 

5-VAN'lSH-MENT,  n.  The  act  of  vanishing ; sud- 
den disappearance,  [r.]  Jefferson. 

E-VAp’O-R  A-BLE,  a.  [It.  eraporabile ; Sp.  etn- 
porable  ; Fr.  evaporable.]  That  may  evaporate  ; 
easily  dissipated  in  vapors.  Grew. 

E-VAp'O-RATE,  v.  n.  [L.  evaporo,  evaporates  ; 
It.  evaporare  ; Sp.  evaporar  ; Fr.  evaporer.]  [i. 

EVAPORATED  ; pp.  EVAPORATING,  EVAPO- 

RATED.] 

1.  To  escape  or  fly  away  in  vapors  or  fumes  ; 
to  waste  insensibly,  as  a volatile  spirit.  Boyle. 

2.  To  be  dissipated  ; to  pass  off  or  disappear. 

“ Letting  our  courage  evaporate.”  Swift. 

E-VAP'O-RATE,  v.  a.  1.  To  disperse  in  vapors  ; to 
convert  into  vapor  ; to  vaporize. 

2.  +To  let  out;  to  exhale  ; to  emit. 

My  lord  of  Essex  evaporated  his  thoughts  in  n sonnet,  to 
be  sung  before  the  queen.  H'otton. 

E-VAP'O-RATE,  a.  Converted  into  vapor  ; evap- 
orated. “ Dew  evaporate.”  Thomson. 

E-VAP-O-RA'TION,  n.  [L.  evaporatio  ; It.  evapo- 
razione  ; Sp.  evaporation  ; Fr.  evaporation.] 

1.  The  act  of  evaporating  ; the  conversion  of 
a fluid  into  vapor. 

These  waters,  by  rarefaction  and  evaporation , ascended. 

Jtaleigh. 

2.  That  which  is  evaporated  ; vapor. 

Evaporations  are  greater  according  to  the  greater  heat  of 
the  sun.  Woodward. 

3.  Vent;  discharge;  emission.  “The  evap- 
orations of  a vindictive  spirit.”  Howell. 

4.  {Med.)  Transformation  of  a liquid  into  va- 
por in  order  to  obtain  the  fixed  matters  contained 
in  it  in  a dry  and  separate  state.  Dunglison. 

E-VAp'O-RA-TIVE,  a.  [L.  eraporativus ; It.  eva- 
porativo  ; Fr.  evaporatif.\  That  evaporates  ; 
causing  evaporation.  Coleridge. 

E-VAp-O-ROM'E-TER,  n.  [Eng.  evaporate  and  Gr. 
ptrpoo,  a measure.]  An  instrument  to  measure 
evaporation  ; a hygroscope  ; an  atmometer.  Ure. 

E-VA'$J-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  evaded.  Ec.  Rev. 

E-VA'§IQN  (e-va'zlmn,  93),  n.  [L.  evado,  evasus, 
to  evade  ; Sp.  evasion  ; Fr.  evasion .]  The  act  of 
evading ; equivocation  ; a quibble  ; an  insuffi- 
cient excuse  ; a subterfuge  ; a sophistry ; arti- 
fice ; a subtle  or  disingenuous  escape. 

Thou  by  evasions  thy  crime  uncoverest  more.  Milton. 

Syn.  — Evasion , equivocation , and  prevarication , all 
imply  an  artful  mode  of  escaping  the  scrutiny  of  an 
inquirer.  Evasion  is  made  by  avoiding  to  give  a sub- 
stantial answer  ; equivocation , by  using  equivocal  ex- 
pressions; prevarication , by  using  expressions  that 
mislead.  A prevarication  is  worse  than  an  equivoca- 
tion ; equivocation,  worse  than  an  evasion.  Subterfuge 
and  shift  are  modes  of  evasion,  and  are  tricks  or  arti- 
fices of  knaves. 

E-vA'SIVE,  a.  [It.  4 Sp.  evasivo  ; Fr.  tiasif.] 

1.  That  evades;  escaping  or  avoiding  by  arti- 
fice. “ Evasive  of  the  sly  request.”  Pope. 

2.  Partaking,  or  consisting,  of  evasion. 

“ Evasive  arts.”  Bp.  Berkeley. 

E-VA'SIVE-LY,  ad.  By  evasion  ; elusively ; so- 
phistically. 

E-VA'SJVE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state  of 
being  evasive.  Craig. 

EVE,  n.  [Hob.  rnn,  life;  — Havvah,  or  Eve.] 
The  name  of  the  first  woman. 

And  Adam  called  his  wife’s  name  Eve,  because  she  was 
the  mother  of  all  living.  Gen.  iii.  20. 

EVE,  n.  [A.  S.  atfen  ; Dut.-  avoud  ; Ger.  abend  ; 
Dan.  aften  ; Ieel.  afftan  ; Sw.  afton.] 

1.  The  close  of  the  day ; evening.  [Poeti- 
cal.] “From  noon  to  dewy  eve.”  Milton. 


2.  The  night,  evening,  vigil,  or  fast  before  a 
holiday  ; as,  “ Christmas  eve.” 

3.  The  period  just  preceding  any  expected 
event;  as,  “To  be  on  the  eve  of  a revolution.” 

E-VEC'TICS,  7i.  pi.  {Med.)  That  part  of  medi- 
cine which  teaches  how  to  acquire  a good  habit 
of  body,  [r.]  Crabb. 

E-VEC'TION,  n.  [L.  evectio,  a going  upwards; 
ere  ho,  evectus,  to  carry  forth ; Fr.  erection.] 

1.  f Exaltation.  “His  [Joseph’s]  erection  to 
the  power  of  Egypt  next  to  Pharaoh.”  Pearson. 

2.  { Astron .)  An  irregularity  of  the  moon’s 

motion  caused  by  the  sun,  and  depending  on 
the  position  of  the  transverse  axis  of  the  lunar 
orbit  in  respect  of  the  line  of  the  syzygies,  or 
line  joining  the  sun  and  earth.  Herschel. 

E'VEN  (e'vn),  n.  [See  Eve.]  Evening.  [Poetical.] 

My  early  visitation,  and  my  last 

At  even.  Milton. 

E'VEN  (e'vn),  a.  [Goth,  iben ; A.  S.  efen ; Dut. 
effen,  even  ; Ger.  eben  ; Sw.  efven.\ 

1.  Having  no  irregularities  of  surface  ; free 
from  elevations  and  depressions;  not  rugged; 
not  unequal  ; smooth ; level  ; plain. 

The  present  face  of  Rome  is  much  more  even  and  level 
than  it  was  formerly.  Addison. 

2.  Uniform  ; equable  ; unruffled;  calm.  “ Per- 
sons of  even  tempers.”  Tatler. 

3.  On  a level  or  on  the  same  level.  “Shall 
lay  thee  even  with  the  ground.”  Luke  xix.  44. 

4.  Equal  on  both  sides;  fair;  just;  as,  “An 
even  bargain.” 

5.  Without  any  thing  owed ; out  of  debt. 

In  taking  revenge,  a man  is  but  even  with  his  enebiv;  but 
in  passing  it  over,  he  is  superior.  Bacon. 

6.  Capable  of  being  divided  into  two  equal 
parts;  not  odd;  as,  “ Even  numbers.” 

Even  keel,  ( BTaut .)  a term  applied  to  tile  position 
of  the  keel  of  a ship  when  she  draws  the  same  water 
abaft  as  forward,  or  when  slie  is  upright,  or  not  in- 
clined to  either  side.  Brande. — To  make  even  lines, 
or  to  make  even,  (Printing.)  a technical  expression  used 
when  the  copy  is  separated  into  portions  to  he  dis- 
tributed among  many  compositors,  who  have  fre- 
quently to  space  out  words  very  irregularly,  so  as  to 
fill  a line  ; hence  the  common  instruction  from  one 
printer  to  another  who  follows  or  precedes  him  witli 
copy,  to  “ make  even.”  Simmonds. 

Syn.  — See  Equal,  Level. 

E'VEN  (e'vn),  V.  a.  [i.  EVENED  ; pp.  EVENING, 
EVENED.] 

1.  To  make  even  or  level ; to  level. 

Even  the  balance,  and  hold  it  even.  Ch Illingworth. 

This  temple  Xerxes  evened  with  the  soil.  llaleigh. 

2.  To  put  out  of  debt ; to  put  into  a state  in 

which  nothing  is  owed ; to  equalize.  “ Till  I 
am  evened  with  him.”  Shak. 

f E'VEN  (e'vn),  v.  n.  To  be  equal  to.  Carew. 

E'VEN  (e'vn),  ad.  1.  Noting  a level  or  equality  of 
action  ; exactly  ; as,  “ Even  so  must  he  do.” 

2.  Noting  a level  or  equality  of  time  ; at  the 
very  time. 

But  even  then  the  morning  cock  crew  loud.  Shak. 

3.  Noting  sameness  of  condition;  verily. 

And  even  as  I was  then  is  Percy.  Shak. 

4.  Noting  equality  or  superiority  when  it  is 
least  expected  ; as,  “ He  is  too  wary,  even  for 
the  most  cunning.” 

5.  Noting  something  extraordinary. 

Even  in  our  ashes  live  their  wonted  fires.  Gray. 

6.  A word  of  strong  assertion  ; not  only  so, 
but  also ; likewise. 

Here  all  their  rage,  and  even  their  murmurs,  cease.  Tope. 

7.  So  much  as;  as,  “Not  even  aware  of  it.” 

t E-VEfrE'  (e-ven'),  v.  n.  [L.  evenio .]  To  take 
place  ; to  happen.  Hewyt. 

E'VEN-f,R  (e'vn-er),  7i.  I.  One  who  makes  even. 

2.  A weaver’s  instrument  for  spreading  out 
the  yarn  ; a raivel.  [Local,  Scot.]  Simmonds. 

E'VEN— HAND  (e'vn-hand),  71.  Farity  of  rank  or 
degree ; sameness  of  condition. 

YVhoso  is  out  of  hope  to  attain  to  another’s  virtue  will  seek 
to  come  at  even-hand  by  depressing  another’s  fortune.  Bacon. 

E'VEN— HAND'ED  (e'vn-hand'ed),  a.  Impartial ; 
just;  equitable.  “ Even-handed  justice.”  Shak. 

E'VEN-HAND'ED-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  even- 
handed  ; justice  ; fairness.  For.  Qu.  Rev. 

E'VEN-ING  (e'vn-ing),  n.  [See  Eve.] 

1.  The  close  of  the  day  ; the  time  of  twilight 


after  sunset;  the  beginning  of  night;  eventide; 
eve  : — a term  applied  also  in  common  usage  to 
the  latter  part  of  the  afternoon,  and  to  the  ear- 
lier part  of  the  night  before  bed-time. 

Now  came  still  evening  on,  and  twilight  gray 

Had  in' her  sober  livery  all  things  clad.  Milton. 

2.  The  latter  period  of  life. 

lie  was  a person  of  great  courage,  and  rot  well  known  till 
his  evening.  Clarendon. 

E'VEN-ING  (e'vn-ing),  a.  Belonging  to,  or  occur- 
ring towards,  the  close  of  the  day.  “ Evening  sac- 
rifice.” Pa.  cxli.  2.  “ Evening  prayer.”  Shah. 

E'VEN-ING— FLoW'JFjR,  n.  ( Bot .)  A genus  of 
plants,  so  called  in  reference  to  the  time  the 
flowers  expand  ; llesperantha . Loudon . 

E'VEN-ING— HYMN,  ) n_  A hymn  „ song  to  be 

E'VEN-ING— SONG,  ) sung  at  evening. 

E'VEN-ING— STAR,  71.  Vesper,  Hesper,  or  Hes- 
perus, — the  planet  Venus  which  appears  in  the 
west  as  a brilliant  star  soon  after  sunset  during 
a part  of  the  year.  Milton. 

From  her  alternate  appearance  in  the  morning  and  even- 
ing,  enus  was  called  by  the  Greeks  Hesperus  and  Phospho- 
rus, the  evening  and  morning  star.  Brande. 

E'VEN-ING—1 TIDE,  n.  Eventide;  evening. 

E'VEN-LY  (e'vn-le),  ad.  In  an  even  manner. 

E'VEN— MIND-ED,  a.  Having  the  mind  properly 
balanced  ; having  equanimity.  Craig. 

E'VEN-NESS  (e'vn-nes),  n.  1.  The  state  of  being 
even ; equality  of  surface ; levelness ; smooth- 
ness ; as,  “ The  evenness  of  a floor.” 

2.  Uniformity;  regularity;  as,  11  Evenness  of 
motion.” 

3.  Equanimity  ; as,  “ Evenness  of  temper.” 

E'VEN— SONG  (e'vn-song),  n.  1.  A song  or  hymn 
for  the  evening  ; evening-song. 

Thee,  chantress,  oft  the  woods  among, 

I woo,  to  hear  thy  even-song.  Milton. 

2.  The  close  of  the  day ; evening, 
lie  tuned  liis  notes  both  even-song  and  morn.  Drgdcn. 

E-VENT',  71.  [L.  eventus ; e,  from,  and  venio,  to 

come  ; It.  4 Sp.  evento  ; Fr.  evenement.] 

1.  Any  thing  that  happens,  good  or  bad  ; an 
incident ; an  occurrence ; an  accident. 

One  event  hnppeneth  to  them  all.  Eecl.  ii.  14. 

And  coming  events  cast  their  shadows  before.  Campbell. 

2.  Issue;  result;  consequence;  conclusion; 
as,  “ His  caution  was  justified  by  the  event.” 

Syn.  — An  event  is  more  important  than  an  inci- 
dent or  an  occurrence,  and  it  is  applied  to  great  under- 
takings or  transactions  in  history.  An  important 
event ; a trifling  incident ; an  ordinary  occurrence. — 
See  Accident,  Circumstance. 

f E-VENT',  v.  7i.  To  break  forth ; to  issue. 
“ Whence  that  sigh  evented.”  B.  Jonso7i. 

E'VEN— TEM' PER  ED  (-perd),  a.  Having  an  even 
or  placid  temper  ; having  equanimity.  Jodrell. 

p-VEN'TER-ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  eventero,  cvcntcratus  ; 
e,  from,  and  venter,  the  belly ; Fr.  ev entrer.] 
To  open  by  ripping  the  belly,  [r.]  Browne. 

p-VENT'FUL,  a.  Full  of  incidents,  changes,  or 
events.  “ This  strange,  eventful  history.”  Shak. 

E'VEN— TIDE  (e'vn-tld),  71.  The  time  of  evening; 
evening.  Cotcper. 

f E-VEN'TJ-LATE,  v.  a.  [L.  eventilo,  evcntilatus.] 

1.  To  winnow  ; to  sift  by  fanning.  Cockeram. 

2.  To  discuss  ; to  debate  ; to  ventilate.  Johnson. 

U-VEN-TI-LA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  ventilating 
or  supplying  with  air  ; ventilation.  “ Nor  needs 
it  air  for  ex ventilation."  Howell. 

E-VpN-TRA'TION,  7i.  [L.  e,  out  of,  and  venter, 

the  belly.]  {Med.)  A tumor  formed  by  relaxa- 
tion of  the  parietes  of  the  abdomen,  and  con- 
taining a great  part  of  the  abdominal  viscera : 
— hernia  occurring  in  any  other  way  than 
through  the  natural  openings  of  the  abdominal 
parietes : — any  extensive  wound  of  the  ab- 
dominal parietes,  with  issue  of  the  greater 
part  of  the  intestines.  Dunglison. 

E-VENT'IT-AL  (e-vent'yu-?l),  a.  [It.  eventuate ; 
Sp.  eventual-,  Fr.  eventual.]  Happening  as  a 
result ; consequential ; ultimate  ; final. 

Creating  a new  paper  currency  founded  on  an  eventual 
sale  of  the  church  lands.  Burke. 

E-VENT-U-Al'I-TY,  7i.  {Phrcn.)  A propensity 
to  take  cognizance  of  facts  or  events.  Combe. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  E>  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  IIEIR,  HER; 


EVENTUALLY 


509 


EVILLY 


E-VENT'U-AL-LY,  ad.  In  the  event ; in  the  last 
result ; finally  ; ultimately. 

E-VENT'y-ATE,  v.  n.  To  happen  ; to  issue;  to 
take  effect ; to  terminate.  Lc.  Rev.  IF.  Irving. 

word  not  (infrequently  used  in  the  U.  S.,  but 
rarely  used  by  English  writers. 

p-VENT-U-A'TlON,  n.  The  act  of  eventuating 
or  happening.  R.  W.  Hamilton. 

EV'ER,  ad.  [A.  S.  refer.] 

1.  At  any  time.  “ More  vehemently  than 

ever.”  Atterbury. 

2.  At  all  times ; always  ; without  end. 

I see  things  may  serve  long,  but  not  serve  ever.  Shat:. 

Fur  ever,  eternally  ; for  the  term  of  life.  — Ever  and 
anon,  at  frequent  times  repeated ; now  and  then. 

IJQf  Ever  is  often  contracted  into  e’er  (Ar).  It  is 
much  used  in  composition,  in  the  sense  of  always,  as 
eucr-green,  euer-during. 

EV-ER— AC'TJVE,  a.  Active  at  all  times.  Ogilvie. 

EV-ER— BUB'BLING,  a.  Boiling  up  perpetually. 

EV-ER— BURN'ING,  a.  That  is  always  burning. 
“ Ever-burning  sulphur.”  Milton. 

EV-ER— CHANGING,  a.  Always  changing.  Clarke. 

EV-ER— DUR'ING,.a.  Eternal;  enduring  without 
end  ; everlasting.  “ Ever-during  gates.”  Milton. 

EV-JJR— IJY'ING,  a.  Always  dying.  Clarke. 

EV'fiR— EX-PAN D ING,  a.  Always  expanding. 

EV'JJR-GLADE,  n.  A low,  marshy  tract  of  coun- 
try, inundated  with  water,  and  interspersed  with 
patches  or  portions  covered  with  high  grass,  as 
in  Florida.  Jessup. 


EV'JJR-GREEN,  a.  Verdant  throughout  the  year  ; 
holding  the  leaves  over  winter,  and  until  new 
ones  appear,  or  longer  ; always  green.  “ Lau- 
rel evergreen.”  Milton. 

EV'JJR-GREEN,  n.  (Dot.)  A plant  that  is  green 
or  verdant  throughout  the  year.  Evelyn. 

EV-pR— GIIOW'ING,  a.  Always  growing.  Clarke. 

EV-ER— IION'ORED  (fiv-er-on'urd),  a.  Alwaysheld 
in  honor.  “ An  ever-honored  name.”  Pope. 

EV-pR-L  AST'ING,  a.  Enduring  forever  ; endless; 
eternal;  immortal;  unending.  Gen.  xxi.  33. 

Syn.  — See  Eternal. 

EV-PR-LAsT'ING,  n.  1.  Eternity. 

From  everlasting  to  everlasting  thou  art  God.  Ps.  xc.  2. 

2.  The  Eternal  Being. 

Or  that  the  Everlasting  had  not  fixed 

His  canon  ’gainst  self-slaughter.  Shale. 

3.  A kind  of  woollen  stuff;  lasting. 

4.  A striped  cotton  material.  Simmonds. 

5.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  shrubs  having  flowers 

which  remain  fresh  long  after  they  are  gathered  ; 
Gnaphalium.  Loudon. 

Everlasting  flowers,  certain  flowers  whose  hard  tis- 
sue and  deficient,  moisture  render  them  little  liable 
to  change,  and  enable  them  to  retain  their  color  for 
several  months  after  having  been  gathered.  Braude. 


ev-pr-lAst'ing-ly,  ad. 

end. 

ev-pr-lAst'ing-ness,  n. 

ty ; endless  duration. 

ev-er-lAst'ing-pea,  n. 

of  the  genus  Lathyrus ; 
and  Lathyrus  latifolius. 


Eternally  ; without 
Shak. 

Eternity  ; perpetui- 
Stapleton. 

A perennial  plant 
Lathyrus  sylvestris 
Loudon. 


EV-pR— LIV'ING,  a.  Living  always  ; immortal ; 

eternal.  “ That  ever-living  Deity.”  Hooker. 
EV-pR— MEM'O-EA-BLE,  a.  Always  memorable. 


EV-ER-MORE',  ad.  Always  ; eternally.  Poe. 

EV-ER— O'PEN  (-o'pn),  a.  Never  closed;  never 
shut.  “ An  ever-open  ear.”  Dp.  Taylor. 

EV-ER— PLEADING,  a.  Delighting  at  all  times; 
perpetually  pleasing.  Sidney. 

EV-ER— Rp-CUR'RING,  a.  Always  recurring,  or 
coming  back.  Ogilvie. 

EV-pR— REST'I.ESS,  a.  Always  restless.  Clarke. 

EV-pR— RE-VERED',  a.  Always  revered.  Clarke. 

EF-ER-RIC ' U-L  i 'JM,  n.  [L.,  a drag-net ; everro,  to 
sweep  out.]  ( Surg .)  An  instrument  for  remov- 
ing fragments  of  stone,  &c.,  from  the  bladder, 
after  the  operation  of  lithotomy.  Dunglison. 


f P-VERSE',  v.  a.  [L.  everto,  eversus .]  To  over- 
throw; to  overturn ; to  subvert.  Glanville. 

P-VER'SfON,  n.  [L.  eversio.] 

1.  The  act  of  everting;  overthrow.  “The 
eversion  of  their  governments.”  Dp.  Taylor. 

2.  (Med.)  A turning  outwards ; ectropium. 
“An  eversion  of  the  eyelids.”  Dunglison. 

p-VER'SIVE,  a.  [Fr.  eversif.]  Tending  to  over- 
throw ; — with  of. 

A maxim  eversive,  in  my  idea,  of  all  justice  and  morality. 

G aides. 

EV-EU-SMIL'ING,  a.  Always  smiling. 

p-VERT',  v.  a.  [L.  everto-,  e,  from,  and  verto,  to 
turn.]  To  destroy;  to  overthrow.  “Nothing 
which  he  will  not  seek  to  evert.”  [it.]  Fotherby. 

EV-ER— VAL'IANT,  a.  Always  courageous. 

EV-PR— VER'DANT,  a.  Always  green.  Carter. 

EV-ER— WAK'ING,  a.  Always  waking.  Clarke. 

EV-ER—  WAST'ING,  a.  Always  wasting.  Ogilvie. 

EV-pR— WATCH 'FUL  (ev'er-woch'ful),  a.  Always 
vigilant.  ” Ever-icatchful  e yes.”  Pope. 

EV'E-RY,  a.  [Old  Eng.  everieh-,  Dan.  enhver.] 
Each  ; all,  taken  separately. 

The  eyes  of  the  Lord  are  in  every  place.  Pror.  xv.  3. 

Every  now  and  then,  often  ; at  short  intervals. 

Syn.  — See  All. 

EV'E-RY-BOD'Y,  n.  Every  person.  Booth. 

EV'E-RY— DAY,  a.  Common  ; occurring  every 
day.  “ This  was  no  every-day  writer.”  Pope. 

EV-pR— YOUNG'  (ev-er-yung'),  a.  Always  young; 
not  subject  to  old  age  or  decay.  “Joys  ever- 
young.”  Pope. 

EV'p-RY-WHERE  (ev'e-re-hwir),  ad.  In  every 
place  ; in  all  places. 

EVE§'DROP,  v.  n.  See  Eavesdrop.  Sancroft. 

f p-VES'TI-GATE,  v.  a.  [L.  evestigo,  evestigatus.] 
To  investigate;  to  examine  into.  Bailey. 

E' VET,  n.  A small  kind  of  lizard.  — See  Eft.  Todd. 

t p-VI'BR ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  evibro,  evibratus .]  To 
shake  ; to  brandish.  Cockeram. 

p-VICT',  v.  a.  [L.  evinco,  evictus.]  [t.  evicted  ; 
pip.  evicting,  evicted.] 

1.  (Law.)  To  drive  from  or  dispossess  by 

legal  process.  Davies. 

2.  f To  prove;  to  evince.  B.  Jonson. 

p-VIC'TION,  n.  [L.  evictio ; It.  evizione ; Sp. 
eviccion ; Fr.  eviction.] 

1.  (Law.)  Loss  or  deprivation  of  the  buyer  of 

any  thing,  in  consequence  of  its_  being  proved 
to  belong  to  a third  person.  Bacon. 

2.  f Act  of  evicting;  proof;  evidence.  “Ir- 
refragable proofs  and  evictions.”  Bp.  Hall. 

EV'I-DENCE,  -n.  [L.  evidentia ; It.  evidenza ; Sp. 
evidencia  ; Fr.  evidence.] 

1.  That  which  evinqes  or  proves  ; the  ground 
or  reason  of  knowledge  ; testimony  ; proof. 

Unreasonable  it  is  to  expect  the  some  kind  of  evidence  for 
every  thing  which  we  have  fqy  some  things.  Tillotson. 

2.  One  who  testifies  to  a fact;  a witness,  [r.] 

As  Asiatic  evidences  swore.  Dryden. 

3.  (Law.)  Any  matter  of  fact,  the  effect,  ten- 

dency, or  design  of  which,  when  presented  to 
the  mind,  is  to  produce  a persuasion  affirma- 
tive or  disaffirmative  of  the  existence  of  some 
other  fact ; the  means  by  which  facts  are  as- 
certained for  judicial  purposes.  Burrill. 

Syn.  — Evidence  is  whatever  evinces  or  makes  evi- 
dent ; testimony  is  that  which  is  derived  from  an  in- 
dividual or  a witness.  Testimony  is  the  evidence  of 
one  ; evidence  may  comprehend  the  testimony  of  many. 
Evidence  is  external  or  internal,  direct  or  circumstan- 
tial ; proof  is  always  external,  and  is  chiefly  employed 
in  relation  to  facts  or  physical  objects. 

EV'I-DENCE,  v.  a.  [i.  evidenced;  pp.  evi- 
dencing, evidenced.]  To  make  manifest ; to 
prove ; to  evince  ; to  show ; to  exemplify. 

If  they  be  principles  evident  of  themselves,  they  need 
nothing  to  evidence  them.  Tillotson. 

EV'I-DENT,  a.  [L.  evidens  ; It.  ^ Sp . evidente  ; 
Fr.  evident.]  Clear  to  the  mind  ; obvious  ; plain  ; 
apparent ; manifest ; notorious  ; palpable  ; as, 
“ It  is  evident  that  man  is  mortal.” 

Syn.  — That  which  is  seen  or  clearly  proved  is 


evident ; that  which  appears  to  the  eye,  or  is  already 
seen,  is  apparent ; that  which  is  well  known,  notorious ; 
that  which  proves  itself  or  is  readily  perceived,  ob- 
vious. An  evident  truth  ; a notorious  fact  ; an  obvious 
tendency  ; a pluin  case  ; an  apparent  object  or  inten- 
tion ; a palpable  mistake.  — See  Clear. 

EV-I-DEN'TIAL,  a.  Affording  evidence  or  proof; 
proving ; indicative.  Bp.  Fleetwood. 

Equivalent  to  that  belief,  and  evidential  of  it.  Ch.  Ob. 

EV-I-DEN'TIAL-LY,  ad.  In  an  evidential  man- 
ner. South. 

EV-I-DEN'TI-A-RY,  a.  Affording  evidence.  Best. 

E’  'I-DENT-LY,  ad.  In  an  evident  manner ; ap- 
parently ; certainly ; undeniably. 

EV'I-DENT-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  evident 
or  manifest.  Coleridge. 

EV'I-DENTS,  n.  pi.  (Scotch  Law.)  Writs  or  title- 
deeds  by  which  property  is  proved  ; a term  used 
in  conveyancing.  Ogilvie. 

f F-vI^-I-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  evigilatio.]  The  act 
of  awakening  ; a waking.  Biblioth.  Biblica,  1720. 

E'VIL  (e'vl),  a.  [M.  Goth,  ubils ; A.  S.  efel,  or 
if  el)  Dut.  cure/,  evel;  Frs.  ev  el)  Ger.  iibel ; 
Dan.  tide-,  Sw.  ilia  ; Norse  illr.] 

1.  Having  bad  qualities  ; not  good  ; bad  ; ill. 

The  good  figs  very  good,  and  the  evil  very  evil.  Jer.  xxiv.3. 

2.  Wicked  ; sinful ; vicious  ; corrupt ; wrong. 

An  evil  man,  out  of  the  evil  treasure,  bringeth  forth  evil 
things.  Matt.  xii.  35. 

Ill  deeds  are  doubled  with  an  evil  word.  Shak. 

3.  Unhappy  ; unfortunate  ; calamitous. 

All  the  da}  s of  the  afflicted  are  evil.  JProv.  xv.  15. 

E'VIL  (e'vl),  n.  1.  Any  thing  that  causes  dis- 
pleasure, injury,  pain,  or  suffering ; misfor- 
tune ; calamity. 

Shall  we  receive  good  at  the  hand  of  God,  and  shall  we 
not  receive  evilt  Job  ii.  10. 

Every  man  calleth  that  which  pleaseth,  and  is  delightful 
to  himself,  good;  and  that  evil  which  displeaseth  him.  Hobbes . 

2.  Mischief ; wrong  ; injury  ; harm. 

The  evil  that  men  do  lives  after  them.  Shak . 

3.  Wickedness  ; depravity ; malignity ; sin. 

Of  the  origin  of  evil  no  universal  solution  has  been  dis- 
covered; I mean,  no  solution  which  reaches  all  cases  of 
complaint.  # Haley. 

I haye  not  found  evil  in  thee.  1 Sam.  xxix.  6. 

By  the  very  constitution  of  our  nature,  moral  evil  is  its 
own  cure.  Chalmers. 

4.  Disease  ; as,  “ The  King’s  evil.” 

Syn.  — Evil  comprises  whatever  is  opposite  to 
good,  whether  natural  or  moral.  Pain,  sickness , pov- 
erty, misfortune,  &c.,  are  natural  evils.  Sin,  wicked- 
ness, crimes,  and  vices  are  moral  evils. 

E'VIL  (e'vl),  ad.  1.  Not  well ; ill. 

Ah.  froward  Clarence,  evil  it  beseems  thee 

To  flatter  Henry,  and  forsake  thy  brother.  Shak. 

2.  Not  happily;  not  fortunately.  “It  went 

evil  with  his  house.”  Deut.  vii.  23. 

3.  Injuriously  ; not  kindly. 

The  Egyptians  evil  entreated  us,  and  afflicted  us. 

Bent,  xxvi.6. 

Hgy  Often  used  in  composition  to  give  a bad  mean- 
ing to  a word. 

E'VIL-AF-FECT'ED  (e'vl-af-fekt'ed),  a.  Not 
kindly  disposed.  “ Made  their  minds  evil- 
affected  against  the  brethren.”  Acts  xiv.  2. 

E'VIL— BOD'ING,  a.  Pres&ging  evil.  Clarke. 

E'VIL— DO'ER  (e'vl-dci'er),  n.  One  wlj.o  does  evil ; 
a malefactor  ; a criminal.  1 Pet.  ii.  12. 

A just  man  hateth  evil,  but  not  the  evil-doer.  Sir  P.  Sidney. 

E'VIL— 5N-TREAT',  V.  a.  To  treat  with  injustice; 
to  injure  ; to  wrong  ; to  abuse.  Job  xxiv.  21. 

E'VIL— EYE  (e'vl-l),  n.  1.  An  eye  formerly  sup- 
posed to  cause  injury  by  some  magical  or  fasci- 
nating influence.  Halliwell. 

2.  A look  expressive  of  malice,  jealousy,  or 
envy.  Roget. 

E'VIL— EYED  (e'vl-id),  a.  Having  a malignant 
look  ; having  a look  expressive  of  malice,  jeal- 
ousy, or  envy.  Shak. 

E'VIL-FA'VORED  (e'vl-fa'vord),  a.  Of  ill  coun- 
tenance or  appearance.  Bacon. 

E VIL— FA'VORED-NESS,  n.  Deformity.  “Blem- 
ish or  any  evil-favoredness.”  Deut.  xvii.  1. 

E VIL-LY  (5'vl-le),  ad.  Not  well,  [r.]  Bp.  Taylor. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9, 


<?>  soft;  C,  G,  £,  g,  hard ; § as  z;  \ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


EVIL-MINDED 


510 


EXAGGERATE 


E'VIL— MIND'ED  (5'vl-mlnd'cd),  a.  Having  ill  in- 
tention ; malicious ; malignant;  wicked.  Dry  (leu. 

E'  VIL-NESS  (S'vl-nes),  n.  State  of  being  evil.  Hale. 

E'VIL— O'MENED  (e'vl-o'mfnd),  a.  Accompanied 
by  evil  omens.  Clarke. 

E'VIL-ONE  (e'vl-wun),  n.  The  devil ; Satan. 

That  evil-one Satan,  for  ever  damned.  Milton. 

E'VIL— SPEAK'JNG  (£'vl-sp£k'jng),  n.  Slander; 
calumny  ; abuse.  “ Hypocrisies,  and  envies, 
and  evil-speakings.”  1 Pet.  ii.  1. 

E'VIL— WISH' JNG  (e'vl-wish'ing),  a.  Wishing 
evil.  “ Evil-wishing  minds.”  Sidney. 

E'VIL— WORK 'EH  (e'vl-wiirk'er),  n.  One  who 
does  evil.  “ Beware  of  evil-workers.”  Phil.  iii.  2. 

E-VINCE',  v.  a.  [L.  evinco,  to  overcome ; It. 
cvincere ; Fr.  h'incer,  to  eject.]  [i.  evinced  ; 
pp.  EVINCING,  EVINCED.] 

1.  f To  overcome  ; to  overthrow;  to  subdue. 

Error  by  his  own  arms  is  best  evinced.  Milton. 

2.  To  show  clearly ; to  make  evident ; to 
prove  ; to  manifest ; to  demonstrate. 

And  therefore  was  law  given  them,  to  evince 

Their  natural  pravity.  Milton. 

E-VINCE',  v.  n.  To  prove.  “ The  witness  evin- 
ceth,  the  judge  sentences.”  [r.]  Bp.  Hall. 

E-VlNCE'MENT,  n.  Act  of  evincing,  [r.]  Boyle. 

E-VIN'CI-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  evinced  or  proved; 
capable  of  proof ; demonstrable.  Hale. 

E-VIN'CI-BLY,  ad.  In  such  a manner  as  to  force 
conviction.  Johnson. 

E-VlN'CING,  p.  a.  Proving  ; making  evident. 

E-VIN'CJVE,  a.  That  evinces  ; tending  to  prove  ; 
demonstrative ; indicative.  Smart. 

f EV'I-RAte,  v.  a.  [L.  eviro,  eviratus  ; e,  priv., 
and  vir,  a man.]  To  emasculate.  Bp.  Hall. 

+ EV-I-RA'TION,  n.  Emasculation.  Cockeram. 

E-Vis'CER-ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  cviscero,  cvisccratas  ; 
e,  from,  and  viscera,  the  bowels  ; It.  eviscerarc.] 
[t.  EVISCERATED  ; pp.  EVISCERATING,  EVISCER- 
ATED.] To  take  out  the  bowels  of ; to  embowel ; 
to  disembowel ; to  gut.  “ They  did,  spider-like, 
eviscerate  themselves.”  Dr.  Griffiths,  1G60. 

E-Vls-CER-A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  eviscerating, 
or  embowelling.  Blount.  Coleridge. 

EV'I-TA-BLE,  a.  [L.  evitahilis  ; It.  evitabile;  Sp. 
evitable.]  Avoidable.  Hooker. 

f EV'I-TATE,  v.  a.  [L.  evito,  evitatus ; Fr.  evitcr.] 
To  avoid;  to  shun  ; to  escape;  to  elude.  Shak. 

EV-I-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  eritatio.]  The  act  of 
avoiding  or  shunning,  [r.]  Bacon.  Paley. 

+ E-YlTE',  v.  a.  [Fr.  eviter.J  To  avoid.  Drayton. 

t EV-J-TER'NAL,  a.  [L.  atviternus.]  Eternal ; 
enduring  ; everlasting.  Bp.  Hall. 

f EV-J-TER'NI-TY,  n.  Eternity.  Bailey. 

f EV'O-CATE,  v.  a.  [L.  evoco,  crocatus  ; e,  from, 
and  v oco,  to  call.]  To  call  forth;  to  evoke;  to 
summon.  Stackhouse. 

EV-O-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  evocatio  ; It.  evocazione ; 
Sp.  evocacion  ; Fr.  evocation.}  The  act  of  evok- 
ing, or  calling  forth,  [r.]  Browne. 

EV'O-CA-TOR,  n.  [L.]  One  who  evokes,  or  calls 
forth,  [r.]  Byron. 

E-YOKE',  v.  a.  [L.  evoco ; It.  cvocare;  Sp.  evo- 
cer-,  Fr.  exoquer.}  [i.  evoked;  pp.  evoking, 
EVOKED.] 

1.  To  call  forth.  “To  evoke  the  devil.”  Warton. 

2.  To  call  to  another  place  ; to  remove  from 
one  tribunal  to  another. 

The  cause  was  evoked  to  Rome.  Hume. 

EV-O-LAT  JC,  ? a evolo,  evolatus,  to  fly 

EV-O-LAT'J-CAL,  > away ; e,  from,  and  volo,  to 
fly.]  Apt  to  fly  away  ; flying  about.  Blount. 

E V-O-LA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  flying  away.  Bp.  Hall. 

EV'O-LUTE,  n.  [L.  evolvo,  to  roll  out ; evolutus.] 
(Mech.)  A curve,  from  which  an- 
other curve,  called  the  involute, 
is  formed  by  unwinding  a thread, 
the  radius  of  the  latter  constant- 
ly increasing  : — thus  if  a thread 
fixed  at  A is  unwound  from  the 
semicircle  ABC,  the  movable  end,  in  passing 


successively  through  the  positions  H,  E,  F,  and 
G,  will  describe  an  involute,  of  which  A IS  C is 
the  evolute.  Euler.  Peirce. 

EV-O-LU'TION,  n.  [L.  evolutio  ; It.  evoluzione; 
Sp.  evolucion  ; Fr.  evolution.] 

1.  The  act  of  evolving,  curling,  or  unfolding. 

I am  too  old,  too  stiff'  in  my  inveterate  partialities,  to  be 

ready  at  all  the  fashionable  evolutions  of  opinion.  Burke. 

2.  A series  unfolded  or  unrolled. 

The  whole  evolution  of  ages  is  represented  to  God  at  once. 

More. 

3.  ( Phys .)  The  unfolding  or  expansion  of  a 
germ  in  the  theory  of  generation.  Dunglison. 

4.  ( Gcom .)  The  unfolding  or  opening  of  a 

curve  so  that  it  approaches  or  becomes  a straight 
line.  Harris. 

5.  (Arith.)  The  extraction  of  the  roots  of  any 

power,  as  opposed  to  involution.  Harris. 

6.  (Mil.)  The  movement  by  which  troops 

change  their  position  either  for  attack  or  de- 
fence. Campbell. 

7.  ( Naut .)  The  movement  or  series  of  move- 

ments of  a vessel  or  a fleet  in  changing  from 
one  position  to  another.  Simmonds. 

EV-O-LU'TION-A-RY,  a.  Relating  to  evolution  ; 
performing  evolutions.  Ec.  Rev. 

E-VOLVE'  (e-volv'),  v.  a.  [L.  evolvo  ; e,  from,  and 
volvo,  to  roll.]  [i.  evolved  ; pp.  evolving, 

EVOLVED.] 

1.  To  unroll ; to  unfold  ; to  expand  ; to  de- 
velop ; to  disclose. 

The  animal  soul  sooner  evolves  itself  to  its  full  orb  than 
the  human  soul.  JIalc. 

2.  To  follow  out  and  detect  through  intrica- 
cies ; to  unravel ; as,  “ To  evolve  the  truth.” 

E-VOLVE',  v.  n.  To  open  itself ; to  disclose  it- 
self. “ Evolving  scents.”  Prior. 

E-VOLVE'MENT,  n.  The  act  of  evolving,  or  the 
state  of  being  evolved ; evolution.  Ferguson. 

E-VOL'VENT,  n.  (Geom.)  The  curve  or  involute 
resulting  from  the  evolution  of  a curve.  Crabb. 

E-VOLV'ER,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  evolves 
or  unfolds.  Coleridge. 

f E-VOM'IT,  v.  a.  To  eject;  to  vomit.  Bale. 

E-VOM-J-TA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  vomiting;  ex- 
pectoration. Swift. 

EV-0-Ml''TI0N  (-mlsh'un),  n.  [L.  evomo,  evomi- 

tus .]  The  act  of  vomiting.  Sicift. 

f E-VUL'GATE,  v.  a.  [L.  evulgo,  evulgatus.]  To 
publish  ; to  spread  abroad.  Todd. 

f EV-UL-GA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  divulging.  Bailey. 

E-VtJL'SION  (e-vul'shun),  n.  [L.  evulsio ; Fr. 
evulsion.]  A plucking  or  tearing  out.  Browne. 

EW'DEN— DRIFT  (yu'den-),  n.  Snow  driven  by 
the  wind.  [Scotland.]  Jamieson. 

EW'DER  (yu'der),  n.  [L.  odor.]  A disagreeable 
smell ; the  steam  of  a boiling  pot,  &c. : — a 
blaze  ; scorching  heat.  [Scotland.]  Jamieson. 

EWE  (yu)  [yu,  IF.  J.  F.  Ja , Sm.  I Vb.;  yo,  S. ; yu 
or  yo,  P.  K.],  n.  [A.  S.  coiou\  Fr.  ei.l  A fe- 
male sheep.  ‘‘Ewes  and  blcatinglambs.”  Milton. 

EW'ER  (yu'er),  n.  [A.  S.  huer,  or  hwer.]  A ves- 
sel or  pitcher  with  a wide  spout,  which  accom- 
panies a wash-hand  basin; — used  for  holding 
water.  “ A silver  basin  and  ewer.”  Shak. 

EW'RY  (yu're),  n.  An  office  in  the  household  of 
the  English  sovereign,  from  which  water  is 
served  in  silver  ewers  after  dinner.  Martin. 

EX—  (eks  or  egz).  A Latin  preposition  or  prefix, 
the  same  as  e,  signifying  out  of,  from,  beyond. 
It  is  often  merely  intensive.  It  is  prefixed  to 
names  or  terms  of  office  with  the  force  of  an 
adjective,  implying  out  of  office  ; as,  “ An  ex- 
governor  ” ; “ An  ex-minister.” 

EX-A(^'ER-BATE  [egz-as'er-bat,  IF.  P.  Sm.  ; egz- 
j-ser'bat,  S.  Ja.  K.  I Vb.),v.a.  [L.  exacerbo,  ex- 

acerbatus ; ex,  from,  used  intensively,  and  acerbo, 
to  imbitter ; acerbus,  bitter  ; It.  esacerbare ; Sp. 
exacerbar-,  Fr . exacerber.]  [i.  exacerbated; 
pp.  EXACERBATING,  EXACERBATED.]  To  im- 
bitter ; to  exasperate  ; to  irritate  ; to  provoke  ; 
to  incense  ; to  inflame ; to  excite.  Johnson. 

EX-A£-ER-BA'TION,  n.  [It.  esn cerbazione  ; Sp. 
exacerbacion ; Fr.  exacerbation.] 


1.  The  act  of  exacerbating  ; exasperation ; 
provocation. 

St.  Paul  expressed  that  sense  in  a sharper  strain  of  indig- 
nation than  Tully  could  do  against  Antony,  when,  on  the 
same  exacerbation,  he  brake  out  iuto  that  stout  piece  of  elo- 
quence, **  Quid  putem,”  &c.  Hammond. 

2.  (Med.)  Increase  in  the  symptoms  of  a dis- 
ease ; a paroxysm.  Dunglison. 

E?-A9-ER-BES'CENCE,  n.  Exacerbation.  Smart. 

f E-X-AE-ER-VA'TION,  n.  [L.  accrvus,  a heap.] 
The  act  of  heaping  up.  Bailey. 

EX-Ag'!-NATE,  v.  a.  [L.  ex,  out  of,  and  acinus, 
a kernel.]  To  take  out  the  kernel  of.  Craig. 

E^-AE-I-nA'TION,  n.  Act  of  excinating  or  tak- 
ing out  the  kernel.  Craig. 

EJC-ACT'  (egz-akt'),  a.  [L.  exaclus ; It.  esutlo; 
Sp.  exacto-,  Fr.  exact.] 

1.  Not  deviating  from  rule;  methodical; 
scrupulously  careful;  nice;  strict;  punctual; 
honest ; as,  “A  man  exact  in  his  dealings.” 

2.  Precise;  accurate;  true;  as,  “The  exact 
sum  ” ; “ The  exact  time.” 

Syn. — See  Accurate,  Formal,  Methodi- 
cal, Strict. 

EX-ACT'  (egz-akt'),  v.  a.  [L.  exigo,  exactus ; ex, 
from,  and  ago,  to  drive  ; It.  esigere  ; Sp.  exiger; 
Fr.  exigir .]  [i.  exacted  ; pp.  exacting,  ex- 

acted.] 

1.  To  require  authoritatively;  to  extort. 

Jclioiakim  exacted  the  silver  and  the  gold  of  the  people. 

2 Kings  xxiii.  35. 

2.  To  demand  of  right;  to  claim. 

Years  of  service  past. 

From  grateful  souls  exact  reward  at  last.  Dryden. 

3.  To  enjoin ; to  enforce  ; to  compel. 

For  the  hour  precise 

Exacts  our  parting  hence.  Milton. 

Syn.  — To  exact  implies  the  exercise  of  force  or 
authority  ; to  extort,  the  severe  exercise  of  unusual 
force  or  violence.  lie  exacted  obedience,  extorted  con- 
fession, and  demanded  payment.  — See  Accurate, 
Formal,  Methodical,  Strict. 

5^-ACT'  (egz-akt'),  v.  n.  To  practise  extortion. 

The  enemy  shall  not  exact  upon  him.  Ps.  lxxxix.  22. 

EJC-ACT'JSR,  n.  See  Exactor. 

E^-Ac'TION  (egz-ak'sliun),  n.  [L.  exaction  It. 
esazione  ; Sp.  exaction  ; Fr.  exaction.'] 

1.  The  act  of  exacting  or  of  demanding  au- 
thoritatively ; extortion  ; unjust  demand. 

Remove  violence  and  spoil;  take  away  your  exaction* 
from  my  people.  Ezek.  xlv.  D. 

2.  That  which  is  exacted  ; a severe  tribute. 
Who  pay  an  unreasonable  exaction  at  every  ferry.  Addison. 

E^-Ac'TI-TUDE,  n.  Exactness;  nicety,  [n.]  Scott. 

EX-ACT'Ly,  ad.  In  an  exact  manner  ; accurate- 
ly ; correctly ; precisely. 

EJC-ACT'NESS,  n.  1.  The  quality  of  being  ex- 
act ; accuracy  ; nicety  ; strict  carefulness. 

The  experiments  were  made  with  the  utmost  exactness. 

Woodward. 

2.  Strictness  of  manners  ; regularity  of  con- 
duct; scrupulousness. 

They  think  that  their  exactness  in  one  duty  will  atone  for 
their  neglect  of  another.  Rogers. 

E-^-ACT'OR,  n.  [L.]  One  who  exacts,  demands, 
or  extorts.  Bacon. 

EJf-Ac'TRESS,  n.  She  who  exacts.  B.  Jonson. 

t E?-Ac'y-ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  exacuo,  exacutus  ; acu- 
tus,  sharp.]  To  sharpen;  to  whet.  B.  Jonson. 

t E^-AC-U-A'TION,  n.  A sharpening.  Cockeram. 

E%.'A-CirM,n.  [L.  exacon,  centaury;  ex,  from, 
and  ago,  to  drive ; — from  its  supposed  virtue  in 
expelling  poison.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants  of 
which  one  species,  Exacum  spicatum,  growing  in 
South  America,  is  used  in  medicine.  Dunglison. 

EX-JER  'E-SlS  (eks-er'e-sls),  n.  [Gr.  fuipitn;,  a tak- 
ing away.]  (Surg.)  The  part  of  surgery  that  re- 
lates to  the  removal  of  parts  of  the  body.  Braude. 

E^'-A^'^EF-ATE  (egz-Sj 'er-at),  v.  a.  [L .exaggero, 
exaggeratus  ; agger,  a heap  ; It.  esagerarc ; Sp. 
exagerar ; Fr.  exagtrer.]  [«.  exaggerated  ; 
pp.  exaggerating,  exaggerated.] 

1.  f To  heap  up ; to  pile. 

Oaks  and  firs  covered  by  the  waters  and  moorish  earth 
exaggerated  upon  them.  Hale. 

2.  To  heighten  by  representation ; to  state 
too  high ; to  overstate  ; to  amplify  or  enlarge 
beyond  the  truth  ; to  overstrain. 

A friend  exaggerates  a man’s  virtues.  Addison. 

3.  To  depict  or  delineate  extravagantly ; as, 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  E,  l,  9,  V,  Y.  obscure;  FARE,  fAr,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


EXAGGERATED 


511 


EXAU  CTORATION 


“ To  exaggerate  particular  features  in  a portrait 
or  a statue.”  \ 

$.y-A£'<?JJR-AT-ED,  p.  a.  Heightened;  over- 
stated ; increased  too  much;  as,  “An  exagger- 
ated account.” 

E£-A</-£l?R-A'TrQN  (egz-aj-er-a'shun),  n.  [L.  ex- 
aggerate ; It.  esagerazione ; Sp.  exageracion  ; 
Fr.  exageration.] 

1.  Act  of  exaggerating ; a heaping  up  ; , an  ac- 
cumulation. “ By  exaggeration  of  sand.’  llale . 

2.  Extravagant  statement ; hyperbolical  am- 

plification ; an  hyperbole.  “ An  exaggeration 
of  their  wickedness.”  Cowley. 

EY-AG'GER-A-TIVE,  a.  [It.  esagerativo  ; Sp.  ex- 

' agerativo  ; Fr.  exageratif.]  That  exaggerates  ; 
having  the  power  or  the  tendency  to  exagger- 
ate. “ Exaggerative  language.”  Geddes. 

E^-A<F<?F,R-A-TO-RY,  a.  Tending  to  exaggerate. 
“ Exaggeratory  declamation.”  Johnson. 

t E?-A<F!-TATE,  v.  a.  [L.  exagito,  exagitatus.] 

1.  To  stir  up  ; to  agitate;  to  shake.  “ Warm 

air  exagitates  the  blood.”  Arbuthnot. 

2.  To  reproach;  to  pursue  with  invectives. 
This  their  defect  I had  rather  lament  than  exagitale.  Hooker. 

f JgX-AG-I-TA'TION,  n.  Agitation.  Bailey. 

E$-AL-BU'MI-NO0s,  a.  [L.  ex,  priv.,  and.  albu- 
men, the  white  of  an  egg.]  ( Bot .)  Applied  to 
seeds  which  have  no  distinct  albumen.  Henslow. 

f,X- ALT'  (egz-alt'),  v.  a.  [L.  exalto  ; ex,  from, 
used  intensively,  and  altus,  high  ; It.  essaltare ; 
Sp.  exaltar ; Fr.  exalt  er.]  [t.  exalted  ; pp. 

EXALTING,  EXALTED.] 

1.  To  raise  on  high  ; to  upheave  ; to  lift  up  ; 
to  heighten  ; to  erect. 

I have  seen 

The  ambitious  ocean  swell,  and  rage,  and  foam, 

To  be  exalted  with  the  threatening  clouds.  Shak. 

2.  To  elevate  to  power,  wealth,  or  dignity. 

J Exalt  him  that  is  low,  and  abase  him  that  is  high. 

Ezek.  xxi.  2G. 

3.  To  fill  with  exultation,  joy,  or  confidence. 

IIow  much  soever  the  king’s  friends  were  dejected,  they 

who  thought  they  got  whatsoever  he  lost  were  mightily 
exalted.  JJnjden. 

4.  To  praise  ; to  extol ; to  magnify. 

0.  magnify  the  Lord  with  me;  let  us  exalt  his  name  to- 
gether. Ps.  xxxiv,.  3. 

5.  ( Cliem .)  To  raise  to  a higher  degree  of 
virtue  or  purity  ; to  refine  by  fire. 

With  chemic  art  exalts  the  mineral  powers, 

And  draws  the  aromatic  souls  of  flowers.  Pope. 

Syn.  — See  Lift. 

E^-AL-tA'  DO,  n. ; pi.  ev-al-Ta' do$.  [Sp.,  or- 
altcd.}  A term  applied  to  the  liberal  or  radical 
political  party  in  Spain.  Braude. 

EX-AL-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  cxaltatio ; It.  esalta- 

zione ; Sp . exaltacion  \ Fr.  exaltation.] 

1.  The  act  of  exalting  or  raising. 

2.  State  of  being  exalted  ; elevation  ; dignity. 

I wondered  at  my  flight,  and  change 

To  this  high  exaltation.  Milton. 

3.  ( Chem .)  The  act  of  purifying  or  refining  ; 

subtilization.  Quincy. 

4.  ( Astrol .)  The  dignity  of  a planet  in  which 
its  powers  are  increased. 

Astrologers  tell  us  that  the  sun  receives  his  exaltation  in 
the  sign  Aries.  JDi'yden. 

JjJX-ALT'IJD  (egz-Silt'ed),  p.  a.  Elevated  ; raised 
high  ; lofty  ; as,  “ An  exalted  station.” 

EX-ALT'IJD-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  exalted 
or  raised.  Gray. 

5^-ALT'ER  (egz-alt'er),  n.  One  who  exalts.  Donne. 

5^-A'MlJN  [egz-a'men,  S.  IV.  Sm.  ; egz-am'en,  P. 
K.],n.  [L.]  Examination;  a scrutiny ; inquiry. 
“ After  so  fair  an  examen.”  [r.]  Burke. 

55-AM'I-NA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  examined  or 
investigated.  Blackstone. 

f £.1C-AM'!-NANT,  n.  A person  examined;  an 
exanimate  ; a witness.  Prideaux. 

UJl-AM'I-NATE,  n.  A person  examined  ; a wit- 
ness. [r.]  Bacon. 

E X - A M - r - N A ' TI O N , n.  [L.  examinatio ; It.  esami- 
nazione  ; Sp.  examinacion .] 

1.  The  act  of  examining  ; careful  observation 
or  inspection  ; as,  “To  make  an  examination  of 
merchandise,  of  lands,  or  of  a house.” 

2.  Close  inquiry  into  facts  by  interrogation, 
as  into  the  qualifications  of  students,  or  the 
knowledge  of  witnesses  in  a trial  at  law. 


3.  Scrutiny  by  study  or  experiment ; search  ; 
research ; investigation. 

Nothing  that  is  self-evident  can  be  the  proper  subject  of 
examination.  South. 

Syn.  — Examination  is  a general  term,  and  is  made 
in  order  to  form  a judgment ; a search  is  made  to  find 
something  or  ascertain  a fact ; an  inquiry,  to  get  in- 
formation. A research  is  a careful  inquiry  ; ait  inves- 
tigation, a minute  inquiry  ; a scrutiny,  a strict  exami- 
nation. The  examination  of  a witness,  of  a person 
suspected  or  accused,  of  a student,  or  a candidate, 
t JJX-AM'I-nA-TOR,  n.  [L.]  An  examiner.  Browne. 
IJ^-AM'INE  (egz-am'in),  v.  a.  [L.  examino  ; eya- 
men,  the  tongue  of  a balance ; It.  essaminare ; 
Sp.  examinar  ; Fr.  examiner .]  [£.  examined  ; 

pp.  EXAMINING,  EXAMINED.] 

1.  To  inspect  or  observe  carefully  ; as,  “ To 
examine  an  article  one  is  about  to  purchase.” 

2.  To  interrogate  as  a witness  or  as  a student ; 
to  put  questions  to ; to  try  by  question. 

Mine  answer  to  them  that  do  examine  me  is  this.  1 Cor.  ix.  3. 

3.  To  search  into  ; to  inquire  about ; to  scru- 
tinize ; to  investigate  ; to  discuss. 

When  I began  to  examine  the  extent  and  certainty  of  our 
knowledge,  I found  it  had  a near  connection  with  words. 

Locke. 

Syn.  — See  Discuss,  Search. 

E^-AM-I-NEE',  n.  One  who  is  examined.  Bristed. 

f.X-AM'I-N?R,  n.  1.  One  who  examines  or  scru- 
tinizes ; an  investigator  ; an  inquirer.  “A  very 
scrupulous  examiner  of  things.”  Newton. 

2.  One  who  examines  another  as  a witness. 

“ A crafty  examiner  will  make  a witness  speak 
what  he  truly  never  meant.”  Hale. 

3.  (Law.)  An  officer  of  the  court  of  chance- 
ry, before  whom  witnesses  are  examined,  their 
testimony  being  reduced  to  writing  that  it  may 
be  read  on  the  hearing  of  the  cause.  Burrill. 

E-Y-AM'IN-lNG,  p.  a.  That  examines  or  may  ex- 
amine ; making  examination  ; scrutinizing  ; as, 
“ An  examining  committee.” 
f JJJC-Am'I’LA-RY,  a.  Serving  for  example ; 

worthy  of  imitation  ; exemplary.  Hooker. 

5^-AM'PLE  (egz-Am'pl,  12),  n.  [L.  exemplum  ; It. 
esempio  ; Sp.  exemplo  ; Fr.  exemplc .] 

1.  That  which  is  proposed  as  a copy  ; a copy 
or  pattern ; a model  for  imitation  ; — applied 
chiefly  to  persons. 

Be  thou  an  example  of  the  believers.  1 Tim.  iv.  12. 

2.  A precedent  to  be  followed  or  avoided. 

For  I have  given  you  an  example , that  ye  should  do  as  I 

have  done  to  you.  John  xiii.  15. 

Lest  any  man  fall  after  the  same  cxamjde  of  unbelief. 

Jleb.  iv.  11. 

Where  he  [the  historian]  cannot  give  patterns  to  imitate, 
he  must  give  examples  to  deter.  Junius. 

3.  A precedent,  as  of  punishment,  for  the  ad- 
monition of  others. 

Sodom  and  Gomorrah  are  set  forth  for  an  example.  Jude  7. 

4.  A particular  case  illustrating  a general 
rule  ; an  instance  ; an  exemplification. 

It  is  to  pretend  that  I have  made  examples  to  his  rules. 

Dryden. 

Syn.  — Example  and  pattern  are  botli  used  to  denote 
that  which  ought  to  be  followed.  Example  serves  as 
a guide  to  the  judgment,  and  it  comprehends  what  is 
to  be  either  followed  or  avoided;  pattern,  only  that 
which  is  to  be  followed  or  copied,  and  it  shows  how 
a thing  is  to  be  done.  Copy  a pattern  ; follow  a good 
example  ; set  a good  example.  — All  example  is  a person 
or  thing  ; an  instance  is  something  done.  An  example 
illustrates  a rule  ; an  instance  is  adduced  by  way  of 
evidence  or  proof.  In  literature,  influenced  by  exam- 
ple-, in  law,  guided  by  precedent.  — See  Model. 

t B^-Am'PLE  (egz-im'pl),  v.  a.  1.  To  exemplify. 
“ Examplcd  in  those  late  wars.”  Spenser. 

2.  To  set  an  example  to.  “ I ’ll  example  you 
with  thievery.”  Shak. 

f JJJC-Am'PLE-LESS,  a-  Having  no  example  or 
pattern.  B.  Jonson. 

f JJ^-Am'PLIJR,  n.  A pattern  ; a sampler.  Fisher. 
EX-AN’ GI-A,  n.  [Gr.  Ik,  out,  and  ayytTov,  avessel.] 
(Med.)  An  enlargement  or  a rupture  of  a blood- 
vessel without  any  external  opening.  Dunglison. 
f JJX-AN'GUI-OUS,  a.  [L.  exsanguis .]  Bloodless. 

— See  Exsanguious.  Browne. 

F,  X - A N ' G C - L O U S , a.  [L.  ex,  priv.,  and  angulus, 
a corner.]  Having  no  corners.  Craig. 

1 13$-AN'!-MATE,  v.  a.  [L.  exanimo,  exanimatus-, 
ex,  priv.,  and  animus,  mind.] 

1.  To  amaze;  to  dishearten.  Huloet. 

2.  To  deprive  of  life;  to  kill.  Coles. 


E$-AnT-MATE,  a.  [L.  exanimus.\ 

1.  Deprived  of  life  ; lifeless  ; dead.  “ Car- 
casses exanimate.”  Spenser. 

2.  Spiritless  ; inanimate  ; depressed.  “ Pale 

wretch  exanimate  by  love.”  Thomson. 

UJ£-AN-I-MA'TI0N,  n-  [L .exanimatio.\  State  of 
being  exanimated  or  deprived  of  life  ; loss  of 

life  or  of  spirits.  Bailey. 

EX  AJT' 1-MO.  [L.,  from  the  mind.]  Sincerely; 

heartily  ; earnestly  ; zealously. 

f EX-An'I-MOUS,  a.  [L.  exanimis,  or  exanimus.] 
Lifeless ; dead.  Johnson. 

]J]C-AN'THA-LOSE,  n.  [Gr.  i^avOlui,  to  effloresce.] 
Native  sulphate  of  soda  occurring  as  an  efflores- 
cence on  certain  lavas  and  elsewhere.  Brande. 

E^-AN'THJgM,  n.  [Gr.  iiavOqpa ; Ik,  from,  and 
avdioj,  to  bloom.]  (Med.)  A rash  ; an  eruption 
on  the  skin.  Dunglison. 

EX-AN-  THE ' MA,  n. ; pi.  EX- A N- THEM' A- TA.  [Gr. 
i^mBypa,  a flower.]  (Med.)  Exanthem.  Brande. 

EX-AX-TIIK-MAT'IC,  a.  Eruptive.  Tooke. 

EX-AN-THEM-A-T6L'0-GY,  n-  [Gr.  ^avOi/para, 
eruptions,'  and  Idyos,  a discourse.]  (Med.)  A 
treatise  on  eruptive  fevers.  Rowbotham. 

EX-AN-THEM'A-TOUS,  a.  Pertaining  to  exan- 
thema ; pustulous ; eruptive.  Dunglison. 

EX-AN-THE'SIS,  n.  [Gr.  iZdvOr/eis.]  (Med.)  A 
cutaneous  efflorescence ; an  efflorescent  erup- 
tion on  the  skin.  — See  Enanthesis.  Brande. 

f BX-Ant'lAte,  v.  a.  [L . exantlo,  exantlatus .] 
To  draw  out ; to  exhaust.  Boyle. 

f EX-ANT-LA'TION,  n.  A drawing  out;  exhaus- 
tion. “ This  exantlation  of  truth.”  Browne. 

f EX'A-RATE,  v.  a.  [L.  exaro.]  To  plough;  to 
dig: — to  write  ; to  engrave.  Blount. 

f EX-A-RA'TION,  n.  [L.  exaratio.]  The  act  of 
ploughing  : — the  act  of  writing.  Bailey. 

EX 'ARCH  (eks'&rk),  n.  [Gr.  f|ap^of  ; L.  exarchvs; 
It.  esarca-,  Sp.  exarco-,  Fr.  exarque.]  A vice- 
roy ; a subordinate  ruler  ; a term  applied  in  the 
ancient  Eastern  Church  to  a superior  over  sever- 
al monasteries,  and  in  the  modem  Greek  Church 
to  a deputy  of  the  patriarch.  London  Ency. 

EX'AR-GHATE  [eks'?r-kat,  Ja.  K.  Todd ; eks-ar'- 
kat,  Wb.  Maunder],  n.  The  office  or  govern- 
ment of  an  exarch.  Bp.  Taylor. 

EY-AR'IL-LATE,  a.  [L.  ex.  priv.,  and  Eng.  aril.] 
(Bot.)  Noting  plants  or  parts  of  plants  which 
have  no  aril.  Craig. 

EX-AR-TlC-U-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  ex,  from,  and 
articulus,  a joint.]  Dislocation  of  a joint.  Bailey. 

£Y”As'P1!R-Ate,  v.  a.  [L.  exaspero,  exasperatus  ; 
asper,  rough  ; It.  esasperare ; Sp.  exasperar ; 
Fr.  exasperer.]  \i.  exasperated  ; pp.  exas- 
perating, EXASPERATED.] 

1.  To  make  angry;  to  incense;  to  enrage; 
to  provoke  ; to  excite  ; to  irritate ; to  vex. 

To  take  the  widow 

Exasperates,  makes  mad,  her  sister  Goneril.  Shak. 

2.  To  increase  the  malignity  of ; to  inflame. 

The  plaster  would  pen  the  humor,  and  so  exasperate  it. 

Bacon. 

3.  To  make  worse  ; to  aggravate ; to  imbitter. 
Many  have  studied  to  exasperate  the  ways  of  death.  Browne. 

f 5X-AS'P5R-ATE,  a.  Provoked;  exasperated. 
“ Why  art  thou  exasperate  f ” Shak. 

EY'As'PJgR-AT-lJD,  p.  a.  Made  angry  ; irritated. 

Syn. — See  Angry. 

BY‘As'PjpR-AT-ER,  n.  One  who  exasperates. 

EY-As-PJJR-A'TION,  n.  [L.  exasperatio  ; It.  esas- 
perazione;  Sp.  exasperation;  Fr  .exasperation.] 

1.  The  act  of  exasperating ; great  provoca- 
tion ; incitement  to  anger  ; irritation  ; vexation. 

A word  extorted  from  him  by  the  exasperation  of  his 
spirits.  South. 

2.  (Med.)  Increase  or  aggravation  in  the 
symptoms  of  a disease;  exacerbation. 

Judging,  as  of  patients  in  a fever,  by  the  exasperation  of 
the  fits.  Wotton. 

f EY-AuC'TO-RATE,  V'  b-  [l.  cxauctoro,  exattc- 
toratus.]  To  dismiss  from  service;  to  deprive 
of  a benefice.  Ayliffe. 

EY-AuC-TO-RA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  exaucto- 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  p,  9,  g,  soft ; C,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z ; ^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


EXAUGURATE 


EXCEPTIOUS 


512 


rating;  dismission  from  service  ; deprivation  of 
office  ; degradation  ; removal,  [r.]  Coleridge. 

+E?-AU'GL-rATE,  v.  a.  [L.  exauguro.]  To 
desecrate  ; to  profane.  Holland. 

t fiJf-AU-GU-RA'TIQN,  n.  Desecration.  Holland. 

t E^-AU'THO-RATE,  v.  a.  To  dismiss  from  of- 
fice or  service;  to  exauctorate.  Bp.  Taylor. 

t jp.y-AU-THO-RA'TION,  n.  Deprivation  of  office  ; 
exauctoration.  Bp.  Hall. 

f p.X-AU'THOR-IZE,  v.  a.  [L.  ex,  priv.,  and  Eng. 
authorize .]  ’ To  deprive  of  authority.  Selden. 

EX-cAL'CE-ATE,  v. a.  [L.  excttlceo,  excalceatus  ; 
ex,  priv.,  and  calceus,  a shoe.]  To  divest  or 
deprive  of  shoes,  [r.]  Chambers. 

EX-CAL'CE-AT-ED,^.  a.  Deprived  of  shoes  ; un- 
shod ; barefooted.  Clarke. 

EX-CAL-CE-A'TIQNj  n.  The  act  of  excalceating 
or  depriving  of  shoes,  [r.]  Chambers. 

t EX-CAL-FAa'TION,  n.  [L.  excalf  actio. ~]  Act 
of  heating  or  warming.  Blount. 

fEX-CAL-FAc'TIVE,  a.  Heating;  warming. 

Cotgrave. 

j-  EX-CAL-FAC’TO-RY,  a.  Heating;  warming. 
“A  special  excalfactorg  virtue.”  Holland. 

EX-CAN-DES'OENCE,  ) n-  [J,.  excandescentia ; 

EX-CAN-DES'CEN-CY,  ) excandesco,  excandes- 
cens,  to  take  fire,  to"  glow.] 

1.  State  of  growing  hot ; a glowing  or  white 

heat.  Bailey. 

2.  State  of  growing  angry  ; anger.  Blount. 

EX-CAN-DES’CENT,  a.  Very  hot ; white  with 
heat.  Ure. 

EX-CAN-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  excanto,  excantatus, 
to  charm  forth;  ex,  priv.,  and  canto,  to  use 
charms.]  Disenchantment,  [u.]  Gayton. 

EX-CXR'NATE,  v.  a.  [L.  ex,  priv.,  and  earn,  car- 
nis,  flesh.]  To  clear  from  flesh.  Sir  IV.  Petty. 

EX-CAR'NATE,  a.  Divested  of  flesh.  Sears. 

EX-CAR-NA'TION,  n.  [Fr.  excarnation .] 

1.  ( Anat .)  The  process  of  isolating  the  blood- 
vessels, after  injection,  from  the  parts  among 
which  they  are  inserted. 

2.  The  act  of  excarnating,  or  the  state  of 
being  excarnated,  or  divested  of  flesh. 

The  apostles  mean  by  the  resurrection  of  Christ  the  e.r- 
carnation  of  the  Son  of  man,  and  the  consequent  emergence 
out  of  natural  conditions  to  his  place  of  power  on  high.  Scars. 

EX-CAR'NI-FI-cAte,  v.  a.  [L.  excarnifico,  excar- 
nifeatus , to  tear  the  flesh  to  pieces.}  To  clear 
from  flesh  ; to  excarnate.  More. 

EX-CAR-NRFI-CAT'ING,  p.  a.  Clearing  from 
flesh;  excarnating. 

EX-CAR-Nt-FJ-CA  TIOX,  n.  The  act  of  clearing 
from  flesh ; excarnation.  Johnson. 

EX  CA-THE' DRA  [-k?-the'dr?,  K.  Sm.  Ash, 
Crabb,  Maunder  ; -kath'e-dra,  \Vb.  Brande\.  [L., 
from  the  chair.]  From  the  bench  ; from  high 
authority  ; — originally  applied  to  decisions  ren- 
dered by  prelates,  chiefly  popes,  from  their  cathe- 
dra, or  chair ; i.  e.  in  a solemn,  judicial  manner. 

epjp  This  phrase,  in  English,  is  almost  always  pro- 
nounced with  the  accent  on  the  penult.  In  Latin,  the 
e in  cathedra  is  either  short  or  long,  the  word  being 
pronounced  cath'e-dra  or  ca-the'dr?. 

II  EX’CA-VATE,  or  EX-CA'VATE  [eks-ka'vat,  S. 
IV.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  K. ; eks'kti-vat,  Sm.  C.  Wb.  Rees, 
Maunder ; eks'k?-vat  or  eks-ka'vat,  F.  R.],  v.  a. 
[L.  excavo,  cxcavatus ; ex,  from,  used  intensive- 
ly, and  cavo,  to  hollow  out;  cavus,  hollow;  It. 
scavare ; Sp.  excavar ; Fr.  excaver.]  [i.  exca- 
vated; pp.  excavating,  excavated.]  To 
hollow;  to  cut  into  hollows  or  cavities.  “The 
excavated  soil.”  Blackmore. 

||  EX'CA-vAt-ED,  p.  a.  Made  hollow;  cut  in 
hollows. 

EX-CA-VA'TION,  n.  [L.  excavatio ; It.  escava- 
zione  ; Sp.  excavation ; Fr  .excavation.] 

1.  The  act  of  excavating  “ By  the  excava- 
tion of  certain  tracts  of  the  earth.”  Hale. 

2.  A hollow  cavity.  “ Pope’s  excavation  was 
requisite  as  an  entrance  to  his  garden.”  Johnson. 

EX'CA-VA-TOR,  n.  1.  One  who  excavates  or 
hollows ; a digger.  Todd. 


2.  A machine  for  excavating  or  removing 
earth. 

f EX-CAVE',  v.  a.  [L.  excavo  ; cavus,  hollow.]  To 
hollow;  to  excavate.  Cockeram. 

f EX-CE'CATE,  v.  a.  [L.  excaco,  exccccatus  ; cro- 
cus, blind.]  To  make  blind.  Cockeram. 

f EX-C’E-CA'TION,  n.  Blindness.  Bp.  Richardson. 

E-X-CE'DENT,  n.  Excess;  superfluity,  [it.]  Craig. 

EX-CEED',  v.  a.  [L.  excedo ; ex,  from,  and  cedo, 
to  go;  It.  eccedere ; Sp.  exceder;  Fr.  exceder.] 
[t.  EXCEEDED  ; pp.  EXCEEDING,  EXCEEDED.] 

1.  To  go  or  pass  beyond ; to  outgo ; to  tran- 

scend. “ It  exceeds  the  power  of  human  under- 
standing.” Law. 

2.  To  excel ; to  surpass  ; to  outdo. 

King  Solomon  exceeded  all  the  kings  of  the  earth  for  riches 
and  for  wisdom.  1 Kings  x.  23. 

Syn.  — Exceed  conveys  no  idea  of  moral  desert, 
and  is  commonly  applied  to  things;  excel  is  always, 
and  surpass  is  commonly,  used  in  a good  sense.  Per- 

sons and  things  surpass ; persons  excel.  One  person 
excels  or  surpasses  another  ; one  thing  exceeds  or  sur- 
passes another.  Transcend  is  commonly  applied  to 
the  state  of  things  ; outdo , to  the  exertions  of  persons. 
One  is  said  to  excel  only  in  that  which  is  good  ; one 
outdoes  in  that  which  is  cither  good  or  bad. 

EX-CEED',  v.  7i.  1.  To  go  too  far  ; to  surpass  the 

bounds  ; to  transgress  the  limits. 

Forty  stripes  ye  may  give  him,  and  not  exceed.  Deut.  xxv.  3. 

2.  To  be  in  the  greater  proportion. 

Justice  must  punish  the  rebellious  deed, 

Yet  punish  so  as  pity  shall  exceed.  Dryden. 

f ]>X-CEED'A-I1LE,  That  may  exceed  or  sur- 
pass. Sherwood. 

EX-CEED'jJR,  7i.  One  who  exceeds.  Mountagu. 

EX-CEED'ING,  7i.  That  which  passes  the  usual 
limits  ; deviation  from  rule.  Addison. 

There  has  been  a great  exceeding  [in  granting  brevets]  of 
late  years  in  the  seeond  division.  Addison. 

E-X-CEED'ING,  p.  a.  Great  in  quantity,  extent,  or 
duration  ; very  large.  “ An  exceeding  space  of 
time  before  the  flood.”  Raleigh. 

EX-CEED'ING,  ad.  Eminently  ; very  ; exceeding- 
ly. “ Exceeding  short.”  Addison. 

EX-CEED'JNG-LY,  ad.  To  a great  degree  ; very 
much ; greatly. 

t EX-CEED' I NG-N ESS,  it.  The  quality  of  exceed- 
ing ; greatness  in  quantity  or  extent.  Sherwood. 

EX-CEL',  v.  a.  [L.  excello  ; It.  eccellcrc  ; Fr.  ex- 
cel kr.]  [i.  EXCELLED  ; pp.  EXCELLING,  EX- 
CELLED.] 

1.  To  outdo  in  good  qualities  ; to  surpass. 

Then  I saw  that  wisdom  excelleth  folly  as  far  as  light  ex- 

celleth  darkness.  Ecclcs.  ii.  13. 

2.  To  go  beyond  ; to  exceed  ; to  transcend. 

She  opened; 

But  to  shut  excelled  her  power.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Exceed. 

EX-CEL',  v.  n.  To  have  good  qualities  in  a great 
degree  ; to  be  eminent  or*superior. 

Let  those  teach  others  who  themselves  excel.  rope. 

EX'CEL-LENCE,  n.  [L.  cxcellcntia  ; It.  cxccllen- 
za;  Sp.  cxcelencia  ; Fr.  excellence.] 

1.  The  quality  of  excelling;  superiority  in  dig- 
nity or  in  the  scale  of  existence  ; preeminence. 

Of  things  above  this  world,  nn<l  of  their  being 
Who  dwell  in  heaven,  whose  excellence  he  saw 
Transcend  his  own  so  far.  Milton. 

2.  The  state  of  excelling  in  any  thing. 

Excellence  is  never  granted  to  man  but  as  the  reward  of 

labor.  Sir  J.  Reynolds. 

3.  That  in  which  one  excels;  good  quality. 

The  criticisms  have  been  rather  to  discover  beauties  and 

excellences  than  faults  and  imperfections.  Addison. 

4.  Goodness  ; purity  ; virtue. 

She  loves  him  with  that  excellence 

That  angels  love  good  men  with.  Shale. 

5.  f A title  of  honor  ; excellency. 

They  humbly  sue  unto  your  excellence.  Shah. 

Syn.  — Excellence  is  an  absolute  term  ; superiority, 
a relative  one.  Excellence  of  ciiaracter  ; superiority  of 
condition  or  rank.  Excellence  of  disposition  ; dignity 
of  behavior;  purity  of  intention;  goodness  of  heart; 
great  moral  worth.  — Excellence  is  used  in  a general 
sense;  excellency  is  now  commonly  applied  as  a title 
to  a person  holding  some  high  office,  as  a governor  or 
a foreign  ambassador See  Virtue. 

EX'CEL-LEN-Cy,  n.  1.  Excellence.  “An  excel- 
lency in  music.”  Locke. 

2.  A title  of  honor,  as  of  governors  and  am- 


bassadors; as,  “The  Governor  of  Massachu- 
setts is  styled  ‘His  Excellency.’" 

Syn.  — See  Excellence. 

EX'CEL-LENT,  a.  [L.  excellens  ; It.  eccellente ; 
Sp.  ex celente  ; F r.  excellent.] 

1.  Having  great  virtue,  worth,  or  dignity ; 

good  ; virtuous  ; worthy  ; useful.  Coxcper. 

2.  Eminent  in  any  good  quality  ; superior. 

lie  is  excellent  in  power  and  in  judgment.  Job  xxxvii.  23. 

3.  f Surpassing  ; extreme.  “ That  excellent 
grand  tyrant.”  Shah.  “ Excellent  pain.”  Taylor. 

EX'CEL-LENT-LY,  ad.  1.  AVith  excellence  ; with 
eminence  in  any  good  quality  ; very  well. 

2.  In  a high  degree  ; surpassingly  ; extreme- 
ly. “ One  giant  vice  so  excellently  ill.”  Pope. 

E-X-CEL'LING,  p.  a.  Surpassing  in  excellence; 
transcending.  Shah. 

EX-CEL 'SI- OR,  a.  [L.]  More  lofty.  Longfellow. 

EX-CEN'TRAL,  a.  ( Rot .)  Out  of  the  centre.  Craig. 

EX-CEN'TRIC,  a.  See  Eccentric. 

EX-CEN-TRlg'j-TY,  n.  See  Eccentricity. 

EX-CEPT',  v.  a.  [L.  excipio,  exceptus  ; ex,  from, 
and  capio,  to  take  ; It.  eccettuare  ; Sp.  ecceptuar  ; 
Fr.  exccptcr.]  [i.  excepted  ; pp.  excepting, 
excepted.]  To  leave  out  specifically  ; to  ex- 
clude ; to  reject.  “ The  excepted  tree.”  Milton. 

EX-CEPT',  v.  n.  To  make  objection  ; to  object ; 
— usually  followed  by  to,  rarely  by  against. 

Which  our  author  could  not  except  against.  Locke. 

EX-CEPT',  prep.  Exclusively  of ; without  in- 
cluding ; excepting. 

I could  see  nothing  except  the  sky.  Swift. 

t EX-CEPT',  conj.  If  it  be  not  that ; unless. 

Excrj/t  the  Lord  build  the  house,  they  labor  in  vain  that 
build  it.  l‘s.  cxxvii.  1. 

EX-CEPT'ANT,  a.  Implying  exception.  Ld.  Ehlon. 

EX-CEPT'ING,  prep.  With  exception  of ; exclud- 
ing ; except. 

Excepting  none  but  good  Duke  Humphrey.  Shah. 

EX-CEP'TION,  n.  [L.  exceptio  ; It.  ccccpsione  ; Sp. 
excepcion;  Fr.  exception.] 

1.  The  act  of  excepting,  or  the  state  of  being 
excepted;  exclusion. 

They  judged  P.  Scipio  the  very  best  man,  without  excep- 
tion, in  the  whole  city.  Holland. 

2.  That  which  is  excepted ; as,  “ There  arc 
exceptions  to  all  rules.” 

Such  rare  exceptions , shining  in  the  dark, 

Prove,  rather  than  impeach,  the  just  remark.  Coxcper. 

3.  Objection  ; cavil ; — with  to,  or  against. 

I will  answer  what  exceptions  they  can  have  against  our 
account.  Bentley. 

4.  Offence;  — with  to:  — rarely  with  at  or 
against ; as,  “ To  take  exception  to  something 
said.” 

5.  ( Law .)  In  the  Roman  law,  a stop  or  stay 

to  an  action,  answering  to  the  defence  or  plea 
of  the  common  law: — in  modern  civil  law, 
any  objection  of  a defendant,  by  which  he 
alleges  a new  fact  in  order  to  defend  himself 
against  the  action;  — in  early  common  law, 
the  defendant’s  answer  to  the  plaintiff’s  decla- 
ration ; — in  practice,  an  objection  in  writing 
taken  in  the  course  of  an  action,  as  to  bail  or 
security  put  in  by  one  of  the  parties,  to  an  opin- 
ion of  the  judge  expressed  on  the  trial  of  a 
cause,  or  to  a pleading  or  master’s  report  in 
chancery  ; — in  conveyancing,  a clause  in  a 
deed  by  which  the  grantor,  lessor,  &c.,  excepts 
something  out  of  that  which  he  has  before 
granted.  Burrill. 

Bill  of  exceptions,  a record  or  written  statement  of 
the  exceptions  taken  on  the  trial  of  a cause. 

EX-CEP'TION-A-BLE,  a.  Liable  to  exception ; 
objectionable. 

This  passage  I look  upon  to  be  the  most  exceptionable  in 
the  whole  poem.  Addison. 

EX-CEP'TION- A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  exceptionable.  Ash. 

EX-CEP'TION- A L,  a.  Relating  to,  or  implying, 
exceptions  ; exceptive.  Qu.  Rev. 

f EX-CEP'TION-ER,  n.  One  who  makes  excep- 
tions or  objections.  Milton. 

EX-CEP'TIOl’S  (ek-sep'shus),  a.  Peevish;  fro- 
ward  ; full  of  objections  ; captious,  [it.]  South. 

They  are  so  supercilious,  troublesome,  fierce,  and  excep- 
tions. South. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  0,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  E»  l.  9,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


EXCEPT10USNESS 


513 


EXCITEMENT 


PX-CEP’TIOLTS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
exceptions  ; peevishness.  “ A frovvard,  mali- 
cious exceptiousness.”  [r.]  Barrow. 

EX-CEP'TIVE,  a.  That  excepts;  including  an 
exception.  “ Exceptive  propositions.”  Watts. 

f EX-CEPT'LpSS,  a.  Making  no  exception.  “ Ex- 
ceptless  rashness.”  Shak. 

EX-CEPT'OR,  n.  [L.]  One  who  excepts.  Burnet. 

EX-OER-E-BRA'TION,  n.  [L.  excerebratus,  de- 
prived of  brains ; ex,  priv.,  and  cerebrum,  the 
brain.]  Act  of  beating  out  the  brains,  j Craig. 

E-X-CER'E-BROSE,  a.  [L.  ex,  from,  used  inten- 
sively, and  cerebrosus,  crazy.]  Having  no  brains, 
or  deficient  in  brains.  Craig. 

EX-CERN',  v.  a.  [L.  excerno  ; ex,  from,  and  cerno, 
to  separate.]  [i.  excerned  ; pp.  excerning, 
excerned.]  To  strain  out  through  the  pores; 
to  separate  by  excretion  : — to  strain. 

That  which  is  dead,  or  corrupted,  or  excerned.  Bacon. 

An  unguent  or  pap  prepared  with  an  open  vessel  to  ex- 
tern it  into.  Ray. 

f EX-CERP',  v.  a.  [L.  excerpo,  excerptus .]  To  pick 
out ; to  select.  “ In  your  reading  excerp  such 
things  as  you  like.”  Hales. 

EX-CiiRPT',  or  EX'CERPT  (114)  [ek-serpt',  Sm. 
R.  IVb. ; ek'serpt,  K.  Todd],  n.  ; pi.  excerpts. 
An  extract ; a passage  selected  from  an  author. 

Todd. 

EX-CERPT',  v.  a.  To  select ; to  extract.  “ Whence 
the  papers  I sent  were  excerpted.”  Bogle. 

His  own  words  I have  excei'pted.  Barnard. 

EX-CERP  ' Tfl,  n.pl.  [L.]  Things  picked  or  culled 
out ; selections  ; extracts  ; excerpts.  Hamilton. 

t EX-CERP'TION,  n.  • [L.  excerptio.] 

1.  The  act  of  gleaning  or  selecting.  Johnson. 

2.  That  which  is  selected  ; extract. 

Times  have  consumed  his  works,  saving  some  few  ex- 
cerptions. Raleigh. 

EX-CERP'TI  VE,  a.  Eclectic  ; choosing.  Mackenzie. 

EX-CERP'TOR,  n.  One  who  excerps  or  selects  ; 
a picker  or  culler,  [r.]  Barnard. 

EX-CESS',  n.  [L.  excesstts  ; It.  eccesso  ; Sp.  exce- 
so  ; Fr.  excls.  — See  Exceed.] 

1.  The  state  of  exceeding ; that  which  ex- 
ceeds any  measure  ; more  than  enough  ; super- 
fluity ; redundancy ; redundance. 

Desire  of  power  in  excess  caused  the  angels  to  fall;  the 
desire  of  knowledge  in  excess  caused  man  to  fall;  but  in 
charity  there  is  no  excess.  Bacon. 

2.  The  difference  between  unequal  things  ; as, 
“ The  excess  of  one  quantity  over  another.” 

3.  Transgression  of  due  limits ; intemperance ; 
extravagance. 

The  excesses  of  our  youth  are  draughts  upon  our  old  age, 
payable  with  interest.  Colton. 

Syn.  — Excess  in  eating  and  drinking  ; intemperance 
in  drinking;  extravagance  in  conduct  or  in  the  mode  of 
living;  superfluity  of  provisions,  wealth,  &c. ; redun- 
dancy of  words,  expressions,  &c. 

EX-CES'SIVE,  a.  [It.  cccessivo  ; Sp.  excesivo  ; Fr. 
excessif.]  That  exceeds  ; implying  excess ; be- 
yond due  bounds  ; immoderate  ; intemperate  ; 
extreme  ; vehement ; exceeding.  “ Excessive 
rigor.”  Knox.  “ Excessive  favor.”  Hayward. 

Syn.  — Excessive  is  applied  to  excess  in  general; 
immoderate  and  intemperate,  to  excess  in  moral  agents. 
Excessive  damages,  indulgence;  immoderate  grief; 
intemperate  language,  habits  ; extreme  measures  ; ve- 
hement passion.  Immoderate  desires  often  lead  to  ex- 
cessive indulgence. 

EX-CES'SIVE-Ly,  ad.  In  an  excessive  manner 
or  degree  ; immoderately  ; exceedingly. 

EX-CES'SIVE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  exces- 
sive, or  in  excess.  Sherwood. 

EX— ChAn'CEL-LOR,  n.  One  who  has  been  chan- 
cellor, but  who  is  no  longer  chancellor.  Clarke. 

EX-CHAN^E',  v.  a.  [Fr.  echanger .]  [t.  ex- 
changed; pp.  EXCHANGING,  EXCHANGED.] 

1.  To  give  or  quit,  as  one  thing  for  another  ; 
to  barter ; to  commute  ; to  change. 

Exchange  his  sheep  for  shells,  or  wool  for  a sparkling 
pebble.  Locke. 

2.  To  give  and  take  reciprocally  ; to  inter- 
change. 

Exchange  forgiveness  with  me,  noble  Hamlet.  Shak. 

Syn. — See  Change. 

EX-CHAN(}E',  v.  n.  To  pass  in  exchange.  “A  guin- 
ea should  exchange  for  21  shillings.”  A.  Smith. 


EX-CHANGE',  n.  [Fr.  ^change.]  1.  The  act  of 
exchanging  ; interchange  ; reciprocity  ; barter  ; 
traffic. 

The  whole  course  of  nature  is  a great  exchange,  in  which 
one  good  turn  is,  and  ought  to  be,  the  stated  price  of  another. 

South. 

2.  The  thing  given  or  received  in  return  for 
some  other  thing. 

The  respect  and  love  paid  you  by  all  was  a wise  exchange 
for  the  honors  of  the  court.  Drgden. 

3.  A place  where  merchants  meet  for  the 
transaction  of  business  ; — sometimes  contract- 
ed into  'Change. 

4.  (Com.)  The  method  of  adjusting  accounts 
or  paying  debts,  when  the  debtor  and  creditor 
are  distant  from  each  other,  by  means  of  an  or- 
der or  draft,  called  a bill  of  exchange,  so  as  to 
avoid  the  transmission  of  either  money  or  goods. 

ppff-  A,  of  Boston,  for  example,  wishing  to  pay  a 
debt  to  B,  of  London,  pays  an  equivalent  amount  to 
C,  of  Boston,  who  has  a debtor,  D,  in  London  ; and 
A receives  from  C an  order,  addressed  toD,  requesting 
him  to  pay  the  amount  to  B.  This  is  sent  in  a letter 
to  B,  who  presents  it  to  D for  acceptance  or  payment. 
Thus  the  debtor  in  one  place  is  substituted  for  the 
debtor  in  another,  and  two  accounts  may  be  adjusted 
at  the  same  time  by  the  simple  transmission  of  a letter. 

Par  of  exchange,  the  equivalency  of  a certain  amount 
of  the  currency  of  one  country  in  the  currency  of  an- 
other, the  currencies  of  both  being  of  the  precise 
weight  and  purity  fixed  by  their  respective  mints. 
Thus,  according  to  the  mint  regulations  of  England 
and  France,  £1  sterling  is  equal  to  25  francs,  20  cen- 
times, which  is  consequently  said  to  be  the  par  between 
London  and  Paris.  Exchange  is  made  to  diverge  from 
par,  either  by  depreciation  of  the  currency  in  either 
country  below  the  mint  standard,  or  by  the  difference 
in  tlie  amounts  of  indebtedness  between  one  country 
ami  another,  called  the  balance  of  trade,  which  affects 
the  relative  demand  for  hills  of  exchange  as  compared 
witii  their  supply. Arbitration  of  exchange,  a calcu- 

lation of  tile  exchanges  of  different  places  to  discover 
how  they  affect  the  pecuniary  result  of  mercantile 
transactions.  P.  Cyc. 

5.  ( Arith .)  A method  of  finding  the  value  of 

one  commodity  or  denomination  of  money  in 
the  terms  of  another.  Davies. 

6.  (Law.)  In  conveyancing,  a mutual  grant 

of  equal  interests  in  lands,  the  one  in  exchange 
or  consideration  for  the  other.  The  estates  must 
be  equal  in  quantity  of  interest,  as  fee  simple 
for  fee  simple,  a lease  for  twenty  years  for  a 
lease  of  twenty  years,  but  the  quantity  of  value 
is  immaterial.  Burrill. 

EX-CHAn^E- A-BlL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  or  state 
of  being  exchangeable.  Washington. 

EX-CHAN^rE'A-BLE,  a.  That  maybe  exchanged. 

By  setting  up  labor  as  a Standard  of  exchangeable  value. 

Brit.  Crit. 

EX-CHAN(tE'— BRO'KER,  n.  One  whose  business 
it  is  to  negotiate  foreign  bills  of  exchange,  for 
which  he  receives  a commission.  Simmonds. 

EX-CHAn<?'ER,  h.  A dealer  in  money ; a money- 
broker.  “ Thou  oughtest  to  have  put  my  money 
to  the  exchangers.”  Matt.  xxv.  27. 

EX-CHEAT',  n.  See  Escheat. 

EX-CHEAT'OR,  n.  See  Escheator. 

EX-CHECl'UER  (eks-chek'er),  n.  [Low  L.  scacca- 
rium,  from  It.  scacco,  a chess-board,  or  Ger. 
schatz,  a treasure  ; Norm.  Fr.  escliiquier .] 
(Law.)  An  English  court  of  record  consisting 
of  two  divisions,  one  of  which  exercises  juris- 
diction in  all  cases  relating  to  the  customs  and 
excise,  and  over  revenue  matters  generally  ; the 
other  is  a court  of  common-law,  for  the  admin- 
istration of  justice.  Burrill. 

RHP3  “ It  is  said  to  he  called  the  exchequer  from  the 
checked  cloth , resembling  a chess-board,  which  covers 
(or  once  covered)  the  table  there,  and  on  which,  when 
the  king’s  accounts  were  made  up,  the  sums  were 
marked  and  scored  with  counters.”  Burrill. 

EX-CHECl'UER  (eks-chek'er),  v.  a.  To  institute  a 
process  against  in  the  court  of  exchequer.  Pegge. 

EX-CHECl'UER— BILL,  n.  A hill  of  credit  issued 
from  the  exchequer,  by  the  authority  of  the 
British  Parliament.  Brande. 

RSr  Exchequer  bills  are  issued  for  various  sums  va- 
rying in  amount  from  £100  to  £1000.  The  advances 
of  the  Bank  of  England  to  the  government  are  made 
upon  them.  Not  being  liable  to  fluctuation,  and  being 
redeemable  at  par,  at  short  fixed  periods,  they  are 
much  in  request  by  bankers  and  capitalists,  and  com- 
monly command  a premium.  Brande. 


EX-CIDE',  v.  a.  [L.  excido .]  To  cut  off.  [it.] 

N.  Brit.  Rev. 

EX-ClP'1-ENT,  n.  An  exceptor,  [it.]  Everett. 

EX-Ci§'A-BLE,  a.  Liable  to  the  duty  of  excise  ; 
taxable.  “ Excisable  goods.”  Act  of  Pari.  Jacob. 

EX-CI§E'  (ek-siz'),  n.  [L.  excido,  excisus,  to  cut 
off;  Sp.  excisa-,  Fr.  excise.]  An  English  inland 
tax  levied  upon  various  commodities  of  home 
consumption  which  are  produced  within  the 
kingdom.  P.  Cyc. 

Syn.  — See  Tax. 

EX-Ci§E',  v.  a.  1.  To  levy,  as  an  excise  upon  a 
person  or  thing.  Pope. 

2.  To  impose  upon  ; to  overcharge.  Brockctt. 

EX-Cl§E'MAN,  n.  ; pi.  ex-cI§e'men.  An  officer 
who  inspects  and  rates  excisable  commodities. 
[England.]  Chambers. 

EX-CI''§ION  (eks-sizh'un,  93),  n.  [L.  excisio  ; ex, 
from,  and  ctrdo,  to  cut ; Fr.  excision .]  A cutting 
off ; extirpation ; destruction ; ruin.  Sir  T.  Elyot. 

Nations  that  have  filled  up  the  measure  of  iniquities,  and 
are  ripe  for  excision.  Atterbury. 

EX-Cl-TA-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [It.  cccitabilita  ; Sp.  ex- 
citabilidad  ; F r.  excitability .] 

1.  The  quality  of  being  excitable  ; the  faculty 

by  which  living  beings  take  cognizance  of  exter- 
nal stimuli ; capability  of  being  excited;  prone- 
ness to  excitement.  Todd. 

2.  (Med.)  The  faculty,  possessed  by  living 

beings,  of  being  sensible  to  the  action  of  exci- 
tants ;'  irritability.  Dunglison. 

EX-CI'TA-BLE,  a.  [L.  excitabilis  ; It.  eccitabile  ; 
Sp.  ^ Fr.  excitable. ] That  may  be  excited  ; easi- 
ly stirred  up,  or  stimulated. 

His  affections  were  most  quick  and  excitable  by  their  due 
objects.  Barrow. 

II  EX-Ci'TANT,  or  EX'CI-TANT  [ek-sl'tam,  K. 
Wb.  ; elc'se-tant,  Sm.],  n.  (Med.)  A medicine 
which  has  the  power  of  exciting  the  organic 
action  of  any  part ; a stimulant.  Dunglison. 

||  EX-CI'TANT,  a.  [It.  eccitante ; Fr.  excitant .] 
Tending  to  excite  ; exciting.  Clarke. 

tEX-CI'TATE,  v.  a.  To  stir  up  ; to  rouse.  Bacon. 

EX-CI-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  excitatio  ; It.  eccitazione  ; 
Sp.  excitacion  ; Fr.  excitation.]  The  act  of  ex- 
citing or  rousing.  Bacon.  Bp.  Hall. 

EX-C1'TA-TIVE,  a.  [Sp.  excitativo  ; Fr.  excitatif.] 
That  excites ; having  power  to  excite  ; excita- 
tory. “ Excitative  of  devotion.”  Barrow. 

EX-CI-TA ' TOR,  n.  [L.]  (Elec.)  An  instrument 
employed  to  discharge  a Leyden  jar,  or  other 
electrical  apparatus,  without  exposing  the  oper- 
ator to  the  consequences  of  the  shock.  Craig. 

EX-Cl'TA-TO-RY,  a.  Tending  to  excite;  stirring 
up ; excitative.  Smart. 

EX-CITE',  v.  a.  [L.  excito  ; ex,  from,  and  cito, 
to  call ; It,  eccitare  ; Sp.  excitar  ; Fr.  exciter .]  \i. 
EXCITED  ;pp.  EXCITING,  EXCITED.] 

1.  To  rouse  ; to  animate  ; to  stir  up  ; to  stim- 
ulate ; to  incite  ; to  encourage. 

That  kind  of  poesy  which  excites  to  virtue  the  greatest 
men.  Dnjden. 

2.  To  put  in  motion  ; to  awaken ; to  raise ; 

as,  “ To  excite  rebellion.”  Johnson. 

Syn.  — To  excite  is  applied  to  raising  or  stirring 
up  tlie  feelings,  which  were  dormant ; to  incite,  to 
urge  the  excited  feelings  into  action.  First  the  excite- 
ment ; then  tile  incitement,.  Excited  by  novelty  ; incited 
by  argument ; roused  by  a sense  of  danger  ; animated 
by  a prospect  of  good  ; provoked  to  laughter  by  that 
which  is  ludicrous,  or  to  anger  by  gross  offence.  Ex- 
cite a smile,  joy,  or  sorrow  ; provoke  laughter  or  anger. 
— See  Awaken. 

EX-CIT'ED,  p.  a.  Animated;  moved;  roused; 
stirred  up  ; as,  “ Excited  passions.” 

EX-CITE'MENT,  n.  [It.  eccitamento  ; Fr.  excite- 
ment.] 

1.  Act  of  exciting : — the  state  of  being  ex- 
cited; as,  “To  be  under  great  excitement.” 

2.  That  which  excites  ; motive.  “ Excitements 

to  the  field.”  Shak. 

3.  Sensation ; agitation ; commotion  ; as, 
“ The  news  caused  great  excitement." 

4.  (Med.)  Act  of  stimulating,  or  state  of  being 

stimulated,  to  increased  action.  Dunglison. 

Syn.  — See  Agitation,  Excite,  Movement. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  S6N  ; BULL,  BUR,  Rt)LE.  — 9,  9,  q,  g,  soft ; £,  6,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 
65 


EXCITER 

P-OlT'p,  ra.  He  who,  or  that  which,  excites; 
the  agent  or  cause  by  which  any  person  or  thing 
is  excited.  “ Hope  is  the  grand  exciter  of  indus- 
try.” Decay  of  Piety. 

EX-CIT'ING,  n.  Excitation  ; excitement.  Herbert. 

EX-ClT'ING,  p.  a.  Tending  to  excite  or  stir  up; 
animating ; as,  “ Exciting  scenes.” 

EX-C1T'JNG-LY,  ad.  So  as  to  excite. 

EX-CI'TJVE,  a.  Causing  excitement;  exciting. 
[r.]  Bamjield. 

EX-Cl'TJVE,  n.  That  which  excites,  [r.]  Clarke. 

EX-Cf-TO-MO'TO-RY,  «•  (Phys.)  Noting  those 
acts  or  actions  which  cause  motion  in  animal 
bodies  independent  of  volition,  such  as  sneez- 
ing, coughing,  yawning,  &c.  Brande. 

EX-CLAIM',  v.  n.  [L.  exclamo ; ex,  from,  used 
intensively,  and  clamo , to  cry  out ; It.  escla- 
mare ; Sp.  exclamar ; Fr.  exclamer.]  [t.  ex- 
claimed ; pp.  EXCLAIMING,  EXCLAIMED.] 

1.  To  cry  out  with  vehemence ; to  make  an 

outcry  ; to  vociferate  ; to  call  aloud ; to  shout. 
“ What  makes  you  thus  exclaim  t ” Shak. 

2.  To  utter  animadversion  or  censure  in  a 
boisterous  manner. 

The  most  insupportable  of  tyrants  exclaim  aeainst  the 
exercise  of  arbitrary  power.  Ip  Estrange. 

+ EX-CLAIM',  n.  Clamor;  outcry.  Shak. 

EX-CLAIM'ER,  n.  One  who  exclaims.  Atterbury. 

EX-CLA-M.A'TION,  n.  [L.  exclamatio  ; It.  cscla- 
mazivne  ; Sp.  exclamation  ; Fr.  exclamation.] 

1.  The  act  of  exclaiming  ; vehement  outcry  ; 
vociferation  ; clamor. 

Or  with  the  clamorous  report  of  war 

Thus  will  I drown  your  exclamations.  Shak. 

2.  Noisy  utterance  of  censure. 

The  ears  of  the  people  are  continually  beaten  with  excla- 
mations against  abuses  in  the  church.  Hooker. 

3.  ( Rhet .)  A sentence  of  passionate  import, 
or  passionately  uttered  ; eephonesis.  Sidney. 

4.  (Gram.)  The  mark  [!]  expressing  emo- 
tion, surprise,  or  wonder. 

EX-CLAM  A-TIvE,  a.  [It.  esclamativo  ; Sp.  ex- 
clamativo;  Fr . exclamatif]  Exclamatory;  ex- 
claiming. Ash. 

EX-CLAM'A-TIVE-LY,  ad.  With  exclamation; 
exclamatorily.  Smart. 

EX-CLAM'A-TO-RI-LY,  ad.  With  exclamation. 

EX-CLAM' A-TO-RY,  a.  [Sp.  exclamatorio .]  Ex- 
pressing or  containing  exclamation.  “ Exclam- 
atory words.”  South. 

EX-CLUDE',  v.  a.  [L.  excludo  ; ex,  from,  and 
clattdo , to  shut ; It.  escludere  ; Sp.  excluir  ; Fr. 
exclure .]  [i.  excluded  ; pp.  excluding,  ex- 

cluded.] 

1.  To  shut  out ; to  hinder  from  entrance. 

Bodies  do  each  singly  possess  its  proper  portion,  and 
thereby  exclwle  all  other  "bodies  from  that  space.  Locke. 

2.  To  debar  ; to  prohibit;  to  preclude. 

This  is  Dutch  partnership,  to  share  in  all  our  beneficial 
barguins,  and  exclude  us  wholly  from  theirs.  Swift. 

3.  To  expel ; to  eject,  as  from  the  womb  or 

an  egg.  Browne. 

EX-CLU'SION  (eks-klS'zhun,  93),  n.  [L.  exclusion 
It.  exclusione  ; Sp.  Fr.  exclusion. ] 

1.  The  act  of  excluding ; rejection.  “ The 

exclusion  of  the  air  doth  good.”  Bacon. 

2.  The  state  of  being  excluded  ; prohibition  ; 

preclusion.  “ He  preferred  limitations  to  an 
exclusion."  Burnet. 

3.  t Exception.  “ With  an  exclusion  that  he 

should  not  marry  her  himself.”  Bacon. 

4.  Ejection  or  emission,  as  of  young  from 

the  egg  or  the  womb.  Bay. 

5.  j-  Thing  emitted ; excretion.  Browne. 

EX-CLU'SJION-A-RY,  a.  That  excludes  ; tending 
to  exclude  or  debar  ; exclusive.  Ch.  Ob. 

EX-CLU'SION-ER,  n.  One  who  excludes.  Crabb. 

EX-CLtJ'§IQN-I§M,  n.  The  practice  or  the  prin- 
ciples of  an  exclusionist ; exclusive  principles  ; 
exclusiveism.  Ch.  Ob. 

EX-CLIT'SION-IST  (eks-klQ'zliun-tst),  n.  One  who 
excludes  or  debars  another  from  any  privilege. 

The  exelwrionists  had  a fair  prospect  of  success.  Fox. 


514 

EX-CLU'SjVE,  a.  [It.  esclusivo ; Sp.  exclusive  ; 
Fr.  cxclusif.) 

1.  Tending  to  exclude  ; excluding. 

They  obstacle  find  none 

Of  membrane,  joint,  or  limb,  exclusive  bars.  Milton. 

2.  Debarring  from  participation. 

In  Scripture  there  is  no  such  thing  as  an  heir  that  was,  by 
right  of  nature,  to  inherit  all,  exclusive  of  his  brethren.  Locke. 

3.  Not  comprehending;  excepting; — op- 
posed to  inclusive ; as,  “ The  retinue  consisted 
of  fifty  persons  exclusive  of  servants.” 

4.  Debarring  from  fellowship;  — illiberal; 
selfish  ; as,  “ An  exclusive  clique.” 

EX-CLU'SIVE,  n.  One  belonging  to  a coterie  of 
persons  who  exclude  others  from  their  society 
or  fellowship.  Smart. 

EX-CHJ'S1VE-I§M,  n.  Exclusiveness.  Museum. 

EX-CLU'SI  VE-LY,  ad.  In  an  exclusive  manner. 

EX-CI.U'SJVE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  ex- 


clusive ; — illiberality  ; selfishness.  Scott. 

EX-CLU'SO-RY,  a.  [L.  cxclusorius.]  Having 

power  to  exclude  ; exclusive.  Blount. 

f EX-COCT',  v.  a.  [L.  excoquo,  excoctus .]  To  boil ; 
to  make  by  boiling.  Bacon. 

EX-COC'TION,  n.  [L.  excoctio.]  The  act  of  ex- 
cocting  or  boiling.  Bacon. 


EX-CO(?'!-TAtE,  v.  a.  [L.  excogito,  excogitatus  ; 
It.  eseogitare  ; Sp.  cxcogitar.]  [V.  excogitated  ; 
pp.  EXCOGITATING,  EXCOGITATED.]  To  discov- 
er by  thinking ; to  cogitate  ; to  think  upon. 

He  must  first  think  and  excogitate  his  matter,  then  choose 
his  words.  B.  Jonson. 

EX-CO<?'I-TATE,  v.  n.  To  cogitate.  Bacon. 

EX-Cu^-l-TA'TrON,  n.  [L . excogitatio.]  The  act 
of  excogitating  ; invention  ; cogitation. 

The  labor  of  excogitation  is  too  violent  to  last  long.  Johnson. 

+ EX-COM-ML'NE',  v.  a.  To  exclude;  to  discom- 
mon ; to  excommunicate.  “ Poets  indeed  were 
excommuned  Plato’s  commonwealth.”  Gayton. 

EX-COM-MU'NJ-CA-BLE,  a.  Liable  to  be  excom- 
municated. Hooker. 

EX-COM-MU'NI-CATE,  v.  a.  [L.  excommunico, 
excommunicatus  ; ex,  priv.,  and  communico,  to 
communicate  ; It.  scomunicare  ; Fr.  excommu- 
nier.]  [i.  excommunicated  ; pp.  excommu- 
nicating, excommunicated.]  To  eject  from 
the  communion  of  the  church  by  an  ecclesiasti- 
cal censure  ; to  expel  from  fellowship.  “ What 
if  they  shall  excommunicate  me.”  Hammond. 

EX-COM-MU'NJ-CATE,  a.  Excommunicated. 

Thou  shall  stand  curst  and  excommunicate.  Shak. 

EX-COM-MU'NJ-CATE,  n.  One  who  is  excom- 
municated. Selden.  Carew. 

EX-COM-MU-NJ-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  excommunica- 
tio;  It.  scomunicazione ; Ft.  excommunication.] 
The  act  of  excommunicating ; the  removal, 
either  temporary  or  perpetual,  of  an  offending 
person  from  the  fellowship  of  the  church ; ex- 
clusion from  the  church ; an  ecclesiastical  in- 
terdict. Eden. 

EX-COM-MU'NJ-CA-TOR,  n.  One  who  excom- 
municates. Prynne. 

EX-CO M-MC'NI-C A-TO-RY,  a.  Relating  to  or 
causing  excommunication.  Brit.  Crit. 

f EX-COM-MUNTON,  n.  An  ecclesiastical  inter- 
dict ; excommunication.  Milton. 

EX  COJV-CES' SO.  [L.]  From  what  has  been 
granted  or  conceded.  Macdonnel. 

EX-CO'RI-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  excoriated  or 
flayed.  Browne. 

EX-CO'RI-ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  excorio,  excoriatus ; ex, 
from,  and  corium,  skin  ; It.  escoriare  ; Sp.  ex- 
coriar-,  Fr . excorier.]  [t.  excoriated  ; pp.  ex- 
coriating, excoriated.]  To  strip  the  skin 
from  ; to  skin  ; to  flay.  “ A looseness  excori- 
ates and  inflames  the  bowels.”  Arbuthnot. 

EX-CO-RJ-A'TION,  n.  [It . escoriazione;  Sp . esco- 
riacion  ; Fr.  excoriation.] 

1.  The  act  of  excoriating.  “ A little  before 

the  excoriation  of  Marsyas.”  Brewer. 

2.  The  state  of  being  excoriated ; loss  of 
skin  ; abrasion  of  the  cuticle. 


EXCRUCIATE 

A humor  necessary  for  defending  those  parts  from  ctco - 
riot, ous.  Arbuthnot. 

3.  The  act  of  stripping  of  possessions;  plun- 
der ; spoil ; robbery.  “ A pitiful  excoriation  of 
the  poorer  sort.”  Howell. 

f EX-COR'T!-cATE,  v.  a.  [L.  ex,  from,  and  cortex, 
bark.]  To  strip  the  bark  or  rind  from.  Blount. 

EX-COR-TJ-CA'TIQN,  n.  [Fr.  ex cortication.]  A 
pulling  off  of  the  bark  ; decortication.  Quincy. 

EX— COURT'IER  (-y?r),  n • One  who  has  ceased 
to  be  a courtier.  More. 

EX'CRE'A'hl.E,  a.  [L.  excreabilis ; excreo,  to  spit 
out.]  That  may  be  spit  out.  [r.]  Swift. 

t EX'CRE-A-BLY,  ad.  So  as  to  be  ejected.  Milton. 

EX'CRE-ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  excreo,  excreatus.]  To 
eject  or  spit  by  hawking,  [r.]  Cockeram. 

+ EX-CRE-A'TION,  n.  Act  of  excreating ; a 
retching  ; a spitting  out.  Cockeram. 

EX'CRE-MENT,  n.  1.  [L.  excrementum  ; exccrno, 
excretus,  to  separate  ; It.  escremento ; Sp.  excre- 
mento ; Fr.  excrement.]  That  which  is  excreted  ; 
whatever  is  evacuated  from  the  body  of  an  ani- 
mal as  superfluous,  as  fecal  matter,  urine,  per- 
spiration, nasal  mucus,  &c. ; — especially  the 
fecal  evacuations  ; dung;  fa?ces.  Dunglison. 

2.  [L.  excrementum,  an  excrescence ; excres- 
co,  to  grow  out ; ex,  from,  and  cresco,  to  grow.] 
That  which  grows  upon  the  body,  as  the  hair, 
beard,  &c. 

Why  is  Time  such  a niggard  of  hair,  being  as  it  is  60  plen- 
tiful an  excrement  ? Shak. 

EX-CRE-MENT'AL,  a.  [It . escrementale  \ Sp.  ex- 
cremental;  Fr.  excrementeux.]  Relating  to  ex- 
crement ; excrementitious.  Raleigh. 

EX-CRE-MEN-TI''TIAL,  a.  [Fr.  excrementitiel.] 
Containing,  or  resembling,  excrement ; excre- 
mentitious. “ Excrementitial  humors.” 

Dunglison. 

EX-CRE-MEN-TI”TrOrS  (eks-kre-men-tlsh'us),  a. 
Containing  excrement ; consisting  of  matter 
excreted  from  the  body  ; excrementitial.  “ Ex- 
crementitious humors.”  Harvey. 

EX-CRES'CENCE,  n.  [L.  excresco,  excrescens ; 
ex,  from,  and  cresco,  to  grow  ; It.  escresccnza  ; 
Sp.  excrescencia  ; Fr.  excroissance.]  That  which 
grows  unnaturally,  and  without  use,  out  of 
something  else  ; a preternatural  or  morbid  su- 
perfluity ; as,  “ An  excrescence  on  the  skin  ” ; 
“ An  excrescence  on  a plant.” 

*T  is  an  excrescence,  and  not  a living  part  of  poetry.  Dryden. 

EX-CRES'CEN-CY,  n.  Excrescence.  Addison. 

EX-CRES'CENT,  a.  Growing  out  of  something 
else  ; partaking  of  excrescence.  “ Lop  the  ex- 
crescent parts.”  Pope. 

EX-CRETE',  v.  a.  [L.  excerno,  excretus,  to  sep- 
arate ; Sp.  excretar.]  [i.  excreted  ; pp.  ex- 
creting, excreted.]  To  separate  and  throw 
off,  as  by  natural  passages ; to  pass  by  excre- 
tion; to  eject;  to  excern.  Paley. 

EX-CRE'TION,  n.  [L .excretio-,  It.  escrezione ; Sp. 
ex crecion;  Fr.  excretion.]  (Phys.  & Bot.) 

1.  The  process  of  excreting ; separation  or 

ejection  of  secretions  from  an  animal  or  a vege- 
table organism;  as,  “ Excretion  of  bile”;  “ Ex- 
cretion of  gum.”  Arbuthnot.  Henslow. 

2.  Thing  excreted.  “ The  moss  from  apple- 
trees  is  little  better  than  an  excretion.”  Bacon. 

EX'CRE-TlVE,  or  EX-CRE'TJVE,  [eks'kre-tlv,  S. 
W.  P.  J.  F.  ; eks-kre'tiv,  Ja.  K.  SVn.],  a.  That 
excretes  ; separating  and  ejecting  excrements  ; 
excretory.  “ Excretive  faculty.”  Harvey. 

||  EX'CRE-TO-RY,  or  EX-CRE'TO-RY  [eks'kre- 
tur-e,  S.  W.  P.  R. ; eks-kre'tur-e,  Ja.  K.  JSm.], 
a.  [It.  escretorio-,  Sp.  excretorio ; Fr.  excre- 
toire.]  (Phys.)  That  excretes  ; separating  and 
ejecting  excrement  or  superfluous  parts  ; ex- 
cretive. “ An  excretory  vessel.”  Boyle. 

||  EX'CRE-TO-RY,  n.  (Phys.)  A duct  that  trans- 
mits excreted  matter  from  the  glands. 

Excretorics  are  nothing  but  slender  slips  of  the  arteries. 

Chet/ne. 

EX-CRLf'CI-A-BLE  (eks-kru’she-a-bl),  a.  [L.  ex- 
cruciabilis .]  Liable  to  torment,  [r.]  Bailey. 

EX-CRO'CJ-ATE  (eks-krd'slie-at,  66),  V.  a.  [L.  ex- 
critcio,  excruciatus,  to  torture  ; crux,  a cross ; 
It.  cruciare  ; Fr.  excrucier.]  [».  excruciated  ; 


A,  E,  I,  0,  U,  V,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  tj,  Y,  short;  A,  E,  I,  9>  V,  Y.  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


EXCRUCIATING 


515 


EXECUTIVE 


pp.  EXCRUCIATING,  EXCRUCIATED.]  To  afflict 
with  extreme  pain  ; to  torture  ; to  torment ; to 
agonize ; to  rack. 

Their  thoughts,  like  devils,  them  excruciate.  Drayton. 

EX-CRU'CJ-AT-ING  (eks-kru'sh?-at-jng),  p.  a. 
Exceedingly  painful ; tormenting  ; torturing. 
“ Excruciating  fits  of  the  gout.”  , Cogan. 

EX-CRtJ-CI-A'TION  (eks-kru-she-a'slmn),  n.  [L. 
excruciatio.]  The  act  of  excruciating ; that 
which  excruciates;  torment;  vexation.  “The 
frettings  and  the  excruciations  of  life.”  Feltham. 

+ EX-CU-BA'TION,  n.  [L.  excubatio ; ex,  priv., 
and  cubo,  to  lie  down.]  The  act  of  watching  all 
night.  Bailey. 

EX-CUL'PA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  exculpated  ; 
capable  of  being  exculpated.  Sir  C.  Buck. 

EX-CUL'PATE,  v.  a.  [L.  ex,  priv.,  and  culpo, 
culpatus , to  blame  ; culpa,  blame  ; It.  scolpare ; 
Fr.  disculper .]  [ i . exculpated  ; pp.  excul- 

pating, exculpated.]  To  clear  from  the  im- 
putation of  a fault ; to  free  from  blame  ; to  ex- 
onerate ; to  absolve  ; to  acquit ; to  discharge  ; 
to  justify. 

A good  child  will  not  seek  to  exculpate  herself  at  the  ex- 
pense of  the  most  revered  characters.  S.  Richardson. 

Syn.  — See  Exonerate. 

EX-CUL-PA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  exculpating; 
excuse.  “ Pleading  in  his  exculpation.”  Burke. 

EX-CUE'PA-TO-RY,  a.  That  exculpates  ; clear- 
ing from  imputed  fault.  “ He  wrote  an  excul- 
patory letter.”  Johnson. 

f EX-CUR',  v.  n.  [L.  excurro,  to  run  out ; ex, 
from,  and  curro,  to  run.]  To  pass  or  go  beyond 
limits.  Harvey. 

EX  CU'RI-JI.  [L.]  (Laic.)  Out  of  court. 

EX-CUR'RENT,  a.  (Bot.)  1.  Noting  the  ramifi- 
cation of  a tree  or  a plant  which  has  the  axis  in 
the  centre,  the  other  parts  being  regularly  dis- 
posed around  it,  as  in  the  case  of  the  fir-tree. 

Brande. 

2.  Running  out,  as  when  a midrib  projects 
beyond  the  apex  of  a leaf,  or  when  a trunk  is 
continued  to  the  very  top  of  a tree.  Gray. 

EX-CiiRSE',  v.  a.  [L.  excurro,  excursus,  to  run 
forth.]  To  pass  or  journey  through.  Hallam. 

gX-CUR'SIQN  (eks-kur'shun),  n.  [L.  excursio,  a 
running  out  or  forth  ; It.  escursione  ; Sp.  Fr. 
excursion .] 

1.  The  act  of  excursing;  a going  from  any 
point,  as  in  travelling ; a journey ; a ramble  ; 
a tour ; a trip  ; a jaunt  ; an  expedition ; as, 
“To  make  an  excursion  to  the  lakes.” 

2.  Progression  beyond  stated  bounds  or  limits. 

Those  great  excursions  of  the  seasons  into  the  extremes  of 

cold  and  neat.  Arbuthnot. 

3.  A digression  ; a deviation. 

I am  too  weary  to  allow  myself  any  excursion  from  the 
main  design.  Atterbury. 

Syn.  — A pleasurable  excursion  into  the  country; 
a ramble  in  the  woods  or  among  mountains;  a tour 
through  the  country  ; a long  or  short  journey  of  busi- 
ness or  pleasure  ; a digression  from  the  usual  course  ; 
a trip  to  a neighboring  watering-place  ; a jaunt  in  a 
carriage. 

EX-CUR'SION,  v . n.  To  make  an  excursion  ; to 
journey  ; to  travel,  [r.]  C . Lamb. 

EX-CUR'SIVE,  a.  Rambling  ; wandering ; rov- 
ing ; deviating ; devious. 

On  fancy’s  eagle-wing  excursive  soar.  Thomson. 

EX-CUR'S1VE-LY,  ad.  In  an  excursive  manner. 

The  flesh  of  animals  which  feed  excursively  is  allowed  to 
have  a higher  flavor  than  that  of  those  who  are  cooped  up. 

Boswell. 

EX-CUlt'SJVE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  ex- 
cursive. Brit.  Crit. 

EX-CUR’  SUS,  n.  [L.,  a digression .]  A literary 
exercise,  task,  or  performance  ; a discussion  ; a 
disquisition  ; a dissertation.  Qu.  Rev. 

EX-CU§'A-BLE,  a.  [L.  excusabilis  ; It.  scusa- 
bile ; Sp.  &;  Fr.  excusable .]  That  may  be  ex- 
cused ; pardonable  ; venial.  Tillotson. 

Syn.  — See  Venial. 

?X-CU§'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
excusable.  Boyle. 

]JX-CU§'A-BLY,  ad.  In  an  excusable  manner; 
pardonably.  Seeker. 


EX-CU-^A'TION,  n.  [L.  excusatio.]  The  act  of 
excusing;  excuse;  plea;  apology,  [it.] 

Prefaces,  and  excusations.  and  other  speeches  of  reference 
to  the  person,  are  great  wastes  of  time.  Bacon. 

EX'CU-§A-TOR,.n.  [L.]  One  who  makes  an  ex- 
cuse ; an  apologist. 

He  [Ilenrv  VIII.]  despatched  Sir  Edward  Came  and  Dr. 
Bonner  in  quality  of  exemators,  so  they  were  called,  to  carry 
hia  apology.  Hume. 

EX-CU'ijA-TO-RY,  a.  That  excuses;  pleading 
excuse  ; apologetical.  “ He  made  excusatory 
answers.”  A.  Wood. 

EX-CU§E'  (eks-kuz'),  v.  a.  [L.  excuso;  ex,  priv., 
and  causor,  to  blame  ; It.  scusare  ; Sp.  escusar ; 
Fr.  excuser.]  [i. excused;  ^.excusing,  ex- 
cused.] 

1.  To  extenuate  by  apology. 

Bad  men  excuse  their  faults,  good  men  will  leave  them. 

B.  Jonson. 

2.  To  disengage  from  an  obligation  ; to  release. 

I pray  thee  have  me  excused.  Luke  xiv.  19. 

3.  To  abstain  from  exacting  ; to  dispense  with ; 
to  remit.  “ To  excuse  a forfeiture.”  Johnson. 

4.  To  permit ; to  allow  ; to  tolerate. 

Excuse  some  courtly  strains, 

No  whiter  page  than  Addison's  remains.  Pope. 

5.  To  make  apology  for  ; to  free  from  imputa- 
tion. 

Think  you  that  we  excuse  ourselves  unto  you?  2 Cor.  xii.  ID. 

6.  To  exculpate  ; to  absolve  ; to  acquit ; to 
pardon  ; to  justify  ; to  vindicate. 

Their  thoughts  accusing  or  else  excusing  one  another. 

Bom.  ii.  15. 

Syn.  — Excuse  small  faults  ; pardon  great  ones. 
Excuse  equals  ; pardon  inferiors.  Excuse  a person  for 
an  unintentional  offence  or  injury  ; pardon  a criminal. 
— See  Forgive. 

$X-CUSE'  (eks-kus'),  n.  [It.  scusa  ; Sp.  excusa  ; 
Fr.  excuse.] 

1.  The  act  of  excusing ; a reason  alleged  for 
doing  or  not  doing  a thing  ; plea  offered  in  ex- 
tenuation of  a fault  or  neglect ; an  apology. 

We  find  out  some  excuse  or  other  for  deferring  good  res- 
olutions. Addison. 

2.  Cause  of  being  excused  ; pretext ; pretence. 

And  I allow  your  rage  that  kind  excuse.  Dryden. 

Syn. — See  Apology. 

EX-CUSE'LESS,  a.  Being  without  excuse ; hav- 
ing no  excuse.  Whitlock. 

fX-CU§'JJR  (eks-kuz'er),  n.  One  who  excuses 
another.  Swift. 

£X-CUSS',  r.  a.  [L.  excutio,  excussus,  to  shakeoff; 
ex,  from,  and  quatio,  to  shake.] 

1.  To  shake  off. 

They  could  not  totally  ex  cuss  the  notion  of  a Deity  out  of 
their  minds.  Stilling  fleet. 

2.  f To  decipher;  to  unfold  ; to  explain. 

Fr.  Junius,  1654. 

3.  (Law.)  To  seize  and  detain  by  law.  Ayliffe. 

EX-CUS'SION  (eks-kush'nn),  ?t.  [L.  excussio .] 

(Law.)  Seizure  by  law.  Ayliffe. 

EX— DI-RECT'OR,  n.  One  who  has  been  a direct- 
or, but  who  is  no  longer  one.  Clarke. 

EX' E- At,  n.  [L.,  he  may  go  out.] 

1.  Permission  given  to  students  in  the  English 

universities  to  leave  their  college  residence  for 
a time.  Hook. 

2.  Permission  given  by  a bishop  for  a priest 

to  go  out  of  his  diocese.  Ogilvie. 

EX'B-CRA-BLE,  a.  [L.  execrabilis ; It.  esecra- 
bile ; Sp.  <S,  Fr.  execrable.]  That  is  to  be  exe- 
crated ; abominable ; hateful ; odious ; detesta- 
ble ; accursed. 

Whence  and  what  art  thou,  execrable  shape?  Milton. 

Syn. — See  Abominable. 

EX'E-CRA-BLE-NESS„  n.  The  state  of  being  ex- 
ecrable ; hatefulness  ; abominableness.  Scott. 

fiX'E-CRA-BLY,  ad.  In  an  execrable  manner. 

EX'E-CR.ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  execror,  execratus ; ex, 
priv.,  and  sacro,  to  set  apart  as  sacred ; sacer, 
sacred;  It.  escrare  ; Sp.  exeerar ; Fr . exJcrer.] 
[t.  EXECRATED  ; pp.  EXECRATING,  EXECRATED.] 

1.  To  render  detestable  ; to  make  hateful. 

As  if  mere  plebeian  noise  were  enough  to  execrate  any 
thing  as  devilish.  Bp.  Taylor. 

2.  To  imprecate  ill  upon  ; to  curse  ; to  abom- 
inate ; to  detest ; to  abhor. 

The  instruments  of  his  affliction,  how  do  we  execrate  their 
memories!  Barrow. 


EX-E-CRA'TION,  n.  [It. esecrazione  ; Sp.  exccra- 
cion  ; Fr.  execration.] 

1.  The  act  of  execrating  ; detestation  ; male- 
diction ; curse  ; imprecation  of  evil ; ban. 

Cease,  gentle  queen,  these  execrations.  Shak. 

2.  The  object  execrated  ; abomination. 

They  shall  be  an  execration  and  a reproach.  Jer.  xliv.  12. 

Syn. — See  Malediction. 

EX'E-CRA-TO-RY,  n.  A formulary  of  execration. 

Agreeable  to  the  ex ecratory  which  is  now  used  by  them. 

L.  Addison. 

t jfX-ECT',  v.  a.  [L.  execo.]  To  cut  out ; to  cut 
away.  — See  Exsect.  Harvey. 

f gX-EC'TION  (eks-ek'shun),  n.  The  act  of  ex- 
eeting  or  cutting  out.  — See  Exsection. 

EX'g-CUT-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  executed  or 
accomplished.  G.  Canning. 

EX'B-CUTE,  v.  a.  [L.  exequor,  executus  ; It.  ese- 
quirc ; Sp.  executar ; Fr.  exccuter.]  [i.  exe- 
cuted ; pp.  executing,  executed.] 

1.  To  follow  out  to  the  end  ; to  carry  into  ef- 
fect ; to  accomplish  ; to  effect ; to  complete  ; to 
consummate;  to  fulfil;  to  perform;  as,  “To 
execute  a purpose  ” ; “ To  execute  an  order.” 

2.  To  put  to  death  in  conformity  with  a judi- 
cial sentence  ; as,  “ To  execute  a criminal.” 

3.  To  complete,  as  a legal  instrument,  by 
signing,  sealing,  and  delivering. 

A deed  is  not  complete,  and  has  no  operation  or  effect, 
until  executed,  that  is,  signed,  sealed,  and  delivered  by  the 
party  making  it,  Burrill. 

Syn.  — See  Accomplish. 

EX'E-CUTE,  v.  n.  To  perform  any  act  or  office. 
“ The  cannon  executed  so  well.”  Sir  J.  Hayward. 

EX'E-CUT-J3R,n.  One  who  executes  or  carries  any 
thing  into  effect;  an  executor.  — See  Executor. 

EX-E-CU'TION,  n.  [It.  esecuzione  ; Sp.  ejccucion ; 
Fr.  execution .] 

1.  The  act  of  executing ; performance ; ope- 
ration ; practice  ; completion  ; accomplishment. 

When  things  are  come  to  the  execution,  there  is  no  secrecy 
comparable  to  celerity.  Bacon . 

2.  Something  accomplished  ; effect. 

A word  shall  do  execution  deeper  than  the  mightiest  blow. 

South. 

3.  (Law.)  The  act  by  which  possession  is 

given  of  body  or  goods  : — the  writ  which  em- 
powers an  officer  to  carry  out  a judicial  sentence  : 
— the  act  by  which  the  sentence  of  the  law  in- 
flicting the  penalty  of  death  is  carriedinto  effect ; 
death  inflicted  by  forms  of  law;  capital  punish- 
ment: — act  of  giving  effect  to  a legal  instru- 
ment by  signing,  sealing,  and  delivering  ; as, 
“ The  execution  of  a deed.”  Burrill. 

4.  (Mus.)  The  mode  of  expressing  or  render- 

ing musical  notation  by  the  voice  or  by  an  in- 
strument ; facility  of  the  voice  or  the  fingers  in 
running  rapid  divisions,  and  other  difficult  and 
intricate  passages.  Moore. 

5.  (Fine  Arts.)  The  mode  of  performing  a 

work  of  art,  and  the  dexterity  with  which  it  is 
accomplished.  Brande. 

By  the  term  execution . I understand  the  right  mechanical 
use  of  the  means  of  art  to  produce  a given  end.  Buskin. 

Syn.  — See  Complete, 

EX-£-CU'TION-£R,  n.  1.  He  that  executes  or 
carries  any  thing  into  effect. 

In  this  case,  every  man  hath  a right  to  punish  the  offend- 
er, and  be  the  executioner  of  the  law  of  nature.  Locke. 

2.  One  who  kills  ; — specially,  one  who  puts 
to  death  criminals  who  are  condemned  by  law. 

Executioner , unsheathe  thy  9word.  Shak. 

3.  The  instrument  by  which  any  thing  is 

done,  [r.]  Crashaio. 

BX-EC'U-TlVE,  a.  [It.  esecutivo  ; Sp.  ejeeutiro ; 
Fr.  executif.]  That  executes  ; having  the  qual- 
ity of  executing  ; not  legislative,  but  active,  or 
putting  the  laws  in  execution.  “ Executive  au- 
thority.” Blackstone. 

Executive  power,  that  part  of  the  government,  or  of 
the  powers  of  a state,  which  is  employed  in  putting 
into  execution  the  laws  made  by  the  legislative  power, 
or  the  decrees  of  the  judical  power. 

E3[-iiC'y-TlVE,  n.  The  executive  power:  — the 
person  or  the  power  that  administers  the  gov- 
ernment ; an  executive  officer.  Qu.  Rev. 

This  word  is  now  sometimes  so  used  in  Eng- 
land, but  this  use  of  it  was  first  introduced  in  this 
country ; and  it  is  now  commonly  applied  to  the 
President  of  the  United  States.  Tile  constitution  of 
the  United  States  has  the  phrase  executive  power,  but 
not  simply  the  executive. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BOLL,  BUR,  RtlLE.  — 9,  <?,  g,  g,  soft ; C,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  7. ; $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


EXECUTIVELY 


EXESION 


516 


E$-EC'U-TI  VE-LY,  ad.  In  an  executive  manner ; 
by  way  of  execution.  Barrow. 

5^-EC'U-TOR,  11.  (Law.)  One  who  is  appointed 
by  a testator  in  his  last  will  and  testament,  to 
see  and  take  care  that  it  is  executed  or  carried 
into  effect  after  his  decease.  Burrill. 

Let 's  choose  executors , and  talk  of  wills.  Shak. 

y^-EC-U-TO'RJ-AL,  a.  Relating  to  an  executor  ; 
executory.  Blackstone. 

yx-EC'y-TOR-SHIP,  n.  The  office  of  an  execu- 
tor. Bacon. 

EJf-EC'U-TO-RY,  a.  [It.  esecutorio  ; Sp.  ejecuto- 
rio ; F r.  ex ecutoire.) 

1.  That  executes ; having  or  exercising  au- 

thority ; executive.  “ Executory  and  judicial 
magistracy.”  Burke. 

2.  (Law.)  That  is  to  be  executed  or  performed 

at  a future  period.  “ Contingent  and  executory 
remainders.”  Blackstone. 

P^-EC'U-TRESS,  n.  An  executrix.  Shak. 

yx-EC'U-TRlX,  n.  (Law.)  A woman  appointed 
to  execute  a will.  Bacon. 

EX-E'  DRJ1  [ex-e'dr?,  Cl.  Maunder,  P.  Cyc. ; ex'- 
e-dr?,  Braude),  n.  ; pi.  ex-e'drai.  [L.,  fromGr. 
<(fi5f>a.]  (Arch.)  A small  apartment  or  recess 
in  a portico,  or  ambulatory,  for  retirement  or 
conversation  : — a term  applied  to  one  of  the 

, outbuildings  of  the  early  Christian  churches 
and  basilicas,  such  as  the  baptistry,  the  porch, 
the  vestry,  &c.,  and  sometimes  to  the  eastern 
end  or  apsis  of  a church  in  which  the  bishop’s 
throne  was  placed.  Britton. 

EX-p-yE’SIS,  n.  [Gr.  i(i'yr;ag  ; ifpytopai,  to  lead, 
to  expound  ; It.  esegesi-,  Fr.  exigese.) 

1.  The  science  or  the  art  of  literary  interpreta- 

tion ; explanation  of  the  meaning  of  an  author  ; 
interpretation  ; exposition.  Chambers. 

2.  (Math.)  f A term  applied  to  the  process 
of  finding  the  roots  of  an  equation.  Francis. 

EX'E-<?ETE,  n.  One  who  is  skilled  in  exegesis  ; 
an  interpreter;  an  exegetist. 

Both  have  chosen  to  play  the  part  of  a critic,  as  well  as 
that  of  exeyete.  Brit.  Qu.  Rev. 

EX-y-yi:T'|C,  ( a.  [It.  esegelico  ; Sp.  exegeti- 

EX-E-<?ET'I-CAL,  ico-,  Fr.  exeg etique.)  Relating 
to  exegesis  ; explanatory.  Locke. 

EX-E-<?ET'J-CAL-LY,  ad.  By  way  of  explana- 
tion or  exposition.  Bp.  Bull. 

EX-y-yfiT'ICS,  n.  pi.  The  science  or  the  prin- 
ciples of  interpretation  ; exegesis.  Atherueum. 

EX'y-yE-TIST,  n.  One  versed  in  exegesis ; an 
exegete.  [r.]  Qu.  Reg. 

EY-EM'PLAR,  n.  [L.]  A pattern ; an  example 
to  be  imitated  ; a model  to  be  followed;  copy. 
The  idea  and  exemplar  of  the  world  was  first  in  God.  Raleigh. 

But  if  Christ  is  both  the  way,  and  the  truth,  and  the  life, 
why  do  all  our  schemes  of  life  und  plans  of  conduct  deviate 
so  from  this  great  exemplar ? Knox. 


t yX-EM'PLAR,  a.  Worthy  of  imitation  ; exem- 
plary. “ Exemplar  piety.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

||  EJf '^M-PLA-RJ-LY,  ad.  In  an  exemplary  manner. 


| E^'EM-PLA-RI-NESS,  n. 
emplary. 


The  state  of  being  ex- 
Tillotson. 


EJC-EM-PLAR'I-TY,  n.  A pattern  worthy  of  im- 
itation. [r.]  IF.  Mountagu.  Barrow.  Ec.  Rev. 

||  E^'y.M-PLA-RY  [egz’em-pla-re,  S.  IF.  F.  Ja. 
Sm.  R.  C.  I Vb.  ; egz-em'pla-re,  P.  K.),  a.  [L. 
exeinplaris ; It.  esemplare  ; Sp.  ejemplar ; Fr. 
excmplaire.] 

1.  Worthy  of  imitation  ; serving  for  a pattern. 

Their  lives  and  doctrine  ought  to  be  exemplary.  Bacon. 

2.  Serving  to  warn  ; monitory  ; admonishing. 

“ Exemplary  justice.”  King  Charles. 

3.  Illustrating  something;  explanatory.  “■Ex- 
emplary is  the  coat  of  George  Villiers.”  Fuller. 

PSP  “I  have  given  the  first  syllable  of  this  word, 
and  the  substantive  and  adverb  formed  from  it,  the 
fiat  sound  of  x,  directly  contrary  to  analogy,  because 
I think  it  agreeable  to  the  best  usage  ; and  in  this  case 
analogy  must  be  silent ; though,  I think,  it  ought  to 
be  a silence  of  complaisance  rather  than  of  consent.” 
Walker. 

||  EJj'pM-PLA-RY,  n.  [Fr.  exemplaire.]  A copy  ; 
a pattern,  [r.]  Donne. 


E.X-EM'PEI-FI-A-BEE,  a.  That  may  be  exempli- 
fied or  illustrated.  Coleridge. 

EE-EM-PLI-FJ-cA'TIQN,  n.  [It.  esemplificazione ; 
Sp.  ejemplificacion .] 

1.  The  act  of  exemplifying  ; illustration. 

“ Exemplification  of  malice.”  South. 

2.  (Late.)  A certified  transcript  or  copy,  un- 
der seal,  of  a record. 

An  ambassador  of  Scotland  demanded  an  exemplification 
of  the  articles  of  peace.  Hayward. 

B^-EM'PLJ-FI-JiR,  n.  One  who  exemplifies. 

EJJ-EM'PLJ-FY,  v.  a.  [It.  esemplificare ; Sp.  ejem- 
plificar. ] [i.  exemplified  ; pp.  exemplify- 

ing, EXEMPLIFIED.] 

1.  + To  make  an  example  of.  Rogers. 

2.  To  illustrate  by  example. 

Our  author  has  exemplified  his  precepts  in  the  veiy  pre- 
cepts themselves.  Aadison. 

3.  (Law:)  To  make  a certified  transcript  or 
copy  of,  under  seal. 

Ambassadors  commanded  to  exemplify  the  famous  laws  of 
Solon.  Holland's  Livy. 

E^-EM’PLl  GrA’TI-A  (-gra'she-a).  [L.]  For 
the  sake  of  example  ; as  an  example  ; as  an  in- 
stance ; — usually  abbreviated  e.  g.  or  ex  gr. 

55GEMPT'  (egz-emt'),  v.  a.  [L.  eximo,  exemptus  ; 
ex,  from,  and  emo,  to  take ; It.  esentare ; Sp. 
exentar-,  Fr.  exempt  er.)  [/.  exempted;  pp. 

exempting,  exempted.]  To  free  from;  to 
privilege  ; to  grant  immunity  from  ; to  excuse  ; 
to  dispense  with ; to  exonerate ; to  relieve. 
“ Exempted  from  the  common  fate.”  ■ Waller. 

BJC-EiMPT',  a.  [It.  esente  ; Sp.  cxento  ; Fr.  exempt.) 

1.  Free  by  privilege;  not  liable. 

No  man  is  exempt  from  the  chances  of  human  life.  Atterbury. 

2.  Not  included  ; left  out. 

No  voice  exempt , no  voice  but  well  could  join 

Melodious  part;  such  concord  is  in  heaven.  Milton. 

3.  f Separated;  parted. 

Corrupted  and  exempt  from  ancient  gentry.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Clear. 

E3f-EMPT',  n.  1.  A person  exempted  from  the 
performance  of  certain  duty  or  service,  as  from 
paying  a tax  or  performing  military  duty.  Crabb. 

2.  A term  applied  to  certain  officers,  four  in 
number,  of  the  Yeomen  of  the  King’s  Guard. 
They  are  styled  corporals  in  their  commissions. 

tny“  The  true  origin  of  [the]  name  is  doubtful ; 
some  trace  it  to  those  officers  of  the  French  Guard 
who  are  styled  ‘ Capitaines  exempts  des  Gardes  du 
Corps.’  ” Dodd. 

5^-EMPT'I-BLE  (egz-emt'e-bl),  a.  That  may  be 
exempted  ; loose  ; quit ; free,  [it.]  Cotgrave. 

EX-EMP'TION  (egz.-em'slmn),  n.  [L.  exemptio-, 
It.  esenzione ; Sp.  exencion-,  Fr.  exemption .] 

1.  The  state  of  being  exempted  ; immunity  ; 
privilege  ; freedom  from  that  to  which  others 
are  liable. 

The  Roman  laws  gave  particular  exemptions  to  such  as 
built  ships  or  traded  in  corn.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  (Eccl.)  A privilege  given  by  the  pope  to 

the  clergy,  and  sometimes  to  the  laity,  to  ex- 
empt, or  free,  them  from  the  jurisdiction  of  their 
respective  ordinaries.  Hook. 

Syn.  — See  Privilege. 

f E3f-EMP-TI''TIOyS  (Sgz-em-tlsh'us),  a.  Separa- 
ble ; exemptible.  More. 

f JJX-EN'TpR-ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  exentero,  exentera- 
<trs.]  To  deprive  of  the  bowels;  to  embowel; 
to  eviscerate.  Burton. 

t pjf-EN-TIJR-A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  taking  out 
the  bowels.  Browne. 

EX-E-  Q uA  ' Tl/R,  n.  [L.,  he  may  perform  or  ex- 
ecute, i.  e.  the  duties  of  his  office.]  (Law.)  A 
declaration,  in  writing,  given  by  the  executive 
authority  of  any  government  to  a foreign  con- 
sul, accredited  to  it,  recognizing  him  as  such, 
and  authorizing  him  to  perform  the  duties  of  his 
office ; an  official  recognition  of  a person  in  the 
character  of  consul  or  commercial  agent  .Burrill. 

JJX-E'QUI- A L,  a.  [L.  exequialis,  or  exsequialis.] 
delating  to  funerals  ; funereal ; funeral.  “ Ex- 
equial  games.”  Pope. 

EX'jg-Q.UIE§  (eks'e-kwlz),  n.  pi.  [L.  exequite,  or 
exsequice,  the  following  of  a corpse  beyond  the 
walls  ; exsequor , to  follow  ; It.  esequie  ; Sp.  ex- 


equias .]  Funeral  rites;  the  ceremonies  or  the 
procession  of  burial.  Shak. 

t EX'U-CiUY,  n.  A funeral  rite.  Dr.  King. 

t EX-ER'C'ENT,  a.  [L.  exerceo,  exercens,  to  prac- 
tise, to  exercise.]  One  who  has  exercise  in  any 
occupation;  following  any  calling.  Ayliffe. 

EX' y R-cifjE,  n.  [L.  exercitium  ; It.  esercizio  ; 
Sp.  ejercicio  ; Fr.  exercice.) 

1.  Labor,  work,  or  practice,  as  belonging  to 
one’s  occupation  ; as,  “ His  time  is  absorbed  in 
the  exercise  of  his  profession.” 

2.  Application  ; use  ; as,  “ The  exercise  of  a 
privilege  or  a right.” 

3.  Labor  or  bodily  exertion  for  health  or 
amusement. 

The  wise  for  cure  on  exercise  depend.  Ih'yden. 

4.  Employment  or  effort  of  the  mind. 

Exercise  is  very  alluring  to  the  understanding.  Watts. 

5.  Habitual  action  or  practice,  in  order  to 
acquire  grace  or  skill ; as,  “ The  exercises  of 
soldiers,  or  manual  exercise." 

6.  A task  or  lesson  required  of  a student ; as, 
“ An  exercise  in  Greek,  or  in  composition.” 

7.  An  act  of  divine  worship. 

Neither  shall  any  minister  not  licensed  hold  any  meetings 
for  sermons,  commonly  termed  prophecies  or  exercises. 

Constitutions  und  Canons  Ecclesiastical. 

EX'pR-CI§E,  v.  a.  [L.  exerceo ; It.  esercere ; Sp. 
ejercer-,  Fr.  exercer.)  [i.  exercised  ; pp.  ex- 
ercising, EXERCISED.] 

1.  To  employ ; to  practise  ; to  perform ; to 
pursue ; to  carry  on ; to  exert,  as  the  body  or 
the  mind. 

This  fuculty,  when  it  is  exercised  about  things,  is  called 
judgment.  Locke. 

2.  To  put  to  use  ; as,  “ To  exercise  authority.” 

3.  To  train  by  use  ; to  make  skilful  by  practice. 

Reason,  where  it  is  strong  and  exercised , usually  sees 
quicker  and  clearer  without  syllogism.  Locke. 

4.  To  task  or  try  with  something  grievous  ; to 
afflict. 

Sore  travel  hath  God  given  to  the  6ons  of  men  to  be  exer- 
cised therewith.  Eccles.  i.  13. 

Syn.  — See  Employ,  Exert. 

EX'JJR-ClijE,  v.  n.  To  use  exercise;  to  labor,  as 
for  health. 

A man  must  often  exercise , or  fast,  or  take  physic,  or  be 
sick.  Temple . 

EX'£R-Cf§-ER,  n.  One  who  exercises.  Johnson. 

EX'IJR-Ci^-I-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  exercised  or 
employed. 

An  incorporeal  hereditament . . . annexed  to  or  exercisihle 
within  the  same.  Blackstone. 

E^-ER-CI-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  exercitatio  ; Sp.  ejer- 
citacion.)  Exercise ; practice,  [r.]  Felton. 

EE-ER'CJ-TOR,  n.  [L.]  (Law.)  One  who  fits  and 
equips  a vessel  at  his  own  risk,  and  receives  the 
earnings  of  the  voyage.  Burrill. 

EX-ERG UE'  (egz-erg'),  n.  [It.  esergo  ; Sp.  exergo  ; 
Fr.  exergue-,  Gr.  If,  out  of,  and  tpyov,  work.] 
(Numismatics.)  The  small  space  beneath  the 
base  line  of  a subject  engraved  on  a coin  or  a 
medal; — usually  containing  an  inscription  of 
the  date,  place,  &c.,  of  the  coin,  or  other  sub- 
sidiary matter.  Fairholt. 

E3£-ERT',  v.  a.  [L.  exero,  to  put  forth  ; exertus  ; 
ex,  from,  and  scro,  to  sow.]  [*.  exerted  ; pp. 
EXERTING,  EXERTED.] 

1.  To  use  with  effort ; to  put  forth. 

When  the  service  of  Britain  requires  your  courage  and 
conduct,  you  may  exert  them  both.  Dryden. 

2.  To  urge  to  effort  or  action  ; — with  the  re- 
flective pronoun  ; as,  “To  exert  one’s  self.” 

3.  t To  push  out ; to  thrust  forth. 

The  stare,  no  longer  overlaid  with  weight. 

Exert  their  heads  from  underneath  the  inass.  Drydcn. 

Syn.  — To  exert  is  simply  to  put  forth  ; to  exercise 
is  to  put  forth  often,  and  involves  reiterated  exertion. 
Exert  strength  ; exercise  the  voice  or  the  body  ; prac- 
tise virtue,  a profession ; perform  a task  or  labor. 

EJf-ER'TION  (egz-er'shun),  n.  The  act  of  exert- 
ing; endeavor;  struggle;  effort.  “The  labo- 
rious exertions  of  industry.”  Robertson. 

E5C-ER'TJVE,  a.  That  exerts  ; making  exertion  ; 
using  effort,  [r.]  Reeder. 

EE-ERT'MENT,  n.  Exertion,  [r.]  Clarke. 

E-y-E'§ION  (egz-S'zhun),  n.  [L.  exedo,  exesus.) 
The  act  of  eating  through,  [r.]  Browne. 


A,  E,  I,  0,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short ; A,  E,  I,  Q,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


EXESTUATE 


517 


EXICCATIVE 


f E^-EST'U-ATE,  v.  n.  [L.  exeestuo,  excestuatus .] 
To  boil ; to  effervesce.  Toddy. 

f yx-ES-TU-A'TION,  n.  [L . exwstuatio.]  Ebul- 
lition ; effervescence.  Boyle. 

EX'E-UWT  OM'JfE§.  [L.]  All  go  out ; — a 
phrase  used  in  play-books  to  denote  the  time 
when  all  the  actors  leave  the  stage. 

£X-F6'LI-ATE,  v.  n.  [L.  exfolio,  exfoliatus;  ex, 
from,  and  folium,  a leaf ; Fr.  exfolier.]  [i.  ex- 
foliated ; j Op.  EXFOLIATING,  EXFOLIATED.] 
(Surg.  & Min.)  To  shell  off ; to  come  off,  as  in 
scales  or  thin  laminae  ; to  scale  off.  “ The 
bone  exfoliating  from  the  edges.”  Wiseman. 

EX-F6’LT-ATE,  v.  a.  To  free  from  scales  or  splin- 
ters ; to  scale.  Scott. 

yX-FO-LI-A'TION,  n.  [Sp.  exfoliacion  ; Fr.  ex- 
foliation.'] 

1.  (Surg.)  The  separation  of  a piece  of  dead 
bone,  tendon,  or  cartilage  from  the  living  in  the 
form  of  small  scales  ; desquamation.  Dunglison. 

2.  (Min.)  Separation  in  scales  or  laminae. 

FX-FO'LI- A-TIVE,  a.  [Sp.  exfoliativo  ; Fr.  exfo- 
liatif .]  (Med.)  That  exfoliates  ; procuring  exfo- 
liation ; as,  “ Exfoliative  medicines.” Dunglison. 


FX-FO'LI-A-TIVE,  n.  (Med.)  That  which  has  the 
power  of  procuring  exfoliation.  “ Dress  the 
bone  with  the  milder  exfoliatives.”  Wiseman. 

53[-H AL' A-BLE  (egz-hal  Vbl),  a.  That  may  be 
exhaled.  Boyle. 


5^-HAL'ANT,  a.  [L.  exlialans ; Fr.]  Sending 
forth  vapors  ; exhaling.  Seager. 


5^-HA-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  exhalatio  ; It.  exhala- 
zione ; Sp . exhalacion  \ Yv.  exhalation.] 

1.  The  act  of  exhaling ; emission  of  vapor ; 
evaporation;  as,  “ This  mist  is  produced  by  ex- 
halation from  the  lake.” 

2.  That  which  is  exhaled  ; vapor ; fume. 

A fabric  huge 

Rose  like  an  exhalation.  Milton. 

Clothing  the  palpnble  and  familiar 
With  golden  exhalations  of  the  dawn.  Coleridge. 

3.  (Bot.)  A vital  function  by  which  the  sto- 

mata or  breathing-pores  are  made  to  discharge 
a large  portion  of  the  water  introduced  by  ab- 
sorption through  the  roots.  Henslow. 

UJt-HAEE',  v.  a.  [L.  exlialo  ; ex,  from,  and  halo, 
to  breathe  ; It.  esalare  ; Sp.  exhalar  ; Fr.  ex- 
halcr.]  [i.  exhaled  ; pp.  exhaling,  exhaled.] 

1.  To  send  out  in  vapors  or  fume ; to  evapo- 
rate ; to  emit. 

It  is  some  meteor  that  the  sun  exhales.  Shak. 


2.  f To  draw  out ; to  cause  to  fly  off  in  vapor. 

For ’t  is  thy  presence  that  exhales  this  blood.  Shak. 

5^-HALE',  v.  n.  To  fly  off  as  vapor;  to  steam; 
to  reek. 


When  orient  light 

Exhaling  first  from  darkness  they  beheld.  Milton. 


^X-HALE'M^NT,  n.  Exhalation  ; vapor.  Browne. 


IJJC-HA'LIJNCE,  n.  The  act  of  exhaling ; — that 
which  is  exhaled  ; exhalation,  [r.]  Ogilvie. 

IJX-HAUST'  (egz-hiwst'),  v.  a.  [L.  exhaurio,  ex- 
haustus  ; ex,  from,  and  haurio,  to  draw ; It. 
esaurire.]  [A  exhausted;  pp.  exhausting, 

EXHAUSTED.] 

1.  To  draw  out  totally  ; to  use  or  consume 
the  whole  of  ; as,  “ To  exhaust  one’s  resources.” 

2.  To  deprive  of  the  contents;  to  drain;  to 
empty  ; as,  “ To  exhaust  a receiver  of  air.” 

The  little  brooks  exhausted  in  their  springs.  Stirling. 

3.  To  expend  by  exertion  ; to  spend ; as, 
“ To  exhaust  the  strength  or  the  patience.” 

4.  f To  call  forth  ; to  call  into  exercise. 

The  bflbe 

Whose  dimpled  smiles  from  fools  exhaust  their  mercy.  Shak. 
Syn.  — See  Spend. 

t F.X-HAuST',  a.  Deprived  of  strength  ; ex- 
hausted. “ Exhaust  through  riot.”  Burton. 

?^-HAUST'ED,  p.  a.  Drained;  made  empty. 
Exhausted  receiver,  a vessel  from  which  tile  air  is 
extracted  by  the  action  of  the  air-pump. 

EX-HAUST'£R,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  ex- 
hausts. Ellis. 

I5]C-HAUST'J.  BEE,  a.  Capable  of  being  exhausted. 
A sum  which  Collins  could  scarcely  think  exhaustible. 

Johnson. 


EX-HAUSTTNG,  p.  a.  Tending  to  exhaust,  weak- 
en, or  fatigue  ; as,  “ Exhausting  labor.” 

U^-HAUST'ION  (egz-h&wst'yun),  n.  [It.  esaus- 
tione-,  Fr.  exhaustion.] 

1.  The  act  of  exhausting.  “ Upon  exhaustion 

of  the  air.”  Evelyn. 

2.  The  state  of  being  exhausted. 

Great  exhaustions  cannot  be  cured  by  sudden  remedies. 

Wotton. 

3.  (Math.)  A method  of  demonstration  much 

employed  by  the  ancient  geometers,  and  nearly 
equivalent  to  the  modern  method  of  limits.  It 
involves  the  principle  of  the  reductio  ad  absur- 
dum,  the  equality  of  two  magnitudes  being 
proved  by  showing  that  an  absurdity  will  result 
in  supposing  them  to  be  unequal.  Davies. 

p-Y-HAUST'IVE,  a.  That  exhausts;  tending  to 
exhaust.  H.  N.  Coleridge.  Hallam. 

It  is  suggestive  of  principles  rather  than  exhaustive  of 
detail.  Latham. 

T.x-HAUST'L?SS,  a.  Not  to  be  emptied;  inex- 
haustible. “ Exhaustless  granary.”  Thomson. 

t f,^:-[iAUST'ME.\T,  n.  Exhaustion.  Williams. 

EX-HAUST'URE,  n.  Exhaustion,  [r.]  Wraxall. 

5X-HE'DRA,  n.  See  Exedra.  Brande. 

P^-HER'y-DATg,  v.  a.  [L.  exheredo,  exhereda- 
tus  ; ex,  from,  and  heres,  an  heir;  Fr.  exhere- 
der.]  To  disinherit,  [r.]  Iluloet. 

5^-HER-p-DA'TION,  n.  [L.  exheredatio  ; Fr.  ex- 
heredation.]  (Law.)  The  act  of  disinheriting. 
[r.]  Chambers. 

5^-HlB'IT,  v.  a.  [L.  exhibeo  ; ex,  from,  and  habeo, 
to  have;  It.  esibire;  Sp.  exhibir;  Fr.  exhiber.] 

[ i . EXHIBITED  ; pp.  EXHIBITING,  EXHIBITED.] 

1.  To  expose  publicly  ; to  display  ; to  show. 

A warehouse  . . . where  we  exhibited  our  commodities. 

Franklin. 

2.  To  manifest ; to  make  known  ; to  reflect. 

Ocean  exhibits,  fathomless  and  broad, 

Much  of  the  power  and  majesty  of  God.  Cowper. 

3.  (Law.)  To  offer  or  propose  in  a formal  and 

public  manner;  to  present  or  show  in  legal 
form  ; to  present  to  a court.  Burrill. 

He  suffered  his  attorney-general  to  exhibit  a charge  of 
high  treason  against  the  earl.  Clarendon. 

4.  (Med.)  To  administer,  as  medicines. 

Medicament,  any  substance  exhibited  with  the  view  of  cur- 
ing or  allaying  morbid  actiou.  Dunglison. 

Syn.  — See  Give,  Show. 

E^-HTb'IT,  n.  (Law.)  A legal  document  or  state- 
ment in  writing ; any  paper  formally  exhibited 
in  a court : — any  writing  which,  on  the  exam- 
ination of  a witness  before  an  examiner  or  com- 
missioner, is  exhibited  or  shown  to  the  witness 
to  be  proved,  and  on  the  back  of  which  the  ex- 
aminer or  commissioner  certifies  that  such 
writing  was  shown  to  witness  and  by  him  sworn 
to.  Burrill. 

P^-HIB'IT-ANT,  n.  (Law.)  One  who  makes  an 
exhibit;  exhibiter.  Jodrett. 

EJC-HIB'IT-ER,  n.  One  who  exhibits.  Shak. 

EX-HI-Bi"TION  (eks-he-blsh'un),  ?i.  [L.  exhibitio  ; 
It.  esibizione  ; Sp.  exhibicion  ; Fr.  exhibition .] 

1.  The  act  of  exhibiting  or  manifesting ; as, 
“ The  exhibition  of  good  or  bad  qualities.” 

2.  Public  show;  spectacle;  display;  — par- 

ticularly a public  display  of  works  of  art,  indus- 
try, manufactures,  & c.  Simmonds. 

3.  A public  performance  of  oratorical  or  other 
exercises  at  a literary  seminary ; as,  “ The  ex- 
hibitions of  the  public  schools.” 

4.  An  allowance  ; a pension  ; a salary  ; — 
especially  a private  benefaction  instituted  for 
the  maintenance  of  a scholar  in  a college  or 
university. 

What  maintenance  he  from  his  friends  receives, 

Like  exhibition  thou  shalt  have  from  me.  Shak. 

He  is  driven  to  live  in  exile  upon  a small  exhibition.  Swift. 

5.  (Med.)  The  act  of  administering  medicines. 

Syn.  — See  Show. 

EX-H!-BI''T[ON-f,R  (eks-he-blsh'un-er),  n.  One 
who  is  maintained,  at  an  English  university,  by 
an  exhibition  or  benefaction.  Todd. 

JJiSl-HIB'J-TlVE,  a.  That  exhibits ; representa- 
tive ; serving  for  manifestation.  Norris. 

F4-HIB'I-TIVE-Ly,  ad.  Representatively;  by 
representation.  Waterland. 

EX-HIB'IT-OR,  n.  [L.]  (Law.)  One  who  exhib- 
its;— written  also  exhibiter.  Todd. 


Py-HIB'I-TO-RY,  a.  [L.  exhibitorius  ; Fr.  exhi- 
bitoire.]  That  exhibits  ; setting  forth  ; showing  ; 
exhibitive.  “An  exhibitory  bill  or  schedule  of 
expenses.”  Warton. 

Ey-HIL'A-RANT,  n.  Any  thing  which  exhila- 
rates. P.  Mag. 

EX-HIL'A-RAnt,  a.  [Fr.  exhilarant.]  Tending 
to  exhilarate  ; enlivening.  Pilkington. 

5^-hIl'A-RATE,  v.  a.  [L.  exhilaro,  exhilaratus ; 
ex,  from,  used  intensively,  and  hilaro,  to  make 
merry ; hilaris,  joyful ; It.  esilarare .]  [i.  ex- 

hilarated ; pp.  EXHILARATING,  EXHILA- 
RATED.] To  make  merry  or  joyful ; to  cheer ; 
to  enliven  ; to  animate  ; to  inspire ; to  gladden. 

The  coming  into  a fair  garden,  a beautiful  person,  and  the 
like,  do  delight  and  exhilarate  the  spirits  much.  Bacon. 

Syn. — See  Animate. 

Jgy-HIL'A-RATE,  v.  n.  To  become  glad. 

The  shining  of  the  sun,  whereby  all  things  exhilarate. 

Bacon. 

EX-HIe'A-RAT-ING,  p.  a.  Making  glad  or  cheer- 
ful; cheering;  as,  “An  exhilarating  exercise.” 

E^-HIL'A-RAT-ING-LY,  ad.  In  an  exhilarating 
manner.  Ogilvie. 

9^-hIl-A-rA'TION,  n.  [L.  exhilaratio.] 

1.  The  act  of  exhilarating;  an  enlivening. 

2.  The  state  of  being  exhilarated  ; animation  ; 
gayety  ; hilarity. 

Exhilaration  hath  some  affinity  with  joy,  though  it  bo  a 
much  lighter  emotion.  Bacon. 

Ey-HORT'  (egz-hort'),  v.  a.  [L.  exhortor-,  ex, 
from,  and  hortor,  to  encourage ; It.  esortare ; 
Sp.  exhortar ; Fr.  exhorter .]  [i.  exhorted  ; 

pp.  exhorting,  exhorted.]  To  incite  by 
words  of  advice  or  well-meant  counsel ; to 
persuade  ; to  encourage  to  do  well  ; to  advise. 
“ Exhort  one  another  daily.”  Heb.  iii.  13. 

Syn. — Parents,  preachers,  and  superiors  exhort-, 
friends,  superiors,  and  equals  persuade,  encourage , 
and  advise.  Exhortations  are  more  impelling,  and  are 
employed  in  matters  of  duty  or  necessity  ; persuasions 
are  more  drawing,  and  are  employed  in  matters  of 
pleasure  or  convenience. 

f p.y-HORT'  (egz-hort'),  n.  Exhortation. 

Drown  Hector's  vaunts  in  loud  exhorts  of  light.  Pope. 

EX-HOR-TA'TION,  n.  [L . exhortatio  \ It.  esorta- 
zione  ; Sp.  exhortacion  ; Fr.  exhortation.] 

1.  The  act  of  exhorting  ; incitement  to  good  ; 

encouragement;  advice.  “Exhortations  to  char- 
ity.” Atterbury. 

2.  A persuasive  discourse ; as,  “ An  exhorta- 
tion from  tfie  pulpit.” 

I ’ll  end  my  enhortation  after  dinner.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Exhort. 

Ijy-HOR'TA-TIVE,  a.  [L.  exhortativus  ; It.  esor- 
tativo ; Fr.  exhortatif.]  That  exhorts  ; contain- 
ing exhortation.  “The  exhortative  part  of  his 
[St.  Paul’s]  epistles.”  Barrow. 

EX'HOR-TA-TOR,  n.  [L.]  An  exhorter  ; an  en- 
courager.  P • Oyc. 

Fy-HOR'TA-TO-RY,  a.  [L.  exhortatorius ; It. 
esortatorio ; Sp . exhortatorio  \ Fr.  exhortatoire.] 
That  exhorts  ; tending  to  exhort ; hortatory  ; 
exhortative.  “ Letters  exhortatory .”  Ilolinshed. 

JJJC-HORT'ER,  n.  One  who  exhorts.  “ A most 
devout  exhorter.”  Martin. 

^jX-HU'MATE,  v.  a.  To  exhume  ; to  unbury;  to 
disinter.  Dr.  Hitchcock. 

P^-HU'MA-T^D,  p.  a.  Exhumed.  Clarke. 

EX-HU-MA'TION,  n.  [L.  ex,  out  of,  and  humus, 
the  ground  ; It.  esvmazione ; Sp.  exhumacion  ; 
Fr.  exhumation.]  The  act  of  unburying  or  dis- 
interring ; disinterment.  Seward. 

53C-HUME',  v.  a.  [L.  ex,  out  of,  and  humus,  the 
ground  ; Fr.  exhumer.]  [/.  exhumed  ; pp.  ex- 
huming, exhumed.]  To  dig  out  of  the  earth  ; 
to  unbury ; to  disinter.  Lyell. 

EX-IC'cATE,  v.  a.  [L.  exsicco,  ex siccatus.]  To 
make  dry  ; to  dry.  — See  Exsiccate.  Holland. 

EX-IC-CA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  drying  up  ; arefac- 
tion.  — See  Exsiccation.  Bentley. 

IJX-IC'CA-TIVE, a.  That  dries;  having  the  power 
of  drying.  — See  Exsiccative.  Johnson. 


m!eN,  SIR;  MdVE,  NOR,  SON; 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  (f , 9,  g,  soft; 


£,  8,  £j  I)  hard;  § as  z;  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


EXIGENCE 


518 


EXOPIIYLLOUS 


EX  J-OENCE,  £ n exigo,  exigens,  to  exact; 

EX'l-^rEN-CV,  ) ex , from,  and  ago,  to  drive;  It. 
esigenza ; Sp.  exigencia  ; Fr.  exigence.] 

1.  Urgent  demand;  pressing  necessity;  ur- 

gency; want;  need.  “Fortunes  adapted  to  the 
exigencies  of  our  station.”  Rogers. 

2.  Sudden  occasion  ; emergency  ; as,  “ We 
cannot  make  provision  for  all  exigencies.” 

Syn. — An  exigency  is  more  common,  and  less  ur- 
gent or  pressing,  than  an  emergency.  The  common 
exigencies  of  life;  an  extraordinary  emergency.  — See 
Occasion. 

EX-I-(yEN'DA-RV,  n.  {Law.)  An  officer  tvho 
makes  out  exigents  and  proclamations  in  the 
process  of  outlawry  ; an  exigenter.  Crabb. 

EX'I-^JENT,  n.  1.  f Pressing  business  or  emer- 
gency. “ In  such  an  exigent.”  Hooker. 

2.  fEnd;  termination. 

These  eyes,  like  lamps  whose  wasting  oil  is  spent, 

"Wax  dim,  as  drawing  to  their  exigent.  Shak. 

3.  (Law.)  A writ  preparatory  to  an  outlawry 
when  the  defendant  is  not  to  be  found.  Hanmcr. 

EX'I-l-JENT,  a.  [L.  exigo,  exigens,  to  exact.] 
Pressing  ; requiring  instant  aid  ; nrgent. 

At  this  exigent  moment  the  loss  of  a finished  man  is  not 
easily  supplied.  Burke. 

EX'I-lyEXT-pR,  n.  (Laic.)  One  who  makes  out 
exigents  and  proclamations  in  the  process  of 
outlawry  ; an  exigendary.  Burrill. 

EX'I-QI-BLE,  a.  [It.  esigibile ; Fr.  exigible .] 
That  may  be  exacted,  [n.]  Bolingbroke. 

EX-I-GU’I-TY,  n.  [L.  exiguitas.~\  State  of  being 
exiguous  ; slenderness  ; exiguousness.  Boyle. 

F3C-IG'l:-OrjS,  a.  [L.  cxiguus ; It.  esiguo  ; Sp. 
exiguo;  Er.  exigu.]  Small;  diminutive;  little. 
“ The  race  exiguous.”  [r.]  Phillips. 

53-IG'U-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  exig- 
uous; exiguity,  [r.]  Scott. 

EX'ILE,  n.  [L.  exilium  ; It.  esilio  ; Fr.  exile .] 

1.  The  state  of  being  exiled  or  banished ; 
banishment;  proscription;  expulsion;  expatria- 
tion; as,  “To  be  condemned  to  exile.” 

2.  One  who  is  exiled  ; a person  banished. 

Ulysses,  sole  of  all  the  victor  train. 

An  exile  from  his  dear  paternal  coa9t.  Pope. 

||  5^-IEE',  or  EX'iLE  [eg-zll',  S.  IF.  F.  Ja. ; 
eks'll,  J.  Sm.  R.  Wb.],  V.  a.  [e.  EXILED;  pp. 
exiling,  exiled.]  To  expel  or  drive  from 
one’s  home  or  country  ; to  banish  ; to  expatriate. 

For  that  offence 

Immediately  we  do  exile  him  hence.  Slink. 

Syn.  — See  Banish.  • 

y^-ILE*  (eg-zll')  [eg-zll',  S.  IF.  P.  K.  Sm.  R. ], 
a.  [L.  ex i&.]  Small ; slender ; not  full.  “ Exile 
heat.”  “ Exile  sound.”  [r.]  Bacon. 

gnr  “ This  word,  as  an  adjective  derived  from  tile 
Latin  exilis,  is  hy  Nares,  Sheridan,  Ash,  and  Entick 
accented  on  the  last  syllable.  Authority  is  certainly 
on  the  side  of  the  ultimate  accent ; but  it  may  be 
questioned  whether  it  is  not  contrary  to  analogy  ; for 
the  penultimate  i,  being  long  in  Latin,  has  no  neces- 
sary influence  on  the  English  word,  any  more  than  it 
has  on  hostile,  servile,  &c.”  Walker. 

||  E.^-lLED'  (eg-zild'  or  eks'lld),  p.  a.  Banished  ; 
driven  from  one’s  country.  “ Calling  home  our 
exiled  friends.”  Shak. 

y^-lLE'MJJN’T,  n.  The  act  of  exiling,  or  the  state 
of  being  exiled ; banishment,  [r.]  Wot  ton. 

t EX-t-Ll''T10N  (6ks-?-lish'un),  n.  [L.  exilitio ; 
exsilio,  to  leap  forth ; ex,  from,  and  salio,  to 
leap.]  The  act  of  springing  or  rushing  out  sud- 
denly. [r.]  Browne. 

5-Y-lL'I-TY,  n.  [L . exilitas.]  Slenderness  ; small- 
ness. “ Exility  of  the  voice.”  Bacon.  Paley. 

t y^-L\r'!-OfjS,  a.  [L . eximius.]  Eminent;  fa- 
mous ; illustrious  ; excellent.  Barrow. 

f IJX-LV' A-MTE,  v.  a.  [L.  exinanio,  exinanitus.] 
To  make  empty  ; to  spoil ; to  weaken.  Pearson. 

fX-IN- A-NP'TION  (eg-zln-a-nlsh'un),  n.  [L.  ex- 
inanitio ; It.  esinanizione ; Sp.  exinanieion .] 
Emptiness ; exhaustion  ; privation,  [r.]  Hall. 

Diseases  of  exinanition  are  more  dangerous  than  diseases 
of  repletion.  Herbert. 

yx-IX'TLVE,  n.  (Bot.)  A membrane  situated  be- 
tween the  extine  and  intine  in  the  pollen  of 
yew,  juniper,  cypress,  &c.  Brande. 


£>C-IST'  (eg-zist'),  v.  n.  [L.  existo ; ex,  from,  and 
sisto,  to  place  ; It.  csistere  ; Sp.  cxistir ; Fr.  ex- 
ister.]  [i.  existed;  pp.  existing,  existed.] 

1.  To  have  existence  or  being;  to  be. 

Can  any  now  remember  to  relate 

How  he  existed  in  an  embryo  state?  Jcvyns. 

2.  To  have  life  ; to  live  ; as,  “ Animals  can- 
not exist  out  of  their  proper  element.” 

3.  To  remain  ; to  continue  ; to  endure  ; as, 
“ How  long  must  these  evils  exist  ? ” 

Syn.  — Whatever  is,  exists ; but  to  live  implies  ani- 
mal or  vegetable  life.  — If  it.  is  said  there  cannot  be 
freedom  of  the  press  under  a despotic  government,  it 
merely  implies  that  it  would  not  be  allowed  ; but  if  it 
is  said,  freedom  of  the  press  cannot  exist  under  such  a 
government,  it  implies  an  inherent  incompatibility  jn 
the  nature  of  the  two  institutions. 

EX-IST'£NCE,  7i.  [It.  esistenza  ; Sp.  existencia\ 
Fr.  existence .] 

1.  The  state  of  being  or  existing. 

When  a being  is  considered  as  possible,  it  is  said  to  have 
an  essence;  when  it  is  considered  as  actual,  it  is  said  to  have 
existt  nee  also.  Watts. 

2.  Continued  life  ; duration  ; continuance. 

The  soul,  secure  in  her  existence , smiles 

At  the  drawn  dagger,  and  defies  its  point.  Addison. 

3.  Any  thing  that  exists  ; a being ; entity. 

Somebody  has  taken  notice  that  we  stand  in  the  middle 
of  existences.  1’atler. 

Syn.  — Existence  is  used  to  denote  an  abstract 
idea  ; being,  either  an  abstract  or  a sensible  one.  Hu- 
man existence  ; a human  being  ; the  Supreme  Being  ; 
the  existence  of  God  ; the  being  and  attributes  of  God. 

p^-IST'f.N-CY,  n.  Existence,  [r.]  Tatler. 

p^-IST'^XT,  a.  [It.  esistente ; Sp.  exist ente ; Fr. 

existant.]  That  exists  ; having  existence  or  be- 
ing ; existing ; extant.  Dryden. 

t EX-JS-TEN'TI AL,  a.  That  exists;  having  ex- 
istence ; existent.  Bp.  Barlow. 

EX-IS-TEN'TIAL-LY,  ad.  In  an  existing  state. 
[r.]  Coleridge. 

5^-IS-Tl-MA'TION,  n.  [L . existimatio.]  Opinion; 
esteem,  [r.]  Spectator. 

EX-IST'JNG,  p.  a.  Having  existence  ; subsisting. 

EX'JT,  n.  [L . exeo,  exitus,  to  go  out;  ex,  from, 
and  eo,  to  go  ; Sp.  exito. ] 

1.  The  act  of  going  out ; departure  ; with- 
drawal, as  of  an  actor  from  the  stage. 

All  the  world’s  a stupe, 

And  all  the  men  and  women  merely  players; 

They  have  their  exits  and  their  entrances.  Shak. 

2.  Passage  out ; egress. 

In  such  a pervious  substance  they  might  find  an  easy  en- 
trance or  exit.  Glanville. 

tfir*  Exit  (he  or  she  goes  out)  and  exeunt  (they  go 
out)  are  Latin  words  used  in  play  hooks  to  denote  the 
time  when  a person  or  persons  leave  the  stage. 

t 03f-l"TIAL  (egz-Tsh'al),  a.  [L.  exitialis.]  Dead- 
ly ; mortal.  “ Exitial  fevers.”  Harvey. 

t J5J£-l''TIOyS  (egz-Ish'yus),  a.  Deadly;  mortal; 
destructive ; exitial.  Homilies. 

EX'  I- T (IS,  n. ; pi.  P.x'i-tOs.  [L.]  (Law.)  Is- 
sue ; offspring  ; a child  or  children  : — an  issue 
in  pleading:  — the  issue  or  result  of  an  act : — 
pi.  yearly  rent  or  profits  of  land.  Burrill. 

EX— LEO'JS-LA-TOR,  n.  One  who  has  been  a 
legislator,  but  who  is  no  longer  in  office.  Clarke. 

EX— MAY'OR,  n.  One  who  has  been,  but  is  no 
longer,  mayor.  Clarke. 

EX  ME'ROMO'Tir.  [L.,  from  a mere  motion.) 
From  one’s  own  free-will;  without  suggestion 
or  constraint.  Hamilton. 

EX— MlN'lS-T^R,  n.  One  who  has  been  minister, 
but  who  is  no  longer  in  that  office.  Clarke. 

EX  NE-CES-SI-TA'TE  RE '/.  [L.]  From  the 

necessity  of  the  thing,  or  of  the  case.  Hamilton. 

EX-O-CF.'  TUS,n.  [L. ; Gr.  1(u>koitos,  a fish  which 
comes  upon  the  beach  to  sleep ; i(u>,  without, 
and  Koiry,  a bed.]  (Ich.)  A genus  of  fishes  with 
long  pectoral  fins,  by  which  they  can  sustain 
themselves  for  a short  time  in  the  air;  the  fly- 
ing-fish ; — written  also  exoccctus.  Baird. 

EX'ODE,  n.  [Gr.  i(6biov ; hr  or  i(,  out  of,  and 
bhLoi,  to  go,  or  bids,  way ; L.  exodium.'] 

1.  The  concluding  part  or  catastrophe  of  a 

Greek  tragedy.  Liddell  § Scott. 

2.  An  interlude  or  farce  on  the  Roman  stage, 
being  the  last  of  three  plays  on  the  same  subject. 


The  Romans  had  three  plays  acted  one  after  another  on 
the  same  subiect:  the  first,  a real  tragedy;  the  second,  the 
atellan;  the  third,  a satire  or  exode , a kind  of  three  of  one 
act.  Roscommon. 

EX-O' DI-UM,  n.  [L.]  In  Greek  tragedy,  the  end 
or  denouement  of  the  play.  Brande. 

EX'O-DUS,  n.  [Gr.  r£o6os,  a going  out ; U or  i(,  out 
from,  and  bb <fcu,  to  go,  or  bids,  way  ; L.  exodus ; 
It.  esodo  ; Sp.  exodo  ; Fr.  exode.]  Departure  : 

— applied  as  the  distinctive  name  of  the  second 
book  of  Moses,  which  describes  the  departure 
of  the  Israelites  from  Egypt. 

The  whole  is  confined  to  the  two  generations  between  the 
exodus  from  Egypt  and  the  entrance  into  Canaan.  H'arburton. 

+ EX'O-DY,  n.  Departure  ; exodus.  “ Ever  since 
the  time  of  the  Jewish  exody.”  Hale. 

EX— OF-Pl''CIAL,  a.  Proceeding  from  office  or 
authority,  [r.]  Craig. 

EX  OF-Ft"CI-0  (eks-of-flsh'e-o).  [L .,  by  reason 
or  virtue  of  office.]  Denoting  the  power  or  the 
privilege  which  a person  possesses  of  doing  cer- 
tain things,  by  virtue  of  his  office.  Hamilton. 

EX-O-GAS-TRFtIS,  n.  [Gr.  i(u>,  without,  and 
yauTtjo,  the  stomach  ; Fr.  exogastrite .]  (Med.) 
Inflammation  of  the  external  membranes  of  the 
stomach.  Craig. 

EX'O-QEN,  n.  [Gr.  i(w,  on  the  outside,  and  yiv- 
vaw,  to  beget,  to  produce.]  (Bot.)  A plant  or 
tree  which  increases  in  diameter  by  the  addition 
of  new  wood  to  the  outside  of  the  old  wuod,  or 
by  successive  external  additions  ; dicotyledon  ; 

— opposed  to  endogen.  P.  Cyc. 

EX-OG'E-NOUS,  a.  (Bot.)  Belonging  to  exogens ; 
increasing  by  successive  external  additions,  as 
plants  or  trees  ; dicotyledonous.  Buckland. 

EX’O-GLOSS,  n.  [Gr.  t|w,  without,  and  yl.ibaaa,  the 
tongue.]  (Ich.)  A genus  of  American  fishes, 
having  the  lower  jaw  divided  into  three  lobes, 
the  middle  one  of  which  serves  the  purpose  of  a 
tongue.  Bong. 

t EX-O-LETE',  a.  [L.  exolesco,  exoletus,  to  grow 
out  of  use.]  Obsolete  ; out  of  use.  Bailey. 

t EX-O-LU'TION,  n.  [L.  exolvo,  exolutus,  to  un- 
loose.] Laxation  of  the  nerves.  Browne. 

f E.y-OLVE'  (egz-olv'),  v.  a.  [L.  exolvo.]  To 
loose  ; to  pay.  Bailey. 

EX-O-MOL-O-^E'SIS,  n.  [Gr.  i(onoX6yyaiS ; i(, 
from,  used  intensively,  and  bpoloyiat,  to  agree 
to  any  thing ; bpos,  the  same,  or  bpou,  together, 
and  l.iyu,  to  say.]  A common  confession. 

All  public  criminals  were  tied  to  a public  exoniologesis,  or 
repentance  in  the  church.  Bp.  Taylor. 

F.X-O-M  PHA-LOS,  l n_  [Gr.  i(,  from,  and  6p<paX6i, 

EX-OM1  PHA-LOS,  ) the  navel.]  (Med.)  Hernia 
or  rupture  at  or  near  the  navel.  Dunglison. 

EX'ON,  n.  An  officer  of  the  Yeomen  of  the  Royal 
Guard;  an  exempt. — See  Exempt.  Dodd. 

E-lf-ON'ER-ATE,  v.  a.  [L . exonero,  exoneratus  ; 
ex,  from,  and  onus,  a load  ; It.  esonerare ; Sp. 
exonerav,  Fr .exonerer.]  [i.  exonerated  ; pp. 

EXONERATING,  EXONERATED.] 

1.  To  discharge  of  what  is  borne ; to  free 
from  a load  ; to  rid  of  a burden,  [r.] 

Secretory  vessels  which  all  exonerate  themselves  into  one 

; common  duct.  Ray. 

2.  To  disburden  of  blame  ; to  exculpate  ; to 
absolve  ; to  acquit ; to  clear ; to  discharge. 

Syn.  — To  exonerate  signifies  to  take  off  the  burden 
of  a charge  or  of  guilt ; to  exculpate,  to  throw  off  the 
blame.  A person  exculpates  himself,  and  is  exonerated, 
absolved,  and  acquitted  by  others. 

f, X - 6 N - E R - A ' T I O N , n.  [L.  exoneratio  ; It.  esone- 
razione  ; Sp.  exoneracion.]  The  act  of  exoner- 
ating or  disburdening  ; discharge.  Grew. 

F^-ON'FR-A-TIVE,  a.  That  exonerates  ; freeing 
from  a charge  or  burden.  Todd. 

5^-ON'lJR-A-TOR,  n.  [L.]  One  who  exonerates, 
disburdens,  or  discharges.  Dane. 

EX-OPH-THAL'MI-A,  n.  [L. ; Gr.  <(,  out  from, 
and  6d>0aXp6!,  the  eye.]  (Med.)  The  protrusion 
of  the  eyeball  from  the  orbit.  Brande. 

EX-OPII-THAL'MY,  n.  Exophthalmia.  Craig. 

EX-OPH'YL-LOUS,  or  EX-O-PHYL'LOLS  (131),  a. 
[Gr.  i(,  from,  and  ipbllov,  a leaf.]  (Bot.)  Naked, 
as  the  leaves  of  exogens ; not  having  a folia- 
ceous  sheath.  Brande. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  k,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


EXOPTABLE 


519 


EXPECT 


t EJf-OP'TA-BLE,  a.  [L.  exoptabilis .]  That  is  to 
be  desired ; desirable.  Bailey. 

EX-OP-TA'TION,  re.  [L.  ex  opto,  exoptatus,  to  long 
for.]  Earnest  wish  or  desire.  Bailey. 

EJJ-OP'TILE,  re.  [Gr.  If,  priv.,  and  irnV.oi/,  a 
feather.]  ( Bot .)  A dicotyledonous  plant ; — so 
called  because  its  plumule  is  naked.  Brande. 

EX'O-RA-BLE,  a.  [L.  exorabilis  ; It.  esorabile  ; 
Sp".  § ' Fr.  exorable.]  That  may  be  moved  by 
entreaty  ; relenting.  Harrington. 

fEX'O-RATE,  t>.  a.  [L.  exoro,  exoratus.~\  To 
obtain  by  request.  Cockeram. 

UJC-OR'BJ-TANCE,  ) n [Jt.  esorbitanza  ; Sp.  ex- 

JpX-OR'BI-TAN-CY,  S orbitancia.] 

1.  A going  out  of  the  prescribed  track  ; — ap- 
plied to  things. 

Alt  these  exorbitances  in  nature  serve  to  set  off  the  general 
beauty  of  its  works.  Spenser. 

2.  Gross  deviation  from  rule  or  right ; enor- 
mity ; extravagance  ; excess. 

Bewail  the  lamentable  exorbitances  of  their  superstitions. 

Bp.  Hall. 

The  reverence  of  my  presence  may  be  a curb  to  your 
exorbitances.  Dnjden. 

E^-OR'BI-TANT,  a.  [L.  ex,  out  from,  and  orbita, 
a track,  an  orbit ; It.  esorbitante ; Sp.  exorbi- 
tant e ; Fr.  exorbitant .] 

1.  Not  comprehended  in  a settled  rule  or 
method ; anomalous  ; irregular. 

Causes  exorbitant,  and  such  as  their  laws  had  not  pro- 
vided for.  Hooker. 

2.  Exceeding  due  bounds  ; inordinate ; un- 
reasonable ; excessive  ; extravagant. 

So  exorbitant  are  the  desires  of  men  that  they  will  grasp 
at  all.  Swift. 

E^-OR'BI-TANT-LY,  ad.  In  an  exorbitant  manner. 

f p.^-OR' BI-TATE,  v.  n.  [L.  exorbito,  exorbitatus, 
to  go  out  of  the  track  ; ex,  out  from,  and  orbita, 
a track.]  To  deviate  ; to  go  beyond  rule.  Spenser. 

II  EX'OR-CI§E  [eks'or-slz,  S.  IV.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja. 
Sm.  C.  IV b.  ; eks-ijr'slz,  K.],  v.a.  [Gr.  IfopKtfui ; 
Ik,  from,  and  00x05,  an  oath  ; L.  exorcizo  ; It. 
esorcizzare  ; Sp . exorcizar  ■,  Fr . exorciser.) 

1.  To  drive  away,  as  evil  spirits,  by  certain 

forms  of  conjuration.  “He  exorciseth  devils  in 
the  church.”  Prynne. 

2.  To  deliver  from  malignant  spirits  ; to  puri- 
fy from  evil  influence. 

Do  all  you  con  to  exorcise  crowds  who  are  possessed  as 
I am.  Spectator. 

|]  EX'OR-Cl§-pR,  n.  One  who  exorcises;  exorcist. 
“No  exorciser  harm  thee.”  Shak. 

||  EX'OR-Cl§M,  n.  [Gr.  ifopKioy6(,  a swearing;  L. 
exorcismus  ; It.  esorcismo  ; Sp.  ex orcismo  ; Fr. 
exorcisme. ] The  act  of  exorcising  ; expulsion 
of  evil  spirits ; a form  of  conjuration  for  expel- 
ling evil  spirits. 

Will  his  lordship  behold  and  hear  our  exorcisms ? Shak. 

II  EX'OR-ClST  [eks'or-sTst,  S.  W.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  Sm. ; 
eks-br'sjst,  E.  If.],  n.  [Gr.  ifooKion'is,  one  who 
administers  an  oath  ; L.  exorcista-,  Fr . exorciste .] 

1.  One  who  exorcises  or  casts  out  evil  spirits. 
Then  certain  of  the  vagabond  Jews,  exorcists.  Acts  xix.  13. 

2.  An  enchanter  ; a conjurer,  [r.] 

Thou,  like  an  exorcist,  hast  conjured  up 
My  mortified  spirit.  Shcffc. 

E^-OR'DI-AL  (egz-or'de-?l),  a.  Introductory;  ini- 
tial. “ The  exordial  verses  of  Homer.”  Johnson. 

BX-OR'DI-UM,  n. ; pi.  L.  e^or'di-a-,  Eng.  e*- 
or'di-um?.  [L.]  ( Rhet .)  The  commencement 
or  opening  part  of  a speech  or  oration;  an  in- 
troduction ;•  a formal  preface. 

I have  been  distasted  at  this  way  of  writing  by  reason  of 
long  prefaces  and  exordiums.  Addison. 

Syn.  — See  Preface. 

EX-OR-gAN'IC,  a.  Having  ceased  to  be  organic 
or  organized.  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

+ EX-OR-NA'TION,  re.  [L.  exornatio.]  Ornament; 
decoration ; embellishment.  Hooker. 

EX-  OR-RHI ' 7. JR,  n.pl.  [Gr.  efut,  without,  and  pifa, 
a root.]  (Bot.)  A term  applied  to  exogenous 
plants  in  which  the  seeds  have  the  radicle  al- 
ready developed ; dicotyledons.  Henslow. 

p}t-OR  RHI-ZAL,  l a (Bot.)  Pertaining  to  the 

?3[-6R'RH!-ZOUS,  S Exorrhizoe ; noting  the  mode 
of  germination  in  exogens.  Henslow.  Hoblyn. 


EY-OR'TIVE,  a.  [L.  exortivus,  pertaining  to  the 
rising  of  the  heavenly  bodies ; eastern  ; exorior, 
to  rise.]  Rising ; relating  to  the  east,  [r.]  Scott. 
f JX-OS'CU-LATE,  v.  a.  [L.  exosculor.]  To 
kiss.  ’ Bailey. 

f 5^-OS-Cy-LA'TION,  re.  [L.  exosculatio .]  A 
kissing.  Bailey. 

EX-QS-MOSE',  re.  [Gr.  efut,  without,  and  uxryds, 
impulsion.]  The  passage  of  gases,  vapors,  or 
liquids  of  unequal  densities,  through  membranes 
or  pores  from  within  outwards  ; exosmosis  ; — 
opposed  to  endosmose.  — See  Osmose. 

If  two  fluids  of  unequal  densities  are  separated  by  an  ani- 
mal or  vegetable  membrane,  the  denser  will  attract  the  less 
dense  through  the  membrane  that  divides  them.  This  prop- 
erty is  called  “endosmose”  when  the  attraction  is  from  the 
outside  to  the  inside,  and  “exosmose”  when  it  operates  from 
the  inside  to  the  outside  of  the  body  acted  upon.  Brande. 

EX-OS-MO'SJS, re. Same  asExosMOSE.  Scudamore. 
f y^-OS'sATE,  v.  a.  [L.  ex,  priv.,  and  os,  ossis, 
a bone.]  To  deprive  of  bones  ; to  bone.  Bailey. 
f yjf-OS'SA-TyD,  a.  [L.  exosso,  exossatus,  to  de- 
prive of  bone.]  Deprived  of  bones.  Bailey. 
f EX-OS-SA'TION,  re.  Freedom  from  bones. Bacon. 
yjC-OS'SU-OUS,  a.  Destitute  of  bones  ; boneless. 

“ Snails  and  soft  exosseous  animals.”  Browne. 
EX-OS-TOME',  re.  [Gr.  if,  from,  and  nrdya,  mouth.] 
(Bot.)  The  orifice  through  the  outer  integument 
of  an  ovule,  which,  together  with  the  endostome, 
completes  the  foramen.  Henslow.  Gray. 

EX-OS-TO'SIS  [eks-os-to'sjs,  TV.  Ja.  Sm. ; eks-os'- 
to-sis,  S.  if.],  re.  [Gr.  if,  from,  and  dorlov,  bone.] 

1.  (Anat.)  An  unnatural  protuberance  or  tu- 
mor of  a bone.  Dunglison. 

2.  (Bot.)  A tumor  or  knot  in  trees,  formed 

by  disease.  Craig. 

EX-O-TER  (C,  l a . [Gr.  ifiortpiKdf  ; cfu> ; L.  ex- 
EX-O-TER'j-CAL,  > otcricus  ; It.  esoterico  ; Sp. 
exoterico',  Fr.  ex oterique.)  Public;  exterior; 
not  private  or  secret;  — as  distinguished  from 
esoteric.  — See  Esoteric. 

Aristotle  was  wont  to  divide  his  lectures  into  acroamatical 
and  exoteric al.  Hales. 

EX-O-TER'l-CISM,  re.  Exoteric  doctrine  or  prin- 
ciples. Ch.  Ob. 

EX-O-TER'JCS,  re.  pi.  The  lectures  of  Aristotle 
on  rhetoric,  to  which  all  were  admitted.  Ash. 
EX'O-TER-Y,  re.  That  which  is  public  or  common. 

Reserving  their  esoteries  for  adepts,  and  dealing  out  exo- 
teries only  to  the  vulgar.  Search. 

y.jj-OT'IC,  i a [Qr.  ifuiTiKif,  L.  exoticus;  It. 
yx-OT'l-CAL,  J esotico  ; Sp.  exotico  ; Fr.  exotiquei] 
Foreign;  not  produced  at  home;  not  indige- 
nous ; as,  “ An  exotic  plant  ” ; “ An  exotic 
habit.”  Swift. 

y.-y-OTlC,  re.  1.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  foreign  origin. 

Plants  such  as  the  gardeners  call  exotics.  Addison. 

2.  A word  of  foreign  origin.  Boag. 

5$-OT'I-CAL-NESS,  re.  The  state  of  being  ex- 
otic. Scott. 

yji-OT'I-CI^M,  re.  A foreign  word  or  idiom.  T Vatts. 
yX-PAND',  v.  a.  [L.  expando  ; ex,  from,  and  pan- 
do,  to  open  ; It.  espandere .]  [».  expanded  ; pp. 
EXPANDING,  EXPANDED.] 

1.  To  spread  out  in  surface;  to  lay  open. 

Then  with  expanded  wings  he  steers  his  flight.  Milton. 

2.  To  spread  every  way ; to  distend  ; to  dilate  ; 
to  extend ; to  enlarge  ; to  amplify  ; to  diffuse  ; 
as,  “ To  expand  a balloon  with  gas.” 

Syn.  — See  Enlarge,  Spread. 

EX-PAND',  v.  re.  1.  To  open  ; as,  “ The  heat  of 
the  sun  will  cause  the  buds  to  expand." 

2.  To  increase  in  bulk;  to  dilate;  as,  “Water 
expands  in  freezing.” 

EX-pAND'£D,  p.  a.  Spread  out ; extended;  laid 
open  ; as,  “ Expanded  leaves  or  flowers.” 
?X-PAnSE',  re.  [L.  expando,  expansus,  to  spread 
out ; Sp.  export  so.)  A surface  widely  expanded  ; 
extent ; amplitude  ; expansion. 

On  the  smooth  expanse  of  crystal  lakes 

The  sinking  stone  at  first  a circle  makes.  Pope. 

BX-PAN-SI-bIl'I-TY,  re.  [It.  espansibilitd  ; Sp. 
expansibilidad ; Fr.  expansibility. ~\  The  quality  of 
being  expansible  ; capacity  of  expansion.  Grew. 
yX-PAN'SJ-BLE,  a.  [It.  espansibile  ; Sp.  St  Fr. 

expansible .]  That  may  be  expanded.  Grew. 
EX-PAn'SI-BLE-NESS,  re.  The  state  or  the  qual- 
ity of  being  expansible.  Clarke. 


JfX-PAN'SJ-BLY,  ad.  In  an  expansible  manner. 

Boag. 

£X-PAN'SILE,  a.  Belonging  to  expansion;  ex- 
pansive. Scott. 

EX-PAn'SIQN  (?ks-pkn'shun),  re.  [L.  expansio  ; 
It.  espansione ; Sp.  6j  Fr.  expansion .] 

1.  The  act  of  expanding  or  spreading.  “ The 
easy  expansion  of  the  wing  of  a bird.”  Grew. 

2.  The  state  of  being  expanded  in  surface  or 
in  bulk  ; enlargement ; amplitude. 

The  expansion  of  the  air  is  proportional  to  the  pressure 
upon  it.  Bentley. 

3.  The  space  through  which  any  thing  is  ex- 
tended; extent;  expanse. 

The  capacious  mind  extends  beyond  the  utmost  expan- 
sion of  matter.  Locke. 

4.  Pure  space,  apart  from  extension  in  matter. 

Distance  or  space  I call  expansion,  to  distinguish  it  from 

extension,  which  expresses  this  distance  only  as  it  is  in  the 
solid  parts  of  matter.  Locke. 

5.  (Com.)  Increase  in  the  issues  of  bank- 
notes. Boag. 

BX-PAn'SION— CURB',  re.  A contrivance  for  coun- 
teracting expansion  or  contraction.  Clarke. 

yX-PAN'SION-EN'GINE,  re.  (Mech.)  A steam- 
engine  in  which  the  supply  of  steam  is  cut  off 
before  the  stroke  is  completed,  the  expansive 
power  of  the  steam  admitted  being  sufficient  to 
complete  it.  Ogilvie. 

£X-PAN'SION-J6lNT,  re.  (Mech.)  A joint  for 
connecting  steam-pipes,  made  with  a stuffing- 
box,  so  as  to  allow  one  of  them  to  slide  within 
the  enlarged  end  of  the  other  when  the  length 
increases  by  expansion^  Weale. 

BX-PAN'SION-VAlVE,  re.  (Mech.)  A valve  in  a 
steam-engine  between  the  slide-valve  and  the 
steam-cylinder,  worked  by  a cam  or  other  con- 
trivance so  as  to  cut  off  the  steam  at  a given 
point  of  the  stroke,  and  thus  leave  it  to  be  com- 
pleted by  the  steam  already  admitted.  Weale. 

EX-PAN'SIVE,  a.  [It.  espansivo ; Sp .expansivo; 
Fr .expansif.)  That  expands  ; having  power  to 
expand  ; diffusive.  “ The  elastic  or  expansive 
faculty  of  the  air.”  Ray. 

EX-PAN'SIVE-LY,  ad.  By  expansion. 

^X-PAN'SIVE-NESS,  re.  The  quality  of  bring  ex- 
pansive. Craig. 

EX  pAr’TE.  [I,.,  of  the  one  part.)  (Law.)  Pro- 
ceeding from  only  one  part  or  side  of  a matter 
in  question. 

Ex  parte  evidence,  evidence  delivered  on  only  one 
side.  — Ex  parte  council,  a council  of  only  one  s.de  or 
party. 

BX-PA'TI-AtE  (eks-pa’she-at,  94),  v.  re.  [L.  expa- 
tior,  expatiatus  ; ex,  from,  and  spatior,  to  range  ; 
It .spaziare;  Sp.  espaciarse.]  [i.  expatiated  ; 
pp.  EXPATIATING,  EXPATIATED.] 

1.  To  range  at  large  ; to  rove  without  re- 
straint ; to  take  a wide  circuit  or  view. 

Expatiate  free  o’er  all  this  scene  of  man; 

A mighty  maze  1 but  not  without  a plan.  Pope. 

2.  To  enlarge  upon  in  language;  to  descant. 
“ Dacier  expatiates  upon  this  custom.”  Broome. 

BX-PA'TI-ATE,  v.  a.  To  enlarge;  to  spread;  to 
diffuse;  to  extend.  “An  ample  field  wherein 
to  expatiate  itself.”  [r.]  Dry  den. 

EX-PA-TI-A'TION  (eks-pa-she-a'shun),  re.  The 
act  of  expatiating  or  roving  at  large.  Bacon. 

£X-PA'TI-A-T0R  (eks-pa'slie-a-tur),  re.  One  who 
expatiates  or  enlarges  upon  a subject.  Pegge. 

£X-PA'T[-A-T0-RY  (eks-pa'she-si-to-re),  a.  That 
expatiates  ; enlarging  ; diff  usive.  Bissett. 

II  5X-PA'TR1-ATE  [eks-pa'tre-at,  E.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  R. 
C.  Maunder-,  ?ks-p5t'ry-at,  TVb.],  v.  a.  [L.  ex, 
from,  and  patria,  country  ; It.  spatriare  ; Sp. 
expatHar ; Fr.  cxpatricr.)  [i.  expatriated  ; 
pp.  EXPATRIATING,  EXPATRIATED.]  To  banish, 
or  to  remove,  from  one’s  country ; to  exile. 

Abelard  indulged  the  romantic  wish  of  expatriating  himself 
forever.  Berinyton. 

||  JJX-PA-TRI-A'TION,  re.  [Sp.  expatriacion  ; Fr. 
expatriation .]  The  act  of  expatriating ; removal 
from  one’s  country  by  emigration  or  by  banish- 
ment ; exile.  Todd. 

EX-PECT',  v.  a.  [L.  expecto  ; ex,  from,  and  spccto, 
to  look ; It.  aspettare  ; Sp.  esperar .]  [i.  ex- 

pected ; pp.  EXPECTING,  EXPECTED.] 

1.  To  have  a previous  apprehension  of  some- 
thing future,  whether  good  or  evil ; to  look  for. 


MiEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  ROLE.  — 9,  <?,  9,  g,  soft ; £,  E,  j,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  tfiis. 


EXPECT 


EXPENDITOR 


520 


We  are  not  to  expect  from  an  intercourse  with  others  all 
that  satisfaction  we  fondly  wish.  Blair. 

2.  To  wait  for  ; to  await. 

The  guards, 

Bv  me  encamped  on  yonder  hill,  expect 

Their  motion.  Milton. 

3.  To  require  ; to  demand  as  reasonable. 

England  expects  every  man  to  do  his  duty.  Lord  Nelson. 

Ug f To  expect  lias  reference  to  what  is  future  ; as, 
a person  expects,  not  what  is  past,  but  something  that 
is  yet  to  come.  But  in  this  country,  this  word  is 
often  improperly  used  in  conversation,  especially  by 
the  illiterate,  in  the  sense  of  to  suppose,  believe,  or 
think  ; as,  “ I expect  you  have  already  heard  of  this 
matter.”  To  expect,  according  to  Grose,  Halliwell, 
and  others,  is  used  in  the  same  manner  in  some  parts 
of  England.  According  to  Brockett,  to  expect,  used 
in  the  sense  of  “ to  suppose,  or  believe , is  a common 
northern  expression.” 

“ Many  people  have  an  odd  way  of  saying  ‘ I expect,’ 
when  they  only  mean  ‘ 1 tliinl:,’  • I conclude  ’ ; as,  ‘ f 
expect  those  books  were  sent  to  Paris  last  year.’  ” 
P.  O Wynne. 

Syn.  — See  Await,  Hope. 

f EX-PECT',  v.  n.  To  wait ; to  stay  ; to  remain. 

I will  expect  until  my  change  at  death, 

And  answer  at  thy  call.  Sandys. 

EX-PECT'A-BLE,  a.  [It.  espetibile .]  That  may 
be  expected.  * Browne. 

EX-PECT' ANCE,  n.  1.  The  act  of  expecting; 
expectation  ; expectancy.  “ Expectance  calls 
thee  now  another  way.”  Milton. 

2.  Something  expected. 

There  is  expectance  here  from  both  the  sides.  Shak. 

EX-PECT'AN-CY,  n.  "l.  The  act  of  expecting ; 
expectation  ; hope. 

The  expectancy  and  rose  of  the  fair  state.  Shak. 

2.  (Med.)  Expectation.  “Rational  expect- 
ancy.”— See  Expectation.  Dr.  Forbes. 

3.  (Laic.)  State  of  dependence  upon  some- 
thing future  ; abeyance  or  suspension. 

Estates  in  expectancy  are  of  two  sorts : one  created  | 
by  the  act  of  the  parties,  called  a remainder,  tile  other 
by  act  of  law,  called  a reversion.  Bouvier. 

5X-PECT'AiNT,  a.  [Fr.]  1.  Depending  on  some- 
thing; waiting  in  expectation.  “The  expectant 
heir.”  Swift. 

■ 2.  (Med.)  That  waits  for  the  efforts  of  nature. 

“ Expectant  medicine.”  Dunglison. 

Expectant  estate,  an  estate  in  expectancy.  Burrill. 

EX-PECT'ANT,  n.  One  who  waits  in  expectation 
of  any  thing  ; one  who  is  looking  for  some  ben- 
efit. “ An  expectant  of  future  glory.”  South. 

EX-PEC-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  expectatio ; It.  espetta- 
zione  ; Sp.  expectacion .] 

1.  The  act  or  the  state  of  expecting;  anticipa- 
tion of  something  future,  whether  good  or  evil. 

’T  is  expectation  makes  a blessing  dear.  Congreve. 
Oft  ex])ectation  fails,  and  most  there 
Where  most  it  promises.  Shak. 

2.  Prospect  of  good ; trust  in  the  future ; hope. 

My  soul,  wait  thou  only  upon  God;  for  my  expectation  is 
from  him.  Ps.  lxii.  5. 

3.  The  object  expected ; the  expected  Messiah. 

Now  clear  I understand 
Why  our  great  exjicctation  should  be  called 
The  seed  of  woman.  Milton. 

4.  A state  which  promises  excellence.  “ A 

youth  of  expectation.”  Otway. 

5.  In  the  doctrine  of  chances,  the  value  of 
any  prospect  of  a prize,  or  of  property  depend- 
ing upon  the  happening  of  some  uncertain 
event,  and  equal,  in  all  cases,  to  the  whole  sum 
multiplied  by  the  probability  that  the  event,  on 
which  it  depends,  may  happen.  London  Ency. 

6.  (Med.)  A method  which  consists  in  ob- 
serving the  progress  of  diseases,  and  leaving 
them  almost  wholly  to  the  efforts  of  nature, 
without  prescribing  active  medicines.  Dunglison. 

Expectation  of  life,  ( Life  Insurance.)  the  mean  aver- 
age duration  of  the  life  of  individuals  of  any  given  age. 

Syn. — See  Hope. 

f E-X-PEC'TA-TIVE,  a.  [Fr.]  Expecting.  Cotgrave. 

f EX-PEC'TA-TIVE,  n.  The  object  expected.  “ I 
am  satisfied  in  some  expectatives.”  Wotton. 

EX-PECT'ED,  p.  a.  Waited  for;  looked  for; 
hoped.  “ Expected  good.”  Shak. 

EX-PECT'ER,  n.  One  who  expects.  Swift.. 

EX-PECT'ING-LY,  ad.  With  expectation.  Dryden. 

EX-PEC'TO-RANT,  a.  [L.  expectoro,  expectorans , 
to  drive  from  the  breast ; ex,  from,  and  pectus, 
the  breast ; It.  espettorante  ; Sp.  expectorante ; Fr. 
expectorant .]  Promoting  expectoration.  Smart. 


EX-PEC'TO-rANT,  n.  (Med.)  A medicine  to  pro- 
mote expectoration.  Dunglison. 

EX-PEC'TO-rATE,  v.  a.  [L .expectoro,  expectora- 
tus  ; ex,  from,  and  pectus,  the  breast ; It.  espet- 
torare  ; Sp.  expectorar  ; Fr . expectorer.]  [i.  ex- 
pectorated ; pp.  expectorating,  expecto- 
rated.] To  eject  from  the  breast,  chest,  or 
lungs  by  coughing  and  spitting  ; to  cough  up. 
Morbific  matter  is  exjtecl orated  by  coughing.  Arbuthnot. 

EX-PEC-TO-RA'TION,  n.  [It.  espettorazione  ; Sp. 
expectoration  ; Fr.  expectoration .] 

1.  The  act  of  expectorating  or  of  throwing  up 

from  the  chest.  “ When  the  expectoration  goes 
on  successfully.”  Arbutjinot. 

2.  Expectorated  matter  ; discharge  made  by 
coughing  and  spitting ; spit ; spittle.  Brande. 

EX-PEC'TO-RA-TIVE,  a.  [It.  espettorativo  ; Sp. 
expectorativo.\  Promoting  expectoration  ; ex- 
pectorant. Harvey. 

EX-PEC'TO-RA-TIVE,  n.  (Med.)  A medicine  to 
promote  expectoration  ; expectorant.  Harvey. 

f EX-PEDE',  v.  a.  To  expedite.  Scott. 

EX  PE'DE  HER  ' CU-LEM.  [L.,  from  the  foot 
Hercules,  i.  e.  from  one  foot  of  the  statue  of 
Hercules  the  size  of  the  whole  figure  may  be 
judged.]  From  a part  judge  of  the  whole. 

Pythagoras  ascertained  the  length  of  the  foot 
of  Hercules  by  taking  the  length  of  the  Olympic  sta- 
dium or  course,  which  was  UOO  feet,  originally  meas- 
ured by  tbe  foot  of  the  hero.  He  thence  came  to  the 
conclusion  that  his  height  was  6 feet  7 inches.  Riley. 

t EX-PE' DI- ATE,  v.  a.  [Fr.  expedier.]  To  hasten  ; 
to  expedite.  Sir  E.  Sandys. 

||  E-X-PE'D!-ENCE,  ) n_  |-gee  Expedient.] 

||  E-X-PE'DI-EX-CY,  ’ 1.  The  quality  of  being  ex- 

pedient ; fitness  ; propriety ; suitableness  to  a 
good  end. 

Reason  dictated  the  high  expediency  and  great  use  of  such 
practices.  South. 

2.  f Adventure;  attempt.  “In  forwarding 

this  dear  expedience.”  Shak. 

3.  f Expedition  ; haste;  despatch. 

Eight  tall  ships,  three  thousand  men  of  war, 

Are  making  hither  with  all  due  expedience.  Shak. 

||  E-X-PE'DI-ENT  [eks-pe'di-ent,  P.  J.Ja.  C.  Wb. ; 
eks-pe'dyent,  S.  E.  F.  Ii.;  eks-pe'de-ent  or  eks- 
pe'je-ent,  IF.],  a.  [It.  espediente;  Sp.  expe- 
dients, Fr.  expedient.) 

1.  Proper  ; fit ; convenient ; suitable  ; useful ; 
advisable  ; requisite  ; necessary. 

Whatever  is  expedient  is  right.  Paley. 

Nothing  but  the  right  can  ever  be  expedient,  since  that  can 
never  he  true  expediency  which  would  sacrifice  a greater  good 
to  a less.  Abp.  W hately. 

2.  f Made  in  haste  ; expeditious. 

His  marches  are  expedient  to  this  town.  Shak. 

Syn. — See  Necessary. 

||  EX-PE'DI-ENT,  n.  [L.  expedio,  expediens,  to 
barter;  ex,  from,  and  pes,  pedis,  a foot;  It.  es- 
pediente ; Sp . expediente ; Fr.  expedient.} 

1.  That  which  helps  forward  or  promotes  an 
end. 

God  docs  not  project  for  our  sorrow,  hut  our  innocence  ; 
and  would  never  have  invited  us  to  the  one,  but  as  an  expe- 
dient to  the  other.  Decay  of  Piety. 

2.  Means  to  accomplish  an  end  contrived  in 
an  exigence  ; shift ; resource  ; contrivance. 

Men  support  themselves  by  temporary  expedients,  and 
every  day  is  lost  in  contriving  for  to-inorrow.  Johnson. 

Of  all  exjiedicnts  never  one  was  good.  Dryden. 

Syn.  — Expedient,  is  an  artificial  means  ; resource, 
natural  means.  A cunning  man  is  fruitful  in  expedi- 
ents and  derices  ; a fortunate  man  abounds  in  resources. 
One  deficient  in  resources  may  have  recourse  to  expe- 
dients.— “ Robinson  Crusoe  adopted  every  expedient  in 
order  to  prolong  his  existence,  at  a time  when  his  re- 
sources were  at  the  lowest  ebb.”  Crabb. 

EX-PE-DI-EN'TIAL,a.  Pertaining  to  expedients. 
“A  worldly,  expediential  letter.”  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

||  EX-PE'DI-ENT-LY,  ad.  1.  In  an  expedient 
manner  ; fitly. 

2.  f Hastily;  quickly.  “ Do  this  expediently. 

Shak. 

EX-PED'I-TATE,  v.  a.  [Low  L.  expedito,  expedi- 
tatus  ; L.  ex,  from,  and  pes,  pedis,  a foot.]  (Eng. 
Forest  Law.)  To  cut  off,  as  the  balls  or  the 
claws  of  a dog’s  feet,  to  prevent  his  doing  harm 
to  the  king’s  deer.  Chambers. 

EX-PED-I-TA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  expeditating, 
or  cutting  off  the  balls  or  the  claws  from  a dog’s 
feet.  “ Expeditation  of  mastiffs.”  Blackstone. 


EX'PE-DlTE,  v.  a.  [L.  expedio,  expeditus  ; It.  espe- 
dire  ; Sp.  expedir  ; Fr.  expedier. ] [t.  expedit- 
ed ; pp.  expediting,  expedited.] 

1.  To  facilitate  in  progress  ; to  hasten ; to  ac- 
celerate ; to  quicken. 

A broad  way  now  is  paved 
To  expedite  your  glorious  march.  Milton. 

2.  To  send  or  emit  as  from  a public  office; 
to  despatch  ; to  forward. 

Though  such  charters  be  expedited  of  course,  they  are 
varied  by  discretion.  Bacon. 

Syn.  — See  Hasten. 

EX'PE-DlTE,  a.  [L.  expeditus  ; It.  espedito  ; Sp. 
expedito .] 

1.  Quick;  expeditious;  hastened;  acceler- 
ated. “ Expedite  execution.”  Sandys. 

2.  Clear  of  impediments ; free  from  obstruc- 
tion ; disencumbered ; easy. 

To  make  the  way  plain  and  expedite  enough.  Hooker. 

3.  Active  ; agile  ; brisk  ; nimble  ; alert. 

The  more  nimble  and  expedite  it  will  be  in  its  operations. 

Tillotson. 

4.  f Light-armed.  “ Expedite  forces.”  Bacon. 

EX'PE-DlTE-LY,  ad.  With  expedition.  Grew. 

EX-PE-Dp'TION  (eks-pe-dlsh'un),  n.  [L.  expedi- 
tion, It.  spedizione  ; Sp.  expedicion  ; Fr.  expedi- 
tion.'] 

1.  Haste  ; speed  ; activity  ; despatch. 

Even  with  the  speediest  expedition 
I will  despatch  him  to  the  emperor’s  court.  Shak. 

2.  A military,  naval,  or  other  important  en- 
terprise ; as,  “ Napoleon’s  expedition  to  Egypt.” 

EX-PE-Dl"TION-A-RY,  a.  Relating  to  an  expe- 
dition. Ec.  Rev. 

EX-PE-Dl''TION-IST,  n.  One  who  makes  or  par- 
ticipates in  an  expedition.  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

EX-PE-DI''TIOUS  (eks-pe-dlsh'us),  a.  1.  Speedy; 
quick  ; soon  done  ; as,  “ An  expeditious  march.” 

2.  Acting  with  celerity ; nimble  ; swift ; 
prompt ; punctual ; diligent ; as,  “ To  be  expe- 
ditious in  any  business.” 

Syn.  — See  Diligent. 

EX-PE-DI”TIOUS-LY  (eks-pe-dlsli'us-le),  ad.  With 
expedition  ; quickly. 

EX-PE- DI"TIOIIS-N ESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
expeditious  ; quickness  ; expedition.  Scott. 

t EX'PE-Dl-Tl  VE,  a.  [Fr.  expeditif]  That  expe- 
dites; performing  with  speed.  Bacon. 

EX-PED'I-TO-RY,  a.  Making  haste  ; acting  with 
celerity ; expeditious,  [r.]  Dr.  Franklin. 

EX-PEL',  v.  a.  [L.  expello  ; ex,  from,  and  pe/lo, 
to  drive  ; It.  espellere  ; Sp.  expcler  ; Fr.  cxpulser.] 
\i.  EXPELLED  ; pp.  EXPELLING,  EXPELLED.] 

1.  To  drive  out ; to  force  away  ; to  eject. 

Suppose  a mighty  rock  to  fall  there,  it  would  expel  the 
waters  out  of  their  places.  Bunict. 

2.  To  drive  from  one’s  country ; to  banish ; 
to  exile  ; to  eliminate. 

Arms  and  the  man  I sing,  who,  forced  by  fate, 

Expelled , and  exiled,  left  the  Trojan  shore.  Di'yden. 

3.  To  shut  out ; to  exclude. 

O that  the  earth  which  kept  the  world  in  awe 
Should  patch  a wall  to  expel  the  winter's  flaw ! Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Banish. 

EX-PEL'LA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  expelled  or 
driven  out.  “ Acid  expellable  by  heat.”  Kirwan. 

EX-PELLED'  (eks-peld'),  p.  a.  Driven  away  ; re- 
jected ; banished. 

EX-PEL'LENT,  n.  (Med.)  A medicine  for  expel- 
ling morbid  humors  from  the  body.  Crabb. 

EX-PEL'LER,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  expels. 

EX-PENCE',  n.  See  Expense.  Todd. 

EX-PEND',  v.  a.  [L.  expendo,  to  weigh  out,  as 
money  in  payment ; ex,  from,  and  pendo,  to 
weigh ; It.  spendere ; Sp.  expender.]  [t.  ex- 
pended ; pp.  expending,  expended.]  To  lay 
out ; to  dispose  of ; to  waste,  exhaust,  or  con- 
sume by  using;  to  spend;  as,  “To  expend 
money,  labor,  or  time.” 

It  is  far  easier  to  acquire  a fortune  like  a knave,  than  to 
expend  it  like  a gentleman.  Cotton. 

Syn.  — See  Spend. 

EX-PEND',  v.  n.  To  be  laid  out ; to  be  spent  or 
consumed  ; to  spend.  Boag. 

EX-PEN'DI-TOR,  n.  (Old  Eng.  Law.)  A disburser 
of  money  collected  by  a tax.  Burrill. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  l,  6,  V,  f,  short;  A,  E»  I,  9,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


EXPENDITURE 


521 


EXPLAINER 


EX-PEN'DI-TURE,  n.  That  which  is  spent ; dis- 
bursement ; sum  expended  ; cost ; expense. 

He  knows  that  our  expenditure  purchased  commerce  and 
conquest.  Bur  tee. 

EX-PENSE',  n.  [L.  expensa  ; Sp.  expensas.]  That 
which  is  spent ; money  expended  ; expendi- 
ture ; cost;  price;  charges;  as,  “The  expenses 
of  government  ” ; “ Household  expenses.” 

Syn.  — See  Cost. 

t EX-PENSE'FUL,  a.  Expensive.  Beau.  % FI. 

t EX-PENSE'FUL-LY,  ad.  Expensively.  Weever. 

EX-PENSE'LESS,  a.  Without  expense.  Milton. 

EX-PEN'SIVE,  a.  1.  That  expends;  given  to  ex- 
pense ; extravagant ; lavish. 

Frugal  and  industrious  men  are  friendly  to  the  established 
government,  as  the  idle  and  expensive  are  dangerous.  Temple. 

2.  Requiring  expense ; costly ; dear ; as, 
“An  expensive  dress  ” ; “An  expensive  journey.” 

3.  f That  distributes  ; liberal ; generous. 

This  requires  an  active,  expensive , indefatigable  governess. 

Spratt. 

Syn.  — See  Cost,  Sumptuary. 

EX-PEN'SI  VE-LY,  ad.  In  an  expensive  manner. 

EX-PEN'SIVE-NESS,  n.  1.  The  quality  of  being 
expensive  ; addiction  to  expense  ; extravagance. 
“ An  expensiveness  of  equipage  and  dress.” 

Lowtli. 

2.  The  state  of  being  expensive  ; costliness. 

Their  highways,  for  extent,  solidity,  or  expensiveness,  are 
some  of  the  greatest  monuments.  Arbuthnot. 

EX-PE'RI-ENCE,  n.  [L.  experientia ; experior,  to 
try;  It.  esperienza ; Sp.  experiencia ; Fr.  expe- 
rience.'] 

1.  Trial ; practice  ; proof ; test ; — especially 
frequent  trial  or  a series  of  trials;  as,  “To 
know  a thing  by  experience." 

Experience,  in  its  strict  sense,  applies  to  what  has  occurred 
within  a person's  own  knowledge.  IV halelp. 

2.  Knowledge  or  wisdom  gained  by  repeated 
trial  or  practice,  with  observation  and  reflection. 

Frosty  signs  and  chaps  of  age. 

Grave  witnesses  of  true  experience.  Shak. 

To  most  men  experience  is  like  the  stern  lights  of  a ship, 
which  illumine  only  the  track  it  has  passed.  Coleridge. 

EX-PE'RI-ENCE,  V.  a.  [i.  EXPERIENCED  ; pp.  EX- 
PERIENCING, EXPERIENCED.] 

1.  To  try  by  enjoyment  or  by  suffering ; to  prove 
by  trial ; as,  “ To  experience  pleasure  or  pain.” 

2.  To  know  by  frequent  practice  ; as,  “To  be 
experienced  in  public  affairs.” 

Syn. — See  Feed. 

EX-PE'RI-ENOED  (eks-pe'rj-enst),  p.  a. 

1.  Having  had  experience ; made  skilful  by 
experience. 

He  through  the  armed  files 
Darts  his  experienced  eye.  Milton. 

2.  Wise  by  long  practice  and  reflection. 

To  him  experienced  Nestor  thus  rejoined.  Pope. 

EX-PE'RI-EN-CER,  n.  One  who  makes  trials  or 
experiments.  “ A curious  experiencer.”  Digby. 

f EX-PE'RI-ENT,  a.  Having  experience;  know- 
ing by  practice ; experienced.  Beau.  % FI. 

EX-PE-RI-EN'TIAL,  a.  Relating  to  or  having 
experience.  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

EX-PER'I-MENT,  n.  [L.  experimentum ; It.  es- 
perimento  ; Sp.  experimental  An  act  or  opera- 
tion performed  to  discover  some  truth,  or  the 
laws  or  nature  of  some  substance,  or  to  illus- 
trate the  principles  of  some  science  ; a trial. 

It  is  good  also  not  to  try  experiments  in  states,  except  the 
necessity  be  urgent  or  the  utility  evident.  Bacon. 

Syn.  — Experiments  are  made  in  science  or  mat- 
ters of  an  intellectual  nature,  in  order  to  ascertain 
some  truth ; trials  are  made  in  order  to  know  the 
quality  of  a thing,  whether  useful  or  not,  or  fit  for 
some  purpose  ; proof  is  the  act,  or  the  result,  of  prov- 
ing, and  the  result  and  effect  of  experiment.  Things 
are  put  to  the  proof  or  test  in  order  to  determine 
whether  they  are  good  or  bad,  real  or  unreal.  Make 
experiment  in  order  to  obtain  proof ; make  a trial  in 
order  to  obtain  a thing  that  will  stand  the  test . — See 
Attempt. 

EX-PER'I-MENT,  v.  a.  [i.  experimented  ; pp. 
EXPERIMENTING,  EXPERIMENTED.] 

1.  To  try  ; to  search  out  by  trial ; to  put  to 
the  proof,  [r.} 

This  naphtha  is  apt  to  inflame  with  Wie  sunbeams,  as  was 
mirthfully  experimented  upon  one  of  Alexander’s  pages. 

Sir  T.  Herbert. 


When  the  succession  of  ideas  ceases,  our  perception  of 
duration  ceases  with  it,  which  every  one  experiments  whilst 
he  sleeps  soundly.  Locke. 

EX-PER'I-MENT,  v.  n.  To  make  experiment;  to 
try,  test,  or  prove  by  experiment. 

Francisco  Redi  experimented  that  no  putrefied  flesh  will  of 
itself,  if  all  insects  be  carefully  kept  from  it,  produce  any.  Ray. 

EX-PER-I-MEN'TAL,  a.  [It.  esperimentale  ; Sp. 
experimental-,  Fr.  experimental .] 

1.  Founded  on  experiment ; as,  “ Experimen- 
tal knowledge.” 

2.  Known  by  experience  or  trial. 

We  have  no  other  evidence  of  universal  impenetrability 
besides  a large  experience  without  an  experimental  excep- 
tion. Newton. 

Experimental  philosophy , those  branches  of  science 
the  deductions  of  which  are  founded  on  experiment, 
as  contrasted  with  the  moral,  mathematical,  and 
speculative  branches  of  knowledge. 

EX-PER-I-MEN'TAL-1ST,  n.  One  who  makes 
experiments  ; an  experimentist.  “ Experimen- 
talists in  physics.”  Burgess,  1790. 

EX-PER-I-MEN'TAL-IZE,  v.  n.  To  make  experi- 
ments. [r.]  Mackay.  Ec.  Rev.  Qu.  Rev. 

gX-PER-I-MEN'TAL-LY,  ad.  By  experiment ; by 
experience  ; by  trial.  Atterbury . 

EX-PER-I-MEN-TA'RI-AN,  a.  Relying  upon  ex- 
periments or  upon  experience. 

Hobbes  . . . treated  the  experimentarian  philosophers  a9 
objects  only  of  contempt.  Bugald  Stewart. 

JgX-PER-I-MpN-TA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  making 
experiments.  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

EX-PER-I-MEN'TA-TIVE,  a.  That  experiments  ; 
making  experiments,  [it.]  Coleridge. 

IJX-PER'I-MENT-ER,  n.  One  who  makes  experi- 
ments. “Two  exact  experimenters."  Digby. 

EX-PER'I-MENT-IST,  n.  One  who  makes  experi- 
ments ; an  experimentalist.  Good. 

EX-PER-I-MEJV ' TUM  CR U ' CIS.  [L.,  the  exper- 
iment of  the  cross.]  A decisive  experiment : — 
so  called  because  it  is  such  an  experiment 
as  leads  to  the  true  knowledge  of  things  sought 
after,  in  the  same  way  as  the  crosses  or  way- 
posts  at  the  meeting  of  roads  point  out  to  the 
traveller  his  true  course,  or  because  it  is  like 
the  practical  test  made  by  a chemist  with  the 
crucible,  which  was  formerly  stamped  with  the 
figure  of  a cross.  Fleming. 

EX-PERT',  a.  [L.  experior,  expertus,  to  try  ; It. 
esperto  ; Sp.  experto  ; Fr.  expert. \ Skilful  or 
ready  from  experience  or  practice;  dexterous 
prompt ; adroit ; clever. 

Expert  men  can  execute  and  jud"c  of  particulars,  one  by 
one;  but  the  general  counsels,  niid  the  plots  and  marshalling 
of  affairs,  come  best  from  those  thut  are  learned.  Bacon. 

Syn.  — See  Clever. 

f EX-PERT',  v.  a.  To  experience.  Spenser. 

EX-PERT',  n.  {Law.)  One  who  is  expert  or  ex- 
perienced; a person  having  skill,  experience,  or 
peculiar  knowledge  on  certain  subjects,  or  in 
certain  professions  ; a scientific  witness.  Burrill. 

EX-PERT' LY,  ad.  In  an  expert  or  ready  manner. 

EX-PERT'NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  expert ; skill ; 
readiness  ; dexterity.  “ Expertness  in  war.” Shak. 

t EX-PET'I-BLE,  a.  [L.  expetibilis.]  That  is  to 
be  wished  for.  Puller. 

EX'PI-A-BLE,  a.  [It.  espiabile .]  That  may  be 

expiated.  Bp.  Hall. 

EX'PT-ATE,  V.  a.  [L.  expio,  expiatus  ; It.  espiare  ; 
Sp.  expiar  ; Fr.  expier.]  \i,  expiated  ; pp.  ex- 
piating, expiated.]  To  annul  or  blot  out  the 
guilt  of  by  some  act  of  repentance  ; to  atone 
for ; to  make  reparation  for. 

And  expiate , if  possible,  my  crime.  Milton. 

EX-PI-A'TION,  n.  [L.  expiatio  ; It.  espiazione  ; 
Sp.  expiacion  ; Fr.  expiation .] 

1.  Act  of  expiating  ; an  act  by  which  satisfac- 
tion is  made  for  some  crime  or  offence.  Johnson. 

2.  Means  by  which  reparation  is  made  for 
guilt ; satisfaction  ; compensation  ; atonement. 

Such  an  expiation  as  Christianity  has  revealed.  Addison. 

3.  f A method  made  use  of  to  avert  the 
threats  of  ominous  prodigies. 

Upon  the  birth  of  such  monsters,  the  Grecians  and  Ro- 
mans did  use  divers  sorts  of  exjiiations.  Hayward. 

EX'PJ-A-TIST,  n.  One  who  expiates,  or  makes 
reparation  for;  an  atoner.  II.  W.  Hamilton. 


EX'PI-A-TQ-RY  [eks'pe-a-tur-e,  S.  W.P.J.E.F. 
Ja.  C.  IVb. ; eks-pe-a'to-re,  K.  Sm.  Bailey),  a. 
[L.  expiatorius  ; It.  espiatorio  ; Sp.  expiatorio  ; 
Fr.  ex piatoire.]  Relating  to  or  making  expia- 
tion. “Expiatory  sacrifice.”  Hooker. 

+ EX'PI-LATE,  v.  a.  [L.  expilo .]  To  plunder; 
to  pillage  ; to  rob.  Bp.  Hall. 

f EX-l’I-LA'TION,  n.  [L. expilatio,  a plundering.] 
{Civil  Law.)  The  act  of  committing  waste  upon 
land  to  the  loss  of  the  heir.  Cockeram.  Chambers. 

EX-PiR'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  expire,  or  come  to 
an  end ; mortal.  Smart. 

EX-Pl'RANT,  n.  One  who  expires,  [it.]  I.  Taylor. 

EX-PI-RA'TION,  n.  [L.  expiratio ; It.  espirazione ; 
Sp.  expiracion  ; Fr.  expiration .] 

S..  The  movement  by  which  the  air  that  has 
been  changed  by  the  respiratory  process  is  ex- 
pelled from  the  lungs  ; the  act  of  breathing  out 
air  from  the  lungs  ; emission  of  breath. 

In  man,  the  respiration  consists  of  mechanical  and  chemi- 
cal phenomena.  The  mechanical  are  inspiration  and  ea'iiira- 
tion.  Bunglison. 

2.  The  last  emission  of  breath  ; death. 

Christ  did  truly  die,  and,  after  expiration,  was  in  the  state 
and  condition  of  the  dead.  Pearson. 

3.  Emission  of  volatile  matter  ; exhalation. 

By  the  expiration  of  such  atoms,  the  dog  finds  the  scent 
as  he  hunts.  Howell. 

4.  End  of  a limited  time  ; termination ; close  ; 
as,  “ At  the  expiration  of  a year.” 

EX-PI'RA-TO-RY,  a.  That  expires ; giving  out 
air.  Dunylison. 

EX-PIRE',  v.  a.  [L.  expiro;  ex,  from,  and  spiro, 
to  breathe;  It.  spirare ; Sp.  expirar-,  Fr.  ex- 
pire)'.) [?.  EXPIRED  ; pp.  EXPIRING,  EXPIRED.] 

1.  To  emit,  as  air,  from  the  lungs  ; to  breathe 
out. 

Anatomy  exhibits  the  lungs  in  a continual  motion  of  in- 
spiring and  expiring  air.  Harvey . 

2.  To  exhale  ; to  evaporate. 

The  fluid  expired  goes  off  in  insensible  parcels.  Woodward. 

3.  To  yield  ; to  give  forth,  [r.] 

And  force  the  veins  of  dashing  flints  to  expire 

The  lurking  seeds  of  their  celestial  fire.  Bryden. 

4.  f To  close;  to  conclude;  to  terminate. 

And  expire  the  terra 

Of  a despised  life.  Shak. 

When  forty  years  were  expired.  Acts  vii.  30. 

EX-PIRE',  v.  n.  I.  To  emit  the  last  breath ; to 
lose  life  ; to  die. 

When  the  fair  in  all  their  pride  expire.  Pope. 

2.  To  perish;  to  cease.  “This  verse,  which 

never  shall  expire.”  Spenser. 

3.  To  come  to  an  end;  to  conclude;  to  ter- 
minate. “ Ere  this  year  expire.”  Shak. 

4.  To  fly  out  with  force,  [r.] 

The  distance  judged  for  shot  of  every  size, 

The  linstocks  touch,  the  ponderous  ball  expires.  Bryden. 

EX-PI-REE  ' , n.  [Fr  .expire.]  A term  denoting 
a convict  who  has  served  his  period  of  punish- 
ment. Qu.  Rev. 

EX'PI-RY,  n.  Expiration.  [A  Scotticism,  not  in 
good  English  use.]  Ld.  Palmerston.  W.  Scott. 

EX-PIs'CATE,  v.  a.  [L.  expiscor,  expiscatus,  to 
fish  out.]  To  fish  out ; to  obtain  by  artful 
means,  [r.]  Bailey.  Qu.  Rev. 

f EX-PIS-cA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  expiscating ; a 
fishing;  piscation.  B.  Jonson.  Chapman. 

EX-PLAlN',  v.  a.  [L.  expiano  ; planus,  plain, 
smooth  ; Sp.  explanar .]  [i.  explained  ; pp. 

explaining,  explained/]  To  make  plain, 
clear,  or  intelligible  ; to  interpret ; to  elucidate  ; 
to  expound  ; to  illustrate  ; to  clear  up.  “ Com- 
mentators to  explain  the  difficult  passages. "Gay. 

Syn. — To  explain  is  a general  term  ; to  expound 
and  interpret  are  modes  of  explaining.  Explain  words 
and  sentences  ; expound  a work  ; interpret  an  inscrip- 
tion ; illustrate  by  means  of  examples,  similes,  &c.  ; 
elucidate  by  comments.  Words  require  explanation ; 
dreams  or  inscriptions,  interpretation  ; moral  truths, 
illustration ; poetical  allusions  and  dark  passages, 
elucidation.  — See  Show,  SOLVE. 

EX-PLAIN',  v.  n.  To  give  an  explanation.  Boag. 

EX-PLAIN' A-BLE,  a.  [L.  explanabilis .]  Capable 
of  being  explained.  Broivne. 

EX-PLAiN'ER,  n.  One  who  explains  ; expositor. 
“The  tribe  of  scholiasts  and  explainers.”  Harris. 


2.  To  know  or  perceive  by  experience,  [r.] 


MiEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  ROLE.  — 9,  9,  9,  g,  soft;  E,  6,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  Jf  as  gz.—  THIS,  this. 

66 


EXPOSITION 


EXPLAINING 

EX-PLAlN'JNG,  p.  a.  Illustrating;  giving  expla- 
nation. 

EX-PLAlN'ING,  n.  Explanation.  Watts. 

EX’PLA-NATE,  a.  1.  ( Dot .)  Spread  or  flattened 
out.  Gray. 

2.  ( Ent !)  Applied  to  the  sides  of  the  pro- 
thorax, when  they  are  so  depressed  and  dilated 
as  to  form  a broad  margin.  Maunder. 

EX-PL  A-NA'TION,  n.  [L.  explanation.  It.  espla- 
nazione ; Sp.  explanation.] 

1.  The  act  of  explaining  ; illustration  ; expli- 
cation ; interpretation  ; exposition  ; as,  “ The 
passage  is  not  clear  without  explanation.” 

2.  The  sense  given  by  an  interpreter ; inter- 
pretation ; meaning.  Sivift. 

3.  Adjustment  or  a difference  ; mutual  under- 
standing ; as,  “ They  have  come  to  an  explana- 
tion.” 

Syn.  — See  Explain. 

EX-PLAn' A-TO-RI-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
explanatory.  Craig. 

EX-PLAN'A-TO-RY,  a.  [L.  explanatorius .]  Serv- 
ing to  explain ; giving  explanation ; illustra- 
tive. “ Explanatory  notes.”  Swift. 

f EX-PLAT',  v.  a.  [ex  xml  plat.]  To  unfold;  to 
explain.  B.  Jonson. 

+ fX-PLE'TION,  n.  [L.  expletio.]  Accomplish- 
ment. Killingbeck. 

EX'PLE-TIVE,  n.  A word  not  necessary  to  the 
sense,  but  used  merely  to  fill  up  the  measure 
of  the  verse,  or  give  roundness  to  the  period. 
These  equal  syllables  alone  require, 

Though  oft  the  ear  the  open  vowels  tire. 

While  expletives  their  feeble  aid  do  join, 

And  ten  low  words  oft  creep  in  one  dull  line.  'Pope. 

EX'PLE-TIVE,  a.  [L.  expletivus ; expleo,  to  fill; 
It . espletivo  ; Sp.  expletivo  ; Fr .expletif.]  Used 
to  fill  up  a space,  or  to  supply  a vacancy  ; super- 
fluous. “ There  is  little  temptation  to  load  with 
expletive  epithets.”  Johnson. 

EX'PLE-TIVE-LY,  ad.  In  the  manner  of  an  ex- 
pletive. Hunter. 

EX'PLE-TO-RY,  a.  [L.  expletus,  full.]  Filling 
up ; taking  up  room.  “ Expletory  embellish- 
ment.” Brit.  Crit. 

EX'PLJ-CA-BLE,  a.  [L.  explicabilis  ; It . esplica- 
bile;  Sp.  if  Fr.  explicable.]  That  may  be  ex- 
plained; explainable.  “ Many  difficulties  scarce 
explicable .”  Hale. 

EX'PLI-CA-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
explicable.  Scott. 

EX'PLI-CATE,  v.  a.  [L.  explico , explicatus ; ex, 
priv.,  and  plico,  to  fold;  Sp.explicar;  Fr.  ex- 
pliquer.]  [i.  explicated  ; pp.  explicating, 

EXPLICATED.] 

1.  f To  unfold;  to  expand.  “They  explicate 

the  leaves.”  Blackmore. 

2.  To  explain  ; to  illustrate  ; to  make  clear. 

The  last  verse  is  not  yet  sufficiently  explicated.  Di'yden. 

EX'PLI-CATE, a.  Evolved;  unfolded;  explicated; 
explained.  “ Those  more  explicate  forms.”  Watts. 

EX-PLI-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  explicatio  ; It.  esplica- 
zione  ; Sp.  explication  ; Fr  .explication.] 

1.  The  act  of  explicating;  interpretation; 

explanation.  “ The  explication  of  this  ques- 
tion.” Taylor. 

2.  The  sense  given  by  an  expositor. 

Many  explications  may  be  rectified  upon  farther  thoughts. 

Burnet. 

EX'PLI-CA-TJVE  [eks'ple-ka-tjv,  W.  P.  J.  F.  Ja. 
K.  Sm. ; eks-pllk' j-tlv,  S.],  a.  [It.  esplicativo  ; 
Sp.  exphcativo  ; Fr.  explicatif.]  That  explains  ; 
tending  to  explain.  Watts. 

EX'PLI-CA-TOR,  n.  [L.]  One  who  explicates; 

an  expounder  ; an  explainer.  Sherwood. 

EX'PLI-CA-TO-RY,  a.  Explicative.  “Commands 
explicatory  of  this  law.”  Barrow. 

EX-PLly'JT  (eks-plls'jt),  a.  [E.  explico,  explici- 
tus,  to  unfold ; It.  esplicito  ; Sp.  explicito ; Fr. 
explicite.]  Plain  ; clear  ; direct ; definite  ; pos- 
itive ; express;  not  merely  implied.  “ Explicit 
proof.”  Burnet.  “ Explicit  notion.”  South. 

+ E X PI. IC- IT,  n.  [L.  Probably  a contraction  for 
explicitus  est  liber,  the  book  is  ended ; literally, 
unrolled,  on  account  of  the  form  of  ancient 
books.  Wm.  Smith.]  A word  found  at  the  con- 


522 

elusion  of  old  books,  signifying  the  end,  or  it  is 
finished,  as  we  now  find  finis.  Aubrey. 

EX-PLI^'IT-LY,  ad.  In  an  explicit  manner. 

EX-PLlg'JT-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  explicit.  Ash. 

EX-PLODE',  v.  a.  [L.  explodo ; ex,  from,  and 
plaudo,  to  clap  or  stamp  in  token  of  approval  or 
disapproval ; It.  esplodere.]  [t.  exploded  ; pp. 
EXPLODING,  EXPLODED.] 

1.  t To  drive  out  or  off  by  clapping  of  hands 
or  other  marks  of  disapprobation,  as  an  actor 
from  the  stage  ; to  expel. 

Him  old  and  young 

Exploded , and  had  seized  with  violent  hands.  Milton. 

2.  fTo  cry  down  ; to  treat  with  contempt;  to 
reject  with  scorn  ; to  discard  ; to  repudiate. 

'Shall  that  man  pass  for  a proficient  in  Christ’s  school  who 
would  have  been  exploded  in  the  school  of  Zeno?  South. 

3.  To  force  out  violently  and  with  a loud 
noise ; to  discharge  ; to  displode. 

But  late  the  kindled  powder  did  explode 

The  massy  ball.  Blackmore. 

EX-PLODE',  v.  n.  To  burst  forth  with  violence 
and  noise.  Ed.  Rev. 

EX-PLOD'ED,  p.  a.  Driven  away;  rejected  with 
contempt ; cried  down  ; discarded  ; as,  “ An 
exploded  doctrine.” 

EX-PLOD'ER,  n.  One  who  explodes  or  drives 
out  with  marks  of  disapprobation.  “ Explod- 
ers of  the  doctrine  of  passive  obedience.”  South. 

EX-PLOIT',  n.  [Fr.  exploit-,  exploiter,  to  per- 
form, to  achieve.]  An  act  or  deed,  especially 
an  heroic  act ; a feat ; a successful  perform- 
ance ; an  achievement ; as,  “ The  exploits  of 
Alexander,  Caesar,  or  Napoleon.” 

Syn.  — See  Deed. 

t EX-PLOIT',  v.  a.  To  perform  ; to  achieve. 

He  exploited  great  matters  in  his  own  person  in  Gallia. 

Camden. 

t EX-PLOIT' A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  exploited 
or  achieved.  Cotgrave. 

t EX-PLOIT'URE,  n.  Act  of  exploiting ; an 
achievement  ; an  exploit ; a feat.  Sir  T.  Elyot. 

t EX-PLO'RATE,  v.  a.  To  explore.  Browne. 

EX-PLO-RA'TION,  n.  [L.  exp/oratio  ; It.  esplo- 
razione  ; Sp.  exploration  ; Fr.  exploration.]  The 
act  of  exploring  ; search  ; examination. 

The  like  way  of  exploration  in  that  which  puzzles  so 
many.  Boyle. 

EX-PLO'RA-TIVE,  a.  That  explores  ; tending  to 
explore  ; exploratory.  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

EX'PLO-R A-TOR,  n.  [L.]  1.  One  who  explores. 

This  envious  explorator  or  searcher  lor  faults.  Hallywell. 

2.  A contrivance  for  ascertaining  the  electri- 
city of  the  air.  Francis. 

EX-PLOR' A-TOR-Y  [eks-plor'a-tur-e,  W.  Ja.  Sm. 
R.  C. ; eks-plor'a-tur-e,  S.  J.  K.],  a.  [L.  explo- 
ratorius ; Sp.  exploratorio.]  That  explores  ; 
searching  ; examining  ; explorative.  “ Explor- 
atory purpose.”  Wotton. 

EX-PLORE',  v.  a.  [L.  exploro ; ex,  from,  and 
ploro,  to  cry  out ; It.  esplorare ; Sp.  explorar ; 
Fr.  explorer.]  [t.  explored  ; pp.  exploring, 
explored.]  To  search  into  ; to  examine  by 
trial ; to  pry  into  ; to  inspect  carefully  ; to  scru- 
tinize. 

The  mighty  Stagyrite  first  left  the  shore, 

Spreud  all  his  sails,  and  durst  the  deeps  explore.  Pope. 

Syn.  — See  Search. 

f EX-PLORE'MENT,  n.  Exploration.  Browne. 

EX-PLOR'ER,  n.  One  who  explores.  Warburton. 

EX-PLOR'ING,  p.  a.  Searching  out ; examining; 
as,  “ An  exploring  expedition.” 

EX-PLO'§ION  (eks-plo'zhun),  n.  [L.  explosio-.  It. 
esplosione ; Sp.  4 Fr.  explosion.]  A sudden 
bursting  with  noise ; sudden  and  loud  dis- 
charge ; as,  “The  explosion  of  gunpowder.” 

With  explosion  vast 

The  thunder  raises  his  tremendous  voice.  Thomson. 

EX-PLO'SIVE,  a.  [It.  esplosivo ; Fr.  explosif.]  That 
explodes  ; causing  explosion  ; driving  out  with 
violence  and  noise ; as,  “ Explosive  compounds.” 

EX-PLO'SIVE-LY,  ad.  By  way  of  explosion. 

t EX-PO-LI-A'TION,  n,  A spoiling.  Bp.  Hall. 

f EX-POL'ISH,  v.  a.  [L  .expolio.]  To  polish. 

To  polish  and  expolish , paint  and  stain.  Heywood. 


EX-PO'NENT,  n.  [L.  expono,  exponens,  to  set 
forth ; ex,  from,  and  pono,  to  place ; It.  espo- 
nente  ; Sp.  exponente.] 

1.  [Algebra.)  The  index  of  a power,  as  the 
number  3 in  the  algebraic  expression  a3,  which 
shows  how  many  times  a is  to  be  taken  as  a fac- 
tor ; — also  that  which  indicates  the  ratio  of  two 
numbers,  as  being  their  quotient : thus  6 is  the 
exponent  of  the  ratio  of  30  to  5.  Davies.  Harris. 

2.  One  who,  or  that  which,  represents  any 
thing;  a representative ; an  index.  [Modern.] 

Is  not  all  history  a recital  of  the  achievements  of  nation- 
ality, and  an  exponent  of  its  historical  and  imperial  nature? 

J{.  Choate . 

EX-PO-NEN'TIAL,  a.  [It.  esponenziale ; Sp. 
exponential-,  Fr.  ex ponentiel.]  (Math.)  Re- 
lating to  an  exponent;  involving  variable  ex- 
ponents. Davies. 

Exponential  curve,  a curve  that  is  partly  algebraic 
and  partly  transcendental. — Exponential  equation,  an 
equation  in  which  the  unknown  quantity  enters  an 
exponent.  — Exponential  function,  a function  in  which 
the  variable  enters  an  exponent.  Davies. 

EX— POPE',  n.  A deposed  pope.  Clarke. 

EX-PORT',  v.  a.  [L.  exporto,  to  carry  from  or 
away  ; ex,  from,  and  porto,  to  carry  ; It.  espor- 
tare ; Sp.  exportar ; F r.  exporter .]  [i.  exported  ; 
pp.  exporting,  exported.]  To  carry  or  send 
out  of  a country,  as  merchandise.  Addison. 

EX'PORT,  n.  A commodity  carried  to  a foreign 
market ; that  which  is  exported. 

Schedules  containing  an  account  of  the  imports  and  ex- 
ports. Bp.  Berkeley. 

EX-PORT'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  exported. 

EX-POR-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  exportatio  ; It.  espor- 
tazione  ; Sp.  exportation  ; Fr.  exportation .] 

1.  The  act  of  exporting,  carrying,  or  sending 
commodities  to  other  countries. 

Necessaries  not  only  sufficient  for  the  inhabitants,  but  for 
exportation  into  other  countries.  Swift. 

2.  f The  act  of  carrying  out.  “ Till  its  [the 
corpse’s]  exportation  to  the  grave.”  Bourne. 

EX-PORT'ED,  p.  a.  Sent  out  of  a country  in  com- 
merce ; as,  “ Exported  goods.” 

EX-PORT'ER,  n.  One  who  exports.  Locke. 

EX'PORT— TRADE,  n.  The  trade  or  business  of 
exporting  merchandise.  Boag. 

EX-PO§'AL,  n.  Exposure,  [r.]  Franklin. 

EX-PO§E',  v.  a.  [L.  expono,  expositus  ; ex,  from, 
and  pono,  to  place  ; It.  esporre ; Sp.  Fr.  ex- 
poser.] [i.  exposed  ; pp.  exposing,  exposed.] 

1.  To  lay  open  ; to  make  bare ; to  uncover ; 
to  disclose  ; as,  “To  expose  a fraud.” 

2.  To  put  forward  to  be  viewed  or  examined; 
to  exhibit;  as‘,  “To  expose  goods  for  sale.” 

Those  who  seek  truth  only  freely  expose  their  principles 
to  the  test.  Locke. 

3.  To  cast  out  to  chance ; to  abandon. 

A father,  unnaturally  careless  of  his  child,  gives  him  to 
another  man ; and  he  again  exposes  him.  Locke. 

4.  To  make  liable  ; to  subject. 

Expose  thyself  to  feel  what  wretches  feel.  Shak. 

5.  To  put  in  danger  ; to  endanger.  “ Expos- 
ing himself  notoriously.”  Clarendon. 

6.  To  hold  up  to  censure  by  disclosing  the 
faults  of ; as,  “ To  expose  a hypocrite  or  a rogue.” 

Syn.  — See  Subject. 

EX-PO-^E  ' (eks-po-za'),  n.  [Fr.]  A formal  re- 
cital by  an  individual,  or  a government,  of  the 
causes  and  motives  of  acts  performed ; an  ex- 
position; a statement.  Mackintosh. 

EX-PO§ED'  (eks-pozd'),  p.  a.  1.  Put  in  danger; 
unprotected  ; liable  ; subject ; obnoxious. 

2.  Open  to  the  wind  or  the  cold ; unsheltered ; 
as,  “ An  exposed  situation.” 

EX-PO§'ED-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  exposed. 

EX-PO§'ER,  n.  One  who  exposes. 

EX-PO-§I''TION  («ks-po-z!sh'un),  n.  [L.  exposi- 
tio ; It.  esposizione ; Sp.  exposition;  Ft.  expo- 
sition.] 

1.  The  act  of  exposing,  or  the  state  of  being 
exposed ; situation  with  respect  to  sun  or  air ; 
exposure. 

The  diversity  of  exposition  of  the  several  kitchens  in  this 
city.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  Explanation ; interpretation. 

To  hear  with  reverence 

Your  exposition  on  the  holy  text.  Shak. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  tj,  Y,  short;  A,  E,  !,  9,  V.  Y>  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


EXPOSITIVE 


523 


EXPURGATION 


3.  Exhibition,  as  of  arts  and  manufactures  ; 
display  ; show  ; presentation.  Blair. 

EX-PO§'!-TIVE,  a.  [It . espositivo  ■,  Sp.  expositi- 
ve ■]  That  exposes  ; explanatory.  Pearson. 

EX-PO§'J-TOR,  n.  [L.  <Sf  Sp.  expositor-,  It.  espo- 
sitore.\  One  who  expounds  the  writings  of  oth- 
ers ; an  explainer  ; an  expounder  ; an  interpreter. 

Scholiasts,  those  copious  expositors . pour  out  a vain  over- 
flow of  learning  on  passages  plain  and  easy.  Locke. 

EX-P6§5'!-TO-RY,  a.  Explanatory  ; illustrative  ; 
expositive’;  exegetical.  “ A glossary  or  exposi- 
tory index  to  the  poetical  writers.”  Johnson . 

EX  POST  FAC ' TO.  [L.,  by  something  done  after- 
wards, or  done  after  another  thing. \ {Law.)  Re- 
lating to  something  done  after,  or  as  arising 
from,  or  to  affect  another  thing,  that  was  per- 
formed or  committed  before.  Burrill. 

Ex  post  facto  law , a law  which  operates  by  after-en- 
actments ; a law  which  makes  an  act  done  before  its 
passage,  and  which  was  innocent  when  done,  crimi- 
nal ; a law  which  renders  an  act  punishable  in  a 
manner  in  which  it  was  not  punishable  when  com- 
mitted. Burrill. 

j&g=*  Strictly,  post  should  be  connected  with  facto , 
either  as  one  entire  word  ( postfacto ),  in  which  form  it 
usually  occurs  in  the  civil  law,  and  frequently  in 
Bracton,or  as  a double  word  ( post-facto ).  This  mode 
of  writing  the  phrase  dissipates  at  once  all  the  gram- 
matical difficulty  hitherto  supposed  to  attend  the  use  of 
post  in  immediate  juxtaposition  with  ex,  both  words 
being  commonly  treated  as  prepositions,  although  post 
is  in  fact  an  adverb  with  the  sense  of  afterwards.  Burrill. 

EX-POST' IJ-L ATE,  v.  n.  [L.  expostulo , expostu- 
latns ; ex,  from,  and  postulo , to  demand.]  [i. 
EXPOSTULATED \pp.  EXPOSTULATING,  EXPOSTU- 
LATED.] To  urge  reasons  against  any  course  ; to 
reason  or  to  remonstrate  earnestly  ; to  altercate. 

It  is  madness  for  friendless  and  unarmed  innocence  to 
expostulate  with  invincible  power.  L' Estrange. 

Syn.  — To  expostulate  signifies  to  demand  reasons 
for  a thing  ; to  remonstrate,  to  show  reasons  against 
a thing.  One  expostulates  with  a tone  of  authority, 
and  remonstrates  witli  a tone  of  complaint.  A remon- 
strance may  he  applied  to  a public  body  or  to  a supe- 
rior ; an  expostulation,  to  an  equal  or  inferior. 

f gX-POST'U-LATE,  v.  a.  To  discuss  ; to  examine. 

I cannot  now  stay  to  expostulate  the  case  with  them.  Asheton. 

EX-POST-U-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  expostulate ; It. 
espostulazione .] 

1.  The  act  of  expostulating  ; earnest  discourse 
or  remonstrance  ; discussion. 

Expostulations  end  well  between  lovers,  but  ill  between 
friends.  Spectator. 

2.  Charge  ; accusation ; inculpation. 

Expostulation  is  a private  accusation  of  one  friend  touch- 
ing another.  Ayliffe. 

Syn.  — See  Expostulate.  Reproof. 

E-X-P6ST'U-LA-T0R,  n.  One  who  expostulates  ; 
a remonstrator.  Johnson. 

EX-POST'U-LA-TO-RY,  a.  [It.  espostulatorio.\ 
That  expostulates  or  remonstrates  ; containing 
expostulation.  “ Discourses  expostulatory  or 
deprecatory.”  Swift. 

EX-P6§'URE  (eks-po'zhur),  n.  I.  The  act  of  ex- 
posing, or  setting  forth  to  view  ; exposition. 

2.  The  state  of  being  exposed. 

When  we  have  our  naked  frailties  hid 

That  suffer  in  exposure.  Shak. 

3.  Situation  with  respect  to  sun  and  air,  or  to 

the  points  of  the  compass.  “ Some  bed  under 
a southern  exposure.”  Evelyn. 

EX-POUND',  v.  a.  [L .expono.]  [».  expounded  ; 
pp.  expounding,  expounded.]  To  explain; 
to  interpret ; to  unfold ; to  lay  open  ; to  clear  up. 

He  expouiulerl  unto  them  in  all  the  Scriptures  the  things 
concerning  himself.  Luke  xxiv.  27. 

Syn.  — See  Explain,  Show. 

EX-POUND'ER,  n.  One  who  expounds.  “ Faith- 
fullest  expounder  of  the  laws.”  Dryden. 

EX— PRE'FgCT,  n.  One  who  has  been,  but  who  is 
no  longer,  prefect.  • Clarke. 

£X— PRE§'I-D£NT,  n.  One  who  has  been,  but  who 
is  no  longer,  president. 

EX-PRESS',  v.  a.  [L.  exprimo,  expressus,  to  press 
out ; It.  esprimere  ; Sp.  expresar  ; Fr.  expri- 
mer.'] [*.  expressed  ; pp.  EXPRESSING,  ex- 
pressed.] 

1.  To  force  out  by  compression  ; to  squeeze 

out.  “The  fruits  out  of  which  drink  is  ex- 
pressed.” Bacon. 

2.  To  represent,  as  in  the  imitative  arts  ; to 
exemplify ; to  exhibit. 


Each  skilful  artist  shall  express  thy  form.  Smith. 

3.  To  exhibit  by  language ; to  utter ; to  de- 
clare ; to  assert. 

True  wit  is  nature  to  advantage  dressed, 

What  ott  was  thought,  but  ne'er  so  well  cxjiressed.  Pope. 

4.  To  denote  ; to  designate  ; to  signify. 

And  what  surmounts  the  reach 
Of  human  sense  I shall  delineate  so 
As  may  express  them  best.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Tell. 

EX-PRESS',  a.  [L.  expressus  ; It.  espresso  ; Sp. 
expreso-,  Fr . expres.] 

1.  Exactly  resembling ; like  in  every  respect. 

In  his  own  image  he 
Created  thee,  in  the  image  of  God 
Express.  Milton. 

2.  Given  in  direct  terms  ; not  implied  ; not 
dubious  ; clear  ; definite  ; explicit ; plain  ; man- 
ifest. “ By  formal  express  consent.”  Hooker. 

3.  For  a particular  end  ; on  purpose. 

They  would  stand  out  against  any  evidence,  even  that  of 
a messenger  sent  express  from  the  other  world.  Atterbury. 

4.  Used  for  the  regular  and  speedy  convey- 
ance of  the  mails,  messages,  packages,  &c.  ; as, 
“ An  express  train  ” ; “ Express  line.” 

EX-PRESS',  n.  1.  A messenger  sent  on  purpose. 

The  king  sent  immediately  an  express  to  the  marquis. 

Clarendon. 

2.  A message  sent;  a despatch. 

Popular  captations  which  some  men  use  in  their  speeches 
and  expresses.  King  Charles. 

3.  A regular  and  speedy  conveyance  for  mes- 
sages, packages,  &c.  ; as,  “ The  express  between 
Boston  and  New  York.” 

EX-PRESS' A<yE,  n.  A charge  for  any  thing  sent  by 
express  : — the  business  of  expresses.  E.  Everett. 

EX-PRESSED'  (eks-prest'),/).  a.  Uttered ; declared  ; 
asserted  : — procured  by  simple  pressure. 

EX-PRESS'ER,  n.  One  who  expresses.  Cowley. 

EX-PRES'SJ-BLE,  a.  [It.  espressibile  ; Sp.  expre- 
sable ; Fr.  exprimable.]  That  may  be  expressed. 

EX-PRES'SION  (eks-presh'un),  n.  [L.  expressio  ; 
It.  esjiressione  ; Sp.  expresion  ; Fr.  expression.] 

1.  The  act  of  expressing,  or  of  forcing  or 
squeezing  out  with  a press,  or  by  compression. 

The  juices  of  these  leaves  are  obtained  by  expression. 

Arbuthnot. 

2.  Declaration  ; utterance  ; assertion  ; as, 
“The  expression  of  a wish.” 

3.  A mode  of  speech  ; a form  of  words ; a 
phrase;  a term;  as,  “An  odd  or  obsolete  ex- 
pression ” ; “ An  apt  expression.” 

4.  The  outward  signs  that  make  known  in- 
ternal feeling ; especially  the  appearance  of  the 
countenance. 

Expression  is  even  of  more  consequence  than  shape;  it 
will  light  up  features  otherwise  heavy.  Sir  C.  Bell. 

5.  ( Mus .)  Lively  representation,  by  the  voice 
or  an  instrument,  of  the  sentiment  of  a melody. 

6.  {Algebra.)  The  representation  of  a quan- 
tity by  the  aid  of  symbols  : thus,  a -j-  b is  the 
expression  of  the  sum  of  the  quantities  denoted 
by  a and  b. 

Syn.  — See  Term. 

EX-PRES'SION-LESS,  a.  Having  no  expression  ; 
lacking  expression.  Shelley. 

EX-PRES'SIVE,  a.  [It.  espressivo  ; Sp.  ex presivo; 
Fr.  expressif.]  Serving  to  express  ; having 
power  to  utter  or  represent ; significant. 

Each  verse  so  swells  exjiressive  of  her  woes.  Tickcll. 

And  four  fair  queens,  whose  hands  sustain  a flower, 

The  expressive  emblem  of  their  softer  power.  Pope. 

Syn.  — See  Significant. 

EX-PRES'SIVE- LY,  ad.  In  an  expressive  manner. 

EX-PRES'SIVE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
expressive  or  significant.  “ All  the  expressive- 
ness that  words  can  give.”  Addison. 

EX-PRES-SI ' VO  {e ks-pres-se'vo).  [It.  espressivo.] 
{Mus.)  With  expression.  Crabb. 

EX-PRESS'LY,  ad.  In  direct  terms  ; plainly. 

f EX-PRESS'NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  ex- 
press or  explicit.  Hammond. 

f EX-PR  ES 'SURE  (eks-presh'ur),  n.  Expression. 
“ The  expressure  of  his  eye.”  Shak. 

t EX-PRIME',  v.  a.  To  express.  Wolsey. 

EX-PR6'BRATE,  or  EX'PRO-BRATE  [eks-pro'brat, 
S.  W.  ; eks'pro-brat,  P.  K.  Sm.  C.  I Vb.],  v.  a. 


[L.  exprobro,  exprobratus  ; It.  esprobare.]  To 
impute  openly  with  blame ; to  upbraid  ; to  stig- 
matize. Browne. 

EX-PRO-BRA'TION,  n.  [L.  exprobratio  ; It.  espro- 
bazione ; Fr.  exprobation.]  The  act  of  expro- 
brating ; reproachful  accusation  ; reproach. 
“Taunting  exprobration.”  South. 

EX-PRO'BRA-TlVE,  a.  That  exprobrates ; im- 
puting blame  ; upbraiding.  Sir  A.  Sherley. 

EX-PRO'BRA-TO-RY,  a.  Exprobrative.  Mackenzie. 

EX  PRO-FES 'SO.  [L.]  {Law.)  By  profession  ; 
professedly.  Crabb. 

EX-PRO-MIS'SION  (eks-pro-mlsh'un),  n.  {Civil 
Law.)  An  act  by  which  a creditor  accepts  anew 
debtor,  who  becomes  bound  instead  of  the  old, 
the  latter  being  released.  Bouvier. 

EX-PROM'IS-SOR,  n.  [L.]  {Civil  Law.)  One  who 
alone  becomes  bound  for  the  debt  of  another ; 
one  who  assumes  the  debt  of  another.  Bouvier. 

EX-PRO'PRI-Ate,  v.  a.  [L.  e,  from,  and  pro- 
prius,  one’s  own  ; Fr.  exproprier.]  To  part 
with  ; to  give  up,  as  property,  [r.]  Boyle. 

EX-PRO-PRI-A'TION,  n.  [Fr.]  The  act  of  giving 
up.  “ Expropriation  of  reason.”  W.Mountagu. 

EX-PUGN' (eks-pun'),  v.  a.  [L.  expugno  ; It.es- 
pugnare-,  Sp.  expugnar  ; Old  Fr.  expttgner.]  [i. 
EXPl’GNED  ; p p.  EXPUGNING,  EXPUGNED.]  TO 
conquer ; to  take  by  assault.  “ When  they 
could  not  expugn  him  by  arguments.”  J.  Fox. 

EX-PUG'NA-BLE,  a.  [L.  expugnabilis  ; It.  espug- 
nabile;  Sp.  <Sj  Fr.  expugnable.]  That  may  be 
expugned,  forced,  or  won.  Cotgrave. 

EX-PUG-NA'TION,  n.  [L.  expugnatio-,  Sp.  ex- 
pugnacion.]  Conquest  by  assault.  Sandys. 

EX-PUGN'ER  (eks-pun'er),  n.  One  who  expugns, 
or  conquers.  Sherwood. 

EX-PU-I''TlON,  n.  See  Exspuition. 

EX-PULSE',  v.  a.  [L.  expello,  expulsus  ; Sp.  ex- 
pulsar ; OldFr.  expulser.]  To  expel,  [r.]  Bacon. 

Forever  should  they  be  expulsed  from  France.  Shak. 

Our  poor  expulsed  brethren  of  New  England.  Milton. 

t EX-PULS'ER,  n.  An  expeller.  Cotgrave. 

EX-PUL'SION  (eks-pul'shun),  n.  [L.  expulsio  ; It. 
espulsione  ; Sp.  <Sr  Fr.  expulsion .] 

1.  The  act  of  expelling  or  driving  out. 

Sole  victor  from  the  expulsion  of  his  foes.  Milton. 

2.  The  state  of  being  expelled  ; ejection  ; ban- 
ishment. “ After  Adam’s  expulsion.”  Raleigh. 

3.  A penal  and  final  separation  of  a student 

from  college.  J.  Quincy. 

Syn.  — See  Banish. 

EX-PUL'SIVE,  a.  [It.  espulsivo;  Sp.  expulsive ; 
Fr.  expulsif.]  Having  power  to  expel ; driving 
out.  “ The  expulsive  faculty.”  Boyle. 

EX-PUNC'TION,  n.  [L.  expunctio ; It.  espun- 
zione.]  The  act  of  expunging ; erasure.  Milton. 

EX-PUNOE',  v.  a.  [L.  expungo,  to  prick  out ; ex, 
out  of,  and  pungo,  to  prick ; It.  espungere  ; Sp. 
expungir.]  [i.  expunged;  pp.  expunging, 

EXPUNGED.] 

1.  To  blot  out,  as  with  a pen ; to  rub  out ; to 
wipe  out ; to  erase  ; to  obliterate. 

Having  been  done  in  the  manuscript,  it  was  needless  to 
expunge  it.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  To  efface  ; to  annihilate. 

Wilt  thou  not  to  a broken  heart  dispense 

Thy  balm  of  mercy,  and  expunge  the  offence?  Sandys. 

Syn.  — See  Efface. 

EX-PUNG'ING,  n.  The  act  of  blotting  out. 

The  many  alterations,  additions,  and  exjtunyinys  made  by 
great  authors,  Sicyt. 

EX-PUNQ'ING,  p.  a.  Blotting  out;  effacing. 

EX-PijR'GATE  [eks-piir'gat,  Ja.  K.  Sm.  C.  Todd, 
Maunder-,  eks'pur-gat,  lVb.],v.  a.  [L .expurgo, 
expurgatus  ; ex,  from,  and  purgo,  to  cleanse  ; It. 
espurgare  ; Sp.  expurgar ; Fr.  expurger.]  [i. 
EXPURGATED ; pp.  EXPURGATING,  EXPURGAT- 
ED.] To  clear  from  what  is  noxious  or  offen- 
sive ; to  purify  ; to  cleanse  ; to  purge;  as,  “An 
expurgated  edition  of  a book.” 

EX-PUR-GA'TION,  n.  [L.  expurgatio  ; It.  espur- 
gazione  ; Sp.  expttrgacton.]  Act  of  expurgating ; 
a cleansing ; purification. 

Arts  and  learning  want  expurgation.  Browne. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MdVE,  NOR,  S6N  ; BULL,  BUR,  RllLE.  — £,  $,  g,  soft;  i C,  G,  £, 


g,  hard;  § as  z;  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


EXPURGATOR 


524 


EXTENSIBILITY 


EX-PUR'GA-TOR,  or  EX'Pl'R-GA-TOR  [eks-piir'- 
gji-tur,  Ja.  K.  Sm.  C.  ; eks-pur-ga'tur,  Pi),  n. 
One  who  expurgates.  Lord  Digby. 

EX-PUR-GA-TO'RI-AL,  a.  Tending  to  expurgate  ; 
expurgatory,  [r.]  Ed.  Rev. 

t EX-PUR-GA-TOR1-OUS,  a.  Expurgatory.  “ Ex- 
purgatorious  indexes.”  Milton. 

EX-PUR'GA-TO-RY,  a.  fit.  espurgatorio  ; Sp.  ex- 
purgatorio  ; Fr.  expurgatoirc .]  Used  for  cleans- 
ing or  purifying  ; expurgatorial.  Browne. 

Expurgatory  index,  a book  issued  by  the  pope,  con- 
taining a catalogue  of  books  which  are  forbidden  to 
be  read. 

f £X-PUR£E',  v.  a.  To  purge  away  ; to  expunge. 
“ Catalogues  and  expurging  indexes.”  Milton. 

t EX-Q.UIRE'  (eks-kwlr'),  v.  a.  [L.  exquiro.]  To 
inquire  after.  Sandgs. 

EX'ClUt-§lTE  (eks'kwe-zlt),  a.  [L.  exquiro,  ex- 
quisiius,  to  search  out ; It.  esquisito  ; Sp.  exqui- 
sito ; Fr.  exquis.] 

1.  f Searching  out ; given  to  curious  inquiry. 

Be  not  over-exquisite 

To  cast  the  fashion  of  uncertain  evils.  Milton. 

2.  Nice  ; accurate  ; exact. 

None  but  a poet  of  the  most  exquisite  judgment.  Addison. 

3.  Choice  ; select ; excellent. 

Radiant,  exquisite , and  unmatchable  beauty.  Shak. 

4.  Consummate  ; complete. 

With  exquisite  malice  they  have  mixed  the  gall  and  vine- 
gar of  falsity  and  contempt.  A iny  Charles. 

5.  Very  sensibly  felt;  acute. 

Too  painful  and  exquisite  impression  on  the  nerves.  Cheyne. 

EX'QUI-§lTE,  n.  One  who  affects  fashion ; a 
fashionable  person  of  either  sex  ; a belle  or  a 
dandy  ; a fop.  Qu.  Rev. 

EX'aUI-§lTE-Ly,  ad.  In  an  exquisite  manner  ; 
completely  ; perfectly  ; — in  a good  or  ill  sense. 

A collection  of  manuscripts  exquisitely  written  in  Arabic. 

Wotton. 

The  poetry  of  operas  is  generally  as  exquisitely  ill  as  the 
music  is  good.  Addison. 

EX'CiU!-§!TE-NESS,  n.  1.  The  quality  of  being 
exquisite  ; nicety  ; perfection.  “ Glasses  ap- 
proaching such  an  exquisiteness.”  Boyle. 

2.  Acuteness  ; extremity. 

Christ  suffered  only  the  exauiriteness  of  pain,  without  any 
of  those  mitigations  which  God  is  pleased  to  temper  and 
allay  it  with,  as  it  befalls  other  men.  South. 

t EX-QUI§'l-TlVE  (eks-kwlz'e-tlv),  a.  Curious; 
minutely  inquisitive.  Todd 

f EX-Q.Ul§'|-TIVE-I,Y,  ad.  Curiously.  Sidney. 

EX-REP-RE-SEN'TA-TIVE,  n.  One  who  has 
been  representative,  but  who  is  no  longer  one  ; 
a late  representative.  Clarke. 

EX-SAN-GUIN'I-TY,  n.  [L.  ex,  priv.,  and  san- 
guis, sanguinis,  blood.]  The  state  of  being  ex- 
sanguious,  or  without  blood.  Hoblyn. 

EX-SAN'GUI-NOtTS,  a.  [L.  exsanguis ; ex,  priv., 
and  sanguis,  sanguinis,  blood.]  Destitute  of 
blood ; exsanguious.  Clarke. 

EX-SAN'GUI-OUS,  a.  Destitute  of  blood,  or  of 
red  blood  ; exsanguinous.  Ray. 

EX-sAt'U-rATE,  v.a.  [L.  exsaturo,  exsaturatus .] 
To  satisfy  completely.  Clarke. 

EX-SCIND',  v.  a.  [L.  exscindo.]  [i.  exscinded  ; 
pp.  EXSCINDING,  EXSCINDED.]  To  Cut  off;  tO 
separate.  Johnson. 

+ EX-SCRIBE',  v.  a.  [L.  exscribo.]  To  write  out ; to 
copy.  “ Since  I exscribe  your  sonnets.”!?.  Jonson. 

t EX-SCRIPT',  n.  [L.  exscribo,  exscriptus,  to  copy.] 
A copy  ; a transcript.  Bailey. 

jpX-SCRIPT'U-RAL,  a.  Unscriptural.  [r.]  Ogilvie. 

EX-SCU'TgL-LATE,  a.  [L.  ex,  priv.,  and  scutella, 
a dish.]  ( Ent .)  Having  no  visible  scutellum  ; 
covered  wholly  by  the  prothorax.  Maunder. 

EX— SEC'RE-TA-RY,  n.  One  who  has  been  secre- 
tary, but  who  is  no  longer  secretary.  Clarke. 

EX-SECT',  v.  a.  [L.  exseco,  exsectus .]  To  cut 
out ; to  cut  away.  Smart. 

EX-SEC'TION,  n.  [L.  exsectio .]  The  act  of  cut- 
ting out;  separation.  Boyle. 

EX-SEN' A-TOR,  n.  One  who  has  been  a senator, 
but  who  is  no  longer  one.  Clarke. 


EX-SERT  , )a  exsero,  exsertus,  to  thrust 

EX-SERT'ED,  5 out.] 

1.  (Bot.)  Protruding,  as  stamens.  Gray. 

2.  (Ent.)  Noting  the  head  of  an  insect  when 
it  is  quite  disengaged  from  the  trunk.  Maunder. 

EX-SER'T]LE,  a.  That  may  be  thrust  out.  Clarke. 

EX-Slc'CANT,  n.  [L.  exsicco,  exsiccans,  to  dry.] 
(Med.)  A drying  medicine.  Wiseman., 

EX-SIC'CANT,  a.  Drying ; having  the  power  to 
dry  up.  Wiseman. 

EX-SIC 'CATE  [eks-sTk'kat,  S.  W.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  K. 
Sm.  R.  C. ; eks'sjk-kat,  Wb.~\,v.  a.  [L.  exsicco, 
exsiccatus ; It.  essiccare.]  [i.  exsiccated  \pp. 
EXSICCATING,  exsiccated.]  To  dry  up. 

Great  heats  exsiccate  the  moisture  of  the  earth.  Mortimer. 

EX-SlC'cAT-ED,  a.  (Bot.)  Dried  up.  Louclon. 

EX-SIC-CA'TION,  n.  [It.  essiccazione  ; Fr.  exsic- 
cation.') The  act  of  drying.  Browne. 

EX-SlC'CA-Tl VE,  a.  [It.  essiccativo. ] That  ex- 
siccates ; having  the  power  of  drying.  Cotyrave. 

EX-SPU-I"TION,  n.  [L.  exspuitio  ; exspuo,  to 
spit  out ; ex,  from,  and  spuo,  to  spit ; Fr.  ex- 
spuition.)  A discharge  by  spitting.  Quincy. 

EX-SPU'TO-RY,  a.  That  is  spit  out  or  ejected. 

I cannot  immediately  recollect  the  exsputory  lines.  Coivper. 

EX-STIP'U-LATE,  a.  [L.  ex,  priv.,  and  stipula,  a 
stalk,  a blade.]  (Bot.)  Having  no  stipules ; 
destitute  of  stipules.  P.  Cyc. 

EX-SUC'COllS,  a.  [L.  exsucus  ; ex,  priv.,  and  su- 
cus,  juice.]  Destitute  of  juice  ; dry.  Browne. 

EX-SUC'TION,  n.  [L.  exsugo,  to  suck  out;  Fr. 
exsuccion.]  The  act  of  sucking  out.  Boyle. 

EX-STJ-DA'TION,  n.  [L.  exsudo,  exsudatus.\  Act 
of  exuding ; sweat.  — See  Exudation.  Derham. 

+ EX-SHF-FLA'TION,  n.  [L.  exsujflo,  exsufflatus, 
to  blow  upon.] 

1.  A blast  working  underneath.  Bacon. 

2.  A kind  of  exorcism.  Fulke. 

f EX-SIJF'FLI-CATE,  a.  Exaggerated;  extrava- 
gant ; inflated.  “ To  such  exsujflicate  and  blown 
surmises.”  Shak. 

Instead  of  exsuffiicate,  Johnson  gives  ezsuffolate, 
and  says  of  it  that  it  is  “ a word  peculiar  to  Shak- 
speare”;  hut  Todd  remarks  that  “ exsuffiicate  is  the 
true  word  ” ; and  Richardson  says  that  “ the  first 
folio  edition  of  Shakspeare  reads  exsufflicate.”  Han- 
iner  substituted  ezsuffolate.  — Exsufflicate  is  not  im- 
probably a misprint  for  ersufflate,  i.  e.  efflate,  or  efflatrd, 
puffed  out,  and  consequently  exaggerated,  extrava- 
gant. 

f EX-SfJS'CI-TATE,  v.  a.  [L.  exsuscito,  exsusci- 
tatus.\  To  rouse  up;  to  stir  up.  Johnson. 

f EX-S0S-CI-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  exsuscitatio .]  A 
rousing  or  stirring  up.  Hallywell. 

f EX'TANCE,  n.  [L.  exsto,  exstans,  to  stand  out.] 
Outward  or  real  existence.  Browne. 

EX'TAN-CY,  n.  [L.  exstantia.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  extant,  or  of  rising  above 

surrounding  parts.  Evelyn. 

2.  A part  rising  above  others  ; elevation  ; em- 
inence. “ Little  extancies.”  Boyle. 

EX'TANT,  a.  [L.  exsto,  exstans,  to  stand  out ; 

/ Fr.  extant. ] 

1.  Standing  out  to  view ; standing  above  sur- 
rounding parts. 

That  part  of  the  teeth  which  is  extant  above  the  gums  is 
naked.  Ray. 

A dry  stump 

Extant  above  the  ground,  an  ell  in  height.  Coivper. 

2.  Now  in  being  ; still  existing;  not  lost ; — 
applied  to  a literary  production. 

There  are  some  ancient  writings  still  extant,  which  pass 
under  the  name  of  Sibylline  leaves.  Melmoth. 

EX'TA-SY,  n.  See  Ecstasy.  Spenser, 

EX-TAT'lC,  > [Gr.  tKarariKh; .]  See  Ec- 

EX-tAt'I-CAL,  ) static.  Stilling  fleet.  Norris. 

f EX-TEM'PO-RAL,  a.  [L.  extemporalis  ; It.  es- 
temporale. ] Extemporaneous.  B.  Jonson. 

f EX-TEM'PO-RAL-LY,  ad.  Extemporaneously  ; 
extempore.  Shak.  Dr.  Hook. 

f EX-TEM-PO-RA  NE-AN,  a.  Extemporaneous; 
extemporary.  Burton. 


EX-TEM-PO-RA'NE-OUS,  a.  [L.  ex,  from,  and 
tempus,  temporis,  time ; It.  estemporaneo  ; Sp. 
extemporaneo. ] Unpremeditated;  sudden;  ut- 
tered on  the  occasion  without  previous  study  ; 
extemporary ; extempore.  “ Extemporaneous 
effusions.”  Wation. 

EX-TEM-PO-RA'NE-OUS-LY,  ad.  Without  pre- 
meditation ; extempore.  Gurney. 

EX-TEM-PO-RA 'NE-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality 
of  being  extemporaneous.  Blackwood. 

EX-TEM'PO-RA-RI-LY,  ad.  Without  previous 
study ; extemporaneously.  Craig. 

EX-TEM'PO-RA-RY,  a.  1.  Uttered  or  performed 
without  premeditation  ; sudden  ; extemporane- 
ous ; as,  “An  extemporary  speech.” 

2.  f Occasional ; for  the  time.  “ Extemporary 
habitations.”  Maundrell. 

EX-TEM'PO-RE,  ad.  [L.  ex,  from,  and  tempus, 
temporis,  time,  i.  e.  arising  from  the  time  or  the 
occasion.]  Without  premeditation  ; suddenly. 

You  may  do  it  extempore,  for  it  is  but  roaring.  Shak. 

EX-TEM'PO-RE,  a.  Extemporary  ; extempora- 
neous. “ A sort  of  extempore  poetry.”  Dryden. 
“ A long  extempore  dissertation.”  Addison. 

SUSP  “ Extempore,”  Johnson  says,  “ is  sometimes 
used  as  an  adjective,  but  very  improperly.”  — “This 
principle  [of  making  a discrimination  between  adjec- 
tives and  adverbs]  leads  me  to  prefer  extemporary  as 
an  adjective  to  extempore,  which  is  properly  an  ad- 
verb, and  ought,  for  the  sake  of  precision,  to  he  re- 
strained to  that  use.  It  is  only  of  late  that  this  term 
begins  to  be  employed  adjectively.  Tims  we  say, 
witii  equal  propriety,  ‘ An  extemporary  prayer,’  ‘An 
extemporary  sermon,’  and,  ‘ He  prays  extempore ,’  1 He 
preaches  extempore .’  ” Dr.  Campbell. 

tE-X-TEM'PO-RJ-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
extemporary,  or  unpremeditated.  Johnson. 

EX-TEM-PO-RI-ZA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  extem- 
porizing. Lond.  Athenanan. 

EX-TEM'PO-RIZE,  v.  n.  [t.  extemporized  ; pp. 
EXTEMPORIZING,  EXTEMPORIZED.]  To  speak 
without  premeditation  ; to  discourse  without 
notes  or  any  thing  written. 

The  extemporizing  faculty  is  never  more  out  of  its  element 
than  in  the  pulpit.  South. 

EX-TEM'PO-RIZ-ER,  n.  One  who  extemporizes; 
one  who  speaks  without  premeditation,  or  off- 
hand without  notes.  Clarke. 

EX-TEND',  v.  a.  [L.  extendo  ; ex,  from,  and  tendo, 
to  stretch  ; It.  estendere,  stendere  ; Sp.  extender ; 
Fr.  etendre.)  [t.  extended;  pp.  extending, 

EXTENDED.] 

1.  To  stretch  out ; to  reach  out. 

Belies  his  features,  nay,  extends  his  hands.  Pope. 

2.  To  lengthen  out;  to  prolong;  as,  “ To  ex- 
tend a line.” 

3.  To  spread  abroad  ; to  diffuse  ; as,  “ To  ex- 
tend the  blessings  of  civilization.” 

4.  To  enlarge  ; to  expand  ; to  widen. 

Few  extend  their  thoughts  towards  universal  knowledge. 

Locke. 

5.  To  offer  ; to  bestow  on. 

Let  there  be  none  to  extend  mercy  unto  him.  Ps.  cix.  12. 

6.  (Law.)  To  value,  as  lands,  or  levy  on  them, 
by  a writ  of  extent. 

This  manor  is  extended  to  my  use.  Massinger. 

Syn.  — See  Ample,  Enlarge. 

EX-TEND',  v.  n.  To  reach  to  any  distance  ; to 
spread ; to  stretch. 

O'er  barren  mountains,  o’er  the  flowery  plain, 

Extends  t by  uncontrolled  and  boundless  reign.  Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Reach. 

EX-TEN'DANT,  a.  (Her.)  Displayed.  Ogilvie. 

EX-TEND'ED,/j.  a.  Stretched  out ; — lengthened ; 
prolonged  ; — enlarged  ; expanded  ; widened. 

Syn.  — See  Ample. 

EX-TEND'ED-LY,  ad.  In  an  extended  manner. 

EX-TEND'ER,  »•  He  who,  or  that  which,  extends. 

EX-TEND'[-BLE,  a.  [It.  estendibile. — See  Ex- 
tend.] That  may  be  extended;  capable  of  ex- 
tension ; extensible.  Arbuthnot. 

f EX-TEN D'LESS-NESS,  n.  Unlimited  extension. 
“ Extendlessness  of  excursions.”  Hale. 

EX-TEN-SI-BTL'I-TY, n.  [Sp.  extensibilidad  ; Fr. 
extensibility ] The  quality  of  being  extensible, 
or  capable  of  extension  ; extensibleness.  Grew. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  Cr,  Y,  short;  A,  E,  l.  Q,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


EXTENSIBLE 


525 


EX-TEN'SJ-BLE,  a.  [Fr.  extensible.']  Capable  of 
being  extended  ; extensile  ; extendible.  “ An 
extensible  membrane.”  Holder. 

EX-TEN'SJ-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
extensible  ; extensibility.  Johnson. 

EX-TEN'SJLE,  a.  That  may  be  extended;  capa- 
ble of  extension  ; extensible.  Armstrong. 

EX-TEN'SION,  n.  [L.  extension  It.  estensione; 
Sp.  <§•  Fr.  extension.] 

1.  The  act  of  extending  or  reaching. 

2.  The  state  of  being  extended  ; the  property 
of  occupying  space  ; expansion  ; dilatation. 

By  this  idea  of  solidity  is  the  extension  of  body  distin- 
guished from  the  extension  of  space.  Locke. 

Extension  is  that  property  of  matter  by  which  it  oc- 
cupies space  ; it.  relates  to  the  qualities  ol  length, 
breadth,  and  thickness,  without  which  no  substance 
can  exist,  but  has  no  respect  to  the  size  or  shape  of  a 
body.  Fleming . 

3.  {Com.)  The  act  or  the  engagement  on  the 
part  of  a creditor  of  allowing  a debtor  further 
time  to  pay  a debt. 

4.  {Logic.)  The  number  of  objects  included 

under  one  general  term.  Fleming. 

Syn.  — See  Space. 

f EX-TEN 'SION-AL,  a.  Having  great  extent.  Afore. 

EX-TEN'SION-IST,  n.  An  advocate  for  exten- 
sion. Ec.  Rev. 

EX-TEN'SIVE,  a.  [L.  extensivus;  It.  estensivo ; 
Sp.  e.rtensivo  ; Fr.  extensif.] 

1.  That  extends;  having  great  extent;  com- 
prehensive ; wide  ; large  ; broad  ; as,  “ An  exten- 
sive prospect  ” ; “ An  extensive  acquaintance.” 

2.  fThat  may  be  extended  ; extensible. 

Silver  beaters  choose  the  finest  coin,  as  that  which  is  most 

extensive  under  the  hammer.  Boyle. 

Syn.— See  Broad,  Comprehensive,  Gen- 
eral. 

EX- TEN'S! VE-LY,  ad.  In  an  extensive  manner  ; 
widely ; diffusively. 

EX-TEN'S!  VE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  ex- 
tensive ; largeness ; diffusiveness ; wideness. 
“ An  extensiveness  of  understanding.”  Watts. 

EX-TEN'SOR,  n.  [L.]  {Anat.)  The  muscle  that 
extends  a limb  ; — opposed  to  flexor.  Hoblgn. 

f EX-TENT',  a.  Extended.  Spenser. 

EX-TENT',  n.  [L.  extentus.] 

1.  The  space  or  degree  to  which  any  thing  is 
extended  ; as,  “ The  extent  of  a country.” 

2.  Bulk;  size;  compass. 

The  serpent,  subtlest  beast  of  all  the  field, 

Of  huge  extent  sometimes.  Milton. 

3.  {Law.)  A writ  of  execution  for  the  valuing 
of  lands  or  tenements ; a species  of  execution 
upon  debts  of  record  due  to  the  crown.  Burrill. 

Let  my  officers 

Make  an  extent  upon  his  house  and  land.  Shak. 

EX  -TEN'U-ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  extenuo,  extenuatus ; 
ex,  from,  used  intensively,  and  tenuo,  to  make 
thin  ; tenuis,  thin ; It.  estenuare  ; Sp.  extenuar  ; 
Fr.  extenuer.]  [».  extenuated  ; pp.  extenu- 
ating, EXTENUATED.] 

1.  To  make  thin  or  rare. 

He  the  congealed  vapors  melts  again 
Extenuated  into  drops  of  rain.  Sandys , Job. 

2.  To  make  small  or  slender  in  bulk  ; to  lessen. 

His  body  is  extenuated  all  the  way  to  the  tail.  Grew. 

3.  To  diminish  in  honor  ; to  degrade,  [r.] 

Righteous  arc  thy  decrees  on  all  thy  works; 

Who  can  extenuate  thee  ? Milton. 

4.  To  make  less  by  apology,  as  a crime  or 
fault ; to  palliate. 

But  fortune  there  extenuates  the  crime.  Dnjden. 

Speak  of  me  as  I am:  nothing  extenuate , 

Nor  set  down  aught  in  malice.  Shak. 

Syn.  — Extenuate  and  palliate  both  relate  to  moral 
conduct,  and  express  the  act  of  lessening  the  guilt  of 
some  offence  or  misconduct.  To  extenuate  is  simply 
to  lessen  the  guilt,  without  reference  to  the  means  ; 
to  palliate  is  to  lessen  by  means  of  art. 

EX-TEN'y-ATE,  v.  n.  To  become  more  rare  and 
subtile ; to  be  extenuated. 

t EX-TEN'U-ATE,  a.  Small;  thin.  Scott. 

EX-TEN'U-AT-ING,  p.  a.  Palliating;  diminish- 
ing; as,  “ An  extenuating  circumstance.” 

EX-TEN-U-A'TION,  n.  [L.  extenuatio ; It.  este- 
nuazione;  Sp.  extenuacion  , Fr  .extenuation.] 


1.  f A state  of  growing  lean  ; loss  of  flesh. 

Marasmus  is  an  extenuation  of  the  body.  Harvey. 

2.  The  act  of  extenuating  or  representing 
faults  or  crimes  as  less  than  they  are  ; pallia- 
tion ; apology  ; excuse  ; gloss. 

Other  artiste  have  substituted  the  practice  of  apology  or 
extenuation.  Shaftesow'y. 

3.  Mitigation  ; alleviation,  as  of  punishment. 

What  deeds  of  charity  we  can  allege  in  extenuation  of  our 
punishment.  Atterbury. 

EX-TEN'y-A-TOR,  n.  One  who  extenuates  or 
palliates.  V.  Knox. 

EX-TEN'U-A-TO-RY,  a.  That  extenuates  ; palli- 
ative ; extenuating  ; apologetic.  J.  W.  Croker. 

EX-TE'RJ-OR,  a.  [L.  exterior ; ex,  from ; It.  este- 
riore  ; Sp  .exterior;  Fr . exterieur.] 

1.  Outward  ; external ; not  interior  ; as,  “ An 
exterior  surface.” 

2.  From  without;  extrinsic.  “Without  exte- 
rior help  sustained.”  Milton. 

Exterior  angle,  ( Geom .)  the  angle  included  between 
any  side  of  a polygon,  and  the  prolongation  of  i lie 
adjacent  one  ; also,  the  angle  formed  on  the  outside 
of  two  parallel  lines  by  a third  line  which  crosses 
them. 

Syn.  — Exterior  is  opposed  to  interior;  external,  to 
internal ; outward,  to  inward.  Extraneous  relates  to 
something  that  forms  no  necessary  part  of  the  subject ; 
extrinsic,  to  something  which  has  a connection,  but 
only  in  an  indirect  form.  Exterior  covering  ; external 
surface  or  objects  ; outward  appearance  or  show  ; ex- 
traneous matter  or  ideas  ; extrinsic  advantage  or  merit. 

EX-TE'RJ-OR,  n.  1.  Outward  surface  or  part. 

Few  churches  present  an  extei-ior  and  interior  equally  fin- 
ished. Eustace. 

2.  Any  outward  appearance.  Shak. 

EX-TE-RJ-OR'I-TY,  n.  [It.  esteriorita;  Sp.  ex- 
terioridad.]  The  quality  of  being  exterior  ; out- 
wardness ; the  superficies ; the  surface.  Royet. 

EX-TE'RJ-OR-LY,  ad.  Outwardly  ; externally. 
“ Rude  exteriorly.”  Shak. 

EX-TER'MJ-NATE,  v.  a.  [L.  extermino,  extermi- 
nate ; ex,  from,  and  terminus,  limit ; It.  ster- 
minare;  Sp.  exterminar;  Fr.  exterminer.]  [i. 
EXTERMINATED  ; pp.  EXTERMINATING,  EXTER- 
MINATED.] 

1.  f To  drive  out  of,  or  beyond,  the  borders. 

Milton. 

2.  To  extirpate  ; to  put  an  end  to  ; to  destroy 
utterly  ; to  annihilate  ; to  eradicate. 

The  Spaniards,  in  order  to  preserve  the  possession  of 
America,  resolved  to  exterminate  the  inhabitants.  Robertson. 

3.  {Math.)  To  take  away,  as  an  unknown 
quantity  from  an  equation  ; to  eliminate. 

Syn.  — See  Eradicate. 

EX-TER-MJ-NA'TION,  n.  [It.  esterminazione ; 
Sp.  exterminacion  ; Fr.  extermination .] 

1.  fAct  of  exterminating  or  driving  out. Donne. 

2.  Extirpation  ; destruction  ; excision.  Bacon. 

3.  {Math.)  The  operation  of  freeing  equations 
from  unknown  quantities  ; elimination.  Davies. 

EX-TER-M!-NA'TOR,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which, 
exterminates.  Cotgrave. 

EX-TER'MJ-NA-TO-RY,  a.  That  exterminates; 
consigning  to  destruction.  Burke. 

t EX-TER'M(NE,  v.  a.  To  exterminate.  Shak. 

EX-TERN',  a.  1.  External ; outward  ; exterior. 
“ Compliment  extern."  [r.]  Shak. 

2.  Not  inherent ; extrinsic.  “ Extern  vio- 
lence impelling  it.”  Digby. 

EX-TERN',  n.  1.  A student  or  pupil  who  does 
not  live  or  board  within  a college  or  seminary  ; 
a day-scholar.  ^ Bronte. 

2.  Outward  part ; exterior  form;  Smart. 

EX-TER'NAL,  a.  [L.  externus;  It.  esterno;  Sp. 
externo  ; Fr.  ext  erne.] 

1.  Outward  ; outer  exterior ; — opposed  to  in- 
ternal ; as,  “ An  external  surface  ” ; “ An  exter- 
nal application.” 

2.  Not  proceeding  from  within ; extrinsic  ; 
as,  “ External  objects.” 

3.  Having  the  outward  appearance  ; appar- 
ent ; visible  ; as,  “ External  acts  of  devotion.” 

Syn.  — See  Exterior,  Formal. 

EX-TER-NAI.'J-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being  ex- 
ternal ; exteriority.  A.  Smith. 


EXTIRPATION 

EX-TER'NAL-LY,  ad.  In  an  external  manner; 
outwardly. 

EX-TER'NAL^,  n.  pi.  Things  on  the  outside; 
the  outside.  Burke. 

If,  then,  to  all  men  happiness  was  meant, 

God  in  externals  could  not  place  content.  Pope. 

EX-TER-RA'NE-OUS,  a.  [L.  ex terraneus  ; ex, 
from,  and  terra,  a land.]  Belonging  to  or  com- 
ing from  abroad  ; foreign ; strange.  Clarke. 

EX-TER'SION,  n.  [L.  extersio  ; extergeo,  extersvs, 
to  wipe  off;  ex,  from,  and  tergeo,  to  cleanse.] 
The  act  of  rubbing  or  wiping  out.  Smart. 

f EX-TIL',  v.  n.  [L.  extillo.]  To  drop  or  distil 
from  ; to  trickle  out.  Johnson. 

f EX-TjL-LA'TION,  n.  Distillation.  Derham. 

t EX-TIM'U-LAte,  v.  a.  [I.,  cxtimulo,  extimula- 
tus.\  To  stimulate.  Browne. 

f EX-TIM-U-LA'TION,  n.  Stimulation.  Bacon. 

EX-TINCT',  a.  [L.  extinguo,  extinctus,  to  extin- 
guish ; It . estinto  ; Sp . extincto  ; Fr . eteint.] 

1.  Extinguished  ; quenched  ; put  out.  “ Ex- 
tinct her  fires.”  Pope. 

2.  Having  ceased  to  exist ; brought  to  an  end ; 
terminated  ; ended. 

The  nobility  are  never  likely  to  be  extinct.  Swift. 

f EX-TINCT',  v.  a.  To  make  extinct ; to  put  out. 
“ Our  extincted  spirits.”  Shak. 

EX-TINC'TION  (ek-stlngk'shun),  n.  [L .extinctio; 
It.  estinzione  ; Sp.  extincion ; Fr  .extinction.] 

1.  The  act  of  extinguishing  or  quenching ; 
as,  “ The  extinction  of  a flame.” 

2.  Destruction  ; excision  ; extermination  ; ex- 
tirpation ; annihilation. 

The  extinction  of  nations  and  the  desolation  of  kingdoms. 

Royers. 

3.  A causing  to  cease  or  terminate;  extin- 

guishment ; as,  “ The  extinction  of  a title  or  a 
claim.”  Burrill. 

Extinction  of  mercury,  trituration  of  mercury  with 
lard  or  other  substance,  until  the  mercury  disappears. 

Dunglison. 

EX'TJNE,  n.  {Bot.)  The  external  membrane  of 
the  pollen-grain  of  plants.  Brande. 

EX-TIN'GU!SH  (ek-stlng'gwjsh),  v.  a.  [L.  extin- 
guo ; ex,  from,  used  intensively,  and  stinguo,  to 
quench  ; It . estinguere  ; Sp.  extinguir  ; Fr.  etein- 
dre.]  [i.  extinguished  ; pp.  extinguish- 
ing, EXTINGUISHED.] 

1.  To  put  out ; to  quench ; as,  “ To  extinguish 
a fire.” 

2.  To  suppress;  to  destroy;  to  extirpate. 

They  extinguish  the  love  of  the  people  to  the  young  king. 

Hayward. 

3.  To  cause  to  cease  or  terminate. 

This  eoctinguishes  my  right  to  the  reversion.  Blackstone. 

Syn.  — See  Slake. 

EX-TlN'GUI.SH-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  extin- 
guished. Sherwood. 

EX-TIN'GUJSH-ER  (ek-stlng'gwjsh-er),  n.  1.  He 
who,  or  that  which,  extinguishes. 

2.  A small  conical  cap  of  metal  used  to  put 
out  a candle.  Dryden. 

EX-TIN  'GUISH-MENT,  n.  1.  The  act  of  quench- 
ing; as,  “The  extinguishment  of  flame.” 

2.  Suppression  ; extinction.  “ For  the  extin- 
guishment. of  the  civil  wars  of  Fiance.”  Bacon. 

3.  (Law.)  The  termination  or  annihilation  of 

a right  or  title  by  consolidation  of  one  estate 
with  another.  Blackstone. 

f EX-TIRP',  v.  a.  [L.  extbpo.  — See  Extirpate.] 
To  root  out ; to  eradicate  ; to  extirpate.  Spenser. 

EX-TIR'PA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  extirpated  or 
eradicated.  Evelyn. 

EX-TIR'PATE  [ek-ster'pat,  S.  IF.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  K. 
Sm.C.;  eks'ter-pat,  IVb. — See  Contemplate], 
v.  a.  [L.  extirpo,  extirpntus ; ex,  from,  and 
stirps,  stock,  root;  It . estirpare  ; Sp.  extirpar ; 
Fr.  extirper.]  [;.  extirpated  ; pp.  extir- 
pating, extirpated.]  To  destroy  wholly  ; to 
root  out ; to  eradicate ; to  exterminate  ; to  an- 
nihilate. 

The  breed  ought  to  be  extirpated  out  of  the  island.  Locke. 

It  is  not  the  business  of  virtue  to  extirpate  the  affections, 
but  to  regulate  them.  Addison. 

Syn.  — See  Eradicate. 

EX-TIR-PA'TION,  n.  [L.  extirpatio  ; It.  estirpa - 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — <?,  9,  g,  soft ; £,  G,  £, 


g,  hard;  § as  z;  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


EXTIRPATOR 


526 


EXTRAVAGANCE 


zione  ; Sp.  extirpation  ; Fr.  extirpation.']  The 
act  of  extirpating,  rooting  out,  or  destroying ; 
eradication  ; excision  ; destruction  ; annihilation. 

Religion  requires  the  extirpation  of  all  passions  which  ren- 
der men  unsociable  and  troublesome  to  one  another.  Tillotson. 

+ 

EX-TIR'PA-TOR,  or  EX'T|R-PA-TOR  [ek-ster'p?- 
tur,  S.  W.  Ja.  Sm.  C.  ; eks'ter-pa-tur,  K.  ; ek- 
ster'ps-tur  or  eks-ter-pa'tur,  Eh],  n.  One  who 
extirpates  or  destroys.  Bailey. 

t JpX-TIRP'pR,  n.  One  who  extirpates.  Bacon. 

+ £X-TJ-SP["CIOUS  (ek-stf-pish'us),  a.  [L.  exti- 
spitium,  inspection  of  entrails  for  the  purpose 
of  prophesying ; exta,  entrails,  and  specio,  to 
look  at.]  Relating  to  the  inspection  of  en- 
trails ; augurial.  Browne. 

EX-TOL',  v.  a.  [L.  extollo,  to  raise  up  ; ex,  from, 
and  tollo,  to  raise  ; It.  estollere.]  [t.  extolled  ; 
pp.  extolling,  extolled.]  To  praise ; to 
magnify ; to  exalt ; to  laud ; to  applaud ; to 
commend  highly  ; to  celebrate. 

Extol  Him  that  rideth  upon  the  heavens.  Fs.  lxviii.  4. 

Syn.  — See  Commend. 

EX-TOL'LfR,  n.  One  who  extols  or  praises;  a 
praiser  ; a panegyrist ; an  encomiast.  Bacon. 

+ EX-TOL'MENT,  n.  The  act  of  extolling  Shak. 

t EX-TORSE',  v.  a.  To  extort.  Stirling. 

EX-TOR'SIVE,  a.  That  extorts;  tending  to  ex- 
tort ; oppressive.  Johnson. 

pX-TOR'SI VE-LY,  ad.  In  an  extorsive  manner; 
by  violence.  Johnson. 

EX-TORT',  v.  a.  [L.  extorqueo,  extortus  ; ex,  from, 
and  torqueo,  to  twist;  It.  estorquere  ; Fr.  ex- 
torquer. ] \L  extorted  ; pp.  extorting,  ex- 
torted.] To  draw  from  ; to  draw  by  force  ; to 
exact ; to  force  or  wring  from  ; to  wrest ; to 
gain  by  violence  or  oppression. 

Till  the  injurious  Roman  did  extort 

This  tribute  from  us,  we  were  free.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Exact. 

EX-TORT',  v.  n.  To  practise  extortion.  Spenser. 

t EX-TORT',  p.  Extorted.  Spenser. 

EX-TORT'ER,  n.  One  who  extorts  or  exacts  ; an 
extortioner.  Camden. 

E-X-TOR'TION  (eks-tbr'shun),  n.  [It.  estorsione; 
Sp.  4;  Fr.  extorsion.]  Act  or  practice  of  extort- 
ing ; illegal  compulsion  ; oppressive  exaction. 

Oppression  and  extortion  did  extinguish  the  greatness  of 
that  nouse.  Davies. 

EX-TOR'TION-A-RY,  a.  That  extorts;  practis- 
ing extortion  ; rapacious  ; extorsive.  Maunder. 

EX-TOR'TION-ATE,  a.  Relating  to  extortion ; 
containing  extortion.  Mil/nan.  Ec.  Rev. 

EX-TOR'TION-ER,  n.  One  who  practises  extor- 
tion ; an  extorter.  Camden. 

EX-TOR 'TION-OUS,  a.  Extortionate.  Craig. 

f EX-TOR'TIOUS,  a.  Extortionary.  Bp.  Hall. 

t EX-TOR'TIOUS-LY,  ad.  Extortionately.  Bacon. 

EX'TRA.  [L.]  A Latin  preposition  often  used 
in  composition,  meaning  over  and  above,  ex- 
traordinary, or  beyond;  as,  extra- judicial,  extra- 
mundane,  &c. 

EX'TRA,  a.  Noting  something  unusual,  extra- 
ordinary, or  excessive;  — a word  contracted 
from  extraordinary,  and  in  familiar  or  collo- 
quial use.  “ Extra  charge.”  Ed.  Rev. 

EX'TRA,  n.  That  which  is  unusual  or  extraordi- 
nary ; something  beyond,  or  not  included  in,  the 
usual  course  or  charge.  [Colloquial.]  Clarke. 

EX'TRA- AX'IL-LA-RY,  a.  [L.  extra,  on  the  out- 
side of,  beyond,  and  Eng.  axillary.]  (Bot.) 
Above,  or  on  the  outside  of,  the  axils.  Loudon. 

EX-TRA— CON'STEL-LA-RY,  a.  [L.  extra,  on  the 
outside  of,  beyond,  and  Eng.  constellation.] 

( Astron .)  Noting  stars  that  have  not  been 
classed  under  any  constellation.  Crabb. 

EX-TRACT',  v.  a.  ”[L.  extraho,  extractus\  ex, 
from,  and  traho,  to  draw ; It.  estrarre  ; Sp.  ex- 
traer  ; Fr.  extraire.]  [».  extracted;  pp.  ex- 
tracting, EXTRACTED.] 

1.  To  draw  out ; as,  “ To  extract  a tooth.” 

Woman  is  her  name. 

Of  man  extracted.  Milton. 


2.  To  draw  by  a chemical  process ; to  derive. 

Out  of  the  ashes  of  all  plants  they  extract  a salt.  Bacon. 

3.  To  select  and  abstract  from  a literary  work. 

I have  extracted  out  of  that  pamphlet  a few  notorious 

falsehoods.  Swift. 

4.  (Math.)  To  determine;  to  find;  as,  “To 
extract  a root.” 

EX'TrACT,  n.  [It.  estratto ; Sp.  extracto ; Fr. 
extrait .] 

1.  (Med.)  That  which  is  extracted ; any  sub- 
stance prepared  by  evaporating  a vegetable  solu- 
tion till  a tenacious  mass  is  obtained. 

When  it  is  prepared  from  an  infusion  or  decoction,  it  is 
termed  a watery  extract ; when  from  a tincture,  a spirituous 
extract.  . Conspectus  of  the  Pharmacopoeias. 

2.  (Lit.)  A passage  taken  from  a book ; a 
quotation  ; a citation  ; an  abstract. 

Some  books  may  be  read  by  extracts  made  of  them  by 
others.  Bacon. 

3.  f Extraction  ; descent;  origin. 

The  apostle  gives  it  a value  suitable  to  its  extract.  South. 

EX-TRAcT'I-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  extracted  or 
drawn  out.  Month.  Rev. 

EX-TRAC'TI-FORM,  a.  [ extract  and  form.] 
(Chem.)  Having  the  appearance  of  an  extract. 

EX-TRAc'TION,  n.  [It.  estrazione ; Sp.  extrac- 
tion ; Fr.  extraction.  — See  Extract.] 

1.  Derivation  from  an  original ; lineage  ; de- 
scent; genealogy;  origin.  “A  family  of  an 

ancient  extraction.”  Clarendon. 

2.  (Chem.)  The  operation  by  which  the  prin- 
cipal element  of  a compound  is  separated ; as, 
“The  extraction  of  potash  from  wood  ashes.” 

3.  (Math.)  The  arithmetical  or  algebraic  op- 
eration of  finding  the  root  of  some  number  or 
power ; the  operation  of  finding  a quantity, 
which  being  taken  as  a factor  a certain  number 
of  times  will  produce  a given  quantity.  Davies. 

EX-TRAc'T! VE,  a.  [It.  estrattivo ; Sp.  extrac- 
tive-, Fr.  extractif.]  Capable  of  being  ex- 
tracted ; as,  “ Extractive  matter.”  Kirwan. 

EX-TRAc'TIVE,  n.  (Med.)  A peculiar  base  or 
principle  contained  in  extracts.  Dunglison. 

EX-TrACT'OR,  n.  [L.]  1.  He  who,  or  that 

which,  extracts.  Johnson. 

2.  (Surg.)  A surgical  instrument  used  in 
lithotomy  or  in  midwifery.  Scott. 

EX-TRAC' TUJ\I,n.  (Med.)  An  extract.  Hoblyn. 

f EX-TR  A-DIC'T  ION- A-RY,  a.  [L.  extra,  beyond, 
and  dictio,  speaking,  expression.]  Not  consist- 
ing in  words,  but  in  realities.  Browne. 

EX-TR  A-DI''TION,  n.  [L.  ex,  from,  and  traditio, 
a giving  up,  surrender ; Fr.  extradition .]  (Law.) 
The  act  of  sending  a person  accused  of  a crime 
to  a foreign  jurisdiction,  where  the  crime  was 
committed,  in  order  to  be  tried  there,  or  of  de- 
livering up  a runaway  slave,  as  a political  refu- 
gee. Bouvier. 

EX-TRA'DOS,  n.  (Arch.)  The  exterior  curve  of 
an  arch,  measured  on  the  top  of  the  voussoirs ; 
the  back  of  an  arch See  Arch.  Brande. 

EX'TRA— DO'TAL,  a.  [L.  extra,  beyond,  and  dos, 
dotis,  a dowry ; It.  estradotale. J (Louisiana 
Laics.)  Noting  property  that  forms  no  part  of 
the  dowry  of  a woman  ; — called  also  parapher- 
nal property.  Bouvier. 

f EX-TR  A— ES-SEN'TIAL,  a.  Not  essential.  Boyle. 

EX'TRA-FO-LI-A'CEOUS  (-shus,  66),  a.  [L.  ex- 
tra, without,  and.  folium,  a.  \eM.]  (Bot.)  Away 
from  the  leaves,  or  inserted  in  a different  place 
from  them.  Loudon. 

EX'TRA— FO-RA'NE-OUS,  a.  [L.  extra,  beyond 
or  without,  and  foris,  a door.J  Out-door,  [r.] 

Fine  weather  and  a variety  of  extra-foraneous  occupations 
(search  Johnson’s  Dictionary  for  that  word,  and  if  not  there, 
insert  it,  for  it  saves  a deal  of  circumlocution,  and  is  very 
lawfully  compounded)  make  it  difficult  for  me  to  find  oppor- 
tunities for  writing.  Coivper. 

EX-TRA-^E'NE-OUS,  a.  [L.  extra,  without,  and 
genus,  a kind.]  Foreign  ; belonging  to  another 
kind.  Maunder. 

EX'TRA— JU-DF'CIAL  (gks-tr?-ju-dish'al),  a.  [L. 
extra,  beyond,  and  judicium,  a judicial  investi- 
gation ; It.  estragiudiciale  ; Sp.  extrajudicial-, 
Fr.  extrajudiciaire .]  (Law.)  Being  out  of  the 
regular  course  of  legal  procedure.  Ayliffe. 

EX'TRA— JU-DI"CIAL-LY,  ad.  In  an  extra-judi- 
cial manner.  Ayliffe. 


EX'TRA— LIM'(-T A-RY,  a.  [L.  extra,  beyond,  and 
Eng.  limit.]  Being  beyond  the  limit.  Craig. 

EX'TRA— MIS'SION  (eks-tra-mTsh'un),  n.  [L.  extra, 
without,  and  missio,  a sending;  It.  estramissi- 
one.]  Outward  emission.  Browne. 

EX'TRA— MUN'DAnE,  a.  [L.  extra,  beyond,  and 
rnundus,  the  world.]  Beyond  the  verge  or  lim- 
its of  the  material  world.  “Topography  of  the 
extra-mundane  spaces.”  Glanxille. 

EX'TRA— MU'RAI,,  a.  [L.  extra,  beyond,  and  mu- 
ms, a wall.]  Being  without  or  beyond  the 
walls,  as  of  a fortified  city.  Ogilvie. 

EX-TRA'NE-OUS,  a.  [L.  extraneus  ; extra,  with- 
out ; It.  estraneo  ; Sp.  extraho .]  That  is  with- 
out, beyond,  or  not  a part  of ; disconnected ; 
extrinsic  ; foreign ; not  intrinsic. 

When  the  mind  refers  any  of  its  ideas  to  any  thing  extra- 
neous to  them,  they  are  then  called  true  or  lalse.  Locke. 

Syn.  — See  Exterior* 

EX-TRA'NE-OUS-Ly,  ad.  In  an  extraneous  man- 
ner ; extrinsically.  Law. 

EX'TRA—  OC'IT-LAR,  a.  [L.  extra , beyond,  and 
oculu's,  the  eye.]  ( Ent .)  Applied  to  the  anten- 
na; when  they  are  inserted  on  the  outsides  of 
the  eyes.  Maunder. 

EX'TRA— OF-FI''CIAL,  a.  [L.  extra,  beyond,  and 
Eng.  official.]  Beyond  the  limits  of  official  du- 
ty. Clarke. 

||  EN-TRAOR'DI-NA-RI-LY  (eks-tror'de-nj-re-le), 
ad.  In  an  extraordinary  manner;  remarkably  ; 
uncommonly ; eminently.  Shak. 

II  EX-TRAOR'DNNA-RI-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  extraordinary;  remarkableness;  uncom- 
monness. Gov.  of  the  Tongue. 

||  EX-TR AOR'DI-N A-RY  (eks-tror'de-na-re  or  eks- 
trj-or'de-na-re)  [eks-tror'df-nj-re,  S.  W.  J.  E.  F. 
Ja.  K.  Sm.  R.  C.  Wb. ; eks-tra-or'de-nj-re,  Ken- 
rick,  Scott-,  eks-tror'de-na-re  or  eks-trj-or'de-na- 
re,  P.],a.  [L.  extraordinarius ; extra,  beyond,  and 
ordinarius,  usual,  ordinary  ; It.  estraordinario ; 
Sp.  extraordinario  ; Fr.  extraordinaire.]  Beyond 
that  which  is  ordinary  or  usual ; not  ordinary  ; 
remarkable  ; more  than  common  ; uncommon  ; 
unusual ; as,  “ An  extraordinary  event  ” ; “ An 
extraordinary  character.” 

||  EX-TRAOR'DI-NA-RY,  n.  Something  that  is 
extraordinary  or  uncommon.  “ All  the  extraor- 
dinaries in  the  world.”  [r.]  Spenser. 

||  EX-TRAOR'DI-NA-RY,  ad.  Extraordinarily. 
“ Extraordinary  rare.”  [r.]  Addison. 

EX'TRA— PA-RO'j0H]-AL  (eks'trj-pa-ro'ke-al),  a. 
[L.  extra,  without,  and  parochia,  a parish.] 
Being  out  of  a parish  ; not  included  within  any 
parish.  Cowell. 

EX'TRA— PA-RO'jCHI-AL-LY,  ad.  Out  of  a parish. 

EX'TRA— PHYip'I-C A E,  a.  [L.  extra,  without,  and 
Eng.  physical.]  Not  within  the  department  of 
physics  ; metaphysical.  Craig. 

EX'TRA— PRO-FES 'SION- A L,  a.  [L.  extra,  with- 
out, and  Eng.  professional.]  Not  within  the 
ordinary  limits  of  professional  duty.  Craig. 

EX'TRA— PRO- VIN'CIAL,  a.  Not  being  within 
the  province.  Ayliffe. 

EX'TRA— REG'U-LAR,  a.  [L.  extra,  without,  and 
negula,  a rule.]  Not  comprehended  within  a 
rule ; irregular.  Bp.  Taylor. 

EX'TRA— REG' U-LAR-LY,  ad.  Irregularly.  Taylor. 

EX'TRA— TER-Rj-TO'RI-AL,  a.  Being  out  of  the 
territory.  Marshall. 

EX'TRA-TER-RI-TO-RI-AL'I-TY,  n.  The  state 
of  being  out  of  the  territory.  Marten. 

EX'TRA— TROP'J-CAL,  a.  Being  out  of  the  trop- 
ics ; beyond,  or  without,  the  tropics.  Kirby. 

f EX-TRAUGHT'  (eks-trlwt'),y).  Extracted.  Shak. 

EX'TRA— U'TER-INE,  a.  [L.  extra,  without,  and 
uterus,  the  womb.]  (Med.)  Noting  those  cases 
of  pregnancy,  in  which  the  foetus  is  contained 
in  some  organ  exterior  to  the  uterus.  Ogilvie. 

EX-TRAV'A-GANCE,  n.  [L.  extra,  beyond,  and 
vagor,  vagans,  to  wander ; It.  estraraganza  ; Sp. 
exiravagancia ; Fr.  extravagance.] 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  f,  short;  A,  E.  I.  9,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; H£lR,  HER; 


EXTRAVAGANCY 


527 


EXULCERATE 


1.  The  quality  of  being  extravagant ; a going 
beyond  prescribed  limits. 

I have  troubled  you  too  far  with  this  extravagance ; 1 shall 
recall  myself  into  the  road  again.  Hammond. 

2.  Irregularity;  wildness;  unreasonableness; 
excess  ; as,  “ Extravagance  of  passion  ” ; “ Ex- 
travagance of  language.” 

3.  Prodigal  expense  ; prodigality  ; profusion. 
The  income  of  three  dukes  was  not  enough  to  supply  her 

extravagance.  Arbuthnot. 

Syn.  — See  Excess. 

EX-TItA  V'A-G  AN-CY,  n.  Extravagance.  Tillotson. 

EX-TrAv'A-GANT,  a.  [L.  extra,'  beyond,  and 
vagor,  vagans,  to  wander  ; It.  estravagante  ; Sp. 
extravagante;  Fr.  extravagant .] 

1.  f Wandering  beyond  the  proper  bounds  or 
limits  ; rambling ; roving. 

At  his  warning 

The  extravagant  and  erring  spirit  hies 

To  his  confine.  Shak. 

2.  Irregular  ; wild  ; unreasonable  ; as,  “ Ex- 
travagant emotion.” 

But  wishes,  madam,  are  extravagant.  Dryden. 

3.  Vainly  expensive;  wasteful;  prodigal; 
lavish  ; profuse. 

An  extravagant  man,  who  has  nothing  else  to  recommend 
him  but  a false  generosity,  is  often  more  beloved  than  a per- 
son of  a much  more  finished  character,  who  is  detective  in 
this  particular.  Addison. 

He  that  is  c travagant  will  quickly  become  poor;  and  pov- 
erty will  enforce  dependence  and  invite  corruption.  Johnson, 
A miser  grows  rich  by  seeming  poor;  an  extravagant  man 
grows  poor  by  seeming  rich.  Sheiustone. 

Syn.  — The  extravagant  man  spends  his  money 
without  reason  ; the  prodigal , in  excesses  ; the  extrav- 
agant man  errs  more  in  the  quality,  the  profuse , more 
in  the  quantity,  of  his  expenses.  Profuse  in  entertain- 
ments ; lavish  in  bestowing  favors,  or  in  expenses  ; 
wasteful  management ; irregular  habits  ; wild  schemes. 
— See  Irregular. 

jpX-TRAv'A-GANT,  w.  1.  He  who,  or  that  which, 
is  confined  within  no  general  rule. 

There  are  certain  extravagants  among  people  of  all  sizes 
and  professions.  L' Estrange. 

2.  pi.  (Church  History.)  Certain  decretal 
epistles,  not  at  first  arranged  with  the  other 
papal  constitutions,  but  subsequently  inserted 
in  the  canon  law.  Bale. 

(IX-TrAv'A-GANT-LY,  ad.  In  an  extravagant 
manner. 

EX-TRAv'A-GANT-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
extravagant.  Johnson. 

EX-TrAv-A-gAn'ZA,  n.  [It.  estravaganza.] 
(Mus.)  A sort  of  composition  remarkable  for  its 
wildness  and  incoherence.  Crabb. 

t EX-TRAV'A-GATE,  v.  n.  [L.  extra,  beyond,  and 
vagor,  to  wander ; Old  Fr.  extravaguer .]  To 
wander  out  of  limits.  Warburton. 

EX-TRAV-A-GA'TION,  n.  Excess.  Smollett. 

EX-TRAv'A-SATE,  v.  a.  [L.  extra,  beyond,  out 
of,  and  vas,  a vessel ; It.  estravasare ; Sp.  ex- 
travasarse ; Fr.  extravaser .]  [t.  exthavasated  ; 
pp.  EXTRAVASATING,  EXTItAVASATED.]  To 
force  out,  as  of  ducts  or  vessels.  “ Extrava- 
sated  blood.”  Arbuthnot. 

EX-TRAv-A-sA'TION,  n.  [It.  estravasazione ; 
Sp.  extraoasacion ; Fr.  extravasation.]  The  act 
of  forcing,  or  the  state  of  being  forced,  out  of 
the  proper  vessels  or  ducts.  “Extravasation  of 
blood.”  Arbuthnot. 

EX'TRA-  VAs'CU-LAR,  a.  [L.  extra,  without,  and 
vasculu/n,  a small  vessel.]  Not  within  the  prop- 
er vessels.  Lawrence. 

t IJX-TrAv'E-NATE  [eks-tr5v'e-nat,  W.  Ja.;  eks- 
tr.j-ve'nat,  S.  K.  S/».],  a.  [L.  extra,  without, 
and  vena,  a vein ; Sp.  extravenarse,  to  get  out 
of  the  vessels.]  Let  out  of  the  veins.  G/anville. 

EX-TRA-VER'SION,  n.  [L.  extra,  without,  and 
versio,  a turning ; verto,  versus,  to  turn.] 

1.  The  act  of  throwing  out. 

2.  The  state  of  being  thrown  out.  [r.]  Boyle. 

t EX-TRA-VERT',  v.  a.  To  turn  out.  Boyle. 
t EX-TREAT',  n.  Extraction.  Spenser. 

EX-TREME',  a.  [L.  extremus  ; It.  estremo  ; Sp. 
extremo  ; Fr.  extreme.] 

1.  Outermost ; utmost ; farthest ; most  re- 
mote ; as,  “An  extreme  limit”;  “ Extreme 
verge.” 


2.  Being  in  the  highest  degree  ; as,  “ An  ex- 
treme case  ” ; “ Extreme  necessity.” 

3.  Serving  in  the  last  resort;  as,  “An  ex- 
treme remedy.” 

4.  f Severe  ; rigorous  ; strict. 

If  thou  be  extreme  to  mark  what  is  amiss,  who  shall 
abide  it?  Psalm  in  Common  Prayer. 

Extreme  unction , the  Roman  Catholic  rite  of  anoint- 
ing any  person  at  the  point  of  death. 

Syn.  — See  Excessive. 

EX-TREME',  n.  1.  Highest  degree  of  any  thing; 
utmost  point. 

And  feel  by  turns  the  bitter  change 

Of  fierce  extremes , extremes  by  change  more  fierce.  Milton. 
Avoid  extremes , and  shun  the  faults  of  such 
Who  still  are  pleased  too  little  or  too  much.  Pope. 

Happiness  and  misery  are  the  names  of  two  extremes,  the 
utmost  bounds  whereof  we  know  not.  Locke. 

2.  End ; termination  ; extremity. 

Midway  between  the  extremes  of  both  promontories.  Dampicr. 

3.  pi.  Points  at  the  greatest  distance  from 
each  other ; as,  “ The  golden  mean  between 
two  extremes .” 

Extremes  meet— a proverb,  to  collect  and  explain  all  the 
instances  and  exemplifications  of  which  would  constitute 
and  exhaust  all  philosophy.  Coleridge. 

4.  pi.  Great  sufferings  ; distress  ; urgency. 

Tending  to  some  relief  of  our  extremes.  Milton. 

5.  pi.  (Logic.)  The  subject  and  predicate  in 
a syllogism. 

6.  pi.  (Math.)  The  first  and  the  last  terms  of 

a proportion.  Davies. 

Syn. — See  Extremity. 

PX-TREME'LJSS,  a.  Having  no  extremes  ; with- 
out beginning  and  without  end  ; infinite. 

EX-TREME'LY,  ad.  In  the  utmost  degree  ; very 
much;  exceedingly. 

EX-TRE'MIST,  n.  A supporter  of  extreme  doc- 
trines or  practice.  Ec.  Rev. 

The  extremists  in  both  parts  of  this  country  are  violent. 

D.  Webster,  1850. 

EX-TREM'I-TY,  n.  [L.  extremitas ; It.  estremita  ; 
Sp.  extremidad  ; Fr.  extremite .] 

1.  The  part  most  remote  from  the  middle ; 
outermost  part ; end  ; termination  ; bound. 

They  sent  fleets  out  of  the  Red  Sea  to  the  extremities  ol 
Ethiopia.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  The  highest  degree  ; the  utmost  point ; as, 
“ The  extremity  of  cold  or  heat.” 

3.  The  utmost  distress ; crisis  of  suffering. 

He  promised  to  relieve  them  before  they  should  be  re- 
duced to  extremity.  Clarendon. 

Syn.  — Extremity  and  end  both  mean  tile  extreme 
part  of  a tiling,  as  the  extremity  or  end  of  a line  ; but 
extremity  is  opposed  to  the  middle  ; end,  to  the  begin- 
ning. The  end  of  a journey  ; the  extremity  of  an 
island.  Extremity  is  used  both  in  the  proper  and  im- 
proper sense;  extreme,  in  the  improper  sense.  The 
extremity  of  an  avenue  ; the  extremity  of  distress  or 
suffering  ; the  extreme  of  the  fashion. 

EX'TRI-CA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  extricated  ; 
capable  of  extrication.  Cockeram. 

EX'TRI-cATE,  v.  a.  [L.  extrico,  extricatus ; ex, 
from,  and  trices,  hinderances]  [i.  extricated  ; 
pp.  EXTRICATING,  extricated.]  To  disembar- 
rass ; to  free  from  perplexity  ; to  set  free ; to 
liberate  ; to  disengage  ; to  disentangle. 

Great  difficulties  which  reason  cannot  well  extricate  itself 
out  of.  Locke. 

Syn.  — See  Disengage. 

EX-TRI-CA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  extricating; 
rescue  ; disentanglement ; liberation  ; as,  “ Ex- 
trication from  embarrassing  circumstances.” 

EX-TRIN'SIC,  < a [L.  extrinsecus ; extra, 

EX-TRIN'SI-CAL,  ' out,  or  without,  and  sccus, 
side  ; It.  estrinseco  ; Sp.  extrinseco  ; Fr.  extrin- 
sHque.]  External  ; outward  ; not  intimately  be- 
longing ; not  intrinsic  ; extraneous. 

To  the  one  we  are  formed  by  nature;  the  other  is,  rr  it 
were,  foreign  and  extrinsical.  Burke. 

Syn.  — See  Exterior. 

EX-TRIN-SI-CAl'J-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being 
extrinsical.  Roget. 

EX-TRIN'SI-CAL-LY,  ad.  From  without;  exter- 
nally ; outwardly.  Bramhall. 

EX-TRIN'SI-CAL-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
extrinsical.  Ash. 

EX-TRO'I-TIVE,  a.  [L.  extro,  to  go  out  from  ; 
extra,  beyond,  and  eo,  itum,  to  go.]  Moving  or 
going  out.  [r.]  Coleridge. 


UX-TROR'SAL,  a.  (Bot.)  Noting  the  direction 
of  parts  of  a plant,  as  anthers,  which  are  turned 
from  their  axis  ; extrorse.  Branele. 

EX-TRORSE',  a.  (Bot.)  Turned  outwards  ; ex- 
trorsal.  Gray. 

EX-TRO-VER'SION,  n.  (Med.)  A term  applied 
to  malformations  of  the  body  in  which  a part  is, 
as  it  were,  turned  wrong  side  outward.  Brande. 

t EX-TRUCT',  v.  a.  [L.  extruo,  extructus .]  To 
construct.  Byrom. 

f EX-TRUC'TION,  n.  A building.  Cockeram. 

t EX-TRUC'TIVE,  a.  That  extructs  or  con- 
structs ; forming  into  a structure.  Fulke. 

t lJX-TRUC'TOR,  n.  A builder;  a fabricator;  a 
contriver ; a raiser.  Bailey. 

EX-TRUDE',  v.  a.  [L.  extrudo ; ex,  from,  and 
trudo,  to  thrust;  It.  estrudere .]  [»".  EXTRUDED; 
pp.  EXTRUDING,  EXTRUDED.]  To  thrust  OUt  ; 
to  drive  out  or  off ; to  expel ; to  oust. 

They  concluded  that  the  sea  had  been  extruded  by  the 
mud.  Woodward. 

EX-TRU'§ION  (-zhun),  n.  [It.  estrusione .]  Act 
of  extruding  or  driving  out ; expulsion.  Bailey. 

When,  upon  the  extrusion  of  the  whigs.  Johnson. 

EX-TU'BER-ANCE,  n.  [It.  extuberanza.]  A swell- 
ing ; a protuberance.  Moxon. 

EX-TU'BER-AN-CY,  n.  Extuberance.  Gregory. 

EX-TU'BER-ANT,  a.  [L.  extubero,  extuberans,  to 
swell  out.]  Swelling  out ; standing  out.  “ Ex- 
tuberant  lips.”  Gayton. 

f EX-TU'BER-ATE,  v.  n.  [L.  extubero,  extubera- 
tus .]  To  stand  out ; to  swell  out.  Cockeram. 

tEX-TU-BER-A'TION,  n.  [L.  extuberatio.]  State 
of  being  extuberant ; an  extuberance.Fartnrfow. 

EX-TU-MES'CIJNCE,  n.  [L.  extumesco,  extumes- 
cens,  to  swell  up.]  A swelling.  Cotgrave. 

E3j-U'BER-ANCE  (egz-yu'ber-jns),  n.  [L.  exube- 
ro,  exuberans,  to  come  forth  in  abundance  ; It. 
esuberanza-,  Sp.  exuberancia  ; Er.  exuberance.] 
The  state  of  being  exuberant;  overflowing 
plenty ; overgrowth  ; superfluous  abundance  ; 
luxuriance  ; richness  ; as,  “ Exuberance  of  vege- 
tation ” ; “ Exuberance  of  fancy.” 

Syn.  — See  Exuberant,  Plenty. 

E^-U'BJJR-AN-CY,  n.  Exuberance.  Stilling fleet. 

EJi-U'BjjR-ANT  (egz-yu'ber-fint),  a.  [It.  esube- 
rante;  Sp.  exuberante  ; Fr.  exuberant. — See 
Exuberance.]  Over-abundant;  plenteous; 
copious;  very  fruitful ; luxuriant;  rich.  “ Ex- 
uberant spring.”  Thomson.  “ Exuberant  good- 
ness.” Boyle. 

Syn.  — Exuberant  and  luxuriant  are  both  applied 
to  vegetation  in  a flourishing  state.  Exuberance  ex- 
presses the  excess  ; luxuriance,  the  perfection.  Exu- 
berant spring,  fertility  ; luxuriant  growtli  or  vegeta- 
tion ; abundant  harvest ; plentiful  crop  ; copious  sup- 
ply. — Exuberant  intellect  or  understanding  ; a luxu- 
riant imagination  or  fancy. 

EX-U'BER-ANT-LY,  ad.  In  an  exuberant  man- 
ner. 

U3£-U'B£R-ATE, v-  n"  exubero,  exuberatus  ; It. 
esuberare  ; Sp.  exuberar.]  To  abound,  [r.]  Boyle. 


EX-UC'COUS,  a.  See  Exsuccous.  Browne. 

f EX-U'dAte,  V.  n.  & a.  [L.  exudo.]  To  pass 
through  the  pores  ; to  exude.  Browne. 

EX-U-dA'TION,  n.  [Fr.  exsudation.] 

1.  The  act  of  exuding  or  sweating.  “ A gen- 
eral exudation  out  of  the  cutis.”  Wiseman. 

2.  That  which  is  exuded.  “ An  exudation  of 

the  herb.”  Bacon. 


EX-UDE',  v.  n.  [L.  exudo ; ex,  from,  and  sudo,  to 
sweat;  It.  sudare  ; Sp.  sudar ; Fr.  exsuder.]  [i. 
exuded  ; pp.  exuding,  exuded.]  To  pass  or 
flow  out  of  animal  or  vegetable  bodies  through 
the  pores  ; to  issue  as  by  sweat.  “ Honey  ex- 
uding from  all  flowers.”  Arbuthnot. 

EX-UDE',  v.  a.  To  discharge  by  the  pores;  to 
throw  out ; as,  “ Many  trees  exude  gum.” 

yjC-UL'CpR-ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  exulcero,  exulecratus ; 
ex,  from,  and  ulcero,  to  ulcerate  ; ulcus,  an  ulcer ; 
It.  esulcerare  ; Sp.  exulcerar ; Er.  exulcer  er.] 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  <?,  q,  |,  soft ; E,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z ; % as  gz.  — THIS,  tliis. 


EXULCERATE 

[«'.  EXULCERATED  ; pp.  EXULCER  ATI  NO,  EXUL- 
CERATED.] 

1.  To  make  sore  with  an  ulcer ; to  ulcerate. 

Cantharides  applied  to  any  part  of  the  body  exulcerate  it. 

Bacon. 

2.  To  irritate  ; to  fret ; to  exasperate. 

Froward,  exulceratcd , and  seditious  spirits.  Bp.  Beynotds. 

E^-UL'CfR-ATE,  v.  n.  To  ulcerate.  Bacon. 

t f.-^-UL'CpR-ATE,  a.  Vexed;  ulcerated.  Bacon. 

EX  - ID , - C It  - A ' TI O N , n.  [L.  exulceratio  ; It.  esul- 
cerazione;  Sp.  exulceracion  ; Fr .exulceration.] 

1.  (Med.)  Superficial  ulceration.  Palmer. 

2.  Irritation ; exacerbation ; exasperation. 

“ This  ulceration  of  mind.”  Hooker. 

E^-UL'CER-A-TlVE,  a.  [It.  esulcerativo ; Fr. 
exulceratif]  That  exulcerates  or  makes  ulcer- 
ous. Holland. 

EX-UL'cpR-A-TO-RY,  a.  [Sp.  exulcer atorio.] 
Causing  ulcers  ; exulcerative.  [r.]  lluloet. 

E-Y-&LT'  (egz-filt'),  v.  n.  [L.  exulto  ; ex,  from, 
and  salto,  to  leap  ; It.  esultare  ; Fr.  exulter.]  [i. 
exulted;  pp.  exulting,  exulted.]  To  re- 
joice exceedingly ; to  rejoice  in  triumph ; to 
be  in  transport ; to  triumph. 

The  goddess  goes  exulting  from  his  sight.  Dri/den. 

E>C-ULT'ANCE,  n.  Transport ; exceeding  joy  ; 
triumph;  exultation;  exultancy.  “We  have 
great  cause  of  exultance.”  Gov.  of  the  Tongue. 

EX-ULT'AN-CY,  m.  Transport;  exultation';  tri- 
umph ; rapture  ; exultance.  [r.]  Hammond. 

E^-ULT'ANT,  a.  That  exults  ; rejoicing  exceed- 
ingly ; triumphing  ; exulting.  “ With  such  e.r- 
ultant  sympathy  and  joy.”  More. 

EJt-UL-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  exultatio ; It.  esultazione ; 
Sp.  exultacion .]  An  act  of  exulting  ; transport 
of  joy;  triumph;  rapturous  delight.  “Instances 
of  devout  exultation.”  Atterhury. 

E3j-ULT']NG,/>.  a.  Triumphing;  rejoicing  greatly. 

EJj-ULT'ING-LY,  ad.  In  an  exulting  manner. 

f EJC-tJN'DATE,  v.  a.  [L.  exundo,  exundatus. ] 
To  overflow;  to  abound  ; to  inundate.  Bailey. 

EX-IJN-DA'TION,  n.  Overflow  ; inundation.  “ The 
regular  exundation  of  the  Nile.”  [r.]  Geddes. 

E?-UN'Gli-LATE,  v.  a.  [L.  ex,  from,  and  ungula, 
a claw,  a hoof.]  To  pare  off,  as  nails  or  other 
superfluous  parts,  [r.]  Maunder. 

E^-UN-GU-LA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  exungulat- 
ing.  [r.]  Crabb. 

t EX-U'I’ER-A-BLE,  a.  [L.  rxuperabilis .]  Con- 
querable; superable;  vincible.  Johnson. 

+ EX-U'PfR-ANCE,  n.  [L.  exuperantia .]  Over- 
balance ; greater  proportion.  Fotherby. 

f EX-U'PIJR-ANT,  a.  Overbalancing  ; of  greater 
proportion.  Bailey. 

f EX-U'PIJR-ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  exupero,  exuperatus.] 
To  excel ; to  surmount.  Cockeram. 

+ EX-O-PER-A'TION,  n , The  act  of  exuperating, 
excelling,  or  surmounting.  Cockeram. 

t EJI-UR'9I?NCE,  ii.  The  act  of  rising  or  appear- 
ing. Baxter. 

t E?[-UR'9ENT,  «•  [L.  exurgo,  exurgens,  to  rise 
out ; ex,  out  of,  and  surgo,  to  arise.]  Arising ; 
commencing.  Dr.  Favour. 

t E^-US'CI-T.VTE,  v.  a.  [L.  exuscito,  exuscitatus. ] 
To  stir  up  ; to  rouse  ; to  excite.  Bailey. 

t E^-UST'  (egz-ust'),  v.  a.  [L.  exuro,  exustus .] 
To  burn  up  ; to  consume.  Cockeram. 

EX-UST'ION  (egz-ust'yun),  n.  A burning.  Bailey. 

EX-U'VI-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  cast  off.  Clarke. 

BX-U'  VJ-JE  (egz-yu've-e),  n.  pi.  [L.] 

1.  Whatever  is  put  off,  or  shed  and  left,  by 

animals  or  by  plants  ; the  cast  skin,  shells,  &c., 
of  animals.  Woodward. 

2.  (Geol.)  The  spoils  and  remains  of  natural 

objects  deposited  at  some  great  change  in  the 
earth,  as  fossil  remains  of  animals.  Lyell. 

E^-U-VI-A'TION,  n.  [L.  exuviae,  the  cast-off  skin 
of  certain  animals.]  ( Zoijl .)  The  process  by 


528 

which  the  crustaceous  animals  throw  off  their 
old  shell,  and  form  a new  one.  Ogilvie. 

EX  yd' TO.  [L.]  After  one’s  wishes;  accord- 
ing to  a vow.  Sears. 

EY,  may  come  from  A.  S.  ig,  an  island.  — Hence 
comes  eyot,  or  eyet,  a small  island.  Johnson. 

EY'A-LET  (I'a-let),  n.  A Turkish  government  or 
principality  under  the  administration  of  a vizier 
or  pacha  of  the  first  class.  Simmonds. 

f EY'AS  (l'?s),  n.  [Fr.  niais.  “Our  own  word 
was  sometimes  formerly  written  nyas.”  John- 
son.] A young  hawk  just  taken  from  the  nest. 
“ Little  eyasses  that  cry  out.”  Shak. 

f EY'AS  (i'js),  a.  Unfledged.  Spenser. 

EY'AS— MUS'KET,  n.  [It.  muschetto;  Fr.  mou- 
chet .]  A young,  unfledged  sparrow-hawk.  Shak. 

EYE  (l),  n. ; pi.  eye?  (iz).  [Goth,  augo;  A.  S. 
eage ; Dut.  oog  ; Ger.  ange  ; 

Dan.  iije ; Sw.  oga.  — Gr. 
tiros  or  okciXIos  ; L.  oculus ; 

It.  ochio  ; Sp.  ojo  ; Fr.  ceil.] 

1.  The  organ  of  vision. 

And  read  their  history  in  a na- 
tion’s eyes.  Gray. 

A beautiful  eye  makes  silence  el- 
oquent; a kind  eye  makes  contradic- 
tion an  assent;  an  enraged  eye  makes 
beauty  deformed.  This  little  mem- 
ber gives  life  to  every  other  part 
about  us.  Addison. 

In  Jhe  figure,  a is  the 
sclerotic  membrane ; b the  cornea ; c the  choroid 
membrane  ; d the  retina  ; e the  vitreous  humor  ; / the 
crystalline  humor  or  lens;  g the  aqueous  humor;  h 
the  iris  ; i the  ciliary  ligament  ; k the  ciliary  pro- 
cesses ; l the  ora  serrata  of  the  ciliary  body  ; m the 
canal  of  Petit;  n the  foramen  of  Soemmering  ; o the 
sheath  of  the  optic  nerve;  p the  substance  of  the  optic 
nerve  ; q the  central  artery  of  the  retina.  Eng.  Cijc. 

2.  Ocular  knowledge ; sight ; view. 

Before  whose  eyes  Jesus  Christ  hath  been  evidently  set 
forth.  Gal.  hi.  1. 

3.  Power  of  perception. 

The  eyes  of  your  understanding  being  enlightened.  Eph.  i.  18. 

4.  Aspect;  regard;  as,  “To  have  an  eye  to 
one’s  interest.” 

5.  Notice;  observation;  watch;  vigilance. 

After  this  jealousy,  he  kept  a strict  eye  upon  him.  V Estrange. 

6.  Face;  front. 

Her  shall  you  hear  disproved  to  your  eyes.  Shak. 

7.  Any  thing  formed  like  an  eye. 

Colors  like  the  eye  of  a peacock’s  feather.  Newton. 

8.  A small  perforation  ; an  eyelet ; as,  “ The 
eye  of  a needle.” 

9.  A small  catch  to  receive  a hook  ; as,  “Hooks 
and  eyes .” 

10.  A bud  of  a plant. 

Vine  shoots  to  be  left  with  three  or  four  eyes  of  young 
wood.  Evelyn. 

11.  A small  shade  of  color. 

Red  ....  with  an  eye  of  blue  makes  a purple.  Boyle. 

12.  A hole  or  whey-drop  in  cheese. 

13.  ( Naut .)  A loop  or  ring  : — a position  of 
direct  opposition  ; as,  “ To  sail  in  th eeye  of  the 
wind.” 

The  eyes  of  a vessel , (Naut.)  a familiar  phrase  for 
the  forward  part.  Dana. 

EYE,  n.  [Teut.  ey , an  egg.  — See  Egg.")  A 
brood.  “ An  eye  of  pheasants.”  Todd. 

EYE  (i),  v.  a.  [i.  eyed;  pp.  eying,  eyed.]  To 
watch  ; to  keep  in  view  ; to  observe. 

Eye  nature’s  walks,  shoot  folly  as  it  flies. 

And  catch  the  manners  living  as  they  rise.  Pope. 

f EYE  (l),  v.  n.  To  appear ; to  show  ; to  look.  Shak. 

EYE'— AT-TRACT'ING,  a.  Attracting  the  eyes. 

Clarke. 

EYE'bALL  (I'biwl),  n.  The  globe  or  apple  of  the 
eye.  Shak. 

EYE'— BEAM  (i'bem),  n.  A beam  or  glance  from 
the  eye.  Shak 

EYE'-BOLT,  n.  (Naut.)  A bolt  with  an  eye  or 
ring  at  one  end.  Dana. 

EYE'BRIGHT  (x'brlt),  n.  ( Bot .)  The  plant  eu- 
phrasy ; Euphrasia  officinalis  ; — formerly  sup- 
posed to  be  efficacious  in  clearing  the  sight. 

EYE'-BRIGIIT-EN-ING  (i'brlt-tn-Tng),  a.  Clear- 
ing the  sight.  Milton. 


EYE-TOOTH 

EYE'BRoW  (l'brbfi),  n.  The  hairy  arch  over  the 
eye  ; the  brow.  Bay. 

EYED  (id),  a.  Having  eyes  ; — used  in  composi- 
tion ; as,  “ Bright-eyerf.” 

EYE'— DROP  (I'drSp),  n.  A tear.  Shak. 

EYE'— FLAP  (I'flap),  n.  A piece  of  leather  that 
covers  the  eye  of  a coach-horse  ; a blinder.  Ash. 

EYE'— GLANCE  (I'glins),  n.  A glance  of  the  eye  ; 
quick  notice  of  the  eye.  Spenser. 

EYE'— GLASS  (I'glis),  n.  1.  A glass  to  assist  the 
sight ; spectacles.  Shak. 

2.  A glass  in  an  optical  instrument  that  is 

next  to  the  eye  ; eye-piece.  Newton. 

3.  (Med.)  A small  glass,  porcelain,  or  metal- 
lic vessel,  used  for  applying  lotions  to  the  eye. 

Dunglison. 

EYE'— GLUT-TING,  a.  Feasting  the  eye  to  satie- 
ty. Spenser. 

EYE'LASH  (I'ISsh),  n.  1.  The  line  of  hairs  that 
edges  the  eyelid.  Johnson. 

2.  One  of  the  hairs  on  the  edge  of  the  eyelid. 

EYE'LfSS  (i'les),  a.  Wanting  eyes  ; deprived  of 
sight ; blind.  “ Eyeless  in  Gaza.”  Milton. 

EYE'LIJT  (I'let),  n.  [Fr.  ceillet,  a little  eye.] 

1.  A hole  for  the  light,  &c.  Johnson. 

2.  A hole  to  receive  a small  cord  or  lace  in 
parts  of  dress,  &c.  ; a loop-hole.  Wiseman. 

EYE-LIJT-EER'  (l-let-er'),  n.  A small  pointed  in- 
strument for  piercing  eyelet-holes  ; a stiletto. 

Simmonds. 

EYE'LIJT— HOLE  (l'let-hol),  n.  A hole  in  a gar- 
ment in  which  the  eye  of  a button  or  lace  is  put ; 
a hole  in  a sail  for  a rope.  Ash. 

fEYE'LI-AD  (I'le-jd),  n.  [Fr.  ceillade.]  An  eye- 
glance;  an  eye-beam.  — See  (Eiliad.  Shak. 

EYE'LID  (I'ljd),  n.  The  membrane  or  skin  that 
closes  the  eye.  “ Sleeping  eyelids.”  Shak. 

EYE'— OF-FEND'ING,  a.  That  offends  the  eye. 
“ Eye-offending  marks.”  Shak. 

EYE'— PIECE,  n.  The  lens,  or  combination  of 
lenses,  which  is  nearest  to  the  eye  in  a tele- 
scope, or  by  means  of  which  a distinct  view  of 
an  object  is  obtained  ; eye-glass.  Brande. 

EYE'PIT  (j'pit),  n.  A pit,  or  cavity,  in  the  orbit 
of  the  eye.  Goldsmith. 

EYE'— PLEAS-ING,  o.  Pleasing  the  eye;  gratify- 
ing the  sight.  Sir  J.  Davies. 

EY'fR  (I'er),  n.  One  who  eyes.  Gayton. 

EYE'— SALVE  (I'siiv),  n.  Ointment  for  the  eyes. 
“ And  anoint  thy  eyes  with  eye-salve.” Rev.  iii.  18. 

EYE'— SER-VANT  (l'ser-v?nt),  n.  A servant  that 
works  only  while  watched.  Johnson. 

EYE'— SER-VICE  (I'ser-vjs),  n.  Service  performed 
only  under  inspection. 

Not  with  eye-service , as  men-pleasers,  but  as  servants  of 
Christ.  Eph.  vi.  6. 

EYE'SHOT  (l'shot),  n.  Reach  of  the  eye;  sight; 
glance;  view.  “Out  of  eyeshot.”  Dryden. 

EYE'SIGHT  (i'sit),  n.  1.  The  sense  of  seeing; 
sight  of  the  eye  ; vision. 

Either  my  eyesight  fails,  or  thou  lookest  pale.  Shak. 

2.  Observation  made  by  the  eye  ; inspection. 

Josephus  sets  this  down  from  his  own  eyesight.  Wilkins. 

EYE'SORE  (I'sor),  n.  Something  offensive  to  the 
sight. 

Mordecai  was  an  eyesore  to  Hainan.  IS  Estrange. 

EYE'— SPLICE,  n.  (Naut.)  A peculiar  kind  of 
splice  made  with  the  end  of  a rope  so  as  to  form 
an  eye  or  loop.  Dana. 

EYE'— SPOT-Tf  D,  a.  Marked  with  spots  like  eyes. 

Nor  Juno’s  bird,  in  her  eye-spotted  train.  Spenser. 

EYE'-STONE,  n.  The  shell  of  a small  mollus- 
cous animal ; — used  for  removing  any  sub- 
stance from  the  eye  by  putting  it  between  the 
lid  and  the  eyeball  at  the  inner  corner  and  leav- 
ing it  to  work  its  way  out  at  the  other  corner. 

Dunglison. 

EYE'-STRING  (I'string),  n.  The  string  of  the 
eye ; the  tendon  by  which  the  eye  is  moved.  Shak. 

EYE'-TOOTH  (I'toth),  n. ; pi.  eve'teetii.  The 
tooth  on  the  upper  jaw  next  on  each  side  to  the 
grinders  ; a canine  tooth  ; a fang.  Ray. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  ?,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


529 


EYE-WATER 

EYE'-WA-T^R  (lAvi-ter),  n.  Water  for  the  eye  ; 
a collyrium.  Perry. 

EYE'WINK  (I'wlngk),  n.  A wink,  as  a hint  or 
token.  Sha/c. 

EYE'— WIT-NJJSS  (Fwlt-nes),  n.  An  ocular  evi- 
dence ; one  who  sees  a transaction  or  any  mat- 
ter with  his  own  eyes  ; one  who  gives  testimony 
to  facts  seen  with  his  own  eyes.  “ Eye-witness- 
es of  his  majesty.”  2 Pet.  i.  16. 


f EYNE  (in),  n.  The  obsolete  or  poetical  plural 
of  eye  ; used  by  Spenser,  Shakspeare,  &c. 

O Helen,  goddess,  nymph,  perfect,  divine! 

To  what,  my  love,  snail  I compare  thine  eyne ? Shale. 

EY'OT  (I'ot),  n.  [A.  S.  iff,  an  island.]  A little 
island  in  a river.  Blackstone. 

EYRE  (4r)  [ar,  S.  W.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  ; ir, 
Wb.l,  n.  [L.  iter , a journey ; Fr.  erre,  course.] 
( Old  Eng.  Law.)  A journey  ; the  journey  or 


FACE 

circuit  of  the  king’s  justices:  — a court  of  jus- 
tices itinerant.  Burrill. 

Justice  in  eyre , an  itinerant  judge. 

EYR'Y  (4r'e)  [a're,  IF.  P.  J.  E.F.Ja.  ; e're,  Sm. ; 
a're  or  e're,  K.  ; x're,  Wb.],  n.  [Teut.  ey,  an 
egg;  Fr.  aire.  — See  Egg.]  The  place  where 
birds  of  prey  build  their  nests  and  hatch;  an  aerie. 

The  eagle  and  the  stork 

On  cliffs  and  cedar-tops  their  eyries  build.  Milton. 

EY'Sf.LL,  n.  See  Eisel. 


F. 


the  sixth  letter,  and  fourth  consonant,  of  the 
- ^ alphabet,  is  a semi-vowel,  and  is  articulated, 
as  v,  by  placing  the  lower  lip  to  the  upper  teeth, 
but  with  the  breath  alone.  — Fand  V are  some- 
times styled  lahio-dental  aspirates.  F has  one 
unvaried  sound,  except  in  the  preposition  of, 
where  it  is  pronounced  like  v.  It  corresponds 
to  the  digamma  [F]  of  the  AEolian  dialect,  to 
which  it  is  closely  related  both  in  form  and  pow- 
er, and  from  which  we  have  derived  it  through 
the  Latin. — As  a numeral  letter,  it  anciently 
stood  for  40,  and,  with  a nrark  over  it,  thus  [F], 
for  40,000.  — In  chronology,  it  denotes  one  of 
the  seven  dominical  letters  ; also,  Friday  ; — in 
music,  the  fourth  tone  of  the  natural  diatonic 
scale  ; — in  heraldry,  the  nombril  or  navel  point 
in  an  escutcheon. 

FA.  ( Mus .)  The  fourth  syllable,  in  order,  of  any 
scale:  — the  note  F. 

FA-BA'CEOUS  (fj-ba'shus),  a.  [Low  L . fabaceus ; 
faba,  li  bean.]  Like  a bean  ; partaking  of  the 
nature  of  beans.  Bailey. 

FA'BI-AN,  a.  Relating  to,  or  resembling,  the  poli- 
cy of  Quintus  Fabius  Maximus  Verrucosus,  an 
illustrious  Roman  who  opposed  Hannibal  in 
Italy,  and,  in  consequence  of  his  dilatory  but 
salutary  measures,  was  called  Cunctator  (the 
Delayer)  : — cautious;  prudent;  inactive.  “The 
Fabian  policy  of  Washington.”  Qu.  Rev. 

FA'BLE  (fa'bl),  n.  [L.  fabula ; It.  favola;  Sp. 
fabula ; Fr  .fable.) 

1.  Any  thing  feigned ; especially  a fictitious 
tale,  intended  to  enforce  some  useful  truth  or 
moral  precept ; an  apologue. 

The  word  fable  is,  at  present,  generally  limited  to  those 
fictions  in  which  the  resemblance  to  the  matter  in  question 
is  not  direct,  but  analogical;  the  other  class  being  called  nov- 
els, tales,  &c.  Whately. 

2.  The  series  or  contexture  of  events  which 
constitute  a poem  ; the  plot. 

The  first  thing  to  be  considered  in  an  epic  poem  is  the 
fable.  Addison. 

3.  A fiction  ; a falsehood  ; an  untruth. 

It  would  look  like  a fable  to  report  that  tills  gentleman 
gives  away  a great  fortune  by  secret  methods.  Addison. 

Syn.  — Fable  [L.  fabula]  and  apologue  [Gr.  AttoXo- 
yos]  are  both  used  to  denote  a short  fictitious  story  or 
tale,  designed  to  enforce  some  moral  precept ; as, 
“ The  fables  of  /Esop.”  Of  these  terms,  fable  is  the 
more  common,  and  of  wider  application.  Myth  [Gr. 
pfifLj]  has  of  late  been  much  used  in  the  sense  of 
fable,  fiction,  or  fabulous  narrative.  Parable  [Gr. 
napaffnXfi],  in  its  original  sense  a comparison  or  si- 
militude, is  used  to  signify  a short  tale,  which  con- 
veys a moral  or  religious  truth  ; as,  “ The  parables  of 
the  New  Testament.”  — See  Novel,  Parable. 

FA'BLE,  V.  n.  [i.  FABLED;  pp.  FABLING,  FA- 
BLED.] 

1.  To  feign  ; to  write  fiction. 

That  Saturn’s  sons  received  the  threefold  reign 
Of  heaven,  of  ocean,  and  deep  hell  beneath, 

Old  poets  mention,  fabling.  Prioi . 

2.  To  tell  falsehoods  ; to  lie. 

Let  ASsop  fable,  though  the  fact  I saw.  Shah. 

FA'BLE,  v.  a.  To  feign  ; to  tell  of  falsely. 

We  mean  to  win. 

Or  turn  this  heaven  itself  into  the  hell 

Thou  /ablest.  Milton. 

FA'BLED  (fa'bld),  a.  Celebrated  in  a fable  or  in 
fables.  “ Hail,  fabled  grotto  ! ” Tickell.  J 


FA'BLIJR,  n.  One  who  fables  ; a fabulist.  “ The 
classic  fablers.”  Hurd. 

FABLIAUX  (fab'le-o),  n.  pi.  [Fr.]  (Lit.)  Metri- 
cal tales  by  poets  of  the  north  of  France  in  the 
12th  and  13th  centuries.  Brande. 

FA'BLING,  p.  a.  Feigning;  speaking  or  writing 
fables  or  falsehoods. 

FA'BLING,  n.  The  act  of  dealing  in  fables;  a 
fiction  ; a myth.  Story. 

FAB'RIC  [fab'rik,  S.  P.  J.  E.  F.  K.  Sm.  I Vb. ; fab'- 
rik or  fa'brik,  IF.  Ja.  <?.],  n.  [L.  fabrica,  a work- 
shop ; faber,  a worker  in  hard  materials  ; It. 
faborica;  Sp. fabrica;  Fr .fabrique.] 

1.  That  which  is  fabricated;  a building;  an 
edifice  ; a structure  ; a pile. 

Why,  here’s  a falrric  that  implies  eternity; 

The  building  plain,  but  most  substantial.  Middleton. 

2.  Construction  ; texture. 

The  fabric  of  gauze  is  always  open,  flimsy,  and  trans- 
parent. (jre. 

3.  Manufactured  cloth.  “ Silks  and  other 

fin e fabrics  of  the  East.”  Henry. 

Syn.  — See  Edifice. 

f FAB'RIC,  v.  a.  To  build;  to  form;  to  construct. 

The  discipline  of  Geneva,  framed  and  fabricked  already 
to  our  hands.  Milton. 

FAB'RI-CATE,  v.  a.  [I.,  fahricor,  fahricatus ; 
faber,  a workman  ; It . faboricare  ; Sp .fabricar  ; 
‘Fr.  fabriquer .]  [i.  fabricated  ; pp.  fabri- 

cating, FABRICATED.] 

1.  To  build  ; to  construct ; to  frame.  “ New 
fancied  and  nesv  fabricated  republics.”  Burke. 

He  was  not  vain  enough  to  think  that  any  bill  he  could 
fabricate  would  be  perfect.  Fox. 

2.  To  manufacture  ; as,  “To  fabricate  silks.” 

3.  To  feign  ; to  forge  ; to  devise  falsely;  to 
invent ; as,  “ To  fabricate  a story  or  a false- 
hood.” 

tiff  “ This  sense  is  retained  among  the  Scottish 
lawyers  ; for,  when  they  suspect  a paper  to.be  forged, 
they  say  it  is  fabricated .”  Johnson. 

Syn.  — See  Feign. 

FAB-RI-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  fabricatio  ; It . fabbnea- 
zione  ; Sp.  fabricacion ; Fr.  fabrication.) 

1.  The  act  of  fabricating;  construction.  “The 
fabrication  of  a new  government.”  Burke. 

2.  Forgery;  falsehood;  fiction;  invention. 

FAB'RI-cA-TOR,  n.  One  who  fabricates. 

The  almighty  Fabricator  of  the  universe.  Howell. 

FAB'RI-CA-TR^SS,  n.  A female  fabricator.  Lee. 

FAB'RILE,  a.  [L.  fabrilis  ; It.  fabbrile ; Sp. 
fabril .]  Belonging  to  work  in  wood,  stone,  or 
iron.  Cotgrave. 

FAb'U-LIST,  n.  [Sp.  fabulista  ; Fr.  fabuliste .] 
An  author  or  writer  of  fables  ; a fabler. 

Chief  he  admired  that  learned  piece 

Wrote  by  the  faljulist  of  Greece.  Cawthom. 

FAB'LT-LlZE,  v.  n.  To  invent  or  relate  fables  ; to 
fable  ; to  feign.  Smart. 

FAB-IJ-I,6s'1-TY,  n.  [L.  fabulositas  ; Sp.  fabu- 
losidad.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  fabulous;  fabulousness. 

[R-]  Abbott. 

2.  A fabulous  invention  ; a fable. 

Herodotus  hath  besprinkled  his  work  with  many  fabu- 

losities.  Jbrowne. 


FAB'U-LoCts,  a.  [L.  fabulosus  ; It.  dr  Sy.faba- 
loso  ; Fr.  fabuleux. ] Feigned;  fictitious;  in- 
vented; not  literally  true.  “ The  fabulous  birth 
of  Minerva.”  Ed.  Chesterfield. 

Fabulous  age,  that  age  in  a nation’s  history  which 
abounds  in  fable,  or  in  which  supernatural  events  are 
represented  to  have  taken  place. 

FAb'U-LOUS-LY,  ad.  In  fiction;  in  a fabulous 
manner.  Browne. 

FAB'U-LOyS-NESS,  n.  1.  The  state  of  being 
fabulous ; fabulosity. 

The  fabulousness  of  the  heroical  age  of  Greece.  Stillinyfleet. 

2.  Practice  of  inventing,  or  of  dealing  in, 
fables. 

His  [Boethius’s]  history  is  written  with  elegance  and  vigor; 
but  hisyabw/oMATiess  and  credulity  arc  .justly  blamed.  Johnson. 

t FA'BUR-DEN,  n.  [Fr  .faux  bourdon .]  (Mus.) 
An  old  name  of  a certain  species  of  counter- 
point which  had  a drone  base.  Warner.  “ The 
faburden  of  a song.”  Holland. 

FA-QADE'  [fit-sad',  Ja.  Sm. ; fa-sad',  P.  E.  K. 
Wb.],  n.  [Fr.]  The  face,  front,  or  any  prin- 
cipal elevation  of  a building.  Britton. 

FACE,  n.  [L . facies,  form,  probably  from  facto, 
to  make  ; It . faccia  ; Sp.  faz  ; Fr.  face.] 

1.  The  visible  surface  ; the  external  form  or 
appearance. 

A mist  watered  the  whole  face  of  the  ground.  Gen.  ii.  6. 

He  looked  and  saw  the  face  of  things  quite  changed.  Milton. 

2.  The  fore  part  of  the  head  of  man  and 
other  mammiferous  animals,  including  the  fore- 
head, eyes,  nose,  ears,  cheeks,  mouth,  and  chin  ; 
the  countenance  ; the  visage  ; physiognomy. 

To  laugh  were  want  of  goodness  and  of  grace, 

And  to  be  grave  exceeds  all  power  of  face.  Pope. 

ffif  The  face  of  birds  comprehends  the  ophthalmic 
regions,  cheeks,  temples,  forehead,  and  vertex;  — of 
insects,  all  the  parts  situated  between  the  labrum  and 
prothorax.  Palmer. 

3.  The  person  ; the  human  figure. 

I had  not  thought  to  see  thy  face.  Gen.  xlviii.  11. 

4.  The  fore  part  of  any  thing,  or  that  part  of 
a thing  which  is  most  easily  seen.  “ Darkness 
was  upon  the^ace  of  the  deep.”  Gen.  i.  2. 

5.  Look  ; cast  of  the  features  ; air  of  the  face. 

We  set  the  best  face  on  it  we  could.  Dry  den. 

6.  Confidence;  boldness. 

How  many  things  there  are  which  a man  cannot,  with  any 
face  or  comeliness,  say  or  do  himself  I Bacon. 

7.  Impudence  ; audacity. 

This  is  the  man  that  has  the  face  to  charge  others  with 
making  false  citations.  Tillotson. 

8.  ( Geom .)  The  plane  surface  of  a solid. 

Davies. 

9.  ( Anat .)  The  aspect  of  an  organ.  “The 

superior  face  of  the  stomach.”  Dunglison. 

Face  of  a bastion , (Mil.)  the  two  sides  reaching  from 
the  flanks  to  the  salient  angle.  — Face  of  a gun,  the 
superficies  of  the  metal  at  the  extremities  of  the  muz- 
zle of  the  piece.  — Face  j of  a square,  the  several  sides 
of  a battalion.  Mil.  Did.  — Face,  to  face , in  confron- 
tation. “ Call  them  to  our  presence,  face  to  face.” 
Shale.  — Immediately;  without  any  interposing  ob- 
ject. “ For  now  we  see  through  a glass,  darkly  ; but 
then  face  to  face.”  1 Cor.  xiii.  12.  — To  accept  one's 
face , to  show  one  a favor,  and  grant  his  request.  Gen. 
xix.  21. — To  rpake  faces , to  distort  the  face.  Shak. — 
To  set  the  face  against,  to  be  opposed  to  ; to  oppose. 

Syn.  — See  Countenance. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MdVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RtJLE.  — <?,  <?,  9,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z ; as  gz.  — THIS, 


FACE 


530 


FACTOR 


FACE,  V.  a.  [i.  FACED  ; pp.  FACING,  FACED.] 

1.  To  meet  in  front ; to  confront ; to  oppose 

with  confidence.  “ To  face  the  enemy  in  the 
field  of  battle.”  Addison. 

2.  To  oppose  with  boldness  or  impudence ; 
— with  down  or  out. 

Here’s  a villain  that  would  face  me  down.  ShaJc. 

3.  To  stand  opposite  to  ; to  stand  fronting. 

Four  fronts,  with  open  gates,  facing  the  different  quarters 

of  the  world.  Pope. 

4.  To  cover  with  an  additional  superficies  ; to 
invest  with  a covering  in  front. 

The  fortification  of  Soleure  is  faced  with  marble.  Addison. 

FACE,  v.  n.  1.  To  carry  a false  appearance. 

Suffolk  doth  not  flatter,  face , or  feign.  Shak. 

2.  To  turn  the  face.  “ Face  about,  man.” 
“ Facing  to  the  left.”  Dryden. 

FACE-CLOTH,  n.  A cloth  to  cover  the  face  of 
a dead  person.  Brande. 

FACED  (fast),  a.  Having  a face  ; — used  in  com- 
position ; as,  “ Plump^/ucerf.” 

FACE'— GUARD,  n.  A mask  used  by  workmen  to 
defend  the  face.  Crabb. 

FACE'LpSS,  a.  Being  without  a face.  Bailey. 

FACE'— PAINT- IJR,  n.  One  who  paints  portraits  ; 
a portrait-painter.  Dryden. 

FACE'— PAINT- ING,  n.  The  art  of  painting  the 
face,  or  of  painting  portraits.  Dryden. 

FA9'f,R,  n.  1.  One  who  faces,  or  opposes  with 
impudence  ; an  impudent  person.  Halliwell. 

2.  A violent  blow  on  the  face.  Marryatt. 

FAfJ’pT  (fas'et),  n.  [It .faccctta;  Sp .faceta;  Fr. 
facet  te.] 

1.  Any  small  surface  or  face.  “ Diamonds  cut 

with  facets.”  Bacon. 

Most  insects  are  furnished  with  compound  eyes,  which 
consist  of  several  hexagonal  facet*,  united  together  in  such 
manner  as  to  form  a large,  dark-colored  protuberance  on 
each  side  of  the  head.  Comings. 

2.  ( Anat .)  A term  applied  to  an  articular  cav- 
ity of  a bone,  when  nearly  plain.  Dunylison. 

t FA-CETE',  a.  [L .facetus.']  Gay  ; cheerful ; wit- 
ty ; facetious.  “ A facete  companion.”  Burton. 

FAe'pT-pD,  a.  Cut  so  as  to  have  numerous  faces 
or  facets.  Francis. 

f FA-CETE'LY,  ad.  Wittily  ; merrily.  Burton. 

f FA-CETE'NpSS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  facete 
or  gay  ; wit ; jocularity  ; facetiousness.  Hales. 

FF.-CE ' TI-JE  (fst-se'she-e),  n.  pi.  [L.]  Witti- 
cisms ; sallies  of  wit  or  humor ; jokes  ; pleas- 
antry. More. 

FA-CE'TIOl’S  (fa-se'shus),  a.  [L.  facetus;  face- 
tire,  witticisms  ; It.  faceto  ; Sp.  facecioso  ; Fr. 
facetieux.]  Witty  ; jocose  ; jocular  ; pleasant ; 
humorous  ; merry  ; as,  “ A facetious  person,  or 
a facetious  reply.”  Barroio. 

FA-CE'TIOUS-LY  (fa-se'shus-le),  ad.  Til  a face- 
tious manner ; jocosely.  Waterland. 

FA-CE'TIOUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
facetious  ; cheerful  wit ; mirth  ; gayety  ; jocose- 
ness ; pleasantry. 

Magnificent  in  his  living,  reserved  in  his  conversation, 
grave  in  his  common  deportment,  but  relaxing  with  a wise 
JacctiowneM.  he  [William  I.]  knew  how  to  relieve  his  mind 
and  preserve  Ills  dignity.  Burke. 

FA-CETTE',  n.  [Fr.]A  little  face ; a facet  .St.John. 

FACII,  n.  A Turkish  medicine  used  as  an  anti- 
dote against  poisons.  Crabb. 

FA'CIAL  (fa'slisil),  a.  [It.  facciale  ; Fr  .facial.] 
Belonging  to  the  face  ; as,  “ Th c facial  vein.” 

Facial  antrle , an  angle  which  is  formed  by  the  con- 
currence of  two  ideal  lines,  one  of  which  passes  by 
tile  hole  in  t lie  skull  termed  the  meatus  auditorius  ez- 
ternus,  to  the  anterior  extremity  of  the  alveolar  mar- 
gin °f  the  upper  jaw,  while  the  other  extends  to  the 
same  point  from  the  most  prominent  part  of  the  fore- 
heaJ-  Brande. 

FA'CIAL-LY,  ad.  In  a facial  manner. 

t F A 'Cl  l>  NT  (fa'slient),  n.  [L.  facio,  facicns,  to 
do.]  A doer  ; an  agent. 

The  fact  is  here  confessed;  but  is  sin  in  the  fact  or  in  the 
mind  of  the  facientl  Bp.  Hacket. 

FACIES  ( fa'she-ez),  n.  1.  (7.o:'d.)  A term  applied 
to  express  the  general  aspect  or  external  char- 


acter of  an  animal,  as  it  appears  on  a casual  or 
first  view.  Craig. 

2.  (Anat.)  The  anterior  part  of  the  head  ; 
the  face.  Dunylison. 

FAy'jLE  (fhs'il),  a.  [L.  facilis,  facio,  to  make  ; 
It  .facile;  Sp  .facil;  Fr  .facile.) 

1.  Easy  ; not  difficult ; performable  or  attain- 

able with  little  labor.  “Work  facile  and  de- 
lightful.” Evelyn. 

2.  Easily  surmounted;  easy  to  be  conquered. 

The  facile  gates  of  hell  too  slightly  barred.  Milton. 

3.  Easy  of  access  ; affable  ; not  haughty,  su- 
percilious, or  austere. 

I meant  she  should  be  courteous,  facile^  sweet.  B.  Jonson. 

4.  Pliant ; pliable  ; flexible  ; easily  persuaded 
to  good  or  bad ; ductile  to  a fault. 

Adam  and  his  facile  consort,  Eve.  Milton. 

FAy'lLE-LY  (fas'il-le),  ad.  Easily,  [r.]  Chapman. 

FAy'ILE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  facile; 
easiness  to  be  persuaded,  [r.]  Beaumont. 

FA-CIL'I-TAtE,  v.  a.  [It . facilitare  ; Sp .faeili- 
tar ; Fr.  faciliter,  from  L.  facilitas,  facility; 
facilis,  easy.]  [t.  facilitated  ; pp.  facili- 
tating, facilitated.]  To  make  easy  or  ea- 
sier ; to  free  from  difficulty. 

ITse  makes  practice  easy;  and  practice  begets  custom,  and 
a habit  of  things,  to  facilitate  what  thou  eouldst  not  conceive 
attainable  at  the  first  undertaking.  Dr.  T.  Fuller. 

FA-cIL-I-TA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  facilitating. 
“ The  facilitation  of  commerce.”  Johnson. 

FA-CIL'I-TY,  n.  [L.  facilitas  ; facility  easy  ; It. 
facility;  Sp . facilidad  ; Yr.  facility.] 

1.  Quality  of  being  easy  or  facile;  easiness  to 
be  performed  ; freedom  from  difficulty  ; ease. 

Some  gentlemen  are  not  terrified  by  the  facility  with  which 
government  has  been  overturned  in  France.  Burke. 

2.  Readiness  in  performing ; dexterity. 

The  facilit.fi  which  we  get  of  doing  things  by  a custom  of 
doing  makes  them  often  pass  in  us  without  our  notice.  Locke. 

3.  Easiness  of  access  ; affability ; complai- 
sance ; urbanity ; condescension  ; civility  ; po- 
liteness. 

He  offers  himself  to  the  visits  of  a friend  with  facility.  South. 

4.  Ductility  ; easiness  to  be  persuaded  to 
good  or  bad ; ready  compliance. 

Facility  is  worse  than  bribery.  Bacon. 

5.  The  means  by  which  performance  is  ren- 
dered easy  ; convenience. 

Another  set  are  planted  upon  the  margin  of  a river  or  arm 
of  the  sea  abounding  in  every  facility  for  carrying  on  the 
business  <■(  fishing.  Brande. 

Syn.  — See  Ease. 

f FAy-l-NE'Rj-oCrs,  a.  See  Facinorous.  Shak. 

FAQ'ING,  n.  1.  An  ornamental  covering;  a cov- 
ering put  on  the  outside  of  any  thing  by  way  of 
decoration  or  of  defence  ; as,  “ Th e facing  of  a 
wall  or  a building.” 

2.  An  ornamental  or  protective  lining  near 
the  edge  or  front  part;  as,  “The facing  of  a 
garment.” 

3.  (Mil.)  The  cuffs  and  collar  of  a military 

jacket : — the  act  of  turning  to  the  right,  or  left, 
or  completely  about.  Mil.  Diet. 

FACING,  p.  a.  Having  the  face  towards  or  oppo- 
site. 

FAlJ'JNG-LY,  ad.  In  a facing  position.  Clarke. 

f FA-CIN'O-ROUS,  a.  [L . facinorosus  ; facinus, 
a deed,  a crime.]  Wicked;  atrocious;  very 
bad.  “ He  is  of  a most  facinorous  spirit.”  Shak. 

f FA-ClN'O-ROUS-NESS,  n.  Atrocious  wicked- 
ness ; atrocity.  Bailey. 

FAC-SIM'I-LU,  n. ; pi.  fXc-sTm't-le$.  [An  abbre- 
viation of  L.  factum  and  simile,  made  alike ; 
facio,  to  make,  and  similis,  like.]  That  which  is 
made  exactly  like  ; an  exact  copy  of  any  writing, 
engraving,  or  other  work  of  art.  Pownall. 

FAC— SIm'J-LE,  v.  a.  To  represent  by  fac-simile  ; 
to  copy  exactly,  [r.]  Qu.  Rev. 

FACT,  n.  [L.  factum  ; facio,  to  do  ; It .fatto;  Sp. 
hecho  ; Fr.  fait.] 

1.  That  which  is,  or  which  exists  ; a reality  ; 
a thing  done  ; an  act ; an  incident ; a circum- 
stance ; an  event. 

Whatever  really  exists,  whether  necessarily  or  relatively, 
may  be  called  a fact.  Irons. 

Matter  of  fact  breaks  out  and  blazes  with  too  great  an 
evidence  to  be  denied.  South. 


Matter  of  fact  also  denotes  what  is  certain,  as  opposed  to 
matter  of  doubt.  trhewell. 

2.  A feat ; a deed  ; an  achievement. 

lie  who  most  excels  in  fact  of  arms.  Milton. 

FAc'TION,  n.  [L.  factio  ; facio,  to  do;  It.  fa- 
zione ; Sp . faccion  ; Fr.  faction.) 

1.  A combination  against  the  government ; a 
party,  or  portion  of  a party,  that  promotes  dis- 
cord or  contention  ; a junto  ; a cabal. 

I sing  the  civil  wars,  tumultuous  broils, 

And  bloudy  factions  of  a mighty  land.  Daniel. 

2.  Discord  ; dissension  ; disagreement,  [it.] 

T hey  remained  at  Newbury  in  great  faction  among  them- 
eelve*  Clarendon. 

3.  (Anc.  Hist.)  An  appellation  given  to  the 

ditterent  troops  or  companies  of  combatants  in 
the  games  of  the  circus.  Brande. 

Syn. — In  a free  and  constitutional  government 
the  people  are  generally,  more  or  less,  divided  into 
parties  ; as,  “ Tile  Tory  and  Whig ji a rlics  of  England.” 
Party  is  a more  comprehensive,  and  less  offensive, 
term  than  faction , junto , or  cabal.  A national,  sec- 
tional, or  liberal  parly;  an  odious  faction;  an  in- 
triguing junto  or  cabal. 

f FAC'TION-A-RY,  n.  A factionist.  Shak. 

f FAC'TION-ER,  n.  One  of  a faction.  Bp.  Bancroft. 

FAC'TION-Ist,  n.  One  who  promotes  faction  or 
discord.  “ Romish  factionists."  Bp.  Hall. 

FAC-TlOJf-JYAIRE  ' (lak-shun-Ar'),  n.  [Fr.]  A sol- 
dier detailed  for  any  service  : — a sentry  ; a sen- 
tinel. Burn. 

FAc'TIOUS  (fak'shus),  a.  [L . factiosus ; facio, 
to  do;  It .fazioso;  Sp .faccioso;  Fr. faetteux.] 

1.  Given  to  or  promoting  faction  ; loud  and 
violent  in  a party  ; turbulent. 

That  factious  and  seditious  spirit  that  has  appeared  of 
late.  Chesterfield. 

2.  Proceeding  from  faction.  “ Factious  tu- 
mults.” K.  Charles.  “ Factious  quarrels.” 
Dryden.  “ Factious  opposition.”  Milton. 

3.  f Active  ; earnest ; eager  ; zealous. 

Be  factious  for  redress  of  all  these  griefs.  Shak. 

Syn.  — Factious  is  applied  to  the  temper.or  dispo- 
sition of  men  ; seditious , to  their  conduct.  A factious 
temper,  or  demagogue  ; a seditious  pamphlet,  conduct, 
or  multitude  ; disorderly  conduct  j turbulent  passions  ; 
a turbulent  demagogue. 

fAC'TIOUS-LY  (fak'shus-le),  ad.  In  a factious 
manner. 

FAC'TIOUS-NESS  (fak'shus-nes),  n.  Quality  of 
being  factious  ; inclination  to  faction.  Bp.  Bull. 

FAC-TI"TIOUS  (fyk-tish'us),  a.  [L . fact i tins  \ 

facio , to  make;  It . Jattizio  \ Sp . facticio  ; Fr. 
factice.\  Applied  to  what  is  the  result  of  use 
or  art ; made  by  art,  in  opposition  to  what  is 
made  by  nature  ; not  natural ; artificial. 

The  factitious  stones  of  chemists  being  easily  detected  by 
an  ordinary  lapidist.  Ray. 

To  Mr.  Locke  the  writings  of  Hobbes  suggested  much  of 
the  sophistry  displayed  in  the  first  book  of  nis  essay  on  the 
factitious  nature  of  our  moral  principles.  .Stewart. 

Factitious  diseases,  (Med.)  diseases  produced  whol- 
ly, or  in  part,  by  the  patient.  Hoblyn. 

FAC-TI"TIOUS-LY,  ad.  In  a factitious  manner. 

FAC-Tl''TIOUS-NESS  (fak-tlsh'us-nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  factitious  or  artificial.  Scott. 

FAc'T|-TIVE,  a.  [L.  facio,  factus,  to  make.] 
Tending  to  make  or  cause  ; causative. 

Having  a factitive  or  causative  sense.  Prof.  J.  W.  Gibbs. 

f fAc'TIVE,  a.  Having  the  power  to  make. 

You  are  creator-like,  factive , and  not  destructive.  Bacon. 

FAC 'TO.  [L.]  (Law.)  In  fact.  Bouvier. 

FAC'TOR,  n.  [L.,  from  facio,  to  do  ; It . fattore  ; 
Sp.  factor ; Fr.  facteur .] 

1.  (Laic.)  An  agent  or  substitute  ; particular- 

ly a mercantile  agent  employed  to  sell  goods 
or  merchandise  consigned  or  delivered  to  him 
by  or  for  his  principal ; a commission  merchant ; 
a consignee.  Bouvier.' 

A factor  is  distinguished  from  a broker  by  being  intrusted 
with  the  possession,  management,  and  control  ot  the  goods, 
and  by  being  authorized  to  buy  and  sell  in  his  own  uame  as 
well  as  in  that  of  his  principal.  Bur  mil. 

2.  A steward  of  an  estate,  who  lets  lands, 
collects  rents,  &c.  [Scotland.]  Simmonds. 

3.  (Math.)  A name  given  to  each  of  several 
quantities  which  are  multiplied  into  each  other 
to  form  the  product ; — any  quantity  which  will 
divide  another  : — thus  4 and  6 are  the  factors 
of  24;  1,  2,  3,  4,  and  6 are  factors  of  12.  Brande. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  I,  O,  IT,  Y, 


fArf.  FAR.  FAST.  FALL:  HEIR.  HER; 


531 


FACTORAGE 

FAC'TOR-A<?E,  n.  (Com.)  Agency  of  a factor  ; — 
commission  or  allowance  to  a factor.  Warburton. 

fAc'TOR-ESS,  n.  A female  factor,  [r.]  Ford. 

FAC-TO'RI-AL,  a.  Relating  to  a factory.  Craig. 

FAC-TO'RI- AL,  n.  {Algebra.)  A name  proposed 
by  Arbogast  for  the  different  cases  of  the  ex- 
pression x g.  P.  Cyc. 

fAc'TOR-SHIP,  n.  The  business  of  a factor;  a 
factory.  Sherwood. 

FAc'TO-RY,  n.  [It.  fattoria  ; Sp.  factoria  ; Fr. 
factorerie.\ 

1.  An  establishment  or  building  occupied  by 
factors  who  conduct  trade  in  foreign  or  colonial 
parts;  as,  “The  English  factory  at  Canton”; 
“The  York  factory  of  the  Hudson  Bay  Com- 
pany,” &c. 

2.  The  collective  body  of  factors  who  conduct 

trade  in  any  place.  London  Ency. 

3.  A manufactory,  or  place  where  any  manu- 
facture is  carried  on  ; workshop  ; mill.  Browne. 

FAC-TO'TUM,  n.  [L ■ fac  totum , do  all ; facio, 
to  do,  and  totus,  all.] 

1.  A doer  of  all  work  ; one  who  can  turn  his 
hand  to  do  any  thing ; a handy  deputy  or  servant. 

Tip.  Art  thou  the  dominus? 

Host.  Factotum  here,  sir.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  {Printing.)  A border  within  which  printers 

enclose  an  initial  letter.  Crabb. 

fAcT'U-al,  a.  Relating  to,  or  containing,  facts, 
[a*.]  ' West.  Rev. 

FAC'  TUM,  n. ; pi.  facta.  [L.] 

1.  (Laic.)  A thing  done  ; an  act  or  deed  : — 

a culpable  act ; a fault : — a thing  done  in 
writing;  a deed: — fact,  as  distinguished  from 
law.  Burrill. 

2.  {Arith.)  The  product  of  two  quantities 

multiplied  by  each  other.  Crabb. 

FACT'URE  (fakt'yur),  n.  [Fr.] 

1.  +The  act  of  making  ; construction.  Bacon. 

2.  {Com.)  An  invoice  or  bill  of  parcels. 

Simmonds. 

FAC1  U-  LAE,  n.  pi.  \L.  facula,  a little  torch.]  ( A s- 
tron.)  Certain  luminous  streaks  upon  the  sun’s 
disk,  amongst  which  the  maculae , or  dark  spots, 
usually  appear.  Hind. 

t FAc'U-LENCE,  n.  Clearness  ; brightness.  Scott. 

FAC'UL-TY,  n.  [ L.facultas  ; facilis , easy  ; facio, 
to  do;  It.  faculta  \ Sp .facu/tad-,  Fr .facu/te.) 

1.  Power,  in  general.  “ The  fifth  mechani- 
cal faculty.”  Wilkins. 

2.  An  original  or  natural  power  of  mind  or 
body,  as  seeing,  speaking,  thinking,  &c. ; abil- 
ity ; capability ; capacity. 

I apprehend  that  the  word./hcf/Z^/is  most  properly  applied 
to  those  powers  of  the  mind  which  are  original  and  natural, 
and  which  make  part  of  the  constitution  of  the  mind.  There 
are  other  powers  which  are  acquired  by  use,  exercise,  or 
study,  which  are  not  called  faculties,  but  habits.  Reid. 

Reason  in  man  supplies  the  defect  of  other  faculties 
wherein  we  are  inferior  to  beasts.  L' Estrange. 

3.  Dexterity ; adroitness ; expertness ; clever- 
ness ; knack ; readiness. 

He  had  an  exceeding  good  faculty  to  find  it  himself  where 
he  could  not  show  it  others.  Locke. 

4.  Personal  quality ; disposition  or  habit. 

I am  traduced  by  tongues  which  neither  know 

My  faculties  nor  person.  Shak. 

5.  A department  of  the  arts  or  sciences  taught 

in  the  universities  of  Europe.  The  faculties 
are  four  in  number  ; — of  arts,  divinity,  law,  and 
medicine.  Brande. 

, 6.  The  masters  and  professors  constituting  a 

department  of  instruction  in  a European  uni- 
versity ; as,  “A  meeting  of  the  faculties." 

7.  The  body  of  persons  who  are  intrusted 

with  the  government  and  instruction  of  a uni- 
versity or  college,  comprising  the  president,  pro- 
fessors, and  tutors.  [U.  S.]  J.  Quincy. 

8.  The  individuals  constituting  a scientific 
profession  ; — particularly,  when  used  absolute- 
ly, the  whole  body  of  licensed  medical  and  sur- 
gical practitioners. 

The  obstinacy  of  Lord  Chesterfield’s  deafness  had  induced 
him  to  yield  to  the  repeated  advice  of  the  faculty  to  try 
whether  any  benefit  could  be  obtained  by  a journey  to  Spa. 

Maty. 

9.  {Law.)  Privilege  ; license;  delegated  right 

or  power.  Bouvier. 

Syn.  — See  Ability,  Gift,  Power. 


FAC'UND  [fhk't.ind,  W.J.  F.  Sm.  C.  Wb. ; fft-kund', 
S.  A'.],  a.  \L.  facundus ; for,fari,  to  speak.] 
Eloquent.  “ Facund  voice.”  [it.]  Chaucer. 

FA-CUN'DI-OUS,  a.  Eloquent;  full  of  words, 
[it.]  Bailey. 

FA-CUN'DI-TY,  n.  [L.  facunditas.)  The  quality 
of  being  facund  ; eloquence,  [it.]  Cockeram. 

FAD'DLE  (fhd'dl),  v.  n.  [Corrupted  from  to  fid- 
dle, to  toy  with  the  fingers.]  To  trifle  ; to  toy; 
to  play  ; to  dandle.  [A  low  word.]  Bailey. 

f FADE,  a.  [Fr.]  Weak  ; flat ; insipid  ; faint.  “A 
fade  sweetishness.”  Bp.  Berkeley. 

FADE,  v.  n.  [L.  vado , to  go,  especially  to  go  hasti- 
ly. Todd.  — Fr.  fade,  insipid.  Junius.  Johnson. 
— See  Vade.]  [/.  faded  ; pp.  fading,  faded.] 

1.  To  disappear  quickly;  to  vanish. 

It  faded  on  the  crowing  of  the  cock.  Shak. 

2.  To  perish  gradually;  to  decline;  to  decay; 
to  wither.  “We  all  do  fade  as  a leaf.”  Isa.  lxiv.  fi. 

3.  To  lose  color,  lustre,  or  distinctness. 

A crown  of  glory  that  fadeth  not  away.  1 Pet.  v.  4. 

The  greenness  of  a leaf  soon  fading  into  a yellow.  Boyle. 

FADE,  v.  a.  To  cause  to  wither  or  lose  color. 

No  winter  could  his  laurels/adc.  Dnjden. 

FAD'BD, p.  a.  Vanished;  — withered;  decayed. 

FADE'LBSS,  a.  Unfading.  Needier. 

FAD(?E,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  fegan,  to  join  ; Dut.  vcegen\ 
Ger .filgen.  — W . ffas'y,  a bundle.  Garnett .] 

1.  To  be  suitable  ; to  suit ; to  fit. 

Clothes  I must  get;  this  fashion  will  uot  fudge  with  me. 

Beau.  Sf  FI. 

2.  To  live  in  concord  or  amity  ; to  agree. 

They  shall  be  made,  spite  of  antipathy,  to  fudge  together. 

Milton. 

3.  To  succeed  ; to  hit.  L’ Estrange. 

Obsolete  or  low  and  ludicrous. 

FAd^E,  n.  1.  A covering  of  undressed  leather 
inclosing  a bundle  of  patent  or  other  valuable 
leather.  Simmonds. 

2.  A bundle  of  sticks ; — a large  wheaten 
loaf ; a bannock.  [Scotland.]  Simmonds. 

FADING,  n.  1.  Decay;  weakness.  Sherwood. 

2.  f A kind  of  dance.  “ Such  delicate  bur- 
dens of  dildos  and  fadings.”  Shak. 

FADING,  p.  a.  That  fades  ; losing  color  or  dis- 
tinctness ; as,  “ A fading  flower.” 

FADING-NEBS,  n.  Liability  to  fade.  “The  fad- 
ingness  of  beauty.”  IF.  Mountagu. 

FA'DY,  a.  Losing  distinctness  or  color ; fading. 

Survey  those  walls,  in  fady  texture  clad.  Shenstone. 

FA3'CAL  (le'kgl),  a.  See  Fecal. 

FJE  ’CE.f  (fe'sez),  n.  [L.]  {Med.) 

1.  Sediment ; dregs  ; lees  ; settlings  after  dis- 
tillation and  infusion.  Hoblyn. 

2.  Excrement ; alvine  evacuations.  Quincy. 

FJEC’  U-LA  (fek'u-lj),  n. ; pi.  fascvlal.  [L.] 

1.  (Chem.)  Dregs;  Ices;  settling.  Crabb. 

2.  (Bot.)  The  nutritious  powder  of  wheat  or 

other  things  ; farina  ; starch  ; — written  also 
fecula.  Loudon. 

fAe'RY,  n.  & a.  See  Fairy.  Spenser. 

f FAF'FLE  (fhf'fl),  v.  n.  [Of  uncertain  etymolo- 
gy, unless  a corruption  off  amble,  which  is  prob- 
able. Todd.)  To  stammer.  Barret. 

FAg,  v.  n.  [L.  fatigo.  Johnson.  — Perhaps  a 
consequential  usage  of  fegan,  to  fadge.  Rich- 
ardson.]  [t.  fagged  ; pp.  fagging,  fagged.] 

1.  To  grow  weary  ; to  become  tired. 

Creighton  withheld  his  force  till  the  Italian  began  to  fag. 

Mackenzie. 

2.  To  perform  menial  services  for  another; 
to  drudge. 

How  did  ye  toil,  and  fag,  and  fume,  and  fret ! Gent.  Mag.  1795. 

FAG,  v.  a.  To  beat;  to  compel  to  drudge  for  an- 
other. Todd. 

FAg,  n.  1.  [Perhaps  from  fegan,  to  join,  to 
fadge.  Richardson.  — W.  ffag,  that  which 
unites.]  A knot  or  excrescence  in  cloth.  Todd. 

2.  [See  Fag,  v.  n.J  An  under  schoolboy 

compelled  to  drudge  for  another.  “ Fags  at 
Eton  school.”  Brande. 

3.  {Naut.)  The  end  of  a rope  untwisted  or 

loosened  through  frequent  use.  Burn. 


FAIL^NCE 

FAg— END’,  n.  1.  The  end  of  a web  of  cloth, 
generally  made  of  coarser  materials.  Johnson. 

2.  The  latter  and  meaner  part  of  any  thing. 

In  comes  a gentleman,  in  the  fag-end  of  October,  dripping 
with  the  fogs  of  that  humid  and  uncertain  season.  Burke. 

3.  {Naut.)  The  fringed  end  of  a rope.  Ash. 

FAG'GING,  n.  1.  A beating  or  thumping.  Scott. 

2.  The  system  of  drudging  for  another  en- 
forced at  the  English  schools. 

fAg'OT,  n.  [W .ffagod\  It.  fagotto  ; F r.  fagot. 
Menage  suggests  its  derivation  from  Gr.  tpOKi/.os, 
a fagot,  and  Richardson  from  A.  S.  fegan,  to 
join.  — See  Fadge.] 

1.  A bundle  of  sticks  or  twigs  bound  together 
for  the  fire. 

She,  wretched  matron,  forced,  in  age,  for  bread, 

To  strip  the  brook  with  mantling  cresses  spread, 

To  pick  her  wintry  fagot  from  the  thorn. 

To  seek  her  nightly  shed,  and  weep  till  morn.  Goldsmith. 

2.  Bars  of  steel  bound  together  and  weighing 

120  pounds.  Simmonds. 

3.  {Mil.)  A person  hired  to  appear  instead 
of  another  at  the  muster  of  a company.  Addison. 

FAg'OT,  v.  a.  To  tie  up  in  the  form  of  fagots; 
to  bundle  together.  Dry  den. 

FA-GOT1  TO,  n.  [It.,  a bundle  of  sticks.)  (Mus.) 
A brass  wind-instrument  blown  with  a reed, 
which  may  be  taken  in  pieces,  — whence  the 
name  ; a bassoon.  Dwight. 

FAHL'ERZ,  n.  [Ger.  fahl,  gray,  and  erz,  ore.] 
(Min.)  Gray  copper  ore.  Brande. 

FAHL'ORE,  n.  [See  Fahlerz.]  (Min.)  Gray 
copper  ore  ; fahlerz.  P.  Cyc. 

FAH'LUN-ITE,  n.  (Min.)  A hydrated  silicate  of 
alumina,  — a mineral  so  called  from  its  being 
found  at  Fahlun,  in  Sweden.  Brande. 

FAII-Rf  N-HEIT'  (fa-ren-hlt'),  a.  Applied  to  a ther- 
mometer, or  to  a thermometric  scale,  in  which 
the  freezing  point  of  water  is  fixed  at  32  de- 
grees, and  the  boiling  point  at  212  degrees  ; — so 
called  from  the  inventor.  — See  Thermometer. 

FAIF.NCE  (fa-yans'),  n.  [The  origin  of  the  term 
is  open  to  dispute  ; by  some  it  is  supposed  to  be 
derived  from  Faenza,  in  Italy  ; by  others,  from 
Fayence,  in  France.  Fair  holt.)  A general  term 
comprising  all  the  various  kinds  of  glazed  earth- 
enware and  porcelain.  Fairholt. 

FAIL  (fal),  v.  n.  [Gr.  tnpul.Xoyai  ; L.  fallo,  to  de- 
ceive ; It.  fallire-,  Sp .falir  ; Fr.  faillir.  — Dut. 
faalen-,  Ger.  fehlen  ; Dan.feile  ; Gael,  failinn  ; 
W .ffaelu.)  [i.  failed  ; pp.  failing,  failed.] 

1.  To  be  deficient ; to  fall  short ; to  lack. 

Ye  shall  be  troubled,  for  the  vintage  shall  fail.  Isa.  xxxii.  10. 

2.  To  lose  strength;  to  give  out;  to  become 
feeble  ; to  sink ; to  decline  ; to  decay ; to  wane. 

I perceive 

Thy  mortal  sight  to  fail.  Milton. 

3.  To  die  ; to  perish  ; to  decease. 

Had  the  king  in  his  last  sickness  failed , 

Their  heads  should  have  gone  off.  Shak. 

4.  To  become  extinct;  to  be  wanting  ; to  be 
missed ; to  disappear ; to  cease. 

Help,  Lord,  for  the  godly  man  ceaseth;  for  the  faithful 
fail  from  among  the  children  of  men.  Ps.  xii.  1. 

5.  To  miss  ; not  to  succeed. 

At  least  our  envious  foe  hath  failed , who  thought 

All  like  himself  rebellious.  Milton. 

6.  (Com.)  To  become  insolvent  or  bankrupt ; 

to  suspend  payment.  Craig. 

FAIL,  v.  a.  1.  To  disappoint ; to  desert ; to  for- 
sake ; to  abandon  ; to  neglect  to  assist  or  sup- 
ply; not  to  aid;  to  omit  to  help.  “Men’s 
hearts  failing  them  for  fear.”  Luke  xxi.  26. 

The  ship  was  now  left  alone,  as  proud  lords  be  when  for- 
tune fails  them.  Sidney. 

2.  To  be  wanting  to. 

There  shall  never  fail  thee  a man  on  the  throne.  l/uw0sii.4. 
The  inventive  god,  who  never  fails  his  part.  Dryden. 

3.  f To  deceive  ; to  cheat.  [A  Latinism.] 

So  lively  and  so  like,  that  living  sense  it  failed.  Spenser. 

FAIL,  n.  1.  f Deficiency;  want.  Shak . 

2.  Omission  to  do  any  thing;  delinquency. 

He  will,  without  fail,  drive  out  from  before  you  the  Ca- 
naanites.  Josh.  iii.  10. 

3.  + Death  ; demise  ; decease. 

How  grounded  he  his  title  to  the  crown 

Upon  our  fail?  Shak. 

t FAIL'ANCE,  n.  Omission;  failure.  Fell. 


MIEN,  SIR;  m6vE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — Q,  £,  ?,  g,  soft ; C,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


FAILING 


FAIR-SPOKEN 


FAILING,  p.  a.  Being  deficient; — declining, 
decaying  ; — missing ; — becoming  insolvent. 

FAlL'ING,  n.  1.  Decay  ; declension.  “ Failing 
of  eyes  and  sorrow  of  mind.”  Dent,  xxviii.  60. 

2.  Imperfection  ; fault ; weakness  ; frailty  ; 
foible  ; error  ; mistake. 

The  Fathers  of  the  first  three  centuries,  though  not  exempt 
from  failings , not  infallible,  were  yet  men  of  Higher  charac- 
ter than  those  of  the  tenth  and  eleventh.  Wuterland. 

FAlL'ING-LY,  ad.  By  failing.  Clarke. 

FAIL'LIS,  n.  [Fr.]  (Her.)  A failure  or  fraction 
in  an  ordinary,  as  if  it  were  broken,  or  a splin- 
ter taken  from  it.  Craig. 

FAIL'URE  (fal'yur)  [fal'yur,  W.  J.  C.  ; fa'Iyur,  S. 
A.;  fal'fir,  F.  Ja . ; fal'ur,  P.  Sm.],  n.  [Fr. 
faillite.] 

1.  The  act  of  failing;  deficiency;  cessation. 
“A  universal  failure  . . . of  springs.”  Woodward. 

2.  Omission  ; non-performance  ; slip.  “ A lit- 
tle inadvertence  and  failure  of  memory.”  South. 

3.  Want  of  success. 

The  most  common  cause  of  failure  is  attempting  too 
much,  and  doing  too  little.  Wigglesworth. 

4.  A lapse  ; fault ; dereliction,  [n.]  Johnson. 

5.  (Com.)  Suspension  of  payment ; insolven- 
cy ; bankruptcy.  Simmonds. 

Syn.  — See  Bankruptcy,  Imperfection. 

FAIN  (fan),  a.  [M.  Oolh.  faihan  ; A.  S . feegen ; 
Sw.  fagna.] 

1.  Glad;  pleased;  delighted;  rejoiced. 

No  man  alive  so  fain  as  I.  Shak. 

2.  Glad  to  do  a thing,  under  certain  circum- 
stances, rather  than  do  worse. 

The  learned  Castalio  was  fain  to  make  trenchers  at  Basle, 
to  keep  himself  from  starving.  Locke. 

3.  Fond  ; desirous ; ambitious,  [r.] 

Yea,  man  and  birds  are  fain  of  climbing  high.  Shak. 

FAIN,  ad.  Gladly  ; very  desirously. 

Fain  would  I something  say  — yet  to  what  end?  Milton. 

fFAIN,  v.  n.  To  wish;  to  desire  fondly.  Spenser. 

FAINT,  v.  n.  [Past  participle  of  the  A.  S.  fyni- 
gean,  to  become  musty,  to  decay.  Horne  Tooke. 
Richardson.  — Fr.  fatter,  to  fade,  to  wither. 
Minsheu.  Skinner.  — Ir  .faun,  weak;  Fr.  fai- 
neant. sluggish.  — Gael,  fann,  faint ; M .faiynt.'] 
[/.  FAINTED  ; pp.  FAINTING,  FAINTED.] 

1.  To  pass  away  quickly  ; to  vanish. 

Gilded  clouds,  while  we  gaze  upon  them,  faint  before  the 
eye,  and  decay  into  confusion.  Pope. 

2.  To  lose  the  animal  functions,  and  become 
motionless  and  senseless  ; to  swoon. 

Their  young  women  and  young  men  fainted  for  thirst, 
and  fell  down.  Judith  vii.  22. 

3.  To  grow  weak ; to  lose  strength  or  power ; 
to  become  enfeebled. 

All  the  land  of  Canaan  fainted  by  reason  of  famine. 

Gen.  xlv.  20. 

4.  To  sink  into  dejection  or  depression ; to 
decline  in  courage  or  zeal. 

Men  ought  always  to  pray,  and  not  to  faint.  Luke  xviii.  1. 

FAINT,  v.  a.  To  depress  ; to  enfeeble. 

It  faints  me 

To  think  what  follows.  Shak. 

FAINT,  a.  1.  Wanting  strength,  vigor,  or  spirit; 
languid  ; drooping ; weak  ; feeble  ; inclined  to 
swoon. 

Esau  came  from  the  field,  and  he  was  faint.  Gen.  xxv.  29. 

2.  Not  bright;  not  vivid ; dull. 

The  blue,  compared  with  these,  is  a faint  and  dark  color, 
and  the  indigo  and  violet  are  much  darker  and  fainter,  Aewton. 

3.  Weak;  feeble,  as  sound.  “The  sound 

grew  fainter  and  fainter.”  Boyle. 

4.  Timorous  ; fearful ; not  vigorous  ; unman- 
ly. “The  faint  prosecution  of  the  war.”  Davies. 

Faint  heart  never  won  fair  lady.  Old  Proverb. 

5.  Dejected  ; depressed  ; cast  down. 

The  whole  head  is  sick,  and  the  whole  heart  is  faint.  Isa.  i.  5. 

Syn.  — Faint  is  less  than  languid.  Faint  heart; 
weak  effort,  voice  ; faint  or  feeble  resistance  ; languid 
feeling. — Faintness  is  more  transient  than  languor. 

F AINT'  DRAW,  v.  a.  To  delineate  lightly.  Savage. 

FAINT'HEART-0D  (fant'hdrt-ed),  a.  Cowardly; 
timid ; lacking  courage. 

Fear  not,  neither  be  faint-hearted.  Isa.  vii.  4. 

FAINT' HEART-£D-LY,  ad.  Timorously  ; in  a 
cowardly  manner.  * Sherxvood. 


532 

FAINT'HEAKT-ED-NESS,  n.  Cowardice  ; timo- 
rousness ; fear.  Arnway. 

FAINT'JNG,  n.  A swoon  ; loss  of  animal  motion. 

Hcncc  fainting...  swooniugs  of  despair.  Milton. 

FAINTING,  p.  a.  Swooning  ; growing  faint. 

FAINT'ISII,  a.  Somewhat  faint.  Search. 

FAINT'JSH-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  faintish. 

A certain  degree  of  heat  lengthens  and  relaxes  the  fibres, 
whence  proceeds  the  sensation  of  faintistmess  und  debility 
on  a hot  day.  Arbuthnot. 

FAlNT'LJNG,  a.  Timorous ; feeble-minded.  “A 

faintliny,  silly  creature.”  [it.]  Arbuthnot. 

FAlNT'LY,  ad.  With  faintness  ; feebly  ; languid- 
ly ; timorously.  Walsh. 

FAlNT'NpiS,  n.  1.  The  state  of  being  faint; 
temporary  loss  of  animal  motion ; languor. 

As  she  was  speaking,  she  fell  down  for  faintness.  Esdr.xx.  15. 

2.  Want  of  energy  or  perseverance. 

Unsoundness  of  counsels,  or  ‘faintness  in  following  and 
effecting  the  same.  Spenser. 

3.  Want  of  brightness  or  vividness;  as, 

“ Faintness  of  coloring  in  a painting.” 

4.  Feebleness  or  weakness,  as  of  sound. 

5.  Lack  of  confidence  or  of  courage  ; dejec- 
tion ; depression  ; timorousness  ; irresolution. 

I will  send  a faintness  into  their  hearts.  Levit.  xxvi.  36. 

FAINTS,  n.  pi.  An  impure  spirit  which  comes 
over  first  and  last  in  the  distillation  of  whiskey  ; 
— the  former  being  called  the  strong,  and  the 
latter  the  weak , faints,  and  both  being  much  im- 
pregnated with  fetid  essential  oil.  Ure. 

FAlNT'Y,  a.  Weak;  languid;  faint.  Dryden. 

/pg-  “ Provincial ; much  used  in  the  west  of  Eng- 
land.” Walker. 

FAIR  (fir),  a.  [A.  S.  fteger,  or  faegr ; Dan.  faver ; 
Sw.  fager  ; Icel.  fagr") 

1.  Free  from  speck,  spot,  or  blemish;  spot- 
less. “ Fair  water.”  Bacon.  “ A fair,  white, 
linen  cloth.”  Rubric. 

2.  White  ; clear  ; as,  “ A fair  complexion.” 

3.  Pleasing  to  the  eye  or  the  mind  ; beauti- 
ful ; handsome  ; comely. 

A fair  olive-tree  in  a pleasant  field.  Eccles.  xxiv.  14. 

Thou  art  a.  fair  woman  to  look  upon.  Gen.  xii.  11. 

“ Fair  seems,  in  the  common  acceptation,  to 
be  restrained,  when  applied  to  women,  to  the  beauty 
of  the  lace.”  Johnson. 

4.  Pleasant ; not  cloudy  ; clear. 

Fair  weather  coineth  out  of  the  north.  Job  xxxvii.  2. 

5.  Favorable  ; prosperous;  as,  “ Afair wind.” 

6.  Promising  ; affording  reasonable  ground 
of  hope ; likely. 

Yourself,  renowned  prince,  stood  as  fail' 

As  any  comer  I have  looked  on  yet 

For  my  affcctiou.  Shak. 

7.  Plain  ; obvious ; distinct ; well-defined ; 
unobstructed. 

Close  by  my  side  she  sat,  and  fair  in  sight.  Dryden. 

8.  Practising  no  fraudulent  or  insidious  arts; 
frank  ; open  ; candid  ; ingenuous. 

The  rogue  and  fool  by  fits  is  fair  and  wise.  Pope. 

9.  Peaceful;  not  foul ; not  effected  by  insidi- 
ous or  by  violent  means. 

lie  passed  the  rest  of  his  age  in  his  own  native  country, 
and  died  a fair  and  natural  death.  Temple. 

10.  Just;  equitable;  reasonable;  deserved; 
merited ; condign. 

Ilis  doom  is  fair , 

That  dust  I am,  and  shall  to  dust  return.  Milton. 

11.  Honorable ; honest ; not  base  or  unworthy. 
“ Fair  words  and  good  counsel.”  U Estrange. 

For  to  reduce  her  by  main  force 

Is  now  in  vain;  b y fair  means,  worse.  Hudibras. 

12.  Legible  ; plain  ; as,  “ A fair  handwrit- 
ing.” 

13.  Pretty  good  ; somewhat  above  mediocrity  ; 

more  than  middling.  Iioget. 

Syn.  — A fair  skin  approaches  to  white;  a clear 
skin  is  free  from  spots.  A fair  or  white  complexion  ; 
a fair , handsome , or  beautiful  lady  ; fair  weather  ; clear 
sky.  — A fair  statement  is  one  that  is  just  to  all  par- 
ties concerned  ; a c/mrstatement  is  easily  understood. 

Afair  or  favorable  prospect  or  situation  ; just  recom- 
pense ; reasonable  demand  or  charge  ; equitable  judg- 
ment ; fair  or  liberal  offer  ; candid  remark.  — Afair  or 
moderately  good  business:  — a fair  or  legible  hand. — 
A fair  tradesman  and  fair  dealing  are  terms  equiva- 
lent to  an  honest  tradesman  and  honest  dealing ; though 
honesty  is  a stronger  and  more  comprehensive  term 
than  fairness.  — See  Candid,  Clear. 


FAIR  (fir),  ad.  1.  Frankly;  ingenuously;  com- 
plaisantly. 

Learn  of  flatterers  to  beware, 

Then  most  pernicious  when  they  speak  too  fair.  Dryden. 

2.  In  good  standing.  “To  keep  fair  with 

the  world.”  Collier. 

3.  Soltly  ; gently  ; quietly  ; as,  “ To  go  fair 

and  softly.”  Locke. 

To  bid  fair,  to  promise  well;  to  be  likely.  — Fair 
and  square,  properly;  according  to  rule  or  propriety  ; 
noting  a suitable  position. 

FAIR,  n.  1.  A fair  woman  ; a beauty. 

The  king,  unable  to  conceal  his  pain, 

Ixazed  on  the  fair  who  caused  his  care.  Dryden. 

2.  f F airness  ; — applied  to  persons  or  to 
things  ; beauty. 

My  decayed  fair 

A sunny  look  of  his  would  soon  repair.  Shak. 

As  the  green  meads,  whose  native  outward  fair 

Breathes  sweet  perfumes  into  the  neighboring  air.  Marston. 

FAIR,  n.  \1j.  forum,  a market-place,  or  fence,  a 
festival;  It.  fiera  ; Sp.  feria  ; Fr.  foire. — W. 
ffair.\ 

1.  A meeting  held  at  stated  times  in  the  year 
at  particular  places  for  purposes  of  traffic. 

Fairs  are  common  on  the  continent  of  Europe.  Ogilvie. 

In  the  United  States  fairs  are  almost  unknown.  The}'  are 
recognized  in  Alabama  and  in  North  Carolina,  where  they 
are  regulated  by  statute.  Bouvier. 

2.  A sale  of  animals  on  a stated  time  ; as, 
“ A cattle  fair  " : — an  occasional  sale  of  fancy 
articles  for  some  charitable  purpose.  [U.  S.] 

FAIR,  v.  a.  To  make  fair  or  beautiful. 

Fairing  the  foul  with  art’s  false  borrowed  face.  Shak. 

fAiR-COM-PLEX'IONED  (-yund),  a.  Having  a 
fair  complexion.  Littleton. 

FAIR'— FACED  (-fast),  a.  Having  a fair  face. 

FAIR'— HAIRED,  a.  Having  fair  hair.  Clarke. 

FAIR'— HAND,  a.  Having  a fair  appearance.  Shak. 

fFAlR'HOOD  (far'h&d),  n.  Beauty.  Fox's  Martyrs. 

FAlR'ING,  n.  A present  purchased  at  a fair. 

The  various  fa  irings  of  the  country  maid.  Gay m 

fAiR'ISH,  a.  Reasonably  fair.  Cotgrave. 

FAlR'LEAD-ER,  n.  (Naut.)  A strip  of  board  or 
plank  with  holes  in  it,  for  running  rigging  to 
lead  through  : — also,  a block  or  thimble  used 
for  the  same  purpose.  Dana. 

fAir'LY,  ad.  1.  In  a fair  manner;  commodi- 
ously  ; conveniently  ; advantageously. 

Within  a trading  town  they  long  abide, 

F ull  fairly  situate  on  a haven’s  side.  Dryden. 

2.  Honestly  ; justly  ; equitably  ; without  shift 
or  fraud.  “ Causes  ’fairly  pleaded.”  Bacon. 

3.  Candidly  ; ingenuously. 

As  1 interpret  fairly  your  design. 

So  look  not  with  severer  eyes  on  mine.  Dryden. 

4.  Without  blots  or  blemishes ; legibly  ; 
plainly  ; neatly. 

Here  is  the  indictment  of  the  good  Lord  Hastings, 

■Which  in  a set  hand  fairly  is  engrossed.  Shak. 

5.  Completely  ; without  any  deficiency. 

Let  them  say,  ’t is  grossly  done;  so  it  be  fairly  done,  no 
matter.  Shak. 

6.  Softly  ; gently  ; quietly  ; without  noise. 

But  there  she  comes:  I fairly  step  aside, 

And  hearken,  if  I may,  her  business  here.  Milton . 

FAiR'NIJSS,  n.  I.  The  quality  of  being  fair; 
freedoqj  from  specks,  spots,  or  blemishes ; 
whiteness  ; clearness.  “ The  fairness  of  the 
skin.”  Mountagu. 

2.  Beauty ; comeliness  ; elegance.  “ That 
. . . made  her  fairness  much  the  fairer.”  Sidney. 

3.  Pleasantness  ; clearness  ; as,  “ Fairntss  of 

weather.”  Barret. 

4.  Candor ; ingenuousness  ; honesty  ; honor- 
ableness ; equity. 

There  may  be  somewhat  of  wisdom,  but  little  of  goodness 
or  fairness  in  this  conduct.  Attcrtnn'y. 

5.  Neatness  ; legibility;  plainness  ; as,  “The 
fairness  of  a manuscript.” 

FAIR'— ONE  (fir'vvun),  n.  A fair  woman  ; a hand- 
some female  ; a beauty.  Pope. 

FAlR'-PLAY,  n.  Equitable  conduct ; just  or  lib- 
eral action ; justice.  “ According  to  the  fair- 
play  of  the  world.”  Shak. 

FAIR'— SEEM-ING,  a.  Appearing  fair.  Clarke. 

FAIR'— SPO-KEN  (fAr'spo-kn),  a.  Speaking  fairly ; 
bland  and  civil  in  address.  “ Arius,  a marvel- 
lous fair-spoken  man.”  Hooker. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  !,  6,  tj,  if,  short;  A,  JJ,  l,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


533 


FAIR-WAY 


FALD1NG 


fAiR'-WAY,  n.  The  mid  passage  in  a short  chan- 
nel ; the  navigable  part  of  a river.  Simmonds. 

fAiR'-WEATH-ER,  a.  Noting  what  exists,  or  is 
done,  in  pleasant  weather,  or  with  little  incon- 
venience. Pope . 

FAlR'Y  (f&r'e),  n.  [Low  L.  fato,fatare , to  en- 
chant, from  L .fatum,  fate  ; It.  fata  ; Sp.  hada  ; 
Fr  .fee.]  (Myth.) 

1.  f Illusion  ; enchantment.  Gower. 

2.  f The  land  of  illusions,  or  of  the  fays  ; 

fairy-land.  Chaucer. 

3.  f The  people  of  fairy-land.  Drayton. 

4.  An  imaginary  diminutive  being,  in  human 
shape,  formerly  supposed  to  possess  certain 
powers  over  mankind,  which  were  often  exer- 
cised for  mischief,  but  in  general  with  more  of 
humor  than  malignity  ; a fay  ; an  elf. 

“ During  the  sixteenth  century,  this  word  was 
used  to  signify  the  fays  of  romance,  or  human  beings 
endowed  with  powers  beyond  those  allotted  to  men.” 
Keightley. 

Shakspeare  uses  fairy  once  in  the  sense  of  an  en- 
chantress. — See  Antony  Cleopatra , act.  iv.  scene  3. 

“ Like  every  other  word  in  extensive  use, 
whose  derivation  is  noc  historically  certain,  the  word 
fairy  has  obtained  various  and  opposite  etymons. 
Meyric  Cassaubon,  and  those  who,  like  him,  deduce 
every  thing  from  a classic  source,  however  unlikely, 
— derive  fairy  from  0r//i,  a Homeric  name  of  the  Cen- 
taurs ; or  think  that  fee , whence  fairy , is  the  last  syl- 
lable of  nympha.  Sir  W.  Ousely  derives  it  from  the 
Hebrew  peer , to  adorn  ; Skinner,  from  the  A.  S.  far  an, 
to  fare,  to  go ; others,  from  feres , companions,  or 
think  that  fairy-folk  is  quasi  fair-folk.  But  no  theory 
is  so  plausible,  or  is  supported  by  such  names,  as  that 
which  deduces  the  English  fairy  from  the  Persian 
peri.  It  is  said  that  the  paynim  foe,  whom  the  war- 
riors of  the  cross  encountered  in  Palestine,  spoke  only 
Arabic,  the  alphabet  of  which  language,  it  is  well 
known,  possesses  no  p,  and  therefore  organically  sub- 
stitutes an  / in  such  foreign  words  as  contain  the 
former  letter  ; consequently,  peri  became,  in  the  mouth 
of  an  Arab,  feri,  whence  the  crusaders  and  pilgrims, 
who  carried  back  to  Europe  the  marvellous  tales  of 
Asia,  introduced  into  the  West  the  Arabo-Persian 
word  fairy.  All  that  is  wanting  to  this  very  plausible 
theory  is  something  like  proof. — Leaving,  then,  these 
sports  of  fancy,  we  will  discuss  the  true  origin  of  the 
words  used  in  the  Romanic  languages  to  express  the 
being  which  we  name  fairy.  These  are,  Fr . faec,  fee  ; 
Provencal,  fada  ; Sp.  hada  ; It.  fata.  In  the  middle 
ages,  there  was  in  use  a Latin  verb,  fatarc , derived 
from  fatum  or  fata,  and  signifying  to  enchant.  This 
verb  was  adopted  by  the  Italian,  Provencal,  and  Span- 
ish languages  : in  French  it  became,  according  to  the 
analogy  of  that  tongue,  faer,  feer.  From  this  verb 
the  French  made  a substantive,  faerie,  fceric,  illusion, 
enchantment,  the  meaning  of  which  was  afterwards 
extended,  particularly  after  it  had  been  adopted  into 
the  English  language.”  Keightley. 

FAlR'Y,  a.  1.  Relating,  or  belonging,  to  fairies. 
“ Fairy  valleys.”  Collins. 

2.  Given  by  fairies.  “ Fairy  gold.”  Shah. 

Fairy  ring,  or  circle , a circular  piece  of  ground  in 
the  fields,  encompassed  with  a border  of  greener  and 
fresher  grass  than  that  of  the  centre,  formerly  sup- 
posed to  have  been  occasioned  by  the  midnight  dances 
of  the  fairies.  Craig. 

FAlR'Y— LAND,  n.  * (Myth.)  The  imaginary  land 
of  the  fairies.  Chambers. 

FAlR'Y— LIKE,  a.  Imitating  the  practice  or  man- 
ner of  fairies.  Shah. 

fAiR'Y-STONE,  n.  A stone  found  in  gravel  pits  ; 
a name  sometimes  given  to  the  fossil  remains 

of  the  echinus,  &c.  Craig. 

t FAI'§I-BLE,  a.  Feasible.  Bp.  Hall. 

FAITH  (fath),  n.  [A.  S.  fcegth,  he  covenanteth 
or  engageth,  the  third  person  sing.,  pres.  ind. 
act..,  of  fcegan,  to  join,  to  covenant,  to  engage. 
Tooke.  — L.  fides ; It.  fede;  Sp.  fe ; Fr.  foi. 
Skinner.  Johnson .] 

1.  Fidelity  ; faithfulness  ; truthfulness  ; truth  ; 
constancy.  “ The  faith  of  God.”  Rom.  iii.  3. 

The  word  faith  always  contains  in  it  the  notion  of  faith- 
fulness or  fidelity.  Clarke. 

Mv  other  self,  the  partner  of  my  life, 

Whose  failing,  while  her  faith  to  me  remains, 

I should  conceal.  Milton. 

2.  A voluntary  assent  of  the  understanding, 
founded  on  authority,  to  a system  or  series  of 
propositions,  and  not  to  one  insulated  fact. 

Faith  is  generally  of  a practical  nature.  Whatehj. 

3.  The  doctrines  or  tenets  believed  ; a system 
of  doctrines  or  religious  truth  ; creed. 

One  Lord,  one  faith , one  baptism.  Ephes.  iv.5. 


4.  Word  of  honor;  promise;  engagement. 

I have  been  forsworn 

In  breaking  faith  with  Julia,  whom  I loved.  Shak. 

5.  (Theol.)  Trust  in  God,  accompanied  with 
belief  in  revelation  ; trust  in  Christ  as  a Saviour. 

Now  faith  is  the  substance  of  things  hoped  for,  the  evi- 
dence of  things  not  seen.  Iieb.  xi.  1. 

Faith  is  that  conviction  upon  the  mind  of  the  truth  of  the 
promises  and  threatenings  of  God  made  known  in  the  gos- 
pel; of  the  certain  reality  of  the  rewards  and  punishments  of 
the  life  to  come,  which  enables  a man,  in  opposition  to  all  the 
temptations  of  a corrupt  world,  to  obey  God,  in  expectation 
of  an  invisible  reward  hereafter.  Dr.  S.  Clarke. 

Faith  is  sometimes  used,  in  conversation,  inter- 
jectionally , to  signify  on  my  faith,  in  truth,  verily. 
“Faith,  like  enough.”  Beau,  ty  FI. 

Or  do  the  prints  or  papers  lie? 

Faith , sir,  you  know  as  much  as  I.  Swift. 

Syn.  — See  Belief. 

FAITH'— BREACH,  n.  Breach  of  fidelity.  Shak. 

t FAITHED  (failit),  a.  Honest;  sincere;  true. 

Thou  bastard ! would  the  reposal 

Of  any  trust,  virtue,  or  worth  in  thee 

Make  thy  words  J'aithed  ? Shak. 

FAlTH'FUL,  a.  1.  Having  faith,  or  fidelity  ; firmly 
adhering  to  profession,  promise,  duty,  or  truth  ; 
trusty  ; upright ; constant ; loyal ; true. 

A faithful,  not  a ceremonious  friend.  Marmion,  1639. 

Let  us  give  a faithful  pledge  to  the  people  that  we  honor 
indeed  the  crown,  but  that  we  belong  to  them.  Burke. 

2.  That  may  confidently  be  relied  on  ; worthy 
of  belief. 

It  is  a faithful  saying,  For  if  we  be  dead  with  him,  we  shall 
also  live  with  him.  2 Tim.  ii.  11. 

3.  {Theol.)  Firm  in  religious  belief  and  duty. 

Be  thou  faithful  unto  death,  aud  I will  give  thee  a crown 
of  life.  Rev.  ii.  10. 

Syn.  — Faithful,  full  of  faith  or  fidelity,  relates  to 
the  principle  ; trusty , fit  or  worthy  to  be  trusted,  re- 
spects not  only  the  principle,  but  other  qualities. 
Faithful  to  engagements  ; a trusty  servant ; a loyal 
subject ; an  upright  citizen  ; a true  or  constant  friend. 

FAlTH'FUL-LY,  ad.  In  a faithful  manner;  with 
good  faith.  South. 

FAlTH'FUL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  beingfaith- 
ful  ; fidelity;  constancy;  truth.  “ Thy  faith- 
fulness is  unto  all  generations.”  Ps.  cxiv.  90. 

fAiTH'LJSS,  a.  1.  Destitute  of  faith,  or  truth- 
fulness; perfidious;  treacherous;  false;  not 
true  to  duty,  profession,  promise,  or  allegiance. 

Abdiel,  faithful  found; 

Among  the  faithless,  faithful  only  he.  Milton. 

2.  Unbelieving  ; — particularly  without  a cor- 
dial belief  in  the  revealed  truths  of  Christianity. 
“ A faithless  Jew.”  Shak. 

Be  not  faithless,  but  believing.  John  xx.  27. 

Syn.  — See  Faithlessness. 

FAlTH'LJJSS-LY,  ad.  In  a faithless  manner; 
perfidiously.  Byrne. 

FAlTH'LESS-NESS,  n.  1.  The  quality  of  being 
faithless ; perfidy ; treachery. 

Sharp  are  the  pangs  that  follow'  faithlessness.  Edwards. 

2.  Unbelief  as  to  revealed  religion.  Johnson. 

Syn.  — Faithlessness  is  a breach  of  faith  ; unfaith- 
fulness, a want  of  fidelity  ; treachery  and  perfidy  imply 
a breach  of  fidelity  and  tile  betraying  of  confidence. 
A faithless  friend  acts  contrary  to  faith  or  fidelity  ; an 
unfaithful  one  fails  to  perform  his  duty  ; a treacherous 
one  betrays  the  confidence  reposed  in  him  ; a perfidious 
one  draws  from  his  friend  secrets  in  order  to  effect 
his  ruin. 

FAlTH'WOR-THI-NESS  (iath'wUr-the-nes),  n. 
Trustworthiness.  Qu.  Rev. 

+ FAl'TOUR  (fa'tor),  n.  [Norm.  Fr .faitour.]  A 
scoundrel ; a rascal.  Spenser. 

FAKE,  n.  [A.  S . feegan,  to  join.]  ( Naut .)  One 
of  the  turns,  circles,  or  windings  of  a cable  or 
hawser,  as  it  lies  disposed  in  the  coil  ; a single 
turn  or  coil.  Mar.  Diet. 

FA-KIR',  or  FA'KIR  [fa'kir,  P.  Sm.  T Vb. ; fit'ker, 
Ja. ; fa-ker',  A'.],  n.  [Arab.,  poor.]  A sort  of  der- 
vis  or  Mahometan  monk  in  some  Eastern  coun- 
tries ; — written  also  faquir. 

FAL-CADE',  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  falx,  f aids,  a sickle.] 
(Man.)  A kind  of  curvet;  a quick  curvet. 

tfir'  A horse  is  said  to  make  falcades  when  lie 
throws  himself  upon  his  haunches  two  or  three  times, 
as  in  very  quick  curvets.  Farrier’s  Diet. 

FAL'cATE,  a.  [L.  falcatus  \ falx,  folds, 
a sickle  ; It.  fdlcato  ; Sp.  falcado .] 

1.  ( Bot .)  Bent  like  a sickle ; fal- 
cated. Booth. 


2.  ( Zoiil .)  Noting  a part  curved,  with  the 
apex  acute.  Brande. 

FAL'cAT-ED,  a.  1.  Hooked;  bent  like  a sickle. 

2.  ( Astron .)  Applied  to  the  moon  when  she 
appears  horned,  which  happens  when  she  is  in 
her  first  ( »)  and  fourth  (C  ) quarters.  Brande. 

FAL-CA'TION,  n.  The  state  of  being  falcate  ; 
crookedness.  Derham. 

fAl'cA-TOR,  n.  One  who  cuts  with  a hook  or 
bill.  Blount. 

fAL'CHION  (fil'chun  or  fUl'shun)  [fiLl'chun,  S’.  IF. 
J.  Sm.  ; fal'shun,  P.  Ja.  K.  ; fitl'che-un,  P.  ; i&l'- 
chun,  I Vb.],  n.  \L.falx,  a sickle  or  scythe  ; It. 
faldone,  a falchion  ; Sp.  falce  ; Fr.  fauchion.] 
A broad  sword  with  a slightly  curved  point. 

He  flung  his  falchion  from  his  side,  and  in  the  dust  sat  down. 

Hemans. 

FAL-CID'I-AN,  a.  (Law.)  Noting  a law  proposed 
by  Falcidius,  a Roman  tribune,  which  gave  to 
fathers  of  families  the  power  of  bequeathing 
three  fourths  of  their  property,  but  deprived 
them  of  the  power  to  give  away  the  other  fourth, 
which  was  to  descend  to  the  heir.  Bouvier. 

FAL'CI-FORM,  a.  [L.  falx,  folds,  a sickle  or 
scythe,  and  forma,  form.]  ( Anat . & Bot.)  Hav- 
ing the  form  of  a sickle  or  scythe.  Hamilton. 

FAl'CO,  n.  [L.]  (Ornith.)  A genus  of  rapacious 
birds  ; the  falcon.  Eng.  Cyc. 


FAL'CON  (ftw'kn)  [fkw'kn,  S.  IF.  J.  E.  F.  Ja. 

Sm.-,  fal'kn,  P.  K.  ; fiU'kqn,  Wb.],n. [L .falco; 

— so  called  from  its  hooked  talons 
and  beak  ; falx,  a sickle  ; It.  fal- 
cone  ; Sp.  halcon  ; Fr.  faucon.] 

1.  (Ornith.)  An  aecipitrine  bird 

of  the  family  Falconidee  ; — partic- 
ularly of  the  sub-family  Palconina, 
characterized  by  the  beak,  which  is 
curved  from  the  base  and  has  on  the 
margin  one  or  two  strong  teeth  on 
each  side  ; a hawk.  Baird. 

2.  A name  formerly  applied  to  a 

large  cannon  which  carried  a shot 
weighing  750  pounds.  Harris.  Falcon. 


FAl'CON-ER  (fstw'kn-er),  n.  [Fr.  fauconnier. ] 
One  who  sports  with  or  trains  falcons.  Shak. 

FAL'CO-NET,  or  FAL'CO-NET  [fal'ko-net,  Ja.  Sm. 
R. ; fkl'ko-net,  S.  IF.  ./.  F.  A’.],  n.  [Fr.  faucon- 
neau.\  (Ant.)  A little  falcon ; the  smallest 
piece  of  ancient  ordnance.  Knolles. 

FAL'CON— <?EN'TLE  (fkw'kn-jen'tl),  n.  A species 
of  hawk  ; — a name  applied  to  the  female  and 
the  young  of  the  goshawk.  Eng.  Cyc. 

FAL-Cdw  1-DJE,  n.  pi.  [L.  falco,  a falcon.] 
(Ornith.)  A family  of  birds  of  the  order  Ac- 
dpitres,  including  the  sub-families  Polyborinat, 
Buteonince,  Aquilince,  Falconinec,  Milvince,  Ac- 
dpitrince,  and  Circina ; falcons.  Gray. 

FAL-  CO-ATI  ’ AT JE,  n.pl.  ( Or- 
nith.) A sub-family  of 
birds  of  the  order  Accipi- 
tres  and  family  Falconi- 
dee ; falcons.  Gray. 

FAL'CO-NINE,  a.  (Ornith.) 

Noting  a sub-family  of  ac- 
cipitrine  birds,  having  the  Falco  peregrinus. 
falco  or  hawk  for  its  proper  type.  Brande. 

FAL'CON-RY  (fkw'kn-re),  n.  [It . falconeria ; Sp. 
halconeria;  Fr.  fauconnerie  ; L.  falco,  a hawk.] 
The  art  of  taking  birds  by  means  of  falcons  or 
other  birds  of  prey,  trained  for  the  purpose; 
hawking.  In  the  12th  century  it  was  the  favor- 
ite sport  of  nobles  and  knights  throughout  Eu- 
rope. Brande. 

FAL'CU-LA,  n.  [L ,,asmall  sickle  \falx,  a sickle.] 
( Zoii .)  A compressed,  elongate,  curved,  and 
sharp-pointed  claw.  Brande. 

FAlD'A<?E,m.  [Low  ~L.  faldagiwn  ; falda,  a fold. 
— A.  S . falva,  or  fold,' a fold.]  ( Old  Eng.  Law.) 
An  ancient  privilege  in  England  of  setting  up 
folds  for  sheep  in  any  fields  within  the  manor 
of  a lord  for  the  purpose  of  manuring  the 
ground ; foldage.  Burrill. 

fAi.D'FEE,  n.  (Law.)  A rent  or  composition 
paid  by  tenants  for  faldage.  Bailey. 

fFALD'ING,  n.  A kind  of  coarse  cloth.  “A 
gown  off  aiding."  Chaucer. 


MiEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — q,  (J,  9,  g,  soft;  C,  G, 


5,  g,  hard;  § as  7.;  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


FALD1ST0RY 


534 


FALLING-STONE 


FAL'DIS-TO-RY,  n.  [See  Faldstool.]  The  seat 
or  throne  of  a bishop  within  the  chancel.  Hook. 

FAlD'STOOL,  n.  [A.  S.fald,  a fold,  and  stol,  a 
stool.  — Mid.  L.  faldistorium ; It.  <Sf  Sp.  faldis- 
torio  ; Old  Fr.  faudesteuil ; Fr.  fauteuil.  j 

1.  A portable  folding-seat,  similar  to  a camp- 

stool  ; a folding  chair.  Fairholt. 

2.  A folding-stool  or  desk,  provided  with  a 
cushion,  for  a person  to  kneel  on  during  the 
performance  of  certain  acts  of  devotion.  O./ilvie. 

3.  The  chair  of  a bishop,  enclosed  by  the 

railing  of  the  altar.  Johnscm. 

4.  A kind  of  stool  for  the  kings  of  England 

to  kneel  on  at  their  coronation.  Johnson. 

5.  A small  desk,  at  which,  in  cathedrals, 

churches,  &c.,  the  litany  is  enjoined  to  be  sung 
or  said.  Hook. 

FA-LER'NI-AN,  a.  ( Geog .)  Relating  to  Falernus, 
a mountain  in  Campania,  in  Italy,  formerly 
noted  for  its  wine.  Francis. 

FA-LER'NI-AN,  n.  Wine  made  from  the  grapes 
of  Mount  Falernus,  in  Italy.  Clarke. 

FALL,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  feallan  ; Dut.  fallen-,  Ger. 
fallen ; Dan. f aide-,  Sw.  falla.J  [I.  FELL  ; pp. 
FALLING,  FALLEN.] 

1.  To  drop  from  a higher  to  a lower  place  by 

the  mere  force  of  gravity.  “ As  the  lea i falleth 
off  from  the  vine.  Isa.  xxxivT  4. 

2.  To  drop  from  an  upright  to  a flat  or  pros- 
trate position. 

Let  him  that . . . standeth  take  heed  lest  he  fall.  1 Cor.  x.  12. 

3.  To  sink  in  death  ; to  die  ; to  perish. Drgden. 

A thousand  shall  fall  at  thy  side,  and  ten  thousand  at  thy 

right  hand.  Ps.  xci.  7. 

4.  To  sink  ; to  become  lowered. 

The  barometer  began  to  fall  with  appalling  rapidity.  Amott. 

If  the  tine  weather  has  been  of  long  duration,  the  mercury 
may  fall  tor  two  or  three  days  before  any  perceptible  change 
takes  place.  Braude. 

5.  To  empty;  to  pass  at  the  outlet;  to  flow 
out  at  the  mouth  ; to  disembogue.  “ The  Loire, 
and  the  rivers  i\\atfall  into  it.”  Arbuthnot. 

6.  To  depart  from  innocence,  truth,  duty,  or 
faith  ; to  sin  ; to  err  ; to  transgress  ; to  lapse. 

Labor  to  enter  into  that  rest,  lest  any  man  fall  after  the 
same  example  of  uubelief.  Heb.  iv.  II. 

Cromwell,  I charge  thee,  fling  away  ambition: 

By  that  sin  jell  tne  angels.  Shak. 

7.  To  sink  into  a lower  or  worse  condition. 

A poor,  weak  woman,  fallen  from  favor.  Shak. 

8.  To  decrease ; to  become  less.  “ A good 
leg  will  fall.’’  Shak.  “ Rents  will /hi/.”  Locke. 

The  as  fell  to  two  ounces  in  the  first  Punic  war.  Arbuthnot. 

The  greatness  of  an  estate  in  bulk  and  territory  doth  fall 
under  measure.  Bacon. 

9.  To  assume  an  air  of  discontent  or  de  jection. 

I have  observed  of  late  thy  looks  are  J'allen.  Addison. 

10.  To  become;  as,  “To  fall  sick”;  “To 
fall  asleep  ” ; “To  fall  in  love.” 

Kir*  These  expressions  are  idiomatic,  the  verb  in 
each  case  denoting  entrance  into  a new  state,  as  by 
the  act  of  falling . • 

11.  To  happen  ; to  befall  ; to  come  to  pass; 
to  be.  [Properly,  to  fall  oat.'] 

If  the  worst  fall  that  ever  fell,  I hope  I shall  make  shift  to 
go  without  him.  Shak. 

12.  +To  end  ; to  terminate  ; to  issue  ; to  turn 

out ; to  prove  in  the  result.  “ As  the  matter 
fills.”  [Properly,  to  fall  oat.]  Shak. 

Sit  still,  my  daughter,  until  thou  know  how  the  matter 
will  fall.  ' Iluth  Hi.  18. 

13.  To  come  into  one’s  possession;  — with 
to,  on,  or  upon. 

All  the  lands  which  fall  to  her  majesty.  Spenser. 

Preferment  falls  on  him  that  cuts  him  off.  Shak. 

The  sovereignty  will  Jail  upon  Macbeth.  Shak. 

14.  To  be  uttered  carelessly,  or  as  if  by  chance. 

Some  expressions  fell  from  him  not  very  favorable  to  the 
people  of  Ireland.  Swift. 

Bftf'  uFall , with  prepositions  subjoined,  has  various 
metaphorical  and  consequential  usages,  the  force  or 
import  of  which  must  be  collected  from  the  context.” 
Richardson. 

To  fall  aboard  of \ ( Naut .)  to  strike  against;  to  run 
foul  of ; to  come  in  collision  ; — used  of  one  vessel  run- 
ning against  another,  whether  by  design  or  accident. 
Mar.  Diet.  — To  fall  astern , (Naut.)  to  be  driven  hack  ; 
to  retreat  with  the  stern  foremost : — to  be  outstripped 
or  left  behind  by  another  vessel.  Alar.  Diet.  — To  fall 
away,  to  grow  lean  ; to  become  thinner.  “ In  a Lent 
diet,  people  commonly  fall  away.”  Arbuthnot.  — To 
depart  from  innocence,  truth,  faith,  allegiance,  or 
duty.  “These,  for  a while,  believe,  and,  in  time  of 
temptation,/////  away.”  Lulte  viii.  13.  — To  be  lost; 
to  fade  ; to  perish.  — To  fall  bach,  to  recede  ; to  retreat  ; | 


as,  “To  fall  back  from  a promise.”  — To  fall  calm , 
(J\Taut.)  to  cease  blowing  ; to  become  calm.  Mar.  Diet. 
— To  fall  down,  (Naut.)  to  sail  or  float  down  a river 
with  the  current  or  tide.  Alar.  Diet.— To  fall  foul,  to 
assault  ; to  attack.  Addison. — To  fall  from,  to  depart 
from  adherence;  to  revolt.  — To  fall  home,  (Naut.)  to 
curve  inwards,  as  the  timbers  or  sides  of  a ship. — 
To  fall  in,  to  meet;  to  concur.  “ Objections  fall  in 
here.”  Woodward.  — To  sink  ; to  subside  : — (AIU.)  to 
come  into  line  ; to  form  in  ranks.  Burn.  — To  fall  in 
with,  to  coincide;  to  agree  with.  “Your  own  no- 
tion of  dignity  falls  in  with  mine  ofsubstance.”  Water- 
land.  — To  comply  with  ; to  yield  to.  “ You  will  find 
it  difficult  to  persuade  learned  men  to  fall  in  with  your 
projects.”  Addison.  — (Naut.)  To  discover,  as  a ship 
or  land.  Alar.  Diet.  — To  fall  off,  to  separate  from. 
“ Languages  need  recruits  to  supply  the  place  of  those 
words  that  are  continually  falling  off  through  dis- 
use.” Felton.  — To  fall  on,  or  upon,  to  rush  at  or  up- 
on ; to  attack;  to  assault.  “ They  fell  on;  I made 
good  my  place.”  Shak.  — To  meet  with,  or  find  by 
chance. — To  fall  over,  to  revolt;  to  desert.  “And 
dost  thou  now  fall  over  to  my  foes  ? ” Shak.  — To  fall 
out , to  happen  ; to  befall.  “ It  so  fell  out  that  certain 
players  weo’errodeon  the  way  : of  these  we  told  him.” 
Shak.  — To  quarrel ; to  disagree.  “ How  fell  you  out  ? 
say  that.”  Shak.  — To  fall  short,  to  fail  ; to  be  deficient. 
Waller.  — To  full  to,  to  begin  ; to  set  about ; to  apply 
one’s  self  to.  “ Tliey/e//  to  raising  money.”  Claren- 
don.— To  go  over  to  ; to  submit  to.  “ He  that  goeth 
out,  and  falleth  to  the  Chaldeans  that  besiege  you,  he 
shall  live.”  Jer.  xxi.  9. — To  fall  under,  to  be  ranged 
with  ; to  be  reckoned  with.  “ The  Georgies  fall  un- 
der that  class  of  poetry  which  consists  in  giving  plain 
directions  to  the  reader.”  Addison.  — To  be  subject 
to  ; to  become  the  subject  of.  “ The  effects  of  heat 
will  be  such  as  will  scarce  fall  under  the  conceit  of 
man.”  Bacon. 

XJQr”  “ Fall  is  one  of  those  general  words  of  which 
it  is  very  difficult  to  ascertain  or  detail  the  full  signifi- 
cation. It  retains  in  most  of  its  senses  some  part  of 
its  primitive  meaning,  and  implies,  either  literally  or 
figuratively,  descent,  violence,  or  suddenness.  In 
many  of  its  senses  it  is  opposed  to  rise;  but  in  others, 
it  lias  no  counterpart  or  correlative.”  Johnson. 

FALL,  v.  a.  1.  To  drop;  to  let  fall.  [r.] 

And  as  she  fled,  her  mantle  she  did/aZZ.  Shak. 

2.  To  sink  ; to  depress  ; to  abase.  “ To  raise 

ox  fall  his  voice.”  Bacon. 

3.  To  diminish ; to  lessen  ; to  decrease. 

You  Jail  the  price  of  your  native  commodities.  Locke. 

4.  f To  yean  ; to  bring  forth.  Shak. 

/Ktr*  Often  improperly  used  for  fell  in  the  U.  S. ; 

and  it  is  so  used  in  some  parts  of  England  ; as,  “ To 
fall  a tree,”  instead  of,  “ To  fell  a tree.”  Forby. 

FALL,  n.  1.  The  act  of  falling  ; the  act  of  drop- 
ping from  a higher  to  a lower  place  by  the 
mere  force  of  gravity;  — the  natural  motion  of 
bodies  towards  the  centre  of  the  earth. 

High  o’er  their  heads  a mouldering  rock  is  placed, 

That  promises  a fall,  and  shakes  at  every  blast.  Dryden. 

2.  The  act  of  dropping  from  an  erect  to  a flat 

or  prostrate  position  ; a tumble.  “ A fall  in 
wrestling.”  Dryden. 

My  son,  coming  into  his  marriage-chamber,  happened  to 
have  a Jail,  and  died.  2 E*dr.  x.  48. 

3.  A rapid  descent  of  water  down  a steep 
place  ; a cascade  ; a cataract. 

These  falls  [of  the  Missouri],  next  to  those  of  Niagara,  are 
regarded  as  the  grandest  in  North  America.  J.  Thomas. 

4.  The  distance  or  space  through  which  any 
thing,  as  water,  descends  ; as,  “ There  is  a fall 
at  the  mill  of  ten  feet.” 

5.  Destruction  ; overthrow ; death. 

Wail  his  fall 

Whom  I myself  struck  down.  Shak. 

6.  The  act  of  sinking  or  becoming  lower. 

A sudden  fall  of  the  barometer  in  the  spring  or  autumn 
indicates  wind.  Brande. 

7.  Discharge  ; disemboguement,  as  of  a river 

or  other  stream.  “The_/o//of  the  Po  into  the 
gulf  [of  Venice].”  Addison. 

8.  Downfall ; degradation  ; declension  from 

eminence ; loss  of  greatness  or  power  ; deposi- 
tion from  a high  station  or  rank  ; ruin. 

Mark  but  my  fall,  and  that  that  ruined  me.  Shak. 

9.  Declension  from  goodness  or  innocence  ; 
departure  from  faith  or  duty  ; transgression  ; 
apostasy; — particularly,  the  loss  of  their  first 
estate  by  the  progenitors  of  the  human  race. 

This  revolt  of  thine  is  like  another  fall  of  man.  §hak. 

O miserable  mankind,  to  what/a/t 

Degraded,  to  what  wretched  state  reserved  1 Milton. 

10.  Decrease  ; diminution  ; decline.  “ The  ef- 
fect the  fall  of  interest  hath.”  Child. 

11.  Cadence  ; declination  of  sound  ; a sink- 
ing or  descent,  as  of  the  voice  ; close. 

That  strain  again;  it  had  a dying  fall.  Shak. 


At  every  fall  smoothing  the  raven  down 
Of  darkness  till  it  smiled.  Milton. 

12.  Chance;  hap;  accident;  fortune;  lot. 

“ Whatever  fall  may  fall.”  Shak. 

13.  Declivity  ; descent ; descension.  Bacon. 

14.  The  act  of  felling  or  cutting  down.  “ The 

fall  of  timber.”  Johnson. 

15.  f A part  of  female  dress  ; a kind  of  veil. 

Which  gown?  what  .fall!  what  tire?  B.  Jonson. 

10.  (Scotch  Land  Measure.)  Six  ells,  or  the 
fortieth  part  of  a rood.  Craig. 

17.  A trap  for  animals.  Simmonds. 

18.  The  season  when  the  leaves  fall  from  the 
trees;  the  fall  of  the  leaf;  autumn. 

What  crowds  of  patients  the  town-doctor  kills, 

Or  how,  last  Jail,  he  raised  the  weekly  bills.  Dryden. 
A honey  tongue,  a heart  of  gall,  . 

Is  fancy’s  spring,  but  sorrow's  fall.  Raleigh. 

\ et  we  have  lost,  I am  told,  fifteen  hundred  persons  this 
fa"‘  W.  Penn,  1C86. 

In  North  America,  the  season  in  which  this  [the  fall  of  the 
leaf]  takes  place  derives  its  name  from  that  circumstance, 
and,  instead  of  autumn,  is  universally  called  fall.  Rees'  Cyc. 

m JQ3f*  The  use  of  fall  in  the  sense  of  autumn,  though 
now  very  common  in  the  United  States,  is  compara- 
tively rare,  or  regarded  as  provincial,  in  England. 

19.  (Naut.')  That  part  to  which  the  power  is 

applied  in  hoisting.  Dana. 

Syn.  — See  Ruin. 

FAL-LA'CIOyS  (fal-la'shus),  a.  [L . fallaciosas,  or 
fallax ; fallo , to  deceive  ; It.  f ‘allace ; Sp . falaz  ; 
Fr.  fallacicux.]  Producing  mistake  or  error; 
false  ; deceitful;  misleading;  disappointing;  de- 
lusive;— never  used  of  persons,  but  of  things. 
“ This  fallacious  idea  of  liberty.”  Burke. 

False  philosophy  inspires 
Fallacious  hope.  Milton. 

Syn.  — Fallacious  hopes  ; deceitful  person  or  con- 
duct ; deceptive  or  delusive  appearance ; sophistical  ar- 
gument ; fraudulent  practice. 

FAL-LA'CIOUS-LY  (fal-la'shus-le),  ad.  In  a fal- 
lacious manner  ; delusively. 

FAL-LA'CIOUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
fallacious ; tendency  to  deceive  or  mislead ; 
delusiveness  ; deceitfulness  ; fallacy.  “ The 
fallaciousness  of  such  thermoscopes.”  Boyle. 

FAL'LA-CY,  n.  [L.  fallacia;  fallo,  to  deceive; 
It .fallacia;  Sp .falacia;  Fr . f allace.] 

1.  The  quality  of  being  fallacious ; a decep- 
tive or  false  appearance  ; deceit ; deception. 

Until  I know  this  sure  uncertainty, 

I’ll  entertain  the  favored  fallacy.  Shak. 

2.  (Logic.)  A sophism  ; logical  artifice  ; de- 
ceitful argument ; an  argument  which  pretends 
to  be  decisive  of  the  matter  at  issue,  while  it 
really  is  not. 

His  principal  and  most  general  Jallacy  is  his  making  es- 
sence and  person  to  signify  the  same.  Waterland. 

t FBL' LAX,  n.  [L.]  Cavillation.  Bacon. 

FALL'— BOARD,  n.  The  wooden  drop-shutter  of 
a window  that  is  not  glazed.  Simmonds. 

FALL'EN  (f&l'ln),  p.  from  fall.  — See  Fall. 

fFAL'LpN-CY,  n.  [L.  fallo,  fallens,  to  deceive.] 
Mistake;  error.  “Two  fallencies.”  Bp.  Tag  lor. 

FALL'E R,  n.  One  who  falls.  Johnson. 

FAL-LI-BIl'I-TY,  n.  [It.  fallibilita;  Sp.  falibili- 
dad.]  The  state  of  being  fallible ; frailty ; lia- 
bility to  error ; uncertainty. 

There  is  a great  deal  of  fallibility  in  the  testimony  of  men, 

Watts. 

FAL'LI-BLE,  a.  [L . fallo,  to  deceive  ; It .fallibile; 
Sp.  falible;  Fr.  faillible .]  That  may  fail  or 

err  ; liable  to  error  ; frail ; uncertain  ; imperfect. 
Do  not  falsify  your  resolution  with  hopes  that  are  fallible. Shak. 

fAl'LI-BLY,  ad.  In  a fallible  manner.  Huloet. 

FALL'ING,  n.  1.  That  which  falls;  a dropping ; 
declension  ; fall.  Drgden. 

2.  An  indenting  or  indentation  ; a hollow  ; a 
depression.  “ The  several  prominences  or  fall- 
ings in  of  the  features.”  Addison. 

FALL'ING— SIUK'NpSS,  n.  The  epilepsy  ; a dis- 
ease in  which  the  patient  is  suddenly  deprived 
of  his  senses,  and  falls  down. 

Brutus.  ’T  is  very  like  he  hath  the  falling-sickness. 

Cassius.  No.  Ciesnr  hath  it  not;  but  you.  and  I. 

And  honest  Casca,  we  have  the  falling-sickness.  Shak. 

FALL'ING-SlOiCE,  n.  A kind  of  flood-gate. 

Buchanan. 

FALL'ING— STAR,  n.  (Meteor.)  A shooting  star; 
a kind  of  meteor.  London  Encg. 

fAll'JNG-STONE,  n.  A stone  that  falls  from 
the  atmosphere ; an  aerolite  ; a meteorite. Encg. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short; 


A,  ?,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


FALLOPIAN 


535 


FAME 


FAL-LO'PI-AN,  a.  ( Anat .)  An  epithet  applied 
to  two  tubes  or  ducts  arising  trom  the  two  upper 
corners  of  the  uterus  ; — so  named  from  having 
been  discovered  by  Fallopius,  a famous  Italian 
anatomist.  Palmer. 

FAL'LOW  (fal'lo),  a.  [A.  S.  fealo,  or  fealwe  ■, 
Dut.  vael ; Ger.  fall,  or  fahl'. — L.  flavus,  fal- 
vus,  golden  yellow ; gilvus,  or  helms,  pale  yel- 
low; It.  4r  Sp.Jiavo  ; Fr .fauve.  — See  Yellow.] 

1.  Pale  red,  or  pale  yellow.  Shah. 

2.  Untilled;  left  to  rest  after  tillage. 

Break  up  your  /allow  ground.  Hosea  x.  12. 

3.  Ploughed,  but  not  sowed.  Howell. 

The  soil  must  li e fallow.  Addison. 

FAL'LOW,  n.  ( Agric .)  Untilled  land  ; a portion 
of  land  in  which  no  seed  is  sown  for  a whole 
year,  in  order  that  the  soil  may  be  left  exposed  to 
the  influence  of  the  atmosphere  ; the  weeds  being 
destroyed  by  repeated  ploughing  and  harrowing ; 
and  the  fertility  improved  by  decomposition  of 
the  soil,  so  as  to  render  it  capable  of  supplying 
the  exhausting  effects  of  previous  crops.  Craig. 

A naked  fallow  is  when  it  lias  been  ploughed  and  har- 
rowed, and  lefts  while  a green  fallow  is  when  some  interme- 
diate crop  of  roots  or  forage  has  been  taken  from  it.  Simmonds. 

“ There  is  no  coining  at  the  radical  of  this 
word  by  the  sound  : it  depends  entirely  on  the  sense, 
which  arises  front  one  of  the  ancientest  customs.  The 
Mullum  or  Mallow  was,  in  Britain,  nearly  what  the 
Campus  Martins  was  to  the  Romans.  The  Mallow  mol, 
or  assembly  of  the  principals  of  the  land,  was  on  the 
commons,  either  adjacent  to  the  caelr  [town],  or  ap- 
propriated  to  that  purpose  by  the  people.  This  spot 
of  ground  was  so  inviolably  privileged  as  nev.  r to  be 
enclosed  or  cultivated  as  private  property.  Thence 
the  word  Mallow  became  generalized  and  applied  to 
grounds  that  lay  unsown.  The  m,  in  the  ancient 
British,  deflecting  into  /,  gave  the  word  fallow.1’ 
Cleland . 

f FAL'LOW,  V.  11.  [t.  FALLOWED  ; pp.  FALLOW- 

ING, fallowed.]  To  fade  ; to  become  yellow, 
like  a faded  leaf.  Old  Saxon  Poem. 

FAL'LOW,  v.  a.  To  plough  and  harrow  as  land  on 
which  the  crops  are  suspended,  for  the  purpose 
of  rooting  out  pernicious  weeds,  and  of  dividing 
and  pulverizing  the  soil  more  perfectly.  Deane. 

FAL'LO W-CIIAt,  n.  ( Ornith .)  A small  bird  of 
the  genus  Motacilla ; wheat-ear;  oenanthe; 
fallow-finch  ; Motacilla  oenanthe.  Eng.  Cyc. 

FAl'LOW-CROP,  n.  The  crop  taken  from  fal- 
lowed ground.  Craig. 

FAL'LOW-DEER,  n. 

(Zo'il.)  A species  of 
deer  having  horns 
branched,  recurved, 
and  compressed, 
common  in  English 
parks ; Cervus  dama 
or  Dama  vulgaris. 

' Bell. 

fAl'low-fInch,  n. 

( Ornith.)  A small 
bird  of  the  genus 
Motacilla ; wheat- 
ear  ; oenanthe ; fal- 
low-chat ; Motacilla 
oenanthe.  Eng.  Cyc. 

FAL'LOVV-ING,  n.  (Agric.)  The  operation  of 
ploughing  and  harrowing  land  on  which  the 
crops  are  suspended.  Deane. 

FAL'LOW-IsT,  n.  (Agric.)  One  who  favors  the 
practice  of  fallowing  land,  [r.]  Craig. 

fAl'LOW-NESS,  n.  (Agric.)  The  state  of  being 
fallow  or  uncultivated.  Donne. 

FALL'TRANCK,  n.  See  Faltranck. 

f F.\L'SA-RY,  n.  A falsifier  of  evidence.  “You 
make  Mr.  Mason  a falsary.”  Sheldon. 

FALSE,  a.  [L .falsus ; fallo,  to  deceive  ; It.  &•  Sp. 
f also ; Fr  .faux.  — K.  S.  false-,  Gael,  fal/sa.] 

1.  Destitute  of  truth  or  reality  ; not  true  ; un- 
true ; — applied  to  things. 

Thus  we  say  that  things  are  false,  either  because  they  do 
not  absolutely  exist,  or  because  they  are  but  appearances 
and  not  realities.  Fleming. 

2.  Wanting  in  truthfulness;  not  honest; 
treacherous  ; perfidious  ; deceitful ; mendacious. 

False  of  heart,  light  of  ear,  bloody  of  hand.  Shah. 

3.  Counterfeit;  spurious;  not  genuine.  “A 
false  bottom.”  Bacon.  “ False  tears.”  Dryden. 


From  vain  deceit  and  false  philosophy.  Mason. 

4.  Incorrect;  not  agreeable  to  rule  or  propri- 
ety. “ False  French.”  Shah. 

5.  (Bot.)  Noting  a close  resemblance  to  some 

particular  structure  originating  in  an  unusual 

and  irregular  manner.  Henslow. 

6.  (Mus.)  Not  in  tune;  not  accurate  in  pitch. 

Dwight. 

False  cadence,  (Mus.)  a cadence  in  which  the  bass 
rises  a tone  or  a semitone,  instead  of  rising  a fourth,  or 
falling  a fifth.  — False  fire,  a blue  flame  made  by  the 
burning  of  certain  combustibles  in  a wooden  tube, 
used  as  a signal  during  the  night,  and  sometimes  for 
the  purpose  of  deceiving  an  enemy.  Craig-.  — False 
imprisonment,  (Law.)  unlawful  imprisonment  or  deten- 
tion. — False  pretences,  false  representations,  made  in 
order  to  obtain  money  or  goods  with  intent  to  cheat. 

Syn.  — See  Spurious. 

FALSE,  ad.  1.  Not  truly  ; falsely.  Shah. 

2.  (Mus.)  Out  of  tune  ; as,  “ She  sang  false.” 

Dwight. 

f FALSE,  v.  a.  1.  To  cause  to  fail  in  veracity  ; 
to  make  untruthful  ; to  falsify.  Shah. 

2.  To  deceive  ; to  cheat ; to  delude.  Spenser. 

3.  To  defeat ; to  balk  ; to  evade.  Spenser. 

FALSE'— CON-CEP'TION,  n.  (Med.)  An  abnormal 

conception,  in  which,  instead  of  a well-organ- 
ized embryo,  a mole  or  some  analogous  produc- 
tion is  formed.  Hoblyn. 

FALSE'— FACED  (f&ls'fast),  a.  Hypocritical  ; de- 
ceitful. “ False-faced  soothing.”  Shah. 

FALSE'HeArT,  a:  Perfidious  ; treacherous  ; false- 
hearted. “A  falseheart  traitor.”  Shah. 

FALSE'— HEART-JED,  a.  Treacherous  ; perfidious  ; 
faithless.  “ False-hearted  friends.”  Bacon. 

FALSE'-HEART'FD-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being 
false-hearted  ; perfidiousness  ; deceitfulness. 

There  was  no  hypocrisy  or  false-hearted ness  in  all  this. 

Stilling  fleet. 

FALSE'HOOD  (fils'hfld),  n.  1.  The  quality  of  being 
false  ; want  of  truth  ; falsity  ; untruthfulness. 

All  deception  is  nothing  else  but  a lie  reduced  to  practice, 
and  falsehood  passing  from  words  to  things.  South. 

As  there  may  be  falsehoods  which  are  not  lies,  so  there 
may  be  lies  without  literal  or  direct  falsehood.  Paley. 

2.  A wilful  act  or  declaration  contrary  to 

truth;  deception;  deceitfulness;  dishonesty; 

perfidy  ; an  untruth  ; a lie  ; a fib. 

Artificer  of  fraud;  he  was  the  first 
That  practised  falsehood  under  saintly  show.  Milton. 

The  commentators  on  Homer  apologize  for  the  glaring 
falsehoods  which  Ulysses  relates,  by  showing  that  they  are 
told  to  the  Phaeucians,  a credulous  people.  Cambi'idge. 

3.  A counterfeit ; an  imposture. 

No  falsehood  can  endure 
Touch  of  celestial  temper,  hut  returns 
Of  three  to  its  own  likeness.  Milton. 

Syn.—  Falsehood  is  a false  assertion  or  proposition  ; 
falsity  is  the  quality  of  a false  proposition.  When  tile 
falsity  of  an  assertion  is  made  evident,  it  is  proved  to 
be  a falsehood.  Falsehood  is  a mild  term  of  reproba- 
tion, applied  to  an  untruth  ; lie  is  a harsh  one.  A lie 
is  a voluntary  falsehood  ; an  untruth  is,  or  may  be,  an 
involuntary  falsehood. 

FALSE'IijM,  n.  A self-evident  falsity;  — the  op- 
posite of  truism,  [r.]  Qu.  Rev. 

FALSE'-KEEL,  n.  (Naut.)  A keel  composed  of 
several  pieces  and  fitted  under  the  main  keel, 
to  preserve  it  from  friction,  and  to  make  the  ship 
hold  a better  wind.  Craig. 

FALSE'LY,  ad.  In  a false  manner  ; not  truly. 

fAlSE'N^SS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  false ; 
want  of  truth  ; falsity  ; falsehood. 

Die  had  she  rather  in  tormenting  grief 

That  any  should  of  falseness  her  reprove.  Spenser. 

fFALS'ER,  n.  A deceiver.  “ Such  falsers'  friend- 
ship.” Spenser. 

FALSE'— RAIL,  n.  (Naut.)  A thin  piece  of  timber 
attached  inside  of  a curved  head-rail,  in  order 

to  strengthen  it.  Ogilvie. 

FALSE'-ROOF,  n.  A roof  under  another  roof. 

FAL-SETTE’ , a.  [It.  falsetto,  dim.  of  falso, 
false.]  (Rhet.)  Noting  a shrill  or  high  tone  of 
the  voice,  a cry,  scream,  or  yell.  P.  Cyc. 

FAL-SET'  TO,  n.  [It.]  (Mus.)  That  artificial 
register  of  a man’s  voice  which  lies  above  his 
natural  compass,  feebly  resembling  the  voice  of 
a woman  ; — called  also  head  voice.  Dwight. 

FAl'SI-FI-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  falsified,  coun- 
terfeited, or  corrupted.  Johnson. 


FAL-SJ-FI-CA'TION,  n.  \Sp.  falsification',  Fr. 
falsification .]  The  act  of  falsifying,  counterfeit- 
ing, or  making  a thing  appear  to  be  what  it  is  not. 

Falsification  of  the  doctrine  of  the  alliance.  Warburton. 

FAL'SI-FI-CA-TOR,  n.  A falsifier.  Bp.  Morton. 

FAL'Sl-Fl-JJR,  n.  1.  One  who  falsifies  or  coun- 
terfeits. “ Falsifiers  of  . . . coin.”  Ascharn. 

2.  A liar ; one  who  contrives  falsehoods. 

Boasters  are  naturally  falsifiers.  L' Estrange. 

FAl'SJ-FY,  v.  a.  [L.  falsus,  false,  and  facio,  to 
make;  It . falsificare  \ Sp  .falsificar  ; Fr.  falsi- 
fier.] [ i . falsified;  pp.  falsifying,  falsi- 
fied.] 

1.  To  counterfeit;  to  forge;  to  make  false. 

Falsifying  the  balances  by  deceit.  Amos  viii.  5. 

2.  To  prove  to  be  false  ; to  disprove. 

We  cannot,  I fear,  falsify  the  pedigree  of  this  tierce  peo- 
ple, and  persuade  them  that  they  are  not  sprung  from  a 
nation  in  whose  veins  the  blood  of  freedom  circulates.  Burke. 

3.  To  violate;  to  break  by  falsehood.  “He 

suddenly  falsified  his  faith.”  Knolles. 

4.  f To  show  to  be  unsound  or  not  proof. 

His  ample  shield 

Is  falsified,  and  round  with  javelins  tilled.  Dryden. 

FAl'SI-FY,  v.n.  To  tell  lies  or  falsehoods.  South. 

f fAlS'ING,/?.  a.  Deceiving;  false.  Shah. 

FAL'SI-TY,  n.  [L .falsitas;  It .falsita;  Sp .fal- 
sedad;  Fr . faussete.] 

1.  The  state  or  the  quality  of  being  false  ; in- 
conformity to  truth  ; contrariety  to  truth. 

When  the  falsity  of  an  assertion  is  made  evident,  it  is 
proved  to  be  a falsehood.  Graham. 

2.  A false  assertion  ; an  untruth  ; a lie.  “ Ea- 
sily confutable  falsities.”  [it.]  Glanville. 

Syn. — See  Falsehood. 

FAL'TFR,  v.  n.  [L.  fallo,  to  deceive,  kindred 
with  Gr.  mpdV.io,  to  make  to  fall ; It . faltare,  to 
be  wanting  ; Port.  6,  Sp.  /ofto-.]  [i.  faltered  ; 
pp.  faltering,  faltered.] 

1.  To  hesitate  in  the  utterance  of  words ; to 
stammer  ; to  stutter. 

• His  tongue  faltered , and  his  hands  shook.  Golden  Boke. 

2.  To  fail  ; to  waver;  to  totter.  “He  found 

his  legs  falter.”  Wiseman. 

3.  To  fail  or  mistake  in  any  act  of  the  under- 

standing. “Their  [idiots’]  several  ways  of  fal- 
tering.” Locke. 

Syn.  — See  Hesitate. 

fAL'T^R,  v.  a.  To  filter.  [Local,  Eng.]  Mortimer. 

FAL'TFR-lNG,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  falters  ; 
feebleness ; deficiency.  Killingbeek. 

FAL'T£R-ING,  p.  a.  Hesitating;  stammering. 

And  his  last  faltering  accents  whisper  praise.  Goldsmith. 

fAl'T^R-ING-LY,  ad.  In  a faltering  manner. 

FAl'TRANCK,  n.  [Ger.  fall,  a fall,  and  trank, 
drink ; literally,  a drink  against  falls.]  (Med.) 
A mixture  of  several  aromatic  plants,  used  as  a 
vulnerary  medicine.  Dunglison. 

FA’LUM.n.  [Fr.]  (Geol.)  A series  of  deposits 
belonging  to  the  middle  tertiary  or  miocene 
period,  and  consisting  chiefly  of  broken  shells, 
quartz,  sand,  and  gravel.  St.  John. 

FA  MA  CLA-MO 1 SA,  n.  [L.1  A public  scandal  : 
— a phrase  used  in  the  judicial  proceedings  of 
the  Presbyterian  Church  Courts  of  Scotland,  for 
a ground  of  action  before  a presbytery  against 
one  of  its  members,  independently  of  any  regu- 
lar complaint  by  a particular  accuser.  Craig. 

f FAM'BLE,  v.  n.  [Dan.  famber.]  To  hesitate  in 
speech  ; to  stammer  ; to  falfle.  Skinner. 

FAME,  n.  [Gr.  tjifipti  ; <pypi,  to  say  ; L.,  It.,  <S;  Sp. 
fama  ; Fr  .fame.] 

1.  Public  report ; rumor  ; bruit ; hearsay. 

Julius  Caesar  took  Pom pey  unprovided,  and  laid  asleep  his 

industry  and  preparations  by  a fame  that  he  cunningly  gave 
out  how  Caesar's  own  soldiers  loved  him  not.  Bacon. 

2.  Celebrity  ; reputation  ; renowm  ; glory. 

Fame  is  the  spur  that  the  clear  spirit  doth  raise 

(That  last  infirmity  of  noble  minds) 

To  scorn  delights,  and  live  laborious  days.  Milton. 

Though  there  may  be  many  rich,  many  virtuous,  many 
wise  men,  fame  must  necessarily  be  the  portion  of  but  few. 

Ji.  Mall. 

Syn.  — See  Celebrity,  Glory. 

f FAME,  v.  a.  1.  To  make  famous  or  renowned. 

Prithee,  who  fames  thee?  Beau.  3*  FI. 

2.  To  report ; to  rumor  ; to  bruit.  Sir  G.  Buck. 


Fallow  deer  (Cervus  dama). 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BXfLL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  <?,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  Y as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


FAMED 


536 


FANCY 


FAMED  (famd),  p.  a.  Celebrated  ; much  talked  of. 

Why,  art  thou  famed  for  any  valor?  Beau.  6f  FI. 

FAME'L£5S,  a.  Without  fame.  Beau.  § FI. 

FA-MIL'IAR  (fa-mil'yar),  a.  [L.  familiaris  ; fa- 
'milia,  a family  ; It.  famigliare  \ Sp.  familiar ; 
Fr.  familier.] 

1.  Relating  to  a family  ; domestic.  Johnson. 

2.  Well  acquainted;  habituated  by  custom  ; 
conversant ; intimate. 

Familiar  now  with  grief  your  tears  refrain.  Tope. 

3.  Not  formal  or  reserved  ; easy  in  manners 
or  conversation ; unceremonious;  free;  frank; 
social;  affable;  courteous;  polite;  civil. 

Be  thou  familiar,  but  by  no  means  vulgar.  Shak. 

4.  Well  known  ; known  by  frequent  or  habit- 
ual use.  , 

Things  acquainted  and  familiar  to  us.  Shak. 

5.  Illicitly  intimate  ; carnally  acquainted. 

A poor  man  found  a priest  familiar  with  his  wife.  Camden. 

Familiar  spirit,  a demon  supposed  to  be  near,  and 
to  attend  at  call.  “ Mannaseh  dealt  with  a familiar 
spirit.”  2 Kings  xxi.  6. 

Syn.  — See  Acquaintance,  Social. 

FA-MIL'IAR  (fj-mil'y?r),  n.  1.  An  intimate  ; one 
long  acquainted. 

The  king  is  a noble  gentleman,  and  my  familiar.  Shak. 

2.  A demon  supposed  to  attend  at  call. 

Dost  thou  know  that  spirit?  ’T  is  a grave  familiar.  Ford. 

3.  An  officer  of  the  Inquisition  whose  busi- 
ness it  was  to  apprehend  the  accused ; — so 
called  because  they  were  deemed  to  form  a part 
of  the  family  of  the  chief  inquisitor.  Eden. 

FA-MI L-I-AR'I-TY  (fa-mll-ye-hr'e-te),  re.  [L.  fa- 
miUaritas ; It.  familiarith  ; Sp.  familiaridad  ; 
F r.  familiariti. ] 

1.  The  state  of  being  familiar  ; intimacy ; 
close  acquaintance. 

Their  mutual  friends  exhorted  them  to  renew  their  old 
love  and  familiarity.  Hall. 

2.  Easiness  of  conversation  or  intercourse ; 
affability  ; courteousness ; politeness  ; civility  ; 
complaisance  ; urbanity. 

I have  discovered  that  a famed  familiarity  in  great  ones  is 
a note  of  certain  usurpation  on  the  less.  For  great  and  pop- 
ular men  feign  themselves  to  be  servants  to  others,  to  make 
those  slaves  to  them.  IS.  Jonson. 

Syn.  — See  Acquaintance,  Intimacy. 

FA-MIL'I AR-IZE  (fe-mil'yar-Iz),  V.  a.  \i.  FAMIL- 
IARIZED ; pp.  FAMILIARIZING,  FAMILIARIZED.] 
To  make  familiar  or  well  known  ; to  accustom  ; 
to  habituate. 

Being  familiarized  to  it,  men  are  not  shocked  at  it.  Butler. 

FA-MIL'IAR-LY,  ad.  In  a familiar  manner. 

t FA-MIL'IAR- Y,  a.  [L.  familiaris.]  Pertaining 
to  a family ; domestic.  Milton. 

FAM'{-LI§M,  re.  ( Eccl . Hist.)  The  principles  or 
tenets  of  Familists.  Bp.  Hall. 

FAM'J-LIST,  n.  1.  (Eccl.  Hist.)  One  of  the  sect 
called  the  Family  of  Love,  which  appeared  in 
Holland  about  the  year  1555,  and  derived  its 
origin  from  one  Henry  Nicholas,  of  Leyden, 
who  taught  that  the  essence  of  religion  con- 
sisted in  the  feeling  of  divine  love.  'Eden. 

2.  A master  of  a family.  “ If  you  will  needs 
be  a familist  and  marry.”  Osborn. 

fAM-I-LIS'TIC,  £ Relating  to  the  reli- 

FAM-I-LIS'TI-CAL,  > gious  sect  called  Familists, 
or  to  their  principles.  Douglass. 

FH-MILLE'.  [Fr.]  See  En  Famille.  Swift. 

fAm'I-LY,  n.  [L.  familia,  the  whole  of  the 
slaves  in  a household  ; famulus,  a slave  : — It. 
famiqlia,  a family  ; Sp.  familia;  Fr . famille.] 

1.  Persons  collectively  who  live  together  in  a 
house  or  under  one  head  ; household. 

Gorl  setteth  the  solitary  in  families.  Fs.  lxviii.  6. 

2.  Those  who  are  of  the  same  lineage,  or  de- 
scend from  one  common  progenitor ; a lin- 
eage ; a race,  tribe,  or  clan  ; a house. 

Manoah,  a man  of  the  family  of  the  Danites.  Judy.  xiii.  2. 

3.  A group  of  genera  which  are  connected  by 
common  characters  of  structure ; an  order. 

Orders  or  families  (the  two  names  are  need  for  the  same 
thing  in  botany)  are  groups  of  genera  that  resemble  each 
other.  — The  members  of  classification  are  class,  order  (or 
family),  genus,  species,  always  standing  in  this  order.  Gray. 

Syn.  — See  Race. 

fAm'JNE,  n.  [L  .fames;  It.  fame;  Sp.  hambre ; 


Fr.  famine.]  Destitution,  or  scarcity  of  food; 
distress  resulting  from  a want  of  provisions ; 
dearth.  “ Famines  have  been  observed  of  late 
to  be  rare.”  Hale. 

When  we  read  of  realms  smitten  with  the  scourge  of  fam- 
ine or  pestilence,  we  hear  a voice  of  rebuke  to  our  own  clam- 
orous sorrows  and  peevish  complaints.  O.  S.  Hillard. 

Syn. — See  Scarcity. 

FAm'ISII,  v.  a.  [L .fames,  hunger.]  [i.  famished  ; 
pp.  famishing,  famished.] 

1.  To  afflict  with  hunger  or  want ; to  reduce 
to  great  distress  by  depriving  of  food. 

The  land  of  Egypt  and  the  land  of  Canaan  wer e famished 
by  reason  of  the  dearth.  Bible , 1551. 

2.  To  starve  ; to  kill  with  hunger. 

What,  did  he  marry  me  to  famish  me?  Shak. 

3.  To  deprive  of  any  thing  necessary  to  life. 

Thin  air 

Above  the  clouds  will  pine  his  entrails  gross, 

And  famish  him  of  breath,  it  not  of  bread.  Milton. 

FAM'ISH,  v.  n.  1.  To  suffer  extreme  hunger. 

You  are  all  resolved  rather  to  die  than  to  famish.  Shak. 

2.  To  die  with  hunger ; to  perish  from  want 
of  food  ; to  starve. 

All  the  race 

Of  Israel  here  had  famished,  had  not  God 

Rained  from  heaven  munna.  Milton. 

FAM'JSH-MENT,  re.  Act  of  famishing;  want  of 
food  ; extreme  hunger  ; starvation.  Purchas. 

f FA-MOS'I-TY,  n.  Renown;  fame.  Bailey. 

FA'MOrS,  a.  [L . famosus  ;fama,  fame  ; It.  <Sf  Sp. 
famoso;  Fr .fameux.] 

1.  Having  fame;  celebrated;  renowned;  il- 
lustrious ; distinguished ; eminent. 

Athens,  the  eye  of  Greece,  mother  of  arts 

And  eloquence,  native  to  famous  wits.  Milton. 

2.  Noted;  notorious.  “ Slaves  -and  famous 

malefactors.”  Tillotson. 

Syn.  — Famous  is  a term  of  indefinite  import,  but 
commonly,  though  not  always,  used  in  a good  sense. 
Celebrated , renowned,  and  illustrious  are  used  only  in 
a good  sense,  and  rise  gradually  in  strength.  A per- 
son may  be  famous  for  his  talents  or  performances,  or 
for  his  eccentricities  ; celebrated  as  an  artist,  an  ora- 
tor, or  an  author  ; renowned  as  a statesman  or  general  ; 
illustrious,  as  a prince,  a statesman,  or  a benefactor 
to  his  race.  Distinguished  and  eminent  are  not  quite 
so  strong  terms,  and  may  imply  a fame  or  celebrity 
less  extended.  They  are  both  commonly  used  in  a 
good  sense  ; yet  a person  may  be  distinguished  for 
tilings  good,  bad,  or  indifferent. 

fFA'MOIJSED  (fa'must),  a.  Made  famous.  Shah. 

FA'MOljS-LY,  ad.  In  a famous  manner;  with 
fame. 

FA'MOTJS-NEsS,  m.  The  state  of  being  famous; 
celebrity  ; great  fame,  [r.]  Boyle. 

f FAM'U-LATE,  v.  n.  [L.  famulor,  famulatus,  to 
serve.]  To  serve;  to  minister.  Cockeram. 

FAM'U-LIST,  n.  [L.  famulus,  a servant.]  An 
inferior  member  of  a college  ; — in  use  at  Ox- 
ford, Eng.  _ Todd. 

FAN,  n.  [A.  S .fan;  Dut.  wan;  Ger.  uianne. — 
L.  r annus,  a winnowing  fan  ; It.  vanni,  wings  ; 
Port.  <Sf  Sp.  abanico;  Fr.  van.'] 

1.  An  instrument  used  by  women  to  agitate 
the  air  for  the  purpose  of  cooling  the  face  ; — 
made  of  various  materials,  as  colored  paper, 
feathers,  bone,  ivory,  or  wood  carved,  &c. 

The  modest  fan  was  lifted  up  no  more. 

And  virgins  smiled  at  what  tney  blushed  before.  Poj>c. 

2.  Any  thing  spread  out  in  the  manner  of  a 
woman’s  fan. 

The  peacock  spread  his  tail  and  challenged  the  other  [the 
crane]  to  show  him  such  a.  fan  of  feathers.  L' Estrange. 

3.  A kind  of  bellows  to  stimulate  a fire ; a 

blower.  Fairholt. 

4.  A utensil  for  winnowing  grain. 

Whose  fan  is  in  his  hand,  and  he  will  throuchly  purge 
his  floor,  and  gather  his  wheat  into  the  garner.  Matt.  lii.  12. 

5.  A vane  attached  to  a windmill  to  keep  the 

sails  turned  towards  the  wind.  Ilcbcrt. 

FAN,  v.  a.  \i.  fanned  ; pp.  fanning,  fanned.] 

1.  To  cool  with  a fan ; to  affect  by  air  put  in 

motion.  Spectator. 

She  was  fanned  into  slumbers  by  her  slaves.  Spectator. 

The  Norwegian  banners  flout  the  sky, 

And  fan  our  people  cold.  Shak. 

2.  To  strike,  beat,  or  move,  as  with  a fan. 

The  air 

Floats  as  they  pass,  fanned  with  unnumbered  plumes.  Shak. 


3.  To  separate  by  winnowing;  to  winnow. 

Chaff  which,  fanned, 

The  wind  drives.  Milton. 

FA-NAL',  7i.  [Fr.,  from  Gr.  <pav6g,  a lamp ; <pahw,  to 
show.]  A name  given  to  a lighthouse,  or  more 
particularly  to  the  lantern  placed  in  it.  Weale. 

FA'NAM,  n.  A small  coin  in  India,  both  of  gold 
and  silver : — the  former  valued  at  about  6 d. 
sterling  (12  cents)  ; the  latter  at  i^l.  Crabb. 

FA-NAt'JC,  n.  [L.  fanaticus,  inspired  by  a di- 
vinity ; fanum,  a temple;  It.  <Sf  Sp.  fanatico ; 
Fr.  fanatique.]  A person  filled  with  frenzy,  or 
wild  and  extravagant  notions,  particularly  in 
religion;  an  enthusiast ; avisionary. 

There  is  a new  word  coined  within  a few  months  colled 
fanatics.  Thomas  Fuller.  1000. 

Syn.  — Fanatic,  enthusiast,  and  visionary  are  all 
used  to  denote  persons  of  a disordered  or  heated  imagi- 
nation. An  enthusiast  is  a person  having  ardent  zeal 
in  some  cause,  which  may  be  either  good  or  had.  Fa- 
natic is  a term  commonly  applied  to  one  who  is  pos- 
sessed of  religious  frenzy,  or  who  pretends  to  inspira- 
tion ; visionary,  to  one  much  addicted  to  fanciful  or 
wild  projects.  A warm-hearted  enthusiast;  a delud- 
ed or  dangerous  fanatic  ; a wild  visionary. 

FA-NAt  IC,  ) a Partaking  of  fanaticism; 

FA-NAT'I-CAL,  ) filled  with  frenzy  ; enthusias- 
tic ; wild ; mad  ; visionary. 

The  men,  shaking  and  wagging  their  bodies  to. and  fro  after 
a fanatical  fashion,  as  if  they  were  bestraught  and  out  of  their 
right  wits,  seem  to  divine  and  tell  things  to  come.  Holland. 

FA-NAt'I-CAL- LY,  ad.  In  a fanatical  manner. 


FA-NAT'J-CAL-NESS,  n.  Fanaticism.  Wilkins. 

FA-NAt'!-CI§M,  re.  [It .fanaticismo.]  The  quality 
of  a fanatic  ; a false  or  imaginary  pretence  to 
inspiration ; wild,  irrational  enthusiasm  ; frenzy. 

"When  men  add  to  enthusiasm  aud  zeal  for  the  cause  which 
they  believe  to  be  the  enuse  of  truth  a hatred  of  those  who 
are  opposed  to  them,  whether  in  politics  or  religion,  they  fall 
into  fanaticism.  Hook. 

Syn.  — See  Enthusiasm. 

FA-NAt'I-cIZE,  v.  a.  To  render  fanatical  ; to 
inspire  with  frenzy.  Ec.  Rev.  R.  C.  Winthrop. 

fAn'A-TIIjM,  re.  [It.  § Sp .fanatismo;  Fr.  /d- 
natisme.]  Religious  frenzy  ; fanaticism.  Gibbon. 

fAn'CJED  (fan'sid),  p.  a.  Portrayed  in  the  mind  ; 
imagined  ; imaginary  ; conceived  of. 

FAn'CI-ER,  n.  One  who  fancies,  or  takes  a fancy 
to  ; an  amateur.  Sydney  Smith. 

fAN'CI-FUL,  a.  1.  Influenced  by  fancy  ; imagi- 
native ; visionary  ; — used  of  persons. 

Not  only  the  melancholic  and  the  fanciful,  but  the  grave 
and  the  sober,  have  from  their  own  knowledge  and  experi- 
ence made  reports  of  this  nature.  Glanrille. 

2.  Dictated  by  fancy  ; whimsical ; ideal ; chi- 
merical ; imaginary  ; — used  of  things. 

What  treasures  did  he  bury  in  his  sumptuous  buildings! 
and  how  foolish  and  fanciful  were  they  I Hayward. 

Syn.—  Fanciful,  fantastical,  and  visionary  are  ap- 
plied both  to  persons  and  things  ; capricious  and  whim- 
sical, to  persons  or  vvliat  is  personal.  A fanciful  notion 
or  person  ; a fantastic  or  fantastical  dress  or  fop  ; a 
visionary  projector  or  scheme  ; a capricious  person  or 
temper  ; a whimsical  writer  or  invention  ; a chimerical 
supposition  ; an  imaginary  good. 

FAN'CI-FUL-LY,  ad.  In  a fanciful  manner. 

FAN'CI-FUL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  fan- 
ciful ; whimsicality.  Hale . 

FAN'CJ-LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  fancy. 

A pert,  or  bluff,  important  wight, 

Whose  brain  is  fanciless.  Armstrong. 


FAN'— CRlCK-JpT,  n.  (Eht.)  A species  of  cricket 
that  burrows  in  the  ground ; the  churr-worm ; 
mole-cricket;  fen-crieket;  Gryllotalpa  vulga- 
ris. Johnson. 


FAN'CY,  re.  [Gr.  (pavraoin  ; ipawb^o),  to  cause  to 
appear  ; to  make  visible  ; L .phantasia  ; It.  Sj  Sp. 
fantasia ; Fr.  fantaisie.] 

1.  The  power  by  which  the  mind  forms  im- 
ages and  representations  of  things  or  persons  in 
such  a manner  as  to  produce  novel  and  pleas- 
ing scenes  for  contemplation ; the  power  of 
combining  ideas  ingeniously  ; imagination. 

Sunbeams  upon  distant  hills 
Gliding  apace,  with  shadows  in  their  train, 

Might,  with  small  help  from  fancy,  be  transformed 
Into  fleet  oreads  sporting  visibly.  Wordsicorth. 

2.  A mere  notion ; an  opinion  not  founded 
on  reason  ; an  idea;  a conception  ; a thought. 

I always  had  a fancy  that  learning  might  be  made  a play 
and  recreation  to  children.  Locke. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short; 


A,  E,  I,  o,  U,  Y,  obscure;  fArE,  fAr,  FAST,  fAlI.  ; HEIR,  HER; 


FANCY 


537 


FARCE 


Why  do  you  keep  alone, 

Of  sorriest  fancies  your  companions  making?  Shak. 

3.  Inclination;  liking;  fondness. 

A fancy  for  the  same  business  or  diversion  is  a ground  of 
affection.  Collier. 

4.  Love  ; ardent  affection  or  attachment. 

Tell  me,  where  is  fancy  bred. 

Or  in  the  heart,  or  in  the  head?  Shak. 

5.  Caprice  ; humor ; whim  ; vagary. 

True  worth  shall  gain  me,  that  it  may  be  said, 

Desert,  not  fancy,  once  a woman  led.  Dryden. 

6.  A thing  that  is  or  may  be  fancied. 

London-pride  is  a pretty  fancy  for  borders.  Mortimer . 

7.  A term  applied  to  persons  who  practice 

prize-fighting  and  similar  sports.  Clarke . 

“When  fancy  was  spelt  phantsy , as  it  once 
was,  no  one  could  then  doubt  its  connection,  or  rather 
its  original  identity,  with  phantasy , as  no  Greek 
scholar  could  miss  its  relation  with  <pavraaia .” 
Trench. 

Syn.  — “ It  is  not  always  easy  to  distinguish  be- 
tween wit  and  fancy.  Wlien  the  whole  pleasure  re- 
ceived is  derived  from  surprise  at  an  unexpected  turn 
of  expression,  then  I call  it  wit ; but  when  the  pleas- 
ure is  produced  not  only  by  surprise,  but  also  by  an 
image  that  remains  with  us  and  gratifies  for  its  own 
sake,  then  I call  it  fancy.”  Coleridge.  — See  Dream, 
Imagination,  Whim. 

FAN'CY,  V.  n.  [t.  FANCIED  ; pp.  FANCYING,  FAN- 
CIED.’] To  figure  to  one’s  self;  to  think;  to  im- 
agine ; to  suppose. 

They  swim  in  mirth,  and  fancy  that  they  feel 

Divinity  within  them  breeding  wings 

Wherewith  to  scorn  the  earth.  Milton. 

FAN'CY,  v.  a.  1.  To  conceive  in  the  mind;  to 
form  a mental  image  of ; to  imagine. 

He  whom  I fancy , but  can  ne’er  express.  Dryden. 

2.  To  like  ; to  be  pleased  with. 

Ninus,  both  admiring  her  judgment  and  valor,  together 
with  her  person  und  external  beauty,  fancied  her  so  strongly 
as,  neglecting  all  princely  respects,  he  took  her  from  her 
husband.  Raleigh. 

FAN'CY,  a.  Fine;  elegant;  fantastic;  orna- 
mental rather  than  useful ; adapted  to  please 
the  taste  or  fancy ; as,  “ Fancy  goods.” 

Fancy  stocks,  a species  of  stocks  having  no  intrinsic 
or  determinate  value,  and  therefore  affording  an  op- 
portunity for  stock  gambling,  — the  fluctuations  in 
their  prices  being  mostly  artificial.  [Local,  U.  S.] 

Bartlett. 

FAN'CY— FRAMED  (-framd),  a.  Framed  by  fancy ; 
created  by  fancy.  Crashaw. 

FAN'CY— FREE,  a.  Free  from  the  power  of  fancy 
or  love. 

In  maiden  meditation,  fancy-free.  Shak. 

FAN'CY—  MON'egR,  n.  A whimsical  person.  Shak. 

FAN'CY— SICK,  a.  Distempered  in  mind.  Shak. 

All  fancy-sick  she  is,  and  pale  of  cheer.  Shak. 

f FAND,  p.  Found.  Spenser. 

FAN-DAN'GO,  n.  [Sp.]  A favorite  and  very  live- 
ly dance  of  the  Spaniards,  supposed  to  be  of 
Moorish  origin.  Swinburne. 

FANE,  n.  [L.  fanum\  Sp.  fano  ; Fr . fane.}  A 
temple ; a place  consecrated  to  religion.  [Po- 
etical.] 

' A sacred  fane  in  Egypt’s  fruitful  land.  Ticket 1. 

FA-NE  'OA  (fa-na'ga),  n.  [Sp.]  A measure  of 
grain  equal  to  about  one  bushel.  Sloane. 

FAN' FARE,  n.  [Fr.]  1.  A sounding  or  flourish 

of  trumpets,  as  on  entering  the  lists.  Todd. 

2.  An  ostentatious  boast ; a bravado.  Todd. 

3.  A name  given  to  lively  pieces  performed 

on  hunting  horns  in  the  chase.  Craig. 

FAN ' FA- RON,  or  FAN ' FA- RON  [fan'fa-r5n,  S. 
Ja. ; fan-fa-ron',  IF. ; fan'fa-ron,  P.  Sm.  \Vb . } , n. 
[Fr.]  A bully  ; a blusterer  ; a boaster. 

L’  Estrange. 

FAN-FAR-O-NADE',  n.  [Fr.  fanfaronnadc.]  A 
bluster ; a swaggering ; a brag  ;‘  a boast.  Swift. 

f FANG,  v.  a.  [A.  S . foil,  to  take  ; fengon,  taken  ; 
But.  vangen ; Ger .fangen. — See  Finger.]  To 
seize ; to  gripe  ; to'  clutch.  Shak. 

FANG,  n.  [A.  S .fang.  — See  Finger.] 

1.  A long  tusk  of  an  animal  of  prey ; a long, 

pointed  tooth,  as  of  a serpent.  “ Teeth  which 
we  call  fangs  or  tusks.”  Bacon. 

2.  A claw;  a talon  ; a nail.  Johnson. 

3.  A shoot  or  other  thing  by  which  hold  is 
taken.  “ The  . . .fangs  of  the  yuca.”  Evelyn. 

FANGED  (fangd),  a.  Furnished  with  fangs,  tusks, 
or  long  sharp  teeth.  Shak. 


f FAN'GLE  (fdn'gl),  n.  [A  dim.  from  A.  S. /ora, 
to  take,  or  undertake  \ fangen,  taken,  or  under- 
taken.] A silly  attempt ; a trifling  scheme  ; a 
trifle  ; a trifling  ornament. 

A hatred  to  Jangles  and  the  French  fooleries  of  his  time. 

Wood. 

fFAN'GLED  (fdn'gld),  a.  Foolishly  contrived; 
trifling  ; gaudy  ; ridiculously  showy.  Shak. 

New-fangled,  new-fashioned. 

FANG'LfSS,  a.  Without  fangs  ; toothless.  Shak. 
FAN'GOT,  n.  A quantity  of  wares,  as  raw  silk, 
&c.,  containing  from  1 cwt.  to  2]  cwt.  Johnson. 

FAN'ION  (fan'yun),  n.  [Fr.  — See  Fanon.]  (Mil.) 
A banner;  a fanon  ; a flag;  a standard.  Burn. 

FAN'-LIgHT  (fan'lit),  n.  A window  mostly  in  the 
form  of  an  open  fan,  commonly  situated  over  a 
door.  Smart. 

FAN'NJJL,  n.  [Fr.  fanon.  — See  Fanon.1  A 
sort  of  scarf  worn  on  the  left  arm  of  a Catholic 
priest  when  he  officiates.  Sir  T.  Pope. 

FAN'NIJR,  n.  1.  One  who  fans. 

I will  send  unto  Babylon  fanners  that  shall  fan  her.  Jer.  li.  12. 

2.  A circular  arrangement  of  revolving  vanes 
or  flat  disks,  used,  under  different  forms,  for 
producing  ventilation,  for  winnowing  grain,  and 
for  making  a blast  in  forges.  Craig. 

fAN'-NERVED,  n.  ( Bot . & Ent .)  Having  the 

* nervures  or  nerves  disposed  in  the  manner  of  a 
fan.  Craig. 

FAN'NING,  n.  Ventilation.  Coventry. 

FAn'NING-MA-^HINE',  n.  A machine  for  win- 
nowing grain  ; a fanner.  Brande. 

FAN'ON,  n.  [L . pannus,  a cloth  ; Fr.  fanon. — 
Goth,  fana  ; Ger.  fa  hue.] 

1.  A fannel ; a sort  of  scarf.  Bale. 

2.  A banner  ; a flag  ; an  ensign.  Cotgrave. 

3.  A small  coin  current  on  the  coast  of  Mal- 
abar. Crabb. 

FAN'— PALM  (fan'pdm),  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of 
palms,  the  leaves  of  which  are  used  for  fans  and 
other  purposes  ; Corypha.  Hamilton. 

FAN'— SHAPED  (fan'shapd),  a.  (Bot.)  Plaited  like 
a fan  ; flabelliform.  Henslow. 

fAn'tAil,  n.  A kind  of  gas-burner  which  emits 
the  flame  in  the  form  of  a fan.  Simmonds. 

FAN-TAfl-A  [fan-ti'ze-a,  Ja.  Sm. ; fjn-taz'ya, 
A'.],  n.  [it.]  (Mus.)  A musical  air  or  compo- 
sition in  which  the  author  is  not  confined  to 
strict  forms  but  ranges  as  fancy  leads  ; a fan- 
tastical air. — See  Fancy.  Brande. 

fAn'TA-SIED  (fan'ta-sld),  a.  Filled  with  fancies. 
“People  strangely  fantasied.”  Shak. 

FAN'TA§M,  n.  See  Phantasm. 

FAN'TAST,  n.  One  filled  with  fantastic  notions. 

[r.]  Coleridge. 

FAN-TAs'TIC,  n.  A fantastic  person.  Milton. 

FAN-TAS  IIC,  ) a [Gr.  iulvrnaTiKdq  ; (Pavracta, 
FAN-TAS'TI-CAL,  > the  power  of  perception  ; It. 
cSfSp.  fantastico  ; Fr.  fantastique.  — See  Fancy.] 

1.  Bred  or  subsisting  only  in  the  imagina- 
tion ; not  real ; fanciful  ; imaginary.  “ A fan- 
tastical preternatural  complacency.”  South. 

My  thought,  whose  murder  yet  is  but  fantastical. 

Shakes  so  my  single  state  of  man,  that  function 

Is  smothered  in  surmise.  Shak. 

2.  Whimsical;  capricious;  indulging  the  va- 
garies of  the  imagination  ; odd.  “ An  imperi- 
ous, expensive,  and  fantastic  mistress.”  Tatler. 

Syn. — See  Fanciful,  Odd. 

FAN-TAS-TI-CAl'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
fantastical ; fantasticalness,  [r.]  Ec.  Rev. 

FAN-TAS'TI-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a fantastical  man- 
ner. 

FAN-TAS'TI-CAL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
fantastic ; fantasticality.  Tillotson. 

FAN-tAs'TI-CI§M,  n.  Fantasticalness,  [r.] 

This  scepticism  or  fantasticism  of  Protagoras  is  most  ah- 
surd  and  contradictious.  Cudworth. 

t FAN-TAS'TIC-LY,  ad.  Fantastically.  B.  Jonson. 

f FAN-TAS'TIC-NESS,  n.  Fantasticalness. Howell. 

f FAN- 1' AS  ' TI-  CO,  n.  [It.]  One  full  of  whims  ; 
a fantastic.  Shak. 


f fAN'TA-SY,  n.  [Gr.  tpavraoia.']  Fancy.  — See 
Fancy’.  ' Shak. 

f FAN'TA-SY,  v.  a.  To  like  ; to  fancy.  Cavendish. 

FANTOCCINI  (fi&n-to-che'ne),  n.  pi.  [It.,  little 
puppets .]  Exhibitions  or  dramatic  representa- 
tions in  which  puppets  are  substituted  for 
human  performers.  Brande. 

fAn'TOM,  n.  See  Phantom. 
fAn'TOM— CORN,  n.  See  Phantom-corn. 
f FAP,  a.  Fuddled;  drunk.  Shak. 

ASP  “ Gooseberries,  in  some  counties  of  England, 
are  called  feaberries ; in  Suffolk,  fapes.  Hence,  fup, 
intoxicated  with  feaberry  wine,  and  thus,  generally, 
drunk.”  Moor. 

FA-CtUIR',  or  FA-QUEER',  n.  [Arab.]  See  Fakir. 

FAR,  ad.  [Goth,  fairra;  A.  S . feor ; But.  ver, 
verre;  Ger  .fern-,  Dan.j fj'ern;  Icel.  frr ; Sw. 
fjerran ; Gael  .fad.  — See  Fare.] 

1.  To  great  extent  or  distance,  in  space  or  in 
time.  “ The  far  extended  ocean.”  Prior.  “Is 
it  far  you  ride  ? ” Shak. 

2.  To  a certain  point;  to  a certain  degree. 

My  discourse  is  so/«rfrom  being  equivalent  to  the  position 
he  mentions,  that  it  is  a perfect  contradiction  to  it.  I'Hlotson. 

3.  In  a great  part ; well  nigh. 

The  night  is  far  spent,  the  day  is  at  hand.  Rom.  xiii.  12. 

4.  In  a great  degree  ; very  much. 

Who  can  find  a virtuous  woman  ? for  her  price  is  far  above 
rubies.  Prov.  xxxi.  10. 

With  oxen  far  unfit  to  draw  the  plough.  Dnjden. 

Jls  far  as,  to  the  extent  or  distance  that.  “ Jls  far 
as  angels  ken.”  Milton.  — By  far , by  many  degrees  ; 
very  much.  — Far  from,  at  a great  distance  from. 
“ Far  from  all  resort  of  mirth.”  Milton.  — Far  off,  at 
a great  distance.  “ A brother  far  off.”  Prov.  xxvii. 
10.  — To  a great  distance.  “ They  shall  flee  far  off.” 
Isa.  xvii.  13.  — Far  other,  very  different. 

Far  other  journey  first  demands  thy  care.  Pope. 

— IIow  far,  and  how  far  forth,  to  what  extent  or  degree. 

Answer  them 

How  far  forth  you  do  like  their  articles.  Shak. 

— Far  is  often  used  in  composition,  as  far-seeing,  far- 
sighted. 

FAR,  a.  1.  Distant ; remote. 

And  some  to  far  Oaxis  shall  be  sold.  Dryden. 

lie  meant  to  travel  into  far  countries.  Sidney. 

2.  Remoter  of  the  two;  in  horsemanship,  the 
right  side  of  the  horse,  which  the  rider  turns  from 
him  when  he  mounts. 

No  true  Egyptian  ever  knew,  in  horses, 

The  far  side  from  the  near.  Dryden. 

From  far,  from  a distance.  “Listen,  O isles! 
hearken,  ye  people  from  far  ! ” Isa.  xlix.  1. 

This  expression  is  elliptical,  — place , or  some 
equivalent  word,  being  understood. 

Syn.  — See  Distant. 

+ FAR,  n.  [A.  S.  fearh,  ox  fork.  — See  Farrow.] 
A litter  of  pigs  ; a farrow.  Tusser . 

f FAR'— A- BOUT',  n.  A going  out  of  the  way  ; a 
digression.  Fuller . 

FAr'AN-DAM§,  n.  A mixed  fabric  of  silk  and 
wool.  Simmonds . 

fAr'ANT-LY,  a.  Orderly:  — comely.  Clarke. 
FAR'— BEAM-ING,  a.  Sending  beams  afar.  Clarke. 
FAR'-BROUGHT  (-brStwt),  a.  Brought  from 
afar  ; far-fetched.  Boag. 

FAR'— CAST,  a.  Thrown  to  a distance.  Clarke. 

FARCE,  v.  a.  [L . farcio ; Yx.farcirJ]  \i.  earced  ; 
pp.  farcing,  farced.]  To  stuff;  to  cram ; to 
fill  with  mingled  ingredients. 

His  holy-feelirg,  faithful  folk  are  farced  full  of  heresies. 

Sir  T.  More. 

FARCE,  n.  [L.  farcio,  to  stuff;  It.  § Sp .farsa\ 
Fr  .farce.) 

1.  f A mixture  of  various  viands  or  ingredi- 
ents. Menage. 

2.  A short  dramatic  entertainment,  in  which 
ludicrous  qualities  are  greatly  exaggerated  for 
the  purpose  of  exciting  laughter ; a short  play 
of  low  comic  character.  It  is  restricted  to  three 
acts  as  its  limit,  but  frequently  consists  of  only 
two  or  one. 

A farce  is  that  in  poetry  which  grotesque  is  in  a picture. 

• Dryden. 

In  England,  the  farce  appears  to  have  risen  to  the  dignity 
of  a regular  theatrical  entertuinment  about  the  beginning  of 
the  last  century.  Brande. 

3.  Empty  pageantry  or  parade  ; mere  show. 

Thus  for  a week  the  farce  went  on.  Swift. 


MlEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RtJLE.  — 9,  9,  9,  g,  soft;  jC,  jG,  9,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  * as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 
68 


538 


FARRY 


FARCEMENT 


FARCE'Mf  NT,  n.  The  stuffing  of  meat ; force- 
meat. Feltham. 

FAR'Cp§,  n.  pi.  Meat  chopped  small,  and  well 
spiced,  fit  for  stuffing.  Crabb. 

FAR-CEUR  ' (lar-sur  ),  n.  [Fr.]  A maker  or  en- 
actor of  farces.  Gent.  Mag. 

FAR'CI-CAL,  a.  Relating  to  a farce  ; ridiculous. 

Whether  the  Alchemist  be  farcical  or  not.  it  will  appear, 
at  least,  to  have  this  note  of  force,  that  the  principal  charac- 
ter is  exaggerated.  Hurd. 

FAR’CI-C  AL-LY,  ad.  In  a farcical  manner. 

FAR'CI-LITE,  n.  [L.  farcio,  to  stuff,  and  Gr. 
a stone.]  {Min.)  Pudding-stone.  Clarke. 

FAR'CJ-MEN,  n.  {Med.)  A species  of  scrofula 
to  which  horses  are  subject  ; farcy.  Hoblyn. 

FAR'CIN,  n.  [Fr.]  A disease  with  which  horses 
are  afflicted  ; farcimen  ; farcy.  Braude. 

FAR'CING,  n.  [See  Farce.]  A stuffing ; forced 
meat;  farces.  Carew. 

FARC'TATE,  n.  [L .farcio,  farctus. — See  Farce.] 
{Bot.)  Stuffed;  crammed;  filled.  Craig. 

FAR'CY,  n.  A disease  among  horses,  of  a creep- 
ing, loathsome,  leprous  character  ; farcimen  ; 
farcin.  Craig. 

FARD,  v.  a.  [Fr . f aider.]  To  paint;  to  color. 
“ Thefarded  fop.”  [r.]  Shenstone. 

FARD,  n.  A paint  for  the  face.  Smollett. 

fFAR'DpL,  n.  [Dut . fardcel.  — L.  farcio,  to 
stuff ; It.  fardello,  a pack  ; Up.  fardel  -,  Fr .far- 
deau.\  A bundle  ; a little  pack. 

Who  would  fardels  bear, 

To  groan  and  sweat  under  a weary  life?  Shak. 

t FAR'DpL,  v.  a.  To  make  up  in  bundles.  Fuller. 

FAR' DIN-GALE  (fir'djng-«al),  n.  The  fourth  part 
of  an  acre  ; fardingdeal ; farthingdale.  Halliwell. 

FAR 'DING— BAG,  n.  The  first  stomach  of  a cow, 
or  other  ruminating  animal.  Farm.  Ency. 

FAR 'DING- DEAL,  n.  [See  Farthing.]  An  old 
term  for  the  fourth  part  of  an  acre  of  land.  Craig. 

FARE,  v.n.  [Goth.  Sj  A.  S.  far  an  ; Dut.  vaaren; 
Ger.fahren;  Dan. /are;  Svv./ara.]  [t.  fared  ; 
pp.  FARING,  FARED.] 

1.  To  go  ; to  pass  ; to  travel. 

Sadly  they  fared  along  the  sea-beat  shore.  Pope. 

2.  To  be  in  any  state,  good  or  bad;  to  be 
treated. 

So  in  this  throng  bright  Sacharissa  fared. 

Oppressed  by  those  who  strove  to  be  our  guard.  Waller. 

3.  To  feed;  to  be  entertained  with  food. 

There  was  a certain  rich  man,  which  fared  sumptuously 
every  day.  Luke  xvi.  19. 

4.  To  happen  ; — with  it  impersonally. 

So  fares  it  when  with  truth  falsehood  contends.  Milton. 

FARE,  n.  [A.  S . far u.) 

1.  + A journey;  a passage.  Spenser. 

2.  Price  paid  for  convcjing  a person  by  land 
or  water ; money  paid  for  a passage. 

He  found  a ship  going  to  Tarshish;  so  he  paid  the  fare 
thereof,  and  went  down  into  it,  to  go  with  them  unto  Tar- 
shish. Jon.  i.  3. 

3.  The  person  carried.  [Colloquial.  Todd. 

Unusual.  Craig.']  Drummond , 1744. 

4.  Food  prepared  for  the  table ; provisions. 
“ Coarse  fare.”  Addison.  “ Delicious  fare.” 
Milton.  “ Philosophic/are.”  Dryden. 

5.  The  quantity  of  fish  taken  in  a fishing  ves- 
sel. Chas.  Broion. 

6.  [A.  S.fearh.)  A litter  of  pigs  ; farrow.  Forby. 

Syn.  — See  Food. 

||  FARE-WELL',  or  fArE'WELL  [far-wel',  S.  E. ; 
far'wel,  far-wel',  far'wel,  or  far-wel',  IF.  ; fdr- 
wel',  fAr'wel,  far-wel',  or  far'wel,  P. ; far-wel', 
J.  Sm.  R.\  far-wel'  or  far'wel,  F.  Ja.  ; far'wel', 
A'.],  ad.,  interj.,  or  verb  imperative  used  interjec- 
tionally.  [From  fare  and  well,  which  are  some- 
times used  separately;  as ,fare  you  well.]  Be 
well ; be  happy  ; adieu. 

APg=-  “The  accentuation,  either  on  the  first  or  last 
syllable,  depends  much  on  the  rhythm  of  the  sentence. 
When  used  as  a substantive  without  an  adjective  be- 
fore it,  the  accent  is  generally  on  the  first  syllable.” 
Walker. — Both  syllables  in  farewell  are  more  or  less 
accented  ; when  tised  as  an  adverb  or  verb,  the  prin- 
cipal accent  is  properly  placed  on  the  second  syllable  ; 


when  as  a noun,  sometimes  on  the  first,  and  some- 
times on  the  secoud  ; when  an  adjective,  on  the  first. 

||  FARE'WELL,  n.  1.  An  adieu  ; valediction. 

Farewell , a long  farewell,  to  all  my  greatness.  Shak. 

The  air  is  full  of  farewells  to  tire  dying.  Lowjfellow. 

2.  Act  of  departure  ; leave. 

See  how  the  morning  opes  her  golden  gates, 

And  takes  her  farewell  of  the  glorious  sun.  Shak. 

Syn.  — Farewell  and  adieu  are  terms  in  common 
use  in  taking  leave.  Farewell  to  persons  and  tilings ; 
adieu  to  persons.  — See  Leave. 

||  FARE'WELL,  a.  Valedictory;  taking  leave. 
“ Farewell  papers.”  Spectator.  “ A farewell 
sermon.’  ’ IV alker. 

FAR'— EX-TEND'JgD,  a.  Extended  to  a great 
distance.  Clarke. 

FAR'— FAMED  (fir’famd),  a.  Having  extensive 
renown ; illustrious.  Pope. 

fFAR'FET,  a.  The  old  word  for  far-fetched. 
" Far-fet  spoil.”  Milton. 

+ FAR— FETCH',  n.  A deep  stratagem.  “Politic 
far-fetches.”  Hudibras. 

FAR-FETCHED'  (-fetcht'),  a.  1.  Brought  from 
places  remote.  “ Far-fetched  gold.”  Dryden. 

2.  Studiously  sought ; elaborately  strained. 
“ An  unaccountable,  far-fetched  analogy.” 

fFAR'FORTH,  ad.  In  a great  measure.  Spenser. 

FAR'— GLAn^-|NG,  a.  Glancing  to  a great  dis- 
tance. Clarke. 

FA-Ri'NA,  n.  [L.,  meal.) 

1.  A soft,  tasteless,  and  commonly  white 
powder,  obtained  by  trituration  of  the  seeds 
of  cereal  and  leguminous  plants,  and  of  some 
roots,  as  the  potato  ; starch  ; feeula.  P.  Cyc. 

2.  {Bot.)  The  pollen,  or  a fine  impregnating 

dust  or  powder  contained  in  the  anthers  of 
plants.  Craig. 

FAR-[-nA'CEOI  S (lar-e  na'shus,  66),  a.  [L . fari- 
naeeus ; farina,  meal;  It.  <Sf  Sp . farinaceo  \ Fr. 
farinace.)  Pertaining  to  or  containing  farina ; 
mealy.  “ Farinaceous  seeds.”  Arbuthnot. 

FAR-1-NA'CEOUS-LY,  ad.  In  a mealy-like  man- 
ner; farinosely.  Craig. 

fAr'I-NOSE  (129),  a.  [L.  farinosus.) 

1.  Reducible  to  farina  by  trituration.  Palmer. 

2.  (Bot.  & Zoul.)  Having  parts  or  organs 

sprinkled  with  a fixed  powder  resembling  fa- 
rina. Palmer. 

3.  (Med.)  Applied  to  a species  of  herpetic 

eruption.  Palmer. 

FAR'I-NOSE-LY,  ad.  In  the  manner  of  farinose 
substances.  Craig. 

FAR'L|E§  (-liz),  n.  pi.  [A.  S.  feerlic,  sudden.] 
Unusual  things ; wonders.  [Local.]  Wright. 

FAR'— LOOK-ING  (-luk-),  a.  Looking  far.  Clarke. 

FARM,  n.  [Fr . ferme.  — A.  S.  feorm,  or  farm  ; 
feormian,  to  supply  with  food,  — “ farmers  not 
originally  paying  their  landlords  money,  but 
food  and  other  necessary  articles.”  Richardson. 
— Gael.  & Vc.  fearann,  farm.] 

1.  A tract  of  ground  cultivated,  or  designed 
for  cutivation,  by  a farmer  ; a tract  of  land  in  a 
state  of  tillage  and  pasturage,  with  fences, 
house,  barn,  &c. 

In  Great  Britain  farms  are  rarely  cultivated  by 
the  proprietors,  but  are  let  to  tenants  for  rent.  In 
the  United  States  most  cultiva  orsare  proprietors  also. 

2.  The  state  of  lands  let  out  to  tenants  for 
rent ; a lease. 

It  is  great  wilfulness  in  landlords  to  make  any  longer 
farms  unto  their  tenants.  Spenser. 

3.  A license  or  permission  to  vend  certain 

articles  subject  to  duty.  Simmonds. 

Syn. — See  Plantation. 

FARM,  V.  a.  \i.  FARMED  ; pp.  FARMING,  FARMED.] 

1.  To  let  out,  as  land,  to  tenants  at  a certain 

rent.  [Great  Britain.]  Johnson. 

Wc  are  enforced  to  farm  our  royal  realm.  Shak. 

2.  To  take  on  lease  at  a certain  rate,  whether 
land  or  any  thing  else  that  by  care  or  collection 
yields  an  income.  [Great  Britain.]  Johnson. 

3.  To  let  out,  as  the  revenues  or  taxes,  to  col- 
lectors, at  a certain  sum  or  rate  per  cent.  Burke. 

4.  To  cultivate,  as  a farm.  Johnson. 

To  farm  let,  to  lease  for  a series  of  years.  Bouvier. 


FARM'A-BLE,  a.  That  maybe  farmed.  Sherwood. 

FARM'JgR,  n.  1.  One  who  farms;  one  who  culti- 
vates a farm  or  l-and ; an  agriculturist ; a cul- 
tivator ; a husbandman. 

453“  In  Great  Britain  a farmer  is  an  agriculturist 
who  pays  rent  for  the  farm  which  lie  cultivates,  or  a 
lessee  of  a farm. 

2.  One  who  undertakes  to  collect  taxes,  cus- 
toms, &c.,  at  a certain  sum  or  rate  per  cent. 

Of  which  number  one  was  named  Matthew,  who  was  be- 
lore  a publican,  or  one  of  the  fanners  of  the  public  revenues 
belonging  to  the  crown  in  that  place.  Bp.  Beveridge. 

3.  (Mining.)  One  who  farms  the  cope  of  the 

king.  — See  Cope.  Boag. 

Farmers- General,  a company  in  France,  under  the 
old  monarchy,  which  farmed  certain  branches  of  the 
public  revenue.  pui.  Diet. 

Syn.  — Farmer,  husbandman,  and  cultivator  are 
practitioners  ; but  culticutor  is  more  restricted  in  its 
meaning  than  the  other  terms.  An  agriculturist  may 
be  a mere  theorist.  A practical  farmer  ; an  industrious 
husbandman  ; a skilful  cultivator  ; a practical  orscien- 
tlfic  agriculturist. 

FARM'pR-ESS,  n.  A woman  who  manages  a 
farm.  Ed.  Peterborough. 

FAR'MER-Y,  n.  Buildings  and  yards  necessary 
for  carrying  on  the  business  of  a farm.  Brande. 

FARM'— HOUSE,  n.  The  dwelling-house  on  a 

farm.  Shenslone. 

FARM'ING,  n.  1.  The  business  of  a farmer,  or  of 
carrying  on  a farm  ; agriculture  ; husbandry  : — 
in  Great  Britain,  the  cultivation  of  lands  held  on 
lease.  Brande. 

2.  The  act  of  leasing  ; a renting.  Smart. 

FARM'— OF-FICE,  n.  An  office  or  outhouse  on  a 
farm.  Clarke. 

FAR'MOST,  a.  Most  distant,  [r.]  Dryden. 

FARM'— YARD,  n.  The  site  and  court,  or  yard, 
of  a farm.  Clarke. 

FAR'NJSS,  n.  Remoteness,  [r.]  Carew. 

fAr'O,  n.  [Fr.  pharaon.  — Ger.  farasi]  A game 
of  hazard  with  cards;  — written  also  pharaoh, 
pharaon,  and  pharo.  Todd. 

fAr'O—  BANK,  n.  A deposit  of  money  made  in 
playing  faro.  Qu.  Rev. 

FAR'— OFF,  a.  Being  at  a distance.  “ The  far- 
off  car  few.”  Milton. 

FAR'— PIER-CING,  a.  Penetrating  a great  way. 
“ Far-piercing  eye.”  Pope. 

FAR-RAO'I-NOUS,  a.  Formed  of  a variety  of  ma- 
terials ; mixed.  Browne. 

FAR-RA'GO,  n.  [L.,  from  far,  meal.]  A con- 
fused mass  of  several  ingredients  ; a medley. 
“ The  large  farrago  of  dreams.”  Warburton. 

FAR'RAND,  n.  Manner;  custom;  fashion.  [Lo- 
cal, Eng.]  Ray. 

f FAR-Rfl-A'TION,  n.  Confarreation.  Bullokar. 

FAR'— Rf,-§OtjND'ING,  a.  Resounding  to  a great 
distance.  Clarke. 

FAR'RI-fR,  n.  \E.ferrarius,  a blacksmith  ; It. 
ferrajo-,  Sp . herrador;  Fr .ferrant.) 

1.  A shoer  of  horses.  Holland. 

2.  A horse-doctor ; a horse-leech  ; a veteri- 
nary surgeon.  Swift. 

FAR'Rj-pR,  v.n.  To  practise  as  a farrier;  to  fol- 
low the  trade  of  a farrier.  Mortimer. 

FAR'RI-]JR-Y>  «.  1-  The  art  of  the  farrier;  the 
art  of  shoeing  horses.  Todd. 

2.  The  art  of  preventing  or  curing  the  diseases 
of  horses  and  cattle  ; the  veterinary  art.  Todd. 

FAR'ROW  (fiir'ro),  n.  [A.  S.  fearh,  or  feerh  ; Dut. 
varken  ; Ger.  ferkel.  — L.  ierres,  a male  swine. 
Sanscrit  varaha,  a boar.]  A litter  of  pigs.  Shak. 

FAR'ROW  (far'ro),  V.  a.  & n.  [i.  FARROWED  ; pp. 
farrowing,  FARROWED.]  To  bear  or  bring 
forth  ; — used  of  swine  only.  Tusser. 

FAR'ROW,  a.  [Dut.  vaare.)  Barren;  not  pro- 
ducing a calf ; — applied  to  a cow.  Forby. 

A cow  not  producing  a calf,  is  for  that  year  called  & farrow 
cow.  Forby . 

FAR'— RfiL'JNG,  a.  Ruling  over  a great  extent. 

fAr'RY,  n.  [See  Farrow.]  A litter  of  pigs  ; a 
farrow  ; a fare.  Perry. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E, 


O,  0,  Y,  s\ort ; A,  £,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  F.4RE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; H&1R,  HER; 


FARSANG 


539 


FASHIONER 


FAR'sANG,  n.  See  Pharsang. 
FARSE,  v.  a.  See  Farce. 


Todd. 

Todd. 


FARSE,  n.  [ Ix.farcio , to  stuff.]  (Eccl.)  Before 
the  reformation,  an  addition  to  the  epistle  in 
Latin,  made,  in  England  in  the  vernacular 
tongue,  for  the  benefit  of  the  people. 

The  farse  was  an  explication  or  paraphrase  of  the  Latin 
text,  verse  by  verse.  Hook. 

FAR'-SEE-ING,  a.  Seeing  far  ; seeing  to  a great 
distance  ; penetrating.  Scott. 

FAR'-SHOOT-ING,  a.  Shooting  far;  shooting  to 
a great  distance.  Dryden. 

FAR'— SIGHT-ED  (fir'slt-ed),  a.  Seeing  far,  or  to 
a great  distance.  Milton. 

FAR'-SlGHT-ED-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  far- 
sighted:— a defect  of  vision  consequent  on  a 
flattening  of  the  cornea,  and  a partial  loss  of  the 
refractive  power  of  the  eye;  presbyopy  ; — com- 
mon, but  not  peculiar  to  old  age.  Palmer. 

FAR'-SOUGHT  (fir'sawt),  a.  Sought  at  a dis- 
tance ; forced.  “ Far-sought  learning.”  Johnson. 

FART,  n.  [A.  S.  feort ; Ger .furz.  — Gr.  iropi?//.]  A 
discharge  of  wind  through  the  anus.  Suckling. 

FART,  v.  n.  [A.  !?.  feortan ; Ger.furzen.  — Gr. 
irtployai.  — Sansc.  pard.]  To  discharge  or  expel 
wind  through  the  anus;  to  break  wind ; to 
poop.  Swift. 

FAR'THIJR,  ad.  compar. : super!.,  far'thest.  [A. 
S.  fcor,  feorr,  feoran,  far  ; feorcest,  farthest.] 
At  a greater  distance ; to  a greater  distance  ; 
more  remotely  ; beyond: — moreover;  further. 

Farther  and  further , words  of  tile  same  signifi- 
cation, used  indiscriminately  : — both  are  in  good  use  ; 
and  it  is  difficult  to  say  which  is  the  more  common. 
Dr..fohnsbn  says  of  farther.  “ This  word  is  now  gen- 
erally considered  as  the  comparative  degree  of  far; 
but  by  no  analogy  can  far  make  farther  or  farthest ; 
it  is  therefore  probable  that  the  ancient  orthography 
was  nearer  the  true,  and  that  we  ought  to  write  far- 
ther or  farthest , from  forth , farther , farthest  [ farther , 
farther,  Sax.],  the  o and  a,  by  resemblance  of  sound, 
being  first  confounded  in  speech,  and  afterwards  in 
books.” 

Walker  remarks  that,  though  “ farther  and  farthest 
are  very  irregular  branches  of  far,  they  are  grafted  on 
it  by  use,  and  cannot  be  altered  without  diverting  the 
plain  tendency  of  the  language.  — Though  farther 
passes  very  well  for  farther  when  far  is  out  of  sight, 
we  feel  the  utmost  repugnance  at  saying,  ‘ Thus  far 
shalt  thou  go,  and  no  farther.'  ” Smart  says,  “ Far- 
ther is  the  genuine  Saxon  word,  but  farther  takes  the 
precedence  in  modern  use.”  — See  Further. 

FAr'TH^R,  a.  compar.  1.  More  remote  ; further. 
“ Let  me  add  a farther  truth.”  Dryden. 

2.  Longer;  tending  to  greater  distance. 

Before  our  farther  way  the  fates  allow, 

Here  must  we  fix  on  high  the  golden  bough.  Dryden. 

FAR'THER,  v.  a.  To  advance  ; to  promote  ; to 
further.  — See  Further.  Dryden. 

FAR'THfR-ANCE,  n.  Encouragement;  promo- 
tion.— See  Furtherance.  Ascham. 

FAR'TH  pR-MORE,  ad.  Furthermore.  — See  Fur- 
thermore. Raleigh. 

FAR'THER-MOST,  a.  superl.  Being  at  the  great- 
est distance  ; most  distant.  Hammond. 

FAR'THfST,  a.  superl.  Most  distant;  remotest; 
furthest.  Hooker. 

FAR'THfST,  ad.  At  the  greatest  distance  ; fur- 
thest.—See  Farther.  Chesterfield. 

F AR'THING,  n.  [A.  S . feorthung  \ feower,  four; 
W.  ffyrtling ; Gael . feoirling  \ M .farling.] 

1.  The  fourth  part  of  a penny  ; a small  Eng- 
lish copper  coin,  equal  to  half  a cent.  Swift. 

2.  pi.  Copper  money. 

- , .,  Our  churchwardens 

Feed  on  the  silver,  and  give  us  the  farthings.  Gag. 

3-  t Any  very  small  thing;  a small  quantity. 

No  farthing  of  grease.”  Chaucer. 

4.  f A division  of  land,  supposed  to  have  ex- 
ceeded a rood.  Carew. 

FAR  THING-DALE,  n.  A rood,  or  a quarter  of  an 
acre  of  land. — See  Fardingdeal.  Farm.  Ency. 

FAR'THIN-GALE,  n.  [It . faldiglia,  a hoop  petti- 
coat ; Sp.  verdugado  ; Fr.  vertugadin. ] A pet- 
ticoat expanded  by  hoops,  or  the  frame  made  of 


circles  of  whalebone  used  to  spread  the  petti- 
coat; crinoline. 

Tell  me 

What  compass  will  you  wear  y out  far  thin  gal  e.1  Shak. 

A pale  Roman  nose;  a head  of  hair  loaded  with  crowns, 
and  powdered  with  diamonds;  avast  ruff;  a vaster  farthin- 
gale, and  a bushel  of  pearls,  are  the  features  by  which  every 
body  knows  at  once  the  pictures  of  Queen  Elizabeth.  Walpole. 

FAR'THING’§— WORTH  (-wiirlli),  n.  As  much  as 
is  sold  for  a farthing.  Arbuthnot. 

FAS' CE§  (fAs'eez),w.  pi.  [L.,  from  fascis,  a bun- 
dle.] (Roman  Ant.)  Rods  tied  up  in  bundles 
with  an  axe  in  the  middle  of  each  ; — anciently 
carried  before  Roman  magistrates,  as  a mark  of 
their  authority.''"  Dryden. 

fAs'C^T,  n.  ( Glass-making .)  An  iron  instru- 
ment used  in  conveying  bottles  to  the  anneal- 
ing tower.  Hamilton. 

FAS  ' Cl- A (fash'e-a),  n. ; pi.  Fh s' ci-as.  [L.] 

1.  A belt ; a fillet ; a bandage.  Simmonds. 

2.  (Arch.)  One  of  the  parallel  bands  used  to 
break  the  monotony  of  an  architrave.  Fairholt. 

3.  ( Astron .)  The  belt  of  a planet.  Hamilton. 

4.  (Med.)  The  aponeurotic  expansion  of  a 

muscle.  IJoblyn. 

5.  (Ent.)  A broad  transverse  stripe,  or  col- 
ored band.  Maunder. 

FAs'CIAL  (fash'yal),  a.  Belonging  to  the  fasces 
of  the  Roman  magistrates.  Smart. 

FAS-CI-A' LIS  (fash-e-a'ljs),  n.  (Anat.)  A term 
for  a muscle  which  moves  the  leg.  Dunglison. 

FAS'CT-ATE  (fash'e-at),  a.  (Bot.)  Banded  ; fas- 
ciated  : — also  applied  to  monstrous  stems  which 
grow  flat.  Gray. 

fAS'CI-AT-UD  (fash'e-at-ed),  a.  [L.  fasciatus, 
swathed.] 

1.  Bound  with  fillets.  Pennant. 

2.  (Bot.)  Fasciate  ; banded:  — unusually 

grafted  and  grown  together,  as  some  stems  and 
branches  which  then  assume  a flattened  instead 
of  a rounded  appearance.  Henslow. 

3.  (Ent.)  Covered  with  transverse  bands  ; fil- 
leted. Maunder. 

FAS-CI-A'TION  (f&sh-e-a'shun),  n.  A tying  up  ; 
a bandage.  Wiseman. 

FAs'CI-CLE,  n.  [L.  fasciculus,  a little  bundle  ; 
fascis,  a bundle.] 

1.  A little  bundle  ; a collection. 

In  the  next  fascicle  yon  say  that  I maintain  some  things. 

Dr.  Mayne,  1647. 

2.  (Bot.)  An  assemblage  of  closely-arranged 
flowers,  the  straight  and  short  pedicles  of  which 
issue  from  the  same  point  and  attain  nearly  the 
same  level,  as  in  the  sweet-william.  Palmer. 

FAs'CI-CLED  (fas'se-kld),  a.  Formed  into  a bunch 
or  bundle.  Sir  W.  Jones. 

FAS-CIC'U-LAR,  a.  [It.  fascicolare ; Fr.  fascicu- 
laire .]  Resembling  a bundle  of  rods;  collected; 
fasciculated.  Blount. 

FAS-CIC'U-LAR-LY,  ad.  In  a fascicular  form; 
in  the  form  of  bundles.  Craig. 

FAS-CfC'U-LATE,  ) a_  (Bot  & Zoal}  Collect- 

FAS-CIC'y-LAT-JJD,  ) ed  or  arranged 
in  clusters  ; growing  in  a bundle  or 
tuft,  as  the  leaves  of  the  pine  and 
the  larch,  the  hairs  on  a caterpillar, 

&c. : — noting  antenme  that  have 
several  bundles  of  hair.  Gray.  Maunder. 

FAS-CIC'U-LATE-LY,  ad.  In  a fasciculated  man- 
ner. ’ ‘ Craig. 

FAS'CI-CULE,  n.  [L .fasciculus,  a little  bundle.] 
A bundle  of  thick-set  hairs  often  converging  at 
the  surface ; a fascicle.  Maunder. 

FAS-CIC'y-LiTE,  n.  [L.  fasciculus,  a little  bun- 
dle, and  Gr.  l.lSo;,  a stone.]  (Min.)  A fascicu- 
lar variety  of  hornblende.  Clarke. 

FAS-C/C' U-LtfS,  n. ; pi.  fas-cIc ' u-Ll.  [L.,  dim. 
of  fascis,  a bundle.] 

1.  A small  bundle  ; a fascicle. 

A muscle  consists  of  fasciculi  of  fibres.  Hoblyn. 

2.  A portion  or  section  of  a book  not  yet 

completed.  Hamilton. 

3.  A nosegay  ; a bunch  of  flowers. 

4.  (Bot.)  A fascicle  ; a form  of  inflorescence 

similar  to  a corymb.  Brande. 

FAS'CI-NATE,  v.  a.  [Gr.  facKatvoi ; to 


speak  ; ~L.fascino  ; It . fascinare;  Sp.  fascinar\ 
Fr.  fasemer.]  [i.  fascinated  ; pp.  fasci- 
nating, fascinated.]  To  affect  by  a powerful 
and  irresistible  influence  ; to  bewitch  ; to  en- 
chant ; to  enrapture  ; to  captivate  ; to  charm. 

lie  [the  Duke  of  Buckingham]  surprised  and  even  fasci- 
nated all  the  faculties  of  his  royal  master.  Wotton. 

Syn.  — See  Charm. 

FAs'CI-NAT-ING,  p.  a.  Bewitching;  enchanting. 

fAS-CI-NA'TION,  n.  [L.  fascinatio  ; It .fascina- 
zione ; Sp . fascinacion ; Ex.  fascination.]  The 
act  of  fascinating ; a powerful  and  irresistible 
influence  acting  on  the  mind;  enchantment; 
charm ; sorcery  ; witchery  ; spell  ; magic. 

Some  to  the  fascination  of  a name 

Surrender  judgment  hoodwinked.  Cowper. 

FAS-C/NE'  (fjs-sen'),  n.  [Fr.]  (Mil.)  A spe- 
cies of  long  fagot,  used  for  many  purposes  of 
military  engineering.  Campbell. 

f FAs'CI-NOUS,  a.  Caused  or  acting  by  witch- 
craft or  enchantment.  “The  possibility  of  fas- 
cinous  diseases.”  Harvey. 

FAS- CI-O-LA  ' RI-A,  n.  [L.  fasciola,  a small 
bandage.]  (Zor.l.)  A genus  of  mollusks  distin- 
guished for  the  smooth  band-like  surface  of 
their  spiral  shells,  and  by  having  plaits  on  the 
columella.  Brande. 

FASH,  v.  a.  [Old  Ex.fasclier.]  To  vex;  to  tease. 
[Local,  Eng.]  Brockett. 

fAsh,  7i.  Trouble;  care;  anxiety;  vexation. 
[Local,  Eng.]  Halliwell. 

FASH'ION  (fash'un),  n.  [L .factio,  a making  or 
doing  ; facies,  make,  form  ; facio,  to  make  or 
do  ; Fr.fapon.] 

1.  The  make,  form,  shape,  or  appearance  of 
any  thing,  particularly  of  clothes  ; costume. 

The  fashion  of  his  countenance  was  altered.  Luke  ix.  29. 
I do  not  like  the  fashion  of  your  garments.  Shak. 
Fashion,  a word  which  fools  may  U6e 
Their  knavery  and  folly  to  excuse.  Churchill. 

2.  Manner;  sort;  way;  method. 

Pluck  Casca  by  the  sleeve, 

And  he  will,  after  his  sour  fashion,  tell  you 

What  hath  proceeded.  Shak. 

To  make  good  infantry,  it  requireth  men  bred,  not  in  a 
servile  or  indigent  fashion,  but  in  some  free  and  plentiful 
manner.  Bacon. 

3.  Custom  ; mode  ; style  ; general  practice ; 
prevailing  usage  ; — particular  custom  in  respect 
to  dress.  “ This  madness  of  fashioti.”  Purchas. 

The  fashion  of  the  age  is  to  call  every  thing  into  question. 

Iviotson. 

4.  A condition  above  the  vulgar  ; gentility. 

“ Men  of  fashion.”  Raleigh. 

5.  Any  thing  worn  ; a garment. 

1 scorn  thee  and  thy  fash  ion,  peevish  boy.  Shak. 

6.  Workmanship;  — a term  used  by  artists 
who  w'ork  in  gold  and  silver,  &c.  Overbury. 

7.  The  farcy;  farcin;  farcimen.  “Infected 

with  the  fashions.”  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Custom,  Form,  Usage. 

FASH'ION  (fash'un),  v.  a.  [Fr.  facontier.]  [i. 
FASHIONED  ; pp.  FASHIONING,  FASHIONED.] 

1.  To  shape  ; to  form  ; to  figure  ; to  mould. 

Here  the  loud  hammer  fashions  female  toys.  Gay . 

2.  To  fit;  to  adapt;  to  adjust;  to  accommo- 
date. 

Unskilful  he  to  fawn,  or  seek  for  power, 

By  doctrines  fashioned  to  the  varying  hour.  Goldsmith. 

3.  To  make  according  to  the  rule  prescribed 
by  custom. 

Fashioned  plate  sells  for  more  than  its  weight.  Locke. 

FAsH'ION-A-BLE  (fash'un-?-bl),  a.  According  to 
the  prevailing  mode ; conformed  to  or  follow- 
ing the  fashion  ; genteel ; modish ; stylish. 
“ Rich  fashionable  robes.”  Dryden.  “The 
fashionable  practice  of  the  xvorld.”  Rogers. 

FASH'ION-A-BLE,  n.  ; pi.  fXsh'ion-a-ble?.  A 
person  of  fashion  ; a stylish  person.  Ch.  Ob. 

ttfW  A word  of  modern  use  as  a substantive,  and 
chiefly  used  in  the  plural. 

FASH'ION- A-BLE-NESS  (ftsh'un-a-bl-nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  fashionable  ; modish  elegance  ; 
modishness  ; gentility.  Locke. 

FASH'ION-A-BLy,  ad.  In  a fashionable  manner. 

fAsH'ION-IJR  (fsLsli'un-er),  n.  One  who  fashions 
or  shapes  things.  B.  Jonson. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  rClE.  — £,  £,  g,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  g,  |,  hard;  $ as  z;  * as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


FASHIONIST 


FATED 


540 


FASH'ION-IST  (fash'un-Ist),  n.  A fop  ; a dandy  ; 
a coxcomb,  [r.]  T.  Fuller.  Bailey. 

FAS II 'TON— LED  (fcsh'un-led),  a.  Governed  by 
the  fashion.  Coicper. 

FASH'ION-LESS,  a.  Having  no  fashion.  Craig. 

FAsh'ION— MON'eJSR  (fash'un-mung'ler),  n.  A 
fop  ; a dandy.  Marston. 

FASH'ION-MON'G$R-ING,  a.  Foppish.  Shak. 

FASH'ION-PIE'CJ??,  n.  pi.  {Naut.)  The  after- 
most timbers,  terminating  the  breadth  and 
forming  the  shape  of  the  stern.  Dana. 

FAS'SA-lTE,  n.  {Min.)  A handsome  grass-green 
variety  of  pyroxene  from  the  Fassa  Valley, 
Piedmont.  Dana. 

FAST  (12),  v.  n.  [Goth,  fastan,  to  keep,  to  guard, 
to  fast;  A.S  .feestan;  Dut.  r as  ten ; Ger  .fasten-, 
Dan .faste;  S w.fasta.]  [i.  fasted  ; pp.  fast- 
ing, fasted.]  To  abstain  from  food,  either 
partially  or  wholly  ; — in  a religious  sense,  to 
mortify  the  body  by  abstinence. 

When  ye  fast , be  not,  as  the  hypocrites,  of  a sad  counte- 
nance; for  they  disfigure  their  faces,  that  they  may  appear 
unto  men  to  fast.  _ Matt.  vi.  16. 

FAST,  n.  1.  Partial  or  total  abstinence  from 
food  ; especially  religious  mortification  by  absti- 
nence. 

We  humble  ourselves  before  God,  this  day,  not  merely  by 
the  outward  solemnities  of  a fast,  but  by  atilicting  our  souls 
as  well  as  bodies  for  our  sins.  Atterbury. 

2.  The  time  of  fasting.  “ The  people  of  Nin- 
eveh proclaimed  a.  fast.  Jonah  iii.  5. 

3.  The  rope  by  which  a vessel  is  secured  to 

a wharf.  Dana. 

FAST,  a.  [Goth,  fasten ; A.  S.  fast  or  fest; 
Dut.  vast ; Ger.  fest ; Dan.,  Icel.,  Sw.  fast ; 
Gael.  & Ir.fasg,  a prison.  — See  Fasten.] 

1.  Fixed;  adhering;  joined;  fastened. 

Six  lions’  hides  with  thongs  together  fast.  Dryden. 

Neither  fast  to  friend,  nor  fearful  to  foe.  Ascham. 

2.  Firm  ; immovable  ; steadfast.  “ Who,  by 
his  strength,  setteth/asf  mountains.”  Ps.  lxv.6. 

3.  Strong;  fortified;  able  to  sustain  attacks; 

not  easily  taken;  impregnable.  “Woods  and 
fast  places.”  Spenser. 

4.  Deep  ; sound  ; profound.  “ A most  fast 

sleep.”  Shak. 

5.  [W.  fest.]  Swift;  quick;  moving  rapidly ; 
as,  “A  fast  vessel.” 

6.  Wild  ; giddy  ; thoughtless  ; extravagant ; 
hare-brained;  heedless;  dissipated.  I Vest.  Rev. 

The  forward  youth  has  expanded  into  what  would  be 
called  now  a fast  young  man.  Gent.  Mag. 

Fast  and  loose , uncertain  ; variable  ; inconstant. 
Sometimes  she  heard  him,  sometimes  stopped  her  ear. 

And  played  fast  and  loose  the  livelong  day.  Fairfax. 

FAST,  ad.  Firmly  ; immovably. 

Bind  the  boy,  which  you  shall  find  with  me, 

Fast  to  the  chair.  Shak. 

Fast  by,  or  beside,  close  by  ; near  to. 

Siloa’a  brook,  that  flowed 

Fast  by  the  oracle  of  God.  Milton. 

Well  known  to  me  the  palace  you  inquire, 

For  fast  beside  it  dwells  my  honored  sire.  Pope. 

FAST,  ad.  1.  Swiftly  ; rapidly  ; quickly. 

All  my  predictions  are  now  verifying  too  fast.  Chesterfield. 

2.  In  a dissipated  or  prodigal  manner ; ex- 
travagantly; prodigally;  as,  “ To  live^asf.” 

FAST'— DAY,  n.  A day  for  fasting.  Smart. 

FAST'EN  (fis'sn,  12),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  fwstnian,  or 
afeestnian ; Dut.  vestigen ; Ger.  festigen,  or 
festen  ; Dan.  faste.)  [i.  FASTENED  ; pp.  fast- 
ening, FASTENED.] 

1.  To  make  fast;  to  make  firm;  to  secure  ; 
to  bind  ; to  tie. 

By  chance  a ship  was  fastened  to  the  shore.  Dryden. 

2.  To  hold  together ; to  join  by  bolts,  nails, 
pins,  &c. ; to  unite  in  any  way. 

In  the  sea-coast  of  India  there  is  no  iron,  and  therefore 
their  ships  are  fastened  with  wood.  Browne. 

3.  To  stamp ; to  fix  ; to  impress. 

Thinking,  by  this  face, 

To  fasten  in  our  thoughts  that  they  have  courage.  Shak. 

4.  To  lay  on  with  strength. 

Could  he  fasten  a blow,  or  make  a thrust,  when  not  suf- 
fered to  approach  ? Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Bind,  Fix. 

FAST'EN  (fits'sn),  v.  n.  To  become  fixed  ; to  fix 
one’s  self.  “ Fie  fastened  on  my  neck.”  Shak. 


fAsT'EN-IJR  (fis'sn-er),  n.  He  who,  or  that 
which,  fastens.  Sherwood. 

FAST'EN-ING  (fis'sn-Ing),  n.  That  which  fastens ; 
a holdfast ; a bolt ; a bar  ; a catch.  Blackstone. 

FASTER,  n.  One  who  fasts.  Ainsworth. 

fAsT'-IIAND-ED,  a.  Close-handed;  covetous; 
close-fisted ; avaricious  ; miserly.  Bacon. 

FAS ' TI,  n.  pi.  [L.,  from  fastus,  fixed,  i.  e.  a fixed 
day.]  {Ant.)  The  Roman  calendar,  in  which 
were  set  down  all  the  days  of  feasts,  pleadings, 
games,  ceremonies,  &c.  Crabb. 

||  + FAS-TID-I-OS'I-TY,  n.  Fastidiousness.  Swift. 

||  FAS-TID'I-OUS  [fas-tld'e-us,  P.  J.  Ja.  Sm. ; f?s- 
tld'yus,  S.  F.  A'.;  fas-tid'e-us  or  ffis-tid'je-us, 
IF.],  a.  [L.  fastidiosus  ; fastus,  haughtiness  ; 
It.  Sp . fastidioso  ; Fr.fastidicux.] 

1.  t Causing  disgust ; offensive.  Sir  T.  Elyot. 

2.  Disdainful ; scornful ; haughty  ; proud. 

All  hopes  raised  upon  the  promises,  or  supposed  kind- 
nesses, of  the  fastidious  and  fallacious  great  ones  of  the  earth, 
6hall  fail.  South. 

3.  Delicate  to' a fault;  hard  to  please;  squeam- 
ish ; over-nice  ; easily  disgusted.  “ A fastidi- 
ous niceness  in  meats  and  drinks.”  L’ Estrange. 

Syn.  — A fastidious  person  is  hard  to  please,  and 
is  offended  at  trifles  ; a squeamish  one  is  over-scrupu- 
lous and  easily  disgusted  ; a disdainful  one  is  inclined 
to  despise  others.  A fastidious  person  or  taste ; a 
squeamish  stomach  ; a disdainful  feeling. 

||  FAS-TlD'I-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  a fastidious  manner. 

II  FAS-TID'I-OUS- NESS,  n.  The  quality  of'  being 
fastidious  ; squeamishness.  Bp.  Taylor. 

FAS-Tiy'I-^TE,  ) a [L . fastigium,  a & 

FAS-Tlyi'I-AT-pD,  ) slope,  a pediment;  ja 

fastigo,  to  slope.]  {Bot.)  Tapering  to 
a narrow  point  like  a pyramid ; close, 
parallel,  and  upright,  as  the  branches  fifT 
of  the  Lombardy  poplar.  Gray. 

FAS-  TIQ ' I-  OM,  n.  ; pi . FAS-Ttp  ' r-A.  [L.]  {Arch.) 
The  gable  end  of  a roof ; pediment.  Hamilton. 

fAsT'ING,  n.  Religious  mortification.  “ Fast- 
ings and  prayers.”  Luke  ii.  37. 

FAST'ING— DAY,  n.  A day  for  fasting  or  reli- 
gious mortification  ; a fast-day.  Bp.  Taylor. 

FAST'LY,  ad.  Surely  ; securely  ; firmly.  Byron. 

fAst'NIJSS,  n.  [A.  S . fecstncs. — See  Fast.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  fast ; closeness ; 

strength;  security.  “ The  fastness  of  his  dwell- 
ing-place.” Spenser. 

2.  Firmness;  firm  adherence.  “Their_/asf- 

ness  to  the  former  government.”  Bacon. 

3.  A stronghold  ; a fortified  place  ; a;  place 

not  easily  forced.  “ Mountainous  fastnesses 
and  retreats.”  Swinburne. 

4.  f Conciseness ; succinctness.  Ascham. 

FAST'-RE-CED'ING,  a.  Receding  fast  or  rapid- 
ly. Clarke. 

FAST'— SiNK-JNG,  a.  Sinking  rapidly.  Clarke. 

FAST'IJ-OUS,  a.  [L.  fastuosus ; fastus,  haughti- 
ness.] Proud ; haughty,  [r.]  Barrow. 

FAT,  a.  [A.  S.feett,  fett ; fedan,  to  nourish  ; Dut. 
vet ; Ger.  fett ; Icel . feitr ; Dan  .feed-,  Sw  .fet.) 

1.  Full-fed;  plump;  fleshy;  pinguid;  adi- 
pose; unctuous;  — the  contrary  to  lean.  Shak. 

2.  Coarse  ; gross.  “ Fat  pollutions.”  Dryden. 

3.  Dull;  stupid.  “Fat  minds.”  Dryden. 

There  is  little  or  no  sense  in  the  fat  parts  of  any  creature; 

hence  the  ancients  6aid  of  any  dull  fellow  that  he  had  a fat 
wit.  Johnsion. 

4.  Wealthy  ; rich  ; yielding  a large  income ; 

profitable.  “ A fat  benefice.”  Ayiiffe. 

5.  Fertile;  productive;  fruitful.  “A  fat 

meadow  ground.”  Milton. 

6.  Abounding  in  spiritual  blessings. 

The  liberal  soul  shall  be  made  fat.  Prov.  xi.  25. 

7.  {Naut.)  Broad,  as  the  quarter  of  a ship. 

London  Ency. 

FAT;  n.  1.  The  unctuous  part  of  animal  flesh  ; 
solid  animal  oil.  Fat  consists  of  two  nearly 
allied  substances,  oleine  and  stearine,  the  for- 
mer constituting  the  oily  and  the  latter  the  solid 
principle. 

And  fat  regorged  of  bulls  and  goats.  Milton. 

2.  The  best  or  richest  part  of  any  thing. 

Ye  shall  eat  the  fat  of  the  land.  Oen.  xlv.  ]8. 


3.  {Printing.)  Such  type-work  as  contains 
much  blank  space,  and  is  consequently  easily 
set  up,  and  profitable  to  the  workmen.  Craig. 

FAT,  n.  [A.  S.  feet.  — See  ArAT.]  1.  A vat ; a 
vessel  used  in  brewing,  tanning,  &c.  Woodward. 

2.  A measure  of  capacity,  differing  in  differ- 
ent commodities.  Craig. 

FAT,  V.  a.  [i.  FATTED  ; pp.  FATTING,  FATTED.] 
To  make  fat ; to  fatten. 

O,  how  this  villany 

Doth  fat  me  with  the  very  thoughts  of  it!  Shak. 

FAT,  v.  n.  To  grow  fat ; to  fatten. 

An  old  ox  fats  os  well ...  as  a young  one.  Mortimer. 

FA'TAL , a.  [L.fatalis  ; fat  um,  fate  ; It. fatale; 
Sp.  Sg  Fr .fatal.) 

1.  Appointed  or  decreed  by  fate  ; destined. 

Behold  the  destined  place  of  your  abodes; 

I or  thus  Anchises  prophesied  of  old. 

And  thus  our  fatal  place  of  rest  foretold.  Dryden. 

2.  Proceeding  from  fate  ; inevitable.  “ These 
things  are  fatal  and  necessary.”  Tillotson. 

3.  Deadly  ; mortal ; destructive  ; pestiferous  ; 
as,  “ A fatal  wound  ” ; “ A fatal  error.” 

Syn.  — Sec  Deadly. 

FA'TAL-ISM,  n.  [It.  § Sp.fatalismo ; Fr.  fatal- 
isme. ] The  doctrine  that  all  things  happen  by 
an  inevitable  necessity  or  overruling  fate,  which 
annihilates  free  will,  and  controls  all  human 
actions  ; inevitable  necessity.  Bp.  Berkeley. 

FA'TAL-IST,  n.  [It.  £5  S^.fatalista ; Fr .fataliste.'] 
One  who  believes  in  fatalism. 

So  vain,  so  wild  a scheme  your  fatalists  have  dressed. 

Blackmore. 

FA-TAL-IS'TIC,a.  Relating  to  fatalism.  Coleridge. 

FA-TAL'J-TY,  n.  [F.  fatalitas  ; It.  fatalita  ; Sp. 
fatalidad ; Fr .fatalite.  — See  Fate.] 

1.  The  quality  of  being  fatal,  fated,  or  ap- 
pointed by  fate  ; predetermined  order  or  series 
of  events  ; invincible  necessity. 

The  Stoics  held  a fatality,  and  a fixed,  unalterable  course 
of  events;  but  then  they  held  also  that  they  fell  out  by  a ne- 
cessity emergent  from  and  inherent  in  the  things  themselves, 
which  God  himself  could  not  alter.  South. 

2.  Tendency  to  danger,  or  to  some  great  or 
hazardous  event. 

Seven  times  seven  ...  is  conceived  to  carry  with  it  the 
most  considerable  fatality.  Broivne. 

3.  Mortality  ; destination.  Craig. 

FA'TAL-I.Y,  ad.  1.  By  the  decree  of  fate.  Bentley. 

2.  Mortally  ; destructively.  Denham. 

FA'TAL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  fatal. 

FA  ' TA  J\IOR-  OA  'J YA,  n.  [It.  — “ Cambrian  ety- 
mologists say  that  Morgain  [Morgan  or  Mor- 
gana] is  Mor  Gwynn,the  White  Maid.”  Keigld- 
ley.~\  A meteoric  phenomenon  nearly  allied  to 
the  mirage,  witnessed  in  the  Straits  of  Messina, 
between  the  coasts  of  Calabria  and  Sicily,  and 
occasionally,  but  rarely,  on  other  coasts,  and 
consisting  in  the  appearance  in  the  air  over  the 
surface  of  the  sea  of  multiplied  images  of  ob- 
jects on  the  surrounding  coasts  ; — called  also 
Castles  of  the  Fairy  Morgana,  the  spectacle 
being  supposed  to  be  under  the  influence  of  the 
queen  of  the  fairies,  the  Morgan  la  Fay  of  the 
popular  legends.  Brande. 

FAT'— BRAINED  (fat'brand),  a.  Of  dull  apprehen- 
sion ; stupid.  Shak. 

FATE,  n.  [L.  fatum  ; for,  fatus,  to  speak ; It. 
fato  ; Sp.  hado.] 

1.  An  inevitable  necessity  depending  upon  a 
superior  cause,  or  a fixed  sentence  whereby  the 
order  of  things  is  irreversibly  determined  ; des- 
tiny. 

Others  apart  sat  on  a hill  retired. 

In  thoughts  more  elevate,  and  reasoned  high 

Of  providence,  foreknowledge,  will,  and  Jate.  Milton. 

2.  Event  predetermined ; state  or  condition 
pre-ordained  ; doom  ; destiny  ; lot. 

And  turn  the  adamantine  spindle  round 

On  which  the  fate  of  gods  and  men  is  wound.  Milton. 

3.  Final  event ; death  ; destruction. 

Yet  still  he  chose  the  longest  way  to  fate, 

"Wasting  at  once  his  life  and  his  estate.  Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Destiny. 

FAT'f.D,  a.  1.  Decreed  by  fate;  doomed;  des- 
tined ; appointed.  “ Fated  here  to  reign.” 

Dryden. 

Her  awkward  love  indeed  was  oddly  fated.  Prior. 


FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  JJ,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE, 


FATEFUL 


541 


FAUFEL 


2.  Exempted  by  fate,  [u.] 

Bright  Yulcanian  arms, 

Fated  from  force  of  steel  by  Stygian  charms.  Dryden. 

3.  Invested  with  the  power  of  fate. 

Thy  fated  sky 

Gives  us  free  scope.  Shak. 

FATE'FUL,  a.  Fatal  ; destructive.  Pope. 

FATE'FUL-LY,  ad.  In  a fateful  manner.  Craig. 

FATE'FUL-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  fateful; 
fatality.  Clarke. 

FATES,  n.  pi.  {Myth.)  The  three  sister  goddesses, 
named  Clotho,  Lachesis,  and  Atropos,  whose 
office  it  was  to  spin  the  destinies  of  men,  and 
cut  the  threads  when  the  appointed  hour  of 
death  came  ; the  Destinies ; the  Parcae.  Brande. 

FAT'-HEAD-t;D,  a.  Dull;  stupid;  thick-skulled; 
fat-brained.  Armstrong. 

FAT'— HEN,  n.  {Bot.)  Wild  spinach;  white  goose- 
foot  ; Chenopodium  album.  [Local.]  F.  Ency. 

FA'THER,  n.  [A.  S.  feeder-,  Dut.  vader-,  Ger. 
rater;  Dan.  fader;  Icel.  fadir  ; Sw.  fader; 
Gael,  athair.  — Gr.  narrjp  ; L.  pater ; It.  <Sf  Sp. 
padre  ; Fr.  pere.  — Pers.  pader  ; Sans,  pita.) 

1.  He  by  whom  a child  is  begotten ; a male 
parent. 

A wise  son  lieareth  his  father's  instruction.  Prov.  xiii.  1. 

2.  Any  ancestor  or  forefather  ; — particularly 
the  progenitor  of  a family  or  race. 

Nebuchadnezzar  is  termed  Belshazzar’s  father,  though 
Belshazzar  was  his  grandson.  Cruden. 

3.  A term  of  respect  often  given  to  aged  or 
reverend  persons. 

Now,  Elisha  was  fallen  sick  of  his  sickness  whereof  he 
died.  And  Joash,  the  King  of  Israel,  came  down  unto  him, 
and  wept  over  his  face,  and  said,  O my  father,  my  fatherl 
the  chariot  of  Israel  and  the  horsemen  thereof  1 2 Kings  xiii.  14. 

A.  One  who  acts  with  paternal  kindness  or 
care.  “ I was  a.  father  to  the  poor.”  Job  xxix.  16. 

5.  A creator;  a maker;  an  author  ; an  origi- 
nator ; an  inventor. 

One  God  and  Father  of  all,  who  is  above  all,  and  through 
all,  and  in  you  all.  Eph.  iv.G. 

6.  The  first  of  a class  ; predecessor. 

Jubal  was  the  fattier  of  all  such  as  handle  the  harp  and 
organ.  Qeil.  IV.  21. 

7.  The  compellation  of  God  as  creator. 

Almighty  and  most  merciful  Father.  Com.  Prayer. 

8.  {Theol.)  The  appellation  of  the  first  person 

in  the  Trinity.  Bp.  Taylor. 

9.  {Eccl.  JTist.)  One  of  the  early  ecclesiasti- 
cal writers,  whose  works  have  thrown  light  upon 
the  history,  doctrines,  and  observances  of  the 
primitive  church. 

H®=St.  Bernard,  in  the  112th  century,  is  generally 
styled  the  last  of  the  Fathers.  The  writers  of  the 
first  century,  who  were  contemporary  with  the  first 
disciple-*,  are  distinguished  by  the  term  Apostolic 
Fathers.  Brande. 

10.  {Eccl.)  A dignitary  of  the  church  : — also, 
a Roman  Catholic  priest  or  confessor. 

The  Archbishops  of  Canterbury  and  York  have 
the  title  of  Most  Reverend  Father  in  God. 

Formal  in  apparel, 

In  gait  and  countenance  surely  like  a father.  Shak. 

FA'THER,  v.  a.  [i.  fathered  ; pp.  fathering, 

FATHERED.] 

1.  To  take  or  adopt,  as  a son  or  a daughter. 

Ay,  good  youth, 

And  rather  father  thee  than  master  thee.  Shak. 

2 To  adopt,  as  a composition ; to  assume  the 
authorship  of. 

Men  of  wit 

Often  fathered  what  he  writ.  Swift. 

3.  To  ascribe  to,  as  being  the  offspring  or 
production  of  ; — with  on  or  upon. 

Lest  we  seem  to  father  any  thing  upon  them  more  than  is 
their  own,  let  them  read.  Hooker. 

FA'THJJR-HOOD  (-hud),  n.  The  state  of  being  a 
father  ; paternity  ; fathership.  “ The  father- 
hood of  God.”  E.  Irving. 

FA'THER— IN— LAW',  n.  The  father  of  one’s  hus- 
band or  one’s  wife.  Goldsmith. 

FA'TH$R— LAND,  n.  The  land  or  country  of  one’s 
ancestors  ; a native  country  ; mother-country. 

What  from  our  father-land  we  bring.  Southey. 

Every  Englishman  who  glories  in  the  vigor  of  his  father- 
land  ought  to  study  the  Anglo-Saxon  as  the  immediate  and 
copious  source  of  the  English  language.  Bosworth. 


FA'TlIJpR— LASH'pR,  n.  {Ich.)  A voracious  acan 
thopterygious  fish,  of  the 
genus  Cottus,  found  on 
the  shores  of  Greenland 
and  Newfoundland ; Cot- 
tus bubalis.  Pennant. 


F A 'Til  It  R- LESS,  a.  Desti-  T.at,heriafhfr; 

Lite  of  a father.  (c ottus  bubal*). 


Ye  shall  not  afflict  any  widow  or  fatherless  child.  Ex.  xxii.22. 

FA'THER-HJSS-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
without  a father;  orphanage.  Craiy. 

FA'THJgR-LJ-NESS,  n.  Paternal  care  or  kind- 
ness ; paternity.  Sherwood. 

FA'THER— LONG'— LEG§,  n.  {Ent.)  The  popular 
name  of  an  insect  of  the  genus  Tipula,  having 
the  body  and  legs  long  and  slender ; crane-fly ; 
— called  also  daddy -long -leys.  Baird. 


fA'THER-LY,  a.  Like  a father;  tender;  kind; 
paternal.  “ The  piety  and  fatherly  affection  of 
our  monarch.”  Dryden. 

Syn.  — The  words  fatherly,  motherly,  and  brotherly 
are  from  Anglo-Saxon  roots  ; paternal,  maternal,  and 
fraternal,  from  Latin  roots.  Those  from  the  Latin 
being  the  more  polite  and  cold  ; those  from  the  Saxon, 
tile  more  familiar  and  hearty.  Paternal  government  ; 
fatherly  kindness.  — See  Faternal. 


FA'TH£R-LY,  ad.  In  the  manner  of  a father. 

FA'THER- SHIP,  n.  The  state  of  a father;  pa- 
ternity ; fatherhood.  Johnson. 

fATH'OM,  n.  [A.  S .feethem;  Dut.  radem  ; Ger. 
faden;  Dan . favn  ; Sw .famn;  Ir . fead.\ 

1.  Originally  the  space  between  both  arms 
extended;  a measure  of  length  containing  six 
feet,  or  two  yards,  generally  used  in  ascertain- 
ing the  depth  of  the  sea. 

F ull  fathom  five  thy  father  lies.  Shak. 

2.  Reach  of  mind ; penetration ; depth  of 
thought. 

Another  of  his  fathom  they  have  none.  Shak. 

FATH'OM,  v.  a.  [i.  fathomed  ; pp.  fathoming, 
fathomed.] 

1.  To  encompass  with  the  arms  extended  or 

encircling  ; to  span.  “ Pillars  of  round  timber 
as  big  as  two  men  can  fathom.”  Purchas. 

2.  To  grasp  with  the  mind  ; to  comprehend. 

Leave,  leave  to  fathom  such  high  points  as  these.  Dnjde n. 

3.  To  sound ; to  try  with  respect  to  the  depth. 

Our  laws,  that  did  a boundless  ocean  seem, 

W ere  coasted  all,  and  fathomed  all,  by  him.  Dryden. 

4.  To  divine  ; to  penetrate  ; to  conjecture  ; as, 
“ To  fathom  a design.” 

fAth'OM-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  fathomed  or 
sounded.  Bp.  Hall. 

fATH'OM-IJR,  n.  One  who  fathoms.  Sherwood. 


fATH'OM-LESS,  a.  That  cannot  be  fathomed. 
“ A.  fathomless  lake.”  More. 

FA-TID'IC,  a.  Prophetic ; fatidical,  [r.]  Scott. 

FA-TID'I-CAL,  a.  {L.  fatidicus  ; fatum,  fate,  and 
dico,  to  teil.]  Prophetic  ; of  power  to  foretell. 
FA-TID'1-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a fatidical  manner. 
[r.]  For.  Qu.  Rev. 

FA-TIF'FR-OUS,  a.  [L.  fatifer;  fatum,  fate,  and 
fero,  to  bear.]  Deadly  ; mortal.  Blount. 


f fAt'I-GA-BLE,  a.  [L.  fatigabilis ; fatigo,  to 
weary.]  Easily  wearied.  ‘ Bailey. 

f fAt'I-gAte,  v.  a.  [L.  fatigo,  fatigatus.]  To 
weary  ; to  fatigue.  Elyot. 

+ FAT'I-GATE,  a.  AVearied;  worn  out.  Shak. 

+ fAT-T-gA'TION,  n.  [L .fatigatio.]  AVeariness; 
fatigue.  W.  Mountagu. 

FA-TIGIJE'  (fa-teg'),  n.  [It.  fatica  ; Sp . fatiga; 
Fr.  fatigue.] 

1.  AVeariness  ; lassitude.  Armstrong . 

2.  The  cause  of  weariness  ; labor  ; toil. 

The  great  Scipio  sought  honors  in  his  youth,  and  endured 
the  fatigues  Avith  Avhich  he  purchased  them.  Dryden. 

3.  {Mil.)  Extra  duty,  distinct  from  that  of 

arms.  Burn. 


Syn.  — Fatigue  and  weariness  denote  the  state  of 
being  tired.  Fatigue  is  caused  by  exertion,  either  of 
body  or  mind  ; weariness,  by  travelling,  standing,  or 
being  long  subjected  to  what  is  disagreeable.  Lassi- 
tude is  weariness  and  languor,  produced  by  labor  and 
exhaustion,  or  by  that  which  causes  weakness  and 
inactivity. 


FA-TiGUE'  ( fa-teg'),  v.  a.  [L  .fatigo  ; fatim,  suf- 
ficiently, and  ago,  to  drive  ; It.  faticare ; Sp. 
fatigar;  Fr.  fatiguer .]  [i.  fatigued;  pp. 

fatiguing,  fatigued.]  To  harass  or  tire  with 
labor  or  importunity  ; to  tire  ; to  weary.  “ La- 
bor fatigues  us.”  Blair.  “The  conqueror  fa- 
tigued in  war.”  Parnell. 

Syn.  — See  Weary. 

FA-TIGUE'SOME,  a.  AVearisome ; tiresome.  "A 
fatiguesome  flight.”  Turnbull. 

f FA-TlL'0-Q.UENT,  a.  Prophesying;  sooth- 
saying. Blount. 

FA-TIL'O-aUlST,  n.  [L .fatiloquus  ; fatum,  fate, 
and  loquor,  to  speak.]  A fortune-teller.  Ash. 

FAt'J-MItE,  n.  {Hist.)  A descendant  from  Ma- 
homet’s only  daughter  and  child,  Fatima.  Ency. 

FA-TIS'CJgNCE,  n.  [L.  fatisco,  fatiscens,  to  open 
in  chinks  or  clefts.]  An  opening;  an  aperture  ; 
a gap  ; a chink.  Smart. 

FAT'-KID-NEYED  (fat'kid-njd),  a.  Having  fat 
kidneys  ; fat ; gross.  Shak. 

FAT'LING,  n.  A young  animal  fed  for  slaughter. 

The  young  lion  and  the  failing  shall  lie  down  together, 
and  a little  child  shall  lead  them.  Isa.  xi.  G. 

FAT'-LUTE,  n.  A mixture  of  pipe-clay  and  lin- 
seed-oil, for  filling  joints.  Simmonds. 

FAT'LY,  ad.  Grossly ; greasily,  [r.]  Cotyrave. 

fAt'NJJR,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  fattens; 
a fattener.  Arbuthnot. 

FAT'NF.SS,  n.  1.  The  quality  of  being  fat. 

And  eke  with  fatness  swollen  were  his  eyne.  Spenser. 

2.  Unctous  or  greasy  matter.  Bacon. 

3.  Fertility;  fruitfulness;  richness.  “The 

fattiess  of  the  earth.”  Gen.  xxvii.  28. 

4.  That  which  causes  fertility.  “ The  clouds 

drop  fatness.”  Phillips. 

FAt'TF.D,  p.  a.  Made  fat;  fattened.  “Bring 
hither  the  fatted  calf.”  Luke  xv.  23. 

fAt'TEN  (fat'tn),  v.  a.  [A.  S . ferttian.  — See 
Fat.]  \i.  fattened  ; pp.  fattening,  fat- 
tened.] 

1.  To  make  fat;  to  feed  well.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  To  make  fertile  or  fruitful;  to  fertilize; 

as,  “To  fatten  land.”  Dryden. 

fAt'TEN  (fat'tn),  v.  n.  To  grow  fat ; to  be  pam- 
pered. 

And  villains  fatten  with  the  brave  man’s  labor.  Otway. 

FAT'TEN-ER  (fSt'tn-er),  n.  He  who,  or  that 
which,  fattens  ; a fatner.  Todd. 

fAt'TI-NESS,  n.  Grossness;  fulness  of  flesh; 
fatness.  Sherwood. 

fAt'TISH,  a.  Inclining  to  fatness.  Sherwood. 

FAT'TY,  a.  Unctuous  ; oleaginous  ; fat.  Bacon. 

fFAT'U-ATE,  v.  n.  [L.  fatuor.l  To  play  the 
fool.  Blount. 

FA-TU'I-TOUS,  a.  Partaking  of  fatuity;  foolish  ; 
fatuous.  Ec.  Rev. 

FA-TU'I-TY,  n.  [L .fatuitas;  Fr .fatuite.]  Fool- 
ishness ; weakness  of  mind.  King  Charles. 

FAT'U-OUS  (lat'yu-us),  a.  [! L.fatuus .] 

1.  Stupid  ; foolish  ; imbecile.  Glanville. 

2.  Impotent;  without  force  ; illusory’.  ‘•'Fat- 
uous vapors.”  Browne. 

FAT'— WIT-T^D,  a.  Heavy  ; dull ; stupid.  Shak. 

FAU’BOURG  (fo'horg),  n.  [Fr.] 

1.  A suburb  ; environs ; the  part  of  a city  or 
town  that  is  on  the  outside  of  the  walls.  Scott. 

2.  A part  of  a town  or  city  formerly  without 

the  walls.  Spiers. 

FAU’  CE§,  n. pi.  [L.]  1.  {Anat.)  The  posterior 

part  of  the  mouth,  terminated  by  the  pharynx 
and  larynx.  Brande. 

2.  {Bot.)  The  gaping  part  or  orifice  of  a mon- 

opetalous  flower.  Loudon. 

3.  {Conch.)  The  opening  into  the  first  cham- 
ber of  a shell.  Craig. 

FAU'C£T,  n.  [Fr.  fausset;  from  L.  faux. — See 
Fauces.]  A pipe  or  spout  with  a spigot,  for 
drawing  liquor  from  a cask. 

FAX}' FEL,  n.  [Sansc.  phulfeel;  phul,  fruit,  and 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  (J,  9,  g,  soft;  E,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  ^ as  z ; £ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


FAUGH 


FAWN 


feel,  an  elephant.  Thomson.  — Fr .faufel.\  The 
fruit  of  the  Areca,  or  cabbage-tree,  a species  of 
palm  ; areca  nut ; Malabar  nut.  Johnson. 

FAUGH  (fiuv),  inter).  [Past  part,  of  the  A.  S.  verb 
fan,  to  hate,  'l'ooke.  “ I think  he  had  better 
have  left  them  \faugh,  fie,  foh\  in  the  class  of 
‘ brutish,  inarticulate  interjections.’”  Barclay .] 
An  exclamation  of  abhorrence;  foh.  Beau.  % FI. 

FAU'JA-SlTE,  n.  {Min.)  A hydrated  silicate  of 
alumina,  lime,  and  soda,  allied  to  zeolite', — so 
named  in  honor  of  Banjos  cle  St.  Fond.  Dana. 

FAUL'giUON  (fitwl'shun),  n.  See  Falchion. 

fAUL'CON,  / n.  see  Falcon,  and  Fal- 

FAUL'CON-RY,  ’ CONRY. 

FAULD§,  n.  pi.  The  part  of  a farm  manured  by 
folding  sheep  or  cattle  on  it.  [Scot.]  Simmonds. 

||  FAULT  [f&wlt,  IF.  P.J.  E.  F.  Ja.  Sm.  R.  ; ftwt, 

S. ; fTLvlt  or  fiwt,  K. ; folt,  I Vb.],  n.  [L.  fallo, 
to  deceive;  It.  fallo,  f alto,  a fault;  Sp.  flalta  ; 
Fr.  faute.  — See  Fail.] 

l!  An  error ; a mistake  ; an  imperfection  ; a 
defect;  a blemish  ; — used  of  things. 

If  you  like  not  my  poem,  the  fault  may  possibly  be  in  my 
Writing.  Dryden. 

2.  A slight  offence  or  dereliction  from  duty ; 
a trespass  or  transgression  liable  to  censure. 

He  that  but  conceives  a crime  in  thought 
Contracts  the  danger  of  an  actual  fault.  Dryden . 

3.  f Default ; want.  “ One  it  pleases  me,  for 

fault  of  a better,  to  call  my 
friend.”  Shak. 

4.  f Misfortune.  Shak. 

5.  (Min.  & Geol.)  A dislo- 

cation or  disturbance  of  stra- 
ta, which  interrupts  the  min-  - --  mm,  * _ ■ ■ 

er’s  operations. 

At  fault , said  of  a dog  when  Fault  in  a mine, 
he  loses  the  scent:  — in  difficulty  or  emoarrassment  ; 
puzzled;  as,  “The  inquirer  is  at  fault.”  “We  are 
not  only  at  a fault,  in  the  hunter’s  term,  but  at  a rest, 
as  if  we  were  playing  at  tennis.”  Sir  H.  fVotton. — 
To  find  fault , to  express  disapprobation  or  dissatisfac- 
tion. “They  wholly  mistake  the  nature  of  criticism, 
who  think  its  business  is  principally  to  find  fault.”  Dry- 
den. — To  find  fault  with , to  censure  ; to  blame.  “ They 
never  complain,  nor  find  fault  with  the  times.”  Swift. 

“ Dr.  Johnson  tells  us  that  the  l in  this  word 
is  sometimes  sounded  and  sometimes  mute,  and  that, 
in  conversation,  it  is  generally  suppressed.  To  this 
Dr.  Kenrick  adds,  that  it  is  needlessly  suppressed, 
None  of  our  lexicographers  have  marked  this  letter 
mute  but  Mr.  Sheridan.  Mr.  Nares  says,  the  word  is 
pronounced  both  ways,  and  leaves  it  undetermined  ; 
but  Mr.  Elphinston  decides  positively  against  retain- 
ing the  /,  even  in  writing;  his  reasons  are,  that,  as 
the  French  have  left  out  the  l in  their  antiquated 
faultr,  we  ought  to  leave  it  out  in  our  English  word, 
which  was  derived  from  their  ancient  one.  This 
reasoning,  however,  I think,  is  not  conclusive.  The 
l in  question  has  nothing  harsh  or  uncommon  in  its 
sound,  and,  if  it  were  mute,  would  desert  its  relation 
to  the  Latin. fajitas,  and  form  a disgraceful  exception  ; 
and,  if  poets  have  sometimes  dismissed  it,  to  rhyme 
the  word  with  thought , sought , &c.,  they  have  as 
readily  admitted  it  to  rhyme  with  malt,  salt , and  as- 
sault. 

4 Which  of  our  thrum-capped  ancestors  found  fault 

For  want  of  sugar-tongs,  or  spoons  for  salt?  ’ King." 

Walker. 

Syn.  — See  Blemish,  Error,  Imperfection. 

||  f FAULT,  v.  n.  To  be  wrong  ; to  fail.  Spenser. 

||  FAULT,  v.  a.  To  charge  with  a fault ; to  ac- 
cuse. “ Whom  should  I fault  ?”  [r.]  Bp.  Hall. 

||  f FAULT'JglR,  n.  One  who  commits  a fault;  an 
offender.  Fairfax . 

FAULT'ER,  v.  n.  See  Falter. 

||  FAULT'— FIND-^R,  n.  A censurer  ; an  objector. 

Other  pleasant  fault -finders,  who  will  correct  the  verb  be- 
fore they  understand  the  noun.  Sidney. 

II  f F.AULT'FUL,  a.  Full  of  faults  ; faulty.  Shak. 

||  FAULT'J-LY,  ad.  In  a faulty  manner ; not  rightly. 

||  fAULT'[-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  be- 
ing faulty.  Hooker. 

||  FAULT'LlgSS,  a.  Exempt  from  fault;  perfect. 
Whoever  thinks  a faultless  piece  to  see 
Thinks  what  ne’er  was,  nor  is,  nor  e’er  shall  be.  Pope. 

||  fAULT'HJSS-LY,  ad.  In  a faultless  manner; 
perfectly.  ' Dr.  Allen. 

II  FAULT'LIJSS-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
faultless;  perfection.  Johnson. 


542 

||  FAUL'TY,  a.  1.  Guilty  of  faults;  erring. 
“ Faulty  men.”  Spenser. 

2.  Defective  ; imperfect ; containing  blemish- 
es or  flaws.  “ A faulty  helmet.”  Bacon. 

The  form  of  polity  by  them  set  down  is  three  "ways  faulty. 

Hooker. 

Syn. — See  Defective. 

FAUN,  n.  [L.  Faunas,  the  protecting  deity  of 
agriculture  and  of  shepherds.]  ( Roman  Myth.) 
A woodland  deity,  having  the  legs,  feet,  and 
ears  of  goats,  and  the  rest  of  the  body  human ; 
a sylvan. 

Rough  satyrs  danced,  and  fauns  with  cloven  heel.  Milton. 

“ The  fauns  of  tile  Latin  mythology  are  some- 
what analogous  io  the  satyrs  of  the  Greeks.  There 
are  points,  however,  in  which  the  ancient  artists 
made  them  differ  as  to  appearance.  The  fauns  are 
generally  represented  as  young  and  frolicsome  of 
mien  : their  faces  are  round,  expressive  of  merriment, 
and  not  without  an  occasional  mixture  of  mischief. 
The  satyrs,  on  t lie  contrary,  bear  strong  resemblance 
to  different  quadrupeds  ; their  faces  and  figures  par- 
take of  the  ape,  the  ram,  or  the  goat ; they  have  some- 
times goats’  legs,  but  always  either  goats’  or  horses’ 
tails.”  Anthon. 

fAu'NA,  n.  [L . Faunus.  — See  Faun.]  (Zotil.) 
The  zoology  or  various  kinds  of  animals  pecu- 
liar to,  or  found  in,  a country  ; — corresponding 
to  flora,  which  embraces  the  botany  or  plants. 

FAUN'IST,  n.  One  who  pursues  rural  studies  ; a 
student  of  natural  history  ; a naturalist.  White. 

FAU'SEN  (fkw'sn),  n.  ( Ich .)  A sort  of  large  eel. 
“ Fausens  and  other  fish.”  Chapman. 

FAUSSE'BRAYE  (fos'bra),  n.  [Fr.]  (Fort.)  A 
platform  with  a xvall  on  its  outer  edge,  now  su- 
perseded by  the  tenaille.  Its  position  was  close 
to  the  escarp  of  the  enceinte.  Mil.  Ency. 

FAUTEUIL  (fo-tul'),  n.  [Fr.]  A large  elbow- 
chair  ; an  arm-chair.  Simmonds. 

fFAu'TOR,  n.  [L.,  contracted  from  favitor. — 
See  Favor.]  A favorer  ; a supporter  ; abettor. 

I am  neither  author  nor  fautor  of  any  sect.  B.  Jonson. 

fFAU'TRpSS,  n.  [L.  fautrix.  — See  Fautor.] 
A woman  who  favors.  Chapman. 

FAUX,  n.;  pi.  fau'c e$.  [L.] 

1.  The  pharynx.  — See  Fauces. 

2.  (Bot.)  The  orifice  of  the  tube  of  the  co- 
rolla. Brande. 

3.  (Conch.)  That  portion  of  the  cavity  of  the 

first  chamber  of  a shell  which  may  be  seen  by 
looking  in  at  the  aperture.  Craig. 

FAUX  JOUR  (fo'zhor').  [Fr.]  (Fine  Arts.) 
False  light ; — a term  denoting  that  a picture  is 
so  placed  that  the  light  falls  upon  it  in  a direc- 
tion different  from  that  in  which  the  painter 
has  represented  it  as  coming.  Craig. 

FAUX  PAS  ( fo'pd').  [Fr.]  A false  step;  a fault 
or  error  in  conduct.  For.  Qu.  Rev. 

f FA-VA<?'!-NOUS,  a.  Formed  like  a honey- 
comb. Browne. 

f FAv'JJL,  n.  [Old  Fr.  favelle,  a fable.]  Deceit. 

There  was  falsehood,  favel,  and  jollity.  Hycke  Scorncr. 

f fAv'^L,  a.  [L.  fiavus  ; Fr.  fauve.]  Yellow; 
fallow ; dun.  [r.]  Todd. 

FA- VE'O-LATE,  a.  [L.  favus,  a honey-comb.] 
(Bot.)  Formed  like  a honey-comb;  cellular; 
alveolate  ; favose.  Gray. 

FA-VJl'LOUS,  a.  [L.  far  ilia,  ashes.]  Consist- 
ing of,  or  resembling,  ashes.  Browne. 

FA'VOR,  v.  a.  [i.  favored  ; pp.  favoring,  fa- 
vored.] 

1.  To  regard  with  kindness  ; to  countenance. 

“ Men  flavor  wonders.”  Bacon. 

2.  To  protect ; to  support ; to  render  assist- 
ance to  ; to  assist ; to  aid  ; to  treat  kindly. 

A name, 

While  fortune  favored,  not  unknown  to  fame.  Dryden. 

3.  To  resemble  in  features.  “ The  gentleman 

favored,  his  master.”  Addison. 

4.  To  represent  favorably  ; to  palliate. 

He  has /aro/*ed  her  squint  admirably.  Swift. 

FA'VOR,  n.  [L.  flavor ; flaveo,  to  favor ; It .favore; 
Sp  .favor;  Fr.  flavour.'] 

1.  Kind  regard  ; countenance  ; kindness  ; 
friendliness  ; propitious  aspect ; good  xvill. 

He  lived  with  nil  the  pomp  he  could  devise, 

But  found  no  favor  in  his  lady’s  eyes.  Dryden. 


2.  Support ; vindication  ; defence. 

The  favor  of  learning  was  the  humor  and  mode  of  the 
age.  Temple. 

3.  A kind  act  ; a good  deed  ; a benefit. 

All/arors  und  punishments  passed  by  him;  ull  offices  and 
places  of  importance  were  distributed  to  his  favorites.  Sidney. 

4.  The  person  or  thing  favored ; object  of 
kind  regard. 

All  these  his  wondrous  works,  but  chiefly  man, 

His  chief  delight  and  favor.  Milton. 

5.  fFace;  countenance;  features. 

A good  favor  you  have,  but  that  you  have  a hanging  look. 

.Shak. 

6.  Something  ornamental,  as  a knot  of  rib- 
bons, given  to  be  worn  as  a token  of  favor  or 
affection. 

. Here,  Fluellen,  wear  thou  this  favor  for  me,  and  stick  it 
in  thy  cap.  NAaffc. 

7.  (Law.)  Bias;  partiality;  prejudice. 

The  grand  jury  are  sworn  to  inquire  into  all  offences 
which  hui  e been  committed,  and  all  violations  of  law.  with- 
out fear,  Juvor,  or  affection.  Bouvier. 

Syn.  — See  Benefit,  Grace. 

FA'VOR-A-BLE,  a.  [It.  favorevole  ; Sp.  # Fr. 
favorable.] 

1.  Showing  favor ; kind  ; propitious ; auspi- 
cious ; friendly  ; willing. 

Lend  favorable  car  to  our  requests.  Shak. 

2.  Averse  to  censure  ; apologetic  ; palliative. 

None  can  have  the  favorable  thought 
That  to  obey  the  tyrant’s  will  they  fought.  Dryden. 

3.  Conducive  ; contributing  ; promotive. 

A climate  favorable  to  generation,  health,  and  long  life. 

Temple. 

4.  Suitable  ; fit ; adapted  ; convenient ; ad- 
vantageous ; beneficial. 

A place  very  favorable  for  the  making  levies  of  men. 

Clarendon. 

5.  f Beautiful  ; well-favored  ; well-featured. 

None  more  .favorable  nor  more  fair 

Than  Clarion.  Spenser . 

Syn.  — See  Auspicious,  Fair. 

FA'VOR-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
favorable.  Bp.  Taylor . 

FA'VOR-A-BLY,  ad.  In  a favorable  manner. 

FA'VORED  (fa'vurd),  a.  Featured; — compound- 
ed with  well,  hard,  ill , & c.  Spenser . 

FA'VORED-LY  (fa'vurd-le),  ad.  As  to  feature; 
— compounded  with  well  or  ill.  Johnson. 

f FA'VORED-NESS  (fa'vurd-nes),  n.  Appearance 
as  to  the  countenance  or  features.  Dent.  xvii.  1. 

FA'VOR-^R,  n . One  who  favors  ; a well-wisher. 

All  the  favorers  of  magic  were  the  most  protest  and  bitter- 
est enemies  to  the  Christian  religion.  Addison. 

FA'VOR-ESS,  n.  A female  who  favors  or  gives 
countenance.  Craig. 

FA'VOR-ING,  p.  a.  That  favors  or  aids. 

FA'VOR-lNG-LY,  ad.  With  favor. 

fA'VOR-ITE,  n.  [It.  <Sf  Sp.farorito ; Fr.  flarori.] 
A person  or  thing  beloved  or  regarded  xvith 
favor;  one  treated  with  peculiar  favor. 

A favorite  has  no  friend.  Gray. 

The  great  man  down,  you  mark  his  favorite  flies; 

The  poor,  advanced,  makes  friends  of  enemies.  Shak. 

It  lias  been  remarked  that  there  is  no  prince  so  had  whose 
favorites  and  ministers  are  not  worse.  Burke. 

FA'VOR-ITE,  a.  Beloved;  regarded  with  favor. 
“ His  favorite  passages  in  an  author.”  Addi- 
son. “ The  favorite  child.”  Pope. 

FA'VOR-IT-I§M,  n.  The  act  of  favoring;  the 
practice  of  showing  undue  favor  ; partiality. 

It  is  this  unnatural  infusion  of  a system  of  farontisni  into 
a government  which,  in  a great  part  of  its  constitution,  is 
popular,  that  has  raised  the  present  ferment  in  the  nation. 

Burke. 

FA’VOR- LESS,  a.  Without  favor.  Spenser. 

FA-VOSE',  a.  [L.  favus,  a honey-comb.]  (Bot.) 
Pitted  or  excavated  like  the  cells  of  a honey- 
comb ; cellular ; alveolate  ; faveolate.  Loudon. 

FAV'O-SiTE,  n.  [h.  favus,  a honey-comb.]  (Geol.) 
A kind  of  cellular  fossil  coral.  Clarke. 

FAV-U-LA' RI-A,  n.  pi.  [L . favus,  a honey-comb.] 
(Geol.)  A genus  of  extinct  fossil  plants,  found  in 
coal  formations,  the  stems  of  xvhich  bear  marks 
resembling  the  cells  of  a honey-comb.  Buckland. 

FAWN,  n.  [Fr.  faon.]  The  young  of  the  fal- 


A,  E, 


I,  o,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  1,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


FAWN 


FE  ATHE  R-BOARDING 


low  deer  ; a buck  or  doe  of  the  first  year.  “ The 
wanton  fawn.”  — See  Deer.  Pope. 

FAWN,  v.  n.  To  bring  forth  a fawn.  Bullokar. 

FAWN,  v.  n.  [A.  S .fagnian,  to  rejoice;  to  flat- 
ter. — See  Fain.]  [ i . fawned  ; pp.  fawning, 
FAWNED.] 

1.  To  court  favor,  as  by  the  tricks  of  a dog. 
The  dog  straight  fawned  upon  his  master.  Sidney. 

2.  To  court  servilely  ; to  flatter  ; to  cringe  to. 

Oft  he  bowed 

His  turret  crest,  and  sleek,  enamelled  neck. 

Fawning,  and  licked  the  ground  whereon  she  trod.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Coax. 

FAWN,  n.  The  act  of  fawning ; sycophancy  ; 
cringing;  low  flattery.  “ Servile  fawns.”  Shah. 

FAWN'JpR,  n.  One  who  fawns;  a sycophant;  a 
mean  flatterer.  Spectator. 

Syn.  — See  Flatterer. 

FAWN'ING,  n.  Act  of  one  who  fawns ; gross  or 
low  flattery  ; sycophancy  ; cringing. 

Let  the  candied  tongue  lick  absurd  pomp. 

And  crook  the  pregnant  hinges  of  the  knee, 

Where  thrift  may  follow  fawning.  Shak. 

fAWN'JNQ,  p.  a . Meanly  flattering;  treating 
with  servility.  “ A fawning  greyhound.”  Shak. 

FAWN';NG-LV,  ad.  In  afawning  manner.  South. 

+ fAx'£D,  a.  [A.  S.feex,  hair.]  Hairy.  Camden. 

FAY  (la),  n.  [Fr. /ee.  — See  Fairy.1  A fairy  ; 
an  elf.  “ The  yellow-skirted  fays’  Milton. 

f FAY,  n.  Faith.  “ By  my  fay."  Shak. 

FAY,  v.  a.  [A.  S .fegan,  or  gefegan,  to  join.]  \i. 
FAYED  ; pp.  FAYING,  FAYED.J  To  fit  ally  two 
pieces  of  wood  so  as  to  join  close  together ; to 
cause  to  lie  close  ; to  join  ; to  fit.  Crabb. 

FAY,  v.  n.  To  lie  close  together;  to  fit.  Ash. 

FAY'AL-ITE,  n.  (Min.)  A native  silicate  of  iron 
from  the  Island  of  Fayal.  Brande. 

FAYEJYCE.  See  Faience. 


FAZ'ZO-LET,  n.  [It.  fozzoletto.]  A handker- 
chief. Clarke. 

FE  (fa),  n.  [Port.  $ Sp.]  Faith.  Newman. 

FEA'BpR-RY  (fe'ber-re),  n.  A gooseberry.  [Lo- 
cal, Eng.]  Richardson. 

fFEAGUE  (feg),  v.  a.  To  whip  ; to  chastise  ; to 
punish;  to  fag.  Buckingham. 


+ FE'AL,  a.  Faithful;  true.  Chambers. 

FE'AL-TY  [fe'jl-te,  IF.  P.  J.  E.  F.  K.  Sm.  Wb. ; 
fel'te,  S'.  Jai],  n.  [L.  fidelitas  ; fidelis,  faithful; 
fides,  faith;  It.  fedelt'i ; Sp . fieldad'.  Old  Fr. 
feaulte;  Fr.  fealte,  or  feaute.\  A liegeman’s 
duty  or  oath  of  fidelity  to  his  liege  lord  ; fideli- 
ty ; loyalty.  “ Maud,  the  empress,  to  whom  the 
prelates  and  nobles  had  sworn  fealty."  Prynne. 

4®=  “ Dr.  Kenrick,  Mr.  Sheridan,  Mr.  Scott,  Bu- 
chanan, and  W.  Johnston  make  only  two  syllables  of 
this  word  ; Mr.  Perry  and  Mr.  Nares,  three.  I do  not 
hesitate  a moment  to  pronounce  the  last  division  the 
best.”  Walker. 

Syn.  — See  Homage. 

FEAR  (ter),  n.  1.  An  uneasy  or  painful  emotion 
produced  by  the  apprehension  of  danger  ; dread ; 
terror  ; fright ; trepidation  ; alarm. 

Fear  is  an  uneasiness  of  the  mind  upon  the  thought  of 
future  evil  likely  to  befall  us.  Locke. 

2.  Anxiety;  solicitude.  “ The  principal  fear 

was  for  the  holy  temple.”  2 Mac.  xv.  18. 

3.  The  cause  or  object  of  fear.  Gen.  xxxi.  42. 

Still,  as  he  fled,  his  eve  was  backward  cost, 

As  if  his  fear  still  followed  him  behind.  Spenser. 

Jacob  sware  by  the  fear  of  his  father  Isaac.  Gen.  xxxi.  53. 

4.  Something  hung  up  to  scare  deer,  or  other 
wild  animals,  by  its  color  or  noise. 

He  who  fleeth  from  the  noise  of  the  fear  shall  fall  into 
the  pit.  jsa.  xxiv.  18. 

5.  Reverential  regard;  respect  mingled  with 
awe. 

The  fear  of  the  Lord  is  the  beginning  of  wisdom.  Ps.  cxi.  ID. 

Syn. — See  Dread. 

FEAR,  v.  a.  [L.  vereor.  — A.  S.  fair  an,  or  afceran, 
to  terrify ; from  faran,  to  go  or  cause  to  go 
away,  and  hence  from  the  motion  extended  to 
the  feeling  which  caused  it.  Richardson.  — Dut. 


543 

vaaren ; Ger.  ftlrchten .]  [i.  feared  ; pp.  fear- 
ing, feared.'] 

1.  f To  fright  or  affright ; to  terrify  ; to  make 
afraid ; to  scare. 

Thou  canst  not  fear  us,  Pompey,  with  thy  sails.  Shak. 

This  aspect  of  mine  hath  feared  the  valiant.  Shak. 

2.  To  have  a painful  apprehension  of;  to  ex- 
pect with  emotions  of  alarm  ; to  be  afraid  of ; 
to  apprehend  ; to  dread. 

The  Lord  is  my  salvation;  whom  shall  I fear?  Ps.  xxvii.  1. 

I fear  not  death,  nor  dangers,  nor  disgrace.  Dryden. 

3.  To  reverence  ; to  stand  in  awe  of.  “ Fear 

God,  honor  the  king.”  1 Pet.  ii.  17. 

Syn.  — See  Apprehend. 

FEAR,  v.  n.  To  live  in  terror  ; to  he  afraid  or 
anxious.  “ You  may  fear  too  far,  sir.”  Shak. 

f FEAR,  n.  A companion.  — See  Fere.  Spenser. 

II  FEAR'FUL  [fer'ful,  P.  J.  E.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  R.  C. ; 
fer'ful.  S. ; lcr  tul  or  fer'ful,  IF.  i'.] , a. 

1.  Filled  with  fear  ; afraid. 

I have  made  my  heroine  fearful  of  death.  Dryden. 

2.  Habitually  timid  ; timorous  ; apprehensive 

of  danger  or  evil.  “ Fearful  hearts  and  faint 
hands.”  Eccles.  ii.  12. 

3.  Impressing  fear  ; terrible  ; frightful ; dread- 
ful. “ He’s  gentle,  and  not  fearful.”  Shak. 

It  is  a fearful  thing  to  fall  into  the  hands  of  the  living 
God.  Heb.  x.  31. 

4.  Awful ; to  be  reverenced. 

Who  is  like  thee,  glorious  in  holiness,  fearful  in  praises? 

Ex.  xv.  11. 

Syn.  — Fearful  signifies  full  of  fear,  and  also  full 
of  that  which  causes  fear.  Fearful,  apprehensive , or 
afraid  of  danger  ; a timid  person  ; a person  unreasona- 
bly timid  or  timorous.  — A fearful  contest  or  catastro- 
phe ; a dreadful  accident ; an  awful  occurrence ; a 
frightful  dream  ; a tremendous  storm  ; a terrible  hurri- 
cane ; a terrific  appearance  ; a horrid  spectacle. 

||  FEAR'FUL-LY,  ad.  In  a fearful  manner. 

||  FEAR'FUL-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality 
of  being  fearful.  Hooker. 

FEAR'LJJSS,  a.  Free  from  fear  ; intrepid  ; cour- 
ageous ; bold  ; undaunted  ; brave  ; valiant. 

The  flaming  seraph,  fearless , though  alone.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Bold. 

FEAR'Lf  SS-LY,  ad.  Without  fear  ; intrepidly. 

FEAR'LpSS-NESS,  n.  Exemption  from  fear;  in- 
trepidity. “ Fearlessness  in  danger.”  Clarendon. 

FEAR'NAUGHT  (fer'nftwt),  n.  A thick  sort  of 
woollen  stuff,  much  used  in  ships  for  lining  port- 
holes, for  warm  garments,  and  for  other  pur- 
poses ; dreadnaught.  Crabb. 

FEA§E,  v.  a.  1.  To  untwist  or  ravel,  as  the  end 
of  a rope  ; — written  also  feaze. 

2.  To  beat ; to  whip.  Ash. 

See  Pheese. 

FEA-§I-BlL'I-TY  (fe-ze-lul'e-te),  n.  The  quality  of 
being  feasible  ; practicability  ; feasibleness.  “ A 
design  whose  feasibility  I considered.”  Boyle. 

FEA'fjI-BLE  (fe'ze-bl),  a.  [L.  facio,  to  do  or 
make;  It . fattibile-,  Sp . fac.tible-,  Fr . faisablef) 
That  may  be  done,  performed,  or  accomplished ; 
practicable  : — that  may  be  tilled  ; tillable. 

Charles  VIII.,  King  of  France,  finding  the  war  of  Britain 
not  so  feasible,  pursued  his  enterprise  upon  Naples,  which 
he  accomplished  with  wonderful  facility  and  felicity.  Bacon. 

FEA'§I-BLE  (fe'ze-bl),  n.  Whatever  is  practica- 
ble. “Easy  feasibles."  [r.]  Glanville. 

FEA'fjJ-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  fea- 
sible ; practicability ; feasibility.  Bp.  Hall. 

FEA'^I-BLY  (fe'ze-ble),  ad.  Practicably.  Johnson. 

FEAST  (test),  n.  [L . festum  ; It . festa  ; Sip.  fiesta  ; 
Fr.  fete.  — Gael,  feisd,  feist. \ 

1.  An  entertainment  of  the  table  ; a sumptu- 
ous treat ; a banquet. 

It  is  not  the  quantity  of  meat,  but  the  cheerfulness  of  the 
guests,  which  makes  the  feast.  Where  there  is  no  peace, 
there  can  be  no  feast.  Clarendon. 

2.  A day  of  feasting  ; a festival ; a holiday  ; 
an  ecclesiastical  anniversary;  as,  “The  Feast 
of  Tabernacles.” 

This  day  is  called  the  Feast  ofCrispian.  Shak. 

3.  Intellectual  entertainment ; enjoyment. 

The  feast  of  reason  and  the  flow  of  soul.  Pope. 

415=  Formerly  the  feasts  of  saints  were  used  to  in- 
dicate the  dates  of  instruments  and  memorable  events. 


Syn.  — A religious  feast  or  festival  is  an  anniver- 
sary ceremony  of  feasting  and  thanksgiving ; and 
such  a day,  being  kept  sacred  or  vacant  from  secular 
labor,  is  often  called  a holiday.  A banquet,  is  a public, 
sumptuous  feast.  A joyful  festival  or  feast ; a splendid 
banquet ; a pleasing  entertainment ; a drinking  carousal ; 
a treat  for  soldiers,  servants,  &c. 

FEAST,  V.  n.  [t.  FEASTED  ; pp.  FEASTING,  FEAST- 
ED.] To  partake  of  a feast ; to  eat ; to  be  en- 
tertained. “ I did  feast  with  Caesar.”  Shak. 

FEAST,  v.  a.  1.  To  entertain  sumptuously  at  the 
table  ; to  feed  plenteously  or  luxuriously.  “ He 
was  feasted  by  the  king.”  Hayward. 

2.  To  delight ; to  gratify;  to  please  ; to  glad- 
den ; to  rejoice. 

Heaven  this  day  is  feasted:  with  your  name.  Dryden. 

FEAST'— DAY,  n.  A day  of  feasting  ; a festival. 

But  they  said,  not  on  the  feast-day , lest  there  be  an  up- 
roar among  the  people.  Matt.  xxvi.  5. 

FEAST'fR,  n.  1.  One  who  fares  deliciously;  a 
sumptuous  liver.  Bp.  Taylor. 

2.  One  that  entertains  magnificently  ; a feast- 
maker.  Huloet. 

FEAST'FUL,  a.  Festive;  joyful;  luxurious. 
“ Feastful  days.”  “ Feastful  friends.”  Milton. 

FEAST'FUL-LY,  ad.  In  a feastful  manner ; lux- 
uriously ; festively.  Clarke. 

FEAST'ING,  n.  An  entertainment ; a treat ; a 
feast.  Cartwright. 

FEAST'— RITE,  n.  A rite  or  custom  observed  at 
feasts.  Phillips. 

FEAST'— WON,  a.  Bribed  or  won  by  feasting. 

Shak. 

FEAT  (fet),  n.  [L.  factum  ; facio,  factus,  to  do  ; 
It.  fatto  ; F r.  fait.  — Gael,  feart. J 

1.  An  achievement;  a deed  ; a performance; 
an  action  ; act;  exploit.  “Bold  feats.”  Spen- 
ser. “ Feats  of  war.”  Brende. 

2.  An  act  of  slyness  and  dexterity  ; a trick. 

With  stories  told  of  many  a feat , 

How  fairy  JNlab  the  junkets  eat.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Deed. 

t FEAT,  a.  1.  Ready;  skilful;  ingenious. 

That  feat  man  at  controversy.  Stillingfleet. 

2.  Good  ; correct ; pure.  “ She  speaks  feat 
English.”  Beau.  § FI. 

f FEAT,  v.  a.  To  form  ; to  fashion.  Shak. 

f FEAT'E-OUS,  a.  Neat;  dexterous.  Johnson. 

f FEAT'IJ-OUS-LY,  ad.  Dexterously.  Spenser. 

FEATH'IJR  (feth'er),  n.  [A.  S.  fyther,  or  fether; 
Frs . fecr  \ Dut.  reder  ; Xier.feder ; I) a rv.fier. — 
Derived  by  Wachter  from  Gr.  irrepbv,  a wing.] 

1.  A plume  of  a bird  : — in  the  plural,  or  collec- 
tively, the  covering  of  birds  ; plumage.  Waller. 

2.  Kind;  nature;  species; — from  the  pro- 
verbial expression,  “ Birds  of  a feather,"  i.  e. 
of  a species. 

Clifford  and  the  hanght  Northumberland, 

And  of  their  feather  many  more  proud  birds.  Shak. 

3.  An  ornament ; an  empty  title.  Johnson. 

4.  On  a horse,  a sort  of  natural  frizzling  of 
hair,  which,  in  some  places,  rises  above  the 
lying  hair,  and  there  makes  a figure  resembling 
the  tip  of  an  ear  of  wheat.  Farrier’s  Diet. 

5.  pi.  (Arch.)  Any  narrow  slips  of  timber  to 
strengthen  framing,  partitioning,  &c.  Craig. 

A feather  in  the  cap,  an  honor  or  mark  of  distinction. 

— To  be  in  high  feather,  to  be  in  good  health  and  spir- 
its ; to  be  in  good  condition,  as  birds  in  full  plumage. 

— To  show  the  white  feather,  to  show  signs  of  coward- 
ice. as  a white  feather  in  the  tail  of  a cock  is  said  to 
be  a token  that  he  is  not  of  the  true  game  breed.  Grose. 

FEATH'BR  (feth'er),  V.  a.  [i.  FEATHERED  ; pp. 
FEATHERING,  FEATHERED.] 

1.  To  dress  in,  or  fit  with,  feathers.  Johnson. 

2.  To  tread,  as  a cock.  Dryden. 

3.  To  enrich  ; to  adorn  ; to  exalt. 

The  king  cared  not  to  plume  his  nobility  and  peonle,  to 
feather  himself.  Bacon. 

To  feather  one's  nest , to  provide  for  one’s  self ; to 
get  riches  together.  Hood. 

FEATH'^R— BED,  n.  A bed  stuffed  with  feathers. 

FEATII'pR— BOARD'ING,  n.  Boarding  in  which 
the  edges  of  the  adjacent  boards  overlap  ; — 
called  also  weather-boarding . Loudon. 


MIEN,  SIR ; MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RIJLE.  — (J,  <?,  £,  g,  soft ; C,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  $ as  z ; % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


FEATHER-DRIVER 


544 


FEE 


FEATH'gR— DRIVER,  n.  One  who  prepares 
feathers  by  beating.  Derham. 

FEATH'pR-DUST'^R,  n.  A light  brush  made  of 
feathers.  Simmonds. 

FEATH'pRED  (feth'erd),  a.  1.  Clothed  or  covered 
with  feathers.  “ Feathered  Mercury.”  Shak. 

2.  Fitted  with  feathers ; carrying  feathers. 

“ The  feathered  arrow.”  Pope. 

3.  Winged  like  an  arrow ; swift.  “ Feathered 

minutes.”  Cleaveland. 

4.  Made  smooth  as  with  down  or  feathers. 

“Nonsense,  feathered  with  soft  and  delicate 
phrases.”  Scott. 

FEATHER-ED^E,  n.  An  edge  like  a feather; 
the  thinner  edge  of  a board  or  plank.  Moxon. 

FEATH'pR-ED^ED,  a.  Having  a feather-edge. 

FEATH'ER-FEW,  n.  ( Bot .)  A plant  of  several 
species  ; fever-few  ; Pyrethrum.  Mortimer. 

FEATHER-GRASS  (feth'er-grSs),  n.  (Bot.)  A 
perennial,  ornamental,  feathery  or  downy  grass, 
of  several  species ; Stipa.  Loudon. 

FEATH'JJR-I-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  feathery. 

FEATH'^R-ING,  n.  1.  The  uniform  turning  of 
the  edge  of  an  oar  horizontally,  when  raised 
from  the  water,  in  rowing.  Simmonds. 

2.  (Arch.)  An  arrangement  of  small  arcs  or 
foils  separated  by  projecting  points  or  cusps, 
used  as  an  ornament  in  arch  mouldings,  &c. ; 
foliation.  Weale. 

FEATH' pR-LESS,  a.  Having  few  or  no  feathers; 
destitute  of  feathers.  Howell. 

+ FEATH'f  R-LY,  a.  Resembling  a feather.  “Some 
featherly  particle  of  snow.”  Browne. 

FEATH'fR— SELL-ER,  n.  One  who  sells  feathers. 

FEATHER— VEINED  (-vand),  a.  (Bot.)  Applied 
to  a leaf  in  which  the  veins  spring  from  along 
the  sides  of  a midrib  ; penninerved.  Hcnslow. 

FEATH'ER-Y  (feth'er-e),  a.  1.  Feathered;  clothed 
with  feathers.  Milton. 

2.  Resembling  feathers  ; plumose.  “ Feath- 
ery and  light  stuff.”  Whatelcy,  1634. 

FEATH'ER-Y— FOOT'JJD  (-fut'ed),  a.  Having 
feathers  on  the  feet.  Booth. 

f FEAT'LY,  ad.  Nimbly;  dexterously.  Shak. 

f FEAT'NpSS,  n.  Nimbleness  ; dexterity.  Iluloct. 

f FEAT'OIJS,  a.  See  Feateous.  Todd. 

FEATURE  (fet'yur),  n.  [L.  factura,  a making ; 
facio,  factus,  to  make  ; It . fattura  ; Sp.  hecliu- 
ra  ; Norm.  Ft.  failure.) 

1.  f Any  thing  made  ; form.  Milton. 

2.  Any  lineament  or  single  part  of  the  face. 

Pale  as  the  beam  that  o’er  his  features  played.  Byron. 

3.  The  cast  or  make  of  the  face. 

Report  the  feature  of  Octavia,  her  years.  Shak. 

4.  The  whole  turn  or  any  lineament  of  the 
body  ; the  fashion  ; the  make  ; appearance. 

I agreed  in  ever y feature  of  my  body  with  other  Yahoos. 

Swift. 

5.  A prominent  part  of  any  thing ; as,  “ The 
general  features  of  a country.” 

FEATURED  (fet'yurd),  a.  1.  Having  features  ; 
formed.  “ Featured  like  him.”  Shak. 

2.  Having  handsome  features ; handsome. 
“ Rich  thou  art,  featured  thou  art.”  Greene. 

FEATURE-LESS  (fet'yur-les),  a.  Destitute  of 
features.  Shak. 

FEAT'URE-LI-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
featurely  or  handsome.  Coleridge. 

FEAT'URE-LY  (fet'yur-le),  a.  Having  good  fea- 
tures ; handsome.  Coleridge. 

FEAZE,  v.  a.  [Fr.  fester.) 

1.  To  untwist,  as  the  end  of  a rope.  Johnson. 

2.  To  beat ; to  whip  with  rods.  Ainsworth. 

f FE-BRlC'I-TATE,  v.  n.  [L.  febricito,  fcbrici- 
tatus.)  To  be  in  a fever.  Bailey. 

FE-BRIC ' TJ-LA,  n.  [L.]  (Med.)  A slight  degree 
of  fever  ; a feveret.  Dunglison. 

+ Fp-BRICU-LOSE,  a.  [L .febriculosus.)  Troubled 
with  a slight  fever  ; feverish.  Johnson. 


II  FEB-RI-FA'CIENT  (feb-re-fa'sli?ut),  a.  [L.  fe- 
bris,  a fever,  and  facio,  to  make.]  That  causes 
fever ; febrific.  Dunglison. 

Fg-BRIF'JpR-OUS,  a.  [L .febris,  a fever,  and  fero, 
to  bear.]  (Med.)  Fever-bearing ; producing 
fever.  “ A febriferous  locality.”  Dunglison. 

FE-BRIF'IC,  a.  [See  Febrifacient.]  Producing 
fever ; febrifacient.  Chesterfield. 

FjJ-BRIFU-GAL,  a.  (Med.)  Good  against  fever  ; 
allaying  fever  ; antifebrile.  P.  Cyc. 

FEB'R!-FU£E,  n.  [L.  febris,  fever,  and  fugo, 
to  drive  away  ; Fr.  febrifuge.)  (Med.)  A medi- 
cine to  drive  away  or  to  allay  fever ; an  anti- 
febrile. Dunglison. 

FEB'RI-FClfjfF.,  a.  (Med.)  That  serves  to  drive 
away  or  to  allay  fever.  Arbuthnot. 

FE'BRILE,  or  FEB'RILE  [fe'brjl,  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  K. 
Wb. ; fe'brll,  S. ; fEb'rjl,  IV.  Sm.  c.) , a.  [L. 
febrilis  ; febris,  fever  ; probably  transposed  for 
ferbis,  from  ferveo,  to  boil  or  glow;  It .febbrile; 
Sp . febril',  Fr.  febrile.)  (Med.)  Relating  to, 

partaking  of,  or  indicating,  fever.  Harvey. 

FEB'Rll-A-RY,  n.  [L.  Februarius  ; februum,  ori- 
ginally, in  the  Sabine  language,  a purgative ; 
hence,  februa,  the  Roman  festival  of  purifica- 
tion and  expiation,  celebrated  on  the  loth  of  the 
month  ; It.  Febbraio  ; Sp.  Febrero  ; Fr.  Fe crier.) 
The  second  month  in  the  year,  represented  by 
the  sign  Pisces  (>£),  and  added  to  the  Roman 
calendar  by  Numa.  February,  in  a common 
year,  consists  of  twenty-eight  days,  but  has 
twenty-nine  in  a bissextile  or  leap  year,  on  ac- 
count of  the  intercalary  day  added  to  that  year. 

t FEB-RU-A'TION,  n.  [See  February.]  Purifi- 
cation ; a sacrifice.  Spenser. 

FE'CAL,  a.  Relating  to,  or  consisting  of,  excre- 
ment or  dregs.  Todd. 

FE'CE§,  n.  pi.  [L.  faeces.)  See  Fasces. 

FE'CIAL  (fe'slijl),  n.  [L.  fccialis.)  (Roman 
Ant.)  A Roman  herald,  whose  peculiar  office  it 
was  to  declare  war  and  conclude  peace.  Brande. 

Fecial  law,  tile  law  relating  to  declarations,  of  war 
and  treaties  of  peace  among  the  Romans.  Burrill. 

FE'CI-FORK,  n.  [L.  faeces,  dung,  and  Eng.  forlc.) 
(Ent.)  The  anal  fork  on  which  the  larva;  of  cer- 
tain insects  carry  their  faeces.  Maunder. 

FF.'CIT.  [L .,  he  did  it.)  (Fine  Arts.)  A word 
which  accompanies  the  name  of  an  artist  in 
the  inscription  made  on  his  work  to  indicate  the 
designer.  Craig. 

FECK'LpSS,  a.  [Perhaps  a corruption  of  effect- 
less. Todd.)  Spiritless;  feeble.  [North  of 
England.]  Brockett. 

FEC'U-LA,  n.  [L.  frecula,  lees  of  wine;  It . fe- 
cola;  Sp.  fecula-,  Fr.  fccule.)  A term  applied 
to  any  pulverulent  matter  obtained  from  plants, 
by  macerating  or  grinding  them  in  cold  water, 
but  especially  to  the  nutritious  powder  other- 
wise called  starch  or  farina  ; — written  also 
feecula.  P.  Cyc. 

FEC  U-LENCE,  ) n [L.  feeculentia ; fweula ; fax, 

FECU-LEN-CY,  ) faces,  dregs  ; Sp.'  feculencia  ; 
Fr.  feculence.) 

1.  The  quality  of  abounding  with  sediment 

or  dregs  ; muddiness.  Boyle. 

2.  Lees  ; dregs  ; faeces  ; sediment.  Burke. 

FECU-LENT,  a.  [Sp.  feculent  o ; Fr  .feculent.) 
Foul;  filthy;  dreggy;  sedimentary;  excremen- 
titious.  Glanville. 

FECUND  [fek'und,  IF.  J.  F.  Sm.-,  fe-kund',  E.  ; 
fe'kund,  It.),  a.  [L.  fecundus  ; It.  fecon clo  ; Sp. 
fecundo-,  Fr. fecund.)  Fruitful;  prolific;  pro- 
ductive. Graunt. 

Fy-CUN'DATE,  nr  FEC'UN-DATE  [fe-kun'dat,  P. 
K.  11.  Ash,  Maunder,  Richardson ; fek'un-dat, 
Sm.  C.  Wb.),  v.  a.  [L.  fecundo,  fecundatus  ; It. 
fecondare;  Sp.  fecundar-,  Fr.  feconder.)  To 
make  fecund  or  fruitful ; to  impregnate.  Paley. 

FEC-UN-DA'TION,  n.  [Tt.  fecondazione  ; Sp.  fe- 
cundacion-,  Fr.  fecondation.)  The  act  of  fe- 
cundating, or  making  fruitful.  Browne. 


FJJ-CUN'Dj-FY,  V.  a.  [L.  fecundus,  fruitful,  and 
facio,  to  make.]  To  make  fruitful,  [r.]  Johnson. 

FJJ-CUN'Dl-TY,  n.  [L.  fecunditas  ; It.  feconditii ; 
Sp . fecund idad Fr.  fecondite.)  The  quality  of 
being  fecund  or  fruitful ; the  power  of  produ- 
cing or  bring;ng  forth  in  great  abundance  ; fruit- 
fulness; prolificness;  productiveness;  fertility. 
“ Fecundity  of  invention.”  Pope. 

Some  of  the  ancients  mention  some  seeds  that  retain  their 
fecundity  forty  years.  jfay. 

FED,  i.  & p.  from  feed.  See  Feed. 

t FED'A-RY  [fedVre,  S.  IF.  P.  J.  E.  F.  K.  Sm 
fe'da-re,  Ja.),  n.  [L.  feedus,  a compact.]  A 
confederate;  a federary.  Shak. 

FEDELIJYI  (fa-da-Ie'ne),  n.  [It.]  A kind  of  dried 
Italian  paste  in  a pipe  form,  of  a smaller  size 
than  vermicelli.  Simmonds. 

FED'JJR-AL,  a.  [L.  feedus,  a compact;  Sp.  fede- 
ral-,  F r .federal.) 

1.  Relating  to  a league  or  compact.  “ The 
first  federal  condition.”  Bp.  Taylor.  “Contrary 
to  all  federal  right  and  justice.”  Grew. 

2.  Relating  to,  or  joined  in,  a confederacy,  as 
communities  or  states  ; confederate  ; — particu- 
larly, belonging  to  the  Union,  or  the  United 
States;  as,  “ The  federal  currency.”  Dallas. 

3.  Noting  a party  who  were  friendly  to  the 
constitution  of  the  United  States  when  it  was 
first  adopted. 

FED'pR-AL-ESM,  n.  [Fr .federalisme.)  The  prin- 
ciples of  Federalists.  Burke.  Morris. 

FED'ER-AL-IST,  n.  [Fr . federaliste.)  A member 
of  a federal  union,  or  aii  advocate  for  a confed- 
eration or  federal  government;  — a term  applied 
to  a political  party  in  the  United  States  who 
favored  the  constitution  of  the  United  States 
when  it  was  first  adopted.  Marshall. 

FED'f.R-AL-IZE,  v.  a.  To  confederate;  to  unite 
in  a confederacy.  Craig. 

FED-yR-AL-I-ZA'TION,  n.  Confederation  ; fed- 
eral union,  [r.]  Stiles. 

t FED'yR-A-Ry,  n.  A confederate  ; fedary.  Shak. 

FED'JJR-ATE,  a.  [L.  faederatus ; feedus,  a com- 
pact; lt.federato ; Fr.  federe.)  Leagued  ; con- 
federate ; banded.  Warburton. 

FED-IJR-A'TION,  n.  [Fr.  federation.)  A federal 
union  ; a confederation  ; a league.  Burke. 

FED'fR-A-TIVE,  a.  [Sp.  federativo  ; Fr . federa- 
tif. ] Joining  in  a league  ; federal.  Burke. 

f FED'I-TY,  n.  [L . fa-ditas  ; feedus,  foul.]  Base- 
ness ; turpitude  ; vileness.  Bp.  Hall. 

FEE,  n.  [Goth,  faihu,  cattle  ; A.  S.feoh ; Dut. 
vee\  Ger.  rich ; Dan.  fa? ; I cel.  f: ; Sw.  fii. — 
“ This  word  [feoh)  is  one  of  the  oldest  in  all 
the  European  languages.  Most  likely,  the  idea 
of  animation  and  motion  is  predominant  in 
all  the  preceding  words.  Cattle  was  the  first 
kind  of  property  ; and,  by  bartering,  this  word 
came  to  signify  money  in  general.”  Bosworth. 
— The  etymology  of  fee , in  its  legal  sense, 
is  much  disputed.  Somner,  Johnson,  Todd, 
Spelman,  and  Burrill  derive  the  word  from  A.  S. 
feoh,  a stipend,  a reward;  Richardson,  Webster, 
Smart,  and  Brady,  from  the  L.  fides,  faith ; It. 
fede;  Sp  .fe-,  Fr.foi  ; Cowel,  Coke,  and  Boit- 
vier,  from"  Fr.  fief ; Palgrave,  Spence,  and 
Brande,  from  the  Graeco-Latin  emphyteusis  of 
the  Roman  law;  Calvin,  from  the  Ger .fehde, 
war  ; others,  from  L.  feedus,  a compact.  Crabb 
considers  it  a corruption  of  feud.  Burrill  re- 
marks ; “ The  first  form  of  feoh,  as  a term  of 
law,  seems  to  have  been  the  Fr.  fief.  From 
this,  it  is  not  improbable,  the  word  fee  was 
formed  by  the  Normans,  and  introduced  into 
England,  the  Scotch  adopting,  with  less  altera- 
tion of  sound,  the  form ybii.  In  point  of  sense, 
the  meaning  of  feoh  accords  entirely  with  the 
essential  idea  of  the  feudal  grant  of  land ; viz. : 
an  interest  in  land  held  as  a stipend,  wages,  or 
reward  for  military  service,  being  in  the  nature 
of  a consideration,  and  therefore  considered 
more  a matter  of  right  than  favor.”  — See 
Feoff,  and  Feud.] 

1.  A fixed  or  gratuitous  compensation  for  ser- 
vices, particularly  of  official  and  professional 
men  ; a charge  ; reward  ; bill.  Pitt. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  $,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


FEE 


545 


2.  (Law.)  In  feudal  law,  a stipendiary  estate 
held  of  a superior  by  service ; a stipendiary  es- 
tate held  by  inheritance  ; — in  early  English 
law,  that  which  one  holds  of  another  by  service  ; 
a certain  quantity  of  land  held  on  condition  of 
service,  or  held  as  an  inheritance  ; — in  modern 
English  law,  an  estate  of  inheritance,  held  me- 
diately or  immediately  of  the  sovereigns;  — in 
American  law,  an  estate  of  inheritance  of  which 
the  holder  has  the  entire  disposal  without  con- 
dition, and  which  is  transmissible  to  his  heirs. 
— See  Fee-simple,  and  Fee-tail.  Burrill. 

FEE,  V.  a.  [f.  FEED  ; pp.  FEEING,  FEED.] 

1.  To  give  a fee  to  ; to  pay. 

Thou  wouldst  be  feed , I see,  to  make  me  sport.  Shak. 

2.  To  bribe  ; to  hire  ; to  purchase. 

She  hath  an  usher,  and  a waiting  gentlewoman, 

A page,  a coachman;  these  are  .feed  and  feed , 

And  yet,  for  all  that,  will  be  prating.  Beau.  Sr  FI. 

FEE'BLE  (fe'bl),  a.  [L.  f chilis,  lamentable  ; It. 
Jiebole,  or  Jicrolc,  feeble;  Sp . feble\  Old  Fr. 
foible  ; Fr.  foible.  — Flebilis  and  Jlcbilitas,  ac- 
cording to  Du  Cange,  were  used  in  Low  L.  as 
equivalent  to  debilis  and  debilitas.'] 

1.  Wanting  health,  vigor,  or  strength  ; debili- 
tated ; enervated  ; weak ; sickly ; infirm ; impo- 
tent ; — applied  to  persons. 

There  was  not  one  feeble  person  among  their  tribes.  Ps.  cv.  37. 

2.  Wanting  force ; deficient  in  strength  of 
any  kind  ; — applied  to  things. 

Where,  save  that  feeble  fountain,  all  is  still.  Byron. 

Syn.  — See  Weak. 

f FEE'BLE,  v.  a.  To  weaken ; to  enfeeble.  Spenser. 

FEE'BLE— MlND'ED,  a.  Weak  of  mind;  irreso- 
lute. “ Comfort  the  feeble-minded.”  1 Thess.  v.  14. 

FEE'BLE— MIND'UD-NESS,  n.  Weakness  of  mind; 
mental  imbecility.  E.  Irving. 

FEE'BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  feeble  ; 
weakness  ; impotence ; debility ; infirmity. South. 

Syn.  — See  Debility. 

FEE'BLy,  ad.  In  a feeble  manner ; weakly. 

FEED,  v.  a.  [Goth,  fodjan  ; A.  S.  fedan  ; Dut. 
voeden  •,  Ger.  fiittern ; Dan.  f ide ; Icel .fi/dra; 
Sw.f  h/a.]  [*.  fed  ; pp.  feeding,  fed.] 

1.  To  supply  with  food  or  provisions ; to  give 
food  or  nourishment  to. 

If  thine  enemy  hunger,  feed  him.  Pom.  xii.  20. 

2.  To  supply  ; to  furnish  with  what  is  want- 
ing and  necessary. 

For  know,  whatever  was  created  needs 

To  be  sustained  and  fed.  Milton. 

S.  To  pamper;  to  glut;  to  satiate. 

To  feed  his  eye 

And  covetous  desire  with  his  huge  treusury.  Spenser. 

4.  To  graze  ; to  consume,  as  grass,  by  cattle. 

Once  in  three  years  feed  your  mowing  lands.  Mortimer. 

5.  To  make  fat ; to  fatten.  Todd. 

I will  feed  them  in  a good  pasture.  Ezck.  xxxiv.  14. 

FEED,  v.  n.  1.  To  take  food;  to  eat.  Shak. 

2.  To  live  by  eating;  to  subsist. 

Some  birds  feed  upon  the  berries  of  this  vegetable.  Browne. 

3.  To  pasture ; to  place  cattle  to  feed. 

If  a man  . . . shall  feed  in  another  man’s  field.  Ex.  xxii.  5. 

4.  To  grow  fat  or  plump.  [Local.]  Johnson. 

Syn.  — See  Eat. 

FEED,  n.  1.  That  which  is  eaten;  — especially 
food  taken  by  a beast ; provender  ; fodder. 

Sidney.  Mortimer. 

2.  Pasture ; pasture-land  ; grass. 

His  flocks  and  bounds  of  feed 

Are  now  on  sale.  Shak. 

3.  Meal ; the  act  of  eating. 

Such  pleasure  till  that  hour. 

At  feed  or  fountaiu,  never  had  I found.  Milton. 

FEEDER,  n.  1.  One  who  feeds;  one  who  gives 
food  or  nourishment.  Milton. 

2.  One  who  feeds  cattle  for  the  market. 

London  Ency. 

3.  An  encourager ; an  exciter ; an  abettor. 

“The  feeder  of  my  riots.”  • Shak. 

4.  One  who  eats.  “ Gross  feeders.”  Dryden. 

5.  f A servant  or  dependant  whose  chief 
pleasure  or  business  was  to  feed  or  eat. 

„ I will  your  faithful  feeder  be.  Shak. 

6.  A stream  or  channel  of  water  for  supply- 
ing a canal.  Crabb. 

7.  A branch  railway,  or  railroad,  running 

into  the  main-trunk  line.  Simmonds. 


MIEN,  Silt;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON  ; BUI 

69 


8.  A large  head  or  supply  of  fluid  iron  to  a 
runner  or  mould  in  heavy  castings.  Simmonds. 

9.  A short  cross-vein  in  a mine.  Clarke. 

FEED'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  eating.  Shak. 

2.  Pasture  ; that  which  is  eaten.  Drayton. 

FEED'— PIPE,  n.  A pipe  for  supplying  water  to  a 
steam-engine  boiler,  or  to  a pump.  Francis. 

FEED'— PUMP,  n.  A forcing  pump  worked  by  a 
steam-engine  for  supplying  the  boiler  with  wa- 
ter. Weale. 

FEE'— 1JS-TATE,  n.  Lands  or  tenements  for  which 
some  service  or  acknowledgment  is  paid  to  the 
chief  lord.  Ash. 

FEE'-FARM,  n.  (Law.)  A tenure  of  lands  on 
such  service  only  as  is  mentioned  in  the  feoff- 
ment, usually  the  full  rent.  Davies. 

FEEL,  v.  n.  [A.  S.felan,  or  gefelan  ; Dut.  voelen, 
or  gevoelen  ; Ger.  filhlen,  which  Martinius  and 
Wachter  derive  from  L.  vola,  the  palm  of  the 
hand.]  [ i . felt  ; pp.  feeling,  felt.] 

1.  To  have  perception  of  things  by  the  touch  ; 
to  be  endowed  with  sensation. 

Never  to  blend  our  pleasure  or  our  pride 

"With  sorrow  of  the  meanest  thing  that  feels.  Wordsworth. 

2.  To  have  the  sensibility  excited. 

Those  who  would  make  us  feel  must  feel  themselves. 

Churchill. 

3.  To  have  perception  mentally.  Smart. 

4.  To  cause  sensation  through  the  touch. 

Blind  men  say  black  feels  rough,  and  white  feels  smooth. 

Dryden. 

To  fed  after,  to  search  by  the  touch.  “ They  should 
seek  the  Lord,  if  Imply  they  might  feel  after  him,  and 
find  him.”  Acts  xvii.  27. 

FEEL,  v.  a.  1.  To  perceive  by  the  touch;  to 
touch ; to  handle. 

Suffer  me  that  I may  feel  the  pillars.  Judg.  xxvi.  2G. 

2.  To  have  a corporeal  sense  of,  as  of  pain 
or  pleasure. 

Nor  did  they  not  perceive  the  evil  plight 

In  which  they  were,  or  the  fierce  pains  not  feel.  Milton. 

3.  To  perceive  mentally ; to  be  affected  by. 

Not  youthful  kings,  in  battle  seized  alive, 

E’er  felt  such  grief,  such  terror,  and  despair.  Pope. 

4.  To  know  ; to  be  acquainted  with. 

For  then,  and  not  till  then,  he  felt  himself.  Shak. 

5.  To  make  experiment  of;  to  try;  to  sound. 
He  hath  writ  this  to  feel  my  affection  to  your  honor.  Shak. 

Syn. — We  feel  or  touch  with  the  ends  of  the 
fingers,  and  handle  with  the  full  hand.  Feel  a piece 
of  cloth  ; handle,  a staff  or  instrument.  Feel  an  ene- 
my’s weapon  ; handle  one’s  own.  Feel  pain  ; suffer 
punishment ; experience  trials. 

FEEL,  n.  Perception  caused  by  the  sense  of 
touch  ; feeling.  “ A dark,  slaty  rock,  having  a 
greasy  feel.”  Dana. 

The  difference  of  these  tumors  will  be  distinguished  by 
the  feel.  Sharp. 

FEELER,  n.  1.  One  who  feels.  Shak. 

2.  A covert  plan  or  stratagem  resorted  to 

with  the  view  of  sounding  the  opinions  of  others 
in  regard  to  some  contemplated  measure. 

The  press  is  the  channel  through  which  governments  gen- 
erally put  forth  feelers.  Oguvtc. 

3.  pi.  (ZoOl.)  The  horns  or  antennae  of  in- 
sects. Derham  : — the  organs  fixed  to  the  mouth 
of  insects,  usually  smaller  than  antennae,  and 
often  jointed  ; palpi  : — the  tentacula,  or  organs 
of  touch,  of  mollusks,  the  horns  of  snails,  &c. 

Baird. 

FEE'LpSS,  a.  Having  no  fees.  Somerville. 

FEEL'kNG,  a.  1.  Expressive  of  great  sensibility. 
“ A feeling  declaration.”  Sidney. 

And  frame  some  feeling  line.  Shak. 

2.  Sensibly  felt ; tender  ; sensitive.  Shak. 

I had  a feeling  sense  of  all  your  royal  favors.  Sovtherne. 

We  have  the  most  feeling  sense  of  this  truth.  Atterbury. 

FEEL'JNG,  n.  1.  The  sense  of  touch,  being  that 
by  which  we  perceive  external  objects  by  contact. 

Why  was  the  sight 

To  such  a tender  hall  as  the  eye  confined. 

And  not,  as  feeling,  through  all  parts  diffused?  Milton. 

2.  The  act  of  perceiving,  or  perception,  by 

the  sense  of  touch.  Reid. 

3.  The  effect  of  perception  by  any  external 

sense ; sensation.  Reid. 

4.  The  internal  act  or  emotion  which  pro- 
duces a consciousness  of  pleasure  or  of  pain. 

There  are  feelings  of  a nobler  nature  accompanying  our 


>L,  BUR,  RULE.  — ij,  (^,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  9,  g, 


FELICITATE 

affections,  our  moral  judgments,  and  our  determinations  in 
matters  of  taste.  Reid. 

5.  Power  of  action  upon  sensibility. 

The  apprehension  of  the  good 
Gives  but  the  greater  feeling  to  the  worse.  Shak. 

6.  Sensibility  to  the  sufferings  of  others ; 
tenderness  ; susceptibility  of  emotion. 

The  king,  out  of  a princely  feeling,  was  sparing  and  com- 
passionate  towards  his  subjects.  Bacon, 

Syn.  — See  Sensation. 

FEEL'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a feeling  manner. 

f FEE§E  (fez),  n.  A race.  Barret. 

FEE'— SIM-I’LE,  n.  (Law.)  A tenure  to  property ; 
an  absolute  fee  ; an  absolute  estate  of  inher- 
itance ; — called  simple  (i.  e.  pure)  because 
clear- of  any  condition,  limitation,  or  restriction 
to  particular  heirs.  Burrill. 

Land  or  real  estate  held  by  fee-simple  is  held  by  the  own- 
er’s own  right,  and  is  transmissible  by  inheritance.  Braude. 

FEET,?t.  1.  The  plural  of  foot.  Pope.  — See  Foot. 

2.  (Com.)  A commercial  name  given  to  the 
twenty-five  small  plates  of  tortoise-shell  from 
the  edges  of  the  carapace.  Simmonds. 

FEE'— TAIL,  n.  [Old  Fr.  fee  faille  ; Fr.  tailler,  to 
cut;  — Low  L.  feudum  talliatum.]  (Law.)  A 
limited  fee  ; an  estate  entailed  or  limited  to 
some  particular  heirs  of  the  person  to  whom  it 
is  granted  in  exclusion  of  others.  Burrill. 

FEET'L^SS,  a.  Being  without  feet ; apodal. 
“ Feetless  birds.”  Camden. 

FEEZE,  n.  See  Feaze,  and  Pheese. 

FEIGN  (fan),  v.  a.  [L .fingo  ; It . fingere,  or  fgne- 
re ; Sp.  fingir ; Old  Fr.  feigner-,  Fr.  feinare.] 
[«.  FEIGNED  ; pp.  feigning',  FEIGNED-.] 

1.  To  invent ; to  devise  ; to  frame  ; to  fabri- 
cate ; to  forge. 

There  arc  no  such  things  done  as  thou  sayest,  but  thou 
feignest  them  out  of  thine  own  heart.  Nell.  vi.  8. 

2.  To  make  a show  of ; to  pretend  ; to  coun- 
terfeit ; to  dissemble. 

And  much  she  marvelled  that  a youth  so  raw 

Nor  felt,  nor  feigned , at  least,  the  oft-told  flames.  Byron, 

3.  fTo  disguise;  to  conceal. 

Yet  both  do  strive  their  tearfulness  to  feign.  Spenser. 

Syn.  — To  feign  and  pretend  both  imply  the  making 
a show  or  pretence  of  what  is  not  true.  One  pretends 
by  words-,  and  feigns  either  by  words  or  by  a line  of 
conduct.  — Feign  sickness,  pain,  or  poverty  ; pretend 
to  learning,  honesty,  or  patriotism  ; dissemble  feelings  ; 
— invent  falsehoods;  frame  excuses;  fabricate  false 
stories;  forge  or  counterfeit  money  or  bank-notes. — 
See  Invent. 

FEIGN  (fan),  v.  n.  To  relate  falsely;  to  fable.  Shak. 

FEIGNED  (land),  p.  a.  Invented;  pretended; 
counterfeited.  Hammond. 

A feigned  action,  (Law.)  one  tiiat  is  brought  to  try 
the  merits  of  any  question.  Crabb. 

FEIGN  '£D-LY  (lan'ed-le),  ad.  In  fiction;  not  truly. 

FEIGN'ED-NESS  (lan'ed-nes),  n.  The  quality  of 
being  feigned ; fiction.  Harmar. 

FEIGN'lyR  (fan'er),  n.  One  who  feigns.  B.Jonson. 

FEIGN'ING  (fan'jng),  n.  Act  of  one  who  feigns  ; 
false  appearance  ; artful  contrivance.  B.  Jonson. 

FEIGN'ING  (fan'jng),^?.  a.  Assuming  a false  ap- 
pearance. 

FEIGN'ING-LY  (fan'jng-le),  ad.  Falsely;  craftily. 

f FEINT  (fant),  p.  a.  Counterfeit;  feigned.  Locke. 

FEINT  (fant),  n.  [Fr . feinte.  — See  Feign.] 

1.  A false  appearance  ; an  offer  to  do  what  is 

not  intended.  “ Courtly’s  letter  is  but  a feint 
to  get  off.”  Spectator. 

2.  (Mil.)  A mock  attack  or  assault,  generally 

made  to  conceal  the  true  one.  Mil.  Ency. 

3.  (Fencing.)  A pretended  thrust  at  one  part 
of  the  body  to  throw  the  opponent  off  his  guard, 
the  intention  being  to  strike  another  part.  Craig. 

FEL,  n.  [L.]  (Med.)  The  gall  or  bile.  Hoblyn. 

FEL'AN-D1JR§,  n.  pi.  See  Filanders.  Broume. 

FE-LAP'TON,  n.  (Logic.)  A mode  in  the  third 
figure  of  syllogisms,  consisting  of  a universal 
negative,  a universal  affirmative,  and  a particu- 
lar negative. 

Fe.  No  brutes  have  a sense  of  religion; 

Zap.  All  brutes  are  animals;  ergo. 

Ton,  Some  animals  have  no  sense  of  religion.  Crabb. 

FELD'Sl’AR,  See  Felspar.  Dana. 

FlJ-Lir'l-TATE,  v.  a.  [L.  felicitas,  felieitatis, 

ard  ; § as  z ; as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


FELICITATE 


546 


FELONRY 


happiness  ; felix,  happy  ; It.  felicitare ; Sp.  fe- 
licitar ; Fr.  f elicit ei\]  [»'.  felicitated  ; pp. 

FELICITATING,  FELICITATED.] 

1.  To  make  happy  ; to  delight,  [r.]  Watts. 

2.  To  congratulate ; to  express  joy  for  the 

happiness  or  success  of  another.  Burke. 

Syn.  — See  Congratulate. 

f F5-Ll9’!-TATE,  a.  Made  happy.  Shah. 

F£-Llg-I-TA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  felicitating; 
congratulation.  Patty. 

Fg-Ll^'I-TOUS  (fe-lls'e-tus),  a.  [L.  felix  \ It ./<?- 
lice ; Sp .feliz.} 

1.  Happy;  skilful;  ingenious.  “ A felicitous 
adaptation  of  the  organ  to  the  object.”  Patty. 

2.  Prosperous ; successful.  Naunton. 

Syn.  — See  Happy. 

FE-Lly'I-TOUS-LY  (fe-lis'e-tus-le),  ad.  In  a fe- 
licitous manner  ; happily.  Burnet. 

Fp-Ll^'I-TOUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
felicitous  ; felicity  ; happiness.  J.  P.  Smith. 

Fp-Liy'I-TY,  n.  [L.  felicitas  ; felix,  happy ; It. 
felicitu  ; Sp.  felicidad ; Fr .felicite.] 

1.  Happiness  ; blissfulness  ; bliss  ; blessed- 
ness. “ Domestic  felicity.”  Warburton. 

Still  to  ourselves  in  every  place  consigned, 

Our  own  felicity  we  make  or  find.  Goldsmith. 

2.  Success  ; good-luck.  “ Felicity  in  taking 

a likeness.”  Walpole. 

Syn. — See  Happiness. 

FE'LINE  [fe'lln,  S.  IF.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Sm.\  fe-lln', 
Ja.  A’.],  a.  [L.  felinus  ; felis,  a cat.]  Like  a 
cat;  pertaining  to  a cat;  as,  “ The  feline  race.” 

FE'LIS,n.  [L.,  a cat.\  (Zolil.)  A genus  of  fero- 
cious animals,  including  the  lion,  the  tiger,  the 
cat,  &c.  Brande. 

FELL,  a.  [A.  S.  fell ; Frs.  fell]  Cruel ; inhu- 
man ; savage ; bloody.  “ Fellest  foes.”  Shah. 

The  keen  hyena,  fellest  of  the  fell.  Thomson. 

t FELL,  n.  [A.  S.  fell.]  Gall ; anger.  “ Vile 
fear  or  bitter  fell.’'  Spenser. 

FELL,  n.  [Goth .fill-,  A.  S.  fell-,  But.  re/;  Icel. 
fcllrlr  ; fella , to  cover.  — L.  pellis.]  The  skin  ; 
the  hide  of  a beast.  Shah. 

FELL,  n.  [A.  S .feld\  Ger.  fels.  — See  Field.] 

1.  A hill.  [Local,  Eng.]  B.  Jonson.  Halliwcll. 

2.  pi.  Low  or  boggy  places.  [Local,  Eng.] 

Graved  with  woods  or  marshy  fells.  Drayton. 

FELL,  v.  a.  [A.  S .fyllan;  But.  vellen  ; Ger.  fil- 
len ; Ban.  fcelde  ; Icel.  fella  ; Sw.  fctlle. — See 
Fall.]  [/.  felled  ; pp.  felling,  felled.] 

1.  To  cause  to  fall  ; to  knock  down;  to  hew 

or  cut  down.  “To  fell  an  oak.”  Dryden. 

Villain,  stand,  or  I’ll  fell  thee  down.  Shak. 

2.  To  sew  or  hem,  as  a seam.  Todd. 

FELL,  i.  from  fall.  See  Fall. 

FELL'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  felled ; capable 
of  being,  or  fit  to  be,  felled.  Scott. 

FEL'LAH,  n.  An  Egyptian  peasant.  Simmonds. 

FELL' fit,  n.  One  who  fells  ; one  who  knocks  or 
cuts  down.  Isa.  xiv.  8. 

FEL  LIC,  }a  [L.  fel,  fellis,  bile.]  (Chem.) 

FpL-LIN'IC,  ) Noting  acids  obtained  from  bile. 

Brande. 

t FpL-LIF'LF-OtlS,  a.  [L.  fel,  gall,  and  //wo,  to 
flow.]  Flowing  with  gall.  Bailey. 

FELL'ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  fells ; the  act 
of  cutting  down,  as  timber.  Evelyn. 

FELL'MON-GpR  (fel'mung-ger),  n.  A dealer  in 
hides.  Johnson. 

FELL'Npss,  n.  [See  Fell.]  Cruelty;  savage- 
ness ; fury.  Spenser. 

FEL'LOE  (fel'io),  n.  See  Felly. 

FEL'LON,  n.  A sore.  — See  Felon. 

FEL'LOW  (fel'io),  n.  [A.  S . felaw,  a companion. 
Todd.  — Junius  and  Spelman  say,  from  fe,  faith, 
and  lag,  bound ; but  llickes,  Minsheu,  Skin- 
ner, Serenitis,  and  Richardson,  from  A.  S.  fol- 
qian,  to  follow.  — Goth,  felag,  community,  fel- 
lowship. Serenius.  — Chaucer  writes  felaw 
(fellow) ; the  Promptorium  Parvulorum  has  fela, 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6 


for  fellow ; and  Robert  of  Gloucester,  felwes, 
for  fellows.  — Scot,  fallow.'] 

1.  A companion  ; an  associate. 

To  bo  your  fellow 

You  may  deny  me,  but  I ’ll  be  your  servant.  Shak. 

2.  One  of  the  same  kind. 

A shepherd  had  one  favorite  dog;  he  fed  him  with  his  own 
hand,  aud  took  more  care  of  him  than  of  his  fellows. 

L'  Estrange. 

3.  An  equal ; a peer ; a compeer ; a colleague. 

His  felloics  late  shall  be  his  subjects  now.  Trior. 

4.  One  of  two  things  suited  to  each  other ; 

one  of  a pair  ; a mate.  Addison. 

5.  In  the  English  universities,  one  of  several 
who  are  members  of  a college,  engage  in  its  in- 
struction, and  share  its  revenues. 

6.  A member  of  the  corporation  of  a college, 
who  is  not  necessarily  or  usually  a stipendiary 
or  an  instructor ; a trustee.  [U.  S.]  J.  Quincy. 

7.  A word  of  contempt  for  an  ordinary,  mean, 
or  worthless  person. 

Worth  makes  the  man,  and  want  of  it  the  fellow.  Pope. 

$ Qf  It  is  much  used  in  composition,  as  fellow- citi- 
zen, fellow- servant,  &c. 

FEL'LOW,  v.  a.  To  suit  with  ; to  match.  Shak. 

FEL'LOW-CIT'J-ZEN  (fel'lo-sTt'e-zn),  n.  One 
who  belongs  to  the  same  city,  or  to  the  same 
commonwealth.  Eph.  ii.  19. 

FEL'LOW— COM 'MON- F.R,  n.  1.  One  who  has 
the  same  right  of  common.  Locke. 

2.  A commoner  at  Cambridge,  Eng.,  who 
dines  with  the  fellows.  Prideaux. 

FEL'LOW— COUN'SpL-LOR,  n.  A joint  counsel- 
lor. Shak. 

FEL'LOW— COUN ’TRY- MAN,  n.  One  belonging 
to  the  same  country  ; a compatriot.  Southey. 

FEL'LOW— CRAFT,  n.  [From  fellow-craftsman.] 

1.  A freemason  of  the  second  rank.  Simmonds. 

2.  One  above  an  entered  apprentice. Simmonds. 

FEL'LOW— CREAT'PRE  (fel'lo-kret'yur),  n.  One 
who  lias  the  same  creator.  Watts. 

f FEL'LOW— FEEL',  v.  a.  To  feel  with  sympa- 
thy. Rogers. 

FEL'LOW— FEEI/ING,  n.  Sympathy  ; joint  in- 
terest ; agreement. 

A fellow-feeling  makes  us  wondrous  kind.  Garrick. 

FEL'LOW— HEIR'  (fel'lq-Ar'),  n.  A joint-heir. 

That  the  Gentiles  should  be  fellow-heirs.  Eph.  iii.  6. 

FEL'LOW— IIELP'pR,  n.  A joint  helper.  3John8. 

FEL'LOW— LA'BOR-pR,  n.  A joint  laborer. 

f FEL'LOW— LIKE,  / a_  Like  a companion  ; equal ;' 

f FEL'LOW-LY,  ) companionable.  Shak. 

FEL'LOW— MAID'EN  (fel'lo-ma'dn),  n.  A virgin 
that  bears  another  virgin  company.  Shak. 

FEL'LOW— MEM' BpR,  n.  A member  of  the  same 
body."  Whole  Duty  of  Man. 

FEL'LOW— MI N'IS-TpR,  n.  One  who  serves  or 
officiates  in  the  same  office.  Shak. 

FEL'LOW— MOR'TAL,  n.  One  who  partakes  of  a 
common  mortality.  John  Foster. 

FEL'LOW— PEER',  n.  A peer  having  the  same 
privileges.  Shak. 

FEL'LOW— I’RlfJ'ON-pR  (fel'lo-prlz'zn-er),  n.  One 
confined  in  the  same  prison.  Rom.  xvi.  7. 

FEL'LOW— SGHOL'AR,  n.  One  who  studies  with 
others  ; a fellow-student.  Shak. 

FEL'LOW— SER'VANT,  n.  One  who  has  the  same 
master.  Milton. 

FEL'LOW-SHIP  (fel'lo-shlp),  n.  1.  Companion- 
ship ; association  ; familiar  intercourse  ; famil- 
iarity ; acquaintance;  intimacy;  consort;  so- 
ciety. 

Men  arc  made  for  society  and  mutual  fellowship.  Calamy. 

2.  Partnership  ; joint  interest. 

Felloivship  in  treason  is  a bad  ground  of  confidence.  Bvrke. 

O Love! 

Tyrants  and  thou  all  fellowship  disdain.  Dryden. 

3.  Company  ; state  of  being  together. 

The  great  contention  of  the  sea  and  skies 

Parted  our  fellowship.  Shak. 

4.  Fitness  and  fondness  for  festal  entertain- 
ments ; sociability  ; — with  good  prefixed. 


i,  U,  Y,  short ; A,  (1,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE, 


lie  had.  by  his  excessive  good  fellowship , made  himself 
popular  with  all  the  officers  of  the  army.  Clarendon. 

5.  An  establishment  which  supports  a fellow 
of  a college  in  an  English  university.  Swift. 

6.  ( Arith .)  The  rule  of  proportion,  by  which 

the  accounts  of  partners  in  business  are  adjust- 
ed, so  that  each  partner  may  have  a share  of 
gain,  or  sustain  a share  of  loss,  in  proportion  to 
his  part  of  the  stock.  Davies. 

Syn. — See  Intimacy. 

FEL'LOW-SHIP,  v.  a.  To  admit  to  fellowship. 
“ Whom  he  had  openly  fellowsliipped.”  Ec.  Rev. 

FEL'LOW— SOL'DIFR  (fel'lo-sol'jer),  n.  One  who 
fights  under  the  same  commander.  Phil.  ii.  25. 

FEL'LOW— STU'D^NT,  n.  One  who  studies  in 
the  same  class,  school,  or  college  with  another  ; 
a fellow-scholar.  Watts. 

FEL'LOW— SUB'JF-CT,  n.  One  who  lives  under 
the  same  government.  Swift. 

FEL'LOW— SUF'F^R-ER,  n.  A joint  sufferer. 

FEL'LOW— TRAV'JgL-L£R,  n.  A companion  in 
travel.  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

FEL'LOW— WORK'^It  (fel'lo-wurk'$r),  n.  A joint 
laborer;  co-laborer;  collaborator.  Coloss.  iv.  11. 

FEL'LOW— WRlT-gR  (fel'lo-rlt'er),  n.  One  who 
writes  at  the  same  time  or  on  the  same  subject. 

Since  they  cannot  raise  themselves  to  the  reputation  of 
their  fellow-writers.  Addison. 

FEL'LY  (fel'le),  ad.  [See  Fell,  a.]  Cruelly ; 
savagely  ; barbarously. 

FEL'LY  (fel'le),  n.  [A.  S.  ftrlga-,  frela,  much, 
and  gan,  to  go  ; But.  velg  Ger.  iS,  Ban.  felge.] 
The  outward  rim  of  a wheel,  or  a division  or 
segment  of  it,  supported  by  spokes ; — written 
also  felloe.  Farm.  Ency. 

FEL'Npss,  n.  See  Fellness. 

FF/LO-Dp-SE',  n.  [L.]  (Laic.)  A felon  of 
himself ; one  who  commits  felony  by  murdering 
himself ; a self-murderer.  Bouvier. 

FEL'ON,  n.  [A.  S.  feelian,  feelian,  to  offend. — 
Low  L.  felo ; It.  fello,  or  fellone,  a thief ; Fr. 
felon.  — Vossius  proposes  the  Ger.  fehlen,  to 
fail,  to  be  wanting  : this  etymology  is  noticed 
by  Spelman  and  rejected  by  Wachter.  Ac- 
cording to  Spelman,  in  whose  opinion  Black- 
stone  coincides,  the  word  is  from  the  Teutonic 
fee,  signifying  feud,  fief,  or  other  beneficiary  es- 
tate, and  Ion,  which  means  price  or  value,  mak- 
ing felon  the  same  as  pretium  feudi,  the  value 
of  the  fief,  or  the  eonsideration’for  which  a man 
gives  up  his  fief ; in  common  language,  such  an 
act  as  your  life  or  estate  is  worth.] 

1.  (Law.)  One  who  has  committed  felony  or 

who  is  guilty  of  felony  ; one  who  has  committed 
a crime  punishable  by  death  or  by  imprison- 
ment. Burrill. 

2.  (Med.)  A painful  tumor  or  malignant  whit- 
low on  the  finger  or  the  toe,  especially  on  the 
first  phalanx,  and  seated  either  in  the  cellular 
tissue,  the  sheath  of  a tendon,  or  between  the 
periosteum  and  bone ; paronychia.  Dunglison. 

Felon , so  called  from  the  fierceness,  the  keenness,  of  the 
pain.  Skinner. 

3.  {Farriery .)  A sort  of  inflammation  in  ani- 

mals similar  to  that  of  whitlow  in  the  human 
subject.  Farm.  Ency. 

Syn.  — See  Criminal. 

FEL'ON,  a.  Cruel ; fierce  ; malignant.  “ Felon 
winds.”  Milton.  “ Felon  heart.”  Byron. 

FF-LO'NI-OUS,  a.  1.  Partaking  of,  or  pertaining 
to,  felony.  “ Criminal,  felonious  riots.”  Erskine. 

2.  Cruel ; malignant ; malicious.  “ Some 
felonious  end.”  Milton. 

FJJ-LO'NI-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  a felonious  manner. 

DSP  A technical  word,  always  used  in  an  indict- 
ment for  felony. 

FfJ-LO'NI-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
felonious.  Scott. 

f FEL'O-NOUS,  a.  Wicked  ; felonious.  Spenser. 

FEL'ON-RY,  n.  The  practice  or  crimes  of  felons. 
“ The  felonry  of  New  South  AY  ales.”  [k.] 

James  Mudie. 


1,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


FELONY 


547 


FENESTER 


FEL'O-NY,  n.  [It.  fellonia ; Sp.  felonia ; Fr. 
felonie.  — See  Felon.] 

1.  (Law.)  A crime  which  occasions  the  for- 

feiture of  lands  or  goods,  or  both,  and  for  which 
a capital  or  other  punishment  may  be  inflicted, 
according  to  the  degree  of  guilt.  Bouvier. 

ft£g=  In  American  law,  forfeiture,  as  a consequence 
of  crime,  being  generally  abolished,  the  word  felony 
has  lost  its  original  and  characteristic  meaning  ; and 
it  is  rather  used  to  denote  any  high  crime  that  is  pun- 
ishable by  death  or  by  imprisonment.  Burrill. 

2.  The  body  or  community  of  felons.  Mudie. 

Syn.  — See  Crime. 

FEL'SITE,  n.  (Min.)  Talcose  aphanite,  or  jade 
rock,  often  consisting  mostly  of  felspar.  Dana. 

FEE'S I’AR,  71.  [Ger.  feldspath  ; fold,  field,  and 
spath,  spar;  Sp.  feldspate ; fr.  feldspath .] 
(Mm.)  A very  common,  silicious  mineral,  which 
forms  a constituent  part  of  granite  and  sienite, 
and  which  by  a natural  process  of  decomposi- 
tion furnishes  the  celebrated  kaolin,  used  in 
making  porcelain  or  china  ware  ; — written  also 
feldspar.  Tomlinson. 

FEL-SPATII'IC,  a.  Relating  to  felspar.  Lijell. 

FELT,  i.  & p.  from  feel.  See  Feel. 

FELT,  n.  [A.  S.  felt ; Dut.  vilt ; Ger.  filg.  — 
Low  L.  feltrum  ; It.  feltro  ; Sp.  fieltro  ; Fr. 
feutre.  — See  Fell,  the  skin.] 

1.  A hide  or  skin  ; a fell.  Mortimer. 

2.  A dense  and  compact  cloth  formed  by  the 

interlacing  of  fibres  of  wool  and  hair,  without 
weaving.  » Tomlinson. 

3.  A hat.  “ Of  all  felts  that  may  be  felt, 

give  me  your  English  beaver.”  Ileywood. 

FELT,  V.  a.  [*.  FELTED  ; pp.  FELTING,  FELTED.] 
To  work  hair,  fur,  wool,  or  silk  into  a firm  tex- 
ture without  spinning  or  weaving;  to  unite 
without  weaving. 

The  same  wool  one  man  felts  into  a hat,  another  weaves  it 
into  cloth,  another  into  kersey.  Hale. 

FEL'TfJR,  v.  a.  To  clot  together  like  felt;  — to 
entangle.  [Local.]  Fairfax.  Halliwell. 

FELT'-GRAlN,  n.  The  grain  of  cut  timber  that 
runs  transversely  to  the  annular  rings  ; the  sil- 
ver grain.  Crabb. 

FELT'— hAt,  n.  A hat  made  of  felt.  Booth. 

FELT'ING,  n.  1.  The  splitting  of  timber  by  the 
felt-grain.  Crabb. 

2.  The  substance  of  which  felt-hats  are  made. 

Booth. 

3.  The  process  of  making  felt.  Tomlinson. 

FELT'— MAK-IJR,  71.  One  employed  in  making 
felt.  Beau.  <Sf  FIT 

FEL'TRE  (fel'ter),  n.  [See  Felt.]  A kind  of 
cuirass  made  of  wool.  Crabb. 

Fjp-LUC'CA,  n.  [It .feluca;  Sp . faluca.\  A small 
vessel  carrying  two  masts,  propelled  by  oars  and 
sails,  and  having  a helm  which  can  be  applied, 
as  occasion  may  require,  at  either  end ; — com- 
mon in  the  Mediterranean.  Addiso7i. 

FEL'WORT  (fel'wiirt),  n.  (Bot.)  A pretty  herba- 
ceous plant  with  blue  flowers ; the  marsh  gen- 
tian ; Swertia  perennis.  Loudon. 

FE'MALE,  n.  [L.  femella,  a girl ; Fr.  femelle,  a 
female  ; femme,  a woman.] 

1.  One  of  the  sex  that  brings  forth  young. 

If  he  offer  it  of  the  herd,  whether  it  be  a male  or  female. 

Levit.  iii.  1. 

2.  (Bot.)  A plant  or  flower  which  has  pistils, 

but  no  stamens  or  male  organs.  Ci-aig. 

FE'MALE,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  sex  which  con- 
ceives and  brings  forth  young  ; not  male. 

The  female  bee,  that  feeds  her  husband  drone.  Milton. 

Female  rhymes , double  rhymes,  — so  called  because 
in  French,  from  which  the  term  is  taken,  they  end  in 
e feminine  ; e.  g. 

The  excess  of  heat  is  but  a fable-. 

We  know  the  torrid  zone  is  now  found  habitab/e.  Cowley. 

Female  screw , the  spiral -threaded  cavity  or  screw 
which  receives  the  other  screw  ; the  nut. 

Syn.  — Female  is  applicable  to  the  sex  ; feminine , 
to  what  is  characteristic  of  the  sex.  In  the  female 
sex,  we  admire  the  feminine  character  and  qualities; 
but  an  effeminate  man  is  little  respected.  A female 
school ; feminine  qualities  and  accomplishments. 

FEMEr-COVERT  (fam-ko-vert'  or  fem-kuv'ert) 


[fam-ko-vert',  Ja. ; fUm'ko-var',  K.  ; ffim'ko-vert', 
Sm. ; fem-kuv'ert,  W'6.],  n,  [Fr.]  ( Law .)  A 

married  woman.  Blount. 

FEM'E-RELL,  n.  [Fr. f timer clle.  — See  Fume.]  A 
lantern,  louver,  or  covering  placed  over  a kitch- 
en, hall,  &c.,  for  ventilation,  or  for  the  escape 
of  smoke.  \V eale. 

FEME— SOLE  (fam-sol')  [fam-sol',  Ja. ; fam-s5l',  P. ; 
fain'sol,  K. ; fem-s5l',  Sm.],  n.  [Fr.]  ( Laic .) 

A single  or  unmarried  woman.  Blackstone. 

FEM'I-NA-CY,  n.  Quality  of  being  female  ; female 
nature;  feminality ; femineity.  [it.]  Bulwer. 

FEM'I-NAL,  a.  Belonging  to  a woman  ; female. 

For  wealth,  or  fame,  or  honor  feminal.  West. 

FEM-I-NAL'I-TY,  7i.  Quality  of  being  female  ; fe- 
male nature  ; feminacy  ; femineity.  Browne. 

+ FEM'I-NATE,  a.  Feminine.  Ford. 

FEM-I-NE'I-TY,  n.  Quality  of  being  female ; fe- 
male nature ; feminality.  [r.]  Coleridge. 

FEM'I-NINE,  a.  [L.  femininus;  femina,  a fe- 
male; It.  femminino ; Sp .femenmo-,  Fr .femi- 
nin .] 

1.  Belonging  to  the  sex  that  brings  young ; 
relating  to  women  ; female. 

With  blandished  parleys,  feminine  assaults.  Milton. 

2.  Befitting  a woman  ; tender  ; delicate. 

Her  heavenly  form 

Angelic,  but  more  soft  and  feminine.  Milton. 

3.  Having  the  nature  of  a female ; effemi- 
nate ; emasculate  ; wanting  manliness. 

Ninus  was  no  man  of  war  at  all,  but  altogether  feminine. 

Italeigh. 

Feminine  /render,  ( Oram.)  that  gender  which  denotes 
the  female  sex ; but,  in  most  languages,  tlie  names  of 
many  things  without  life  are  said  to  he  feminine,  either 
from  a fancied  possession  of  feminine  qualities,  or 
from  a similarity  in  their  formation  to  nouns  actually 
denoting  females. 

Syn.  — See  Female. 

f FfiM'I-NlNE,  7i.  A female.  Glanville. 

And  not  fill  the  world  at  once 

With  men,  us  angels,  without  feminine.  Milton. 

FEM'I-NINE-LY,  ad.  In  a feminine  manner. 

FEM'I-NIN-I§M,  n.  The  state  of  being  feminine 
or  female.  Phren.  Jour. 

f FJJ-MlN'J-TY,  n.  Any  quality  or  property  of 
woman ; femineity.  Spenser. 

f FEM'I-NIZE,  v.  a.  To  make  womanish.  More. 

FEM'O-RAL,  a.  [L.  femoralis ; femur,  the  thigh.] 
Belonging,  or  relating,  to  the' thigh.  “ Femoral 

artery.”  “ Femoral  hernia.”  Dunglison. 

FE  'MUR,  7i.  ; pi.  FEM' o-RA.  [L.,  the  thigh.) 

1.  (Anat.)  The  thigh-bone  ; the  strongest  and 

longest  of  all  the  bones  of  the  body,  extending 
from  the  pelvis  to  the  tibia,  and  forming  the 
solid  part  of  the  thigh.  Dungliso7i. 

2.  (Arch.)  The  interstitial  space  between  the 
channels  of  a triglyph  of  the  Doric  order.  Braitde. 

FEN,  n.  [Goth,  fani , dirtiness ; A.  S.  fmm,  a 
fen  ; Dut.  veen.  — “ Feim  is  the  past  participle 
of  fy7iigea7i,  to  decay,  to  corrupt.  In  modern 
speech,  we  apply  fen  only  to  stagnated  or  cor- 
rupted water  ; but  it  was  formerly  applied  to  any 
corrupted,  or  decayed,  or  spoiled  substance.” 
Borne  Tooke .] 

1.  A marsh  ; low  and  moist  ground  ; a moor  ; 
a bog ; a swamp  ; a quagmire  ; a morass.  Collins. 

2.  A distemper  to  which  hops  are  subject, 
consisting  of  a quick  growing  moss  or  mould. 

Farm.  Ency. 

FEN'BER-RY,  7i.  A kind  of  blackberry.  Skinner. 

FEN'— BOAT,  n.  A species  of  boat  used  in  fens, 
or  in  the  creeks  of  marshes.  Pennant. 

FEN'-BORN,  a.  Produced  or  generated  in  fens. 
“ That  fen-born  serpent.”  Milton. 

FENCE,  n.  [L . fondo,  the  root  of  the  compounds 
offendo,  to  offend,  defendo,  to  defend,  &c.  — See 
Defend,  and  Defence.] 

1.  That  which  defends  or  protects ; guard  ; 
security  ; shield  ; defence. 

There ’s  no  fence  against  inundations.  L'Estrange. 

2.  A line  of  obstacle,  as  a frame  of  wood,  a 
wall,  hedge,  or  ditch,  interposed  between  two 
portions  of  land,  for  the  purpose  of  preventing 


cattle  from  going  astray,  or  for  protecting  a field 
or  property  from  unlawful  encroachment.  Pope. 

3.  The  art  of  manual  defence  ; fencing.  “A 
master  of  fence."  “ Cunning  of  fence.”  Shak. 

4.  A slang  term  for  a receiver  of  stolen 

goods.  Simmo7ids. 

FENCE,  V.  a.  [t.  FENCED  ; pp.  FENCING,  FENCED.] 

1.  To  guard;  to  fortify;  to  defend;  to  protect. 

To  fence  my  ear  against  thy  sorceries.  Milton. 

2.  To  enclose  with  a fence  ; to  secure  by  an 
enclosure. 

See  that  the  churchyard  be  fenced  in.  Agliffc. 

FENCE,  v.  n.  1.  To  guard  against  any  thing  by  a 
fence  or  other  obstacle  ; to  act  on  the  defensive. 

They  fence , and  push,  and.  pushing,  loudly  roar; 

Their  dewlaps  and  their  sides  are  bathed  in  gore.  Dryden. 

2.  To  practise  the  art  of  manual  defence  with 
small  swords  or  foils.  Locke. 

FENCED  (fens!  or  fen'sed),  p.  a.  1.  Enclosed  ; 
secured  by  a fence. 

2.  f Fortified.  “ Fenced  cities.”  Jer.v.  17. 

FENCE'FUL,  a.  Affording  defence.  “ The  fence- 
ful shield.”  Congreve. 

FENCE'L^SS,  a.  Without  enclosure  ; open.Mi/ton. 

FENCE'— MONTH  (fens'muntli),  71.  (Law.)  The 
month  in  which  it  is  prohibited  to  hunt  in  any 
forest.  Bullokar. 

FEN'C^R,  n.  One  who  teaches  or  practises  fen- 
cing. “ Cunning  fencers.”  Herbert. 

F EN'CpR-ESS,  n.  A female  who  fences.  Holiday. 

FEN'CI-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  defence.  Spenser. 

FEN'CI-BLE§,  71.  pi.  Soldiers  or  militia  raised 
for  the  particular  purpose  of  defending  the 
country  from  invasion.  Wmaham. 

FEN'CING,  71.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  fences  ; the 

art  of  self-defence,  or  of  using  the  small-sword 
or  foil  in  a skilful  manner.  Dryden. 

2.  A casing  of  wood  or  metal  placed  about 
machinery  in  factories,  to  prevent  injury  to  the 
workmen.  Simni07tds. 

FEN'CING— mAs'T^R,  71.  One  who  teaches  fen- 
cing. Lord  Herbert’s  Life. 

FEN'CING-SCHOOL,  n.  A school  for  teaching 
fencing.  Massmger. 

FEN'-CRESS,  n.  [A.  S . fen-ccrse.)  (Bot.)  A cress 
growing  in  fens  ; Nasturtium  terrestre.  Todd. 

FEN'-CRiCK-ET,  n.  (Ent.)  An  insect  that  digs 
holes  in  the  ground;  mole-cricket;  Gryllotalpa 
vulgaris.  Scott. 

FEND,  v.  a.  [L.  fendo.  — See  Fence,  n .]  [i. 

FENDED  ; pp.  FENDING,  FENDED.] 

1.  To  keep  oft’;  to  shut  out;  to  exclude. 

Spread  with  straw  the  bedding  of  thy  fold, 

With  fern  beneath  to  fend  the  bitter  cold.  Dryden, 

2.  To  confine,  as  sheep  ; to  fold. 

He  fends  his  flock,  and,  clad  in  homely  frieze, 

In  the  warm  cot  the  wintry  blast  defies.  Phillips. 

To  fend  off , to  ward  off ; to  keep  from  collision  ; as, 
“ To  fend  off  a boat  from  the  shore.” 

FEND,  v.  n.  To  dispute ; to  shift  off  a charg e. Locke. 

FEN'DJJR,  7i.  1.  Any  thing  that  defends. 

2.  A metal  guard  before  a fire,  to  prevent 
coals  that  fall  from  rolling  to  the  floor.  Johns07i. 

3.  pi.  Pieces  of  old  cable,  timber,  or  other 

materials,  used  to  protect  the  sides  of  a ship, 
the  front  of  a quay,  &c.  Bu7-7i. 

FEN'DER-BOLT,  71.  (Naut.)  A bolt  with  a long 
head,  to  be  driven  into  the  outermost  bends  or 
wales  of  a ship,  to  protect  them  from  injury.  Ash. 

FEN'— DUCK,  n.  (C>7'nith.)  A common  name  for 
a wild  duck,  as  the  shoveller,  that  lives  in 
marshy  ground.  Sherwood. 

f FEN'£R-ATE,  v.  7i.  [L.  foncror,  foncratus ; 

fc7ius,  interest.]  To  put  money  to' usury  ; to 
lend  money  for  interest.  Cockeram. 

f FEN-pR-A'TION,  n.  Act  of  fenerating  or  put- 
ting money  to  usury  ; interest ; usury.  Browne. 

FEJf-F.S-TEL' LJt,  n.  (Geol.)  A genus  of  fossil 
Bryozoa.  Pictet. 

Ff-NES'Tf.R,  n.  [L.  fenestra  ; Fr . fenetre.}  A 
window.  ' Simmonds. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  <?,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  $ as  z, 


as  gz. — THIS,  this. 


FENESTRAL 


FEROCITY 


548 


FE-NES'TRAL,  n.  [L  .fenestra,  a window;  It. 
fenestrella,  a small  window;  Fr .fenetre,  a win- 
dow.] A window-blind  or  casement,  closed 
with  paper  or  cloth,  instead  of  glass.  Weale. 

F^-NES'TRAL,  a.  [L.  fenestralis .]  Belonging 
to  windows.  Bp.  Nicholson. 

F^-NES'TRATE,  a.  [L.  fenestra,  fenestratus,  to 
furnish  with  windows  or  openings  ; fenestra,  a 
window;  Fr .fenestra.) 

1.  ( Ent .)  Noting  naked,  hyaline,  transparent 

spots  on  the  wings  of  butterflies.  Brande. 

2.  ( Bot .)  Pierced  with  one  or  more  large 

holes,  like  windows.  Gray. 

F$-NES'TRAT-?D,  a.  Furnished  with  windows, 
or  marked  by  windows.  Weale. 

FEN-ES-TRA'TION,  n.  {Arch.)  1.  The  system 
and  mode  of  design  marked  by  windows,  in  con- 
tradistinction to  columniation.  Weale. 

2.  The  character  of  a building  with  regard 
to  the  proportion  and  distribution  of  the  win- 
dows. W eale. 

FEN'-FOYVl,  n.  [A.  S.  fen-fugel .]  Any  fowl 
inhabiting  marshes.  Todd. 

FEN'^lTE,  n.  {Min.)  A kind  of  transparent 
alabaster  or  marble,  sometimes  used  for  win- 
dows. Fairholt. 

FEN'— GOOSE,  n.  A common  name  for  a species 
of  goose  that  frequents  fens.  Pennant. 

FENKS  (fengks),  n.  pi.  The  ultimate  refuse  of 
the  blubber  of  the  whale.  Simmonds. 

FEN'— LAND,  n.  Marshy  land.  Todd. 

FEN'MAN,  n.  One  who  lives  in  fens.  Pennant. 

FEN'N^C,  n.  (Zoiil.)  A small  ani- 
mal like  the  fox,  but  with  very 
long  ears,  found  in  Africa  ; Ca- 
nts zerda.  Van  Der  Iloeven. 

FEN'NpL,  n.  [A.  S.fenol ; Dut. 
venkel ; Ger .fenchel;  Dan.  fen- 
nikel;  Sw.  fenkal.  —L.fenicu-  Fcimec  (Canis 
him ; fenum,  hay  ; It.  finno-  zerda). 

chio  ; Sp.  hinojo ; Fr.  fenouil.  — W.  ffenigl.) 
{Bot.)  A species  of  Arethum,  or  dill,  cultivated 
for  its  seeds,  which  are  used  in  medicine  as  a 
carminative ; Arethum  faeniculum.  Loudon. 

FEN'NEL-FLOtV'pR,  M.  {Bot.)  A genus  of  plants 
with  fine  cut  leaves  like  fennel ; Nigella.  Loudon. 

FEN'NpL— (JJl'ANT,  n.  (Bot.)  The  common  name 
of  plants  of  the  genus  Ferula.  Johnson. 

FEN'NIJL,— WA'TIJR,  rc.  A spirituous  liquor  pro- 
duced from  fennel-seed.  Chambers. 

FEN'NISH,  a.  Full  of  fens;  fenny;  marshy; 
boggy  ; swampy.  Whitgift. 

FEN'NY,  a.  Pertaining  to  fens  or  marshes ; 
marshy.  “ A fenny  snake.”  Shah. 

FEN'NY-STONESj  (-stonz),  n.  A plant.  Johnson. 

t FEN'OWED  (fen'od),  a.  [A.  S . fyriqean,  to  de- 
cay.] Corrupted  ; decayed.  Dr.  Favour,  1619. 

FEN'— SACKED  (fen'sukt),  a.  Sucked  out  of 
marshes.  “ Fen-sucked  fogs.”  Shah. 

FEN'U-GREEK,  n.  [I,,  fenumgreecum,  Greek  hay  ; 
fenum,  hay,  and  Greecum,  Greek;  — so  called 
from  its  having  been  used  as  hay  in  Greece  ; 
Fr.  fenugrec .]  A plant  of  the  genus  Trigo- 
nella,  having  seeds  which  are  bitter  and  muci- 
laginous, and  which  are  much  used  in  veterinary 
medicine.  Palmer. 

FEOD  (fud),  n.  Fee;  tenure;  feud.  Blackstone. 

Kff"  The  orthography  feod,  feodul,  and  feodary  is 
obsolescent.  — See  Feud. 

FEO'DAL  (fu'djl),  a.  See  Feudal. 

FEO'DA-RY  (fu'd?-re),  n.  See  Feudary. 

FEO'DA-TO-RY  (fu-),  n.  & a.  See  FEUDATORY. 

II  FEOFF  (fef)  [fef,  S.  W.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Sm.  Wh. ; 
fef,  Ja. ; fef  or  fef,  K.),  v.  a.  [Fr .fiejfer. — See 
Fief,  and  Fee.]  (Law.)  To  invest  with  right 
or  with  a fee  ; to  enfeoff.  Bp.  Hall. 

II  FEOFF  (fSf),  n.  A fief.  — See  Fief.  Fuller. 

II  FF.OF'FEE,  or  FEOF-FEE'  [fef'fe,  S.  W.  J.  E.  F. 
K.  Sm. ; fgf-fe',  P.  Ja.  Wb.),  n.  (Law.)  One 
who  is  enfeoffed,  or  invested  with  a fee.  Burrill. 


||  FEOF'FpR,  or  FEOF'FoR,  n.  (Law.)  One  who 
feoffs.  Sherwood. 

||  FEOF'MpNT  (fefincnt),  n.  (Law.)  1.  A gift  of 
any  corporeal  hereditaments  to  another. Bouvier. 

2.  The  instrument  or  deed  by  which  corporeal 
hereditaments  are  conveyed. 

signified  originally  the  grant  of  a feud  or 
fee,  but  came,  in  time,  to  signify  the  grant  of  a free 
inheritance  in  fee,  respect  being  had  to  the  perpetuity 
of  the  estate  granted,  rather  than  to  the  feudal  tenure. 
But  this  mode  of  conveyancing  has  long  since  become 
obsolete.  Bouoier. 

Fp-RA'CIOUS  (fe-ra'shus,  66),  a.  [L.ferax,feracis ; 
fero,  to  bear.]  Fertile ; fruitful,  [it.]  Thomson. 

Fjp-RA^'I-TY,  n.  [L . fcracitas.)  Quality  of  being 
feracious  ; fruitfulness  ; fertility,  [r.]  Beattie. 

FE ' RJE,  it.  pi.  [L.,  wild  beasts .]  (Zoiil.)  An 
order  of  mammalia,  mostly  beasts  of  prey,  as 
lions,  tigers,  hyaenas,  dogs,  bears,  seals,  wal- 
ruses. Van  Der  Hoeven. 

FE'RAL,  a.  [L.  feralis.)  Funereal;  deadly. 
“ Feral  accidents.”  [u.]  Burton. 

FE'RAL,  a.  [L.  fera,  a wild  beast ; ferus,  wild.] 
Wild  ; fierce  ; barbarous.  Ec.  Rev. 

t FERD'NESS,  n.  Fearfulness.  Chaucer. 

f FERE,  n.  [A.  S.fera,  or  gefera .]  A compan- 
ion ; a mate ; an  equal. 

Clarissa  to  a lovely  fere 

Was  linked.  Spenser. 

FER'IJ-TO-RY,  a.  [Gr.  Qtperpov ; 0/pm,  to  bear; 
L.feretrum.)  A bier  or  shrine  containing  the 
relics  of  saints,  borne  in  processions,  and  hav- 
ing usually  the  form  of  a ridged  chest,  variously 
adorned.  Fairholt. 

FER'GU-SON-lTE,  n.  (Min.)  A crystallized  com- 
pound of  columbic  acid  and  yttria,  found  in 
Greenland,  and  named  in  compliment  to  Rob- 
ert Ferguson,  of  Raith.  Brande. 

FE'RI-AL,  a.  [ L.feriee , holidays,  festivals  ; Port. 
feria,  a day  of  labor  ; It.  feriale,  noting  a 
weekday;  Sp. ferial-,  Ft. ferial.) 

1.  Relating  to  holidays.  Dugdale. 

2.  Relating  to  week-days.  Gregory. 

f FE-RI-A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  keeping  holiday. 

As  though  there  were  any  feriation  in  nature.  Browne. 

t FE'RIE  (le're),  n.  [Fr.  — See  Ferial.]  A hol- 
iday ; — a week-day.  Bullokar.  Wickliffe. 

FE'RlNE,  a.  [L.  ferinus ; ferus,  a wild  beast; 
It.  $ Sp.  ferino .]  Wild ; savage  ; barbarous  ; 
cruel.  “ Ferine  beasts.”  Hale. 

FE'RlNE-LY,  ad.  In  a ferine  manner ; in  the 
manner  of  wild  beasts  ; cruelly.  Craig. 

FE'RINE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  ferine  ; 
barbarity  ; savageness  ; wildness.  Hale. 

FE'RINES,  n.  pi.  (Zoiil.)  Wild  beasts  ; beasts  of 
prey ; tlie  Feree  of  Linnams.  Craig. 

FE'RI-O,  l ra-  (Logic.)  A mode  of  syllogisms 

FE'RI-SON,  ) consisting  of  a universal  negative, 
a particular  affirmative,  and  a particular  nega- 
tive. Crabb. 

f FER'I-TY,  n.  [L.  feritas  ; ferus,  wild.]  Bar- 
barity ; cruelty  ; wildness.  Pearson. 

FERK,  v.  a.  To  whip  ; — to  drive.  — See  Firk. 

FER'LING,  n.  [A.  S . fcorthling ; Low  L . ferlin- 
gus  ; Old  Fr.  ferlingL] 

1.  ( Old  Law.)  A fourth  or  quarter  : — the 
fourth  part  of  a penny  ; a farthing.  Burrill. 

2.  A furlong.  Notes  § Queries. 

f FER'LY,  a.  [A.  S .fairlic,  sudden.]  Foreign. 

Chaucer. 

t FERM,  n.  1.  Rent ; farm.  Chalmers. 

2.  A lodging-house.  Spenser. 

F1JR-MENT',  v.  a.  [L.  fermento  ; It . fermentare  ; 
Sp .fermentar ; Ft.  fermenter.  — See  Ferment, 
n.)  [i.  fermented;  pp.  fermenting,  fer- 

mented.] To  excite  by  internal  commotion,  as 
in  the  change  of  must  to  wine.  “Youth  fer- 
ments the  blood.”  Pope. 

FlJR-MfiNT',  v.  n.  To  have  a spontaneous  inter- 
nal commotion,  as  the  constituent  particles  of  a 
liquid  when  undergoing  decomposition  ; to  ef- 
fervesce ; to  work.  “ If  wine  or  cider  do  fer- 
ment.” A eile. 


FER'M^NT,  n.  [L.  fermentum  ; contracted  for 
fervimentum  ; ferveo,  to  boil,  to  foam  ; It.  6$  Sp. 
fermento  ; Ft.  ferment.) 

1.  That  which  causes  fermentation,  as  yeast 

or  leaven.  Tomlinson. 

2.  Intestine  motion  ; commotion  ; tumult. 

These  politicians,  of  both  sides,  have  already  worked  the 
nation  into  a most  unnatural  ferment.  Spectator. 

Ff.R-MENT-A-BlL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
fermentable.  Jameson. 

FfR-MENT'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  fermented  ; 
capable  of  fermentation.  Johnson. 

f FfR-MENT'AL,  a.  Causing  fermentation  ; fer- 
mentative. Browne. 

f FJJR-MEN'TAT-ED,  p.  a.  Fermented.  Bacon. 

F ER-  M p N-T  A 'T I ON , n.  ['[..ferment  at  io  ; It.  fer- 
mentazione  ; Sp.  fermentation;  Fr.  fermento^ 
tion.  — See  Ferment,  n.)  The  act  or  the  pro- 
cess of  fermenting  ; — a spontaneous  change 
which  takes  place  in  certain  organic  substances, 
under  the  influence  of  water,  air,  and  warmth. 

^Sy-It  is  caused  by  the  entire  decomposition  of  the 
proximate  principles  (sugar,  starch,  gluten,  &c.)  of 
the  substances  fermented,  and  the  re-combination  of 
their  ultimate  principles  (oxygen,  hydrogen,  carbon, 
&c.)  in  new  proportions,  by  which  various  new  com- 
pounds are  produced.  Fermentation  is  of  several 
kinds : the  saccharine,  producing  sugar  from  starch 
and  gum  ; the  vinous,  producing  alcohol  from  sugar ; 
the  acetous,  producing  vinegar  from  alcohol  ; and  the 
putrefactive,  which  characterizes  the  decomposition  of 
organic  substances  containing  nitrogen  into  various 
fetid  products.  Ure. 

Syn.  — See  Ebullition. 

F£R-MEN'TA-Tl  VE,  a.  That  ferments  ; causing 
fermentation.  Arbuthnot. 

FjlR-MEN'TA-TI  VE-NESS,  n.  Capability  of  fer- 
menting. Tyson,  1684. 

F^R-MENT'gD,  p.  a.  Having  undergone  the  pro- 
cess of  fermentation. 

f FIJR-MI  L'LIJT,  n.  [Old  Fr.  fermaillet.)  A 
buckle  or  clasp.  Donne. 

FERN,  n.  [A.  S.  fearn  ; Dut.  raren  ; Ger.  f am, 
farnkraut.)  (Bot.)  A wild,  flowerless,  cryptog- 
"amous  plant  or  weed,  of  many  species,  consti- 
tuting the  tribe  or  family  of  Filices  ; a brake. 

The  ferns  have  a wide  geopraphieal  distribution;  the  her- 
baceous and  shrubby  kind  being  found  towards  the  north 
and  south  poles,  whilst  the  tree-/er«s  rival  the  gigantic  palms 
in  the  forests  of  tropical  climates.  Eny.  Cyc. 

FER-NAN-DI'NA,  ii.  [Fr.  f errand, ine.)  A stuff 
made  of  silk  and  wool ; ferrandine.  Simmonds. 

FERN'p-RY,  n.  A place  where  ferns  grow,  or  are 
cultivated.  Gent.  Mag. 

FERN'-OWX,  n.  (Ornith.)  A name  applied  to 
the  goat-sucker.  Booth. 

FERN'SEED,  n.  The  seed  of  fern;  — formerly 
supposed  to  possess  wonderful  virtues.  Shak. 

FERN'TI-CLE,  «.  A freckle  on  the  skin,  resem- 
bling the  seeds  of  the  fern.  [Local,  Eng.]  Carr. 

FERN'Y,  a.  Overgrown  with  fern ; abounding  in 
fern.  “ Ferny  heaths.”  Dryden. 

FE-ROC'I-FY,  v.  a.  [L.  ferox,  fierce,  and  facio , 
to  make.]  To  make  ferocious,  [r.]  Sir  W.  Scott. 

FE-RO'CIOUS  (fe-ro'shus),  a.  [L . ferox,  ferocis; 
It.  feroce  ; Sp . feroz;  Fr .feroce.) 

1. "  Savage  ; fierce  ; wild ; ravenous  ; rapacious. 

The  lion,  a fierce  and/erocious  animal.  Broicne. 

2.  Indicating  a savage  or  wild  nature.  “ Each 

ferocious  feature.”  - Pope. 

Syn.  — Ferocious  and  fierce  are  terms  applied  both 
to  men  and  animals  ; when  applied  to  the  character 
and  actions  of  men,  ferocious  is  applied  to  the  dispo- 
sition, fierce,  to  tile  conduct.  A man  is  ferocious  for 
want  of  native  kindness,  fierce  from  violence  or  beat 
of  temper,  savage  and  barbarous  from  want  of  culture. 
Ferocious  disposition  ; ferocious  beast ; fierce  counte- 
nance ; savage  or  barbarous  manners  ; a rapacious 
man  or  animal  ; a ravenous  wolf. 

Ff.-RO'CIOUS-LY  (fe-ro'shus-le),  ad.  In  a fero- 
cious manner. 

Fp-RO'CIOUS-NESS  (fe-ro'shus-nes),  n.  The  qual- 
ity of  being  ferocious ; fierceness ; ferocity. 
“ The  ferociousness  of  war.”  Blair. 

FJJ-ROI/I-TY,  n.  [L .ferocitas;  It.  ferocita;  Sp. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  $,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


FERRANDINE 


549 


FESTINATELY 


ferocidad ; Yx.firocite.]  The  quality  of  being 
Ferocious  ; savageness  ; wildness ; fierceness ; 
ferociousness  ; barbarity. 

Inhospitable,  full  of  ferocity.  Phillips. 

Syn.  — See  Ferocious. 

FER'RAN-DINE,  n.  [Fr.]  A stuff  made  of  silk 
and  wool ; fernandina.  Simmonds. 

FER-RA-RE§E',  n.  sing.  & pi.  An  inhabitant,  or 
the  inhabitants,  of  Ferrara,  in  Italy.  Baldwin. 

FER-RA-RE§E',  a.  ( Geog .)  Relating  to  Ferrara, 
or  its  inhabitants.  Baldwin. 

FEIl'Rf.-OUS,  a.  [L.  ferreus  ; ferrum,  iron.] 
Containing  iron  ; irony  ; of  iron.  Browne. 

FER'RpT,  n.  [Dut.  vret ; 

Ger .frett;  W.  fared. — 

It.  furetto  ; Fr .furet.~] 

1.  ( Zool .)  A small  fe- 

rocious animal  of  the 
weasel  kind,  or  of  the  Ferret  (Mustela  furo). 
genus  Mustela,  used  in  hunting  out  rabbits  from 
their  burrows.  Bell. 

2.  A kind  of  narrow  tape  or  binding  of  wors- 
ted, cotton,  or  silk.  Johnson. 

3.  ( Glass-making .)  The  iron  with  which  the 
workmen  try  the  melted  metal  and  make  the 
rings  at  the  mouths  of  bottles.  Simmonds. 

FER'RgT,  V.  a.  [*.  FERRETED  ; pp.  FERRETING, 
ferreted.]  To  drive  out  of  lurking-places,  as 
a ferret  does  a rabbit.  Heglin. 

FER'RflT-ER,  n.  One  who  ferrets ; one  who 
hunts  another  in  private  retreats.  Sherwood. 

F^R-RET'TO,  n.  A substance  used  in  coloring 
glass ; a sulphuret  of  copper.  Francis. 

FEIt'RI-AyE  (fer're-aj),  n.  The  fare  paid  for  con- 
veyance over  a ferry.  Sherwood. 

FER'RIC,  a.  [L.  ferrum,  iron.]  ( Chem .)  Noting 
an  acid  compounded  of  1 atom  of  iron  with  3 
atoms  of  oxygen.  Brande. 

FER-RI-CAl'CITE,  n.  [L.  ferrum,  iron,  and 
calx,  calcis,  lime.]  (Min.)  A species  of  calca- 
reous earth,  combined  with  iron.  Buchanan. 

FER-RID-CY'AN-lDE,  n.  (Chem.)  A compound 
of  which  ferrideyanogen  forms  a constituent 
part.  Brande. 

FER-IUD-CY-AN'O-yEN,  n.  (Chem.)  A compound 
of  2 atoms  of  iron  and  6 of  cyanogen.  Brande. 


FER'RULE  (fer'rjl  or  fer'rul)  [fer'ril,  S.  W.  J.  F.  ; 
ler'rul ,Ja.K.],n.  [L.  ferrum,  iron  ; Sp.  biro/a  ; 
Fr.  virolc.]  A ring  of  iron  or  other  metal  put 
round  any  thing  to  keep  it  from  splitting.  Ray. 

FUR-RU'MI-nAte,  v.  a.  [L . ferrumino,  ferrumi- 
natus  ; ferrumen,  cement.]  To  solder;  to  ham- 
mer out.  [r.]  Coleridge. 

F£R-RU-MI-NA'TION,  n.  [L.ferruminatio.]  The 
act  of  soldering,  [r.]  Coleridge. 

FER'RY,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  faran,  to  go,  or  ferian,  to 
carry  ; faru,  a journey  : — Ger .fahre,  a ferry  ; 
Dut.  veer  ; Dan.  forge.  — Skinner  proposes  L. 
veho,  to  bear.  — Johnson  suggests  L.  fero,  to 
carry.]  [i.  ferried  ; pp.  ferrying,  ferried.] 
To  carry  over  a river  or  water  in  a boat. 

Him  to  ferry  over  that  deep  ford.  Spenser. 

FER'RY,  v.  n.  To  pass  over  water  in  a boat  or 
vessel. 

They  ferry  over  this  Lethaean  sound.  Milton. 

FER'RY,  n.  1.  A vessel  for  ferrying  ; a ferry-boat. 
I went  down  the  River  Brent  on  the  ordinary  ferry.  Addison. 

2.  A passage  or  place  across  a river,  stream, 
or  other  narrow  water,  over  which  ferry-boats 
pass. 

Just  above  the  ferry  is  the  seat  of  Mr.  Vernon.  Windham. 

3.  The  right  of  carrying  men  and  beasts 
across  a river,  frith,  &c.,  and  of  levying  toll  for 
so  doing  at  a certain  reasonable  rate.  Craig. 

FER'RY— BOA!’,  n.  A boat  for  conveying  passen- 
gers across  a ferry.  2 Sam.  xix.  18. 

FER'RY— MAN,  n.  One  employed  in  conveying 
persons  over  a ferry.  Shah. 

FER'TILE  (fer'til),  a.  [L.fertilis  ; fero,  to  bear  ; 
It. fertile-,  Sp .fertil;  Yx.  fertile.] 

1.  Fruitful;  abundant;  plenteous;  prolific; 
productive  ; rich.  “ Fertile  England.”  Shah. 

Fertile  of  corn  the  glebe,  of  oil,  and  wine.  Milton. 

2.  (Bot.)  Fruit-bearing,  or  capable  of  pro- 

ducing fruit : — also  said  of  anthers,  when  they 
produce  good  pollen.  Gray. 

Syn.  — Fertile  is  applied  especially  to  tile  soil; 
fruitful,  to  trees  and  vegetables  ; prolific,,  to  animals  ; 
productive,  to  the  soil,  to  the  labor  of  the  body  or 
mind,  or  whatever  is  the  source  of  production.  A 
fertile  or  rich  country,  soil,  &c.  ; a fruitful  tree,  gar- 
den ; a prolific  animal ; a productive  farm,  business, 
labor  ; abundant  or  plenteous  harvest. 

FER'TILE-Ly,  ad.  Fruitfully;  plenteously; 
abundantly. 


hand  with  ; an  instrument  of  correction  used  in 
schools. 

From  the  rod  or  ferule  I would  have  them  free,  as  from 
the  menace  of  them.  B.  Jonson. 

FER'ULE  (ter'ul),  v.  a.  \i.  FERULED  ; pp.  ferul- 
ing, feruled.]  To  chastise  or  punish  with  the 
ferule.  Johnson. 

FER'V^N-CY,  n.  The  quality  of  being  fervent; 
heat  of  mind ; ardor ; eagerness  ; zeal.  “ Fer- 
vency toward  God.”  Hooker. 

FER'V£NT,  a.  [L.  ferveo,  fervens,  to  boil,  to 
glow;  It .fervente;  Sp .ferviente;  Fr. fervent.] 
Hot;  boiling;  ardent;  glowing;  eager;  zeal- 
ous. “ Fervent  blood.”  H olton.  “Fervent  to  dis- 
pute.” Hooker.  “ The  fervent  angel.”  Milton. 
“ Fervent  petitions  to  God.”  South. 

Syn. — See  Fervor,  Zealous. 

FER'V^NT-LY,  ad.  In  a fervent  manner. 

FER'V£NT-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  fer- 
vent ; ardor  ; zeal ; fervency.  Bale. 

FpR-VES'CENT,  a.  [L.  fervesco,  fervescens .] 
Growing  hot.  [it.]  Maunder. 

FER'VID,  a.  [L.  ferridus  ; It.  <Sr  Sp.  fervido .] 
Hot;  burning;  boiling;  glowing;  ardent;  fer- 
vent. “ The  fervid  sky.”  Fawkes. 

f FpR-VID'I-TY,  n.  Heat;  fervidness.  Johnson. 

FER'VID-LY,  ad.  In  a fervid  manner. 

FiiR'VID-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  fervid; 
ardor ; zeal ; passion.  Bentley. 

FER'VOR,  n.  [L  .fervor  ; ferveo,  to  boil ; It.  fer- 
vore  ; Sp.  fervor,  or  hervor  ; Fr .ferveur.]  Heat ; 
warmth;  ardor.  “ The  fervor  of  ensuing  day.” 
Waller.  “ Fervor  of  zeal.”  Hooker. 

Looked  the  pure  fervor  of  maternal  love,  Beattie. 

Syn.  — Fervor,  from  ferveo,  to  boil,  is  boiling  heat ; 
ardor,  from  ardeo,  to  burn,  is  burning  heat.  Jlrdor  is 
regarded  as  a stronger  term  than  fervor.  Fervor  of 
devotion  ; ardor  of  zeal ; warmth  of  affection  ; heat  of 
passion.  Fervent  affection  or  piety ; ardent  love ; 
warm  feeling  ; zealous  friendship. 

FES'CpN-NfNE,  a.  Noting  a kind  of  gay,  satirical, 
or  licentious  verses  sung  at  weddings,  and 
originating  at  Fescennium,  in  Italy.  B.  Jonson. 

FES'C£N-NlNE,  n.  A licentious  poem.  Burton. 

FES'CUE  (fes'ku),  n.  [L.  *■  It.  festuca,  a straw; 
Old  Fr.  festu;  Fr ,fetu.\  A wire,  a straw,  or  a 
pin,  used  to  point  out  the  letters  to  children 
learning  to  read.  Drydcn. 


F£R-RIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  ferrum,  iron,  and  fero, 
to  bear.]  Producing  or  yielding  iron.  Smart. 

FER'RI-LITE,  n.  [L.  ferrum,  iron,  and  Gr.  lidos, 
a stone.]  (Min.)  A variety  of  basalt,  contain- 
ing an  oxide  of  iron.  Kirwan. 

FER-RO-CY'A-NATE,  n.  (Chem.)  A compound 
of  ferrocyanic  acid  and  a base  ; ferroprussiate  ; 
ferrocyanide.  Ure. 

FER-RO-CY-AN'IC,  a.  [L.  ferrum,  iron,  and  Gr. 
Kbaros,  blue.  — See  Cyanic.]  (Chem.)  Noting 
an  acid  formed  by  a union  of  hydrocyanic  acid 
and  protoxide  of  iron  ; ferroprussic.  Crabb. 

FER-RO-CY'A-NlDE,  n.  (Chem.)  A compound 
of  ferrocyanic  acid  and  a base ; ferroprussiate ; 
ferrocyanate.  Ure. 

FER-RO-CY-AN'O-^rEN,  n.  (Chem.)  A compound 
of  1 atom  of  iron  and  3 atoms  of  cyanogen,  or 
1 of  iron,  6 of  carbon,  and  3 of  nitrogen.  Brande. 

FER-RO-PRUS'SI-ATE  (-prush'e-at),  n.  (Chem.) 
A compound  of  ferroprussic  or  ferrocyanic  acid 
and  a base  ; ferrocyanide  ; ferrocyanate.  Ure. 

FER-RO-PRUS'SJC,  n.  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid 
formed  of  prussic  or  hydrocyanic  acid  and  pro- 
toxide of  iron  ; ferrocyanic.  Ogilvie. 

F^R-RU'^rl-NAT-ED,  a.  Having  the  color  or 
properties  of  the  rust  of  iron.  Craig. 

FER-RU-(?IN'5-OUS,  a.  [L.  ferrugineus  ; ferrugo, 
iron-rust ; ferrum,  iron.]  Ferruginous.  Gray. 

FIJR-RlJ'yi-NOUS,  a.  1.  Partaking  of  iron;  con- 
taining iron.  “ Ferruginous  springs.”  Bogle. 

2.  Of  a rusty  iron  color.  Smart. 

FIJR-RU'GO,  n.  [L.,  iron-rust,  or  its  color.] 

1.  The  color  of  iron-rust.  Smart. 

2.  (Bot.)  A disease  of  plants ; rust.  Ogilvie. 


FER'TILE- NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  fruit- 
ful ; fruitfulness ; fecundity ; fertility.  Sidney. 

f FER-TIL'I-TATE,  u.  a.  To  make  fertile  ; to  fe- 
cundate ; to  fertilize.  Browne. 

F^R-TIL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being  fertile; 
fecundity  ; abundance ; fruitfulness  ; plenteous- 
ness ; fertileness. 

More  rich  than  other  climes’  fertility.  Byron. 

FER-TIL-I-ZA'TION,  n.  (Bot.)  The  act  of  fer- 
tilizing ; the  process  by  which  pollen  causes 
the  embryo  to  be  formed.  Gray. 

FER'TIL-IZE,  V.  a.  [l.  FERTILIZED  ; pp.  FERTIL- 
IZING, fertilized.]  To  make  fertile  ; to  make 
fruitful ; to  make  productive  ; to  fecundate. 

To  feed  the  crow  on  Talavera’s  plain. 

And  fertilize  the  field  that  each  pretends  to  gain.  Byron. 

FER'TIL-IZ-£R,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  fer- 
tilizes. Simmonds. 

FER'TIL-IZ-ING,^.  a.  Making  fertile  or  fruitful. 

FER'U-LA,  n.  [L.  — See  Ferule.] 

1.  f An  instrument  of  correction  ; a ferule. 

Beau,  a FI. 

2.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  herbaceous  plants,  of 

which  some  of  the  species,  particularly  Ferula 
persica,  furnish  the  assafeetida,  which  is  the 
inspissated  juice  of  the  root.  Loudon. 

FER-U-LA'CEOUS  (fSr-u-la'shus),  a.  [L.  ferula- 
ceus ; ferula,  the  giant  fennel.]  Relating  to, 
or  resembling,  plants  of  the  genus  Ferula ; re- 
sembling reeds.  Bailey. 

fFER'U-LAR,  n.  A ferule.  Milton. 

FER'ULE,  n.  [L .ferula,  the  giant  fennel ; ferio, 
to  strike  ; — so  called  because  its  stalks  were 
used  in  correcting  school-boys.  Johnson.  — Sp. 
ferula-,  Fr.  ferule.]  Something  to  strike  the 


FES'CUE,  v.  a.  To  point  out,  direct,  or  teach  with 
a fescue.  Milton. 

FES'CUED  (les'kfld),  a.  Directed  ; pointed.  Milton. 

FES'CUE— GRASS,  n.  (Bot.)  The  common  name  of 
the  plants  of  the  genus  Festuca,  some  of  which 
are  valuable  hay  and  pasture  grasses.  Loudon. 

FES'EL§  (fes'selz),  n.  pi.  [Old  Fr.  faziols .]  A 
kind  of  base  grain.  May. 

FESSE  (fes),  n.  [L.  fascia,  a belt.] 

(Her.)  A band  possessing  the 
third  part  of  the  escutcheon  over 
the  middle.  Peacham. 

FESSE'POINT,  n.  The  exact  cen- 
tre of  an  escutcheon.  Ash. 

fFES'SI-TUDE,  n.  Weariness. 

FES'TAL,  a.  [L .festus  ; festum,  a feast.]  Per- 
taining to  a feast  or  festival ; suitable  to  a feast ; 
festive.  “ Festal  seasons.”  Johnson. 

FES'TyR,  v.  n.  [Of  uncertain  etymology.  Todd 
suggests  L.  pustula,  a blister.]  [i.  festered  ; 
pp.  festering,  festered.]  To  rankle  ; to 
corrupt ; to  grow  virulent. 

From  off  these  fields,  where,  wretches,  their  poor  bodies 
Must  lie  and  fester.  Shak. 

FES'TER,  v.  a.  To  cause  to  fester. 

How  should  our  festered  sores  be  cured?  Hooker. 

FES'TER,  n.  A small  inflammatory  tumor  con- 
taining pus  ; a pustule.  Jennings. 

FES'TIJR-ING,  p.  a.  Corrupting;  rankling;  grow- 
ing virulent. 

FES'TJJR-MENT,  n.  Act  of  festering.  Chalmers. 

t FES'TI-NATE,  a.  [L.  festino,  festinatus,  to  hur- 
ry.] Hasty ; hurried.  ‘ Shah. 

f FES'TJ-NATE-LY,  ad.  Hastily.  Shah. 


Bailey. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  S&N ; BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — y,  9,  9,  g,  soft;  C,  B,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


FESTINATION 


FEUDATORY 


f FES-TJ-NA'TION,  n.  [L . festinatio ; It . festina- 
zione ; S-p.  festinacion.]  Haste  ; hurry.  Browne. 

FJJS-TI'NO,  n.  ( Logic .)  The  third  term  of  the 
second  figure  of  the  syllogism  ; the  first  of  which 
is  a universal  negative  proposition,  the  second 
a particular  affirmative,  and  the  third  a particu- 
lar negative ; as, 

Fes.  No  bad  man  can  be  happy; 

Ti.  Some  rich  men  are  bad  men;  ergo. 

No.  Some  rich  men  are  not  happy.  Craig. 

FES'TI-VAL,  a.  [L.  festivus  ; festum,  a feast; 
It.  ty  Sp.  Jest i vo.]  Pertaining  to  feasts ; joy- 
ous ; festive  ; festal.  “ Festival  entertain- 
ments.” Atterbury. 

FES'TI-VAL,  n.  Time  of  feasting;  a joyful  an- 
niversary ; a festive  celebration  ; a feast.  “ High 
festivals  before  the  kings.”  Shah. 

Syn.—  See  Feast. 

FES'TI  VE,  a.  [L.  festivus ; It.  if  Sp./esfiTo.]  Re- 
lating to  or  befitting  a feast ; festal ; convivial ; 
joyous ; gay  ; mirthful. 

Syn. — See  Convivial. 

FES'TIVE-LY,  ad.  In  a festive  manner. 

FIJS-TIV'I-TY,  n.  [L . festivitas.  — See  Feast.] 

1.  Quality  of  being  festive  ; social  joy  ; gaye- 
ty  ! joyfulness.  “ Unrestrained  festivity.”  Hard. 

2.  A festival.  “ There  happening  a great 

and  solemn  festivity.”  South. 

FES'TI-VOUS,  a.  Festive;  festival,  [r.]  Scott. 

FIJS-TOON',  n.  [It.  festone;  Sp.  § Fr.  feston. 
‘‘A  festal  or  festive  garland.”  Skinner.  Johnson .] 

1.  A garland  of  flowers  or  folds  of  drapery, 
when  suspended  so  as  to  form  elliptic  curves, 
with  the  ends  depending  downwards. 

The  vines,  climbing  to  the  summit  of  the  trees,  reach  in 
festoons  and  fruitages  from  one  tree  to  another.  Evelyn. 

2.  (Arch.  & Sculp.)  An  ornament  of  carved 

work  in  the  form  of  a wreath  or  garland  of  flow- 
ers, fruits,  leaves,  &c.,  bound  together  and  sus- 
pended by  the  ends.  Fairholt. 

F^S-TOON',  v.  a.  To  adorn  with  festoons.  Byron. 

F£S-To6NED'  (fes-tond'),  a.  Furnished  with 
festoons. 

FF.S-TU'  CA,  n.  [L.]  ( Bot .)  A genus  of  grasses 
of  several  species,  some  of  which  are  valuable 
for  pasture  and  for  hay ; fescue-grass.  Loudon. 

FES'TU-CINE,  a.  Of  straw-color.  Browne. 

FES'TU-CINE,  n.  (Min.)  A shivery  or  splintery 
fracture.  Crabb. 

F?S-TU'COUS  [fes-tu'kus,  IF.  F.  Ja.  K. ; fes'tu- 
kus,  Sin.  IIVj.J,  a.  [L . fcstuca,  straw,  a straw- 
like weed.]  Formed  of  straw.  Browne. 

t FET,  v.  a.  [See  Fetch.]  To  fetch.  Tusser. 

f FET,  n.  [Fr.  faith]  Apiece.  Drayton. 

FE'TAL,  a.  [L . fetus,  pregnant.]  Belonging  to 
a fetus ; parturient.  Coleridge. 

FIJ-TA'TION,  n.  The  formation  of  a fetus.  Hale. 

FETCH,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  feccan,  or  fetian ; Dut. 
vaten  ; Ger.  fassen ; Sw.  fatta.]  [i.  fetched 
[f  FOUGHT]  ; pp.  FETCHING,  FETCHED.] 

1.  To  go  and  bring ; to  bring. 

We  will  take  men  to  fetch  victuals  for  the  people.  Judg.xx.  10. 
He  her  chamber  window  will  ascend. 

And  with  a corded  ladder  fetch  her  down.  Shak. . 

2.  To  bring  back;  to  restore  ; to  revive. 

In  smells  we  see  the  great  and  sudden  effect  in  fetching 
men  again  when  they  swoon.  Bacon. 

3.  To  derive;  to  draw. 

On,  you  noblest  English, 

Whose  blood  is  fetched  from  fathers  of  war-proof.  Shak. 

4.  +To  strike  at  a distance. 

The  conditions  of  weapons,  and  their  improvements,  are 
the  fetching  afar  off.  Bacon. 

5.  To  perform;  to  effect;  to  make. 

I’ll  fetch  a turn  about  the  garden.  Shak. 

6.  To  reach ; to  arrive  at;  to  come  to. 

Strait  we  fetched 

The  Siren’s  isle.  Chapman. 

7.  To  obtain  or  bring  as  a price. 

During  such  a state,  silver  in  the  coin  will  nevey  fetch  as 
much  as  silver  in  the  bullion.  Locke. 

Let  me  know  if  Alderney’s  calf  be  sold  yet,  and  what  he 
fought.  Smollett. 

To  fetch  the  pump,  (Naut.)  to  put  it  in  working 
order  by  pouring  water  into  the  upper  part  of  it.  Mar. 


550 

Diet.  — To  fetch  way , to  be  shaken  from  one  side  to 
another.  Mar.  Diet. 

Syn.  — See  Bring. 

FETCH,  v.  n.  1.  To  move  with  a quick  return. 

Like  a shifted  wind  unto  a sail, 

It  makes  the  course  of  thoughts  to  fetch  about.  Shak. 

2.  (Naut.)  To  attain  or  reach  any  point. 
“ We  shall  fetch  to  windward  of  the  lighthouse 
this  tack.”  Falconer. 

FETCH,  n.  [A.  S.facen,  deceit ; Ger .fatzen.] 

1.  A stratagem  by  which  any  thing  is  indi- 

rectly performed  ; artful  management ; a trick  ; 
an  artifice.  “ A fetch  of  wit.”  Shak. 

2.  A spirit ; a ghost ; a wraith.  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

FETCH'^R,  n.  One  who  fetches.  Huloet. 

FETE  (fat),  n.  [Fr.]  A feast ; a festival;  a fes- 
tival-day ; a holiday.  Qu.  Rev. 

FETE  (fat),  v.  a.  To  celebrate  or  honor  with  an 
entertainment.  For.  Qu.  Rev. 

FETE-CHAMPETRE  (fat'sh&m-patr'),  n.  [Fr.] 
A feast  or  entertainment  in  the  country,  cele- 
brated out  of  doors. 

FE'TISH,  n.  [Formed,  by  traders  to  Africa,  from 
Port,  fetisso,  a thing  enchanted.  Du  Brosses. 
— Port,  feitico,  sorcery,  witchcraft ; probably 
from  L . fascinum,  enchantment.  G.  P.  Marsh.] 
Among  barbarous  nations,  especially  the  ne- 
groes on  the  west  coast  of  Africa,  any  object  of 
worship  not  representing  a human  figure,  thus 
excluding  idols  properly  so  called. 

Among  the  latter  [negro]  tribes,  families  and  individuals 
have  their  respective ycfic/ies,  which  are  often  objects  casually 
selected  or  chosen  under  the  influence  of  some  occasional  su- 
perstition, as  stones,  weapons,  vessels,  plants,  &c.  Brande. 

FET'l-gHl§M,  or  FET'I-Cl^M,  n.  The  worship 
of  material  substances,  as  stones,  weapons, 
plants,  &c.,  a species  of  idolatry  practised  by 
barbarous  nations,  especially  the  negroes  in 
some  of  the  western  parts  of  Africa.  Brande. 

II  FET'ID  [fet'jd,  S.  IF.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  Wb. ; 
fe'tjd,  IV],  a.  [L .foetidus;  firteo , to  have  an 
ill  smell.]  Having  a smell  strong  and  offen- 
sive ; stinking ; rancid. 

From  stifled  Cairo’s  filth  and  fetid  fields.  Thomson. 

||  FET'ID-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  fetid  or 
stinking.  Johnson. 

Fp-TIF'BR-OUS,  a.  [L . fetifer -,  fetus,  offspring, 
and  fero,  to  bear.]  Producing  young.  Maunder. 

FE'TISH,  n.  Same  as  Fetich.  Lander. 

FE'TISH,  a.  Relating  to  feticism.  Coleridge. 

FET'LOCK,  n.  \feet  and  lock.]  A tuft  of  hair 
that  generally  grows  behind  the  pastern  joint 
of  a horse.  Byron. 

FET'LOCKED  (fet'ISkt),  a.  1.  Having  a„fetlock. 

2.  Tied  by  the  fetlock  or  ligament.  Jodrell. 

FET'LOCK— JOINT,  n.  The  joint  of  a horse’s  leg 
next  to  the  foot.  Ash. 

FET'LOW,  n.  A whitlow  or  felon  in  cattle.  — See 
Felon.  Farm.  Ency. 

FE'TOR,  n.  [L  .factor.]  A stench;  a strong,  offen- 
sive smell.  Browne. 

FET'TER,  n. ; pi.  fetters.  [A.  S.  fatter,  or  fetor  ; 
fbt,  a foot ; jet,  feet ; Hut.  voter ; Ger.  fessel.] 
A chain  for  the  feet;  a restraint; — generally 
used  in  the  plural. 

Doctrine  unto  fools  is  as  fetters  on  the  feet,  and  like  man- 
acles on  the  right  hand.  Eccles.  xxi.  19. 

FET'TIJR,  v.  a.  [i.  fettered;  pp.  fettering, 
fettered.]  To  bind  ; to  chain  ; to  shackle  ; to 
tie  ; — properly  used  of  the  feet,  but  applied  in 
a more  general  manner.  Shak. 

My  conscience,  thou  art  fettered 

More  than  my  shanks  and  wrists.  Shak. 

FET'TER-LESS,  a.  Free  from  restraint.  Marston. 

FET'TLE,  v.  n.  To  put  any  thing  in  order ; to 
mend  or  repair  any  thing;  to  be  busy  about 
trifles.  [Local,  Eng.]  Brockett. 

When  your  master  is  most  busy  in  company,  come  in  and 
pretend  to  fettle  about  the  room.  Swift. 

FET'TLE,  n.  Act  of  fettling  or  putting  in  order  ; 
preparation  ; order.  [Local,  Eng.]  Wilbraham. 

FE'TUS,  n. ; pi.  fe'tvs-es.  [L.  foetus.]  The 
young  of  any  animal  in  the  womb,  after  it  is 
perfectly  formed.  — See  Taurus.  lloblyn. 


FEU  (fu),  n.  [Low  L .feudum. — See  Fee,  and 
Feud.]  (Scot.  Law.)  A free  and  gratuitous 
right  to  lands,  made  to  one  for  service  to  be  per- 
formed by  him  ; or  a tenure,  in  which  the  vassal 
makes  a return  in  grain  or  money.  Scotch  Diet. 

FEUD  (fud),  n.  [A.  S . fvehth,  or  foegth  ; fan,  to 
hate;  Hut.  veede  ; Ger . fehde  ; Han . fejde  ; Icel. 
feed  ; Sw.  fejd.]  A quarrel ; a contention  ; — 
particularly  a deadly  quarrel  between  families 
or  clans,  or  a quarrel  not  to  be  satisfied  but  with 
blood.  “The  feuds  of  Rome.”  Addison. 

Syn.  — See  Quarrel. 

FEUD  (fud),  n.  [Low  L.  feudum,  feodum-,  Fr. 
fief ; Scotch  feu.  — See  Fee.]  (Law.)  A 
right  which  a vassal  had  in  land,  or  some 
other  immovable  thing  of  his  lord’s,  to  use 
the  same  and  take  the  profits  thereof  hered- 
itarily, rendering  unto  his  lord  such  feudal  du- 
ties and  services  as  belonged  to  military  tenure, 
the  mere  property  of  the  soil  always  remaining 
unto  the  lord  ; a fief ; a fee.  Burrill. 

SOP  The  ultimate  root  of  the  word  is  probably  the 
A.  S.  fcoh,  a stipend  or  reward.  — “Taking  feoh  as 
the  root,  a slight  change  in  the  letters,  and  a much 
slighter  one  in  the  sound,  produce  feu,  the  Scotch 
word.  These  two  forms  Latinized  become  feudum 
and  feudum  respectively  ; the  letter  d being  intro- 
duced, as  Spelman  observes,  for  euphony.  The  Fr. 
form,  fef  is  the  same  word  in  different  letters,  the 
change  from  final  u to  f being  a common  and  very 
natural  one.  In  this  way  all  the  old  forms  are  very 
simply  accounted  for.  The  objection  to  emphyteusis 
[pronounced  in  tile  lower  age  of  Lability  emphytefsis ] 
lies  not  more  in  the  form  than  in  the  meaning  ; emphy- 
teusis signifying  not  only  a lease  of  land  for  agricul- 
tural purposes,  hut  a lease  for  a very  long  term,  if  not 
in  perpetuity,  which  is  far  from  agreeing  with  tile 
nature  of  the  first  feudal  grants.  The  same  objection 
appears  to  be  applicable  to  the  word  fidcs,  adopted  by 
Webster.  If  fidcs  (faith)  constituted  so  essential  an 
idea  in  the  nature  of  the  feudal  grant,  it  is  probable 
that  such  grant  would  have  been  at  first  called  in 
Latin  feudum,  instead  of  heneficium.  But  the  word 
feudum  does  not,  according  to  the  best  authority,  oc- 
cur in  records  until  the  eleventh  century,  long  after 
the  establishment  of  the  system.”  Burrill.  — “An- 
other derivation,  recently  suggested,  is  from  the  Irish 
fuidhur,  fuidh  signifying,  in  the  Brelion  laws,  a stran- 
ger who  enjoyed  land  within  the  domains  of  a clan, 
and  the  tenure  by  which  he  enjoyed  it.”  Brande. 

FEU'DAL,  a.  [Low  L.  feudalis  ; It .feudale;  Sp. 

. feudal-,  Fr.  fcodal.]  Pertaining  to  fees,  fiefs, 
or  feuds  : — relating  to  feudalism,  or  tenures  by 
military  service;  noting  land  held  of  another 
by  service  ; — opposed  to  allodial.  Robertson. 

FEU'DAL-I§M, h.  The  feudal  system;  the  system 
of  feuds  or  fiefs  ; that  is,  estates  in  land  held 
of  a superior  on  condition  of  military  service. 

As  feudalism  hud  its  origin  in  France,  and  took  its  greatest 
development  there,  French  became  its  universal  language. 

T.  Wright. 

“ Feudalism  sprang  up  in  the  fifth  century, 
when  the  Goths,  Vandals,  Franks,  Huns,  and  Lom- 
bards over  ran  Europe.  These  nations  made  it  a 
principle  that  all  conquered  lands  should  he  divided 
among  the  chief  officers  ; these,  again,  divided  their 
shares  among  the  officers  of  a second  rank,  who  di- 
vided in  like  manner  to  a third  rank,  &c.  These  sti- 
pends of  lands  were  termed  feeds,  fiefs,  or  feuds,  and 
were  held  on  the  condition  above  mentioned.”  Ogilvie. 

FEU-DAL'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being  feudal; 
the  feudal  system ; feudalism.  Burke. 

FEU-DAL-I-ZA'TION,  n.  Change,  or  the  act  of 
changing,  to  a feudal  state.  Ency. 

FEU'DAL-IZE,  v.  a.  To  conform,  or  reduce,  to 
feudalism.  Ency. 

FEU'DAL-LY,  ad.  In  a feudal  manner.  Hallam. 

FEU'DA-RY,  n.  (Laic.)  1.  A tenant  who  holds 
his  lands  by  feudal  service  ; a feudatory.  Fox. 

2.  An  ancient  officer  of  the*court  of  wards  ; — 
written  also  feodary.  Burrill. 

FEU'DA-RY,  a.  [Sp.  feudatario.]  Holding  ten- 
ure under  a superior.  Milton. 

FEU'DA-TA-RY,  n.  A feudatory.  Warton. 

FEU'DA-TA-RY,  a.  Same  as  Feudatory.  Scott. 

FEU'DA-TO-RY,  n.  The  grantee  of  a feod,  feud, 
or  fee  ; the  vassal  or  tenant  who  held  his  estate 
by  feudal  service.  Blackstone. 

FEU'DA-TO-RY,  a.  Holding  from  another  on 
some  conditional  tenure.  Blackstone. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  $,  I,  O,  lj,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


FEU  DE  JOIE 


551 


FIDDLE-BLOCK 


FEU  DE  JOIE  (fu'de-zhw&').  [Fr fire  of  joy.] 
A bonfire  ; a firing  of  guns  on  any  joyfiil  occa- 
sion. Brand,  Popular  Antiquities. 

FEUD'IST,  n.  One  versed  in  the  law  of  feuds  or 
fees  ; a writer  on  feuds.  Selden. 

FEUILLAOE  (ful'ye-ilzli'),  n.  [Fr.,  foliage.]  A 
bunch  or  row  of  leaves.  Jervas. 

FEUILLEMOR TE  (ful'ye-mort')  [fu'il-mbr',  K.\ 
ful'ye-mort',  P.],  n.  [Fr.,  a dead  leaf]  The 
color  of  a faded  leaf.  — See  Filemot.  Locke. 

FEUILLETOK  (fu'el-tong'),  n.  [Fr.]  The  bottom 
part  of  a French  newspaper,  generally  devoted 
to  light  literature  or  criticisms.  Madden. 

f FEU'T£R  (fu'ter),  v.  a.  [Fr .feutrcr,  to  set  thick 
or  close.]  To  put  in  rest,  as  a spear.  Spenser. 

f FEU'TER-ER  (fu'ter-er),  n.  [Fr . vautrier.]  A 

dog-keeper.  Massinger. 

FE'  VJpR,  n.  [A.  S.fefer;  Ger .fieber-,  Dan.  <Sf  Sw. 
feber.  — L.  febris,  probably  transposed  for  fer- 
bis,  from  ferveo,  to  be  hot  : — It.  febbre  ; Sp.fie- 
bre ; Fr.  fitvre.]  (Med.)  A disease  character- 
ized by  increased  heat,  quick  pulse,  languor 
and  thirst.  Dunglison. 

FE'VyR,  v.  a.  To  put  into  a fever.  “ The  white 
hand  of  a lady  fever  thee  !”  [it.]  Shak. 

FE'vyR-BUSII,  n.  The  popular  name  of  the 
Lauras  benzoin,  an  aromatic  shrub  with  a flavor 
resembling  benzoin.  [U.  S.]  Bigelow. 

FE'VER-COOL-ING,  a.  Allaying  fever.  Thomson. 

f FE'VJJR-ET,  n.  A slight  fever  ; febricula.  Ayliffe. 

FE'Vf.R-FEW,  n.  [L  .febris,  fever,  and  fa  go,  to 
drive  away  ; A.  S.  fcferfuge.]  (Bot.)  A genus 
of  plants  of  several  species;  Py rethrum-, — so 
named  for  its  supposed  virtues  as  a febrifuge. 
The  common  species,  Pyrcthrum  parthenium, 
resembles  camomile,  and  is  used  in  medicine. 

Dunglison. 

FE'VgR-ISH,  a.  1.  Having  fever,  or  partaking, 
in  some  degree,  of  fever.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  Uncertain;  inconstant;  fickle.  “Our 

feverish  will.”  Dryden. 

3.  Hot ; burning  ; sultry.  Dryden. 

FE' VIJR-ISH-LY,  ad.  In  a feverish  manner. 

FE'VIJR-ISII-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  fever- 
ish ; tendency  to  fever.  Shaftesbury. 

FE'VJgR-LY,  a.  Like  a fever.  Craig. 

FE' vyR-OUS,  a.  1.  Troubled  or  diseased  with 
fever ; feverish,  [r.]  Milton. 

2.  Tending  to  produce  fever,  [r.] 

It  hath  been  noted  by  the  ancients  that  southern  winds, 
blowing  much,  without  rain,  do  cause  a feverous  disposition 
of  the  year.  Bacon. 

fFE'Vf R-oOS-LY,  ad.  In  a feverish  manner; 
feverishly.  Donne. 

FE'  vyR-ROOT,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the  genus 
Triosteum ; fever-wort ; — a name  also  applied 
to  Pterospora  andromedea.  Dunglison. 

FE'vyR-SICK,  a.  [A.  S.  fefer-seoc.]  Diseased 
with  a fever.  Peele. 

FE'VyR— SORE,  n.  The  common  name  of  a spe- 
cies of  caries  or  necrosis. 

FE'VyR-YVEAK-yNED  (-knd),  a.  Debilitated  by 
fever.  “ Fever-weakened  joints.”  Shah. 

FE'VJSR— WEED,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the  genus 
Eryngium.  Clarke. 

FE'VyR-WORT  (-wurt),  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of 
the  genus  Triosteum-,  bastard  ipecacuanha; 
fever-root; — used  as  a cathartic,  and  some- 
times as  an  emetic  : — also  a name  applied  to 
a plant  of  the  genus  Eupatorium  ; boneset ; 
thorough-wort ; aguewced  ; Indian  sage  ; Eu- 
patorium perfoliatum.  Loudon.  Dunglison. 

t FE'vyR-Y,  a.  Diseased  with  a fever;  fever- 
ish. B.  Jonson. 

FEYV  (fu),  a.  [A.  S.  fea,  or  feawa;  Dan.  fan ; 
Sw.  fa.  — L.  paucus;  It.  <S;  Sp.  poco;  Fr.  pen. 
“From pea,”  says  Sullivan,  “ we  derive,  through 
the  medium  of  the  northern  languages,  few,  p 
becoming  f,  as  in  fat,  from  plat,  &c.”]  Not 
many  ; small  in  number. 

Few  and  short  were  the  prayers  we  said.  Wolfe. 


In  few , in  a few  words  ; briefly. 

Thus  Jupiter  in  few  unfolds  the  charge.  Dryden. 

FEVV'EL  (fu'el),  n.  [Fr .feu,  fire.]  Combustible 
matter ; firewood ; fuel.  — See  Fuel.  Hooker. 

FEW'LL  (fu'el),  v.  a.  To  feed  with  fuel.  — See 
Fuel.  Cowley. 

FEW'MyT,  n.  See  Fumet.  Todd. 

FEW'NySS  (fu'nes),  n.  1.  State  of  being  few; 
paucity  ; smallness  of  number.  “ The  fewness 
of  good  grammarians.”  Sir  T.  Elyot. 

2.  Brevity  ; conciseness.  “ Fewness  and 
truth ’t  is  thus.”  Shak. 

f FEY  (fa),  v.  a.  [Dut.  veegen.]  To  cleanse  of 
mud,  as  a ditch.  Tusser. 

FEZ,  7i.  [Pers.]  A red  cap.  Gent.  Mag. 

FMCRE  (fe-'i'kr),  n.  [Fr.]  A small  four-wheeled 
carriage  ; a hackney-coach.  Boiste. 

f FI'ANCE,  v.  a.  [Fr.  fiancer.]  To  affiance ; to 
betroth.  — See  Affiance.  llarmar. 

FIAR,  n.  The  average  price  of  grain  as  legally 
fixed  for  the  year.  [Scotland.]  Simmonds. 

FI'AT,  7i.  [L.,  Let  it  be  doiie.]  Used  as  a noun 

to  denote  a peremptory  decree  or  order ; a decree. 
Why  did  th  e fiat  of  a God  give  birth 
To  yon  fair  Sun  and  his  attendant  Earth?  Cowper. 

FIB,  7i.  [From  fable.  — L.  fibula.]  A lie  ; a 
falsehood.  [Colloquial.]  Pope. 

FIB,  V.  71.  [t.  FIBBED  ; pp.  FIBBING,  FIBBED.] 

To  lie;  to  tell  lies.  A7-buthnot. 

FIB'BpR,  n.  A teller  of  fibs.  Sherwood. 

FI'BRE  (fl'bur),  71.  [L .fbra-,  \t.fibra-,  Sp.j fibra, 
or  hebra-,  V r . fi.br  c .] 

1.  A slender,  thread-like  substance  ; a fila- 

ment or  thread  of  animal,  vegetable,  or  mineral 
composition.  Hoblyn. 

2.  (Com.)  A general  name  for  the  cotton, 

flaxen,  and  hempen  raw  material  used  in  textile 
manufactures.  Simmonds. 

FI'BRE-LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  fibres.  Lond.  Jour. 

Fl'BRJL,  n.  [It .fibrilla;  Fr .fibrille.] 

1.  A small  fibre  ; a very  slender  thread. 

The  muscles  consist  of  a number  of  fibres,  and  each  fibre  of 
an  incredible  number  of  little  fibi'ils  bound  together.  Cheyne. 

2.  (Bot.)  A fine,  ultimate  hair-like  subdivis- 
ion of  a root.  Henslow. 

FIB'RJL-LOSE,  a.  (Bot.)  Formed  of 
small  fibres,  as  the  cap  of  a mush- 
room ; fibrillous.  Gray. 

FI- BRIL' LOUS,  or  FIR'RIL-LOUS,  a. 

Containing  fibres  ; fibrillose.  Todd. 

FI’BRINE,  7i.  [It.  (Sf  Sp.  fibrina;  Fr.  f brine.] 
(Chem.)  A white,  tough,  fibrous  substance,  ob- 
tained from  coagulated  blood; — together  with 
albumen  it  forms  the  basis  of  muscle.  Brande. 

FI'BRINE,  a.  Belonging  to  the  fibres  of  plants  ; 
fibrillose.  Maunder. 

FIB'RI-NOUS,  a.  Relating  to,  or  composed  of, 
fibrine.  Dunglison. 

FIB'RO-INE,  n.  A rvhite,  amorphous  substance, 
the  principal  constituent  of  silk,  cobwebs,  and 
the  skeleton  of  sponges.  Micrographic  Diet. 

FIB'RO-l!tE,  n.  [L .fbra,  a fibre,  and  Gr.  Xiboc, 
a stone.]  (Min.)  A fibrous  mineral,  composed 
of  silica  and  alumina  ; bucholzite.  Dana. 

FI'BROUS,  a.  [It.  &;  Sp.  fibroso  ; Fr.  fibrevx.] 
Composed  of,  separable  into,  or  resembling, 
fibres  ; filamentous  ; stringy.  Bacoti. 

FIB ' U-I.J,  7i.-,  pi.  fib  ’ u-lje.  [L.,  a clasp  07- 
buckle.] 

1.  (Anat..)  The  small,  outer  bone  of  the  leg, 

much  smaller  than  the  tibia;  — so  called  from 
being  placed  opposite  to  the  part  where  the 
knee-buckle  was  attached.  Hoblyn. 

2.  (Sui-g.)  A needle  for  sewing  up  wounds. 

Hoblyn. 

FIB'U-LAR,  a.  Relating  to  the  fibula.  Hobbj7i. 

■f*  FIB'U-IjAte,  v.  a.  [L.  fihulo,  fibulatus.]  To 
join  ; to  fasten  together.  Blount. 

FI-CEI/LI-ER,  n.  [Fr.,  from  ficelle,  pack-thread.] 
A roller  for  pack-thread.  Shnmonds. 


FLCH'TE-LITE,  n.  A white  crystalline  substance 
found  in  a peat  moss  in  Bavaria ; a species  of 
hydrocarbon.  Bra7ide. 

FIC'KLE  (flk'kl),  a.  [A.  S../?co/.] 

1.  Changeable  in  mind  ; inconstant ; waver- 
ing ; variable ; unstable ; volatile.  “ Fickle 
pensioners.”  Milton.  “ The  fickle  sex.”  Prior. 

2.  Not  fixed;  subject  to  vicissitude;  — ap- 
plied to  things.  “ Fickle  their  state.”  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Changeable. 

FIC'KLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  fickle  ; 
inconstancy;  instability;  variableness.  “For- 
tune’s fickleness.”  Shak. 

FICK'LY,  ad.  Without  stability.  Southern. 

FI'CO  [fe'ko,  K.  Sm. ; fl'ko,  P.],  n.  [It .,afig.]  A 
snap  of  the  fingers  contemptuously  expressing, 
“ A fig  for  you.”  “ A fico  for  the  phrase.”  Shak. 

FIC'TILE,  a.  [L.  fictilis ; fingo,  fictus,  to  form.] 
Moulded  into  form  by  art;  formed  by  a potter. 
“ Fictile  earth.”  Bacon. 

FIC'TILE- NESS,  7i.  The  quality  of  being  fictile, 
or  moulded  into  form.  Scott. 

FIC'TION  (flk'shun),  n.  [L.fictio  ; fingo,  fictus, 
to  form;  to  feign;  It . fizione ; Sp  .ficcio7i-,  Fr. 
fiction.] 

1.  The  act  of  feigning  or  inventing  ; as,  “ A 
work  of  fiction.” 

2.  The  thing  feigned  or  invented.  “ The 
poet’s  fictions.”  Sidney.  “ The  fiction  of  those 
golden  apples  kept  by  a dragon.”  Raleigh. 

3.  A fabrication  ; a falsehood  ; a lie.  Pope. 

4.  Fictitious  literature  or  writings,  as  novels, 

romances,  &c.  Pope. 

Fiction  of  law,  an  assumption,  for  the  advancement 
of  justice,  of  a possible  thing  as  a fact,  which  is  not 
true,  and  which  the  law  will  not  allow  to  he  dis- 
proved. Bun-ill. 

FIC'TION-AL,  a.  Relating  to,  or  containing,  fic- 
tion ; fictitious. 

Elements  which  are  fictional  rather  than  historical.  Latham. 

FlC'TION-IST,  n.  A writer  of  fiction.  Chainbers. 

t FIC'TIOUS  (flk'shus),  a.  Fictitious.  Daniel. 

FIC-TI''TIOUS  (fjk-tlsh'us),  a.  [L. fictitius  -, fingo, 
fictus,  to  feign  ; It.  fittizio  ; Sp.  ficticio  ; Fr. 
fictice.] 

1.  Counterfeit;  false;  not  genuine.  “Trap- 
pings of  fictitious  fame.”  Dryden. 

2.  Invented ; feigned  ; imaginary. 

lie  laughs 

At  the  fictitious  justice  of  the  gods.  Rowe. 

FIC-TI''TIOUS-LY  (fjk-tlsh'us-le),  ad.  In  a ficti- 

tious manner ; counterfeitly. 

FIC-TI"TIOUS-NESS,  n.  Feigned  representation. 
“ The  fictitiousness  of  the  transaction.”  Johnson. 

FIC'TI  VE,  a.  \Yr.fictif. — See  Fiction.]  Feigned; 
counterfeit ; fictitious.  “ Dabbling  in  the  fount 
of  fictive  tears.”  Tennyson. 

FIC'TOR,  n.  [L.]  An  artist  who  works  in  wax,  clay, 
or  other  plastic  material,  as  contradistinguished 
from  one  who  works  in  bronze,  marble,  ivory,  or 
other  solid  substance.  Elmcs. 

Fl’CUS,  n.  [L.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  trees  nr 
shrubs  of  many  species ; the  fig-tree.  The 

common  species  cultivated  for  its  fruit  is  the 
Ficus  carica.  Loudon. 

FID,  n.  [It.  fitto,  fixed.]  (Naut.) 

1.  A square  bar  of  wood  or  iron,  with  a shoul- 

der at  one  end,  used  to  support  the  topmast  or 
topgallant-mast.  Craig. 

2.  [It .fitta,  tapering.]  A large  pin  of  wood 
or  iron,  tapering  to  a point,  used  for  splicing 
cables  or  large  cordage,  opening  eyes,  &c.  Dana. 

FI-DAL'GO,  7i.  [Port.]  A nobleman  of  the  low- 
er class  in  Portugal,  corresponding  to  the  hidal- 
go of  Spain.  Ogilvie. 

FlD'DLE,  71.  [A.  S.  fithele , a fiddle  ; Ger.  fiedel ; 

Gacl.  fiodhall,  or fidheall;  Ir . fidil:  — L .fidicu- 
la,  a dim.  of  fides,  any  stringed  instrument.]  A 

stringed  instrument  of  music  ; a violin. 

FlD'DLE  (fld'dl),  V.  n.  [«.  FIDDLED;  pp.  FID- 
DLING, FIDDLED.] 

1.  To  play  on  a fiddle  or  violin. 

2.  To  spend  time  idly  ; to  trifle. 

Fiddling  here  and  there  to  no  manner  of  purpose.  Cofffravc 

FlD'DLE,  v.  a.  To  play  a tune  on  a fiddle.  Craig. 

FlD'DLE— BLOCK,  n.  (Naut.)  A block  having 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  R(JLE.  — Q,  <?,  9,  g,  soft; 


C,  C,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


FIDDLE-DEDEE 

two  sheaves,  one  over  the  other,  and  the  lower 
one  smaller  than  the  upper.  Dana. 

FID'DLE-np-DEE',  n.  Nonsense  ; trifling ; trum- 
pery. [Low.]  Halliwell. 

FID'DLE-DOCK,  n.  ( Bot .)  A perennial  plant  of 
the  genus  Rumex ; Rumex  palcher.  Loudon. 

FID'DLE-FAD'DLE,  n.  Nonsense ; trifles.  “With 
abundance  of  fiddle-faddle.”  [Low.]  Spectator. 

FID'DLE-FAd'DLE,  a.  Trifling;  foolish;  non- 
sensical. Arbuthnot. 

FID'DLE-FAd'DLIJR,  n.  A foolish  or  nonsensi- 
cal trifler.  [Low.]  Qu.  Rev. 

FID'DLE— HEAD,  n.  ( Naut .)  An  ornament  at  the 
bow  of  a ship  bending  in  like  the  head  of  a vio- 
lin. Dana. 

FID'DLE— LIPPED  (-lipt),  a.  ( Rot .)  Having  a lip 
resembling  the  figure  of  a fiddle.  Loudon. 

fId'DLE-MAk'IJR,  n.  A maker  of  fiddles.  Butler. 

FID'DLlyR,  n.  1.  One  who  plays  on  the  fiddle. 

2.  The  popular  name  of  a small  crab,  with  one 
large  claw  and  a very  small  one,  living  on  the 
salt  meadows,  where  it  burrows.  [U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

FID'DLE— SHAPED  (-shapt),  a.  (Bot.)  Having  the 
shape  of  a fiddle  ; panduriform.  Gray. 

FID'DLE-STlCK,  n.  The  bow  used  in  fiddling. 

FID'DLE— STRING,  n.  The  string  of  a fiddle. 

FID'DLE— WOOD  (-wud),  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of 
trees  which  produce  a hard  wood  valuable  for 
carpenters’  work  ; — so  named  from  the  words 
bois  fiddle  (faithful,  durable  wood)  applied  by 
the  French  to  one  of  the  species  which  was 
mistaken  by  the  English  for  fiddle.  Loudon. 

FID'DLING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  playing  on  a fiddle, 
or  violin.  Rowe. 

2.  Trifling.  “ Unprofitable  fiddling  about 
nothing.”  Barrow. 

FID'DLING,  a.  Trifling;  trivial;  idle. 

Good  cooks  cannot  abide  what  they  justly  call  fiddling 
work,  where  abundance  of  time  is  spent  aiid  little  done.  SiviJ't. 

FI-DE-JUS'SION  (fi-de-jush'un),  n.  [L.  fidejus- 
sio.]  (Law.)  A contract  in  which  a person 
binds  himself,  as  a surety,  for  another  without 
discharging  the  obligation  of  the  principal ; 
suretyship.  Burrill. 

Fl-DU-JUS'SOR,  «.  [L.]  One  who  is  surety  for 

another  for  the  payment  of  a debt ; a guarantor  ; 
a surety.  Blackstone. 

FI-DEL'I-TY,  n.  [L.  fidelitas  ; fidelis,  faithful ; 
fides,  faith;  It.  fidelity ; Sp  .fidelidad;  Fr.  fi- 
ll elite.] 

1.  Faithful  adherence  to  duty  or  obligation ; 
observance  of  good  faith ; faithfulness. 

The  sacrament  of  the  supper  is  the  oath  of  fidelity.  Blair. 

2.  Honesty ; veracity ; truthfulness. 

The  principal  thing  required  in  a witness  is  fidelity.  Hooker. 

•f-  FIDt-rE,  v.  n.  [Etymology  uncertain.  Todd  says, 
“ Su.  Goth.^Aa,  to  move  quickly.”  “ Probably 
the  same  word  as  fag  and  feaguc.”  Richard- 
son.'] To  fidget.  Sic  ft. 

FIDt^E,  n.  A restless,  troublesome  motion ; a 
fidget,  [it.]  Sioift. 

FID(I'£T  (fTj'et),  v.  n.  [See  Fidge.]  [i.  fidget- 
ed ; pp.  FIDGETING,  FIDGETED.]  To  move 
about  uneasily  or  irregularly.  Boswell. 

FIDG'ET  (fTj'et),  n.  Restless  agitation;  restless- 
ness ; uneasiness.  Gray. 

But  sedentary  weavers  of  long  tales 
Give  me  th e fidgets,  and  my  patience  fails.  Cowper. 

FIDG'gT-I-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  fidgety ; 
uneasiness ; restlessness  ; fidget.  Month.  Rev. 

FIDG'J?T-Y,  a.  Restless;  impatient;  uneasy. 
[Colloquial.]  Todd. 

FI-IMO'I-N  AL,  a.  [L.  fidicinus ; fidicula,  a 
stringed  instrument.]  (Mas.)  Noting  a stringed 
instrument.  Warner. 

FJ-DU'CIAL  (fe-du'shfil),  a.  [L.  fiducia,  trust; 
It . fiduciale.] 

1.  Confident;  undoubting;  trustful.  “Fidu- 
cial reliance.”  Hammond. 

2.  Having  the  nature  of  a trust;  fiduciary. 

Clarke. 

FJ-DU'CIAL-LY  (fe-du'shal-Ip),  ad.  With  confi- 
dence ; confidently.  South. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6, 


552 

FI-DIJ'CJ-A-RY  (fe-du'she-a-re),  n.  1.  One  who 
depends  on  faith  without  works.  Hammond. 

2.  One  who  holds  any  thing  in  trust.  Johnson. 

FI-DH'Cj-A-RY  (fe-du'she-a-re),  a.  f.  fiduciari- 
us ; fiducia,  trust;  It  .fiduciario;  Fr . fiduciaire.] 

1.  Confident ; untouched  with  doubt ; un- 

doubting ; trustful.  “ A fiduciary  assent  to 
whatever  the  gospel  has  revealed.”  Wake. 

2.  Not  to  be  doubted;  trusty.  “ Fiduciary 

obedience.”  Howell. 

3.  Held  or  holding  in  trust.  “ A fiduciary  fief 
from  the  Lord  Paramount  of  all.”  J.  Martineau. 

FIE  (ft),  interj.  [W .ffi,  fie.  — A.  S.  fian,  to  hate. 
— According  to  Tooke,  fie  and  foh  are  the  im- 
peratives of  fian.  — See  Faugh.]  Expressing 
indignation  : — For  shame  ! 

FIEF  (f5f),  n.  [Fr.,  from  A.  S.feoh,  a stipend  or 
reward.  “ Fieu  and  fiew  occur  in  the  books  as 
old  forms  of  this  word.”  Burrill.  — See  Fee, 
Feoff,  and  Feud.]  (Law.)  A feudal  grant ; 
an  estate  in  lands  held  of  a feudal  superior 
under  charge  of  fealty,  homage,  and  military 
service;  a fee;  a feud.  Blackstone. 

FIELD  (feld),  n.  [A.  S.  field,  which  Tooke  con- 
siders to  be  the  past  participle  of  the  verb  fel- 
lan,  to  fell ; Dut.  veld ; Ger.  feld;  Dan.  felt; 
Icel. fiolld ; Sw.  fill.] 

1.  Ground  on  which  the  trees  have  been 
felled  ; a tract  of  land  enclosed  by  a fence,  and 
devoted  either  to  tillage  or  pasture. 

The  word  field  properly  means  a clearing,  where  the  trees 
have  been  felled  or  cut  down,  as  in  all  our  early  English 
writers  it  is  spelt  without  the  i , field,  and  not  field.  Trench. 

2.  Ground  not  enclosed  ; a tract.  Mortimer. 

3.  The  ground  of  a battle  or  of  military  op- 
erations ; as,  “The  field  of  Waterloo.” 

Our  brethren  are  already  in  the  field.  P.  Heni'y. 

4.  The  action  of  an  army  in  the  field  ; a cam- 
paign ; a battle. 

"Whilst  a field  should  be  despatched  and  fought, 

You  are  disputing  of  your  generals.  Shale. 

5.  A wide  expanse.  “ Fields  of  light.”  Dry- 
den.  “Yonder  argent  fields  above.”  Pope. 

6.  The  ground  or  blank  space  on  which  fig- 
ures are  drawn. 

Let  the  field  or  ground  of  the  picture  be  clear.  Dryden. 

7.  (Her.)  The  surface  of  a shield,  so  called 
because  it  contains  those  achievements  ancient- 
ly acquired  on  the  field  of  battle.  Dryden. 

A field  of  ice,  a large  body  of  floating  ice. — Field  of 
view,  the  space  in  a telescope  or  microscope  within 
which  objects  are  visible,  when  the  instrument  is  ad- 
justed to  its  proper  focus. 

FIELD'-HA§-IL  (fSld'b&z-jl),  n.  A plant  of  the 
genus  Thymus,  or  Acinos.  Johnson. ' 

FIELD'— BED,  n.  A bed  that  maybe  easily  set  up 
in  the  field ; a portable  or  folding  camp-bed. Shalt. 

FIELD'— BOOK  (feld'buk),  n.  (Surveying.)  A book 
used  for  setting  down  angles,  stations,  dis- 
tances, levels,  &c.  Crabb. 

FIELD'— COL-OR§,  n.  pi.  (Mil.)  Small  flags  used 
to  mark  out  the  ground  for  the  squadrons  and 
battalions.  London  Ency. 

FIELD'— COR-NgT,  n.  The  magistrate  of  a town- 
ship in  the  Cape  Colony.  Simmonds. 

FIELD'— DAY,  n.  (Mil.)  A day  lvhen  troops  are 
drawn  out  for  instruction  in  field  exercises  and 
evolutions.  Mil.  Ency. 

FIELD'— DUCK,  n.  (Ornith.)  A species  of  bus- 
tard ; the  little  bustard ; Otis  tetrax.  Clarke. 

FIELD' pD,  a.  Being  in  the  field  of  battle.  “ Our 
fielded  friends.”  Shak. 

FIELD'— EQ.-UJ-P AGE  (feld'ek-we-paj),  n.  Mili- 
tary apparatus  to  be  used  in  the  field.  Fenton. 

FIELD'fArE  [fel'far,  S.  E.  ; fel'far,  W.  J.  ; feid'- 
fir,  P.  F.  K. ; feld'far,  Ja. ; fold 'far,  colloquially 
fel'far,  Sm.],n.  (field  and  fare.  — A.  S . far an, 
to  go.]  ( Ornith.)  An  English  bird  of  the  thrush 
tribe  ; the  gray  thrush  ; Turdus pilaris.  Yarrell. 

FIELD'-MAd-DJER,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  used  in 
dyeing  ; Sherardia  arvensis.  Crabb. 

FIELD'— MAR-SHAL,  n.  (Mil.)  In  Great  Britain  a 
military  title  conferred  on  such  commanders  of 
armies  as  are  distinguished  by  their  high  per- 
sonal rank  or  superior  talents.  Bailey. 


, U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE, 


FIERILY 

FIELD'— MAR'SIIAL-SHIP,  n.  (Mil.)  The  office  of 
a field-marshal.  Qu.  Rev. 

FIELD'— MOUSE,  ft.  A species  of  mouse  that 
lives  in  the  field,  burrowing  in  banks,  &c. Dryden. 

FIELD'— OF-FI-CpR,  n.  (Mil.)  An  officer  above 
the  rank  of  a captain,  and  under  that  of  a gen- 
eral. Mil.  Ency. 

Colonels,  lieutenant  colonels,  and  majors  are  called  field- 
officers.  Campbell. 

FIELD'— PIECE,  n.  (Mil.)  A small  cannon  for  the 
field.  Knolles. 

FIELD'— PREACII-pR,  n.  One  who  preaches  in 
a field.  Bp.  Lavinyton. 

FIELD'—  PREACII-ING,  n.  The  act  of  preaching 
in  a field.  Warburton. 

FIELD'— ROOM,  n.  Unobstructed  room;  open 
space.  • Drayton. 

FIELD'— SPI-DER,  n.  A species  of  spider  that 
frequents  fields.  Goldsmith. 

FIELD'— SPORTS,  n.pl.  Diversions  of  the  field,  as 
hunting,  shooting,  racing,  &c.  Ld.  Chesterfield. 

FIELD'-STAFF,  n.  (Mil.)  A kind  of  halberd,  hold- 
ing lighted  matches,  and  carried  by  the  person 
who  fires  the  cannon  on  the  field  of  battle.  Ash. 

FIELD'— VOLE,  n.  The  short-tailed  field-mouse 
or  meadow-mouse.  Braude. 

FIELD'— WORKS  (-wttrks),  n.  pi.  (Fort.)  Works 
thrown  up  by  an  army  while  engaged  in  be- 
sieging a town,  or  by  the  besieged,  in  defence 
of  the  place,  or  sometimes  by  an  army  to 
strengthen  a position.  Craig. 

f FIELD'Y,  a.  Open  like  a field.  Wickliffe. 

FIEND  (fend)  [fend,  S.  W.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.], 
n.  [Goth .feian,fiyand;  A.  S.  fiend,  or feona; 
fian,  or  fieon,  to  hate  ; Dut.  vyand  ; Ger .feind  ; 
Dan.  fiend e ; Icel.  fioandi ; Sw.  fijende.]  A 
deadly  enemy  ; an  infernal  enemy  ; an  infernal 
being ; — applied  emphatically  to  the  devil. 
“Take  heed  o’  the  foul  fiend.”  Shak. 

■ Sometimes  incorrectly  pronounced  find. 

FIEND'— FRAy-ING,  a.  Fraying  or  terrifying 
fiends.  More. 

FI END'FUL,  a.  Full  of  evil  or  fiendish  practices. 
“ Fiendful  fortune.”  Marlowe. 

FIEND'FUL-LY,  ad.  In  a fiendish  manner. 

FIEND'— HEArT-PD,  a.  Having  the  heart  of  a 
fiend ; very  wicked.  Boag. 

FIEND'JSH,  a.  Having  the  qualities  of  a fiend; 
malicious  ; infernal ; diabolical.  Sir  T.  More. 

FIEND'ISH-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  a fiend; 
maliciousness.  Bp.  Hall. 

FIEND'— LIKE,  a.  Resembling  a fiend  ; extremely 
and  maliciously  tvicked  ; diabolical.  “ His  fiend- 
like  queen.”  Shak. 

| FIERCE  (fers)  [fers,  P.  J.  E.  K.  Sm.  R.;  fers,  S. 
Wb.\  fers  or  fers,  W.  F. : — “fers  is  the  most 
general  ; fers  is  heard  chiefly  on  the  stage.” 
Walker],  a.  [L .ferox;  It .feroce;  Sp.  feroz  ; Fr. 
feroce; — or  L .ferns;  It.  3;  Sp.jfero ; Fr .fier.] 

1.  Savage  ; ravenous  ; ferocious  ; easily  en- 
raged. “Tyrants^erce.”  Pope. 

Thou  huntest  me  as  a fierce  lion.  Job  x.  16. 

2.  Violent ; vehement ; furious.  “ Ships  . . . 

driven  of  fierce  winds.”  Jus.  iii.  2. 

3.  Excessive.  “ Fierce  credulity.”  B.  Jonson. 

Syn.  — See  Ferocious. 

||  FIERCE'LY,  ad.  In  a fierce  manner ; furiously. 

||  FIERCE'— MIN D-^D,  a.  Vehement  in  rage  ; vio- 
lent ; furious.  Bp.  Wilson. 

||  FIERCE'NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  fierce  ; 
ferocity.  “ Brutal  fierceness.”  Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Fe  rocious. 

Fl'E-Ri  fA'CI-AS  (fT'e-ri-fa'she-Ss),  n.  [L.] 
(Law.)  A writ  of  execution  commanding  the 
officer  to  whom  it  is  directed  that  he  cause  to  be 
made  of  the  party’s  goods  and  chattels  or  real 
estate,  (that  is,  cause  to  be  obtained  by  a levy 
and  sale  of  them,)  the  amount  specified  in  the 
writ,  and  that  he  have  it  in  court  on  the  return 
day.  Burrill. 

Fl'pR-I-LY,  ad.  In  a hot  or  fiery  manner.  Ash. 


FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


FIGURE 


FIERINESS 


553 


FI'ER-I-NESS,  n.  1.  The  quality  of  being  fiery  or 
hot ; heat.  . Addison. 

2.  Ardor  ; vehemence  ; impetuosity. 

The  Italians,  notwithstanding  their  natural  fieriness  of 
temper,  affect  always  to  appear  sober  and  sedate.  Addison. 


FI'ER-Y,  a.  [See  Fire.]  1.  Consisting  of  fire. 
“ A fiery  gulf.”  Shak. 

2.  llesembling  fire.  “ Fiery  eyes.”  Shak. 

3.  Ardent ; impetuous  ; fierce.  “ The  fiery 
duke.”  Shak.  “ Four, /wry  coursers.”  Dryden. 

4.  Heated,  as  by  fire ; hot.  “ The  fiery 
wound.”  Pope.  “ A fiery  boil.”  Cowper. 


FI'ER-Y-FOOT-ED  (-fut-e<l),  a.  Eager  or  swift 
in  motion.  “ Fiery-footed  steeds.”  Shak. 

FIFE,  n.  [It.  pijfero  ; Sp.  pifano  ; Fr.  fifre. — 
Ger . pfeife,  which  Wackier  derives  from  puffen, 
to  blow.]  (Musi)  A small,  shrill-toned  martial 
instrument,  commonly  of  wood  and  blown  in 
the  manner  of  a flute.  Warner. 


The  spirit-stirring  drum,  the  ear-piercing  fife.  Shak. 


FIFE,  v.  n.  To  play  on  a fife. 


FIFE'— MA-JOR,  n.  (Mil.)  An  officer  who  super- 
intends the  fifers  of  a regiment.  Booth. 

FIF'£R,  n.  One  who  plays  on  the  fife. 


FIFE'RAIL,  n.  ( Naut .)  The  rail  round  a ship’s 
mast.  Dana. 


FIF'FARS,  n.  (Mus.)  A small  pipe,  flute,  or 
flageolet  used  by  the  Germans.  Crabb. 

fIf'TEEN,  a.  & n.  [A.  S .fiftyne.\  Five  and  ten. 

FIF'TEENTH,  a.  [A.  S.fifti-Otha.]  The  fifth  after 
the  tenth  ; the  ordinal  of  fifteen  : — noting  one 
of  fifteen  parts  into  which  any  thing  is  divided. 

FIF'TEENTH,  n.  1.  (Mus.)  An  interval  consist- 
ing of  two  octaves  : — one  of  the  stops  of  an 
organ.  Moore. 

2.  (Eng.  Law.)  A species  of  tax  upon  per- 
sonal property  formerly  imposed  upon  cities, 
townships,  and  boroughs; — so  called  because 
amounting  to  a fifteenth  part  of  what  each  city 
or  town  was  valued  at,  or  a fifteenth  of  every 
man’s  personal  property.  Burrill. 

FIFTH,  a.  [A.  S.  fifta.\  The  next  above  the 
fourth;  — the  ordinal  of  five: — noting  one  of 
five  parts  into  which  any  thing  is  divided. 

FIFTH,  n.  (Mus.)  A distance  comprising  four  dia- 
tonic intervals,  or  three  tones  and  a half.  Moore. 

FIFTII'LY,  ad.  In  the  fifth  place. 

FIFTH'— MON'AR-CHY— MEN,  n.  pi.  (Hist.)  A 
sect  which  sprung  up  in  England  in  the  time  of 
Cromwell,  and  considered  him  as  commencing 
the  fifth  great  monarchy  *of  the  world,  during 
which  Christ  should  reign  on  earth  one  thousand 
years.  " Brande. 

FIF'TI-ETH,  a.  The  ordinal  of  fifty. 


FlF'TY,  a.  & n.  [A.  S.  fiftig.]  Five  times  ten; 
five  tens. 

FIG,  n.  [L.  ficus  \ It  .fico;  Sp.  hi  go  ; Fr.  figue. 
— A.  S .fic\  Dut.  vyg\  Ger.  feiae  \ Gael .fige.\ 

1.  A small  tree  with  rough,  lobed,  deciduous 
leaves,  a native  of  the  temperate  parts  of  Asia, 
and  now  cultivated  extensively  in  Europe  for 
the  sake  of  its  fruit ; Ficus  canca.  P.  Cyc. 

2.  The  fruit  of  the  fig-tree  or  Ficus,  especial- 
ly the  fruit  of  the  Ficus  carica. 

FIG,  v.  a.  & n.  1.  To  snap  the  fingers  in  con- 
tempt.— See  Fico.  Shak. 

2.  To  put  something  useless  into  one’s  head. 

[Low.]  L'  Estrange. 

3.  To  move  suddenly  or  quickly ; to  fidget ; to 

fidge.  [r.]  Sylvester. 

FIG'— AP-PLE,  n.  A species  of  apple.  Mortimer. 

f FI-GA'RY,  n.  A frolic ; a vagary.  Beau.  § FI. 

FIG'— CAKE,  n.  A preparation  of  figs  and  al- 
monds worked  into  a hard  paste  and  pressed 
into  the  form  of  a round  cake.  Simmonds. 

FIG'— EAT-£R,  n.  (Ornith.)  A bird  of  the  genus 
Sylvia ; the  greater  pettychaps ; fig-pecker ; bec- 
cafico  ; Sylvia  hortensis  ; — so  named  from  its 
feeding  on  figs.  Eng.  Cyc. 

t Fl£'ENT,  a.  Unsteady ; fickle.  Beau.  § FI. 

FIG'— GNAT  (flg'n&t),  n.  (Ent.)  An  insect  of  the 
fly  kind.  Johnson. 


FlGHT  (fit),  v.  n.  [A.  S . feohtan;  Dut .vechten; 
Ger .fechten;  Dan .fegte\  Sw .filkta;  Ir .fichim.] 
[i.  fought  ; pp.  fighting,  fought.]  To  con- 
tend in  battle  or  single  combat ; to  contend  in 
arms  ; to  combat ; to  contest : — usually  fol- 
lowed by  with,  sometimes  by  against. 

Tliy  servant  will  go  and  fight  with  this  Philistine. 

1 Sam.  xvii.  32. 

One  shall  undertake  to  fight  against  another.  2Esd.  xiii.  31. 

FIGHT  (fit),  v.  a.  1.  To  contest;  to  struggle  for; 
to  defend  ; to  uphold ; to  vindicate. 

Greatly  unfortunate,  he  fights  the  cause 

Of  honor,  virtue,  liberty,  and  Rome.  Addison. 

2.  To  war  against ; to  combat  against. 

To  fight  the  Phrygian  and  the  Ausonian  hosts.  Dryden. 

FlGHT  (fit),  n.  [A.  S.  feoght,fiht.\ 

1.  A battle ; a combat ; an  engagement ; a 

conflict ; a contest.  Milton. 

2.  A screen  for  combatants  in  a ship.  Dryden. 

Single  fight,  a duel.  Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Battle. 

FIGHT'IJR  (fit'er),  n.  One  who  fights;  a warrior. 

FIGHT'ING  (fit'jng),  p.  a.  Fit  for,  or  engaged  in, 
war ; belligerent. 

FIGHT'ING  (fit'jng),  n.  The  act  of  one  who 
fights  ; contention  ; quarrel ; combat. 

From  whence  come  wars  and  fightings  among  you?  Jos.  iv.l. 

FIGHT'WITE,  n.  [A.  S.fiht,  a fight,  and  wife,  a 
fine.]  (Old  Eng.  Law.)  A mulct  or  fine  im- 
posed on  a person  for  disturbing  the  peace  by  a 
fight  or  quarrel.  Burrill. 

FIG'-LEAF,  n.  1.  A leaf  of  the  fig-tree. 

2.  A flimsy  covering,  — alluding  to  the  cover- 
ing of  Adam  and  Eve. 

What  pitiful  fig-leaves , what  senseless  and  ridiculous 
shifts,  are  these!  South. 

FIG'— MAR-I-GOLD,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants, 
containing  numerous  species,  most  of  which 
bear  brilliant  and  beautiful  flowers ; Mesembry- 
anthemum.  Loudon. 

FIG'MJJNT,  n.  [L.  figment  uni ; fingo,  fictus,  to 
feign.]  An  invention  ; a fiction  ; a fabrication. 
“ The  figment  of  Briareus.”  Browne. 

FIG'— PECK-ER,  n.  (Ornith.)  A bird  of  the  ge- 
nus Sylvia  ; the  beccafico  or  greater  pettychaps  ; 
fig-%ater ; Sylvia  hortensis.  Eng.  Cyc. 

FIG'— SHELL,  n.  (Conch.)  A univalve  shell  hav- 
ing the  shape  of  a fig.  Hill. 

FIG'— TREE,  n.  (Bot.)  The  tree  that  bears  figs  ; 
the  common  name  of  trees  of  the  genus  Ficus, 
and  especially  of  the  Ficus  carica.  Loudon. 

FIG'U-LATE,  a.  \L.figulo,figulatus,  to  fashion.] 

Made  of  potters’  clay,  [r.]  Johnson. 

FIG'U-LAT-^D,  a.  Formed  of  earth  or  clay.  Blount. 

FIG-U-RA-BlL'I-TY,  n.  [It.  figurabilita  ; Fr. 
figurabilite. ] Quality  of  being  figurable.  Johnson. 

FIG'U-RA-BLE,  a.  \TX.  figurabile  ; Sp.  figurable.) 
Capable  of  being  brought  to  a certain  form  and 
retained  in  it.  Bacon. 

Lead  is  figurable,  but  not  water.  Johnson. 

FIG'U-RAL,  a.  [It.  figurale ; Sg.  figural.)  Rep- 
resented by  delineation  ; representing  a figure. 

Figural  resemblances  of  many  regions.  Browne. 

Figural  numbers , see  FlGURATE,  No.  4. 

FIG'U-RANT,  n.  [Fr.]  1.  A dancer  in  a ballet; 

a figure  dancer.  Spiers. 

2.  One  employed  to  appear  in  the  scenes  at 
the  theatre  without  taking  any  part  in  the  dia- 
logue ; a supernumerary.  Spiers. 

FIG-U-RANTE’ , n.  [Fr.]  A female  figurant. 

FIG'U-RATE,  a.  [L.  figuro,  figuratus,  to  form; 
It.  figurato  ; Sp . figurado.] 

1.  Having  a determinate  form  or  figure.  Bacon. 

2.  f Ornamental  or  figurative.  “ Figurate 

locution.”  Bale. 

3.  (Mus.)  Noting,  or  pertaining  to,  the  orna- 
mental part  in  harmony,  or  in  composition.  Dw. 

4.  (Arith.)  Noting  a series  of  numbers  de- 
duced from  any  progression  by  differences,  of 
which  the  first  term  is  unity,  and  the  ratio  a 
whole  number,  by  taking  in  succession  the  sum 
of  the  two  first,  the  three  first,  the  four  first,  &c., 
terms  of  the  progression,  and  then  operating  on 


the  new  series  thus  obtained,  in  the  same  man- 
ner as  in  the  original  progression,  so  as  to  ob- 
tain a second  series,  and  so  on.  Brande. 

lf,y-  Let  the  progression  be  that  of  the  natural 
numbers,  the  common  difference  of  which  is  1 ; then 
tile  progression,  and  the  different  series  of  figurate 
numbers  successively  deduced  from  it  are  as  fol- 
lows • — 

A...  1,2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7. 

B ...  1,  3,  6,  10,  15,  21,  28. 

C ...  1,  4,  10,  20,  35,  50,  84. 

U ...  1,5,  15,35,  70,  120,210. 

FlG'U-RAT-yD,  a.  Representing  a geometrical 
figure.  Potter. 

FIG'U-RATE-LY,  ad.  In  a figurate  manner. 

FlG-U-RA'TION,  n.  [F.figuratio  •,  figura,  a figure.] 

1.  The  act  of  forming  a figure  ; determination 

to  a certain  form.  Bacon.  Baxter. 

2.  (Mus.)  Ornamental  treatment ; ornament. 

Gregory. 

fIg'U-RA-TIVE,  a.  [It.  & Sp.  figurativo ; Fr. 
figuratif.  — See  Figure.] 

1.  Representing  something  else ; typical ; 
representative. 

This,  they  will  say,  was  figurative , and  served  by  God’s 
appointment  but  for  a time  to  shadow  out  the  true  everlast- 
ing glory  of  a more  divine  sanctity.  Hooker. 

2.  Changed  from  its  literal  meaning  ; tropical. 

All  figurative  expressions,  though  they  seem  to  signify 
that  as  true  which  is  not  literally  so,  yet  can  by  no  means  be 
accounted  lies.  Clarke. 

3.  Full  of  figures;  ornate;  florid;  flowery; 
as,  “A  figurative  style”;  “A  figurative  dis- 
course.” 

FIG'U-R  A-TIVE-LY,  ad.  By  a figure  ; not  literally. 

FIG'U-RA-TIVE-NySS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
figurative.  Clarke. 

II  FIGURE  (flg'yur)  [flg'yur,  S.  W.  J.  E.  F.  Ja. ; 
flg'ur,  P.  ; flg'yur,  K.  ; flg'ur,  S»i.],  n.  [L. 
figura  ; fingo,  to  form  ; It.  N Sp.  figura  ; Fr.  fi- 
gure.) 

1.  The  form  of  any  thing  as  terminated  by 
the  outline  ; shape  ; form  ; fashion. 

Flowers  have  all  exquisite  figures.  Bacon. 

I was  charmed  with  the  gracefulness  of  his  figure  and  de- 
livery. Addison. 

2.  Appearance,  mean  or  grand.  “ I made 

some  figure  there.”  Dryden. 

Many  princes  made  very  ill  figures  upon  the  throne,  who 
before  were  the  favorites  of  the  people.  Addison. 

3.  Magnificence  ; splendor.  “ That  he  may 

live  in  figure  and  indulgence.”  Law. 

4.  (Arith.)  One  of  the  ten  digits  or  numeral 
characters,  as  1,  2,  3,  &c. 

5.  (Geom.)  A space  bounded  by  lines  or  by 

surfaces;  a drawing  to  illustrate  a problem  or  a 
theorem  ; a diagram.  Eliot. 

6.  (Rhet.)  A mode  of  speech  in  which  words 
are  changed  from  their  primitive  or  literal  sense  ; 
as,  an  allegory,  a parable,  a metaphor,  a trope, 
an  antithesis,  a comparison,  simile,  &c. 

7.  (Logic.)  The  form  of  a syllogism  with  re- 
gard to  the  disposition  of  the  middle  term.  Watts. 

8.  (Gram.)  Any  deviation  from  the  rules  of 

analogy  or  syntax.  Johnson. 

9.  (Paint.  & Sculp.)  A representation  of  an 

animal,  particularly  a human  being ; an  image  ; 
a person  ; a statue.  Dryden. 

10.  (Com.)  Amount;  price;  value;  as,  “The 
goods  were  sold  at  a very  high  figure." 

11.  (Manufactures.)  A design  or  representa- 
tion on  cloth.  Craig. 

12.  (Astrol.)  A horoscope.  Shak. 

13.  (Theol.)  A type  ; an  emblem;  a symbol. 

"Who  was  the  figure  of  Him  that  was  to  come.  Bo/n.v.  14. 

14.  (Dancing.)  The  several  steps  which  the 

dancer  makes,  as  marking  certain  figures  or 

diagrams  on  the  floor.  Craig. 

15.  (Mus.)  An  ornamental  phrase  or  group  of 
tones  from  or  about  a simple  tone.  Divight. 

flgf*  “There  is  a coarse  and  a delicate  pronuncia- 
tion of  this  word  and  its  compounds.  The  first  is 
such  a pronunciation  as  makes  the  u short  and  shut, 
as  if  written  figgur  ; the  last  preserves  the  sound  of  u 
open,  as  if  y were  prefixed,  fVg'yure.”  Walker. 

Syn.  — Figure  describes  the  outline,  and  is  com- 
monly the  \york  of  design  ; form  is  the  work  either  of 
nature  or  of  art  ; shape  and  fashion , commonly  the 
work  of  art.  A man  well  grown  may  be  said  to  have 
a fine  form  ; a statue  well  made,  a fine  figure  ; a iroe 
fashioned  by  pruning,  a regular  shape  ; a dress  well 


MIEN,  SIR  ; MOVE,  NOR,  SON  ; 
70 


BULL,  BUR,  R0LE.  — 9,  g,  soft ; £,  G}  £,  g,  hard ; § as  z;  If  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


FIGURE 


FILL 


cut,  a fine  fashion.  — Metaphors  and  tropes  are  figures 
of  speech  ; the  olive  and  laurel  are  symbols  of  peace  ; 
a lamb  is  an  emblem  of  innocence  ; the  paschal  lamb 
was  the  type  of  Christ. 

II  FIG'URE  (flg'yur),  v.  a.  [L . figuro ; It.  fiffu- 
rare ; Fr.  figure)'.]  [i.  figured  ; tip.  figur- 
ing, FIGURED.] 

1.  To  form  into  any  determinate  shape. 

Trees  ami  herbs,  in  the  growing  forth  of  their  boughs  and 

branches,  are  not  figured , and  keep  no  order.  Paeon. 

2.  To  cover  or  adorn  with  figures  ; to  diversi- 
fy ; to  variegate.  “ My  figured  goblet.”  Shak. 
“ Figured  gold.”  Dryden. 

The  vaulty  top  of  heaven 

Figured  quite  o’er  with  burning  meteors.  Shak. 

3.  To  represent  by  types  or  emblems ; to  rep- 

resent figuratively.  “ Whose  white  investments 
figure  innocence.  Shak. 

Marriage  is  figured  betwixt  Christ  and  holy  church.  Chaucer. 

4.  To  prefigure  ; to  foreshow. 

Three  glorious  suns,  each  one  a perfect  sun: 

In  this  the  heaven  figures  some  event.  Shak. 

5.  To  image  in  the  mind ; to  form  an  idea 

of ; to  imagine  ; to  conceive.  Prior. 

6.  To  use  in  a sense  not  literal. 

Figured  and  metaphorical  expressions.  Locke. 

7.  To  note  by  characters. 

As  through  a crystal  glass  the  figured  hours  are  seen.  Dryden. 

8.  (Mus.)  To  vary  or  embellish  by  resolving 

one  note  into  a group  of  notes.  Dwight. 

||  FIG'URE,  v.  n.  1.  To  show  by  corporeal  resem- 
blance, as  in  painting  or  in  statuary. 

Arnchne  figured  how  Jove  did  abuse 

Europa  like  a bull.  Spenser. 

2.  To  appear  in  some  character ; to  make  a 
distinguished  appearance.  “ Who  figured  in 
the  rebellion.”  Bolingbroke. 

II  t FlG'URE-CAST-pR,  n.  A pretender  to  astrol- 
ogy ; a figure-flinger.  Milton. 

||  FlG'URED  (flg'yurd),  p.  a.  1.  Formed  into  a 
shape. 

2.  Ornamented  with  figures. 

3.  Represented  figuratively  or  by  resemblance. 

4.  ( Mus .)  Noting,  or  pertaining  to,  the  orna- 
mental in  harmony  or  in  composition.  Dwight. 

FlG'URED— MOs'LJN,  n.  A thin  fabric  in  which 
a pattern  or  design  is  wrought.  Simmonds. 

||  t FIG'URE— FLING-^R,  n.  A pretender  to  as- 
trology ; a figure-caster.  Collier. 

||  FIG'URE— HEAD,  n.  ( N-aut.)  An  ornamental 
figure,  as  a statue  or  a bust,  at  the  head  of  a ship 
over  the  cut-water.  Mar.  Diet. 

||  FIG'URE-STONE,  n.  (Min.)  The  bildstein,  or 
agalmatolite,  a mineral  occurring  principally  in 
China,  where  it  is  carved  into  a -variety  of  gro- 
tesque images.  Dana. 

FiG'URE— WEAV'JNG,  n.  A process  of  weaving 
patterns  or  designs  in  damask,  velvet,  or  other 
stuff,  by  employing  threads  of  different  colors 
in  the  warp  or  in  the  weft.  Simmonds. 

FI-GU'R(-AL,  a.  Represented  by  figure  or  delin- 
eation. Craig. 

FIG'UR-lNG,  n.  The  act  of  making  figures.  Clarke. 

FlG'y-UIST,  n.  [It.  fig  arista  ; Fr.  figuriste.) 
One  who  uses  or  interprets  figures.  Waterlana. 

FIG'YVORT  (-wiirt),  n.  ( Bot .)  A genus  of  plants 
of  several  species  ; Scropliularia  : — a name 
applied  to  Scrophularia  nodosa.  Loudon. 

FI-LA'CEOUS  (fe-la'shus),  a.  [L.filum,  a thread.] 
Consisting  of  threads.  Bacon. 

FIL  A-CF.R,  1 n [Low  L.  filazarius ; filum,  a 

FIL'A-ZjpR,  ) thread;  Fr.fiie.)  (Eng.  Law.)  An 
officer,  formerly,  in  the  Court  of  Common 
Pleas  or  Queen’s  Bench;  — so  called  because 
he  filed  the  writs  which  it  was  his  duty  to  make 
out,  and  on  which  he  made  out  process.  Burrill. 

FI-l.A' GO,  n.  [L.  filum,  a thread.]  (Bot.)  A 
genus  of  plants  all  parts  of  which  are  covered 
with  delicate  threads  ; cotton-rose.  Loudon. 

FIL'A-MENT,  n.  [L.  filum,  a thread  ; It.  Sp. 
filamento  ; Fr.  filament.) 

1.  A substance  like  a thread ; a long  thread- 

like process;  a slender  fibre.  “ Tender  fila- 
ments slighter  than  a cobweb.”  Search. 

2.  (Bot.)  The  long  thread-like  part  which  sup- 
ports the  anther  of  a stamen.  Craig. 


554 

FlL-A-MEN'TOUS,  a.  [It.  <Sf  Sp.  filamentoso ; Fr. 
filamenteux .] 

1.  Composed  of  fine  threads  or  fibres  ; fili- 
form. The  Student. 

2.  (Bot.)  Bearing  filaments.  Henslow. 

FiL'AND-ER,  n.  1.  The  name  of  a kangaroo 

found  in  some  of  the  islands  of  the  East-Indian 
Archipelago  ; Javan  opossum  ; Macropus  Bru- 
nii,  or  Halmaturus  Asiaticus.  Waterhouse. 

2.  pi.  \Fr.filandres  ; L.filum,  a thread.]  A 
disease  in  hawks,  consisting  of  filaments  of 
thick  blood,  or  of  thread-like  worms.  Browne. 

FIL'A-TO-RY,  n.  [L.  filum,  a thread.]  A ma- 
chine to  form  thread.  Smart. 

FIL'A-TURE,  n.  [ L.filum , a thread  ; It. filatura; 
Fr  .filature.) 

1.  The  spinning  of  thread,  or  the  reeling  of 

silk  from  cocoons.  Barbour. 

2.  A manufactory  for  spinning  silk-yarn  or 

cotton-twist ; a thread  factory.  Simmonds. 

3.  A reel  for  winding  silk  from  cocoons. 

Clarke. 

FlL'Bf.RT,  n.  The  fruit  or  nut  of  the  cultivated 
hazel,  Corylus  avellana,  of  which  there  are  sev- 
eral varieties.  The  nut  of  the  Corylus  avellana 
crispa,  or  the  frizzled  filbert,  is  esteemed  the 
best.  Loudon. 

Filbert  is  of  uncertain  etymology  : — by  Skin- 
ner derived  from  .full  and  beard-,  by  some  from  the 
name  Phillis,  and  by  others  from  Philibert,  king  of 
France.  — It  was  formerly  often  written  filberd. — 
“ Filberds  or  Jilbuds,  the  best  sort  of  small  nuts, 
proper  for  planting  in  orchards  or  gardens.”  Cham- 
bers's Cyc. 

||  FILCH  [flflsh,  W.  E.  F.  Ja. ; filch,  S.  P.  J.  K. 
S»i.],  v.  a.  [Of  doubtful  etymology;  but  sup- 
posed to  be  connected  in  its  origin  with  pilfer.) 
[ i . FILCHED  ; j Op.  FILCHING,  FILCHED.]  ‘ To 
steal ; to  pilfer  ; — usually  spoken  of  petty  thefts. 

Who  steals  my  purse,  steals  trash. 

But  he  that  filches  from  me  my  good  name 
Robs  me  of  that  which  not  enriches  him, 

And  makes  me  poor  indeed.  Shak. 

||  FlLCH'ER,  n.  One  who  filches  ; a petty  thief. 

||  FILOH'jNG-LY,  ad.  In  a thievish  manner. 

FILE,  n.  [L .filum-,  It.filo  ; Sp.  ldlo  ; Fr.fil.) 

1.  A thread ; uniform  tenor.  “ Let  me  re- 
sume the  file  of  my  narration.”  Wotton. 

2.  A line  or  wire  on  which  papers  are  strung 

for  preservation  and  easy  reference  ; — afly  con- 
trivance for  keeping  papers  so  that  their  con- 
tents can  be  readily  ascertained  from  memoran- 
dums written  upon  the  back.  Bacon. 

3.  A bundle  or  package  of  papers  strung,  or 
placed  and  secured,  in  a series. 

4.  A catalogue  ; a roll ; a list. 

Our  present  musters  grow  upon  the  file 

To  five  and  twenty  thousand  men  of  choice.  Shak. 

5.  A line  of  soldiers  ranged  one  behind  an- 
other. 

So  saying,  on  he  led  his  radiant  files.  Milton. 

6.  f Style  ; manner  of  writing.  Spenser. 

FILE,  n.  [A.  S.fieol;  Dut.  ryl-,  Ger.  feile ; Dan. 
fill ; Sw.  fil.)  An  instrument  of  iron  or  steel, 
used  for  cutting,  abrading,  or  smoothing  sub- 
stances, as  metais,  wood,  ivory,  &e. 

The  difference  between  files  and  rasps  is,  that  the  latter 
have  angular  indentations,  and  the  former  have  only  straight 
cuts.  Simmonds. 

FILE,  V.  a.  [i.  FILED  ; pp.  FILING,  FILED.] 

1.  To  string  upon  a thread  or  wire  ; to  place 
upon  file;  as,  “To  file  letters.” 

[In  law]  a paper  is  said  to  be  filed  when  it  is  delivered  to 
the  proper  officer,  and  by  him  received  to  be  kept  on  file. 

Bouvier. 

2.  [Ger.  feilen ; Dut.  vijlen.)  To  cut,  abrade, 

or  smooth  with  a file.  Ray. 

3.  To  smooth  ; to  polish.  . 

Ilis  mien  he  fashioned,  and  his  tongue  he  filed.  Drxjden. 

4.  [A.  S.  afylan.)  fTo  defile;  to  foul;  to 
pollute. 

For  Banquo’s  isBue  have  I filed  my  mind.  Shak. 

FILE,  v.  n.  To  march  in  a file,  not  abreast,  but 
one  after  another,  as  soldiers.  Tatler. 

FILE'— CUT-Tf.R,  n.  A maker  of  files.  Moxon. 

FILE'— FISH,  n.  ( Ich .)  A genus  of  fishes  of 

several  species,  characterized  by  the  resem- 
blance of  the  dorsal  spine  to  a file  ; Bali  sics. 

Yarrell. 

FILE'— LEAD-£R,  n.  (Mil.)  The  soldier  that 
leads  a file  ; a soldier  in  front  of  a file.  Clarke. 


FlL'E-MOT,  n.  [Fr.  feuille  morte,  a dead  leaf.] 
A brown  or  yellow-brown  color.  — See  Feuille- 
morte.  Swift. 

FIL'gR,  n.  One  who  files  or  places  upon  a file  : — one 
who  uses  the  instrument  called  a file.  Sherwood. 

FILE'— SHELL,  n.  (Conch.)  A large  species  of 
shell  of  the  genus  Pholas.  Hill. 

FIL'IAL  (fll'yjl),  a.  [L . filius,  a son  ; filia,  a 
daughter  ; It . filiale,  filial  ; Sp.  Sy  Fr. filial.) 

1.  Pertaining  to,  or  having  the  relation  of,  a 
son  or  a daughter. 

Sprigs  of  like  leaf  erect  ihmr  filial  heads.  Prior. 

2.  Befitting  a son  or  a daughter.  “ Filial  rev- 
erence.” Sir  T.More.  “ Filial  obedience.” Milton. 

FIL'IAL-LY  (f il'yal-le),  ad.  In  a filial  manner. 

FIL'IAL-NESS  (fll'yrd-nes),  n.  The  quality  of 

being  filial.  Scott. 

fIl'I-ATE,  v.  a.  [i.  filiated;  pp.  filiating, 
filiated.]  To  father  ; to  establish  the  relation 
of  father  towards  ; to  adopt  as  a son  or  a daugh- 
ter ; to  affiliate.  Qu.  Rev. 

FIL-I-A'TION,  n.  [It . filiazionc  \ Sp.  filiation  ; 
Fr.  filiation.) 

1.  Act  of  filiating  ; the  relation  of  a son  to  a 

father  ; — correlative  to  paternity.  Hale. 

2.  (Law.)  The  adjudging  of  a bastard  to  be 
the  child  of  a certain  man  ; affiliation.  Burrill. 

FIL'I-BEG,  n.  See  Fillibeg.  Todd. 

FIL'I-BUS-T^R,  n.  A pirate  or  sea-robber  ; a 
buccaneer ; a freebooter. 

The. filibusters  are  endeavoring  to  get  up  a new  controversy 
with  Cuba.  Millard  Fillmore. 

J This  word  has  recently  been  introduced  into 
general  use  in  this  country  ; and  it  is  a corruption  of 
the  French  flibustier , or  the  Spanish  flibustcro  or  fili- 
buster. Boiste,  in  his  u Dictionnaire  Universel  de 
Langue  Fran^aise,”  thus  defines  Flibustier  : “ pirate 
dc  PAmdrique ; boucanier ; celui  qui  cornmande  un  Jli- 
bot  ” (an  American  pirate  ; a buccaneer ; one  who 
commands  a fly-boat) ; and  Jal,  in  his  “Glossaire 
Nautique,”  says  of  Flibustier , that  it  is  a corruption 
of  Fnbustier , which  is  the  French  form  of  the  English 
word  freebooter.  Jal  remarks,  “ Much  has  been  writ- 
ten relating  to  Fribustiers  or  Flibustiers .”  The  term 
filibustering  has  also  been  used  both  as  an  adjective 
and  a substantive  ; and  filibustcrism  has  also  been  in- 
troduced. To  employ  the  land  and  naval  forces  of 
the  United  States  to  suppress Jilibusterism Boston 
Daily  Advertiser.  — See  Flibustier. 

FIL'l-BUS-T^R,  n-  To  act  the  part  of  a free- 
booter or  buccaneer. 

The  president  has  recognized  Walker,  the  filibustering 
chief  of  Nicaragua.  Gent.  Mag. 

FI-LI<J'l-FORM,  a.  [L.  filix,  filicis , a fern,  and 
forma , form.]  Shaped  like  a fern.  Smart. 

FIL'I-COID,  a.  [L.  filix,  a fern,  and  Gr.  a fiog, 
form.]  (Bot.)  Fern-like.  Craig. 

FIL'I-COID,  n . A fern-like  plant.  Craig. 

FIL'I-FORM,  a.  [L.  filum,  a thread,  and  forma, 
form  ; It.  $ Fr .filifiormeJ]  Having  the  form  of 
thread.  P.  Cyc . 

FIL'I-GRANE,  n.  [L.  filum,  a thread,  and  granum, 
a grain  ; It.  £$  Sp  .filigrana ; Fr . filigrane.\  Fil- 
igree. — See  Filigree.  Tatler. 

FIL'I-GRANED,  a.  Ornamented  with  filigree; 
filigreed. 

FIL'I-GREE,  n.  [See  Filigiiane.]  A kind  of 
enrichment,  generally  of  gold  or  silver,  wrought 
delicately  in  the  manner  of  little  threads  or 
grains  ; filigrane.  Brande • 

FIL'I-GREE,  a.  Relating  to  work  in  filigree. 

The  churches  of  our  ancestors  shoot  up  into  spires,  tow- 
ers, pinnacles,  and  filigree  work.  Swinburne. 

FlL'I-GREED,  a.  Ornamented  with  filigree.  Smart. 

FIL'ING§,  n.  pi.  Fragments  or  particles  rubbed 
off  by  filing.  Browne. 

FIL-l-PfiN'DU-LOUS,  a.  [L.filum,  a thread,  and 
pendulus,  hanging  down ; pendeo,  to  hang.]’ 
(Bot.)  Applied  to  tuberous  swellings  developed 
in  the  middle  or  at  the  extremities  of  filiform 
rootlets.  Hensloiv. 

FILL , v.  a.  [Goth,  fulljan ; A.  S.  fylkin;  Dut. 
vullen  ; Ger.  fallen-,  Dan.  fiylde  ; Ie’el . fiUi  \ 
Sw . fyl/a.)  [i.  filled  ; jap. ’filling,  filled.] 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  {,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


FILL 


555 


FIND 


1.  To  occupy,  as  empty  space ; to  put  or  pour 
in  till  no  more  can  be  contained ; to  make  full ; 
as,  “ To  fill  a glass  with  water  ” ; “ To  fill  sails 
with  wind.” 

2.  To  store  abundantly  ; to  supply. 

Be  fruitful,  multiply;  and  in  the  seas, 

And  lakes,  and  running  streams  the  waters  fill.  Milton. 

3.  To  satisfy  ; to  content. 

The  eye  is  not  satisfied  with  seeing,  nor  the  ear  filled  with 
hearing.  Eccl.  i.  8. 

4.  To  occupy  or  to  hold,  as  a place  of  trust ; 
as,  “ He  fills  the  office  acceptably.” 

5.  To  give  to  drink  in  full  measure.  “ Fill 

me  some  wine.”  Shak. 

To  Jill  out,  to  pour  out  liquor  for  drink.  Johnson. — 
To  extend  by  something  added.  Dryden. — ( JVaut .) 
To  brace,  as  the  sails,  so  that  the  wind  may  bear 
upon,  and  dilate,  them. — To  Jill  up,  to  make  full. 
Tope.  — To  supply.  Addison.  — To  occupy  ; as,  “ To 
Jill  up  time.” 

FILL,  v.  n.  1.  To  fill  a glass. or  cup. 

We  Jill  to  the  general  joy  of  the  whole  table.  Shak. 

2.  To  grow  full ; to  become  replete.  Johnson. 

3.  To  glut,  satiate,  or  cloy  the  appetite. 

Things  that  are  sweet  and  fat  are  more  jillinij.  Bacon. 

FILL,  n.  1.  That  which  fills  or  quite  satisfies. 

To  pluck  and  eat  my  Jill 
X spared  not.  Milton. 

2.  pi.  The  thills  or  shafts  of  a carriage. 
“We’ll  put  you  i’  the  fills.”  Shak. 

FILL'pR,  n.  1.  He  who,  or  that  which,  fills. 

2.  A thill-horse ; thiller.  [Local.]  Farm.  Ency. 

3.  ( Naul .)  Any  piece  of  timber  employed  in 

filling  up  a vacant  space.  Burn. 

FIL'LIJT,  n.  [L.filum,  a thread  ; It .filetto;  Sp. 
filete  ; Fr.  filet,  a little  thread.] 

1.  A little  band,  used  for  the  hair,  &c. 

With  sacred  fillets  bind  thy  hoary  brow.  Diyjden. 

2.  {Cookery.)  A chine  of  meat  ; — the  fleshy 
part  of  the  thigh  ; — applied  to  veal.  Dryden. 

3.  Meat  rolled  together,  and  tied  round. 
“ Fillet  of  a fenny  snake.”  Shak. 

4.  {Arch.)  A plain  ■ v^___  Fillet, 

band  used  to  separate  or-  ■ Fillet, 

naments  and  mouldings  ; an  annulet ; a list ; a 
listel : — a band  between  the  flutes  of  an  Ionic 
or  the  Corinthian  column.  Britton. 

5.  {Carpentry.)  Any  small  timber  or  scant- 
ling equal  to,  or  less  than,  battens.  Craig. 

6.  (Gilding.)  A little  rule  or  reglet  of  leaf 

gold,  drawn  over  certain  mouldings,  or  on  the 
edges  of  frames,  panels,  &c.  Craig. 

7.  (Man.)  The  loins  of  a horse.  Craig. 

8.  (Her.)  A kind  of  orle  or  bordure  contain- 

ing only  a third  or  a fourth  part  of  the  breadth 
of  the  common  bordure.  London  Ency. 

FIL'LpT,  v.  a.  [i.  filleted  ; pp.  filleting, 

FILLETED.] 

1.  To  bind  with  a fillet.  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

2.  To  adorn  with  an  astragal.  Ex.  xxxviii.  28. 

FIL'L£T— GUT-TER,  n.  A sloping  gutter,  with  a 
layer-board  and  fillet  thereon,  to  divert  the  wa- 
ter. Oyilvie. 

FIL'LI-BEG,  n.  [Gael. fi/leadh-bcg .)  A loose  dress 
worn  by  men  in  the  Highlands  of  Scotland,  in- 
stead of  breeches,  and  reaching  only  to  the 
knees  ; a kilt ; — written  also  philibeg.  Jamieson. 

FILL'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  fills  or 
makes  full ; supply.  Bentley. 

2.  ( Weaving.)  The  woof.  Simmonds. 

3.  pi.  (Brewing.)  Prepared  wort,  added  in 
small  quantities  to  casks  of  ale  to  cleanse  it. 

Simmonds. 

4.  pi.  ( Naut .)  Pieces  of  timber  used  to  make 

the  curve  fair  for  the  mouldings  between  the 
edges  of  the  fish-front  and  the  sides  of  the 

mast.  Dana. 

FIL'LIP,  v.  a.  [“A  word  formed  from  the  sound.” 
Skinner,  Lye,  Minsheu.  — Todd  suggests  L. 
alapa,  a box  on  the  ear.  — W.  fill,  a quick 
dart.]  [i.  filliped  ; pp.  filliping,  filliped.] 
To  strike  with  the  nail  of  the  finger  thrown  out 
from  the  ball  of  the  thumb  by  sudden  spring 
or  motion.  Shak. 

FIL'LIP,  n.  A jerk  of  the  finger  suddenly  let  go 
from  the  thumb. 

FIL'LI-PEEN,  n.  A species  of  forfeit,  said  to 
have  been  introduced  from  Germany.  — See 
Philopena.  Bartlett. 


FIL'LIS-TgR,  n.  (Carp.)  A kind  of  plane  used 
for  grooving  timber,  or  for  rebates.  Simmonds. 

FIL'LY,  n.  [W.  ffilog,  a filly.  — Ger.  fallen,  foal, 
filly.  — L .filia,  a daughter;  Fr .fille,  a girl.] 

1.  A young  mare  not  more  than  a year  old, 
— correlative  to  a colt,  or  young  horse. 

2.  A wanton  girl ; a flirt.  Addison. 

FIL'LY— FOAL,  n.  A mare  or  female  foal.  Perry. 

FILM,  n.  [A.  S.  film-,  Ger.  femel,  a thin,  light 
coat.] 

1.  A pellicle  or  thin  skin.  Bacon. 

Michael  from  Adam’s  eyes  the  ./iZm  removed.  Milton. 

2.  (Bot.)  The  thin  skin  which  separates  the 

seeds  in  pods.  Craig. 

FILM,  v.  a.  To  cover  with  a pellicle  or  thin  skin. 

It  will  but  skin  and^?Zm  the  ulcerous  place.  Shak. 

FlLM'l-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  filmy.  Ash. 

FILM'Y,  a.  Composed  of  films  or  pellicles.  “ Filmy 
pinions.”  Philips.  “ Filmy  twine.”  West. 

FI-LOSE'  (129),  a.  [L.  filum,  a thread.]  (Zool.) 
Ending  in  a thread-like  process.  Brande. 

FIL'O-SELLE,  n.  [Fr.]  Ferret,  or  floss-silk  ; grog- 
ram  yarn.  Simmonds. 

FIL'TJJR,  V.  a.  [i.  FILTERED  ; pp.  FILTERING, 
filtered.]  To  defecate  or  purify  by  means  of 
a filter  ; to  strain  ; to  percolate  ; to  filtrate. 

FIL'TJSR,  v.  n.  To  pass  through  a filter;  to  per- 
colate. Boag. 

FlL'TIJR,  n.  [Low  L.  feltrum,  felt ; It.  feltro 
Sp .filtro,  a filter  ; fieltro,  felt  ; Fr . feutre,  felt ; 
fi/tre,  a filter.]  A strainer,  originally  made  of 
felt,  for  defecating  liquors  ; any  substance,  ma- 
terial, or  contrivance  for  filtering  or  defecating 
liquids  ; a searce.  Bay. 

FIL'TER-ING,  n.  The  act  of  passing  through  a 
filter;  filtration.  Clarke. 

FILTH,  n.  [A.  S .fylth;  afylan,  to  defile.] 

1.  Any  thing  that  soils  ; dirt;  nastiness.  “The 

muddy  filth  of  the  lake.”  Holland. 

2.  Grossness  ; corruption  ; pollution  “ The 
dross  and  filth  of  sensual  delights.”  Tillotson. 

FlLTH'I-LY,  ad.  In  a filthy  manner. 

FILTH'I-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state  of 
being  filthy  ; nastiness  ; corruption  ; pollution. 
“ Loathly  filthiness.”  Spenser 

FILTH 'Y,  a.  1.  Nasty;  foul;  dirty;  squalid. 

Hover  through  the  fog  and  filthy  air.  Shak. 

2.  Gross  ; corrupt ; polluted. 

The  subjects  [of  stories]  ought  to  have  nothing  of  immoral, 
low,  or  filthy  in  them.  Dryden. 

FIL'TRAte,  v.  a.  [See  Filter,  n .]  [i.  filtrat- 
ed ; pp.  filtrating,  filtrated.]  To  strain  ; 
to  percolate  ; to  filter.  Arbuthnot. 

f FIL'TRATE,  n.  The  liquid  which  has  been 
passed  through  a filter ; filtered  liquor.  Clarke. 

FIL-TRA'TION,  n.  The  act  or  method  of  filter- 
ing ; the  process  of  separating  a liquid  from  the 
undissolved  particles  floating  in  it.  Ure. 

FIM'BLE,  'a.  [Corrupted  from  female.  Johnson. 
— Ger.  fimmel .]  Applied  to  light  summer 
hemp,  that  bears  no  seed.  Mortimer. 

FIM' BRI-a,  n. ; pi.  timbrije.  [L.] 

1.  ( Anat .)  A band;  a fringe.  “The  fimbria 

of  the  Fallopian  tube.”  Dunglison. 

2.  (Bot.)  The  dentated  or  fringe-like  ring  of 
the  operculum  of  mosses,  by  the  elastic  power 
of  which  the  operculum  is  displaced.  Craig. 

FIM'BRI-ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  fimbriatus  ; fimbria,  a 
fringe.]  [t.  fimbriated  ; pp.  fimbriating, 
fimbriated.]  To  fringe.  Fuller. 

FIM'BRI-ATE,  a.  (Bot.)  Having  the  margin  cut 
into  fine,  slender  divisions  ; fringed  ; fimbriated. 

FIM'BRI- AT-1JD,  p.  a.  1.  Fringed  ; having 
fringes.  Dunglison. 

2.  (Her.)  Ornamented,  as  an  ordinary,  with 
a narrow  border  of  another  tincture.  Craig. 

FIM'BRI-CATE,®.  (Bot.)  Having  fringes ; fringed; 
jagged;  fimbriate;  fimbriated.  P.  Cyc. 

FIN,  n.  [A.  S.  fin  ; Dut.  vin  ; Ger.  S,  Dan .finne  ; 
Sw.  fena.  — L.  pinna.) 

1.  A flattened,  expanded  organ  in  fishes,  pro- 


jecting from  the  body,  and  consisting  of  a thin, 
elastic  membrane  supported  by  rays. 

The  principal  organ  of  motion  [in  Ashes]  is  the  tail;  the 
dorsal  and  ventral  Jins  apparently  serve  to  balance  the  Ash, 
and  tile  pectorals  to  arrest  its  progress  when  required. 

Eng.  Cyc. 

2.  A sharp  plate  on  the  colter  of  a plough. 

3.  (Com.)  A blade  of  whalebone.  Simmonds. 

FIN,  v.  a.  To  carve,  as  a chub.  Clarke. 

FIN,  n.  ( Geog .)  A native  of  Finland ; an  an- 
cient inhabitant  of  a part  of  Scandinavia ; — 
written  also  Finn.  P.  Cyc. 

FIN'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  fined  ; that  admits, 
deserves,  or  is  liable  to,  a fine.  Bacon. 

FI'NAL,  a.  [L.  finalis ; finis,  the  end  ; It.  finale; 
Sp.  iSf  Fr  .final.) 

1.  Relating  to  the  end ; ultimate ; last ; latest. 
“Their  chief  good  and  final  hope.”  Milton. 

2.  Conclusive  ; decisive.  “ The  final  con- 
quest of  Ireland.”  Davies. 

3.  Mortal ; destructive.  “ Resolved  to  work 

his  final  smart.”  Spenser. 

Final  cause,  the  end  for  which  a thing  is  done,  or 
the  purpose  to  which  it  contributes.  — (Logic.)  The 
Jinal  cause  of  a thing  is  the  very  thing  in  completeness. 

Syn. — Final  respects  the  completion  or  end  of  any 
thing;  last  and  ultimate,  the  order  of  succession; 
latest,  the  order  of  time  ; conclusive,  the  inode  of  fin- 
ishing or  coming  to  an  end.  Final  issue  or  determina- 
tion ; last  words  or  resort ; latest  news ; ultimate 
object ; conclusive  argument  or  reasoning  ; decisive 
measure ; mortal  wound  or  sickness  ; destructive  pesti- 
lence. 

FI-JVA' LE,  n.  [It.,  final.)  (Mus.)  The  last 
movement  or  passage  in  a piece  of  music ; — 
the  closing  part  of  an  opera  or  a concert ; the 
end  ; the  termination.  Coleridge. 

FI-NAL'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being  final ; the 
state  of  being  concluded  or  settled,  as  a vexed 
question.  Baxter.  Ld.  John  Bussell. 

Fl'NAL-LY,  ad.  Ultimately;  lastly;  in  conclusion. 

FI-NANCE',  n. ; pi.  finances.  [It.  finanza ; Fr. 
finance.) 

1.  The  public  revenue  of  a government  or 
state  ; — used  commonly  in  the  plural. 

The  alteration  which  Constantine  introduced  into  the 
finances.  Hume. 

2.  The  income  or  means  of  an  individual  or 

a corporation.  “ He  was  straitened  in  his 
finances.”  Arbuthnot. 

FI-NAN'CIAL  (fe-nan'shtd),  a.  Relating  to  fi- 
nance. “ Financial  proceedings.”  Burke. 
FI-NAN'CIAL-LY,  ad.  In  a financial  manner. 

FI-NAN'CIAN  (fe-n&n'sh?n),  n.  One  who  is  skilled 
in  matters  of  finance  ; a financier,  [r.]  Month.  Bev. 

FIN-AN-CIER'  [fin-an-ser',  S.  W.  E.  F.  Ja.  K. 
Sm.  ; fe-nan'se-er,  P.),  n.  [Fr.] 

1.  One  who  collects  or  manages  the  finances, 

or  public  revenue.  Bacon. 

2.  One  skilled  in  matters  of  finance.  Burke. 

Fl'NA-RY,  n.  See  Finery. 

FINCH,  n.  [A.  S.finc;  Dut.  vink  ; Ger.,  Dan.,  Sj 
Sw.  fink.  — So  called  from  the  bird’s  note,  vink, 
vink.  Vossius  and  Lye.)  ( Ornitli .)  A small 
bird,  of  which  the  kinds  are  the  goldfinch,  chaf- 
finch, and  bullfinch. — See  Fringillin.e. 

Eng.  Cyc. 

FINCH'— BACKED  (-bakt),  a.  Striped  or  spotted 
on  the  back,  as  cattle.  Booth. 

FINCIIED  (flncht),  a.  Having  a white  streak  on 
the  back,  as  an  ox.  Loudon. 

FIND,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  findan  ; Dut.  vinden  ; Ger. 
finden  ; Icel.  $ Sw.  finna.)  [t.  found  ; pp. 
FINDING,  FOUND.] 

1.  To  meet,  reach,  or  obtain  by  searching  or 
by  accident ; to  discover;  to  meet  with. 

Go,  get  you  straw  where  you  can  find  it.  Ex.  v.  11. 

2.  To  gain  ; to  get ; to  procure  ; to  obtain. 

If  we  for  happiness  could  leisure 
And  wandering  time  into  a method  bind, 

We  should  not  then  the  great  men’s  favor  need.  Cowley. 

3.  To  observe  ; to  perceive  ; to  remark. 

Thus  far  to  try  thee,  Adam,  I was  pleased, 

And  find  thee  knowing  not  of  beast  alone, 

■Which  thou  hast  rightly  named,  but  of  thyself.  Milton. 

4.  To  detect ; to  catch. 

When  first  found,  in  a lie,  talk  to  him  of  it  as  a strange, 
monstrous  matter,  and  so  shame  him  out  of  it.  Locke. 


MIEN,  SIR ; 


MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  £,  $,  g,  soft;  £,  E,  £,  |,  hard;  § as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


FINDER 


5.  To  supply  with  provisions.  Beau.  <Sp  FI. 

6.  T6  supply  ; to  furnish. 

Still  govern  thou  my  song, 

Urania,  and  fit  audience  find,  though  lew.  Milton. 

7.  (Law.)  To  determine  by  judicial  verdict ; 
as,  “ To  find  a person  guilty  of  treason  ” : — to 
approve  ; as,  “To  find  a bill.” 

To  find  in,  to  supply  with ; to  provide  ; as,  “ He 
finds  lue  in  money  and  clothes.”  — To  find  one’s  self, 
to  be  with  respect  to  one’s  state  of  health.  “ Pray, 
sir,  how  d’ye  find  yourself.”  L’  Estrange.  — To  find 
fault  with,  to  censure  ; to  blame. — To  find  out,  to  dis- 
cover ; as,  “ To  find  out  a friend  ” ; “Find  out  this 
villain.”  Shah. — To  find  out  the  ship’s  trim,  (JVuut.) 
to  discover  how  she  will  sail  best.  Crain. 

Syn.  — We  find  what  is  lost  or  what  is  sought  for  ; 
we  meet  with  things  on  the  way  or  not  sought  for ; 
we  discover  things  or  places  not  before  known  ; we 
incur  things  that  are  unwelcome. 

FIND'ER,  n.  1.  One  who  finds  ; a discoverer. 

2.  ( Astron .)  A small  telescope  connected 
with  a larger  one,  and  used  for  finding  a heav- 
enly body  more  readily. 

FIND'— FAULT,  n.  A censurer  ; a caviller.  Shak. 

FIND'FAULT-ING,  a.  Cavilling;  captious;  carp- 
ing ; fault-finding.  Whitlock. 

FIND'JNG,  n.  1.  Act  of  one  who  finds  ; discovery. 

Go  you  the  next  way  with  your  findings.  Shak. 

2.  (Law.)  The  verdict  of  a jury.  Bouvier. 

FIND'ING,  p.  a.  Obtaining  by  seeking  or  by  ac- 
cident ; discovering. 

FlND'jNG§,  n.  pi.  The  tools  and  materials  used 
by  shoemakers.  Chute. 

FlND'JNG— STORE,  n.  A shop  where  shoemak- 
ers’tools,  &c.,  are  kept  for  sale.  [U.S.]  Simmonds. 

Finding-stores,  termed  in  England  grindery-ware- 
houses. Simmonds. 


j-  FIN'DY,  a.  [A.  S . find  iff.]  Plump;  weighty; 

firm  ; solid.  J unius. 

FINE,  a.  [It.  & Sp.  fino  ; Fr.  fin.  — Dut.  fijn  ; 
Ger . fein.] 

1.  Not  coarse ; small  ; little ; minute  in  size 
or  bulk.  “Full  of  fine  dirt.”  Shak.  “Fine 
flour.”  Rev.  xviii.  i3. 


Fine  by  degrees  and  beautifully  less.  Prior. 

2.  Composed  of  fine  materials.  “ Stuff  so 

fine  and  smooth.”  Shak. 

The  warm  and  finer  fleeces  that  we  wear.  B.  Jonson. 

3.  Keen ; smoothly  sharp ; as,  “ A fine  edge.” 

What  fine  chisel 

Could  ever  yet  cut  breath 't  Shak. 

4.  Free  from  extraneous  matter;  pure;  re- 
fined.“  More  precious  than  fine  gold.”/xa.  xiii.  12. 

A cup  of  wine  that’s  brisk  and  fine.  Shak. 

5.  Subtile  ; thin  ; tenuous. 

When  the  eye  standeth  in  the  finer  medium,  and  the  ob- 
ject in  the  grosser,  things  show  greater.  Bacon. 

6.  Nice;  exquisite;  delicate.  “ A fine  per- 
fection of  the  sense.”  Davies.  “ Fine  raillery.” 
Dry  den. 

7.  Artful ; crafty  ; subtile. 


Thou  art  too  fine  in  thy  evidence;  therefore,  stand  aside. 

Shak. 

8.  Handsome;  beautiful;  accomplished. 

Guido  has  been  rather  too  lavish  in  bestowing  this  beauty 
upon  almost  all  his  fine  women.  Spenser. 

9.  Beautiful  in  thought  or  in  language. 

To  call  the  trumpet  by  the  name  of  the  metal  was  line. 

Dryden. 

10.  Accomplished;  excellent;  superior.  “A 

fine  genius.”  Pope. 

He  was  not  only  the  finest  gentleman  of  his  time,  but  one 
of  the  finest  scholars.  Felton. 

11.  Showy ; splendid.  “A  fine  fashion.”  Pope. 

It  is  not  impossible  to  be  very  fine  and  very  filthy.  Swift. 

Fine  arts , see  Art. 

Jdrjf*  It  is  often  used  ironically.  “ I was  a fine  fool 
to  take  it.”  Shak.  It  is  also  used  in  composition,  as 
fine -grained. 

Syn.  — Fine  is  a term  of  very  extensive  application, 
being  applied  to  numerous  objects,  whether  great  or 
small  ; but  in  its  original  sense  it  is  opposed  to  coarse , 
denoting  something  thin,  minute,  delicate,  or  slender  ; 
as,  a fine  thread  ; fine  cloth  ; fine  print.  — Fine  or 
beautiful  color,  or  landscape  ; fine  or  delicate  feeling,  or 
sense  of  propriety  or  of  honor  ; a fine  or  beautiful  child  ; 
a fine , beautiful , or  accomplished  woman  ; a fine  or  ex- 
cellent thought  or  poem.  “ In  Iris  [Boswell’s]  vocabu- 
lary, fine  is  a collective  term,  meaning  every  tiling 
desirable  in  a woman  or  a wife.”  Ec.  Rev.  — See 
Beautiful. 


556 

FINE,  n.  [L.  finis,  the  end  ; It.  fine  ; Sp.  % Fr. 
fin. — W.ffin,  a limit ; Gael,  tflr.fionail.  “The 
radical  idea  of  the  word,”  says  Burritt,  in  treat- 
ing of  fine,  a mulct,  “ corresponds  closely  with 
its  obvious  derivation,  — a sum  paid  to  end  a 
matter.”] 

1.  The  end; — chiefly  used  adverbially;  as, 

in  fine,  in  conclusion  ; finally.  “ The  fine's  the 
crown.”  Shak. 

2.  (Eng.  Law.)  A sum  of  money  paid  for  ob- 

taining a benefit,  favor,  or  privilege  ; as,  “ The 
ancient  fines  for  obtaining  a writ,  and  for  alien- 
ation, and  the  modern  fines  for  admission  to  a 
copyhold,  and  for  obtaining  or  renewing  a 
lease.”  Burrill. 

3.  (Crim.  Law.)  A payment  of  money  imposed 
upon  a party  as  a punishment  for  an  offence  ; 
a mulct ; a forfeiture  ; amercement.  Burrill. 

Fine  for  alienation , ( Feudal  Law.)  a sum  of  money 
paid  to  the  lord  by  a tenant  for  license  to  alienate  or 
make  over  his  land  to  another.  Burrill. — Fine  of 
lands,  a species  of  conveyance,  formerly  in  extensive 
use  in  England,  in  the  form  of  a fictitious  suit,  com- 
menced by  the  party  to  whom  the  land  was  intended 
to  be  conveyed,  against  the  party  intending  to  convey, 
and  compromised  or  terminated  by  tile  acknowledg- 
ment of  the  latter  that  such  was  the  right  of  the  for- 
mer. Burrill. 

Syn.  — Fine  and  mulct  are  pecuniary,  and  are  im- 
posed ; penalty  may  he  pecuniary  or  tile  infliction  of 
pain,  and  is  inflicted  or  incurred  ; forfeit  or  forfeiture 
is  attended  with  loss  as  a punishment,  and  is  in- 
curred. Fine  or  mulct  for  tile  violation  of  some  rule 
or  law  ; penalty  for  a crime  ; forfeit  or  forfeiture  for 
the  neglect  of  some  duty  or  obligation. 

FINE,  v.  a.  [i.  FINED  ; pp.  FINING,  FINED.] 

1.  To  free  from  dross ; to  refine.  “ A place 

for  gold,  where  they  fine  it.”  Job  xviii.  1. 

2.  f To  embellish  ; to  decorate.  Shak. 

3.  To  make  fine  or  less  coarse. 

It  fines  the  grass,  but  makes  it  short,  though  thick.  Mortimer. 

4.  To  free  from  extraneous  matter  ; to  defe- 
cate ; to  purify  ; as,  “ To  fine  wine.” 

5.  [See  Fine,  w.]  To  punish  with  pecuniary 

penalty  ; to  amerce  ; to  mulct.  Locke. 

FINE,  v.  n.  To  pay  a fine,  [it.]  Oldham. 

FINE'— DRAW,  V.  a.  [i.  FINE-DREW  ; pp.  FINE- 
DRAWING,  fine-drawn.]  To  sewup,  as  a rent, 
so  nicely  that  when  the  parts  are  drawn  together 
the  rent  is  not  perceived.  Johnson. 

FINE'— DRAW-T-R,  n.  One  who  fine-draws.  Johnson. 

FINE'— DRAW-ING,  n.  Act  of  one  who  fine-draws  ; 
the  dexterous  sewing  of  rents.  Maunder. 

FI-NEER',  v.  a.  To  inlay.  — SeeVENEER.  Burney. 

FINE'— FIN-GpRED  (-fing-gerd),  a.  Nice  in  work. 
“ The  most  fine-fingered  workman.”  Spenser. 

FINE'— GRAINED,  a.  Having  a fine,  or  close, 
grain  ; as,  “ A fine-grained  wood.” 

t FINE'LfSS,  a.  Unbounded  ; endless.  Shak. 

FlNE'LY,  ad.  In  a fine  manner ; — in  small  parts  ; 
subtilely  ; — keenly  ; sharply  : — not  coarsely  ; 
not  meanly  ; gayly  ; — artfully  ; craftily  : — 
beautifully  ; splendidly  ; — excellently. 

FINE'Nf.SS,  n.  1.  The  quality  of  being  fine; 
smallness ; minuteness. 

2.  The  quality  of  being  composed  of  fine 
materials. 

Procure  me  some  Irish  linen  . . . much  about  the  same 
fineness  and  price  as  the  last.  Chesterfield. 

3.  Keenness  or  sharpness,  as  of  an  edge. 

4.  Freedom  from  base  mixture  ; purity.  “ The 

fineness  of  which  metal.”  Shak. 

5.  Niceness  ; elegance ; beauty  ; delicacy. 

Every  thing  was  full  of  a choice  fineness.  Sidney. 

6.  Gayety  of  appearance;  splendor;  show. 

“ The  fineness  of  clothes.”  Decay  of  Piety . 

7.  Subtilty  ; artfulness  ; ingenuity.  “ So 

much  artifice  and  fineness.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

FlN'pR,  n.  One  who  fines  or  purifies. 

FiN'ER-Y,  n.  1.  Show;  splendor  or  gayety  of 
appearance.  Watts. 

2.  Fine  things,  collectively ; gewgaws  ; trin- 
kets. 

Savage  nations  being  passionately  fond  of  show  and  finery/. 

Burke. 

3.  (Iron-work.)  The  furnace  in  which  cast- 

iron  is  converted  into  malleable  iron.  Ure. 

FINE'— SPO-KEN  (-sp5-kn),  a.  Using  fine  phrases. 
Fine-spoken  “ chevaliers  d’industrie  ” [swindlers].  Chesterfield. 


FINGERING 

FINE'— SPUN,  a.  1.  Delicately  interwoven ; of 
fine  thread. 

And  covered  with  a fine-spun,  specious  veil.  Cowper. 

2.  Ingeniously  or  artfully  contrived.  “ Fine- 
spun  theories.”  Lowth. 

FI-NESSE' ,n.  [Fr.]  Artifice  ; stratagem  ; trick  ; 
guile  ; deceit ; delusion  ; imposition.  Burke. 

Syn. — See  Artifice. 

FI-NESSE',  v.  n.  To  use  trickery  or  artifice.  Clarke. 

FI-NESS'JNG,  n.  The  act  of  using  finesse  ; arti- 
fice- Goldsmith. 

FINE'— STILL,  v.  a.  To  distil,  as  spirit,  from 
molasses.  Clarke. 

FINE '— STILL-ING,  n.  (Manufactures.)  The  dis- 
tillation of  spirit  from  molasses  or  other  prep- 
arations of  sugar.  Simmonds. 

FINE'— STUFF,  n.  The  second  coat  of  plaster  for 
the  walls  of  a room.  Simmonds. 

FIN'EW  (fin'nu),  n.  [A.  S . finie,  mouldy.]  The 
state  of  being  mouldy  ; mouldiness,  [r.]  Scott. 

FIN'— FISH,  n.  A small  sort  of  whale.  Crabb. 

FIN'— FOOT-^D  (-fut-ed),  a.  Having  feet  with 
membranes  between  the  toes  ; web-footed  ; pal- 
mipedous.  Browne. 

FIN'GIJR  (fing'fer,  82),  n.  [Goth,  jigger  (pro- 
nounced finger) ; A.  S.  finger  ; foil,  feng,  to 
take  : — Dut.  vinger  ; Ger.,  Dan.,  Sw  .finger) 
Icel  .fingr.) 

1.  One  of  the  five  extreme  parts  of  the  hand. 

The  man  shall  give  unto  the  woman  a ring,  putting  it  up- 
on the  the  fourth  finger  of  her  left  hand.  Common  Prayer. 

2.  One  of  the  four  prolongations  of  the  hand 

distinct  from  the  thumbs.  “ Between  my  finger 
and  my  thumb.”  Shak. 

3.  An  ancient  measure ; the  fourth  part  of 
the  palm  of  the  hand ; the  breadth  of  a finger. 

Removed  four  fingers  from  approaching  death.  Dryden. 

4.  (Mus.)  Ability  in  execution,  especially  on 

keyed  instruments.  “ That  lady  displays  a 
rapid  or  a delicate  finger.”  Moore. 

Finger  of  God,  his  power  or  operation.  “ If  I with 
the  finger  of  God  cast  out  devils,  no  doubt  the  king- 
dom of  God  is  come  upon  you.”  Lulce  xi.  20. 

FIN'GER  (flng'ger),  v.  a.  [j.  FINGERED  ; pp.  FIN- 
GERING, FINGERED.] 

1.  To  touch  with  the  fingers  ; to  handle. 
“ Fingered  but  the  hem  of  his  garment.”  Hall. 

2.  To  toy  or  meddle  with. 

Let  the  papers  lie; 

You  would  be  fingering  them  to  anger  me.  Shak. 

3.  To  handle  or  touch  with  a thievish  intent. 

The  king  was  slyly  fingered  from  the  deck.  Shak. 

4.  To  play,  as  an  instrument  of  music.  Shak. 

5.  To  perform  exquisitely  with  the  fingers,  as 

any  work.  Johnson. 

FIN'GIJR  (fing'ger),  v.  n.  (Mus.)  To  execute 
well,  especially  on  keyed  instruments. 

FlN'GpR-BOARD,  n.  1.  The  board  at  the  neck 
of  a fiddle,  guitar,  &c.,  where  the  fingers  oper- 
ate on  the  strings.  Life  of  A.  1 Vood. 

2.  The  whole  range  of  keys,  white  and  black, 
of  a piano-forte  or  an  organ  ; key-board.  Craig. 

FIN'GER— BOWL,  n.  A bowl  or  vessel  to  hold 
water  for  rinsing  the  fingers  ; a finger-glass. 

FIN'G(5RED  (fin'gerd),  p.  a.  1.  Furnished  with 
fingers.  “ Fingered  and  thumbed.”  Shelton. 

2.  (Bot.)  Digitate.  Ogilvie. 

3.  (Mus.)  Touched  or  played  on  as  an  instru- 

ment : — marked  with  figures  showing  the  fin- 
gers to  be  used  : — formed  by  pressing  the  fin- 
ger on  a string,  as  a note.  Dwight. 

FIN'GIJR— FERN,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  ferns  ; 
spleen-wort ; Asplenium.  Johnson. 

FIN'GER-GL.AsS,  n.  A glass  vessel  to  hold  water 
for  rinsing  the  fingers  after  dessert.  Simmonds. 

FIN'GpR-GRAsS,  n.  A species  of  wild  grass  ; 
the  common  name  of  plants  of  the  genus  Digi- 
taria.  Farm.  Ency. 

FIN'Gf.R-IN,  n.  Worsted  spun  in  Scotland  from 
combed  wool,  on  a small  wheel.  Simmonds. 

FIN'GER-lNG,  ?).  1.  The  act  of  touching  lightly  ; 

handling.  “The  mere  sight  and  fingering  of 

money.”  Grew. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short; 


A,  5,  j,  O,  IJ,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


FINGERLING 


FIRE-BLAST 


2.  Work  performed  with  the  fingers.  “Loops 

of  fingering  fine.”  Spenser. 

3.  {Mus.)  The  act  of  disposing  the  fingers 

aptly  in  playing  on  any  instrument,  especially 
the  organ  and  the  piano-forte.  Moore. 

FlN'GER-LING,  n.  A name  of  the  young  of  the 
salmon.  [Local,  Eng.]  Eng.  Cyc. 

FIN'jGER-PART'ED,  a.  {Dot.)  Divided  into  lobes ; 
having  a fanciful  resemblance  to  the  five  fingers 
of  a human  hand.  Loudon. 

FlN'G?R-PLATE,  n.  An  ornamental  piece  of 
metal  or  porcelain  fixed  on  the  edge  of  a door, 
to  prevent  the  paint  from  being  soiled.  Simmonds. 

FIN'GIJR-POST,  n.  A post  having  a finger  to  di- 
rect passengers.  Roget. 

FIN'jGIJR— RING,  n.  An  ornamental  ring,  gener- 
ally of  gold,  to  be  worn  on  the  finger. 

FiN'GER— SHELL,  n.  A shell  like  a finger.  Smart. 

fIn'GER-STALL,  n.  A workman’s  protection  for 
the  finger.  Simmonds. 

FIN'GJJR-STONE,  n.  {Geol.)  A fossil  resembling 
an  arrow.  Johnson. 

FIN'GER— WATCH  (-wocli),  n.  A sort  of  clock- 
work. Butler . 

FIN'GLE-FAN'GLE,  n.  [See  E angle.]  A trifle; 
— a burlesque  word.  Hudibras. 

FIN-GRl'GO,  n.  {Bot.)  A plant  of  the  genus 
Pisonia.  Clarke. 

FIN'GROMij  (fing'gromz),  n.  pi.  Woollen  cloth 
made  of  combed  wool.  Simmonds. 

FlN'I-AL,  n.  [L.finis,  the  end.] 

(Gothic  Arch.)  The  top  or 
finishing  of  a pinnacle  or 
gable ; — sometimes  also  the 
entire  pinnacle.  Brande. 

FIN'I-CAL,  a.  [From  fine.] 

Over-nice ; showy  without  el- 
egance or  good  taste ; spruce ; 
foppish;  coxcombical-,  gaudy. 

Syn.  — Finical  lias  respect  to  the  appearance,  man- 
ners, and  speech  ; spruce  and  nice,  to  appearance  and 
dress  ; foppish,  to  dress  and  manners.  Finical  ill  taste 
or  manner  of  finishing  ; nice  or  spruce  in  appearance  ; 
foppish  in  dress  ; gaudy  or  showy  colors  or  ornaments. 

FIN-I-CAl'I-TY,  n.  Something  finical;  finical- 
ness. [it.]  Win.  II.  Prescott. 

FIN'I-CAL- LY,  ad.  In  a finical  manner  ; foppishly. 

FIN'I-CAL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  finical  ; 
foppery.  Warburton. 

FIN'I-KIN,  n.  ( Ornith .)  A variety  of  pigeon 

having  a crest  upon  the  forehead  and  the  upper 
part  of  the  bill;  — written  also  Jinnikin. 

Loudon. 

FIN'I-KIN,  a.  [From  fine  ; perhaps  a corruption 
of  finical.]  Precise  in  trifles  ; idly  busy.  [Col- 
loquial.] Smart. 

FIN'ING— POT,  n.  A vessel  used  in  refining  met- 
als. Ash. 

FIN'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  fines  or  puri- 
fies ; the  process  of  refining  or  clarifying  liquors. 

2.  pi,  ( Manufactures .)  A preparation  of  isin- 
glass, gelatine,  or  other  substances,  for  clarify- 
ing beer,  sirup  of  sugar,  &c.  Simmonds. 

FI 'MIS,  n.  [L.]  The  end;  conclusion.  Wilson. 

FIN'ISH,  v.  a.  [L.  finio  ; It.  finire  ; Sp.  fenecer 
or  finir  ; Fr.  finir.  1 ft.  finished  ; pp.  finish- 
ing, FINISHED.] 

1.  To  bring  to  the  end  purposed ; to  com- 

plete ; to  accomplish.  “ Her  monument  is  al- 
most finished."  Shak. 

2.  To  elaborate  ; to  perfect ; to  polish. 

A faultless  sonnet,  finished  thus,  would  be 

Worth  volumes  of  loose  poetry.  Dryden, 

3.  To  put  an  end  to  ; to  terminate  ; to  end. 

God  hath  numbered  thy  kingdom  und  finished  it. 

Dan.  v.  26. 

Syn.  — See  Accomplish,  Complete,  Con- 
summation. 

FIN'ISH,  v.  n.  To  terminate  ; to  make  an  end. 
“ His  days  may  finish  ere  that.”  Shak. 

FIN'ISH,  n.  The  last  touch  to  a work  of  art. 

Small  pictures  require  the  most  careful  finish.  Fairholt. 


557 

FINISHED  (fin'jsht),  p.  a.  1.  Completed  ; accom- 
plished ; complete. 

2.  Perfected  ; polished.  “ As  finished  as  my 
last  work  ought  to  be.”  Pope. 

Syn. — See  Accomplished,  Complete. 

FIN'ISH-^R,  n.  One  who,  or  that  which,  finishes 
or  completes. 

FIN'JSH-ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  finishes ; 
completion.  1 Esdr.  v.  73. 

2.  Finish;  the  last  touch.  Warburton. 

FIN'ISH-ING,  p.  a.  1.  Completing;  final. 

2.  Giving  a finish  to ; perfecting. 

FI'NlTE  [fi'nlt,  W.  J.  F.  Ja.  Sin.  Wb. ; fi-nlt',  <S. ; 
ft'njt,  P.],  a.  [L.  finio ; finitus,  to  finish;  It. 
Sj  Sp .finito  ; Fr .fini.] 

1.  Having  limits  ; limited  either  in  time 
power,  or  dimensions  ; bounded  ; terminable  ; 
— opposed  to  infinite. 

Will  he  draw  out, 

For  anger’s  sake,  finite  to  infinite?  Milton. 

2.  (Gram.)  Expressive  of  those  parts  of  a 
verb  which  are  limited  by  person,  number,  and 
time.  Finite  verbs  are  also  called  personalverbs. 

Fl'NlT-I-lD,  a.  Made  finite.  Clissold. 

f Fl'NfTE-LESS,  a.  Without  bounds ; boundless ; 
unlimited.  Browne. 

FI'NlTE-Ly,  ad.  Only  within  certain  limits,  or 
to  a certain  degree.  Stillingficet. 

FI'NITE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  finite,  or 
having  limits  ; limitation  ; finitude.  Paley. 

FI- MI ' TO,  a.  [It.]  Finished.  Craig. 

FI- fir  I 'TOR,  n.  [L.]  The  horizon.  Francis. 

FIN'I-TUDE,  n.  The  state  of  being  finite  ; finite- 
ness. Cheyne.  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

The  fulness  of  the  creation,  and  the  finitude  of  the  crea- 
ture.  Chalmers. 

FIN'KIJL,  n.  A Norwegian  spirit  distilled  from 
corn  and  potatoes.  Mitford. 

FIN'LAND-jpR,  n,  ( Geog .)  A native  or  inhabi- 
tant of  Finland;  a Fin.  Murray. 

FIN'L^SS,  a.  Wanting  fins.  “A  finless  fish.”  Shak. 

FIN'LIJT,  n.  A very  small  fin.  Maunder. 

FlN'LIKE,  a.  Like  fins  ; formed  as  fins.  “ Fin- 
like  oars.”  -Dryden. 

FINN,  n.  (Geog.)  A native  or  inhabitant  of  Fin- 
land ; a Finlander  ; a Fin.  Sir  John  Stoddart. 

FINNED  (find),  a.  Having  a broad  edge  on  either 
side,  as  a plough.  Mortimer. 

FIN'NfR,  n.  (Zoril.)  The  name  of  a genus  of 
whales,  so  called  from  their  possessing  a dorsal 
hump  or  fin.  Ogilvie. 

FIN'NI-KIN,  n.  (Ornith.)  A pigeon  with  a sort  of 
mane  as  a crest.  — See  Finikin.  Chambers. 

FIN'NISH,  a.  Relating  to  the  Fins  or  to  Fin- 
land. Ency. 

FIN'NY,  a.  Furnished  with  fins.  “ Finny  drove.” 

Spenser. 

FI-NO'qiHI-O  [fc-no'she-o,  W.  J.  ; fe-no'cho,  S.  K. 
Sm.~],  n.  [It .finocchio.)  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the 
genus  Arethum;  sweet  fennel;  Arethum  feenic- 
ulum  dolce.  Loudon. 

FI  'MOSj,  n.  pi.  [Sp.]  The  second  best  wool  of 
merino  sheep.  Loudon. 

FIN'SCALE,  n.  ( Ich .)  An  English  name  for  a 
river  fish  of  the  genus  Leuciscus ; the  rud  or 
red-eye ; Leuciscus  erythrophthalmus.  Yarrell. 

FIN'TOED  (-tod),  a.  Palmipedous ; palmiped; 
palmated ; web-footed.  Ray. 

FI-ORD',  n.  [Sw.]  (Geog.)  A frith;  a rocky 
chasm  penetrated  by  the  sea ; a rock-bound 
strait  or  inlet.  Murray. 

FI'O-RIN— GRASS,  n.  (Bot.)  A species  of  grass 
of  the  genus  Agroslis,  or  bent-grass  ; Agrostis 
stolonifera; — called  also  weeping  bent-grass, 
and  black  couch-grass.  Booth. 

FI'O-RITE,  n.  [From  Flora,  in  Ischia.]  (Min.) 
A species  of  opal  found  in  the  cavities  of  vol- 
canic tufa  ; pearl  sinter.  Dana. 

FIP'PpN-Ny— BIT,  n.  Five  pence;  — often  con- 
tracted to  fip.  [Local,  Pennsylvania.]  Bartlett. 


f FlP'PLE,  n.  [L . fibula,  a clasp.]  A stopper  of 
a wind  instrument.  Bacon. 

FIR,  n.  [A.  S.furh;  Ger.  fiohre;  Dan.  fyrre; 
Sw.  furu  ; W.  pyr.]  (Bot.)  The  name  of  sev- 
eral species  of  trees  belonging  to  the  genus 
Abies,  valuable  for  timber,  pitch,  tar,  &c.,  as 
the  hemlock-spruce,  the  Norway-spruce,  the 
white,  the  red,  and  the  black  spruce,  &c.  Loudon. 

FIR'— Ap-PLE,  n.  The  produce  of  the  fir. 

FIRE,  n.  [A.  S.fyr;  Frs .fior\  Dut.  vuur ; Ger. 
feuer ; Dan.,  Ieel.,  4 Sw  .fyr.  — Gr.  nup ; Fr  .feu.) 

1.  The  effect  of  combustion  and  the  cause  of 
heat ; heat  and  light  produced  by  the  combus- 
tion of  inflammable  substances:  — popularly 
one  of  the  four  elements,  the  others  being 
earth,  air,  and  water. 

2.  The  burning  of  fuel,  as  on  a hearth  or  in  a 

grate.  “ By  a sea-coal  fire.”  Shak. 

3.  A conflagration  ; the  burning  of  buildings, 

towns,  forests,  &c.  “ This  spark  will  prove  a 

raging  fire.”  Shak. 

4.  Light ; lustre ; radiance.  “ Stars,  hide 

your  fires.”  Shak. 

5.  Torture  by  burning  ; — suffering.  “ I am 

come  to  send  fire  on  the  earth.”  Luke  xii.  49. 

6.  That  which  warms,  inflames,  heats,  ani- 

mates, or  inspirits  : ardor  ; fervor.  “ A poet’s 
fire.”  Pope.  “ lAxe  fire  of  love.”  “ The  wicked 
fire  of  lust.”  “The  quick  fire  of  youth.”  Shak. 

Greek  fire,  (Mil.)  an  invention  of  the  middle  ages, 
which  was  employed  in  the  wars  of  the  Christians  and 
Saracens.  The  property  of  this  lire  was  to  burn  briskest 
in  water,  and  to  diffuse  itself  on  all  sides  according 
to  the  direction  given  it.  Its  composition  is  not  cer- 
tainly known.  Mil.  F.ncy Running  fire,  (Mil.)  the 

rapid  firing  of  a line  of  troops  in  succession.  Mil. 
Ency.  — St.  Anthony's  fire,  the  erysipelas,  an  eruptive 
fever;  — so  called  because  St.  Anthony  was  supposed 
to  cure  it  miraculously.  Holtlyn. 

To  set  on  fire,  or  to  set  fire  to,  to  kindle ; to  inflame. 

Syn.  — See  Flame. 

FIRE,  v.  a.  [j.  fired  ; pp.  firing,  fired.] 

1.  To  set  on  fire  ; to  kindle. 

And,  like  another  Helen,  fired  another  Troy.  Dryden. 

2.  To  warm;  to  inflame;  to  heat;  to  ani- 
mate ; to  inspirit. 

Fired  at  the  sound,  my  genius  spreads  her  wing.  Goldsmith. 

3.  To  drive  by  fire. 

He  that  parts  us  shall  bring  a brand  from  heaven 
To  fire  us  hence.  Shak. 

4.  To  discharge  ; as,  “ To  fire  a rifle.” 

5.  (Farriery.)  To  cauterize.  Johnson. 

FIRE,  v.  n.  1.  To  take  fire;  to  be  kindled;  to 

kindle.  Johnson. 

2.  To  be  inflamed  with  passion.  Johnson. 

3.  To  discharge  fire-arms. 

The  fainting  Dutch  remotely  fire.  Smith. 

FIRE'-AN-NI'HI-LA-TOR,  n.  An  apparatus  hold- 
ing a chemical  composition,  which  has  the  ef- 
fect of  extinguishing  fire.  Simmonds. 

FIRE'— ARM§,  n.  pi.  A name  for  the  smaller 
kinds  of  arms  charged  with  powder  and  balls, 
as  guns,  pistols,  &c. 

FiRE'— AR-ROW,  n.  An  iron  dart  furnished  with 
a match  impregnated  with  powder  and  sulphur, 
used  to  set  fire  to  the  sails  of  ships.  Buchanan. 

FIRE'— BALL,  n.  1.  A grenade  ; a ball  filled  with 
combustibles.  South. 

2.  (Meteor.)  A meteor.  Craig. 

FIRE'-BAL-LOON',  n,  A balloon  sent  up  at  night, 
with  fireworks,  which  ignite  at  a regulated 
height.  Simmonds. 

FIRE'— BARE,  n.  A beacon.  Clarke. 

FIRE'— BAR-RfL,  n.  A sort  of  small  barrel, 
filled  with  reeds  and  other  combustible  mate- 
rials, used  in  fire-ships.  London  Ency. 

FIRE'— BAR^,  n.  pi.  The  iron  bars  used  in  a grate 
or  in  the  fire-box  of  a steam-boiler.  Simmonds. 

FIRE'— bAS-KET,  n.  An  iron  receptacle  for  hold- 
ing a small  portable  grate,  with  coals,  &c.,  for  a 
bed-room.  Simmonds. 

FIRE'— BAV-IN,  n.  A fagot  smeared  with  pitch 
for  incendiary  purposes.  Burnt. 

FIRE'-BLAsT,  it.  A species  of  blast,  as  of  fire, 
affecting  plants  or  fruit-trees.  Brande. 


Finials. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  <?,  g,  soft;  G,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  §(tsz;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


FIRE-BOARD 


FIRMNESS 


558 


FIRE'— BOARD,  n.  A chimney-board.  Clarke. 

FIRE'— BOOM§,  n.  pi.  ( Naut .)  Long  booms,  hav- 
ing a goose-neck  to  slip  on  a bolt  in  a ship’s 
wales,  their  ends  being  formed  with  open  prongs, 
through  which  a rope  is  reeved  and  carried  round 
the  vessel,  to  keep  an  enemy’s  boats  from  get- 
ting alongside  in  the  night.  Burn. 

FIRE'BOTE,  n.  (Law.)  An  allowance  of  nvoodor 
fuel  for  fire  in  the  house  of  a tenant.  Blackstone. 

FlRE'— BOX,  n.  The  box  or  chamber  in  which 
the  fire  is  placed  in  a locomotive  engine  or  in  a 
steam-boiler.  Simmonds. 

FIRE'BRAND,  n.  1.  A piece  of  wood  kindled  or 
partly  burnt.  L’ Estrange. 

2.  An  incendiary ; one  who  inflames  fac- 
tions. Bacon. 

FlRE'— BRICK,  n.  A very  hard  kind  of  brick, 
made  of  fire-clay.  Francis. 

FlRE'-BRIDgJE,  n.  The  partition  at  the  inner 
end  of  the  furnace  of  a steam-boiler,  over  which 
the  products  of  combustion  pass  to  the  flues, 
and  so  cause  the  flame  to  impinge  on  the  bot- 
tom of  the  boiler.  Ogilvie. 

FlRE'— BRI-GADE',  n.  A body  of  firemen  trained 
to  manage  fire-engines.  Simmonds. 

FIRE'— BRUSH,  «.  A brush  used  to  sweep  the 
hearth  with.  Swift. 

FIRE'— BUCK-1JT,  n.  A light  canvas  or  leather 
pail,  used  by  firemen  to  convey  water. Simmonds. 

FIRE'— CLAD,  a.  Clad  with  fire.  Clarke. 

FIRE'— CLAY,  n.  (Min.)  A refractory  clay,  being 
nearly  a pure  silicite  of  alumina;  — used  for 
making  fire-bricks  and  gas-retorts.  Simmonds. 

FIRE'— COCK,  n.  A cock  or  plug  to  let  out  water 
from  the  main  pipes,  to  extinguish  fire.  Ash. 

FIRE'— COM-PA-NY,  n.  A company  of  men  at- 
tached to  a fire-engine.  Clarke. 

FIRE'— CRACK-pR,  ».  A preparation  of  gun- 
powder, &c.,  to  be  fired  for  amusement,  im- 
ported from  China ; a cracker.  Simmonds. 

FIRE'— CROSS,  n.  An  ancient  signal  in  Scotland 
for  the  nation  to  take  arms,  consisting  of  two 
firebrands  placed  in  the  fashion  of  a cross,  and 
pitched  upon  the  point  of  a spear.  Hayward. 

FlRE'— DAMP,  n.  The  explosive  carburetted  hy- 
drogen gas  in  coal-mines.  Brande. 

FlRE'— DOG,  n.  An  andiron.  Simmonds. 

FIRE'DRAke,  n.  A fiery  serpent  or  meteor.  Ash. 

FIRE'— EAT-gR,  n.  1.  A kind  of  juggler  who 
pretends  to  eat  fire.  Ash. 

2.  One  who  seeks  danger  needlessly ; a mock 
hero ; a madman. 

FlRE'— EN-9JNE  (fir'en-jjn),  n.  An  hydraulic 
machine  for  throwing  water  to  a great  height, 
to  extinguish  fires. 

FIRE'-ES-cApe',  n.  An  instrument  or  machine 
to  escape  from  the  higher  parts  of  a building 
w'hen  on  fire.  P.  Cyc. 

FIRE'— EYED  (fir'ld),  a.  Having  eyes  of  fire. 
“ Fire-eyed  fury.”  Shak. 

FIRE'— fAv-JN,  n.  A bundle  of  brushwood  used 
in  fire-ships.  Craig. 

FiRE'FLAiRE,  n.  (Ich.)  A fish  of  the  ray  kind; 
the  common  trygon ; the  sting-ray ; Tryqon 
pastinaca.  Eng.  (dye. 

FIRE'— FLY,  n.  (Ent.)  An  insect  which  emits,  at 
night,  a vivid  light ; a name  applied  particularly 
to  the  Elatcr  noctilucus  of  South  America,  Cu- 
ba, &c.,  and  to  the  Lampyris  noctiluca,  or  fe- 
male glow-worm.  P.  Cyc.  Brande. 

FIRE'— GUARD,  n.  A frame  of  wire,  placed  be- 
fore a fireplace  to  protect  against  fire.  JV.  Ency. 

FIRE'— HOOK  (-hGk),  n.  A large  hook  used  in 
pulling  down  buildings  on  fire,  to  prevent  the 
destruction  of  other  property.  Craig. 

FIRE'— IN-StJR'ANCE  (-shur'ans),  n.  An  indem- 
nity against  loss  from  fire.  Simmonds. 

FIRE'— IR-ON§  (ftr'l-urna),  n.pl.  Andirons,  shov- 
el, tongs,  and  poker ; a fire-set.  Smart. 


FlRE'— KILN  (-kll),  n.  An  oven  or  place  for  heat- 
ing any  thing.  Simmonds. 

FlRE'L£SS,  a.  Destitute  of  fire.  Brome. 

FlRE'LOCK,  n.  1.  A gun  discharged  by  striking 
steel  with  flint.  Gag. 

2.  (Mil.)  A general  name  for  the  infantry 
musket.  Mil.  Ency. 

FIRE'— MAK-^Rj  n.  One  who  makes  fires.  Addison. 

FiRE'MAN,  n. ; pi.  firemen.  1.  One  who  is  em- 
ployed to  extinguish  fires.  Gay. 

2.  One  whose  business  it  is  to  tend  the  fires  of 
a furnace  or  steam-engine  ; a stoker.  Simmonds. 

FIRE'— MAs-TpR,  n.  (Mil.)  An  officer  of  artillery, 
who  superintends  the  composition  of  all  fire- 
works. Todd. 

FIRE'— NEW  (-nu)i  a.  New  from  the  forge  ; brand- 
new.  “ Fire-new  words.”  Shak. 

FIRE'— OF-FICE,  n.  An  office  for  issuing  policies 
of  insurance  against  fire.  Todd. 

FIRE'— Olt'Djp-AL,  n.  (Law.)  The  ordeal  or  trial 
by  red-hot  iron.  Blackstone. 

FIRE'— PAN,  n.  1.  A pan  for  holding  fire.  Bacon. 

2.  In  a gun,  the  receptacle  for  the  priming 
powder.  Johnson. 

FlRE'PLACE,  n.  A place  in  a chimney  for  a fire; 
a hearth.  Smollett. 

FIRE'— PLUG,  n.  A plug  in  a pipe  to  supply 
water  in  case  of  fire  ; a fire-cock.  Todd. 

FIRE'— POT,  n.  (Mil.)  An  earthen  pot  to  enclose 
a grenade.  Ash. 

FlRE'— PROOF,  a.  Proof  against  fire.  W.  Ency. 

FIRE'— QUENCH-ING,  a.  Quenching  or  extin- 
guishing fire.  Clarke. 

FIR'f.R,  n.  One  who  fires  or  sets  on  fire  ; an  in- 
cendiary. Carew. 

FlRE'— SCREEN,  n.  A screen  or  protection  from 
fire.  More. 

FIRE'— SET,  n.  Irons  forthe  fire  ; andirons,  shov- 
el, tongs,  and  poker  ; fire-irons.  Morse. 

FIRE'— SHIP,  n.  (Naut.)  A ship  filled  with  com- 
bustibles, and  fitted  with  grappling-hooks,  to 
set  fire  to  an  enemy’s  ships.  Wiseman. 

FIRE'— SIIOV-EL  (-shuv-vl),  n.  An  instrument  for 
taking  up  hot  ashes  and  coals  of  fire.  Browne. 

FIRE'SfDE,  n.  1.  A place  near  the  fire  ; the 
hearth;  the  chimney.  “ For  winter  talk  by  the 
fireside.”  Bacon. 

2.  Home  ; domestic  life  or  pleasures. 

FIRE'SIDE,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  the  hearth. 

2.  Pertaining  to  home  ; domestic ; as,  “ Fire- 
side enjoyments.”  Qu.  Rev. 

FlRE'STICK,  n.  A lighted  stick  or  brand.  Digby. 

FlRE'STONE,  n.  1.  A name  formerly  given  to 
iron  pyrites,  or  sulphuret  of  iron,  which  was 
considered  a stone,  and  used  to  strike  fire  with 
steel.  Mortimer. 

2.  A stone  which  stands  great  heat  when  ex- 
posed to  the  action  of  fire.  Craig. 

FIRE'— TOtA-f.R,  n.  A sort  of  lighthouse.  Bryant. 

FIRE'— TUBE,  n.  A pipe  flue.  Simmonds. 

FiRE'tvARD,  ? n.  A man  who  has  the  charge 

FlRE'WAR-DEN,  ) in  directing  about  extinguish- 
ing fires  ; a head-fireman.  Hale. 

FIRE'— WEED,  n.  (Bot.)  An  annual  American 
plant  or  weed,  very  common  and  troublesome 
on  lands  recently  cleared  and  burnt  over  ; hawk- 
weed  ; Senecio  hieracifolius.  Loudon. 

FIRE'WOOD  (-wud),  n.  Wood  for  fuel. 

FlRE'WORK-pR  (-wiirk'er),  n.  An  officer  of  ar- 
tillery, subordinate  to  the  fire-master,  now  called 
the  second  lieutenant.  Mil.  Ency. 

FIRE'WORKS  (-wiirks),  n.  pi.  Preparations  of 
sulphur,  nitre,  and  charcoal,  such  as  rockets, 
squibs,  serpents,  &c.,  to  be  fired  for  amusement ; 
pyrotechnical  shows ; pyrotechnics. 

FIRE'— WOR-SHIP  (-wur-shjp),  n.  Adoration  of 
fire ; the  worship  of  the  ancient  Persians  or 
Magians,  the  establishment  of  which  is  ascribed 
to  Zoroaster.  Bryant. 


FfRE'— WOR'SHIP-PflR  (flr'wUr'sliip-er),  n.  One 
who  worships  fire.  Maurice. 

FIR'ING,  n.  I.  The  act  of  one  who  fires;  appli- 
cation of  fire  or  heat. 

2.  A discharge  of  guns. 

3.  Fuel  ; firewood.  Mortimer. 

4.  (Farriery  & Surg.)  An  operation  per- 

formed by  burning  a part  with  a hot  iron ; 
cautery.  Farm.  Ency. 

FlR'lNG— IR-ON  (-I'urn),  il.  (Farriery  & Surg.) 
An  iron  used  for  firing  ; a cautery.  Simmonds. 

t FIRK,  v.  a.  [L.  ferio .]  To  whip  ; to  beat  ; to 
correct.  Shak. 

f FIRK,  n.  A stroke ; a lash.  Hudibras. 

FIR'KIN,  n.  [A.  S.feower,  four  ; Dut.  Sj  Ger.  vier ; 
Dan  .fire-,  Ieel.  fiorir  ; Sw  .fyra;  and  kin,  the 
termination  noting  diminutiveness.] 

1.  A measure ; in  general,  the  fourth  of  a 

barrel;  nine  gallons  of  beer  or  ale,  or  seven 
and  a half  imperial  gallons.  Brande. 

2.  A small  vessel  of  indeterminate  capaci- 
ty. Denham. 

FIR'LOT,  n.  A Scotch  dry  measure;  — the  wheat 
firlot  contains  nearly  a bushel ; the  barley  firlot 
nearly  a bushel  and  a half.  Burke. 

FIRM,  a.  [L.  firmus ; It.  fermo ; Sp.  firmo ; Fr. 
ferine.] 

1.  Strong;  robust:  — fixed;  closely  com- 
pressed; compact;  solid;  not  fluid  ; not  soft. 

2.  Constant;  steady;  resolute;  unshaken; 
stable  ; steadfast ; fast. 

And  firm  the  gracious  promise  thou  hast  made.  Dryden. 

Syn.  — That  is  Jinn  which  is  not  easily  shaken  ; 
that  is  fiicd  which  is  fastened  to  something  else  ; that 
is  solid  which  is  not  hollow  ; that  is  stable  or  steadfast 
which  is  not  easily  moved  ; that  is  constant  which  is 
not  liable  to  change  or  interruption.  A firm  pillar; 
fired  to  the  wall  ; firm  principle;  fixed  attention;  a 
solid  mass  or  reason  ; a stable  character ; steadfast 
friendship;  a constant  attachment  or  aim.  — See 
Hard,  Robust. 

FIRM,  n.  [“  Originally  a signature  by  which  a 
writing  was  firmed,  or  rendered  valid.”  Smart.) 
The  persons  composing  a partnership  taken  col- 
lectively, or  the  name  or  names  which  a mer- 
cantile or  manufacturing  house  subscribes,  and 
under  which  it  carries  on  business.  Burke. 

FIRM,  V.  a.  [L.  firmo  ; It.  fermare ; Sp . firmar; 
Fr  .former.]  To  settle  ; to  confirm  ; to  fix.  [it.] 
Proceed,  and  firm  those  omens  thou  hast  made.  Pope. 

FIR'MA-MENT,  n.  [I,,  fir  momentum  ; firmo,  to 
fix  ; firmus,  fixed  ; It.  fermamento  ; Sp.firma- 
mento  ; Fr.  firmament !.] 

1.  f Foundation;  basis;  support. 

Custom  is  the  sanction  or  the  firmament  of  the  law. 

Bp.  Taylor. 

2.  In  the  language  of  the  old  astronomers, 

the  orb  of  the  fixed  stars,  or  the  most  remote  of 
all  the  celestial  spheres.  Brande. 

3.  Celestial  expanse ; the  heavens  ; sky. 

The  spacious  firmament  on  high, 

"With  all  the  blue,  ethereal  sky, 

And  spangled  heavens,  a shining  frame, 

Their  great  Original  proclaim.  Addison. 

FIR-MA-MEN'TAL,  a.  Relating  to  the  firma- 
ment ; celestial.  Dryden. 

FIR' MAN,  n.  [Ar.  firmaun.]  A mandate  or  cer- 
tificate issued  by  the  sovereign  of  Turkey,  Per- 
sia, &c.,  for  various  purposes  ; a passport,  per- 
mit, or  license  ; — also  written  and  pronounced 
fir -maun'  and  fer-m&n’ . Sir  T.  Herbert. 

FIRME,  n.  (Her.)  A term  applied  to  a cross  pat- 
tee  throughout.  - Craig. 

FIRM'— FOOT-^D  (ffit'ed),  a.  Standing  firmly ; 
walking  without  stumbling.  Craig. 

f FIRM'J-TUDE,  n.  [L.firmitudo ; firmus,  firm.] 
Stability ; firmness.  Bp.  Hall. 

f FIRM'I-TY,  n.  [ L.firmitas .]  Quality  of  being 
firm  ; strength  ; firmness.  Chillingworth. 

FIRM'LJySS,  a.  Detached  from  substance.  Pope. 

FIRM'LY,  ad.  In  a firm  manner  ; strongly. 

FIRM'N^SS,  n.  1.  The  quality  of  being  firm  ; 
stability  ; strength  ; solidity.  Gurnet. 

2.  Steadiness  ; constancy.  “ Your  na\>\ofirm- 
ness  to  your  friend.”  Beaumont. 

Syn.  — See  Constancy. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  ?,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


FIRST 


FIRST,  a.  [A.  S.fyrst ; superlative  of  feor,  far; 
fair,  a journey  ; faran,  to  go  : — Dut.  eerst ; Ger. 
first ; Dan./yrs^e ; Ioel.  fyrste,  first  i.]  The 
ordinal  of  one  : — noting  precedence  ; earliest 
in  time;  foremost  in  space,  rank,  station,  or 
estimation.  “ Man’s  first  disobedience.”  Mil- 
ton.  “ This  first  encounter.”  “ The^rsf  of  all 
your  chief  affairs.”  Shak. 

FIRST,  ad.  Before  all  others,  or  before  any  thing 
else.  “ The  ripest  fruit  first  falls.”  Shah. 

Jit  first,  at  the  beginning.  — First  or  last,  at  one 
time  or  another. 

FIRST,  n.  (Mus.)  The  upper  part  of  a duet,  trio, 
quartet,  &c.,  either  vocal  or  instrumental.  Moore. 

FIRST'— BE-GOT',  ) a.  Eldest : first-born. 

FIRST'— BE-GOT 'TEN,  ) Milton. 

FIRST'— BORN,  n.  The  eldest  child  ; the  first  in 
the  order  of  nativity.  Locke. 

FI  RST'— BORN,  a.  First  in  order  of  birth  ; eldest. 
“Offspring  of  heaven,  first-born.”  Milton. 

FIRST'— CR^-AT'ljD,  a.  Created  before  something 
else.  “ O first-created  beam  ! ” Milton. 

FIRST'— FLOOR,  n.  1.  The  floor  or  story  above 
the  basement.  [Eng.] 

2.  The  basement  of  a building.  [U.  S.] 

FIRST'— FRUIT,  a.  Original;  earliest.  Congreve. 

FIRST'— FRUITS  (-frQts),  n.  pi.  1.  Whatever  the 
season  earliest  produces  or  matures. 

A sweaty  reaper  from  his  tillacre  brought, 

First-fruits , the  green  ear  and  the  yellow  sheaf.  Milton . 

2.  First  profit ; the  earliest  effects. 

We  otter  you  the  first-fruits  of  our  wounds.  Middleton. 

3.  ( Feudal  Law.)  One  year’s  profits  of  land 

which  belonged  to  the  king  on  the  death  of  a 
tenant  in  capite.  Burrill. 

4.  (Eng.  Eccl.  Law.)  The  first  year’s  profits 

of  every  benefice  or  spiritual  living,  anciently 
paid  by  the  incumbent  to  the  pope,  but  trans- 
ferred to  the  crown  at  the  time  of  the  reforma- 
tion. Burrill. 

FIRST'— HAND,  a.  (Com.)  Obtained  direct  from 
the  maker,  shipper,  or  wholesale  dealer;  — op- 
posed to  second-hand.  Simmonds. 

FIRST  LING,  a.  First  produced.  “ Firstling 
males.”  Deut.  xv.  19. 

FIRST'LING,  n.  The  first  produce  or  offspring. 
“ The  firstlings  of  the  flock.”  Pope. 

FIRST'LY,  ad.  In  the  first  place ; before  any 
thing  else  ; first.  Ld.  Eldon.  Brit.Crit.  Qu.  Rev. 

It  is  sometimes  used  by  respectable  writers  in- 
stead of  first  -,  but  it  is  not  authorized  by  the  English 
dictionaries.  “ Some  late  authors  use  firstly  for  the 
sake  of  its  more  accordant  sound  with  secondly,  third- 
ly, Sec.”  Smart. 

FIRST'— RATE,  a.  1.  Of  the  highest  excellence; 
superior  ; preeminent.  “ A man  of  first-rate 
abilities.”  Todd. 

2.  (Naval.)  Being  of  the  first  class,  as  a 
ship  of  war.  Burn. 

FIRST'-rAte,  n.  (Naut.)  A ship  of  the  first 
class ; a ship  carrying  from  74  to  120  guns ; a 
three-decker.  Burn. 

FIRTH,  n.  A frith.  — See  Frith.  Douglas. 

FIR'— TREE,  n.  (Bot.)  A tree  of  the  genus  Abies ; 
the  fir.  — See  Fir.  Addison. 

FIR'— WOOD  (-wfid),  n.  [A,  S . furh-wudu.\  The 
wood  of  the  fir-tree.  Burney. 

FISC,  n.  [ "L.fiscus  ; It.  A Sp.fisco ; Fr.7t.s0.]  A 
public  or  state  treasury.  Burke. 

FIS 'CAL,  n.  I.  Exchequer;  public  revenue.  “The 
ordinary  fiscal  and  receipt.”  Bacon. 

2.  A treasurer.  Swinburne. 

3.  An  officer  who  acts  as  public  prosecutor 

in  criminal  cases.  [Scotland.]  Craig. 

4.  [Sp.  fiscal .]  An  attorney-general.  — An 

informer ; censurer.  [Spain.]  Velasquez. 

FIS'CAL,  a.  [Ft.  fiscal.]  Belonging  to  the  public 
treasury  ; relating  to  the  pecuniary  interests  of 
the  state  ; financial.  “ Fiscal  ditficulties.’’Bi/0/ce. 

FISfjll'ER-ITE,  n.  (Min.)  A native  hydrated 
phosphate  of  alumina; — so  called  from  its 
discoverer,  Fischer.  Brande. 


559 

FISH,».  [Goth-7?sfe;  A.  S .fisc  ; Dut.  visch ; Ger. 
fisch-,  Dan.  A Sw.  fisk ; Icel.fiskr.  — L . piscis  ; 
It.  pesce ; Sp.  pez  ; Fr.  poisson.] 

1.  An  animal  that  inhabits  the  water,  verte- 
brated,  oviparous  or  viviparous,  breathing  by 
means  of  branchiae,  or  gills,  having  one  auricle 
and  one  ventricle  to  the  heart,  cold  red  blood, 
and  extremities  formed  for  swimming.  Agassiz. 

In  popular  language,  the  term^sA  is  erroneous- 
ly applied  to  the  Cetacea,  as  the  whale,  porpoise,  dol- 
phin, &c.,  which  are  mammalia,  and  breathe  by 
lungs.  It  is  also  applied,  in  such  compounds  as 
shell-yisA,  to  the  Crustacea,  the  Testacea,  and  the 
Mollia,  or  shelless  inollusks. 

■ The  word  fish  is  often  used  collectively,  in- 
stead of  the  plural  fishes. 

2.  The  flesh  of  fish  used  as  food  ; — so  termed 
in  distinction  from  the  flesh  of  other  animals. 

3.  (Arch.)  A piece  of  .wood  secured  to  an- 
other to  strengthen  it.  Brande. 

4.  (Naut.)  A fish-block.  Crabb. 

FISH,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  fiscian  ; Dut.  visschen.]  [ i . 

FISHED  ; jyp.  FISHING,  FISHED.] 

1.  To  be  employed  in  catching  fish ; to  try  to 

catch  fish.  Walton. 

2.  To  seek  to  draw  forth ; to  try  to  take  by 

artifice.  “ Others  fish,  with  craft,  for  great 
opinion.”  Shak. 

FISH,  v.  a.  1.  To  draw  out  of  water  as  fish.  Pope. 

2.  (Naut.)  To  raise  the  flukes  of  an  anchor 
upon  the  gunwale;  — also,  to  strengthen,  as  a 
spar  by  putting  in  or  fastening  on  another 
piece.  Dana. 

To  fish  out,  to  elicit  or  draw  out  by  artifice.  Mdison. 

FiSH'-BAS-KET,  n.  A large  flat  or  deep  wicker 
basket  for  holding  or  carrying  fish.  Simmonds. 

FISH  — BEAM,  n.  (Carp.)  A beam  which  bellies 
out  on  the  under  side.  Ogilvie. 

FISH'— BLOCK,  n.  (Naut.)  A machine  which 
draws  up  the  flukes  of  the  anchor  to  the  bow 
of  the  ship.  Crabb. 

FISH'— CARV-ER,  n.  A silver  knife  for  helping  to 
fish  at  table  ; a fish-knife  ; a fish-slice ; a fish- 
trowel.  Simmonds. 

FISH'— DAY,  n.  A day  on  which  fish  is  eaten. 

Addison. 

FlSH'ER,  n.  1.  One  who  fishes  ; a fisherman. 

2.  (Zor,l.)  A North  American  quadruped,  val- 
uable for  its  fur ; the  fisher  weasel,  or  pekan  ; 
Mustela  Canadensis.  Craig. 

FISH'ER-BO  AT,  n.  A boat  used  for  fishing. 

FISII'ER-MAN,  n. ; pi.  fishermen.  1.  One  whose 
employment  is  to  catch  fish ; a fisher.  Waller. 

2.  A vessel  employed  in  the  fisheries.  Boag. 

FlSH'ER— TOVVN,  n.  A town  inhabited  by  fisher- 
men. Clarendon. 

FlSH'ER-Y,  n.  1.  The  business  or  employment 
of  catching  fish.  Addison. 

2.  A place,  generally  near  the  coast,  or  in  an 
estuary  or  river,  where  fishes  are  taken  in  large 
quantities  at  certain  seasons  of  the  year.  Pitt. 

FISH'— FAG,  n.  [fish  and  fag.]  A woman  who 
sells  fish  ; a fishwoman.  Simmonds. 

FISH'— FLAKE,  n.  A frame  covered  with  fagots 
for  the  purpose  of  drying  fish.  [U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

FISH'FUL,  a.  Abounding  or  stored  with  fish. 
“ My  fishful  pond.”  Careio. 

FISH'— GARTH,  n.  [fish  and  garth.]  A dam  or 
wear  in  a river  for  the  taking  of  fish.  Crabb. 

FISH 'GIG,  n.  A kind  of  harpoon  or  spear,  with 
several  barbed  prongs,  and  a line  attached  to 
it;  — used  for  striking  fish  at  sea;  — written 
also  fizgig.  Simmonds. 

FISH'— GLUE,  n.  Isinglass.  Booth. 

FISH'-HAWK,  n.  (Ornith.)  A bird  of  the  family 
Falconidce ; the  bald  buzzard,  ospray,  or  fishing- 
eagle  ; fishing-hawk ; Falco  halicetus  of  Lin- 
nieus.  Eng.  Cyc. 

FISH'— HOOK  (huk),  n.  A hook  for  catching  fish, 
made  usually  with  a barb  on  one  side. 

FISII'I-FY,  v.  a.  [i.  fishified  ; pp.  fishifying, 
fishified.]  To  turn  to  fish.  [A  cant  word.] 

O flesh,  flesh,  how  art  thou  fisliifiedl  Shak. 

FISH'I-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  fishy.  Pennant. 


FISSION 

FISH'ING,  n.  1.  The  art  or  the  practice  of  catch- 
ing fish.  Walton. 

2.  A fishery.  “A  good  town,  having  both  a 
good  haven  and  a plentiful  fishing.”  Spenser. 

FISH'JNG,  p.  a.  Pertaining  to  the  catching  of 
fish  ; as,  “A  fishing  smack  ” ; “A  fishing  town.” 

FISH'ING— BOAT,  n.  A boat  employed  in  fishing. 

FISH'ING— EA'GLE,  n.  The  fish-hawk,  or  ospray ; 
Falco  halicetus.  Eng.  Cyc. 

FlSH'ING-FLY,  n.  A bait  used  for  catching  fish. 

FISH'ING— FROG,  n.  (Ich.)  A voracious  fish, 
with  a very  large  head,  of  the  genus  Lophius ; 
the  angler  ; Lophius  piscatorius.  Yarrell. 

FISH'JNG— HAWK,  n.  See  Fish-hawk.  Eng.  Cyc. 

FISH'ING— HOOK  (-huk),  n.  A fish-hook.  Crabb. 

FISH'ING— LINE,  n.  A line  used  in  catching  fish. 

FISH'ING-PLACE,  n.  A fishery.  Clarke. 

FISH'ING— ROD,  n.  A long,  slender  rod  or  pole 
to  which  a line  is  fastened  for  angling.  Crabb. 

FISH'— KET-TLE,  n.  A kettle  in  which  fish  are 
boiled. 

FISH'— KNIFE  (-nlf),  n.  A broad  flat  knife  for 
serving  fish  at  table  ; a fish-carver  ; a fish-slice ; 
a fish-trowel.  Simmonds. 

FISH'LlKE,  a.  Resembling  fish.  Shak. 

FISH'— MAR-KET,  n.  A place  where  fish  is  of- 
fered for  sale.  Savage. 

FISH'— MAW,  n.  The  sound,  or  air-bladder,  of  a fish. 

In  the  eastern  seas,  a large  trade  is  carried  on  in  fish-maws* 
which  are  sent  to  China  and  used  as  glue,  &c.  Simmonds. 

FISH '-MEAL,  n.  A meal  of  fish.  Sharp. 

FlSH'— MON-GER  (-mung'ger),  n.  A dealer  in  fish. 
“I  fear  to  play  the  fish-monger.”  Careio. 

FISH'— POND,  n.  A small  pond  in  which  fish  are 
kept.  Mortimer. 

FISH'— POOL,  n.  A pond  or  pool  for  fish.  Prior. 

FISH'— POT,  n.  A wicker  basket  or  enclosure 
sunk  with  a cork  float  attached,  for  catching 
crabs,  lobsters,  &c.  Simmonds. 

FISH'— ROOM,  n.  (Naut.)  A space  between  the 
afterhold  and  spirit-room  of  a ship.  Mar.  Diet. 

FiSH'-SCALE,  n.  The  scale  of  a fish.  Hill. 

FISH  — SKIN,  n.  The  skin  of  a fish.  Hall. 

Fish-slcin  disease,  ichthyosis  ; a horny  or  scaly  con- 
dition of  the  skin.  Dunglison. 

FISH'— SLICE,  n.  A broad  knife,  commonly  of 
silver,  for  cutting  up  and  serving  out  fish  at 
table ; a fish-carver ; a fish-knife.  Ogilvie. 

FISH'— SPEAR,  n.  A dart  or  spear  for  striking 
fish.  Job  xli.  7. 

FISH'— TAC-KLE,  n.  (Naut.)  A tackle  used  for 
raising  the  flukes  of  an  anchor  to  the  gunwale 
of  a ship.  Dana. 

FISH'— TROW-EL,  n.  A broad  flat  knife  for  serv- 
ing fish;  a fish-slice;  a fish-carver;  a fish- 
knife.  Clarke. 

FISH'— VAN,  n.  1.  A light  spring  cart  for  trans- 
porting fish.  Simmonds. 

2.  A railway  truck  set  apart  for  fish  .Simmonds. 

FISH'— VVlFE,  n.  A woman  who  cries  or  sells 
fish.  “ I heard  it  of  a fish-wife.”  Beau.  $ FI. 

FISH'— WOM-AN  (-wum-»n),  n.  A woman  who 
sells  fish.  Warton. 

FISH'Y,  a.  1.  Like,  or  relating  to,  fish.  “ A fishy 
fume.”  Milton.  “ A.  fishy  extremity.”  Browne. 

2.  Inhabited  by  fish.  “ The  fishy  flood  .’’Pope. 

fFISK,  v.  n.  [A.  S.fysan;  Sw.jfesea.]  To  run 
about.  “A  fishing  housewife.”  Cotgrave. 

FIS-SI-COS'TATE,  a.  \L.  findo,  fissus,  to  cleave, 
and  costatus,  having  ribs ; costa,  a rib.]  Having 
the  ribs  divided.  Craig. 

FIS'SII.E,  a.  [L.  fissilis ; findo,fissus,  to  cleave  ; 
It  .fissile-,  Sp.  fisil.]  That  may  be  cleft,  split  or 
divided  in  the  direction  of  the  grain,  as  wood, 
or  of  the  natural  joints,  as  mica.  Dyer. 

FIS-SIL'!-TY,  n.  Quality  of  being  fissile.  Bailey. 

FIS'SION  (flsh'un),  n.  A cleaving.  Brande 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RfjLE.  — 9,  (?,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  £,  g,  hard ; § as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


FISSIPARISM 


FIX 


560 


FIS-SlP'A-Rl§M,  n.  ( Zoiil . & Bot.)  Reproduction 
by  spontaneous  subdivision.  Roget. 

FjS-SIP' A-ROUS,  a.  [L.j Ando,  fissus , to  cleave, 
and  pario,  to  produce.]  (Zoiil.  & But.)  Noting 
a generation  or  production  by  a spontaneous 
division  of  the  body  of  the  parent  into  two  or 
more  parts,  each  of  which  becomes  a perfect 
living  animal.  Owen. 

FIS'SI-PED,  a.  [L.  findo,  fissus,  to  cleave,  and 
pes,  pedis,  the  foot;  It.  fissipede ; Fr  .fissipede.] 
{Zoiil.)  Having  the  toes  separated.  Brotcne. 

FIS'SI-PED,  n.  (Zoiil.)  An  animal  which  has  no 
membrane  between  the  toes.  Craig. 

FIS-SI-ROS'TRAL,  a.  \h.  findo,  fissus,  to  cleave, 
and  rostrum,  a beak  ; Vr.  fissirostre.}  ( Ornith .) 
Pertaining  to  the  Fissirostres ; having  a beak 
which  opens  widely.  Gray. 

FIS-SI-KOS' TRE$,  n.  pi.  [L.  findo,  fissus,  to 
cleave,  and  rostrum,  a beak.]  (Ornith.)  A class 
of  birds  of  the  order  Passcres,  characterized  by 
opening  the  mouth  very  widely,  as  the  swallow. 
— See  Passeres.  , Gray. 

||  FIS'SURE  (fish'yur)  [fish'shur,  S.  P. ; fish'shur, 
IV. ; fish'ur,  J.  F.  Ja. ; flsh'oor,  Sm.],  n.  [L. 
fissura  ; findo,  fissus,  to  cleave  ; It.  fessura  ; Sp. 
fisura;  Fr. fissure.) 

1.  A narrow  chasm  or  opening  where  a breach 

has  been  made  ; a cleft ; a crevice.  “ These  per- 
pendicular fissures  in  the  earth.”  Goldsmith. 

2.  (Anat.)  A groove  or  depression;  as,  “The 

fissure  of  the  spleen.”  Iloblyn. 

||  FIS'SURE  (fish'yur),  v.  a.  To  cleave;  to  make 
a fissure  in.  Wiseman. 

FIST,  n.  [A.  S .fyst;  Dut.  vuist ; Ger .faust.  This 
word  is  traced  by  Wachter,  Minsheu,  Skinner, 
and  Junius  to  A.  S.ftestnian;  Ger . fassen,  to 
seize,  to  fasten  upon,  or foist,  fast;  Ger. festc.) 
The  human  hand  clinched. 

Logic  differeth  from  rhetoric  as  th efist  from  the  palm;  the 
one  close,  the  other  at  large.  Pcicon. 

FIST,  v.  a.  1.  To  strike  with  the  fist.  Dryden. 

2.  To  gripe  with  the  fists.  “ Fisting  each 
other’s  throats.”  Shak. 

FIS'TIC,  a.  Relating  to  or  done  by  the  fist;  pu- 
gilistic. Qu.  Rev. 

FIS'TI-CUFFS,  n.  pi.  [fist  and  cuff.]  A battle 
with  the  fist ; a boxing.  Swift. 

FIS'TI-NUT,  n.  [Corrupted  from  pistachio.)  A 
pistachio  nut.  Johnson. 

FIS'TU-CA,  n.  [L.,  a hammer  or  beetle .]  A pile- 
driving instrument ; — called  also,  by  workmen, 
a monkey.  Craig. 

FIST'U-LA,  n. ; pi.  FISTULA?.  [L.,  a pipe.] 

1.  (Med.)  A long,  sinuous,  pipe-like  ulcer, 

with  a narrow  orifice,  and  without  disposition 
to  heal.  lioblyn. 

FiMulce  have  received  different  names  according  to  the  dis- 
charge which  they  afford,  and  the  organs  in  which  they  are 
seated,  as  lachrymal , biliary,  salivary,  synovial,  urinary. 

Dunylison. 

2.  (Ent.)  The  intermediate  sub-quadrangular 

pipe,  in  insects,  which  conveys  the  nectar  to  the 
pharynx.  Maunder. 

Fistula  in  ano,  (Med.)  fistula  of  the  rectum.  — Fis- 
tula lachrymalis , (Med.)  fistula  of  the  lachrymal  duct. 

FIST'U-LAR,  a.  [L.  fistularis ; It.  fistolare ; Sp. 
fistular;  Fr . fistulaire.)  Relating  to  a fistula 
or  pipe  ; hollow.  Martin. 

FIS-TU-LJ  ' RI-A,  n.  ( Icli .)  A genus  of  fishes 
having  an  elongated,  tube-like  muzzle ; the 
tobacco-pipe  fish.  Baird. 

FJST'U-LA-RY,  a.  Fistular.  Blount. 

FlST'U-LATE,  v.n.  To  turn  or  grow  to  a fistula ; 

* to  become  fistular.  Bullokar. 

FIST'U-LATE,  v.  a.  To  make  hollow  like  a pipe. 
[k.]  The  Strident. 

FIST-U-LI'DAN,  n.  [L.  fistula,  a pipe.]  (Zoiil.) 
A worm  resembling  Holithuridce.  Brande. 

FIS-TU'LI-FORM,  a.  [L.  fistula,  a pipe,  and 
forma,  form.]  In  the  form  of  a tube  ; tubular ; 
in  round  hollow  columns.  Craig. 

FIST'U-LOSE,  a.  [L . fistulosus ; It.fisfolnso;  Sp. 
fistuloso ; Fr . fistuleux.)  Formed  like  a fistula  ; 
fistular ; fistulous.  Hooker. 


FIST'lT-LOfjS,  a.  Having  the  nature  of  a fistula  ; 
fistular  ; fistulose.  Wiseman. 

FIT,  n.  [Etymology  uncertain.  Skinner  suggests 
fight,  every  fit  being  a struggle  of  nature.  FI. 
vits  ; Fr.  rite,  quick.  Junius.  — Fr  .fait,  a fact ; 
h.facio,  to  do  ; factum.  Tooke .] 

1.  An  attack,  paroxysm,  or  exacerbation  of  a 
distemper ; a sudden  and  violent  attack  of  any 
disease,  particularly  of  a disease  attended  with 
convulsion  ; as,  “ An  epileptic  fit.” 

2.  Any  short  return  after  intermission;  an 
interval. 

By  fits  he  breathes,  half  views  the  fleeting  skies, 

And  seals  again  by  fits  his  swimming  eyes.  Pope. 

3.  Any  sudden  and  temporary  affection. 
“These  sullen  fits.”  Shak.  “ A fit  of  melan- 
choly.” Addison.  “ By  fits  and  starts.”  Roget. 

4.  Disorder  ; distemperature.  “ The  fits  of 

the  season.”  • Shak. 

5.  f [A.  S.  fitt,  a song ; Dut.  ritten,  to  sing.] 
A part  of  a song  or  poem  ; a canto.  Spenser. 

6.  f A strain  in  music.  “ The  trumpets  blow 

a fit.”  Old  Poem. 

7.  Adjustment  of  dress  to  the  body.  Clarke. 

FIT,  ft.  [FI.  vitten.  Kilian,  Johnson. — F r.  fait, 
a fact.  Skinner.  — See  Feat.] 

1.  Having  the  necessary  qualifications  ; qual- 
ified. “You  an  officer  fit  for  the  place ! ” Shak. 

2.  Suitable  ; proper  ; becoming  ; convenient ; 
meet ; appropriate  ; apt ; befitting. 

Is  it  fit 

To  labor  after  other  knowledge  so. 

And  thine  own  nearest,  dearest  self  not  know?  Lanyford. 

Syn.  — See  Appropriate,  Becoming,  Con- 
venient. 

FIT,  V.  a.  [i.  FITTED  ; pp.  FITTING,  FITTED.] 

1.  To  suit ; to  adapt ; to  adjust. 

The  carpenter  marketh  it  out  with  a line;  he  fitteth  it  with 
planes.  Isa.  xliv.  13. 

2.  To  accommodate  or  provide  with  some- 
thing suitable.  “Fit  me  with  such  weeds.” 
“ Every  true  man’s  apparel /to  your  thief.”  Shak. 

3.  To  prepare;  to  get  ready ; to  qualify  ; to 

equip.  “ I am  not  fitted  for ’t.”  Shak. 

4.  To  be  adapted  to  ; to  become. 

The  Game  things,  sir,  fit  not  you  and  me.  Beau.  If  FI. 

To  fit  out,  to  furnish  ; to  equip  ; to  supply  with 
necessaries.  “ He  fitted  out  squadrons.”  Chesterfield. 
— To  fit  up,  to  make  ready  ; to  make  proper  for  the 
use  or  reception  of  any  one.  “ lie  has  fitted  up  his 
farm.”  Pope. 

Syn.  — To  fit  is  to  provide  one’s  self  with  proper 
qualifications  ; to  suit  is  to  provide  with  wliat  is 
agreeable.  We  fit  ourselves  for  the  thing  ; we  suit 
tile  tiling  to  ourselves.  A proper  education  fits  or 
qualifies  a person  for  a station ; and  what  is  pleasing 
suits  his  taste.  A shoe  is  made  to  fit  tile  foot ; a coat, 
to  fit  the  body.  Things  are  adapted  to  their  uses,  ad- 
justed to  their  position,  and  accommodated  to  each 
other.  — See  Qualify. 

FIT,  v.  nT  1.  To  be  proper  ; to  be  becoming. 

Nor  fits  it  to  prolong  the  feast.  Pope. 

2.  To  be  suited;  to  be  adapted;  as,  “The 
garment  fits  well.” 

f FIT,  p.  from  fight.  Fought.  Congreve. 

FITCH,  ra.  1.  A chick-pea ; a vetch.  Ezek.  iv.  9. 

2.  The  fur  of  the  fitchew. 

FITCH'AT,  l 

) n. 


Same  as  Fitchew. 


Walton. 


FITCH'AT, 

FlTCII'EW  (fich'o),  n.  [Derivation  uncertain.  — 
Dut.  visse,  fisse,  vitche  ; Fr.  fissau.  Richard- 
son..]  The  European  polecat,  or  foumart.  Bell. 

+ FlTCH'Y,  a.  Having  fitches  ; vetchy.  Fuller. 

FIT'FUL,  a.  Full  of  fits  or  paroxysms  ; fickle. 

After  life’s  Jitful  fever  lie  sleeps  well.  Shak. 

FIT'LY,  ad.  Properly  ; justly  ; commodiously. 

f FIT'MfNT,  n.  Something  fitted  to  an  end. Shak. 

FIT'NpsS,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state  of  being 
fit ; suitableness  ; propriety. 

Always  the  fitness  of  the  means  respect.  Blackmore. 

tFIT'TA-BLE,  a.  Suitable;  fit.  Sherwood. 

FlT'TpD,^.  a.  Made  suitable  ; adapted;  suitable. 

FIT'TED-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  fitted  or 
adapted.  II.  More. 

FlT'TflR,  n.  1.  He  who,  or  that  which,  fits  or 
confers  fitness.  Mortimer. 


2.  One  who  conducts  the  sales  between  the 

owner  of  a coal-pit  and  a shipper  of  coals ; a 
coal-fitter.  Simmonds. 

3.  A weigher  at  the  mint.  Simmonds. 

4.  [It.  fella,  slice,  bit ; Ger.  fetzen,  shred, 

rag.]  A small  piece  ; a fragment.  “ Alas  ! he’s 
all  to  fitters.”  Beau.  § FI. 

FIT'TJNG, p.  a.  1.  Suiting;  adapting. 

2.  Fit ; proper.  “Fitting  for  a princess.”  Shak. 

FIT'TING-LY,  ad.  Properly  ; suitably.  More. 

FlT'TING-NESS,  n.  Suitableness.  Bp.  Taylor. 

FIT'TING— OUT,  n.  The  furnishing  of  a ship 
with  men,  provisions,  &c.  Craig. 

FIT'TING— UP,  n.  An  equipment;  a furnishing  ; 
a preparation.  Ch.  Ob. 

FlT'WEED,  n.  A plant ; Eryngium  feetidum  ; — 
so  called  because  considered  as  a powerful  anti- 
hysterical  medicine.  Crabb. 

FITZ  (fits),  n.  [Norm.  Fr.,  from  L.  filius ; Fr. 
fils.]  A son  ; — used  in  composition ; as, 
“ Ftoherbert,  the  son  of  Herbert”;  “ Fitzxoy, 
the  son  of  the  king.”  Lower. 

JQST  It  is  commonly  used  of  illegitimate  children. 

FIVE,  a.  & n.  [Goth .fimf;  A.  S.  fif\  Dut.  vyf; 
Ger .fi/nf;  Dan.  § Sw.  fern.)  Four  and  oiie  ; 
half  of  ten. 

FIVE'— BAR,  a.  Having  five  bars;  five-barred. 
“ A five-bar  gate.”  Gag. 

FIVE'— BARRED  (-hard),  a.  Having  five  bars.  “ A 
five-barred  gate.”  Young. 

FIVE'— CLEFT,  a.  Divided  into  five  segments ; 
quinquefid.  Boag. 

FIVE'— FIN'GER,  n.  1.  (Bot.)  A species  of  cinque- 
foil ; Potentilla  reptans.  Farm.  Encg. 

2.  A name  sometimes  given  to  two  species  of 
star-fish.  Forbes. 

FIVE'— FIN-GfRED,  a.  Having  five  fingers. 

FIVE'— FIN'GER— TIED,  a.  United  by  the  whole 
hand.  Shak. 

FIVE'— FOLD,  a.  Consisting  of  five  in  one;  be- 
ing in  fives.  Fotherbg. 

FIVE'— LEAF,  n.  Cinquefoil  ; a grass.  Drayton. 

FIVE'— LEAVED  (-levd),  a.  Having  five  leaves. 
“ Five-leaved  grass.”  Barrett. 

FIVE'— LOBED,  a.  Having  five  lobes.  Clarke. 

FIVE'— PART-^D,  a.  Divided  into  five  parts. 

FIVE'— POINT-jfD,  a.  Having  five  points.Pe/mnnf. 

FIVE§,  n.  pi.  1.  A play  with  a ball,  in  which 
three  fives  are  counted  to  the  game.  Smart. 

2.  A disease  of  horses  ; vives.  Shak. 

FIVE'— TOOTHED  (-totht),  a.  Having  five  teeth. 

FIVE'— VALVED,  a.  Having  five  valves.  Clarke. 

FI  X,v.a.  [L.figo,  fixus-,  It.  ficcare,  or  figgere ; Sp. 
fijar;  Fr  .fixer.)  [i.  fixed;  pp.  fixing,  fixed.] 

1.  To  make  fast,  firm,  or  stable  ; to  fasten  ; to 
tie  ; to  attach. 

Fate  had  fixed  too  deep 

Her  dark  foundatious.  Milton. 

2.  To  establish  ; to  settle  ; to  determine  ; to 
limit;  to  define  ; to  appoint. 

In  which  of  nil  these  orbs  hath  man 

His  Jixecl  seat?  Milton. 

3.  To  direct  without  variation.  “My  thoughts 

at  present  axe  fixed  on  Homer.”  Dryden. 

Why  are  thine  eyes  fixed  to  the  sullen  earth  ? Shak. 

4.  To  deprive  of  volatility ; to  solidify. 

We  pronounce  concerning  gold  that  it  is  fired.  Locke. 

5.  f To  transfix  ; to  pierce. 

* A bow  of  steel  shall  fix  his  trembling  thighs.  Sandy s. 

6.  To  adjust;  to  put  in  order.  [U.  S.] 

To  fix  the  hair,  the  table,  the  fire,  means  to  dress  the  hair, 
lay  the  table,  and  make  the  fire.  LyclVs  Travels. 

Syn.  — To  fix  is  a general  term  of  extensive  appli- 
cation. Fix  a boundary  ; fix  the  eye  ; fix  attention  ; 
fix  a bayonet ; fasten  with  a rope  ; attach  friends,  or 
blame  : Jix  or  appoint  a time  ; settle  the  affair  ; deter- 
mine the  question  ; define  the  term  ; limit  the  price  ; 
establish  the  principle.  — See  Firm. 

FIX,  v.  n.  1.  To  settle  or  remain  permanently. 

Your  kindness  banishes  your  fear. 

Resolved  to  fix  for  ever  liere.  Waller. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  tj,  Y,  short;  A,  f,,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  F.ARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


FIX 


561 


FLAKE 


2.  To  become  firm ; to  lose  fluidity.  Bacon. 

To  fix  on,  to  settle  the  opinion  or  resolution  on  ; to 
determine  or  fasten  on.  “ If  tve  would  be  happy,  we 
must  fix  on  some  foundation  that  can  never  deceive 
us.”  L*  Estrange. 

FIX,  n.  A predicament  ; a dilemma;  as,  “ A bad 
fix."  [An  American  vulgarism.]  Bartlett. 

FLX'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  fixed.  Darwin. 

FIX-A'TION,  n.  [Sp.  fijacion  ; Fr.  fixation.] 

1.  The  act  of  fixing.  Glanville. 

2.  The  state  of  being  fixed  or  restrained.  “ A 
fixation  and  confinement  of  thought.”  Watts. 

3.  The  state  in  which  a body  does  not  evap- 
orate or  become  volatile  by  heat.  Bacon. 

4.  Stability  ; firmness;  steadiness.  “An  un- 
alterable fixation  of  resolution.”  Killingbeck. 

FIX'A-TURE,  n.  A gummy  composition  for  the 
hair.  Simmonds. 

FIXED  (fikst  or  flks'ed),  p.  a.  Made  fast,  firm, 
or  stable;  firmly  established:  — intently  direct- 
ed ; fastened  : — deprived  or  destitute  of  vola- 
tility. 

Fixed  air , the  old  term  for  carbonic  acid.  — Fixed 
alkalies,  potassa  ami  soda,  which  are  not  easily  vol- 
atilized;— distinguished  from  ammonia,  the  volatile 
alkali.  — Fixed  axis,  the  axis  about  which  a plane 
revolves  in  the  formation  of  a solid. — Fixed  bodies, 
substances  which  bear  great  heat  without  evaporation 
or  volatilization.  — Fixed  oils,  the  common  greasy 
oils,  so  termed  in  contradistinction  to  the  volatile  oils  ; 
as  they  do  not  evaporate  except  at  a very  higlr  temper- 
ature.— Fixed  stars,  such  stars  as  always  retain  the 
same  apparent  position  with  respect  to  one  another. 

FIX'pD-LY,  ad.  1.  Firmly;  fastly.  Locke. 

2.  Steadfastly  ; intently.  Burnet. 

FIX'JJD-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  fixed.  Bentley. 

f FIX-lD'l-TY,  n.  Coherence  of  parts.  Boyle. 

fLx'I-TY,  n.  [Fr.  fixite.  — See  Fix.]  Coherence 
of  parts  ; fixedness  ; tenacity.  Newton. 

FlXT,  p.  from  fix.  Sometimes  used  for  fixed. — 
See  Fix.  Todd. 

FIXT'URE  (fikst'vur),  n.  That  which  is  fixed  : — 
a piece  of  furniture  fixed  to  a house,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  a movable ; something  fixed  or 
immovable.  Byron. 

X; p ■ “ Fixture  is  a modern  word.”  Todd. 

FIX'URE  (ftks'yur),  n.  1.  The  state  of  being 
placed ; position.  “ Th efixure  of  her  eye.”  Shah. 

2.  Firmness  ; stable  state.  Shak. 

FlZ'GIG,  n.  1.  A kind  of  harpoon  to  strike  fish ; 

— properly  a fishgig. — See  Fishgig.  Herbert. 

2.  A kind  of  firework; — probably  so  called 

from  the  fizzing  or  hissing  noise  it  makes  on 
explosion.  Cotgrave. 

3.  A gadding  flirt.  Skelton. 

FIZZ,  or  FIZ,  n.  A hissing  noise  ; a hiss. Halliwell. 

FIZZ,  v.  n.  [Icel.  fysa .]  To  fly  off:  — to  hiss; 
to  fizzle.  Brockett. 

FIZ'ZLE,  V.  n.  To  emit  a hissing  noise  ; to  hiss  : 

— to  break  wind.  B.  Jonson. 

FLAB'BpR-GAST-C.D,  a.  Confounded;  abashed. 
[Local  and  low.]  Sir  Francis  Head. 

FLAB'BI-LY,  ad.  In  a flabby  manner.  Dr.  Allen. 

FL.AB'BI-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality  of 
being  flabby.  Scott. 

FLAB'BY,  a.  [Probably  flappy.  Richardson.  — 
See  Flap.]  Flaccid  ; soft ; loose ; wanting 
firmness.  “ Flabby  substances,  like  muscles 
and  membranes.”  Paley. 

t FLA'BgL,  n.  [L .flabellum.]  A fan.  Huloet. 

FLA-BEL'LATE,  a.  \ L.flabellum , a small  fan.] 
(Rot.)  Fan-shaped;  flabelliform.  Gray. 

FLAB-pL-LA'TION,  n.  [Fr . flabellation.]  The  act 
of  fanning,  or  cooling  by  use  of  the  fan.Dunglison. 

FLA-BEL'Li-FORM,  a.  [L.  fiabellum,  a small  fan, 
and  forma,  form;  Fr.  flabelliforme.]  (Bot.) 
Shape|l  like  a fan  ; broad  and  rounded  at  the 
summit,  and  narrowed  at  the  base.  Gray. 

FLAb'ILE,  a.  [L.flabilis  ; fio,  to  blow.]  Subject 
to  be  blown,  [n.]  Bailey. 

FLAe'CID  ( flak'sid),  a.  [L.  flaccidus ; It . fiaccido ; 
Sp-  flacido.]  Weak  and  soft ; hanging  down  by 


its  own  weight ; limber ; flagging  : — not  full ; 
not  distended;  not  tense  ; not  stiff';  lax. 

Those  whose  muscles  are  weak  or  Jlaccid  are  unapt  to  pro- 
nounce the  letter  r.  Holder. 

FLAU-ylD'I-TY,  n.  [It.  flaccidita ; Sp.  flacidcz  ; 
Fr . flaccidite .]  The  state  of  being  flaccid ; lax- 
ity; limberness;  want  of  tension.  Wiseman. 

FLAe'yiD-LY,  ad.  In  a flaccid  manner.  Clarke. 

FLAe'yiD-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  flaccid  ; 
flaccidity.  Scott. 

FLAck'ER,  v.  n.  To  flutter  as  a bird.  [Local, 
Eng.]  Wright. 

FLAck'ET,  n.  [A.  S.  flaxe,  a flask.]  A bottle 
in  the  form  of  a barrel.  Simmonds. 

FLAOKTl?,  n.  A truss  made  of  straw  for  protect- 
ing a horse’s  back  from  the  creel  or  basket 
which  he  carries.  Simmonds. 

FlAg,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  fieogan,  to  fly.  Johnson.  L. 
fiacceo ; Sp.  flaefliear,  to  droop,  to  flag.]  [*. 
FLAGGED  ; pp.  FLAGGING,  FLAGGED.] 

1.  To  hang  loose,  without  stiffness  or  tension. 

“ The  fagging  sails.”  Dry  den. 

2.  To  droop ; to  become  languid,  weak,  or 
faint ; to  decline  ; to  languish. 

Thus  reputation  is  a spur  to  wit, 

And  some  wits  flag  through  tear  of  losing  it.  Cou'per. 

FLAG,  v.  a.  1.  To  let  fall  into  feebleness  ; to  suf- 
fer to  droop,  or  become  languid  ; to  enervate. 
“Nothing  so  fags  the  spirits.”  Echard. 

2.  [From  flag,  a species  of  stone.]  To  lay 
with  broad  stones.  Sandys. 

FLAG,  n.  [Icel.  fiagan ; W .flag,  flag.  — A.  S. 
fieogan,  to  fly ; because  it  is  moved  by  any 
wind.  Johnson,  Richardson .]  (Bot.)  A water- 
plant  of  the  genus  Iris,  with  a bladed  or  ensi- 
form  leaf.  Walton. 

FLAG,  n.  [A.  S.  flean,  to  flay.  Richardson.] 

1.  A broad  flat  stone  used  for  paving;  a flag- 
stone. Woodward. 

2.  A turf  pared  off  for  burning.  [Local, 

Eng.]  Grose. 

FLAG,  n.  [Dut.  flag;  Ger.  flagge ; Dan  .flag-,  Sw. 
flagg.  This  word  is  referred  by  Richardson  to 
A.  S.  fieogan,  to  fly.]  A cloth  or  colors  borne 
on  a staff  as  a military  or  naval  ensign. 

ASP  In  the  navy,  flags  borne  on  the  masts  of  ves- 
sels not  only  designate  the  country  to  which  they  be- 
long, but  by  their  position  they  denote  the  quality  of 
the  officer  by  whom  the  ship  is  commanded. 

Syn. — See  Standard. 

To  heave  out  the  fiag,  (JVaut.)  to  put  it  out.  — To 
hang  out  the  white  flag,  to  call  for  quarter,  or  to  indi- 
cate friendly  intentions.  — To  lower  or  strike  the  flag, 
to  pull  it  down  upon  the  cap,  or  take  it  in,  out  of 
respect  or  submission. — To  hang  out  the  red  flag,  to 
give  a signal  of  defiance  and  battle.  — A flag  of  truce, 
(Mil.)  a flag  carried  to  an  enemy  when  some  pacific 
communication  is  intended. 

FLAG'— BROOM,  n.  A broom  for  sweeping  pave- 
ments. Johnson. 

FLAG'JEL-LANT,  n. ; pi.  flagellants.  [ L.  fla- 
gella, flagell'ins,  to  whip  ; It.  fiagellante ; Sp. 
flagelante ; Fr.  flagellant .]  One  of  a sect  of 
Christians  that  arose  in  Italy  in  1260,  and  that 
maintained  the  necessity  of  flagellation.  Brande. 

FLAGYL-LATE,  V.  a.  [».  FLAGELLATED  ; pp. 
FLAGELLATING,  FLAGELLATED.]  To  whip  ; to 
scourge.  Cockeram. 

FLAG'EL-LATE,  a.  (Bot.)  Long,  narrow,  and 
flexible,  like  the  thong  of  a whip.  Gray. 

FLA<?-PL-LA'TI0N,  n.  [L.  flqgellatio  ; It.  fla- 
gellazione-,  Sp .flagelacion  ; fr. flagellation.]  Act 
of  flagellating  ; a whipping  ; a scourging.  Garth. 

+ FLA-GELLE',  v.  a.  [L.  flagello.]  To  whip  ; to 
scourge  ; as,  “ To  flagelle  the  church.”  Bale. 

FLA-l-rEL'LI-FORM,  a.  [L.  flagellum,  a whip,  and 
forma,  form;  Fr.  flageiliforme.]  (Bot.)  Re- 
sembling a whiptliong.  P.  Cyc. 

FLA- CEL ' LUM,n. ; pi.  fla-Rei.'  la.  [L.]  1.  (Bot.) 
A trailing  shoot  of  a vine  ; a young  shoot.  Brande. 

2.  (Zoiil.)  An  appendage  to  the  legs  of  Crusta- 
cea resembling  a whip.  Owen. 

FLAG'EO-LET  (flaj'o-let),  n.  [Gr.  nl.nytavlo;  ; zl.a- 
yios,  sideways,  and  oW.ii ;,  a flute;  Fr.  flageolet. 
Portus,  Morin.]  (Mus.)  A small  wooden  wind 


instrument,  resembling  a flute,  but  played  with  a 
mouth-piece  at  the  end;  — often  written  flagelct. 

FLAg'-FEATH-PR,  n.  A feather  of  a bird’s  wing 
next  to  the  body.  Booth. 


FLAg'G!-NESS,  n.  A flaggy  state  ; want  of  ten- 
sion; laxity.  Sherwood. 

FLAG'GING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  drooping  or  grow- 
ing dull. 

2.  A foot-pavement  of  flag-stones.  Clarke. 


FLAg'GY,  a.  [See  Flag;  v.  n.] 

1.  Weak;  lax;  limber;  not  stiff;  not  tense. 
“ Flaggy  wings.”  Dryden.  “ Flaggy  tins." Spenser. 

2.  Having  little  or  no  taste ; insipid.  “A  great 

flaggy  apple.”  Baron. 

3.  Abounding  in,  or  resembling,  the  plants 

called  flags.  Clarke. 


FLA-yi''TIOyS  (flj-jlsh'us),  a.  [L.  flagitiosus  ; 
flagitium,  a disgraceful  act ; It.  flagizwso  ; Sp. 
flagicioso.]  Very  wicked;  villanous  ; atrocious; 
.highly  criminal ; heinous  ; profligate. 

Perjury  is  a crime  of  so  flagitious  a nature,  we  cannot  be 
too  careful  in  avoiding  every  approach  towards  it.  Addison. 

Syn.  — See  Heinous,  Wicked. 


FLA-§rI"TIOlJS-LY  (fl?-jlsh'us-le),  ad.  In  a fla- 
gitious manner.  Bp.  Hall. 

FLA-yl "TIOUS-NESS  (fla-jlsh'us-nes),  n.  Qual- 
ity of  being  flagitious  ; extreme  wickedness. 

FLAG'— OF-FI-CpR,  n.  (Na.ut.)  The  commander 
of  a squadron  ; an  admiral.  Addison. 

FLAg’ON,  n.  \Fr.flacon ; Sp.  fiasco.  This  word 
is  derived  by  some  from  A.  S.  flaxe,  a flask,  and 
by  others  from  Gr.  Hygvo;,  a flagon,  or  L. 
lagena.] 

1.  A vessel  for  holding  liquor,  generally  with  a 
long  neck,  covered  at  top,  and  a spout.  Fairholt. 

2.  A vessel  used  to  contain  wine  for  the  eu- 
charist. 


FLA'GRANCE,  n.  Flagrancy.  Bp.  Hall. 

FLA'GRAN-CY,  n.  [L.  flagrantia  ; F r.  flagrance.] 

1.  Quality  of  being  flagrant  or  burning  ; heat ; 

fire.  “ A flagrancy  in  the  eyes.”  Bacon. 

2.  Notoriousness;  glaring  impudence.  Steel. 

FLA'GRANT,  a.  [L . flagro , flag  runs , to  burn;  It. 
Sj  Sp.  flagrante ; Fr.  flagranti] 

1.  Ardent ; burning  ; eager.  “ Flagrant  de- 
sires and  affections.”  Hooker. 

2.  Flaming  into  notice  ; glaring;  notorious; 

heinous;  enormous.  “ A flagrant  act  of  in- 
justice.” Hurd. 

Syn.  — Sec  Heinous. 

FLA-GRAN' TE  BEL' LO.  [L.]  While  the  war 
is  raging  ; during  hostilities.  Macdonnel. 

FLA- GRAM1  TE  DE-LIC'TO.  [L.]  During  the 
commission  of  the  crime. 


FLA'GR  ANT-LY,  ad.  In  a flagrant  manner. 

FLA'GRANT-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  fla- 
grant ; flagrancy.  Scott. 

t FLA'GRATE,  v.  a.  [L.  flagro,  flagratus.]  To 
burn ; to  injure  by  fire.  Greenhill. 

t FLA-GRA'TION,  n.  A conflagration.  Lovelace. 

FLAG'— SHIP,  n.  (Naut.)  The  ship  bearing  the 
commander  of  a fleet,  or  commanded  by  a flag- 
officer.  Johnson. 

FLAg'-STAff,  n.  The  staff  or  pole  on  which  a 
flag  is  elevated.  Dryden. 

FLAG'-STONE,  n.  A broad,  flat  stone  used  for 

pavement ; a flag.  Eng.  Cyc. 

FLAg'-WORM  (-warm),  n.  A grub  bred  in  wa- 
tery places  among  flags  and  sedge.  Walton. 

FLAIL  (Hal),  n.  \L.  flagellum,  a whip  ; Fr.  flean, 
a flail ; Dot .vlegel;  Ger.  flegel.]  An  implement 
for  threshing  grain  by  hand,  consisting  of  the 
handle  or  handstaff,  and  the  swipple,  or  that 
part  that  strikes  the  sheaves. 

Or  like  a lazy  thresher  with  a flail.  Shak. 

FlAir,  v.  n.  See  Flare.  Ash. 

FLAirE,  n.  (Ich.)  A fish  of  the  ray  kind ; sting- 
ray; firc-flaire  ; Trygon  pastinaca.  Yarrell. 

FLAKE,  n.  [L.  floccus;  It.  fiocco ; A.  S.flacca, 
flakes  of  snow ; Dut.  vlok,  a flake  ; Ger .flocke.] 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 

71 


BULL,  BUR,  RIJLE.  — y,  9,  g,  soft;  JC,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z; 


\ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


FLAKE 


562 


FLARE 


1.  A small  flat  particle  or  collection  of  any 
mutter  loosely  held  together ; a flock ; a scale. 

Small  parcels  which  we  call  flakes  of  snow.  Grew. 

2.  A sort  of  scaffold  or  platform,  made  of 

hurdles  and  supported  by  stanchions  ; — used 
for  drying  fish.  Craig. 

3.  pi.  Hurdles  or  portable  pales  for  fencing. 

[Scotland.]  Jamieson. 

4.  A sort  of  carnation  of  two  colors  only,  hav- 
ing large  stripes  going  through  the  leaves.  Craig. 

5.  (A Taut.)  A suia]}  staSc  hung  over  a ship’s 
side,  to  calk  or  repair  any  breach.  Ogilvie. 

FLAKE,  V.  a.  [i.  FLAKED  ; pp.  FLAKING,  FLAKED.] 
To  form  in  flakes  or  lamina;. 

Mould  the  round  hail,  or  flake  the  fleecy  snow.  Pope. 

FLAKE,  v.  n.  To  break  into  flakes  orlaminaj ; to 
scale  off.  Congreve. 

FLAKE'— WHITE,  n.  The  purest  white-lead  in 
the  form  of  flakes  or  scales.  Urc. 

FLA'KI-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  flaky.  Ash. 

FLA'KY,  a.  1.  Consisting  of,  or  abounding  in, 
flakes  or  small,  flat  particles.  “ Flaky  fires.” 
Watts.  “ Flaky  flames.”  Pope. 

2.  Resembling,  or  pertaining  to,  flakes.  “ A 
flaky  consistency.”  Browne. 

FLAM,  n.  [Goth,  flit  lima  ; A.  S.  fleam,  a flight; 
Ieel. ///»(.] 

1.  A freak  ; a whim  ; a fancy.  Beau.  § FI. 

2.  A falsehood ; a lie ; an  illusory  pretext. 
“ Cant  and  cheat,  flam  and  delusion.”  South. 

FLAM,  v.  a.  To  deceive  with  a lie  ; to  delude ; to 
cheat ; to  impose  upon.  South. 

FLAM ' BEAU  (Ham'bo),  n. ; pi.  Fr.  flambeaux; 
Eng.  flambeaus  (flam'boz).  [Fr.]  A torch  ; a 
flame  ; a lighted  torch.  Dryclen. 

FLAM- BOY' ANT,  n.  [Fr.,  from  flamboyer,  to 
shine ; to  flash.]  A style  of  architecture  so 
named  from  the  flame-like  wavings  of  its  tra- 
cery. Craig. 

FLAME,  n.  [L . flamma  ; It .fiamma  ; Sp.  llama  ; 
F r.  flamme.  — W.  ffam.\ 

1.  Inflammable  gas  in  a state  of  combustion, 
as  it  ascends  in  a stream  from  a burning  body ; 
a blaze  ; flare  ; flash  ; glare. 

Flame  is  merely  a thin  film  of  white,  hot  vapor.  P.  Cyc. 

2.  Fire. 

Jove,  Prometheus’  theft  allow; 

The  flames  he  once  stole  from  thee  grant  him  now.  Cowley. 

3.  Warmth  of  thought  or  feeling;  ardor; 
fervency  ; fervor ; enthusiasm. 

The  same  flame , by  different  ways  expressed, 

Glows  in  the  hero’s  and  the  poet’s  breast.  liovje. 

4.  A person  loved : — the  passion  of  love. 

My  heart’s  on  flame , and  does  like  fire 

To  her  aspire.  Cowley. 

Syn.  — Flame  and  blaze  are  both  ignited  vapor, 
produced  by  the  application  of  fire.  Blaze  is  more 
dazzling  and  more  transient  than  flame.  A candle 
burns  by  a flame  ; paper,  or  a light  combustible,  by  a 
blaze  gunpowder,  by  a flash  ; a torch  or  flambeau, 
by  a flare  ; a conflagration,  by  a glare. 

FLAME,  v.  n.  [W.  fflamio.]  [i.  flamed  ; pp. 
FLAMING,  FLAMED.] 

1.  To  shine,  as  fire  ; to  burn  with  emission  of 

light ; to  blaze.  Milton. 

2.  To  break  out  in  violence  of  passion ; to 

hurst  forth,  like  flame.  Beau.  <Sf  FI. 

+ FLAME,  v.  n.  To  inflame  ; to  excite.  Spenser. 

FLAME'— COL-OR,  n.  The  color  of  flame.  “A 
robe  of  flame-color.”  B.  Jonson. 

FLAME'-COL-ORED  (-kul-urd),  a.  Of  the  color 
of  flame.  “ Flame-colored  stockings.”  Shak. 

FLAME'— EYED  (-Id),  a.  Having  eyes  like  flame. 
“Flame-eyed  Fury.”  Quarles. 

FLAME'LIJSS,  a.  Without  flame.  “ His  flame- 
less altar.”  Sandys. 

FLA  'MEN,  n. ; pi.  L.  flam' i-NElf,  Eng.  fla'- 
men?.  [L.]  ( Roman  Ant.)  The  name  of  any 

priest  who  was  devoted  to  the  service  of  one 
particular  god,  and  who  received  a distinguish- 
ing epithet  froth  the  deity  to  whom  he  minis- 
tered, as  Fla/men  Martialis,  a priest  of  Mars. 

W.  Smith. 

FLA  M'ING,  n.  The  act  of  bursting  out  in  flames  ; 
a blazing.  Bale. 


FLAM  ING,  p.  a.  1.  Emitting  a flame  ;.  blazing. 
“ A flaming  meteor.”  Wilkie. 

2.  Of  a bright,  gaudy  color ; bright  red  or 

bright  yellow.  Prior. 

3.  Violent ; exciting;  as,  “A  flaming  speech.” 

FLAM'JNG-LY,  ad.  Radiantly  ; most  brightly. 

Cotgrave. 

FLA-MIN'GO,  n. ; pi.  fla-mTn'- 
goe$.  [L.  flamma,  flame  ; 

Sp.  flamenco  ; Fr .flamant.] 

(Ornith.)  A bird  of  the  or- 
der Anseres,  family  Anati- 
dw,  and  sub-family  Phoeni- 
copterinee , remarkable  for 
the  extreme  length  of  its 
legs  and  neck,  and  its  flame- 
colored,  red,  or  rosy  plu- 
mage. Gray. 

FLA-MlN'l-CAL,  ft  Belong- 
ing to  a flamen ; flamini- 
ous.  Milton t 

FLA-MlN'I-OUS,  a.  Belong- 
ing to  a flamen;  flamin-  ^jTrX). 


ieal. 


More. 


FLAM-MA-BIl'I-TY,  n.  Inflammability.  Browne. 


FLAM'MA-BLE,  a. 
flammable. 


That  may  be  inflamed;  in- 
Smart. 


f FLAM-MA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  kindling  or 
setting  on  fire ; inflammation.  Browne. 

f FLAm'ME-OUS,  a.  [L .flammeus.)  Consisting 
of  flame,  or  resembling  flame.  “ Flammeous 
light.”  Browne. 

FLAM-MlF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  flammifer ; flamma, 
flame,  and/mr,  to  bear ; It  .flammifer 6.]  Pro- 
ducing flame,  [r.]  ■ ' Blount. 

FLAM-MIV'O-MOUS,  a.  [L.  flammivomus  ; flam- 
ma, flame,  and  vomo,  to  vomit.]  Vomiting  out 
flame,  [it.]  Bailey. 

FLA'MY,  a.  Pertaining  to  flame  ; consisting  of, 
or  like,  flame.  “ The  flamy  cuirass.”  Pope. 

FLANCH,  n.  1.  A flange.  — See 
Flange.  Francis. 

2.  (Her.)  An  ordinary  formed 
on  each  side  of  the  shield  by 
the  segment  of  a circle.  Ogilvie. 

FLAN-CO-NADE'  (flang-ko-nad'), 
n.  [Fr.]  (Fencing.)  A thrust  in 
the  flank  or  side.  Craig. 

FLAN'DIJRS— BRICK,  n.  A soft  brick  used  for 
cleaning  knives ; bath-brick.  Simmonds. 


A? 


f FLANG,  i.  from  fling.  Flung.  — Sec  Fling. 

FLAng,  n.  (Mining.)  A two-pointed  pick  used 
by  miners.  Simmonds. 

FLANGE,  v.  n.  To  project  outwards.  [Various 
dialects,  Eng.]  Halliwell. 

FLANGE,  n.  A projection.  [Craven  dialect.] 

IF.  Carr. 

FLANGE,  n.  [“Perhaps  from  Fr. 
frange,  a fringe.”  Craig.]  (Mech.) 

A projecting  part  in  any  piece  of 
mechanism  made  so  as  to  be  screwed 
to  another  part,  as  at  the  end  of 
pipes,  or  of  the  pieces  of  a shaft ; 

— a term  applied  also  to  a ledge  or 
rim  raised  on  the  edge  of  a wheel, 
to  prevent  it  from  running  off  a rail.  Simmonds. 

FLANK  (flaugk),  n.  [It.  fianco  ; Sp.  flanco;  Fr. 
flanc,  Ger.flanke  ; Dan.  &;  Sw.  flank.] 

1.  The  part  of  the  side  of  an  animal  between 
the  ribs  and  the  hip. 

2.  (Arch.)  The  side  of  a building,  of  a wall, 

&c.,  which  adjoins  the  front.  Brande. 

3.  (Mil.)  The  side  of  an  army,  or  of  any 

division  of  an  army ; the  extreme  right  or  the 
extreme  left.  Campbell. 

4.  (Fort.)  That  part  of  the  bastion  which 

reaches  from  the  curtain  to  the  face  ; that  part 
of  a work  which  is  so  placed  as  to  defend  an- 
other. Glos.  of  Mil.  Terms. 

5.  (Mech.)  The  straight  part  of  the  tooth  of 

a wheel,  that  receives  the  impulse.  Francis. 

FLANK,  v.  a.  [Fr .flanguer.]  [i.  flanked  ; pp. 
FLANKING,  flanked.] 

1.  (Mil.)  To  attack,  as  a body  of  troops,  on 


the  side,  or  to  dispose  troops  so  as  to  attack 
them.  Glos.  of  Mil.  Terms. 

2.  (Fort.)  To  secure  on  the  side.  “ Flanked 
with  rocks.”  Dryden. 

FLANK,  v.  n.  1.  To  border  ; to  touch.  Butler. 

2.  To  be  posted  on  the  side.  Craig. 

FLANK'ARDSJ  (flang'kardz),  n.  pi.  (Sporting.) 
The  knobs  or  nuts  in  the  flanks  of  a deer.  Craig. 

FLANK'S  k,  n.  1.  He  who,  or  that  which,  flanks. 

2.  (Mil.)  A fortification  jutting  out  so  as  to 
command  the  side  of  an  assailing  body.  “ Beat- 
en ..  . out  of  their  flankers.”  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

3.  pi.  (ALT)  The  most  active  men- and  horses 

in  military  manoeuvres,  employed  to  secure  a 
line  of  march.  Craig. 

FLANKER,  v.  a.  1.  To  defend  by  flankers  or 
lateral  fortifications.  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

2.  To  attack  sideways.  Evelyn. 

FLANKS,  n.  pi.  (Man.)  A wrench  or  any  other 
injury  in  the  back  of  a horse.  Crabb. 

FLAN'N$L,  n.  [W . gwlanen  ; gwlan,  wool ; Dut. 
flanel ; Ger.flanell ; Dan.  flanel. — Fr .flanclle. 
— Perhaps  from  L.  lanula,  diminutive  of  lana, 
wool.  Skinner.']  A soft,  nappy,  woollen  cloth. 

Natural  flannel,  a harsh  fibrous  texture,  sometimes 
found  covering  meadows,  rocks,  &c.,  after  an  inun- 
dation, and  consisting  of  interwoven  filaments  of 
conferva:,  with  adherent  or  entangled  infusoria,  crys- 
tals of  carbonate  of  lime,  & c.  Similar  layers  are 
frequently  found  upon  the  margins  of  pools  during 
the  summer.  As  the  water  evaporates,  the  conferva 
and  other  organisms  remain  supported  upon  the  stems 
of  rushes,  or  blades  of  grass,  and,  when  dry,  form  the 
so-called  natural  flannel.  Micrographic  Diet. 

FLAN'NEN,  a.  Made  of  flannel,  [r.] 

In  flannen  robes  the  coughing  ghost  does  walk.  Dryden. 

JOST  “ Flannen,  flannel.  Various  dialects.”  Halli- 
wcll.  “ Flannen,  tile  vulgar  pronunciation  of  flan- 
nel.” Brackett. 

FLAN'NING,  n.  (Arch.)  The  internal  splay  of  a 
window-jamb.  Weale. 

FLANT,  v.  n.  See  Flaunt. 

FLAP,  n.  [Dut.  klap  ; Ger.  klappe ; Dan.  klap  ; 
Sw.  klapp.  “ The  similarity  observable  in  the 
applications  of  the  words  lap  and  flap  leads  to  a 
suspicion  that  they  have  the  same  origin.”  Rich- 
ardson. — See  Lap.  See  also  Clap,  and  Slap.] 

1.  Any  thing  that  hangs  broad  and  loose,  fas- 
tened only  by  one  side,  as  the  skirt  of  a coat. 

There  is  a peculiar  provision  for  the  windpipe,  that  is,  a 
cartilaginous  flap  upon  the  opening  of  the  larynx.  Browne. 

2.  The  motion  of  any  thing  broad  and  loose. 

The  slightest  flap  a fly  can  chase.  Gay. 

3.  A stroke ; a slap.  Craig. 

4.  pi.  (Farriery.)  A disease  in  the  lips  of 

horses.  Farrier's  Diet. 

FLAP,  v.  a.  [i.  flapped  ; pp.  FLAPPING, 
FLAPPED.] 

1.  To  beat  with  a flap  or  flapper. 

Yet  let  me  flap  this  bug  with  gilded  wings.  Pope. 

2.  To  move  with  a flap,  as  something  broad. 

“The  raven  flapped  his  wing.”  Tickell. 

FLAP,  v.  n.  1.  To  move  loosely.  “Th c flapping 
sail.”  Byron. 

2.  To  fall  with  flaps,  or  broad  parts  depend- 
ing. “He  had  an  old,  black  hat  on,  that 
flapped."  State  Trials. 

FLAP'DRAg-ON,  n.  1.  A play  in  which  sweet- 
meats in  flame  are  snatched  out  of  burning 
brandy,  and  extinguished,  before  eating,  by 
closing  the  mouth.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  The  thing  eaten  in  playing  flapdragon. 

FIc  . . . drinks  candles’  ends  for  flapdragons.  Shak. 

FLAp'DRAG-ON,  v.  a.  To  swallow ; to  devour. 
“ The  sea  flapdragoned  it.”  Shak. 

FLAP'— EARED  (flap'erd),  a.  Having  loose  and 
broad  ears.  Shak. 

FLAP'JACK,  n.  A sort  of  broad,  flat  pancake ; 
a fried  cake  ; an  apple  puff.  Shak. 

FLAP'— MOUTHED  (flap'mouthd),  a.  Having  loose 
lips.  Shak. 

FLAp'PJSR,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  flaps. 

FLARE,  v.  n.  [Etymology  uncertain.  Johnson 
suggests  its  alliance  with  glare ; Norm.  Fr. 
flair,  to  blow.  — W .flflair,  a puff.]  [j.  flared  ; 
'pp.  flaring,  flared.] 


A,  E,  f,  6,  if,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  p,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure ; FARE,  fAr,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER  ; 


FLARE 


5G3 


FLATULENCE 


1.  To  give  a broad,  glaring,  unsteady  light,  as 
a lamp  in  a current  of  air  ; to  glare. 

Like  flaring  tapers,  brightening  as  they  waste.  Goldsmith. 

2.  To  glitter  with  transient  lustre. 

Speech  alone 

Doth  vanish  like  a flaring  thing.  G.  Herbert. 

3.  To  glitter  offensively  ; to  dazzle. 

When  the  sun  begins  to  fling 

His  flaring  beams.  Milton. 

4.  To  be  in  too  much  light. 

I cannot  stay 

Flaring  in  sunshine  all  the  day.  Prior. 

5.  To  flutter  with  a splendid  show.  Milton. 

With  ribbons  pendant  flaring  ’bout  her  head.  Shak. 

6.  To  widen  outward  in  opening.  Crabb. 

7.  (Naut.)  To  incline  or  hang  over  from  a 
perpendicular  line,  as  the  sides  of  a ship.  Dana . 

To  flare  up , to  fly  into  a passion. 

flAre,  n.  1.  An  unsteady,  broad,  offensive  light 
or  blaze  ; glare.  Sydney  Smith. 

2.  Leaf  of  lard.  “ Pig’s  flare."  Dunglison. 

Syn.  — See  Flame. 

FLAr'ING,  p.  a.  Emitting  an  unsteady,  broad, 
wavering  light;  — widening  outward  in  opening. 

FLASH,  n.  [Gr.  flame.  Junius.  — From 

blaze.  Skinner.  — From  the  root  of  fly.  Rich- 
ardson.'] 

1.  A sudden,  quick,  transitory  blaze. 

The  meteor  drops,  and  in  a flash  expires.  Pope. 

2.  A sudden  burst,  as  of  wit  or  mirth.  Bacon. 

3.  A short,  transient  state. 

The  Persians  and  Macedonians  had  it  for  a flash.  Bacon. 

4.  A pool  of  water.  [Local.]  Pegge. 

5.  A body  of  water  driven  violently.  Johnson. 

6.  A sluice  or  lock  on  a navigable  river,  to 

raise  the  water.  Grose. 

7.  A preparation  for  coloring  brandy  and 
rum,  and  giving  them  a fictitious  strength.  Craig. 

8.  Cant  language,  such  as  is  used  by  thieves 

and  gypsies.  Grose. 

Syn. — See  Flame. 

FLASH,  V.  n.  [i.  FLASHED  ; pp.  FLASHING, 
FLASHED.] 

1.  To  exhibit  a quick  and  transient  flame  ; to 
burst  out  into  a momentary  blaze ; to  emit  a 
sudden  light  or  brilliancy. 

Now  flashing  wide,  now  glancing  as  in  piny. 

Swift  beyond  thought  the  lightnings  pass  away.  Cowper. 

2.  To  break  forth  suddenly. 

Every  hour 

He  flashes  into  one  gross  crime  or  other.  Shak. 

They  flash  out  sometimes  into  an  irregular  greatness  of 
thought.  Felton. 

FLASH,,?’,  a.  1.  To  strike  or  throw  up,  as  water. 

He  rudely  flashed  the  waves  about.  Spenser. 

2.  To  cause  to  burst  forth  with  a sudden  light 
or  brilliancy,  or  with  sudden  force. 

Limning  and  flashing  it  with  various  dyes.  Brewer. 

So  much  greater  is  their  sin  that  seek  to  flash  out  these 
flashings.  Furclias. 

FLASH,  a.  Vile  ; low  ; as,  “ Flash  language.” 

Flash  language,  language  spoken  by  felons,  thieves, 
knaves,  and  vagabonds.  Grose. 

FLASH 'ER,  n.  1.  He  who,  or  that  which,  flashes. 

2.  A shallow  wit ; a jester  ; buffoon.  Johnson. 

FLASH— HOUSE,  n.  A house  frequented  by  thieves 
and  knaves,  and  in  which  stolen  goods  are  re- 
ceived. P.  Cyc. 

FLASH'I-LY,  ad.  In  a flashy  manner  ; with  empty 
show. 

FLASH  I-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  flashy.  Scott. 

FLASII'lNG,  n.  1.  The  act  of  blazing;  a sudden 
hurst.  Purchas. 

2.  (Arch.)  A piece  of  lead  or  other  metal  let 
into  the  joints  of  a wall,  so  as  to  lap  over  gut- 
ters, or  other  conduit  pieces,  and  prevent  the 
rain  from  injuring  the  interior  works.  Brande. 

FLASH 'Y,  a.  1.  Dazzling  for  a moment ; gaudy; 
empty.  “ Flashy  lightnings.”  Holland. 

2.  Showy  ; vain.  “'Flashy  wits.”  F)iyby. 

3.  Quick  ; impulsive  ; fiery.  “ A temper  al- 
ways flashy.”  Burke. 

4.  Without  force  or  spirit ; tasteless  ; insipid. 

Distilled  books  are,  like  common  distilled  waters,  flashy 
‘lungs-  Bacon. 

5.  Plashy  ; dashin 

FLASK  (12). 

fiasco  ; 


— A.  S.filaxe,  or  filasc ; Dut.  flesch  ; Ger .filasche ; 
Dan.  filaskc ; Icel.  4’  Sw.  filaska ; Bohemian 
fidssc.  — W.  fflask.] 

1.  A bottle  for  holding  liquor,  to  be  carried  in 
the  pocket.  “ A flask  of  wine.”  Southerne. 

2.  A powder-horn.  Shak. 

3.  A bed  in  a gun-carriage.  Bailey. 

4.  A shallow  frame  of  wood  or  of  iron,  used 

in  founderies  for  holding  the  sand  employed  in 
moulding.  Simmonds. 

5.  A globular  glass  vessel,  for  holding  liquids, 
containing  about  half  a gallon.  Simmonds. 

FLAs'KIJR,  v.  n.  To  flutter;  to  quiver.  [Pro- 
vincial, Eng.]  Halliwell. 

FLASK'JJT,  n.  1.  A vessel  in  which  viands  are 
served. 

Stands  with  golden  flaskets  graced.  Pope. 

2.  A long,  shallow  basket.  Spenser. 

FLA  1’,  re.  [Another  form  at  plat.  — Fr.  iSf  Dut. 
plat ; Ger.  flach;  Dtm.flud. — See  Plat.] 

1.  Horizontal ; level.  “ The  flat  sea.”  Milton. 

2.  Without  prominences  or  indentations ; 
having  a plane  surface  ; even.  “ A flat  shore.” 
Brande.  “ A land  flat  to  our  sight.”  Bacon. 

3.  Lying  at  length  ; prostrate  ; low. 

What  ruins  kingdoms,  and  lays  cities  flat.  Milton. 

4.  (Paint.)  Wanting  prominence  of  the  fig- 
ures ; wanting  relief.  Johnson. 

5.  Downright;  positive;  absolute.  “I  will, 

that’s  flat."  “ Flat  despair  ” Milton. 

6.  Depressed  ; dejected  ; spiritless  ; disheart- 
ened. “ Hopes  all  flat."  Milton. 

7.  Dull ; lifeless  ; unanimated. 

As  for  large  discourses,  they  ar eflitt  things.  Bacon. 

8 Insipid  ; vapid  ; tasteless. 

How  weary,  dull,  stale,  flat,  and  unprofitable 

Seem  to  me  all  the  uses  of  this  world  ! Shak. 

9.  (jl/;;s.)  Not  acute  ; not  sharp  ; — lower  by 
a semitone;  as,  “B  flat”-,  “Aflat  seventh”: 

— below  true  pitch.  Dwight. 

10.  (A Taut.)  Hauled  down  close,  as  a sheet. 

11.  (Com.)  Noting  dulness  or  depression  of 
prices. 

tfjr"  It  is  used  in  composition  ; as,  flat- roofed. 

Syn.  — See  Level. 

FLAT,  n.  1.  A level ; any  even  ground. 

Beyond  n row  of  myrtles,  on  aflat.  Milton. 

2.  A place  under  water  of  but  little  depth  ; a 

sand-bank  or  bar  ; a shallow  ; a strand  ; a shoal. 
“ So  many  flats  and  sands.”  Raleigh. 

3.  The  broad  side  of  a blade.  Dryden. 

4.  A surface  without  relief  or  prominences. 

“ A dull,  unvaried  flat.”  Bentley. 

5.  A story  or  floor.  [Scotland.]  Simmonds. 

6.  A dunce;  simpleton.  [A  cant  term.]  Potter. 

7.  A broad  and  shallow  river  boat  for  con- 
veying merchandise.  Simmonds. 

8.  A basket  or  hamper.  [Eng.]  Simmonds. 

9.  A rough  piece  of  bone  used  for  a button- 

mould.  Simmonds. 

10.  (Mus.)  A.  character  [b]  which,  being 

placed  before  a note,  signifies  that  the  note  is 
to  be  sung  or  played  half  a tone  lower  than  its 
natural  pitch.  Moore. 

11.  ( Naut .)  The  timber  in  midships. 

FLAT,  v.  a.  1.  To  level ; to  flatten,  [it.]  Bacon. 

2.  To  make  vapid;  to  deprive  of  force  or 

spirit.  Bacon. 

3.  To  dull  ; to  render  unanimated.  “ It  flats 

the  pleasure  of  the  senses.”  Glanville. 

4.  (Mus.)  To  reduce,  as  a note,  half  a tone 

by  putting  the  sign  b before  it.  Moore. 

FLAT,  v.  n.  1.  To  grow  flat ; to  flatten.  Temple. 

2.  (Mus.)  To  sink  below  true  pitch.  Dwiyht. 

FLAT'— BOT-TOMED,  re.  Having  a flat  bottom. 

FLAt'CAP,  n.  A London  shopkeeper.  Marston. 

FLAt'FISH,  n.  (Ich.)  A name  applied  to  fishes 
of  the  genus  Pleuronectes,  as  the  flounder,  the 
plaice,  the  sole,  the  turbot,  the  halibut,  &c., 
which  have  the  body  flat,  swim  on  the  side,  and 
have  both  the  eyes  on  one  side.  Brande. 

FLAT'-FOOT-ED  (-fut-ed),  re.  Having  flat  feet. 

Pennant. 

FLAT'— HEAD,  or  FLAT'— HEAD-fD,  re.  Having 
a flat  head;  noting  a tribe  of  American  In- 
dians. Hill. 

FLA'TILE,  a.  [L.  flatilis  ; flo,  flatus,  to  blow.] 
Inconstant;  changing  with  the  wind.  Scott. 


Cotgrave. 

n.  [Mid.  I,,  flasca,  or  flaxa ; It. 
Port,  firasco  ; Sp.  fra.sco  ; Fr.  flasque. 


MIEN,  SIR ; MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — (J,  (}, 


FLAT'— IR-ON  (-l-urn),  n.  An  instrument  for 
smoothing  clothes  ; a sad-iron.  Simmonds. 

FLA'TIVE,  a.  [L.  flo,  flatus,  to  blow.]  Produ- 
cing wind ; flatulent,  [it.]  Brewer. 

FLAT  LONG,  ad.  Flatwise;  not  edgewise.  Shak. 

FLAT'LY,  ad.  In  a flat  manner  or  position. 

FLAT'N£SS,  n.  State  or  quality  of  being  flat. 

FLAT'— NO§ED  (-nozd),  re.  Having  a flat  nose. 

FLAT'— ROOFED  (flht'roft),  re.  Having  a flat  roof. 

FLAT'TEN  (flat'tn),t>.  a.  [From  flat.  — See  Flat.] 
[t.  FLATTENED  ; pp.  FLATTENING,  FLATTENED.] 

1.  To  make  flat,  even,  or  level.  Walpole. 

2.  To  beat  down  ; to  lay  flat.  Mortimer. 

3.  To  make  vapid  ; to  render  insipid,  taste- 
less, spiritless,  or  dull.  Johnson. 

4.  To  deject;  to  depress  ; to  dispirit.  Johnson. 

5 (Mus.)  To  make  less  sharp.  Johnson. 

To  flatten  a sail,  ( JVaut .)  to  extend  it  fore  and  aft. 

FLAT'TEN  (flat'tn),  v.  n.  1.  To  become  flat ; to 
grow  even  or  level.  Johnson. 

2.  To  become  insipid  or  spiritless.  L’ Estrange. 

3.  (Mus.)  To  sink  below  true  pitch.  Dwight. 

FLAT'TER,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  makes  flat. 

FLAT'TIJR,  v.  a.  [Tcut .fletsen-,  Dut .vleijen;  Icel. 
fladra.  — Fr  .flatter  ; — The  Fr.  flatter  is  derived 
by  Menage  from  L .flato,  to  blow.  — Junius  thinks 
it  may  have  been  formed  from  flat.  — “ Perhaps 
from  the  L.  lactare,  to  entice,  to  wheedle,  by 
prefixing/^  as  in  flagon.”  Sullivan.  — Tofleech, 
“ to  flatter  or  cajole,  &c.,”  may  have  had  in  the 
preterite  and  past  participl eflaught,  like  reach , 
i-aught-,  teach , taught-,  catch,  caught-,  stretch, 
straught ; eleik,  c/aught,  &c. ; and,  dropping 
the  guttural,  flaughter  would  become  to  flat- 
ter. Barclay.]  [i.  flattered  ; pp.  flat- 
tering, FLATTERED.] 

1.  To  soothe  with  praises ; to  gratify  with 
servile  obsequiousness  ; to  compliment. 

When  I tell  him  lie  hates  flatterers. 

He  says  lie  does,  being  then  most  flattered.  Shak. 

ne  that  is  much  flu ttei'ed  soon  learns  to  flatter  himself. 

Johnson. 

2.  To  praise  falsely.  “ To  flatter  sin.”  Shak. 

3.  To  inspire  with  false  hopes  ; to  encourage. 

Flatter  m}-  sorrow  with  report  of  it.  Shak. 

4.  To  gratify  ; to  soothe.  [A  Gallicism.] 

A consort  of  voices  . . . pleasingly  fills  the  ears,  and  flat- 
ters them.  Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Coax. 

FLAT'TJJR-ER,  n.  One  who  flatters  ; a fawner  ; 
a sycophant ; a parasite. 

Syn.  — Flatterer,  sycophant,  parasite,  and  fawner 
are  all  used  in  an  ill  sense,  to  denote  persons  who 
make  use  of  mean  arts  to  gain  favor  or  to  effect  some 
selfish  purpose.  A person  acts  the  part  of  a sycophant, 
fawner , or  parasite  to  those  who  are  above  him  ; but 

he  may  flatter  those  who  are  above  or  below  him 

An  interested  flatterer-,  a mean  fawner  or  sycophant ; 
a fawning  parasite. 

FLAT'TfR-ING,  p.  a.  Bestowing  flattery;  — ex- 
citing hope. 

FLAt'TJJR-Ing-LY,  ad.  In  a flattering  manner. 

FLAT'TIJR-Y,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  flatters; 
false,  venal,  or  insincere  praise  ; obsequious- 
ness ; adulation ; cajolery. 

Flattery  is  so  nauseous  to  a liberal  spirit  that,  even  when 
praise  is  merited,  it  is  disagreeable,  at  least  to  unconcerned 
spectators,  if  it  appear  in  a garb  which  adulation  commonly 
assumes.  Dr.  Campbell. 

No  adulation!  ’t  is  the  death  of  virtue; 

Who  flatters  is  of  all  mankind  the  lowest. 

Save  he  who  courts  the  flattery.  Hannah  More. 

Flattery  corrupts  both  the  receiver  and  the  giver;  and  ad- 
ulation is  not  of  more  service  to  tile  people  than  to  kings. 

Burke. 

Syn. — See  Adulation. 

FLAT'TING,  n.  1.  A mode  of  house-painting  in 
which  the  sttrface  is  left,  when  finished,  without 
any  gloss,  the  paint  being  prepared  with  a mix- 
ture of  oil  and  spirits  of  turpentine.  Weale. 

2.  A method  of  preserving  unburnished  gild- 
ing by  touching  it  with  size.  Boag. 

FLAT'TING— MILL,  n.  A mill  for  rolling  out 
metals  by  cylindrical  pressure.  Simmonds. 

FLAT'TISH,  re.  Somewhat  flat  ; approaching  to 
flatness.  “ Large,  flatfish  heads.”  Denham. 

FLAT'U-LENCE,  n.  [It.  fatulenza ; Sp .flatnlen- 
cia-,  Fr.  flatulence.]  The  state  of  being  flatu- 
lent ; windiness  ; flatulency.  Good. 


$>  g;  soft;  r,  G,  c,  g,  hard ; tf  as  ■/. ; X as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


FLATULENCY 


564 


FLEER 


FLAT'U-LKN-CY,  n.  The  state  of  being  flatu- 
lent ; windiness ; flatulence.  Glanvillc. 

SLAT'U-LENT,  a.  [Low  L.  flatulentus ; L.  flo, 
flatus,  to  blow ; It.  Is  Sp.flatulento  ; Ft. flatulent.] 

1.  Affected  with  wind  in  the  stomach  or  the 
intestines  ; windy. 

2.  Turgid  with  air;  swollen;  puffed  out. 

“ Flatulent  tumors.”  Quincy. 

3.  Generating;  air,  or  producing  wind,  in  the 
stomach  or  the  intestines. 

Vegetables  abound  more  with  aerial  particles  than  animal 
substances,  and  therefore  are  mor e flatulent.  Arbuthnot. 

4.  Having  more  show  than  substance ; emp- 
ty ; vain. 

How  many  of  those  flatulent  writers  have  sunk  in  their 
reputation!  Vryden. 

t FLAT-U-OS'J-TY,  n.  [Fr.  flatuosite.]  Windi- 
ness ; flatulence.  Bacon. 

f FLAT'U-OUS,  a.  [L  .flatus-,  Fr.  flatueux.] 

1.  Windy;  flatulent.  Wotton. 

2.  Making  flatulent ; causing  flatulency. 
“ Rhubarb  . . . being  not  flatuous.”  Bacon. 

FLA  ' TUS,  n.  [L.] 

1.  Wind  in  the  intestines  ; flatulency.  Quincy. 

2.  A breath  ; a puff.  Clarke. 

FLAT'VVIiyE,  a.  With  the  flat  side  down  ; not 
edgewise.  “Its  posture  was  flatwise."  Woodward. 

II  FLAUNT  (flint)  [flint,  IF.  J.  F.  .Ja.  Sin.  Wb. ; 
flavvnt,  P.  E.  ; flftwnt  or  flint,  A'.],  v.  n.  [Of 
uncertain  etymology.  Richardson  thinks  from 
A.  S .fleon,  to  flee.’ — Icel .flana,  to  rush  head- 
long. ' Jamieson.]  [j.  flaunted  ; pp.  flaunt- 
ing, FLAUNTED.] 

1.  To  make  a parade  or  ostentatious  show, 
especially  in  apparel ; to  flutter. 

How  she  goes  flaunting , too!  She  must  have  a 

Feather  in  her  head,  and  a cork  in  her  heel.  Davenport. 

Fortune  in  men  has  some  small  difference  made; 

One  flaunts  in  rags,  one  flutters  in  brocade.  Pope. 

2.  To  show  impudence.  Bp.  I Vard,  1673. 

||  FLAUNT  (flint),  n.  Any  thing  showy;  an  os- 
tentatious display  ; a boast ; a brag. 

Dost  thou  come  hither  with  thy  flourishes, 

Thy  flaunts  and  faces,  to  abuse  men’s  manners?  Beau.  Sf  FI. 

||  FLAUNT’^R,  n.  One  who  flaunts.  War  burton. 

||  FLAUNT'JNG,  p.  a.  Making  a parade,  or  os- 
tentatious show ; fluttering  ; jaunty. 

||  FLAUNT'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a flaunting  manner  ; 
ostentatiously. 

FLAu'TIST,  n.  [L.  fluta,  a flute  ; It .flauto.]  A 
player  on  the  flute ; a flutist.  Smart. 

FLA-VES'CJJNT,  a.  [L.  flavesco,  favescens,  to 
become  yellow  ; flatus,  yellow.]  ( Bot .)  Yellow- 
ish, or  turning  yellow.  Gray. 

FLA-VIC'O-MOUS,  a.  [L.  flatus,  yellow,  and 
coma,  hair.]  Having  yellow  hair.  Clarke. 

FLA' VINE,  n.  [L.  flarus,  yellow.]  A vegetable 
extract,  in  the  form  of  a light-brown  or  green- 
ish-yellow powder,  containing  much  coloring 
matter  and  tannin.  Simmonds. 

FLA'VOR,  re.  [Fr.  flair,  scent.] 

1.  Sweetness  to  the  smell ; odor ; fragrance. 

Each  seems  to  smell  the  flavor  which  the  other  blows. 

Dryde.ru 

2.  Power  of  pleasing  the  taste  ; relish  ; sa- 
vor ; taste  ; zest.  Addison. 

Syn.  — See  Taste. 

FLA'VOR,  v.  a.  To  communicate  flavor,  or  some 
quality  of  taste  or  smell,  to.  Smart. 

FLA'VORED  (fla'vurd),  a.  Having  flavor,  or  a 
fine  taste.  “ Flavored  wines.”  Dyer. 

FLA'VOR-LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  flavor.  Scott. 

FLA'VOR-OUS,  a.  Having  flavor  ; delightful  to 
the  palate.  “ Pure,  flavorous  wine.”  Pope. 

f FLA' VOLTS,  a.  [L  .flams.]  Yellow  Smith. 

FLAW,  re.  [A.  S.floh  ; fleogan,  to  fly.  — (V.  (flaw, 
a flaw  ; FI  .flaw,  a foible.] 

1.  A crack  ; a breach  ; a blemish  ; a spot ; a 
speck  ; a fault ; a defect. 

A flaw  is  in  thy  ill-baked  vessel  found.  Dryden. 

2.  A tumult ; commotion.  “ The  fury  of  this 

mad-brained  flaw."  Shah. 

3.  (Naut.)  A sudden  breeze  or  gust  of  wind. 


FLAW,  V.  a.  [f.  FLAWED  ; pp.  FLAWING, 
flaavf.d.]  To  break  ; to  crack. 

Thu  cup  was  flawed  with  a multitude  of  little  cracks.  Boyle. 

FL.AW'LESS,  a.  Without  cracks  ; without  flaws 
or  defects.  Boyle. 

FL.AWN,  re.  [A.  S.flena,  batter.  — Ft.  flan.]  A 
custard  ; a sort  of  pudding  or  pie.  Tusscr. 

f FLAW'TJJR,  v.  a.  To  scrape  or  pare  or  shave, 
as  a skin.  Ainsworth. 

FlAw'Y,  a.  Full  of  flaws  or  cracks.  Johnson. 

FLAX,  re.  [A.  S.fleax',  Frs.flax;  Dut.  vlas  ; Ger. 
flachs. — Perhaps  from  Low  h.fl/iacium,  thread, 
linen.  “ It  signified,  in  earlier  times,  also,  hair, 
and  all  kinds  of  hairy  thread.  In  Austria  the 
flax  is  called  haar,  hair.  The  Dan.  hiir  signifies 
the  same.”  Bosicorth.] 

1.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants  of  several  spe- 

cies ; Linum  : — a name  particularly  applied  to 
the  common  species  of  Linum,  or  Linum  usi- 
tatissimum,  of  the  cortical  fibres  of  which  the 
finest  thread  is  made.  Loudon. 

2.  The  fibres  of  flax  prepared  for  spinning. 

I’ll  fetch  som eflax  aud  whites  of  eggs.  Shak. 

FLAX'— COMB  (flaks'kom),  re.  An  instrument  with 
which  the  fibres  of  flax  are  cleansed  from  the 
brittle  parts  ; a hatchel.  Johnson. 

FLAX'— DRESS- jpR,  re.  One  who  prepares  flax  for 
the  spinner.  Jodrell. 

FLAX'— DRESS-ING,  re.  The  process  of  breaking 
and  swingling  flax.  Oyilvie. 

FLAX'EN  (flak'sn),  a.  1.  Made  of  flax.  “The 
flaxen  thread.”  Thomson. 

2.  Having  the  color  of  flax ; fair  like  flax  ; as, 
“ Flaxen  hair.” 

FLAx'EN-HAiRED,  a.  Having  hair  of  a light 
flaxen  color.  Clarke. 

FLAX'— PLANT,  re.  A plant;  the  Phormium 
tenax.  Clarke. 

FLAX'-RAIS-ER,  re.  One  who  cultivates  flax. 

Clarke. 

FLAX'SEED,  re.  The  seed  of  flax;  — generally 
termed  linseed.  Simmonds. 

FLAX'WEED,  re.  (Bot.)  A weed  which  resem- 
bles flax;  a species  of  toad-flax,  or  Linaria; 
Linaria  vulgaris.  Loudon. 

FLAX'— WENCH,  re.  A female  who  spins  flax  . — 
a prostitute.  Shak. 

FLAx'Y,  a.  Of  alight  color  ; flaxen.  Sir  M.Sandys. 

FLAY  (fla),  v.a.  [A.  S.  fican.]  [i.  flayed  ; pp. 
flaying,  flayed.]  To  strip  or  take  off  the 
skin  from ; to  skin.  “ The  flayed  victims.”  Pope. 

FLAY'pR  (fla'er),  re.  One  who  flays.  Sherwood. 

FLEA  (flu),  re.  [A.  S.flea  ; fleogan,  to  fly;  Dut. 
r loo  ; Gcr.  floh  ; Icel.  flo.\  (Ent.)  A small, 
blood-sucking  insect,  of  the  genus  Pulex,  re- 
markable for  its  agility  in  leaping.  The  species 
that  are  most  annoying  to  man  are  the  common 
flea,  or  Pulex  irritans,  and  the  chigre,  jigger,  or 
Pulex  penetrans  of  the  West  Indies  and  South 
America.  Eng.  Cyc. 

To  put  a flra  in  one’s  ear,  to  give  a hint  to  by  a 
stinging  or  cutting  remark. 

My  mistress  sends  away  all  her  suitors,  and  puts  fleas  in 
their  ears.  Swift. 

FLEA  (fle),  v.  a.  To  clean  from  fleas.  Johnson. 

FLEA'bAnE,  re.  (Bot.)  A species  of  plant  be- 
longing to  the  genus  Erigeron;  fleawort ; Eri- 
geron  viscosum  ; — so  called  from  being  used  to 
drive  away  fleas  and  gnats.  Loudon. 

FLEA'— BFE-TLE,  re.  (Ent.)  An  insect  destructive 
to  cucumbers.  Farm.  Ency. 

FLEA'— BITE,  re.  The  sting  or  bite  of  a flea. 

FLEA'— BIT-ING,  re.  The  stinging  of  a flea  .Burton. 

FLEA'— BIT-TEN  (fle'blt-tn),  a.  1.  Stungby  fleas. 
“ Itching,  as  if  they  were  flea-bitten."  Burton. 

2.  Mean  ; worthless.  Cleveland. 

FLEAK,  re.  [See  Flake.]  1.  A small  lock, 
thread,  or  twist.  More. 

2.  A grate,  hurdle,  or  any  thing  made  of  parts 
laid  transverse.  Grose. 

FLEAK'ING,  re.  A gauze-like  covering  of  reeds, 
over  which  the  main  covering  is  laid,  in  thatch- 
ing houses.  Loudon. 


FLEAM,  re.  [Dut.  vlym.  — FV.Jflaim.  — Fr.  flam- 
mclle.]  (Surg.  & Farriery.)  A sharp  instru- 
ment for  lancing  the  gums  and  for  bleeding 
horses;  — consisting  of  a small  pointed  blade 
which  is  projected  from  a sheath  by  means  of  a 
spring.  Braude. 

FLEAM'Y,  a.  Clothed  with  blood.  Halliwell. 
“ Fleamy  clod  of  an  antagonist.”  Milton.  [Obs. 
or  local.] 

FI, EAR,  re.  & v.  See  Fleer.  Gascoigne. 

FLEA'WORT  (fle'wurt),  re.  (Bot.)  A species  of 
plants  found  in  almost  every  part  of  the  globe ; 
fleabane  ; Erigeron  viscosum.  Miller. 

FLEtfHE  (flash),  re.  [Fr.]  (Fort.)  The  most  sim- 
ple species  of  field-work,  and  usually  constructed 
at  the  foot  of  a glacis  ; a redan.  Brande. 

FLECK,  v.  a.  [Dut.  vlak,  a spot ; Ger.  fleck  ; Dan. 
flek;  Sw  .flack-,  Icel . flecka. — See  Flake.] 
To  spot;  to  streajc  ; to  dapple  ; to  mottle. 

Both  flecked  with  white  the  true  Arcadian  stain.  Dryden. 

Flecked  cuttle,  spotted  cattle,  or  such  as  are  red  and 
white,  or  black  and  white.  Loudon. 

f FLECK'IJR,  v.  a.  To  mark  with  different  colors ; 
to  spot ; to  fleck.  Chaucer. 

FLEC'TION,  re.  [L .flectio.  — See  Inflection.] 

1.  The  act  or  the  power  of  bending.  Smith. 

2.  (Gram.)  The  grammatical  variation  of 

words  by  declension,  comparison,  or  conju- 
gation ; inflection.  “ Such  a variety  of  flec- 
tions.” Clarke. 

FLEC'TOR,  re.  (Anat.)  A muscle,  called  also 
flexor.  — See  Flexor. 

FLED,  i.  & re.  from  flee.  See  Flee. 

f FLEDGE,  a.  [Dut.  vlug ; Ger.  flUgge.]  Full- 
feathered;  able  to  fly;  fledged.  “ Newly  fledge 
probationers.”  Milton. 

FLEDGE,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  fleogan,  to  fly ; Dut.  vliegln ; 
Ger.  fliegen.]  [i.  fledged  ; pp.  fledging, 
pledged.]  To  furnish  with  feathers  ; to  sup- 
ply with  plumes  or  down.  “Tender  pinions 
scarcely  fledged."  Broione. 

FLED(JED  (flejd),/>.  a.  Furnished  with  feathers. 
“ Quite  fledged,  and  fully  grown.”  Fawkes. 

FLEDQ'LING,  re.  A young  bird.  Month.  Rev. 

FLEE,  v.  re.  [A.  S.  fleon  ; Dut.  vlieden  ; Ger .fliehen  ; 
Dan  .flye  ; Icel.  fly  a ; Sw.  fly.]  [t.  fled  ; pp. 
fleeing,  fled.]  To  run  ; to  hasten  away  ; to 
run  from  danger ; to  resort  to  shelter. 

lie  cheered  the  dogs  to  follow  her  who  fled.  • Dry  den. 

FLEE,  v.  a.  To  shun ; to  run  from  ; to  attempt 
to  escape.  Goldsmith. 

FLEECE,  re.  [A.  S .fleos,  or flys\  Dut.  r lies;  Ger. 
flicss  ; L.  vellus,  “ which  is  derived  by  some  from 
vello,  to  pluck,  — wool,  it  is  said,  being  pulled 
from  the  animal  before  shearing  was  adopted.” 
Johnson.  The  A.  S.  fleos  is  referred  by  Rich- 
ardson to  the  verb  flean,  to  flay.]  The  wool 
that  covers,  or  that  is  shorn  from  one  sheep. 

FLEECE,  V.  a.  [j.  FLEECED  ; pp.  FLEECINO, 
FLEECED.] 

1.  To  shear  off  the  wool  from  ; to  clip.  Milton. 

2.  To  strip  ; to  plunder  ; to  rob. 

Ilia  brothers  fleece  him  when  he 's  drunk.  Swift. 

3.  To  spread  over,  as  with  wool ; to  cover. 

Meantime,  light  shadowing  all,  a sober  calm 

Fleeces  unbounded  ether.  Thomson. 

FLEECED  (Hest),  a.  1.  Having  a fleece.  “The 
rich  -fleeced  flock.”  Spenser. 

2.  Plundered;  stripped. 

FLEECE'LIJSS,  a.  Having  no  fleece.  Dr.  Allen. 

FLEECE'LlKE,  a.  Like  a fleece.  Congreve. 

FLEE'C^R,  re.  One  who  fleeces,  strips,  or  plun- 
ders. Huntley. 

FLEECE'— WOOL  (-wfll),  re.  Wool  that  is  shorn 
from  the  sheep.  Toller. 

FLEE'CY,  a.  1.  Woolly;  covered  with  wool. 
“ Fleecy  sheep.”  Beattie.  “ Fleecy  flocks.”  Prior. 

2.  Having  the  appearance  of  a fleece.  “ The 
chambers  of  the  fleecy  east.”  Thomson. 

FLE'IJR,  re.  One  who  flees.  Berners. 

FLEER,  v.  re.  [Icel.  flyra,  to  laugh,  to  grin.  Todd. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; II&IR,  HER; 


FLEER 


565 


— Skinner  thinks  it  is  formed  from  leer.]  [i. 

FLEERED  ; pp.  FLEERING,  FLEERED.] 

1.  To  mock  ; to  gibe  ; to  jest  with  insult ; to 
jeer  ; to  sneer.  “ To  fleer  and  gibe.”  Swift. 

2.  To  grin  with  an  air  of  civility  ; to  leer. 
How  they  grin  and  fleer  upon  every  man  they  meet!  Burton. 

FLEER,  v.  a.  To  mock  ; to  flput.  Beau.  <§■  FI. 

FLEER,  n.  1.  Mockery  expressed  either  by  words 
or  by  looks  ; a gibe  ; a sneer. 

And  mark  the  fleers , the  gibes,  and  notable  scorns.  Shak. 

2.  A grin  of  civility.  “ A sly,  treacherous 
fleer  upon  the  face  of  deceivers.”  South. 

FLEER'ER,  h.  One  who  fleers  or  jests  insulting- 
ly ; a mocker.  Beau.  § FI. 

FLEER'ING-I/Y,  acl.  In  a fleering  manner.  Clarke. 

FLEET,  n.  [A.  S.  fleot ; Ger.  flethe,  a channel.] 
A bay  or  gulf ; an  arm  of  the  sea  ; an  inlet ; a 
river  or  a creek  ; — used  in  composition  ; as, 
“North fleet,  South fleet,  T’feetditch.”  Mortimer. 

FLEET,  n.  [A.  S.flota,  or  fliet,  a ship  ; Dut .vloot, 
a fleet;  Ger.  flotte.  — It.  flotta-,  Sp.  flota\  Fr. 
flotte.] 

1.  A company  of  ships  of  war ; navy.  Bryden. 

2.  A company  of  merchant  ships.  Robertson. 

FLEET,  a.  [Ieel.  fliotr ; flyta,  to  hasten.  — See 
Flit.] 

1.  Moving  rapidly;  rapid;  swift;  quick. 

“ Fleeter  than  the  wind.”  Hudibras. 

2.  f Light;  thin;  superficially  fruitful. 

“ [Land]  fleet  for  pasture.”  Mortimer. 

3.  Skimming  the  surface.  Mortimer. 

FLEET,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  fleotan ; Ger.  fluten.]  [i. 
FLEETED  ; pp.  FLEETING,  FLEETED.] 

1.  To  fly  swiftly ; to  haste  away.  “•  Fleeting 

joys.”  Milton. 

2.  To  float ; to  be  buoyed  up. 

And  in  frail  wood  on  Adrian  Gulf  doth  fleet.  Spenser. 

3.  ( Naut .)  To  slip  down  the  barrel  of  a wind- 
lass or  capstan,  as  a rope  or  a chain. 

FLEET,  v.  a.  1.  To  skim,  as  milk.  [Local.]  Grose. 

2.  To  cause  to  pass  away  lightly,  as  time. Shak. 

3.  (Naut.)  To  slack  up  a tackle  and  draw  the 
blocks  apart,  for  another  pull: — to  shift  the 
position  of  a block  or  fall,  so  as  to  haul  to  more 
advantage  : — to  cause  to  slip  down  the  barrel  of 
a windlass  or  capstan,  as  a rope  or  a chain. Dana. 

FLEET'-FOOT  (flet'fut),  a.  Swift  of  foot.  Shak. 

FLEET'— FOOT- JJD  (-fut-ed),  a.  Swift  of  foot ; 
running  fast.  Savage. 

FLEET'ING,  p.  a.  Passing  away  rapidly  ; flying 
swiftly  ; transient  ; transitory  ; evanescent  ; 
temporary  ; as,  “ Fleeting  pleasures.” 

Syn.  — See  Temporary. 

FLEET'ING— DISH,  n.  A skimming-bowl.  Ash. 

FLEET' ING-LY,  ad.  In  a fleeting  manner  ; tran- 
siently. Craig. 

FLEET'LY,  ad.  Swiftly  ; nimbly  ; with  fleetness. 

FLEET'N^SS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  fleet ; 
swiftness  ; nimbleness  ; celerity ; speed  ; quick- 
ness. “ The  fleetness  of  time.”  Chesterfield. 

Syn.  — See  Quickness. 

FLEET'— WINGED  (-wlngd),  a.  Swift  on  the  wing; 
flying  rapidly.  Drayton. 

FLEGM,  n.  See  Phlegm. 

FLEM,  n.  A fleam.  — See  Fleam.  Akerman. 

FLE'MEN,  n.  [L.]  (Med.)  A tumor  about  the 
ankles; — also  a term  applied  to  chaps  of- the 
feet  and  hands.  Dunglison. 

FLEM'ING,  n.  (Geog.)  A native  or  inhabitant  of 
Flanders.  Shak. 

FLEM'ISH,  a.  (Geog.)  Relating  to  Flanders  or 
the  Flemings.  Shak. 

FLEM'ISH— BRICKS,  n.  pi.  Hard  paving  bricks 
of  a yellowish  color.  Simmonds. 

FLEM'ISH— HORSE,  n.  (Naut.)  An  additional 
foot-rope  at  the  ends  of  topsail  yards.  Simmonds. 

FLENCH,  v.  a.  To  strip  off  in  layers,  as  the 
blubber  of  a whale.  Simmonds. 

FLENCII'— GUT,  n.  The  blubber  of  a whale  cut 
into  strips.  Simmonds. 


FLENCII'ING,  n.  The  operation  of  cutting  the 
blubber  from  the  whale.  Simmonds. 

FLEN§E,  v.  a.  To  cut  up,  as  a whale,  in  order  to 
obtain  the  blubber ; to  flench.  Craig. 

FLEN^'ING,  n.  The  act  of  cutting  up  a whale, 
in  order  to  obtain  the  blubber.  Craig. 

FLESH,  n.  [A.  S.  floesc,  or  flesc  ; Dut.  vleesch  ; 
Ger.  fleisch  ; Dan.  flesh.] 

1.  The  muscular  part,  or  the  softer  solids,  of 
an  animal  body,  as  distinguished  from  bones 
and  fluids. 

Ail  flesh  is  not  the  ssime flesh ; but  there  is  one  kind  o f flesh 
of  men,  another  flesh  of  beasts,  another  of  fishes,  and  another 
of  birds.  1 Cor.  xv.  39. 

2.  Animal  food,  distinct  from  vegetable. 

3.  The  part  of  fruit  fit  to  be  eaten.  Smart. 

4.  The  body,  as  opposed  to  spirit. 

The  flesh  lusteth  against  the  spirit.  Gal.  v.  16. 

5.  Bodily  sensations  or  desires ; carnal  or 
sensual  appetites  or  passions  ; carnality. 

Name  not  religion,  for  thou  lov’st  the  flesh.  Shak. 

6.  A living  man  or  animal.  “ Who  giveth 

food  to  all  flesh.”  Ps.  cxxxvi.  25. 

7.  Near  relation.  “ Let  not  our  hand  be 
upon  him;  for  he  is  our  flesh.”  Gen.  xxxvii.  27. 

8.  The  outward  or  literal  sense  of  a passage  of 
Scripture  as  distinct  from  the  spirit  or  typical 
meaning.  “ Ye  judge  after  the flesh.”  Johny  iii.  15. 

FLESH,  v.  a.  [ i . FLESHED  ; pp.  fleshing, 

FLESHED.] 

1.  To  initiate  ; — from  the  sportsman’s  prac- 
tice of  training  his  hawks  and  dogs  by  feeding 
them  with  the  first  game  they  take. 

Full  bravely  hast  thou  fleshed 
Thy  maiden  sword.  Shak. 

2.  To  harden,  as  dogs  by  often  feeding  on 
any  thing  ; to  inure. 

Old  soldiers 

Fleshed  in  the  spoils  of  Germany  and  France.  Beau,  (f  FI. 

3.  To  glut;  to  satiate.  “ Fleshed  in  tri- 
umphs.” Glanville. 

FLESH'— BROTH,  n.  Broth  made  by  decocting 
flesh.  Wiseman. 

FLESH'-BRUSII,  n.  A brush  used  to  rub  the 
skin  with,  in  order  to  excite  cutaneous  circula- 
tion. Cheyne. 

FLESH'— CLOGGED,  a.  Encumbered  with  flesh. 

FLESH'— COL.OR  (flesh'kul-ur),  n.  The  color  of 
flesh  ; carnation.  “ A pale  flesh-color,  that  is, 
white  with  a blush  of  pink.”  Woodward. 

FLESH'-COL-ORED  (flesh'kul-urd),  a.  Having 
the  color  of  flesh.  Pennant. 

FLESH'— DI-1JT,  n.  Food  consisting  of  flesh. 
“ Liberty  of  a flesh-diet.”  Coventry. 

FLESHED  (flesht),  a.  1.  Having  flesh;  having 
abundance  of  flesh  ; corpulent ; fat. 

2.  Accustomed;  hardened;  inured.  “A 

fleshed  ruffian.”  Beau.  8;  FI. 

FLESH'ER,  n.  A butcher.  [Scot.]  Simmonds. 

FLESH'— FLY,  n.  A fly  that  feeds  upon  flesh.  Ray. 

FLESH'FORK,  n.  A cook’s  fork  for  trying  meat 
and  taking  it  from  the  boiler.  Simmonds. 

t FLESH'FUL,  a.  Plump  ; fat.  lluloet. 

FLESH'— HOOK  (-hfik),  n.  A hook  to  draw  flesh 
from  a pot.  1 Sam.  ii.  12. 

FLESH'I-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  fleshy  ; plump- 
ness ; fulness  ; fatness  ; corpulence.  Milton. 

FLESH'LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  flesh;  lean.  Browne. 

FLESH 'LI-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state  of 
being  fleshly.  Ascham. 

f FLESII'LING,  n.  One  devoted  to  the  flesh  or  to 
the  world  ; a carnally-minded  person.  Todd. 

FLESH'LY,  a.  1.  Relating  to  flesh ; corporeal. 
“ Fleshly  bondage.”  Denham. 

2.  Carnal  ; lustful ; lascivious  ; voluptuous. 

“ The  fleshliest  incubus.”  Milton. 

3.  Consisting  of  flesh  ; animal ; not  vegeta- 
ble. “ Fleshly  morsels.”  Dry  den. 

4.  Human;  not  celestial  or  spiritual.  “A 

fleshly  king.”  Esther  xiv.  10.  “ Ostentation 

vain  of  fleshly  arm.”  Milton. 

FLESH'LY— MIND-ED,  a.  Addicted  to  sensual 
pleasures.  Burton. 

FLESH'— MEAT,  n.  Animal  food ; the  flesh  of 
animals  for  food.  Swift. 


FLEXILOQUENT 

FLESH'MfNT,  n.  Act  of  fleshing  or  initiating;  — 
eagerness  gained  by  a successful  initiation.  Shak. 

FLESII'MON-G^R  (flish'mung-ger),  n.  One  who 
deals  in  flesh  : — a pimp.  Shak. 

FLESH'-POT,  n.  A vessel  in  which  flesh  is 
cooked:  — flesh-diet;  abundance  of  flesh. 

In  the  land  of  Egypt  when  we  sat  by  the  flesh-pots.  Ex.  xvi.  3. 

t FLESH 'QUAKE,  n.  A tremor  of  the  body;  — a 
word  formed  in  imitation  of  earthquake. 

B.  Jon  son. 

FLESII'Y,  a.  1.  Full  of  flesh;  fat;  plump.  “All 
Ethiops  are  fleshy.”  Bacon. 

2.  Consisting  of  flesh  ; human.  “ Fleshy 

hearts  for  stony.”  Eccles.  xvii.  16. 

3.  Pulpous  and  succulent ; full  of  firm  pulp, 
as  fruits.  “ Fruits  that  are  so  fleshy.”  Bacon. 

t FLET,  p.  from  fleet.  Fleeted.  Mortimer. 

f FLETCII,  v.  a.  [Fr.JUche,  an  arrow.]  To  sup- 
ply with  feathers ; to  feather,  as  an  arrow. 

To  thy  loud  string  the  well-^7<?/c/*er/  arrow  put.  Cowley. 

f FLETCII'ER,  n.  [Fr .flechier.]  A manufacturer 

of  bows  and  arrows.  Mortimer. 

FLJJ-TIF'JJR-OUS,  a.  [L.  fletus,  a weeping,  and 
fro,  to  bear.]  Causing  tears.  Blount. 

FLET'-MILK,  n.  [flet  and  milk.]  Skimmed 
milk.  Simmonds. 

FLETZ,  a.  [Ger .flotz,  or  fliiz,  a layer.]  (Min.  & 
Geol.)  Applied  to  secondary  strata,  or  forma- 
tions of  rocks  which  appear  in  beds,  more  nearly 
horizontal  than  transition  rocks.  Brande. 

FLEUR-DE-LIS  (flur-de-le'),  n.  [Fr.,  floicer  of 
the  lily.] 

1.  (Her.)  A bear- 
ingin  the  royal  arms 
of  France.  Its  Origin 
is  disputed : by  some 
it  is  supposed  to 
represent  a lily,  by 
others,  the  iron  head 
of  some  rveapon.  — 

In  old  English  called  flower-de-luce.  — See 
Flower-de-luce. 

2.  (Bot.)  The  common  iris;  yellow  flag; 

Iris  pseudacorus.  Craig. 

FLEW  (flu),  i.  from  fly.  See  Fly. 

FLEW  (flu),  n.  The  chaps  of  a deep-mouthed 
hound.  Hanmar. 

FLEWED  (flud),  a.  Chapped  ; mouthed.  Shak. 

FLEX,  v.  a.  [L.  flecto,  flexus.]  To  bend.  Craig. 

FLEX-AN'I-MoCs,  a.  [L.  flex  animus  ; flecto , 
flexus , to  bend,  and  animus,  the  mind.]  Having 
a pliant  mind,  [r.]  Howell. 

FLEX-I-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [L.  flexibilitas  ; It.  flessibi- 
lita\  Sp.  flexibilidad  ; Fr.  flexibility]  Inequal- 
ity of  being  flexible  ; pliancy  ; flexibleuess  ; pli- 
ability. “ Such  a flexibility  of  fibres.”  Arbuthnot. 

The  authority  of  the  teachers,  the  flexibility  of  the  taught. 

Hammond . 

Syn.  — See  Flexible. 

FLEX'I-BLE,  a.  [L.  flcxibilis  ; flecto,  flexus,  to 
bend  ; It . flessibile  \ Sp.  ty  Fr.  flexible.]  That 
may  be  easily  bent ; pliant ; pliable  ; flexile  ; 
limber;  not  stiff;  not  rigid ; supple;  ductile. 

When  splitting  winds 

Made  flexible  the  knees  of  knotted  oaks.  Shak. 

Seeing  him  of  a nature  flexible  and  weak.  Daniel. 

Syn.  — Flexible  and  flexile  signify  able  to  be  bent; 
supple,  easily  bent ; pliable,  easily  bent  or  folded  ; 
pliant,  easily  persuaded;  ductile,  easily  drawn  out. — 
Flexibility,  in  its  moral  application,  is  used  botli  in  a 
good  and  in  a bad  sense  ; pliability  and  pliancy,  com- 
monly in  a good  sense;  suppleness,  in  a bad  sense.  — 
See  Ductile. 

FLEX'I- BLE-NESS,  n-  The  quality  of  being  flex- 
ible ; flexibility ; easiness  to  be  bent ; pliancy. 
“ Flexibleness  to  humors  and  times.”  Bp.  Hall. 

FLEX'I-BLY,  ad.  In  a flexible  manner.  Dr.  Allen. 

FLEX-I-COS'TATE,  a.  [L.  flecto,  flexus,  to  bend, 
and  costa,  a rib.]  Having  the  ribs  bent.  Smart. 

FLEX'ILE,  a.  [L .flexilis  ; flecto,  flexus,  to  bend  ; 
Fr  .flexile-]  That  may  be  bent ; pliant ; pliable  ; 
easily  bent;  flexible.  “ Flexile  osiers.”  Beattie. 

Syn.  — See  Flexible. 

fFLEX-IL'O-QUENT,  a.  [L.  flcxiloquus.]  Am- 
biguous ; equivocal.  Blount. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — (J,  £,  9,  g,  soft ; C,  G,  £,  |,  hard ; f;  as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


FLEXION 


566 


FLITCII 


FLEX'ION  (flek'shun),  n.  [I ,.flcxio,flexionis\  It. 
flessione  ; Sp.  & Fr.  flexion.'] 

1.  The  act  of  bending.  Pearson. 

2.  A double ; a bending ; a joint ; a fold. 
“That  may  have  some  four  flexions.”  Bacon. 

3.  A turn;  an  inclination;  a cast.  “ X flex- 
ion of  the  eye  aside.”  Bacon. 

FLEX'  OR,  n.  [L.]  (Anat.)  The  muscle  that  bends 
the  part,  or  organ,  to  which  it  is  attached;  — 
opposed  to  the  extensor,  which  serves  to  stretch 
it ; a flector.  Hoblyn. 

FLEX'U-OSE,  a.  ( Bot .)  Having  flexures  ; wavy; 

flexuous.  P-  Cyc. 

FLEX'U-OUS  (flek'shu-us),  a.  [L.  flexuosus  ; It. 
flessuoso;  Sp .flexuoso-,  Fr.flexueux.] 

1.  Winding  ; tortuous  ; bending.  Digby. 

2.  (Bot.)  Wavy  ; flexuose.  Gray. 

FLEX'URE  (fleks'yur),  n.  [L.  flexura  ; Jiecto, 
flexus,  to  bend  ; It.  flessura. ] 

1.  The  act  of  bending  ; a bending. 

His  legs  are  for  necessity,  not  flexure.  S/iak. 

2.  The  form  in  which  any  thing  is  bent. 

“ The  Jlexure  of  the  joints.”  Bay. 

3.  The  part  bent ; the  joint.  Sandys. 

4.  f Obsequious  or  servile  cringing.  Shak. 
Flexure  of  a curve , (Math.)  its  bending  towards  or 

from  a straight  line.  JYichol. 

FI.1B-US-TIER' , 71.  [Fr.]  An  American  pirate  ; 
a buccaneer  ; a freebooter  ; a sea-robber.  — See 
Filibuster.  Jodrett. 


The  pirates,  whom  we  call  buccaneers  imuroperlj-,  the 
French  denominated  flibustiers,  from  the  Dutcli  flyboats  in 
which  they  made  their  first  expeditions.  Burke. 

FLIC'— FLAC,  n.  [Fr.]  A repeated  noise  made  by 
blows.  Thackeray . 

FLICK,  71.  A flitch.  “ A flick  of  bacon.”  Todd. 

FLICK'ER,  v.  n.  [A.  S.fliccerian ; Dut .flikkeren, 
to  twinkle.  — See  Fly."]  [t.  flickered  ; pp. 
FLICKERING,  FLICKERED.] 

1.  To  flap  or  move,  as  the  wings,  without  fly- 
ing ; to  flutter. 

You  shall  mark  the  leaves  of  trees  flicker , and  yet  no  wind 
at  all  stirring.  Holland. 

2.  To  waver,  or  fluctuate,  as  water  or  flame. 

“The  flickering  wave. ’ ’ Dyer. 

FLICK'JR-ING,  7i.  A fluttering,  unsteady,  or  wa- 
vering motion.  Byron. 

FLICK'5R-ING,  p.  a.  Having  a fluttering,  un- 
steady motion ; fluttering. 


FLlCK'yR-ING-LY,  ad.  In  a flickering  manner. 

FLICK'yR-MOUSE,  n.  A bat;  a flittermouse  ; a 
flindermouse.  B.  Jonso7i. 

FLI  ER,  7i.  1.  One  who  flies ; a runaway.  Shah. 

2.  The  fly  of  a machine.  — See  Fly.  Swift. 

3.  pi.  Stairs  that  do  not  wind ; a straight  row 
of  steps  or  stairs ; — written  also  flyers. 

FLIGHT  (flit),  n.  [A.  S.  jliht ; fleogan,  to  fly; 
Dut.  vlugt ; Ger.  flug,  or  fluylit ; Dan.  flught ; 
Sw.  fly  chit.] 

L The  act  of  flying  or  moving  through  the 
air  by  the  aid  of  wings.  Dryden. 

2.  The  act  of  fleeing,  or  running  from  danger. 
Me  wouldst  thou  move  to  base,  inglorious  flight'l  Pope. 

3.  A flock  of  birds  flying  together.  “ The 

infinite  flights  of  birds.”  Bacon. 

4.  Tlie  birds  produced  in  the  same  season. 

“ The  harvest  flight  of  pigeons.”  Johnson. 

5.  A number  of  things  sent  into  the  air  at 

once  ; a volley ; a shower.  ' 

At  the  first  flight  of  arrows  sent, 

Full  threescore  Scots  they  slew.  Chevy  Chase. 

6.  The  space  passed  by  flying.  Johnson. 

7.  A series  of  steps  or  stairs.  Britton. 

8.  The  power  of  flying.  Shalt. 

9.  Excursion  of  the  imagination ; sally. Smart. 

10.  Glume  or  husk,  as  of  oats.  Loudon. 

11.  A particular  kind  of  arrow,  B.  Jonso7i. 
FLIGHTED  (fllt'ed),  a.  Taking  flight ; flying;  — 

used  in  composition.  Milton. 


FLIGHT'I-LY  (fllt'e-le),  ad.  In  a wild  manner. 

FLlGHT'I-NESS  (fll'te-nSs),  n.  The  state  of  being 
flighty  ; wildness ; giddiness  ; levity.  Tucker. 

FLiGHT'-SHOT  (flit'shot),  n.  The  distance  which 
an  arrow  may  fly.  Leland. 

FLlGlIT'Y  (fll'te),  a.  1.  f Fleeting;  swift. 


The  flighty  purpose  never  is  o’ertook, 

Unless  the  ueeu  go  with  it.  Shak. 

2.  Having  a disordered  mind  or  imagination; 
extravagant  in  fancy  ; wild  ; volatile  ; giddy. 

FLIM'— FLAM,  n.  [Icel .flini.]  A freak  ; a whim  ; 
a trick  ; a cheat.  Beau.  Sf  PI. 

FLIM'§J-LY,  ad.  In  a flimsy  manner.  Craig. 

FLIM'§!-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  flimsy, 
slight,  or  superficial.  Shenstone. 

FLIM'§Y,  a.  [Icel .flirn  ; A.  S.flyma,  a runaway. 
— W.  llymsi,  a fickle  motion.] 

1.  Weak;  feeble;  slight;  without  strength 
of  texture  ; as,  “ A flimsy  silk.” 

2.  Superficial ; shallow  ; without  force.  “ A 

flimsy  and  frigid  writer.”  Dr.  Warton. 

Syn.  — See  Superficial. 

FLINCH,  v.  7i.  [L.fligo,  to  strike.  Skinner. — 
A.  S.fleon,  to  flee.  Bichardson.]  [i.  flinched  ; 
pp.  flinching,  flinched.] 

1.  To  shrink  through  want  of  power  or  reso- 
lution ; to  withdraw  ; to  retreat.  “ Nor  did  they 
flinch  from  duty  for  fear  of  martyrdom.”  South. 

2.  To  fail ; to  be  wanting,  [it.]  Shak. 

FLINCII'IJR,  71.  One  who  flinches.  Pitt. 

FLlNCH'ING,  7i.  The  act  of  one  who  flinches, 

yields,  or  shrinks.  ' Tucker. 

FLlNCH'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a flinching  manner. 

FLIN'DER-MOUSE,  n.  A bat ; a flickermouse ; a 
flittermouse.'  Knight. 

FLIN'Df5R§,  71.  pi.  [Dut.  flenter,  a splinter.] 
Fragments;  broken  pieces.  [Local.]  Brackett. 

FLING,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  fleon,  to  fly,  or  cause  to  fly.] 
[i.  FLUNG  ; pp.  FLINGING,  FLUNG.] 

1.  To  cast,  as  from  the  hand ; to  throw ; to 
dart ; to  toss  ; to  hurl. 

To  brave  Laodicus  his  arms  he  flung.  Pope. 

2.  To  throw  to  the  ground  ; to  prostrate  ; to 
overthrow;  as,  “To fling  an  antagonist.” 

To  fling  away , to  reject;  to  dismiss. — To  fling 
down , to  demolish  ; to  ruin.  — To  fling  off,  to  baffle  in 
the  chase  ; to  defeat  of  prey. — To  fling  up,  to  relin- 
quish. — To  fling  open , to  throw  open  suddenly. 

FLING,  v.  n.  To  fly  into  violent  and  irregular 
motions  ; to  flounce  ; to  wince. 

The  angry  beast 

Began  to  kick  and  fling.  lludibras. 

To  fling  out,  to  grow  unruly.  Shak. 

FLING,  7i.  1.  A throw  ; a cast ; a toss. 

2.  A cutting  or  contemptuous  remark ; a 
gibe  ; a sneer.  “ He  had  a fling  at  your  lady- 
ship too.”  Congreve. 

FLING'IJR,  n.  One  who  flings.  Sherwood. 

FLINK'JNG-COMB  (tilngk'jng-kom),  n.  A dressing- 
table  comb  for  the  hair.  Simtnoncls. 

FLINT,  71.  [A.  S.  flint ; Old  Ger .flins;  Gcv.flin- 
tenstein ; Sw.  flinta.] 

1.  A hard,  silicious  stone ; a sub-species  of 
quartz  allied  to  chalcedony,  but  more  opaque,  and 
of  dull  colors,  usually  gray,  smoky  brown,  and 
brownish  black.  It  consists  of  silex,  with  about 
one  per  cent,  of  alumina  and  peroxide  of  iron, 
and  one  or  two  per  cent,  of  water.  Da7ia.  Hill. 

2.  A stone  for  striking  fire. 

3.  Any  thing  very  hard.  “ A heart  of  flint.” 

Spenser. 

FLIN'TJgR^,  7i.pl.  Flinders.  [Vulgar.]  Todd. 

FLlNT'-HEART,  a.  Flint-hearted,  [it.]  Shak. 

FLINT'— HEART-gD,  a.  Having  a hard  heart ; 
hard-hearted ; cruel.  Shak. 

FLINT'I-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  flinty. 

FLINT'LOCK,  n.  The  lock  of  a musket  having  a 
flint  fixed  in  the  hammer,  for  striking  on  the 
steel  pan.  Simmonds. 

FLINT'— STONE,  71.  A silicious  stone  ; flint. 

FLINT'Y,  a.  1.  Made  of,  or  resembling,  flint ; 
excessively  hard.  “ A fluty  rock.”  Dryden. 
“ Flinty  hearts.”  Bp.  flail. 

2.  Full  of  flints.  “ Flinty  ground.”  Baco7i. 

FLINT'Y— SLATE,  7i.  (Min.)  A mineral  substance 
of  a slaty  structure  containing  about  75  per 
cent,  of  silica,  the  remainder  being  lime,  mag- 
nesia, and  oxide  of  iron  ; — called  also  silicious 
schist.  The  Lydian-stone,  or  touch-stone,  is  a 
variety  of  flinty-slate.  Eng.  Cyc. 


FLIP,  n.  A liquor  maefe  of  beer,  spirit,  and  sugar, 
and  heated  by  a hot  iron.  “ A can  of flip.’' Dennis. 

FLIP'— I)OG,  7i.  An  iron  used,  when  heated,  to 
warm  flip.  Smart. 

FLIP'— FLAP,  n.  The  repeated  noise  or  stroke  of 
something  flat  and  loose  ; flap.  Gay. 

FLIP'— FLAP,  ad.  With  the  repeated  stroke  and 
noise  of  something  broad  and  loose.  Jolmson. 

FLIP'PAN-CY,  7i.  The  quality  of  being  flippant; 
pertness  ; heedless  volubility.  Hurd. 

FLIP'PANT,  a.  [Probably  from  flip-flap.  Johnson. 
“ Perhaps  from  filliping.”  Richardson.} 

1.  Nimble  of  speech;  fluent;  talkative. 

It  becometh  good  men,  in  such  eases,  to  be  fliiypant  and 
free  in  their  speech.  Burrow. 

2.  Heedlessly  pert  ; voluble  and  thoughtless. 
“ A sort  of  flippant,  vain  discourse.”  Burke. 

FLIP'PANT-LY,  ad.  In  a flippant  manner.  Ash. 

FLlP'PANT-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  flip- 
pant ; flippancy.  Ash. 

FLiP'PJJR,  71.  1.  The  paddle  of  a sea-turtle.  Craig. 

2.  The  arm  of  a seal.  Leu-is. 

3.  The  broad  fin  of  a fish.  Lewis. 

FLIRT,  v.  a.  [ Skinner  thinks  it  formed  from  the 
sound  ; Todd,  from  A.  S.  fleardian,  to  trifle ; 
and  Richardson,  Lam.  fleer. — -See  Blurt.]  [i. 
FLIRTED  ; pp.  FLIRTING,  FLIRTED.] 

1.  To  throw  with  a quick  motion ; to  fling 
with  a sudden  jerk. 

Dick  the  scavenger 

Flirts  from  his  cart  the  mud  in  Walpole’s  face.  Swift. 

2.  To  blurt;  to  utter  suddenly.  Howell. 

3.  To  move  with  a short,  quick  action. 

Permit  some  happier  man 

To  kiss  your  hand,  or  flirt  your  fan.  Dorset. 

FLIRT,  v.  7i.  1.  To  jeer  ; to  gibe.  Beau.  <Sf  FI. 

2.  To  run  about  perpetually  ; to  be  restless. 

They  flirt,  they  sing,  they  laugh,  they  tattle.  Cray. 

3.  To  act  with  levity  ; to  coquet.  Todd. 

FLIRT,  71.  1.  A quick  motion  ; a sudden  jerk. 

In  unfurling  the  fan  are  several  little  flirts  and  vibrations. 

Addison . 

2.  A contemptuous  remark  ; a jeer ; a gibe. 

J.  One  flirt  at  him,  and  then  I am  for  the  voyage.  Beau.  Sf  FI. 

3.  f A vile  woman  ; a drab.  Burton. 

4.  A girl  who  acts  with  levity  or  wantonness ; 
a coquette  ; a jilt. 

The  gayest  flirt  that  coached  it  round  the  town.  Pitt. 

f FLIRT,  a.  Pert ; wanton.  Shak. 

FLIR-TA'TION,  71.  1.  The  act  of  flirting  ; a quick 
sprightly  motion.  Pope. 

2.  A kind  of  coquetry  ; an  effort  to  attract 
notice  ; a play  at  love. 

I assisted  at  the  birth  of  that  most  significant  word,  flirta- 
tion. — Flirtation  is  short  of  coquetry,  and  indicates  only  the 
first  hints  of  approximation.  Chesterfield. 

FLIRT'(jILL,  n.  A flirting  woman ; a harlot.  Shak. 

FLIRT'I-GIG,  71.  A wanton,  wild,  or  flirting  girl  ; 
a flirt.  [Local  and  low.]  Grose. 

FLIRT'ING,  p.  a.  Acting  the  part  of,  or  resem- 
bling, a flirt. 

FLIRT'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a flirting  manner.  Clai-ke. 

FLISK,  n.  A large  tooth-comb.  Simmonds. 

FLIT,  v.  71.  [A.  S . fliht,  flight.  — Dorr,  fly  tte  \ Sw. 

flyta.  — See  Fleet,  and  Flee.]  [t.  flitted; 

pp.  FLITTING,  FLITTED.] 

1.  To  fly  rapidly  ; to  pass  or  move  quickly 
through  the  air. 

Changed  to  a bird,  and  sent  to  flit  in  air.  Pope. 
The  fancied  lights  that,  flitting , pass 
Our  shut  eyes,  in  deep  midnight.  Byron. 

2.  To  flutter  ; to  flicker. 

He  cut  the  cord 

Whieh  fastened  by  the  foot  the  flitting  bird.  Dnjtlen. 

3.  To  remove  from  one  house  to  another. 
[Scotland  and  North  of  England.]  Bichardson. 

4.  To  be  movable  or  unstable.  “ Flitting 
disposition.”  Hales.  “ Flitting  air.”  Dryden. 

f FLIT,  v.  a.  To  dispossess.  Chaucer. 

f FLIT,  a.  Swift ; fleet ; rapid.  “Two  darts  ex- 
ceeding flit."  Spenser. 

FLITCH,  n.  [A.  S .flicce;  Ger.  flicke,  fleck ;;  Dan. 
Jlekke,  to  cleave,  slit ; Icel.  flicki,  a piece  of 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  £,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


FLITE 


567 


FLORASCOPE 


flesh;  Fr.  fl'-che.]  The  side  of  a hog  salted  and 
cured  ; a flick.  “ A fitch  of  bacon.”  Swift. 

FLITE,  v.  71.  [A.  S.flitan.]  To  scold  ; to  brawl. 
[Local,  Eng.]  Brockett. 

f FI.lT'TfR,  v.  n.  To  flutter.  Chaucer. 

FLIT'TIJR,  n.  A rag  ; a tatter  ; fritter.  Aubrey. 

FLIT'TJIR-MOUSE,  tl.  The  bat ; flickermouse  ; 
flindermouse.  Middleton. 

FLIT'T^RN,  a.  Noting  the  bark  of  young  oak 
trees;  — distinguished  from  timber  bark,  which 
is  that  of  old  oak  trees  and  less  valuable  for 
tanning.  Simmonds. 

f FLIT'TI-NESS,  n.  Unsteadiness  ; lightness. 
“ Flittiness  of  our  memories.”  Bp.  Hopkins. 

FLIT'TING,  n.  1.  A quick  motion  through  the 
air ; rapid  flight.  Holland. 

2.  A wandering: — a removal.  “Two  fit- 
tings are  as  bad  as  one  fire.”  Grose. 

FLiT'TING,  p.  a.  Flying  with  a rapid  motion  ; 
passing  away  quickly. 

FLIT'TING-LY,  ad.  In  a flitting  manner.  Coleridge. 

f FLIT'TY,  a.  Unstable  ; flighty.  More. 

f FLIX,  n.  1.  [Corrupted  from  flax.]  Down  ; fur ; 
soft  hair.  Dryden. 

2.  [Corrupted  from  flax.]  Dysentery.  Todd. 

FLIX' WEED,  n.  (Bot.)  A species  of  water-cress; 
Sisymbrium  sophia.  Lee. 

f FLO,  n.  [A.  S.  fleo.]  An  arrow.  Chaucer. 

FLOAT  (Hot),  v.  n.  [A.  S . flcotan,  or  flotian, 
which  Richardson  derives  from  flowan,  to  flow  ; 
Dut.  vloeden ; Ger.  flbszen ; Dan.  flat ; Fr. 
flotter.]  [i.  floated  ; pp.  floating,  floated.] 

1.  To  swim,  or  be  supported,  on  the  surface  of 
any  fluid. 

The  ark  no  more  now  floats,  but  seems  on  ground.  Milton. 

2.  To  move  as  if  supported  by  a fluid. 

What  divine  monsters,  O ye  gods,  were  these 

That  float  in  air?  Dryden. 

FLOAT  (flot),  v.  a.  1.  To  cover  with  water ; to 
inundate  ; to  flood. 

Proud  Pactolus  floats  the  fruitful  lands.  Dryden. 

2.  To  bear  upon  the  surface.  Carlyle. 

3.  (Masonry.)  To  adjust  by  a float,  or  rule. 

FLOAT,  n.  1.  The  act  of  flowing ; flux ; flood. 
“ The  float  and  refloat  of  the  sea.”  Bacon. 

2.  Any  thing  that  floats  on  the  surface  of  a fluid, 
particularly  of  water  ; a floating  mass  ; a raft. 

It  proved  a float  of  weeds  and  rushes.  L' Estrange. 

3.  The  cock  or  quill  of  an  angler’s  line.  “The 

place  where  your  float  swims.”  Walton. 

4.  The  water-gauge  of  a steam-boiler  at- 
tached to  the  valve  in  a feed-pipe.  Simmonds. 

5.  A lon^  rule  with  a straight  edge,  used  by 

masons.  Craig. 

6.  A coal-cart.  Simmonds. 

7.  [L  .fluctus ; It.flutto  ; Fr  .flot.]  A wave. 

“ The  Mediterranean  float."  Shah. 

FLOAT'A^E,  n.  See  Flotage. 

FLOAT'— BOARD^,  n.  pi.  Boards  fixed  to  the 
rim  or  circumference  of  a water-wheel,  and 
serving  to  receive  the  impulse  "of  the  stream, 
by  which  the  wheel  is  set  in  motion.  London  Ency. 

FLOATED— WORK  (-wurk),  n.  (Masonry.)  Plas- 
tering made  with  the  tool  called  a float.  Craig. 

FLOAT'IJR,  n.  One  who  floats.  Eusden. 

FLOAT'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  floats  or 
swims  on  the  surface  of  the  water.  Whitlock. 

2.  The  act  of  watering  or  overflowing  mead- 
ows. Craig. 

FLOAT'ING,  p.  a.  Swimming  on  the  surface  of 
water  or  other  fluid. 

FLOAT'ING-BAt'TER-Y,  n.  (Mil.)  Vessels  used 
as  batteries  to  cover  troops  in  landing  on  an 
enemy’s  coast.  " Crabb. 

FLOAT'ING-BRID^E,  n.  1.  A bridge  formed  of 
beams  of  timber  and  planks  lying  on  the  sur- 
face of  a river  or  piece  of  water.  Francis. 

2.  A kind  of  double  bridge,  the  upper  part 
sliding  on  the  under  ; — used  in  war  for  carrying 
troops  over  moats  in  attacking  a fort.  Boag. 

3.  A kind  of  flat-bottomed  steam  ferry-boat 


running  on  chains  laid  across  the  bottom  of  a 
water-course.  Simmonds. 

FLOATING— IS' LAND  (-I'ljnd),  n.  (Cookery.)  A 
kind  of  dish,  or  food,  formed  of  various  ingre- 
dients. Clarke. 

FLOAT'ING— LIGHT  (-lit),  n.  (Naut.)  A hollow 
vessel  of  tinned-iron  plate  made  in  the  form  of 
a boat,  with  a reflector  and  lantern,  used  in  res- 
cuing persons  who  have  fallen  overboard  in  the 
night;  — also  a light  attached  to  a boat  or  the 
hull  of  a vessel  moored  over  a rock  or  a shoal 
to  serve  the  purpose  of  a warning  to  mariners. 

FLOAT'ING— PIER,  n.  A pier  which  rises  and 
falls  with  the  tide.  Simmonds. 

FLOAT'SAM,  n.  See  Flotsam. 

FLOAT'— STONE,  n.  (Min.)  A light,  porous,  or 
spongy  variety  of  quartz.  Dana. 

FLOAT'Y,  a.  Buoyant  and  swimming  on  the 
surface.  Raleigh. 

FLOC-(jIL-LA'TION,  n.  (Med.)  The  act  of  pick- 
ing the  bedclothes  ; carphology ; — an  alarming 
symptom  in  acute  diseases.  Brande. 

FLOC-COSE'  (129),  a.  [L .floccosus;floccus,  a flock 
of  wool.]  (Bot.)  Composed  of,  or  bearing,  tufts 
of  woolly,  or  long  and  soft, "hairs  ; woolly.  Gray. 

FLOC-COSE'LY,  ad.  In  a flocky  manner.  Craig. 

FLOC'CU-LATE,  a.  (Ent.)  Applied  to  the  first 
joint  of  the  hind  legs,  when  they  are  distin- 
guished by  a curling  lock  of  hair.  Maunder. 

FLOC'CU-LENCE,  n.  The  state  of  being  in  locks 
or  flocks  ; adhesion  in  small  flakes.  Craig. 

FLOC'CIJ-LENT,  a.  Having  many  tufts,  locks, 
or  flocks.  Booth. 

FLOC  ’ CTJS,  n. ; pi.  FLdc'pI.  1.  (Zoal.)  The  tuft 
of  flaccid  hairs  which  terminates  the  tail  of  the 
mammalia.  Brande. 

2.  (Bot.)  A woolly  filament  often  found  mixed 
with  the  sporules  of  certain  fungi.  Brande. 

FLOCK,  n.  [A.  S.  flocc  ; Dut.  vlok  ; Ger.  flockc  ; 
Dan.  flok  ; Icel.  flockr  ; Sw.  flock.] 

1.  A company,  usually  of  birds,  sheep,  or 
small  four-footed  animals. 

The  riches  of  the  country  consisted  chiefly  in  flocks  and 
pasturage.  Addison. 

The  word  is  often  limited  to  a collection  of 
sheep,  to  distinguish  them  from  a herd  or  drove  of 
larger  cattle. 

2.  [L.  floccus.]  A lock  of  wool.  Dryden. 

3.  pi.  ltefuse  of  cotton  or  wool.  Simmonds. 

Syn.  — See  Herd. 

FLOCK,  V.  11.  \i.  FLOCKED  ; pp.  FLOCKING, 

flocked.]  To  come  together  in  flocks;  to 
gather  in  crowds  or  large  numbers. 

Others  ran  flocking  out  of  their  houses  to  the  general  sup- 
plication. 2 Mucc.  iii.  18. 

FLOCK'— BED,  it.  A bed  filled  with  flocks  or  locks 
of  wool.  Pope. 

f FLOCK'LY,  ad.  In  a body  ; in  a heap.  Iluloet. 

FLOCK'— PA-PJR,  n.  A kind  of  wall-paper,  having 
raised  figures  made  of  finely  pulverized  and 
dyed  wool  laid  on  the  surface  and  attached  by 
size.  Simmonds. 

FLOCK'Y,  a.  Having  flocks  or  locks.  Kirby. 

FLOE,  n.  [A.  S.  flcotan , to  float.]  A mass  of 
floating  ice,  or  a body  of  ice  driven  upon  the 
shore.  Parry. 

FLCETZ  (fliits),  a.  (Min.  & Geol.)  See  Fletz. 

FLOG,  v.  a.  [L.  flagello,  from  the  root  flag,  kin- 
dred with  plecto,  to  punish,  and  Gr.  vh'/oau),  to 
strike.]  [t.  flogged  ; pp.  flogging,  flogged.] 
To  lash  ; to  whip  ; to  beat ; to  chastise. 

How  he  was  flogged,  or  had  the  luck  t’  escape.  Cowper. 

FLOG'EF.R,  n.  One  who  flogs.  Booth. 

FLOG'EING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  flogs  ; a whip- 
ping ; a beating.  Moore.  Ed.  Rev. 

fFLONG , old  p.  from  fling.  Flung.  — See  Fling. 

FLOOD  (flud),  n.  [A.  S.  flod  ; flowan,  to  flow  ; 
Dut.  vlocd  ; Ger .fluth;  Dan.,  Icel., , iSr  Sw.flod.] 

1.  A great  flow  of  water ; particularly,  the 
sw'clling  or  overflowing  of  a river,  caused  by  the 
melting  of  snow  or  by  rain ; an  inundation. 
“ Sudden  floods  and  fails  of  waters.”  Shak. 


2.  The  general  deluge.  Gen.  vi.  17. 

It  is  commonlv  opinioued  that  the  earth  was  thinly  inhab- 
ited before  the  flood.  Browne. 

3.  The  flow,  or  flux,  of  the  tide  ; — opposed  to 
the  ebb.  “ The  ebbs  and  floods  of  Nile.”  Davies. 

4.  A body  of  water,  as  the  sea,  or  a river. 

Arcadia’s  flowery  plains  and  pleas'lll"  floods.  Dryden. 

5.  A great  flow  or  stream  of  any  fluid.  “ A 

flood  of  light.”  Milton. 

6.  Catamenia,  or  the  monthly  discharges  of 

females ; menses.  Harvey. 

FLOOD  (flud),  v.  a.  [i.  flooded  ; pp.  flooding, 
flooded.]  To  deluge  ; to  cover  with  waiters  ; 
to  inundate  ; to  overflow  ; to  overwhelm. 

FLOOD'pR  (flud'er),  n.  One  who  floods  or  irri- 
gates. Loudon. 

FLOOD'GATE  (flud'gat),  n.  1.  A sluice  or  gate  in 
rivers,  canals,  or  docks,  to  stop  or  let  out  water 
at  pleasure.  Holland. 

2.  Opening  ; passage  ; vent.  “ Some  great 
floodgate  of  sorrow.”  Sidney. 

FLOOD'ING,  n.  An  overflowing; — particularly 
an  excessive  discharge  of  blood  from  the  ute- 
rus. Smart. 

FLOOD'M ARK  (flud'nVdrk),  n.  High-water  mark  ; 
the  mark  which  the  sea  makes  on  the  shore  at 
flowing  water,  and  the  highest  tide.  Todd. 

FLOOK,  n.  See  Fluke,  and  Flowk. 

FLOOK' AN,  n.  See  Flooring.  Simmonds. 

FLOOK'ING,  ii.  (Mining.)  An  interruption  or 
shifting  of  a load  or  vein  of  ore  by  a cross  grain 
or  fissure  ; .cross-flookan  ; flookan.  Smart. 

FLOOK'Y,  a.  Furnished  with  flooks.  Rowe. 

FLOOR  (flor),  it.  [A.  S .for;  Dut.  vlocr ; Ger. 
flur ; Icel.^or.] 

1.  The  pavement  or  platform  on  which  one 
treads  in  any  building  or  structure,  as  the  bot- 
tom of  a room,  the  planks  laid  upon  a bridge,  &c. 

2.  A story ; all  those  parts  of  a building  which 

are  upon  the  same  level.  Francis. 

3.  (Naut.)  The  bottom  of  a ship  on  each  side 

of  the  keelson,  or  that  part  which  is  nearly  hori- 
zontal. Dana. 

To  get  the.  floor,  to  obtain  an  opportunity  of  taking 
part  in  a debate  ; equivalent  to  the  English  phrase, 
to  be  in  possession  of  the  house.  [U.  S.]  Pickering. 

FLOOR  (flor),  V.  a.  [i.  FLOORED  ; pp.  FLOORING, 
FLOORED.] 

1.  To  cover  with  a floor.  2 Chron.  xxxiv.  11. 

2.  To  bring  to  the  floor  ; to  knock  down. Grose. 

3.  To  prevail  over  or  silence  in  argument  or 

controversy.  Clarke. 

FLOOR'— CLOTH,  n.  A cloth  painted  on  both 
sides,  the  under  side  being  plain,  the  upper  side 
ornamented  with  a pattern.  Tomlinson. 

FLOOR'ING  (flor'jng),  n.  1.  The  bottom  of  a room ; 
the  floor.  I Cotton. 

2.  Materials  for  floors.  Smart. 

FLOOR'LESS,  a.  Having  no  floor.  Craig. 

FLOOR'— TIM-B?R§,  n.  pi.  Those  timbers  of  a 
vessel  which  are  placed  across  the  keel.  Dana. 

FLOP,  t>.  n.  To  flap.  — See  Flap.  L'Estrange. 

FLo'RA,»i.  [L.]  1.  (Ant.)  The  goddess  of  flowers. 

The  spleen  is  seldom  felt  where  Flora  reigns.  Cowper. 

2.  (Astron.)  One  of  the  small  planets  between 

the  orbits  of  Mars  and  Jupiter.  Hind. 

3.  (Bot.)  The  botany  or  various  kinds  of 

trees,  plants,  and  flowers  peculiar  or  belonging 
to  a country,  or  a work  systematically  describ- 
ing them. — See  Fauna.  Lyell. 

FLO'RAL,  a.  [L.  floralis  ; flos,  a flower  ; It.  flo- 
reale  \ Sp.  $ Fr.  floral.] 

1.  Relating  to  Flora,  or  to  flowers.  Prior. 

2.  (Bot.)  Relating  to  the  blossom.  Gray. 

Flora I envelopes,  (Bot.)  the  leaves  of  the  flower.  Gray. 

j-  FLOR'A-MOUR,  n.  [L.  flos,  floris,  a flower,  and 
amor,  love.]  A flower  ; the  flower  of  love.  Ash. 

FLO 'RAN,  n.  (Mining.)  Fine-grained  tin.  Clarke. 

FLO'RA-SCOPE,  n.  [L.  Flora,  the  goddess  of 
flowers,  and  Gr.  <TKoirla>,  to  behold.]  An  optical 
instrument  for  inspecting  flowers.  Craig. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — Q,  9,  *,  soft;  C,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  ^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


FLOREN  508  FLOW 


FLOR'fN,  n.  Florin.  — See  Florin.  F.Thynne. 

FLORENCE,  n.  [From  the  city  Florence.'] 

1.  A kind  of  cloth.  llastall. 

2.  A kind  of  wine.  Johnson. 

3.  A gold  coin  of  Edward  III.,  in  value  six 
shillings  sterling($1.45). — SeeFLORiN.  Camden. 

FLORENCE— OIL,  n.  Olive  oil  sold  in  flasks. 

II  FLOR' IJN-TINE,  or  FLOR'yN-TINE,  n. 

1.  ( Gcog .)  A native  of  Florence. 

2.  A sort  of  silk.  Todd. 

II  FLOR'UN-TlNE,  a.  Relating  to  Florence.  Ch.  Ob. 

FLO-RES'CUNCE,  n.  [L.  floresco,  jloresccns,  to 
begin  to  flower  ; Jlos,  a flower  ; It . Jlorescenza.] 
{Bot.)  A flowering;  the  season  when  plants 
are  in  flower  ; inflorescence.  Crabb. 

FLO'RgT, n.  1.  [Sp.florcta-,  Fr.fleurette.]  {Bot.) 
A diminutive  flower ; one  of  the  little  flowers 
in  the  head  of  a so  called  compound  flower.  — 
See  Composite. 

2.  [Fr.Jloret.]  A foil.  Cotgrave. 

f FLO'RI-A(,JE,  n.  [Old  Fr.  jieurage.]  Bloom; 
blossom.  J.  Scott. 

FLOR'I-CEPS,  n.  [L  .jlos,  floris,  a flower,  and 
caput,  the  head.]  ( Eat .)  A genus  of  Entozoa, 
having  four  little  tentacula,  with  recurved 
spines  at  one  extremity,  by  means  of  which 
they  penetrate  the  viscera.  Cuvier. 

FLO-RIC'O-MOUS,  a.  [L . floricomus  ; flos,  Jloris , 
a flower,  and  coma,  hair.]  Having  the  top  or 
head  ornamented  with  flowers.  Craig. 

FLOR-I-CULT'U-RAL,  a.  Relating  to  floriculture, 
or  the  cultivation  of  flowers.  . Falney. 

FLOR'I-CULT-URE  (flSr'e-kuIt-yiir),  n.  [L.  flos, 
floris,  a flower,  and  cultura,  culture.]  The  cul- 
tivation of  flowers,  or  flowering  plants.  Brande. 

FLOR'ID,  a.  [L.  Jloridus  ; jlos,  jloris,  a flower; 
It.  <Sf  Sp  .florido  ; Fr.  fleuri.] 

X.  Covered  with  flowers ; full  of  flowers ; 
flowery.  “ Your  jlorid  orchard  blows.”  Pope. 

2.  Bright  in  color  ; flushed  with  red;  as,  “ A 
Jlorid  face.” 

3.  Ornate  and  elaborate;  embellished;  fig- 
urative. “ A florid  style.”  Blair. 

FLO-RID' I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being  florid; 
freshness  of  color  ; floridness.  Floyer. 

FLOR'ID-LY,  ad.  In  a florid  manner.  A.  Wood. 

FLOR'ID-NESS,  n.  1.  Quality  of  being  florid; 
freshness  or  brightness  of  color ; ftoridity. Evelyn. 

2.  Embellishment ; ambitious  elegance. Boyle. 

FLO-RIF'UR-OUS,  a.  [h.  Jlorifer  ; jlos,  floris,  a 
flower,  and  fero,  to  bear  ; It.  § Sp.  florifero.] 
Productive  of  flowers,  [u.]  Blount. 

FLOR-I-FI-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  flos,  floris,  a flower, 
and  flacio,  to  make.]  The  act  or  the  process  of 
flowering  ; the  time  of  flowering,  [it.]  Boag. 

FLOR'I-FORM,  a.  [L.  flos,  floris,  a flower,  and 
forma,  form  ; It.  port  forme.]  Having  the  form 
of  a flower.  Kirby. 

FL6'R(-LE<?E,  n.  [h.florilegus,  flower-culling  ; 
Jlos,  floris,  a flower,  and  lego,  to  cull ; — It.  § Sp. 
flonlegio.]  The  culling  of  flowers,  or  a treatise 
on  flowers ; — anthology,  [k.]  Craig. 

FLOR'IN,  n.  [Fr.]  A coin  first  made  at  Florence  : 
now  a coin  of  different  values,  or  money  of  ac- 
count. The  silver  florin  of  Holland  and  Bava- 
ria is  worth  about  Is.  8 )fll.  (41  cents)  ; the  gold 
florin  of  Germany  is  equal  to  about  6s.  Hr/. 
($1.67).  P.  Cyc. 

FLO'RIST  [flo'rist,  S.  IF.  P.  J.  E.  F.  K.  Sm.  C. 
Wb.  ; flor'jst,  Ja.],  n.  [Sp.  florista ; Fr.  fleu- 

riste.  — See  Flower.] 

1.  One  who  cultivates  flowers.  Sir  II.  Wotton. 

2.  One  who  writes  a flora,  or  an  account  of 


plants.  Craig. 

FLO'RO&N,  n.  [Fr.  fleuron.]  A border  worked 
with  flowers.  Craig. 

f FLOR'U-LiJNT,  a.  [I.,  florulcntus ; flos,  Jloris,  a 
flower.]  Flowery  ; blossoming.  Blount. 

FLOS'CLE,  n.  A floret.  Smart. 

FLOS'CU-LAR,  a.  See  Flosculous.  Craig. 


FLOS'CULE,  n.  [L  .flosculus,  dim.  of  flos,  a flow- 


er ; It.  <S;  Sp.  flosculo.]  ( Bot .)  A partial  or 
smaller  floret  of  an  aggregate  flower.  P.  Cyc. 

FLOS'CU-LOSE,  > a_  [Sp.  floscidoso.]  {Bot.)  Ap- 

FLOS'Cy-LOfJS,  ) plied  to  flowers,  consisting  of 
many  tubular  monopetalous  florets.  Loudon. 

FLOS'— FER'R!,  n.  [L .flos ferri,  flower  of  iron.] 
{Min.)  A coralloidal  carbonate  of  lime,  often 
found  in  cavities  of  spathic  iron  ore.  Brande. 

FLOSS,  n.  [L .flos,  a flower.] 

1.  {Metallurgy.)  A fluid  glass  floating  upon 
the  iron  produced  by  the  vitrification  of  the 
oxides  and  earths  in  a puddling  furnace.  Ure. 

2.  {Bot.)  A downy  substance  found  in  some 

plants.  P.  Cyc. 

3.  Silk  in  fine  filaments  ; untwisted  silk ; 
floss-silk. 

FLOS-SI-FI-CA'TION,  n.  \L.  flos,  a flower,  and 
J'acio,  to  make.]  A flowering ; expansion  of 
flowers.  Craig. 

FLOSS'— SILK,  n.  The  portion  of  ravelled  silk 
broken  off  in  the  filature  of  the  cocoons,  and 
used  for  coarser  fabrics.  Tire. 

FLO'TA,  n.  [Sp.]  A fleet; — properly,  the  Span- 
ish fleet  which  formerly  sailed  annually  from 
Cadiz  to  Mexico.  Brande. 

FLOT'AyE,  n.  [Fr.  flottage.]  Act  of  floating  : 
— that  which  floats  on  the  water.  Chambers. 

FLO 'T ANT,  n.  {Her.)  A banner,  or  any  thing 
flying.  Craig. 

FLO-TA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  floating.  Ec.  Rev. 

f FLOTE,  v.  a.  To  skim  ; to  fleet.  Tusser. 

t FLOTE,  n.  A wave. — See  Float.  Shale. 

FLO-TIL'LA,  n.  [Sp.,  a little  fleet ; flota,  a fleet.] 
{Naut.)  A term  applied  to  a fleet,  however  large, 
composed  of  small  vessels.  Brande. 

FLOT'SAM,  ii.  [A.  S.  fleotan,  to  float.]  {Law.) 
Goods  which  lie  floating  upon  the  sea  when  a 
ship  is  wrecked,  in  distinction  from  jetsam  and 
lagan  -,  — written  also  Jtotson,  flotsan,  and  float- 
sam.  Blackstone. 

+ FLOT'TEN,  p.  from  flote.  Skimmed.  Skinner. 

FLOUNCE,  v.  n.  [Dut.  plonssen.]  [j.  flounced  ; 
pp.  flouncing,  flounced.]  To  move  with  a 
violent  and  throwing  motion  of  the  body  and 
limbs,  as  when  an  animal  struggles  in  mire  ; to 
move  with  a jerk,  spring,  or  other  sudden  effort ; 
to  be  uneasy. 

They  flounce  and  tumble  in  unwieldy  joy.  Thomson. 

FLOUNCE,  v.  a.  To  deck  or  trim  with  flounces, 
as  a dress.  Addison. 

FLOUNCE,  n.  1.  A sudden  jerk  or  spring;  a 
quick,  violent,  or  irregular  motion.  Roget. 

2.  A frill  or  ruffle  sewed  to  a gown,  &c.,  and 
hanging  loose  and  waving.  Pope. 

FLOUN'DIJR,  n.  [Ger.  fl Under \ Sw.  flundra.] 

(Ich.)  A small,  flat,  malacopterygious  fish  of 
the  family  Pleuronectidce  and  genus  Platessa, 
found  in  the  sea,  and  near  the  mouths  of  large 
rivers,  generally  swimming  near  the  bottom  ; 
Platessa  flesus.  Baird. 

FLOUN'DER,  v.  n.  \i.  floundered  ; pp.  floun- 
dering, floundered.]  To  proceed  with  diffi- 
culty, as  an  animal  in  the  mire ; to  struggle 
with  violent  and  irregular  motions. 

And  deeper  sunk  b y floundering  in  the  mud.  Dry  den. 

FLOUN'DER— MAN,  n.  A dealer  in  flounders  or 
fish.  Milton. 

FLOUR,  7i.  [L .Jlos,  Jloris;  It ,fio7'e  \ Sp .flor\  Fr. 
fleur.~\ 

1.  The  edible  part  of  grain  reduced  to  pow- 
der ; the  finer  part  of  meal  separated  from  the 
bran  by  sifting  or  bolting  ; meal. 

2.  Any  thing  resembling  flour. 

Flour  and  flower,  now  regarded  as  different 
words,  are  etymologically  the  same,  but  are  used  in 
different  senses.  Flour  is  found  in  Bailey’s  Diction- 
ary, with  the  definition  of  “ the  fine  part  of  ground 
corn  ; ” but  it  is  wanting  in  Johnson’s  Dictionary, 
and  in  most  of  the  other  English  dictionaries  earlier 
than  that  of  Johnson.  Johnson  and  the  other  lexi- 
cographers give  to  flower  the  different  meanings  which 
are  given  to  both  forms.  But  the  distinction  between 
the  spelling  of  flour  from  wheat,  and  the  flower  of  a 
plant,  is  fully  established  by  common  usage. 


FLOUR,  v.  a.  \i.  FLOURED  ; pp.  FLOURING, 
FLOURED.] 

1.  To  convert  into  flour.  Smart. 

2.  To  sprinkle  with  flour.  Smart. 

FLOUR'— BAR-R^L,  re.  A barrel  made  to  hold  flour. 

FLOUR'— BOX,  n.  A box  to  hold  or  scatter  flour; 
a dredging-box.  Bailey. 

FLOUR'— DREDGE,  n.  A tin  box  for  scattering 
flour  ; a dredging-box  ; a dredge-box.  Simmonds. 

FLOUR'UT,  n.  See  Floweret.  Spenser. 

FLOUR'ING,  a.  Converting  into  flour;  employed 
in  making  flour  ; as,  “ A.  flouring  mill.” 

FLOUR'ISH  (flur'ish),  v.  n.  [L . floresco ; flos , a 

flower;  It.  Jiorire  ; Sp.florecer  ; Fr  .fleurir.]  \i. 
FLOURISHED  ; pp.  FLOURISHING,  FLOURISHED.] 

1.  To  thrive  as  a healthy  plant ; to  grow. 

So  Fallas  with  her  javelin  smote  the  ground, 

And  peaceful  olives  flourished  from  the  wound.  Broome. 

2.  To  prosper ; to  be  prosperous  or  success- 
ful. “ Live  thou  and  flourish.”  Shak. 

3.  To  improve  and  advance  in  goodness. 

The  righteous  shall  flourish  as  a branch.  Prov.  xi.  28. 

4.  To  use  florid  language ; to  speak  or  write 
in  a flowery  manner ; to  use  figures  of  speech 
in  excess. 

They  dilate  sometimes  and  flourish  long  upon  little  inci- 
dents. Halls. 

5.  To  describe  various  circles  or  parts  of  cir- 
cles irregularly  or  fantastically.  Pope. 

6.  To  boast;  to  brag;  to  vaunt.  Pope. 

7.  (Mus.)  To  indulge  in  loose  or  showy  pas- 
sages, for  the  purpose  of  ornament  or  prelude. 

Syn.  — To  flourish  and  to  thrive  are  applied,  in  the 
proper  sense,  to  vegetation  ; to  thrive  denotes  the  act 
of  growing;  to  flourish,  the  state  of  being  full  grown. 
To  flourish  and  lo  thrive  are  used  in  a moral  sense,  as 
also  is  to  -prosper.  The  industrious  thrive  ; literature 
or  trade  flourishes ; a merchant  prospers  in  liis  busi- 
ness. 

FLOUR'ISH  (flur'ish),  v.  a.  1.  To  adorn  with 
flowers  or  beautiful  figures.  Fenton. 

2.  To  adorn  with  figures  of  speech  ; to  embel- 
lish with  florid  expressions.  Collier. 

3.  To  set  off;  to  grace. 

The  justice  of  your  title  to  him 
Doth  flourish  the  deceit.  Shah. 

4.  To  move  in  circles  or  other  bold  fig- 

ures ; to  wave ; to  brandish.  “ Flourish  the 
sword.”  Dryden. 

FLOUR'ISH  (flur'jsh),  n.  1.  State  of  prosperity 
or  success ; vigor. 

The  Roman  monarchy  in  her  highest  flourish  never  had 
the  like.  Howell. 

2.  Beauty  ; grace  ; ornament. 

The  flourish  of  his  sober  youth 

"W us  the  pride  of  naked  truth.  Crashaw. 

3.  Ostentatious  embellishment ; display  ; pa- 
rade ; show.  “Rhetorical  flourishes.”  More. 

4.  Figures  described  by  bold  and  fanciful  lines. 

Ludicrous  ornaments  of  nature,  like  the  flourishes  about 

, a great  letter.  More. 

5.  A triumphant  sounding  of  musical  instru- 
ments ; — a loose  ornamentafphrase  or  passage. 

FLOUR'ISH-UR,  n.  One  who  flourishes. 

FLOUR'ISH-ING,y>.  a.  Prospering;  prosperous; 
vigorous  ; thriving ; growing. 

FLOUR'ISH-ING-LY,  ad.  With  flourishes  ; pros- 
perously ; ostentatiously. 

FLOUT,  v.  a.  [A.  S .flitan,  to  quarrel.]  [i.  flout- 
ed ; pp.  flouting,  flouted.]  To  jeer  ; to 
scoff  at ; to  mock  ; to  insult ; to  gibe  ; to  taunt, 
lie  mocked  us  when  he  begged  our  voices; 

Certainly  lie  flouted  us  downright.  Shak. 

FLOUT,  v.  n.  To  mock  or  to  practise  mocking; 
to  show  contempt ; to  sneer. 

Fleer,  and  gibe,  and  laugh,  and  flout.  Swift. 

FLOUT,  n.  A mock  ; an  insult ; a show  of  con- 
tempt; a sneer;  a scoff ; a taunt.  Dryden. 

FLOUT'yR,  n.  One  who  flouts  or  jeers.  Burton. 

FLOUT'ING-LY,  ad.  In  an  insulting  manner. 

FLOW  (fid),  v.  n.  [A.  S.  flowan  ; Dut.  vloeyen ; 
Ger.  flicsscn-,  Sw .flyta;  Dan .flyde.  — Skinner 
think's  from  the  L.  fluo.  Wachter  seems  to 
think  a foreign  origin  not  necessary,  and  Tooke 
is  decisive  that  the  L.  is  from  the  A.  S.]  [i. 

FLOWED  ; pp.  FLOWING,  FLOWED,  f FLOWN.] 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short ; 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  fArE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL; 


IIEIR,  HER; 


FLOW 


1.  To  run  or  move  as  water  from  its  spring  or 
source ; to  move  along  with  a continual  change 
among  the  particles,  as  a fluid. ; to  stream. 

Endless  tears  flow  down  in  streams.  Swift. 

2.  To  become  liquid ; to  melt. 

That  the  mountains  might  flow  down  at  thy  presence- 

Isa.  lxiv.  1. 

3.  To  proceed  ; to  issue ; to  emanate. 

I ’ll  use  that  tongue  I have;  if  wit  flow  from  % 

1 shall  do  good.  Shak. 

4.  To  glide  along  smoothly,  easily,  and  copi- 
ously in  writing  or  speaking. 

6,  could  I flow  like  thee,  and  make  thy  stream 

My  great  example,  as  it  is  my  theme!  Denham. 

5.  To  rise,  as  the  tide. 

This  river  hath  thrice  flawed,  no  ebb  between.  Shak. 

6.  To  circulate,  as  the  blood.  “ Princely  blood 

flows  in  his  cheek.”  Shak. 

7.  To  hang  loose  and  waving.  “ A flowing 

mantle  of  green  silk.”  Spectator. 

8.  To  abound ; to  be  full.  “ Flowing  cups.” 
Shak  “ The  flowing  goblet.”  Pope. 

Syn.  — See  Arise. 

FLOW,  v.  a.  To  overflow;  to  deluge.  Mortimer. 

FLOW,  n.  1.  The  rise  of  water;  — opposed  to 
the  ebb. 

The  ebb  of  tides,  and  their  mysterious  flow.  Dryden. 

2.  A stream  or  abundance  of  any  thing  ; ful- 
ness ; copiousness.  “ A.  flow  of  wealth.”  War- 
burton.  “ A flow  of  words.”  South. 

The  feast  of  reason  and  the  flow  of  soul.  Pope. 

FLOW'A<?E,  n.  1.  The  act  of  flowing,  [r.] 

2.  The  state  of  being  flowed.  Wilkins. 

FLOvV'ER  (fliiu'er),  n.  [Gr.  ipl/los ; L.flos,  floris ; 
It .flore;  Sp ./for;  Fr .fleur.] 

1.  ( Bot .)  That  part  of  a plant  which  sub- 
serves the  purpose  of  producing  seed,  consisting 
of  stamens  and  pistils,  which  are  the  essential 
organs,  and  the  calyx  and  corolla,  which  are  the 
protecting  organs,  the  former  being  the  outer 
circle  or  whorl  of  sepals,  usually  green,  and 
the  latter  the  inner  whorl  of  petals,  which  are 
of  some  other  color  than  green,  and  form  the 
showy  part  of  the  blossom  ; — the  bud  of  a plant 
when  the  petals  are  expanded  ; a blossom.  Gray. 

2.  The  best,  finest,  or  most  valuable  part  of 

any  thing.  “ Flower  of  warriors.”  Shak. 

The  flower  of  the  nation  is  consumed  in  its  wars.  Addison. 

3.  The  prime  ; the  flourishing  part. 

In  flower  of  youth  and  beauty’s  pride.  Dryden. 

4.  A figure  or  ornamental  expression. 

Truth  needs  no  flowers  of  speech.  Pope. 

5.  pi.  (Med.)  Catamenial  discharge;  month- 
ly courses  ; menses.  Dunglison. 

6.  (Chem.)  A term  formerly  used  to  denote 

a fine  powder  or  mealy  matter  produced  by  sub- 
limation or  crystallization  ; as,  “ Floxoers  of 
zinc  ” ; “ Flowers  of  sulphur.”  lloblyn. 

See  Flour. 

FLOW'flR,  V.  n.  [i.  FLOWERED  ; pp.  FLOWER- 
ING, FLOWERED.] 

1.  To  be  in  flower;  to  put  forth  flowers;  to 

blossom ; to  bloom.  < Milton. 

2.  To  be  in  the  prime  ; to  flourish.  “ When 

flo'wered  my  youthful  spring.”  Spenser. 

3.  To  froth  ; to  ferment ; to  mantle,  as  new- 
made  beer.  “Thatbeerdidyfoioeralittle.”  Bacon. 

4.  To  come  as  cream  from  the  surface.  “These 
few  observations  which  have  flowered  oft."  Milton. 

FLoW'FR,  v.  a.  1.  To  adorn  with  imitations  of 
flowers.  Johnson. 

2.  To  cause  to  blossom.  Qu.  Rev. 

f FLoW'ER-Al^E,  n.  Store  of  flowers.  Bailey. 

FLOW'JJR— BeAr'ING,  a.  Producing  flowers. 

Clarke. 

FLoW'ER— BUD,  n.  An  unopened  flower.  Browne. 

FLoW'ER— CROWNED,  a.  Crowned  with  flowers. 

FLOtV'ER— DJJ— LUCE,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the 
genus  Iris  ; yellow  flag  ; fleur-de-lis  ; Iris  psea- 
dacorus.  “ Cropped  are  the flower-de-luces." Shak. 

FLoW'ER-ET,  n.  [Fr .fleurette.  — See  Flower.] 
A little  flower  ; a floret. 

The  meanest  floweret  of  the  vale.  Gray. 

FLoW'JJR— FENCE,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the 
genus  Poinciana;  Poinciana  pulcherrima  •, — 
so  named  from  being  used  for  hedges.  Loudon. 


569 

FLoW'JJR-FUL,  a.  Abounding  with  flowers. Craig. 

FLoW'FR— GAR-DF.N,  n.  A garden  for  flowers. 

FLOW'JJR— <?EN-TLE,  n.  (Bot.)  A species  of 
amaranth  ; Amaranthus  spinosus.  B.  Jonson. 

F LOW' pit— HEAD,  n.  (Bot.)  The  capitulum,  or 
that  mode  of  inflorescence  in  which  all  the  flow- 
ers are  sessile  upon  a broad  plate,  called  the  re- 
ceptacle, as  in  the  daisy.  Craig. 

FLOW'IJR-I-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  flow- 
ery ; floridness.  Sherwood. 

FLOW'F-R-lNG,  n.  The  act  of  blossoming ; bloom. 

FLOW'£R-ING,  p.  a.  Producing  flowers ; blos- 
soming; as,  “ Flowering  plants.” 

FLOW'ER-ING— BUSH',  n.  * (Bot.)  A beautiful 
aquatic  plant ; Butomus  umbellatus.  Johnson. 

FLdW'ER-IN-WOV'EN  (-vn),  a.  Adorned  with 
flowers.  “ Flower-imvoven  tresses.”  Milton. 

FLOW'ER— LEAF,  n. ; pi.  flower-leaves.  The 
leaf  of  a flower.  Bailey. 

FLOW'JyR-LESS,  a.  Without  a flower.  Chaucer. 

FLOWER- 1, ESS- NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  the 
state  of  being  without  flowers.  Clarke. 

FLoW'JER— MAK-IJR,  n.  A maker  of  artificial 
flowers.  More. 

FLoW'JJR—  PIECE,  n.  A painting  or  picture  of 
flowers.  Johnson. 

FLOW'ER— POT,  n.  A pot  for  a flowering  plant. 

FLOW'JJR— STALK  (-stak),  n.  The  stem  of  a 
[lower.  Pilkington. 

FLoW'ER— WORK  (-wiirk),  n.  Artificial  imita- 
tion of  flowers.  . Jodrell. 

FLO\A'iJR-Y,  a.  1.  Full  of  flowers;  bloomy; 
adorned  with  flowers,  real  or  artificial.  “ The 
flowery  field.”  “ A flowery  vest.”  Pope. 

2.  Consisting  of,  or  abounding  in,  flowers. 

It  is  the  flowery  species,  so  remarkable  for  its  weakness 
and  momentary  duration,  that  gives  us  the  liveliest  idea  of 
beauty  and  elegance.  Burke. 

3.  Figurative;  florid;  ornate;  — applied  to 
style.  “Vain  is  the  flowery  verse.”  Mason. 

FLOW'F.R-Y— KIR'TLED  (-tld),  a.  Dressed  with 
garlands.  “ Flowery -kirtled  Naiades.”  Milton. 

FLOW'ING,  n.  The  act  of  moving  or  rising,  as 
water ; rise  ; flow  ; flooding.  Taylor. 

FLOW'ING,  p.  a.  1.  Moving  on,  as  a fluid. 

2.  Fluent ; smooth  and  copious.  “ Thy  flow- 
ing wit  is  such.”  Suckling. 

FLOW'ING-LY,  ad.  With  smoothness  or  abun- 
dance. 

FLOW'ING-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  flow- 
ing or  fluent ; smoothness;  fluency.  “ T\\e  flow- 
ingness of  his  easy  eloquence.”  Nichols. 

FLOWK  (fluk),  n.  [A.  S.  floe.]  A kind  of  flat 
fish  resembling  the  flounder ; a fluke.  Carew. 

FLOWK' WORT  (fluk'wlirt),  n.  A plant. 

FLOWN  (Aon),  p.  I.  [From  fly.]  Gone  away. 

Where,  my  deluded  sense,  was  reason  flown  ? Prior. 

2.  [From  flow.]  Being  full ; inflated. 

Unseemly  flown  with  insolence  and  wine.  Pope. 

When  night 

Darkens  the  streets,  then  wander  forth  the  sons 

Of  Belial,  flown  with  insolence  and  wine.  Milton. 

,8®=  In  this  citation  from  Milton,  the  use  of  the 
word./! own  has  occasioned  some  controversy.  War- 
ton  reads  swoln  ; and,  according  to  Bp.  Newton,  blown 
has  been  proposed,  by  a nameless  critic,  as  the  true 
reading.  Todd  maintains  that  flown  is  correct,  and 
considers  it  to  mean  flushed , like  the  Greek  oiuo<p\v(, 
flushed  with  wine. 

FLU'ATE,  n.  [See  Fluor.]  (Chem.)  A com- 
pound of  a metallic  oxide,  earth,  or  alkali,  with 
fluoric  acid.  Craig. 

FLU'CJJR-lNE,  n.  [fluor  and  cerium.]  (Min.) 
The  native  fluoride  of  cerium ; a mineral  found 
in  Sweden.  , P.  Cyc. 

f FLUC-TIF'BR-OUS,  a.  [L.  fluctus,  a wave,  and 
fero,  to  bear.]  Producing  waves.  Blount. 

t FLUC-TIF'RA-GOUS,  a.  [L.fluctifragus \fluctus, 
a wave,  and  frango,  to  break.]  Breaking  the 
waves.  Bailey. 

f FLUC-TIS'O-NOUS,  a.  [L.  fluctisonus  ; fluctus, 


FLUGEL-MAN 

a wave,  and  sonus,  sound.]  Having  the  sound 
of  waves.  Bailey. 

f FLUC-TIV'A-GANT,  a.  Floating  on  the  water; 
fluctivagous.  Blount. 

f FLUC-Tl  V'A-GOUS,  a.  [L.  fluctivaqus  ; fluctus, 
a wave,  and  vagus,  wandering.]  Floating  on 
the  waves.  Bailey. 

FLUCT'U-ANT,  a.  [L.  fluctuo,  fluctuans.  — See 
Fluctuate.]  Wavering  ; uncertain.  Pearson. 

FLUCT'U-ATE  (flukt'yu-at),  v.  n.  [L.  fluctuo, 
flactuatus  ; fluctus,  a wave  ; fluo,  to  flow;  It. 
flutluare;  Sp . fluctuar ; Fr. fluctuer.]  \i.  fluc- 
tuated ; pp.  FLUCTUATING,  FLUCTUATED.] 

1.  To  roll  or  move  hither  and  thither,  as  a 
wave  ; to  flow  or  float  to  and  fro. 

So  sounds,  so  fluctuates , the  troubled  sea.  King. 

2.  To  waver;  to  vacillate;  to  be  unsteady, 

irresolute,  or  inconstant;  to  oscillate.  “A  fluc- 
tuating conscience.”  Goodwin. 

Syn.  — To  fluctuate  is  applied  to  persons  and 
things  ; to  vacillate  and  waver , to  persons  ; to  undu- 
late, to  things.  Tile  tides  fluctuate-,  tile  sea  undulates, 
or  forms  undulations,  by  tile  rising  and  falling  of 
waves.  Men  fluctuate  in  their  opinions  ; waver  and 
vacillate  in  their  resolutions.  Fluctuation  of  opinion  ; 
warering  or  vacillation  of  feeling  or  resolution  ; undu- 
lations of  the  sea  ; oscillation  of  a pendulum. 

FLUGT'U-AT-ING,  p.  a.  1.  Moving  backwards 
and  forwards,  as  a wave. 

2.  Wavering;  vacillating. 

FLUCT-U-A'TION,  n.  [I.,  fluctuatio  ; It .fluttua- 
zione\  S\>.  fluctuation-,  Fr. fluctuation.] 

1.  The  act  of  fluctuating,  or  moving  to  and 
fro,  or  up  and  down,  as  the  waves.  Woodward. 

2.  A wavering  ; vacillation ; uncertainty,  in- 

constancy, or  indetermination.  “ Fluctuation 
of  judgment.”  Boyle. 

FLUD'DF.R,  n.  An  aquatic  bird  of  the  diver 
kind,  nearly  as  large  as  a goose ; — written 
alsoj finder.  Craig. 

FLUE  (flu,  24),  n.  [“Of  unknown  etymology.” 
Richardson.  “Probably  from  the  Fr.  Vouvert.” 
Todd.  “ Probably  contracted  from  flume." 
Webster.  — See  Louver.] 

1.  A passage  for  smoke  from  a fireplace  to  a 

chimney,  or  through  a chimney  to  the  open  air 
above.  “ The  chimney  flues."  Evelyn. 

2.  The  coping  of  a gable  or  end  wall  of  a 

house.  Grose. 

FLUE,  n.  [Ger .flaum.]  Soft  down  or  fur.  Bailey. 

FLU-EL'LIN,  n.  The  herb  speedwell,  an  annual 
plant.  Lee. 

FLU'EL-LlTE,  n.  [floor  and  Gr.  XiBo;,  a stone.] 
(Min.)  Native  fluoride  of  aluminum,  occurring 
in  Cornwall.  Brande. 

f FLU'jpNCE,  n.  Copiousness;  fluency.  Whitlock. 

FLU'IJN-CY,  n.  [L.  fluentia.] 

1.  The  act  or  the  quality  of  flowing ; smooth- 

ness ; freedom  from  harshness,  applied  to  lan- 
guage. “ Fluency  of  numbers.”  Garth. 

2.  Facility  of  words ; readiness  of  expres- 
sion ; command  of  language. 

We  reason  with  such  fluency  and  fire.  Tickcll. 

3.  f Affluence";  abundance.  Sandys. 

FLU'gNT,  a.  [L.  fluo,  fluens,  to  flow  ; It.  Sj  Sp. 
fluente.] 

1.  Flowing  ; gliding.  Ray. 

2.  Capable  of  flowing ; liquid.  Bacon. 

3.  Smooth;  not  harsh  ; as,  “ A fluent  style.” 

4.  Ready  and  copious  in  the  use  of  words  ; 
having  a command  of  language ; voluble. 

Fluent  in  words,  and  bold  in  peaceful  councils.  Jtowe. 

FLU'^NT,  n.  1.  A stream.  Phillips. 

2.  (Math.)  A variable  quantity  considered  as 
increasing  or  diminishing.  Bp.  Berkeley. 

ifr/-  The  words  function  and  integral  are  now  used, 
the  differential  and  integral  calculus  having  super- 
seded the  methods  of  fluxions  and  fluents.  Brande. 

FLU'5NT-LY,  ad.  In  a fluent  manner;  volubly. 

FLU'BNT-NESS,  ?i.  The  quality  of  being  fluent. 

FLUFF,  n.  Nap  or  down."  [Local,  Eng.]  Halliwell. 

FLUF'FY,  a.  Having  the  quality  of  nap  or  down  ; 
soft.  A.  Haines. 

FLU'GEL-MAN  (flu'gl-m&n),  n.  [Ger.  fl'dgel,  a 


MIEN,  SIR  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RlJLE.  — 9,  9,  ?,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z ; as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


FLUID 


570 


FLUTTERING 


wing.]  (Mil.)  A well-drilled  soldier,  who  is 
advanced  in  front  to  give  the  time  in  the  man- 
ual and  platoon  exercises  ; fugleman.  Crabb. 

FLU'ID,  a.  [L . fluidus;  fluo,  to  flow;  It.  ^ Sp. 
flttido  ; Fr.  fluide.]  Having  parts  which  easily 
move  and  change  their  relative  position  with- 
out separation,  and  which  easily  yield  to  pres- 
sure ; that  may  flow,  as  water,  spirit,  or  air ; 
not  solid ; liquid. 

FLU'ID,  n.  Any  thing  not  solid,  or  that  flows 
readily  ; any  substance  whose  parts  easily  move 
and  change  their  relative  position  without  sep- 
aration, as  water,  air,  gas,  &c. ; a liquid;  a liquor. 

Syn.  — Fluid  signifies  that  which,  from  its  nature, 
flows  ; liquid,  that  which  is  melted.  Water,  air,  gas, 
Mood,  juice,  &.C.,  are  fluids;  ice,  when  thawed,  and 
lead,  &c.,  when  melted,  become  liquids.  Liquid  is 
what  is  drunk,  and  is  opposed  to  what  we  eat,  which 
is  solid. 

FLU-ID'I-TY,  n.  [L.  fuiditas  ; It.  fluidith ; Sp. 
fluididad  ; Fr.  fluidite.]  The  quality  ot  being 
fluid,  or  capable  of  flowing.  Newton. 

FI.U'ID-IST,  71.  (Med.)  The  doctrine  of  those 
who  refer  all  diseases  to  alterations  of  the  fluids 
of  the  body.  P.  Cyc. 

FLU'ID-IZE,  v.  a.  To  convert  into  a fluid.  Ch.  Ob. 

FLU'ID-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  fluid  ; fluidity. 

FLUKE  (24),  it.  [Dut.  ploeg,  a plough  ; Gcr. pflug. 
Skinner.  “ More  probably  Ger.  flug,  a wing.” 
Ogilvie.]  [Written  also  flock.) 

1.  (Naut.)  The  broad  part  or  arm  of  an  an- 
chor, which  takes  hold  of  the  ground. 

2.  (Mining.)  An  instrument  for  cleansing  a 

hole  before  blasting.  Weale. 

3.  ( ZoOl .)  An  obovate  flat  worm,  an  inch  in 

length  and  nearly  an  inch  broad,  sometimes 
found  in  the  gall-bladder  of  man,  whence  it  oc- 
casionally passes  into  the  intestinal  canal ; and 
it  also  infests  sheep  and  other  animals ; gourd- 
worm  ; fluke-worm.  Dunglison. 

4.  ( Whaling.)  pi.  The  tail  of  the  whale. 

FLUKE,  n.  [A.  S.  floc.\  (Jch.)  A kind  of  flat- 
fish resembling  the  flounder  ; a turbot ; a flowk  ; 
Platessa  maximus.  Eng.  Cyc. 

FLUKE'— WORM  (-wurm),  n.  A worm  that  in- 
fests sheep  ; gourd-worm  ; a fluke.  Booth. 

FLU'KY,  a.  Formed  like  or  having  a fluke.  Rowe. 

FLUME,  n.  [L . flumen  ; fluo,  to  flow.  — A.  S .flurn.] 

1.  f A river  ; a stream.  Wickliffe. 

2.  The  water-passage  of  a mill;  a water- 
channel. 

f FLU'MI-NOUS,  a.  [L.  flumineus .]  Relating 
to,  or  abounding  with,  rivers.  Blount. 

FLUM'MgR-Y,  n.  [Probably  a corruption  of  fru- 
menty. Richardson.  — W.  llymry. ] 

1.  A kind  of  jelly  or  food  made  of  flour  or 

meal.  Locke. 

2.  Fulsome  flattery  or  obsequiousness;  adu- 
lation. S.  11.  Cox. 

FLUNG,  i.  8c.  p.  from  fling.  See  Fling. 

FLUNK'Y,  n.  1.  A servant  in  livery ; a lackey. 

2.  A mean-spirited  person  ; a servile  follow- 
er ; — used  contemptuously.  Jamieson. 

3.  Among  stock-brokers,  one  who  is  easily 

imposed  upon  ; a dupe.  [U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

FLUNK'Y-X§M,  n.  The  character  or  quality  of  a 
flunky.  Dublin  Rev.  Ec.  Rev. 

Sheer  flunk]/ ism,  not  genuine  reverence,  to  use  a word  with 
which  Mr.  Carlyle  has  enriched  our  vocabulary.  Gent.  Mag. 

FLU-O-BO'RATE,  n.  (Chem.)  A combination  of 
fluoboric  acid  with  a base.  Craig. 

FHI-O-BO'RIC,  a.  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  ob 
tained,  in  a gaseous  form,  by  heating  to  redness 
a mixture  of  dry  boracic  acid  and  powdered 
fluor-spar.  Graham. 

FLU-O-BO'RIDE,  n.  (Chem.)  A combination  of 
the  fluoride  of  boron  with  a base.  Graham. 

FLU-Olj'JE-RlNE,  n.  (Min.)  Fluoride  of  cerium; 
flucerine.  Brande. 

FLU-O-PHOS'PHATE,  n.  A combination  of  fluor- 
ic and  phosphoric  acids  with  a base.  Craig. 

FLU' OR,  n.  [L.]  1.  A fluid  state,  [r.]  Newton. 

2.  Catamenia;  menses,  [r.]  Johnson. 

FLU'OR,  or  FLU 'OR— SPAR,  n.  (Min.)  A fluate 


of  lime,  a mineral  found  in  many  parts  of  the 
earth,  and  in  great  abundance  in  Derbyshire, 
Cornwall,  and  Durham,  England,  and  often 
very  beautiful ; — used  as  a flux  for  certain 
ores.  P.  Cyc. 

FLU'  OR  AL'BUS.  (Med.)  A disease  of  females  ; 
whites ; leucorrhoea.  Dunglison. 

FLU-O-RES'C^NCE,  n.  (Chem.)  The  diffusion 
of  light  and  change  of  color  which  takes  place 
at  the  surface  of  some  liquids  and  solids  in 
consequence  of  a change  in  the  refrangibility 
of  the  different  rays.  Graham. 

FLU-O-RES'CIJNT,  a.  (Chem.)  Pertaining  to 
fluorescence.  Graham. 

FLU-OR'IC,  a.  [It.  fluorico  ; Fr.  fluorique .] 
(Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  obtained  from  fluor- 
spar and  sulphuric  acid.  Francis. 

FLU'OR-IDE,  n.  A combination  of  fluorine  with 
a base.  Francis. 

FLU'OR-INE,  n.  (Chem.)  A simple  elementary 
gaseous  body  obtained  from  fluor-spar  and  a few 
other  minerals.  Brande. 

FLU'OR-OUS,  a.  Obtained  from  or  containing 
fluor.  Brande. 

FLU-O-SIL'I-CATE,  n.  (Chem.)  A compound  of 
fluosilicic  acid  and  a base.  Smart. 

FLU-O-SI-LIC'IC,  a.  (Chem.)  Containing  fluoric 
-acid  with  silex.  P.  Cyc. 

FLUR'— BIRD,  n.  The  decoy-bird.  Goldsmith. 

FLUR'RY,  n.  [Perhaps  a corruption  of  fluster. 
Todd  : — or  of  flutter.  Richardson .] 

1.  A gust  or  sudden  burst  of  wind ; a hasty 
blast ; a flaw  ; a squall. 

The  boat  was  overset  by  a sudden  flurry  from  the  north. 

Swift. 

2.  Hurry  ; a violent  commotion  ; agitation  ; 
confqsion.  “ A flurry  of  spirits.”  Swinburne. 

FLUR'RY,  v.  a.  To  put  in  a state  of  agitation; 
to  alarm ; to  confuse.  Swinburne. 

FLUSH,  v.  n.  [Ger.  fliessen, to  flow  ;fluss,  a river. 
— It.  flusso  ; Sp.  flujo  ; Fr.  flux.  — See  Flux.] 
[i.  flushed  ; pp.  flushing",  flushed.] 

1.  To  flow  and  spread  suddenly  and  with  vio- 
lence ; to  rush.  Mortimer. 

2.  To  hasten  ; to  hurry  ; to  fly. 

The  clouds  that  pass 

Forever  flushing  round  a summer  sky.  Thomson. 

3.  To  redden,  glow,  or  shine  suddenly. 

A burning  purple  flushes  o’er  my  fkce.  Rowe. 

FLUSH,  v.  a.  1.  To  color;  to  redden  suddenly. 

Nor  flush  with  shame  the  passing  virgin’s  cheek.  Gay. 

2.  To  elate  ; to  elevate  ; to  animate  ; to  ex- 
cite. “ Flushed  with  great  victories.”  Atterbury. 

3.  To  cleanse  by  a stream  of  water  mechani- 

cally applied,  as  an  obstructed  sewer,  or  the  like 
place.  Ogilvie. 

FLUSH,  a.  1.  Fresh;  full  of  vigor;  vigorous. 

With  all  his  crimes  broad  blown,  and  flush  as  May.  Shah. 

2.  Affluent ; abounding  ; plentifully  supplied. 

Pin-money:  no,  no;  country  ladies  are  not  so  flush  of  it. 

VarihurgJi. 

3.  Generous  ; liberal ; free  ; prodigal.  Craig. 

4.  Hasty;  confident;  conceited;  assured. 

“ Flush  youth  revolt.”  Shah. 

5.  (Car.)  Even,  or  in  the  same  plane  with; 
having  a continuity  of  surface  with. 

The  panel  of  a door  is  said  to  be  flush  when  fixed  level 
with  the  margin,  and  not  sunk  below  it.  Oyilvie. 

Flush  deck,  (Naut.)  an  even  (leek  from  stem  to 
stern  ; a deck  without  a half-deck  or  forecastle.  Burn. 

FLUSH,  n.  1.  A sudden  flow  of  blood  to  the  face  ; 
a suffusion  of  the  face  with  redness  ; redness. 

There  anger's  dark  and  fiercer  flush.  Scott. 

2.  Afflux;  sudden  impulse.  “ In  the  flush  of 

his  extravagances.”  L’ Estrange. 

3.  Growth  ; abundance ; plenty  ; flood. 

But  all  the  bloomy  flush  of  life  is  fled.  Goldsmith. 

4.  A term  for  a number  of  ducks.  Spenser. 

5.  A run  of  cards  of  the  same  suit.  Johnson. 

FLUSHED  (flusht),p.  a.  1.  Reddened  suddenly; 

suffused  with  blood,  as  the  face. 

2.  Elated  ; animated  ; excited. 

3.  Suddenly  aroused  and  on  the  wing,  as  a 
covey  of  partridges  when  surprised.  Maunder. 


FLUSH'ER,  n.  (Ornith.)  The  lesser  butcher-bird; 
red-backed  shrike  ; Lanius  collurio.  Chambers. 

FLUSH'ING,  n.  Color  in  the  face  ; a glowing  red  ; 
redness  ; suffusion.  Shak. 

FLUSII'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a flushing  maimer. Clarke. 

FLUSH 'NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  flush  or 
fresh  ; freshness  ; redness  ; vigor.  Bp.  Gauden. 

FLUS'TgR,  v.  a.  [Probably  a corruption  of  flush. 
Richardson.']  [i.  flustered  ; pp.  flustering, 
flustered.]  To  make  hot  and  rosy,  as  with 
drinking  ; to  confound ; to  hurry.  Shak. 

FLUS'TER,  v.  n.  To  be  in  a bustle  or  hurry  ; to 
be  heated  and  confused.  South. 

FLUS'TfR,  n.  Heat  and  confusion;  agitation; 
commotion.  Tatlcr. 

FLUS-TJER-A'TION,  n.  Hurry;  confusion;  sud- 
den impulse.  [Low.]  Brockett. 

FLUS'T^RED  (-terd),  a.  Heated  and  confused, 
as  with  liquor.  Cawthorne. 

FL  &S ' TRA,  n.  [L.]  ( Zoiil .)  A genus  of  coral- 

line Bryozoa,  familiarly  termed  sea-mats,  or 
white  sea-weecls.  Milne  Edwards. 

FLUTE,  n.  [Low  L.  flauta  ; flo,  flatus,  to  blow; 
It . flauto;  Sp.  flauta  ; Fr.  flute.  — Dut.  fluit ; 
Ger.  flute  ; Dan.  flvjte.] 

1.  (Mus.)  A wind-instrument  with  boles  and 
keys  on  the  side; — generally  made  of  wood. 

2.  (Arch.)  An  upright  channel  on  the  shaft 

of  a column,  like  the  concavity  of  a flute  when 
divided  lengthwise.  Weale. 

3.  A channel  or  groove  in  the  muslin  of  a 

lady’s  ruffle.  Clarke. 

4.  [A  corruption  of  float.]  (Naut.)  A store- 

ship  with  flat  ribs  or  floor-timbers.  Burn. 

5.  A long,  thin  French  roll  eaten  at  break- 
fast. Simmonds. 

Armed  in  flute,  (Naut.)  with  the  lower  deck  guns 
removed.  Burn. 

FLUTE,  V.  a.  [i.  FLUTED  ; pp.  FLUTING,  FLUTED.] 
To  form  channels,  as  in  a column.  Cotyrave. 

FLUTE,  v.  n.  To  play  on  the  flute.  Chaucer. 

FLUT'ED,  a.  Having  channels,  as  a column. Crabb. 

FLUTE'NIST,  n.  A flute-player,  [r.]  Jodrell. 

FLUTE'— PLAY-^R,  n.  One  who  plays  on  the 
flute.  Gurney. 

FLUT'ER,  n.  1.  One  who  plays  on  the  flute  ; a 
flutist ; a flautist.  Cotyrave. 

2.  One  who  grooves  metals.  Simmonds. 

3.  One  who  gauffers  or  plaits.  Simmonds. 

FLUTE'— STOP,  n.  (Mus.)  A range  of  wooden, 
pipes  in  an  organ,  giving  a soft,  flute-like 
sound.  Dwight. 

FLUT'ING,  n.  A channel  on  a pillar  or  a ruffle  ; 
fluted  work.  Evelyn. 

FLUT'IST,  n.  [Fr.  flutiste .]  A player  on  the 
flute  ; a fluter  ; a flautist.  Smart. 

FLUT'TER,  v.  n.  [A.  S . flcot.au,  to  float;  Dut. 
vloeden  ; Frs.  floyen  ; Ger.  fluten.  — Fr.  flutter, 
to  float.]  ft.  FLUTTERED  ; pp.  FLUTTERING, 
FLUTTERED.] 

1.  To  move  or  flap  the  wings  without  flying, 
or  with  short  flights. 

Our  thoughts  are  like  a bird  in  a cage,  which  flutters  the 
more  because  of  its  confinement.  Bates. 

2.  To  move  about  with  show  and  bustle.  Pope. 

3.  To  move  quickly  and  irregularly. 

Or  teach  the  fluttering  sail  to  float  in  air.  Pope. 

4.  To  be  unsteady  or  inconstant ; to  he  fickle. 

Thou’rt  nightly  seen  to  add 
One  insect  to  the  fluttering  crowd.  Bgron. 

FLUT'TER,  v.  a.  To  throw  into  disorder  ; to  dis- 
turb ; to  confuse ; to  agitate.  Shak.  Milton. 

FLUT'TER,  n.  1.  Quick  and  irregular  motion ; 
agitation.  “ The  flutter  of  a fan.”  Addison. 

2.  Disorder;  confusion;  hurry.  Pope. 

FLUT'TgR-ER,  n.  One  who  flutters.  Warburtoh. 

FLUT'TER-ING,  il.  1.  A flapping,  or  quick  mo- 
tion, as  of  the  wings  of  a bird ; flutter.  Evelyn. 

2.  Internal  agitation  ; disorder  of  mind. 
“ Flutterings  of  conscience.”  Feltliam. 

FLUT'TER-ING,  p.  a.  Making  a flutter  ; moving 
irregularly ; agitating ; confusing. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  0,  Y,  short;  A,  E,  I,  O U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  IIER; 


FLUTTERINGLY 


571 


FLY-TIME 


FLUT'Tf.R-ING-LY,  ad.  In  a fluttering  manner. 
FLU'TY,  a.  Soft  like  the  tone  of  a flute.  Clarke. 
FLU'VLAL,  a.  [L.  f uvialis  ; li.jiuviale  ; Sp.  Ac 
Fr .fluvial.']  Relating  to  rivers.  Blount. 

FLU'VI-AL-IST,  n.  One  who  treats  of  rivers,  or 
explains  the  phenomena  of  streams.  Clarke. 
FLU-VI-AT'IC,  a.  \L.  fluviaticus ; fluvius,  a riv- 
er.] Belonging  to  rivers  ; fluvial,  [li.]  Bailey. 

FLU'Vr-A-TILE,  a.  [-L.  fluviatilis  ; fluvius,  a rjv- 
er:  It."&  Fr.  fluviatile.)  Belonging  to  rivers; 
fluvial.  Lyell. 

FLU'VI-O-MA-RINE',  a.  [L.  fluvius,  a river,  and 
marinus,  marine.]  (Geo/.)  Noting  such  forma- 
tions as  have  been  deposited  by  the  agency  of 
rivers,  at  the  bottom  of  the  sea,  at  a greater  or 
less  distance  from  their  mouths.  Craig. 

FLUX,  n.  [L.  fluxus  \fluo,  to  flow;  It .flusso  ; Sp. 
fiujo  ; Fr  .flux.]. 

1.  The  act  of  flowing,  or  moving  as  a fluid  ; a 
flow.  “No  noise,  no  flux  of  waters.”  Beau.  <§,-  FI. 

2.  The  act  or  the  process  of  passing  from  one 
state  to  another  ; change. 

Languages  are  in  a perpetual  flux . Henry.  Felton. 

3.  The  rise  or  flow  of  the  tide,  in  opposition 

to  the  ebb  or  reflux.  Eowth. 

4.  What  flows  or  is  discharged  from  bodies  ; 

excrement.  Shak. 

5.  Concourse  ; confluence.  Shak. 

6.  (Med.)  Dysentery;  diarrhoea.  “Bloody 
flux  is  synonymous  with  dysentery.”  Iloblyn. 

7.  (Metallurgy .)  Fusion  ; reduction  or  con- 

version of  ores  to  metal; — any  substance  or 
mixture  used  to  promote  the  fusion  of  metallic 
ores,  as  carbonate  of  potash,  or  white  flux,  equal 
parts  of  nitre  and  tartar  deflagrated,  or  black 
flux,  and  limestone,  fluor-spar,  borax,  and  sev- 
eral metallic  oxides.  Ure. 

FLUX,  a.  Flowing  ; inconstant,  [it.]  Bolingbrokc. 
FLUX,  v.  a.  \i.  fluxed  ; pp.  fluxing,  fluxed.] 

1.  To  melt ; to  fuse.  Moral  State  of  Eng.  1670. 

2.  To  clear  or  cleanse  out. 

’T  was  he  that  gave  our  senate  purges, 

And  fluxed  the  house  of  many  a burgess.  lludibras, 

3.  f To  eject  by  spitting ; to  salivate.  South 
FLUX-A'TfON,  n.  The  state  or  the  act  of  passing 

away,  [it.]  Leslie 

FLUX-I-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [It.  flussibilita ; Sp . fluxi 
bilidad .]  Aptness  to  flow  or  melt,  [it.]  Cockaram 
FLUX'I-BLE,  a.  [It.  flussibile  ; Sp.  fluxib/e.]  Ca 
pable  of  flowing,  fusing,  or  changing,  [it.]  Ilowell 

FLUX'I-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  fluxi 
ble.  [it.]  Scott 

f FLUX'ILE,  a.  Flowing;  fluxible.  Mead 

f FLUX-IL'I-TY,  n.  [L.  fluxilis,  fluid.]  PossI 
bility  of  liquefaction.  Boyle. 

FLUX'ION  (fluk'shun),  n.  [L.  fluxio  ; fluo,  fluxus, 
to  flow  ; It.  flusso-,  Sp.  $ Fr.  fluxion.] 

1.  The  act  of  flowing.  Cotgrave. 

2.  That  which  flows.  Wiseman. 

3.  Fusion  ; the  running  of  metals  into  a fluid 

state.  Craig. 

4.  (I led.)  A flow  of  blood  or  .other  humor 

towards  any  organ  with  greater  force  than  is 
natural.  Dunglison. 

5.  (Math.)  A quantity  infinitely  small,  or  less 
than  any  assignable  magnitude ; a differential. 
— pi.  A method  of  calculation  based  on  the 
idea  of  motion. 

KSr"  Any  curve  may  lie  conceived  as  generated  by  a 
point  moving  with  uniform  velocity  in  a fixed  direc- 
tion and  having  also  a variable  motion,  lateral  with 
respect  to  this  direction  and  governed  by  the  law  of 
the  curve.  The  infinitely  small  element  of  the  curve 
generated  during  an  assumed  infinitesimal  period  of 
time  is  called  the  fluxion.  This  conception  of  motion 
and  rate  of  increase  may  be  extended  to  all  species  of 
magnitudes,  and  even  to  algebraic  expressions.  F.liat. 

®3*The  method  of  fluxions  differs  from  that  of  the 
differential  calculus  in  no  respect  but  that  of  notation. 
FLUX'ION-AL,  a . Fluxionary.  Craig. 

FLUX'ION- A-RY  (fluk'shun-a-re),  a.  [Fr.  flux- 
ionnaire .]  Relating  to  fluxions.  Berkeley. 
FLUX'ION-IST  (fluk'shun-Ist),  n.  (Math.)  One 
skilled  in  fluxions.  Berkeley. 

f FLUX'!  VE,  a.  Flowing ; not  solid.  Shak. 

t FLUX'URE  (fluk'shur),  n.  1.  The  act  or  the 
power  of  flowing;  fluxion.  B.Jonson. 


2.  Fluid  matter  ; that  which  flows.  Drayton. 

FLY  (fli),  v.  n.  [A.  S.  fleoyan;  Frs  .flega-,  Dut. 
rlieyrn;  Ger.fliegen ; Dan.  flyve  ; lcel.  fliuya  ; 
Sw .ftyga.~\  [«.  flew  ; pp.  flying,  flown.’] 

1.  To  move  through  the  air  with  wings. 

Fowl  that  may  fly  above  the  earth  in  the  open  firmament 
of  heaven.  Gen.  i.  20. 

2.  To  move  or  pass  with  the  swiftness  of  a 
bird  on  the  wing  ; to  soar ; to  mount. 

Man  is  boi;n  unto  trouble  as  the  sparks  fly  upward.  Job\.  7. 

Turn  back,  and  fly,  like  ships  before  the  wind.  Shak. 

3.  To  break  or  part  suddenly. 

Be  cautious,  or  your  bottle  flies.  Swift. 

4.  To  flutter ; to  float  in  the  air ; to  wave  ; 
as,  “ With  colors  fly  ing.” 

5.  To  flee  ; to  run  away  ; to  escape. 

And  makes  us  rather  bear  those  ills  we  have 

Than  flu  to  others  that  we  know  not  of.  Shat. 

To  fly  at,  to  spring  with  violence  upon.  — To  fly  in 
the  face  of,  to  insult ; to  act  in  defiance.  “ When  you 
will  either  neglect  him  or  fly  in  his  face.”  Swift.  — To 
fly  off,  to  revolt.  — To  fly  open,  to  burst  open  ; to  open 
suddenly.  — To  fly  out,  to  burst  into  passion  or  license. 
— To  let  fly,  to  discharge  : — to  let  go  suddenly. 

FLY,  v.  a.  1.  To  shun  ; to  avoid  ; to  escape  from  ; 
to  flee  from.  “ Sleep  flies  the  wretch.”  Dryden. 

2.  To  cause  to  fly,  or  to  float  in  the  air ; as, 
“ To  fly  a kite.” 

FLY,  n.  [A.  S.  fleoga,  or  flig  ; fleogan,  to  fly  ; 
Dut.  vlieg ; Ger.  fliege ; Dan.  flue ; lcel.  § Sw. 
fluga.~\ 

1.  (Ent.)  A name  popularly  applied  to  all  in- 

sects possessing  wings,  but  restricted  by  ento- 
mologists to  those  insects  which  have  two  trans- 
parent wings,  of  which  the  common  house-fly 
is  the  most  familiar  species.  Eng.  Cyc. 

2.  (Mech.)  A cross  with  leaden  weights  at  its 

ends,  or  a heavy  wheel  at  right  angles  to  the 
axis  of  a windlass,  jack,  &c.,  to  equalize  the 
motion  ; a fly-wheel.  Wilkins. 

3.  That  part  of  a vane  which  points  out  the 

direction  of  the  wind.  Johnson. 

4.  A light  public  carriage,  or  Stage-coach, 

formed  for  quickness  in  travelling.  Todd. 

5.  That  part  of  a flag  which  extends  from  the 
union  to  the  extreme  end. 

The  union  of  the  U.  S.  flag  is  a blue  field  with  white  stars, 
and  Wiafly  is  composed  of  alternate  white  and  red  stripes. 

Dana. 

6.  (Naut.)  That  part  of  a compass  on  which 

the  thirty-two  points  are  drawn,  and  to  which 
the  needle  is  attached  underneath ; the  com- 
pass card.  Craig. 

7.  (Printing.)  Formerly,  one  employed  to  take 
the  sheets  from  the  press  ; now,  that  part  of  the 
machinery  of  a printing-press  which  withdraws 
the  sheet  and  lays  it  aside  after  the  impression 
is  made. 

8.  An  artificial  insect  made  of  bright  feath- 
ers, silk,  &c.,  for  the  use  of  anglers.  Simmonds. 

FLY'— BANE,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the  genus 
Silene ; catch-fly.  Lee. 

FLY'-BIT-TEN  (fli'bit-tn),  a.  Bitten  by  flies.S/ta&. 

FLY'-BLOW  (rtl'bls),  n.  The  egg  of  a fly. 

FLY'— BLOW,  v.  a.  To  taint  with  the  eggs  of  a 
fly  ; to  fill  with  maggots.  Pope. 

FLY'— BLOWN,  p.  a.  Tainted  with  maggots.  Sicift. 

FLY'— BOAT  (fli'bot),  n.  [flying  and  boat ; Fr. 
flibot;  Sp .flibote.) 

1.  A large,  flat-bottomed,  Dutch-built  vessel, 

with  a high  stem  ; used  chiefly  in  the  coasting 
trade.  Purchas. 

2.  A long  boat  used  on  canals.  Simmonds. 

FLY'CASE,n.  A case  or  covering  of  an  insect.  Bay. 

FLY'CATCH-pR,n.  1.  One 
that  catches  flies.  Dryden. 

2.  (Ornith.)  A bird  of 
the  genus  Muscicapa  ; — 
so  named  because  it  feeds 
on  insects  which  it 
catches  while  on  the 
wing.  Yarrell. 

FLY  ER,  11.  See  Flier.  Spotted  flycatcher 

FLYERS,  or  FLI'f.R.S,  n.  C^eicapa  grisola). 
pi.  (Arch.)  A straight  row  of  steps  or  stairs ; 
fliers.  Francis. 

FLY'— FISH,  v.  n.  To  angle  by  baiting  with  a fly, 
either  natural  or  artificial.  Walton. 


FLY'-FISH-ING,  n.  The  act  of  catching  fish  with 
a fly  on  the  hook.  Walton. 

FLY'— FLAP,  n.  1.  A fan  or  flapper  to  keep  flies 
off.  “ Fly-flaps  to  drive  away  flies.”  Sheldon. 

2.  An  instrument  to  catch  flies.  Arbuthnot. 

FLY'—  IION'pY-SUC-KLE,  n.  A shrub;  the  Lo- 
nicera  Xylostcum  of  Linnccus.  Craig. 

FLY'ING,  n.  The  act  of  moving  or  passing 
through  the  air  with  wings.  Goodwin. 

FLY'ING,  p.  a.  I.  Moving  with  wings  through 
the  air. 

2.  Moving  swiftly,  like  a bird  on  the  wing. 

FLY'ING-Ar'MY,  n.  (Mil.)  A strong  body  of 
cavalry  and  infantry  always  in  motion  both  to 
cover  its  own  garrisons  and  to  keep  the  enemy 
in  continual  alarm  ; a flying-camp.  Campbell. 

FLY'ING-Ar-TIL'LF-RY,  n.  (Mil.)  Horse  ar- 
tillery ; gunners  mounted  on  horseback.  Burn. 

FLY'ING— BRIDGE,  n.  1.  A temporary  bridge ; a 
bridge  of  pontoons.  PI  Cyc. 

2.  A bridge  consisting  of  a boat  or  other  ves- 
sel, which,  being  attached  by  a rope  to  a buoy 
moored  in  the  middle  of  a river,  up  the  stream, 
is  made,  by  the  action  of  the  current,  to  move 
across  in  the  arc  of  a circle,  of  which  the  buoy 
is  tlie  centre.  Ogilvie. 

FLY'ING— BUT'TRESS,  n.  (Goth.  Arch.)  A but- 
tress in  the  form  of  an  arch,  or  arched  brace, 
springing  from  a solid  mass  of  masonry,  passing 
over  the  roof  of  a side  aisle,  and  abutting  against 
the  springing  of  another  arch  which  rises  from 
the  upper  points  of  abutment  of  the  first.  Its 
office  is  to  act  as  a counterpoise  against  the 
vaulting  of  the  nave.  Brande. 

FLY'ING-CAMP,  n.  (Mil.)  A camp  or  body  of 
troops  kept  constantly  in  the  field  to  cover  its 
own  garrisons  and  annoy  the  enemy;  flying- 
army.  ’ Burn. 

FLY'ING— COL'OR§!,  n.  pi.  (Mil.)  Colors  unfurled 
and  waving  in  the  air.  Stocquelcr. 

To  come  off  with  flying  colors,  to  gain  a victory ; to 
trium  ph. 

FLY'ING— FISH,  11. 

(Ich.)  A fish  of  the 
genus  Exocetus, 
which,  by  means 
of  its  long  pecto- 
ral fins,  and  with- 
out any  vibratory  Flying-fish, 

movement  of  them,  can  sustain  itself  in  the  air 
for  about  half  a minute,  its  longest  flight  being 
about  two  hundred  yards.  Eng.  Cyc. 

FLY'ING— pAr'TY,  n.  A party  of  scouts.  Burn. 

FLY'ING-PIN'ION,  n.  A sort  of  fan,  which,  by 
beating  the  air,  checks  the  rapidity  of  a clock’s 
motion  while  the  weight  of  the  striking  part  is 
running  down.  Buchanan. 

FLY'ING— SaUIR'Rf.L,  11. 

(Zolil.)  A squirrel  that 
flies,  or  that  leaps  to  a 
considerable  distance, 
being  sustained  in  the 
air  by  means  of  a mem- 
brane connecting  the  , 
fore  and  the  hind  legs,  . 
and  expanding  on  each  1 
side  into  a kind  of  wing. 

Audubon. 

FLY'-LEAF,  n.  A leaf 
inserted  separately  in  a 
book  ; a blank  leaf  at  the  beginning  or  the  end 
of  a book.  P.  Cyc. 

FLY'—  mAg-GOT,  n.  A maggot  bred  from  the  egg 
of  a fly.  Ray. 

FLY'— PEN-NING,  n.  A mode  of  manuring  land 
by  folding  cattle  or  sheep  in  rotation  over  dif- 
ferent parts  of  it.  Simmonds. 

FLY'— POW-DER,  n.  A powder  used  for  destroy- 
ing insects.  Simmonds. 

FLY'— RAIL,  n.  A brace  which  turns  out  to  sup- 
port the  leaf  of  a table.  Clarke. 

FLY'— SH60T-ER,  n.  One  who  shoots  flies.  Clarke. 

f FLY'— SLOW,  a.  Moving  slowly.  Shak. 

FLY'— SPECK,  n.  The  excrement  of  a fly.  Clarke. 

FLY'— TIME,  n.  The  season  for  flies.  Dyer. 


Virginian  flying-squirrel 
(Ptcromys  roiucelld). 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — (J,  y,  <;,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  7;  £ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


FLY-TRAP 


572 


FOLDED 


FLY'— TRAP,  n.  1.  A trap  for  flies.  Goldsmith. 

2.  (But.)  A plant  the  leaves  of  which  have  a 
singular  contractile  motion  by  which  they  catch 
insects  that  alight  on  them;  Venus’s  fly-trap; 
Diontea  muscipula.  Loudon. 

FLY'— WHEEL,  n.  ( Mech .)  A large,  heavy  wheel 
attached  to  machinery,  to  equalize  the  motion 
of  it ; a fly.  Francis. 

FOAL  (tol),  n.  [Goth,  fula  ; A.  S.  foie  ; Dut.  vcu- 
len ; Ger.  fallen  ; Dan.  ful  ; Sw.  fala. — Gr. 
nwl.os ; L.  pullus  ; It .pule'dro ; Port,  poldro ; Sp. 
potro  ; Fr.  poulain .]  The  offspring  of  a mare 
or  she-ass  ; a colt  or  a filly. 

FOAL,  V.  a.  [i.  FOALED  ; 2>P-  FOALING,  FOALED.] 
To  bring  forth,  as  a mare.  Shak. 

FOAL,  v.  n.  To  bring  forth  a colt  or  filly.  Mortimer. 

FOAL'FOOT  (fol'fut),  n.  ( Bot .)  A plant  of  the 
genus  Tussilago  ; colt’s-foot.  Johnson. 

FOAL'ING,  n.  The  act  of  bringing  forth  young, 
as  of  a mare.  Farm.  Ency. 

FOAI.'-TOOTH,  n. ; pi.  foal-teeth.  One  of 
the  first  teeth  which  horses  shed.  Ferry. 

FOAM,  n.  [A.  S.fam  ; Ger .fawn.]  The  collec- 
tion of  bubbles  which  agitation  or  fermentation 
gathers  on  the  top  of  liquor ; froth  ; spume. 

FOAM  (lorn),  v.  a.  [i.  FOAMED  ; pp.  FOAMING, 
foamed.]  To  cast  out,  as  froth  ; to  throw 
forth,  as  foam  : — to  cause  to  foam.  Pope. 

Raging  waves  of  the  sea,  foaming  out  their  own  shame. 

Jude  13. 

FOAM,  v.  n.  To  froth  ; to  gather  foam  ; as,  “ To 
foam  at  the  mouth.” 

FOAM'— BEAT,  a.  Lashed  by  foam  or  by  the 
waves.  War  ton. 

FOAM'— CREST-pD,  a.  Crested  with  foam.  Clarke. 

FOAM'TNG,  p.  a.  Gathering  froth  ; mantling. 

FOAM'ING-LY,  ad.  With  foam;  slaveringly; 
frothily.  Sherwood. 

FOAM'LJPSS,  a.  Having  no  foam.  Clarke. 

FOAM'Y,  a.  Covered  with  foam ; frothy  ; spu- 
mous. “ Foamy  waters.”  Dryden. 

FOB,  n.  [Ger.  puppe.  Skinner,  Richardson.] 

1.  A small  pocket ; a watch-pocket.  Swift. 

2.  A light  blow  ; a tap.  Shak. 

FOB,  v.  a.  [Ger .foppen.]  [i.  fobbed  ; pp.  fob- 
bing, fobbed.]  To  cheat;  to  trick  ; to  de- 
fraud. L’  Estrange. 

To  fob  off,  to  shift  off ; to  delude  with  a trick.  Shak. 

FO'CAL , a.  [Fr.  focal.]  ( Opt .)  Belonging  to  a 
focus.  Dcrham. 

Focal  distance,  or  focal  length,  ( Opt.)  the  distance  be- 
tween the  centre  of  a lens  or  a mirror  and  its  focus,  or 
the  point  to  which  the  rays  of  light  converge.  Braude. 

FO'CAL-IZE,  v.  a.  To  bring  to  a focus.  P.  Cyc. 

FO'CILE  [fo'sjl,  P.  Sm. ; fos'jl,  K.],  n.  [ Xt.  facile ; 
Fr.  foe ile..]  ( Anat .)  A bone  of  the  fore-arm,  or 
of  the  leg  between  the  knee  and  the  ankle. 

jG®“The  tibia  and  ulna  were  formerly  each  called 
the  facile  majus ; the  fibula  and  radius,  facile  minus. 
Dunglison. 

FOC'IL-LATE,  v.a.  [L .focillo.]  Tonourish.Bfowif. 

f F 0 - 1 ! , - L A ' T 1 0 N , n.  [L.  focillo,  focillatus,  to 
revive,  to  cherish ; focus,  a hearth.]  Comfort ; 
support.  Bailey. 

FO'  CUS,  n.;  pi.  fo’ cl.  [L.,  fire,  a hearth.] 

1.  (Opt.)  The  point  where  rays  are  collected 

by  a lens  or  a mirror.  Newton. 

2.  (Geom.  & Conic  Sections.)  A certain  point 

in  the  parabola,  hyperbola,  and  ellipse,  in  which 
rays  of  light  reflected  from  all  parts  of  the 
curve  meet.  Brande. 

F o - “ In  the  ellipse,  rays  proceeding  from  one  focus, 
and  reflected  at  the  curve,  pass  directly  to  the  other  fo- 
cus. In  the  parabola,  rays  proceeding  parallel  to  the 
axis,  and  reflected  at  the  curve,  pass  directly  to  the 
focus.  In  the  hyperbola,  rays  proceeding  towards  one 
focus  and  reflected  at  the  curve  go  to  the  other  focus.” 
Dailies. 

FOD'DIJR,  n.  [A.  S.  fodder  ; fedan,  to  feed;  Dut. 
voeder ; Ger.  f utter  ; M.  foddyr ; Gael,  fodar.] 
( Agric .)  Food  for  cattle.  Brande. 

Whatever  is  given  as  the  ordinary  food  is-  designated 

fodder.  Brande. 

F&D'Df.R,  V.  a.  [i.  FODDERED  ; pp.  FODDERING, 

foddered.]  To  feed,  as  cattle.  Evelyn. 


FOD'DflR-flR,  n.  One  who  fodders  cattle. 

t FO'D[-J5NT,  a.  [ L.fodio , fodiens,  to  dig.]  That 
digs ; digging.  ’ Blotint. 

FOE  (fo),  n. ; pi.  foe?.  [A.  S .foil ; fan,  to  hate.] 

1.  A personal  enemy  ; one  who  hates  another. 

Thy  defects  to  know, 

Make  use  of  every  friend  and  every  j oe.  rope. 

2.  An  enemy  in  war  ; a hostile  force. 

Or  whispering  with  white  lips,  The./oe!  they  come!  Byron. 

3.  An  adversary;  an  opponent.  .“  Some  foe 

to  his  upright  intent.”  Cowper. 

Syn.  — See  Enemy. 

f FOE  (fo),  v.  a.  To  treat  as  an  enemy.  Spenser.- 

t FOE'HOOD  (fo'hud),  n.  Enmity.  Bp.  Bedell. 

FOE'LIKE  (io'lik),  a.  Like  an  enemy.  Sandys. 

FOE'MAN,  n. ; pi.  FOEMEN.  An  enemy  in  war  ; 
an  antagonist.  [Obsolete,  except  in  poetry.] 
“ And  earth  from  fellest  foemcn  purge.”  Byron. 

And  the  stern  joy  which  warriors  feel 

In  foemcn  worthy  of  their  steel.  Scott. 

F(ET'I-CIDE  (fet'e-sld),  n.  [L.  foetus,  a tetus, 
and  credo,  to  kill.]  (Law.)  The  crime  of  pro- 
ducing abortion.  Bouvier. 

FCE  ' TUS  (fe'tus),  n.  [L.]  (Med.)  The  child  in  the 
womb  after  it  is  perfectly  formed,  called,  in  the 
earlier  stages  of  gestation,  the  embryo.  Palmer. 

FOG,  n.  [A.  S . fegan,  to  collect ; fog,  collection. 
Richardson .]  A moist,  dense  vapor  floating 
near  the  surface  of  the  land  or  the  water;  fine 
mist.  Brocklesby. 

Syn.  — See  Mist. 

FOG,  n.  [Low  ~L.  fogagium.] 

1.  After-grass  ; after-math.  [Local.]  Drayton. 

2.  Long,  coarse  grass  that  remains  on  land 

through  the  winter.  Wright. 

f FOG,  v.  n.  [Fr.  vogue,  sway,  authority  ; voguer, 
to  go  forward.]  To  have  power  ; to  practise. 

The  fogging  proctorage  of  money.  Milton. 

lie  gives  himself  up  wholly  to  scrape  a livelihood  from 
curing  diseases,  or  fogging  in  secular  causes.  Hacket. 

FOG,  v.  a.  I.  To  overcast  ; to  darken.  Sherwood. 

2.  (Agric.)  To  take  the  fog,  or  coarse  grass, 

from. 

The  practice  of  foggins  grass  lands  for  the  winter  support 
of  stock  has  beeu  found  highly  useful.  Farm.  Ency. 

FOG'-BANK,  n.  (Naut.)  A mass  of  fog  seen  at 
a distance,  and  having  the  appearance  of  a 
bank.  Crabb. 

FOG'GAlJrE,  n.  [Low  L.  fogagium.]  (Agric.) 
Coarse  or  rank  grass  left  unmown,  or  not  eaten 
down  in  summer  or  autumn  ; fog.  Chambers. 

FOG'EI-LY,  ad.  Mistily;  darkly;  cloudily. 

FOG'GI-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  foggy;  mist- 
iness. Reid. 

FOG 'EY,  a.  Dark  with  fog;  dank  with  watery 
vapors  ; misty. 

Is  not  their  climate  foggy , raw,  and  dull?  Shak. 

FOG'-RlNG§,  n.  pi.  (Meteor.)  Banks  of  fog  ar- 
ranged in  a circular  form.  Brande. 

FO'GY,  or  FO'GiJY,  n.  An  eccentric  old  man  ; 
a stupid  or  dull  man  ; a clown. 

An  eccentric  old  man  is  called  an  old  fogy.  Holloway. 

Provincial  in  Eng.,  and  colloquial  in  the  U.  S., 
where  it  is  usually  applied  to  a person  averse  to 
changes,  especially  in  matters  of  politics. 

The  derivation  of  this  word  is  uncertain  or 
disputed.  Tlios.  Keightley  says,  “ Fogie  (i.  e.  folkie, 
the  Dutch  vullcje)  comes  as  surely  from  folk,  as  lassie 
from  lass,  or  any  other  diminutive  from  its  primitive.” 
Keightley  also  says,  “ Old  fogies  is  a term  long  since 
used  in  Ireland  and  Scotland  for  old  soldiers  and  old 
men  in  the  hospital.”  Notes  and  Queries , vol.  viii. 

FOH,  interj.  [Past  part,  of  A.  S.  fian , to  hate. 

Tooke.~\  An  expression  of  aversion  or  contempt ; 
faugh.  — See  Faugh.  Shak . 

f FOI'BLE  (foi'bl),  a.  [Fr.]  Feeble.  Ld.  Herbert . 

FOI'BLE  (foi'bl),  n.  [Fr .foible,  or faible,  weak.] 
A moral  weakness  ; a frailty  ; an  imperfection  ; 
a fault ; a failing  ; a weak  point. 

Presumption  and  self-applause  are  the  foibles  of  mankind. 

Waterland. 

Syn.-— See  Imperfection. 

FOIL,  V.  a.  (i..  FOILED  ; pp.  FOILING,  FOILED.] 

1.  [Gr.  — Old  Fr.  affoler.]  To  baffle  ; 

to  defeat;  to  frustrate  ; to  balk;  to  disappoint. 

Those  armies  bright. 

Which  but  the  Omnipotent  none  could  have  foiled.  Milton. 


2.  [Fr. fouler .]  To  blunt;  to  dull.  Addison. 

Syn. See  Defeat. 

FOiL,  n.  1.  A defeat ; miscarriage. 

One  sudden  foil  shall  never  breed  distrust.  Shak. 

2.  A blunt  sword,  with  a button  at  the  end, 
used  in  fencing.  Mitford. 

FOIL,  n.  [Gr.^iU.I.ov;  L.  folium  ; It.  foglia  ; Sp. 
hoja ; Fr.  feuille.] 

1.  A thin  plate  of  metal,  used  for  various  pur- 
poses in  dentistry,  jewellery,  glass-plating,  &c. 

2.  The  polished  steel  or  the  coating  of  quick- 

silver placed  on  the  back  of  a plate  of  glass  to 
convert  it  into  a mirror.  Chambers. 

3.  Something  of  another  color  on  or  near 
which  jewels  are  set  to  heighten  their  lustre  : — 
that  which  sets  off  something  to  better  advan- 
tage by  contrast. 

My  reformation,  glittering  o’er  my  fault. 

Shall  show  more  goodly  and  attract  more  eyes 

Than  that  which  hath  uojbil  to  set  it  off.  Shak. 

4.  (Arch.)  A term  ap- 

plied  to  all  those  round- 
cd  or  leaf-like  forms  seen  jJ 
in  Gothic  windows,  nich-  | I ™ — 

es,  &c.  Craig.  Toils. 

FOIL'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  foiled.  Cotgrave. 

FOIL'ER,  n.  One  who  foils.  Johnson. 

FOIL'ING,  n.  1.  A track  of  deer  barely  visible. 
[A  term  used  by  hunters.]  Todd. 

2.  A division  of  tracery.  Simmonds. 

FOIL'— STONE,  n.  A factitious  gem.  Simmonds. 

FOIN,  v.  n.  [L.  pungo,  to  prick ; Fr.  poindre.] 
To  push  in  fencing  ; to  thrust.  Spenser.' 

f FOIN,  v.  a.  To  prick ; to  sting.  Huloet. 

FOIN,  n.  A thrust ; a push.  Robinson. 

FOIN'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a pushing  manner. 

t FoI'^ON,  or  FOI'ZON  (fiil'zn),  n.  [L.  fitsio,  a 
pouring  forth  ; Fr.  foison.]  Plenty  ; abun- 
dance. Tusser. 

FOIST,  v.  a.  [Fr.  fausser.]  [i.  foisted  ; pp. 
foisting,  foisted.]  To  insert  by  forgery,  or 
without  warrant ; to  introduce  surreptitiously 
or  fraudulently  ; to  thrust  in  ; to  interpolate. 

Foisting  in  words,  and  altering  the  turn  of  expression. 

Waterland. 

f FOIST,  n.  [Low  L.,  It.,  <S;  Sp.fusta  ; Fr .fuste.] 
A light  and  fast-sailing  ship.  Beau.  Sy  FI. 

FOIST'FR,  n.  One  who  foists  ; a falsifier. 

f FOIS'TjED  (fbis'tjil),  a.  Mustied  ; fusty .Iluloet. 

f FOIS'TI-NESS,  n.  Fustiness.  Tusser. 

f FOIS'TY,  a.  [See  Fusty.]  Mouldy ; musty ; 
fusty.  Favour. 

FOLD,  n.  [A.  S.  fald,  feald  ; Dut.  rouw ; Ger. 
falte  ; Dan  .fold-,  Sw.  fall-,  VoX.fahld.] 

1.  A pen  or  enclosure  for  sheep.  Milton. 

2.  A flock  of  sheep.  “ One  fold  and  one 

shepherd.”  John  x.  16. 

3.  f A limit;  a boundary.  Creech. 

4.  A double ; one  part  added  to,  or  doubled 
on,  another;  a plait;  as,  “ The  folds  of  draper)'.” 

From  the  foregoing  signification  is  derived  the 
use  of  fold  in  composition.  Fold  signifies  the  same 
quantity  added,  as  twenty-fold,  twenty  times  repeated. 
“ Some  sixty-fold,  some  thirty  -fold."  Matt.  xiii.  8. 

FOLD,  v.  a.  [Goth,  falrlan  ; A.  S.  fealdan  ; Ger. 
falten  ; Dan.  folde.]  [i.  folded  ; pp.  fold- 
ing, FOLDED.] 

1.  To  double,  as  one  part  of  a substance  over 
another;  to  lay  in  folds  ; as,  “To  folds.  letter.” 

As  a vesture  shalt  thou  fold  them  up.  Heb.  i.  12. 

2.  To  interlock ; to  complicate ; to  lay  to- 
gether, as  the  arms  ; to  wrap. 

Conscious  of  its  own  impotence,  it  folds  its  arms  in  de- 
spair. Collier . 

3.  To  put  into  a fold,  as  sheep. 

She  in  pens  his  flocks  will  fold.  Dryden. 

FOLD,  v.  n.  1.  To  close  over  another  of  the  same 
kind.  1 Kings  vi.  34. 

2.  To  shut  sheep  in  a fold. 

The  star  that  bids  the  shepherd  fold 

Now  the  top  of  heaven  doth  hold.  Milton. 

FOLD'AljJE,  n.  The  right  of  folding  sheep.  Toller. 

FOLDED,  p.  a.  Shut  up  in  an  enclosure:  — 
doubled  ; laid  in  folds. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


FOLDER 


573 


FOND 


FOLD'pR,  n.  1.  One  who  folds.  Iluloet. 

2.  An  instrument  for  folding  paper. 

FOLDING,  n.  1.  (Agric.)  The  practice  of  pen- 
ning sheep  or  cattle  on  land  in  order  to  enrich 
it  by  the  manure  which  they  furnish.  Baron. 

2.  A fold;  a doubling;  a plait.  Halifax. 

3.  The  act  of  folding  sheets  of  printed  mat- 
ter in  order  for  binding.  Simmonds. 

FOLD'!NG,p.  a.  1.  Shutting  up,  as  sheep  in  a fold. 

2.  Doubling;  putting  one  on  another. 

Folding  doors,  two  doors  that  are  hung  on  tile  two 
side-posts  of  a door  frame,  and  open  in  the  middle. 

FOLD'LfSS,  a.  Destitute  of  a fold.  Mi/man. 

FOLD'-NET,  n.  A sort  of  net  for  taking  small 
birds.  Crabb. 

FOLD-YARD,  n.  (Agric.)  A yard  for  folding 
and  feeding  cattle  or  sheep.  Farm.  Ency. 

FOLE,  n.  See  Foal.  Todd. 

FO-LI-A'CEOUS  (fo-le-a'shus,  66),  a.  [L .foliaceus  ; 
folium,  a leaf ; It.  8;  Sp.  foliaceo  ; Fr.  foliace. ] 

1.  ( Bot .)  Belonging  to,  or  of  the  texture  or 

nature  of,  a leaf.  Gray. 

2.  (Min.)  Consisting  of  laminae  or  leaves. 

“A  talcky , foliaceous  spar.”  Woodward. 

FO'LI-AyE,  n.  [L.  folium,  a leaf ; It .fogliame, 
foliage;  Sp.  foliage  ; Fr.feuillage.] 

1.  Leaves  in  the  aggregate  ; a cluster  of  leaves. 

2.  (Arch.  & Sculp.)  An  ornament  in  imita- 
tion of  leaves  of  plants  and  flowers.  Fairliolt. 

FO'LI-AyE,  v.  a.  To  ornament  with  work  made 
in  imitation  of  leaves,  [it.]  Shcnstone'. 

FO'LI-ATE,  v.  a.  [L . foliatus ; folium,  a leaf.] 
To  beat  into  a leaf  or'  thin  plate.  Newton. 

FO'L!-ATE,  a.  [It.  foyliato .] 

1.  (Bot.)  Leafy';  consisting  of,  furnished 

with,  or  formed  like,  leaves.  Craig. 

2.  (Geom.)  Noting  a kind  of  curve  line  con- 
sisting of  two  infinite  branches  which  have  a 
common  asymptote,  and  which  intersect  each 
other,  forming  a leaf-shaped  branch.  Davies. 

FO'LI-AT-ED,  a.  1.  (Bot.)  Furnished  with  leaves  ; 
leaved.  Craig. 

2.  (Min.  & Conch.)  Consisting  of  laminae  or 
layers  ; lamellar.  “ Foliated  coal.”  Maunder. 

3.  (Arch. ) Adorned  with  trefoils,  cinquefoils, 

&c. ; as,  “ A.  foliated  arch.”  Ogilvie. 

FO'LI-AT-ING,  n.  The  act  of  covering  the  backs 
of  looking-glasses  with  a thin  coat  of  tin  and 
quicksilver ; foliation.  Maunder. 

FO-LI-A'TION,  n.  [L.  foliatio ; folium,  a leaf; 
Sp.  foliacion ; Fr.  foliation .] 

1. "  (Bot.)  The  vernation  or  leafing  of  plants; 
disposition  of  leaves  within  the  bud.  Hoblyn. 

2.  The  act  of  foliating  or  beating  a metal  into 

foil  or  thin  leaves.  Johnson. 

3.  The  act  of  covering  the  back  side  of  a 

mirror  with  foil ; foliating.  Boag. 

FO'Ll-A-TURE,  n.  [It.  fogliatura ; Sp . foliatura.] 
The  state  of  being  beaten  into  foil.  Shuckford. 

FO'LI-IJR,  n.  [See  Foil.]  Goldsmiths’  foil. 
“ Preparing  these  foliers.  Hist.  It.  Soc. 

FO-LIF'BR-OUS,  a.  [L.  folium,  a leaf,  and  fero, 
to  bear.]  Producing  leaves.  Smart. 

II  FO'LI-O,  or  FOL'IO  [fo'le-o,  W.  P.  J.  Ja.  ; lol'yo, 
S.  E.  F.  K.~],  n.\  pi.  fo'li-o?  or  fol'io$.  [L. 
folium,  a leaf;  It.  foglio,  a leaf  of  paper;  Sp. 
1$  Fr.  folio.] 

1.  A large  book  of  which  the  pages  are  formed 

by  a sheet  of  paper  once  doubled.  Watts. 

2.  The  left  and  right  hand  pages  of  an  ac- 
count book  when  the  two  are  numbered  by  the 
same  figure. 

3.  (Law.)  Formerly  a leaf  or  sheet  contain- 
ing a certain  number  of  words  ; — now  a certain 
number  of  words  without  reference  to  the  paper 
on  which  they  are  written,  amounting,  in  New 
York,  to  one  hundred.  — In  England,  the  num- 
ber of  _ seventy-two  words  in  conveyances,  of 
eighty  in  Exchequer  proceedings,  and  of  ninety 
in  Chancery  proceedings.  Burrill.  Clarke. 

1|  FO'LI-O,  or  FOL'IO,  a.  Denoting  the  size  of  a 
book,  &c.,  having  the  sheet  doubled  into  two 
leaves.  Addison. 


FO'LI-OLE,  n.  [L . folium,  a leaf;  Fr.  foliole.] 
A little  leaf ; a leaflet.  Smart. 

FO-LI'O-LUM,  n.  (Bot.)  A leaflet  borne  on  the 
axis  of  a leaf.  Brandc. 

FO'LI-O-MOHT,  a.  [L.  folium  mortimm,  a dead 
leaf.]  Having  the  color  of  a faded  leaf;  of  a 
dark  yellow  color;  filemot. — See  Feiili.e- 
morte.  Woodward. 

FO'LI-OSE,  a.  [L .foliosus-,  It.  foglio  so.]  (Bot.) 
Leafy  ; abounding  in  leaves ; folious.  Gray. 

FO'LI-OT,  n.  [It.  folletto .]  A kind  of  demon  ; 
an  elf.  “ Which  the  Italians  call  foliots."  Burton. 

FO'LI-OUS,  a.‘  [L.  foliosus-,  folium,  a leaf.] 

1.  Leafy  ; like  a leaf  ; thin,  [r.]  Browne. 

2.  (Bot.)  Having  leaves  intermixed  with 

flowers  ; foliose.  Maunder. 

FOLK  (lok),  or  FOLKS  (foks),  n.  pi.  [A.  S.  folc  ; 
Dut.  is  Ger.  volk  ; Dan.  Icel . folk  ; Sw .fotek.  — 
L . vulgus ; It.  <Sr  Sp.  vulgo ; Fr.  r ulgaire.]  Peo- 
ple, in  familiar  language  ; persons. 

Necessity  and  a little  common  sense  produced  all  the 
common  arts,  which  the  plain  folks  who  practised  them  were 
not  idle  enough  to  record.  Walpole. 

lK*r*  Dr.  Johnson  says  of  folk,  that  “ it  is  properly 
a collective  noun,  and  has  no  plural,  except  by  mod- 
ern corruption  ; ” yet  Johnson,  as  well  as  others, 
wrote  the  word  folks  ; as,  “ Folks  want  me  to  go  to 
Italy.”  Smart  remarks  that,  “ though  a collective 
plural,  and  therefore  not  needing  the  plural  s,  yet  in 
common  use  it  always  receives  it;”  and  Walker 
says,  that  “ folks  may  now  be  counted  the  best  orthog- 
raphy, as  it  is  certainly  the  only  current  pronuncia- 
tion.”— It  is  an  old  Anglo-Saxon  word,  now  chiefly 
used  in  colloquial  or  familiar  language. 

FOLK'LAND  (fok'Iand),  n.  [A.  S . folcland.]  (Eng. 
Law.)  Copyhold  land  ; land  lield  by  the  com- 
mon people  at  the  pleasure  of  the  lord,  on  con- 
dition of  their  paying  some  contribution  in 
money  or  other  property.  Blackstone.  Bosworth. 

FOLK'— LORE  (fok'I6r),».  [Ger . volkslehre.]  Pop- 
ular superstitions,  tales,  or  legends. 

The  word  folk-lore , recently  borrowed  from  the  German 
as  a substitution  for  the  long  and  Latinized  “popular  super- 
stitions,” must  be  esteemed  an  unquestionable  gain.  Trench. 

f FOLK'MOOT-IJR,  n.  One  who  attends  a folkmote. 
“ For  pragmatics  and  folkmooters .”  Milton. 

f FOLK'MOTE  (fok'mot),  n.  [A.  S.  folcmoty folc, 
people,  and  mot,  an  assembly.]  Among  the 
Anglo-Saxons,  any  public  meeting  of  people. 

Antiquaries  are  byno  means  agreed  as  to  the  nature  of  the 
folkmote.  Brande. 

FOL'LI-CLE,  n.  [L.  folliculus ; follis,  a leathern 
sack;  It.  follicola ; Sp  .folicuta;  Fr . follicule.] 

1.  (Bot.)  A simple  pod,  opening  down  the  in- 

ner suture,  differing  from  the  legume,  or  pod 
like  that  of  the  pea,  which  opens  by  the  outer 
as  well  as  the  inner  suture.  Gray. 

2.  (Anat.)  A very  minute  secreting  gland, 

consisting  merely  of  a hollow  vascular  mem- 
brane and  an  excretory  duct.  “ The  sebaceous 
follicles."  Hoblyn. 

FOL-LIC'U-LAR,  a.  [It . follicola  re Fr . follieu- 
laire.]  Having  the  shape  of,  or  pertaining  to, 
a follicle.  Henslow. 

FOL-LIC'U-LAT-BD,  a.  (Bot.)  Having  follicular 
seed  vessels.  Craig. 

FOL-LIC'U-LOUS,  a.  [Fr.  folliculeux.]  Having 
or  producing  follicles.  Smart. 

FOL'LI-FUL,  a.  Full  of  folly,  [r.]  Shenstonc. 

t FOL'EI-LY,  ad.  Foolishly.  Wickliffe. 

FOL'LO  VV  (fol  la),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  fyligean,  or  fol- 
gian ; Put.  volgen  ; Ger.  folgen ; Dan.  fiilge  ; 
Sw.  folia.]  [i.  followed  ; pp.  following, 

FOLLOWED.] 

1.  To  go  or  come  after  or  behind. 

What  could  I do 

But  follow  straight,  invisibly  thus  led?  MUtov. 

2.  To  attend;  to  accompany.  “The  young 
men  that  follow  my  lord.”  ’ 1 Sam.  xxv.  27. 

3.  To  pursue;  to  chase. 

I will  harden  the  hearts  of  the  Egyptians,  and  thev  shall 
follow  them.  Ex.  xiv.  17. 

4.  To  be  guided  by;  to  heed;  to  obey. 

If  any  man  serve  me,  let  him  follow  me.  John  xii.  26. 

5.  To  come  after  in  the  course  of  events  ; to 
succeed  in  order  of  time. 

Learning  and  Rome  alike  in  empire  grew; 

And  arts  still  followed  where  her  eagles  flew.  Pope. 


6.  To  succeed,  as  a consequence. 

And  crook  the  pregnant  hinges  of  the  knee, 

Where  thrift  may  follow  fawning.  Shah 

7.  To  imitate  ; to  copy  ; to  pattern  after. 

Ill  patterns  are  sure  to  be  followed  more  than  good  rules. 

Locke. 

8.  To  seek  ; to  cultivate ; to  cherish. 

Follow  peace  with  all  men.  IJcb.  xii.  11. 

9.  To  attend  to  ; to  practise  ; to  be  occupied 
with  ; as,  “ To  follow  a trade.” 

To  follow  up,  to  pursue  closely  or  vigorously. 

Syn. — Follow  in  procession;  follow  a friend,  a 
leader,  an  inclination,  a line  of  business.  A son  suc- 
ceeds his  father  ; day  and  night  succeed  each  other. — 
Pursue  an  enemy  or  an  object ; attend  a master.  — 
Follow  the  steps  of  the  virtuous,  and  imitate  or  copy 
their  example  ; obey  parents. 

FOL'LO  W (fol'lo),  v.  n.  1.  To  go  or  come  after. 
“Away;  I’ll follow  instantly.”  Shak. 

2.  To  attend,  as  a servant.  Sha/c. 

3.  To  be*  subsequent  in  time.  Milton. 

4.  To  come  from  ; to  ensue,  as  a conseque  ce  ; 
to  result. 

To  thine  own  self  be  true. 

And  it  must  follow  as  the  night  the  day 

Thou  canst  not  then  be  false  to  any  man.  Shak. 

To  follow  on,  to  endeavor  persistently  ; to  persevere 
in  effort.  Has.  vi.  3. 

FOL'LOW-pR,  n.  1.  One  who  follows  or  pursues. 

WTho  is  he  that  will  harm  you,  if  ye  be  followers  of  that 
which  is  good?  1 Pet.  iii.  13. 

2.  One  who  succeeds  ; a successor. 

Their  [the  apostles’]  companious  and  immediate  followers. 

Paley. 

3.  An  attendant ; a retainer  ; a dependant. 

I seemed  his  follower , not  partner.  Shak. 

4.  An  imitator ; a copier. 

Be  ye  followers  of  me,  even  as  I am  of  Christ.  1 Cor.  xi.  1. 

5.  A pupil ; a disciple;  adherent;  partisan. 

6.  A sheet  of  parchment  added  to  another 

sheet,  as  in  an  indenture,  &c.  [A  term  used 
by  law-stationers.]  Simmonds. 

Syn.  — A follower  of  a person,  or  of  the  interest 
or  principles  of  any  one  ; a successor  in  office  ; a dis- 
ciple of  a teacher  of  some  system  of  religion  or  philos- 
ophy ; an  adherent,  to  a person,  cause,  or  party  ; a polit- 
ical partisan . ; an  associate  in  office  or  in  an  enter- 
prise ; an  occasional  companion. 

FOL'LO  W-ING,  p.  a.  Succeeding ; next  in  order  ; 
as,  “ T\\e  following  day.” 

FOL'LY,  n.  [It . follia  ; Sp.  folia  ; Yx.  folic.  — See 
Fool.] 

1.  Want  of  understanding;  weakness  of  in- 
tellect ; foolishness  ; fatuity  ; imbecility. 

2.  Foolish  conduct ; an  unwise  act ; indiscre- 
tion. 

Folly , as  it  grows  in  years, 

The  more  extravagant  appears.  Butler. 

Whom  folly  pleases  or  whose  follies  please.  Pope. 

3.  A shameful  act ; wicked  conduct ; sin. 

They  have  committed  lewdness  and  folly.  Judg.  xx.  6. 

4.  Criminal  wickedness  ; depravity.  Shak. 

FO'MAL-HAUT,  n.  (Astron.)  A star  of  the  first 
magnitude  in  the  constellation  Piscis  Australis, 
or  Southern  Fish.  Hind. 

FO-MENT',  v.  a.  [L.  fomento ; It.  fomentarc-, 
Sp.  foment  ar  ; Fr . font  enter.]  [i.  fomented; 
pp.  FOMENTING,  FOMENTED.] 

1.  To  cherish  with  heat,  [it.] 

Fomented  by  his  virtual  power,  and  warmed.  Milton. 

2.  To  bathe  with  warm  lotions. 

lie  fomented  the  head  with  opiates.  Arbuthnot. 

3.  To  excite;  to  encourage;  to  stimulate. 

Those  ill  humors  which  they  themselves  infused  and  fo- 
mented in  them.  Locke. 

F6-M£N-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  fomentatio  ; It .fomcn- 
tazione-,  Sp . fomentacion-,  Fr.  fomentation.] 

1.  The  act  of  fomenting  ; local  bathing  with 
hot  water  or  medicated  decoctions.  Bacon. 

2.  A warm  lotion.  Arbuthnot. 

3.  Excitation;  encouragement;  instigation. 

Dishonest  fomentation  of  your  pride.  Young. 

FO-MENT' pR,  n.  One  who  foments  or  encour- 
ages. “ A perpetual  fomenter  of  sin.”  Ilale. 

Fd'ME§,  n. ; pi.  riiM'r-Trs.  [L.  fomes,  fuel.] 
(Med.)  A porous  substance  capable  of  absorb- 
ing and  retaining  contagious  effluvia.  Brande. 

fFON,  n.  \lcc\.  faane.]  A fool ; an  idiot.  Spenser. 

FOND,  a.  [Etymology  uncertain.  Skinner  sug- 


JliEN,  SIR  ; 


MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE. — 9,  Q,  *,  soft;  C,  G,  5, 


I,  hard;  § as  z;  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


FOND 


gests  A.  S .fundian,  to  try  ; and  Richardson  re- 
marks that  the  verb  fonne,  used  by  Chaucer  in 
the  sense  of  to  be  infatuated,  may  be  a conse- 
quential application  of  the  A.  S.  fundian. — 
See  Fon.] 

1.  f Foolish  ; silly  ; simple  ; weak  ; besotted. 

’T  is  fond  to  wail  inevitable  strokes.  Shak. 

2.  Weakly  tender;  foolishly  indulgent;  af- 
fectionate. “I’m  a foolish,  fond  wif s.”  Addison. 

3.  Noting  love  or  liking  ; — followed  by  of. 

Fame  is,  in  itself,  a real  good,  if  we  may  believe  Cicero, 

who  was  perhaps  too  fond  oj  it.  Dryden. 

4.  Trifling  ; valued  by  folly,  [it.] 

Forward,  an  A fond  to  show  his  parts.  Gay. 

Fond  shekels  of  the  tested  gold.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Affectionate,  Indulgent. 

FOND,  v.  a.  To  caress;  to  fondle,  [it.]  Dryden. 

■f  FOND,  v.  n.  [See  Fond,  «.]  1.  To  be  fond  of ; 

to  he  in  love  with  ; to  dote  on.  Shak. 

2.  [A.  S. fundian.]  To  strive;  to  try.  “To 
be  right  merry  will  I fond.”  Chaucer. 

FON'DLE  (fSn'dl),  v.  a.  \i.  FONDLED  ; pp.  FON- 
DLING, fondled.]  To  treat  fondly  or  very  ten- 
derly ; to  caress.  Swift. 

FoN'DLE,  v.  n.  To  show  excessive  love ; to  dote. 

And  fondled  on  her  like  a child.  Gay. 

FOND'LIJR,  n.  One  who  fondles.  Johnson. 

FOND'LING,  n.  1.  f A fool ; a simpleton.  Burton. 

2.  A person  or  thing  fondled.  Swift. 

FOND'LING,  p.  a.  Treating  with  fondness  or 
great  tenderness ;’  caressing. 

FOND'LY,  ad.  In  a fond  manner;  with  fondness. 

FOND'NfiSS,  n.  [See  Fond,  a.]  1.  The  quality 

of  being  fond;  foolishness;  weakness;  want  of 
sense  or  of  judgment.  Bp.  Taylor. 

2.  Excessive  tenderness  ; indulgence.  Prior. 

3.  Tender  passion;  affection;  partiality; 
attachment ; kindness  ; love.  “ All  the  fond- 
ness and  concern  of  a tender  parent.”  Addison. 

4.  A strong  or  unreasonable  liking.  “ A con- 
tinual fondness  for  dress.”  Walpole. 

Syn. — See  Indulgence. 

FONDUS  (fon'du),  a.  [Fr.,  melted.]  ( Manufac- 
tures.)  A term  applied  to  that  kind  of  painting 
of  calico,  paper-hangings,  &c.,  in  which  the  col- 
ors are  blended  into  each  other.  Francis. 

f FONE,  n. ; pi.  of  foe.  Foes.  Spenser. 

t FONG,  r.  u.  [A.  S./ora.]  To  take.  Chaucer. 

FONT,  n.  [L.  fans  ; fundo , to  pour  forth  ; It. 
fonte  ; Sp . fuente Fr .fonte.] 

1.  A spring  or  fountain  of  water.  Drayton. 

2.  ( Eccl .)  A vessel  used  in  Protestant  church- 
es to  hold  water  for  the  purpose  of  baptism  ; and 
in  Catholic  churches  used  also  for  holy  water. 

No,  not  that  name  was  given  me  at  the  font.  Shak. 

3.  (Printing .)  An  assortment  or  complete  set 
of  printing  types  of  one  size  ; — written  also 
fount.  — See  Fount. 

A common  font  consists  of  100,000  characters.  Ogilvie. 

FON'TAL,  a.  Relating  to  a fount,  a font,  or  a 
fountain.  Blount.  Brit.  Qu.  Rev. 

FON'TA-NEL,  n.  [Fr . fontanelle.] 

1.  An  artificial  issue,  made  in  any  part  of  the 

body.  Hammond. 

2.  (Anat.)  A space  filled  up  by  a cartilagi- 

nous membrane  in  the  cranial  bones  of  a fictus 
or  of  a new-born  child.  Dunglison. 

f FOM-TJiJVQE’  (fon-t&nzh'),  n.  [Fr. ; from  the 
name  of  the  first  wearer,  Mademoiselle  de  Fon- 
tangc.]  A knot  of  ribbons  on  the  top  of  the 
head-dress.  - Addison. 

FOOD,  n.  [A.  S.  foda,  or  f ode ; D ut.  voedzel ; 
Ger.  fitter ; Dan.  fade ; Icel.  fodr ; Sw.  foda. 
— See  Feed.] 

1.  Animal  or  vegetable  substances  eaten  for 

nourishment ; aliment ; provisions ; victuals  ; 
viands;  diet;  regimen.  “ Who  giveth/ooff  to 
all  flesh.”  Ps.  cxxxvi.  25. 

2.  Whatever  supports  the  existence,  or  pro- 
motes the  growth,  of  plants,  as  carbonic  acid, 
water,  and  ammonia. 

3.  That  which  sustains  or  cherishes  ; support. 

If  music  be  the  food  of  love,  play  on.  Shak. 

Syn.  — Food  is  a general  term  for  whatever  is  eaten 
by  man  or  beast;  victuals , food  for  man  prepared  to 


574 

be  eaten.  Provisions  is  a term  applied  to  wiiatever  is 
used  for  food  ; fare , for  what  is  furnished  for  the  table. 
Diet  and  regimen  denote  particular  modes  of  living. 
Diet,  for  a sick  person  ; regimen  for  the  preservation 
of  health. 

f FOOD,  v.  a.  To  supply  with  food  ; to  feed.  Barret. 

FOOD'FUL,  a.  Full  of  food;  furnishing  food; 
•alimentary.  Dryden. 

FOOD'LESS,  a.  Not  affording  food;  barren.  Sandys. 

f FOOD'Y,  a.  Eatable  ; fit  for  food.  Chapman. 

FOOL,  n.  1.  [It.  folle,  mad,  foolish  ; Fr.  fou,  or 
fol,  mad,  foolish  ; fou,  a madman,  a fool.  — Icel. 
fol.-W.ffwl.] 

1.  One  void  of  understanding  or  reason  ; an 
idiot;  a dolt ; a natural. 

He  thanks  his  stars  he  was  not  born  a fool.  Pope. 

2.  One  who  acts  unwisely,  or  is  deficient  in 
common  sense  ; a silly  person  ; a simpleton  ; a 
wiseacre-;  a dunce. 

And  fools  rush  in  where  angels  fear  to  tread.  rope. 

3.  One  who  counterfeits  folly  ; a buffoon  ; a 
jester  ; a harlequin  ; a zany. 

Art  thou  not  the  Lady  Olivia’s  fool?  Shak. 

4.  In  Scripture,  a wicked  person. 

The  fool  hath  said  in  his  heart,  There  is  no  God.  Ps.  xiv.  1. 

5.  [Fr.  fouler,  to  crush.]  A compound  of 

stewed  gooseberries  beaten  up  with  cream  ; a 
gooseberry-fool.  Gifford. 

To  make  a fool  of,  to  disappoint  ; to  defeat  ; to  de- 
ceive.— To  play  the  fool,  to  play  pranks  like  a jester  ; 
to  act  tile  buffoon.  — To  put  the  fool  upon , to  cheat ; 
to  deceive.  Dryden. 

FOOL,  11.  n.  [i.  FOOLED  ; pp.  FOOLING,  FOOLED.] 
To  play  the  fool ; to  trifle  ; to  toy  ; to  play. 

Fool  not;  for  all  in  ay  have, 

If  they  dare  try,  a glorious  lifb.  Herbert. 

FOOL,  v.  a.  1.  To  deceive;  to  cheat;  as,  “To 
fool  one  out  of  his  money.” 

2.  To  spend  or  lose  in  a foolish  manner. 

I hove  fooled  away  too  much  money.  * Sivift. 

3.  To  infatuate  ; to  make  foolish ; to  befool. 

Fool  me  not  so  much 

To  bear  it  tamely.  Shak. 

+ f66l'— BEGGED  (-begd),  a.  Begged  foolishly; 
absurd  ; idiotic  ; senseless.  Shak. 

fFOOL'— BOLD,  a.  Foolishly  bold ; foolhardy.  Bale. 

FOOL'-BORN,  a.  Foolish  from  the  birth.  Shak. 

FOOL'F.R-Y,  n.  1.  The  practice  of  folly;  foolish 
conduct ; folly  ; absurdity  ; buffoonery. 

All  such  fooleries  are  quite  inconsistent  with  that  manly 
simplicity  of  manners  which  is  so  honorable  to' the  national 
character.  Beattie. 

2.  The  object  of  folly. 

That  Fythagoras,  Plato,  or  Orpheus  believed  in  any  of 
these  fooleries , it  cannot  be  suspected.  Maleigh. 

f FOOL'-HAP-Py,  a.  Lucky  without  contrivance 
or  judgment.  Spenser. 

f66l'HAR-DI-HOOD  (fol'har-de-hfid),  n.  Qual- 
ity of  being  foolhardy  ; foolhardiness.  Qu.  Rev. 

FOOL' HAR-DI-LY,  ad.  With  foolhardiness.  Craig. 

f66l'HAR-DJ-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  fool- 
hardy ; rashness ; courage  without  sense.  South. 

f FOOL'HAR-DISE,  n.  Foolhardiness.  Spenser. 

FOOL'HAR-DY,  a.  Foolishly  bold  ; madly  adven- 
turous ; rash.  “ Foolhardy  child.”  Spenser. 

FOOL'ING.n.  The  act  of  playing  the  fool.  Cowley. 

FOOL'ISII,  a.  1.  Void  of  understanding;  weak 
of  intellect ; senseless  ; silly  ; simple. 

I am  a very  foolish , fond  old  man.  Shak. 

2.  Unwise;  imprudent;  indiscreet;  absurd; 
irrational.  “In  life  a.  foolish  . . . knave.”  Shak. 

3.  Nonsensical ; ridiculous  ; contemptible. 
“Foolish  tears.”  “ Foolish  tenderness.”  Shak. 

4.  In  Scripture,  wicked  ; sinful. 

The  foolish  shall  not  stand  in  thy  sight.  Ps.  v.  5. 

Syn.  — See  Absurd,  Simple. 

FOOL'ISII-LY,  ad.  In  a foolish  manner  ; weakly. 

FOOL'ISH-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  foolish  ; folly. 

FOOL’S'-CAp,  n.  1.  The  cap  of  a fool. 

2.  Paper  in  folio  quire  of  a small  size,  next 
to,  and  larger  than,  pot.  Franklin. 

/gg- Our  modern  term  foolscap,  for  a peculiar  kind 
of  writing-paper,  is  derived  from  the  original  water- 
mark — a fool’s  head  with  cap  and  bells.  Fairholt. 


FOOTED 

Fo6l’§'— ER-RAND,  n.  A search  for  what  cannot 
be  found.  Booth. 

Fo6l’§'— PARS-LJY,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the 
genus  FEthusa.  The  common  species,  or  Aithu- 
sa  cynapium,  is  a common  and  poisonous  weed 
in  gardens,  and  is  often  piistaken  for  parsley. 

Loudon. 

FOOL'STONE§  (fol'stonz),  n.  A plant;  a species 
of  orchis.  Lee. 

FOOL'-TrAPjH.  A snare  to  catch  fools  in.  Dryden. 

FOOT  (fut),  n. ; pi.  feet.  [Goth,  fotus ; A.  S. 
fot ; Dut.  roet\  Ger  .fuss  ; Divn.fod ; S vr.fot. — 
Gr.  woos ; L.  pes ; It.  pic  do,  pic  ; Sp.  pic  ; Port. 
pc-,  Fr.  pied.  — Pers.  pa  ; Sans,  paclas.] 

1.  The  part  upon  which  a man  or  an  animal 
stands;  the  organ  of  locomotion;  the  inferior 
termination  of  the  leg. 

/J®- “ In  descriptions  of  the  Articulata,  especially 
of  insects,  tile  word  feet  is  mostly  used  to  designate 
the  legs.”  Micrographic  Diet. 

2.  The  lower  part  of  any  thing;  the  bottom  ; 
the  base.  “ The  foot  of  a table.”  Johnson. 
“ The  foot  of  thy  account.”  Dryden. 

3.  Footing;  foundation ; state  ; condition  ; — 
used  only  in  the  singular. 

There  is  no  well-wisher  to  ids  country  without  a little 
hope  that  in  time  the  kingdom  may  be  on  a better  foot.  SiciJI. 

4.  A measure  containing  twelve  inches.. 

fl£g=  “ As  this  term  is  employed  in  almost  all  lan- 
guages as  a linear  measure,  it  has  doubtless  been  de- 
rived from  the  length  of  the  human  foot.”  Brande. 

5.  That  which  settles  at  the  bottom  of  a sugar 
cask  ; — in  the  plural,  foots. 

6.  (Mil.)  Soldiers  who  march  and  fight  on 
foot,  as  distinguished  from  cavalry ; — used  only 
in  the  singular. 

Himself  with  all  his  foot  entered  the  town.  Clarendon. 

7.  (Pros.)  A certain  portion  of  a line  of  po- 
etry consisting  of  two  or  more  syllables,  com- 
bined according  to  quantity  in  the  ancient,  and 
according  to  accent  in  the  modern,  languages. 

8.  Real  value.  “ To  sell  their  means  . . . far 

under  foot.”  Bacon. 

Food  of  a perpendicular,  ( Gcom .)  the  point  at  which 
tlie  perpendicular  meets  the  line  or  the  surface  to 
which  it  is  drawn.  — On  foot,  walking  ; moving.  — To 
set  on  foot,  to  put  in  motion  ; to  originate. 

FOOT  (fut),  V.  n.  [i.  FOOTED  : pp.  FOOTING, 
footed.]  To  dance  ; to  tread  with  measured 
steps  in  accord  with  music.  Dryden. 

To  foot  it,  to  walk  ; to  go  on  foot. 

I’m  tired,  sir,  and  ne’er  shall  foot  it  home.  Bean.  Hf  FI. 

FOOT  (fut),  v.  a.  1.  To  spurn  ; to  kick.  Shak. 

2.  To  settle;  to  begin  to  fix.  “Traitors  late 

footed  in  the  kingdom.”  Shak. 

3.  To  tread;  to  dance.  “They  featly  foot 

the  green.”  Ticket!. 

4.  +To  seize  with  the  foot.  Shak. 

5.  To  add  a foot  to ; to  supply  with  a foot ; 
as,  “ To  foot  a stocking.” 

6.  To  add  up,  as  figures.  E.  D.  Bangs. 

FOOT'— BALL  (fut'bal),  n.  1.  A ball  made  of  an 
inflated  bladder  cased  with  leather,  or  of  india- 
rubber,  and  driven  by  the  foot. 

2.  The  sport,  play,  or  practice  of  kicking  a 
foot-ball.  Arhuthnot. 

FOOT'— BAND  (fut/band),  n.  (Mil.)  A band  of 
infantry.  Todd. 

FOOT'-BAR-RACKS,  n.  pi.  (Mil.)  Barracks  for 
infantry.  Booth. 

FOOT'— BOARD  (fut'bord),  n.  1.  A support  for 
the  foot.  Smollett. 

2.  A board  at  the  foot  of  a bed. 

FOOT'-BOY  (fut'bol),  n.  A low  menial ; a ser- 
vant ; an  attendant ; a runner ; a footman.  Shak. 

FOOT'-BREADTIl  (fut'bredth),  n.  The  breadth 
of  a foot.  Deut.  ii.  5. 

FOOT'— BRIDGE  (fut'brlj),  n.  A narrow  bridge 
for  foot  passengers.  Sidney. 

FOOT'— CLOTH,  n.  A cloth  under  the  saddle  of 
a horse  ; a kind  of  housing.  B.  Jonson. 

FOOT'— COM-PA-NY,  n.  A company  of  soldiers 
on  foot ; infantry.  Milton. 

FOOT'— CUSH-ION  (fut'kusli-un),  n.  A cushion 
for  the  feet.  Kirby. 

FOOT'ED  (fut'ed),  a.  Shaped,  as  to  the  feet; 
having  feet.  “ Footed  like  a goat.”  Grew. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  V,  Y,  hii'/;  A,  f,  T,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  (i,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; I1EIR,  HER; 


FOOT-FALL 


575 


FORAMINIFER 


FOOT'-FALL  (fut'fil),  n.  1.  A stumble ; a trip 
of  the  foot.  . Shak. 

2.  A footstep  ; a tread  of  the  foot.  Shak. 

FOOT'— FIGHT  (fut'flt),  n.  A fight  made  on  foot, 
in  opposition  to  one  on  horseback.  Sidney. 

f FOOT'GELD  (fut'geld),  n.  [A.  S.  geld,  a fine.] 
(Eng.  Law.)  A fine  for  not  cutting  out  the 
balls  of  dogs’  feet  in  the  forest.  Burri.ll. 

FOOX'-GUARD^  (fut'girdz),  n.  pi.  (Mil.)  In- 
fantry guards,  as  distinguished  from  horse- 
guards.  Burn. 

FOOT'HALT  (fut'iialt),  n.  A disorder  incident  to 
sheep,  occasioned  by  an  insect  that  infects  the 
foot.  Crabb. 

FOOT'HOLD,  n.  A place  for  the  foot  to  stand  on  ; 
a footing  ; support.  L’ Estrange. 

FOOT’ HOOKS  (fut'huks),?i.p/.  (Naut.)  Those  tim- 
bers which  form  the  external  convex  and  the 
internal  concave  outline,  of  the  sides  of  a ship; 
compassing  timbers;  — vulgarly  called  futtocks. 

f FOOT-HOT'  (fut-hot'),  ad.  Immediately;  direct- 
ly ; at  once.  [A  phrase  borrowed,  Jamieson 
supposes,  from  hunting.]  Gower. 

FOOT'ING  (fut'jnR),  n.  1.  Ground  for  the  foot ; 
a place  to  stand  on  ; foothold.  “ Her  footing 
chanced  to  fail.”  Prior. 

2.  Foundation;  basis.  “Taking  things  on 

the  footing  of  this  life  only.”  Blair. 

3.  Entrance;  establishment;  settlement. 

No  useful  arts  have  yet  found  footing  here.  Dryden. 

4.  Step;  tread;  walk.  “I  hear  the  footing 

of  a man.”  Shak. 

5.  Dance  ; measured  tread.  Shak. 

6.  The  act  of  adding,  as  a column  of  figures  ; 
act  of  summing  up  an  account.  E.  D.  Bangs. 

7.  The  sum  total,  as  of  an  account ; the  re- 
sult of  addition.  E.  D.  Bangs. 

8.  Act  of  forming  the  foot  of  a stocking  or  a 
shoe  ; — the  foot  of  a stocking. 

9.  Plain  cotton  lace.  Clarke. 

10.  pi.  (Arch.)  The  spreading  courses  at  the 

base  or  foundation  of  a wall.  Brande. 

FOOT'L^SS  (fut'les),  a.  Without  feet.  Todd. 

FOOT'— LICK- $R,  n.  A mean  flatterer.  Shak. 

FOOT'M AN  (fut'nian),  n. ; pi.  foot'men. 

1.  A soldier  who  serves  on  foot.  Raleigh. 

2.  A menial  servant  in  livery,  distinguished 
from  a coachman  or  groom  ; foot-boy. 

Like  footmen  running  before  coaches, 

« To  tell  the  inn  what  lord  approaches.  Prior. 

3.  An  iron  or  brass  stand  with  feet,  or  with 

a hook,  for  keeping  any  thing  warm  before  a 
fire.  Simmonds. 

FOOT' MAN-SHIP,  n.  The  art  or  faculty  of  a 
footman,  or  a runner.  L’ Estrange. 

FOOT'-MAN-TLE,  n.  A species  of  garment  used 
by  market-women,  when  they  ride  on  horseback, 
to  keep  the  gown  clean ; a riding-skirt.  Chaucer. 

FOOT'M  ARK,  n.  A mark  made  by  the  foot ; a 
footprint ; a footstep  ; a trace.  Hitchcock. 

FOOT'MUFF  (fut'muf),  n.  A sort  of  muff  used  to 
keep  the  feet  warm.  Clarke. 

FOOT'PACE  (fut'pas),  n.  1.  A slow  pace  or  step, 
as  in  walking  ; footstep.  Johnson. 

2.  A landing  or  resting-place  at  the  end  of  a 
short  flight  of  steps  ; a broad  stair.  Moxon. 

3.  An  elevated  platform  or  raised  floor  in  a 

room  ; a dais.  Ogilvie. 

FOOT'pAd  (fut'p&d),  n.  A highwayman  that  robs 
on  foot.  Smollet. 

FOOT'-PAS-SIJN-pER,  it.  One  who  travels  on 
foot.  Smollett. 

FOOT'— PATH  (fut'pSth),  n.  A narrow  way  for 
foot-passengers,  not  admitting  horses  or  car- 
riages ; a footway.  Shak. 

FOOT'— PAVE-M^NT,  n.  A paved  way  for  pas- 
sengers on  foot ; footway.  Boswell. 

FOOT'-PLATE  (fut'plat),  n.  The  platform  on 
which  the  engineer  or  the  fireman  of  a locomo- 
tive engine  stands  ; — a carriage  step.  Weale. 

FOOT'-PLOUGII  (fut'plou),  il.  A kind  of  swing 
plough.  Clarke. 

FOOT'— PO-ET,  n.  A servile  or  inferior  poet;  a 
poetaster,  [r.]  Dryden. 


FOOT'-POST  (fut'post),  n.  A post  or  messenger 
that  travels  on  foot.  Carew. 

FOOT'PRINT  (fut'print),  n.  1.  The  mark  of  a 
foot;  a footstep  ; a trace  ; a footmark.  Gray. 

Footprints  on  the  sands  of  time.  Longfellow. 

2.  pi.  (Pal.)  Impressions  of  the  feet  of  ex- 
tinct reptiles,  birds,  &c.,  on  the  surface  of  cer- 
tain rocks.  Hitchcock. 

FOOT'-RACE  (fut'ras),  n.  A race  performed  on 
foot.  Pope. 

FOOT-ROPE  (fut'rop),  n.  (Naut.)  The  rope 
stretching  along  a yard,  upon  which  men  stand 
when  reefing  or  furling  ; a horse.  Dana. 

FOOT'ROT,  n.  An  ulcer  in  the  feet,  — a disease 
to  which  sheep  are  liable.  Farm.  Ency. 

FOOT'— RULE  (fut'rul),  n.  A measure  of  a foot 
or  twelve  inches.  Blackstone. 

FOOT'-SHAC-KLE§  (fdt'shak-klz),  n.  pi.  Fetters; 
shackles  for  the  feet.  Craig. 

FOOT'— SOL-DI^R  (fut'sol-jer),  n.  A soldier  that 
marches  and  fights  on  foot.  tyayton. 

FOOT'STALIv  (fut'stawk),  n.  ( Bot .)  A 
short  stem  on  which  a leaf  is  raised 
up  from  a plant ; a leaf-stalk  ; a peti- 
ole. Gray. 

FOOT'STALL  (fut'stM),  it.  1.  The  stir- 
rup of  a woman’s  saddle.  Johnson. 

2.  (Arch.)  The  plinth  or  base  of  a pillar.  Weale. 

FOOT'STEP  (fut'step),  il.  1.  A mark  or  impres- 
sion of  the  foot ; trace  ; track  ; footprint. 

2.  A sign  ; a token  ; a mark ; a vestige.  “ Vis- 
ible footsteps  of  Divine  Wisdom.”  Bentley. 

3. '  An  inclined  plane  under  a printing  press,  on 
which  the  pressman  places  his  foot.  Simmonds. 

To  follow  the  footsteps , or  in  the  footsteps , of  to  fol- 
low tile  example  of. 

Syn.  — See  Mark,  Vestige 

FOOT 'STOOL  (fut'stol),  n.  A stool  to  rest  the 
feet  upon.  Shak. 

FOOT 'STOO LED  (fut'-),  a.  Furnished  with  a 
footstool.  “ A footstooled  throne.”  Cowper. 

FOOT'— VALVE  (Cut'-),  n.  A valve  in  the  passage 
between  the  condenser  and  air-pump  of  a steam- 
engine  opening  towards  the  air-pump.  Weale. 

FOOT'— WAL-ING,  it.  (Naut.)  The  whole  inside 
planks  or  lining  of  a vessel  over  the  floor-tim- 
bers. Dana. 

FOOT'— WARM-^R  (fut'wlrm-er),  n.  A box  con- 
taining a tin  vessel  to  be  filled  with  hot  water, 
to  warm  the  feet.  IF.  Ency. 

FOOT'WAY,  n.  A path  for  passengers  on  foot; 
a foot-pavement ; a foot-path.  Goldsmith. 

FOP,  ii.  [Etymology  disputed  and  doubtful. — L. 
vappa,  a senseless  fellow.  Todd.  — Richardson 
alleges  the  root  to  be  Dut.  pof  a puff ; poffen, 
to  puff.]  A man  of  small  understanding  and 
much  ostentation  ; a man  fond  of  dress  ; a cox- 
comb ; a beau  ; a dandy.  Beattie. 

FOP'DOO-DLE,  n.  A fool ; a simpleton.  Hudibras. 

FOP'LING,  n.  A petty  fop  ; a coxcomb.  Tickell. 

FOP'l’f.R-Y,  ii.  1.  Quality  of  a fop  ; vanity  in 
dress  and  manners  ; showy  folly  ; coxcombry. 

Foppery  is  a sort  of  folly  much  more  contagious  than  ped- 
antry; hut  as  they  result  alike  from  affectation,  they  deserve 
alike  to  be  proscribed.  Dr.  Campbell. 

Foppery  is  never  cured;  once  a coxcomb,  and  always  a 
coxcomb.  Johnson. 

2.  Vain  or  idle  practice  ; foolery.  Swift. 

3.  A gewgaw  ; frippery.  Swift. 

FOP'PISH,  a.  Like  a fop ; vain  in  dress  or  show; 
ostentatious.  Law. 

Syn.  — See  Finical. 

FOP'PISII-LY,  ad.  In  a foppish  manner;  vainly. 

FOP'PISH-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  foppish  ; 
foolish  vanity  or  show  in  dress.  Shcnstone. 

FOR,  prep.  [Goth,  faur,  faura ; A.  S .for;  Dut. 
voor;  Ger.  ftir\  Dan.  for ; Icel.  fyrir ; Sw.  for-. 
— L.  pro  ; It.  per ; Sp.  por ; Fr.  pour.  — Horne 
Tooke  believes  it  to  be  no  other  than  the  Goth, 
substantive  fairina,  cause,  and  “to  have  always 
the  same  single  signification,  and  nothing  else.” 
This  derivation  is  adopted  by  Richardson.  — 
“The  radical  sense  of  for  is,  to  go,  to  pass,  to 


advance,  to  reach  or  stretch  ; and  it  is  probably 
allied  to  the  Sax.  faran,  to  fare.”  I Tcbstcr.] 

1.  Because  of ; by  reason  of.  “ The  gulf  is 

remarkable  for  tempests.”  Addison. 

2.  With  respert  to  ; with  regard  to ; relating 
to  ; concerning  ; — often  with  as  before  it. 

For  particulars  and  circumstances,  lie  continually  lops 
them.  m Pope. 

As  for  me  and  my  house,  we  will  serve  the  Lord. 

Josh.  xxiv.  15. 

3.  In  the  place  of ; instead  of.  “Will  he,  for 

a fish,  give  him  a serpent  ? ” Luke  xi.  11. 

4.  For  the  sake  of ; on  account  of. 

Greater  love  hath  no  man  than  this,  that  a man  lay  down 
his  life  for  his  friends.  John  xv.  13. 

5.  Noting  purpose,  tendency,  or  destination  ; 
proceeding  or  tending  to  ; towards. 

Bound  for  the  isles 

Of  Javan  or  Gadire.  Milton. 

6.  Conducive  to ; beneficial  to. 

It  is  for  men’s  health  to  be  temperate.  Tillotson. 

7.  According  to  ; in  spite  of. 

This,  for  any  thing  we  know  to  the  contrary,  might  be  the 
selfsame  form.  J looker. 

8.  During.  “Hired  for  life.”  Prior.  “Their 
thoughts  are  for  four  hours  busy.”  Locke. 

9.  As  being.  “ Held  for  honorable  that  which 

pleased.”  Clarendon . 

But  let  her  go  for  an  ungrateful  woman.  Phillips. 

t For  to , in  order  to  ; — formerly  used  before  verbs 
in  the  infinitive  mode.  “ But  wliat  went  ye  out  fur 
to  see  ? ” Luke  vii.  25. 

£(£&=•  “ Webster’s  etymology  gives  no  countenance 
to  Horne  Tooke’s  theory  that  this  word  always  signi- 
fies cause  or  reason  ; yet  such  expressions  as  the  fol- 
lowing are  most  easily  explained  by  the  latter  fiy- 
potliesis.  1 O ! for  better  times  : ’ i.  e.  I wish,  the 
cause  of  my  wishing  being  better  times.  ‘ For  all 
that  j ’ i.  e.  all  that  being  a cause  or  reason  to  the  con- 
trary. ‘ For  him  to  speak  would  be  wrong ; ’ i.  e.  to 
speak  would  be  wrong,  he  being  the  cause , or  with 
regard  to  him  as  the  speaker.”  Smart. 

FOR,  conj.  Because  ; on  this  account  that. 

Examinations  arc  formidable  even  to  the  best  prepared; 
for  tile  greatest  tool  may  ask  more  than  the  wisest  man  can 
answer.  Wilson. 

For  as  much,  because  that.  See  Forasmuch. — 
t For  why  [A.  S.  fort  In],  wherefore:  — because;  for 
this  reason  that ; in  consideration  of.  Knolles. 

FOR.  [A.  S./br;  Dut.  Ger.  tor.]  In  composi- 
tion, for  is  sometimes  merely  intensive,  as  in 
_/brbathe  ; but  it  often  gives  the  idea  of  priva- 
tion or  deterioration  to  the  words  before  which 
it  is  placed ; in  which  case  it  seems  to  be  a dif- 
ferent word,  like  the  Dut.  § Ger.  ver.  Bosworth. 

FOR'A(?E,  v.  n.  [It.  foraggiare ; Port.  S$  Sp.for- 
ragear;  Fr.  fourrager ; Ger.  fourragiren .]  [i. 

FORAGED  ; PJ).  FORAGING,  FORAGED.] 

1.  fTo  range  abroad  ; to  rove  about.  Shak. 

2.  To  wander  in  search  of  spoil,  generally  of 


provisions.  Dryden. 

3.  To  ravage;  to  feed  on  spoil.  Shak. 

FOR' ADE,  V.  a.  1.  To  plunder  ; to  strip  ; to  spoil ; 
to  devastate.  South. 

2.  To  supply  with  forage  ; to  fodder.  Pope. 


FOR'A^rE,  it.  [It . foraggio;  Port,  forragem ; Sp. 
forrage\  Fr.  fourrage.  — Ger.  f outrage  ; Dut. 
voeraadge.  — Junius,  Serenius,  Du  Cange,  and 
Richardson  derive  the  word  from  the  root  of 
fodder .] 

1.  The  act  of  foraging  or  ravaging ; search  for 

provisions.  Milton. 

2.  (Mil.)  The  hay,  straw,  and  oats  brought 

by  the  troops  into  the  camp,  for  the  sustenance 
of  the  horses  of  an  army  during  the  campaign  ; 
fodder  obtained  by  foraging.  Brande. 

3.  Provisions  in  general. 

And  by  his  side  his  steed  the  grassy  forage  ate.  Spenser. 

FOR'A-^rER,  ii.  One  who  forages.  Bp.  Taylor. 

FOR' A-^l  1NG,  n.  1.  Act  of  obtaining  forage. Milton. 

2.  A predatory  inroad  or  incursion.  Bp.  Hall. 

FOR'A-£lNG,  p.  a.  Searching  for  forage. 

FO-RA  'MF.N,  n.  ; pi.  FO-RAM'  r-NA.  [L.l 

1.  (Anat.)  A small  hole  ; a perforation  ; an 

opening  by  which  nerves  or  blood-vessels  pene- 
trate through  bones.  P.  Cyc. 

2.  (Bot.)  A hole  or  orifice,  as  that  of  the 

ovule.  Gray. 

FO-RA M'j-WAT-ljn,  a.  [L.  foraminatus.]  Having 
small  holes  or  perforations.  P.  Cyc. 

FOR-A-mIn'I-FER,  n.  [L . foramen,  an  opening, 


MIEN,  Sill;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUI1,  RULE.  — £,  $,  g,  soft ; 


c,  g,  hard,  S ; X as 


— THIS,  this. 


FORAMINIFERA 


576 


FORDO 


and  fero,  to  bear.]  One  of  the  Foraminif- 
era.  Brande. 

FO-rAM-I-NIF  'F.-RA,  n.  pi.  An  order  of  foram- 
inated,  polythaiamous  shells,  — supposed  to  be 
plant-like  in  nature  and  allied  to  corallines  — 
the  chambers  of  which  communicate  by  means 
of  small  foramina  or  perforations.  A mucous 
mass  occupies  the  interior  Agassiz. 

FO-RAM-I-NIF'JJ-ROUS,  a.  Having  pores  or  open- 
ings ; pertaining  to  the  Foraminifcra.  Craig. 

I'O-RAM'I-NOUS,  a.  Full  of  small  holes;  per- 
forated ; foraminated.  Maunder. 

f FO-RA'N£-OUS,  a.  Relating  to  the  market, 
court,  or  forum.  Blount. 

FOR- AS- MUCH',  conj.  In  consideration  of ; be- 
cause that;  inasmuch;  since.  Perry. 

FO-RAY',  or  FOR' AY,  n.  A sudden  incursion 
and  hostile  attack.  — See  Fouhay.  North. 

FOR-BADE',  i.  from  forbid.  See  Forbid. 

f FOR-BATHE',  v.  a.  To  bathe.  Sackville. 

FOR-BeAr'  (for-bir'),  v.  n.  [A.  S .forberan;  for 
and  her  an,  to  bear.]  [j\  forbore  ; pp.  for- 
bearing, forborne.  — The  preterite  forbore  is 
obsolete.] 

1.  To  refrain  ; to  desist ; to  pause.  Cheyne. 

In  choosing  wrong, 

I lose  your  company;  therefore  forbear  a while.  Shale. 

2.  To  abstain  ; to  omit  voluntarily. 

At  this  he  started,  and  forbore  to  swear.  Dryden. 

3.  To  be  patient.  Prov.  xxv.  15. 

FOR-BEAR'  (for-bir'),  v.  a.  1.  To  avoid  volunta- 
rily ; to  shun.  “ Forbear  his  presence.”  Shah. 

2.  To  abstain  from  ; to  omit. 

If  I or  thou  due  vengeance  do  forbear.  Spenser. 

3.  To  spare;  to  treat  with  kindness  and  pa- 
tience. “ Forbearing  one  another.”  Eph.  iv.  2. 

4.  To  withhold ; to  restrain.  “ Forbear  thee 
from  meddling  with  God.”  2 Chron.  xxxv.  21. 

5.  f To  tolerate  ; to  bear. 

And  how  thou  canst  not  forbear  them  which  are  evil. 

Rev.  ii.  2,  Tynd  ale's  Trans. 

FOR-BEAR'ANCE,  n.  1.  The  act  of  refraining  or 
of  abstaining  from ; forbearing ; abstinence. 
“Th e forbearance  of  sin.”  South. 

Liberty  is  the  power  a man  has  to  do,  or  forbear  doing, 
any  particular  action,  according  as  its  doing  or  forbearance 
has  the  actual  preference  in  the  mind.  Locke. 

2.  Command  of  temper;  mildness;  patience; 
lenity  ; indulgence  ; long  suffering. 

There  is  a limit  at  which  forbearance  ceases  to  be  a virtue. 

Burke. 

FOR-BEAR' ANT,  a.  Forbearing;  indulgent;  long 
suffering,  [r.]  I Vest.  Rev.  Carlyle. 

FOR-BE.Ar'ANT-LY,  ad.  In  a forbearing  man- 
ner. [r.]  London  Examiner. 

FOR-BEAR'ER,  n.  One  who  forbears.  Tusser. 

FOR-BeAr'ING.j). a.  Patient;  favorable;  lenient. 

FOR-BeAr'ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  forbears  ; 
forbearance  ; long  suffering.  Hall. 

FOR-BeAr'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a forbearing  manner. 

FOR-BID’,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  forbeodan  ; for  and  beo- 
dan,  to  bid  ; Hut.  verbieden  ; Ger.  verbieten  ; 
Dan.  forbyde ; Sw.  forbiuda.]  [i.  forbade; 
pp.  FORBIDDING,  FORBIDDEN.] 

1.  To  command  not  to  do;  to  prohibit;  to 
interdict ; to  inhibit. 

Bom  to  endure,  forbidden  to  complain.  Prior. 

2.  To  command  not  to  enter. 

Have 

I not  forbid  her  my  house?  Shak. 

3.  To  oppose  ; to  hinder  ; to  restrain. 

A blaze  of  glory  that  forbids  the  sight.  Dryden. 

4.  f To  accurse  ; to  blast.  “ He  shall  live  a 

man  forbid .”  Shak. 

Syn.  — To  forbid  is  a more  familiar  term  than  to 
prohibit  or  to  interdict.  Forbid  is  the  common  term  ; 
prohibit,  the  judicial  term  ; interdict,  tile  moral  term. 
Parents  or  schoolmasters  forbid  disobedience  to  their 
commands  ; a government  prohibits  contraband  goods  ; 
the  pope  or  an  ecclesiastical  authority  interdicts. 

FOR-BID',  v.  n.  To  utter  a prohibition.  “ Heaven 
forbid ! ” Shak. 

FOR-BID 'DANCE,  n.  Prohibition,  [r.]  Bp.  Hall. 

FOll-BID'DEN  (for-bld'dn),  p.  a.  Prohibited;  un- 
lawful. “ The  fruit  of  that  forbidden  tree.” 

Milton. 


FQR-BID'DEN— FRUIT,  n.  The  fruit  of  a species 
of  citrus,  resembling  the  shaddock  ; — brought 
from  the  West  Indies.  Simmonds. 

FOR-BID'DEN-Ly  (for-bld'dn-le),  ad.  In  an  un- 
lawful manner.  Shak. 

FOR-BID'DEN-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  pro- 
hibited. Boyle. 

FOR-BlD'D£R,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  forbids. 

FOR-BID'DING,  a.  Raising  dislike  ; repulsive  ; 
stern  ; as,  “ A forbidding  look.” 

FOR-BID'DING,  n.  Hinderanee;  opposition.  Shak. 

FOR-BID'DING-LY,  ad.  In  a forbidding  manner. 

FOR-BORE',  i.  from  forbear.  See  Forbear. 

FOR-  BORNE',  p.  from  forbear.  See  Forbear. 

t FOR-BY'.  See  Foreby.  Todd. 

FORCE,  n.  [L.  fort  is,  powerful ; It.  forza,  force ; 
fhp.fuerza ; Fr.  force.] 

1.  Power,  physical,  moral,  or  mental;  strength  ; 
might  ; energy  ; vigor.  “ The  force  of  his  will.” 
“ Ileason’syorce.”  “ The  force  of  honesty.” 

Shak. 

2.  Violence;  compulsion;  coercion.  “Se- 
cure from  force  and  fraud.”  Shak. 

3.  Necessity;  irresistible  power. 

For  wc  must  do  what  force  will  have  us  do.  Shak. 

4.  Armament ; a body  of  troops  equipped  for 
war  ; an  army  ; — commonly  used  in  the  plural. 

Will  cut  their  passage  through  the  force  of  France.  Shak. 

A veteran  army,  composed  of  miscellany  forces  of  nil 
nations.  Bacon. 

5.  {Law.)  Unlawful  violence  offered  to  per- 

sons or  things: — power  to  bind  or  coerce;  va- 
lidity or  efficacy.  Burn'll. 

An  obligation  or  law  is  said  to  be  “ of.  force,"  or  “ in  force' 
so  long  as  compliance  with  it  can  be  lawfully  coerced.  Burrill. 

6.  [Su.  Goth,  fors.]  A cascade  or  water- 

fall. “The  falls  or  force  of  the  River  Kent.” 
[Local,  Eng.]  Gray. 

Mechanical  force,  power  which  produces,  or  tends  to 
produce,  motion,  or  an  alteration  in  the  direction  of 
motion.  Mechanical  forces  are  of  two  sorts  : one  of 
a body  at  rest,  being  the  same  as  pressure  or  tension  ; 
tlie  other  of  a body  in  motion,  being  the  same  as  im- 
petus, or  momentum.  Grier. 

Syn. — See  Compulsion,  Strength,  Violent. 

FORCE,  v.  a.  [i.  forced  ; ^.forcing,  forced.] 

1.  To  compel ; to  constrain ; to  coerce ; to 
impel. 

Like  a mighty  sea 

Forced  by  the  tide  to  combat  with  the  wind.  Shak. 

2.  To  overpower  with  strength. 

To  force  their  monarch' and  insult  the  court.  Dryden. 

3.  To  draw,  push,  drive,  or  move  in  any  man- 
ner by  main  strength. 

It  stuck  so  fast,  so  deeply  buried  lay. 

That  scarce  the  victor  forced  the  steel  away.  Dryden. 

4.  To  enforce  ; to  urge  ; to  exert. 

Forcing  my  strength,  and  gathering  to  the  shore.  Dryden. 

5.  To  obtain  by  force  ; to  acquire  by  violence. 

Troy  walled  so  high, 

Atrides  might  as  well  have  forced  the  sky.  Waller. 

6.  To  ravish  ; to  violate  by  force.  Dryden. 

7.  To  distort ; to  strain.  “ Forced  thoughts.” 
Shak.  “ Forced  conceits.”  Addison. 

8.  ( llort .)  To  bring  forward  and  ripen  before 

the  natural  time.  G.  IV.  Johnson. 

9.  To  fine,  as  wines,  in  a short  time.  Todd. 

10.  To  man  ; to  strengthen  by  soldiers  ; to 

garrison,  [r.]  Raleigh. 

11.  [Corrupted  from  farce.  — See  Farce.]  To 

stuff.  “ Malice  forced  with  wit.”  Shak. 

To  force  from,  to  extort.  — To  force  out,  to  drive 
out : — to  extort. 

Syn.  — See  Coerce. 

f FORCE,  v.  n.  1.  To  lay  stress  on.  “I  force 
not  of  such  fooleries.”  Camden. 

2.  To  endeavor;  to  attempt;  to  try. 

Forcing  with  gifts  to  win  his  wanton  heart.  Spenser. 

3.  To  use  force  or  violence.  Spenser. 

FORCED  (forst),  p.  a.  1.  Compelled  ; constrained ; 
as,  “ A.  forced,  compliance.” 

2.  Strained;  unnatural;  far-fetched;  as,  “A 
forced  metaphor.” 

FOR'C]JD-EY,  ad.  In  a constrained,  violent,  or 
unnatural  manner. 


FOR'CIJD-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  forced, 
compelled,  or  strained.  Worthington. 

FORCE'FUL,  a.  Full  of  power  ; acting  with  great 
force.  “ His  forceful  spear.”  Shak. 

FORCE'FUL-LY,  ad.  With  force  ; violently. 

FORCE'L^SS,  a.  Having  little  force  ; weak.  Shak. 

FORCE'— MEAT,  n.  Meat  stuffed  with  various  in- 
gredients.— See  Farce.  Todd. 

FOR'Cfl’S,  n.  [L.]  1.  ( Mechanical  Arts.)  A 

general  name  for  all  tools  which  are  constructed 
on  the  principle  of  pincers  or  pliers.  Craig. 

2.  (Med.)  An  instrument  used  in  extracting 
the  foetus,  in  dissecting,  in  taking  up  the  mouths 
of  arteries,  &c.  Hoblyn. 

FORCE'— PUMP,  n.  (Nat.  Phil.)  A pump 
with  a solid  piston,  which  acts  by  com- 
pression to  force  a column  of  water  or 
other  liquid  to  a great  height,  or  against 
a counteracting  pressure  as  of  steam. 

FORC'ER,  n.  1.  He  who,  or  that  which, 
forces.  Cotgrave. 

2.  (Nat.  Phil.)  The  solid  piston  of  a 
force-pump.  Wilkins. 

FOR'CI-BLE,  a.  1.  Having,  or  character- 
ized by,  force  ; powerful ; strong ; mighty ; 
weighty ; cogent. 

How  forcible  are  right  words!  Job  vi.  25. 

2.  Impelled  with  force ; violent;  impetuous. 

Like  mingled  streams,  more  forcible  when  joined.  Prior. 

3.  Done  or  suffered  by  force. 

The  abdication  of  King  James  the  advocates  on  that  side 
look  upon  to  have  been  forcible  and  unjust.  Swift. 

4.  Vigorous;  energetic;  effective;  as,  “A 

forcible  writer.”  Lowth. 

Syn.  — See  Cogent,  Powerful,  Violent. 

FOR'CI-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  for- 
cible ; force  ; power.  Bailey. 

FOR'CI-BLY,  ad.  In  a forcible  manner ; power- 
fully ; with  force.  Atterbury. 

FORCING,  a.  Using  force  ; compelling ; urging. 

FORCING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  forces, 
urges,  or  compels. 

2.  ( Hort .)  The  act  of  hastening  the  growth 

and  maturity  of  flowers,  fruits,  and  vegetables 
by  artificial  means.  Farm.  Ency. 

3.  A method  of  fining  wines,  so  as  to  render 

them  fit  for  immediate  use.  Simmonds. 

FORCING—  HOUSE,  n.  (Hort.)  A house,  or  build- 
ing, for  hastening  the  growth  of  plants  ; a hot- 
house. Simmonds. 

FORC'lNG-PlT,  n.  (Hort.)  A hot-bed.  Simmonds. 

FORCING— PUMP,  n.  (Nat.  Phil.)  A machine 
which  throws  water  to  a distance ; a force-pump. 
— See  FoRCE-ruMr.  Tanner. 

FOR'CI-PAT-gD,  a.  [L.  forceps,  forcipis,  pin- 
cers.] (Zolil.)  Hooked  or  furnished  with  pin- 
cers, as  the  claws  of  a lobster  or  a crab.  Derham. 

FOR-Cl-PA'TION,  n.  A squeezing  or  tearing  with 
pincers  ; — formerly  a mode  of  torture.  Bacon. 

FORD,  n.  [A.  S . ford ; faran,  to  go  ; — according 
to  Tooke,  the  past  part,  of  foran. — W .ffordd.) 

1.  A shallow  part  of  a river  or  stream  of  water, 
where  it  may  be  passed  without  swimming,  by 
walking  or  wading. 

They  took  the /brefo  of  Jordan  toward  Moab.  Judg.  iii.  28. 

2.  A stream ; a current.  “ The  Stygian 

ford."  Dryden. 

FORD,  V.  a.  [i.  FORDED  ; pp.  FORDING,  FORDED.] 
To  wade  through  ; to  pass  without  swimming. 

Fording  his  current  where  thou  find’st  it  low.  Denham. 

FORD'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  forded.  V Estrange. 

FORD'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  ford- 
able. ' Scott. 

f FOR-DO',  v.  a.  [A.  S.  fordon  ; for  and  don,  to 

do.]  [i.  FORDID  ; pp.  FORDOING,  FORDONE.] 

1.  To  undo  ; to  destroy  ; to  ruin. 

This  is  the  Right 

That  cither  makes  me  or  fordoes  me  quite.  Shak. 

2.  To  overpower  ; to  overcome. 

The  heavy  ploughman  snores, 

All  with  weary  task  f ordone.  Shak. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


577 


FOREIGNNESS 


FORDWINE 

f FOR-DWlNE',  v.  n.  [A.  S.  fordwinan .]  To 
vanish.  Chaucer. 

FORE,  a.  [A.  S.  fore,  before.]  Anterior  ; not 
behind  ; coming  first.  Bacon. 

FORE,  ad.  [A.  S .fore,  before.]  Anteriorly. 

Fore  and  aft,  (Naut.)  in  the  direction  of  tile  head 
and  stern  ; the  whole  length  of  a ship. 

fjfyj-  Fore  is.  a word  much  used  in  composition,  to 
mark  priority  of  time  or  situation. 

FORE-AD-MON'ISII,  v.  a.  To  counsel  before  the 
act  or  event.  Bp.  Hall. 

FORE-AD-VI^E',  v.  a.  To  counsel  beforehand ; 
to  preadmonish.  Shah, 

FORE-AL-LEt^E',  v.  a.  To  allege  previously  ; to 
assert  or  cite  before.  Fotherby, 

FORE-AP-POINT',  v.  a.  To  order  beforehand  ; to 
preordain.  Sherwood. 

FORE-AP-P01NT'M£NT,  n.  Preordination  ; fore- 
ordination. Sherwood. 

FORE-ARM',  v.  a.  To  arm  beforehand.  South. 

FORE'ARM,  n.  That  part  of  the  arm  between 
the  elbow  and  the  wrist.  Dunglison. 

FORE-ARMED'  (-amid'),  a.  Armed  beforehand; 
as,  “ Forewarned,  forearmed.” 

FORE'bAY,  n.  That  part  of  a mill-race  through 
which  the  water  flows  upon  the  wheel.  Tanner. 

FORE'— Bl£- LIEF',  n.  Previous  belief.  Clarke. 

FORE-BODE',  v.  a.  [A.  S.  fore-bodian ; fore,  be- 
fore, and  bodian,  to  tell.]  [(.  foreboded  ; pp. 

FOREBODING,  FOREBODED.] 

1.  To  prognosticate ; to  foretell ; to  presage ; 
to  predict ; to  portend  ; to  betoken  ; to  augur. 

2.  To  anticipate  ; to  foreknow ; to  be  pre- 
scient of. 

My  heart  forebodes  I ne’er  shall  see  you  more.  Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Augur. 

FORE-BODE'M£NT,  n.  Act  of  foreboding  ; pre- 
sagement ; prognostication,  [it.]  Johnson. 

FORE-BOD'JpR,  n.  1.  One  who  forebodes  ; a sooth- 
sayer. L’  Estrange. 

2.  A foreknower ; an  anticipator.  Johnson. 

FORE-BO D'ING,  n.  Act  of  one  who  forebodes; 
presage  ; perception  beforehand.  A.  Smith. 

FORE-BOD'ING-LY,  ad.  With  foreboding. 

FORE'BOW,  ii.  The  fore  part  of  a saddle.  Booth. 

FORE'— BRACE,  ii.  ( Naut .)  A rope  applied  to 
the  fore-yard-arm,  to  change  the  position  of  the 
foresail  occasionally.  Mar.  Diet. 

f FORE-BY',  prep.  Near;  close  by;  hard  by; 
fast  by.  Spenser. 

FORE-CAST',  V.  a.  [i.  FORECAST  ; pp.  FORECAST- 
ING, FORECAST.] 

1.  To  plan  before  execution  ; to  project ; to 
scheme. 

He  shall  forecast  his  devices  against  the  strong  holds. 

Dan.  xi.  24. 

2.  To  premeditate;  to  contrive  beforehand. 

“The  time  so  well  forecast.”  Dryden. 

3.  To  foresee;  to  provide  against. 

It  is  wisdom  to  forecast  consequences.  L' Estrange. 

FORE-cAst',  v.  n.  To  contrive  beforehand. 

Not  flying,  but  forecasting  in  what  place 

To  set  upon  them.  Milton. 

FORE'cAsT  (12,  114),  n.  1.  Contrivance  before- 
hand ; antecedent  policy  ; scheme  ; plan. 

■With  reasonable  forecast  and  despatch.  Cowper. 

2.  Foresight;  premeditation;  forethought; 
predetermination.  Pope. 

FORE-cAST'ER,  n.  One  who  forecasts.  Johnson. 

FORE-cAst'ING,  n.  Act  of  one  who  forecasts; 
anticipation  ; a previous  planning.  Coleridge. 

FORE'cAs-TLE  (for'k&s-sl),  n.  {Naut.)  A short 
deck  at  the  fore  part  of  a ship,  or  forward  of 
the  foremast,  above  the  upper  deck  : — in  mer- 
chant ships  the  fore  part  of  the  vessel,  under 
the  deck,  where  the  sailors  live.  Dana. 

FORE-CHO'§EN  (for-cho'zn),  p.  Chosen  before; 
predleeted.  Johnson. 

FORE-CIT'jPD,  p.  Quoted  before  or  above  ; fore- 
mentioned.  Arbuthnot. 


FORE-CLO^E',  V.  a.  [»’.  FORECLOSED  ; pp.  FORE- 
CLOSING, foreclosed.]  To  shut  up ; to  shut 
out ; to  preclude  ; to  prevent. 

They  are  foreclosed  from  the  ministration.  Martin. 

To  foreclose  a mortgage , {Law.)  to  cut  off  the  power 
of  redemption.  Blachstonc. 

FORE-CLO'^URE  (for-klo'zliur),  n.  1.  The  act  of 
foreclosing. 

2.  {Law.)  The  process  of  barring  the  equity 
of  redemption  of  a mortgageor  ; a deprivation  of 
the  power  of  redeeming  a mortgage.  Burrill. 

f FORE-CON-CEIVE',  v. n.  To  preconceive.  Bacon. 

FORE-DATE',  v.  a.  To  date  before  the  true 
time  ; to  antedate.  Boag. 

FORE-DAT'IJD,  p.  a.  Dated  before  the  true  time  ; 
antedated.  Milton. 

FORE'DECK,  ii.  {Naut.)  The  fore  part  of  a ship’s 
deck.  Chapman. 

FORE-DiJ-SIGN'  (lor-de-sin'),  v.a.  To  plan  before- 
hand. Cheyne. 

FORE- DE- TER 'MINE,  v.  a.  To  decree  before- 
hand ; to  predetermine ; to  predestine.  Hopkins. 

f FORE-DO',  v.  a.  See  Fordo.  Todd. 

FORE-DOOM',  v.  a.  To  doom  or  determine  be- 
forehand ; to  predestine  ; to  foreordain. 

To  Latium,  and  the  realm  foredoomed  by  Jove.  Dryden. 

FORE'DOOM  (114),  ii.  Previous  doom.  Sackville. 

FORE'— DOOR  (for'dor),  n.  A door  in  the  front  of 
a house ; a front  door.  Todd. 

FORE-EL'D£R,  n.  [fore  and  elder.  Dan . forcel- 
dre.~]  An  ancestor.  [North  of  Eng.]  Brockett. 

FORE'END,  n.  The  anterior  part.  Shak.  Bacon. 

FORE'FA-TIIER,  or  FORE-FA'TIIf.R  [for'fa-tlier, 
P.  J.  Ja.  Sm. ; for-fa/ther,  W.  P.  B.  \ Vb.~],  n. 
One  from  whom  another  descends  in  a direct 
line  ; a progenitor  ; an  ancestor. 

Nothing  is  more  difficult,  in  general,  than  to  make  a nation 
perceive  any  thing  as  true,  or  seek  its  own  interest,  in  any 
manner  but  as  its  forefathers  have  opined  and  acted.  Hallam. 
Each  in  his  narrow  cell  for  ever  laid. 

The  rude  forefathers  of  the  hamlet  sleep.  Gray. 

Syn.  — Forefathers  are  ancestors,  not  excluding 
parents  ; progenitors , ancestors,  not  including  parents. 
Forefathers  and  progenitors  are  commonly  applied  to 
individuals;  and  respect  the  regular  succession  of  a 
family  ; ancestors  are  applied  to  individuals  or  nations. 
Immediate  forefathers  ; distant  progenitors  ; the  an- 
cestors of  persons,  or  of  a nation.  Predecessor  is  one 
who  precedes ; but  the  term  does  not  imply  genealogic 
descent.  An  hereditary  monarch  succeeds  his  ances- 
tors ; an  elective  monarch,  his  predecessors. 

FORE'FEEL-ING,  n.  A presentiment. 

f FORE-FEND',  v.  a.  1.  To  keep  off ; to  ward  off; 


to  avert. 

God  forbid  and  forefend  that,  say  you?  Holland. 

2.  To  secure  ; to  defend.  Shak. 

FORE'FIN-G^R,  n.  The  finger  next  to  the  thumb. 
FORE— FLOW',  v.  a.  To  flow  before.  Clarke. 
FORE'FOOT  (for'fut),  n. ; pi.  fore'feet.  1.  One 


of  the  anterior  feet  of  an  animal  having  four 
feet  or  more. 

2.  A contemptuous  term  for  the  hand.  Shak. 

3.  ( Naut .)  A piece  of  timber  at  the  fore  ex- 

tremity of  the  keel,  upon  which  the  lower  end 
of  the  stem  rests.  Dana. 

FORE'— FRONT  (for'frunt),  n.  The  foremost  front 
of  any  thing.  Ex.  xxxviii.  37. 

FORE'— GAME,  n.  A first  game  ; a first  plan. 

If  the  fore-game  be  not  to  thy  wish,  neither  whine  nor 
curse.  Whitlock. 

FORE'— GANG-1JR,  n.  A short  piece  of  rope  grafted 
on  a harpoon,  to  which  the  line  is  bent.  Dana. 

FORE-GO',  V.  a.  [i.  FOREWENT  ; pp.  FOREGOING, 
FOREGONE.] 

1.  To  quit  before  possession  ; to  give  up  when 
possible  to  be  received.  “To  forego  meaner, 
for  the  attainment  of  higher,  degrees.”  Hooker. 

2.  To  resign ; to  renounce  ; to  relinquish. 

How  can  I live  without  thee!  how  forego 

Thy  sweet  converse  and  love!  Milton. 

3.  To  go  before ; to  precede,  [it.]  Shak. 
“ This  foregoing  remark.”  Dryden. 

Syn. — See  Abandon,  Antecedent. 

FORE-GO'IJR,  n.  1.  One  who  goes  before  another. 


O Mercury,  foregoer  to  tire  evening.  Sidney. 

2.  An  ancestor ; a predecessor.  Shak. 

3.  A forsaker  ; a quitter.  Cotyravc. 

FORE-GO'ING,  p.  a.  Going  before;  preceding; 
previous.  “ In  the  foregoing  part  of  tins 
work.”  Woodward. 

FORE-GONE ',  p.  a.  1.  Given  up  or  foreborne  to 
be  possessed. 

2.  Past ; gone  by.  “ Days  foregone.”  Shak. 

3.  Predetermined  ; previously  decided. 

If  a man  begins  with  the  foregone  conclusion  that  the 
apostles  must  have  been  frequently  mistaken,  he  will  then 
be  under  a temptation  to  prove  them  so.  Qu.  Jtcv. 

FORE 'GROUND,  n.  {Fine  Arts.)  The  part  of  a 
picture  which  seems  to  lie  nearest  to  the  eye, 
or  before  the  figures.  Dryden. 

f FORE-GUESS',  v.  n.  To  guess.  Sherwood. 

FORE'HAND,  n.  1.  The  part  of  a horse  which  is 
before  the  rider’s  hand.  Johnson. 

2.  f The  chief  part ; the  most  important  part. 

The  great  Achilles,  whom  opinion  crowns, 

The  sinew  and  the  forehand  of  our  host.  Shak. 

FORE'HAND,  a.  Done  sooner  than  is  regular; 
forward.  “ "Die  forehand  sin.”  Shak. 

FORE'HAND-ED,  a.  1.  Early;  timely.  “Fore- 
handed care.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

2.  Formed  in  the  fore  parts.  “A  substantial, 
true-bred  beast,  bravely  forehanded.”  Dryden. 

3.  Unembarrassed,  or  in  good  circumstances 
as  to  property  ; — so  used  in  the  U.  S.  Bartlett. 

FORE'HEAD  (for'ed  or  for'lied)  [for'?d,  S.  Barclay  ; 
for'lied,  IF.  P.  E.  Ja.  C.  ; for'lied,  J.  F.  K.  ; for'- 
lied, colloquially  for'ed,  Sm.],  n. 

1.  The  part  of  the  face  from  the  eyes  upward 
to  the  hair,  or  the  summit  of  the  head. 

In  birds,  that  portion  of  the  face  extending 
from  beak  to  vertex  ; in  insects,  the  anterior  superior 
region  of  the  head  situated  between  the  mouth,  an- 
tenniE,  eyes,  and  occiput.”  Palmer. 

2.  Impudence  ; confidence ; assurance.  “Men 

of  forehead.”  Collier. 

FORE'HEAD-BAld,  a.  Bald  to  the  summit  of 
the  head.  Lev.  xiii.  41. 

f FORE-HEAR',  v.  n.  To  be  informed  before.  Todd. 

t FORE-HEND',  v.  a.  To  seize.  Spenser. 

FORE-IIEW'  (-liu'),  v.  a.  To  cut  in  front.  Sackville. 

f FORE-HOLD'ING,  ii.  Prediction;  prognostica- 
tion. L’Fstrange. 

FORE'— HOOK,  n.  {Naut.)  A breast-hook. 

Mar.  Diet. 

FORE'— HORSE,  n.  The  foremost  horse  of  a team. 

FOR  EIGN  (for'jn),  a.  [L.  forts,  foras,  without, 
abroad;  Sp . foraneo  ■,  Pr  ,forain.\ 

1.  Of  or  from  another  country  ; not  domes- 
tic; not  native;  alien.  “ Foreign  parts.”  Mil- 
ton.  “ Foreign  writers.”  Atterbury . 

2.  Remote ; not  allied  ; not  belonging. 

J3S5=“It  is  often  used  with  to,  but  more  properly 

with  from.”  Johnson. 

I must  dissemble. 

And  speak  a language  foreign  to  my  heart.  Addison. 

This  design  is  not  foreign  from  some  people’s  thoughts. 

Swift. 

3.  Excluded  ; not  admitted.  Shak. 

4.  Extraneous  ; adventitious.  Phillips. 

Foreign  attachment,  {Eng.  Law.)  an  attachment  of 

the  property  of  a foreign  debtor,  or  a debtor  out  of  tile 
jurisdiction  within  which  the  property  is  found,  for 
tile  satisfaction  of  a debt  due  by  him  to  a resident 
citizen.  — Foreign  hill  of  exchange,  a bill  of  exchange 
drawn  by  a person  residing  in  one  country  or  state 
upon  a person  residing  in  another  country  or  state. 
— Foreign  plea,  ( Law .)  a plea  objecting  to  a judge  as 
incompetent,  because  the  matter  in  band  was  not 
within  bis  precinct ; a plea  to  the  jurisdiction.  Burrill. 

FOR'EIGN— BUILT,  a.  Built  in  another  country  ; 
of  foreign  build.  Clarke. 

FOR'EIGN-JJR  (for'in-er),  n.  One  born  in  a for- 
eign country,  and  not  naturalized;  an  alien; 
one  from  abroad ; a person  not  a native ; a 
stranger. 

Syn. — See  Stranger. 

FoR'EIGN-HjM  (for'jn-izm),  n.  The  quality  of 

being  foreign  ; foreignness.  Ellis. 

FOR'EJGN-NESS  (lor'in-nes),  n.  The  state  of  be- 
ing foreign  ; remoteness ; want  of  relation. 
“ The  foreignness  of  the  subject.”  Locke. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 
73 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  (J,  9,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  £,  |,  hard;  fji  as  z; 


as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


FORE-IMAGINE 


578 


FORESPEAK 


FORE-IM-A(r'INE,  tx  a.  To  imagine  previously  ; 
to  preconceive.  Camden. 

FORE-JUD^E',  v.  a.  1.  To  judge  or  determine 
beforehand  ; to  prejudge.  Bluckstone. 

2.  (Law.)  To  deprive,  or  put  out  of,  a thing 
by  the  judgment  of  a court.  Burrili. 

FORE-JUD(I'£R,  n.  (Law.)  A judgment  by  which 
a person  is  deprived  or  put  out  of  a thing  in 
question  ; a judgment  of  expulsion.  Burrili, 

FORE-JUD^'M^NT,  n.  Judgment  formed  before- 
hand. Spenser. 

FORE-KNOW'  (fov-no'),  V.  a.  [i.  FOREKNEW  ; 
pp.  foreknowing,  foreknown.]  To  know 
beforehand  ; to  know  previously  ; to  foresee. 

Who  would  the  miseries  of  man  foreknow ? Dry  den. 

FORE-IvNOW'A-BLE  (for-no'fi-bl),  a.  That  may 
be  foreknown.  Sir  T.  More. 

FORE-KNOW'f.R,  n.  One  who  foreknows. 

FORE-KNOW J/ipD^E  (for-nol'ej),  n.  The  knowl- 
edge of  a thing  before  it  happens ; previous 
knowledge  ; prescience  ; foresight. 

Since,  therefore,  neither  th e foreknowledge  of  God  nor  the 
libe  rty  of  man  can,  without  a plain  contradiction,  be  denied, 
it  follows  unavoidably  that  the  foreknowledge  of  God  must 
be  of  such  a nature  as  is  not  inconsistent  with  the  liberty  of 
man.  Clarke. 

FOR'JJL,  n.  [L .forellus.]  A sort  of  parchment 
for  covering  books  : — written  also  forril.  Todd. 

FORE'LAND,  n.  1.  (Geog.)  A promontory;  a 
headland ; a cape.  Milton. 

2.  (Fort.)  A piece  of  ground  between  the  wall 
and  the  moat.  Craig. 

FORE-LAY',  v.  a.  1.  To  lie  in  wait  for.  Dryden. 

2.  To  lay  or  contrive  beforehand.  Mode. 

FORE-LEAD'JER,  n.  One  who  leads  others ; a 
guide.  Gascoigne. 

FORE-LEGS',  n-  pl-  (Zoi'/l.)  The  first  or  anterior 
pair  of  legs  of  a quadruped.  Maunder. 

f FORE-LEND',  v.  a.  To  give  beforehand.  Spenser. 

f FORE-LIFT',  v.  a.  To  lift  up  an  anterior  part. 

Forclifting  up  aloft  his  speckled  breast.  Spenser. 

FORE'LOCK,  n.  1.  The  lock  of  hair  on  the  fore- 
head. 

Ilyacinthine  locks 

Round  from  his  parted  forelock  manly  hung.  Milton. 

2.  A flat  piece  of  iron  driven  through  the  end 
of  a bolt,  to  prevent  its  drawing.  Simmonds. 

To  take  time  by  the  forelock,  to  embrace  an  early  or 
offered  opportunity. 

FORE-LOOK'  (for-luk'),  v.  n.  To  look  forward  or 
beforehand.  B.  Jonson. 

FORE'MAN,  n.  1.  The  first  or  presiding  officer  of 
a jury.  Addison. 

2.  A chief  workman,  as  in  a printing-office 
or  a manufactory ; an  overseer ; a superinten- 
dent. 

3.  (Naut.)  An  inferior  seaman.  Simmonds. 

FORE'MAST,  n.  (Naut.)  The  forward  mast  of 
all  vessels ; the  mast  nearest  the  bow.  Dana. 

FORE'mAsT-MAN,  n.  An  inferior  seaman.  Clarke. 

FORE-MEAN',  v.  n.  To  intend  beforehand. Savage. 

FORE-MEANT',  a.  Intended  beforehand;  pre- 
viously intended,  [r.]  B.  Jonson. 

FORE-MEN'TIONED  f-shund),  a.  Recited  before  ; 
aforesaid ; previously  mentioned.  “ The  fore- 
mentioned  figure.”  Addison. 

FORE'MOST,  a.  [A.  S . formest.\  First  in  place, 
rank,  or  dignity  ; first  in  time.  Dryden. 

f FORE'MOST-Ly,  ad.  Amongthe  foremost. TorW. 

FORE'MOTH-IJR,  n.  A female  ancestor .Prideaux. 

FORE'NAME,  n.  A name  that  precedes  the  sur- 
a Christian  name  ; as,  William  Shak- 


speare,  John  Milton. 


Lower. 


FORE-NAMED'  (-namd'),  a.  Mentioned  before ; 
aforesaid.  B.  Jonson. 

f FORE'NENST,  prep.  Opposite  to.  Fairfax. 

FORE'n66n,  n.  The  time  from  dawn  to  mid-day  ; 
the  first  half  of  the  day.  Sidney. 

FORE 'NO-TICE,  n.  Previous  notice.  By  mar. 
FO-REN'SAL,  a.  Forensic.  Clarke. 


I O-REN  SIC,  ) «.  [I,,  forensis  ; forum, 

FO-REN'Sj-CAL,  ) court.]  Belonging  to  courts 
of  law;  juridical.  Watts. 

Forensic  medicine,  the  application  of  medical  science 
to  the  elucidation  or  solution  of  judicial  questions ; 
juridical  or  legal  medicine;  medical  jurisprudence; 
law  medicine.  Brande. 

FO-REN'SIC,  n.  In  some  American  colleges,  a 
written  argument,  by  a student,  maintaining 
either  the  affirmative  or  the  negative  side  of  a 
given  question.  Laws  of  Harvard  TJniv. 

FORE-OR-DAIN',  V.  a.  [?.  FOREORDAINED;  pp, 
foreordaining,  foreordained.]  To  ordain 
or  determine  beforehand ; to  predestinate ; to 
predetermine  ; to  preordain.  Hooker. 

FORE-OR-DI-NA'TION,  n.  Predetermination 
predestination.  Dr.  Jackson. 

FORE'PART,  n.  The  part  anterior  in  time  or  in 
place.  “ TJne  forepart  of  the  day.”  Raleigh. 

FORE-PASSED'  (-p&st'),  p.  a.  Passed  antecedent- 
ly. “ Forepassed  years.”  Sackville. 

FORE-PLAN',  v.  a.  To  devise  beforehand.Sotrf/icy. 

FORE'PLANE,  n.  The  plane  first  used  in  smooth- 
ing boards  ; — termed  also  a jack-plane.  Smith. 

FORE-PO§-§ESSED'  (-poz-zest'),  a.  1.  Prepos- 
sessed ; biassed.  “ Forepossessed  with  some 
opinion.”  Hales. 

2.  Held  formerly  in  possession.  Knight. 

FORE-PRIZE',  v.  a.  To  rate  beforehand.  Hooker. 

FORE-PROM 'ISED  (-jst),  a.  Promised  beforehand ; 
pre-engaged.  Bp.  Hall. 


FORE-CUJOT'IJD,  a. 
forecited. 


Already  quoted  or  cited; 

Clarke. 


FORE'RANK,  n.  The  first  rank  ; front;  van  .Shak. 

FORE-REACH',  v.  a.  & n.  (Naut.)  To  sail  better 
than  another  ship  ; to  get  before.  Todd. 

-j  FORE-READ',  v.  n.  To  signify  by  tokens  ; to 
foretell ; to  predict.  Spenser. 

FORE-RE  AD'ING,  n.  Previous  perusal.  Hales. 

FORE-RJJ-clT'IJD,  a.  Mentioned  before.  Shak. 

FORE-Rp-MEM'BERED  (-berd), p.  a.  Remembered 
before.  Mountagu. 


FORE’-RENT,  n. 
is  reaped. 


Rent  paid  before  the  first  crop 
Loudon. 


f FORE-RIJ-fjEM'BLE,  v.  a. 
hand. 


To  resemble  before- 
Milton. 


f FORE'RIGIIT,  ad.  Forward;  onward.  Pope. 

fFORE'RlGHT  (-lit),  a.  Forward;  quick.  “A 
foreright  gale.”  Massinger. 

FORE'RIGIIT  (-rlt),  n.  Coarse  wheaten  bread. 
[Local,  Eng.]  Simmonds. 

FORE-RIJN',  v.  a.  [ i . foreran;  ^.forerun- 
ning, forerun.]  To  go  before  ; to  come  be- 
fore ; to  precede. 

Twilight  from  the  east  came  on. 

Forerunning  night.  Milton. 

FORE-RUN'NpR,  n.  1.  One  who  foreruns;  a 
messenger  sent  on  before  ; a harbinger. 

There  isa/oreruwwercomc  from  the  Prince  of  Morocco.  Shak. 

2.  f An  ancestor  or  predecessor. 

Arthur,  the  great  forerunner  of  thy  blood.  Shak. 

3.  A precursor;  a prognostic  ; a sign.  “ The 
certain  forerunner  of  a disease.”  Arhuthnot. 

4.  (Naut.)  A piece  of  rag  terminating  the 

stray  line  of  the  log-line.  Dana. 

FORE-SAID'  (-sed'),p.  a.  Spoken  of  before  ; afore- 
said ; forenamed.  Shak. 

FORE'SAIL,  n.  (Naut.)  The  long  lower  square 
sail  on  the  foremast  of  a ship  : — the  fore-and- 
aft  sail  on  the  foremast  of  a schooner  : — the 
triangular  sail  before  the  mast  of  a sloop  at- 
tached to  the  stay  which  leads  from  the  mast- 
head to  the  foot  of  the  bowsprit  .Dana. Simmonds. 

f FORE-SAY'  (for-sa'),  v.  a.  [i.  FORESAID  ; pp. 
foresaying,  foresaid.]  To  predict;  to  fore- 
tell. Shak. 

f FORE-SAY'ING,  ii.  A prediction.  Sherwood. 

FORE'SCENT,  n.  An  anticipation.  Ed.  Rev. 

FORE-SEE',  v.  a.  [A.  S.  forcseon ; Ger.  vor- 


schen. 1 \i.  foresaw  ; pp.  foreseeing,  fore- 
seen.] 

1.  To  see  beforehand;  to  foreknow;  to  be 

prescient  of.  Bp.  Taylor. 

2.  f To  provide  for  ; — with  to.  Bacon. 

FORE-SEEN',  p.  a.  Seen  beforehand  ; anticipat- 
ed. “ Foreseen  approach.”  Dryden. 

FORE-SE'IJR,  n.  One  who  foresees.  Halifax. 

f FORE-SEIZE'  (-siiz'),  v.  a.  To  grasp  before- 
hand. 6 Tate. 

FORE-SHAD'OW,  v.  a.  To  prefigure ; to  typify 
beforehand.  Barrow. 

FORE-SHAD'OW,  n.  A prefiguration  ; a type  of 
something  to  come.  Carlyle.  Cumming. 

FORE— ShAd'OW-ING,  n.  A prefiguration ; a 
foreshadow.  Clarke. 

f FORE-SHAME',  v.  a.  To  shame. 

flST  “ Dr.  Johnson  brings  an  example  from  Sliak- 
speare’s  Cymbeline,  where  the  word  is  not  fore-sham- 
ing, but  sore-shaming Todd. 

FORE-SHEW'  (-sl)o'),  v.  a.  [i.  FORESHEWED  ; pp. 
FORESHEWING,  FORESHEWN.]  To  predict. — 
See  Foreshow,  and  Show.  Beau.  4-  FI. 

FORE-SHEW 'JpR  (-sho'er),  n.  One  who  fore- 
shews.  — See  Foreshower.  Spenser. 

FORE'SHIP,  11.  The  anterior  part  of  the  ship. 

As  though  they  would  have  cast  anchors  out  of  the /ore- 
s'^. Acts  xxvli.  30. 

FORE-SHOR'TEN  (-shor'tn),  v.  a.  (Paint.)  To 
shorten  in  accordance  with  a fore  view  of  the 
object,  and  convey  an  impression  of  its  full 
length  ; to  represent  as  an  object  appears  when 
viewed  at  an  oblique  angle. 

If  a figure  be  drawn  as  if  opposite  to  the  spectator,  with  an 
arm  pointing  towards  him,  that  arm  would  be  said  to  be 
foreshortened  in  describing  it.  Fairholt. 

FORE-SHOR'TEN-lNG  (-slibr'tn-ing),  n.  (Paint.) 
The  representation  of  objects  on  a plane  surface 
as  they  appear  to  the  eye  when  viewed  at  an 
oblique  angle.  Fairholt. 

FORE-SHOW'  (-slio'), -w.  a.  \i.  FORESHOWED  ; pp. 
foreshowing,  foreshown.]  To  discover  or 
represent  before  it  happens ; to  foretell ; to 
predict ; to  foreshadow  ; to  presignify. 

Next,  like  Aurora,  Spenser  rose, 

Whose  purple  blush  the  day  foreshows.  Denham. 

f FORE'SIIOW,  n.  A sign  ; something  that  fore- 
tells. Fairfax. 

FORE-SHOW'jpR  (-sho'er),  n.  One  who  foreshows. 

FORE'SHROUD§>,  11.  pi.  (Naut.)  The  shrouds  of 
the  foremast.  .Clarke. 

FORE'SlDE,  11.  1.  The  front  side  Pennant. 
2.  f A specious  outside.  Spenser. 

FORE'SIGHT  (-sit),  n.  I.  Prescience;  precogni- 
tion ; foreknowledge.  Milton. 

2.  Provident  care  of  futurity  ; forecast.  Burke. 

3.  (Surveying.)  Any  reading  of  the  levelling 
staff  at  a given  station  except  the  back-sight : — 
the  bearing  taken  by  a compass  forward.  Davies. 

FORE-SlGHT'UD  (-slt'ed),  a.  Having  foresight ; 
prescient.  Bartram. 

fFORE-SlGHT'FUL,  a.  Foresighted.  Sidney. 

FORE-SIG'NI-FY,  V.  a.  To  foreshow;  to  prefig- 
ure ; to  typify  beforehand.  Hooker. 

FORE'SKIN,  n.  The  prolongation  of  the  integu- 
ments of  the  penis,  covering  the  glans ; the 
prepuce.  Dunglison. 

FORE'SKIRT,  n.  The  loose  part  of  the  coat  be- 
fore. Shak. 

f FORE-SLACK',  v.  a.  To  neglect  or  omit  by 
idleness.  Spenser. 

FORE'SLEEVE,  n.  The  part  of  the  sleeve  from 
the  elbow  to  the  hand.  Lee. 

f FORE-SLOW',  v.  a.  1.  To  delay  ; to  hinder  ; to 
impede  ; to  obstruct.  Fairfax. 

Forestoivcd  her  passage  to  behold  her  form.  Dryden. 

2.  To  neglect ; to  omit.  Bacon.  Bp.  Hall. 

f FORE-SLOW',  v.  11.  To  be  dilatory  ; to  loiter  ; 
to  idle.  Shak. 

f FORE-SPEAK',  V.  n.  [i.  FORESPOKE;  pp.  FORE- 
SPEAKING, FORESPOKEN.] 

1.  To  predict ; to  foresay  ; to  foretell. 

Never  any  thing  that  she  forespake  but  came  to  pass. 

Bcuu.  V Ft. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


FORESPEAKING 


579 


FORGE 


2.  + To  prohibit ; to  forbid.  Shak. 

3.  f To  bewitch;  to  enchant.  Drayton. 

t FORE-SPEAK'ING,  n.  1.  A prediction.  Camden. 

2.  A preface  ; a forespeech.  Haloet. 

f FORE'SPEECII,  n.  A prologue  ; a preface  ; an 
introduction.  Sherwood. 

FORE-SPENT',  a.  Wasted ; spent,  [r.]  Shak. 

FORE-SPOKE',  i.  of  forespeak. 

FORE-SPOK'EN,  p.  a.  Spoken  previously.  Clarke. 

f FORE-SPUR'RJJR,  n.  One  who  rides  before.  Shak. 

FOR'IJST,  n.  [Low  L . foresta,  forestis,  forestum, 
from  foris  or  foras,  without.  Spelman.  — It. 
foresta ; Sp  .foresta',  Old  Tv.  forest ; Fr . foret. 
— Ger .forst.  — W.  forest.  — The  ultimate  deri- 
vation of  this  word  is  much  disputed.  — Wach- 
ter  derives  the  Ger.  forst  from  the  verb  furen, 
to  feed.  Richardson.'] 

1.  An  extensive  tract  of  land  covered  natu- 
rally with  trees  and  undergrowth  ; an  extensive 
woodland,  wood,  or  woods. 

2.  {Eng.  Laio.)  A chase  under  the  protection 

of  the  king,  and  for  his  pleasure  in  hunting;  a 
royal  hunting  ground.  Burrill. 

Forest  laics,  laws  anciently  established  in  England 
for  the  government  of  the  royal  forests. 

Syn.  — Forest  is  a term  applied  to  an  extensive 
tract  in  its  natural  state  covered  with  trees  ; a wood- 
land or  woods,  a tract  or  piece  of  land  covered  with 
trees,  commonly  of  less  extent  than  a forest.  A prove  is 
a small  woodland.  Forest,  chase , and  park  are  all  used 
technically  to  denote  habitations  for  beasts  to  be 
hunted.  Forests  and  chases  lie  open  ; parks  are  en- 
closed. 

FOR'JJST,  a.  Sylvan  ; rustic.  Sir  G.  Buck. 

FORE'STAfF,  n.  ( Naut .)  An  instrument  for- 
merly used  for  taking  the  altitudes  of  heavenly 
bodies.  Brande. 

FOR'EST-A<JrE,  n.  1.  An  ancient  service  paid  by 
foresters  to  the  King  of  England.  Todd. 

2.  The  right  of  foresters.  Todd. 

FORE-STALL',  v.a.  [A.  S . forestalian.]  [i.  fore- 
stalled ; pp.  FORESTALLING,  FORESTALLED.] 

1.  To  take  in  advance  ; to  anticipate. 

What  need  a man  forestall  his  date  of  grief, 

And  run  to  meet  what  he  would  most  avoid?  Milton. 

2.  To  hinder  by  preoccupation  ; to  precede. 

An  ugly  serpent  which  forestalled  their  way.  Fairfax. 

3.  To  deprive  ; to  bereave  ; to  debar. 

All  the  better;  may 

This  night  forestall  him  of  the  coming  day.  Shak. 

4.  {Law.]  To  obstruct  or  stop  up,  as  a way; 
to  intercept  on  the  road: — to  influence  or  af- 
fect, as  the  market,  by  buying  goods  on  the  way 
thither  with  the  intention  of  selling  again  at  a 
higher  price,  or  by  dissuading  others  from  bring- 
ing their  goods  there,  or  by  persuading  them  to 
enhance  the  price  of  their  goods.  Burrill. 

FORE-STAlL'JJR,  n.  One  who  forestalls.  Locke. 

FORE-STALL'ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  fore- 
stalls ; the  act  of  buying  up  provisions,  or  of  en- 
hancing their  price  by  dishonest  means.  Smith. 

FORE'STAY,  n.  {Naut.)  The  rope  supporting 
the  foremast  of  a ship.  Burn. 

FOR'^ST— BORN,  a.  Bom  in  a wild  or  forest.  Shak. 

FOR 'JEST— BOUGH  (-bou),  n.  A branch  from  the 
forest.  Thomson. 

FOR'JJST-ED,  a.  Covered  with  forests  ; supplied 
with  trees.  Drayton. 

FOR'JJST-ER,  n.  1.  [Fr.  forestier .]  An  officer 
appointed  to  watch  a forest,  or  chase,  and  pre- 
serve the  game.  [England.]  Shak. 

2.  An  inhabitant  of  a forest.  Evelyn. 

3.  A forest-tree,  [r.]  Evelyn. 

FOR'JJST-ER-SHIP,  Hi.  The  office  of  a forester ; 
fostership.  Churton. 

FOR'EST— FRUIT,  n.  Fruit  from  the  forest. Dryden. 

FOR'IJST— glade,  n.  A sylvan  lawn.  Thomson. 

FORE'— STICK,  n.  The  stick  which  is  laid  on 
andirons  in  front  of  the  other  wood,  in  making 
a fire. 

FOR'  1J  ST— LAND,  n.  Land  covered  with  trees. 

FOR'JJST— LAW,  n.  The  code  of  laws  relating  to 
a forest  or  chase.  [England.]  Booth. 


FOR'JJST— MAR'BLE,  n.  {Gcol.)  A portion  of  the 
series  of  the  lower  oolite  formation,  consisting 
of  a coarse,  laminated,  shelly  oolite,  interposed 
between  beds  of  clay  and  grit.  Brande. 

FOR'JJST-RY,  n.  The  art  of  forming  or  cultivat- 
ing forests.  Sat.  Mag. 

FOR'JJST— TREE,  n.  A tree  of  the  forest.  Pope. 

FOR'JJST— W A LK  (-wa.lt),  n.  A walk  in  a forest 
or  a rural  grove.  Dryden. 

f FORE'SWArt,  J [See  For,  and  Sweat.] 

f FORE'SWAT,  ) Spent  with  heat.  Sidney. 

FO-RET',  n.  [Fr.]  {Gunnery.)  A steel  instru- 
ment to  bore  the  touch-hole  of  a piece  of  ord- 
nance ; a drill.  Simmonds. 

FORE'— TACK'LE,  n.  {Naut.)  Tackle  on  the  fore- 
mast. Mar.  Diet. 

FORE-TASTE',  V.  a.  [i.  FORETASTED  ; pp.  FORE- 
TASTING, FORETASTED.] 

X.  To  taste  or  to  have  enjoyment  or  experi- 
ence of  beforehand  ; to  anticipate. 

2.  To  taste  before  another.  Milton. 

FORE'TASTE  (114),  n.  Anticipation  ; previous 
enjoyment  or  experience  ; pregustation  ; ante- 
past.  “It  is  th e foretaste  of  heaven.”  South. 

FORE-TAST'JJR,  ft.  One  who  foretastes. 

FORE'TAUGHT  (-tawt),  i.  & p.  of  foreteach. 

FORE-TEACH',  v.  a.  To  teach  or  inculcate  be- 
forehand. Spenser. 

FORE-TELL',  v.  a.  \i.  foretold  ; pp.  foretell- 
ing, foretold.]  [Written  also  foretell] 

1.  To  tell  beforehand;  to  predict;  to  proph- 
esy. 

Deeds  then  undone  my  faithful  tongue  foretold.  Pope. 

2.  To  foreshow;  to  betoken;  to  portend;  to 
presage  ; to  prognosticate. 

These  ills  prophetic  signs  have  oft  foretold.  Dr.  Warton. 

Syn.  — To  foretell  is  a more  familiar  and  common 
term  than  to  predict  or  prophesy.  Common  occur- 
rences are  foretold ; important  events,  predicted  or 
prophesied  by  persons  of  extraordinary  or  supernatural 
endowments.  Astronomers  foretell  eclipses ; astrol- 
ogers predict  good  or  bad  fortune  ; prophets  predict  or 
prophesy  future  events.  A physician  prognosticates , 
by  symptoms,  the  crisis  of  a disease  ; clouds  portend 
or  betoken  a storm. 

FORE-TELL',  v.  n.  To  utter  prophecy.  Actsiii.  24. 

FORE-TELL'ER,  n.  One  who  foretells  or  proph- 
esies ; a predicter.  Boyle. 

FORE-TELL'ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  foretells  ; 
a declaration  of  something  future.  Feltham. 

FORE-TIIINK',  V.  a.  [?'.  & p.  FORETHOUGHT.] 

1.  To  think  beforehand;  to  anticipate. 

The  soul  of  every  man 

Prophetically  does  forethink  thy  fall.  Shak. 

2.  To  contrive  antecedently.  Bp.  Hall. 

FORE-THINK',  v.  n.  To  contrive  beforehand. 

Thou  wise,  forethiriking,  weighing  politician.  Smith. 

FORE'THOUGIIT  (for'thnwt),  n.  1.  Prescience  ; 
anticipation  ; premeditation.  L’ Estrange. 

2.  Provident  care ; forecast.  Blackstone. 

FORE-THOUGHT'  (for-th&wt'),  a.  Prepense  ; de- 
signed. “ Forethought  malice.”  Bacon. 

FORE-TIIOUGHT'FUL  (Jor-thStwt'ffll),  a.  Having 
forethought.  Coleridge. 

FORE-THREAT'EN  (-thret'tn),  v.  a.  To  threaten 
beforehand.  Drayton. 

FORE'TO-KEN,  n.  An  omen  ; prognostic.  Sidney. 

FORE-TO'KEN  (-to'kn),  v.  a.  To  betoken  be- 
forehand ; to  foreshow  ; to  prognosticate. 

"What  strange,  prodigious  signs  foretoken  blood.  Daniel. 

FORE 'TOOTH,  n. ; pi.  foreteeth.  One  of  the 
teeth  in  the  fore  part  of  the  mouth  ; tlie  incisor. 

FORE'TOP,  n.  1.  The  top  part  in  front,  as  of  a 
head-dress.  Dryden. 

2.  {Naut.)  A frame  or  platform  about  the  top 
of  tlie  foremast.  Burn. 

FORE-TOT'— mAst,  n.  {Naut.)  The  mast  erected 
over  the  foremast.  Simmonds. 

FORE-TOP'MAN,  n.  {Naut.)  A seaman  wliose 
duties  relate  to  the  foretop  of  a ship.  Mar.  Diet. 


FOR-EV'JJR,  ad.  At  all  times;  always;  perpetu- 
ally ; eternally  ; time  without  end.  Montgomery. 

-8Sr*  “ In  forever,  which  lias  recently  become  a 
single  word,  the  ever  refers  to  time.”  Booth's  Analyt- 
ical Dictionary.  — “ This  word,  forever,  in  a will, 
makes  no  difference.”  Dane.  — Forever  is  given  in 
some  recent  English  Dictionaries  — those  of  Knowles, 
Reed,  Craig,  and  Clarke — as  a single  word  ; but  it  is 
almost  always  found  in  English  authors,  or  in  hooks 
printed  in  England,  as  two  words,  for  ever-,  yet  it  is 
the  prevailing  usage  with  American  writers  to  form 
the  two  parts  into  one  word , forever. 

FORE-VOUCHED'  (-voucht'),  a.  Affirmed  before  ; 
forealleged.  Shak. 

FORE'WARD,  n.  The  van;  the  front.  “They 
that  marched  in  th o foreward."  1 Mace.  ix.  11. 

FORE-WARN',  V.  a.  [i.  FOREWARNED  ; pp.  FORE- 
WARNING, forewarned.]  To  warn,  admonisli, 
advise,  or  caution  beforehand. 

Well,  I will  arm  me,  being  thus  forewarned.  Shak. 

F6rE-WARN'ING,  n.  Previous  warning  or  cau- 
tion ; an  omen.  Goodwin. 

FORE-WASTE',  v.  a.  See  Forwaste.  Spenser. 

FORE-WEA'RY,  v.  a.  See  Forweary.  Spenser. 

f FORE-WEND',  v.  a.  To  go  before.  Spenser. 

FORE-WENT',  i.  from  forego.  See  Forego. 

And  wilfully  forewent 

That  converse  which  we  now  in  vain  regret.  Cowper. 

FORE'WIND,  n.  A favorable  wind.  Sandys. 

FORE-WISH',  v.  a.  To  desire  beforehand.  Knolles. 

FORE'WO-MAN  (-wum'tin),  n.  A female  over- 
seer; a head,  woman.  Clarke. 

f FORE-WORN  , a.  Worn  out;  wasted.  Sidney. 

f FOR'FARE,  v.  a.  [A.  S . forfaran.]  To  depart. 

Chaucer. 

FOR-fAULT'URE,  n.  A failure,  [r.]  Sir  IK.  Scott. 

FOR'FEIT  (f or'fit),  n.  [Low  L.  forisfactura,  a 
transgression ; foris,  out,  or  away'  from,  aud 
facio,  f actus,  to  do;  Tv.  forfait,  & crime.  — W. 
fforfed,  a penalty.] 

1.  That  which  is  forfeited  or  lost  by  a trans- 
gression ; a forfeiture  ; a fine  ; a mulct. 

Reserving  still  the  power 

To  take  the  forfeit.  Dryden. 

2.  Something  deposited  and  to  be  redeemed 
by  a jocular  fine,  whence  the  game  of  forfeits. 

3.  t One  whose  life  is  forfeited. 

Your  brother  is  a forfeit  of  the  law.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Fine. 

FOR'FEIT  (for'fit),  v.  a.  [Fr . forfaire.]  \i.  for- 
feited ; pp.  forfeiting,  forfeited.]  To  lose 
by  some  breach  of  condition ; to  lose  by  some 
offence. 

The  first  franchise  of  an  Englishman,  and  that  on  which 
all  the  rest  vitally  depend,  is  to  be  forfeited  for  some  offence 
which  no  man  knows.  Burke. 

FOR'FEIT,  a.  Alienated  by  a crime  ; forfeited. 

His  forfeit  life  abandoned  to  the  law.  Dryden. 

FOR'FEIT-A-BLE,  a.  Subject  to  forfeiture.  Croive. 

FOR'FEIT-IJD,  p.  a.  Lost  by  crime,  offence,  or 
neglect. 

FOR'FEIT-BR  (fbr'fjt-er),  n.  One  who  forfeits. 

FOR'FEIT-URE  (for'fit-yur)  [fiir'fjt-yur,  S.  IK.  J. 
Ja.  Sm. ; for'fjt-ur,  P.  F.],  n.  [Fr.  forfaiture. 
— See  Forfeit.] 

1.  {Laic.)  The  act  of  forfeiting ; a loss  of  prop- 

erty, right,  or  office,  as  a punishment  for  some 
illegal  act  or  negligence.  Strype. 

2.  The  thing  forfeited;  amulet;  a fine;  an 

amercement ; a forfeit ; penalty.  Bacon. 

Syn. — See  Fine,  Loss. 

fFOR-FEND',  v.  a.  See  Forefend.  For. 

FOR  ’FFX,  n.  [L.]  A pair  of  scissors. 

The  peer  now  spreads  the  glittering  forfex  wide.  Pope. 

f5R'FI-CAT-)JD,  a.  Resembling  a forfex.  Hill. 

FOR-FIC'U-LA,  n.  [L.  dim.  of  forfex,  scissors.] 
{Ent.)  One  of  an  order  of  insects,  of  which  the 
common  earwig  is  the  type.  Brande. 

f FOR-GAT',  i.  from  forget.  Spenser. 

FOR-gAve',  i.  from  forgive.  See  Forgive. 

FORGE  (forj)  [forj,  S.  IK.  P.  J.  F.Ja.  K.  Sm.  IKS.], 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — Q,  £,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  g,  g,  hard;  § as  z ; ^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


FORGE 


580 


FORM 


n.  [It.  ferriera  ; Sp.  forja  ; Ft.  forge.  “ Menage 
derives  forge  from  L.  fabrica,  a workshop,  but 
ferritin,  iron,  seems  to  be  the  root, — g having 
been  inserted.”  Sullivan.'] 

1.  A workshop  in  which  iron  is  hammered 
and  shaped  by  the  aid  of  heat ; a smithy,  par- 
ticularly for  large  work. 

2.  A furnace  for  heating  iron  to  render  it 

more  malleable.  Ure. 

3.  The  act  of  working  iron. 

The  forge  was  easy,  the  matter  being  ductile.  Bacon. 

FOR^E,  v.  a.  [Fr.  forger.]  \i.  forged;  pp. 

FORGING,  FORGED.] 

1.  To  form  by  the  furnace  and  hammer ; to 

beat  into  shape,  as  a metal.  Tomlinson. 

2.  To  devise  ; to  invent ; to  frame. 

Those  names  that  the  schools  forged,  and  put  into  the 
mouths  of  scholars,  could  never  get  admittance  into  com- 
mon use.  Locke. 

3.  To  counterfeit ; to  falsify  ; to  feign ; to 
fabricate  ; as,  “ To  forge  a note  or  a signature.” 

Syn.  — See  Feign,  Invent. 

FORCED  (torjd),  p.  a.  Formed  by  the  hammer 
and  furnace  : — devised  ; invented  : — counter- 
feited; falsified. 

FOR<jr'£R  (for'jer),  n.  1.  One  who  forges  or  works 
at  a furnace  ; a smithy.  Goodwin. 

2.  A maker;  a contriver;  — in  an  ill  sense. 

“ A forger  of  plots.”  State  Trials. 

3.  One  guilty  of  forgery ; one  who  counter- 
feits coin,  or  issues  false  documents ; a coun- 
terfeiter. “ Forgers  of  men’s  hands.”  Butler. 

FOR^'PR-Y  [forj'er-e,  S.  IK.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K. 
Sm.it.  1 Vb.  — Sometimes  corruptly  pronounced 
for'je-re],  n. 

1.  The  act  of  forging;  fabrication  by  means 
of  heating  and  hammering,  [r.] 

Useless  the  forgery 

Of  brazen  shield  and  spear.  Milton. 

2.  The  act  of  fraudulently  making,  counter- 

feiting, or  altering  any  record,  instrument,  reg- 
ister, stamp,  note,  &c.,  to  the  prejudice  of  an- 
other person’s  right.  Blackstone. 

3.  Any  thing  forged  or  counterfeited ; as, 
“ The  poems  ascribed  by  Chattcrton  to  Itowley 
were  forgeries'  ’ 

FOR-SET',  v.  a.  [A.  S.  forgitan ; for  and  gitan, 
to  get ; Dut.  vergeeten  ; Ger.  vergessen ; Dan. 
forgiette-,  Sw.  fargdta.]  [t,  forgot  ; pp.  for- 
getting, FORGOTTEN,  FORGOT.] 

1.  To  lose  the  remembrance  of;  not  to  re- 
member ; to  let  slip  from  the  mind. 

To  do  good  and  communicate  forget  not.  Ileb.  xiii.  16. 

2.  To  neglect ; to  disregard. 

Behold,  I,  even  I,  will  utterly  forget  you.  Jer.  xxiii.  39. 

To  forget  one’s  self j to  lose  self-control. 

Urge  me  no  more;  I shall  forget  myself.  Shak. 

FOR-SET'FUL,  a.  1.  Apt  to  forget. 

But  didst  thou  tell  me  so? 

I am  forgetful.  Beau,  tf  FI. 

2.  Neglectful ; careless  ; heedless. 

To  serve  myself*,  forgetful  of  m37  friend.  Pnor. 

3.  Causing  oblivion  ; oblivious  ; inducing  for- 
getfulness. “ That  forgetful  lake.”  Milton. 

FOR-GET'FUL-LY,  ad.  In  a forgetful  manner. 

FOR-SET'FftL-NESS,  n.  1.  The  quality  of  being 
forgetful ; aptness  to  forget ; a partial  or  occa- 
sional loss  of  memory ; failure  to  remember. 

Howe’er,  ’t  is  well  that  sleep  can  free 

With  soft  forgetfulness  a wretch  like  me.  Pope. 

2.  Neglect;  negligence;  omission. 

The  Church  of  England  is  grievously  charged  with  for- 
getfulness of  her  duty.  Hooker. 

FORG'f.-TlVE,  a.  That  may  forge,  [r.]  Shak. 

FQR-GET'— MIJ-NOT,  n.  A perennial  plant  bear- 
ing bright  blue  flowers,  and  generally  regarded 
as  the  emblem  of  affection  ; the  Mysotis  palus- 
Mis.  Booth. 

FOR-GET'TyR,  n.  One  who  forgets. 

FOR-fiET'TlNG,  n.  Forgetfulness.  Milton. 

FOR-GET'TJNG-LY,  ad.  Without  attention  ; for- 
getfully. ‘ Hall. 

FOR-GIV'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  forgiven  or 
pardoned;  venial,  [r.]  Sherwood. 

FOR-GIVE'  (for-gl v’),  v.  a.  [Goth,  fragiban  ; A. 
S .for gif  an  ; for  and  gif  an,  to  give;  Dut.  ver- 


ge even  ; Ger.  vergeben.]  [j.  forgave  ; pp.  for- 
giving, forgiven.]  To  remit,  as  a sin,  crime, 
injury,  offence,  or  debt ; to  pardon  ; to  absolve; 
to  excuse. 

Forgive  us  our  debts,  as  we  forgive  our  debtors.  Matt.  vl.  12. 

Syn.  — To  forgive  is  especially  applied  to  offences 
against  religion;  to  pardon,  to  civil  delinquencies  ; 
as,  “ To  forgive  a sin  ” ; “ To  pardon  a crime.”  For- 
give an  injury  ; pardon  an  offence  ; excuse  negligence  ; 
remit  a punishment;  absolve  from  sin.  We  beg  a 
person’s  pardon  for  a slight  or  unintentional  offence  ; 
we  ask  his  forgiveness  for  having  seriously  injured 
him. 

FOR-GIVE'NJJSS,  n.  The  act  of  forgiving;  par- 
don ; remission  of  a sin,  crime,  penalty,  or  debt. 

To  the  Lord  our  God  belong  mercies  and  forgiveness. 

„ Van.  ix.  9. 

FOR-GIV'ER,  n.  One  who  forgives. 

FOR-GIV'JNG,  p.  a.  Granting  forgiveness  ; pla- 
cable. 

FOR-GIV'ING-NESS,  n.  A forgiving  disposition 
or  act.  For.  Qu.  Rev. 

FOR-GO',  v.  a.  See  Forego.  Spenser. 

FOR-GOT',  i.  & p.  horn  forget.  See  Forget. 

FOR-GOT'TEN,  p.  from  forget.  See  Forget. 

f FOR-HAIL',  v.  a.  [Sw.forhwlla. — for  and  hale. 
Richardson.]  To  harass  or  distress.  Spenser. 

f FOR-HEND',  v.  a.  See  Forehend.  Todd. 

f FO-RlN'Sy-CAL,  a.  [ \j.  forinsecus .]  Foreign; 
alien.  Burnet. 

FO-RIS-FA-MIL'I-ATE,  v.  a.  [L .foris,  without, 
and  familia,  family.]  (Law.)  To  put  a son,  at 
his  own  request,  or  with  his  free  consent,  in  pos- 
session of  land  in  his  father’s  lifetime,  and  thus 
to  discharge  him  from  the  family.  Blackstone. 

FO-RIS-FA-MlL'I-AT-¥D,  p.  a.  Put  in  possession 
of  land  in  a father’s  lifetime,  and  hence  dis- 
charged from  the  family.  Burrill. 

FO-RIS-FA-mIl'I-A-TION,  n.  (Law.)  The  act  of 
forisfamiliating  : — the  state  of  a child  who,  on 
receiving  a portion,  from  his  father,  renounces 
all  legal  right  to  any  further  share  in  his 
estate  : — expulsion.  Campbell. 

FORK,  n.  [L.  furca ; It.  forca ; Sp.  horca ; Fr. 
fourche ; A.  S.  fore  ; Dut.  vork ; W.  a,  Gael. 
fore •] 

1.  An  instrument  divided  at  the  end  into  two 
or  more  points  or  prongs,  and  used  for  various 
purposes  ; as  a table-fork,  a dung-fork,  a pitch- 
fork,  &c. 

Cor>Tate,  the  traveller,  [Ob.  1017,]  is  sairl  to  be  the  first 
person  who  used/or&s  in  England,  on  which  account  he  was 
called  Furcifer.  Pulleyn. 

I dine  with/orfo  that  have  but  two  prongs.  Swift. 

And  after  abroad  with  thy/or/js  and  thy  rakes.  Tusser. 

2.  Any  pointed  projection.  “ A thunderbolt 

with  three  forks.”  Addison. 

3.  A branch  or  division  ; as,  “ The  forks  of 
a road  ” ; “ The  forks  of  a river.” 

4.  A turner’s  tool.  Simmonds. 

FORK,  v.  n.  [i.  forked  ; pp.  forking,  forked.] 

1.  To  shoot  into  blades,  as  corn.  Mortimer. 

2.  To  divide  or  branch,  as  a river. 

FORK,  v.  a.  To  raise,  throw,  or  turn  up  with  a 
fork,  as  hay  or  earth. 

FORK'— CHUCK,  n.  An  appendage  to  a lathe  ; a 
chuck  furnished  with  forks.  Francis. 

FORK'JpD,  a.  1.  Opening  as  a fork;  forky  ; fur- 
cated. Milton. 

2.  f Having  two  or  more  meanings  ; ambigu- 
ous ; equivocal.  “ Forked  counsel.”  B.  Jonson. 

FORKED  (fbrkt),  i.  & p.  from  fork. 

FORK'ED-LY,  ad.  In  a forked  form.  Sherwood. 

FORK'f.D-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  forked  ; 
furcation.  Cotgrave. 

FORK'IIEAD  (-hed),  n.  The  head  or  point  of  an 
arrow.  Spenser. 

FORK'J-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  forky  or 
forked ; a fork-like  division.  Cotgrave. 

FORK'LIJSS,  a.  Having  no  fork.  Phil.  Mag. 

FORK'TAlL,  n.  A salmon  in  his  fourth  year. 
[Local,  Eng.]  Todd. 


FORK'Y,  a.  Forked  ; furcated  ; opening  into  two 
or  more  parts.  “ Their/orAy  tongue.”  Pope. 

FOR-LA  ' RA,  n.  [It.]  A slow  kind  of  jig.  Craig. 


f FOR-LAy',  v.  a.  See  Forelay.  Todd. 

f FOR-LfiND',  v.  a.  See  Forelend.  Todd. 
i*  FOR-LIE',  v.  n.  To  lie  before.  Spenser. 

t FOR-LORE',  a.  [See  Forlorn.]  Deserted; 
forsaken ; forlorn.  Spenser. 


FOR- LORN',  a.  [A.  S.  forlcoran,  to  leave  : for 
and  leoran , to  depart;  Dut.  verlooren ; Ger.  ver- 
lorert ; Dan.  forloren  ; S w.  fiilora.] 

1.  Deserted  ; destitute  ; forsaken ; wretched ; 
lost;  solitary. 

The  nodding  horror  of  whose  shady  brows 

Threats  the  forlorn  and  wandering  passenger.  Milton. 

2.  In  a ludicrous  sense,  small;  despicable. 

lie  was  so  forlorn  that  his  dimensions  to  any  thick  sight 
were  invincible.  Shak. 

t FOR-LORN',  n.  1.  A lost,  solitary,  or  forsaken 
person. 

Henry  . . . forced  to  live  in  Scotland  a forlorn.  Shak. 

2.  An  advanced  body  of  troops  ; a vanguard. 

Our  forlorn  of  horse  marched  within  a mile  of  where  the 
enemy  was  drawn  up.  Oliver  Cromwell. 

Having  intelligence  that  the  enemy  was  drawing  together 
from  all  his  out-quarters,  we  drew  out  a forlorn  of  about  two 
hundred  horse  and  four  hundred  foot.  Oliver  Cromwell. 

Critics  in  plume, 

Who  lolling  on  our  foremost  benches  sit. 

And  still  charge  first,  the  true  forlorn  of  wit.  Dryden. 

FOR-LORN'— HOPE,  n.  (Mil.)  1.  An  advanced 

body  of  troops  ; a body  of  skirmishers  ; a van- 
guard ; a forlorn. 

Upon  them  the  light-armed  forlorn-hope  [qui  primi  agminis 
erantj  of  archers  and  darters  of  the  Roman  host,  whicii  went 
betore  the  battle  to  skirmish,  charged  forcibly  with  their  shot. 

Holland's  Livy. 

2.  A body  of  troops  sent  on  a desperate  duty 

at  a siege,  in  leading  an  attack,  or  to  storm  a 
fortress.  Campbell. 

3.  A desperate  or  hazardous  enterprise ; a 

bold  adventure.  Ed.  Rev. 

FOR-LORN'LY,  ad.  In  a forlorn  manner.  Scott. 

FOR-LORN'NpSS,  n.  State  of  being  forlorn; 
destitution  ; misery  ; solitude.  Boyle. 

FORM  [form,  S.  IK.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  / 1' . 1 , n.  [L. 
fy  It.  forma ; Sp  .forma  and  horma  ; Fr.  form. 
— Out.  vortn ; Ger.,  Dan.,  & Sw.  form.] 

1.  Shape  ; figure  ; contour ; external  appear- 
ance ; confor,mation  ; fashion. 

Matter,  as  wise  logicians  say, 

Cannot  without  a form  exist.  Swift . 

2.  Mode  in  which  any  thing  is  viewed. 

A rich  man,  for  example,  is  regarded  by  the  poor  and  ig- 
norant under  the  form  of  a very  fortunate  person  . . . ; by 
the  religious  mind  under  the  form  of  a person  with  more 
than  ordinary  temptations  to  contend  with.  Thomson. 

3.  That  which  has  shape ; a being  as  endowed 
with  shape. 

Forms  terrible  to  view  their  sentry  keep.  Dryden. 

4.  That  which  shapes  ; a mould ; a pattern  ; 

a model.  Locke. 

5.  A prescribed  or  settled  mode ; a stated 
method ; a formulary  ; as,  “ A form  of  prayer.” 

Of  what  use  are  forms,  seeing  that  at  times  they  are  emp- 
ty ? Of  the  same  as  barrels,  which  at  times  are  empty  too.  Ildre. 

6.  Arrangement ; method ; order. 

What  lie  spoke,  though  it  lacked  fomm  a little, 

Was  not  like  madness.  Shak. 

7.  Beauty  or  elegance  as  arising  from  shape. 

“ The  silent  poesy  of  form.”  Coleridge. 

8.  Mere  appearance  without  substance ; emp- 
ty show.  Dryden. 

9.  Conventional  rule ; ceremony ; formality. 

“ A compliment  of  form.”  Philips. 

Syn.  — See  Figure. 

FORM,  or  FORM  [form,  IK.  J.  F.  Sm.  R. ; form,  S. 
P.  E.  Ja.  K.],  n.  [See  the  preceding  word.] 

1.  A long  seat  without  a back.  Watts. 

2.  A class  ; a rank  of  students.  Dr.  T. Arnold. 

The  masters  of  the  first  form.  Dryden. 

3.  The  seat  or  bed  of  a hare.  Prior. 

4.  (Printing.)  The  type  set  up  and  locked  in 
a chase,  ready  for  printing. 

ttZff-  The  outer  form  contains  the  pages  that  are 
printed  on  one  side  of  a sheet,  as  the  first  and  fourth 
pages  of  a newspaper  ; the  inner  form  contains  the 
panes  that  are  printed  on  the  other  side  of  a sheet,  as 
the  second  and  third  pages  of  a newspaper. 

“ When  this  word  signifies  a long  seat  or  a 


A,  E,  !,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  !,  6,  U,  "Y,  short;  A,  1J,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


FORM 


581 


FORPASS 


class  of  students,  it  is  universally  pronounced  with 
tlie  o as  in  four , more , &.c.  It  is  not  a little  surpris- 
ing that  none  of  our  dictionaries,  except  Mr.  Smith’s 
and  Mr.  Nares’,  take  any  notice  of  this  distinction  in 
the  sound  of  the  o,  when  the  word  signifies  a seat. or 
class.”  Walker.  — The  English  orthoepists  more  re- 
cent than  Walker,  are  divided  on  the  pronunciation 
of  the  word  in  this  sense. 

FORM,  v.  a.  [L.  formo;  It.  formarc;  Sp.  for- 
mat- ; Yx.  former.  — See  the  noun.]  [t.  formed  ; 

pp.  FORMING,  FORMED.] 

1.  To  fashion ; to  make  of  any  determinate 
shape  ; to  mould  ; to  shape. 

God  formed  man,of  the  dust  of  the  ground.  Gen.  ii.  7. 

2.  To  arrange ; to  combine  in  any  particular 
manner  ; as,  “ He  formed  his  troops  into  a hol- 
low square.” 

3.  To  devise  ; to  contrive ; to  frame ; to  make  ; 
to  invent ; to  create  ; to  constitute.  Rowe. 

4.  To  model ; to  train  ; to  discipline. 

’T  is  education  forms  the  common  mind.  Pope. 

Syn.—  See  Constitute,  Make. 

FORM,  v.n.  To  take  any  particular  form.  Drayton. 

FOR'MAL,  a.  [L . formalin  ; forma,  form ; It.  for- 
mate-, Sp  .format-,  Fr . formcl.] 

1.  Ceremonious  ; solemn ; precise  ; exact  to 
affectation ; stiff. 

With  eyes  severe  and  beard  of  formal  cut.  Shak. 

2.  In  due  form ; according  to  regular  or  es- 

tablished method  ; ritual ; explicit.  “ Formal 
and  express  consent.”  Hooker. 

3.  Regular ; methodical ; orderly.  “ The  for- 
mal stars.”  Waller. 

4.  Having  the  appearance  "only  ; merely  ex- 
ternal. “ Formal  duty.”  Dryden. 

5.  Depending  upon  established  custom. 

Still  in  constraint  your  suffering  sex  remains, 

Or  bound  in  formal  or  in  real  chains.  Pope. 

0.  Having  the  power  of  making  any  thing 

what  it  is ; constituent.  “ The  formal  essence 
and  nature  of  man.”  Bentley. 

7.  Retaining  its  proper  and  essential  charac- 
teristics. 

Thou  shouldst  come  like  a fury  covered  with  snakes, 

Not  like  a formal  man.  Shak. 

Syn.  — Formal  and  ceremonious  are  used  in  an  in- 
different sense;  as,  “A  formal  dismission”;  “A 
ceremonious  visit”;  but  more  commonly  in  a bad 
sense.  Formal , in  a bad  sense,  is  opposed  to  easy  or 
familiar  ; ceremonious , to  cordial  or  hearty.  A formal 
answer  or  manner  ; a ceremonious  carriage  or  inter- 
course ; a ceremonial  rite ; a solemn  service ; precise 
language;  stiff  manner;  exact  statement;  regular 
method  ; methodical  proceeding ; external  appearance. 
— See  Methodical. 

FOR'MAL-I§5M,  n.  The  quality  of  being  formal ; 
formality.  Abp.  Whately. 

FOR'MAL-IST,  n.  [Fr.  formaliste.  — See  For- 
mal.] One  who  lays  stress  on  forms  ; an  ob- 
server of  forms  only,  in  religion-  or  in  other 
things.  South. 

FOR-MAl'I-TY,  n.  [It .formcilita;  Sp . formali- 
dcul ; F r.  formalite.~\ 

1.  f That  which  constitutes  a thing  what  it  is  ; 

essence  ; essentiality.  J.  Taylor . 

The  formality  of  the  vow  lies  in  the  promise  made  to  God. 

Stillingfleet. 

2.  The  quality  of  being  formal;  adherence  to 

forms  or  ceremonies.  Hooker. 

3.  Established  practice,  mode,  or  custom ; 
conventional  rule  ; ceremony. 

Many  a worthy  man  sacrifices  his  peace  to  formalities  of 
compliment  and  good  manners.  L'Estrange. 

FOR'MAL-IZE,  v.  a.  [Sp . formallzar  \ Fr.  forma - 
User.']  To  modify ; to  formulate.  Hooker. 

FOR'MAL-IZE,  v.  n.  To  affect  formality  ; to  ad- 
here to  or  be  fond  of  ceremony.  [r.]  ’ Hales. 

FOR'MAL-IZ-pR,  n.  A formalist.  North. 

FOR'MAL-LY,  ad.  In  a formal  manner. 

FOR ' MA  PAU'PER-IS.  [L.]  {Laic.]  A mode  of 
bringing  a suit  in  the  character  of  a pauper,  to 
avoid  the  payment  of  fees.  Crabb. 

FOR'MATE,  n.  {Chem.)  A compound  of  formic 
acid  and  a base  ; a formiate.  Clarke. 

FOR-MA'TION,  n.  [L.  formatio  ; forma,  form; 
It . formazione;  Sp . formation-,  Fr  .formation.] 

1.  The  act  of  forming  or  making;  creation. 
“ The  formation  of  meteors.”  Woodward. 

Accent  is  related  to  music  or  song,  as  appears  in  the  for- 
mation  of  the  Latin  word  from  “ad”  and  “cantus.”  Beattie. 


2.  The  manner  in  which  a thing  is  formed. 

On  the  formation  of  the  earth  reflect: 

Is  this  a blind,  fortuitous  effect?  Blackmore. 

3.  {Geol.)  Any  assemblage  of  rocks,  alluvial 

deposits,  or  sedimentary  strata,  referred  to  a 
common  origin  or  period.  Lyell. 

FOR'MA-TIVE,  a.  [It.  $ Sp.  formativo.] 

1.  Giving  form  ; plastic.  Bentley. 

2.  Noting  such  prefixes  and  terminations  as 
are  used  in  forming  a word  or  class  of  words ; 
as,  “ Fy  is  a.  formative  syllable  in  many  English 
verbs.” 

FOR'MA-TIVE,  n.  A word  formed  from  another 
according  to  some  practice  or  analogy,  as 
brighten,  frighten,  lighten.  Smart. 

FOR'ME-DON,  71.  [L . forma  doni,  the  form  of  the 
gift.]  {Eng.  Law.)  A writ  of  right  for  a ten- 
ant in  tail  ; — now  superseded  by  the  writ  of 
ejectment.  Bouvier. 

FORM'JJR,  n.  1.  One  who  forms  ; maker  ; author. 

2.  pi.  {Gunnery.)  Round  pieces  of  wood  fit- 
ted to  the  bore  of  a gun,  upon  which  the  car- 
tridge, whether  made  of  paper  or  of  cotton,  is 
rolled,  before  it  is  sewed  or  fastened.  Craig. 

FOR'MIJR,  a.  [A.  S.  forma.  “Former  is  fore 
and  maer  or  mceer,  i.  e.  more.”  Richardson.] 

1.  Before  in  time  ; past ; anterior ; previous  ; 
prior ; preceding ; antecedent ; opposed  to  lat- 
ter. “ My  former  acts.”  Massinger.  “ In 
former  golden  days.”  Shak. 

2.  Mentioned  before. 

The  most  obvious  distinction  of  society  is  into  rich  and 
oor;  and  it  is  no  less  obvious  that  the  number  of  the  former 
ear  a great  disproportion  to  those  of  the  latter.  Burke. 

Syn.  — See  Antecedent. 

FOR'M^R-LY,  ad.  In  times  past;  of  old. 

FORM'FUL,  a.  Creating  forms ; imaginative. 
“ The  formf  ul  brain.”  [r.]  Thomson. 

FOR'MJ-ATE,  n.  {Chem.)  A salt  formed  by  the 
union  of  formic  acid  with  a base.  Crabb. 

FOR'MIC,  a.  [L . formica,  an  ant;  Sp .formico; 
Yx.formiquc.]  '{Chem.)  Denoting  an  acid  which 
ants  eject  when  irritated  ; — obtained  artificial- 
ly by  distilling  tartaric  acid,  sulphuric  acid,  and 
bioxide  of  manganese  and  water.  P.  Cyc. 

FOR'MI-CA,n.  [L.]  A Linnaean  genus  of  hymen- 
opterous  insects  ; the  ant,  &c. 

FOR-MI-  CA- Rl  'NJE,  n.  pi. 

[L.  formica,  an  ant.] 

{Ornith.)  A sub-family 
of  dentirostral  birds  of 
the  order  Passeres  and 
family  Turdidce ; ant- 
thrushes.  Gray. 

FOR' MI-CATE,  a.  Re-  Hydrobata  cindus. 

sembling  or  like  an  ant.  Smart. 

FOR-MI-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  formicatio  ; formica, 
an  ant.]  {Med.)  A sensation  like  that  of  ants 

creeping  over  the  skin.  Dr.  James. 

FOR-MI-DA-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
formidable  ; formidableness.  Qu.  Rev. 

FOR'MI-DA-BLE,  a.  [L.  formidabilis  ; form i do, 
fear.;  It.  formidabile ; Sp.  if  Fr  .formidable.] 
Exciting  apprehension  or  alarm  ;' powerful  so 
as  to  be  feared ; dreadful ; terrible ; tremen- 
dous ; terrific  ; fearful. 

Before  the  gates  there  sat, 

On  either  side,  a formidable  shape.  Milton. 

Syn.  — Formidable  is  applied  to  what  is  apt  to  ex- 
cite great  fear  ; dreadful,  to  what  may  excite  dread  ; 
terrible  and  terrific,  to  what  may  excite  terror  ; shock- 
ing, to  what  violently  shocks  or  agitates.  A formi- 
dable army  ; dreadful  slaughter  ; terrible  tempest  ; ter- 
rific thunder ; shocking  news  or  sight ; a fearful  con- 
test. 

FOR'MI-DA-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
formidable  ; formidability.  Boyle. 

FOR'MI-DA-BLY,  ad.  In  a formidable  manner. 

f FOR-MID'O-LOSE,  a.  [L.  formidolosus  ; formi- 
do,  fear.]  Fearful ; dreading  greatly.  Bailey. 

FOR'MILL,  v.  a.  To  order.  [Local,  Eng.]  Clarke. 

FORM'LIJSS,  a.  Shapeless;  destitute  of  form. 

FORM'LESS-NESS,  71.  The  state  of  being  with- 
out form.  Clissold. 


FOR-MO-BEN'ZO-ATE,w.  {Chem.)  A salt  formed 
by  the  union  of  formobenzoic  acid  with  a metal- 
lic oxide,  or  an  alkaline  base.  Oyilvic. 

FOR-MO-BIJN-ZO'IC,  a.  [formic  and  benzoic .] 
{Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  prepared  by  dissolving 
commercial  oil  of  bitter  almonds  in  water,  add- 
ing hydrochloric  acid,  and  evaporating’  in  a 
gentle  heat.  Also  termed  formiate  of  hydruret 
of  benzule.  Craig. 

f FOR-MOS'I-TY,  n.  [L . formositas.]  Beauty; 
handsomeness.  Cockeram. 

f FOR'MOUS,  a.  [L.forinosus.]  Beautiful. Chaucer. 

FOR ' MU-LA,  n.\  pi.  L.  for  ' mu-lje  ; Eng.  for- 
mulas. [L.  dim.  of  forma,  a form.] 

1.  A prescribed  form,  rule,  or  model ; a for- 
mulary ; a ritual. 

There  are  certain  formulas  of  prayer.  Aubrey. 

2.  A written  profession  of  faith.  London  Ency. 

His  general/or/nwfas  of  reasoning.  Gillies. 

3.  {Med.)  A prescription : — the  mode  of  pre- 
paring medicines.  Hoblyn. 

4.  {Math.)  The  algebraic  expression  of  a 

general  rule  or  principle.  Davies. 

5.  {Chem.)  A concise  mode  of  exhibiting  by 
symbols  the  results  of  chemical  changes. Brande. 

FOR'MU-LAR,  a.  Ritual;  formulary.  Qu.  Rev. 

FOR'MU-LA-RY,  n.  ft.forrnolurio  ; Sp.  formu- 
lario  ; F r.  forinulaire.] 

1.  {Law.)  A book  containing  stated  forms  or 

precedents  for  matters  of  law  : — also,  the  form 
itself  ; a prescribed  model.  Bouvier. 

2.  {Theol.)  A ritual  containing  prayers,  cer- 
emonies, and  prescribed  forms;  formula.  Hook. 

FOR'MU-LA-RY,  a.  Ritual;  prescribed;  stated; 
formular.  ‘ Johnson. 

FOR'MU-LATE,  v.  a.  To  reduce  to  a formula ; to 
formulize.  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

FOR'MULE,  n.  1.  [Fr.  formula.  — SeeFoRMULA.] 
A model ; a formulary.  Bp.  Marsh. 

2.  [See  Formic.]  {Chem.)  A hypothetical 
radicle,  of  which  formic  acid  is  supposed  to  be 
an  oxide. 


FOR'MU-LIZE,  v.  a.  To  give  a form,  formula, 
or  formulary,  of ; to  reduce  to  a formulary ; to 
model ; to  digest;  to  formulate.  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

FOR'MYLE,  n.  {Chem.)  The  basic  hydrocarbon 
of  formic  acid.  Brande. 

FOR'nAx,  n.  A southern  constellation.  Lacaille. 

FOR'NI-CATE,  v.  7i.  [Ij.  foriiicor,  fornicatus-,  It. 
fornicare -,  Sp . fornicar -,  Fr . foi-niquer.]  To 
commit  fornication  or  lewdness.  Bp.  Hall. 

FOR'NI-CATE,  a.  [L.  fornicatus ; for- 
nix,  an  arch.]  {Bot.j  Arched;  forni-  f'/f 
cated.  Loudon,  wtr 

TOR'NI-CAT-ED,  a.  1.  Polluted  by  fornication. 

2.  Arched;  vaulted;  fornicate.  Milton. 

FOR-NI-CA'TION,  7i.  [L.  fornicatio  ; fornix,  an 

arch,  a vault ; also  a brothel  or  stew,  from  their 
being  in  subterraneous  vaults;  It .fornicazione; 
Sp.  foniicacion  ; Fr  .fornication.] 

1.  Incontinence  or  lewdness  of  an  unmarried 
person,  male  or  female ; concubinage. 

2.  {Scripture.)  Adultery.  Matt.  v.  32 : — in- 
cest. 1 Cor.  v.  1 : — sometimes  idolatry. 

3.  {Arch.)  The  formation  of  an  arch  or 

vault.  Todd. 

FOR'NI-CA-TOR,  n.  1.  One  guilty  of  fornication. 

2.  (Ca7ion  Laic.)  An  unmarried  man  who  has 
commerce  with  an  unmarried  woman. 

FOR'NI-CA-TRpSS,  n.  A woman  guilty  of  forni- 
cation. Shak. 

FOR'NIX,  n.  [L.,  an  arch.] 

1.  {Anat.)  A part  of  the  corpus  callosum,  or 

hard  substance  which  communicates  between 
the  hemispheres  of  the  brain,  having,  when 
viewed  in  a particular  direction,  somewhat  the 
appearance  of  a Gothic  arch.  Craig. 

2.  {Conch.)  The  excavated  part  under  the 

umbo  : — also  the  upper  or  convex  shell  in  the 
ostea.  Craig. 

3.  {Bot.)  A small  elongation  on  the  tube  or 

throat  of  the  corolla.  Ogilvie. 

f FOR-PASS',  v.  n.  To  pass  unnoticed.  Spenser. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RTJLE.  — y,  £,  q,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z; 


as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


FORPINE 


582 


FORTUNATE 


f FOIi-PINE',  v.  n.  To  waste  away.  Spenser. 

FOR'PRIIJE,  a.  {Laic.)  Taken  beforehand; — a 
term  sometimes  used  in  leases  and  convey- 
ances. Bouvier. 

FOR-RAY'  [for-ra',  Ja.  K.  Sm.  Cl.],  v.  a.  [Fr. 
fourrager,  ’favorer .]  To  ravage ; to  spoil ; to 
lay  waste  ; to  pillage  ; to  plunder.  Spenser. 

For  that  they  forrayed  all  the  counties  nigh.  Fairfax. 

t FOR-RAY',  v.  n.  To  forage  ; to  spoil ; to  plun- 
der. Spenser. 

FOR-RAY',  or  FOR'RAY  [for-ra',  Sm.  Cl. ; for'rj, 
Ja.  A'.],  n.  An  act  of  ravaging  or  pillaging;  a 
hostile  incursion;  invasion. 

At  length,  when  occasion  fittest  found. 

In  dead  of  night,  when  all  the  thieves  did  rest 
After  a late  for  ray , and  slept  full  sound, 

Sir  Calidorc  him  armed  as  ne  thought  best.  Spenser. 
Fleet  foot  on  the  corrie. 

Sage  counsel  in  number, 

Red  hand  in  the  forray , 

How  sound  is  thy  slumber!  W.  Scott. 

This  is  a Scottish  word,  and  also  an  old  Eng- 
lish word,  which  has  been  recently  revived,  and  often 
written  foray. 

FOR-RAY'IJR,  n.  One  who  makes  an  invasion. 

A company  of  Persian  fon-ayers,  that  were  abroad  to  waste 
a country.  Holland. 

FORS,  n.  Rough  hair  on  sheep.  [Local.]  Loudon. 

FOR-sAke',  v.  a.  [A.  S .forsacan ; for  and  secan, 
to  seek  ; Dut.  v erzaaken ; Ger.  verdagen  ; Dan. 
forsage  ; S w.  forsaka.]  [t.  forsook  ; pp.  FOR- 
SAKING, FORSAKEN.] 

1.  To  abandon;  to  leave  entirely;  to  go  away 
from  ; to  quit ; to  desert ; to  relinquish. 

Still  violent,  whatever  cause  he  took, 

But  most  against  the  party  he  forsook Dryden. 

2.  To  renounce  ; to  reject.  “ Forsake  not  the 

law  of  thy  mother.”  Prov.  i.  8. 

Syn.  — See  Abandon. 

FOR-sAk'EN,  p.  a.  Abandoned ; deserted. 

FOR-SAK'Elt,  n.  One  who  forsakes ; a deserter. 

FOR-SAK'ING,  n.  Dereliction.  Isa.  vi.  12. 

f FOR-sAY',  v.  a.  [A.  S . forseegan.] 

1.  To  renounce ; to  give  up.  Spenser. 

2.  To  forbid ; to  prohibit.  Spenser. 

f FOR-SLAck',  v.a.  To  delay.  Spenser. 

f FOR-SLOYV',  v.  a.  See  Foresloyv.  Bacon. 

FOR-SOOK'  (-suk'),  i.  from  forsake.  See  Forsake. 

FOR-SOOTH',  ad.  [A.  S . forsoth  •,  for  and  soth, 
truth.]  In  truth ; certainly  ; very  well  : — used 
almost  always  in  an  ironical  or  contemptuous 
sense.  — Once  a word  of  honor  in  address  to 
women.  Bailey. 

And  what  was  he? 

Forsooth  a great  arithmetician.  Shah. 

Our  old  English  word  forsooth  has  been  changed  for  the 
French  “madam.”  Guardian. 

Carry  not  too  much  underthought  betwixt  yourself  and 
them,  nor  your  city  mannerly  word  (forsooth),  use  it  not  too 
often  in  any  case;  Dut  plain,  ay,  madam,  and  no,  madam. 

li.  Jonsoti. 

+ FOR-SPEAK',  v.  a.  See  Forespeak.  Drayton. 

fFOR-SPEND',  v.  a.  See  Forespend.  Shah. 

fFORS'TER,  n.  A forester.  Chaucer. 

FORS'TER-fTE,  n.  {Min.)  A mineral  which  forms 
small,  brilliant  crystals,  found  at  Vesuvius;  — 
so  named  in  honor  of  Mr.  F orster.  Brande. 


FOR-SWAT'  (-swot'),  a.  See  Foreswat.  Spenser. 

FOR-SWeAr'  (-swir1),  v.a.  [A.  S . forswerian  ; 
for  and  stoerian,  to  swear  ; Ger.  verschw.'iren ; 
VMx.  forsvcere ; S \v.  fjrsvara.]  [i.  forswore  ; 
pp.  forswearing,  forsworn.] 

1.  To  renounce  or  disavow  upon  oath. 

I firmly  vow 

Never  to  woo  her  more,  but  do  forswear  her.  Shale. 

2.  To  deny  upon  oath  ; to  abjure. 

It  will  deny  all,  and  forswear  it  too.  It.  Jonson. 

3.  To  be  perjured;  to  swear  falsely  ; — fol- 

lowed by  the  reflective  pronoun.  “ I forswore 
myself.”  Shah. 

Syn.  — See  Perjure. 

FOR-SWeAr',  v.  n.  To  swear  falsely;  to  com- 
mit perjury.  shak. 

FOR-SWEAR'ER,  n.  One  who  forswears.  Johnson. 

f FOR-SWONK',  a.  [See  For,  and  Swink.]  Over- 
labored.  Spenser. 


FOR-SWORE',  i.  from  forswear . 

f FOR-SWORN'NgSS,  n.  The  state  of  being  for- 
sworn, or  perjured.  Manning. 

FORT,  n.  [L  .fortis,  strong;  It  .forte;  Sp  .fuerte; 
Fr  .fort.]  A small  fortified  place  or  post,  en- 
vironed on  all  sides  with  a moat,  rampart,  and 
parapet ; a fortress ; a castle ; a fortification. 

FOR'TA-LICE  [fort-51'is,  Sm.  ; fdrt'a-IIs,  C.  ; iort'- 
a-lls,  O.],  n.  [Low  L.  fortalitium ; It.  fortili- 
zio ; Sp .fortaleza.]  A small  fortress,  [r.] 

Sir  W.  Scott.  Jamieson. 

FORTE,  n.  [It.  forte  ; Fr.  fort.  — See  Fort.] 
That  in  which  one  excels ; a peculiar  talent  or 
faculty;  a strong  side  ; chief  excellence.  Qu.Rev. 

FOR 1 TE  (fdr'ta).  [It.]  (Mus.)  A direction  to 
sing  or  play  with  force ; — opposed  to  piano. 

FORT'ED,  a.  Furnished  with,  or  guarded  by, 
forts,  [it.]  Shak. 

f FOR'TE-LACE,  n.  [See  Fortalice.]  A for- 
tress ; a fortilage.  Halliwell. 

FORTH,  ad.  [A.  S.  forth  ; Dut.  voort ; Ger .furt. 
— From  L.  fores  ; Old  Yv.fors.  Horne  Tooke.] 

1.  Forward  in  time  or  place ; onward.  “From 

that  day  forth."  Spenser. 

2.  Abroad ; out. 

I have  no  mind  of  feasting  forth  to-night.  Shak. 

3.  Beyond  the  limits  or  boundary.  “Forth 

of  France.”  Shak. 

4.  Out  into  public  view. 

But  when  your  troubled  country  called  jTou  forth.  Waller. 

5.  Noting  departure,  progression,  or  contin- 
uance. 

I repeated  the  Ave  Maria.  The  inquisitor  bade  me  say 
forth ; I said  I was  taught  no  more'.  Strype. 

FORTH,  prep.  Out  of.  [r.]  Shak. 

Some  forth  their  cabins  peep.  Bonne. 

f FORTH,  n.  [Su.  Gotti,  fort.]  Away.  Todd. 

FORTH'— BEAM- JNG,  a.  Emitting  rays.  Pope. 

FORTH'— COM-ING,  a.  Ready  to  appear.  Shak. 

FORTH'— GO-ING,  n.  Agoing  out  or  forth;  ut- 
terance. Clarke. 

FORTH'-GO-ING,  a.  Going  forth.  Clarke. 

fFOR-TIUNK',  v.  a.  [A.  S . forthcncan  ; for  and 
thencan,  to  think.]  To  repent  of ; to  be  sorry 
for ; to  lament.  Spenser. 

FORTH— Ts'SU-ING  (-Isli'sliu-Tng),  a.  Coming  out ; 
proceeding.  "Pope. 

f FORTH-RIGHT'  (-rlt'),  ad.  Straightforward; 
right  on.  Sidney. 

t FORTH-RIGIIT'  (-rlt'),  n.  A straight  path.  Shak. 

f FORTH 'WARD,  ad.  Forward.  Bp.  Fisher. 

FORTH'— WELL-1NG,  a.  Issuing  from  a spring  or 
fountain.  Potter. 

f FORTIl'WENT,  p.  a.  Having  gone  forth  ; de- 
parted. Fairfax. 

FORTH-WITH',  ad.  Immediately;  without  delay. 
A solemn  council  forthwith  to  be  held 
At  Pandemonium.  Milton. 

fFOR'THY,  ad.  [A.  S.  fort  hi.]  Therefore.  Spenser. 

FOR'TI-JgTH,  a.  The  ordinal  of  forty;  the  fourth 
tenth. 

FOR'TI-FI-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  fortified,  or 
strengthened  by  fortifications.  Cotgrave. 

FOR-TI-FI-CA'TION,  n.  [It.  fortificazione  ; Sp. 
fortifi cacion ; F r.  fortification.  — See  Fortify.] 

1.  The  art  or  the  science  of  fortifying  places 
to  defend  them  against  an  enemy ; military 
architecture  ; construction  of  works  of  defence. 

2.  Any  fortified  place  ; a fort.  Sidney. 

3.  Addition  of  strength,  [r.]  Decay  of  Piety. 

Syn.  — Fortification  is  used  to  denote  not  only  the 

science  of  military  architecture,  but  also  the  works 
constructed  around  a place  for  defence,  and  a fortress 
or  a place  strongly  fortified.  Fortress  is  a stronghold, 
or  place  strongly  "fortified  ; fort , a small  fortress  ; cas- 
tle, a large  fortified  building  ; citadel , a fortress  on  a 
commanding  position  near  a city  ; a bulwark  is  a for- 
tress, or  a part  of  a fortification,  now  called  a bastion  ; 
a bastion  is  a work  generally  constructed  at  the  salient 
angle  of  a polygon  consisting  of  two  faces  and  two 
flanks  ; a rampart , a high  bank  round  a fortified 
place,  or  forming  an  inner  enclosure  of  a fortification  ; 


a redan,  commonly  a rampart  of  earth  placed  in  ad- 
vance of  the  principal  works  to  defend  tile  least  pro- 
tected parts  ; a redoubt,  an  outwork  for  strengthening 
a fortification  or  military  position. 

FOR'TI-FlED  (fdr'te-fid),  p.  a.  Strengthened  by 
fortifications  ; made  strong  against  assaults. 

FOR'TI-Fl-JJR,  n.  lie  who,  or  that  which,  forti- 
fies- Carew. 

FOR'TI-FY,  v.  a.  [L  .fortis,  strong,  and  facio,  to 
make  ; It.  fortificare  ; Sp.  forttficar ; Fr.  for- 
tifier.] [t.  FORTIFIED  ; pp.  FORTIFYING,  FOR- 
TIFIED.] 

1.  I o strengthen-  against  attacks  by  walls, 
batteries,  or  other  works  of  art. 

Great  Dunsinane  he  strongly  fortifies.  Shak. 

2.  To  confirm;  to  strengthen  ; to  make  strong. 

When  interest  fortifies  an  argument, 

Weak  reason  serves  to  gain  the  will’s  assent. 

For  souls  already  warped  receive  an  easy  bent.  Bryden. 

Syn.  — See  Strengthen. 

t F6R'TI-LA£E,  a little  fort;  a blockhouse. 

— Same  as  Fortalice.  Spenser. 

t FORT'  IJY,  n.  [Sp.  Fr.]  A sconce  or  little 
fort  raised  to  defend  a camp.  Shak. 

FOR-TIS' SI-Md.  [It.]  (Mus.)  Very  loud.  Crabb. 

FOR ' TI-TF.R  Ly  re.  [L.]  With  firmness  in 
acting.  Chesterfield. 

FOR'TI-TUDE,  n.  [L.  fortitudo  ; fortis,  strong  ; 
It.  fortitudine ; Sp . fortitud.]  Strength  or  reso- 
lution to  endure  pain  or  encounter  danger  ; pa- 
tience under  suffering  ; endurance  ; resolution  ; 
firmness  ; equanimity  ; courage. 

Fortitude  is  one  of  the  virtues  called  cardinal.  Fleming. 
True  fortitude  is  seen  in  great  exploits 
That  j ustice  warrants  and  that  wisdom  guides.  Addison. 

Syn.  — See  Courage,  Patience. 

FOR-TI-TU'DI-NOUS,  a.  Having  fortitude firm; 
manly ; courageous.  Gibbon. 

FORT'LgT,  n.  A little  fort.  Bailey. 

FORT'— MA-JOR,  n.  {Mil.)  A commandant  of  a 
fort.  Mil.  Ency. 

II  FORT'NIGHT  (fort'nlt  or  fbrt'nit)  [fort'nlt,  S.  IV. 
J.  E.  E.  Ja.  Sm.  ; fiirt'nit,  P.  I Vb. ; fort'nlt  or 
fort'nlt,  A'.],  n.  [Contracted  from  fourteen 
nights .]  The  space  of  two  weeks. 

II  FORT 'N IGHT-LY,  a.  Occurring  at  intervals  of  a 
fortnight.  Gent.  Mag. 

||  FORT'NlGHT-LY,  ad.  Every  fortnight.  Felkin. 

FOR'TIIJJSS,  n.  [Fr .forteresse. — See  Fort.]  A 
stronghold  ; a fortified  place.  “ One  of  the 
strongest  fortresses  in  Italy.”  Middleton. 

Syn.  — See  Fortification. 

FOR'TRf.SS,  v.a.  To  guard;  to  fortify,  [r.]  Shak. 

FOR'TRpSSED  (-trest),  p.  a.  Defended  by  a for- 
tress. Craig. 

FORT'RET,  n.  A little  fort;  a sconce  ; afortlet; 
a fortalice.  Brande. 

FOR-TU'I-TOUS  (for-tu'e-tus),  a.  [L.  fortuities ; 
fors,  fortis,  chance  ; fero,  to  bear ; ‘ It.  A-  Sp. 
fortutto ; Fr.  fortuit.]  Happening  by  chance  ; 
depending  on  fortune  ; taking  place  without  any 
assignable  cause  ; accidental  ; casual ; contin- 
gent. “A  fortuitous  concourse  of  atoms. "Brooke. 

Syn.  — See  Accidental. 

FOR-TU'I-TOUS-LY,  ad.  In  a fortuitous  man- 
ner ; casually. 

FOR-TU'I-TOUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state 
of  being  fortuitous ; accidentalness.  Bailey. 

FOR-TU'l-Ty»  n.  Chfm*c;  accident.  Forbes. 

F0R-TU'JY4,n.  [L.]  1.  {Myth.)  The  goddess  of 
fortune,  represented' as  blind,  and  distributing 
wealth  and  honors  at  pleasure. 

2.  {Astroti.)  One  of  the  minor  planets,  or  as- 
teroids, revolving  between  the  orbits  of  Mars 
and  Jupiter ; — discovered  by  Hind  in  1852. 

||  FORT'IT-NATE  (fort'yu-njt),  a.  [L . fortimatus  ; 
It.  fortunato  ; Sp . fortunado  \ Fr.  fortune. — 
See  Fortune.]  Favored  by  fortune;  lucky; 
successful;  prosperous;  auspicious;  happy. 

Syn. — Fortunate  and  lucky  are  applied  to  that 
which  is  out  of  human  control,  and  are  also  applied 
to  tile  avoiding  of  evil,  as  well  as  to  tile  attainment  of 
good.  Prosperous  and  successful  include  the  idea  of 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  ?,  J,  O,  TJ,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


FORTUNATELY 


583 


FOTHER 


human  effort,  and  are  applied  to  what  is  esteemed 
good.  A fortunate  affair,  event,  or  occurrence  ; a 
lucky  circumstance  or  escape;  a prosperous  line  of 
business;  a successful  enterprise ; a happy  life  or  per- 
son.— See  Auspicious,  Happy,  Lucky. 

||  FORT'U-NATE-LY,  ad.  In  a fortunate  manner; 
luckily  ; happily. 

||  FORT'U-NATE-NESS,  n.  Good  luck;  success; 
happiness.  Sidney. 

||  FORT'UNE  (fort'yun)  [fdr'chun,  TV.  J. ; fbr'tun, 
S.  F.  ja. ; for'tun,  P.  E. ; fiirt'yun,  K. ; fbr'tun, 
colloquially  fort'shoon,  Sin.],  n.  [L.,  It.,  § Sp. 
fortuna  ; Fr .fortune.] 

1.  Chance  ; luck  ; accident ; hap. 

Fortune  is  like  a market,  where,  many  times,  if  you  stay  a 
little,  the  price  will  fall.  Bacon. 

2.  The  goddess  of  heathen  mythology  that 
distributed  the  lots  of  life. 

I care  not,  Fortune , what  you  me  deny; 

You  cannot  rob  me  of  free  nature’s  grace.  Thomson. 

3.  Chance  of  life  ; means  of  living;  livelihood. 

His  father  dying,  he  was  driven  to  Louden  to  seek  his 

fortune.  Swift. 

4.  Success,  good  or  bad  ; event. 

Our  equal  crimes  shall  equal  fortune  give.  Dryden. 

5.  Estate ; possessions  ; riches  ; wealth. 

A gentleman  of  good  birth,  but  email  fortune.  Swift. 

6.  Futurity;  future  condition;  destiny;  as, 
“ To  tell  one’s  fortune.” 

Syn.  — See  Chance,  Luck. 

||  f FORT'UNE,  v.a.  1.  To  make  fortunate.  Chaucer. 

2.  fTo  dispose  of,  fortunately  or  not.  Shah. 

3.  f To  presage  ; to  predict ; to  prognosticate. 

Fortune  fortuned  the  dying  notes  of  Home, 

Till  I,  her  consul  sole,  consoled  her  doom.  Dryden. 

||  FORT'UNE,  v.  n.  To  befall ; to  happen  ; to 
chance.  “ What  hath  fortuned.”  Shak. 

||  FORT'UNE— BOOK  (-buk),  n.  A book  foretelling 
fortunes.  Crasliaw. 

||  FORT'UNED  (fort'yund),  a.  Supplied  by  fortune. 
“ The  fnW-fortuned  Cecsar.”  Shak. 

II  FORT'UNE— HUNT' yR,  n.  A man  who  seeks  to 
enrich  himself  by  marrying  a woman  of  great 
fortune.  Spectator. 

II  FORT'UNE— HUNT'ING,  n.  The  act  of  seeking 
to  acquire  riches  by  a marriage  alliance.  Craig. 

||  FORT'UNE-LESS,  a.  1.  Luckless ; hapless. 
“ Fortuneless  misfare.”  Spenser. 

2.  Without  a fortune.  Johnson. 

II  FORT'UNE— STEAL' ER,  n.  One  who  obtains  a 
fortune  by  marrying  an  heiress  or  rich  woman 
for  her  money.  Addison. 

||  FORT'UNE— TELL,  v.  n.  To  foretell  fortunes  ; 
to  reveal  future  events.  Shak. 

II  FORT'UNE— TELL' JJR,  n.  One  who  foretells 
fortunes.  Swift. 

||  FORT'UNE— TELL'ING,  n.  The  act  or  the  prac- 
tice of  foretelling  fortunes.  Shak. 

||  f FORT'UN-IZE,  v.  a.  To  regulate  the  fortune  of. 

Each  unto  himself  his  life  may  fortunize.  Spenser. 

FOR'TY,  a.  & n.  [A.  S.  feowertig ; feoiver,  four, 
and  tig,  tens.]  Four  times  ten. 

FO  'RUM,  n.\  pi.  L.  fo'ra-,  Eng.  po'rum?.  [L.] 

1.  In  ancient  Rome,  the  market  place,  which 

was  surrounded  by  porticos  and  the  shops  of 
money-changers,  and  was  used  as  the  principal 
place  of  meeting  for  discussing  public  affairs, 
and  holding  courts  of  justice.  Andrews. 

2.  A tribunal ; a court  of  justice.  Story. 

t FOR-WAN'DyR  (-won'der),  v.  n.  [See  For,  and 
Wander.]  To  wander  wildly.  Spenser. 

+ FOR-WAN'DyRED  (-won'derd),  a.  Lost;  be- 
wildered. Mir.  for  Mag. 

FOR  WARD,  > aci'  [A.  S.  foreweard  ; fore,  be- 

FOR' WARDS,  ’ fore,  and  weard,  ward.]  To- 
wards what  is  before  ; onward ; progressively ; 
as,  “To  walk  backward  and  forward.”  — See 
Backward. 

FOR'WARD,  a.  1.  At  or  near  the  fore  part. 

Let  us  take  the  instant  by  the  forward  top.  Shak. 

2.  Ready ; prompt ; quick  ; willing ; earnest. 

They  would  that  wc  should  remember  the  poor,  which  I 
also  was  forward  to  do.  Gal.  ii.  10. 


3.  Ardent ; hot ; hasty ; eager. 

Or  lead  the  forward  youth  to  noble  war.  Prior. 

4.  Confident;  bold;  presuming;  impertinent; 
presumptuous  ; as,  “ A forward  youth.”  Dryden. 

5.  Coming  on  or  advancing  quickly  ; early  ; 

premature.  “ A forward  spring.”  Shak. 

FOR'WARD,  v.  a.  [l.  forwarded  ; pp.  FOR- 
WARDING, forwarded.] 

1.  To  promote;  to  further;  to  advance  ; to 
help  on  ; to  foster ; to  aid ; to  assist ; to  second. 

The  occasional  propensity  to  this  superstition  was  for- 
warded and  encouraged  by  the  priesthood.  Warburton. 

2.  To  quicken;  to  hasten;  to  accelerate. 

I forward  the  grass,  and  I ripen  the  vine.  Swift. 

3.  To  transmit ; to  send  on,  as  goods. 

Syn.  — See  Promote,  Second. 

FOR'WARD-ER,  n.  One  who  forwards. 

FOR'WARD-ING,  p.  a.  1.  Promoting;  furthering. 

2.  Quickening ; hastening. 

3.  Transmitting ; sending  on,  as  goods. 

Forwarding  merchant,  one  who  receives  and  for- 
wards goods  to  their  destination. 

FOR'WARD-LY,  ad.  Eagerly;  hastily.  Atterhury. 

FOR'WARD-NESS,  n.  1.  The  state  of  being  for- 
ward; readiness;  eagerness.  “ Forwardness  to 
die.”  Hooker. 

2.  Quickness ; precocity.  “ His  teachers  were 

fain  to  restrain  his  forwardness.”  Wotton. 

3.  Confidence  ; assurance  ; boldness  ; want 

of  modesty.  . Addison. 

4.  Earliness ; prematureness ; as,  “ The  for- 
wardness of  the  season.” 

FOR'WARD^,  ad.  Onward.  — See  Forward. 

f FOR-WASTE',  v.a.  [See  For,  and  Waste.] 
To  desolate;  to  destroy.  Spenser. 

f FOR-WEA'RY,  v.a.  [See  For,  and  Weary.] 
To  dispirit  with  labor  ; to  fatigue.  Spenser. 

f FOR-WEEP',  v.  n.  To  weep  much.  Bailey. 

fFOR'WORD  (for'wiird),  n.  [A.  S.  foreweard,  an 
agreement ; fore,  before,  and  weard,  a safe- 
guard.] A promise  ; an  engagement.  Chaucer. 

FOR-zAfT'DO,  ad.  [It.]  (Mus.)  With  forced 
and  sudden  emphasis,  — expressed  by  the  sign 
> over  each  note  so  sounded,  or  by  fz  or  sf 
referring  to  a whole  passage.  ‘ Dwight. 

FOSS'AQE,  n.  (Law.)  A composition  paid  to 
be  exempt  from  repairing  or  maintaining  the 
ditches  round  a town.  Craig. 

FOSSE,  n.  [L.  fossa-,  fodio,  fossus,  to  dig  ; It. 
fossa  ; Sp.  fosa  ; Fr.  fosse.) 

1.  (Fort.)  A ditch ; a moat ; an  intrencli- 

rnent.  Warton. 

2.  (Anat.)  A small  cavity  or  depression  in  a 

bone,  with  a large  orifice.  Craig. 

3.  A waterfall.  Farm.  Ency. 

FOS'SET,  n.  See  Faucet.  Johnson. 

FOS-SETTE' , n.  [Fr.]  A little  hollow;  a dim- 
ple. Craig. 

FOSSE'VVAY,  n.  One  of  the  great  Roman  roads 
through  England,  so  called  from  the  ditches  on 
each  side.  Johnson. 

FOS'SIL,  a.  [L.  fossilis  ; fodio,  fossus,  to  dig  ; 
It.  fossile-,  Sp.fosil;  Fr .fossile.)  Dug  out  of 
the  earth.  “Fossil,  or  rock,  salt.”  “ Fossil 
shells.”  — See  the  noun.  Woodward. 

FOS'SIL,  n.  Literally  a substance  dug  out  of  the 
earth; — now  chiefly  restricted  to  the  petrified 
remains  of  animals  and  plants  found  in  the 
different  geological  formations.  Owen. 

FOS'SIL— CO'PAL,  n.  A substance  resembling 
copal,  but,  unlike  that  resin,  insoluble  in  alco- 
hol. Eng.  Cyc. 

FOS-SI-L!f'£R-OUS,  a.  [L.  fossilis,  fossil,  and 
fero,  to  bear.]  (Pal.)  Producing,  or  forming, 
fossils  ; formed  of  fossils  ; — applied  to  the 
strata  which  contain  the  remains  of  animals 
and  plants.  Buckland. 

FOS-SIL-I-FI-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  fossilis,  fossil,  and 
facio,  to  make.]  The  act  of  fossilizing.  Wailes. 

F6S'SIL-!§M,  n.  The  nature  or  the  science  of 
fossils.  Coleridge. 

FOS'SIL-IST,  n.  One  versed  in  the  knowledge  of 
fossils.  Pennant. 


FOS-SIL'I-TY,  n.  Quality  or  state  of  a fossil.  P.  Cyc. 

FOS-SIL-I-ZA'TION,  n.  [Fr . fossilisation.)  The 
process  of  changing  into  a fossil.  N.  Brit.  Bev. 

FOS'SIL-lZE,  v.  a.  & n.  [Fr . fossiliscr.]  [7.  fos- 
silized ; pp.  fossilizing,'  fossilized.]  To 
change  into  a fossil  state.  Ec.  Bev. 

FOS-SIL'O-GIST,  n.  A fossilist.  Jodrell. 

FOS-SlL'O-GY,  n.  Fossilology.  Rodd. 

FOS-SIL-OL'O-GY,  n.  [L .fossilis,  fossil,  and  Gr. 
Diyos,  a discourse.]  The  science  of  fossils  ; fos- 
silogy.  Buchanan. 

FOS-SO'  RE$,  n.pl.  (Zool.)  An  extensive  group 
of  aculeate  hymenopterous  insects,  comprising 
the  burrowing  sand  wasps  and  wood  wasps. 

Westwood. 

FOS-SO'RI-AL,  a.  [E.fossor,  a digger  \ fodio,  fos- 
sus, to  dig.]  (Zoul.)  Applied  to  animals  which  dig 
their  retreats,  and  seek  their  food,  in  the  earth, 
and  bury  food  therein  for  their  young.  Brande. 

FOS'SU-LATE,  a.  [L.  fossula,  a little  ditch ; 
fossa,  a ditch.]  Having  long,  narrow  depres- 
sions. Brande. 

FOS'TER,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  fostrian,  to  foster ; fos- 
ter, food  ; f other,  fodder  : — Dan.  fostre  ; Sw. 
appfostro .]  [i.  fostered  ; pp.  fostering, 

fostered.] 

1.  To  nurse  or  nourish;  to  feed;  to  support; 
to  rear  up. 

Some  say  that  ravens  foster  forlorn  children.  Shak. 

2.  To  cherish  ; to  encourage  ; to  stimulate  ; 
as,  “ To  foster  truth  or  virtue.” 

•f  FOS'TER,  v.  n.  To  be  nursed  or  bred.  Spenser. 

f FOS'TER,  n.  A forester.  Spenser. 

FOS'TER- A^E,  n.  Charge  of  nursing.  Raleigh. 

FOS'TER— BABE,  n.  An  infant  foster-child.  Byron. 

FOS'TER— BROTH-BR,  n.  [A.  S.  foster-brothor.) 
A male  suckled  at  the  same  breast,  but  not  of 
the  same  mother.  Beau.  £,  FI. 

FOS'TER— CHILD,  n-  [A.  S.  foster-cild.\  A child 
nursed  by  a woman  who  is  not  its  mother,  or 
bred  by  a man  who  is  not  its  father.  Davies. 

FOS'TER— DAM,  n.  A nurse  who  is  not  the  mother. 

FOS'TER-DAUGH-TER  (fos'ter-d&w-ter),  n.  A 
female  child  nursed  by  a woman  who  is  not  the 
mother.  Booth. 

FOS'TER— EARTH,  n.  Earth  which  is  not  native 
to  a plant.  Phillips. 

FOS'TER-ER,  »•  1.  One  who  fosters  ; a nurse. 

2.  An  encourager  ; a forwarder  ; a promoter. 
“ Fosterers  of  truth.”  Barrow. 

FOS'TER— FA-TII PR,  «•  [A.  S.  foster-fader .] 

One  who  takes  the  place  of  a father  in  bringing 
up  a child  not  his  own.  Bacon. 

FOS'TER-ING,  n.  Nourishment.  Chaucer. 

FOS'TER-ING,  p.  a.  Cherishing;  nourishing; 

feeding. 

FOS'TER— LAND,  n.  Land  allotted  for  maintain- 
ing a person.  Ash. 

FOS'TER-LlNG,  w.  [A.  S.  foster-ling.]  A foster- 
child  ; a nurse-child.  B.  Jonson. 

f FOS'TER-MENT,  n.  Nourishment.  Cockeram. 

FOS'TER-MOTH-ER,  n.  [A.  S.  foster-moder.) 
A woman  who  fosters  a child.  ‘ Arbuthnot. 

FOS'TER— NURSE,  n.  A nurse.  Shak. 

FOS'TER— pAr-ENT,  n.  One  who  assumes  the 
place  of  a parent.  Booth. 

FOS'TER-SIIIP,  n.  The  office  of  a forester;  for- 
estership.  — Sec  Foster,  n.  Churton. 

FOS'TER-SIS-tEr,  n.  [A.  S.  foster-swedster .] 
A female  who  is  brought  up  as  a sister,  though 
not  of  the  same  parents.  Booth. 

FOS'TER— SON  (-sun),  n.  One  fed  and  educated 
as  a son,  thougn  not  a son  by  descent.  Dryden. 

f FOS'TRESS,  n.  A female  who  fosters ; a nurse 
or  foster-mother.  B.  Jonson. 

FOTII'pR,  n.  [A.  S .father-,  Ger.  fuder ; fuhren, 
to  carry.]  A load,  generally  of  lead  or  coals, 
weighing,  in  some  parts  of  Eng.l9£  act. Chaucer. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RIJLE.  — <J,  9,  g,  soft;  €,  G,  5,  hard;  § as  z ; % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


FOTHER 


584 


FOUR-LEGGED 


FoTH'ER,  v.  a.  {JVaut.)  To  stop  a leak  by  means 
of  oakum  stitched  loosely  upon  a sail  which  is 
drawn  under  the  vessel’s  bottom,  the  flow  of 
water  through  the  leak  sucking  it  up  into  the 
aperture.  Francis. 

FOTH'IJR-ING,  n.  The  act  of  stopping  a leak 
with  oakum.  Clarke. 

FOT'MAL,  n.  {Com.)  A term  for  seventy  pounds 
of  lead.  Simmonds. 

FOU-GAde'{ fo-gad'),  ? [Fr.]  {Fort.)  A little 

fQU-GASSE'  ( fo-gas'),  > well-like  mine  filled  with 
combustibles,  sometimes  employed  in  defence 
of  field  forts,  being  placed  under  the  glacis  at 
the  points  where  an  attack  is  expected,  and  oc- 
casionally used  to  destroy  a small  work,  in 
which  case  it  is  sunk  in  the  rampart  or  para- 
pet. P ■ Cyc. 

FOUGHT  (fluvt),  i.  &p.  from  fight.  See  Fight. 

f FOUGH'TEN  (ftw'tn).  The  old  p.  for  Fought. 

FOUL,  a.  [Goth,  fuls ; A.S .ful\  Frs.  ful\  Dut. 
vuil;  Ger.  faitl ; Daxi.  feel.) 

1.  Not  clean  ; filthy ; dirty  ; impure  ; pollut- 
ed ; squalid  ; nasty.  “ Foul  linen.”  Shale. 

2.  Displeasing;  disgusting;  ugly;  loathsome. 

“ Foul  sights.”  Bacon. 

3.  Wicked  ; detestable  ; abominable.  “ A 

foul  fault.”  “ Foul  profanation.”  Shak. 

4.  Disgraceful ; shameful.  “ Foul  defeat.” 
Milton.  “ So  foul  a wrong.”  Shak. 

5.  Unfair  ; dishonorable  ; sinister;  as,  “ Foul 
play  ” ; “ By  fair  means  or  foul." 

6.  Scurrilous;  insulting;  abusive.  “ Fair 

payment  for  foul  words.”  Shak. 

7.  Not  pleasant  or  favorable ; cloudy ; not 
clear  ; — opposed  to  fair  ; as,  “ Foul  weather.” 

8.  {Naut.)  Entangled  or  twisted  with  a cable 
or  rope ; as,  “ Afoul  anchor  ” ; “ Afoul  hawse.” 

It,)  ■ Used  adverbially,  as  to  fall  foul  of  or  to  run 
foul  of  to  fall  upon,  or  run  against,  with  rough  force. 

FOUL,  v.  a.  [».  fouled  ; pp.  fouling,  fouled.] 
To  bedaub  ; to  bemire  ; to  make  filthy  ; to  dir- 
ty; to  soil;  to  defile.  Swift. 

FOU-LARD' , n.  [Fr.]  1.  A kind  of  silk  hand- 
kerchief. Clarke. 

2.  A silk  material  for  ladies’  dresses,  plain, 
dyed,  or  printed.  Simmonds. 

f FOUL'D  Eli,  v.  n.  [Fr.  fouldroyer.  Cotgrave. ] 
To  emit  great  heat.  Spenser. 

FOUL'— FACED  (-last),  a.  Having  an  ugly,  disa- 
greeable, or  hateful  visage.  Shak. 

FOUL’— FEED-ING,  a.  Gross;  of  coarse  food. 
“ Foul-feeding  morsels.”  Bp.  Hall. 

FOUL'LY,  ad  In  a foul  manner. 

FOUL'— MOUTHED  (-mouthd),  a.  Scurrilous ; 
abusive.  “ Foul-mouthed  scolds.”  Pope. 

FOUL'N^SS,  n.  The  state  of  being  foul.  Shak. 

FOUL'— SPOK-EN  (-spo-kn),  a.  1.  Contumelious  ; 
abusive.  “Foul-spoken  coward.”  Shak. 

2.  Speaking  obscenely  or  abusively.  Clarke. 

FOU'MART  (fo'm&rt),  n.  \foulmart;  i.  e.  foul- 
martin.  Richardson.)  (Zoul.)  An  animal  of 
the  genus  Mustela;  the  polecat  orfitqhew;  Mus- 
tela  putorius.  Bell. 

FOUND,  i.  & p.  from  find.  See  Find. 

FOUND,  v.  a.  [L.  fundo,  fundatus ; It.  fondare ; 
Sp.  fundar  ; Fr.  fonder.)  \i.  founded  ; pp. 
founding,  founded.] 

1.  To  lay  the  basis  of ; to  fix,  set,  or  place  ; 
to  ground ; to  base. 

It  fell  not,  for  it  was  founded  upon  a rock.  Matt.  vii.  25. 

2.  To  build  ; to  raise  ; to  erect ; to  construct. 

Wherewith  he  did  the  Theban  city  found.  Dryden. 

3.  To  establish  ; to  institute  ; to  originate  ; 
as,  “To  found  a library  ” ; “ To  found  an  art.” 

There  they  shall  found 

Their  government.  Milton. 

Syn.  — To  found  is  to  lay  the  basis  or  foundation 
of  a building  ; to  ground , to  fix  firmly  ; to  build , con- 
struct, erect , and  raise  are  applied  to  subsequent  acts 
in  an  architectural  process.  Build  a house  ; construct 
the  walls  ; erect  a scaffold  or  monument ; raise  the 
frame  or  roof.  — A charge  is  founded ; a belief, 
grounded.  Cities,  colleges,  &c.,  are  founded ; laws. 


instituted  ; institutions,  principles,  established  ; tribu- 
nals, erected.  — See  Constitute,  Institute. 

FOUND,  v.  a.  [L . fundo,  fusns  ; It.  fonder e ; Sp. 
fundi  r , or  hundir  ; Fr.  fond  re.]  ‘ To  form  by 
melting  and  pouring  into  a mould ; to  cast,  as 
metals,  [it.] 

A second  multitude 

With  wondrous  art  founded  the  massy  ore.  Milton. 

FOUN-DA'TION,  n.  [L.  fundatio ; fundo,  funda- 
tus, to  lay  the  bottom  of ; It.  fondaziohe ; Sp. 
fundacion ; Fr . fondation.) 

1.  The  act  of  founding  or  fixing  the  basis. 

Ne’er  to  these  chambers,  where  the  mighty  rest, 

Since  their  foundation  came  a nobler  guest.  Tickell. 

2.  The  lowest  part  of  a structure  lying  under1 
ground  ; base  ; basis  ; groundwork. 

I lay  the  deep  foundations  of  a wall.  Dryden. 

3.  The  principles,  reasons,  or  ground  on 
which  any  thing  rests,  or  from  which  it  springs. 
“ Hopes  which  have  no  foundation.”  Burke. 

4.  A donation  or  endowment  appropriated 
for  any  purpose,  particularly  for  a charitable  one. 
lie  had  an  opportunity  of  going  to  school  ou  a foundation. 

Swift. 

5.  Establishment ; settlement.  Johnson. 

Syn.  — Foundation  and  basis,  or  base,  are  the  low- 
est parts  of  a structure  : the  foundation  lies  under  the 
ground  ; the  basis  or  base,  above  it.  A good  founda- 
tion', a firm. Aasi.i  or  base.  — There  is  no  foundation  for 
the  report ; no  ground  lor  suspicion. 

FOUN-DA'TION-pR,  n.  A student  supported  or 
assisted  by  a charitable  foundation.  Arnold. 

FOUN-DA'TION-LESS,  a.  Without  any  founda- 
tion. Hammond. 

FOUN-DA'TION— MU^'LIN,  n.  {Manufactures.) 
An  open  gummed  fabric,  used  for  stiffening 
dresses  and  bonnets.  Simmonds. 

FOUN-DA'TION— STONE,  n.  The  first  or  corner- 
stone of  a large  building,  usually  laid  in  public, 
and  with  some  ceremony.  Simmonds. 

FOUND'ER,  n.  1.  One  who  founds;  a builder,  es- 
tablisher,  or  originator.  “ Prameste’s  founder.” 
Dryden.  “ The  honorable  founder  of  this  lec- 
ture.” Bentley. 

2.  One  who  shapes  metals  by  melting  them 
and  casting  them  in  a mould ; a caster. 

Founders  add  a little  antimony  to  their  bcll-metal  to  make 
it  more  sonorous.  Grew. 

3.  A disease  in  the  feet  of  horses.  — See 

Founder,  v.  n.  Loudon. 

FOUN'DER,  v.  a.  [i.  foundered  ; pp.  founder- 
ing, foundered.]  To  cause  a soreness  in  a 
horse’s  foot  so  that  he  cannot  use  it. 

A foundered  horse  will  oft  debate 

Before  he  tries  a five-barred  gate.  Swift. 

FOUN'DER,  v.  n.  [L.  fundus,  the  bottom ; It. 
a fondare,  to  go  to  the  bottom ; Fr.  fondre,  to 
fall.] 

1.  To  fill  with  water,  and  sink.  Falconer. 

2.  To  stumble  ; to  trip  ; to  fall,  as  a horse. 

And  leaped  aside,  and  foundered  as  he  leaped.  Chaucer. 

3.  To  fail;  to  miscarry.  “All  his  tricks 

founder.”  Shak. 

FOUN'DER-OUS,  a.  [Tr-fondritre.—See  Foun- 
der.] Full  of  bogs  ; failing;  ruinous.  “Asad, 
founaerous  road.”  Burke. 

FOU’N'DIJRS-DUST,  n.  Powder  of  charcoal,  or 
of  other  kind  of  coal,  used  by  founders  to  sift 
on  the  moulds.  Simmonds. 

FOUN-DER§—  SAND,  n.  A species  of  sand  used 
by  founders  in  making  moulds.  Simmonds. 

FOUN'DER- Y,  n.  [It.  fonderia  ; Sp.  funderia  ; 
Tx.fonderie.  — See  Found.] 

1.  The  art  of  casting  metals.  Holland. 

2.  A place  in  which  founding  is  carried  on  ; 
a house  and  apparatus  for  casting  metals  in 
various  forms  ; — written  also  foundry. 

His  eyes  having  suffered  by  working  in  the  founcleni. 

Walpole. 

FOUND'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  founds  or 
establishes. 

2.  The  process  of  shaping  metals  by  melting 
them  and  pouring  them  into  a mould. 

FOUND'LING,  n.  [See  Find.]  A new-born  child 
abandoned  by  its  parents  ; a child  found  with- 
out any  known  parent.  Burke. 


FOUND'LING— HOS'PJ-TAL,  n.  A hospital  or 
charitable  institution  for  foundlings.  Walpole. 

FOUND'LING— HOUSE,  n.  A house  for  found- 
lings ; a foundling  hospital.  Rambler. 

FOUN'DRESS,  n.  A woman  that  founds  ; a female 
builder,  establisher,  or  originator.  Tatler. 

FOUN'DRy,  n.  See  Foundery. 

FOUNT,  n.  [L ,fons,fontis  ; It r.fonte.) 

1.  A spring  ; a fountain.  Byron. 

2.  {Printing.)  An  assortment  or  complete  set 

of  printing  types ; a font.  Johnson. 

FOUN'TAIN  (fbfln'tin),  n.  [L . fons,  fontis  \ It. 
fonte,  or fontana;  Sp .fuente-,  Fr. fontaine.) 

1.  Water  issuing  from  the  earth  ; well ; spring. 

Wherever  fountain  or  fresh  current  flowed.  Milton. 

2.  An  artificial  spout,  jet,  or  shower  of  water, 
formed  either  by  the  pressure  of  a head  of  wa- 
ter, or  by  means  of  compressed  air.  Francis. 

3.  The  basin  or  architectural  structure  erected 

for  receiving  and  supplying  water  for  any  use- 
ful or  ornamental  purpose.  Fairholt. 

4.  Source  ; origin  ; first  principle  or  cause. 

Almighty  God,  the  fountain  of  all  goodness.  Com.  Prayer. 

5.  {Printing.)  The  trough  which  supplies 
the  rollers  of  a printing-press  with  ink. 

FOUN'TAIN— HEAD,  n.  1.  The  head  or  first  spring 
of  a river,  or  other  stream.  Young. 

2.  Original  source  ; origin. 

We  have  this  detail  from  the  fountain-head,  from  the  per- 
sons themselves.  Paley. 

Syn.  — See  Origin. 

FOUN'TAIN-LESS,  a.  Havingno  fountain.  Milton. 

FOUN'TAIN— PEN,  n.  A writing  pen  -with  a re- 
servoir for  ink.  Simmonds. 

FOUN'TAIN— TREE,  n.  A name  given  to  a tree 
in  the  Canary  Islands  which  distils  water  from 
its  leaves.  Clarke. 

t FOUNT'FUL,  a.  Full  of  springs.  Chapman. 

FOUR  (lor),  a.  & n.  [Goth .fidwor;  A.  S.  f cower ; 
Dut.  A Ger.  vier  ; Dam.  fire  •,  Sw.Jyra.]  Twice 
two  ; three  and  one  more.  Pope. 

On  all  fours,  on  tile  hands  and  feet,  or  knees.  Swift. 

f FOURBE  (forli),  n.  [Fr.]  A cheat ; a trick;  an 
imposition.  Denham. 

FOUR-QHEF. ' (tor-sha'),  n.  {Her.)  A cross  forked 
at  the  ends.  Craig. 

FOUR’ f HER,  n.  [Fr.]  {Law.)  A device  used  for 
putting  off'  or  delaying  an  action,  as  that  prac- 
tised by  two  or  more  tenants  in  casting  essoins, 
or  making  excuses,  alternately.  Burrill. 

FOUR-QHETTE’,  n.  [Fr.,  a fork.)  {Surg.)  A 
surgical  instrument  used  for  raising  and  sup- 
porting the  tongue  during  the  operation  of  cut- 
ting the  frsenum.  Dunglison. 

FOUR'— COR-NfRED  (-nerd),  a.  Having  four  cor- 
ners or  angles.  Blackstone. 

FOUR'FOLD,  a.  Four  times  told  or  repeated; 
quadruple.  2 Sam.  xii.  6. 

FOUR'FOLD,  v.  a.  To  make  fourfold,  as  an  as- 
sessment. Boag. 

FOUR'FOLD,  n.  Four  times  as  many,  or  as  much. 
“ I restore  him  fourfold.”  Luke  xix.  8. 

FOUR'— FOOT- 1£D  (for'fdt-ed),  a.  Having  four  feet. 

FOUR'-FOUR,  a.  {Mus.)  Noting  a measure  con- 
taining four  crotchets  in  a bar.  Dwight. 

FOUR-GOJP' ,n.  [Fr.]  1.  A wagon ; a wnm.Qu.Rev. 

2.  A fire-poker  ; an  oven-fork  ; a coal-rake. 

Simmonds. 

f6UR'-HAND-UD,  a.  Having  four  hands  ; quad- 
rumanous.  Goldsmith. 

FOU'RIER-I§M,  n.  The  principles  or  the  system 
of  Charles  Fourier,  who  proposed  to  remedy  the 
social  evils  of  life  by  a reconstruction  of  society 
into  small  communities  or  associations  ; pha- 
lansterianism ; socialism. 

Syn.  — See  Socialism. 

FOU'RIER-ITE,  n.  One  who  embraces  the  views 
of  Fourier. 

FOUR'— LEG-GU D,  or  FOUR'-LEGGED,  a.  Having 
four  legs.  Campbell. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long  ; A,  £,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  I,  O,  IT,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


FOURLING 


585 


FRAGOR 


FOUR'LING,  n.  One  of  four  children  born  at  the 
same  birth,  [it.]  For.  Qu.  Rev. 

FOUR-FTEAU'  (for-n5'),  n.  [Fr.]  (Mil.)  The 
chamber  of  a mine  in  which  the  powder  is 
placed.  Mil.  Ency. 

FOUR'PIJNCE,  n.  A British  silver  coin  ; a groat. 

Simmonds. 

fFOUR'RIER  (for'rer),  n.  [Fr.]  A harbinger  ; a 
precursor.  Sir  G.  Buck. 

FOUR'SCORE  (lor'skor),  a.  8c  71.  Four  times 
twenty  ; twice  forty ; eighty. 

f FOUR'SCORTH,  a.  The  ordinal  of  fourscore. 
“ Fourscorth  year  of  her  age.”  Guardian. 

EOUR'SauARE  (for'skwAr),  a.  Quadrangular. 

O fallen  at  length  that  tower  of  strength, 

Which  stood  foursquare  to  all  the  winds  that  blew  I Tennyson. 

FOUR'TEEN,  a.  & 7i.  [A.  S.  feowertyn  ; feower, 

four,  and  tyn,  ten.]  Four  and  ten;  twice  seven. 

FOUR 'TEE  NTH,  a.  The  ordinal  of  fourteen;  the 
fourth  after  the  tenth. 

FOUR-TEENTH  , 7i.  (Mus.)  An  interval  em- 
bracing an  octave  and  a seventh.  Warner. 

FOURTH,  a.  The  ordinal  of  four  ; the  next  af- 
ter the  third. 

FOURTH,  7i.  (Mus.)  An  interval  composed  of 
three  diatonic  intervals,  or  of  two  tones  and  a 
half.  Moore. 

FOURTH'LY,  ad.  In  the  fourth  place. 

FOURTH'-RATE,  7i.  A vessel  of  war  carrying 
from  fifty  to  seventy  guns.  Simmonds. 

FOUR-WHEELED  (for'liweld),  a.  Having  four 
wheels;  as,  “ A. four-wheeled  carriage.” 

FOU'S^L-OIL,  7i.  See  Fusel-oil.  Hoblyn. 

FOU'T£R,  ti.  A despicable  fellow.  Craig. 

f FOU'TRA  (fo'trj),  7i.  [Old  Fr .foutrei]  A scoff. 
— A term  of  contempt.  S/iak. 

FOU'TY  (fo'te),  a.  [Old  Fr .fbutu.\  Despicable. 
[Vulgar.]  Todd. 

FO'VJJ-ATE,  a.  [L.  fovea , a small  pit.]  (Bot.) 
Deeply  pitted.  Gray. 

FO-VE'O-LATE,  a.  [Dim.  of  foveate.]  (Bot.) 
Having  small  holes  or  depressions.  Gray. 

FO-VIL'LA,  71.  [l/.  foveo,  to  nourish.]  (Bot.)  A 
viscous  liquor  contained  in  the  vesicles  which 
compose  the  pollen  of  plants.  Hoblyn. 

FOWL,  7i.  [A.  S.fugel ; Dut.  8;  Ger.  vogeT,  Dan. 
fugl ; Sw.  fogei.  — “ From  the  A.  S.  jicogan,  to 
fly.”  Richardson.  — “From  the  root  of  the  L. 
fugio,  fugo,  Gr.  Qevyui,  and  signifying  the  fly- 
ing animal.”  Webster.  — “The  root  is  the  L. 
v olo,  to  fly.”  Sullivan .] 

1.  A winged  animal ; a bird.  “ Behold  the 

fowls  of  the  air.”  Matt.  vi.  26. 

2.  In  a restricted.sense,  a barn-door  fowl. 

Like  fish,  it  is  often  used  collectively,  for 
fowls  ; as,  “ We  dined  on  fish  and  fowl.” 

FOWL,  v.  7i.  To  hunt,  ensnare,  or  destroy  wild 
fowls  for  food  or  game.  Blacksto7ie. 

FOWL'BR,  7i.  One  who  fowls;  a sportsman  who 
pursues  or  traps  wild  fowl.  Phillips. 

FOVfy'L£R-iTE,  7i.  (Mm.)  A silicate  of  manga- 

nese and  iron ; — so  named  in  honor  of  Dr. 
Fowler.  Dana. 

FoWL'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  or  the  practice  of  en- 
snaring, taking,  or  shooting  birds. 

2.  Falconry  or  hawking.  Todd. 

FOYV’L'ING-PIECE,  n.  A light  gun  for  shooting 
birds.  Mortuner. 

FOX,  71.  ; pi.  FOXES. 

[A.  S .fox  ; Dut.  vos ; 

Ger.  fitchs.) 

1.  (Zoul.)  A wild 
animal  of  the  ge- 
nus Ca7iis,  with  a 
sharp-pointed  muz-  Common  fox  (Cants  vulpes). 

zle,  erect  ears,  thick,  bushy  tail,  and  yellowish 
hair  ; — remarkable  for  cunning.  V.  D.  Hoeven. 

2.  A knave  or  cunning  fellow.  Oticay. 

3.  t A familiar  expression  for  a broadsword. 

O Signior  Dew,  thou  diest  on  point  of  fox.  Shak. 


4.  (Naut.)  A particular  kind  of  strand  made 
of  rope-yarns  twisted  together.  Simm(/7lds. 

FOX,  v.  a.  [Su.  Goth,  foxa,  to  deceive,  to  en- 
trap.] [f.  FOXED  ; pp.  FOXING,  FOXED.] 

1.  To  stupefy  ; to  make  drunk.  Boyle. 

2.  To  make  sour,  as  beer  in  fermenting.  Ure. 

3.  To  repair,  as  boots,  by  adding  new  soles,  and 
covering  the  feet  with  new  leather.  Simmonds. 

FOX'— CASE,  n.  A fox’s  skin.  L'Estra7ige. 

FOX'-CHAse,  7i.  The  pursuit  of  a fox  with 
hounds.  Pope. 

FOXED  (fokst),  a.  1.  Discolored  or  spotted,  as  tim- 
ber, or  the  paper  in  printed  books.  Halliwell. 

2.  Soured,  in  fermenting,  as  beer.  Ure. 

3.  Furnished  with  new  soles  and  feet,  as 
boots. 

j-FOX'B-RY,  n.  Behavior  like  that  of  a fox; 
cunning ;’  artfulness.  Chaucer. 

FOX'-E-VIL  (foks'e-vl),  71.  A disease  in  which 
the  hair  falls  off’.  Johnson. 

FOX'— FISH,  7i.  A species  of  fish.  Johnso7i. 

FOX'GLOVE  (foks'gluv),  7i.  [Supposed  to  be  a 
corruption  o(  folks’  glove.)  (Bot.)  The  common 
name  of  plants  of  the  genus  Digitalis  : — a 
name  especially  applied  to  the  Digitalis  pur- 
purea, probably  derived  from  the  fanciful  resem- 
blance of  its  flowers  to  finger-cases.  Hoblyn. 

To  keep  her  slender  fingers  from  the  sun. 

Pan  through  the  pastures  oftentimes  hath  run 
To  pluck  the  speckled  foxgloves  from  the  stem, 

And  on  those  lingers  neatly  placed  them.  Browne. 

FOX'— HOUND,  7i.  A hound  for  chasing  foxes  ; a 
breed  of  hounds  in  which  are  combined,  in  the 
highest  degree  of  excellence,  fleetness,  strength, 
spirit,  fine  scent,  perseverance,  and  subordina- 
tion. Shenstone. 

FOX'— HUNT,  71.  The  hunting  of  foxes  ; fox- 
hunting. Ch.  Ob. 

FOX'— HUNT-BR,  n.  One  who  hunts  foxes. 

FOX'— HUNT-ING,  n.  The  pursuit  of  the  fox ; 
fox-chase ; fox-hunt.  Some7~ville. 

FOX'— HUNT-ING,  a.  Relating  to,  or  addicted  to, 
the  hunting  of  foxes.  Ch.  Ob. 

FOX'ISH,  a.  Cunning ; artful ; like  a fox.  Tyrwhitt. 

FOX'LIKE,  a.  Resembling  a fox  in  cunning; 
foxish ; foxly.  Goodman. 

f FOX'LY,  a.  Having  the  qualities  of  a fox ; 
foxish  ; foxlike.  Mir.  for  Mag. 

FOX'SHIP,  71.  The  character  of  a fox  ; cunning  ; 
artfulness.  Shak. 

FOX'TAlL,  7i.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  grasses  of  sev- 
eral species ; Alopccm-us.  Loudon. 

FOX'TAlLED  (-tald),  a.  Resembling  the  tail  of 
a fox.  Goldsmith. 

FOX'— TRAP,  n.  A trap,  gin,  or  snare  to  catch 
foxes.  Tatler. 

FOX'Y,  a.  1.  Belonging  to  a fox  ; wily;  artful; 
cunning,  [it.]  Abp.  Cranmer. 

2.  Partially  decayed,  as  timber.  [Local.] 

Bartlett. 

3.  Not  properly  fermented,  as  beer.  [Local, 

Eng.]  Halliwell. 

f FOY,  7i.  [Fr.  _/bi.]  Faith  ; allegiance.  Spenser. 

FOY,  7i.  [Teut .foey.]  A feast  on  leaving  a place. 

[Local,  Eng.]  Halliwell. 

f FOY'SON, 7i.  [Fr.]  Plenty;  foison.  Tusser. 

FRA'CAS  (fra'ktts  or  fru-kV)  [fra-ka',  Sm.  C.  ; fra'- 
ka,  Is.  ■ fra'k?s,  Wbi],  7i.  [Fr.]  A noisy  quar- 
rel; a disturbance.  Cowper. 

Fff  A French  word,  now  in  a great  measure  An- 
glicized. 

FRA'(JHE§,  7i.  pi.  (Glass-making.)  Flatiron  pans 
into  which  the  glass  vessels  already  formed  are 
put,  to  be  placed  in  the  lower  oven,  over  the 
working  furnace.  Craig. 

A FRAq'ID,  a.  \L.  fracidus , soft,  mellow.]  Over- 
ripe ; rotten  from  ripeness,  [k.]  Bloimt. 

f FRACT,  v.  a.  [L.  fra7igo,  fractusi]  To  break  ; 
to  violate.  Shak. 

FRAC'TION  (fr&k'sliun),  n.  [L.  f radio ; frango, 
f /-actus,  to  break ; It.  frazione ; Sp.  fraccion  ; 
Fr.  fraction.] 


1.  The  act  of  breaking ; fracture. 

2.  A small  part ; a fragment. 

The  distributing  [of]  the  bread  to  the  company,  after  the 
benediction  and  fraction , was  customary  among  the  Jews. 

Water  land. 

3.  (Arith.)  One  or  more  equal  parts  into 
which  1 is  divided  ; as,  A,  or  five  sixths ; .25,  or 
twenty-five  hundredths.  ° 

,8Sr-“  Fractions  are  usually  divided  into  two  kinds, 
vulgar  and  decimal.  Vulgar  fractions  are  those  in 
which  the  denominator  is  expressed  and  may  be  any 
quantity.  Decimal  fractions  are  those  in  which  the 
denominator  is  not  expressed  and  is  always  some 
power  of  ten.”  Davies. 

FRAC'TION-AL,  a.  Belonging  to  fractions  ; com- 
prising the  parts  of  a unit ; broken  ; as,  “ Frac- 
tional numbers.” 

FRAC'TION-A-RY,  a.  [Sp.  fraccionario  ; Fr. 
fractionnaire.\  Belonging  to  fractions ; frac- 
tional. Mamidcr. 

FRAc'TIOUS  (frak'shus),  a.  [See  Fraction.] 
Cross  ; peevish  ; fretful ; pettish  ; snappish. 

A fractious  temper—  a temper  easily  disturbed  or  broken. 

Jlichardson. 

FRAC'TIOUS-LY,  ad.  In  a fractious  manner.  Ash. 

FRACTIOUS-NEBS,  n.  The  state  of  being  frac- 
tious ; peevishness  ; fretfulness.  Ash. 

FRAct'URE  (frakt'yur),  m.  [L.  fractura  ; frango, 
fractus,  to  break  ;'  It.  frattura  ; Sp.  fractura  ; 
Fr.  fracture.)  A breach  ; a rupture;  a separa- 
tion ; a breaking,  particularly  of  a bone. 

Fractures  well  cured  make  us  more  strong.  Herbert. 

tin  ‘ “ A simple  fracture,  in  surgery,  is  a fracture  by 
which  the  bone  only  is  divided  ; a compound  fracture 
is  a division  of  the  bone  with  a wound  of  the  integ- 
uments communicating  with  it — the  bone  generally 
protruding.”  Dunglison. 

FRACT'URE  (frakt'yur),  V.  a.  [t.  FRACTURED  ; 
pp.  fracturing,  fractured.]  To  break,  as  a 
bone,  &c.  “ Fractured  columns.”  I.anghortie. 

FRJEN’  U-LUJil  (fren'u-Ium),  71.  [L.  dim.  of 

freenu/n,  a bridle.]  (A/iat.)  The  string  under 
the  tongue.  Crabb. 

FRJE  'JVUJif,  7i.  [L.]  (Anat.)  A ligament  which 

restrains  the  motion  of  a part.  Dunglison. 

FRA-GA ' RJ-A,  7t.  [L.  fragro,  to  smell  sweet.] 

(Bot.)  A genus  of  plants  of  several  species  ; the 
strawberry.  Loudon. 

FRAGILE  (frSj'jl),  a.  [L.  fragilis  ; It.  fragile  ; 
Sp.  fragil ; Fr, fragile.  — See  Fracture.]  Brit- 
tle ; easily  brolcen  ; weak  ; frail.  “ Stone  is  more 
fragile  than  metal.”  Baco7i. 

Syn.  — Fragile  and  brittle  signify  easily  broken. 
Frail,  which  originally  meant  the  same,  is  now  used 
in  a moral  or  figurative  sense.  A fragile  substance 
or  material  ; brittle  glass  ; a frail  mortal  or  woman  ; 
a weak  person  or  resolution.  Toughness  is  the  reverse 
of  brittleness  and  fragility. 

FRA^'ILE-LY,  ad.  So  as  to  be  easily  broken. 

FRA-fJIL/I-TY,  n.  [L.  fragilitas  ; It.  fragilita  ; 
Sp . fragilidad  ; Fr . fragility .] 

1.  The  quality  of  being  fragile  ; brittleness  ; 

easiness  to  be  broken.  Bacon. 

2.  Weakness  ; feebleness;  easiness  to  be  in- 
jured or  destroyed. 

An  appearance  of  delicacy,  and  even  of fragility,  is  almost 
essential  to  it  [beauty].  Burke. 

3.  Frailty  ; liability  to  error  or  sin. 

All  could  not  be  right  in  such  a state,  in  this  lower  age  of 
fragility.  Wotton. 

FRAG'M ENT,  n.  [L.  fragmentum  ; frango,  frac- 
tus, to  break;  It.  it;  Sp . fragmerito;  Fr.  frag- 
ment.'] A part  broken  off  from  a whole  ; a 
broken  piece  ; a remnant ; a scrap. 

They  took  up  the  fragments  that  remained,  twelve  bas- 
kets full.  Matt.  xiv.  20. 

FR AG-MENT'AL,  a.  Consisting  of  fragments; 
fragmentary.  Ec.  Rev. 

FRAg'MBN-TA-RY,  a.  [Fr . fragmentaire.]  Com- 
posed of  fragments  ; fragmental ; broken. Donne. 

Fragmentary  rocks,  ( Geol .)  a term  applied  to  rocks 
apparently  composed  of  the  agglutinated  fragments  of 
other  rocks,  as  breccia  and  conglomerate.  Brande. 

FRAG'MpNT-BD,  a.  Broken  into  fragments ; ex- 
isting in  fragments.  Bratide. 

FRA  ' G OR,  71.  [L.] 

1.  A crash,  as  of  something  breaking.  Watts. 

2.  A sweet  smell;  fragrance.  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

flQf  “ A word  not  justifiable  in  this  sense.”  Todd. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  rBLE.  — Q,  (?,  $,  g,  soft;  €,  G,  £,  1,  hard;  § as  z;  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 

74 


FRAGRANCE 


586 


FRANKPLEDGE 


FRA'GRANCE,  }n.  [L.  fragrantia  ; fragro,  fra- 

FRAfGR  \N-CY  ) grans,  to  smell  j It.  fragraixza  ; 
Sp . fragran'eia.] 

1.  Sweetness  of  smell ; pleasing  scent ; grateful 
odor;  perfume.  “ Ambrosial  f ragrance.”  Mi/ton. 

2.  Rapture  ; ecstatic  pleasure,  [r.] 

With  fragrance  and  with  joy  my  heart  o’erflowed.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Smell. 

FR.A'GRANT,  a.  [L . fragrans,  fragrantis -,  It.  Sj 
Sp .fragrante.]  Odorous  ; sweet  of  smell. 

Fragrant  the  fertile  earth 

After  soft  showers.  Milton. 

FRA'GRANT-LY,  ad.  With  sweet  or  pleasing 
scent. 

FRAIL,  n.  [Old  Fv.fraile.] 

1.  A basket  made  of  rushes,  used  especially 
for  dried  fruit,  as  figs,  raisins,  &c.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  The  quantity  of  figs  or  raisins  contained 

in  the  basket  called  a frail.  Clarke. 

3.  A rush  used  for  making  baskets.  Johnson. 

FRAIL,  a.  [L.  fragilis  ; It .fraile,  or f rale-,  Sp. 

fragil;  Fv.frele. — See  Fragile.] 

1.  Easilybroken  or  destroyed ; fragile;  brit- 
tle ; slender  ; as,  “ A frail  vase.” 

2.  Weak;  infirm ; feeble;  liable  to  decay; 
perishable. 

Lord,  make  me  to  know  mine  end,  and  the  measure  of  my 
days  what  it  is,  that  I may  know  how/rm7  I am.  Fs.  xxxix.  4. 

3.  Easily  led  astray  ; inconstant ; unsteady  ; 

liable  to  error  or  seduction.  “Man  is  frail,  and 
prone  to  evil.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

Syn.  — See  Fragile. 

FRAlL'NJJSS,  n.  Weakness  ; frailty.  Norris. 

FRAIL'TY,  n.  1.  The  state  of  being  frail ; weak- 
ness; infirmity. 

2.  Liability  to  error  ; inconstancy  ; instability. 

“ Woman’s  frailty.”  Milton. 

3.  Fault  proceeding  from  weakness  ; sin  of 
infirmity ; foible  ; imperfection. 

No  further  seek  his  merits  to  disclose, 

Or  draw  his  frailties  from  their  dread  abode.  Gray. 

Syn.  — See  Imperfection. 

FRAi'SQHEUR  (fra’shur),  n.  [Old  Fr.]  Fresh- 
ness ; coolness,  [r.] 

To  taste  the  fraischeur  of  the  purer  air.  Dryden. 

FRAl§E  (friz),  n.  [Fr.] 

1.  A pancake  with  bacon  in  it.  Johnson. 

2.  (Fort.)  A defence  consisting  of  pointed 
iron  or  wooden  spikes  driven  along  the  foot  of 
the  exterior  slope  of  the  parapet,  or  the  top  of 
the  escarp,  in  a horizontal  or  inclined  position, 
so  as  to  prevent  the  work’s  being  escaladed. 

Glos.  of  Mil.  Terms. 

FRAM'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  framed.  Hooker. 

FRAME,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  fremman ; Icel.  fremia ; 
Celto-Breton,  frarnma.]  \i.  framed  ; pp. 
FRAMING,  FRAMED.] 

1.  To  put  together  in  a regular  or  orderly 
manner ; to  construct. 

She  there  devised  a wondrous  work  to  frame , 

Whose  like  on  earth  was  never  framed  yet.  Spenser. 

2.  To  make ; to  form;  to  compose;  to  con- 
stitute. 

Urge  him  with  truth  to  frame  his  sure  replies.  Fope. 

3.  To  regulate ; to  adjust ; to  conform. 

Let  us  not  deceive  ourselves  by  pretending  to  this  excel- 
lent knowledge  of  Christ  Jesus  our  Lord,  if  we  do  not  frame 
our  lives  according  to  it.  . Tillotson. 

4.  To  fabricate  ; to  forge  ; to  invent ; — in  an 
ill  sense  ; as,  “ To  frame  a lie  or  an  excuse.” 

5.  To  place  in  a frame  ; as,  “ To  frame  a pic- 
ture.” 

Syn.  — See  Constitute,  Invent. 

f FRAME,  v.  n.  To  contrive.  Judges  xii.  6. 

FRAME,  71.  1.  The  connected  parts  composing  a 

fabric  or  structure  ; any  thing  made  to  enclose, 
surround,  or  support  something  else ; frame- 
work. “ My  body’s  frame.”  Machin.  “This 
vast  frame  of  the  world.”  Tillotson. 

His  picture  scarcely  would  deserve  a frame.  Dryden. 

2.  Scheme;  system;  constitution;  form. 

Another  party  did  resolve  to  change  the  whole  frame  of 
the  government.  Clarendon. 

3.  Order  ; regularity  ; adjustment. 

A German  clock, 

Still  a-repairiug,  ever  out  of  frame.  Shak. 

4.  Contrivance  ; projection  ; device. 


John  the  Bastard, 

Whose  Bpirits  toil  in  frame  of  villanies.  Shak. 

5.  State  ; condition  ; constitution  ; temper  ; 
as,  “An  unhappy  frame  of  mind.” 

FRAMED  (framd),  p.  a.  Formed;  contrived;  fit- 
ted with  a frame. 

FRAMER,  n.  One  who  frames  ; maker;  former. 
“The  . . . framer  of  those  medals.”  Arbuthnot. 

FRAME'WORK  (-wurk),  n.  A structure  for  sup- 
porting or  enclosing  any  thing  ; a frame  ; a skel- 
eton ; as,  “ The  framework  of  a building.” 

FRAME'WORK— KNIT'TJF.R,  n.  One  who  weaves 
in  a frame.  Hawkins. 

FRAM'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  joining  together. 

2.  Frame;  timberwork ; as,  “The  framing 
of  a house.” 

f FRAm'POLD,  a.  Peevish  ; fretful.  Shak. 

FRANC,  n.  [See  Frank.]  A French  silver  coin, 
equal  to  about  10  pence,  or  20  cents.  McCulloch. 

FRAN'CHI^E  (fran'chiz),  n.  [It.  franchezza  ; Sp. 
franqueza  ; Fr  .franchise.) 

1.  A right  reserved  to  the  people  by  the  con- 
stitution ; as,  “ The  elective  f ranchise.” 

They  had  strength  enough  to  oblige  him  [Kin"  John]  to  a 
solemn  promise  of  restoring  those  liberties  and  franchises 
which  they  had  always  claimed.  Burke. 

2.  A certain  privilege  or  exemption  bestowed 
by  grant  from  the  government,  and  vested  in  in- 
dividuals ; immunity. 

Ill  England,  franchises  are  very  numerous  : they  arc  said 
to  be  royal  privileges  in  the  hands  of  a subject.  Bouvier. 

3.  A district  to  which  a privilege  or  exemp- 
tion belongs.  Spenser. 

4.  An  asylum  or  sanctuary  where  the  persons 
of  refugees  are  secure  from  arrest. 

Churches  and  monasteries  in  Spain  are  franchises  for 
criminals.  London  Ency. 

FRAN'CHI§E  (fran'chiz),  v.  a.  To  enfranchise  ; to 
make  free.  — See  Enfranchise.  Shak. 

FRAn'CHI^E-MENT,  n.  See  Enfranchisement. 

FRAN'£IC,  a.  Relating  to  the  Franks  or  the  lan- 
guage of  the  Franks;  Frankish.  Warton. 

FRAN-CIS'CAN,  n.  ( Ecc! . Hist.)  A monk  of  the 
order  of  St.  Francis,  established  by  him  in  the 
year  1209. 

USf  “ Francis,  through  an  excess  of  humility,  would 
not  suffer  the  monks  of  his  order  to  be  called  ‘ fra- 
tres,’  i.  e.  brethren  or  friars,  but  ‘ fraterculi,’  i.  e. 
little  brethren,  or  friars  minor , by  winch  denomina 
tion  they  still  continue  to  be  distinguished.  Tiiey  are 
also  called  gray  friars,  on  account  of  tire  color  of 
tlieir  clothing.”  London  Ency. 

FRAN-CIS'CAN,  a.  ( Eccl .)  Relating  to  the  order 
of  St.  Francis. 

FRAN'CO-LIn  (frang'ko-lln,  82),  n.  [It.  franco- 
lino  ; Sp.  £,  Fr . francolin.]  ( Ornitli .)  A kind 
of  bird  resembling  the  partridge,  and  by  some 
naturalists  classed  in  the  genus  Perdix,  but  un- 
like the  partridge  it  frequents  damp  places  and 
perches  on  trees.  The  species  are  found  in 
Europe,  Asia,  and  Africa.  Eng.  Cyc.m 

FRAN-QI-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [It.  frangibilita ; Fr . fran- 
gibiliti.]  The  quality  of  being  frangible.  _ Fox . 

FRAN'GI-BLE,  a.  [L .frango,  to  break  ; It . fran- 
ibile-,  Sp.  $ Fr  .frangible.]  That  may  be  bro- 
en  ; easily  broken  ; brittle  ; fragile.  Boyle. 

FRAn'£!-BLE-NESS,  n.  Frangibility.  Perry. 

FRAN'<?I-pANE,  n.  [It.  frangipana  ; Fr .frangi- 
pane .] 

1.  An  extract  of  milk,  for  preparing  artificial 
milk,  made  by  evaporating  to  dryness  skimmed 
milk,  mixed  with  almonds  and  sugar.  Hoblyn. 

2.  A perfume  of  jasmine.  Simmonds. 

f FRAn'ION  (fran'yunjj  n.  [It  may  be  from  A.  S. 

freond,  a friend.  Richardson.']  A paramour  ; 
a boon  companion.  Spenser. 

FRANK  (frangk,  82),  a.  [It.  % Sp.  franco-,  Fr. 
franc  ; Dut.  crank  ; Ger.  <S;  t)a.TX.  frank.] 

1.  Liberal ; generous,  [r.]  L’ Estrange. 

2.  Open  ; ingenuous  ; sincere  ; not  reserved  ; 
candid;  free;  artless;  plain. 

They  [the  Franks]  were  honorably  distinguished  from  the 
Gauls  and  degenerate  Romans,  among  whom  they  established 
themselves  by  their  independence,  their  love  of  freedom,  their 
scorn  of  a lie.  And  thus  it  came  to  pass  that  by  degrees  the 
name  Frank , which  may  have  originally  indicated  merely  a 
national,  came  to  involve  a moral,  distinction  as  well.  'French. 

3.  Without  conditions ; without  payment ; 
gratuitous.  “ It  is  of  frank  gift.”  Spenser. 


4.  f Not  restrained  ; licentious.  Spenser. 

5.  f Fatted;  in  good  condition.  Bale. 

Syn.  — See  Candid. 

FRANK,  n.  [See  Frank,  a.]  1.  One  of  those 

who  were  natives  of  Franconia,  but  who  after- 
wards established  themselves  in  France. 

2.  A term  applied  in  the  East  to  a native  of 

Western  Europe.  Trench. 

I!5p  This  appellation  dates  from  the  crusades,  in 
which  the  French  made  so  conspicuous  a figure  as  to 
be  considered  the  crusading  nation  of  Europe. 

3.  A letter  sent,  or  the  privilege  of  sending 

letters,  by  mail,  free  of  postage.  Pope. 

4.  f A pigsty.  Ray.  Shak. 

5.  A franc. —See  Franc.  Johnson. 

FRANK,  V.  a.  [i.  FRANKED  ; pp.  FRANKING, 

FRANKED.] 

1.  To  free  from  postage  or  expense,  as  letters. 

2.  f To  shut  up  in  a frank  or  pigsty.  Shak. 

3.  f To  feed  high;  to  fatten.  Holinshed. 

FRANK-AL-MOIGN'  (frangk-fd-moin'),  n.  [Old 
Fr.,  free  alms.]  (Eng.  Law.)  A tenure  by  which 
religious  corporations  held  lands  of  the  donor 
on  condition  of  praying  for  the  souls  of  the  de- 
ceased, his  ancestors  and  heirs.  Littleton. 

FRANK'CHAsE,  n.  (Law.)  The  liberty  or  fran- 
chise of  having  a chase ; free  chase.  Burrill. 

FRANKED  (fr&ngkd),  p.  a.  Made  free  ; exempted 
from  postage. 

FRANK'— FEE,  n.  (Eng.  Law.)  A species  of  ten- 
ure in  fee-simple,  being  the  opposite  of  ancient 
demesne,  or  copyhold.  Burrill. 

FRANK'F6LD-A£E,  n.  The  right  of  a landlord 
to  fold  sheep  upon  the  land  of  his  tenant.  Smart. 

FRANK'FORT— BLACK,  n.  Charcoal  procured  by 
the  calcination  of  vine  branches,  and  other  re- 
mains of  the  wine  manufacture  of  Germany  ; — 
used  in  copperplate  printing.  Craig. 

FRAnk'HeArt-£D,  a.  Of  a frank  disposition. 

FRAnK'HEArt-ED-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing of  an  open  or  unreserved  disposition.  Craig. 

FRANkTN-CENSE  [frangk'in-sens,  S.  IV.  P.  J.  E. 
P.  Ja.  K.  Sm.;  frank-in'sens,  J Vb.],n.  [ frank 

and  incense ; — said  to  be  so  called  from  its  lib- 
eral distribution  of  odor.]  A gum  resin,  which 
exudes  from  the  Pinus  abies,  or  common  spruce- 
fir,  and  possesses  a turpentine-like  odor  and 
taste ; galipot ; — called  also,  when  purified, 
Burgundy  pitch. 

XEg*  “ The  frankincense  of  the  ancients  is  supposed 
to  have  been  a species  of  olibanum.”  Eng.  Cyc. 

FRANK'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  making  free ; the 
exemption  of  letters,  &c.,  from  postage. 

2.  (Joinery.)  The  mode  of  forming  the  joints 
where  the  cross-pieces  of  the  frame  of  window- 
sashes  intersect  each  other.  Craig. 

FRANK'ISH,  a.  Relating  to  the  Franks.  Verstegan. 

FRANK'— LAw,  n.  (Old  Eng.  Laic.)  The  liberty 
of  being  sworn  in  courts,  as  a juror  or  a wit- 
ness,— one  of  the.privileges  of  a freeman.  Burrill. 

FRANK'LIN,  n.  [See  Frank.]  A freeholder ; — 
applied,  in  the  time  of  Elizabeth,  to  a man  above 
the  condition  of  a vassal,  but  not  a gentleman. 

I am  a gentleman;  let  boors  and  franklins  say  it.  Shak. 

FRANK-LIN'IC,  a.  (Elec.)  Noting  electricity  ex- 
cited by  friction ; frictional.  Whewell. 

FrANK'LIN-ITE,  n.  (Min.)  A ferriferous  oxide 
of  zinc,  occurring  at  Franklin,  New  Jersey  ; — 
said  to  be  so  named  in  honor  of  Dr.  Franklin. 

FRANK'LY,  ad.  In  a frank  manner ; openly;  freely. 

FRANK'— MAR-RIAGE,  n.  (Laic.)  A tenure  in 
special  tail,  where  lands  are  given  by  one  man 
to  another,  together  with  a wife,  who  is  a daugh- 
ter or  kinswoman  of  the  donor.  Blackstone. 

FRAnK'NESS,  n.  1.  The  state  of  being  frank; 
plainness  ; candor  ; openness  ; ingenuousness. 

Reserve  with  frankness,  art  with  truth,  allied.  Fope. 

2.  Liberality ; generosity.  Johnson. 

FRANK'PLEDGE,  n.  [Low  L.  francus  plegius.] 
(Eng.  Law.)  A decennary,  tithing,  or  friburgh; 
— so  called  because  every  freeman  composing  it 
was  a pledge  or  security  for  tlie  good  conduct 
of  the  others  : — a free  surety  ; an  inhabitant  or 
member  of  a decennary  or  friburgh.  Blackstone. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  f,  short;  A,  £,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  fAr,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  I1ER; 


FREEBORN 


FRANKS 

FRANKS,  n.  pi.  The  ancient  French.  — See 
Frank.  Verstegan. 

FRAnk'-SER-VICE,  n.  Service  performed  by 
freemen.  Ash. 

FRANK'— TEN'5-MENT,  n.  (Law.)  An  estate  of 
freehold.  ’ Blackstone. 

FRAN'TIC,  a.  [Corrupted  from  phrenetic?;  Mad; 
raving ; furious  ; outrageous.  “ Frantic  in  her 
griefs.”  Addison.  “ Frantic  passion. ”•  Drydcn. 

FRAN'TI-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a frantic  manner.  Hurd. 

FRAN'TIC-LY,  ad.  In  a frantic  manner;  fran- 
tically ; madly.  Bale. 

FRAN'TIC-NESSj  n.  Quality  of  being  frantic; 
madness  ; fury  of  passion  ; frenzy.  Sherwood. 

FRAP,  v.  a.  (Naut.)  To  prevent  from  blowing 
loose,  as  a sail,  by  passing  ropes  around  it  : — 
to  pass  ropes  or  chains  round  a weakened  ves- 
sel, so  as  to  keep  her  together  : — to  cross  and 
draw  together  the  several  parts  of  a tackle,  to 
increase  the  tension.  Dana.  Craig. 

t FRAPE,  n.  A rabble  : — a chitter.  R.  Brunne. 

FRA-TER'NAL,  a.  [L.  fraternus  ; f rater,  a broth- 
er ; It.  fraternale  ; Sp.  fraternal',  Fr.  frater- 
nal.) 

1.  Belonging  to  brothers.  “ A land  drenched, 
it  may  be,  in  fraternal  blood.”  D.  Webster. 

2.  Brotherly;  becoming  brothers.  “ Frater- 
nal tenderness.”  Blair. 

Syn.  — See  Fatherly. 

FRA-TER'NAL-LY,  ad.  In  a brotherly  manner. 

FRA-TER'N.ATE,  v.  n.  To  associate  as  brothers  ; 
to  fraternize,  [r.]  Jefferson. 

FRA-TER-NA'TION,  or  FRA'T?R-NI§M,  n.  Frat- 
ernization. [r!]  Jefferson. 

FRA-TER'NI-TY,  n.  [L . fraternitas  ■,  It . frater- 
nity •,  Sp . fraternidad ; F r.  f rat  emit  e.] 

1.  State  or  quality  of  a brother.  Johnson. 

2.  A body  of  men  united  for  mutual  interest 
or  improvement ; a society  ; an  association  ; a 
brotherhood;  as,  “ The  Masonic  fraternity.” 

3.  Men  of  the  same  occupation,  class,  or  char- 
acter. “ The  . . .fraternity  of  poets.”  Milton. 

FRAT-ER-NI-ZA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  uniting  as 
brothers.  Burke.  Sydney  Smith. 

FRA-TER'NIZE  [fra-ter'nlz,  Ja.  K.  Sm.  R.  Wb. 
Todd ; frat'er-niz,  Maunder],  v.  n.  [It.  frater- 
nizzare-,  Fr.  fraternise/'.)  To  agree  or  asso- 
ciate as  brothers.  Cotgrave. 

FRA-TER'NIZE,  v.  a.  To  cause  to  associate  as 
brothers. 

A regular  correspondence  for  fraternizing  the  two  nations 
had  also  been  carried  on.  Burke. 

FRA-TER'NIZ-ER,  it.  One  who  fraternizes  or 

holds  fellowship  with  another.  Burke. 

f FRA'TRAQE,  n.  (Law.)  A partition  among 
brothers  or  coheirs  coming  to  the  same  inherit- 
ance or  succession  : — a younger  brother’s  in- 
heritance. Crabb.  Maunder. 

FRAT-RI-CI'DAL,  a.  Relating  to  fratricide,  or 
the  murder  of  a brother.  Sir  IF.  Jones. 

FRAT'RI-CIDE  [frat're-sld,  S.  IF.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K. 
Sm.  R.  C.  Wb.  ; fra'tre-sid,  /’.] , n.  [L.  fratri- 
cidium  ; frater,  a brother,  and  credo,  to  hill ; It. 
S;  Sp.  fratricida,  fratricidio  ; Fr.  fratricide.) 

1.  The  murder  of  a brother.  Howell. 

2.  The  murderer  of  a brother.  L.  Addison. 

FRAUD,  n.  [L.  fraus  ; It.,  Sp.,  8;  Fr.  fraurle .] 
Deceit ; cheat ; guile  ; deception  ; trick  ; arti- 
fice ; subtlety  ; stratagem  ; imposition. 

nis  heart  as  far  from  fraud  as  heaven  from  earth.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Artifice,  Cheat. 

FRAUD'FUL,  a.  Treacherous;  artful;  subtle; 
trickish  ; deceitful.  “That  fraudful  man. "Shak. 

FRAUD'FUL-LY,  ad.  Deceitfully  ; artfully;  subtly. 

FRAUD'LESS,  a.  Without  fraud.  Craig. 

FRAud'LESS-LY,  ad.  Without  fraud.  Craig. 

FRAUD'Lf.SS-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  with- 
out fraud.  Boag. 

FRAUD'U-LENCE,  )n  [L.  fraudulent; a ; It. 

FRAUD'U-LEN-CY,  ) fraudolenza  ; Sp.  fraudu- 


587 

lencia.]  Deceitfulness  ; trickery  ; cheating  ; 
artifice  ; fraud. 

Euryalus,  in  Virgil,  wins  the  race  by  downright  fraud u- 
lence.  Hart. 

The  Egyptians  were  guilty  of  inexcusable  fraud ulency. 

(Jet/ tics. 

FRAUD'U-LENT,  a.  [L.  fraudulentus  ; It.frau- 
dolente  ; Sp . fraudulento.] 

1.  Full  of  fraud;  trickish;  subtle;  deceitful; 
treacherous  ; deceptive ; fallacious. 

Many  who  are  very  ju^t  in  their  dealings  between  man 
and  man  will  yet  be  ver y fraudulent  or  rapacious  witli  regard 
to  the  public.  Clarke . 

2.  Obtained  by  fraud  ; as,  “ A fraudulent  con- 
quest.” Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Fallacious. 

FRAUD'U-LENT-LY,  ad.  By  fraud  ; by  deceit. 

FRAUD'y-LJJNT-NESS,  ii.  The  quality  of  being 
fraudulent ; fraudulency.  Scott. 

FRAUGHT  (frawt), p.  a.  [See  Freight.]  Laden; 
charged  ; filled  ; stored  ; freighted. 

A vessel  of  our  country  richly  fraught.  Shak. 

Having  the  minds  of  men  with  fury  fraught.  Spenser. 

f FRAUGHT  (fravvt),  n.  A freight;  a cargo.  Shak. 

f FRAUGHT  (frlwt),  v.  a.  To  load  ; to  crowd;  to 
freight.  Bacon. 

fFRAUGIIT'ApE  (frawt'jj),  n.  Lading;  cargo; 
freight.  Milton. 

FRAX-I-NEL'LA,  n.  The  name  of  a plant  be- 
longing to  the  genus  Dictamnus.  Eng.  Ency. 

FRAx'I-NINE,  n.  (Chem.)  A neutral  vegetable 
principle,  of  a bitter  taste,  obtained  from  the 
bark  of  the  Fraxinus  excelsior.  Ogilvie. 

FRjIX'I-JVUS,  n.  [L.,  an  ash-tree .]  (Bot.)  A 
genus  of  plants,  under  which  the  common  ash 
is  comprehended.  P.  Cyc. 

FRAY  (fra),  ii.  1.  A rub  or  chafe  in  cloth.  Ogilvie. 

2.  A battle  ; a fight ; a combat. 

After  the  bloody  fray  at  Wakefield  fought.  Shak. 

3.  A broil ; a quarrel ; a riot ; an  affray.  Shak. 

FRAY  (fra),  v.  a.  [L.  frico,  to  rub;  It.  fregare; 
Sp .fregar;  Fr .frayerJ]  [i.  frayed  ; pp.  fray- 
ing, FRAYED.] 

1.  To  rub  ; to  wear  ; as,  “ To  fray  cloth.” 

A deer  is  said  to  fray  her  head  when  she  rubs  it  against  a 
tree  to  cause  the  outward  coat  of  her  new  horns  to  tail  off. 

Wlialley. 

2.  To  terrify  ; to  frighten. 

Fishes  are  thought  to  be  frayed  with  the  motion  caused 
by  noise  upon  the  water.  Bacon. 

FRAY'ING,  n.  Peel  of  a deer’s  horn.  B.  Jonson. 

t FRAYNE,  v.  [A.  S.  frasian.]  To  ask.  Chaucer. 

FREAK  (frek),  ii.  [M.  frout,  a freak.  — Ger .frech, 
impudent,  bold.  Wachter.  — Icel.  freka,  to 
hasten.  Todd.  — The  A.  S .free  is  overbold.'] 
A sudden  and  causeless  change  or  turn  of  mind  ; 
a caprice  ; a fancy  ; a whim  ; a capricious  prank. 
“ Wild/ra/As  of  fancy  and  humor.”  Glanville. 

Syn.  — See  Whim. 

FREAK,  v.  a.  [See  Fleck,  or  Freckle.]  To 
variegate ; to  checker.  “ Pansy  freaked  with 
jet.”  [r.]  Milton. 

FREAK'ISII,  a.  Capricious  ; whimsical ; humor- 
some. 

Freakish  when  well,  and  fretful  when  she ’s  sick.  Pope. 

FREAK'ISH-LY,  ad.  Capriciously;  whimsically. 

FREAK'ISII-NESS,  n.  Capriciousness;  whimsi- 
calness. Johnson. 

fi  FREAM,  v.  n.  [L ,fremo\  Fr .fremir.]  To  growl 
or  grunt  as  a boar.  Bailey. 

FREC'KLE  (frek'kl),  n.  [Ger .fleck,  a spot.  John- 
son. See  Fleck.  — Perhaps  from  L.  frico  ; It. 
fregare,  to  rub.] 

1.  A spot  of  yellowish  or  brown  color  on  the 

skin.  Dry  den. 

2.  Any  spot  or  discoloration. 

Therefore  cover  such  [the  choicest  tulips]  with  mats  or 
canvas,  to  prevent  freckles.  Evelyn. 

FREC'KLE  (frek'kl),  V.  a.  & n.  To  give  freckles 
to : — to  acquire  freckles.  Smart. 

FREC'KLED  (frek'kld),  a.  Spotted;  maculated. 
“ Th o freckled  cowslip.”  Shak. 

EREC'KLED-NESS  (frek'lcld-nes),  n.  The  state  of 
being  freckled.  Sherwood. 


FREC'KLE— FACED  (frek'kl-fast),  a.  Having  a 
face  full  of  freckles.  Beau.  § FI. 

FRECK'LY,  a.  Full  of  freckles  ; spotted  .Sherwood. 

FRED.  [A.  S.fred ; Dut.  vreede ; Ger .friede ; Dan. 

fred  ; Icel.  frulr ; Sw.  fred,  frid .]  A syllable 
used  in  composition,  and  signifying  peace  ; — so 
Frederic  is  powerful  or  wealthy  in  peace ; Win- 
fred,  victorious  peace.  Gibson. 

f FRED'STOLE,  ii.  [A.  S.  fredstol-,  fred,  peace, 
and  stol,  a stool  or  seat.]  A sanctuary  near  an 
altar.  Maunder. 

FREE,  a.  [Goth,  frija  ; A.  S.freo,  or  frig  ; Dut. 
vrij ; Ger.  frei  ; "Dan.  <y  Sw.yW.] 

1.  Being  at  liberty  ; having  liberty  ; independ- 
ent; not  confined,  restrained,  or  enslaved.  “As 
free  as  mountain  winds.”  “ I was  born  free  as 
Caesar.”  Shak.  “ A free  nation.”  Temple. 

Robes  loosely  flowing,  hair  as  free.  B.  Jonson . 

2.  Established  by  the  people;  — opposed  to 
arbitrary,  despotic,  or  absolute ; as,  “ A free 


government.” 

3.  Released  ; liberated  ; delivered.  “ Free 

from  the  bondage  you  are  in.”  Shak. 

4.  Exempt ; clear  ; — generally  with  from. 

“ Free  from  gross  passion.”  Shak. 

5.  Guiltless  ; innocent ; unoffending. 

Make  mad  the  guilty,  and  appall  the  free.  Shak. 


6.  Open  ; without  restrictions  ; unreserved. 

Defaming  as  impure  what  God  declares 

Pure,  and  commands  to  some,  leaves  free  to  all.  Milton. 

7.  Unobstructed ; unimpeded ; as,  “ A free 
circulation  of  air.” 

8.  Frank;  candid;  unreserved;  ingenuous. 

I shall  desire  you,  sir,  to  give  me  leave 

To  have  Jree  speech  with  you.  Shak. 

9.  Liberal  ; generous  ; not  parsimonious. 

“ Overcharging  your  free  purses.”  Shak. 

10.  Gratuitous ; given  without  charge ; as, 
“ Free  admittance  to  a public  exhibition.” 

11.  Prodigal ; lavish  ; licentious. 

The  critics  have  been  very  free  in  their  censures.  Felton. 

12.  Invested  with  franchises  ; possessing  im- 
munities or  privileges. 

To  what  end 

Art  thou  of  Bethlem’s  noble  college  free ? Drydcn. 

13.  Familiar;  not  coy,  shy,  or  prudish. 

But  come  the  goddess  fair  and  free , 

In  heaven  ycleped  Euphrosyne.  Milton. 

14.  Spirited  ; ready  to  go  without  urging. 

Ranging  the  forest  wide  on  courser  free.  Spenser . 

15.  (Bot.)  Not  united  with  any  other  parts  of 

a different  sort.  Gray. 

Syn. — See  Candid,  Clear. 

FREE,  v.  a.  [i.  freed  ; pp.  freeing,  freed.] 

1.  To  set  at  liberty;  to  liberate.  “I’ll  pay 

the  debt,  and_/ree  him.”  Shak. 

2.  To  rid;  to  make  clear  ; — sometimes  with 
of,  but  generally  with  from.  “No  better  way 
to  he  freed  of  these  inconveniences.”  Clarendon. 

Our  land  is  from  the  rage  of  tigers  freed.  Drydcn. 

3.  To  exempt ; to  secure. 

No  man’s  pie 

Is  freed  from  his  ambitious  finger.  Shak. 

Syn.—  See  Deliver. 

FREE'-A'GEN-CY,  n.  The  power  or  the  state  of 
acting  freely,  or  without  necessity  or  constraint 
of  the  will.  Edtcards. 

FREE'BENCH,  n.  (Law.)  A widow’s  dower  in  a 
copyhold.  Blackstone. 

FREE'BOOT-ER,  ii.  [Dut.  v rybuiter;  Ger . frei- 
beuter.  — See  Booty,  and  Filibuster.]  A'  rob- 
ber ; a plunderer ; a pillager.  Bacon.  Clarendon. 

FREE'BOOT-^-RY,  n.  The  act  or  plunder  of  a 
freebooter.  Booth. 

FREE'BOOT-ING,  n.  Robbery ; plunder.  Spenser. 

FREE'BOOT-ING,  a.  Relating  to  or  like  free- 
booters. For.  Qu.  Rev. 

FREE'BOOT-Y,  ll.  Pillage;  plunder ; freeboot- 
ery.  Butler. 

FREE'BORD,  n.  [See  Border.]  (Law.)  Ground 
claimed  without  or  beyond  a fence  or  other 
boundary.  Jacob. 

FREE'BORN,  a.  Born  free  ; not  a slave  ; inherit- 
ing liberty. 


And  the  chief  captain  answered.  With  a great  sum  ob- 
tained  I this  freedom.  And  Paul  said,  But  I was \freclorn. 

slots  xxii.  28. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RIJLE.  — 9,  <?,  g,  soft ; C,  G,  £,  |,  hard;  § as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


FREE-CIIAPEL 


588 


FRENZY 


FREE'— CHAP-EL,  n.  ( Eng . Laic.)  A chapel 

founded  by  the  king,  or  by  a person  to  whom 
the  sovereign  has  granted  the  privilege,  and  ex- 
empted from  episcopal  jurisdiction.  lluok. 

FREE'-CHURCH,  n.  (Eccl.  Hist.)  The  designa- 
tion of  a large  party  that  separated  from  the 
Church  of  Scotland  in  1843.  Brande. 

FREE'— 9IT-Y,  n.  A city  not  subject  to  any  par- 
ticular prince,  but  governed  as  a republic  by  its 
own  magistrates.  [Germany.]  Murray. 

FREE'-Cf)ST,  n.  Freedom  from  expense.  South. 

t FREE'— DEN'I-ZEN  (-zn),  v.  a.  To  make  free  ; 
to  enfranchise.  Bp.  Hall. 

FREE'-DEN'I-ZEN,  n.  A citizen.  [11.]  Dr.  Jackson. 

FREED'mAN,  n. ; pi.  freed'mEn.  One  who  has 
been  freed  from  servitude.  Dryden. 

FREE'DOM,  n.  [A.  S.  freodom-,  freo,  free,  and 
dom,  jurisdiction  : — Dut.  vrijdom .] 

1.  The  state  of  being  free  ; liberty  ; exemp- 
tion from  servitude,  necessity,  or  restraint ; in- 
dependence. 

How  tame  is  the  Romanized  “liberty"  in  comparison 
with  the  old  Gothic,  German,  and  English./reec/om./iosu  o/  t/o 
Liberty  1 Freedom!  Tyranny  is  dead.  Shak. 

2.  Privileges ; franchises  ; immunities. 

If  you  deny  it,  let  the  danger  light 

Upon  your  charter  and  your  city’s  freedom.  Shak. 

3.  Frankness;  candor;  ingenuousness.  “I 
speak  it  in  the  freedom  o[  my  knowledge.”  Shak. 

4.  Assumed  familiarity: — in  this  sense  it 
has  a plural. 

He  will  not  suffer  any  freedoms  to  be  taken  with  him.  Todd. 

Syn.  — Freedom  and  liberty,  applied  to  nations  and 
individuals,  are  often  used  synonymously.  Freedom 
is  personal  and  private ; liberty , public.  Freedom 
from  guilt  or  punishment ; freedom  of  manners,  of  the 
will,  or  of  conversation  ; liberty  of  conscience,  of  the 
press,  of  the  subject.  Civil  and  religious  liberty.  A 
slave  obtains  his  freedom  ; a captive,  his  liberty.  — 
“May  I take  the  liberty ?”  In  this  case,  freedom 
would  be  less  proper. 

FREE'— FISH-E-KY,  n.  (Law.)  An  exclusive  right 
of  fishing  in  a public  river.  Blackstone. 

FREE'-FOOT-ED  (-fut'ed),  a.  Not  restrained  in 
the  march.  Shak. 

FREE'— GRACE,  n.  ( Theol .)  Voluntary  and  un- 
merited favor.  Milton. 

FREE'-HEART-ED  (-liirt'ed),  a.  Liberal;  gen- 
erous ; bounteous.  Davies. 

FREE'— HEART-ED-LY,  ad.  In  a liberal  manner  ; 
generously.  Clarke. 

FREE’-HEART-ED-NF.SS,  n.  Frankness;  gen- 
erosity ; liberality  ; openness  of  heart.  Craig. 

FREE'IIOLD,  n.  (Law.)  An  estate  in  land  or 
other  real  property,  held  by  a free  tenure  for 
life,  or  for  some  uncertain  period ; frank-tene- 
ment.  Blackstone. 

FREE'HOLD-ER,  n.  One  who  has  a freehold,  or 
frank-tenement.  Davies. 

FREE'— LIV-ER,  n.  One  who  gives  great  indul- 
gence to  his  appetites.  Craig. 

FREE'— LIV-ING,  n.  Free,  careless,  or  luxurious 
living.  Dr.  Allen. 

FREE'LY,  ad.  In  a free  manner;  without  re- 
straint.— See  Free. 

FREE'MAN,  jt. ; pi.  free'men.  1.  One  who  is  in 
the  enjoyment  of  freedom ; one  not  a slave  or 
vassal. 

He  is  the  freeman  whom  the  truth  makes  free.  Coivper. 

2.  One  possessed  of  certain  rights,  privileges, 
or  immunities.  Addison. 

FREE'— MAR-TIN,  n.  A female  twin  calf,  whose 
mate  is  a male  : —generally  an  hermaphrodite 
and  therefore  barren,  but  in  some  cases  capable 
of  breeding.  Youatt. 

FREE'MA-SON  (-ma-sn),  n.  One  of  an  ancient 
institution  or  society,  said  to  have  been  com- 
posed originally  of  masons  or  builders  in  stone  ; 
a mason. 

Some  deep  freemasons  join  the  silent  race.  Pope. 

FREE'MA-SON-Ry,  n.  The  institution,  craft,  sci- 
ence, or  principles  of  freemasons.  Hawkins. 

FREE'— MINII-pD,  a.  Unperplexed  ; without  care  ; 
free  from  anxiety.  Bacon. 


FREE'NESS,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
free ; liberty  ; freedom.  Wilson. 

FREE'— PLAY,  n.  Full  play;  liberty  of  acting 
freely.  lloget. 

FREE'— PORT,  n.  A port  where  goods  may  be  land- 
ed free  from  custom-house  restrictions.  Clarke. 

FREE'— PUB'LIC— HOUSE,  n.  A public  house  not 
belonging  to  a brewer,  the  landlord  of  which 
has,  therefore,  free  liberty  to  brew  his  own  beer, 
or  purchase  where  he  chooses.  Simmonds. 

FRE'ER,  n.  One  who  gives  freedom.  Sherwood. 

FREE'-SjCIIOOL  (-skol),  n.  A school  founded 
and  endowed,  or  so  supported  as  to  be  free  of 
charge  to  the  scholars.  Swift. 

FREE'— SOC-Af/E,  n.  (Eng.  Law.)  A species  of 
tenure  of  lands  ; common  socage.  Blackstone. 

FREE'— Sl’OrKEN  (-kn),  a.  Speaking  without  re- 
serve ; frank.  “ Free-spoken  and  plain-hearted 
men.”  Milton. 

FREE'— STATES  (-stats),  «.  pi.  The  states  of  the 
American  Union  in  which  slavery  does  not  exist. 

FREE'STONE,  n.  A term  applied  to  such  of  the 
sandstones  used  for  building  as  work  freely 
under  the  tools.  Tomlinson. 

FREE'— STUFF,  jt.  Timber  without  knots.  Weale. 

FREE'THINK-ER  [fre'thlngk-er,  J.  F.  Sm.  WT>. 
llees  ; fre-thlngk'er,  S.  W.  P.  Ja.f  n.  A term 
assumed  by  disbelievers  in  a divine  revelation  ; 
a deist ; a sceptic. 

Syn.  — See  Infidel. 

FREE'THINIv-ING,  jt.  Contempt  of  revealed  re- 
ligion ; deism.  Bp.  Berkeley. 

FREE'TIIINK-ING,  a.  Deistical ; not  believing 
in  a divine  revelation.  Savage. 

FREE'— TONGUED  (-tungd),  a.  Speaking  freely  ; 
free-spoken.  Bp.  Hall. 

FREE'-TRAdE,  jt.  Trade  or  commerce  free  from 
restrictions  ; free  interchange  of  commodities  ; 
commercial  reciprocity.  Qu.  Rev. 

FREE— VVAR'R£N  (-wor'ren),  n.  (Laic.)  Privilege 
of  preserving  and  of  killing  game.  Blackstone. 

FREE'— WILL,  Jt.  1.  Unrestrained  will  ; the  pow- 
er of  directing  one’s  own  actions  without  con- 
straint by  necessity  or  fate.  Locke. 

2.  Voluntariness  ; spontaneity.  Ezra  vii.  13. 

FREE'— WILL,  a.  Voluntary;  spontaneous;  done 
freely.  “ free-icill  offering.”  Ps.  cxix.  108. 

FREE'-WOM-AN  (-wum'rm),  n.  A woman  not 

enslaved.  1 Macc.  ii.  11. 

FREEZE,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  frysan ; Dut.  vriezen ; Ger. 
frieren-,  Dan.  fry  sc ; Sw.  frysa.]  [».  froze  ; 

pp.  FREEZING,  FROZEN.] 

1.  To  be  congealed  with  cold,  as  water ; to 
become  solid  by  loss  of  heat  or  reduction  of 
temperature. 

2.  To  be  of  that  degree  of  cold  at  which  water 
is  congealed. 

Orpheus  with  his  lute  marie  trees 

And  mountain  tops  that  freeze 

Bow  themselves  when  he  did  sing.  Shak. 

3.  To  become  chilled,  so  as  to  endanger  or  de- 
stroy life. 

My  life-blood  freezing  with  unkindly  cold.  Spenser. 

FREEZE,  v.  a.  1.  To  congeal  with  cold  ; to  hard- 
en into  ice. 

Pure  alcohol  has  never  been  frozen.  Silliman. 

2.  To  chill  so  as  to  endanger  or  destroy  life. 

Then  upward  to  the  seat  of  life  he  goes. 

Sense  fled  before  him;  what  he  touched  h e froze.  Dryden. 

FREEZ'ING,  p.  a.  1.  Congealing  with  cold. 

2.  Chilling;  cold;  as,  “ A freezing  manner 
or  answer.’’ 

FREEZ'ING,  n.  The  act  of  congealing  with  cold. 

Beneath  the  freezings  of  the  northern  cold.  JBrome. 

FREEZ'ING-I.Y,  ad.  In  a cold  or  chilling  manner. 

FREEZ'ING— MIXT'URE,  n.  A preparation,  as  of 
snow  and  salt  or  of  chemical  salts,  for  produ- 
cing congelation  artificially.  Silliman. 

FREEZ'lNG-PolNT,  Jt.  That  degree  of  cold  shown 
by  a thermometer,  at  which  water  begins  to  con- 
geal, being  32°  of  Fahrenheit’s  scale.  Silliman. 


FREIGHT  (frat),  v.  a.  [Dut.  vragten  ; Ger .frach- 
ten.  — See  the  noun.]  [i.  freighted;  pp. 
FREIGHTING,  FREIGHTED,  Or  FRAUGHT.  — 
Fraught  is  more  properly  an  adjective  than  a 
participle.] 

1.  To  load  for  transportation  ; as,  “ To  freight 
a ship  with  cotton.” 

2.  To  load,  as  the  burden  does. 

It  should  the  good  ship  so  have  swallowed,  and 

The  freighting  souls  within  her.  Shak. 

FREIGHT  (frat),  n.  [Dut.  vragt ; Ger .fracht; 
Dan.  fragt ; Sw .fracht.  — Fr  .fret.] 

1.  The  cargo  or  lading  of  a ship. 

2.  The  burden  or  load  of  the  carriages  used 
upon  railroads  for  transportation. 

3.  The  money  due  for  the  transportation  of 
goods ; freightage. 

Syn.  — Freight,  cargo,  and  lading  are  all  used  to 
denote  the  merchandise,  or  substances,  with  which  a 
vessel  is  laden.  Barden  is  the  number  of  tons  which 
a vessel  will  carry. 

FREIGHT'AtJlE  (frat'fij),  jt.  Money  due,  charged, 
or  paid,  for  freight.  Milton. 

FREIGHTER  (frat'er),  Jt.  One  who  freights. 

FREIGHT'LpSS  (frat'les),  a.  Without  freight. 

t FREN,  n.  A stranger.  Spenser. 

FRENCH,  n.  1.  The  language  of  the  French. 

2.  pi.  The  people  of  France. 

FRENCH,  a.  (Geog.)  Belonging  to  France  or  the 
French. 

The  affectation  of  using  French  and  Italian  words  in  Eng- 
lish speech  was  a national  failing  as  far  back  as  the  times  of 
Elizabeth,  and  continues  to  this  day.  Smart. 

To  take  French  leave , to  go  away  without  taking 
leave  of  the  company.  Grose. 

FRENCH'— BEAN,  n.  The  common  dwarf  bean. Lee. 

FRENCH'-BER-RY,  n.  Avignon-berry.  Clarke. 

FRENCH'-CH.ALK  (-cMwk),  n.  (Min.)  Steatite 
or  soapstone  ; a soft  magnesian  mineral : — 
used  for  marking  cloth.  Ure. 

FRENCH'-GRAss,  n.  Sainfoin.  Todd. 

FRENCH'— IION 'EY-SUC'KLE,  Jt.  The  plant 
Hedgsarum  coronation  ; — called  also  garland 
honeysuckle.  Lee. 

FRENCH'— HORN,  Jt.  (Mus.)  A wind-instrument, 
made  of  metal,  and  having  several  curves ; — 
used  in  hunting  and  in  the  orchestra.  Dwight. 

FRENCH 'I-FIED  (-fid),/),  a.  Conformed  to  French 
principles,  manners,  or  habits.  Burke. 

FRENCH'I-FY,  V.  a.  [t.  FRENCHIFIED;  /J/J. FRENCH- 
IFYING, FRENCHIFIED.]  To  make  French;  to 
infect  with  the  manners  of  the  French  ; to  Gal- 
licize. Beau.  A FI. 

FRENCH'— LIKE,  a.  Resembling  the  French  ; 
Frenchified.  Bp.  Hall. 

FRENCII'M  AN,  n. ; pi.  Frenchmen.  A native  or 
an  inhabitant  of  France.  Clarke. 

FRENCH'— PIE,  n.  (Ornith.)  A name  of  the  great 
spotted  woodpecker  ; Picus  major.  YarreU. 

FRENCH'— PLUM,  n.  (Bot.)  A variety  of  the  Pru- 
nus  domesticus.  Simmonds. 

FRENCH'-POL-ISH,  n.  A gum  resin  dissolved  in 
spirit,  used  for  polishing  flat  surfaces.  Tomlinson. 

FRENCH'— WHITE,  n.  Finely  pulverized  talc. 

Hohlyn. 

FRENCH'— WIL-LOW,  Jt.  A plant  ; rosebay-wil- 
low-herb.  Booth. 

FRf.-NET'IC  [fre-net'jk,  J.  F.  Sm.  C.  Wb.  Ash, 
Fares ; fren'e-tik,  S.  E.  K. ; fre-nel'ik  or  fren'e- 
tjk,  W.  P.  Jiz.j,  a.  [Gr.  tpoevr/rueds ; the 

mind  ; It.  § Sp.  frcnctico  ; Yr.fiemtiguc.)  Mad  ; 
distracted;  raving;  frantic;  phrenetic.  Milton. 

FRE-NET'I-CAL,  a.  Mad  ; frenetic.  Hall. 

FREN'ZI-CAL,  a.  Frantic;  filled  with  frenzy; 
frenzied  ; frenetic  ; furious.  Orrery. 

FREN'ZIpD,  a.  Affected  with  madness.  Craig. 

FREN'ZI-ED-LY,  ad.  In  a frenzied  manner.  Clarke. 

FREN'ZY,  Jt.  [Gr.  tpooTris ; <po?/r,  the  mind ; L. 
phrenitis,  or  phrenesis;  It.  frenesia ; Sp.  fretie- 
si ; Fr.  fremisie.]  Madness;  any  violent  pas- 
sion approaching  to  distraction  ; phrensy. 

The  poet’s  eye,  ill  a fine  frenzy  rolliug.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Insanity. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short; 


A,  E,  1,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  fAr,  FAST,  FALL ; 


H£lR,  HER; 


FRIAR 


FREQUENCE 


589 


FRE'aUIJNCE  (fre'kwens),  n.  Frequency.  Milton. 

FRE'aUIJN-CY,  n.  [L.  frequentia, frequens ; It. 
frequenza ; "Sp . frecuencia  ■,  Fr.  frequence.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  frequent ; repetition  ; 
common  occurrence. 

Its  [a  miracle’s]  force  aud  influence  would  be  lost  by  the 
frequency  of  it.  Atterbury. 

2.  Concourse  ; full  assembly.  B.  Jonson . 

FRE'aupNT,  a.  [L.  frequens ; ll.  frequents ; Sp. 
frecuente ; Fr . fifquent.) 

1.  Often  done  ; often  seen  ; often  occurring  ; 

common  ; usual.  “ Frequent  meetings  and  con- 
ferences.” Middleton. 

2.  Used  often  to  act.  “ Loud  and  frequent  in 
declaring  himself  hearty  for  the  government.” 

3.  Crowded  ; thronged ; — used  in  poetry.  “A 

frequent  senate.”  B.  Jonson. 

Syn. — See  Common. 

FRE-aUENT'  (114)  [fre-kwent',  S.  IV.  P.  J.  E. 
F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  ; fre'kwent,  Wb.),  v.  a.  [L.  fre- 
quento  ; It.  frequentare ; Sp.  frecuentar ; Fr. 
frequenter .]  ‘ \i.  frequented  ; pp.  frequent- 
ing, frequented.]  To  visit  often  or  habitual- 
ly ; to  be  much  in  ; to  resort  to  commonly. 

The  oraculous  seer  frequents  the  Pharian  coast.  Pope. 

t FRf.-dUENT'A-BLE,  «■  Accessible.  Sidney. 

FRE'CIUENT-A^E,  or  FRFhCUJENT' A(?E,  n.  Act 
or  habit  of  frequenting,  “Remote  from  fre- 
quent age."  [n.]  Southey. 

FRE-QUIJN-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  frequentatio  ; It. 
frequentazione ; Sp . frecuentacion  \ Fr .frequen- 
tation .]  The  act  or' the  habit  of  frequenting  or 
visiting.  Temple. 

FRp-aUEN'TA-TIVE,  a.  {L.frequentativus  ; It. 
frequentativo  ; Sp.  frecuentativo ; Fr .frequenta- 
tif.\  (Grain.)  Denoting  frequent  repetitions  of 
an  act ; — applied  to  verbs.  Beattie. 

FRiJ-GUEN'TA-TI  VE,  n.  (Gram.)  A verb  which 
denotes  the  repetition  of  an  act  or  the  frequent 
performance  of  it.  Booth. 

FR(i-QUENT']JR,  n.  One  who  frequents  or  visits 
habitually  ; a frequent  visitor.  Dr.  Jackson. 

FRE'GU JpNT-LY,  ad.  Often;  commonly;  not 
rarely ; repeatedly ; many  times. 

Syn.  — Frequently  and  often  arc  ne.nlv 
moils  ; but  often  is  regarded  > ■ eager 

■’•m.  Often  de--'  " ' ' ../ucntly,  a more 

i alii  which  we  often  take, 
,j  ,.ieet  with  tlie  same  persons. 

FRE'QUJJNT-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  happening 
often  ; frequency.  Ash. 

FRERE,  n.  [Fr.]  A brother.  Boiste. 

FRES-CADE§',  n.pl.  Cool  walks;  shady  places. 
[r.]  . Maunder. 

FRES'CO,  n.  [L . frigus ; It.  Sp  Sp.  fresco  ; Fr. 
fresque.] 

1.  Coolness  ; shade  ; duskiness.  Prior. 

2.  (Paint.)  A method  of  painting  with  min- 
eral or  earthy  pigments  upon  a freshly  laid 
stucco  ground  of  lime  or  gypsum,  so  that  the 
colors  sink  in  and  become  durable.  Fairholt. 


tfip  “ It  is  a very  common  error  to  term  the  ancient 
p untings  found  on  clutreli  walls,  &c.,  frescos,  but 
there  is  scarcely  an  instance  of  a genuine  fresco  among 
them.  They  are  distemper  paintings  on  plaster,  and 
quite  distinct  in  their  style,  durability,  and  mode  of 
manipulation.”  Fairholt. 


3.  Any  cool,  refreshing  liquor.  Johnson. 

FRESH,  a.  [A.  S.  fersc;  Dut.  versch ; Ger. 
frisch;  Dan.  <§■  Sw.  frisk.  — W . ffres.  — It.  <Sf 
Sp.  fresco  ; Fr.  frais,  fratchc.] 

1.  New;  recent;  novel.  “ Fresh  and  fra- 
grant flowers.”  Shah. 

2.  Lively  in  looks  or  feeling;  flourishing; 
blooming.  “ Fresh  as  a bridegroom.”  Shah. 

3.  Not  impaired  by  time  or  use.  “ A fresh 
hand.”  “ To  give  satiety  afresh  appetite.”  Shah. 

4.  Not  salt ; as,  “ Fresh  water.” 

If  they  had  fresh  meat,  ’t  was  delicious  fare.  Congreve. 

5.  Cool ; moderately  cold.  “ Fresh  air.”  Bacon. 

6.  Brisk  ; vigorous  ; strong  ; forcible.  “ A 

fresh  gale.”  Holder. 

7.  Raw;  unskilled;  not  accustomed. 

How  green  you  are  and  fresh , in  this  old  world!  Shah. 


Syn.  — See  New. 


FRESH,  n. ; pi.  freshes.  1.  A pool  or  current 
of  fresh  water.  Shah. 

2.  A flood  or  overflowing  of  a river ; a sudden 
rise  in  a stream ; a freshet.  Grose. 

f FRESH,  v.  a.  To  refresh.  Chaucer. 

FRESH'-BLO  WN  (-blon),  a.  Newly  blown.  “ Fresh- 
blown  roses.”  Milton. 

FRESH'EN  (fresh'slm),  v.  a.  [W.  jfresio,  to 
freshen.]  [t.  freshened  ; pp.  freshening, 

FRESHENED.] 

1.  To  make  fresh;  to  refresh.  ‘‘O’er  the 

freshened  world.”  Thomson. 

2.  (Naut.)  To  relieve,  as  a rope,  by  moving  its 
place.  “ To  freshen  the  nip  of  a stay  is  to  shift 
it  so  as  to  prevent  its  chafing  through.”  Dana. 

To  freshen  ballast,  (Naut.)  to  alter  its  position.  Dana. 

FRESH'EN  (fresh'slm),  v.  n.  1.  To  grow  fresh. 

And,  freshened  from  the  wave,  the  zephyr  flew.  Goldsmith. 

2.  To  grow  brisk  or  vigorous. 

The  breeze  will  freshen  when  the  day  is  done.  Byron. 

FRESH'ET,  n.  1.  A stream  or  pool  of  fresh  water  ; 
a fresh.  Browne. 

All  fish,  from  sea  or  shore, 

Freshet  or  purling  brook,  of  shell  or  fin.  Milton. 

2.  A great  rise  or  flood  of  water  in  rivers 
and  streams,  caused  by  rains  or  melting  snow. 
[U.  S.]  Morison. 

The  excellent  word  freshet,  which  would  scarcely  be  found 

• in  English  since  Milton  employed  it,  has  never  been  out  of 
use  in  America,  having  lately  come  back  to  us  from  thence. 

Trench. 

FRESH'— FORCE,  n.  (Late.)  A force  or  disseisin 
newly  done,  or  done  within  forty  days.  Cowell. 

A term  applied  to  force  committed  in  any  city 
or  borough,  and  for  which  a peculiar  remedy,  called 
an  assize,  or  hill  of  fresh-force,  was  provided.”  Burrill. 

FRESH'I.Y,  ad.  1.  In  a fresh  manner;  newly. 

2.  With  liveliness  ; in  a flourishing  manner. 

3.  Briskly ; strongly  ; vigorously. 

FRESH'MAN,  n. ; pi.  fresh'men.  1.  A novice; 

a student  during  his  first  year  in  an  English 
university.  Bailey.  West.  Rev. 

2.  A member  of  the  lowest  class  in  an  Amer- 
ican college.  Woolsey. 

FRESH'MAN,  a.  Belonging  to  the  lowest  class 
in  college.  Kirkland.. 

mf  \.Y  stttp  n.  The  state  of  a freshman. 

u ",  r°hip  upon.”  Hales. 

t FRESIl'MpNT,  ?l.  Keficiom*  right. 

FRESH'NJJSS,  n.  1.  The  state  of  being 
newness.  Bacon. 

2.  Bloom  ; ruddiness.  “ Her  cheeks  their 

freshness  lose.”  Glanville. 

3.  Freedom  from  injury  by  time.  South. 

4.  Freedom  from  saltness.  Johnson. 

5.  Coolness;  moderate  coldness.  “The 

freshness  of  the  morning  air.”  Addison. 

6.  Briskness  ; vigor  ; strength.  Search. 

f FRESH— NEW'  (-nu'),  a.  Unpractised.  Shah. 

FRESH'— WA-TER,  a.  1.  Used  only  to  fresh-wa- 
ter ; as,  “ Fresh-water  fish.” 

2.  Raw;  unskilled;  unacquainted.  “Fresh- 
water soldiers.”  Knolles. 

FRESH— WA'TpRED  (-terd),  a.  Recently  watered. 

The  verdant  lawn 

Fresh-watered  from  the  mountains.  Akenside. 

FRET,  v.  a.  [Goth.  <Sf  A.  S.  f retail,  to  eat  or 
gnaw ; Dut.  vreeten  ; Sw.  frata ; Ger.  fressen. 
— A.  S.  freothan,  to  rub)  — Fr.  f rotter.)  [i. 
fretted';  pp.  FRETTING,  FRETTED.] 

1.  To  wear  away  by  rubbing.  Chaucer. 

2.  To  eat ; to  corrode. 

Like  as  it  were  a moth  fretting  a garment. 

Ps.  xxxix.  12  {Com.  Prayer ). 

3.  To  irritate  ; to  chafe  ; to  vex  ; to  tease  ; to 
make  angry ; to  gall. 

Injuries  from  friends  fret  and  gall  more,  and  the  memory 
of  them  is  not  so  easily  obliterated.  Arbuthnot. 

4.  To  agitate.  “Mountain  pines  . . .fretted 

with  the  gusts  of  heaven.”  Shah. 

5.  [A.  S . frretwian,  to  adorn.]  To  form  into 
raised  work.  “The  roof  was  fretted  gold.”  Milton. 

6.  To  variegate  ; to  diversify. 

Yon  gray  lines 

That  fret  the  clouds.  Shaft. 

FRET,  v.  a.  To  furnish  with  musical  frets.  Clarke. 

FRET,  v.  n.  1.  To  be  worn  away  by  rubbing  or 
corroding.  Fuller. 

2.  To  make  way  by  attrition  or  corrosion. 

These  do  indeed  but . . .fret  into  the  wood.  Moron. 


3.  To  be  in  commotion  or  agitation. 

The  adjoining  brook  that  purls  along 
The  vocal  grove,  now  fretting  o'er  a rock.  Thomson. 

4.  To  be  angry  ; to  be  peevish,  pettish,  or 
fractious  ; to  be  irritable. 

Ah,  inonarchs,  could  ye  taste  the  mirth  ye  mar, 

Not  in  the  toils  of  glory  would  ye  fret.  Byron. 

FRET,  n.  1.  Agitation,  as  upon  the  surface  of 
a stream  or  of  liquors.  “ Wine  upon  the 
fret.”  Derham. 

2.  Agitation  of  mind  ; irritation  ; vexation. 

Calmness  is  great  advantage;  he  that  lets 
Another  chafe  may  warm  him  at  his  lire, 

Mark  all  his  wanderings,  and  enjoy  his  frets.  Herbert. 

3.  A vesicular  disease  of  the  skin  ; herpes ; 

tetter.  Dunglison. 

4.  (Mus.)  A short  piece  of  wire  fixed  on  the 

finger-board  of  guitars,  &c.,  under,  and  at 

a right  angle  to,  the  string ; serving,  as  the 
strings  are  brought  into  contact  with  it  by  the 
pressure  of  the  fingers,  to  vary  and  determine 
the  pitch  of  the  tones.  Moore. 

5.  (Arch.)  Akindofknot, 
or  angular  ornament,  of  two 
small  fillets  interlaced  : — 
ornamental  iron  work  below 
the  bars  of  a grate.  Weale. 

6.  (Her.)  A bearing  composed  of 
bars  crossed  and  interlaced. 

7.  [Probably  taken  immediately  from 

L.  f return,  a strait.  Richardson .]  A frith  or 
strait.  Browne. 


f FRET,  p.  a.  Eaten  away  ; fretted.  Levit.  xiii.  55. 

FRET'FUL,  a.  Disposed  to  fret;  irritable;  an- 
gry ; peevish  ; pettish ; fractious ; apt  to  find 
fault;  splenetic;  petulant;  captious. 

By  indulging  this  fretful  temper,  you  alienate  those  on 
whose  affection  much  of  y our  comfort  depends.  Blair. 

Syn.  — Sec  Captious. 

FRET'FUL-Ly,  ad.  In  a fretful  manner. 

FRET'FUL-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  fretful; 
pettishness;  peevishness;  ill-humor. 

Frctfulncss  of  temper  will  generally  characterize  those  who 
are  negligent  of  order.  Blair. 

FRET'TJJD,  a.  1.  Intersected  with  small  groins 
or  ribs. 


Where,  through  the  lone-drawn  aisle  and  fretted  vault.  Gray. 


2.  (Her.)  Inter 
the  other,  as  cha 
Ges. 


FRt; 

v.  a.)  Rui 
fretten,  marxe. 
pox. 

FRET'T^R,  n. 
which,  frets. 

FRET'TING,  n. 


In),  o 


H 

Ve: 


d one  with 
or  ordina- 
Oyilvie. 
3ee  Fret, 
,pock - 
Jie  small - 

to,  or  that 


with  u uurrulct. 


on  ; irritation.  Feltham. 

FRETTS,  n.pl.  (Min  iy.)  A term  for  the  worn 
side  of  the  banks  of  rivers,  where  ore-stones 
lie,  after  being  washed  down  from  the  hills, 
thus  enablin'*  *he  miner*  s> 
they  are  in  s gl 

FRET'TY,  a.  Adorned  with  fretwork  or  raised 
work.  Johnson. 

FRE ' TUM,  n.  [L.]  A strait ; a channel.  Scoit. 

FRET'WORK  (-wiirk),  n.  (Arch.)  A sort  of  raised 
work ; a kind  of  masonry  raised  in  protuber- 
ances ; work  ornamented  with  frets.  Addison. 

FR1- A-BIT.'I-TY,  n.  [It.  friabilith ; Sp.  friabili- 

dad\  Ff  . fridbilite.)  The  quality  of  being  fria- 
ble ; susceptibility  of  being  crumbled  into  pow- 
der by  gentle  friction  ; friableness.  Locke. 

FRi'A-BLE,  a.  [L.  fiiabilis  \frio,  to  rub  or  break 
to  pieces  ; It.fridbile-,  Sp.  <Sf  Fr.  friable.)  Easily 
crumbled  or  pulverized  ; pulverable.  “ A light, 
friable  ground.”  Evelyn. 

FRl'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Friability.  Scott. 

FRI'AR,  n.  [L . f rater,  a brother  ; It.  f rate,  or  fra ; 
Sp.fr  aile ; F-  "r"' 

1.  AK 

der,  b- 

meru’_<*.  ^s. 

friars  are  generally  distinguished  into  i..v!. 
fourppal  branches;  viz.,  1.  Franciscans, Minors, 
or  (Friars  ; 2.  Augustine?  ; 3.  Dominicans,  or 
Blafars;  4.  Carmelites,  or  White  Friars.”  Hook. 

OS’liis  term  may  have  been  originally  synony- 


MiEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RtJLE. — 9,  <?>  U £>  soft > e>  £>  h hard;  jz;  y as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


590 


FRIGHTEN 


FRIAR-LIKE 

mous  with  monk,  but  in  modern  use  ia  appliod  only 

to  persons  in  holy  orders  of  some  decree  ", 

SOT!  SA*2%"  a 

«.  («»'“<'•!  ar of  VMS 

has  not  received  the  ink. 

^FAR-LIKE  «.  Monastic;  unskilled  m world- 
ly matters ; fnarly. 

FRi;  A R-LY , a.  Like  a friar ; monastic ; recluse ; 

FRI'AR’5— COVVlo  n.  A plant,  having  a flower 
like  a cowl ; Arum  ansarum.  Johnson. 

1 n.  the  woolly-head- 
i ed  thistle.  Booth. 


FRI'AR’!?-CR0WN, 

FRl'AR’?-TIUS'TLE  (-si), 

FRl'AR’§-LAN'TF,RN,  n.  The  ignis  fatuus;  the 
will-o’-the-wisp ; jack-a-lantern. 


fri'AR-Y  n.  [Old  Ft.frierie.]  A monastery  or 
cont  ent  of  friars.  State1**. 

FRI'AR-Y,  a.  1.  Like  a friar  Svafton 

2.  Belonging  to  a convent.  Hatton. 

FRI-A'TION,  n.  (See  Friable.]  The  act  of 
crumbling.  • 

FRI b'BLE.  v.  n.  [Fr.  frivole.  — See  Frivolous.] 

1.  To  trifle  ; to  act  frivolously.  Hudibras. 

2.  To  totter.  ‘ 

FRIBBLE,  a.  Trifling;  silly;  frivolous.  Bnt.  Cnt. 
FRi  B'BLE,  n.  A frivolous  fellow;  a trifler  ; a 

beau  ; a coxcomb  ; a fop. 

FRIB'BLJyR,  n.  A trifler;  a fribble.  Spectator. 
FRI' BURGH  (frl'btirg),  n.  [A.  S.freoborh  ox  frith- 
jjorh  • freo,  free,  and  borh , a security.]  ( j O' 
Law.')  A frankpledge  ; one  of  the  ancient  Saxon 
names  for  the  tithing  or  decennary,  and  also  of 
the  individuals  who  composed  it.  Uui ) iu. 

vVritten  also  fribourg,  and  frithburgh. 

t ^r&zx*****  “ 

2.  An  unguent  made  lay  ftymg 
rials  together. 

FIUC-AN-DEAU'  (frik-?n-do'), 

FIUC-AN-DO'  (frlk-jn-do'), 
scollop  ; veal  cut  iut't. 


kind  of  slip  coupling  which  disengages  and  rc- 
eimages  machinery  with  perfect  regulanty  by 
means  of  the  friction  of  two  cones.  Craig. 

FRICTION— COUP 'LING,  n.  (Mcch.)  A kind  of 
disk  coupling  employed  in  cases  in  which  the 
machinery  is  subject  to  sudden  changes  of  ve- 
rity or  load.  Tomlinson. 

FRlC'TION-LESS,  a.  Without  friction.  Clarke. 

FRICTION -ROLLERS?,  n.  pi.  ( Mech .)  Small  cyl- 
inders employed  to  convert  sliding  motion  into 

rolling  motion.  J 

FRIC'TION— WHEEL,  n.  {Mech.)  A kind  of  slip 
coupling  applied  in  cases  where  the  variations 
of  load  are  sudden  and  great : — 
pi.  two  wheels  overlapping  each 
other,  and  bearing  on  their  cir- 
cumference  the  axis  of  another 
wheel,  which  axis,  carrying  round 
the  circumferences  of  the  wheels  on  which  it  is 
supported  with  the  same  velocity  as  that  which 
it  possesses  itself,  diminishes  friction  very  ma- 
terially. 

FRl'DAY  (frl'da),  n.  [A.  S.  ^rigd<R\JFrlpjFrupi, 


andfee  day ; But.  Vrydaa ; Ger.  Freiia y,  Dan. 
& Sw  Ft  r"'~~  ,l,v  „f  tbp  week,  so 


n.  [Fr.  frjpzfr. 
) deau. ] "Scotch 
■11  piece:  and  stewed. 

Ash. 


& Sw.  FredkaA  The  sixth  day  of  the  week,  so 
named  from  Freya,  Freja,  or  Fnga,  the  noi th- 
em Venus,  wife  of  Odin,  to  whom  it  was  sacred. 

+ FRIDGE,  v.  n.  [A.  S.frician,  to  dame.  Shin 

+ ™'-L./nco;  ‘it.  fregare,  to  rub.  fM- 
son.]  To  move  quickly.  uauyweu. 

fFRiD'STOLE,  n.  A sanctuary.  — See  Fred- 
STOLE. 

FRIED  (frld),  p.  a.  [See  Fry.]  Cooked  in  fat. 

FRIEND  (frend),  n.  [Goth,  frigonds  ; f'jjon,t° 
love ; A.  S.  freond,  present  participle  of /(£""’ 
to  free,  to  love  ; Dut.  mend  ; Ger .freund  , Dan. 
-frrnde : Sw.  frcinde.~\  _ . . 

J 1.  One  joined  to  another  by  affection,  or^by 
mutual  good-will  and  esteem  ; well-wisher  ; a 
term  sometimes  used  as  a familiar  compilation. 
A friend  should  bear  a friend's  infirmities.  S/mv. 

lie  who  has  made  the  acquisition  of = a ^"^niufncnlal 
pathizing  friend  may  be  said  to  have  uouuie  £ //op. 

how  earnest  thou  in  hither?  Matt.  vxii.  12. 
2 AJuvorer  ; c- 

P°3.rt  A paramour  of  either  sex.  . S/rnA 
4.  A member  of  a religious  society  instituted 
in  1650  by  George  Fox  ; a Quaker.  H hittiei . 

A friend  in  court,  one  who  possesses  sufficient  in- 
terest to  serve  another 


FIG.  - ..-i/EL,  n.  [Fr.  fricandeau.]  A dish  pre- 
pared of  veal,  eggs,  spices,  &e. 

FRIC-AS-SEE',  n.  [L.  frigo\  frixus,  to  fry;  It- 
fric'assea ; Sp .fricase-,  Ft.  fricassee.]  A dish 
made  bv  cutting  a fowl  or  other  small  animal 
in  pieces,  and  dressing  or  frying  it  111  strong 
sauce. 

FRIC-AS-SEE',  v.  a.  [i.  fricasseed  ; pp.  fric- 
assef.incj,  fricasseed.]  To  drrs«  iu  ft^ee. 
“Hashed  anti  jncasseed.  L,cnara. 

vFRI-OA'TtON,  n.  [L.  fricatio ; frico,  fneatus_ 

T 1 f rictus,  to  'rub.]  The  act  of  rubbing ; 
abrasion. 

FRIC'KLE,  11.  A bushel  basket.  Simmonds 

FRIC'TION,  n.  [L.  frictio  ; frico,  fricatus, 
f rictus,  to  rub;  Sp.  fncacion\or  Jnccion  ; ri 

J‘\.  The  act  of  rubbing  two  bodies  together; 
attrition ; abrasion ; confrication  : used  in 
medicine  as  a means  for  exciting  the  vital  prop- 
erties of  the  skin. 

The  inhabitants  [of  Brazil]  do  strange  things,  both  i 
preserving  health  aid  iu  curing  diseases,  by  Jnetxon^  and 
unction.  . . 

2.  (Mech.)  Resistance  to  the  motion  of  ma- 
chinery caused  by  the  rubbing  of  the  parts 
against  one  another.  Crier. 

FRIC'TION,  a.  Implying,  or  relating  to,  friction  ; 
frictional.  Adam5' 

Relating  to,  or  caused  by, 
! Hare. 


I tell  thee,  parson,  if  I get  her,  reckon 
Thou  hast  a friend  in  court. 


B.  Jonson. 

FRIEND  (frend),  c.  a.  To  favor;  to  support^to 
befriend.  r>  ‘ 1 ’ I 

f FRIEND'ED,  a.  1.  Possessing  friends .Beau.$  *l. 

2.  Well  disposed  ; well  affected.  hna/c. 

f FlllEND'ING,  n.  Friendliness.  “ His  love  and 
friending." 

FRIEND’L^SS  (frend'les),  a.  Destitute  of  friends. 
FRIEND'LI5SS-NESS,  n.  The  state  °f  being 
friendless.  . ’ 

FRIEND'— LIKE  (frend'llk),  a%  Friendly.  -Fnwrf- 
like  dispositions  unto  God. 

FRIEND'LI-LY,  ad.  In  a friendly  manner.  Pope. 

The  quality  of  being  friend- 
Ilerbert. 


resting  on  mutual  respect  and  esteem ; friendli- 
ness ; amity ; kindness. 

True  frUmlMp'a  laws  are  by  this  rule  expressed, 

Welcome  the  coming,  speed  the  parting  guest.  Po/tf. 

The  attachments  of  mirth  arc  but  tiie  shadows  of  that  true 
friUnlhiT Sfrtich  ‘he  sincere  affections  ot  the  heart^re 
the  Bubstance. 

A man  should  keep  his  friendship  in  constant  rePJf[];niW1 

It  is  not  merely  as  a source  of  pleasure,  or  as  a relief  from 
pa'm.’tlmt  virtuous  frit  ndsliinis  to  he  coveted;  it  » at  tart 
as  much  to  be  recommended  by  its  utility . na  1 

2.  Correspondence;  congruity  ; adaptedness; 

harmony.  , 

We  know  those  colors  which  have  a friendship  w‘th  each 
other.  J 

Syn.  — See  Love. 

FRI'^R,  n.  One  who  fries. 

FRIES'IC,  a.  (Geog.)  Relating  to  Friesland,  a 
province  in  the  Netherlands.  Bosicorth. 

FRIEij'ISII,  a.  Relating  to  Friesland.  Ec.  Rev. 
FRIES-LAND-GREEN,  n.  Brunswick-green.— 
See  Br'vnswick-green.  Brande. 

FRIEZE  (frez ),  n.  1-  [Sp.frisa  ; Fr.  frisc.  — V . 
ffris.  — Perhaps  so  called  from  the  Fnesians. 
Menac/e  Skinner , Johnson,  Richardson.]  A 
coarse  woollen  cloth  with  a nap  on  one  side. 

And  trims  her  robes  of  frieze  with  copper  lace.  Goldsmith 
2.  rit.  fregio;  Sp.fr iso  ; Fr.  frisc.]  (Arch.) 
The  central  portion  of  an  entablature,  separat- 
ing the  architrave  from  the  cornice. 

FRIEZE  (frez),  v.  a.  To  form  a nap  on  elo,ll  ’ to 
frizz  ; to  frizzle  ; to  curl.  Jfootn. 

FRIEZE,  or  PRIZE,  n.  Made  of  coarse  woollen 
cloth  ; as,  “ A great  frieze  coat.  Addison. 

FRIEZED  (frezd),  a.  Napped  like  frieze.  Iluloet. 

FRIEZE'-LlKE  (frez'llk),  a.  Resembling  a frieze. 

“ A little  frieze-like  tower.  Addison. 

FRIEZ'f.R,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  friezes. 
FRIEZ'SNG-MA-gniNE',  n.  A machine  f^fnez- 
ing  cloth. 

FRIG' ATE,  n.  [It.frcgata  ; Sp./ra<7afrt ; Fr./rt- 

9ati:\ Naut.)  A kind  of  long  vessel  Ravigated 
with  sails  and  oars,  formerly  used  m the  Medi- 
t-wranean  : — a ship  of  war  with  one  covered 
nun-de'Fki-C’rrviug  fr0In  twenty  to  fifty  guns. 

gun  aecu,  . - ^ 5 . .,,.1  mat  exceUent  and  new 

Tic  [CommisslonerrrtVjvW' rnr  u ...  r 

ornament  of  the  navy  which  «>-».  r!»°  e- 

2.  t Any  small  vessel.  Spenser. 

3.  (Ornith.)  A bird  of  the 
genus  Tachypctes ; Tachy- 
petes  aquila ; — 


Frigate  bird  ( Tachypetes  aquila). 


called  also  the 
frigate  bird, 
and  man  - of- 
war  bird. 

]S:uttall. 

Syn.  — See 
Vessel. 

FRIG' ATE-BUILT,  a.  (Maul.)  Having  a quar- 
ter-deck and  forecastle  raised  above  the  main 
deck.  Ialff. 

FRIG-A-TOON',  n.  A small  Venetian  ship.  Smart. 
+ FRIG-E-fACTION,  n.  [L . frigus,  cold,  and  fa- 
+ cio,  to  make.]  The  act  of  making  cold.  Bailey. 

Making  cold.  Boyle. 


FRlO'TION-AL,  a. 
friction. 

FRIC'TION— CLUTCH, n.  (Mcch.)  Akvndofloose 
^coujing  by  which  machinery  is  put  m and  out 
of  gear. 

FRICTION— CONE?  (-konz),  n.  pi 


Craig. 
{(Mech.)  A 


FRIFVND'LI-NESS,  n 
ly ; good-will. 

FRIEND'LY,  a.  [A.  S .freondlic  ; freond,  a friend 

and  Z^r1t1^k;Jgof  friendship  ; befitting  a friend  ; 

amicable.  “ Friendly  regard.  Jitter 

2.  Disposed  to  promote  the  good  of  another  , 
kind ; well  affected ; neighborly. 

Thon  to  mankind 

Be  good  and  friendly  still,  and  oft  return . ‘ 

3.  Favorable  ; convenient ; suitable. 

On  the  first  friendly  bank  he  throws  him  down.  Addison. 
qvn  _ Friendly  is  a stronger  term,  implying  more 

between  nations.  — See  Amicable. 

FRIEND'LY,  ad.  In  a friendly  manner; ^rnica- 

bly.  [R.J 

FRTEND'SHlP,  n.  1.  Mutual  affection  cherished 
by  two  persons  of  congenial  minds;  intimacy 


tFRIG-F-FAC'TIVE,  a. 

+ rpG'E-RATE,  V.  a.  [h.  fngero,  fngcratus  ] 
To  cool ; to  refrigerate.  lllolinL 

FRIG'5R-A-TO-RY,  n.  A place  for  cooling ; a 
refrigeratory,  [r.] 

FRIGHT  (frit),  «•  a.  [See  Frighten.]  j*.  i;RIOHT- 

ED-  1)B.  FRIGHTING,  FRIGHTED.]  ioteinf), 
to  disturb  With  fear  ; to  frighten  ; to  affright. 

And  of  a sword  Uie  flame 

Wide  waving,  all  approach  far  off  to  jrujht.  Milton. 
FRIGHT  ( frit),  n.  A sudden  terror  ; violent  tem- 
poran-  fear;  alarm;  panic;  consternation 
1 They  start,  they  tremble  in  a deadly  jnght.  dairies. . 

gyn.  — Alarm. 

j D,i’: 


A,  E,  I,  6.  U, 


J — , . — inp  p»K  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 

, y,  long; I-  9.  V>  V.  obscure,  FARE,  FAR,  - 


x 


FKIGIITENABLE 


591 


FROG 


FRIGHT'EN-A-BLE  (frl'tn-?-M),  a.  That  may  be 
frightened  or  alarmed.  Coleridge. 

FRIGHT'FUL  (frlt'ful),  a.  1.  t Liable  to  be  fright- 
ened. “ Frightful  herds.”  Drayton. 

2.  Terrible  ; dreadful ; dire  ; direful ; terrific  ; 
awful ; horrid ; horrible  ; full  of  terror ; terrible  ; 
fearful. 

This  frightful  passage  o’er  the  Stygian  lake.  Dryden 
Syn.  — See  Fearful, 

FRIGHT'FUL-LY,  ad.  In  a frightful  manner. 

The  quality 


FRIGIIT'FUL-NESS, 

frightful. 


of  being 
Nelson. 


FRIGIIT'LESS  (frlt'les),  a.  Without  fright.  Clarke. 

FRIGID  (frid'jjd),  a.  [ L.frigidus  , frigeo,  to  stiff- 
en with  cold ; It.  8;  Sp.  frigido  ; Fr.  froid.\ 

1.  Cold  ; wanting  warmth  , cool.  Boyle. 

2.  Without  vivacity,  sensibility,  or  spirit ; 
dull  ; torpid  ; lifeless.  “ Frigul  style.”  Blair. 

3.  Deficient  in  vigor  ; impotent.  Johnson. 

4.  Forbidding;  repelling;  chilling;  as,  “A 
frigid  manner.” 

Frigid  zone,  ( Ocng .)  the  space  between  each  pole 
and  the  polar  circles,  Which  are  23’  28'  from  the  poles. 


[L.  frigiditas  ; It.  frigiditci ; 
frigid  ; coldness  ; want 


FRI-piD'I-TY,  n. 

F r.  frigidite-l 

1.  The  state  of  being 
of  warmth ; frigidness. 

Ice  is  water  congealed  by  the  frigidity  of  the  air.  Browne. 

2.  Want  of  liveliness,  spirit,  or  sensibility; 
dulness ; lifelessness. 

Of  the  two  extremes,  one  would  sooner  pardon  frenzy 
than  frigidity.  l’ope. 

FRIp'ID-LY,  ad.  In  a frigid  manner. 

FRiy-'lD-NESS,  n.  Coldness;  frigidity  .Richardson. 

FRiy'I-FY,  v.  a.  To  cool ; to  refrigerate,  [it.]  Ash. 

FRIG-O-RTF'IC,  a.  [L.  frigorificus  ; frigus,  cold, 
and  facio,  to  make;  ~tt.  f rigor tfica ; Fr . frigori- 
fique.\  Generating  or  creating  cold  artificially  ; 
as,  “ Frigorific  mixtures.”  $Ure. 

FRIG-O-RIF  I-CAL,  a.  Frigorific.  Blount. 

FRfLL,  v.  n.  \f'r.frileux,  chilly.]  To  quake  or 
shiver  with  cold.  “ The  hawk  frills.”  Bailey. 

FRILL,  v.  a.  To  decorate  with  frills  or  gathers, 
as  a garment.  Smollett. 

FRILL,  n.  1.  [From  the  root  oi  furl.  Todt/.]  An 
edging  or  rutHe  of  fine  linen  or  cotton.  Todd. 

2.  [See  the  verb.]  The  ruffling  of  a hawk’s 
feathers  when  frilling  with  cold. 

FRILLED,  a.  Edged  with  a frill ; decked  with  a 
frill.  M Craig. 

f FRIJI,  a.  [A.  S.  freom,  strong.]  Flourishing; 
luxuriant ; thriving.  m Drayton. 

FRINGE,  n.  [Dut.  franje ; Dan.  fn/ndse  ; Ger. 
franse.  — It.  frangia  ; Sp.  franja ; Fr.  f range. 
Some  derive  the  word  from  L .fimbria,  fringe.] 

1.  An  ornamental  border  of  loose  threads 

added  to  dress  or  furniture.  “ All  covered  with 
silver  fringe.”  f Swift. 

2.  Any  thing  resembling  fringe.  “ The fringes 

of  a cloud.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

The  ray ey  fringe  of  her  fair  eyes.  Cotton. 

FRINGE,  v.  a.  [i.  fringed;  pp.  fringing, 
fringed.]  To  adorn  with  fringes  ; to  decorate 
with  an  edge  of  loose  threads.  Swift. 

FRINGED  (frlnjd),  p.  a.  1.  Furnished  or  decorat- 
ed with  fringe.  Fairfax. 

2.  ( Bot .)  Having  a border  or  margin  resem- 
bling a fringe.  Loudon. 

FRIN(]JE'LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  fringe.  Dr.  Allen. 

FRINGE'— LIKE,  a.  Resembling  fringe  in  shape 
or  appearance.  Craig. 

FRIN^E'MA-KFR,  n-  A manufacturer  of  fringe. 

FRIJY-CflL'  LA,  n.  [L.]  ( Ornith .)  A genus  of 

insessorial  birds  ; the  chaffinch.  Brandc. 

FRIN-(?IL-LA'CEOUS  (frln-jjl-la'shus),  a.  Relat- 
ing to  birds  of  the  genus  Fringilla.  Maunder. 

FRI.'f- (ih,  ’ li-dje,  n.  pi.  [L.  fringilla,  a finch.] 
(Ornith.)  A family  of  conirostral  birds  of  the 
order  Passeres,  including  the  sub-families  Plo- 
ceinte,  Coccothraustina;  Tanagrinto , FringilU- 
nev,  Emherizinrr , Alaudinve,  Pyrrhulincc,  I.ox- 
iana,  and  Phytotomiiue  ; finches.  Gray. 


Fringilla  nipalensis. 


FRIfr-GIL-U’JVJE,  n. 
pi.  [See  Fringil- 
lidje.]  (Ornith.)  A 
sub-family  of  eoni- 
rostral  birds  of  the 
order  Passeres  and 
family  Fringillidce ; 
finches.  Gray. 

FRINy' Y,  a.  Adorned  with  fringes.  Shenstone. 

FRl'O-LET,  n.  A kind  of  pear.  Simmonds. 

FRIP'PIJR,  n.  [Fr.  fripier.]  A dealer  in  frip- 
pery ; a fripperer.  James. 

FRtP'I’FR-lJR,  n.  One  who  repairs  apparel  ; one 
who  deals  in  frippery ; a flipper.  Shcncood. 

FRIP'PKR-Y,  n.  [It.  fripperia ; Fr.  friperie ; 
f riper,  to  rumple,  to  wear  out.] 

1.  The  place  where  old  clothes,  &c.,  are  sold. 

Shah. 

2.  Old  clothes,  furniture,  &c.  Ford. 

3.  Trumpery  ; trifles.  Gray. 

4.  Trade  in  old  clothes.  Clarke. 

FBIP'PER-Y,  a.  Trifling  ; contemptible.  “A  frip- 
pery cause.”  Beau.  Fl. 

FRl-^EUR1  (fre-zur')  [fre-zur',  IF.  Ja. ; fre-zar', 
K. ; fre-zur',  Sm. ; fre'zur,  IJ.],  n.  [Fr.]  A hair- 
dresser. Warton. 

FRISK,  v.  n.  [Sw.  friska  ; Dan.  frisk ; Dut.  § 
Ger.  friseh,  fresh,  lively,  gay.  — Old  Fr .f risque, 
lively.  Skinner.  Todd.  — Richardson  suggests 
‘ S.  friccian,  to  dance.]  [».  frisked  ; pp 


A. 


frisking,  frisked.]  To 
dance  in  frolic  or  gayety. 


leap ; to  skip  ; to 


About  them  frisking  played 
All  beasts  of  the  earth,  since  wild. 

f FRISK,  a.  Lively  ; jolly  ; frisky. 

FRISK,  n. 
ety. 


Milton. 

Bp.  Hall. 

A frolic  ; a leap  ; a fit  of  wanton  gay- 
Feltham. 


j-  FRISK'AL,  n.  A leap  ; a caper.  B.uonson. 

FRlSK'f.R,  n.  One  who  frisks;  a wanton.  Camden. 

FRIS'KFT,  n.  [Fr . frisquette.  — See  Frisk.]  A 
light  iron  frame  in  which  the  sheets  of  paper 
are  successively  confined  on  the  form  for  im- 
pression in  printing.  M atson. 

FRISK'FUL,  a.  Full  of  gayety  or  gambols  ; frol- 
icsome ; playful.  Thomson. 

FRISK'I-LY,  ad.  Gayly ; in  a frolicsome  man- 
ner. Clarke. 

FRISK'J-NESS,  n.  Gayety;  liveliness.  Moore. 

FRISK'ING,  n.  Frolicsome  dancing  ; wild  gayety. 

FRISIv'Y,  a.  Gay  ; frolicsome  ; wanton.  Lloyd. 

FRI^'LET,  n.  A kind  of  small  ruffle.  Halliwell. 

FRIlji'fjLE,  v.  a.  See  Frizzle  J Todd. 

FRIST,  v.  a.  To  sell  goods  on  time,  or  upon 
credit,  [r.]  Crabh. 

FRI-§URE’ , n.  [Fr.]  A curling  or  crisping  of 
the  hair.  ^ 

FRIT,  n.  [L.  frigo, f rictus,  to  fry;'.  , riled; 

Sp . frita;  Fr .fritte.\  The  matter  of  which  glass 
is  made,  consisting  of  silex,  fixed  alkali,  &c., 
after  it  has  been  calcined.  Blount. 

FRIT,  v.  a.  To  expose  to  a dull  led  heat,  as  ma- 
terials for  making  glass,  for  thg  purpose  of  ex- 
pelling moisture  and  carbonic  acid.  Brands. 

FRITH,  n.  [“  Skinner  says  L.  f return-,  but  as  the 
word  exists  neither  in  It.  nor  Fr.,  this  is  very 
improbable  ; and  Dr.  Jamieson  remarks  that 
fretum  itself  may,  with  more  probability,  be 
viewed  as  originally  Goth.”  Richardson.  — 
Goth,  fiaerd  ; Icel . f order.  Jamieson.  — Rich- 
ardson derives  the  word  from  A.  S.  faran,  to  go.] 

1.  A strait  of  the  sea  ; an  estuary. 

J.rmds  intersected  by  a narrow  frith 

Abhor  each  other.  * Cotvper. 

2.  The  widening  of  a river  at  its  mouth  ; as, 
“The  frith  of  Forth.”  [Scotch.] 

3.  A weir  or  kind  of  net  for  taking  fish.  Car 

FRITH,  n.  [W . ffridd,  a forest.]  * 

1.  A woody  place  ; a forest.  Dray/ in 

2.  A small  field  taken  out  of  a commoy[lt 
“ The  castle  uni  friths  of  Dohvyddclan.’'  \Vynv 

FRITH'STOOL,  n.  See  Fkedstole.  M~eft! 

— — - ■ -f— 


f FRITH'Y,  a.  Woody.  Skelton. 

FRIt-IL-T.A  ’RI-A,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  lilia- 
ceous plants.’  Brandc. 

FRIT'IL-LA-RY,  n.  [L.  fritittus,  a dice-box.]  A 


genus  of  plants  ; a species  of  lily. 


Miller. 


+ FRIT'I-NAN-CY,  n. 
ing  of  an  insect. 


[L.  fri’innio.]  The  chirp- 
Broivne. 


FRIT'TFR,  n.  [Fr . friture.  — See  Frit,  or  Fry.] 

1.  A kind  of  small  pancake,  fried.  Tusser. 

2.  A fragment ; a small  piece.  Shah. 

FIUT'TF.R,  v.  a.  [Fr.  fritter,  to  calcine.]  \i. 
FRITTERED  ; pp.  FRITTERING,  FRITTERED.] 

1.  To  cut  into  small  pieces,  as  meat,  to  be 

fried  ; to  slice.  _ Johnson. 

2.  To  break  into  fragments  or  small  pieces. 


Prologues  into  prefaces  decay. 
And  these  to  notes  axe  frittered  quite  away. 


Pope. 


To  fritter  away,  to  pare  oft';  To  reduce  to  nothing. 

FRIV'O-LI^M,  n.  Frivolity ; folly,  [r.]  Priestley. 

FKf-VOL'J-TY,  n.  [It .frivolezza;  Sp.  frivolidad ; 
F v.  frivolite.)  Triflingness ; frivolousness  ; folly. 

The  admiral  was  no  stranger  to  th e frivolity , os  well  as 
falsehood,  of  ivhat  he  urged  in  his  defence.  Robertson. 

FRIV'O-LOUS,  a.  [L.  frirolus ; It.  Sf  Sp.  frivolo  ; 
Fr . fnvole.\  Worthless  ; trifling  ; of  rio  value  ; 
trivial ; petty ; weak  ; foolish  ; nugatory. 

It  is  the  characteristic  of  little  and  frivolous  minds  to  be 
wholly  occupied  with  the  vulgar  objects  of  life.  Blair. 

Syn.  — See  Trifling. 

FRIV'O-LOUS-LY,  ftd.  Triflingly;  without  weight. 

FRIV'O-LOUS-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  frivo- 
lous ; want  of  weight  or  importance ; frivolity. 
“ The  frivolousness  of  objections.”  Search. 
“The  frivolousncss  aimy  digression. ’7/ammow/. 

FRIZE  (frez),  n.  & a.  See  Frieze. 

FRIZZ,  v.  a.  [Sp.  fnsar ; Fr.  friscr.  — See 
Frieze.]  [t.  frizzled  ; pp.  frizzling,  friz- 
zled.] To  curl ; to  crisp  ; to  frizzle.  “ To 
frizz  out  a tie-periwig.”  Smollett. 

FRIZZ'ING,  n.  The  act  of  curling.  Craig. 

FRlZ'ZLE  (frlz'zl),  v.  a.  [Fr . f riser.']  [j.  friz- 
zled ; pp.  FRIZZLING,  FRIZZLED.]  To  cnrl  in 
short  curls  or  burrs,  like  the  nap  of  frieze  ; to 
frizz ; to  frieze.  Ilarmar. 

FRIZZ'LE,  n.  A lock  of  hair  crisped.  Milton. 

FRIZ'ZI.Ht,  n.  One  who  frizzles,  or  crisps  hair. 
FRO,  ad.  [A.  S.fra. — See  From.]  From;  back- 


ward 

and 

forwe 


H is  a part  of  the  adverbial  phrase  to 
rid  from,  or  backward  and 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  (f,  y,  g,  soft;  G,  G,  C, 


I was  employed  ,xi ; am! . - Shal  , , 

FROCK,  n.  [Fr.  froc.  — Ger.  tfwn  , j 
dress-coat.] 

1.  A loose  garment,  resembling  a shift,  worn 
by  men  over  the  rest  of  their  clothing ; as,  “ A 
batcher’s  frock  ” ; A monk’s  frock.” 

2.  A sh’nrf  www—  ’ orn  hy  young 

, Simmonds. 

t ROCK'— COAT,  n.  A kind  of  coat,  open  i”  ' 
with  skirts  extending  all  the  way  ro 
a surtout.  . o>  ry. 

FROCKED  (frokt),  a.  Furnished  or  covered  with 
a frock.  Brit.  Crit 

FROCK'LysS,  a..  Without  a frock.  Clark,  . 

FROE,  n.  [Dut,  ~v"ip,  a woman  ; Gift.frav.] 

I.  A revelling,  idle,  dirty  woman.  “ Kngiug, 
frantic  froes.”  [n.]  ’ F‘  " , •” 

?.  An-iron  wedge.  [Local.  T 

FROi/u  [A.  S.fytC-.  jiucca;  Dut. 

rtrsck  ; Ger  .form'.  ' .. ueufs  f inner  thinks, 

fpm  the  hoarse  a they  utter.] 

1.  (Zovl.)  \ Ml,  ampiiibious  animal,  of  the 
'enus  Ram,.  th  four  feet,  but  no  tall.  In 

; cold  cine  ue  frog  passes  the  winter  mlcler 
ground.  slate  of  torpidity.  R made. 

2.  rt  of  tender  horn  that  grow*  in  the 
s foot,  dkiding  as 
the  hivd  leg  of  a 

/ , Smart. 

J.  A small,  Ijirrcl-shaped  buttdnJcoyered with 
bilk,  and  ornaffienttd  at  the  ends  with  small  tas- 

l sels.  \ / Todd. 

4.  An  ornament  for  a sword-hilt.  Simmonds. 

- rd ; 18  as  ■/. ; X as  g'z.  — THIS,  this. 


•■ew/  bh'-  1 l'ie  solc  of  a horse’s 
" it'  - toward!  the  heel,  like  tl 
/ | f , frush. 


FRO  GBIT 


592 


FROST-WORK 


5.  (Railroads .)  A 
grooved  piece  of  iron 
placed  at  the  junction 
of  the  rails  where  one 
track  crosses  another.  Williams. 

FROG 'BIT,  n.  A plant ; Hydrocharis.  Ainsworth. 

FROG'E-RY,  n.  A place  filled  with  frogs.  [Bur- 
lesque.] • R™- 

FROG'-FISH,  n.  (Ich.)  The  common  name  of 
the  different  species  of  fish  of  the  genus  Lo- 
vhivs  ; — called  also  monk-fsh  and  goose-fsh. 

* Storer. 

FROG'-GR.ASS,  n.  A kind  of  herb.  Johnson. 

FROG'Gy,  a.  Having  frogs.  Sherwood. 

FROG'HOP-PJJR, n.  (Ent.)  An  insect  of  the  genus 
Aphrophora,  living,  in  its  larva  and  chrysalis 
state,  in  frothy  feces  found  upon  grass  during 
the  summer.  Harris. 

FROG'-LET-TUCE  (-tjs),  n.  A plant.  Johnson. 

FROG'-LlKE,  a.  Resembling  a frog.  Goldsmith. 

t FROIipE  (frolz),  n.  [Fr  froisser,  to  bruise,]  A 


fraise.  — See  Fraise 
FROL'IC,  a.  [Dut.  vrolyk  ; vro,  glad 


Hailey „ 

and  lyh, 

like  ; Ger.  friihlich  ; Sw  "frbgdeligT—  See  Free.] 
Gay;  full'of  levity ; full  of  pranks  ; frolicsome. 
Ripe  and  frolic  of  his  full-grown  age.  Milton. 

FROL'IC,  n.  1.  A wild  prank ; a gay  and  spor- 
tive trick;  a gambol ; sport;  an  escapade. 


While  rain  depends,  the  pensive  cat  gives  o’er, 
Her  frolics , and  pursues  her  tail  no  more. 


Swift. 


2.  A scene  of  mirth  or  merriment. 

FROL'IC,  V.  n.  [t.  FROLICKED  ; pp.  FROLICKING, 
frolicked.]  To  play  wild  pranks  ; to  be  merry. 

FROL'IC-FUL,  a.  Frolicsome  ; playful.  Craig. 
f FROL'IC-LY,  ad.  Gayly;  wildly.  Beau.  § FI. 

FROI/JC-SOME  (-sum),  a.  Full  of  frolic  or  wild 
gayety  ; playful  ; sportive.  Shaftesbury. 

FROL'IC-SOME-LY,  ad.  With  wild  gayety; 
FROL'IC-SOME-NESS,  n.  Wildness  of  gayety; 

pranks.  Bailey. 

FROM,  prep.  [Goth . fram;  F r.  fram  ; A.  S. 
fram,  which  Iiorne  Tooke  derives  from  the 
noun  frum,  origin.  — Ger.  von.]  Noting  source, 
beginning,  distance,  absence,  privation,  or  de- 
jarture,  sometimes  literally  and  sometimes  fig- 
uratively; leaving  behind;  out  of ; because  of; 
not  near  to ; since. 

hi Mx-onia’s  rocky  shore*  I cam-.  Addison. 
Prom  labor  health,  from  health  amtmtinehf  oprings.  Beattie. 

It  is  often  jov"-’.  lij  an. ellipsis  with  adverbs, 
<**,{!  i ubiire  — >.  e.  from  t tic  parts  above.  It  is  also 
sometimes  WAGwed  by  anothqr  preposition,  with  its 
proper  easo. 

'ROM'VVARD,  prep.  [A.  S.  fromweafd.]  Away 
from  ; — contrary  to  towards.  Sidney. 

ION  1),  n.  [L.  f rons,  frondts;  It.,  Sp.,  <S,  Fr. 
frond*.]  (Bot.)  A tor  i'  ini'  d-d  *<  express 
such  orgs.ns  as  are  composed  of  a stem  and  a 
leaf  combined; — applied  to  the  lc.tf-like  ex- 
■ Aous  of  the  cryptogamia,  which  bear  the 

r.r-'  J-*!—  r — r’~~ 


FR  ON§,  n.  [L.]  (Anat.)  The  region  of  the  cra- 
nium between  the  orbits  and  the  vertex.  Brande. 

II  FRONT  [frunt,  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  Sm.  Wb . ; front, 
K.  S. ; frunt  or  front,  IF.],  n.  [L.  f rons,  frontis  ; 
It  ./route-,  Sp  .f route,  or  /rente;  Fr  .front.] 

1.  The  forehead ; the  brow ; that  portion  of 
the  face  between  the  eyes  and  the  roots  of  the 
hair  on  the  forward  part  of  the  head. 

2.  The  face;  the  (countenance. 

Hyperion’s  locks,  ike  front  of  Jove  himself.  Shale. 

3.  The  fore  part  /of  any  thing,  as  of  ad  army 
or  a building  ; fore-rank  ; van.  . Addison. 

4.  False  hair  or  curls  for  a lady.  Simmonds. 

“ Mr.  Sheridan  marks  this  word  in  the  second 
manner  only  [front]  ; but  I am  much  mistaken  if  cus- 
tom does  not  almost  universally  adopt  tire  first.  If 
the  second  is  ever  used,  it  seems  to  be  in  poetry,  and 
that  of  the  most  solemn  kind.  Ur.  Kenrick,  W. 
Johnston,  and  Mr.  Perry  pronounce  it  in  the  first 
manner;  and  Mr.  Sheridan  and  Mr.  Smith,  in  the 
last.  Mr.  Scott  gives  it  both  ways,  hut  seems  to  pre- 
fer the  last.  Mr.  Nares  gives  it  in  the  first  manner,  but 
says  it  is  sometimes  pronounced  regularly.”  Walker. 

||  FRONT,  a.  Relating  to  the  front  or  face.  P.  Cyc. 

II  FRONT  (frunt),  r.  a.  \i.  fronted  ; pp.  front- 
ing, FRONTED.] 

1.  To  stand  opposed  or  over  against ; to  face. 

A town-house  built  to  front  the  church.  Addison. 

2.  To  encounter  ; to  confront ; to  oppose;  to 
meet  in  hostility. 

You  four  shnllfron*  them  in  the  narrow  lane.  Shak. 

||  FRONT,  v.  n.  1.  To  stand  foremost.  “ \ front 
but  in  that  file.”  Shak. 

2.  To  have  the  front  turned  towards  an  ob- 
ject ; to  face  ; to  be  opposite. 

Here,  awful  Newton,  the  dissolving  clouds 

Form  ^fronting  on  the  sun,  thy  showery  prism.  Thomson. 

||  FRONT'AGE,  n.  The  fore  part  of  a building  ; 
front.  ' { P.  Mag. 

||  FRONT' A-^ER,  n.  (Law.)  One  who  owns  tiro 
opposite  side.  Jacob. 

FRONT'AL,  n.  [L.  frontale  ; frons,  frontis,  the 
forehead;  It  .frontale-,  Sp.  if  Fr.  frontal.] 

1.  A frontlet ; an  ornament  worn  on  the  fore- 
head. Cotgravc. 

2.  The  metal  face-guard  of  a soldier.  Fairholt. 

3.  (Med.)  A medicament,  or  outward  appli- 
cation, for  the  forehead.  Holland. 

4.  (Arch.)  A little  pediment  over  a door  or  a 

window  : — an  ornamental  panel  in  front  of  an 
altar.  Johnson.  Fairholt. 

FRONT'AL,  a.  1.  Relating  to  the  forehead  ; not- 
ing a bone  which  forms  the  forehead.  Brande. 

2.  (Bot.)  Being  in  front.  Loudon. 

FRoN'TAT-]JD,  a.  [L.  frons,  frontis,  the  fore- 
head.] (Bot.)  Noting  a flower  leaf  that  grows 
broader  till  its  termination.  Quincy. 

II  FRdNT  -BOX  (frunt'boks),  n.  The  box  in  the 
playhouse  from  which  there  is  a direct  view  to 
the  stage.  Pope. 

FP.ONT'-DOOR,  n.  The  door  at  the  principal  en- 
trance to  a house.  Clarke. 


| FRONTED,  a. 
cd  brigades.” 


Formed  with  a front.  “ Front- 
Milton. 


KON-DATION,  J! 
of  trees.’,  ' 


| FRON'TIER  [fron'tur,  P.  E.  Ja.  Sm. ; front'yer, 

S.  J.  F.\  fron'cher  or  front'yer,  IF.;  fron-ter', 
Wb.],  n.  \\A.  frontier  a -,  Sp .frontera;  Fr.  fron- 
tiers.— See  Front.]  The  boundary  of  a state, 
or  the  territories  adjacent  to  the  boundary ; 
confine  ; border  ; marches. 

The  best  frontier  is  the  sea;  next  best,  great  rivers  or 
mountains.  Prussia  has  the  worst  frontier  of  any  European 
state.  Brande. 


conterminous. 

Milton. 


Organs  oi  reproduction.  Eng.  Cyc. 

1 8Jy-“  It  wan  formerly , but  is  not  now.  applied  to 
the  leaves  of  palms.”  Cyc . 

[Ii.  frondatio.]  A lopping 
” velyn . 

RO.YDF.,  n.  [Fr.]  (Hist.)  A French  paVty  op- 
posed to  the  court  during  the  fuiuority  otVLouis 
y IV.  'Ency. 

ulN-DL^F  (Tnn-dSs'),  v.  n.  [L.  /romfeco.]  Syn.  — See  Border. 

To  put  forth  k aves , to  leaf,  [it.]  Sloug\on.  , . 

Y ) \ ||  FRON'TIER,  a.  Bordering 

ROfl-DES'CENGE,  n.  [L./t’r  rfcoWrondeschs ; ! “ Gaza’s  frontier  bounds.” 

fro, is,  a leaf ; It.  frondesehiu,  ; S$.  frondes&m-  i , 

cia  ;vFr.  froniescenre..]  I Bot.)  The  time  or  L 1 II  t FRON'TIER,  v.  n.  To  form  or  constitute  a 
act  of  putting  forth  leaves.  Lincoh.l  fr°ntlbr.  Femplc. 

UOK.mp'ER-OUS,  a .*  [L.  frondiftr  ; fro\  \ l|  FRON'TIEBSD  (fton'terd),  a.  Guarded  on  the 
frotiA,  a leaf,  and/rvo,  to  bear ; It.  Sp.  fr<A  frontier.  1 Spenser. 

diferb?_  Bearing  leaves.  J FRONT' ING,  p.  a.  Having  the  front  towards 

RON-DOSEf,  a.  [L.  frondosusi  frons,  frnhfis,  \ or  opposite  : — opposing, 
a leaf.]  (Bot.)  Like  a frond  ;f- leafy.  Baihq.  j FJto.iy-r/jv’-li'cVfron-iin-yak'j.n.  A rich  French 
r’RON'noyS,  d.  (Bot.)  Noting  a flower  which  i:  ’ "’hie,  named  from  Frontignan,  in  Languedoc, 
leafy  ; — also  one  which  produces  branch'  s | the  place  of  its  production.  Sir  A.  It  cldon. 
charged  with  both  leaves  and  flowers.  Craig.  | FRuN'TliPIECE,  n.  [Low  L . frontispicium  ; L. 

A,  E,  1,  6,  L.  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  \J,  Y,  skoY; 


frons,  frontis,  the  forehead,  and  spccio,  to  view ; 
It.  y Sp.  frontisgicio  ; Fr . frontispice.] 

1.  The  print,  or  engraving,  which  faces  the 

title-page  of  a book  ; — formerly  the  engraved 
title-page  itself.  | Fairholt. 

2.  (Arch.)  The  face  of  a building.  Fairholt. 

||  FRONT'LIJSS,  re.  Having  no  front:  — void  of 
shame  or  diffidence.  “ Front  less  flattery.”  Pape. 

||  FRO  NT 'LET,  n.  j[L  .frons,  frontis,  the  forehead.] 

1.  A band  worn  on  the  forehead.  Deut.  vi.  8. 

2.  ( Ornith.)  The  margin  of  the  head  behind 

the  bill  of  birds,  generally  clothed  with  rigid 
bristles.  Brande. 

||  FRONT'-LiNE,  n.  The  first  of  the  lines  into 
which  an  army  is  drawn  up.  Booth. 

||  FRONT'— ROOM,  n.  An  apartment  in  the  front 
or  fore  part  of  a house. 

II  FRONT'-VIEW  (-vu),  n.  (Faint.  & Fersp.) 
A view  or  representation  of  the  front  part  of  an 
edifice  or  other  object.  Ogilvie. 

f FROP'PISII,  a.  Peevish  ; froward.  Ld.  Clarendon. 

f FRORE,  a.  [Dut.  vroor,  bevrooren ; Ger.  ge- 
froren.]  Frozen ; frosty. 

' The  parching  air 

Burns  frorey  and  cold  performs  the  effect  of  fire.  Milton. 

f FRORN,  re.  Frozen  ; congealed  with  cold.  Spenser. 

f FRO'RY,  a.  1.  Frozen.  “Frory  lips.”  Spenser. 
2.  Covered  with  froth,  or  as  with  hoar-frost. 
The  foaming  steed  with  frory  bit  to  steer.  Fairfax. 
||  FROST  (frost  or  frawst)  [frost,  S.  IF.  F.  J.  F.  Ja. 
R.  ; frawst,  K.  Wb.  Nares],  n.  [A.  S.  frost-, 
Dut.  vorst  ; Ger.,  Dan.,  § Sw.  frost.  — See 
Freeze.] 

1.  The  state  or  temperature  of  the  air  which 
occasions  the  congelation  of  water.  Jamieson. 

2.  The  act  or  the  process  of  freezing ; con- 
gelation of  water  or  vapor. 

The  third  day  comes  a frost , a killing  frost.  Shak. 

3.  Frozen  dew;  rime  ; hoar-frost. 

Behold  the  groves,  that  shine  with  silver  frost.  Tope. 
Black  frost , a state  of  the  atmosphere  by  which 
vegetables  are  frozen  without  any  appearance  of  rime 
or  hoar-frost. 

||  FROST,  v.  a.  [t.  frosted  ; pp.  FROSTING, 
frosted.]  To  cover  with  any  thing  resembling 
hoar-frost,  as  with  white  sugar.  Smai't. 

II  FROST'-BeAr-ER,  n.  (Nat.  Phil.)  An  instru- 
ment to  exhibit  the  freezing  of  water  in  a vacu- 
um; a cryophorhs.  Wollaston. 

||  FROST'— BITE,  n.  A freezing  or  state  of  torpid- 
ness, usually  of  the  extremities,  occasioned  by 
exposure  to  severe  cold.  Dunglison. 

||  FROST'— BIT-TEN  (frost'bSt-tn),  a.  Nipped  by 
frost.  “ Frost-bitten  limbs.”  Paley. 

||  FROST'— BI.ITE,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the  ge- 
nus Atriplex ; the  orach.  • Booth. 

||  FROST'— BOUND,  a.  Bound  by  frost  or  ice.  Scott. 

||  FROST'ED,  a.  Covered  with  hoar-frost,  or  with 
something  resembling  it.  Gay. 

||  FROST'— FISH,  n.  (Ich.)  A small  sea-fish  which 
abounds  on  the  North  American  coasts  during 
winter ; Morrhua  pruinosa  ; — called  also  tom- 
cod.  [U.  S.]  Storer. 

||  FROST'I-LY,  ad.  With  frost  or  freezing. 

||  FROST'l-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  frosty ; coldness. 
||  FROST'ING,  n.  (Cookery.)  Loaf  sugar  prepared 
usually  with  whites  of  eggs  so  as  to  resemble 
hoar-frost,  and  used  to  coat  cake  with.  Simmonds. 

||  FROST'LpSS,  a.  Free  from  frost.  Swift. 

||  FROST'— NAIL,  n.  A nail  with  a prominent  head 
driven  into  a horseshoe  to  prevent  a horse 
from  slipping  on  ice.  Grew. 

II  FROST'-NIPPED  (-nipt),  a.  Nipped  or  injured 
by  frost.  Clarke. 

II  FROST'-NUMBED  (-nuind),  a.  Benumbed  with 
frost.  Clarke. 

||  FROST'-WEED,  n.  (Bot.)  See  Frostxvort. 

||  FROST'— WORK  (frost'w’drk),  n.  Work  in  which 
some  substance  is  laid  upon  the  surface  with 
inequalities,  like  the  dew  congealed  upon 
shrubs  ; frosted  work.  Warburton. 


At  5.  I,  o,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


FROSTWORT 


593 


FRUIT-SHOP 


II  FROST 'WORT,  (-wiirt),  n.  ( Bot .)  The  popular 
name  of  a plant  used  in  medicine  as  an  as- 
tringent or  as  an  aromatic  tonic  ; Heliwrlthemum 
Canadense ; — called  also  frost-weed  and.  rock- 
rose.  Dunglison. 

||  FROST'Y,  a.  1.  Producing  or  containing  frost ; 
as,  “ A frosty  night  ” ; “ Frosty  atmosphere.” 

2.  Cold;  chill  in  affection.  Shak. 

3.  Resembling  hoar-frost ; white ; gray- 
haired. “ The  frosty  head.”  Shak. 

II  FROTH  (froth  or  friwth)  [froth,  W.  P.  J.  F.  Ja. 
Sm.  It. ; fr&wth,  S.  K.  Wb.  Nares] , n.  [Dan. 
fraade ; Sw.  fradga.  Casaubon  suggests  Gr. 

oupot Jf.] 

1.  The  bubbles  caused  by  fermentation  or  hy 

agitation  ; spume  ; foam.  Dryden. 

2.  Unsubstantial  matter,  [r.]  Tusser. 

3.  An  empty  or  senseless  show  of  wit  or  elo- 
quence. “ Froth  and  scum,  thou  liest.”  Shak. 

||  FRflTH,  v.  n.  [ i . frothed;  pp.  frothing, 
frothed.]  To  form  bubbles  upon  the  surface ; 
to  throw  out  spume ; to  froth.  Dryden. 

||  FRO-TH,  v.  a.  To  make  to  froth.  Beau.  § FI. 

||  FROTH'j-LY,  ad.  In  a frothy  manner. 

j|  FROTH'J-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  frothy. 

||  FROTH 'LfSS,  a.  Free  from  froth.  Clarke. 

||  FROTH'— SPlT,  n.  A white  froth  found  on  the 
leaves  and  in  the  axils  of  certain  plants  during 
the  summer,  being  the  faeces  of  the  froghopper  ; 
cuckoo-spittle  ; woodsare.  Booth. 

II  FROTH 'WORM  (-wUrin),  n.  ( Ent .)  The  frog- 
hopper.  — See  Froghopper.  Goldsmith. 

j|  FROTH'Y,  a.  1.  Covered  with,  or  full  of,  froth, 
foam,  or  spume  ; foamy  ; spumy.  “ Frothy 
shores.”  Browne.  “ Frothy  waters.”  Dryden. 

2.  Soft ; flaccid ; flabby.  Bacon. 

3.  Vain;  trifling;  unsubstantial.  “Frothy 

pertness.”  Falconer. 

FROUNCE,  v.  a.  [Sp .fruncir ; Fr .froncer.  — See 
Frown.]  [z.  frounced  ; pp.  frouncing, 

FROUNCED.] 

To  form  into  plaits  or  wrinkles,  as  the  hair ; 
to  frizzle  or  curl. 

Not  tricked  and  frounced  as  she  was  wont.  Milton. 

FROUNCE,  v.  n.  t To  frown;  to  scowl;  to  knit 
the  brows. 

On  the  other  side,  the  Commons  frounced  and  stormed. 

Holland. 

FROUNCE,  n.  I.  A wrinkle;  a plait;  a fringe, 
or  curl,  or  some  ornament  of  dress.  Beau.  &;  Fl. 

2.  A disease  in  hawks,  in  which  spittle  gath- 
ers as  a fringe  about  the  bill.  Skelton. 

f FRoOnce'L$SS,  a.  Without  wrinkles.  Chaucer. 

FROU'ZY,  a.  [See  Frow.]  Dirty;  ill-scented; 
frowzy.  “ Frouzy  housewives.”  [Low.]  Pitt. 

FROW,  n.  [Dut.  vrouw  ; Ger .frau.] 

1.  A woman ; — generally  applied  to  a Dutch 

or  German  woman.  Beau.  A Fl. 

2.  An  idle,  dirty  woman  ; a lazy  slattern. 

[North  of  Eng.]  Grose. 

FROW,  n.  An  instrument  used  in  splitting 
staves,  laths,  &c. ; a frower.  Simmonds. 

■f  FROW,  a.  Brittle.  Evelyn. 

FRO'WARD,  a.  [A.  S . framiveard ; fram,  from, 
and  weard,  noting  direction.]  Peevish ; refrac- 
tory ; perverse ; fractious  ; untoward. 

She ’s  not  froward , but  modest  as  the  dove.  Shak. 

FRO'WARD-LY, ad.  Peevishly;  perversely. 

FRO'WARD-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  froward; 
peevishness  ; perverseness.  “ Th e frowardness 
of  a contentious  mind.”  D 


Brande. 


FROW'IJR  (fro'er),  n.  A sharp-edged  cleaving 
tool  for  staves,  laths,  &c. ; a frow.  Tusser. 

FROWSY,  a.  (Carp.)  Applied  to  timber  that  is 
evenly  tempered,  and  works  without  splitting  or 
tearing.  Smart. 

FROWN,  v.  n.  [Old  Fr . frogner-,  Fr.  refrogner. 
Skinner.  Johnson.  — Fr.  froncer,  to  wrinkle, 
from  L.  frons,  the  forehead.  Richardson.']  [z. 
frowned  ; pp.  frowning,  frowned.]  To  ex- 
press displeasure  by  contracting  the  brow  ; to 
look  stern  or  displeased  ; to  scowl. 

Heroes  in  animated  marble  frovm.  Pope. 


FROtVN,  v.  a.  To  repel  or  drive  away  by  a. threat- 
ening or  angry  look.  Dryden. 

FROWN,  n.  A contraction  of  the  brow  in  dis- 
pleasure ; a stern  look  ; a look  of  displeasure ; 
a scowl. 

The  almighty  Thuuderer.  with  a frown,  replies.  Pope . 

FRoWn'FUL,®.  Wrinkled  in  displeasure  ; frown- 
ing. [r.]  Langhvrne. 

FR0Wn'(NG,  p.  a.  Expressing  displeasure  by  a 
frown  ; wearing  a frown  ; stern  ; severe. 

FRoWN'JNG-LY,  ad.  With  a frown  or  look  of 
displeasure ; sternly. 

FRoW'Y,  a.  Musty;  frowzy,  [r.]  Spenser. 

FROW'ZY,  a.  Ill-scented  ; fetid ; frouzy.  Smart. 

FRO 'ZEN  (fro'zn),  p.  a.  horn  freeze.  1.  Congealed 
with  cold.  “The frozen  sea.”  Dryden. 

2.  Destitute  of  affection  or  sensibility.  Pope. 

FRO'ZEN-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  frozen. 

f FRfjB'BISH,  V.  a.  To  furbish.  Barret. 

FRCrCT'lJD,  a.  (Her.)  [h.  fructus,  fruit.]  Bear- 
ing fruit,  as  trees. 

FRUC-TES'CBNCE,  n.  The  precise  time  when 
the  fruit  of  a plant  arrives  at  maturity,  and  its 
seeds  are  dispersed ; the  fruiting  season.  Wright. 

FRUC-TIC'U-LOSE,  a.  Loaded  with  fruit.  Hooker. 

FRUC-TlF'BR-otTS,  a.  [L.  fruetifer ; fructus, 
fruit,  and  fero,  to  bear  ; It . fruttifero  ; Sp . fruc- 
tifero  ; Fr.  fructifere.]  Bearing  fruit.  Ainsworth. 

FRUC-TJ-F!-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  fructif  ratio  \fruc- 
tifico,  to  bear  fruit ; fructus,  fruit,  and  facio,  to 
make;  It.fruttficazionc-,  Sp.fructifcacion',Tr. 
fructification.] 

1.  The  act  of  fructifying  ; fecundation.  “ A 

capacity  of  fructification .”  Browne. 

2.  (Bot.)  The  process  by  which  flowers,  fruit, 

and  seed  are  developed:  — the  distribution  and 
arrangement  of  the  organs  of  reproduction, 
namely,  the  calyx,  corolla,  stamen,  pistil,  peri- 
carp, seed,  and  receptacle.  Henslow. 

FRUC'TI-FY,  v.  a.  [It.  fruttficare  ; Sp . fru*fi- 
car ; Fr.  fruetifer.)  [z.  fructified  ; if.  fruc- 
tifying, fructified.]  To  mf!‘-'  -fuitful ; to 
fertilize.  “ Vapors  . . . wIuaI  fall  down  in 
sweet  showers  to  fro,  ‘ify  tlv  earth.”  Howell. 

FRtfC'TJ-FY,  v.  n.  To  bearfruit.  ;[r.]  Hooker. 

FRUC'TJ-FY-JNG,  «.  a.  Mating  fiuitful. 

FRUCTOSE,  n.  Frv  it  sugar.  --  See  Jugar.  Miller. 
FRUUT'li-A-RY,  n.  One  whcP°ss4ses  the  fruits 
or  produce  of  an  thing.  [R-]  Prynne. 

f FRUCT-U-A'TIOl  , n.  Product ; fluit.  rownall. 

f FRUCT'U-Ofrs,  a.  ;Fr./«zc(“«“*-T-  See  Fruit.] 
Fruitful ; fertile.  ] Phillips. 

t FRUCT'U-OUS-L]  ad.  pyuitful*.  Clarke. 

f FRUCT'li-OUS-Ni  SS,  n.  fhe  qullity  of  being 
fructuous ; fruitf  ness.  I Clarke. 

t FRUCT'URE  (fruJyur), ».  [Fr.  4 See  Fruit.] 
Use;  fruition,  y Cotgrace. 

FRU'GAL,  a.  [L .frugalis ; frugi,  lit  for  food,  j 
useful,  worthy.  dierret ; fruz,  fruyis,  fruit ; It. 
frugale-,  Sp.  Fl  frugal.]  Practising  proper 
economy;  thrift}!  sparing;  economical;  prov- 
ident ; saving ; parsimonious 


FRC  GA R-DITE,  n.  (Min.)  A silicate  of  alum- 
iron,  lime,  and  magnesia  ; — so  named  from  be- 
ing found  in  Frugard,  Finland.  brande. 

FRlT-y  iF'UR-OUS,  a.  [L.  frugifer  ; frnx,  fruqis, 
fruit,  and  fero,  to  bear  ; It . ffugiferu.]  Bearing 
fruit;  fructiferous,  [r.]  More. 

FRUG'GIN,  n.  [Fr.  fourgon.]  An  oven-fork ; 
the  pole  with  which  the  ashes  in  the  oven  arc 
stirred.  [Eng.]  Clarke. 

FRU-GIV'Q-ROUS,  a.  [L.  frux,  frugis,  fruit,  and 
voro,  to  eat  ; It . frugivoro  ■,  Fr.  frugivore.] 
Feeding  on  fruits.  ' Pennant. 

FRUIT  (frdt),  n.  [L.  fruor,  fructus,  or  fruitns.  to 
enjoy;  It.  frutto  ; Sp.  frvto  ; Fr.  fruit, ; Dut. 
might  ; Ger .frucht-,  Dan .frugt;  S w.frucht.] 

1.  Whatever  the  earth  produces  in  supply  of 
the  necessities  of  animals;  — commonly  used 
in  the  plural. 

2.  The  product  of  a tree  or  plant  in  which 
the  seeds  are  contained,  or  which  is  taken  for 
food;  the  seed,  or  tliat  which  contains  the  seed. 

I planted  trees  of  bit  kinds  of  fruits.  Eccl.  ii.  o. 

3.  Offspring;  young.  Dent,  xxviii.  4. 

4.  Production  ; effect ; result ; consequence. 
We  wish  to  see  you  reap  the  fruit  of  your  virtue.  Middleton. 

5.  (Bot.)  The  matured  ovary,  and  all  it  con- 
tains or  is  connected  with.  Gray. 

Flit  IT  (frit),  v.  n.  To  produce  fruit.  Chesterfield. 

FRdUT'AGE  (frtjt'jj),  n.  [Fr.]  Fruit  collective- 
ly ; fruitery.  " Milton. 

He  who,  or  that  which, 
Mortimer. 

FRtJlT  -BEAR'ING,  a.  Bearing  fruit.  Mortimer. 

FR(JlT'-BUD,  n.  A bud thatproduces  fruit.  Clarke. 

FRtUT'-CROW,  n.  (Orniih.)  A crow  of  the  sub- 
family Gymnoderinee.  . 1.'  "jyu 

FRfjIT'JgR-ER,  n.  One  who  _ ,,uit.  Shak 

FRUIT'F.P  fe'-  n.  A female  who  sells  fruit. 

lattUT'lJR-Y,  n.  [Fr . fruiteric.  — See  Fruit.] 

1.  A fruit-loft;  a repository  for  fruit.  Johnson 

2.  Fruit  collectively  taken ; fruitage.  Phillips. 

FRCiT'— FLIE§,  n.  pi.  Small  black  flies  found, 
among  fruit-trees  in  spring.  Wright 

FRtJlT'FUL  (frfit'ffil),  a.  1.  Yielding  fruit  ; pro- 
ductive. “ Fruitful  seasons.”  Acts  xiv.  11, 

2.  Prolific;  not  barren  ; — fertile. 

Be  fruitf  id,  multiply,  and  fill  the  earth.  Milton. 

3.  Plenteous  ; abounding  ; — with  in  or  of. 

Through  nations  fruitful  of  immortal  la,  s.  Addison. 

Syn.  — Sts;  Fertij.e. 

FRCiT  FUL-LY,  ad.  In  a fruitful  ro  inner. 

FROlT'FUL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  <3  being  fruit- 
ful; plenteousness ; productiveness;  fertility 

FRUIT'— GROVE,  n.  A plantation  pf  fruit-trees. 

FRUIT'ING,  n.  The  production  of  f| uit.  Pennant. 

FJ 


frOit'-beAr-^r,  zt. 

bears  fruit. 


\fniga!  emir  . 

Whose  constant  care  wafts  increase  his  store.  Home. 

Syn.  — Frugal  a ad  ecomroc,  or  economical,  are  often 
used  synonymously, thmah  frugal  ifiless  comprehen- 
sive in  its  meaning.  Pijr  'nm  includles  frugality.  A 
frugal  traveller  ; a frugtl  r economical  housekeeper ; 
economical  management;  a tmifty  farptcr ; sparing  ot 
expense.  Frugal  is  used  in  agood  sense  ; parsimoni- 
ous, in  a bad  sense. 

FR[-GAL'[-TY,  n.  [L.  frum&as ; It .frvgalitci ; 
Sp.  frugalitfad ; Fr .frttgfyi.]  Tfte  quality  of 
beiiig  frugal  ; proper  carem  avoiding  expense  ; 
prudent  economy;  thiiftfgnod  hu»baudry. 

FrvonKty  mav  be  term,  d till  dwghter  cjf  Prudence,  the 
sister  of  Temperance,  an<l  the  »rrr.  of  Libfty-  uolinmm. 

Syn.— See  Econo mv-/ 

FR(J'GAL-LY,  ad.  In  a4"galma»f*At. 

FrB'GAL-NESS,  n.  The  quali  y of  li«™fg  1 

economy;  frugality^  n A*  z. 


Wi 


FROIT'ING,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  Jielding,  fruit; 
fruit-bearing.  / Smart. 

FRTJ-I'  TION  (fru-Ish'yn),  n.  [L. ( fruor,  ft uctus, 
or  fruit  us,  to  enjoy  ; It . fruiziou(\  Sp.  fruition.] 
Plirasure  given  by  possession  or  ; enjoyment. 

Man  doth  rot  seem  to  rest  satisfied  eu  ier  with  fnrition  of 
that  wherewit  . his  life  is  preserved,  or  I ith  jicrformaTice  of 
such  actions  as  ndvanc*.  liim  most  desert  <lly  in  estimation. 

Hooker. 

Syn. — See  Enjoyment,  | 

f frO'I-TIVE,  a.  Enjoying;  pressing.  Boyle. 

FRtjIT'LpSS  (frdt'les),  a 1.  B.iiren  of  fruit  ; not 
bearing  fruit ; unproductive. 

Revolving  seasons,  fruitless  as  u ey  pias.  Covper. 

2.  Productive  of  no  advanjige;  idle  ; vain; 
useless;  ineffectual.  “ Pi  ui/ess  pains.”  Sur- 
rey. “ Fruitless  force.”  Dryden. 

3.  Having  no  offspring ; cij.ldless.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Ineffectual,  ’ un. 

FROiT'LESS-LY,  ad.  Y ainly ; idly;  unprcfitablv. 

FRffrr'L^SS-NfiSS,  n.  The.  quality  of  being 
fruitless;  barrenness;  unfit  itfulness.  Boyle. 

F R 0 IT '— IaO F T,  n.  A lift  for  the  preservation  of 
fruit.  Maunder. 

FRflfrT'-SHfiP,  n.  A shop  for  fruit;  a place 
where  fruit  is  sold.  Jodrell. 


j -y—  r ; 

MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  S6N  ; B<>LL,  BUR,  RULE.  — <?,  ?.  ?»  »'?/*/  C>  ®»  5’  *’  hav'd  • § as  z >'  Y *z-  THIS,  thie. 

I f } 


/ 


FRUIT-STALL 


594 


FULCRUM 


FRUIT-STALL,  n.  A stand,  as  in  a market- 
hour  e or  on  the  pavement  of  a street,  where 
fruit  is  sold.  Simmonds. 

FRfriT'-TlME,  n.  The  time  for  gathering  fruit. 

FRtJlT'— TREE,  n.  A tree  that  produces  fruit ; — 
especially  a tree  which  produces  edible  fruit,  as 
a pear-tree,  apple-tree,  &c.  Nch.  ix.  25. 

f FROlT'  -TRENCH-5R,  n.  A dealer  in  fruit;  a 
fruiterer.  Milton. 

FRdlT'V,  a.  Resembling  fruit ; fruitful.  Ogilvie. 

FRtJ-MEN-TA'CEOUS  (fru-men-ta'shus),  a.  [L. 
f-umentaceus  ; frumentum,  corn  ; It.  Sp . ft'U- 
mentaceo.] 

1.  Made  or  composed  of  gram.  Chambers. 

2.  (Bot.)  Noting  plants  that  have  their  stalks 
pointed  and  their  leaves  like  those  of  reeds, 
bearing  their  seeds  in  cars,  like  wheat.  Maunder. 

t FRtj-MpN-TA'Rl-OUS,  a.  [L.  fmmentarius  ; 
It .frumentario.]  Relating  to  grain.  Coles. 

FRO-MJPN-TA'TIQN,  n.  [L.  frumentatio ; fru- 
mentum, corn ; \X.  f rumen! azione.]  {Homan  Ant.) 
A general  dole  or  distribution  of  corn.  Cockeram. 


Frustum  of  a pyramid  or  a cons,  the  part  contained 
between  the  base  and  a plane  parallel  to  the  base. 

Peirce. 

FRlj-TfiS'CpNT,  a.  [L.  frutex,  fruticis,  a.  shrub; 
Sp . frutescente ; Fr . fruteseent.\  {Bot.)  Shrub- 
by, or  having  the  appearance  of  a shrub. 

Hensloio. 

FR V ' TEX,  n.  [L.,  a shrub .]  {Bot.)  A plant 
whose  branches  are  perennial,  and  proceed  di- 
rectly from  the  surface  of  the  earth  without  any 
supporting  trunk.  Brande. 

fFRlJ'TI-CANT,  a.  [L.  frutico,fruticans,  to  put 
forth  shoots.]  Full  of  shoots.  Evelyn. 

FRU-TI-COSE',  > a_  [L.  fruticosus ; frutex,  a 

FRU'TI-COUS,  ) shrub;  Sp.  fruticoso.]  {Bot.) 
Relating  to  shrubs ; shrubby.  Loudon. 

FRU-TiC'U-LOSE,a.  [L .frutex,  fruticis,  a shrub.] 
{Bot.)  Resembling  a small  shrub.  Gray. 

FRY  (fri),  n.  sing.  & pi.  [Goth,  fraiv,  seed ; 
Dan.  $ Sw.  fro.  — Fr .frai,  spawn  ; frayer,  to 
milt.] 

1.  A swarm  of  little  fishes. 

He  is  the  tyrant  pike,  and  we  the  fry.  Donne. 


FfjD(?E,  v.  a.  1.  To  fabricate ; to  devise.  “ Fudg- 
ing up  apologies.”  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

2.  To  foist ; to  put  in  without  warrant. 

That  last  — suppose  — is  fudged  in; 

Why  should  you  cram  these  upon  me?  ■ Foote. 

FUDGE,  n.  [See  Fadge.]  A lie  made  to  fadge 
with  an  occasion ; a made-up  story ; — nonsense  ; 
stuif.  [Low.]  Goldsmith.  Smart. 

FUEILLEMORTE  (ffll'ye-mort),  n.  See  Feuil- 
LEMORTE.  ’ Todd. 

FU'yL,  n.  [L.  focus,  a hearth  ; It.  fuoco  ; Sp. 
fuego\  Old  Fr.  fuayl;  Fr.  feu,  fire.]  The  ma- 
terials which  serve  as  the  aliment  of  fire ; any 
combustible  substance  used  for  the  production 
of  heat ; firing  ; — written  also  fewel. 

Hard-faring  race, 

They  pick  their  fuel  out  of  every  hedge . Coirper. 

FU'?L,  v.  a.  To  supply  with  fuel,  [r.]  Thomson. 

FU'yL-L^iR,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  supplies 
fuel.  Donne. 

FU-ER ' 0,  n.  [Sp.]  A statute,  jurisdiction,  or 
charter  of  privileges.  Velasquez. 

FUFF,  v.  n.  To  puff.  [Local.]  Wright. 


FRC'MEN-TY,  ra.  [L .frumentum,  corn.]  Food 
made  of  wheat  boiled  in  milk ; — often  corrupted 
to  furmenty  and  frumety.  Dr.  Gower. 

f FRUM'GU.D,  n.  [A.  S.  frumgyld  ; fntm,  origi- 
nal, and  gy/d,  a payment.]  {Saxon  Law.)  First 
payment  made  to  the  relatives  of  a slain  person 
in  recompense  of  his  murder.  Bosworth. 

FRUMP,  v.  a.  [Teut.  frumpelen.  Bailey.]  To 
flout ; to  jeer ; to  mock ; to  insult,  [r. ] Beau.  § FI. 

FRflMP,  n.  [Probably  connected  with  frampold. 
Richardson .] 

1.  t A joke  ; a flout ; a gibe.  Bp.  Hall. 

-olloquial  usage,  a cross-tem- 
■ i,i-  ; .■cin.  Smart. 

TFKG.vu-t.it,™.--.  Ter.  Cotgrave. 

FRUMP’JSJL  a.  I.  Cross-u.  ‘‘••1. 

Mcthn^ght  she  looked  very  frumpish  a. 

2.  C/id-fashioned ; — applied  to  tht 
wom«l.  Smart.. 

f FRU'Sli,  v.  a.  [Fr.  froisser.]  To  break;  to 
bruise  ; to  crush  : — to  disorder.  Shak. 


2.  A swarm  of  men  or  of  animals. 

What  a fry  of  fools  is  here  1 Beau.  Bf  FI. 

3.  A kind  of  sieve.  Mortimer. 

4.  [See  the  verb.]  A dish  of  things  fried. 

FRY  (fri),  v.  a.  [Gr.  typhyoi ; L.frigo;  It.  friggere ; 
Sp .freir-,  Fr.  fire.]  [*.  fried;  pp.  frying, 
fried.]  To  dress  with  fat  in  a pan  on  the  fire, 
as  food ; to  heat  or  roast  in  a pan  over  the  fire  ; 
as,  “ To  fry  fish.” 

FRY  (fri),  v.  n.  1.  To  he  roasted  or  cooked  with 
fat  in  a pan  on  the  fire. 

2.  To  effervesce  or  be  agitated,  as  a liquor  by 
the  action  of  fire. 

Spices  and  gums  about  them  melting  fry.  Waller. 

FRY'ING,jt>.  a.  1.  Roasting  or  cooking  with  fat. 

2.  Effervescing  or  bubbling,  as  a liquid  by 
the  action  of  heat. 


ifJSH,  n.  A crashing  or  breaking,  [r.] 
Horrible  uproar  and  frush 
Of  rocks  that  meet  in  battle. 


Southey. 


FRUSH,  n.  [Gcr.  frosch,  a frog;  Dan.  fri/.] 

1.  {Farriery.)  A sort  of  tender  horn  that 

grows  in  the  middle  of  the  sole  of  a horse’s 
foot ; the  frog.  1 Farrier's  Diet. 

2.  A discharge  of  fetid  matter  from  the  frog 

of  the  foot ; — called  also  thrush.  Smart. 

FRUS’TRA-BLE,  a.  That  may  he  frustrated ; de- 
feasible. [r.]  Perry. 

f FRUS-TRA'Np-oOs,  a.  [L.  frustra,  in  vain.] 
Vain  ; useless.  More. 

FIUJS'TRATE,  v.  a.  [L.  frustror,  frustratus  ; 
frustra,  in  v<  in  ; It.  frustrate ; Sp.  frustrar  ; 
Fr.  frustrer.]  [i.  frustrated  ; pp.  frustrat- 
ing, frustrated.] 

1.  To  rentbr  of  no  effect;  to  defeat;  to  dis- 
appoint ; to  talk  ; to  foil. 

Not  more  at  lighty  to  resistour  might 

Thau  wise  t frustrate  all  our  plots  and  wiles.  Milton. 

2.  To  make  null ; to  nullify  ; to  annul. 

The  act  of  Paf  lament  did  cut  off  and  frustrate  all  such 
conveyances.  Spenser.. 

Syn.  — See  Defeat. 

FRtJS'TRATE,  at  Vain;  frustrated.  ‘‘Mourning 
his  frustrate  by>w.”  Pope. 

FRUS-TRA'TION.  n.  [L.  frustration]  The  act  of 
frustrating,  or  tie  state  of  being  frustrated ; dis- 
appointment; defeat.  “The  frustration  of 
their  hopes.”  South. 

t FRUS'TRA-Tlvf.,  a.  Fallacious;  disappoint- 
ing. " \ Ainsworth. 

t FRUS'TRA-TO-E(y,  a.  That  makes  void.  “ A 
frustratory  appeal.”  Ayliffe. 

FROS’TUM,  n. ; pi.  frOs’ta.  [L., 
apiece-,  frusto,  to  break.]  {Geom.) 

The  part  of  a solid  lying  between 
any  two  parallel  planes  which  intersect  it.  Peirce, 


RYTNG-PAN,  n. 

[erstand  l 
?•*  go  from 

U-  ~*PTTH. 

t FUB,  V.  . 

f FUB,  n. 

also  fubs. 

FUB'BY,  O. 


A metal  pan  for  frying  food. 


understand  by  “Out  of  the  frying-pan  into  the  fire" 
bad  to  worse.  I' Estrange. 

Todd . 

— See  Fob.  Shak. 


A p. 
Plun 


FU  GATE,  a.  [L.  ) 
disguised  by  fal 

FU'CAT-f  D,  a.  F 

FUCHSIA  (fu  she- 
tiful  exotic  plar. 
ard  Fuchs,  a fa 

FU'COlD,  n. 

FU'COID, 

FU-COID'AL, 

FU'CUS,  n. ; pi 
face  ; disguise 
2.  {Bot.)  A 
eluding  the  con 
er  olive-colore 

FUD'DJIR,  n.  \ 
Fother. 


L,  ) r 


—on  ; — written 
Malone. 

lubby.  i.-ocal.]  Craig. 

/,  fucat  us,  to  stain.]  Painted; 
, w.  Sir  T.  Elyot. 

1;  disguised  by  false  show. 

{Bot.)  A genus  of  beau- 
• named  in  honor  of  Leon- 
German  botanist.  Loudon. 

resembling  fucus.  Smart. 

rtaking  of  the  nature  of,  or 
ding,  a fucus.  Clarke. 

: ci.  [L.]  1.  Paint  for  the 
■e  show.  B.  Jonson. 

s of  submarine  plants,  in- 
bladder-kelp, and  some  oth- 
weeds.  Micrographic  Diet. 

d as  of  lead ; a fother.  — See 


Mia  > a a. 

aa 


FUD’DLE  (fi 
DUNG,  I 
drunk ; i 
him.” 

■SSp-  Of 
to  excess, 
ale%  fuddle 

FUD’DLE  ( 
become  i 

FUD’DLpR 

fOd'dljni 

muddlinj 
tippling ; 

FUDGE,  in 
ally  bes*. 

At  th»o 
cry  out,  F> 


[i.  fuddled  ; pp.  FUD- 
_ - '<  To  intoxicate  ; to  make 
i ebriate ; to  muddle.  “ I’ll  fuddle 
Beau.  (S;  FI. 
tain  etykiclopy.  — “ Fuddle,  to  drink 
it  alt  is  *Le  chief  food  ; hence  food  — 
tjCraven  Glossary. 

of-  n.  To  drink  to  excess ; to 
!ca  C(l-  L’ Estrange. 

^drunkard ; a tippler.  Baxter. 

Intoxicating;  inebriating; 
dr  iking  to  excess ; getting  drunk ; 
tc<  us.  Spence. 

j \ expression  of  contempt,  usu- 
ahsurd  or  lying  talkers. 


Woi 


A,  g,  I,  6,  V,  Y,  long;  A,  t,  !,  6,  t),  t,  sh< 


X 


of  every  lenience  [Mr.  Burchelll  would 
Goldsmith. 


FUFF,  a.  Light;  puffy.  [Local.]  Wright. 

FU’GJl,n.  [It.]  (Mvs.)  A fugue.  Warner. 

FU-GA'CIOUS  (fu-ga'shus),  a.  [L.  fugax,  fugacis ; 
fugio,  to  flee  ; It.  fugace  ; Sp.  fugaz ; Fr.  fu- 
gace.]  Volatile;  fleeting;  fugitive.  “ Fuga- 
cious pleasures.”  Sterne. 

FU-GA'CIOUS-NESS  (fu-ga'shus-nes),  n.  The  qual- 
ity of  being  fleeting ; volatility.  Evelyn. 

Fi;-GAr:'!-TY,  «.  [L . fugacitas;  It.  fugacita ; Sp. 
fitgacidad.']  The  act  of  flying  away,  or  the 
quality  of  being  fleeting  ; volatility ; fugacious- 
ness. Boyle. 

fFU'GA-CY,  n.  The  act  of  flying;  fugacity.  Milton. 

FUGH  (fu),  interj.  Commonly  foh.  Dryden. 

FU'GILE,  n.  {Med.)  Animpostume  in  the  ear.  -4sA. 

FU'Gl-TIVE  (fu'je-tlv),  a.  [L.  fugitivus ; fugio, 
to  flee  ; It.  Sp . fugitivo  ; Fr.  fuaitif.] 

1.  Apt  to  fly  away  ; fleeting  ; light ; transient ; 

fugacious.  “ Fugitive  delights.”  Daniel. 

2.  Flying  ; fleeing  ; running  away  ; escaping  ; 
as,  “A  fugitive  slave.” 

Can  a fugitive  daughter  enjoy  herself  while  her  parents 
are  in  tears?  S.  Richardson. 

3.  Volatile;  easily  evaporated.  Woodward. 

4.  Perishable  ; likely  to  perish  ; short-lived  ; 
as,  “ Fugitive  pieces  or  pamphlets.” 

FU'Gl-TIVE,  n.  1.  One  who  runs  off;  a runa- 
way ; a deserter ; as,  “ A fugitive  from  justice.” 

2.  One  that  easily  escapes ; one  hard  to  be 
detained.  “ That  airy  fugitive  called  wit.”  Harte. 

FU'Gl-TlVE-LY,  ad.  In  a fugitive  manner.  Wright. 

FU'Gl-TIVE-NESS,  n.  1.  Volatility.  Boyle. 

2.  Unsteadiness  ; instability.  More. 

FU'GLE-MAN,  n. ; pi.  fu'gle-mEn. 

See  Flugelman. 


{Mil.)  — 
Brande. 

FUGUE  (fug),  n.  [L.,  It.,  % Sp.  fug  a ; Fr  .fugue.] 
{Mus.)  A composition  in  which  the  parts  enter 
one  by  one,  each  repeating  the  theme  or  subject 
at  a certain  interval  above  or  below.  Dwight. 

4®“  “ In  all  the  different  species  of  fugues,  the  parts 
fly,  or  run  after  each  other,  and  hence  the  derivation 
of  the  general  nanie/iigTte.”  Moore. 

FU'GU(ST  (fu'gjst),  n.  {Mus.)  One  who  composes 
fugues,  or  who  performs  them  extemporane- 
ously. Moore. 

f FUKE,  n.  Color ; dye  ; stain.  Holland. 

f FUL'CI-BLE,  a.  [L.  f ulcibilis.]  That  may  be 
propped  up.  Cockeram. 

f FUL'CI-MENT,  n.  [L.  fulcimentum.]  A ful- 
crum ; a prop.  Wilkins. 

FUL'CRATE,  a.  [L.  fulcrum,  a bed-post.]  {Bot.) 
Having  branches  that  descend  to  the  earth,  as 
the  stem  of  the  banyan.  Smart. 

FiTL1  CRUM,  n.;  pi.  L.  fCl’cRA-,  Eng.  fOl'- 
crvm$. 

1.  (Msch.)  The  support  on  which  a lever 

rests  ; a prop.  Boyle. 

2.  {Bot.)  A general  name  given  to  several  of 
the  appendages  of  the  stem  or  leaves,  which 


S,  L Q,  V,  Y,  obscure ; FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HilR,  h£R  ; 


FULFIL 


595 


FULMINATE 


serve  either  for  support  or  defence,  as,  the 
prickle,  hair,  tendril,  stipule.  Henslow. 

FUL-FIL',  v.  a.  [full  and  fill.  ] [i.  fulfilled  ; 

pp.  fulfilling,  fulfilled.]  To  perform  what 
has  been  prophesied,  promised,  desired,  com- 
manded, or  intended  ; to  bring  to  pass  ; to  ac- 
complish ; to  answer ; to  effect ; to  realize  ; to 
complete  ; to  effectuate ; to  execute. 

My  words,  which  shall  be  fulfilled  in  their  season.  Luke  i.  20. 

Here  Nature  seems  fulfilled  in  all  her  ends.  Dryden. 

If  ye  fulfil  the  royal  law,  ye  do  well.  James  ii.  8. 

Syn. — See  Accomplish,  Complete,  Keep. 

FUL-FIL'L(IR,  n.  One  who  fulfils.  South. 

FUL-FIL'LING, n.  Fulfilment;  completion.  “Love 
is  the  fulfilling  of  the  law.”  Romans  xiii.  10. 

fOl-FIL'M^NT,  n.  The  act  of  fulfilling,  or  the 
state  of  being  fulfilled ; accomplishment;  com- 
pletion; performance;  execution.  “The  ful- 
filment of  all  his  other  promises.”  Blair. 

FUL/FRAUGHT,  a.  See  Full-FRAUGHT. 

FUL'C^N-CY,  n%  [L.  fulgeo,  fulgens,  to  shine.] 
Splendor ; glitter ; effulgence.  Bailey. 

FUL'CpNT,  a.  [L.  fulgeo,  fulgens,  to  shine  ; It. 
& Sp.  fulgente.]  Shining;  bright ; resplendent ; 
brilliant ; radiant ; effulgent.  Milton. 

FUL'9ENT-LY,  ad.  In  a fulgent  manner.  Wright. 

fFUL'tylD  (ful'jid),  a.  [L .fulgidus.]  Shining; 
glittering ; dazzling.  “ Fu/gid  weapons.”  Pope. 

+ FUL-(rlD'l-TY,  n.  Splendor;  dazzling  glitter  ; 
effulgence ; resplendence.  Bailey. 

FUL'GOR.n.  [L.]  Splendor ; dazzling  brightness ; 
effulgence.  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

fFUL'GfJ-RANT,  a.  Lightening  ; flashing.  More. 

f FUL'GU-rAte,  v.  n.  [L.  fulguro,  fulguratus.] 
To  emit  flashes  of  light.  Chambers. 

FUL-GIt-RA'TION,  n.  [B.fulguratio  ; Fr.  figu- 
ration.] 

1.  f The  act  of  lightening.  Donne. 

2.  A sudden  brightening  of  melted  gold  or 

silver  in  the  cupel  of  the  assayer,  when  the  last 
film  of  vitreous  lead  and  copper  leaves  their 
surface.  Ure. 


FUL'GU-RITE,  n.  [L.  fulg  a thunderbolt.] 
(Min.)  A vitrified  sand  tuf)((  o.  ] to  have 

originated  from  the  action,  or  llgUtning.  I-  Cyc. 

+ FUL'GU-RY,  n.  Lightning.  Cockeram. 


FUL/HAM.  r.  A cant  word  fpr  false  dice,  which 
were  chiefly  made  at  Fulham.  Shak. 

FU'LI-CA,  n.  [L. ; Fr.  fulique.]  ( Ornith .)  A 
genus  of  birds  of  the  order  Gralloe ; the  coot. 

Yarrett. 

+ FU-Ll(r-{-N6s'I-TY,  n.  Smokiness.  Smart. 

FU-Ll(r'I-NOUS,  a.  [L.  f uliginosus ; fuligo,  soot; 
It.  fuligginoso ; Sp.  fuliginoso ; Fr . fuhgineux.] 
Sooty ; smoky ; fumed.  " Bacon. 

FU-Ll^'l-NoOS-LY,  ad.  In  a smoky  state  or 
manner;  smokily.  Shenstone. 


FU-LIG-U-lV  JfJE, 
n.pl.  [Ornith.) 

A sub-family 
of  birds  of  the 
order  Anseres 
and  family 
Anatidce ; sea- 
ducks.  Gray. 

FU'LJ-MART,  n. 

A polecat;  a small,  fetid  animal.  — See  Fou- 
mart. Walton. 


Nyroca  ferina. 


FULL,  a.  [Goth  .fulls  ; A.  S.  full ; fyllan,  to  fill; 
Dut.  vol  ■,  Ger , 'voll , Dan.  /Wrf ; Sw.  full.] 

1.  Able  to  contain  no  more  ; filled  to  the  ut- 
most extent  of  capacity  ; completely  filled  ; 
replete. 

All  the  rivers  run  into  the  sea,  yet  the  sea  is  not  full.  Eccl.  i.  7. 

2.  Abounding;  having  a large  number  or 
quantity. 

Behold,  the  mountain  was  full  of  horses.  2 Kings  vi.  17. 

Their  land  is  full  of  silver.  Isa.  ii.  7. 

3.  Satiated  ; sated ; glutted. 

I am  full  of  the  burnt-offerings  of  rams.  Isa.  i.  11. 

4.  Plump  ; filled  out. 


First  the  blade,  then  the  ear,  after  that  the  full  corn  in 
the  ear.  Mark  iv.  28. 

5.  Having  the  mind  or  memory  filled. 

Every  one  is  full  of  the  miracles  done  by  cold  baths  on 
decayed  and  weak  constitutions.  Locke. 

6.  Complete;  entire.  “Two  full  years.” 

Gen.  xli.  1.  “ Full  credit.”  Hammond. 

7.  Containing  the  whole  matter.  “Words  . . . 

so  full  and  express.”  Woodward. 

6.  Strong  ; not  faint ; loud. 

I never  did  know  so  fuU  a voice  issue  from  so  empty  a 
heart;  but  the  empty  vessel  makes  the  greatest  sound.  Shak. 

9.  Mature;  perfect.  "Full  age."  Bacon. 

10.  Not  horned  or  gibbous;  showing  the 
whole  disk  ; as,  “ The  full  moon.” 

11.  ( Mus .)  An  epithet  applied  to  certain 
anthems  ; to  the  organ,  when  all  or  most  of  its 
stops  are  out ; to  a score,  the  several  parts  of 
which  are  complete,  and  its  combinations  close- 
ly constructed ; and  to  a band,  when  all  the 
voices  and  instruments  are  employed.  Moore. 

Syn.  — See  Comple  te  . 

FULL,  n.  1.  Complete  measure. 

Sicilian  tortures  and  the  brazen  bull 

Are  emblems,  rather  than  express  the  fuU 

Of  what  he  feels.  Dryden. 

2.  The  highest  state  or  degree.  “ At  full  of 
:J"  ” Shak. 

“ This  is  the  news 
Shak. 

‘When  I had  fed 
Jer.  v.  7. 
“ In  the 
Bacon., 


tide. 

3.  The  whole  ; the  total, 
at  full.” 

4.  The  state  of  satiety, 
them  to  the  full." 

5.  The  moon’s  time  of  being  full. 
full  of  the  moon.” 

FULL,  ad.  1.  Quite  to  the  same  degree ; without 


FULL  £R’§—  EARTH',  n.  A species  of  marl  of  a 
close  texture,  having  the  property  of  absorbing 
grease,  and  therefore  used  in  cleansing  or  full- 
ing cloth.  LVe. 

FULL'£R’§— TIlfS'TLE,  l w.  A plant . the  teasel 
FULL  £R’§-WEED,  ) — so  called  because  its 
bristly  head  is  used  by  fullers  in  dressing  cloth. 


FULL'ER-Y,  n, 
mill. 


A fuller’s  work-place ; a fulling- 
Johnson. 

FULL’— EYED  (-Id),  a.  Having  large,  promi- 
nent eyes.  Johnson. 


FULL'-FACED  (-last),  a. 
face. 


Having  a large,  fleshy 
Milton. 


FULL'— FED,  a.  Sated;  fat;  saginated. 


FULL'-FLESHED  (-flgsht),  a. 
lent;  obese. 

FULL'-FORMED,  a. 
full  form. 


Pope. 
Fleshy ; corpu- 
Boag. 

Completely  formed,  or  of  a 
Clarke. 

FULL'— FRAUGHT  (-frUwt),  a.  Fully  freighted  or 
stored ; replete.  Shak. 

FULL'— GORGED  (-gorjd),  a.  Fed  to  the  full; 

glutted.  Shak. 

FULL'-GROWN  (-gron),  a. 
of  full  size. 


Completely  grown ; 

Milton. 


abatement. 


Free  from  deceit  his  face,  and  full  as  free  his  heart.  Drydoi. 

2.  With  the  whole  effect ; completely. 

The  diapason  closing  full  in  man.  Dryden. 

3.  Exactly  ;•  precisely ; accurately. 

Full  in  the  centre  of  the  sacred  wood.  Addison. 

4.  Directly.  “ On  his  ample  forehead  aiming 

full."  Dryden. 

It?} 1 In  old  writers,  it  is  frequently  placed  joefore 
adverbs  and  adjectives  in  the  sense  of  very  ; as,  full 
oft,  full  sad,  &c.  It  is  often  used  in  composition  ; as, 
full-fed,  sated. 

FULL,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  fullian ; Dut.  vollen  ; Gej\. 
walkcn;  Dan.  valke;  Sw.  va/ka.  — I., 


}’ULL'-HAND-eD,  a. 
with  full  hands. 


fuller ; It.  follare,  to  full ; Fr.  -fifterf]  [t. 
FULLED ; pp.  FULLING,  fulled.]  To  thicken 

FULL'— A-CORNE  ),  a.  Gorged  with  acorns.  Shak. 

FULL' A^E,  n.  J oney  paid  for  fulling,  dressing, 
or  cleansing  clo  h. 


Johnson. 


FULL'-A<?ED  (-: 
adult. 


§ d),  a.  Being  of  mature  age ; 

Phillips 

FUL'LAM,  n.  Fa  e dice. — See  Fulham.  Shak. 

FULL'— ARMED  (Land),  a.  Completely  armed. 

FULL'— BLOOD-i  ) (-blud-?d),  a.  Of  a superior 
and  uncorrupt  1 breed  or  extraction  ; as,  “ A 
full-blooded  he  se.”  , 

FULL'— BLOOM:  9 (ful'blomd),  a.  Having  per- 
fect bloom.  Crashaw. 

FULL'— BLOWIJ  (-blon),  a.  1.  Completely  blos- 
somed. I Denham. 

2.  Spread  lit  by  the  wind.  Dryden. 

FULL'— BOT-TfM,  a.  Having  a full  bottom  ; full- 

Addison. 


bottomed. 

FULL'-BOT- 
bottom.  “ 

FULL'— BUT1 

FULL'— CHA1 
utmost. 


FULL'-CRA 
satiety. 

FULL'-DREfeED  (-drest), 
or  for  company 

FULL’— DRIJE',  ad.  At 
as  possiblj 

FULL'-EAfU)  (-erd),  a. 
of  grain. 


Imed  (-tumd),  a.  Having  a large 
I full-bottomed  wig.”  Guardian. 

! id.  Directly.  [Low.]  V Estrange. 

jfED  (-cirirjd),  a.  Charged  to  the 
Shak. 

(-kramd),  at-  Crammed  to 
Marston. 
7.  Dressed  in  form 
Pilkington. 

furious  rate  ; as  fast 
Chaucer. 


Having  the  heads  full 
Denham. 


FULLER, 
ness  it  ii 


[A.  S.  fuller e.] 
lo  full  cloth. 


One  whose  busi- 
Mark  ix.  3. 


Having  the  hands  full; 

Roget. 

FULL'— HEART- JgD,  a.  Full  of  confidence;  elated; 
elevated.  shak. 

FULL'— HOT,  a.  Heated  to  the  utmost.  “ A full- 
hot  horse.”  Shak. 

FULL'JNG,  n.  The  act  of  dressing  cloth.  Hamilton. 

FULL'ING— MILL,  n.  A mill  for  fulling  cloth,  or 
where  cloth  is  fulled  ; a fullery.  Mortimer. 

FULL'— LA-DEN  (-dn),  a.  Having  a full  “A 

full-laden  bough.”  f illotson. 

FULL'— LENGTH',  a.  EmbracmyNhe  whole  ; ex- 
tending the  whole  length  : as,  “ A full-length 
portrait.”  ' Brit.  Crit. 

Completely  fur- 
S hak. 


Magnanimous ; of 
Colton. 


FUJJr-MANNED  (-mdnd),  a. 

finished  with  men,  as  a ship. 

FtiLL'— MOON,  n.  The  moon  when  full. 

FULLV-MOON,  a.  Like  the  moon  when  full. 

In  folly  rushes  with  a full-moon  tide.  Cowper. 

FULL'-UlOUTHED  (-mbfithd),  a.  Having  a full 
voice  Crashaw. 

f FUL-toN'I-CAL,  a.  [L.  fullonicus.]  Relating 
to  a filler  of, cloth.  Blount. 

FULL'— ORBED  (-orbd),  a.  Having  the  orb  com- 
plete. f Thomson. 

FULL'-SOULEF.  (-sold),  a. 
noble  disposition. 

FULL'— SPREAD  1-spredl,  a.  Spread  to  the  ut- 
most extent.  “ Full-spread  sails.”  Dryden. 

FULL'-STSM-AeHED  (-stum-?kt),  a.  Gorged; 
glutted ; sated.  Tourneur. 

FULL'-STUFFED  (-stuff),  a.  Filled  to  the  ut- 
most extent  Drayton. 

FULL'— SUMMED  (-sumd),  a.  Complete  in  all 
its  parts.  Howell. 

FftLL’-WINGED  (-wlngd),  a.  Strong-winged; 
ready  for  flight.  Beau.  % FI. 

fOl'LY,  ad.  With  fulness  ; abundantly  ; com- 
pletely ; copiously  ; largely  ; plenarily. 

FCl'MAR,  n.  (Ornith.)  A kind  of  petrel,  valued 
for  its  oil ; Procellaria  glacialis.  Yarrell. 

fCiL  'MEJY,  n.  [L.]  Lightning  ; a thunderbolt. 

Reasoning  cannot  find  such  a mine  of  thought,  nor  elo- 
quence such  a fubnen  of  impression.  ft.  W,  Hamilton. 

FUL'Mj-NANT,  a.  [L.  fulmino,  fulminans,  to 
thunder;  It.  If  Sp.  fulminante ; Fr.  fulminant.] 
Thundering  ; making  a loud  noise,  [n.]  Bailey. 

FUL'MJ-NATE,  r.  n.  [L.  fulmino,  fulminatus  ; 
fubnen,  a thunderbolt;  It.  fulminare;  Sp .ful- 
minar  ; Fr.  ft  /miner.]  [i.  fulminated  ; pp. 
FULMINATING,  FULMINATED.] 

1.  To  thunder.  Young. 


M?EN,  SIR ; MdVE,  NOR,  S6N ; Bt>LL,  BUR, 


LE.  — (p,  9,  $,  soft;  e,  S,  l,  hard;  § as  z;  $ ns  gz.  — THIS,  tflii. 


FULMINATE 


596 


FUNDAMENT 


2.  To  make  a loud  noise  ; to  explode  ; to 

detonate.  Boyle. 

3.  To  hurl  ecclesiastical  censures.  Burnet. 

FUL'MI-NATE,  v.  a.  1.  To  throw  out  as  an  object 
of  terror ; to  denounce  ; to  menace ; to  curse. 

Judgments  . . . fulminated  with  the  air  of  one  who  had 
tile  divine  vengeance  at  his  disposal.  Wuvburton. 

2.  (Chem.)  To  cause  to  explode.  Sprat. 

FUL'MJ-NATE,  n.  (Chem.)  A compound  of  ful- 
minic  acid  with  a base.  Btande. 

FUL'MJ-NAt-ING,  p.  a.  1.  Denouncing  ; men- 
acing. 

2.  Exploding  with  noise. 

Fulminating  -powder , {Chem.)  a compound  of  nitre, 
pearlasli,  and  sulphur,  which  makes  a loud  explosion. 

FUL-MI-N’A'TION,  n.  [L.  fulminatio  ; It.  fulmi- 
nazione  ; Sp ,'fulminacion ; Fr.  fulmination.) 

1.  The  act  of  fulminating ; denunciation. 

“ The  fulminations  from  the  Vatican.”  Ayliffe. 

2.  (Chem.)  An  explosion.  Sprat. 

FUL'MJ-NA-TO-RY,  a.  [It.  fulminatorio ; Fr. 

fulminatoire'.]  Thundering  ; striking  terror  or 
"horror.  Cotgrave. 

f fOl'HJJNE,  v.  a.  [See  Fulminate.]  To  shoot; 

to  dart,  like  lightning.  Spenser. 

fFUL'MINE,  v.  n.  To  thunder;  to  sound  like 
thunder.  Milton. 

FUL-MIN'5-OCs,  a.  [L.  fulmineus ; It.  dr  Sp. 
fulmineo .]  Pertaining  to  thunder.  Craig. 

FUL-MlN'JC,  a.  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  con- 
tained in  fulminating  silver.  P.  Cyc. 

FUL'NfSS,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  full ; 
plenitude ; abundance  ; completeness  ; copious- 
ness; repletion.  “Fulness  of  joy.”  Ps.  xvii. 
11.  “ Fulness  of  the  heart.”1  Bacon. 
■'•'L-SAM'IC,  a.  Nauseous  ; fulsome.  Congreve. 

~l'sum)  [ful'sum,  S.  IV.  P.  J.  E.  F. 

• - mi,  Wb.),  a.  [From  full. 

Juntas  - -'ll  some.  Wallis.') 

1.  f Full ; ...  withered 

corpse  grew  ful.  o»ic,  C- biding. 

2.  Nauseous;  offensive; 

some  manner.”  Swift.  “ Fulso... 
Roscommon.  “ A fulsome  fellow.”  Beau. .. 

3.  Tending  to  obscenity ; coarse.  Dry  den. 

FUI/SOME-LY,  ad.  In  a fulsome  manner ; nau- 
seously. Congreve. 

F0T/SOME-N695,  n.  The  quality  of  being  ful- 
some ; nauseousness ; disgusting  foulness.  Price. 

FUL'Vll),  u.  [L.  fulvus.)  Of  a dull  yellow  col- 
or, mixed  with  gray ; fulvous.  More. 

FOE'VOUS,  a.  [L.  fulvus  -.  It.  fulvo.]  Yellow; 
tawny ; dull  yellow  with  gray  ; fulvia.  Blount. 

FI'-M  A'DQ,  n.  [L.  fumus  ; Sp.  fumada,  smoke.] 
A smoked  fish.  Careiv. 

FU'MA^E,  n.  [L.  fumus,  smoke.]  (Lau.)  A tax 
on  smoke-places  ; hearth-m,oney.  Bailey. 

FU'MA-RATE,  n.  (Chem.)  A salt  formed  by  the 
union  of  fum.iric  acid  with  a base. 

FU-MA'R[-A,  n.  [L . fumus,  smoke;  — in  allu- 
sion to  the  unpleasant  smell  which  it  exhales.] 
(Bot.)  A genus  of  plants  ; fumitory'.  Crabb. 

FU'MA-RJC,  a.  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  existing 
in  the  common  fumitory,  and  which  may  be 
produced  artificially  by  the  action  of  heat  on 
malic  acid.  Braude. 

FU-MAR'I-MlDE,  n.  (Chem.)  A snow  like  powder, 
formed  by  the  action  of  ammonia  on  fumarate 
of  oxide  of  ethule.  Craig. 

FU'MA-ROLE,  n.  A hole  from  which  smoke 
issues  in  a sulphur  mine  or  volcano.  Smart. 

PU'MA-TO-RY,  n.  [Fr.  fumeterre.)  A genus  of 
strong-scented  plants.  — See  Fumitory.  Shah. 

FDm'BLE  (fum'bl),  v.  n.  [Dvt.fom melon ; Dan. 
famlc ; Sw.  famla.)  [i.  fumbled;  pp.  fum- 
bling, FUMBLED.] 

1.  To  feel  or  grope  about;  to  attempt  or 
handle  awkwardly  ; to  act  bunglingly. 

It  is  continuing  to  fumble  on  the  lute,  though  the  music  1 
has  been  long  over.  Warburton . 

2.  To  play  childishly. 


I 6aw  him  fumble  with  the  sheets,  and  play  with  flowers. 

Shak. 

3.  To  falter ; to  hesitate  ; to  stammer. 

She  fumbled  out,  Thanks,  good;  and  so  she  died.  Marston. 

FUM'BLE,  v.  a.  To  manage  awkwardly.  Shak. 

FUM'BLjJR,  n.  One  who  fumbles.  Falkland. 

FUM'BLJNG,  p.  a.  Doing  any  thing  awkwardly. 

FUM'BLING-LY,  ad.  In  an  awkward  manner. 

FUME,  n.  [L.  fumus ; It.fumo,  or  fummo;  Sp. 
humo  ; Fr .fumee.) 

1.  Smoke;  vapor;  reek;  steam.  Dryden. 

2.  Exhalation  from  the  stomach,  as  affecting 
the  smell  or  the  brain. 

As  filled  with  fumes  of  undigested  wine.  Dryden. 

3.  Idle  conceit ; vain  imagination ; excite- 
ment. “ A show  of  fumes  and  fancies.”  Bacon. 

FUME,  v.  n.  [i.  Fumed  ; pp.  fuming,  fumed.] 

1.  To  smoke.  “Where  the  golden  altar 

fumed.”  Milton. 

2.  To  yield  vapor ; to  vapor ; to  evaporate. 

“Keep  his  brain  fuming.”  Shak. 

3.  To  pass  off  in  vapors  or  exhalations. 

Their  parts  are  kept  from  fuming  away  by  their  fixity. 

Clieyne. 

4.  To  be  in  a rage  ; to  rage. 

He  frets,  he  fumes , he  stares,  he  6tamps  the  ground.  Dryden. 

FUME,  v.  a.  1.  To  smoke  ; to  dry  in  the  smoke ; 
to  fumigate.  Careiv. 

2.  To  perfume ; to  scent. 

She  fumed  the  temples  with  au  odorous  flame.  Dryden. 

3.  To  disperse  in  vapors  ; to  exhale. 

The  heat  will  fume  away  most  of  the  scent.  Mortimer. 

FU'MIJT,  n.  [Fr.]  1.  The  dung  or  ordure  of  the 

deer,  hare,  &c.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  The  scent  of  meat,  as  venison  or  game, 
when  kept  too  long.  Smart. 

t FU-METTE ',  n.  Fumet.  — See  Fumet.  Swift. 

FU'MIB,  o.  [L.fumidus  ; fumus,  smoke.]  Smoky; 
fuliginous ; vaporous,  [r.]  Browne. 

FU-MID'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state  of  be- 
ing smoky ; smokiness ; tendency  to  smoke. 
T it.]  Bailey. 

'JESS,  n.  Smokiness.  Smart. 

, JUS,  a.  [L.  fumifer ; fumus,  smoke, 

and jn  hear.]  Producing  smoke.  IVri.-f  t 

FU-MlF'U-  ••  ,,  1 

One  who  _ . . „u. 

FU'Ml-GA  , o.  n.  [1..  fkmigo ; fumus,  smoke  ; 
It.  fumigare ; Sp.  fumigar ; Fr.  fumiger.)  [i. 
FUMIGATED  ; pp.  FUMIGATIN' G,  ‘ FUMIGATED.] 
To  smoke  ; to  perfume,  purify,  medicate,  or 
cleanse  by  smoke  or  vapor. 

With  fragrant  thyme  the  cit y fumigate.  Dryden. 

FU-M]-GA  TION,  n.  [It.  fumiyizione ; Sp.  fumi- 
gation; Fr.  fumigation.) 

1.  Act  of  fumigating  ; act  <f  using  fumes  or 
vapors  to  purify  articles  of  ajparel,  and  goods 
or  apartments  supposed  to  betnbued  with  some 
infectious  or  contagious  poisol  or  fumes.  Ure. 

2.  The  vapor  raised  in  fumi  ating.  Dryden. 

FU'MT-GA-TO-RY,  a.  [Sp.  fumit,  torio ; Yr.fumi- 
T’  v ' ~ [r.]  Maunder. 


gatoire .]  Purifying  by  smoke 

FU'MI-EY,  ad.  Smokily  ; with  tine.  Wright. 

FU'MING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  scenlng  or  purifying 
by  smoke.  Mortimer. 

2.  Idle  conceit ; fume.  Mir.  for  Mag. 

FU'MING-LY,  ad.  With  fume  ; ai  rily ; in  a rage. 

FU'MJSH,  a.  1.  Smoky.  Cotgi  we.  Sherwood. 

2.  Hot ; choleric  ; fretful,  [r.  Mir.  for  Mag. 

FU'MJSH-NESS,  n.  Fretfulness.  Coverdale. 

FU'MJ-TJJR,  n.  A plant;  fumitoiy  Shcth. 

FU'MI-TO-Ry,  n.  (Bot.)  A geiis  of  strong- 
scented  plants  ; Fumaria  officimis  ; — written 
also  fumatory.  ' ] Eng.  Cyc. 

FUM'Myu,  n.  The  offspring  of  al  sallion  and  a 
she-ass ; a hinny  or  mule.  I Booth. 

FU  MOUS,  ) a [L .fumosus;  Fr.  fin eux.)  Pro- 

FU'MY,  ) ducing  or  filled  with  futres  ; smoky. 

Dryden. 


pests,  and  especially  for  the  dead ,*  in*  whicli  Junctions  they 
ial  garments.  Stillingjlect . 


4 


FUN,  n.  [A.  S.  fiegen,  glad.  Todd.  Richardson. 
— Ger.  fconne,  bliss.  Webster.)  Sport;  merri- 
ment ; frolic.  [Colloquial.]  More. 

FU-NAM'BU-LATE,  V.  n.  [L.  funis,  a rope,  and 
ambulo,  ambulatus,  to  walk.]  To  walk  or  dance 
on  a rope.  Craig. 

FU-NAM-BU-LA'TION,  n.  [See  Funambulus.] 
Rope-dancing.  Bailey. 

FU-NAM'BU-LA-TO-RY,  a.  1.  Narrow,  like  the 
rope  of  a rope-dancer.  “ This  f unambulatory 
track  ...  of  goodness.”  Browne. 

2.  Performing  like  a rope-dancer.  “ Funam- 
bulatory  elephants.”  Chambers. 

FU-NAM'BU-LIST,  n.  One  who  walks  or  dances 
on  a rope  stretched  through  the  air;  a rope- 
dancer.  [r.]  The  Looker-on. 

FU-NAM'BU-LO,  n.  [Sp.]  A rope-dancer  ; a fu- 
nambulist. Bacon. 

FU-JvAm'BU-LUS,  n.  [L .funis,  a rope,  and  am- 
bulo, to  walk.]  A funambulist,  [r.]  Wotton. 

FUNC'TION  (fungk'shun,  82;,  n.  [L.  functio ; fun- 
gor,  functus,  to  perform;  It .funzione;  Sp. fun- 
cion  ; Fr.  function.) 

1.  Performance  ; execution.  “ A commoner 
in  th e function  of  his  public  calling.”  Swift. 

2.  Employment;  office;  occupation.  “Fol- 
low your  function.”  Shak. 

3.  Duty  belonging  to  any  station  or  office. 

They  have  several  offices  and  prayers  against  fire,  tem- 
sts,  and  especially  tor  ' A — A ‘ — 

use  sacerdotal  garm’ents. 

4.  Faculty;  power. 

Nature  within  me  seems 

In  all  her  functions  weary'  of  herself.  Milton. 

5.  (Phys.)  The  appropriate  office  of  an  organ 
in  the  animal  or  vegetable  economy.  Bentley. 

6.  (Math.)  A quantity  so  connected  with  an- 

other that  no  change  can  be  made  in  the  latter 
without  producing  a corresponding  change  in 
the  former.  Davies  # Peck. 

Syn.  — See  Office. 

FUNC'TION-AL,  a.  Relating  to  some  office  or 
function ; official.  Smart. 

FUNC'TION-AL-IZE,  v.  a.  To  place  in  a func- 
tion or  office.  Laing. 

FUNC'TTO’u  • ' ad.  By  means  of  the  func- 

Wright. 

ju-A-ttY  i-  re],  n.  [Fr . ftme- 

tionnaire.)  One  who  ».  ; one  who 

performs  any  duty  or  service  Burke. 

FUNC'TION-A-RY-I§M,  n.  1.  The 
functionary.  . 

2.  The  body  of  functionaries,  or  public  offi- 
cers. Laing. 

3.  A system  or  method  of  governing  by  func- 
tionaries. Laing. 

Fime’TUS  OF-Fp'CI-d  (-qf-fish'e-o).  [L.]  Hav- 
ing discharged  duty  ; having  no  longer  official 
power.  Scudamore. 

F1JND,  n.  [ L.funda , a sling,  also  a purse  ; fun- 
dus, land;  It.  &;  Sp  .fondo,  a fund;  Fr  .fond.) 

1.  An  established  stock  or  capital ; that  out 

of  which  supplies  are  drawn.  “ The  fund  for 
the  supplies.”  Burnet. 

2.  A debt,  due  by  a government,  on  which 

interest  is  paid.  “ My  estate  fluctuating  in 
funds."  Addison. 

Public  funds,  the  public  debt,  due  from  a govern- 
ment, on  which  interest  is  regularly  paid.  — Sinking 
fund,  a fund  or  stock  created  for  the  reduction  of  a 
debt. 

FOND,  V.  a.  [f.  FUNDED  ; pp.  FUNDING,  FUNDED.] 

1.  To  invest,  as  money,  in  the  funds  of  a 
company,  corporation,  or  government.  Todd. 

2.  To  borrow,  as  money,  for  the  purposes  of 
government,  and  give  in  exchange  to  the  lender 
a certificate  of  title  to  the  same  or  a larger 
amount  in  a fund  or  stock  bearing  a fixed  rate 
of  interest. 

If  loana  (during  war]  were  fitnded  in  stocks  hearing  a 
rate  of  interest  equivalent  to  tbe  market  rate  when  they  were 
contracted,  the  charge  on  their  account  might  be  reduced 
soon  after  the  return  of  peace.  Brande. 

FUN'DA-MENT,  n.  [L.  fundament  uni.) 

1.  -f  Foundation.  Chaucer. 

2.  The  seat  of  the  body,  or  its  aperture  ; the 

anus.  Hudibras. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  V,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  t,  short;  A,  $,  [,  O,  U,  Y,  nature;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


FUNDAMENTAL 


597 


FURFUROTTS 


FUN-DA-MENT'AL,  a.  [Sp.  fundamental-,  Fr. 
fondamentdl.]  . . 

1.  Serving  for  the  foundation  ; essential ; im- 
portant; radical;  constitutional. 

Fundamental  is  a metaphor  taken  from  the  foundation  of 
a building,  upon  which  the  fabric  is  erected,  and  without 
which  it  cannot  stand.  Glanmlle. 

2.  ( Mus .)  Applied  to  a chord,  whose  lowest 
note  is  that  from  which  the  chord  is  derived ; 
— also  to  the  lowest  note  of  such  chord.  Moore. 

Fundamental  bass , (Mus.)  the  fundamental  note  ofa 
chord:  — the  lowest  part  in  harmony,  whether  ex- 
pressed or  understood.  Dwight. 

FUN-DA-MENT'AL,  n.  An  essential  principle  ; 
that  upon  which  any  thing  is  built.  “ The  fun- 
damentals of  faith.’5  South. 

FUN-DA-MyN-TAL'I-TY,  n.  Quality  or  state  of 
being’ fundamental ; fundamentalness.  P.  Cyc. 

FUN-D  A-MENT' AL-LY,  ad.  Essentially  ; origi- 
nally ; at  the  foundation. 

FUN-D  A-MENT' AL-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the 
quality  of  being  fundamental  ; essentiality  ; 
fundamentality.  Scott. 

FUND'yD,  a.  Placed  in  the  funds.  Qu.  Rev. 

Funded  debt,  that  part  of  the  national  or  public  debt 
for  the  payment  of  the  interest  of  which  certain  funds 
are  appropriated. 

FUND'— HOLD-yR,  n.  One  who  owns  stocks  in  the 
funds.  Pox. 

FUN'DI,  ) n_  An  African  grain,  produced 

FUN-DUN'pi,  > from  a very  small  plant,  used  for 
food.  Farm.  Ency. 

FUND'ING,  p.  a.  1.  Placing  in  the  funds. 

2.  Relating  to  the  funds.  Fox. 

Funding  system,  (Pol.  Economy.)  a scheme  or  plan 
for  paying  off  the  annual  interest  on  a public  debt. 

FUND'LJgSS,  a.  Without  funds.  Boag. 

FirJV'nus,  n.  [L.]  (Anat.)  The  base  of  any 
cone-shaped  organ.  Brande. 

f FU-NE'BRI-AL,  a.  [L.  funebris.  — See  Funer- 
al.] Belonging  to  funerals.  Browne. 

+ FU'NE-BROUS,  a.  [L  .funebris.]  Pertaining  to 
funerals ; funebrial.  Blount. 

FU'N£R-AL,  n.  [L . f unus,  either  from  funis,  fu- 
neris,  a rope,  of  which  torches  were  made,  fu- 
nerals being  performed  by  torchlight,  or  from 
Gr.  tjtbvos,  slaughter,  because  it  is  of  a man  slain, 
or  from  the  ancient  custom  of  slaughtering  vic- 
tims at  funerals.  Vossius. — It . funerale  •,  Sp. 
funeral ; Fr.  funArailles.) 

1.  A burial ; interment. 

No  widow  at  his  funeral  shall  weep.  Sandi/s. 

2.  The  pomp,  ceremony,  and  procession  of  a 
funeral;  obsequies. 

And  the  long  funerals  blacken  all  the  way.  Pope. 

FU'N^R-AL,  a.  Relating  to  or  used  at  a burial ; 
feral.  “ Funeral  rites.”  Denham. 

t FU'NIJR-ATE,  v.  a.  [ L.f utter o,  funeratus ; fu - 
nus,  a funeral.]  To  bury.  Cockeram. 

f FU-NIJR-A'TION,  n.  [L .funeratio.]  Solemni- 
zation of  a funeral.  Knatchbull. 

FU-NE'Ry-AL,  a.  [L.  funereus  ; It.  h Sp.  fun.e- 
reo.\  Suiting  a funeral ; dark  ; dismal.  “ The 
sad,  funereal  feast.”  Pope. 

Fl’-NE'RIJ- AL-LY,  ad.  In  a funereal  manner; 
darkly ; dismally.  Clarke. 

+ FU-NEST',  a.  [L.  funestus.\  Doleful;  lament- 
able. “ Funest  disasters.”  ' Swift. 

FUN'G  AL,  a.  Relating  to  fungi ; fungous.  Ec.  Rev. 

FtJN'GAL,  n.  A fungus.  Ec.  Rev. 

FUN'G  ATE,  n.  A combination  of  fungic  acid 
with  a base.  Francis. 

fFUNQE,n.  [L  .fungus.]  A blockhead  ; a dolt ; 
a fool.  Burton. 

F&Jf'qi,  n.  pi.  of  fungus.  Cellular,  flowerless 
plants.  — See  Fungus. 

FUJf'yi-.d,  n.  [L.  fungus,  a mushroom.]  ( Zo'dl .) 
A genus  of  corals  which  form  a skeleton  re- 
sembling the  lamellated  under-surface  of  a 
mushroom  or  fungus.  Dana. 

FUN'DI- ATE,  n.  A combination  of  fungic  acid 
with  a salifiable  base.  Craig. 


FUN'91-BLE,  n. ; pi.  fungibles.  [L.  fungor, 
functus,  to  discharge.  — “A  barbarous  term 
supposed  to  have  originated  in  the  use  of  the 
words  functionem  recipere  in  the  digests.” 
Burrill. ] 

1.  ( Civil  Law.)  A thing  which  may  be  fur- 
nished or  restored  in  kind.  Burrill. 

2.  ( Scotch  Law.)  Goods  which  are  computed 
by  number,  weight,  or  measure.  Whislutw. 

FUN'GIC,  a.  [L .fungus,  a mushroom;  Fr .fon- 
gueux.\  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  derived  from 
mushrooms.  Brande. 

FUN'91-FORM,  a.  [L.  fungus,  a mushroom,  and 
forma,  form ; It.  fimgiforme ; Fr .fongiforme.] 
Having  the  form  of  a fungus.  Hoblyn. 

FUN-yiL'LI-FORM,  a.  \L.  fungus,  fungi,  a mush- 
room, and  forma,  form.]  Shaped  with  a round 
head,  like  a mushroom.  Craig. 

FUN'G!NE,.».  (Chem.)  The  fleshy  part  of  mush- 
rooms purified  by  digestion  in  hot  water  .Brande. 

FUN'yiTE,  n.  A sort  of  fossil  coral.  Ray. 

FyN-elV'O-ROUS,  a.  [L.  fungus,  a mushroom, 
and  voro,  to  devour.]  Feeding  on  fungi.  Kirby. 

FUN'GOID,  a.  [L.  fungus  and  Gr.  it bos,  form.] 
(Bot.)  Resembling  a fungus.  P.  Cyc. 

FUN-G0L'0-<JHST,  n.  [L .fungus,  a mushroom, 
and  Gr.  Idyos,  a discourse.]  One  versed  in  the 
science  of  fungi.  Ec.  Rev. 

FUN-GOS'l-TY,  n.  [Fr.  fongosite.']  A soft  ex- 
crescence. Blount.  Biblioth.  Bibl. 

FUN'GOUS  (fung'gus,  82),  a.  [It.  <S;  Sp.fungoso  ; 
Fr.  fongueux. ] 

1.  Excrescent ; spongy ; wanting  firmness. 

We  may  be  sure  of  rain,  in  case  we  sec  a fungous  substance 

or  soot  gathered  about  lamps  and  candle-snutfs.  Holland. 

2.  (Bot.)  Having  the  substance  of  fungi  or 

mushrooms.  Gray. 

FUN'G  US,  n.  ; pi.  L.  fun' pi',  Eng.  fCn'gt;s-e$. 

1.  (Bot.)  A class  of  cellular,  flowerless  plants, 
distinguished  from  healthy  specimens  of  almost 
all  other  plants  by  the  total  absence  of  the 
color  depending  on  the  presence  of  chlorophyll 
or  on  its  red  modifications.  Micrographic  Diet. 

Ifiy'  “ Under  the  name  fungi  botanists  comprehend 
not  only  the  various  races  of  mushrooms,  toad -stools, 
and  similar  productions,  but  a large  number  of  micro- 
scopic plants,  forming  tile  appearances  called  mouldi- 
ness, mildew,  smut,  rust,  brand,  dry-rot,&c.”E«».Cyc. 

2.  (Med.)  A spongy  excrescence,  from  an  an- 
imal body,  as  the  proud-Jiesh  formed  in  wounds. 

FU'NI-CLE  (fu'ne-kl),  n.  [L.  funiculus  ; funis,  a 
rope  ; Fr.  fnnicule.) 

1.  A small  cord  : — the  navel  string. 

2.  (Bot.)  The  little  stalk  by  which  a 
seed  is  attached  to  the  placenta.  Loudon. 

FU-NIC'U-LAR,  a.  Consisting  of  a cord,  ligature, 
fibre,  or  ropes.  Bailey. 

FU-NIC'U-LATE,  a.  (Zoiil.)  Forming  a narrow 
ridge.  Maunder. 

FU-rnC U-LUS,  n.  [L.]  (Bot.)  The  stalk  of  a 
seed  or  an  ovule.  Gray. 

FU'NIS,  n.  [L.,  a rope  or  cord.~[  (Anat.)  The 
umbilical  cord  or  navel  string.  Dunglison. 

FErNK,  n.  [Etymology  disputed.  Icel.  funa,  to 
putrefy.  Serenius.  FI.  fonck,  confusion.  Dye.  1 
An  offensive  smell;  stench;  stink.  [Vulgar.] 

FUNK,  v.  a.  To  infect  with  an  offensive  smell. 
[Vulgar.]  King. 

FUNK,  v.  n.  To  emit  an  offensive  smell ; to  smell ; 
to  stink.  [Vulgar.]  Todd. 

FUN'NjpL,  n.  [Contracted  from  L.  infundibulum  ;■ 
in  and  fundo,  to  pour.  Skinner.  Johnson.  Rich- 
ardson. — W.Jfum,  a puff’;  ffunell,  a small  bun- 
dle.] 

1.  An  inverted  hollow  cone,  with  a pipe  af- 
fixed to  its  apex,  used  for  pouring  liquors  into 
bottles,  casks,  &c. ; a tunnel. 

2.  The  shaft  or  upper  part  of  a chimney. 

3.  The  iron  chimney  of  a steamer  or  of  a 

stove.  Simmonds. 

FUN'NIJL— FORM,  a.  (Bot.)  Expanding  gradually 
upwards,  like  a funnel,  or  tunnel ; funnel- 
shaped;  infundibuliform.  Gray. 


FtTN'NyLLED  (-n?ld),  a.  Having  funnels;  hav- 
ing  the  form  of  a funnel.  Goldsmith. 

FUN'Nyj LIKE,  a.  Resembling  a funnel.  Hill. 

FUN'NIJL— NET,  n.  A net  formed  like  a funnel, 
or  tunnel.  Goldsmith. 

FUN'NIJL— SHAPED'  (-shapt),  a . (Rot.)  Shaped 
like  a funnel ; funnel-form.  Brande. 

FUN'NY,  a.  [Scot .funnie,  full  of  merriment.  — See 
Fun.]  Comical ; droll.  [Colloquial.]  Gent.  Mag. 

FUN'NY,  n.  A light  boat;  a kind  of  wherry. 
[Local.]  Todd. 

FUR,  n.  [Low  L.  furra ; It  .fodera,  a lining;  Sp. 
aforro  ; Fr.  fourrure.  — Goth,  fodr,  a sheath ; 
Gev.  flitter,  a lining,  fur,  furring.  — See  the  verb.] 

1.  The  finer  hair  on  certain  animals,  growing 
thick  on  the  skin,  and  so  distinguished  from  the 
longer  and  coarser  hair. 

2.  The  skin  of  certain  animals,  as  the  beaver, 
&c.,  dressed  upon  the  inside,  and  having  the  fur 
left  on  the  other  ; — used  for  garments.  Swift. 

3.  A coating,  such  as  collects  on  the  tongue 

in  a fever.  Dryden. 

4.  A calcareous  incrustation  from  hard  water 
in  steam-boilers  and  other  vessels.  Simmonds. 

FUR,  a.  Consisting,  or  made,  of  fur  ; as,  “A  fur 
cap.”  P.  Cyc. 

FUR,  v.  a.  [It.  foderare,  to  line  with  fur  ; Sp. 
aforrar ; Fr.  fourrer.  — Dut.  voederen ; Ger .flit- 
tern;  Dm.  fore',  Sw .fodraf)  [i.  furiuil  ; pp. 
FURRING,  FURRED.] 

1.  To  line  or  cover  with  fur.  “Robes  and 

furred  gowns.”  Shak. 

2.  To  coat  with  soft  matter.  “Their  dry, 

furred  tongues.”  Phillips. 

3.  (Arch.)  To  nail  slips  of  wood  to  joists, 

rafters,  &c.,  to  bring  them  to  an  even  surface, 
as  for  lathing.  Wright. 

f FUR,  ad.  At  a distance ; far.  Sidney. 

FU-RA'CIOUS  [-slius),  a.  [L.  furax,  farads ; fur, 
a thief.]  Thievish.  Bailey. 

FU-RAy'I-TY,  n.  [L.  furacitasJ]  Disposition  to 
steal ; thievishness,  [r.]  Cockeram. 

FUR'— BeAr-(NG,  a.  Yielding  fur.  Booth. 

FUR'BIJ-LOW  (f  iir'be-Io),  n.  [It .falhala',  Sp . fal- 
bala,  or  farfala ; Fr.  falhala.']  A puckered 
flounce  for  ornamenting  various  parts  of  a 
woman’s  dress. 

To  change  a flounce,  or  add  a furbelow.  Pope. 

FUR'BIJ-LOW,  v.  a.  \i.  fuhbeloaved;  pp.  fur- 
belowing,  furbelowed.]  To  adorn  with  fur- 
belows. “ Flounced  and  furbelowed Addison. 

FUR'BISH,  v.  a.  [It.  forbire ; Fr . fourbir.]  [i. 
FURBISHED;  pp.  FURBISHING,  FURBISHED.] 
To  rub  or  scour  till  bright ; to  burnish ; to  polish. 

Furbished  the  rusty  sword  again.  Dryden. 

FUR'BISH- A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  polished  or 
burnished.  Sherwood. 

FUR'BJEH-yR,  n.  One  who  furbishes.  Barret. 

FUR'CATE,  a.  CBot.)  Forked;  fork-shaped; 
furcated.  Loudon. 

FUR'CAT-yu,  a.  Forked , divided  like  a fork ; 
furcate.  Pennant. 

FUE-CA'TION,  n.  [ L.furca , a fork.]  The  state 
of  branching  or  being  branched.  Browne. 

FUR'CU-LA,  n.  A forked  bone  in  the  upper  part  of 
the  breast  of  a fowl ; a merrythought.  Maunder. 

FliR'CU-LAR,  a.  Fork-shaped;  furcate;  — ap- 
plied to  a bone  in  a fowl,  commonly  called  merr 
rythought.  Roget. 

f FUR'DLE,  v.  a.  [See  Fardel.]  To  contract ; 
to  furl.  Browne. 

FUR'FUR,  n.  (L.,  bran,  and  scurf. ] Dandruff  or 
scurf  on  the  skin.  Burton. 

FUR-FU-RA'CEOys  (fiir-fu-ra'shus),  a.  [L .furfu- 
raceus-,  Fr . furfuracc.]  Scurfy;  scaly;  branny; 
lentiginous.  Mackenzie. 

FUR-FU-RA'TION,  n.  The  falling  of  scurf  from 
the  head.  Chambers. 

FUR'FUR-OCs,  a.  Covered  with  scurf;  scurfy; 
furf’iraceous.  Sydney  Smith . 


MtEN,  SIR;  MdVE,  NOR,  SdN  ; BljLL,  BUR,  RfiLE.  — y,  y,  g,  soft ; C,  IS,  £,  g,  hard ; § as  z;  Jf  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


FURIOSITY 


598 


FUSIBILITY 


FU-EI-6s'(-TY,  n.  [It.  furiositb.)  ( Med .)  Raving 
madness,  [r.]  Crabb. 

FU-Rl-b' §0.  [It.]  (Mus.)  Furiously ; vehement- 
ly. ' Crabb. 

FU'RI-OfJS,  a.  [L.  furiosus ; It.  § Sp.  furioso  ; 
Fr.  furieux. — ’See  Fuky.] 

1.  Transported  by  passion  beyond  reason ; 
mad;  raging;  violent;  infuriated;  frantic. 

Who  can  be  wise,  amazcrl,  temperate,  and  furious, 

Loyal,  and  neutral  in  a moment’/  No  man.  Shuk. 

2.  Vehement;  impetuous;  stormy;  boister- 
ous. “ Furious  elements.”  Burke. 

Syn.  — See  Violent. 

FU'RJ-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  a furious  manner;  madly. 

FU'RI-OUS-NESS,  n.  Frenzy  ; madness  ; trans- 
port ; ungoverned  rage  : — vehemence.  Eowth. 

FURL,  v.  a.  [Probably  a contraction  of  furdle  or 
fardel.  Richardson.  In  Beau.  § FI.  the  word 
is  spelled  farle .]  ft.  furled  ; pp.  furling, 
furled.]  ( Naut .)  To  draw  up,  as  into  a bun- 
dle ; to  roll,  fold,  or  wrap  up. 

Then  lowers  the  lofty  mast,  and  furls  the  sails.  TickelL 

FURL'ING— LINE,  n.  {Naut.)  A rope  employed 
in  furling.  Crabb. 

FUR'LONG,  n.  [A.  S .furlang ; fur,  a furrow,  and 
lang,  long.]  The  eighth  part  of  a mile  ; forty 
rods. 

FUR'LOUGH  (-15),  n.  [Dut.  ver(of-,  Ger.  urlaub  ; 
verlauben,  to  permit ; Dan . forlov,  or  orlov  ; Sw. 
fi/rlof,  or  orlof.]  ( Mil .)  Leave  of  absence  from 
military  service  to  an  officer  or  soldier  for  a lim- 
ited time.  Burn. 

FUR'LOUGH  (-15),  v.  a.  Tp  grant  a leave  of  ab- 
sence to.  Clarke. 

FUR'MEN-TY,  ) n.  see  Frumenty. 

FUR'Mg-TY,  ) Massinger.  Beau,  FI. 

FUR'NACE  (f iir'nas),  n.  [L.  furnus,  an  oven,  or 

_ fornax,  an  arch  ; It.  fornace ; Sp.  homo  ; Fr. 
fourneau,  or  fournaise.)  An  enclosed  place  con- 
structed for  producing  and  maintaining  a great 
heat  for  melting,  warming  apartments,  &e. 

“ Furnaces  are  as  various  in  their  construction 
as  are  the  forms  of  operation  to  which  they  are  sub- 
servient ; hut  they  may  all  be  reduced  to  three  sorts  ; 
evaporating  furnaces,  for  the  reduction  of  substances 
to  vapor  by  means  of  heat ; reverberatory  furnaces, 
where  the  flame  is  prevented  from  rising;  and  forge 
furnaces,  in  which  the  current  of  air  is  determined 
by  bellows.”  Buchanan. 

FUR'NACE,  v.  a.  To  throw  out,  as  sparks,  like  a 
furnace,  [r.]  Shak. 

FUR-NA-Rl'JfJE,  n. 
pi.  [L.  furnus,  an 
oven.]  (Ornith.)  A 
sub-family  of  ten- 
uirostral  birds  of 
the  order  Passeres 
and  family  Certhi-  Enicomis  phcenicura. 

da ; oven-birds.  Gray. 

t FUR'NJ-MENT,  n.  [Fr.  fourniment.]  Furni- 
ture. Spenser. 

FUR'NJSH,  v.  a.  [It.  fornire  ; Sp . fornir  ; Fr. 
fournir. — Sw.  furnera.  — Menage  refers  the 
word  to  L.  orno,  to  adorn.]  [t.  furnished; 
pp.  FURNISHING,  FURNISHED.] 

1.  To  supply  with  what  is  wanted  or  neces- 
sary ; to  provide,  fit  up,  or  equip  ; to  procure. 

Thou  shaft  furnish  him  liberally  out  of  thy  flock. 

Deut.  xv.  14. 

2.  To  fit  up  with  appendages  or  with  decora- 
tions ; to  decorate. 

The  apartment,  are  lofty  and  enormous,  and  they  knew 
not  how  to  furnish  them.  Walpole. 

’ Syn.  — Furnish  a house  or  a room  ; Jit  np  an  apart- 

ment ; decorate  with  flowers  ; supply  a want ; provide 
a dinner  ; equip  a regiment;  procure  necessaries. — 
See  Provide. 

t FUR'NISH,  n.  A specimen  ; a sample.  Greene. 

FUR'NJSHED  (f'ur'njsht),  p.  a.  Supplied;  pro- 
vided ; fitted  up  ; equipped. 

FUR'NJSH-pR,  n.  One  who  furnishes.  Greenhill. 

FUR'N|SH-ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  supplying. 

2.  A sample  ; a show. 

Something  deeper. 

Whereof,  perchance,  these  are  but  furnishings.  Shak. 

f FUR'N]SH-MENT,  n.  A supply.  Cotgrave. 

FtfR'NI-TURE  [f Ur'ne-tur,  P.  J.  F.  Ja. ; fUr'ne- 


chur,  W.;  fiir'ne-chiir,  S. ; f ilr'njt-yilr,  K. ; fiir'- 
ng-tur,  colloquially  fiir'ne-chSr,  Sw.],  n.  [It. 
fomitura;  Fr.fourniture.  — See  Furnish.] 

1.  Goods  put  in  a house  for  use  or  ornament ; 
movables  ; chattels ; effects  ; apparatus. 

There  are  many  noble  palaces  in  Venice;  their  furniture 
is  not  very  rich,  if  we  except  the  pictures.  Addison. 

2.  Equipage  ; embellishments  ; decorations. 
The  horse’s  furniture  must  be  of  very  sensible  colors.  Dryden. 

3.  {Printing.)  Materials  for  extending  pages 

of  type  to  their  proper  length,  and  separating 
them  to  proper  distances.  Buchanan. 

4.  {Arch.)  Brass  work  of  locks,  knobs  of 

doors,  window-shutters,  &c.  Buchanan. 

5.  (Naut.)  The  masts  and  rigging  of  a ship. 

6.  (Mus.)  The  name  of  one  of  the  mixed 

stops  of  an  organ.  Moore. 

7.  (Mil.)  The  mounting  of  a musket,  &c .Burn. 

Syn.  — See  Goods. 

FU'ROR,n.  [L.]  Fury ; madness  ; rage.  Wyatt. 

FtiR'RI-pR,  n.  A dealer  in  furs.  Cotgrave. 

FUR'Rl-ER-Y,  n.  The  trade  in  furs.  Cook's  Voyage. 

FUR'RJ-LY,  ad.  With  a covering  of  fur.  Byron. 

FUR'RING,  n.  (Arch.)  A term  for  slips  of  wood 
nailed  to  joists,  rafters,  &c.,  to  bring  them  to 
an  even  surface  for  lathing,  &c.  Brande. 

FUR'ROW  (fur'ro),  n.  [A.  S.fur,  or  furli ; Ger. 
furche  ; Dan .fure;  Sw./oro.] 

1.  A trench  made  in  the  earth  by  a plough. 

Then  ploughs  for  seed  the  fruitful  furrows  broke.  Dryden. 

2.  Any  long  trench  or  hollow,  as  a wrinkle ; a 
groove  or  channel  cut  in  wood ; chamfer. 

And  time  had  worn  deep  furrows  in  bis  face.  Drayton. 

FUR'ROW,  v.  a.  [A.  S .fyrian.)  G.  furrowed  ; 
pp.  furrowing,  furrowed.]  To  cut  in  fur- 
rows ; to  hollow.  “ The  furrowed  land.”  Milton. 

FUR'ROWED,  p.  a.  ( Bot .)  Marked  with  longi- 
tudinal channels  or  grooves  ; sulcate.  Gray. 

FUR'ROW— FACED  (-fast),  a.  Having  a furrowed 
face.  “ The  furrow-faced  sea.”  B.  Jonson. 

FUR'ROW-SLiCE,  n.  A narrow  slice  of  earth 
turned  up  by  the  plough.  Farm.  Ency. 

FUR'ROW— WEED,  n.  A weed  that  grows  in  fur- 
rowed land.  Shak. 

FUR'RY,  a.  [See  Fur.]  Covered  with,  or  con- 
sisting of,  fur.  Dryden. 

FURTHER,  a.  [From  forth-,  comp  .further,  sup. 
furthest.  — A.  S.fufthor,  furthur .) 

1.  Being  at  a greater  distance ; farther. 

2.  Additional;  ulterior.  “To  work  them 

further  woe.”  Milton. 

n v ■ Further  and  farther,  of  the  same  signification, 
are  both  in  good  use.  — See  Farther. 

FURTHER,  ad.  To  a greater  distance. 

And  the  angel  of  the  Lord  went  further , and  stood  in  a 
narrow  place.  JVum.  xxii.  2. 

FURTHER,  V.  a.  [A.  S.  forthian.}  [i.  FUR- 
THERED ; pp.  FURTHERING,  FURTHERED.]  To 
put  onward ; to  forward ; to  promote  ; to  assist ; 
to  advance  ; to  help.  “ Ready  to  further  them 
to  the  utmost  in  his  power.”  Chesterfield. 

FUR'THER-ANCE,  n.  Promotion;  advancement; 
help.  “The  furtherance  of  their  trade.”  Spenser. 

FUR'THER-ER,  n.  One  who  furthers ; a pro- 
moter ; a helper.  Ascham. 

FURTHER-MORE,  ad.  or  conj.  (further  and 
more.)  Moreover ; besides. 

It  is  a conjunction  when  it  is  used  to  connect 
an  additional  clause  of  a sentence;  as,  “ Furthermore , 
I pray  you  Bhow  my  youth,”  &c.  Shak. 

FURTHER-MOST,  a.  super l.  Most  distant ; fur- 
thest. Ash. 

FURTHEST,  a.  svperl.  Most  distant;  farthest. 
— See  Further.  Davies. 

FURTHEST,  ad.  At  the  greatest  distance  ; far- 
thest. Shenstone. 

FURTIVE,  a.  [L.  furtivus ; fur,  a thief ; It.  Sj 
Sp .furtivo ; Fr .furtiff)  Stolen  ; surreptitious  ; 
obtained  by  theft. 

Dark,  furtive  beams,  and  glory  not  their  own.  Prior. 

FUR'TIVE-LY,  ad  By  theft;  in  a furtive  man- 
ner ; surreptitiously.  Ed.  Rev. 


FUR  ’ TUM,  n.  [L.]  (Law.)  Theft ; robbery  ; lar- 
ceny. ’ Hamilton. 

FU'RUN-CLE  (fu'rung-kl),  n.  [L.  furunculus  ■ fur , 
a thief;  — so  called  because  it  creeps  to  a head.] 
A boil ; a felon  ; an  angry  pustule.  Wiseman. 

FUR'— WROUGHT  (-r5wt),  a.  Made  of  fur.  Gay. 

FU'RY,  n.  [L  .furor,  or  furia  ; furo,  to  rage;  It. 
iSf  Sp  .furia-,  Fr.  fureur,  or  furie.) 

1.  Madness ; rage  ; passion  of  anger ; frenzy. 

I do  oppose  my  patience  to  his  fury.  Shak. 

2.  Enthusiasm  ; exaltation  of  fancy. 

Once,  *t  is  said,  when  all  ^ ere  fired, 

Filled  with  fury,  rapt,  inspired. 

From  the  supporting  myrtles  round. 

They  snatched  her  instruments  of  sound.  Collins. 

3.  (Myth.)  A goddess  of  vengeance:  — hence 
a turbulent,  raging  woman  ; a hag ; a vixen  ; a 
shrew ; a virago. 

4.  One  of  the  Fates  or  Destinies,  [r.] 

Comes  the  blind  Fury,  with  the  abhorred  shears, 

And  slits  the  thin-spun  life.  Milton. 

FU'RY— GOD'DESS,  n.  The  pagan  deity  Ate,  one 
of  the  Furies.  Pope. 

FU'Ry— LIKE,  a.  Raving  ; raging  ; furious;  tur- 
bulent ; vixenish.  Thomson. 

FURZE  (fiirz),  n.  [A.  S.yyrs.]  (Bot.)  A beauti- 
ful flowering  evergreen  shrub;  gorse ; goss ; 
whin  ; Ulex  Europceus.  Somerville. 

FURZE'— BUSH,  n.  A plant ; the  furze.  Hill. 

FURZE'— CHAT,  n.  (Ornith.)  A bird  of  the  fam- 
ily Sylviada,  or  warblers,  and  genus  Saxicola ; 
whinchat ; Saxicola  rubetra.  Yarrell. 

FiiR'ZEN  (fiir'zn),  a.  Relating  to  furze  ; furzy  ; 
gorsy.  Holland. 

FUR'ZY,  a.  Overgrown  with  furze  ; full  of  gorse  ; 
gorsy.  “ The  furzy  field.”  Gay. 

FU-SA-ROLE',  n.  [It.]  (Arch.)  A moulding 
placed  immediately  under  the  echinus  in  the 
Doric,  Ionic,  and  Composite  capitals.  Crabb. 

FUS-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  fusco , fuscatus,  to  darken  ; 
fuscus,  dark.]  Act  of  darkening  or  obscuring ; 
obfuscation  ; darkness  ; ohtenebration.  Blount. 

FUS'CINE,  n.  [L.  fuscus,  dark.]  (Chem.)  A 
brownish  matter,  obtained  from  empyreumatic 
animal  oil.  P.  Cyc. 

FUS'CITE,  n.  [L.  fuscus,  dark.]  (Min.)  A yel- 
lowish variety  of  compact  scapolite  from  Nor- 
way ; gabronite.  Brande. 

FUS'CO— CO-BA L'TI- A— SALT  (-she-?-),  n.(Chem.) 
A salt  formed  by  exposing  to  the  air  an  am- 
moniacal  solution  of  a protosalt  of  cobalt,  or  by 
the  action  of  water  on  oxycobaltic  salts.  Graham. 

FUS'COUS,  a.  [L . fuscus.)  Deep  gray-brown ; 
brown  with  a gray  tinge.  Henslow. 

FUSE  (fuz),  v.  a.  [L.  fundo,  fusus,  to  pour  out.] 
[i.  fused;  pp.  fusing,  FUSED.]  Tomelt;  to 
put  into  fusion  ; to  liquefy  by  heat.  Byrom. 

FU§E  (fuz),  v.  n.  To  be  melted;  to  melt.  Bailey. 

FU§E,  n.  (Mil.)  A tube  filled  with  a combustible 
composition,  used  for  blasting,  or  for  firing 
shells.  — See  Fuze.  Glos.  of  Mil.  Terms. 

FU-t->EE',  n.  [L.  fusus,  a spindle  ; It.  fuso  ; Sp. 
huso  ; Fr.  fusee,  or  fuseau.) 

1.  A cylinder,  or  part  of 
a watch,  round  which  the 
chain  winds. 

2.  (Mil.)  That  part  of  a 
bomb  or  grenade  which 
makes  it  take  fire  ; a fuse. 

3.  The  track  of  a buck.  Ainsworth. 

4.  A sort  of  firelock  or  gun  ; — often  written 

fusil.  — See  Fusil.  Johnson. 

5.  A squib.  Simmonds. 

6.  A slow  match,  used  by  smokers  for  light- 
ing tobacco.  Simmonds. 

FU'^EL-OIL,  n.  [Ger.  fusel,  had  liquor,  and  ill, 
oil.]  Hydrate  of  amyle  ; a colorless,  oily  spirit 
obtained  from  alcohol,  very  acrid  to  the  taste, 
of  a strong  and  nauseous  odor,  and  stupefying 
in  its  effects  : — called  also  oil  of  potato-spirit, 
oil  of  grain,  and  corn-spirit  oil.  Hoblyn. 

FU-§I-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [It.  fusibilith Sp . fusibili- 
dad;  Fr . fusibilite.)  The  quality  of  being  fusi- 
ble. Wotton. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  £,  I,  6,  0,  Y,  short;  A,  E.  1,  9.  V.  Y.  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HilR,  HER; 


FUSIBLE 


599 


GABBLE 


FU'§I-BLE  [fu'ze-bl,  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  Wb.; 
fu'se-bl,  S.  IK,],  a.  [ E.  fundo , fusus,  to  pour 
out  ; It .fusibile-,  Sp.  <S,  Fx.  fusible.]  That  may 
be  melted  or  fused  ; as,  “Lead  is  very  fusible." 

Fusible  calculus,  a species  of  urinary  calculus,  char- 
acterized by  the  facility  with  which  it  fuses  before 
the  blow-pipe.  — Fusible  metal,  a compound  consist- 
ing of  eight  parts  of  bismuth,  five  parts  of  lead,  and 
three  parts  of  tin.  It  melts  at  a temperature  below 
212°.  Hoblyn.  Qrakam. 

FU'§I-FORM,  a.  [L.  fusus,  a spindle,  and/or»to, 
form;  Fr.  fusiforpie.  1 (Bot.)  Shaped  like  a 
spindle.  P.  Cyc. 

FU'^JL  (fu'zjl),  a.  [L.  fusilis  ; f undo,  fusus,  to 
pour  out;  It  .fusile;  Sp  .fusil-.  Old  Fx.  fusile.] 
Capable  of  being  melted  ; fusible.  Woodward. 

FU'SIL  (fu'zjl  or  fu-ze')  [ffi'zil,  P.  Ja.  Sm.  C. 
Wb. ; lu-ze',  S.  IK.  J.  F. ; fu-zll',  A'.],  n.  [Fr.] 

1.  A firelock  ; a small  musket ; a fusee. 

2.  (Her.)  A bearing  of  a rhomboidal  figure, 

longer  than  the  lozenge,  and  having  its  upper 
and  lower  angles  more  acute  and  sharp  than 
the  other  two.  Lond.  Ency. 

FU-^I-LEER',  n.  [Fr.  fusillier .]  (Mil.)  Origin- 
ally, a soldier  armed  with  a fusil  or  light  mus- 
ket, which  might  be  slung  over  the  shoulder ; 
but  the  equipment  of  fusilcers  does  not  now 
differ  from  that  of  other  regiments. 

Glos.  of  Mil.  Turpis. 

FU-§IL-LADE',  n.  [Fr.]  (Mil.)  A discharge  of 
muskets ; a shooting  or  firing.  Qu.  Rev. 

FU-SI'NJE,  n.  pi.  (Conch.)  Spindle-shaped  shells, 
a sub-family  of  mollusca.  Swainson. 

FU^'JNG,  p.  a.  Melting;  liquefying. 

Fusing  point,  the  degree  of  heat  at  which  any  solid 
body  melts.  Francis. 

FUSION  (fu'zhun),  n.  [L.  fusio  ; fundo,  fusus, 
to  pour  out;  It .fusione",  Sp.  &■  Fr.  fusion.)  The 
act  of  melting,  or  the  state  of  being  melted. 
“ Metals  in  fusion.”  Newton. 

FU'SOME,  a.  Handsome  ; neat.  [Local.]  Grose. 

FUSS,  n.  [A.  S.  fus,  ready,  quick ; fysan,  to 
hasten.]  A tumult ; a bustle  ; much  ado  about 
trifles ; noise.  [Colloquial.]  Swift. 

FOSS,  v.  n.  To  bustle  or  make  a great  ado  about 
trifles  ; to  fussify.  [Colloquial.]  Brockett. 

FUS'S(-FY,  v.  n.  To  make  a bustle  about  trifles; 
to  bustle ; to  fuss.  [V  ulgar.]  Qu.  Rev. 

FUS'SI-LY,  ad.  In  a bustling  manner;  noisily. 
[Low.]  Byron. 

FUS'SI-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
fussy,  or  making  much  ado  about  trifles ; noisi- 
ness. Miall. 

FUSS'ING,  a.  Making  a fuss ; bustling.  Sir  W. Scott. 

FU§'§LE,  v.  See  Fuzzle.  Todd. 

FUS'SY , a.  Addicted  to  trifling;  busy  about  tri- 
fles ; bustling.  [Colloquial.]  Martineau. 

What  in  colloquial  language  is  called  a fussy  way.  Whately. 


FtlST,  n.  [L.  fastis,  a cudgel ; It.  Sp.  fusta  ; 
Old  Fr.  fust ; Fr.  fid.] 

1.  The  trunk  or  shaft  of  a column.  Drummond. 

2.  A strong  and  disagreeable  smell,  as  that  of 

a mouldy  barrel ; mustiness.  Johnson. 

f FUST,  v.  n.  To  grow  mouldy ; to  smell  ill.  Shah. 

F FUST'£D,  a.  Mouldy  ; stinking.  Bp.  Hall. 

FUS'T^T,  n.  [Fr .fustet.]  The  wood  of  the  Rhus 
cotinus ; a fugitive  yellow  dye.  TJre. 

FUST'IAN  ( fust'ysui),  n.  [It.  fustagno ; Sp.  fus- 
tan ; Old  Fr.  fustaine ; Fr .futaine.  So  called, 
Bochart  thinks,  from  Fustat,  a city  of  Egypt.] 

1.  A thick,  twilled  cotton,  of  several  varieties, 
■ embracing  velveteen  and  corduroy. 

’T  was  English  cut  on  Greek  and  Latin, 

Like  fustian  heretofore  on  satin.  Hudibras. 

2.  (Rhet.)  An  inflated  style,  or  forced  eleva- 
tion in  writing  or  speaking  ; bombast. 

FUST'IAN  (fust'yan),  a.  1.  Made  of,  or  resem- 
bling, the  cloth  called  fustian.  Johnson. 

2.  Swelling ; unnaturally  pompous ; ridicu- 
lously tumid.  “ Fustian  poets.”  Dryden. 

F FUST'IAN-IST  (fust'y?n-ist),  n.  A writer  of 
fustian  or  bombast.  Milton. 

FUS'TIC,  n.  [Derived  apparently  from  the  Fr. 
fustet.  Eng.  Cyc.)  A yellow  dye-wood  of  two 
kinds,  known  as  old  fustic  and  young  fustic. 

Old  fustic  is  the  produce  of  the  Morns  tincturia, 
or  Dyer’s  Mulberry,  a native  of  tropical  America  and 
the  West  Indies  ; young  fustic  is  the  produce  of  the 
Rhus  cotinus,  amative  of  Italy,  Greece,  and  the  south 

' of  France.  Eng.  Cyc. 

FUS'TIfJ,  n.  The  offspring  of  a white  and  a mus- 
tie.  [West  Indies.]  Hodgson. 

F fOs'TI-GATE,  v.  a.  [L.  fustigo,  fustigatus  ; 
fustis,  a cudgel ; Fr . fustiger.]  To  beat  with  a 
stick ; to  cudgel ; to  cane.  Bailey. 

FUS-TI-GA'TION,  n.  [Fr.  fustigation.)  A Roman 
punishment  of  beating  with  a cudgel ; flagella- 
tion ; a Catholic  penance.  Abp.  Sancroft. 

F FUS-TI-LA'RI-  AN,  n.  [From  /itsly.]  A low 
fellow  ; a rascal ; a scoundrel.  Shah. 

FUS  TI-LUG,  } n j-gee  A gross,  fat, 

FUS'TI-LUG§,  ) unwieldy  person.  [Obsolete  or 
vulgar.]  Junius. 

FUS'TI-NESS,  n.  Mouldiness ; bad  smell. Sherwood. 

FUS'TY,  a.  Ill-smelling  ; mouldy  ; musty.  Shah. 

FUTURE  (fu'zhur),  n.  [L.  fusura;  fundo,  fusus, 
to  pour  out.  — See  Fuse.]  The  act  of  fusing  or 
melting;  fusion,  [r.]  Bailey. 

FU'TILE  (fu'til),  a.  [L.  futilis ; fundo,  to  pour 

out;  It.  futile ; Sp . futiT,  Ex.  futile.] 

1.  Trifling ; worthless ; of  no  weight ; trivial ; 
frivolous.  “ Talkers  and  futile  persons.”  Bacon. 

2.  Useless ; vain.  “Futile  gains.”  Shenstone. 

Syn.  — See  Trifling. 

FU'TILE-LY,  ad.  In  a futile  manner.  Dr.  AUen. 

FU-TlL'{-TY,  n.  [L .futilitas ; futilis,  futile  ; Sp. 


futilidad  ; Fr  .futility.]  The  quality  of  being 
futile;  triviality;  frivolousness ; nugacity ; use- 
lessness; worthlessness.  Bentley. 

F FU'TIL-OUS,  a.  Worthless;  trifling.  Howell. 

FUT'TOCKS,  n.  pi.  [See  Foothooks.]  (Naut.) 
The  timbers  of  a ship,  between  the  floor  timbers 
and  the  top  ones. 

Futtock-plates,  iron  plates  crossing  the  sides  of  the 
top-rim  perpendicularly.  The  dead-eyes  of  the  top- 
riiast  rigging  are  fitted  to  their  upper  ends,  and  the 
futtock-shrouds  to  their  lower  ends. — Futtock-shmuds, 
short  shrouds,  leading  from  the  lower  ends  of  the 
futtock-plates  to  a bend 'round  the  lower  mast,  just 
below  the  top.  Dana. 

||  FUT'URE  (fut'yur)  [fu'chur,  S.J.;  fu'chur,  IK.; 
fa'tur,  P. ; fu'tur,  F. ; fdt'yur,  Ja.K.  \ fu'tur, 
colloquially  fu'choor,  Sm.],  a.  [L.  futurus ; It. 
# Sp .futuro  ; Fr.  futuri]  That  will  be  here- 
after ; that  is  to  come. 

See  future  sons,  and  daughters  yet  unborn.  Pope. 

Future  tense,  (Gram.)  the  tense  of  a verb  which  re- 
lates to  future  time. 

||  FUT'URE  (fut'yur),  n.  Time  to  come  ; futurity. 

O blindness  to  the  fut.urc\  kindly  given, 

That  each  may  fill  the  circle  marked  by  Heaven.  Pope. 

||  FUT'URE- LY  (fut'yur-le),  ad.  In  time  to  come; 
hereafter.  Raleigh. 

||  FUT'UR-IST,  n.  One  who  has  regard  to  the 
future  ; — one  who  holds  that  the  prophecies  of 
the  Bible  are  yet  to  be  fulfilled.  Month.  Rev. 

FU-TU-RI"TIAL  (fut-yu-rlsh'?l),  a.  Relating  to 
futurity ; future,  [r.]  Hamilton. 

FU-TU-RI"TION  (fut-yu-rlsh'un),  n.  The  state  or 
condition  of  being  to  be  hereafter,  [r.]  Pearson. 

FU-TU'RI-TY,  n.  1.  Time  to  come  ; the  future. 

I will  contrive  some  way  to  make  it  known  to  futurity.  Swift. 

2.  Event  to  come  ; a future  event. 

All  futurities  are  naked  before  that  all-seeing  eye.  South. 

FUZE,  n.  A short  tube,  made  of  well-seasoned 
wood,  and  fixed  in  the  bore  of  a shell,  used  in 
exploding.  — See  Fuse.  P.  Cyc. 

FUZZ,  v.  n.  [See  Fizz.]  To  fly  out  in  small  par- 
ticles. Bailey. 

F FUZZ,  v.  a.  To  make  drunk.  A.  Wood. 

FUZZ,  n.  Light  particles ; volatile  matter.  Smart. 

FUZZ'— BALL,  n.  A kind  of  fungus,  which,  when 
pressed,  bursts,  and  scatters  a fine  dust ; a puff- 
ball. Johnson. 

FFUZ'ZLE,  v.  a.  [Probably  a corruption  of  fud- 
dle. Richardson. J To  make  drunk.  — Same  as 
Fuzz.  Burton. 

FUZ'ZY,  a.  Rough  and  shaggy;  having  fuzz: 

light  and  spongy.  Halliwell.  Forby. 

FY,  or  FIE,  interj.  [The  imperative  of  the  Goth, 
if  A.  S.fian,  to  hate  : — W .jfi,  fie.  — See  Faugh.] 
A word  of  blame  : — for  shame  ! Spenser. 

FYKE,  n.  [Dut.  fuik.]  A bow-net  for  catching 
fish.  [Local,  U.  S.J  Bartlett. 


G. 


Othe  seventh  letter  of  the  alphabet,  has  two 
5 sounds.  It  is  always  hard  before  a,  o,  and 
u,  as  in  gain,  go,  gun,  except  in  the  word  gaol, 
which  is  better  written  jail ; before  e,  i,  and  y,  it 
is  sometimes  soft,  as  in  gem,  ginger,  dingy,  and 
sometimes  hard,  as  in  girl,  gibbous,  finger.  Be- 
fore n at  the  beginning,  and  commonly  before 
the  same  letter  at  the  end  of  words,  it  is  mute  ; 
as  in  gnaw,  gnu,  benign. 

The  Anglo-Saxon  g,  in  the  beginning  or  the 
endbf  words  derived  from  that  language,  is  often 
changed  into  y,  and  in  the  middle  into  i ; as, 
gar,  a year  ; dreg,  a day  ; sregl,  a sail.  The  letter 
g is  substituted  for  w in  several  words  derived 
from  the  Northern  languages  through  the  Cel- 
tic, as  in  guard  from  ward,  guise  from  wise,  &c. 


GA,  a Gothic  prefix  corresponding  to  the  A.  S.  ge. 
— See  Ge. 

GAB,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  gabban  ; Dut.  gabberen. — It. 
gabbare ; Fr.  gaber.] 

1.  To  talk  idly  ; to  prate ; to  jabber.  Chaucer. 

2.  To  impose  upon  ; to  lie.  Chaucer. 

GAB,  n.  [Dan.  gab,  the  mouth ; Sw.  gap.]  Lo- 
quacity ; prate;  idle  talk.  [Vulgar.]  Todd. 

GA'BAN,  n.  A coarse  cloak.  Simmonds. 

F GAB'AR-Al-rE,  n.  A term  for  the  coarse  cloth 
in  which  Irish  goods  were  packed.  Bailey. 

gAb-AR-D}ne'  (gSb-?r-den'),  n.  [It.  gabbano  ; Sp. 
gabardina  ; gaban,  a great  coat  with  a hood  and 
close  sleeves;  Fr.  gaban,  galvardine,  a gabar- 


dine.] A loose  coat  or  frock  thrown  over  the. 
other  clothing. 

You  called  me  misbeliever,  cut-throat  dog, 

And  spit  upon  my  Jewish  gabardine.  Shak. 

GAB'BLE  (gSb'bl),  V.  n.  [Dim.  from  gab.  — See 
Gab.1  [i.  gabbled  ; pp.  gabbling,  gabbled.] 

1.  To  talk  rapidly,  noisily,  and  without  mean- 
ing ; to  prate  ; to  jabber  ; to  babble ; to  chatter. 

Which  made  some  think,  when  he  did  gabble , 

Th’  he’d  heard  three  laborers  of  Babel.  Hudibras. 

2.  To  utter  inarticulate  sounds  ; to  cackle. 

The  noisy  geese  that  gabbled  o’er  the  pool.  Goldsmith,. 

GAB'BLE,  n.  1.  Rapid,  noisy,  and  unmeaning 
talk  ; prate  ; idle  talk ; prattle. 

Forthwith  a hideous  gabble  rises  loud 

Among  the  builders.  Milton. 


MiEN,  SIR;  MdVE,  NOR,  SdN ; Bl>LL,  BUR,  ROLE.  — <?,  5,  J,  soft;  C,  G,  £,  |,  hard;  § as  z;  * as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


600 


GAIN 


GABBLER 


2.  Quick  and  inarticulate  sounds,  as  of  fowls  ; 
cackle.  Shak. 

GAB'BLgR,  n.  One  who  gabbles  or  jabbers. 

GAB'BIflNG,  n.  A rapid  and  indistinct  or  inar- 
ticulate sound,  as  of  fowls.  Spectator. 

gAb'BRO,  n.  [It.]  (Min.)  An  aggregate  of  dial- 
lage and  saussurite  ; euphotide.  Wright. 

f GA  B b L,  n.  [It.  gabella ; Sp.  yaoela  ; Fr.  ga- 
belle  ; A.  S.  gafol ; gif  an,  gaf,  to  give.]  (Law.) 
An  impost  laid  on  commodities;  excise  ; a tax; 
a duty.  Addison. 

GA-BELLE',  n.  [Fr.  Probably  derived  through 
some  unknown  inflection  from  the  Teutonic 
word  qeben,  to  give.  Branded]  An  impost,  par- 
ticularly a duty  on  salt  in  France.  Brande. 

tGA'B£L-L£R,  71.  A collector  of  taxes.  Wright. 
gAb-ER-DINE'  (»ab-er-den'),  n.  See  Gabardine. 

GA'BI-AN,  a.  Noting  a sort  of  petroleum,  or  min- 
eral naphtha,  found  at  Gabian,  France.  Brande. 

GA'BI-ON,  n.  [It.  gahbione ; Sp.  gabion,  or  gavi- 
on  \ Fr.  gabion.  — See  Cage.]  (Fort.)  A cylin- 
drical wicker  basket,  open  at  both  ends,  and 
filled  with  earth  : — used  in  the  construction  of 
the  parapet  of  trenches,  batteries,  &c.,  also  for 
covering  working  parties.  Glos.  of  Mil.  Terms. 

GA-Bf-ON-NADE',  n.  [Fr.]  (Fort.)  A bulwark, 
or  parapet,  of  gabions.  Crabb. 

GA'BLE,  n.  [Goth,  gibla ; Dut.  gevel ; Ger.  giebel, 
gipfel ; Dan.  gavl.  — Low  L.  gabella .]  (Arch.) 
The  triangular  end  of  a house,  or  other  build- 
ing, from  the  eaves  to  the  top  : — sometimes 
applied  to  the  whole  end  of  a building.  Britton. 

GA'BLE,  a.  Noting  the  triangular  end  of  a house 
above  the  eaves  ; as,  “ The  gable  end.”  Jodrell. 

Ga'.le  window , a window  in  the  gable  of  a building ; 
or  a window  having  its  upper  part  shaped  like  a 
gable.  Britton. 

GA'BLE— r6oFED  (-rSft),  a.  (Arch.)  Having  a 
roof  converging  to  an  apex  in  the  manner  of  a 
gable,  the  sloping  rafters  being  left  open  to  the 
interior,  without  the  intervention  of  cross- 
beams or  an  arched  ceiling.  Britton. 

GA'BLET,  n.  A small  gable,  or  gable-shaped  deco- 
ration, frequently  introduced  on  buttresses,  tab- 
ernacles, screens,  &c.  Britton. 

GAb'LOCKS,  n.  pi.  False  spurs  placed  on  game- 
cocks. Craig. 

GA'BRI-EL-iTES,  n.  (Eccl.  Hist.)  A sect  of 
Anabaptists  in  Pomerania,  so  called  from  one 
Gabriel  Scherling.  Craig. 

GAB'RON-lTE,  n.  [ gabro , the  Italian  name  of 
a rock  composed  of  diallage  and  felspar.]  (Min.) 
A yellowish  stony  substance,  of  a greasy  lustre  ; 
a species  of  nepheline.  Ure. 

GA'BY,  or  GAW'BY,  n.  A silly  person ; a dunce  ; 

a simpleton.  [Colloquial  and  local.]  Todd. 
GAD,  n.  [A.  S.  gad  ; Sw.  gadd.  — See  Goad.] 

1.  The  point  of  a weapon  ; a spear  or  arrow- 
head. Shah. 

2.  A sceptre  or  club.  Mir.  for  Mag. 

3.  A boss,  or  small  spike, 
of  steel,  with  which  the  knuc- 
kles of  gauntlets  were  armed. 

Fairholt. 

4.  A wedge  or  ingot  of  iron 

or  steel.  Moxon. 

5.  (Mining.)  A small  punch  of  iron  with  a long 
wooden  handle,  used  to  break  up  the  ore.  Craig. 

t Upon  the  gad,  upon  the  impulse  of  the  moment ; 
upon  the  spur  of  the  occasion.  “ All  this  done  upon 
the  gad ! ” ShaL 

gAd,  v.  n.  [Probably  formed  from  the  past  part, 
of  A.  S.  ga,  or  gin , to  go.  Richardson .]  [i. 

GADDED  ; pp.  GADDING,  gadded.]  To  ramble 
or  rove  about  idly. 

How  now,  my  headstrong,  where  have  you  been  gadding? 

Shak. 

GAd'-A-BOUT,  n.  One  who  runs  about  much; 
a gadder  ; a gossip.  [Colloquial.]  Todd. 

gAd'BEE,  n.  [See  Gad,  n.]  A large  stinging 
fly ; the  gadfly.  Maunder. 

gAd'D^R,  n.  One  who  gads  about  idly. 
GAd'DJNG,  n.  A roving  or  going  about. 


gAd'DING-LY,  ad.  In  a gadding,  roving  manner. 
GAD'DISH,  a.  Disposed  to  gad  or  wander  about. 
GAD'DISH-NESS,  n.  Idleness  ; slothfulness  ; 
waste  of  time.  Abp.  Leighton. 

gAd'FLY,  n.  [See  Goad.]  (Ent.)  The  common 
name  of  several  species  of  insects  of  the  genus 
Tabanus,  which  torment  horses  and  cattle  by 
piercing  them  with  their  sharp  proboscis  to  suck 
their  blood  ; the  horse-fly  ; the  breese.  Harris. 

PSP  The  Tabanus  atratus  is  the  most  common  of  the 
large  gadflies.  Harris. 

GAp-l-TA'N[-AN,  a.  (Geog.)  Pertaining  to  Ca- 
diz (ancient  Gades)  or  its  inhabitants.  Clarke. 

gAd-I-TA'NI-AN,  n.  A native  or  an  inhabitant 
of  Cadiz.  Baldwin. 

f GAD'LING,  a.  Straggling.  Bullokar. 

GAD'LJNG,  n.  1.  A gad-about ; a gadder.  Chaucer. 
2.  A a boss  on  the  knuckle  of  a gauntlet ; a 
gad.  — See  Gad.  Fairholt. 

GA'DOID,  n.  [L.  oadus,  a cod.]  (Ich.)  A family 
of  soft-finned  fishes,  of  which  the  cod-fish  may 
be  regarded  as  the  type.  Brande. 

GA'DOID,  a.  (Ich.)  Relating  to  cod-fishes. Ogilvie. 

gAd'O-LIN-ITE,  n.  (Min.)  A rare,  hard  miner- 
al, of  black,  brownish,  or  yellowish  color,  named 
in  honor  of  Prof.  Gadolin ; — called  also  yttrite, 
or  ytterbite.  Ure. 

GA’ D us, n.  (Ich.)  A Linnsean  genus  of  fishes 
including  the  cod.  Storer. 

GAD'WALL,  n.  (Ornith.)  The  common  name  of 
the  duck,  Anas  strepera,  which  inhabits  the 
shores  and  marshes  in  the  northern  and  eastern 
parts  of'  Europe.  Eng.  Cyc. 

GAEL  (gal),  n. ; pi.  Gael.  1.  A Scotch  Celt, 
commonly  called  a Scotch  Highlander. 

The  Gael  are  confessedly  the  unmixed  and  unconquered 
posterity  of  the  Celts,  who  first  peopled  Britain  from  the 
opposite  shores  of  Gaul.  B.  A.  Armstrong. 

It  has  been  generally  assumed  and  admitted  that  the 
modern  Gael  are  a portion  of  the  Galli  or  Gauls,  of  anti- 
quity. p.  Q/c. 

2.  An  Irish  Celt.  R.  A.  Armstrong . 

||  GAe'LIC  [ga'ljk,  Ja.  K.  R. ; ga'e-lik,  Sm.],  n. 
The  Gaelic  language  ; — a dialect  of  the  Celtic, 
spoken  in  the  Highlands  of  Scotland. 

The  Gaelic  bears  a closer  resemblance  to  the  parent  Celtic, 
and  has  fewer  inflections,  than  the  Welsh.  Manks.  or  Irish 
dialects.  R.  A.  Armstrong. 

||  GAE'LIC,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  those  descend- 
ants of  the  Celts, who  inhabit  the  Highlands  of 
Scotland,  or  to  tll#ir  language.  Armstrong . 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  Irish  Celts,  or  their  lan- 
guage. Latham. 

gAff,  n.  [Sp.  gaf  a ; Fr.  gaffe,  a boat-hook.] 

1.  A harpoon  or  large  hook.  Ainsworth. 

2.  An  artificial  spur  put  upon  a game-cock. 

3.  (Naut.)  The  spar  to  which  the  head  of  a 

fore-and-aft  sail  is  bent.  Dana. 

gAf-fAw',  n.  A loud  laugh.  — See  Guffaw. 
[Scotland.]  Jamieson. 

GAF'FjpR,  n.  [A  corruption  of  good  father,  ac- 
cording to  Lye  ; of  god-father,  according  to 
Somner ; of  grandfather,  according  to  Keight- 
ley.  — A.  S.  gefere,  a companion.  Junius .] 

1.  An  old  word  of  respect  applied  to  an  aged 

man,  as  gammer  to  a woman  ; — at  present  ob- 
solete, or  applied  only  to  an  old  rustic.  “ Gaffer 
Treadwell.”  Gay. 

2.  f An  old  man. 

A few  honest  gaffers , with  their  elect  pastor.  Bp.  Gauden. 

GAF'FLE  (gSffl),  n.  [A.  S.  gaflas,  forks  ; Dut. 
gaffel,  a fork ; Ger.  gabel ; Dan.  gaffel ; Icel. 
gaffal ; Sw.  gaffel.) 

1.  An  artificial  spur  to  be  put  upon  the  leg  of 

a cock  when  he  is  set  to  fight.  Johnson. 

2.  A steel  lever  used  to  bend  cross-bows 

with.  Sherwood. 

gAff'LOCK,  ti.  See  Gavelock.  Todd. 

GAFF'— TOP-SAIL,  n.  (Naut.)  A light  sail  set 
over  a gaff,  the  sail  being  spread  by  it.  Dana. 

GAF'OL,  n.  [A.  S.  gafole,  or  gaf  til.]  (Law.) 
Rent  or  income  : — a tax,  tribute,  or  custom. 

GAf'OL-LAND,  ) n_  (Law.)  Rented  land  : — 
gAF'UL— LAND,  ’ land  liable  to  taxes.  Whishaw. 


GAG,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  ccegian,  to  lock,  shut  fast; 
ctzg,  a key.]  [t.  gagged  ; pp.  gagging,  gagged.] 
To  stop  the  mouth  wjth  something  that  allows 
breathing,  but  hinders  speaking ; to  silence. 

Is  it  peace,  because  the  man  is  gagged  and  cannot  orover- 
awed  and  dare  not,  cry  out  of  oppression'!1  South. 

GAG,  n.  Something  to  put  into  the  mouth  to 
hinder  speech  or  eating  ; a muzzle.  Milton. 

GA(rE,  n.  1.  [It .gaggio;  Fr.  gage.  — A.  S.  ceegi- 
an,  to  lock,  shut  last ; gage  being  that  by  which 
a man  is  bound  to  certain  fulfilments.  Tooke .1 
A pledge  ; a pawn  ; a security.  J 

The  gage  and  hostage  of  your  keeping  it.  Southern. 

2.  A challenge  to  combat,  as  by  a glove  or 
gauntlet  thrown  upon  the  ground  by  the  chal- 
lenger. 

There,  take  my  gage-,  behold,  I offer  it 

To  him  that  first  accused  him  in  this  cause.  Fairfax - 

3.  A plum  of  several  varieties.  “ Green  gage 

4.  (Physics.)  An  instrument  or  apparatus 
for  measuring  the  state  of  a phenomenon ; as, 
“ A wind  gage.” 

5.  (Naut.)  The  number  of  feet  which  a ship 

sinks  in  water  : — also  the  position  of  one  ship 
as  regards  another  ; as,  “ To  have  the  weather 
gage,  or  the  lee  gage."  Dana. 

6.  (Mech.)  Any  instrument  used  to  measure 

or  adjust.  Smart. 

PSP  In  the  last  three  senses  written  also  gautre. 

See  Gauge.  6 ” 

GA(rE,  i).  a.  [Fr.  gager.]  [i.  gaged  ; pp.  gag- 
ing, gaged.] 

1.  To  wager  ; to  impawn;  to  give  as  a pledge 
or  security. 

A moiety  competent 

Was  gaged  by  the  king.  Shak - 

2.  To  bind  by  a pledge  or  security  ; to  engage- 

My  chief  care 
Is  to  come  fairly  off  from  the  great  debts 
Wherein  my  time,  something  too  prodigal, 

Hath  left  me  gaged.  Shak~ 

41 W See  Gauge  for  other  meanings. 

GAp'ER,  n.  One  who  gages.  — See  Gauger.  Todd. 

GAG'GIJR,  n.  1.  He  who,  or  that  which,  gags. 

2.  A lifter  used  by  a founder  ; — consisting  of 
a piece  of  iron  shaped  like  letter  T.  Simmonds. 

gAg'GLE,  v.  n.  [Dut.  gagelen.]  To  make  a 
noise  like  a goose  ; to  cackle  ; to  gabble.  Bacon . 

GAG'GLE,  n.  A flock  of  geese.  [Local.]  HalliwelL 

gAg'GLTNG,  n.  A noise  made  by  geese ; a gab- 
bling ; a cackling.  Howell . 

GAHN'ITE,  n.  (Min.)  A native  aluminate  of 
zinc,  named  in  honor  of  the  Swedish  chemist 
Gahn ; — sometimes  called  automalite.  Brande - 

GAl'E-TY,  n.  Mirth.  — See  Gayety.  Johnson. 

GAILLIARDE  (gal-yard'),  ?i.  [Fr.]  A lively  dance 
derived  from  Italy.  Brande - 

GAl'LY,  ad.  See  Gayly.  Johnson. 

GAIN,  n.  [It.  guadagno  ; Fr.  gain.] 

1.  Any  thing  acquired ; profit ; advantage 
emolument;  benefit;  lucre;  interest. 

We  have,  as  a first  principle,  laid  down,  what  we  appre- 
hend every  one  must  allow,  that  gain,  or  the  hope  of  gain,  is 
the  mover  of  all  intercourse  or  trade.  Franklin „ 

2.  Overplus  in  a computation ; — opposed  to 

loss  ; as,  “ Loss  or  gain.”  Johnson . 

3.  (Arch.)  The  bevelling  shoulder  of  a joist 

or  other  timber  : — the  lapping  of  the  end  of  a 
joist,  &c.,  upon  a trimmer  or  girder,  the  gain 
or  bevelling  shoulder  of  the  former  being  let 
into  the  latter  by  a cut.  London  Eney. 

Syn.  — See  Advantage,  Benefit,  Emolu- 
ment. 

GAIN,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  gynan,  to  gain  as  money. — 
It.  guadagnare  ; Port,  ganhar ; Sp.  ganar ; Fr. 
gagner.  — According  to  Tooke,  from  A.  S.gewin- 
nan,  to  win.]  \i.  gained  \pp.  gaining,  gainedi] 

1.  To  acquire  ; to  obtain  ; to  win  ; to  get. 

For  fame  with  toil  we  gain,  but  lose  with  ease.  Pope. 

A leper  once  he  lost,  and  gained  a king.  Milton. 

2.  To  draw  to  one’s  side ; to  get  the  good 
will  of ; to  secure. 

To  gratify  the  queen,  and  gain  the  court.  Dryden, 

3.  To  arrive  at ; to  reach  ; to  attain. 

Thus  saved  from  death,  they  gain  the  Phestan  shores.  Pope. 

To  gain  ground,  to  advance,  prevail,  or  increase 

To  gain  over,  to  draw  to  a party  or  interest. — 


Boyle. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  fi,  !,  6,  0,  f,  short;  A,  ?,  },  Q,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  Il£lR,  Hfi,R  ; 


GAIN 


601 


GALE  RITE 


To  gain  the  wind  of  a skip,  (J Yaut.)  to  arrive  on  the 
weather  side,  or  to  windward,  of  another  vessel, 
when  both  are  sailing  as  near  the  wind  as  possible. 
Mar.  Diet. 

Syn.  — See  Acquire,  Get. 

GAIN,  v.  re.  To  acquire  profit  or  advantage. 

Thou  hast  greedily  yarned  of  thy  neighbors  by  extortions. 

I'.'-’iL . xxii.  12. 

To  gain  on,  or  upon,  to  encroach  ; to  advance  upon  : 
— to  obtain  influence  with. 

GAIN,  a.  Handy  ; ready  ; convenient;  desirable. 
[Norfolk  and  Suffolk,  England.]  Forby. 

G.AIN'A-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  gained;  ob- 
tainable. [r.]  Sherwood. 

GAIN'A^E,  re.  [Low  L.  gainayium,  or  waina- 
gium  ; Fr.  gainer,  to  cultivate.  — A.  S.  wan, 
a wain  or  wagon.  — See  Wainage.]  {Law.) 
Wains  or  wagons,  ploughs,  &c.,  with  their  fur- 
niture for  carrying  on  the  work  of  tillage  : — the 
profit  arising  from  the  tillage  of  land.  BurriU. 

GAIN'— Df-VOT'pD,  a.  Devoted  to  the  pursuit 
of  gain.  “ Gain-devoted  cities.”  Cowper. 

GAIN'gR,  re.  One  who  gains.  Bacon. 

GAIN'FUL,  a.  1.  Advantageous;  profitable. 

To  put  men  to  discourse  of  that  wherein  they  are  most 
eminent  is  the  most  gainful  way  of  conversation.  Herbert. 

2.  Lucrative  ; productive ; remunerative. 

Gainful  dispensations.”  Bp.  Hall. 

GAIN'FUL-LV,  ad.  Profitably;  advantageously. 

GAIN'FUL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  gain- 
ful ; profit ; advantage.  Johnson. 

+ GAIN'GlV-JNG,  n.  A giving  against ; distrust ; 
misgiving.  Shah. 

GAIN']NG§,  n.  pi.  Acquisitions  made  by  labor, 
industry,  or  successful  enterprise.  Clarke. 

GAIiV'L$SS,  a.  Unprofitable  ; producing  no  ad- 
vantage. Hammond. 

GAIN'LflSS-NESS,  n.  Unprofitableness  ; useless- 
ness ; emptiness.  Decay  of  Piety. 

fGAlN'LY,  ad.  Handily;  dexterously.  H.  More. 

[|  GAlN-SAY',  or  GArN'SA  Y [gan-sa',  W.  J.  F.  Ja. ; 
gan'sa,  S.  P.  E.  K.  Si#.],  v.  a.  [against  and 
say.)  [i.  gainsaid  ; pp.  gainsaying,  gain- 
said.] To  contradict;  to  oppose;  to  deny  ; to 
dispute ; to  repel. 

If  he  it  gainsay , I will  prove  it  on  him.  Robert  of  Brunne. 

HI  GAIN-SAY'ER,  or  GAIN'SAY-£R,  n.  One  who 
gainsays ; a contradicter.  Blair. 

;1|  GAIN-SAYING,  or  GAlN'SAY-ING,  n.  Opposi- 
tion ; denial ; contradiction.  South. 

’GAINST  (genst),  prep.  Contracted  from  against. 
[Poetical.]  Dryden. 

fGAlN'STAND,  v.  a.  [against  and  stand.]  [i.  gain- 
stood  ; pp.  gainstanding,  gainstood.J  To 
withstand  ; to  oppose  ; to  resist.  Sidney. 

•j-  GAIN'STRIVE,  v.  a.  [against  and  strive.]  To 
withstand ; to  oppose  ; to  resist.  Grimoald. 

f GAIN'STRIVE,  v.  n.  To  make  resistance;  to 
offer  opposition.  Spenser. 

gAir'— FOWL,  n.  (Ornith.)  A large  bird;  the 
auk  or  penguin.  Booth. 

GAIR'ISH  (gir'jsh),a.  1.  Gaudy;  showy;  glaring; 
flaunting ; gay.  Johnson. 

2.  Extravagantly  gay ; flighty.  Johnson. 

UPS”  Written  also  garish.  — See  Garish. 

gAiR'JSH-LY,  ad.  In  a gairish  manner. 

GAiR'JSH-NESS,  re.  The  quality  of  being  gairish. 

GAIT,  re.  [A.  S.  gan,  to  go  ; Dan.  gaact,  gone.] 

1.  A way  ; march  ; progress  ; walk. 

Nought  regarding,  they  kept  on  their  gait.  Spenser. 

2.  Manner  of  walking,  flying,  or  swimming ; 
carriage  ; walk  ; bearing. 

Great  Juno  cornea;  I know  her  by  her  gait.  Shale. 

I described  his  way, 

Bent  all  on  speed,  and  marked  his  aery  gait.  Milton. 

3.  ( Agric .)  A sheaf  of  grain  tied  in  a particu- 
lar manner  ; — a charge  made  for  sheep  and  cat- 
tle taken  at  a pasture  to  graze  for  the  season. 

Loudon.  Simmonds. 

Syn.  — See  Carriage. 

GAIT'gD,  a.  Having  a particular  gait.  Shak. 


GAIT'ER,  re. ; pi.  gaiters.  [Old  Fr.  guestres  ; Fr. 
guetre.)  A covering  of  cloth  for  the  leg  and 
ankle  ; a kind  of  spatterdashes.  Todd. 

GAlT'fR,  v.  a.  To  dress  or  to  furnish  with 
gaiters.  Todd. 

GAIT'gR,  J n_  {Agric.)  One  who  gaits  or  ties 

GAIT'N^R,  ) up  grain  in  a particular  manner  to 
preserve  it  from  rain.  Loudon. 

GA'LA  [ga'I?,  W.  F.  Sm.  C. ; g'4'lj,  Ja. ; g4'l?,  J.  ; 
ga'la  or  ga'la,  A'.],  re.  [It.,  Sp.,  $ Fr.,  ornament, 
dress,  ostentation.  “ Gala  is  not  improbably  de- 
rived from  Ar.  cala,  or  caloat,  a robe  of  honor.” 
Gibbon .]  A show  ; festivity  ; mirth.  Todd. 

GA-LAC'TJC,  a.  [Or.  ydXa,  yaXatcros,  milk.] 

1.  {Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  obtained  from 

milk ; lactic.  Hoblyn. 

2.  {Astron.)  Relating  to  the  galaxy  or  Milky 

Way.  Hina. 

Galactic  Circle,  (Astron.)  a great  circle  of  the  heav- 
ens, to  which  the  course  of  the  Milky  Way,  as  traced 
by  the  unaided  eye,  most  nearly  conforms. — Galactic 
poles,  the  two  opposite  points  of  tile  heavens,  situated 
at  90°  from  the  Galactic  Circle.  Braude. 

GA-LAC'TINE,  re.  [Gr.  yal.a,  yaXtucroe,  milk.] 
{Chem.)  A milky  and  waxy  substance  obtained 
from  the  sap  of  the  galactodendron.  Phil.  May. 

GA-LAC'TITE,  re.  {Min.)  A whitish  fossil  sub- 
stance ; milkstone.  Wright. 

GA-LAC-TO-DEN'DRON,  re.  [Gr.  yriX.a , yaXasros, 
milk,  and  SlvSpov,  a tree.]  (Bot.)  The  milk-tree 
or  cow-tree  of  South  America,  which,  when 
tapped,  yields  a white,  palatable,  and  nutritious 
liquid,  much  resembling  milk.  Brande. 

GA-LAC'TO-GOGUE  (-gog),  re.  [Gr.  ydXa,  yAXas- 
ros,  milk,  and  dyw,  to  lead.]  A term  applied  to 
medicines  which  promote  the  secretion  of  milk 
in  the  breast.  Ogilvie. 

GAL- AC-TOM'^-T^iR,  re.  [Gr.  yaXa,  yaXmcroc, 
milk,  and  pirgov,  a measure.]  An  instrument 
to  ascertain  the  percentage  of  cream  produced 
by  pure  milk;  a lactometer.  — See  Lactome- 
ter. Ure. 

GA-LAC-TOPH'A-^IST,  re.  [Gr.  yaXa,  yaXarros, 
milk,  and  0dyw,  to  eat.]  One  who  subsists  on 
milk.  Wright. 

GAL-AC-TOPH'A-GOUS,  a.  [Gr.  ydXa,  yaXasros, 
milk,  and  (piyui , to  eat.]  Feeding  or  subsisting 
on  milk.  Dunglison. 

GAL-AC-TOPH'O-ROUS,  a.  [Gr.  ydXa,  yaXasroc, 
milk,  and  ipogho,  to  bear.]  Carrying  ntilk  ; lac- 
tiferous. ' Dunglison. 

GA-LAC-TO-POI-ET'IC,  a.  [Gr.  ydXa,  yoXasroc, 
milk,  and  jronjnxdf,  productive  ; ttoiloi,  to  make.] 
{Med.)  Producing  milk.  Branilc. 

GA'LA— DAY,  re.  A day  of  festivity  or  splendor ; 
a holiday.  Lee. 

+ GA-LApE',  re.  [Fr.  galoge.]  A shepherd’s  clog ; 
a galoche.  Spenser. 

GA-LA'GO,  re.  {ZoOl.)  A 
genus  of  small  quadru- 
manous  animals  inhab- 
iting different  parts  of 
Africa,  and  subsisting 
chiefly  on  insect  food. 

Wright. 

GA-LAN'GA  (-lang'-),  ) _ (Galago  ^enegalensis). 

GA-LAN'GAL,  ' [Fr.  galanga. ] {Med.) 

A root  brought  from  China,  formerly  much  used 
as  a warm  stomachic  bitter;  — known  under 
two  designations,  as  the  greater  galahgal  and 
the  smaller  galangal,  the  former  being  obtained 
from  the  Alpinia  galanga,  and  the  latter  from 
an  unknown  plant.  Eng.  Cyc. 

GAL'AN-TINE,  re.  [Fr.]  A dish  of  veal,  chick- 
ens, or  other  white  meat,  freed  from  bones,  tied 
up,  boiled,  and  served  cold.  Smart. 

GA-LA'TIAN§  (gsi-la'shjnz),  re.  pi.  {Geog.)  Per- 
sons descended  from  the  Gauls  who  settled  in 
Galatia,  in  Asia  Minor,  and  to  whom  one  of  the 
Epistles  of  St.  Paul  was  addressed. 

GAL' AX- y [g&]'?k-se,  W.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  Sm.  O. ; 
ga'uk-se,  s.  K.  ; ga-l&k'se,  P.],  re.  [Gr.  yaXaf 
oj ; ydXa,  yaXaKTos,  milk  ; L.  galaxias  ; It.  ga- 
lassia  ; Sp.  galaxia  ; Fr.  galaxie.) 


1.  The  Milky  Way  ; a luminous  tract  or  zone, 

seen  in  the  evening  encompassing  the  heavens’ 
or  sky,  from  horizon  to  horizon.  Milton. 

2.  Any  splendid  assemblage  of  persons  or 
things. 

The  crowded,  yet  clear  and  luminous,  galaxies  of  imagery 
diffused  through  the  works  of  Bishop  Taylor.  Farr. 

GAL ' BA-MfjM,  re.  [L. ; Gr.  ^aX.pavp.]  A resinous 
gum  or  concrete  juice  obtained  front  a peren- 
nial and  umbelliferous  plant  growing  in  Africa, 
Syria,  and  Persia ; — used  in  medicine  and  for 
making  varnish.  Hill. 


GAL  ' BU-LUS,  n.  [L.]  {Bot.)  A kind  of  cone, 
as  the  berry  or  fruit  of  the  cypress  or  juniper. 

P.  Cyc. 


NJE,  re.  pi. 

[L.  galbula, 
a yellow- 

bird.]  (Ornith.)  A sub- 
family of  fissirostral  birds  of 
the  order  Passeres  and  family 
Alcedimdat ; jacamars.  Gray.  Galbula  leptura. 


GALE,  re.  [A.  S.  gyllan,  to  shriek,  yell,  howl ; 
Dut.  galmen,  to  sound;  Ger . y alien-,  yal,  gall, 
a sound  ; Icel.  gella .] 

1.  ( Naut .)  A current  of  air  ; a wind  stronger 
than  a breeze  ; a gust ; a blast ; as,  “ A gentle 
gale  ” j “A  fresh  gale.” 

When  the  word  is  used  without  any  qualifi- 
cation, it  signifies  a vehement  or  tempestuous  wind  ; 
a storm  of  wind.”  Mur.  Diet. 

2.  (Bot.)  [Of  uncertain  etymology.]  A plant 
growing  in  bogs  ; — called  also  bog-myrtle.Smart. 

Syn.  — See  Wind. 

GALE,  v.  re.  1.  [From  the  noun.]  (Naut.)  To  be 
impelled  by  a gale  or  breeze.  Chambers. 

2.  [A.  S . gal  an,  to  sing;  Dan.  gale-,  Icel.  # 
Sw.  gala.)  To  sing.  [Obsolete  or  rare.] 

In  Chaucer’s  Court  of  Love,  the  nightingale  is  said  to  cry 
andgale;  hence  its  name  nightegale,  or  nightengale.  Tgrwhitt. 

GA  ' LE-A,  re.  [L.,  a helmet.) 

1.  (Anat.  & Surg.)  The  innermost  of  the  en- 

veloping membranes  of  the  foetus  : — a kind  of 
bandage.  Dunglison. 

2.  (Geol.)  A .genus  of  Echini.  Agassiz. 

3.  (Bot.)  The  upper  lip  of  a labiate  flower  ; a 

helmet.  P.  Cyc. 

GAL'EAS,  or  GA'LIJ-AS  [gill'y?s,  S’.  J.  F. ; gal'y9s, 
W.  K. ; ggl'e-as,  P.  Sm.],  re.  [It.  galeazza  ; Fr. 
oaleace,  or  galeasse.  — See  Galley.]  A low, 
heavy-built  vessel  worked  or  moved  with  both 
sails  and  oars  ; a Venetian  galley.  Simmonds. 


GA'L£-ATE,  a.  (Bot.)  Formed  like  a hel- 
met ; helmeted.  Loudon. 

GA'L^AT-^Dj  a.  [L.  gdleo,  galeatus, 
to  cover  with  a helmet ; galea,  a hel- 
met.] 

1.  Covered  as  with  a helmet.  Woodward. 

2.  (Bot.)  Having  a flower  like  a helmet,  as 

monk’s-hood  or  aconite.  Maunder. 

3.  (Zool.)  Having  feathers  on  the  head  which 

in  shape  appear  like  a helmet.  Maunder. 


GA-LEE'TO,  m.  (Ich.)  A fish  of  the  genus  Blen- 
nius.  Clarke. 


GA-LE'GA,  n.  [Gr.  ydXa,  milk.]  (Bot.)  A genus 
of  plants,  including  the  goat’s-rue  ; — so  named 
because  it  is  supposed  to  increase  the  milk  of 
animals,  especially  of  goats.  Brande. 


GA-LE'NA,  re.  [Gr.  yaXrjv tj ; yaXito,  to  shine  ; L. 
galena,  lead  ore.]  (Min.)  An  ore  of  lead ; na- 
tive sulphuret  of  lead.  Ure. 

GA-LEN  IC,  X a_  j Relating  to  Galen,  a cel- 
GA-LEN'I-CAL,  > ebrated  ancient  physician. 

2.  Relating  to  galena. 

GA'L^N-iiJM,  re.  The  doctrines  of  Galen.  Chambers. 
GA'LJJN-IST,  re.  A follower  of  Galen.  Donne. 


GAL-E-OP  ' SIS,  re.  [L.,  from  Gr.  yaXIo^n  ; yaXij, 
a weasel,  and  mDc,  appearance.]  (Bot.)  A ge- 
nus of  plants,  the  flower  of  which  has  a gro- 
tesque appearance,  and  may  be  likened  to  the 
form  of  a weasel ; hemp-nettle.  Loudon. 

gAL-E-RIC'U-LATE,  a.  [L.  galerus,  a hat.]  Cov- 
ered as  with  a hat  or  cap.  Smart. 

GAL'U-RlTE,  re.  [L.  galeritus,  that  wears  a hat ; 


MiEN,  SIR  ; M&VE,  NOR,  S6n  ; BOLL,  BUR,  ROLE. 

76 


— 9>  9. A,  t,  soft;  C,  6,  £,  ha,rd;  § as  z;  X as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


GALES 


602 


gallinaceous 


galerus,  a hat.]  ( Geol .)  A kind  of  fossil  shell ; — 
so  named  from  its  resemblance  to  a hat.  P.  Cyc. 

GALE§,  n.  pi.  [A.  S.  gajol,  tax,  rent.]  {Law.) 
Instalments.  Story. 

GA-LETTE',  n.  [Fr.]  A French  pastry.  Merle. 

GA'LJ-A,  n.  {Med.)  A composition  or  mixture 
containing  gall.  Dunglison. 

GA'LJC,  a.  & n.  See  Gaelic.  Chalmers. 

GA-Ll"CI-AN  (ga-llsh'e-jn),  a.  (Geog.)  Belong- 
ing to  Galicia,  in  Spain,  or  to  Galicia,  in  Aus- 
trian Poland.  Murray. 

||  GA-LI"C|-AN,  n.  A native  or  an  inhabitant  of 
Galicia.  Baldwin. 

GAL-I-LE'AN,  n.  1.  {Geog.)  A native  or  an  in- 
habitant of  Galilee.  Luke  xxiii.  6. 

2.  {Eccl.  Hist.)  A Jewish  sect  founded  by 
Judas  of  Gaulon,  in  Upper  Galilee,  some  years 
after  the  birth  of  our  Saviour.  They  were  chiefly 
remarkable  for  their  resistance  to  the  authority 
of  the  Romans.  Eden. 

GAL-I-LE'AN,  a.  {Geog.)  Relating  to  Galilee. 

The  pilot  of  the  Galilean  lake.  Milton, 

GAL'I-LgE,  n.  {Eccl.  Arch.)  A porch  or  append- 
age of  some  large  churches,  used  for  depositing 
dead  bodies  previously  to  their  interment,  for 
the  formation  of  religious  processions,  and  for 
various  other  purposes. 

Anri  now  within 

An  oaken  (jalilee,  now  black  with  age, 

Ilia  old  Iberian  ancestors  were  laid.  Southey. 

GALIMATIAS  (gSl-e-ma'she-?),  n.  [Fr.]  Non- 
sense ; bombast.  — See  Gallimatia.  Addison. 

gAl'JN-GAle,  n.  A genus  of  plants ; Cyperus.  Lee. 

GAL'IOT  (g&l'yot)  [g&l'yot,  IV.  Ja.  K.  C.\  g&l'e- 
ot,  P.  S/n.  WbA,n.  [It.  galeotta ; Sp.  galeota  ; 
Fr.  galiote.  — See  Galley.] 

1.  A small  galley,  or  sort  of  brigantine,  for 

chase.  Knollcs. 

2.  A Dutch  vessel  carrying  a main  and  miz- 
zen-mast  and  a large  gaff-mam  sail.  Mar.  Diet. 

GAL-I-PE  'A,  n.  {Bot.)  A genus  of  rutaceous, 
shrubby,  or  arborescent  plants,  found  in  South 
America.  P.  Cyc. 

GAL'I-POT,  n.  [Fr.]  The  name  of  a white,  vis- 
cid resin,  found  on  fir  trees ; an  inferior  sort  of 
turpentine,  poor  in  oil ; — called  also,  when  pu- 
rified, Burgundy  pitch.  Simmonds. 

GA  'Ll-  CM,  n.  [Gr.  yaia,  milk  ; some  species  be- 
ing used  in  curdling  milk.]  A genus  of  plants; 
bedstraw.  P.  Cyc. 

GALL,  n.  1.  [A.  S.  gealla-,  Dut.  gal ; Ger.  galle; 
Dan.  guide ; Sw.  galle.]  {Anat.)  The  bile ; a 
bitter  yellowish-green  fluid  of  a nauseous  smell, 
secreted  by  the  liver,  and  modified  by  the  gall- 
bladder, into  which  it  is  discharged.  Palmer. 

2.  The  part  which  contains  the  bile.  Browne. 

3.  Bitterness;  rancor;  malignity. 

A slave  whose  gall  coins  slanders  like  a mint.  Shak. 

4.  [See  the  verb.]  A slight  hurt  by  fretting 

off  the  skin.  Gov.  of  the  Tongue. 

GALL,  ft.  [L.  8$  It.  galla  ; Sp.  agalla  ; Fr  .galle.] 
An  excrescence  or  tumor  produced  on  plants  by 
the  action  of  animals,  especially  insects  of  the 
family  Hymenoptera  ; — supposed  to  arise  from 
the  irritation  caused  by  a poisonous  liquid  dis- 
charged into  the  orifice  made  by  the  insect  for 
the  introduction  of  its  egg.  Micrographic  Diet. 

Gall  of  glass,  the  neutral  salt  skimmed  off  the  sur- 
face of  melted  crown  glass  ; sandiver  ; gall-glass.  Ure. 

GALL,  v.  a.  [Fr.  galer,  to  scratch  one’s  self; 
gale,  a scab.]  [*.  galled  ; pp.  galling, 

GALLED.] 

1.  To  fret,  wear  away,  or  hurt  by  friction  or 
attrition ; to  chafe. 

I am  loath  to  gall  a new-healed  wound.  Shak. 

The  Gabriel,  riding  astern  the  Michael,  had  her  cable 
galled  asunder  . . . with  apiece  of  driving  ice.  Hackluyt. 

2.  To  irritate ; to  exasperate ; to  tease ; to 
vex. 

His  guilty  mind  is  frequently  galled  with  the  remem- 
brance of  it  TiUotson. 

3.  To  harass  ; to  annoy. 

In  our  wars  against  the  French  of  old,  we  used  to  gall 
them  with  our  long  bows.  Addison. 

GALL,  v.  a.  {Dyeing.)  To  steep  in  a decoction 
of  gall  or  the  gall-nut. 


GALL,  v.  n.  To  fret ; to  be  teased  or  vexed.  Shak. 

gAL'LANT,  a.  [It.  Sp.  galante;  Fr.  galant. — 
See  Gala.  The  ultimate  origin  of  the  word  is 
much  disputed.  — It.  <Sf  Sp.  gala,  ornament, 
court-dress.  — W.  gallu,  power.  — Skinner 
thinks  the  etymon  of  the  word  may  be  from  the 
nation  of  the  Gauls.] 

1.  Gay  ; well-dressed  ; showy  ; fine. 

In  gallant  trim  the  gilded  vessel  goes.  Gray. 

2.  Brave  ; high-spirited ; daring ; magnani- 
mous ; courageous  ; valiant ; heroic  ; fearless  ; 
chivalrous  ; intrepid  ; bold.  “ A yallant  youth.” 
Shak.  “ Gallant  spirits.”  Drayton. 

fGAL'LANT,  n.  A brave,  high-spirited  man;  a 
hero.  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

||  GAL-LANT',  a.  Possessed  of  gallantry  ; atten- 
tive to  ladies  ; courteous  or  devoted  to  women. 

II  GAL-LANT'  [gal-lint',  W.  J.Ja.K.  Sm. ; gal- 
lant', S.  P.  P.  R.  I Vb.],  n. 

1.  A gay,  sprightly,  fashionable  man.  “Our 

travelled  gallants.”  Shak. 

A gallant  of  the  last  edition, 

More  rich  than  gaudy  in  his  habit.  Massinger. 

2.  A man  who  is  very  polite  to  ladies. 

3.  A suitor  ; a wooer  ; sweetheart.  Johnson. 

4.  One  who  courts  a woman  for  lewdness  ; a 

paramour  ; a seducer.  Shak. 

II  GAL-LANT',  V.  a.  \i.  GALLANTED  ; pp.  GAL- 
LANTING, gallanted.]  To  wait  on  or  be  par- 
ticularly attentive  to,  as  ladies.  World. 

gAl'LANT-LY,  ad.  In  a gallant  manner. 

GAL-LAnT'LY,  ad.  Like  a wooer  or  a gallant. 

GAL'LANT-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  gal- 
lant; magnanimity;  gallantry,  [r.]  Hobbes. 

GAL'LANT-RY,  n.  [It.  &;  Sp.  galanteria ; Fr. 
galanterie.  — See  Gallant.] 

1.  The  quality  of  being  gallant ; high-mind- 
edness : magnanimity  ; valor  ; bravery  ; prow- 
ess ; courage  ; heroism  ; boldness  ; intrepidity  ; 
fearlessness  ; chivalry  ; nobleness  ; generosity. 
“ That  gallantry  and  greatness  of  soul.”  More. 

2.  Refined  address  or  courteous  attention  to 

woman ; courtship.  Tatter. 

3.  Improper  attentions  to  women ; vicious 

love  ; lewdness ; debauchery.  Swift. 

Syn. — See  Courage. 

GAl'LATE  [gal'gt,  Wright,  Wb.  ; gll'jt,  K.  Sm.], 
n.  [See  Gall.]  (Chem.)  A neutral  salt  com- 
posed of  gallic  acid  and  a base.  Smart. 

GALL'-IILAD-D^R,  n.  (Anat.)  An  oblong  mem- 

branous receptacle  of  the  bile  situated  on  the 
lower  or  under  side  of  the  liver.  Dunglison. 

GALL'— DUCT,  n.  A duct  leading  from  the  gall- 
bladder. Hoblyn. 

GAL'LE-ASS,  n.  See  Galeas.  Shak. 

GAL-LE'GO,  n.  (Geog.)  A native  or  an  inhab- 
itant of  Galicia  in  Spain.  Earnshaw. 

gAL'LE-ON  [gal'e-on,  Ja.  Sm. ; gj-ldn',  J.  F.  K.  ; 
gSl'e-on,  E. ],  n.  [It.  galeone  ; Sp.  galeon;  Fr. 
gallon.  — See  Galley.]  A large,  armed,  four- 
decked ship,  formerly  used  by  the  Spaniards  for 
trade  in  time  of  war.  Burke. 

G.AL'LpR-Y,  ft.  [It.  galleria ; Sp.  galeria;  Fr. 
galerie.  — Ger.  A Dan.  gallerie ; S w.galleri.] 

1.  An  apartment  of  much  greater  length  than 

breadth,  serving  as  a passage  of  communication 
between  the  different  rooms  of  a building,  or 
used  for  the  reception  of  paintings,  statues,  or 
curiosities.  Fairholt. 

2.  A floor  supported  by  columns  or  brackets 

overlooking  a ground  floor,  furnished  with  pews 
or  seats,  as  in  churches  and  theatres.  Wright. 

3.  A balcony  or  railed  projection  at  the  stern 

or  quarter  of  a large  ship.  Simmonds. 

4.  A collection  of  works  in  painting  or  sculp- 
ture. Brande. 

5.  (Mil.)  A covered  passage  across  a moat : 
— an  under-ground  passage,  either  cut  through 
the  soil  or  built  of  solid  masonry.  Mil.  Ency. 

6.  (Mining.)  A narrow  perforation  or  pas- 

sage which  usually  does  not  deviate  much  from 
a horizontal  line.  Ure. 

gAl'HJSS,  a.  Without  gall  or  bitterness. 

Saltless  and  galless  be  thy  curse.  Cleaveland. 

f GAl'LE-TYLE,  ft.  Gallipot.  Bacon. 

gAL'LEY  (gil'l?),  w. ; pi.  galleys.  [It.  galea, 


or galera ; Sp.  galer  a ; Fr.  galere,  galee.  — Dan. 
A Dut.  galled ; Ger.  galeere. ] 

1.  A low,  flat-built  vessel,  with  one  deck,  em- 

ploying sails  and  oars,  formerly  used  in  the 
Mediterranean.  Bacon. 

2.  An  open  boat  used  on  the  Thames  by  cus- 
tom-house officers,  and  for  pleasure.  Mar.  Diet. 

3.  (Naut.)  The  k:tchen  of  a ship  of  war  : — a 

term  applied  also  to  the  caboose  or  cook-room 
of  any  ship.  Mar.  Diet. 

4.  (Printing.)  A frame  which  receives  the 
contents  of  the  composing-stick. 

5.  (Chem.  Manufactures.)  An  oblong  rever- 
beratory furnace,  with  a row  of  retorts.  Wright. 

GAL'L^Y-FISH,  ft.  (Ich.)  A sort  of  fish  or  me- 
“usa-  Goldsmith. 

+ gAl'L£Y— FOIST,  ft.  A barge  of  state.  Hakewill. 

GAL'LL  Y-SLAVE  (g&l'le-slav),  n.  A man  con- 
demned to  row  in  the  galleys. 

Worse  than  the  deeds  of  galley-slaves  broke  loose.  Cowper. 

GAL'LL Y—TIlE,  ft-  A small,  square  tile.  Defoe. 

GAL'LLY— WORM  (-wiirm),  ft.  (Ent.)  An  insect, 
of  the  centiped  kind,  of  many  species; — writ- 
ten also  gally-worm.  Wright. 

GALL'-FLY,  ft.  (Ent.)  An  insect  that  causes  the 
excrescences  upon  the  oak,  &c.,  called  gall- 
nuts  ; gall-insect ; the  Cynips.  Harris. 

gAL-LI-AM'BJC,  a.  [L.  galltambus,  a song  of  the 
priests  of  Cybele;  Gallus,  a name  applied  to 
the  priests  of  Cybele,  and  iambus.]  (Rhet.) 
Noting  a kind  of  Greek  and  Latin  verse  con- 
sisting of  two  iambic  dimeters  catalectic,  the 
last  of  which  wants  the  final  syllable.  Andrews. 

AgAl'L[-AN,  a.  (Geog.)  Relating  to  Gaul  or 
France  ; Gallic.  “ Gallian  territories.”  Shak - 


+ gAll'IARD  (gal'yard),  a.  [It.  gagliardo ; Sp. 
g allar do ; Fr . gaillard.]  Brisk;  gay.  Chaucer. 

t G.ALL'IARD  (gal'yard),  ft.  1.  A gay,  brisk,  live- 
ly man.  _ Cleaveland. 

2.  An  active,  nimble,  sprightly  dance.  Bacon. 

f GALL'  IAR-DI^E  (gal'y?v-dez),  ft.  [Fr.  gaillar- 
dise.]  Merriment  ; gayety.  Browne. 

f GAlUIARD-NESS,  n.  Gayety.  Gayton. 

f gAl'LI-Ass,  «.  [Fr.  galeasse.  — See  Gai.eas.} 

A heat')',  low-built  vessel,  with  two  masts,  and 
moved  with  both  sails  and  oars.  Shak. 


GALL'JC,  a.  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  obtained 
from  galls,  or  gall-nuts.  Ure. 

GAL  LIC,  l a [L.  Gallicus  ; Gallus,  a Gaul.] 

gAl'LJ-CAN,  > Belonging  to  Gaul  or  France  ; 
French.  “ Gallic  loom.”  Shenstone.  “ The 
Gallican  church.”  Bp.  Bull. 

GAL-Llg'l-NITE,  ft.  (Min.)  An  ore  of  titanium; 
rutile  ; gallitzinite.  Dana. 

gAl'LI-CI^M,  ft.  [Fr.  gallicisme.  — See  Gallic.] 
A French  idiom  or  phrase.  Malone. 

GAL'LI-CiZE,  v.  a.  To  conform  to  the  French 
language  or  idiom  ; to  Frenchify.  Kenrick. 

GAL-L!-gAs'KIN§,  ft.  pi.  [L.  calipee  Gallo-  Vasco- 
num,  Gascon  hose.]  Large  open  hose,  or  wide 
breeches,  formerly  used  by  the  inhabitants  of 
Gascony.  [Ludicrous.]  Phillips. 

GAL-LJ-MA  ' TI-A  (gal-le-ma'she-a)  [gal-e-ma'sha, 

S.  IF.  K.  Wb. ; gal-e-ma'she-?,  Ja.-,  .gal-e-iiiat’e- 
Stw,  S.  Sm.],  w.  [Fr.  galimatias.]  Talk  with- 
out meaning;  nonsense,  [ll.]  Warburton. 

gAl-LI-mAu'FRY,  h.  [Fr.  galimafree.] 

1.  A hash  of  several  sorts  of  broken  meat ; a 

hotch-potch  ; an  oglio.  King. 

2.  A ridiculous  medley  or  mixture ; a con- 
fused heap.  Dryden. 

gAl-LI-NA'CEAN  (g5!-le-na'slijn),  ft.  (Ornith.) 
One  of  a family  of  birds  which  includes  the  com- 
mon hen.  Brande. 

gAL-LI-NA'CEOUS  (gal-le-na'shus),  a.  [L.  galli- 
nnceus;  gallina , a hen.]  Pertaining  to  the  Gal- 
linrr,  or  order  of  birds  which  includes  the  com- 
mon hen. 

Spallanzani  has  remarked  a circumstantial  resemblance 
between  the  stomachs  pf  gallinaceous  fowls  and  the  structure 
of  corn-mills.  Palcy. 


A,  E,  I,  0,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  £,  I,  6,  0,  t,  short;  A,  ?,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER.; 


GALLING 


603 


GAMBOGIAN 


GAL-lM’NJE,  71.  pi. 

[L.  g\illina,  a hen.] 

( Ornuth .) 

1.  An  order  of 
birds  iiVluding  the 
families  Cracidoe, 

MegapoVmce,  Pha- 
sianiclce\fl'etraoni- 
dce , CMonididce, 
and  Tincfaidce. 

Gray. 

2.  A slb-family 

of  birds  of,  the  or- 
der Gallinve  and 
family  Phasianida  ; jungle-fowls.  Gray. 

gAL-L{-NA'GO,  n.  ( Ornith .)  A genus  of  birds; 
the  woodcock,  or  heath-  fowl.  Hamilton. 

GALL'ING,  p.  a\  Chafing;  fretting;  vexing;  irri- 


Gaflus  bankiva. 


iall,  p.  a.  uianng;  ireu 
tating;  harassing  ; annoying. 


GALL'ING-NESS.V. 
ing  or  chafing. 


The  quality  of  being  gall- 
Boyle. 


GAL'Ll-NiP-PgR,  n.  A large  mosquito.  Clarke. 


GALL'— IN-SECT,  n.  ( Ent .)  A name  applied  to 
a family  of  hymenopterous  insects  of  small 
size,  which  live  upon  trees  or  plants  of  various 
kinds,  and  which  cause  the  excrescences  upon 
plants  called  gall-nuts  ; gall-fly  ; the  Cynips. 

Harris. 

gAl'LJ-NULE,  n.  [L.  galUnzila,  a pullet.]  (Or- 
nith.)  The  water-hen,  or  coot.  Brands. 


GAL-Ll-JfU-U  'JWE, 
n.  pi.  [L.  galli- 
nula,  a pullet  or 
chicken.]  (Or- 
nith.) A sub- 
family of  birds  of 
the  order  Grallce 
and  family  Ralli- 
dce ; gallinules. 

Gray. 


Gallinula  chloropus. 


gAll'IOT  (gil'yvit),  n.  See  Galiot.  Jamieson. 

GAL-LlP'O-LI— OIL,  n.  An  inferior  olive  oil  from 
Gallipoli  in  Italy.  Clarke. 


GAL'H-POT,  n.  [Dut.  gleye , potter’s  clay,  and 
Eng.  pot.  Skinner.  — It  has  been  supposed  that 
galli  is  a corruption  of  gala,  and  that  thus  gal- 
lipot was  a fine-painted  pot.  Richardson .] 

1.  A small  earthen  glazed  pot,  used  by  apoth- 
ecaries for  medicines. 


Ptato  said  his  master  Socrates  was  like  the  apothecary’s 
gallipots,  that  had  on  the  outsides  apes,  owls,  and  sat^’rs,  but 
within  precious  drugs-  Bacon. 

2.  A kind  of  resin.  — See  Galipot.  Ure. 

GAL-LlT'ZIN-ITE,  n.  (Min.)  An  ore  of  titani- 
um; rutile-  Wright. 

gAl'LJ-VAt,  n.  A small  vessel  used  on  the  Mal- 
abar coast.  Todd. 


GALL'— N&T,  ?t.  An  excrescence  which  grows 
chiefly  upon  the  oak,  used  for  making  ink ; 
gall ; nutgall.  Ure. 

GALL'— OAK,  n.  (Bot.)  A small  tree  of  Asia 
Minor,  the  young  branches  of  which  are  punct- 
ured by  the  Cynips  or  gall-insect,  in  depositing 
its  eggs,  — thus  producing  gall-nuts.  Gray. 

GAL'LON,  n.  [Low  L.  galo  ; Sp.  galon;  Fr.  gal- 
lon.] A measure  of  capacity,  usually  for  liquids, 
containing  four  quarts. 

HSP  Tile  imperial  gallon  is  277.2738  cubic  inches, 
and  contains  10  lbs.  avoirdupois  of  distilled  water  at 
623  Fahrenheit.  The  ale  gallon  is  282  cubic  inches, 
and  contains  10.2  lbs.  avoirdupois  of  distilled  water. 
The  wine  gallon  of  231  cubic  incites  contains  8.355 
lbs.  avoirdupois  of  distilled  water,  and  is  the  govern- 
ment or  customs  gallon  of  the  U.  S.,  and  the  legal 
gallon  of  each  state  in  which  no  law  exists  fixing  a 
state  or  statute  gallon.  Winslow. 

GAL-L66N',  n.  [It.  gallone  ; Sp.  &;  Fr.  galon.]  A 
term  formerly  applied  to  a kind  of  close  lace 
made  of  gold  or  silver,  or  of  silk  only;  — now 
applied  to  a kind  of  lace  of  cotton,  silk,  &c., 
used  for  binding  shoes,  hats,  and  for  other  pur- 
poses. Chambers.  Simmonds. 

GAL'LOP,  v.  n.  [It.  galoppare  ; Sp .galopar-,  Fr. 
galoper.  — Dan.  gallopere  ; Ger.  galopiren. 
“ Probably  no  other  than  [the  A.  S.]  gehleapen, 
gehlopen,  to  leap  or  jump.”  Richardson.)  [i. 
GALLOPED  ; pp.  GALLOPING,  GALLOPED.] 


1.  To  move  forward,  as  a horse,  by  such  leaps 
that  the  hind  legs  rise  before  the  fore  legs  quite 
reach  the  ground  ; to  move  or  run  by  leaps. 

They  gallop,  and  under  their  trampling  feet  the  ground 
with  breaking  quakes.  Jthaer. 

2.  To  ride  at  a galloping  pace;  to  move  rapidly. 

We  galloped  toward  them,  to  part  them.  Sidney. 

Whom  doth  time  gallop  withal?  Shak. 

GAL'LOP,  n.  [Dan.  gallop-,  Ger.  galopp ; Dut. 
galop.]  The  motion  of  a galloping  or  running 
horse.  Farrier’s  Diet. 

GAL'LOP-ADE,  n.  [Fr.  galopade.] 

1.  The  act  of  galloping  ; a hand-gallop.  Crabb. 

2.  (Mus.)  A quick  tune  appropriate  to  a kind 
of  German  dance  : — a kind  of  dance.  Moore. 

gAL-LOP-ADE',  v.  n.  To  gallop  ; to  move  about 
briskly.  M.  J.  Quin. 

gAl'LOP-£R,  n.  1.  A man  or  a horse  that  gallops. 
2.  (Mil.)  A carriage  on  which  small  guns 
are  conveyed  by  horses.  Burn. 

GAL'LO-PIN,  n.  [Fr.]  A servant  for  the  kitch- 
en ; a kitchen-servant ; a scullion.  Halliwcll. 

gAL-LO-TAN'NIC,  a.  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid, 
or  the  pure  tannin  of  nutgalls,  employed  for 
chemical  purposes.  Simmonds. 

fGAL'LOW  (g&l'lo),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  galan.)  To  ter- 
rify ; to  fright;  to  scare.  Shak. 

GAL'LO-WAY,  n.  A pony  or  a horse  not  more 
than  fourteen  hands  high,  like  the  breed  from 
Galloway,  in  Scotland.  Milton. 

+ GAL' LOW-GLASS,  n.  An  ancient  Irish  foot- 
soldier.  Spenser. 

GAL'LOWS  (g&l'lus)  [gSl'lus,  S.  W.  P.  J.  F.  K. 
Sm.  C.;  gal'loz,  Ja.  E.],  n. ; pi.  gAl'lows-e$. 

iGoth.  & A.  S.  galga  ; Dut.  galg  ; Ger.  galgen  ; 
fail,  galge  ; Icel . galgi  \ S\v.  galge.) 

1.  An  instrument  or  contrivance  for  hanging 
criminals,  consisting  of  a beam  resting  on  two 
posts. 

2.  A wretch  that  deserves  the  gallows.  Shak. 

3.  pi.  Suspenders  to  keep  up  pantaloons  nr 
breeches  ; braces.  J.  Nicol  Scott,  1764. 

ggy-  Lexicographers  and  grammarians  are  not 
agreed  in  relation  to  the  number  of  gallows:  but,  as 
Hiley  remarks,  it  “ has  generally  a singular  verb.” 
Webster  and  Smart  consider  it  as  singular,  having 
•the  regular  plural  gallowses.  Johnson  says,  “ It  is 
used  by  some  in  the  singular  ; but  by  more  only  in  the 
plural,  or  sometimes  has  another  plural,  gallowses.” 
Johnson  himself  writes  a gallows.  — See  Bellows. 

gAl'LOW§— BITTS,  n.  pi.  (Naut.)  A strong  frame 
in  the  centre  of  a ship’s  deck,  to  support  spare 
spars  when  in  port.  Dana. 

GAL'LOWS— FREE,  a.  Exempt  from  being 
hanged.  Dryden. 

f gAl'LOW— TREE,  ra.  The  tree  of  execution;  a 
tree  used  as  a gallows.  Spenser. 

GALL'— PIPE,  n.  The  duct  of  the  gall.  Blackmore. 

GALL'-tSTONE,  n.  A concretion  formed  in  the 
gall-bladder  or  biliary  duct.  Brande. 

GALL'Y,  a.  Like  gall ; bitter  as  gall.  Abp.Cranmer. 
GAL'LY,  v.  a.  To  frighten: — to  harass:  — to 
hurry.  [Local,  Eng.  & U.  S.]  Hattiwell.  Howes. 
GAL'LY— WORM,  n.  See  Galley-worm.  Ray. 
GA-LOCffE'  [gg-losh',  W.Ja.K.R.;  gg-losh',  Sm.], 
7t. ; pi.  ga-j.6'<phe$.  [Sp.  galocha ; Fr.  galoche.] 
1.  f A clog  ; a wooden  shoe.  Chaucer. 

2.  A shoe  worn  over  a boot  or  another  shoe 
to  keep  it  dry.  Todd. 

GA-LORE',  n.  [Ir.  aleire .]  Plenty.  [Used  by 
' sailors,  and  local,  Eng.]  See  Goloue.  Smart. 

+ gAl'SOME  (-sum),  a.  [See  Gall.]  Angry  ; ma- 
lignant. “ Galsome  bitterness.”  Bp.  Morton. 

GALT,  n.  (Geol.)  See  Gault.  Mantell. 

GAL-vAn'IC,  a.  Relatingto  galvanism.  Davy. 
Galvanic  battery,  an  apparatus  for  producing  and 
accumulating  galvanism  ; the  voltaic  pile,  or  voltaic 
battery.  — See  Battery. 

gAl'VAN-I§M,  n.  A term  applied  to  that  species 
of  electricity  which  is  developed  by  the  contact 
of  different  metals,  or  by  chemical  action  be- 
tween different  substances,  without  the  aid  of 
friction  ; the  electricity  of  chemical  action ; vol- 


taic electricity ; — so  named  from  the  discoverer 
Galvani,  an  Italian  chemist.  Brande’. 

GAL'VAN-IST,  «.  One  versed  in  galvanism. 

Wright. 

GAL'VAN-IZE,  V.  a.  [*.  GALVANIZED  ; pp.  GAL- 
VANIZING, GALVANIZED.]  To  affect  by  galvan- 
ism. 

Galvanized  iron,  iron  coated  with  zinc  by  a pecu- 
liar process,  by  which  it  is  rendered  less  liable  to  be 
acted  upon  by  moisture.  Tiie  surface  of  the  iron  is 
first  cleaned  by  the  joint  action  of  dilute  acid  and 
friction,  and  then  plunged  into  a bath  of  melted  zinc 
covered  with  sal-ammoniac.  Ure. 

GAL-VA-N6g'RA-PIIY,  n.  [Eng.  galvanism  and 
Gr.  ypdipio,  to  write.]  Electro-metallurgy  ; the  ap- 
plication of  galvanism  to  engraving,  &c.  Fairholt: 

gAL-VA-N6l'0-9IST,  n.  One  who  treats  of,  or 
is  versed  in,  galvanism.  Wright. 

GAL-VA-NOL'0-(fY,  n.  [galvanism  and  Gr.  ibyos, 
a discourse.]  A treatise  on  galvanism.  Craig. 

gAL-VA-NOM'E-TPR,  n.  [i galvanism  and  Gr. 
pirpov,  a measure.]  (Chem.)  An  instrument  con- 
structed for  the  purpose  of  detecting  the  pres- 
ence of  feeble  electro-chemical  currents.  P.  Cyc. 

GAL-vA'NO-PLAS'TjC,  a.  Relating  to  electro- 
metallurgy. Smart. 

GAL-VAn'O-SCOPE,  n.  [galvanism  and  Gr.  oko- 
niw,  to  examine.]  An  instrument  for  indica- 
ting minute  quantities  of  galvanic  electricity ; 
galvanometer.  Francis. 

t gAL'VER-LY,  ad. Cleverly;  actively.  Wnothesley. 

GA'MA— GRASS,  7i.  (Bot.)  A tall,  stout  kind  of 
grass,  so  productive  as  to  admit  of  six  cuttings 
in  a season  ; Tripsacuni  dacty  hides.  Farm.  Ency. 

f G A-MASH'E§,  7i.pl.  [Fr.  gamachcs.]  Short  spat- 
terdashes worn  by  ploughmen  ; gaiters.  Skelton. 

f GAM-BAdE',  71.  Gambado.  Johnson. 

GAM-bA'DO,  n. ; pi.  gam-ba'doe$.  [It.  Sf  Sp. 
gamba,  a leg.]  A leather  case  attached  to  a 

’ stirrup  : — a covering  for  the  leg  worn  over 
other  clothing;  gaiters.  Dennis. 

gAm'B£-§ON,  7i.  [Fr.]  A body  covering,  stuffed 
with  wool  and  quilted  in  parallel  lines  ; — worn 
under  armor.  Fairholt. 

GAM'BpT,  ) ji.  (Ornith.)  A wading  bird,  be- 

GAM-BET'TA,  ) longing  to  the  family  Scolopa- 
cidce.  Pennant. 

GAM'BIER,«.  [Malay.]  An  inspissated  juice  of 
a trailing  plant  found  in  the  Indian  Archipela- 
go. Ljungstedt. 

GAM'BIST,  7i.  [It.  gamba,  the  leg.]  (Mus.)  A 
performer  on  the  rial  di  gamba,  or  viol  with  six 
strings.  Moore. 

GAM'BIT,  n.  [It.  dare  il  gambetto,  to  trip  up  one’s 
heels  ; Fr.  gambit.]  (Chess.)  A movement,  of 
which  there  are  several  varieties,  by  which  an 
adversary  is  tripped  up.  This  is  attempted  by 
the  first  player’s  putting  a pawn  in  a situation 
to  be  taken  by  the  enemy  early  in  the  game, 
with  a view  to  employ  to  better  advantage  his 
superior  pieces.  Stanton. 

gAm'BLE  (gam'bl),  v.  n.  [See  Game.]  [*’.  gam- 
bled ; pp.  gambling,  gambled.]  To  practise 
gaming ; to  play  for  money,  or  for  any  other 
stake  or  prize  ; to  game.  Todd. 

gAm'BL^R,  n.  One  who  practises  gaming.  Cook. 

gAm’BLING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  gambles  or 
plays  for  money  ; gaming.  Locke. 

GAM'BLING,  p.  a.  Gaming;  playing  for  money. 
“ Gambling  practices.”  Cowper. 

GAM-BO<JrE’  [gjm-boj',  S.  W.P.F.  Ja.  Sm.  ; gam- 
bol', Wb. ; gam-bozh’,  K.],  n.  A gum  resin  con- 
creted in  the  air  from  the  milky  juice  which 
exudes  from  several  trees,  especially  the  Gam- 
boja  gutta,  of  Ceylon  and  Malabar,  which  pro- 
duces the  coarsest  kind,  and  the  Stalagmites 
Cambogioides,  of  Ceylon  and  Siam,  which  pro- 
duces the  best ; — used  as  a pigment,  and,  in 
medicine,  as  a powerful  purge,  and  so  named 
from  Cambodia  or  Camboja,  in  the  East  Indies, 
whence  it  is  brought.  Ure. 

GAM-BO’9(tAN,  a.  Relating  to  or  containing 
gamboge  ; gambogic.  Lamb. 


MlEN,  SIR ; MdVE,  NOR,  SdN  ; BOLL,  BOR,  ROLE.  — 9,  l},  g,  soft;  E,  fi,  c,  g,  hard;.  § as  z ; $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


GAMBOGIC 


604 


GANOIDAL 


GAM-BO'9lC,  a.  Pertaining  to  gamboge.  Wright. 

GAM'BOL,  v.  n.  [It.  <Sf  Sp.  gamba,  the  leg;  Fr. 
gambader,  gambiller,  to  kick  about ; ianitie,  the 
leg. — Gambol  written  by  Udal,  gambuuld.]  [t. 
GAMBOLLED  ; pp.  GAMBOLLING,  GAMBOLLED.] 

1.  To  dance  or  skip  in  sport ; to  hop. 

Bears,  tigers,  ounces,  pards 
Gambolled  before  them.  Milton. 

2.  To  jump  or  start  aside. 

And  I the  matter  will  reword,  which  madness 

Would  gambol  from.  bhak. 

GAm'BOL,  tb  A skip  ; a hop  ; a leap  for  joy  ; a 
frolic  ; a prank ; an  escapade.  Dryden. 

GAM'BREL,  n.  [It.  gamba,  the  leg.] 

1.  The  hind  leg  of  a horse.  Grew. 

2.  A stick,  crooked  like  a horse’s  leg,  used 

by  butchers  in  suspending  a slaughtered  ani- 
mal. Ray. 

3.  A curb-roof  to  a house  ; a mansard  roof ; 
a gambrel-roof.  — See  Cl'KB-ROOF.  Bartlett. 

GAM'BREL,  v.  a.  Totie  by  the  leg.  Beau.  8$  FI. 

GAM-BROON',  7i.  ( Manufactures .)  A kind  of 

twilled  linen  cloth,  for  linings.  Simmonds. 

GAME,  7i.  [A.  S.  ga/ne/i ; Icel.  gaman. ] 

1.  Any  sport  or  amusement,  public  or  private, 

usually  as  a match  for  the  trial  of  skill  or  luck; 
play  ; as,  “ The  game  of  draughts  or  of  cricket.” 
“The  royal  game  of  goose.”  Goldsmith. 

2.  Plan  ; measure  ; scheme. 

This  seems  to  be  the  present  game  of  that  crown.  Temple. 

3.  Field  sports,  as  the  chase,  falconry,  &c. 

Some  sportsmen  that  were  abroad  upon  game.  V Estrange. 

4.  All  such  animals  as  are  pursued  or  taken 
in  the  chase  or  in  the  sports  of  the  field  or 
forest: — in  England,  animals  appropriated  to 
legal  sportsmen,  as  deer,  hares,  pheasants,  &c. 

Blacksto/ie. 

5.  pi.  (Ant.)  Contests  exhibited  as  spectacles 
to  the  people  ; as,  “ The  Olympic,  the  Pythian, 
the  Isthmian,  or  the  Nemsean  games.” 

The  game*  of  the  ancient  Greeks  were,  in  their  original 
institution,  religious  solemnities.  Brandt’. 

To  make  game  of,  to  make  sport  of ; to  ridicule. 

Syn.  — See  Play. 

GAME,  V.  71.  [t.  GAMED  ; pp.  GAMING,  GAMED.] 

To  play  at  any  sport ; especially  to  play  for 
money  or  any  other  stake  ; to  gamble. 

Avarice  itself  does  not  calculate  strictly  when  it  games.  Burke. 

GAME'— BAG,  n.  A bag  for  game. 

GAME'— COCK,  n.  A cock  bred  to  fight.  Locke. 

GAME'— EGG,  7i.  An  egg  from  which  a game-fowl 
is  bred.  Garth. 

GA.ME'FUL,  a.  Abounding  in  game  ; full  of 
game  or  sport ; sportive.  Pope. 

GAME'— KEEP- I1R,  n.  A person  employed  to  take 
care  of  game.  Blackstone. 

gAme'-LAws,  7i.  pi.  Laws  relating  to  the  pres- 
ervation of  those  animals  which  constitute 
game.  Pol.  Diet. 

GAmE'-LEG,  ti.  [A  corruption  of  gambrel. — 
W.  ga7/i,  or  cam,  crooked,  and  Eng.  leg.  Ma- 
lone.] A crooked  or  lame  leg.  Todd. 

GAME'H?SS,  a.  Destitute  of  game.  Craig. 

GAME'SOME  (gam'sum),  a.  [See  Game,  and 
Some.]  Frolicsome  ; gay ; sportive  ; playful. 

To  whom  thus  Belial,  in  like  gamesome  mood.  Milton. 

GAME'SOME-LY  (gam'sum-le),  ad.  Merrily  ; spor- 
tively ; playfully ; gayly. 

GAME'SOME-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  game- 
some ; sportiveness  ; merriment ; playfulness. 

Johnson. 

gAme'STJR,  n.  1.  One  who  games,  or  is  ad- 
dicted to  gaming;  a gambler. 

Could  fools  to  keep  their  own  contrive. 

On  what,  on  whom,  could  gamesters  thrive?  Gay. 

2.  + A prostitute.  “ Common  gamester .” Shah. 

3.  A merry,  frolicsome  person.  “ You’re  a 

merry  gamester."  Shak. 

GAm'JNG,  7i.  [A.  S.  gaming .]  The  practice  of 
staking  property,  beyond  the  purpose  of  mere 
sport,  on  the  hazard  of  cards  or  dice ; gambling. 
Gaming  finds  a man  a cully,  and  leaves  him  a knave.  Browne. 

GAM'JNG— HOUSE,  7i.  A house  where  gaming  is 
practised.  Chambers. 


GAM'JNG-TA'BLE,  n.  A table  at  which  game- 
sters practise  their  art.  Bp.  Berkeley. 

GAM ' M A,  n.  The  third  letter  in  the  Greek  alpha- 
bet, corresponding  to  the  English  G.  Crabb. 

GAM'MA-RO-LITE,  n.  [Gr.  Kappapos  (L.  camma- 
rus,  or  gammarus ),  a kind  of  crab,  and  lidos,  a 
stone.]  (Pal.)  A fossil  crab  or  lobster.  Smart. 

GAM'MA-RUS,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  sappapos,  a kind 
of  crab  or  shrimp.]  (Zoiil.)  A genus  of  crusta- 
ceans ; beach-lien;  sand-flea.  Gould. 

gAm'MIJR,  n.  [A.  S.  gemeder,  godmother.  Som- 
7ier.  — From  grandmother.  Kcightley.  — Others 
from  good  mother. ] An  old  word  formerly  used 
as  a compellation  of  a woman,  corresponding 
to  gaffer.  “ Old  Gam77\er  Gurton.”  Drayton. 

GAM'MON,  n.  1.  [It.gambone,  a big  leg  ; gamba, 
a leg;  Sp. ja/notp,  Fr.  jambon.]  The  buttock 
of  a hog  salted  and  dried.  Dryden. 

2.  [See  Backgammon.]  A kind  of  play  with 

dice  ; backgammon.  Thomson. 

3.  Imposition  ; humbug  ; hoax  ; cheat.  Punch. 

GAM'MON,  v.  a.  [t.  gammoned;  ^.gammon- 
ing, GAMMONED.] 

1.  To  salt  and  dry  in  smoke,  as  bacon. 

2.  In  the  game  of  backgammon,  to  beat  by 
throwing  off  all  one’s  men  from  the  board  before 
the  opponent  has  brought  his  home.  Clarke. 

3.  To  impose  upon;  to  deceive;  to  hum- 
bug ; to  hoax.  Simmonds. 

4.  ( Naut .)  To  attach  or  fix,  as  a bowsprit, 

by  means  of  a rope.  Mar.  Diet. 

gAm'MON-ING,  n.  (Naut.)  The  lashing  by  which 
the  bowsprit  is  secured  to  the  cut-water.  Da/ia. 

G Am 'MOT,  n.  A sort  of  incision  knife.  Crabb. 

gA.M-O-PET'A-LOUS,  a.  [Gr.  yapfio,  to  marry 
and  ntrai.ov,  a leaf.]  ( Bot .)  Having  the  petals 
united  towards  the  base  ; monopetalous.  Gray. 

GAM-O-PHYL'LOyS,  or  GA-MOPH'YL-LOUS 
(131),  a.  [Gr.  yapho,  to  marry,  and  <pvi.).ov,  a 
leaf.]  (Bot.)  Formed  of  united  leaves.  Gray. 

gAM-O-SEP'A-LOUS,  a.  [Gr.  yapho,  to  marry, 
and  Eng.  sepal.)  (Bot.)  Having  the  sepals 
joined  together  ; monosepalous.  Craig. 

gAm'UT,  7i.  [It.  gamma  ; Sp.  garnet. ; Fr.  gamme .] 
(Mas.)  The  series  of  notes  or  tones  employed 
in  music  ; the  scale.  Moore. 

t GAN,  i.  of  gin.  Began.  — See  Gin.  Spenser. 

GAnCH.d.  a.  [It.  gancio,  a hook  ; Sp.  ganclw.] 
To  drop  from  a high  place  upon  hooks  or  sharp 
stakes  by  way  of  punishment,  as  practised  in 
Turkey. 

Take  him  away,  ganch  him,  impale  him.  Dryden. 

gAnCH'ING,  n.  The  act  of  dropping  upon  hooks 
or  sharp  stakes,  — a punishment  practised  in 
Turkey.  Clarke. 

G A N ' D £ R , n.  [A.  S„  ga/idra — Ger.  gans,  a 
goose.]  The  male  of  the  goose.  Ca/nden. 

GANG,  v.  71.  [Goth,  gaggan  ; A.  S.  gan,  gangan ; 
Icel.  ganga .]  To  go  ; to  walk.  Spenser. 

fifty  An  old  word,  still  used  in  the  North  of  Eng- 
land and  in  Scotland. 

GANG,  n.  [A.  S.,  Dut.,  Ger.,  &;  Dan.  ga/ig ; Sw. 
getng , journey,  step,  path.  — See  Go.] 

1.  + A street  or  road.  Johnson. 

It  is  retained  provincially  in  gangway,  a passage. 

Todd. 

2.  [A.  S.  genge,  a gang,  a company.]  A 
number  of  persons  who  go  or  associate  together, 
or  are  appointed  to  any  particular  service  ; a 
company;  a band  ; a crew  ; a horde.  “A  ga/ig 
of  thieves.”  If  Estrange.  “ A gang  of  Maroon 
slaves.”  Burke. 

tli;  - Except  as  applied  to  a company  of  seamen  or 
of  negro  slaves,  it  is  mostly  used  in  a bad  sense,  or  in 
contempt. 

3.  A course  or  slip  in  thatching.  Loudon. 

Syn.  — See  Band. 

GANG'— BOARD,  n.  (Naut.)  1.  A plank  or  board 
with  cleats  nailed  to  it,  used  for  walking  into 
and  out  of  a boat.  Mar.  Diet. 

2.  The  gangway  from  the  quarter  deck  to  the 
forecastle.  Bum. 

GANG'— CASK,  n.  (Naut.)  A small  cask  for  bring- 
ing off  water  in  a boat.  Sim77ionds. 


GANG'— DAY§>,  n.  pi.  [A.  S.  gang-dagas.1  Days 
of  perambulation ; the  time  of  peramufiulating 
parishes ; rogation-days.  Bvsworth. 

GANGER,  n.  A person  who  superintends  a gang 
of  workmen.  Craig. 

GAN-GET'{C,  a.  (Geog.)  Relating  to  the  River 
Ganges.  j Clarke. 

gAn'GHON,  n.  A kind  of  flower.  Ainsworth. 


gAn'GLI-Ac,  a.  Relating  to 
glionic — See  Ganglionic. 


a gan: 


4li 


ion  ; gan- 
Clarke. 


GAN'GLI-AL,  a.  Relating  to  a ganglion  ; gangli- 
onic. Copeland. 

GAN'GL1-AT-ED,  a.  Intermixed  or  intertwined. 

Dr.  Hall. 

GAN  GLI-FClRM,  ) a rQr.  ydgyitov,  a tumor, 

GAn'GLI-O-FORM,  i and  L.  forma., form.]  Hav- 
ing the  shape  of  a ganglion.  Du/iglison. 

GAN'GLI-ON  (g&ng’gle-on,  82),  n.  [Gr.  yayyliov .] 
(Anat.)  A tumor  or  morbid  enlargement  in 
the  sheath  of  a tendon  : — also,  an  enlargement 
in  the  course  of  a nerve ; a mass  of  nervous 
matter,  forming  a centre  from  which  nervous 
fibres  radiate.  Dimglison.  Maunder. 

||  gAn'GLJ-O-NA-RY,  a.  Composed  or  consisting 
of  ganglions  ; ganglionic.  Clarke. 


||  gAN-GLI-ON'IO,  a.  Relating  to,  or  partaking 
of  the  nature  of,  a ganglion ; ganglial.  Roget. 

GAN'GRE-NATE  (g&ng'gre-nate,  82),  V.  a.  [i. 
GANGUENATEDJ  pp.  GANGllENATING,  GANGRE- 
nated.]  To  produce  a gangrene  in ; to  gan- 
grene ; to  mortify.  Browne. 

GAN'GRENE  (g&ng'gren,  82),  n.  [Gr.  yayypatva ; 
L.  ga/igrrena ; It.  A Sp.  ga/igrena ; Fr.  gangrene.) 
(it led.)  The  first  stage  of  mortification  ; par- 
tial death  of  an  organ.  Du/iglison. 

GAN'GRENE  (gSng'gren),  v.  a.  [t.  GANGRENED  ; 
pp.  GANGRENING,  GANGRENED.]  To  Corrupt 
to  a state  of  mortification  ; to  mortify.  Bacon. 

GAN'GRENE,  v.  7i.  To  become  mortified  ; to  lose 
vitality.  Ludlow. 

gAN-GRE-NES'CENT,  a.  Tending  to  mortifica- 
tion ; beginning  to  putrefy,  as  living  flesh  in  a 
diseased  state.  Maimder. 

GAN'GRIJ-NOUS  (g&ng'gre-nSs),  a.  Mortified; 
corrupted.  Arbuth/wt. 

GANGUE  (gang),  n.  [Ger.  gang,  a vein  or  chan- 
nel ; Fr.  gnngue.)  (Min.)  The  matrix  of  an 
ore ; the  mineral  substance  which  either  en- 
closes or  usually  accompanies  any  metallic  ore 
in  the  vein.  Ure. 


GANG'VVAY,m.  [See  Gang.]  1.  A passage.  Grose. 

2.  (Naut.)  A narrow  passage-way; — particu- 
larly that  part  of  the  upper  deck  which  is  next 
to  a ship’s  side,  between  the  fore  and  main 
masts.  Mar.  Diet. 

To  bring  to  the  gangway,  (Naut.)  to  punish  a sea- 
man, by  tying  him  up  in  the  gangway  and  flogging 
him.  Mar.  Diet. 

GANG'— WEEK,  n.  [A.  S.  ga/ig-mwe.)  Rogation- 
week,  when  processions  are  made  to  lustrate  or 
survey  the  bounds  of  parishes.  Gerarde. 


GAN'IL,  7i.  A kind  of  brittle  limestone.  [Local, 
Eng.]  Craig. 

gAn'N^T,  n.  [A.  S.  ganot.] 

(Omith.)  A large  aquatic 
bird  of  several  species, 
belonging  to  the  pelican 
family  and  to  the  genus 
S/da  ; — called  also  Solan 
goose.  Audubon. 

,8®=  In  Cornwall  and  Ire- 
land they  are  called  gamuts  ; Common  gannet 
by  the  Welsh,  gan.  Pennant.  (Sula  bassana)- 

gAn'NIS-TIJR,  n.  A kind  of  sandstone.  [Local, 
Eng.]  Smart. 

GAN'OID,  ( «.  [Gr.  y&vos,  splendor,  and  filo;, 

GA-NOID'AL,  > appearance.]  (Ich.)  Noting,  or 
pertaining  to,  an  order  of  fishes  most  of  which 
are  extinct,  distinguished  by  the  angular  form 
of  the  scales  arranged  like  files  and  covered  by 
a thick  coat  of  enamel.  Agassiz. 


A,  F.,  I,  O,  p,  Y,  long ; A,  £,  I,  0,  tj,  t,  short;  A,  £,  J,  O,  I/,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HfilR,  h£R; 


GANOIDIAN 


605 


GARGLE 


GA-N0lD'I-AN,  a.  ( Ich .)  Pertaining  to  ganoid 
fishes ; ganoid.  Agassiz. 

GA-NolD'J-AN§,  re.  pi.  {Ich.)  Fishes  belonging 
to  the  ganoid  order.  Agassiz. 

GANTE'LOPE  (gant'lop),  re.  [ Ghent  and  Dut. 

loopen,  to  run,  because  the  punishment  was  first 
indicted  in  that  place.  Skinner.)  Gantlet;  — 
now  writ-ten  gantlet.  — See  Gantlet.  Fielding. 

gAnt'L£T,  n.  [See  G antelope.]  A military 
punishment,  in  which  the  criminal,  running  be- 
tween two  files  or  ranks,  receives  a lash  from 
each  man  : — a glove.  — See  Gauntlet. 

gAN'TRY,  n.  A frame  of  wood  on  whieh  barrels 
are  placed.  Hunter. 

GAN'ZA,  re.  [Sp.  gansa .]  A kind  of  wild  goose, 
by  a dock  of  which  a virtuoso  was  fabled  to  be 
carried  to  the  lunar  world  or  moon.  Bp.  Hall. 

fjJAOL  (jail),  n.  [Low  L.  gaiola;  Old  Fr.  gaille, 
geaule,  geole  ; F r.  gcdle.  — AV.  geol.)  A place  of 
condnement  for  criminals  ; a prison  ; a jail. 

ggp  Tile  two  forms,  guol  and  jail,  are  both  counte- 
nanced by  the  English  dictionaries,  and  both  are  in 
common  and  good  use  ; but  gavl  seems  to  be  preferred 
by  most  of  the  dictionaries  ; yet  Johnson  says,  “ It 
is  written  either  way  ; but  commonly,  by  later  writ- 
ers, jail.''  — “ Gaol  is  the  only  word  in  which  the  com- 
bination [of  the  diphthong  ao)  occurs,  which  word  is 
much  better  written  jail."  Smart. 

GAOL  (jal),  v.  a.  To  imprison;  to  confine  in  a 
prison  ; to  commit  to  jail.  Bacon. 

GAoL'-BIRD,  n.  See  Jail-bird. 

GAOL'-Djj-LIV'E-RY  (jal'de-llv'er-e),  n.  The  de- 
livery of  prisoners  to  trial,  whose  condemnation 
or  acquittal  evacuates  the  prison  ; judicial  pro- 
cesses or  trials  collectively  ; jail-delivery.Sotrf/i. 

GAOL'PR  (jal'er),  n.  A keeper  of  a prison  ; a 
jailer.  Tatler. 

GAOL'— FE-Vf.R,  n.  A contagious  distemper  oc- 
casioned by  confinement  and  close  air.  Perry. 

GA'ON§,  n.  pi.  [Heb.  "[ISO,  exaltation.]  An  order 
of  Jewish  doctors,  who  appeared  after  the  clos- 
ing of  the  Talmud.  Wright. 

gAp,  n.  [See  Gape.]  Any  opening,  breach,  cleft, 
hole,  interstice,  or  vacuity ; as,  “ A gap  in  a 
fence  ” ; “A  great  gap  in  your  honor.”  Shah. 

To  stop  a gap,  is,  figuratively,  to  secure  a weak 
point.  — J'o  stand  in  the  gap,  to  stand,  as  in  a breach, 
for  the  defence  of  something. 

Syn.  — See  Breach. 

1 GAPE  (gap  or  gap)  [gap,  W.  J.  F.  Ja.  Wb. ; g&p, 
S. ; gap,  P.  E.  S m.  C. ; gap  or  gap,  K.  if.],  v.  n. 
[A.  S.  geapan  ; Dut.  gaapen ; Ger.  gaffen  ; Dan. 
gabe ; Sw.  gapa.]  [i.  gaped  ; pp.  gaping, 
gaped.] 

1.  To  open  the  mouth  with  eagerness,  as 
young  birds  do  for  their  food,  or  involuntarily, 
as  from  lassitude  or  wonder  ; to  open  the  mouth ; 
to  yawn. 

She  stretches,  < japes , unglues  her  eyes. 

And  asks  if  it  be  time  to  rise.  Swift. 

As  callow  birds, 

Whose  m-other ’s  killed  in  searching  for  the  prey. 

Gape  for  the  food  which  they  must  never  find.  Dnjden. 

The  king  gaped  and  gazed  upon  her  with  open  mouth. 

1 JSsdras  iv.  31. 

2.  To  desire  earnestly;  to  crave  ; — with  for. 
“ Thou  who  gap' st  for  my  estate.”  Drgden. 

3.  (Conch.)  To  lie  separated,  as  the  margins 

of  bivalve  shells  when  they  do  not  meet  all 
round.  Maunder. 

To  gape  at,  after,  or  for,  to  crave ; to  desire  or 
covet  earnestly. 

Syn.  — A person  gapes  and  yawns  from  sleepiness  ; 
and  he  gapes  and  stares  with  wonder.  To  gape  and 
to  stare  are  taken  in  a bad  sense.  To  gape  implies 
stupidity  or  gross  ignorance  ; to  stare,  ignorance  and 
impertinence.  A clown  gapes  ; an  impudent  fellow 
stares-,  a person  filled  with  transport  gates  on  the 
object  of  his  admiration. 

BST  “The  irregularity  in  the  pronunciation  of  this 
word  (gap)  seems  to  arise  from  the  greater  similitude 
of  the  Italian  a to  the  action  signified,  than  the  slen- 
der English  <t.”  Walker.—  “ The  expressive  hut  ir- 
regular pronunciation  of  this  word,  with  the  Italian 
a (i),  is  no  longer  prevalent.”  Smart This  pronun- 

ciation, however,  is  well  supported  by  authorities, 
and  it  is  common  in  the  U S. 

H GAPE  (gap  or  gap),  n.  1.  The  act  of  gaping  ; a 
yawn. 


2.  ( Zolil .)  The  opening  between  the  mandi- 
bles of  birds,  the  jaws  of  fishes,  &c.  Brande. 

The  gapes,  a disease  to  which  chickens  are  subject. 

Clarke. 

||  GAP'{)R  (gip'gr  o.  gap'er),  re.  1.  One  who  gapes 
or  yawns. 

2.  (Ich.)  A fish  with  six  or  seven  bands  and 
tail  undivided.  Boag. 

||  GAP'JNG,  or  gAP'JNG,  re.  The  act  of  yawning; 
a hiatus.  Bacon. 

gAP'-TOOTHED  (-tStht),  a.  Having  spaces  or 
interstices  between  the  teeth.  Dryden. 

GAR,  re.  [A.  S.  gar.)  An  affix  or  syllable  signi- 
fying a weapon  ; — thus  Eadi^ar  is  a happy 
weapon.  Gibson. 

t GAR,  v.  a.  To  cause  ; to  make  ; to  force.  Spenser. 

gAr’A-GAY,  re.  ( Ornith .)  A bird  of  the  kite  kind, 
a native  of  Mexico.  Craig. 

gAR'AN-cLye,  re.  [Fr.]  (Chem.)  An  extract  of 
madder  made  with  sulphuric  acid.  Smart. 

GAR- A- PA 'TO,  re.  (Ent.)  A bug-like  insect  found 
in  South  America.  Maunder. 

GARB,  re.  [It.  <Sr  Sp.  garbo  ; Fr.  garbe.) 

1.  f Behavior  ; deportment.  Hacket. 

First,  for  your  garb,  it  must  be  grave  and  serious.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  Dress ; clothes  ; habit  ; apparel ; vesture. 

“ Their  Moorish  garb.”  Hoole. 

3.  Fashion  of  dress.  Denham. 

4.  Mode;  manner;  style. 

Pausanias  . . . began  to  live  after  the  Persian  garb.  Usher. 

5.  (Her.)  A sheaf  of  wheat  or  any  other 

grain.  — See  Garbe.  Johnson. 

GARB,  v.  a.  [Sp.  garbar.)  To  bind  in  sheaves, 
[it.]  Toller. 

GAR'BAGE  (g'ir'bjj),  w.  [Of  uncertain  etymolo- 
gy.— Junius  thinks  it  is  strongly  allied  to  Sp. 
i forbear,  to  seize,  to  tear  away.]  The  bowels  of 
an  animal ; the  offal ; refuse.  Shah. 

GAR'BAGED  (gkr'b?jd),  a.  Having  the  garbage 
pulled  out.  Sherwood. 

GARBE,  re.  [Sp.  garba.)  (Her.)  A sheaf  of  any 
kind  of  grain;  said  to  represent  summer.  Craig. 

GAR'BgL,  re.  (Naut.)  A plank  next  to  the  keel 
of  a ship  ; garboard.  Bailey. 

t GAR'BIDGE,  re.  Garbage.  Mortimer. 

t GAR'BISH,  re.  Garbage.  Barret. 

f GAR'BJSH,  v.  a.  To  exenterate;  to  eviscerate  ; 
to  disembowel.  Barret. 

GAR'BLE  (gar'bl),  v.  a.  [It.  garbellare  ; Sp.  garbi- 
llar\  Fr.  grabeler.)  [i.  garbled;  pp.  gar- 
bling, garbled.  “ It  is  certainly  derived 
from  [Low  L.]  garba,  (Fr .gerbe),  a wheat-sheaf; 
hence  garbenna  was  a mediieval  word  for  a 
threshing-floor,  and  garbellara  was  to  clear  the 
grain  from  chaff,  &c.”  Sir  John  Stoddart.) 

1.  f T°  cleaqse  from  dross  and  dirt,  as  spices ; 
to  separate,  as  the  good  from  the  bad.  Bailey. 

ftff- “ An  expression  borrowed  from  grocers,  who 
are  said  to  garble  their  spices,  that  is,  to  purify  them 
from  dross  and  dirt.”  Ed.  Phillips's  Dictionary. 

2.  To  select  and  cull  in  order  to  suit  a pur- 
pose, and  thus  mutilate  and  corrupt  the  whole, 
to  give  a false  impression  of  an  author’s  mean- 
ing. “ A garbled  statement.”  Sir  J.  Stoddart. 

BPS’  “ This  word  is  never  now  used  in  its  primary 
sense,  and  has  indeed  undergone  this  further  ciiange, 
that,  while  once  to  garble  was  to  sift  for  the  purpose 
of  selecting  the  best,  it  is  now  to  sift  with  a view  of 
picking  out  the  worst.”  Trench. 

GAR'BLf.R,  re.  1.  One  who  garbles.  Swift. 

2.  An  officer  of  great  antiquity  of  the  city  of 
London,  empowered  to  inspect  and  garble  or 
select  drugs  and  spices.  Cowel. 

GAR'BLE^  (gfir'blz),  re.  pi.  The  dust,  soil,  and 
filth  separated  from  drugs  and  spices.  Wright. 

GAR'BOARD,  w.  ( Naut .)  The  first  plank  of  a 
ship  fastened  to  the  keel  on  the  outside  ; the 
garbel.  Crabb. 

GAR'BOARD-STREAK,  n.  (Naut.)  The  range  of 
planks  next  to  the  keel  on  each  side.  Dana. 

+ GAR'BOIL,  re.  [It. garbuglio  ; Old  Fr.  garbouil.) 
Disorder;  tumult;  uproar.  Bp.  Halt. 


GAR-CIAT’ I-A,  re.  ( Bot .)  A genus  of  plants 
found  in  the  islands  of  the  Indian  archipelago, 

including  the  celebrated  Mangosteen  tree; so 

named  in  honor  of  Dr.  Garcin.  Eng.  Cyc. 

GARD,  re.  [Fr.  garde.)  Wardship  ; care  ; guard. 

See  Guard.  Johnson. 

GARD,  v.  a.  To  adorn.  — See  Guard.  Todd. 

||  GAR'DEN  (gfir'dn  nr  glr'den)  [gar'dn,  W.  J.  F. 
Ja.  K.  Sm.  C.  R.  ; gar'den,  .S.  P.  Wb.),  re. 
[Goth,  gards.  a yard  ; Ger.  garten  ; Gael,  on radh. ; 
W.  gardd.  — From  A.  S.  gyrdan,  to  gird  oven- 
close.  Tooke.  — It .giardiiw,  Sp.  § Fr .jardin.) 

1.  A piece  of  ground  enclosed  and  planted  for 
the  production  of  fruits,  flowers,  or  esculent 
plants. 

God  the  first  gurrlen  made,  the  first  city  Cain.  Cowley. 

2.  A place  particularly  fruitful  or  delightful. 

Fruitful  Lombardy, 

The  pleasant  garden  of  great  Italy.  Shah. 

II  GAR'DEN,  V.  re.  [/.GARDENED  ; pp.  GARDENING, 
gardened.]  To  lay  out  gardens;  to  cultivate 
a garden.  Bacon. 

||  GAR'DEN, v.  a.  To  dress  as  a garden.  Cotgrave. 

||  GAR'DEN,  a.  Belonging  to,  or  produced  in,  a 
garden  ; as,  “ Garden  vegetables.”  Ash. 

||  GAR'DEN-IJR,  re.  One  who  cultivates  gardens  ; 
a horticulturist.  Bacon. 

||  GAR'DEN— FLoW'fiR,  re.  A flower  cultivated  in 
gardens.  Goldsmith. 

GoiR-DE  re.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants 

bearing  elegant  sweet-scented  flowers  ; the  Cape 
jasmine  ; — named  after  Dr.  Garden.  Eng.  Cyc. 

||  GAR'DEN-ING,  re.  The  cultivation  of  gardens; 
horticulture.  Spectator. 

||  GAR'DEN-LESS,  a.  Without  a garden.  Clarke. 

||  GAR'DEN— MOULD  (-mold),  re.  Mould  fit  for  a 
garden.  Mortimer. 

II  GAR'DEN— PLOT,  re.  A plot  or  plantation  laid 
out  in  a garden.  Milton. 

f GAR'D^N-SHIP,  re.  Horticulture.  Shaftesbury. 

||  GAR'DEN— STUFF,  re.  Produce  of  a garden. Ash. 

||  GAR'DEN— TIL’LA(rE,  re.  Tillage  of  gardens. 

||  GAR'DEN— WARE,  re.  The  produce  of  gardens  ; 
garden-stuff’.  Mortimer. 

GAR'DON,  re.  A kind  of  roach.  Clarke. 

t GAR  E,  or  G AURE,  v a.  [A.  S.  gearwian,  to  pre- 
pare.] To  dress  ; to  adorn  : — to  stare.  Chaucer. 

fGARE,  re.  I.  Show,  brilliancy  ; glare. 

In  a gave  and  heat  they  will  run,  ride,  and  take  pains.  Rogers. 

2.  Coarse  wool.  Bailey. 

3.  Gear  ; accoutrements  : — a dart.  Wright. 

GAR'— FISH,  re.  A species  of  fish  known  under  a 
variety  of  names ; the  greenbone ; the  horn-fish  ; 
the  mackerel-guide  ; the  sea-needle  ; the  sea- 
pike  ; gar-pike ; long-nose ; gore-bill ; the  sword- 
fish ; Esox  betone,  or  Belone  vulgaris.  Yarrel. 

GAR'GAN-EY,  re.  (Ornith.)  A species  of  duck; 
Anas  querquedula.  Yarrell. 

GAR'GA-RI§M,  re.  [Gr.  yapyapiopd; ; L.  gargaris- 
mus  ; Fr.  gargarisme.)  (Med.)  A wash  for  the 
throat ; a gargle.  Quincy. 

GAR'GA-RIZE,  V.  a.  [Gr.  yapyapi^m.)  To  gargle; 
to  rinse,  as  the  mouth  and  throat,  [r.]  Bacon. 

GAR'G^T,  re.  1.  A disease  in  the  udders  of  cows, 
arising  from  inflammation  of  the  lymphatic 
glands.  Farm.  Ency. 

2.  A distemper  in  hogs.  Farm.  Ency. 

3.  A medicinal  plant  and  berry ; poke  ; Phy- 
tolacca decandra.  Dunglison. 

GAR'GjL,  re.  A distemper  in  geese  affecting  the 
head,  and  often  fatal.  London  Ency. 

GAR'GLE  (-pi),  v.  a.  [L.  gurgulio,  the  gullet ; It. 
gargagliare,  to  murmur;  Fr.  gargouiller,  to 
dabble  ; gargariser,  to  gargarize,  to  gargle.  — 
Dut.  gorgelen  ; Ger.  gurgeln.  — See  Gurgle.] 

[t.  GARGLED;  pp.  GARGLING,  GARGLED.] 

1.  To  wash,  as  the  mouth  and  throat  with 
some  liquor  that  is  kept  suspended  and  in  agi- 
tation by  forcing  the  breath  against  it.  Harvey. 

2.  To  play  in  the  throat;  to  warble.  Waller. 


MiEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  S6N ; BT>LL,  BUR,  Rt)LE.  — 9,  9,  9,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


GARGLE 


606 


GAS 


GAR'GLE,  re.  A liquor  for  washing  the  mouth 
and  throat ; gargarism.  Wiseman. 

GAK’GLING,  re.  The  act  of  one  who  gargles.  Clark e. 

GAR'GOL,  n.  A distemper  in  hogs.  Mortimer. 

GAR'GOOSE,  n.  See  Cargoose. 

GA  R'GOYLE,  n.  [Fr. gargouille.] 

{Arch.)  A projecting  water- 

y spout,  often  grotesquely 
carved,  attached  to  old  Goth- 
ic buildings.  Francis. 

gAr'JSH,  a.  [A.  S.  gearwian, 
to  prepare.  “ The  verb  to  gaure  [found  in 
Chaucer],  or  gare  [in  Phaer ],  which  Speight 
and  Tyrwhitt  explain  to  stare,  is  no  doubt  the 
origin  of  garish."  Richardson.  — See  Gare.] 

1.  Gaudy  ; showy  ; dazzling  ; staring.  “ Pay 

no  worship  to  the  garish  sun  ” Shah. 

Hide  me  from  day’s  garish  eye.  Milton. 

2.  Extravagantly  gay;  flighty.  “It  makes 

the  mind  loose  and  garish."  South. 

gAr'ISH-LY,  ad.  1.  Splendidly  ; gaudily. 

2.  Wildly  ; in  a flighty  manner. 

gAr'ISH-NESS,  n.  1.  The  quality  of  being  gar- 
ish ; flaunting  gaudiness  ; finery.  Florio. 

2.  Flighty  or  extravagant  joy.  Bp.  Taylor. 

GAR 'LAND,  n.  [It.  ghirlanda ; Sp.  guimalda; 
Fr.  guirlande.  — L.  gyrus,  a circle.  Menage.] 

1.  f A royal  crown  ; a diadem.  Grafton. 

2.  A wreath  of  branches,  foliage,  or  flowers  ; 
a chaplet ; a coronal. 

Then  party-colored  flowers  of  white  and  red 

She  wore  to  make  a garland  for  her  head.  Dryden. 

3.  A collection  of  little  pieces  of  prose  or  po- 
etry ; a book  of  extracts.  Percy. 

i.  A thing  much  prized.  Shah. 

5.  (IVauti)  A sort  of  net  used  by  sailors  to 
contain  their  provisions  instead  of  a locker  or 
cupboard.  Wright.  — A large  rope  or  strap 
lashed  to  a spar  when  hoisting  it  on  board  of  a 
vessel.  Dana. 

6.  (Arch.)  A sculptured  representation  of  a 
wTeath,  as  on  the  frieze  of  a building.  Britton. 

GAR'LAND,  re.  a.  To  deck  with  a garland;  to 
enwreath.  B.  Jonson. 

GAR' LAND- LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  a garland  or 
wreath.  Shelley. 

GAR’LFC,  re.  [A.  S.  garleac,  or  garlec\  gar , a 
lance,  and  leac,  a leek.  — W.  garlleg,  garlic.] 
A strong-scented,  edible  plant,  of  the  genus 
Allium,  having  an  acrid,  pungent  taste,  and  a 
bulbous  root  composed  of  many  small  tubercles 
called  cloves  of  garlic.  Miller.  Loudon. 

Wild  garlic,  a plant  resembling  garlic.  Johnson. 

GAR'L|C— EAT'JpR,  n.  A cant  term  for  a mean 
fellow.  Shak. 

GAR'LJCK-Y,  a.  Containing  or  resembling  gar- 
lic. Hollingsworth. 

GAR'LIC-PeAr'-TREE,  n.  ( Bot .)  The  Cratccva , 
an  American  tree  whose  fruit  has  a strong  scent 
of  garlic.  Loudon. 

GAR'MgNT,  n.  [Old  Fr.  guarniment.  — In  Wick- 
liffe  we  have  “ A long  garnement.”  — See  Gar- 
nish.] An  article  of  clothing ; dress. 

The  peacock,  in  all  his  pride,  does  not  display  half  the 
colors  that  appear  in  the  garments  of  a British  lady  when  she 
is  dressed.  Addison. 

GAR’M lJNT-f.D,  a.  Covered  with  garments  or 
clothing;  dressed.  Ed.  Rev. 

GAR'NlfR,  n.  [L.  granaria ; Fr.  grenier. — See 
Grain.]  A building  for  grain  ; a granary  ; a bin. 

Bams  and  garners  never  empty.  Shak. 

GAR'NfR,  t>.  a.  [t.  GARNERED  ; jrp.  GARNERING, 
garnered.]  To  store  as  in  a granary.  Shak. 

GAR'NgT,  re.  [Low  L.  granatus ; grarvum,  a 
grain  or  kernel ; It.  granato  ; Sp.  granate\  Fr. 
qrenat.  By  metathesis  of  r,  as  in  gamer  (from 
L.  granaria)  and  coarse  (from  L.  crassus).  Sul- 
livan.] 

1.  {Min.)  A mineral  or  gem,  of  which  there 
are  several  varieties,  mostly  crystallized,  and  of 
reddish  color,  and  consisting  of  silica,  alumina, 
and  lime,  with  a small  proportion  of  oxide  of  iron, 
and  sometimes  of  manganese  or  of  magnesia. 

The  cur  nit  seems  to  be  a species  of  the  carbuncle  of  the 
ancients.  Woodward. 


The  garnet  was,  in  part,  the  carbuncnlns  of  the  ancients, 
a term  probably  applied  also  to  the  spinet  and  Oriental  ruby. 

Dana. 

2.  (Naut.)  A purchase  on  the  main  stay  for 
hoisting  cargo.  Dana. 

GAR'NgT— BLENDE,  re.  {M  re.)  A sulphuret  of 
zinc.  lloblyn. 

GAR'NISH,  v.  a.  [It.  guarnire  ; Sp.  guarnecer  ; 
Fr.  garnir.  — A.  S.  gearwian,  to  prepare.  — See 
Gare,  Garish,  and  Gear.]  [i.  garnished  ; 

pp.  GARNISHING,  GARNISHED.] 

1.  To  decorate  with  ornamental  appendages; 
to  embellish  ; to  deck  ; to  adorn  ; to  beautify. 

The  hearse  was  garnished  with  great  escutcheons.  Strype. 

2.  To  fit  with  fetters.  [A  cant  term.]  Johnson. 

3.  {Law.)  [Law  Fr.  garnir.]  To  warn.  “To 
garnish  the  heir,  i.e.  to  warn  the  heir.”  Whishaw. 

GAR'NISH,  re.  1.  Ornament ; decoration  ; adorn- 
ment ; embellishment ; garnishing.  “ The  gar- 
nish of  her  dress.”  Whitehead. 

2.  {Jails.)  Fetters  ; — also  fees  paid  by  a pris- 
oner on  going  into  jail  to  fellow-prisoners.  Bailey. 

3.  (Cookery.)  Things  placed  round  a dish  for 

embellishment.  Smart. 

GAR-NJSH-EE',  re.  (Laic.)  A person  warned  ; a 
party  in  whose  hands  money  or  property  is  at- 
tached by  the  creditor  of  another,  and  who  has 
had  warning  or  garnishment  not  to  pay  or  de- 
liver it.  Burrill. 

GAR'NISH-£R,  re.  One  who  garnishes.  Shencood. 

GAR'NISH-ING,  re.  Decoration  ; embellishment ; 
ornament.  More. 

GAR'NISH-MENT,  re.  1.  Ornament;  embellish- 
ment. Bp.  Hall. 

2.  (Law.)  Warning  given  to  a jaarty  to  ap- 
pear in  court  or  give  information  ; — a warning 
to  a persqn  not  to  pay  money  or  deliver  proper- 
ty to  another.  Burrill. 

GAR'NI-TURE,  re.  [Fr.]  Furniture;  ornament; 
decoration.  “ Garnitures  of  art.”  Addison. 

GA-ROO'KUH,  re.  A vessel  used  in  the  Persian 
Gulf.  Ogilvie. 

GAR'-PIKE,  re.  [See  Gar,  and  Pike.]  (Ich.) 

1.  A fish  frequenting  the  coasts  of  Great  Brit- 
ain ; sea-needle;  gar-fish;  Esoxbelone.  Yarrell. 

2.  A very  remarkable  fish  of  the  fresh-waters 
of  North  America,  covered  with  angular  enam- 
elled scales  ; Lepidosteus  Lacipede.  Agassiz. 

GA'ROUS  [ga'rys,  IV.  P.  K. ; gar'us,  Nnt.],  a.  [See 
Garum.J  Resembling  garuin.  Browne. 

GAR'RAN,  re.  See  Garhon.  Johnson. 

GAr'RJJT,  re.  [Old  Fr.  garite,  a sentry-box;  Fr. 
guerite.  — Gael,  garait,  garret.  — According  to 
Britton,  the  Fr.  garite  is  from  the  Eng.  guard, 
and  ward,  a small  tower.] 

1.  The  uppermost  apartment  of  a house,  im- 
mediately under  the  roof.  Britton. 

2.  t Rotten  wood.  Bacon. 

3.  A watch-tower  : — the  top  of  a hill.  [Scot- 
land.] Jamieson. 

GAR'R£T-$D,  a.  Protected  by,  or  furnished  with, 
garrets.  “ A garreted  wall.  ’ Carew. 

GA  R-R IJT-EER',  re.  An  inhabitant  of  a garret ; — 
applied  to  an  indigent  author.  Boswell. 

GAR'RBT-ING,  re.  Small  splinters  of  stone  in- 
serted into  flint  walls,  or  the  joints  of  coarse 
masonry.  Simmonds. 

GAR'RJJT-MAs'TER,  n.  A maker  of  household 
furniture  on  his  own  account,  who  sells  his 
goods  to  the  furniture  dealers  for  the  best  price 
he  can  obtain.  Simmonds. 

GAR'RI-SON  (-sn),  re.  [It.  quernigione  ; Sp.  quar- 
nicion  ; Fr.  garnison.  — Dan.  garnison.  — Writ- 
ten by  Chaucer  garnison. — See  Garnish.]  (ART) 

1.  The  guard  of  a fortified  place,  or  a body  of 

forces  in  a fortress.  Glos.  of  Mil.  Terms. 

2.  A fortified  place  in  which  troops  are  quar- 
tered for  its  security  or  defence.  Campbell. 

3.  The  state  of  military  defence.  Spenser. 

4.  Winter  quarters.  Brande. 

GAR'RI-SON  (-sn),  v.  a.  [i.  garrisoned  ; pp. 
GARRISONING,  GARRISONED.] 

1.  To  supply,  as  a fort,  with  an  armed  force. 
“A  castle  garrisoned  by  twenty  knights.”  Tatler. 


2.  To  secure  by  fortresses  ; to  fortify. 

Others  those  forces  join, 

Which  garrison  the  conquests  near  the  Rhine.  Dryden. 

3.  To  place  in  a garrison.  Raleigh. 

GAR’RON,  re.  A small  horse;  a galloway;  a 

hobby ; a garran.  [Scotland.]  Spenser. 

gAr'ROT,  re.  [Fr.]  1.  ( Sitrg .)  A small  cylinder 

of  wood  employed  to  tighten  the  circular  band 
by  which  the  artery  of  a limb  is  compressed. 

Palmer. 

2.  (Ornith.)  A genus  of  the  duck  family,  in- 
cluding the  Anas  glacialis  and  Anas  histrionica 
of  Linnaeus ; the  genus  Clangula.  Eng.  Cyc. 

GARROTE  [gar-rot',  Sm.  C.  W. ; gar-ro'ta,  Sp.],  re. 
[Sp.]  A Spanish  mode  of  capital  punishment, 
by  strangulation  with  an  iron  collar,  which  is 
tightened  by  means  of  a screw.  Brande. 

GAR-ROTE',  v.  a.  To  strangle  with  the  garrote: 
— to  strangle.  Clarke. 

GAR- R U-LI  ' NJE, 
re.  pi.  [L.  garru- 
lus,  chattering.] 

( Ornith.)  A sub- 
family of  coni- 
rostral  birds  of 
the  order  Pas- 
seres  and  family 
Corrida- ; jays. 

Gray. 

GAR-RU'Ll-TY  ,n. 

[L.  garrulitas  ; Cyunoeorax  eristatus. 

qamo,  to  prate ; It.  garrulita  ; Sp.  garrulidad ; 
Fr.  garrulite.]  Habit  of  talking  too  much; 

, talkativeness ; loquacity.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Talkativeness. 

gAr'RU-LOUS,  a.  [L.  garrulus  ; It.  & Sp.  garru- 
lo .]  Loquacious  ; prattling ; talkative. 

Age.  loo,  shines  out,  and,  garrulous,  recounts 

The  feats  of  youth.  Thomson. 

gAr'RU-LOUS-LY,  ad.  In  a garrulous  manner. 

GAR'RV-LOUS-NESS,  re.  The  quality  of  being 

garrulous ; talkativeness  ; garrulity.  Scott. 

GAR'T£R,  re.  [It . giartera-,  Sp.  jarretera ; Fr. 

jarretiere.  — Gael,  gartan  ; W.  qardas.  — Ac- 
cording to  Tooke,  from  A.  S.  gyrdan,  to  gird.] 

1.  A string,  ribbon,  or  band,  by  which  the 

stocking  is  held  upon  the  leg.  Shak. 

2.  The  badge  of  the  highest  order  of  English 

knighthood.  Brande. 

3.  The  principal  king-at-arms,  who  is  herald 

to  the  order  of  the  garter.  Brande. 

4.  (Her.)  The  half  of  a bend.  Clarke. 

Order  of  the  garter,  a military  order  of  knighthood 

instituted  by  Edward  III.,  the  members  being  gener- 
ally peers  and  the  king  of  England  the  chief; — so 
called  from  the  garter  worn  by  them  as  a badge. 

London  Ency. 

GAR'Tf.R,  V.  ft.  [».  GARTERED  ; pp.  GARTERING, 
GARTERED.] 

1.  To  bind  with  a garter.  “ He,  being  in  love, 

could  not  see  to  garter  his  hose.”  Shak. 

2.  To  invest  with  the  order  of  the  garter. 

George  shone  the  leader  of  the  gartered  line.  Warton ~ 

GAR'T£R— FISH,  re.  (Ich.)  A fish  with  a long 
body  and  an  elongated  snout,  of  the  genus 
Lcpidopus.  Goldsmith. 

G AR'TF.R-SNAKE,  re.  (Herp.)  An  American  ser- 
pent ; Entaima  sirtalis.  Craig. 

GARTH,  re.  1.  [W.  garth.]  An  enclosure ; a 
small  field ; a yard  ; a garden ; a croft.  [Lo- 
cal.] Halliwelt. 

2.  A hoop  or  band.  [Local.]  Halliwell. 

3.  A dam  or  wear  in  a river  for  catching 

fish.  Simmonds. 

fGARTH'MAN,  re.  The  owner  of  an  open  wear 
where  fish  are  taken.  Craig. 

GA  'RUM,  re.  [L.]  A pickle  used  by  the  ancients, 
made  of  the  gills  or  blood  of  the  tunny,  or  a pickle 
in  which  fish  has  been  preserved.  Chambers. 

GAS  [gas,  S.  W.  P.  E.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm. ; gaz,  X],  re. ; 
pi.  gXs'e?.  [A.  S.  gast,  breath,  spirit;  Dut. 
geest ; Ger.  <S;  Dan.  geist ; Sw.  gast ; Ger.,  It.,  § 
Sp.  gas,  gas  ; Fr.  gaz.]  (Ghent.)  An  aeriform 
fluid  ; a term  applied  to  all  permanently  elastic 
fluids  or  airs  differing  from  atmospheric  air. 

The  word  gas  was  first  introduced  into  chemistry  by  Van 
Helmont.  Thomson. 


A,  F,,  !,  6,  U,  Y,  long  ; A,  E,  f,  6,  0,  t,  short;  A,  p,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HfelR,  HER; 


607 


GATHER 


GASALIER 


gAs-A-LIER',  It.  A gas-burner  for  a private 
apartment.  Simmonds. 

gAS'-BURN-ER,  n.  That  part  of  a lamp  or  brack- 
et from  which,  the  gas  issues;  the  beak  or 
mouth-piece  of  a gas-pipe.  Horn . 

GAS'CON,  n.  ( Geog .)  A native  of  Gascony  in 
Fiance.  Tatler. 

GAS-CQN-ADE',  ».  [Fr.  gasconnade ; “ from  the 
Gascons , a nation  eminent  tor  boasting.  John - 
son.J  A boast;  bravado;  brag;  vaunt.  Swift. 

GAS-CQN-ADE'  V.  n.  [t.  GASCONADED  ; pp.  GAS- 
CONADING, gasconaded.]  To  boast;  to  brag; 
to  bluster.  Johnson. 

gAS-CON-AD'PR,  One  who  gasconades;  a 
blusterer  ; a boaster  ; a braggart.  Qu.  Rev. 

GAS'CROME,  n.  {Gael,  cas-crom .]  A long,  nar- 
row spade  with  a projecting  foot-piece,  in  use 
among  the  Scotch  Highlanders.  Gent.  Mag. 

GA-SE'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being  gaseous;  na- 
ture of  gas.  P-  Cyc. 

gAsj'IJ-OUS,  or  GA'S^-OUS  [g&z'e-us,  Sm. ; ga'ze- 
us,  R.  C.  B.\  gas'e-iSs,  1 Vb.],  a.  [It.  gasoso ; Sp. 
gaseoso ; Fr.  gazeux.]  Having  the  form  or  qual- 
ity of  gas.  Davy . 

GAS'— FLT-TpR,  n.  A workman  who  lays  pipes, 
and  fits  burners  for  gas.  Simmonds. 

GASH,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  haccan , or  gchacan,  to  hack  or 
hash,  contracted  into  gaccan,  and  the  c softened 
to  ch  or  sh.  Richardson.  — Fr.  hacker.  Skinner.'] 
[j.  GASHED;  pp.  GASHING,  GASHED.]  To  CUt 
deep,  so  as  to  make  a gaping  wound. 

Streaming  with  blood,  all  over  gashed  with  wounds.  Phillips. 

GASH,  n.  A deep  cut;  a gaping  wound.  Shak. 

gAsH'fOl,  a.  Full  of  gashes  ; hideous.  Quarles. 

GAS'—  HOLD-pR,  it.  A hollow  cylindrical  vessel, 
open  at  the  bottom  and  closed  at  the  top,  sus- 
pended by  counterpoises  in  a tank  of  water,  so 
that  it  may  be  filled  with  gas  introduced  by  a 
central  pipe,  and  the  gas  afterwards  distributed 
by  proper  pressure  through  the  gas-mains  which 
convey  it  for  service  ; a gasometer.  P.  Cyc. 

gAS-I-FJ-CA'TION,  n.  The  act  or  the  process  of 
converting  into  gas.  Wright. 

gAs'I-FORH,  a.  [It.  gasiforme.]  Having  the 
form  of  gas.  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

gAs'I-FY,  v.  a.  [Eng.^fis  and  L . facio,  to  make; 
It.  gasijicnre.]  To  convert  into  gas,  or  aeriform 
fluid,  by  combination  with  caloric.  Wright. 

gAs'KIJT,  n.  1.  (Maut.)  A small  cord  or  piece  of 
platted  stuff  by  which  the  sails,  when  furled, 
are  kept  close  to  the  yards  or  gaffs.  Dana. 

2.  ( Machinery .)  Platted  hemp  used  for  pack- 
ing the  piston  of  the  steam  engine  and  its 
pumps.  Brande. 

gAs'KIN^,  n.  pi.  [ Gascoigne , Todd.]  1.  Wide 
hose  ; galligaskins.  Shak. 

2.  Packings  of  hemp.  Simmonds. 

GAS'— LIGHT  (-lit),  n.  Light  produced  by  the 
combustion  of  gas,  particularly  by  that  of  carbu- 
retted  hydrogen  gas.  Jodrell. 

GAS'— MATIN',  n.  A large  iron  pipe,  by  which  gas 
is  distributed  from  the  manufactory  to  different 
localities  in  a town.  Simmonds. 

GAS'— ME-T^R,  it.  [Eng.  gas  and  Gr.  ptrpov,  a 
measure.]  An  instrument  attached  to  gas- 
works, or  gas-pipes,  which  ascertains  and  reg-  j 
isters  the  quantity  of  gas  that  passes  through  it ; 
a gasometer.  ' Francis. 

GA-§OM'E-TpR,  it.  [Eng.  gas  and  Gr.  ft hpou,  a 
measure ; It.  3;  Sp.  gasometro ; Fr.  gazomHre.] 

1.  An  instrument  for  measuring  gas  ; a gas- 

meter.  Francis. 

2.  A reservoir  in  gas-works,  into  which  the 

purified  gas  is  received  ; a gas-holder.  Brande. 

GA-§(5m'5-TRY,  it.  [It.  & Sp.  gasometria ; Fr. 
gazometrie.]  ’ 

1.  The  art  of  measuring  gases.  Crabb. 

2.  The  science  which  treats  of  the  nature  and 

property  of  gases.  Mahnder. 

GAs'O-SCOPE,  it.  [Eng.  gas  and  Gr.  aieoitioi,  to 
behold.]  An  apparatus  for  indicating  the  pres- 


ence of  bi-carburetted  hydrogen  gas  in  build- 
ings, mines,  or  other  places.  Simmonds. 

gAsp  (12),  v.  n.  [From  gape,  by  the  insertion  of 
s.  Skinner.  — Sw.  gispa  ; Dan.  gispe,  to  gape  ; 
Gael,  ospag,  to  gasp.]  [t.  gasped  ; pp.  gasp- 
ing, GASPED.] 

1.  To  open  the  mouth  wide,  as  in  catching  or 
convulsively  emitting  breath ; to  pant. 

The  sick  for  air  before  the  portal  gasp.  Dryden. 

2.  To  long  for ; to  desire  eagerly.  Swift. 
“ Who  . . . gasped  after  their  liberty.”  Spectator. 

GASP,  v.  a.  To  emit,  as  breath  by  opening  the 
mouth  wide  ; to  breathe  convulsively. 

I lay  me  down  to  gasp  my  latest  breath.  Dryden. 

GASP,  n.  Act  of  opening  the  mouth,  as  in  catch- 
ing or  convulsively  emitting  breath. 

At  the  last  gasp,  in  extremity. 

gAsp'ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  gasps.  Clarke. 

GASP'ING-LY,  ad.  With  a gasp.  Byron. 

GAS'— PIPE,  n.  Metal  tubing  for  the  conveyance 
of  gas.  Simmonds. 

GAS'— REG-U-LA-TOR,  n.  An  apparatus  for  equal- 

izing and  regulating  the  flow  of  gas.  Simmonds. 

GAS'SING  n.  (Mamtfactures.)  The  process  of 
singeing  net,  lace,  &c.,  in  order  to  remove  the 
hairy  filaments  from  the  cotton  ; — performed 
by  passing  the  material  between  two  rollers, 
and  exposing  it  to  the  action  of  a large  number 
of  minute  jets  of  gas.  Simmonds. 

GAS'— STOVE,  n.  Astove  heated  by  gas,  for  cook- 
ing or  for  other  purposes.  Simmonds. 

gAs'SY,  a.  Relating  to  or  containing  gas  ; gas- 
eous ; inflated.  Blackicood’s  Mag. 

t gAsT,  v.  a.  [Goth,  geisan.  — A.  S.  gast,  a ghost.] 
To  make  aghast ; to  fright ; to  terrify.  Shak. 

gAS'-TAR,  n.  A species  of  tar  which  distils  over 
in  the  manufacture  of  coal-gas  ; coal-tar. 

Simmonds. 

f gAs'T^R,  v , o.  To  scare.  Beau.  &;  FI. 

gAS'TPR-O-POD,  n.  ( Zolil .)  A molluscous  ani- 
mal ; one  of  the  Gasteropoda.  Brande. 

GAS-TE-ROP'  O-DA,  n.  [Gr.  yaarf/p,  the  belly, 
and  itox's,  not 5o;,  a foot.]  (Z.oul.)  A class  of  uni- 
valve mollusks,  having  a fleshy  disk  under  the 
belly  which  serves  them  as  feet,  as  the  snail. 

Brande. 

gAS-T$-R0P'0-D0US,  at  (Zotil.)  Belonging  to 
the  Gasteropoda.  Brande. 

gAst'NESS,  n.  Fright.  — See  Ghastness.  Shak. 

gAs'TRIC,  a.  [Gr.  yaanjp,  the  belly  ; L .gaster, 
gasteris,  or  gastri ; It.  &;  Sp.  gastrico  ; Fr.  gas- 
trique.]  Belonging  to  the  stomach.  Chambers. 

Gastric  juice,  (Phys.)  a fluid  secreted  by  the  stom- 
ach, and  essential  to  the  process  of  digestion. 

gAs'TRI-CISM,  n.  [It.  gastricismo  ; Fr.  gastri- 
cisme .]  (Med.)  A theory  which  refers  most  dis- 
eases to  disorder  in  the  digestive  passages,  or 
gastric  region.  Dunglison. 

GAS-TRIL'O-QUIST,  n.  [L.  gaster,  gastri,  the 
belly,  and  loquor,  to  speak  ; It.  gastnloquo  ; Fr. 
gastriloque.]  A ventriloquist.  Reid. 

GAS-TRlL'O-QIIOUS,  a.  Speaking  apparently 
from  the  belly  ; ventriloquous.  [r.]  Chambers. 

GAS-TRIL'O-UUY,  n.  The  act  of  speaking  ap- 
parently from  the  belly  ; ventriloquy.  Jamieson. 

GAS-TRJ'TIS,  n.  [Gr.  yaarr/p,  the  belly.]  (Med.) 
Inflammation  of  the  stomach.  Brande. 

GAS'TRO-CELE,  n.  [Gr.  yaanjp,  the  belly,  and 
Kni-'i,  hernia.]  (Med.)  A hernia  in  the  stom- 
ach. Dunglison. 

gAs-TRO-DYN'I-A,  n.  [Gr.  yaanjp,  the  belly,  and 
Shiitij,  pain.l  (Med.)  Pain  in  the  stomach ; the 
stomach  colic.  Hamilton. 

GAS-TROL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  yaanjp,  the  belly,  and 
hiyoi,  a discourse ; Sp.  gastrologia ; Fr.  gastro- 
logie.]  A treatise  on  the  stomach.  Maunder. 

gAs'TRO-mAN-CY,  it.  [Gr.  yaort'ip,  the  belly,  and 
pavTita,  divination  ; It.  gastromanzia.] 

1.  Divination  by  words  issuing,  or  seeming  to 

issue,  from  the  belly.  Brande. 

2.  A species  of  divination  by  means  of  glasses 


or  other  round  transparent  vessels,  in  the  centre 
of  which  certain  figures  are  made  to  appear  by 
magic  art.  Brande. 

■f  GAS'TRQ-MYTH,  n.  [Gr.  yaaryp,  the  belly,  and 
pvQiopat,  to  say.]  A ventriloquist.  Blount. 

gAs'TRO-NOME,  it.  [Fr.  gastronome.]  An  epi- 
cure ; a gastronomer  ; a glutton.  Sir.  W.  Scott. 


GAS-TRON  O-Mf.R,  it.  One  who  delights  in  good 
living ; an  epicure  ; a gastronome.  Sir  W.  Scott. 


gAS-TRO-NOMJC,  [Fr.  gastronomique.] 

GAS-TRO-NOM ' !-C  AL,  ) Relating  to  gastronomy  ; 
epicurean  ; gluttonous.  Qu.  Rev. 


GAS-TRON'O-MIST,  n.  One  who  delights  in  good 
living ; a judge  of  the  art  of  cookery.  Thackeray. 

GAS-1  RON  O-MY,  n.  [Gr.  ya arpovopia  ; ynarijp, 
the  belly,  and  eopos,  a rule  ; It.  Sp.  gastrono- 
mies’, Fr  -gastronomic.]  The  science  or  the  art 
ot  good  living  ; epicurism  ; the  pleasures  of  the 
table.  Qu.  Rev. 

gAs'TRO-POD,  it.  A molluscous  animal. — See 
Gastekopod.  p.  Cyc. 

GAS-TROP'O-DOUS,  a.  (Zool.)  Belonging  to  the 
Gasteropoda ; gasteropodous.  Owen. 

G AS-TROR'A-PH  Y,  it.  [Gr.  yaanjp,  the  belly,  and 
patpi/,  a seam  ; It.  Sp.  gastrorajia  ; Fr.  gastro- 
rqphie.]  (Surg.)  The  act  of  sewing  up  a wound 
in  the  belly  or  abdomen.  Sharp. 

GAS-TROS'CO-PY,  it.  [Gr.  yaanjp,  the  belly,  and 
oKontto,  to  view;  Fr.  gastroscopie.]  (Med.)  An 
examination  of  the  abdomen  in  order  to  detect 
disease.  Scudamore. 


GAS-TROT'O-MY,  it.  [Gr.  yaanjp,  the  belly,  and 
Topi/,  an  incision  ; ripvoi,  to  cut;  It.  <Sr  Sp.  gas- 
trotomia;  Fr.  gastrotomie.]  (Surg.)  The  act  of 
cutting  open  the  belly  or  abdomen.  Palmer. 

GAS'— WA-TER,  it.  Water  through  which  illumi- 
nating gas  has  passed  from  the  retorts  to  the 
gasometer  ; — used  as  manure.  Simmonds. 

GAS'— WORKS  (-wiirks),  n.  pi.  The  manufactory 
at  which  coal-gas  is  made,  including  buildings, 
machinery,  and  apparatus.  Simmonds. 

t gAt.  The  old  preterite  of  get.  Got.  — See  Get. 

gAtcH'PR§,  n.  pi.  After-leavings  of  tin.  Weale. 

GATE,  it.  1.  [Goth,  gatvo;  A.  S.  geat,  gat,  gat ; 
Dan.  gade;  Sw.  gata ; Gael,  geata.]  A large 
door,  as  the  gate  of  a city,  castle,  palace,  or  other 
large  building.  “ The  gates  of  York.”  Shak. 

2.  A frame  of  timber  upon  hinges,  giving  en- 
trance into  an  enclosed  ground,  as  a garden. 

3.  An  avenue  ; a passage  ; a path  ; a way. 

The  natural  gates  and  alleys  of  the  blood.  Shak. 

4.  A frame  of  timber  which  stops  the  passage 
of  water,  as  in  a dam  ; a flood-gate. 

5.  (Founding.)  The  gutter  or  hole  through 
which  the  molten  metal  is  poured  : — a ridge  in 
a casting  which  has  to  be  sawed  off.  Simmonds. 

6.  (Tn  the  Scriptures.)  Power;  dominion. 
“The  gates  of  hell  shall  not  prevail  against  it.” 

Matt.  xvi.  18. 

7.  [A.  S.  gat.]  f A goat.  [Scotland.]  Spenser. 

j8gg=“The  word  gate  is  employed  synonymously 

with  street  in  many  towns  of  England  ; as  in  Shrews- 
bury, where  there  is  an  Abbey  Foredate,  and  a Castle- 
gate .”  Britton. 

GAT'JgD,  a.  Having  gates.  Young. 

GATE'— HOUSE,  n.  1.  An  entrance  to  a park  ; a 
lodge.  Weale. 

2.  A house  erected  over  the  gate  or  gates  in 
a dam,  aqueduct,  &c. 

GATE'LJJSS,  a.  Having  no  gate.  Pollok. 

GATE'— MAN,  it.  1.  The  lessee  or  collector  at  a 
toll-gate.  Simmonds. 

2.  The  porter  at  a park  lodge.  Simmonds. 

3.  The  attendant  at  a swing-gate  on  a rail- 
way crossing.  Simmonds. 

GATE'— VEIN  (-van),  it.  The  vena  porta  ; the  vein 
which  conveys  the  blood  to  the  liver.  Bacon. 

GATE'— WAY,  n.  A way  through  a gate,  or  the 
gate  itself.  Johnson. 

GATHER,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  qadcrian  ; Dut.  gaderen  ; 
Ger.  gattern  ; Icel.  gadtia.]  [i.  gathered  ; pp. 
gathering,  gathered.] 


M?EN,  SIR;  M6VE,  NOR,  s6n  ; BCLL,  BtfR,  ROLE.  — £,  q,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  $ as  z;  If  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


GATHER 


608 


GAYETY 


1.  To  collect ; to  bring  or  draw  together ; to 
assemble  or  to  accumulate  ; to  muster. 

Gather  up  the  fragments  that  remain,  that  nothing  be  lost. 

John  vi.  12. 

I will  gather  all  nations  against  Jerusalem.  Zeck.  xiv.  2. 

2.  To  select ; to  cull ; to  sort. 

Cast  up  the  highway ; gather  out  the  stones.  Isa.  lxii.  10. 

Proserpine,  gathering  flowers. 

Herself  a fairer  flower,  by  gloomy  Dis 

Was  gathered.  Milton. 

3.  To  collect  logically  ; to  learn  by  inference ; 
to  infer  ; to  deduce. 

The  reason  that  I gather  he  is  mad 

Is  a mad  tale  he  told  to-day  at  dinner.  Shale. 

4.  To  pucker,  as  needlework ; to  plait ; to 

contract  into  small  folds.  Todd. 

5.  To  acquire;  to  get;  to  gain.  “ Tie  gathers 

ground  upon  her.”  Dryden. 

6.  To  win  ; to  bring  into  the  same  interest. 

Yet  will  I gather  others  to  him,  besides  those  that  are 

gathered  unto  him.  Isa.  lvi.  8. 

To  gather  breath,  to  have  respite  from  calamity. 

GATH'gR,  v.  n.  1.  To  collect;  to  assemble;  to 
come  together  ; to  muster. 

There  gathered  unto  him  from  Jerusalem  a very  great 
multitude.  1 Esdr.  viii.  91. 

2.  To  increase ; to  grow  larger. 

Their  snowball  did  not  gather  as  it  went,  ' Bacon. 

3.  To  be  condensed;  to  thicken. 

Think  on  the  storm  that  gathers  o’er  your  head.  Addison. 

4.  To  generate  pus  or  matter.  Johnson. 

GATH'pR,  n.  A fold  in  cloth;  a wrinkle;  a 
pucker. 

The  length  of  breeches  and  the  gathers.  Hudibras. 

gATH'^R-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  gathered ; de- 
ducible.  . Godwin. 

GATH'gR-gR,  n.  One  who  gathers  or  collects. 

GATH'gR-iNG,  n.  1.  The  act  of  collecting.  “The 
gathering  of  the  customs.”  2 Macc.  iv.  28. 

2.  A collection ; an  assembly ; a meeting ; 
as,  “ A political  gathering.” 

3.  A charitable  contribution.  1 Cor.  xvi.  2. 

4.  Generation  of  pus.  Decay  of  Piety. 

GAt’TEN— TREE  (gflt’tn-trg),  n.  A species  of  cor- 
nelian cherry.  Johnson. 

+ GAT-T66THED  (-tStht),  a.  [See  Goat.1  Hav- 
ing a goat’s  tooth ; lustful.  Chaucer. 

gAub'-LINE,  n.  ( Naut .)  See  Gob-linE.  Dana. 

GAUCHE  (gdsli),  a.  [Fr.]  Left ; left-handed : — 
awkward ; clumsy.  Roget. 

GAD'  CIIO,  n. ; pi.  Gavchos.  [Sp.]  One  of  the  in- 
habitants of  the  pampas  of  South  America,  of 
Spanish  origin,  leading  a life  of  wild  independ- 
ence. Ency. 

GAUD,  n.  [L.  qaudium,  joy.  Johnson.  — Past  part, 
of  A.  S.  gifan,  to  give  ; gaved,  gav’d,  gavd,  gaud. 
Tooke.  — Icet.  gaeda,  to  adorn.  Todd.  — Dut. 
gaden,  to  please.  Richardson .]  An  ornament ; 
a toy ; a piece  of  finery,  [r.]  Shak. 

GAUD'gD,  a.  1.  Decorated  with  finery.  Chancer. 

2.  Colored.  “ Gauded  cheeks.”  Shak. 

GAU'DyR-Y,  n.  Ostentatious  luxury  of  dress; 
finery.  “ Pageants  and  gaudery.”  Bacon. 

GAUD'FUL,  a.  Joyful:  — gaudy,  [r.]  Clarke. 

GAU'DI-LY,  ad.  In  a gaudy  manner ; showily. 

GAU'D[-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  gaudy  ; show- 
iness ; tinsel  appearance  ; tawdriness.  Whitlock. 

GAUD’LgSS,  a.  Without  ornaments,  [r.]  Clarke. 

gAU'DY,  a.  Showy;  finical;  gay;  flashy;  taw- 
dry ; ostentatiously  fine. 

Costly  thy  habit  as  thy  purse  can  buy. 

But  not  expressed  in  fancy;  rich,  not  gaudy; 

For  the  apparel  oft  proclaims  the  man.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Finical. 

• GAU'DY,  n.  A feast ; a festival ; a day  of  plenty. 

“ A word  used  in  the  university.”  Johnson. 

lie  surely  may  be  contented  with  a fast  day,  that  is  sure 
of  a gaudy  to-morrow.  Cheyne. 

GAU'DY,  v.  a.  To  deck  with  ostentatious  finery  ; 
to  bedeck  ; to  adorn,  [r.] 

Not  half  so  gaudind , for  their  May-day  mirth 

All  wreathed  and  ribanded,  our  youtns  and  maids, 

As  these  stern  Aztecas  in  war  attire.  Southey. 

GAUF'FPR,  v.  a. 

GAUF'F^R-InG,  n. 


GAUGE  (gaj),  v.  a.  [Low  L.  qaqga  ; Fr.  iauqer.l 
[t.  GAUGED  ; pp.  GAUGING,  GAUGED.] 

1.  To  measure,  as  a cask,  barrel,  or  other 
vessel,  with  respect  to  its  contents. 

2.  To  measure  with  regard  to  any  capacity  or 
power ; to  estimate. 

The  vanes  nicely  gauged  on  each  side,  broad  on  one  Bide, 
and  narrow  on  the  other,  both  which  minister  to  the  progres- 
sive motion  of  the  bird.  Derham. 

GAUGE  (gaj),  n.  [Yr.jauge.] 

1.  A measure  by  which  the  contents  of  a cask 
or  other  vessel  is  ascertained. 

2.  (Physics.)  An  instrument  for  measuring 

the  state  of  a phenomenon.  Brande. 

3.  (IVaut.)  Position  both  with  respect  to  an- 
other ship  and  to  the  wind  : — number  of  feet  a 
ship  sinks  in  the  water. 

4.  (Mech.)  Any  instrument  used  to  measure. 

5.  The  breadth  of  a railway.  Smart. 

The  broad  gauge  is  seven  feet  ; tile  narrow 
gauge,  four  feet  eight  and  a half  inches.  Simmonds. 

6.  ( Manufactures .)  The  calibre  of  a gun  ; — 
the  size  or  dimensions  of  metal  wire.  Simmonds. 

Gauge  of  way,  ( Railroads .)  tile  width  in  tile  clear 
between  the  rails. 

gAUGE'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  gauged.  Tucker. 

GAUGE'-COCK,  n.\  pi.  gauge-cocks.  A cock 
placed  on  the  front  head  of  a steam-boiler,  for 
the  purpose  of  ascertaining  the  height  of  the 
water.  Buchanan. 

GAUGE'— PEN-NY,  n.  The  fee  paid  for  gauging 
wine.  Crabb. 

GAUGE'— POINT,  n.  The  diameter  of  a cylinder 
whose  altitude  is  one  inch,  and  its  content  equal 
to  that  of  a unit  of  a given  measure  ; — a term 
used  in  gauging.  Brande. 

GAUG'pR  (gaj'er),  n.  1.  One  who  gauges;  an 
officer  appointed  to  ascertain  the  contents  of 
hogsheads,  pipes,  barrels,  &c.  Marcel. 

2.  (Manufactures.)  An  instrument  used  by 
leather-cutters.  Simmonds. 

GAUGING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  gauges;  the 
art  or  the  science  of  measuring  vessels  or  casks, 
as  hogsheads,  barrels,  vats,  &c.  Brande. 

GAUGING— ROD,  n.  A rule  or  rod  used  in  gaug- 
ing casks  and  other  vessels.  Ash. 

GAUL,  n.  [L.  Gallia.']  (Geog.)  1.  An  ancient 

name  of  France.  Wotton. 

2.  An  inhabitant  of  ancient  Gaul.  Blair. 

GAUL'ISH,  a.  (Geog.)  Relating  to  ancient  France 
or  the  Gauls ; Gallic.  Johnson. 

GAULT,  n.  A name  in  the  east  of  England  for  a 
series  of  beds  of  stiff  blue  or  black  clay  and 
marl ; — written  also  gait  and  golt.  Lyell. 

GAUM,  v.  a.  [Goth,  gaumjan ; A.  S.  gyman  ; Icel. 
gaum.]  To  understand.  [N.  of  Eng.]  Brockett. 

GAUNCH,  v.  a.  See  Ganch.  Blount. 

||  GAUNT  (ghnt)  [gilnt,  W.  J.  F.  Ja.  Sm.  R. ; gflunt, 
S.  P.],  a.  [A.  S.  gewanian,  to  wane.  Skinner, 
Tooke.  “Nothing  is  more  common  than  the 
substitution  of  g or  gu  for  the  Gothic  w ; as  in 
guard  from  ward ; guaranty  from  warranty ; 
and  why  not  gaunt  from  want  ? ” Sullivan .] 
Thin  ; slender ; lean ; meagre ; emaciated ; 
lank;  attenuated;  thin. 

O,  how  that  name  befits  my  composition! 

Old  Gaunt  indeed,  and  gaunt.  in  being  old; 

Within  me  grief  hath  kept  a tedious  fast; 

And  who  abstains  from  meat  that  is  not  gaunt?  Shah. 

GAUNT'LfST  [gdnt'let,  W.  J.  F.  Sm. ; 
gflwnt'let,  P.  Ja.],  n.  [Fr.  gante- 
let ; gant,  a glove.] 

1.  (Ant.)  An  iron  glove  which 
was  formerly  worn  by  cavaliers, 
and  was  thrown  down  in  token  of 
a challenge. 

A scaly  gauntlet  now.  with  joints  of  steel,  Gauntlet. 
Must  glove  this  hand.  Shak. 

2.  A long  glove  worn  by  ladies.  Simmonds. 
See  Gantlet. 

To  throw  or  throw  down  the  gauntlet,  to  challenge.  — 
To  take  up  the  gauntlet,  to  accept  a challenge. 

GAUNT'LgT-gD,  p.  a.  Protected  by  a gauntlet, 
as  the  hand;  gloved.  Clarke. 

||  GAUNT'LY,  ad.  Leanly;  slenderly  ; meagrely. 
GAUR,  n.  A Persian  priest.  Guthrie. 


GAUZE,  n.  [Sp.  gasa  ; Fr.  gaze.]  A very  thin, 
slight,  transparent  stuff  of  silk  or  linen,  said  to 
have  been  first  made  at  Gaza  in  Palestine, 
whence  the  name.  Brande. 

GAUZE'— LOOM,  n.  A loom  for  weaving  gauze. 

gAUZ'Y,  a.  Relating  to,  or  like,  gauze.  Smart. 

GAVE,  i.  from  give.  See  Give. 

gAv'^L ,n.  1.  Ground.  [Local,  Eng.]  Mortimer. 

2.  A toll ; a gabel.  — See  Gabel.  Johnson. 

3.  A sheaf  or  small  quantity  of  grain  reaped 

but  not  tied  up.  Forby. 

4.  A small  mallet  used  by  presiding  officers 

to  attract  attention  and  preserve  order  ; an  em- 
blem of  authority.  Shepard. 

fGAv'EL-ET,  n.  [Eng.  gavel,  tribute  or  rent,  and 
let,  in  the  sense  of  hinder.  Burrill. ] (Eng. 
Law.)  A kind  of  cessavit,  or  seizure  of  land  for 
the  recovery  of  rent.  Whishaw. 

GAVEL-KIND  [gav'el-ftlnd,  S.  W.  J.  F.  Sm. ; 
ga  vel-kind,  Ja.],  n.  [A.  S.  gafel,  a tribute  or 
thing  due,  and  cyn,  kin,  or  kynd,  offspring  ; i.  e. 
something  due  to  all  the  children  or  kindred. 
Spelman.  — A.  S.  gif,  give,  eal,  all,  and  cyn,  kin  ; 
i.  e.  given  to  all  the  kin.  Lombard.  — Eng.  gavel, 
rent,  and  kind.  Hargrave.]  (Eng.  Law.)  An  old 
English  custom,  peculiar  for  the  most  part  to 
the  county  of  Kent,  whereby  the  lands  of  the 
father  are  equally  divided,  at  his  death,  among 
all  his  sons,  or  the  land  of  the  brother  among 
all  his  brothers,  if  he  have  no  issue  of  his  own. 

Whishaw. 

GAVE'LOCK  [gav'lok,  Ja. ; gav'e-lok,  Sm.  ; gav'- 
lok, K.],  n.  [A.  S.  ga  feloe,  a javelin.]  A spear. 
Halliwell.  An  iron  crow  or  lever.  Brockett. 

GA'VI-AL,  n.  (Zoi'J.)  A species  of  crocodile, 
having  very  long  and  narrow  jaws.  P.  Cyc. 

GAV'I-LAn,  n.  (Ornith.)  A species  of  hawk  found 
in  the  Philippine  Islands.  Wright. 

GAV'OT  [gav'ut,  P.  J.  W.  1 Vb.  Ash;  ga-vot',  Ja. 
Sm.  ; ga-vot',  K.],  n.  [It.  gavotta ; Sp.  gavota  ; 
Fr.  gavotte.] 

1.  A kind  of  lively  dance.  Arbwthnot . 

2.  (Mus.)  A piece  of  dancing  music  now  ob- 
solete. Warner. 

GAw'BY,  n.  A dunce;  a fool;  a blockhead;  a 
gawky.  [Local,  Eng.]  Holloway. 

gAwd,  n.  See  Gaud.  Todd. 

GAW'— FUR-ROW,  n.  An  oblique  farrow.  Loudon. 

GAWK,  n.  [A.  S.  gwe,  a cuckoo ; Ger.  gauch ; 
Dan.  giog ; Icel.  gaukr ; Sw.  guk.] 

1.  A cuckoo.  Johnson. 

2.  A foolish  or  awkward  fellow  ; a booby  ; a 

gawky.  Brande . 

GAW'KY,  n.  [See  Gawk  ] A tall,  ungainly, 
stupid,  or  awkward  person  ; a clown.  Todd. 

GAW'KY,  a.  Awkward  ; ungainly  ; clownish ; 
boorish.  “ Tall,  awkward,  and  gawky.”  Pennant. 

GAWM,  v.  a.  See  Gaum.  Johnson. 

GAWN,  n.  [A  corruption  of  gallon.]  A small 
tub  or  lading  vessel.  [Local,  Eng.]  Johnson. 

GAWN'TREE,  n.  [Scottish.]  A wooden  frame 
for  beer  casks.  - Craig. 

GAY,  a.  [It.  gaio ; Fr.  gai.  “ Perhaps  from 
gaudeo.”  Minsheu.] 

X.  Gaudy  ; showy ; flashy ; finical ; ostenta- 
tiously fine.  Chaucer. 

Ye  hare  respect  to  him  that  weareth  the  gay  clothing. 

James  ii.  3. 

A bevy  of  fair  women  richly  gay 

In  gems  and  wanton  dress.  JfiTton . 

2.  Lively ; cheerful ; merry  ; jovial ; sprightly. 

Belinda  smiled,  and  all  the  world  was  ijety.  Pope. 

Syn.  — See  Cheerful,  Convivial. 

f GAY,  n.  A decoration  ; an  ornament ; an  em- 
bellishment. L’  Estrange. 

gAy'A-CINE,  n.  (Chem.)  A substance  obtained 
from  the  bark  of  gnaiacum.  Hoblyn. 

gAy'DJ-ANG,  n.  A vessel  of  Anam  with  two  or 
three  masts,  and  lofty  triangular  sails.  Ogilvie. 

GAY'E-TY,  n.  [Fr.  gaieU.]  1.  The  quality  of 
being  gay  or  gaudy ; finery ; show.  Johnson. 


To  crimp  ; to  curl.  W.  Ency. 
The  act  of  crimping.  Clarke. 


A,  E,  !,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  0,  f,  short;  A,  g,  [,  Q,  y,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HilR,  HER; 


GAYLUSSITE 


609 


GELOSCOPY 


2.  Liveliness ; cheerfulness  ; mirth ; merri- 
ment ; jovialty  ; joyousness. 

The  gayety  of  youth  tempered  with  the  gravity  of  age. 

South. 

Gayety  is  to  good-humor  as  perfumes  to  vegetable  fra- 
grance;. The  one  overpowers  weak  spirits,  the  other  recre- 
ates and  revives  them.  Johnson. 

Syn. — Gayety  is  in  the  manner  ; joy  in  tire  heart. 
Gayety  is  opposed  to  sadness  ; joy  to  grief.  Mirth  and 
merriment  are  noisy,  gayety  lively,  and  all  are  tran- 
sient. Cheerfulness  is  more  moderate  and  more  ha- 
bitual. — See  Joy. 

GAY'LUS-SlTE,  n.  (Min.)  A mineral  composed  of 
nearly  equal  weights  of  carbonate  of  soda,  car- 
bonate of  lime,  and  water  ; — named  after  Gay- 
Lussac , a celebrated  French  chemist.  Ure. 

GAy'LY,  ad.  In  a gay  manner  ; with  gayety. 

tGAY'N£SS,  n.  Gayety  ; finery.  Bp.  Hall. 

f GAY'SOME  (ga'sum),  a.  Full  of  gayety  ; merry  ; 
mirthful  ; joyous.  Mir.  for  Mag. 

GAY'-YOU,  n.  A narrow,  flat-bottomed  fishing- 
boat  much  used  in  Anain.  Ogilvie. 

GAZE,  v.  n.  [Gr.  ayd^oyai,  to  be  astonished,  or 
rather  A.  S.  gesean,  to  see.  Johnson.  “Perhaps 
the  Heb.  nm,  to  see.”  Todd.]  [i.  gazed  ; pp. 
gazing,  gazed.]  To  look  intently  and  earnest- 
ly, as  from  wonder,  or  admiration,  or  terror ; to 
stare. 

Fixed  on  the  fruit  she  gazed,  which  to  behold 
Might  tempt  alone.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Gape. 

GAZE,  v.  a.  To  view  steadfastly,  [r.] 

And  gazed  awhile  the  ample  sky.  Milton. 

GAZE,  n.  1.  Intent  regard  ; fixed  look,  as  of 
terror,  eagerness,  or  wonder;  a stare.  “A 
lover’s  ardent  gaze.”  Spectator. 

2.  The  object  gazed  on. 

Made  of  my  enemies  the  scorn  and  gaze.  Milton. 

GA-ZEE'BO,  n.  A sort  of  summer-house  so  con- 
trived as  to  afford  a view  of  the  surrounding 
country  ; — “a  word  of  trivial  coinage.”  Smart. 

fGAZE'FUL,  a.  Looking  intently.  “ Gazeful 
men.”  Spenser. 

GAZE'-IIOUND,  n.  A hound  that  pursues  by  the 
eye  rather  than  by  the  scent.  Tickell. 

GA-ZEL',  n.  See  Gazelle.  Goldsmith. 

GA-ZELLE',  n.  [Fr., 
from  the  Ar.  — It.  gaz- 
zella;  Sp.  gazela.] 

(. Zoiil .)  A small,  swift, 
and  elegantly-formed 
species  of  antelope, 
famed  for  the  pecu- 
liar lustre  and  soft  ex- 
pression of  its  large, 
dark  eyes.  Brande. 

fGAZE'MJJNT,  n.  The 
act  of  gazing;  a fixed 
look ; view.  Spenser. 

GAz'JER,  n.  One  who  gazes.  Spenser. 

+ GAZ'£T  [gSz'et,  Sm.  ; ga-zet',  IF.],  n.  [It.  gaz- 
zetta.]  A Venetian  coin,  worth  about  three 
farthings,  or  1.5  cents.  Massinger. 

GA-ZETTE'  (gj-zet'),  n.  [It.  gazzetta ; Fr.  gazetted] 
A newspaper.  Locke. 

SCSf  It  is  said  to  derive  its  name  from  gazxetta,  a 
Venetian  coin,  which  was  the  price  that  was  paid  for 
a flying  sheet  of  intelligence. 

J!Sy=In  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  the  name  is  ap- 
plied to  an  official  newspaper  published  in  each  of  the 
three  capitals  in  the  United  Kingdom,  — London, 
Edinburgh,  and  Dublin,  — in  which  legal  and  state 
notices  are  required  by  law  to  be  published  for  general 
information.  Simmonds. 

GA-ZETTE',  v.  a.  [*.  gazetted  ; pp.  gazetting, 
gazetted.]  To  publish  or  insert  in  a gazette. 
“ His  promotion  is  gazetted.”  Todd. 

GAZ-^T-TEER',  n.  1.  A writer  or  a publisher  of 
news.  Donne. 

2.  A newspaper  ; a gazette.  Burke. 

3.  A geographical  dictionary.  Brande. 

GAz'lNG— STOCK,  n.  A person  gazed  at  with 
scorn:  — an  object  gazed  at.  Bp.  Hall. 

G.J-z€)N'  [ga-zon',  S.  IF.  /'  . Ja.  ; gd-zong',  K. 
Sw.],  n.  [Fr.]  (Fort.)  A turf  or  piece  of  earth 


covered  with  grass,  for  lining  the  faces  of  para- 
pets and  works  formed  of  earth;  a sod.  Brande. 

GE.  [Goth,  ga  ; A.  S.  ge.\  A particle  often  pre- 
fixed to  Anglo-Saxon  verbs,  participles,  and 
verbal  nouns. 

\V c have  since  altered  it  from  ge  to  //,  which  yet  we  seldom 
use  in  prose,  but  sometimes  in  poetry  for  the  increasing  of 
syllables,  as  when  we  say  //written,  //eloped,  and  the  like. 

Verstegan. 

GE  'AGH  (ge'a),  n.  (Chron.)  A Turkish  cycle  of 
twelve  years,  each  year  being  denoted  by  the 
name  of  a different  animal. 

JEgf- The  day  is  also  divided  into  twelve  parts,  or 
geaglis,  each  of  which  is  distinguished  by  the  name 
of  an  animal.  Craig. 

f (jrEAL,  v.  n.  [L.  gelo.]  To  stiffen  with  cold ; to 
congeal.  Partheneia  Sacra. 

£EAN,  n.  [Fr.  guigne .]  (Bot.)  A kind  of  wild 
cherry.  Loudon. 

GEAR,  n.  [A.  S.  gearwa,  or  geara,  furniture, 
clothing  ; gearwian,  to  prepare.] 

1.  Furniture  ; accoutrements  ; apparel ; dress  ; 
habit ; ornaments. 

Array  thyself  in  her  most  gorgeous  gear.  Spenser. 

2.  The  traces,  harness,  or  trappings  with 

which  a beast,  as  a horse  or  an  ox,  is  furnished 
for  draught.  Drydon. 

3.  f Business;  affairs;  matters. 

Some  harmless  villager 

Whom  thrift  keeps  up  about  his  country  year.  Milton. 

4.  Warlike  accoutrements:  — goods;  riches; 

property.  [Scotland.]  Jamieson. 

5.  (Nauti)  Ropes,  blocks,  or  other  appurte- 
nances belonging  to  a vessel ; jears.  Wright. 

6.  (Machinery.)  Gearing.  — See  Gearing. 

GEAR,  v.  n.  To  dress  ; to  put  on  gear.  Ray. 

GEAR'ING,  n.  (Machin- 
ery.) Any  series  of  wheels 
working  into  each  other 
to  transmit  motion  ; gear. 

Francis. 

f GEA'SON  (ge'sn),  a. 

[Goth,  geisn.]  Rare ; 
wonderful.  Spenser.  Gearing. 

GEAT,  n.  [Corrupted  from  jet.  Johnson .] 

(Founding.)  The  hole  through  which  the  metal 
runs  into  the  mould.  Moxon. 

GEB'jpR-ISII,  n.  See  Gibberish.  Todd. 

GE-CAR-CIN'I-AN,  n.  [Gr.  yij,  the  earth,  and 
tcapidpos,  a crab.]  (Zoiil.)  A crab  of  the  genus 
Gecarcinus  ; the  land-crab.  Smart. 

(jECj-I-JCl ' A'JE,n.pl.  (Ornith.) 

A sub-family  of  birds  of  the 
order  Scansores  and  family 
Picidce ; green  wood-peck- 
ers. Gray. 

GECK,  n.  [Ger.  geek ; Dan. 
giek ; Sw.  gi/ck.] 

1.  t One  easily  deceived  ; 
a fool ; a dupe ; a gull.  Shak.  Celeus  flavescens. 

2.  Scorn ; contempt.  [Local,  Eng.]  Brockett. 

1"  GfiCK,  v.  a.  1.  To  cheat ; to  trick.  Johnson. 

2.  To  show  scorn  for.  Brockett. 

GECK'O,  n. ; pi.  jGeck'oe$.  [Said  to  be  from  the 
sound  of  the  animal’s  voice.  Maunder .]  (Herp.) 
A name  applied  to  a family  "and  to  a genus  of 
saurian  reptiles  with  leaf-like  expansions  at  the 
toes,  enabling  them  to  climb  walls  and  ceilings. 

Van  Der  Hoeven. 

GED'RITE,  n.  (Min.)  A crystalline,  fibrous  min- 
eral, found  near  Gedri,  in  the  Pyrenees.  Dana. 

GEE,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  gegan,  to  go.]  \i.  geed  ; pp. 
GEEING,  GEED.] 

1.  To  agree.  [Local  and  colloquial.]  Forby. 

2.  To  go  or  turn  to  the  off-side ; geho  ; — a 
term  used  by  teamsters  to  their  team.  Brande. 

GEER,  n.  See  Gear.  Todd. 

GEESE,  n.  pi.  of  goose.  See  Goose. 

GEEST,  n.  Alluvial  matter  on  the  surface  of  land, 
not  of  recent  origin.  Maunder. 

GJE-HEN'NA,  n.  [Heb.  Dfw  valley  of  Hinnom, 
of  the  sons  of  Hinnom,  &c.  Gesenius.  — Gr. 
Fctwa  ; L.  gehenna .]  A valley  on  the  south  of 
Jerusalem,  where  certain  idolatrous  Jews  had 


sacrificed  their  children  to  Moloch  ; — thence 
afterwards  held  in  abomination. 

Calmet.  2 Kings  xiii.  10. 

The  pleusnnt  valley  of  Ilinnoin,  Tophet  thence 
And  black  Gehenna  called,  the  type  of  hell.  Milton. 

J85P  Into  this  valley  carcasses  of  animals  and 
malefactors  were  thrown,  and  the  sewers  of  the  city 
were  emptied,  while  perpetual  fires  were  kept  up  to 
consume  the  noxious  matter,  and  prevent  pestilential 
effluvia.  Brande. 

GEII'LJpN-ITE,  n.  (Min.)  A mineral  found  in 
small  gray  or  yellowish  crystals,  in  Tyrol ; — 
named  in  honor  of  Gehlcn,  the  chemist.  Brande. 

GE'HO,  v.  n.  defective.  To  go  or  turn  to  the  off- 
side ; to  gee  ; — a term  used  by  teamsters.  Todd. 

GE'INE,  n.  [Gr.  yij,  the  earth.]  Vegetable  earth, 
or  mould;  the  soluble  brown  matter  which  may 
be  extracted  from  soils  by  the  action  of  water; 
humine.  Hoblyn.  Brandt. 

GEK'KO,  n.  A species  of  salamander.  Goldsmith. 

GEL'A-BLE  [jel'a-bl,  W.  J.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm. ; jeVbl, 
S.  P.],  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  gelu,  ice.]  That  may 
be  congealed ; congealable  : — that  may  be  con 
verted  into  a jelly.  Bailey. 

GEL-A-TIG'G-NOUS,  a.  [Eng.  gelatine  and  Gr 
yevpito,  to  produce.]  Producing  gelatine. 

Gelatigenous  substance  is  so  widely  diffused  over  the  body 
that  it  would  exhibit  the  entire  shape  of  the  principal  organs, 
even  if  all  other  constituents  were  separated.  Eng.  Cyc% 

GE-lAt'i-nAte,  v.  a.  & n.  \i.  gelatinated-, 

pp.  GELATINATING,  GELATINATED.]  To  change 
into  a gelatinous  substance.  Ure. 

GG-lAt-I-NA'TION,  ii.  The  process  or  the  act 
of  changing  into  gelatine.  Craig. 

GEI/A-TlNE,  n.  [L.  gelo,  to  congeal ; gelu,  ice  ; 
It.  4'  Sp.  gelatina,  gelatine  ; Fr.  gelatine.]  A 
transparent  substance  obtained  by  boiling  with 
water  the  soft  and  the  solid  parts  of  animals, 
as  the  muscles,  the  skin,  the  cartilages,  bones, 
ligaments,  tendons,  and  membranes,  and  form- 
ing in  solution,  when  cool,  a tremulous  mass  of 
jelly.  Ure. 

Isinglass,  glue,  and  size  are  various  forms  of  gelatine.  Brande. 

GEL'A-TINE  (19)  [jelVtln,  K.  Sm.  Wb.\  jel'?- 
tln,  S.  IF  Ja.],  a.  Gelatinous.  Derham. 

GEL- A-TIN'I- FORM, a.  [Eng .gelatine  and  L. for- 
ma, form.]  Having  the  form  of  gelatine.  Clarke. 

GG-LAt'I-NIZE,  v.  a.  & n.  To  make  or  become 
gelatinous  ; to  gelatinate.  Maunder. 

GEL-A-TI-NO'SI,  n.  pi.  (Zoiil.)  The  gelatinous 
polypi.  Wright. 

GG-lAt'1-NOUS,  a.  [It.  Sj  Sp.  gelatinoso-,  Fr. 
gelatineux.]  Having  the  nature  of  gelatine  or 
jelly;  viscous;  stiff  and  cohesive.  Woodward. 

GELD,  v.  a.  [Ger.  gelten,  or  gelzen  ; Dan.  gilder ; 
Sw.  gala.]  [ i . gelded  or  gelt  ; pp.  gelding, 

GELDED,  or  GELT.] 

1.  To  castrate  ; to  glib  ; to  emasculate.  Tusser. 

2.  To  deprive  of  any  essential  part.  Shak. 

3.  To  clear  from  any  thing  immodest,  or  lia- 
ble to  objection  ; to  purge.  Beaumont. 

f GELD,  n.  [Goth.  § A.  S.  gild ; Dut.  <Sf  Ger.  geld ; 
Icel.  gilldi.]  (Law.)  A payment,  tax,  or  trib- 
ute : — a mulct  or  fine.  Burrill. 

GELD'A-BLE,  a.  1.  That  may  be  gelded. 

2.  (Law.)  Liable  to  pay  a geld,  or  tax.  Burrill. 

GELD'IJR,  n.  One  who  gelds  or  castrates.  Iludibras. 

GELD'f.R-RO^E,  n.  [“I  suppose  brought  from 
Guelderland.”  Johnson .]  A marsh  shrub,  a 
species  of  Viburnum  ; Viburnum  opulus  ; — 
called  also  the  snow-ball-trcc.  Mortimer. 

GELD'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  castrating.  Wilson. 

2.  An  animal  castrated; — particularly  ap- 
plied to  a castrated  horse.  F.  Knox. 

GEL'ID  [jel'jd,  S.  IF.  J.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm. ; js'lid,  P.], 
a.  [L.  gelidus  ; gelo,  to  congeal ; gelu,  ice  ; It. 
§ Sp.  gelido.]  Extremely  cold,  [it.]  Marston. 

GG-LID'I-TY,  n.  Extreme  cold,  [r.]  Bailey. 

0EL'{D-NESS,  n.  Extreme  cold,  [r.]  Bailey. 

OEL'LY,  n.  [Fr. gelee.]  Any  viscous  body  ; jel- 
ly. — See  Jelly.  " Dryden. 

GG-LOS'CO-PY,  n.  [Gr.  ytUto,  to  laugh,  and 


Ariel  gazelle 
( jlntilope  Arabica). 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RtJLE.— ■ G,  0.  G &>  soft;  G,  G,  5,  ®,  hard;  § as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


GENERALLY 


GELSEM1UM 


610 


oxoirfoi,  to  view.]  Divination  by  means  of 
laughter.  Roget. 

^5 L-SE'MI-fJM,  n.  [It.  gelsomino,  the  jasmine.] 
(Bot.)  A beautiful  climbing  evergreen  shrub 
with  fragrant  yellow  flowers.  Loudon. 

f GELT,  n.  1.  [See  Geld,  v.  a.]  A castrated 
animal ; a gelding.  Mortimer. 

2.  f [See  Gild,  v.  a.]  Tinsel;  gilt;  — used 
poetically,  for  the  sake  of  rhyme.  Spenser. 

GELT,  i.  & p.  from  geld.  See  Geld. 

9fiM  (jem),  n.  [L.  <Sr  It.  gemma-,  Sp.  yema,  a bud; 
Fr.  gemme.  — A.  S.  gun,  a jewel,  gem.] 

1.  A precious  stone  used  for  ornamental  pur- 
poses; a jewel.  “Gems  set  in  gold.”  Chaucer. 

Full  many  a gem  of  purest  ray  serene 

The  dark,  unfathomed  caves  of  ocean  bear.  Gray. 

2.  (Bot.)  A bud.  Dryden. 

9 EM,  v.  a.  [L.  gemmo.  — See  Gem,  n.]  [i. 

GEMMED  ; pp.  GEMMING,  GEMMED.] 

1.  To  adorn,  as  with  jewels  ; to  jewel.  Lovelace. 

2.  To  put  forth  in  the  form  of  buds. 

Last  rose,  in  dance,  the  stately  trees,  and  spread 

Their  branches,  hung  with  copious  fruit,  or  gemmed 

Their  blossoms.  Milton. 

Gg-MA'RA,  n.  [Chald.  “I?23,  perfect,  complete.] 

The  second  part  of  the  Talmud  or  commentary 
on  the  Jewish  laws,  i.  e.  completion.  Chambers. 

Gf-MAR'JC,  a.  Relating  to  the  Gemara.  Smart. 

9EM'— BOSSED,  a.  Adorned  with  gems.  Clarke. 

9 E M ’ 5 L,  n.  [L.  gemellus .]  (Her.)  A pair  ; two 
things  of  a sort.  Todd. 

f 9EM-5L-LIP'  A-ROUS,  a.  [L.  gemellus,  a twin, 
and  pario,  to  bring  forth.]  Bearing  twins.  Bailey. 

9EM'5L-RING,  n.  A ring  with  two  or  more  links; 
a gimbal.  Brewer. 

9EM'I-NATE,  a.  (Bot.)  Doubled  ; twin ; in  pairs  ; 
binate.  Loudon. 

f 9E-M ’I-NATE,  v.  a.  [L.  gemino,  geminatus; 
ge minus,  twin-born.]  To  double.  B.  Junson. 

9EM 'I-NAT-fD,  a.  (Conch.)  Doubled,  as  the 
striae  on  some  shells.  Maunder. 

t9EM-I-NA'TION,  n.  [L  ,geminatio.\  Repetition; 

•reduplication.  Bacon. 

OEM' /-A7  [jern'e-nl,  IV.  Sm.  C.;  j€m'e-ne,  P.  Ja. 
K.],  n.  pi.  [L.,  twins.)  (Astron.)  The  third 
sign  or  constellation  in  the  zodiac,  which  the 
sun  enters  about  the  21st  of  May  ; — so  named 
from  the  two  bright  stars,  Castor  and  Pollux, 
contained  in  it,  the  former  being  that  which  is 
furthest  to  the  west,  and  the  latter  that  which  is 
furthest  to  the  east.  Brande. 

9EM'!-XOC'S,  a.  [L.  geminus .]  Double.  Browne. 

t 9EM'!-NY,  n.  Twins  ; a pair.  Shah. 

9PM-MA'CEOUS  (-shys),  a.  (Bot.)  Pertaining  to 
gems  or  leaf-buds  ; — like  gems.  Ogilvie. 

OEM'  MJE,  n.  pi.  [L.]  (Bot.)  Leafy  buds, 
as  distinguished  from  alabastra,  or 
flower  buds.  Loudon. 

9EM'MA-RY,  n.  A depository  for  gems 
or  jewels ; a jewel-house.  Blount. 

t 9EiM'MA-RY,  a.  Pertaining  to  gems.  Browne. 

9EM1MAT-5D,  a.  Adorned  with  gems,  jewels, 
or  precious  stones.  Blount. 

95M-MA'T40N,  ».  [L.  gemmatio ; Fr.  gemma- 

tion.] (Bot.)  The  state  of  budding: — the  ar- 
rangement of  parts  in  the  bud.  Gray. 

9EM'MIJ-O0s,  a.  [L.  gemmeus  ; gemma,  a gem; 
It.  gemmeo .]  Pertaining  to,  or  resembling, 
gems.  Pennant. 

95 M-MIF'gR-O&S,  a.  [L.  gemmifer  ; gemma,  a 
gem,  and  fero,  to  bear.]  (Bot.)  Multiplying 
by  buds,  as  vegetables.  Roget. 

95-M-MlP'A-ROCs,  a.  [L.  gemma,  a gem,  and 
pario,  to  bring  forth  ; Fr.  gemmipa/re .] 

1.  Producing  buds  or  gems.  Crabb. 

2.  (7,o  ,1.)  Endued  with  the  power  of  propaga- 

tion from  the  growth  of  the  young,  like  a bud 
from  the  parent.  Maunder. 

t 95'LM6sT-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being  a 
jewel : — abundance  of  gems.  Bailey. 


9EM'MULE,  n.  [L.  gcmmula ; gemma,  a gem  or 
bud.] 

1.  (Bot.)  A small  bud;  a bud  of  mosses; 

a plumule.  Gray. 

2.  (Zoiil.)  The  embryo  of  a radiated  animal 

at  that  stage  when  it  resembles  a ciliated 
monad.  Owen. 

9EM-MU-LlF'9R-OUS,  a.  [L.  gcmmula,  a gem- 
mule,  and  fero,  to  bear.]  (Bot.)  Bearing  gem- 
mules.  Ogilvie. 

9EM'MY,  a.  Resembling  gems.  Thomson. 

fGEM'OTE,  or  Gp-MOTE'  [gem'at,  Ja.  ; jem'ot, 

K.  ; ge-mot',  Sm.  C.],  n.  [A.  S.  gemot-,  metan, 
gemet,  to  meet.]  A meeting ; assembly.  Chambers. 

GEMijj'BOC,  n. 

(Zoiil.)  A heavy, 
stout  animal  be- 
longing to  the 
family  of  ante- 
lopes, and  inhab- 
iting the  open 
plains  of  South 
Africa.  Eng.  Cyc. 

QE  'NA,  n.  [L.] 

(Anat. )T\ie  space 
included  between 
the  eye  and 
the  mouth  ; the 
cheek.  Brande. 

95-NAPPE',  n.  A worsted  yarn  or  cord  used  in 
the  manufacture  of  braids,  fringes,  &c. 

Simmonds. 

GENDARME  (zhin-dirm'),  n. ; pi.  gendarmes, 
or  gens  d’armes.  [Fr.]  One  of  the  French 
military  body  called  gendarmes,  formerly  a kind 
of  heavy  cavalry,  at  present  a body  of  armed 
police.  [France.]  Brande. 

9?N-DAR'M5-RY,  n.  [Fr .gendarmerie.] 

1.  t A kind  of  heavy  cavalry  in  France. Strype. 

2.  The  collective  body  of  armed  police  in 

France.  Burnet. 

9EN'D5R,  n.  [Gr.  ytvoi,  race  ; ytreiio,  to  beget; 
L .genus-,  It.  genere ; Sp . gencro  ; Fr  .genre.] 

1.  fKind;  sort.  “If  we  will  supply  it  [the 

body]  with  one  gender  of  herbs.”  Shak. 

2.  Sex,  male  or  female. 

Sex  and  gender  are  qualities  which  belong  to  substances. 

A.  Smith. 

3.  (Gram.)  A distinction  made  in  words, 
usually  by  some  change  of  form,  to  note  a dif- 
ference of  sex,  or  a difference  of  classification 
according  to  some  property  analogous  to  that 
of  sex. 

GEN'DpR,  v.  a.  [t.  gendered;  pp.  gendering, 
gendered.]  To  beget;  to  produce  ; to  engen- 
der. [r.]  2 Tim.  ii.  23. 

9EN'D5R,  v.  n.  To  copulate ; to  breed,  [r.]  Shak. 

||  9EN-5-  A-L09  I-CAI.  [je-ne-a-lod'je-ksd,  W.  P. 
J.  F.  Ja.  Sm.-,  jen-e-a-lod'je-kal,  S.  E.  K.  R.  C. 
I Vb.],  a.  [Gr.  ytvtal.oyucd; ; It.  <5,  Sp . genealo- 
gico  ; Fr.  genealogique.)  Pertaining  to  geneal- 
ogy ; as,  “ A genealogical  tree.” 

II  9EN-5-A-L09'l-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a genealogi- 
cal manner.  Harrington. 

||  9EN-5-Al'0-91RT,  n.  [It.  ^ Sp.  genealogista  ; 
Fr.  ginealogistc.]  One  who  is  versed  in  gene- 
alogy. Walpole. 

||  9EN-5-Al'0-9Ize,  v.  n.  To  relate  the  history 
of  descents.  Craig. 

II  9EN-5-Al'9-9Y  [je-ne-iil'o-je,  W.  P.  F.  Ja.  Sm. 
C. ; jen-e-al'o-je,  S.  J.  E.  E.  R.  Wb.],  n.  [Gr. 

ytvttri.oyia  ; yivia,  descent,  and  l.dyos,  a discourse ; 

L. ,  It.,  If  Sp.  genealogia  ; Fr.  gmiealogie.] 

1.  A description  of  the  stock,  lineage,  or  ped- 

igree of  a person  or  family  ; a list  of  ancestors  ; 
a pedigree.  Burnet. 

2.  The  art  or  the  science  of  tracing  families 
to,  or  from,  their  ancestors. 

3.  A successive  series  of  families. 

So  all  Israel  was  reckoned  by  genealogies.  1 Chron.  ix.  I. 

Syn. — Genealogy  is  tlie  history  of  the  descent  of 
a family,  or  of  a family’s  pedigree  or  lineage.  Pedi- 

gree and  lineage  are  the  lines  of  descent  traced  to  an 
ancestor.  Write  a genealogy ; trace  a pedigree  or 
lineage. 

9EN'5-AR£H,  n.  [Gr.  yivtip^y;;  yevei,  descent, 


and  to  be  first.]  A chief  of  a family  or 

tribe.  Dr.  Black. 

9EN'jp-RA,  n.  The  plural  of  genus.  — See  Genus. 

9EN'5R-A-BLE,  a.  [L.  generabilis ; genero,  to 
beget.]  That  may  be  generated.  Bailey. 

9EN'5R-AL,  a.  [L.  generalis  ; genus , a kind;  It. 
generate-,  Sp  .general-,  Fr.  general.] 

1.  Belonging  or  relating  to  a whole  genus, 
class,  or  order ; ecumenical ; of,  or  pertaining 
to,  all  of  the  kind,  race,  or  family;  — opposed 
to  partial,  or  special-,  as,  “A  general  law”; 
“ The  general  cause  ” ; “ General  grievances  ” ; 
“General  doom.”  Shak.  “ The  general  resur- 
rection of  the  dead.”  Joye. 

2.  Belonging  or  pertaining  to  the  greater 

number  or  portion  ; common,  but  not  universal. 
“ It  is  too  general  a vice.”  Shak. 

A writer  of  tragedy  must  certainly  adapt  himself  more  to 
the  general  taste.  Mason. 

3.  Not  restricted  or  limited  to  any  thing  par- 

ticular; vague;  indefinite.  “Loose  and  gen- 
eral expressions.”  Watts. 

Tier  epitaphs, 

In  glittering  golden  characters,  express 
A general  praise  to  her.  Shak. 

4.  (Bot.)  Applied  to  an  organ  investing  cer- 

tain parts  of  a plant,  each  of  which  bears  an  or- 
gan of  a similar  description.  Henslow. 

General  Assembly , a representative  body  having 
legislative  powers,  and  authorized  to  enact  laws  in 
behalf  of  some  community,  church,  or  state. — Gen- 
eral Court , a legislative  body. — General  issue  ( Laic .) 
is  a plea  that  at  once  denies  the  whole  declaration, 
without  offering  special  matter  to  evade  it.  It  is,  in 
criminal  cases,  the  plea  of  not  guilty.  Bouvier. — Gen- 
eral officers , {J\Iil.)  all  officers  above  the  rank  of 
colonel.  Campbell. — General  term , {Logic.)  a term 
which  is  made  the  sign  of  a general  idea.  London  Ency. 

Syn.—  General  is  a stronger  term  than  common , 
and  bears  the  same  relation  to  universal  as  the  greater 
part  to  the  whole.  A general  rule  has  exceptions  ; a 
universal  rule  has  none.  General  includes  the  major- 
ity ; universal , every  one.  The  general  or  public  good 
or  welfare  ; the  general  or  common  opinion  or  report ; 
a general  or  very  extensive  circulation  ; an  ecumenical 
council.  — General  is  a popular  term  ; general  custom. 
Generic  is  scientific,  and  relates  to  the  genus  or  kind  ; 
as,  generic  difference.  — See  Common. 

^rEN'^R-AL,  n.  1.  The  whole;  the  total;  that 
which  comprises  all  or  the  greater  part. 

In  particulars  our  knowledge  begins,  and  so  spreads  itself 
by  degrees  to  generals.  Locke. 

2.  f The  public  ; people  at  large. 

The  play,  I remember,  pleased  not  the  million;  ’twas 
caviare  to  the  general.  Shak. 

3.  An  officer  whose  authority  is  coextensive 

with  some  larger  sphere  of  duty  ; as,  “ The  gen- 
eral  of  an  order  of  monks.”  Smart. 

4.  (Mil.)  The  chief  commander  of  an  army : 

— a beat  of  drums  serving  for  a signal  to  a 
whole  army.  Mil.  Encym 

In  general , in  the  main  ; for  the  most  part ; gener- 
ally. 

£EN-JfR-AL-IS'SI-MO,  n.  [It.]  1.  The  com- 

mander-in-chief  of  a large  army. 

In  case  of  any  foreign  invasion,  the  king  was  to  be  gener- 
alissimo, to  command  the  people  for  their  own  safety.  Ludlow. 

2.  The  commander-in-chief  of  two  or  more 
armies  of  different  nations  united  under  one 
head.  Glos.  of  Mil.  Terms. 

9EN-JJR-Al'I-TY,  m.  [L-  aeneralitas ; It.  gene- 
ra lith  ; Sp.  generalidad ; Fr.  generality.] 

1.  That  which  is  general  or  not  specific. 

“ Such  generalities  as  are  apparent  to  men  of 
the  weakest  conceit.”  Hooker. 

2.  The  main  body ; the  bulk ; the  greater 
part.  “The  generality  of  mankind.”  Addison. 

9EN-5R- AL-l-ZA'TION,  n.  [Sp .generalization-, 
Fr.  generalisation.]  The  act  of  generalizing. 

Generalization  is  the  act  of  comprehending  under  a com- 
mon name  several  objects  agreeing  in  some  point  which  we 
abstract  from  each  of  them,  and  which  that  common  name 
serves  to  indicate.  W hately. 

9EN'5R-AL-!ze,  v.  a.  [It.  generalizzare ; Sp. 
gencratizar ; Fr.  generalise)- .]  \i.  general- 

ized ; pp.  GENERALIZING,  GENERALIZED.]  To 
extend  from  particulars  to  generals  ; to  include 
in  general  propositions  ; to  reduce  to  a genus. 

Sometimes  the  name  of  an  individual  is  given  to  a general 
conception,  and  thereby  the  name  of  the  individual  is  gen- 
eralized. Reid. 

9£N'5R-AL-LY>  ctd.  1.  In  general;  commonly, 
usually,  or  extensively,  but  not  universally. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  0,  Y,  short; 


A,  5,  J,  O,  U,  Y>  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; 


HEIR,  HER; 


GENERALNESS 


611 


GENIUS 


You  will  generally  find  they  [bad  people]  began  by  neg- 
lecting the  Sabbath.  Gilpin. 

2.  In  a general  manner  ; in  the  main. 

Generally  speaking,  they  have  been  gaining  ever  since.  Swift. 

GEN'y.R-AL-NESS,  ii.  The  state  of  being  general ; 
commonness ; frequency.  Sidney. 

9EN']?R-AL-SHlP,  n.  The  office,  conduct,  or 
management  of  a general. 

Your  generalship  puts  me  in  mind  of  Prince  Eugene. 

Goldsmith. 

GEN'£R-AL-TY,  n.  The  whole  or  the  greater 
part ; generality.  [R.]  Hale. 

GEN'JJR-ANT,  n.  [L.  genera,  generans,  to  beget.] 

1.  (Math.)  That  which  generates,  as  a circle, 
revolving  on  its  diameter,  generates  a sphere. 

2.  The  power  which  generates ; the  begetting 

or  productive  power.  Glanville. 

GEN'GR-ANT,  a.  [Sp.  generante.\  Generative ; 
begetting;  producing;  procreant.  Perry. 

GEN'IJR-ATE,  V.  a.  [L . genero,  generatus  ; It. 
generare\  Sp  .general",  f 'x.generer.  — See  Gen- 
der.] [».  generated;  pp.  GENERATING,  gen- 
erated.] 

1.  To  beget ; to  procreate,  as  animals.  Milton. 

2.  To  produce  ; to  form;  to  make. 

What  generates  chyle  must  likewise  generate  milk.  Arbuthnot. 

GEN'IJR-AT-ING,  p.  a.  Producing. 

Ji  generating  line,  or  figure,  ( Grom.)  one  which 
produces  another  figure.  Craltb.  — Generating  sound, 
or  tone,  ( Mus .)  that  tone  which,  on  being  struck,  as 
on  a stringed  instrument,  produces  in  connection  with 
it  two  other  tones,  namely,  its  twelfth  and  its  seven- 
teenth. Warner. 

GEN-£R-A'TION,  n.  [L.  qcneratio  ; It.  genera- 
zione  ; Sp.  generacion  ; Fr.  generation .] 

1.  The  act  of  generating  ; creation.  Milton. 

2.  That  which  is  generated;  progeny;  off- 
spring. Shak. 

3.  A single  succession  in  natural  descent. 

1.  the  Lord  thy  God,  am  a jealous  God,  visiting  the  iniquity 

of  the  fathers  upon  the  children  unto  the  third  and  fourth 
generations  of  them  that  hate  me.  Ex.  xx.  5. 

4.  The  people  of  the  same  age  or  period. 

Save  yourselves  from  this  untoward  generation.  Acts  Ii.  40. 

5.  A family;  a race  ; a stock  ; breed.  “Thy 

mother ’s  of  my  generation.”  Shak. 

6.  (Math.)  The  formation  or  production  of  a 
geometrical  figure. 

Syn. — See  Race. 

GEN'yR-A-TlVE,  a.  [It.  iSf  Sp.  generativo  ; Fr. 
generatif]  Having  the  power  of  generating  or 
propagating,  as  animals  or  plants.  Browne. 

9EN'ER-A-TOR,  n.  1.  He  w'ho,  or  that  which, 
generates  or  produces.  Browne. 

2.  An  apparatus  for  generating  steam ; a 

steam-boiler.  Clarke. 

3.  (Mas.)  The  note  from  which  others  are 

produced  ; the  generating  tone.  Warner. 

9EN'9R-A-TRfX,  n.  [L  ] (Math.)  That  which 
generates  a line,  surface,  or  solid.  Davies. 

GG-NER'IC,  I a-  [L.  genus , a kind;  It.  § Sp. 

GG-NER'I-CAL,  ) generico,  generic  ; Fr.  gene- 
rique.~\  Relating  to,  or  comprising,  a genus,  as 
distinct  from  a species  or  from  another  genus  ; 
noting  the  kind  or  sort.  “ A generical  descrip- 
tion.” Harvey.  “ Generical  difference.”  Watts. 

Syn.  — See  General. 

GP-NER'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  With  regard  to  the  genus. 

GE-NER'I-CAL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
generical.  Richardson. 

9EN-5R-OS'I-TY,  n.  [L.  generositas  ; It.  genero- 
sith;  Sp . generosidad  \ Fr.  genero  site.] 

1.  f High  or  noble  birth. 

To  break  the  heart  of  generosity , 

And  make  bold  power  look  pale.  Shak. 

2.  The  quality  of  being  generous ; magna- 
nimity ; high-mindedness  ; nobleness  of  heart. 

Generosity  is  in  nothing  more  seen  than  in  a candid  esti- 
mation of  other  men’s  virtues  and  good  qualities.  Banow. 

3.  Liberality  ; munificence  ; bounty. 

Syn.  — See  Bounty,  Magnanimity. 

GEN'IJR-OUS,  a.  [L.  generosus-,  genus,  birth, 
descent ; It.  Sp.  generoso  ; Fr.  genereux .] 

1.  f Well  or  nobly  born;  of  illustrious  de- 
scent ; of  good  extraction. 

Let  her  not  be  poor,  how  generous  soever;  for  a man  can 
buy  nothing  in  the  market  with  gentility.  Lord  Burleigh. 


2.  Noble  ; honorable.  “ Generous  boldness.” 
Swift.  “ A generous  virtue.”  Dryden. 

All  men  affect  to  be  generous,  and  will  say  they  scorn  to 
be  base.  Barrow. 

3.  Courageous  ; daring ; spirited. 

Actaion  spies 

His  opening  hounds,  and  hears  their  cries; 

A generous  pack.  Addison. 

4.  Liberal ; munificent ; bountiful ; beneficent. 

The  cup  the  generous  landlord  owned  before.  Parnell. 

5.  Strong  ; vigorous  ; active  ; stimulating. 

“ Generous  wines.”  Swift. 

GEN'£R-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  a generous  manner. 

GEN'£R-OliS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  gen- 
erous ; generosity.  Spenser. 

GEN'G-SlS,  n.  [Gr.  ye  rests  ; yevvdut,  to  beget.] 

1.  Generation  ; — the  title  of  the  first  book 

of  the  Old  Testament  or  the  first  book  of 
Moses,  first  applied  to  it  by  the  authors  of  the 
Septuagint.  Cahnet. 

The  Greeks  gave  it  the  name  of  Genesis,  because  it  con- 
tains the  genealogy  of  the  first  patriarchs  from  Adam  to  the 
sons  and  grandsons  of  Jacob,  or  because  it  begins  with  the 
history  of  the  creation  of  the  world.  llook. 

2.  (Geom.)  The  formation  of  one  thing  by  the 

flux  or  motion  of  another,  as  of  a line  by  the 
movement  of  a point.  Davies. 

GEN'£T,  n.  (Zoul.)  1.  [Fr.]  A small-sized,  well- 
proportioned  Spanish  horse.  Shak. 

2.  [Sp.  gineta.\  An 
animal  of  the  weasel 
kind,  of  a gray  color 
spotted  with  small 
black  or  brown  patch- 
es, the  tail  being 
ringed  with  black  and 
white.  InConstanti-  (Gela'aavJgarl). 

nople  it  is  domesti- 
cated and  kept  in  the  houses,  where  it  is  said  to 
catch  mice  as  well  as  a cat.  Baird. 

||  9?-NETH'LI-AC,  n.  1.  One  who  is  versed  in 
genethliacs.  Butler. 

2.  An  ode  or  poem  in  honor  of  the  birth  of  a 
person.  Brande. 

||  GEN-GTH-LI’ A-CAL,  a.  [Gr.  yivtQXiaKfi;  ; yevtO - 
Xg,  birth ; L.  genethliacus ; It.  § Sp.  genetliaco ; 
Fr.  genet hliaque.)  Pertaining  to  genethliacs, 
or  the  calculation  of  nativities.  Howell. 

II  GE-NETH'LI-Acs  [je-neth'Ie-aks,  W.  P.  Ja.  K. 
Sm.-,  ge-neth'le-aks,  S.l,  n.  [Gr.  yertOXg,  birth.] 
The  science,  of  calculating  nativities,  or  predict- 
ing the  future  events  of  life  from  the  stars  pre- 
dominant at  the  birth.  Butler. 

II  GE-NETH-LI-Al/O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  yeveOhai.oyia  ; 
ymeOXg,  birth,  and  /. 6yo s,  a discourse.]  A kind  of 
divination  by  astrological  observation,  as  to  the 
future  destinies  of  one  newly  born.  Scudamore. 

||  95-NETH-LI-AT'IC,  n.  One  who  calculates  na- 
tivities. [r.]  Drummond. 

GG-NETTC,  a.  [See  Genesis.]  Relating  to  birth, 
generation,  or  origin.  Ed.  Rev. 

GU-NETTE',  n.  [Fr.]  1.  A cat-skin  dressed  for 

muffs  and  tippets.  Booth. 

2.  A small  variety  of  horse;  genet.  Brande. 

3.  ( Zool .)  An  animal  of  the  weasel  kind,  hav- 
ing a musky  odor  ; genet.  Brande. 

9^-NE'VA,  n.  [Fr.  genievre.  — See  Gin.]  A 
spirituous  liquor  obtained  by  distillation  from 
grain  ; gin.  TJre. 

GP-NE'VA-BI'BLE,  n.  The  whole  English  Bible 
printed  at  Geneva,  first  in  1560.  Strype. 

GG-NE'VAN.  n.  1.  ( Geog .)  A native  of  Geneva. 

2.  An  adherent  to  Genevan  theology,  or  that 
of  Calvin  ; a Calvinist.  Southey. 

GE-NE'VAN,  a.  Relating  to  Geneva  or  its  inhab- 
itants; Genevese.  Ch.  Ob. 

GG-NE'VAN-I§M,  n.  Strict  Calvinism.  Mountagu. 

GEN-P-VE§E',  n.  sing.  & pi.  (Geog.)  A native  or 
natives  of  Geneva.  Murray. 

9EN-JJ-VE§E',  a.  Relating  to  Geneva.  Ency. 

tGE^'G-VOIS'  (zhen'ev-wa.'),  n.  [Fr.]  Gene- 
vese. Addison. 

GE’NI-AL,  a.  [L.  genial  is  ; It . geniale ; Sp.  ge- 
nial ; Fr.  genial.  — See  Gender.] 


1.  Contributing  to  the  production  of  life. 

For  me  kind  Nature  wakes  her  genial  power. 

Suckles  each  herb,  and  spreads  out  every  flower.  Pope. 

2.  Contributing  to  the  continuance  and  en- 
joyment of  life  ; fostering  ; giving  cheerfulness. 

So  much  I feel  my  genial  spirits  droop.  Milton. 

3.  Having  so  happy  a disposition  as  to  inspire 

happiness  in  others  ; cheerful ; pleasant ; mer- 
ry. “ This  genial  archdeacon.”  Warton. 

4.  Inborn  ; innate  ; natural.  “ Genial  indis- 

• position.”  j Browne. 

GE-NI-AL'I-TY,  n.  [L.  gcnialitas  ; It . genialita; 
Sp.  gcnialidad .]  The  quality  of  being  genial ; 
cheerfulness ; genialness.  Coleridge. 

GE'NI-AL-LY,  ad.  In  a genial  manner ; cheerfully. 

GE'NI-AL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  genial  ; 
geniality.  Ash. 

t GE-Nlc'u-LATE,  v.  a.  [L.  geniculatus,  with 
bended  knee  ; geniculum,  a little  knee  ; genu,  a 
knee.]  To  joint  or  knot.  Cockeram. 

99-NIC'U-LATE,  a.  [Fr.  gMicule.']  (Bot.)  Bent 
abruptly,  like  a knee,  as  many  stems.  Gray. 

GE-NlC'y-LAT-£D,  a.  Knotted;  jointed;  genic- 
ulate. Woodward. 

95-NIC-y-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  genicutatio.] 

1.  Quality  of  being  geniculate  ; knottiness. 

2.  The  act  of  kneeling.  Bp.  Hall. 

+ 9E'NI£  (je'ne),  n.  [Fr.]  Disposition;  turn  of 
mind ; genius.  Wood. 

GE'NI-O,  n.  [It.]  A man  of  a particular  turn  ; 
a genius,  [r.]  Tatler. 

GE'NI-O-GLOS-SUS,  n.  [Gr.  yivtiov,  the  chin,  and 
y/Moaa,  the  tongue.]  (Anat.)  One  of  a pair  of 
muscles  which  protrude  the  tongue.  Dunglison. 

(j/E-NIS ' TA,  n.  [L.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants  ; 

the  common  broom.  Hamilton. 

(jrEN'I-TAL,  a.  [L.  genitalis  ; It.  genitale  ; Sp. 
genital-,  Fr. genital.)  Pertaining  to  generation, 
or  to  the  generative  organs.  Glanville. 

GEN'I-TAL§,  n.  pi.  [L.  genitalia  ; geno,  or  gigno 
(Gr.  ytrraot),  to  beget.]  The  sexual  organs,  or 

the  parts  employed  in  generation.  Browne. 

GEN'I-TING,  n.  [Corrupted  from  Fr.  janeton, 

probably  from  Jane,  or  Janet,  a lady’s  name ; 
or  corrupted  from  juneti/ng.  Johnson.  — See 
Jenniting.]  An  early  apple.  Bacon. 

GEN'I-TIV-AL, a.  Relating  to  the  genitive.  “The 
genetival  ending.”  E.  Guest. 

GEN’I-TIVE,  a.  [L.  genitivus  ; gigno,  genitus,  to 
beget ; It.  A Sp.  genitivo ; Fr.  ynitif.]  (Gram.) 
Applied  to  the  second  case  of  Latin  and  Greek 
nouns,  primarily  denoting  descent  from  some- 
thing, but  commonly  used  to  mark  the  relation 
of  property  or  possession  ; possessive.  Lowth. 

GEN'I-TIVE,  n.  The  second  case  in  Latin  gram- 
mar. Harris. 

GEN'I-TOR,  n.  [L.  genitor-,  gigno,  genitus,  to 
beget.]  A sire  ; a father.  [r.J  Sheldon. 

f GEN'I-TURE,  n.  [L.  genitura.  — See  Genitor.] 
Generation ; birth.  Burton. 

II  GEN'IUS,  or  GE'N!-US  [je'ne-us,  W.  P.  J.  Ja. 
Sm.  R. ; js'nyus,  S.  E.  F.  A'.],  n. ; pi.  geniuses. 
[L.  genius  ; geno,  or  gigno,  genitus,  to  beget ; 
Gr.  yewaw  ; It.  <Sf  Sp.  genio  ; Fr.  genie.) 

1.  Inborn  bent  of  mind  or  disposition ; par- 
ticular natural  faculty  or  talent. 

Your  majesty’s  sagacity,  and  happy  genius  for  natural 
history.  Burnet. 

2.  Extraordinary  mental  power,  particularly 
that  of  invention  ; intellect ; ingenuity. 

Of  genius,  that  power  which  constitutes  a poet;  that  qual- 
ity without  which  judgment  is  cold  and  knowledge  is  inert; 
that  energy  which  collects,  combines,  amplifies,  ana  animates, 
the  superiority  [to  Pope]  must,  with  some  hesitation,  be 
allowed  to  Dryden.  Johiison. 

3.  A man  endowed  with  superior  faculties  ; a 
man  of  genius. 

There  is  no  little  writer  of  Pindaric  who  is  not  mentioned 
as  a prodigious  genius.  Addison . 

4.  Nature;  disposition;  peculiar  character; 
as,  “ The  genius  of  a language.” 

Studious  to  please  the  genius  of  the  times.  Dryden. 

Syn. — Genius , talent , intellrrt , and  ingenuity , are 
all  endowments  of  nature.  Genius , which  is  the 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  rBlE.  — y,  G.  9,  & soft;  jE,  fi,  g,  g,  hard;  § as  z ; as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


GENIUS 


612 


GENUFLECTION 


highest  of  these  terms,  signifies  extraordinary  mental 
power,  or  the  power  of  conceiving  original  ideas,  or 
forming  new  combinations.  Ingenuity  is  the  talent  for 
invention,  and  is  applied  especially  to  mechanics  or 
mechanism.  A genius  for  inventing,  for  poetry,  or 
mathematics  ; a talent  for  acquisition  or  imitation,  for 
oratory  or  music.  A poet  of  genius  ; an  historian  or 
orator  of  talent ; a philosopher  of  intellect  j an  archi- 
tect or  mechanic  of  ingenuity.  — “ Sir  Isaac  Newton 
and  Milton  were  equally  men  of  genius.  Sir  Robert 
Walpole  and  Lord  Godolphin  were  ministers  of  great 
abilities,  though  they  did  not  possess  either  the  bril- 
liant latent*  of  Bolingbroke  or  the  commanding  genius 
of  Chatham. ” Sir  J.  Mackintosh. 

<?E  'rn-  US,  n. ; pi.  PE  'Ni-i.  [L.]  A spirit,  good 
or  evil ; a tutelary  deity,  who  was  supposed  by 
the  ancients  to  have  charge  over  particular 
places  or  things,  and  to  direct  and  rule  a man 
through  life. 

Or  the  unseen  genius  of  the  wood.  Milton. 

Ornius  loci,  the  presiding  spirit  of  a place. 

(jJEN'O-EijE,  n.  sing.  & pi.  (Geoff.)  A native  or 
the  natives  of  Genoa.  Addison. 

GEN-O-E^E',  a.  (Geoff.)  Relating  to  Genoa.  Ency. 

(fE-JTOU ' IL-LERE ',  n.  [Fr.]  (Fort.)  The  part 
of  the  parapet  reaching  from  the  platform  to 
the  sill  of  the  embrasure,  and  covered  by  the 
forepart  of  the  gun  carriage  : — the  height  of 
the  parapet  above  the  banquette  in  a barbette 
battery.  Glos.  of  Mil.  Terms. 

f GENT,  a.  [Fr.]  Elegant;  pretty;  gentle;  po- 
lite. Spenser. 

G^N-TEEL',  a.  [L.  gentilis,  belonging  to  the 
same  race  or  stock  ; gens,  a clan  ; It.  gentile  ; 
Sp.  <Sf  Fr.  gentil .] 

1.  Polite ; decorous ; free  from  vulgarity  ; 
well-bred;  refined;  polished;  courteous. 

It  is  from  a just  pride  in  the  rank,  the  honor,  the  nobility 
of  family,  that  our  modern  applications  of  gentle,  genteel.  Sic., 
derive  their  origin.  Itichari/son. 

2.  Elegant  in  dress  and  style  of  living. 

Several  ladies,  that  have  twice  her  fortune,  are  not  able  to 

be  always  so  genteel.  Law. 

3.  Graceful  in  mien. 

So  spruce  that  he  can  never  be  genteel.  Taller. 

Syn. — Genteel  and  polite  are  often  used  synony- 
mously ; but  gentility  respects  rather  the  rank  in  life, 
and  politeness  the  refinement  of  the  mind  and  outward 
behavior.  Genteel  appearance,  carriage,  or  mode  of 
living;  polite  behavior  or  address;  well-bred  or  pol- 
ished society  ; elegant  style  or  appearance  ; civil  con- 
duct ; graceful  motion  or  manner.  — A house  genteelly 
furnished  has  every  thing  necessary  and  proper;  one 
elegantly  furnished  implies  taste  and  fashion.  — See 
Elegant,  Polite. 

G?N-TEEL'JSH,  a.  Somewhat  genteel.  Johnson. 

GJiN-TEEL'LY,  ad.  In  a genteel  manner  ; ele- 
gantly ; politely  ; courteously.  Glanville. 

GUN-TEEL'NjjSS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  gen- 
teel ; politeness  ; gentility.  Dnjden. 

pEN'TESE,  n.  [Old  Fr.  gente,  the  felly  of  a 
wheel.]  (Arch.)  A term  applied  by  William  of 
Worcester  to  the  cusps  or  featherings  in  the 
arch  of  doorways.  Britton. 

GEN'TIAN  (jen'slijn),  n.  [L . gentiana  \ from  the 
Illyrian  king  Gentius  ; It.  genziana  ; Sp.  gen- 
ciana-,  Fr.  gentiane.]  (Bot.)  A plant  of  several 
varieties,  some  of  which  have  beautiful  blue 
flowers;  felvvort.  Hill. 

pEN-TI AN-EL'L A (jen-slian-el'l?),  n. 

1.  A kind  of  blue  color.  Johnson. 

2.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  perennial,  herbaceous 

plants  ; gentian ; felwort.  Wright. 

OEN'TI-A-NliVE  (jen'she-a-nln),  n.  (Chem.)  A 
bitter,  crystallizable  substance,  obtained  from 
gentian.  Phil.  Mag. 

GEN'TI-A-NlTE  (jen'she-si-nlt),  n.  (Chem.)  The 
bitter  principle  of  gentian.  Hoblyn. 

GEN 'TIL,  n.  (Ornith.)  A species  of  falcon  or 
hawk  ; a gentle  ; falcon-gentle.  Pennant. 

/Eg- The  falcon  gentil  is  supposed  to  be  the  female 
and  young  of  this  species  (goshawk,  or  Aslur  palumba- 
rius).  Eng.  Cyc. 

II  9 EM 'TILE  (18)  [jen'tll,  S.  J.  F.  Ja.  E.  K.  Sm. 
II.',  jen'tll  or  jen'tll,  IF.],  n.  [L.  gentilis ; It. 
gentile-,  Sp.  Fr.  gentil.)  One  of  an  uncove- 
nanted nation  ; one  of  a nation  not  Jewish  or 
Christian  ; a pagan  ; a heathen. 

Syn.  — The  term  Gentiles,  in  ancient  times,  com- 


prehended all  nations  except  the  Jews  ; and,  since  the 
introduction  of  Christianity,  it  lias  been  applied  to  all 
except  Christians  and  Jews.  All  the  various  nations 
that  practise  idolatry  and  the  worship  of  false  gods 
are  heathen  or  pagans-,  but  tile  term  heathen  is  some- 
times appropriated  to  the  more  cultivated  of  these 
nations,  as  the  Greeks  and  Homans,  and  pagan  to 
the  rest. 

||  GEN'TILE,  a.  1.  Belonging  to  pagans  or  heathen. 

2.  (Gram.)  Denoting  a race,  family,  or  na- 
tion ; as,  “ British,  Irish,  German,  &c.,  are  gen- 
tile adjectives.” 

f QEJV-TI-LESSE ' n.  [Fr.  gentillesse.)  Civility; 
politeness ; courtesy.  Hudibras. 

f GEN'TIL-ISH,  a.  Heathenish;  pagan.  Milton. 

^rEN'TIL-I^M,  n.  The  state  of  being  a gentile; 
heathenism  ; paganism.  Stilling  fleet. 

GEN-TI-LI"TIAL  (jen-te-llsh'jl),  a.  Endemial ; 
gentilitious.  H.  Farmer. 

GEN-TI-Ll"TIOUS  (jen-te-lish'us),  a.  [L.  genti/i- 
tins  ; gens,  a elan  ; It.  gentilizio  ; Sp.  gentilicio.] 

1.  Endemial ; peculiar  to  a nation.  Browne. 

2.  Hereditary  ; entailed  upon  a family.  “ A 
gentilitious  disposition  of  body.”  Arbuthnot. 

GGN-TIL'{-TY,  71.  [L.  gentilitas,  in  eccl.  writers, 

heathenism  ; gens,  gentis,  a clan  ; pi.  gentes, 
heathen;  It.  gcntilitii ; Sp . gentilidad ; Fr.  gen- 
tilite.  — See  Genteel.] 

1.  f Good  extraction  ; dignity  of  birth. 

*T  is  meet  a gentle  heart  should  ever  show 

By  courtesy  the  fruit  of  true  gentility.  Harrington. 

2.  f Gentry  ; the  class  of  persons  well  born. 

Gavelkind  must  needs,  in  the  end,  make  a poor  gentility. 

Davies. 

3.  t Paganism  ; heathenism.  Hooker. 

4.  The  quality  of  being  genteel  ; elegance  of 
manners  or  in  the  style  of  living;  refinement. 

A dangerous  law  against  gentility.  Shak. 

“ Gentility  here  [in  the  preceding  citation]  does  not  signify 
that  rank  of  people  called  gentry,  hut  what  the  French  ex- 
press by  gentillesse.  i.  c.  urbanity."  Theobald. 

Syn.  — See  Genteel. 

f GEN'TIL-JZE,  V.  7i.  To  live  like  a heathen. 
“ The  gentilizing  Israelites.”  Milton. 

GEN'TI-SIC,  a.  Relating  to  gentian.  Craig. 

GEN'TLE  (jen'tl),  a.  [L.  ge7itilis,  of  or  belonging 
to  the  same  race  or  stock;  gens,  birth,  descent; 
It.  gentile  ; Fr.  gentil.  — See  Genteel.] 

1.  Well-born;  well-descended;  well-bred. 
“Noble  and  gentle  youth.”  Milton.  “ Gentle 
blood.”  Pope.  “ Gentle  Northumberland.”  Shak. 

2.  Soft ; mild  ; tame  ; meek  ; bland  ; peace- 
able ; not  rough,  rude,  or  wild. 

lie  had  such  a gentle  method  of  reproving  their  faults,  that 
they  were  not  so  much  afraid  as  ashamed  to  repeat  them. 

Atterbury. 

Syn.  — The  terms  gentle,  tame,  mild,  and  soft  are 
used  botli  in  a physical  and  moral  sense  ; meek,  only 
in  a moral  sense.  In  their  moral  application,  gentle 
and  mild , as  well  as  meek,  are  used  in  a good  sense; 
tame,  in  a bad  sense.  Some  animals  are  gentle  by  na- 
ture, and  some  are  made  tame  by  discipline;  a gentle 
iamb,  a tame  fowl.  A gentle  spirit  is  honored  ; a tame 
one  despised.  Gentle  means  well-born  or  well-bred , as 
in  gentle  man.  A gentle  reproof ; mild  weather  ; mild 
or  peaceable  disposition  ; soft  substance,  voice,  or  an- 
swer ; meek  temper  or  spirit ; pacific  measures.  — See 
Indulgence,  Pacific. 

GEN'TLE,  n.  1.  t A gentleman. 

I ’ll  make  him  dance.  Will  you  go,  gentles ? Shak. 

2.  A name  given  to  the  maggots  or  larvae  of 

certain  flies.  Walton. 

3.  (Ornith.)  A trained  hawk;  a gentil;  fal- 
con-gentle. — See  Gentil. 

GfiN'TLE,  v.  a.  To  make  gentle.  Shale.  Rarey. 

GEN 'TLE— FOLK  (-fok),  or  GEN'TLE-FOLKS 
(-loks),  n.  People  above  the  vulgar  in  birth  and 
breeding.  Shak. 

Gentlefolk  is  a collective  noun,  and  joined  with 
a plural  verb ; hut  it  is  much  more  common  to  say 
gentlefolks.  “ Gentlefolks  will  not  care.”  Swift.  — 
See  Folk. 

GEN'TLE-IIEART-JJD,  a.  Of  mild  disposition; 
kind.  Shak. 

GEN'TLE-MAN  (jen'tl-man), n. ; pi.  (?En'tle-men. 
(gentle  and  man.  “ Of  the  words  gentilis,  gen- 
ti/homme,  gentleman,  two  etymologies  are  pro- 
duced : 1.  From  the  barbarians  of  the  fifth  cen- 
tury, the  soldiers,  and  at  length  the  conquerors, 
of  the  Roman  empire,  who  were  vain  of  their 


foreign  nobility  ; and,  2.  From  the  sense  of  the 
civilians,  who  considered  gentilis  as  synony- 
mous with  ingenuous.  Selilen  inclines  to  the 
first,  but  the  latter  is  more  pure,  as  well  as 
probable.”  Gibbon.  — See  Genteel.] 

1.  f Every  man  above  the  rank  of  a yeoman, 
however  high.  [England.] 

The  king  is  a noble  gentleman,  and  my  familiar.  Shak. 

2.  A man  raised  above  the  vulgar  by  birth, 
education,  condition,  profession,  or  manners  ; a 
person  of  good  breeding  and  character. 

The  real  gentleman  should  be  gentle  in  every  thing,  at 
least  in  every  tiling  that  depends  on  himself—  in  carriage, 
temper,  constructions,  aims,  and  desires.  Hare. 

Education  begins  the  gentleman-,  but  reading,  good  com- 
pany, and  reflection  must  finish  him.  Locke. 

There  is  no  man  that  can  teach  us  to  be  gentlemen  better 
than  Joseph  Addison.  Thackeray. 

3.  A person  of  polished  and  agreeable  man- 
ners, as  distinguished  from  the  vulgar  and 
clownish. 

4.  The  servant  of  a man  of  rank  who  attends 
his  person.  [England.] 

Lot  be  called  before  us 

That  gentleman  of  Buckingham’s  in  person.  Shak. 

5.  (Eng.  Law.)  One  who  bears  or  is  entitled 

to  a coat  of  arms.  Sir  Edw.  Coke. 

GEN'TLE-MAN-COM'MON-ER,  n.  One  of  the 
highest  class  of  commoners  at  the  University 
of  Oxford,  Eng.  ; — equivalent  to  a.  fellow-com- 
moner at  Cambridge.  Murphy. 

GEN'TLE-MAN— FAR'MGR,  n.  A man  of  prop- 
erty, who  occupies  his  own  farm,  and  has  it 
cultivated  under  his  direction.  Bosxcell. 

GEN'TLE-MAN-LlKE,  a.  Like  or  becoming  a 
gentleman  ; gentlemanly.  Shak. 

GEN'TLE-MAN-LJ-NESS,  n.  Behavior  of  a gen- 
tleman. Sherwood. 

GEN'TLE-MAN-Ly,  a.  Like  or  becoming  a gen- 
tleman ; polite ; honorable.  “ The  more  gen- 
tlemanly person  of  the  two.”  Swift. 

GEN'TLE-MAN— PEN'SION-JJR,  n.  One  of  a hand 
of  forty  gentlemen,  entitled  Esquires,  whose 
office  it  is  to  attend  the  person  of  the  sovereign 
to  and  from  the  chapel-royal,  and  on  other  oc- 
casions of  solemnity.  Craig. 

f QEN'TLE-MAN— SEW'ER  (-sfl'er),  n.  One  who 
serves  up  a feast.  S.  Butler. 

OEN'TLE-M  AN-SHlP,  n.  The  quality  or  behavior 
of  a gentleman.  Ld.  Halifax. 

GEN'TLE-MAN— USII'IJR,  n.  One  invested  with 
authority  to  attend,  in  form,  on  another  of  su- 
perior dignity.  Shak. 

GEN'TLE-NESS,  71.  1.  f The  quality  of  being 

well-born  ; good  extraction  ; gentility. 

Gentleness  and  gentility  are  the  same  thing.  Pegge. 

2.  Gentlemanly  conduct. 

I thought  you  lord  of  more  true  gentleness.  Shale. 

3.  Genteel  accomplishment ; elegance  ; grace. 

Measure  in  the  feet  and  number  in  the  voice  . . . are  gen- 
tlenesses that  oftentimes  draw  no  less  than  the  face.  B.  Jonson. 

4.  The  quality  of  being  gentle  ; softness  of 

manners;  sweetness  of  disposition;  meekness; 
clemency  ; indulgence.  Milton. 

5.  f Kindness  ; benevolence. 

The  gentleness  of  all  the  gods  go  with  thee.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Clemency,  Indulgence. 

f GEN'TLE-SHIP,  n.  The  carriage  or  conduct  of 
a gentleman.  Ascham. 

GEN'TLE-WOM-AN  (-wim-)n),  71.  1.  A woman 

above  the  vulgar  ; a lady.  Bacon. 

2.  A woman  who  waits  on  a lady  of  rank. 
“ The  late  queen’s  gentlewoman.”  Shak. 

GEN'TLE-WOM-AN-LlKE  (-wum-),  a.  Becoming 

a gentlewoman.  Shei-wooa. 

GEN'TLY,  ad.  In  a gentle  manner  ; softly  ; meekly. 

GGN-TOO',  7i.  [Port,  gentio,  a gentile  ; also,  a 
savage.]  (Geog.)  An  aboriginal  inhabitant  of 
Hindostan  ; a Hindoo.  White. 

GEN'TRY,  7i.  [See  Gentleman.]  1.  The  class 
of  people  above  the  vulgar. 

2.  The  class  between  the  vulgar  and  the  no- 
bility. [England.]  Sidney. 

3.  f Civility  ; complaisance. 

Show  us  so  much  gentry  aud  good-will.  Shak. 

GE-NU-FLEC'TION  [je-nu-flSk'shuu,  S.  W.  P.  J. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  I,  O U,  Y,  obscure ; FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


GENUINE 


GEOSELENIC 


613 


F.  Ja. ; jen-u-flek'shun,  K.  Sm.  R.],  n.  [L.  ge- 
nu, knee,  and  flecto,  fiectus , to  bend  ; It.  genu- 
flessione ; Sp.  <5,  Fr.  genuflexion .]  The  act  of 
bending  the  knee,  as  in  adoration.  Howell. 

9ENTJ-INE  (jen'yu-Tri),  a.  [L.  genuinus,  native, 
natural  ; geno,  or  gigno,  genitus ; Gr.  yevvam,  to 
beget;  It.  Sp.  genuine).]  Pure;  neither  spu- 
rious nor  adulterated ; uncorrupt ; authentic  ; 
real ; native  ; sincere. 

A genuine  book  is  that  which  was  written  by  the  person 
whose  name  it  bears  as  the  author  of  it.  Bp.  Watson. 

Syn.  — See  Authentic,  Native,  Real. 

9EN'U-INE-LY,  ad.  In  a genuine  manner  ; with- 
out adulteration. 

9ENTT-INE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  genuine  ; 
freedom  from  spuriousness  or  adulteration ; pu- 
rity; as,  “The  genuineness  of  the  Gospels.” 

9E'NUS,  n. ; pi.  ijEn'e-ra.  [L.,  a race  ; Gr.  yino j ; 
ywviiui,  to  beget.] 

1.  {Science.)  A group  of  beings  or  things,  sub- 
ordinate to  a class  or  an  order,  comprehending 
under  it  the  species  or  individuals  that  agree  in 
certain  characteristics  ; as,  “ The  ass  is  a spe- 
cies of  the  genus  Equus,  or  horse.” 

A general  idea  is  called  by  the  schools  genus,  and  it  is  one 
common  nature  agreeing  to  several  other  common  natures. 

Watts. 

The  idea  of  figure  is  the  genus ; the  ideas  of  triangle  and 
circle  are  the  species.  Crousaz. 

2.  (Mus.)  The  general  name  for  any  scale  ; 

as,  “ The  diatonic  genus  ” ; “ The  chromatic 
genus.”  Brande. 

Syn.  — See  Kind. 

9E-O-CEN'TRI0,  ? 0.  [Gr.  yrj,  the  earth,  and 

9E-0-CEN'TRI-CAL,  > rcerrpov,  the  centre;  It. 
Sp.  geocentrico ; Fr.  geocentrique. ] (Astron.) 
Noting  the  motion  or  the  position  of  a heavenly 
body  as  viewed  from  the  earth ; — opposed  to 
heliocentric.  Brande. 

9E-Q-CEN'TRI-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a geocentric 
manner.  Ash. 

9E-OC'RO-NITE,  n.  [Gr.  yrj,  the  earth,  and  Kp6vo;, 
Saturn,  the  alchemistic  name  of  lead.]  {Min.) 
A mineral  containing  lead,  sulphur,  antimony, 
arsenic,  &c.  Dana. 

9E-Q-CYC'LIO,  a.  [Gr.  yrj,  the  earth,  and  kvkI.os, 
a circle.]  Circling  the  earth  periodically.  Craig. 

^E-O-DAl'^r-A  (je-o-de'zhe-a),  n.  [Gr.  yiuilataia  ; 
y'n,  the  earth,  and  Saiu,  to  divide.]  The  division 
of  the  earth ; geodesy.  Harris. 

^xE'ODE,  n.  [Gr.  yiwlt]s ; yrj,  the  earth,  and  calos, 
form;  L.  geodes  ; It.  geode  j Fr.  geode.)  (Min.) 
A nodule  of  ironstones — a rounded  pebble, 
having  an  internal  cavity,  generally  lined  with 
crystals.  Brande. 

pE-O-DES'IC,  ) a [gp  geodesico ; Fr.  geo- 

9E-0-DES'I-CAL,  S desique.]  Relating  to  geod- 
esy or  geodaesia.  P.  Cyc. 

99-6d'£-SY  [je-od'e-se,  Cl.  Wb.  Brande-,  je'o- 
des-e,  Sm.],  n.  [Gr.  yrj,  the  earth,  and  halui,  to 
divide  ; It.  $ Sp.  geodesia  ; Fr.  geodesic.]  The 
division  of  the  earth  ; the  geometry  of  the  earth, 
or  that  part  of  geometry  which  has  for  its  object 
the  determination  of  the  magnitude  and  figure 
of  the  whole  earth,  or  any  portion  of  its  sur- 
face ; land-surveying.  Brande. 

9E-0-DET  IC,  ? a_  [jt_  geodetico .]  Relating 

9E-(?-DET'l-CAL,  > to  geodesy.  Brande. 

9E-Q-DET'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a geodetical  man- 
ner. ’ ’ Ash. 

9E-0-DIF'f,R-0US,  a.  [Eng .geode  and  L .fero, 
to  bear.]  (Min.)  Producing  geodes.  Craig. 

gE-O-GLOS'SUM,  n.  [Gr.  yy,  the  earth,  and 
yluiaan,  the  tongue.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  Fungi, 
found  in  bogs  and  meadows,  all  the  species  of 
which  grow  upon  earth;  earth-tongue.  Loudon. 

9E'OG-NOST,  n.  [Fr.  geoynoste.]  One  versed  in 
geognosy,  or  geology  ; a geologist.  Smart. 

9E-OG-NOS  TIC,  ) a [Fr.  geognostique.]  Re- 

9E-OG-NOS'TI-CAL,  ) lating  to  geognosy  or  geol- 
ogy ; geological.  Phil.  Jour. 

9E-OG'NO-SY,  n.  [Gr.  yrj,  the  earth,  and  yvunjt;, 
knowledge ; It.  geognosia  ; Fr.  gi-ognosie .]  A 
knowledge  of  the  structure  of  tne  earth,  or  of 


the  substances  that  compose  its  crust ; geology  ; 
geogony.  Francis. 

9E-Q-GON'IC,  ? a Relating  to  geogony,  or 

9E-0-G0N'I-CAL,  ) geology.  • Smart. 

99-OG'O-Ny,  n.  [Gr.  yrj,  the  earth,  and  yovrj, 
birth;  yivnan >,  to  beget;  Fr.  geogonie.]  The 
doctrine  of  the  formation  of  the  earth  ; geology  ; 
geognosy.  Hamilton. 

9P-OG'RA-PHER,  n.  One  who  is  versed  in  geog- 
raphy. 

So  geographers,  in  Afric  maps, 

With  savage  pictures  fill  their  gaps.  Swift. 

9E-0-GRAPH  IC,  ) a.  [Gr.  yeoiypatprsds ; L. 

9E-0-GRAPII'!-CAL,  ) geographicus ; It.  § Sp. 
geografleo  ; Fr.  geographique.]  Relating  to  ge- 
ography. 

Geographical  botany,  tile  study  of  plants  in  their 
geographical  relations.  Gray. 

9E-0-GRAPH'!-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a geographical 
manner. 

99-GG,RA-PIlY,  n.  [Gr.  ytwyparpln  ; yrj,  the  earth, 
and  ypaipoi,  to  write ; L.  geographia ; It.  6$  Sp. 
geografia ; Fr.  geographic.] 

1.  A description  of  the  earth,  particularly  of 
the  divisions  of  its  surface,  natural  or  artificial, 
together  with  its  productions  and  inhabitants. 

2.  A book  containing  a description  of  the 
earth,  its  inhabitants,  and  productions. 

Mathematical  geography  considers  tile  form  and  di- 
mensions of  tile  earth,  its  astronomical  relations,  tile 
relative  positions  and  distances  of  places,  and  the 
representation  of  tile  whole  or  portions  of  its  surface 
on  globes  or  maps.  — Physical  geography  describes  the 
principal  features  of  the  earth’s  surface,  as  consisting 
of  land  and  water,  its  atmosphere,  climate,  and  vari- 
ous animal,  vegetable,  and  mineral  productions. — 
Political  geography  considers  the  earth  as  the  abode 
of  mankind,  and  treats  of  all  that  relates  to  the  moral 
or  social  condition  of  the  different  nations  into  which 
they  are  divided. 

9?-OL'0-9?R,  n.  A geologist.  Hallam. 

9E-0-L0'9I-AN,  n.  A geologist.  Prof.  Sedgwick. 

9E-Q-L09'!-CAL,  a.  [It.  geologico;  Fr.  geolo- 
gique.]  Relating  to  geology.  Bakewell. 

9E-0-L09'[-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a geological  man- 
ner. Rhind. 

95-6l'0-9IST,  n.  One  versed  in  the  science  of 
geology ; a geologer.  Buckland. 

9P-OL/O-9IZE,  v.  n.  To  pursue  geological  re- 
searches. Ec.  Rev. 

9E-6l'0-9Y,  n.  [Gr.  yrj,  the  earth,  and  ). 6yos,  a 
discourse ; It.  Sf  Sp.  geologia ; Fr.  geologie.] 
That  part  of  natural  philosophy  which  investi- 
gates the  formation  and  structure  of  the  earth, 
as  to  its  rocks,  strata,  soil,  minerals,  orgahic  re- 
mains, &c.,  and  the  changes  which  it  has  under- 
gone. Baketcell. 

9E,Q-MAN-C5R,  n.  One  versed  in,  or  who  prac- 
tises, geomancy  ; a caster  of  figures.  Browne. 

9E'0-MAN-CY,  n.  [Gr.  yrj,  the  earth,  and  pavreia, 
prophecy  ; It.  geomanzia  ; Sp.  geomancia  ; Fr. 
giomancie.]  ( Astrol .)  Divination  by  points  or 
circles  made  on  the  earth,  or  by  casting  figures. 

Geomanr y was  among  the  acts  of  divination  most  sedu- 
lously cultivated  by  professors  of  that  science  in  the  fifteenth 
and  sixteenth  centuries.  Brande. 

^rE-O-MAN'TIC,  ? a%  [gp.  geomantico ; Fr. 

(^E-O-MAN'TI-CAL,  ) geomantique .]  Pertaining 
to  geomancy.  Dryden. 


ometrical  progression,  a progression  or  series  in  which 
each  term  is  derived  from  the  preceding  by  multiply- 
ing it  by  a constant  quantity,  called  the  ratio.  The  se- 
ries 1,  2,  4,  8,  IC,  32,  is  in  geometrical  progression,  as 
it  has  a common  ratio,  2.  — Geometrical  ratio , the  con- 
stant quantity  by  which  each  term  of  a geometrical 
progression  is  multiplied  to  produce  the  succeeding 
one.  Davies. 

£E-0-MET'RI-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a geometrical 
manner. 


jp-TRI"CI AN-  (je-om-e-trish'§tn),  n.  One 
versed,  in  geometry  ; a geometer.  Boyle. 

<?E-0]VF?-TRlZE,  v.  n.  To  act  according  to  the 
laws  of  geometry.  Boyle. 

£$-OM'E-TRY,  [Qr>  yiuperpia,  land-measuring ; 
yrj,  the  earth,  and  ptrpov,  a measure  ; L.,  It.,  &; 
Sp.  gcometria ; Fr.  geomrtrie.~\  The  science  of 
position  and  extension ; that  branch  of  mathe- 
matics which  has  for  its  object  the  investigation 
of  the  relation,  properties,  and  measurement  of 
solids,  surfaces,  lines,  and  angles.  Peirce.  Davies. 

Analytical  or  algebraical  geometry , the  art  of  redu- 
cing the  quality  of  figure  within  the  category  of  the 
quantity  or  number. — Descriptive  geometry , a method 
of  representing  by  a plane  figure  all  the  elements 
necessary  to  define  and  enable  us  to  describe  any  fig- 
ure of  three  dimensions. — Symbolical  geometry , that 
branch  of  geometry  in  which  use  is  made  of  the  alge- 
braic symbols  -f-,  — , X?  an(l  -f-.  JVicliol. 

^rE-ON'O-MY,  n.  [Gr.  yrj,  the  earth,  and  v6yos,  a 
law.]  The  science  which  relates  to  the  physical 
laws  of  the  earth,  including  geology  and  physi- 
cal geography.  Grimes. 

9E-0-P0N'lC,  ) a.  [Gr. 

ytuntovinds  ; It.  (Sr  Sp. 

9E-0-P0N'I-CAL,  ) geoponico ; Fr.  geoponique.] 
Relating  to  agriculture  ; agricultural.  Chambers. 

9E-0-P0N'!CS,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  ycwTTovtK'i  ; yrj,  the 
earth,  and  novo;,  labor  ; It.  qeoponiche  ; Sp.  geo- 
ponica  ; Fr.  geoponique.]  l'he  art  of  cultivating 
the  earth;  agriculture  ; rural  economy.  Evelyn. 

9E-0-RA'MA,  n.  [Gr.  yrj,  the  earth,  and  bpnpa, 
a view  ; boars,  to  see.]  A large  concave  globe, 
or  spherical  chamber,  having  the  features  of  the 
earth  delineated  on  the  surface  so  that  they  may 
be  seen  by  a spectator  from  the  interior.  Brande. 

9EOR9E  (jbrj),  n.  1.  A figure  of  St.  George  on 
horseback,  worn  by  the  knights  of  the  garter. 

Now,  by  my  George , my  garter,  and  my  crown.  Shale. 

2.  A brown  loaf.  “ A brown  george.”  Dryden. 

9EOR9E'— NO-BLE  (jorj'no-bl),  n.  An  English 
gold  coin  of  the  time  of  Henry  VIII.,  of  the 
value  of  6s.  8cf.  sterling  or  $'1.60.  Leake. 

9EOR'9!-AN,  n.  ( Geog .)  An  inhabitant  of  Geor- 
gia in  Asiatic  Russia,  or  of  Georgia,  U.  S. 


9EOR'9!-AN,  a.  1.  Belonging  or  relating  to 
Georgia  in  Russia,  or  in  the  U.  S. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  four  Georges,  Kings  of 
Great  Britain.  Oyilvie. 

9EOR'9!C  (jor'jjk),  n.  A didactic  poem  or  trea- 
tise on  agriculture.  — See  Georgics.  Addison. 

<?EOR'9[C,  )a  [Gr.  ycuipyiKhc ; I.,  georgicus  ; 

9EOR'9!-CAL,  ) Fr . georgique.]  Relating  to  ag- 
riculture ; agricultural.  Addison. 


9EOR'9!CS,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  ytoipytrchs,  belonging  to 
tillage ; yrj,  the  earth,  and  epyoi',  work  ; L.  geor- 
gicus ; It.  % Sp.  georgica  ; Er.  georgique.]  Books 
or  didactic  poems  treating  of  husbandry;  — the 
title  of  Virgil’s  poem,  in  four  books,  on  agricul- 
ture. Addison. 


9E-0-MAN'Tr-CAL-LY,  ad.  By  means  of  geo- 
mancy. Ash. 

9P-dM'E-T£R,  n.  [Gr.  yfuipirpris -,  It.  Sg  Sp . ge- 
ometra ; Fr.  qeometre.] 

1.  One  skilled  in  geometry ; a geometrician. 
“ One  of  the  chief  geometers  of  his  age.”  Watts. 

2.  ( Ent .)  A species  of  caterpillar ; looper ; 

canker-worm.  Farm.  Ency. 

f 95-OM'B-TRAL,  a.  Geometrical.  Johnson. 

9E-0-MET  RIC  , 7 a [Qr.  yeoiperoiKis ; L . ge- 

pE-O-MET'Ri-CAL,  ) ometricus ; It.  &;  Sp.  geo- 
metrico  ; Fr.  geometrique.]  Pertaining,  or  ac- 
cording, to  geometry.  “ Geometrical  principles.” 
Wilkins.  “ Geometrical  theorems.”  Cudwortli. 

Geometrical  pace,  a measure  of  five  feet. — Geomet- 
rical plane,  ( Perspective .)  same  as  ground  plane.  — Ge- 


OEOR  'qi-UM  SI' DUS.  [L.,  the  Georgian  star.] 
(Astron.)  A planet,  between  Saturn  and  Nep- 
tune, discovered  by  Sir  Wrn.  Hersehel,  and 
named  in  honor  of  George  III. ; — formerly 
called  Hersehel,  but  now  Uranus.  P.  Cyc. 

QE-O-SAu' RUS,  n.  [Gr.  yrj,  the  earth,  and  aavpos, 
a lizard.]  (Pal.)  A genus  of  fossil  saurian  s of 
the  oolite  and  lias  formations.  Cuvier. 

9E-6s'CO-PY,  n.  [Gr.  yrj,  the  earth,  and  aKoniio, 
to  view  ; Sp.  geoscopia  ; Fr.  geos  topic.]  A 
knowledge  of  the  nature  and  qualities  of  soil, 
or  of  different  kinds  of  earth,  gained  by  in- 
spection. Chambers. 

9E-0-SJJ-LEN'!C,  a.  [Gr.  yy,  the  earth,  and  aO.tjvy, 
the  moon.]  Relating  to  the  earth  and  the  moon. 

Dr.  Wilcox. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — Q,  9,  g,  soft ; C,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  JC  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


GEOTHERMOMETE  R 


614 


GESTURE 


^E-O-THpR-MdM'p-TpR,  n.  [Gr.  yn,  the  earth, 
and  Eng.  thermometer.  — See  Thermometer.] 
An  instrument  for  measuring  the  warmth  of  the 
earth,  particularly  in  mines  and  artesian  wells, 
and  for  determining  its  rate  of  increase  with 
the  depth.  Magnus. 

+ G?-GT'IC,  a.  [Gr.  yn,  the  earth.]  Belonging 
to  the  earth  ; terrestrial.  Bailey. 

GE  ' RAII,  n.  The  smallest  piece  of  money  used 
by  the  Hebrews  ; the  twentieth  part  of  a shekel, 
or  about  three  cents.  Calmet.  Ex.  xxx.  13. 

GP-RA'NI-UM,  n. ; pi.  9E-ra'n!-um?.  [Gr.  yepd- 
viov ; yipavog,  a crane;  L.  geranium  ; It.  § Sp. 
geranio  ; Fr.  geranium .]  ( Bot .)  A genus  of 

plants  of  many  species,  often  cultivated  for  their 
flowers  and  their  beauty  ; crane’s-bill ; — so 
named  from  the  shape  of  the  capsule  and  beak 
which  resemble  the  head  of  a crane.  Loudon. 

GE'RANT,  n.  [Fr.]  The  responsible  manager 
of  a joint-stock  association  or  newspaper  estab- 
lishment, &c. ; the  acting  partner.  Simmonds. 

GER'ARD,  n.  An  herb.  Lee’s  Botany,  1776. 

QE-RAR'  DI-A,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  herbaceous 
plants  found  in  North  America  ; — so  named  in 
honor  of  John  Gerarde.  Loudon. 

9ERB,  n.  [Fr.  gerbe.]  (Her.) A sheaf.  — See  Garb. 

GER'BU-A,  n.  (Zoiil.)  An  Oriental  quadruped; 
the  jerboa.  — See  Jerboa.  Goldsmith. 

G5-REN'DA,  n.  (Zoiil.)  A kind  of  serpent  found 
in  the  East  Indies.  Goldsmith. 

tGE'RENT,  a.  [L.  gero,  gerens,  to  carry.]  Car- 
rying ; bearing.  Bailey. 

GER'FAL-CON  (jer'fihv-kn)  [jer'ffi-kn,  Ja.  Sm.  ; 
jer'fal-kun,  A'.],  n.  [Mid.  L.  gyrfalcus  ; It.  ger- 
falco ; Sp.  gerifalte ; Fr.  gerfaut.  — I)ut.  giercalk  ; 
Ger.  gerfalk,  or  geierfalke.  — Skinner  suggests 
L.  gyro,  to  turn  round,  because  it  forms  circles 
in  the  air,  but  prefers  the  derivation  of  Min- 
sk eu,  namely,  Ger . geier,  a vulture,  and  folk  or 
falke,  a hawk.]  (Ornith.)  An  elegant  species 
of  falcon,  the  most  formidable,  active,  and  in- 
trepid of  all  rapacious  birds,  next  to  the  eagle, 
and  the  most  esteemed  for  falconry  ; Falco  gyr- 
falco  ; — written  alsb  gerfalcon.  Yarrell. 

t QER'FUL,  a.  Changeable.  Chaucer. 

GER'KlN,  n.  See  Gherkin.  Todd. 

GER-LO-AN’TI-CO,  n.  A fine,  rare,  flesh-colored 
marble,  used  in  Rome  for  statuary.  Simmonds. 

(?ERM,  n.  [L.  ger  men  ; It.  germe;  Sp.  germen; 
Fr.  germe.) 

1.  (Bot.)  The  ovary  or  seed-bud  of  a plant ; 
the  fruit  yet  in  embryo  ; a young  bud. 

The  embryo,  or  perm.  is  the  part  to  which  all  the  rest  of  the 
seed,  and  alsb  the  fruit  and  the  flower,  are  subservient.  Gray. 

2.  That  from  which  any  thing  is  derived;  ori- 
gin ; first  principle.  Wright. 

t pER'MAN,  n.  One  sprung  from  the  same  stock  ; 
— applied  to  brothers  or  to  first  cousins. 

Coursers  for  cousins,  and  genets  for  germane.  Shale. 

pER'MAN,  a.  [L.  germanus  ; It.  § Sp.  germane, 
pure,  genuine ; Sp.  hermano,  a brother  ; Fr. 
germ aine,  german.] 

1.  Sprung  immediately  from  the  same  stock  ; 
nearly  related ; whole  or  entire,  as  respects  gen- 
ealogy; first;  own. 

fig?-  Brother  german  denotes  one  who  is  brother 
both  by  the  father’s  and  mother’s  side ; cousins  ger- 
man, children  of  brothers  or  sisters.  Bouvier. 

2.  + Related ; allied ; akin. 

Those  that  are  german  to  him,  though  removed  fifty  times, 
shall  come  under  the  hangman.  Shak. 

See  Germane. 

pER'MAN,  n.  (Geog.)  1.  A native  or  inhabitant 
of  Germany. 

2.  The  language  of  the  Germans. 

pER'MAN,  a.  Relating  to  Germany. 

pER’M AN-DpR,  or  pER-MAN'DIJR  [jer'm?n-der, 
S.  P.  K.  Sm. ; jer-man'der,  IF.  IF6.],  n.  The 
common  name  of  plants  of  the  genus  Teucrium, 
the  species  of  which  are  shrubs  of  little  beauty, 
but  several  of  them  are  aromatic.  Loudon. 

pER-MANE',  a.  [L.  germanus.  — See  German.] 
Relevant ; related  ; akin  ; german. 


The  phrase  would  be  more  germane  to  the  matter,  if  we 
could  carry  a cannon-ball  by  our  sides.  Shak. 

There  is  much  in  both  volumes  very  germane  to  the  his- 
tory and  mystery  of  the  present  war.  N.  Brit.  Rev.  18.55. 

Germane  to  the  matter.  Dr . Doran. 

PPR-MAn'IC,  a.  Belonging  to  Germany.  Butler. 

pER'MAN-IijM,  n.  An  idiom  or  phrase  of  the 
German  language.  Chesterfield. 

f PPR-MAN'I-TY,  n.  [L.  germanitas.  — See  Ger- 
man.] Brotherhood.  Cockeram. 

pER'MAN— MIL'LfT,  n.  (Bot.)  A grass  culti- 
vated in  Southern  Europe  and  India  bearing  a 
seed  which  is  sometimes  used  for  food ; the 
Setaria  Germanica.  Simmonds. 

pER'MAN— PASTE,  n.  A mixed  food  sold  for  cer- 
tain kinds  of  cage-birds.  Simmonds. 

pER'MAN— SIL'VpR,  n.  An  alloy  consisting  of 
nickel,  zinc,  and  copper,  in  varying  proportions 
according  to  the  uses  for  which  it  is  destined ; 
white-copper ; packfong.  Ure. 

pER'MAN— STEEL,  n.  A metal  made  of  pig  or 
white  plate  iron  in  forges  where  charcoal  is  used 
for  fuel.  Simmonds. 

PER'MAN— TIN'DfR,  n.  A kind  of  tinder  pre- 
pared from  a fungus  ; amadou.  Simmonds. 

GERM'— CELL,  n.  (Phgs.)  According  to  certain 
physiologists,  the  cell  which  results  from  the 
union  of  the  spermatozoon,  or  the  spermatic 
matter  conveyed  by  it,  with  the  germinal  vesicle 
or  its  nucleus ; — but  there  is  great  doubt  if 
such  a cell  exists.  Agassiz. 

The  germ-cell  assimilates  the  surrounding  yolk, 
and  propagates  its  kind  by  spontaneous  fission, whence 
the  first  cell  has  been  termed  the  primary  germ-cell , 
and  its  progeny  the  derivative  germ-cell.  Brunde. 

pER'MpN,  n.  [L.]  (Bot.)  The  Linntean  name 


of  the  ovary  of  a flower  ; a germ.  P.  Cyc. 

pER'MpN— IN-FE'RJ-OR,  n.  (Bot.)  The  fruit  be- 
low the  flower.  Loudon. 

tpER'MIN,  n.  [L . ger  men. \ A germ.  Shak. 
pER'MLNAL,  a.  Relating  to  a germ.  Smart. 


Germinal  area,  (Phys.)  the  circular  or  oval  space 
formed  by  liquefaction  and  metamorphosis  of  a pe- 
ripheral portion  of  the  germ-mass,  preparatory  to  the 
appearance  of  the  first  trace  of  the  proper  embryo. 
Brunde  . — Germinal  membrane,  (Phys.)  the  strata  of 
cells  and  nuclei  of  ceils  originally  forming,  and  after- 
wards extending  from  the  germinal  area.  Brande. — 
Germinal  spot  or  dot,  or  Wagnerian  vesicle,  the  meso- 
blast  of  the  Purkinjean  vesicle. —Germinal  or  Pur- 
kinjean  reside,  a large,  clear  cell,  which  is  conspicu- 
ous in  all  eggs  from  a very  early  period  ; — formerly 
supposed  to  be  a starting  point  of  the  germ.  Agassiz. 

pER'MI-NANT,  a.  [L.  germino,  germinans,  to 
sprout ; germen , a germ.]  Putting  forth  germs 
or  buds  ; sprouting  ; branching.  Bacon. 

GER'MI-NATE,  v.  n.  [L.  germino,  germinatus  ; 
germen,  a germ  ; It.  germinare  ; Sp.  germinar .] 

[ i . germinated  ; pp.  GERMINATING,  germi- 
nated.] To  sprout;  to  shoot;  to  bud;  to 
spring  ; to  put  forth  ; to  pullulate.  Ray. 

GER'MI-NATE,  v.  a.  To  cause  to  sprout.  Price. 

GER-MI-NA'TION,  n.  [L.  germinatio  ; It . germi- 
nasione ; Sp . gcrminacion;  Fr.  germination.) 

1.  The  act  of  germinating;  the  process  by 

which  a plant  begins  to  grow,  or  is  produced, 
from  a seed.  Brande. 

2.  The  time  when  seeds  vegetate.  Maunder. 

GERM'— MASS,  n.  (Phys.)  The  materials  pre- 
pared for  the  future  formation  of  the  embryo, 
consisting  of  the  derivative  germ-cells  and  the 
yolk  which  they  have  assimilated.  Brande. 

GERM'— YOLK  (-yok),  n.  (Phys.)  That  portion  of 
the  primary  yolk  of  the  egg  which  is  to  be  as- 
similated by  the  derivative  germ-cells  in  the 
formation  of  the  germ-mass.  Brande. 

GERN,  v.  n.  See  Girn.  Todd. 

CF.R-O-CO'Ml-A,  n.  (Med.)  Gerocomy.  — See 
Gerocomy.  Dunglison. 

GER-Q-COM'I-CAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  gerocomy,  or 
the  regimen  suitable  for  old  people.  Smith,  1666. 

GE-ROC'O-MY,  n.  [Gr.  y (pun',  an  old  man,  and 
Kopew,  to  take  care  of.]  (Med.)  The  diet  and 
medical  treatment,  or  the  hygiene,  of  the  aged; 
the  regimen  suitable  for  old  people.  Todd. 


GER-QN-TOX'ON,  «.  [Gr.  ylpiov,  an  old  man,  and 
t6(uv,  a bow.]  (Med.)  A bow-shaped  collection 
of  opaque  matter  at  the  under  margin  of  the 
cornea,  as  in  the  eyes  of  old  people.  Dunglison. 

GER-O-PO'GON,  n.  [Gr.  ytpiov,  an  old  man,  and 
miyau/,  a beard.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants ; 
old  man’s  beard  ; — so  named  in  allusion  to  the 
long  silky  beard  of  the  seeds.  Loudon. 

(fER'UND,  n.  [L.  gerundium;  gero,  to  bear  ; It. 
% Sp.  gerundio .]  (Latin  Gram.)  A kind  of  ver- 
bal noun,  used  only  in  the  oblique  cases  of  the 
singular,  and  governing  cases  like  a verb.  Lilly. 

GG-RUN'DI-AL,  a.  (Gram.)  Relating  to  or  re- 
sembling a gerund.  Latham. 

GP-RUN'DJVE,  n.  [L.  gerundivus,  belonging  to 
a gerund;  gerundium,  a gerund.] 

1.  (Latin  Gram.)  The  future  passive  partici- 
ple used  instead  of  a gerund.  Andrews. 

2.  (English  Gram.)  A participle  governed 

by  a preposition,  and  itself  governing  an 
objective  case;  as,  “The  time  of  delivering  a 
discourse.”  G.  Brown. 

QER-VIL'LI-A,  n.  (Pal.)  A genus  of  conchi- 
fers  or  bivalves,  hitherto  found  only  in  a fossil 
state.  P.  Cyc. 

GES'LING,  n.  A gosling.  [Local,  Eng.]  Brackett. 

GEST,  n.  1.  [L.  gero,  gestus,  to  act ; Fr.  geste.] 
A deed  ; action  ; achievement,  [r.]  Spenser. 

A doggerel  version  of  the  gestsot  our  hero  [Reynard].  Ec.  Rev. 

2.  f Show  ; representation  ; gesture.  Garth. 

f GEST,  n.  1.  [Old  Fr.  gist  a, ; Fr.  gite  ; gi'sir,  to 
lie  ; L.  jacio .]  A lodging  or  stage  for  rest  in  a 
progress  or  journey.  Mares. 

2.  The  roll  or  journal  of  the  several  days, 
and  stages  prefixed,  ih  a royal  progress.  Shak. 

GES-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  gestatio  ; gero,  gestus,  to 
bear  ; It.  gestazione  ; Fr.  gestation .] 

1.  The  act  of  carrying  sick  persons  as  a salu- 
tary exercise  in  the  cure  of  disease.  “Gesta- 
tion on  horseback,  in  a carriage,  &c.”  Dunglison. 

2.  The  act  of  bearing  the  young  in  the  womb ; 

pregnancy.  Paley. 

G-ES'TA-TO-RY,  a.  Capable  of  being  carried  or 
borne,  [r.]  Broicne. 

GES'TIC,  a.  Relating  to  deeds  or  action  ; legen- 
dary ; traditional ; historical. 

And  the  gray  grandsire,  skilled  in  gestic  lore.  Goldsmith. 

GES-TIc'U-LAtE,  v.  n.  [L.  gesticulor,  gesticula - 
tus  ; gestus,  bearing  ; gero,  to  bear  ; It.  gestico- 
lare ; Sp.  gesticular ; Fr.  gesticuler .]  [i.  ges- 

ticulated ; pp.  gesticulating,  gesticulat- 
ed.] To  use  gesture ; to  accompany  words 
with  gestures  ; to  exhibit  postures  or  motions  of 
the  limbs.  Swinburne. 

GPS-TTC'U-LATE,  V.  a.  [i.  GESTICULATED  ; pp. 
GESTICULATING,  GESTICULATED.]  To  act  ; tO 
imitate  by  action  ; to  gesture.  B.  Jonson. 

GES-TIC-U-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  gesticulation  The 
act  of  gesticulating  ; action  ; gesture.  Bp.  Hall. 

Syn.  — See  Gesture. 

GES-TiC'U-LA-TOR,  n.  One  who  gesticulates. 

G?S-TIC'U-LA-TO-RY,  a.  Relating  to  gesticula- 
tion. Warton. 

f GES'TOR,  n.  [See  Gest.]  A narrator.  Chaucer. 

The  proper  business  of  a gestor  was  to  recite  tales  or  gests. 

Tyrwhitt. 

GES'TU-RAL,  a.  Petaining  to  gesture.  Clarke. 

GEST'URE  (jest'yur),  n.  [L.  gestus,  bearing  ; ge- 
ro, to  bear  ; It.  iS;  Sp.  gesto  ; Fr.  geste.] 

1.  The  action  which  accompanies  human 

speech  ; posture  or  motion  enforcing  words,  or 
expression  of  any  mental  emotion ; gesticula- 
tion. “ The  most  wild  and  extravagant  ges- 
tures.” Cogan. 

2.  Movement  of  the  body  ; motion. 

Grace  was  in  all  her  steps,  heaven  in  her  eye, 

In  every  gesture  dignity  and  love.  Milton. 

Syn. — Gesture , gesticulation , and  action  are  all 
terms  applied  to  the  body  in  motion  ; posture  and  at- 
titude, to  the  body  in  a state  of  rest.  Gesticulation  is 
the  act  of  making  gestures ; and  it  is  often  used  to 
denote  a kind  of  unnatural  or  extravagant  gestures. 
Action  respects  the  general  movements  of  the  body  in 
accordance  with  the  words  spoken.  Gesture  is  action 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  tj,  t,  short;  A,  5,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


GESTURE 


615 


GIBBIER 


indicative  of  some  particular  state  of  mind.  Posture 
and  attitude  both  imply  a mode  of  placing  the  body  ; 
but  the  posture  is  either  natural  or  assumed  ; the  atti- 
tude is  always  assumed  or  represented.  Graceful  ac- 
tion ; suitable  or  appropriate  gestures  ; violent  gestic- 
ulation ; posture  of  defence  ; attitude  of  defiance  or 
of  supplicatiou. 

GEST'IJRE  (jest'yur),  v.  a.  To  accompany  with 
action  ; to  gesticulate.  Hooker. 

GEST'URE-LESS,  a.  Free  from  gesture.  Craig. 

f (JEST'URE-MENT,  n.  The  act  of  making  gest- 
ures. Bp.  Hall. 

GET,  ti.  (t.  [Goth,  gitan  ; A.  S.  getan  ; Ger.  gat- 
tern,  to  gather.]  [i.  got  ; pp.  getting,  got, 
gotten.  — Formerly  i.  gat,  now  obsolete-,  p. 
gotten,  obsolescent.'] 

1.  To  procure  ; to  gain  possession  of ; to  ob- 
tain ; to  acquire ; to  gain  ; to  procure  ; to  earn. 
“ Get  weapons.”  “ Get  more  tapers.”  Shak. 
“ To  get  money.”  “ To  get  a cold.”  Watts. 

How  much  better  is  it  to  get  wisdom  than  gold!  and  to  get 
understanding  rather  to  be  chosen  than  silver!  Prov.  xvi.  16. 

2.  To  generate  ; to  procreate  ; to  beget.  Shak. 

3.  To  commit  to  memory ; to  learn. 

Lo,  Yntes!  without  the  least  finesse  of  art. 

lie  gets  applause  — I wish  he ’d  get  his  part.  Churchill. 

4.  To  procure  or  cause  to  be. 

I shall  show  how  we  may  get  it  thus  informed.  South. 

5.  To  persuade  ; to  induce  ; to  prevail  on. 

The  king  could  not  get  him  to  engage  in  a life  of  business. 

Spectator. 

6.  To  betake  ; to  remove  ; — with  the  reflect- 
ive pronoun  ; as,  “ Get  thee  gone.” 

Arise,  get  thee  out  from  this  land.  Gen.  xxxi.  13. 

7.  To  have  possession  of ; to  have. 

This  is  some  monster  of  the  isle,  with  four  legs,  who  hath 
got , as  I take  it,  an  agut^  Shak. 

Fie!  thou  ’rt  a churl!  you  have  got  a humor  there 

Does  not  become  a man.  Shak. 

Nay,  thou  hast  got  the  face  of  man.  Herbert. 

To  get  head , to  gain  force,  strength,  or  influence.  — 
To  get  off,  to  take  or  put  off  ; — to  get  rid  of. — To 
get  on,  to  put  on.  “ Get  on  thy  hoots.”  Shak.  — To 
get  out,  to  draw  out  or  forth.  — To  get  over,  to  sur- 
mount ; to  conquer. — To  get  up,  to  prepare  ; to  make 
ready  ; as,  “ To  get  up  an  entertainment ; ” — to  print 
and  publish,  as  a book.  “ It  is  thus  that  the  Tours, 
Travels,  and  Voyages  of  the  present  day  are  got 
up.”  Ch.  Ob.  “ The  work  is  gt/t  up  with  typographi- 
cal elegance.”  JV*.  Brit.  Rev . “ This  publication  ap- 

pears to  have  been  carefully  got  up.”  Athenceum. 

“ To  get,  in  all  its  significations,  both  active 
and  neutral,  implies  the  acquisition  of  something,  or 
the  arrival  at  some  state  or  place  by  some  means  ; ex- 
cept in  the  use  of  the  preterite  compound,  which  often 
implies  mere  possession  ; as,  he  has  got  a good  estate, 
does  not  always  mean  that  he  has  acquired,  but  barely 
that  he  possesses,  it.  So  we  say  the  lady  has  got  black 
eyes,  merely  meaning  that  she  has  them.”  Johnson. 

Syn. — To  get  is  a term  of  extensive  application, 
and  not  restricted  to  the  mode  of  obtaining.  One  may 
be  said  to  get,  sain,  or  win  a prize  ; to  get  or  acquire 
property  ; to  get  or  obtain  a reward  ; to  get  or  procure 
a book  ; to  get  or  earn  a living.  A person  gains  ap- 
plause, obtains  a recompense  or  an  office,  and  procures 
a situation  by  attention  or  some  effort,  acquires  prop- 
erty by  industry  or  trade,  earns  a living  by  labor,  wins 
a prize  by  chance,  and  seizes  it  by  force. 

GET,  v.  n.  1.  To  reach,  attain,  or  arrive  at  some 
place,  state,  or  condition  ; — followed  by  ad- 
verbs or  prepositions  which  variously  modify  or 
restrain  its  meaning. 

Bucephalus  would  let  nobody  get  upon  him  but  Alexan- 
der the  Great.  Addison. 

2.  To  become  ; — followed  by  an  adjective. 

The  laughing  sot,  like  all  unthinking  men. 

Bathes  and  gets  drunk,  then  bathes  and  drinks  again.  Dryden. 

3.  To  gain;  to  be  increased. 

Like  jewels  to  advantage  set. 

Her  beauty  by  the  shaae  does  get.  Waller. 

To  get  asleep,  to  fall  asleep. 

“There  is,  perhaps,  no  word  in  the  English 
language  capable  of  performing  so  much  labor,  and 
affording  at  the  same  time  a clear  and  intelligible 
sense,  as  the  verb  to  get.”  Prof.  J.  Willard  Gibbs. 

The  following  specimen  of  its  capabilities  is  given 
by  Dr.  Withers  : — 

I pot  on  horseback  within  ten  minutes  after  I got.  your 
letter.  When  I got  to  Canterbury,  I got  a chaise  for  town; 
but  I got  wet  through  before  I got  to  Canterbury;  and  I have 
got  such  a cold  as  I shall  not  be  able  to  get  rid  of  in  a hurry. 
I got  to  the  Treasury  about  noon,  but  first  of  all  I got  shaved 
and  dressed.  I soon  got  into  the  secret  of  getting  a memorial 
before  the  board,  but  I could  not  get  an  answer  then:  how- 
ever, I pot  intelligence  from  the  messenger  that  1 should  most 
likely  get  one  the  next  morning.  As  soon  as  I got  back  to 
my  inn,  I got  my  supper,  and  got  to  bed.  It  was  not  long 
before  I got  to  sleep.  When  I got  up  in  the  morning,  I got 


my  breakfast:  and  then  I got  myself  dressed,  that  I might 
get  out  in  time  to  get  an  answer  to  my  memorial.  As  soon 
as  I got  it,  I got  into  the  chaise,  and  uot  to  Canterbury  by 
three,  and  about  tea-time  I got  home.  I have  got  nothing  for 
you,  and  so  adieu. 

GET'A-BLE,  a.  Obtainable,  [r.]  Jamieson. 

f GET'-PEN-NY,  n.  A successful  piece  or  per- 
formance. B.Jonson. 

GET'TgR,  n.  One  who  gets,  procures,  or  obtains. 

GET'TING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  gets  or  ob- 
tains ; acquisition  ; acquirement. 

With  all  thy  getting , get  understanding.  Prov.  iv.  7. 

2.  Gain;  profit.  “ Petty  gettings.”  Bacon. 

GEVV'gAw  (jSQ'giw),  n.  [Etymology  uncertain. 
A.  S.  gegaf. — “ What  we  write  gewgaw  is  writ- 
ten in  A.'  S.  gegaf.  It  is  the  pp.  of  the  verb 
ge-gifan,  and  means  any  such  trifling  thing  as 
is  given  away.”  Tooke.  — Fr.  joajou,  a toy; 
Sw.  gi'ga,  a jewsharp.]  A showy  trifle  ; a toy  ; 
a bawhle  ; a trinket.  ‘‘Fans,  silks,  ribbons, 
laces,  and  many  other  gewgaws.”  Addison. 

GEW'GAW,  a.  Splendidly  trifling ; showy  with- 
out value.  “ Gewgaw  robes.”  Churchill. 

GEY'SflR,  n.  [Icel.,  raging.]  The  name  of  cer- 
tain spouting  fountains  of  boiling  water  near 
Mt.  Hecla,  in  Iceland.  Johnston. 

GIlAST'FUL  (gSst'ful),  a.  Dreary;  dreadful; 
frightful,  [r.]  Spenser. 

GHAst'FUL-LY,  ad.  Frightfully,  [r.]  Pope. 

GHAST'LI-NESS  (gSst'le-nes),  n.  State  of  being 
ghastly;  horror  of  countenance;  resemblance 
to  a ghost ; paleness.  Swift. 

GHAsT'LY  (gist'le),  a.  [A.  S.  gastlic;  gast,  a 
ghost,  and  lie,  like.  — See  Ghost.] 

1.  Having  horror  of  countenance  ; like  a 
ghost ; pale  ; dismal  ; hideous  ; grim  ; grisly  ; 
cadaverous ; death-like. 

He  came,  but  with  such  altered  looks. 

So  wild,  so  ghastly,  as  if  some  ghost  had  met  him.  Dryden. 

2.  Shocking  ; horrible  ; frightful.  “ Ghastly 

wound’s.”  Milton. 

fGnAST'NlJSS  (gist'nes),  n.  Ghastliness.  Shak. 

GHAUT  (giwt),  n.  1.  A pass  through  a moun- 
tain. [India.]  Hamilton. 

2.  A range  of  mountains.  [India.]  Hamilton. 

GHE'BgR,  n.  See  Gueber. 

GHEE,  n.  A species  of  butter  used  in  India, 
made  from  the  milk  of  the  buffalo,  and  convert- 
ed into  a kind  of  oil  by  boiling,  so  that  it  will 
keep  a considerable  time.  P.  Cyc. 

GHER'KjN,  n.  [Ger.  gurke,  a cucumber.]  A 
small  pickled  cucumber.  Skinner. 

f GUESS,  v.  n.  To  guess. — See  Guess.  Spenser. 

GHlB'EL-LINE,  n.  ( Italian  Hist.)  One  of  a fac- 
tion which  arose  in  the  12th  century,  in  favor  of 
the  German  emperors,  opposed  to  the  Guelphs, 
the  party  of  the  pope.  Sismondi .. 

GHOOLE,  n.  See  Ghoul.  Clarke. 

GHOST  (gost),  n.  [A.  S.  gast  ; Dut.  geest ; Ger. 
$ Dan . geist ; Sw.  gast.  “The  first  significa- 
tion of  this  word,  as  well  as  of  the  L.  spiritus, 
is  breath,  a blowing.”  Bosworth.] 

1.  The  soul  of  man  ; the  spirit. 

Often  did  I strive 

To  yield  the  ghost.  Shak. 

2.  The  spirit  of  a dead  man ; a spectre ; a 
sprite  ; a phantom  ; an  apparition. 

Pythagoras’s  popular  account  of  earthquakes  was,  that 
they  were  occasioned  by  a synod  of  ghosts  assembled  under 
ground.  Warburton. 

The  Holy  Ghost,  the  Holy  or  Divine  Spirit ; — in  the- 
ology, the  appellation  of  the  third  person  in  the  Trinity. 
“ I believe  in  the  Holy  Ghost.”  Apostles'  Creed. 

To  give  up  the  ghost,  to  cease  to  breathe  ; to  die. 

Syn.  — See  Apparition. 

fGHOST  (post),  v.  n.  To  yield  up  the  ghost ; to 
die.  “Within  a few  hours  she  ghosted.”  Sidney. 

fGHOST,  v.  a.  To  haunt  with  apparitions,  phan- 
toms, or  ghosts. 

Julius  Cfflsar, 

Who  at  Philippi  the  good  Brutus  ghosted.  Shak. 

f GHOST'LF.SS,  a.  Without  spirit  ; without  life. 
“The  faith  is  ghostless.”  Dr.  B.  Clarice. 

GHOST'— LIKE,  a.  Like  a ghost ; ghostly  ; pale  ; 
deathlike  ; withered  ; ghastly.  Sherwood. 


GHOST'LJ-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  ghostly. 

GHOST'LY,  a.  1.  Relating  to  the  soul  or  spirit ; 
not  carnal ; not  secular  ; spiritual.  “ The  ghost- 
ly comfort  of  my  chaplains.”  King  Charles. 

The  ghostly  father  now  hath  done  his  shrift.  Shak. 

2.  Relating  to  ghosts  or  apparitions.  “ Ghost- 
ly gloom.”  Akenside.  “Ghostly  halls.”  Thomson. 

Syn.  — See  Spirituous. 

GHOST'— SE-GR,  n.  One  who  sees  a ghost  or  ap- 
parition. Coleridge. 

GHOUL  (gol),  n.  A fabled  dwarfish  fairy  or  de- 
mon of  the  Eastern  nations,  that  feeds  on  human 
flesh  ; — written  also  ghoole.  Qu.  Bev. 

GHYLL  (gll),  n.  A mountain  torrent : — a ravine; 
a gully ; a cleft.  Jamieson. 

QIAL-LA-LI 'JCA,n.  [It.]  A yellow  earth  found 
in  Naples.  Woodward. 

G!-Al-LO-L}'NO,  n.  [It.  giallo,  yellow.]  (Fine 
Arts.)  A term  applied  to  various  yellow  pig- 
ments, but  especially  to  the  yellow  oxide  of 
lead  or  massicot.  Fairholt. 

fGIAMBEUX  (zham'bu ),n.pl.  [Fr.  jambes,  legs.] 
Boots  or  armor  for  legs  ; greaves.  Spenser. 

G 1 A NT,  n.  [Gr.  yiya  s,  yiyavrot  ; yyyevi'/g,  earth- 
born  ; yy,  earth,  and  ytvvdu,  to  beget,  — because 
in  the  ancient  mythology  the  giants  were  the 
offspring  of  Gaia,  or  Tellus,  the  Earth  ; L.  gi- 
gas;  It.  A Sp.  gigatite-,  Fr  .grant.]  A man  of 
extraordinary  or  unnatural  stature  or  size. 

A hideous  giant,  horrible  and  high.  Spenser. 

Giant's  Causeway , a series  or  group  of  basaltic  col- 
umns on  the  northern  coast  of  the  county  of  Antrim, 
in  Ireland.  Eng.  Cyc. 

GI'ANT,  a.  Having  the  properties  of  a giant ; 
huge  ; gigantic.  “ Giant  shepherd.”  Dryden. 

GI'ANT-ESS,  n.  A female  giant ; a woman  of 
enormous  stature  or  size.  Bunyan. 

GI' ANT— FEN'NUL, n.  ( But .)  The  common  name 
of  plants  of  the  genus  Ferula.  Loudon. 

£rI'ANT-I§M,  n.  The  quality  of  a giant;  giant- 
ship.  [it.]  Fielding. 

f 9l'ANT-!ZE,  v.  n.  To  play  the  giant.  Sherwood. 

GI'ANT— KILL'ING,  a.  Destroying  giants.  Cowper. 

GI  ANT— LIKE,  a.  Gigantic;  like  a giant ; vast. 

“ Giant-like  stature.”  Raleigh. 

t Gl'ANT-LY,  a.  Gigantic;  giant-like.  Bp.  Hall. 

f Gi'ANT-RY,  n.  The  race  of  giants.  Cotgrave. 

Gi'ANT-SHIP,  n.  The  quality  or  the  character  of 
a giant.  Milton. 

GIAOUR  (jour),  n.  [Turk.]  A dog;  an  infiilhl ; 
— an  epithet  applied  contemptuously  by  Turks 
to  Christians.  Byron. 

fGIB  (gib),  n.  A cat ; a gibcat.  Skelton.  Shak. 

f GIB,  v.  n.  To  act  or  cry  like  a cat.  Beau.  % FI. 

GlB'BpR,  v.  n.  [See  Gab,  and  Jabber.]  To 
speak  rapidly  and  inarticulately ; to  jabber. 

The  sheeted  dead 

Did  squeak  and  gibber  in  the  Roman  streets.  Shak. 

GIB'BIJR-ING,  n.  Inarticulate  talk ; rapid  and 
unintelligible  speech ; gabble  ; jargon. 

The  gibbering  of  this  mediaeval  ghost  of  Puseyism,  X.  B.  Rev. 

GI B'Bf,R-ISH,  n.  Confused,  unmeaning  talk  or 
language  ; gabble  ; jargon  ; slang.  Swift. 

GlB'BfR-ISH,  a.  Canting;  unintelligible;  un- 
meaning. Florio. . 

f GI  B'BER-ISH,  v.  n.  To  prate  idly  or  unintelli- 
gibly ; to  gibber.  Mountagu. 

GlB'BET  (jlb'bet),  n.  [Fr.  gibet.] 

1.  A kind  of  gallows  consisting  of  one  per- 

pendicular post  with  a horizontal  arm  project- 
ing from  the  top  on  one  side.  Swift. 

2.  The  projecting  beam  of  a crane  which  sus- 
tains the  weight  of  goods  ; a jib.  Wright. 

<?tB' BUT,  v.  a.  [f.  gibbeted  ; pp.  gibbeting, 
gibbeted.]  To  hang  on  a gibbet  or  gallows;  — 
to  expose  to  public  ridicule.  Shak. 

qiB'BIER  (jlb'bSr),  n.  [Fr.  gibier.]  Game; 

wild  fowl.  “ The  fowl  and  gihbier  are  tax- 
free.”  Addison. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  G,  9>  g,  soft;  C,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  $ as  z;  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


GIBBLE-GABBLE 


616 


GILDALE 


GIB'BLE— gAB-BLE,  n.  Foolish  talk;  prate; 
nonsense  ; gabble.  [Colloquial.]  Cotgrave. 

GlB'BON,  n.  (ZoOl.)  A 
quadrumanons  animal, 
distinguished  by  its 
slender  form  and  the 
length  of  its  arms  ; the 
long-armed  ape  ; hylo- 
bate.  Van  Der  Hoeven. 

giB-BOOM',  n.  (A aut.) 

The  boom  or  gaff  on 
which  the  gib-sail  is  ex- 
tended : — written  also 
jib-boom.  Booth. 

GIB-BOSE'  (129),  a.  [L . gibbosus.\  Humped  ; pro- 
tuberant ; gibbous ; convex  ; swelling.  Brande. 

GIB-BOS'I-TY,  n.  [Fr.  gibbosite.)  Convexity; 

protuberance  ; gibbousness.  Gregory. 

GIB'BOFS  (glb'bus),  a.  [L.  gibbus ; It.  gibboso  ; 
Sp.  giboso  ; Fr.  gibbeux. ] 

1.  Convex  ; protuberant ; swelling  into  pro- 
tuberances ; rounded  unequally. 

The  bones  will  rise,  and  make  a gibbous  member.  Wiseman. 

2.  ( Astron .)  Applied  to  the  appearance  of 

the  moon  when  more  than  half  full  and  not 
full.  Wright. 

3.  ( Bot .)  More  tumid  on  one  side  than  the 

other.  Gray. 

GlB'BOUS-LY,  ad.  In  a gibbous  manner. 

GlB'BOUS-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  gibbous; 
convexity ; prominence  ; protuberance ; gib- 
bosity. Bentley. 

GIBBS'fTE,  n.  (Min.)  A hydrate  of  alumina; 
a whitish  mineral  found  in  Richmond,  Mass., 
and  named  in  honor  of  Geo.  Gibbs.  P.  Cyc. 

GI  B'CAT,  n.  Atom-cat;  a he-cat.  Shah. 

A gibcat  is  an  expression  exactly  analogous  to  that  of  a 
jackass,  the  one  being  formerly  called  Gibb,  or  Gilbert,  as 
commonly  as  the  other  Jack.  Narcs. 

GIBE  (jib),  v.  n.  [A.  S.  gabban  \ Dnt.  gabberen; 
It.  gabbare ; Old  Fr.  gaber.  — See  Gab.]  [i. 
gibed;  pp.  gibing,  gibed.]  To  use  expres- 
sions of  mockery  or  contempt ; to  sneer  ; to  scoff. 

And  common  courtiers  love  to  gibe  and  fleer.  Spensei'. 

GIBE,  v.  a.  To  flout ; to  scoff ; to  jeer  ; to  mock  ; to 
sneer  at ; to  ridicule  ; to  taunt ; to  deride.  Shak. 

Syn. — See  Scoff. 

GIBE,  n.  Expression  of  scorn ; sneer ; scoff ; taunt. 

But  the  dean,  if  this  secret  should  come  to  his  ears, 

Will  never  have  done  with  his  gibes  and  his  jeers.  Stoift. 

GIB'EL-LINE,  n.  See  Ghibelline.  Hudibras. 

GIB'GR,  n.  One  who  gibes;  one  who  mocks;  a 
sneerer  ; a taunter.  Shak. 

GIB'ING-LY,  ad.  Scornfully;  contemptuously. 

GIB'Lf.T,  a.  Made  of  small  parts  or  giblets.  “ A 
giblet  pie.”  Ash. 

GIB'L£TS,  n.  pi.  [Fr.  gibier,  game.  Junius.) 

1.  The  parts  of  a goose  or  other  fowl,  includ- 
ing generally  some  of  the  viscera,  which  are 
taken  from  it  before  it  is  roasted.  Bp.  Hall. 

2.  Rags ; tatters.  [Local,  Eng.]  Halliwell. 

GIB'STAfF  (jlb'st&f  or  glb'st&f)  [jlb'st&f,  K.  Wb. 
Tuckey ; glb'stkf,  S»i.],  n. 

1.  A long  staff  to  gauge  water,  or  to  shove 

forth  a vessel.  Johnson. 

2.  A weapon  used  formerly  to  fight  beasts 

upon  the  stage.  Bailey. 

GID,  n.  A disease  in  sheep  ; hydatid.  Loudon. 

GID'DI-LY,  ad.  In  a giddy  manner. 

GID'DI-NESS,  n.  1.  The  state  of  being  giddy  ; diz- 
ziness ; vertigo ; the  sensation  which  a person 
has  when  every  thing  around  him  seems  to 
whirl  or  reel.  Bacon. 

Begin  with  giddiness  and  end  in  pain.  Young. 

2.  Inconstancy;  mutability;  unsteadiness. 

There  be  that  delight  in  giddiness , and  count  it  a bondage 

to  fix  a belief.  Bacon. 

3.  Wantonness  ; levity ; lightness.  Donne. 

GID'DY  (gld’de),  a.  [A.  S.  gidig.) 

1.  Vertiginous  ; having  a whirling  sensation  ; 
dizzy.  “ Giddy  heads  and  staggering  legs.”  Tate. 

2.  Causing  giddiness  or  dizziness.  “The  gid- 
dy precipice.”  Prior. 

3.  Rotatory  ; gyratory  ; rapid. 

The  giddy  motion  of  the  whirling  mill.  Pope. 


4.  Inconstant;  mutable;  unsteady;  change- 
ful ; changeable ; fickle. 

Thanks  to  giddy  Chance,  which  never  bears 

That  mortul  bliss  should  last  for  length  of  years.  Dryden. 

5.  Tottering ; unfixed.  “ The  giddy  footing 

of  the  hatches.”  Shak. 

G.  Elated  to  thoughtlessness  ; intoxicated  or 
bewildered  with  any  strong  excitement  or  emo- 
tion ; elevated. 

Giddy  in  spirit,  gazing  still  in  doubt 

Whether  those  peals  of  praise  be  his  or  no.  Shak. 

fGID'DY  (gld'de),  v.  n.  To  turn  quick.  Chapman. 

GID'DY,  v.  a.  To  make  giddy  or  dizzy.  Farindon. 

GID'DY— BRAINED  (-brand),  a.  Careless  ; thought- 
less ; flighty  ; volatile.  Otway. 

GID'DY— HEAD,  it.  One  without  reflection.  Burton. 

GID'DY-HEAD-pD,  a.  Thoughtless;  unsteady; 
giddy ; hare-brained.  Donne. 

GID'DY— PACED  (-past),  a.  Moving  without  reg- 
ularity. Shak. 

+ G1E  (gl),  v.  a.  [Old  Fr.  guier.]  To  guide.  Chaucer. 

GIER'EA-GLE  [jer'e-gl,  J.  W.  F.  Sm.  ; ger'e-gl, 
■S. ; jl'er-e'gl,  A'.],  n.  [See  Gehfalcon.]  A 
large  sort  of  eagle,  mentioned  in  Lev.  xi.  18. 

GIER'fAL-CON  (jer'fkw-kn),  n.  See  Gerfalcon. 

GIE'S£CK-iTE,  n.  (Min.)  A hydrated  silicate  of 
alumina,  soda,  and  potash,  occurring  in  six- 
sided  greenish  gray  prisms  of  greasy  lustre ; a 
variety  of  elaeolite  ; — so  named  from  Sir  Charles 
Gieseck,  who  found  it  in  Iceland.  Dana.  Brande. 

+ GlF,  conj.  [A.  S.  imp.  of  gifan,  to  give.]  If. 

Gif  any  good  king  will  fend.  Percy's  JieHques. 

GIF'FY,  n.  An  instant. — See  Jiffy.  Forby. 

GIFT,  n.  [A.  S.  gifu,  a gift ; gifan , to  give  ; 
Ger.  gabe ; Dut.  gift,  gaare.  — See  Give.] 

1.  A thing  given  either  as  a gratuity  or  as  a 
recompense ; a present  ; a benefaction  ; a gra- 
tuity ; a donation  ; a boon. 

The  gift  of  God  is  eternal  life  through  Jesus  Christ,  liom.v i.  23. 

2.  The  act  of  giving;  donation. 

Thee  all  things  living  gaze  on,  all  things  thine 
By  gift.  Milton. 

3.  The  right  or  the  power  of  bestowing. 

No  man  has  any  antecedent  right  or  claim  to  that  which 
comes  to  him  by  free  gift.  South. 

4.  A talent  given  by  nature  ; an  endowment ; 
power  ; faculty.  “ The  gift  of  speech.”  Blair. 

Syn.  — Gift  and  present  are  terms  used  to  denote 
something  given  to  an  individual.  Gift  commonly 
denotes  something  of  considerable  value,  given  as  an 
act  of  generosity  or  of  charity  to  benefit  the  receiver ; 
a present  may  he  of  very  little  value,  and  is  given  as  a 
token  of  regard  or  as  a compliment.  A gift  does  ser- 
vice, a present  does  honor,  to  tile  receiver.  — Dona- 
tion, a less  familiar  term,  denotes  a gift  bestowed  on 
some  public  institution  or  public  charity,  usually  of 
considerable  amount.  Donation  and  benefaction  are 
applied  to  liberal  acts  of  charity.  — A gift  to  a servant 
or  to  any  one  in  want  ; a present  to  a friend  ; a dona- 
tion to  a public  institution  ; benefactions  to  the  poor. 

Gift,  endowment,  and  talent  are  used  to  denote  some- 
thing bestowed  by  nature.  Gifts  are  either  natural 
or  supernatural  ; endowments  and  talents  are  natu- 
ral. The  natural  gift,  of  speech ; the  supernatural 
gift  of  tongues  or  of  healing  ; natural  endowments  of 
body  or  mind  ; a talent  for  public  speaking. 

GIFT,  v.  a.  To  endow  with  any  faculty  or  power. 

Am  I better  gifted  than  another?  Bp.  Hall. 

GIFT' pD,  a.  Endowed  with  any  particular  fac- 
ulty; talented;  able-minded.  “Two  of  their 
gifted  brotherhood.”  Dryden. 

GIFT'ED-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  gifted.  Echard. 

GIFT'— ROPE,  n.  (Naut.)  A rope  fastened  to  a 
boat  for  towing  it  at  the  stern  of  a ship.  Crabb. 

GIFTS,  n.pl.  The  white  spots  frequently  seen  on 
the  finger  nails.  [Local,  Eng.]  Moor. 

GlG  (gig),  n.  1.  [Fr.  guigue.)  (Naut.)  A ship’s 
wherry;  a long,  light  boat.  Johnson. 

2.  A light  chaise  or  vehicle  with  two  wheels, 

drawn  by  one  horse.  Johnson. 

3.  Any  thing  whirled  rapidly  round  in  play. 
“Playthings,  as  tops,  gigs,  battledoors.”  Locke. 

4.  A dart  or  harpoon  ; a fizgig.  Johnson. 

5.  A rotatory  cylinder  covered  with  wire 

teeth,  for  teazling  woollen  cloth.  Brande. 

6.  A wanton  girl. — See  Giglot.  Johnson. 

f GIG  (jig),  n.  [It.  giga;  Fr.  gigue,  a jig  ; Ger. 
geige,  a violin  ; Icel.  gigia.)  A fiddle  ; a jig. 


t GIG  (jig);  v-  a-  [L-  9 igno.) 

1.  To  engender  ; to  beget ; to  produce.  Drgclen. 

2.  To  fish  with  a gig  or  fizgig.  Wright. 

GI-GAN-TE'AN,  a.  Like  a giant;  gigantic.  More. 

GI-GAN-TESQ.UE'  (-tesk'),  a.  [It.  4,  Sp.  gigantes- 
co\  Fr.  gigantesque.)  Noting  the'style  or  man- 
ner of  giants. 

Science,  as  well  as  history,  has  its  past  to  show — a past, 
indeed,  much  larger;  but  its  immensity  is  dynamic,  not  divine 
— giyantesgue,  not  holy.  j.  Martineau. 

GI-gAn'T!C,  a.  [L.  giganteus ; It.  giganteo  ; Sp. 
gigantico.) 

1.  Suitable  to,  or  resembling,  a giant ; very 
large  ; big ; huge  ; vast ; enormous  ; colossal ; 
prodigious  ; monstrous  ; giant.  “ Gigantic 
size.”  Milton.  “ Gigantic  limbs.”  Dryden. 

2.  (Bot.)  Applied  to  a particular  species, 

when  its  dimensions  considerably  exceed  those 
of  any  of  its  congeners.  Henslow. 

GI-GAN'TI-CAL,  a.  Big;  bulky;  gigantic,  [r.] 
“ Gigantical  Cyclopes.”  Burton. 

GI-GAn'TI-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a gigantic  manner. 

Gi-GAN'Tr-CIDE,  n.  [L.  gigas,  gigantis,  a giant, 
and  credo,  to  kill.]  The  murder  of  a giant .Hallam. 

Gl-GAN'TIC-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  gi- 
gantic ; hugeness.  Ash. 

t GI-GAN'TINE,  a.  Gigantic.  Bullokar. 

GI-GAN'TO-LITE,  n.  [Gr.  yiyn;,  ylyavro;,  a giant, 
and  i.iOof,  a stone.]  (Min.)  A crystallized  min- 
eral allied  to  Fahlunite ; — so  named  in  allusion 
to  its  large  crystals.  Dana. 

GI-GAN-TOL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  yiya;,  yiyavrog,  a 
giant,  and  fiyos,  a discourse.]  A treatise  on 
giants.  _ Smart. 

G I- G A N - T () M A -PHy,  n.  [Gr.  yiyavrouafa  ; yi- 
ya c,  yiyavros,  a giant,  and  pa^g,  a battle.]  A war 
of  giants,  [r.]  Ash. 

GIG'GLE  (gig'gl),  n.  [A.  S.  geagl.)  A tittering, 
puerile  laugh ; a titter.  Barrow. 

GIG'GLE,  v.  n.  [Dut .gichgelen;  Gael,  gige.all,  to 
tickle.]  [t.  giggled  ; pp.  giggling,  giggled.] 
To  laugh  with  short,  half-suppressed  catches; 
to  laugh  in  a silly  manner  ; to  titter.  Garrick. 

GIG'GLER,  n.  One  that  giggles  ; a titterer.  Herbert. 

GIG'GLING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  giggles. 

f GIG'LOT,  n.  [See  Gig,  and  Giggle.]  A wan- 
ton ; a lascivious  girl ; — written  also  giglet.  Shak. 

f GlG'LOT,  a.  Inconstant;  giddy;  light;  wan- 
ton. Shak. 

GIG'— MILL,  n.  A cylinder  in  a cloth  manufac- 
tory, on  which  teasels  or  wire  teeth  are  fixed  to 
card  the  cloth.  Simmonds. 

GIG'OT,  n.  [Fr.]  A leg  of  mutton : — a slice  of 
mutton.  Chapman. 

GIL'BER-TINE,  n.  (Eccl.  Hist.)  One  of  a re- 
ligious order,  named  from  Gilbert,  lord  of 
Sempringham,  in  England,  founded  about 
1148.  Buck. 

GII/BpR-TINE,  a.  (Eccl.  Hist.)  Belonging  to  the 
Gilbertine  order  of  monks.  Wright. 

GIL’BERT-ITE,  n.  (Min.)  A luminated  whitish 
mineral  composed  chiefly  of  silica,  alumina,  and 
lime  ; — so  named  in  honor  of  D.  Gilbert.  Dana. 

GILD  (gild),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  gildan.  — See  Gold.]  \i. 
gilt  or  gilded;  pp.  gilding,  gilt,  or  gild- 
ed.] 

1.  To  overlay  or  coat  with  gold-leaf,  or  a thin 
film  of  gold.  “ To  gild  refined  gold.”  Shak. 

2.  To  cover,  or  enrich,  as  with  gold.  “ The 

gilded  puddle.”  Shak. 

3.  To  give  a golden  appearance  or  color  to ; 
to  brighten  ; to  adorn. 

No  more  the  rising  sun  shall  gild  the  morn.  Pope. 

4.  To  give  a brilliant  or  specious  coloring  or 
appearance  to  ; to  set  off. 

For  my  part,  if  a lie  may  do  thee  grace, 

I’ll  gild  it  with  the  happiest  terms  I have.  Shak. 

GILD,  n.  See  Guild.  Todd. 

f GILD' ALE,  n.  A drinking  bout  in  which  every 
one  pays  an  equal  share.  Scott. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  0,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  !,  O,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  E>  I,  O,  U,  y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


GILDER 


617 


GIN NET 


GILD'pR,  w.  1.  One  who  gilds.  Bacon. 

2.  A Dvitch  coin  ; a guilder.  — See  Guilder. 

GILD'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  laying  thin  gold,  or 
gold-leaf,  on  any  surface. 

2.  Gold  leaf  laid  on  any  surface.  Addison. 

GlLD'ING-SlZE,  n.  A kind  of  size  used  by  gild- 
ers. Simmonds. 

GIL'-HOOT-ER,  n.  The  screech-owl.  Booth. 

GILL  (gll),  n. ; pi.  gIll?.  [L.  quia,  the  throat ; 
Sp.  agalla,  a gland  in  the  throat ; also,  a gill ; 
gw.  gel,  a gill.] 

1.  The  respiratory  organ  in  fishes,  and  some 
other  animals,  as  lobsters,  frogs  in  their  tad- 
pole state,  &c. ; one  of  the  branchiae. 

flgf  “ Gi/ls  are  composed  of  rows  of  slender,  flat- 
tened processes,  covered  with  a tissue  of  innumerable 
minute  and  close-set  blood-vessels.  Tile  water  is  ad- 
mitted at  the  mouth,  and  escapes  by  fissures  on  each 
side  of  the  head,  the  air  contained  in  the  water  act- 
ing upon  tlie  blood  as  it  passes  through  the  gills.” 
Brande. 

2.  A flap  below  the  beak  of  a bird.  Bacon. 

3.  The  flesh  about  the  chin.  Swift. 

4.  A pair  of  wheels  and  a frame  on  which 

timber  is  carried.  Simmonds. 

5.  [Icel.  gil.]  A woody  glen  ; a ravine  ; a 
gully  ; a dell  ; a ghyll.  Holloway.  Brockctt. 

6.  ( Bot .)  A vertical  plate  descending  from  the 

under  side  of  the  cap  of  an  agaric,  and  radiating 
from  the  stipes.  Henslow. 

GILL  (jil),  n.  1.  [Low  L.  gil/a.  — A.  S.  wwgel,  a 

gill.]  A measure  of  capacity;  the  fourth  part 
of  a pint. 

UPg=  In  the  North  of  England,  the  half-pint  is 
termed  a gill.  Simmonds.  — Among  miners,  a pint  is 
a gill.  Wright. 

2.  A plant  of  the  genus  Glechoma  ; ground- 
ivy,  or  alehoof. 

The  lowly  gill,  that  never  (lares  to  climb.  Shenstone . 

3.  Malt  liquor  medicated  with  ground-ivy. 

Johnson. 

4.  In  ludicrous  language,  a woman  ; a wan- 
ton; gill-flirt;  — from  Gillian,  the  old  way  of 
writing  Julian  and  Juliana.  Johnson. — “ Each 
Jack  with  his  gill.”  B.  Jonson. 

GILL'— COV-ER,  n.  The  covering  of  the  gills  or 
aperture  of  a fish ; gill-lid.  Pennant. 

QIL-LE  'ATI- B,  n ■ {Bot.)  A genus  of  North  Amer- 
ican plants,  the  root  of  which  possesses  proper- 
ties similar  to  those  of  ipecacuanha.  P.  Cyc. 

GIL’LET,  n.  In  ludicrous  language,  a woman  ; a 
flirt ; a gill.  Johnson. 

GILL'FLAP,  n.  A membrane  attached  to  the  pos- 
terior edge  of -the  gill-lid,  immediately  closing 
the  gill-opening.  Maunder. 

GILL'-FLIRT,  n.  A pert  or  wanton  girl.  — See 
Gill,  and  Jill-flirt.  Guardian. 

GILL'— HOUSE,  n.  A house  where  gill  is  sold. 
[r.]  Pope. 

GILL'IAN  (jll'yan),  n.  [The  old  way  of  writing 
Julian  or  Juliana .]  A wanton.  Beau.  $ Ft. 

GIL'LIE,  or  GIL'LY,  n.  1.  A Highland  serf;  a 
male  servant ; a menial.  Sir  \V.  Scott. 

2.  A giddy  young  woman.  Jamieson. 

GILL'— LID,  n.  The  covering  of  the  gills.  Smart. 

GILL'-O'PEN-lNG,  n.  The  aperture  of  a fish 
through  which  the  water  taken  in  at  the  mouth 
passes  out  over  the  gills.  Smart. 

GiLL'— RAV'A-GGR,  n.  Awencher.  Sir  IF.  Scott. 

GIL'LY-FLOW’-ER  (jTl'le-flou-er),  n.  [Gr.  sapvd- 
(pvV.oo,  the  clove-tree  ; Kdovon,  nut,  and  iphl.l.ov, 
ieaf ; L.  caryophyllum  ; Fr.  qiroflier,  giroJUe, 
gillyflower ; — the  letter  so  called  because  it  re- 
sembles the  clove-tree  in  scent.  Minsheu,  Sul- 
livan.— Corrupted  from  July  flower.  Skinner .] 
{Bot.)  The  common  name  of  plants  of  the  ge- 
nus Matthiola,  or  stock ; — especially  applied  to 
varieties  of  Matthiola  incana.  Eng.  Cyc. 

GlLSE,  n.  {Ich.)  A species  of  salmon.  [North 
of  England.]  Brockett. 

GILT,  n.  1.  Gold  laid  on  the  surface  of  any  thing. 

Our  gayness  and  our  gilt  are  all  besmirched.  Shale. 

2.  A young  sow.  [Local,  Eng.]  Clarke. 


GILT,  i.  & p.  from  gild.  See  Gild. 
GILT-EDGED'  (-ejd),  a.  Having  a gilt  edge.  Clarke. 


GILT'-HEAD  (gllt'hed),  7i.  [ gilt  and  head.] 

1.  {Ich.)  A sea-fish, 
about  twelve  inches 
long,  abundant  in  the 
Mediterranean  ; the 
Chrysophrys  aurata  ; 

— s?  calle(j  ?n  account  Gilt.head  (t, nnUairus  tinca). 
of  its  golden-colored 

eyebrows  : — also,  a fish,  about  six  inches  long, 
found  on  the  English  coast ; Crenilabrus  tinea. 

Yarrell. 

2.  A kind  of  bird.  Ilakewill. 


GILT'— TAIL,  n.  A kind  of  worm;  — so  called 
from  its  having  a yellow  tail.  Johnson. 

f GIM  (jlm),  a-  Neat ; spruce  ; well-dressed  ; 
jemmy.  [Antiquated  or  local.]  Johnson. 

GIM'B  AL,  n. ; pi.  jgIjvi'balij.  [L.  gemellus,  paired.] 
{Naut.)  An  apparatus  consist- 
ing of  two  brass  rings  by  which 
a sea-compass  is  suspended  in 
its  box  so  as  to  counteract  the 
effect  of  the  ship’s  motion,  and 
keep  the  card  horizontal,  one 
ring  allowing  motion  in  one  direction,  and  the 
other  in  the  opposite.  Mar.  Diet. 


GIM'BOL,  n.  Same  as  Gimbal.  Francis. 


GlM'CRACK,  n.  [Ludicrously  formed  from  en- 
gine. Skinner.  — “ More  probably  from  gim, 
and  crack,  a smart  youth.  Gimcrack  appears  to 
have  been  first  applied  to  the  person.”  Todd.] 
A trivial  mechanism  or  device;  a toy;  a trifle. 
“ This  is  a gimcrack.”  Beau,  FI. 

GIM'LET,  n.  [Fr.  gibelet',  corrupted  from  wimble. 
Junius.]  A small  borer  or  tool  having  a trans- 
verse handle  at  the  upper  end,  and  at  the  other 
a worm  or  screw,  and  a cylindrical  cavity  above 
the  screw,  forming  in  its  transverse  section  a 
crescent ; — often  written  and  pronounced  gim- 
blet  (glm'blet).  B eale. 

GIM'LGT,  v.  a.  {Naut.)  To  turn  round,  as  an 
anchor  by  its  stock.  Mar.  Diet. 

GIM'LIJT-ING,  n.  The  act  of  turning  the  anchor 
round  by  its  stock,  like  a gimlet.  Brande. 


j-  GIM'MAL,  n.  [L.  gemellus,  twinned,  or  paired.] 

1.  A sort  of  double  ring;  gimbal.  Halliwell. 

2.  Some  quaint  piece  of  machinery. 

I think  by  some  odd  gimmals  or  device.  Shale. 

fGDl'MAL,  a.  Made  or  consisting  of  double 
rings.  “ The  gimmal  bit  lies  foul.”  Shah. 

f GIM'M£R,  n.  Contrivance  or  machinery.  Hall. 

GIMP,  a.  [W.  gwymp,  pretty.]  Nice  ; spruce  ; 
trim.  [Provincial,  Eng.]  Brockett. 

GIMP,  n.  {Manufactures.)  A kind  of  edging  made 
of  silk  twist  or  cord,  usually  interlaced  with  a 
metallic  wire.  Simmonds. 


GIMP,  v.  a.  To  jag;  to  indent;  to  denticulate; 
to  notch.  Maunder. 


GIN  (jin),  n.  [L.  juniperus,  the  juniper-tree  ; 
junior,  younger,  and  pario,  to  produce  ; so 
called  because  it  puts  forth  younger  berries 
while  the  others  are  ripening.  Minsheu.  — Fr. 
geniivre,  a juniper-berry,  also  gin  ; Eng.  cor- 
ruptly Geneva,  and  by  contraction,  gin.]  A kind 
of  ardent  spirits  originally  manufactured  in 
Holland  from  rye  and  malted  bigg,  and  flavored 
with  juniper  berries,  known  in  commerce  as 
Hollands  gin.  Ure. 

fiiST  “ The  liquor  bearing  the  above  name  [Hollands 
gin ] in  this  country  [England]  is  of  British  manufac- 
ture, and  is  frequently  flavored  by  oil  of  turpentine, 
and  rendered  biting  upon  the  palate  by  caustic  potash. 
In  Holland,  the  finest  gin  bears  the  name  of  Schie- 
dam.” Brande. 

GIN  (jin),  n.  [A  contraction  of  engine.  — See 
Engine.] 

1.  {Mech.)  Any  machine  for  raising  great 
weights,  as  a jack,  crane,  pile-driver,  &c. : — a 
machine  for  clearing  cotton  of  seeds  ; a cotton- 
gin  : — a pump  worked  by  rotatory  sails. 

Francis.  Ray. 

2.  A trap  ; a snare;  a net. 

I know  thy  trains. 

Though  dearly  to  my  cost,  thy  gins,  and  toils.  Milton. 


3.  An  instrument  of  torture  ; a rack. 

Typhtcus’  joints  were  stretched  on  a gin.  Spenser. 

GIN,  v.  a.  [i.  ginned;  pp.  ginning,  ginned.] 

1.  To  catch  in  a trap.  Beau.  Is  FI. 

2.  To  clear,  as  cotton,  by  separating  the  fila- 
ments from  the  seeds.  Ure. 

GIN,  v.  n.  1.  [Goth,  ginnan.]  f To  begin  ; to 
commence.  Wickliffe. 

2.  To  give.  [Local,  Eng.]  Holloway. 

GIN  (gin),  conj.  [See  Gin,  v.  n.,  No.  2.]  If. 
[Scotland  and  North  of  England.]  Grose. 

j~  GING,  n.  [See  Gang.]  A company.  B.  Jonson. 

GIN'GAL,  or  GIN'GAUL,  n.  A large  musket, 
used  in  India  by  the  natives.  Mil.  Ency. 

GIN'GPR  (jln'jer),  n.  [Gr.  ^tyyUhpts  ; L.  zinqibe- 
ri,  or  zingiber ; It.  zenzero,  or  gengiovo ; Sp. 

Sibre\  Fr.  gingembre  ; Dut.  gember;  Gael. 

•;r,  or  ingwer  ; Dan.  ingofer ; Sw.  ingefara. 
— According  to  Pott,  the  Sanscrit  gringavera, 
antler-shaped.]  (Bot.)  An  East-Indian  and 
West-Indian  plant ; the  Zinziher  officinale  : — a 
name  more  commonly  applied  to  the  root,  well 
known  for  its  hot,  spicy  taste.  Palmer. 

GlN'GF.R-BEER,  n.  A beverage  or  sort  of  beer 
made  by  fermenting  ginger,  cream  of  tartar,  and 
sugar  with  yeast  and  water.  IF.  Ency. 

GIN'GER-BREAD,  n.  A sweet  cake  spiced  with 
ginger.  Chaucer. 

GIN'GER-BREAD-TREE,  n.  {Bot.)  A species  of 
palm;  the  doom  ; — so  called  from  the  resem- 
blance of  its  brown,  mealy  rind  to  gingerbread. 
— See  Doom.  Eng.  Cyc. 

GIN'GPR-BREAD— WORK  (-wiirk),  n.  Work  cut 
or  carved  in  various  fanciful  shapes,  as  an  orna- 
ment to  buildings,  &c.  Grose. 

GLN'GER-LY,  ad.  Cautiously;  tenderly;  nicely. 
[“  Not  yet  disused.”  Todd.]  Shak.  Bentley. 

f GIN'GGR-NESS,  n.  Niceness;  caution.  Bailey. 
GIN'GER-POP,  n‘  Ginger-beer. 

GIN'GGR— WINE,  n.  Wine  flavored  with  ginger. 

GING 'II AM  (glng'am),  n.  [Fr.  guingham-,  Ger. 
gingham.]  A thin  checkered  cotton  fabric 
made  to  imitate  lawn.  ' Ure. 

GIN'GI-LIE— OIL,  n.  An  oil  obtained  from  the 
seeds  of  plants  of  the  genus  Sesamum.  Lindley. 
GIN'GING,  n.  {Mining.)  The  lining  of  a shaft 
with  stones  or  brick  for  its  support.  Wright. 
GIN'GJ-VAL,  a.  [L.  gingiva,  the  gum.]  Belong- 
ing or  relating  to  the  gums.  Holder. 

GING'KO,  n.  {Bot.)  A very  beautiful  tree  of  the 
genus  Salisburia,  indigenous  to  Japan  ; — writ- 
ten also  ginko.  Baird. 

GIN'GLE  (jlng'gl),  v.  n.  [Gael,  gleang,  a tink- 
ling sound.  — Ger.  klingen.  — L . tinnio,  to  tin- 
gle.— “ A word  without  doubt  formed  from  the 
sound.”  Richardson.]  [f.  gingled;  pp.  gin- 
glino,  gingled.]  [Written  also  jingle.] 

1.  To  clink  with  quick  vibrations  ; to  utter  a 
sharp,  clattering  noise  ; to  tinkle.  “ Men  might 
his  bridle  hear  gingling.”  Chaucer. 

2.  To  make  an  affected  sound  in  periods  or 
cadence.  Howell. 

GIN'GLE,  v.  a..  To  shake  so  as  to  make  clinking 
sounds  ; to  tinkle.  “ The  bells  she  gingled.” Pope. 
GIN'GLE,  n.  1.  A shrill,  clattering  or  clinking 
sound.  “ The  gingle  of  his  spur.”  B.  Jonson. 
2.  Affected  sound  of  periods.  Bolingbroke. 
GIN'GLgR,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  gingles. 

GlN'GLING  (jlng'gljng),  n.  The  act  of  making  a 
gingling  noise  ; a tinkle.  Ash. 

II  GIN'GLY-MOID  [glng'gle-mold,  S.  IF.  Ja.  K.  Sm. 
If.],  a.  [Gr.  yiyyhjpos,  a hinge,  and  ellos,  form.] 
Belonging  to,  or  like,  a ginglymus.  Holder. 
||  GlN-GLY-MOID'AL,  a.  Ginglymoid.  Craig. 
II  GIN'GLY-MUS,  n. ; pi.  gIn'gly-mT.  [Gr.  ytyykv- 
ftds,  a hinge.]  {Anat.)  A species  of  articulation 
w'hich  admits  of  motion  in  only  two  directions, 
like  a hinge,  as  the  knee-joint.  Palmer. 

GlN'HORSE,  n.  A mill-horse.  Booth. 

GIN'KO,  n.  {Bot.)  See  Gingko.  Lindley. 

GIN'N£T,  n.  A nag ; a genet.  — See  Genet. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 
78 


BULL,  BUR,  RtJLE.  — G>  *?>  £>  soft;  G,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  as  7.; 


as  gz . — THIS,  this. 


GINNING 


618 


GIVE 


GIN'NJNG,  n.  The  operation  by  which  the  seeds 
of  cotton  are  separated  from  the  filaments  by 
means  of  the  apparatus  called  a cotton-yin. Craig. 

GIN'NY-CAR'RIAGE,  n.  A small,  strong  carriage 
for  conveying  materials  on  a railroad.  Halliwell. 

GIN'SENG  (jln'seng),  n.  [Chinese  gen-seng,  first 
of  plants.  Palmer.']  The  root  of  the  Panax 
quinquc  folium,  found  in  America  and  in  the 
north  of  Asia,  and  highly  valued  in  China  as  a 
panacea,  to  which  country  it  is  now  exported  in 
large  quantities  from  the  U.  States.  McCulloch. 

gcg-  “ The  root  is  about  the  thickness  of  the  little 
finder,  an  inch  or  two  in  length,  often  dividing  into 
two  branches ; of  a whitish-yellow  color,  wrinkled 
on  the  surface,  and  of  a compact,  almost  horny  tex- 
ture. It  has  no  smell,  but  a very  sweet  taste,  com- 
bined with  a slight  degree  of  aromatic  bitterness.” 
Dunghson. 

GIN'— SHOP,  n.  A dram-shop  where  gin  is  kept 
for  sale.  Arbuthnot. 

GIP,  n.  [A  contraction  of  gypsy.]  A sly  or  crafty 
servant.  Sir  IV.  Scott. 

GIP  (jlp ),v.a.  To  eviscerate,  as  herrings.  Bailey. 

GIP'ON,  n.  Ajuppon. — See  Juppon.  Todd. 

^IP'PING,  n.  The  operation  of  taking  out  the 
entrails  of  herring.  Craig. 

GIP'STRE,  n.  [Fr.  gibecilre.]  A kind  of  pouch 
or  purse  formerly  worn  at  the  girdle.  Clarke. 

GIP'SY  (jlp'se),  n.  A vagrant.  — See  Gypsy. 

GIP  SY,  a.  See  Gypsy.  Brand. 

GlP'SY-I§M,  n.  The  quality  of  gipsies.  Clarke. 

Glp'sy-YVORT  (-wiirt),  n.  ( Bot .)  An  herbaceous 
perennial  plant;  water-hoarhound  ; Lycopus 

Europceus.  Farm.  Ency. 

GJ-RAFFE',  ».  [Arab,  xariffa  ; 

It.  girajfa  ; Sp.  girafa  ; Fr. 
girafe.]  ( Zorn .)  Ah  animal 
found  in  Africa,  being  the 
tallest  of  existing  quadru- 
peds, and  the  largest  of  ru- 
minants ; Giraffa  Camelo- 
pardalis ; Cerrus  Camelopar- 
dalis of  Linnaeus  ; — called 
also  the  camelopard.  Brande. 

GIR'AN-DOLE  [je'rsm-dol,  P. 

Ja.  ; jlr'jn-dol,  E.  C.  Wb.  ; 
zhe'ran-dol,  S/».],n.  [It.  gi- 
randola  ; giro,  a turn, and  a tv- 
dare,  to  go  ; Sp.  girandula ; 

Fr  .girandole.]  A large  kind 
of  branched  candlestick  ; a 
chandelier.  Todd.  Giraffe. 

GIR'A-SOLE  [jlr'a-sol,  XV.  Sm.  117). ; jl're-sol,  S. 
F. ; je'r.j-sol,  P.],  n.  [L.  gyrus,  a turn,  and  sol, 
the  sun;  It.  girasole;  Sp.  <S|  Fr.  girasol.] 

1.  (Bot.)  The  turnsole,  or  heliotrope.  Johnson. 

2.  (Min.)  A milk-white  or  bluish  opal,  which 

presents  bright  hyacinth-rfed  and  yellow  reflec- 
tions, when  turned  towards  the  sun  or  .any 
strong  light.  Dana.  Brande. 

GIRD,  v.  a.  [Goth,  gairdan-,  A.  S.  gyrdan  ; Hut. 
gorden ; Ger.  gilrten ; Dan.  giorde  ; Icel.  girda  ; 
Sw.  gjorda.]  [r.  girt  or  girded  ; pp.  girding, 
GIRT  or  GIRDED.] 

1.  To  bind  round,  as  with  a twig  or  a cord. 

They  sprinkled  earth  upon  their  heads,  and  girded  their 

loins  with  sackcloth.  2 Jfacc.  x.  3. 

2.  To  fasten  by  binding  ; to  begird  ; to  engird. 

No;  let  us  rise  at  once,  gird  on  our  swords.  Addison. 

3.  To  clothe  ; to  invest ; to  habit ; to  furnish  ; 

to  equip  ; to  girdle.  “ Girt  with  omnipotence.” 
“ Girded  with  snaky  wiles.”  Milton. 

I girded  thee  about  with  fine  linen.  Ezek.  xvi.  10. 

4.  To  surround;  to  enclose  ; to  encircle. 

That  Nyscian  isle 

Girt  with  the  River  Triton.  Milton. 

5.  f To  pierce  with  a weapon  ; to  strike. 

Halliwell. 

6.  To  sneer  at ; to  reproach  ; to  gibe. 

Being  moved,  he  will  not  Bpare  to  gird  the  gods.  Shale. 

GIRD,  v.  n.  [Perhaps  by  transposition  from  gride. 
Johnson.  — No  more  than  a consequential  usage 
of  gird,  to  bind  round.  Richardson.]  To  gibe  ; 
to  sneer  ; to  mock  ; to  jeer. 

Men  of  all  sorts  take  a pride  to  gird  at  me.  Shak. 

GIRD,  n.  [A.  S.  gyrd,  or  gird,  a rod.] 


1.  A twitch ; a pang.  “ Many  fearful  girds 
and  twinges  which  the  atheist  feels.”  Tillotson. 

2.  A sarcasm ; a gibe  ; a sneer.  Shak. 

GIRD'ER,  n.  1.  One  who  girds  or  gibes.  Lilly. 

2.  (Arch.)  The  principal  beam,  or  timber,  in 
a floor.  Francis. 

f GIRD'ING,  n.  A covering.  “ A girding  of  sack- 
cloth.” [k.]  Isa.  iii.  24. 

GIR'DLE  (g’fr'dl),  n.  [A.  S . gyrdel;  Frs.  gerdel ; 
Dut.  gordel ; Ger.  giirtel ; Dan.  gyrdel ; Sw. 
g Or del.] 

1.  A band  or  belt  for  the  waist ; a belt.  “ A 
leathern  girdle  about  his  loins.”  Matt.  iii.  4. 

2.  Enclosure  ; circumference.  “ The  girdle 

of  these  walls.”  Shak. 

3.  The  zodiac.  “Under  the  girdle  of  the 

world.”  Bacon. 

4.  A round  iron  plate  for  baking  cakes ; a 

griddle.  [Local,  Eng.]  Pegge. 

5.  (Arch.)  A small  circular  band  around  the 

shaft  of  a column.  Francis. 

6.  (Jewellery .)  The  line  which  encompasses 

the  stone  parallel  to  the  horizon.  Craig. 

7.  (Mining.)  A stratum  or  bed  of  stone  or 
other  substance  occurring  irregularly. Lon.  Ency. 

Syn.  — See  Zone. 

GIR'DLE,  V.  a.  [i.  GIRDLED;  pp.  GIRDLING,  gir- 
dled.] 

1.  To  bind  as  with  a girdle  ; to  gird. 

Girdling  one  another 

Within  their  alabaster,  innocent  arms.  Shak. 

2.  To  enclose  ; to  shut  in  ; to  environ. 

The  blooming  groves  that  girdled  her  around.  Cowper. 

3.  To  make  a circular  incision  round,  as  a 
tree  through  the  bark,  so  as  to  kill  it.  Loudon. 

GIR'DLE— BELT,  n.  A belt  that  encircles  the 
waist.  Dryden. 

GIR'DLER,  n.  1.  One  who  girdles  or  makes  girdles. 

2.  A brazier.  Simmonds. 

GIR'DLE-STEDE,  or  GIR'DLE-STEAD,  n.  The 
place  of  the  girdle  ; the  waist.  Halliwell. 

GIR'DLING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  girdles ; — a 
mode  of  killing  trees  by  making  an  incision 
around  them  through  the  bark.  Simmonds. 

<?IRE,  n.  See  Gyre.  Johnson. 

QI-REI. 'LA,  n.  [It.]  A weathercock.  Jodrell. 

GIRL  [gerl,  S.  W.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm. ; girl,  E.  R. ; 
girl,  P.  ; gerl,  but  in  common  discourse  g&l, 
Kenrick ],  n.  [“  About  the  etymology  of  this 
word  there  is  much  question.”  Johnson.  — “ This 
word  is  not  found  in  any  of  the  northern  dialects. 
Skinner  suspects  that  as  ceorl,  in  A.  S.,  signi- 
fies male,  so  ceorla  signifies  female,  though  no 
such  word  is  found  in  existence.  Lye  observes 
that  girl  in  our  old  writers  is  applied  to  a male 
(as  well  as  to  a female),  and  he  therefore  decides 
for  ceorl.  Mr.  Tyrwhitt  repeats  the  observa- 
tion of  Lye.  The  A.  S.  ceorl,  Ger.  kerl,  Dan. 
kaerl,  and  Swed.  karl,  do  not  appear  to  have 
been  ever  applied  to  the  female.”  Richardson.  — 
“ It  is  most  probably  the  Low  L.  gerula,  a young 
woman  employed  to  tend  children.”  I Vebster. — 
“ Gerula , she  that  carries.”  Leverett.  — Minshcu 
supposes  it  to  be  derived  of  L.  garrula,  prating, 
“ because  they  are  usually  talkative ; or  of  It. 
girella,  a weathercock,  because  of  their  fickle- 
ness.”— A.  S.  gal,  n.,  lightness,  folly  ; gal,  a., 
light,  pleasant.  — Halliwell  and  Wright,  in  their 
Dictionaries,  give  “ Gerl , A.  S.,  a young  person 
of  cither  sex.”  But  the  word  gerl  is  not  found 
in  the  A.  S.  Dictionary  of  Lye,  or  in  that  of 
Bosworth.  — Gael,  caile,  caileag ; W.  herlodcs, 
hocrell,  a girl.] 

1.  A female  child;  a young  woman;  — the 
correlative  of  boy. 

In  danger  hadde  he  at  his  owen  gise 

The  yonge  girles  of  the  diocise.  Chaucer. 

The  “yonge  girles"  may  signify  either  the  young  men  or 
the  young  women,  as  girl  was  formerly  an  appellation  com- 
mon to  both  sexes.  Ti/nvhitt. 

The  streets  of  the  city  shall  be  full  of  boys  and  girls. 

Zech.  viii.^. 

2.  (Among  Sportsmen.)  A roebuck  of  two 

years  of  age.  Chambers. 

GIRL'HOOD  (-liud),n.  The  state  of  a girl.  Seward. 

GIRL'ISH,  a.  Pertaining  to,  resembling,  or  suit- 
ing, a girl  or  girlhood.  Carew. 

GIRL'ISH-LY,  ad.  In  a girlish  manner. 

GIRL'ISH-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  girlish  ; 

levity.  - Booth. 


GIRN,  v.  n.  [A  corruption  of  grin.]  To  grin. 

See  Grin.  South. 

GIRONDE  (zhe-rond'),  n.  [Fr.]  (Hist.)  The 
name  of  a party  of  republicans  in  the  French 
revolution  of  1790.  Smart. 

GI-RON'DIST,  n.  A member  of  the  French  polit- 
ical party  styled  Gironde.  Ed.  Rev. 

ylR-OU-ETTE',  n.  [Fr .,  a weathercock.]  A pub- 
lie  character,  or  politician,  who  turns  with 
every  political  breeze  ; a trimmer.  Brande. 

GIR  ROCK,  n.  (Ich.)  A kind  of  fish.  Johnson. 

GIRT,  i.  & p.  from  gird.  — See  Gird. 

TV'  a'  I**  ^ °rmed  upon  the  past  part,  of  gird.” 
Richardson. — Icel.  gyrta.  — See  Gird.]  To 
gird;  to  encompass;  to  encircle;  to  surround; 
to  embrace. 

Beneath  the  radiant  line  that  girts  the  globe.  Thomson. 

GIRT,  n.  1.  A band  by  which  the  saddle  or  a 
burden  is  fixed  upon  a horse  ; a girth.  Beau,  & FI. 

2.  The  compass  measured  by  a girt ; girth. 

YTou  shall  see  a pygmy  in  stature  as  big  as  a giant  in  the 
fftrt.  Hammond. 

3.  ( Surg .)  A circular  bandage.  Wiseman. 

GIRTH,  n.  1.  The  band  by  which  the  saddle  or  a 
burden  is  fastened  upon  a horse  ; the  leather  gir- 
dle buckled  under  a horse’s  belly  ; girt.  “ The 
girths  brake.”  B.  Jonson. 

2.  The  circumference  of  a body,  as  of  a tree 
or  an  animal  ; distance  around;  girt. 

Its  length  was  twenty-four  feet,  but  the  girth  did  not  ex- 
ceed twelve.  Temiunt. 

3.  (Printing.)  A leather  thong  belonging  to 

the  carriage  of  a press,  by  which  it  is  let  in  and 
out.  Craig. 

GIRTH,  v.  a.  To  bind  with  a girth;  to  encircle  ; 
to  girt ; to  gird,  [it.]  Johnson. 

GIRT'— LINE,  n.  (Naut.)  A rope  used  in  the  pro- 
cess of  rigging  a ship  to  lift  the  rigging  up  to 

the  mast-head.  Brande. 


GJS-ARM',  n.  [Low  L . gisarma;  Fr. 
yuisarme .]  (Ant.)  A weapon  borne 
by  foot-soldiers  in  the  middle  ages, 
and  used  even  as  late  as  the  battle 
of  Flodden  in  1513.  Fairholt. 

t<?l§E  (jiz),  v.  a.  [Old  Fr.  gister.] 
To  feed,  as  cattle ; to  pasture  ; to 
agist.  Bailey. 


fGI^'LE  (fiz'zl),  n.  [A.  S.  gisel .]  A pledge  ; — 
used  in  forming  some  proper  names,  as  Fred- 
gisle,  i.  e.  a pledge  of  peace;  Gts/ebert,  i.  e.  an 
illustrious  pledge.  Gibson. 


GISMONDINE,  n.  (Min.)  A native  silicate  of 
lime  found  near  Rome,  in  white  translucent  oc- 
tahedral crystals; — named  in  honor  of  Gis- 
mondi,  an  Italian  mineralogist.  Craig. 

GIST  (jlst)  [jist,  Sm.  K.  C.  B.  O.  XV.  Wb. ; jit, 
Ja.],  n.  [Old  Fr.  giste ; Fr.  r/ite,  a lodging- 
place  ; gesir,  to  lie.]  (Laic.)  The  main  point 
of  a question  or  action,  or  that  on  which  it  lies 
or  turns;  essence.  Burke. 


gjTE  (jet),  n.  [Fr.,  a lodging.]  A place  where 
one  sleeps,  lodges,  or  reposes.  Ec.  Rev. 

GITII,  n.  [L.,  git,  gith .]  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the 
genus  Nigella ; guinea  pepper.  Johnson. 

GIT'TERN,  n.  [See  Guitar.]  A sort  of  guitar 
or  harp  ; a cithern.  Drayton. 

GIT'TERN,  v.  n.  To  play  on  the  gittern.  Milton. 

GlT'TflTH,  n.  A title  prefixed  to  the  viii. , lxxxi., 
and  lxxxiv.  Psalms.  Cntden. 

fiSf  The  commentators  are  not  agreed  upon  the 
meaning  of  the  word.  Hammond.  Adam  Clarke. 

qtlUS'TO  (j&s'to).  [It,.]  (Mas.)  Noting  just, 

equal,  steady  time;  — sometimes  synonymous 
with  moderato  or  andante.  Mus.  Diet. 


GIVE  (glv),  v.  a.  [Goth,  giban ; A.  S.  gifan ; 
Dut.  geeven ; Ger.  geben  ; Dan.  give-,  Sw . gifra.] 

[l.  GAVE;  pp.  GIVING,  GIVEN.] 

1.  To  confer  or  transfer  without  any  price  or 
reward ; to  bestow. 

Give  us  this  day  our  daily  bread.  Matt.  vi.  11. 

2.  To  deliver  or  transfer  as  an  equivalent ; to 
exchange ; to  pay. 

All  that  a man  hath  will  he  give  for  his  life.  Job  ii.  4. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  t,  short;  A,  £,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; n£lR,  H£R; 


GIVE 


619 


GLAMA 


3.  To  grant ; to  permit ; to  allow. 

This  cloud  dispel,  the  light  of  heaven  restore, 

cure  me  to  see,  and  -Vi a x asks  no  more.  Pope. 

4.  To  empower ; to  commission  ; to  authorize. 

Then  give  thy  friend  to  shed  the  sacred  wine.  Pope. 

5.  To  furnish  ; to  afford  ; to  supply. 

Thou  must  give  us  also  sacrifices  and  burnt-offerings,  that 
we  may  sacrifice  unto  the  Lord.  Ex.  x.  25. 

6.  To  utter  ; to  render  ; to  pronounce. 

So  you  must  be  the  first  that  gives  this  sentence.  Shak. 

7.  To  show;  to  exhibit;  to  cause  to  result. 

The  number  of  men  being  divided  by  the  number  of  ships 
gives  four  hundred  and  twenty-four  meu  apiece.  Arbuihnut. 

8.  To  occasion  ; to  cause. 

We  desire  to  give  no  offence.  Burnet. 

9.  To  incline  ; to  devote  ; to  apply. 

He  that  giveth  his  mind  to  the  law  of  the  Most  High  will 
seek  out  the  wisdom  of  ail  the  ancients.  Eecles.  xxxix.  1. 

10.  To  resign;  to  yield  up.  “I  give  not 

heaven  for  lost.”  Milton. 

11.  To  offer ; to  hold  forth ; as,  “ Give  me 
your  hand.” 

To  give  a Rowland  for  an  Oliver.  See  Rowland. — 
To  give  away,  to  alienate  ; to  makeover  to  another  ; to 
transfer.  — To  give  back,  to  return  ; to  restore.  —To  give 
chase,  to  pursue.  — To  give  ear,  to  listen  ; to  hear.  — To 
give  in,  to  hand  in  : — to  abate  ; ro  deduct. — To  give 
over,  to  leave  ; to  quit : — to  conclude  lost : — to  aban- 
don.— To  give  out,  to  report ; to  publish  ; to  proclaim  ; 
to  announce  : — to  exhibit  : — to  emit.  — To  give  place, 
to  make  room  ; to  withdraw  ; to  retire. — To  give  up, 
to  resign  ; to  yield  ; to  relinquish  : — to  abandon  ; to 
forsake  : — to  devote  ; to  dedicate.  — To  give  way,  to 
withdraw;  to  make  room : — to  fail;  to  yield:  — 
(Naut.)  to  row,  after  having  ceased  for  a short  time  ; 
also,  to  row  more  vigorously.  — To  give  way  together, 
(Want.)  to  keep  time  in  rowing. 

gc Give,  with  or  without  prepositions  annexed, 
admits  of  the  substitution  of  various  words,  according 
to  the  context ; but  through  all  its  senses  it  retains  the 
general  idea  of  transfer  or  transmission. 

Syn.  — To  give  is  a familiar  and  general  term. 
Give  bread,  money,  clothing,  &c. ; grant  a request  or 
petition  ; bestow  charity  or  praise  ; confers  favor  ; yield 
a point ; supply  a want ; pay  a debt  ; allow  a mainte- 
nance ; exhibit  proof.  — Give  to  the  poor  or  to  infe- 
riors ; present  to  friends  ; offer  to  superiors.  — Present 
petitions;  offer  prayers.  — See  Afford,  Deliver, 
Offer. 

GIVE,  v.  n.  1.  To  yield,  as  to  pressure;  as,  “A 
tight  shoe  gives  upon  being  worn.” 

Only  a sweet  and  virtuous  soul, 

Like  seasoned  timber,  never  gives.  Herbert. 

2.  To  grow  moist  and  soft;  to  soften. 

Hay  is  apt  to  give  in  the  cock.  Mortimer. 

3.  To  move  ; to  pass  ; to  go. 

Now  back  he  gives,  then  rushes  on  amain.  Daniel. 

4.  f To  weep  ; to  shed  tears. 

Flinty  mankind,  whose  eyes  do  never  give 

But  thorough  lust  and  laughter.  Shak. 

To  give  in,  to  yield.  — To  give  in  to,  to  adopt ; to 
embrace. — To  give  off,  to  cease;  to  forbear. — To 
give  on  or  upon,  to  rush  or  fall  upon  : — to  look  into ; 
to  have  a view  of ; as,  “ The  windows  give  upon  the 
street.”  Tennyson. — To  give  out,  to  publish  ; to  pro- 
claim : — to  cease  ; to  fail  ; to  yield. — To  give  over, 
to  cease  ; to  act  no  more.  — To  give  up,  to  yield  ; to 
cease.  — To  give  way,  to  yield  ; to  fail. 

GIV'EN  (glv'vn),  p.  from  give.  — See  Give. 

GIV'JgR,  n.  One  who  gives ; a donor  ; a bestower. 

God  loveth  a cheerful  giver.  2 Cor.  ix.  7. 

<-iIVE§  (jlvz),  n.  pi.  Fetters.  — See  Gyves. 

GIV'ING,  n.  1.  .The  act  of  one  who  gives. 

Other  givings  are  lay  and  secular;  but  this  is  to  give  like  a 
priest  Herbert. 

2.  The  act.  of  softening.  “ Upon  the  first 

giving  of  the  weather.”  Addison. 

3.  A gift ; a present ; a benefaction. 

His  givings  rare,  save  farthings  to  the  poor.  Pope. 

4.  Allegation  ; declared  intention.  Shak. 

GIZ'ZARD,  n.  [Fr.  gesier.]  The  strong,  muscu- 
lar, or  pyloric  division  of  the  stomach  of  birds. 

The  food  is  triturated  in  the  gizzard  by  the  immediate 
agency  of  hard  foreign  bodies,  as  sand  and  gravel,  which  the 
buds  swallow.  Eng.  Q/c. 

To  fret  one's  gizzard  to  vex  one’s  self.  Johnson. 

GLA'BRATE,  a.  ( Bot .)  Becoming  glabrous  with 
age,  or  almost  glabrous.  Gray. 

f GLA'BRS-ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  glahro,  glabratus.'] 
To  make  bare,  plain,  or  smooth.  Cockeram. 

t GLAB'RI-TY,  n.  [L.  glaber,  glabris,  bald.] 
Smoothness ; baldness.  Bailey. 


GLA'BROUS,  a.  [It.  glahro  ; Fr.  glabre.] 

1.  ( Zoi.l .)  Devoid  of  hair.  Brande. 

2.  (Bot.  & Ent.)  Wholly  destitute  of  pubes- 
cence, or  down.  Henslow.  Maunder. 

GLA'CI-AL  (gla'sh?-?l),  a.  [L.  glacialis  ; glacies, 
ice;  It.  glaciate  ; Sp.  &;  Fr.  glacial .] 

1.  Relating  to,  or  consisting  of,  ice  ; icy. 

2.  ( Client .)  Noting  acids  the  crystals  of  which 

have  a glassy  appearance.  Watson. 

The  glacial  theory  (Geol.)  of  Agassiz  supposes  that 
many  of  the  countries  of  Europe,  &c.,  were  once 
enveloped  in  ice  nearly  to  the  tops  of  the  highest 
mountains,  and  that  the  ice  melted  as  the  northern 
hemisphere  gradually  became  warmer.  P.  Cyc. 

GLA'CIAL-IST,  71.  An  adherent  to  the  glacial 
theory.  Penny  Mag. 

f GLA'CI-ATE  (gla'slie-at),  V.  n.  [L.  glacio,  gla- 
ciatus  ; glacies,  ice.]  To  turn  into  ice.  Johnson. 

+ GLA-CI-A'TION  (gla-she-a'sliun),  n.  1.  The  act 
of  turning  into  ice.  Robinson. 

2.  Ice  formed.  Browne. 

GlAQ'I-F.R  (glas'e-er)  [glSs'e-er,  Sm.  C.;  glSs'er, 
Ja.  ; gla-ser',  K.  ; gla'ser,  Wb. ; gla'se-er,  /?.], 
n.  ; pi.  glaciers.  [Fr.,  from  L.  glacies,  ice.] 
A field  or  vast  accumulation  of  ice  and  snow, 
found  in  the  valleys  and  slopes  of  lofty  moun- 
tains. Lyell. 

ttg  ■ The  Alpine  glaciers  are  from  10  to  15  miles 
long,  and  from  1 to  9}  broad,  and  their  mean  vertical 
thickness  ranges  from  100  to  600  feet.  Brande. 

GLA'Cl-O-A'auy-OUS,  a.  [See  Glacial,  and 
Aqueous.]  (Geol.)  Pertaining  to  the  combined 
action  of  water  and  ice.  Hitchcock. 

f GLA'GTOUS  (gla'shus),  a.  Icy;  consisting  of,  or 
resembling,  ice.  Browne. 

GLACIS  (gla'sjs  or  gl'4-ses')  [gla'sjs,  P.  J.  E.  Ja. 
B.  C.  Kenrick,  Ash,  Scott ; gla'sjs  or  glj-sez', 
W.  F. ; gla'sjs  or  gla'sis,  K.  ; gla-ses',  Si#.],  n. 
[Fr.] 

1.  (Fort.)  A bank  of  earth  gently  sloping  to 
the  level  country,  eight  feet  high  at  the  crest, 
and  one  hundred  and  fifty  feet  wide,  serving  to 
shelter  the  defenders  of  the  covered  way,  and 
to  secure  the  masonry  revetment  of  the  inner 
works  from  cannonade.  G/os.  of  Mil.  Terms. 

2.  An  insensible  slope  or  declivity.  Francis. 

4®=- “Dr.  Johnson,  Mr.  Sheridan,  Mr.  Scott,  W. 

Johnston,  Dr.  Ash,  Dr.  Kenrick,  Mr.  Barclay,  and 
Bailey  place  the  accent  on  the  first  syllable  of  this 
word  ; and  only  Mr.  Nares  and  Entick  on  the  second. 
Mr.  Sheridan  and  Mr.  Scott  give  the  a the  sound  it 
has  in  glass.  The  great  majority  of  suffrages  for  the 
accent  on  the  first  syllable,  which  is  the  more  agree- 
able to  the  analogy  of  our  own  language,  is  certainly 
sufficient  to  keep  a plain  Englishman  in  countenance 
for  pronouncing  the  word  in  this  manner  ; hut,  as  it 
is  a French  word,  and  a military  term,  a military  man 
would  blush  not  to  pronounce  it  d la  Fran$aise  ; and, 
notwithstanding  the  numbers  for  the  other  manner,  I 
cannot  but  think  this  the  most  fashionable.”  Walker. 

GLAD,  a.  [A.  S . alced,  or  glad  ; Dan.  glad  ; Icel. 
gladr ; Sw.  glad.'] 

1.  Pleased  ; elevated  with  joy ; gratified ; 
delighted  ; happy  ; — commonly  followed  by  of\ 
sometimes  by  at  or  with. 

Glad  of  a quarrel,  straight  I clap  the  door.  rope. 

He  that  is  glad  at  calamities  shall  not  be  unpunished. 

Prov.  xvii.  5. 

The  Trojan  glad  with  sight  of  hostile  blood.  Dri/den. 

2.  Expressing  joy  or  gladness  ; joyful.  "Glad 
precipitance.”  Milton.  “ A glad  voice.”  Pope. 

3.  Wearing  a gay  appearance  ; bright;  showy  ; 

gay.  “ A glad  light  green.”  Chaucer. 

The  wilderness  and  the  solitary  place  shall  he  glad  for 
them.  Isa.  xxxv.  1. 

4.  Pleasing  ; exhilarating ; cheering. 

Her  conversation 

More  glad  to  me  than  to  a miser  money  is.  Sidney. 

Syn.—  Glad  expresses  a more  vivid  feeline  than 
cheerful , and  less  than  delighted  ox  joyful.  Glad  to  see 
a friend,  and  much  pleased  or  delighted  with  his  soci- 
ety. Glad  tidings  ; joyful  news  ; cheerful  countenance 
or  disposition  ; gratified  feeling ; gay  appearance  or 
person. 

GLAD,  v.  a.  To  make  glad  ; to  gladden  ; to  gratify. 

Tt  glads  me 

To  see  so  many  virtues  thus  united.  Otway. 

fGLAD,  v.  n.  To  be  glad;  to  rejoice.  Massinger. 

GLAd'DEN  (glSd'dn),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  gladian ; Dan. 
glccdc ; Sw.  gliidja.]  [ i . GLADDENED  ; pp.  glad- 
dening, gladdened.]  To  make  glad ; to 


please  much;  to  delight;  to  cheer;  to  exhila- 
rate. 

A secret  pleasure  gladdened  all  that  saw  him.  Addison. 

GLAD'DEN,  v.  7i.  To  become  glad  ; to  rejoice. Craig. 

GLAd'D^R,  n.  One  who  makes  glad,  [r.]  Dryden. 

GLADE,  n.  [A.  S.  gehlyd,  covered  ; hlidan,  to 
cover.  Cooke.  — Icel.  hlad,  a passage.  Todd. — 
Goth.  A Ger.  glatt ; A.  S.  glid ; Belg.  Dut. 
glad,  slippery,  smooth.] 

1.  A clear,  green  space  in  a wood,  or  an  avenue 
through  it.  “ The  unsheltered  glade.”  Thomson. 

Through  glades  and  glooms  the  mingled  measure  stole. 

Collins. 

2.  A place  left  unfrozen  on  a river  or  a lake : 
— smooth  ice.  [Local,  New  England.] 

fGLA'DfN,  J n_  [L.  gladius,  a sword.]  An  old 

fGLA'DpR,  ) name  for  sword-grass;  sedge.  Junius. 

f GLAd'FUL,  a.  Full  of  joy  and  gladness.  Spenser. 

f GLAD'FUL-NESS,  n.  Joy  ; gladness.  Spetiser. 

GLAd'I-ATE,  a.  [L.  gladius,  a sword.]  (Bot.) 
Shaped  like  a short,  straight  sword,  as  the 
leaves  of  the  iris.  Loudon. 

GLAD'I-A-TOR  [glad'e-a-tur,  K.  Sm.  B.  C.  ; glad- 
e-a'tur,  W.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  ; gla-dya'tur,  S.  25.],  n. 
[L.  gladiator  ; gladius,  a sword.]  A combatant 
in  the  amphitheatre  in  ancient  Rome;  a sword- 
player  ; a prize-fighter  ; a combatant. 

Commodus,  the  emperor,  did  himself  play  the  gladiator 
in  person.  Huktvnll. 

I see  before  me  the  gladiator  lie.  Bgron. 

GLAD-I-A-TO'RI-AL,  a.  [L.  gladiatorius ; It.  § 
Sp.  gladiatorio.]  Relating  to  gladiators  ; glad- 
iatory  ; gladiatorian.  Bp.  Porteus. 

GLAD-I-A-TO'RI-AN,  a.  Gladiatorial;  gladiato- 
ry.  [r.]  Shaftesbury. 

GLAD-I-A'TOR-IijiM,  n.  The  art  or  practice  of 
gladiators  ; prize-fighting.  Ch.  Ob. 

GLAD-I-A'TOR-SHIp,  n.  The  conduct,  art,  or  the 
quality  of  a gladiator.  Brit.  Crit. 

GLAd'!-A-TO-RY,  a.  Belonging  to  gladiators; 
gladiatorial.  Bp.  Reytiolds. 

f GLAd'LA-TURE,  71.  [L.  gladiaturai]  Fencing; 
sword-play.  Gayton. 

GLAd'I-OLE,  n.  [L.  gladiolus,  a little  sword; 
gladius,  a sword.]  (Bot.)  The  corn-flag,  a ge- 
nus of  plants  with  sword-shaped  leaves.  Lee. 

GLA-DI’O-L&S,  n.  [L.]  (Bot.)  A name  applied 
to  three  different  genera  of  plants,  of  which 
the  most  extensive  is  the  corn-flag.  Loudon. 

GLAD'LY,  ad.  Joyfully  ; xvith  gladness  or  joy. 

GLAD'NIJSS,  71.  The  state  of  being  glad  ; cheer- 
fulness ; happiness  ; pleasure  or  exhilaration. 

Gladness  is  an  inferior  degree  of  joy.  Cogan. 

Syn.  — See  Joy. 

fGLAD'— SAD,  a.  Uniting  joy  and  sorrow.  Drayt07i. 

f GLAd'SHIP,  n.  The  state  of  gladness.  Gower. 

GLAd'SOME,  a.  1.  Pleased;  gay;  delighted; 
glad.  “ Gladsome  company.”  Spenser. 

2.  Causing  joy.  “ Gladsome  day.”  Prior. 

GLAD'SOME-LY,  ad.  With  gayety  and  delight. 

GLADSOME-NEBS,  7i.  State  of  being  gladsome ; 
gladness  ; delight ; gayety.  Joimson. 

GLAD'WYN,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the  genus  Iris  ; 
Iris  foetidissima.  Loudon. 

GL.AIR  (glAr),  7i.  [A.  S.  glare.  — Fr.  glaire .] 

1.  The  xvhite  of  an  egg. 

Unslaked  lime,  chalk,  and  glair  of  an  egg.  Chaucer. 

2.  Any  viscous,  transparent  matter ; — partic- 
ularly a mucous  evacuation  in  horses.  Skelton. 

3.  A kind  of  halberd.  London  Ency. 

GLAlR,  f.  a.  To  smear  xvith  glair,  or  the  xvhite 
of  an  egg.  Joh7ison. 

GlAir'INE,  n.  A substance  which  forms  on  the 
surface  of  thermal  waters.  Ogilvie. 

GLAlR' Y,  a.  Resembling  glair,  or  having  the 
qualities  of  glair.  Smart. 

GLAIVE,  n.  See  Glave.  Todd. 

GlA  'JIM,  7i.  (Med.)  A copious  secretion  of  the 
sebaceous  humor  of  the  eyelids,  rendering  them 
gummy ; lippitude.  Dung/ison. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  9,  9,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


GLAMA 


620 


GLAUBER’S-SALT 


GLA'MA,  n.  ( Zolil .)  A species  of  camel.  Hill. 

GLA  MOUR,  or  GLA'MpR,  n.  The  supposed  in- 
fluence of  a charm  on  the  eye,  causing  it  to  see 
tilings  differently  from  what  they  really  are. 
[Scotland.]  Sir  IV.  Scott.  Jamieson. 

GLANCE  (12),  n.  [Dut.  glans  ; Ger.  glanz;  Dan. 
glands  ; Sw.  ylags.] 

1.  A sudden  shoot  of  light ; a glitter  ; glare. 

His  offering  soon  propitious  fire  from  heaven 
Consumed  with  nimble  glance.  Milton. 

2.  A snatch  of  sight ; a quick  view ; a glimpse  ; 
a sudden  look.  “ A glance  of  the  eye.”  Dryden. 

How  fleet  is  a glance  of  the  mind!  / Cowper. 

3.  A name  applied  to  the  sulphurets  of  some 
metals.  “Lead  glance.’’  Simmonds.  “Cop- 
per glance."  Dana. 

4.  An  oblique  attack  or  allusion.  Atterbury. 

GLANCE,  v.  n.  [Ger.  glanzen,  to  glisten  ; to 
shine.]  [i.  glanced  ; pp.  glancing,  glanced.] 

X.  To  shoot  a sudden  ray  ; to  glitter  ; to  gleam. 

Swift  as  the  sparkle  of  a glancing  star.  Milton. 

2.  To  look  with  a sudden  view,  or  cast  of  sight. 
The  poet’s  eye,  in  a tine  frenzy  rolling. 

Doth  glance  from  heaven  to  earth,  from  earth  to  heaven.  Shak. 

3.  To  fly  off  obliquely. 

I am  glad,  though  you  have  ta’en  a special  stand  to  strike 
at  me,  that  your  arrow  hath  glanced.  Shak. 

4.  To  censure  by  oblique  hints  ; to  allude. 

He  had  written  verses,  wherein  he  glanced  at  a certain 
reverend  doctor  famous  for  dulness.  Swift. 

Syn.  — See  Allude. 

GLANCE,  v.  a.  To  shoot  or  dart  suddenly  or  ob- 
liquely ; to  cast  askance. 

Glancing  an  eye  of  pity  on  his  losses.  Shak. 

GLANCE'— COAL,  n.  Coal  that  burns  without 
flame ; anthracite.  Simmonds. 

GL.An’CLYG,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  glances.  Milton. 

GLAn'CING-LY,  ad.  In  an  oblique  manner;  tran- 
siently. 

GLAND,  n.  [L.  glans,  glandis,  an  acorn  ; It.  § 
Sp.  glandula  ; Fr.  glande.  — “ Gr.  falaro;  ; Doric 
yalavos,  whence  by  contraction  the  L.  glans, 
glandis.”  Todd. ] 

1.  (Anat.)  A soft,  granular,  lobated  organ  of 
the  body,  consisting  of  a congeries  of  blood- 
vessels, nerves,  and  a peculiar  tissue. 

IKiy-Some  of  the  glands  secrete  peculiar  fluids; 
some  merely  modify  or  purify  fluids  already  secreted 
by  other  glands.  The  term  is  sometimes  employed  to 
designate  organs  of  a glandular  appearance,  but  va- 
rying widely  in  structure  and  function.  Palmer. 

2.  ( Bot .)  A small  cellular  organ  which  se- 

cretes oily,  aromatic,  or  other  products ; — a 
name  applied  to  any  small  swelling  whether  it 
secretes  any  thing  or  not.  Gray. 

3.  (Mech.)  A' contrivance  for  engaging  or  dis- 

engaging machinery  which  is  moved  by  belts  or 
bands.  Grier. 

GLAND'AtJlE,  n.  A feeding  upon  acorns.  Craig. 

GLAN'D£RED  (glin'derd),  a.  Having  the  glan- 
ders. / Berkeley. 

GLAN'DER§,  n.  pi.  [From  gland. \ 1.  (Farriery.) 
A disease  of  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  nos- 
trils of  a horse,  characterized  by  an  increased 
secretion  and  discharge  of  mucus,  and  a swell- 
ing  of  the  glands  in  the  lower  jaw.  Farm.  Ency. 

2.  (Med.)  A dangerous,  contagious  disorder, 
accompanied  by  a pustular  eruption,  arising 
from  inoculation  with  certain  diseased  fluids 
generated  in  the  horse,  ass,  or  mule.  Dunglison. 

GLAN-Dl  F'IJR-OUS,  a.  [L.  glans.  glandis,  an  acorn, 
and  fero,  to  bear  ; It.  6t  Sp.  glandifero .]  Bear- 
ing mast  or  acorns.  “ The  beech  is  . . . numbered 
amongst  the  glandiferous  trees.”  Mortimer. 

GLAN'DI-FORM,  a.  [L.  glans,  glandis,  an  acorn, 
and  forma,  form  ; Fr.  gland  forme.)  Having 
the  form  of  a gland.  Dunglison. 

GLAN'DU-LAR,  a.  [It.  glandulare  ; Fr.  glandu- 
laire.\  Pertaining  to,  or  resembling,  glands ; 
glandulous.  Todd. 

GLAN'DU-LAR-Ly,  ad.  In  a glandular  manner. 

GLAN-DU-LA'TION,  n.  (Bot.)  The  situation  and 
structure  of  the  glands  in  plants.  Clarke. 

GLAN'DULE,  n.  [L.  glandula,  dim.  of  glans, 
an  acorn.]  A small  giand,  as  in  plants.  Ray. 


GLAN-DU-LIF'flR-OfjS,  a.  [L.  glandula,  a little 
acorn,  and  fero,  to  bear.]  Bearing  glands.  Clarke. 

G LAN 'DU- LOSE,  a.  (Bot.)  Furnished  with,  or 
like,  glands  ; glandulous  ; glandular.  Gray. 

GLAN-DU-LOS'J-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
glandulous.  Browne. 

GLAN'DU-LOUS,  a.  [L.  glandulosus  ; glans,  glan- 
dis, an  acorn  ; It.  <Sf  Sp.  glanduloso  ; Fr.  glan- 
duleux .]  Pertaining  to,  or  having  the  nature 
of,  glands  ; glandular.  Arbuthnot. 

GLAN§,  n.  [L.,  an  acorn.] 

1.  (Anat.)  The  extremity  of  the  penis  and  of 

the  clitoris.  Dunglison. 

2.  (Med.)  Bronchocele  : — a pessary  : — a sup- 
pository. Dunglison. 

3.  (Bot.)  The  acorn  or  mast  of  the  oak,  or  a 

similar  fruit.  Gray. 

GI.ARE,  v.  n.  [Dut.  glaren.  Johnson.]  \i.  GLARED  ; 
pp.  GLARING,  GLARED.] 

1.  To  shine  with  a dazzling  light ; to  flare. 

The  cavern  glares  with  new-admitted  light.  Dryden. 

2.  To  look  or  stare  fiercely. 

And  eyeballs  that  stared  at  me,  flared  at  me,  glared  at  me. 

H.  Smith. 

Syn.  — See  Shine. 

GLARE,  v.  a.  1.  To  shoot  out  a dazzling  or  over- 
powering light ; to  dazzle. 

Every  eye 

Glared  lightning.  Milton. 

2.  To  glaze,  as  earthen  ware.  [Local,  Eng- 
land.] Halliwell. 


GLARE,  n.  [L.  claro;  clarus,  clear. — W.  glaw, 
brightness.] 

1.  A dazzling  light  or  lustre  ; glitter  ; flare. 
Maidens,  like  moths,  are  ever  caught  by  glare. 

And  Mammon  wins  his  way  where  seraphs  might  despair. 

Byron. 

2.  A fierce,  piercing  look. 

About  them  round 

A lion  now  he  stalks,  with  fiery  glare.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Flame. 

GLARE,  n.  See  Glair.  Todd. 


glAr-e-o-li'kje, 
n.  pi.  (Ornith.)  A 
sub-family  of  birds 
of  the  order  Grallat 
and  family  Char- 
adriadee ; pratin- 
coles. Gray. 

GlAr'IJ-OUS,  a.  [Fr. 
glaireux.]  Consisting  of  viscous,  transparent 
matter,  like  the  white  of  an  egg ; viscous.  Gregory. 

GLAr'I-NESS,  n.  A dazzling  lustre.  Boyle. 

GLAr'ING,  a.  1.  Bright;  dazzling;  glittering; 
as,  “A  glaring  light.” 

2.  Notorious  ; offensively  conspicuous  ; bare- 
faced. “ A glaring  crime.*’  Johnson. 

GLAr'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a glaring  or  offensive 
manner  ; notoriously.  Davies. 

GlAr'JNG-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  glaring; 
a dazzling  light  or  brilliancy.  Jarvis. 

f GLAr'Y,  a.  Dazzling  ; glaring.  Boyle. 

GLASS  (12),  n.  [A.  S.  glees  i M.  qless ; Dut., 
Ger.,  Dan.,  Icel.,  § Sw.  glas.  “ The  old  Ger- 
mans called  amber  gles.”  Bosworth .] 

1.  A transparent,  impermeable,  brittle  sub- 

stance, formed  by  fusing  sand,  or  silica,  with 
fixed  alkalies.  Ure. 

2.  A drinking-vessel  made  of  glass. 

This  last  costly  treaty, 

That  swallowed  so  much  treasure,  and,  like  a glass, 

Did  break  i’  the  rinsing.  Shak. 

3.  A mirror  ; a looking-glass. 

The  glass  of  fashion,  and  the  mould  of  form.  Shak. 

4.  A glass  vessel  that  measures  intervals  of 
time  by  the  passage  of  sand  through  a small 
aperture ; an  hour-glass. 

She  would  not  live 

The  running  of  one  glass.  Shak. 

5.  A telescope ; a spy-glass.  Mar.  Diet. 

Like  those  who  survey  the  moon  by  glasses.  Dnjden. 

6.  An  instrument  to  show  the  pressure  or 
weight  of  the  atmosphere ; a barometer.  Tatler. 

7.  The  quantity  which  a glass  drinking-vessel 
contains. 

When  a man  thinks  one  glass  more  will  not  make  him 


Glareola  pratincola. 


drunk,  that  one  glass  hath  disabled  him  from  well  discerning 
his  present  condition.  Bp.  Taylor. 

8.  pi.  Spectacles.  Clarke. 

9.  (Naut.)  The  time  in  which  a half-hour 
glass  is  emptied  of  sand. 

We  fought  yard-arm  and  yard-arm  three  glasses.  Mar.  Diet. 

To  flog  or  sweat  the  glass , (JVawt.)  to  turn  it  before 
the  sand  has  quite  run  out. 

GLASS,  a.  Made  of  glass  ; vitreous.  Shak. 

GLASS,  v.  a.  1.  +To  see,  as  in  a glass. 

Mcthinks  I am  partaker  of  thy  passion, 

And  in  tiiy  case  do  glass  my  own  debility.  Sidney. 

2.  To  cover  or  case  in  glass.  Shak. 

3.  To  cover  with  glass,  or  as  with  glass ; to 
glaze. 

Nature’s  pages  glassed  by  sunbeams  on  the  lake.  Byron. 

GLASS'— BLOVV-^R,  n.  One  whose  business  it  is 
to  blow  and  fashion  glass.  Todd. 

GLASS'— CASE,  n.  A case  made  of  glass.  Goldsmith. 

GLASS'— COACH,  n.  A coach  hired  for  a day  or 
any  short  period  as  a private  carriage  ; — so 
called  because  originally  only  private  carriages 
had  glass  windows.  [England.]  Smart. 

GLASS'— FACED  (-fast),  a.  Having  a face  of 
glass,  or  like  a glass  or  mirror.  Shak. 

GLASS’FUL,  n.  The  quantity  that  a glass  will 
hold.  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

GLASS'— FUR-N ACE,  n.  A furnace  in  which  glass 
is  made.  Locke. 

GLASS'— GALL,  n.  A neutral  salt  skimmed  off 
melted  crown-glass  ; sandiver.  Buchanan. 

GLASS'— GAZ-ING,  a.  Addicted  to  looking  in  a 
mirror ; vain.  Shak. 

GLASS'— GRIND- IJR,  n.  One  who  grinds  glass. 

GLASS'— HIVE,  n.  A beehive  made  of,  or  covered 
with,  glass.  Dryden. 

GLASS'— HOUSE,  n.  A manufactory  of  glass. 
“ Prepared  at  the  glass-houses.”  Addison. 

GLAsS'I-LY,  ad.  With  a resemblance  to  glass. 

GLASST-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  glassy. 

GLASS'— LIKE,  a.  Resembling  glass.  Dryden. 

GLASS'— MAK-ING,  n.  The  process  of  manufac- 
turing glass.  Butler. 

GLASS'MAN,  n.  ; pi.  glJss'men.  One  who  deals 
in  glass.  Swift. 

GLASS'— MET-AL  (-met-tl),  n.  Glass  in  fusion. 
“ The  incorporating  of  copper  or  brass  with 
glass-metal.”  Bacon. 

GLASS'— PA-PER,  n.  A term  applied  to  pulver- 
ized glass  fastened  on  paper  with  glue,  for 
abrasive  purposes.  Simmonds. 

GLASS'— POT,  n.  A pot  or  crucible  for  fusing  the 
materials  used  in  making  glass.  London  Ency. 

GLASS'— SOAP,  n.  A term  applied  to  certain  sub- 
stances which  take  away  color  from  glass.  Brande. 

GLASS'— STAIN-INGj  n.  The  process  of  coloring 
or  painting  glass.  Simmonds. 

GLASS'WORK  (-wiirk),  n.  Manufacture  of  glass. 

GLASS'— WORKS  (-wiirlts),  n.  pi.  A manufactory 
of  glass  ; a glass-house.  Ure. 

GLASS'WORT  (-wiirt),  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  sev- 
eral varieties  ; Salicornia  ; — so  called  because 
all  the  species,  except  one,  are  burnt  on  the 
shores  of  the  Mediterranean,  where  they 
abound,  for  making  soda,  which  is  used  in 
the  manufacture  of  glass.  Loudon. 

GlAss'Y,  a.  1.  Made  of  glass;  vitreous.  “A 
glassy  substance.”  Bacon. 

2.  Resembling  glass  ; hyaline  ; crystal  ; crys- 
talline. “ The  glassy  deep.”  Dryden. 

GLAS'TON-BUR-Y  (-ber-e),  a.  An  epithet  applied 
to  a species  of  Cratcegus,  or  hawthorn,  namely, 
the  Cratcegus  oxycantha  prcccox.  Loudon. 

GI.Au'BUR-ITE,  n.  (Min.)  A double  sulphate  of 
lime  and  soda,  which  occurs  massive,  and  also 
crystallized  ; — occasionally  associated  with 
rock-salt.  Brande.  Dana. 

GL.AU'BUR’S-SAlt,  n.  (Chem.)  Sulphate  of 
soda,  a salt  used  in  medicine  as  a cathartic, 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  l,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  U,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


GLAUCESCENT 


621 


GLIBLY 


and  so  named  from  its  discoverer,  John  Ro- 
dolph  Glauber,  a distinguished  chemist  of  Ger- 
many in  the  16th  century.  Eng.  Cgc. 

GLAU-CES'CpNT,  a.  Beginning  to  be  glaucous 
or  sea-green  ; slightly  glaucous.  Brande. 

GLAU'CIU,  a.  ( Chem .)  Noting  an  acid  obtained 
from  the  teasel  and  some  other  plants.  Hobtyn. 

GLAU'CINE,  a.  Greenish;  bluish  and  hoary; 
glaucescent.  Loudon. 

GLAU'CINE,  n.  (Chon.)  A substance  obtained 
from  the  plant  Gluucium  luteuM ; glaucopi- 
crine.  Craig. 

GLAu' CI-t/M,n.  ( Bot .)  A genus  of  evergreen 
glaucous  herbs,  abounding  in  a copper-colored 
acrid  juice  said  to  be  poisonous  and  to  occasion 
madness;  horn-poppy.  P ■ Cyc. 

GLAU'CO-LlTE,  n.  [Gr.  ylavicis,  sea-green,  and 
Ji'flos,  a’ stone.]  (Mm.)  A mineral  of  a green- 
ish-blue color,  consisting  chiefly  of  silica,  alu- 
mina, and  lime  ; a variety  of  scapolite.  Dana. 

GLAU-CO'MA,  n.  [Gr.  yZabKaiya;  yZavxds,  sea- 
green.]  (Med.)  A term  formerly  synonymous 
with  cataract,  but  now  ordinarily  applied  to 
opacity  of  the  vitreous  humor,  or  of  the  tunica 
hyaloida,  manifesting  itself  by  a grayish  or 
greenish  spot,  seen  through  the  pupil .Dunglison. 

GLAU-COM'A-TOUS,  a.  Relating  to,  or  afflicted 
with,  glaucoma.  Ed.  Ency. 

GLAU'CO-NlTE,  n.  [Gr.  yZav/aS;,  sea-green.] 
(Min.)  A hydrated  silicate  of  iron,  alumina, 
and  magnesia ; a constituent  of  the  green-sand 
formation,  and  also  sometimes  found  in  the  cav- 
ities of  certain  trap-rocks.  Brande. 

GLAU-COP'I-CRlNE,  n.  (Chem.)  A substance 
obtained  in  white  scales  from  the  plant  Glau- 
cium  luteum ; gl'aucine.  Craig. 

GLAU-CO' PIS,  n.  [Gr.  yZavs6i,  sea-green,  and 
an  eye.]  (Ornith.)  A genus  of  birds  allied 
to  the  crows,  having  a slate-colored  plumage, 
the  only  known  species  being  the  Glaucopis 
cinerea,  or  great  wattle-bird  of  New  Zealand. 

Lesson. 

GLAU-CO’SIS,  n.  (Med.)  Opacity  of  the  vitreous 
humor  of  the  eye  ; glaucoma.  Dunglison. 

GLAU'COUS,  a.  [Gr.  yZa vk6s  ; L.  glaucus ; It.  Sf 
Sp.  glauco  ; Fr.  glauque.] 

1.  Denoting  a dull  green  passing  into  blue  ; 

sea-green.  Pennant. 

2.  (Bot.)  Of  a dull  green  color  with  a whitish 

blue  lustre  : — also  frosted  with  bloom  of  a 
bluish  green  tinge.  Henslow. 

GLAu'CUS,  n.  [L.]  (Zoffl.)  A genus  of  mol- 
lusks  having  three  pairs  of  palmately-lobed 
gills.  Woodward. 

GLAUX,  n.  [Gr.  ylavKds,  sea-green.]  (Bot.)  A 
genus  of  marine  plants  with  glaucous  leaves  ; 
black  salt-wort.  Loudon. 

f GLAVE,  n.  [Fr.  glaive.)  A broadsword.  Spenser. 

f GLAV'^R,  v.  n.  [W.  glafru,  to  flatter.]  To  flat- 
ter ; to  wheedle.  South. 

t GLAV'IJR-JJR,  n.  A flatterer.  Mir.  for  Mag. 

GLAy'MORE  (gla'mor),  n.  [Gael.  <Sf  Ir.  claid- 
heamh,  a sword,  and  more,  great.]  A large,  two- 
handed  sword,  formerly  used  by  the  Highlanders 
of  Scotland  ; — written  also  claymore.  Johnson. 

+ GLAY'MOUS,  a.  Muddy;  clammy.  Scott. 

GLAZE,  v.  a.  [See  Glass.]  \i.  glazed  ; pp. 

GLAZING,  GLAZED.] 

1.  To  furnish  with  glass  or  windows  of  glass. 
“ Agreeing  to  glaze  four  windows.”  Walpole. 

2.  To  cover  or  incrust  with  a vitreous  sub- 
stance. “ Its  aptness  to  vitrify,  and  serve  the 
potters  to  glaze  their  earthen  vessels.”  Boyle. 

3.  To  polish,  as  a metallic  surface,  by  means 

of  a polishing  powder.  Francis. 

4.  To  cover  with  a glossy  surface  ; to  over- 
lay with  something  shining. 

Sorrow’s  eye  glazed  with  blinding  tears.  Shade. 

5.  (Paint.)  To  apply  a very  thin  layer  of  one 
color  to  another,  for  the  purpose  of  giving  har- 
mony and  mellowness  to  a picture.  Fairholt. 

GLAZE,  n.  The  transparent  coating  which  cov- 
ers the  surface  of  pottery  ; glazing.  Fairholt. 


GLAZED,  p.  a.  Furnished  or  covered  with  glass. 

AGLA'ZEN  (gla'zn),  a.  Resembling  glass.  Wickliffe. 

GLA'ZEN  (gla'zn),  v.  a.  To  glaze,  [it.]  Scott. 

GLAZ'ER,  n.  1.  A workman  who  applies  the 
transparent  vitreous  incrustation  to  the  surface 
of  pottery.  Simmonds. 

2.  A wooden  wheel  used  for  the  purpose  of 

polishing  knives.  Simmonds. 

3.  A calenderer  or  calico-smoother.  Simmonds. 

GLA'ZIpR  (gla'zher),  n.  One  who  sets  glass,  or 
glazes  window-frames,  &c.  Gay. 

GLAz'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  or  the  art  of  placing  the 
panes  of  glass  in  the  frames  of  windows,  doors, 
&c. ; the  process  of  setting  glass.  Francis. 

2.  The  act  or  the  art  of  communicating  a 
glass-like  appearance  to  pottery,  or  of  putting 
a glossy  surface  upon  metal,  stone,  or  other 
substance. 

3.  (Paint.)  The  application  of  a very  thin 

layer  of  a color  over  another  to  modify  its 
tone.  Fairholt. 

4.  A vitreous  coating  on  potters’  ware ; en- 
amel ; glaze.  Ure. 

GLEAD,  n.  See  Glede.  Todd. 

GLEAM,  n.  [A.  S.  gleam,  glam  ; Frs.  glim. ] 

1.  A small  and  sudden  stream  or  shoot  of 
light ; a beam  ; a ray  ; a glimmer  ; a glitter. 

The  setting  sun 

Plays  on  their  shining  arms  and  burnished  helmets, 

And  covers  all  the  field  with  gleams  of  fire.  Addison. 

2.  Lustre  ; brightness  ; splendor. 

A shape  within  the  watery  gleam  appeared.  Milton. 

Syn. — Gleam  is  a sudden  shoot  or  stream  of  light ; 
glimmer,  a faint,  unsteady  gleam  of  light ; glitter,  an 
unsteady,  sparkling  light ; ray  and  beam  are  portions 
or  streams  of  light  emanating  from  a luminous  body. 

GLEAM,  v.  n.  [ i . GLEAMED  ; pp.  GLEAMING, 

GLEAMED.] 

1.  To  dart  or  throw  rays  of  light;  to  glim- 
mer ; to  glitter  ; to  shine  ; to  dawn. 

The  meek-eyed  Morn  appears,  mother  of  dews, 

At  first  faint  gleaming  in  the  dappled  east.  Thomson. 

2.  To  cast  or  throw  off  filth  from  the  gorge, 

as  a hawk.  Clarke. 

Syn.  — See  Shine. 

GLEAM'jNG,  n.  A sudden  shoot  of  light ; a ray ; 
a gleam.  Thomson. 

GLEAM'Y,  a.  Flashing ; darting  gleams.  Pope. 

GLEAN,  v.  a.  [Fr.  glaner;  glane , a handful  of 
corn  gleaned.  — The  original  root  is  doubtful. 
Skinner  and  Sullivan  say,  L.  granum,  a grain, 
by  substitution  of  l for  r.]  [i.  gleaned  ; pp. 

GLEANING,  GLEANED.] 

1.  To  gather,  as  the  grains  or  ears  of  corn, 
after  the  reapers. 

Let  me  now  go  to  the  field,  and  glean  ears  of  corn  after 
him  in  whose  sight  I shall  find  grace.  Ruth  ii.  2. 

She  went,  by  hard  necessity  compelled. 

To  glean  Palasmon’s  fields.  Thomson. 

2.  To  pick  up  ; to  collect ; — applied  to  things 
thinly  scattered,  or  left  in  small  quantities  or 
numbers. 

And  idly  utters  what  she  gleans 

From  chronicles  and  magazines.  Whitehead. 

GLEAN,  v.  n.  To  gather  what  is  left  by  reapers. 

And  she  went,  and  came,  and  gleaned  in  the  field  after  the 
reapers.  Ruth  ii.  3. 

As  they  which  glean  the  relics  use  to  gather 

"Which  the  husbandman  behind  him  chanced  to  scatter. 

Spenser. 

GLEAN,  n.  A collection  made  by  gleaning. 

And  gleans  of  yellow  thyme  distend  his  thighs.  Dryden. 

GLEAN'IJR,  n.  One  who  gleans.  Thomson. 

GLEAN'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  gleans. 

As  the  gleaning  of  grapes  when  the  vintage  is  done. 

Isa.  xxiv.  13. 

2.  Any  thing  gleaned.  “ The  gleanings  of  the 
rich  man’s  harvest.”  Atterbury. 

GLE'BJE  JlD-DlC’Ti.  [L.]  (Law.)  Attached 
to  the  glebe  or  soil,  and  sold  with  it,  as  slaves 
or  serfs.  Hamilton. 

GLEBE,  n.  [L.,  It.,  S;  Sp.  gleba  ; Fr.  gUbe. \ 

1.  Turf ; soil ; ground  ; clod  ; sod. 

Their  furrow  oft  the  stubborn  r/lebe  hath  broke.  Gray. 

2.  (Eccl.  Law.)  Land  belonging  to  a church, 

or  possessed  as  part  of  an  ecclesiastical  bene- 
fice. Bouvier. 

3.  (Mining.)  A piece  of  earth  containing 

ore.  Simmonds. 


GLEBE'LJJSS,  a.  Having  no  glebe.  Gent.  Mag. 

fGLE'BOUS,  a.  Turfy;  gleby.  Bailey. 

GLE'BY,  a.  Relating  to  soil  or  glebe  ; turfy.  Prior. 

GLE-€HO’Mji,  n.  [Gr.  yl^uiv,  penny-royal.] 
(Bot.)  A genus  of  small  trailing  herbs ; ground- 
ivy  ; gill.  Loudon. 

GLED,  n.  (Ornith.)  A bird  ; the  kite;  — so  called 

in  Scotland.  Jamieson. 

f GLEDE,  n.  [A.  S.  ylida ; Sw.  glada. ] A kind  of 
hawk;  a gled.  Deut.  xiv.  13. 

f GLEDE,  orGLEED,  n.  [A.  S.  gled,  or  gloed ; 
glowan,  to  glow;  Fra.  glede;  Dut.  gloed ; Dan. 
glad ; Icel.  glod ; Sw.  gLd.~\  A hot,  glowing 
coal.  Chaucer. 

GLEE,  n.  [A.  S.  glie  ; glig,  music.] 

1.  f Minstrelsy ; music.  Chaucer. 

2.  Joy;  merriment;  gayety ; mirth;  joviali- 
ty ; merriment ; hilarity.  Spenser. 

3.  (Mm.)  A composition  for  voices  in  three 

or  more  parts.  Mus.  Diet. 

GLEE,  v.  n.  [Icel.  gloe.]  To  squint ; to  gly. 
[Provincial,  Eng.]  Rag. 

I GLEE'FUL,  a.  Gay;  merry;  cheerful.  S/tak. 

j-  GLEEK,  n.  1.  [A.  S.  glig.]  Music.  Shak. 

2.  [A.  S.  gelaccan,  to  catch  ; Scot,  glaik,  a 
trick.]  A catch  ; a trap  ; deception  ; deceit. 
“ You  fear  such  wanton  gleeks.”  Harrington. 

3.  A game  at  cards. 

Let  her  hear  up  to-day, 

Laugh,  and  keep  company  at  gleek  or  crimp.  B.  Jonson. 

f GLEEK,  v.  n.  To  sneer  ; to  gibe  ; to  play  the 
fool.  “ I can  gleek  upon  occasion.”  Shak. 

f GLEEK'ING,  n.  Convivial  merriment.  Milton. 

GLEE'MAN,  n. ; pi.  glee'men.  [See  Glee.]  An 
itinerant  minstrel ; a musician.  Fabgan. 

fGLEEN,  v.n.  [A.  S .glowen,  past  part,  of  gloican, 
to  glow.  Richardson.  — W.  g/an,  clean;  glei- 
nio,  to  purify.]  To  shine,  as  a polished  surface. 
“ Gleening  armor.”  Prior. 

+ GLEE'SOME  (gle'sum),  a.  Merry  ; joyous  ; glad- 
some ; blithe.  W.  Browne. 

GLEET,  n.  [A.  S.  glidan,  to  glide ; Icel.  glut, 
moisture.  — Fr.  glette.']  (Med.)  The  flux  of  a 
thin  humor  from  the  urethra : — a thin  ichor 
running  from  a sore.  Palmer.  Wiseman. 

GLEET,  V.  n.  1.  To  discharge  a thin  ichor,  as  a 
sore  ; to  drip  with  gleet.  Wiseman. 

2.  To  run  slowly,  [it.] 

Clouds  which  . . . are  condensed,  and  so  gleet  down  the 
caverns  of  these  mountains.  Cheyne. 

GLEET'  Y,  a.  Ichory  ; thinly  sanious.  Wiseman. 

GLEN,  n.  [A.  S.  glen ; W.  § Nor.  Fr.  glyn  ; Gael. 
gleann.']  A narrow  valley;  a hollow  between 
two  hills  ; a dale  ; a vale  ; dell ; dingle.  Spenser. 

GLE'Ny,  n.  [Gr.y7.i5w/.]  (Anat.)  1.  The  socket  of 
the  eye  : — any  shallow  socket  or  cavity.  Palmer. 

2.  The  pupil  ; the  eye-hnll ; the  eye.  Dunglison. 

GLE'NOID,  n.  [Gr.  ylyvri,  a cavity,  and  el bos,  form.] 
(Anat.)  Any  shallow  articular  cavity,  as  the 
socket  of  the  shoulder-joint.  Scudamore. 

GLENT,  n.  & v.  n.  See  Glint.  Todd. 

GLEW  (glu),  n.  See  Glue.  Johnson. 

GLl'A-DINE,  n.  [Gr.  yZia,  glue.]  (Chem.)  A 
term  applied  to  one  of  the  constituents  of  the 
gluten  of  wheat.  Brande. 

GLIB,  a.  [L.  glaber.  — See  Glibbeky.] 

1.  Smooth  ; slippery.  “ The  parts  being  glib, 

and  continually  in  motion.”  Burnet. 

2.  Voluble;  fluent;  ready.  Locke. 

GLIB,  n.  A curled  bush  of  hair  hanging  over  the 
eyes.  “With  hairy  glib  deformed.”  Spenser. 

GLIB,  v.  a.  1.  [L.  qlabro,  to  make  bare  or  smooth  ; 
Dut.  lubben,  gelubt .]  To  castrate ; to  emascu- 
late ; to  geld.  Shak. 

2.  To  make  glib  or  smooth. 

I undertook  that  office,  nnd  the  tongues 

Of  all  his  flattering  prophets  glibbed  with  lies.  Milton. 

f GLIB'BgR-Y,  a..  [Dut.  glibberig  ; glibberen,  to 
slide.]  Voluble;  glib;  fluent;  ready.  “Thy 
lubrical  and  glibScry  muse.”  B.  Jonson. 

GLI  B'LY,  ad.  In  a glib  manner ; smoothly ; volubly. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  rCLE.  — £,  <?,  9,  g,  soft;  E,  G,  5,  g , hard ; § as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


GLIBNESS 


622 


GLOMERATE 


GLIB'NpSS,  re.  1.  The  quality  of  being  glib; 
smoothness  ; slipperiness.  Chapman. 

2.  Volubility;  loquacity.  Gov. of  the  Tongue. 

t GLICKES,  n.  pi.  [Scot,  glaiks,  glance  of  the 
eye  : — Teut.  glicken.  Jamieson.]  Ogling  or 

leering  looks.  B.  Jonson. 

GLIDE,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  glidan ; Out.  glyden  ; Ger. 
gleiten;  Dan.  glide  ; S w.glicla-,  Icel.  lida.]  [i. 
glided  ; pp.  gliding,  glided.]  To  move  or 
pass  easily,  smoothly,  and  continuously  ; to  slide. 

To  glide  implies,  in  its  application  to  living  bodies,  conti- 
nuity of  motion,  without  repeated  action  of  the  limbs. 

Richardson. 

Shoals  of  fish,  with  fins  and  shining  scales, 

Glide  under  the  green  wave.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Slide. 

GLIDE,  re.  The  act  of  gliding  or  moving  smooth- 
ly and  continuously ; lapse.  Shah. 

GLId'ER,  re.  1.  That  which  glides.  Spenser. 

2.  A snare.  [North  of  Eng.]  Todd. 

GLID'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a smooth,  flowing  man- 
ner. Wright. 

GL1FF,  re.  1.  A transient  view;  a glimpse;  a 
glance.  [North  of  Eng.]  Brockett. 

2.  A sudden  fright.  [Scotch.]  Jamieson. 

+ GLIKE,  re.  A trick  ; a trap  : — a sneer.  Shak. 

GLIM,  re.  A light  or  candle.  [Local.]  Clarke. 

GLIM,  v.  n.  To  look  askance  or  slyly.  Wright. 

GLIM'MfR,  v.  re.  [A  dim.  of  gleam.  Richardson. 
— Dut.  glimmen  ; Ger.  glimmen,  or  glimmern\ 
Dan.  glimre\  Sw.  glimma.]  [i.  glimmered  ; 
pp.  GLIMMERING,  GLIMMERED.]  To  give  a 
faint  and  fitful,  or  unsteady  light ; to  gleam. 

The  west  yet  glimmers  with  some  streaks  of  day.  Shak. 

GLIM'MpR,  re.  1.  A faint,  unsteady  gleam  of 
light ; a glitter  ; ray.  Shak. 

2.  {Min.)  Muscovy  glass ; mica.  Woodioard. 

Syn.  — See  Gleam. 

GLIM'MgR-lNG,  re.  1.  A faint,  unsteady  light;  a 
gleam  ; a glimmer.  South. 

2.  A faint  or  imperfect  view;  perception. 

On  the  way  the  post-boy  got  a glimmering  who  they  were. 

Wotton. 

GLIM'MpR-ING,  p.  a.  Shining  faintly  and  fitfully. 

GLIMPSE,  re.  [Dut.  glimp  ; glimmen , to  glimmer.] 

1.  A short,  quick  light ; a gleam. 

Light  as  the  lightning  glimpse  they  ran.  Milton. 

2.  A short,  transitory  view ; a glance. 

A doubtful  glimpse  of  our  approaching  friends.  Johnson. 

3.  A short,  fleeting  possession ; snatch. 

“Some  glimpse  of  joy.”  Milton. 

4.  The  exhibition  of  a faint  resemblance. 

No  man  hath  a virtue  that  he  hath  not  a glimpse  of.  Shak. 

GLIMPSE,  v.  re.  To  appear  by  glimpses  ; to  gleam. 

Deformed  shadows  glimpsing  in  his  sight.  Drayton. 

GLINT,  re.  A flash ; a glance  ; a gleam;  a glim- 
mer. [Scotland.]  Jamieson. 

GLINT,  re.  re.  To  glance.  [Scotland.]  Jamieson. 

GLINT,  a.  Slippery.  “ Stones  be  full  glint.” Skelton. 

GLI'RE$,  re.  [L.,  pi.  of  glis,  a dormouse.]  ( Zoul .) 
In  the  Linmean  system,  the  fourth  order  of 
mammalia,  corresponding  to  the  Rodentia  of 
Cuvier.  Brande. 

GLI'RINE,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  glires.  Maunder. 

GLIS'SA,  re.  {Ich.)  A scomberoid  fish.  Clarke. 

GLIST,  re.  [From  glisten.]  {Min.)  Mica  ; glim- 
mer ; Muscovy  glass.  Crabb. 

GLIS'TEN  (glls'sn),  re.  re.  [A.  S.  glisnian;  FI. 
glinsteren  ; Ger.  gleissen,  or  glitzern.]  [i.  glis- 
tened ; pp.  GLISTENING,  GLISTENED.]  To 
shine  with  a soft  and  fitful  light ; to  glister. 

The  ladies'  eyes  glistened  with  pleasure.  S.  Richardson. 

“ Glitter,"  “glister,"  and  ''glisten”  are  the  same  word  va- 
riously written  and  pronounced.  C.  Richardson. 

Syn.  — See  Shine. 

GLIS'TIJR,  re.  re.  [Dan.  glindse.  — See  Glisten.] 
To  shine  with  a soft,  scintillating  light ; to 
glitter ; to  glisten. 

Herb,  tree,  fruit,  and  flower 
Glistering  with  dew.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Shine. 

GLIS'TIJR,  re.  Lustre  ; glitter  ; brilliancy.  Greene. 

GLIS'TIJR,  re.  {Med.)  Sec  Clyster. 


GLIS'TJER-ING-LY,  ad.  In  a glistering  manner. 

GLIT,  re.  See  Gleet.  Todd. 

GLIT'TJJR,  re.  re.  [Goth,  glitmunjan ; A.  S . glit- 
enan  ; Dan.  glitte  ; Icel.  glitta  ; Sw.  glittra.  — 
“From  to  light  (A.  S . gelihtan),  past  part,  lit, 
is  formed  the  frequentative  to  glitter.”  Barclay. 
— See  Glisten.]  [i.  glittered;  ^.glit- 
tering, glittered. J To  shine  with  a broken 
and  scattered  light ; to  emit  fitful  and  rapid 
flashes  of  light ; to  sparkle ; to  glisten ; to 
glister. 

“ To  glitter"  is  used  in  speaking  of  a multitude  of  shining 
objects,  or  one  of  great  splendor,  but  with  peculiar  propriety 
of  a shining  body  or  bodies  in  motion  giving  frequent  flashes 
or  gleams  of  light.  Barclay. 

Syn.  — See  Shine. 

GLiT'TIJR,  re.  Brilliancy;  specious  lustre  ; bright 
show;  glister.  “ False  glitter.”  Milton. 

Syn. — See  Gleam,  Radiance. 

GLIT'TpR-ANCE,  re.  Glitter;  lustre;  brilliancy. 
“ The  glitterance  of  the  sunny  main.”  Southey. 

f GLIT'TER-AND,  a.  Shining;  sparkling.  “Belts 
of  glitterand  gold.”  Spenser. 

GLIT'TJpR-ING,  re.  The  act  of  shining;  lustre; 
gleam.  “ The  glittering  of  a blade.”  Bacon. 

GLlT'TBR-ING,  a.  Shining;  having  lustre.  Watts. 

GLIT'T^R-lNG-LY,  ad.  Radiantly;  with  shining 
lustre. 

fGLOAM,  re.  re.  [Ger.  glumm,  gloom.  — See 
Gloom.]  To  be  gloomy  or  glum  ; to  be  sullen ; 
to  gloom.  Gammer  Gurton’s  Needle. 

GLOAM'ING,  re.  1.  Morning  or  evening  twilight. 
[Scotland  and  North  of  Eng.]  Chalmers. 

2.  f Gloom  ; melancholy.  Toone. 

GLOAR,  re.  re.  [Dut.  glauren,  to  leer.] 

1.  To  squint.  [Local,  Eng.]  Skinner. 

2.  To  stare  ; to  gaze  impertinently.  Todd. 

GLOAT,  re.  re.  [Sw.  glutta,  to  peep.  Todd.  — 
Formed  upon  the  past  part,  of  A.  S.  glowan,  to 
glow,  Richardson.]  [i.  gloated  ; pp.  gloat- 
ing, gloated.]  To  gaze  ardently  ; to  look 
steadfastly  or  earnestly;  to  stare. 

Sec  how  he  gloats , enjoys  the  sacred  feast!  Churchill. 

GLO'BARD,  re.  A glowworm  ; a globird.  Johnson. 

GLO  BATE,  I a Formed  in  shape  of  a globe  ; 

GLO'I! AT-F.D,  ) globular  ; spherical.  Johnson. 

GLOBE,  re.  [L.  globus,  a sphere  ; also,  a crowd  or 
troop  ; It.  cSf  Sp.  globo  ; Fr.  globe.] 

1.  A body,  either  solid  or  hollow,  of  which 
every  part  of  the  surface  is  at  the  same  distance 
from  the  centre ; a spherical  or  round  body ; a 
ball ; a sphere  ; an  orb  : — a term  applied  to  the 
eartb. 

Look  downward  on  that  glohe , whose  hither  side 
With  light  from  hence,  though  but  reflected,  shines.  Milton. 

2.  A collection  of  persons  or  things  arranged 
in  resemblance  of  a sphere  ; a circle. 

Him  round 

A glohe  of  fiery  seraphim  enclosed.  Milton. 

Jin  artificial  globe,  a globe  made  of  metal,  plaster, 
paper,  &c.,  on  the  surface  of  which  a map  of  the  earth, 
or  of  the  celestial  constellations,  is  delineated,  with 
the  principal  circles  of  the  sphere.  In  tile  former  case, 
it  is  called  tile  terrestrial,  in  the  latter,  the  celestial, 
globe. 

Syn.  — See  Earth. 

f GLOBE,  re.  a.  To  conglobate.  Milton. 

GLOBE'-AM'A-RANTH,  re.  {Bot.)  The  name  of 
plants  of  the  genus  Gomphrena , especially  of 
Gomphrena  globosa,  whose  gathered  flowers  re- 
tain their  beauty  for  several  years.  Loudon. 

GLOBE'-AN'I-MAL,  re.  A name  applied  to  mi- 
nute aquatic  plants,  of  the  genus  Volvox,  for- 
merly supposed  to  be  animals.  Baird. 

GLOBE'— DAl-§Y,  re.  {Bot.)  A plant  of  the  genus 
Globulana.  Clarke. 

GLOBE'-FISH,  re.  {Ich.)  A kind 
of  orbicular  fish  ; a species  of 
Tetraodon,  and  of  Diodon. 

GLOBE'— FLOVV'IJR,  re.  {Bot.)  A 
plant  of  the  genus  Trollius, 
bearing  showy  flowers.  Loudon.  Globe-fish 

_ ( Tetraodon  hispidus). 

GLOBE'— LIKE,  a.  Resembling  a 

globe  ; globular.  Drayton. 

GLOBE'-RA-NUN'CIT-LUS,  re.  {Bot.)  A ranun- 


culaceous  plant  of  the  genus  Trollius,  having 
showy  flowers  and  rounded  leaves.  Miller. 

GLOBE'— THIS-TLE  (thls-sl),  re.  {Bot.)  A genus 

of  plants  ; Echinops.  Loudon. 

GLO-BlF'IJR-OUS,  a.  [L.  globus,  a globe,  and 
fero,  to  carry.]  {Ent.)  Noting  that  the  setiger- 
ous  joint  of  the  antenme  is  larger  than  the  pre- 
ceding one,  and  globose.  Maunder. 

GLO'BIRD,  re.  A glowworm.  Holland. 


GLO-BOSE'  (129),  a.  [L.  g/obosus ; globus,  a globe.] 

1.  Spherical;  globular;  orbicular;  globe- 

shaped.  _ Milton. 

2.  {Bot.)  Noting  parts,  as  fruits, 
that  are  spherical  or  nearly  so.  Gray. 

GLO-BOS'I-TY,  re.  [L.  glohositas ; It. 
globosita  ; Fr.  globosite.]  State  of 
being  globose  or  globous  ; sphericity  ; spheri- 
calness. Ray. 


GLO'BOFS,  a.  [L.  glohosus  ; globus,  a globe  ; It. 
% Sp.  globoso;  Fr.  globeux.]  Round;  spherical; 
globular  ; globose.  “ This  globous  earth.”  Milton. 

GLOB'y-LAR,  a.  [It.  globulare  ; Fr . globulaire.] 
Being  in  the  form  of  a globe,  or  nearly  so ; 
round ; spherical. 

The  figure  of  the  atoms  of  all  visible  fluids  seemeth  to  be 
globular.  Grew. 

Globular  chart,  n delineation  of  the  terrestrial  sur- 
face, or  any  part  of  it,  on  a plane,  according  to  the 
principles  of  globular  projection.  Brande.  — Globular 
projection,  that  projection  of  tile  sphere  in  which  the 
point  of  sight  is  taken  in  the  axis  of  the  primitive 
circle,  and  at  a distance  from  the  pole  of  this  circle 
equal  to  the  sine  of  forty -five  degrees.  Davies. — 
Globular  sailing,  ( JVaut .)  the  sailing  from  one  place  to 
another  over  the  arc  of  a great  circle,  or  the  shortest 
distance  between  two  places.  Craig. 

GLOB-U-LA' Rl-Jl,  re.  [L.]  {Bot.)  A genus  of 
plants  inhabiting  the  hot  and  temperate  parts 
of  Europe  ; madwort;  — so  called  from  the  flow- 
ers being  packed  in  globose  heads.  Loudon. 

GLOB'lT-LAR-LY,  ad.  In  a globular  form. 

GLOB'lT-LAR-NESS,  re.  The  quality  of  being 
globular  ; sphericity  ; orbicularity.  Ash. 

GLOB'ULE,  re.  [L.  globulus,  dim.  of  globus,  a 
globe  ; Sp.  globulo  ; Fr.  globule.] 

1.  A minute  globe  or  sphere  ; a small,  round 
particle  ; as,  “ A qlobule  of  mercury.” 

2.  pi.  {P/tgs.)  1'he  red  particles  of  the  blood, 

which  give  it  its  color.  Iloblyn. 

fifg=-“They  are  circular  in  the  mammalia,  and  el- 
liptical in  birds  and  cold-blooded  animals  ; are  flat  in 
all  animals,  and  generally  composed  of  a central  nu- 
cleus enclosed  in  a membranous  sac.”  Dunglison. 

GLOB'U-LET,  re.  A little  globule  ; a minute  glob- 
ular particle.  Crabb. 

GLOB'll-LlNE,  re.  I.  {Phys.)  The  principal  con- 
stituent of  the  blood  globules,  closely  allied  to 
albumen.  Hoblyn. 

2.  {Bot.)  A term  applied  by  Kieser  to  the 
green  globules  lying  among  the  cells  of  a cellu- 
lar tissue ; and,  by  Turpin,  to  all  vesicular  gran- 
ules of  a vegetable  nature.  Brande. 


GLOB'y-LOUS,  a.  [Fr.  globuleux.  — See  Glob- 
ule.] Round  ; globular  ; orbicular.  Boyle. 


GLOB'y-LOUS-NESS,  re.  The  quality  of  being 
globulous ; sphericalness.  Boyle. 


t GLO'BY,  a.  Orbicular  ; round  ; rounded.  Milton. 
GLOCH'I-DATE,  l a [Gr.  yhoxfis,  the 

GLO-GHID'I-ATE,  ) beard  of  corn.]  {Bot.)  Fur- 
nished with'  bristles  or  rigid  hairs  the  ends  of 
which  are  booked  back  with  one  or  more  barbs. 

Gray. 

GLO'eHJS,  re.  [Gr.  a projecting  point.] 

{Bot.)  A form  of  hair  occurring  in  plants,  forked 
at  the  apex  ; a barb.  Brande. 

fGLODE.  The  old  preterite  of  glide.  Chaucer. 


GLOME,  re.  [L.  glomus,  a ball.]  {Bot.)  A round- 
ish head  of  flowers.  Smart. 

GLOM'pR-ATE,  t’.  a.  [L.  glomero,  glomeratus  ; 
glomus,  glomeris , a ball.]  To  gath- 
er into  a ball  or  sphere ; to  con- 
glomerate. Sir  T.  Herbert. 

GLOM'yR-ATE,  a.  {Bot.)  Formed 
into  a ball  or  round  head.  Loudon. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  ?,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  IIEIR,  HER; 


GLOMERATION 


623 


GLOTTOLOGY 


GL6M-$R-A'TION,  n.  [L.  glomeratio.] 

1.  The  act  of  forming  into  a ball ; conglom- 

eration.  JoJiiisoti • 

2.  A body  formed  into  a ball ; a conglomera- 
tion ; an  agglomeration. 

The  rainbow  consi9teth  of  a glomeration  of  small  drops. 

Bacon. 

f GLOM'IJR-OUS,  a.  [L.  glomerosm ; glomus,  a 
ball.]  Gathered  into  a ball  or  sphere.  Blount. 

GLOM'JpR-ULE,  n.  [L.  glomus,  glomcris,  a ball.] 
(Bot.)  A form  of  inflorescence;  a cluster  of 
capitula  in  a common  involucrum.  Hoblgn. 

GLOOM,  n.  [A.  S.  glomung,  twilight ; Ger.  glurnm, 
gloomy.  — “ The  past  part,  of  the  A.  S.  geleo- 
man,  to  enlighten.”  Tooke .] 

1.  Imperfect  darkness;  obscurity;  defect  of 
light ; dimness. 

Where  glowing  embers  through  the  room 

Teach  light  to  counterfeit  a gloom.  Milton. 

2.  Heaviness  of  mind  ; sadness  ; dejection  ; 
depression  ; despondency  ; dulness. 

A sudden  g loom  and  furious  disorder  prevailed  by  fits.  Burke. 

GLOOM,  v.  n.  1.  To  shine  obscurely,  as  the  twi- 
light ; to  glimmer. 

A little  glooming  light  much  like  a shade.  Spenser. 

2.  To  have  a dark  or  dismal  appearance. 

There  the  black  gibbet  glooms  beside  the  way.  Goldsmith. 

3.  To  be  melancholy,  sad,  or  sullen. 

Nor  palace-like,  whereat  disdain  may  gloom.  Surrey. 

GLOOM,  v.  a.  To  fill  with  gloom  or  darkness. 

Good  Heaven,  what  sorrows  gloomed  that  parting  day  1 ^ 

GLOOM'-pN-AM'OURED  (-urd),  a.  Delighted  with 
gloom,  or  darkness. 

Where  gloom-enamoured  mischief  loves  to  dwell.  Johnson. 

GLo6m'!-LY,  ad.  In  a gloomy  manner. 

GLOOM 'I-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  gloomy. 
“A  day  of  darkness  and  gloominess."  Zeph.  i.  15. 

Neglect  spreads  gloominess  upon  their  humor.  Collier. 

GLOOM'ING,  n.  Twilight ; gloaming.  Clarke. 

GLOOM'Y,  a.  [Ger.  glumm.  — See  Gloom.] 

1.  Imperfectly  dark  ; dismal  for  want  of  light ; 
obscure  ; dim.  “ Vast  and  gloomy  woods.”  Shak. 

2.  Dejected  ; depressed  ; dispirited  ; sad  ; 
melancholy;  lowering;  lurid;  dismal. 

Syn.  — See  Dismal. 

GLOP'P^N,  v.  a.  [Icel.  glopr.]  To  surprise;  to 
astonish ; to  amaze.  [North  of  Eng.]  Brockett. 

GLORE,  a.  Fat.  [Local,  Eng.]  Pcjje. 

GLO'RI-A  IJX  EX-CEL' SIS.  [L.,  glory  [to  God] 
on  high.\  (Ercl.)  One  of  the  doxologies  of 
the  church  ; — sometimes  called  the  angelic 
hymn.  Hook. 

GLO ' RI- A PA  ' TRI.  [L.,  glory  be  to  the  Father.] 
(Eecl.)  One  of  the  primitive  doxologies  of  the 
church.  Hook. 

+ GLO-RI-A'TION,  n.  [L . gloriatio.]  Boast;  tri- 
umphing; exultation.  Bp.  Richardson. 

fGLO'RIED  (glo'rjd),  a.  Illustrious;  honorable. 
“ Your  once  gloried  friend.”  Milton. 

GLO-RI-FI-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  glorificatio  ; It.  qlo- 
rificazione ; Sp.  glorijicacion ; Fr.  glorification.] 
The  act  of  glorifying,  giving  glory,  or  ascribing 
praises.  “ The  glorification  of  God  for  the 
works  of  the  creation.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

GLO'RJ-FY,  v.  a.  [L.  glorifico  ; gloria,  glory,  and 
facio,  to  make  ; It.  glorificare  ; Sp.  g/orificar  ; 
Fr.  glorifier.)  [i.  glorified  ; pp.  glorifying, 

GLORIFIED.] 

1.  To  make  glorious ; to  give  glory  to  ; to 
honor  or  praise  in  a high  degree  ; to  magnify ; 
to  extol. 

Herein  is  my  Father  glorified , that  ye  bear  much  fruit. 

John  xv.  8. 

2.  To  exalt  to  glory  in  heaven. 

The  God  of  our  fathers  hath  glorified  his  Son.  Acts  iii.  13. 

GLO-RI-O'  SA,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants  in- 
digenous in  India  ; — so  named  from  the  splen- 
did appearance  of  its  flowers.  Eng.  Cyc. 

GLO’RI-OUS,  a.  [L.  gloriosus  ; gloria,  glory  ; It. 
<Sf  Sp.  glorioso  ; Fr.  glorieux.] 

1.  Having  glory ; illustrious  ; famous  ; re- 
nowned ; excellent ; noble ; eminent ; con- 
spicuous. 


I will  speak  of  the  glorious  honor  of  thy  majesty.  Ps.  cxlv.  S. 
A man  of  sovereign  parts  he  is  esteemed. 

Well  fitted  in  arts,  glorious  in  arras.  Shak. 

2.  Brilliant;  splendid  ; fadiant ; resplendent. 

“ The  glorious  sun.”  Shak. 

Who  is  this  that  is  glorious  in  his  apparel,  travelling  in  the 
greatness  of  his  strength?  Isa.  ixiii.  1. 

3.  Boastful  ; proud  ; haughty  ; vainglorious. 

They  that  are  glorious  must  needs  be  factious.  Bacon. 

GLO'RI-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  a glorious  manner. 

GLO'RI-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality 
of  being  glorious.  Todd. 

GLO'RY,  n.  [L.,  It.,  # Sp.  gloria  ; Fr.  gloire.] 

1.  Honor  ; renown  ; celebrity  ; fame  ; praise. 

The  paths  of  glory  lead  but  to  the  grave.  Gray. 

2.  Brightness;  lustre;  splendor;  effulgence. 

The  moon,  serene  in  glory , mounts  the  sky.  Bope. 

3.  State  ; pomp ; magnificence. 

Solomon,  in  all  his  glory , was  not  arrayed  like  one  of 
these.  Matt.  vi.  29. 

4.  The  felicity  of  heaven  ; celestial  happiness. 

Thou  shalt  guide  me  with  thy  counsel,  and  afterward  re- 
ceive me  to  glory.  Bs.  lxxiii.  24. 

5.  Occasion  of  pride ; ornament ; boast.  “ The 

glory  of  her  sex.”  Spenser . 

6.  Generous  pride  ; laudable  desire. 

The  success  of  those  wars  was  too  notable  to  be  unknown 
to  your  ears,  which  all  worthy  fame  hath  glory  to  come  unto. 

Sidney. 

7.  Pride;  exultation;  glorying;  boastfulness. 

Glory , or  internal  ploriation  or  triumph  of  the  mind,  is  the 
passion  which  proceedeth  from  the  imagination  or  concep- 
tion of  our  own  power  above  the  power  of  him  that  contend- 
eth  with  us.  Hobbes. 

8.  (Paint.)  The  radiation  round  the  head  or 
figure  of  a deity,  saint,  or  angel. 

We  call  glory  the  union  of  nimbus  and  aureola.  Fairholt. 

Syn. — Glory  expresses  more  than  honor.  Glory 
impels  to  great  and  heroic  achievements  ; honor  in- 
duces a person  to  discharge  his  duty  and  to  avoid  all 
mean  actions.  Men  often  obtain  glory , fame , and 
renown  at  the  expense  of  others  ; honor , by  promoting 
the  benefit  of  others. — Glory  and  praise  to  God; 
honor  to  good  men. 

GLO'RY,  v.  n.  [i.  GLORIED  ; pp.  GLORYING,  glo- 
ried.*] To  exult;  to  boast;  to  vaunt;  to  take 
pride  ; to  be  proud  ; to  triumph. 

No  one  is  out  of  the  reach  of  misfortune;  no  one,  there- 
fore, should  glory  in  his  prosperity.  S.  Richardson. 

GLO'RY-lNG,  n.  Exultation  ; boasting. 

Your  glorying  is  not  good.  1 Cor.  v.  6. 

GLO'RY— SMIT'TEN,  a.  Smitten  with  glory. Clarke. 

GLO§E  (gloz),  v.  n.  See  Gloze.  Johnson. 

GLO'^IJR,  n.  See  Glosser.  Bp.  of  Chichester. 

GLOSS  (21),  n.  1.  [Gr.  yl.Saaa,  the  tongue  ; also, 
a foreign  or  obsolete  word  needing  explana- 
tion ; L.  glossa  ; It.  § Sp.  glosa,  a gloss  ; Fr. 
glosse.  — A.  S.  glesing  ; g/esan,  to  explain  ; Ger. 
g/osse  ; M.  gloas.]  A scholium  ; a comment ; 
an  explanation  ; a note. 

Explaining  the  text  in  short  glosses.  Baker. 

2.  An  interpretation  artfully  specious ; a 
specious  representation ; palliation. 

No  written  laws  can  be  so  plain,  so  pure, 

But  wit,  and  gloss,  and  malice  may  obscure.  Dryden. 

3.  [A.  S.  glees ; Dut.  # Ger.  glas.  — See  Glass.] 
Superficial"  lustre  ; a smooth,  shining  surface; 
smoothness  ; as,  “The  gloss  upon  cloth.” 

GLOSS,  v.  n.  [i.  GLOSSED  ; pp.  GLOSSING,  glossed.] 

1.  To  make  notes  or  explanations  ; to  com- 
ment. 

No  man  can  gloss  upon  this  text  after  that  manner.  II.  More. 

2.  To  make  sly  remarks  ; to  insinuate. 

Her  equals  first  observed  her  growing  zeal, 

And,  laughing,  glossed  that  Abra  served  so  well.  Brior. 

GLOSS,  v.  a.  1.  To  explain  by  comment.  Donne. 

2.  To  palliate  by  specious  representation. 

You  have  the  heart  to  gloss  the  foulest  cause.  Bhillips. 

3.  To  embellish  with  superficial  lustre  ; to 
make  smooth  and  shining;  as,  “To  gloss  linen.” 

GLOS-SA'RI-AL,  a.  Relating  to  a glossary.  Todd. 

GLOS'SA-RlST,  n.  1.  One  who  writes  a gloss,  or 
comment ; a scholiast.  Warton. 

2.  The  writer  of  a glossary.  Tyrwhitt. 

GLOS'SA-RY,  n.  [L.  glossarium ; It.  glossario  ; 
Sp.  ql'osario  ; Fr . glossaire.  — See  Gloss.]  A 
dictionary  of  difficult  words  or  phrases  in  any 
language  or  writer  ; a dictionary  or  VQcabulary 


of  obscure  or  antiquated  words  ; as,  “Tyrwhitt’s 
Glossary  to  Chaucer.”  Stillingfieet. 

Syn.  — See  Dictionary. 

f GLOS-SA'TOR,  n.  [Fr.  ylossateur.  — See  Gloss.] 
A writer  of  glosses  ; a commentator  ; a glossa- 
rist ; a scholiast.  Bp.  Barlow. 

GLOSS' fR,  n.  1.  One  who  writes  glosses;  a 
scholiast ; a commentator  ; a glossarist.  “ The 
glossers  upon  the  Alcoran.”  L.  Addison. 

2.  One  who  polishes  ; a polisher.  Johnson. 

GLOS'SI-LY,  ad.  In  a glossy  manner.  Clarke. 

GLOSS'I-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  glossy  ; 
smooth  polish  ; superficial  lustre.  Boyle. 

t GLOSS'IST,  n.  A writer  of  glosses;  a glossa- 
rist ; a commentator.  Milton. 

GLOS-^I' TIS,n.  [Gr.  ylthaaa,  the  tongue.]  (Med.) 
Inflammation  of  the  tongue.  Dunglison. 

GLOFS'LY,  a.  Appearing  specious  ; bright.  Boag. 

GLOS'SO-C'ELE,  n.  [Gr.  yl.daaa,  the  tongue,  and 
KtJ.r),  a tumor.]  (Med.)  An  extrusion  of  the 
tongue  from  disease  ; swelled  tongue.  Hoblyn. 

GLOS-SO ' DI-A,  n.  [Gr.  yl.unraa,  the  tongue,  and 
fltio;,  form.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants,  natives 
of  Australia.  Loudon. 

GLOS'SO-EP-I-GLOT'TIC,  a.  [Gr.  yPhotra,  the 
tongue,  and  imyl.uiTTis,  the  epiglottis.]  (Anat.) 
Noting  the  muscles  which  pass  from  the  tongue 
to  the  epiglottis.  Dunglison. 

GLOS-SOG'ltA-PHIJR,  n.  A scholiast ; a com- 
mentator ; a glossarist.  Blount. 

GLOS-SO-GR  APH'I-C  AL,  a.  [Fr.  glossographigue.] 
Belonging  to  glossography.  Scott. 

GLOS-SOG'R  A-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  yl.daaa,  a tongue,  and 
ypatptu,  to  write  ; It.  g/ossografia  ; Sp.  glosogra- 
Jia  ; Fr . g/ossograplue.] 

1.  The  writing  of  glossaries,  glosses,  or  com- 
mentaries. Johnson. 

2.  (Anat.)  A description  of  the  tongue. 

Dunglison. 

GLOS-SO-LO^'I-CAL,  a.  Belonging  or  relating 
to  glossology.  Ec.  Rev. 

GLOS-SOL'Q-«?IST,  n.  One  versed  in  glossology, 
or  comparative  philology.  Clarke. 

GLOS-SOL'O-CY,  n.  [Gr.  ylmaa.i,  a tongue,  and 
I.tiyos,  a discourse;  It . glossologia  ; Fr.  glosso- 
logies 

1.  The  science  which  investigates  the  agree- 
ment and  the  differences  of  the  various  lan- 
guages written  or  spoken  by  mankind.  Park. 

The  applied  science  of  language,  if  confined  to  the  speech 
of  a single  country  or  district,  forms  the  particular  grammar 
of  the  language  there  spoken;  but  if  it  embrace  many  lan- 
guages, testing  their  formation,  construction,  and  powers  by 
the  common  standard  of  universal  grammar,  it  is  termed,  by 
different  authors,  comparative  grammar,  comparative  philol- 
ogy, • • • glottology,  or  glossology.  Sir  J.  Stoddarf. 

2.  An  account  of  terms  used  in  a science,  as 

botany ; technology.  Henslow. 

GLOS-SOP'E-TRA,  n.  [Gr.  yl.Satra,  the  tongue,  and 
■ttirpa,  a rock.]  A name  formerly  given  to  fossil 
teeth  of  fishes  allied  to  the  shark.  Eng.  Cyc. 

GLOS-SOT'O-MY,  n.  [Gr.  yXwtjoa,  the  tongue, 
and  To/ur/,  a cutting ; rtyvui,  to  cut.]  (Sitrg.) 
Dissection  of  the  tongue.  Dunglison. 

GLOS'SY,  a.  1.  Having  a gloss  ; shining  ; smooth, 
ly  polished.  “ A glossy  scurf.”  Milton 

2.  Specious.  “ Glossy  duplicity.”  Boswell 

GLOT'TAL,  a.  Relating  to  the  glottis.  Ch.  Ob. 

GLOT'TA-LITE,  n.  [L.  Glota,  the  Clyde,  and  Gr. 
I.iBos,  a stone.]  (Min.)  A whitish  vitreous  min- 
eral, being  a hydrated  silicate  of  alumina  and 
lime,  found  near  Port  Glasgow.  Dana. 

GLOT'TJS,  n.  [Gr.  yXuirrts.]  (Anat.)  A small, 
oblong  aperture  situated  at  the  summit  of  the 
larynx  or  windpipe,  between  the  vocal  chords, 
and,  by  its  dilatation  and  contraction,  contrib- 
uting to  the  modulation  of  the  voice.  Palmer. 

GLOT-TO-LOG'l-CAL,  a.  Relating  to  glottology  ; 
glossological.  Ed.  Rev. 

GLOT-TOL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  ylurra,  a tongue,  and 
Ifiyos,  a discourse.]  Comparative  philology  ; 
glossology.  Ed.  Rev. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BOLL,  BUR,  RtJLE.  — 9,  9,  9,  g,  soft;  E,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  X as  g/..  — THIS,  this. 


GLOUE 


624 


GLUTTONY 


GLOUR,  v.  n.  See  Gloar.  Todd. 

GLOUT,  v.  n.  To  look  sullen,  [r.]  Milton. 

t GLOUT,  v.  a.  [See  G 1,0 at.]  To  gaze  ; to  view 
attentively  ; to  gloat.  Translators  of  Bible,  1611. 

GLOVE  (gluv),  n.  [A.  S.  fflof,  a glove,  and  a cliff; 
clo fen,  cloven.  — W.  ffolof,  a cover.]  A cover- 
ing for  the  hand,  with  a separate  sheath  for 
each  finger.  Chaucer. 

To  throw  the  glooe,  to  challenge  ; to  defy.  Shak. 

GLOVE  (gluv),  u.  a.  To  cover  as  with  a glove.  Shak. 

GLOVE'-BAiYD,  n.  A band  round  a glove  at  the 
wrist,  to  secure  it ; a glove-clasp.  Simmonds. 

GLOVE'— CLASP,  n.  1.  A contrivance  for  keeping 
gloves  fastened  at  the  wrist.  Simmonds. 

2.  An  instrument  with  a little  hook  at  the 
end  for  buttoning  gloves.  Simmonds. 

GLOV'£R  (gluv'er),  n.  One  who  makes  or  sells 
gloves.  Shak. 

GLOV'UR-ESS,  n.  A woman  who  makes  gloves ; 
a female  glover.  Ash. 

GLOV'pR’lj-STlTCH,  n.  (Med.)  A method  of 
sewing  up  a wound.  Scott. 

GLOVE'-STRETCH-ER,  n.  An  instrument  for 
opening  the  fingers  of  gloves,  that  they  may  be 
easily  drawn  upon  the  hand.  Simmonds. 

GLOW  (glo),  v.  n.  [A.  S.  <7 Iowan  ; Dut.  yloeijen; 
Ger.  ff taken ; Dan.  glide-,  Sw.  glbdga. — W. 
gloew , bright.]  [i.  glowed  ; pp.  glowing, 
glowed.] 

1.  To  shine  with  intense  light  and  heat ; to 
exhibit  incandescence.  “ Fires  that  glow.”  Pope. 

2.  To  shine  brightly ; to  be  of  the  color  of 
any  thing  burning. 

Now  (flowed  the  firmament 
With  living  sapphires.  Milton. 

Clad  in  a gown  that  glows  with  Tyrian  dyes.  Dnjden. 

3.  To  be  hot,  as  the  flesh ; to  burn. 

The  cord  glides  swiftly  through  his  glowing  hands.  Gay. 

4.  To  be  inflamed,  as  by  admiration,  or  by 
any  strong  passion. 

So  perish  all  whose  breasts  ne’er  learned  to  glow 

For  others’  good,  or  melt  at  others’  woe.  Pope. 

f GLOW  (glo),  v.  a.  To  make  hot  so  as  to  shine. 

Fans,  whose  wind  did  seem 

To  glow  the  delicute  cheeks  which  they  did  cool.  Shak. 

GLOW  (glo),  n.  1.  Shining  or  white  heat ; incan- 
descence. Johnson. 

2.  Brightness  of  color ; lustre ; shine. 

And  the  red  glow  of  scorn  and  proud  disdain.  Shak. 

3.  Ardor  or  vehemence  of  passion.  Johnson. 

GI.oW'ER,  v.  n.  To  stare;  to  gloar.  — See 
Gloar.  [Provincial.]  Brockett. 

GLOW'ING,  a.  1.  Shining  with  intense  heat; 
incandescent.  “ Glowing  embers.”  Milton. 

2.  Bright ; brilliant ; vivid.  “ The  glowing 

violet.”  Milton. 

3.  Fervid;  hot;  heated;  fiery. 

The  gilded  car  of  day 

His  gloicing  axle  doth  allay.  Milton. 

4.  Ardent;  animated;  inspired;  rapt.  “The 

glowing  bard.”  Lewis. 

GLOVY’ING-LY,  ad.  In  a glowing  manner ; 
brightly ; fervidly. 

GI.OVV'WORM  (glo'wiirm),  n.  ( Ent .)  The  com- 
mon name  of  coleopterous  insects  of  the  family 
Lampyridce,  of  which  the  genus  Lampyris  is 
the  type  ; — remarkable  for  the  light  which  they 
emit  during  the  night. 

11/ j ' Fifteen  or  sixteen  species  of  glowworm  are 
known,  being  found  in  Europe,  Asia,  Africa,  and 
America.  It  is  the  female  insect,  which  has  no  wings, 
that  gives  out  the  light,  and  it  proceeds  from  the  under 
part  of  the  abdomen,  near  the  tip.  Baird. 

GLOX-IM’  Iff  ,n.  ( Bot .)  A genus  of  plants,  na- 

tives of  tropical  America  ; — so  called  in  honor 
of  B.  P.  Gloxin,  of  Colmar.  Loudon. 

GLOZE,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  glesan,  to  gloze.  — See  Gloss, 
No.  3.]  [i.  glozed  ; pp.  glozing,  glozed.] 

1.  To  flatter  ; to  wheedle  ; to  cajole. 

So  glozed  the  tempter,  and  his  proem  tuned.  Milton. 

2.  To  comment;  to  gloss  ; to  extenuate. Shak. 

GLOZE,  n.  1.  Act  of  one  who  glozes  ; flattery ; 
insinuation.  “ The  glozes  of  a fawning  spirit.” 

B.  Jonson. 

2.  Specious  show  ; gloss.  Sidney. 


GLOZ'IJR,  n.  One  who  glozes;  a flatterer;  a 
cajoler.  Gifford,  1580. 

GLOZ'ING,  n.  The  het  of  one  who  glozes  ; flat- 
tery ; cajoling.  Mountagu. 

GLU'CIC,  a.  [Gr.  yl.vKtis,  sweet.]  ( Chem .)  Noting 
an  acid  obtained  from  a solution  of  grape  sugar, 
saturated  with  baryta  or  lime.  lloolyn. 

GLy-CI'NA,  l n_  (Chem.)  A white  earth  or  pow- 

GLU'CINE,  1 der  found  in  the  beryl  and  the  em- 
erald ; the  oxide  of  glucinium.  P.  Cyc. 

GLU-CIN'J-UM,  n.  [Gr.  ylvtdis,  sweet;  from  the 
sweetness  of  its  salts.]  (Min.)  The  metallic 
base  of  the  earth  glucina.  Braude. 

GLU-Cl'NliM,  n.  Same  as  Glucinium.  Graham. 

GLU'COSE,  n.  [Gr.  yhisiis,  sweet.]  (Chem.)  The 
sugar  obtained  from  grapes  and  many  other 
fruits,  and  also  from  starch  by  the  action  of 
sulphuric  acid,  differing  from  common  sugar  in 
having  larger  proportions  of  oxygen  and  hydro- 
gen in  its  composition,  in  being  nearly  uncrys- 
tallizable,  and  less  sweet;  grape-sugar  ; starch- 
sugar.  Hoeffer. 

GLUE  (glu,  24),  n.  [Gr.  yloia  ; L.  glus,  or  gluten-, 
It.  glutine  ; Sp.  gluten ; Fr.  gluten,  and  glu.  — 
Gael .glaodh;  W.  glyd,  glue.]  Common  or  im- 
pure gelatine,  obtained  by  boiling  animal  sub- 
stances, especially  the  parings  of  ox  and  other 
thick  hides,  with  water,  and  used  as  a cement  for 
joining  pieces  of  wood  or  other  substance.  Ure. 

Marine  glue,  a solution  of  caoutchouc  in  naphtha, 
with  some  shellac  added.  Simmonds. 

GLUE  (glu),  v.  a.  [£.  glued  ; pp.  gluing,  glued.] 

1.  To  join  with  glue ; to  cement.  Eccl.  xxii.  7. 

2.  To  fasten  closely  ; to  unite  ; to  lock. 

And  round  thy  phantom  glue  my  clasping  arms.  Pope. 

GLUE'— BOIL-yR,  n.  One  whose  trade  it  is  to 
make  glue.  Johnson. 

GLU'yR,  n.  One  who  cements  with  glue.  Johnson. 

GLU'f.Y,  a.  Partaking  of  glue  ; viscous.  Todd. 

GLU'EY-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  gluey; 
viscidity ; adhesiveness.  Blount. 

GLU'ISH,  a.  Like  glue  ; gluey.  Sherwood. 

GLUM,  a.  [From  gloom.]  Sullen  ; gloomy  ; dull ; 
sad  ; sour.  Guardian. 

fGLUM,  v.n.  To  look  sour;  to  be  sullen.  Chaucer. 

fGLUM,  n.  Sullenness  of  aspect;  a frown.  Skelton. 

GLU-MA'CEOUS  (glu-ma'shus),  a.  (Bot.)  Like  a 
glume,  or  bearing  a glume  or  glumes.  Gray. 

GLU'MAL,  a.  (Bot.)  Having  a glume.  Craig. 

GLU-MA'LEf,  n.  pi.  [See  Glume.]  (Bot.)  A 
name  given  by  Lindley  to  endogenous  plants 
having  glumaceous  flowers.  Craig. 

GLUME  (glum,  24),  n.  [L.  gluma,  a hull 
or  husk.]  (Bot.)  One  of  the  bracts  of 
grasses  ; the  calix  and  corolla  of  corn 
and  grasses ; the  husk  or  chaff  of 
grain.  P.  Cyc. 

GLU'MELLE  ,n.  (Bot.)  An  inner  husk  of  grasses; 
an  innermost  scale-like  envelope  to  the  ova- 
rium. Gray. 

fGLUM'MY,  a.  Dismal  for  want  of  light;  dim; 
obscure  ; dark.  Knight. 

GLU'MOUS,  a.  (Bot.)  Having  a glume,  or  re- 
sembling a glume.  Smart. 

GLUM'PV,  a.  Sulky;  sullen  ; morose.  D.  Coleridge. 

GLUT,  v.  a.  [L.  glutio,  to  gulp  down  ; gluto , a 
glutton;  Fr.  engloutir.  — Gael,  glut,  gluttony.] 
[i.  GLUTTED  ; pp.  GLUTTING,  GLUTTED.] 

1.  To  swallow  eagerly  ; to  devour.  “Lucked 

and  glutted  offal.”  Milton. 

2.  To  cloy;  to  sate;  to  satiate;  to  disgust. 

I found 

The  fickle  ear  soon  glutted  with  the  sound.  Pt'ior. 

3.  To  feast  to  satiety ; to  gratify  fully. 

Flis  faithful  heart,  a bloody  sacrifice, 

Torn  from  the  grave  to  glut  the  tyrant’s  eyes.  Drydcn. 

4.  To  fill  to  repletion  ; to  overfill ; to  gorge  ; 
to  stuff;  to  cram.  “ Glutting  the  market.” 

Arbuthnot. 

GLUT,  n.  1.  That  which  is  gorged  or  swallowed. 

Disgorging  foul 

• Their  devilish  glut.  Milton. 


2.  Plenty  even  to  loathing;  repletion.  “A 

glut  of  study.”  Pope. 

3.  More  than  enough  ; a superabundance. 

If  you  pour  a glut  of  water  upon  a bottle,  it  receives  little 
of  >*•  11.  Jonson. 

4.  Any  thing  that  fills  up  a passage.  Woodward. 

5.  [M .glut.]  A large  wooden  wedge. Bees’s  Cyc. 

6.  (Falconry.)  The  slimy  substance  that  lies 

in  a hawk’s  paunch.  Craig. 

GLU-TJE'  us,  n.  (Anat.)  A muscle  situated  at 
the  posterior  part  of  the  pelvis,  and  at  the  upper 
and  posterior  part  of  the  thigh.  Dunglison. 

GLU'TE-AL,  a.  [Gr.  y/ourdf,  rump.]  Pertaining 

to  the  buttocks.  “ Gluteal  artery.”  Dunglison. 

GLU'T£N,  n.  [L.,  glue ; It.  glutine-,  Sp.  Fr. 
gluten.] 

1.  A viscid,  elastic  substance  obtained  from 

wheat  and  other  grains,  as  by  washing  wheat 
flour,  wrapped  in  a coarse  cloth,  placed  under  a 
stream  of  water  so  as  to  carry  off  the  starch  and 
soluble  matters.  Brande. 

Gluten  contains  nitrogen,  and  has  consequently  been 
called  the  vegeto-animal  principle.  Brande. 

2.  That  part  of  the  blood  in  animals  which 

gives  firmness  to  its  texture.  Maunder. 

GLU'TI-NATE,  v.  a.  [L.  glutino,  glutinatus.]  To 
join  with  glue  ; to  glue.  Bailey. 

GLU-Tj-N  A'TION,  n.  [L.  glutinatio.]  The  act 
of  joining  with  glue,  [r.]  Bailey. 

GLU'Tj-NA-TIVE,  a.  [L.  glutinativus ; Fr . glu- 
tinatif.]  Tenacious  ; glutinous  ; viscous.  Todd. 

GLU'TjNE,  n.  (Chem.)  A principle  resembling 
gluten,  but  differing  from  it  in  not  being  soluble 
in  alcohol.  Hoblyn. 

t GLU-TI-NOS'I-TY,  n.  [It.  glutinosita  ; Sp.  glu- 
tinosidad  ; Fr.  glutinosite.]  Glutinousness  ; 
viscidity,  [it.]  Cotgrave. 

GLU'TI-NOUS,  a.  [L.  glutinosus;  gluten,  glue; 
It.  § Sp.  glutinoso  ; Fr.  glutineux.] 

1.  Resembling,  or  relating  to,  gluten  or  glue  ; 
gluey;  viscous;  viscid;  tenacious;  adhesive; 
sticky;  emplastic.  ‘'Glutinous  slime.”  Derham. 

2.  (Bot.)  Overspread  with  a viscid  substance 

like  glue.  Craig. 

GLU'TJ-NOLIS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
glutinous ; viscidity.  Fuller. 

GLUT'TON  (glut'tn),  n.  [L.  gluto,  glutonis,  or 
glutto,  gluttonis  ; glutio,  to  swallow  ; It.  ghiot- 
tone  ; Sp.  gloton  ; Fr.  glouton.] 

1.  One  who  eats  to  excess;  a voracious  eater; 
a gormand  ; a gormandizer. 

The  epicure  and  the  glutton  are  considered,  bv  common 
consent,  as  upon  a level  with  the  lowest  of  the  brute  crea- 
tion. Cogan. 

2.  One  eager  of  any 
thing  to  excess. 

Granville. 

3.  (ZoBl.)  A genus  of 
carnivorous  quadru- 
peds noted  for  voracity ; 
wolverene;  Gido. 

Audubon. 

GLUT'TON  (glut'tn),  a.  Glutton  ( Gulo  luscus ). 
Gluttonous.  Dryden. 

f GLUT'TON  (glut'tn),  v.  a.  To  eat  to  excess; 
to  glut ; to  overfill ; to  gormandize.  Lovelace. 

GLUT'TON-ISH  (glut'tn-Ish),  a.  Gluttonous  ; vo- 
racious ; greedy.  Sidney. 

GLUT'TON-IZE  (glut'tn-lz),  v.  n.  To  eat  to  ex- 
cess ; to  gormandize,  [it.]  Hally  well. 

GLUT'TON— LIKE,  a.  Resembling  a glutton  ; 
greedy  ; swinish.  Congreve. 

||  GLUT'TON-OUS  (glut'tn-us)  [glul'tn-us,  S.P. 
K.  Sm. ; glut'un-us,  W.  Ja.],  a. 

1.  Given  to  excessive  feeding;  voracious; 
gluttonish.  “ Gluttonous  maws.”  Shak.  “ This 
gluttonous  age.”  Raleigh. 

2.  Consisting  in  gluttony.  “Seeking  from 
due  nourishment  no  gluttonous  delight.”  Milton. 

II  GLUT'TON-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  a gluttonous  man- 
ner ; with  the  voracity  of  a glutton. 

II  GLUT'TON- Y (glut'tn-e)  [glut'tn-e,  S.  P.  J.  K. 
Sm.  ; glut'un-e,  W.  Ja,.],  n.  Excess  of  eating; 
voracity ; a habit  of  gormandizing. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  J,  O,  l_T,  Y,  obscure; 


FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


GLUY 


GNOSTIC 


625 


Swinish  gluttony 

Ne’er  looks  to  heaven,  amidst  his  gorgeous  feast, 

But.  with  besotted,  base  ingratitude, 

Crams,  and  blasphemes  his  feeder.  Milton. 

GLU'Y,  a.  See  Gluey.  Harvey. 

GLY,  v.  n.  [Icel.  gloe.]  To  squint;  to  glee. 
[Provincial,  Eng.]  liay. 

GLYp'JJ-RINE,  n.  [Gr.  yl.vxbs,  or  yXo/ceob;,  sweet; 
Fr.  glycerine.]  ( Chem.)  A sweet  principle,  ex- 
tracted from  fatty  substances.  Ure. 

GLY-CER'I-ZlNE,  n.  See  Glycyrrhizine. 

GLYtJ'IJR-ULE,  n.  [Gr.  yhiKipts,  sweet,  and  vhj, 
matter.]  (Chem.)  The  hypothetical  base  of 
glycerine.  Craig. 

GLYC'I-COL,  n.  [Gr.  yl.vKbs,  sweet.]  (Chem.) 
Gelatine  sugar,  a substance  obtained  by  the  ac- 
tion of  sulphuric  acid  on  sugar.  Craig. 

GLY'giNE,  n.  [Gr.  yi.oi c6s,  sweet  ; It.  glicina.] 
(Bot.)  A name  formerly  applied  to  a genus  of 
climbing,  leguminous  plants  now  termed  Mis- 
taria.  Eng.  Cyc. 

GLYp'I-UM  (gllsh'e-um),  n.  Glucinium.  — See 
Glucinium.  Francis. 

GLY'CO-CINE,  n.  ( Chem.)  Glycicol.  Gregory. 

GLY-COL'IC,  a.  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  ob- 
tained from  glycocine.  Gregory. 

GLY-CO'NJ-AN,  a.  Glyconic.  Chambers. 

GLY-CON'IC,  a.  [Gr.  rl.vKwvaos ; Low  L.  glyco- 
nlum.]  (Pros.)  Applied  to  a kind  of  Greek  or 
Latin  verse  formed  of  a spondee,  a choriambus, 
and  a pyrrhic  ; — so  named  from  its  inventor, 
Glycon.  Blount. 

GLYQ-YR-RIli ’ ZA  (glls-e-rl'zj),  n.  [Gr.  y/.vKvc, 
sweet,  and  a root.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  ex- 
ogenous, herbaceous,  pea-flowered  plants  ; the 
licorice  plant.  P.  Cyc. 

GL  Y-CYR'RHI-ZINE,  n.  (Chim.)  The  peculiar 
saccharine  matter  of  the  root  of  Glycyrrliiza 
glabra,  or  common  licorice.  Brande. 

f GLYN,  n.  [Ir.]  A glen.  — See  Glen.  Spenser. 

GLYPH  (gllf),  n.  [Gr.  yhip),  carving;  yXuipw,  to 
carve  ; Sp.  glifo  ; Fr.  glyphe,  glyph.]  (Arch.) 
An  engraved  or  cut  channel.  Britton. 

GLYPH'IC  (ghf'jk),  n.  [See  Glyph.]  A picture 
or  figure  by  which  a word  is  implied ; a hiero- 
glyphic. [r.]  Todd. 

GLYPH'IC,  a.  1.  Relating  to  glyphs. 

2.  Relating  to  sculpture  or  carving.  Bonomi. 

GLYPH'O-GRAPH,  n.  1.  A plate  formed  by  the 
glyphographie  process.  Ogilvie. 

2.  An  impression  taken  from  a plate  formed 
by  the  glyphographie  process.  Athenceum. 

GLYPH'O-GRAPH,  v.  a.  [Gr.  y?.b<pw,  to  engrave, 
and  ypcKpei,  to  write  or  describe.]  To  form,  as 
plates,  by  the  process  of  glyphography.  Ogilvie. 

GLY-PHOG'RA-PHER,  n.  One  versed  in  glyphog- 
raphy. Palmer. 

GLYPH-O-GRAPH'IC,  a.  Belonging  or  relating 
to  glyphography.  Dr.  Bindley. 

GLY-PHOG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  yh'npio,  to  engrave, 
and  ypa</iM,  to  write  or  describe.]  An  electro- 
type process,  in  which,  by  depositing  a coating 
of  copper  upon  an  engraved  plate  previously 
prepared  in  a peculiar  manner,  a copy  in  metal 
is  obtained  with  a raised  surface,  suitable  for 
being  printed  after  the  manner  of  ordinary  let- 
ter-press. Palmer. 

GLYP'TIC,  a.  [Gr.  ylunris,  carved  ; yl.b^oi,  to 
carve;  Fr.  glyptique .]  (Sculp.)  Pertaining  to 
the  carving  on  stone,  gems,  or  other  hard  sub- 
stances. Craig. 

GLYP'TIC,  n.  The  art  of  carving  on  stone,  gems, 
or  other  hard  substances.  Brande. 

GLYP'TO-DON,  n.  [Gr.  ylvirrh;,  engraved,  and 
blobs,  ifirioros,  a tooth.]  An  extinct  gigantic  quad- 
ruped, belonging  to  the  family  of  armadillos;  — 
so  named  from  its  teeth,  which  are  longitudi- 
nally fluted.  Brande. 

GLYP-TO-GRAPH'ic,  a.  [Fr.  glyptographique.] 
Relating  to  glyptography.  ‘ Todd. 

GLYP-TOG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  yXvnn If,  engraved, 
and  yp'icto,  to  write  or  describe  ; Fr.  glyptogra- 


phies] A description  of  the  art  of  engraving 
upon  gems.  Brit.  Crit. 

GLYP-TO-THE'  CA,  n.  [Gr.  yXbipw,  to  carve,  and 
0vio/,.a  case.]  A building  or  room  for  the  pres- 
ervation of  works  of  sculpture.  , Brande. 

GMEL'IN-ITE  (mel'jn-It),  n.  (Min.)  A hydrated 
silicate  of  alumina,  lime,  and  soda  ; hydrolite ; — 
so  called  from  Prof.  Gmelin,  of  Tubingen.  Dana. 

GJYA-PHA  ' LI-CtM,  n.  [Gr.  yvatjial.vov,  the  wool 
of  the  teasel.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants,  of 
many  species  ; — commonly  called  everlasting. 

t GNAR  (nir),  v.  n.  To  growl;  to  gnarl.  Spenser. 

GNAR  (nir),  n.  A har-d  knot  in  a tree  or  in  wood  ; 
knarl ; knurl.  — See  Knurl.  Chaucer. 

GNARL  (n&rl),  V.  n.  [A.  S.  gnyrran,  or  gnornian; 
gnome,  sorrowful,  complaining  ; Dut.  knorren  ; 
Ger.  gnurren,  or  knarren,  to  creak,  to  rattle  ; 
Dan.  knurre;  Sw.  knarra.]  [i.  gnarled  ; pp. 
GNARLING,  gnarled.]  To  growl ; to  snarl. 

And  wolves  are  gnarling  who  shall  gnaw  thee  first.  Shak. 

GNARL'ED  (tiarl'ed),  a.  Knotty;  twisted;  cross- 
grained;  knarled.  “ Tire  guar  lid  oak.”  Shak. 

GNAR'LY  (nar'-),  a.  Having  knots  ; knotty.  “The 
tough  and  gnarly  oak.  ” Antonio’s  Revenge,  1602. 

GNASH  (nash),  v.  a.  [Dut.  knaschen,  or  knarzen  ; 
Ger.  knirschen  ; Dan.  knaske  ; Sw.  gnissla,  and 
knastra .]  [t.  gnashed  ; pp.  'gnashing, 

gnashed.]  To  strike  together,  as  the  teeth; 
to  clash.  Eccles.  xxx.  10. 

GNASH  (nash),  v.  n.  To  grind  or  collide  the 
teeth  : — to  strike  or  dash  the  teeth  together,  as 
in  anger,  pain,  or  anguish.  “ Gnashing  for  an- 
guish, and  despite,  and  shame.”  Milton. 

The  monster  fell,  an<l,  gnashing,  with  huge  tusks 

Ploughed  up  the  earth.  /Smith. 

GNASH'ING  (nash'jng),  n.  Collision  of  the  teeth 
in  pain.  Matt.  viii.  12. 

GNASH'ING-LY  (nash'-),  ad.  With  gnashing. 

Clarke. 

GNAT  (nat),  n.  [A.  S.  gnat.]  (Ent.)  A small, 
winged,  stinging  insect,  of  several  species,  in- 
cluding the  mosquito  ; the  Culex.  Eng.  Cyc. 

GNAT'—  FLoW-pR  (nat'-),  n.  (Bot.)  A flower  called 
also  the  bee-flower  ; Oplirys  apifera.  Johnson. 

GJYA-  THA  ' TIS,  n.  [Gr.  yvidos,  the  jaw.]  (Med.) 
Inflammation  of  the  jaw  or  cheek.  Dunglison. 

GNA-THON  IC,  ^ (na-thon'-),  a.  [Gr.  YvaQrjo/v, 

GNA-THON'I-CAL,  > the  name  of  a parasite  in 
the  later  comedy  ; L.  Gnatho.]  Like  a parasite  ; 
flattering ; deceitful,  [r.]  Colman. 

fGNA-THON'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  Flatteringly;  de- 
ceitfully. [r.]  Cockeram. 

GNAT'LIiNG  (nat'ling),  n.  A little  gnat.  Churchill. 

GNAT'-SNAP-I’ER  (nat'snap-per),  n.  A bird  that 
lives  by  catching  gnats.  Hakewill. 

GNAT'— STRAlN-FR,  n.  One  who  strains  out 
gnats  : — one  who  places  too  much  importance 
on  little  things ; — so  named  in  allusion  to 
Matt,  xxiii.  24.  More. 

GNAT'— WORM  (nat'wiirrn),  n.  The  larva  of  the 
gnat.  Browne. 

GNAW  (n&w),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  gnagan  ; Dut.  knagen, 
or  knaauwen ; Ger.  gnagen ; Dan.  gnave,  or 
n age~,  Icel.  gnaga,  or  nag  a-,  Sw.  gnaga,  or  nag- 
ga. — Gr.  kvuw,  to  grate,  to  scrape.]  [A  GNAWED  ; 
pp.  GNAWING,  GNAWED.] 

1.  To  bite  ; to  nibble  ; to  keep  biting. 

Alas!  why  gnaw  you  so  your  nether  lip?  Shak. 

2.  To  eat  into,  or  wear  away,  by  continued 
biting. 

Gnawing  with  my  teeth  my  bonds  asunder.  Shak. 

3.  To  corrode  ; to  fret ; to  waste. 

O’er  the  wild  waste  the  stupid  ostrich  strays, 

In  devious  search  to  pick  her  sciinty  meal, 

Whose  fierce  digestion  gnaws  the  tempered  steel.  Mickle. 

GNAW  (nfivv),  v.  n.  To  use  the  teeth,  as  in  biting. 

A thousand  men  that  fishes  gnawed  upon.  Shak. 

GNAWED  (n&wd),  p.  a.  1.  Worn  away  by  biting 
or  by  corrosion. 

2.  (Bot.)  Irregularly  jagged.  Henslow. 

GNAw'JJR  (naw'er),  n.  1.  He  who,  or  that  which, 
gnaws.  Bp.  Andrews. 


2.  (Zo/il.)  The  Rodentia,  or  Glires.  Craig. 

GNAw'ING  (nfiw'jng),  p.  a.  1.  Eating  by  degrees ; 
wearing  away  by  biting. 

2.  Corroding  ; fretting  ; wasting  away. 

GNEE  (ne),  n.  (Zoiil.)  A species  of  antelope. 

GNEISS  (nls)  [nls,  Sm.  Wb. ; ne'js,  it.],  n.  [Ger. 
Sj  It.  gneis.]  (Min.)  A stratified  primary  rock, 
generally  composed  of  the  same  materials  as 
granite,  viz.,  quartz,  felspar,  and  mica,  but  ad- 
mitting of  considerable  variety  by  the  substi- 
tution of  other  minerals  for  either  of  these  in- 
gredients. Eng.  Cyc. 

GNEIS'SOID,  a.  [Eng.  gneiss  and  Gr.  ilSop,  form.] 
(Min.)  Having  some  of  the  characteristics  of 
gneiss. 

A rock  intermediate  between  granite  and  gneiss  is  called 
gneissoid  granite.  Dana. 

GNElS'SOSE,  a.  (Min.)  Having  the  structure  or 
composition  of  gneiss.  Lyell. 

GNIB'BLE  (nlb'bl),  v.  a.  See  Nibble.  Todd. 

t GNIDE,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  gnidan.]  To  rub.  Chaucer. 

f GNOFF  (nof),  n.  [A.  S.  gnafan,  to  gnaw.  Skin- 
ner.]  A miser  ; a churl.  Chaucer. 

GNOME  (noni),  n.  [Gr.  yvoiywv,  one  that  knows  or 
examines ; it.  gnomi,  gnomes  ; Sp.  gnomo,  a 
gnome  ; Er.  gnome.]  A diminutive  being,  or 
elemental  spirit,  supposed  by  the  Cabalists  to 
inhabit  the  interior  of  the  earth,  and  to  be  the 
guardian  of  quarries,  mines,  &c.  London  Ency. 

The  graver  prude  sinks  downward  to  a gnome.  Pope. 

GNO’ME  (nd'nie)  [nd'me,  Sm. ; nom,  Todd],  n. 
[Gr.  yvwpr).]  A brief  reflection  ; a maxim. 

Peac7ia?n. 

GNOM'IC  (nom'jk),  ) a_  |-Gr_  yV0J^K6<; ; It. 

GNOM'I-CAL  (nom'e-kal),  ) Sj  Sp.  gnomico  ; Fr. 
gnomique.] 

1.  Dealing  in  maxims  ; sententious.  Brande. 

2.  [See  Gnomon.]  Gnomonical.  Boyle. 

GNOM-O-LOG'IC  (nom-o-loj'jk),  ) a_  per_ 

GN0M-0-l6<?'I-CAL  (nom-o-loj'e-k?l),  ; taining 
to  gnomology  ; aphoristical.  Ash. 

GNO-MOL'O-GY  (no-mol'o-je),  n.  [Gr.  yvwyrt,  an 
opinion,  and  l.oyos,  a discourse.]  A treatise  on, 
or  a collection  of,  maxims.  Milton. 

GNO'MON  (no'mpn),  n.  [Gr.  yvih/iwv,  something 

that  makes  a thing  known,  an  index  ; yvCoyai, 
to  know  ; L.  gnomon .] 

1.  (Dialling.)  The  hand,  style,  or  pin  of  a sun- 
dial, which  being  parallel  to  the  axis  of  the  earth, 
shows  by  its  shadow  the  hour  of  the  day.  Harris. 

2.  (Astron.)  A style,  column,  or  pilllar 

erected  perpendicular  to  the  horizon,  in  order 
to  point  out  the  altitudes  of  the  sun  by  measur- 
ing the  lengths  of  shadows.  Brande. 

3.  (Geom.)  The  space  in-  rj  / 7 /2JZ7 

eluded  between  the  lines  / - / / A ///Sy 

formed  by  two  similar  par- 
allelograms, of  which  the  smaller  is  inscribed 
within  the  larger,  so  as  to  have  one  angle  in 
each  common  to  both.  Grier. 

Gnomon  of  a globe,  the  index  of  the  hour  circle. 

GNO-MON'IC  (no-mon'jk),  ) yVu. 

GNO-MON'I-CAL  (no-nibn'e-kal),  ) yoinsds  ; L . gno- 
vioniews  ; It.  § Sp.  gnomonico  ; Fr . gnomonique.] 
Pertaining  to  gnomonics,  or  the  art  of  dialling. 

Chambers. 

Gnomonic  projection,  a representation  of  one  of  the 
hemispheres  of  the  earth  on  a flat  surface,  the  pole 
bein';  the  centre  of  that  surface,  and  the  point  of  sight 
being  taken  at  the  centre  of  the  sphere.  Davies. 

GNO-MON'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  According  to  the  prin- 
ciples of  the  gnomonic  projection.  P.  Cyc. 

GNO-MON'ICS  (no-mon'jks),  n.  pi.  [Gr.  yvcoporiKi'i ; 
yvtifiwv,  a gnomon  ; L.,  It.,  § Sp.  gnomonica ; 
Fr.  gnomonique.]  The  art  of  constructing  dials  ; 
dialling.  Brande. 

GNO'MON-IST  (no'mon-jst),  n.  One  versed  in  gno- 
monics. Boyle. 

GNO-MON-OL'O-tJJY,  n.  [Gr.  yvih/iwv,  a gnomon, 
and  l.iyof,  a discourse.]  A treatise  on  gnomon- 
ics or  dialling.  Maunder. 

GNOS'TIC  (nos'tjk),  n.  [Gr.  yruicriKiis  ; ytyvwoKw, 
to  know  ; L.  qnosticus  ; It.  if  Sp.  gnostico  ; Fr. 
gnostique.]  (Eccl.  Hist.)  One  of  an  early  sect  of 
Christian  philosophers,  whose  origin  is  involved 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  ROLE.— p,  <?,  9,  g,  soft;  C,  6,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


GNOSTIC 


626 


GODDAUGHTER 


in  much  obscurity  : — one  who  professed  to  in- 
terpret the  Scriptures  by  the  aid  of  philosophy^ 

It  is  difficult  to  give  an  account  of  their  opinions  that  will 
apply  equally  to  all  the  sects  into  which  the  Gnostics  were 
divided.  P.  Cyc. 

GNOS'TIC,  a.  Relating  to  the  Gnostics.  Percy. 

GNOS'TI-CX^M  (nos'te-slzm),  n.  The  system  of  the 
Gnostics.  P.  Cyc. 

GNU  (nu),  n.  1.  ( Zoul .) 

A wild  animal  of 
Africa,  belonging  to 
the  family  of  ante- 
lopes, with  a head 
like  that  of  a buffa- 
lo, and  a body  with 
the  proportions  of 
a horse. 

Van  Der  Hoeven. 

2.  The  draft-iron 
attached  to  the  end 
of  a plough-beam.  [Local.]  Wright. 

GO,  r.  n.  [Goth,  gaggan  (pronounced  gangan) ; 
A.  S.  get , gan,  or  gangan  ; Ger.  gehen  ; Dan. 
yaa  ; I cel.  ganga  ; Sw.  ga  ; Scot.  <Sf  Old  Eng. 
ga.\  [(.  went;  pp.  going,  gone.]” 

1.  To  move ; to  pass ; to  proceed ; to  ad- 
vance ; to  be  in  motion  from  any  cause  or  in 
any  manner,  as  by  the  action  of  the  limbs,  or 
by  conveyance,  or  as  a machine  ; — used  some- 
times literally  and  sometimes  figuratively. 

The  mourners  go  about  the  streets.  Ecclcs.  xii.  5. 
’Tis  with  our  judgments  ns  our  watches;  none 
Go  just  alike,  yet  each  believes  his  own.  Pope. 

2.  To  walk,  as  distinguished  from  other  modes 

of  moving.  “ Ride  or  170.”  Chaucer. 

You  know  that  love 

"Will  creep  in  service,  where  it  cannot  go.  ShaA\ 
Our  souls  can  neither  fly  nor  go.  Watts. 

3.  To  depart ; — opposed  to  come. 

We  see  a thing  in  motion;  the  distance  from  us  lessens: 
the  thing  approaches,  and  we  say  it  comes;  but  if  the  distance 
increases,  the  thing  departs,  and  we  say  it  goes.  Richardson. 

4.  To  be  pregnant. 

And  now  with  second  hones  she  goes , 

And  calls  Lucina  to  her  throes.  Milton. 

5.  To  reach  ; to  extend. 

No  man’s  knowledge  here  can  go  beyond  his  experience. 

Locke. 

6.  To  contribute;  to  conduce  ; to  concur. 

Ingredients  that  go  to  the  making  up  of  such  different  hu- 
mors and  constitutions.  Addison. 

7.  To  be  in  any  state  ; to  fare.  “ It  shall  go 
ill  with  him.”  Job  xx.  26.  “ To  go  naked. "Swift. 

8.  To  be  about;  to  be  on  the  point.  “ And, 

I was  going  to  say.”  Locke, 

9.  To  be  reckoned;  to  be  esteemed.  “The 

money  . . . should  go  according  to  its  true  val- 
ue.” Locke. 

To  go  about , to  attempt;  to  endeavor. — To  go 
ahead , to  proceed. — To  go  between,  to  mediate  ; to  in- 
terpose. — To  go  by,  to  act  by,  or  in  obedience  to,  as 
a rule. — To  go  down,  to  be  swallowed.  — To  go  for , 
to  be  in  favor  of ; to  support.  [1J.  S.]  — To  go  off,  to 
go  away  ; — to  explode,  as  a gun.  — To  go  out,  to 
become  extinct,  as  a light. — To  go  over,  to  revolt,  as 
from  one  party  to  another : — to  think  upon  ; to  revolve. 

Go  is,  at  least  in  the  present  stage  of  our 
language,  defective  in  the  past  tense.  Went,  at  least 
in  its  current  sense,  is  without  a present.  The  two 
words,  however,  compensate  their  mutual  deficien- 
cies, and  are  to  each  other  complementary.”  Latham. 

‘ To  go  is  usually  interpreted  in  union  with  prepo- 
sitions, or  even  with  other  words  connected  with  if  ; 
and  thus,  improperly,  the  meaning  of  the  whole  phrase 
is  ascribed  to  the  single  word.”  Richardson. 

“ When  joined  with  particles,  as  about,  aside,  be- 
tween, down , off,  through , &c.,  it  still  retains,  either 
literally  or  figuratively,  the  general  sense  of  moving, 
proceeding,  or  passing,  the  qualifying  or  restraining 
of  this  meaning  lying  with  the  particle,  and  not  being 
a new  meaning  of  the  verb.”  Smart. 

GO,v.a.  To  do ; as,  “ Togo  it.”  [Vulgar.]  Booth. 

Go  your  ways,  take  your  departure  ; away  with  you. 

GO,  n.  1.  The  fashion  or  prevailing  mode;  as, 
“Quite  the  go.”  [Colloquial.]  Bartlett. 

2.  A spree  or  noisy  merriment.  “ A high 
go."  [Colloquial  or  vulgar.]  Brockett. 

GOAD  (god),  n.  [A.  S.  gad,  gaad\  Icel.  gaddr,  a 
pin  ; Sw.  gadd,  a sting.]  A stick  with  a pointed 
iron  in  one  end  for  driving  beasts.  Hoole. 

GO  AD,  v.  a.  [i.  goaded  ; pp.  goading,  goaded.] 

1.  To  prick  with  a goad.  Johnson. 

2.  To  incite  ; to  stimulate ; to  urge. 

Most  dangerous 

Is  that  temptation  that  doth  goad  us  on 

To  sin  in  loving  virtue.  Shak. 


GOAL  (gol),  n.  [Fr.  gaule.  — W.  gwyal.'] 

1.  The  post  or  mark  set  to  bound  a race. 

Part  eurb  their  fiery  6teeds,  or  shun  the  goal 

With  rapid  wheels.  Milton. 

2.  Th^  starting-post. 

Hast  thou  beheld,  when  from  the  goal  they  start, 

The  youthful  charioteers,  with  heaving  heart, 

Kush  to  the  race?  Dryden. 

3.  The  final  purpose ; design  ; end. 

Each  individual  seeks  a several  goal.  Pope. 

GOAM,  v.  a.  See  Gaum.  Todd. 

GOAR,  n.  A piece  of  cloth  inserted  to  widen  a 
garment ; — commonly  written  gore.  Johnson. 

GOAli'ING,  a.  ( Naut .)  See  Goring.  Craig. 

fGOAR'ISH,  a.  Patched;  mean.  “ The  goarish 
Latin  they  write  in  their  bonds.”  Beau.  # Ft. 

GOAT  (got),  n.  [Goth,  gaitei;  A.  S.  gat-,  Dut. 
geit ; Ger.  geisz  ; Dan.  gecd  ; Icel.  geit ; Sw.gct ; 
Turk.  geitzi\  Heb.  n”3,  a kid;  Gael,  gobhar,  a 

goat.]  ( Zoiil .)  A ruminant  quadruped  of  the 
genus  Capra,  characterized  by  its  long  horns, 
which  are  hollow,  seated  on  the  crest  of  the 
forehead,  annulated  on  the  surface,  and  turned 
backwards.  Van  Der  Iloeven. 

GOAT'— CHA-F^R,  n.  A kind  of  beetle.  Bailey. 

GOAT'— FIG,  n.  The  wild  fig,  or  the  fig-tree  in  its 
wild  state.  Booth. 

GOAT'-FISH,  n.  A fish  caught  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean ; Batistes  capriscus.  Todd.  Booth. 

GOAT'HERD,  n.  One  who  tends  goats.  Spenser. 

GOAT'— HORNED  (-librnd),  a.  Having  the  horns 
of  a goat.  Dyer. 

GOAT'ISH,  a.  1.  Resembling  a goat.  “ Goatish 
satyrs.”  P.  Fletcher. 

2.  Rank  ; offensive.  “ A goatish  smell.”  More. 

3.  Lustful ; lecherous  ; salacious.  Shak. 

GOAT'JSH-LY,  ad.  In  a goatish  manner  ; lust- 
fully ; lasciviously.  Booth. 

GOAT'ISH-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  goat- 
ish ; salaciousness.  Booth. 

GO  AT'— MAR'JO-RAM,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  ; goat’s- 
beard ; Tragopogon.  Johnson. 

GOAT'MlLK-f.R,  n.  (Ornith.)  A kind  of  bird; 
the  goatsucker.  — See  Goatsucker.  Bailey. 

GOAT’S'— BANE,  n.  ( Bot .)  A plant;  the  Aconi- 
tum  tragoctonum.  Ogilvie. 

GO AT’S'— BEARD,  n.  A plant  of  the  genus  Tra- 
gopogon, having  long  down  on  its  seed.  Lee. 

GOAT'— SKIN,  w.  The  skin  of  a goat.  Pope. 

GOAT’S'— MILK,  n.  The  milk  of  the  goat. 

GOAT’S— RUE  (gots'ru),  n.  {Bot.)  A plant  of  the 
genus  Galega.  Loudon. 

GO  AT’S— THORN,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  belonging  to 
the  genus  Astragalus ; Astragalus  tragacantha 
(great  goat’s-thorn),  or  Astragalus  poterium 
(small  goat’s-thorn).  Loudon. 

GOAT'SUCK-^R,  n. 

(Ornith.)  A name 
common  to  the  dif- 
ferent species  of  Ca- 
primulgus,  of  which 
the  whip-poor-will  is 
an  American  varie- 
ty ; night-jar  ; night- 
hawk  ; wheel-bild  ; Common  goatsucker. 

SO  named  from  a pop-  ( Caprimulgus  Europants). 
ular  but  erroneous  notion  of  its  sucking  goats. 

Eng.  Cyc. 

GOAT'WEED,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the  genus 
Capraria ; Capraria  biflora.  Loudon. 

GOB,  n.  [Etymology  uncertain.  Fr.  gobbe,  or 
gobe,  a poison  ball ; W.  gob,  a heap  ; gwp,  a 
bill.  — Gael.  1$  Ir.  gob,  bill,  snout,  mouth  ; Scot. 
gab,  mouth,  prate.] 

1.  A small  quantity.  L’ Estrange. 

2.  A mouthful.  [Low.]  Johnson. 

GOB'BpT,  n.  [A  dim.  of  gob.  — Fr.  gobet .]  A 

mouthful,  [r.]  Wickliffe. 

GOB'B^iT,  v.  a.  To  swallow  by  mouthfuls  ; to  swal- 
low greedily.  [Low.]  L’ Estrange. 

t GOB'BET-LY,  ad.  In  pieces.  JJuloet. 

GOB'BING,  n.  (Mining.)  The  refuse  that  remains 


after  the  removal  of  coal,  and  that  is  thrown 
back  into  the  excavations.  Brande. 


GOB'BLE  (gob'bl),  v.  a.  [A  dim.  from  gob.  Fr. 
gober. ] [i.  gobbled  ; pp.  gobbling,  gobbled.] 

1.  To  swallow  in  large  pieces;  to  swallow 
greedily.  “ Supper  gobbled  up  in  haste.”  Swift. 

2.  To  sound  in  the  throat,  as  the  note  made 
by  a turkey. 


lie  [the  turkey]  struts  about  the 
note  ot  self-approbation. 


yard  and  gobbles  out  a 
Goldsmith. 


GOB'BLE,  v.  n.  To  make  a noise  in  the  throat,  as 
a turkey.  Prior. 


GOB'BLE,  n.  1.  The  noise  made  by  a turkey.  Forby. 

2.  Noisy  talk;  gabble.  [Colloquial.]  Wright. 

GOB'BLE-GUT,  n.  One  who  swallows  food  by 
mouthfuls;  a greedy  feeder.  [ Vulgar.]  Sherwood. 

GOB'BLfR,?!.  1.  One  that  gobbles  or  gulps  down 
large  mouthfuls.  Johnson. 

2.  A turkey-cock.  [Colloquial.]  Wright. 

GOB'IJ-LIN,  a.  [Fr.]  Noting  a fine  species  of 
French  tapestry  ; — so  called  after  Gilles  Gobe- 
lin, a famous  dyer  of  scarlet  in  the  reign  of 
Francis  I.  Gent.  Mag. 

GO'-Bg-TWEEN,  re.  An  agent  or  interposer ; one 
who  transacts  business  with  two  or  more  parties. 

The  packer  allows  the  clothier  to  say  what  he  pleases;  and 
the  broker  has  his  countenance  ready  to  laugh  with  tiie  mer- 
chant, though  the  abuse  is  to  tall  on  himself,  because  he 
knows  that,  as  a go-between,  he  shall  tind  his  account  in  being 
in  the  good  graces  of  a man  of  wealth.  Addison. 

GO'BI-b,  n.  [Sp.  gobio,  a gudgeon.]  (Pal.)  A 
genus  of  fossil  perch-like  fishes.  Pictet. 

GOB'HJT,  n.  [Fr.  gobelet .]  A large  drinking 

cup  or  bowl  without  a handle.  Drgdcn. 

GOB'LIN,  n.  [Low  L.  gobelinus  ; Fr.  gobelin. — 
Ger.  kobold .] 

1.  An  evil  spirit ; a frightful  phantom. 

To  whom  tile  goblin,  full  of  wrath,  replied.  Milton. 

2.  A fairy  ; an  elf. 

Go.  charge  my  goblins  that  they  grind  their  joints 

"With  dry  convulsions.  ShaJc.  » 

GOB'— LINE,  n.  (Naut.)  A rope  leading  from  the 
martingale  inboard ; a back-rope.  Dana. 

GO'BY,  n.  [Gr.  Kw(ii6( ; L.  gobius,  and  gobio  ; Sp. 
gobio.]  (Ich.)  A genus  of  small  acanthopterygi- 
ous  fishes  of  several  species,  varying  from  three 
to  six  inches  in  length;  the  goget  or  sea-gud- 
geon ; Gobius.  Yarrell. 

GO'— BY,  n.  1.  f Delusion ; artifice ; escape.  Collier. 

2.  A passing  by  ; neglect;  as,  “ To  give  a per- 
son the  go-by.”  [Colloquial.] 

GO'— CART,  n.  A small  frame  or  enclosure  on 
wheels,  in  which  children  learn  to  walk  without 

danger  of  falling.  Prior. 

GOD,  n.  [M.  Goth.  Guth ; A.  S.,  Frs.,  A Dut. 
God-,  FI . godt  \ Ger.  Gott ; Dan.,  Icel.,  4,  Sw. 
Gud  : — Pers.  choda-,  Hind,  khoda,  codam.] 

1.  The  Supreme  Being;  Jehovah. 

God  is  a spirit:  and  they  that  worship  him  must  worship 
him  in  spirit  and  in  truth.  John  iv.  24. 

2.  A false  god  ; an  imaginary  deity  ; an  idol. 
Moses  said,  They  have  made  them  gods  of  gold.  Ex.  xxxii.31. 

3.  A ruler ; a prince. 

I have  6aid,  Ye  are  gods , and  all  of  you  are  children  of  the 
Most  High.  Ps.  lmii.  0. 

4.  Any  thing  too  much  honored.  Phil.  iii.  19. 

God  speed , may  God  grant  success,  — a form  of  wish 

or  prayer.  “ Neither  bid  him  Gud  speed 2 John  10. 

405=*  “ There  is  a beauty  in  the  name  appropriated 
by  the  Saxon  nations  to  the  Deity  unequalled  except 
by  his  most  venerated  Hebrew  appellation,  Jehovah 
or  Jalt,  the  existence,  subsistence,  he  who  exists  of 
himself,  absolutely  and  independently.  In  A.  S.  God 
both  signifies  God  and  good  ; hut  man  is  used  to  de- 
note man  and  wickedness.  The  Saxons  call  him  God, 
which  is  literally  the  Good ; the  same  word  thus  sig- 
nifying the  Deity  and  his  most  endearing  quality.” 
Bosworth. 


f GOD,  v.  a.  To  enroll  among  the  gods  ; to  exalt 
to  divine  honors  ; to  deify.  Shak. 

f GOD'— BOTE,  n.  [A.  S.  Gorl-bot ; God,  God,  and 
bot,  compensation.]  A fine  for  crimes  commit- 
ted against  God  and  religion.  Cowell. 

GOD'CHfLD,  n.  ( Eccl .)  A child  or  person  for 
whom  one  becomes  sponsor  at  baptism,  and 
promises  to  see  educated  as  a Christian.  Hook. 

GOD'DAUGH-T^R  (god'diw-ter),  n.  (Eccl.)  A 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  ?,  J,  O U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


GODDESS 

girl  or  female  for  whom  one  has  become  sponsor 
in  baptism.  Shak. 

GOD'DjiSS,  n.  A female  divinity  among  heathen 
nations.  Shak. 

GOD'DpSS— LIKE,  a.  Resembling  a goddess.  Shak. 

GOD'FA-THpR,  n.  ( Eccl .)  A man  who  becomes 
sponsor  for  a child  in  baptism.  Hook. 

GOD'HEAD  ,n.  1.  The  divine  nature  ; deity;  di- 
vinity; godship.  “ His  eternal  power  and  God- 
head.”  Rom.  i.  20. 

2.  The  Deity  ; the  Supreme  Being. 

We  ought  not  to  think  that  the  Godhead  is  like  unto  gold, 
or  silver,  or  stone,  graven  by  art.  Acts  xvn.  29. 

3.  A deity  ; a divinity  ; a god  or  a goddess. 

Adoring  first  the  genius  of  the  place, 

The  nymphs  and  native  godheads  yet  unknown.  Dryden. 

GOD'LgSS,  a.  Living  as  without  God  ; wicked; 
impious  ; ungodly.  “ That  godless  crew.”  Milton. 

GOD'L^SS-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  godless  ; 
extreme  wickedness.  Bp.  Hall. 

GOD'LIKE,  a.  [A.  S.  godlici]  Divine;  resem- 
bling a divinity  ; of  superior  excellence.  “The 
godlike  angel.”  Milton. 

GOD'LIKE-NIJSS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  god- 
like, or  of  eminent  goodness.  Clarke. 

GOD'LI-LY, ad.  Piously;  godly,  [r.]  Wharton. 

GOD'LI-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  godly; 
piety ; righteousness.  « 

Godliness  is  profitable  unto  all  things,  having  promise  of 
the  life  that  now  is,  and  of  that  which  is  to  come.  1 Tim.iv.8. 

GOD'LjNG,  n.  A little  divinity  or  god.  Dryden. 

GOD'I.Y,  ®.  [A.  S.  godlic.\  Good  in  the  sight  of 

God  ; holy  ; pious  ; righteous  ; religious. 

Let  us  serve  God  with  reverence  and  godly  fear.  Heb.  xii.  28. 

GOD'LY,  ad.  Piously  ; righteously.  Hooker. 

GOD'MOTH-ff.R  (-mutfi'er),  n.  A woman  who  has 
undertaken  sponsion  in  baptism.  Shak. 

GO-DOWN',  n.  1.  [From  the  Malay  word  ga- 
dong.]  A warehouse.  [East  Indies.]  Hamilton. 

2.  A gulp  or  swallow  of  water.  Loudon. 

GO-DROON',  n.  [Fr.  godron. ] (Arch.)  An  in- 
verted fluting,  beading,  or  cabling; — used  in 
various  ornaments  and  members.  Brande. 

GOD'SEND,  n.  An  unexpected  gift  or  acquisi- 
tion, acknowledged  as  coming  from  God.  Forby. 

GOD'SHIP,  n.  The  rank  of  a god;  the  quality  of 
being  a god ; deity ; divinity.  Prior. 

fGOD'SIB,  n.  See  Gossip.  Chaucer. 

GOD'SMITH,  n.  A maker  of  idols.  Dryden. 

GOD'SON  (-sun),  n.  One  for  whom  another  has 
become  sponsor  in  baptism.  Shak. 

GOD’^'-PEN-Ny,  n.  An  old  expression  for  an 
earnest-penny.  Beau.  <5,  FI. 

GOD'WARD,  ad.  Toward  God.  2 Cor.  iii.  4. 

GOD' WIT,  n.  [A.  S.  god,  good,  and  wiht,  animal. 
Johnson.  — Icel.  god,  good,  and  veide,  prey, 
game.  Sereniusi]  ( Ornith .)  A wading  bird, 
with  a long  straight  bill,  of  the  family  Scolopaci- 
dcc,  or  snipes,  and  sub-family  Limosince ; Lirno- 
sa  of  Linnaeus.  — See  Limosina:.  Gray. 

f GOD  YELD,  l atf'  [Corrupted  from  God  shield.) 

+ GOD'YIELD,  ) A term  of  thanks.  Shak. 

f GO'flL  (go'el),  a.  [A.  S . gealen.J  Yellow.  Tusser. 

fGO'JJN,  p.  from  go  ; now  gone.  See  Go.  Todd. 

GO'f.R,  n.  1.  One  who  goes,  walks,  or  runs. 

2.  A term  applied  to  a horse.  “ He  is  a high 
goer.”  Beau,  if- FI.  “ A safe  goer.”  Johnson. 

3.  f The  foot. 

His  fair  goers  graced 

With  fitted  shoes.  Chapman. 

fGO'E-TY,  n.  [Gr.  yotirda  ; Fr.  goetie.)  An  in- 
vocation of  evil  spirits  ; magic.  Hallywell. 

f GOFF,  n.  [Fr.  goffe,  doltish.] 

1.  A foolish  clown  ; a fool.  Wright. 

2.  A game  ; golf.  — See  Golf.  Todd. 

f GOF'FISH,  a.  Foolish  ; indiscreet.  Chaucer. 

t GOG,  n.  [A.  S.  gangan,  to  go.  Richardson. — 

^ activity;  yogi,  to  shake.  — Gael.  A Ir. 

yog,  a nod.]  Haste  ; desire  to  go.  — See  Agog. 


627 

GO'IJET,  n.  (left.)  A genus  of  small  fishes ; 
goby ; sea-gudgeon.  Booth. 

GOG'GLE  (gBg'gl),  v.  n.  [A.  dim.  of  yog,  or ’per- 
haps from  ogle.  Richardson .]  To  strain  or  roll 
the  eyes. 

And  wink  and  goggle  like  an  owl.  Hudibras. 

GOG'GLE,  n. ; pi.  gog'gle$.  [See  the  verb.] 

1.  A stare  ; a bold  or  strained  look.  “ A de- 
vout goggle.”  Ld.  Halifax. 

2.  pi.  A sort  of  spectacles  to  defend  the  eyes 

from  dust,  or  from  a glaring  light.  Todd. 

3.  pi.  Blinds  for  horses  that  are  apt  to  take 

fright.  Todd. 

4.  ( Surg .)  Short  conical  tubes  of  ivory  stained 

black  for  the  purpose  of  curing  squinting  or  dis- 
tortion of  the  eyes.  Craig. 

GOG'GLE,  a.  Staring;  having  full  eyes.  B.  Jonson. 

GOG'GLED  (gog'|ld),  a.  Prominent ; staring. 
“ Goggled  eyes.”  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

GOG'GLE— EYE,  n.  A staring  or  rolling  eye  ; — a 
term  applied  in  anatomy  to  an  unnatural  obliqui- 
ty in  the  axis  of  the  eye  ; strabismus.  Dunglison. 

GOG'GLE— EYED  (gog'gl-Sd),  a.  Having  promi- 
nent or  rolling  eyes.  Ascham. 

GOG'LIJT,  n.  A sort  of  pottery  jar,  or  earthen- 
ware vase,  for  keeping  water  cool.  Simmonds. 

GO'ING,  n.  [See  Go.]  1.  The  act  of  one  who 
goes  ; act  of  moving,  proceeding,  or  passing. 
Thy  going  is  not  lonely;  with  thee  goes 
Thy  husband.  Milton. 

2.  Walking,  as  opposed  to  other  kinds  of 
motion  ; ambulation. 

Thou  must  run  to  him;  for  thou  hast  staid  so  long,  that 
going  will»scarce  serve  thy  turn.  Shak. 

3.  Time  of  gestation ; pregnancy.  Grew. 

4.  Procedure ; conduct  ; behavior. 

For  his  eyes  are  upon  the  ways  of  man,  and  he  seetli  all 
his  goings.  Job  xxxiv.  21. 

Going-on,  or  goings-on,  conduct ; proceedings.  [Col- 
loquial.] IVilberforce. 

GOt'TRE  (gol'ter)  [got'ter,  K.  Sm.  W.  Wb.  — In 
French,  gwaur],  n.  [Fr.,  from  the  L.  guttur, 
the  throat.] 

1.  (Med.)  The  bronchocele,  a morbid  enlarge- 

ment of  the  thyroid  gland  : — a person  afflicted 
with  the  goitre.  Kidd. 

2.  (Foiil.)  The  cutaneous  swelling  consequent 

upon  the  introduction  of  air  into  the  membra- 
nous sac  which  exists  in  the  neck  of  certain 
saurian  reptiles,  as  the  iguana.  Palmer. 

GOI'TRED  (gol'terd),  a.  Afflicted  with  goitre  ; 
goitrous.  _ Med.  Jour. 

GOI'TROUS,  a.  [Fr.  qoitreux.)  Partaking  of  the 
nature  of,  or  afflicted  with,  the  goitre. Dunglison. 

f GOKE,  n.  & v.  a.  See  Gowk.  Todd. 

GO'LA,  n.  [It.,  from  L.  gula,  the  gullet.]  (Arch.) 
A kind  of  small  moulding ; cyma,  cymatium  ; 
ogee ; — written  also  gula.  Addison. 

GOL'A-DER,  n.  A storehouse-keeper  ; a golder. 
[India.]  Simmonds. 

GOL-AN-DAUSE',  or  GOLANDAAZ,  n.  (Mil.) 
An  artillery  man.  [India.]  Crabb. 

GOLD  [gold,  J.  Ja.  E.  K.  Sm.  R.  B.  ; gold  or  gold, 
IF.  P.  F.;  gold,  S.],  n.  [Goth,  gulth;  A.  S. 
gold  ; Dat.  goud ; Ger.  gold  ; Dan.  guld ; Icel. 
gull ; Sw .guld\  Tartaric  goltz.  — See  Yellow.] 

1.  A precious  metal  of  a bright  yellow  color, 
and  of  the  specific  gravity  19.3  ; — the  most  val- 
uable, and  the  most  ductile  and  laminable  of  all 
the  metals,  and  used  by  all  civilized  nations  as 
a standard  of  value. 

There  are  two  metals,  one  of  which  is  omnipotent  in  the 
cabinet,  and  the  other  in  the  camp  — gold  and  iron.  Colton. 

2.  Money  ; cash  ; specie  : — riches  ; wealth. 

I did  send 

To  you  for  gold  to  pay  my  legions.  Shak. 

How  much  better  is  it  to  get  wisdom  than  gold?  Prov.  xvi.  16. 

3.  f A yellow  flower.  “ The  blue-bottle  and 

gold."  Drayton. 

Oold  of  pleasure,  ( Bot .)  a plant  of  the  genus  Camc- 
lina.  The  Camelina  saliva  is  cultivated  in  many 
parts  of  Europe  for  the  seeds,  from  which  oil  is  ob- 
tained. * Loudon. 

“ It  is  much  to  be  regretted  that  the  second  sound 
[gold]  of  this  word  is  grown  much  more  frequent  than 
t lie  first.  It  is  not  easy  to  guess  at  the  cause  of  this 
unmeaning  deviation  from  the  general  rule  ; hut  the 
effect  is  to  impoverish  the  sound  of  the  language,  and 


GOLDEN-FLY 

to  add  to  its  irregularities.  It  lias  not,  however,  like 
some  other  words,  irrevocably  lost  its  true  pronunci- 
ation. Rhyme  still  claims  its  right  to  the  long,  open 
o,  as  in  bold,  cold,  fold,  &c. 

‘Judges  and  senates  have  been  bought  for  gold'. 

Esteem  and  love  were  never  to  be  sold.’  Pope. 

‘Now  Europe’s  laurels  on  their  brows  behold. 

But  stained  with  blood,  or  ill  exchanged  for  gold.'  Pope. 
And  solemn  speaking,  particularly  the  language  of 
Scripture,  indispensably  requires  the  same  sound.  With 
these  established  authorities  in  its  favor,  it  is.  a dis- 
grace to  the  language  to  suffer  indolence  and  vulgar- 
ity to  corrupt  it  into  tile  second  sound.  But,  since  it 
is  generally  corrupted,  we  ought  to  keep  this  corrup- 
tion from  spreading,  by  confining  it  as  much  as  possi- 
ble to  familiar  objects  and  familiar  occasions  ; thus, 
goldbeater , goldfinch,  goldfinder , golding , and  goldsmith, 
especially  when  a proper  name,  as  Dr.  Goldsmith,  may 
admit  of  the  second  sound  of  o,  hut  not  golden,  as  the 
golden  age.”  H-’ulker.  The  later  authorities  are  in 
favor  of  gold. 

GOLD,  a.  Made  of  gold  ; golden. 

f GOLD'— BEAT-EN  (-be-tn),  a.  Overlaid  with 
gold  ; gilded.  Piers  Plouhman. 

GOLD'— BEAT-^R  (-bet-er),  n.  1.  One  who  beats 
gold  into  thin  leaves  for  gilding.  Boyle. 

2.  ( Ent .)  A genus  of  coleopterous  insects  re- 
markable for  their  beautiful  golden-green  and 
copper  colors.  Craig. 

GOLD'— BE  AT-ER’§—  SKIN,  n.  An  extremely  fine 
membrane,  made  of  the  intestines  of  animals, 
between  layers  of  which  gold-beaters  lay  the 
leaves  of  their  metal  while  they  beat  it.  Francis. 

GOLD'— BEAT-ING,  n.  The  act  or  the  art  of  beat- 
ing gold  into  thin  leaves.  Ure. 

GOLD'— BOUND,  a.  Encompassed  with  gold.S/taA. 

GOLD'-COAST,  n.  (Grog.)  A part  of  Upper 
Guinea  in  Africa,  with  the  natives  of  which  a 
trade  is  carried  on  in  articles  exchanged  for 
gold.  Wright. 

GOLD'— CUP,  n.  (Bot.)  A species  of  crowfoot  or 
ranunculus  ; king-cup  ; butter-cup  ; Ranuncu- 
lus bulbosus.  Loudon. 

GOLD'— CUT-TER,  n.  A workman  who  prepares 
gold  for  the  use  of  others.  Simmonds. 

GOLD'— DIG-GgR,  n.  One  who  digs  for  gold. 

GOLD'— DUST,  n.  Fine  particles  of  gold.  More. 

GOLD'EN  (gol'dn),  a.  1.  Made,  or  consisting  of, 
gold.  “ Golden  armor.”  Dryden. 

2.  Of  the  color  of  gold ; bright  yellow ; bril- 
liant; splendid;  bright;  resplendent.  “The 
golden  sun.”  Bryant.  “ A golden  cloud.”  Rowe. 

3.  Having  the  value  of  gold  ; highly  valuable  ; 
precious  ; excellent. 

I have  bought 

Golden  opinions  from  all  sorts  of  people.  Shak. 

Golden  age,  (Myth.)  the  primeval  age  of  innocence 
and  happiness,  when  mankind  led  a rural  life. 

GOLD'EN— BREA  ST 'ED,  a.  Having  a golden- 
colored  or  yellow  breast.  Hill. 

GOLD'EN— BUG,  n.  (Ent.)  A small  and  pretty 
insect ; the  seven-spotted  lady-bird  ; CoccineUa 
septempunctata.  Booth. 

GOLD'EN-CHA'FJER,  n.  (Ent.)  A kind  of  green 
beetle.  Halliwell. 

GOLD'EN— CI.UB,  n.  (Bot.)  A perennial  aquatic 
plant,  bearing  yellow  flowers.  Farm.  Ency. 

GOLD'EN— CR EST'^D,  a.  Having  a golden-col- 
ored or  yellow  crest.  Pennant. 

GOLD'EN— CUP,  n.  The  yellow  flower  of  the 
Ranunculus  bulbosus,  or  butter-cup.  Wright. 

GOLD'EN— EYE  (gol'dn-l),  n.  (Ornith.)  A spe- 
cies of  duck  ; the  Anas  clangula  of  Pennant,  or 
Clangula  vulgaris  of  Gould.  Yarrell. 

GOLD'EN-FLEECE,  n.  (Myth.)  The  fleece  of 
the  ram  upon  which  Phrixus  and  Helle  are 
said  to  have  passed  to  Colchis,  and  which,  be- 
ing sacrificed  to  Jupiter,  was  hung  upon  a tree, 
guarded  by  two  brazen-hoofed  bulls  and  a mon- 
strous dragon  that  never  slept,  but  was  taken 
and  carried  off  by  Jason  and  the  Argonauts. 

London  Ency. 

GOLD'EN— FLOtV-fR,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the 
genus  Chrysanthemum.  Hamilton. 

GOLD'EN-FLY,  n.  (Ent.)  An  insect  of  the  genus 
Chrysis  ; — so  called  from  the  yellow  or  golden 
color  of  its  body.  Crabb. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RpLE.  — £,  (J,  $,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  £,  g,  hard ; § as  z ; $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


GOOD 


GOLDEN-HAIRED 

GOLD'EN— HAlRED  (-dn-hard),  a.  Having  yellow 
hair.  Milton. 

GOLD'EN— HEAD' 1JD  (-dn-hed-ed),  a.  Having  a 
golden-colored  or  yellow  head.  Hawkins. 

GOLD'EN-KNOP,  n.  Same  as  Golden-bug. 

GOLD'EN— LUNG' WORT  (-wiirt),  n.  (Bot.)  A 
plant;  the  wall-hawkweed ; Hieracium  muro- 
rurn.  Booth. 

f GOLD'EN-LY,  ad.  Delightfully;  splendidly. 
“ Report  speaks  goldenly  of  his  profit.”  Shah. 

GOLD'EN-MAID'EN-IlAlR,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant 
of  the  genus  Polytrichum.  Wright. 

GOLD'EN-MOUSE'EAR,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the 
genus  Hieracium.  Wright. 

GOLD'EN— NUM'B1?R,  n.  (Chron.)  The  number, 
reckoned  from  1 to  19,  showing  what  year  in  the 
lunar  or  metonic  cycle  any  given  year  is  ; — so 
called  because  it  was  formerly  written  on  the 
calendar  in  letters  of  gold.  Hook. 

GOLD'EN— ROB’IN,  h.  (Ornith.)  The  Oriolus  Bal- 
timore of  Wilson  ; Baltimore  oriole. 

GOLD'EN-ROD,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the  genus 
Solidago,  bearing  yellow  flowers.  Loudon. 

GOLD'EN— RULE,  n.  1.  The  rule  of  doing  as  we 
would  be  done  by.  — See  Luke  vi.  31. 

2.  (Arith.)  The  Rule  of  Three,  or  Rule  of 
Proportion  ; — so  named  on  account  of  its  uni- 
versal use  and  great  practical  value.  Davies. 

GOLD'EN-SAM'PHlRE,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant ; Inula 
crithm  (folia.  Hamilton. 

GOLD'EN— SAX 'I-FRA^rE,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of 
the  genus  Chrysosplenium.  Johnson. 

GOLD'EN— THIS'TLE  (-tlils'sl),  n.  (Bot.)  A plant 
of  the  genus  Scolymus.  Loudon. 

GOLD'EN— TRESSED  (-trest),  a.  Having  tresses 
resembling  gold.  Milton. 

GOLD'EN— WINGED  (-dn-wlngd),  a.  Having 
golden-colored  or  yellow  wings.  Milton. 

GOL'DJJR,  n.  A storehouse-keeper;  a golader. 
[India.]  Simmonds. 

GOLD'— FIELDS,  n.  pi.  Localities  where  gold  is 
found  native.  Simmonds. 

GOLD'FINCH,  n.  (Ornith.)  A 
singing  bird  with  brilliant 
plumage,  of  the  family 
Fringillidte ; the  Carduelis 
elegans,  or  Fringilla  car- 
duelis. Yarrell. 

GOLD'— FIND-fR,  n.  One  who 
finds  gold  : — a term  ludi- 
crously applied  to  an  emp-  Goldfinch, 

tier  of  privies,  [it.]  Swift . 

GOLD'FIN-NY,  n.  (Ich.)  A fish  found  on  the 
coasts  of  Cornwall ; Crenilabrus  Cornubicus  ; — 
called  also  goldsinny.  Yarrell. 

GOLD'FISH,  n.  (Ich.)  A small,  beautiful  fish  of 
a yellowish  or  golden  color,  originally  a native 
of  China,  and  now  common  in  Europe  and 
America,  but  chiefly  kept  for  ornament ; the 
Cyprinus  auratus.  Baird. 

GOLD'— FOIL,  n.  Thin  sheets  of  gold  used  by  den- 
tists for  filling  teeth.  Simmonds. 

GOLD'HAM-MRIR,  n.  (Ornith.)  A kind  of  bird; 
the  yellow-hammer  ; Emberiza  citrinella. Bailey . 

GOLD'— HlLT-pD,  a.  Having  a golden  hilt.  Todd. 

GOLD'ING,  n.  A sort  of  apple.  Bailey. 

GOLD'-LACE,  n.  Lace  or  trimming  made  of 
gold-thread. 

GOLD'— LACED  (-last),  a.  Adorned  or  laced  with 
gold.  Haivkins. 

GOLD'— LAT-TIJN,  n.  A plate  of  gold,  or  other 
metal  covered  with  gold.  Ogilvie. 

GOLD'— LEAF,  n.  Gold  beaten  into  thin  leaves 
for  gilding.  Todd. 

GOLD'LIJSS,  a.  Destitute  of  gold.  Qu.  Rev. 

The  goldles * age,  where  gold  disturbs  no  dreams.  Byron. 

GOLD'NIJY  (gold'ne),  n.  (Ich.)  A sort  of  fish, 
the  gilthead  ; Crenilabrus  tinea.  Bailey. 

GOLD'PLEA§-URE  (-plezh-ur),  n.  (Bot.)  A plant 


628 

of  the  genus  Camelina  ; wild  flax  ; — called  also 
gold  of  pleasure.  Bailey. 

GOLD'— PRINT-pR,  n.  A printer  who  does  orna- 
mental printing,  letter-press  or  lithography,  in 
gold.  Simmonds. 

GOLD'— PROOF,  a.  That  cannot  be  bribed  or  se- 
duced by  gold.  Beau.  $ FI. 

GOLD'SEED,  n.  (Bot.)  A sort  of  grass;  — called 
also  dog's-tail ; Cynosurus  cristatus.  P.  Cyc. 

GOLD'SIN-NY,  n.  (Ich.)  A fish  of  the  genus 
Labrus ; Crenilabrus  cornubicus  ; — called  also 
goldfinny.  Yarrell. 

GOLD'-SlZE,  n.  A thick,  tenacious  kind  of  var- 
nish used  by  gilders.  Peacham. 

GOLD'SMlTH,  n.  1.  One  who  manufactures  arti- 
cles in  gold  ; a worker  in  gold.  Shak. 

2.  f (Eng.)  A banker.  Swift. 

GOLD'— SOL-Df.R,  n.  An  alloy  used  for  soldering 
articles  of  gold,  composed  of  gold,  silver,  and 
copper.  Craig. 

GOLD'STICK,  n.  (Mil.)  A colonel  of  a regiment 
of  English  Life  Guards,  who  attends  the  sov- 
ereign on  state  occasions.  Wright. 

GOLD'— THREAD,  n.  1.  A thread  of  silk  covered 
with  flatted  gold  wire.  Francis. 

2.  A plant,  so  named  from  its  yellow  thread- 
like roots  ; the  Coptis  tnfolia.  Bigelow. 

GOLD'WEAV-^R,  n.  A maker  of  gold-thread. 

Simmonds. 

GOLD'— WIRE,  ft.  Wire  made  of  gold,  or  usually 
of  silver  gilt.  Francis. 

GOLD'Y-LOCKS,  ft.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the  genus 
Chrysucoma.  Loudon. 

GOLF,  ft.  [Dut.  kolf,  a club  ; Dan.  kolv. ] A 
game  played  with  a ball  and  a club  or  bat,  much 
practised  in  Scotland.  It  consists  in  driving  the 
ball  from  one  hole  to  another,  and  he  who  drives 
his  ball  into  a hole  with  the  fewest  strokes  is 
the  winner.  Jamieson.  Strutt. 

GO-LI'ATH,  ft.  A beetle  of  the  genus  Goliathus. 

GO-Li'4-Tn0s,  ft.  (Ent.)  A genus  of  beetles, 
remarkable  for  their  size  and  beauty,  and  pe- 
culiar to  Africa.  Baird. 

f GOLL,  ft.  [Gr.  ybal.ov,  a hollow.]  The  hand,  in 
contempt ; paw.  Sidney. 

GOL'LAjEH,  ft.  A popular  name  of  the  common 
earwig  ; Forficula  auricu/aria.  Maunder. 

GO-LO'9HlJ§,  ft.  pi.  See  Galoche. 

GO-LORE',  w.  [Ir.  gleire.]  Abundance  ; plenty. 
[Obsolete  or  provincial,  Eng.]  Todd. 

GOLT,  w.  See  Gault.  Brande. 

GOLT'S^HUT,  ft.  A small  ingot  of  gold  (in 

Japan  of  silver),  serving  for  money.  Smart. 

t G 6 M,  ft.  [Goth.  <Sp  A.  S.  guma ; Ger.  gam  ; Dan. 
<Sf  Sw.  gom .]  A man.  Piers  Plouhman. 

f GOM' AN,  ».  [A.  S.  gunman.)  A man.  Whiter. 

GO'MAR-lTE,  ft.  (Eccl.  Hist.)  A follower  of 
Francis  Gomar,  a Calvinistic  divine  of  the 
church  of  Holland  in  the  17th  century.  Brande. 

GOM'BO,  n.  A term  applied  to  the  plant  Okra, 
and  to  a soup  in  which  the  plant  is  used  as  an 
ingredient.  [Local,  U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

GOME,  ft.  [Probably  a corruption  of  coom.]  The 
black  grease  of  a cart-wheel.  Bailey. 

GOM'f.-LfN,  ft.  A kind  of  dextrine,  used  as 
weavers’  glue  for  cotton  warps,  and  for  dressing 
printed  calicoes.  Simmonds. 

GO'MER,  ft.  A Hebrew  measure  containing 
198.577  cubic  inches.  Kitto. 

G OM-  PHI  A-  SIS,  ft.  [Gr.  yorfiaa;,  a pain  in  the 
back  teeth  ; youths,  a grinder.]  (Med.)  A dis- 
ease of  the  teeth,  particularly  of  the  molars,  by 
which  they  become  loose  in  their  sockets  : — 
pain  in  the  teeth.  Dunglison. 

GOM'PHQ-LITE,  ft.  [Gr.  yf/npo;,  a nail  or  peg, 
and  l.tffof,  a stone.]  (Min.)  A conglomerate 
rock  of  the  tertiary  series.  Brongniart. 

GOM-PIIO  ' SIS,  ft.  [Gr.  y6/j(fiai(T>s ; yttfitl ’°t,  a nail 
or  peg.]  (Anat.)  An  immovable  articulation  of 


bones,  where  they  are  let  into  each  other  some- 
what like  pegs  in  a board  ; — the  only  instance  of 
which  is  the  mode  of  insertion  of  the  teeth  into 
the  jaw-bones.  Palmer. 

GO-MU'TI,  ft.  (Bot.)  A species  of  palm-tree  (Bo- 
rassus  gomutus)  in  the  Indian  islands,  from 
which  a valuable  product,  resembling  black 
horsehair,  is  obtained  and  manufactured  by  the 
natives  into  cordage.  McCulloch. 

GON'DO-LA,  ft.  [It.  (SfSp.;  Fr.  gondole.] 

1.  A flat,  long,  and  narrow  pleasure-boat, 

much  used  in  V enice.  Spenser. 

2.  A large  flat-bottomed  boat.  [Local,  U.  S.] 

3.  (Conch.)  A kind  of  sea-shell ; cymbium. 

GON-DO-LIER'  (-ler'),  ft.  [It.  gondoliere ; Sp. 
gondolero ; Fr.  gondolier.]  One  who  rows  a 
gondola.  shah. 

GONE  (gon  or  gkwn,  21)  [g5n,  S.  W.  P.  J.  F.  Ja. 
K.  Sw. ; gSuvn,  Wb.],  p.  from  go.  — See  Go. 

f GON  FA-LON,  ) [It. gonfalone; 

f GON'FA-NON,  1 Sp.  confalon ; Fr. 
gonfalon  and  gonfanon .]  An  en- 
sign ; a banner  ; colors.  Milton. 

Our  okl  word  is  gonfanon , which  Chaucer  uses.  Milton 
introduced  gonfalon  into  our  language  immediately  from  the 
Italian.  Todd. 

f GON-FAL-O-NIER',  n.  [It.  gonfaloniere ; Old 
Fr.  gonfalonier,  gonfanonnier .]  ‘ A chief  stand- 
ard-bearer. ‘ Bp.  Wren. 

GONG,  ft.  1.  [A.  S.  gang-pytte.]  f A privy;  a 
jakes.  Chaucer. 

2.  [Chinese.]  A sort  of  drum  or  cymbal,  made 
of  an  alloy  (100  parts  copper  and  about  25  parts 
tin),  which,  on  being  struck,  produces  a very 
loud,  harsh  sound.  Ure. 

O’er  distant  deserts  sounds  the  Tartar  gong.  Longfellow. 

GON'GJi  (82),  ft.  An  Oriental  plant,  having  an 
esculent  root.  Bryant. 

GONG'— GONG,  n.  A kind  of  cymbal  made  of  cop- 
per alloy  ; a gong.  — See  Gong.  Ure. 

GO'NI-AT-lTE,  ft.  [Gr.  yuvia,  an  angle.]  (Pal.) 
An  extinct  cephalopod  with  chambered  spiral 
shells.  Brande. 

GO-NI-OM’E-TER,  ft.  [Gr.  yuivta,  an  angle,  and 
yiTpov,  a measure;  It.  &;  Sp.  goniometro;  Fr. 
goniomHre.]  An  instrument  for  measuring  an- 
gles, — more  particularly  the  angles  formed  by 
the  faces  of  crystals.  Todd. 

In  Wollaston’s  goniometer  [called  reflecting  goniometer ], 
which  is  used  for  all  purposes  of  accuracy,  the  angle  of  the 
crystal  is  measured  by  determining  through  what  angular 
space  the  crystal  must  be  turned,  so  that  two  rays,  reflected 
from  the  two  surfaces  successively,  shall  have  exactly  the 
same  direction.  Li’ichol. 

GO-NJ-O-MET'RIC,  ? a.  Relating  to  goniom- 

GO-NI-O-MET'RI-CAL,  ) etry  or  the  measuring 
of  angles  formed  by  the  faces  of  crystals,  &c. 

Chambers. 

GO-NI-OM'B-TRY,  w.  [It.  S;  Sp.  goniometria ; Fr. 
goniometrie.  — See  Goniometer.]  The  art  of 
measuring  angles.  Crabb. 

G6N-0-PLA'CIAN  (gon-o-pla.'slifin),  ft.  (Zo'ol.)  A 
crustaceous  animal  of  the  genus  Gonoplax. 

P.  Cyc. 

GON 1 0- PLAx,  ft.  [Gr.  ywvla,  an  angle,  and  n In!-, 
a plate.]  (Zoiil.)  A genus  of  crabs  or  short-tailed 
crustaceans  characterized  by  the  angular,  square, 
or  rhomboidal  form  of  the  carapace.  Braude. 

GON-OR-RHCE'A  (gon-or-re'a),  ft.  [Gr.  yordfi'poia  ; 
yovf]  or  ydrof,  semen,  and  ploi,  to  flow  ; L.  gonor- 
rhoea.] (Med.)  Literally,  an  involuntary  dis- 
charge of  the  semen,  but  always  understood  as 
a discharge  of  purulent  infectious  matter  from 
the  urethra,  the  vagina,  &c. ; clap.  Hoblyn. 

GOOD  (gfid,  51),  a.  [Goth,  gods,  or  goth  ; A.  S. 
god,  or  good ; FI.  goct ; Dut.  goed\  Ger.  gut ; 
Dan.  Sf  Sw.  god.  — Gr.  ay  ados. — See  God.] 
[comp.  BETTER  ; sup.  BEST.] 

1.  Conducive,  in  general,  to  any  end  or  pur- 
pose, as  health  or  happiness ; serviceable ; ad- 
vantageous ; beneficial ; profitable  ; wholesome; 
suitable  ; useful ; fit ; proper  ; right. 

A universe  of  death!  which  God  by  curse 

Created  evil;  for  evil  only  good.  Milton. 

It  is  not  good  that  the  man  should  be  alone.  Gen.  ii.  18. 

The  water  of  Nilus  is  excellent  good  for  hypochondriac 
melancholy.  Bacon. 

2.  Noting  the  possession  of  desirable  physical 
qualities;  — opposed  to  bad.  “Our  good  and 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  ?,  J,  O,  II,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 

I 

/ 


GOOD 


629 


GOOLE 


gallant  ship.”  “ Good  wine  needs  no  bush.” 
“ A good  yoke  of  bullocks.”  Is ihak. 

3.  Noting  the  possession  of  desirable  moral 
qualities  ; virtuous  ; pious  ; religious  ; right- 
eous ; worthy  ; dutiful ; — opposed  to  evil  or 
bad  in  a corresponding  sense. 

The  only  son  of  light, 

In  a dark  age,  against  example  good , 

Against  allurement.  Milton. 

Let  your  light  so  shine  before  men  that  they  may  see  your 
good  works,  and  glorify  your  Father  which  is  in  heaven. 

Matt.  v.  16. 

4.  Excellent ; valuable  ; precious  ; sterling. 

A good  book  is  the  precious  life-blood  of  a master  spirit, 

embalmed  and  treasured  up  on  purpose  to  a life  beyond  life. 

Milton. 

5.  Kind;  benevolent;  well-disposed;  oblig- 
ing. “ Good  will  towards  men.”  Luke  ii.  14. 

But  the  men  were  very  good  unto  us,  and  we  were  not 
hurt.  1 Sam.  xxv.  15. 

6.  Honorable  ; fair  ; unsullied  ; immaculate  ; 
well-esteemed.  “ Good  or  evil  fame.”  Milton. 

A good  name  is  rather  to  be  chosen  than  great  riches. 

Prov.  xxii.  1. 

He  that  filches  from  me  my  good  name 

Robs  me  of  that  which  not  enriches  him, 

And  makes  me  poor  indeed.  Shak. 

7.  Of  credit ; able  to  fulfil  engagements. 

Antonio  is  a good  man;  my  meaning  in  saying  that  he  is  a 
good  man  is  to  have  you  understand  me  that  he  is  sufficient. 

Shak. 

8.  Valid;  that  can  be  supported;  as,  “A 
good  argument  ” ; “A  good  claim.” 

9.  Pleasant ; agreeable  ; advantageous.  “ Eat 
thou  honey,  because  it  is  good.”  Prov.  xxiv.  13. 

Many  good  morrows  to  my  noble  lord.  Shak. 

10.  Companionable  ; sociable;  genial ; cheer- 
ful ; joyful ; lively  ; social. 

Thou  slmlt  find  [him]  the  best  king  of  good  fellows.  Shak. 

11.  Skilful ; ready  ; dexterous. 

Those  are  generally  good  at  flattering  who  are  good  for 
nothing  else.  South. 

12.  Real ; true.  “ In  good  earnest.”  Shak. 

13.  Considerable.  “ A good  while  ago.”  Acts 

xv.  7.  “ A good  way  about.”  Bacon. 

14.  Complete  ; full. 

The  Protestant  subjects  of  the  abbey  make  up  a good  third 
of  its  people.  Addison. 

As  good  as.  equally;  the  same  as. fls  good  as 

one's  word , strict  in  the  fulfilment  of  a promise.  — Had 
as  good,  might  as  well.  “Without  good  nature  and 
gratitude,  men  had  as  good  live  in  a wilderness  as  in 
a society.”  L'  Estrange. — In  good  sooth,  really  ; se- 
riously. — In  good  time,  not  too  fast : — in  proper  time  ; 
opportunely  : — having  sufficient  time.  — To  hold  good, 
to  be  valid.  — To  make  good,  to  fulfil  ; to  perform  ; to 
carry  into  effect : — to  confirm  ; to  prove  or  establish  : 

— to  supply  deficiency. — To  stand  good,  to  be  valid  ; 
to  hold  good.  — To  think  good,  to  consider  expedient.  — 

{ Laic .)  Oood  behavior,  conduct  authorized  by  law. 

— Good  consideration , a consideration  founded  upon 
natural  affection  alone,  as  where  a man  grants  an  es- 
tate to  a near  relative  from  a motive  of  generosity  ; — 
technically  distinguished  from  a valuable  considera- 
tion. Bur  rill. 

Good  is  much  used  in  composition. 

GOOD  (gud),  n.  1.  That  which  contributes  to  di- 
minish misery,  or  to  increase  happiness ; bene- 
fit ; advantage  ; — the  opposite  to  evil. 

Good  and  evil,  in  the  field  of  this  world,  grow  up  together 
almost  insensibly.  Milton. 

And  this  our  life,  exempt  from  public  haunt. 

Finds  tongues  in  trees,  books  in  the  running  brooks, 

Sermons  in  stones,  and  good  in  every  thing.  Shak. 

2.  Moral  actions  or  works  ; righteousness. 

Depart  from  evil,  and  do  good.  Ps.  xxxiv.  14. 

3.  Moral  qualities  ; the  contrary  of  wicked- 
ness. “ Empty  of  all  good.”  Milton. 

4.  f Property. — See  Goods. 

Mine  own  proper  good  of  gold  and  silver.  1 Chron.  xxix.  3. 

5.  Rich  products  ; plenty  ; abundance. 

That  ye  may  be  strong  and  eat  the  good  of  the  land. 

Ezra  ix.  12. 

Syn.  — Good  is  tiie  opposite  of  evil , and  is  a uni- 
versal term,  of  unlimited  application  ; benefit  and 
advantage  are  modifications  of  good.  A benefit  is  a 
positive  good,  and  serves  to  supply  some  want : an 
advantage  is  an  adventitious  good,  and  serves  to  pro- 
mote some  ulterior  object.  — See  Advantage. 

GOOD  (gud),  ad.  1.  Well ; not  ill ; not  amiss,  [r.] 

2.  f Reasonably.  “ Victuals  shall  be  . . . 
good  cheap.”  2 Esdras  xvi.  21. 

For  good  ox  for  good  and  all , really  : truly  ; entirely  ; 
for  ever.  [Colloquial.] 

GOOD  (gud),  inter] . Well ! right ! Johnson. 

t GOOD  (gfid),  v.  a.  To  manure.  Bp.  Hall. 


GOOD'-BREED-ING  (gird'-),  n.  Polite  manners 
derived  from  a good  education ; civility. 

A man’s  own  good-breeding  is  the  best  security  against 
other  people’s  ill  manners.  Chesterfield. 

The  scholar,  without  good-breeding , is  a pedant;  the  phi- 
losopher, a cynic;  the  soldier,  a brute;  aud  every  man  disa- 
greeable. Chesterjield. 

GOOD'-BY'  (gud'bl'),  interj.  Farewell  ; adieu. 

Good-by  is  supposed  by  some  to  be  a contrac- 
tion of  good , or  God  be  with  you , and  by  Olliers  by  is 
supposed  to  have  tile  meaning  of  way  or  journey.  — 
Written  also  good-bye. 

GOOD'— CON-DI''TIONED  (gfid'kon-dish'und),  a. 
Without  ill  qualities  or  symptoms.  Sharp. 

GOOD'— DAY'  (gud'da'),  n.  or  interj.  A word  of 
salutation  at  meeting  or  parting.  Shak. 

f GOOD'— DEN'  (gud'den'),  interj.  A form  of  salu- 
tation, meaning  good-even.  Nares.  Shak. 

GOOD'— EV'EN  (gud'ev'n),  interj.  A term  of  sal- 
utation ; good-evening.  Shak. 

GOOD'— EV'EN-ING  (gud'ev'vn-Ing),  n.  or  interj. 
A common  form  of  salutation  at  meeting  or 
parting  in  the  evening.  Browne. 

GOOD'-FACED’  (gud'last'),  a.  Having  a good  or 
handsome  face.  Shak. 

GOOD'— FEL'LOW  (gud'fel'lo),  n.  A jolly  or  boon 
companion;  a pleasant  companion.  Johnson. 

f GOOD'-FJEL'LOW,  v.  a.  Tomake  jolly.  Feltham. 

GOOD'— FEL' LOW-SHIP  (gud'iel'lo-ship),  n.  Merry 
or  jolly  society.  Locke. 

GOOD'— FOR— NOTII'ING  (gfid'for-nuth'jng),  a. 
Having  no  value  ; worthless.  Swift. 

GOOD'-FRi'DAY  (gud'frl'd?),  n.  The  name  given 
to  the  anniversary  of  our  Saviour’s  crucifixion, 
being  the  third  day,  or  the  Friday,  before  Easter, 
which  is  held  as  a solemn  fast  by  a great  part 
of  the  Christian  world.  Prayer-Book. 

GOOD'(iEON,  n.  See  Gudgeon.  Mar.  Diet. 

GOOD'— HU'MOR  (gud'yu'mur),  n.  A cheerful, 
placid,  and  agreeable  temper  of  mind ; good 
spirits ; cheerfulness. 

What  then  remains  but  well  our  power  to  use, 

And  keep  good-humor  still,  whate’er  we  lose?  Pope. 

It  is  important  to  guard  against  mistaking  for  good-nature 
what  is  properly  called  good-humor , or  a cheerful  flow  of 
spirit,  and  easy  temper  not  readily  annoyed,  which  is  com- 
patible with  great  selfishness.  Whately. 

GOOD'— HU'MORED  (gud'yu'murd),  O.  Having 
good-humor  ; cheerful ; placid.  Johnson. 

GOOD'— HU'MORED-LY  (gud'yu'murd-le),  ad. With 
good-humor ; cheerfully. 

GOOD'ING  (gud'ing),  n.  1.  An  asking  of  alms. 

To  go  a gooding,  to  go  about,  before  Christmas,  to 
collect  money  or  corn  wherewith  to  keep  the  festival. 
[Eng.]  Wright. 

2.  pi.  ( Naut .)  See  Googings.  Craig. 

GOOD— LACK'  (gud-lak'),  interj.  An  exclamation 
implying  wonder.  Cowper. 

f GOOD'LgSS  (gud'les),  a.  Destitute  of  goods  or 
money.  Chaucer. 

fGOOD'LI-HOOD,  n.  Goodness.  Spenser. 

GOOD'LI-NESS  (gud'le-nes),  n.  Beauty;  grace; 
elegance ; comeliness. 

The  goodliness  of  trees,  when  we  behold  them,  deliehteth 
the  eye.  Ilookcr. 

GOOD'— LUCK'  (gud'luk'),  n.  A fortunate  event ; 
success  ; good  fortune.  Shak. 

GOOD'LY  (gfid'Ie),  a.  1.  Good-looking;  beauti- 
ful; graceful;  fine;  comely. 

Adam,  the  goodliest  man  of  men  since  born 

His  sons,  the  fairest  of  her  daughters  Eve.  Milton. 

2.  Happy  ; pleasant ; desirable  ; gay. 

We  have  many  goodly  days  to  see.  Shak. 

3.  f Bulky  ; swelling.  Dryden. 

t GOOD'LY  (gud'le),  ad.  Excellently.  Spenser. 

f GOOD'LY-HEAD  (gud'le-hed),  ) n,  Grace  . good_ 

fGOOD'LY-HOOD  (gffd'le-hud),  ) ness. 

Craving  your  goodh/head  to  assuage 

The  rancorous  rigor  of  his  might.  Spenser. 

GOOD'— MAN  (gud'man),  n.  1.  A slight  appellation 
of  civility  ; a rustic  term  of  compliment ; gaffer. 

“ Good-man  Hodge’s  barn.”  Gay. 

2.  A husband,  or  the  master  of  a house. 

The  vow  she  made  unto  her  good-man.  Burton. 

The  good-man  of  this  house  was  Dolor  hipht.  Spenser. 

KTf  Now  obsolete,  or  addressed  only  to  people  in 
humble  life. 


GOOD'— MAN'Nf  R!->  (gfid'mdn'nerz),  n.  pi.  Deco- 
rum ; civility  ; politeness  ; courtesy. 

Good-manners  is  such  a part  of  good-sense  that  they  can- 
not be  divided.  llulij'ax. 

GOOD'-MORN'ING  (ghd-),  n.  or  interj.  A form  of 
salutation  in  the  morning.  Shak. 

GOOD'—  MOR'ROW,  n.  or  interj.  A form  of  salu- 
tation ; good-morning.  Shak. 

GOOD'— NAT'URE  (gud'nat'yur),  n.  Natural  kind- 
ness or  mildness  of  disposition  ; benevolence. 

Affability,  mildness,  tenderness,  and  a word  which  I would 
fain  bring  back  to  its  original  signification  of  virtue,  — 1 mean 
good-nature, — are  of  daily  use;  they  are  the  bread  of  man- 
kind and  staff-  of  life.  Dryden. 

GOOD'— NAT'URED  (gfid'nat'yurd),  a.  Having 
good-nature  ; habitually  kind  ; of  mild,  placid 
temper ; benevolent ; well-disposed.  Johnson. 

GOOD'— NAT'URED-LY  (gfid'nat'yurd-Ie),  ad.  With 
good-nature  or  good-humor. 

GOOD'— NAT'URED-NESS  (gud'nat'yurd-nes),  ». 
Good-nature  ; good-humor.  Talfourd. 

GOOD'NJJSS  (gfid'nes),  n.  The  quality  of  being 
good ; desirable  qualities,  either  moral  or  phys- 
ical ; excellence  ; virtue  ; righteousness. 

One  great  cause  of  our  insensibility  to  the  goodness  of  our 
Creator  is  the  very  extensiveness  of  Ills  bounty.  Paley. 

Syn.  — See  Excellence,  Virtue. 

GOOD'— NIGHT'  (gud'nlt'),  n.  A interj.  A word 
expressing  a friendly  wish,  on  taking  leave  or 
separating  at  night. 

To  each  and  all  a fair  good-night. 

And  pleasing  dreams  and  slumbers  light.  Scott. 

GOOD'— NOW'  (gud'niiu'),  interj.  1.  Noting  wonder 
or  surprise. 

Good-now\  good-nowi  how  your  devotions  jump  with 
mine!  Dryden. 

2.  An  exclamation  of  entreaty. 

Good-now  ! sit  down,  aud  tell  me,  he  who  knows.  Shak. 

GOOD§  (gudz),  n.  pi.  1.  Movables  ; personal  or 
movable  estate ; furniture  ; chattels ; effects. 
“ All  your  goods,  lands,  tenements.”  Shak. 

2.  Wares;  freight;  merchandise;  commodi- 
ties. “ AVhen  the  goods  of  our  English  mer- 
chants were  attached.”  Raleigh. 

Syn.  — Tiie  term  goods  comprehends  a person’s 
furniture  and  other  movables  or  movable  property  ; 
chattels,  cattle,  implements  of  husbandry.  &c.  ; goods 
and  chattels,  personal  estate  and  effects.  Effects  is  a 
term  nearly  synonymous  with  goods,  and  includes 
lands,  tenements,  furniture,  &c.  The  goods  or  mer- 
chandise of  a trader;  a manufacturer’s  wares',  the 
commodities  of  a country.  — See  Commodity. 

GOOD'— SENSE'  (gud'sSns'),  n.  Good  judgment; 
sound  understanding. 

Good-nature  and  good-sense  must  ever  join.  Pope. 

fGOOD'SHIP  (gud'-),n.  Favor;  kindness.  Gower. 

GOOD'— SPEED'  (gud'-),  n.  A wishing  of  success; 
success.  “ Good-speed  send  me.”  Middleton. 

GOOD'— WIFE'  (gud'-),  n.  A rustic  appellation  for 
the  mistress  of  a family.  Burton. 

GOOD'— WILL'  (gud'vvll'),  n.  1.  Favorable  incli- 
nation or  disposition ; benevolence;  kindness. 

The  natural  effect  of  fidelity,  clemency,  kindness,  in  gov- 
ernors, is  peace,  good-will , order,  and  esteem  on  the  part  of 
the  governed.  Burke. 

2.  Heartiness  ; earnestness  ; zeal. 

Good-will,  she  said,  my  want  of  strength  supplies, 

And  diligence  shall  give  what  age  denies.  Dn/den. 

3.  (Laic.)  The  advantage  or  benefit  which  is 
acquired  by  an  establishment,  beyond  the  mere 
value  of  its  capital  or  stock,  in  consequence  of 
the  general  public  patronage  and  encourage- 
ment: — friendly  feeling  and  influence.  Story. 

Syn.  — See  Love. 

GOOD'— WOM'AN  (gud'wum'jn),  n.  The  mistress 
of  a family  in  humble  life  ; good-wife.  Evelyn. 

GOOD'Y  (gffd'e),  n.  Good-wife;  good-woman:  — 
a low  term  of  civility  used  to  mean  persons. 

Plain  goody  would  no  longer  down; 

’T  was  madam  in  her  grogram  gown.  Swift. 

t GOOD'Y-SHIP  (gud'e-shlp),  n.  The  quality  of  a 
goody.  Hudibras. 

g6o£'!NG§,  n.  pi.  Clamps  of  iron  bolted  on  the 
stern-post  of  a ship,  on  which  to  hang  the  rud- 
der.— See  Gudgeon.  Mar.  Diet. 

GOOLE,  n.  [L.  gula,  the  throat ; It.  gola,  throat, 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RtJLE.  — 9,  9,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  £ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


GOON 


630 


GOSPEL 


entrance,  canal ; Fr.  goulet,  narrow  entrance  to 
a harbor  ; Dut.  guile. J A breach  in  a sea-wall 
or  bank ; a passage  worn  by  the  flux  and  reflux 
of  the  tide.  Crabb. 

GOOX,  n.  A species  of  grain  which  grows  in  the 
East  Indies.  Hamilton. 

GOO-ROO',  n.  A spiritual  guide  among  Hin- 
doos ; a teacher  ; a confessor.  C.  P.  Brown. 

GOOS-AN'DIJR,  n.  ( Ornith.) 

A large  water-fowl  of  the 
duck  kind ; the  Mergus  mer- 
ganser or  Mergus  castor. 

Yarrell. 

GOOSE,  n. ; pi.  geese.  [A.  S. 

gos ; Dut.  § Ger.  gans  ; Dan.  

qaas ; Icei.  gas ; Sw.  ga s ; Goosander 

Bret,  giraz,  or  goaz ; W.  (.Mergus  merganser), 
gwgz ; Bus.  gus.) 

1.  ( Ornith .) 

A large,  well- 
known,  web-foot- 
ed water-fowl  of 
the  order  Anse- 
res,  family  Ana- 
tidre,  and  sub- 
family Anseri- 
nar,  the  common 
name  of  the  ge- 
nus Anser  of 
Linnaeus.  Gray. 

2.  A tailor’s 
smoothing  iron  Canada  goose  (Anser  Canadensis). 

the  handle  of  which  resembles  the  neck  of  a 
goose.  Shak. 

3.  A silly  person  ; a simpleton.  Richardson. 

GOO^E'ByR-RY,  n.  [Ger.  krausbeere,  or  krtlusel- 
becre  ; kraus,  crisp,  and  beerc,  berry;  Fr.  gros- 
cille.  — “ Our  English  gardeners  say,  so  called 
from  its  gross  or  thick  skin.  Perhaps  it  is  gorse- 
berry.”  Richardson .]  ( Bot .)  A prickly  shrub 

of  the  genus  Ribcs,  or  currant,  of  many  varie- 
ties; Ribcs  grossularia;  — the  berry  or  fruit  of 
the  Ribes  grossularia.  Gray. 

Go6.SE' R^R-RY,  a.  Relating  to,  or  made  of, 
gooseberries.  “ Gooseberry  wine.”  Goldsmith. 

Go6§E'BER-RY— FOOL,  n.  [Eng.  gooseberry  and 
Fr.  fouler,  to  press.] 

1.  A compound  made  of  gooseberries  and 

cream.  Goldsmith. 

2.  A fool;  a silly  person.  Goldsmith. 

GOOSE'— BILL,  n.  A surgical  instrument.  Crabb. 

GOOSE'— CAP,  n.  A silly  person.  Beau.  Sg  FI. 

GOOSE'— CORN,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the  genus 

Juni  us,  or  rush;  J uncus  squarrosus ; — called 
also  the  moss-rash.  Booth. 

GOOSE'— EGG,  n.  The  egg  of  a goose.  Goldsmith. 

GOOSE'— FOOT  (-fut),  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants 
of  many  species ; Chenopodium.  Loudon. 

GOOSE'— GR  ASS,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the  genus 
Galium ; Galium  aparine  ; — so  named  because 
it  is  a favorite  food  with  geese,  and  called  also 
cleavers , catch-weed,  and  scratch-ioeed.  Loudon. 

GOOSE'NECK,  n.  (Naut.)  An  iron  hook  fitted  on 
the  inner  end  of  a boom,  and  introduced  into  a 
clamp  of  iron,  or  eye-bolt,  which  encircles  the 
mast,  or  fitted  to  some  other  place,  so  that  it 
may  be  unhooked  at  pleasure.  Mar.  Diet. 


GOOSE'— PIE,  n.  A pie  made  of  goose  and  pastry. 

GOOSE'— QUlLL,  n.  The  large  feather  or  quill  of 
a goose.  “ My  gray  goose-quill."  Byron. 

GOOS'E-RY,  n.  1.  The  qualities  of  a goose;  folly. 

The  finical  goosery  of  your  neat  sermon-actor.  Milton. 

2.  A place  where  geese  are  kept.  . Wright. 

GOOSE'-TONGUE  (-tQng),  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of 
the  genus  Achillea  ; Achillea  ptarmica.  Crabb. 

GOOSE'— WING,  n.  1.  The  wing  of  a goose  ; — 
often  used  as  a dusting-brush.  Simmonds. 

2.  (Naut.)  The  clew  or  lower  corner  of  a 
ship’s  main-sail  or  fore-sail,  when  the  middle 
part  is  furled. 

GO'PIIER,  n.  (Zoiil.)  1.  A 
little  burrowing  quadru- 
ped, of  the  genus  Pseu- 
dostoma, characterized 
especially  by  the  inci-  Gopher.'" 

sors,  which  protrude  beyond  the  lips,  and  by  large 


Mar.  Diet. 


cheek  pouches,  extending  from  the  sides  of  the 
mouth  to  the  shoulders ; pouched  rat ; mulo  ; 
Pseudostoma  bursarius.  Audubon. 

1“  Iowa,  Wisconsin,  and  Northern  Illinois 
the  name  gopher  is  applied  also  to  the  prairie-squirrel 
( tSpennuphilus  tredecimtineatns).  Kinnicutt. 

2.  A species  of  burrowing  tortoise ; Xeroba- 
tes  Carolinus.  [U.  S.]  Agassiz. 

GO'PHER,  n.  [Heb.  “153,  pitch.]  A kind  of  wood 
used  in  building  Noah’s  ark.  Gen.  vi.  14. 

copals!!,  a.  Proud;  testy;  pettish;  petulant; 

pert.  [Provincial,  Eng.]  Ray. 

GO'RAL,  n.  (Zoiil.)  A species  of  antelope  inhabit- 
ing the  Himalayan  mountains  ; Antilope  goral, 
or  Nemorhedus  goral.  Eng.  Cyc. 

t GOR'— BEL' LIED  (-ljd),  a.  Fat ; big-bellied.  Sha/c. 

f GOR'-BEL-LY,  n.  A big  belly.  Sherwood. 

t GORGE,  n.  [Nor.  Fr.  gors.)  A pool  of  water 
to  keep  fish  in  ; a wear.  Todd. 

GOR'— COCK,  n.  (Ornith.)  The  red-grouse,  or 
red  ptarmigan  ; Lagopus  Scoticus.  Yarrell. 

GOR'— CROW  (-kro),  n.  (Ornith.)  The  carrion  crow ; 
the  common  crow ; Corvus  corone.  Yarrell. 

f GORD,  n.  An  instrument  of  gaming.  Beau.  FI. 

GOR'DI-AN,  a.  Relating  to  Gordius,  king  of 
Phrygia  : — intricate  ; difficult. 

The  Gordian  knot  was  an  intricate  knot  made  by 
Gordius,  King  of  Phrygia,  in  the  cord  which  bound 
the  pole  of  his  chariot  to  the  yoke.  An  oracle  having 
declared  that  whosoever  should  untie  the  knot  should 
reign  over  Asia,  Alexander  cut  the  knot  with  his 
sword  and  applied  the  oracle  to  himself.  It'.  Smith. — 
To  cut  the  Gordian  knot,  to  overcome  a difficulty  by 
some  bold  expedient  or  decisive  step. 

GOR'DI-US,  n.  (Zoiil.)  A genus  of  worms  ; hair- 
worm.  Eng.  Cyc. 

GORE,  n.  [A.  S.  gor,  clotted  blood ; gore;  mud. 
— W.  gwyar .] 

1.  Blood,  — especially  blood  clotted  or  con- 
gealed. Denham. 

2.  Mud  ; mire,  [it.]  Bp.  Fisher. 

GORE,  n.  [W.  gor,  an  opening;  a rim.  — Icel. 

geir.  1 

1.  A narrow  or  triangular  piece  of  land.  Cowell. 

2.  A triangular  piece  of  cloth  inserted  in  a 

garment  to  widen  any  part  of  it.  Lower. 

3.  (Naut.)  A piece  of  canvas  for  increasing 

the  breadth  or  the  depth  of  a sail ; goring- 
cloth.  Simmonds. 

4.  (Her.)  An  abatement  denoting  a coward, 
being  two  arched  lines  meeting  in  an  acute 
angle  in  the  middle  of  the  fess  point.  Wright. 

GORE,  V.  a.  \i.  GORED  ; pp.  GORING,  GORED.] 

1.  To  stab  ; to  pierce  as  with  a horn  or  a sharp 
point.  “ Gored  with  Mowbray’s  spear.”  Shah. 

2.  To  cut  in  the  form  of  a gore.  Clarke. 

GORE'— CROW,  n.  (Ornith.)  Gor-crow.  Yarrell. 

GOR'— FLY,  n.  A species  of  fly.  Gent.  Mag. 

GOR£E  (gorj),  n.  [L.  gurges  ; It.  gorga,  or  gor- 

gut ; Sp.  gorja ; Fr.  gorge.) 

1.  The  throat ; the  gullet.  “ How  abhorred 

...  it  is  ! my  gorge  rises  at  it.”  Shak. 

2.  That  which  Is  gorged  or  swallowed.  Milton. 

3.  A narrow  defile  between  mountains ; a 

ravine  ; a notch.  Roget. 

4.  (Arch.)  A cavetto  or  concave  moulding 
whose  profile  is  a quadrant  of  a circle.  Francis. 

5.  (Fort.)  The  entrance  of  a bastion,  or  other 

outwork.  Brande. 

GORIyE,  v. . a.  [Fr.  gorger .]  [i.  gorged;  pp. 

GORGING,  GORGED.] 

1.  To  fill  up  to  the  throat ; to  glut ; to  satiate. 

To  gorge  the  wolves  and  lions  of  Numidia.  Addison. 

2.  To  take  into  the  stomach;  to  swallow. 

“The  fish  has  gorged  the  hook.”  Johnson. 

GORIgE,  v.  n.  To  eat  greedily  ; to  feed.  Milton. 

GORR'pD,  a.  1.  Having  a gorge  or  throat.  Shak. 

2.  (Her.)  Denoting  a crown  or  coronet  of  a 
peculiar  form  or  color,  about  the  neck  of  a lion, 
swan,  &c.  Crabb. 

fi  GORyE'FUL,  n.  A meal  for  birds.  Cotgrave. 

g6r'<?EOUS  (gor'jus),  a.  [Old  Fr.  gorgias. — 
“ Probably  from  gorge,  and  transferred  from  the 
palate  to  the  eye.”  Richardson .]  Fine  ; splen- 
did ; glittering ; showy  ; magnificent. 

The  cloud-capped  towers,  the  gorgeous  palaces.  Shak. 


g6R'<?EOUS-LY  (gijr'jus-le),  ad.  In  a gorgeous 
manner  ; splendidly ; finely. 

GOR'y EOUS-NESS  (gor'jus-nes),  n.  The  quality 
of  being  gorgeous  ; spiendor  ; show.  “ Gor- 
geousness of  apparel.”  More. 

GOR'VET  [gor'jet,  S.  W.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.), 
n.  [It.  gorgieretta  ; Fr.  gorgette.  — See  Gorge.] 

1.  (Mil.)  A crescent-shaped  plate  worn  round 

the  neck  by  officers  on  duty  ; — originally  a piece 
of  armor  defending  the  neck.  Campbell. 

2.  f A rutt  worn  by  females.  Cleaveland. 

■ -^n  instrument  used  in  the  opera- 
tion of  lithotomy.  Dunglison. 

GOR'GON,  n. ; pi.  Gorgons.  [Gr.  Topyw,  or  ropydbv ; 
L.  Gorgo,  or  Gorgon .]  (Myth.)  A name  given 
to  three  sister  deities  or  monsters  (Stheno,  Eu- 
ry ale , and  Medusa),  whose  heads  were  twined 
with  serpents  instead  of  hair,  and  who  had  the 
power  of  turning  all  who  beheld  them  to  stone  : 
— any  thing  ugly  or  horrid. 

Gorgons,  and  hydras,  and  chimeras  dire.  Milton. 

GOR'GON,  a.  Having  the  qualities  of  a Gorgon. 
“ Gorgon  terrors.”  Gray. 

GOR-GO-NE'IA  (gor-go-nE'jfi).  n.  (Arch.)  Masks 
in  relief  representing  the  Gorgoms  or  Medusa’s 
head.  Fairholt. 

GOR-Gb'NI-A,  n.  (Zoiil.)  A genus  of  polypi, 
having  eight  tentacles  and  an  arborescent  form 
with  a central,  horny,  flexible  axis,  and  including 
the  sea-fan  and  the  sea-slirub.  Van  Der  Iloeren. 

GOR-GO'NI-AN,  a.  Relating  to,  or  resembling, 
the  Gorgons  ; horrid  ; frightful.  Milton. 

GOR'GON-IZE,  v.  a.  To  turn  to  stone  ; to  congeal. 

Gorgon ized  me  from  head  to  foot 

With  a stony  British  stare.  Tennyson. 

GOR'— HEN,  n.  The  female  of  the  gor-cock.  Todd. 

GOR'ING,  n.  Puncture  ; prick  ; a piercing.  Dryden. 

GOR'ING— CLOTHS,  n.  pi.  (Naut.)  Pieces  of  can- 
vas cut  obliquely  and  put  in  to  add  to  the 
breadth  of  a sail ; gores.  Dana. 

GOR' M AND,  n.  [Fr.  gourmand .]  A greedy  eat- 
er ; a luxurious  feeder  ; a glutton  ; an  epicure  ; 
a gourmand  ; a gormandizer. 

tsst  Though  gormand  is  the  orthography  chiefly 
countenanced  by  the  English  Dictionaries,  yet  tlie 
French  form  of  gourmand  is  more  commonly  used. 


GOR'MAND,  a.  Voracious  ; greedy  ; gluttonous; 
gormandizing;  ravenous.  Pope. 

GOR'MAND-pR,  n.  A gormandizer.  Huloet. 

GOIt'M AND-I.SM,  n.  Gluttony.  Blackwood. 

f GOR'MAND-IZE,  n.  Voraciousness.  Drayton. 

GOR'MAND-IZE,  v.  a.  [i.  GORMANDIZED  ; pp. 
gormandizing,  gormandized.]  To  eat  greed- 
ily ; to  feed  ravenously.  Shak. 

GOR'MAND-IZ-yR,  n.  A voracious  or  ravenous 
eater  ; a gormand.  Cleaveland. 

GOR'RyL— BEJ/LiyD,  a.  Gor-bellied.  Johnson. 

CORSE,  n.  [A.  S.  gorst,  or  gost.)  (Bot.)  A le- 
guminous shrub,  of  the  genus  Ulex,  bearing  yel- 
low flowers  ; furze  ; whin. 

The  prickly  gorsc , that,  shapeless,  and  deformed, 

And  dangerous  to  the  touch,  has  yet  its  bloom, 

And  decks  itself  with  ornaments  of  gold.  Cowper. 

GOR'SY,  a.  Abounding  in  or  full  of  gorse  ; re- 
sembling gorse.  Pennant. 


GO'RY,  a.  [See  Gore.]  1.  Covered  with  con- 
gealed or  clotted  blood  ; ensanguined. 


Thou  canst  not  say  I did  it;  never  shake 
Thy  gory  locks  at  me.  Shak. 


2.  Bloody  ; murderous  ; fatal. 
“ Gory  emulation.”  . Shak. 

GdS'HAWK,  n.  [A.  S.  goshafoc .] 
(Ornith.)  A species  of  hunting 
hawk,  which  does  not  take  its  prey 
by  stooping,  but  by  gliding  along 
after  it ; Astur  palumbarius. 

Yarrell. 

GO§'LING  (goz'ljng),  n.  [A.  S.  gos, 
goose,  and  -ling,  a dim.  ending.] 

1.  A young  goose  ; a goose  not  yet 
full-grown. 

2.  A catkin  on  nut-trees  and 

pines.  Johnson. 


Goshawk 
(Astur  j>a- 
lumbarius). 


GOS'PIJL,  n.  [A.  S.  god-spell ; god,  good,  and 
spell,  history  or  tidings  ; — of  the  same  mean- 
ing as  the  Gr.  timyyO.toi',  which  signifies  good 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long; 


A,  E,  1,  6,  U,  Y,  short; 


A,  5,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; 


HEIR,  HER; 


GOVERNABLENESS 


GOSPEL  631 


news,  applied  especially  to  the  coming  of  the 
Messiah.] 

1.  The  whole  system  of  the  Christian  reli- 
gion, including  the  history  of  the  birth,  life, 
miracles,  death,  resurrection,  ascension,  and 
doctrines  of  Jesus  Christ  : — divine  revelation  ; 
Christian  theology. 

In  strains  as  sweet 

As  angels  use,  the  gospel  whispers  peace.  Cowper. 

2.  One  of  the  four  histories  of  Christ;  as, 
“Matthew’s  Gospel”;  “The  Gospel  of  John.” 

3.  The  four  histories  collectively. 

Upon  the  gospel's  sacred  page 

The  gathered  beams  of  ages  shine; 

And,  as  it  hastens,  every  age 
But  makes  its  brightness  more  divine.  Bowring. 

4.  Principle  of  action ; doctrine ; creed. 

“ This  political  gospel.”  Burke. 

Of  hireling  wolves,  whose  gospel  is  their  maw.  Milton. 

5.  ( Church  of  Eng.)  A portion  of  Scripture 

taken  from  one  of  the  four  Gospels,  and  read 
immediately  after  the  epistle,  in  the  ante-com- 
munion service.  Hook. 

GOS'PJJL,  a.  Relating  to  the  gospel.  Ch.  Ob. 

+ GOS'PIJL,  v.  a.  To  instruct  in  gospel  tenets. Shah. 

fGOS'PpL-LA-RY,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  gospel; 
theological.  Cloak  in  its  Colors,  1679. 

GOS'PJpL-L§R,  n.  1.  An  evangelist.  “ St.  Mat- 
thew, the  gospeller.”  Chaucer. 

2.  A follower  of  Wickliffe,  the  early  English 
reformer  ; — so  applied  in  derision.  Bp.  Burnet. 

3.  The  priest  who  reads  the  gospel  at  the  al- 
tar during  the  communion  service.  Hook. 

GOS'PEL-LIZE,  v.  a.  [i.  GOSPELLIZED  ; pp.  OOS- 
pellizing,  gospellized.]  To  form  according 
to  the  gospel ; to  evangelize.  Milton. 

GOSS,  n.  A kind  of  low  furze  ; gorse.  Shak. 

GOS'SA-MfR,  n.  [L.  gossipium,  the  cotton-tree. 
Johnson.  — L gossympinus,  the  cotton-tree  ; Fr. 
gossampine.  Skinner.  Nares.  — Gar  or  gor 
means  hoar ; and  hence  probably  gar  or  gor- 
summer  is  summer’s  hoar,  in  opposition  to  win- 
ter’s hoar  or  hoar-frost.  Richardson.  — “ Gos- 
samer is  a corruption  of  gorse,  or  goss,  samyt 
[samite],  i.  e.  the  samyt,  or  finely-woven  silken 
web  that  lies  on  the  gorse,  or  furze.”  Height  leg.] 
A fine~film  spun  by  spiders,  and  observed,  par- 
ticularly in  spring  and  autumn,  on  furze  and 
other  plants.  “ Milk-white  gossamers.”  Browne. 

GOS'SA-MER-Y,  a.  Like  the  film  spun  by  spi- 
ders ; light;  flimsy;  unsubstantial.  Mathias. 

GOS'SAN,  n.  {Mining.)  An  ochreous  mineral 
substance  ; an  imperfect  iron  ore.  Weale. 

GOS'SIP,  n.  [A.  S.  godsibb;  God,  God,  and  sib, 
relation,  affinity,  i.  e.  relation  by  a religious 
obligation.  Johnson.] 

1.  t A sponsor  in  baptism ; a godfather  or  a 

godmother.  ' Shak. 

2.  f A friend  ; an  intimate.  “ The  great 
Duke  of  Tuscany,  my  gossip.”  B.  Jonson. 

3.  f A tippling  companion.  Shak. 

4.  A talkative,  tattling  person  ; a tattler ; a 
gadabout ; — commonly  applied  to  a woman. 

The  common  chat  of  gossips  when  they  meet.  Dryden. 

5.  Trifling  talk ; tattle  ; scandal.  Johnson. 

GOS'SIP,  V.  n.  [t.  GOSSIPED  ; pp.  GOSSIPING, 
gossiped.]  To  chat ; to  prate  ; to  tattle  ; to 
gabble  ; to  be  merry.  Shak. 

GOS'SIP-fR,  n.  One  who  gossips.  Bunyan. 

GOS'SIP-lNG,  n.  The  act  or  the  practice  of  one 
who  gossips  ; the  act  of  tattling.  Locke. 

GOS'SIP-ING,  p.  a.  Containing,  or  relating  to, 
gossip  ; tattling ; prating.  Qu.  Rev. 

GOS-S1P ' I-ijM,  n.  See  Gossypium.  P.Cyc. 

GOS'SIP— LIKE,  a.  Resembling  gossips.  Shak. 

f GOS'SIP-RED,  n.  Gossipry.  Davies. 

GOS'SJP-RY,  n.  1.  f Relationship  by  baptismal 
rites  ; spiritual  affinity.  Bale. 

2.  Gossip  ; tattle,  [r.]  Pardoe.  N.  A.  Rev. 

GOS'SIP-Y,  a.  Full  of  gossip  ; trifling.  Gent.  Mag. 

GOS-SOON',  n.  [Fr.  garcon.]  A mean  footboy. 
[Ireland.]  Castle  Rackrent. 

GOS-SYP  'T-UM,  n.  [L.  gossypion,  or  gossipion.] 
(Bot.)  A genus  of  plants  ; cotton  plant.  Loudon. 


GOST'ING,  n.  An  herb.  Ainsworth. 

GOT,  i.  & p.  from  get.  — See  Get. 

GOTCIf,  n.  [Dut.]  A water-pot;  a pitcher.  Taylor. 

GOTE,  a.  A ditch  or  sluice.  [Local.]  Dugdale,  1662. 

GOTH,  n.  1.  One  of  an  ancient  people,  of  Asiatic 
origin,  who  migrated  towards  the  west  and  south 
of  Europe. 

Itgy-In  early  times  some  of  them  established  them- 
selves in  the  south  of  Sweden  and  the  Island  of  Goth- 
land. The  Goths  were  divided  into  East  and  West, 
or  Ostro-Goths  and  Visi-Goths.  The  Visi-Goths, 
from  their  residence  in  Mcesia,  also  acquired  the 
name  of  Moeso-Goths.  Bosworth. 

2.  A rude,  uncivilized  person ; a barbarian  ; 
a savage.  Chesterfield. 

GOTH'AM-IST  [goth'am-Ist,  K.  Sm.  C.;  go'thjm- 
ist,  Wb.],n.  An  inhabitant  of  Gotham,  in  Eng- 
land,— a place  formerly  noted  for  some  pleas- 
ant blunders  ; hence,  one  who  is  not  wise  ; a 
wiseacre  ; a blunderer.  Bp.  Morton. 

GO'THAM-lTE,  or  GOTH'AM-ITE,  n.  A term 
sportively  applied  to  an  inhabitant  of  the  city  of 
New  York.  Wright. 

GOTH'IC,  a.  1.  Relating  to  the  Goths.  “ Gothic 
priests.”  “ Gothic  influence.”  Bosworth. 

2.  Rude;  uncivilized;  barbarian.  Congreve. 

3.  {Arch.)  Noting  a style  of  architecture 

characterized  by  a pointed  arch.  Brande. 

GOTH'IC,  n.  The  Gothic  language  ; the  language 
of  the  Goths  who  lived  near  the  banks  of  the 
Lower  Danube,  in  the  fourth  century;  — styled 
also  Moeso-Gothic.  See  Mceso-Gothic. 

jjgp  Another  branch  of  the  Gothic  existed  in  Scan- 
dinavia, and  is  called  the  Suio-  Gothic,  or  Old  Norse. 
It  is  still  spoken  with  some  variations  in  Iceland,  the 
Faroe  Islands,  and  parts  of  Norway.  From  this  lan- 
guage the  modern  Danish,  Swedish,  and  Norwegian 
derive  their  origin.  Bosworth. 

It  is  now  generally  admitted  that  the  Gothic  language,  or 
languages,  is,  or  are,  a branch  of  the  Teutonic  family.  P.  Cue. 

GOTH'!-CAL,  a.  Gothic. — See  Gothic.  Skelton. 

GOTH'I-CI§M,  n.  1.  A Gothic  idiom.  Chalmers. 

2.  Conformity  to  Gothic  architecture. 

It  [Strawberry  Castle]  has  a purity  and  propriety  of  Goth- 
ic ism  (with  very  tew  exceptions)  that  I have  not  seen  else- 
where. Gray. 

3.  Barbarism  ; rudeness.  Shenstone. 

GOTH'l-CiZE,  v.  a.  To  bring  back  to  barbarism  ; 

to  turn  to  an  uncivilized  state.  Strutt. 

■f  GO  TO',  interj.  Come,  come,  take  the  right 
course  ; to  the  purpose.  < Gen.  xi.  3. 

GOT'TEN  (got'tn),  p.  from  get.  Got.  — See  Get. 

fGOUD,  n.  {Bot.)  A plant;  woad.  Johnson. 

||  GOIIfJE  (giiuj  or  goj)  [goj,  S.  W.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K. 
Sm.  C.;  gbuj,  P.  WO.],  n.  [Fr.]  A scooping 
or  hollow  chisel,  made  for  cutting  holes,  chan- 
nels, grooves,  &c.,  in  wood  or  stone.  Moxon. 

| GOUGE,  or  GOUGE,  v.  a.  [t.  gouged;  pp. 

GOUGING;  GOUGED.] 

1.  To  scoop  out  with  a gouge,  or  as  with  a 

gouge.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  To  force  out  with  the  thumb  or  finger,  as 

the  eye  of  an  antagonist.  Flint. 

GOUGE'— SLIP,  n.  An  oil-stone  or  hone  for 
sharpening  chisels. 

II  GOUG'ING,  or  GOUG'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of 
scooping  out  with  a gouge. 

2.  The  act  of  scooping  out  the  eye  with  the 
thumb,  a barbarous  practice  in  some  parts  of 
America.  Kendall. 

Gouging  is  performed  by  twisting  the  forefinger  in  a loek 
of  hair  near  the  temple,  and  turning  the  eye  out  of  the  soeket 
with  the  thumb-nail,  which  is  sutfered  to  grow  long  for  that 
purpose.  Lambert. 

+ GOU'JEER§,  n.  The  venereal  disease.  Shak. 

GOU'LAND,  n.  A kind  of  flower.  B.  Jonson. 

GOU-LARD'  (go-lhrd'),  n.  A solution  of  the  sub- 
acetate or  sugar  of  lead,  used  for  inflammations  ; 
— so  named  from  the  inventor,  and  called  also 
Goulard’s  extract.  Todd. 

GOULE,  n.  See  Ghoul.  Arabian  Nights. 

||  GOURD  (gord  or  gord)  [gord,  S.  P.  J.  E.  Ja.  K. 
C.  ; gord  or  gord,  IF.  F. ; gord,  Sm.  IF6.],  n. 

1.  [Fr.  gourde.  — Dut.  kauwoerde.]  The  name 
given  to  plants  of  the  genus  Cucurbita.  Loudon. 


2.  A kind  of  fruit  obtained  from  various 
plants  of  the  order  Cueurbitaccvc.  Eng.  Cyc. 

3.  A bottle  made  of  the  fruit.  Chaucer. 

4.  [Old  Fr.]  f An  instrument  of  gaming; 

— written  also  gord.  Johnson. 

||  GOUR'DI-NESS  (gor'dj-nes),  n.  (Farriery .)  A 

swelling  in  a horse’s  leg.  Farrier’s  Diet. 

||  GOURD'— WORM,  n.  A worm  that  infests  the 
liver  of  sheep  ; — so  named  from  its  gourd-like 
shape,  and  termed  also  the  fluke-worm.  Booth. 

UGOUR'Dy,  a.  1.  Relating  to  the  gourd.  Booth. 

2.  (Farriery .)  Affected  with  gourdiness,  or  a 
swelling  in  the  leg.  Wright. 

GOU-Rl'NJE,  n.  pi.  ( Ornith .)  A sub-family  of 

birds  of  the 
order  Co- 
lumbat  and 
family  Co- 
lumbiclce ; 
ground- 
pigeons. 

Gray  Ocyphaps  cophotes. 

GO  UR  'MAND  (gor'm'ind),  n.  [Fr.]  A ravenous 
or  luxurious  feeder  ; a greedy  eater  ; a glutton  ; 
epicure;  gormand.  — See  Gormand.  Bp.  Hall. 

GOUR'MAN-DiZE,  v.n.  To  gormandize. Cockeram. 

f GOUR'MAN-DiZE,  n.  Gluttony  ; voraciousness  ; 
epicurism ; greediness.  Spenser. 

GOUR'N£T  (giir'net),  n.  ( Ich .)  A fish  found  on  the 
coast  of  Devonshire.  — See  Gurnet.  Johnson. 

GOUT,  n.  [L.  gutta,  a drop ; It.  gotta,  a drop, 
the  gout ; Sp.  gota  ; Fr.  goutte.] 

1.  t A drop.  “ Gouts  of  blood.”  Shak. 

2.  (Med-.)  An  inflammation  of  the  fibrous 
and  ligamentous  parts  of  the  joints,  generally 
attacking  first  the  great  toe,  and  attended  with  a 
burning,  lancinating  pain,  tension,  and  redness ; 

— so  called  because  it  was  believed  to  be  pro- 
duced by  a liquid  which  distilled  goutte  a goutte 
(drop  by  drop)  on  the  diseased  part.  Dunglison. 

GOUT  (go),  n.  [Fr.]  A taste  ; relish.  Woodward. 

GOUT'I-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  gouty.  Shak. 

GOUT'— SWOLLEN  (-swo'ln),  a.  Swollen  or  in- 
flamed with  the  gout.  Bp.  Hall. 

GOUT'WEED,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant;  the  xEgopo- 
dium  podagraria  ; — called  also  the  ache-weed 
and  herb-gerhard,  and  formerly  used  in  Ger- 
many in  assuaging  the  pain  of  the  gout.  Booth. 

GOUT 'WORT  (-wilrt),  n.  An  herb  reputed  good 

for  the  gout ; goutweed.  Ainsworth. 

GOUT'Y,  a.  I.  Relating  to  the  gout.  “ Gouty 
matter.”  Blackmore. 

2.  Afflicted  or  diseased  with  the  gout. 

Knots  upon  his  gouty  joints  appear.  Dryden. 

3.  f Boggy  ; as,  “ Gouty  land.”  Johnson. 

f GOVE,  n.  A mow  ; a rick  for  hay.  Tusser. 

f GOVE,  v.  n.  To  put  in  a rick  or  mow.  Tusser. 

GOV'GRN  (guv'ern),  v.  a.  [Gr.  Kv(3(pvui,  to  steer, 

to  govern  ; L.  guberno  ; It.  gorernare ; Sp.  go- 
bernar  ; Fr.  gouvemer .]  [ t . governed  ; pp. 

GOVERNING,  GOVERNED.] 

1.  To  rule  with  authority  and  power ; to  regu- 
late ; to  direct ; to  manage  ; to  control ; to  have 
power  or  mastery  over. 

A man  must  first  fjovern  himself,  ere  he  be  fit  to  qorem  a 
family,  and  his  fdmily,  ere  he  be  fit  to  bear  the  government 
in  the  commonwealth.  Sir  W.  Jitdcitjh. 

2.  (Gram.)  To  affect,  so  as  to  determine  a 
case,  mood,  &c. 

Syn.  — To  govern  and  rule  both  imply  the  exercise 
of  authority;  but  to  govern  implies  also  the  exercise 
of  judgment  and  knowledge,  and  it  is  used  more  ex- 
clusively in  a good  sense  Ilian  to  rule.  A king^uo- 
erns  ; a despot  rules.  A person  governs  himself,  reg- 
ulates his  desires,  controls  his  passions  or  appetites ; 
but  he  is  ruled  by  others.  Regulate  an  instrumcn  ; 
direct  a movement ; manage  business  ; control  one’s 
own  appetite;  influence  the  conduct  of  others. — See 
Conduct. 

GOV'ERN,)).  n.  To  exercise  authority  or  control ; 
to  have  the  direction.  Dryden. 

G6v'?RN-A-BLE,o.  That  may  be  governed;  sub- 
ject to  rule  ; controllable.  Locke. 

GOV'F.RN-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
governable,  [r.]  Ash. 


MIEN 


, SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — q,  £,  g,  soft;  E,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


GOVERNANCE 


632 


GRACIOUSNESS 


GOV'$R-NANCE,  n.  Government ; rule  ; control. 

Under  the  surly  Gloster’s  governance.  Shak. 

g6v'£R-NANT,  n.  See  Governante.  Johnson. 

GO  V-^R-NANTE'  [go-ver-nant',  IF.  Ja.  ; guv'er- 
nant ,P.J.  Wb. ; guv-er-nant',  E.  Sm . ; go-ver- 
n&unt',  >S.  ; go-ver-nant',  F.  A\ ] , n.  [Fr.  gouver- 
nante.]  A woman  or  lady  who  has  the  care  of 
young  ladies ; a governess.  L’ Estrange. 

GOV'JJRN-ESS  (guv'ern-es),  n.  [Fr . gouvernesse.} 

1.  A female  governor. 

The  moon,  the  governess  of  floods.  Shak. 

2.  A tutoress ; a woman  intrusted  with  the 
education  of  young  ladies ; a governante.  Sidney. 

GOV'IJRN-ING,  p.  a.  1.  Ruling  ; directing  ; man- 
aging ; guiding  ; conducting ; regulating. 

2.  Grammatically  affecting,  as  a certain  case, 
mood,  &c. 

GOV'F.RN-MENT  (guv'ern-ment),  n.  [It.  governa- 
mento ; Fr.  gonvemement.  — See  Govern.] 

1.  The  act  of  governing;  exercise  of  author- 
ity; rule;  management;  regulation;  control; 
restraint. 


The  government  of  man  should  be  the  monarchy  of  reason; 
it  is  too  often  the  democracy  of  passions,  or  the  anarchy  of 
humors.  Dr.  Whichcote. 

2.  The  body  of  fundamental  laws  of  a state  ; 
power  or  authority  which  rules  a community ; 
the  form  of  sovereignty  in  a state. 

No  free  government  can  rest  upon  any  other  than  a sound 
moral  basis.  John  M’ Lean. 


3.  The  body  of  persons  charged  with  the  man- 

agement of  the  executive  power  of  a country  ; 
the  administration.  Bouvier. 

4.  f Capability  of  being  moved ; limberness. 

Each  part  deprived  of  supple  government 

Shall  stiff  and  stark  and  cold  appear  like  death.  Shak. 

5.  f Management,  as  of  the  limbs. 

Their  god 

Shot  many  a dart  at  me  with  fierce  intent; 

But  I them  warded  all  with  wary  government.  Spenser. 

6.  (Gram.)  The  power  which  one  word  has  in 
determining  the  case,  mood,  &c.,  of  another. 

Syn. — See  Administration. 

GOV-£RN-MENT'AL,  a.  Relating  to  government ; 
directing ; governing.  Betsham. 

t; - A modern  word,  now  much  used  both  in 
England  and  America,  though  the  use  of  it  has  been 
censured.  Some  years  since  it  was  characterized  by 
the  Eclectic  Review  as  “ an  execrable  barbarism  ” ; 
yet  it  has  since  been  repeatedly  used  by  that  journal  ; 
as,  “ Governmental  failure”;  “ Governmental  inter- 
ference.” Ec.  Rev. 

GOV'ERN-OR  (guv'ern-ur),  n.  [Fr. gouvemeurJ] 

1.  One  who  governs  ; a ruler.  “ The  supreme 

Governor  of  all  things.”  Cudworth. 

2.  One  who  is  invested  with  supreme  author- 
ity in  a state ; the  highest  executive  magistrate 
of  a state  or  province  ; the  executive.  Bouvier. 

3.  One  who  rules  with  delegated  and  subordi- 
nate authority.  Shak. 

4.  One  who  has  the  care  of  a young  person ; 
a tutor. 

The  great  work  of  a governor  is  to  fashion  the  carriage  and 
form  the  mind.  Locke. 


5.  One  who  steers  a ship  ; a pilot.  Jas.  iii.  4. 

6.  (Mech.)  A contrivance 

designed  to  equalize  or  regu- 
late the  rapidity  of  motion  of 
the  machine  to  which  it  is  at- 
tached. Brande. 

GOV'£RNT-OR-GEN'ER-AL,  n. 

A governor  who  has  under  him 
subordinate  or  deputy  govern- 
ors. “ The  governor-general  of 
India.”  Brande. 

GOV'JJRN-OR-ShIp,  n.  The  rank 

or  office  of  a governor.  „ „ , 

Month.  Rev.  Govc™°rgi°n£ca  8tcam 


GOVV'AN,  n.  1.  (Min.)  A term  applied  to  decom- 
posed granite.  Weale. 

2.  (loot.)  The  daisy  ; — mountain  daisy. 

Jamieson. 

And  pulled  the  gowans  fine.  Burns. 

GoWD,n.  A gaud  ; a toy.  [North  of  Eng.]  Todd. 


GOVPK,  n.  1.  A foolish  fellow. 
2.  A cuckoo.  — See  Gawk. 


Todd. 

Hallowell. 


+ GOWK,  v.  a.  To  stupefy.  B.  Jonson. 

f GoWl,  v.  n.  [Icel . goela.]  To  howl.  Wickliffe. 


GOWN,  n.  [W.  gwn  ; Nor.  Fr.  goune  ; It.  gonna.] 

1.  A long,  upper  garment ; especially  the  long 
upper  garment  worn  by  women  ; dress. 

2.  A long,  loose  robe  or  upper  garment  of 
professional  men,  or  men  devoted  to  the  arts  of 
peace,  as  divinity,  medicine,  or  law.  Spenser. 

3.  The  dress  of  peace. 

When  gowns , not  arms,  repelled 

The  fierce  Epirot  and  the  African  bold.  Milton. 

GOWNED  (gbund),a.  Dressed  in  a gown.  “Gowned 
Romans.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

GOWN '1ST,  n.  A gownman.  [r.]  Warner. 

GoWN'MAN,  n.  ; pi.  goi^n'men.  A divine,  law- 
yer, professor,  or  student,  wearing  a gown  ; — 
now  often  called  gownsman.  Rowe. 

GOWNSMAN,  n.  A gownman  ; — often  used  for 
gownman,  especially  at  Oxford  in  Eng.  Todd. 

GOW'RY,  n. ; pi.  cowries.  (Conch.)  A shell  be- 
longing to  the  family  Cypraidce ; called  also 
Cowry.  Eng.  Cyc. 

GOWT,  or  GO'-OUT,  n.  (Engineering.)  A sluice 
used  in  embankments  against  the  sea  for  letting 
out  the  land  waters  when  the  tide  is  out,  and 
preventing  the  ingress  of  salt  water.  Francis. 

GOZ'ZARD,  n.  [A  corruption  of  gooseherd .] 

1.  One  who  attends  geese.  Malone. 

2.  A fool;  a silly  person.  [Local,  Eng.]  Pegge. 

GOZ'ZAN,  n.  Oxide  of  iron  and  quartz.  Weale. 

GRAB,  n.  A vessel  of  two  or  three  masts,  pecu- 
liar to  Malabar.  Todd. 

GRAB,  r.  a.  & n.  [A.  S.  grapian  ; W.  grabiaw  ; 
It.  grappare;  Fr.  gripper.  — Gael.  <Sj  Ir.  grab, 
to  hinder,  to  stop.  — See  Gripe.]  \i.  grabbed  ; 
pp.  grabbing,  grabbed.]  To  seize  or  to  at- 
tempt to  seize  with  violence ; to  snatch ; to 
clutch ; to  gripe  ; to  bite.  [Vulgar.]  Roget. 

GRAB’BLE  (grab'bl),  v.n.  [A  dim.  of  grab ; Dut. 
grabbelen  ; Ger.  grfibcln .] 

1.  To  feel  for  something;  to  grope.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  To  be  recumbent;  to  lie  prostrate  on  the 

ground  ; to  sprawl.  Ainsworth. 

3.  To  grapple  ; to  seize.  [Local,  Eng.]  Grose. 

GRAB'— GAME,  n.  A trick  practised  by  sharpers 
to  seize  the  purse  or  other  property  of  another. 

GRACE,  n.  [h.  gratia;  It.  grazia ; Sp.  gracia; 
Fr.  grace.  — Gael.  Sr  Ir.  gras.] 

1.  Favor;  kindness;  good-will;  benignity. 

Such  as  were  popular 

And  well-deserving,  were  advanced  by  grace.  Daniel. 

2.  The  unmerited  favor  and  love  of  God,  as 
bestowed  upon  sinful  men ; divine  goodness ; 
divine  influence. 

Grace  and  truth  came  by  Jesus  Christ.  John  i.  17. 

3.  Virtue ; piety ; goodness,  as  the  effect  of 
divine  influence. 

Persons  void  of  all  saving  grace.  Pearson. 

4.  Pardon;  forgiveness;  mercy.  “Bow,  and 
sue  for  grace  with  suppliant  knee.”  Milton. 

5.  Excellence  or  ornament  of  any  sort,  nat- 
ural or  acquired  ; polish  ; elegance. 

To  some  kind  of  men, 

Their  graces  serve  them  but  as  enemies.  Shak. 

6.  Kindness  conferred  ; benefaction. 

I should,  therefore,  esteem  it  great  favor  and  grace 

Would  you  be  so  kind  as  to  go  in  my  place.  Prior. 

7.  Physical  virtue. 

O,  mickle  is  the  powerful  grace  that  lies 

In  plants,  herbs,  stones,  and  their  true  qualities.  Shak. 

8.  A quality  arising  from  elegance  of  form 
and  ease  of  attitude  combined ; gracefulness. 

Grace  was  in  all  her  steps.  Milton. 

And  snatch  a grace  beyond  the  reach  of  art.  Pope. 

9.  The  title  of  a duke  or  archbishop  ; — for- 
merly, also,  of  the  King  of  England.  Shak. 

10.  A short  prayer  said  before  or  after  meat ; 

originally  in  Latin,  and  commencing,  “ Gratias 
tibi  agimus.”  Todd. 

Your  soldiers  use  him  as  the  grace  ’fore  meat, 

Their  talk  at  table,  and  their  thanks  at  end.  Shak. 

11.  An  act ; a vote  ; a decree.  [English  Uni- 
versities.] Wright. 

12.  ( Mus .)  Something  added  for  ornament; 

an  embellishment,  as  an  appoggiatura,  a shake, 
a trill,  a turn.  Warner, 

Act  of  (Trace , (Eng.  Law.)  an  act  of  Parliament  for 
the  relief  of  insolvent  debtors  in  prison,  &c.  Craig. — 
Days  of  grace,  (Cum.)  certain  days,  commonly  three 


in  number,  that  a bill  may  remain  unpaid  beyond  the 
time  named  in  it. 

Syn.  — Grace  is  a term  used  in  regard  to  those 
who  have  offended,  and  made  themselves  liable  to 
punishment.  Pardon  is  granted  only  to  such  as  have 
committed  a crime  or  an  offence  ; and  mercy  generally 
implies  ill-desert  in  the  person  on  whom  it  is  be- 
stowed ; but  favor  is  an  act  of  kindness  to  such  as 
may  need  it.  Grace  and  charm , in  the  sense  of  accom- 
plishments, are  more  commonly  used  in  the  plural. 
Grace  is  an  exterior  or  corporeal  polish  ; charm , either 
corporeal  or  mental.  A lady  is  said  to  walk,  dance, 
or  sing  with  grace , and  is  complimented  for  the  charms 
of  her  person  or  conversation.  — See  Elegant. 

GRACE,  v.  a.  [l.  GRACED  ; pp.  GRACING,  GRACED.] 

1.  To  adorn  ; to  embellish  ; to  decorate. 

Crowns  were  reserved  to  grace  the  soldiers  too.  Pope. 

2.  To  dignify  or  honor  by  an  act  of  favor. 
Grace  with  a nod,  and  ruin  with  a frown.  Dryden. 

3.  To  confer  a favor  upon  ; to  favor. 

Please  your  highness 

To  grace  us  with  your  royal  company.  Shak. 

4.  To  supply  with  heavenly  grace.  “ Grace 

the  disobedient.”  Bp.  Hall. 

GRACE'— CUP,  n.  The  cup  or  health  drunk  after 
grace  was  said. 

And  dinner,  grace,  and  grace-cup  done, 

Expect  a wondrous  deal  of  fun.  Lloyd. 

t GRACED  (grast),  a.  1.  Graceful.  Sidney. 

2.  Virtuous  ; chaste.  Shak. 

GRACE'FUL,  a.  1.  f Full  of  virtue;  excellent. 

You  have  a holy  father, 

A graceful  gentleman,  against  whose  person, 

So  sacred  as  it  is,  I have  done  sin.  Shak. 

2.  Beautiful  with  dignity;  elegantly  easy; 
becoming  ; comely  ; elegant ; genteel. 

Bold  in  the  lists,  and  ffrace/ul  in  the  dance.  Pope. 

Syn. — See  Beautiful,  Becoming,  Elegant, 
Genteel. 

GRACE'FUL-LY,  ad.  In  a graceful  manner. 

GRACE'FUL-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  graceful ; 
elegance  and  ease  ; dignity  with  beauty.  Swift. 

GRACE'— HOOP,  n.  A hoop  used  in  playing  the 
game  called  graces. 

GRACE'LJJSS,  a.  Void  of  grace;  wicked;  aban- 
doned ; profligate  ; reprobate.  L’ Estrange. 

GRACE'L?SS-LY,  ad.  Without  grace. 

GRACE'L^SS-NESS,  n.  Want  or  destitution  of 
grace  ; profligacy.  Dr.  Favour. 

GRACE'— NOTE,  n.  (Mus.)  A note  added  by  way 
of  ornament.  Dwight. 

GRA'cp^,  n.  pi.  1.  (Myth.)  Three  sister  goddess- 
es, Euphrosyne,  Aglaia,  and  Thalia,  attendants 
on  Venus,  and  supposed  to  bestow  beauty. 

2.  Arts  of  pleasing  : — a game  for  girls,  played 
with  a hoop  and  rods. 

3.  Favorable  disposition,  or  friendship.  “ In 
the  good  graces  of  a man  of  wealth.”  Tatler. 

fGRAy'ILE  (gras'jl),  a.  [L.  gracilis.]  Slender; 
small;  meagre;  thin.  Bailey. 

f GRA<p'I-LENT  (gras'e-lent),  a.  [L . graci/entus.] 
Lean;  slender;  thin;  graeile.  Bailey. 

t GRA-CIL'I-TY,  n.  [L.  gracilitas  ; gracilis,  slen- 
der.] Slenderness ; leanness.  Cockeram. 

GRA 'CIOUS  (gra'shus),  a.  [L.  gratiosus  ; gratia, 
favor  ; It.  grazioso  ; Sp.  gracioso  ; Fr.  gracieux.] 

1.  Graceful ; becoming ; pleasing,  [r.] 

Sallust’s  expression  would  be  shorter  and  more  compact; 

Cicero’s  more  gracious  and  pleasing.  Bp.  Hurd. 

2.  Favorable  ; kind  ; benevolent ; benignant. 

Too  soon  forgetful  of  thy  gracious  hand.  Dryden. 

3.  Merciful ; compassionate. 

Thou  art  a God  ready  to  pardon,  gracious  and  merciful. 

Ncli.  ix.  17. 

4.  Acceptable  ; favored,  [it.] 

Goring  . . . was  no  more  gracious  to  Prince  Rnnert  than 
"Wilmot  had  been.  Clarendon. 

5.  (Thcol.)  Possessed  of  grace  ; proceeding 
from  divine  grace. 

6.  f Excellent ; virtuous  ; good.  Shak. 

GRA’CIOUS-LY  (gra'shus-le),  ad.  In  a gracious 
manner  ; favorably  ; mercifully.  Dryden. 

GRA'CJOyS-NESS  (gra'slius-nes),  n. 

1.  Possession  of  grace.  Bp.  Barlow. 

2.  Kind  condescension.  Clarendon. 

3.  Quality  of  being  gracious  ; mercifulness  ; 

mercy ; clemency.  Sandgs. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  !,  6,  U,  f,  short;  A,  £,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


GRACKLE 


633 


GRAO'KLE,  re.  [L.  graculus,  a jay.]  ( Ornith .) 

A bird  belonging  to  the  sub-family  Graculmte ; 
grakle.  Braude. 

grJc-u-lFjv&, 
n.  pi.  [L.  gracu- 
lus. a jay.]  (Or- 
nith?) A sub-fam- 
ily of  conirostral 
birds  of  the  or- 
der Passeres  and 
family  Sturm  dee ; Gracula  musica. 

grackles.  Gray. 

GRA-DA'TION,  n.  [L . gradatio -,  It.  gradazione ; 
Sp.  gradacion ; Fr.  gradation.  — SeeGltADE.] 

1.  Regular  progress  from  one  degree  to  an- 
other ; regular  advance,  step  by  step. 

The  desire  of  more  and  more  rises  by  a natural  gradation 
to  most,  and  after  that  to  ail.  V Estrange. 

Tile  Psalmist  very  elegantly  expresseth  to  us  the  several 
gradations  by  which  men  at  last  come  to  this  horrid  degree 
of  impiety.  Tillotson. 

2.  One  step  or  degree  in  a series. 

It  [pain]  preserves  the  same  superiority  through  all  the 
subordinate  gradations.  Burke. 

3.  (Fine  Arts.)  A regular  arrangement  or 
subordination  of  the  different  parts  of  any  work 
of  art. 

In  architecture,  gradation  goes  hand  in  hand  with  the 
rules  for  proportion  and  perspective;  in  painting,  gradation 
of  color  and  light  is  needed  to  express  depth  and  relief,  to 
define  distances,  and  to  show  the  state  of  the  atmosphere. 

Fairhott. 

4.  ( Mus .)  A diatonic  ascending  or  descend- 
ing succession  of  chords.  Braude. 

GRA-DA'TION-AL,  a.  Having  gradations  ; grad- 
ual. [’ll.]  Lawrence. 

GRA-DA'TIONED  (-shund),  a.  Formed  with  gra- 
dations. [r.]  ’ Ann.  Reg. 

GRAd'A-TO-RY,  n.  ( Eccl .)  Steps  from  the  clois- 
ters into  the  church.  Ainsworth. 

GRAD'A-TO-RY,  a.  Proceeding  step  by  step; 
gradual.  “ Gradatory  apostasy.”  Seward. 

GRADE,  n.  [L.  gradus,  a step  ; gradior,  to  walk  ; 
It.  Sj  Sp.  grado  ; Fr.  grade.  — A.  S.  grad  ; Hut. 
grand  ; Ger.,  Dan.,  Sw.  grad.  — W.  gradd .] 

1.  Rank  ; degree  ; step.  Southey. 

2.  The  rise  and  descent  of  a railroad,  when 

prepared  for  the  reception  of  the  rails  or  super- 
structure. Tanner. 

If  a*  Grade,  though  derived  directly  from  the  A.  S. 
grad,  and,  through  the  French,  from  the  L.  gradus, 
is  of  but  recent  introduction  into  English.  Mr.  Todd 
says,  “ This  word  has  been  brought  forward  in  some 
modern  pamphlets,  but  it  will  hardly  be  adopted.”  It 
has,  however,  been  adopted  and  used  by  many  re- 
spectable authors,  and  it  is  now  in  established  and 
good  use. 

GRADE,  v.  a.  [i.  GRADED  ; pp.  GRADING,  grad- 
ed.] To  reduce  to  a certain  degree  of  ascent 
and  descent ; to  level  and  prepare,  as  ground 
for  placing  the  rails  on  a railroad.  Baldwin. 

GRADE'LY,  a.  Orderly  ; regular.  [Local.]  -Brockett. 

GRADE'LY,  ad.  Decently  ; properly  ; moderately  ; 
rightly ; fairly.  [Local.]  Halliwell, 

GRA'DI-ENT,  a.  [L.  gradior,  gradiens,  to  walk; 
gradus,  a step.] 

1.  Walking;  moving  by  steps;  gradatory. 

“ Gradient  automata.”  II ri!kins. 

2.  Ascending  or  descending  in  a certain  pro- 
portion, as  a railroad. 

GRA'DI-ENT,  re.  The  proportionate  ascent  or 
descent  of  the  planes  on  a railroad ; clivity. 

Tanner. 

GRA-DIN',  ) n_  [it.  ig  Sp.  gradino ; Fr.  gradin, 

GRA-DINE',  ) a step.  — See  Grade.] 

1.  A seat  raised  above  another.  “ The  gra- 

dines  of  the  amphitheatre.”  Layard. 

2.  A dented  chisel  used  by  sculptors.  Boiste. 

||  GRAD'U-AL  (gr&d'yu-al)  [grad'u-?il,  S.  J.  E.  F. 
Ja. ; gr&d'u-fil  or  grad'ju-al,  IF.],  a.  [It.  gradu- 
ate-, Sp.  gradual-,  Fr.  graduel. — See  Grade.] 
Proceeding  by  degrees  ; advancing  step  by  step. 
“ A.  gradual  natural  progress  of  things.”  South. 
“ Gradual  ascents  and  declivities.”  Burke. 

||  GRAD'U-AL,  re.  1.  An  order  of  steps. 

Before  the  gradual  prostrate  they  adored.  Dryden. 

2.  [Low  L.  graduate-,  Fr.  graduel.]  An  an- 
cient book  of  hymns  or  prayers  ; a grail.  Johnson. 


||  GRAD-U-AL'I-TY,  re.  Quality  of  being  gradual ; 
regular  progression.  Waddington.  [r.]  “ Grad- 
uality  of  opacity  and  light.”  Browne. 

II  GRAD'U-AL-LY,  ad.  1.  By  degrees;  in  regular 
progression.  Newton. 

2.  f Id  respect  to  degree  ; in  degree. 

Human  reason  doth  not  only  gradually , but  specifically 
differ  from  the  fantastic  reason  of  brutes.  Grew. 

GRAD'U-ATE  (grad'yu-at),  v.  a.  [It.  gradual- e -, 
Sp  .gradual--,  Fr.  graduer. — See  Grade.]  [i. 

GRADUATED  ; pp.  GRADUATING,  GRADUATED.] 

1.  To  mark  with  degrees  of  equal  parts. 

•In  graduating  an  instrument,  the  length  of  the  degree  is  in 
proportion  to  the  size  of  the  instrument.  Francis. 

2.  To  dignify  by  an  academical  degree  or  di- 
ploma. 

As  if  the  terms  of  architraves,  friezes,  and  cornices  were 
enough  to  graduate  a master  of  this  art.  Wbtton. 

3.  To  raise  to  a higher  place  in  the  scale  of 

metals.  Boyle. 

4.  To  heighten ; to  improve  by  degrees. 

Dyers  advance  and  graduate  their  colors  with  salts.  Browne. 

5.  To  regulate  by  degrees;  to  proportion  ; to 
adjust;  as,  “To  graduate  punishments.” 

6.  (Chem.)  To  bring  to  a certain  degree  of 

consistency,  as  fluids.  Wright. 

GRAd'U-ATE,  v.  re.  1.  To  take  a degree  ; to  be- 
come a graduate ; to  receive  a diploma.  “He 

graduated  at  Oxford.”  Todd. 

2.  To  proceed  regularly  or  by  degrees.  Gilpin. 

GRAD'U-ATE,  re.  A man  who  has  received  an 
academical  or  professional  degree. 

. I would  be  a graduate,  sir,  no  freshman.  Beau.  It  FI. 

GRAd'U-AT-IJD,  p.  a.  1.  Having  a degree  con- 
ferred ; dignified  with  a degree. 

2.  Marked  with  degrees,  as  the  scale  of  a 
thermometer. 

3.  (Ornith.)  Noting  the  quill-feathers  of  the 

tail  when  they  increase  in  length  by  regular 
gradations.  Brande. 

GRAd'U-ATE-SHIP,  re.  The  state  or  condition  of 
a graduate.  Milton. 

GRAd-U-A'TION,  w.  [It.  graduazione ; Sp.  gra- 
duacion;  Fr.  graduation.) 

1.  Regular  progression  by  succession  of  de- 
grees ; a proceeding  in  regular  order  or  series. 

The  graduation  of  the  parts  of  the  universe  is  likewise 
necessary  to  the  perfection  of  the  whole.  Grew. 

2.  Improvement ; exaltation  of  qualities  ; bet- 
terment. Browne. 

3.  The  act  of  graduating,  or  of  conferring  or 
of  receiving  academical  degrees. 

The  ministers  . . . have  thought  graduation  a proper  testi- 
mony of  uncommon  abilities  or  acquisitions.  Johnson. 

4.  Regular  division  into  degrees  or  equal 

parts.  “ The  graduation  of  mathematical  in- 
struments.” Ogilvie. 

5.  The  process  of  hastening  the  evaporation 

of  a liquid  by  exposing- it  in'large  surfaces  to 
the  air.  Brande. 

GRAD'U-A-TOR,  re.  1.  One  who  graduates. 

2.  A contrivance  for  accelerating  spontane- 

ous evaporation  or  the  acetous  fermentation  by 
the  exposure  of  large  surfaces  of  liquids  to  a 
current  of  air,  as  in  the  manufacture  of  salt  and 
of  vinegar.  Brande. 

3.  An  instrument  for  dividing  any  right  line 

or  curve  into  equal  parts.  Wright. 

GRA-DUC'TION,  re.  [L.  gradus,  a degree,  and 
duco,  ductus,  to  lead.] 

1.  (Astron.)  The  division  of  circular  arcs  into 

degrees,  minutes,  &c.  Brande. 

2.  A process,  in  some  salt-works,  by  which 
the  brine  is  strengthened  by  allowing  a shower 
of  it  to  trickle  over  fagots  ; graduation.  Wright. 

GrA' DUS,  re.  [L.]  A prosodial  dictionary.  Crabb. 

Gradus  ad  Parnassum,  an  aid  to  writing  Latin  or 
Greek  poetry. 

GRAFF,  re.  [A.  S.  greef,  a grave.  — See  Grave.] 
A ditch  ; a moat;  a’fosse.  “The  graff  broad 
and  deep.”  Clarendon. 

f GRAFF,  m.  & v.  a.  To  graft.  — See  Graft. 

GRAF'FFR,  re.  [Fr.  greffier.)  (Law.)  A notary 
or  scrivener.  Bouvier. 

GRAFT  (12),  re.  [Fr.  greffe.  — See  the  verb.] 

1.  The  portion  of  one  plant  to  be  grafted  on 


GRAIN 

another  plant  which  is  termed  the  stock ; a 
scion.  Henslow. 

2.  A bit  put  in  a stocking.  Clarke. 

GRAFT,  v.  a.  [Fr.  greffer  ;-  Dut.  greffien. — A.  S. 
grafan,  to  engrave.  — “ Graft  is  the  past  tense 
of  this  A.  S.  v.  grafed,  grafd,  graft,  and  upon 
this  past  tense  the  v.  to  graft  is  formed.”  Rich- 
ardson.]  [j.  GRAFTED;  pp.  GRAFTING,  GRAFTED.] 

1.  To  insert,  as  a scion  or  branch  of  one  tree, 
into  the  stock  of  another  ; to  ingraft.  Dryden. 

2.  To  inoculate  with  the  branch  of  another 
tree. 

We’ve  some  old  crab-trees  here  at  home,  that  will  not 

Be  grafted  to  your  relish.  Shah . 

3.  To  propagate  by  insertion  or  inoculation. 

Now  let  me  graff  my  pears,  and  prune  the  vine.  Dryden. 

4.  To  join  one  thing  to  another  ; to  infix. 

And  graft  my  love  immortal  on  thy  fame.  Fope . 

GRAFT,  v.  re.  1.  To  insert  the  scion  of  one  tree  in 
the  stock  of  another  ; to  practise  grafting. 

To  have  fruit  in  greater  plenty,  the  way  is  to  graft , not 
only  upon  young  stocks,  but  upon  divers  boughs  of  an  old 
tree.  Bacon. 

2.  To  put  a bit  into  a stocking.  Clarke. 

GRAFT'ED.p.  a.  Inserted  in  the  manner  of  a graft. 

GRAFTER,  re.  One  who  grafts.  Evelyn. 

GRAft'ING,  re.  1.  The  act  of  inserting  the  scion 
of  one  tree  into  the  stock  of  another.  Holland. 

2.  (Naut.)  The  act  of  covering  a rope  by 

weaving  together  yarns.  Dana. 

3.  A bit  put  into  a stocking.  Simmonds. 

GRA'HAM— DREAD  (gra'?m-),  re.  Bread  made  of 

the  unbolted  flour  of  wheat.  Bartlett. 

f GltAlL,  re.  [Fr.  gre/e,  hail.]  Small  particles  of 
any  kind  ; gravel. 

The  bottom  yellow,  like  the  golden  grail 

That  bright  Puctolus  washeth  with  his  streams.  Spenser. 

GRAlL,  re.  [Low  L.  graduate,  t/radale.\  A book 
of  hymns  and  prayers  of  the  Roman  church. 

One  hundred  Psalters,  as  many  Grails.  Warton. 

GRAIN,  n.  [L.  granum-.  It.  § Sp.  grano ; Fr. 
graine.  — Dut.  graan  ; Ger.  ig  Dan.  gran  ; Sw. 
gryn;  Ir.  grain.  — A.  S.  grenian,  to  grow;  ge- 
regnian,  to  dye.] 

1. 'A  single  seed,  as  of  corn  ; a kernel. 

His  reasons  are  as  two  grains  of  wheat  hid  in  two  bushels 
of  chaff.  Shale. 

2.  Corn  collectively;  all  kinds  of  com,  as 
wheat,  rye,  barley,  oats,  maize,  &c. 

’Tis  a rich  soil,  I grant  you,  but  oftener  covered  with 
weeds  than  grain.  Collier. 

3.  Any  minute  particle  ; any  thing  proverbi- 
ally small.  “ Each  grain  of  gravel.”  Shak. 

4.  The  smallest  weight  in  common  use,  of 
which,  in  apothecaries’  weight,  20  make  a scru- 
ple, and,  in  Troy  weight,  24  make  a penny- 
weight. 

5.  The  fibres  of  wood,  or  other  fibrous  sub- 
stance, considered  with  reference  to  their  di- 
rection. 

Knots,  by  the  conflux  o^  meeting  sap. 

Infect  the  sound  pine,  and  divert  his  grain 
Tortive  and  errant  from  his  course  of  growth.  Shak. 

6.  The  body  of  any  particular  kind  of  wood 
as  modified  by  the  fibres. 

Hard  box,  and  linden  of  a softer  grain.  Dryden. 

7.  The  body  of  a thing  considered  with  re- 
spect to  the  size,  form,  or  direction  of  the  con- 
stituent particles. 

The  tooth  of  a 6ea-horse,  in  the  midst  of  solider  parts, 
contains  a curdled  grain , not  to  be  found  in  ivory.  Browne. 

8.  Dye  or  stain  throughout  the  texture. 

All  in  a robe  of  darkest  grain.  Milton. 

9.  Heart ; temper  ; disposition.  “ Brothers 

. . . not  united  in  grain."  Hagicard. 

10.  The  form  of  the  surface  with  regard  to 
roughness  or  smoothness. 

They  [cutting  substances]  therefore  polish  it  [glass]  no 
otherwise  than  by  bringing  its  roughness  to  a very  fine 
grain.  Newton. 

11.  A tine  ; a spike ; a prong. 

A grain-staff  is  a quarter-staff  with  a pair  of  short  tines  at 
the  end,  which  they  call  (p'ains.  Fay. 

Against  the  grain , against  the  natural  disposition  or 

temper. grain  of  allowance , a small  allowance  ; a 

little  indulgence. — To  dye  in  grain , to  dye  the  raw 
material  before  manufacturing. 

t GRAIN,  v.  n.  To  yield  fruit.  Gower. 

GRAIN,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  cjraman.]  To  groan.  [Lo- 
cal— Yorkshire  dialect.]  Todd . 


MIEN,  SIR;  MdVE,  NOR,  SON ; BULL,  BUR,  Rt)LE.  — £,  <?,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  £,  1,  hard;  § as  z;  * as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 
80 


GRAIN 


634 


GRANDEUR 


GRAIN,  V.  a.  [/.  GRAINED  ; pp.  GRAINING, 
GRAINED.] 

1.  To  form  into  grains  or  small  particles. 

2.  To  paint  or  decorate  in  imitation  of  the 

grain  of  wood  or  of  marble.  Francis. 

GRAIN' A£E,  ».  1.  (Law.)  An  ancient  duty  in 

London,  consisting  of  the  twentieth  part  of  the 
salt  imported.  Crabb. 

2.  (Farriery.)  Mangy  tumors  which  some- 
times form  on  the  legs  of  horses.  Craig. 

GRAINED  (strand),  a.  1.  Formed  into  grains. 

2.  Rough.  “ This  grained  face  of  mine.”  Shak. 

3.  Dyed  in  grain  ; ingrained. 

Thou  turn’s!  my  eyes  into  my  very  soul; 

And  there  I see  such  black  and  grained  spots 

As  will  not  leave  their  tinct.  Shak. 

4.  Painted  in  imitation  of  the  grain  of  certain 
woods  or  marbles. 

5.  (Bot.)  Having  tubercles,  as  the 
segments  of  the  flowers  of  the  Rumex. 

Loudon. 

GltAIN'pR,  n.  1.  A mixture  of  pigeon’s 

dung  and  water,  used  in  tanning.  Francis. 

2.  One  who  paints  in  imitation  of  the  grain 
of  certain  woods,  &c.  Clarke. 

GRAIN'ING,  n.  1.  Indentation. 

It  is  called  by  some  the  unmilled  guinea,  as  having  no 
graining  upon  the  rim.  Leake. 

2.  A fish  resembling  the  dace,  chiefly  con- 
fined to  the  fresh-water  rivers  in  Lancashire, 
Eng.,  the  Leuciscus  Lancastrians.  Eng.  Cyc. 

3.  A kind  of  painting  in  imitation  of  the 
grain  of  wood,  or  in  imitation  of  marble. 

4.  A process  in  tanning.  Simmonds. 

GRAIN'MOTH,  n.  A moth,  the  larvae  or  grubs  of 

which  feed  upon  grain.  Clarke. 

GRAINS-!  (grinzl,  n.  pi.  The  husks  of  malt  after 
having  been  used  in  brewing.  B.  Jonson. 

Grains  of  paradfse,  the  seeds  of  amoinum,  spice,  or 
pepper,  from  the  coast  of  Guinea. 

GRAIN'— STAFF,  n.  A quarter-staff  with  small 
lines  at  the  end  called  grains.  Ray. 

GRAIN'— TIN,  n.  The  purest  kind  of  tin.  Brande. 

GRAIN'Y,  a.  Having  grains ; full  of  grains. 

How  oft,  when  purple  evening  tinged  the  west, 

We  watched  the  emmet  to  her  grainy  nest!  % Rogers . 

GRAIP,  n.  pi.  1.  A dung-fork.  Simmonds. 

2.  A tool  for  lifting  or  digging  potatoes  from 
the  ground.  Simmonds. 

GRAl'§ING§,  n.  pi.  Pastures  ; fields  for  cattle  to 
feed  on.  [Local.]  Craig. 

fGRAITH,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  gertedan.)  To  prepare; 
to  make  ready.  Chaucer. 

GRAlTH,  n.  [A.  S.  geratde  ; Ger.  gerath .]  Fur- 
niture ; goods  ; riches.  [North  of  Eng.J  Todd. 

GRAk'LE  (grak'kl),  n.  See  Grackle.  Crabb. 

GRAl'  LJE,  n.  pi.  [L.  grallre , stilts.]  (Ornith.) 
An  order  of  birds  including  the  families  Cha- 
radriadee,  Ardeidtc,  Scolopacidce,  Palamedcidre, 
and  Rallida: ; wading-birds  ; grallatores.  Gray. 

GRAl-LA-TO  1 RE§,  n.  pi.  (Ornith.)  An  order  of 
birds  having  long  naked  legs,  and  living  partly 
on  land  and  partly  in  water ; waders.  Yarrell. 

GRAL-LA-TO'RJ-AL,  a.  (Ornith.)  Belonging  to 
the  grallatores  ; wading  in  water.  P.  Cyc. 

GRAL'LA-TO-RY,  a.  Grallatorial.  Clarke. 

GRAL'LIC,  a.  Having  long  legs  ; stilted.  P.  Cyc. 

f GRAM,  n.  [A.  S.  grama  ; Dut.,  Ger.,  3t  Dan. 
gram  ; Icel.  gramr.\  Anger.  Chaucer. 

t GRAM,  v.  a.  To  make  angry.  R.  Brune. 

t GRAM,  a.  Angry;  enraged.  Chaucer. 

GRAM,  n.  [Fr.  gramme , from  Gr.  ypriypa,  1-24  of 
an  ounce.]  The  unity  of  the  French  system  of 
weights,  nearly  equal  to  lo.[  grains  troy  .Brande. 

GRAM,  n.  A sort  of  grain  raised  in  Bengal  for 
horses,  &c.  . Malcom. 

GRAM'A-RYE,  n.  [Scottish.]  Magic.  Jamieson. 

Whate’er  he  did  of  gramarye , 

"Was  always  done  maliciously.  Sir  W.  Scott. 

t GRA-MER'CY,  inter] . [Fr.  gratid-merci.)  Many 
thanks  ; — ah  expression  of  obligation.  Spenser. 

GrAm'I-JTA,  n.  pi.  [L.]  (Bot.)  The  grasses. — 
See  Ctraminaceas.  Crabb. 


GrAm-I-AtA  ' CE-JE,  n.  pi.  [L.  gramen,  graminis , 
grass.]  (Bot.)  The  grasses ; an  extensive  and 
important  natural  order  of  endogenous  plants, 
comprising  many  of  the  most  valuable  pasture 
plants,  and  all  those  which  yield  com,  such  as 
wheat,  oats,  barley,  and  maize.  Lindley. 

GRAM-I-NA'OEOUS  (-ua'slius),  a.  [It.  gramina- 
ceo.\  Relating  to  the  grasses,  or  the  order  Gram- 
inaceat ; grassy  ; gramineal ; gramineous.  Craig. 

GRA-MIN'  E-JE,  n.  pi.  (Bot.)  The  grasses.  — See 
Graminaceas.  R.  Brown. 

GRA-MIN'JJ-AL,  a.  Grassy ; gramineous.  Ash. 

GRA-MIN'5-OUS,  a.  [L.  gramineus ; gramen, 
graminis,  grass;  Sp .gramineo;  Fr.  graminic.) 
Relating  to  grass  ; grassy.  Blount. 

GRAm-I-NI-FO'LI-OUS,  a.  [L.  gramen,  grami- 
nis, grass,  and  folium,  a leaf.]  Having  leaves 
like  grass.  Maunder. 

GRAM-I-n!  V'O-ROUS,  a.  [L.  gramen,  graminis, 
grass,  and  voro,  to  devour  ; Sp.  graminivoro. ] 
Feeding  on  grass  or  vegetable  food;  grass-eat- 
ing, as  oxen  and  cows. 

GRAM'MAR,  n.  [Gr.  ypaypariKii ; ypdppn,  a letter  ; 
ypdi/iu,  to  write  or  engrave  ; L.  § It.  grammati- 
cal, Sp . gramatica;  Fr . grammaire.) 

1.  The  science  which  treats  of  the  laws  that 
regulate  human  language ; the  art  of  speaking 
or  writing  a language  correctly ; the  art  which 
teaches  the  relation  of  words  to  each  other. 

The  grammar  of  every  language  is  merely  a compilation 
of  those  general  principles,  or  rules,  agreeably  to  which  that 
language  is  spoken.  Croinbie. 

Grammar  is  the  logic  of  speech,  even  as  logic  is  the  gram- 
mar of  reason.  Trench, 

2.  Propriety  or  justness  of  speech. 

The  adjectives  are  neuter,  and  “ animal”  must  be  under- 
stood to  make  them  grammar.  Dryden. 

3.  A book  of  grammatical  principles  and  rules. 

“ Latin  and  Greek  grammars.”  Tatler. 

4.  A book  containing  the  elements  of  any 
science.  “ A grammar  of  geography.”  Gordon. 

f GRAM'MAR,  v.  71.  To  discourse  grammatically. 
“ I’ll  grammar  with  you.”  Beau.  § FI. 

GRAM-MA'R!-AN,  n.  [Fr.  grammairien.)  One 
who  is  versed  in  grammar  ; — formerly  a title  of 
distinction  for  all  who  were  considered  learned 
in  any  art  or  faculty  whatever.  Brande. 

GRAM-MA'RI-AN-IsM,  n.  The  principles  or  use 
of  grammar,  [it.]  Cli.  Ob. 

GRAm'MAR-LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  grammar. Craig. 

GRAM'MAR— SCHOOL  (gram'mar-skol),  n.  1.  A 
school  in  which  the  learned  languages,  as  Latin 
and  Greek,  are  grammatically  taught.  Locke. 

2.  A school  next  in  rank  above  a primary 
school  and  below  a high  school.  [U.  S.] 

GRAM-MAT  IC,  ? a.  [Gr.  ypappartted;  ;.  D* 

GRAM-mAt'I-CAL,  ) grammaticus  ; It.  gram- 
?/iaticale  ; Sp.  gramatical ; Fr.  grammatical.) 

1.  Belonging  to  grammar.  “ Grammatical 

rules.”  Sidney. 

2.  Accordant  with  the  rules  of  grammar. 

They  seldom  know  more  than  the  grammatical  construc- 
tion, unless  born  with  a poetical  genius.  Dryden. 

GRAM-MAT'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  accordance  with 
the  rules  of  grammar.  Watts. 

G RAM-mAt 'I-cAs- TER,  n.  [L.]  A verbal  ped- 
ant; a grammatist.  Sir  IF.  Petty. 

fGRAM-MAT-I-CA'TION,  n.  Rule  or  principle 
of  grammar.  Dalyarno. 

+ GRAM-MAt'I-CI§M,  n.  A point  of  grammar. 

If  we  would  contest  grammaticisms,  the  word  here  is  pas- 
sive. Leighton. 

GRAM-MAT'1-C!zE,  v.  a.  To  render  grammati- 
cal. “ To  grammatize  this  language.”  Fuller. 

I always  said  Shakspeare  had  Latin  enough  to  grammatir 
cize  Ills  English.  Johnson. 

f GRAM-MAT'I-CIZE,  v.  n.  To  act  the  gramma- 

• rian.  “ Grammaticizing  pedantically.”  Ward. 

GRAM'MA-TISTj  n.  A pedant  in  grammar. 

The  grammatist  has  misled  the  grammarian.  H.  Tooke. 

GRAM'MA-TITE,  n.  [Fr.,  from  Gr.  ypnyyg,  a 
line.]  (Min.)  A variety  of  hornblende  having 
crystals  in  long  slender  blades,  either  distinct 
or  aggregated  in  columnar  and  radiated  masses ; 
tremolite.  Dana. 

GRAM'MlTE,  n.  (Min.)  A silicate  of  lime;  tab- 
ular spar  ; table  spar  ; wollastonite.  Dana. 


GRAM-MO-PET'A-LOUS,  a.  [Gr.  ypayy/j,  a line, 
and  nlral.ov,  a leaf.]  (Bot.)  Having  linear 
petals.  Craig. 

GRAm'FLE,  n.  A crab-fish.  Cotgrave. 

GRAM'PUS,  n.  [Fr.  grampoise,  contracted  from 
grand  poisson,  a large  fish.]  (Zoiil.)  A ceta- 
ceous animal  of  the  genus  Phoctena,  extremely 
fierce  and  voracious,  from  twenty  to  thirty  feet 
long,  with  a blunt  nose,  a broad  and  deep 
body,  black  on  the  back,  and  white  on  the 
belly,  and  having  twenty-two  teeth  in  each 
jaw.  Bell. 

GRAN-A-DIER'  n.  See  Grenadier. 

GrAn-A-DIL  'LA,  n.  [Sp.]  The  fruit  of  the 
Passijftora  quatlrangularis,  a species  of  passion 
flower  ; — sometimes  as  large  as  a child’s  head, 
and  much  esteemed.  P.  Cyc. 

GRA-nA'DO,  or  GRA-nAde',  n.  See  Grenade. 

GRAn'AM,  n.  See  Grandam.  Todd. 

GRAN'A-RY  [gran'a-re,  S.  IF.  J.  E.  F.  K.  Sm.  ; 
gra'na-re  P.  Ja .],  n.  [L.  granarium  ; granum, 
grain.]  A place  where  grain  or  corn  is  stored. 

The  naked  nations  clothe, 

And  be  the  exhaustless  granary  of  a world.  Thomson. 

figT*  “ We  sometimes  hear  this  word  pronounced 
witli  the  first  a like  that  in  grain ; but  all  our  orfho- 
epists  mark  it  like  the  a in  grand.  The  first  manner 
would  insinuate  that  the  word  is  derived  from  the 
English  word  grain  ; but  this  is  not  the  case  ; it  comes 
from  the  Latin  granarium , and,  by  our  own  analogy, 
has  the  antepenultimate  vowel  short.”  Walker. 

GRAn'ATE,  7i.  See  Granite,  and  Garnet. 

GRAN'A-TlTE,  n.  See  Grenatite.  Craig. 

GRAND,  a.  [L.  grandis,  great ; It.  Sf  Sp.  grande  ; 
Fr.  grand.) 

1.  High  in  power  or  in  dignity  ; great ; illus- 
trious; majestic;  stately;  august;  exalted. 

2.  Splendid;  magnificent;  noble;  sublime; 
elevated;  glorious;  superb;  lofty.  “A  grand 
design.”  Young.  “ Grand  images.”  Burke. 

3.  Principal ; chief ; eminent ; superior. 

So  clomb  this  first  grand  thief  into  God’s  fold.  Milton. 

It  is  frequently  used  to  denote  something  as  of 
more  dignity  or  importance  than  other  things  of  the 
same  name  ; as,  “ grand  jury  ” ; “ grand  larceny  ” ; 
“ grand  master,”  Sec.  — It  is  also  used  as  comprehen- 
sive in  relationship,  implying  an  additional  link  or 
generation,  when  compounded  with  father , son , Sec. ; 
as,  “ ^rflwrffather,”  “ grandson ,”  &,c. 

Syn.  — See  Great,  Magnificent,  Sublime. 

GRAn'DAM,  n.  [grand  and  dam,  or  dame.\ 

1.  Grandmother.  “My  lady  was  fairer  than 
his  grandam Shak . 

2.  An  old,  withered  woman. 

And  to  the  grandam  hag  adjudged  the  knight.  Dniden. 

GRAND'CHrLD,  n.  "rtie  son  or  the  daughter  of  a 
son  or  a daughter. 

GRAND'DAUGH-TJER  (grand'd4w-ter),  71.  The 
daughter  of  a son  or  a daughter. 

GRAND'LDUKE,  n.  1.  A sovereign  prince  ; as, 
“The  grand-duke  of  Tuscany.” 

2.  [Fr.  grand  due.)  (Oniith.)  The  great 
horned-owl ; Bubo  7/iaximus.  Ogilvie. 

GRAN-DEE',  71.  [L.  grandis,  great ; Sp.  grande, 

a grandee.]  A man  of  great  rank,  power,  or 
dignity:  — the  highest  title  of  Spanish  no- 
bility; a nobleman.  “ Viceroyalties  for  the 
grandees.”  Addiso7i. 

GRAN-DEE'SHIp,  71.  The  rank  or  the  estate  of  a 
grandee.  Swinburne. 

GRAN'DEUR  (grand'yur)  [gr&nd'yur,  Ja.  K.  Sm. ; 
gran'jur,  IF. ; grand'jur,  S. ; gran'dur,  J.  F.  E.), 
n.  [Fr.  — See  Grand.] 

1.  State  of  being  grand  ; greatness,  in  a fig- 
urative sense ; the  combination  of  qualities  by 
which  a feeling  or  sentiment  of  greatness  is 
conveyed;  sublimity;  dignity. 

To  me  grandeur  in  objects  seems  nothing  else  but  such  a 
degree  of  excellence,  in  one  kind  or  another,  as  merits  our 
admiration.  Reid. 

2.  Stateliness;  majesty;  state;  splendor  of 
appearance  ; magnificence  ; pomp. 

He  locks  himself  from  all  approaches  . . . by  the  distance 
of  ceremony  and  grandeur.  South. 

3.  Greatness  in  respect  of  size.  “ Degrees 

of  grandeur  or  minuteness.”  Addison. 

4.  Elevation  of  sentiment,  language,  or  mien. 

To  want  little  is  true  grandeur.  Tatler. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  0,  f,  short;  A,  §,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure; 


FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL; 


HEIR,  HER; 


GRANDEVITY 


635 


GRAPE-SHOT 


Syn.  — Magnificence  is  a stronger  and  more  com- 
prehensive term  than  grandeur  or  splendor , magnifi- 
cence being  the  highest  degree  of  grandeur.  As  it  re- 
spects tile  style  of  living,  grandeur  or  splendor  may  be 
within  the  reach  of  subjects,  but  magnificence  is  most- 
ly confined  to  princes.  The  magnificence  of  ancient 
Rome  ; the  grandeur  of  a pyramid  or  an  edifice  ; the 
splendor  or  pomp  of  a triumphal  procession.  — See 
Magnificence. 

f GRAN-DEV'I-TY,  n.  [L.  graiidcevus,  aged.] 
Great  age  ; length  of  life.  Glcinville. 

f GRAN-DE'VOUS,  a.  [L.  gramdeevus.]  Long- 
lived  ; of  great  age.  Bailey. 

GRAnd'FA-THF.R,  n.  A father’s  or  a mother’s 
father ; grandsire. 

GRAND'GARDE,  n.  [Fr.]  A piece  of  plate-armor 
covering  the  breast  and  the  left  shoulder ; — 
used  in  the  tournament,  during  the  fifteenth 
and  sixteenth  centuries.  Ogtlvie. 

fGRAN-DIF'IC,  a.  [L.  grandis,  great,  and  facio, 
to  make.]  Making  great.  Bailey. 

GRAN-DIL'O-aUENCE  (-kwens),  n.  [L.  grandis, 
great,  and  loquor,  loquens,  to  speak : It.  gran- 
diloquenza ; Sp.  grandilocueneia.]  High,  lofty 
language  ; a lofty  style  of  speech  ; bombast. 
“ Enthusiastic  grandiloquence.”  More. 

GRAN-DlL'p-CUJENT,  a.  Using  lofty,  bombas- 
tic, high-sounding,  or  great  words.  Blount. 

Many  are  ambitious  of  saying  grand  things,  that  is,  of  be- 
ing grandiloquent.  Hare. 

GRAN-DlL'O-ClUOUS,  a.  [L.  grandiloquus ; It. 
iSf’Sp.  grandiloquo.]  Using  lofty  words;  gran- 
diloquent ; bombastic.  Cockeram. 

f GRAN'Dl-NOUS,  a.' [L.  grando,  grandinis,  hail.] 
Full  of  hail ; abounding  in  hail.  Bailey. 

GRAn'DI-OSE,  a.  Grandiloquent ; bombastic  ; 
grandiloquous.  Roget. 

f GRAN-DIS'O-NOUS,  a.  Making  a great  sound. 

Bailey. 

+ GRAND'I-TY,  n.  [L.  granditas,  greatness;  gran- 
dis, great.]  Greatness ; grandeur.  Camden. 

GRAND'— JU’ROR,  n.  {Law.)  One  of  a grand- 
jury  ; a grand-juryman.  Tomlins. 

GRAND’—  JU'RY,  n.  {Law.)  A body  of  men,  con- 
sisting of  not  less  than  twelve,  nor  more  than 
twenty-three,  whose  duty  it  is  to  hear  accusa- 
tions in  criminal  cases,  and  if  they  appear  to 
be  sustained  by  evidence  to  find  bills  of  indict- 
ment against  the  persons  complained  of.  Burrill. 

GRAND'-JU'RY-MAN,  n.  A member  of  a grand- 
jury  ; a grand-juror.  Sydney  Smith. 

GltAND'LY,  ad..  In  a grand  manner;  loftily. 

GRAND'MAM-MA',  n.  A grandmother.  Cowper. 

GRAnD'MOTH-ER  (grand'muth-er),  n.  The  moth- 
er of  one’s  father  or  mother. 

GRAnD'MOTH-JJR-LY,  a.  After  the  manner  of  a 
grandmother  ; like  a grandmother.  Jewsbury. 

GRAND'NEPII-EW  (-nev'vu),  n.  The  grandson 
of  a brother  or  a sister.  Booth. 

GRANDNESS,  n.  Greatness;  grandeur.  “The 
grandness  of  this  fabric  of  the  world.”  Wollaston. 

GRAND'NIECE,  n.  The  granddaughter  of  a broth- 
er or  a sister.  Booth. 

GRAnD'pAR-IJNT,  n.  A grandfather  or  a grand- 
mother. 

GRAND'— PI-A’NO,  n.  A long  piano-forte,  shaped 
like  a harpsichord.  Simmonds. 

GRAnd'-RE-LIEF',  n.  High  relief  in  sculpture  ; 
alto-rilievo.  Holdsworth. 

GRAND'-SErGN'IOR  (-sen'yur),  n.  The  title  by 
which  the  Turkish  sultan  is  distinguished.  Clarke. 

GRAND'-SER’PEANT-RY  (-sdr'jent-),  n.  {Eng. 
Laic.)  An  ancient  military  tenure.  Pol.  Diet. 

GRAND'SlRE,  n.  L A grandfather.  Shak. 

2.  {Poetry.)  Any  ancestor.  Dryden. 

GRAND'SON,  n.  The  son  of  a son  or  a daughter. 

GRAND'STAnD,  n.  The  principal  stand  or  sta- 
tion on  a race-course.  Simmonds. 

GRAND'— VIC-AR,  n.  [Fr.  grand  and  vicaire.]  A 
French  ecclesiastic  ; a principal  vicar.  Williams. 


GRAnD’-VIzT^R  (-vrz'yer),  n.  The  chief  vizier  ; 
the  officer  of  the  highest  rank  in  the  Ottoman 
empire.  — See  Y izier.  Mountagu. 

GRANE,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  granian.]  To  groan.  — See 
Grain.  [Local,  Yorkshire.]  Todd. 

GRANGE  (granj),  n.  [L.  granum,  grain;  Low  L. 
grangia;  Fr.  grange,  a barn.  — “G  being  in- 
serted as  in  [Fr.]  linge,  linen,  from  linum ; 
vigne,  a vine,  from  vinea,  &c.”  Sullivan.'] 

1.  f A storehouse  for  grain  ; a granary. 

When  for  their  teeming  flocks,  and  granges  full, 

In  wanton  dance  they  praise  the  bounteous  Pan.  Milton. 

2.  A farm,  — generally,  a farm  with  a house 
at  a distance  from  neighbors. 

At  the  moated  grange  resides  this  dejected  Mariana.  Shak. 

GRA-NIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  granifer ; granum, 
grain,  and  fero,  to  bear  ; It.  granifero  ; Fr.  gra- 
nifere .]  Bearing  grains  or  kernels.  Blount. 

GRANT-FORM,  a.  [L.  granum,  grain,  and  forma, 
form;  Fr.  graniforme .]  Formed  or  shaped  like 
the  grains  of  corn.  Loudon. 

GRAN'I-L!TE,  n.  [L.  granium,  a grain,  and  Gr. 
lidos,  a stone.]  A name  given  by  Kirwan  to 
a granular  aggregate,  resembling  granite,  but 
containing  more  than  three  ingredients.  Craig. 

GRAiN'ITE  (gr&n'jt),  n.  [L.  granatus,  having 
grains;  It.  & Sp . granito;  Fr.  granit.]  {Min.) 
A hard  and  durable  primitive  rock,  excellent  for 
building,  and  consisting  of  felspar,  quartz,  and 
mica, crystallized  promiscuously  together.  Dana. 

Gneiss  has  the  same  ingredients  as  granite , but  with  traces 
of  lamination.  Sienite  consists  of  felspar,  hornblende,  and 
quartz,  and  otherwise  resembles  granite.  Dana. 

GRAn'I-TEL,  n.  [It.  granitella ; Fr.  granitelle.] 
{Min.)  A binary  aggregate  of  minerals,  as  of 
quartz  and  felspar.  — See  Giianitine.  Kirwan. 

GRA-NlT'lC,  ? a [Fr.  granitique.]  Relating 

GRA-NIT'I-CAL,  ) to,  or  consisting  of,  granite. 

Buckland. 

GRA-NIT-I-FJ-CA'TION,  n.  [Eng.  granite  and  L. 
facio,  to  make.]  The  process  of  being  formed 
into  granite,  [r.]  Wright. 

GRA-NIT'I-FORM,  a.  [Eng.  granite  and  L.  forma, 
form.]  {Min.)  Having  the  form  or  structure  of 
granite  ; resembling  granite.  Wright. 

GRAn'I-TINE,  n.  {Min.)  A granitic  aggregate  of 
three  species  of  minerals,  some  of  which  differ 
from  those  composing  granite.  Wright. 

GRAN'I-ToId,  a.  [Eng.  granite  and  Gr.  t7ioj,form.] 
Resembling  granite  ; granitiform.  Boase. 

OR.d-Niv' O-RJE,  n.  pi.  [L.  granum,  a grain,  and 
voro,  to  devour.]  ( Or  nit  h.)  An  order  of  inses- 
sorial  birds,  which  feed  on  grains.  Temminck. 

GRA-NIV'O-ROUS,  a.  [L.  granum,  grain,  and 
voro,  to  devour;  Sp.  granivoro  ; Fr . granivore.] 
Eating  grain  ; living  upon  grain.  “ Graniv- 
orous  birds.”  Arbuthnot. 

GRAN'NAM,  n.  Grandmother.  [Low.]  B.  Jonson. 

GRAN'NY,  n.  Grandmother;  grandam.  [A  term 
used  by  children  : — vulgar.]  Craven  Dialect. 

GRANT  (12),  v.  a.  [Old  Fr.  graanter,  or  graaunt- 
er,  to  promise,  to  satisfy.  Todd.  — Fr.  garantir, 
to  warrant.  Skinner.  Junius.  Richardson.]  [i. 
GRANTED  J pp.  GRANTING,  GRANTED.] 

1.  To  admit  as  true  what  is  not  yet  proved ; 
to  allow;  to  concede ; to  cede  ; to  yield. 

If  any  one  be  indifferent  as  to  the  present  rebellion,  they 
may  take  it  for  granted  his  complaint  is  the  rage  of  a disap- 
pointed man.  Addison. 

2.  To  concede  to  a request  ; to  confer  or 
bestow  upon  ; to  give. 

Then  hath  God  also  to  the  Gentiles  granted  repentance 
unto  life.  Acts  xi.  18. 

3.  {Law.)  To  convey  by  deed  or  writing  ; to 

transfer  the  title  of.  Burrill. 

Syn.  — See  Admit,  Allow",  Give. 

GRANT,  n.  1.  The  act  of  granting  or  bestowing. 

2.  The  thing  granted ; a gift;  a~boon.  Dryden. 

3.  An  admission  or  allowance  of  something 
in  dispute  ; a concession  ; permission. 

This  grant  destroys  all  you  have  urged  before.  Dryden. 

4.  (Law.)  A conveyance  by  deed  or  in  writ- 
ing. Cowell.  — The  tiling  conveyed.  Bouvier. 

GRAnt'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  granted.  Ayliffe. 


GRAN-TEE',  n.  (Law.)  One  to  whom  a grant  is 
made  ; — correlative  to  grantor.  Swift. 

GRANTOR,  n.  One  who  grants.  Smart. 

GRAnT-OR',  or  GRANT'OR  (1.30)  [gr3nt-or',  W. 
J.  Sm.  Bailey ; grant'or,  .S’.  E.  Ja.  K. ; grant'or, 
P.  F.],  n.  (Law.)  A person  by  whom  a grant 
is  made  ; — correlative  to  grantee. 

GRAN'U-LAR,  a.  1.  Consisting  of,  or  resembling, 
grains  ; granulary.  Aikin. 

2.  (Bot.)  Covered  with  grains,  or  composed 
of  grains.  Loudon.  Gray. 

GRAn'U-LA-RY,  a.  Consisting  of  grains  ; gran- 
ular. “ Granulary  bodies.”  Browne. 

GRAN'U-LAtE,  v.  n.  [It.  granulare;  Sp.  granu- 
lar ; Fr.  granuler.  — See  Grain.]  [f.  granu- 
lated ; pp.  GRANULATING,  GRANULATED.]  To 
be  formed  into  grains. 

The  juice  of  grapes,  inspissated  by  heat,  granulates  into 
sugar.  Sprat. 

GRAN'U-LATE,  v.  a.  1.  To  form  into  grains. 

In  this  way  [by  pouring  it  in  a melted  state  through  a 
sieve]  copper  is  granulated  into  bean  shot.  Ure. 

2.  To  raise  into  small  asperities.  Ray. 

GRAN'U-LATE,  a.  (Bot.)  Consisting  of,  or  resem- 
bling, grains,  as  shagreen.  Brande. 

GRAn'U-LAT-ED,  p.  a.  1.  Formed  into  small 
parts  or  grains  ; as,  “ Granulated  sugar.” 

2.  (Bot.)  Covered  with,  or  composed  of, 
grains ; granular.  Henslow. 

GRAN-V-LA'TION,  n.  [It.  granulazione ; Sp. 
granulacion  ; Fr.  granulation.] 

1.  The  act  of  granulating  or  forming  into 
grains  ; as,  “ The  granulation  of  powder.” 

2.  (Med.)  A process  by  which  minute,  grain- 

like, fleshy  bodies  are  formed  on  the  surface  of 
wounds  or  ulcers  during  their  healing  : — the 
fleshy  grains  themselves.  Hoblyn. 

GRAN'ULE  (gran'yul),  n.  [L.  granum  ; Fr.  gra- 
nule.] 

1.  A small  particle  ; a grain.  Boyle. 

2.  (Bot.)  A small  grain,  many  of  which  are 

contained  in  each  grain  of  pollen,  and  constitute 
the  fovilla  : — a large  kind  of  sporule  found  in 
some  algae  ; a sporule  found  in  all  cryptogamic 
plants:  — a small  wort-like  appendage,  of  which 
there  are  one  or  more  on  the  calyx  of  certain 
species  of  Rumex.  Henslow. 

GRAN-U-LIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  granum,  a grain, 
and  fero,  to  bear.]  Full  of  grains.  Wright. 

GR  A-NU'LI-FORM,  a.  [L.  granum,  a grain,  and 
forma,  form.]  (Min.)  Having  an  irregular  gran- 
ular structure.  Wright. 

GRAN'U-LITE,  n.  (Min.)  A rock  consisting  of 
felspar  and  quartz;  — sometimes  accompanied 
with  garnet.  Dana. 

GRAN'U-LOUS,  a.  [Sp.  granvloso  ; Fr.  qranu- 
leux .]  Full  of  little  grains ; granular.  Bailey. 

GRAPE,  n.  [It.  grappO  ; Fr.  grappe.  — W.  grap.  — 
“ Perhaps  from  Dut.  griipen  (A.  S.  gripan),  to 
catch  or  hold  in  the  hand  ; to  gripe.”  Skinner.] 

1.  The  fruit  of  the  vine,  or  the  berry  growing 
in  clusters,  of  plants  of  the  genus  Vitis,  or 
vine,  especially  of  the  Vitis  vinifera,  from  the 
expressed  juice  of  which  wine  is  manufactured. 

The  varieties  of  the  grape  in  countries  where  it  is  grown 
for  the  .wine-press  are  almost  as  numerous  as  the  vineyards. 

Loudon. 

2.  (Farriery.)  A mangy  tumor  on  the  leg  of 

a horse.  Wright. 

GrApe'-FLoW-ER,  n.  See  Grape-hyacinth. 

GRAPE'— HY'A-ClNTH,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the 
genus  Muscari.  Loudon. 

GRAPE'LJJSS,  a.  Devoid  of  grapes,  or  wanting 
the  flavor  of  grapes.  Jenyns. 

GRAP'F-RY,  n.  A plantation  of  grape-vines,  or 
an  enclosure  for  raising  grapes.  Dean. 

GRAPE'— SHOT,  n.  (Mil.)  A number  of  small 
shot  so  arranged  as  to  resemble  a bunch  of 
grapes,  being  piled  around  an  iron  spike,  placed 
in  a strong  canvas  bag,  and  bound  together  on 
the  outside  by  a cord  passed  over  them  in  the 
manner  of  a net.  Glos.  of  Mil.  Terms. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  R1JLE.  — <J,  <?,  g,  soft ; C,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  If  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


GRAPE-STONE 


636 


GRATIFICATION 


GRAPE'-STONE,  n.  The  stone  or  seed  of  the 
grape.  “ Choked  with  a grape-stone.”  Guardian. 

GRAPE'-SUG-AR  (-shug-?r),  n.  The  kind  of 
sugar  obtained  from  grapes  and  most  other 
fruits;  glucose. — See  Glucose.  Brande. 

GRAPE-VINE,  n.  The  vine  that  bears  grapes. 

GRAPE' WORT  (-wiirt),  n.  (Bot.)  A poisonous 
plant ; baneberry  ; Actcea  spicata.  Booth. 

GRAPH'IC  (grafjk),  ) [Or.  ypa(f)iK6g  ; to 

GRAPH'J-CAL,  > write  ; L.  graphicus ; It.  $ 
Sp.  grajico  ; Fr.  graphigue.\ 

1.  Relating  to  writing  or  delineation. 

2.  Affording  a lively  view ; well  delineated; 
vivid  ; as,  “ A graphic  description.  ’ Swift. 

Could  the  prophet  have  possibly  given  a plainer  or  more 
graphical  description  of  the  character  and  genius  of  the  nt- 
ual  law  than  in  these  last  words?  narburton. 

Graphic  microscope,  an  instrument  for  depicting,  on 
the  principle  of  reflection,  the  objects  represented  by 
the  microscope.  Francis.  — Graphic  sold,  graphic  ore , 
or  graphic  tellurium , (Min.)  an  ore  of  tellurium,  con- 
sisting of  tellurium,  gold,  and  silver. — Graphic  gran- 
ite, ( Vin.)  a variety  of  granite,  composed  of  felspar  and 
quartz,  so  arranged  as  to  produce  an  irregular  laminar 
structure.  When  a section  of  this  mineral  is  made  at 
right  angles  to  the  alternations  of  the  constituent  ma- 
terials, broken  lines,  resembling  Hebrew  characters, 
present  ihemselves  ; — hence  the  name.  Wright. 

GRAPH'J-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a graphic  or  pictu- 
resque manner.  B.  Jonson. 

GRAPH-J-6l'0-<?Y,  n.  [Gr.  ypd0w,  to  write,  and 
't.dyos,  a discourse.]  The  art  of  writing  or  delin- 
eation, or  a treatise  on  that  art.  Oyilvie. 

GRAPH'lTE,  n.  [Gr.  yp-h/xe,  to  write  ; It.  grafite  ; 
F r.  graphite .]  A form  of  mineral  carbon  ; a car- 
buret of  iron  ; plumbago ; the  substance  of  which 
pencils  are  made  ; — called  black-lead.  Brande. 

GRAPH'I-TdlD-AL,  a.  [Gr.  ypaiput,  to  write,  and 
fiiios,  form.]  Resembling  graphite.  Graham. 

GRAPH'O-LITE,  n.  [Gr.  ypdt/no,  to  write,  and 
/.Wo;,  a stone.]  A kind  of  writing-slate.  Wright. 

GR A-PIIOM'p-TpR  (gra-lom'e-ter),  n.  [Gr.  ypa<pu, 
to  write,  and  perpor,  a measure  ; Fr.  graphome- 
tre .]  A surveying  or  mathematical  instrument 
for  measuring  angles  whose  vertices  are  at  its 
centre.  “ The  protractor  is  a graphometer." 

Davies. 

GRApII-O-MET’RI-CAJj,  a.  Relating  to,  or  ascer- 
tained by,  a graphometer.  Wright. 

GRAP'NfL,  n.  [Fr.  grappin.  — See  Grapple.] 
(Naut.)  1.  A small  anchor  with  four  or  five 
nukes,  for  a boat  or  a little  vessel.  Mar.  Diet. 

2.  f Grappling  irons  ; a grapple.  Chaucer. 

GRAP'PLE  (grSp'pl),  v.  n.  [A  diminutive  of  grab. 
— See  Grab,  and  Gripe.]  [t.  grappled’;  pp. 
grappling,  grappled.]  To  contend  as  wres- 
tlers ; to  struggle  in  close  fight. 

And  there  he  grappled  first  with  Fate.  Dryden. 

GRAP’PLE,  v.  a.  1.  f To  fasten  ; to  fix  ; to  join. 

That  business 

Grapple * you  to  the  heart  and  love  of  us.  * Shak. 

2.  To  seize;  to  lay  hold  of;  to  gripe;  to 
grasp  ; as,  “ To  grapple  an  antagonist.” 

GRAP'PLE,  n.  1.  A seizure;  close  hug;  close 
fight.  “ In  the  grapple  I boarded  them.”  Shak. 
As  when  earth's  son,  Antasus,  strove 
With  Jove's  Alcides,  and.  oft  foiled,  still  rose 
Fresh  from  his  fall,  and  fiercer  grapple  joined.  Milton. 

2.  (Naut.)  A hook  or  iron  instrument  used 
in  naval  combats. 

But  Cytnon  soon  his  crooked  grapples  cast, 

Which  with  tenacious  hold  his  foes  embraced.  Dryden. 

-f- GRAP'PLE-MENT,  n.  Close  fight;  hostile  em- 
brace. Spenser. 

GRAP'PLING— IR'ON§,  re.  pi.  Instruments  used 
for  grappling, — especially  crooked  irons  used 
to  seize  and  hold  fast  a vessel,  as  in  naval  com- 
bats. Dana. 

GR AP-SOI'DI-AN,  re.  ( Zoiil .)  A crustaceous  ani- 
mal of  the  genus  Grapsus.  Baird. 

GRAP'  SVS,  n.  (Zoiil.)  A genus  of  decapod 
crustaceans  of  the  crab  kind.  P.  Cyc. 

GRAp'TO-LITE,  n.  [Gr.  yn ami;,  written  ; yoiiyio, 
to  write,  and  XlBof,  a stone.]  (Geol.)  A genus 
of  fossil  zoophytes  which  present  the  appear- 
ance of  writing  or  sculpture,  found  in  the  bitu- 


minous shales  of  the  Silurian  sandstone  de- 
posits. Brande. 

GRAP-TOL’ I-TH&S,  n.  [Gr.  yparri;,  written  ; 
ypaipw,  to  write,  and  lido;,  a stone.]  A stone 
having  the  appearance  of  drawings,  as  of  maps, 
ruins,  vegetable  forms,  &c. ; graptolite.  P.  Cyc. 

GRA'PY,  a.  1.  Relating  to,  or  resembling  grapes. 
“ Grapy  clusters.”  Addison. 

2.  Made  of  grapes.  “ Th e grapy  stream.”  Gay. 

GRA'§H>R  (gra'zlier),  n.  See  Grazier.  Warton. 

GRASP  (12),  v.  a.  [It.  grappare;  Low  Ger . grap- 
sen ; Ger.  greisen.  — See  Gripe.]  [i.  grasped  ; 
pp.  grasping,  grasped.]  To  lay  hold  of ; to 
clasp  with  the  fingers  or  the  arms  ; to  seize  and 
hold ; to  gripe. 

0.  fool  that  I am  1 that  thought  I could  grasp  water  aud 

bind  the  wind.  Sidney. 

GRASP,  v.  n.  1.  To  endeavor  to  seize  ; to  catch ; 

— withal.  “ Men  who  grasp  at  praise.”  Young. 

2.  To  struggle  ; to  strive;  to  grapple. 

See,  his  face  is  black  and  full  of  blood: 

llis  hands  abroad  displayed,  as  oue  that  grasped 

And  tugged  for  life.  Sliak. 

GRASP,  h.  1.  A seizure  with  the  hand,  or  the 
arms  ; a gripe  ; a clasp  ; an  embrace. 

Nor  wanted  in  his  grasp 

What  seemed  both  spear  aud  shield.  Milton. 

2.  Possession  ; hold. 

I would  not  be  the  villain  that  thou  think’st 

For  the  whole  space  that ’s  in  the  tyrant’s  grasp.  Shak. 

3.  Power  of  seizing  ; reach. 

They  looked  upon  it  as  their  own,  and  had  it  even  within 
their  grasp.  Clarendon. 

GRASP'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  grasped.  Keats. 

GRASP'IJR,  n.  One  who  grasps.  Sherwood. 

GRASP'ING,  p.  a.  Seizing  with  the  hand  ; catch- 
ing at ; encroaching. 

GR  Asp'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a grasping  manner.  Clarke. 

GRASS  (12),  re.  [Goth,  gras  ; A.  S.grws,  geers  ; Dut. 

Ger.  gras  ; Dan.  grots  ; Sw.  griis  ; Icel.  gras. 

— Gr.  Kpatrns,  yoaori; ; L.  gramen.  — Hcb. 
to  shoot  forth,  to  sprout.] 

1.  The  common  herbage  of  the  field  on  which 
cattle  feed ; an  herb  with  long,  narrow  leaves. 

And  he  commanded  the  multitude  to  sit  down  on  the 
grass.  Matt.  xiv.  10. 

2.  (Bot.)  A plant  belonging  to  the  order 
Graminaceo. — See  Giiaminaceje. 

Grass  of  Parnassus , (But.)  a plant  of  the  genus 
Parnassia;  especially  the  Parnassia  palustris,  an  ele- 
gant marsh  plant.  Loudon. 

GRASS,  v.  re.  To  breed  or  produce  grass;  to  be- 
come pasture,  [u.]  Tusser. 

GRASS,  v.a.  [t.  GRASSED  -,pp .grassing,  grassed.] 

1.  To  cover  or  furnish  with  grass.  , 

2.  To  bleach  or  whiten,  as  flax,  on  the  grass 

or  ground.  Loudon. 

f GRAS-SA'TION,  re.  [L . grassatio.]  Act  of  wan- 
dering about  to  do  wrong  ; — robbery.  Feltham. 

GRASS'— BL.Ade,  re.  A leaf  of  grass.  Clarke. 

GRASS'— CUT-T^R,  re.  1.  One  who  cuts  grass. 

2.  (Mil.)  One  who  collects  forage  for  the 
horses  of  cavalry.  Stocqueler. 

GRAss'-GREEN,  re.  The  color  of  grass.  Hill. 

GRASS'— GREEN,  a.  1.  Green  with  grass.  “At 
his  head  a grass-green  turf.”  Shak. 

2.  Of  the  color  of  grass.  Hill. 

GRASS'— GROWN  (gris'gron),  a.  Grown  over  with 
grass.  “ The  grass-grown  street.”  Akensidc. 

GRAsS'HOP-PJJR,  re.  [A.  S.  gors-hoppa .]  (Ent.) 
One  of  a family  of  orthopterous  insects,  very 
destructive  to  herbage  ; one  of  the  Gryllidce.  — 
See  Gryllidas.  Harris. 

The  grasshopjier  shall  be  a burden,  and  desire  shall  fail. 

Eccles.  xii.  5. 

GRASS'I-NESS,  re.  The  state  of  abounding  in 
grass  ; quality  of  being  grassy.  Johnson. 

GR.\SS'L?SS,  a.  Wanting  grass.  Mir.  for  Mag. 

GRASS'— MOTH,  re.  A moth  inhabiting  dry  mead- 
ows in  the  summer  time  ; Crambus.  Eng.  Cyc. 

GRAsS'-6fL§,  n.pl.  Odorous  volatile  oils  yielded 
by  some  of  the  grasses.  Brande. 

GRASS'— PLOT,  re.  A small,  level  spot  covered 


with  grass.  “ Grass-plots  bordered  with  flow- 
ers.” Temple. 

GRASS'— POL-Y,  re.  A species  of  willow-wort ; 
Lythrum  hyssopifolium.  Johnson. 

GRASS'— VETCH,  re.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the  genus 
Lathyrus.  Wright. 

GRAss'-WRAck,  re.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the  genus 
Zostera ; wrackgrass.  Wright. 

GRAss'Y,  a.  1.  Covered  with,  or  abounding  in, 
grass.  “ Grassy  fens.”  “ Grassy  ground.”  Spen- 
ser. “ Grassy  turf.”  Milton. 

2.  Resembling  grass  ; green.  Wright. 

GRATE,  re.  [L.  crates,  a hurdle ; It.  grata,  a 
grate.  — Gael,  grat .] 

1.  A partition  made  with  bars  placed  near  to 

one  another,  or  crossing  each  other,  as  in  a 
cloister  or  a prison.  “It  [envy]  would  see  him 
begging  at  a grate.”  South. 

2.  An  iron  frame  and  bars  for  holding  fuel 

to  be  burnt  in  a fireplace.  Spectator. 

GRATE,  v.  a.  [Low  L.  grata  ; It.  grattare  ; Fr. 
grafter.)  [i.  grated  ; pp.  grating,  grated.] 

1.  To  rub  or  wear  by  the  attrition  of  a rough 
body  so  as  to  reduce  to  small  particles. 

Grate  it  on  a grater  which  has  no  bottom.  Evelyn. 

2.  To  rub,  so  as  to  cause  a harsh,  discordant 
sound  ; as,  “ To  grate  the  teeth.” 

3.  To  offend  or  fret  by  something  harsh. 

“More  gentle  dictates  which  should  less  q rate 
and  disturb  them.”  Decay  of  Piety. 

4.  To  shut  up  with  bars.  Sherwood. 

GRATE,  v.  n.  1.  To  make  a harsh  noise,  as  that 
of  a rough  body  drawn  over  another. 

We  art*  not  so  nice  as  to  cast  away  a sharp  knife  because 
the  edge  of  it  may  sometimes  grate.  Hooker. 

2.  To  rub  hard,  so  as  to  in  jure  or  offend. 

This  grated  harder  upon  the  hearts  of  men.  South. 

f GRATE,  a.  [L .gratus.)  Agreeable.  Herbert. 

GRATED,  p.  a.  1.  Worn  away  by  being  rubbed. 

2.  Furnished  with  grates  or  bars;  as,  “A 
grated  window.” 

GRATE'FUL,  a.  [L.  gratus ; It.  i,  Sp.  grato. — 
See  Grace.] 

1.  Having  gratitude  or  a due  sense  of  bene- 
fits ; desirous  to  return  a service  or  a benefit ; 
thankful. 

A qratefyil  mind 

By  owing  owes  not,  but  still  puys.  Milton. 

Years  of  service  past 

From  grateful  souls  exact  reward  at  last.  Dryden. 

2.  Agreeable;  welcome;  pleasing;  accepta- 
ble ; palatable  ; savory.  Cogan. 

Such  meats  and  drinks  as  are  most  grateful  to  his  appe- 
tite. Wilkins. 

Syn. — See  Agreeable,  Thankfulness. 

GRATE'FUL-LY,  ad.  1.  With  gratitude  ; with  a 
due  sense  of  benefits  received.  “ He  . . . thus 
gratefully  replied.”  Milton. 

2.  In  a pleasing  manner. 

Study  detains  the  mind  by  the  perpetual  occurrence  of 
something  new  which  may  gratefully  strike  the  imagination. 

Watts. 

GRATE'FUL-NESS,  n . The  quality  of  being  grate- 
ful ; gratitude ; thankfulness. 

Blessings  beforehand,  ties  of  gratefulness, 

The  sound  of  glory  ringing  in  our’ ears.  G.  Herbert. 

GRAT-E-LU’ PI-4,  n.  (Pal.)  A genus  of  fossil 
bivalve  conchifers  ; — so  named  in  honor  of  Dr. 
Grate/oup.  P.  Cyc. 

GRAt'ER,  re.  One  that  grates  ; an  instrument 
with  a rough  surface  with  which  soft  bodies  are 
grated  or  rubbed  to  small  particles.  “ Rough 
as  nutmeg-craters.”  A.  Hill. 

GRA-TIc-U-LA'TION,  re.  The  division  of  a draw- 
ing into  compartments  or  squares,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  reducing  it.  Francis. 

GRAt-I-FI-CA'TION,  re.  [L.  gratificatio  ; gratifi- 
cor,  to  gratify  ; gratus,  pleasing,  and  facto,  to 
make;  It . gratificazione;  Sp.  gratificacion ; Fr. 
gratification .] 

1.  The  act  of  gratifying  or  pleasing.  “ The 

gratification  of  the  senses.”  South. 

2.  Enjoyment;  pleasure;  delight;  fruition. 

The  riches  of  the  world,  and  the  gratifications  they  afford, 
are  too  apt,  when  their  evil  tendency  is  not  opposed  by  a 
principle  of  religion,  to  beget  that  friendship  for  the  world 
which  is  enmity  with  God.  Bp.  Horsley. 

3.  Reward ; recompense.  Bp.  Morton. 

Syn.  — See  Contentment,  Enjoyment. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


GRATIFIES 


637 


GRAVITY 


GRAT'l-FI-pR,  n.  One  who  gratifies  or  delights. 
“ A yratifier  of  rich  men.”  Latimer. 

GRAt'I-FY  (25),  v.  a.  [L.  gratificor ; gratus, 
"rateful,  and  facio,  to  make  ; It.  gratificare  ; Sp. 
gratijicar  ; Fr.  gratifier.]  [i.  gratified  ; pp. 

GRATIFYING,  GRATIFIED.] 

1.  To  give  pleasure  to ; to  indulge  ; to  please. 

“ To  gratify  an  itching  ear.”  Cowper. 

At  once  they  gratify  their  scent  and  taste.  Pope. 

2.  To  requite ; to  satisfy  ; to  content.  “ I’ll 

gratify  you  for  this  trouble.”  Todd. 

Syn.  — A person  gratifies  his  curiosity,  his  desires 
or  appetites,  indulges  his  propensities,  humors  his  in- 
clination or  fancy,  and  pleases  his  taste.  To  gratify 
is  commonly,  and  to  indulge,  sometimes,  used  in  a 
good  sense;  to  humor,  mostly  in  a bad  sense.  — See 
Satisfy. 

GRAT'J-FY-ING,  p.  a.  Affording  gratification  ; 
pleasing  ; agreeable  ; welcome. 

GRAT'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  grates;  — 
a harsh  noise  made  by  rubbing.  More. 

2.  The  bars  of  a grate  ; as,  “ The  iron  grat- 
ings of  a prison.” 

3.  (Naut.)  The  frame  or  lattice-work  for  cov- 
ering hatches.  Mar.  Diet. 

GRAT'ING,  p.  a.  1.  Rubbing  or  wearing. 

2.  Making  a harsh  noise.  “Some  harsh  and 

grating  sound.”  Burke. 

3.  Offensive;  irritating;  displeasing. 

GRAT'ING-LY,  ad.  Harshly;  offensively. 

GRA-TI-O'  § d (gra-she-o'z?).  [It. graziosa.]  (Mus.) 
See  Grazioso.  Crabb. 

GRA'TIS,  ad.  [L.  ; contracted  from  grafiis,  out 
of  kindness.]  For  nothing  ; gratuitously. 

When  corn  was  given  them  gratis,  you  repined.  Slink. 

GRAT'I-TUDE,  n.  [Low  L.  gratitudo  ; L.  gratus, 
pleasing ; It.  gratitudo , and  gratitudine  ; Sp. 
gratitud ; Fr.  gratitude .]  A due  sense  of  kind- 
ness received,  and  a desire  to  return  it ; duty  to 
a benefactor ; thankfulness. 

Gratitude  is  a virtue  which,  according  to  the  general  ap- 
prehensions of  mankind,  approaches  more  nearly  than  any 
other  social  virtue  to  justice.  Dr.  Parr. 

The  still,  small  voice  of  gratitude.  Gray. 

Syn.  — See  Thankfulness. 

GRAt'TIJN,  n.  1.  Arable  land  in  a commonable 
state.  [Local,  Eng.]  Farm.  Ency. 

2.  An  old  word  for  grass  which  springs  up 
after  a field  has  been  mowed ; after-grass.  Wright. 

GRA-TU'I-TOUS,  a.  [L.  gratuitus  ; gratus,  pleas- 
ing ; It.  Sp.  gratuito  ; Fr.  gratuit. ] 

1.  Bestowed  or  given  freely  ; granted  without 
claim  or  merit ; voluntary. 

Our  pardon  is  free  and  gratuitous.  Hopkins. 

2.  Asserted  or  taken  without  ground,  cause, 
or  proof ; as,  “ A gratuitous  assumption.”  Ray. 

Syn.  — See  Voluntary. 

GRA-TU'I-TOUS-LY,  ad.  In  a gratuitous  manner. 

GRA-TU'J-TOUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
gratuitous.  Scott. 

GRA-TU'I-TY,  n.  [Fr.  gratuite .]  A present ; a 
recompense  ; a free  gift.  “ Some  little  gratui- 
ty we  gave  him.”  Swift. 

Syn.  — See  Gift. 

GRAt'U-LAnT,  a.  Congratulatory ; expressing  joy. 

Yet  centring  all  in  love,  and  in  the  end 

All  gratulant , if  rightly  understood.  Wordsworth. 

GRAT'IJ-lATE  (grat'yu-lat),  v.  a.  [L.  gratulor, 
gratiilatus  ; gratus,  pleasing ; It.  gratulare  ; Sp. 
gratular.]  [t.  gratulated  ; pp.  gratulat- 
ING,  GRATULATED.] 

1.  To  congratulate ; to  salute  with  declara- 
tions of  joy ; to  felicitate.  Dry  den. 

No  farther  than  the  Tower, 

To  gratulate  the  gentle  princes  there.  Shak. 

2.  f To  declare  joy  for ; to  mention  with  ex- 
pressions of  joy.  B.  Jonson. 

3.  fTo  recompense  ; to  reward.  Hayward. 

GRAT'U-LATE,  a.  Felicitous;  to  be  rejoiced  at. 

There’s  more  behind  that  is  more  gratulate.  Shak. 

GrAt-U-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  gratulatio  ; Sp.  gra- 
tulacion .]  Act  of  gratulating ; expression  of 
joy  ; congratulation  ; felicitation. 

If  your  majesty  come  to  the  city  of  London  ever  so  often, 
what  gratulation,  what  joy,  what  concourse  of  people  is  there 
to  be  seen  1 Strype. 

GRAt'U-LA-TO-RY,  a.  [L.  gratulatorius ; Sp. 


gratulatorio .]  Congratulatory;  expressing  or 
wishing  joy.  “ Gratulatory  odes.”  Bp.  Horsley. 

GRAu'wAc-KE,  n.  [Ger.]  (Min.)  See  Gray- 
wacke.  P ■ Dye. 

GRA-VA'MEJr,  n.  [L.,  complaint.']  (Law.)  The 
grievance  complained  of ; the  cause  of  the  ac- 
tion. Bouvier. 

GRAVE,  v.  a.  [Goth,  graban  ; A.  S.  grafan  ; Dut. 
graaven ; Ger.  graben ; Dan.  grave ; Sw.  grdfoa. 

— Gael,  grabh. — Gr.  ypaip u> ; Sp.  grabar  ; Fr. 
graver .]  [tl  graved  ; pp.  graving,  graven 
or  graved.] 

1.  To  dig ; to  excavate.  “ He  hath  graven 
...  a pit.”  Ps.  vii.  16.  Common  Prayer. 

2.  To  cut  or  carve  into  ; to  engrave. 

Cornice  with  bossy  sculptures  graven.  Milton. 

3.  To  impress  deeply ; to  imprint. 

Thy  sum  of  duty  let  two  words  contain,  — 

O,  may  they  graven  in  thy  heart  remain, — 

Be  humble  and  be  just.  Prior. 

4.  To  entomb.  “ Bitches  grave f ou  all.”  Shak. 

5.  (Naut.)  To  scrape  and  clean,  as  a ship’s 

bottom,  and  pay  it  with  pitch.  Mar.  Diet. 

To  grave  the  outside  of  the  ship.  Defoe. 

GRAVE,  v.  n.  To  carve  on  hard  substances  ; to 
engrave.  “ Or  grave  or  paint.”  Chaucer. 

GRAVE,  n.  [A.  S.  greef-,  Dan.  grav  ; Sw.  graf.\ 

1.  A pit  or  excavation  in  the  ground  for  a dead 
body  ; a sepulchre  ; a tomb. 

She  goeth  unto  the  grave,  to  weep  there.  John  xi.  31. 

2.  In  a figurative  sense,  death  or  destruction. 
I will  ransom  thee  from  the  power  of  the  grave.  Hos.  xiii.  14. 

3.  pi.  Sediments  of  melted  tallow.  Brande. 

GRAVE,  n.  [Ger.  graf.\  A ruler;  — usually  in 
composition,  as  land grave,  margrave. 

GRAVE,  a.  [L.  gravis,  heavy  ; It.,  Sp.,  $Fr.  grave.) 

1.  Having  authority;  weighty;  important. 

“ The  gravest  of  their  writers.”  Grew. 

2.  Solemn  ; serious  ; sober  ; thoughtful  ; se- 
date. “ That  grave  awfulness.”  More. 

To  laugh  were  want  of  goodness  and  of  grace, 

And  to  be  grave  exceeds  all  power  of  face.  Pope. 

3.  Plain  ; not  gay,  showy,  or  tawdry.  “ A 

grave  suit  of  clothes.”  Johnson. 

4.  (Gram.)  Noting  an  accent  opposed  to  the 
acute. 

5.  (Mus.)  Noting  a grave,  slow  movement; 

— low  in  pitch  ; not  acute  ; deep.  Warner. 

Syn. — Grave  expresses  more  than  serious,  and 

less  thaji  solemn.  A grave  or  sedate  manner  ; a seri- 
ous discourse;  a solemn  warning.  A grave  assembly  ; 
a serious  preacher  ; a solemn  sentence  ; an  important 
business  ; a weighty  concern.  Gravity  is  opposed  to 
vivacity  ; seriousness  to  levity.  — See  SAGACITY, 
Weighty. 

GRAVE'CLOD,  n.  A clod  belonging  to  a grave. 

Wright. 

GRAVE'-CLOTHES  (-klothz  or  -kl5z),  n.  The 
dress  in  which  the  dead  are  buried.  “ Bound 
hand  and  foot  with  grave-clothes."  John  xi.  44. 

GRAvE’-DIG-GER,  n.  One  who  digs  graves.  Shak. 

GRAv'EL,  n.  [Dut.  graved.  — Fr.  gravelle,  gra- 
vier.  — “ Serenius  refers  it  to  grave,  to  dig  out, 
not  without  some  appearance  of  probability.” 
Richardson.'] 

1.  Sand  consisting  of  small  stones  or  pebbles. 

“ Each  grain  of  gravel.”  Shak. 

2.  (Med.)  A disease  occasioned  by  small  con- 
cretions similar  to  sand  or  gravel,  which  form  in 
the  kidneys,  pass  along  the  ureters  to  the  blad- 
der, and  are  expelled  with  the  urine.  Dungli son. 

GRAV'EL,  V.  a.  [i.  GRAVELLED  ; pp.  GRAVEL- 
LING, GRAVELLED.] 

1.  To  furnish  with  gravel ; to  cover  with  grav- 
el; as,  “ To  gravel  a path.”  Bacon. 

2.  To  cause  to  stick  fast  in  the  sand. 

And  when  we  were  fallen  into  a place  between  two  seas, 
they  gravelled  the  ship.  Acts  xxvii.  41,  Trans,  liheims , 1582. 

3.  To  puzzle  ; to  perplex ; to  embarrass. 

The  disease  itself  will  gravel  him  to  judge  of  it.  Howell. 

4.  (Farriery.)  To  hurt,  as  the  foot  of  a horse, 
with  gravel  confined  by  the  shoe. 

GRAVE'LESS,  a.  Unburied.  Shak. 

GRAV'EL-LI-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  grav- 
elly, or  abounding  with  gravel.  Scott. 

GRAv'EL-LY,  a.  Full  of  gravel ; abounding  with 
gravel.  “ A gravelly  and  sandy  bottom.”  Cook. 


GRAVE'— LOOK-ING  (-luk-ing),  a.  Having  a grave, 
sober,  or  solemn  appearance.  Irving. 

GRAV'EL-PIt,  n.  A pit  containing  gravel ; a 
bed  of  gravel.  Garth. 

GRAv'EL— STONE,  n.  Stone  containing  gravel  ; 
— a minute  stone ; a pebble.  Arbuthnot. 

GRAV'EL—  W.\LK  (-w&k),  n.  A walk  or  alley 
covered  with  gravel.  Wright. 

GRAVE'LV,  ad.  In  a grave  manner  ; soberly. 

GRAVE'— MA-KER,  n.  A grave-digger.  Shak. 

GRAv'EN  (gra'vn),  p.  from  grave.  Graved.  — See 
Grave. 

GRAVE'NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  grave.  Shak. 

GRA-VE'O-LENCE,  n.  [L . graveolentia.]  A strong 
or  offensive  smell ; rancidity,  [it.]  Bailey. 

GRA-VE'O-LENT  [gr?-ve'o-lent,  S.  W.  P.  Sm.; 
gra've-o-Ient,  Ash],  a.  [L.  graveolens  ; gravis, 
heavy,  and  oleo,  to  smell.]  Smelling  strongly 
or  offensively ; strong-scented  ; rancid.  Boyle. 

GRAv'ER,  n.  [Fr.  graveur. — .See  Grave.] 

1.  One  who  graves  ; an  engraver. 

2.  The  style  or  tool  used  in 
engraving ; a burin. 

Some  work  the  file,  and  some  the 
graver  guide.  — Guy. 

GRAVE'— ROB'BER,  n.  One  who 
robs  a grave.  - Clarke. 

GRAVE'STONE,  n.  A stone  that  is  laid  over,  or 
placed  by,  a grave  as  a memorial. 

Lie  where  the  light  foam  of  the  sea  may  beat 

Thy  gravestone  daily.  Shak. 

GRA'VEV,  n.  (Surg.)  An  instrument  for  scaling 
the  teeth.  Craig. 

GRAVEWARD,  n.  A burial  ground.  Month.  Rev. 

GRAv'ID,  a.  [L.  gravidus  ; gravis,  heavy.]  Heavy 
from  pregnancy  ; pregnant.  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

t GRAv'I-DAT-ED,  a.  Great  with  young.  Barrow. 

f GRAV-I-dA'TION,  n.  Pregnancy.  Pearson. 

t GRA-VlD'I-TY,  n.  Pregnancy.  Arbuthnot. 

GR Av'I-GRADES,  n.  pi.  [L.  gravis,  heavy,  and 
gradior,  to  walk.]  (Zoiil.)  A name  given  by 
Blainville  to  mammalia  comprising  such  heavy- 
paced animals  as  the  elephant.  Craig. 

GRA-VlM'E-TER,  n.  [L.  gravis,  heavy,  and  Gr. 
pfrpov,  a measure.]  An  instrument  for  ascer- 
taining the  specific  gravity  of  bodies,  whether 
liquid  or  solid.  Brande. 

GRAV'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  cutting  on  a hard 
substance  ; act  of  engraving. 

2.  Carved  work  ; engraving.  2 Chron.  ii.  14. 

3.  Impression.  “ Former  gratings  ...  upon 

their  souls.”  King  Charles. 

4.  (Naut.)  The  act  of  cleaning  and  paying 

with  pitch,  as  a ship’s  bottom.  Mar.  Die. 

GRAV'ING— DOCK,  n.  A dock  into  which  vessels 
are  taken  to  have  their  bottoms  examined,  and 
breamed  or  graved.  Simmonds. 

GRAv'I-TATE,  v.  n.  [I,,  gratis,  heavy  ; It.  grad- 
tare  ; Sp.  gravitar;  Fr.  graviter.]  \i.  gravi- 
tated ; lip.  gravitating,  gravitated.]  To 
be  affected  by  gravitation  ; to  tend  to  a centre 
of  attraction.  Bentley. 

GRAv-I-tA'TION,  n.  [It.  gravitazione  ; Sp.  gra- 
vitacion  ; Fr.  gravitation .]  The  act  of  tending 
to  the  centre  ; the  force  by  which  bodies  are 
drawn  towards  the  centre  of  the  earth,  or  other 
centre;  the  mutual  tendency  which  all  bodies 
in  nature  have  to  approach  each  other ; the 
centripetal  force ; gravity. 

An  effect  of  gravity,  or  gravitation , familiar  to  all  man- 
kind, is  the  tendency  of  bodies  to  fall  to  the  earth.  Grier. 

GRAv'I-TA-TIVE,  a.  Having  the  power  of  gravi- 
tation. Coleridge. 

GRAv'I-TY,  n.  [L.  qraritas  ; gravis,  heavy ; It. 
gravitil ; Sp.  graridad ; Fr.  granite.] 

1.  (Physics.)  That  force  by  which  bodies  tend, 
or  are  pressed  or  drawn,  towards  the  centre  of 
the  earth,  or  other  centre  ; the  centripetal  force  ; 
gravitation  ; — heaviness  ; weight. 

This  mutual  tendency  of  all  the  particles  of  matter  to  each 
other  is  called  the  attraction  of  gravitation.  In  reference  to 
any  particular  body  or  mass  of  matter,  the  aggregate  attrac- 
tion of  all  its  particles  is  usually  culled  its  gravity.  Brande. 


Forms  of  gravers. 


MIEN,  SIR  ; 


MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RtJLE.  — 9,  <?,  9,  g,  soft ; £,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  ■/.; 


\ as  gz. — THIS,  this. 


GRAVY 


638 


GREAT-GRANDSON 


2.  Seriousness;  soberness;  solemnity.<7b7mso?i. 

As  vivacity  is  the  gift  of  women,  gravity  is  that  of  men. 

Spectator. 

3.  Atrocity  ; enormity ; flagrancy. 

To  punish  the  injury  committed,  according  to  the  gravity 
of  the  fact.  Hooker. 

4.  Importance. 

Length,  therefore,  is  a thing  which  the  gravity  and  weight 
of  such  actions  [prayer]  requires.  Hooker. 

5.  (Mus.)  Lowness  in  pitch.  “ We  speak  of 

the  gravity  of  tones.”  Warner. 

Absolute  gravity,  that  by  which  a body  descends 
freely  and  perpendicularly  in  a vacuum.  — Centre  of 
gravity.  See  Centre.  — Relative  gravity,  that  by 
which  a body  descends  when  the  absolute  gravity  is 
constantly  counteracted  by  a uniform  but  inferior 
force,  such  as  in  the  descent  of  bodies  down  inclined 
planes,  or  in  resisting  mediums,  as  air  and  water.' — 
Specific  gravity , the  ratio  of  the  weight  of  a body  to 
the  weight  of  an  equal  bulk  of  sonfe  other  body  (usu- 
ally pure  distilled  water)  taken  as  a standard. 

Syn.  — See  Weight. 

GRA'VY,  n.  [Etymology  uncertain.  — Brit.  hrav, 
blood.  Serenius.]  The  juice  that  runs  from 
meat  while  cooking,  or  a mixture  of  it  with  flour 
and  water.  Chapman. 

GRAY  (gra),  a.  [A.  S.  grwg ; Dut.  graauw;  Ger. 
grau ; Dan.  graa  ; Sw.  gra . — It.  grigio  ; Fr. 
gris.  — Gr.  yoaioj.] 

1.  White  with  a mixture  of  black. 

These  gray  and  dun  colors  may  be  also  produced  by  mix- 
ing whites  and  blacks.  Newton. 

Thus  sang  the  uncouth  swain  to  the  oaks  and  rills, 

While  the  still  mom  went  out  with  sandals  gray.  Milton. 

2.  Hoary  or  white,  as  the  hair  from  age. 

My  hair  is  gray,  but  not  with  years; 

Nor  grew  it  white 
In  a single  night. 

As  men’s  have  grown  from  sudden  fears.  Byron. 

GRAY,  n.  1.  A gray  color;  a mixture  of  black 
anti  white  in  various  proportions,  or  of  the  three 
primary  colors,  red,  blue,  and  yellow.  Fairholt. 
Down  sunk  the  sun;  the  closing  hour  of  day 
Came  onward,  mantled  o’er  with  dusky  gray.  Parnell. 

2.  An  animal  of  a gray  color,  as  a horse,  a 
badger,  and  a kind  of  salmon. 

Woe  worth  the  chase,  woe  worth  the  day, 

That  cost  thy  life,  my  gallant  gray.  Scott. 

This  fine, 

Smooth,  bawson’s  cub,  the  young  grice  of  a gray.  B.Jonson. 

GRAY'BEARD,  n.  1.  An  old  man.  Shah. 

2.  An  earthen  drinking-jug  commonly  used 
in  the  16th  and  17th  centuries,  having  a bearded 
face  in  relief  upon  the  upper  part  of  the  spout : 
— a term  still  applied  in  Scotland  to  a large 
spherical  vessel  for  holding  liquors.  Fairholt. 

GRAY'— BEARD-5D,  a.  Having  a gray  beard. 

GRAY'— BREAST-0D,  a.  Having  a gray  breast.  Hill. 

GRAY'— COAT-5 D,  a-  Having  a gray  coat.  Shah. 

GRAY'— EYED  (-Id),  a.  Having  gray  eyes.  Shah. 

GRAY'— FLY,  n.  The  trumpet-fly.  Milton. 

GRAY'— GROWN,  a.  Grown  gray  by  age.  Thomson. 

GRAY'— HAIRED  (-bird),  a.  Having  gray  hair. 

GRAY'— HEAD-5D,  a.  Having  a gray  head.  Milton. 

GRAY'— HOOD- jpD  (-liud-ed),  a.  Covered  with  a 
gray  hood.  “ The  gray-hoodecl  even.”  Milton. 

GR.AY'HOUND,  n.  See  Greyhound. 

GRAY'ISH,  a.  Approaching  to  a gray  color.  “A 
grayish  eye.”  Warner. 

GRAY’LAG,  n.  ( Ornith .)  See  Greylag. 

GRAYLE  (gral),  n.  See  Grail.  Todd. 


GRAY'LING,  n.  ( Ich .) 

A fish  of  the  salmon 
kind,  inhabiting  ma- 
ny of  the  streams 
of  England,  and  al- 
so found  in  Sweden, 

Norway,  and  Lap- 
land  ; Thymallus  vulgaris.  Yarrell. 

GRAY-MAL'KJN,  n.  See  Grimalkin. 


Grayling  ( Thymallus  vulgaris). 


Shah 


grAy'-mAre,  n.  A cant  term  for  a wife  who 
rules  her  husband.  Grose.  “ The  gray-mare 
is  the  better  horse.”  [Old  proverb.] 

GRAY'MILLj  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the  genus 
Lithospermum  ; the  gromwell.  Ash. 

GRAY'NIJSS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  gray. 


GRAY'— STONE,  n.  (Geol.)  A volcanic  rock,  al- 
lied to  basalt,  and  composed  of  felspar,  iron, 
and  augite  or  hornblende.  Scropc. 

GrAy'wAC-K5,  n.  [Ger.  grauwache.\  {Min.) 
A kind  of  conglomerate  or  sandstone,  of  a gray- 
ish color,  composing  the  lowest  members  of  the 
secondary  strata,  and  consisting  of  grains  or 
fragments  of  different  minerals  united  by  an  in- 
durated argillaceous  cement,  or  by  minute  grains 
of  the  same  materials  which  compose  the  larger 
parts  of  the  rock. 

When  the  sand  or  gravel  predominates  so  as  nearly  to  ex- 
clude the  argillaceous  cement,  the  distinction  between  gruy- 
wacke  and  sandstone  is  almost  imaginary.  Eng.  Cyc. 

Oraywacke  slate , a variety  of  graywacke  in  which 
the  grains  are  so  minute  as  to  be  scarcely  perceptible 
by  the  naked  eye  ; a fine-grained  sandy  rock.  Eng.  Cyc. 

GRAZE,  V.  71.  \i.  GRAZED  ; pp.  GRAZING,  GRAZED.] 

1.  [A.  S.  grasian ; Dut.  graazen ; Ger.  grase/i. 
— Gr.  yphui,  to  eat.]  To  eat  grass ; to  feed  upon 
grass. 

The  more  ignoble  throng 

Attend  their  stately  steps,  and  slowly  graze  along.  Dryden. 

2.  To  supply  or  furnish  grass. 

The  ground  . . . will  never  graze  to  purpose  that  year.  Bacon. 

3.  To  move  on  devouring,  as  spreading  fire. 

As  every  state  lay  next  to  the  other  that  was  oppressed,  so 
the  fire  perpetually  grazed.  Bacon. 

4.  [Fr.  raser.  Johnson.  — A.  S.  grasian.  Rich- 
ardso/i.]  To  touch  lightly  in  passing  over. 

A hullet  grazes  on  any  place  when  it  gently  turns  up  the 
surface  of  what  it  strikes  upon.  Cowell. 

GRAZE,  v.  a.  1.  To  feed  or  supply  with  grass. 


He  hath  ...  a field  or  two  to  graze  his  cows.  Swift. 

2.  To  feed  upon  ; to  eat  grass  from. 

He  gave  1113'  kine  to  graze  the  flowery  plain.  Dryden. 

3.  To  tend  on  grazing  cattle. 

Jacob  grazed  his  uncle  Laban’s  sheep.  Shatc. 

4.  To  rub  or  touch  lightly  in  passing  over. 

We  still  say,  the  skin  is  grazed,  or  slightly  hurt.  Cowell. 


GRAZ'JpR,  7i.  One  that  grazes  or  feeds  on  grass. 
“ The  cackling  goose,  close  grazer.”  Phillips. 

GRAZ'I^R  (gra'zlier),  71.  One  who  feeds  cattle  ; 
a farmer  who  raises  and  deals  in  cattle.  Swift. 

GR.AZ'IpR-LY,  a.  Relating  to  a gKpzier.  Heber. 

GRAZ'ING,  71.  1.  The  act  of  feeding  on  grass. 

2.  The  feeding  or  raising  of  cattl e.Richards07i. 

3.  The  act  of  touching  lightly  in  passing  over. 

“The  g/'azing  of  a bullet.”  Ludlow. 

GRAZIOSO  (grSt-se-o'zo).  [It.]  ( Mus .)  With  ele- 
gance and  grace.  B/wuide. 

GREASE  (gres),  7t.  [Gr.  ypii rtf,  ointment;  It.  gras- 
so  ; Sp.  grasa  ; Fr.  graisse  : — Gael,  creis. ] 

1.  Animal  fat  in  a soft  state ; unctuous  mat- 
ter, as  lard  or  tallow.  R.  Gloucester. 

2.  {Farriery.)  A swelling  and  inflammation 
in  a horse’s  legs  attended  with  the  secretion  of 
oily  matter  and  cracks  in  the  skin.  Farm.  E7icy. 

ISP  In  this  sense  pronounced  grez  by  Jameson. 

GREASE  (grez),  t’.  a.  [t.  GREASED  ; pp.  GREAS- 
ING, GREASED.] 

1.  To  smear  or  anoint  with  grease.  Swift. 

2.  To  bribe  ; to  corrupt  with  presents. 

But  still  Ursidius  courts  the  marriage-bait, 

Longs  for  a son  to  settle  his  estate, 

And  takes  no  gifts,  though  every  gaping  heir 
Would  gladly  grease  the  rich  old  bachelor.  Dryden. 

GREA^’I-LY,  ad.  1.  AVith  grease. 

2.  Grossly;  indelicately,  [r.] 

You  talk  greasily ; your  lips  grow  foul.  Shak. 

GREASj'l-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  greasy ; 
oiliness ; unctuosity.  Boyle. 

GREA^'Y,  a.  1.  Oily;  fat ; unctuous.  “Fragments, 
scraps,  the  bits  and  greasy  reliques.”  Shah. 

2.  Smeared  with  fat  or  grease. 

Five  greasy  nightcaps  wrapped  her  head.  Goldsmith. 

3.  Resembling,  or  having  some  quality  of, 

grease.  “ A greasy  feel.”  Dana. 

4.  Fat  of  body.  “ This  greasy  knight.”  Shah. 

5.  Gross  ; indelicate  ; indecent,  [r.] 

Chaste  cells,  where  greasy  Aretine, 

For  his  rank  fico,  is  surnamed  divine.  Marston. 

GREAT  (grat)  [grat,  S.  W.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm. ; 
gret,  25.],  a.  [A.  S.  great ; Dut.  groot ; Ger. 
gross.  — It.  grosso  ; Sp.  grueso  ; Fr.  gros.  — See 
Gross.] 

1.  Large  in  bulk,  quantity,  dimension,  ornum-  | 


her;  big  ; vast.  “ The  great  sea.”  “The  great 
globe.”  “ A great  multitude.” 

2.  Pregnant ; teeming.  Jcr.  xx.  17. 

3.  Large,  in  a figurative  sense  ; high  in  de- 
gree. “ Great  fear  or  courage,  strength  or 
weakness,  virtue  or  vice,  pleasure  or  pain.” 

4.  Important;  weighty.  “ The  height  of  this 
great  argument.”  Milton.  “ A great  truth.” 
Tillotson.  “ That  great  chain  of  causes.”  Burhe. 

5.  Distinguished  for  any  quality  or  qualities  ; 
eminent;  illustrious;  excellent;  dignified;  as, 
“ A great  poet  or  orator.” 

r,  ....  Scipio, 

Great  in  his  triumphs,  in  retirement  great.  Pope. 

6.  Chief;  principal.  “ The  great  seal.”  Shah. 

7.  Noble  ; grand  ; sublime  ; majestic  ; august. 

8.  Generous;  magnanimous;  high-minded. 

“ Fare  thee  well,  great  heart.”  Shah. 

9.  Proud  ; swelling  ; haughty. 

Solyman  perceived  that ...  the  defendants  [were  notl  to 
be  discouraged  with  great  looks.  Knoltes. 

10.  Magnificent ; sumptuous  ; opulent. 

He  disdained  not  to  appear  at  great  tables.  Atterbury. 

11.  Difficult;  hard;  grievous. 

It  is  no  great  matter  to  live  lovingly  with  good-natured 
and  meek  persons.  Bp.  Taylor. 

12.  Very  intimate ; very  familiar.  [Low.] 

Those  that  w'oukl  not  censure,  or  speak  ill  of  a man  im- 
mediately, will  tell  more  boldly  of  those  that  are  great  with 
them,  and  thereby  wound  their  honor.  Bacon. 

. 13.  Denoting  the  next  degree  of  consanguin- 
ity, in  the  ascending  or  the  descending  line,  as, 
^reatf-grandfather,  the  father  of  a grandfather; 
yra^-great-grandfather,  the  father  of  a great- 
grandfather ; — and  their  correlatives,  great - 
grandson,  </mz£-great-grandson,  &c. 

#3- “The  word  great,  is  sometimes  pronounced  as 
if  written  greet , generally  by  people  of  education,  and 
almost  universally  in  Ireland  ; but  this  is  contrary  to 
the  fixed  and  settled  practice  in  England.”  Walker. 
— The  pronunciation  of  greet  is  countenanced  by 
Pope  in  the  following  lines  : — 

Here  swells  the  shelf  with  Ogilby  the  great. 

There,  stamped  with  arms,  Newcastle  shines  complete. 

“When  I published  the  plan  of  my  Dictionary,” 
says  I)r.  Johnson,  “ Lord  Chesterfield  told  me  that 
the  word  great  should  be  so  pronounced  as  to  rhyme 
to  state ; and  Sir  William  Yonge  sent  me  word  that 
it  should  be  pronounced  so  as  to  rhyme  to  seat,  and 
that  none  but  an  Irishman  would  pronounce  it  grait. 
Now,  here  are  two  men  of  the  highest  rank,  the  one 
the  best  speaker  in  the  House  of  Lords,  the  other  the 
best  speaker  in  the  House  of  Commons,  differing  en- 
tirely.”— “ The  pronunciation  is  now  settled,  beyond 
question,  in  the  mode  stated  by  Lord  Chesterfield.” 
J.  JV.  Crokcr. 

Syn. — Great  is  applied  to  all  kinds  of  dimensions 
in  w hich  things  can  grow  or  iucrease.  A house,  room, 
army,  &.C.,  may  be  styled  great  or  large ; an  animal 
or  mountain,  great,  large , or  big.  Great  is  much  used 
in  the  improper  sense;  as  a noise,  distance,  power, 
&c.,  may  be  called  great , but  not  large  or  big.  Great , 
in  its  moral  application,  is  not  so  strong  a term  as 
grand  and  sublime.  A great  idea  ; a grand  concep- 
tion ; a sublime  thought.  — See  Sublime. 

GREAT  (grat),  n.  1.  The  whole;  the  gross;  the 
lump  ; the  mass.  “ Carpenters  build  a house 
by  the  great.”  Moxon . 

2.  People  of  high  rank  or  distinction. 

None  think  the  great  unhappy  but  the  great.  Young. 

GREAT'— BEL-LIED  (-bel-id),  a.  Having  a great 
belly : — pregnant ; teeming.  Shah. 

GREAT'— BORN,  a.  Nobly  descended.  Drayton. 

GREAT'— COAT,  n.  A large  and  long  garment 
covering  the  other  dress.  Smollett. 

GREAT'EN  (gra'tn),  v.  a.  To  make  great,  [it.] 
The  grace  of  Christ . . . greatens  and  guides  the  spirit.  Henry. 

This  greatens,  fills,  immortalizes  all.  Young. 

t GREAT'EN,  v.  n.  To  become  large.  South. 

GREAT'— GRAND'CHILD,  n.  The  child  of  a grand- 
child. Wood. 


GREAT'— GRAND 'DA  UGH-TIJR,  71.  The  daughter 
of  a grandchild.  Aduiso/i. 

GREAT'-GRAND'FA-TH5R,  n.  The  father  of  a 
grandparent.  Blachstone . 

GREAT'-GRAND'MOTII-5R,  n.  The  mother  of  a 
grandparent.  Addiso7i. 

GREAT'-GRAND'SjRE,  n.  Great-grandfather. 

Blachstone. 

GREAT'— GRAND'SON,  n.  The  son  of  a grand- 
child. Blachsto7ie. 


A,  E,  i,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


GREAT-GROWN 


639 


GREEN-STALL 


GREAT'— GROWN,  a.  Grown  to  a great  size.  “The 
great-grown  traitor.”  Shak. 

GREAT'— HE  AD-1JD,  a.  Having  a large  head.  Hill. 

GREAT'— HEART- f.D,  a.  High-spirited;  high- 
minded;  undejected;  noble.  Clarendon. 

GREAT'LY,  ad.  1.  Ill  a great  degree. 

Thy  sorffiw  I will  greatly  multiply.  Milton. 

2.  Nobly ; illustriously. 

By  a high  fate  thou  greatly  didst  expire.  Dryden. 

3.  Magnanimously  ; generously  ; bravely. 

Where  are  the  bold,  intrepid  sons  of  war, 

That  greatly  turn  their  backs  upon  the  foe?  Addison. 

GREAT'NIJSS  (grat'nes),  n.  1.  The  quality  of  being 
great;  largeness  of  bulk,  quantity,  dimension, 
or  number ; magnitude. 

2.  Largeness,  in  a figurative  sense  ; high  de- 
gree. “ The  greatness  of  the  reward.”  Rogers. 

3.  A combination  of  great  qualities ; gran- 
deur ; sublimity. 

Before  the  greatness  displayed  in  Milton's  poem,  all  other 
greatness  shrinks  away.  Johnson. 

4.  High  station,  power,  wealth,  or  authority ; 
distinction;  elevation;  dignity;  eminence. 

Some  are  born  great,  some  achieve  greatness , 

And  some  have  greutness  thrust  upon  them.  Shale. 

5.  Swellingpride;  affected  state  ; haughtiness. 

It  is  not  of  pride  or  greatness  that  he  cometh  not  aboard 

your  ships.  Bacon. 

6.  Generosity  ; magnanimity  ; nobleness. 

“ Greatness  of  soul.”  Knox. 

Syn.  — See  Size. 

GREAT'-SEAL,  n.  The  principal  seal  of  a sover- 
eign, or  of  the  chief  executive  officer  of  a gov- 
ernment, for  the  sealing  of  charters,  commis- 
sions, &c.  Crabb. 

f GREAVE,  n.  1.  [A.  S.  graf.]  A grove.  Chaucer. 

2.  [Icel.  groof.)  A groove.  Spenser. 

GREAVE,  n.  ; pi.  greave?  (grevz).  [Sp.  grevas  ; 
Fr.  greves.)  1.  Armor  to  defend  the  legs ; — 
commonly  used  in  the  plural. 

The  plated  greave  and  corselet  hung  unbraced.  Di/er. 

Greaves  are  worn  by  the  modern  Greeks,  but  made  of  soft 
materials.  Fairholt. 

2.  pi.  Sediment  of  melted  tallow  ; — written 
also  graves.  Brande. 

GREAVE,  v.  a.  ( Naut .)  To  clean,  as  a ship’s 
bottom,  by  burning.  Simmonds. 

GREBE,  n.  ( Ornith.)  A lobe-footed 
aquatic  bird  of  the  genus  Podiceps 
and  family  Colymbidce.  — See  Po- 
dicipin.v.  Yarrell. 

GRE'CIAN  (gre'shan),  a.  (Geog.) 

Relating  to  Greece.  “ Grecian 
kings.”  Milton. 

GRE'CIAN  (grS'shan),  n.  1.  ( Geog .) 

A native  of  Greece ; a Greek. 

2.  A Jew  who  understood  or  „ . . - , 

, r,  , Head  and  foot 

spoke  (xreek.  of  the  male  eared- 

Then  arose  a murmuring  of  the  Gre-  Sre^e. 
cians  against  the  Hebrews.  Acts  vi.  1. 

3.  One  skilled  in  the  Greek  language.  “ He 

is  a good  Grecian."  Todd. 


GRE'CIAN— FIRE,  n. 

GRE'CIAN-IZE  (gre'slian-Iz), 
Grecian ; to  speak  Greek. 


See  Greek-fire.  Todd, 
v.  n.  To  play  the 
Cotgrave. 

GRE'CIfjM,  n.  [L.  Greecismus .]  An  idiom  of  the 
Greek  language  ; a Hellenism  ; Greekism. 

Milton  has  infused  a great  many  Latinisms,  as  well  as  Gre- 
cisms , and  sometimes  Hebraisms,  into  his  poem.  Addison. 

GRE'CIZE,  v.  a . [Fr . gr reiser. ~\  To  translate  into 
Greek ; to  cause  to  take  the  form  of  a Greek  word. 

is  Grecized , with  many  other  German 
Warton. 

Todd. 


The  name 
words. 


GRED'A-LIN,  n.  See  Giudelin. 


f GREE,  n.  1.  [Fr.  gre.  — See  Agree.]  Good- 
will ; favor ; favorable  disposition.  Spenser. 

2.  [L.  gradus .]  A degree  ; rank ; a step  ; a 
stair.  — See  Greeze.  Wickliffe. 

fGREE,  v.  n.  [Old  Fr.  gre. — See  Agree.]  To 
agree ; to  give  consent.  Mir.  for  Mag. 

+ GREECE,  n.  See  Greeze.  Bacon. 

GREED,  n.  Greediness  ; avarice.  Ed.  Rev. 

His  insatiable  greed  of  money  and  power.  Bruce. 

GREED'I-LY,  ad.  In  a greedy  manner;  eagerly. 


GREED'I-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  greedy  ; 
eagerness  of  appetite  or  desire  ; ravenousness ; 
voracity ; gulosity  ; avidity. 

I with  the  same  greediness  did  seek 

As  water  when  1 thirst  to  swallow  Greek.  Denham. 

Syn.  — See  Avidity. 

GREED' Y,  a.  [Goth,  gredus  ; A.  S.  greedig  ; Dut. 
greetig-,  Dan.  graadig  ; Sw.  gradig. ] 

1.  Ravenous  ; voracious  ; rapacious  ; hungry. 

He  made  the  greedy  javens  to  be  Elijah's  caterers,  and 

bring  him  food.  King  Charles. 

2.  Vehemently  desirous;  eager. 

Not  half  sufficed,  and  greedy  yet  to  kill.  Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Rapacious. 

GREED'Y-GUT,  n.  A voracious  eater ; glutton; 
devourer ; gormandizer.  [Vulgar.]  Cotgrave. 

GREEK,  n.  1.  ( Geog .)  A native  of  Greece ; a 
Grecian. 

She ’s  a merry  Greek  indeed.  Shak. 

2.  The  language  of  Greece  or  of  the  Greeks. 

GREEK,  a.  (Geog.)  Relating  or  belonging  to 
Greece  ; Grecian. 

In  the  Greek  tongue  [lie]  hath  his  name  Apollyon.  Rev.  ix.  11. 

GREEK'IJSS,  n.  A Greek  woman.  Taylor. 

GREEK'— FlRE,  n.  An  artificial  or  factitious  fire, 
which  burns  under  water;  — formerly  used  by 
the  Constantinopolitan  Greeks  in  war.  Its  com- 
position is  unknown,  but  the  ingredients  are 
supposed  to  have  been  asphaltum,  nitre,  and 
sulphur.  Jamieson. 

GREEK'ISH,  a.  Grecian  ; resembling  a Greek. 

“ A noble  Greekish  youth.”  Milton. 

GRF.EK'I§M,  n.  Same  as  Grecism.  Southey. 

GREEK'LING,  n.  A little  Greek,  or  one  of  little 
value  or  esteem. 

Which  of  the  Greeklings  durst  ever  give  precepts  to  De- 
mosthenes? B.  Jons  on. 

GREEK'-RO§E,  n.  The  rose-campion.  Tate. 

GREEN,  a.  [A.  S.  grew,  Dut.  groen\  Ger.  grlin ; 
Dan.  gran ; Icel.  greenn ; Sw.  gr:mi\ 

1.  Of  the  color  of  growing  plants,  a color 

composed  of  blue  and  yellow;  verdant.  “Groves 
for  ever  green."  Pope. 

2.  Flourishing  ; blooming  ; undecayed.  “ A 

green  old  age.”  Dryden. 

% 3.  New;  recent;  fresh.  “ A green  wound.” 

Johnson.  “ Griefs  are  green."  Shak. 

4.  Full  of  sap  ; not  dry ; unseasoned. 

Dry  wood  is  more  fragile  than  green.  Bacon. 

5.  Not  roasted  ; half  raw. 

We  say  the  meat  is  green  when  it  is  half  roasted.  Watts. 

6.  Unripe  ; immature  ; as,  “ Green  fruit.” 

7.  Inexperienced;  ignorant; unskilful  ; unac- 
customed ; unused.  “ Green  in  judgment.”  Shak. 

8.  Having  a sickly  hue  ; pale. 

And  wakes  it  now  to  look  so  green  and  pale.  Shak. 

A green  goose , one  under  four  months  old. 

GREEN,  n.  1.  A secondary  color  compounded  of 
the  primaries  blue  and  yellow. 

flpg”  If  the  blue  predominates,  the  compound  is  a 
blue-oreen  ; if  the  yellow  predominates,  it  is  a yellow- 
green,  or  a warm  green.  Fairholt. 

2.  [Gael,  grin,  a green  plot.]  Ground  cov- 
ered with  grass  ; a grassy  plain. 

O’er  the  smooth,  enamelled  green.  Milton. 

3.  pi.  Fresh  leaves  or  branches ; wreaths. 

The  fragrant  greens  I seek,  my  brows  to  bind.  Dryden. 

4.  pi.  The  leaves  and  stalks  of  young  plants, 

used,  when  cooked,  for  food.  Addison. 

GREEN,  V.  a.  To  make  green. 

Great  spring  before 

Greened  all  the  year.  Thomson. 

GREEN'BROOM,  7t.  ( Bot .)  A shrub  with  numerous 
flexible  rush-like  green  twigs  like  the  brooms  ; 
green-weed ; Genista  tinctoria.  Miller. 

GREEN'CHAF-IJR,  n.  A kind  of  beetle.  Ash. 

GREEN'— CLOTH,  n.  (Eng.  Law.)  A court  of  jus- 
tice belonging  to  the  king’s  or  queen’s  house- 
hold, having  jurisdiction  of  all  offences  com- 
mitted within  the  verge  of  the  court,  and  sitting 
daily  in  the  palace  under  the  lord  high  steward, 
attended  by  various  officers  of  the  household,  to 
take  account  of  expenses,  make  provision  for 
payments,  &c.  ; — so  called  because  the  table  of 
the  court  is  covered  with  a green  cloth.  Brande. 


GREEN'— COL-ORED  (-kul-lurd),  a.  Having  a 
green  color.  ^ Tourneur. 

GREEN'— CROP,  n.  A crop  of  green  vegetables, 
such  as  artificial  grasses,  turnips,  &c.  Wriglit. 

GREEN'— EARTH,  n.  (Min.)  A mineral  of  an 
earthy  or  minutely  crystalline  appearance,  quite 
soft, and  with  an  unctuous  feel ; seladonite.Daraa. 

GREEN'1£R-Y,  n.  Verdure  ; green  grass  or  plants. 
[R-]  Coleridge. 

GREEN'— EYED  (-Id),  a.  Having  green  eyes. 
“ Green-eyed  jealousy.”  Shak. 

GREF.N'FlNUH,  n.  (Ornith.)  A conirostral,  yel- 
lowish-green bird,  of  the  order  Passeres  and 
family  Fringillidce  ; Coccothraustcs  chloris  ; — 
called  also  green  grossbeak.  Yarrell. 

GREEN'FISII,  n.  A kind  of  fish.  Ainsworth. 

GREEN'GAIyE,  n.  A species  of  delicious  plum,  of 
a green  color  when  ripe  ; a variety  of  the  Pru- 
nus  domestica.  Loudon. 

GREEN'— GRO-CIJR,  n.  A retailer  of  greens  and 
other  vegetables.  Todd. 

GREEN'— IlAlRED  (-hird),rt.  Having  green  hair. 

To  him  who,  decked  with  pearly  pride, 

In  Adria  weds  his  green  haired  bride.  Collins. 

GREEN'— HAND,  n.  One  who  is  unaccustomed  to 
any  employment.  Holloway. 

GREEN'HEAD-ED,  a.  Having  a green  head.  Hill. 

GREEN'— HEART,  n.  The  name  of  a kind  of  wood 
from  the  West  Indies.  Weale. 

f GREEN'HOOD  (-liud),  n.  Immaturity.  Chaucer. 

GREEN'HoRN,  n.  A raw  or  inexperienced  youth, 
easily  imposed  upon.  [Low.]  Todd. 

GREEN'HiiUSE,  71.  (Hort.)  A house  in  which 
exotics  and  tender  plants  are  sheltered  from 
cold  and  inclement  weather.  Brande. 

GREEN'ING,  n.  A large  apple  of  a green  color.  Ash. 

GREEN'ISH,  a.  Somewhat  green ; tending  to 
green.  “ A greenish  yellow.”  Newton. 

GREEN'ISII-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  green- 
ish ; tendency  to  green.  Scott. 

GREEN'LAND-ITE,  n.  (Min.)  A species  of  pre- 
cious garnet.  Dana. 

f GREEN'LY,  a.  Having  a green  color.  “The 
greenly  ground.”  Gascoigne. 

GREEN'LY,  ad.  With  greenness;  newly;  freshly. 

GREEN'N^SS,  n.  1.  The  quality  of  being  green; 
verdancy ; viridity. 

In  a meadow,  though  the  mere  grass  and  greenness  de- 
lights, yet  the  variety  of  flowers  doth  heighten  and  beautify. 

• B.  Jonson. 

2.  Freshness  ; vigor.  “ A man  in  the  green- 
ness and  vivacity  of  his  youth.”  South. 

3.  Immaturity  ; unripeness.  “ From  green- 

iiess  to  ripeness.”  Bale. 

It  cannot  be  wondered  at,  considering  the  gi-cenness  of  his 
years.  Murphy. 

GREEN'OCK-ITE,  n.  (Min.)  A sulphuret  of  cad- 
mium ; — so  named  in  honor  of  Lord  Greenock, 
its  discoverer.  Dana. 

GREEN'O-VITE,  n.  (Min.)  Sphene.  Dana. 

GREEN'ROOM,  n.  A room  near  the  stage,  to 
which  actors  retire  during  the  intervals  of  their 
parts  in  the  play  ; — so  called  from  being  usually 
painted  or  decoratad  with  green.  Brande. 

GREEN'-SAND,  n.  ( Geol .)  A member  of  the 

cretaceous  or  chalk  system  of  strata,  so  termed 
from  its  abounding  in  small  grains  of  chlo- 
rite. Mantell. 

GREEN 'SHANK,  n.  (Ornith.)  A name  given  to  a 
species  of  snipe  or  godwit ; Totanus  glottis. 

Yarrell. 

GREEN'— SICK-N^SS,  n.  The  popular  name  of 
chlorosis,  a disease  of  young  females,  charac- 
terized by  general  languor,  a pale  or  greenish 
color  of  the  skin,  and  generally  connected  with 
obstruction  of  the  menses.  Palmer. 

+ GREEN'— SICK-NJJSSED  (-nest),  a.  Affected  by 
green-sickness  ; sickly.  Bp.  Bundle. 

GREEN'-STALL,  n.  A stall  for  selling  greens  and 
vegetables.  Todd. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON ; 


BULL,  BUR,  RfJLE.  — 9,  £>  sofi > £>  <G>  £>  §>  hard;  § as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


GREEN-STONE 


640 


GRIEVOUSLY 


GREEN 'STONE,  n.  (Min.)  A rock  in  which  fel- 
spar is  combined  with  hornblende,  or  less  com- 
monly augite,  the  mixture  being  evident  and 
the  ingredients  distinct.  Eng.  Eye. 

GREEN 'SWARD,  n.  Turf  green  with  grass.  “ A 
thin  greensward.”  Swift. 

GREEN 'SWORD,  n.  See  Greensward.  Dryden. 

GREEN'— VIT-R1-QL,  n.  Crystallized  sulphate  of 
iron ; copperas.  Braude. 

GREEN'-WAX,  n.  (Eng.  Law.)  The  estreats  of 
fines,  issues,  and  amercements  in  the  English 
exchequer,  delivered  to  the  sheriff  under  the 
seal  of  that  court,  made  in  green  wax.  Burrill. 

GREEN 'WEED,  n.  (Bot.)  Dyers’  weed;  green- 
broom  ; Genista  tinctoria.  Loudon. 

GREEN’-WOOD  (-wud),  n.  1.  A wood  consid- 
ered as  it  appears  in  the  spring  or  summer. 

Through  all  the  green-wood  wide.  Chaucer. 

2.  Wood  newly  cut. 

f GREES,  n.  See  Greeze.  Keepe. 

GREET,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  gretan  ; Dut.  groetan  ; Ger. 
grOssen. — Ihre  thinks  from  grith,  the  Old  Frs. 
4'  Icel.  grid,  peace,  a wishing  peace,  being  the 
oldest  manner  of  saluting.]  [t.  greeted  ; pp. 
GREETING,  GREETED.] 

1.  To  salute  ; to  address,  as  at  meeting ; to 
welcome ; to  hail. 

Go  to  Nabo!,  and  greet  him  in  my  name.  1 Sam.  xxv.  5. 

Greet  ye  one  another  with  a holy  kiss.  1 Cor.  xxvi.  20. 

2.  To  congratulate;  to  wish  joy  to. 

Once  had  the  early  matrons  run 

To  greet  her  of  a lovely  son.  Milton. 

3.  To  compliment. 

This  diamond  he  greets  your  wife  withal, 

By  the  name  of  most  kind  hostess.  Shak. 

4.  To  meet.  “ We  will  greet  the  time.”  Shak. 

GREET,  v.  n.  To  meet  and  salute. 

Our  eyes,  unhappy!  never  greeted  more.  rope. 

f GREET,  v.  n.  To  weep  ; to  lament ; to  wail.  — 
See  Greit.  Todd. 

GREET'yR,  n.  One  who  greets. 

GREETING,  n.  Salutation  or  congratulation  at 
meeting,  or  sent  by  one  absent ; expression  of 
good  will  or  happiness  ; compliment. 

Caesar  sends  greeting  to  the  Queen  of  Egypt.  Shak. 

Greetings  where  no  kindness  is.  Wordsworth. 

Syn.  — See  Salute. 

f GREEZE,  n.  A flight  of  steps;  a step;  — also 
written  gree,  greece,  grice,  and  grise.  Johnson. 

f GREF'FI-pR,  n.  [Fr.,  from  Gr.  ypat/nn,  to  write.] 
A recorder ; a registrar.  Bp.  Hall. 

f GRE'gAl,  a.  [L.  grex,  gregis,  a flock.]  • Re- 
lating or  belonging  to  a nock.  Bailey. 

fGRf-GA'RI-AN,  a.  Of  the  common  sort;  ordina- 
ry ; gregarious.  “ Gregarian  soldiers.”  Howell. 

GRp-GA'RI-OUS,  a.  [L.  gregarius  ; grex,  gregis, 
a flock;  It.  4 Sp. gregario  ; Fr . gregaire.)  Going 
in  flocks,  herds,  or  companies. 

No  birds  of  prey  are  gregarious.  Ray. 

GRE-GA'RI-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  a flock,  herd,  or’ 
company.  ’ Todd. 

GRE-GA'RI-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  qual- 
ity of  being  gregarious.  'Todd. 

GRf-GO'RI-AN,  a.  Belonging  to  Gregory. 

Gregorian  chant,  (Mas.)  a peculiar  style  of  vocal 
music,  introduced  by  Pope  Gregory  I.  in  the  sixth  cen- 
tury. Moore.  — Gregorian  telescope,  ( Astron .)  the  most 
common  form  of  the  reflecting  telescope,  invented  hy 
Professor  James  Gregory,  of  the  University  of  Edin- 
burgh.— Gregorian  calendar,  (Citron.)  a calendar  in- 
troduced by  Pope  Gregory  XIII.,  in  1582,  showing  the 
new  and  the  full  moon,  with  the  time  of  Easter,  and 
the  movable  feasts  depending  thereon,  by  means  of 
epacts. — Gregorian  epoch,  ( Chron .)  tbe  time  at  which 
the  computation  by  the  Gregorian  calendar  com- 
menced. This  was  in  March,  1582 Gregorian  year, 

(Chron.)  the  Julian  year  as  reformed  hy  Pope  Gregory 
XIII.,  consisting  of  365  days,  with  an  additional  day, 
making  366  days,  every  fourth  year,  excepting  the  last 
year  of  every  century  of  which  the  number  is  not 
divisible  by  4.  The  mean  Gregorian  yeir  exceeds  tbe 
true  solar  year  hy  22.38  seconds,  an  error  not  worth 
taking  into  account,  as  it  only  amounts  to  a day  in 
3866  years.  Brande. 


f GREIT,  v.  n.  [Goth,  greitan.]  To  cry;  to  la- 
ment ; — written  also  greet. 

Tell  me,  good  Hobbinol,  what  gars  thee  greit  ? Spenser. 

f GREITH,  v.  a.  To  prepare;  to  make  ready  ; to 
fit.  — See  Graith.  Chaucer. 

GRE'Mj-AL,  a.  [L.  gremium,  the  lap  or  bosom.] 
Pertaining  to  the  lap  or  the  bosom,  [r.]  Bailey. 

GR1J-NADE',  n.  [It.  granata,  a grenade  ; Sp.yra- 
nada,  a pomegranate,  also  a grenade  ; Fr.  gre- 
nade, a pomegranate,  a grenade. — See  Pome- 
granate.] A hollow  globe  or  ball  of  iron,  about 
two  inches  and  a half  in  diameter,  filled  with 
gunpowder,  and  thrown  by  the  hand  from  the 
parapets  of  besieged  places  upon  the  invaders, 
as  soon  as  the  fuse  is  lighted;  — so  called  from 
the  similarity  of  its  shape  to  that  of  a pome- 
granate. Glos.of  Mil.  Terms. 

GREN-A-DIER'  [gren-9-der\  W.  T.J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K. 
Sm.  if  6. ; gran-j-der',  S.],  n.  [Fr.  grenadier .] 

1.  One  of  a company,  called  the  Grenadier 

Company,  comprising  the  tallest  and  stoutest 
men  in  an  infantry  regiment,  taking  post  on  the 
right  of  the  battalion,  and  leading  it  in  every 
attack.  Campbell. 

The  tallest  and  strongest  men  in  the  regiment  were  for- 
merly employed  in  throwing  grenades,  and  lienee  tliev  were 
called  grenadiers.  Sullivan. 

2.  A fowl  found  in  Angola,  in  Africa.  Wright. 

GRf-NA'DO,  n.  See  Grenade.  Watts. 

GR  p-NAT' J-FORM,  a.  Being  in  the  form  of  gren- 

atite.  Wright. 

GREN'A-TlTE,  n.  (Min.)  The  cross-stone ; 
staurotide ; staurolite.  Dana. 

GRF.S  (gra),  n.  [Fr.]  (Gcol.)  Grit  or  sandstone  ; 
a brown  freestone.  Brande. 

GRfS-SO'RI-AL,  a.  [L.  gressus,  a stepping.] 
(Ornith.)  Having  three  toes  forward,  two  of 
which  are  connected,  and  one  behind.  Brande. 

GREUT  (grot),  n.  (Mining.)  A kind  of  fossil 
body  consisting  of  sandy,  hard,  earthy  particles  ; 
grit.  Weale. 

A sort  of  tin-ore,  with  its  great;  that  is,  a congeries  of 
crystals  or  sparks  of  spar,  of  the  bigness  of  bay-salt,  and  of  a 
brown,  shining  color,  immersed  therein.  Grew. 

GREW  (gru),  i.  from  grow.  See  Grow. 

GREW'SOME  (gru'suin),  a.  [Scottish.]  Horri- 
ble ; frightful.  Jamieson.  Sir  IF.  Scott. 

GREWT  (grut),  n.  See  Greut.  Ogilvie. 


GREY  (gra),  a.  Gray.  — See  Gray. 

flgy-  More  properly  and  commonly  written  gray. 


GREY'HOUND  (gra'lmftnd), 
n.  [A.  S.  griahund .] 
(Zonl.)  A tail  dog,  re- 
markable for  the  keen- 
ness of  its  sight,  the 
symmetry,  strength,  and 
beauty  of  its  form,  and 
its  great  swiftness  in 
the  chase ; — written  also 
grayhound. 


Arabian  greyhound. 


GREY'LAG  (gra'lag),  n.  (Ornith.)  A species  of 
goose ; the  common  wild  goose,  which  is  the 
origin  of  the  domestic  goose  of  our  farm-yards  ; 
Anscr  ferus.  Yarrell. 


GREY'WAC-Ky  (gra'w&k-e),  n.  (Min.)  See  Gray- 
wacke.  Lyell. 

GREY'— WEATH-$R§,  n.  pi.  (Gcol.)  Large  bowl- 
ders of  silicious  sandstone  which  occur  in  vari- 
ous places,  as  the  stones  forming  the  Druidical 
temple  at  Stonehenge.  Craig.  Ogilvie. 


GRI'AS,  n.  (Bot.)  The  anchovy-pear,  a genus  of 
plants,  natives  of  Jamaica.  P.  Cyc. 

t GRICE,  n.  1.  [Dan.  grids,  a pig.  — Fr. gris,  gray. 
Richardson .]  A little  pig.  Piers  Plouh  man. 

2.  A step.  — See  Greeze.  Shak. 


GRID'DI.E,  n.  [W.  greidell ; Gael . groideal,  groi- 
dle,  griddle,  gridiron.  — See  Gridiron.] 

1.  An  iron  pan  or  vessel  for  baking  cakes. 

2.  A miner’s  wire-bottom  sieve.  Simmonds. 


f GRIDE,  v.  n.  [It.  gridare.  Johnson.  — Rich- 
ardson considers  it  the  same  word  as  Gird.  — 
SeeGiRD.]  To  smite  ; to  prick  or  cut.  “Through 
his  thigh  the  mortal  steel  did  gride.”  Spenser. 

GRID'5-LIN,  a.  [Fr.  gris  de  lin,  the  gray  of  flax.] 
Having  a purplish  or  lilac  color.  Dryden. 


GRID'IR-ON  (grld'l-urn),  n.  [Su.  Goth,  grtrdda, 
to  bake.  Jamieson.  — Gael,  groideal,  gridiron.  — 
“ Grid  is  not  improbably  a corruption  of  the  Fr. 
grille.”  Richardson .] 

1.  A portable  grate  on  which  meat  is  laid  to 

be  broiled  upon  the  fire.  Johnson. 

2.  (Want.)  A kind  of  frame  for  drawing  a 
ship  upon,  to  be  docked  and  repaired.  Simmonds. 

Gridiron  pendulum,  a pendulumlonned  of  five  bars 
of  metal,  — three  of  steel,  and  two  of  an  alloy  of  zinc 
and  silver,  — so  arranged  that  the  expansion  of  one 
series  of  bars  is  counteracted  by  tbe  expansion  of  the 
other  series,  and  thus  compensating  for  changes  of 
temperature.  Francis. 

GRIEF  (gref),  n.  [L.  gravis,  heavy;  Fr.  grief-, 
Dut.  grief,  grievance.  — See  Grieve.] 

1.  Trouble  for  something  past ; pain  of  mind  ; 
sorrow  ; affliction  ; regret ; sadness. 

Grief  is  sometimes  considered  as  synonymous  with  sorrow; 
and,  in  this  case,  we  speak  of  the'  transports  of  grief.  At 
other  times  it  expresses  more  silent,  deep,  and  painful’ affec- 
tions, such  as  are  inspired  by  domestic  calamities,  or  by  the 
distress,  either  of  body  or  mind,  experienced  by  those  whom 
we  love  and  value.  Cogan. 

2.  A cause  of  sorrow;  atrial. 

A foolish  son  is  a grief  to  his  father.  Pi- or.  xvii.25. 

3.  f Grievance;  complaint;  harm;  injury. 

What  private  griefs  they  have.alas!  I know  not.  Shak. 

4.  f Pain ; disease.  “ Or  take  away  the  grief 

of  a wound.”  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Affliction,  Sorrow. 

GRIEF’FUL,  a.  Full  of  sorrow  or  grief.  Collins. 

GRIEF'LIJSS,  a.  Sorrowless  ; without  grief. 

f GRIEF'— SHOT,  a.  Pierced  with  grief.  Shak. 

f GRIEV'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  cause  grief ; lam- 
entable. “ A vice  full  grievable.”  Gower. 

GRIEV'ANCE  (gre'vjns),  n.  [Dut.  grief.) 

1.  Any  effect  of  human  conduct  which  causes 
grief ; a wrong  suffered  ; hardship  ; injury. 

The  wife  withheld,  the  treasure  ill-detained, — 

Cause  of  the  war,  and  grievance  of  the  laud, — 

With  honorable  justice  to  restore.  Pope. 

2.  f A sense  of  injury  ; grief. 

Madam,  I pity  much  your  grievances.  Shak. 

GRIEVE  (grev),  v.  a.  [L.  gravo,  to  make  heavy ; 
gravis,  heavy  ; It.  gravure  ; Sp.  agraviar,  agra- 
var  ; Fr.  grever ; Gut.  grieven .]  [*.  grieved  ; 

pp.  GRIEVING,  GRIEVED.] 

1.  To  hurt ; to  pain  ; to  afflict ; to  wound. 

He  doth  not  afflict  willingly,  nor  grieve  the  children  of 
men.  Lam.  iii.  33. 

2.  To  hurt  the  feelings  of ; to  give  pain  of 
mind  to ; to  make  sorrowful.  “ Which  so 
grieved  him  that  he  ran  mad  and  died.”  Shak. 

3.  To  lament ; to  deplore.  “ The  beholders 

. . . grieved  his  destiny.”  [it.]  Reresby. 

Syn.  — See  Afflict,  Sorrow. 

GRIEVE,  v.  n.  To  feel  pain  or  regret ; to  mourn  ; 
to  sorrow;  to  lament;  — followed  by  at  or  by 
for.  “ Do  you  not  grieve  at  this  ? ” Shak. 

Nor  joy  nor  grieve  too  much/or  things  beyond  our  care. 

Dryden. 

Syn.  — To  grieve  is  an  inward  act,  and  lies  in  the 
mind  ; to  mourn  is  an  outward  act,  and  displays  itself 
by  some  external  mark  ; to  lament  is  a transitory  act 
or  feeling.  Grieve  inwardly  ; mourn  outwardly  ; la- 
ment aloud.  Silent  grief  or  mourning  j loud  lamenta- 
tion. 

GRIEV'yR,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  grieves. 

GRTEV'ING-LY,  ad.  In  sorrow;  sorrowfully.  Shak. 

GRIEV'OUS  (gre'vus),  a.  [L.  gravis,  heavy. — 
From  grieve.  — See  Grieve.] 

1.  Causing  grief,  uneasiness,  or  distress  ; 

hard  to  be  borne  ; afflictive;  painful.  “ A great 
but  grievous  truth.”  Watts. 

To  the  flesh,  ns  the  apostle  himself  granteth,  all  atfliction 
is  naturally  grievous.  Hooker. 

2.  Atrocious;  heavy;  heinous. 

It  was  a grievous  fault, 

And  grievously  hath  Caisar  answered  it.  Shak. 

3.  Expressing  great  uneasiness.  “ Grievous 

complaints.”  Clarendon. 

4.  Vexatious  ; provoking;  irritating.  “ Griev- 
ous words  stir  up  anger.”  Prov.  xv.  1. 

5.  Destructive;  baneful;  calamitous;  trouble- 
some. “ A grievous  whirlwind.”  Jer.  xxiii.  19. 

Syn.  — See  Troublesome. 

GRIEV'OUS-LY,  ad.  In  a grievous  manner. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short ; 


A,  ?,  l,  Q,  U,  Y,  obscure ; FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


GRIEVOUSNESS 


641 


GRIS 


GRIEV'OIJS-NESS,  n.  1.  The  quality  of  being 
grievous  ; oppressiveness  ; oppression. 

2.  Sorrow;  pain;  calamity;  affliction;  dis- 
tress. “ The  grievousness  of  war.”  Isa.  xxi.  15. 

3.  Atrociousness  ; enormity  ; wickedness. 

“ Grievousness  of  sinners.”  Burton. 

GRlF'FjN,  > }U  [Gr.  yM  ! L- 

GRIF'FON,  ) gryphus;  It.grif- 
fo,  griffone  ; Sp.  grifo  ; Fr. 
griffon.  — Dut.  griffoen  ; Ger. 
grcif.\  A fabuious  animal  of 
antiquity,  usually  represent- 
ed with  the  body  and  feet  of 
a lion,  and  the  head  and  wings  of  an  eagle  or 
a vulture,  signifying  the  union  of  strength  with 
agility. 

The  figures  of  griffins  were  frequently  used  as  ornaments 
in  works  of  art.  Fairholt. 

GRIF'FIN— LIKE,  a.  Resembling  a griffin.  Milton. 

GRTG,  n.  1.  A small  eel ; the  sand-eel.  Walton. 

2.  Health.  [Local,  Eng.]  Grose. 

As  merry  as  a grig,  a proverbial  expression,  cor- 
rupted from  “ as  merry  as  a Greek,”  the  Greeks  being 
proverbially  spoken  of  by  the  Romans  as  fond  of  good 
living  and  free  potations.  Nares.  Richardson. 

GRILL,  v.  a.  [Fr.  qriller ; grille,  a grate;  gril,  a 
gridiron  ; L.  craticula,  a small  gridiron.] 

1.  To  broil  on  a gridiron.  Cotgrave. 

2.  To  cause  to  shake  ; to  terrify.  Clarke. 

+ GRILL,  a.  [It  may  be  formed homgrisly.  Rich- 
ardson.— See  Grisly.]  Causing  to  shake 
through  cold.  Chaucer. 

GRILL,  n.  A very  small  fish.  Crabb. 

GRjL-LADE'  [grjl-Iad',  S.  W.  P.  S TO.;  grll'lad, 
Ja.],  n.  [Fr.  — See  Grill,  v.  a.]  Anything 
broiled  on  a gridiron.  Johnson. 

GRIL'LA^E,  n.  [Fr.]  A railing:  — a range  of 
sleepers  or  cross-beams  supporting  a platform 
or  structure  on  marshy  grounds.  Francis. 

GRILLE,  n.  [Fr.]  An  iron  grate  or  railing;  a 
grating.  Clarke. 

fGRIL'LY,  v.  a.  To  harass  ; to  worry  ; to  hurt. 

We  ’re  grillied  all  at  Temple-Bar.  Hudibra 

GRILSE,  n.  A salmon  not  fully  growm  ; the  name 
for  a salmon  till  it  has  spawned  once.  Yarrell. 

GRIM,  a.  [A.  S.  grim.-,  Dut.  grimmig ; Ger. 
grimm;  Dan.  grim,  ugly;  grum,  cruel;  Icel. 
grimmr;  Sw.  grym-,  W . grimmi.  — It.  grirno, 
morose  ; Sp.  grima,  fright.] 

1.  Having  an  appearance  of  terror  ; horrible  ; 
hideous;  ferocious;  frightful;  surly;  grum. 

Grim  Saturn  yet  remains 

Bound,  in  those  gloomy  caves  with  adamantine  chains. 

Drayton. 

What  if  the  breath  that  kindled  those  grim  fires. 

Awaked,  should  blow  them  into  seven-fold  rage?  Milton. 

2.  Ugly  ; ill-looking  ; stern  ; ghastly. 

Venus  was  like  her  mother;  for  her  father  is  but  grim.  Shak. 

GRI-MACE',  n.  [Fr.,  from  the  root  of  grim.] 

1.  A distortion  of  the  countenance  from  habit, 
affectation,  or  insolence. 

The  French  nation  is  addicted  to  grimace.  Spectator. 

The  dull  grimace  of  scolding  age.  Cooper. 

2.  An  air  of  affectation. 

Vice  in  a vizard,  to  avoid  grimace , 

Allows  all  freedom  but  to  see  the  face.  Granville. 

GRI-MACE',  v.n.  To  distort  the  countenance; 
to  assume  affected  airs.  Martineau. 

GRj-MACED',  a.  Distorted;  having  a crabbed 
look.  Wright. 

GRI-MAL'KIN,  li.  [Fr.  gris,  gray,  and  Eng.  inal- 
kin,  a dim.  of  Maria.  Skinner.  — Grcy-malkin, 
a name  for  a fiend,  supposed  to  resemble  a gray 
cat.  Nares .]  An  old  cat.  Swift. 

GRIME,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  hrum,  hryme,  soot ; Icel. 
hrirn.]  [f.  grimed  ; pp.  griming,  grimed.]  To 
dirt ; to  sully  deeply  ; to  soil ; to  begrime.  Shah. 

GRIME,  n.  Dirt  deeply  insinuated.  Shak. 

GRIM'— FACED  (-last),  a.  Having  a stern  coun- 
tenance ; grim-visaged.  “ The  grim-faced  god 
of  war.”  Mir.  for  Mag. 

GRIM'-GRIN-NING,  a.  Grinning  horribly.  “G rim- 
grinning  ghost.”  Shak. 

GRIM'— LOOKED  (-lfikt),  a.  Having  a grim  or 
dismal  aspect.  “ O grim-loOked  night ! ” Shak. 


GRIM'LY,  a.  Having  a hideous  look  ; grim. 

In  glided  Margaret’s  grimly  ghost. 

And  stood  at  William’s  feet.  Mallet. 

GRIM'LY,  ad.  1.  Horribly;  hideously. 

2.  Gloomily ; sternly. 

GRIM'MfR,  n.  A large  pond:  — a hinge.  [Lo- 
cal, England.]  Halliwell.  Clarke. 

GRIM'NJJSS,  n.  Horror;  frightfulness.  “The 
grimness  of  her  visage.”  Bp.  King. 

f GRIM'SIR,  n.  A person  proud  in  office.  Burton. 

GRIM'— VllJ-AGFD  (-vlz-atjd),  a.  Grim-faced. 
“ Grim-visaged  war.”  Shak. 

GRl'MY,  a.  1.  Having  grime  ; dirty ; sooty. 
“ Grimy  coal.”  More. 

2.  Grim;  frightful.  “ Stern,  grimy  look.  ’’More. 

GRIN,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  grennian,  grinnian ; Dut.  gry- 
nen ; Ger.  greinen  ; Dan.  grine ; Sw.  grina.  — L. 
ringor,  to  show  the  teeth  ; It.  digi-ignare.]  \i. 
GRINNED  ; pp.  GRINNING,  GRINNED.]  To  set 
the  teeth  together  and  withdraw  the  lips,  as  in 
mirth,  anger,  or  anguish  ; to  show  the  teeth. 
What  valor  were  it,  when  a cur  doth  q rin. 

For  one  to  thrust  his  hand  between  his  teeth. 

When  he  might  spurn  him  with  his  foot  away?  Shak. 

Fools  grin  on  fools,  and  Stoic-like  support, 

Without  one  sigh,  the  pleasures  of  a court.  Young. 

GRIN,  n.  The  act  of  grinning,  or  closing  the 
teeth  and  showing  them. 

The  muscles  were  so  drawn  together  on  each  side  of  his 
face,  that  he  showed  twenty  teeth  at  a grin.  Addison. 

f GRIN,  n.  [A.  S.  grin.]  A snare  ; a trap  ; a gin. 

And  like  a bird  that  hasteth  to  his  grin.  Chaucer. 

GRIND,  v.  a.  [Goth,  grind-,  A.  S.  grindan  ; Frs. 
grimen,  to  grind  : — Dut.  gruizen,  to  bruise  ; Ger. 
grand,  gravel ; Dan.  gryned,  grit  or  gritty ; 
grytte,  to  grind  or  bruise  by  a mill.  — “It  ap- 
pears to  be  allied  to  A.  S.  reiulan,  hrendan  ; Ir. 
rannan,  rannaim ; W.  rlmnnu ; Bret,  ranna  ; to 
divide.”  Bosworth.]  [*.  ground  ; pp.  grind- 
ing, GROUND.] 

1.  To  reduce  to  powder  or  small  fragments  or 
particles  by  friction  ; to  comminute  by  attrition  ; 
to  triturate  ; to  pulverize. 

The  people  ground  the  manna  in  mills.  Num.  xi.  8. 

Fierce  famine  is  vour  lot  for  this  misdeed, 

Reduced  to  grind  the  plates  on  which  you  feed.  Drydcn. 

2.  To  rub  one  against  another  ; to  grate. 

[lie]  ’gan  to  grind 

His  grated  teeth  for  great  disdain.  Spenser. 

3.  To  sharpen  or  smooth  by  rubbing ; to  rub 
to  an  edge  or  point. 

I have  ground  the  axe  myself.  Shak. 

4.  To  oppress  ; to  harass  ; to  persecute. 

No  gainful  office  gives  him  the  pretence 

To  grind  the  subject  or  defraud  the  prince.  Drydcn. 

GRIND,  v.  n.  1.  To  perform  the  act  of  grinding; 
to  turn  a mill. 

Fettered  they  send  thee 
Into  the  common  prison,  there  to  grind 
Among  the  slaves  and  asses.  Milton. 

2.  To  be  rubbed  together  as  in  the  operation 

of  grinding.  Wright. 

3.  To  be  ground,  made  smooth,  or  sharpened. 

Wright. 

GRIND'ER,  n.  1.  One  who  grinds. 

2.  The  instrument  of  grinding.  “ The  grind- 
er’s nether  stone.”  Sandys. 

3.  One  of  the  double  or  molar  teeth  that 
serves  to  grind  the  food ; a jaw-tooth. 

Herb-eating  animals  . . . have  strong  grinders.  Arbutlmot. 

GRIND'ER-Y-wAre'HOUSE,  11.  A shop  where 
the  materials  and  tools  for  shoemakers  and 
other  workers  in  leather  are  kept  for  sale  ; — 
called  in  the  U.  S.  a finding-store.  Simmonds. 

GRIND'ING,^.  a.  1.  Reducing  to  powder  or  minute 
fragments  ; crushing.  “ Grinding  jaws.”  Rowe. 

2.  Sharpening;  bringing  to  a point  or  edge. 

3.  Oppressing;  harassing;  oppressive. 

GRIND'ING-Ly,  ad.  With  oppression  or  cruelty  ; 
harassingly.  Qu.  Rev. 

GRIND'ING— SLIP,  it.  A kind  of  oil-stone;  — a 
hone.  Simmonds. 

fGRIN'DLE— STONE,  1 1.  A grindstone.  “That 

turn  round  like  grind/e-stones.”  B.  Jonson. 

GRIND'Lf.T,  n.  A small  drain  or  ditch.  Crabb. 

GRIND 'STONE,  or  GRIND'STONE  [grlnd'ston,  S. 


IF.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K.  ; grlnd'ston,  commonly , 
grln'stun,  S/jiarf],  it.  [grind  and  stone.]  A cir- 
cular sandstone  for  sharpening  tools. 

To  hold  the  nose  to  the  grindstone,  to  retain  in  servi- 
tude ; to  oppress.  “ He  would  chide  them  and  tell 
them  they  might  be  ashamed,  for  lack  of  courage,  to 
suffer  the  Lacedamtonians  to  hold  their  noses  to  the 
grindstone.”  JVorth’ s Plutarch. 

GRIN'NfR,  ii.  One  who  grins.  Addison. 

GRIN'NING,  p.  a.  Drawing  aside  the  lips  so  as 
to  show  the  teeth  ; making  grins. 

GRIN'NING-LY,  ad.  In  a grinning  manner. 

GRIP,  n.  1.  [A.  S.  ara-p.]  A little  ditch.  Ray. 

2.  [See  Gripe.]  Power  of  griping  ; a grasp  ; 
a gripe;  a clutch.  [Vulgar.]  Wright. 

GRIP,  v.  a.  1.  To  cut  into  ditches  or  furrows  ; to 
drain  ; to  trench.  Holloway . 

2.  To  grasp  by  the  hand  ; to  gripe.  Brockett. 

GRIP,  ) n_  [L.  gryps.  — See  Griffin.]  The 

GRIPE,  ) fabulous  animal  called  the  griffin.  Shak. 

GRIPE,  v.  a.  [Goth,  greipan  ; A.  S.  gripan ; Dut. 
grypen-,  Ger. greifen-,  Dan.  gribe ; Icel.  greipa ; 
Sw.  gripa.  — Fr.  gripper.  — Gr.  yptmlto,  ypnu'^ai, 
to  fish;  yptnos,  a fishing-net.  — Ileb.  t)“l3.]  [». 

GRIPED  ; pp.  GRIPING,  GRIPED.] 

1.  To  lay  hold  of ; to  hold  tight  or  close;  to 
grasp ; to  clutch  ; to  clasp  ; to  squeeze  ; to  pinch. 

lie  that  speaks  doth  gripe  the  hearer’s  wrist.  Shak. 
Their  left  hand  gripes  their  bucklers  in  the  ascent.  Drydcn. 

2.  To  give  pain  to ; to  pain  ; to  afflict. 

“Grief  gripes  my  heart.”  Stafford. 

3.  To  cause  to  be  pained  in  the  bowels. 

Thus,  full  of  counsel,  to  the  den  she  went, 

Griped  all  the  way.  Drydcn. 

GRIPE,  v.  n.  1.  To  feel  the  colic.  Locke. 

2.  To  obtain  money  meanly  ; to  be  covetous 

or  miserly  ; to  pinch.  Fell. 

3.  ( Kaut .)  To  bring  a ship’s  head  up  to  the 
wind ; to  tend  to  come  up  into  the  wind. 

A ship  is  said  to  gripe  when  she  is  inclined  to  run  to  wind- 
ward of  her  course,  particularly  when  she  sails  with  the  wind 
on  the  beam  or  quarter.  Mar.  Diet. 

GRIPE,  ii.  1.  Seizure  with  the  hand  or  paw ; 
grasp;  hold;  clutch;  squeeze. 

A barren  sceptre  in  my  gripe. 

Thence  to  be  wrenched  with  an  unlineal  hand.  Shale. 
Fired  with  this  thought,  at  once  he  strained  the  breast; 

’T  is  true  the  hardened  breast  resists  the  gripe.  Dryden. 

2.  Oppression  ; crushing  power. 

I take  my  cause 

Out  of  the  gripes  of  cruel  men.  Shak. 

3.  Affliction  ; extreme  distress.  “ The  gripes 

of  smarting  poverty.”  Otway. 

4.  A lever  to  press  against  a wheel  to  retard 

or  stop  its  motion  ; a brake.  Francis. 

5.  pi.  (Med.)  The  kind  of  pain  in  the  bowels 
which  accompanies  diarrhoea ; colic.  Flayer. 

6.  (Naut.)  The  fore-foot,  or  piece  of  timber, 

which  terminates  the  keel  at  the  fore-end  : — 
the  compass  or  sharpness  of  a ship’s  stem  under 
water,  chiefly  towards  the  bottom  of  the  stem  : 
— pi.  an  assemblage  of  ropes,  dead-eyes,  and 
hooks,  used  to  secure  the  boats  upon  the  deck 
of  a ship  at  sea.  1 Mar.  Diet. 

GRlPE'PEN-N  Y,  n.  A niggard ; a miser.  Mackenzie. 

GRiP'ER,  n.  One  who  gripes.  Burton. 

GRIP'ING,  ii.  1.  A grasping  or  seizure.  “Sup- 
pose the  long  griping  tires  the  griper.”  Wiseman. 

2.  Pain  in  the  bowels  ; colic.  Swift. 

3.  Affliction  ; distress.  Killingbeck. 

GRIP'ING,  p.  a.  1.  Holding  fast ; grasping. 

2.  Afflictive.  “Griping  sorrow.”  Mir.  for  Mag. 

3.  Distressing  the  bowels ; as,  “Griping  pains.” 

GRIP  ING-LY,  ad.  With  griping  pain  or  distress. 

GRIPPE,  n.  [Fr.]  Influenza;  catarrh.  Walsh. 

f GRIP'PLE,  a.  [Dim.  of  gripe.] 

1.  Grasping;  tenacious. 

On  his  shield  he  gripple  hold  did  lay.  Spenser. 

2.  Greedy  ; oppressive  ; covetous. 

It  is  easy  to  observe  that  none  arc  so  gripple  and  hard-fisted 
as  the  childless.  Bp.  Hall. 

f GRIP'l’LE-NESS,  n.  Covetousness.  Bp.  Hall. 

fGRIS  (gres),  n.  [Old  Fr.  gris  (gray),  a kind  of 
weasel.  Cotgrave.]  A costly  fur,  used  for  ricn 
robes,  formerly  much  esteemed.  Chaucer. 


MIEN,  SIR  ; MdVE,  NOR,  SON  ; BULL,  BUR,  RflLE.  — £,  <?,  $, 


soft;  £,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  y as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


GRIS-AMBER 


642 


GROSS 


GRIS'-AM-B^R  (grls'Sm-ber),  n.  Ambergris. 

“ Gris-amber  steamed.”  Milton. 

GR1SE  (grlz),  n.  1.  A step  ; a stair  ; degree.  Shak. 

2.  A young  swine  ; a pig.  [Local,  Lng.]  Todd. 

See  Grice,  and  Greeze. 

GRI^'p-OUS,  a.  White  mottled  with  black  or 
brown ; grizzly.  Maunder. 

GRI-$ETTE’  (gre-zet'),  n.  [Fr.]  1.  The  wife  or 

the  daughter  of  a French  tradesman ; a shop-girl. 
She  was  the  handsomest  griselte  I ever  saw.  Sterne. 

2.  A common  brown  French  fabric  worn  by 
females  of  the  inferior  class.  Simmonds. 

GRIS'KIN,  n.  [From  gris,  or  grise,  a swine.  Todd.'] 
The  spine  of  a hog.  Todd. 

GRILLED  (griz'zld),  a.  See  Grizzled.  Todd. 

GRI§'LI-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  grisly. 

GRt^'LY  (griz'le),  a.  [A.  S.  grislic ; agrisan , to 
dread’;  Ger.  grdsslich.]  Horrible  ; hideous  ; 
frightful ; horrid  ; dreadful ; grizzly. 

My  grisly  countenance  made  others  fly.  Shade. 

Back  stepped  those  two  fair  anacls.  half  amazed 
So  sudden  to  behold  the  grisly  king.  Milton. 

Grisly,  or  grizzly,  bear,  a large,  fierce  American  hear, 
the  color  of  its  hair  varying  between  gray  and  black- 
ish-brown ; Ursus  feroz.  “ The  bison  contends  in 
vain  with  the  grisly  bear."  Eng.  Cyc. 

GRI'SON,  n.  [L.]  (Zoiil.)  A South  American  ani- 
mal resembling  the  wolverene,  or  glutton  ; Gulo 
vittatus.  Baird. 

GRi'§ON§  [gre’zunz,  Ja.  ; grlz’unz,  Earnshaio ; 
gre'zong,  ism.],  n.  pi.  [Fr.,  from  gris,  gray.] 

1.  ( Geog .)  A canton  of  Switzerland,  in  the 

eastern  Alps ; — so  named  from  the  Gray 
League  of  1424,  the  members  of  which  were 
dressed  in  gray  frocks.  P.  Cyc. 

2.  The  inhabitants  of  the  Swiss  canton  called 
Orisons. 

When,  in  1708,  the  French  armies  invaded  Switzerland, 
and  overturned  its  ancient  confederation,  the  Ginsons  kept 
aloof.  P‘  Cyc. 

GRlST,  n.  [A.  S.  grist ; grindan,  to  grind.] 

1.  Corn  or  grain  to  be  ground. 

A mill . . . that  never  difference  kenned 

’Twixt  days  for  work  and  holy  tides  for  rest, 

But  always  wrought  and  ground  the  neighbors’  grist. 

Browne. 

2.  Supply;  provision. 

Matter,  as  wise  logicians  say. 

Cannot  without  a form  subsist; 

And  form,  say  I,  as  well  as  they, 

Must  fail,  if  matter  brings  no  grist.  Swift. 

To  bring  grist  to  the  mill , to  be  a source  of  profit. 

GRIS'TLE  (grls'sl),  n.  [A.  S.  aristle.  — L.  crus- 
tula,  a little  rind,  or  crust.  Skinner.  — L.  carti- 
lago.  Sullivan.  — A dim.  of  grist,  i.  e.  that 
which  may  be  crushed.  Richardson.]  Carti- 
lage ; a smooth,  white,  opaline,  and  solid  ani- 
mal substance,  highly  elastic  and  compressible, 
but  less  hard,  heavy,  and  compact  than  bone  ; — 
serving  to'  cover  and  protect  the  ends  of  articu- 
lated bones,  and  entering  into  the  structure  of 
several  important  organs,  as  the  larynx  and  the 
trachea.  Palmer . 

GRIST'LY  (grls'sle),  a.  Cartilaginous  ; made  of 
gristle.’  “ Gristly  junctures.”  More. 

GRIST'— MILL,  n.  A mill  for  grinding  grain  ; a 
corn-mill ; a grain-mill ; a flour-mill.  [U.  S.]  Holt. 

GRIT,  ii.  [A.  S.  gryt,  grytta,  grit,  fine  flour;  Dut. 
grid,  gort ; Ger.  griitze  ; Dan.  grad,  gryn ; Icel. 
gribn  ; Sw.  gryt,  grot.  — See  Grate.] 

1.  The  coarse  part  of  meal.  Johnson. 

2.  Oats  hulled  or  coarsely  ground ; shelled 

oats ; groats.  Johnson. 

3.  Rough,  hard  particles  ; sand ; gravel. 

The  sturdy  pear-tree  here 
Will  rise  luxuriant,  and  with  toughest  root 
Pierce  the  obstructing  grit  and  restive  marl.  Phillips. 

4.  A kind  of  hard  sandstone  employed  for  mill- 
stones, grindstones,  &c. ; gritstone.  Simmonds. 

t GRlTH,  n.  [A.  S.  grith,  gryth,  peace.]  Agree- 
ment ; union  ; concord.  Gower. 

GRIT'STONE,  n.  A stone  or  earth  containing 
hard  particles  ; grit.  Pilkington. 

GRIT'TI-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  abounding  in 
grit ; sandiness.  Mortimer. 

GRIT'TY,  a.  Full  of  hard  particlfcs ; consisting 
of  grit ; sandy.  “ Gritty  meal.”  Horsley. 

t GRIZE,  n.  A step.  — Sec  Guise.  Shak. 


GRIZ'E-LIN  (gr1z'e-lln),a.  SeeGRlDELlN.  Temple. 

GRlZ'ZLE,  n.  [Fr.  grisaille ; gris,  gray.]  A 
mixture  of  white  and  black  ; gray.  Shak. 

GRlZ'ZLED  (griz'zld),  a.  Interspersed  with  gray. 
“ Grizzled  and  bay  horses.”  Zcch.  vi.  3. 

GRIZ'ZLY,  a.  Somewhat  gray  ; grayish;  grisly. 

Living  creatures  do  change  their  hair  with  age,  turning  to 
be  gray  and  white,  as  is  seen  in  men,  though  some  earlier, 
some  later  ...  in  old  squirrels  that  turn  grizzly.  Bacon. 

GROAN  (gron),  v.  n.  [A.  S.  granian  ; Ger.  grannen, 
greinen  ; Dan.  grille  ; Sw.  grim.  — See  Grunt.] 
[».  groaned;}?/),  groaning,  groaned.]  To 
breathe  with  a deep  murmuring  noise,  as  in 
pain  or  distress  ; to  moan. 

Men  groan  from  out  of  the  city.  Job  xxiv.  12. 

Repenting,  and  groaning  for  anguish  of  spirit.  Wisdom  v.  3. 

GROAN,  n.  1.  An  emission  of  breath,  vocal  but 
not  articulate,  occasioned  by  pain  or  sorrow  ; a 
deep  sound  or  sigh  uttered  in  distress.  Dryden. 

Dire  was  the  tossing,  deep  the  groan.  Milton. 

2.  A hoarse  sound. 

Such  groans  of  roaring  wind  and  rain  I never 
Remember  to  have  heard.  Shak. 

GROAN'JJIi,  n.  One  who  groans. 

f GROAN'FUL  (gron'ful),  a.  Sad;  agonizing. 
“ And  gave  ...  a groanful  sound.”  Spenser. 

GROAN'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  groans ; 
an  inarticulate  cry  of  pain  or  anguish ; lamen- 
tation ; groan.  “The  groanings  of  a deadly 
wounded  man.”  Ezek.  xxx.  24. 

2.  Child-birth,  or  lying-in.  [Local.]  Forby. 

3.  {Hunting.)  The  cry  of  a buck.  Chambers. 

GROAT  (grflwt)  [griwt,  S.  IF.  P.  J.  E.  F.  K.  Sm. ; 
grot,  Ja.],  n.  [Dut.  groot;  Ger.  § Gael,  grot.] 

1.  An  old  English  coin  of  the  value  of  four 
pence;  first  coined  by  Edward  III.  Brande. 

Our  piece  of  fourpence,  being  formerly  great  (even  as  great 
as  a shilling  now  is),  is  called  a groat.  Butler's  Eng.  Gram.  1633. 
A very  large  quantity  of  groats  was  coined  in  1854.  Simmojicls. 

2.  A common  term  for  a small  sum.  Shak. 

GROATS  (grkwts),  n.  pi.  [See  Grit.]  Oats  that 

have  the  hulls  taken  off ; oatmeal ; grits.  Johnson. 

GROATS'WORTII  (grkwts'wurth),  n.  The  value 
of  a groat.  Sherwood. 

GRO'CIJR,  n.  [Fr.  grossier.  — See  Gross.]  Lit- 
erally, a dealer  by  the  gross : — appropriately,  a 
dealer  in  tea,  coffee,  sugar,  spices,  fruits,  and 
other  articles  of  food  for  the  table.  Wafts. 

GRO'C^R-Y,  n.  1.  A term  applied  to  the  commod- 
ities of  grocers  ; — usually  in  the  plural. 

Many  cartloads  of  wine,  grocery,  and  tobacco.  Clarendon. 

2.  The  shop  of  a grocer.  [U.  S.]  Craig. 

GROG,  n.  A beverage  made  of  spirituous  liquor, 
as  rum,  gin,  &c.,  diluted  with  water,  commonly 
without  sugar. 

Old  Admiral  Vernon  first  introduced  rum  and  water  as  a 
beverage  on  board  a ship:  he  used  to  wear  a grogram  cloak 
in  foul  weather,  which  gained  him  the  appellation  of  Old 
Grog.  From  him  the  sailors  transferred  this  name  to  the 
liquor.  Notes  Sf  Queries. 

GROG'-BLOS-SOM,  n.  A deep-red  color  on  the 
nose  or  face,  occasioned  by  drinking  ardent 
spirits  to  excess.  Wright. 

GROG'— DRINK- (5R,  ii.  One  who  is  in  the  habit 
of  drinking  grog.  Clarke. 

GROG'GpR-y,  n.  A place  where  grog  is  sold  and 
drunk  ; a grog-shop  ; a tippling-shop.  Janes. 

GROG'GI-NESS,  11.  Stiffness  in  the  foot  of  a horse, 
occasioned  by  battering  the  hoof  on  hard  ground : 
— a term  applied  also  to  any  species  of  un- 
soundness or  weakness  in  the  fore-legs  of  a 
horse.  ’ Wright. 

GROG'GY,  a.  1.  Affected  by  grog;  partially  in- 
toxicated ; tipsy.  [Vulgar.]  Todd. 

2.  (Man.)  Applied  to  a horse  that  bears 
wholly  on  his  heels  in  trotting.  Craig. 

GROG 'RAM,  n.  [Low  L.  grossogranus,  of  a coarse 
texture  ; It.  grosagrana  ; Fr.  gros-grain.\ 

1.  Stuff  woven  with  a large  woof  and  a rough 
pile  ; — written  also  grogeram,  and  grogran. 

*T  was  madam  in  her  grogram  gown.  Swift. 

2.  A fabric  of  silk  and  mohair  : — also  a spe- 
cies of  strong  silk.  Simmonds. 

GROG'-SHOP,  11.  A place  where  grog  or  rum  is 
sold  by  retail ; a dram-shop.  Murray. 


GROIN,  n.  1.  [Sw.  gren  ; grena,  to  divide.  Sc- 
renius.  Richardson.]  The  depression  between 
the  belly  and  the  thigh. 

The  fatal  dart  arrives. 

And  through  the  border  of  his  buckler  drives, 

Passed  through,  and  pierced  his  groin.  Dryden. 

2.  (Arch.)  The  line  made  by  the  intersection 

of  two  arches  which  cross  each  other  at  any 
angle.  Brande. 

3.  (Engineering.)  A breakwater  to  retain 

sand  or  mud  thrown  up  by  the  tide.  Francis. 

4.  f [Fr.  groin.]  The  snout  of  a hog.  Chaucer- 

f GROIN,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  granian.  — See  Groan.] 
To  grumble  ; to  growl ; to  grunt.  Chaucer. 

GROlNED.a.  Having  a groin  or  groins.  “ Groined 
arches.”  Britton. 


GROM  ILL,  ( n.  (Bot.)  A perennial  plant  of  the 

GROM'WELL,  ) genus  Lithospermum  ; — called 
also  graymill,  and  gray  millet.  Loudon. 

GROM'MijJT,  n.  [Fr.  gourmette.]  (Naut.)  A sort 
of  small  ring  or  wreath,  formed  of  the  strand  of 
a rope,  used  to  fasten  the  upper  edge  of  a sail 
to  its  stay,  and  for  other  purposes.  Falconer. 

GRO-NIN'GP-NISTS,  n.  pi.  (Eccl.  Hist.)  A sub- 
division of  the  sect  of  Anabaptists.  Brande. 

GROOM,  n.  [Dut.  grom,  a boy.  — Goth.  & A.  S. 
guma,  a man.  — See  Bridegroom.  — Dr.  Jamie- 
son considers  the  r as  existing  only  in  the  Eng. 

Scot,  grome,  or  groom.] 

1.  A boy  or  young  man  ; a waiter  ; a servant ; 

— especially,  in  modern  use,  one  who  takes  care 
of  horses  ; a stable-servant.  Smart. 

Death  is  but  a groom 

Which  brings  a taper  to  the  outward  room.  Donne. 

2.  A term  used  to  designate  several  officers 
of  the  royal  household ; as,  “ Groom  in  wait- 
ing”; “ Groom  of  the  stole,”  &c.  Brande. 

3.  A man  newly  married,  or  about  to  be  mar- 
ried ; a bridegroom. 

The  brides  arc  waked,  their  grooms  are  dressed.  Dryden. 

GROOM,  v.  a.  To  take  care  of,  as  horses.  Layard. 

f GROOM'— POR-TF.R,  n.  An  officer  in  the  court 
of  the  sovereign  of  England  who  had  the  direc- 
tion of  the  games.  Warbuiion. 

Git 66 MS' MAN,  n.  One  who  attends  a bride- 
groom at  his  wedding.  [U.  S.] 

GROOVE,  v.  a.  [See  Grave.]  [ i . grooved  ; pp. 
grooving,  grooved.]  To  cut  into  channels 
or  grooves  ; to  hollow.  Pennant. 

GROOVE,  n.  1.  A furrow  or  channel  cut  with  a 
tool ; a sunken  rectangular  channel.  Moxon. 

2.  A shaft  or  pit  in  mines.  Boyle. 

GROOVED,  p.  a.  Furrowed;  channelled. 

GROOV'JJR,  n.  One  who  grooves  ; a miner.  Grose. 


GROPE,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  grapian,  gropian ; ge  and 
rapian,  to  reap,  to  gather;  Dut.  rapen.  — See 
Gripe.]  [i.  groped;  pp.  groping,  groped.] 

1.  f To  use  the  hands  ; to  feel. 

Hands  they  have,  and  they  shall  not  grope. 

Ps.  cxiii.  7,  Wickliffe's  Trans. 

2.  To  feel,  as  in  the  dark  ; to  feel  or  move  where 
one  cannot  see : — to  attempt  any  thing  blindly. 

We  grope  for  the  wall  like  the  blind,  and  we  grope  as  if  we 
had  no  eyes.  ha.  lix.  10. 

GROPE,  v.  a.  1.  t To  gripe;  to  grasp.  Rogers. 

2.  To  search  by  feeling  in  the  dark. 

They  have  left  our  endeavors  to  grope  them  out  by  twi- 
light. Browne. 

GROP'^R,  n.  One  who  gropes. 


GROP'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a groping  manner. 

GRO-ROl'LlTE,  n.  [ Groroi , a town  in  France,  and 
Afflos,  a stone.]  (Min.)  Earthy  manganese,  occur- 
ring in  roundish  masses,  of  a brownish-black 
color  and  reddish-brown  streak  ; wad.  Dana. 
GROS'BEAK,  ii.  See  Grossbeak.  Pennant. 


GROSlJIi’ EAT,  n.  [Ger.]  A German  money  of 
account ; the  24th  part  of  a rix-dollar.  Crabb. 

GROSS  (gros),  a.  [L.  crassus ; Low  L.  grossus ; 
It.  grosso  ; Sp.  grueso  ; Fr.  gros.  — Ger.  t/ross.] 
1.  Great  ; thick  ; large  ; big  ; bulky.  “ The 
gross  clouds.”  Drayton. 

2 Unrefined  ; impure  ; dense  ; thick.  “ The 
grosser  air  below.”  Pope. 

3.  Indelicate  ; coarse  ; rough  ; rude  ; as,  “ A 
gross  witticism.” 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  I,  O,  U,  y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  IlEIR,  HER; 


GROSS 


643 


GROUND-NUT 


4.  Shameful ; unseemly  ; unmeet ; unfit ; un- 
becoming; enormous.  “ Gross  idolatry.”  Bp. 
Horsley.  “ Gross  iniquity.”  Hooker. 

5.  Dull ; stupid  ; stolid. 

Tell  her  of  things  which  no  gross  car  can  hear.  Milton. 

6.  Great ; palpable.  “ A gross  mistake.” 
Smalridge.  “ So  gross  the  cheat.”  Young. 

7.  Taking  in  the  whole  ; having  no  deduction 
or  abatement;  xvhole  ; total;  as,  “The  gross 
sum  ” ; “ The  gross  weight.” 

8.  {Law.)  Absolute;  entire;  not  depending 

on  another.  _ Bouvier. 

Gross  adventure,  {Law.)  a maritime  law,  or  bottom- 
ry ; so  called  because  the  lender  exposes  his  money 

to  the  perils  of  the  sea,  and  contributes  to  the  gross 
or  general  average.  Bouvier.  — Gross  weight,  the  total 
weight  of  merchandise,  with  the  bag,  box,  or  other 
vessel  containing  it,  from  which  are  to  be  deducted 
tare  and  tret. 

GROSS,  n.  1.  The  main  mass  or  body  ; the  chief 
part;  the  bulk.  “The  gross  of  the  enemy.” 
“ The  gross  of  the  people.”  Addison. 

2.  The  sum  total ; the  whole. 

I cannot  instantly  raise  up  the  gross 

Of  full  three  thousand  ducats.  Shah. 

3.  The  number  of  twelve  dozen.  Locke. 

Jl  great  gross,  twelve  gross,  or  a hundred  and  forty- 

four  dozen. ddvowsoii  in  gross,  {Law.)  an  advowson 

belonging  to  a person,  and  not  to  a manor.  Bouvier.  — 
Common  in  gross,  or  at  large , {Law.)  common  neither 
appendant  nor  appurtenant  to  land,  but  annexed  to  a 
man’s  person.  — Villain  (or  villein)  in  gross,  {Eng. 
Law.)  a villain  who  was  annexed  to  the  person  of  the 
lord,  and  transferable  by  deed  from  one  owner  to 
another.  Blackstone. 

GROSS'BEAK,  n.  [gross 
and  beak.)  ( Ornith .) 

A bird  of  several  spe- 
cies, belonging  to  the 
family  Fringillidce,  or 
finches,  having  a bill 
convex  above  and  very 
thick  at  the  base  ; — 
written  also  grosbeak. 

Yarrell. 

GROSS'— FED,  a.  Fed  or  supported  grossly  or  by 
gross  food.  Savage. 

GROSS'— HEAD- JJD,  a.  Stupid;  dull;  stolid; 
blockish ; thick-skulled.  Milton. 

GROS-SI-FI-CA'TION,  n.  [Eng.  gross,  and  L. 
facio,  to  make.] 

1.  A thickening  or  making  thick,  [r.]  Ogilvie. 

2.  ( Bot .)  A term  applied  to  the  swelling  of 
the  ovary  of  plants  after  fertilization.  Ilenslow. 

GROSS'LY,  ad.  In  a gross  manner ; coarsely  : 
— greatly  ; enormously  : — shamefully. 

GROSS'NfSS,  n.  1.  Quality  of  being  gross ; 
bulkiness  ; greatness  ; fatness  ; corpulence. 

2.  Coarseness  ; density  ; thickness. 

Then  nil  this  earthly  grossness  quit, 

Attired  with  stars,  we  shnll  for  ever  sit, 

Triumphing  over  Death,  and  Chance,  and  thee,  O Time. 

Milton. 

3.  Want  of  delicacy  or  refinement ; coarseness 
of  mind  or  manners  ; vulgarity.  “ The  gross- 
ness and  pollution  of  their  ideas.”  Warburton. 

GROS-SU-lA' CK-JE,  n.  pi.  (Bot.)  An  order  of 
exogenous  plants,  comprehending  the  goose- 
berry and  currant.  P.  Cyc. 

GROS-Sy-LA'CEOUS  (-sluts),  a.  Belonging  to  the 
order  tirossulacea,  or  gooseberry  family.  Wright. 

GROS'SU-LAR,  n.  (Min.)  A mineral  of  the  garnet 
kind,  so  named  from  its  green  color.  Phillips. 

GROS'SU-LAR,  a.  [Fr.  groseille,  a gooseberry.] 
Like  a gooseberry.  Smart. 

GROS-SU-LA'  RZ-A,  n.  (Min.)  A green  garnet; 
grossul’ar ; grossularite.  Brande. 

GROS'SU-LA-RITE,  n.  (Min.)  The  asparagus- 
green  variety  of  the  dodecahedral  garnet;  — 
found  in  Siberia.  Craig. 

GROS'SU-LINE,  n.  [Fr.  groseille,  a gooseberry.] 
( Chcm .)  The  name  given  to  a peculiar  principle 
obtained  from  gooseberries  and  other  acid  fruits, 
forming  the  basis  of  jelly.  Craig. 

GROT,  n.  [A.  S . grut ; Dut.  grot ; Ger.  S,  Dan. 
grotte.  — It.  grotta-,  Sp.  gruta-,  Fr.  grotte. — 
Gr.  KpvitTr) ; Kpimrin,  to  conceal ; L.  crgpta. ] A 
cave  ; a cavern  ; a grotto. 

Umbrageous  grots  and  caves.  Milton. 


GRO-TESGUE'  (gro-tesk'),  a.  [It.  grottesco  ; Sp. 
grutesco  -,  Fr.  grotesque.)  Oddly  formed  ; fanci- 
ful ; absurd  ; fantastic  ; wild  ; unnatural. 

With  thicket  overgrown,  grotesque  and  wild.  Milton. 

The  term  is  said  to  have  originated  in  Italy, 
upon  the  discovery  of  some  whimsically  designed 
paintings  in  tile  grottos  or  artificial  caves  of  Roman 
houses.  Fairholt. 

GRO-TESGUE',  n.  Something  whimsical,  wild,  or 
odd  in  the  graphic  arts  ; a wild  design. 

Farce  is  that  in  poetry  which  grotesque  is  in  a picture.  Drgden. 

GRO-TESGUE'LY,  ad.  In  a grotesque  manner. 

GRO-TESGUE'NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
grotesque  or  oddly  formed.  Ed.  Rev. 

GRO'TIAN  (gro'slijn),  a.  Relating  to  Grotius ; 
latitudinarian.  Coleridge. 

GROT'TA,  n.  [It.]  A cavern. — See  Grotto.  Bacon. 

GROT'TO,  n. ; pi.  grot'to?.  [It.  grotta-,  Sp. 
gruta  ; Fr.  grotte.  — See  Grot.] 

1.  A large  cave  or  cavern  in  a mountain  or 
rock ; a grot. 

Zoroaster  consecrated  a round  grotto,  such  as  nature  had 
formed,  it,  adorned,  with  flowers,  to  Mithras.  JBolingbrOke. 

2.  An  artificial  cavern,  decorated  with  rock- 

works,  shells,  &.C.,  constructed  for  coolness  and 
pleasure.  Francis. 

Syn.  — See  Cave. 

GROT'TO— WORK  (-wiirk),  n.  Ornamental  work 
in  imitation  of  a grotto.  Cowpcr. 

GROUND,  n.  [Goth,  grundus ; A.  S.,  Ger.,  Dan., 

Sw.  grund ; Dut.  grand ; Russ,  grunt.) 

1.  The  surface  of  land  ; the  crust  of  the  earth  ; 
soil ; earth  ; loam  ; mould  : — the  earth  as  dis- 
tinguished from  air  or  from  water. 

We  never  distinguish  the  terraqueous  globe  into  ground 
and  water,  but  into  earth,  or  land,  and  water;  again,  wc  never 
say  “ under  earth,”  but  “ under  ground Johnson. 

There  was  dew  upon  all  the  ground.  Judy.  vi.  30. 

Dagon  was  fallen  on  his  face  to  the  ground.  1 Sam.  v.  4. 

2.  Region  ; territory ; country ; land. 

The  brook  that  parts 

Egypt  from  Syrian  ground.  Milton. 

3.  Land  occupied  ; estate  ; possession. 

Thy  next  design  is  on  thy  neighbor’s  grounds.  Dryden. 

4.  f Depth  ; bottom.  “ In  the  ground  of  the 

sea.”  Lib.  Fest. 

5.  That  on  which  any  thing  may  stand  or  rest, 
or  be  raised  or  transacted ; that  from  which  any 
thing  may  rise  or  originate  ; foundation  ; sup- 
port ; — so  applied  chiefly  in  a figurative  sense. 

The  main  grounds  and  principles  upon  which  he  buildeth. 

White. 

The  grounds  of  our  quarrel  with  France  had  received  no 
manner  of  addition.  Swift. 

6.  f The  pit  of  a play-house. 

The  understanding  gentlemen  o’  the  ground  here  asked 
my  judgment.  B.Jomon. 

7.  f The  foil  to  set  a thing  oft'. 

Like  bright  metal  on  a sullen  ground.  Sliak. 

8.  (Mus.)  A species  of  composition  the  bass 

of  which  consists  of  a few  measures  constantly 
repeated  ; — the  plain-song.  Warner. 

9.  ( Manufactures .)  The  principal  color,  to 

which  all  the  others  are  considered  as  or- 
namental. “ An  orange  ground  with  blue  fig- 
ures.” lire. 

10.  (Etching.)  A composition  for  covering 

the  plate  to  be  etched,  so  as  to  prevent  the  ni- 
tric acid  from  eating  the  metal  except  where 
the  composition  has  been  removed  with  the 
point  of  the  etching-needle.  Jamieson. 

11.  (Paint.)  The  first  layer  of  color  which  is 

put  upon  the  canvas  : — in  a finished  picture, 
the  scenery  around  the  principal  objects,  — 
that  part  nearest  the  eye  being  called  the  fore- 
ground, and  the  more  distant  parts  the  back- 
ground. Francis. 

12.  (Sculp.)  The  flat  surface  from  which  the 
figures  rise  ; — said  of  a work  in  relief.  Fairholt. 

13.  pi.  Lees  or  sediment ; dregs.  “ The 

grounds  of  strong  beer.”  Sharp. 

14.  pi.  (Joinery.)  Pieces  of  wood  flush  with 

the  plastering,  to  which  mouldings  and  other 
finishings  are  attached.  Weale. 

To  gain,  to  gather,  or  to  get,  ground,  to  get  nearer  ; to 
advance:  — to  prevail ; to  become  more  general. — To 
give  ground,  to  recede  ; to  retire  ; to  retreat.  — To  lose, 
ground,  to  be  forced  to  recede  or  retire  : — to  become 
less  prevalent. — To  stand  one's  ground , to  remain 
firm.  Swift. 

Syn.  — See  Foundation,  Land. 


GROUND,  V.  a.  [*'.  GROUNDED  ; pp.  GROUNDING, 
GROUNDED.] 

1.  To  place  or  set  on  the  ground ; as,  “ The 
soldiers  ground  their  arms.” 

2.  To  fix,  as  on  a foundation  ; to  fix  or  set,  ns 
upon  a cause,  reason,  or  principle  ; to  found ; 
to  rest ; to  base. 

Wisdom  grroundelh  her  laws  upon  an  infallible  rule  of 
comparison.  Hooker. 

Syn.  — See  Found. 

GROUND,  v.  n.  To  strike  the  bottom  or  the 
ground,  and  remain  fixed,  as  a vessel.  Smart. 

GROUND,  i.  & p.  from  grind.  See  Grind. 

GROUND' At-JE,  n.  (Mar.  Laic.)  A custom  or  pay- 
ment for  the  ground  or  berth  occupied  by  a 
ship  while  in  port.  Bouvier. 

GROUND'— AN-GLTNG,  n.  The  act  of  fishing  with- 
out a float,  with  a bullet  placed  a few  inches 
from  the  hook.  Wright. 

GROUND'— ASH,  n.  A sapling  of  ash  taken  from 
the  ground  ; a young  shoot  from  the  stump  of 
an  ash-tree.  Mortimer. 

GROUND'— BAI-LIFF,  n.  (Mining.)  A superin- 
tendent of  mines.  Simmonds. 

GROUND'— BAIT,  n.  A bait  thrown  to  the  bottom 
of  the  water  to  attract  fish.  Walton. 

GROUND'— BASS,  n.  (Mus.)  A bass  of  a very  few 
bars,  continually  repeated  : — a fundamental  or 
radical  bass.  Dicight. 

GROUND'— CIIER-Ry,  n.  (Bot.)  An  American 
annual  plant  ; Physcalis  viscosa.  Farm.  Ency. 

GROUND'— CUCK'OO,  n.  (Ornith.)  A bird  of  the 
sub-family  Coccyzince.  Gray. 

GROUND'IJD-LY,  ad.  Upon  firm  principles.  Bale. 

GROUND'— FLOOR,  n.  The  lower  floor  of  a house. 

Pope. 

GROUND'— GRU,  n.  Ice  formed  under  peculiar 
circumstances  at  the  bottom  of  running  water  ; 
ground  ice  ; bottom  ice  ; anchor  ice.  Brande. 

GROUND'— HOG,  n.  ( Zoiil .)  1.  An  American 
quadruped  of  the  marmot  family;  the  wood- 
chuck ; Arctomys  monax.  Audubon. 

2.  A South  African  insectivorous  animal, 
which  burrows  in  the  ground,  and  bears  the 
general  appearance  of  a small,  short-legged 
pig ; Orycteropus  cape7>sis.  Eng-  Cyc. 

GROUND'— I-VY  (ground'l-ve),  n.  (Bot.)  A creep- 
ing, herbaceous  plant  of  the  genus  Glechoma ; 
— called  also  alchoof,  tunhoof,  and  gill.  Loudon. 

GROUND'-JOIST,  n.  (Ca7-p.)  A joist  resting  upon 
sleepers  laid  on  the  ground,  or  on  bricks,  &c.  Wr. 

GROUND'LgSS,  a.  Wanting  ground  ; unfounded  ; 
ungrounded.  “ Groundless  fear.”  Prior. 

GROUND'LESS-LY,  ad.  Without  reason  ; with- 
out cause ; causelessly.  Pope. 

GROUND 'L^SS-NESS,  n.  Want  of  just  reason. 
“ The  gromidlessness  of  such  an  opinion.”  Knox. 

GROUND'-LlNE,  71.  ( Geom .)  The  line  of  inter- 

section of  the  horizontal  and  vertical  planes  of 
projection.  Eliot. 

GROUND'LING,  n.  1.  A fish  which  keeps  at  the 
bottom  of  the  water. 

2.  One  who,  in  Shakspeare’s  time,  was  accus- 
tomed to  take  his  stand  on  the  ground,  or  floor- 
less pit,  of  the  theatre  ; one  of  the  vulgar. 

It  offends  me  to  the  soul  to  hear  a robustious,  periwjg-pated 
fellow  tear  a passion  to  tatters,  to  very  rags,  to  split  the  ears 
of  the  groundlings . Shak. 

fGROUND'LY,  ad.  Upon  principles;  solidly; 
thoroughly ; completely.  Ascham. 

GROUND'— MAIL,  71.  A sum  paid  for  the  right  of 
having  a corpse  buried  in  a churchyard.  [Scot- 
land.] Jamieson. 

GROUND'— NEST,  n.  A nest  on  or  in  the  earth. 
“ [The]  lark  left  his  ground-nest.”  Milton. 

GROUND'— NUT,  7i.  (Bot.)  1.  The  European  plant 
Bunium  flexuosum,  and  its  edible  globular  root, 
which  has  an  aromatic  sweet  taste ; pig-nut ; 
hawk-nut;  earth-nut;  earth-chestnut.  Eng. Cyc. 

2.  The  American  plant  Arachis  hypogcea,  and 
its  fruit  or  nut,  which  is  borne  in  pods  under- 
neath the  ground  ; earth-nut ; pea-nut.  Ba7-tlett. 

3.  The  American  plant  Agios  tuberosa,  and  its 
nutritious,  oval,  fleshy  tuber;  wild-bean.  Gray. 


Pine  grossbenk 
(fynhula  enucleator). 


WIEN,  silt;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 4,  soft ; £,  G,  c,  |,  hard;  § as  z;  £ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


GROUND-OAK 


644 


GRUBBING-HOE 


4.  The  American  plant  Aralia  trifolia,  or  Pa- 
nax  trifolium , and  its  pungent,  globular  root ; 
dwarf  ginseng.  Gray.  Wood. 

GROUND'-OAK,  n.  A young  oak  raised  from  the 
acorn.  Mortimer. 

GROUND'-PiNE,  7i.  (Bot.)  1.  A plant  of  the  genus 
Ajuga  ; Ajuga  chamcepitys  ; — so  named  from 
its  resinous  smell,  and  formerly  included  in  the 
genus  Teucrium.  Loudon. 

2.  The  common  name  applied  to  the  Lycopo- 
dium clavatum,  a trailing  evergreen  often  ten 
feet  in  length,  and  to  the  Lycopodium  dendroi- 
dum,  or  tree  club-moss,  an  elegant  little  plant 
of  a tree-like  form,  about  eight  inches  in 
height.  Gray.  Wood. 

GROUND'— PLAN,  7i.  The  representation  of  the 
divisions  of  a building  on  a horizontal  surface. 

Sunmonds. 

GROUND'-PLANE,  71.  (Persp.)  The  plane  on 
which  objects  are  supposed  to  be  situated,  being 
a tangent  to  the  earth’s  surface.  Ogilvie. 

GROUND'— PLATE,  n.  (Arch.)  The  lower  and 
outermost  part  of  a timber  building,  which  re- 
ceives the  principal  and  other  posts  ; — called 
also  ground-sill.  Harris. 

GROUND'-PLOT,  7i.  1.  The  ground  on  which  any 
building  is  placed.  Sidney. 

2.  The  ichnography  of  a building;  the  plan 
of  the  ground  which  a building  covers. 

Men  skilled  in  architecture  . . . might  probably  form  an 
exact  ground-plot  of  this  venerable  edifice.  Johnson. 

GROUND'-RENT,  7i.  Rent  paid  for  ground,  — es- 
pecially for  ground  occupied  by  a building.  “A 
groimd-rent  of  thirty-five  pounds.”  Arbuthnot. 

GROUND'— ROOM,  7i.  A room  on  the  level  with 
the  ground.  Tatler. 

GROUND^,  71.  pi.  Dregs  ; lees  ; sediment.  Smait. 

GROUND'S ^ L,  n.  [A.  S.  giimde-swelge.]  One  of 
the  most  common  annual  weeds ; ragwort ; Se- 
7iecio  vulgaris.  Eng.  Cyc. 

GROUND'-SILL,  or  GROUND'SIJL,  71.  [A.  S. 

gru/id,  ground,  and  syl,  a sill.]  (Arch.)  The 
lowest  horizontal  timber  on  which  the  exterior 
wall  is  erected  ; ground-plate  ; the  sill. 

GROUND'— SWELL,  71.  An  undulation  of  the 
ocean,  extending  deep  below  the  surface,  caused 
by  the  continuance  of  a heavy  gale  of  wind. 

Ground-swells  are  rapidly  transmitted  through  the  water, 
sometimes  to  great  distances,  and  even  in  direct  opposition 
to  the  wind,  until  they  break  against  a shore,  or  gradually 
subside  in  consequence  of  the  friction  of  the  water.  Braude. 

GROUND'— TAC-KLE  (grofind'tak-kl),  n.  (Naut.) 
A term  applied  to  anchors,  warps,  springs,  &c., 
used  in  securing  a vessel  at  anchor.  Dana. 

GROUND'— TIER,  n.  1.  The  lowest  tier  of  casks 
in  a vessel’s  hold.  Simmonds. 

2.  The  range  of  boxes  in  a theatre  next  to 
the  pit.  Simmonds. 

GROUND'WORK  (ground'wiirk),  n.  1.  The  foun- 
dation, literally  or  figuratively;  ground;  sub- 
stratum ; base ; basis. 

2.  First  principle ; original  reason.  Spenser. 

The  groundwork  of  his  instruction.  Dryden.  j 

GROUP,  (grop),  n.  [It.  groppo  ; Sp.  grupo  ; Fr. 
groupe.  Probably  from  the  root  of  gripe.  — See 
Gripe.] 

1.  A number  thronged  together  ; a cluster  ; a 
collection.  “ This  group  of  isles.”  Bp.  Berkeley. 

2.  (Paint.  & Sculp.)  An  assemblage  of  sev- 

eral figures  with  such  relation  to  each  other  as 
produces  unity  of  effect.  Fah-holt. 

3.  (Mus.)  A number  of  notes  joined  at  the 
stems  ; — an  ornament  of  small  notes.  Dwight. 

Syn.  — See  Assembly. 

GROUP  (grop),  v.  a.  [Fr.  grouper.']  [t.  grouped  ; 
pp.  grouting,  grouped.]  To  form  into  groups  ; 
to  collect  together  ; to  combine. 

The  difficulty  lies  in  drawing  and  disposing,  or.  as  the 
painters  term  it.  in  grouping , such  a multitude  of  different 
objects.  Briar. 

GR6UP'{NG,  n.  The  art  of  combining  objects 
with  a view  to  picturesque  effect.  Hamilton. 

The  pyramidal  arrangement  is  considered  the  most  favor 
able  in  grouping.  Fairholt. 


GROUSE,  71.  sing.  & pi. 
name  of  birds  of  the 
sub-family  Tetraoni- 
7UE,  as  the  wood- 
grouse, or  cock  of 
the  wood,  the  black- 
grouse,  the  ruffled- 
grouse,  the  red- 
grouse,  the  white- 
grouse,  or  ptarmigan, 

&c„,  characterized  by 
having  short,  arched 
bills,  legs  feathered 
down  to  the  feet,  and  a broad,  naked,  red  skin 
over  each  eye.  Gray.  Yarrell.  Nuttall. 

GROUT,  n.  [A.  S.  gi-ut.  — See  Grit.] 

1.  Coarse  meal  ; pollard.  King. 

2.  That  which  purges  off;  wort ; sweet  liquor. 

Johnson. 

3.  A kind  of  wild  apple.  Johnson. 

4.  pi.  Grounds ; dregs  ; lees.  Hnlloicay. 

5.  (Masonry.)  A thin,  semi-fluid  mortar  com- 

posed of  quick-lime  with  a portion  of  fine  sand, 
which  is  prepared  and  poured  into  the  internal 
joints  of  masonry  or  brick-work.  Francis. 

GROUT,  v.  a.  To  fill  up,  as  the  joints  or  spaces 
between  stones.  Loudon. 

GROUT'ING,  71.  (Masonry.)  A kind  of  liquid 
mortar  poured  over  the  upper  beds  throughout 
a course  of  masonry  or  brick-work.  Tanner. 

fGROUT'NOL,  n.  A blockhead;  a dolt.  — See 
Growthead.  Todd. 

GROVE,  7i.  [A.  S.  gra-f,  a grave,  a grove  ; grafan, 
to  dig.  — “Because  they  are  frequently  protected 
by  a ditch  thrown  up  around  them.”  Junius. — 
“More  probably  because  a grove  is  cut  out, 
hollowed  out  of  a thicket  of  trees  ; it  is  not  the 
thicket  itself.”  Richardson.] 

1.  An  avenue  of  trees.  Smart. 

2.  A wood  of  small  size ; a cluster  of  trees ; 
woodland.  “ Field  and  waving  grove.” B lackmore. 

Syn.  — See  Forest. 

GROV'EL  (grov'vl),  v.  n.  [Iccl.  gruva-,  Dan. 
kravle ; A.  S.  grafan,  to  dig.  Junius.  Skinner. 
— See  Grave,  arid  Grope.]  [i.  grovelled; 
pp.  GROVELLING,  GROVELLED.] 

1.  To  lie  prone  ; to  creep  low  on  the  ground. 

Grovelling , like  swine,  low  on  the  ground.  Chapman. 

2.  To  be  low,  abject,  or  mean.  Broome. 

GROV'EL-LfR  (grov'vl  er),  n.  One  who  grovels. 

GROV'EI.-LING,  a.  1.  Lying  prone.  Chapman. 

2.  Mean;  sordid.  “ Thoughts  ...  low  and 
grovelling.”  Addison. 

GRO'  VY,  a.  Belonging  to,  or  abounding  in,  groves. 

These  grovy  dwellings.”  [r.]  Dumpier. 

GROW  (gro),  v.  n.  [A.  S.  growan  ; Dut.  qroeyen  ; 
Dan.  groe  ; Icel.  grua  ; Sw.  gro.]  [ i . grew  ; 

pp.  GROWING,  GROWN.] 

1.  To  increase  in  size,  as  plants  or  animals. 

Let  both  [the  tares  and  the  wheat]  grow  together  till  the 

harvest.  Matt.  xiii.  30. 

And  the  child  grew,  and  waxed  strong  in  spirit.  Luke  i.  80. 

2.  To  vegetate  ; to  sprout ; to  shoot  up ; to 
flourish. 

He  causeth  grass  to  grow  for  the  cattle.  Pi.  civ.  14. 

3.  To  increase  ; to  augment ; to  extend. 

For  now  I stand  as  one  . . . 

Who  marks  the  waxing  tide  grow  wave  by  wave.  Shak. 

4.  To  advance  ; to  come  forward  ; to  proceed  ; 
to  make  progress. 

Winter  began  to  grow  fast  on.  Knolles. 

Grow  in  grace,  and  in  the  knowledge  of  our  Lord  and 
Saviour  Jesus  Christ.  2 Pet.  iii.  18. 

5.  To  come  or  become  by  degrees ; to  be 

changed  gradually  from  one  state  to  another. 
“ It  grows  dark.”  Shak. 

We  may  trade,  and  be  busy,  and  grow  poor  by  it,  unless 
we  regulate  our  expenses.  Locke. 

To  grow  out  of , to  issue  or  proceed  from.  — To  grow 
up,  to  advance  towards  maturity.  — To  grow  together, 
to  come  to  adhere. 

l}3f*  “ The  general  idea  given  by  this  word  is,  pro- 
cession or  passage  from  one  state  to  another.  It  is 
not  always  increase;  fora  thing  may  grow  less,  as 
well  as  grow  greater.”  Johnson. 

If  I do  grow  great,  I ’ll  giww  less.  Shak. 

Syn.  — To  grmo  implies  the  augmentation  of  a 
thing  by  the  nourishment  which  it  receives  ; to  in- 
crease, by  the  addition  of  a fresh  quantity.  Corn, 


trees,  a child,  an  animal,  &c.,  grow  ; property,  wealth, 
and  a stream  of  water  increase.  To  grow  is  to  he 
added  to  from  within  ; to  increase  is  to  be  added  to 
from  without. 

GROW  (gro),  v.  a.  To  cause  to  grow;  to  raise  or 
produce  by  cultivation. 

They  grow  some  very  good  tobacco.  Campbell. 

The  best  wheat  in  England  is  grown  in  this  neighborhood. 

Entick. 

Every  way  He  urges  our  reluctant  will.  He  grows  the 
thistle  and  the  sedge,  but  expects  us  to  raise  the  olive  and 
the  com.  J.  Martineau. 

GROW'AN,  7i.  (Mining.)  A term  applied  to  rock 
and  to  decomposed  granite.  Simmoiids. 

GROW'IJR,  n.  1.  He  who,  or  that  which,  grows 
or  increases  in  size.  “ The  quickest  groicer  of 
any  kind  of  elm.”  Mortimer. 

2.  One  who  causes  to  grow ; a producer  ; a 
cultivator.  “ The  average  price  of  wheat  ...  to 
the  grower."  A.  Si/iith. 

GROW'ING  (gro'jng),  n.  1.  Increase  in  size.  “A 
larg e growing  of  hair.”  Udal. 

2.  Progression  ; advancement.  Shak. 

GROW'ING,  p.  a.  Increasing;  making  progress  ; 
as,  “ A giowing  plant  ” ; “A  growing  evil.” 

GROtVL  (groul),  v.  n.  [FI.  &j  Ger.  grollen.]  [?. 
GROWLED  ; pp.  GROWLING,  GROWLED.]  To 
murmur,  or  to  make  a harsh  noise,  as  in  anger ; 
to  snarl  like  an  angry  dog.  Pope. 

GROtVL,  v.  a.  To  signify  by  growling.  Thomson. 

GROWL,  71.  A deep  snarl,  murmur,  or  harsh 
noise,  as  of  an  angry  cur.  Boswell. 

GRoWL'BR,  n.  He  who  growls  : — an  angry  cur. 

GROWN  (gron),  p.  & p.  a.  from  grow.  Advanced 
in  growth  ; being  of  full  stature  or  size. 

GRO\V§E  (grouz),  v.  n.  [A.  S.  agrisan.]  To  shiver ; 
to  shudder  ; to  be  chill  before  an  ague  fit.  [Lo- 
cal, Eng.]  Hay. 

GROWTH  (groth),  71.  1.  Act  of  growing;  in- 

crease of  size,  as  in  plants  ; vegetation. 

Those  trees  that  have  the  slowest  growth  are,  for  that  rea- 
son, of  the  longest  continuance.  Atterbury. 

2.  Increase  of  stature,  as  in  animals ; ad- 
vance to  maturity. 

They  say  my  son  of  York 

lias  almost  overta’en  him  in  his  growth.  Shak. 

3.  Product  ; thing  produced;  produce.  “ The 
native  growths  of  the  soil  or  seas.”  Temple. 

I had  thought,  for  the  honor  of  our  nation,  that  the 
knight’s  tale  was  of  English  growth.  Dryden. 

4.  Increase  in  number,  frequency,  extent,  or 

prevalence  ; as,  “ The  growth  of  intemperance  ” ; 
“ The  growth  of  this  disease.”  Temple. 

5.  Advancement ; improvement ; progress  ; 
as,  “ The  growth  of  the  intellect.” 

Syn.  — See  Increase. 

t GRO WT 'HEAD,  ) n [^ross,  or  great , and  head  : 

fGROWT'NOL,  > — gross  and  noil.] 

1.  A kind  of  fish.  Ainsworth. 

2.  An  idle,  lazy  fellow;  a blockhead.  Tusser. 

GRUB,  v.  a.  [Goth,  grethan.  — See  Grave.]  [t. 
GRUBBED  ; pp.  GRUBBING,  GRUBBED.]  To  dig 
up  ; to  destroy  by  digging  ; to  root  out  of  the 
ground;  to  eradicate. 

Forest  land, 

From  whence  the  surly  ploughman  gi'ubs  the  wood.  Dryden. 

GRUB,  v.  n.  To  be  occupied  in  digging;  to  be 
employed  meanly.  Richardson. 

GRUB,  n.  1.  A six-footed  worm,  produced  from 
the  egg  of  beetles  : — an  insect  in  the  larva  state. 

Larval  [of  beetles],  called  grubs,  generally  provided  with 
six  true  legs.  Harris. 

There  is  a difference  between  a grub  and  a butterfly;  and 
yet  your  butterfly  was  a gt-vb.  Shak. 

2.  A short,  thick  man  ; a dwarf.  Careio. 

3.  Food  ; victuals.  [Local,  vulgar.]  Halliwell. 

GRUB'— AXE  (grub'aks),  n.-  A tool  used  in  grub- 
bing ; a grubbing-hoe.  Todd. 

GRUB'BER,  71.  1.  One  who  grubs.  Todd. 

2.  An  agricultural  instrument  having  several 
teeth  or  prongs,  and  used  for  stirring  the  earth 
and  freeing  it  from  roots,  &e.  Farm.  Ency. 

GRUB'BING,  71.  The  operation  of  digging  up  trees, 
shrubs,  &c.,  by  the  roots.  Pennant. 

GRUB'BING— HOE,  7i.  An  instrument  for  digging 
up  shrubs,  &c.  ; a mattock  ; a grub-axe.  Wright. 


(Ornith.)  The  common 


Red  grouse  ( Tetrao  Scolicus  or 
Lagopus  Scoticus). 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short; 


A,  E,  1,0,  XT,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


GRUBBLE 


GUARANTEE 


tGRUB'BLE,  v.  a.  [Ger.  grilbeln. — See  Grub, 
and  Grabble.]  To  feel  in  the  dark  ; to  grope. 
The  doughty  bullies  enter  bloody  drunk, 

Invade  and  grubble  one  another’s  punk.  Dryden. 

f GRUB'BLE,  v.  n.  To  grope  ; to  grabble.  “The 
soul  gnibbles  here  below.”  Hopkins. 

GRUB'— STREET,  ii.  & a.  Originally,  the  name 
of  a street  (now  called  Milton  Street)  near  Moor- 
fields  in  London,  much  inhabited  by  scribblers 
for  the  press  : — hence  used  mostly  as  an  adjec- 
tive, to  designate  a mean  literary  production,  or 
in  the  sense  of  mean,  low,  vile. 

I’d  sooner  ballads  write  and  Gimb-street  lays.  Gay. 

GRUDGE  (gvuj),  v.  a.  [Fr.  gruger,  to  craunch. 
Skinner.  — Gr.  ypufa,  to  grumble.  Junius. — 
W.  griognach.  — Probably  from  the  Goth. 
gruels,  loath.]  [i.  grudged  ; pp.  grudging, 
CRl’DGED.] 

1.  To  permit  or  grant  with  reluctance  ; to 
give  or  take  unwillingly  ; to  begrudge. 

They  have  grudged  those  contributions  which  have  set 
our  country  at  the  head  of  all  the  governments  of  Europe. 

Addison. 

Let  me  at  least  a funeral  marriage  crave. 

Nor  grudge  my  cold  embraces  in  the  grave.  Dryden. 

2.  To  envy;  to  see  with  discontent. 

I have  often  heard  the  Presbyterians  say  they  dill  not 
grudge  us  our  employments.  Swift. 

GRUDGE,  v.  n.  1.  To  be  unwilling;  to  be  reluctant. 

You  steer  betwixt  the  country  and  the  court, . . . 

Nor  grudging  give  what  public  needs  require.  Dryden. 

2.  To  be  envious;  to  cherish  ill-will. 

Gnidgc  not  one  against  another,  brethren.  ‘ Jos.  v.  9. 

3.  To  murmur  ; to  repine  ; to  grieve. 

Nor  grudge,  Alexis,  that  tile  rural  pipe 

So  oft  hath  stained  the  roses  of  thy  lip.  Beattie. 

4.  f To  wish  in  secret.  [Low.]  Johnson. 

Syn.  — See  Malice. 

GRUDGE,  ?t.  1.  Reluctance;  disinclination  ; un- 
willingness. B.  Jonson. 

2.  inveterate  dislike ; pique  ; ill-will  ; sullen 
malice  ; malevolence.  “ Old  grudges.”  Sidney. 

3.  Envy  ; odium;  invidious  censure.  Johnson. 

4.  f Remorse  of  conscience.  Ainsworth. 

5.  f A symptom  of  a disease.  Ainsworth. 

f GRUDGE'FUL,  a.  Grudging;  envious. 

And  rail  at  them  with  grudgeful  discontent.  Spenser. 


+ GRUDGE'ON§  (gruj'unz),  n.pl.  Coarse  meal  ; 
the  part  of  corn  which  remains  after  sifting.  — 
See  Gurgeon.  Beau.  6$  FI. 

GRUDG'ER  (grud'jer),  n.  One  who  grudges. 

GRUDGING,  n.  1.  Discontent;  envy.  South. 

2.  Reluctance  ; unwillingness. 

Use  hospitality  to  one  another  without  grudging.  I Pet.  iv.  9. 

3.  A secret  inclination,  wish,  or  desire. 

lie  had  a grudging  still  to  be  a knave.  Dryden. 

4.  A premonitory  symptom.  “ Some  grudg- 

ings  of  thy  fever.”  Dryden. 

GRUDG'ING-Ly,  ad.  Unwillingly;  reluctantly; 
with  discontent  or  envy. 

GRU'EL,  n.  [Fr.  gruau.  — W.  grual. ] Food 
made  by  boiling  flour  or  meal  in  water.  Shah. 

GRUFF,  a.  [Dut.  grof;  Ger.  grob  ; Dan.  grov  ; 
Sw.  grof. — W.  gritff,  what  is  fierce.  — “Ap- 
parently contracted  from  geruh  ; i.  e.  the  prefix 
ge  and  ruh,  rough.”  Lye.]  Sour  or  surly  of  as- 
pect ; harsh  in  manners  or  voice  ; rough  ; un- 
civil ; rugged  ; rude.  Addison. 

GRUFF'LY,  ad.  In  a gruff  manner  ; harshly. 

GRUFF'NESS,  n.  Harshness  of  look,  manner,  or 
voice  ; roughness. 


GRU-I  ’ NJE,  n.pl.  [L. 
grus,  gruis,  a crane.] 

( Ornith .)  A sub- 
family. of  birds  of 
the  order  Grallce 
and  family  Ardeidce ; 
cranes.  Gray. 

GRUM,  a.  [A.  S.  geo- 
mer,  geomre , grum. 

— Dan.  grum,  cruel ; 

Sw.  grym,  cruel.  — See  Grim.] 

1.  Sour  ; surly  ; severe ; grim ; morose  ; glum  ; 
sullen;  crabbed;  acrimonious. 


Grus  cinerea. 


I found  Sir  Thomas  Lee,  who  was  very  grum;  and  we  had 
very  little  discourse.  Clarendon. 


645 

2.  Deep  in  the  throat,  as  a sound ; guttural ; 
rumbling.  Wright. 

GRUM'BLE  (grum'bl),  V.  ii.  [A.  S.  geomrian,  to 
grieve.  — Fr.  grommeler.  — W.  grymiala,  grwg- 
nach,  to  grumble.  — Dut.  groinmen,  gromine/cn. 
— Probably  from  ge  and  rommelen,  to  rumble. 
Skinner.  — See  Rumble.]  [i.  grumbled  ; pp. 
grumbling,  grumbled.] 

1.  To  murmur  with  discontent ; to  complain  ; 
to  find  fault. 

1/  \vare,  not  using  half  his  store. 

Still  gniuibles  that  he  has  no  more.  Prior. 

2.  To’  growl  ; to  gnarl ; to  snarl.  “ The  lion 

. . . grumbles  o’er  his  prey.”  Dryden. 

3.  To  rumble  ; to  make  a hoarse  rattle. 

Like  a storm. 

That  gathers  black  upon  the  frowning  sky, 

And  grumbles  in  the  wind.  Rowe. 

GRUM'BLGR,  it.  One  who  grumbles  ; a murmurer. 

GRUM'BLING,  n.  A murmuring  through  discon- 
tent; a finding  fault ; complaint.  Ludlow. 

GRUM'BLING,/).  a.  Finding  fault ; complaining; 
murmuring.  “ A grumbling  groom.”  Shale. 

GRUM'BLING-Ly,  ad.  Discontentedly;  sourly. 

GRtJME  (grum),  n.  [L.  grumus  ; It.  & Sp.  gruino ; 
Fr.  grumcau.]  A thick,  viscid  consistence  of  a 
fluid ; a clot,  as  of  blood.  Quincy. 

GRUM'LY,  «(i.  In  a grum  manner ; sullenly. 

GRUM'MGT,  n.  See  Grommet. 

GRUM'NfSS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  grum; 
sourness  ; severity  ; harshness.  Ash. 

GRU-MOSE'  (129),  a.  [It.  § Sp.  grumoso.]  Clotted; 
concreted ; grumous.  Scott. 

GRfJ'MOUS,  a.  1.  Thick;  clotted.  “ The  blood, 
when  let,  was  . . . grumous."  Arbuthnot. 

2.  ( Bot .)  Clubbed;  knotted;  contracted  at 
intervals  into  knots.  Loudon. 

GRfJ'MOUS-NESS,  ii.  The  state  of  being  con- 
creted. “ Grumousness  of  the  blood.”  Wiseman. 

GRUM'PI-LY,  ad.  Surlily;  gruffly.  Mrs.  Butler. 

GRUM'PY,  a.  Surly;  angry;  gruff;  morose; 

glum  ; grum.  [Local,  Eng.]  Ilalloway. 

GRUN'DEL,  n.  ( Ich .)  The  groundling.  Todd. 

GRUN'SIJL,  n.  Groundsel.  Milton. 

GRUNT,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  grunan ; Ger.  grunzen  ; Dan. 
qrynte.  — L.  grunnio  ; It.  grogniret,  Sp.  gruhir; 
)Fr.  grognir  ; Gr.  ypv,  a grunt ; to  grunt. 

— “ Grunt  seems  to  be  the  same  word  as  groan, 
or  formed  upon  its  past  p.  grout."  Richardson.'] 
[i.  GRUNTED  ; pp.  GRUNTING,  GRUNTED.]  To 
murmur  or  make  a noise,  as  a hog.  Shah.  Tickell. 

GRUNT,?;.  1.  The  noise  of  a hog.  “The  grunts 
of  bristled  boars.”  Dryden. 

2;  (Ich.)  A kind  of  fish ; a species  of  the 
genus  llcemulon.  [West  Indies.]  Simmonds. 

GRUNT'ER,  n.  1.  One  that  grunts  ; a hog  ; a pig. 

2.  A kind  of  fish  ; grunt.  Ainsworthi 

3.  An  iron  rod,  bent  like  a hook,  used  by  iron- 

founders.  Simmonds. 

GRUNT'JNG,  n.  The  noise  of  swine.  Gay, 

GRUNT'ING-LY,  ad.  Murmuringly;  mutteringly. 

f GRUN'TLE  (grunt'tl),  v.  v.  To  grunt : — to  be 
sulky ; to  pout.  — See  Grunt.  Halliwell. 

GRUNT'LING,  ii.  A young  hog;  a pig.  Johnson. 

GRtlS,n.  [L.]  (Ornith.)  A genus  of  birds  ; the 
crane.  Eng.  Cyc. 

t GRUTCII,  V.  n.  To  grudge.  WicJcliffe. 

t GRUTCH, ii.  Malice;  ill-will;  grudge.  Hudibras. 

GRY,  n.  [Gr.  yp£,  a bit.] 

1.  A hundredth  part  of  an  inch.  Locke. 

2.  Anything  very  small  or  of  little  value,  [it.] 

f GRY,  a.  Grim.  “ The  tyrant  gry.”  Old  Poem. 

GR  YI.'  LI-DJE,  n.  pi.  (Ent.)  A family  of  jump- 
ing orthopterous  insects ; grasshoppers.  Harris. 

GRYL'LVS,n.  [L.  gryllus,  a locust.]  (Ent.)  A 
genus  of  insects  ; the  grasshopper.  Harris. 

GRY-PHJE'ji,  n.  [L.]  (Pal.)  A genus  of  fossil 
bivalves,  allied  to  the  oyster.  Woodward. 

GRYPII'ON,  n.  See  Griffin.  Milton. 


GRY-PHO'  SIS,  n.  [Gr.  ypvwif,  curved.]  (Med.) 


A growing  inwards  of  the  nails. 

GR  Y-PI  'NJE,  11.  pi. 

(Ornith.)  A sub- 
family of  tenuiros- 
tral  birds  of  the  or- 
der Passcres  and 
family  Trochilida: ; 
wedge-tailed  humming-birds.  Gray. 

+ GRYTH,  n.  See  Grith.  Todd. 


Brande. 


Grypus  naevius. 


GUA-CIIA'RO,  n.  [Sp.] 
(Ornith.)  A nocturnal 
frugivorous  bird  of  South 
America,  belonging  to 
the  family  Caprimulgi- 
dee,  or  goat-suckers,  hav- 
ing a sombre  plumage 
mixed  with  small  striae 
and  black  dots,  and  val- 
ued for  the  oil  which  it 
furnishes ; the  Steatornis 
caripensis.  Humboldt. 


Guacharo 

( Steatornis  caripensis). 


GUA'IAC  (gwa'yak),  n.  Guaiaeum.  Ure. 

GUA'IAC,  a.  Relating  to  guaiaeum.  Med.  Jour. 

GUATA-cIne  (gwa'ya-sin),  n.  (Chem.)  A sub- 
stance obtained  from  guaiaeum.  Hoblyn. 

GUA'IA-UUM  (gwa'yj-kuin)  [gwa'a-kum,  S.J.  F. ; 
gwa'yj-kum,  W.  P.  Sm.\  gl'j-kum,  L. ; gvva'- 
kum,  117;.],  n. 

1.  (But.)  A genus  of  small  crooked  trees 

found  in  several  of  the  West  India  Islands,  in 
low  places  near  the  sea.  P.  Cyc. 

2.  A peculiar  resinous  substance,  occasion- 

ally used  in  medicine,  obtained  from  the  Guaia- 
cum  officinale,  a tree  of  the  "West  Indies,  the 
wood  of  which  is  often  imported,  and  known  by 
the  name  of  lignum-vitne.  Francis. 


GUAN  (gwan),  ii.  (Or- 
nith.) A bird,  resem- 
bling the  curassow, 
whose  length  is  about 
thirty  inches,  the  tail 
being  thirteen  inches, 
of  a dusky  black  above, 
glossed  with  green  and 
olive,  neck  and  breast 
spotted  with  white  ; Guan  (Penelope  eristata). 
Penelope  eristata.  Eng.  Cyc. 

GUA'NA,  ii.  (Zo:l.)  The  name  given  to  several 
species  of  lizards,  the  best  known  species  of 
which  (Iguana  tuberculata)  is  found  in  many 
parts  of  America  and  the  West  India  Islands, 
and  is  valued  for  its  flesh ; — called  also  igu- 
ana. Maunder. 


GUA-NA'CO,  n. ; pi.  guanacos.  (Zool.)  A South 
American  wool-bearing  quadruped;  a species  of 
llama.  Baird. 


GUA-NIF'yR-OUS,  a.  [ guano  and  L.  fero,  to 
bear.]  Yielding  guano.  tire. 

GUA'NlTE,  ii.  (Chem.)  A native  phosphate  of  mag- 
nesia and  ammonia,  found  in  guano.  Eng.  Cyc. 

GUA'NO,  ii.  [Sp.,  from  the  Peruvian  huano, 
dung.  Craig.]  A substance  found  on  many 
small  islands,  especially  in  the  Southern  Ocean 
and  on  the  coast  of  South  America  and  Africa, 
which  are  the  resort  of  large  flocks  of  sea-birds. 
It  consists  chiefly  of  urate  of  ammonia  and 
other  ammoniacal  salts,  phosphate  and  oxalate 
of  lime,  and  phosphate  of  soda,  formed  from  the 
excrement  of  the  birds,  and  is  an  excellent  ma- 
nure. Ure. 

GUA'RA,  n.  (Ornith.)  A name  applied  to  the 
scarlet  ibis,  or  Tantalus  ruber  of  Linnauus  ; — a 
wading  bird  of  beautiful  plumage  inhabiting  the 
tropical  climates  of  America.  Nuttall. 

GUAR'A-NINE  (gar'fi-nln),  n.  [Sp.  guarana,  a 
Brazilian  medicine.]  (Chem.)  A substance 
found  in  the  fruit  of  Paullinia  sorbilis,  Hoblyn. 

GUAR-AN-TEE'  (gar-jn-te'),  n.  [OldFr.  guarant; 
Fr.  garant.]  (Laic.)  An  undertaking  to  answer 
for  the  payment  of  some  debt  or  the  perform- 
ance of  some  duty  in  case  of  the  failure  of  an- 
other liable  to  such  payment  or  performance  : 
— one  who  guarantees  ; surety.  Brande.  — He 
to  whom  a guarantee  is  made  ; — oorrelative  of 
guarantor.  Bouvier. 

Guarantee  societies,  joint-stock  companies,  which, 
upon  payment  of  an  agreed  premium,  guarantee  to  the 


MiEN,  SIR; 


MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — <J,  <?,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  c,  £,  hard; 


§ as  l ; 


as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


GUARANTEE 


646 


GUESS 


employer  the  honesty  of  a person  employed,  or,  at 
least,  undertake  to  make  good  any  defalcations  in  liis 
accounts.  Simmonds. 

GUAR-AN-TEE'  (gSr-rm-to'),  v.  a.  [Old  Fr.  gua- 
rantir ; Fr.  garantir ; It.  guarantirc  ; Sp.  ga- 
rantir.  — A.  S.  warian,  to  beware  ; Dut.  waeren. 
— See  Warrant.]  [i.  guaranteed  ; pp.  guar- 
anteeing, guaranteed.]  ( Laic .)  To  under- 
take to  perform  or  to  pay  for  another,  in  case  of 
the  failure  of  the  latter  ; to  secure  the  perform- 
ance of ; to  warrant ; to  insure. 

J8®“  Johnson  says,  “ The  substantive  and  the  verb 
are  indifferently  written  guarantee  and  guaranty.” 
The  verb  is  written  guaranty  in  most  of  tile  English 
dictionaries;  hut  in  Smart’s  dictionary  it  is  written 
guarantee ; and  this  is  now  the  prevailing  orthography. 

CUAR'AN-TOR  (g&r'ran-tor  or  gdr-an-tor',  130),  n. 

( Law.)  One  who  gives  surety  or  makes  a guar- 
anty ; a warrantor ; — correlative  of  guarantee. 

A guarantor  differs  from  a surety  in  this,  that  the  former 
cannot  be  sued  until  a failure  on  the  part  of  the  principal, 
when  sued;  while  the  latter  may  be  sued  at  the  same  time 
with  the  principal.  Bouvier. 

CUAR'AN-TY  (gar'ran-te),  n.  ( Late .)  A guaran- 
tee. — See  Guarantee.  Bolingbroke. 

GUAR’AN-TY  (gar'ran-te),  v.  a.  To  warrant;  to 
guarantee.  — See  Guarantee.  Johnson. 

II  GUARD  (gird)  [gird,  P.  Ja.  S.  E.  K.  R.  Wb. ; 
g’ird,  Sm. ; gyird,  IV.  J.  /•'.],  v.  a.  [“  Guard,  i.  e. 
ward ; either  ge-xeard,  award,  guard,  or  A.  S. 
xc  changed  into  g by  the  Fr.  ; and  thus  guard 
borrowed  back  from  Fr.  gardcr  ; It.  guardare ; 
from  A.  S.  wardian,  weardian,  to  look  at,  or  di- 
rect the  view.”  Richardson.  — See  Ward.]  [t. 
GUARDED;  pp.  GUARDING,  GUARDED.] 

1.  To  watch  by  way  of  defence  or  security  ; 
to  secure  against  injury,  loss,  attack,  or  oppo- 
sition ; to  protect ; to  defend  ; to  shield  ; to  keep. 

Fixed  on  defence,  the  Trojans  are  not  slow 

To  guard  their  shore  from  an  expected  foe.  Dnjden. 

The  port  of  Genoa  is  very  ill  guarded  against  the  storms. 

Addison. 

2.  j-To  adorn  with  lists,  laces,  or  ornamental 

borders,  as  a garment.  Shah. 

3.  fTo  gird;  to  fasten  by  binding.  Bp.  Hall. 

Syn.  — See  Keep. 

||  GUARD  (gird),  v.  n.  To  be  in  a state  of  caution 
or  defence  ; to  take  care. 

To  guard  against  such  mistakes,  it  is  necessary  to  acouaint 
ourselves  a little  with  words.  Watte. 

||  GUARD  (gard),  n.  [It.  guardia  ; Sp.  guarda; 
Fr.  garde.  — See  Guard,  v.  a.] 

1.  Defence,  or  that  which  defends ; a shield. 

At  Athens,  the  nicest  and  best-studied  behavior  was  not  a 

sufficient  guard  for  a man  of  great  capacity.  Burke. 

2.  A man,  or  a body  of  men,  for  defence  ; a 
sentinel;  a sentry. 

They,  usurping  arbitrary  power,  had  their  guards  and 
spies  after  the  practice  of  tyrants.  Swift. 

King  Henry  (VII.]  . . . ordained  a band  of  tall,  personable 
men  to  be  attending  upon  him,  which  was  called  the  king’s 
guard.  Baker. 

3.  A state  of  caution  or  vigilance  ; watchful- 
ness ; circumspection;  watch;  care;  custody. 

Temerity  puts  a man  oft'  his  guard.  L' Estrange. 

4.  Anticipation  of  objections;  caution  of  ex- 
pression. 

They  have  expressed  themselves  with  as  few  guards  and 
restrictions  as  I.  Atterbury. 

5.  f An  ornamental  hem,  lace,  or  border. 

The  guards  are  but  slightly  basted  on.  Shat. 

6.  The  part  of  the  hilt  of  a sword  which  cov- 
ers and  protects  the  hand.  Johnson. 

7.  The  conductor  of  a coach  or  a rail-way 

train.  Sixnmonds. 

8.  (Fencing.)  A posture  to  defend  the  body 

from  the  sword  of  the  opponent.  Johnson. 

9.  The  railing  of  the  promenade  deck  of  a 

steamer.  Wright. 

10.  Any  thing  used  to  prevent  injury  from 

abrasion, -as  the  upright  pieces  fastened  to  the 
lock-gates  of  a canal,  the  projecting  framework 
at  the  sides  of  a steamboat,  &e.  Francis. 

Advanced  guard , (Mil.)  a detachment  of  troops  pre- 
ceding the  march  of  tile  main  body ; a vanguard. 

||  GUARD'A-BLE  (g’ird'ti-bl),  a.  That  may  be 
guarded  ; capable  of  being  protected.  Williams. 

||  f GUARD’  A (JE  (gird'aj),  n.  The  state  of  wardship. 
“ A maid  . . . run  from  her  guardage.”  Shak. 

||  GUARD' ANT  (gard'smt),  a.  1.  + Acting  in  the 
capacity  of  a guardian.  Shak. 


2.  (Her.)  Having  the  face  turned  towards  the 
spectator  ; as,  “ A leopard  guardant.” 

||  f GUARD'ANT  (g'ird'ant),  n.  A guardian.  “My 
angry  guardant  stood  alone.”  Shak. 

||  GUARD'— BOAT,  n.  A boat  employed  for  watch- 
ing ; a boat  for  observing  ships  in  a harbor.  Cooke. 

II  GUARD'— CHAM-BER,  n.  [guard  and  chamber.'] 
A guard-room.  1 Kings  xiv.  28. 

||  GUARD'ED,  p.  a.  1.  Watched;  defended  ; pro- 
tected. “ Guarded  gold.”  Milton. 

2.  f Adorned  with  lace,  hem,  or  border. 

A long  motley,  guarded  with  yellow.  Shak. 

3.  Cautious  ; wary  ; circumspect ; watchful ; 
as,  “ He  was  guarded  in  his  manner.” 

||  GUARD' JJD-LY  (gird'ed-le),  ad.  In  a guarded 
manner  ; cautiously  ; warily. 

||  GUARD'£D-NESS  (gard'ed-nes),  n.  Caution; 
cautiousness ; wariness.  Todd. 

||  GUARD'gR  (gard'er),  xi.  One  who  guards.  Sandgs. 

|[  f GUARD'FUL  (gard'ful),  a.  Wary;  cautious; 
watchful.  “ A guardful  eye.”  A.  Hill. 

GUARD'— HOUSE,  xi.  The  house  or  building  in 
which  a guard  of  soldiers  is  kept.  Simmonds. 

||  GUAR  DI-AN  (gar'de-tin  or  gard'yiin)  [giir'de-rm, 
P.  Ja.  R. ; gir'dyan,  S.  E. ; gyar'de-jn  or  gy&r'- 
je-jn,  IF. ; gyir'de-an,  J.  ; gy&rd'yjn,  F.  K. ; 
g’ard'yjn,  Sm.],  n.  [It .guardiano;  Sp.  guardi- 
an-, Fr.  gardien.  — See  Guard.] 

1.  A warden  ; one  to  whom  the  care  and  pres- 
ervation of  any  thing  is  intrusted  ; a protector  ; 
a keeper;  a preserver.  “The  appointed  guax-- 
dians  of  the  Christian  faith.”  Waterlaxid.  “Pes- 
tilence the  gxiardian  of  her  throne.”  Savage. 

2.  (Law.)  A person  appointed  to  have  the 

custody  of  the  person  or  property  of  an  infant, 
or  of  a person  incapable  of  directing  his  own 
affairs.  Coiccll. 

Guardian  of  the  spiritualities,  (Eccl.  Law.)  a person 
to  whom  the  spiritual  jurisdiction  of  any  diocese  is 
committed,  during  the  vacancy  of  the  see.  Cowell. — 
Guardian  of  the  temporalities,  one  to  whom  the  tempo- 
ral jurisdiction  and  the  profits  of  the  see  are  commit- 
ted during  a vacancy.  Whishaw. 

||  GUAR'DI-AN,  a.  Protecting;  superintending; 
watching  over.  “ Guardian  angels.”  Dnjden. 
Thus  shall  mankind  his  guardian  care  engage, 

The  promised  father  of  the  future  age.  Pope. 

f GUAR'DI-AN-A^E,  n.  Guardianship.  Holland. 

f GUAR'DLANCE,  n.  Guardianship.  Bp.  Hall. 

||  GUAR'DI-AN-ESS,  n.  A female  guardian.  “ A 
trusty,  watchful  guardianess.”  Beau.  8j  FI. 

II  GUAR'DI-AN-IZE,  v.  n.  To  act  the  part  of  a 
guardian,  [r.]  Qu.  Rev. 

GUAR'DI- AN-LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  a guardian. 

Nor  left  me  guartlianless  alone.  Cooper. 

||  GUAR'DI-AN-SHIP,  n.  The  office  of  a guardi- 
an. “ Guardianship  of  the  laws.”  Swift. 

II  GUARD'— IR-ON  (girdT-urn),  n.  (Naut.)  An 
arched  bar  placed  over  the  ornamental  figures 
on  the  head  or  the  quarter  of  a ship,  to  defend 
them  from  injury.  Falconer. 

||  GUARD'LiJSS,  a.  Without  guard  or  defence. 
“A  rich  land, guardless  and  undefended.”  South. 

||  GUARD'-ROOM,  n.  A room  in  which  those  who 
are  appointed  to  watch  assemble.  Malone. 

||  GUARD'SIMP,  71.  1.  Care;  protection;  over- 

sight. “Wise  and  careful  guardship.”  Sxvift. 

2.  A vessel  of  war  appointed  to  superintend 
the  marine  affairs  in  a harbor  or  a river,  and  to 
receive  seamen  who  are  impressed  in  time  of 
war.  Mar.  Diet. 

||  GUARDSMAN,  n.  A man  who  guards  or  keeps 
guard  or  watch ; a watchman  ; sentinel.  Ec.  Rev. 

fGUAR'ISH  (gAr'jsh),  v.  a.  [Fr.  guerir.]  To 
heal ; to  cure.  Spenser. 

■fGUA'RY— MIR'A-CLE  (gwa're-mir'a-kl),  n.  [Corn. 
guare-mirkl.  Todd.]  A miracle-play.  Carew. 

GUA'VA  (gwii'vj)  [gw&'v?,  P.  Wb. ; gwa'va,  Sxn.  ; 
gwi'va,  K.],  n.  [Sp.  guax/aba.]  The  fruit  of 
tlie  Psidixtm  pomiferum  (red  guava)  and  the 
Psidium  pxjriferxtm  (white  guava),  growing  in 
South  America  and  the  AVest  Indies,  of  a fra- 
grant and  peculiar  odor,  and  much  esteemed, 


especially  in  the  form  of  a jelly  : — the  tree 
which  produces  the  guava.  P.  Cgc. 

GUA'VA— JEL'LY,  n.  A rich  jelly  made  in  the 
AVest  Indies  from  the  guava.  • Simmonds. 

f GU'BjpR-NANCE,  n.  Government.  “ The  gxtber- 
xxance  of  all  the  king’s  tenants.”  Strgpc. 

f GU'BJj.R-NATE,  v.  a.  [L.  guberno,  gubernatus.] 
To  govern  ; to  rule.  Cockeram. 

GU-BJJR-NA'TION,  n.  Government,  [r.]  “ Ex- 
tensive gubemation.”  Watts.  “ External  guber- 
nation  of  the  church.”  Spottiswood. 

f GU'llER-NA-TIVE  [gn-ber'na-tiv,  Ja.  K.  Todd, 
Maunder,  C.\  gu'ber-na-tjv,  Sm.  O.  Wb.] , a. 
Governing  ; ruling ; directing.  Chaucer. 

GU-BIJR-NA-TO'RI-AL,  a.  [L.  gxibemator,  a gov- 
ernor.— See  Governor.]  Belonging  to  a gov- 
ernor ; as,  “ A gubernatorial  election.”  [Aword 
sometimes  used  in  the  U.  S.]  B.  Russell. 

GUD'DLE,  v.  n.  To  drink  much  or  greedily;  to 
guzzle.  [Local,  Eng.]  Jennings. 

GUDfy'EON  (gud'jun),  n.  [Fr.  goujon.] 

1.  (Ich.)  The  common  name  of  small  fresh- 
water fishes  of  the  family  Cyprinidcv,  and  genus 
Gobio. 

The  common  gudgeon  (Gobio  flxiviatilis)  is  a 
small  fish,  from  six  to  ei "lit  inches  long,  anti  common 
in  the  streams  of  England.  Baird. 

2.  A man  easily  cheated.  Duke. 

3.  A bait ; an  allurement ; — in  allusion  to 
the  gudgeon’s  being  used  as  a bait  for  pike. 

But  fish  not  with  this  melancholy  bait, 

For  this  fool’s  gudgeon , this  opinion.  Shak. 

4.  (Mach.)  That  part  of  a horizontal  shaft  or 

axle  which  turns  in  the  collar.  Grier. 

5.  (Naut.)  A clamp  of  iron  or  other  metal 
attached  to  the  stern-post,  and  having  a hole  to 
receive  the  pintle  of  the  rudder.  Mar.  Diet. 

To  swallow  a gudgeon,  to  be  deceived. 

GUDtjf'EON  (gud'jun),  v.  a.  To  ensnare;  to  im- 
pose upon.  Wedgewood. 

GUE'BRES,  or  GUE'BIJRSj,  n.  pi.  [i.  e.  Giaours, 
infidels.]  The  sectaries  of  the  ancient  Persian 
religion,  who  worshipped  fire  ; — so  called  by 
the  Mahometans.  Brande. 

GUEL'DER— RO§E,  xi.  See  Gelder-rose.  Todd. 

GUELFS  (gwelfs),  xi.  pi.  [A  name  derived  from 
the  great  German  house  of  the  Welfs  or  Guelfs.] 
A political  party,  in  Italian  history,  during  the 
middle  ages,  the  feuds  between  which  and  the 
opposite  party  of  the  Ghibellines  long  distracted 
that  country." — See  Ghibellines.  Brande. 

GUELPIl'IC  (gwelf'jk),  a.  Noting  a Hanoverian 
order  of  knighthood,  founded,  in  1815,  by  George 
IV.,  of  England,  then  prince  regent.  Bi-axiae. 

GUELPHS  (gwelfs),  n.  pi.  Same  as  Guelfs. 

GUER'DON  (gSr'don)  [ger'dun,  IF.  P.  F.  Sm.  ; 
gwer'dun  or  ger'dun,  Ja.  ; gwer'dun,  S.  K.],  n. 
[It.  guiderdbne ; Fr.  guerdon.  — See  Rexvard.] 
A reward  ; a recompense  ; remuneration  ; re- 
quital. [r.]  Spexiscr. 

Verse,  like  the  laurel,  its  immortal  meed, 

Should  be  the  guerdon  of  a noble  deed.  Cowpcr. 

t GUER'DON  (ger'don),  V.  a.  To  reward.  Shak. 

f GUER'DON-A-BLE,  a.  AVorthy  of  reward  ; that 
may  be  recompensed.  Sir  G.  Buck. 

j-  GUER'DON-LESS,  a.  Unrewarded.  Chaucer. 

GUF.-RIT.' LA  (ge-ril'la),  n.  ; pi.  GUERILLAS.  [Sp. 
guerrilla,  little  war.] 

1.  A petty  warfare  ; a predatory  expedition. 

2.  A partisan  or  irregular  soldier,  or  a band 

of  irregular  soldiers.  Qu.  Rev. 

IJSf  The  term  is  often  used  adjectively  ; as,  “ Gue- 
rilla bands11  -,  “ Guerilla p liief  ” ; u Guerilla  soldier.” 

GUER'jTE,  n.  [Fr.]  (Fort.)  A small  tower  of 
stone  or  of  wood,  generally  upon  the  point  of  a 
bastion,  or  on  the  angles  of  the  shoulder,  to 
hold  a sentinel.  Craig. 

GUESS  (ges),  v.  xi.  [Dut.  gissen ; Dan.  giette  ; Sw. 
gissa:  — Gael.  <S,  If-  geas.]  [i.  guessed;  pp. 
GUESSING,  GUESSED.] 

1.  To  judge  at  random,  or  w ithout  any  certain 
evidence  ; to  conjecture  ; to  divine  ; to  surmise. 

Should  he  not  very  oiten  guess  rightly  of  things  to  eomc? 

Baleigh. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  JJ,  \,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


GUESS 


647 


GUILTY 


2.  To  suppose  ; to  believe  ; to  think. 

She,  guessing  that  he  was  a gardener. 

John  xx.  15,  Wickl {lie's  Trans. 

If  they  would  yield  us  but  the  superfluity,  while  it  were 
wholesome,  we’might  guess  they  relieved  us  humanely.  Shah. 

An  Hebrew,  as  I guess , and  of  our  tribe.  Milton. 

Ouce  in  twenty-four  hours  is  enough;  and  nobody,  I guess, 
will  think  it  too  much.  Locke. 

The  use  of  this  word,  as  synonymous  with  to 
suppose , to  believe , to  think , lias  been  said  to  be  almost 
peculiar  to  New  England.  It  is  true  that  this  use  of 
it  is  very  common  here  — probably  much  more  so  than 
in  Great  Britain.  Lambert,  an  English  traveller,  says 
of  the  people  of  New  England,  “ Instead  of  imagining-, 
supposing,  or  believing,  they  always  guess  at  every 
thing.” 

“ The  employment  of  guess,  to  express  a vast  varie- 
ty of  mental  processes,  — to  think,  to  presume,  to  sup- 
pose, to  imagine,  to  believe,  Sec.,  Sec., — was  one  of 
the  earliest  peculiarities  of  speech  observed  in  Ameri- 
ca.” C.  Ji.  Bristed. 

Halliwell  defines  to  guess,  as  used  in  various  dia- 
lects in  England,  to  suppose,  to  believe  ; and  it  seems 
to  be  used  in  this  manner  by  Wickliffe,  Sliakspeare, 
Milton,  and  Locke,  in  tile  above-cited  quotations. — 
“ The  greatest  abuse  of  this  word,”  as  stated  by  Mr. 
Pickering,  “is  guessing  about  tilings  well  known.” 

GUESS,  v.  a.  To  judge  at  random  ; to  conjecture  ; 
to  divine. 

Of  Dryden’s  sluggishness  in  conversation,,  it  is  vain  to 
search  or  guess  the  cause.  Johnson. 

GUESS  (ges),  n.  Judgment  without  certain 
grounds;  conjecture;  supposition;  surmise. 

These  are  my  guesses  concerning  the  means  whereby  the 
understanding  comes  to  have  and  retain  simple  ideas.  Locke. 

Syn.— Seo  Conjecture. 

GUESS' ER  (ges'er),  n.  One  who  guesses  ; a con- 
jecturer;  a surmiser. 

A good  guesser  might  reasonably  conjecture  the  monarchy 
. . . would  be  restored.  Jortin. 

f GUESS'|NG-Ly  (ges'jng-le),  ad.  In  a guessing 
manner;  conjecturally.  Shak. 

GUES'SIVE,  a.  Conjectural.  “ The  guessive  in- 
terpretations of  dim-eyed  man.”  [r.]  Felthim. 

GUESS 'WORK  (ges'wurk),  n.  Work  done  by 
guess  : — a conjecture.  “ Mere  guessxcork.” 

Arbuthnot. 

GUEST  (gest),  n.  [Goth,  gasts  ; A.  S.  gest ; Dut. 
Sc  Gcr.  gast ; Dan.  gjast ; Sw.  grist : — W.  gwes- 
tai.\  One  entertained  in  the  house,  or  at  the 
table,  of  another  ; a visitor;  a visitant. 

True  friendship’s  laws  are  by  this  rule  expressed, 

Welcome  the  coming,  speed  the  going,  guest.  rope. 

Syn.  — Every  guest  is  a visitor ; but  every  visitor 
is  not  a guest.  A visitor  simply  comes  to  see  a per- 
son ; a guest  partakes  of  his  hospitality. 

f GUEST,  v.  n.  To  be  entertained  in  the  house, 
or  at  the  table,  of  another.  Hcyxcood. 

My  hope  was  now 

To  guest  with  him.  Chapman. 

GUEST'— CHAM  BER,  n.  A chamber  of  enter- 
tainment. Mark  xiv.  14. 

f GUEST'-RITE,  n.  A rite,  observance,  or  office 
due  to  a guest.  Chapman. 

GUEST'ROl’E,  n.  ( Naut .)  A rope  by  which  a 
boat  is  kept  steady  while  it  is  in  tow.  Shah. 

GUEST'WI^E  (gest'wlz),  acl.  In  the  manner,  or 
the  capacity,  of  a guest.  Shah. 

GUF-fAW',?i.  A boisterous  laugh  ; a horse-laugh. 
[A  Scottish  word.]  Dr.  Chalmers.  Jamieson. 

GUG'GLE,  v.  n.  [Gael.  glug.\  See  Gurgle. 

GiiilR  (giir),  n.  (Min.)  A name  applied  in  the 
East  Indies  to  a loose  earthy  deposit  from  wa- 
ter found  in  the  clefts  of  rocks,  usually  white, 
but  sometimes  red  or  yellow  from  a mixture  of 
clay  or  ochre.  Wright. 

GUI-A'CUM  (gwe-a'kum),  n.  Guaiacum. — See 
Gcaiacum.  Walker. 

GUI'BA,  n.  ( Zoiil .)  A quadruped  resembling  the 
gazeile.  Goldsmith. 

||  GUlD'A-BLE  (fld'a-bl),  a.  That  may  he  guided 
or  governed  by  counsel.  “A  submissive  and 
guidable  spirit.”  Sprat. 

||  GUlD'A(?E  (gid'.?j),  n.  1.  The  reward  given  to 
a guide,  [r.]  Ainsworth. 

2.  The  act  of  guiding;  guidance.  “Go  be- 
neath his  guidage.”  Southey. 

||  GUID'ANCE  (gld'fins),  n.  The  act  of  guiding; 
direction  ; government ; lead. 


Following  the  guidance  of  her  blinded  guest.  Spenser. 

Since  Wisdom’s  sacred  guidance  he  pursues, 

Give  to  the  stranger  guest  a stranger’s  dues.  Pope. 

II  GUIDE  (gld)  [gld,  r.  E.  Ja.-,  geld,  K.  ; gyld,  S. 
W.J.F.-,  g’ld,  Si#.],  v.  a.  [It.  guidare ; Sp. 
guiar  ; Fr.  guider.  “ It  is  [A.  S.]  ge-wit-an, 
ge-wit-ed,  gwited,  gwied,  guide.”  Richardson .] 
[i.  GUIDED  ; pp.  GUIDING,  GUIDED.] 

1.  To  direct  or  lead  in  a way;  to  conduct. 

* Still  he  him  guided  over  hill  and  dale.  Spenser. 

One  of  the  saddest  things  about  human  nature  is,  that  a 
man  mav  guide  others  in  the  path  of  life  without  walking  in 
it  himself;  that  he  may  be  a pilot,  and  yet  a castaway.  Hare. 

2.  To  direct ; to  rule  ; to  govern  ; to  manage  ; 
to  regulate  ; to  control ; to  preside  over. 

A king  is  sought  to  guide  the  growing  state.  Dryden. 
lie  will  guide  his  affairs  with  discretion.  Ps.  cxii.  5. 

Syn.  — See  Conduct. 

||  GUIDE  (gld),  n.  [It.  guida  ; Sp.  guia\  Fr  .guide.] 
He  who,  or  that  which,  guides  or  directs  ; a di- 
rector ; a conductor. 

So  here  I hired  two  Indians  to  be  my  guides.  Hackluyt. 

He  for  my  sake  the  raging  ocean  tried. 

And  wrath  of  Heaven,  my  still  auspicious  guide.  Dryden. 

But  we  have  sure  experience  for  our  guide.  Dryden. 

||  GUIDE'UESS  (gld'les),  a.  Having  no  guide. 
“ His  guideless  youth.”  Pope. 

||  GUIDE'POST  (gid'post),  n.  A post  whore  two  or 
more  roads  meet,  directing  the  traveller  which 
to  follow  ; a finger-post. 

||  GUID'ER  (gld'er),  n.  A director  ; a guide,  [it.] 

But  now  nine  hundred  chariots  roll  along; 

Expert  their  gulden i,  and  their  horses  strong.  Parnell. 

||  f GUID'pR-ESS,  n.  She  who  guides.  Chaucer. 

GUJD'ING.n.  Direction;  guidance.  Com. Prayer. 

GUI'DON  (gl'don),  n.  [Fr.] 

1.  f A standard-bearer  ; a standard.  Ashmole. 

2.  A cavalry  banner.  Stocqueler. 

GUILD  (gild),  n.  [A.  S.  gild,  geld,  gyld,  a pay- 
ment, a fraternity ; gildan,  or  gyldan,  to  pay ; 
M.  Goth,  gild  ; Dut.  <8,  Ger.  geld  ; Icel.  gilldi .] 

1.  A payment;  a contribution ; a tax. 

Richardson. 

2.  A society  ; a corporation  ; a fraternity  or 
association,  generally  of  merchants  ; — so  called 
because  every  one  had  to  pay  something  towards 
the  charge  and  support  of  the  company.  Coxcell. 

3.  f The  place  or  building  in  which  a society 

meet.  ' 

The  room  was  large  and  wide 
As  it  some  guild  or  solemn  temple  were.  Spenser. 

fGUILD'A-BLE  (gildVbl),  o.  Liable  to  tax.  “In 
places  guildable.”  Spelman. 

CUILD'ER  (glld'er),  n.  [Dut.  t$  Ger.  gulden .]  A 
Dutch  coin  of  the  value  of  20  stivers,  or  lx. 
9 d.  sterling  (about  42  cents); — written  also 
gilder.  Crabb. 

GUILD'HALL  (glld'hM),  n.  The  hall  in  which  a 
guild,  or  corporation,  usually  assembles  ; a town- 
hall  ; — particularly  the  hall  or  court  of  judica- 
ture of  the  city  of  London.  Shak. 

The  mayor  towards  guildhall  hies  him  in  all  post.  Shak. 

II  GUILE  (ill)  [gyil,  S.  W.  J.  F.  C. ; gu,  P.  E.  Ja. ; 
gell,  K.  ; i’ll,  Sm.],  n.  [Old  Fr.  guille , gille. 
“From  [A.  S.]  wxglian,  we  have  to  wile ; the 
usual  prefix  ge  forms  ge-xciglian,  whence  we  have 
guile.”  Richardson. — See  Wile.]  Craft; 
cunning;  duplicity;  deceit;  fraud;  insidious 
artifice ; wile. 

Behold  an  Israelite  indeed,  in  whom  is  no  guile.  John  i.  47. 

||  f GUILE  (gll),  v.  a.  [Fr.  guiller. ] To  disguise 
cunningly;  to  conceal.  “ A fair  show  to  guile 
his  mischiefs.”  Beau.  § FI. 

||  f GUIL'^D  (gil'ed),  a.  Treacherous  ; deceiving. 

The  guiled  shore  to  a most  dangerous  sea.  Shak. 

||  GUILE'FUL  (gll'ful),  a.  Insidious;  deceitful; 
treacherous.  “ Guileful  words.”  Shak. 

II  GUlLE'FUL-LY  (gll'ful-le),  ad.  In  a guileful 
manner ; insidiously  ; treacherously.  Milton. 

II  GUlLE'FUL-NESS  (gil'ful-nes),  n.  The  quality 
of  being  guileful ; secret  treachery.  Todd. 

||  GUILE'LESS  (gll'les),  a.  Free  from  deceit  or 
guile  ; honest ; artless  ; pure.  Thomson. 

II  GUfLE'LpSS-NESS  (gll'les-nes),  n.  Quality  of 
being  guileless  ; freedom  from  deceit.  Todd. 


||  f GUIL'f/R  (gil'er),  n.  A deceiver  ; a traitor. 

And  thus  the  guiler  is  beguiled.  Gower. 

GUIL'LE-METS  (gll'Ie-mets),  n.  pi.  [Fr.]  Marks 
of  quotation,  or  quotation-points ; inverted 
commas  and  apostrophes,  thus  [“  ”],  used  to 
distinguish  words  quoted  from  another  author  ; 
— so  called  from  the  inventor.  G.  Brown. 


GUIL'LIJ-MOT  (gll'le-mot),  n. 

( Ornith .)  The  common  name 
of  aquatic  birds  of  the  sub-fam- 
ily Urines,  allied  to  the  divers  ; 

— found  in  the  Arctic  seas 
of  the  Old  and  New  Worlds, 
and  migratory  in  winter  in 
large  companies,  along  the 
coasts  of  Norway  and  Eng- 
land. Gray. 

GUIL'LE-VAT,  n.  (Distilling.) 

A vat  for  fermenting  liquors. 

Wright. 

GUIL-LOQHE',  n.  [Fr.,  from  Gr. 
yviov,  a member,  and  l-6x°s>  a 
snare.]  (Arch.)  An  ornament 
formed  by  two  or  more  intertwin- 
ing bands.  Weale. 

GUJL-LO-TINE'  (gil-lo-ten')  [gil'lo- 
ten,  P.  Ja.  K.  R.  ; gU-yo-tihi',  Sm. 

Wr.-,  gll'o-tln,  Wb.],  n.  [Fr.]  An  instrument 
of  capital  punishment,  used  in  France,  which 
separates  the  head  from  the  body  at  one  stroke. 


J8Sgr“  It  was  named  from  its  introducer,  Joseph  Ig- 
nace  Guillotin,  who  is  erroneously  supposed  both  to 
have  invented  and  to  have  perished  by  it.  The 
maiden,  formerly  used  in  Scotland,  was  similar  to  the 
guillotine  in  its  construction  and  mode  of  execution. 
Brande. 


GUIL-LO-TINE'  (gil-lo-ten'),  V.  a.  \i.  GUILLO- 
TINED ; pp.  GUILLOTINING,  GUILLOTINED.]  To 
behead  or  decapitate  by  the  guillotine.  Watson. 

GUILL^(|i1z),h.  (Bot.)  The  corn  marigold.  Clarke. 

GUILT  (gilt),  n.  tA.  S.  gylt,  debt,  guilt ; gyldan, 
to  pay  ; Dan.  gjtsld;  Icel.  giald.  — “ The  Ger. 
gotten,  in  earlier  times,  not  only  signified  to  pay, 
but  when  there  was  no  restitution,  to  be  obliged 
to  submit  one’s  self  to  punishment.”  Bosxvorth. 
— “ Guilt  is  gexoxgled,  guiled,  guild,  gxxilt,  the 
past  p.  of  [A.  S.]  gexoiglan.”  II.  Tooke .] 

1.  The  state  of  being  guilty,  or  of  having  vio- 
lated a law,  knowing  it  to  be  such  ; criminality ; 
guiltiness ; criminousness. 

Thus  guilt  of  to  guile,  or  beguile;  to  find  guilt  in  a man  is 
to  find  that  he  has  been  beguiled,  that  is,  by  the  devil,  “in- 
6tigante  diabolo,”  as  it  is  inserted  in  all  indictments  for 
murder.  Trench. 

An  involuntary  act,  as  it  has  no  claim  to  merit,  so  neither 
can  it  induce  any  guilt-,  the  concurrence  of  the  will,  when  it 
has  its  choice  either  to  do  or  to  avoid  the  fact  in  question, 
being  the  only  thing  that  renders  human  actions  either 
praiseworthy  or  culpable.  JJlackstone. 

2.  A crime ; an  offence ; misdeed ; delin- 
quency. “ Close,  pent-up  guilts.”  Shak. 

Syn. — See  Criminal. 

GUILT'I-LY  (gllt’e-le),  ad.  In  a guilty  manner  ; 
criminally. 

GUILT'I-NESS  (gilt'e-nes),  n.  The  state  of  being 
guilty  ; criminality.  Shak. 

GUILT'LfSS,  a.  1.  Free  from  guilt;  innocent; 
unpolluted ; immaculate. 

The  Lord  will  not  hold  him  guiltless  that  taketh  his  name 
in  vain.  Dec.  xx.  7. 

2.  Having  no  experience.  “ Heifers  guiltless 
of  the  yoke.”  Pope. 

GUILT'LESS-LY  (gllt'les-le),  ad.  .In  a guiltless 
manner;  innocently. 

GUILT'L^SS-NESS  (glh'les-nes),  n.  Freedom 
from  guilt ; innocence.  King  Charles. 

GUILT'— SICK  (gllt'slk),  a.  Diseased  by  guilt. 
“ A guilt-sick  conscience.”  . Beau,  is  FI. 

GUILT'— STAINED  (gllt'stand),  a.  Polluted  with 
crimes.  Maxirice. 


GUIL'TY  (gll'te),  a.  1.  Having  guilt;  justly 
chargeable  with  a crime  ; not  innocent ; crimi- 
nal. 

There  is  no  man  that  is  knowingly  wicked  hut  is  mtiltu  to 
himself;  and  there  is  no  man  that  carries  guilt  about  him  hut 
he  receives  a sting  into  his  soul.  Tillotson. 

2.  f Conscious. 

I ’ll  give  out . . . that  I know  the  time  and  place  where  he 
stole  it,  though  my  soul  be  guiltg  of  no  such  thing.  B.  Jonson. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR.  RpLE.  — 9,  i},  9,  g,  soft;  E,  G,  5,  |,  hard;  § as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


GUILTY-LIKE 


G48 


GUMPTION 


3.  Condemned  to  payment,  [r.] 

Gods  of  the  liquid  realms  on  which  I row, 

If,  given  by  you,  the  laurel  bind  my  brow, 

Assist  to  make  me  guilty  of  my  vow.  Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Criminal. 

tGUlL'TY— LIKE  (gil'te-llk),  ad.  Guiltily.  Shak. 

GUIM'B  ARD,  n.  A musical  instrument ; the  jews- 
harp.  Maunder. 

GUIM'PLE,  v.  See  Wimple.  Todd. 

GUINEA  (gln'e),  »* ■ An  English  gold  coin  of  the 
value  of  21  shillings  sterling  (about  $5)  ; — now 
disused. 

Guineas  were  first  coined,  in  16G2,  of  gold 
brought  from  Guinea  ; whence  the  name.  Braude. 

GUIN'EA— CORN,  n.  A vegetable  growing  in  Ara- 
bia, most  parts  of  Asia  Minor,  and  also  in  the 
West  Indies,  that  produces  a kind  of  grain 
which  is  esteemed  a hearty  food  for  laborers  ; 
Egyptian  millet ; Sorghum  vulgare.  Loudon. 

GUlN'JSA-DEER  (gln'e-der),  n.  A small  quadru- 
ped, a native  of  Guinea.  Hill. 

GUINEA— DROP'PpR  (gln'e-drop'er),  «.  One  who 

cheats  by  dropping  guineas  ; a swindler. 

Who  now  the  guinea-dropper's  bait  regards?  Gay. 


GUIN'yA— FOWL,  n.  ( Ornith .)  A fowl  inhabit- 
ing Africa  and  its  adjacent 
islands,  having  a dark  blu- 
ish-gray plumage,"  sprin- 
kled with  round  white 
spots.  It  is  somewhat 
larger  than  the  domestic 
cock,  and  has  a harsh  and 
unpleasant  voice  ; Guinea- 
hen  ; Numida  meleagris.  Baird. 


GUIN'EA— GRAINiJ,  it.  pi.  Grains  of  paradise. 


GUIN'JJA— GRASS,  n.  A tall,  strong  grass  nat- 
uralized in  the  West  Indies  and  the  Southern 
States,  having  been  introduced  from  the  west- 
ern coast  of  Africa.  Farm.  Ency. 


GUIN'EA— HEN  (gln'e-hen),  n.  A domestic  Afri- 
can fowl.  — See  Guinea-fowl.  Dumpier. 

GUINEA— PfiP'PER  (gln'e-pep'er),  ii.  The  seeds 
of  two  species  of  Amomum  ( Amomum  grana- 
paradisi,  and  Amomum.  grandijlorum),  from 
Africa,  powerfully  aromatic,  stimulant,  and 
cordial.  P.  Cyc. 

GUIn'EA-PIG  (giu'e-plg),  ii.  {7.o ':l.)  A small 
Brazilian  animal ; the  Caiia  cobaya  of  Lin- 
nceus  ; — often  domesticated,  and  kept  as  a pet. 
— See  Cavy.  Baird. 


GUIN'£A_ WORM  (gln'e-wurm),  w.  A species  of 
worm  varying  in  length  from  six  inches  to  ten 
feet,  and  about  as  thick  as  horsehair.  It  is  very 
common  in  hot  countries,  and  often  insinuates 
itself  under  the  skin,  causing  intense  pain  ; 
Filaria  medinensis.  Van  Der  Iloeven. 


GUIN'IAD  (gwln'yad),  n.  [W.  gwyn,  white.] 
( Ich .)  A fish  of  the  salmon  kind;  Coregonus 
lavaretus.  Yarrell. 


GUI-PURE'  (ge-pfir'),  n.  [Fr.] 

1.  A cheap  and  beautiful  imitation  of  antique 

lace.  Simmonds. 

2.  A kind  of  gimp.  Simmonds. 

GUl§E  (glz),  n.  [A.  S.  icise\  Dut.  wijze,  irijs ; 

Ger.  weise  ; Dan.  vis ; Icel.  wis ; W.  gwis.  — Fr. 
guise ; It.,  Sp.,  &;  Port,  guisa.] 

1.  Manner  ; mien ; behavior.  Milton. 

2.  Practice  ; custom  ; habit. 

The  swain  replied,  it  never  was  our  guise 

To  slight  th  2 poor,  or  aught  humane  despise.  Pope. 

3.  External  appearance  ; garb  ; dress.  “ The 

guise  of  religion.”  Swift. 

GUI^'ER  (glz'er),  n.  [From  guise,  dress.]  A 
mummer  ; a person  in  disguise.  Pcgge. 

GUI-TAR'  (ge-tar'),  n.  [Gr.  mOaoa  ; L.  cithara-, 
It.  chitarra-,  Sp.  guitarra ; Fr.  guitare.]  An 
instrument  of  music,  which  differs  little  from 
the  lute,  having  six  strings,  played  upon  with 
the  fingers,  stretched  over  a body  somewhat 
resembling  that  of  a violin,  but  larger.  Moore. 

GU'LA,  n.  {Arch.)  A cymatium  ; gola.  Wright. 

GU'LAUND,  n.  {Ornith.)  An  aquatic  fowl  inhab- 
iting Iceland,  and  in  size  between  a duck  and  a 
goose.  Wright. 


||  GULCII,  v.  n.  [Dut.  gulzig,  greedy.]  To  swal- 
low eagerly  or  voraciously ; to  gulp.  [Anti- 
quated or  low.]  Turberville. 

GU  LCH,  n.  1.  f A glutton  ; a blockhead.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  A water-course  ; a gully.  Clarke. 

f GUL'CHjN,  n.  A glutton  ; a gulch.  Skinner. 

GULE§  (gulz),  n.  [Fr . gueules. — 

“ L.  gula,  the  throat ; or  the  Ar. 
gule,  a rose.”  Fairholt.  — “ Cor- 
ruption of  gueules,  red,  Fr., 
which  is  probably  from  the  Pers. 
quhl,  a rose.”  Craig.]  {Her.) 
lied; — represented  in  an  es- 
cutcheon by  perpendicular  lines.  Shak. 

Ilis  seven-fold  targe  a field  of  gules  did  stain.  7*.  Fletcher. 

GULF,  ii.  [Gr.  Kil.rrof ; It.  St  Sp.  gofo  ; Fr.  golfe.] 

1.  (Geog.)  An  arm  or  part  of  a sea  extending 
tip  into  "the  land,  and  distinguished  from  a bay 
only  in  being  of  greater  size  and  extent. 

2.  An  abyss  ; a deep  place  in  the  earth. 
“ Yawning  gulf  of  deep  Avernus.”  Spenser. 

3.  A whirlpool.  “The  sucking  of  a.  gulf.”  Shak. 

4.  Any  thing  insatiable. 

Maw  and  gulf 

Of  the  ravening  salt-sea  shark.  Shak. 

Syn. — Gulf  is  a deep  concave  receptacle  for  wa- 
ter, or  a large  bay  ; as,  “ The  Gulf  of  Mexico  ” ; “ Tile 
Bay  of  Biscay.”  An  abyss  is,  literally,  a bottomless 
pit.  Overwhelmed  in  a gulf-,  lost  in  an  abyss. 

GULF'Y,  a.  Full  of  gulfs  or  whirlpools.  “The 
gulfy  main.”  “ Gulfy  Simols.”  Pope. 

fGU'LIST,  n.  [L.  gulo.]  A glutton.  Feal/y. 

GULL,  v.  a.  [OldFr.ym’&r.  Johnson.  — “Formed 
upon  the  past  tense  of  the  A.  S.  gewiglian , to 
guile  or  beguile.”  Richardson.]  [i.  culled  ; 
pp.  GULLING,  GULLED.] 

1.  To  trick  ; to  cheat ; to  defraud  ; to  deceive. 

They  are  not  to  be  gulled  twice  with  the  same  trick. 

L' Estrange. 

2.  To  form  as  a gully  or  channel  by  running 

water ; to  gully.  Forby. 

GULL,  ii.  1.  A cheat ; a fraud ; a deception  ; a 
deceit ; an  imposition  ; a trick. 

I should  think  this  a gull,  but  that  the  white-bearded  fellow 
speaks  it.  Shak. 

2.  A stupid  animal  ; one  easily  cheated. 

That  paltry  storv  is  untrue, 

And  forged  to  cheat  such  gulls  as  you.  Jludibras. 

GULL,  n.  [L.  gulo, 
a glutton,  from  its 
voracity.  Skinner. 

W . gwylan.]  {Or- 
nith.) A glutton- 
ous, web-footed 
sea-bird  of  the  or- 
der Ansercs  and 
genus  Larus, 
found  in  every 
quarter  of  the 
world,  often  many 
leagues  from  land,  having  the  body  clothed  with 
a great  quantity  of  down  and  feathers.  Baird. 

GULL'— CATCH-ER,  ii.  A cheat;  one  who  im- 
poses upon,  or  cheats,  fools.  Shak. 

GULL'ER,  n.  One  who  gulls;  a cheat.  Sherwood. 

GULL'JJR-Y,  n.  Cheat ; imposture,  [r.]  Burton. 

GUL'LET,  n.  [L  .gula;  It.  8$  Sp.  gola ; Fr . goulet.] 

1.  The  throat,  or  passage  for  food  in  the  neck  ; 

the  oesophagus.  Blackmore. 

2.  A gore  in  a shirt,  &c.  Wright. 

3.  f A small  stream  or  lake.  Fuller. 

GUL-LI-BIL'I-TY,  n.  Capability  of  being  gulled  ; 
weak  credulity.  [Vulgar.]  Burke. 

GUL'LI-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  gulled  or  de- 
ceived ; that  may  be  imposed  upon.  W.  Scott. 

GUL'LIED,  p.  a.  Worn  away  by  friction.  Ash. 

f gOl'LI-GUT,  n.  [L.  gulo.]  A glutton.  Barret. 

GUL'LrON  (gul'yun),  n.  1.  Gripes  in  horses. 
[Provincial,  Eng.]  Farm..  Ency. 

2.  A mean  wretch.  [Local,  Eng.]  Brockett. 

f GULL'JSH,  a.  Foolish  ; stupid  ; absurd.  Burton. 

f GU LL'ISH-NESS,  n.  Foolishness;  stupidity; 
gullibility.  Tr.  of  Boccalini. 

GUL'LY,  v.  n.  [“  Corrupted  from  gurgle.”  John- 


son.— From  gullet.  Richardson.]  [i.  gul- 
lied ; pp.  gullying,  gullied.]  To  run  with 
noise  ; to  gurgle.  Johnson. 

GUL'LY,  v.  a.  To  sweep  away  so  as  to  form  a 
channel  by  the  force  of  running  water ; to  wear 
away  by  friction.  Ash. 

GUL'LY,  n.  1.  A channel  made  by  running  wa- 
ter; a ditch;  a gutter.  “Parts  of  the  shore 
interrupted  by  small  valleys  and  gullies.”  Cook. 

2.  A large  knife  ; a cleaver.  Jamieson. 

3.  An  iron  tram-plate  or  rail.  Francis. 

GUL'LY— HOLE,  n.  A hole  where  a gutter,  drain, 

or  stream  of  water  empties  itself.  Johnson. 

GU'LO,  n.  [L.,  glutton.]  (7.0 id.)  A genus  of 
animals  comprising  the  wolverene,  or  glutton, 
and  the  grison.  Audobon. 

GU-LOS'J-TY,  n.  [L.  gtdosus,  greedy;  gulo,  a 
glutton.]  Greediness  ; gluttony  ; voracity,  [r.] 

Erring  in  gulosity  or  superfluity  of  meats.  Browne. 

GULP,  v.  a.  [Dut.  gulpen.]  [i.  gulped  ; pp. 
GULPING,  GULPED.]  To  swallow  eagerly;  to 
suck  down  without  intermission.  Gay.  Cou-per. 

GULP,  ii.  As  much  as  can  be  swallowed  at  once. 
“ Large  gulps  of  air.”  More. 

GULPH ,n.  (Geog.)  Agulf. — See  Gulf.  Brande. 

GUM,  n.  [A.  S.  goma ; Dut.  gom\  Ger.  gummi. 
— Gr.  K6fjfH  ; L.  gummi ; It.  gomma  ; Sp.  goma  ; 
Fr.  gomme.] 

1.  A concrete,  tasteless,  and  inodorous  vege- 

table substance  which  exudes  from  certain  trees, 
and  hardens  on  the  surface,  being  soluble  in 
water,  but  insoluble  in  alcohol.  Vie. 

2.  (Bot.)  A tree  of  the  genus  Nyssa  ; — called 
gum-tree,  black-gum,  and  sour-gum.  Clarke. 

Gum  Anime.  See  ANIME. 

GUM,  ii.  [A.  S.  goma  ; Ger.  gaumen  ; Icel.  gennr; 
Sw.  gom.\  The  hard,  fleshy  covering  of  the 
jaws,  embracing  the  necks  of  the  teeth.  Hoblyn. 

GUM,  V.  a.  [i.  GUMMED  ; pp.  GUMMING,  GUMMED.] 
To  smear  with  gum ; to  stick  with  gum ; to 
close  with  gum.  B.  Jonson. 

GUM,  v.  n.  To  exude  or  form  gum.  Loudon. 

GUM'— AR'A-BIC,  n.  A gum  produced  by  several 
species  of  the  Acacia,  and  especially  by  the 
Acacia  vera.  Loudon. 

GUM'BOIL,  n.  A boil  on  the  gums.  Perry. 

GUM'— CIS-TUS,  n.  (Bot.)  A species  of  rock-rose  ; 
Cistus  ladaniferus.  Loudon. 

GUM'— E-LAs'TIC,  ii.  Caoutchouc;  india-rubber. 

GUM'— JU'NI-PyR,  n.  A concrete  resin  which 
exudes  from  the  Juniperus  communis.  Reduced 
to  powder  it  forms  pounce.  Hoblyn. 

GUM'M  A,  71.  (Med.)  A soft  tumor,  so  named  from 
the  likeness  of  its  contents  to  a gum.  Hoblyn. 

GUM-MIF'BR-OUS,  a.  [L.  gummi,  gum,  and 

fero,  to  bear.]  Producing  gum.  Loudon. 

GUM'MI-NESS,  11.  The  state  of  being  gummy  : — 
accumulation  of  gum. 

A ffumminess  on  the  tendona  reaching  to  his  fingers.  Wiseman. 

GUM-MOS'I-TY,  ii.  The  nature  of  gum ; gum- 
miness. [r.]  Flayer. 

GUM'MOUS,  a.  Of  the  nature  of  gum;  gummy. 
“ Resinous  or  gunimous  bodies.”  Boyle. 

GUM'MY,  a.  1.  Consisting  of,  or  abounding  in, 
gum  ; of  the  nature  of  gum.  Raleigh. 

2.  Overgrown  with  gum  ; covered  with  gum. 
Then  rubs  his  gummy  eyes,  and  scrubs  his  pate.  Dryden. 

GtTMP,  n.  An  awkward,  foolish  person;  a dolt; 
a dunce.  [Colloquial  and  vulgar.]  Holloway. 

GUMP'TION  (gum'shun),  n.  [M.  Goth,  gauinian, 
to  perceive  ; A.  S.  gymen,  care,  heed.] 

1.  Understanding  ;.  skill ; shrewdness;  clev- 
erness ; sagacity ; common  sense.  [Colloquial.] 

Sometimes  I think  it  rank  presumption 

In  me  to  claim  the  Muse’s  gumption.  Nicol. 

2.  The  art  of  preparing  colors.  Jamieson. 

Painters  call  their  art  of  preparing  colors  their  gumption. 

Sir  IV.  Scott. 

3.  A term  applied  to  a nostrum  much  in  re- 
quest by  painters  in  search  of  the  “lost  medi- 
um ” of  the  old  masters  ; magilp.  Fairholt. 


A,  E,  I,  6, 


U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  1J,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure; 


FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL; 


HEIR,  HER; 


GUM-RASH 


649 


GUT 


GtJM'-RASH,  n.  (Med.)  A cutaneous  disease  ; 
red-gum.  Hoblyn. 

GUM'-RE§-IN,  n.  The  concrete  juice  of  certain 
plants,  composed  of  a mixture  of  gum  and 
resin,  or  of  a substance  intermediate  between 
the  two.  Braude. 


GUM'-SEN'£-GAU,  n.  A gum  resembling  gum- 
arabic,  produced  from  the  Acacia  Senegal, 
used  in  calico  printing.  Vre. 


GUM'-TRAg'A-CANTH,  n.  A gum  procured  from 
the  Astragalus  tragacantha  of  Crete  and  the 
surrounding  islands  ; — used  in  calico  printing 
and  by  shoemakers.  Ure. 

GtlM'-TREE,  n.  ( Bot .)  A middle-sized  tree, 

with  wood  very  close-grained,  and  hard  to  split; 
black-gum  ; sour-guin  ; Nyssa  multijiora  . — 
also  a name  applied  to  liquid-ambar  in  the  U.  S., 
and  to  species  of  Eucalyptus  in  Australia.  Gray. 

GUM'— WA-TJJR,  n.  A watery  liquid  distilled 
from  gum.  Joclrell. 


GUM’— WOOD  (-vvud),  n.  A name  given  to  the 
wood  of  some  species  of  Eucalyptus.  Ogilvie. 


GUN,  n.  [W.  gum-,  Gael,  guana  ; Ir.  yuan. — 
“ Scot,  gyn,  pi.  gynnys,  an  engine  for  war.  Gyn 
is  merely  an  abbreviation  of  Fr.  engin,  used  to 
denote  a military  engine  ; and  this  from  the 
L.  ingen-ium.  Gynnys  is  used  by  Robert  of 
Gloucester.  Gyn  was  at  length  changed  to  gun. 
This  seems  the  natural  origin  of  the  latter  term. 
The  only  circumstance  that  can  give  birth  to 
hesitation  as  to  this  etymon  of  the  latter  term 
is,  that  Goth,  gun  and  Icel.  qunne  denote  war- 
fare, battle  ; and  gunnar,  in  Edda,  is  used  for  a 
battering  ram.”  Jamieson .]  A general  term  for 
all  species  of  fire-arms,  as  muskets,  rifles,  car- 
bines, &c.,  with  the  exception  of  the  pistol  and 
the  mortar  ; though,  in  strict  military  usage,  the 
word  is  only  applied  to  large  pieces  of  ordnance, 
or  cannon,  and  never  to  small  arms.  Stocqueler. 
As  swift  as  a pellet  out  of  a gun. 

When  tire  is  in  the  powder  run.  Chaucer. 

GUN,  V.  n.  [f.  GUNNED  ; pp.  GUNNING,  GUNNED.] 
To  shoot  with  a gun.  Beau.  § FI. 

GU'NAR-GHY,  n.  See  Gynarchy.  Johnson. 

GUN'— BAR-Rf  L,  n.  The  metallic  tube  or  barrel 
of  a gun.  Maunder. 


GUN'— BOAT,  n.  A small  vessel  of  war  adapted 
to  shallow  water,  and  usually  carrying  only  one 
gun.  Falconer. 

GUN'— CAR-RIA^JE,  ii.  A wheel  carriage  for  can- 
non. Crabb. 


GUN'— COT-TON,  n.  A highly  explosive  sub- 
stance, prepared  by  steeping  purified  cotton 
wool  for  a short  time  in  equal  parts  of  nitric 
and  sulphuric  acids,  and  then  washing  and  dry- 
ing it.  Brande. 

GUN'-DECK,  n.  A lower  deck  of  a ship-of-war 
where  the  gunroom  is.  Booth. 

GUN'— FIRE,  n.  (Mil.)  The  hour  at  which  the 
morning  or  the  evening  gun  is  fired.  Campbell. 

GUN'9P,  n.  A granary  : — treasury.  [India.] 

Brown. 


GUN'LOCK,  n.  The  lock  of  a gun.  Booth. 

GUN'— MET-AL,  n.  An  alloy  of  eight  or  ten 
pounds  of  tin  to  one  hundred  pounds  of  copper  ; 
— used  in  making  brass  guns.  Falconer. 

GUN'NA<?E,  n.  (Naval.)  The  number  of  guns  in 
a ship-of-war.  Ogilvie. 

GUN'N^L,  n.  (Naut.)  See  Gunwale.  Falconer. 

GUN'NEL,  n.  (Ich.)  A small  spotted  fish.  Storer. 

GUN'NgR,  n.  1.  One  who  shoots  ; a cannoneer. 

2.  (Naut.)  An  officer  who  has  the  charge  of  the 
ordnance,  ammunition,  &c.,  of  a ship.  Mar.  Diet. 

GUN'NJJR-Y,  n.  The  science  of  using  artillery  ; 
the  art  of’  managing  guns  and  mortars.  Brande. 

GUN'NING,  n.  The  sport  or  diversion  of  shoot- 
ing ; the  use  of  the  gun  in  shooting.  Beau.  FI. 

GUNNY,  n.  A coarse  sackcloth  made  in  Bengal 
from  the  fibre  of  two  plants  of  the  genus  Cor- 
chorus ; viz.  Corchorus  olitorius , and  Corchorus 
capsularis ; — often  used  as  an  adjective;  as, 
“Gunny  cloth”;  “Gunny  bags.”  McCulloch. 


tssp  Besides  a large  domestic  consumption  of  gunny, 
the  whole  rice,  paddy,  wheat,  pulses,  sugar,  and  salt- 
petre of  the  country,  as  well  as  the  pepper,  coffee,  and 
other  foreign  produce  exported  from  Calcutta,  are 
packed  in  bags  or  sacks  made  of  this  article.  There 
is  also  a considerable  exportation  of  manufactured 
bags.  McCulloch. 

GU-NOC'RA-CY,  n.  See  Gynasocracy'.  Todd. 

GUN'— PORT,  n.  A hole  in  a ship  for  a cannon. 

GUN'PoW-DJJR,  n.  A composition  of  about  78 
parts  of  saltpetre,  12  of  charcoal,  and  10  of  sul- 
phur, used  in  guns,  in  fireworks,  &c.  Brande. 

GUN'PdW-DfjlK,  a.  An  epithet  applied  to  the 
finest  species  of  green-tea,  being  a carefully 
picked  hyson.  ■ Davis. 

GUN'REACII,  n.  The  reach  of  a gun;  the  dis- 
tance a gun  will  shoot ; gunshot.  Sydney  Smith. 

GUN'ROOM,  n.  (Naut.)  An  apartment  on  the 
after  end  of  the  lower  or  gun-deck  of  a ship  of 
war  ; — generally  destined  for  the  use  of  the  gun- 
ner in  large  ships,  but  in  small  ones  it  is  used  by 
the  lieutenants  as  a dining-room,  &c.  Falconer. 

GUN'SIIOT,  n.  The  reach  or  range  of  a gun  ; the 
space  or  distance  to  which  a shot  can  be  thrown. 

GUN'SIIOT,  a.  Made  by  the  shot  of  a gun.  “ Gun- 
shot wounds.”  Wiseman. 

gOn 'SMITH,  n.  Aman  whose  trade  it  is  to  make 
guns  ; an  armorer.  Mortimer. 

GUN'SMlTH-IJR-Y,  n.  The  business  of  a gun- 

smith ; the  art  of  making  small  fire-arms.  Wright. 

GUN'STf.It,  n.  A gunner,  [r.]  Toiler. 

GUN'STICK,  n.  A stick  for  driving  a charge  into 
a gun  ; a rammer ; a ramrod.  Steuart. 

GUN'STOCK,  n.  The  wood  in  which  the  barrel 
of  a gun  is  fixed.  Mortimer. 

GUN'— STONE,  ii.  A stone  formerly  shot  from  a 
gun.  “ Turned  his  balls  to  gun-stones.”  Shah. 

GUN'— TAC-KLE,  n.  (Naut.)  Tackle  used  on  board 
ships  to  run  the  guns  out  of  the  ports.  Crabb. 

GUN'TF.R’^-CHAIN,  n.  A chain  used  for  meas- 
uring land,  being  66  feet  or  four  poles  in  length, 
and  divided  into  100  links  of  7.92  inches  each ; 
— so  named  from  the  inventor,  Edmund  Gunter. 

Gunter’s  line,  a scale  upon  which  numbers  are  laid 
down  opposite  to  their  logarithms  ; — used  for  perform- 
ing the  multiplication  and  division  of  numbers  instru- 
mentally.  — Gunter’s  quadrant,  an  astronomical  in- 
strument for  finding  the  hour  of  the  day,  Sec. — Gun- 
ter’s scale,  a flat  scale,  about  two  feet  long,  and  an 
inch  and  a half  broad,  having  various  lines  drawn 
upon  it,  both  natural  and  logarithmic,  relating  to  nav- 
igation, trigonometry,  &c.  ; — chiefly  used  for  solving 
mechanically  questions  in  these  sciences.  Farrar. 

GON'— WAD-DING  (-wod-),  n.  Circular  pieces  of 
card-board,  cloth,  felt,  &c.,  used  to  keep  down 
the  charge  in  a gun.  Simmonds. 

GUN'WALE  (commonly  pronounced  and  some- 
times spelled  gunnel),  n.  [gun  and  wale.) 
(Naut.)  That  piece  of  timber  which  reaches,  on 
either  side  of  the  ship,  from  the  half  deck  to 
the  forecastle,  being  the  uppermost  bend  which 
finishes  the  upper  works  of  the  hull,  and  from 
which  the  upper  guns,  if  the  vessel  carry  any, 
are  pointed  : — the  lower  part  of  any  port  where 
any  ordnance  is.  Harris. 

GUR(,;e,  n.  [L.  purges.]  A whirlpool ; a gulf ; 
abyss.  “A  black,  bituminous  gitrge.”  [r.] Milton. 

f GURIJrE,  v.  a.  [L.  purges,  a gulf.]  To  swallow 
up;  to  engulf.  Mir.  for  Mag. 

tGUR'<gEON§  (gur'junz),  n.pl.  The  coarser  part 
of  the  meal  sifted  from  the  bran.  — See  Grud- 
geons.  Holinshed. 

GUR'GLE  (giir'gl),  v.  n.  [It.  gorgogliare ; gorgo, 
a whirlpool;  L.  purges. — See  Gargle.]  ’[ i . 
GURGLED  ; pp.  GURGLING,  GURGLED.]  To  rim 
or  gush  with  noise,  as  water  from  a bottle  ; to 
flow  with  a purling  noise. 

Pure  gurgling  rills  the  lonely  desert  trnce. 

And  waste  their  music  on  the  savage  race.  Young. 

GUR'GLE,  n.  A gush  or  flow  of  liquid. 

Flow,  flow,  thou  crystal  rill, 

With  tinkling  gurgles  fill 
The  mazes  of  the  grove.  Thomson. 

GUR'GLIJT,  n.  An  earthen  vessel  made  very 
porous.  Mackintosh. 


GUR'HOF-lTE,  n.  (Min.)  A compact  snow-white 
sublueent  variety  of  dolomite,  so  named  from  a 
locality  of  it  at  Gurliof,  in  Lower  Austria.  Dana. 

GUR  ’ JUN,  n.  A thin  balsam  or  wood  oil,  obtained 
in  the  East  Indies,  and  used  for  various  pur- 
poses. Simmonds. 

GUR'KIN,  n.  See  Gherkin.  Todd. 

GUR'MY,  n.  (Mining.)  A level  or  working. 

Simmonds. 

GUR'NARD,  11.  [Old 
Fr.  gournauld.] 

(Ich.)  A sea-fish 
of  the  genus  T ri- 
ght, having  a head 
nearly  square, 
covered  with  bony  plates,  and  a body  covered 
with  small,  rough,  prickly  scales.  Yarrell. 

GUR'NpT,  n.  (Ich.)  A fish  found  on  the  coast  of 
Devonshire,  England,  said  by  some  to  be  the 
same  as  the  gurnard.  Shah. 

GUR'RAH,  n.  A coarse  India  muslin.  Simmonds. 

GUR'Ry,  n.  A name  given  in  India  to  a small 
native  fortification.  Hamilton. 

GUSH,  v.  n.  [Goth,  giutan,  to  pour  out;  A.  S. 
geotan  ; Out.  gietan  ; Ger .giessen;  Dan . gyde 
Sw.  gjuta.  — L.  gutta,  a drop ; Gr.  ytkou,  to 
pour  out.]  [i.  gushed  ; pp.  gushing,  gushed.] 
To  flow  or  rush  out  with  violence  or  rapidity,  as 
a fluid  ; to  pour  forth  suddenly  or  copiously. 

A sea  of  blood  gushed  from  the  gaping  wound.  Spenser. 

He  clave  the  rock,  and  the  waters  gushed  out.  Isa.  xlviii.  21. 

GUSH,  v.  a.  To  emit  suddenly,  copiously,  or  with 
violence,  [r.] 

The  gaping  wound  gushed  out  a crimson  flood.  Dryden. 

GUSH,  n.  An  emission  of  fluid  with  force.  “ A 
great  gush  of  blood.”  Harvey. 

GUS'SET,  n.  [Fr.  gousset. — Skinner  suggests 
the  L.  eonsuo,  consutus,  to  stitch  together.  — W. 
ewysed.]  An  angular  piece  of  cloth  inserted  in 
a garment,  particularly  at  the  upper  end  of  the 
sleeve  of  a shirt,  or  as  a part  of  the  neck.  Johnson. 

GUST,  n.  [Gr.  yfSo-ts ; ~L.  gustus -,  gusto,  to  taste  ; 
It.  Sg  Sp.  gusto  ; Fr.  gout.] 

1.  Sense  of  tasting.  “ His  gust  sincere,  and 

his  digestion  easy.”  Scott. 

2.  Power  of  enjoyment ; liking  ; relish  ; zest. 

Wc  have  lost  in  a great  measure  the  gust  and  relish  of  true 
happiness.  Tillotson. 

3.  Intellectual  taste. 

Choice  of  it  may  be  made  according  to  the  gust  and  man- 
ner of  the  ancients.  Dryden. 

GUST,  n.  [Icel.  gustr ; Dan.  gust-,  Ger.  giessen. 
Skinner.  — See  Gush.]  A sudden,  violent  blast, 
as  of  wind.  “Rain  and  gusts  of  wind.”  Ilackhiyt. 

Lo!  a whirlwind’s  instantaneous  gust 

Left  all  its  beauties  withering  in  the  dust.  Beattie. 

Syn.  — See  Wind. 

t GUST,  v.  a.  To  taste  ; to  have  a relish  of.  Shak. 

GUST'A-BLE,  a.  1.  That  may  be  tasted.  “There 
is  nothing  gustable  sweeter.”  [r.]  Harvey. 

2.  Pleasant  to  the  taste.  [r.J 

A gustalle  thing,  seen  or  smelt,  excites  the  appetite.  Derham. 

t GUST'A-BLE,  n.  Any  thing  that  may  be  tasted. 

The  touch  acknowledgeth  no  gustables.  ' More. 

GUST'ARD,  ii.  (Omith.)  The  great  bustard. 

Holinshed. 

f GUS-TA'TION,  ii.  [L.  gustatio.]  The  act  of 
tasting.  “ The  nerves  of  gustation.”  Browne. 

GUS'TA-TO-RY,  a.  Relating  to  taste.  Ed.  Rev. 

j- GUST'FUL,  a.  Tasteful;  well  tasted.  Howell. 

f GUST'FUL-NESS,  n.  The  relish  of  anything. 
“ Recreations  have  a lively  gustfulness.”  Barrow. 

fGUST'LpsS,  a.  Tasteless;  insipid.  Browne. 

GidS' TO,  n.  [It.  — See  Gust.]  1.  The  relish  of 
anything;  taste;  zest;  gust.  Derliam. 

2.  Intellectual  taste  ; liking,  [it.]  Dryden. 

GUS-TOfO.  [It.]  (Mus.)  With  taste.  Moore. 

GUS'TY,  a.  Stormy  ; tempestuous  ; windy.  “A 
raw  and  gusty  day.”  Shak. 

GUT,  n.  [Goth,  giutan  ; A.  S.  geotan  ; Dut.  gie- 
ten  ; Ger.  giessen,  topour ; Sw.  djuta,  to  cast.  — 
Ger.  kuttel,  entrails.] 


Gurnard. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MdVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RtjLE.  — £,  Q,  9,  g,  soft;  jC,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  % as  gz. 
82 


-THIS,  this. 


GUT 


GYNANDRIAN 


650 


1.  The  intestinal  canal  of  an  animal ; an  in- 

testine ; the  long  pipe  which  extends,  with  many 
convolutions,  from  the  stomach  to  the  anus  ; — 
commonly  used  in  the  plural.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  A passage  or  strait;  as,  “The  Gut  of 

Canso  ” ; “A  narrow  gut  between  two  stone 
terraces.”  Walpole. 

3.  A substance  made  by  pulling  a silk-worm, 

when  ready  to  spin  its  cocoon,  in  two,  extend- 
ing the  silk  as  far  as  it  will  go,  and  hanging  it 
up  to  dry.  Hoblyn. 

GUT,  v.  a.  \i.  gutted  ; pp.  gutting,  gutted.] 

1.  To  take  out  the  bowels  of ; to  eviscerate  ; 
to  draw  ; to  exenterate  ; as,  “ To  gut  a fish.” 

2.  To  plunder  of  its  contents. 

A troop  of  cutthroat  guards  were  sent  to  seize 

The  rich  men’s  goods,  and  gut  their  palaces.  Dryden. 

GtjT'  TA,  n. ; pi.  gut' taz.  [L.]  1.  A drop;  a 

gout. 

2.  (Arch.)  The  frusta  of  cones,  or  ornaments 
resembling  drops,  placed  in  the 
architrave  of  the  Doric  order  be- 
low the  triglyphs,  and  also  on 
the  under  face  of  the  mutules  in  the  Doric 
corona.  Weale. 

GUT'TA— PER'CHA,  n.  A peculiar  gum-resin, 
originally  called  Gutta- Pulo-Percha,  or  gum  of 
the  Island  Percha.  It  exudes  from  a large  tree, 
the  Icosandra  gutta,  which  abounds  in  Malac- 
ca, and  in  the  Island  of  Singapore. 

U o ■ Below  the  temperature  of  50°,  gutta-percha  is 
as  hard  as  wood  and  excessively  tough  ; at  a higher 
temperature,  it  becomes  as  soft  as  beeswax,  and  may 
be  moulded  into  all  varieties  of  form,  or  it  may  be 
cut  and  united  again  so  as  scarcely  to  exhibit  the  ap- 
pearance of  a joint,  and  possessing  all  the  strength  of 
an  undivided  mass.  It  is  almost  entirely  devoid  of 
elasticity,  in  which  respect  it  offers  a striking  con- 
trast to  india-rubber.  Brewer. 

G UT  ’ TA  SE-RE  ’JfA,  n.  [L.]  (Med.)  Drop- 
serene  ; amaurosis.  — See  Amaurosis.  Mead. 

GUT'TATE,  a.  (Bot.)  Spotted,  as  if  by  drops  of 
something  colored.  Gray. 

GUT'TA-TJpD,  a.  Besprinkled  with  drops.  Bailey. 

GUT'TA— TRAP,  n.  The  inspissated  juice  of  the 
Artocarpus  incisa,  or  bread-fruit  tree. Simmonds. 

GUT'TER,  n.  [L.  guttur,  the  throat.  Johnson. — 
Fr.  gouttiere,  from  L.  gutta,  a drop.  Sk inner. 
— “More  probably  from  [Eng.]  gut."  Bichard- 
son. — Gael.  iS;  Ir.  guitear,  a gutter.]  A passage 
or  channel  for  water. 

All  sorts  of  people  in  tlieir  streets,  houses,  windows,  leads, 
and  gutters , that  came  to  see  the  obsequy.  Stow. 

-Rocks  rise  one  above  another,  and  have  deep  gutters  worn 
in  the  sides  of  them  by  torrents  of  rain.  Addison. 

GUT'TJpR,  v.  a.  To  cut  in  small  channels  or 
hollows ; to  form  into  gutters. 

My  cheeks  are  guttered  with  my  fretting  tears.  Shah. 

GUT'TjJR,  v.  n.  To  fall  in  drops;  to  flow  drop 
by  drop ; to  run,  as  a candle.  Dryden. 

GUT'Tl-FER,  n.  [L.  gutta,  a drop,  and  fero,  to 
bear.]  (Bot.)  A name  applied  to  any  plant 
that  exudes  gum  or  resin.  Wright. 

GUT-TIF'ER-OUS,  a.  (Bot.)  Yielding  or  exud- 
ing gum  or  resin.  Wright. 

GUT'TLE  (gut'tl),  v.  n.  [From  gut  A To  feed 
luxuriously ; to  gormandize ; to  guzzle.  [Low.] 

Quaffs,  cranes,  and  truffles  in  his  own  defence.  Dryden, 

GUT'TLE,  v.  a.  To  swallow.  [Low.]  L’ Estrange. 

GUT'TLIJR,  n.  One  who  guttles ; a greedy  eater ; 
a glutton  ; a guzzler ; a gormand.  Johnson. 

GUT'TU-Lofjs,  a.  [j,.  guttula,  a little  drop  ; 
gutta,  a drop.]  In  the  form  of  a small  drop. 
“ Its  guttulous  descent  from  the  air.”  Browne. 

GUT'TUR-AL,  a.  [Fr.  guttural,  from  L.  guttur, 
the  throat.] 

1.  Belonging  to  the  throat. 

Children  . . . bom  with  guttural  swellings.  Guthrie. 

2.  Pronounced  in,  or  by,  the  throat.  “ Gut- 
tural, harsh,  stiff  names.”  Swift. 

GUT'TUR-AL,  n.  A letter  (c  hard,  g hard,  and  q) 
pronounced  chiefly  by  the  throat.  Hilcy, 

GUT-TUR-AL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being  gut- 
tural. [r.]  Seward. 

GOT'TUR-AL-IZE,  v.  a.  To  speak  gutturally. 

To  gutturalize  strange  tongues.  Gent.  Mag. 


GUT'TUR-AL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  gut- 
tural ; gutturality.  Bailey. 

f GUT'TUR-INE,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  throat.  Bay. 

GUT'Ty,  a.  [L.  gutta,  a drop.]  (Her.)  Charged 
of  sprinkled  with  drops.  Smart. 

GUT'WORT  (gut'wiirt),  n.  A violent  purgative 
green-house  plant ; Globularia  alypum;  — called 
also  herb-terrible.  Johnson. 

GUY  (gl),  n.  [Sp.  guia.  — See  Guide.]  (Naut.) 
A rope  used  to  swing  any  weight,  or  keep  steady 
any  heavy  body  and  prevent  it  from  swinging, 
while  being  hoisted  or  lowered.  Brande. 

GU'ZES,  n.  pi.  (Her.)  Roundels  of  a sanguine 
color,  supposed  to  represent  wounds.  Craig. 

GUZ'ZLE  (guz'zl ),  v.  n.  [It.  gozzotigliarc ; gozzo, 
the  throat ; Fr.  gosier.~\  \i.  guzzled  ; pp.  guz- 
zling, guzzled.]  To  drink  greedily  or  rav- 
enously ; to  swallow  greedily  ; to  gormandize. 
Well-seasoned  bowls  the  gossip’s  spirits  raise. 

Who,  while  she  guzzles , chats  tlie  doctor's  praise.  Roscommon. 

GUZ'ZLE,  v.  a.  To  swallow  with  immoderate 
gust.  “ Still  guzzling  must  of  wine.”  Dryden. 

f GUZ'ZLE,  n.  An  insatiable  thing  or  person. 
“ That  guzzle  most  impure.”  Marston. 

GUZ'ZLER,  n.  One  who  guzzles  ; a gormandizer. 

GWIN'I AD,  n.  A fish.  — See  Guiniad.  Yarrell. 

GY'ALL,  n.  (Zoiil.)  The  East  Indian  jungle  bull 
or  ox  ; the  Bos  frontalis  of  Lambert.  P.  Cyc. 

(JYBE  (jib),  n.  A sneer.  — See  Giiie.  Shah. 

(JYBE,  v.  a.  (Naut.)  To  shift  from  one  side  of 
the  vessel  to  the  other,  as  the  boom  of  a fore- 
and-aft  sail.  Dana. 

(JYB'ING,  n.  The  shifting  of  the  boom-sail  from 
one  side  of  the  mast  to  the  other.  Hamilton. 

f.GYE  (gi),  v.  a.  To  guide.  — See  Gie.  Chaucer. 

||(IYM-NA'§I-ARj0H,  n.  [Gr.  yvftvdatov,  a gymna- 
sium, and  rule.]  (Grecian  Ant.)  An 

Athenian  officer  who  had  the  charge  of  provid- 
ing oil  and  other  necessaries  for  the  gymnasia 
at  his  own  expense.  Brande. 

||  (iYIVI-NA'ST-UM  (jjm-na'zhe-um)  [jim-na'zlie-um, 
IF. ; gim-na'slie-um,  Ja.\  jim-nas'yum,  K.  ; jim- 
naz'e-um,  colloquially  jjm-nazli'y uni,  Sm. ; jlrn- 
na'ze-iyn,  Dae  is,  I Fr.],  n. ; pi.  L.  pym-na'- 
i/i-a  ; Eng.  gym-na'si-um§.  [L.,  from  Gr.  yuy- 
vaatov  ; yvyv6;,  naked.] 

1.  Among  the  ancient  Greeks,  a place  for  ath- 
letic exercises,  in  which  such  as  practised  them 
were  naked  or  nearly  so. 

2.  Any  place  for  athletic  exercise. 

It  [Moorfields]  was  likewise  the  great  gymnasium  of  our 
capital,  the  resort  of  wrestlers,  boxers,  runners,  and  football- 
players,  and  the  scene  of  every  manly  recreation.  Pennant. 

3.  A school  or  seminary  for  instruction  in  the 
higher  branches  of  learning. 

In  Germany,  the  higher  schools,  intended  to  give  immediate 
preparation  for  the  universities,  are  termed  gymnasia.  Brande. 

||  pYM'NAST,  n.  One  who  practises,  or  teaches, 
gymnastics  ; a gymnastic.  Dunglison. 

II  GYM-XAS'TIC  [jjm-nas'tjk,  S.  IF.  P.  J.  F.  K. 
Sm.  B.  C. ; gjm-nas'tjk,  E.  Ja.],  a.  [Gr.  yupvaa- 
tik6s;  yvfivdi,  naked;  L.  qymnasticus ; It.  gin- 
nastico ; Sp.  gimnastico  ; Fr.  gymnastique.J  Re- 
lating to  athletic  exercises ; athletic.  “ Gym- 
nastic games.”  Melmoth. 

“ In  this  word  and  its  relatives  we,  not  un- 
freqnently,  hear  the  g hard,  as  in  gimlet,  for  this 
learned  reason,  because  they  are  derived  from  the 
Greek.  For  the  very  same  reason  we  ought  to  pro- 
nounce the  g in  Genesis,  geography , geometry,  and  a 
thousand  other  words,  hard,  which  would  essentially 
alter  the  sound  of  onr  language.  Mr.  Sheridan  has 
very  properly  given  the  soft  g to  these  words  ; and 
Mr.  Nares  is  of  the  same  opinion  with  respect  to  the 
propriety  of  this  pronunciation,  but  doubts  of  the 
usage  ; there  can  be  no  doubt,  however,  of  the  absurd- 
ity of  this  usage,  and  of  the  necessity  of  curbing  it  as 
much  as  possible.”  Walker. 

||  £YM-NAS'TIC,  n.  A teacher  of  gymnastics,  or 
athletic  exercises  ; a gymnast.  Cockeram. 

||  £YM-NAs'TI-CAL,  a.  Relating  to  gymnastics  ; 
gymnastic.  Grew. 

||  (JYM-nAs'TI-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a gymnastic 
manner.  Browne. 

||  ^YM-NAS'TICS,  n.pl.  Athletic  exercises,  such  as 


wrestling,  boxing,  running,  throwing  the  quoit, 
playing  at  ball,  dtc. ; the  art  or  science  of  prop- 
erly applying  athletic  exercises  in  order  to  de- 
velop and  preserve  the  physical  powers.  Blount. 

||  f (tYM'NIC,  n.  Athletic  exercise.  “Spacious 
fields  allotted  for  all  gymnics.”  Burton. 

||  f M NIL,  ? a [Gr.  yopvLKds ; yvyvhs,  naked ; 

II  t <?YM'N|-CAL,  ) l.  gymnicus.]  Gymnastic. 
“ Gyrnnical  exercises  at  Pitana.”  Porter. 


(jJYM'NITE,  n.  [Gr.  yvyvos,  naked,  bare.]  (Min.) 
A species  of  serpentine  from  the  Bare  Hills, 
Maryland.  Dana. 


<jrYM-NO-CAR'POUS,  a.  [Gr.  yupvds,  naked,  and 
/cupmij,  fruit.]  (Bot.)  Having  the  fruit  naked,  or 
not  invested  with  a receptacle,  as  the  cherry- 
tree.  Gray. 

G Y.U-.\'0-  DF.~  III  A’.t.j  n.pl.  [Gr.  yuyvtfs,  naked, 
unarmed.]  ( Or- 
nith.)  A sub- 
family of  coni- 
rostral  birds  of 
the  order  Pas- 
seres  and  family 
CorvidtB,  pecu- 
liar to  South  Gymnodcrus  Rctidus. 

America  ; fruit-crows.  Gray. 


<^YM'NO-<j}ENS>,  n.  [Gr.  yvyvis,  naked,  and  yivvao), 
to  bring  forth.]  (Bot.)  An  order  of  plants  es- 
sentially exogenous  in  their  organs  of  vegeta- 
tion, except  that  their  ova  are  fertilized  by  di- 
rect contact  with  the  male  principle.  Lhulley. 

(jJYM'NOPS,  n_  [Gr.  ytiyvi ;,  naked,  and  ohf.,  the 
face.]  (Ornith.)  A genus  of  birds  having  a 
great  part  of  the  head  denuded  of  feathers,  as 
the  bald-head  crow.  Cuvier. 


IjrYM-NOS'O-PIJIST,  n.  [Gr.  yvpvoaotlnarai,  gym- 
nosophists  ; yvpvhs,  naked,  and  aotpttrrhs,  a philos- 
opher.] One  of  an  austere  sect  of  Indian  philos- 
ophers, who  lived  naked  in  the  woods.  Butler. 

,8@y  They  believed  in  the  immortality  of  the  soul 
and  its  migration  into  several  bodies.  They  enjoyed 
great  reputation  for  astronomical  and  physical  science. 
There  was  likewise  an  African  sect  of  philosophers 
of  the  same  name,  who  are  said  to  have  lived  in 
Ethiopia,  near  the  sources  of  the  Nile,  whose  habits 
differed  from  those  of  the  Indian  sect,  inasmuch  as 
they  lived  as  anchorites,  while  the  latter  congregated 
in  societies.  Brande. 

||  (rYM 'NO-SPERM,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  which  has 
naked  seeds,  as  the  pine.  P.  Cyc. 

II  (jrYM-NO-SPER'MOUS  [jlm-no-sper'mus,  S.  IF. 
K.  Sm.  ; glm-no-sper'nius,  Ju.\,  a.  [Gr.  yvyvds, 
naked,  and  antpya,  seed;  Fr.  gymnosperme .] 
(Bot.)  Having  the  seeds  naked,  as  the  pine.  Gray. 

$YM'NOTE,  n.  The  electric  eel ; gymnotus.  Good. 

(JYM-NO'TUS,  n.  [Gr.  yvyvos,  naked,  and  wr» c, 
the  back.]  (Ich.)  A genus  of  fishes  including 
the  electric  eel  of  Guiana,  Surinam,  the  Bra- 
zils, &c.,  which  possesses  the  power  of  commu- 
nicating a strong  electric  shock  to  any  animal 
which  comes  in  contact  with  it.  Van  Der  Hoeven. 


(fYJWJYU'RA,  n.  [Gr.  yvyvos,  naked,  and  ou pa,  a 
tail.]  (Zoiil.)  A sort  of  shrew  found  in  Malacca 
and  Sumatra.  Van  Der  Hoeven. 

t GYN  (gin),  v.  n.  To  begin.  Wickliffc. 

(JY-NAL'CIAN  (je-ne'shan),  a.  [Gr.  yovt),  ywairds, 
a woman.]  Relating  to  women.  “ Gyntccian 
writers.”  Vcrrand. 


||  £YN-Z£-6C'RA-CY  (jin-e-ok'ra-se),  n.  [Gr.  yuvi'i, 
a woman,  and  sparta,  to  rule;  Old  Fr.  gyno- 
cratie.]  Female  government ; government  by  a 
woman.  Sclden. 


9Y-NAN'DER,  n.  [Gr.  yvvy,  a female,  and  avrjp, 
an 5pd{,  a male.]  (Bot.)  A plant  the  stamens  of 
which  are  inserted  in  the  pistil.  Smart. 


GY-jvaJY’  DRI-A,  n.  [See  Gynander.]  (Bot.) 
A class  of  plants,  in  the  Linnman  system  of  bot- 
any, in  which  the  stamens  are  united  with  the 
pistil,  so  as  to  be  borne  by  it.  Loudon. 


-nAn'dri-an 

-NAN'DROUS, 


£ ° 
> lc 


(Bot.)  Be- 
longing to  the 


class  Gynandria ; having  the 
stamens  consolidated  with  the 
style,  so  as  to  be  borne  by  it,  as  in  the  ladv’s- 
slipper.  Gray. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  (j,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


GYNARCHY 


651 


HABEAS  CORPUS 


||  GYN'AR-£HY  (jin'jr-ke)  [jln'ar-ke,  Sm.  R.  I Vb. ; 
gln'jr-ke,  Ja.  A'.],  n.  [Gr.  yovfj,  a female,  and 
aptf,  government.]  Female  government;  gyn- 
seocracy.  / aI.  Chesterfield. 

GY-NE'CIAN,  a.  Relating  to  women.  Clarke. 

||  GY-NE'CI-UM  (je-ne'she-um),  11.  [Gr.  yuvuiKiiov  ; 
yiwii,  a female ; L.  gyncccium.)  A private  apart- 
ment for  women.  Maunder. 

||  <?.YN-p-C6C'RA-CY  [jI-ne-kok'r?-se,  F.  ; gin-e- 
k8k'r?-se,  E.  C.  ; jln-e-kok'ra-se,  fjm.],  n.  [Gr. 
yMiuKOKoarta  ; yvvy , a female,  and  sparlm,  to  rule.] 
Government  by  a female  ; female  government 
or  rule  ; female  power.  Bailey. 

GYN-E-COI/O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  yuvn,  a female,  and 
Aoyo'i,  a discourse.]  (Med.)  The  doctrine  of  the 
nature  and  diseases  of  women.  Wright. 


GY'NO-BASE,  11.  [Gr.  ymii'i,  a female,  and  / idtris , 
a base.]  (Bot.)  A particular  receptacle  or  sup- 
port of  the  pistils,  or  of  the  carpels  of  a com- 
pound ovary,  as  in  the  geranium.  Gray. 

GY-NO-bA'SIC,  a.  ( Bot .)  Relating  to,  or  hav- 
ing, a gynobase.  Wright. 

||  i?Y-NdC'RA-CY,  n.  [See  Gynjeocracy.]  Gov- 

ernment by  woman  ; gynarocracy.  [it.]  Ash. 
n Y-.YIE  ’ Cl-  UM,  n.  [Gr.  yunj,  a female,  and  oiVos, 
a house.]  (Bot.)  A name  for  the  pistils  of  a 
flower  taken  all  together.  Gray. 


GYN'O-PIIORE,  n.  [Gr.  yuuy,  a female,  and  tpoola, 
to  bear.]  (Bot.)  A stalk  raising  a pistil  above 
the  stamens.  Gray. 

GYP,  n.  [Gr.  yb^,  a vulture.]  A college  servant 
who  waits  on  students  at  the  University  of  Cam- 
bridge, England,  corresponding  to  the  person 
called  scout,  at  Oxford.  Wright.  Bristed. 

G YP-JE-  Tl  JYJE,  n.  pi.  [Gr. 
yu 4*,  yuuds,  a vulture.]  (Or- 
nith.)  A sub-family  of 
birds  of  the  order  Accipi- 
tres  and  family  Vulturidee ; 
bearded  vultures.  Gray. 

(IYP ' JE-TOS,  n.  [Gr.  ylnjy,  a vulture,  and  Herds, 
an  eagle.]  (Ormth.)  A genus  of  vulturine  birds, 
so  called  from  their  partaking  the  character  of 
both  the  eagle  and  the  vulture ; the  lammer- 
geyer.  Van  Der  Iloeven. 


G3'p®tus  barbatus. 


Q YPIf-I-E-  RA-  Cl ' JVV®,  n. 
pi.  [Gr.  yu if-,  a vulture, 
and  i Ipaf,  a hawk.]  (Or- 
nith.)  A sub-family  of 
birds  of  the  order  Accipi- 
tres  and  family  Vulturi- 
dee  ; eagle  vultures.  Gray. 

||  gyp-o-ger'a-nus,  n. 

(Ornith.)  A genus  of 
birds  of  the  family  Falconidce ; the  secretary. 
— See  Secretary.  Illiger. 

f GYPSE  (jTps),  n.  [Fr.  gypse.)  Gypsum . Pococke. 

GYPbSE-OUS,  a.  Relating  to  gypsum.  “ A rhom- 
boidal,  gypseous  stone.”  " Chambers. 

GYP-SIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [Eng.  gypsum  and  L.  fe- 
ro,  to  bear.]  Producing  gypsum.  Ann.  Phil. 


Gyphierax  angolensis. 


GYP'SINE  (jlp'sjn),  a.  Gypseous.  Chambers. 

GYP-SOG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Eng.  gypsum  and  Gr. 
ypaiptu,  to  write.]’  The  art  of  engraving  on  gyp- 
sum. Greenough. 

GYP'SO-PLAsT,  n.  A cast  taken  in  plaster  of 
Paris  or  white  lime.  W sale. 

GYP'SUM  (jlp'sum)  [jlp'sum,  P.K.  Sm.  Wb. ; glp'- 
sum,  .hi.  \ , it . [Gr.  yinpus  ; L.  gypsum.)  (Min.) 
A native  sulphate  of  lime,  occurring  either  as 
a dense  compound  without  water,  when  it  is 
called  anhydrite  from  that  circumstance ; or 
with  combined  water,  which  is  its  most  ordi- 
nary state. 

4®=  The  pure  crystallized  specimens  of  gypsum 
are  sometimes  called  selenite , or  sparry  gypsum,  and 
the  white,  compact  variety  used  in  statuary,  alabaster. 
Calcined  and  pulverized  it  forms  Paris  plaster,  or  plas- 
ter of  Paris.  Ure. 

GYP'SY,  n.  ; pi.  qfp'siEs.  [A  corruption  of  Egyp- 
tian-, It  zingaro-,  Sp.gitano;  Fr.  Egyptien.) 

1.  A name  applied  to  a wandering  race  of 
people  found  in  many  countries  of  Europe,  into 
which  they  first  came,  according  to  Rapes, 
under  certain  chiefs  who  called  themselves 
counts,  and  represented  themselves  as  Chris- 
tians driven  out  of  Egypt  by  the  Mohammedans. 
It  is  now  generally  believed  that  the  gypsies 
originally  emigrated  from  India  at  the  time  of 
the  Mohammedan  invasion  of  Timur  Beg.  P.Cye. 

2.  A term  of  reproach  applied  to  a person  of 

a dark  complexion.  Shaft. 

3.  A name  of  slight  reproach  to  a woman, 
implying  cunning  or  artifice. 

A slave  I am  to  Clara’s  eyes; 

The  gypsy  knows  her  power,  and  flics.  Prior. 

GYP'SY,  a.  Relating  to,  or  resembling,  the  gyp- 
sies. “ Gypsy  jargon.”  Burke. 

GYP'SY-I^M,  n.  The  state  or  habits  of  a gypsy. 
“ [She]  recanted  gypsyism.”  Overbury. 

Cf  YR-Jl-  CJ-Y  ’ Til  US,  n.  [Gr.  yupds,  round,  and 
iiiaivOa,  a spine.]  (Pal.)  A genus  of  fossil  pla- 
coid  fishes  of  the  carboniferous  system.  Agassiz. 

GY'RAL,  a.  Turning  round  ; rotatory  ; moving 
circularly,  [r.]  Ed.  Rev. 

GY'rAte,  v.  n.  [L.  gyro,  gyratus  ; gyrus,  a cir- 
cle ; Gr.  yupos.)  To  turn  round;  to  move  in  a 
circle;  to  wheel  round.  Redficld. 

GY'RATE,  a.  (Bot.)  Coiled  in  a circle ; circinate ; 
gyrose.  Gray. 

GY-RA'TION,  n.  [L.  gyratio  ; gyrus,  a circle.]  The 
act  of  turning  round  a fixed  centre  ; as,  “ The 
gyrations  of  a top.” 

Centre  of  gyration,  the  point  at  which,  if  the  whole 
mass  of  a body  rotating  round  an  axis  or  a point  of  sus- 
pension were  collected,  a given  force  applied  would 
produce  the  same  angular  velocity  as  it  would  if  ap- 
plied at  the  same  point  to  the  body  itself.  JYichol.  — 
Circle  of  gyration,  tile  circle  described  by  the  centre  of 
gyration  around  an  axis  or  a point  of  suspension. 
Brandc. 

GY'RA-TO-RY,  a.  Moving  round  ; moving  circu- 
larly ; vibrating  ; turning.  Braude. 


GYRE  (jlr),  n.  [Gr.  yupos ; L.  gyrus  ; It.  § Sp. 
giro.)  A circle  described  by  any  thing  moving 
in  an  orbit;  a circuit.  “In  one  vast,  eternal 
gyre.”  Sir  Wm.  Jones. 

f GYRE  (jlr),  v.  a.  To  turn  round.  Bp.  Hall. 

+ GYRE'FUL,  a.  Having  a circular  motion.  Drant. 

GYR'fAL-CON  (jer'f&w-kn),  n.  Sec  Gerfalcon. 

GYR'GON-lTE,  n.  See  Gyrogonite.  St.  John. 

(fY-RI'JYUS,n.  [L.]  The  water-flea.  Brande. 

G YR  'O-DUS,  n.  [Gr.  yvpbs,  round,  and  Hobs,  a 
tootli.]  (Pal.)  A genus  of  fossil  fishes,  occur- 
ring in  the  oolite  period,  the  mouth  of  which 
was  armed  with  rows  of  round  grinding  teeth  for 
crushing  hard  crustaceans  and  fishes.  Agassiz. 

GY-ROG'O-NITE,  n.  [Gr.  yup6s,  round,  and  ydvos, 
the  young  shoots  of  plants.]  (Geol.)  A body 
found  in  fresh-water  deposits,  being  the  seed- 
vessel  of  fresh-water  plants.  Lyell. 

QY-Rdr,' E-PIS,  n.  [Gr.  yupds,  round,  and  Xenls,  a 
scale.]  (Pal.)  A genus  of  fossil  ganoid  fishes 
found  in  the  new  red  sandstone,  and  the  bone 
beds  of  the  lias  formation.  Agassiz. 

GY'RO-MAN-CY  [jl'rn-man-se,  Ja.  K.  Sm. ; jir'o- 
man-se,  Wb.),  n.  [Gr.  ybpos,  a circle,  and  yav- 
rila,  prophecy.]  A sort  of  divination  performed 
by  walking  in,  or  round,  a circle.  Chambers. 

GY'RON,  n.  (Her.)  An  ordinary  consisting  of  two 
straight  lines  drawn  from  any  given  part  of  the 
field,  and  meeting  in  an  acute  angle  in  the 
fesse  point.  Jamieson. 

(jY-ROJY'CIIUS,  n.  [Gr.  yupds,  round,  and  oynos, 
a curve,  a swelling.]  (Pal.)  A genus  of  fossil 
ganoid  fishes.  Agassiz. 

(jY-RO-PRIS'  TIS,  n.  [Gr.  yupds,  round,  and  npio- 
tis,  a saw.]  (Pal.)  A genus  of  fossil  placoid 
fishes  from  the  new  red  sandstone.  Agassiz. 

GY'RO-SCfiPE,  n.  [Gr.  yupos,  a circle  (L.  gyrus), 
and  okottIui,  to  view.]  An  instrument,  recently 
invented  by  M.  Foucault,  by  which  the  diurnal 
rotation  of  the  earth,  and  the  effects  of  revolu- 
tion or  rotation,  are  exhibited,  its  object  being 
to  enable  a heavy  disc,  in  rapid  rotation,  to  pre- 
serve whatever  plane  of  rotation  its  dynamic 
conditions  may  require.  Nichol. 

GY-ROSE',  a.  (Bot.)  Turned  round  like  a crook  ; 
crooked ; bent.  Loudon. 

GYVE  [jiv,  W.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  Sm.  R.  C. ; glv,  S.  E. 
K.],  n.  ; pi.  jgyve§.  [W.  gevyn.]  A fetter  or 
chain  for  the  legs;- — commonly  used  in  the 
plural.  “ A golden  gyve.”  Beau.  &;  FI. 

Dost  thou  already  single  me?  I thought 

Gyves  and  the  null  had  tamed  thee.  Milton. 

“ Mr.  Sheridan  and  Mr.  Scott  make  the  g in 
this  word  hard  ; but  Mr.  Elphinston,  Dr.  Kenrick,  and 
Mr.  Perry,  with  more  propriety,  make  it  soft,  as  I 
have  marked  it.  Mr.  Nares  makes  the  sound  doubt- 
ful ; but  this  majority  of  authorities,  and  agreeable- 
ness to  analogy,  have  removed  my  doubts,  and  made 
me  alter  my  former  opinion.”  Walker. 

GYVE  (jiv),  v.  a.  To  fetter  ; to  shackle.  Shak. 


TT  the  eighth  letter  in  the  alphabet,  is  regarded 
-AJ-,  as  anote  of  aspiration,  or  mark  of  strong 
breathing ; and  it  is,  by  many  grammarians,  ac- 
counted no  letter.  At  the  beginning  of  some 
words  it  is  mute,  as  in  heir,  honor-,  but  in  most 
cases  it  is  articulated,  as  in  hand,  head,  heart. 

It  is  used  to  denote  an  iron  rail,  which,  when 
cut  transversely,  presents  the  form  of  an  H. 

As  a numeral,  it  denotes  in  Latin  200,  and 
with  a dash  over  it  200,000. 

hA,  interj.  [L.]  1.  An  expression  of  wonder, 

surprise,  or  sudden  exertion. 

What  says  the  golden  chest?  Ha  ! let  me  see.  Shale. 


2.  An  expression  of  laughter. 

These  accounts  are  so  excessivelv  absurd  and  ridiculous, 
that  they  need  no  other  confutation  than  Ha,  ha,  ha\  Rail. 

HA,  n.  An  expression  of  wonder,  surprise,  or 
hesitation.  “ The  shrug,  the  hum,  the  ha.”  Shak. 

HA,  v.  n.  To  express  surprise  ; to  hesitate  ; to 
haw.  — See  Haw.  Todd. 

IlAAF  (hafj,  n.  A term  used  to  denote  the  fish- 
ing of  ling,  cod,  &c.,  in  Shetland.  Jamieson. 

hAak  (halt),  n.  A fish.  — See  Hake.  Barret. 

II A- AR' KIES,  n-  [Ger.  haar,  hair,  and  kies, 
pyrites.]  (Min.)  Capillary  pyrites  in  very  deli- 


cate acicular  crystals  : — a term  applied  also  to 
a native  sulphuret  of  nickel.  Brande. 

HA ' BF.-as  COR' PUS,  [L.,  You  may  have  the 
body.)  (Law.)  The  name  given  to  a variety  of 
writs,  of  which  these  were  anciently  the  emphat- 
ic words,  having  for  their  object  to  bring  a party 
before  a court  or  judge.  Of  these  the  most  cel- 
ebrated is  the  writ  ( Habeas  corpus  ad  subjicien- 
dum) to  inquire  into  the  cause  of  a person’s 
imprisonment  or  detention,  with  a view  to  ob- 
tain his  or  her  liberation,  established  by  an 
act  of  Parliament  in  the  reign  of  Charles  the 
Second.  Buirill. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 


BULL,  BUR,  RtJLE.  — G,  Q,  9,  *,  soft;  E,  0,  9,  g,  hard ; § as  z ; ^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


HABECK 


652 


HACKNEY 


The  oppression  of  an  obscure  individual  gave  birth  to  the 
famous  Habeas  Corpus  act  of  31  Car.  II.  [16/9],  which  is  fre- 
quently considered  as  another  Magna  Charta  of  this  kingdom. 

Blackstone. 

HA'BIJCK,  n.  An  instrument  used  by  clothiers 
in  dressing  cloth.  Crabb. 

HA-BEN'  DUM,  n.  [I..,  to  have.]  (Law.)  A word 
of  form  in  ancient  deeds,  immediately  after  the 
premises,  and  literally  translated  and  retained 
in  modern  deeds  in  the  clause  beginning  with 
the  words  “ To  have  and  to  hold.”  Burrill. 

hAb'ER-DAsH-ER,  n.  [Of  uncertain  etymology.  — 
Fr.  avoir  d’acheter,  to  have  to  buy,  corrupted  to 
haber  d'acheter.  Minsheu.  — Ger.  habe,  goods 
or  wares,  and  tauschen,  to  exchange.  Serenius. 
— Berdash,  a name  said  to  have  been  formerly 
used  for  a kind  of  neck-dress,  the  maker  or  seller 
being  called  a berdasher.  Todd.  — Of  this  Narcs 
says,  after  remarking  that  he  has  found  the  word 
in  only  one  passage  [Guardian,  No.  10],  “ We 
must  be  sure  that  it  was  something  more  than 
a temporary  term,  before  we  attempt  to  derive 
haberdasher  (that  puzzle  of  etymologists)  from 
it,  with  the  editor  of  those  papers  in  1797.”]  One 
who  deals  in  miscellaneous  goods,  or  small 
wares,  as  ribbons,  tape,  pins,  needles,  thread, 
twist,  buttons,  trimmings,  &c.  Addison. 

The  haberdashers  were  incorporated  into  a company  in 
the  year  1447.  Tullei/n. 

HAB'PR-DAsH-E-RY,  n.  Articles  sold  by  haber- 
dashers. “ Small  wares  of  haberdashery.” Burke. 

UAB-F.R-dJnE'  [liab-er-den',  IF.  Ja. ; hab'er-den, 
P.  ; liab'er-din,  S/o.],  n.  [Old  Fr.  habordean .] 
A dried  salt  cod.  Ainsworth. 

IIA-BER’£E-ON  [hri-ber'je-on,  IF.  P.  Ja. ; lia- 
bcr’jon,  K. ; hab'er-jon,  Sot.],  n.  [A.  S.  hals- 
beorq ; hats,  the  neck,  and  beorgan,  to  protect ; 
Fr.  haubergeon.]  Armor  to  cover  the  neck  and 
breast ; a coat  composed  of  plate  or  chain  mail 
without  sleeves.  Spenser. 

Woven  work  round  about  the  hole  of  it,  as  it  were  tile  hole 
of  an  hal)cr<jeon.  Ex.  xxviii.  32. 

IIAb'ER-JECT,  n.  _ A sort  of  cloth  of  a mixed 
color.  Crabb. 

f hAB'ILE,  a.  [L.  habilis  ; Fr.  habile.']  Qualified; 
fit ; able ; suitable ; proper.  Spenser. 

HA-BIL'l-MENT,  n.  [Fr.  habillement ; habiller, 
to  dress,  to  clothe.] 

1.  Dress  ; clothes  ; garment ; — usually  in  the 
plural.  “ Gowns  and  other  habiliments.”  Swift. 

2.  Borders,  as  of  gold,  pearls,  &c.,  in  ancient 

dress.  Halliwell. 

f HA-BJL'I-TAtE,  v.  a.  [Fr.  habiliter .]  To  qual- 
ify ; to  entitle.  Johnson. 

f HA-BIL'I-TATE,  a.  Qualified;  entitled.  Bacon. 

+ IIA-BIL-I-TA'TION,  n.  Qualification.  Bacon. 

t IIA-BIE'J-TY,  n.  [L.  habilitas.]  Faculty  ; pow- 
er ; aptitude  ; ability.  Spenser. 

hAb'iT,  n.  [L.  habitus  ; habeo,  habitus,  to  have  ; 
It.  abito  ; Sp.  habito  ; Fr.  habit.] 

1.  State  or  condition  of  the  body ; the  aggre- 

gate of  the  physical  qualities  of  the  body  ; con- 
stitution. “ Habit  of  body.”  Dunglison. 

2.  Customary  state  of  the'mind,  disposition 
or  manners  resulting  from  the  frequent  repeti- 
tion of  the  same  acts ; aptitude  or  facility  ac- 
quired by  doing  frequently  the  same  thing ; 
habitual  practice  ; habitude  ; usage  ; custom. 

Mankind  act  more  from  habit  than  reflection.  — Man  is  a 
bundle  of  habits.  Paley. 

Haftits  are  soon  assumed:  but  when  we  strive 
To  strip  them,  ’t  is  being  flayed  alive.  Coivper. 

Habit , if  wisely  and  skilfully  formed,  becomes  truly  a sec- 
ond nature,  as  the  common  saying  is;  but  unskilfully  and 
unmethodically  directed,  it  will  be  as  it  were  the  ape  of  na- 
ture, which  imitates  nothing  to  the  life,  but  only  clumsily 
and  awkwardly.  Bacon. 

3.  Dress  ; garment ; garb  ; — sometimes  re- 
stricted to  an  outer  garment  worn  by  ladies. 

The  scenes  are  old;  the  habits  are  the  same 

"We  wore  last  year.  Dry  den. 

4.  ( Bot .)  The  features  or  general  appearance 

of  a plant.  - Loudon. 

Syn.  — See  Custom. 

HAB'IT,  v.  a.  [7.  habited  ; j op.  habiting,  hab- 
ited.! 

1.  To  dress  ; to  accoutre  ; to  array. 

She  shall  be  habited  as  it  becomes 

The  partner  of  your  bed.  Shak. 


2.  +To  accustom;  to  inure  ; to  habituate. 

And  so  habited 

In  taking  heed.  Chapman. 

f HAB'IT,  v.  a.  [L.  habito  ; It . abitare ; Fr.  habi- 
ter .]  To  inhabit;  to  dwell  in.  Chaucer. 

hAB-I-TA-BIL'J-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being  hab- 
itable, or  capable  of  being  inhabited.  Derham. 

HAB'I-TA-BLE,  a.  [L.  habitabilis ; It.  abitabile  ; 
Sp.  Sj  Fr.  habitable.]  That  may  be  inhabited; 
inhabitable.  “ The  habitable  world.”  Bacon. 

HAb'I-TA-BLE-NESS,  n.  Capacity  of  being  dwelt 
in.  “ The  habitableness  of  the  Torrid  Zone.”  Ray. 

f hAb'I-TA-CLE,  n.  [L . habitaculum.]  A dwell- 
ing-place. Bale. 

f hAB'J-TANCE,  n.  Dwelling;  abode.  Spenser. 

hAb'I-TAN-CY,  n.  (Laic.)  Residence  ; legal  set- 
tlement; inhabitancy. — See  Inhabitancy. 

Craig. 

f HAB'I-TANT,  n.  [Fr.]  A dweller;  an  inhab- 
itant. “ Earth’s  habitant.”  Milton. 

HABITANT  (hab'e-tSng),  n.  [Fr.,  a resident;  ha- 
biter,  to  inhabit.]  A term  applied  to  the  inhab- 
itants of  Lower  Canada  who  are  of  French  de- 
scent. Silliman. 

hAb'I-TAt,  n.  [L.]  (Nat.  Hist.)  The  place 
where  plants,  fishes,  insects,  &c.,  best  thrive, 
and  are  usually  found.  P.  Cyc. 

HAB-I-tA  TION,  n.  [L.  habitatio ; habito,  to 
dwell ; habeo,  to  hold,  to  possess  ; It.  abitazio- 
ne  ; Sp.  habitacion  ; Fr.  habitation.] 

1.  The  act  of  inhabiting  ; state  of  dwelling. 

It  [arson]  is  an  offence  against  that  right  of  habitation 

which  is  acquired  by  the  law  of  nature  as  well  as  by  the  laws 
of  society.  Blackstone. 

2.  Place  of  abode  ; a dwelling-place  ; resi- 
dence ; abode. 

God  oft  descends  to  visit  men 
Unseen,  and  through  their  habitations  walks 
To  mark  their  doings.  Milton. 

3.  (Bot.)  The  limits  within  which  a particular 

species  is  found  naturally  distributed  on  the 
earth’s  surface.  Iienslow. 

f HAB  'I-  TA-  TOR,  n.  [L.]  An  inhabitant.  Browne. 

f IIAb'it-F.D,  a.  Accustomed;  usual;  habitual. 
“ This  ancient  and  habited  vice.”  Fuller. 

HAB'IT— SHIRT,  n.  A thin  garment  of  muslin  or 
of  lace  worn  by  ladies  over  the  breast  and 
neck.  Simmonds. 

HA-BIT'U-AL  (ha-bTt'yu-rtl),  a.  [It.  abitualc  ; Sp. 
habitual-,  Fr.  habitual.] 

1.  Formed  or  acquired  by  use.  “ Habitual 

knowledge  of  certain  rules.”  South. 

2.  Being  in  constant  use  ; constant ; custom- 
ary ; accustomed.  “ Habitual  sloth.”  Cowper. 

3.  Made  permanent  by  continued  causes, 
“ Habitual  color  of  the  skin.”  ,S.  S.  Smith. 

HA-BIT'U-AL-LY,  ad.  In  an  habitual  manner. 

H A-BlT'U-AL-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  habitual. 
“ The  habitualness  of  our  obedience.”  Clarke. 

IIA-BIt'U-ATE  (lia-blt'yu-at),  v.  a.  [L.  habituo, 
habituatus  ; It.  abituare ; Sp.  habituar  ; Fr.  ha- 
bit iter.]  [7.  HABITUATED  ; pp.  HABITUATING, 
habituated.]  To  train  to  a habit;  to  make 
familiar  by  practice  ; to  accustom  ; to  inure. 

Men  who  have  never  habituated  themselves  to  the  prac- 
tice of  any  virtue.  Clarke. 

HA-BIT'U-ATE,  a.  Inveterate  ; obstinate  ; habit- 
ual. “ The  habituate  sinner.”  [b.]  Hammond. 

IIA-bIT-U-A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  habituating,  or 
training  to  a habit.  Dr.  Barton. 

hAb'I-TUDE,  n.  [L.  habitudo  ; It.  abitudine-,  Sp. 
habit-ad-,  Fr.  habitude.] 

1.  The  state  of  a person  or  thing  with  regard 
to  some  other  person  or  thing ; relation  ; respect. 

It  results  from  the  very  nature  of  things,  ns  they  stand  in 
such  a certain  habitude  or  relation  to  one  another.  South. 

2.  (Zosl.)  Customary  mode  of  life.  Maunder. 

+ HA'BLE  (lia'bl),  a.  [L.  habilis.]  Fit;  proper; 
suitable  ; able.  — See  Able.  Spenser. 

IIAb'nAb,  ad.  [Contracted  from  hap  ne  hap,  let 
it  happen  or  not.]  At  random  ; at  the  mercy  of 
chance.  [Vulgar.]  Lilly. 

HAB'RO-NEME,  n.  [Gr.  a/?p<if,  delicate,  and  vrj/ia, 
a thread.]  (Min.)  Having  the  form  (if  fine 
threads.  Clarke. 


HAB-ZE  'Ll- A,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants,  the 
fruit  of  one  species  of  which  is  the  Piper 
sEthiopicam  of  the  shops.  Wright. 

HACIENDA  (hi-the-en'da).  [Sp.] 

1.  Landed  property  ; estate.  Velasquez. 

2.  A plantation  ; a farm.  Simmonds. 

3.  A public  treasury  ; exchequer.  Velasquez. 

IIAgK,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  haecan  ; Dut.  hakken  ; Ger. 
hacken-,  Dan.  hacke.  — Sp.  hachear-,  Fr.  ha- 
eher.]  [7.  hacked  ; pp.  hacking,  hacked.] 

1.  To  cut,  hew,  or  chop,  with  repeated  or 
random  strokes  ; to  injure  by  cutting. 

Burn  me,  hack  me,  hew  me  into  pieces.  Dryden. 

2.  To  speak  unreadily,  or  with  hesitation;  to 
utter  with  a stammer  ; to  stammer. 

Let  them  keep  their  limbs  whole,  and  had  our  English.  Shak. 

3.  (Masonry .)  To  make  up,  as  a part  in  reg- 

ular stone  work,  with  stones  smaller  and  less 
regular.  Francis. 

HACK,  n.  1.  A notch  ; a hollow  or  small  cut. 

Look  you  wit  at  hacks  are  on  his  helmet.  Shak. 

2.  A hesitating  or  faltering  speech.  More. 

HACK,  n.  [Dut.  hakkenije,  an  ambling  horse  ; Sp. 
haca,  a pony  ; Fr.  haquenee. — See  Hackney.] 

1.  A horse  let  out  for  hire ; a hackney ; a 

nag.  Moore. 

2.  A servant  employed  in  hard  labor ; a drudge. 

■Who  was  long  a bookseller’s  hack.  Goldsmith. 

3.  Any  thing  let  for  hire;  — particularly  a 
coach  or  carriage  let  for  hire  ; a liackney-coaeli. 

On  horse,  on  foot,  in  hacks , and  gilded  chariots.  Pope. 

I was  the  other  day  driving  in  a buck  through  Gerard 
Street.  Spectator. 

4.  A kind  of  pickaxe  or  mattock  with  a sin- 
gle broad  end.  Wright. 

5.  A frame  suspended  from  the  roof  for  dry- 
ing cheeses.  Simmonds. 

6.  A frame-work  for  drying  fish.  Simmonds. 

7.  The  wooden  bars  or  frame  in  the  tail-race 

of  a mill.  Simmonds. 

8.  A rack  for  feeding  cattle.  Wright. 

HACK,  a.  Filled  ; mercenary  ; hireling  ; selfish. 
“ Hack  preachers.”  [Low.]  Wakefield. 

HACK,  v.  n.  1.  To  turn  hackney  or  prostitute  ; 
to  hackney.  Hanmar. 

2.  To  stammer  ; to  haw.  [Local.]  Halliwell. 

3.  To  cough  faintly  and  frequently.  Halliwell. 

HACK'Bf,R-RY,  n.  (Bot.)  A large  American  for- 
est-tree, distinguished  by  its  straight  slender 
trunk,  undivided  to  a great  height,  and  covered 
with  an  unbroken  bark ; Celtis  occidentalis.  Gray. 

hAck'FR-Y,  n.  A two-wheeled  vehicle  in  India, 
drawn  by  oxen.  Robinson. 

IlACK'jNG,  n.  (Masonry.)  The  making  up  of  a 
course  of  stone-work  with  stones  smaller  and 
less  regular  than  the  rest.  Francis. 

HACK'JNG— COUGH  (-kof),  n.  A short,  faint,  tick- 
ling cough.  Forby. 

HAC'KLE,  v.  a.  [Dut.  hekelen ; Ger.  heeheln.] 
[7.  hackled  ; pp.  hackling,  hackled.] 

1.  To  separate  ; to  tear  asunder;  to  hack. 

The  kingdom  being  hackled  and  torn  in  pieces.  Burke. 

2.  To  dress,  as  flax.  — See  Hatciiel.  Jo/mson. 

HAC'KLE  (liak'kl),  n.  1.  A tool  or  instrument  for 
dressing  flax  or  hemp;  a hatchel.  Skelton. 

2.  Any  filmy  substance  unspun,  as  raw  silk, 
■wool,  fe.athers",  &c.  [North  of  Eng.]  Halliivell. 

3.  A fly  for  angling,  dressed  with  a cock’s 

feathers  or  with  silk.  Walton. 

4.  A long,  shining  feather  on  the  neck  of  a 
cock.  “ Tire  red  hackle  of  a capon.”  Walton. 

IlACK'LpR,  n.  A flax-dresser.  Craig. 

HACK'LY,  a.  Broken,  as  if  hacked  or  mangled 
by  cutting  or  chopping ; rough.  Wright. 

hACK'MA-TACK,  n.  (Bot.)  The  American  or 
black  larch,  a large,  tall  forest-tree,  called  in 
some  parts  the  tamarack-,  Larix  -pendula , or 
Larix  Americana.  (An  Indian  word.)  Gray. 

HACK'Nf.Y  (liak'ne),  n.  ; pi.  iiXck'ney$.  [Dut. 
hakkenije.  — Sp.  hacanea;  Fr.  haquenee.] 

1.  A pacing  horse  ; a nag  ; a pad.  Chaucer. 

2.  A hired  horse  ; a horse  much  used.  Bacon. 

3.  Any  thing  let  out  for  hire,  particularly  a 

carriage  let  for  hire ; a hack.  Johnson. 

4.  A hireling  ; a prostitute.  Burnet. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short ; A,  £,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


HACKNEY 


653 


IIAIDINGERITE 


IiAcK'NIJY,  a.  1.  Worn  out,  like  a hired  horse  ; 
much-used;  antiquated.  Beau.  Sg  FI. 

2.  Let  out  for  hire  ; much-used  ; common  ; 
hack  ; hired.  “ A hackney- coach.”  Pope.  “ Hack- 
ney horses.”  Hackluyt. 

3.  Prostitute.  “ Hackney  lady.”  Hudibras. 

IIACK'NIJY,  v.  a.  [i.  hackneyed  ; pp.  hack- 
neying, HACKNEYED.] 

1.  To  practise  ; to  accustom  ; to  inure. 

He  is  long  hackneyed  in  the  ways  of  men.  Shak. 

2.  To  carry  in  a hackney-coach.  Cowper. 

IIACK'NIJY— COACH,  n.  A carriage  let  for  hire  : 
— called  also  a hackney  and  a hack.  Smart. 

IiAcK'NIJY— COACH'MAN,  n.  A driver  of  a hack- 
nev-coach.  Guardian. 

IlACK'NJJYED  (hak'njd),  a.  Much-used;  worn 
out.  “ Men  . . . hackneyed , jaded,  and  worn 
out.”  Marvell. 


HAcK'NIJY-MAN,  n.  One  who  lets  horses  and 
carriages  for  hire,  [r.]  Barret. 

f IlACK'STER,  n.  A bully;  a ruffian;  an  assas- 
sin. “ Desperate  hackster.”  Bp.  Hall. 

hAc’OUIJ-TON  (hak'e-ton),  n.  [Fr.  hoqueton.]  A 
stuffed  jacket,  without  sleeves,  formerly  worn 
under  armor ; haketin.  Spenser. 


HAD,  i.  & p.  from  have.  — See  Have. 

T hAd'BOTE,  n.  [A.  S.  had-bote  ; had,  degree, 
order,  dignity,  and  bote,  a recompense.]  (Law.) 
A recompense  or  amends  made  for  violence  of- 
fered to  a person  in  holy  orders.  Crabb. 

IlAD'DF.R,  n.  [Ger.  heide.]  Heath ; ling.  Burton. 

hAd'DOCK,  n.  [Old  Fr.  hadot.]  (Ich.)  A sea- 
fish  of  the  Linnaean 
genus  Gadus,  of  a 
smaller  size  than  the 
cod,  which  it  greatly 
resembles ; the  Mor- 
rhuaccglejinus  of  Cu- 
vier. Yarrell. 


Haddock 

(Morrhua  aglefnits). 


IlAD'DY,  n.  The  haddock.  [Scotland.]  Jamieson. 

HADE,  n.  1.  f The  descent  of  a hill. 

On  the  lower  lees,  as  on  the  higher  hades, 

The  dainty  clover  grows.  Di'ayton. 

2.  (Mining.)  The  steep  descent  of  a shaft:  — 
the  inclination  of  a mineral  vein.  Wright. 

IlA’DE$,n.  [Gr.  atrjs.]  The  place  or  state  of  the 
dead  ; the  spiritual  world.  Campbell. 

IIAD'ING,  n.  (Mining.)  The  direction  of  a slip,  or 
fault,  in  mineral  strata.  Brande. 

HAD— I-WIST'.  [See  Wis.]  A proverbial  expres- 
sion implying  vain  afterthought,  and  equivalent 
to  “ O that  I had  known  ! ” Gower. 

There ’s  no  regard  nor  fear  of  had-I-ivist.  Mir.  for  Mag. 

HADJ,  n.  [Arab.] 

Medina. 


A pilgrimage  to  Mecca  or  to 
Burkhardt. 


HAD  'JEE,  n.  Same  as  Hadji.  Malcom. 

IIAD'JI , n.  [Arab.]  A Mussulman  who  has  per- 
formed his  pilgrimage  to  Mecca.  Burkhardt. 

II.EC-(JE'I-TY,  n.  [L.  luce,  this.]  The  essence 
of  individuality  ; — literally,  thisness.  [A  scho- 
lastic term.]  Smart. 

H.'EM'A-CIIROME,  n.  [Gr.  aipa,  blood,  and  %(>Gipa, 
color.]  (Chem.)  The  coloring  matter  of  the 
blood ; hoematosine.  Francis. 

H^E'MAL  (he'msd),  a.  [Gr.  aipa,  the  blood.]  (Med.) 
Delating  to  the  blood  or  the  blood-vessels. 

Hemal  arch,  the  arch  made  by  the  projections  anteri- 
orly from  the  body  of  the  vertebra  of  the  ribs  arid  ster- 
num. It  encloses  the  great  blood-vessels.  Dunglison. 

HAIM-A-STAt'!CS,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  aipa,  blood,  and 
arariKr'i,  statics.] 

1.  (Med.)  The  doctrine  of  the  motion  of  the 

blood  in  living  bodies.  Dunglison. 

2.  Remedies  for  stopping  the  flow  of  blood. 

Dunglison. 

IIJEM-Jl-TEM ' E-SI S,  V.  [Gr.  aipa,  a'lparo;,  blood, 
and  iploi,  to  vomit.]  (Med.)  The  vomiting  of 
blood  from  the  stomach.  Brande. 

IITEM'A-TITE,  n.  (Min.)  Native  oxide  of  iron, 
the  streak  and  powder  of  which  are  blood-red. 
— See  Hematite.  Brande. 


HiE-MAT'O-CELE,  n.  [Gr.  aipa,  blood,  and  KyXtj, 
a tumor.]  (Med.)  A tumor  formed  by  blood. 

HJEM'A-TOID,  a.  [Gr.  a'lparoali'is  ; uipa,  aigaros, 
blood,  and  ados,  form.]  Having  the  appearance 
of  blood.  Craig. 

II/EM-A-TOL'O-IJY,  n.  [Gr.  aipa,  aiparos,  blood, 
and  ioyos,  discourse.]  (Mtcl.)  That  branch  of 
medicine  which  treats  of  the  blood.  Dunglison. 


HJEM-A-TOP-O-Di' NJE,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  alparovoi  S, 
red-footed  ; a f- 
pa,  blood,  and 
7 robs,  void;,  a 
foot ; L.  hanna- 
topus.]  (dr- 
nit  h.)  A sub- 
family of  birds  lto„a[opus  ostralegue. 
ot  the  order 
Grallce  and  family  Cliaradriadee,  having  a long, 
strong  bill ; oyster-catchers.  Gray. 


HjE-MAT'O-SINE,  n.  [Gr.  aipa,  blood.]  (Chem.) 
The  red  coloring  matter  of  the  blood ; hamia- 
chrome.  Brande. 

HJEM-A-TO’ SIS,  n.  [Gr.  aipdrioat;  ; aipartoi,  to 
make  into  blood.]  (Med.)  The  conversion  of 
venous  blood  and  chyle  into  arterial  blood  by 
respiration.  Dunglison. 

HJE-JllOP ' TY-SIS,  n.  [Gr.  aipa,  blood,  and  crtai, 
to  spit.]  (Med.)  The  coughing  up  of  blood 
sometimes  produced  by  fulness  of  the  blood- 
vessels of  the  lungs,  or  by  the  rupture  of  blood- 
vessels as  a consequence  of  ulceration.  Brande. 


fIA3M'OR-RIIA£E,  n.  See  HEMORRHAGE. 


HiEM'OR-RHOlD,  a.  See  Hemorrhoid. 


hAF'FLE,  v.n.  To  speak  unintelligibly  ; to  wa- 
ver ; to  prevaricate.  [Local,  Eng.]  Wright. 

HAFT  (12),  n.  [A.  S.  haft ; haftan,  to  hold  ; Dut. 

Ger.  heft ; Dan.  hcefte  ; Sw.  hiifte ; Icel.  hefti. 
— Skinner  traces  the  A.  S.  to  habban,  to  have  ; 
L.  habco ; and  Tnoke  forms  haft  thus  : haved, 
hav’d,  haft.  — “ Haft,  as  of  a Unife,  is  properly 
only  the  participle  perfect  of  to  have,  that  where- 
by you  have  or  hold  it.”  Trench .]  That  part 
of  any  instrument  which  is  taken,  or  held  in  the 
hand ; a handle.  ‘ Gower. 

II Aft,  v.  a.  To  set  in  a haft.  Ainsworth. 

t hAft'UR,  n.  A wrangler  ; a caviller.  Barret. 

HAg,  n.  [A.  S.  hages ; Dut.  belts  \ Ger.  liexe\ 
Sw.  hexa. ] 

1.  A witch  ; an  enchantress. 

//«</.*  mid  fairies  all  wrought  something  for  their  idle  su- 
perstitions.  Deriv.g , 1576. 

2.  f A wizard.  “ That  old  hag  [Silenus].” 

Golding. 

3.  A furious  or  ugly  old  woman  ; a fury. 

There  followed  fast  nt  hand  two  wicked  hags, 

With  hoary  locks  all  loose  and  visage  grim.  Spenser. 

4.  An  appearance  of  light  or  fire  upon  the 
manes  of  horses  or  upon  the  hair  of  men. 

Hags  arc  sa*d  to  be  made  of  sweat  or  some  other  vapor 
issuing  out  of  the  head:  a not  unusual  sight  among  us  when 
we  ride  by  night  in  summer  time.  Blount. 

5.  (Ich.)  A cyclostomons  fish  allied  to  the 

lamper-eel ; Gastrobranchus  ccccus.  Yarrell. 

HAG,  v.a.  To  torment;  to  harass  with  vain  terror. 

And  hag  themselves  with  apparitions,  Hudibras. 

hAg'A-bAg,  n.  See  Huckaback.  Todd. 

IIAg'BIJR-RY,  n.  (Bot.)  The  name  given  in  Scot- 
land to  the  bird-cherry  ; Primus  padus.  Craig. 

IIAg'-BORN,  a.  Born  of  a witch  or  hag.  Shak. 


hAg'-FISH,  n.  (Ich.)  The  hag ; Gastrobranchus 
coccus.  Booth. 

II  Ag'GARD,  a.  [Ger.  hager,  lean,  lank,  haggard.  - 
Gr.  dymo c,  rustic, wild  ; Fr.  harjardpxWA,  staring.] 

1.  Wild;  not  domesticated;  not  easily  tamed 
or  managed.  “ Haggard,  hawks.”  Gascoigne. 

2.  Spare  and  harsh  ; distorted  ; gaunt ; ugly. 

Staring  his  eyes,  and  haggard  was  his  look.  Dryden. 


hAg'GARD,  n.  1.  A species  of  hawk,  not  easily 
tamed.  “ The  wild  haggard."  Sandgs. 

2.  Any  thing  wild  or  irreclaimable.  Shak. 

3.  A hag  ; an  ugly  old  woman. 

In  a dark  grot  the  baleful  haggard  lay.  Garth. 

4.  [A.  S.  hagai]  f A stack-yard ; a yard.  Howell. 

hAG'GARD-LY,  ad.  In  a haggard  manner  ; de- 
formedly.  “ Haggardly  . . . she  looks.”  Dryden. 


IlAG'GIJD,  a.  Belonging  to,  or  resembling,  a hag; 
ugly  ; lean. 

The  ghostly  prudes  with  hugged  face.  Gray. 

HAG'GfSS,  £ n.  [SCot.  hag,  a chop  ; Gael,  taigeis. 

IiAG'GIS,  ) — IT.  hack  is.]  A Scotch  dish,  made 
in  a sheep’s  maw,  of  the  liver,  lights,  heart,  &c., 
mixed  with  suet,  onions,  &c.  Jamieson. 

hAg'GIS— bAg,  n.  The  maw  of  a sheep  used  to 
make  a haggis  in.  Simmonds. 

IiAg'GISH,  a.  Of  the  nature  of  a hag;  deformed; 
horrid. 

But  on  us  both  did  hayyish  age  steal  on.  Shak. 

HAG'G(SII-LY,  ad.  In  the  manner  of  a hag. 

HAG'GLE,  v.  n.  [Fr.  harceler .]  [t.  haggled  ; 

pp.  haggling,  haggled.]  To  be  tedious  in  a 
bargain  ; to  be  long  in  coming  to  the  price  ; to 
chaffer;  to  higgle. 

I never  could  drive  a hard  bargain  in  my  life:  nnd  least  of 
all  do  I know  how  to  haggle  and  huckster  with  merit,  Burke. 

HAG'GLE  (Iiag'gl),  v.a.  1.  To  hackle  ; to  hack. 

Suffolk  first  died:  and  York,  all  haggled  o’er, 

Comes  to  him  where  in  gore  he  lay  insteeped.  Shak. 

2.  To  tease ; to  worry  ; to  vex.  Ilalliwell. 

hAg'GLIJR,  n.  1.  One  who  cuts  or  hacks.  Johnson. 

2.  One  who  is  tedious  in  making  a bargain. 
“A  paltering  haggler.”  Cotgrave. 

IIAg'GLING,  n.  Act  of  making  many  words  in  a 
bargain.  “ Always  haggling.”  Goldsmith. 

HA'<?J-AR-j0HY,  n.  [Gr.  llyio sacred,  and  aptf, 
rule.]  Sacred  government ; government  of  holy 
orders  of  men.  Wright. 

||  HA-<?I-OC'RA-CY,  n.  [Gr.  Syio;,  sacred,  and 
Kpartu),  to  rule.]  The  government  of  the  priest- 
hood ; a hierarchy.  Ec.  Rev. 

||HA'£!-0-GRAph,  n.  A holy  writing.  Robert  Hall. 

||  HA-QI-dQ' RA-PHA,  n.  pi.  [Low  L.,  from  Gr. 
uytSypai/ia  ; ayio;,  sacred,  and  ypaipt),  a writing.] 

1.  A name  given  to  the  third  division  of  the 

Old  Testament,  according  to  the  Jewish  canon, 
including  Psalms,  Proverbs,  Job,  Daniel,  Ezra, 
Nehemiah,  Ruth,  Lamentations,  Ecclesiastes, 
the  Song  of  Solomon,  Esther,  and  Chronicles ; 
— so  applied  because,  though  not  written  by 
Moses,  or  any  of  the  prophets,  properly  so 
called,  these  books  were  nevertheless  to  be  re- 
ceived as  of  divine  authority.  Eden. 

2.  Histories  or  legends  respecting  the  lives 

and  actions  of  the  saints.  Brande. 

||  IlA-pI-OG'R A-PIIAl,  a.  Relating  to,  or  denot- 
ing, sacred  writings.  Bp.  Cosin. 

II  HA-IJII-OG'RA-PHIJR  [lia-je  og'ra-fer,  P.  K.  Sm. ; 
hag-e-og'ra-fer,  Ja.  R.  Barclay],  n.  A sacred 
writer;  a writer  of  hagiography.  Whitby. 

||  HA-<?I-OG'RA-PHY,  n.  The  third  division  of 
the  Old  Testament;  hagiographa.  — See  Ha- 
giographa.  Wright. 

||  HA-9!-6l'0-<?IST,  n.  One  who  is.versed  in  ha- 
giology.  Ed.  Rev. 

||  HA-£I-0L'0-£Y,  n.  [Gr.  ayto;,  sacred,  and  7.6- 
yof,  a discourse.]  That  department  of  literature 
which  treats  of  sacred  things,  or  of  the  lives 
of  the  saints.  Charles  Butler. 

HAG'— RID-DEN  (-dn),  a.  Tormented  by  hags  or 
phantoms.  Beattie. 

IIAg'— SEED,  n.  The  offspring  of  a hag.  Shak. 

hAG'SHIP,  n.  The  title  of  a witch  or  hag.  11  The 
charm  her  hagship  gave  me.”  Middleton. 

hAg'-TA-PJJR,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant;  the  great 
woolly  mullein;  Vcrbascum  phlomoides.  Booth. 

HAGUE  (hag),  n.  Same  as  Haguebut.  Todd. 

IIAgUE'BUT  (hag'-)  [hag'but,  Ja. ; h5g'e-but,  Sm.], 
n.  [Old  Fr.  hacquebute .]  A kind  of  fire-arms; 
an  arquebuse.  Grose. 

HAH  (ha),  inter/.  An  expression  of  sudden  effort 
or  surprise  ; ha.  — See  Ha.  Dryden. 

HA-HA'  [ha-ha',  Sm.  Maunder-,  ha'ha,  S. ; ha'ha', 
A'.],  n.  A sunk  fence  ; a fence,  bank,  or  ditch 
sunk  between  two  slopes  so  as  not  to  be  seen 
till  one  comes  close  upon  it ; — sometimes  writ- 
ten haiv-haw.  Loudon. 

HAl-DlN'GER-lTE,  n.  (Min.)  An  arseniate  of 
lime ; — so  named  from  Mr.  Ilaidinger.  Brewster. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON  ; 


BUEE,  BUR,  RULE.  — G,  <?,  9,  g,  soft ; C,  G,  q,  g,  hard;  § as  z ; \ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


HAIK 


G54 


HALF-BLOOM 


HAIK,  n.  The  under  coat  of  an  Arab.  Campbell. 

HAIL  (hal),  n.  [A.  S.  ha-gel ; Dut.,  Ger.,  $ Sw. 
hagcl ; Icel.  hatjL]  Rain  or  atmospheric  vapors 
congealed  by  cold  in  the  upper  regions  of  the 
atmosphere,  and  falling  to  the  ground  in  small 
roundish  masses  called  hailstones  ; frozen  drops 
of  rain  or  vapor.  Braude. 

HAIL,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  / icer/clan .]  [i.  hailed  ; pp. 

hailing,  hailed.]  To  pour  down  hail. 

To  hail  from , to  have  or  assign  as  one’s  residence 
or  place  of  abode.  [U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

HAIL,  v.  a.  1.  To  pour,  as  hail.  Shaft. 

2.  To  salute ; to  call  to  ; to  greet ; to  welcome. 

I gained  a son, 

And  such  a son  as  all  men  hailed  me  happy.  Milton. 

The  ravished  crowds  shall  hail  their  passing  lord.  Pitt. 

HAIL,  inter/'.  [A.  S.  halu,  or  keel,  health.]  A term 
of  salutation  ; health.  Milton. 

Hail , hail , brave  friend  I Shale. 

HAIL , a.  Healthy;  sound.  — See  Hale.  Todd. 

HAIL'— FEL-LOW,  n.  A companion  ; an  associ- 
ate ; an  intimate.  Bp.  Hall. 

Hail-fellow  well  met,  an  expression  denoting  inti- 
macy. “ I thought  all  people  here  had  been  hail-fellow 
well  met.”  IS  Estrange. 

IIAIL'— SHOT,  n.  Small  shot  which  scatter  when 
discharged  from  a gun,  like  hail.  “ Our  admi- 
ral . . . had  provided  all  our  muskets  with  hail- 
shot.”  Hackluyt. 

HAIL'STONE,  n.  A particle  or  single  ball  of  hail. 

Hard  hailstones  lie  not  thicker  on  the  plain.  Drydcn . 

IIAIL'Y,  a.  Consisting  of  hail;  full  of  hail. 
“ Haily  showers.”  Pope. 

HAI'NOUS,  a.  See  Heinous.  Todd. 

IlAlR  (h&r),  n.  [A.  S.  har ; Dut.,  Ger.,  § Dan. 
haar ; Sw.  har.] 

1.  An  integument  consisting  of  dry,  horny, 

elastic  filaments  arising  from  the  skin  of  ani- 
mals, to  the  tissue  of  which  they  adhere  by  a 
bulb  situated  in  the  cellular  membrane  ; — in 
this  sense  without  a plural.  Dunglison. 

Like  prisoners  wildly  overgrown  with  hair.  Shak. 

2.  A single  filament  of  the  hairy  covering  of 
animals. 

But  even  the  very  hairs  of  your  head  arc  all  numbered. 

Luke  xii.  7. 

3.  Any  thing  as  small  as  a hair. 

If  the  scale  turn 
But  in  the  estimation  of  a hair , 

Thou  diest.  Shak. 

4.  f Grain,  as  of  hairs  lying  in  a certain  di- 
rection ; course ; order. 

If  you  should  fight,  you  go  against  the  hair  of  your  pro- 
fession. Uliak. 

5.  ( Bot .)  Small,  delicate,  and  slender  expan- 

sions of  the  epidermis,  consisting  of  one  or 
more  cells.  Lindley. 

llAlR'BELL,  it.  See  Harebell.  Johnson. 

hAir'-BRACK-JJT,  n.  ( Ship-building .)  The 
moulding  at  the  back  of  a figure-head.  Oyilvie. 

HAiR'— BRAINED,  a.  See  Harebrained.  Shaft. 

hAiR'— BREADTH,  n.  The  diameter  of  a hair:  — 
the  48th  part  of  an  inch  : — a very  small  distance 
or  space.  Judy.  xx.  16. 

IlAlR'—  BREADTH,  a.  Of  the  breadth  of  a hair; 
very  narrow.  “ Of  hair-breadth  ’scapes.”  Shaft. 

HAiR'— BROOM,  n.  A broom  made  of  hair.  Booth. 

HAIR'— BRUSH,  n.  A brush  for  the  hair.  Booth. 

hAiR'-QLOTII,  n.  Cloth  or  stuff  made  of  hair, 
very  rough  and  prickly,  worn  sometimes  in 
mortification.  Grew. 

II  Air'— DR  ESS- §R,  n.  One  who  dresses  or  cuts 
hair  ; a barber.  More. 

H.AlRED  (hir'ed  or  bird),  a.  Having  hair  ; — used 
in  composition  ; as,  long -haired.  Todd. 

hAiR'GrAss,  n.  A species  of  fine  grass.  Booth. 

HAiR'-HUNG,  a.  Hanging  by  a hair.  Young. 

HAIR'I-NESS,  n.  1.  The  state  of  being  hairy. 

2.  (Bot.)  The  quality  of  having  hair  less  soft 
and  longer  than  in  the  form  termed  pubescence 
or  down.  Ilenslow. 

IlAlR'— LACE,  n.  A fillet  or  lace  for  tying  the 
hair.  “ A woman’s  hair-lace  or  fillet.”  Harvey. 


IlAlR’LlJSS,  a.  Destitute  of  hair ; wanting  hair. 

IlAlR'— LIKE,  a.  Resembling  hair.  Blount. 

HAiR'— LINE,  n.  Aline  made  of  hair;  a very 
slender  line.  Ash. 

hAir'-NEE-DLE,  n.  [A.  S.  hcer-ncedl.\  A needle 
formerly  used  in  dressing  the  hair ; a species 
of  hair-pin.  Todd. 

IlAlR'— OIL,  n.  Scented  oil  for  moistening  the 
hair.  Simmonds. 

hAiR'-PEN-CJL,  n.  A brush  made  of  the  fine 
hairs  of  the  marten,  badger,  &c.,  for  the  pur- 
poses of  the  artist,  — or  of  the  hog,  &c.,  for 
coarser  work.  Fairholt. 

IlAlR'— PIN,  n.  A pin  used  for  dressing  the  hair. 

HAlR'-PoW-DpR,  n.  Powder  for  the  hair;  pul- 
verized starch  variously  scented.  Booth. 

HAiR'— PY-RI'TE§,  n.  (Min.)  Native  sulphuret  of 
nickel, which  occurs  in  capillary  crystals. Francis. 

IlAlR'— SALT,  n.  [Ger.  haar-salz.\  Native  sul- 
phate of  magnesia;  — so  named  from  its  oc- 
curring in  silky  fibres.  Dana. 

hAir’§'— BREADTH,  n.  Same  as  Hair-breadth. 

hAir'— SEAT-ING,  n.  Woven  horsehair,  used 
for  covering  chairs,  couches.  Ac.  Simmonds. 

IlAlR'— SHIRT,  n.  A shirt  made  of  hair.  Pope. 

IlAlR'— SPLIT-TING,  a.  Making  very  minute  dis- 
tinctions, as  in  reasoning.  Wright. 

IlAlR'— SPLIT-TING,  n.  The  act  of  making  mi- 
nute distinctions,  as  in  reasoning.  Wright. 

HAIR'— WORM  (har'wiirm),  n.  (Zoul.)  A worm 
resembling  a long  and  slender  thread  ; Gordius. 

Baird.  Rogct. 

hAiR'Y,  a.  1.  Covered  with,  or  having,  hair.  “ The 
hairy  hide  of  camels.”  Udal. 

2.  Consisting  of  hair. 

Storms  have  shed 

From  vines  the  haim  honors  of  their  head.  Dn/den. 

3.  Furnished  as  with  hair ; resembling  hair. 

A hair  if  coinct  threatening  death  and  ruin.  Massinger. 

4.  (Bot.)  Covered  or  beset  with  coarse  and 

long  hairs.  lfcnslow. 

IlAiR'Y— IIEAD'ED,  a.  Having  the  head  covered 
with  hair.  ‘ Hill. 

HAKE,  n.  1.  (Teh.)  A fish  allied  to  the  cod; 
Merlucius  vulgaris.  Storer. 

2.  A hook.  [Local.]  Halliwell. 

3.  A shed  for  drying  draining-tiles.  Simmonds. 

HA'K^M,  n.  The  governor  or  chief  magistrate 
of  a city.  [India.]  Crabb. 

HAK'5-MlTE,  a.  Relating  to  the  caliph  Hakem, 
or  to  astronomical  tables  published  under  the 
caliph  Hakem.  Smart. 

hAk'E-TIN,  n.  A military  coat  of  defence.  Crabb. 

HAK'OT,  n.  A kind  of  fish.  Ainsworth. 

IIA-KUN',  n.  A governor;  a magistrate;  a ha- 
kem. [India.]  Smart. 

HAL,  in  local  names,  is  derived,  like  al,  from  the 
Saxon  healle,  i.  e.  a hall,  a palace.  Gibson. 

||  HAi.'BERD,  or  IlAL'BERD  [hll'berd,  S.  II'.  P. 
J.  F.  K.  ; hal'bcrd,  Ja.  S»i.],  n.  [Dut.  helle- 
baard ; Ger.  helebarde ; Gael,  ailbeard.  — It.,  Sp., 
A Port,  alabarda  ; Fr.  hallebarde. ] An  ancient 
military  weapon  intended  for  both 
cutting  and  thrusting,  formerly  car- 
ried by  sergeants  of  foot  and  artil- 
lery, being  a kind  of  combination  of 
a spear  and  a battle-axe,  with  a va- 
riously formed  head,  and  a shaft 
about  six  feet  long;  — now  rarely 
seen  in  use,  except  in  Scotland  in 
the  hands  of  town  officers  when  attending  the 
magistrates  of  a borough.  Ogilvie. 

||  HAL'BCRD— HEADED,  fit.  (Bot.)  Hastate.  Gray. 

||  HAL-BER-DIER',  n.  [Fr.  halebardier.)  One  who 
is  armed  with  a halberd.  Beau.  § FI. 

||  HAL'BERD— SHAPED  (-shapt),  a.  Hastate.  Gray. 

||  IiAl'BERT,  n.  A cross-bar  on  the  toe  of  a 
horseshoe  ; — written  also  halberd.  Ash. 

IiAlCE,  n.  A salt  liquor  made  of  the  entrails  of 
fish,  pickle,  brine,  &c.  - Crabb.  \ 


||  IIAL'CY-ON  (hdl'she-un  or  hal'se-un)  [hal'she-un, 
IF.  P.  E.  F.  Ja. ; hal'shun,  S.  K.  C. ; lial'se-un, 
J.  Sm.],  n.  [Gr.  hf.nvibu;  a).;,  the  sea,  and  kvu>, 
to  conceive;  L.ha/cyo;  It.  alcione;  Sp .alcion; 
Fr.  alcyon.]  ( Ornith .)  The  kingfisher  or  alce- 
do,  a bird  said  to  lay  her  eggs  in  nests  on  rocks, 
near  the  sea,  during  the  calm  weather  about 
the  time  of  the  winter  solstice. 

There  came  the  halcyon , whom  the  sea  obeys 

When  she  her  nest  upon  the  water  lays.  ’ Drayton. 
Amidst  our  arms  as  quiet  you  shall  be 
As  halcyons  brooding  on  a winter  sea.  Dryden. 

||  hAi/CY-ON,  a.  1.  An  epithet  applied  to  seven 
days  before,  and  seven  after,  the  winter  solstice. 

The  time  while  they  [halcyons]  arc  brooding  is  called  the 
halcyon  days.  Holland's  Pliny. 

2.  Placid;  quiet;  still;  peaceful;  happy. 

When  great  Augustus  made  war’s  tempests  cease 

His  halcyon  days  brought  forth  the  arts  of  peace.  Denham. 

||  f HAL-CY-G'NI-AN,  a.  Peaceful;  quiet;  still; 
happy;  halcyon.  Sheldon. 

|j  hAl-CY-O-NI  'NJE,  n.  pi.  [L.  halcyon,  the  king- 
fisher.] (Or- 
nith.) A sub- 
family of  fissi- 
rostral birds  of 
the  order  Pas- 
seres  and  fam- 
ily Alcedini- 
d<e ; crab-hun- 
teis.  Giay.  Halcyon  superciliosa. 

f HALE,  n.  [A.  S.  hceln,  or  heel,  health.]  Welfare. 
“ Heedless  of  his  dearest  hale.”  Spenser. 

HALE,  a.  [A.  S.  hal,  healthy,  whole.] 

1.  Healthy;  healthful;  sound;  hearty;  strong. 

Last  year  we  thought  him  strong  and  hale.  Swift. 

2.  Whole  ; uninjured ; unimpaired.  ”[r.] 

When  sin  comes  off  un  wounded  and  hale.  Hammond. 

||  HALE,  or  HALE  [hal,  J.  E.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  Wr. ; 
hill,  .8.  jP.  ; hal  or  hal,  IF.  F.],  v.  a.  [Dut. 
ha  alert ; Dan.  hale;  Sw.  hala. — Sp . halar Fr. 
haler.]  To  drag  by  force ; to  pull  violently  and 
rudely  ; to  drag  or  pull  along  ; to  haul.  “ Lest 
he  hale  thee  to  the  judge.”  Luke  xii.  58. 

,8Qy-“  This  word,  in  familiar  language,  is  corrupted 
beyond  recovery  into  haul ; hut  solemn  speaking  still 
requires  the  regular  sound,  rhyming  with  jmle  ; the 
other  sound  would,  in  this  case,  be  gross  and  vulgar.” 
Walker. 

Syn.  — See  Healthy. 

||  HALE,  or  HALE,  n.  A violent  pull ; a haul.  — 
See  Hai  l.  Congreve. 

||HAL'£R,  or  HAL'pR,  n.  One  who  hales;  a 
hauler.  — See  Hauler.  Johnson. 

HA-LE'^I-A  (hti-lG'zhe-j),  n.  (Bot.)  A beautiful 
American  shrub,  of  two  varieties,  known  as  the 
silver-bell  and  the  snowdrop-tree.  Farm.  Ency. 

HALF  (haf),  n. ; pi.  HALVES  (Irivz).  [Goth,  halb  ; 
A.  S.  healf,  or  half ; Dut.  S;  Sw.  half;  Ger.  halb.] 
One  of  two  equal  parts  ; a moiety.  “ One  half 
of  an  entire  sum.”  "Half  the  day.”  “ Half 
an  hour.”  Shak.  “Half  the  labor.”  B.Jonsoh. 

HALF  (haf),  a.  Consisting  of  a half ; noting  one 
of  the  divisions  when  a thing  is  divided  into  two 
equal  parts.  “ The  half  part.”  Shaft. 

HALF  (haf),  ad.  To  the  amount  or  degree  of  one 
half ; in  part ; by  half. 

RQP  It  is  much  used  in  composition,  as  /t«//-blind, 
half- alive,  &c. 

HALF  (haf),  v.  a.  To  halve.  — See  Halve.  Wot  ton. 

HALF'— AND— HALF,  n.  A mixture  of  beer,  or 
porter,  and  ale.  Simmonds. 

HALF'— BLOOD  (haf'blud),  a.  Noting  a person 
who  is  only  half  of  the  same  blood  or  race. 

IIALF'-BLOOD  (haf'blud),  n.  One  born  of  the 
same  father  only,  or  of  the  same  mother  only, 
as  another ; one  who  is  related  to  another  by 
only  half  of  the  same  blood  or  race.  Locke. 

HALF'— BLOOD-pD  (haf'blud-ed),  a.  1.  Being 
born  of  the  same  father  only,  or  of  the  same 
mother  only,  as  another ; related  by  only  half 
blood. 

2.  Mean  ; degenerate.  Shak. 

HALF'— BLOOM  (haf'blom),  n.  A round  mass  of 
iron  as  it  comes  out  of  the  finery.  Crabb. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  £,  I,  6,  0,  Y,  short; 


A,  (1,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL; 


I1E1R,  HER  ; 


HALF-BRED 


655 


HALLOO 


IIALF'-BRED,  a.  Not  well-bred;  ill-bred;  ill- 
mannered  ; impolite.  Attcrbury. 

HALF'— BREED,  n.  ) Half-blood:  — half-blooded. 

HALF'-BREED,  a.  > Missionary  Herald. 

HALF'-BROTII-fJR,  n.  A brother  by  the  father 
only,  or  by  the  mother  only.  Pope. 

fUALF'-CAP,  n.  A half  bow,  or  imperfect  act 
of  civility,  signified  by  the  cap  being  only  in 
part  put  otf.  Shak. 

IIALF'-CASTE,  n.  One  born  of  a Hindoo  parent 
on  the  one  side,  and  of  a European  parent  on 
the  other.  Clarke. 

HALF'— CENT,  n.  A copper  coin  of  the  U.  S.,  of 
the  value  of  five  mills  ; — now  disused.-Pafferiort. 

HALF'— COCK,  n.  The  position  of  the  cock  of  a 
gun  at  the  first  notch.  Booth. 

IIALF'-CROWN,  n.  An  English  silver  coin  valued 
at  2s.  6d.  sterling  (about  58  cents).  Ash. 

IIALF'-DEAD  (liaf'ded),  a.  Almost  dead.  Milton. 

HALF'-DlME,  n.  A silver  coin  of  the  United 
States  of  the  value  of  five  cents.  Bouvier. 

HALF'— DOL-LAR,  n.  A silver  coin  of  the  United 
States  of  the  value  of  fifty  cents.  Patterson. 

IIALF'-EA-GLE,  n.  An  American  gold  coin  of 
the  value  of  five  dollars.  Patterson. 

f IIALF'EN  (fi'affn),  a.  Wanting  half  its  due 
qualities.  Spenser . 

f HALF'EN-DEAL  (hif'fn-del),  ad.  [A.  S.hca/fe, 
half,  and  dal,  a part.]  Nearly  half.  Spenser. 

II A LF'f.R  (liaf'er),  n.  1.  One  who  possesses  only 
half  of  a thing.  “ Iiafers  in  opinion. "Mountagu. 

2.  A male  fallow-deer  gelded.  Peggc. 

IIALF'-FACED  (hif'fast),  a.  Showing  only  part 
of  the  face.  “ Half-faced  sun.”  Shak. 

HALF'— GUIN-EA  (liaf'|In-e),  n.  An  English  gold 
coin  valued  at  10s.  Gd.  sterling  (about  $2.50).  Ash. 

HALF'— HATCHED  (haf'hacht),  a.  Imperfectly 
hatched.  “ Half-hatched  eggs.”  Gay. 

HALF'— HEAD-IJR,  n.  (Masonry.)  The  half  of  a 
brick  cut  lengthwise,  used  to  close  the  end  of  a 
course.  Ogilvie. 

HALF'— HEARD  (haf'herd),  a.  Imperfectly  heard  ; 
not  heard  to  the  end.  Pope. 

HALF'— HEART-JJD,  a.  Illiberal;  stingy:  mean; 
ungenerous ; unkind.  ■ Southey. 

HALF'-HOL'I-DAY,  n.  Half  of  a day  granted  for 
recreation  to  children  at  school.  Clarke. 

HALF'— LEARN-JJD  (hif'lern-ed),  a.  Imperfectly 
learned.  Lowth. 

HALF'— LENGTH,  a.  Containing  one  half  of  the 
length.  Jcrvas. 

IIALF'-LOST,  a.  Nearly  lost.  Milton. 

IIALF'-MARK  (hirinirk),  n.  A noble,  or  6.s.  8 d. 
sterling  (about  $ 1.80).  Crabb. 

HALF'— MEAij-URE  (haf'mezh-ur),  n.  An  imper- 
fect plan  of  operation  ; a feeble  effort.  Watson. 

HALF'— m66n,  n.  1.  The  moon  when  it  appears 
to  be  half  illuminated. 

2.  Any  thing  in  the  figure  of  a half-moon. 

In  rhombs  and  wedges,  and  half-moons  and  wings.  Milton. 

HALF'— NET-T^D,  a.  (Bot.)  Noting  that  the 
outermost  only  of  several  investing  layers  is 
reticulate.  Ilcnslow. 

HALF'— NOTE,  n.  (Mus.)  A minim,  being  half  a 
semibreve.  Wright. 

HALF'— PACE,  71.  (Arch.)  1.  The  broad  space  or 
interval  between  two  flights  of  steps.  Ogilvie. 

2.  A raised  floor  in  a bay-window.  Weale. 

HALF'— PART,  n.  One  half  of  any  thing.  Shak. 

HALF'— PAY,  a.  Having  only  one  half  of  a sala- 
ry or  pay.  Boswell. 

HALF'— PAY  (haf'pa),  n.  Reduced  pay,  seldom 
literally  half ; a reduced  allowance  paid  to  an 
officer  when  not  in  actual  service.  McCulloch. 

(I  HALF'— PEN-NY  (ha'pen-ne,  liap'pen-ne,  or  Iiilf'- 
pen-ne)  [ha'pen-ne,  S.  W.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  Sm.  R. ; 
ha'pen-ne  or  hif'pen-ne,  C.  Wr.  ; hap'pen-ne  or 
haf'pen-ne,  K.  Wb.],  n.  ; pi.  HALF-PENCE  (ha'- 


pens  or  happens),  or  half-pennies  (ha'pen-nez). 
An  English  copper  coin,  of  which  two  make  a 
penny. 

This  word  is  not  only  deprived  of  half  its 
sound,  but  even  what  is  left  is  grossly  corrupted. 
Sounding  the  a as  in  half,  is  provincial  and  rustic.” 
Walker. 

Kir  Half-penny  and  half-pence  are,  in  the  (J.  S., 
often,  if  not  generally,  pronounced  in  accordance  with 
their  orthography,  haf‘ pen-ny  and  haf'pens. 

||  HALF'— PEN-NY  (ha'pen-ne),  a.  Of  the  value  of 
a half-penny.  “ Half-penny  loaves.”  Shak. 

||  HALF'-PEN-NY-WORTH  (ha'pen-ne-wiirth),  n. 
The  worth  of  a half-penny.  “ One  half-pcnny- 
worth  of  bread.”  Shak. 

HALF'— PIKE,  n.  A small  pike  carried  by  officers. 

Paying  the  salute  with  the  half-jjike. 

HALF'— PINT,  n.  The  fourth  part  of  a quart.  Pope. 

HALF'— PORTS,  n.  pi.  Shutters  made  of  slit-deal, 
to  fit  the  ports  of  ships,  with  a hole  cut  for  the 
muzzle  of  a gun  to  go  through.  Craig. 

HALF'— PRESS,  n.  (Printing.)  Work  at  a press 
done  by  one  man.  Adams. 

HALF'— READ  (hiif'red),  a.  Partially  instructed 
by  reading.  “ Half-read  gentleman.”  Dryden. 

HALF'— ROUND,  a.  Semicircular.  Milton. 

HALF'— ROUND,  n.  (Arch.)  A semicircular  mould- 
ing. Francis. 

HALF'— SCHOL-AR  (haf'skol-ar),  n.  One  imper- 
fectly learned.  “We  have  many  half-scholars 
nowadays.”  Watts. 

HALF'— SEA§— O'VJF.R  (li&f'sez-o'ver),  a.  Half- 
drunk ; partially  intoxicated.  Dryden. 

HALF'— SHIFT,  n.  (Mus.)  A move  of  the  hand 
upwards  on  the  neck  of  a violin  to  reach  a 
high  note.  Wright. 

IIALF'-SlGIIT-IJD  (hlf'sit-ed),  a.  Seeing  imper- 
fectly ; having  weak  discernment.  Bacon. 

IlALF'— SIS-TJpR,  n.  A sister  by  the  father’s  side 
only,  or  by  the  mother’s  side  only.  Ash. 

HALF'— SPHERE  (haf'sfer),  n.  Half  of  a globe  or 
sphere ; a hemisphere.  B.  Jonson. 

HALF'— STARVED,  a.  Almost  starved.  Milton. 

HALF'-STRAlNED  (hsf'strand),  a.  Half-bred; 
imperfect.  “ A half-strained  villain.”  Dryden. 

HALF'— STUFF,  n.  Any  thing  half  formed  in  the 
process  of  manufacture.  Francis. 

HALF'-SWORD  (hdf'sord),  n.  Close  fight.  “ At 
half-sicord  with  a dozen  of  them.”  Shak. 

HALF'— Tf-RETE',  a.  (Bot.)  Flat  on  the  one  side, 
terete  on  the  other.  Henslow. 

HALF'— TINT,  n.  An  intermediate  color  ; middle- 
tint.  Francis. 

IIALF'-TONGU  E,  n.  (Law.)  A term  anciently 
applied  to  a jury,  one  half  of  which  consisted 
of  denizens  or  natives,  and  the  other  half  of 
aliens  ; party-jury.  Bwrill. 

HALF'— WAY  (haf'wa),  71.  Half  the  distance. 

HALF'— WAY  (liif'wa),  ad.  At  half  the  distance. 

HALF'— WAY,  a.  Being  in  the  middle  between 
two  extremes.  Milton. 

HALF'— WIT,  71.  A blockhead;  a foolish  fellow; 
a stupid  or  silly  person.  Dryden. 

HALF'— WIT-TIJD,  a.  Foolish  ; stupid.  Swift. 

HALF'— YEAR- LY,  a.  Two  in  a year;  semi-an- 
nual. Clarke. 

HALF'— YEAR-LY,  ad.  Twice  in  a year;  semi- 
annually. Clarke. 

IIAL'IARDij  (hal'y?rdz),  n.  pi.  See  Halyards. 

HAL'I-BUT  (hol'e-but)  [hol'e-but,  S.  W.  J.  F.  Ja. 
K.\  lial'e-but,  P.  Sin.),  n.  (leh.)  A sea-fish, 
the  largest  of  the  family  Pleuronectidee,  or  flat- 
fish, being  frequently  six  or  seven  feet  long  and 
weighing  300  or  400  pounds,  and  much  esteemed 
for  food  ; llippoglossus  vulgaris.  Baird. 

flSj-Iri  the  northern  seas  specimens  of  the  halibut 
have  been  taken  weighing  500  pounds.  In  Greenland 
the  transparent  membrane  of  its  stomach  is  used  in- 
stead of  glass.  Baird. 

HAL'I-CORE,  77.  [Gr.  Sis,  the  sea,  and  napti,  a 
maid.]  (Zoiil.)  A genus  of  herbivorous  aquatic 
mammals  ; the  dugong.  Van  Dor  Ilocven. 


t IIAl'I-DOM,  71.  [A.  S.  lialigdom,  a sanctuary, 
or  what  is  sacred ; halig,  holy,  dom,  jurisdic- 
tion.] An  adjuration  by  what  is  holy.  Spenser. 

IIAL-I-EU'T1CS,  7i.pl.  [Gr.  altfvnxhs,  pertaining 
to  fishing  ; aZ;,  the  sea.]  Ichthyology  ; a trea- 
tise on  fishing  or  fish,  [r.]  Scott. 

HALT-MAS  (h&l'e-mas)  [hal'e-mas,  P.  K.  Sm. ; 
hol'e-mas,  »S.  W.  /■’.],  n.  [A.  S.  halig,  holy,  a ul 
masse,  a feast,  the  mass.]  The  feast  of  Alt- 
Souls.  — See  Hallowmas.  Todd. 

IIAL'ING,  or  IIAL'ING,  n.  The  act  of  dragging 
or  pulling  by  force.  Milton. 

IlAL-I-OG'RA-PIIf.R,  n.  One  who  writes  about 
the  sea  ; a describer  of  the  sea.  Ash. 

HAL-I-OG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  Sis,  a*<Ss,the  sea,  and 
ypatjiu,  to  write.]  A description  of  the  sea.  Ash. 

IiAl-I-O'  TIS,  n.  [Gr.  the  sea,  and  ous,  wri;, 
the  ear.]  (Cotich.)  A genus  of  gasteropods 
with  a shell  resembling  the  human  ear ; the 
sea-ear.  Woodward. 

IIAL'I-O-ToId,  a.  (Zoiil.)  Ear-shaped.  Maunder. 

f IIA-LIT'y-OUS,  a.  [L.  halitus,  breath,  vapor.] 
Like  breath ; vaporous.  Boyle. 

hAl’I-tOs,  n.  [L.] 

1.  Breath  ; vapor.  Hamilton. 

2.  (Phys.)  The  watery  vapor  which  rises  from 

newly-drawn  blood.  Brande. 

HALL,  n.  [Gr.  ah  Li ; L.  aula  ; It.  <S,-  Sp.  sala  ; Fr. 
sal/c.  — M.  Goth,  alh ; A.  S.  alh,  or  heal ; Ger. 
halle  ; Sw.  hall ; Icel.  hull.'] 

1.  A large  room  at  the  entrance  of  a palace, 
where  justice  was  administered. 

Then  the  soldiers  [of  the  governor]  took  Jesus  unto  the 
common  /m//.  matt,  xxvii.  27,  Wiekliffe's  Trans. 

2.  The  principal  apartment  in  the  domestic 

houses  of  the  middle  ages.  Weale. 

Then  cry,  a hall ! a halll 

’Tis  merry  in  Tottenham  Hall  when  beards  wag  all. 

Ji.  Jonson. 

3.  A building  or  a room  in  which  a court  of 
justice  is  held  ; as,  “ Westminster  Hall.” 

4.  A manor-house  ; — so  called  because  courts 

for  the  tenants  were  held  in  it.  Addison. 

5.  The  public  room  of  a corporation  ; a large 
room  for  a public  assembly  ; as,  “ Exeter  Hall, 
London”;  “Faneuil  Hall,  Boston.” 

6.  A collegiate  body  in  the  universities  of 
Oxford  and  Cambridge,  England.  Piddeaux. 

7.  An  edifice  belonging  to  a collegiate  insti- 
tution. Wright. 

8.  The  entrance  of  a dwelling-house.  Brande. 
Kj1“  In  this  sense  perhaps  improperly  applied.  Brande. 

Syn.  — See  Porch. 

HAL'LA-BA-l6o,  71.  A loud  noise;  uproar; 
clamor.  [Local  and  vulgar.]  Brockelt. 

IIAll'A^E,  n.  Toll  charged  or  paid  for  goods 
sold  in  a common  hall.  Crabb. 

IiALL'-DOOR,  n.  The  door  of  a hall. 

hAL-LE-LU'JAH  (hal-le-Iu'ya),  interj.  & n.  [Heb. 
irpbbn,  Praise  ye  Jehovah.]  A song  of 
thanksgiving  or  praise  : — written  also  allelujali 
and  alleluia. 

Kg.  ■ “ In  hallelujah,  the  j usually  stands  for  i,  and, 
in  that  capacity,  is  pronounced  j /.”  Smart. 

f HAL-LE-LU-JAT'IC  (hal-le-lu-yat'jk),  a.  Giving 
praise.  “ Hallehijatic  psalms.”  Christian  Ant. 

IiAlL'IARD§  (hal'ysirdz),  7i.pl.  [haul  and  yard.] 
(Naut.)  See  Halyards.  Todd.  Brande. 

IIAll'I^K  (-yer),  n.  A kind  of  net  used  for 
catching  birds.  Wright. 

IIAl'lITE,  n.  (Min.)  The  sub-sulphate  of  alumi- 
na, found  at  Halle.  Dana. 

HALL'— MARK,  n.  The  official  stamp  affixed  to 
articles  of  gold  and  silver,  as  a test  of  their  le- 
gal quality.  Simmonds. 

hAl'LO-IDE,  n.  See  Haloide.  Hamilton. 

HAL-LOO',  v.  7i.  [Fr.  haler,  to  haul,  to  set  on  a 
dog.  Skinner.  — A.  S.  ahlowan,  to  low,  to 
bellow.  Richardson.  — Ger.  ha/loh  ; hallen,  to 
sound,  to  clang.]  [t.  hallooed  ; pp.  halloo- 
ing, hallooed.] 

1.  To  cry  as  after  the  dogs. 

The  shepherd  ...  to  his  dog  doth  halloo.  Drayton. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — C,  f,  9,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  9,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


HALLOO 


656 


HAMMERABLE 


2.  To  shout  contemptuously. 

Country  folks  hallooed  and  hooted  after  me.  Sidney. 

HAL-LOO',  interj.  A hunting  cry  of  encourage- 
ment or  call.  — See  Hollo.  Dryden. 

HAL-LOO',  ».  a.  1.  To  encourage  with  shouts. 

Old  John  halloas  his  hounds  again.  Prior. 

2.  To  chase  with  shouts.  “ If  I fly,  Marcius, 

halloo  me  like  a hare.”  Shalt. 

3.  To  call  or  shout  to  ; to  hail. 

When  we  have  found  the  king,  he  that  first  lights  on  him 
halloo  the  other.  bhak. 

HAL-LOO'ING,  n.  A loud  and  vehement  cry. 
“ Huntings,  shoutings,  halloolngs.  B.  Jonson . 

hAl'LOW  (hal'lo),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  lialgian  ; halig, 

holy.]  [i.  HALLOWED  ; pp.  HALLOWING,  HAL- 
LOWED.] 

1.  To  consecrate  ; to  make  holy  ; to  dedicate  ; 
to  sanctify  ; to  devote. 

On  St.  Stephen’s  day  he  did  hallow  that  kirk.  It.  Brunne. 

2.  To  honor  as  sacred  ; to  reverenoe  as  holy. 

“ I [allowed  be  thy  name.”  Matt.  vi.  9. 

Bjp  “ Who  will  say  of  the  verb  to  hallow  that  it  is 
even  now  obsolescent?  and  yet  Wallis,  two  hundred 
years  ago,  observed, 1 It  has  almost  gone  out  of  use.’  ” 
Trench. 

hAL-LOW-EEN',  n.  The  evening  preceding  All- 
Hallows.  [Scotland.]  Jamieson. 

hAl'LOW-MAS,  n.  The  feast  of  All-Souls,  or 
the  time  about  All-Saints’  and  All-Souls’  day  ; 
viz.  the  1st  and  2d  of  November.  Shak. 

HAL-LOY'LlTE,  n.  (Min.)  A hydrated  silicate 
of  alumina,  named  after  M.  D ’ Ilallog.  Brande. 

HAL-LU'CI-NATE,  v.  n.  [L.  hallucinor,  halluci- 
natus,  to  wander  in  mind.]  To  stumble  ; to 
blunder ; to  mistake  ; to  err.  Cockeram. 

HAL-LU-CI-NA'TION,  n.  [L.  hallucination  It. 
allucinazione  ; Sp.  alucinacion  ; Fr.  hallucina- 
tion.] 

1.  An  error  ; a blunder ; a mistake ; fallacy. 

The  hallucination  of  the  transcriber.  Addison. 

2.  (3/erf.)  A morbid  error  in  one  or  more  of 

the  senses  ; perception  of  objects  which  do  not, 
in  fact,  make  any  impression  upon  the  external 
senses  ; delirium  ; delusion.  Dunglison. 

Hallucination  almost  always,  if  not  always,  depends  on 
disorder  of  the  brain,  but  is  not  an  index  of  insanity  unless 
the  patient  believes  in  the  existence  of  the  subjects  of  the 
hallucinalion.  Dunglison. 

HAL-LU'CI-NA-TOR,  n.  One  under  hallucina- 
tion ; a blunderer.  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

HAL-LU'CJ-NA-TO-RY,  a.  Tending  to  produce 
hallucination ; blundering ; erratic.  Ed.  Rev. 

HALL'— WIN-DOW,  n.  A window  of  a hall. 

HALM  (hlwm),  n.  [A.  S.  healm  ; Dut.,  Ger.,Dan., 
tf  Sw.  halm  ; Ieel.  hdhnr.]  The  stem  or  stalk 
of  grain  ; straw ; — written  also  hame,  haulm , 
haunt,  haicm,  and  helm.  Johnson. 

HAL'MOTE,  n.  See  IIalymote.  Ogilvie. 

HA'LO,  n. ; pi.  ha'lo$.  [Gr.  ala g;  L.  halo.] 

1.  A colored  circle  round  the  sun  or  the 

moon,  caused  by  the  refraction  of  light  through 
small  frozen  particles  floating  in  the  atmos- 
phere. Nichol. 

I saw  three  halos , crowns,  or  rings  of  colors,  about  the 
sun.  Newton. 

2.  ( Anat .)  A circle  or  ring  surrounding  the 

nipple ; areola!  Dunglison. 

3.  (Painting.)  The  bright  ring  round  the 
head  of  a holy  person  ; a glory. 

HA'LO,  v.  n.  To  take  the  fo«ir%f  a circle ; to 
circle,  [r.] 

His  gray  hairs 
Curled  life-like  to  the  fire 
That  haloed  round  his  brow.  Southey. 

IlA'LOED,  a.  Surrounded  by  a halo.  Wilson. 

HAL'0-£EN,  n.  [Gr.  al.g,  al.dg,  salt,  and  yevvd w, 
to  produce.]  ( Client .)  A substance  which,  by 
combination  with  a metal,  produces  a saline 
compound,  such  as  chlorine,  iodine,  &c.  Brande. 

H A-LOG'E'NOUS,  a.  Having  the  nature  of  a hal- 
ogen ; generating  saline  compounds.  Clarke. 

IIA'LOID,  a.  [Gr.  til. g,  aids,  salt,  and  iTiog,  form.] 
(Chem.)  Noting  chemical  combinations  similar 
to  that  of  common  salt,  W'hich  is  a chloride  of 
sodium. 

,05f  The  combinations  of  chlorine,  iodine,  bromine, 


fluorine,  and  cyanogen  with  the  metals  are  salts,  and 
are  called  haloid  salts,  to  distinguish  them  from  the  oxy- 
gen salts,  which  consist  of  an  acid  and  a base. 

Stoclchardt . 

hAL'O-IDE,  n.  [Gr.  oils,  aids,  salt,  and  ncog,  form.] 
(Chem.)  A haloid  salt.  Smart. 

HA'LO-SCOPE,  n.  [Gr.  aloig  (L.  halo)  and  aKoxio,, 
to  view.]  An  instrument  for  the  exhibition  of 
all  the  phenomena  connected  with  halos,  par- 
helia, &c.  Brande. 

HAL'O-SEL,  n.  [Gr.  dig,  dUg,  salt,  and  atlla,  a 
seat.]  (Chem.)  A haloid  salt.  Ure. 

f HALSE  (lilwls),  n.  [A.  S.  ltals.]  The  neck. 
“ Hang  me  up  by  the  liaise .”  Chaucer. 

t HALSE  (kiwis),  V.  a.  & n.  1.  [Dut.  Ger. 
halsen.]  To  embrace  about  the  neck,  as  chil- 
dren do  their  parents  ; to  salute  ; to  greet. 

I stand,  and  speak,  and  laugh,  and  kiss,  and  halse.  Chaucer. 

2.  [A.  S.  lialsian.]  To  beseech  ; to  implore  ; 
to  adjure.  Chaucer. 

HAL§E  (liawz),  v.  a.  (Naut.)  To  hoist.  “He 
. . . liaised  up  his  sails.”  Grafton. 

f HAL'S^N-ING,  a.  [A.  S.  $ Ger.  hals,  the  neck.] 
Sounding  harshly  in  the  throat ; inharmonious  ; 
dissonant.  “This  ill  hahening  name.”  Carew. 

hAl'S?R  (hiw'ser),  n.  [Ger.  halse.]  (Naut.)  A 
rope  or  small  cable.  — See  Hawser.  Dryden. 

HALT,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  healtian-,  Ger.  luilten,  to  hold, 
and  to  stop  ; Dan.  halt,  to  halt.]  [i.  halted  ; 
pp.  halting,  halted.] 

1.  To  stop  in  walking  or  in  a march. 

I was  forced  to  halt  in  this  perpendicular  march.  Addison. 

2.  To  be  lame  ; to  limp. 

And  will  she  yet  debase  her  eyes 
On  me,  that  halt  and  am  misshapen  thus?  Shak. 

3.  To  stand  dubious  ; to  hesitate  ; to  falter. 

How  long  halt  ye  between  two  opinions?  1 Kings  xviii.  21. 

Syn.  — See  Stand. 

H ALT,  v.  a.  To  cause  to  halt ; to  stop.  Cumberland. 

HALT,  a.  [A.  S.  healt;  Dan.  § Sw.  halt-,  Ger. 
halten.]  Lame;  crippled.  Luke  x iv.  21. 

HALT,  n.  1.  The  act  of  limping;  a limping 
gait ; lameness.  Johnson. 

2.  A stop  in  walking  or  in  a march.  “A 
causey  where  I made  a halt.”  Ludlow. 

HALT'fR,  n.  One  who  halts  or  limps.  Sherwood. 

IlAl/TflR,  n.  [A.  S.  hcelfter  ; Ger.  halftcr.] 

1.  A rope  for  hanging  malefactors.  ' 

And  humbly  thus,  with  halters  on  their  nocks, 

Expect  your  highness’  doom  of  life  or  death.  Shak. 

2.  A cord  for  tying  or  rcstraihing  any  animal ; 
particularly  a cord  or  sort  of  bridle  for  leading 
or  for  tying  a horse. 

hAl'TER,  v.  a.  To  confine,  constrain,  bind,  or 
tie  with  a halter  or  cord.  B.  Jonson. 

HAL'TE-RE§,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  al.Trjptg,  weights  held  in 
the  hand  in  leaping.]  (Ent.)  Two  small  club- 
like appendages  in  dipterous  insects,  supposed 
to  be  homologous  with  the  hind  wings  of  other 
insects.  Westwood. 

II ALT'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  halts,  hes- 
itates, or  falters;  a stop. 

All  my  familiars  watched  for  my  halting.  Jer.  xx.  10. 

2.  The  act.  of  going  lame.  Ash. 

hAlT'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a slow  or  halting  manner. 

HAL'VANS,  n.  pi.  Refuse  ore;  inferior  ore. 
[Local,  Eng.]  Wealc. 

HAL'VAN-NER,  n.  A miner  who  dresses  and 
washes  the  impurities  from  ores.  Simmonds. 

HALVE  (liitv),  v.  a.  [See  Half.]  [i.  halved  ; 
pp.  HALVING,  HALVED.] 

1.  To  divide  into  two  equal  parts.  “ The 

moon  is  not  yet  halved.”  Stukeley. 

2.  To  join,  as  timbers,  by  letting  them  into 

each  other.  Francis. 

To  cry  halves,  to  claim  an  equal  share.  “ The  twin 
cries  halves .”  Cleaveland. — To  go  halves,  to  share 
equally.  [Colloquial.] 

HALVED  (ha.vd),  p.  a.  1.  Divided  into  two  equal 
parts  or  shares. 

2.  (Bot.)  Appearing  as  if  one  half  of  the  body 
were  cut  away.  Gray. 

HALVE§  (lifivz),  n.  The  plural  of  half. 


HAL'YARI)^,  7i.  pi.  (Naut.)  Ropes  or  tackles 
used  for  hoisting  and  lowering  yards,  gaffs,  and 
sails  ; — written  also  halliards.  liana. 

The  halyards  and  top-bowlines  6con  are  gone.  Falconer. 

t hAl'Y-MOTE,  n.  [A.  S.  heal,  a hall,  and  mot, 
an  assembly.]  (Law.)  An  ancient  court-baron  ; 
a court  of  a manor  ; — so  called  from  the  hall 
where  the  tenants  or  freemen  met.  Burrill. 

II AM,  n.  [Goth,  haim  ; A.  S.  ham.]  An  initial 
or  a final  syllable  signifying  a house,  farm,  or 
village.  Gibson. 

HAM,  n.  [A.  S.  Dut.  ham  ; Ger.  hamme.] 

1.  (Anat.)  The  posterior  part  of  the  knee 

j0*nt'-rr  . Dunglison. 

2.  The  thigh  of  an  animal,  — particularly  the 

thigh  of  a hog  smoked  and  salted.  Pope. 

hAm'ack,  n.  See  Hammock.  Todd. 

HAM'A-DRY-AD,  n. ; pi.  I,.  ham-a-dry'a-de$\ 
Eng.  H Am' a dry-ads;.  [Gr.  dya,  together,  and 
bfug,  &pv6s,  the  oak  ; L.  hamadryas.]  (Myth.) 
An  interior  deity,  supposed  by  the  Greeks  and 
Romans  to  preside  over  woods  and  forests,  and 
to  live  and  die  with  the  particular  trees  to  which 
they  were  attached  ; a wood  nymph.  Brande. 

They  were  called  Dryades  and  Hamadryadcs  because  they 
begin  to  live  with  oaks,  and  perish  together.  Sand  ye. 

HA'MATE,  a.  [L.  hamatus,  hooked;  hamus,  a 
hooli.] 

1.  Entangled;  twisted  together.  Bp.  Berkeley. 

2.  (Bot.)  Hooked  ; bent  round.  Gray. 

HA'MAT-pD,  a.  Llooked;  set  with  hooks.  Swift. 

f IIAM'BLE,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  hamelan.  — Chaucer 
writes  the  word  hatnel.]  To  hamstring.  Johnson. 

j-HAME,  n.  [A.  S.  ham.]  Home.  Chaucer. 

hAm'£L,  v.  a.  See  Hamble.  Chaucer. 

HAMESj,  n.  pi.  [A.  S.  hama,  a skin,  a covering; 
Gael,  ama,  a horse-collar.]  Two  crooked  pieces 
of  wood  made  so  as  to  be  bound  about  the  col- 
lar of  a draught  horse,  and  fitted  with  hooks  or 
rings  to  which  the  traces  may  be  attached.  B«i7ey. 

IIAME-SECK  EN,  ) n [A..  g }gam,  home,  house, 

HAME-sC’K'EN,  ; and  scccan,  to  seek  ; Frs.  ham- 
sekere.]  (Scottish  Law.)  The  crime  of  violently 
assaulting  a man  in  his  own  house  ; burglary  ; 
— written  also  homesoken.  Blackstone. 

HA'MI-FORM,  a.  [L.  hamus,  a hook,  and  forma, 
form.]  (Zoiil.)  Curved  at  the  extremity  .Maunder. 

HA'MITE,  n.  [L.  hamus,  a hook.]  An  extinct 
cephalopod,  which  inhabited  a chambered  shell 
having  a hooked  form.  Brande. 

HAM'LpT,  ?t.  [A.  S.  ham,  home,  house,  and  let, 

the  diminutive  termination  ; Nor.  Fr.  hamelle.] 
A small  village,  or  a portion  of  a village. 
Sometimes,  with  secure  delight, 

The  upland  hamlets  will  invite.  Jlilton. 

Syn.  — See  Town. 

hAm'LET-ED,  a.  Accustomed  only  to  a hamlet; 
confined  in  a hamlet.  Feltham. 

IIAM'MpL,  n.  A small  shed  with  a yard  for  feed- 
ing an  animal.  Loudon. 

hAm'MPR,  n.  [A.  S.,  FI.,  Dut.  hamer ; Ger. 
hammer  ; Sw.  hammarc  ; Dan.  hammer .] 

1.  An  instrument  for  driving  nails,  consisting 
of  an  iron  head  fitted  to  the  end  of  a long 
handle  ; — an  instrument  for  beating  metals, 
forging,  &c. 

With  busy  hammers  closing  rivets  up.  Shak. 

2.  Any  thing  like  a hammer  ; particularly  the 

piece  of  steel  covering  the  pan  of  the  musket- 
lock.  Campbell. 

HAM'MER,  V.  a.  [*.  HAMMERED  ; pp.  HAMMER- 
ING, HAMMERED.] 

1.  To  beat  or  pound  with  a hammer ; as, 
“The  blacksmith  hammers  iron.” 

2.  To  forge  or  form  with  a hammer. 

Some  hammer  helmets  for  the  fighting  field.  Dryden. 

3.  To  contrive  by  intellectual  labor  ; to  work 
in  the  mind  ; to  ruminate. 

Wilt  thou  still  be  hammering  treachery?  Shaft. 

hAm'MER,  v.  n.  To  work  ; to  be  busy  ; to  be  in 
agitation.  Shak. 

HAM'MER-A-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  formed 
by  a hammer.  Sherwood. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  f,  short;  A,  5,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


HAMMER-AXE 


657 


HANDCUFF 


HAM'MEIl-AXE,  n.  An  instrument  having  a 
hammer  on  one  side  of  the  handle  and  an  axe 
on  the  other.  Craig. 

HAM'MJJR— BEAM,  n.  (Arch.)  A horizontal  piece 
of  timber,  in  place  of  a tie-beam,  just  above  the 
foot  of  a rafter,  usually  supported  by  a corbel 
and  rib  beneath; — used,  in  pairs,  in  Gothic 
roofs  to  strengthen  the  framing.  Weale. 

HAM'MER— CLOTH,  n.  The  cloth  that  covers  a 
coach-box,  which  was  formerly  used  to  carry  a 
hammer , pincers,  a few  nails,  &e.  Pegge. 

hAm'MJJRED  (-merd),  p.  a.  Beaten  with  a ham- 
mer. “ Hammered  steel.”  Sandys. 

HAM'Mf,lt-ER,  n.  One  who  works  with  a ham- 
mer ; one  who  hammers.  Sherwood. 

HAM'MER— FISH,  n.  (Ich.)  A rapacious  fish ; bal- 
ance-fish ; hammer-headed  shark  ; — so  named 
from  the  shape  of  its  head,  which  resembles  a 
double-headed  hammer;  Zygoma  vulgaris. Booth. 

HAM'MpR— HARD,  n.  A substance  made  hard  by 
hammering.  Moxon. 

hAM'MER-HEAD'JJD,  a.  Having  a head  like  a 
hammer.  Hill. 

hAm'MER-Ing,  n.  Act  of  one  who  hammers. 

hAai'MER— LIKE,  a.  Resembling  a hammer.  Hill. 

IIAm'MIJR-MAn,  n.  One  who  beats  or  works 
with  a hammer.  B.  Jonson. 

hAM'MF.R-WORT  (- wUrt),  n.  [A.  S. kamor-wyrt.] 
A plant  of  the  genus  Parietaria  or  pellitory. 

hA.M-MO  CHRY'SOS,  n.  [Gr.  ayy. os,  sand,  and 
Xl’vciisi  gold.]  An  old  term  for  a variety  of  sand- 
stone having  spangles  of  a gold  color.  Craig. 

hAm'MOCK,  n.  [“  Ilamacas,  which  are  Indian 
beds.”  Raleigh.  “ The  Brazilians  call  their 
beds  hamacas.”  Sir  R.  Hawkins.  — But.  hang- 
mat  ; Sw.  heng-matta  ; Sp.  hamaca ; Fr.  hamac .] 
A swinging  bed ; a sailor’s  bed,  formed  of  an 
oblong  piece  of  hempen  cloth,  suspended  at  each 
end  by  cords. 

HA'MOSE,  n.  [L.  hamus,  a hook.]  (Bot.) 

Hooked ; harnous.  Buchanan. 

IIA'MOUS,  a.  [L.  hamus,  a hook.]  (Bot.) 

Hooked  ; bent  like  a hook.  Bindley. 

hAm'PJJR,  n.  [A.  S.  hncep,  a cup.  — Low  L.  han- 
apus,  a cup ; hanaperium , a large  vessel,  or  a 
place  for  storing  cups  ; Old  Fr.  hanap,  a cup.] 

1.  A kind  of  large  basket  in  which  articles 
may  be  packed  and  transported.  “ The  mayor 
. . . presented  him  with  a hamper  of  gold.” 

Fabyan,  1432. 

2.  [Icel.  hainpr,  a rope.  Serenius .]  A chain 

or  fetter.  Browne.  Brit.  Pastorals. 

hAm'PJJR,  v.  a.  \i.  hampered  ; pp.  hamper- 
ing, hampered.]  To  put  a hamper  or  fetter 
upon;  to  place  under  restraint;  to  shackle;  to 
fetter ; to  entangle  ; to  ensnare. 

What  was  it  but  a lion  hampered  in  a net?  L Estrange. 

These  difficulties  and  perplexities  the  man  of  intrigue  is 
always  hampered  with.  Sharp. 

hAm'— PIE,  n.  A pie  of  ham  and  pastry.  Pope. 

HAM-SHAc'KLE,  v.  a.  To  shackle,  as  an  animal, 
by  fastening  the  head  to  one  of  the  forelegs. 

Brockett. 

HAM'STER,  n.  [Ger.  hamster.']  (ZoOl.)  A rodent 
quadruped  of  the  rat  tribe,  distinguished  by  its 
large  cheek  pouches,  — common  in  the  sandy 
regions  that  extend  from  the  north  of  Germany 
to  Siberia,  and  very  noxious  in  destroying  grain  ; 
Mus  cricetus  of  Pallas ; Cricetus  vulgaris  of 
Cuvier.  Eng.  Cyc. 

hAm'STRIng,  n.  The  tendon  of  the  ham.  “ Cut- 
ting their  hamstrings.”  Holland. 

HAM'STRING,  V.  a.  [i.  HAMSTRUNG* ; pp.  HAM- 
STRINGING, hamstrung.]  To  lame  by  cutting 

the  tendon  of  the  ham.  Dryden. 

hAm'STRUNG,  p.  a.  Lamed  by  having  the  ten- 
don of  the  ham  cut. 

HA'MU-LOSE,  a.  [L.  hamulus,  a little  hook.] 
(Bot.)  Bearing  a small  hook.  Gray. 

t hAn,  for  have,  in  the  plural.  Spenser. 


hAn'A-PJJR,  n.  [Low  L.  hanaperium.  — See 
Hamper.]  A hamper  or  basket  in  the  English 
Court  of  Chancery,  in  which  the  fees  arising 
from  the  sealing  of  writs,  charters,  &c.,  were 
anciently  kept : — the  treasury  or  exchequer  of 
the  chancery.  Burrill. 

Hanaper  office,  a common  law  office  in  the  English 
Court  of  Chancery  in  which  writs  and  the  returns  to 
them  relating  to  the  business  of  the  subject  were  an- 
ciently kept.  Whishaw. 

f hAnCE,  v.  a.  [Fr.  hausser.]  To  lift  up  : — to 
enhance.  Chaucer. 

HAN'CIJ§,  ? n.  pi.  1.  (Naut.)  Falls  of  the  fife- 
hANCH'ES,  ) rails,  placed  on  balusters  on  the 
poop  and  quarter-deck  of  a ship.  Harris. 

2.  (Arch.)  The  ends  of  elliptical  arches, 
which  are  of  smaller  radii  than  the  other  por- 
tions. Harris. 

HAND,  n.  [M.  Goth,  handles  ; A.  S.,  Dut.,  Ger., 
<Sf  Sw.  hand  ; Dan.  haand  ; Icel.  hond,  or  hand.] 

1.  The  part  which  terminates  the  arm  in  man, 
extending  from  the  wrist  to  the  tips  of  the  fingers, 
and  each  of  the  four  extremities  in  monkeys  ; the 
palm  with  the  fingers  ; the  organ  of  prehension. 

That  wonderful  instrument,  the  hand,  was  it  made  to  be 
idle?  Bp.  Berkeley. 

2.  The  measure  of  the  fist  when  clinched, 
equal  to  four  inches  ; a palm  ; — applied  chiefly 
in  computing  the  height  of  horses.  Johnson. 

3.  Side,  right  or  left. 

On  this  hand  and  that  hand  were  hangings  of  fifteen 
cubits.  Ex.  xxxviii.  15. 

4.  Act  of  the  hand ; labor ; performance ; 
workmanship  ; work. 

Arborets  and  flowers, 

Imbordered  on  each  bank,  the  hand  of  Eve.  3Iil(on. 

5.  Dexterity,  or  power  of  working  or  perform- 
ing; ability;  faculty;  talent. 

He  had  a great  mind  to  try  his  hand  at  a Spectator.  Addison. 

6.  Manner  of  acting  or  performing ; modc  of 
procedure  ; scheme  of  action. 

They  . . . were  willing  to  change  the  hand  in  carrying  on 
the  war.  Clarendon. 

7.  Method  of  government ; discipline ; re- 
straint ; control. 

However  strict  a hand  is  to  be  kept  upon  all  desires  of 
fancy,  yet  in  recreation  fancy  must  be  permitted  to  speak. 

Locke. 

8.  Possession  ; control ; power. 

The  use  whereof  [sacraments]  is  in  our  hands,  the  effect 
in  his.  Hooker. 

9.  That  which  is  held,  as  the  cards  at  a game  ; 
as,  “ To  have  a good  or  a bad  hand  in  whist.” 

10.  Intervention  ; agency. 

Which  he  spake  by  the  hand  of  his  servant  Ahijah,  the 
prophet.  1 Kings  xiv.  18. 

11.  A person  considered  as  an  agent,  a help- 
er, or  a workman  ; a person  employed  ; a laborer. 

All  hands  employed,  the  royal  work  grows  warm.  Dryden. 

12.  That  which  performs  the  office  of  a hand 
in  pointing  ; an  index  of  any  kind,  as  of  a clock, 
watch,  &c. 

13.  Form  or  manner  of  writing  ; chirography. 

Which  in  set  hand  fairly  is  engrossed.  Shak. 

14.  f Rate  ; conditions  ; terms. 

Business  is  bought  at  a dear  hand  where  there  is  small 
despatch.  Bacon. 

15.  A bundle  or  head  of  tobacco  leaves  tied 
together,  the  stem  being  unstripped.  Simmonds. 

Jit  hand , within  reach  ; near : — f under  the  hand  or 
bridle.  “Like  horses  hot  at  hand .”  Shak.  — At  the 
hand  of j by  the  act  or  agency  of.  “ Shall  we  receive 
good  at  the  hand  of  God,  and  shall  we  not  receive 
evil  ? ” Job  ii.  10.  — By  hand , by  the  use  of  the  hands, 
and  not  by  machinery  or  labou-saving  engines ; as, 
“Any  thing  wrought  or  prepared  by  hand.” — Fromliand 
to  hand , from  one  person  to  another.  — Hand  in  hand , 
in  union  ; conjointly.  “ To  the  advantage  of  the 
country  which  would  then  have  gone  hand  in  hand 
with  his  own.”  Swift.  — Hands  off!  keep  off!  for- 
bear! desist!  — Hand  over  head , negligently;  rashly. 
“Thus  it  is  when  people  will  be  doing  things  hand 
over  head , without  either  fear  or  wit.”  V Estrange.  — 
Hand  overhand , (Naut.)  putting  one  hand  alternately 
over  the  other,  as  in  hauling  rapidly  on  a rope. 
Dana.  — Hand  to  hand,  in  close  fight.  Shak.  Dryden. 

— Hand  to  mouth , as  want  requires;  from  day  to 
day.  “ I can  get  bread  from  hand  to  mouth,  and 
make  even  at  the  year’s  end.”  L' Estrange. — In 
hand,  as  present  or  immediate  payment.  “ A con- 
siderable reward  in  hand,  and  the  assurance  of  a 
far  greater  recompense  hereafter.”  Tillotson.  — In 
preparation.  “ What  revels  are  in  hand.”  Shak. 

— Off  hand,  immediately;  promptly;  as,  “To  do  a 
thing  off  hand.”  — Off  one's  hand,  from  one’s  pos- 


session, care,  or  management.  — On  all  hands,  by  every 

body.  “It  is  allowed  on  all  hands.”  Swift. On 

hand,  in  possession  ; as,  “ To  have  money  or  goods  on 
hand.”  — On  or  upon  one's  hands,  in  one’s  possession 
care,  or  management. — Out  of  hand,  immediately. 
“ Let  not  the  wages  of  any  man  tarry  with  thee,  but 
give  it  him  out  of  hand.”  Job  iv.  14.  — To  bear  a hand, 
to  make  haste.  Grose. — To  bear  in  hand,  to  keep  in 
expectation  ; to  elude.  Shak.  — To  be  hand  and  glove, 
to  be  intimate  and  familiar.  Johnson. — To  be  on 
the  mending  hand,  to  be  convalescent.  Carr. — To 
change  hands , to  change  sides.  Iludibras.  — To  change 
owners.  — To  come  to  hand,  to  be  found  within  reach. 
First  fruits,  the  green  ear  and  the  yellow  sheaf, 
Unculled  as  came  to  hand.  Milton. 

— To  be  received  ; as,  “A  letter  has  come  to  hand.”  — 
To  have  a hand  in,  to  be  concerned  in  ; to  take  part  in. 

— t To  hold  hand,  to  compete  successfully  ; to  compare 
favorably. 

She,  in  beauty,  education,  blood, 

Holds  hand  with  any  princess  in  the  world.  Shak. 

— To  lend  a hand,  (Naut.)  to  give  assistance.  Dana.  — 
fTo  make  one's  hand,  to  gain  advantage.  “ The  French 
king,  supposing  to  make  his  hand  by  those  rude  rav- 
ages in  England,  broke  off  his  treaty  of  peace,  and 
proclaimed  hostility.”  Hayward.  — To  one's  hand  or 
hands,  ready  to  be  taken  or  availed  of.  “ Materials 
that  are  made  to  his  hand.”  Locke.  — To  strike  hands, 
to  confirm  a bargain  ; to  give  a pledge.  Prov . xvii. 
18.  — To  take  in  hand,  to  undertake. 

HAND,  v.  a.  \i.  handed  ; pp.  handing,  handed.] 

1.  To  give  or  transmit  with  the  hand. 

I have  been  shown  a written  prophecy,  that  is  handed 
among  them  with  great  secrecy.  Addison. 

2.  To  guide  or  lead  by  the  hand. 

This  [step  in  life]  should  be  carefully  watched,  and  a 
young  man  with  great  diligence  handed  over  it.  Locke. 

3.  fTo  lay  hands  on  ; to  seize.  Shak. 

4.  To  move  with  the  hand;  to  manage;  to 
guide;  to  direct;  to  handle. 

I bless  my  chains,  I hand  my  oar.  Prior. 

5.  {Naut.)  To  furl.  Dana. 

To  hand  down,  to  transmit  in  succession  ; to  deliver, 

as  one  generation  to  another. 

HAND,  v.  n.  To  go  hand  in  hand  ; to  cooperate. 
Let  but  my  power  and  means  hand  with  my  will.  Massinger . 

HAND,  a.  Belonging  to,  or  used  by,  the  hand. 

It  is  much  used  in  composition  for  that  which 
is  manageable  by  the  hand ; as,  uHand- bell.” 

HAND'— BALL,  n.  A game  played  with  a ball.  “ A 
custom  of  playing  at  hand-ball .”  llalliwell. 

HAND'— BAR-ROW,  n.  A frame  on  which  any  thing 
is  carried  by  the  hands  of  two  men.  Tusser. 

HAND'— bAS-KET,  n.  A basket  carried  by  the 
hand;  a portable  basket.  Mortimer. 

HAND'— BELL,  n.  [A.  S.  hand-bell.\  A bell  rung 
by  the  hand  ; a table-bell.  Bacon. 

hAND'BILL,  n.  1.  An  instrument  for  the  pur- 
pose of  pruning  trees.  Booth. 

2.  A loose  printed  sheet,  to  be  circulated  as 
an  advertisement.  Simmonds. 

HAND'— BLOW,  n.  A stroke  or  blow  given  with 
the  hand.  Drayton . 

HAND'— BOOK  (-buk),  n.  [A.  S.  hand-hoc  \ FI. 
handtboeck ; Ger.  hand-buch .]  A small  book 
for  common  or  convenient  use  ; a manual. 

A hand-book , or  concise  dictionary,  of  terms  used  in  the 
arts  and  sciences.  Hamilton. 

HAND'— BOW,  n.  A bow  managed  by  the  hand. 
“ That  with  a hand-bow  shooteth.”  Old  Ballad. 

hAnd'-BRACE,  ii.  A boring  tool.  Simmonds. 

HAND'-BREADTH  (-bredtli),  n.  A space  equal  to 
the  breadth  of  the  hand ; a measure  of  four  inch- 
es ; a palm.  Exod.  xxv.  25. 

HAND'-CAR,  n.  A car  impelled  by  the  hand. 

hAND'CART,  n.  A cart  drawn  by  the  hand. 

hAnd'CLOTII,  n.  [A.  S.  hand-clath,  a towel.] 
A handkerchief.  Todd. 

IIAND'CRAfT,  n.  Work  performed  by  the  hand  ; 
handicraft. — See  Handicraft.  ' Iluloet. 

hAND'CRAfTS-MAN,  n.  A workman  ; — com- 
monly written  handicraftsman.  Huloet. 

IlAND'CUFF,  n.  [A.  S.  handcopse  ; hand,  the 
hand,  and  cops,  fetters.]  A manacle  ; a fetter 
for  the  hand;  hand-fetter.  Todd. 

IlAND'CUFF,  V.  a.  [f.  HANDCUFFED  ; pp.  HAND- 
CUFFING, handcuffed.]  To  fasten  or  bind 
with  handcuffs  ; to  manacle.  Todd. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RtJLE.  — <jf,  9,  g,  soft ; C,  G,  g,  g,  hard;  § as  z ; £ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


HANDED 


G58 


HANDY 


hAND'ED,  a.  1.  Having  the  use  of  the  hand, 
left  or 'light;  as,  “ Itight-/m»r/e£f  ” ; “Left- 
handed.” 

2.  Having  the  hands  joined,  as  two  persons. 

Into  their  inmost  bower 

Handed  they  went.  Milton. 

IIAND'pR,  n.  One  who  hands  down;  a transmit- 
ter. “ The  handers  down.”  Dryden. 

t HAND'FAST,  n.  Hold ; custody.  Shah. 

f HAND'FAST,  a.  Fast  or  bound,  as  by  contract ; 
firm  in  adherence ; sure.  Hale. 

f HAND'FAST,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  hand-feestan,  to 
pledge  one’s  hand.] 

1.  To  betroth  by  joining  hands  in  order  to 
cohabitation  before  the  celebration  of  marriage. 
“If  a damsel  be  handfasted  to  any  man.” 

Dent.  xxii.  23,  Coicrda/e’s  Transl.  Jamieson. 

2.  To  oblige  by  duty ; to  bind  by  a pledge. 

We  list  not  to  handfast  ourselves  to  God.  Abp.  Sancroft. 

HAND'FAST,  v.  n.  To  live  together  a year  and  a 
day  in  conditional  marriage,  [u.]  Sir  W.  Scott. 

f IIAND'fAsT-ING,  n.  [A.  S.  hand-fccstung , an 

assurance.]  A kind  of  marriage  contract  (for- 
merly in  use)  by  which  the  parties  lived  togeth- 
er for  a year  and  a day,  at  the  end  of  which 
time  they  were  at  liberty  to  separate  or  renew 
the  engagement  for  life.  Jamieson. 

IlAND'-FET-TJJR,  n.  A manacle  for  the  hands  ; 
a handcuff.  Sherwood. 

HAND'FUL,  n. ; pi.  hXnd'fOl?.  1.  As  much  as 
the  hand  can  contain  ; a maniple.  Addison. 

Bring  in  handfuls-,  lilies  bring; 

Bring  me  all  the  flowery  spring.  Lloyd. 

2.  A small  number  or  quantity.  “ With  such 

a handful  of  men.”  Clarendon. 

3.  f A hand’s  breadth  ; a palm.  “ About  a 

handful  above  the  knee.”  Clarendon. 

4.  As  much  as  can  be  done,  [r.] 

Bein''  in  possession  of  the  town,  they  had  their  handful  to 
defend  themselves  from  firing.  Raleigh. 

HAND'— GAL- LOP,  ft.  A slow,  easy  gallop,  in 
which  the  hand  restrains  the  full  speed  of  the 
horse.  Dryden. 

hAnd'GEAR,  n.  An  arrangement  of  levers  and 
other  contrivances  for  opening  and  shutting  the 
valves  of  a steam-engine.  Francis. 

HAND'— GLASS,  n.  ( Gardening .)  A glass  used 
for  protecting  plants  in  winter.  Wright. 

I1And'-GRE-NAde7«.  A small  iron  shell.  — See 
Grenade.  Todd. 

HAND'— GRIPE,  n.  A gripe  with  the  hand.  Ogilcie. 

HAND'GRITH,  n.  [A.  S.  hand-grith ; hand , hand, 
and  grith,  peace.]  (Laic.)  Peace  or  protection 
given  by  the  king  with  his  own  hand.  Whishaw. 

HAND'GUIdE,  n.  An  instrument  for  guiding  the 
hands  in  playing  on  a piano-forte.  Simmonds. 

HAND'-GUN,  n.  A gun  wielded  by  the  hand.  “ Can- 
nons, . . . hand-guns,  and  muskets.”  Camden. 

HAND’— HOOK  (-h(ik),w.  An  instrument  used  by 
smiths  in  twisting  bars  of  iron.  Ash. 

IIAn'DI-CAp,  n.  1.  A sort  of  vehicle  for  travel- 
ling. Sir  G.  Head. 

2.  A kind  of  race  : — sort  of  game.  Pepgs. 

HAND'I-CRAft,  n.  [A.  S.  hand-craft.) 

1.  Work  performed  by  the  hand  ; manual  oc- 
cupation. “ Bred  to  a handicraft.” 

2.  A man  who  lives  by  manual  labor  ; a hand- 

icraftsman. “ Ordinary  gentlemen  and  hand- 
icrafts.” Swift. 

HAND'J-CRAFTS-MAN,  n.  ; pi.  HANDICRAFTSMEN. 
One  employed  in  manual  occupation  ; a manu- 
facturer. 

It  is  the  landed  man  that  maintains  the  merchant,  and 
shopkeeper,  and  handicraftsman.  Swift. 

hAnD'I-CRAfTS-WOM'AN  (-wfiin'jn),  n.  A wo- 
man employed  in  manufactures.  Gent.  Mag. 

hAnD'I-LY,  ad.  1.  In  a handy  manner  ; with  skill. 

2.  Conveniently  ; easily.  Wright. 

HAND'I-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  handy;  readi- 
ness ; dexterity  ; expertness.  Chesterfield. 

HAND— IN— HAND,  ad.  AVith  united  operation; 
with  concert  of  action.  Qu.  Rev. 

Hand,  in  and  hand  out,  a childish  game. 


HAND'J-WORK  (wiirk),  n.  [A  corruption  of  hand- 
work-, A.  S.  hand- weorce.]  Work  of  the  hand; 
manufacture.  Hooker. 

HAND'KSR-CIIIEF  (httng'ker-chif),  n.  [ hand  and 
kerchief .]  Apiece  of  silk  or  linen  used  to  wipe 
the  face  or  to  cover  the  neck.  Sidney. 

hAND'-LAN-GUA<?E  (-lang-gw?j),  n.  The  art  of 
conversing  by  means  of  the  hand,  as  practised 
by  the  deaf  and  dumb  ; dactylology.  Dalgarno. 

hAn'DLE,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  handlian  ; l)ut.  handelen; 
Ger.  handeln  ; Dan.  handle.]  [(.  handled  ; pp. 
HANDLING,  HANDLED.] 

1.  To  touch  or  feel  with  the  hand.  “ The 

bodies  which  we  daily  handle.”  Locke. 

2.  To  manage  ; to  wield  ; to  use. 

That  fellow  handles  his  bow  like  a crowkeeper.  Shale. 

3.  To  make  familiar  to  the  hand. 

The  hardness  of  the  winters  forces  the  breeders  there  [in 
FlnndersJ  to  house  and  handle  their  colts  six  months  every 
year.  Temple. 

4.  To  treat  or  use  well  or  ill. 

How  wert  thou  handled , being  prisoner?  Sliak. 

5.  To  practise  upon  ; to  transact  with. 

Pray  you,  my  lord,  give  me  leave  to  question;  you  shall 
see  how  I’ll  handle  her.  Shak. 

6.  To  have  to  do  with.  “ They  that  handle 

the  law  know  me  not.”  Jer.  ii.  8. 

7.  To  treat  of  in  speech  or  in  writing. 

Hr  left  nothing  fitting  for  tire  purpose 

1,‘n touched  or  slightly  handled  in  discourse.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Feel. 

hAn'DLE,  n.  1.  That  part  of  anything  by  which 
it  is  held  in  the  hand  ; a haft ; as,  “ The  handle 
of  a knife  or  other  instrument.” 

2.  That  of  which  use  is  made. 

They  overturned  him  by  the  sure  but  fatal  handle  of  his 
own  good-nature.  South. 

hAN'DLE-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  he  handled; 
capable  of  being  handled.  Sherwood. 

hAND'-LEAD  (-led),  n.  (A Taut.)  A small  lead 
used  for  sounding  in  rivers  and  harbors.  Dana. 

IlAN'DLpR,  n.  One  who  handles.  Pennant. 

IlAND'LfSS,  a.  Having  no  hand.  Shak. 

IIAnd’LINE,  n.  A species  of  net.  Pennant. 

IIAnD'LING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  touching,  holding, 
moving,  or  managing  with  the  hand  ; the  act  of 
using  the  hand. 

With  hasty  handling  of  his  hood.  Chaucer. 

2.  (Paint.)  The  method  of  manipulation  pe- 
culiar to  an  artist.  Fairholt. 

HAND'— LOOM,  n.  A loom  worked  by  the  hand. 

Me  Culloch. 

IIAND'MAid,  n.  A waiting-maid  at  hand  ; a fe- 
male servant ; handmaiden.  Gen.  xvi.  1. 

HAND'mAID-EN  (-ma-dn),  n.  A maid-servant ; a 
handmaid.  Luke  i.  48. 

IIAnD'-MAL-LET,  n.  A mallet  or  wooden  ham- 
mer with  a handle.  Crabb. 

HAND'— MILL,  n.  A mill  moved  by  the  hand. 

IIAnd'-oR-GAN,  n.  See  Organ. 

HAND-RAIL,  n.  A rail  supported  by  balusters 
or  posts.  Francis. 

HAND'— RAlL-ING,  n.  A railing  along  the  sides 
of  an  engine,  &c.,  for  protection.  Wealc. 

HAND'— SAIL,  n.  A sail  managed  by  the  hand. 

The  seamen  will  neither  stand  to  their  hand-sails  nor 
suffer  the  pilot  to  steer.  Temple. 

HAND'— SALE,  n.  (Law.)  The  act  of  selling  or 
confirming  a sale  by  mutual  shaking  of  hands, 
as  anciently  practised  among  the  northern  na- 
tions of  Europe.  Blackstone. 

hAnD'SAW,  n.  A saw  manageable  by  the  hand. 
“ My  sword  hacked  like  a handsaw.”  Shak. 

hAnd’§'— BREADTH, n.  Same  as  Hand-breadth. 

HAND'— SCREW  (-skru),  n.  A sort  of  engine  for 
raising  heavy  timber,  or  great  weights  of  any 
kind;  a jack.  Tocld. 

hAND'SIJL,  n.  [A.  S.  hand-selen,  a putting  into 
another’s  possession  ; Hut.  hansel,  a first  gift ; 
Sw.  handsol ; Dan.  handsel.] 

1.  A free  gift  by  the  owner  of  a new  tiling 
upon  the  first  use  of  it.  Todd. 


2.  The  first  act  of  using  or  of  selling  any 

tiling.  Todd.  Richardson. 

3.  An  earnest;  foretaste. 

The  pledge  of  our  inheritance,  and  the  handsel  or  earnest 
of  that  which  is  to  come.  Hooker. 

HAND'SEL,  v.  a.  To  make  experiment  of ; to  try 
for  the  first  time. 

In  timorous  deer  he  handsels  his  young  paws.  Cowley. 

t HAND'-SHOE,  n.  A glove.  Lemon. 

f HAnd'SM&OTH,  ad.  With  dexterity;  with 
skill  or  readiness  ; readily.  More. 

1 1 And. S OFF  ! interj.  Keep  off!  forbear.  [Vulgar.] 

hAnD'SOME  (lian'sum),  a.  [Dut.  luindzaam, 
tractable,  manageable.] 

1.  t Ready  for  the  hand;  convenient;  handy. 

Whatsoever  came  next  to  their  hands,  and  lay  handsome 
to  them,  they  rifled.  Holland. 

In  milkin';  them  [engines  of  war],  they  have  chief  respect 
that  they  be  both  easy  to  be  carried  and  handsome  to  be  moved 
and  turned  about.  More. 

2.  f Skilful ; clever  ; able. 

lie  is  very  desirous  to  serve  your  grace,  and  seems  to  me 
to  be  a very  handsome  man.  Gresham. 

3.  Suiting  the  state  or  condition ; ample ; 
plentiful ; sufficient ; liberal. 

He  at  last  accumulated  a handsome  sum  of  money.  Knox. 

4.  Seemly  ; becoming  ; generous  ; noble.  “ A 

handsome  action.”  Johnson. 

5.  Havingfit  proportions ; well-formed;  beau- 
tiful with  dignity  ; pretty;  fine.  “Finding  his 
[the  peasant’s]  wife  very  handsome.”  Addison. 

6.  Elegant ; graceful. 

That  easiness  and  handsome  address  in  writing.  Felton. 

Syn.  — See  Beautiful. 

t HAND'SOME,  v.  a.  To  render  elegant.  Donne. 

hAnD'SOME-LY,  ad.  1.  f Conveniently.  Spenser. 

2.  In  a handsome  manner  ; liberally  ; gener- 
ously. Addison. 

3.  Elegantly;  gracefully;  neatly.  “This 
buskin  is  well  and  handsomely  made.”  Brisket. 

4.  (Naut.)  Slowly;  carefully;  — used  for  an 

order;  as,  “ Lower  handsomely.”  Dana. 

HAND'SOME-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  band- 
some  ; beauty  ; grace  ; elegance.  Bacon. 

hAnD'SPIKE,  n.  1.  A wooden  lever  for  moving 
heavy  things.  Sir  J.  Hawkins. 

2.  (Naut.)  A long  wooden  lever  or  bar  used 
to  turn  a windlass,  capstan,  &c.  Dana. 

II And'— STAFF,  n. ; pi.  hXnd'stXves.  A javelin. 
“The  arrows  and  the  handstaves.”  Ezek.  xxxix.9. 

HAND'— STROKE,  n.  A blow  given  by  the  hand; 
handy  blow;  handy  stroke.  Beau,  fy  FI. 

HAND'— TIGHT  (-tit),  a.  (Mant.)  Tight  as  maybe 
made  by  the  hand  ; moderately  tight.  Mar.  Diet. 

HAND'TREE,  n.  (Bot.)  A singular  Mexican  tree, 
having  a flower,  the  stamens  and  style  of  which, 
are  so  arranged  as  to  present  an  appearance 
somewhat  like  that  of  the  human  hand.  P.  Cyc. 

HAND'— VICE,  n.  A vice  to  hold  small  work  in  ; 
a small  vice.  Moron. 

HAND'— WEAP-ON  (-wep-pn),  n.  A weapon  which 
may  be  wielded  by  the  hand.  Num.  xxxv.  18. 

HAND'— WHEEL,  n.  A small  flj’-wheel  having 
usually  a handle  or  crank  in  the  rim.  Ogilvie. 

HAND'— WINGED,  a.  (Zoiil.)  Applied  to  bats; 
cheiropterous.  Wright. 

hAnd'WORK  (-wiirk),  n.  Handiwork.  Todd. 

HAnd'WORKED  (-wiirkt),  a.  [A.  S.  handworhte .] 
Made  with  hands.  Todd. 

HAnD'WRI-TING  (-rl-ting),  n.  [A.  S.  handgewrit.] 

1.  A cast  or  form  of  writing  peculiar  to  each 

hand;  chirography.  “Your  own  handwrit- 
ing.” Shak. 

2.  A writing.  “ Blotting  out  the  handwriting 

of  ordinances.”  Col.  ii.  14. 

hAND'Y,  a.  [Dut.  Sf  Sw.  handig-,  Dan.  haandelig .] 

1.  Ferformed  or  done  by  the  hand. 

The  firmament  showeth  his  hand //-work.  Ps.  xix.  1. 

2.  Dexterous  ; skilful ; expert. 

And  each  is  handy  in  his  way.  Dryden. 

3.  Ready  to  the  hand  ; convenient. 

The  strike-block  is  more  handy  than  the  long-jointer. 

Moxon. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  I,  O,  IT,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HlllR,  HER; 


HANDY-BILLY 


659 


HAPPINESS 


IIAND'Y— BIL'LY,  n.  ( Naut .)  A watch-tackle,  or 
tackle  for  convenient  use  on  deck.  Dana. 

H AND'Y-BLO  W,  n.  A stroke  by  the  hand .Harmar. 

IIAND'Y— CUFF,  n.  A cuff  or  blow  with  the  hand ; 
a handy-blow.  Arbuthnot. 

IIAND'Y— DAN'Dy,  n.  A play  among  children,  in 
which  something  is  shaken  between  two  hands, 
and  then  a guess  is  made  in  which  hand  it  is 
retained.  Shak. 

IIAND'Y— GRIPE,  n.  A gripe  or  seizure  by  the 

hand  or  paw.  Hudibras. 

HAND'Y-STROKE,  n.  A blow  by  the  hand ; 

hand-stroke ; handy-blow.  Beau.  Sj  FI. 

IIAND'Y— WORK,  ii.  Work  of  the  hand.  — See 
Handiwork.  Shak.  Ps.  xix.  1. 

IIANG,  v.  a.  [M.  Goth,  hahan  ; ha,  high.  Sereni- 
us.  — A.  S.  hangian  ; Dut.  A-  Ger.  hangen  ; Sw. 
hang  a ; Dan.  /uenge ; Icel.  hdnga.  — Gr.  ay%u>, 
to  strangle.]  [ i . hung  or  hanged  ; pp.  hang- 
ing, hung  or  hanged.  tHP  Hung  is  most 
used  ; but  when  the  word  denotes  suspension 
for  the  purpose  of  destroying  life,  the  regular 
form,  hanged,  is  to  be  preferred;  yet  hung  is 
often  Tised  in  this  sense.] 

1.  To  fasten  to  something  so  as  to  leave  with- 
out support  below;  to  suspend. 

We  hanged  our  harps  upon  the  willows.  Ps.  cxxxvii.  2. 

2.  To  suspend  by  the  neck  in  order  to  kill. 

Shall  he  be  hanged  who  never  could  rebel?  Dryden. 

3.  To  suffer  to  drop  or  decline  from  the  prop- 
er situation. 

The  cheerful  birds  no  longer  sing; 

Each  drops  his  head  and  hangs  his  wing.  Prior. 

4.  To  attach  by  a hinge  or  pivot  so  as  to  be 
movable  ; as,  “ To  hang  a door.” 

5.  To  cover  with  something  suspended. 

Hung  be  the  heavens  with  black;  yield  day  to  night.  Shak. 

Sir  Roger  has  hung  several  parts  of  his  house  with  the 
trophies  of  his  labors.  Addison. 

To  hang  out , to  show  aloft ; to  display. 

Hang  out  our  banners  on  the  outward  walls.  Shak. 

To  hang  upon , to  regard  or  treat  with  passionate 
affection. 

So  hung  upon  with  love,  so  fortunate.  Shak. 

HANG,  v.  n.  1.  To  be  fastened  or  supported 
above,  and  left  without  support  below ; to  be 
suspended  ; to  depend  ; to  dangle. 

Over  it  a fair  portcullis  hung.  Spenser. 

2.  To  be  executed  by  the  halter. 

If  thou  speak’st  false, 

Upon  the  next  tree  shalt  thou  hung  alive.  Shak. 

3.  To  rest  upon  another,  as  in  embracing. 

She  would  hang  on  him 
As  if  increase  of  appetite  had  grown 
By  what  it  fed  on.  Shak. 

4.  To  tend  downwards ; to  droop  ; to  decline. 

Ilis  neck  obliquely  o’er  his  shoulders  hung.  Pope. 

5.  To  be  supported  by  something  raised  above 
the  ground. 

Whatever  is  placed  on  the  head  may  he  said  to  hang;  as 
we  call  hanging  gardens  such  as  are  placed  on  the  top  of  the 
house.  Addison. 

6.  To  have  a steep  declivity. 

Sussex  marl  shows  itself  on  the  middle  of  the  sides  of 
hanging  grounds.  Mortimer. 

7.  To  brood ; to  dwell ; to  adhere. 

Shining  landscapes  and  beautiful  faces  disperse  that  gloom- 
iness which  is  apt  to  hang  upon  the  mind.  Addison. 

8.  To  be  delayed  ; to  linger  ; to  tarry  ; to 
stay  or  remain  in  suspense. 

A noble  stroke  he  lifted  high, 

Which  hung  not.  Milton. 

0.  To  be  dependent ; to  depend. 

O,  how  wretched 

Is  that  poor  man  that  hangs  on  princes’  favors!  Shak. 

10.  To  be  fixed  in  attention. 

Though  wondering  senates  hung  on  all  he  spoke.  Pope. 

11.  To  hover;  to  float;  to  play. 

And  fall  those  sayings  from  that  gentle  tongue 

Where  civil  speech  and  soft  persuasion  hung.  Prior. 

To  hang  around,  to  loiter  about.  — To  hang  back, 
to  recede ; to  go  reluctantly.  — To  hang  fire,  to 
be  long  in  exploding  or  discharging,  as  a gun.  — To 
hang  on,  to  adhere  to  ; to  continue.  — To  hang  out,  to 
be  shown  ; to  be  displayed.  “ They  shall  hang  out,  as 
the  lion’s  claws.”  Shak.  — In  cant  language  of  an 
English  university,  to  treat  or  give  an  entertainment : 
— to  have  or  possess:  — to  live.  Bristcd.  — To  hang 
over,  to  project  at  the  top  more  than  at  the  bottom  ; to 
incline  or  lean  forward  from  an  upright  position:  — 
to  threaten ; to  impend. 


HANG,  n.  [Ger.  hang,  a declivity.] 

1.  A steep  declivity  ; a slope.  Loudon. 

2.  A crop  of  fruit  hanging  on  the  tree.  [Lo- 
cal, Eng.]  Holloivag. 

3.  Facility  of  use  ; knack  ; as,  “ To  have  the 
hang  of  a thing.”  [Colloquial  and  low.]  Prime. 

HANG'— BIRD,  ii.  A familiar  name  for  the  Balti- 
more oriole,  from  its  pensile  nest. 

f HANG'— BY,  n.  A dependant ; a hanger-on.  “ A 
hang-by  at  thy  tale.”  Drant. 

HANG'DOG,  n.  One  who  deserves  the  gallows  ; a 
mean,  scurvy  fellow.  Congreve. 

hAng'JR,  n.  1.  One  who  hangs;  a hangman. 
“ A hanger  of  highwaymen.”  Aubrey. 

2.  That  on  which,  or  by  which,  any  thing  is 
hung  ; as,  “ The  hanger  of  a sword.”  Shak. 

3.  That  which  hangs,  — particularly  a sort  of 

broadsword,  short  and  curved  at  the  point.  “ He 
drew  his  hanger.”  Smollett. 

4.  A wood  on  the  declivity  of  a hill.  White. 

HANG 'JR— ON,  n.  1.  A servile  dependent;  a par- 
asite. “ He  is  a perpetual  hanger-on.”  Swift. 

2.  (Mining.)  A person  employed  at  the  bot- 
tom of  the  shaft,  in  fixing  the  skip  or  bucket  to 
the  chain.  Simmonds. 

IIANG'ING,  n.  1.  That  which  hangs. 

A storm,  or  robbery,  call  it  what  you  will, 

Shook  down  my  mellow  hangings.  Shak. 

2.  Suspension, — particularly  suspension  by 

the  neck,  as  in  the  infliction  of  death  by  the 
halter.  “ Worse  than  hanging.”  Shak. 

3.  Drapery  hung  or  fastened  against  the  walls 
of  rooms ; tapestry. 

So  in  some  well-wrought  hangings  you  may  see 
How  Hector  leads  and  how  the  Grecians  flee.  Waller. 

IIANG'ING,  p.  a.  1.  That  hangs  or  is  suspended ; 
as,  “ A hanging  garden.”  Ency. 

2.  Foreboding  death  by  the  halter.  “A 

hanging  look.”  Shak. 

3.  Requiring  punishment  by  the  halter.  “ A 

hanging  matter.”  Johnson. 

IIANG'ING— BIRD,  n.  The  Baltimore  oriole  ; hang- 
bird.  — See  Hang-bird.  Wilson. 

IlANG'ING-BtrT'TRESS,  n.  (Arch.)  A buttress 
not  standing  solid  on  a foundation,  but  support- 
ed bn  a corbel.  Ogilvie. 

HANG'ING-SfDE,  n.  (Mining.)  The  higher  side 
of  a vein  that  is  not  perpendicular.  Halliwell. 

hANG'ING-SLEEVES,  n.pl.  1.  Strips  of  the  same 
stuff  with  the  gown,  hanging  down  the  back 
from  the  shoulders.  Halifax. 

2.  Loose  sleeves.  Clarke. 

HANG'MAN,  n. ; pi.  hXng'men.  A public  execu- 
tioner. Shak. 

HANG'NAIL,  n.  [A.  S.  angnccgl ; angc,  trouble- 
some, and  nregel,  a nail.]  A minute  portion  of 
the  cuticle,  slivered  off  from  the  roots  of  the 
finger  nail ; agnail.  Forby. 

HANG'— NEST,  n.  1.  The  name  of  a species  of 
birds  which  build  nests  suspended  from  the 
branches  of  trees,  such  as  the  Baltimore  oriole. 

Audobon. 

2.  A pensile  or  suspended  nest.  Clarke. 

HANG'— NET,  n.  A net  with  a large  mesh.  Simm. 

HANG'WITE,  n.  [A.  S.  hangian,  to  hang,  and 
wife,  a fine.]  (Law.)  A fine  for  hanging  a thief 
without  judgment,  or  legal  trial,  or  for  his  es- 
cape : — an  immunity  or  acquittance  from  such 
fine  or  liability.  Burrttl. 

HANK  (hanak),  n.  [Icel.  hank,  a chain  or  coil  of 
rope,  a bond ; Sw.  hank,  a band,  a tie.] 

1.  A withy,  latch,  or  rope  for  fastening  a gate. 

[Local,  North  of  Eng.]  Wright. 

2.  Tie;  hold;  check;  a handle.  Wright. 

In  Horace,  NecessUy  is  furnished,  if  I may  so  express  my- 
self, with  her  hank  and  her  fastenings,  which  she  carries  in 
her  brazen  hand.  Whiter. 

3.  (Spinning.)  The  name  given  to  two  or 

more  skeins  of  yarn,  silk,  or  cotton,  when  tied 
together.  Brande. 

4.  pi.  (Naiit.)  Rings  of  wood,  rope,  or  iron  by 
which  sails  are  confined  to  their  stays,  upon 
which  they  traverse  when  hoisted  or  lowered. 

Brande. 

HANK,  v.  a.  To  form  into  hanks.  Brockctt. 

hANK'F.R,  v.n.  [Dut.  hunkeren .]  [i.  hankered  ; 


pp.  HANKERING,  HANKERED.]  To  long  for  with 
uneasy  keenness  ; to  feel  strong  desire  ; to  be 
eager:  — usually  with  after.  “ Without  hank- 
ering after  any  thing  better.”  Paley. 

hANK'JR-ING,  n.  Strong  desire  ; longing. 

The  republic  still  retains  many  hankerings  after  its  ancient 
liberty.  Addison. 

Syn.  — See  Desire. 

hAn'KLE,  v.  ii.  To  twist ; to  entangle.  Brackett. 

HAN-Q-VE'RI-AN,  a.  (Geog.)  Relating  to  Han- 
over. Murray. 

hAN-O-VE'RI-AN,  n.  (Geog.)  A native  of  Han- 
over, a kingdom  of  Germany.  Qu.  Rev. 

IIAn'SARD,  n.  A merchant  of  one  of  the  Hanse 
towns.  Clarke. 

HANSE,  a.  [Ger.  hansa,  hanse,  association,  soci- 
ety, league  ; Nor.  Fr.  hanse,  a society.]  A term 
applied  to  certain  commercial  towns  on  the 
coast  of  the  Baltic,  and  other  parts  of  Europe, 
first  associated  for  mutual  defence  in  1239,  and 
at  one  time  eighty-five  in  number,  now  reduced 
to  four,  viz. : Hamburg,  Lubec,  Bremen,  and 
Frankfort-on-tlie-Maine.  Brande. 

HAN-SJ-At'IC,  a.  Associated  : — applied  to  the 
league  of  the  Hanse  Towns.  Murray. 

hAn'SJL,  n.  See  Handsel.  Todd. 

IlAiY'SOM,  n.  A travelling  vehicle,  or  low  gig, 
raised  but  little  more  than  a foot  above  the 
ground  or  pavement.  Silliman. 

HAN’T  (hint  or  bant)  [bant,  W.  K.  Sm. ; hant, 
Wb.).  A vulgar  contraction  for  has  not,  or 
have  not. 

HAP,  n.  [W.  hap,  hap,  chance.]  That  which  hap- 
pens, whether  good  or  bad ; that  which  comes 
unexpectedly  ; chance  ; fortune  ; accident ; cas- 
ual event. 

Cursed  be  they  that  build 
Their  hopes  on  haps . Siditey » 

Syn.  — Sec  Luck. 

hAp,  v.  n.  To  happen ; to  come  by  chanee.  Shak. 

fHAP,?'.  a.  1.  [Perhaps  A.  S.  heapian,  to  heap. 
Todd.)  To  cover;  to  protect;  to  wrap.  “Bet- 
ter happed  or  covered  from  cold.”  Bobinson. 

2.  [Old  Fr.  hajiper.)  To  catch;  to  seize;  to 
grasp ; to  take.  . Sherwood. 

f HAP'— HAR-LOT,  n.  [Eng.  hap,  to  cover,  and  har- 
lot, in  the  sense  of  a servant.  Todd.)  A coarse 
coverlet;  a rug.  Harrison,  Pref.  to  Holinshed. 

HAP— HAZ'ARD,  n.  Chance;  accident.  “Walk 
as  men  do  in  the  dark,  by  hap-hazard.”  Hooker. 

IIAP'LESS,  a.  Unhappy  ; unfortunate  ; luckless. 

The  hapless  mark  of  fortune’s  cruel  sport,  Howe. 

HAP'LESS-LY,  ad.  In  a hapless  manner.  Drayton . 

HAP'LY,  ad.  Perhaps;  by  chance  ; by  accident. 

Ilaphj  some  hoary-headed  swain  may  say.  Gray . 

HAP'PEN  (liap'pn),  v.  n.  [W.  hapio.  — See  Hap.] 
[».  HAPPENED  ; pp.  HAPPENING,  HAPPENED.] 

1.  To  fall  out;  to  chance;  to  come  to  pass; 
to  take  place  ; to  befall ; to  betide  ; to  occur. 
“ Show  us  what  shall  happen.”  Isa.  xli.  22. 

2.  To  fall  or  light  accidentally. 

I have  happened  on  some  other  accounts  relating  to  mor- 
talities. Graunt. 

t HAP'PJR,  v.  n.  To  hop.  — See  Hop.  Harmar. 

HAP'PI-LY,  ad.  1.  In  a happy  manner ; luckily; 
fortunately  ; felicitously.  “ To  make  a tragedy 
end  happily.”  Dryden. 

2.  In  a state  of  felicity  or  enjoyment.  “He 

lives  happily.”  Johnson. 

3.  Skilfully;  adroitly;  gracefully. 

Formed  by  thy  converse  happily  to  steer 

From  grave  to  gay,  from  lively  to  severe.  Pope. 

4.  By  chance  ; peradventure ; haply.  Digby . 

IIAP'PI-NESS,  n.  1.  The  state  of  being  happy ; 
state  in  which  desires  are  satisfied ; enjoyment 
of  pleasure  ; welfare  ; felicity  ; bliss  ; beatitude. 

/JSf*  Happy  and  happiness  are  connected  with  and 
derived  from  hap , which  is  chance.  But  how  un- 
worthy is  that  word  to  express  any  true  felicity,  of 
which  the  very  essence  is  that  it  excludes  hap  or 
chance  ; that  the  world  neither  gave  it  nor  can  tako  it 
away.  Trench . 

O happiness , our  being’s  end  and  aim, 

Good,  pleasure,  ease,  content,  whate’er  thy  name.  Pope. 


MIEN,  SIR ; MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RLlLE.  — 9,  (J,  q,  g,  soft ; G,  G,  £,  |,  hard ; § as  z;  £ as  gz.—  THIS,  this. 


HAPPY 


660 


HARD-FACED 


Happiness  consists  in  the  constitution  of  the  habits.  The 
common  course  of  tilings  is  in  favor  of  happiness;  happiness 
is  the  rule,  misery  the  exception.  rale  if. 

The  foundation  of  domestic  happiness  is  faith  in  the  virtue 
of  woman.  The  foundation  of  political  happiness  is  faith  in 
the  integrity  of  man.  The  foundation  of  all  happiness , tem- 
poral and  eternal,  is  faith  in  the  goodness,  the  righteousness, 
the  mercy,  and  the  love  of  God.  Hare. 

Since  happiness  is  necessarily  the  supreme  object  of  our 
desires,  and  duty  the  supreme  rule  of  our  actions,  there  can 
be  no  harmony  in  our  being  except  our  happiness  coincides 
with  our  duty.  Whewcll. 

2 * Fortuitous  elegance  ; unstudied  grace. 

Certain  graces  and  happinesses  peculiar  to  every  language. 

Denham . 

Formed  by  some  rule  that  guides,  but  not  constrains, 

And  finished  more  through  happiness  than  pains.  Pope. 

Syn.  — Happiness  and  felicity  (from  L.  felicitas ) are 
nearly  or  quite  synonymous,  though  somewhat  differ- 
ently applied.  Happiness , however,  is  the  more  com- 
mon and  familiar  term,  and  is  regarded  by  some  as 
more  susceptible  of  degrees,  and  not  so  strong  a term 
as  felicity.  Bliss,  blessedness,  and  beatitude  are  all 
terms  of  spiritual  import,  used  to  denote  the  happi- 
ness of  heaven.  Earthly  happiness  j domestic  felicity, 
heavenly  bliss.  — See  Pleasure. 

hAp'PY,  a.  [W.  hapus,  happy:  — See  Hap.] 

1.  Having  the  desires  satisfied  ; being  in  a 
state  of  felicity;  felicitous;  blessed;  blissful; 
joyous. 

The  word  happy  is  a relative  term;  in  strictness,  any  con- 
dition may  he  denominated  happy  in  which  the  amount  of 
pleasure  exceeds  that  of  pain.  Paley. 

2.  Lucky  ; successful ; fortunate  ; prosperous. 

And  fear  supplied  him  with  this  happy  thought.  Dryden. 

3.  Skilful  ; ready  ; adroit ; expert. 

One  gentleman  is  happy  at  reply,  and  another  excels  in 
rejoinder.  Swift. 

Syn.  — Happy  is  a common,  familiar  term  ; fclici- 
tous  (from  L .feliz)  is  comparatively  little  used.  For- 
tunate and  lucky  include  the  idea  of  chance,  and  ex- 
clude the  idea  of  personal  effort.  A happy  marriage 
or  condition  ; a felicitous  undertaking  ; a successful 
enterprise;  prosperous  business;  a fortunate  occur- 
rence; a lucky  escape.  — See  Auspicious,  Fortu- 
nate. 

HAP'PY— MAK'ING,  a.  Conferring  happiness- 
“ Whose  happy- making  sight.”  Milton. 

IIAQ.UE'BUT  (hak'but),  n.  [Fr.  haqncbute.]  A 
hand-gun  ; an  arquebuse.  Brande. 

HAQUE'TON  (hak'tun),  n.  See  Hacqueton. 

HA'RAM,  or  HA'RAM,  n.  See  Harem.  Todd. 

HA-RANGUE'  (ha-rang'),  n.  [A.  S.  hrang , past  p. 
of  hringan , to  ring.  Tooke.  — It.  aringa  ; Sp.  § 
Port,  arenga ; Fr.  harangue .]  A declamatory 
public  speech;  declamation;  address;  oration. 

Men  . . . assemble  and  harangues  are  heard.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Speech. 

HA-RANGUE'  (l)a-rang'),  V.  n.  [i.  HARANGUED  ; 
pp.  HARANGUING,  HARANGUED.]  To  make  a 
declamatory  or  public  speech  ; to  declaim. 

The  House  impeach  him;  Coningsby  harangues.  Pope. 

Syn. — See  Declaim,  Speak. 

HA-RANGUE',  v.  a.  To  address  by  a public 
speech.  “ He  harangued  the  troops.”  Johnson. 

While  the  sly  mountebank  attends  his  trade, 

Harangues  tne  rabble,  and  is  better  paid.  Swift. 

HA-RANG'U^R  (h?-ring'er),  n.  One  who  ha- 
rangues. “ Haranguers  of  the  crowd.”  Dnjden. 

IIAr' ASS,  v.  a.  [Fr . harasscr.~\  [i.  harassed; 

pp.  HARASSING,  HARASSED.] 

1.  To  tire  out;  to  weary;  to  fatigue;  to  jade. 

These  troops  came  to  the  army  but  the  day  before,  har- 
assed with  a long  and  wearisome  march.  Bacon. 

2.  To  disturb  ; to  distress  ; to  vex  ; to  perplex. 

As  if  we  did  not  suffer  enough  from  the  storms  which  beat 
upon  us  without,  must  we  conspire  also  to  harass  one  an- 
other? Blair. 

ttSr"  This  word  is  sometimes  heard  pronounced,  er- 
roneously, with  the  accent  on  the  second  syllable, 
hq-rdss' ; but  this  pronunciation  is  not  countenanced 
by  any  of  the  orthoepists. 

Syn.  — See  Distress,  Tease,  Weary. 

f HAR' ASS,  n.  Disturbance  ; distress  ; vexation. 

The  men  of  Judah,  to  prevent 

The  harass  of  their  land,  beset  me  round.  Milton. 

HAR'ASS-^R,  n.  One  who  harasses.  Ellis. 

HAR'ASS-ING, n.  Vexation  ; trial;  trouble.  “The 
harassings  of  frequent  persecution.”  Paley. 

HAR'ASS-ING,  p.  a.  Wearying  ; fatiguing  ; vex- 
ing ; disturbing. 

HAR'ASS-MENT,  n.  The  state  of  being  harassed; 
vexation  ; disturbance,  [r.]  Ec.  Rev. 


HAR'BIN-^ER)  n.  [Goth.  % Ger.  herberge,  a har- 
bor, a shelter,  an  inn  ; Dut.  St  Ger.  herberger,  one 
who  provides  a harbor  or  resting-place.] 

1.  fOne  who  provides  a lodging;  — applied 
particularly  to  an  officer  in  the  royal  household, 
whose  duty  it  Was  to  allot  and  mark  the  lodg- 
ings of  all  the  king’s  attendants  in  a progress. 

On  the  removal  of  the  court  to  pass  the  summer  at  Win- 
chester, Bishop  Ken’s  house  was  marked  by  the  harbinger  for 
the  use  of  Mrs.  Eleanor  Gwyn;  but  he  refused  to  grant  her 
admittance.  Hawkins's  Life  of  Bp.  Ken. 

2.  A forerunner  ; a precursor  ; a messenger. 

Before  him  a great  prophet,  to  proclaim 

His  coming,  is  sent  harbinger.  Milton. 

HAR'BOR,  n.  [A.  S.  here-berga,  a station  where 
an  army  rests  ; here,  an  army,  and  beorg,  a ref- 
uge ; Dut.  herberg  ; Ger.  herberge ; Sw.  heirberge  ; 
Dan.  herberge.  — It.  alberjo ; Sp.  Sj  Port,  aloer- 
gue;  Old  Fr  .herberge-,  Fr.  aubeiy/e.] 

1.  A place  of  refuge,  shelter,  or  rest ; asylum. 
Holy  church  harbor  to  all  that  be  blessed.  Piers  Plouhman. 

For  harbor  at  a thousand  doors  they  knocked.  Dnjden. 

2.  A safe  station  for  ships ; a port ; a haven. 

Three  of  your  argosies 

Are  richly  come  to  harbor.  Shak. 

3.  ( Glass-making .)  A chest  to  hold  the  mixed 

ingredients  previous  to  their  being  put  into  the 
pot  for  fusion.  Simmonds. 

Syn.  — Harbor , port , and  haven,  all  denote  a rest- 
ing-place or  station  for  vessels.  A port  is  an  artificial 
harbor  ; a haven,  a natural  harbor.  A commodious 
harbor  ; a secure  haven  ; a port  well  situated  for  com- 
merce, and  much  frequented  by  vessels  : — an  asylum 
for  safety  ; a shelter  from  a storm. 

HAR'BOR,  V.  n.  [V.  HARBORED  ; pp.  HARBORING, 
harbored.]  To  take  rest  or  shelter. 

This  night  let’s  harbor  here  in  York.  Shak. 

HAR'BOR,  v.  a.  1.  To  provide  with  a place  of 
refuge,  rest,  or  shelter  ; to  lodge ; to  shelter. 
“ An  old  friend  who  harbors  us.”  Pope. 

2.  To  cherish ; to  entertain  ; to  foster. 

Let  not  your  gentle  breast  harbor  one  thought 

Of  outrage  from  the  king.  Rowe. 

3.  {Laic.)  To  receive  clandestinely  and  with- 
out lawful  authority  ; to  secrete.  Burrill. 

Syn.  — To  harbor  is  commonly  used  in  a bad  sense  ; 
as,  “ One  harbors  a person  or  thing  that  ought  not  to 
be  protected.”  A criminal  or  fugitive  is  harbored; 
one  exposed  to  danger  is  secured ; one  exposed  to  a 
storm,  sheltered : — a guest  or  stranger  is  entertained; 
a traveller  is  lodged. 

+ HAR'BOR- A§1E,  n.  Shelter ; entertainment. STm/c. 

H AR'BOR-J.R,  n.  One  who  harbors.  Drayton. 

IIAR'BOR-LESS,  a.  Without  a place  of  refuge, 
rest,  or  shelter.  Spelman. 

HAR'BOR— MAS'TpR,  n.  An  officer  who  executes 
the  regulations  in  regard  to  the  movements  and 
positions  of  ships,  &e.,  in  a harbor.  Wright. 

f HAR'BOR-OUGH  (-bur-io),  n.  [A.  S.  hereberga. ] 
A lodging.  Spenser. 

f HAR'BOR-OUGH  (-bur-ra),  v.  a.  To  lodge. Iluloct. 

+ IIAR'BOR-OUS,  a.  Hospitable.  Bale. 

f HAR'BROUGH,  n.  See  Harborouoh.  Johnson. 

HARD,  a.  [M.  Goth,  hardus  ; A.  S.  heard;  Dut. 
Sj  Sw.  hard  ; Ger.  hart;  Dan.  hoard ; Icel.  hardr .] 

1.  Not  easy  to  be  pierced,  penetrated,  or  com- 

pressed ; not  soft ; firm  ; solid ; impenetrable. 
“More  hard  than  is  the  stone.”  Shak. 

2.  Not  easy  to  be  understood.  “ Some  dis- 
eases hard  to  be  known.”  Sidney. 

The  hard  causes  they  brought  unto  Moses.  Ex.  xviii.  26. 

3.  Attended  with  difficulties  ; difficult ; labo- 

/ rious  ; fatiguing  ; arduous. 

Long  is  the  wav 

And  hard , that  out  of  hell  leads  up  to  light.  Milton. 

Their  courage  with  hard  labor  tame  and  dull.  Shak. 

4.  Severe;  oppressive;  rigorous;  unkind; 
unfeeling  ; cruel ; callous  ; obdurate.  “ Hard 
man.”  Matt.  xxv.  24.  “ A hard  heart.”  Johnson. 

5.  Insensible  ; inflexible  ; unyielding. 

Know  I am  not  so  stupid,  or  so  hard. 

Not  to  feel  praise,  or  fame’s  deserved  reward.  Dryden. 

6.  Painful ; distressful ; grievous  ; unpleas- 
ant. “ Hard  necessity.”  Dryden. 

A loss  of  one  third  of  their  estates  will  be  a very  hard  case. 

Locke. 

7.  Inclement ; severe  ; — applied  to  the  weath- 
er. “ A hard  winter.”  “ Hard  weather.”  Johnson. 

8.  Powerful ; forcible  ; cogent. 


A disputant,  when  he  finds  that  his  adversary  is  too  hard 
for  him,  with  slyness  turns  tire  discourse.  Watts. 

9.  Rough;  harsh;  acid; — as  liquids.  “Which 
leaveth  the  spirit  more  sour  and  hard."  Bacon. 

10.  Not  prosperous;  not  plentiful;  unfavor- 
able. “ If  the  times  had  not  been  hard.” Dryden. 

11.  Constrained ; stiff ; ungraceful. 

His  diction  is  hard , his  figures  too  bold.  Dryden. 

12.  Impregnated  with  lime,  as  water,  so  as  to 
be  incapable  of  dissolving  soap. 

fifTF  Water  is  said  to  be  hard  when  the  lime  which 
it  contains  decomposes  soap  and  forms  with  its  stearic 
or  oleic  acid  an  insoluble  compound.  Stoclchurdt. 

Lt)  ’ Hard  is  much  used  in  composition,  as  hard  - 
hearted. 

Syn.  — Hard  is  opposed  to  soft,  and  is  variously 
applied  both  in  a natural  and  a figurative  sense.  A 
hard  or  solid  substance  ; a hard  stone,  wood,  bed  ; solid 
body,  earth,  ice;  firm  pillar,  building:  — a hard  or 
difficult  task  ; hard  or  painful  work  ; laborious  under- 
taking ; hard  or  not  easy  to  be  understood  : — hard  or 
callous  leeling  : — hard  or  obdurate  heart ; hard,  rigor- 
ous, or  severe  master  ; hard , oppressive,  or  unfeeling 
creditor  ; hard  or  unkind  feeling  ; cruel  disposition”; 
insensible  to  the  suffering  of  others.  — See  Firm. 

HARD,  ad.  1.  Close;  near;  — often  with  by. 

Hard  by  yon  wood,  now  smiling  as  in  scorn.  % Gray. 

2.  Diligently  ; laboriously  ; incessantly  ; as, 
“ To  work  hard.” 

3.  In  a manner  requiring  labor;  with  diffi- 
culty ; hardly  ; not  easily. 

How  hard  they  that  have  money  shall  enter  into  the  king- 
dom of  Godl  Luke  xviii.  24,  Wickliffe's  J'rans. 

4.  Distressfully;  painfully.  “A  stag  that 

was  hard  set  by  the  huntsmen.”  L’ Estrange. 

5.  With  force,  urgency,  or  vehemence. 

The  wolves  scampered  away  as  hard  as  they  conld  drive. 

L' Estrange. 

When  the  north  wind  blows  hard , and  it  rains  sadly,  none 
but  fools  sit  down  in  it,  and  cry;  wise  people  defend  them- 
selves against  it.  Bp.  Taylor. 

Hurd-a-lcc,  ( JVo»( .)  close  to  the  lee  side; — applied 
to  tile  helm.  — Hard-a-port,  close  to  the  larboard  side. 
— llard-a-starboard , close  to  the  starboard  side.  — 
Ilard-a-iceatlier,  close  to  the  weather  or  windward 
side.  Mar.  Diet. 

HARD,  n.  A ford  or  passage  with  a hard  bottom 
across  a river  or  a fen.  Buchanan. 

HARD'BEAM,  n.  ( Bot .)  A tree  of  the  genus 

Carpinus,  the  wood  of  which  has  a fine  close 
texture;  hornbeam.  Booth. 

HARD'— Bg-SET'TING,  a.  Closely  surrounding. 
“ In  hard-besetting  need.”  Milton. 

HARD'-BIlLED  (-bild),  a.  Having  a hard  bill  or 
beak,  as  some  birds.  Goldsmith. 

HARD'-BOUND,  a.  Costive.  Pope. 

HARD'— BUIl-DENED  (-dnd),  a.  Oppressed  with 
a burden ; greatly  burdened.  Watts. 

HARD'— DRINK-ER,  n.  One  who  drinks  intem- 
perately  ; an  excessive  drinker.  Jodrell. 

HARD'— DRINK-ING,?i.  Drinking  to  excess. Wright. 

HARD'— EARNED  (-ernd),  a.  Earned  with  diffi- 
culty. “ Hard-earned  bread.”  Burke. 

HARD'EN  (h’lr'dn),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  heardian;  Sw. 
hdrda.\  [i.  hardened  ; pp.  hardening,  har- 
dened.] 

1.  To  make  hard  ; to  indurate. 

It  is  the  property  of  cold  to  thicken  all  things,  and  to 
harden  them.  Wilson , Art  of  Rhetoric. 

2.  To  endue  with  strength  or  constancy ; to 
make  firm  ; to  confirm  ; to  inure. 

One  raises  the  soul,  and  hardens  it  to  virtue:  the  other 
6oftens  it  again,  and  unbends  it  into  vice.  Drj/den. 

3.  To  make  callous,  insensible,  or  unfeeling. 
“ Years  have  not  yet  hardened  me.”  Swift. 

4.  To  confirm  in  effrontery  or  wickedness ; 
to  make  obdurate. 

But  exhort  one  another  daily,  lest  any  of  you  be  hardened 
through  the  deceitfulness  of  sin.  Heb.  iii.  13. 

HARD'EN  (har'dn),  v.  n.  To  grow  hard.  Bacon. 

HARD'ENED  (har'dnd),  p.  a.  1.  Made  hard. 

2.  Confirmed  in  error  or  vice. 

HARD'EN-ER  (har'dn-er),  n.  He  who,  or  that 
which,  hardens.  Johnson. 

HARD'EN-ING,  n.  The  act  or  the  process  of  mak- 
ing bodies  harder;  as,  “ The  hardening  of  iron.” 

HARD'-FACED  (-fast),  a.  Having  a hard  or  stern 
face ; hard-featured.  Campbell. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  (,  O,  IT,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


661 


HARLEQUIN 


HARD-FARING 

hArD'-FAR-ING,  a.  Living  on  scanty  or  bad 
provisions.  Cowper. 

HARD'— FA-VORED  (-fa'vord),  a.  Coarse  of  fea- 
ture ; harsh  of  countenance.  Dryden. 

HARD'-FA-VORED-NESS,  n.  Ugliness  ; coarse- 
ness of  features.  Wodrcephe. 

IIARD'-FEAT-URED  (-yurd),  a.  Having  harsh  or 
disagreeable  features  ; hard-visaged.  Smollett. 

HARD'— FIST-IJD,  a.  Covetous  ; close-handed  ; 
avaricious;  miserly;  stingy.  Bp.  Hall. 

HARD'-FOUGHT  (-f&wt),  a.  Vehemently  con- 
tested. “ Hard-fought,  field.”  lanshaw. 

HARD'-GOT,  a.  Obtained  with  difficulty.  Drayton. 

HARD'-GOT-TEN  (-tn),  a.  Hard-got.  Todd. 

HARD'-GRAss,  n.  ( Bot .)  The  English  name  for 
the  genus  of  grasses  Sclerochloa,  the  genus 
Ophiurus  or  Ilottbollia,  and  also  the  genus 
JEgilops.  London. 

HARD' HACK,  n.  ( Bot .)  An  American  flowering 
shrub ; steeple-bush ; Spircea  tormentosa.  Gray. 

HARD'— IIAND-ED,  a.  1.  Having  hands  hard  with 
labor  ; belonging  to  the  laboring  class. 

Harcl-handed  men  that  work  in  Athens  here.  Shak. 

2.  Exercising  severity;  oppressive.  “The 
hard-handed  monarchies.”  Milton. 

HARD'HEAD,  n.  1.  Clash  of  heads  in  contest. 

I have  been  at  hardhead  with  your  butting  citizens.  Dryden. 

2.  A man  not  easily  overcome  ; a shrewd 

man.  Clarke. 

3.  ( Ich .)  A fish  of  the  herring  species ; the 

menhaden.  Clarke. 

HARD'— HEART-ED  (-hart-ed),  a.  Cruel;  unfeel- 
ing; merciless.  “ Hard-hearted  Clifford.”  Shak. 

HARD'-IIEART-ED-LY,  ad.  In  a hard-hearted 
manner  ; mercilessly  ; unfeelingly. 

HARD'— IIEART-F.D-NESS,».Qualityof  being  hard- 
hearted ; want  of  tenderness ; cruelty.  South. 

fHARD'I-HEAD,  n.  Same  as  Hardihood.  Spenser. 

HARD'I-IIOOD  (-hud),n.  [hardy  and  hood.]  Bold- 
ness ; intrepidity  ; bravery  ; courage  ; audacity. 
Boldly  assault  the  necromancer’s  hall, 

Where,  if  he  be.  with  dauntless  hardihood 

And  brandished  blade  rush  on  him.  Milton. 

HARD'I-LY,  ad.  Boldly  ; firmly ; confidently.  “I 
assert  confidently  and  hardily."  Horsley. 

f HARD'I-MENT, 7i.  Courage;  stoutness;  bravery. 
“Full  of  fire  and  greedy  hardinient.”  Spenser. 

HARD'J-NESS,  n.  1.  Firmness;  stoutness;  bold- 
ness ; resolution  ; confidence  ; courage  ; bravery. 

They  who  were  not  yet  grown  to  the  hardiness  of  allowing 
the  contempt  of  the  king.  Clarendon. 

2.  f Hardship  ; fatigue.  “ Great  endurers  of 
cold,  hunger,  and  all  hardiness."  Spenser. 

IIARD'ISH,  a.  Somewhat  hard ; tending  to  hard- 
ness. Scott. 

HARD'— LA-BORED  (-burd),  a.  Elaborate  ; studied. 
“ Hard-labored  poem.”  Sivift. 

HARD'— LA-BOR-ING,  a.  Practising  hard  labor; 

hard-working.  Drayton. 

HARD'LY,  ad.  [A.  S.  heardlice.] 

1.  With  difficulty  ; not  easily. 

False  confidence  is  easily  taken  up,  and  hardly  laid  down. 

South. 

2.  Almost  not ; scarcely  ; barely. 

Hardly  shall  you  find  any  one  so  bad  but  he  desires  the 
credit  of  being  thought  good.  South. 

3.  Rigorously  ; severely  ; un  justly. 

Many  men  believed  that  he  was  hardly  dealt  with.  Clarendon. 

4.  In  a manner  hard  to  be  borne ; unwel- 
comely  ; painfully  ; distressingly. 

Such  information  comes  very  hardly  to  a grown  man.  Locke. 

5.  Not  tenderly;  not  delicately. 

Heaven  was  her  canopy,  bare  earth  her  bed: 

So  hardly  lodged.  Dryden. 

HARD'— MON-JY,  n.  A term  for  coined  money, 
as  distinguished  from  paper  money.  Ogilvie. 

HARD'-MOUTHED  (-moutfid),  a.  1.  Having  a 
hard  mouth ; not  sensible  to,  or  easily  guided 
by,  the  bit.  “ Hard-mouthed  horse.”  Dryden. 

2.  Coarse  in  stricture  ; harsh  in  reproof.  “ A 
hard-mouthed  barrister.”  Pickering . 


HARD'NgSS,  n.  [A.  S.  hear  dues.]  1.  The  qual- 
ity of  being  hard;  firmness;  solidity;  impen- 
etrableness. Locke. 

2.  Difficulty  to  be  understood,  or  to  be  done. 
“ So  from  sense  in  hardness."  Shak.  “ The 
hardness  of  this  enterprise.”  Sidney. 

3.  Severity  of  temper  ; unkindness  ; cruelty. 

That  if  we  fail  in  our  request,  the  blame 

May  hang  upon  your  hardness.  Shak. 

4.  Inclemency  of  the  weather;  keenness. 

“The  hardness  of  the  winter.”  Mortimer. 

5.  Unfavorable  state  ; scarcity  ; penury.  “The 

hardness  of  the  times.”  Swift. 

6.  Wickedness;  profligacy  ; obduracy.  “ From 

hardness  of  heart.”  Litany. 

7.  Want  of  grace  or  ease  ; stiffness.  Dryden. 

8.  Stinginess  ; penuriousness.  Johnson. 

9.  Severe  trial ; suffering;  hardship. 

Endure  hardness  as  a good  soldier  of  Jesus  Christ.  2 Tim.  ii.  3. 

HARD'— NIBBED  (-nibd),  a.  [A.  S.  hcard-nebbe  ; 
heard , hard,  and  neb,  a beak,  a nib.]  Having  a 
hard  nib,  as  a pen.  Todd. 

HAR'DOCK,  n.  Hoar  or  woolly  dock.  Shak. 

IIARD'-RULED  (-ruld),  a.  Ruled  or  governed 
with  difficulty  ; not  easily  controlled.  Shak. 

IIARD§,  n.  pi.  [A.  S.  heordas.]  The  refuse  or 
coarser  part  of  flax  or  hemp  ; tow.  Johnson. 

HARD'SHIP,  n.  1.  Severe  labor;  grievous  want; 
a grievance  ; toil  ; fatigue  ; suffering. 

By  hardships  many,  many  fall  by  ease.  Prior. 

2.  Injury;  oppression.  “ The  effects  of  their 
hardships  upon  us.”  Swift. 

HARD'— VIS-A^ED,  a.  Having  coarse  features; 
of  a harsh  countenance.  Wright. 

HARDWARE,  n.  Manufactures,  goods,  or  wares, 
made  of  iron  or  other  metals.  Johnson. 

HARD'wAre-MAN,  n. ; pi.  hardwaremen.  A 
maker  of,  or  dealer  in,  hardware.  Swift. 

HARD'— WON,  a.  Won  with  difficulty.  Wright. 

HARD'— WOOD,  n.  A term  applied  to  a wood  of 
a very  close  and  solid  texture,  as  that  of  beech,  ‘ 
oak,  ash,  maple,  &c.  Clarke. 

Syn.  — See  Firm. 

HARD'— WORK-ING  (-wiirk-ing),  a.  Constantly 
employed  ; working  hard.  Goldsmith. 

HARD'Y,  a.  [Sw.  hitrdig.  — Fr.  hardi.\ 

1.  Bold  ; brave  ; stout ; daring  ; resolute. 

As  hardy  as  the  Nemajan  lion’s  nerve.  Shak. 

2.  Able  to  bear  fatigue,  severe  labor,  or  suf- 
fering ; robust ; strong  ; firm. 

Is  pain  to  them 

Less  pain,  less  to  be  fled,  or  thou  than  they 

Less  hardy  to  endure?  Milton. 

3.  Stubborn  ; impudent ; confident.  Johnson. 

4.  Able  to  bear  severe  weather ; as,  “ A 
hardy  plant.” 

Syn.  — See  Robust. 

HAR'D Y,  n.  An  ironsmith’s  tool.  Wright. 

HAR'DY-SIIREW  (-sliru),  n.  A kind  of  mouse; 
shrew-mouse.  Scott. 


HAR,  HARE,  and  HERE,  [M.  Goth,  harji  ; A.  S. 
here ; Dut.  <Sp  Ger.  heer.]  Prefixes  from  the  Anglo- 
Saxon,  signifying  usually  an  army  ; as,  Harold, 
general  of  an  army ; Hare  man,  a chief  man  in 
the  army  ; Herv/'m,  a victorious  army.  Gibson. 

hAre,  n.  [A.  S.  hara;  Dut.  haas;  Ger.  base; 
Dan.  A Sw.  hare-,  Icel.  heri.] 

1.  (Zoul.)  A small  quad- 
ruped of  the  genus  Lepus, 
allied  to  the  rabbit,  hav- 
ing long  ears,  a short  tail, 
and  hind  legs  much  long- 
er than  the  fore  legs,  and 
remarkable  for  timidity, 
vigilance,  and  swiftness.  „ , 

bee  luABBIT.  Baird.  {Lepus  timid  us). 


The  flesh  of  the  hare  is  esteemed  for  food. 
Many  species  are  known,  but  they  resemble  eacli  other 
so  much  that  it  is  difficult  to  distinguish  them.  Baird. 

2.  ( Astron .)  One  of  the  forty-eight  ancient 
constellations  of  Ptolemy,  situated  in  the  south- 
ern hemisphere.  Brande. 


f hAre,  v.  a.  To  frighten.  Clarendon. 

hArE'BELL,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  which  bears  bell- 


shaped flowers  ; Scilla  non-scripta  : — a name 
of  Campanula  rotuJdi folia.  Loudon.  Gray. 

hArE'-BRAINED  (-brand),  a.  Wild  as  a hare ; 
unsettled  ; unsteady  ; extravagant ; volatile. 
“ That  hare-brained,  wild  fellow.”  Bacon. 

hArE'-CATCH-ER,  n.  One  who  catches  hares. 

hArE'-FIND-ER,  n.  A hunter  of  hares.  Shak. 

hArE'FOOT  (-fut),  n.  '1.  A bird.  Ainsworth. 

2.  [A.  S.  hare-fot. ] An  herb.  Ainsworth. 

hArE'-HEART-ED,  a Having  the  heart  of  a 
hare  ; timorous  ; fearful.  Ainsworth. 

hArE'HOUND,  n.  A hound  for  hunting  hares. 

HARE'-HUNT-ER,  n.  One  who  is  fond  of  hunt- 
ing hares.  Pope. 

HARE'— IIUNT-ING,  n.  The  diversion  of  hunting 
the  hare.  Todd. 

IIArE'LIP,  n.  A malformation,  consisting  of  a 
fissure  in  the  lip  ; — so  named  from  its  supposed 
resemblance  to  the  upper  lip  of  a hare.  Quincy. 

hArE'LIPPED  (-llpt),  a.  Having  the  malforma- 
tion called  harelip.  Ainsworth. 

IIA'REM,  or  IIA'RIJM  [ha'rem,  Ii.  Sm.  Tt.  ; h'i'rem, 
Ja.  C.  Wb.],  n.  [Turk.]  The  apartment  in  a 
seraglio,  and  in  palaces  and  other  houses  in  the 
East,  appropriated  exclusively  to  the  use  of  the 
females  of  the  family.  Dr.  Clarke. 

“ Ha-ram',  with  the  accent  on  the  last  syllable, 
is  the  form  affected  by  some  modern  writers ; but 
the  other  is  the  long-established  English  adaptation.” 
Smart. 

hAre'MINT,  n.  [A.  S.  haremint.}  An  herb.  Todd. 

HA-REN'GI-FORM,  a.  Having  the  form  of  a her- 
ring ; shaped  like  a herring.  Smart. 

HARE'-PlPE, n.  A snare  to  catch  hares.  “Take 
. . . any  hare  with  hare-pipes."  Stat.  James  I. 

HARE’E'EAR  (hirz'er),  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of 
umbelliferous  plants  remarkable  for  having  sim- 
ple leaves  ; Bupleurum.  Loudon. 

hAre'— SKIN,  n.  The  skin  of  a hare.  Scott. 

hArE’§'-LET-TUCE  (-tjs),  n.  (Bot.)  The  sow- 
thistle, a favorite  food  with  hares  and  rabbits  ; 
Sonchus.  Ainsworth. 

hArE’Sj'TAIL,  ii.  (Bot.)  A plant;  a species  of 
cotton-grass  ; Eriophorum  vaginatum.  Loudon. 

hArE’§'TAIL-GrAss,  n.  ( Bot.)  A kind  of  grass, 
so  named  from  the  resemblance  of  its  head  to  a 
hare’s  tail ; Lagurus  ovatus.  Loudon. 

hAre'WORT  (-wurt),  n.  [A.  S.  hare-wyrt. ] A 
plant ; harefoot.  Todd. 

HAR'FANG,  n.  ( Ornith .)  A species  of  owl;  the 
hawk  owl ; Surnea  funerea,  Surnea  nyctca,  or 
Strix  nyctea.  Eng.  Cyc. 

HAR  'I-COT  (har'e-ko),  n.  [Fr.] 

1.  The  kidney-bean.  Fleming  & Tibbins. 

2.  A kind  of  ragout ; a stew  of  meat  and 

vegetables.  Ld.  Chesterfield. 

HAR'l-pR,  n.  See  Harrier.  Blount. 

hAR'IFF,  n.  An  annual  plant  with  a fibrous  root ; 
— called  also  goosegrass,  cleavers,  cliders,  and 
catchweed.  Farm.  Ency. 

f HAR-I-O-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  hariolatio. ] Prog- 
nostication ; soothsaying.  Cockeram. 

HAR'I-OT,  n.  See  IIeriot.  Todd. 

f hAr'ISH,  a.  Like  a hare.  Huloet. 

HARK,  v.  n.  To  listen  ; to  hearken.  Hudibras. 

HARK,  interj.  [the  imperative  of  the  verb  hark.] 
Hear  ; listen  ; be  still. 

The  whistling  ploughman  stalks  afield,  and,  hcirk\ 

Down  the  rough  slope  the  ponderous  wagon  rings.  Beattie. 

HARL,  n.  1.  The  filaments  of  flax.  Johnson. 

2.  Any  filamentous  substance.  . Mortimer . 

3.  A mist  or  fog.  [North  of  Eng.]  Halliwell. 

||  HAR'LE-aUIN  (hir'le-kin)  [har'Ie-lun,  S.  IF.  P. 
J.  E.  F.  K.  Sm.  C. ; hilr'le-kwln,  Ja.],  n.  [It. 
arlecchino  ; Sp.  arlequin ; Fr.  harlequin.]  A 
buffoon  who  carries  a talismanic  wand,  and  is 
dressed  in  party-colored  clothes,  or  who  plays 
tricks  to  divert  the  populace  ; a zany.  Dryden. 


MiEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RtJLE.  — 9>  tt  soft;  C,  G,  c,  f,  hard;  as  z. ; ?L  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


HARLEQUIN 

||  HAR'Lp-QUIN  (li'ir'le-kln),  v.  a.  To  conjure 
away  by  tricks,  like  a harlequin.  Green. 

II  HAR-LE-QUIN-ADE',  n.  [Fr.]  A kind  of  pan- 
tomime; a feat  of  buffoonery.  Ed.  Rev. 

HAR'LOCK,  n.  [“  It  may  be  a corruption  of  char- 
lock.” Todd.]  A plant.  Drayton. 

HAR'LOT,  n.  1.  [According  to  Tooke,  harlot  is 
horelot,  dim.  of  /tore,  — the  common  application 
of  the  word  was  to  mal'es,  merely  as  persons  re- 
ceiving wages  or  hire.  Ilore,  now  written 
whore,  is  the  past  p.  of  hyrian,  to  hire.  — W. 
herlaicd,  a stripling,  a youth.]  f A male  ser- 
vant. 

A sturdy  harlot  went  them  aye  behind, 

That  was  her  hostes  man,  and  bare  a sack.  Chaucer. 
He  was  a gentle  harlot  and  a kind} 

A better  fellow  should  a man  not  tind.  Chaucer. 

2.  t [Old  Fr.  arlot ; Corn,  harlot.]  A base 
person  ; a rogue  ; a cheat. 

No  man  but  he  and  thou,  and  such  other  false  harlots.  Fox. 

3.  [\V.  herlodcs,  a hoiden  or  romping  girl.] 
A whore  ; a strumpet ; a prostitute. 

As  soon  as  this  thy  son  was  come,  which  hath  devoured 
thy  living  with  harlots.  Luke  xv.  30. 

HAR'LOT,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  a harlot  or  prosti- 
tute. “ Harlot  lap.”  Milton. 

2.  Like  a harlot  or  prostitute.  Shah. 

f HAR'LOT,  v.  n.  To  play  the  harlot ; to  commit 
lewdness.  Milton. 

t HAR'LOT-XZE,  v.  n.  To  play  the  harlot.  Warner. 

HAR'LOT-RY,  «.  1.  f Ribaldry.  “Either  filthy 

speech  or  harlotry .”  Eph.v.  4,  Wickliffe’s  Trans. 

2.  The  trade  of  a harlot ; prostitution.  Drydcn. 

3.  f A contemptuous  name  for  a woman. 

A peevish,  self-willed  harlotry.  Shak. 

4.  False  allurement;  meretriciousness. 

As  the  virgin  blush  of  innocence  [eclipses] 

The  harlotry  of  art.  Mason. 

HARM,  n.  [A.  S.  hearm ; Ger.  St;  Sw.  harm,  grief, 
offence ; Dan.  harme,  grief ; Icel.  harmr,  grief.] 

1.  Injury;  damage;  detriment;  hurt. 

Nothing  is  so  much  against  nature  as  a man  to  increase 
his  own  profit  to  harm  of  another  man.  Chaucer. 

2.  Wickedness  ; criminality ; moral  evil. 

But  then  I saw  no  harm;  anil  then  I heard 

Each  syllable  that  breath  made  up  between  them.  Shak. 

HARM,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  hearmian.]  [i.  HARMED  ; 
pp.  harming,  harmed.]  To  hurt;  to  injure. 

Lest  the  cold,  and  sometimes  the  heat,  should  harm  them. 

Ray. 

HAR'MA-LINE,  n.  ( Chem .)  A crystallizable  al- 
kaloid contained  in  the  seeds  of  the  plant  Pc- 
ganum  harmala,  or  Syrian  rue.  Brande. 

HAR-MAT’TAN,  ji.  A very  dry  and  noxious  wind 
■\vhich  blows  periodically  from  the  interior  of 
Africa  towards  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  Am.  Ency. 

HARM'— DO-ING,  n.  Injury  ; mischief.  Milton. 

ILVR'M EL,  n.  The  wild  African  rue.  Wright. 

HAR.M'FUL,  a.  Causing  harm;  hurtful;  mis- 
chievous; injurious.  Spenser. 

HARM'FUL-LV,  ad.  Hurtfully  ; noxiously. 

HARM'FUL-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  harmful. 

HARM'L§SS,  a.  1.  Innocent ; innoxious ; not 
hurtful.  “ Harmless  lightning.”  Shak. 

2.  Not  injured;  unhurt.  Raleigh. 

IlARM'LpSS-LY,  ad.  Innocently;  without  hurt. 

HARM'L£SS-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  harmless. 

HAR-MO'N^-ON,  n.  See  Meeodeon. 

HAR-MO'NI-A,  n.  ( Astron .)  An  asteroid  discov- 
ered by  Goldschmidt  in  1856.  Lovering. 

HAR-MON  IC,  ) (7,  [Gr.  kppovtKo;  ; appovia, 

HAR-MON'I-CAL,  ) harmony  ; L.  harmonious  ; It. 
&;  Sp.  armonico  ; Fr.  harmonique.] 

1.  Having  harmony  ; concordant ; harmonious. 

With  heavenly  touch  of  instrumental  sounds 

In  full  harmonic  number  joined.  MiUon. 

2.  (Mus.)  Relating  to  harmony,  as  distin- 

guished from  melody  : — relating  to  harmonics 
or  the  doctrine  of  chords,  &c.  Dwight. 

3.  Musical ; melodious  ; tuneful. 

Harmonic  interval,  (Mus.)  the  relation  of  two  sounds 

agreeable  to  the  ear  either  in  succession  or  consonance. 
— Harmonical  mean , (Alg.  Arith.)  a term  used  to 
express  certain  relations  of  numbers  and  quantities 
supposed  to  resemble  musical  consonances.  Wright. 


662 

— Harmonical  progression,  a series  of  numbers,  such 
that  any  three  consecutive  terms  are  in  harmonical 
proportion.  — Harmonical  proportion,  the  proportion 
which  subsists  between  the  reciprocals  of  numbers 
that  are  in  arithmetical  progression.  Davies.  — Har- 
monic triad,  (Mus.)  the  chord  of  a note  consisting  of  a 
third  and  perfect  fifth.  Moore. 

HAR-MON'I-CA,  n.  (Mus.)  A musical  instru- 
ment, which  consists  of  a number  of  glass  gob- 
lets resembling  finger-glasses ; invented  by 
Benjamin  Franklin.  Hamilton. 

HAR-MON'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  an  harmonical  man- 
ner ; with  harniony  ; musically. 

HAR-MON'I-CON,  71.  The  harmonica.  Ashton. 

HAR-MON'JCS,  7i.  pi.  [See  Harmonic.]  (Mus.) 

1.  The  doctrine  of  the  differences  and  propor- 
tions of  sounds  with  respect  to  acute  and 
grave ; the  mathematical  mensuration  of  musi- 
cal sounds;  whatever  appertains  to  harmony. 

Moore. 

2.  The  accessory  sounds  generated  with  the 

predominant  and  apparently  simple  tone  of  any 
vibrating  string  or  column  of  air.  Dwight. 

HAR-MO'NI-OUS,  a.  1.  Having  parts  adapted  to 
each  other  ; symmetrical ; proportionate. 

God  has  made  the  intellectual  world  harmonious  and  beau- 
tiful without  us.  Locke. 

2.  Having  harmony ; concordant  in  sound ; 
symphonious  ; musical ; melodious. 

Thoughts  that  voluntary  move 
Hannonious  numbers.  Milton. 

3.  Concurring  in  opinion  or  feeling ; agreeing. 

HAR-MO'Nl-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  an  harmonious  man- 
ner ; with  harmony. 

HAR-MO'NI-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
harmonious ; harmony.  Johnson. 

IIAR-MON'I-PHON,  n.  [Gr.  appovia,  harmony, 
and  ipwvij,  a voice.]  A musical  wind  instrument 
played  with  keys.  The  air,  blown  from  the 
mouth  through  a tube,  acts  on  thin  metallic 
plates  to  produce  the  sound.  Simmonds. 

HAR'MON-IST,  71.  1.  One  who  understands  the 

concord  of  sounds  ; a writer  of  harmony. 

A musician  may  be  a very  skilful  harmonist , and  yet  be  de- 
fective in  the  talents  of  melody,  air,  and  expression.  Smith. 

2.  A harmonizer.  Nelson. 

HAR'MON-IST,  ) n_  Qne  0f  a religious  sect 

HAR'MON-ITE,  ) founded  about  1780,  by  Rapp, 
in  Wurtemberg,  who  afterwards  with  his  follow- 
ers emigrated  to  the  United  States.  Brande. 

HAR'MO-NlZE,  V.  a.  \l.  HARMONIZED  ; pp.  HAR- 
MONIZING, HARMONIZED.] 

1.  To  cause  to  agree  or  to  be  concordant ; to 
make  harmonious. 

Love  first  invented  verse,  and  formed  the  rhyme, 

The  motion  measured,  harmonized  the  chime.  Dryden. 

2.  (Mus.)  To  set  accompanying  parts  to; 

as,'-  “ The  Lutheran  chorals  harmonized  by 
Bach.”  Dwight. 

IIAR'MO-NlZE,  v.  n.  To  be  harmonious  ; to  agree  ; 
to  accord  ; to  correspond.  Lightfoot. 

HAR'MO-NlZ-gR,  n.  One  who  brings  together 
corresponding  passages  of  a book  or  books,  as 
of  the  Gospels  ; a harmonist.  Cleaver. 

lIAR-MO-NOM'lf-TBR,  n.  [Gr.  appovia,  harmony, 
and  phpov,  a measure.]  An  instrument  for 
measuring  or  ascertaining  the  harmonic  rela- 
tions of  sound.  Simmonds. 

IIAR'MO-NY,  71.  [Gr.  appovia  ; L.  harmonia;  It. 
§ Sp.  armonia  ; Fr.  harmonic.] 

1.  The  just  adaptation  of  parts  to  each  other. 

Infinite  Wisdom  must  accomplish  all  its  works  with  con- 
summate harmony.  Cheyne. 

2.  (Mus.)  The  effect  on  the  ear  of  propor- 

tional vibrations  of  sound  ; the  result  of  the 
union  of  two  ormore  according  musical  sounds; 
an  agreeable  combination  of  sounds  heard  at 
the  same  instant;  concord:  — the  science  or 
doctrine  of  concords  and  discords.  Diviglit. 

The  sound 

Symphonious  of  ten  thousand  harps,  that  tuned 
Angelic  harmonies.  Milton. 

All  harmojifi  must  be  formed  of  trebles,  tenors,  anil  basses. 

Sir  W.  Jlamiltun. 

3.  Accordance  ; agreement ; unison  ; union. 

Mv  heart,  which,  by  a secret  harmony , 

Still  moves  with  thine.  Milton. 

4.  A literary  work  in  which  corresponding 


HARPIN  G-IRON 

passages  of  any  book  or  books  arc  brought  to- 
gether. 

The  earliest  Harmony  of  the  Gospels  was  composed  by 
Tatian,  in  the  second  century,  with  the  title  Diutcssuron. 

Brande. 

Artificial  harmony , a mixture  of  concords  and  dis- 
cords, bearing  relation  to  the  harmonic  triad  of  tne 
fundamental  note.  Moore. 

Harmony  of  the  spheres , a sort  of  music,  conceived 
by  ancient  philosophers  to  be  produced  by  the  sweet- 
ly tuned  motions  of  the  heavenly  bodies.  Francis. 

Natural  harmony , the  harmonic  triad,  or  common 
chord.  Moore. 

Syn.  — See  Melody,  Symmetry. 

HAR'MOST,  n.  [Gr.  appoorris.]  A civil  officer  of 
ancient  Greece  ; a Spartan  governor.  Mitford. 

HAR'MO-TOME,  n.  [Gr.  appSg,  a joint,  and  rtpvoj, 
to  divide.]  (Min.)  The  staurolite  or  cross- 
stone, the  crystals  of  which  intersect  each  other, 
and  are  easily  separated.  Brande. 

HAR'NJ^SS,  n.  [Dut.  harnas ; Ger.  harnisch; 
Dan.  harnisk ; Sw.  harnesk ; It.  amese ; Sp. 
arnes  ; Arm.  harnes ; W.  harnas.  — Fr.  harnais.\ 

1.  -f  Defensive  armor ; equipments  of  war. 

A goodly  knight,  all  dressed  in  harness  meet.  Spenser. 

2.  Furniture  for  carriage  or  draught  horses. 

Thy  horses  shall  be  trapped. 

Their  harness  studded  all  with  gold  and  pearl.  Shak. 

HAR'N^SS,  V.  a.  [i.  HARNESSED  ; pp.  HARNESS- 
ING, HARNESSED.] 

1.  To  dress  in  armor  ; to  equip. 

Full  fifty  years,  harnessed  in  rugged  steel, 

I have  endured  the  biting  winter’s  blast.  Rowe. 

2.  f To  defend  ; to  protect ; to  guard. 

They  saw  the  camp  of  the  heathen,  that  it  was  strong  and 
well  harnessed.  1 Macc.  iv.  7. 

3.  To  put  the  harness  upon  a horse ; to  tackle. 

Harness  the  horses,  and  get  up  the  horsemen.  Jer.  xlvi.  4. 

IIAR'NpSS— CASK,  71.  A cask  or  high  tub  with  a 
lid  guarded  by  a rim  ; — used  on  board  ship  for 
keeping  salted  meats  ready  at  hand  for  daily 
use.  Si/nmonds. 

HAR'NF.SS— CUR'RI-IJR,  71.  A dresser  of  leather 
for  harnesses,  or  saddlery  purposes.  Simmonds. 

IIAR'N£SS-£R,  7i.  One  who  harnesses.  Sherwood. 

II AR'NIJSS— MAK'ER,  7i.  One  whose  business  it 
is  to  make  harnesses.  Booth. 

HAR'NJPSS— TUB,  n.  A harness-cask.  — See  Har- 
ness-cask. Ch.  Brown. 

HARN§,  n.  pi.  Brains.  [Scotland.]  Grose. 

HARP,  71.  [A.  S.  hea?pa;  Dut.  harp  ; Ger.  harfe ; 
Dan.  harpe;  Sw.  &;  Icel.  harpa.  — It.,  Sp.,  4 
Fort,  arpa ; Fr.  harpe.] 

1.  A musical  stringed  instrument  of  great  an- 

tiquity, in  which  the  strings  are  stretched  on 
a triangular  frame,  and  pinched  or  pulled  by 
the  fingers  to  set  them  in  vibration  and  produce 
the  different  sounds ; a lyre.  Brande. 

They  touched  their  golden  harps , and,  hymning,  praised 
God  and  his  works.  Milton. 

2.  (Asti'on.)  A constellation  ; Lyra.  Creech. 

HARP,  V.  71.  [i.  HARPED  ; pp.  HARPING,  HARPED.] 

1.  To  play  on  the  harp. 

The  voice  of  harpers  harping  with  their  harps.  Lev.  xiv.  2. 

2.  To  rest  or  to  dwell  on  a subject;  to  repeat 
the  same  thing  tiresomely. 

Gracious  duke, 

Harp  not  on  that.  Shak. 

HARP,  v.  a.  1.  To  play  on  the  harp. 

How  shall  it  be  known  what  is  piped  or  harped ? 1 Cor.  xiv.  7. 

2.  f To  touch  ; to  affect. 

Thou  hast  harped  my  fear  aright.  Shak. 

PIAr  'PA,  71.  (Conch.)  A genus  of  mollusks  ; harp- 
shell  ; — so  named  from  the  longitudinal  paral- 
lel ribs  on  the  surface  of  their  shells.  Brande. 

hAR ' PAX,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  apxuf,  rapacious.] 
(Conch.)  A genus  of  oblong  fossil  shells.  Brande. 

HARPER,  71.  A player  on  the  harp.  IF.  Scott. 

hAr'PE$,  n.  (Pal.)  A genus  of  fossil  trilobites 
with  a very  broad  head,  prolonged  posteriorly 
into  a spine  on  each  side.  Pictet. 

HARP'ING,  n.  1.  Music  on  the  harp.  Mason. 

2.  Tedious  dwelling  on  one  subject.  IF.  Irving. 

HARP'ING— IR'ON  (-I'urn),  n.  A bearded  dart ; a 
harpoon.  Waller. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  IJ,  !,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL:  HEIR,  HER; 


HARPINGS 


HASH 


663 


IIARP'lNGSj,  n.  pi.  ( Nant .)  The  fore  part  of  the 
wales,  which  encompass  the  bows  of  a vessel, 
and  are  fastened  to  the  stem.  Dana. 

HARP'IST,  n.  A harper.  Brou-ne. 

IIAR-PO-NEER',  or  IIAR-POON-EER',  n.  [Fr. 
harponneur.)  One  who  throws  the  harpoon  in 
whale-fishing  ; a harpooner.  Johnson. 

HAR-roON',  n.  [Gr.  apnayn,  a hook  ; L.  harpago, 
a grappling-hook  ; It.  arpione;  Sp.  arpon;  Fr. 
harpon.  —Put.  harpoen  ; Dan.  <Sf  Sw.  harpun  ; 
Ger.  harpune.\  A barbed  dart  or  spear  to  strike 
whales  with  ; a harping-iron. 

Some  fish  with  harpoons,  some  with  darts  are  struck.  Dryden. 

HAR-POON',  V.  a.  \i.  HARPOONED  ; pp.  HAR- 
POONING, harpooned.]  To  strike  with  a har- 
poon. Tuppcr. 

IIAR-POON'fjR,  n.  One  who  harpoons  ; a har- 
pooneer.  Todd. 

IIARP'SEAL,  n.  (. Zotil .)  A species  of  seal  re- 
markable for  the  change  of  color  it  undergoes 
as  it  advances  to  maturity ; Greenland  seal ; 
Phoca  Grcenlandica.  Bell. 

IIARP'SI-GHORD  (-kord),  n.  [Old  Fr.  harpechorde.) 
A keyed  musical  instrument  or  harp,  strung 
with  wires,  and  played,  like  the  piano,  by  strik- 
ing the  keys.  Moore. 

HARP'SJ-CON,  n.  An  old  name  for  the  spinet 
and  the  harpsichord.  Crabb. 

HAR'PY,  n. ; pi.  HARPIES.  [Gr.  "A prrvtai,  the  har- 
pies or  spoilers;  apni^oi,  to  seize;  L.  harpyice.) 

1.  ( Greek  & Roman  Mythol.)  One  of  a sort 
of  filthy  and  rapacious  birds,  or  rather  furies  or 
monsters,  three  in  number,  with  the  wings  and 
claws  of  birds  and  the  faces  of  women.  Raleigh. 

2.  An  extortioner  ; a sharper.  Shah. 

3.  ( Ornith .)  A name  applied  to  the  duck- 

hawk,  or  Circus  aruyinosus : — a name  also  ap- 
plied to  a species  of  eagle ; the  Ilarpia  de- 
structor. Ent 7.  Cyc. 

IIAR  Ctup-nC'S,  ? n,  A sort  of  hand-gun.  — See 

IIAR'auTJ-BUgE,  > Arquebuse.  Johnson. 

HARR,  n.  A storm  at  sea;  a tempest;  eagre, 
[provincial,  Eng.]  Holloway. 

f IlAR'RAQE,  v.  a.  To  harass  ; to  pillage.  Fuller. 

HAR-RA-TEEN',  n.  A kind  of  cloth.  Shenstone. 

hAr'RI-CO,  n.  See  Haricot.  Todd. 

hAR'RI-DAN  (h5r're-dan),  n.  [Corrupted  from 
Fr.  haridelle,  a worn-out,  worthless  horse.]  A 
decayed  strumpet ; a worn-out  harlot.  Swift. 

IIAR'RI-ER,  n.  1.  [From  hare.']  A dog  or  hound 
for  hunting  hares.  Burke. 

2.  (Ornith.)  [From  harry.]  A name  given  to 
certain  species  of  hawks  ; a hawk  of  the  sub- 
family Circince.  Gray. 

Hgy  Todd  says,  “ Haricr  is  tile  true  spelling  ; but 
it  is  now  usually  written  as  well  as  pronounced  har- 
rier.”  Smart  says,  “ Harter  is  the  etymological  form, 
but  the  other  decidedly  prevails.” 

HAR'RING-TON-lTE,  n.  (Min.)  A mineral  simi- 
lar in  composition  to  mesole.  Dana. 

IlAR'ROW  (har'ro),  n.  [Ger.  harke,  a rake  ; Dan. 
harre ; Sw.  harf  — Fr.  charrue.  — See  the  verb.] 
A frame  of  timber  set  with  teeth  or  spikes  on 
one  side,  to  be  dragged  over  ploughed  lands  to 
break  the  furrows  and  prepare  the  land  for 
seed,  or  to  cover  the  seed.  Brande. 

IlAR'ROW  (har'ro),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  hergian,  to  lay 
waste,  to  vex,  to  destroy  ; hyrwian , to  harrow.] 
[i.  harrowed;  pp.  harrowing,  harrowed.] 

1.  f To  harass  with  incursions  ; to  invade. 

And,  having  harrowed  hell,  didst  bring  away 

Captivity  thence  captive,  us  to  win.  Spensei \ 

2.  f To  put  into  commotion  ; to  disturb. 

Most  like;  it  haiwows  me  with  fear  and  wonder.  Shak. 

Amazed  I stood,  harrowed  with  grief  and  fear.  Milton. 

3.  To  break  or  tear  with  the  harrow,  or  as 
with  a harrow. 

Let  the  Yolscians 

Plough  Rome  and  harrow  Italy.  Shak. 

My  aged  muscles  harrowed  up  with  whips.  Rowe. 

4.  To  coverwith  earth  by  the  harrow.  “ Friend, 

harrow,  in  time,  . . . thy  beans.”  Tiesser. 

t hAr'ROW,  interj.  [Old  Fr.  harau,  or  ham.) 
An  exclamation  of  distress.  Spenser. 


HAR'ROW-IJR,  n.  1.  One  who  harrows,  or  breaks 
earth  with  a harrow.  Blount. 

2.  A kind  of  hawk;  a harrier.  Ainsworth. 

hAU'RY,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  hergian;  Old  Fr.  haricr.] 

1.  To  lay  waste;  to  pillage;  to  strip  ; to  rob; 
to  plunder  ; to  harass.  [North,  of  Eng.]  Brockctt. 

They  slew  Duke  Berthun,  harrying  the  country  miserably 
before  him.  Speed. 

2.  To  tease  ; to  annoy  ; to  vex  ; to  fret,  [r.] 
[North  of  Eng.] 

I repent  me  much 

That  I so  harried  him.  Shak. 

fHAR'RY,  v.  n.  To  make  a harassing  incursion. 
“ Harrying  for  victuals  here.”  Beau.  § FI. 

HARSH,  a.  [Su.  Goth,  harsk  ; Dut.  § Ger.  harsch ; 
Sw.  heirski] 

1.  Rough  to  the  touch,  to  the  ear,  or  to  the 
taste.  "Harsh  sand.”  Boyle.  “ A harsh  voice.” 
Dryden.  “ Harsh  fruit.”  Sioift. 

2.  Rigorous  ; severe  ; unpleasing  ; gruff. 

With  eloquence  innate  his  tongue  was  armed; 

Though  harsh  the  precept,  yet  the  preacher  charmed.  Dryden. 

3.  Ill-tempered  ; crabbed  ; morose  ; austere. 
He  was  a wise  man  and  an  eloquent,  but  in  his  nature 

harsh  and  haughty.  Bacon. 

Syn.  — Harsh  in  its  moral  sense  is  a stronger  term 
than  rough  ; as,  harsh  manner,  feeling,  or  language  ; 
rough  manner  or  tone  of  voice  ; austere  look  ; crabbed, 
peevish,  or  viorose  temper;  severe  judgment  or  disci- 
pline; rigorous  punishment.  — See  AUSTERE. 

HARSH'LY,  ad.  In  a harsh  manner. 

HARSH'NgSS,  n.  1.  The  quality  of  being  harsh, 
or  rough  to  the  touch,  to  the  ear,  or  to  the  taste. 


Jtarshness  of  bodies  is  unpleasant  to  the  touch.  Bacon. 
’T  is  not  enough  no  harshness  gives  offence: 

The  sound  must  seem  an  echo  to  the  sense.  ]*ojic. 

The  unequal  distribution  of  the  spirits  [iu  fruits]  maketh 
the  harshness.  Bacon. 

2.  Crabbedness ; moroseness ; austerity ; stern- 
ness ; rigor  ; severity. 

Thy  tender-hefted  nature  shall  not  give 

Thee  o’er  to  harshness.  Shak. 

HARSH'— SOUND-JNG,  a.  Having  a harsh  sound. 
“ Harsh-sounding  rhymes.”  Shak. 


IIArs'HJT,  n.  [Icel.  liasla,  a bundle.  Johnson. 
— Old  Fr.  hastilles,  the  inwards  of  a beast. 
Cotgrave.  Skinner.)  The  heart,  liver,  lights, 
and  part  of  the  throat  of  a hog  ; — written  also 
haslet.  Johnson. 

HART,  n.  [A.  S.  heart;  Dut.  hart;  Ger.  hirsch  ; 
Dan.  & Sw.  hjort ; Icel.  hiortr.)  The  male  of 
the  red  deer,  the  female  being  called  hind ; the 
stag.  — See  Deer.  P.  Cyc. 

Goodliest  of  all  the  forest,  hart  and  hind.  Milton. 

IIART'ALL,  n.  Sulphuret  of  arsenic,  used  as  a 
yellow  paint ; orpiment.  Ljungstedt. 

HART'BEEST,  n.  [Dut.]  (Zoiil.)  A species  of 
antelope  inhabiting  the  plains  of  South  Africa ; 
Ant  Hope  caama.  Van  Dcr  Hoeven. 

HART'— ROOT,  n.  ( Bot .)  A perennial  plant  of  the 
genus  Athamanta.  Crabb. 

HART'— ROY-AL  (hart'roi-ad),  n.  (Bot.)  A plant ; 
a species  of  plantain.  Johnson. 

HARTS'— Cl. O-VER,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the  ge- 
nus Melilotus  ; the  melilot.  Booth. 

HARTS'HORN,  n.  1.  The  horn  of  the  hart,  for- 
merly used  in  the  manufacture  of  carbonate  of 
ammonia,  and  as  an  astringent  in  medicine. 

They  [the  horns  of  the  stag]  abound  in  ammonia,  which 
is  the  basis  of  the  spirit  of  hartshorn;  and  the  remains  (after 
the  salts  are  extracted),  being  calcined,  become  a valuable 
astringent  in  fluxes,  which  is  known  by  the  name  of  burnt 
hartshorn.  l*ennant. 

2.  A volatile  spirit,  being  an  impure  solution 

of  carbonate  of  ammonia,  obtained  by  the  dis- 
tillation of  the  horn  of  the  hart,  or  any  kind 
of  bone.  “ Brande. 

3.  A plant  or  herb  ; Plantago.  Lee. 

Salt  of  hartshorn,  a solid  carbonate  of  ammonia. — 

Spirit  of  hartshorn , water  impregnated  with  ammonia  3 
liquid  ammonia.  — Hartshorn  black , the  carbonaceous 
residue  of  stags’  horns  after  being  heated  in  close 
vessels  in  the  process  of  distilling  carbonate  of  am- 
monia ; bone-black.  — Red  hartshorn , (Med.)  lavender 
drops,  or  compound  spirit  of  lavender.  Dunglison.  — 
Hartshorn  shavings , formerly  the  shavings  of  stags’ 
horns,  now  of  calves’  bones,  used  for  making  a nu- 
tritious jelly.  Francis. 

HARTS'TONGUE  (hirts'tnng),  ?).  (Bot.)  A plant  ; 
Asplcnium  scolopendrium,  or  Scolopendrium  of- 


ficinarum  ; — a name  applied  also  to  the  Poly- 
podium pliyllitidis.  Dunglison.  Loudon. 

HARTS'— TRF.-FOIL,  n.  Harts-clovcr.  Booth. 

IIAltT'WORT  (k&rt'wurt),  n.  (Bot.)  A name  ap- 
plied to  the  umbelliferous  plant  Sescli  tortuo- 
sum  ; — also  to  certain  umbelliferous  plants  of 
the  genera  Tordylium  and  Bupleurum.  Lee. 

hAr'UM-ScAr'UM,  a.  [hare,  to  affright,  and 
scare.)  Wild;  harebrained;  precipitate;  giddy; 
flighty.  [Vulgar.]  "Todd. 

IIA-RUS'PICE,  n.  [L.  haruspex,  haruspicis.)  A 
Roman  diviner  or  soothsayer.  Smart. 

HA-RUS'P[-CY,  n.  [L.  haruspicivm .]  Divination 
by  inspection  of  victims ; -aruspicy.  — See  Ari  s- 
p’icy.  Wright. 

IIAR'VEST,  n.  [A.  S.  hccreferst,  or  harfest,  har- 
vest, or  autumn  ; Dut.  herfst ; Ger.  h 'erbst.) 

1.  The  season  when  any  crop,  especially  of 

grain,  is  reaped,  mowed,  or  gathered.  “ At 
narvest,  when  corn  is  ripe.”  Tyndale. 

2.  Corn  and  other  produce,  when  gathered  or 
ready  to  be  gathered. 

Yet  was  he  heavy  laden  with  the  spoil 

Of  harvests  rich.  Spenser. 

Sees  the  reddening  orchard  blow. 

The  harvest  wave,  the  vintage  flow.  Warton. 

3.  Product ; result ; consequence. 

Let  us  the  harvest  of  our  labor  eat.  Dryden. 

To  reap  the  harvest  of  perpetual  peace 
By  this  one  bloody  trial  of  sharp  war.  Shak. 

IlAR'Vf.ST,  V.  a.  \i.  HARVESTED  ; pp.  HARVEST- 
ING, harvested.]  To  gather  in,  as  grain  01- 
fruit.  “A  stock  of  reeds  harvested."  Pennant. 

HAR' VF.ST-F.R,  n.  1.  One  who  works  at  the  har- 
vest ; harvest-man.  Johnson. 

2.  A machine  for  cutting  grass,  &c.  Simmonds. 

HAR'VJPST— FIELD,  n.  A field  from  which  a 
harvest  is  gathered.  Thomson. 

HAR'VpST— FLY,  n.  (Ent.)  The  name  of  large 
hemipterous  insects  of  the  genus  Cicada,  the 
male  of  which  has  an  apparatus  at  the  base  of 
the  abdomen,  by  means  of  which  it  makes  a 
monotonous  musical  sound  or  chirp  ; — popu- 
larly, but  erroneously,  called  also  locust.  Harris. 

IIAR'VEST— HIND,  n.  A laborer  employed  in 
harvest.  Dryden. 

IIAR'VEST—  HOME,  n.  1.  The  song  sung  at  the 
harvest-feast. 

Come,  my  boys,  come, 

And  merrily  roar  out  harvest-home . Dryden. 

2.  The  time  of  gathering  the  harvest. 

And  his  chin,  new  reaped, 

Showed  like  a stubble  land  at  harvest-home.  Shak. 

At  harvest-home  and  on  the  shearing-day.  Dryden. 

HAR'Vf.ST-ING,  n.  The  act  of  gathering  in  the 
harvest.  Farm.  Ency. 

HAR' VEST-LORD,  n.  The  head  reaper  at  the 
harvest.  Tusser. 

HAR' VEST— LOUSE,  n.  (Ent.)  A very  small, 
troublesome  insect.  Maunder. 

HAR' VEST— MAN,  n.  A laborer  in  harvest.  Shak. 

HAR' VEST— MONTH  (-muntli),  n.  September.  Cl. 

IIAR'VEST— MOON,  11.  The  lunation  in  the  sea- 
son of  harvest,  or  about  the  time  of  the  autum- 
nal equinox,  when  the  moon  is  full,  or  rises  im- 
mediately after  sunset,  for  several  consecutive 
days,  — a phenomenon  owing  to  the  small  angle 
made  by  the  ecliptic  and  the  moon’s  orbit  with 
the  horizon  at  this  season  of  the  year.  Watts. 

IIAR'VEST— MOUSE,  11.  (Zoul.)  A very  small 
species  of  field-mouse,  very  abundant  in  Eng- 
land at  the  time  of  harvest,  building  its  nest  on 
the  stems  of  wheat,  and  sometimes  on  thistles  ; 
Mus  messorius.  Bell. 

IIAR' VEST— QUEEN,  n.  An  image  of  Ceres  car- 
ried at  harvest.  Hutchinson. 

A garland  to  adorn 

Her  tresses,  and  her  rural  labors  crown, 

As  reapers  oft  are  wont  their  harvest-queen.  Milton. 

IIAR'VEST— WOM-AN  (-wum-?n),  n.  A woman 
employed  in  the  season  of  harvest.  Johnson. 

llA§  (liaz).  The  third  person  singular  of  the  verb 
to  have.  — See  Have. 

f hA§E,  v.  a.  To  frighten;  to  haze.  Booth. 

HASH,  v.  a.  [Fr.  hacher.  — See  Hack.]  [i. 


MiEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE. — 9,  q,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  ^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


HASH 


664 


HATEFULNESS 


HASHED  ; pp.  HASHING,  HASHED.]  To  ltlince 
and  mix  ; to  chop  into  small  pieces  and  mingle. 
“ Dishes  hashed  up  in  haste.”  Garth. 

HASH,  re.  1.  Minced  meat;  a dish  of  hashed  in- 
gredients. Cotgrave. 

2.  A scarifier  or  instrument  for  cutting  the 
surface  of  grass  land.  Loudon. 

HASHED  (liasht),  p.  a.  Cut  in  pieces  and  warmed 
up  a second  time  ; as,  “ Hashed  meat.”  Ash. 

HASHISH,  n.  A powerful  narcotic,  extracted 
from  a species  of  hemp,  and  much  used  in  some 
of  the  Oriental  countries  ; hatchy.  B.  Taylor. 

Tobacco  suspends  mental  activity;  opium  and  hashish  in- 
crease it  a thousand  fold.  Opium  and  hashish  are  by  far  the 
most  interesting  of  the  narcotics:  and,  of  these  two,  hashish , 
though  the  less  Known,  indubitably  bears  the  palm.  Hat.  Rev. 

HASH'— MEAT,  n.  A dish  composed  of  minced 
meat ; meat  chopped  into  fine  pieces.  Davies. 

f HASK,  re.  [Sw.  hwass.)  A case  or  abode  made 
of  rushes  or  flags.  Spenser. 

HA'SLpT,  or  IlAS'LIJT  [lias'Iet,  P.  E.  R.  C.  ; lra'- 
slet,  i>.  K.\  ha'slet,  I V.  ; liaz'let,  Ja.  Sot.],  n. 
[Icel.  hasla,  a bundle.  — See  Harslet.]  The 
heart,  liver,  lights,  and  part  of  the  throat  of  a 
hog  ; — written  also  harslet.  Johnson. 

HASP  (T2),  re.  [A.  S.  heaps,  or  heespe ; Dut.,  Ger..  Sy 
Dan.  hiispe  ; Sw.  haspa;  Icel.  hespa  ; Nor.  Fr. 
haspe.\ 

1.  A clasp  to  fold  over  a staple,  and  to  be 

fastened  on  with  a padlock;  an  iron  hook  for 
fastening  a door  ; a clasp.  Mortimer. 

2.  A spindle  to  wind  silk,  thread,  or  yarn  on. 

Skinner. 

HASP,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  ha-psian.)  [/.  hasped  ; pp. 
hasping,  hasped.]  To  shut  with  a hasp;  to 
fasten  by  means  of  a hasp.  Garth. 

HAS'SACK,  n.  The  provincial  name  for  Kentish 
rag-stone.  . Wright. 

HAS'SOCK,  re.  [Sw.  hwass,  a rush,  and  seech,  a 
sack.  Serenius.  — Low  L.  hassocum.) 

1.  A thick  mat,  to  kneel  on  at  church. Adelison. 

2.  A tuft  of  coarse  grass  growing  on  wet  or 

marshy  ground  ; a tussock.  Forby. 

3.  A reed  ; a rush.  Brockett. 

HAST,  the  second  person  singular  of  the  verb  to 

have.  — See  Have. 

HAS'TATE,  a.  [L.  hast  at  us,  aimed  with 
a spear  ; hasta,  a spear.]  {Bot.)  Hav- 
ing the  form  of  a halbert-head ; shaped 
like  a spear  ; furnished  with  a spread- 
ing lobe  on  each  side  at  the  base ; has- 
tated.  Gray. 

HAs'TAT-IJD,  p.  a.  Furnished  with  a spear  ; 
formed  like  the  head  of  a halbert ; hastate.  Ash. 

HAS'TATE— LEAVED  (-Icvd),  a.  {Bot.)  Having 
leaves  shaped  like  a spear.  Hill. 

HAS-TA'TO— LAN'CE-O-LATE,  a.  {Bot.)  Be- 
tween halbert-shaped  and  lanceolate.  Louelon. 

HAS-TA'TO— SA<?'JT-TATE,  a.  {Bot.)  Between 
halbert-shaped  and  arrow-shaped.  Loudon. 

HASTE,  re.  [Ger.  hast ; Dut.  haast ; Dan.  Sw. 
hast ; Old  Fr.  haste  ; Fr.  hate.) 

1.  The  state  of  one  who  hastens ; voluntary 
speed  ; rapidity  ; quickness  ; celerity  ; speedi- 
ness ; despatch ; hurry. 

Our  lines  reformed,  and  not  composed  in  haste. 

Polished  like  marble,  would  like  marble  last.  Waller. 

2.  Passion  ; vehemence  ; inconsiderateness. 

I said  in  my  haste , All  men  are  liars.  Pa.  cxvi.  11. 

Syn.  — Make  haste , but  avoid  being  in  a hurry. 
Haste , as  well  as  despatch  and  speed , is  often  neces- 
sary ; but  hurry , which  is  a confused  or  rash  haste, 
should  be  avoided.  Haste  is  sometimes  used  in  a bad 
sense  ; as,  “ The  more  haste , the  worse  speed.11 

HASTE,  V.  re.  [i.  HASTED;  pp.  HASTING,  HASTED.] 
To  make  haste ; to  hasten  ; to  be  quick. 

See  Nature  hastes  her  earliest  wreaths  to  bring, 

And  all  the  incense  of  the  breathing  spring.  Pope. 

HASTE,  v.  a.  To  push  forward  ; to  hasten.  “Let 
it  be  so  hasted.”  Shak. 

HAST'EN  (ha'sn),  V.  re.  [i.  HASTENED  ; pp. 
hastening,  hastened.]  To  move  with  volun- 
tary speed  ; to  move  quickly  ; to  be  in  a hurry ; 
to  make  haste. 

The  season  of  the  year  rendered  it  necessary  for  me  to 
hasten  to  the  army.  Mclmoth's  Cicero. 


HAST'EN  (ha'sn),  V.  a.  To  push  forward;  to 
press  on  ; to  urge  on  ; to  precipitate  ; to  speed; 
to  accelerate ; to  expedite  ; to  despatch. 

And  in  his  passage  through  the  liquid  space, 

Nor  hastens  nor  retards  lus  neighbor's  race.  Prior. 

Syn.  — To  hasten,  speed,  accelerate,  expedite,  and 
despatch,  all  imply  quickness  of  movement  or  action  ; 
hut  expedite  and  despatch  are  terms  commonly  applied 
to  important  business  or  affairs.  Hasten  your  journey 
or  your  step ; speed  your  progress  ; accelerate  motion  ; 
expedite  or  despatch  tile  business. 

HAST'EN-JJR  (lia'sn-er),  re.  1.  One  who  hastens 
or  urges  on.  Hammond. 

2.  A metal  kitchen-stand  for  keeping  in  the 
heat  of  the  fire  while  cooking  meat.  Simmonds. 

IIAST'ER,  re.  That  which  hastens  ; — a tin  meat- 
screen  to  reflect  the  heat  for  baking.  Hunter. 

HAS'TILE,  a.  {Bot.)  Flastate.  Gray. 

HAS'TI-LY,  ad.  1.  In  haste  ; with  speed;  speed- 
ily ; quickly.  “ Come  hastily.”  Spenser. 

2.  Rashly ; precipitately  ; inconsiderately. 
“ We  hastily  engaged  in  war.”  Swift. 

IlAs'TI-NESS,  re.  1.  State  of  being  hasty  ; haste  ; 
speed ; quickness.  Johnson. 

2.  Undue  eagerness  ; rashness  ; precipitation. 

Epiphanius  was  made  up  of  hastiness  and  credulity,  and  is 
never  to  be  trusted  where  he  speaks  of  a miracle.  ' Jortin. 

Syn.  — See  Rashness. 

hAsT'ING-PeAr,  re.  A pear  which  ripens  in 
July.  Crabb. 

HAST'ING§,  re.  1.  Peasthatcomeearly.lt/ortfOTe>'. 

2.  Any  early  fruit.  Cotgrave. 

HAST'IV’E,  a.  [Old  Fr.  hastif.\  Early,  as  fruit ; 
forward,  [it.]  ‘ Wright. 

HAS'TY,  a.  [Old  Fr.  hastif.  Formerly  so  written 
in  English.  “ Richard  was  hastif.”  Brunne .] 

1.  Quick ; speedy  ; swift ; rapid ; fleet ; cursory. 

Brushing  with  hasty  6teps  the  dews  away.  Gray. 

2.  Rash  ; precipitate  ; reckless  ; temerarious. 
“ A man  hasty  in  his  words.”  Prov.  xxix.  20. 
Hasty  speeches  commit  men  to  foolish  courses.  Wigglesivortli. 

3.  Easily  roused  to  anger  ; passionate. 

He  that  is  hasty  of  spirit  exalteth  folly.  Prov.  xiv.  20. 

4.  Early  ripe  ; forward.  “As  the  hasty  fruit 

before  the  summer.”  Isa.  xxviii.  4. 

Syn.  — See  Angrv,  Cursory. 

IIAS’TY— FOOTED  (-fut'ed),  a.  Swift  of  foot; 
nimble ; fleet.  Shak. 

HAS'TY— PUD' DING  (has'te-p&d'jng),  re.  A pud- 
ding made  of  milk  or  water  and  flour  or  meal 
boiled  quickly  together.  Johnson. 

HAT,  re.  [A.  S.  hcet\  Dut.  hoed  ; Frs.  hod ; Ger. 
hut ; Dan.  hat-,  Sw.  hatt ; Icel.  hattr ; Nor.  Fr. 
hatte.\ 

1.  A cover  or  covering  for  the  head,  worn  by 
men  or  women,  and  made  of  various  materials 
and  forms.  “ Her  thrum  hat.”  Shak.  “ His 
hat  was  like  a helmet.”  Bacon. 

2.  The  dignity  of  a cardinal.  Wright. 

HAT'A-BLE,  a.  That  is  to  be  hated  ; that  is  de- 
serving of  hatred ; detestable.  Sherwood. 

HAT'— BAND,  re.  A string  tied  round  a hat.  Dry  den. 

HAt'-BOX,  re.  A box  or  case  for  containing  a 
hat ; hat-case.  Todd. 

HAT'-BRfjSH,  re.  A brush  for  the  hat.  Booth. 

HAT'— CASE,  re.  A case  or  box  for  a hat.  Addison. 

HATCH,  v.  a.  [Ger.  heckqn.)  \i.  hatched  ; pp. 

HATCHING,  HATCHED.] 

1.  To  bring  into  life,  as  fowls,  by  brooding  on 
eggs,  or  by  otherwise  keeping  eggs  at  a warm 
temperature ; to  breed. 

The  tepid  caves,  and  fens  and  shores 

Their  brood  as  numerous  hatch  from  the  eggs.  Milton. 

2.  To  quicken,  as  eggs,  by  incubation  or  by 
warmth.  “ Others  hatch  their  eggs.”  Addison. 

3.  To  cherish  in  the  mind  ; to  meditate  upon  ; 
to  contrive;  to  concoct;  to  devise. 

One  who  never  hatched  any  hopes  prejudicial  to  the  king. 

* . Hayward. 

4.  [Fr.  hacher,  to  cut,  to  engrave.]  To  shade 
by  lines  cut  or  drawn. 

Shall  win  this  sword  silvered  and  hatched.  Chapman. 
Those  tender  airs  and  those  hatching  strokes  of  the  pencil. 

Dry  den. 


5.  f To  imbrue ; to  steep.  “ His  weapon 
hatched  in  blood.”  Beau.  FI. 

HATCH,  v.  n.  1.  To  be  in  the  state  of  producing 
young,  as  eggs  ; to  incubate. 

He  observed  circumstances  in  eggs,  whilst  they  were  hatch- 
ing, wliich  varied.  Doyle. 

2.  To  be  in  a state  of  advance  or  progress 
towards  effect. 

The  soldiers  find  not  recompense. 

As  yet  there’s  none  a-hatching.  Beau.  If  FI. 

HATCH,  re.  1.  A brood  excluded  from  the  egg. 
“ The  hatch  of  the  cuckoo.”  Trans,  of  Bujfon. 

2.  The  act  of  exclusion  from  the  egg.  Johnson. 

3.  Disclosure  ; discovery.  Shak. 

HATCH,  n.  I.  [A.  S.  hacca .]  A half  door,  or  one 

that,  being  singly  shut,  leaves  an  opening  over  it. 

In  at  the  window  or  else  o’er  the  hatch.  Shah. 

2.  A railway  floodgate.  Simmonds. 

3.  A crib  or  box  in  the  wear  of  a river,  to 

stop  fish.  Simmonds. 

4.  [Nor.  Fr.  baches.)  {Naut.)  The  opening 
in  the  deck  to  afford  a passage  up  and  down  ; a 
hatchway  : — the  covering  of  this  opening.  Dana. 

5.  {Mining.)  Openings  made  into  mines,  or 

made  in  searching  for  mines.  Wright. 

To  be  under  hatches,  to  he  in  a state  of  ignominy, 
poverty,  or  depression.  Locke. 

||  hATCII'EL  (hach'el  or  hhk'kl)  [hach'el,  P.  Sm. 
R.  C.  Wr.  Wb.  ; hak'kl,  S.  W.  J.  F.  Ja.  il.], 
v.  a.  [Ger.  hccheln .) 

1.  To  comb  and  clean  with  a hatchel,  as  flax; 

to  hackle.  Woodward. 

2.  To  tease;  to  vex.  [Vulgar.]  Wright. 

||  hAtCH'JJL,  re.  [Dut.  hekel;  Ger.  hecheT,  Dan. 
hegle  ; Sw.  Julckla .]  An  instrument  formed  with 
iron  teeth  set  in  a board  to  comb  flax  ; — written 
also  hackle,  heckle,  and  hetchel.  Sherwood. 

||  HATCH-EL-LER,  re.  A cleaner  of  flax.  Cotgrave. 

IiAtCII'BR,  re.  One  that  hatches  ; a contriver. 
“ A great  hatcher  of  business.”  Sicift. 

HATCH'ET,  n.  [Fr.  haclie,  hachette;  Ger .hacke.) 
A small  axe.  Moxon. 

To  bury  the  hatchet,  to  make  peace  J — a phrase  de- 
rived from  the  Indian  custom  of  burying  the  toma- 
hawk when  making  peace. 

HAtCH'ET-FACE,  re.  An  ugly,  thin  face. 

An  ape  bis  own  dear  image  will  embrace; 

An  ugly  beau  adores  a hatchet-face.  Dryden. 

IIAtch'FT-Ine,  re.  A fusible,  wax-like  substance, 
found  occasionally  in  nodules  of  iron-stone  ; — 
so  named  from  Mr.  Hatchett.  Brande. 

HATCH'ET-SHArED  (-Shapt),  a.  Shaped  like  a 
hatchet.  Clarke. 

hAtCH'ING,  re.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  hatches. 

2.  A kind  of  drawing  ; an  etching.  Harris. 

HAtcII'M^NT,  re.  [Corrupted  from  achievement.) 
{Her.)  The  achievement  or  escutcheon  of  a de- 
ceased person,  placed  over  the  door  of  his  house, 
upon  the  hearse,  or  in  a church. 

No  troph}’,  sword,  nor  hatchment  o’er  his  bones.  Shak. 

HATCH'WAY,  re.  {Naut.)  A large  opening  in  a 
ship’s  deck  for  communicating  with  the  decks 
below,  the  hold,  &e. ; a hatch.  Dana. 

HATCH’ Y,  n.  An  intoxicating  drug  or  poison, 
used  by  Turks,  Arabs,  &c.,  for  the  same  pur- 
poses as  opium  ; hashish.  Walsh. 

HATE,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  hatian;  Dut.  haaten;  Ger. 
hassen ; Sw.  hat  a;  Dan.  hade.)  \i.  hated  : pp. 
hating,  hated.]  To  regard  with  hatred  or  ill- 
will  ; to  detest ; to  abhor  ; to  abominate.  “ Do 
good  to  them  which  hate  you.”  Luke  vi.  27. 

Syn.  — See  Abhor. 

HATE,  re.  [Goth,  hatiza  ; A.  S.  hate  ; Dut.  haat ; 
Sw.  hat.)  Great  dislike  ; hatred  ; detestation. 
“ Most  malignant  hate.”  Young. 

hAtE'FUL,  a.  1.  Full  of  hate  ; showing  hate. 

And,  worse  than  death,  to  view  with  hateful  eyes 

His  rival’s  conquest.  Dryden. 

2.  Odious  ; de'testable  ; abominable ; execra- 
ble ; loathsome.  “ Hateful  villain.”  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Abominable. 

HATE'FUL-LY,  ad.  In  a hateful  manner  ; odiously. 

hATE'FUL-NESS,  re.  The  quality  of  being  hate- 
ful ; odiousness.  Johnson. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  if,  short;  A,  £,  I,  O,  IT,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  fAr,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


HATELESS 

HATE'LgSS,  a.  Destitute  of  hatred.  Sidney. 

HAt'IJR,  n.  One  who  hates  ; an  abhorrer.  Shali. 

HAT'— MAK'JJR,  n.  A hatter.  Ash. 

IlA'TRED,  n.  Enmity;  detestation;  strong  an- 
tipathy ; repugnance  ; great  aversion  ; hate;  ill- 
will  ; abhorrence. 

The  affection  of  hatred  is  of  so  unpleasant  a nature,  that 
the  being  who  could  hate  every  thing  would  be  his  own  tor- 
mentor. Cogan. 

Syn.  — Sec  Animosity,  Enmity,  Odium. 

HAT'T£D,  a.  Wearing  a hat.  Tourneur. 

IIAT'TEM-IST,  n.  ( Eccl .)  One  of  a religious  sect 
which  arose  in  the  latter  part  of  the  seventeenth 
century,  in  Holland  ; — so  called  from  Pontian 
yon  Hattem.  Brande. 

IIAT'Tf.R,  n.  One  who  makes  hats.  Swift. 

+ HAT'TJSR,  v.  a.  To  harass  ; to  weary. 

He’s  battered  out  with  penance.  Dryden. 

HAT’TI-SCHER-IF  (-sher'jf),  n.  The  name  given, 
in  Turk?)',  to  a mandate  issuing  from  the  sul- 
tan, and  signed  by  his  own  hand.  Wright. 

HAT'TLE,  a.  Wild;  skittish.  [Local.]  Wright. 

HAT'TOCK,  n.  [Erse  attack.]  A shock  contain- 
ing twelve  sheaves  of  grain.  Johnson. 

HAT'— WOR-SHIP  (-wiir-shjp),  n.  Respect  shown 
by  taking  off  the  hat.  Jodrell. 

hAu'BERK,  n.  [A.  S.  hals,  the  neck,  and  hergen, 
to  protect.  Sullivan.  — Nor.  Fr.  hauberk  ; Fr. 
haubert.]  A coat  of  mail,  used  in  the  middle 
ages,  being  a jacket  or  tunic,  with  wide  sleeves 
reaching  a little  below  the  elbow,  and  with  short 
trousers  terminating  at  the  knee.  Fairholt. 

II A UGH  (lilw),  71.  1.  [A.  S.  haga,  a hedge  or  an 

enclosed  space.]  A Scotch  term  for  a meadow 
or  pasture.  Brande. 

2.  [Nor.  Fr.  haugli.\  A dale.  — See  Haw. 

f HAUGIIT  (lilwt),  a.  [L.  altus  ; It.  # Sp  .alto-, 
Fr.  hault,  haut,  high.] 

1.  High-minded  ; proudly  magnanimous. 

This  haught  resolve  becomes  your  majesty.  Marlowe. 

2.  Haughty ; insolent ; overbearing.  “ Thou 

haught,  insulting  man.”  Shah. 

HAUGH'TJ-LY  (liavv'te-le),  ad.  In  a haughty 
manner  ; proudly  ; arrogantly. 

hAUGH'TI-NESS  (hHw'te-nes),  n.  1.  f Loftiness  ; 
greatness ; extent.  Holland. 

In  haughtiness  of  courage  he  far  excelled  all  by  whom  the 
East  was  conquered.  Qoldyng. 

2.  The  quality  of  being  haughty  ; pride  min- 
gled with  contempt  of  others  ; self-importance  ; 
arrogance ; disdain. 

Provoked  by  Edward’s  haughtiness,  even  the  passive  Beliol 
began  to  mutiny.  Robertson. 

Syn.  — Haughtiness , arrogance , and  pride , all  im- 
ply self-importance,  and  are  founded  on  the  high  opin- 
ion a person  entertains  of  himself ; disdain , on  the  low 
opinion  entertained  of  others.  Haughtiness  is  the  effect 
or  the  exhibition  of  pride,  and  is  applied  especially 
to  the  manners  and  deportment ; arrogance  partakes 
both  of  haughtiness  and  disdain.  A proud  disposi- 
tion often  shows  itself  in  haughty  manners.  An  ar- 
rogant man  is  known  by  his  lofty  pretensions  ; a dis- 
dainful one  by  his  contempt  of  others.  — See  Arro- 
gance, Pride. 

HAUGH'TY  (hSLw'te),  a.  [Fr.  haut,  high.] 

1.  f High  ; lofty.  “ God  who  rules  the  haugh- 
ty heaven.”  Mir.  for.  Mag . 

2.  fBold;  adventurous;  hazardous.  “This 

haughty  enterprise.”  Spenser. 

3.  Proud  and  contemptuous  ; arrogant ; dis- 
dainful ; supercilious  ; assuming. 

A woman  of  a haughty  and  imperious  nature.  Clarendon. 

HAUL,  v.  a.  [Dut.  haalen  ; Dan.  hale  ; Sw.  hala ; 
Sp.  halar  ; Fr.  haler.]  [ i . hauled  ; pp.  haul- 
ing, HAULED.] 

1.  To  drag  with  force  or  violence  ; to  pull ; to 
draw  ; to  tug ; to  drag. 

Thither  they  bent,  and  hauled  their  ship  to  land.  Pope. 

2.  To  carry  or  convey  in  a cart  or  other  ve- 
hicle ; as,  “ To  haul  brick  or  stone.” 

To  haul  the  wind,  ( JVaut .)  to  direct  the  course  of  a 
ship  nearer  to  that  point  of  the  compass  from  which 
the  wind  bltftvs.  Mar.  Diet. 

Johnson  says,  “ Etymology  is  regarded  in 
hale.,  and  the  pronunciation  in  haul.”  Nares  says, 
“ Both  words  are  occasionally  used,  but  the  latter 
[Aaiti]  more  frequently.”  — See  Hale. 


665 

/ 

HAUL,  v.  n.  1.  ( Naut .)  To  direct  the  course  of  a 
ship.  “ We  hauled  in  to  the  shore.”  Hackluyt. 

2.  To  pull  apart,  as  oxen  when  yoked. 

They  [oxen]  are  apt  to  haul,  as  it  is  termed.  L.  Lincoln. 

HAUL,  n.  1.  Act  of  hauling  ; a pull.  Thomson. 

2.  A draught  or  quantity  taken  at  one  time, 

as  of  fishes.  Smart. 

Haul  of  yam,  {Rope-malting.')  about  400  threads. 

hAuL'A<?E,  n.  1.  The  act  of  hauling;  haul. 

2.  Charge  for  hauling.  Johnston. 

IIAUL'IJR,  n.  One  who  hauls  or  pulls. 

IIAULSE,  v.  See  IIalse.  Todd. 

IIAUL'SIJR,  n.  See  Halser,  and  Hawser.  Todd. 

HAUM,  n.  [A.  S.  healm,  or  halm  ; Dut.,  Ger., 
Dan.,  § Sw.  halm.] 

1.  The  stem  or  stalk  of  grain  after  the  seeds 

are  reaped  or  gathered.  Tusser. 

2.  A horse-collar  ; a hame.  Sherwood. 

Written  also  hame,  halm,  haulm,  haicm,  and  helm. 

f HAUNCE,  v.  a.  [Fr.  liausser.]  To  lift  up  : — to 
enhance.  Chaucer. 

HAUNCH  (hitnch),  n.  [Dut.  hancke.  — It.  # Sp. 
anca  ; Fr.  handle.] 

1.  The  thigh  ; the  hip.  “ Sauce  for  a haunch 

of  venison.”  Spectator. 

2.  +The  hind  part ; the  rear.  “ The  haunch 

of  winter.”  Shah. 

Haunch  of  an  arch,  ( Arch .)  the  part  between  tile 
springing  and  the  vertex.  Weale. 

HAUNCHED  (hancirod  or  hancht),  a.  Having 
haunches  ; — used  in  composition,  as,  big- 
haundied.  Sherwood. 

II  HAUNT  (hint)  [hint,  W.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  Sm . ; haul 
or  hawnt,  S.  ; h&wnt,  E.  K.  /?.],  v.  a.  [A.  S. 
hentan,  huntian,  to  hunt.  — Fr.  hanter.]  [i. 
HAUNTED  ; pp.  HAUNTING,  HAUNTED.] 

1.  t To  accustom  ; to  habituate.  "Haunt  thy- 
self to  pity.”  1 Tim.  iv.  7,  Wickliffe’s  Trans. 

2.  To  resort  to  habitually;  to  frequent;  — 
particularly  to  inhabit  or  frequent,  as  a spirit  or 
apparition. 

A scat  where  gods  might  dwell, 

Or  wander  with  delight,  and  love  to  haunt 

Her  sacred  shades.  Milton. 

Foul  spirits  haunt  my  resting-place.  Fairfax. 

“ This  word  was  in  quiet  possession  of  its  true 
sound  till  a late  dramatic  piece  made  its  appearance, 
which,  to  the  surprise  of  those  who  had  heard  the 
language  spoken  half  a century,  was,  by  some  speak- 
ers, called  the  Hawnted  Tower.  This  was  certainly 
the  improvement  of  some  critic,  in  the  language;  for 
a plain  common  speaker  would  undoubtedly  have 
pronounced  the  au  as  in  aunt , jaunt , &c.,  and  as  it 
had  always  been  pronounced  in  the  Drummer,  or  the 
Haunted  Housed  Walker . 

||  HAUNT  (hint),  v.  n . To  be  much  about ; to  ap- 
pear frequently  ; to  frequent  the  same  place. 

I’ve  charged  thee  not  to  haunt  about  my  doors.  Shak. 

||  HAUNT  (hant),  n.  1.  f Custom  ; practice. 

Of  cloth-making  she  had  such  an  haunt.  Chaucer. 

2.  A place  much  frequented. 

Must  I thus  leave  thee,  Paradise?  thus  leave 
Thee,  native  soil,  these  happy  walks  and  shades, 

Fit  haunt  of  gods?  Milton. 

3.  Habit  of  being  in  a certain  place. 

The  haunt  you  have  got  about  the  courts  will,  one  day  or 
another,  bring  your  family  to  beggary.  Arlwtlinot. 

||  H AUNT'ED,  p.  a.  Frequented  ; — generally  in  an 
ill  sense,  as  by  apparitions. 

II  HAUNT'JyR  (hant'er),  n.  One  who  haunts.-Drytfera. 

HAUSShUANN-lTE,  n.  (Min.)  An  ore  of  man- 
ganese ; red  oxide  of  manganese.  P.  Cyc.  Dana. 

HAUST,  n.  1.  [L.  haustus.]  f A draught;  as  much 
as  one  can  swallow.  Coles. 

2.  [A.  S.  hwosta  ; Icel.  hooste.]  A cough  ; a 
cold.  [North  of  Eng.]  , Halliwell. 

HAUS'TIJL-LATE,  n.  [L.  haurio,  haustus,  to 
draw  up,  to  swallow ; Low  L.  haustellum,  a 
sucker.]  ( Ent .)  One  of  a great  class  of  insects 
with  oral  apparatus  adapted  for  suction.  Brande. 

HAus'TJJL-LATE,  a.  (Ent.)  Having  power  to 
drink  or  swallow.  . Kirby. 

HAUT'BOY  (ho'bbT),  n.  [It.  oboe  ; — Fr.  huutbois; 
haut,  high,  and  hois,  wood;  — in  allusion  to  the 
high  tone  of  the  instrument.  Johnson .] 

1.  (Mus.)  An  instrument  like  the  clarinet,  but 
more  slender,  and  more  thin  in  tone  ; oboe.  Dm. 


HAVILDAR 

2.  (Bot.)  A species  of  strawberry ; Fragaria 
elatior.  Loudon. 

HAUTEUR  (ho-tur'  or  lio-tur')  [lio-t;Iur',  Ja.  K. ; 
ho-tilr',  Sm.  ; ho-tor',  Davis],  n.  [Fr.]  Pride  ; 
insolence  ; haughtiness.  Bp.  Ellis. 

HAUT—  GOUT  (ho-go'),  n.  [Fr.]  A strong  relish 
or  taste  : — high  seasoning.  Butler.  Evelyn. 

HAUYINE  (o'jn),  n.  (Min.)  A blue  mineral  found 
in  granular  or  spherical  masses  ; — so  named 
from  the  mineralogist  Hauy.  Brande. 

HAVE  (hav),  v.  a.  [L.  liabeo  ; It.  avere  ; Sp.  lia- 
ber  ; Nor.  Fr.  liaber,  havoir ; Fr.  avoir.  — M. 
Goth,  haban  ; A.  S.  habban  ; Dut.  liebben  ; Ger. 
haben  ; Dan.  have  ; Sw.  hafva  ; Icel.  hafa .]  [i. 

had  ; pp.  having,  had!  — Ind.  pres.  I have, 
thou  hast,  he  has  or  hath ; we,  you,  they  have.] 

1.  To  be  in  possession  of;  to  possess  ; to  hold ; 
to  occupy  ; to  enjoy. 

He  that  gathered  much  had  nothing  over.  Ex.  xvi.  18. 

2.  Not  to  be  without ; — applied  in  a general 
sense  to  whatever  may  appertain  to  a person  or 
a thing;  as,  “To  have  something  to  do  or  to 
say  ” ; “ To  have  pleasure  or  pain  ” ; “ To  have 
good  qualities  or  bad.” 

3.  To  obtain;  to  acquire;  to  find;  to  receive; 
to  get.  “ They  have  their  reward.”  Matt.  vi.  2. 

A secret  happiness,  in  Petronlus,  is  called  “curiosa  fclici- 
tas,”  which  I suppose  he  had  from  the  “feliciter  audeie  ” of 
Horace.  Dryden. 

4.  To  regard;  to  consider;  to  hold.  “Of 
them  shall  I be  had  in  honor.”  2 Sam.  vi.  22. 

5.  To  require  ; as,  “ I will  have  it  done.” 

I would  have  any  one  name  to  me  that  tongue  that  one 
can  speak  as  he  should  do  by  the  rules  of  grammar.  Locke. 

What  would  these  madmen  have ? Dryden. 

6.  To  be  obliged  ; to  he  under  necessity. 

We  have  to  strive  with  heavy  prejudices,  deeply  rooted  in 
the  hearts  of  men.  Hooker. 

7.  To  wish  ; to  desire. 

I would  have  no  man  discouraged  with  that  kind  of  life  or 
series  of  actions  in  which  the  choice  of  others  or  his  own 
necessities  may  have  engaged  him.  Addison. 

8.  To  take,  as  a wife  or  a husband.  “ I would 

not  have  had  him.”  Shak. 

9.  To  be  the  parent  of ; to  produce,  as  a child. 
“By the  first  [wife]  had  heSuane.”  B.  Brunne. 

Had  as  lief , had  as  lieve,  had  better , had  best , had  rather , 
idiomatic  expressions  in  which  had  is  equivalent  to 
would.  G.  Brown.  — Have  after , to  follow  ; to  pursue. — 
Have  at,  a colloquial  and  elliptical  expression  for  have 
a trial,  an  aim,  or  a bloio  at.  — Have  away , to  remove. 
“ Have  it  away .”  Tusser . — To  have  on,  to  wear,  as  a 
garment.  — Have  with  you,  have  me  with  you,  signi- 
fying readiness  to  attend  another.  “ lago.  Captain, 
will  you  go?  Othello.  Have,  with  you.”  Shak. 

Have  is  much  used  as  an  auxiliary  verb  to  form 
the  tenses. 

Syn.  — To  have  is  a general  term,  to  possess  is  a 
particular  one.  A person  is  master  of  what  he  pos- 
sesses, but  not  always  of  what  lie  has.  He  may  have 
a right  to  a property  which  he  does  not  possess. 

f IIAVE'LESS  (hav'les),  a.  Having  little  or  noth- 
ing. “ Though  a man  be  haveless Gower . 

HA'VEN  (ha'vn),  ?t.  [A.  S.  hafen ; Dut.  haven ; 

Ger . hafen  \ Dan.  havn;  'W.  hafyn  ; Nor.  Fr. 
havene. J 

1.  A place  in  which  ships  are  sheltered  ; a 
natural  or  secure  harbor  ; a port. 

After  an  hour  and  a half  sailing,  we  entered  into  a good 
haven.  ' Bacon. 

2.  A place  of  safety  ; an  asylum. 

All  places  that  the  eye  of  Heaven  visits 

Are  to  a wise  man  ports  and  happy  havens.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Harbor. 

f HA'VEN-IJR  (ha'vn-er),  n.  An  overseer  of  a port. 
“ Special  officers,  as  receiver,  havener."  Carew. 

HAV'ER,  n.  Possessor  ; holder,  [it.]  Shak. 

hAv'ER,  n.  Oats.  [North  of  Eng.]  Peacham. 

HAV'ER,  a.  Oaten  ; as,  haver-bveai,  i.  e.  oaten 
bread.  [North  of  Eng.]  Brackett. 

HAV'ER— CAKE,  n.  An  oat-meal  cake.  Halliwell. 

hAV'BR-SACK,  n.  [Fr.  havre-sac.] 

1.  A kind  of  coarse  bag  in  which  soldiers  carry 

provisions.  Todd. 

2.  A bag  for  oat-meal.  Brockett. 

3.  A gunner’s  ease  for  ordnance.  Simmonds. 

HAV'{L-DAR,  n.  A non-commissioned  officer 
among  the  sepoys  in  India.  Stocquelm-. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.—  Q,  <?,  5,  g,  soft;  0,  6,  £,  g,  hard;  S as  z 

84 


If  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


HAVING 


IIAZLE 


666 


HAV'ING,  n.  [See  Have.]  1.  + Possession;  es- 
tate; fortune.  “ My  having  is  not  much.”  Shak. 
2.  The  act  or  the  state  of  possessing. 

And,  havin'?  that,  do  choke  their  service  up 

Even  with  the  having.  Shak. 

HAV'ING,  n.  [Su.  Goth,  haef ; haefva,  to  become.] 
Behavior ; manners.  [Scotch.]  Jamieson.  Nares. 

t HAV'IOR  (hav'yur),  n.  Conduct ; manners  ; be- 
havior. “ Her  heavenly  havior.”  Spenser. 

HAV'OC,  n.  [A.  S.  hafoc,  a hawk.  — W.  hafog, 
devastation,  havoc.]  General  devastation  ; 
destruction  ; waste  ; ravage  ; slaughter. 

Saul  made  havoc  of  the  church.  Acts  viii.  3. 

Havoc , and  spoil,  and  ruin  are  my  gain.  Milton. 

t HAV'OC,  v.  a.  [i.  havocked  ; pp.  havocking, 
havocked.]  To  lay  waste;  to  destroy;  to  ruin. 
See  with  what  heat  these  dogs  of  hell  advance 
To  waste  and  havoc  yonder  world.  Milton. 

HAV'OC,  interj.  A word  of  encouragement  to 
general  slaughter ; — a term  formerly  used  in 
war,  calling  for  unlimited  slaughter,  implying 
that  no  quarter  should  be  given.  Notes  Queries. 
Cry,  Havoc  ! and  let  slip  the  dogs  of  war.  Shak. 

IIAW,  n.  1.  [A.  S.  hagan;  hceg , a hedge. — See 
Hawthorn.]  The  fruit  or  berry  of  the  haw- 
thorn. Tusscr.  Bacon. 

2.  (Farriery.)  An  excrescence  in  the  eye  of 
a horse.  Huloet. 

HAW,  n.  [A.  S.  haqa  ; Ger.  hag  ; Sw.  haie ; 
Nor.  Fr.  haw.\ 

1.  A small  piece  of  ground  adjoining  a house  ; 

an  enclosure.  — See  Haugii.  Todd. 

2.  [Nor.  Fr.  haugh.]  A dale.  — See  Havgh. 

3.  A hesitation  in  speech.  — See  Ha.  Todd. 

For  if  through  any  hums  or  haws , 

There  haps  an  intervening  pause.  Congreve. 

HAW,  v.  n.  [t.  hawed  ; pp.  HAWING,  hawed.] 
To  speak  slowly,  with  frequent  intermission  and 
hesitation  ; to  ha.  L' Estrange. 

lie  faltering  hummed  and  hawed.  Swift. 

HAWAIIAN  (lij-wl'yan),  a.  ( Gcog .)  Relating  to 
the  island  Hawaii  or  Owyhee.  P.  Mag. 

HAw'FINCH,  n.  ( Ornith.)  A species  of  finch  ; the 
grossbeak  ; Coccothraustes  vulgaris.  Yarrell. 

HAW— HAW',  n.  A fence  or  bank  sunk  between 
slopes ; or  a ditch  not  seen  till  one  comes  close 
upon  it ; ha-ha.  — See  Ha-ha.  Green. 

HAW-HAW',  *.  n.  To  laugh  heartily  or  boister- 
ously. [Vulgar.]  Bartlett. 

HAWK,  n.  1.  [A.  S.  hafoc-,  Dut.  havik ; Frs. 
hank  ; Ger.  habicht ; Dan  .hoy,  Sw.  hik ; Icel. 
haukr ; W.  hebog.\  (Ornith.)  A bird  of  prey 
of -several  species,  as  the  goshawk,  the  spar- 
row-hawk, Ac.;  a bird  of  the  order  Accipi- 
tres  and  family  Falconidre,  or  falcons  ; — an- 
ciently used  much  in  sport  to  catch  other  birds. 

The  beak  of  the  hawks  resembles  that  of  falcons, 
being  curved  from  the  base,  but  the  wings  are  shorter, 
and  want  the  pointed  tips  which  are  characteristic  of 
that  division  of  tile  family.  YarreU. 

2.  A small  quadrangular  tool  used  by  a plas- 
terer. Simmonds. 

HAWK,  n.  [W.  lior.h. ] An  effort  to  force  phlegm 
up  the  throat.  Johnson. 

HAWK,  V.  n.  [t.  HAWKED  ; pp.  HAWKING, 
HAWKED.] 

1.  To  fly  hawks  at  fowls  ; to  catch  birds  by 
means  of  hawks. 

A falconer  Henry  is  when  Emma  hawks.  Prior. 

2.  To  soar  as  the  hawk  does. 

Now  hawks  aloft,  now  skims  along  the  flood.  Dryden. 

IlAWK,  v.  a.  To  attack  on  the  wing  with  hawks, 
or  as  with  hawks. 

A falcon,  towering  in  his  pride  of  place. 

Was  by  a mousing  owl  hawked  at  and  killed.  Shak. 

IlAWK,  v.  n.  & a.  [W.  hochi .]  To  force  phlegm 
up  the  throat  with  a noise.  Shak. 

IlAWK,  v.  a.  [Ger.  hooker,  a huckster,  a retailer.] 
To  offer  for  sale  by  outcry  in  the  streets. 

His  works  were  hawked  in  every  street.  Swift. 

IlAWK'— BELL,  n.  (Falconry.)  A bell  on  the  foot 
of  a hawk.  Drayton. 

IiAwKTHT,  n.  (Bot.)  An  herbaceous  plant,  of 
several  varieties  ; Apargia.  Farm.  Ency. 

HAWK'IJD,  a.  Formed  like  a hawk’s  bill.  Browne. 


HAWK'UR,  n.  1.  One  who  flies  hawks  at  fowls  ; 
a falconer.  Harmar. 

2.  [Ger.  hooker .]  One  who  offers  wares  for 
sale  by  outcry  in  the  streets.  Pope. 

IlAw'KpY,  n.  A game  played  by  several  boys  on 
each  side,  with  a ball  and  sticks  called  hawkey- 
bats.  Holloway. 

HAWK'— EYED  (-Id),  a.  Having  a hawk’s  eye; 
having  a keen  eye  ; sharp-sighted.  Todd. 

hAwK'-HEAD-ED,  a.  Having  a head  like  that 
of  a hawk.  Clarke. 

IlAWK'lNG,  n.  1.  The  sport  of  flying  hawks  at 
fowls.  “Like  birding  or  hawking Sir  IV.  Temple. 

2.  An  effort  to  force  up  phlegm.  Smart. 

3.  The  act  of  crying  goods  or  wares  for  sale 

in  the  streets.  Wright. 

H AWK'ING— POLE,  n.  A staff  used  in  falconry. 
“ Canes  . . . serve  for  hawking-poles.”  Holland. 

HAWK'— MOTH,  n.  (Ent.)  A large-sized  moth 
death’s-head-moth.  Eng.  Cyc. 

HAWK'-NO§ED  (-nozd),  a.  Having  an  aquiline 
nose.  Ferrand. 

HAwK'-NUT,  n.  (Bot.)  The  plant  Bunium 
Jlexnosum  and  its  edible  globular  nut  ; ground- 
nut.— See  Ground-nut.  Eng.  Cyc. 

hAwk'-owl, 

Strix  ulula 
modern  authors. 


n.  (Ornith.)  The  Canada  owl; 
of  Linnaeus ; Surma  funerea  of 
Yarrell. 

HAWK’S'— BEARD,  n.  A plant;  hawkweed.  Booth. 

hAWKS'BILL,  n.  A species  of  turtle.  Goldsmith. 

IlAWK'WEED,  n.  (Bot.)  A perennial  plant,  of 
many  varieties ; Hieracium  ; — so  called  be- 
cause it  was  formerly  believed  that  birds  of 
prey  made  use  of  the  juice  of  this  kind  of 
plant  to  strengthen  their  vision  : — applied  also 
to  fire  weed,  or  Senecio  hieracifolius.  Loudon. 

HAWSE,  n.  ; pi.  iiaw'sej?.  (Naut.)  1.  The  situ- 
ation of  the  cables  before  a vessel’s  stem,  when 
moored.  Dana. 

2.  The  distance  upon  the  water  a little  in  ad- 
vance of  the  stem.  “ A vessel-  sails  athwart  the 
hawse,  or  anchors  in  the/itwseof  another. ’’Dana. 

Open  hawse,  (Naut.)  a phrase  denoting  that  the  ca- 
bles are  not  crossed  when  a vessel  rides  by  two  an- 
chors. Dana. 

HAWSE'— BLOCK,  n.  (Naut.)  A block  of  wood 
fitted  into  a hawse-hole  at  sea.  Dana. 

HAWSE'— HOLE,  n.  (Naut.)  The  hole  in  the  bows 
through  which  the  cable  runs.  Dana. 

HAWSE'— PIE-CES,  n.  pi.  (Naut.)  Timbers 
through  which  the  hawse-holes  are  cut.  Dana. 

II Aw'SpR,  n.  (Naut.)  A large  rope  or  small  ca- 
ble ; — written  also  halser.  Mar.  Diet. 

HAw'THORN,  n.  [A.  S.  h erg-thorn ; hceg,  a hedge, 
and  thorn , a thorn.]  (Bot.)  A beautiful  shrub 
that  bears  the  haw,  and  is  often  used  for 
hedges  ; the  whitethorn  ; Cratecgus.  Loudon. 

HAW'THORN— FLY,  n.  A species  of  fly.  Walton. 

HAY  (ha),  n.  [M.  Goth,  hawi  ; A.  S . heg  ; Dut. 
hovi  ; Frs. /ten  ; Ger.  heu;  Sw  .hi);  Icel.  hey.) 
Grass  cut  and  dried  for  fodder.  “Make  hay 
while  the  sun  shines.”  Camden. 

To  dance  the  hay,  to  dance  in  a ring.  Shak. 

HAY  (ha),  n.  [A.  S.  herg  ; Dut.  haag.  — Fr.  haie.'] 

1.  f A hedge  or  haw.  Chaucer. 

2.  A net  which  encloses  the  haunt  of  ail  ani- 
mal. “ Conies  are  destroyed  by  hays.”  Mortimer. 

f II Ay,  v.  n.  To  lay  snares  for  rabbits.  Huloet. 

IIAY,  v.  n.  [Ger.  heuen.\  To  dry  and  cure  grass  ; 
to  make  hay.  Wright. 

HAY'— BIRD,  n.  (Ornith.)  An  English  bird  of 
the  family  Muscicapidce  or  fly-catchers ; beam- 

bird  ; spotted  fly-catcher.  ’ Booth. 

HAY'— BOTE,  n.  [A.  S.  heg,  hay,  and  bot,  com- 
pensation.] 

1.  (Law.)  A fine  for  breaking  fences. 

Simmonds. 

2.  An  old  allowance  of  wood  to  a tenant  for 

repairing  hedges  or  fences.  Simmonds. 

IIAY'— COCK  (lia'kok),  n.  A heap  of  fresh  hay. 

“ The  tanned  hay-cock  in  the  field.”  Milton. 

IIAY'— CUT-TflR,  n.  A machine  for  cutting  hay. 

HAYE^'JNE,  n.  (Min.)  Borate  of  lime,  occur- 


ring in  masses  of  interwoven  silky  fibres  ; — so 
called  in  honor  of  A.  A.  Hayes.  Dana. 

HAY'— FIELD,  n.  A field  where  hay  is  gathered. 

HAY'— FORK,  n.  A fork  for  turning  over  hav,  or 
for  lifting  it  into,  or  from,  the  cart.  Simmonds. 

HAV'ING,  n.  The  employment  of  making  hay; 
haymaking.  Beau.  $ FI. 

hAy'— KNIFE,  n.  An  instrument  for  cutting  hay 
out  ol  the  stack  or  mow.  Farm.  Lucy. 

HAY'— LOFT,  n.  A loft  to  put  hay  in.  Gay. 
HAY'MAK-ER,  n.  One  employed  in  making  hay. 
HAy'MAK-ING,  n.  The  operation  of  cutting 
down,  drying,  and  preparing  forage  grasses  ana 
other  forage  plants  for  winter  use.  Brande. 

HAy'-MAR-KET,  n.  A place  appropriated  to  the 
sale  of  hay.  Todd. 

HAY'— MOVVjn.  A mow  or  large  mass  of  hay.  Todd. 
HAY'— RICK,  n.  A rick  or  large  pile  of  hay.  Todd. 
HAY'— STACK,  n.  A stack  of  hay.  Todd. 

HAY'-STALK  (lia'stkvvk),  n.  A stalk  of  hay.  Todd. 
HAY'THORN,  n.  Hawthorn.  Scott. 

f HAY'WARD  (lia'ward),  n.  [hay,  in  the  sense  of 
hedge,  and  ward.]  An  officer  who  had  the  care 
ot  the  cattle  of  a town,  village,  or  manor,  and 
who  was  especially  bound  to  prevent  them  from 
cropping  and  from  breaking  the  hedges  of  en- 
closed grounds.  [Eng.]  Brande. 

HAZ'ARD,  n.  [It.  azzardo  ; Sp.  azar  ; Fr.  hasard.] 

1.  t A game  at  dice.  Chaucer. 

2.  Chance  ; accident ; fortuitous  event. 

I have  set  my  life  upon  a cast, 

And  I will  stand  the  hazard  of  the  die.  Shak. 

3.  Danger;  risk;  peril;  jeopardy.  “The 

hazard  I have  run  to  see  you.”  Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Chance. 

HAZ'ARD,  v.  a.  [It.  azzardare ; Fr.  hasarder.] 
[*.  HAZARDED  ; pp.  HAZARDING,  HAZARDED.] 

1.  To  put  in  danger  ; to  expose  to  chance. 
Passionate  men  ignorantly  coll  it  courage  to  hazard  their 

lives  in  their  own  private  quarrels.  Clarke. 

2.  To  run  the  risk  of ; to  venture  ; to  risk. 

Nor  is  the  benefit  proposed  to  be  obtained  equal  to  the  evil 

hazarded.  Clarke. 

HAZ'ARD,  v.  n.  To  stand  the  hazard  ; to  try  the 
chance ; to  adventure ; to  risk. 

1 pray  you,  tarry;  pause  a day  or  two 

Before  you  hazard.  Shak. 

HAZ'ARD- A-BLE,  a.  Liable  to  hazard  or  chance. 
“ A hazardable  piece  of  art.”  Browne. 

IIAZ' ARD-ER,  n.  One  who  hazards.  Chaucer. 

hAz'ARD-OUS,  a.  Exposed  to  hazard;  danger- 
ous ; perilous.  “ Hazardous  attempt.”  Dryden. 

IIAZ'ARD-OCS-LY,  ad.  With  danger  or  chance. 

+ IIAZ'ARD-RY,  n.  1.  Gaming.  Spenser. 

2.  Adventurousness  ; rashness.  “ Hasty 
wrath  and  heedless  hazardry.”  Spenser. 

HAZE,  n.  [Etymology  unknown.]  Fog;  mist; 

watery  vapor.  ‘ Burke. 

HAZE,  v.  n.  To  be  foggy  or  misty.  [Local.]  Ray. 

HAZE,  v.  a.  1.  To  amaze  ; to  frighten  ; to  scare. 
— See  Hash.  Ainsworth. 

2.  (Naut.)  To  punish  by  hard  work.  Dana. 

HA'ZEL  (ha'zl),  n.  [A.  S.  hccsl ; Dut.  hazelaar  ; 
Ger.  hasel ; Dan.  <y  Sw.  hassel ; Icel.  hasl.] 
(Bot.)  The  common  name  of  plants  of  the  genus 
Corylus.  Loudon. 

HA'ZEL  (ha'zl),  a.  1.  Of  the  color  of  hazel ; 
light  brown.  “ Hazel  eyes.”  Shak. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  hazel.  Mason. 

HA'ZEL— EARTH  (ha'zl-crth),  n.  A kind  of  red 
loam.  Wright. 

HA'ZEL- LY  (ha'zl-e),  a.  Inclined  to  a light  brown. 

‘ Hazelly  loam.”  Mortimer. 

IlA'ZEL-NUT,  n.  [A.  S.  hasl-nutu.]  The  fruit 
of  the  hazel.  Loudon. 

HSf  The  common  hazel-nut  is  the  fruit  of  the  spe- 
cies Corylus  avellana. 

HA'ZI-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  hazy.  Fielding. 
f IIA'ZLE,  p.  a.  To  make  dry  ; to  dry. 

That  happy  wind  did  hazle  and  dry  up  the  forlorn  dregs 
and  slime  of  Noah’s  deluge.  Itogers. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


HAZY 


6G7 


HEAD-PENCE 


IIA'ZY,  a.  Dark  ; foggy  ; misty.  “ Hazy  weather.” 

IIE  (lie  or  lie),  pron.  [A.  S.  he ; Dut.  hy ; Frs. 
Ai.j  [pos.  his;  ohj.  him.  — pi.  they;  pos. 
THEIRS  ; ohj.  THEM.] 

1.  The  man,  male  being,  or  object  personified 
and  considered  as  male,  that  was  named  before. 

Did  this  in  Cffisar  seem  ambitious? 

Yet  Brutus  says  he  was  ambitious, 

And  sure  he  is  an  honorable  man.  Shak. 

2.  Any  man  or  person. 

He  that  walketh  uprightly  walketh  surely.  Prov.  x.  9. 

ftSr*  He  is  sometimes  used  adjectively  for  male ; as, 
“ A he- goat.”  Formerly  he , in  all  its  cases,  was  fre- 
quently used  for  it. 

For  every  labor  sometimes  must  have  rest, 

Or  else  long  may  he  not  endure.  Chaucer. 

“ The  Anglo-Saxon  personal  pronoun  was  in  the 
nominative  singular,  he  for  the  masculine,  hed  for  the 
feminine,  and  hit  for  the  neuter.  He  we  still  retain  ; 
for  hed  we  have  substituted  she,  apparently  a modifi- 
cation of  sco , the  feminine  demonstrative  (sc,  seo , 
thaet)  j hit  we  have  converted  into  it.  though  the  as- 
pirate is  still  often  heard  in  the  Scottish  dialect.  The 
genitive  was  hire  for  the  feminine  (whence  our  mod- 
ern her ) and  his  both  for  masculine  and  neuter.”  O. 
L.  Craik. 

HEAD  (lied),  n.  [Goth,  hauhith  ; A.  S.  hegfod,  or 
heafd ; Frs.  hared,  or  haud ; Dut.  hoofd ; Ger. 
haupt ; Dan.  hoved ; Sw.  hufoud  ; Icel.  hofud. 
— Wachter  derives  the  Ger.  haupt  from  lichen, 
to  raise  ; Hire,  the  Sw.  hufoud  from  hnf,  high, 
haefiva,  to  raise  on  high.  — Tooke  considers  head 
as  the  past  participle  of  heave,  or  the  A.  S.  hea- 
fod  as  the  past  participle  of  heafan,  to  heave.] 

1.  That  part  of  an  animal  which  is  the  seat 
of  sensation,  and  in  man  of  thought ; — in  man, 
the  highest  part  of  his  frame  ; in  other  crea- 
tures, the  highest  or  the  foremost  part. 

2.  The  top  of  any  thing,  particularly  when 
larger  than  the  rest.  “Trees  which  have  large 
and  spreading  heads.”  Woodward.  “The  head 
of  a nail  or  of  a pin.”  Watts. 

3.  The  fore  part  of  any  thing,  as  of  a ship. 

His  galleys  moor; 

Their  heads  are  turned  to  sea,  their  sterns  to  shore.  Dryden. 

4.  The  part,  as  of  a bed,  where  the  head  rests. 

Israel  bowed  upon  the  bed’s  head.  Gen.  xlvii.  31. 

5.  The  principal  or  chief  part ; as,  “ The  head 
of  an  axe  or  of  a hammer”  — as  distinguished 
from  the  handle. 

A man  fetcheth  a stroke  with  the  axe  to  cut  down  the  tree, 
and  the  head  slippeth  from  the  helve.  Dcut.  xix.  5. 

6.  The  part  considered  as  the  source,  origin, 
or  point  whence  enlargement  proceeds  ; as, 
“ The  head  of  a stream”  ; “ The  head  of  a bay.” 

7.  Subject  to  be  enlarged  upon  ; principal 
topic  ; as,  “ The  heads  of  a discourse.” 

8.  A person  to  whom  others  are  subordinate; 
one  who  directs  ; a chief ; a leader  ; a principal. 

Your  head  I him  appoint.  Milton. 

9.  Place  of  command  or  of  honor. 

An  army,  with  the  Duke  of  Marlborough  at  the  head  of 
them.  Addison. 

Notwithstanding  all  the  justices  had  taken  their  places 
upon  the  bench,  they  made  room  for  the  old  knight  at  the 
head  of  them.  Addison. 

10.  A person  with  respect  to  individuality, 
countenance,  presence,  &c. 

If  there  be  six  millions  of  people,  then  there  are  about  four 
acres  for  every  head..  Graunt. 

■With  Cain  go  wander  through  the  shade  of  night, 

And  never  show  thy  head  by  day  or  light.  Shak. 

11.  An  animal,  considered  singly  or  collec- 

tively. “ A certain  rate  per  head  upon  cattle.” 
Arbuthnot.  “ Thirty  thousand  head  of  swine.” 
Addison. 

12.  The  brain,  as  the  seat  of  the  mind ; the 
understanding;  mind;  thought. 

Work  with  all  the  ease  and  speed  you  can  without  break- 
ing your  head.  Dryden. 

We  laid  our  heads  together  to  consider  what  grievances  the 
nation  had  su  ftp  red  under  King  George.  Addison. 

Flays  round  the  head , but  comes  not  near  the  heart.  Pope. 

A man  takes  it  into  his  head  to  do  mischief.  Horne. 

13.  An  assembled  body;  — applied  particu- 
larly to  an  armed  force. 

A mighty  and  a fearful  head  they  are.  Shak. 

14.  Height  of  water  in  a stream  or  basin,  — 
applicable  to  the  driving  of  a wheel. 

A mill  driven  by  a fall  of  water,  whose  virtual  head  is  ten 
feet.  r Grier. 

15.  That  which  rises  on  the  top,  as  foam. 

“ Beating  down  the  head  or  yeast  into  it  [the 
liquor].”  Mortimer. 

16.  Turning  point ; crisis  ; pitch.  “The  indis- 
position ...  is  grown  to  such  a head.”  Addison. 


17.  The  end,  as  of  a barrel  or  cask. 

18.  (Hunting .)  The  state  of  a deer’s  horn  by 

which  his  age  is  known.  “ A buck  of  the  first 
head.”  Shak. 

19.  (Paint.  & Sculp.)  The  representation  of 

the  head  of  a person.  Fairliolt. 

20.  (Costume.)  Dress  for  the  head. 

"When  they  [ladies]  have  teased  their  husbands  to  buy 
them  a laced  head,  or  a fine  petticoat.  Swijt. 

21.  (Naut.)  The  carved  ornamental  work  at 
the  prow  of  a vessel. 

If  it  is  a carved  figure,  it  is  called  a figure- 
head ; if  simple  carved  work,  bending  over  and  out,  a 
billet-head\  and  if  bending  inv  like  the  head  of  a 
violin,  -A fiddle-head.  Dana. 

jS  head  of  hair,  hair  that  covers  the  head  ; growth 
of  liair.  — By  the  head,  (Naut.)  noting  the  state  of  a 
vessel  when  her  head  is  lower  in  the  water  than  Her 
stern.  Dana.  — Head  and  ears,  witli  the  entire  per- 
son; completely;  wholly.  — Head  and  shoulders,  hy 
force;  violently.  “They  bring  in  every  figure  of 
speech  head  and  shoulders.”  Felton.  — By  the  height 
of  tile  head  and  shoulders  ; hy  far  ; as,  “ He  is  head 
and  shoulders  above  other  men.”  — Heads  of  houses, 
the  masters  of  the  several  colleges  in  the  English  uni- 
versities.— Head  or  tail,  the  part  of  a coin  bearing  a 
head  or  other  principal  figure,  or  the  reverse; — a 
phrase  used  in  throwing  up  a coin  to  determine  a 
stake  or  a ciioice.  — Of,  on,  or  to  one’s  own  hehd,  ac- 
cording to  one’s  own  will.  — To  come , get,  or  grow  to 
a head,  to  suppurate,  as  a boil : — to  come  to  a crisis. 

— To  get  head,  to  gain  power  or  strength.  Milton. — 
To  give  the  head,  (Man.)  to  give  license.  Shak.  South. 

— To  make  head  against,  to  resist. — To  turn  head,  to 
turn  tile  face  or  front.  Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Chief. 

HEAD  (lied),  a.  Chief;  principal;  first;  highest. 
“ The  head  workman.”  Dr.  Johnson. 

HEAD  (lied),  V.  a.  [i‘.  HEADED;  pp.  HEADING, 
HEADED.] 

1.  To  lead;  to  direct;  to  govern;  to  rule. 

“From  him  that  heads  an  army.”  South. 

2.  To  kill  hy  taking  away  the  head;  to  be- 
head ; to  decapitate.  Shak. 

3.  To  fit  with  a head  ; to  put  a head  on  ; as, 

“ To  head  an  arrow.”  Spenser. 

4.  To  go  in  front  of,  in  order  to  stop  or  op- 
pose. Wright. 

5.  (Naut.)  To  blow  against,  as  the  wind 

when  opposed  to  the  course  of  a ship.  “ The 
wind  heads  us.”  Wright. 

To  head  down  trees,  to  lop  or  cut  olF  their  heads  or 
tops. 

HEAD,  v.  n.  1.  To  form  a head,  as  a plant ; to 
originate.  Smart. 

2.  To  be  pointed  in  a certain  direction,  as  a 
ship ; to  have  the  head  turned  to  a certain 
course.  Smart. 

HEAD'ACHE  (lied'ak),  n.  Aching  or  pain  in  the 
head ; cephalalgy.  Sidney. 

IIEAD'AjCH-Y,  a.  Causing  headache.  Qu.  Rev. 

HEAD'— AT-TIRE',  n.  Dress  or  ornament  for  the 
head;  head-dress.  Congreve. 

HEAD'— BAND  (hed'band),  n.  1.  A fillet  for  the 
head  ; a top-knot.  Johnson. 

2.  The  band  at  each  end  of  a book.  Johnson. 

HEAD'— BOARD,  n.  A board  at  the  head,  as  of  a 
bed,  &c.  Loudon. 

HEAD'BOR-OUGH  (hed'bui-o),  n.  Formerly  the 
chief  officer  of  a borough;  now  an  officer  sub- 
ordinate to  a constable.  [England.]  Camden. 

HEAD'— CHEESE,  n.  Parts  of  the  head  or  feet  of 
swine  cooked,  chopped,  and  pressed  into  the 
form  of  cheese.  Bartlett. 

HEAD'— DRESS,  n.  1.  A dress  or  covering  for  a 
woman’s  head.  Simrnonds. 

There  is  not  so  variable  a thing  in  nature  as  a lady’s  head- 
dress. Within  my  own  memory,  I have  known  it  to  rise  and 
fall  within  thirty  degrees.  Addison. 

2.  An  ornament  on  the  head,  as  a tuft. 

Among  birrls  the  males  very  often  appear  in  a most  beau- 
tiful head-dress.  Addison. 

HEAD'ED  (lied'ed),  a.  Having  a head;- — much 
used  in  composition  ; as,  clear-headed.  Dryden. 

HEAD'pR  (lied'er),  n.  1.  One  who  heads  a party. 

2.  One  who  heads  nails  or  pins.  Simrnonds. 

3.  A cooper  who  closes  casks.  Simrnonds. 

4.  (Arch.)  A brick  or  stone  with  its  head  or 

short  face  in  front.  Moxon. 

HEAD'fAst,  n.  (Naut.)  A rope  at  the  head  of  a 


ship,  for  the  purpose  of  making  it  fast  to  a fixed 
object  on  shore.  Totten. 

HEAD'— FIRST,  ad.  With  the  head  foremost. 

HEAD'— FORE-MOST,  ad.  Rashly;  precipitately. 

f HEAD'FUL,  a.  Reflecting;  heedful.  Fairfax. 

HEAD'FUL,  7i.  As  much  as  the  head  can  hold. 
“ A headful  of  wit.”  Ford. 

HEAD'— GAR-GEE  (lied'gar-gl),  71.  A disease  in 
cattle.  Mortimer. 

HEAD'— GEAR  (hed'ger),  7i.  Dress  of  a woman’s 
head ; head-dress.  Burton. 

HEAD'I-LY,  ad.  Rashly  ; impetuously.  Tillotson. 

HEAD'I-NESS,  71.  1.  Hurry;  rashness.  Locke. 

2.  Stubbornness;  obstinacy.  Johnson. 

HEAD'ING,  71.  1.  Materials  for  the  head  of  any 

work  or  of  any  vessel,  as  a cask.  Smart. 

2.  Foam  on  liquor  ; head. 

3.  Enumeration  of  subjects  or  contents.  Ch.  Ob. 

HEAD'ING— COURSE  (-k5rs),  «.  (Arch.)  A course 
which  consists  entirely  of  headers.  Brande. 

HEAD'ING— JOINT,  7i.  (Carp.)  The  joint  of  two 
or  more  boards  made  at  right  angles  to  the 
fibres.  Wright. 

HEAD'— KNOT  (hed'nSt),  71.  A bandage  for  the 
head.  Prior. 

HEAD'— LACE,  n.  Hair-lace.  Booth. 

HEAD'LAND  (hed'ljnd),  71.  1.  (Gcog.)  A term 

nearly  synonymous  with  cape,  mull,  or  promon- 
tory. Brande. 

2.  A ridge  or  border  of  unploughed  land  at 
the  ends  of  furrows,  or  along  a fence  or  hedge. 

Now  down  with  the  grass  upon  headlands  about.  Tusser. 

H EAI)'— LEDG-F.S,  n.  pi.  (Ship-building.)  The 
thwartship  pieces  which  frame  the  hatchways 
or  ladder-ways  of  ships.  Weale. 

HEAD'LIJSS  (hed'les),  a.  1.  Having  no  head; 
without  a head.  “ Headless  necks.”  Shak. 

2.  Without  a chief,  or  ruler.  “They  made 

the  empire  stand  headless.”  Raleigh. 

3.  Wanting  in  prudence  or  judgment ; incon- 

siderate ; ignorant;  heedless.  “Headless  hard- 
iness.” E.  K.  on  Spenser. 

4.  Without  foundation  ; groundless.  “ Head- 
less old  wives’  tales.”  Fotherby. 

HEAD'— LINE,  n.  The  line  at  the  top  of  a page 
of  a book.  Bra7ide. 

HEAD'— LlNE§,  ». pi.  (Naut.)  The  lines  or  ropes 
which  are  next  to  the  yards.  Ash. 

HEAD'LONG  (hed'long),  a.  1.  Steep;  abrupt  ; pre- 
cipitous. “ Headlong  wave.”  Milton. 

2.  Sudden  ; precipitate.  “ It  came  to  a head- 
long overthrow.”  Sidney. 

3.  Rash  ; thoughtless.  Johnson. 

HEAD'LONG  (hed'long),  ad.  1.  With  the  head 

foremost;  pronely.  Dryden. 

2.  Rashly  ; without  thought ; precipitately  ; 
hastily.  “Fusil  him  headlong.”  South. 

HEAD' LUGGED  (hed'lugd),  a.  Dragged  by  the 
head  ; dragged  with  violence.  Shak. 

HEAD'— MAIN,  n.  A principal  ditch  drawn  from 
a river,  &c.,  in  order  to  convey  water  for  the 
purpose  of  irrigating  land.  Loudo/i. 

IIEAD'MAN,  n.  ; pi.  iiead'mEn.  [A.  S.  heafod- 
7nan.]  A chief ; a leader ; a principal  man. 
“ The  headman  of  a jury.”  Huloet. 

HEAD'— MAS-TER,  7i.  The  principal  master  of  a 
school.  Bostvell. 

HEAD'— MON-pY  (hed'mfin-e),  n.  A capitation 
tax  ; a poll-tax.  Milton. 

IIEAD'MOST,  a.  (Naut.)  Most  advanced ; first.HxA. 

HEAD 'MOULD— SHOT  (hed'mold-shot),  n.  (Med.) 
An  affection  of  the  skulls  of  infants,  consisting 
in  the  overlapping  of  the  edges  of  the  sutures. 

Quincy. 

HEAD'— PAGE,  n.  (Printing.)  The  beginning  of 
a subject.  ' Adams. 

f IIEAD'PAN  (hed'pan),  71.  [A.  S.  heafod-pannA 

The  brain-pan  ; the  skull.  Todd. 

f HEAD'— PENCE,  77.  pi.  [A.  S.  heafde-pennincl\ 
A kind  of  poll-tax.  Todd. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  <?,  9,  g,  soft ; C,  G,  c,  |,  hard;  § as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  tliis. 


HEAD-PIECE 


668 


HEARING 


HEAD'— PIECE  (hcd'pes),  ii.  1.  Armor  for  the 
head ; a helmet ; a morion.  Sidney. 

2.  Understanding;  force  of  mind.  Shak. 

Eumenes  had  the  best  head-piece  of  all  Alexander's  cap- 
tains. Pritlcaux. 

HEAD'— POST,  n.  The  post  in  the  stall  of  a stable 
which  is  nearest  the  manger.  Ojilvie. 

HEAD'-auAR'TJ3R§  (hed'kvvor'terz),  n.  pi. 

1.  The  place  of  residence  of  the  commander- 

in-chief  of  an  army,  or  from  which  orders  are 
issued.  Collier. 

2.  A place  of  general  rendezvous  of  soldiers. 

HEAD'— RAILS,  n.  pi.  ( Ship-building .)  The  ellip- 
tic rails  at  the  head  of  a ship.  Mar.  Diet. 

HEAD'— RAN£-ER,  n.  The  chief  ranger,  or  su- 
perintendent of  a forest.  Baur. 

HEAD'— ROPE,  n.  ( Naut .)  That  part  of  the  bolt- 
rope  which  terminates  the  sail  on  the  upper 
edge,  to  which  it  is  fastened.  Ash. 

HEAD'— SAIL,  n.  {Naut.)  A sail  that  is  set  for- 
ward of  the  foremast.  Dana. 

HEAD'— SEA,  n.  The  waves  that  meet  the  head 
of  a vessel.  Smart. 

HEAD'— SER-V  ANT,  it.  The  principal  servant. 

HEAD'— SHAKE,  n.  A significant  shake  or  mo- 
tion of  the  head.  Shak. 

HEAD'SHlP,  n.  The  office  of  a head  or  principal; 
dignity  ; authority.  Blackstone.  Burke. 

HEADSMAN  (liedz'man),  11. ; pi.  hEad$'men.  One 
who  cuts  off  heads  ; an  executioner.  Dryden. 

HEAD'— SPRING,  n.  A fountain;  origin.  Stapleton. 

HEAD'STALL,  ii.  The  part  of  a bridle  which  is 
fastened  upon  the  head  of  a horse.  Shak. 

HEAD'— STOCK,  n.  ( Mcch .)  The  framing  used  for 
supporting  the  gudgeons  of  a wheel.  Braude. 

IIEAD'-STONE  (hed'ston).  11.  1.  The  first  or 

capital  stone  ; the  corner-stone.  Ps.  cxviii. 

2.  A stone  at  the  head  of  a grave  ; gravestone. 

HEAD'STRONG,  a.  1.  Not  easily  restrained ; 
violent ; ungovernable  ; obstinate  ; stubborn  ; 
heady;  self-willed.  “Headstrong  multitudes.” 
Milton.  “ The  headstrong  boy.”  Dryden. 

2.  Marked  by  self-will  or  obstinacy.  “A  head- 
strong course.”  Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Obstinacy. 

IIEAD'STRONG-NpSS,  n.  Obstinacy.  Gayton. 

HEAD'— TIRE  (hed'tlr),  n.  Attire  for  the  head  ; 
head-gear  ; head-dress.  A.  Willet. 

HEAD'— WAY,  n.  1.  (_V aut.)  The  motion  of  ad- 
vancing ; progression.  Mar.  Diet. 

2.  (Arch.)  Clear  height  under  an  arch,  or 
over  a stair-way,  &c.  Wright. 

HEAD'— WIND,  n.  A contrary  wind.  Smart. 

HEAD'— WORK  (hed'wiirk),  n.  1.  Labor  of  the 
mind  or  intellect.  Lee. 

2.  {Arch.)  Ornaments  on  the  key-stone  of 
an  arch.  G wilt. 

HEAD'-WORK-MAN  (hed'wiirk-mein),  n.  The  fore- 
man or  chief  workman.  Swift. 

HEAD' Y (hed'de),  a.  1.  Apt  to  affect  the  head. 
“ A sort  of  wine  which  was  very  heady."  Boyle. 

2.  Self-willed  ; obstinate  ; ungovernable  ; im- 
petuous ; rash ; headstrong. 

Men  naturally  warm  and  heady  are  transported  with  the 
greatest  flush  of  good-nature.  Addison. 

3.  Rushing  violently.  “ The  heady  streams.” 
Sandys.  “ Such  a heady  current.”  Shak. 

HEAL  (hel),  v.  a.  [Goth,  hailian ; A.  S.  heelan-, 
heel,  or  heelu,  health ; Dut.  heelen ; Ger.  heilen  ; 
Sw.  hela  ; Dan.  hel.)  [ i . healed  ; pp.  healing, 

HEALED.] 

1.  To  restore  from  a disease,  injury,  or  wound ; 
to  cause  to  be  well ; to  cure. 

Great  multitudes  followed  him,  and  he  healed  them  all. 

Matt.  xii.  15. 

2.  To  cause  to  cicatrize.  “Balm  to  heal 

their  wounds.”  Shak. 

3.  To  restore  from  any  state  of  unsoundness 
or  impurity  ; to  purify. 

Saith  the  Lord,  I have  healed  these  waters.  2 Kings  ii.  21. 

4.  To  reconcile  ; as,  “ To  heal  dissensions.” 


HEAL,  v.  n.  1.  To  grow  well,  sound,  or  healthy. 

"What  wound  did  ever  heal  but  by  degrees?  Shak. 

2.  To  lie  on  one  side  ; to  lean,  as  a ship  : — 
to  hold  downwards.  Halliwell. 

•fHEAL,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  helan.)  To  cover,  as  a roof 
with  tiles,  slates,  &c.  — See  Hele.  Tocld. 

HEAL'A-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  healed;  that 
may  be  cured.  Sherwood. 

IIEALD§,  n.  pi.  The  harness  for  guiding  the 
warp  threads  in  a loom  ; heddle.  Braude. 

HEAL'IJR  (Iiel'er),  ii.  One  who  cures  or  heals. 

fHEAL'FUL,  a.  That  heals  or  cures.  “Water 
of  healful  wisdom.”  Ecclus.  xv.  3. 

IIEAL'ING  (hel'jng),  ii.  1.  The  act  or  the  power 
of  curing.  “ The  Sun  of  Righteousness  with 
healing  in  his  wings.”  Mai.  iv.  2. 

2.  f A covering.  — See  Hbling.  Todd. 


1.  An  aggregate  of  many  single  things  thrown 
together  ; a pile ; an  accumulation  ; a mass. 

Not  so  much  a regular  fabric  as  a heap  of  shining  materials 
thrown  together  by  accident.  Johnson. 

2.  A crowd;  a throng ; a multitude:  — a clus- 
ter. “ A heap  of  vassals  and  slaves.”  Bacon. 


HEAP,  v.  a.  [ i . heaped  ; pp.  heaping,  heaped.] 
1.  To  throw  or  to  lay  in  a heap  ; to  throw  to- 
gether ; to  pile  ; to  amass  ; to  accumulate. 


Get  riches  first,  get  wealth,  and  treasure  heap. 

Not  difficult,  if  thou  hearken  to  me.  Milton. 

2.  To  add  in  a heap  or  large  quantity,  [it.] 


For  those  of  old 

And  the  late  dignities  heaped  up  to  them.  Shak. 

Syn.  — To  heap  is  less  definite  than  to  pile.  Heap 
with,  or  without,  order  ; pile  regularly  ; heap  stones  ; 
pile  wood.  To  accumulate  is  to  increase  by  continued 
additions,  or  to  add  heap  to  heap ; to  amass  is  to  form 
into  a mass.  To  accumulate  property  ; amass  wealth. 
— A heap  of  stones  or  of  rubbish  ; a pile  of  wood  or  of 
brick. 


HEAL'ING,  a.  That  tends  to  heal ; sanative  ; mild  ; 
gentle  ; assuasive.  “ Healing  words.”  Milton. 

Healing  art , the  science  of  medicine. 

HEAL'ING-LY,  ad.  So  as  to  heal.  Clarke. 

HEALTH  (heltli),  n.  [M.  Goth,  hails  ; A.  S.  heelu, 
or  heel;  Ger.  St  Icel.  heil ; Dan.  helfen ; Sw. 
helfa.] 

1.  Soundness  of  body  ; freedom  from  disease, 
sickness,  or  pain. 

Health  is  the  faculty  of  performing  all  actions  proper  to  a 
human  body  in  the  most  perfect  manner.  Quine//. 

2.  Moral  soundness ; purity ; goodness. 
“There  is  no  health  in  us.”  Common  Prayer. 

3.  Wish  of  happiness,  — used  in  drinking. 

Come,  love  and  health  to  all; 

I drink  to  the  general  joy  of  the  whole  table.  Shak . 

HEALTH'FUL  (helth’ful),  a.  1.  Having  health ; 
free  from  disease  or  sickness  ; sound ; healthy. 
Innocence  and  abstinence  would  have  kept  him  healthful. 

/South. 

2.  Conducive  to  health ; salubrious ; salu- 
tary ; wholesome.  “ Healthful  food.”  Dryden. 

3.  Conferring  moral  purity  ; salutary. 

The  healthful  spirit  of  thy  grace.  Com.  Prayer. 

Syn.  — See  Healthy. 

HE  ALTII'FUL-LY,  ad.  In  a healthful  manner. 

HEALTH'FUL-NJESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
healthful.  Addison. 

HEALTH'— GIV-1NG,  a.  Bestowing  health  ; salu- 
brious. Shak. 

HEALTH'I-LY,  ad.  Without  sickness  or  pain ; 
in  health  ; soundly.  Sherwood. 

HEALTH'I-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  healthy 
or  free  from  sickness  ; soundness.  Johnson. 

IIEALTH'LfSS,  a.  1.  Without  health;  weak; 
sickly  ; infirm.  “ A healthless  body.” Bp.  Taylor. 

2.  Not  conducive  to  health.  Bp.  Taylor. 

HEALTH'LIJSS-NESS,  n.  Want  of  health.  Taylor. 

HEALTH'— Rf-STOR'ING,  a.  Restoring  health  or 
soundness.  Rowe. 

fHEALTH'SOME  (helth'sum),  a.  Wholesome; 
salutary  ; healthy.  “ Healthsome  air.”  Shak. 

HEALTH'— WISH-ING,  n.  A salutation.  Selden. 

HEALTH'Y  (helth'e),  a.  1.  Having  or  enjoying 
health ; free  from  sickness  ; sound  ; hale. 

The  only  way  for  a rich  man  to  be  healthy  is,  by  exercise 
and  abstinence,  to  live  as  if  he  were  poor.  Sir  \V.  Temple. 

2.  Conducive  to  health ; wholesome  ; salu- 
brious ; salutiferous  ; healthful. 

Gardening  or  husbandry  and  working  in  wood  are  healthy 
recreations.  Locke. 

Syn.  — Healthy  and  healthful  signify  not  only  en- 
joying health,  but  also  promoting  health  ; but  healthy , 
healthful , and  wholesome  are  less  positive  or  effective, 
than  salubrious  and  salutary.  That  is  wholesome 
which  does  no  injury  to  health  ; that  is  salubrious 
which  serves  to  improve  health  ; that  is  salutary 
which  serves  to  remove  a disorder.  Healthy  or  health- 
ful situation,  climate,  employment,  exercise;  whole- 
some food  ; salubrious  air  or  climate  ; salutary  remedy, 
exercise  : — a sound  or  hale  body  ; sound  constitution, 
understanding,  or  mind  ; sane  mind  in  a sane  body. 

HEAM  (hem),  n.  The  fetal  membrane,  or  secun- 
cline,  in  beasts.  Chambers. 

HEAP  (hep),  n.  [A.  S.  8$  Frs.  heap  ; Dut.  hoop  ; 
Ger.  Kaufe  ; Dan.  hob  ; Sw.  hop ; Icel.  liopr.\ 


IIEAP'J^R,  n . One  who  makes  piles  or  heaps. 

HEAP'— KEEP-£R,  n.  A miner  who  attends  to 
the  cleaning  of  coal  on  the  surface.  Simmonds. 

f HEAP'LY  (hep'le),  ad.  In  heaps.  Iluloet. 

HEAP'Y  (hep'e),  a.  Lying  in  heaps.  “ Heapy 
waves.”  Rowe.  “ Heapy  ruins.”  Search. 

HEAR  (her),  v.  a.  [M.  Goth,  hausjan ; A.  S.  hy- 
ran , or  her  an ; Dut.  licoren\  Frs.  hera ; Ger. 
h'uren  ; Dan.  hure ; Sw.  hbra ; Icel.  heyra. — 
See  Ear.]  \i.  heard  ; pp.  hearing,  heard.] 

1.  To  perceive  or  have  cognizance  of  by  the 
ear  ; as,  “ To  hear  a noise.” 

2.  To  learn  by  hearing ; — with  of. 

How  is  it  that  I hear  tills  of  thee?  Luke  xvi.  2. 

3.  To  give  audience  to  ; to  allow  to  speak. 

lie  sent  for  Paul,  and  heard  him  concerning  the  faith  in 
Christ.  * Acts  xxiv.  24. 

4.  To  give  heed  to  ; to  regard ; to  obey. 

Every  one  that  is  of  the  truth  heareth  my  voice.  John  xviii.  37. 

5.  To  attend  to  favorably,  or  with  a purpose 
of  compliance. 

They  think  that  they  shall  be  heat'd  for  their  much 
speaking.  Matt.  vi.  7. 

And  Jesus  said,  Father,  I thank  thee  that  thou  hast  heard 
me;  and  I knew  that  thou  hearest  me  always.  John  xi.  41,42. 

6.  To  attend  to  judicially  ; to  try. 

Hear  the  causes,  and  judge  righteously.  Deut.  i.  16. 

7.  To  acknowledge  or  accept  as  a title  or  des- 
ignation. [A  Latinism.] 

Or  hear'st  thou  rather  pure,  ethereal  stream. 

Whose  fountain  who  shull  tell?  Milton. 

To  hear  say , an  elliptical  expression  for  to  hear  peo- 
ple say , or  to  hear  a thing  said.  — To  hear  a bird  sing , to 
have  a private  intimation.  Shak. 

HEAR  (her),  v.  n.  1.  To  enjoy  the  sense  of  hear- 
ing ; to  have  or  receive  sensations  by  the  ear. 

Princes  cannot  see  far  with  their  own  eyes,  nor  hear  with 
their  own  ears.  Temple. 

2.  To  listen;  to  hearken ; to  attend. 

So  spake  our  mother  Eve;  and  Adam  heard , 

Well  pleased,  but  answered  not.  Milton. 

3.  To  be  told  ; to  have  an  account.  “ I have 

heard  by  many  of  this  man.”  Acts  ix.  13. 

To  hear  illy  to  be  blamed.  Holland. — To  hear  welly 
to  be  praised. 

Syn.  — To  hear  is  the  act  of  the  ear;  to  hearken  or 
to  listen  is  an  act  of  the  ear  and  of  the  mind  in  con- 
junction. One  hears  involuntarily  ; one  hearkens  and 
listens  with  attention.  To  overhear  is  to  catch  what 
was  not  intended  for  the  hearer.  Hear  a sound  ; lis- 
ten that  you  may  hear  ; hearken  to  a whisper  or  to  ad- 
vice ; never  overhear  scandal. 

HEARD  (herd)  [herd,  S.  TV.  P.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  R. 
Scott ; herd,  Tr  6.],  i.  & p.  from  hear . 

j eop  “ We  frequently  hear  this  word  pronounced  so 
as  to  rhyme  with  feared.  But  if  this  were  the  true 
sound,  it  ought  to  be  written  hcared,  and  considered 
as  regular : the  short  sound,  like  herd,  is  certainly  the 
true  pronunciation,  and  the  verb  is  irregular.”  Walker. 

f HEARD,  n.  A keeper.  — See  Herd.  Gibson . 

f IIEARD'GROOM,  n.  See  Herdgroom.  Todd. 

IIEAlt'jpR,  n.  One  who  hears  ; an  auditor.  Shak. 

HEAR'ING,  n.  1.  The  sense  by  which  sounds  are 
perceived.  “If  the  whole  body  were  an  eye, 
where  were  the  hearing.”  1 Cor.  xii.  17. 

2.  Audience.  “Vouchsafe  me  hearing.”  Shak. 

3.  Examination  of  a cause  ; judicial  trial. 

Paul  had  appealed  to  be  reserved  unto  the  hearing  of  Au- 
gustus. Acts  xxv.  21. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  Cj  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


HEARKEN 


6G9 


HEART-OFFENDING 


4.  Notice  by  the  ear  ; reach  of  the  ear. 

The  fox  had  the  good  luck  to  be  within  hearing.  L' Estrange. 

HEARK'EN  (hirk'kn),  v.  ft.  [A.  S.  heorcnian; 
Dut.  harchen ; Ger . horchen.]  [t.  hearkened  ; 
pp.  HEARKENING,  HEARKENED.] 

1.  To  be  engaged  in  hearing ; to  listen ; to 
hear. 

He  hearkens  after  prophecies  and  dreams.  Shak. 

2.  To  attend  to  ; to  regard  ; to  give  heed. 
“ Hearken  to  the  pleadings  of  my  lips.”  Job  xiii.  6. 

f HEARK'EN  (hirk'kn),  v.  a.  1.  To  hear  by  list- 
ening ; to  give  or  lend  ear  to. 

But  here  she  comes;  I fairly  step  aside. 

And  hearken , if  I may,  her  business  here.  Milton. 

2.  To  hear  with  attention  ; to  regard. 

The  Kin"  of  Naples,  being  an  enemy 

To  me  inveterate,  hearkens  my  brother’s  suit.  ,Shak. 

HEARK'EN- JJR  (h’irk'kn-er),  n.  One  who  heark- 
ens. “ Hearkeners  of  rumors  and  tales.”  Barret. 

f HEAR'SAL  (her'ssd),  ft.  Rehearsal.  Spenser. 

HEAR'SAY  (her'sa),  w.  Report ; rumor.  Addison. 

HEAR'SAy,  a.  Disseminated  by,  or  founded  on, 
rumor.  “ Hearsay  evidence.”  B/ackstone. 

HEARSE  (hers),  ft.  [Goth,  hersa,  a sepulchral 
mount  or  hill.  Serenius.  — A.  S.  hyrstan,  to 
adorn.  Tooke.  — Low  L.  hersia,  or  hercia,  a can- 
dlestick like  a harrow  (Old  Fr.  herce),  placed  at 
the  head  of  graves  or  of  cenotaphs.  Todd.] 

X.  A temporary  monument  set  over  a grave. 

Oil’-  hearses , here  in  England,  ore  set  up  in  churches  dur- 
ing the  continuance  of  a year,  or  the  space  of  certain  months. 

Weaver. 

2.  The  receptacle  in  which  a dead  body  is  de- 
posited. 

Beside  the  hearse  a fruitful  palm-tree  grows.  Fairfax. 

3.  A carriage  for  conveying  the  dead  to  the 

grave.  Johnson. 

4.  Among  sportsmen,  a hind  in  the  second 

year  of  her  age.  Wright. 

HEARSE  (lifers),  v.  a.  To  enclose  in  a hearse  ; to 
lay  or  bury  in  a hearse.  Shak. 

HEARSE'— CLOTH,  «.  A covering  for  a hearse  ; a 
pall.  Bp.  Sanderson. 

HEARSE'— LIKE  (liers'llk),  a.  Mournful;  doleful; 
suitable  to  a funeral. 

If  you  listen  to  David’s  harp,  you  shall  hear  as  many 
hearse-like  airs  as  cards.  Bacon. 

HEART  (hart),  ft.  [M.  Goth,  hairto  ; A.  S.  heorte  ; 
Dut.  hart ; Frs.  hert  ; Ger . herz;  Dan.  hierte ; 
Sw.  hjerta ; Icel.  hiarta.] 

1.  The  muscle  which  is  the  seat  of  life  in  an- 

imals, the  blood  being  sent  by  its  contraction 
over  every  part  of  the  body.  Dunglison. 

2.  Vitality  ; vigor;  strength  ; power;  efficacy. 

Barley,  being  steeped  in  water,  will  sprout  half  an  inch, 
and  much  more,  until  the  heart  be  out.  Bacon. 

3.  The  inner  part  of  any  thing;  the  centre. 
“ The  heart  of  the  kingdom.”  Hayward.  “The 
heart  of  trees.”  Boyle. 

4.  The  seat  of  the  will,  or  of  the  affections  and 
passions  ; mind  ; will. 

Keep  thy  heart  with  all  diligence,  for  out  of  it  are  the 
Issues  of  life.  ^ Prov.  iv.  23. 

A merry  heart  maketh  a cheerful  countenance.  Pror.xv.13. 

It  is  to  the  heart  we  refer  our  .jo}rs,  our  sorrows,  and  our 
affections;  we  speak  of  a good-hearted  and  a bad-hearted,  a 
hard-hearted  and  a kind-hearted,  a true-hearted  and  a heart- 
less man.  ' Qu.  Rev. 

5.  Affection  ; love  ; liking  ; inclination  ; re- 
gard. “My  son,  give  me  thine  heart.” 

Prov.  xxiii.  26. 

Joab  perceived  that  the  king’s  heart  was  towards  Absalom. 

2 Sam.  xiv.  1. 

6.  Courage;  confidence;  spirit;  firmness. 

Yet  I argue  not 

Against  Heaven’s  hand  or  will,  nor  bate  a jot 
Of  heart  or  hope.  Milton. 

7.  Disposition;  purpose;  intent;  will.  “He 

had  a heart  to  do  well.”  Sidney. 

Thou  didst  well  that  it  was  in  thy  heart.  UZings  viii.  18. 

8.  Secret  thought, feeling,  or  affection.  “She 
despised  him  in  her  heart."  2 Sam.  vi.  16. 

9.  Secret  meaning  ; hidden  intention. 

I will  on  with  my  speech  in  your  praise. 

And  then  show  you  the  heart  of  my  message.  Shak. 

10.  An  appellation  of  kindness  or  of  encour- 
agement. 

Hey,  my  hearts  I cheerly,  my  heartsl  Shak. 

11.  The  utmost  degree ; the  greatest  extent. 

“ To  the  very  heart  of  loss.”  Shak. 


12.  Any  thing  in  the  shape  of  a heart. 

13.  One  of  a suit  of  cards  marked  with  the 

figure  of  a heart.  Hoyle. 

A hard  heart,  insensibility  to  tender  affections.  — 
Far  my  heart,  for  my  life,  or  for  tenderness.  Shale. 
— To  find  in  the  heart,  to  be  inclined,  or  not  wholly 
averse.  — To  get  or  learn  by  heart,  to  commit  to  mem- 
ory. — To  lose  the  heart,  to  fall  in  love.  — To  take  or  lay 
to  heart,  to  be  greatly  troubled  by,  or  grieved  at:  — to 
be  zealous  or  ardent  about. 

f HEART  (hart),  v.  a.  To  dishearten.  Bp.  Prideaux. 

• HEART' AEIIE  (h’irt'ak),  ft.  Sorrow  ; pang.  Shak. 

HEART'AEH-ING,  ft.  A pain  of  the  heart ; sor- 
row ; anguish  of  mind.  Howe. 

HEART'— AF-FECT'ING,  a.  Affecting  the  heart. 

HEART'— AL-LUR'ING,  a.  Suited  to  allure  or 
captivate  the  affections.  Wright. 

HEART'— AP-PAEL'ING,  a.  Dismaying  the  heart. 
“ A heart-appalling  sight.”  Thomson. 

IIEART'-BLOOD  (hart'blud),  ft.  The  blood  of  the 
heart ; life.  Shak. 

HEART'— BOND,  ft.  (Masonry.)  The  lapping  of 
one  stone  over  two  others,  in  the  walls  of  a 
building.  • Crabb. 

HEART'— BREAK  (h’irt'brak),  ft.  Overpowering 
sorrow.  “ Much  grief  and  heart-break.”  Holland. 

HEART'— BREAK-ER,  m.  That  which  breaks  the 
heart;  — ludicrously  applied  to  a woman’s  curl 
or  other  ornament.  Hudibras. 

HEART'— BREAK-ING,  a.  Overpowering  with  sor- 
row ; causing  anguish  of  mind.  Spenser. 

HEART'— BREAK-ING,  ft.  Overpowering  grief. 
“The  heart-hreakinys  of  Davids  Bp.  Taylor. 

HEART'— BRED,  a.  Bred  in  the  heart.  Crashaw. 

HEART'— BRO-KEN  (-kn),  a.  Having  the  heart 
overpowered  with  grief;  very  sorrowful;  bro- 
ken-hearted ; disconsolate  ; inconsolable.  Todd. 

HEART'— BUR-IED  (h’irt'ber-rjd),  a.  Deeply  im- 
mersed. Young. 

HEART'— BURN,  ra.  Uneasiness  or  pain  about  the 
region  of  the  stomach,  frequently  attended  by  a 
sense  of  gnawing  and  heat ; cardialgia.  Brands. 

HEART'-BURNED  (hart'bUrnd),  a.  Having  the 
heart  inflamed.  Shak. 

HEART'— BURN-ING,  ft.  1.  Heart-burn.  “ Car- 
dialgia or  heart-burning.”  Woodward. 

2.  Discontent ; secret  enmity ; grudge. 

In  great  changes,  there  will  remain  mucli  heart-burning 
among  the  meaner  people.  Swift. 

HEART'— BURN-ING,  a.  Causing  discontent. 
“ Heart-burning  disagreements.”  Middleton. 

HEART'— CHEER-ING,  a.  Affording  joy ; animat- 
ing; inspiriting;  encouraging.  More. 

HEART'— CHILLED  (liirt'chlld),  a.  Having  the 
heart  chilled  or  distressed.  Shenstone. 

HEART'— CON-SUM'ING,  a.  Distressing  the 
heart.  “ Heart-consuming  care.”  Edwards. 

HEART'— COR-ROD'ING,  a.  Preying  on  the  heart. 
“ Heart-corroding  grief.”  Pope. 

HEART'— DEAR  (h’art'der),  a.  Sincerely  beloved. 
“"My  heart-dear  Harry.”  Shak. 

HEART'— DEEP  (hart'dep),  a.  Rooted  in  the  heart. 
“Every  word  is  heart-deep.”  Herbert. 

HEART'— DE-VOUR'ING,  a.  Corroding  the  vital 
source.  Congreve. 

HEART'— DIS-COUR'A(J-ING,  a.  Depressing  the 
heart ; highly-discouraging.  South. 

HEART'— EA§E  (h&rt'ez),  ft.  Quiet ; tranquillity; 
heart’s-ease.  — See  FIeart’s-ease.  . Shak. 

HEART'— EAljj-ING  (h’irt'ez-jng),  a.  Giving  quiet. 
“ Heart-easing  mirth.”  Milton. 

HEART'— EAT-ING,  a.  Preying  on  the  heart. 
“ Heart-eating  melancholy.”  Burton. 

HEART'ED  (hart'ed),  a.  Seated  or  fixed  in  the 
heart.  “ My  cause  is  hearted.”  Shak. 

/!©=■  Used  chiefly  in  composition  ; as,  hard -hearted, 
warm  -hearted,  &c. 

HEART'ED-NESS,  ft.  Sincerity;  earnestness  ; 
heartiness,  [r.]  Clarendon. 


HEART'EN  (h’ir'tn),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  hyrtan .]  [i' 

heartened;  pp.  HEARTENING,  heartened.] 

1.  To  encourage;  to  animate;  to  enhearten. 

Cheer  these  noble  lords, 

And  hearten  those  that  fight  in  your  defence.  Shak. 

2.  To  restore  to  fertility,  as  soil.  May. 

IIEART'EN-fR  (har'tn-er),  ft.  That  which  heart- 
ens or  encourages.  Brown. 

HEART'— f.X-PAND'ING,  a.  Expanding  the  heart. 
“ Heart-expanding  view.”  Thomson. 

HEART'— FELT  (liUrt'felt),  a.  Felt  deeply,  or  at 
heart ; deep-felt ; home-felt. 

The  soul’s  calm  sunshine  and  the  heart-felt  joy.  Tope. 

HEART'— GRIEF  (h&rt'gref),  ft.  Affliction  of  the 
heart ; deep  grief.  Milton. 

HEART'— GRIND-ING,  a.  Grinding  the  heart. 

HEARTH  (birth)  [hirtli,  S.  W.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K. 
Sm.  Wb, ; berth,  Elphinston,  Buchanan ],  n.  [M. 
Goth,  haurja;  A.  S.  heortli,  or  hearth-,  Dut. 
haard,  or  heerd ; Frs.  hirth ; Dan.  arne ; Sw. 
hard;  Icel.  ar,  or  am.] 

^1.  The  pavement  of  a room  adjoining  and 
under  that  part  of  a chimney  on  which  a fire  is 
made. 

A fire  on  the  hearth  burning  before  him.  Jcr.  xxxvi.  22. 

2.  The  house,  as  the  seat  of  comfort  or  of 
hospitality  ; a home.  Smart. 

Till  I bad  inspected  the  dictionaries,  I could 
not  conceive  that  tiiere  were  two  pronunciations  of 
this  word  : but  now  I find,  that  Mr.  Elphinston,  W. 
Johnston,  and  Buchanan,  sound  the  diphthong  as  in 
earth  and  dearth ; while  Mr.  Sheridan,  Dr.  Kenrick, 
Mr.  Nares,  Mr.  Scott,  Mr.  Perry,  and  Mr.  Barclay, 
give  it  as  I have  done.”  Walker. 

HEART'— HARD-ENED  (-hard-nd),  a.  Having  the 
heart  hardened  ; obdurate;  impenitent.  Harmar. 

HEART'— HARD-EN-ING,  a.  Rendering  cruel. 

HEART'— HA-TRED,  ft.  Thorough  detestation; 
deep  or  intense  hatred.  C.  J.  Fox. 

HEARTH'— BROOM,  ft.  A broom  used  for  sweep- 
ing the  hearth  ; hearth-brush.  Boswell. 

HEARTH'— BRUSH,  ft.  A brush  used  for  sweep- 
ing the  hearth  ; hearth-broom.  Clarke. 

HEART'— HEAV-I-NESS,  ft.  Heaviness  of  heart ; 
dejection  of  spirits  ; despondency.  Shak. 

HEART'-HEAV-ING,  n.  The  heaving  of  the  heart 
or  the  bosom.  Congreve. 

HEARTH'-MON-EY  (h’irth'mun-e),  ft.  (Law.) 
An  ancient  tax,  in  England,  upon  hearths  ; — 
called  also  chimney -money . Blackstone. 

HEARTH'-PEN-NY,  ft.  [A.  S.  heorth-pening .] 
Same  as  Hearth-money.  Todd. 

HEARTH'— RUG,  ft.  An  ornamental  rug  of  car- 
pet-work  laid  before  a fire-hearth.  Simmonds. 

HEARTH'-STONE,  ft.  1.  Fireside.  Scott. 

2.  Soft  stone  for  whitening  door-steps,  or 
paving-stones  in  a yard,  &c.  Simmonds. 

HEART'-HUM-BLED  (-hum-bid),  a.  Humbled  at 
heart.  Clarke. 

HEART'I-LY  (li’irt'e-le),  ad.  1.  In  a hearty  man- 
ner; from  the  heart ; fully;  sincerely;  cordial- 
ly. “ I heartily  forgive  them.”  Shak. 

2.  With  resolution  ; with  ardor.  “ He  would 

do  it  vigorously  and  heartily.”  Atterbury. 

3.  With  eager  desire  or  appetite.  “ As  for 

my  eating  heartily  of  the  food.”  Addison. 

IIEART'I-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  hearty  ; free- 
dom from  hypocrisy  ; sincerity;  earnestness. 

IIEART'LpSS  (h&rt'les),  a.  1.  Void  of  courage  ; 
spiritless.  “ The  heartless  hare.”  Spenser. 

2.  Destitute  of  affection;  cold;  indifferent; 
unfeeling  ; apathetic.  Smart. 

IlEART'LESS-LY,  ad.  In  a heartless  manner  ; 
without  affection  or  courage.  Armstrong. 

HEART'LJJSS-NESS,  ft.  Quality  of  being  heart- 
less ; want  of  affection  or  spirit.  Bp.  Hall. 

HEART'LpT,  ft.  A little  heart.  Good. 

HEART'— LIKE,  a.  Resembling  the  heart.  Jodrell. 

+ HEART'LING§.  A familiar  exclamation.  Shak. 

HEART'— OF-FEND'ING,  a.  Afflicting  or  wound- 
ing the  heart.  Shak. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SdN ; BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — (T,  9,  9,  g,  soft;  £!,  G,  g,  g,  hard;  % as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


HEART-PEA 


670 


HEAVE 


HEART'— PEA  (li&rt'pe),  n.  ( Boi .)  The  common 
name  of  plants  otherwise  called  heart-seed  ; 
Cardiospcrmum.  — See  Heart-seed.  Miller. 
HEART'— PIER^-ING,  a.  Penetrating  or  grieving 
the  heart  or  soul.  Pope. 


HEART'— PU-RJ-FY-JNG,  a.  Purifying  the  heart. 

HEART'— aUELL-JNG,  a.  Conquering  or  subdu- 
ing the  affections.  Spenser . 

HEART'— REND-ING,  a.  Killing  or  oppressing 
with  anguish  ; causing  deep  anguish.  Waller. 

HEART'— RRJ-1NG,  n.  A rising  of  the  passions  or 
feelings  in  opposition.  W right. 

IIEART'-ROB-BING,  a.  1.  f Ecstatic;  blissful. 
“ Heart-robbing  gladness.”  Spenser. 

2.  Stealing  the  affections. 

Drawn  with  the  power  of  a heart-robbing  eye.  Spenser. 

HEART’S'— BLOOH  (liirts'blud),  n.  The  blood  of 
the  heart ; heart-blood.  Shah. 

HEART'— SEARCH-ING,  a.  Probing  the  heart; 
searching  the  secret  affections.  Cowper. 

HEART’S'— EAfJE  (hlrts'ez),  n.  1.  Peace  of  miad  ; 
tranquillity ; quiet ; serenity.  Shah. 

2.  A toy  or  ornament ; a bawble. 

He  gave  me  a heart's-case  of  silk  for  a new-year’s  gift. 

Queen  Katharine  Howard. 

3.  ( Bot .)  An  annual  ornamental  plant ; a 

species  of  violet ; Viola  tricolor.  Loudon. 

HEART'— SEED,  n.  (Bot.)  The  common  name  of 
climbing  plants  of  the  genus  Cardiospermnm  ; — 
so  named  in  allusion  to  their  round  seeds,  which 
are  marked  with  a spot  like  a heart.  Loudon. 

IIEART'-SHAPED  (-shapt),  a.  Shaped  like  the 
heart ; cordate.  , Pennant. 

HEART'— SHED,  a.  Shed  from  the  heart.  Thomson. 

HEART'— SHELL,  n.  (Conch.)  A shell  shaped 
like  the  heart.  Scott. 

HEART'— SlCK  (hart'slk),  a.  [A.  S.  heort-seoc.] 

1.  Pained  in  mind  or  heart ; sick  at  heart ; 
greatly  distressed. 

If  we  be  heart-sick,  then  we  are  true  desirers  of  relief  and 
mercy.  Bp.  Taylor. 

2.  Indicating  great  distress.  “ The  breath  of 

heart-sick  groans.”  Shak. 

HEART'— SICK-EN-ING,  a.  Causing  mental  pain.; 
bringing  anguish  of  mind.  Everett. 

HEART'— SINK-JNG,  n.  Despondency;  discour- 
agement ; heart-heaviness.  Moore. 

HEART'SOME,  a.  Cheerful  ; lively  ; gay  ; blithe  ; 
cheery.  [Local,  Eng.]  Brookett. 

Ye  hcartsorne  choristers.  Wordsworth. 

HEART'— SORE,  n.  That  which  pains  the  mind. 

His  only  heart-sore,  and  his  only  foe.  Spenser. 

HEART'— SORE,  a.  Proceeding  from  pain  at  heart. 
“ Daily  heart-sore  sighs.”  Shak. 

HEART'— SOR-ROW-ING,  a.  Sorrowing  at  heart. 
“Heart-sorrowing  peers.”  Shak. 

HEART'— STIR-RING,  a.  Moving  the  heart ; ani- 
mating ; inspiriting.  Wright. 

IIEART'STRIKE,  v.  a.  To  affect  at  heart;  to 
afflict ; to  grieve.  B.  Jonson. 

HEART'STRING,  n.  ; pi.  HEARTSTRINGS.  The 
tendons  or  nerves  supposed  to  brace  and  sus- 
tain the  heart.  “ So  false,  that  he  grieves  my 
very  heart-strings.”  Shak. 

HEART'— STRUCK,  a.  1.  Driven  to  the  heart; 
deeply  infixed  in  the  mind.  “ To  out-jest  his 
heart-struck  injuries.”  Shak. 

2.  Affected  at  the  heart ; shocked  ; grieved. 

Adam  at  the  news 

Heart-struck  with  chilling  gripe  of  sorrow  stood.  Hilton. 


HEART'— SWELL-ING,  a.  Rankling  in  the  mind. 

Through  proud  ambition  and  heart-sweUinp  hate.  Spenser. 
HEART'— SWELL-ING,  11.  Rancor;  swelling  pas- 
sion. Quarles. 


HEART'— THRlLL-ING,  a.  Thrilling  the  heart; 
producing  startling  effects.  Wright. 


HEART'-TOUCH-ING,  a.  Affecting  the  heart. 


HEART'— WHEEL,  n.  (Mech.)  A me- 
chanical contrivance  for  converting 
a circular  motion  into  an  alternating 
rectilinear  one,  common  in  cotton- 
mills.  Brande. 


HEART'— WHOLE  (hart'hSl),  a.  1.  Having  the 
affections  yet  unfixed  ; not  in  love.  Shak. 

2.  With  the  vitals  yet  unimpaired.  Johnson. 

HEART'— WOOD  (liart'wud),  n.  The  inner  wood 
of  a tree,  being  within  the  sap-wood.  P.  Cyc. 

HEART'— WO UND-^D,  a.  Filled  with  love  : — 
filled  with  grief.  Pope. 

HEART'-W6uND-ING,  a.  Filling  with  grief.  “A 
shriek  heart-wounding .”  Rowe. 

HEAR'TY  (h’Ar'te),  a.  1.  Proceeding  from  the 
heart ; sincere ; cordial ; warm ; zealous  ; earnest. 

But  the  kind  hosts  their  entertainment  grace 

With  hearty  welcome  and  an  open  face.  Dryden. 

2.  In  full  health ; having  a keen  appetite  ; 
healthy  ; hale  ; robust ; as,  “ A hearty  man.” 

3.  Strong;  hard;  durable.  “Oak  and  the 

like  true  hearty  timber.”  Wotton. 

4.  Suitable  to  vigorous  health  or  a good  appe- 
tite. “After  a short  but  hearty  meal.”  Knox. 

Syn.  • — Ilcarty  (from  heart),  cordial  (from  L.  cor, 
heart),  and  warm  are  all  stronger  terms  than  sincere. 
A hearty  welcome  ; cordial  feeling  ; warm  reception  ; 
'sincere  profession  or  attachment;  earnest  request; 
strong  desire  ; eager  pursuit  ; vigorous  effort. 

f HEAR'TY— HALE,  a.  Good  for  the  heart. Spenser. 

t IIEAST.  See  Hest.  Todd. 

HEA'§Y,  a.  Hoarse.  [Local,  Eng.]  Ilalliwell. 

HEAT  (list),  n.  [A.  S.  hcctu,  or  heat ; Dut.  hitte; 
Frs.  hjette-,  Ger.  hitze ; Dan.  hede ; Sw.  hetta; 
Icel.  hita.] 

X.  The  sensation  caused  by  the  approach  or 
touch  of  fire,  or  of  a hot  body ; calefuction  ; 
warmth. 

What,  in  ouB-eensation,  is  heat,  in  the  object  is  nothing 
but  motion.  Locke. 

2.  The  cause  of  the  sensation  produced  by 
fire  or  a hot  body  ; caloric.  Hooker.  Watts. 

3.  Hot  air  or  weather;  high  temperature. 

Great  heats  will  follow',  and  large  crops  of  grain.  Dryden. 

4.  Degree  of  temperature  to  which  any  body 

is  heated.  “ A blood-red  heat,  a white-flame 
heat,  and  a welding  heat.”  Moron. 

5.  A single  act  of  making  hot;  — applied 
most  frequently  in  a metaphorical  sense  to  a 
single  effort.  “ Betwixt  the  heats.”  Dryden. 

I ’ll  strike  my  fortune  with  him  at  a heat.  Dryden. 

6.  A course  at  a race  ; contest. 

But  the  last  heat , plain  dealing  won  the  race.  Dryden. 

7.  Redness  of  the  skin  ; flush. 

It  has  raised  animosities  in  their  hearts  and  heats  in  their 
faces.  , Addison. 

8.  Agitation  of  sudden  or  violent  passion  ; 
excitement.  “ In  the  heat  and  hurry  of  his 
rage.”  South.  “ In  the  heat  of  battle.”  Attcrbury. 

9.  Earnestness;  ardor;  vehemence;  violence. 

Plead  it  to  her 

With  all  the  strength  and  heat  of  eloquence.  Addison. 

10.  Fermentation  ; effervescence.  Johnson. 

Syn.  — See  Caloric. 

HEAT  (het),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  h<etan.\  [i.  heated; 
pp.  heating,  heated.  — Heat,  or  het  is  often 
used  colloquially,  but  improperly,  for  heated .] 

1.  To  subject  or  expose  to  the  influence  of 

caloric  or  heat ; to  make  hot.  “ Heat  me  these 
irons  hot.”  Shak. 

2.  To  make  feverish;  to  excite. 

Thou  art  going  to  Lord  Timon’s  feast; 

Ay,  to  see  meat  fill  knaves  and  wine  heat  fools.  Shak. 

3.  To  warm  with  ardor;  to  animate  ; to  rouse. 

A noble  emulation  heats  your  breast.  Dryden. 

HEAT'IJD,  p.  a.  Made  hot ; — put  in  a passion. 

IIEAT'JER,  n.  1.  He  who  or  that  which  heats. 

2.  An  iron  made  hot,  and  put  into  an  iron 

box,  to  smooth  linen.  ’ Johnson. 

3.  A vessel  attached  to  a steam  engine  for 
applying  waste  steam  to  the  heating  of  water. 

HEATH  (lieth),  n.  [A.  S.  hath-,  Dut.,  Frs.,  § Ger. 
heide ; Dan.  hede.\ 

1.  (Bot.)  A shrub  of  low  stature  and  of  many 
species,  belonging  to  the  genus  Erica. 

Ling,  or  common  heath,  abounds  in  barren  wastes  in 
every  part  of  Europe.  Loudon. 

2.  A place  overgrown  with  heath  or  with  other 
shrubs.  “ The  heaths  of  Staffordshire.”  Temple. 

HEATH’-CLAD,  a.  Clad  or  covered  with  heath. 
“ The  heatli-clad  hill.”  Cunningham. 


HEATH'— COCK,  n.  (Ornith.)  A large  fowl  of  the 
genus  Tetrao  that  frequents  heaths  ; black- 
grouse;  black-game;  Tetrao  tetrix.  Maunder. 

IIEA'THEN  (hS'thn),  11.  ; pi.  hEa'then  or  iiea'- 
then§.  [M.  Goth,  hat  thus ; A.  S.  ha-then,  hea- 
then ; hath,  a heath.  — Dut.  heideif,  Ger.  heide. 
— Gr.  £01105,  a nation;  kiniKds,  gentile.  — “The 
word  heathen  acquired  its  meaning  from  the 
fact  that  at  the  introduction  of  Christianity  into 
Germany  the  wild  dwellers  on  the  heaths  longest 
resisted  the  truth.”  TrenchA,  A gentile ; a 
pagan;  a barbarian:  — as  a collective  noun, 
pagans  or  gentiles ; nations  ignorant  of  divine 
revelation. 

God  reigneth  over  the  heathen.  J’s.  xlvii.  8. 

Christianity  was  propagated  among  the  heathens.  Murray. 

In  vain  with  lavish  kindness 
The  gifts  of  God  are  strewn; 

The  heathen,  in  his  blindness. 

Bows  down  to  wood  and  stone.  Ilcher. 

Syn.  — See  Gentile. 

IIEA'THEN  (lie'thn),  a.  Gentile;  pagan.  “A 
heathen  author.”  Addison. 

IlEA'THEN-DOM,  n.  The  regions  or  portions  of 
the  earth  in  which  heathenism  prevails.  Ed.  Rev. 

HEA'TIIEN-ISH  (lie'thn-ish),  a.  1.  Pagan;  gen- 
tile. “The  laws  of  heathenish  religion.” Hooker. 

2.  Savage  ; cruel ; barbarous. 

Cromwell  made  a heathenish,  or  rather,  inhuman  edict 
against  the  episcopal  clergy.  South. 

HEA'THEN-ISH-Ly  pie'thn-isli-le),  ad.  In  a hea- 
thenish  manner  ; like  heathens.  Beau.  Sy  FI. 

IIEA'THEN- 1 SH-NESS  (he'tlm-ish-nes),  n.  A pro- 
fane state,  like  that  of  the  heathens.  Prynne. 

HEA'THEN-I§M  (lie'thn-Izm),  n.  The  quality  of 
a heathen  ; gentilism  ; paganism.  Hammond. 

HEA'THEN-IZE  (he'thn-Iz),  v.  a.  [i.  HEATHEN- 
IZED ; pp.  HEATHENIZING,  HEATHENIZED.]  To 
render  heathenish.  Firman. 

IIEA'THEN-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  heathens  ; 
heathenishness,  [it.]  Wright. 

HEA'THEN-RY  (lie'tfin-re),  n.  State  or  quality  of 
the  heathens  ; heathenism,  [it.]  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

IIEATH'piR,  n.  Heath.  [Scotland.]  Jamieson. 

HEATH 'UR— BELL,  11.  The  flower  of  the  heather 
or  heath.  Burns. 

HEATH'UR— ROOF,  n.  A kind  of  roof  which  is 
thatched  or  covered  with  heather  or  heath.  Crabb. 

IIEATH'UR-Y,  n.  Full  of  heath;  heathy. 

Yet,  far  above,  beyond  the  reach  of  sight. 

Swell  after  swell  the  heathery  mountain  rose.  Southey. 

HEATH'— GAME,  n.  (Ornith.)  A name  of  the 
grouse.  — See  Grouse.  Smollett. 

HEATH'— GRASS,  n.  (Bot.)  A perennial  grass  with 
a leafy  stem  ; Triodia  decumbens.  Farm.  Ency. 

HEATH'— HEN,  n.  The  female  of  the  black-grouse, 
or  Tetrao  tetrix.  Thomson. 

IIEATH'-PEA  (heth'pe),  11.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the 
genus  Orobus,  or  bitter  vetch.  Johnson. 

IIEATH'-POUT  (heth'pout).  n.  (Ornith.)  The 
heath-cock  ; Tetrao  tetrix.  Dryden. 

HEATH'— RO§E  (lieth'roz),  n.  A plant.  Ainsworth. 

HEATH'— THICK-UT,  n.  A place  overgrown  with 
shrubs.  Steele. 

HEATH'— TIIROS-TLE  (-thros'sl),  11.  (Ornith.)  A 
species  of  throstle  or  thrush.  Pennant. 

IlEATIl'Y,  a.  Full  of  heath  ; covered  with  heath. 
“ Heathy  land.”  Mortimer. 

HEAT'LpSS  (het'les),  a.  Cold;  without  warmth. 
“Through  heatless  skies.”  Hughes. 

HEAVE  (hEv),  v.  a.  [M.  Goth,  hafjan  ; A.  S.  heb- 
ban  ; Dut.  heffen-,  Frs.  hefa;  Ger.  lichen-,  Dan. 
hoe ve  ; Sw.  hafva  ; Icel.  hefta.]  [i.  heaved  or 

HOVE  ; pp.  HEAVING,  HEAVED,  Of  HOVEN.  — 
Hove  and  hoven  are  now  rarely  used  except  in 
sea  language.] 

1.  To  cause  to  rise  upward  ; to  raise  ; to  lift ; 
to  hoist ; to  elevate. 

So  stretched  out  huge  in  length  the  arch-fiend  lay, 

Chained  on  the  burning  lake,  nor  ever  tbeuce 

Had  risen,  or  heaved  his  bead.  Milton. 

The  groans  of  ghosts,  that  cleave  the  earth  with  pain, 

And  heave  it  up.  Dnjden. 

2.  To  force  up  from  the  breast ; to  breathe. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  fi,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short ; 


A,  U,  I,  O,  u,  Y,  obscure  i FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


HEAVE 


G71 


HEBE 


The  wretched  animrtl  heaved  forth  such  groans.  Shah'. 

3.  To  fill  with  high  thoughts;  to  elate. 

The  Scots,  heaved  up  into  n high  hope  of  victory,  took  the 
English  for  foolish  birds  fallen  into  their  net.  Hayward. 

4.  ( Naut .)  To  throw ; as,  “ To  heave  the  lead  ” : 
— to  apply  power  to  by  means  of  a windlass  or 
otherwise  in  order  to  pull  or  force  in  any  direc- 
tion ; as,  “To  heave  ahead”;  “To  heave 
astern  ” ; “ To  heave  up  ” ; “ To  heave  down.” 

To  heave  i in  stay.'!,  ( JVuut .)  to  go  about  in  tacking 

To  heave  short,  (Mat.)  to  draw  in  on  tile  cable  until 
tlie  vessel  is  nearly  over  her  anchor. — To  heave 
taught,  to  make  straight  or  tight,  as  a rope,  hy  turn- 
ing the  capstan,  &c."—  To  heave  to,(JTaut.)  to  put  into 
a position  of  lying  to.  Dana. 

HEAVE  (hev),  v.  n.  1.  To  pant  ; to  breathe  with 
pain.  “ He  heaves  for  breath.”  Drydcn. 

2.  To  swell,  as  in  pulsations  or  undulations. 

Weak  was  the  pulse,  and  hardly  heaved  the  heart.  Drydcn. 

The  hearing  tide 

In  widened  circles  beats  on  cither  side.  Gay. 

3.  To  feel  a tendency  to  vomit ; to  keck ; to 

retch.  Pope. 

4.  To  labor  ; toffiiake  an  effort;  to  struggle. 

The  Church  of  England  had  heaved  at  a reformation  ever 

since  Wickliffe’s  days.  Atierbury. 

HEAVE  (hev),  n.  1.  An  effort  to  rise ; a struggle. 

hut  alter  many  strains  and  heaves.  Iludibras. 

2.  A rising  or  swelling  produced  by  a force 

acting  internally.  “ The  next  heave  of  the 
earthquake.”  Dryclen. 

There 's  matter  in  these  sighs;  these  profound  heaves 
* You  must  translate.  Shah. 

3.  An  effort  to  vomit ; a retching.  Johnson. 

HEAV'EN  (hev'vn),  n.  [A.  S.  heofon;  heqfen, 
raised,  elevated,  p.  of  hebban,  to  raise.  “ Hea- 
ven, or  heaved  up,  to  wit,  the  place  that  is  elevat- 
ed.” Verstegan.  So  Skinner,  Johnson,  Tooke, 
Bosivorth,  and  French.  — Dan.  himmelen  ; Sw. 
§ Ger.  himmel .] 

1.  The  celestial  sphere,  firmament,  or  sky ; 
the  space  in  which  the  celestial  bodies  are  placed, 
or  through  which  they  apparently  perform  their 
diurnal  revolutions.  “ The  beauteous  eye  of 
heaven.”  “ The  meteors  of  a troubled  heaven.” 
Shah.  “ The  spangled  heavens.”  Addison. 

2.  The  air  ; the  atmosphere.  “ The  clouds 
of  heaven.”  Job.  “ The  dew  of  heaven.”  Daniel. 

,3.  The  habitation  of  God,  good  angels,  and 
blessed  spirits  ; the  abode  of  the  blessed. 

Our  Father  which  art  in  heaven.  Malt.  vi.  9. 

The  blessed  creatures  in  heaven.  Sir  T.  More. 

4.  The  Sovereign  of  heaven  ; the  Supreme  or 
Divine  Power. 

The  will 

And  high  permission  of  all-ruling  Heaven.  Milton. 

5.  An  angel  or  an  inhabitant  of  heaven. 

Behold  he  putteth  no  trust  in  his  saints;  yea,  the  heavens 

are  not  clean  in  his  sight.  Job  xv.  15. 

6.  The  pagan  gods ; the  celestials. 

And  show  the  heavens  more  just.  Shak. 

7.  An  exalted  region  or  state  ; state  of  bliss. 

It  is  a heaven  upon  earth  to  have  a man’s  mind  move  in 
charity,  rest  in  Providence,  and  turn  on  the  poles  of  truth. 

Bacon. 

8.  Elevation ; sublimity. 

O,  for  a muse  Of  fire,  that  would  ascend 

The  brightest  heaven  of  invention.  Shak. 

tm g“  It  is  often  used  in  composition. 

HEAV'EN— AP-PEA§'JNG,  a.  Conciliating  or  paci- 
fying heaven.  Thomson. 

HEAV'EN— AS-PIR'ING,  a.  Desiring  to  enter 
heaven.  Akenside. 

HEAV'EN— BAN 'ISHED  (hev'vn-ban'jsht),  a.  Ban- 
ished from  heaven.  Milton. 

HEAV'EN— BIJ-GOT',  a.  Begotten  by  a celestial 
power.  Dryden. 

HEAV'EN— BORN  (hev'vn-born),-  a.  Descended 
from  heaven.  “ Heaven-born  child.”  Milton. 

HEAV'EN— BRED  (hev'vn-bred),  a.  Produced  in 
heaven.  “ Heaven-bred  poesy.”  Shak. 

HEA  V'EN— BRIGHT  (hev'vn-brlt),  a.  Shining 
with  the  brightness  of  heaven.  Wright. 

HEAV'EN— BUILT  (hev'vn-bilt),  a.  Built  by  the 
agency  of  gods.  “ And  razed  her  [Troy’s] 
heaven-built  wall.”  Pope. 

HEAV'EN— CON-DUCT'ED,  a.  Guided  by  heaven  ; 
heaven -directed.  Thomson. 


HEAV'EN— dAr'ING,  a.  Bidding  defiance  to 
heaven  ; heaven-defying.  Craig. 

HEAV'EN-DE-SCEND'ED,  a.  Descended  from 
heaven.  Seward. 

HEAV'EN— DI-R ECT'IJD,  a.  1.  Directed  to  heaven. 

Who  taught  that  heaven-directed  spire  to  rise?  Pope. 

2.  Guided  by  heaven  ; heaven-conducted. Pope. 

HEAV'EN— Elf- ALT' JJD  (hev'vn-),  a.  Raised  to 
heaven.  Clarke. 

IIEAV'EN-FALLEN  (liev'vn-Glln),  a.  Fallen  from 
heaven.  Milton. 

HEAV'EN— GIFT' ED,  a.  Bestowed  by  heaven. 
“ Heaven-gifted  strength.”  Milton. 

HEAV'EN-IN-FLlOT'ED,  a.  Inflicted  or  imposed 
by  heaven.  Potter. 

HEAV'EN— IN-SPIRED',  a.  Receiving  inspiration 
from  heaven.  Decker. 

HEAV'EN— IN-STRUCT'JFiD,  a.  Taught  or  in- 
structed by  heaven  ; heaven-taught.  Crasliaw. 

f IIEAV'EN-IZE,  v.  a.  To  render  like  heaven. 

If  thou  be  once  soundly  heavenized  in  thy  thoughts.  Bp.  Hall. 

HEAV'EN— KISS'ING,  a.  Touching  the  sky. 
“ Heaven-kissing  hill.”  Shak. 

HEAV'EN-LI-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  heaven- 
ly ; supreme  excellence.  Sir  J.  Davies. 

IlEAV'EN-LOVED  (hev'vn-ltivd),  a.  Beloved  of 
heaven.  Milton. 

HEAV'EN-LY  (hev'vn-le),  a.  1.  Relating  to  the 
celestial  sphere  ; as,  “ The  heavenly  bodies.” 

2.  Partaking  of  heaven  ; supremely  excel- 
lent; divine;  godlike;  angelic;  seraphic. 

3.  Inhabiting  heaven  ; celestial.  “ The  heav- 
enly race.”  Drydcn. 

Syn.  — See  Celestial. 

HEAV'EN-LY,  ad.  1.  In  a celestial  manner. 
“ Heavenly  pensive.”  Pope. 

2.  By  the  influence  of  heaven.  “ Heavenly 
guided  soul.”  Milton. 

HEAV'EN-LY— MiND'JJD,  a.  Religious;  devout; 
reverent ; pious  ; godly.  Bp.  Hall. 

HEAV'EN-LY— MIND'ED-NESS,  11.  Quality  of  be- 
ing heavenly-minded  ; state  of  mind  abstracted 
from  the  world,  and  directed  to  heaven.  Howe. 

HEAV'EN— MOV'ING,  a.  Influencing  heaven.  Shak. 

HEAV'EN-PRO-TECT'JpD,  a.  Protected  or  de- 
fended by  heaven.  Pope. 

■HEAV'EN— SA-LUT'ING,  a.  Touching  the  sky. 
And  hills  hang  down  their  heaven-saluting  heads.  Crashaw. 

FIEAV'EN-TAugHT  (hev'vn-t&ut),  a.  Instructed 
by  heaven  ; heaven-instructed.  Pope. 

HEAV'EN-WARD,  ad.  Towards  heaven. 

HEAV'EN— wAr'RING,  a.  Warring  against  heav- 
en. “Those  heaven-warring  champions. ’’Milton. 

HEAVE'— OF-FER-lNG,  n.  An  offering  made 
among  the  Jews  ; — so  called  because  it  was  to 
be  heaved  or  raised.  Numb.  xv.  19. 

IIEAV'JgR,  ?i.  I.  One  who  heaves;  a man  em- 
ployed about  docks,  taking  goods  from  barges 
and  flats  ; — often  used  in  composition ; as, 
“ CoaX-hcavcr.” 

2.  (Naut.)  A short,  rtooden  bar,  tapering  at 
each  end ; — used  as  a purchase.  Dana. 

HEA VE§  (hevz),  n.  pi.  (Farriery.)  A disease  in 
horses  ; rupture  of  the  cells  of  the  lungs ; 
broken-wind.  Herbert. 

HEAV'I-LY  (liEv'e-le),  ad.  1.  With  heaviness; 
with  difficulty ; laboriously  ; slowly. 

They  drive  them  [chariots]  heavily.  Exod.  xiv.  25. 

2.  Oppressively ; severely. 

Upon  the  ancient  hast  thou  very  heavily  laid  thy  yoke. 

Isa.  xlvii.  6. 

3.  With  grief ; sorrowfully  ; grievously. 

I have  bowed  down  heavily,  as  one  that  mourneth  for  his 
mother.  1>S.  xxxv.  14. 

HEAV'I-NESS  (Iiev'e-nes),  n.  [A.  S.  hefignes.\ 

1.  The  quality  of  being  heavy ; ponderous- 

ness; gravity;  weight.  “ The  heaviness  of  sev- 
eral bodies.”  Wilkins. 

2.  Oppressiveness;  grievousness.  ‘‘  The  heav- 

iness  of  taxes.”  Johnson. 


3.  Inaptitude  to  motion  ; sluggishness  ; tor- 
pidness ; languor. 

A sensation  of  drowsiness,  heaviness , and  lassitude  are 
signs  of  a too-pleutiful  meal.  Arbuthnot. 

4.  Depression  of  spirits  ; dejection. 

Heaviness  in  the  heart  of  man  maketh  it  stoop.  Prov.  xii.25. 

5.  Deepness  or  richness  of  soil.  “The  fat- 
ness and  heaviness  of  the  ground.”  Arbuthnot. 

Syn.  — See  Weight. 

IIEAV'JNG,  n.  1.  A panting  ; pant;  palpitation. 
“ His  needless  /leavings."  Shak. 

2.  Arising;  a swell.  “ The  hearings  of  this 
prodigious  bulk  of  waters.”  Addison. 

HEAV'I-SOME,  a.  Very  dull  or  heavy.  [Local, 
North  of  Eng.]  HalUwell. 

IIEAV'Y  (hev'e),  a.  [A.  S.  hefig,  hcefigi) 

1.  Tending  strongly  to  the  centre  of  attrac- 
tion ; weighty;  ponderous;  — opposed  to  light. 

2.  Oppressive;  grievous;  afflictive;  severe. 

Whose  heavy  hand  hath  bowed  you  to  the  grave.  Shak. 

3.  Burdensome  ; tedious  ; tiresome. 

The  diversion  of  some  of  my  idle  and  heavy  hours.  Locke. 

4.  Loaded;  burdened;  encumbered;  weighed 
down.  “ His  men  heavy  with  booty.”  Bacon. 

5.  Wanting  in  spirit  or  activity  ; dull ; torpid  ; 
sluggish  ; inert ; drowsy.  “ A heavy  writer.” 
Sivift.  “ Heavy  with  sleep.”  Luke  ix.  33. 

6.  Sorrowful ; dejected  ; depressed. 

lie  began  to  be  sore  amazed  and  to  be  very  heavy. 

Mark  xiv.  .33. 

7.  Requiring  much  labor  ; onerous;  difficult. 

“ A heavy  undertaking.”  Johnson. 

8.  Moist ; miry  ; soft ; deep  ; fruitful ; pro- 
ductive. “ Heavy  lands.”  Johnson. 

9.  Cumbersome.  “ Heavy  roads.”  Johnson. 

10.  Cloudy  ; dark.  “ A heavy  night.”  Shak. 

11.  Remarkable  for  greatness,  abundance,  or 
severity;  as,  “ A heavy  sea  ”;  “A  heavy  show- 
er ” ; “A  heavy  cannonade.” 

12.  Not  easily  digested  ; lying  with  weight 
on  the  stomach  ; not  raised  or  made  porous  by 
fermentation;  as,  “ Heavy  bread.” 

SIS'  It  is  often  used  adverbially  in  composition  ; as, 
Aeii«7/-laden. 

Syn.  — See  Weighty. 

f HEAV'V,  v.  a.  To  make  heavy.  Wickliffe. 

IIEAV'Y-BRoWeD  (-briiud),  a.  Having  over- 
hanging brows;  looking  heavy  or  stupid. 

Wright. 

IIEAV'Y— GAlT'JJD,  a.  Having  a heavy  gait; 
moving  heavily  and  slowly.  Shak. 

HEAV'Y— hAND'ED,  a.  Clumsy ; awkward.  Wright. 

HEAV'Y— HEAD'pD,  a.  Having  a slow  percep- 
tion ; dull  ; obtuse.  Wright. 

IIEAV'Y— HEART'ED,  a.  Oppressed  with  sorrow; 
sad ; dejected  ; dispirited.  Smollett. 

IIEAV'Y— LA'DEN,  a.  Burdened  or  oppressed 
with  weight  or  a heavy  burden.  Matt.  xi.  28. 

IIEAV'Y— MET'AL,  n.  Guns  of  large  size  carry- 
ing heavy  balls.  Simmonds. 

IIEAV'Y— SPAR,  n.  (Min.)  Native  sulphate  of 
baryta,  or  baro-selenite.  Brande. 

HEB'B^R-MAN,  n. ; pi.  hebbermen.  One  who 
fishes  at  low  tide  for  whitings,  smelts,  &c.  Crabb. 

HEB'BING-WEAR§,  n.  pi.  Devices  or  nets  laid 
for  fish  at  ebbing  time.  Crabb. 

T HEB'DO-MAD,  n.  [L.  hebdomas,  hebdomadis .] 
A week ; the  space  of  seven  days.  Glanville. 

HEB-DOM  A-DAL,  )a  Relating  to,  or  includ- 

HpB-DOM'A-DA-RV,  > ing,  a week;  occurring 
every  week ; weekly.  Browne. 

II K B-IK) M ' A-D A-RV,  n.  A member  of  a chapter 
or  convent,  whose  week  it  is  to  officiate  in  the 
cathedral.  Todd. 

f HEB-DO-MAT'I-CAL,  a.  Weekly.  Bp.  Morton. 

IIE'BIJ,  11.  [L.,  from  Gr. 

1.  (Grecian  Myth.)  The  goddess  of  youth 

whose  office  it  was  to  hand  around  the  nectar  at 
the  banquets  of  the  gods.  Brande. 

2.  (Aslron.)  An  asteroid  discovered  by 

Hencke  in  1847.  Hind. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — (J,  Q,  g,  soft;  £!,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  ^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


1IEBEN 


G72 


HEDGING-BILL 


t'HEB'JpN,  n.  [Fr.  Sene.]  Ebony.  Spenser. 

HEB'E-tAtE,  v.  a.  [L.  hebeto,  hebctatus.]  [i. 
HEBETATED  ; pp.  HEBETATING,  HEBETATED.] 
To  dull  ; to  blunt;  to  stupefy.  Harvey. 

HEB-P-TA'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  dulling.  Bailey. 

2.  The  state  of  being  dulled.  [u.J  Johnson. 

t HEB'ETE,  a.  Dull ; stupid.  Ellis. 

HEB'E-TUDE,  n.  [L.  hebetudo.]  Dulness  ; ob- 
tuseness ; bluntness,  [k.]  Harvey. 

HE-BRA'IC,  )a  Relating  to  the  Hebrews  or 

H E-BRA' J-CAL,  ) Hebrew  language.  Bolingbroke. 

H E-BRA' J-CAL-LY,  ad.  After  the  Hebrew  man- 
ner. Smart. 

II  HE'BRA-D-iM,  or  HEB'R  A-I.SM  [lie'br?-izm,  S.  P. 
E.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  if.  Wb.  Rees,  Wr. ; heb'rsi-Izm, 
W.  J.  F.  C.],  n.  [Fr.  hebra'isme.]  A Hebrew 
idiom,  word,  or  phrase.  Addison. 

II  HE'BRA-IST,  or  HEB'RA-IST  [lie'br^-Ist,  P.  E. 
Ja.  K.  Sm. ; heb'rj-Ist,  W.  J.  F.  ; lie-bra'ist,  S.], 
n.  [L.  Hebrccus.]  One  who  is  versed  in  Hebrew. 

Dfg»  “ I have  ditfered  from  Mr.  Sheridan,  Mr.  Scott, 
and  Mr.  Perry,  in  the  quantity  of  the  first  syllable  of 
this  and  the  preceding  word,  and  think  I am  not  only 
authorized  by  analogy,  but  by  the  best  usage.”  Walker. 

||  HE-BRA-IS'TIC,  ? a Relating  to,  or  like, 

II  HE-BRA-IS'TI-CAL,  ) Hebrew.  Crombie. 

||  IIE'BRA-IZE,  v.  a.  [Gr.  e,3pai^ui.]  To  conform 
to  the  Hebrew  idiom.  Milton. 

HE'BREW  (he'bru),  71.  [Heb.  “OS,  one  of  the 

ancestors  of  Abraham  ; Gr.  'E.dpaioj.] 

1.  A descendant  of  Heber ; an  Israelite  ; a 

Jew.  Exod.  ii.  11. 

2.  The  Hebrew  language.  “ Written  in  He- 
brew." John  six.  20. 

HE'BREW  (he'bru),  a.  Relating  to  the  people  of 
the  Jews.  “ The  Hebrew  tongue.”  Acts  xxi.  40. 

IIE'BREW-ESS  (he'bru-es),  71.  An  Israelitish 
woman.  Jer.  xxxiv.  9. 

HE-BRI"CtAM  (he-biTsh'?n),  n.  AHebraist.  “The 
best  Hebricians  understand  them.”  Raleigh. 

IIE-BRID'I-AN,  a.  ( Geog .)  Relating  to  the  Heb- 
rides or  Western  Islands  of  Scotland.  Joh/ison. 

HEC-A-TE  '$I-A  (hek-a-ts'zhe-ji),  7i.  ( Greek  An- 

tiq.)  An  entertainment  given  every  new  moon  in 
honor  of  Hecate,  or  the  triple  goddess.  Brande. 

HEC'A-TOMB  (hek'a-tom)  [hek'a-tom,  IV.  P.  J.  F. 
Ja.  K.  if.  C. ; hek'a-tom,  S.  Sin.],  n.  [Gr.  is  i- 
rdfi/hi ; (Kan iv,  a hundred,  and  3°"s,  an  ox;  Fr. 
hecatombe.]  A sacrifice  of  a hundred  oxen  or 
cattle  ; — applied,  also,  in  a general  sense,  to  a 
large  sacrifice  offered  publicly.  Dryden. 

Let  altars  smoke  and  hecatombs  be  paid.  Pope. 

HEC-A-TOM'Pp-DON, n.  [Gr.  i<!ir6iird)ov \ t Karov, 
a hundred,  and  Troii;,  noli;,  a foot.]  ( Arch. ) A 
temple  one  hundred  feet  long.  Holyoke. 

HEC-A-TON'STY-LON,  71.  [Gr.  hcariv,  a hun- 
dred, and  arui.os,  a pillar.]  (Arch.)  A building 
having  a hundred  columns.  Brande. 

+ IIEC-A-TON'TOME,  n.  A quantity  equal  to  a 
hundred  volumes.  “ Hecatontomes  of  contro- 
versy.” Milton. 

HECK,  n.  1.  [Su.  Goth,  hack.]  A rack  at  which 
cattle  are  fed  with  hay.  [Local,  Eng.]  Ray. 

2.  [Ger.  ecke,  a corner.]  The  winding  of  a 

stream.  [Local,  Eng.]  Wright. 

3.  A kind  of  fishing-net.  Chambers. 

4.  A latch  of  a door.  [Local,  Eng.]  Grose. 

5.  An  apparatus  for  warping.  Simmonds. 

HEC  KLE,  v.  a.  To  comb,  as  flax;  to  hatchel. — 
See  Hatched.  Loudon. 

HEC'KLE,  n.  An  instrument  for  combing  flax, 
&c. ; a hatchel  ; a flax-comb.  Brande. 

HEC'  TARE,  n.  [Fr.,  from  Gr.  i Karov,  a hundred, 
and  L.  area,  a piece  of  ground.]  A French  land 
measure,  equal  to  100  square  metres,  or  11,960 
English  square  yards,  or  2.471  acres.  Athenaeum. 

HEC'TIC,  n.  (Med.)  A slow,  continued,  or  re- 
mittent fever,  attended  by  debility,  a small,  quick 
pulse,  loss  of  appetite,  paleness,  excessive  per- 
spiration, and  emaciation  ; hectic  fever.  South. 

By  wasting  hectics  of  his  flesh  bereft.  Sandj/s. 


I1LC  IIC,  } a £Gi*.  iKTiKds,  habitual,  or  con- 

IIEC'TI-CAL,  $ sumptive;  cf is,  a habit  of  body ; 
It.  etico;  Sp.  hetico  ; Fr.  hectique .] 

1.  Pertaining  to  hectic  ; habitual ; constitu- 
tional ; protracted  ; — applied  particularly  to  the 
kind  of  fever  which  attends  consumption. 

2.  Affected  with  constitutional  fever.  “ A 

lean  and  hectic  chemist.”  Sterne. 

HEC'TI-CAL-LY,  ad. . In  the  manner  of  a hectic 
fever.  “ Hectically  feverish.”  Johnson. 

HEC ' TO-  GRAJUME,  n.  [Gr.  tKarCv,  a hundred, 
and  yooppa,  the  twenty-fourth  part  of  an  ounce.] 
A French  weight  equal  to  100  grammes,  or  to 
3.5277  ounces  avoirdupois.  Brande. 

HECTOLITRE  (liek'to-le'tr),  n.  [Fr. ; Gr.  Ik ar6v, 
a hundred,  and  lirpu,  a pound.]  A French 
measure  of  capacity,  equal  to  100  litres,  or 
2.75  bushels.  Simmonds. 

HECTOMETRE  (hek'to-ma'tr),  n.  [Fr.  ; Gr.  isa- 
t6v,  a hundred,  and  /tirpav,  a measure.]  A French 
measure  of  length,  equal  to  100  metres,  or 
328. 0S6  English  leet.  Brande. 

HEC'TOR,  n.  ["E/crwp,  Hector,  the  brave  son  of 
Priam,  mentioned  by  Homer.]  A blustering,  tur- 
bulent, noisy  fellow ; a bully  ; a blusterer.  South. 

HEC'TOR,  V.  a.  [i.  HECTORED  ; pp.  HECTORING, 
HECTORED.] 

1.  To  bully  ; to  menace  ; to  threaten.  Dryden. 

2.  To  vex  ; to  fret ; to  annoy.  Wright. 

HEC'TOR,  v.  7i.  To  play  the  bully.  Stillingjleet. 

HEC-TO'RE-  AN,  a.  Relating  to,  or  like,  Hector, 
the  commander  of  the  Trojan  forces.  Pope. 

HEC'TOR-I§M,  71.  The  disposition  or  the  prac- 
tice of  a hector  ; a bullying.  Wright. 

IIEC'TOR-LY,  a.  Blustering;  insolent.  Barroiv. 

HF.CTOSTERE  (liek'to-ster),  71.  [Fr.,  from  Gr. 

txardv,  a hundred,  and  artpios,  solid.]  A French 
measure,  consisting  of  100  French  cubical  me- 
tres, and  equal  to  3531.741  cubic  feet.  Simmonds. 

HED’DLE,  7i.  The  harness  for  guiding  the  warp 
threads  in  a loom  ; healds.  Ure. 

HED'DI.E— MAK'JJR,  7i.  A manufacturer  of  flax- 
combs  and  of  weavers’  utensils.  Simmonds. 

HED'jJN-BERG-iTE,  n.  (Min  ) A black  opaque 
variety  of  pyroxene,  containing  a large  propor- 
tion of  iron,  little  or  no  magnesia,  and  no  alu- 
mina ; — so  named  from  L.  Hedenberg.  Dana. 

HED' E-RA,  7i.  [L.  — Perhaps  from  Celtic  hedra,m 

cord.  Loudon .]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants ;” 

. ivy.  Loudon. 

MED-E-RA'OEOyS  (-shus),  a.  [L.  hederaceus,  hed- 
era,  ivy.]  Relating  to,  or  producing,  ivy.  Bailey. 

HED'E-RAL,  a.  Composed  of  ivy.  Lindley. 

HED-E-RIF'f.R-OUS,  a.  [L.  hedcra,  ivy,  and fero, 
to  bear.]  Producing  ivy.  Bailey. 

HED-F-ROSE',  a.  [L  .hederosus.]  Full  of  ivy.  Scott. 

HEDGE  (hej),  n.  [A.  S.  hege,heag,  or  hag  ; Dut. 
haaq ; Ger.  hag,  or  hecke ; Dan.  hcekke ; Sw. 
hilek ; Icel.  hagi.  — It  is  written  hegge  by  Wick- 
life  and  Chaucer .]  A fence  made  of  thorns, 
prickly  bushes,  or  shrubs.  Drayton. 

A certain  man  planted  a vineyard,  and  compassed  it  with 
a hedge.  Mark  xii.  1,  Trans,  of  1551. 

HEDGE,  a.  [“  Perhaps  from  a hedge  or  hedge- 
born  man,  a man  without  any  known  place  of 
birth.”  Johnson.]  Mean  ; vile ; of  the  lowest 
class.  “ A little,  hedge,  illiterate  vicar.”  Swift. 

HEDGE  (hej),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  hegian,  to  hedge.]  [i. 
HEDGED  ; pp.  HEDGING,  HEDGED.] 

1.  To  enclose  with  a hedge.  “ Those  alleys 

must  be  hedged  at  both  ends.”  Bacon. 

2.  To  obstruct;  to  blockade.  “I  will  hedge 

up  thy  way  with  thorns.”  Dos.  ii.  6. 

3.  To  encircle  for  defence. 

England,  hedged  in  with  the  main.  Shak. 

4.  To  shut  up  within  an  enclosure.  “A  law 

to  hedge  in  the  cuckoo.”  I^ocke. 

5.  To  thrust  or  force,  as  into  a place  already 

full.  “ To  hedge  me  in.”  Shak. 

When  you  are  sent  on  an  errand,  be  sure  to  hedge  in  some 
business  of  your  own.  Swift. 

“ This  seems  to  be  mistaken  for  edge.  To  edge 


in  is  to  put  in  by  the  way  that  requires  least  room 
but  hedge  may  signify  to  thrust  in  with  difficulty,  as 
into  a hedge.”  Johnson. 

HEDGE,  v.  n.  1.  To  hide  the  head;  to  withdraw 
into  a corner  ; to  shift ; to  skulk  ; to  creep  slyly. 

I myself  sometimes  hiding  mine  honor  in  my  necessity, 
and  fain  to  shuflie,  to  hedge , and  to  lurch.  Shak. 

2.  To  bet  on  both  sides,  as  at  horse-races,  so 
as  never  to  incur  great  risks.  S7nart. 

HEDGE'— BILL,  a.  An  instrument  to  trimhedges  ; 
a hedging-bill.  Booth. 

HEDGE-BIRD,  n.  A bird  that  seeks  food  and 
shelter  in  hedges.  Far/n.  E7icy. 

HEDGE'— BORN,  a.  Of  no  known  birth;  meanly 
born.  “ A hedge-born  swain.”  Shak. 

HEDGE'BOTE,  7i.  [ hedge  and  bote.]  (Eng.  Law.) 
An  allowance  of  wood  made  to  a tenant  for  re- 
pairing hedges  or  fences.  Burrill. 

HEDGE'— CREEP-ER,  n.  One  who  skulks,  as  un- 
der hedges,  for  bad  purposes.  Jolmso7i. 

HEDGE— FU'Mj-TO-RY,  71.  \Bot.)  A plant  of  the 
genus  Fumaria.  ' Ainsworth. 

HEDGE'-GAR-LIC,  n.  A plant  ; Alliaria  offici- 
nalis  ; — so  named  in  allusion  to  the  smell  of 
the  leaves.  Louclon. 

IIEDGE'HOG,  71.  1.  (Zor.'l.)  An  insectivorous 

quadruped  of  the  genus  Erinaceus,  having  the 
hack  covered  with  sharp  strong  spines  about  an 
inch  long,  with  the  power  of  rolling  itself  up  in 
a ball.  The  common  hedgehog,  or  Erinaceus 
Europeeus,  is  rather  more  than  nine  inches 
long,  and  is  popularly  called  urchin.  Bell. 

2.  A term  of  reproach.  Shak. 

3.  (Bot.)  A species  of  plant  having  curious 

pods  ; Medicago  intertexta.  Loudon. 

4.  (Ich.)  The  globe-fish.  Ainsworth. 

5.  A machine  for  removing  mud,  silt,  &c., 

from  rivers.  Simmonds. 

HEDGE'HOG-THIS'TLE  (-thls'sl),  n.  A name 
common  to  several  species  of  cactus.  Wright. 

IIEDGE'HOG— TRE'FOlL,  n.  A kind  of  herb.  Scott. 

HEDGE'-HYS-SOP,  n.  (Bot.)  The  English  name 
of  the  genus  Gratiola.  Loudon. 

HEDGE'— KNIFE,  n.  An  instrument  for  trimming 
hedges.  Farm.  E/icg. 

IIEDGE'LpSS,  a..  Having  no  hedge.  Ogilvie. 

HEDGE'LONG,  a.  Along  the  hedge.  Dyer. 

HEDGE'-MUS-TARD,  n.  (Bot.)  An  evergreen 
herbaceous  plant  of  several  varieties,  most  of 
which  are  worthless ; Erysimum.  Loudon. 

HEDGE'— NET-TLE,  71.  (Bot.)  The  English  name 
for  the  genus  Stachys,  most  of  the  species  of 
which  are  strong  smelling  weeds.  Loudon. 

HEDGE'— NOTE,  7i.  The  note  of  a mere  hedge- 
bird  ; — applied  contemptuously  to  a vulgar  style 
of  writing.  Dryden. 

HEDGE'— PARS-LEY,  71.  (Bot.)  A useless  weed, 
of  several  varieties.  Farm.  Ency. 

HEDGE'-PIG,  7i.  A young  hedgehog.  Shak. 

HEDGE'— PRIEST,  n.  A poor,  mean  priest.  Shak. 

HEDG'?R,  n.  One  who  makes  or  repairs  hedges. 
“ The  swinked  hedger.”  Milton. 

HEDGE'— RHYME,  7i.  Vulgar,  doggerel  rhyme; 
hedger’s  rhyme.  Cowley. 

HEDGE'— ROW,  n.  A hedge  of  bushes  in  a row. 

By  hedge-row  elm,  or  hillocks  green.  Milton. 

IIED^rE'— SCHOOL  (liej'skol),  n.  A school  assem- 
bled  or  kept  beside  a hedge  or  in  the  open  air, 
as  in  Ireland.  - Ca7'leton. 

HEDGE'-SCI§-§OR§  (hej'slz-zurz),  n.  pi.  An  in- 
strument for  trimming  hedges.  Booth. 

HEDGE'— SPAR-ROW,  n.  (Ornith.)  A bird  of  the 
genus  Motacilla,  that  lives  in  bushes,  distin- 
guished from  a sparrow  that  builds  in  thatch. 

HEDGE'— STAKE,  7i.  A stake  to  support  a hedge. 

HEDGE'— WR1T-ER,  7i.  A grub-street  writer;  a 
mean  author.  Smart. 

HEDG'ING,  n.  Act  of  making  hedges.  Maunder. 

HEDG'ING-BILL,  7i.  A cutting-hook,  used  in 
making  hedges.  Sidney. 


A,  E.  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long:  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  F FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


HEDGING-GLOVE 


HEIRSHIP 


HEDGING— GLOVE  (-gliiv),  n.  A glove  worn  by 
hedgers  ; dannock.  Farm.  Ency. 

IlE-DON'IC,  a.  [Gr.  fjiovt'i,  pleasure.]  Pertaining 
to  pleasure ; placing  the  chief  good  in  pleas- 
lire  ; professing  hedonism.  Clarke. 

HED'O-NISM,  n.  [Gr.  yhovy,  pleasure.]  The  doc- 
trine  that  the  chief  good  of  man  lies  in  the  pur- 
suit of  pleasure,  as  taught  by  Aristippus  and 
the  Cyrenaic  school.  Fleming. 

IIE'DY-PHANE,  n.  An  arsenio-chlorate  of  lead 
and  lime  from  Sweden.  Dana. 

HEED,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  hedan-,  Dut.  hoeden  ; Frs. 
hoda,  or  huda ; Ger.  hllten ; Dan.  hyte,  or  hytte.\ 
\i.  HEEDED  ; pp.  HEEDING,  heeded.]  To  at- 
tend to ; to  give  or  pay  attention  to ; to  mind ; 
to  regard  ; to  take  notice  of ; to  notice. 

With  pleasure  Argus  the  musician  heeds . Dryden. 

HEED,  v.  n.  To  give  or  pay  attention  ; to  mind  ; 
to  consider  ; to  take  care.  If'  arton. 

HEED,  n.  1.  Care  ; attention  ; notice  ; regard. 

It  is  a way  of  calling  a man  a fool  when  no  heed  is  given 
to  what  he  says.  IS Estrange. 

2.  Caution  ; circumspection  ; wariness  ; sus- 
picious watch.  “Let  men  take  heed  of  their 
company.”  Shah. 

Take  heed-,  have  open  eye;  for  thieves  do  foot  by  night.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Attention,  Care. 

HEED'FUL,  a.  1.  Observing;  attentive;  mind- 
ful; regardful.  “ His  heedful  ears.”  Sliak. 

2.  Cautious  ; suspicious  ; watchful. 

Give  him  heedful  note; 

For  I mine  eyes  will  rivet  to  his  face.  Shak. 

Syn. — See  Careful,  Mindful. 

HEED'FUL-Ly,  ad.  In  a heedful  manner  ; with 
caution ; carefully. 

HEED'FUL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  heed- 
ful; caution;  vigilance;  attention.  Digby. 

■f  HEED'I-LY,  ad.  Cautiously  ; heedfully.  Bailey. 

+ IIEED'I-NESS,  n.  Caution  ; heed.  Spenser. 

HEED'LpSS,  a.  Taking  no  heed;  unobserving; 
inattentive;  careless;  thoughtless;  negligent. 
“ The  mind  being  heedless.”  Locke. 

Syn.  — See  Negligent. 

HEED'Lf.SS-LY,  ad.  Carelessly  ; negligently  ; 
inattentively  ; thoughtlessly. 

HEED'HJSS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  heed- 
less ; carelessness  ; thoughtlessness.  Locke. 

Syn.  — See  Inadvertence,  Negligence. 

t HEED'Y,  a.  Careful ; cautious  ; heedful.  Perry. 

HEEL,  n.  [A.  S.  hel ; Dut.  fuel ; Dan.  hael\  Sw. 
liiil ; Icel.  heell.] 

1.  The  hind  part  of  the  foot,  particularly  of 

the  human  foot.  Wiseman. 

2.  The  whole  foot,  particularly  of  animals. 

Not  headlong  half  so  swift  do  coursing  steeds  bestir  their  heels. 

Phaev. 

3.  The  hind  part  of  a shoe  or  a stocking. 

4.  Any  thing  shaped  like  a heel.  “ It  [the 

tool]  has  an  angular  base  or  heel.”  Weale. 

5.  A spur,  as  being  worn  on  the  heel.  Smart. 

6.  The  latter  part ; the  extremity,  or  the  end, 

of  something  in  progress.  “The  heel  of  a ses- 
sion.” Wright. 

7.  (Arch.)  The  end  or  foot  of  a rafter  winch 

rests  on  the  wall  plate.  Buchanan. 

8.  (Nat it.)  The  after-part  of  a ship’s  keel : 

— the  lower  end  of  a mast  or  boom  : — the  low- 
er end  of  the  stern-post.  Dana. 

Heels  over  head,  making  a somerset : — headlong ; 
carelessly.  — JYecIc  and  heels,  the  whole  length  of  the 
body.  — To  be  at  the  heels  of,  to  pursue  closely:  — to 
attend  closely.  — To  be  out  at  heels,  to  be  worn  out  at 
the  heels,  as  stockings;  to  be  worn  out:  — to  be  in  a 

had  condition To  have  the  heels  of,  to  outrun.  “ My 

horse  had  the  heels  of  him.”  Johnson. — To  lay  by  the 
heels,  to  fetter;  to  shackle.  Addison. — To  show  the 
heels,  to  run  away.  — To  take  to  the  heels,  to  run  away. 

HEEL,  V.  n.  \l.  HEELED  ; pp.  HEELING,  HEELED.] 

1.  To  dance  ; to  go  round  ; to  wheel.  Shak. 

2.  (Naut.)  To  stoop  or  incline  to  either  side, 

as  a ship.  Falconer. 

HEEL,  v.  a.  1.  To  arm  a cock.  Johnson. 

2.  To  add  a heel  to  ; as,  “ To  heel  a boot.” 

HEEL'IJR,  n.  A cock  that  strikes  well  with  his 
heels  or  spurs.  Bailey. 


673 

HEEL'JNG,  n.  1.  Act  of  putting  new  heel-pieces 
to  boots  or  shoes.  Simmonds. 

2.  (Naut.)  The  square  part  left  at  the  lower 
end  of  a mast.  Crabb. 

HEEL'— PIECE  (-pes),  n.  1.  Armor  for  the  heels. 

Chesterfield. 

2.  A piece  of  leather  fixed  on  the  heel  of  a 
boot  or  a shoe  ; heel-tap. 

3.  The  concluding  part;  the  end. 

Just  at  the  heel-psiece  of  his  book.  Lloyd. 

HEEL'— PIECE  C-pes),  v.  a.  To  put  a heel-piece 
upon.  “ Heel-piecing  her  shoes.”  Arbuthnot. 

HEEL'-POST,  n.  The  outer  post  in  the  stall  par- 
tition of  a stable.  Ogilvie. 

HEEL'-TAP,  n.  1.  A small  piece  of  leather  on 
the  heel  of  a boot  or  a shoe  ; a heel-piece.  Roget. 

2.  Liquor  left  at  the  bottom  of  a glass .Halliwell. 

HEEL'-TAP,  v.  a.  To  put  a heel-tap  or  heel- 
piece upon  ; to  heel-piece.  Wright. 

HEEL'-TIP,  n.  An  iron  plate  or  protection  for 
the  heels  of  boots  and  shoes.  Simmonds. 

HEEL'-TOOL,  n.  A turner’s  tool,  having  an 
acute  cutting  edge  and  an  angular  base.  Weale. 

IIEEN,  n.  A district.  [China.]  Simmonds. 

I1EER,  n.  A measure  of  yarn.  — See  Spindle. 

IIEFT,  n.  [A.  S.  hefe,  weight ; hebban,  to  heave.] 

1.  f A heaving ; an  effort. 

He  cracks  his  gorge,  his  sides. 

With  violent  hij'ts.  Hhak. 

2.  f Handle  ; haft.  “Blade  and  heft.”  Waller. 

3.  Weight ; heaviness.  Halliwell. 

But  if  a part  of  heaven’s  huge  sphere, 

Thou  choose  thy  ponderous  heft  to  bear.  Gorges,  1014. 

To  judge  by  the  heft  or  weight.  Holloway. 

IIEFT,  V.  a.  [t.  HEFTED  ; pp.  HEFTING,  HEFTED.] 

1.  To  lift  up  ; to  carry  aloft.  [Scot.]  Jamieson. 

2.  To  try  the  weight  of  by  lifting.  [Local, 

Eng. ; colloquial,  U.  S.]  Holloway. 

HEFT'pD,  a.  Moved;  agitated;  — used  in  com- 
position. “ Thy  tew&ex-hcfted  nature.”  Shak. 

f HEG,  n.  A fairy;  a witch.  — See  Hag.  Huloet. 

t HE^-E-MON'IC,  > [Gr.  l/y(yovtK6 ; ; f/yt- 

f HE^-p-MON'I-CAL,  I yu>v,  a leader.]  Ruling; 
predominant.  “ The  most  prince-like  and  liege- 
monical  part  of  his  soul.”  Fotherby. 

HfJ-^i'RA,  or  HE£'!-RA  [he-jTr?,  S.  F.  J.  F.  K. ; 
he-jl'ra  or  lied'je-r?,  W.  Ja.  ; hed'je-rj,  E.  Sin. 
Johnson,  Rees],  n.  [Ar.]  (Chron.)  The  Flight ; 
appropriately,  the  flight  of  Mahomet  from  Mec- 
ca, July  16,  A.  D.  622  ; the  epoch  from  which 
the  Mahometan  era  is  reckoned.  Harris. 

HEIF'ER,  n.  [A.  S.  heahfore,  or  heafre.)  A 

young  cow.  Bacon. 

f HEIGH  (hi),  interj.  Used  in  encouraging;  hey. 

Heigh , my  hearts,  cheerly,  cheerly,  my  hearts.  Shak. 

HEIGH'— HO  (hl'ho),  interj.  1.  An  expression  of 
languor,  uneasiness,  or  desire.  Shak. 

2.  Noting  exultation. 

And  heigh-ho  for  the  honor  of  old  England.  Dryden. 

HEIGHT  (hit)  [hit,  S.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  B. 
C.  ; lilt  or  hat,  IK.],  n.  [Goth,  hauhitha ; A.  S. 
heahtho,  heatho,  or  hihth  ; Dut.  hoogte ; Ger. 
hoheit ; Dan.  hoidc ; Sw.  hoghet,  highness ; hojd, 
height.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  high  ; elevation. 

Into  what  pit  thou  seest 

From  what  height  fallen.  Milton. 

2.  Space  measured  upwards  ; altitude.  “The 

height  of  the  tower.”  Chaucer. 

3.  f Decree  of  latitude.  “ Guinea  lieth  in 

the  same  height  as  Peru.”  Abbot. 

4.  High  place  ; eminence  ; summit ; culmi- 
nating point;  acme;  apex. 

From  Alpine  heights  the  father  first  descends.  Dryden. 

5.  Station  of  dignity ; elevation  of  rank. 

By  him  that  raised  me  to  this  careful  height.  Shak. 

6.  The  utmost  degree  ; crisis.  “ Despair  is  the 

height  of  madness.”  Sherlock. 

7.  Advance  towards  perfection ; degree  of 
progress ; state  of  excellence. 

Social  duties  are  carried  to  greater  heights  by  the  principles 
of  our  religion.  Addison. 

“ The  first  of  these  modes  [hit]  is  the  most  gen- 
eral, and  the  last  [hat]  the  most  agreeable  to  the  spell- 


ing. Milton  was  the  patron  of  the  first,  and,  in  his 
zeal  for  analogy,  as  Dr.  Johnson  says,  spelt  the  word 
highth.  This  is  still  the  pronunciation  of  the  vulgar, 
and  seems,  at  first  sight,  the  most  agreeable  to  anal- 
ogy; but,  though  the  sound  of  the  adjective  high  is 
generally  preserved  in  the  abstract  height , the  h is 
always  placed  before  the  t,  and  is  perfectly  mute.  Mr. 
Garrick’s  pronunciation  (and  which  is  certainly  the 
best)  was  kite.  — See  Drought.”  Walker. 

HEIGHT'EN  (lil'tn),  v.  a.  \i.  heightened  ; pp. 
HEIGHTENING,  HEIGHTENED.] 

1.  To  raise  ; to  elevate  ; to  exalt ; to  enhance. 

Heightened  in  tlieir  thoughts  beyond 
Alt  doubt  of  victory.  Milton. 

2.  To  make  better  ; to  improve  ; to  meliorate. 

Two  more  [drops]  heightened  it  into  a perfect  Languedoc. 

Addison. 

3.  To  make  greater ; to  aggravate ; to  increase. 

Foreign  states  used  their  endeavors  to  heighten  our  con- 
fusion. Addison. 

4.  (Paint.)  To  make  prominent  by  means  of 

touches  of  light  or  brilliant  colors,  as  contrasted 

with  the  shadows.  Braude . 

Syn.  — To  heighten  is  to  make  higher.  Heighten 
the  value  of  a thing,  raise  or  enhance  its  price,  improve 
its  quality,  and  increase  its  quantity.  The  enormity 
of  an  offence  is  heightened,  and  the  guilt  of  the  offender 
is  aggravated , by  particular  circumstances. 

HEIgiIT'EN-ER  (lil'tn-er),  n.  One  who  heightens. 

HEIGHT'EN-ING  (hi'tn-ing),  n.  Improvement. 

The  heiglitenings  of  the  other  [landscape].  Dryden. 

II  IIEI'NOUS  (ha'nus)  [ha'nus,  IK.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Sm. 
R. ; he'nus,  S.  Ja.  A'.],  a.  [Fr.  haineux',  haine, 
hatred.]  Wicked  in  a high  degree  ; atrocious  ; 
flagrant ; flagitious ; aggravated.  “ A wicked, 
heinous  fault.”  Shak.  “ Most  heinous  and  ac- 
cursed sacrilege.”  Hooker. 

MJr’  “ Mr.  Sheridan  gives  the  long  sound  of  c to  the 
first  syllable  of  this  word,  contrary  to  every  diction- 
ary, to  analogy,  and,  I think,  the  best  usage ; which, 
if  1 am  not  mistaken,  always  gives  tiie  first  syllable 
of  tliis  word  the  sound  of  slender  a.  That  this  was 
tiie  sound  of  this  syllable  formerly,  we  may  gather 
from  tiie  spelling  of  it ; for,  in  Charles  the  Second’s 
time,  Mr.  Baxter  is  accused  by  Mr.  Danvers  of  pub- 
lishing tiie  humous  charge  against  tiie  Baptists  of  bap- 
tizing naked.”  Walker. 

Syn.  — Heinous,  flagrant, , flagitious , and  atrocious 
are  epitiiets  applied  to  crimes  and  violations  of  the 
moral  law.  Heinous  sin  ; flagrant  deed  ; flagitious 
conduct ; atrocious  murder ; wicked  action  or  person. 
— See  Wicked. 

||  HEI'NOUS-LY  (lia'nus-le),  ad.  Atrociously; 
wickedly;  viciously.  Bp.  Wilkins. 

II  IlEI'NOyS-NESS  (ha'nus-nes),  n.  Atrocious- 
ness ; wickedness.  Rogers. 

HEIR  (Ar),  n.  [L.  hares,  heeredis  ; It.  crede\  Nor. 
Fr.  hear,  her,  hier,  or  eir ; Fr.  hoir,  heritier .] 

1.  (Law.)  One  who  inherits;  one  who  takes 
an  estate  in  lands  or  tenements  by  descent  from 
another,  as  distinguished  from  an  alienee,  who 
takes  by  deed,  and  a devisee , who  takes  by  will. 

Burrill. 

2.  One  who  receives  any  thing  from  another, 

in  the  manner  of  an  heir.  “ Heirs  of  shame.” 
“ Shocks  that  flesh  is  heir  to.”  Shak. 

Being  heirs  together  of  the  grace  of  life.  1 Pet.  iii.  7. 

Heir  apparent , an  heir  whose  right  of  inheritance  is 
indefeasible,  provided  he  outlive  the  ancestor.  — Heir 
presumptive,  one  who,  if  the  ancestor  should  die  im- 
mediately, would,  in  the  present  state  of  tilings,  he  his 
heir,  but  whose  inheritance  may  be  defeated  by  the 
contingency  of  some  nearer  lieir  being  born.  Whishaw. 

HEIR  (&r),  v.  a.  To  inherit;  to  succeed  to.,  [r.] 

One  only  daughter  heired  the  royal  state.  Dryden. 

HEIR-AP-pAr'PN-CY  (Ar-),  n.  The  state  of  an 
heir-apparent.  West.  Rev. 

HEIR'DOM  (Ar'dum),  n.  The  state  of  an  heir  : — 
the  possessions  of  an  heir.  Bp.  Hall.  Burke. 

HEIR'yss  (Ar'es),  n.  A woman  who  inherits  ; a 
female  heir.  Dryden. 

HEIR'L^SS  (Ar'les),  a.  Being  without  an  heir. 

HEIR'LOOM  (Ar'lom),  n.  [Eng.  heir  and  A.  S. 
geloma,  or  loma,  household  stuff.]  (Law.)  Any 
movable  or  personal  chattel  which  by  law  de- 
scends to  the  heir  along  with  the  freehold.  “ An 
heirloom,  or  implement  of  furniture.  ” Blackstone. 

HEIR'SHIP  (Ar'shlp),  n.  The  state,  character,  or 
privileges  of  an  heir.  Agliffe. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — y,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  3 as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 
85 


HELAMYS 


674 


HELL-HAUNTED 


HEL'A-MYS,  n.  [Gr.  lAASs,  or  lA6f, 
a fawn,  and  pvs,  a mouse.]  (Zo- 
6l.)  A rodent  animal,  of  the  rat 
family,  found  at  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope,  resembling  a hare 
in  size  and  color,  but 
having  a long  tail,  and 
inhabiting  deep  bur-  ^ 

rows;  the  jumping- 
rat,  or  jumping-hare ; 

Pedetes  capensis. 

Eng.  Cgc.  Helamys  (Pedetes  capensis). 

HEL'BpH,  n.  An  agricultural  seed  with  a some- 
what bitter  taste,  the  flour  of  which  is  mixed 
with  dourah  by  the  laborers  of  Egypt.  Simmonds. 

HELD,  i.  & p.  from  hold.  See  Hold. 

f HELE,  v.  a.  [M.  Goth,  huljan;  A.  S.  kclan.] 
To  hide  ; to  conceal.  Gower. 

f-'" 

HEL'E-NINE,  n.  (Chem.)  A substance  obtained 
from  Inula  helenium,  or  elecampane,  by  treat- 
ing the  fresh  root  with  hot  alcohol.  Brande. 

t HE'LpR,  n.  A slater.  — See  Hellier.  Todd. 


HE  LJ-AC,  ? a [Gr.  hhaicis  ; t]Ato(,  the  sun; 

Hp-LI'A-CAL,  ) Fr .heliaque.]  (Ancient  Astron.) 
Relating  to  the  sun  as  respects  emerging  out  of 
• or  falling  into  his  rays  at  the  time  of  rising  or 
setting.  “ The  heliacal  rising  of  the  star  So- 
this.”  Coventry. 

Hp-LI' A-CAL-LY,  ad.  (Ancient  Astron.)  A star  is 
said  to  rise  heliacally  when,  after  being  in  con- 
junction with  the  sun,  and  consequently  invisi- 
ble, it  rises  so  soon  before  the  sun  as  to  be  visible 
in  the  eastern  horizon  in  the  morning  twilight ; 
and  it  is  said  to  set  heliacally  when  the  sun  ap- 
proaches so  near  to  it  that  it  is  lost  in  his  light, 
or  ceases  to  be  visible  in  the  western  horizon 
when  he  has  disappeared.  Brande. 

IlE-LI-AJX  ' THE-MBM,  n.  [Gr.  ijJcoj,  the  sun, 
and  avdipov,  a flower.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants 
of  many  species  ; the  sun-rose.  Loudon. 

H£-LI-AN'THUS,  n.  [Gr.  i)ltof,  the  sun,  and  dv- 
6os,  a flower.]  (Bot.)  A -genus  of  plants  of  many 
species ; the  sunflower.  Hamilton. 

HEL'I-CAL,  a.  [Gr.  cA if,  iA.tKo;,  any  thing  twisted 
or  spiral.]  Having  many  circumvolutions  ; spi- 
ral ; winding.  Wilkins. 

II  E-LIC'I-FORM,  a.  Shaped  like  the  helix,  or 
snail-shell.  Maunder. 

HEL'I-CINE  (19),  a.  (Anat.)  Relating  to,  or  re- 
sembling, a tendril.  Dunglison. 

HEL'I-ClTE  (19),  n.  (Pal.)  A spiral-shelled  fos- 
sil ; fossil  remains  of  the  helix.  Smart. 

HJEL'I-COID,  n.  [Gr.  cAucoctSris ; e-iif,  IAiko;,  any 
thing  spiral,  and  ethos,  form ; Fr.  helicoide .] 
(Geom.)  A warped  surface,  which  may  be  gen- 
erated by  a straight  line  moving  in  such  a man- 
ner that  each  point  of  it  shall  have  a uniform 
motion  in  the  direction  of  a fixed  straight  line, 
and  at  the  same  time  a uniform  angular  motion 
about  it.  Davies. 

IIEL'I-COID,  a.  (Bot.)  Coiled  like  a helix  or 
snail-shell.  Gray. 

HEL-J-COM'E-TRY,  n.  [Gr.  V.i(,  cA.ikos , any  thing 
twisted  or  spiral,  and  yirpov,  a measure.]  (Gc- 
om.)  The  art  of  drawing  or  measuring  spiral 
lines  on  a plane.  Crabb. 

HEL-I-CO'NI-AN,  a.  (Geog.)  Relating  to  Heli- 
con, a famous  mountain  in  Boeotia  sacred  to 
Apollo  and  the  Muses.  Booth. 

H EL- NCOS 'O- PIIY,  n.  [Gr.  V.t(,  V.ueos,  any  thing 
twisted  or  spiral,  and  a o0(n,  skill ; Fr.  htlicoso- 
phie .]  Helicometry.  [r.]  Bailey. 

f HE'LING,  n.  [A.  S.  helan,  to  cover.]  The  cov- 
ering of  a roof.  — See  Hilling.  Todd. 

HE-LJ-O-CEN'TRJC,  ) a.  [Gr.  U,os,  the  sun, 

HE-LNO-CEN'TRNCAL,  ) and  Ktvrpov,  centre  ; Fr. 
heliocentrique .]  (Astron.)  Relating  to  the  sun’s 
centre  ; appearing  as  if  seen  from  the  sun’s 
centre.  Airy. 

Heliocentric  place, , the  place  or  point  of  the  ecliptic 
in  which  a planet  would  appear  to  a spectator  at  the 
centre  of  the  sun.  — Heliocentric  latitude, , the  angle 
made  by  a line,  joining  the  centre  of  a planet  and  the 
centre  of  the  sun,  with  the  ecliptic.  — Heliocentric 


longitude,  the  distance  of  a planet  from  the  first  point 
of  Aries,  as  seen  from  the  sun  and  measured  on  the 
ecliptic. 

HE-LNOEH'RO-MY,  n.  [Gr.  r/Aios,  the  sun,  and 
Xflopii,  color.]  The  process  by  which  photo- 
graphic pictures  in  their  natural  colors  are  ob- 
tained. Fairholt. 

HE-LI-O-GRAph'IC,  ? 0_  Pertaining  to  heli- 

HE-LNO-GRAPH'NCAL,  ) ography;  as,  “ Helio- 
graphic engraving.”  Diamond. 

HE-LI-OG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  i )AioS,  the  sun,  and 
ypdipw,  to  describe.] 

1.  A description  of  the  sun.  P.  Cyc. 

2.  The  art  of  fixing  the  images  made  by  the 

camera-obscura.  Smart. 

HE'LI-OID,  a.  Helicoid.  — See  Helicoid.  Harris. 

IIE-LI-OL' A-T1JR,  n.  [Gr.  fjAios,  the  sun,  and  Aa- 
rpiitn,  to  worship.]  One  who  worships  the  sun  ; 
a worshipper  of  the  sun.  Wright. 

HE-LI-OL'A-TRY,  n.  [Gr.  r/Atos,  the  sun,  and  Aa- 
rpeia,  worship.]  The  worship  of  the  sun.  Smart. 

HE-LJ-OM'E-TER,  n.  [Gr.  pAtos,  the  sun,  and 
pirpov,  a measure.]  A kind  of  micrometer  for 
measuring  with  exactness  the  diameters  of  the 
sun,  moon,  and  planets,  or  any  small  apparent 

distance  between  celestial  objects.  Brande. 

HE-  LI-  O R-.XT.VJE, 
n.  pi.  [Gr.  pAtos, 
the  sun,  andopius, 
a bird.]  (Ornith.) 

A sub-family  of 
birds  of  the  order 
Anseres  and  fam- 
ily Colymbidte ; 
sun-grebes.  Gray. 

HE'LI-O-SCOPE,  n.  [Gr.  pAtos,  the  sun,  and  bko- 
irtw,  to  view ; Fr.  helioscope.']  A sort  of  tele- 
scope fitted  so  as  to  look  on  the  body  of  the  sun 
without  hurting  the  eyes.  Harris. 

HE'LI-O-STAT,  n.  [Gr.  pAios,  the  sun,  and  trrnrt s, 
standing.]  (Optics.)  An  instrument  used  for 
the  purpose  of  obviating,  in  optical  experiments, 
the  inconvenience  arising  from  the  continual 
change  of  the  direction  of  the  solar  rays,  by  re- 
flecting them  in  the  same  straight  line.  Brande. 

HE'LNO-TROPE,  n.  [Gr.  pAiorptmov ; fjAios,  the 
sun,  and  rpomj,  a turning  ; rpirui,  to  turn  ; L. 
heliotropium  ; Fr.  heliotrope.] 

1.  (Bot.)  A sweet-scented  plant,  having  flow- 
ers said  to  turn  towards  the  sun  ; turnsole. 

They  [flatterers]  arc  like  the  heliotrope ; they  open  only 
towards  the  sun.  Gov.  of  the  Tongue. 

2.  (Min.)  A deep-green,  silicious  mineral, 
with  red  spots  ; the  bloodstone.  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

3.  (Astron.)  An  ancient  instrument  for  show- 

ing when  the  sun  arrived  at  the  tropics  and  the 
equinoctial  points.  Smart. 

HEL-I-SPHER'IC,  \ a.  Winding  spirally  round 

HEL-I-SPHER'l-CAL,  ) the  pole  of  the  sphere  : — 
noting  the  rhomb  line  in  navigation.  Harris. 

IIE'LIX  [lie 'IT ks,  W.  P.Ja.  C.  Wb.  ; hel'jks,  Sm .] , 
n. ; pi.  iiei.'i-cEfj.  [Gr.  cAt(,  any  thing  twisted 
or  spiral ; L.  helix.] 

1.  Any  thing  of  spiral  form  ; a spiral  line  ; a 

circumvolution  ; a coil.  Wilkins. 

2.  (Arch.)  The  smaller  scroll  or  volute  under 

the  flowers  of  a Corinthian  capital.  Weale. 

3.  (Conch.)  A genus  of  pulmobranchiate  gas- 

teropods  having  spiral  shells  ; the  snail : — the 
shell  of  the  snail.  Eng.  Cyc. 

4.  (Anat.)  The  reflected  margin  of  the  exter- 
nal ear.  Brande. 

HELL,  n.  [A.  S.  hell,  or  hel ; helan,  to  cover  or 
conceal ; Dut.  hel,  or  hel/e  ; Frs.  hoi ; Ger.  hlille ; 
I cel.  hel ; helia,  death,  or  the  goddess  of  death. 
— “The  old  Ilalla,  or  Walha/la,  the  abode  of 
death  of  the  northern  nations,  may  be  the  origin 
of  hell.”  Bosworth.  — “ Hell  hath  like  apt  ap- 
pellation [as  heaven ] as  being  helled  over,  — 
that  is  to  say,  hidden  or  covered  in  low  obscuri- 
ty.” Verstegan.] 

1.  The  region  of  the  dead  ; the  grave  ; hades. 
“ He  descended  into  hell.”  Apostles'  Creed.  “ I 
will  go  down  into  hell.”  Gen.  xxxvii.  35,  1609. 

2.  The  place  of  the  devil  and  wicked  souls  or 
spirits  ; the  abode  of  the  wicked  after  death. 
“ The  devils  of  hell.”  Robert  of  Gloucester. 


Though  our  word  hell,  in  its  original  signification,  was 
more  adapted  to  express  the  sense  of  \uuru,  it  is  not  so* now 
When  we  speak  as  Christians,  we  always  express  bv  it  the 
place  of  punishment  of  the  wicked  after  the  general  judg- 
ment, as  opposed  to  heaven,  the  place  of  the  reward  of  the 
righteous.  ur,  Campbell. 

3.  Wicked  spirits  ; the  infernal  powers. 

Much  danger  first,  much  toil,  did  lie  sustain, 

Whiie  Saul  and  hell  crossed  his  strong  fate  in  vain.  Cowley. 

4.  f A dungeon  in  a prison.  Johnson. 

5.  A receptacle  of  the  shreds  of  a tailor,  or  of 

the  broken  types  of  a printer.  Hudibras. 

6.  A gaming-house.  Smart. 

f HELL,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  helan.)  To  overwhelm. 

Else  would  the  waters  overflow  the  lands. 

And  lire  devour  the  air,  and  hell  them  quite.  Spenser. 

HEL-LA-BA-LOO',  n.  See  Hallabaloo. 

HELL'— BEN-D^R,  n.  (Herp.)  The  common  name 
of  a large  North  American  salamander  ; Mcno-i 
poma  Alley haniensis.  Holbrook. 

HELL'— BLACK  (-blak),  a.  Black  as  hell.  Shak. 

HELL'— BORN,  a.  Born  of,  or  in,  hell.  Spenser. 

HELL'— BRED,  a.  Produced  in  hell.  Spenser. 

HELL'— BREWED  (-brud),  a.  Brewed  in  hell. 

Hence  with  thy  hell-brewed  opiate.  Hilton. 

HELL'— BROTH,  n.  A composition  boiled  up  for 
infernal  purposes.  Shak. 

f HELL'— CAT,  n.  A witch  ; a hag.  Middleton. 

HELL'— CON-FOUND' JNG,  a.  Vanquishing  the 
power  of  hell.  Beaumont. 

HELL'— DOOMED,  a.  Consigned  to  hell.  Milton. 

HEL'LE-BORE,  n.  [Gr.  Hilfiopos ; L .helleborus.] 

1.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  medicinal  plants  ; — Hel- 

leborus ; — including  the  Helleborus  niger,  black 
hellebore,  or  Christmas  rose.  Loudon. 

2.  A genus  of  medicinal  plants  ; Veratrum 
or  false  hellebore; — including  the  Veratrum 
viride,  white  hellebore,  or  Indian  poke.  Gray. 

HEL'Lp-BO-RINE,  n.  (Bot.)  Bastard  hellebore; 
the  Arethusa  bulbosa  of  Linnams.  Wright. 

HEL'LIJ-BO-Rl§M,  n.  A preparation  of  hellebore. 

In  vain  should  the  physician  attempt,  with  all  his  inedi- 
cines  and  hellcborisms.  Ferrund. 

HJJL-LE'NI-AN,  a.  Same  as  Hellenic.  Craig. 

HEL'I.p-NIC,  or  HfA.-LEN'lC  [liel'le-nik,  Ja.  K.  R. 
Todd  ; hel-le'njk,  Sm. ; hel-Ien'jk,  C.  H r.  Wb.], 
a.  [Gr.  "EAAi)vik6s  ; "EAA.pv,  Hellen,  son  of  Deu- 
calion ; "EAApres,  descendants  of  Hellen,  or 
Greeks  ; Fr.  Hellenique.)  Relating  to  the  Hel- 
lenes or  Greeks  ; Grecian.  “ To  be  deprived  of 
Hellenic  learning.”  Milton. 

HEL'LE-Nl^M,  n.  [Gr.  'EAApviapi;  ; Fr.  Helli- 
nisme .]  A Greek  idiom  ; a Grecism.  Addison. 

HEL'LE-NIST,  n.  [Gr.  'EAAyviorfu  ; Fr.  HelU- 
niste .] 

1.  A Jew  who  used  the  Greek  language  in 

the  early  ages  of  Christianity.  Gregory. 

2.  One  skilled  in  the  Greek  language.  “The 

critical  Hellenist.”  Dalgarno. 

HLL-L1J-NIS'  TJC,  ) a_  [FY,  Hellenist ique.\ 

HEL-LE-NLS'TI-CAL,  ) Relating  to  the  Helle- 
nists. “ The  Hellenistical  dialect.”  Fell. 

HEL-LE-NIS'TI-CAL-LY,  ad.  According  to  the 
Hellenistic  dialect.  Gregory. 

HEL-Lf-NI-ZA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  Hellenizing ; 
the  use  of  the  Greek  language.  Athemeum. 

HEL'LJP-NIZE,  v.  n.  [Gr.  ’EAAnvi$u.]  To  use  the 
Greek  language.  Hammond. 

IIEL-LpS-PON'TrNE,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Hel- 
lespont. Mitford. 

HELL'— FIRE,  n.  The  fire  of  hell ; the  torments 
of  hell.  Milton. 

HELL'— GATE,  n.  The  gate,  portal,  or  entrance 
of  hell.  “ Fast  by  hell-gate.”  Milton. 

HELL'— GOV-£RNED,  a.  Directed  by  hell.  Shak. 

HELL'-HAg,  n.  A hag  of  hell.  Bp.  Richardson. 

HELL'— H.ARD-ENED  (-dnd),  o.  Rendered  callous 
by  hell.  Walts. 

HELL'— HAT- ED,  a.  Abhorred  like  hell.  Shak. 

HELL'— HAITNT-ED,  a.  Haunted  by  the  devil. 
“This  hell-haunted  grove.”  Dryden. 


Podica  Senegalensis. 


A,  E,  I,  5,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


HELLIIOOD 


675 


HEMATINE 


fHELL'HOOD  (-hud),  re.  The  state  or  condition 
of  hell.  Beau.  <S$  FI. 

HELL'-HOUND,  n.  1.  A dog  of  hell.  Shak. 

2.  An  agent  of  hell.  Milton. 

3.  A profligate ; a miscreant.  Beau.  § FI. 

f HEL'LI-gR,  n.  [A.  S.  helan,  to  cover.  — See 
Hble,  and  Helek.]  A slater  ; a tiler.  Usher. 

HELL'ISH,  a.  1.  Relating  to  hell.  “ Hellish  ti- 
tle.” Sidney.  “ Vanquish  hellish  wiles.”  Milton. 

2.  Having  the  qualities  of  hell ; very  wicked; 
infernal ; detestable.  “ Hellish  breasts.”  South. 

HELL'ISH-LY,  ad.  In  a hellish  manner  ; infer- 
nally; wiclcedly;  detestably.  Bp.  Barlow. 

HELL'ISH-NESS,  n.  Extreme  wickedness;  ab- 
horred qualities.  Beaumont. 

HELL'ITE,  n.  One  who  frequents  a gambling- 
house.  [r.]  Grant. 

HELL1— KITE,  n.  A kite  of  infernal  breed.  Shak. 

HELL' WARD,  ad.  Towards  hell.  Pope. 

f HELL'Y,  a.  Having  the  qualities  of  hell ; infer- 
nal. “ Hetty  haunts.”  Mir.  for  Mag. 

HELM.  [A.  S.  helm.]  An  affix  signifying  de- 
fence ; as,  Ead helm,  happy  defence.  Gibson. 

HELM,  n.  1.  [A.  S.,  Dut.,  Sf  Ger.  helm ; Dan. 
hielm  ; Sw.  hjelm  ; Icel.  hialmr.]  A covering 
for  the  head  in  war  ; a head-piece  ; a helmet ; 
a morion.  “ With  plumed  helm.”  Shak. 

The  babe  clung,  crying,  to  his  nurse’s  breast, 

Seared  at  the  uazzfin g helm  and  nodding  crest.  Pope. 

2.  The  part  of  a coat  of  arms  that  bears  the 

crest.  “ Helms,  crests,  mantles.”  Camden. 

3.  The  upper  part  or  covering  of  something, 

as  of  a retort.  Boyle. 

HELM,  re.  1.  [A.  S.  helma ; Dut.  &;  Ger  .helm.]  The 
instrument  or  apparatus  by  which  a vessel  is 
steered,  including  the  rudder,  tiller,  wheel,  &c. ; 
— sometimes  applied  especially  to  the  tiller. 
Ships  in  storms  their  helms  and  anchors  lost.  Denham. 

2.  The  station  of  government ; the  post  of 
command.  “ Let  those  at  the  helm  contrive  it 
better.”  Swift. 

Down  with  the  helm , (JVaut.)  an  order  to  pusll  tire 
helm  to  leeward,  in  order  to  put  the  ship  about,  or  to 
lav  her  to  windward.  — Ease  or  bear  up  the  helm,  an 
order  to  let  the  ship  go  mote  large  before  the  wind.  — 
Helm  a-midships,  or  right  the  helm,  an  order  to  keep  the 
helm  even  with  the  middle  of  the  ship.  — Port  the 
helm,  an  order  to  put  the  helm  over  the  left  side  of  the 
ship.  — Starboard  the  helm,  an  order  to  put  the  helm 
on  the  right  side  of  the  ship.  Mar.  Diet. 

f HELM,  v.  a.  To  guide  ; to  conduct.  “ The  busi- 
ness he  hath  helmed.”  Shak. 

h£lm'A<?E,  n.  Guidance,  [r.]  H.  Laurens. 

HELMED  (hel'med  or  helmd),  a.  Furnished  with  a 
helm  or  head-piece.  “ Helmed  cherubim  ."Milton. 

HEL'MflT,  re.  [A.  S.  helm.  — See  Helm.] 

1.  Armor  for  the  head ; a helm  ; a morion  ; a 
head-piece. 

Helmets  were  anciently  formed  of  various  materials,  but 
chiefly  of  skins  of  beasts,  brass  and  iron.  Brande. 

2.  A kind  of  pigeon. 

3.  ( Bot .)  An  arched  concave  petal 
or  sepal ; the  hooded  upper  lip  of  a 
flower. 

HEL'MET-ED,  a.  Wearing  a helmet. 

Beau.  iSf  FI. 

HEL'MET-FLOtV'ER,  re.  A plant  and  its  flower  ; 
the  aconite  or  wolf’s-bane.  Crabb. 

HEL'MET-SHAPED  (-shapt),  a.  ( Bot .)  Shaped 
like  a helmet ; galeate.  Ogilvie. 

IIEL-MIN'TII  A-GOGUE  (hel-min'th?-gog),  re.  [Gr. 
chgivs,  IfpivSis,  a worm,  and  ayio,  to  lead.]  (Med.) 
Medicine  to  expel  worms.  Scott. 

HEL-MIN-THI'A-SIS,  re.  [Gr.  ilgivOthto,  to  suffer 
from  worms  ; V.giv;,  il.givSds,  a worm.]  (Med.) 
A disease  in  which  worms  or  their  larvae  are 
bred  under  the  skin.  Hoblyn. 

HJJL-MIN'THIC,  a.  [Gr.  elgir;,  iXgtvOds,  a worm.] 
Relating  to  Worms.  Dunglison. 

HEL-MIN'THIC,  re.  (Med.)  A medicine  for  ex- 
pelling worms.  Wright. 

HEL-MIN'THoTd,  a.  [Gr.  elgtv f,  l?.giv06;,  a worm, 
and  (llos,  form.]  Worm-shaped.  Maunder. 


I HEL-MlN'THO-LITE,  re.  [Gr.  Ugivs,  UgtMs,  a 
worm,  and  XiOu s,  a stone.]  (Min.)  Fossil  re- 
mains of  worms.  Hamilton. 

HEL-MIN-THO-LOG'IC,  ) a_  [Gr.  Ugivs,  ih- 

HEL-MIN-THO-L6<?'!-CAL,  ) pivflos,  a worm,  and 
X.dyos,  a discourse.]  Pertaining  to  helminthol- 
ogy, to  worms,  or  to  their  history.  Maunder. 

HEL-MIN-THOL'O-GIST,  re.  One  who  is  versed 
in  the  natural  history  of  worms.  Ogilvie. 

HEL-M!N-THOL'0-(?Y,  re.  [Gr.  Ugivs,  IXgivQis,  a 
worm,  and  Xdyos,  a discourse  ; Fr.  helmintholo- 
gie.]  The  natural  history  of  worms.  Brande. 

HELM'LIJSS,  a.  Destitute  of  a helm.  Fairfax. 

HELMSMAN,  re.  One  who  manages  the  helm.  Todd. 

HELM'WlND,  re.  A kind  of  wind  in  some  of  the 
mountainous  parts  of  England.  Burn. 

HEL'OT  [hel'ot,  K.  Sm. ; he'Iot,  Wb.  Davis],  re. 
[Gr.  EiV.wrts,  the  inhabitants  of  "E/./.os  or  Helos, 
a Laconian  town  conquered  by  the  Spartans, 
who  made  all  the  prisoners  slaves  ; L.  helotes.] 
A Spartan  slave  ; a slave.  Bp.  Wren. 

HEL'OT-I§M,  re.  The  state  or  condition  of  helots ; 
slavery  ; serfdom  ; servitude.  Ed.  Rev. 

HELP,  v.  a.  [Goth,  hilpan ; A.  S.  helpan;  Dut. 
lielpen  ; Ger.  helfcn  ; Dan.  hielpe ; Sw.  hjelpa.] 
[i.  helped;  pp.  helping,  helped  — formerly 
holpen,  which  is  now  obsolete.] 

1.  To  assist ; to  support ; to  aid. 

God  helped  him  against  the  Philistines.  2 Chron.  xxvi.  7. 

2.  To  relieve  ; to  succor  ; to  serve. 

Help  and  ease  them,  but  by  no  means  bemoan  them.  Locke. 

3.  To  cure ; to  heal.  “ The  true  calamus 

helps  coughs.”  Gerard. 

To  help  him  of  his  blindness.  Shak. 

4.  To  change  for  the  better;  to  remedy. 

Cease  to  lament  for  that  thou  canst  not  help.  Shak. 

5.  To  prevent;  to  hinder. 

If  they  take  offence  when  we  give  none,  it  is  a thing  we 
cannot  help.  Sanderson. 

6.  To  refrain  from  ; to  forbear  ; to  avoid. 

1 cannot  help  remarking  the  resemblance  betwixt  him 
and  our  author.  Pope. 

To  help  off,  to  assist  in  ridding.  “To  help  off  their 
time.”  Locke.  — To  help  out,  to  relieve  from  difficul- 
ty.— To  help  over,  to  enable  to  surmount. — To  help  to, 
to  supply  or  furnish  with.  “ The  man  can  help  him 
to  his  oxen  again.”  L' Estrange. — To  present  at  table. 

Syn.  — To  help  is  a more  general  term  than  assist. 
A person  is  helped  in  labor  or  in  difficulty,  and  assisted 
in  study  or  in  the  performance  of  some  work.  Help  a 
laborer,  assist  a student;  assist  or  aid  a combatant; 
relieve  a sufferer;  succor  those  who  are  in  danger; 
support  the  weak.  — See  Aid,  Coadjutor. 

HELP,  v.  re.  To  contribute  assistance. 

Discreet  followers  and  servants  help  much  to  reputation. 

Bacon. 

To  help  out,  to  bring  a supply.  “ Some,  wanting 
the  talent  to  write,  made  it  their  care  that  the  actors 
should  help  out  where  the  Muses  failed.”  Rymer. 

HELP,  re.  [A.  S.  help ; Dut.  hulp ; Frs.  help-,  Ger. 
hiilfe  ; Dan.  hie  Ip  ; Sw.  hjelp ; Icel.  hialp.] 

1.  Assistance;  aid;  support;  succor.  “My 

help  cometh  from  the  Lord.”  Ps.  exxi.  2. 

2.  He  who,  or  that  which,  gives  help.  “ He 
is  their  help  and  their  shield.”  Fs.  cxv.  9. 

3.  Remedy.  “ No  help  for  it.”  Holder. 

4.  A hired  servant,  particularly  a female  ser- 
vant ; a domestic  ; a helper.  [Local,  U.  S.] 

Pickering. 

HELP'ER,  re.  1.  One  who  helps  ; an  assistant ; 
an  auxiliary  ; an  aider  ; coadjutor.  Bp.  Taylor. 

2.  One  that  supplies  with  any  thing  wanted; 
a provider.  “ And  helper  to  a husband.”  Shak. 

HELP'- EEL-LOW,  re.  A colleague  ; a partner  or 
associate.  “ An  help-fellow  of  our  office.”  Udal. 

HELP'FUL,  a.  1.  Giving  help ; aiding;  useful. 
“ Helpful  swords.”  Shak. 

2.  Wholesome;  salutary;  beneficial;  effica- 
cious. “ Helpful  medicines.”  Raleigh. 

HELP'FUL-NESS,  re.  Assistance  ; usefulness. 

Acts  of  charity  and  helpfulness  towards  them.  Wilkins. 

HELP'LESS,  a.  1.  Destitute  of  help ; without 
aid  ; wanting  assistance. 

How  shall  I then  your  helpless  fame  defend?  Pope. 

2.  Wanting  power  to  succor  one’s  self ; weak. 

Thou  tutelary  friend  of  helpless.mcn.  Coicper. 


3.  f Admitting  no  help  ; irremediable.  “ Help- 
less harms.”  Spenser. 

HELP'LESS-LY,  ad.  In  a helpless  manner;  with- 
out ability  ; without  succor.  Kyd. 

HELP'LESS-NESS,  re.  Want  of  ability  ; want  of 
succor  in  one’s  self ; weakness.  Warton. 

IIELP'MATE,  re.  [From  help  and  mate.-,  or  a cor- 
ruption of  help  and  meet.  “ I will  make  an 
help  meet  for  him.”  Gen.  ii.  18.  — “ The  near- 
ness of  the  phrase,  in  point  of  sound,  suggesting 
the  name  by  a sort  of  lucky  mistake.”  Smart?] 
A companion ; a partner ; a consort ; a wife ; a 
helpmeet. 

The  Lacedemonians  were  obliged  to  choose  their  helpmates 
in  the  dark.  Smollett. 

HELP'MEET,  n.  [From  help  and  meet.']  A part- 
ner ; a consort;  a wife  ; a helpmate.  Milton. 

She  was  just  the  helpmeet  for  Perthes.  Ec.  Rev. 

“The  Minister’s  Helpmeet,”  the  title  of  a memoir  of  Mrs. 
Lielchild,  by  her  husband,  the  Rev.  Dr.  Liefchild. 

IIEL'T^R—  SKEL'TJfR,  ad.  [Of  uncertain  etymol- 
ogy.  Skinner  suggests  Dut.  heel,  wholly,  ter, 
to,  and  schotteren,  to  scatter.  — “ Helter-skelter 
is  halter  loose,  halter  broken.  L.  effrenate." 
Brockett.  Others  suggest  L.  liic  et  aliter.  — L. 
hilariter  et  celeriter,  gayly  and  quickly.  Gibbs.] 
In  a hurry  ; without  order ; in  confusion.  Shak. 

tHEL'U-O,  re.  [L.]  A glutton.  Brown. 

HELVE,  re.  [A.  S.  hclf.]  The  handle  of  an  axe 
or  a hatchet.  ^ Deut.  xix.  5. 

HELVE,  v.  a.  To  fit  with  a helve.  Cotgrave. 

IIEL'VyR,  re.  (Mining.)  The  handle  of  a tool; 
helve.  Brande. 

Ilf.L-VET'lC,  a.  (Geog.)  Relating  to  Helvetia,  or 
Switzerland.  Murray. 

IIEL'VINE,  re.  [Gr.  (jinn,  the  sun  ; in  allusion  to 
its  yellow  color.]  (Min.)  A yellowish,  crystal- 
lized mineral,  composed  of  the  silicates  of  man- 
ganese, glucina,  and  iron.  Dana. 

HELX'JNE,  re.  [Gr.  U.ku>,  V.(oj,  to  trail.]  (Bot.)  A 
plant  having  leaves  like  those  of  ivy.  Crabb. 

f HEM,  pron.  Them.  Spenser. 

HEM,  n.  1.  [A.  S.  hem.]  The  edge  of  a garment 
doubled  and  sewed.  Wiseman. 

2.  Border;  margin;  edge.  “The  very  hem 

of  the  sea.”  Shak. 

3.  [See  Hem,  v.  re.]  The  noise  uttered  by  a 

sudden  expiration  of  the  breath.  “ His  morn- 
ing hems.”  Addison. 

IIEM,  V.  a.  [t.  HEMMED  ; pp.  HEMMING,  HEMMED.] 

1.  To  close  by  a hem  or  double  border  sewed 

together,  as  the  edge  of  cloth.  Spenser. 

2.  To  border;  to  edge;  to  skirt;  to  surround. 

All  the  skirt  about 

Was  hemmed  with  golden  fringe.  Spenser. 

To  hem  in , about , or  around , to  enclose ; to  environ  ; 
to  confine. 

So  was  it  hemmed  in  by  woody  hills.  Sidney. 

The  great  Jerusalem 

With  valiant  squadrons  round  about  to  hem.  Fairfax. 

HEM,  v.  re.  [Dut.  hemmen.]  To  utter  hems  or  a 
stammering  noise.  Shak. 

At  which  all  the  house  hemmed  and  laughed.  Hatsell. 

HEM,  interj.  [L.]  An  exclamation  of  which  the  ut- 
terance is  a sort  of  half-voluntary  cough.  Shak. 

Hem  I Sir,  if  you  please  to  give  me,  See.  Congreve. 

HEM'A-jCHATE,  re.  [Gr.  alga,  blood,  and  a%a rys, 
agate.]  (Min.)  A species  of  agate  of  a blood 
color.  Ogilvie. 

IIEM-A-DY-NA-MOM'B-TIJR,  re.  [Gr.  alga,  blood, 
ibvagis,  power,  and  ghpov,  a measure.]  A con- 
trivance for  ascertaining  the  pressure  of  the 
blood  in  the  arteries.  Wright. 

HE-MAn'  THUS,  re.  [Gr.  nqm,  blood,  and  avbos,  a 
flower.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  ornamental  bulbous 
plants ; the  blood-flower.  Loudon. 

HEM-AS-TAT'J-CAL,  a.  [Gr.  alga,  blood,  and 
orariKds,  causing  to  stand.]  Relating  to  the 
weight  of  the  blood.  Wright. 

h£m'A-THERM,  re.  [Gr.  ajga,  blood,  and  Otpga, 
heat.]  (Zoiil.)  A name  given  by  Latreille  to  an 
animal  having  warm  blood.  Brande. 

IIEM'A-TlNE,  n.  [Gr.  aiga,  uigards,  blood.]  (Chem.) 
The  coloring  principle  of  logwood.  Brande. 


MIEN,  SIR  ; MOVE,  NOR,  SON  ; 


BULL,  BUR,  RflLE.  — y,  £,  g,  soft ; £,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z; 


3C  as  gz.  — THIS,  tliis. 


HEMATITE 


676 


I1END 


HEM'A-TlTE,  n.  [Gr.  aipaTirrjs,  blood-like  ; a ill a , 
aiparis , blood  ; Fr.  hematite .]  (Min.)  A variety 
of  native  oxide  of  iron,  including  specular  iron 
and  red  iron  ore  ; the  blood-stone. 

Brown  hematite , brown  iron  ore  ; hydrous  peroxide 
of  iron.  — Red  hematite,  a variety  of  hematite  of  a sub- 
metallic  or  non-metallic  lustre  ; fibrous  red  iron  ore. 

Dana. 

HEM-A-TIT'IC,  a.  Relating  to  hematite  or  the 
bloocl-stone.  Clcavelund . 

HE-MAT'O-CELE,  n.  [Gr.  atpti,  aiparis,  blood, 
and  Ki/i.r/,  a tumor;  Fr.  hematocele .]  (Med.) 
Hernia  from  extravasation  of  blood.  Iloblyn. 

HEM-A-T0L'0-£Y,  H.  [Gr.  aipa,  aiparos,  blood, 
and  ' Any  os,  a discourse ; Fr.  hematologie.]  (Med.) 
The  doctrine  of  the  blood.  Dunglison. 

HE-MAT'O-SINE,  n.  [Gr.  aipa,  tuuuris,  blood.] 
(Chem.j  The  red,  coloring  matte^jf  the  blood  ; 
— written  also  hiematosine.  Braude. 

HEM- A-TOX'Y- LINE,  n.  [Gr.  alp a,  aiparos,  blood, 
and  'o(bs,  sharp.]  (Che in.)  The  coloring  prin- 
ciple of  logwood  ; hematine.  Ogilvie. 

HEM-5-RA-LO'PI-A,  n.  [Gr.  bplpa,  day,  and  bpaui, 
o^opai,  to  see  ; bd/is,  sight ; Fr.  hemdralopie.] 
(Med.)  A disease  in  which  the  eyes  can  see  by 
the  light  of  the  sun,  but  are  incapable  of  seeing 
by  artificial  light ; night-blindness.  Dunglison. 

IIEM-E-RO-BAP'TIST,  n.  [Gr.  jipipa,  day,  and 
Pa  -rw,  to  dip.]  One  of  a religious  sect  among 
the  Jews  ; — so  named  from  their  washing  them- 
selves daily  as  a religious  rite.  Fulke. 

HEM-E-RO'BI-AN,  n.  [Gr.  opt, oa,  a day,  and  Pios, 
life.]  (Ent.  j A neuropterous  insect ; — so  named 
from  its  ephemeral  existence.  Brande. 

HEM-E-RO-CAl' LIS,  n.  [Gr.  iiptpoKciD.is ; l/plpa, 
a day,  and  Ko/iteros,  most  beautiful ; Kalis, 
beautiful.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  ornamental 
plants  ; the  day-lily.  Loudon. 

HEM'l-.  A Greek  prefix  signifying  half,  equiva- 
lent to  demi  and  semi  ; — an  abbreviation  of  the 
Greek  > )pan>s,  (plana,  or  ripiav. 

HEM'I-Amb,  n.  Half  an  iamb.  Beck. 

HEM-I-CrA  'MI-A,  n.  (Med.)  A pain  in  one  side 
of  the  head.  — See  Hemicrany.  Brande. 

HEM'J-CRA-NY,  n.  [Gr.  gpnm,  half,  and  Koaviov, 
the  head.]  (Med.)  A pain  that  affects  only  one 
side  of  the  head  at  a time.  Quincy. 

HEM'I-CY-CLE  (-sl-kl),  n.  [Gr.  fipiKvD.os ; r/p«ms, 
half,  and  kLk/os,  a circle.]  A half-cycle.  B.Jonson. 

HEM-J-DAc'TYLE,  a.  (Herp.)  Having  an  oval 
disk  at  the  base  of  the  toes,  as  is  the  case  with 
some  species  of  saurian  reptiles.  Maunder. 

HEM-I-Dl-A-PEN'TIJ,  n.  [Gr.  l/pitma,  half,  and 
liantvTf,  a fifth  in  music.]  ( Mus .)  A false  or  an 
imperfect  fifth.  Moore. 

Hp-MID'I-TONE,  n.  [Gr.  r/piovs,  half,  and  < Sirovas, 
belonging  to  two  tones.]  (Mus.)  The  interval 
of  a major  third  diminished  by  half  a tone, 
that  is,  reduced  to  a minor  third.  Moore. 

HE-MIG'A-MOfJS,  a.  [Gr.  tipiavs,  half,  and  ycipos, 
a marriage.]  (Bot.)  Noting  grasses  which 
have  two  florets  in  the  spikelet,  one  neuter  and 
the  other  unisexual.  Brande. 

HEM'I-GLYPH,  n.  [Gr.  (plana,  half,  and  yl-vfi), 
a carving.]  (Arch.)  The  half-channel  at  the 
edge  of  the  triglyph  tablet  in  the  Doric  entabla- 
ture. Ogilvie. 

HEM-I-HE'DRAG,  a.  [Gr.  (plana,  half,  and  cloa, 
a seat.]  (Min.)  Noting  a crystal  which  has  only 
half  the  number  of  faces  required  by  the  general 
law  of  symmetry.  Graham. 

HKM'I-NA  [hem'e-na,  Ja.  Sm.  C.  Wr.;  he-ml'n?, 
Leverett),  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  (plva,  half  of  a 
standard  measure.] 

1.  An  ancient  Roman  measure ; the  half  of 
a sextarius  ; three  quarters  of  a pint. 

2.  (Med.)  About  ten  fluid  ounces.  Quincy. 

HEM'I-OPE,  n.  [Gr.  tipiau,  half,  and  dtp,  dads,  a 
voice.]  (Afws.)  An  ancient  wind-instrument, 
consisting  of  a tube  with  three  holes.  Crabh. 

HEM- 1-0  'PI-4,  n.  [Gr.  (piav,  half,  and  dofiw,  thf/o- 
pai,  to  see.]  (Med-.)  Defect  of  vision  manifested 
by  seeing  only  one  half  of  an  object.  Dunglison. 


HEM'I-OP-SY,  n.  [G.  npiao,  half,  and 
view.]  (Med.)  Hemiopia.  A.  Smee. 

HEM-1-PIN'IC,  a.  [Gr.  '(pan,  half,  and  Eng.  opi- 
anic.\  ( Chem .)  Noting  an  acid  obtained  by  the 
oxidizement  of  the  opianic  acid.  Brande. 

HEM-I-PLEG'IC,  <t.  (Med.)  Relating  to  hemiplegy, 
or  a paralysis  of  one  side  of  the  body.  Dunglison. 

HEM'J-PLE^r-Y,  n.  [Gr.  '(piav,  half,  and  Ttlriyh, 
a stroke  ; L.  hemiplegia  ; Fr.  hemiplegic.)  (Med.) 
A paralysis  of  one  side  of  the  body.  Johnson. 

HEM'I-PLEX-Y,  n.  [Gr.  (pnt).ri(ia.'\  Same  as 
Hemiplegy.  Blount. 

HEM'!-PRIS-MAT'!C,  a.  [Gr.  '(piavs,  half,  and 
Eng. prismatic.)  (Min.)  Half  prismatic.  Wright. 

HF.-MIP ' TF.-R4,n. pi.  [Gr.  Yipiav,  half,  and  nrepdr, 
a wing.]  (Ent.)  An  order  of  insects  having  the 
wing-covers  of  a consistence  intermediate  be- 
tween the  elytra  of  beetles  and  the  ordinary 
membranous  wings.  Brande. 

SHF  Ry  Latreille  t lie  term  is  restricted  to  those  in- 
sects tlie  wing-covers  of  which  are  coriaceous  at  the 
base  and  membranous  at  the  top.  Brande. 

H p-MlP'TER-AL,  a.  Relating  to  the  hemiptera  ; 
hemipterous.  Booth. 

Hp-MlP'TJpR-OUS,  a.  Hemipteral.  Owen. 

IIEM'I-SPIIERE  (hSin'e-sfer),  Jt.  [Gr.  ^/alpinv', 
(piaeta,  half,  and  a(mipa,  a sphere ; L.  hemi- 
spheerium;  Fr.  hemisphere .] 

17  A half  of  a globe  or  sphere  ; a half-globe. 
“ The  hemisphere  of  earth.”  Milton. 

2.  A map  or  projection  of  half  the  terrestrial 

or  celestial  sphere  on  a plane.  Brande. 

3.  Half  of  the  surface  of  the  heavens. 

Hi2M-I-SPHER'IC,  ? a.  [Fr.  hemisphirique. ] 

IIEM-I-SPHER'I-CAL,  ) Rclatingto  a hemisphere; 
half-round  ; containing  half  a globe.  “ Hemi- 
spheric figure.”  Woodward.  “ Hemispherical 
bodies.”  Boyle. 

HEM-J-SPHER'I-CO— CON'J-CAL,  a.  In  shape  be- 
tween a globe  and  a cone.  Craig. 

IIEM-J-SPHp-ROlD'AL,  a.  [Gr.  (piatpaipiov,  a hem- 
isphere, and  iti 5os,  form.]  Approaching  to  the 
figure  of  a hemisphere.  Crabb. 

IIEM-I-SPHER'ULE,  n.  [Gr.  half,  and  Eng. 

spherule .]  A half  spherule.  Rees. 

HEM'IS-TIjEH,  or  Hp-MIS'TIGH  [hem'js-tTk,  P. 
Sm.  C.  Wb.  Johnson,  Brande ; he-mls'tjk,  S. 
W.  J.  F.  Ja.  A'.],  n.  [Gr.  (piari^tov  ; (piavs,  half, 
and  ari^os,  a line;  L.  hemistichium ; Fr.  hemi- 
stiche .]  (Pros.)  Half  a line  in  poetry.  Dryden. 

HIJ-MIS'TJ-jEHAL  (he-mls'te-kal),  a.  (Pros.)  De- 
noting a division  of  a line  or  verse.  Warton. 

IIEM'I-TONE,  n.  [Gr.  tipiavs,  half,  and  rdi-ot, 
tone.]  (Mus.)  A semitone.  Hamilton. 

HEM'J-TRl-GL'YPH,  n.  [Gr.  '(piavs,  half,  and  Eng. 
triglyph .]  (Arch.)  A half  triglyph.  Craig. 

IIE-MlT’RO-P  AT.,  a.  [Gr.  (plana,  half,  and  rpottii,  a 
turning.]'  (Bot.)  Applied  to  an  ovule  the  raphe 
of  which  terminates  about  .half-way  between 
the  chalaza  and  orifice  ; hemitropous.  Gray. 

HEM'I-TROPE,  a.  [Gr.  (plena,  half,  and  rpottf,,  a 
turning.]  (Min.)  Having  two  similar  parts  or 
halves,  one  being  turned  half  round  upon  the 
other.  Brande. 

IlE-MlT'RO-POUS,  a.  (Bot.)  Hemitropal.  Gray. 

HEM'LOCK,  n.  [A.  S.  hemleac .] 

1.  A poisonous,  umbelliferous  plant,  of  pecu- 

liar odor,  and  possessed  of  narcotic  powers  ; Co- 
nium  maculatum.  Farm.  Ency. 

2.  A large,  evergreen  forest-tree ; hemlock 
spruce  ; the  Abies  Canadensis.  Farm.  Ency. 

HEM'MEL,  n.  A shed  or  hovel  for  cattle. Simmonds. 

IIEM'MJNG,  n.  A shoe  or  sandal  mode  of  raw 
hide.  Simmonds. 

HIJ-MOP'TY-SIS,  n.  (Med.)  Hemorrhage  of  the 
iungs. — See  HAEMOPTYSIS.  Dunglison. 

IIEM'OR-RII  AGE  (hem 'or- raj),  n.  [Gr.  aipo!/(ayia  ; 
alpn',  blood,  and  'priyvvp i,  to  break  or  burst  forth  ; 
Fr.  hemorragie .]  A flux  of  blood,  as  from  the 
bursting  of  a vessel  which  contains  it.  Ray. 


HEM-OR-RhA«?'JC  (hem-qr-rSj'jk),  a.  Relating  to 
hemorrhage.  Month.  Rev. 

HEM'Olt-RH A-(£Y,  n.  Hemorrhage.  Ray. 

HEM-OR-RHOID'AL,  a.  [Fr.  hemorrot dal.\  Be- 
longing to  the  hemorrhoids. 

HEM'OR-RHOIDSj  (hein'or-roldz),  n.  pi.  [Gr.  aipop- 
poibos ; aipa,  blood,  and  P iw,  to  flow  ; L.  licem- 
orrhois  ; Fr.  hemorroide.]  (Med.)  Tubercles 
around. the  margin  of  the  anus  or  within  the 
anus,  usually  attended  with  a discharge  of 
mucus  or  of  blood  ; the  piles.  Dunglison. 

HEMP,  7i.  [A.  S.  licenep  ; Dut.  kennip,  or  hennip ; 
Ger.  hanf ; Dan.  ham)/ ; Sw.  ha/nj/a ; Icel. 
hanpr.  — “Most  likely  the  plant  and  its  Gr.  <Sf 
L.  name  (cannabis)  were  brought  over  at  the 
same  time  from  its  native  country,  the  East  In- 
dies.” Bosworth .] 

1.  A plant,  the  fibres  of  which  are  prepared 

for  spinning  in  the  same  way  as  flax,  and  made 
into  strands  or  yarn  for  ropes,  sailcloth,  &c. ; 
the  Cannabis  satira.  Brande. 

2.  The  dressed  fibres  of  the  bark  of  the  Can- 
nabis sativa.  Brande. 

HEMP'— AG'Rl-MO-NY,  71.  A rough,  perennial 
plant ; Ettpatoriu/n  cannabinum.  Farm.  E/icy. 

HEMP'EN  (liSm'pn),  a.  Made  of  hemp.  Spe7iser. 

HEMP'— NET-TLE,  71.  An  annual  weed  of  several 
varieties ; Galeopsis.  Farm.  E/icy. 

HEMP'— SEED,  7i.  The  seed  of  hemp.  Pennant. 

HEMP'Y,  a.  Resembling  hemp.  Hotcell. 

HEM'STITCH,  71.  A mode  of  sewing  in  which 
the  threads  of  the  fabric  are  drawn  and  sepa- 
rated. Si77i7rt07ids. 

HE'MUSE,  71.  The  roe  in  its  third  year.  Booth. 

HEN,  7i.  [A.  S.  A,  Dut.  heti  \ Frs .hot/ti;  Ger. 

henne ; Dan.  hone ; Sw.  hima  -,  Icel.  hcena.)  The 
female  of  any  kind  of  fowl,  but  particularly  of 
the  barn-door  fowl. 

O’er  the  trackless  waste 

The  heath  hen  flutters.  Thomson. 

Dame  Partlet  was  the  sovereign  of  his  heart; 

Nor  chick  nor  hen  was  known  to  disobey.  Dryden. 

HEN'BANE,  71.  (Bot.)  A well-known  poisonous, 
fetid  weed,  growing  on  rubbish  of  old  houses, 
dunghills,  &c.,  fatal*to  poultry;  Hyoscyamus 
niger.  Farm.  Eticy. 

HEN'BIT,  n.  (Bot.)  The  plant  Lamiutn  amplex- 
icaule.  Lottdoti. 

US>=  Great  henbit,  dead-nettle.  — Small  henbit,  speed- 
well. 

HEN'-BLlND-NESS,  7i.  A blindness  natural  to’ 
hens  ; night-blindness.  Hobhyti. 

HENCE,  ad.  [A.  S.  heona,  or  heonon.  — Chaucer 
writes  it  he/ten,  hetme,  hens,  and  hence.] 

1.  From  this  place  or  situation.  “Remove 

hetice  to  yonder  place.”  Matt.  xvii.  20. 

2.  From  this  time.  “ A year  hence.”  Locke. 

3.  From  this  cause  ; as  a consequence. 

Hence,  perhaps,  it  is  that  Solomon  calls  the  fear  of  the  Lord 

the  beginning  of  wisdom.  Tillotson. 

4.  From  this  source. 

All  other  faces  borrowed  hence 

Their  light  and  grace.  Suckling. 

KFf  From  hence  is  a pleonasm  for  hence ; yet  it  is 
sanctioned  by  custom  and  good  use. 

t HENCE,  v.  a.  To  send  off;  to  despatch  to  a 
distance.  “ His  dog  he  henced.”  Sidney. 

HENCE' FORTH,  or  HENCE-FORTH'  [hens'lorth, 
s.  W.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  C. ; liens-forth',  Sm.  R.  117).], 
ad.  From  this  time  forward.  Milto/i. 

HENCE-FOR'WARI),  ad.  From  this  time  to  fu- 
turity. ” Henciforward  as  heretofore.”  Ca//idc7i. 

HENCE-FOR'WARD§,  ad.  Same  as  Hencefor- 
ward.— See  Backward.  Chesterfield. 

fHENCH'BOY,  n.  [A.  S.  hine,  a servant.]  A 
kind  of  page  ; an  attendant.  B.  Jonson. 

f HENCH'MAN,  n.  A page;  an  attendant.  Chaucer. 

HF.N'— COOP,  n.  A cage  in  which  poultry  are 
kept.  “ Hen-coops  and  parrot-cages.”  Dumpier. 

f TIEND,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  hentan,  to  take  ; Icel.  hen- 
dan,  to  lay  hold  of.]  [i.  hf.nt  ; pp.  rending, 
iient.]  To  seize  ; to  lay  hold  on.  Fairfax.  Shak. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


FIEND 


677 


HERALDRY 


f HEND,  a.  [A.  S.  hean,  humble.]  Gentle ; 
mild.  Chaucer. 

HyN-DEC'A-GON,  n.  [Gr.  eleven,  and 

yoxiia,  an  angle.]  ( Geom .)  A figure  of  eleven 
sides  and  eleven  angles.  Chambers. 

Hf.N-DEC-A-SYL-LAB'JC,  n.  (Pros.)  Averse  of 
eleven  syllables.  Brande. 

HEN-DEC-A-SYL'LA-BLE,  n.  [Gr.  e rbfKaaiUaPos ; 
ivfiiKa,  eleven,  and  tru/.i.ajJos,  a syllable  ; L.  hen- 
decasyllabus .]  (Pros.)  A metrical  line  consist- 
ing of  eleven  syllables.  Warton. 

H§N-IH'  A-DYS,  n.  [Gr.  iv  bia  <5i ioH,  one  by  two.] 
(Rhet.)  A figure  consisting  in  the  expression  of 
an  idea  by  two  nouns,  connected  by  the  con- 
junction and,  instead  of  a noun  and  a limiting 
adjective  or  genitive.  Andrews. 

HEN'— DRl-V^R,  n.  A kind  of  hawk.  Walton. 

f HEND'Y,  a.  Gentle.  — See  Hend.  Chaucer. 

HEN'— HARM,  n.  Hen-harrier.  Ainsworth. 

HEN’— hAr-RI-£R,  n.  (Ornith.)  A species  of 
falcon  or  kite ; Circus  cyaneus.  Yarrell. 

HEN'— HAR-ROW-£R,  n.  Hen-harrier.  Ainsworth. 

HEN'— HEART-fD,  a.  Dastardly ; cowardly.  “ More 
hen-hearted  than  bodily  hurt.”  Holland. 

HEN'— HOUSE,  n.  A place  for  sheltering  poultry ; 
a hennery  ; a hen-coop.  Todd. 

HEN'—  HU§-§Y,  n.  A meddling,  officious  person; 
a cotquean.  [Colloquial  and  low.]  ITalliwell. 

HEN 'MOULD,  w.  A kind  of  black,  spongy  soil.  Ash. 

HEN'NA,  n.  [Ar.]  A plant  whose  leaves  are 
used  by  oriental  women  to  stain  their  nails 
pink ; Lawsonia  inermis.  Th.  Campbell. 

HEN'NJE-ltY,  n.  An  enclosure  for  hens.  Gardner. 

HEN'— PECKED  (-pekt),  a.  Governed  by  a wife.  “ A 
step  dame  . . . rules  my  hen-pecked  sire.”  Dry  den. 

HEN-RI''CIAN  (hen-rish'an),  n.  (Peel.  Hist.)  A 
follower  of  the  monk  Henry,  a reformer  of  the 
twelfth  century.  Brande. 

HEN'— ROOST,  n.  The  place  where  poultry  roost. 
“ The  robbing  of  a.  hen-roost.”  L' Estrange. 

HEN'SAY,  n.  (Ich.)  A species  of  fish  caught  on 
the  Welsh  coast.  Ogilvie. 

HEN’!-;'— FEET,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the  genus 
Fumaria ; hedge-fumitory.  Johnson. 

f HENT,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  hentani)  To  lay  hold  of ; 
to  seize ; to  hend.  — See  Hend.  Shak. 

f HENT,  n.  Hold  ; seizure.  “ Horrid  hent.”  Shak. 

HENT'ING,  n.  The  furrow  between  the  ridges 
that  is  formed  in  ploughing.  Crabb. 

HEP,  n.  [A.  S.  heap.)  The  fruit  of  the  wild  brier 
or  dogrose  ; — commonly  written  hip.  Bacon. 

HE' PAR,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  1 'yrrap,  the  liver.]  (Med.) 
The  old  name  for  Hepar  sulphuris,  or  liver  of 
sulphur.  Dunglison. 

HE  'PAR  S&L' PHU-R1S,  n.  (Med.)  Liver  of  sul- 
phur ; a combination  of  sulphur  and  potassium, 
or  sulphur  and  potassa.  Dunglison. 

HF.P-A-TAL'  QI-A,  n.  [Gr.  iji rap,  the  liver,  and 
cilyo;,  pain.]  (Med.)  A painful  affection  of  the 
liver ; neuralgia  of  the  liver.  Dunglison. 

HEP- A- TEL- CO  'SIS,  n.  [Gr.  ,'irrrip,  lirrardc,  the 
liver,  and  V-ieans,  ulceration.]  (Med. ) Ulcera- 
tion of  the  liver.  Craig. 

HEP-A-TEM-PHRAX' IS,  n.  [Gr.  i-no,  fjnard^,  the 
liver,  and  cftippaGs,  a stoppage.]  (Med.)  Ob- 
struction of  the  liver.  Dunglison. 

Hf.-PAT  IC,  1 a.  |-(5r  ! Sprap,  the  liver; 

H^-pAt'I-CAL,  1 L.  hepaticus  ; Fr.  hepatique .] 

1.  (Med.)  Belonging  or  relating  to  the  liver. 

“ Hepatic  gall.”  Arbuthnot. 

2.  Of  a liver-brown  color  from  containing 

sulphur  ; as,  “ Hepatic  cinnabar  (sulphuret  of 
mercury)  ” ; “ Hepatic  pyrites  (sulphuret  of 

iron).” 

HF.-PAT'I-CA,  n.  \ pi.  hepaticas.  1.  (Bot.)  A 
genus  of  plants  ; liverwort.  Farm.  Ency.  j 

2.  (Med.)  A name  formerly  given  to  medi- 
cines which  were  believed  to  be  efficacious  in 
curing  diseases  of  the  liver.  Dunglison.  j 


HEP'A-TITE,  n.  [Gr.  'i/rrap,  brrarS;,  the  liver ; L. 
hepatitis,  an  unknown  precious  stone.]  (Min.) 
A mineral  of  a brown  color ; fetid  sulphate  of 
barytes.  Dana. 

HEP- A-  Tl ' Tib,  n.  [Low  L.  ; Gr.  ^irarlrtf,  belong- 
ing to  the  liver.]  (Med.)  Inflammation  of  the 
liver.  Dunglison. 

HEP-A-TI-ZA'TION,  n.  (Med.)  Conversion  into 
a liver-like  substance ; — applied  to  the  change 
which  takes  place  in  the  lungs  when  gorged 
with  plastic  matter  and  no  longer  pervious  to 
the  air.  Dunglison. 

HEP'A-TIZE,  v.  a.  [Gr.  ^jrar/(w,  to  be  like  the 
liver,  to  be  liver-colored.] 

1.  To  gorge  with  blood  or  plastic  matter,  as 

the  lungs.  Dunqlison. 

2.  To  impregnate  with  sulphuretted  hydrogen 

gas.  Smart. 

HJg-PAT'O-CELE,  n.  [Gr.  'iirrap,  >)7r«r<S?,  the  liver, 
and  Ki'd-ti,  a tumor.]  (Med.)  A hernia  of  the 
liver.  Dunglison. 

HE-PAT-O-CYS'TIC,  a.  [Gr.  tjrrap,  boards,  the  liv- 
er, and  Kuans,  a bladder.]  (Med.)  Pertaining 
alike  to  the  liver  and  the  gall-bladder.  Craig. 

HE-PAT-O-GAs'TRIC,  n.  [Gr.  r'/r rap,  hitaris,  the 
liver,  and  yaerrjp,  the  belly.]  (Anat.)  A name 
given  to  the  smaller  omentum  which  passes 
from  the  liver  to  the  stomach.  Dunglison. 

HEP- A-TOG'R A-PH Y,  ?l.  [Gr.  ryrrap,  ptraThq,  the 
liver,  and  yprfrpw,  to  describe.]  (Med.)  A de- 
scription of  the  liver.  Dunglison. 

HP-PAT-O-I.I-THf'A-SiS,  n.  [Gr.  prrap,  l/nardi,  the 
iiver,  and  Xtdlams,  the  disease  of  the  stone ; 
i.iOos,  a stone.]  (Med.)  The  morbid  state  re- 
sulting from  the  formation  of  stone-like  secre- 
tions in  the  liver.  Craig. 

HEP-A-TOL'O-^Y,  n.  [Gr.  i)rran,  l/naTOf,  the  liver, 
and  i.oyos,  a discourse.]  (Med.)  A treatise  on 
the.  liver.  Dunglison. 

IIEP-A-TOS'CO-PY,  n.  [Gr.  "nrap,  firrards,  the  liv- 
er, and  aKoniu i,  to  view.]  Divination  by  the  in- 
spection of  the  liver.  Smart. 

HEP-TA-CAP'SU-LAR,  a.  [Gr.  iirrd,  seven,  and 
L.  capsula,  a cavity.]  Having  seven  cavities. 

HEP'TA-jCIIORD,  n.  [Gr.  inTn^opboa ; turd,  seven, 
and  a string;  Fr.  heptacorde.] 

1.  A system  of  seven  sounds  : — the  interval  of 
a seventh  : — a lyre  having  seven  strings. Dwight. 

2.  A poetical  composition  played  or  sung  in 

seven  different  notes  or  tones.  Johnson. 

HEP'TA-GON,  n.  [Gr.  iirri,  seven,  and  ytovia,  an 
angle;  Fr . heptagone.)  (Geom.)  A figure  with 
seven  sides  and  seven  angles.  Chambers. 

HEP'TA-GLOT,  n.  [Gr.  frrra,  seven,  and  ykeirra, 
or  yi.waaa,  the  tongue.]  A book  written  or 
printed  in  seven  languages.  Wright. 

HEP-TAG'O-NAL,  a.  (Geom.)  Having  seven  an- 
gles or  seven  sides. — See  Heptagon.  Selden. 

HEP-TA-gfN'l-A,  n-  [Gr-  rVra,  seven,  and  ywrj, 
a woman.]  (Bot.)  An  order  of  plants  which 
have  seven  pistils.  Linnaus. 

IIEP-TA-QYN'I-AN,  a.  Heptagynous.  Smart. 

H EP-TA (j'Y-N OTJS,  a.  (Bot.)  Having  seven  pis- 
tils or  styles.  Gray. 

HEP-TA-HE'DRON,  n. ; pi.  HEPTAHEDltA.  [Gr. 
iirrn,  seven,  and  tfpa,  a seat.]  (Geom.)  A solid 
figure  having  seven  sides.  Crabb. 

HEP-TA-HEX- A-HE'DR AL,  a.  [Gr.  irrrn,  seven, 
i(,  six,  and  cbpa,  a seat.]  Presenting  seven 
ranges  of  faces,  one  above  another,  each  range 
consisting  of  six  faces.  Wright. 

H^P-TAm'E-REDE,  n.  [Gr.  Lira,  seven,  and 
ytpU,  pipiSog,  a part.]  That  which  divides  into 
seven  parts.  A.  Smith. 

HJJP-TAM'JJ-RON,  n.  [Gr.  far rf,  seven,  and  i '//ilpa, 
a day.]  A book  or  treatise  of  the  transactions 
of  seven  days.  Crabb. 

IIEP-TAM'y-ROUS,  a.  [Gr.  hr:!,  seven,  ftepii,  a 
part.]  (Bot.)  Having  its  parts  in  sevens.  Gray. 

IiyP-TAN'DRI-A,  n.  [Gr.  hr rd,  seven,  and  Avrjp, 
Arbpds,  a man.]  (Bot.)  A class  of  plants  which 
have  seven  stamens.  Linneeus. 


HIJP-TAN'DRI-AN,  a.  Heptandrous.  Smart. 

II^P-TAN'DROIIS,  a.  (Bot.)  Having  seven  sta- 
mens; heptandrian.  P.  Cyc. 

HpP-TAN'GU-LAR,  a.  [Gr.  'turn,  seven,  and 
hynui.r],  any  thing  bent ; L.  angulus,  an  angle.] 
Having  seven  angles.  Hill. 

HEP-TA-PET'A-LOUS,  a.  [Gr.  hru,  seven,  and 
rztTa/.ov,  a leaf.]  (Bot.)  Having  seven  petals  in 
the  corolla.  Wright. 

lipP-TAPH'O-NY,  n.  The  union  of  seven  sounds. 

Blount. 

HEP-TA-PHYL'LOUS,  or  H^P-TAPH'YL-LOUS 
(131),  a.  [Gr.  hrra,  seven,  and  ipbD.ov,  a leaf.] 
(Bot.)  Having  seven  leaves.  Smart. 

HEP'TARjEH,  n.  [Gr.  irrra,  seven,  and  do%(5f,  a 
leader.]  One  of  the  rulers  of  a heptarchy.  Good. 

HEP-TARjEH*!C,  a.  [Fr.  lieptarchique .]  Relating 
to  a heptarchy.  Warton. 

HEP'TAR-GHIST,  n.  A ruler  of  a division  of  a 
heptarchy ; a heptarch.  Warton. 

HEP'TAR-jEHY,  n.  [Gr.  i-ra,  seven,  and  dp^v, 
rule;  Fr.  heptarchie.)  A government  conduct- 
ed by  seven  persons  or  sovereigns  ; a seven-fold 
government.  “The  Saxon  heptarchy."  Camden. 

HEP-TA-SPER'MOUS,  a.  [Gr.  i 'rrri,  seven,  and 
mripiia,  a seed.]  (Bot.)  Having  a pericarp  con- 
taining seven  seeds.  W right. 

HEP'TA-TEUGH  (liep'ta-tuk),  n.  [Gr.  firra,  seven, 
and  rtS^of,  a book.]  A term  applied  to  the  first 
seven  books  of  the  Old  Testament.  Todd. 

HEP'TREE,  n.  (Bot.)  The  wild  brier;  dogrose; 
Rosa  canina.  Lee. 

HER,  pron.  [A.  S.  hiora,  hcora,  or  him,  of  them. 
By  the  early  English  writers  it  was  written  hire, 
and  hir,  as  well  as  her,  and  used  plurally  for 
their.  “ They  have  received  her  meed.”  Matt. 
vi.  5,  Wickliffe’s  Trans.  — See  It.] 

1.  The  objective  case  of  the  personal  pronoun 

she.  “ Fear  attends  her  not.”  Shak. 

With  thousand  stars  attending  on  her  train, 

With  her  they  rise,  with  her  they  set  again.  Cowley. 

2.  Belonging  to  a female: — the  possessive 
form  of  she  when  the  name  of  the  thing  pos- 
sessed follows ; as,  “ Her  book.” 

It  takes  the  form  hers  when  not  followed  by  tile 
thing  possessed  ; as,  “ The  book  is  hers.”  — See  Mine. 

Hy-RAC'LB-ON-lTE,  n.  (Eccl.  Hist.)  A follower 
of  Heracleon ; one  of  a sect  of  Christians  who 
refined  upon  the  Gnostic  divinity.  Buck. 

HF.-RAC' LE-UM,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants; 
cow-parsnip.  P.  Cyc. 

HER'ALD,  n.  [Dut.  heravt ; Ger.  herold ; Sw. 
hcerold : — It.  araldo  ; Sp.  heraldo  ; Nor.  Fr.  ha- 
rauld,  or  herald  ; Fr.  herau/t .] 

1.  An  officer  in  the  middle  ages  whose  duty 

it  was  to  carry  messages  between  princes,  and 
to  proclaim  war  and  peace.  Berners. 

2.  A precursor  ; a forerunner  ; a harbinger. 

It  was  the  lark,  the  herald  of  the  morn.  Shak. 

3.  One  who  proclaims  ; a proclaimer  ; a pub- 
lisher ; a crier. 

After  my  death  I wish  no  other  heroic 7, 

No  other  speaker  of  my  living  actions. 

But  such  uu  honest  chronicler  as  Griffith.  Shak. 

4.  An  officer  who  registers  genealogies,  ad- 

justs ensigns  armorial,  and  regulates  all  matters 
of  ceremony  at  coronations,  installations,  and 
the  like.  Smart. 

HER'ALD,  v.  a.  [i.  HERALDED  ; pp.  HERALDING, 
heralded.]  To  introduce,  as  by  a herald.  Shak. 

II  F.-R A L DIC,  I a [Er.  heraldique .)  Relat- 

Iiy-RAL'Dr-CAL,  ) ing  to  heraldry  or  blazonry. 
“ The  heraldic  meaning.”  Warton. 

Heraldic  crest,  a device  worn  erect  upon  the  helmet. 

Fairholt. 

HE-R  AL'DT-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  the  manner  of  her- 
aldry. ’ ’ Qu.  Rev. 

HER'ALD-RY,  n.  The  art  or  the  office  of  a herald  ; 
— -applied  to  the  registry  of  genealogies,  or  to 
blazonry,  or  the  science  of  conventional  distinc- 
tions impressed  on  shields,  banners,  and  other 
military  accoutrements ; blazonry. 

Noble  blood,  that  ran 

In  ancient  veins,  ere  heraldry  began.  Dryderu 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  r(JLE.  — Q,  ty,  g,  so/t;  £,  6,  £,  g,  hard ; § as  z ; ^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


HERALDSHIP 


678 


HEREON 


HER'ALD-SHIP,  n.  The  office  of  a herald.  Seldcn. 

HERB  (erb)  [erb,  IF.  P.  F.  Ja.  R.  Wb.  Na/res ; 
herb,  S.  J.  E.  K.  Sm.  IFr.],  n.  [L.  herba  ; It. 
erba;  Sp.  yerba-,  Fr.  herbe.]  A plant  with  a 
soft  or  succulent  stalk  that  dies  to  the  root 
every  year ; a plant  which  does  not  possess  a 
woody  stem.  Henslow. 

Annual  herb,  an  herb  that  flowers  in  the  first  year, 
and  dies,  root  and  all,  after  ripening  its  seed,  as  mus- 
tard, buckwheat,  &c.  — Biennial  kerb,  an  herb  that 
grows  tile  first  season  without  blossoming,  survives 
the  winter,  flowers  after  that,  and  dies,  root  and  all, 
when  it  lias  ripened  its  seed,  as  the  turnip,  carrot,  beet, 
and  cabbage. — Perennial  herb , an  herb  that  lives  and 
blossoms  year  after  year,  but  dies  down  to  the  ground, 
or  near  it,  annually.  Oray. 

Syn.  — See  Vegetable. 

HpR-BA'CEOUS  (-slnis),a.  1.  Belonging  to  herbs  ; 
partaking  of  the  nature  of  herbs  ; having  green 
and  cellular  stalks  ; being  annual  as  to  stem, 
and  perennial  as  to  root.  Sir  T.  Browne. 

2.  Feeding  on  herbs  ; herbivorous.  Derham. 

||  HERB'AtjlE  (erb'jj  or  her'baj)  [er'baj,  IF.  P.  F. 
Ja.  C.;  her'baj,  S.  J.  E.  K.  Sm.  I Vb.],  n.  [Fr.] 

1.  Herbs,  collectively  ; grass  pasture.  “ Thin 

herbage  in  the  plains.”  Dryden. 

2.  (Law.)  The  liberty  and  the  right  of  pasture 

in  another’s  grounds.  Burrill. 

||  I1ERB'A(?ED  (-jjd),  a.  Covered  with  herbage  or 
grass.  Thomson. 

II  HERB'AL  (her'bal)  [hiir'bal,  S.  IF.  J.  E.  F.  Ja. 
K.  Sm.  I Vo. ; er'bfil,  P.],  n. 

1.  A book  in  which  herbs  or  plants  are  classified 
and  described;  an  herbarium  ; a herbary.  Bacon. 

2.  A collection  of  dry  herbs.  Smart. 

||  HERB'AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  herbs. 

The  herbal  6avor  gave  his  sense  delight.  Quarles. 

||  hErb'AL-I§M,  n.  The  knowledge  of  herbs.  Scott. 

||  HER  B' AL-IST,  n.  One  skilled  in  herbs;  a bot- 
anist ; an  herbarian.  Burton. 

||  t HiiRB'AR,  n.  Herb;  plant.  Spenser. 

||  IipR-BA'RI-AN,  n.  A herbalist.  Holinshed. 

||  IIERB'A-RIST,  n.  [L.  herbarius .]  A herbalist. 

“ A curious  herbanst  has  a plant.”  [h.]  Ray. 

JJpR-BA'RI-UM,  n. ; pi.  L.  iier-ba'ri-a  ; Eng. 
her-ba'ri-Om§.  [L.]  ( Bot .) 

1.  A collection  of  dried  specimens  of  plants  ; 

hortus-siccus.  Henslow. 

2.  A place  set  apart  for  the  cultivation  of 

herbs.  Hamilton. 

||  HERB' A-RIZE,  v.  n.  [Fr.  herboriser .]  To 

• search  for  plants  ; to  herborize.  Soame. 

||  HERB'A-RIZ-ING,  n.  The  act  of  gathering  herbs. 

||  HERB'A-RY,  n.  A garden  of  herbs  ; an  herba- 
rium. Warton. 

||  HERB'— BEN-NpT,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant ; the  com- 
mon avens.  Booth. 

II  HERB— J0HRlS'TO-PH{lR(erb-krJs'to-fer),  n.(Bot.) 
A plant ; the  baneberry  ; Aclcea  spicata.  Ash. 

||  HERB'5-LET,  n.  A small  herb.  Shah. 

||t  HERB'IJR,  n.  1.  Aherbary.  Todd. 

2.  An  arbor.  “ A pleasant  herber."  Chaucer. 

||  H£R-BES'CENT,  a.  [L.  herbescens.]  Growing 
into  herbs.  Johnson. 

II  H ER-B I -CAR-NI  V'O-ROUS,  a.  Subsisting  both 
on  vegetable  and  animal  food.  Maunder. 

||t  HER'BID,  a.  [L.  herbidus .]  Covered  with 
herbs.  Bailey. 

||  HgR-BIF'lJR-OUS,  a.  [L.  herba,  an  herb,  and 
fero,  to  bear.]  Producing  herbs.  Blount. 

||  HERB'jST,  n.  A herbalist.  Sherwood. 

||  H£R-Blv'0-RA,  n.  pi.  [L.  herba,  an  herb,  and 
voro,  to  devour.]  Animals  that  feed  upon  grass 
or  herbage.  Buckland. 

||  HfR-BI V'O-ROUS,  a.  Feeding  on  plants  or 
herbage.  Paley. 

||  HERB'LpsS,  a.  Having  no  herbs ; bare.  Warton. 

HERB'L^T,  n.  A little  herb. 

The  flowers, 

And  the  fresh  herblets , on  the  opposite  brink.  Cary. 

t HER'BOR,  n.  See  Harboii.  Wiekliffe. 


||  HERB'O-RIST,  n.  A herbalist.  Ray. 

||  HER-BO-RI-ZA'TION,  n.  [Fr.  her  bonsai  ion.] 

1.  The  act  of  herborizing  or  searching  for 
plants. 

2.  The  appearance  of  plants  in  fossils.  Maty. 

||  HER'BO-RIZE,  v.  n.  To  search  for  plants.  Smart. 

||  HER'BO-RlZE,  v.  a.  To  figure  or  form,  as  rep- 
resentations of  plants  on  minerals.  Smart. 

t IIER'BOR-LESS,  a.  Harborless.  Bible,  1551. 

t HER'BUR-OUGH,  n.  [Ger.  herberg .]  A place 
of  temporary  residence  ; a harbor.  B.  Jonson. 

||  HER-BOSE',?  a [L.  herhosus.]  Abounding  with 

||  HERB'OUS,  > herbs  ; full  of  herbs.  Bailey. 

II  HERB-PAr'IS  (erb-par'js),  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of 
the  genus  Paris ; the  truelove  ; the  oneberry .Ash. 

||  HERB— ROB'ERT,  n.  (Bot.)  A species  of  gera- 
nium ; the  Geranium  Robertianum.  Wood. 

||  HERB'— SHOP,  n.  A shop  in  which  herbs  are 
kept  for  sale.  Simmonds. 

II  HERB— TRUE' LOVE  (erb-tru'luv),  n.  (Bot.)  A 
plant  of  the  genus  Paris  ; the  herb-paris.  Ash. 

||  f HERB'U-LENT,  a.  [L.  herbula,  a little  herb.] 
Containing  herbs.  Bailey. 

||  HERB'— WOM-AN  (-wum-an),  n.  A woman  who 
sells  herbs.  Arbuthnot. 

||HERB'Y  (er'be),  a.  1.  Having  the  nature  of 
herbs.  “ Any  herby  substance.”  Bacon. 

2.  Full  of  herbs.  Sherwood. 

HER-CU-LA'NIJ-AN,  a.  Relating  to  Herculane- 
um, an  ancient  city  in  Italy.  Cowper. 

HF.R-CU'LE-AN  (124)  [lier-ku'le-jn,  P.  F.  K.  Sm. 
C.  Ash,  Todd,  Rees,  H r.  ; her-ku-le'an,  Ja.],  a. 

1.  Having  the  strength  of  Hercules ; power- 
ful. “ Herculean  Samson.”  Milton. 

2.  Requiring  extraordinary  strength  ; great ; 
difficult.  “ Herculean  labors.”  B.  Jonson. 

3.  Befitting  Hercules ; large.  Drummond. 

HER'CU-LE§,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  'Hpaidiys.] 

1.  (Myth.)  The  most  famous  hero  of  anti- 
quity, remarkable  for  his  great  strength,  and 
celebrated  for  his  twelve  labors. 

2.  (Astron.)  A northern  constellation.  Hind. 

HER-CYN'I-AN,  a.  [L.  Ilercynia,  an  epithet  ap- 
plied to  this  forest  by  Ctesar.]  (Geog.)  De- 
noting an  extensive  forest  in  Germany,  now 
called  the  Thuringian  forest.  Ency. 

HERD,  n.  1.  [M.  Goth,  hairda ; Ger.  heerde,  or 
herile  ; Dan.  hiord  ; Sw.  hjord  ; Icel.  hiord .]  A 
number  of  beasts  feeding  together,  particularly 
of  the  bovine  kind.  Addison. 

2.  A company  of  men,  generally  in  contempt 
or  detestation.  “ Herd  of  Catilines.”  Dryden. 

3.  f [A.  S.  hyrde,  a keeper,  a guardian.]  A 
keeper  of  cattle;  — a sense  still  retained  in 
composition  ; as,  shepAerd,  goatAerrf. 

Nor  was  there  herd , nor  was  there  shepherd’s  swain, 

But  her  did  honor.  Spenser. 

Syn.  — Herd  is  a term  applied  to  large  cattle  or 
beasts  of  the  field,  as  oxen,  cows,  bullocks;  cattle 
comprises  all  beasts  of  pasture  and  domestic  quadru- 
peds. A herd  of  cattle  or  beasts  in  the  pasture ; a 
drove  on  the  way  to  market ; a flock  of  sheep. 

HERD,  v.  n.  [i.  herded  ; pp.  herding,  herded.] 

1.  To  unite  or  associate  as  beasts. 

It  is  the  nature  of  indigence  ...  to  endear  men  to  one 
another,  and  make  them  herd  together.  NoiTis. 

2.  To  become  one  of  a number.  “ I’ll  herd 

among  his  friends.”  Addison. 

3.  To  take  care  of  cattle.  [Scotch.]  Ogilvie.  j 

HERD,  v.  a.  To  throw  or  put  into  a herd.  “The  j 
rest  . . . are  herded  with  the  vulgar.”  B.  Jonson. 

HERD'fR,  n.  One  who  takes  care  of  cattle;  aj 
herdsman.  Month.  Rev.  I 

IIER'DER-ITE,  n.  (Min.)  A mineral  found  in  1 
the  tin  mines  of  Saxony,  being  probably  an  an- 
hydrous phosphate  of  alumina  and  lime  with 
fluorine ; — so  named  in  honor  of  Baron 
Herder.  Dana. 

fHERD'psS,  n.  A shepherdess.  Chaucer. 

f HERD'GROOM,  n.  A keeper  of  herds. •Spenser. 

f HERD'MAN,  n.  A herdsman.  Milton. 


HERDS,  n.  The  refuse  of  flax ; — called  also 
hards.  Simmonds. 

HERD§'— GRASS,  n.  A valuable  kind  of  grass  ; — 
called  cats-tail  and  timothy-gruss.  Farm.  Ency. 

IJERDS'MAN,  n.  ; pi.  herdsmen.  1.  f An  own- 
er of  herds.  “ A herdsman  rich.”  Sidney. 

2.  One  employed  in  tending  herds.  Milton. 

HERE,  ad.  [M.  Goth,  her-,  A.  S.  her-,  Ger. Afer; 
Dan.  har  ; Sw.  hiir ; Icel.  her.] 

1.  In  this  place;  as,  “He  lives  here.”  Milton. 

2.  In  the  present  state.  “ Happy  here,  and 

more  happy  hereafter.”  Bacon. 

3.  A kind  of  exclamation,  as  in  drinking  a 

health.  “ Here’s  to  the  king.”  Prior. 

<©=  It  is  also  much  used  in  the  sense  of  to  this 
place,  instead  of  hither-,  and  this  use  may  be  regarded 
as  in  a measure  sanctioned  by  common  usage.  '■‘■Here 
to  return.”  Goldsmith.  — It  lias,  heretofore,  been  much 
used  as  a sort  of  pronominal  adeerb,  prefixed  to  a prep- 
osition ; as,  hereby,  here  in,  &.c.  ; and  it  still  contin- 
ues to  be  more  or  iess  so  used,  though  most  of  these 
forms  have  now  become  somewhat  antiquated. 

Here  and  there , in  one  place  and  another  ; irregular. 
— Neither  here  nor  there,  neither  in  one  place  nor  an- 
other ; nowhere : — not  to  the  purpose. 

HERE'A-BOUT,  ad.  About  this  place.  Shah. 

HERE'A-BOUTS,  ad.  Hereabout.  Addison. 

HERE-Af'TER,  ad.  1.  In  time  to  come  ; in  some 
future  time.  “ More  of  tins' hereafter.”  Shak. 

2.  In  a future  state.  “ Happy  here,  and  more 
happy  hereafter.”  Bacon. 

HERE-Af'TER,  n.  A future  state. 

’T  is  Heaven  itself  that  points  out  an  hereafter.  Addison. 

HERE-AF'TpR,  a.  Future;  that  is  to  come. 
“ Hereafter  ages.”  Shak. 

f HERE-AT',  ad.  At  this.  “ The  tribune  offended 
hereat.”  Hooker. 


HERE-BY',  ad.  By  this.  “ Hereby  know  we  that 
we  are  in  him.”  1 John  ii.  5. 


HE-RED-I-TA-BlLT-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
hereditable.  Sir  E.  Brydges. 

Ilf-RED'I-TA-BLE,  a.  [L.  hereditas,  inheritance; 
heres,  heredis,  an  heir.]  That  may  be  inherit- 
ed; inheritable.  “ Monarchy  hereditable.” Locke. 

HER-5-DIT'A-MENT  [her-e-dltVment,  W.P.J. 
F.  Sm.  R.  ; he-red'e-ta-ment,  S.  E.  K. ; he-re- 
dlt'a-ment,  IFr.],  n.  [L.  heredium,  an  heredi- 
tary estate  ; Low  L.  hereditamentum.]  (Law.) 
That  which  may  be  inherited  ; every  thing  which 
passes  to  an  heir  by  hereditary  right.  Burrill. 

Corporeul  hereditaments,  hereditaments  that  are  of 
a material  and  tangible  nature,  or  which  may  be  per- 
ceived by  the  senses,  as  lands,  houses,  furniture,  &c. 
— Incorporeal  hereditaments,  hereditaments  that  are 
not  the  object  of  the  senses,  as  rights  of  way,  offices, 
franchises,  annuities,  and  rents.  Burrill. 

ASr-  “ Dr.  Johnson  and  Mr.  Barclay  place  the  accent 
on  the  first  syllable  of  this  word  ; Dr.  Ash,  Mr.  Sher- 
idan, Mr.  Scott,  and  Entick,  on  the  second  [-red'-] ; 
and  Dr.  Kenrick,  W.  Johnston,  Mr.  Perry,  and  Bailey, 
on  the  third.  The  last  accentuation  is  not  only  most 
agreeable  to  the  best  usage,  and  the  most  grateful  to 
the  ear,  but  seems  to  accord  better  with  the  secondary 
accent  of  the  latter  Latin  hereditaments.”  Walker. 


H^-RED'I-TA-Rj-Ly,  ad.  By  inheritance.  Selden. 


Hlji-REDT-TA-RY,  a.  [L.  hereditarius ; It . eredi- 
tario  ; Sp.  hereditario  ; Fr.  hereditaiye.] 

1.  That  has  descended  or  may  descend 
an  ancestor  to  an  heir. 

2.  That  may  be  transmitted  from  pa 
child  ; as,  “ An  hereditary  disease.” 

Syn.  — See  Paternal. 


HERE-IN',  ad.  In  this, 
made  perfect.” 


Herein  is  our  love 
1 John  iv.  17. 


IIERE-IN'TO,  or  HERE-IN-TO'  [her'in-to,  IF.  J.-, 
her-jn-to',  P. ; her-In'to , S.  Sm.  R.  Wb.  ; her'jn- 
to',  K.],  ad.  Into  this.  Hooker. 


f HER'JJ-MITE,  n.  [Gr.  ipypirris  ; Iphpo;,  solitary.] 
A hermit.  — See  Eremite.  Bp.  Hall. 


HER-JJ-MIT'f-CAL,  a.  Solitary  ; hermitical.  Pope. 
HERE-OF'  (her-of'  or  lier-ov')  [her-of',  IF.  P.  J.  F. 
Ja.  Sm.  R.  ; her-ov',  S.  K.],  ad.  From  this;  of 
this  ; on  account  of  this. 

Hereof  comes  it  that  Prince  llnrry  is  valiant.  Shak. 
HERE-ON',  ad.  On  this.  “If  we  should  insist 
hereon.”  Sir  T.  Browne. 


A,  E,  i,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure; 


FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


HEREOUT 


679 


HEROICALLY 


f HERE-OUT',  ad.  Out  of  this  place.  Spenser. 

II  H g-RE'SI-ARGH  [he-re'zlie-irk,  IV.  P.  F. ; he-re'- 
syark,  S'.  E. ; lie-re 'se-itrk,  K.  Wr.\  her'e-se-'4rk, 
Sind,  n.  [Gr.  a'ipeaic,  a taking,  and  apx6c,  a 
chief ; Fr.  heresiarque.\  A leader  among  heretics  ; 
a chief  heretic.  — See  Heresy.  Stilling  fleet. 

Ilf  HE-RE'§|-AR-0HY,  n.  A principal  heresy. 

The  book  itself  [the  Alcoran]  consists  of  heresiarc hies 
against  our  blessed  Saviour.  Sir  1.  Herbert. 

HER-E-SI-6G'RA-PH$R,  n.  [Gr.  aipimg,  a taking, 
and  ypd(piot  to  write.]  One  who  writes  on  here- 
sies. Wright. 

HER-p-S{-6G'RA-PHY,  n.  A treatise  on  heresy. 

IIER'E-SY,  n.  [Gr.  aipeoig,  a taking,  choice  ; alp f'w, 
to  take’;  L.  h(eresis\  It.  eresia ; Sp.  heregia ; Fr. 
heresie .] 

1.  A religious  opinion  or  system  not  deemed 
orthodox,  or  not  in  accordance  with  that  of  the 
Catholic  or  the  established  church ; heterodoxy  ; 
a fundamental  error  in  religion  : — sect. 

The  Greek  word  ai peats  [heresy ],  which  properly  imports 
no  more  than  “ election  ” or  “ choice,"  was  commonly  em- 
ployed by  the  Hellenist  Jews  in  our  Saviour’s  time,  when 
the  people  were  much  divided  in  their  religious  sentiments, 
to  denote,  in  general,  any  branch  of  the  division,  and  was 
nearly  equivalent  to  the  English  words  “class,”  “party,” 
« sect.”  2>r.  Campbell. 

Use,  which  is  the  supreme  law  in  matter  of  language,  has 
determined  that  heresy  relates  to  errors  in  faith,  and  schism 
to  those  in  worship  or  discipline.  Locke. 

After  the  way  which  they  call  heresy,  so  worship  I the  God 
of  my  fathers.  Actsxxiv.  14. 

There  is  a heresy  of  indifference  to  revealed  religion  which 
is  the  most  deadly  of  all  heresies.  Abp.  Whately. 

2.  A private  or  peculiar  tenet,  as  on  political 

matters.  Smart. 

3.  (Law.)  An  offence  against  religion. 

A second  offence  is  that  of  heresy,  which  consists  not  in  a 
total  denial  of  Christianity,  but  of  some  of  its  essential  doc- 
trines, publicly  and  obstinately  avowed.  Blackstone. 

Syn.  — See  Heterodoxy. 

HER ’{1-TIC,  n.  [Gr.  alpfrotdj,  heretical ; It.  erc- 
tico ; Sp.  hcretico ; Fr.  heretique.]  One  tvho 
adopts  and  propagates  heretical  opinions  ; one 
given  to  heresy;  a sectary.  “No  heretic  or 

schismatic.”  Bacon. 

Syn.  — A heretic  is  a maintainer  of  heresy;  a 

schismatic,  a promoter  of  schism  ; a sectarian,  sectary, 
or  sectarist,  a member  of  a sect  ; a dissenter,  one  who 
dissents  from  an  established  religion  or  church ; a 
nonconformist , one  who  does  not  conform  to  an  estab- 
lished religion  or  church.  Some  of  these  ecclesiasti- 
cal terms  are  differently  used  by  different  persons, 
and  in  different  countries.  Roman  Catholics  apply 
the  term  heretic  to  all  Protestants.  The  terms  dis- 
senter and  nonconformist  are  applicable  to  a part  of 
the  inhabitants  of  Great  Britain,  where  there  is  an 
established  form  of  religion  ; but  they  are  not  appli- 
cable to  any  in  tins  country.  These  several  terms 
are  often  used  as  terms  of  reproach,  in  a greater  or 
less  degree ; but  schismatic  and  heretic  are  terms  of 
greater  reproach  titan  the  others. 


HE-RET'I-CAL,  a.  Relating  to,  or  containing, 
heresy ; heterodox ; schismatical ; sectarian. 
“ That  heretical  opinion.”  Warburton. 

No  opinion  can  be  heretical  but  that  which  is  not  true. 

Prof.  Sedgwick. 

HE-RET'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  an  heretical  manner. 

HE-RET'I-CATE,  v.  a.  To  condemn  or  reject  as 
heretical,  [it.]  Bp.  Hall. 


HE-RET'I.CIDE,  n.  [Gr.  ntoirucds,  heretical,  and 
L.  credo,  to  kill.]  Act  of  killing  a heretic.  Mather. 

t6',  ad.  To  this  ; hereunto.  Bible,  1551. 

^ n.  [A.  S.  heretoga ; here,  an 
J,  ) army,  and  teoche,  a leader.]  A 
eneral ; a leader  of  an  army.  Blackstone. 

RE-TO-FORE',  ad.  Before  this  time  ; former- 
ly. “ Heretofore  you  will  find.”  Swift. 


f HER'E-TRIS,  n.  A female  who  inherits.  Hall. 


HERE-UN-TO',  ad.  To  this.  Hooker. 


HERE-UP-ON',  ad.  Upon  this ; hereon.  Tatler. 


HERE'WITH,  ad.  With  this.  Spenser. 

HER'I-OT,  n.  [A.  S.  heregeat,  what  was  given  to 
the  lord  of  the  manor  to  prepare  for  war ; here, 
an  army,  and  geotan,  to  pour  out,  to  give  ; Low 
L.  heriotum .]  (Eng.  Law.)  A fine  paid  to  the 
lord  at  the  death  of  a landholder.  Howell. 

HER'I-OT-A-BLE,  a.  Subject  to  the  payment  of 
a heriot.  * Burn. 


HER'I-OT— CUS'TOM,  n.  (Eng.  Law.)  A fine  due 
to  the  lord  of  a manor.  Blackstone. 

HER'I-OT— SEIt' VICE,  n.  (Eng.  Law.)  A pay- 
ment to  a lord  of  a manor.  Blackstone. 

HE-kIs'SON,  n.  [Fr.,  a hedgehog-,  herisser,  to 
bristle.]  (Fort.)  A beam  armed  with  iron 

spikes,  and  used  as  a barrier  to  block  up  a pas- 
sage. Braude. 

HER'|-TA-BLE,  a.  [L.  hares,  an  heir;  Old  Fr. 

heritable .] 

1.  That  can  inherit.  “ By  the  canon  law  this 

son  shall  be  heritable.’’  Hale. 

2.  That  may  be  inherited ; inheritable. 

Lgttleton. 

3.  (Scotch  Law.)  Annexed  to  estates  of  in- 
heritance ; as,  “ Heritable  rights.”  Burrill. 

HER'I-TA-BLY,  ad.  By  way  of  inheritance  ; in 
the  form  of  an  inheritance.  Berners. 


HER'I-TA£E,  n.  [Fr.]  1.  Inheritance  ; an  estate 
devolved  by  succession  ; an  estate  ; portion. 
“ The  heritage  which  she  did  claim.”  Spenser. 

2.  (Bible.)  The  people  of  God.  “ As  being 
lords  over  God’s  heritage.”  1 Peter  v.  3. 

HER'I-TOR,  n.  A landholder  ; a proprietor.  [Scot- 
land.] Jamieson.  Ec.  Rev. 

HER'LING,  n.  (Teh.)  A kind  of  fish  of  the  genus 
Salnio.  — See  Hirling.  Sir  W.  Scott. 


HER' JIM,  n.  [L.]  pi.  Her  ’ mje.  (Ant.) 

A bust,  usually  of  the  god  Hermes  or 
Mercury,  affixed  to  a quadrangular 
stone  pillar,  set  up  to  mark  the  boun- 
daries of  lands,  or  as  an  ornament 
about  a house  or  a garden. 

HER-MA  IC,  ? a.  [Gr.  eppatKos  ; ' E n - 

IIER-MA'I-CAL,  ) Mercury.]  Re- 
lating to  Hermes  or  Mercury.  Cudworth. 

f HER-MAPH-RO-DE'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of  an 
hermaphrodite.  B.  Jonson. 


HER-MAPH'RO-DITE,  n.  [Gr.  ippnippdSiroc ; 'Eppi)s, 
Mercury,  and  ’Aippotiirr),  Venus;  “So  called 
after  the  son  of  Hermes  and  Aphrodite,  who, 
when  bathing,  grew  together  with  Salmacis  into 
one  person.”  I V.  Smith  ; L.  hermaphroditic; 
It.  ermafrodito ; Sp.  hermafrodito  ; Fr.  her- 
maphrodite.) 

1.  An  animal  uniting  two  sexes. 

Nor  man  nor  woman,  scarce  hermaphrodite.  Drayton. 

2.  (Bot.)  A plant  which  has  both  stamens 

and  pistils  in  the  same  flower.  Henslow. 

HER-MAPH'RO-DITE,  a.  1.  Of  both  sexes  ; — 
applied  to  an  animal  or  a plant.  Wright. 

2.  (Naut.)  Noting  a vessel  which  has  a brig’s 
foremast  and  a schooner’s  mainmast.  Dana. 


HER-MAPH-RO-DIT  IC,  ) a Partaking  of  the 

HER-MAPH-RO-DlT'I-CAL,  ) nature  of  both  sex- 
es ; hermaphroditical.  B.  Jonson. 

HER-MAPH-RO-dIt'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  Like  an  Jjpr- 
maphrodite.  " Sir  T.  Browne. 

HER-MAPH'RO-DIT-t§M,  n.  [Fr.  hermaphro- 
disme.\  The  state  of  an  hermaphrodite.  Reece. 

HER-ME-NEU'TIC,  l a prr.  hermeneutique."] 

HER-ME-NEU'TI-CAL,  S Relating  to  hermeneu- 
tics, or  interpretation  ; exegetical.  Brit.  Crit. 

HER-ME-NEU'TI-CAL-LY,  ad.  According  to  the 
true  art  of  interpretation.  Wright. 

HER-ME-NEU'TICS,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  Ippyv evrutds,  the 
art  of  interpreting ; ippr/nehs,  an  interpreter.] 
The  science  of  the  interpretation  of  the  Scrip- 
tures, or  of  other  works  in  the  learned  lan- 
guages ; interpretation ; exegesis.  M.  Stuart. 

We  liave  to  deplore  that  the  field  of  sacred  hermeneutics 
has  lately  too  often  been  made  an  arena  of  fierce  fichtinprs 
and  uncharitable  disputations.  Dr.  C.  Worclsivorth. 

HER-MET'IC,  / a.  [It.  ermetico  ; Sp.  hermeti- 

HER-MET'I-CAL,  ) co  ; Fr.  hermetique. — From 
Hermes  or  Mercury,  the  fabled  inventor  of  alche- 
my or  chemistry.] 

1.  Relating  to  Hermes,  or  Mercury  ; chem- 
ical. “The  hermetic  art.”  Richardson. 

2.  Completely  closing;  air-tight;  as,  “An 
hermetic  seal.” 

Hermetic  philosophy,  a system  of  mystical  philoso- 
phy ascribed  to  Hermes  Trismegistus  or  Mercury,  and 
contained  in  books  ascribed  to  him.  Fleming. 


HER-MET'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  an  hermetical  man- 
ner ; in  a manner  completely  closed. 

.fiGj-When  a tube  or  vessel  is  perfectly  closed  by 
fusing  its  extremity  or  mouth,  it  is  said  to  be  hermet- 
ically sealed. 

HER'MIT,  n.  [Gr.  ipypiryf,  L.  cremita  ; It . eremi- 
ta ; Sp.  eremitano ; Fr.  herrnite,  or  ermitc.\ 
One  who  retires  from  society  for  the  purpose  of 
contemplation  and  devotion  ; an  anchoret ; a re- 
cluse ; a solitary.  “ Peter  the  Hermit.”  Fabyan. 

HER'MIT-A£E,  n.  [Fr.  hermitage .] 

1.  The  habitation  of  a hermit. 

A little  lowly  hermitage  it  was, 

Down  in  a dale,  hard  by  a forest’s  side.  Spenser . 

And  may  at  last  my  weary  age 
Find  out  the  peaceful  hennitage.  Milton. 

2.  A kind  of  French  wine.  Addison. 

HER-MI-TAN',  n.  A dry  northerly  wind  on  the 
coast  of  Guinea.  — See  Harmattan.  Scott. 

HER'MI-TA-RY,  ii.  A religious  cell  annexed  to 
some  abbey.  Howell. 

HER'MIT-CRAb,  11.  (Zo/il.)  One  of  the  tribe  of 
crustaceans  of  the  genus  Pagurus,  that  occupy 
the  empty  turbinated  shells  of  gasteropodous 
mollusks ; — called  also  soldier-crab.  Baird. 

HER'MIT-ESS,  m.  A female  hermit.  Drummond. 

HER-MIt'I-CAL,  a.  Relating  or  suitable  to  a her- 
mit. “ The  hermitical  character.”  Coventry. 

HER-MO-DAC'TYLE,  n.  [Gr.  'E ppm,  Mercury, 
and  SuKnl.os,  a finger  or  a date.]  (Med.)  A bul- 
bous root  imported  from  the  East,  and  formerly 
used  as  a cathartic.  By  some  it  is  supposed  to 
be  identical  with  Iris  tuberosa ; by  others,  with 
Colchicum  Illyricum.  Dunglison. 

HER-MO-OE'NE-AN,  n.  (F.ccl.  Hist.)  A follower 
of  Ilermogencs , the  leader  of  a sect  of  heretics 
at  the  close  of  the  second  century.  Buck. 

HERN,  n.  [Contracted  from  heron. ] See  FIeron. 
“ Swan,  hern,  and  bittern.”  Peacham. 

HERN'HILL,  n.  An  herbaceous  plant.  Ainsworth. 

HER'NI-A,  n.  [L.]  (Med.)  A tumor  arising 
from  the  protrusion  of  a part  of  the  intestines 
or  omentum  into  a sac  composed  of  the  perito- 
neum ; a rupture.  Wiseman. 

Strangulated  hernia,  hernia  in  which  there  is  con- 
striction of  the  part  protruding.  Dunglisun. 

HER-NI-OT'O-MY,  n.  [L  .hernia,  a rupture,  and 
Gr.  ropr’i,  a cutting.]  (Med.)  The  operation  for 
strangulated  hernia.  Dunglison. 

HER'NI-OUS,  a.  Relating  to  hernia,  [r.]  Ash. 

HERN'SHAW,  n.  A heron  ; hcronshaw.  Spenser. 

HE'RO,  n.  ; pi.  he'roe§.  [Gr.  ijpwj ; L.  heros ; 
It.  eroe ; Sp.  heroe;  Fr.  heros.~\ 

1.  A man  distinguished  for  valor,  or  for  war- 
like achievements  ; a great  warrior  ; a brave  man. 

Such  as  raised 
To  height  of  noblest  temper  heroes  old 
Arming  to  battle.  Milton. 

2.  The  principal  character  in  a poem  or  a 

narrative.  “ An  epic  hero.”  Drydcn. 

HE-RO'DI-AN,  ii.  ; pi.  He-ro'di-AN$.  (Eccl.  Hist.) 
One  of  a Jewish  sect,  of  which  mention  is  made 
in  the  New  Testament.  Bp.  Percy. 

HE'RO— ER'R  ANT,  n.  [Eng.  hero  and  L.  erro, 
ei-rans,  to  wander.]  A wandering  hero.  Qu.  Rev. 

t HE'RO-ESS,  n.  [Gr.  ijpwi'j  ; L.  herols.']  A female 
hero  ; a heroine.  Chapman. 

HE-RO'IC,  ? a [it.  eroico  ; Sp.  heroico  ; Fr. 

HE-RO'I-CAL,  > hf'roique.] 

1.  Relating  to,  or  becoming,  a hero  ; noble  ; 
courageous;  gallant;  valiant;  fearless;  brave; 
magnanimous  ; intrepid.  “Heroic  virtue.”  Wal- 
ler.  “ Heroic  name.”  “ A life  heroic.”  Milton. 

2.  Reciting  the  acts  of  heroes  ; epic. 

An  heroic  poem,  truly  such,  is  the  grentest  work  which  the 
soul  of  man  is  capable  to  produce.  Drydcn. 

Heroic  verse  is  that  in  which  heroic  deeds  are  gen- 
erally celebrated,  and  is  appropriated  to  epic  or  heroic 
poetry  : — in  Greek  and  Latin,  it  is  the  hexameter  ; — 
in  English,  Italian,  and  German,  the  iambic  of  ten 
syllables  ; — in  French,  the  iambic  of  twelve  syllables. 

HE-RO'IC,  n.  A verse  adapted  to  an  heroic 
poem ; an  heroic  verse.  Dr g den. 

HE-RO'I-CAL-LY,  o.d.  In  an  heroic  manner. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  <?,  9,  g,  soft ; C,  G,  £,  g,  hard ; § as  z;  £ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


IIEEOICALNESS 


680 


HETEROCLITE 


Hy-RO'I-CAL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  he- 
roic ; heroicness.  Scott. 

Hy-RO'lC-LY,  ad.  Heroically,  [it.]  Milton. 

Hy-RO'IC-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  heroic  ; 
heroicalness.  Mountagu. 

||  Iip-RO-j-COM  IC,  ? [he-ro-e-kom'jk,  Ja.  K. 

II  Hy-RO-I-COM'I-CAL,  S R.  Wr.  ; lier-o-e-kom'ik, 
Sm.],  a.  Comic  in  heroic  mask  or  dress  ; con- 
sisting of  a mixture  of  dignity  and  levity.  Pope. 

HJg-RO'l-FY,  1?.  a.  To  make  heroic,  [it.] 

This  act  of  Weston  has  heroifiecl  the  profession.  Brummel. 

HER'O-INE,  or  HE'RO-INE  [her'o-In,  S.  W.  J.  F. 
Ja.  Sm.  C.  Wr.  Wb. ; he'ro-in,  P.  Ash  ; her'o-In 
or  he'ro-111,  A'.],  n.  [Gr.  hputvy ; L.  heroina ; Fr. 
heroine.]  A female  hero. 

The  heroine  assumed  the  woman’s  place.  Dryden. 

HER'0-I§M,  or  HE'RO-l§M  [her'o-Izm,  S.  W.  J.  F. 
Ja.  Sm.  C.  I FA. ; he'ro-Izm,  P.  Ash , I Vr. ; lie'ro- 
izm  or  her'o-Izm,  K. ; he-rd'Izin,  E.],  n.  [It.  evo- 
ismo  ; Sp.  heroismo  ; Fr.  hcroisme.]  The  qual- 
ities or  character  of  a hero  ; valor  ; bravery  ; 
courage  ; gallantry  ; magnanimity.  “ The  Iliad 
abounds  with  heroism.”  Broome. 

Syn.  — See  Courage. 

HER'O-MANE,  n.  A cocoa-nut  rasp  or  scraper, 
used  in  Ceylon.  Simmonds. 

HER'ON,  n.  ( Ornith .)  A bird  of  the  order  Gral- 
Ite  and  genus  Ardca,  residing 
on  the  banks  of  lakes  and  riv- 
ers, or  in  marshy  places,  and 
feeding  on  fish,  frogs,  field- 
mice,  snails,  worms,  and  all 
sorts  of  insects.  — See  Ait- 
DEINvE. 

HSr"  Herons  are  distinguished  by 
the  inner  edge  of  the  claw  of  their 
middle  toe  being  pectinated,  and 
theireyes  being  placed  in  a naked 
skin  which  extends  to  the  beak. 

The  common  heron  ( Ardca  cinereal) 
is  found  native  in  the  greater  part 
of  the  Old  World.  Baird. 

HER'ON— HAWK'ING,  n.  The  catching  of  herons 
by  using  a hawk.  Pennant. 

HER'ON-RY,  n.  A place  where  herons  breed. 

They  carry  their  loads  to  a large  heronry.  Derliam. 

HKR'ON’f-Bll.L,  n.  ( Bot .)  A genus  of  hardy 
plants  ; Ex-odium  ; — so  called  because  the  fruit 
was  thought  to  resemble  the  head  and  breast  of 
a heron.  Loudon. 

HER'ON-SH.Aw,  n.  A heron  ; hernshaw.  Pennant. 

HE-RO-OL'O-QIST,  n.  [Gr.  row;,  a hero,  and 
).6yo;,  a discourse.]  One  who  treats  or  writes 
of  heroes.  Warton. 

IIE'RO-SHIP,  n.  The  state  or  the  character  of  a 
hero.  [Ludicrous.]  Cowper. 

HE'RO— WOR'SHJP  (-wiir'shjp),  n.  The  worship 
of  heroes.  Burney.  Carlyle. 

HER'PIJ,  n.  The  falcated  sword  of  Perseus:  — 
harlequin’s  wooden  sword.  Maunder. 

HER'PE§,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  cpm?j  ; epiuo,  to  creep.] 
(Med.)  A cutaneous  eruption  or  vesicular  dis- 
ease of  several  varieties,  as  tetters,  ringworm, 
shingles,  &c.,  the  vesicles  arising  in  irregular 
clusters,  which  appear  in  quick  succession  and 
near  together  on  an  inflamed  base,  generally 
attended  with  heat  and  paid ; — so  called  from 
its  creeping  about  the  skin.  Dunglison. 

IIER-PET'{C,  a.  [Gr.  cpiryim/cdc ; L.  herpesticus.] 
Relating  to  the  herpes  ; creeping.  Todd. 

IIER-PET-O-L09  JC,  ) a Relating  to  herpe- 

HEK-PET-O-I.Oty'l-C AL,  ) tology.  Craig. 

HER-PE-T5l'0-£IST,  n.  One  who  is  versed  in 
herpetology.  Baird. 

HER-PJJ-TdL'O-yY,  n.  [Gr.  ipmrds,  a reptile,  and 
hiyos,  a discourse  ; It.  erpetologia ; Fr.  herpetolo- 
gie .]  That  branch  of  natural  history  which 
treats  of  reptiles  ; — divided  by  Cuvier  into  four 
orders  : 1st,  chelonians,  tortoises,  turtles,  &c. ; 
2d,  saurians,  lizards,  crocodiles,  Ac.  ; 3d,  ophid- 
ians, slow-worms,  serpents,  &c. ; 4th,  batra- 
chians,  frogs,  toads,  newts,  &c.  It  is  also  writ- 
ten erpetologxj.  Brande. 


HER'Py-TON,  n.  [Gr.  ip-mrdv,  a creeping  thing.] 
(llerp.)  A genus  of  serpents  allied  to  Eryx, 
and  characterized  by  two  soft  prominences  cov- 
ered with  scales  which  are  appended  to  the 
muzzle.  Brande. 

f HER-Rj-CA'NO,  n.  See  Hurricane.  Todd. 

HER'RJNG,  n.  [A.  S.  ha-ring,  or  herinc ; Hut. 
haring-,  Ger.  haring  ; Icel.  hceringr  ; It.  aringa  ; 
Sp.  arenque  ; Fr.  hareng.  — “The  word  herring 
is  derived  from  the  German  hear  [A.  S.  ha-r], 
an  army,  to  express  their  numbers.’  Pennant.] 
(Ich.)  A small  sea-fish,  of  the  genus  Clupca,  of 
several  species,  including  the  sprat,  white-bait, 
pilchard,  shad,  anchovy,  &c. 

HER' RING— BONE,  a.  1.  (Ma- 
sonry.) Noting  courses  of  stone 
laid  angularly,  so  that  those  in 
each  course  are  placed  oblique- 
ly to  the  right  and  the  left  al- 
ternately. Fairholt. 

2.  A kind  of  cross-stitch  in 
seams,  mostly  used  in  woollen 
work.  Simmonds. 

HER'RING— BUSS,  XI.  A boat  or 
vessel  for  the  herring-fishery. 

HER'RING— CUR'ER,  xx.  A gutter  and  salter  of 
herring.  Simmonds. 

HERRN'hOT-UR  (hern'hut-er),  n.  (Eccl.  Ilist.) 
One  of  a religious  sect,  called  also  Moravians 
and  United  Brethren,  and  named  Herrnhuters 
from  an  establishment  formed  at  Ilerrnhut,  in 
Upper  Lusatia,  about  1722,  under  the  patronage 
of  Nicholas  Lewis,  Count  of  Zinzendorf.  Todd. 

1IER§  (berz),  pers.  pron.  poss.  from  she.  See 
She,  and  Mine. 

HER'SCHf.L  (her'shel),  xi.  (Astron.)  A planet  dis- 
covered by  Sir  ffm.  Ilcrschcl  in  1781;  — now 
called  Uranus.  Ilind. 

HER'SCHgL-lTE,  n.  (Mixi.)  A variety  of  gmel- 
inite;  — so  named  in  honor  of  Sir  Wm.  Ilcr- 
sc/tcl.  Dana. 

HERSE  (hers),  xi.  1.  [Fr.  herse,  a harrow.  — See 
Hearse.]  (Fort.)  A lattice  or  portcullis  armed 
with  spikes  ; hersillon.  Brande. 

2.  A candlestick  used  in  churches.  Simmonds. 

HERSE,  v.  a.  See  Hearse.  Chapman. 

HERjSELF',  pron.  1.  The  reciprocal  form  of  she 
and  her  ; a female  individual,  as  distinguished 
front  others. 

2.  In  her  proper  character  or  state  ; as,  “ She 
is  herself  again.” 

IIER-SIL'LON,  xx.  [Fr.  herse.]  (Fort.)  A lattice 
or  portcullis  armed  with  pikes  to  block  up  a 
gateway  or  to  impede  the  march  of  an  enemy ; 

— called  also  herisson  and  herse.  Brande. 

IIERST'— PAN,  n.  A frying-pan.  Simmonds. 

f HE'RY,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  heriaxi,  to  praise.] 

1.  To  praise  ; to  honor  ; to  worship.  Wickliffe. 

2.  To  hallow;  to  regard  as  holy.  Spexiser. 

1IE§'I-TAN-CY,  n.  [L.  h a-sitantia ; It.  esitanza. 

— See  Hesitate.]  Dubiousness;  uncertainty; 
suspense. 

Some  reasoned  without  doubt  or  hesitancy.  AUerbux-y. 

HE§'I-TANT,  a.  [L.  hccsitans.]  Hesitating., Todrell. 

HESy'I-TATE  (hez'e-tat),  v.  xi.  [L.  hcesito,  htesita- 
tus  ; It.  esitare  ; Sp.  hesitar ; Fr.  hesiter.]  \i. 
hesitated  ; pp.  HESITATING,  hesitated.] 

1.  To  stop  to  consider  ; to  be  in  suspense  ; to 
be  doubtful ; to  delay ; to  pause  ; to  falter. 

They  hesitate  to  accept  Hector’s  challenge.  Pope. 

2.  To  have  impediment  in  speaking  ; to  falter 

in  speaking;  to  stammer.  Crabb. 

Pope  uses  it  actively.  “ To  hesitate  dislike.” 

Syn. — One  hesitates  from  an  undecided  state  of 
mind,  demurs  from  doubt  or  difficulty,  and  pauses  and 
delays  from  circumstances.  One  hesitates  and  demurs 
in  determining,  and  pauses  in  doing  or  in  speaking. 
To  hesitate  expresses  less  than  to  falter ; to  stammer , 
less  than  to  stutter.  A person  embarrassed  from  any 
cause,  in  conversation,  may  hesitate , and  in  his  first 
attempt  to  speak  in  public  may  falter.  Children  be- 
ginning to  read  are  apt  to  stammer ; one  who  has  an 
impediment  in  his  speech  stutters.  He  hesitated  in 
his  reply,  faltered  in  his  voice,  and  stammered  or  stut- 
tered in  speaking.  — See  Scruple. 


HE§'I-TAT-JNG,  p.  a.  Stopping  to  consider; 
pausing;  delaying;  doubting. 

HE^J-TAT-JNG-LY,  ad.  With  hesitation.  Clarke . 

IIJE^-I-tA'TION,  n.  1.  [L.  heesitatio ; It.  esita- 
zione ; Sp.  hesitacion ; Fr.  hesitation.']  The  act 
of  hesitating ; suspense  of  opinion  ; doubt ; un- 
certainty ; difficulty  made. 

It  is  so  plainly  affirmed  in  Scripture  that  there  is  no  place 
left  for  hesitation.  Bp.  Tan! or. 

2.  Intermission  of  speech;  want  of  volubility ; 
a faltering  ; a stammering.  Swift. 

Syn.  — See  Scruple. 

HE§'j-TA-TI  VE,  a.  Showing  hesitation.  Sxnart. 

HES'KY,  a.  See  Husky.  Todd. 

Hits  'PER,  n.  [Gr.  IWfoos ; L.  hesperus.]  The 
evening  star  ; Hesperus.  Clarke. 

Iiys-PE'RI- AN,  a.  [L.  hesperius. ] Western  : oc- 
cidental. “ Isles  Hesperian.”  Milton. 

HES-PE-RI ' 1-DJE,  n.  pi.  (Ent.)  A family  of  di- 
urnal lepidopterous  insects  ; skippers.  Baird. 

Hits'  PF.-RIS,  xi.  [L.  hesperis,  of  the  evening.] 
(Bot.)  A genus  of  plants  of  which  the  flower  is 
more  fragrant  towards  evening  than  at  any 
other  part  of  the  day  ; rocket.  Loudon. 

Hits' PE-Rirs,  n.  [L.]  The  evening  star;  Hes- 
per.  ' Milton. 

HES'SIAN  (hesh'?n),  a.  (Gcng.)  Relating  to 

Hesse  in  Germany  ; as,  “ Hessian  troops.” 

HES'SIAN,  xi.  (Geog.)  A native  of  Hesse.  Marshall. 

IIES'SIAN— BIT,  xx.  A kind  of  jointed  bit.  Booth. 

HES'SIAN— BOOTS,  xx.  pi.  A kind  of  long  boots. 

HES'SIAN— FLY  (kesh'fin-),  n.  (Ent.)  An  insect, 
gnat,  or  midge,  very  destructive  to  wheat ; 
wheat-fly  ; Cecidoxnyia  destructor.  Hax-ris. 

Http  The  Hessian-fly  obtained  its  common  name 
from  a supposition  that  it  was  imported  into  North 
America  in  some  straw  by  the  Hessian  troops,  under 
the  command  of  Sir  W.  Howe,  in  the  war  of  tire  rev- 
olution. Dobson's  Ency. 

f HEST,  n.  [A.  S.  haxs  ; Dut.  eisch ; Ger.  geheiss.] 
Command  ; precept ; injunction  ; behest.  Shah. 

f HES'T^RN,  a.  Hesternal.  — See  Tester.  Todd. 

f H£S-TER'NAL,  a.  [L.  hestei'/ius.]  Relating  to 
yesterday.  Smart. 

HES'TJ-A,  xx.  (Astron.)  An  asteroid  discovered 
by  Pogson  in  1857.  Loverixig. 

HE'SY-GHAST,  xi.  [Gr.  yavxo<,  quiet.]  (Eccl. 
Hist.)  One  of  a sect  of  the  fifteenth  century  ; a 
Quietist. --  Smart. 

HETCH'IJL,  v.  a.  To  comb  and  clean,  as  flax; 
to  hatchel.  — See  Hatcher.  Holland. 

p HET'E-RAR-jGHY,  xx.  [Gr.  trepos,  another,  and 
upX'B  rule-]  The  government  of  an  alien  or  for- 
eigner. Bp.  liall. 

HE  TER  0 — [Gr.  srepos,  the  other.]  A prefix 
usually  signifying  difference  ; — opposed  to  ho- 
mo-, which  signifies  resemblance. 

HET-IJR-O-CAR'PI-AN,  xx.  [Gr.  ertpoc,  another, 
and  Kapnos,  fruit.]  (Bot.)  An  inferior,  or  par- 
tially inferior,  fruit,  as  in  the  acorn.  Henslow. 

HET-UR-Q-CAR'POUS,  a.  (Bot.)  Bearing  fruit  of 
two  sorts  or  shapes.  Gray. 

HET-IjR-O-CEPH'A-LOUS,  a.  [Gr.  tripos,  differ- 
ent, and  Kopa/.i},  the  head.]  Having  flower- 
heads,  some  male  and  some  female.  Brande. 

HET-5R-0-0ER'CAL,  a.  [Gr.  trxpos,  different,  and 
Ktpsoi,  a tail.]  (Ich.)  Having  the  upper  lobe  of 
the  tail  larger  than  the  lower.  Agassiz. 

HET-BR-O-jCHRO'MOyS,  n.  [Gr.  tripos,  different, 
and’^puV'G  color.]  (Bot.)  Noting  florets  in  the 
centre  of  a flower-head  different  in  color  from 
those  of  the  circumference.  Craig. 

||  HET'ER-O-CLfTE  [het'er-o-kllt,  IF.  J.  F.  Ja.K. 
Sm.  R.  C.  Wr. ; het'er-o-kllt,  /'.  E. ; liet'er-o- 
kllt',  .S’.] , a.  [Gr.  IrepiKhroi ; tripos,  different, 
and  n).ivu>,  to  incline  ; L.  heteroclitus  ; It.  etero- 
clito-,  Sp . heteroclito -,  Fr.  heteroclitc.]  Irregular; 
anomalous  ; singular  ; deviating  from  common 
rules.  “ The  heteroclitc  nouns  of  the  Latin.” 
Watts.  “ Hetcx-oclite  characters.”  Shcnstone. 

||  HET'yR-O-CLITE,  n.  1.  An  irregular  noun,  or 
a noun  not  regularly  declined.  Clarke. 


Common  heron 
( Ardca  cinerea ). 


I arrell. 


Smith. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  $,  !,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


HETEROCLITIC 


681 


IIIATION 


2.  Any  person  or  thing  deviating  from  the 
common  rule.  “ Heteroclites  in  religion.”  How- 
ell. “ The  example  will  be  found  a heteroclite.” 
Spenser. 

HET-gR-O-CLIT'lC,  ? C'  Deviating  from  the 

HET-JER-O-CLIT'I-CAL,  > common  rule.  Browne. 

t HET-g-ROC'LJ-TOUS,  a.  Heteroclitical.  Petty. 

HET-5-RO-DAc'TVLE,  a.  Having  the  toes  irreg- 
ular, either  as  to  number  or  formation.  Maunder. 

HET'gR-O-DOX,  a.  [Gr.  iripdloio;  ; ertpos,  differ- 
ent, and  dofn,  an  opinion ; It.  eterodosso  ; Sp. 
lieterodoxo ; Fr.  heterodoxe.)  Deviating  from 
the  established  opinion  ; not  orthodox  ; hereti- 
cal. “ Heterodox  tenets.”  Locke. 

f HET'ER-O-DOX,  n.  A peculiar  opinion.  “Only 
a simple  heterodox."  Sir  T.  Browne. 

HET'JJR-O-DOX-NJSSS,  n.  Heterodoxy,  [it.]  More. 

HET'ER-O-DOX-Y,  n.  [It.  eterodossia  ; Sp.  hete- 
rodoxia ; Fr.  heterodoxic.]  The  quality  of  being 
heterodox ; an  opinion  that  is  unorthodox ; her- 
esy. Bp.  Bull. 

Syn.  — Heterodoxy  is  negative,  heresy  positive, 
dissent.  Heterodoxy  differs  from  orthodoxy  ; heresy 
separates  from  it.  Heterodoxy  relates  to  the  opinions 
formed  ; heresy,  not  only  to  the  opinions,  but  to  tile 
persons  forming  tire  opinions.  Heterodoxy  often  pro- 
duces heresy.  — See  Heresy. 

HET-J£-ROG'A-MOUS,  a.  [Gr.  cripo;,  different, 
and  yoyos,  marriage.]  ( Bot .)  Having  florets  of 
different  sexes  in  the  same  flower-head.  Brande. 

HET-5-RO-GAN'GLI-ATE,  a.  Having  the  gan- 
glionic nervous  system  and  the  ganglions  often 
unsymmetrically  scattered.  Maunder. 

HET'E-RO-GENE,  a.  [Gr.  Iripayioys ; tripos,  an- 
other, and  yeros,  kind.]  Of  another  kind  ; dis- 
similar ; heterogeneous.  B.  Jonson. 

HET-E-RO-fJE'NIJ-AL,  a.  Heterogeneous.  Bacon. 

HET-E-RO-OE'NE-AL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  heterogeneous  ; heterogeneity.  Booth. 

HET-E-RO-Oe-NE'l-TY,  n.  [Fr.  heterogtoiite.] 

1.  The  quality  of  being  heterogeneous ; het- 
erogeneousness. Johnson. 

2.  That  which  is  opposite  or  dissimilar.  “Far 

other  heterogeneities .”  Boyle. 

II  HET-G-RO-GE'Nf-OUS  [het-e-ro-je'ne-us,  W.P. 
J.  Ja.  Sm.  ; het-e-ro-je'nyus,  E.  F. ; het-e-ro-ge'- 
nyus,  S.],  a.  [See  Heterogene.]  Of  a dif- 
ferent kind  ; unlike  each  other  ; opposite  or  dis- 
similar in  nature  ; — opposed  to  homogeneous. 
“ Heterogeneous  bodies.”  Woodward. 

||  HET-G-RO-GE'NG-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  a heteroge- 
neous manner.  Johnson. 

HET-E-RO-GE'NG-OyS-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  be- 
ing heterogeneous ; dissimilitude  in  nature.  Ash. 

HET-G-RO-MOR'PHOUS,  a.  [Gr.  tripos,  different, 
and  pop0^.]  {Bot.)  Having  two  or  more  forms 
or  shapes.  Gray. 

HET-  1J-RON 1 Y-M O L’S,  a.  [Gr.  iripunivyog ; tripos, 
different,  aiid  6voya,  a name.]  Having  a differ- 
ent name.  Watts. 

HET-1J-RO-OU  SIAN,  £ a [Gr.  Hipovcios,  of  dif- 

HET-jp-RO-dU'SIOUS,  5 ferent  essence  ; tripos, 
different,  and  ornia,  essence.]  Having  a differ- 
ent essence  or  nature.  Cudworth. 

HET-E-RO-PATH'IC,  a.  (Med.)  Relating  to  het- 
eropathy ; allopathic.  Wright. 

HET-y-ROP'A-THY,  n.  [Gr.  irtpoiraOtla,  suffer- 
ing in  another  part,  counter-irritation  ; tripos, 
another,  and  nados,  suffering.]  The  art  of  cur- 
ing by  differences  ; allopathy  ; — the  opposite  of 
homoeopathy.  — See  Homceopathy.  Scudamore. 

HET-J-RO-PHfL'LOUS,  or  HET-IJ-ROPH'YL- 
LOUS  (i31),a.  [Gr.  tripos,  different,  and  <)>bXXov,  a 
leaf.]  (Bot.)  Noting  plants  that  have  two  differ- 
ent kinds  of  leaves  on  the  same  stem.  Wright. 

HET'E-RO-POD,  n.  [Gr.  tripos,  different,  and  irobj, 
ratios,  a foot.]  (Zoi)l.)  One  of  an  order  of  gas- 
teropods  which  have  the  foot  compressed  into 
the  form  of  a thin,  vertical  fin.  Brande. 

HET-y-ROP'O-DOUS,  a.  (Zool.)  Pertaining  to 
the  heteropods.  Maunder. 


HET-E-ROP'TICS,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  tripos,  different, 
and  ImrtKis,  belonging  to  sight;  hpdw,  ihpoyai,  to 
see.]  False  optics.  Spectator. 

HET-E-ROS'CIAN  (het-e-rosli'jn),  n.  [Gr.  tripos, 
different,  and  okio,  a shadow.]  (Ancient  Geog.) 
A term  applied  to  a person  in  one  temperate 
zone,  as  compared  with  another  in  the  opposite 
temperate  zone,  with  respect  to  the  shadow  cast 
by  each  at  noon,  that  of  one  being  always  turned 
towards  the  north,  and  that  of  the  other  always 
towards  the  south.  Brande. 

HET-E-ROS'CIAN,  a.  (Ancient  Geog.)  Having 
shadows  that  point  in  opposite  directions,  as 
the  inhabitants  of  the  two  opposite  temperate 
zones.  Wright. 

HET-E-ROS'CI-I  (-rosh'e-l),  n.  pl.  An  old  term 
applied  to  those  whose  shadows  are  always  in 
different  directions  ; heteroscians.  Nichol. 

HET'E-RO-SlTE,  n.  (Min.)  A mineral  contain- 
ing phosphoric  acid  and  iron.  Dana. 

HET-E-ROS'TRO-PHE,  a.  [Gr.  tripos,  different, 
and  rptnoi,  to  turn.]  (Conch.)  Reversed  ; heter- 
oclitical. Maunder. 

HET-E-Ro P'RO-PAL,  ? a.  (Bot.)  Noting  the 

HET-E-ROT'RO-POUS,  > embryo  when  it  lies  ob- 
lique or  transverse  to  the  axis  of  the  seed,  the 
radicle  not  being  directed  to  the  hilum.  Henslow. 

HET' MAN,  n.  The  chief  military  commander  of 
the  Cossacks.  Wright. 

HE-TOP'Y-LiTE,  n.  (Min.)  A native  phosphate 
of  iron  and  manganese.  Brande. 

HEU'LAND-ITE,  n.  (Min.)  A silicate  of  alumina 
and  lime  occurring  principally  in  amygdaloidal 
rocks  ; foliated  zeolite  ; — so  named  from  Mr. 
Heuland,  an  English  mineralogist.  Dana. 

HEW  (Hu),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  heawan;  Dut.  houwen-, 
Ger.  hauen.~\  [i.  hewed  ; pp.  hewing,  hewn 
or  HEWED.] 

1.  To  cut  with  an  axe  or  other  edged  instru- 

ment ; to  hack ; to  chop.  “ They  hewed  their 
helms.”  Spenser. 

2.  To  form  or  fashion  by  cutting  with  an  axe 
or  like  instrument ; — sometimes  followed  by  out. 
“ Hew  thee  two  tables  of  stone.”  Ex.  xxxiv.  1. 

My  people  have  hewed  them  out  cisterns  that  can  hold  no 
water.  Jar.  ii.  13. 

3.  To  form  laboriously;  to  elaborate. 

I now  pass  my  days,  not  studious  nor  idle,  rather  polish- 
ing old  works,  than  hewing  out  new.  Pope. 

f HEW  (hu),  n.  Destruction  by  cutting  down. 
“ Such  havoc  and  such  hew.”  Spenser. 

HEWED  (hud),  or  HEWN  (hun),  p.  from  hew. 
See  Hew. 


HEW'ER  (hu'er),  n. 
“ Hewer  of  wood.” 


One  who  hews  or  cuts. 

Deut.  xxix.  11. 


HEW'HOLE,  n.  The  green  woodpecker.  Tarrell. 

HEX-A-CAP'SU-LAR,  a.  [Gr.  if,  six,  and  L.  cap- 
sula,  box.]  (Bot.)  Having  six  seed-vessels.  Ash. 

HEX'A-jCHORD  (heks'a-kord),  n.  [Gr.  e(a^opios ; 
if,  six,  and  %opty,  a string;  L.  hexachordos .] 
(Mus.)  An  interval  of  four  tones  and  one  semi- 
tone : — a scale  of  six  notes.  Dwight. 

HEX-A-DAc'TY-LOUS,  a.  [Gr.  if,  six,  and  1&k- 
tv).os,  a finger.]  Having  six  toes  or  fingers. Smart. 

HEX'ADE,  n.  [Gr.  i'f,  six.]  A series  of  six.  Smart. 

HEX'A-GON,  n.  [Gr.  i(ayavov ; i'f,  six,  and  ywvia,  an 
angle  ; L.  hexagonum  ; Fr.  hexagons .]  (Geo/n.) 
A polygon  of  six  sides  and  six  angles.  Davies. 

HEX-Ag'O-NAL,  a.  Having  six  sides  and  six  an- 
gles. Ray. 

HEX-Ag'O-NAL-LY,  ad.  In  the  form  of  a hexa- 
gon. " Ash. 

f HEX-Ag'O-NY,  n.  A hexagon.  Bp.  Bramhall. 

HEX'A-GYN,  n.  (Bot.)  One  of  the  class  hexa- 
gynia.  Wright. 

HEX-A-OYN'I-AN,  a.  Hexagynous.  Smart. 

HEX-A-fJYN'I-A,  n.  (Bot.)  A Linnsean  class  of 
plants  having  six  pistils.  Henslow. 

HEX-AG'Y-NOUS,  a.  [Gr.  If,  six,  and  yvrnj,  a 
woman.]  (Bot.)  Having  six  pistils.  Henslow. 

HEX-A-HE'DRAI.,,  a.  Having  six  sides.  Knowles. 


HEX-A-IIE'DRON,  n. ; pl.  hex-a-iie'dra.  [Gr. 

if,  six,  and  ttpa,  a seat ; Fr.  hexaedre.]  (Gcom.) 
A solid  figure  having  six  equal  square  faces  ; 
a cube.  Davies. 

HEX- A-HE'ME-RON,  n.  [Gr.  iff,  six,  and  hytoa, 
a day.]  The  term  of  six  days.  Smart. 

IIEX-Am'GR-OUS,  a.  (Bot.)  Having  the  parts  in 
sixes.  Gray. 

HyX-AM'G-TyR,  n.  [Gr.  B-dytrpos;  If,  six,  and 
yerpov,  a measure  ; L.  hexameter ; Fr.  hexametre .] 
A verse,  or  line,  of  poetry,  having  six  feet,  of 
which  the  first  four  may  be  either  dactyls  or 
spondees,  the  fifth  must  be  a dactyl,  aud  the 
sixth  a spondee ; the  heroic,  and  most  impor- 
tant, verse  among  the  Greeks  and  Romans,  be- 
ing that  in  which  the  Iliad  and  the  JEneid  are 
written.  Chambers. 


HEX-AM'G-TgR,  a. 

“ Hexameter  verse.’ 


Having  six  metrical  feet. 

London  Ency. 

Hexametrical.  Hothouse. 


Consisting  of  hexam- 
eters. Warton. 


llpX-AM'Jp-TRAL,  a. 

HEX-A-MET'R1C,  ) a 

HEX-A-MIt'RJ-CAL,  > el 

IIEX-AN  DJJR,  ; n_  |-Qr_  s;Xj  and  avyp,  avlpdf, 

HJJX-AN'DRI-A,  S a man ; Fr . hexandrie.)  (Bot.) 
A class  of  plants  having  six  stamens.  Henslow. 

HJSX-An'DRI-AN,  a.  (Bot.)  Iiexandrous.  Smart. 

HEX-An'DROUS,  a.  (Bot.)  Having  six 
stamens  ; hexandrian.  Brande. 

IIF,X-AN'GU-LAR  (-Sng'gu-lAr),  a.  [Gr.  if, 
six,  and  L.  angulus,  an  angle.]  Having 
six  angles  or  corners.  Woodward. 

IIEX'A-PED,  a.  Having  six  feet ; hexapod.  Smart. 

HEX'A-PED,  n.  [Gr.  i'f,  six,  and  L.  pes,  pedis,  a 
foot.]  A fathom  ; length  of  six  feet.  Cockeram. 

HEX-A-PET'A-LOUS,  a.  [Gr.  i'f,  six,  and  rhaXov, 
a leaf.]  (Bot.)  Having  six  petals.  Crabb. 

HEX- A- PH YL' LOUS, or  HEX-APH'YL-LOUS  (131), 
a.  [Gr.  c'f,  six,  and  fb/J.ov,  a leaf.]  (Bot.) 
Having  six  leaflets.  Crabb. 

ItEX  A-  PLj9,  n.  [Low  L.,  from  Gr.  /fair /Got,  six- 
fold ; iff,  six,  and  airXdei,  to  unfold.]  (Eccl.  Hist.) 
The  combination  of  six  versions  of  the  Old  Tes- 
tament by  Origen,  viz.,  the  Septuagint,  Aquila, 
Theodotian,  Symmachus,  one  found  at  Jericho, 
and  another  at  Nicopolis  ; — written  also  hexa- 
ple.  P.  Cyc. 

UEX'A-PLAR,  a.  Having  six  columns ; sex- 
tuple. ‘ Smart. 

IIEX'A-PLE,  n.  See  Hexama.  Brande. 

HEX' A-POD,  n.  [Gr.  six,  and  sobs,  trohis,  a foot.] 
An  animal  with  six  feet,  as  a true  insect.  Owen. 

IIEX'A-POD,  a.  Having  six  feet ; hexaped.  Smart. 

H^X-Ap'O-DY,  n.  A series  of  six  feet.  Beck. 

HJiX-AP'TjjR-OUS,  a.  (Bot.)  Six-winged.  Gray. 

HEX'A-STlCH,  n.  [Gr.  /(nixrivoj ; ii,  six,  and  cri- 
%os,  a line ; L.  hexastichus.]  A poem,  or  epi- 
gram, of  six  lines.  Selden. 

||  H^X-As'TI-jCHON,  n.  A poem,  or  epigram, 
consisting  of  six  lines  ; hexastieh.  IVeever. 

HEX'A-STYLE,  n.  [Gr.  l(ntnvXos ; if,  six,  and 
otOXos,  a pillar;  L.  hexastylos ; Fr.  hexastyle .] 
(Arch.)  A tannic  or  other  building  having  six 
columns  in  the  portico  or  in  front.  Chambers. 

HEX-OC-TA-HE'DRON,  n.  (Geom.)  A polyhedron 
of  forty-eight  equal  triangular  faces.  Davies. 

HEY  (ha),  interj.  An  expression  of  joy  or  of  ex- 
hortation. Prior. 

HEY  (ha),  n.  A round  in  a dance  ; heydeguy.  Todd. 

HEY'DAY  (ha'da),  n.  [For  high  day.]  A frolic ; 
wildness.  “ The  heyday  in  the  blood.”  Shah. 

HEY'DAY  (ha'da),  interj.  An  expression  of  frolic 
and  exultation.  “ Heyday , says  he.”  Tatler. 

t HEY'DE-GUY  (ha'de-gi),  n.  The  round  in  a 
dance.  Spenser. 

HEY'WARD  (ha'ward),  n.  See  Hayward.  Todd. 

f iH-A'TION  (hl-a'shun),  n.  [L.  hio,  hiatus,  to 
gape.]  The  act  of  gaping.  Browne. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  9,  & soft ; U,  jG,  £,  |,  hard;  S « z;  X as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 

86 


HIATUS  682  HIEROLOGIST 


HI-A'TUS,  n. ; pi.  L.  jhT-a'tps;  Eng.  hT-a'tus-e$. 
[L.  hiatus.] 

1.  An  aperture  ; an  opening.  “ Those  hia- 
tuses at  the  bottom  of  the  sea.’  Woodward. 

2.  A deficiency  in  the  text  of  an  author,  as 
from  a passage  erased,  worn  out,  &c.  Brands. 

3.  (Gram.  & Pros.)  The  occurrence  of  a final 

vowel,  followed  immediately  by  the  initial 

vowel  of  another  word,  without  the  suppression 
of  either  by  an  apostrophe.  Brande. 

HI-BER'NA-CLE,  n.  [L.  hibcrnaculum.\  Shelter 
for  winter,  or  winter-quarters  for  an  animal  or 
a plant.  Smart. 

Hl-BF.R-J\rAC ' U-LUM,  n.  [L.,  winter  quarters.] 
(Gardening.)  Any  thing  which  serves  for  pro- 
tection to  young  buds  during  winter.  Craig. 

HI-BER'NAL,  a.  [L.  hibernus.]  Belonging  to  the 
winter  ; wintry.  Sir  T.  Browne. 

HI'BER-NATE,  v.  n.  [L.  hiberno,  hibernatus .] 
[i.  HIBERNATED  ; pp.  HIBERNATING,  HIBER- 
NATED.] To  winter  ; to  pass  the  winter.  Darwin. 

Hl'BER-NAT-[NG,  p.  a.  Passing  the  winter. 

IiI-BER-NA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  wintering.  Evelyn. 

Hl-BER'NJ-AN,  a.  \ Hibernia , the  Latin  name  of 
Ireland.]  (Geog.)  Relating  to  Hibernia  or  Ire- 
land. Todd. 

IlI-BER'NI-AN,  n.  An  Irishman.  Campbell. 

III-BER'NI-AN-IIJ.M,  n.  An  Hibernian  or  Irish 
phrase  or  idiom  ; Hibernicism  ; Irishism.  Ed.  R. 

Hl-BER'NI-CIij.M,  n.  An  Irish  idiom  or  mode  of 
speech ; an  Irishism  ; Hibernianism.  Todd. 

HI-BER'NI-ClZE,  v.  a.  To  render  into  the  lan- 
guage or  idiom  of  the  Irish.  West.  Rev. 

Hl-BER'NO— CEL'TIC,  n.  The  native  language  of 
the  Irish".  Wright. 

JlI-BIS' CUS,  n.  [L.,from  Gr.  IPIckos,  marsh-mal- 
low.] (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants  of  the  malva- 
ceous  order,  with  large,  showy  flowers.  Brands. 

IHC'CA-TEE,  n.  (Herp.)  A fresh-water  tortoise 
of  Central  America,  the  liver  and  feet  of  which 
are  esteemed  as  food.  Simmonds. 

NIC 'Cl-  trS-DOC'TI-  US  (hJk'she-us-dok'she-us), 
n.  [Corrupted  from  Hie  est  doctus,  this  is  the 
learned  man.  Brand.]  A cant  word  for  a jug- 
gler. “Hiccius-doctius  played  in  all.”  Hudibras. 

|]  HIC'COUGH  (lilk'kup  or  lilk'kof)  [lilk'kup,  S.  J. 
E.  F.  K.  C. ; lilk'kup  or  lilk'kof,  W.  Ja.  Sm. ; 
lilk'kof,  P.],  n.  [Dut.  iSf  Ger.  hick  ; Sw.  hicka. 
— Fr .hoquet.  Probably  formed  from  the  sound. 
It  is  written  /ticket  by  Sir  T.  Browne,  and  hic- 
uet  by  Holland .]  A spasmodic  affection  of  the 
iaphragm  and  glottis  ; a convulsive  cough  or 
sob ; — written  also  hiccup  and  hickup.  Wiseman. 

gSy  “ This  is  one  of  those  words  which  seems  to 
have  been  corrupted  by  a laudable  intention  of  bring- 
ing it  nearer  to  its  original.  The  convulsive  sob  was 
supposed  to  be  a species  of  cough  ; but  neither  Junius 

-nor  Skinner  mention  any  such  derivation,  and  both 
suppose  it  formed  from  the  sound  it  occasions.  Ac- 
cordingly we  find,  though  hiccough  is  the  most  gener- 
al orthography,  hickup  is  the  most  usual  pronuncia- 
tion.” Walker. 

U HIC'COUGH  (hTk'kup),®.  n.  [Ger.  /lichen.]  To 
utter  a hiccough  ; to  sob  with  convulsion  of  the 
diaphragm  and  glottis.  Johnson. 

HIC'CUP,  n.  See  Hiccough. 

HICK'HALL,  n.  (Ornith.)  A species  of  small 
woodpecker  ; hickwall ; hickway.  Booth. 

HICK'— JOINT,  a.  (Masonry .)  Noting  a kind  of 
pointing  in  which  a portion  of  superior  mortar 
is  inserted  between  the  courses,  and  made  per- 
fectly smooth  with  the  surface.  Wright. 

HICK'O-RY,  n.  (Bot.)  A North  American  tree  of 
several  species,  the  wood  of  which  is  very 
heavy,  tough,  and  strong;  Carya.  It  is  dis- 
tinguished from  the  true  walnut  by  the  shell 
of  its  nuts  splitting  into  four  pieces,  and  by 
the  catkins  of  the  male  flowers  growing  in 
threes.  Gray. 

HlCK'UP,  v.  n.  [Corrupted  from  hiccough.]  To 
hiccough.  — See  Hiccough.  Hudibras. 

My  beard  to  grow,  my  cars  to  prick  up, 

Or  when  I’m  in  a fit  to  hichup.  Hudibras. 


HICK'WALL,  ) n (Ornith.)  A kind  of  small  wood- 

IIICK'wAY,  > pecker ; Pious  minor.  Yarrell. 

HID,  i.  & p.  from  hide.  See  Hide. 

HI'DApE,  n.  An  English  tax  formerly  laid  on 
every  hide  of  land.  Todd. 

HI-dAl' GO,  n.  [Sp.,  from  hijo  d’algo,  son  of 
somebody.  Brande.]  A Spanish  nobleman  of 
the  lower  class.  Brande. 

HlD'DEN  (hid'dn),p.  from  hide.  See  Hide. 

IllD'DEN,  p.  a.  Concealed  ; secret ; occult ; la- 
tent ; clandestine.  “ Some  hidden  place." Surrey . 

Syn. — See  Clandestine,  Secret. 

IHD'DEN-LY,  ad.  Privily  ; secretly.  Cotgrave. 

HlD'DEN-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  hidden 
or  concealed,  [r.]  Wm.  Law. 

HIDE,  r.a.  [M.Goth.  huotan;  A.  S.  hydan ; Dut. 
harden,  to  guard  ; Ger.  hiiten.]  \i.  hid  ; pp. 
hiding,  hidden  or  hid.]  To  withhold  or  to 
withdraw  from  sight  or  knowledge  ; to  secrete  ; 
to  conceal  ; to  cover  ; to  shelter ; to  screen. 

Avant,  and  quit  my  eight!  let  the  earth  hide  thee!  Shah. 

Syn.  — See  Conceal. 

HIDE,  v.  n.  To  lie  hid  ; to  be  concealed. 

Bred  to  disguise,  in  public ’t  is  you  hide.  Pope. 

HIDE,  v.  a.  [i.  hided;  pp.  hiding,  hided.] 
To  beat;  to  whip;  to  flog.  [Vulgar.]  Palmer. 

HIDE,  n.  [A.  S.  hyde ; Dut.  huid  ; Frs.  huwd ; 
Ger.  haut ; Dan.  Sw.  hud ; Icel.  hydi.] 

1.  The  skin  of  an  animal  either  raw  or  dressed. 

2.  The  human  skin,  in  contempt.  Shah. 

3.  A measure  of  land  variously  stated  from 
GO  to  120  acres  ; — written  also  hyde.  Kelham. 

This  term  is  limited  in  commerce  to  the  strong 
and  thick  skin  of  the  horse,  ox,  and  other  large  ani- 
mals. Brande. 

Syn.  — See  Skin. 

HIDE'— AND— SEEK',  n.  A play  among  children, 
in  which  some  hide  themselves,  and  another 
seeks  them.  Swift. 

IIIDE'-BOUND,  a.  1.  Having  the  skin  close;  — 
applied  to  a cow  or  a horse  when  the  skin  can- 
not be  pulled  tip  or  raised  from  the  ribs  and 
back,  and  also  to  trees  when  the  bark  will  not 
give  way  to  the  growth.  Bacon. 

2.  f Untractable  ; harsh.  “The  hide-bound 

humor.”  Milton. 

3.  f Niggardly;  penurious;  stingy.  “Hath 

my  purse  been  hide-bound  ? ” Quarles. 

II  HID'E-OUS  [lild'e-us,  P.  J.  Ja.  Sm.  R.  C. ; hld'- 
yus,  A.  E.  F.  K.  ; hid'e-us  or  ltld'je-us,  IF.],  a. 
[Nor.  Fr.  hidous ; Fr.  hideux. — It  is  written 
hidous  by  Chaucer.]  Horrible;  horrid;  dread- 
ful ; shocking  ; frightful ; monstrous  ; ghastly. 

Some  monster  in  thy  thoughts 
Too  hideous  to  be  shown.  Shak. 

Hell  trembled  at  the  hideous  name.  Milton. 

||  HID'E-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  a hideous  manner ; hor- 
ribly ; shockingly. 

||  HID'^-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  hide- 
ous ; humbleness  ; dreadfulness.  Shak. 

IllD'gR,  n.  One  who  hides.  Sherwood. 

II IDE'— ROPE,  n.  Rope  made  of  strands  of  cow- 
hide plaited,  which  is  very  durable,  and  used  for 
wheel-ropes,  traces,  &c.  Simmonds. 

HID'JNG,  n.  I.  Act  of  one  who  hides;  conceal- 
ment. 

2.  A whipping  ; a flogging.  [Vulgar.] 

HlD'lNG— PLACE,  n.  A place  of  concealment. 

HI-DROT'ICS,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  i/ipdic,  Mpuiroc,  perspira- 
tion.] (Med.)  Medicines  which  produce  per- 
spiration. Ogilvie. 

HIE  (hi),  v.  n.  [A.  S.  higan.]  To  hasten;  to  go 
in  haste,  [r.] 

Hang  up  thy  lute  and  hie  thee  to  the  sea.  Waller. 

t HIE  (hi),  n.  Haste  ; diligence.  Chaucer. 

BI-F.-rA  'CI-&M,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  UpAuiov;  If pd(, 
a hawk.]  (Bot.)  An  extensive  genus  of  plants  ; 
hawkweed.  Loudon. 

HI' F.-RJl-PJ ' CRJ,  n.  [L. ; Gr.  lephs,  sacred,  and 
TUKods,  bitter.]  (Med.)  A warm  cathartic  made 
of  aloes  and  canella  bark  ; — vulgarly  called 
hiccory-piccory.  Dunglison. 


Hi'F-RARGH,  n.  [Gr.  UpApyru ; lepii;,  sacred,  and 
apj(6f,  a chief.]  The  chief  or  ruler  of  a sacred 
order.  v Milton. 

HI'E-RAR-jEHAL,  a.  Belonging  to  a hierarchy; 
hierarchical.'  Milton. 

Hl-E:RAR'£HI-CAL,  a.  [Fr . hierarchique.]  Re- 
lating to  a hierarchy  or  a hierarch.  Sancroft. 

HI-E-RAR'jEHJ-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a hierarchical 
manner.  " " Kelly. 

HI'E-RAR-CHI^M,  n.  Hierarchical  principles  or 
power.  Kelly. 

HI'E-RAR-GHY  (hi'e-r’ir-ke),  n.  [Gr.  ifpap^ia  ; 
Itpdc,  sacred,  and  dp^ij,  rule  ; L.  hierarchia  ; It. 
gerarchia  ; Sp.  hierarchia  ; Fr.  hierarchic.] 

1.  A rank  or  order  of  holy  beings.  “ Heav- 
enly hierarchies."  Gascoigne.  “ The  hierar- 
chies of  angels.”  Fairfax. 

2.  A government  by  a priesthood  ; an  ecclesi- 
astical government ; an  ecclesiastical  establish- 
ment. “ The  old  Levitical  hierarchy."  South. 
“The  hierarchy  of  England.”  Bacon. 

HI-E-RAT'lC,  a.  [Gr.  Upnrucds .;  L.  hicraticus *.] 
Employed  in  sacred  uses;  sacred;  — applied 
particularly  to  a kind  of  character  used  by  the 
Egyptian  priests. 

The  hieratic  or  sacerdotal  character  appears  to  have  been 
a tachygraphy,  or  abridged  form  of  the  hieroglyphic  signs. 

P.  Cyc. 

Hl-F.-ROCH' LO-J1,  n.  [Gr.  ifaa;,  sacred,  and  -f  ha, 
grass.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  sweet-scented  plants  ; 
holy-grass ; — so  named  because  these  grasses 
were  strewn  before  the  church-doors  on  saints’ 
days,  in  the  North  of  Europe.  Gray. 

HI-E-ROC'RA-CY,  n.  [Gr.  UpSs,  sacred,  and  xpa- 
tos,  rule.]  A sacred  government ; a government 
by  the  priesthood ; hierarchy.  Southey. 

Hl'E-RO-GLYPH  (hi'e-ro-gllf),  n.  [See  Hiero- 
glyphic.] An  emblem  ; a hieroglyphic.  Swift. 

Hl'E-RO-GLYPH,  v.  a.  To  represent  with  hiero- 
glyphics. [r.]  Ec.  Rev. 

Hl-E-RQ-GLYPH'IC,  n.  ; pi.  hI-e-rq-glyph'ics. 
[Gr.  lipos,  sacred,  and  yXi<pu>,  to  carve.]  Sculp- 
ture-writing, or  picture-writing,  consisting  of 
figures  of  animals,  plants,  and  other  material 
objects,  such  as  are  found  sculptured  or  painted 
on  Egyptian  obelisks,  temples,  and  other  mon- 
uments ; a figure  implying  a word,  an  idea,  or  a 
sound.  Brande. 

The  lion,  eagle,  fox,  and  boar, 

Were  heroesv titles  heretofore; 

Bestowed  as  hieroglyphics  fit 

To  show  their  valor,  strength,  or  wit.  Swift. 

A lamp  amongst  the  Egyptians  is  the  hieroglyphic  of  life. 

Wilkins. 

HI-E-RO-GLY  PH  IC,  ) a.  [Gr.  lepoy/.uipiKhs ; 

Hl-E-RQ-GLYPH'I-CAL,  ) L.  hieroglyphicus  ; It. 

Sp.  geroglfco ; Fr . htiroglyphique.)  Relat- 
ing to  hieroglyphics  ; emblematical.  “ Hiero- 
glyphic writing.”  Warburton.  “ Hieroglyphi- 
cal  inscriptions.”  Faickes. 

IlI-E-RQ-GLYPH'l-CAL-LY,  ad.  Emblematically. 

Hl-E-ROG'LY-PHIST,  n.  One  versed  in  hiero- 
glyphics. Sir  H.  Davy. 

HI'E-RO-GRAm,  n.  [Gr.  Up6c,  sacred,  and  ypayya, 
a letter.]  A species  of  holy  or  sacred  writing ; 
hierography.  Todd. 

HI-E-RO-GRAM-MAt'JC,  a.  Expressive  of  holy 
writing.  Astle. 

Hi-E-RQ-GRAM'MA-TlST,  n.  [Gr.  ifpoyoapparffc;.] 
A writer  of  hierograms  ; one  versed  in  hiero- 
glyphics. Greenhill. 

HI-E-ROGl'RA-PHER,  n.  A writer  of,  or  one  versed 
in,  hierography.  Bailey. 

Hl-E-RO-GRAPH'IC,  J a.  [Gr.  IfnoypaipiKtis ; L. 

hI-E-RO-GRAph'I-CAL,  ) hierographtcus.]  Re- 
lating to  hierography  ; denoting  sacred  writing. 

HI-E-ROG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  Upoypail>ia;  up6(,  sa- 
cred, and  ypaipw,  to  write.]  Holy  or  saered 
writing.  Bailey. 

Hl-E-ROL'A-TRY,  n.  [Gr.  Upds,  saered,  and  J.a- 
rpiia,  worship.]  The  worship  of  saints  or  things 
sacred,  [r.]  Coleridge. 

IiI-E-ROL'O-^IST,  n.  One  who  is  versed  in  hie- 
rology.  For.  Qu.  Rev. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  E,  I,  Q,  V,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


HIEROLOGY 


683 


HIGH-MASS 


III-P-ROL'O-^Y,  n.  [Gr.  Upoloy'ia  ; Up6;  and  Uyop, 
a discourse.]  A discourse  on  sacred  things.  Todd. 

hI'P-RO-MAN-CY  [lii'e-ro-m3n-se,  Ja.  K.  Sm. 
Todd,  Crabb ; hl-e-rom'an-se,  T Vb.],  n.  [Gr. 
Upogavreia  ; itpiif,  sacred,  and  pavrtia,  prophecy.] 
Divination  by  sacrifices.  Todd. 

h!-E-ROM-NE'MON,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  lepopvijptov; 
hpdf,  sacred,  and  pvr/ptov,  mindful.] 

1.  ( Grecian  Ant.)  One  of  the  most  honorable 

of  the  two  classes  of  representatives  to  the 
Amphictyonic  Council,  appointed  by  lot,  and 
having  duties,  the  precise  nature  of  which  is 
disputed,  but  relating  probably  to  sacred  rites 
and  solemnities.  W.  Smith. 

2.  ( Greek  Church.)  An  officer  whose  princi- 

pal duty  it  was  to  stand  behind  the  patriarch  at 
the  sacraments,  ceremonies,  &c.,  and  show  him 
the  prayers,  psalms,  &c.,  which  he  was  to  re- 
hearse. Wright. 

HI-ER'O-PHAnT,  or  HI'P-RO-PHAnT  [hl-er'o-fant, 
W.  Johnson',  lil'e-ro-fant,  .S'.  K.  S/».],  n.  [Gr. 
Upo<ptivTTis  ; (rpdf,  sacred,  and  <pairui,  to  show ; L. 
hierophanta .]  One  who  expounds  mysteries  or 
sacred  things  ; a priest.  Hale. 

IH-p-RO-PIlAN'TIC,  a.  Belonging  or  relating  to 
an  hierophant.  Ash. 

HI-E-ROS'CO-PY,  n.  [Gr.  apt};,  sacred,  and  aKontw, 
to  view.]  Divination  by  the  inspection  of  sac- 
rificial victims.  Roget. 

f HI'P-ROUR-GY,  n.  [Gr.  icpovpyia.']  A holy  or 
sacred  work  or  worship.  Waterland. 

HIG'GLE  (lrfg'gl),  v.  n.  [Of  uncertain  etymology. 
— See  Haggle.]  [i.  higgled  ; pp.  higgling, 

HIGGLED.] 

1.  To  carry  about  provisions  and  offer  them 

for  sale  ; to  peddle.  Johnson. 

2.  To  be  hard  in  a bargain  ; to  haggle. 

It  argues  an  ignoble  mind,  where  wc  have  wronged,  to 
higgle  and  dodge  in  the  amends.  Hale. 

HIG'GLE-DY-PIG'GLE-DY,  ad.  In  confusion,  like 
the  goods'  in  a higgler’s  basket ; in  disorder ; 
confusedly.  [Vulgar.]  Johnson. 

HIG'GLpR,  n.  1.  One  who  carries  about  goods 
for  sale  from  door  to  door  ; a travelling  dealer  in 
provisions  or  small  wares.  South. 

2.  One  hard  at  a bargain  ; a chafferer.  Wright. 

HIG'GLING,  n.  The  practice  of  one  who  higgles. 

The  higgling  and  bargaining  of  the  market.  A.  Smith. 

HIGH  (hi),  a.  [M.  Goth,  hatths  ; A.  S.  heah,hig, 
or  hih  ; Dut.  lioog  ; Frs.  hoech  ; Ger.  hoch  ; Dan. 
hoi ; Sw.  hug ; Icel.  haai] 

1.  Raised  far  above  the  surface  of  the  earth 
or  above  a certain  level  ; having  great  altitude ; 
elevated ; tall ; lofty ; — opposed  to  deep ; as, 
“ A high  mountain.” 

High  o'er  their  heads  a mouldering  rock  is  placed.  Dryden. 

2.  Raised  above  any  object ; noting  relative 
altitude ; as,  “ How  high  is  the  tree  above  the 
house  ? ” 

3.  Raised  above  the  understanding ; difficult 
of  comprehension  ; abstruse  ; recondite. 

They  meet  to  hear  and  answer  such  high  things.  Shah. 

4.  Exalted  in  quality  or  in  rank ; superior ; 
noble. 

The  highest  faculty  of  the  soul.  Baxter. 

lie  wooes  both  high  and  low,  both  rich  and  poor.  Shak. 

5.  Strong ; powerful ; mighty  ; potent. 

With  an  high  arm  brought  he  them  out.  Acts  xiii.  17. 

6.  Arrogant ; proud  ; haughty  ; supercilious. 
“ An  high  look  and  a proud  heart.”  Ps.  ci.  5. 

7.  Boastful;  bragging;  ostentatious. 

His  forces,  after  all  the  high  discourses,  amounted  really 
but  to  eighteen  hundred  foot.  Clarendon. 

8.  Oppressive  ; overbearing  ; domineering. 

When  there  appeareth  on  either  side  an  high  hand,  then 
is  the  virtue  of  a judge  seen.  Bacon. 

9.  Violent ; vehement ; turbulent ; tumultu- 
ous. “ High  winds.”  “ High  passions.”  Milton. 

10.  Remote  in  antiquity ; far  off  in  time. 

_ The  nominal  observation  of  the  days  of  the  week  is  very 
high,  and  as  old  as  the  ancient  Egyptians.  Browne. 

11.  Far  from  the  equator;  advanced  in  lati- 
tude. 

They  are  forced  to  take  their  course  either  high  to  the 
North  or  low  to  the  South.  Abbot. 

12.  Extreme  in  degree  ; as,  “A  high  price”; 
“ A high  heat  ” ; “A  high  color.” 

13.  Complete ; full.  “ It  is  yet  high  day.” 


Gen.  xxix.  7.  “ It  was  high  time  for  the  lords 
to  look  about  them.”  Clarendon. 

14.  Capital;  great;  — opposed  to  petty,  as, 
“ High- treason.” 

15.  Observed  with  peculiar  sacredness. 

That  Sabbath-day  was  an  high  day.  John  xix.  .31. 

16.  Eminently  favorable  ; as,  “ To  entertain 
a high  opinion  of  a person  or  a thing.” 

17.  Zealous  ; strenuous  ; earnest ; not  mod- 
erate ; — particularly  applied  to  designate  a par- 
ty in  the  Episcopal  church. 

The  terms  high  church  and  low  church,  as  commonly 
used,  do  not  so  much  denote  a principle  as  they  distinguish 
a party.  Addison. 

18.  ( M-us .)  Acute;  sharp.  “ An  high  or  shrill 

sound.”  Barret. 

19.  {Paint.  & Sculp.)  Noting  an  elevated  or 

chaste  style.  “ High  art.”  Fairholt. 

High  and  dry,  {JTaut.)  noting  the  situation  of  a ves- 
sel that  is  aground  above  water  mark.  Dana. 

Syn.  — See  Chief,  Tall. 

HIGH  (hi),  ad.  1.  Aloft.  “ Towering  high."  Milton. 

2.  Aloud.  “//(i/A-sounding  cymbals.”  Ps.  cl.  5. 

3.  In  a great  or  high  degree  ; strongly. 

My  revenges  were  high  bent  upon  him.  Shak. 

4.  Profoundly  ; deeply  ; abstrusely. 

Others  apart  sat  on  a hill  retired, 

In  thoughts  more  elevate,  and  reasoned  high 

Of  providence.  Milton. 

On  high,  above  ; aloft.  “ The  day-spring  from  on 
high."  Luke  i.  78.  — With  a loud  voice;  aloud. 
Spenser. 

t HIGH  (111),  v.  n.  To  hasten. — See  Hie.  Todd. 

IIIgH'-AIMED  (lil'amd),  a.  Having  lofty  or  grand 
designs.  “ High-aimed  hopes.”  Crashaw. 

HIGH'-ArCHED  (hl'archt),  a.  Having  lofty  arch- 
es. May. 

HIGH'— AS-PIR'ING  (hl'gs-plr'jng),  a.  Having 

great  views  ; ambitious.  Bp.  Hall. 

HIGH'— BAl'LlFF,  n.  The  chief  bailiff.  Simmonds. 

HIGH'— BAT-TLED,  a.  Renowned  in  battle  or 
war.  Shah. 

HIGH'— BeAr-ING,  a.  Courageous  ; haughty.  Ash. 

HIGH'-BLEST  (Iit' blest),  a.  Blest  in  a high  de- 
gree ; supremely  happy.  Milton. 

HIGH'— BLOWN  (lil'blon),  a.  Swelled  with  wind  ; 
inflated.  “ My  high-blown  pride.”  Shak. 

HIGH'— BOAST-ING,  a.  Boasting  excessively; 
making  great  pretensions.  Dyer. 

HIGH'— BORN  (lil'born),  a.  Of  noble  or  high  ex- 
traction. “ High-born  beauties.”  Roive. 

HIGH 'BOUND,  v.  n.  To  leap  aloft.  Thomson. 

HIGH'— BRED  (hl'bred),  a.  Of  high  or  genteel 
education.  Sidney. 

IllGH'-BROWED  (hl'brbud),  a.  Having  high 
brows.  Moore. 

HIGH'— BUILT  (lil'bllt),  a.  1.  Of  lofty  structure ; 
elevated.  “ Pile,  high-built  and  proud.”  Milton. 

2.  Covered  with  lofty  structures. 

In  dreadful  wars 

The  high-built  elephant  his  castle  rears.  Ct'eech. 

HIGH'-CHURCH,  n.  That  part  of  the  Episcopal 
church  that  maintains  the  highest  notions  re- 
specting episcopacy,  ecclesiastical  dignities,  and 
ordinances.  Brande. 

HIGH'— CHURCH,  a.  Strenuous  for  episcopal  au- 
thority ; — applied  to  those  principles  which 
tend  to  exalt  episcopal  authority  and  ecclesias- 
tical power,  and  to  the  parties  which  embrace 
them.  Addison. 

HIGH'— CHURCH 'I^M,  n.  The  principles  of  high- 
churchmen.  Ch.  Ob. 

HIGH'— CHURCH' MAN,  n.  One  who  has  high 
notions  respecting  episcopacy,  and  the  cere- 
monies, discipline,  &c.,  of  the  church.  Brit.  Crit. 

HlGH'-CLlMB-JNG  (hl'kllm-jng),  a.  Ascending 
aloft.  “ Some  high-climbing  hill.”  Milton. 

HlGH'-COL-ORED  (hl'kul-lurd),  a.  Having  a 
deep  or  glaring  color.  Floyer. 

HlGH'-COM-MIS'SION  (-mish'un),  n.  A court 
invested  with  high  authority,  formerly  existing 
in  England.  Blackstone. 

HIGH'— CON'STA-BLE,  n.  An  officer  of  police,  in 
some  cities.  Bouvier. 


HIGH'— CREST- pH,  a.  Having  a high  crest.  Ash. 

HIGH'— CROWNED,  a.  Having  a high  crown. 
“ With  a high-crowned  hat.”  Addison. 

HIGH'— CURL-ING,  a.  Ilisinghigh  in  curls. Clarke. 

HIGH'-DAY  (hj'da),  a.  Fine;  befitting  a holiday. 
“ High-dag  wit.”  Shak. 

HIGH'— Dp-SIGN 'ING  (hl'de-sln'ing),  a.  Having 
great  schemes  or  purposes.  Dryden. 

HlGH'-DUTCH,  n.  Same  as  High-German. 

HIGH'— pM-BOWED'  (hl'em-bod'),  a.  Having 
lofty  arches.  “ Iligh-emboiced  roof.”  Milton. 

HIGH'— PN-OEN'DERED  (hl'en-jen'derd),  a.  En- 
gendered aloft  or  in  the  air,  as  storms.  Shak. 

HIGH'— FED  (hi'fed),  a.  Pampered.  L’ Estrange. 

HIGH'— FEED-ING,  n.  Luxury  in  diet.  Pope. 

HIGH'— FIN-ISHED  (-jsht),  a.  Finished  with  great 
care.  Cowper. 

HIGH'— FLAM-ING,  a.  Throwing  the  flame  to  a 
great  height.  Pope. 

HIgH'-FLA-VORED  (-vurd),  a.  Having  a high 
flavor.  Young. 

HIGH'— FLI-PR,  n.  One  who  carries  his  opinions 
to  extravagance.  Swift. 

HIGH'— FLOWN  (lil'flon),  a.  1.  Elevated;  proud; 
lofty.  “ High-flown  hopes.”  Denham. 

2.  Extravagant ; turgid  ; bombastic.  “ A 
high-flown  hyperbole.”  L’ Estrange. 

HIGII'-FLUSHED,  a.  Elevated  ; elated.  Young. 

HIGH'— FLY-ING,  a.  Extravagant  in  claims  or  in 
opinions.  “ High-flying  . . . kings.”  Dryden. 

HIGH'— GAZ-ING,  a.  Looking  upwards.  More. 

HIGH'— (JER'MAN,  n.  Originally,  that  dialect  of 
the  German  language  spoken  in  the  southern 
and  elevated  parts  of  Germany,  as  distinguished 
from  Low-German,  or  the  dialect  spoken  in  the 
northern  and  flat  parts  of  that  country  : — now, 
appropriately,  that  general  language  spoken 
and  written  by  all  well-bred  Germans. 

Dr.  C.  Follen. 

HIGH'— GO,  n.  A merry  frolic  ; a drinking  bout ; 
a spree.  [Colloquial  and  low.]  Hall. 

HIGH'— G6-ING,a.  Going  at  a great  rate. Massinger. 

HIGH'— GROWN  (lu'gron),  a.  Covered  with  a crop 
of  high  growth.  “ The  high-grown  field.”  Shak. 

IHGH'— IlAND-pD,  a.  Arbitrary  ; oppressive  ; 
overbearing;  unreasonable.  Martineau. 

HIGH'— HEAPED,  a.  1.  Raised  into  heaps.  Pope. 

2.  Covered  with  high  piles.  Pope. 

HlGH'-HEART-pD  (hl'hirt-ed),  a.  Full  of  heart 
or  courage.  Beau.  <Sf  FI. 

HIGH'-HEELED  (hl'held),  a.  Having  the  heel 
much  raised.  “ High-heeled  shoes.”  Swift. 

HlGH'-HUNG  (hl'hung),  a.  Hung  aloft.  Dryden. 

HIGH'LAND  (lil'ljnd),  n.  A mountainous  region. 
“The  Highlands  of  Scotland.”  Locke. 

HlGH'LAND,  a.  Relating  to  the  Highlands.  Scott. 

HIGH'LAND-pR,  n.  An  inhabitant  of  the  High- 
lands, particularly  of  Scotland  ; a mountaineer. 

The  language  of  the  Highlanders  is  still  the  Gaelic. 

London  Ency. 

IllGH'LAND-ISH,  a.  Partaking  of  the  nature  of 
highlands;  mountainous.  “The  country  round 
is  so  highlandish.”  Drummond. 

HIGH-LIFT',  v.  a.  To  raise  or  lift  aloft.  Cowper. 

HlGH'LY  (hl'le),  ad.  1.  With  elevation  as  to 
place  ; aloft.  Johnson. 

2.  With  elevation  as  respects  rank.  “ His 

daughter  so  highly  married.”  Berners. 

3.  Proudly  ; ambitiously  ; aspiringly. 

What  thou  wouldst  highly. 

That  thou  wouldst  holily.  Shak. 

4.  In  a great  degree  ; extremely  ; exceeding- 
ly ; very  much.  “ Highly  gratified.”  Knox. 

5.  With  great  esteem. 

A man  of  whom  the  king  most  highly  did  repute.  Dra\tton. 

HIGH'— MASS,  n.  The  mass  celebrated  in  Roman 
Catholic  churches  by  the  singing  of  the  choris- 
ters, and  with  the  assistance  of  a deacon  and  a 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  ROLE.  — 9,  9,  9,  g,  soft;  C,  jG,  5, 


hard;  § as  z;  If  as  gz. — THIS,  this. 


HIGH-METTLED 


684 


HIMSELF 


sub-deacon  ; — distinguished  from  low  mass,  in 
which  the  prayers  are  simply  rehearsed  without 
singing.  Wright. 

HIGH'— MET-T LED  (hl'met-tld),  a.  Proud  or  ar- 
dent of  spirit.  Garth. 

HIGH'— MEN,  n.  False  dice  so  loaded  as  always 
to  turn-up  high  numbers.  Harrington. 

HIGH'— MIND- (ID,  a.  1.  Proud;  arrogant ; haugh- 
ty. “ He  not  high-minded,  but  fear.”  Rom.  xi.  20. 

2.  Elevated ; noble ; honorable.  Dr.  Arnold. 

/tg-  Now  used  most  commonly  in  a good  sense. 

HIGH— MIND' pD-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
high-minded.  C.  IF.  Johnson. 

HIGH'MOST  (hl'most),  a.  Highest;  topmost.  Shah. 

HIGH'NpSS  (hl'nes),  n.  1.  The  state  of  being 
high  ; elevation  ; loftiness.  Job  xxxi.  28. 

2.  Excellence  ; value  ; worth.  Howell. 

3.  The  style  or  title  first  applied  to  bishops, 

afterwards  to  European  kings  in  general  (suc- 
ceeded by  Majesty  in  the  sixteenth  century), 
afterwards  to  sovereign  princes  and  their  de- 
scendants. Braude. 

HIGH'— OF-pR-A'TION,  n.  ( Surg .)  A method  of 
extracting  the  stone  from  the  human  bladder 
by  cutting  into  the  upper  part  of  it.  Dunglison. 

HIGH'— PLACE,  n.  In  Scripture,  an  eminence  on 
which  sacrifices  were  offered.  Wright. 

HiGH'— PLACED,  a.  Elevated  in  situation  or  rank. 

HIGH'— PR  ESS- 1"  RE  (lil'presh-ur),  n.  ( Steam-En- 

gines.)  A pressure  exceeding  that  of  the  atmos- 
phere, which  is  equal  to  about  15  pounds  on  the 
square  inch.  Brande. 

High-pressure  engines,  steam-engines  in  which  tile 
steam  is  not  condensed  on  leaving  the  cylinder,  but  is 
allowed  to  escape  into  the  atmosphere.  Bigelow. 

HIGH'— PRICED,  a.  Costly  ; dear.  Roget. 

HIGH'— PRIEST,  n.  The  chief  priest  among  the 
Israelites  or  Jews.  Newton. 

HlGH'-PRIEST-SHIP,  n.  The  office  or  state  of  a 
high-priest.  More, 

HlGH'-PRlN'Cl-PLED  (hl'prin'se-pld),  a.  1.  Ex- 
travagant in  notions  of  politics.  Swift. 

2.  Of  elevated  or  honorable  principles. 

HIGH'-PROOF,  a.  Very  strong;  rectified  to  a 
high  degree,  as  brandy. 

HIGH'-PROOF,  ad.  To  the  utmost  degree.  Shah. 

HIGH'— RAIDED  (hl'razd),  a.  Raised  aloft;  ele- 
vated. “ On  high-raised  decks.”  Dryden. 

HIGH'— REACH-JNG,  a.  1.  Reaching  upwards. 

Ilell  bounds,  high-reaching , to  the  horrid  roof.  Milton. 

2.  Ambitious ; aspiring.  “ High-reaching 
Buckingham.”  Shah. 

HIGH'— REARED  (hl'rerd),  a.  Of  lofty  structure. 
“ High-reared  bulwarks.”  Shah. 

HIGH'— RED  (lil'red),  a.  Deeply  red.  Boyle. 

HIGH'— Rp-PENT'ED,  a.  Repented  of  to  the  ut- 
most. “My  high-repented  blames.”  Shah. 

HIGH'— RE-SOLVED'  (hl're-zolvd'),  a.  Resolute; 
firm.  “ High-resolved  men.”  Shah. 

HIGH'— RIGGED  (hl'rlgd),  a.  Furnished  with  high 
rigging.  Ash. 

HIGH'— ROAD,  n.  A public  road.  Smollett. 

HlGH'-ROOFED,  a.  Having  a high  roof.  Milton. 

HIGH'— ROPES,  n.  pi.  A state  of  passion;  — 
used  only  in  the  phrase,  To  be  on  the  high- 
ropes.  [Vulgar.]  Grose. 

HIGH'— SCHOOL,  n.  See  School. 

HIGH'-SEA,  n.  Very  strong,  high  waves;  a 
heavy  sea.  Crabb. 

HIGH'— SEASONED  (hl'se-znd),  a.  Piquant  to 
the  palate  ; flavored  with  spices  or  other  sea- 
soning. “ High-seasoned  meats.”  Locke. 

HIGH'— SEAT-SD,  a.  Fixed  above.  Milton. 

HIGH'— SHOUL-DERED  (-derd),  a.  Having  high 
shoulders.  Goldsmith. 

HlGH'-SlGHT-f.D  (hl'slt-ed),  a.  Always  looking 
upwards.  “ High-sighted  tyranny.”  Shah. 


HIGH'— SOAR-ING,  a.  Soaring  to  a great  height. 
“ Far  high-soaring  o’er  thy  praises.”  Shah. 

HIGH'— SOUND-JNG,  a.  Making  a loud  noise  or 
sound.  Congreve. 

HIGH'— SPlR-IT-JJD,  a.  High-mettled  ; bold  ; 
daring  ; proud  ; insolent.  Hume. 

HIGH'— STOM- ACHED  (-lil'slBm-akt),  a.  Obsti- 
nate ; self-willed  ; opinionated  ; lofty.  Shah. 

HIGH'— STRUNG,  a.  Strung  to  a full  tone  or  a 
high  pitch  ; high-spirited ; proud.  Thomson. 

HIGH— SWELLED  (-sweld),  a.  Swelled  to  the  ut- 
most ; high-swoln.  Wright. 

HIGH'— S WEI,  L-ING,  a.  Swelling  to  a great  height. 
“ High-swelling  waves.”  P.  Fletcher. 

HIGH'— SWOLN,  a.  Swoln  to  the  utmost.  “Your 
high-swoln  hearts.”  Shah. 

f MIGHT  (hit),  v.  & p.  defective.  (“  Used  in  a very 
peculiar  way  for  some  of  the  passive  tenses, 
without  the  addition  of  am  or  was.”  Nares.) 
f M.  Goth,  haitan ; A.  S.  hatan,  to  name  ; Ger. 
heissen  ; Dan.  hede  ; Icel.  heita.) 

1.  Am  named  ; am  called  : — is  named,  or 

called.  “ Now  hight  I Philostrat.”  Chaucer. 

Bright  is  her  hue,  and  Geraldine  she  hight.  Lord  Siu'rey. 

2.  Was  named;  was  called. 

Within  this  homestead,  lived  without  a peer, 

For  crowing  loud,  the  noble  Chanticleer; 

So  hight  her  cock.  Dryden. 

3.  To  be  named  or  called. 

But  there  as  I was  wont  to  hight  Arcite 

Now  hight  I Philostrat.  Chaucer. 

4.  Named;  called. 

Amongst  the  rest  a good  old  woman  was, 

Hight  Mother  Hubbard.  Spenser. 

t HIGHT  (hit),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  hatan.] 

1.  To  promise.  Chaucer. 

2.  To  intrust;  to  commit.  “ Charge  of  them 

was  to  a porter  hight."  Spenser. 

3.  To  command  ; to  direct.  Spenser. 

On  hight.,  ad.,  aloud.  Spenser. 

HIGH'— TA-P^R,  n.  ( Bot .)  A name  of  the  plant 
Vcrbascum  thapsus,  or  shepherd’s-club.  Wright. 

IIIgH'-TAST-ED,  a.  Gustful ; piquant.  Denham. 

f IllGHTH  (hitli),  n.  See  Height.  Milton. 

lllGH'— TONED  (-tond),  a.  1.  Having  a high  tone 
or  strong  sound ; as,  “A  high-toned  instrument.” 

2.  Decided  ; stanch  ; firm.  Johnson. 

HIGII'TOP,  n.  1.  The  summit  of  a ship.  Shah. 

2.  A species  of  sweet  apple.  [Local.] 

HIGH'— ToW-£RED  (lil'tbu-erd),  a.  Having  lofty 
towers.  “ Huge  cities  and  high-towered.” Milton. 

I1IgH'-T6W-ER-InG,  a.  Soaring  aloft.  Milton. 

HIGH'— TREA-§ON  (hl'tre-zn),  n.  ( Law .)  Treason 
against  the  sovereign,  as  distinguished  from 
petty  treason,  which  might  formerly  be  com- 
mitted against  a subject.  Burrill. 

t HIGH'— VICED  (hi'vlst),  a.  Enormously  wicked. 
“ O’er  some  high-viced,  city.”  Shah. 

HIGH'— VOICED  (-vblst),  a.  Having  a strong  tone 
or  pitch  of  voice.  Jodrell. 

HIGH'— WA-TfJR,  n.  The  utmost  flow  of  the  tide  ; 
high-tide.  Mortimer. 

HIGH'— wA'T^R— MARK,  n.  The  line  or  mark 
made  on  the  shore  by  the  tide,  when  it  is  at  its 
greatest  height.  Crabb. 

HIGH-WAY'  (l)I-wa'),  n.  1.  A great  road;  a 
public  road  ; a road  over  which  the  public  at 
large  have  a right  of  passage.  Brande. 

2.  An  open  way  by  water. 

A public  navigable  river  is  also  called  a highway.  Brande. 

HIgII'WAY-MAN  (hi' wa-man ) [hl'wa-m&n,  N.  IF. 
P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  Sm.  Wr.  ; hl-wa'inan,  K.  Wb.] , 
n.  One  who  robs  on  the  highway ; a highway- 
rob’oer  ; a robber  ; a footpad.  Swift. 

IIIgH'wAY— RATE,  n.  A road-rate  for  keeping 
the  public  roads  in  good  order.  Simmonds. 

IIIgh'wAY-ROB'BER,  n.  One  who  robs  on  the 
highway ; highwayman.  Ash. 

IIIgii'wAY— ROB'B^R-Y,  n.  Robbery  committed 
on  the  highway.  Ash. 

HIGH'— wlT-TgD,  a.  Possessed  of  great  wit.  Shah. 


HlGH'-WROUGHT  (hl'riwt),  a.  1.  Agitated  to 
the  utmost.  “ A high-wrought  flood.”  Shah. 

2.  Accurately  finished;  nobly  labored.  Pope. 

IUG'LA-PpR,  n.  An  herb.  Ainsworth. 

t HiL'A-RATE,  v.  a.  [Gr.  V.apdo)  ; L.  hilaro,  liila- 
ratus.]  To  exhilarate.  Cocheram. 

HI-lA'RI-OUS,  a.  [Gr.  V.ap6q  ; L.  hilaris .]  Full 
of  hilarity  ; gay  ; merry  ; joyful  ; jovial.  Dichens. 

IlI-LAR'I-TY,  n.  [L.  hilaritas  ; It.  ilarita  ; Fr. 
hi/arite.)  Gayety  excited  by  social  pleasure ; 
jollity  ; mirth  ; cheerfulness  ; jovialty  ; joyous- 
ness ; good-humor  ; merriment ; glee. 

Every  morning  waked  us  to  a repetition  of  toil;  but  the 
evening  repaid  it  with  vacant  hilarity.  Goldsmith. 

HIL'A-RY,  a.  (Eng.  Law.)  Noting  a term  of 
holding  courts  in  England,  beginning  January 
11,  and  ending  January  31,  about  the  time  of 
the  festival  of  St.  Hilary.  Cowell. 

Ill LD,  n.  [A.  S.  hade,  a hero  ; Ger.  held.)  A lord 
or  lady  : so  Hi/debevt  is  a noble  lord,  Mat liild 
an  heroic  lady.  Gibson. 

f HILD'ING,  n.  [A.  S.  hyldan,  to  bend,  to  crouch.] 

1.  A paltry,  cowardly  man ; a dastard.  Shah. 

2.  A base  woman.  Rowe. 

HILE,  n.  (Bot.)  See  Hilum.  Henslow. 

HILL,  n.  [A.  S.  hill ; Dut.  heuvel ; Ger .hiigel; 
Dan.  hoi ; Sw.  hug  ; Icel.  hold .] 

1.  An  elevation  of  ground  less  than  a moun- 
tain. “ Mountains  and  all  hills."  Ps.  cxlviii.  9. 

Hills  peep  o’er  hills,  and  Alps  on  Alps  arise.  Pope. 

2.  The  separate  spot  of  soil  in  which  seeds 
are  planted,  or  in  which  the  plants  springing 
from  them  grow  ; — so  called  from  usually  hav- 
ing the  earth  raised  about  it.  [U.  S.] 

It  is  best  to  drop  from  four  to  seven  grains  [of  maize]  to 
each  hill.  Farm.  Ency. 

HILL,  v.  a.  [i.  hilled;  pp.  hilling,  hilled.] 

1.  + [A.  S.  liilan,  to  conceal.]  To  cover.  Gower. 

2.  To  form  into  hills  or  small  elevations,  as 
the  earth  around  plants. 

If  the  land  be  sufficiently  loose,  and  deeply  stirred,  there 
is  little  use  in  hilling  it.  - Farm.  Ency. 

HILL'— AL-TAR,  n.  An  altar  on  a hill  or  high 
place.  Psalter. 

HILLED  (lul'led  or  liild),  a.  Having  hills.  Hurd. 

IllL'LI-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  hilly.  Perry. 

HIL'LING,  n.  1.  t A covering.  Todd. 

2.  An  accumulation  ; a heaping.  “The/tt/A 

ing  up  of  fatal  gold.”  Hewyt. 

3.  The  act  of  forming  elevations  of  earth 

around  plants.  “ In  wet  lands  hilling  may  be 
advisable.”  Farm.  Ency. 

HIL'LOCK,  n.  A little  hill.  Milton. 

HlL'LOCK,  v.  a.  To  form  into  a hillock  or  slight 
elevation,  [it.]  Cowper. 

HIL'LOCK- Y,  a.  Abounding  with  hillocks.  Ash. 

HILL'— SIDE,  n.  The  side  or  slope  of  a hill.  Milton. 

HILL'— SLOPE,  n.  The  slope  or  declivity  of  a 
hill ; hill-side.  Phillips. 

HILL'— TOP,  n.  The  top  of  a hill.  Milton. 

HlL'LY,  a.  1.  Full  of  hills  ; uneven  or  unequal 
in  surface.  “ Hilly  countries.”  Addison. 

2.  Like  a hill ; elevated;  lofty.  “The  top  of 
hilly  empire.”  Beau.  % FI. 

I1IL  ' S All,  n.  A native  fish  of  the  Ganges,  much 
esteemed  for  food.  Simmonds. 

HILT,  n.  [A.  S.  hilt ; hcaldan,  to  hold.]  A han- 
dle, particularly  of  a sword.  Shah. 

HILT'IJD,  a.  Having  a hilt ; — used  in  composi- 
tion. “ A sih'Cf-hilted  sword.”  Todd. 

h!l'TER-SKIL  Tf.R,  ad.  See  Helter-skelter. 

IH'LIJM,  n.  (Bot.)  The  scar  left  upon  a 
seed  at  the  place  where  the  seed  stalk 
separates  : — the  part  by  which  the  ovule 
is  attached  to  its  base.  Gray. 

HIM,  pron.  [A.  S.  him.)  The  objective  of  he. 

HIM-A-LAY'AN,  a.  (Geoq.)  Pertaining  to  the 
Himalaya  mountains  in  India.  Wright. 

HIM-SELF',  pron.,  in  the  nominative  or  objective 
case.  He  or  him  ; — used  emphatically  and 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  1,  O,  IT,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


IIIN 


685 


HIPPOPHAGY 


reciprocally.  “He  himself  returned  again.” 
Judges  iii.  19.  “ David  hid  himself  in  the  field.” 
1 Sam.  xx.  24. 

Xf,j-  In  ancient  authors  it  is  used  neutrally  for  itself. 

Above  the  clouds,  as  high  as  heaven  himself.  Shak. 

By  himself,  alone  ; unaccompanied. 

IIIN,  n.  [Ileb.  *pn.]  A Hebrew  liquid  measure 

containing  the  seventh  part  of  a bath,  or  about 
five  English  quarts.  Ex.  xxix.  40.  Gesenius. 

HIND,  a.  [A.  S.  hind.]  [comp,  hinder  ; sup. 
HINDMOST  or  f hindermost.]  Backward ; con- 
trary in  position  to  the  face  ; being  behind. 

And  fears  his  himl  legs  will  o’ertake  his  fore.  Pope. 

HIND,  n.  [A.  S.  hinde,  or  hi/nd;  Dut.  § Ger. 
hinde  ; Sw.  &;  Dan.  hind.]  The  female  of  the 
red-deer.  “ Hare  or  hunted  hind.”  Fletcher. 

HIND,  n.  1.  [A.  S.  hine,  or  hina.]  A servant;  a 
domestic.  “ Ford’s  knaves,  his  hinds."  Shak. 

2.  [A.  S.  hine-man,  a farmer.]  A peasant  ; a 
boor  ; a rustic ; a swain.  Dry  den. 

HIND'BpIt-RY,  n.  A sort  of  raspberry.  Brockett. 

HIND' BOW,  n.  The  protuberant  part  of  a saddle 
behind ; the  cantle.  Booth. 

IIIND'cAlf,  n.  The  calf  of  the  red-deer.  Crabb. 

HIN'DI’iR,  v.  a.  [A.  S .hindrian;  Dut.  hinderen ; 
Frs.  hindcra  ; Ger.  hindern  ; Dan.  hxndre ; Sw. 
# Icel.  hindra.]  \i.  hindered  ; pp.  hinder- 
ing, hindered.]  To  prevent;  to  oppose  ; to 
thwart ; to  retard  ; to  embarrass ; to  obstruct ; 
to  stop  ; to  impede. 

The  difficulty  of  the  task  should  not  hinder  the  attempt. 

Gilpin. 

Syn.  — To  hinder  is  a very  general  term.  We  hin- 
der what  is  unfinished,  and  prevent w hat  is  not  begun. 
Hindered  by  tile  weather  or  by  ill  health  ; prevented  by 
sickness  ; opposed  or  thwarted  by  persons  unfriendly  : 
— impeded  or  retarded  on  a march  or  journey  by  diffi- 
culties, obstructed  by  obstacles,  and  slopped  in  the 
progress. 

HIN'DfR,  V.  n.  To  raise  obstacles  ; to  cause  im- 
pediment or  hinderance. 

This  objection  hinders  not  but  that  the  heroic  action  of 
Borne  commander  may  be  written.  Dryden. 

HINDER,  a.  On  the  rear  or  back  side.  “ The 
hinder  feet  of  a horse.”  — See  Hind.  Addison. 

HIN'DfR-ANCE,  n.  Any  thing  that  hinders  ; im- 
pediment ; stop  ; obstruction. 

Scarce  any  thing  is  a more  effectual  himJcrcince  to  our 
doing  good  than  the  character  of  being  litigious.  Seeker. 

j0@=*  Written  indiscriminately  hinderance  or  hin- 
drance. Smart  says,  “ Hinderance  is  proper  ; but  tile 
contracted  form  in  this  case  prevails.” 

HIND'£R-END§,  n.  pi.  Refuse  of  grain  after  it  is 
winnowed ; chaff.  Halliwell. 

HIN'Df  R-£R,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  hinders. 

f fflND'f  R-LING,  n.  A paltry,  worthless,  degen- 
erate animal.  Callander. 

HINDER-MOST,  re.  Hindmost,  [r.]  — Sec  Hind. 
“Rachel  and  Joseph  hindermost.”  Gen.  xxxiii.2. 

hInd'hAnd,  n.  The  hind  part  of  a horse.  Booth. 

HIND'— HEAD,  n.  The  back  part  of  the  head. 

If  they  [noses]  are  Roman,  arched  high  and  strong,  they 
are  generally  associated  with  a less  developed  forehead  and  a 
larger  hind-nead.  Lond.  Qu.  Rev. 

HIND'MOST,  re. ; superl.  of  hind.  The  last ; that 
comes  in  the  rear.  Shak. 

HiN-DOO',  n. ; pi.  HIn-doo?'.  ( Geog. ) An  abori- 
ginal native  of  Hindostan.  Halhed. 

HIN-d66'I§M,  n.  The  system  or  religion  of  the 
Hindoos.  Bp.  D.  Wilson. 

II  HIN-DOS-TAN'EE  [hln-dos-t&n'e,  Sm.  Earn- 
shaw;  hln-dos-ta-ne',  Cl.],  n.  The  language  of 
the  Hindoos.  Mackintosh. 

||  HIN-DOS-TAN  BE,  ? a_  Relating  to  the  Hin- 

||  HIN-DOS-TAN 'Y,  ) doos,  or  to  Hindostan. 

Mackintosh. 

HlN'DRANCE,  n.  See  Hinderance.  Smart. 

f HING,  if.  n.  Formerly  used  for  hang.  Machin. 

HINGE  (lilnj),  n.  [“  From  the  verb  hang,  because 
the  door  hangs  upon  it.”  Skinner.  “ Hinge, 
that  upon  which  the  door  is  hung,  heng,  hyng, 
or  hyngc,  the  verb  being  thus  differently  writ- 
ten.” Tooke.] 

1.  The  joint  upon  which  a gate  or  door  turns. 

The  gate  self-opened  wide, 

On  golden  hinges  turning.  Milton. 


2.  That  on  which  something  depends. 

The  brilliant  actions  of  the  Portuguese  form  the  great 
hinge  which  opened  tile  door  to  the  most  important  alteration 
in  the  civil  history  of  mankind.  Mickle. 

3.  One  of  the  cardinal  points,  east,  west, 

north,  and  south.  “ The  four  hinges  of  the 
world.”  Milton. 

4.  (Conch.)  The  part  where  the  valves  of  a 

bivalve  shell  are  united,  consisting  of  ligament 
and  teeth.  Maunder. 

To  be  off  the  hinges,  to  be  in  a state  of  disorder. 

HINGE  (lilnj),  v.  a.  [t.  hinged  ; pp.  hinging, 

HINGED.] 

1.  To  furnish  with  hinges.  Johnson. 

2.  To  bend,  as  a hinge. 

Be  thou  a flatterer,  and  hinge  thy  knee.  Shak. 

HINGE  (hlnj),  v.  n.  To  turn  as  upon  a hinge  ; to 
depend  ; to  be  dependent ; to  hang. 

The  settlement  of  the  matter  hinges  upon  this  point.  Todd. 

HINK,  n.  A hook  or  twibil  for  reaping.  Loudon. 

f HIN'NI-ATE,  l n_  [L.  hinnio,  hinniatus.] 

f IllN'NY,  > To  neigh.  B.  Jonson. 

HlN'NY,  n.  1.  The  offspring  of  a stallion  and  a 
she-ass  ; a mule.  Booth. 

2.  A term  of  endearment ; darling.  Brockett. 

HINT,  v.  re.  [Of  uncertain  etymology. — Tooke 
suggests  A.  S.  hentan,  to  take.  — See  Hent.] 
[i.  hinted  ; pp.  hinting,  hinted.]  To  bring 
to  mind  by  a slight  mention  or  remote  allusion  ; 
to  suggest ; to  intimate  ; to  mention  imperfectly. 

Just  hint  a fault  and  hesitate  dislike.  Pope. 

To  hint  at,  to  allude  to  j to  touch  slightly. 

HINT,  n.  Slight  mention  ; remote  allusion  ; in- 
timation ; suggestion  ; insinuation.  “ Upon  this 
hint  I spake.”  Shak. 

Syn.  — Hint  is  used  in  an  indifferent  sense,  and 
often  in  a had  sense,  for  something  thrown  out  against 
one’s  character ; allusion  is  used  in  an  indifferent 
sense  ; a suggestion  is  commonly  used  in  a good 
sense  for  a useful  intimation  ; insinuation  is  used  in  a 
bad  sense  for  something  intimated  against  some  per- 
son. A person  is  said  to  take,  or  to  throw  out,  a hint ; 
to  make  an  allusion  ; to  offer  or  to  follow  a suggestion  ; 
to  receive  or  to  give  an  intimation  ; to  make  or  to  dis- 
regard an  insinuation. 

HINT'— KEEP-BR,  n.  One  who  furnishes  hints. 
[r.]  Butler. 

HIP,  n.  1.  [Goth,  hups-,  A.  S.  hi  pc,  or  hype-, 
Dut.  heap.]  The  joint  of  the  thigh  and  the  flesh 
that  covers  it ; the  haunch.  Dunglison. 

2.  [A.  S.  hiop.]  The  fruit  of  the  wild  brier  or 
dogrose  ; Rosa  canina-,  — written  also  hep. 

The  oaks  bear  masts,  the  briers  scarlet  hips.  Shak. 

3.  (Arch.)  The  external  angle  formed  by  the 

meeting  of  the  sloping  ends  with  the  sloping 
sides  of  a roof.  Wcale. 

To  have  on  the  hip,  to  have  an  advantage  over. 
Shale. — To  smite  hip  and  thigh,  to  overthrow  com- 
pletely ; to  destroy  utterly.  Judges  xv.  8. 

HIP,  v.  re.  [i.  hipped  ; pp.  hipping,  hipped.] 

1.  To  sprain  or  dislocate  the  hip  of.  “His 

horse  was  hipped.”  Shak. 

2.  To  render  hypochondriac  or  melancholy. 

— See  Hyp.  [Colloquial.]  Smart. 

3.  (Arch.)  To  provide  or  fit  with  a hip,  as  a 

roof.  “ A hipped  roof.”  Brande. 

HIP,  interj.  Used  in  calling.  Ainsworth. 

IIIP'— GOUT,  n.  The  sciatica,  or  gout  in  the  hip  ; 
a rheumatic  affection  of  the  hip-joint.  Hamilton. 

+ HIP'— HALT,  re.  Lame.  Gower. 

IIIP'— HOP,  ad.  [Reduplication  of  hop.]  With  a 
hopping  gait.  Congreve. 

HIP'— JOINT,  n.  (Anat.)  The  joint  of  the  hip  ; 
the  coxofemoral  articulation.  Dunglison. 

HIP'-KNOB  (-nob),  n.  (Arch.)  A 
finial,  pinnacle,  or  other  similar 
ornament  placed  on  the  top  of 
the  hips  of  a roof,  or  on  the 
point  of  a gable.  Wcale. 

HIP'-MOULD-ING,  n.  (Arch.)  A 
moulding  on  the  rafter  that  forms 
the  hip  of  a roof.  Ogilvie. 

HIP'PACE,  n.  [Gr.  ’rainier} ; L.  hip-  Hip-knob. 
pace.] 

1.  Cheese  made  of  mare’s  milk.  Crabb. 

2.  The  rennet  of  a colt.  Crabb. 


HIPPED  (hlpt),  p.  re.  Melancholy  ; hypochondria- 
cal.— See  Hip.  [Colloquial.]  Green. 

IIIPPED'-ROOF  (hlpt'rof),  n.  (Arch.)  A roof 
having  the  ends  sloping  like  the  sides  and  form- 
ing a projecting  angle  with  the  latter ; a hip- 
roof. Brande. 


IllP'PISH,  re.  [From  hypochondria.]  Melan- 
choly ; dejected  : hypochondriacal ; — written 
also  hyppish.  [Colloquial.]  Byron. 

By  cares  depressed,  in  pensive,  hippish  mood.  Gag. 


IIIP-PO-BOS'  CA,n.  [Gr.  innos,  a horse,  and  j8<5<ncw, 
to  feed.]  (Ent.)  A genus  of  dipterous  insects, 
of  which  the  horse-fly  is  the  type.  Westwood. 

HIP'PO-cAmp,  n.  See  Hippocampus.  Browne. 

HIP-PO-CAM'PUS,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr. 

\nnbuapno%  ; innos,  a horse,  and  Kapnrui, 
to  bend.]  ( Ich .)  A genus  of  fishes 
of  singular  construction,  their  head 
and  neck  resembling  those  of  a 
horse;  — hence  the  English  name 
sea-horse.  When  swimming  they 
maintain  a vertical  position. 

Eng.  Cyc. 

HIP-PO-CEN'TAUR,  n.  [Gr.  \nnoutv- 
ravpog  ; innos,  a horse,  and  Kirravpos, 
a centaur.]  A fabulous  monster, 
half  horse  and  half  man.  Dryden. 

hIp'PO-CrAs,  n.  [Fr.,  as  if  the  n 
wine  of  Hippocrates.  Johnson.  — So  lpr°  p 
called  from  its  being  strained  in  an  Hippocra- 
tes’s sleeve.  Theobald.]  A medicated  or  spiced 
wine.  King. 


HIP-POC'RA-TE§’G-SLEEVE,  n.  A sort  of  bag 
made  by  joining  the  opposite  angles  of  a square 
piece  of  flannel ; — used  to  strain  sirups  and  de- 
coctions. Quincy. 

HIP-PO-CRAT'IC,  re.  Relating  to  Hippocrates,  a 
celebrated  Grecian  physician,  or  to  his  doc- 
trine. Dunglison. 

Hippocratic  face,  (Med.)  an  appearance  of  the  face 
noting  great  exhaustion,  the  nose  being  pinched,  tile 
eyes  sunk,  the  temples  hollow,  the  cars  cold  and  re- 
tracted, the  skin  of  the  forehead  tense  and  dry,  the 
complexion  livid,  the  lips  pendent  and  cold  .Dunglison. 

HIP-POC'RA-THjjM,  n.  The  philosophy  or  medical 
system  of  Hippocrates,  the  ancient  Greek  phy- 
sician. Chambers. 


HIP-PO-CREP'l^FORM,  re.  [Gr.  innos,  a horse,  Kpynis, 
a kind  of  hoot,  and  L.  forma , form.]  ( Bot .) 
Shaped  like  a horseshoe.  Gray. 

HIP-PO-CRE'PIS,  n.  [Gr.  innos,  a horse,  and 
Kprjnls,  a kind  of  boot.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of 
plants ; the  horseshoe  vetch.  P.  Cyc. 

HIP'PO-DAME,  n.  The  river-horse;  hippopota- 
mus. — See  Hippopotamus.  Spenser. 

HlP'PO-DROME,  n.  [Gr.  'imtoq,  a horse,  and  Iron 01, 
a course ; L.  hippodromos ; Fr.  hippodrome.] 
A course  for  chariot  and  horse  races. 

The  Olympian  hippodrome  or  horse-course.  London  Envy. 

HlP'PO-GRIFF,  n.  ■ [Gr.  innos,  a horse,  and  ypinp, 
a griffin;  It.  ippoyrifa\  Fr.  hippogriphe.]  A 

fabulous  winged  horse.  Milton. 

IIIp'PO-LITH,  n.  [Gr.  or  no;,  a horse,  and  i.Woq,  a 
stone.]  A stone  in  a horse’s  stomach.  Smart. 

HIP'PO-MANE,  n.  [Gr.  'innopavis,  a plant  of  which 
horses  are  madly  fond  ; innos,  a horse,  and  pavia, 
madness  ; L.  hippomanes .] 

1.  (Bot.)  The  manchineel  tree  which  yields  a 

white,  poisonous,  and  caustic  milk.  Loudon. 

2.  An  excrescence  on  the  forehead  of  a foal, 
said  to  be  devoured  by  the  mother.  Wm.  Smith. 

3.  A love-potion ; a philter  or  charm.  Dryden. 

HIP ' PO-JYYX,  n.  [Gr.  'innos,  a horse,  and  Sw(,  a 
claw.]  (Zosl.)  A genus  of  mollusks  in  which 
the  shell  is  patelliform,  and  has  an  impression  as 
of  a horse-shoe  on  the  inner  surface.  Woodward. 


HIP-PO-PA-THOL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  Innos,  a horse, 
and  Eng.  pathology.]'  Pathology  of  the  horse  ; 
veterinary  medicine.  Dunglison. 

HIP-POPH'A-GOUS,  re.  [Gr.  innos,  a horse,  and 
ipilyio,  to  eat.]  Feeding  on  horse-flesh.  Smart. 

HIP-POPH'A-GY,  n.  The  act  of  feeding  on  horse- 
flesh. Booth. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 


BULL,  BUR,  RIJLE.  — 9, 


G,  y,  A,  soft ; G,  e,  £,  g,  hard;  § res  z;  Jf  res  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


HIPPOPOTAMUS 


IIISTORY-PIECE 


686 


BIP-PQ-POT'A-MUS,  n. ; pl.L.  iiIp-po-p&t'a-mI ; 
Eng.  hip-pq- 
pot  'A  - mCs  - E$. 

[L.  ; Gr.  hrtrott6- 

TtiyO;  ; I7T7T05,  a 

horse,  and  no- 
Tct/jis,  a river.] 

(Zool.)  A genus 
of  large,  aquatic, 
pachydermatous 
animals,  which 
inhabit  the  rivers  of  Africa,  represented  at  the 
present  time  by  a single  species  ( Hippopota- 
mus amphibius)  ; the  river-horse.  Brande. 


Hippopotamus. 


HIP  'PO-PUS,  n.  [Gr.  IViror,  a horse,  and  nobs,  a 
foot.]  A genus  of  acephalous  mollusks,  the  shell 
of  which  resembles  the  foot  of  a horse.  Brande. 


HIP-POS-TE-OL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  innos,  a horse, 
and  Eng.  osteology.]  Osteology  of  the  horse. 

HIP-PU'RIC,  a.  [Gr.  rrrrof,  a horse,  and  orpov, 
urine.]  (Client.)  Noting  an  acid  obtained  from 
the  urine  of  horses.  Craig. 

H1P-PU' RIS,  n.  [Gr.  ? nnos , a horse,  and  ovpd,  a 
tail.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants,  the  stem  of 
which  resembles  a horse’s  tail ; mare’s-tail.  Hill. 

HIP'PU-RITE,  n.  One  of  a genus  of  extinct  mol- 
lusks supposed  to  be  bivalves.  Brande. 

HlP'PUS,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  "nnos,  a horse.]  (Med.)  A 
disease  of  the  eyes,  in  which  from  birth  they  per- 
petually twinkle  : — a tremulous  condition  of  the 
iris  which  occasions  repeated  alternations  of  con- 
traction and  dilatation  of  the  pupil.  Dunglison. 

HIP'— rAF-T£R,  n.  (Arch.)  The  rafter  which 
forms  the  hip  of  a roof.  Ogilvie. 

HIP'— ROOF,  n.  (Arch.)  A roof  whose  ends  slope 
like  the  sides,  and  form  a projecting  angle  with 
the  latter.  Francis. 


HIP'— SHOT,  a.  Sprained  or  dislocated  in  the  hip. 
Nodding  and  waggling ...  as  if  you  were  hip-shot.  L' Estrange. 

HIP'— TILE,  n.  A tile  for  covering  the  hip  or 
ridge  of  a roof.  Francis. 

HlP'— TREE,  n.  [See  Hip,  n.  No.  2.]  A shrub  ; 
the  dogrose ; Rosa  canina.  Crabb. 

HIP'WORT  (hip'wiirt),  n.  A plant.  Ainsworth. 

f HIR,  pron.  [A.  S.  hyra , of  them.]  A word  for- 
merly used  for  their.  Todd. 

HIR'CATE,  n.  ( Chem .)  A salt  formed  by  the 
union  of  hircic  acid  with  a base.  Ogilvie. 

HIR'CIC,  a.  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  obtained 
from  hircine.  Ure. 

HIR'CINE,  ».  [L.  hircits,  a he-goat.]  (Chem.)  A 
liquid,  fatty  substance  contained  in  the  oleine 
of  mutton  suet.  Ure. 

HIR'CyS,  n.  [L.]  1.  (ZoSl.)  The  goat.  Baird. 

2.  (Astron.)  A fixed  star  of  the  first  magni- 
tude ; — called  also  Capella.  Ogilvie. 

HIRE,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  hyrian ; Dut.  huuren  ; Dan. 
hyre ; Sw.  hyra.]  [i.  hired  ; pp.  hiring, 
hired.] 

1.  To  procure  for  temporary  use  at  a certain 
price ; as,  “To  hire  a horse  ” ; “To  hire  money.” 

2.  To  engage  to  temporary  service  for  wages. 

“ They  hire  a goldsmith.”  Isa.  xlvi.  6. 

3.  To  let ; — often  followed  by  out. 

A man  planted  a vineyard,  and  hired  it  to  tillers. 

Mark  xii.  1,  Wickliffe's  Trans. 

HIRE,  n.  [A.  S.  hyre,  a reward  ; Dut.  huur -,  Dan. 
hyre ; Sw.  hyra.] 

1.  Recompense  for  the  use  of  a thing.  Johnson. 

2.  Wages  paid  for  service;  allowance;  sti- 
pend ; pay ; salary. 

Call  the  laborers,  and  give  them  their  hire.  Matt.  xx.  8. 

Syn.  — See  Allowance. 

HlRE'I.pSS,  a.  Without  hire  ; not  rewarded,  [r.] 

Your  misbelief  my  hireless  value  scorns.  Duvetiant. 

HIRE'LING,  n.  One  who  serves  for  wages. 

The  hireling  longs  to  see  the  shades  descend.  Sandys. 

So  clomb  the  first  grand  thief  into  God's  fold; 

So,  since,  into  his  church  lewd  hirelings  climb.  Milton. 

Syn.  — Hireling  and  mercenary  are  both  applied  to 
such  persons  as  serve  for  pay  in  some  servile  or  base 
employment,  or  from  a low  and  unworthy  motive ; 
hut  hireling  is  tile  less  offensive  term.  A hired  ser- 
vant may  be  called  a hireling  ; soldiers  hired  to  serve 


for  a foreign  nation  are  styled  mercenaries.  — See 
Venal. 

HIRE'LING,  a.  Serving  for  hire;  venal;  mer- 
cenary. “ Hireling  mourners.”  Dryden. 

+ Hl'R{!N,  n.  [Corrupted  from  Irene.  Nares. ] A 
familiar  term  for  a strumpet.  Shah. 

IIIR'gR,  n.  One  who  hires.  Rlackstone. 

IIIR'LING,  n.  (Ich.)  A small  fish  of  the  genus 
Salmo ; the  salmon-trout ; sea-trout ; Salmo 
trwtta.  Eng.  Cyc. 

HIR'Sf.L,  n.  A Scotch  term  for  herd.  Jamieson. 

HIRST,  n.  See  Hurst.  Todd. 

HIR-SUTE',  a.  [L.  hirsutus.] 

1.  Rough  with  hair  ; hairy ; shaggy.  “ A 
hirsute  beggar.”  Burton.  “ There  are  bulbous, 
fibrous,  and  hirsute  roots.”  Bacon. 

2.  Coarse  ; ill-mannered  ; uncouth  ; boorish. 
“ Hirsute  in  his  behavior.”  Life  of  A.  Wood. 

HJR-SUTE'NJPSS,  n.  The  state  of  being  hirsute  ; 
hairiness;  roughness.  Burton. 

HJ-RUN'DINE,  n.  A swallow.  Gent.  Mag. 

Hi-RUN-DIN'I-HJE,  n.  pi.  [L.  hirundo,  hirun- 
dinis,  a swallow.]  (Ornith.)  A family  of  fissi- 
rostral  birds  of  the  order  Passeres,  including 
the  sub-families  Cypseliiue  and  Hirundininee  ; 
swallows.  Gray. 

IlI-RUJV-ni-m'JTJE,  n.pl. 

[See  HlRUNDINIDyK.] 

(Ornith.)  A sub-family  of 
fissirostral  or  wide-gap- 
ing birds  of  the  order  Pas- 
seres and  family  Hirun- 
dinidee ; swallows.  Gray. 

Itl-RUJT' DO,  n.  [L.,  a swallow.]  (Ornith.)  A 
genus  of  birds,  comprehending  swallows,  swifts, 
and  martins.  Eng.  Cyc. 

IIIS  (biz),  pron.  possessive,  or  pronominal  adjective, 
from  he.  [A.  S.  hys,  liis.]  Of  him;  belonging 
to  him;  as,  “This  is  his  book”;  “This  book 
is  his.”  — See  He,  and  Mine. 

IIIS'IN-GIJR-ITE,  n.  (Min.)  A silicate  of  iron; 
— so  named  from  Mr.  Hisinger.  Dana. 

IIISK,  v.  n.  To  draw  the  brealh  with  difficulty  ; 
to  breathe  short.  [N.  of  Eng.]  Halliwell. 

IIIS-PAN'I-CIS-W,  n.  [L.  Ilispania,  Spain;]  A 
Spanish  phrase  or  idiom.  Ed.  Rev. 

HIS'PJD,  a.  [L.  hispidus. ] Rough;  having  stiff 
hairs  or  bristles.  “ The  hispid  Thesbite.”  More. 

HISS,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  hysian ; Dut.  sissen ; Dan. 
hveesen ; Sw.  hvdssa.]  \i.  hissed  ; pp.  HISSING, 
HISSED.] 

1.  To  utter  the  sound  of  the  letter  s,  or  a 
noise  like  that  made  by  a serpent. 

See  the  snakes  that  they  rear, 

How  they  hiss  in  their  hair.  Dryden. 

2.  To  express  contempt  or  dislike  by  making 
a sound  like  that  made  by  a serpent.  “The 
merchants  shall  hiss  at  thee.”  Ezek.  xxvii.  36. 

HISS,  v.  a.  To  condemn  by  hissing;  to  follow 
with  hisses  ; to  disgrace. 

The  opera  of  Rosamond,  when  exhibited  on  the  stage,  was 
either  hissed  or  neglected.  Johnson. 

So  disgraced  a part,  whose  issue 
Will  hiss  me  to  my  grave.  Shale. 

HISS,  n.  1.  The  sound  of  the  letter  s : — the  noise 
made  by  a serpent. 

But  hiss  for  hiss  returned  with  forked  tongue.  Milton. 

2.  Expression  of  contempt ; censure. 

Fierce  champion.  Fortitude,  that  knows  no  fears 

Of  hisses , blows,  or  want.  Pope. 

IlISS'ING,  n.  1.  The  noise  made  by  a serpent, 
&c. ; a hiss.  Milton. 

2.  An  object  of  scorn.  “ To  make  their  land 
desolate  and  a perpetual  hissing.”  Jer.  xviii.  16. 

HlSS'!NG-LY,  ad.  With  a hissing  sound. Sherwood. 

HIST,  interj.  Commanding  silence  ; whist.  Milton. 

HIS'TpR,  n.  [L.  histrio,  an  actor.]  (Ent.)  A 
Linnaian  genus  of  coleopterous  insects,  remark- 
able for  the  instinctive  promptitude  with  which 
they  alter  their  appearance  and  feign  death 
when  alarmed.  Brande. 

HIS-TOG-E-NET'IC,  a.  [Gr.  iards,  a web,  and 
■yevtidu),  to  beget.]  Tissue-making.  Carpenter. 


HIS-TOfy'U-Ny,  n.  The  formation  and  develop- 
ment of  tissues.  Dunglison. 

HJS-TOG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  'taros,  a web,  and 
ypdtpti),  to  describe.]  (Anat.)  A description  of 
the  organic  tissues.  Wright. 

HIS-TO-LOG  IC,  I a Pertaining  to  histology. 

HlS-TO-LOG'I-CAL,  ) Dunglison. 

IHS-TOL'O-GiST,  n.  One  who  is  versed  in  hi s- 
tology.  Ogilvie. 

HJS-TOL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  'turds,  a web,  and  l.Hyos,  a 
discourse.]  Anatomy  ; — particularly  the  mi- 
nute anatomy  of  the  tissues.  Dunglison. 

t HIS-TO'RI-AL,  a.  [Fr.]  Historical.  Chaucer. 

HIS-TO'RI- AN,  n.  [L.  historiem ; It.  i storied ; Pr. 
historian.]  A writer  of  facts  and  events  ; a 
writer  of  history  ; as,  “ Livy,  the  historian.” 

HJS-TO'RI-AN-HJM,  n.  The  quality  of  an  histo- 
rian. [r.]  Museum. 

HIS-TOR  IC,  ) «.  [Gr.  laropusos ; L.  historicus ; 

HJS-TOR'I-CAL,  I It.  istorico  ; Sp.  historico  ; Pr. 
historioue.] 

1.  Giving  an  account  of  facts  and  past  events ; 
containing  history.  “ In  an  historical  relation 
we  use  terms  that  are  most  proper.”  Burnet. 

2.  Derived  from  history  ; as,  “ Historical  evi- 
dence.” “ Historical  information.” 

3.  Pertaining  to  history.  Gibbon. 

Historical  painting,  that  branch  of  painting  which 

portrays  the  scenes  of  history.  Smart. 

HIS-TOR'J-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  the  manner  of  history. 

HIS-TO-RIC'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being  his- 
torical. [R.]  ‘ Ec.  Rev. 

HIS-TOR'I-CIZE,  v.  a.  To  write,  as  history;  to 
represent  by  history,  [r.]  New  Month.  Mag. 

+ HIS'TO-RlED  (hls'to-rld),  p.  a.  Recorded,  or  re- 
lated, in  history.  Todd. 

t HJS-TO'RI-IJR,  n.  An  historian.  Martin. 

HIS-TO  1 RI-ETTE',  n.  [Fr.]  A pretty  story  ; a 
tale  ; a novel.  Casket. 

pHJS-TOR'I-FY,  v.  a.  To  relate;  to  record  in 
history.  “ Matters  . . . historijied.”  Browne. 

HIS-TO-RI-OG'RA-PHIJR,  n.  [Gr.  luropla,  history, 
and  ypthtpot,  to  write.]  A professed  historian  or 
writer  of  histories.  Addison. 

HIS-TO-RI-O-GRAPH'I-CAL,  a.  Relating  to  his- 
toriography. Ch.  Ob. 

HIS-TO-RI-OG'RA-PHY,  n.  The  art,  or  the  em- 
ployment, of  an  historian.  Blount. 

f IIIS-TO-RI-OL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  iuropia,  history, 
and  l.dyos,  a discourse.]  A treatise  on  history  ; 
explanation  of  history.  Cockeram. 

IIIS'TO-RY,  n.  [Gr.  turopia  ; L.  historia ; It.  isto- 
ria\  Sp.  i5f  Port,  historia-,  Fr.  histoire.] 

1.  A narrative  of  past  events ; an  account  of 
facts,  particularly  of  facts  respecting  nations 
and  states  ; narration  ; relation. 

History  is  philosophy  teaching  by  example.  Dionysius. 

All  history  is  only  the  precepts  of  moral  philosophy  re- 
duced into  examples.  Dryden. 

2.  The  knowledge  of  facts.  “ History  is  neces- 
sary to  divines.”  Watts. 

Civil  or  political  history , the  history  of  states  and 
empires.  — Ecclesiastical  history , the  history  of  the 
Christian  church. — Sacred  history , the  historical  part 
of  the  Scriptures. — Profane  history,  history  as  writ- 
ten by  uninspired  authors;  — another  term  for  civil 
history.  — JYatural  history , the  history  of  all  the  pro- 
ductions of  nature,  animal,  vegetable,  and  mineral. 

Syn.  — History , the  work  of  an  historian,  consists 
of  various  divisions  or  kinds:  annals , the  work  of  an 
annalist,  comprise  a succinct  account  of  historical 
events  digested  into  a series,  as  they  occur  in  suc- 
cessive years;  a chronicle  is  a succinct  register  of 
events  in  the  order  of  time  ; memoirs , as  applied  to 
nations,  comprise  an  account  of  events  or  transac- 
tions written  familiarly,  or  as  they  are  remembered 
by  the  narrator. 

f HlS'TO-RY,  v.  a.  To  record;  to  relate.  Shak. 

That  may  repeat  and  history  his  loss.  Shak. 

HIS'TO-RY—  PAINT'ING,  n.  The  art  of  represent- 
ing historical  subjects  by  the  pencil.  Guardian. 

IIIS'TO-RY— PIECE,  n.  A picture  representing  a 
real  event.  “ A large  history-piece .”  Pope. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  P,  short;  A,  £,  l,  O,  U,  Y>  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


HISTRION 


687 


HOBBY 


HIS'TR(-ON,  n.  [L.  histrio.]  A player.  Byron. 

HIS-TRI-ON'IC,  > a±  Relating  to,  or  befitting, 

HlS-TRI-ON'I-CAL,  ) the  stage  or  a player;  be- 
coming a buffoon ; theatrical ; pantomimic. 
“ The  histrionic  art.”  Warton.  “ Though  the 
world  be  histrionical.”  Browne. 

HIS-TRI-ON'IC,  n.  A dramatic  performer;  a 
stage-player.  Simmotids. 

HIS-TRl-ON'I-CAL- LY,  ad.  In  a histrionic  man- 
ner; theatrically.  Blount. 

HIS'TRI-ON-IIjM,  n.  Theatrical  or  feigned  repre- 
sentation. Browne. 

f HIS'TRj-ON-IZE,  v.  a.  To  personate,  as  an 
actor;  to  represent  theatrically.  SirT.Urquhart. 

HIT,  v.  a.  [Dan.  hitte,  to  throw  out.  Junius.  — 
Sw.  hitta,  to  reach,  to  touch.  Serenius.]  [i. 
HIT  ; pp.  HITTING,  HIT.] 

1.  To  strike  ; to  touch  with  a blow ; to  thump. 
“ When  any  thing  hits  him.”  , Sidney. 

2.  To  touch,  as  a mark  ; not  to  miss. 

So  hard  it  is  to  hit  the  mark  with  a shaking  hand.  South. 

3.  To  attain  ; to  reach  ; to  obtain  ; to  win  ; 
to  get. 

Your  father’s  image  is  so  hit  in  you.  Shak. 

4.  To  be  conformable  to  ; to  suit. 

Whose  saintly  visage  is  too  bright 

To  hit  the  sense  of  human  sight.  Milton. 

5.  To  catch  by  the  right  bait ; to  urge  by  the 
right  motive  ; to  touch  properly. 

There  you  hit  him.  St.  Dominick  loves  charity  exceed- 
ingly; that  argument  never  fails  with  him.  Dryden. 

To  hit  off ; to  determine  luckily  ; to  represent  or  de- 
scribe happily.  — To  hit  nut,  to  perforin  by  good  luck. 
Spenser. 

HIT,  v.  n.  1.  To  come  in  contact;  to  clash. 
“ They  hit  one  against  another.”  Locke. 

2.  To  chance  luckily  ; not  to  miss  ; to  gain 
a point ; to  succeed. 

Oft  expectation  fails;  . . . and  oft  itjiits 

Where  hope  is  coldest,  and  despair  most  sits.  Shak. 

3.  To  agree  ; to  suit ; to  fit.  “ The  number 

so  exactly  hits.”  Waterland. 

To  hit  on,  or  upon,  to  light  on  ; to  find.  “ I have 
hit  upon  such  an  expedient.”  Goldsmith. 

HIT,  n.  1.  A stroke  ; a blow.  Shak. 

2.  A fortuitous  event ; a chance. 

Blind  prophecies  may  have  a lucky  hit.  Dryden. 

3.  A lucky  chance  ; good  fortune. 

Have  all  his  ventures  failed?  What,  not  one  hit?  Shak. 

4.  A happy  or  pertinent  remark;  as,  “To 
make  a good  hit.” 

HITCH,  V.  n.  [f.  HITCHED  ; pp.  HITCHING, 
HITCHED.] 

1.  [W.  liecian,  to  halt,  to  limp.]  To  move  ir- 
regularly or  by  jerks  ; to  hobble.  Johnson. 

2.  To  hop  on  one  leg.  [Yorkshire.]  Grose. 

3.  To  hit  the  legs  together  in  going,  as  horses. 

4.  To  more  or  walk.  [Norfolk.]  Grose. 

5.  [Probably  from  the  root  of  hook.]  To  be- 
come entangled  ; to  be  hooked  in  ; to  be  caught. 

Atoms  which  at  length  hitched  together.  South. 

HITCH,  v.  a.  To  fasten  or  bind  to  ; to  tie.  Ash. 

HITCH,  n.  1.  Any  thing  that  holds;  a catch; 
an  impediment.  “ A hitch  or  hobble  in  your 
enunciation.”  Chesterfield. 

2.  ( Naut .)  A particular  kind  of  knot.  Dana. 

HITCH'LL,  n.  & v.  See  Hatchel.  Todd. 

HITCH'ING,  n.  Act  of  one  who  hitches.  Clarke. 

HITHE  (liltb),  n.  [A.  S.  hyth.]  A small  haven 
for  boats  ; — used  principally  as  an  affix  in  the 
names  of  places  ; as,  “ Quecnhithe,  Lamb ithe 

[now  Lamb eth].”  Johnson. 

HITH'ER  (lutb'er),  ad.  [A.  S.  hither-,  Dan.  her- 
hid ; Sw.  hitat.] 

1.  To  this  place  ; — used  with  verbs  implying 
motion  ; as,  “ To  come  hither.” 

2.  f To  this  end  or  point.  “ Hither  belong 

all  those  texts.”  Tillotson. 

Hither  and  thither,  to  this  place  and  that. 

HITH'pR,  a.  [superl.  hithermost .]  Nearer;  to- 
wards this  part.  “ On  the  hither  side.”  Milton. 

HITH'pR-MOST,  a.  superl.  Nearest  on  this  side. 
“ The  hithermost  extreme.”  Hale. 

HITH'JJR-TO,  ad.  1.  To  this  time;  yet;  till  now. 
“ This  has  hitherto  been  the  practice.”  Dryden. 


2.  Thus  far  ; to  this  point.  “ Hitherto  shalt 
thou  come,  but  no  further.”  [it.]  Job  xxxviii.  11. 

HITH'pR-WARD,  ad.  Towards  this  place;  this 
way.  “ Marching  hitherward.”  Shak. 

h!tH']JR-WARD§,  ad.  Hitherward.  Shak. 

HIT'TJJR,  n.  One  who  hits.  T.  Moore. 

Hl'TY— Ti’TY,  a.  Flighty. — See  Hoity-toity. 

HIVE,  n.  [A.  S.  hyfe.] 

1.  The  habitation  or  artificial  receptacle  of 

bees.  “ Bees  in  their  hives.”  Addison. 

2.  A swarm  inhabiting  a hive.  “Like  an 

angry  hive  of  bees.”  Shak. 

3.  A company  or  society. 

What  modern  masons  call  a lodge  was  by  antiquity  called 
a hive  of  freemasons.  Swift. 

HlVE,  V.  a.  [t.  HIVED  ; pp.  HIVING,  HIVED.] 

1.  To  put  into  a hive  ; to  harbor.  “ When 

bees  are  settled,  hive  them.”  Mortimer. 

2.  To  contain,  as  in  hives;  to  store. 

Where  all  delicious  sweets  are  hived.  Cleaveland. 

HIVE,  v.  n.  To  reside  or  take  shelter  together.SAa&. 

HIVE'— BEE,  n.  A bee  that  keeps  in  the  hive.  Lyell. 


IIIVE'I.pss,  a.  Destitute  of  a hive.  Gascoigne. 
Hi  V'JJR,  n.  One  who  hives.  Mortimer. 


HIVE§,  n.  pi.  1.  (Med.)  The  croup,  a disease 
characterized  by  sonorous  and  suffocative  breath- 
ing. Dunglison. 

2.  Eruptions  on  the  skin.  Brockett. 

To  hiss.  — See  Hiss.  Shak. 


HIZZ,  v.  n. 
HIZZ'ING,  n 


A hissing  or  hiss. 


May. 


HO,  interj.  [L.  oho.]  Stop  ! cease  ! attend  ! 0 ! 
— sudden  exclamation  to  call  attention  or  to 
give  notice.  “ Ho ! every  one  that  thirstetli, 
come  ye  to  the  waters.”  Isa.  lv.  1. 

f HO,  n.  Stop  ; bound ; limit.  Harvey. 


HO,  v.  n.  (Naut.)  To  call  out.  — See  Hoy.  Todd. 

HOA  (ho),  interj.  An  exclamation  to  give  notice. 
— See  Ho.  Shak. 


HO'ACT-ZIN,  n.  (Ornith.)  A bird  of  the  family  Mu- 
sophagidee  and  sub-family  Opisthocominee.  Gray. 
f HOANE,  n.  See  Hone.  Cockeram. 

HOAR  (hor),  a.  [A.  S.  har.] 

1.  White  or  gray  with  age  ; hoary.  “ Locks 
hoar."  Chaucer.  “ Nestor  hoar.”  Gower. 

2.  White.  “ Hoary  waters.”  Spenser.  “ For- 
ests hoar.”  Fairfax.  “ Hoar  cliff's.”  Thomson. 


HOAR,  a.  f [A.  S.  horig,  filthy  ; harian,  to  grow 
white  or  mouldy.]  Mouldy  ; musty.  Spenser. 


HOAR  (hor),  n.  1.  Antiquity  ; hoariness. 

His  grants  are  engrafted  on  the  public  law  of  Europe,  cov- 
ered with  the  awful /mar  of  innumerable  ages.  Burke. 

2.  Thick  mist ; fog.  Loudon. 

fHOAR  (hor),  v.  n.  [A.  S.  harian.]  To  become 
mouldy  or  musty.  Shak. 

HOARD  (hord),  n.  [M.  Goth,  haurd,  or  haurda ; 
A.  S.  hord ; Ger.  hort.] 

1.  A store  laid  up  in  secret ; a hidden  stock  ; 
a treasure.  “ The  squirrel’s  hoard.”  Shak. 

2.  A fence  enclosing  a house  and  materials, 

while  builders  are  at  work.  Smart. 

HOARD  (hard),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  hordan.]  [(.hoard- 
ed ; pp.  hoarding,  hoarded.]  To  lay  in 
hoards ; to  husband  privily  ; to  store  secretly  ; 
to  accumulate  ; to  amass  ; to  deposit ; — some- 
times followed  by  up. 

Like  to  some  rich  churl  hoarding  up  his  pelf.  Drayton. 

Syn.  — See  Treasure. 

HOARD  (hord),  v.  n.  To  make  hoards  ; to  lay  up 
a store.  “ Hoarding  abbots.”  Shak. 

HOARD'pR  (hard'er),  n.  One  who  hoards  or  stores 
secretly.  “ Hoarders  of  money.”  Locke. 

HOARDING,  n.  A boarded  enclosure  or  fence, 
fixed  about  any  building  while  it  is  in  the  pro- 
cess of  being  erected  or  repaired.  Sitnmonds. 

f HOAR'pD,  a.  Mouldy;  musty.  “Bread... 
dry  and  hoared.”  Josh.  ix.  5,  Matthews’s  Transl. 

HOAR’— FROST,  n.  White  frost;  congelation  of 
dew.  “ The  hoar-frost  on  the  ground.”  E-z.xvi.14. 

HOAR' HOUND,  n.  See  LIorehound.  Hill. 


HOAR'F-Nfiss,  n.  1.  The  state  of  being  hoary  or 
white  like  the  hair  in  old  age.  Dryden. 

2.  f Mouldiness.  Barret. 

HOARSE  (hors),  a.  [A.  S.  has  ; Dut.  haarsch ; 
Ger.  heiscli ; Sw.  hoes  ; Dan.  hes  ; Icel.  has.] 

1.  Having  the  voice  rough,  as  with  a cold. 

Men  ...  that  could  speak 

Till  they  were  ‘hoarse  again.  B.  Jenson. 

2.  Making  a rough  sound.  “ The  hoarse,  re- 
sounding shore.”  Dryden. 

IIOARSE'LY,  ad.  In  a hoarse  manner. 

HOARSE'NpSS,  n.  The  state  of  being  hoarse  ; 
roughness  of  voice.  Dryden. 

HOARSE'— SOUND-ING,  a.  Having  a harsh  sound. 

HOAR'— STONE,  n.  A stone  designating  the 
bounds  of  an  estate  ; a landmark.  Wright. 

IIOAR'Y  (liBr'e),  a.  [A.  S.  har.] 

1.  White  or  gray  with  age ; hoar.  “ Hoary 

hairs.”  Spenser. 

2.  White  ; whitish.  “ Hoary  frosts.”  Shak. 
“ The  hoary  deep.”  Milton.  “ The  hoary  wil- 
lows.” Addison. 

3.  f Mouldy  ; musty.  Knollcs. 

HOAR'Y— HEAD-£D,  a.  Having  a gray  head.  Shak. 

f HO  AST,  n.  A cough.  — See  Haust.  Todd. 

IIOAST'MAN,  n. ; pi.  hoastmen.  A coal-fitter,  or 
factor  in  coals  ; one  who  vends  coal  at  a sea- 
port ; one  of  a company  of  coal-dealers  at  New- 
castle, England.  Ld.  Eldon. 

HOAX  (holes),  n.  [A.  S.  hucse,  husce,  or  hucx,  irony. 
Bosworth.  — From  hoctis.  Malone  $ Nares.]  An 
imposition  played  off  as  a joke  ; a deception. 

HOAX  (lioks),  v.  a.  \i.  hoaxed  ; pp.  hoaxing, 
hoaxed.]  To  deceive  in  joke ; to  impose  on  ; 
to  cajole.  [Colloquial.]  Todd. 

HOAX'ER,w.  One  who  hoaxes  or  deceives.  [Col- 
loquial.] Smart. 

HOB,  n.  1.  The  side  of  a grate  or  a part  to  keep 
things  warm  on.  Smart. 

2.  [A  contraction  of  Robin.]  A clown ; a 

boor.  [Local.]  Smart. 

3.  A fairy;  a sprite.  — See  Hobgoblin. 

[Local.]  Smart.  Grose. 

4.  The  nave  of  a wheel ; hub.  Sitnmonds. 

HOB'BARD-Dp-HOY',  n.  See  Hobbledehoy. 

HOB'BI§M  (hob'blzm), n.  The  opinions  or  princi- 
ples of  the  sceptical  Thomas  Hobbes  of  Malmes- 
bury. Skelton. 

HOB'BIST,  n.  A follower  of  Hobbes.  Dr.  Warton. 

HOB'BLE  (hob'bl),  v.  n.  [A.  S.  hoppan,  to  hop  ; 
Ger.  lioppeln,  to  hop  or  hobble  ; Dut.  hobbelen, 
to  stammer.]  [i.  hobbled  ; pp.  hobbling, 
hobbled.] 

1.  To  walk  lamely  or  awkwardly  upon  one  leg 
more  than  the  other  ; to  hop  ; to  limp  ; to  halt. 

An  old  woman  came  hobftling  on  her  little  stick.  Knox. 

2.  To  move  unevenly  ; to  wriggle. 

If  it  [a  hoop]  hnbljles  in  its  motion  on  level  ground,  it  can- 
not be  a perfect  circle.  Cogan. 

HOB'BLE  (hob'bl),  v.  a.  1.  To  perplex  ; to  embar- 
rass ; to  confuse  ; to  bewilder.  Todd. 

2.  To  tie  or  put  a clog  upon,  as  the  feet  of  a 
horse ; to  hamper ; to  clog.  Halliwett. 

HOB'BLE,  n.  1.  Uneven,  awkward  gait;  limp; 
halt.  “ A hobble  in  his  gait.”  Swift. 

2.  A perplexity  ; a difficulty ; an  embarrass- 
ment. “To  get  into  a hobble.”  Todd. 

3.  Something  to  tie  or  hamper  the  feet  of  an- 
imals ; hamper  ; clog ; fetter.  Gilman. 

HOB'BLE- Dp- HOY,  n.  A stripling  having  an 
awkward  gait ; a stripling  ; a lad  between  four- 
teen and  twenty-one  ; neither  man  nor  boy  ; — 
also  written  lobbarddehoy , hobbetyboy,  and 
hobidehoy.  Tusser. 

HOB'BLpR,  n.  1.  One  who  hobbles. 

2.  [Old  Fr.  hobeler.]  A kind  of  horse-soldier 
in  Ireland  who  rode  on  a hobby.  Davies. 

HOB'BLING-LY,  ad.  Awkwardly  ; with  a halting 
gait. 

HOB'BLY,  a.  Rough;  uneven; — applied  to  a 
road.  Forby. 

HOB'BY,  n.  [Fr.  hobereau.]  (Ornith.)  A species 
of  falcon ; Falco  stibbufeo  of  Linnaeus.  Yarrell . 


MiEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 


BULL,  BUR,  R(JLE.  — (1,  Q,  $ , g,  soft;  i C,  G,  g,  g,  hard;  § as  7.; 


JC  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


HOBBY 


688 


HOIST 


HOB'BY,  n.  [Fr.  hobin. — Iccl.  hoppa,  a mare.] 

1.  An  Irish  or  Scottish  horse  ; a pacing- 

horse  ; a nag  or  riding-horse.  Davies. 

2.  A boy’s  stick  or  hobby-horse.  Prior. 

3.  A favorite  object,  pursuit,  or  plaything  ; a 

hobby-horse.  Johnson. 

HOB'BY— HORSE,  n.  1.  A stick  on  which  boys  get 
astride  and  ride.  Glanville. 

2.  A character  in  the  old  May-games,  being 

a man  attired  to  look  like  a horse.  “ Thereup- 
on he  plays  the  hobby-horse."  Milton. 

3.  A favorite  object  or  pursuit ; a hobby. 

What  the  last  age  denominated  follies,  or  hobby-horses. 

Ferriar. 

HOB-BY-HOR'SI-CAL,  a.  Relating  to  a hobby- 
horse ; eccentric.  [Low.]  Booth. 

HOB-BY-HOR'SI-CAL-LY,  ad.  Oddly;  whimsi- 
cally ; eccentrically.  Booth. 

IIOB-GOB'LIN,  n.  [Hob,  the  goblin,  i.  e.  Robin 
Goodfellow.  Todcl.)  A fairy  ; a sprite  ; a fright- 
ful apparition.  Shak.  Burton. 

fHOB'j-Lp,)i.  [Old  Fr.  hobeler.]  A feudal  ten- 
ant who  was  bound  to  serve  as  a light-horseman 
or  bowman.  Brande. 

HOB’IT,  n.  [Ger.  haubitz  ; Sp.  hobus.]  A small 
mortar  to  shoot  little  bombs.  Johnson. 

HuB'LlKE,  a.  Clownish;  boorish.  Cotgrave. 

HOB'NAIL,  n.  1.  A nail  used  in  shoeing  a horse  ; 
a nail  with  a thick  strong  head.  Shak. 

2.  A clownish  person,  in  contempt.  Milton. 

HOB’NAlLED  (hSb'nald),  a.  Set  with  hobnails. 
“ Hobnailed  shoes.”  Dryden. 

HOB'NOB,  ad.  [A.  S.  habban,  to  have;  nabban, 
to  have  not.  Brande.]  Take  or  not  take  ; a 
familiar  call  to  reciprocal  drinking.  “ Hobnob 
is  his  word,  give  it  or  take  it.”  Shak. 

HOB-NOB'BEYG,  n.  The  act  of  drinking  and  feast- 
ing. London  Times. 

H0B-0-m6k'K6,  n.  Among  American  Indians, 
an  evil  spirit.  Wright. 

HOB'-OR-NOB,  or  HOB'-AND-NOB,  n.  The  act 
of  touching  glasses  in  pledging  a health.  — See 
Hobnob.  Brockett. 

HO'BOY,  ».  A wind  instrument;  — written  more 
properly  hautboy.  Todd. 

HO B'SON’§— CHOICE,  n.  That  kind  of  choice  in 
which  there  is  no  alternative ; the  thing  offered 
or  nothing ; — a proverbial  expression  derived 
from  the  practice  of  a man  named  Hobson,  who 
kept  a stable  in  Cambridge,  Eng.,  and  required 
each  applicant  for  a horse  to  take  the  one  next 
to  the  stable  door.  , Spectator,  No.  509. 

HOB'THRUST,  n.  A hobgoblin  ; a sprite.  [Local, 
Eng.]  Grose. 

HOCK,  n.  [A.  S.  ho/,.]  In  quadrupeds,  the  joint 
at  the  lower  extremity  of  the  tibia,  or  longest 
bone  of  the  hind  leg ; the  tarsus  ; — in  man,  the 
posterior  part  of  the  knee  joint ; ham  ; poples ; 
— written  also  hough.  Youatt.  Dunglison. 

HOCK,  n.  A white  Rhenish  wine,  from  Hoekheim, 
on  the  Maine,  Germany,  which  is  either  spar- 
kling or  still.  Simmonds. 

HOCK,  v.  a.  To  disable  in  the  hock; — written 
also  hough.  — See  Hough.  Johnson. 

HOCK'A-MORE,  n.  Formerly  the  name  for  Hock 
wine.  Hudibras. 

HOCK'— DAY,  n.  A festival  formerly  observed  in 
England  on  the  second  Tuesday  after  Easter, 
in  commemoration  of  the  destruction  of  the 
Danes  in  the  time  of  Ethelred.  Brande. 

HOCK'EY,  n.  A holiday  of  harvest;  harvest- 
home.  [Local,  Eng.]  Brande. 

HDCK'HERB  (hok'Srb),  n.  ( Bot .)  A plant;  the 
mallows.  Ainsworth. 

HOC'KLE  (hok'kl),  v.  a.  1.  To  cut  the  hough  off ; 
to  hough  ; to  hamstring.  Hanmer. 

2.  To  mow,  as  stubble.  Mason. 

HOCK'TlDE,  n.  The  second  Tuesday  after  Eas- 
ter. Crabb. 

HO'CUS,  n.  A cheat ; an  impostor. 

Just  like  that  old  formal  hocus,  who  denied  a beggar  a far- 
thing, and  put  him  off  with  a blessing.  South. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6, 


f IIO'CUS,  or  Ho'cys-po'cys,  v.  a.  To  impose 
upon  ; to  deceive  ; to  cheat.  [Low.]  L’ Estrange. 

HO'CUS  PO'CUS,  n.  [From  Oclius  Bochus,  a 
magician  and  demon  of  the  northern  mytholo- 
gy. Turner.  — A corruption  of  hoc  est  corpus. 
Tillotson.] 

1.  One  who  practises  tricks ; a juggler ; a 

trickster.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  A juggle  ; a trick  ; a cheat.  Hudibras. 

HOD,  n.  [Fr.  hotte,  a sort  of  basket  for  carrying 
any  thing  vipon  the  back.]  A trough  in  which 
a bricklayer  carries  mortar,  &c.  Tusser. 

HOD'DEN— GRAY,  ( n ^ woollen  cloth,  manu- 

HOD'DING— GRAY,  > factured  in  Scotland  from 
the  natural  fleece.  IF.  Ency. 

IIOD'DY— DOD'DY,  ii.  An  awkward,  foolish,  or 

ridiculous  person.  B.  Jonson. 

HOD<?E'p6d<?E,  n.  [Old  Fr.  hochepot.] 

1.  A medley  of  ingredients  boiled  together ; 

a mixed  mass;  hotchpotch.  Sandys. 

2.  A commixture  of  lands.  Johnson. 

f&fi-  See  Hotchpot  and  Hotchpotch. 

HOD^E'— PUD-DING,  n.  A pudding  in  which 
there  is  a medley  of  ingredients.  Shak. 

HO-DJ-ER'NAL  (ho-de-er'ii?!),  a.  [L.  hodiernus.] 
Of  to-day,  or  this  day.  [it.]  Ed.  Phillips. 

HOD'MAN,m.  ; pi.  hod'men.  1.  A laborer  that 
carries  hod  or  mortar.  Chambers. 

2.  A young  scholar  admitted  from  Westmin- 
ster school  to  be  a student  at  Christ  Church, 
Oxford.  Crabb. 

IIOD'MAN-DOD,  n.  1.  A shell-fish  ; — called  also 
dodman.  Bacon. 

2.  A shell-snail.  Johnson. 

HOE  (ho),  ii.  1.  [Fr.  houe  ; Ger.  haue.]  A tool  used 
in  gardening,  &c.  Mortimer. 

2.  (Scottish.)  Stockings  ; hose.  Simmonds. 

HOE  (ho),  v.  a.  [i.  hoed  ; pp.  hoeing,  hoed.]  To 
dig,  cut,  stir,  or  scrape  with  a hoe.  Mortimer. 

HOE'— CAKE,  n.  A cake  of  Indian  meal  baked  be- 
fore the  fire;  a johnny-cake;  — so  called  from 
being  sometimes  baked  on  a hoe.  [Virginia, 
&c.]  Bartlett. 

IIOE'ING,  il.  The  act  of  one  who  hoef. 

fHO'FUL,  a.  [A.  S.  hogfutt,  hofull,  or  hohfull; 
hoga,  care.]  Careful ; wary.  * Stapieton. 

f HO'FUL-LY,  ad.  Carefully.  Stapleton. 

HOG,  n.  1.  [W.  hwch.]  The  general  name  of 
swine.  Shak. 

2.  A castrated  boar.  Johnson. 

3.  [Nor.  Fr.  hogetz,  a young  weather-sheep.] 
A name  applied  in  some  parts  of  England  to  a 
sheep  a year  old,  or  to  a sheep  from  six  months 
old  till  being  first  shorn.  Halliwell.  Smart. 

4.  (Naut.)  A flat,  rough  broom,  used  for 

scrubbing  the  bottom  of  a vessel.  Simmonds. 

HOG,  v.  a.  1.  [Gerv hocken.]  To  carry  on  the 
back.  Grose. 

2.  To  cut  short,  as  the  mane  of  a horse,  so  as 

to  resemble  the  bristles  of  a hog.  Johnson. 

3.  (Naut.)  To  scrub  with  a hog,  or  flat  broom, 

as  the  bottom  of  a ship.  Johnson. 

HOG,  v.  n.  1.  (Naut.)  To  be  bent  by  a strain,  as  a 
ship,  so  as  to  be  highest  in  the  middle.  Wright. 

2.  (Man.)  To  hold  or  carry  the  head  down 
like  a hog. 

HOG'— COTE,  n.  A house  for  hogs  ; a hogsty  ; a 
hog-pen.  Mortimer. 

HOGGED  (hogd),  a.  (Naut.)  Noting  the  state  of 
a vessel  when,  by  any  strain,  she  is  made  to 
droop  at  each  end,  bringing  her  centre  up.  Dana. 

HOG'GyR-yL,  n.  [See  Hog.]  A ewe  two  years 
old.  [Local.]  Ainsworth. 

HOG'Gf.R— PUMP,  n.  The  top  pump  in  the  pit  of 
a mine.  Simmonds. 

IIOG'GER§,  n.  pi.  Stockings  without  feet,  worn 
by  coal  miners  when  at  work.  Simmonds. 

HOG'eyT,  n.  [Nor.  Fr.  hogetz.] 

1.  A sheep  of  two  years  old.  Skinner. 

2.  A colt  of  a year  old.  [Local,  Eng.]  Grose. 

IIOG'GING,  n.  1.  Screened  or  sifted  gravel.  Smart. 


, U,  Y,  short , A,  5,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure ; fAre, 


2.  (Naut.)  The  appearance  of  a ship  when 
the  centre  is  raised  by  a strain  so  as  to  resem- 
ble the  back  of  a hog.  Ogilrie. 

HOG'GISH,  a.  Having  the  qualities  of  a hog; 
like  a hog ; swinish  ; brutish  ; selfish.  Sidney. 

HOG'GjSH-LY,  ad.  In  the  manner  of  a hog; 
like  a hog  ;’ greedily  ; selfishly.  Gascoigne. 

HOG'GISH-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  hoggish; 
brutality  ; greedishness  ; selfishness.  Johnson. 

t HOGH  (ho),  n.  A hill ; a cliff.  Spenser. 

IIOG'HERD,  n.  A keeper  of  hogs.  Browne. 

HOG'— LOUSE,  n.  (Ent.)  A species  of  insect.  Ash. 

HOG '-MEAT,  n.  The  root  of  the  Boerhaavia  de- 
cumbcns;  — so  called  in  Jamaica.  Eng.  Cyc. 

HOG'— NUT,  n.  (Bot.)  A species  of  Juqlans,  or 
walnut;  pig-nut;  broom  hickory;  Juglans  gla- 
bra. Loudon. 

IIO'GO , n.  [Corrupted  from  Fr. /taut  gout.]  High 
flavor  ; strong  scent.  [Low.]  Griffith. 

HOG'— PEN,  n.  An  enclosure  for  hogs  ; a hogsty. 

IIOG'-PLUM,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants  ; Spon- 
dias.  Loudon. 

IIOG'— RING- f,R,  n.  One  rvho  puts  rings  in  the 
snouts  of  hogs.  [Colloquial.]  Todd. 

HOG’^'BEAN  (hogz'ben),  n.  A plant.  Ainsworth. 

HOG’Sj'BRE  AD  (hogz'bred),  n.  A plant.  Ainsworth. 

HOG’§'— PEN-NpL  (hogz'fen-nel),  n.  A smooth 
herb,  three  or  four  feet  high,  with  a resinous 
juice  and  a strong  sulphurous  smell ; sulphur- 
wort  ; Peuccdanum  officinale.  Eng.  Cyc. 

IIOGS'HEAD  (hogz'hed),  n.  [Dut.  oxhoofd ; Ger. 
oxhoft.] 

1.  A liquid  measure ; half  a pipe,  or  63  old 
wine  gallons,  or  52.5  imperial  gallons. McCulloch. 

2.  A large  barrel  or  cask  containing  from  100 
to  HO  gallons.  [U.  S.] 

HOG'— SHEAR-ING,  ii.  Much  ado  about  nothing. 
[A  ludicrous  word.]  Dean  Martin. 

HOG'— SKIN,  n.  The  tanned  skin  of  a hog.  Clarke. 

HOG’§'— LARD,  n.  The  tried  fat  of  hogs.  Booth. 

HOG’§'— MUSH-ROOM,  n.  A plant.  Ainsworth. 

f HOG'— STEER,  n.  A wild  boar  of  three  years 
old.  Cockeram. 

IIOG'— STY,  n.  A house  or  an  enclosure  for  hogs ; 
a hog-pen  ; a pig-sty.  Swift. 

HOG'— TROUGH,  or  IIOG’§-TROUGH  (-trof),  n.  A 
trough  in  which  swine  feed.  Oldham. 

IIOG'— WASH  (-wosh),  n.  Draff  given  to  swine; 
swill  for  hogs.  Arbuthnot. 

HOG'— WEED,  n.  1.  The  English  name  of  the 
genus  Boerhaavia.  Loudon. 

2.  A common  and  troublesome  weed  of  the 
garden,  fields,  &c.  ; Ambrosia  artemisiepfo- 
lia.  Wood. 

HOHL'SPATII,  n.  [Ger.  hohl,  hollow,  and  spatli, 
spar.]  (Min.)  Another  name  for  andalusitc,  or 
chiastolite.  Dana. 

HOl'DEN  (Jioi'dn),  n.  1.  [Ger.  heide,  heathen, 
pagan.]  + A rude,  ill-behaved  man.  Milton. 

2.  [W.  hoeden.]  An  ill-taught,  awkward,  coun- 
try girl ; a girl  of  rude  manners.  Swinburne. 

HOl'DEN  (hbl'dn),  a.  Rustic ; inelegant ; ill- 
mannered.  “ With  a / widen  air.”  Young. 

HOl'DEN  (hoi'dn),  v.  n.  To  romp  indecently. 

They  have  been  /widening  with  the  young  apprentices.  Swift . 

HOI'DEN-HOOD  (-liud),  n.  The  state  of  being  a 
hoiden.  Craig. 

HOI'DEN-ISH,  a.  Somewhat  like  a hoiden  ; rude  ; 
awkward ; ill-behaved.  Palmer. 

f If  OISE  (hols),  v.  a.  [See  Hoist.]  To  hoist ; — 
now  written  hoist.  Raleigh. 

HOIST,  v.  a.  [Ger.  hjssen ; Fr.  hausser.]  [i. 
hoisted;  pp.  hoisting,  hoisted.]  To  raise  ; 
to  lift;  to  heave.  “Shall  they  hoist  me  up  ?” 
Shak.  “The  sails  were  hoisted.”  Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Lift. 

HOIST,  n.  1.  Act  of  raising  ; a lift.  Gayton. 

2.  An  apparatus  for  raising  bodies.  Weale. 


FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER  ; 


HOIT 


689 


HOLLOW 


3.  (Want.)  The  height  of  a flag  or  ensign,  as 
opposed  to  the  fly,  or  breadth  from  the  staff  to 
• the  outer  edge.  Wright. 

f HOIT,  V.  n.  [Icel.  hauta .]  To  leap  ; to  caper. 

He  lives  at  home  and  sings  and  holts.  Beau,  FI. 

HOl'TY— TOI'TY,  a.  [From  hoit.]  Thoughtless  ; 
giddy  ; flighty.  Guardian. 

HOl'TY— TOI'TY,  interj.  Noting  surprise  ; — 
written  also  hity-tity.  Congreve. 

HOKE'-DAy,  n.  See  Hock-day.  Buchanan. 

f IlO'Kf.R-LY,  ad.  Scornfully;  disdainfully.  “An- 
swer hokerly  and  angrily.”  Chaucer. 

HOL'CAD,  n.  [Gr.  b/.na;,  bhcabo;.]  A Greek  ship 
of  burden.  Smart. 

HOL  ' CUS,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  e7kw,  to  draw.]  ( Bot .) 
A genus  of  perennial  grasses  ; soft-grass. 

Farm.  Ency. 

HOLD,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  healdan  ; Hut.  houden  ; Frs. 
halde  ; Ger.  flatten  ; Dan.  holcle  ; Sw.  halla ; Icel. 
hal/da.]  [i.  held  ; pp.  holding,  held  or 
Holden.  — Held  is  much  the  more  common, 
but  holden  is  generally  used  in  legal  forms  ; as, 
“ The  court  was  holden.”~\ 

1.  To  have  or  grasp  in  the  hand  ; to  gripe  ; to 
clutch.  “ Hold  him  in  thine  hand.”  Gen.  xxi.  18. 

2.  To  keep  possession  of ; to  possess  ; to  re- 
tain. 

Prove  all  things;  hold  fast  that  which  is  good.  2 Thess.v.  21. 

Holding  Corioli  in  the  name  of  Rome.  Shak. 

3.  To  hinder  from  escaping ; to  keep  in  con- 
finement ; to  restrain  ; to  confine ; to  detain. 

For  this  infernal  pit  shall  never  hold 

Celestial  spirits  in  bondage.  - Milton. 

4.  To  connect ; to  fasten  ; to  bind;  to  unite. 

The  loops  held  one  curtain  to  another.  Ex.  xxxvi.  12. 

5.  To  suspend ; to  stop ; to  stay. 

We  cannot  hold  mortality’s  strong  hand.  Shak. 

6.  To  have,  as  a position  or  station  ; to  occupy. 

The  star  that  bids  the  shepherd  fold 

Now  the  top  of  heaven  doth  hold.  Milton. 

7.  To  keep -up;  to  prosecute;  to  continue; 

to  sustain  ; to  maintain  ; to  support.  “ Able  to 
hold  all  arguments.”  Bacon. 

Seed-time  and  harvest,  heat  and  hoary  frost, 

Shall  hold,  their  course.  Milton. 

A while  discourse  they  hold.  Milton. 

8.  To  adopt  or  embrace,  as  an  opinion. 

Hold  the  traditions  which  ye  have  been  taught.  2 Thess.  ii.  15. 

9.  To  consider  ; to  regard ; to  esteem ; to 
judge  ; to  think  ; to  count ; to  reckon. 

For  all  hold  John  as  a prophet.  Matt.  xxi.  26. 

10.  To  receive  and  keep,  as  a vessel. 

She  tempers  dulcet' creams;  nor  these  to  hold 
Wants  her  fit  vessels  pure.  Milton. 

Broken  cisterns,  that  can  hold  no  water.  Jer.  ii.  13. 

11.  To  have  capacity  to  receive  and  retain  ; 
as,  “ A barrel  holds  thirty-two  gallons.” 

12.  To  celebrate  ; to  solemnize.  “ He  held  a 

feast  in  his  house.”  1 Sam.  xxv.  36. 

13.  To  convene  in  session  ; to  assemble. 

The  queen  this  day  here  holds  her  Parliament.  Shak. 

To  hold  a candle  to , to  wait  on  in  a subordinate  ca- 
pacity. “ He  was  not  fit  to  hold  a candle  to  him.”  J\T. 
Brit.  Rev.  — To  hold  forth , to  offer  ; to  exhibit  ; to 
propose.  “ Observe  the  connection  of  ideas  which 
books  hold  forth.”  Locke.  — To  hold  in,  to  restrain  ; to 
check.  — To  hold  off,  to  keep  at  a distance.  “ Absence 
does  but  hold  off  a friend  to  make  one  see  him  truly.” 
Pope.  — To  hold  on,  to  push  forward  ; to  continue. 
“ Holding  on  his  course.”  Knollcs. — To  hold  out,  to 
extend  ; to  offer  : — to  continue  to  do  or  to  suffer.  “ He 
cannot  long  hold  out  these  pangs.”  Shak.  — To  hold 
one's  own,  to  maintain  one’s  position. — To  hold  the 
tun  true,  or,  to  hold  one's  peace,  to  keep  silence. — To 
hold  up,  to  raise  aloft:  — to  sustain  ; to  support. 

Syn.  — To  hold  is  a generic  term  variously  applied 
in  both  a natural  and  a moral  sense.  A person  holds 
by  physical  or  bodily  strength,  holds  in  the  mind,  holds 
by  having  bodily  or  mental  capacity  ; and  a vessel 
holds  liquids  and  other  substances.  A person  may  be 
held , kept,  restrained,  detained,  or  retained.  He  is  held 
by  force  against  his  will,  kept  in  prison,  restrained 
from  escaping,  detained  by  business,  and  retained  while 
others  are  dismissed.  A person  may  be  said  to  retain 
an  office  which  he  has  long  held,  and  to  keep  his  situ- 
ation : — to  hold,  occupy,  or  possess  an  estate,  or  to 
hold  it  for  himself  or  for  others  : — to  hold,  maintain, 
or  support  an  opinion  ; and  to  maintain  and  support  by 
argument  the  opinions  which  he  holds. 

HOLD,  v.  ft.  1.  To  continue  firm  or  unbroken  in 
the  parts  ; as,  “ The  rope  will  hold.” 


2.  To  continue  without  variation  ; to  persist ; 
to  remain  ; to  last ; to  endure. 

He  did  not  hold  in  this  mind  long.  L' Estrange. 

This  observation  holds  good  of  all  governments.  Addison. 

3.  To  refrain  ; to  abstain ; to  forbear. 

His  dauntless  heart  would  fain  have  held 

From  weeping,  but  liis  eyes  rebelled.  Dryden. 

4.  To  remain  attached ; to  adhere  ; to  stick. 

“ If  they  hold  to  their  principles.”  Ilale. 

5.  To  derive  right  or  title  ; to  be  derived. 

My  crown  is  absolute,  and  holds  of  none.  Dryden. 

6.  To  think ; to  have  an  opinion ; to  believe. 

Men  hold  and  profess,  without  ever  having  examined.  Locke. 

7.  To  stand  ; to  be  right ; to  prove  good. 

In  words  as  fashions  the  same  rule  will  hold , 

Alike  fantastic,  if  too  new  or  old.  Tope. 

To  hold  forth , to  harangue  ; to  speak  in  public. 
I.' Estrange.  — To  hold  in,  to  restrain  one’s  self.  Jer. 
vi.  11  : — to  continue  in  luck.  Swift. — To  hold  off  to 
keep  at  a distance.  “ With  a perverse  coyness  we 
hold  off.''  Decay  of  Piety . — To  hold  on,  to  cling  to  ; 
as,  “ To  hold  on  to  a rope  ” : — to  continue  ; not  to  be 
interrupted.  “ The  trade  held  on  for  many  years.” 
Swift. — [To  stop  ; to  wait ; as,  “ To  hold  on  a min- 
ute.” Local,  U.  S.  Bartlett.]  — To  proceed.  “ Heheld 
on  till  he  was  on  the  point  of  breaking.”  L' Estrange. 

— To  hold  out,  to  last ; to  endure.  “ Truth  and  justice 
will  hold  out  when  all  fraudulent  arts  will  fail.”  Til- 
lotson.  — Not  to  yield;  not  to  be  subdued.  “The 
Spaniards,  sore  charged,  had  much  ado  to  hold  out.'' 
Knolles.  — To  hold  over,  to  hold,  as  land,  after  the  term 
has  expired. — To  hold  together,  to  remain  in  union. 

— To  hold  up,  to  support  one’s  self.  “ Some  few  stout 
minds  could  have  held  up  pretty  well  of  themselves.” 
Tillotson.  — Not  to  be  foul  weather  ; to  clear  up.  “ It 
may  hold  up  and  clear.”  Hudibras:  — to  continue  the 
same  speed.  Collier.  — To  hold  with,  to  cooperate  with  ; 
to  adhere  to.  Daniel. 

HOLD,  interj.  (or  imperative  mood.)  Forbear! 
stop  ! be  still ! “ Hold,  hold , for  shame.”  Shah. 

HOLD,  ft.  1.  Grasp ; seizure ; gripe.  “ Thou 

shouldst  lay  hold  upon  him.”  B.  Jonson. 

2.  That  which  holds  ; support ; stay  ; catch. 

If  a man  be  upon  a high  place  without  rails  or  good  hold , 
he  is  ready  to  fall.  Bacon. 

3.  A place  of  custody  ; a prison  ; — custody. 

They  put  them  in  hold  unto  the  next  day.  Acts  iv.  3. 

4.  A fortified  place  ; a fort;  a castle. 

He  shall  destroy  thy  strong  holds.  Jer.  xlviii.  18. 

5.  ( Naut .)  The  interior  of  a vessel  where  the 

cargo  is  stowed.  Dana. 

6.  ( Mus .)  A mark  of  prolongation  over  a 

note;  a pause;  — thus  [<^].  Moore. 

IIOLD'bAck,  n.  1.  Let;  hinderance;  obstacle; 
restraint-  Hammond. 

2.  The  iron  hook  to  which  the  breeching  is 
attached  on  the  thill  of  a carriage  for  the  pur- 
pose of  holding  it  back  when  descending  a 
slope,  or  of  moving  it  backwards. 

HOLD'iJR,  n.  1.  One  who  holds  any  thing  in  the 
hand.  “ Holders  of  the  ploughs.”  Mortimer. 

2.  One  who  holds  land  under  another ; a ten- 
ant. Carew. 

3.  A possessor.  “ A holder  of  stock.”  Johnson. 

4.  Something  to  take  hold  of  a thing  with  ; 
as,  “ A holder  for  a flat-iron.” 

HOLD'IJR-FORTH,  n. ; pi.  HOLDERSFORTH.  An 
haranguer  ; a public  speaker  ; used  in  dispar- 
agement or  contempt.  Addison. 

HOLD'fAST,  ii.  I.  A catch;  a hook.  Ray. 

2.  Support ; hold. 

His  holdfast  was  gone,  hia  footing  lost.  Mountayu. 

HOI.D'ING,  n.  1.  Land  held  under  another  ; ten- 
ure. “ Holdings  were  so  plentiful.”  Carew. 

2.  Influence  ; hold.  Burke. 

3.  f The  burden  of  a song.  Shak. 

HOLD'ING— O'VJJR,  n.  {Law.)  The  keeping  pos- 
session of  land  after  the  term  for  which  it  was 
let  has  expired.  Ogilvie. 

HOLD'STER,  n.  See  Holster.  Todd. 

HOLE,  n.  [M.  Goth,  holund;  A.  S.  hid ; Dut. 
hoi ; Ger.  hohle  ; Dan.  hide  ; Sw.  hell ; Icel.  hola. ] 

1.  A cavity ; a cave ; a hollow  place,  as  the 
cell  of  an  animal.  “ The  holes  of  the  rocks.” 
Isa.  ii.  19.  “ The  foxes  have  holes."  Matt.  viii.  20. 

2.  A perforation.  “ Jehoiada  took  a chest  and 
bored  a hole  in  the  lid  of  it.”  2 Kings  xii.  9. 

3.  A mean  habitation  ; hovel ; kennel.  Dryden. 

4.  A subterfuge  or  shift,  as  in  the  proverbial 
expression,  “ A hole  to  creep  out  of.”  Mason. 


HOLE,  a.  Whole.  [Obsolete  orthography.]  Chaucer. 

HOLE,  V.  11.  [l.  HOLED  ; pp.  HOLING,  HOLED.] 

To  go  into  a hole.  B.  Jonson. 

HOLE,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  holian.] 

1.  To  form  a hole  in  ; to  excavate.  Todd. 

2.  To  put  into  a hole,  bag,  or  pocket;  as, 
“ To  hole  a ball  in  billiards.” 

HOL'I-BUT,  n.  A fish.  — See  Halibut. 

f HOL'J-DAm,  n.  [Either  A.  S.  haligdom,  holy 
judgment,  or  of  holy  and  dame,  i.  e.  the  Virgin 
Mary.  Bailey .]  An  ancient  oath;  — written 
also  halidom.  Shak. 

HOL'I-DAY  (liol'e-da),  n.  [ holy  day.] 

1.  A day  of  some  ecclesiastical  or  civil  festi- 
val ; an  anniversary  celebration. 

In  memorial  thereof  [a  victory]  they  kept  that  day  as  one 
of  their  6olemn  holidays  for  many  years.  Knollcs. 

2.  A day  of  rest  from  ordinary  occupation  ; a 
day  appropriated  to  amusement. 

Suppose  you  had  a mind  to  persuade  Mr.  Maittare  to  give 
you  a holiday.  Chesterfield. 

The  holidays  are  considered,  in  England,  to  he 
those  days,  exclusive  of  Sundays,  on  which  no  regu- 
lar public  business  is  transacted  at  public  offices. 
They  are  either  fixed  or  variable.  The  variable  holi- 
days are  seven,  viz.  : Ash  Wednesday,  Good  Friday, 
Easter  Monday  and  Tuesday,  Holy  Thursday,  Whit 
Monday  and  Tuesday. 

Er\  ’ Often  written  holyday.  — See  Holyday. 

Syn. — See  Feast. 

HOL'J-DAY,  a.  1.  Befitting  a holiday  ; gay;  cheer- 
ful; merry;  lively;  jovial;  mirthful;  joyous. 

Now  I am  in  a holiday  humor.  Shak. 

2.  Adapted  to  a special  occasion. 

Courage  is  but  a holiday  kind  of  virtue,  to  be  seldom  ex- 
ercised. Dryden. 

HO'LI-LY,  ad.  In  a holy  manner  ; piously;  reli- 
giously ; with  sanctity.  Bp.  Taylor. 

HO'Ll-NESS,  n.  [See  Holy.]  1.  The  state  or 
the  quality  of  being  holy  or  free  from  sin ; pu- 
rity of  heart  ; sanctity  ; piety.  “ Continue  in 
faith  and  holiness."  1 Tim.  ii.  15. 

2.  The  state  of  being  hallowed  or  conse- 
crated ; sacredness  ; divineness.  Johnson. 

3.  The  title  of  the  pope.  Shak.  Addison. 

Syn.  — See  Religion. 

HOL'ING,  n.  [See  Hole.]  1.  {Arch.)  A pier- 
cing of  the  plates  to  receive  the  nails.  Brande. 

2.  {Mining.)  The  undermining  of  beds  of 

coal.  Brande. 

3.  {Agric.)  Act  of  digging  holes  or  trenches 

for  planting.  Simmonds. 

HOL-LA'  [hol-lo',  S.  W.  ; liol-la',  Ja. ; hoi-la',  K.  ; 
hol'la,  Sm.],n.  A shput ; halloo;- — a word  of 
command  to  a horse  to  stop.  “ His  flattering 
holla.”  Shak. 

HOL-LA',  v.  n.  [A.  S.  ahlowan , to  bellow  ; Fr. 
holer,  to  hoot.]  To  cry  out  loudly;  to  hollo; 
to  halloo.  — See  Hallo.  “ He  hollaed  but 
even  now.”  Shak. 

HOL-LA',  interj.  [Fr.  hold.]  A word  used  in 
calling  to  any  one  at  a distance;  halloo.  Shak. 

1]®=-  Written  also  holloa,  hollo,  and  halloo. 

HOL' LAND,  n.  Fine  linen,  originally  made  in 
Holland.  “ Finest  holland.”  Dryden. 

Brown  liolland.  is  a coarser  linen. 

HOL'LAND-ER,  n.  {Geog.)  A native  of  Holland  ; 
a Dutchman.  • Shak. 

HOL'LAND-iSH,  a.  Resembling  Holland,  or  the 
qualities  of  a Hollander.  Ann.  Reg. 

HOL'LAND§,  n.  A cant  term  for  gin  made  in 
Holland.  Todd. 

HOL'L^N,  n.  [A.  S.  holegn,  holen.\  The  holly. 
— See  Holly.  [Local,  Eng.] 

HOL-LO',  v.  n.  To  cry  out  loudly  ; to  holla  ; to  hal- 
loo. “ No  more  now  must  we  hollo.”  Beau.  § FI. 

HOL-LO',  ) (hpi_15')  [hol-lo',  S.  W.  P.  J.  F. ; 

HOL-LOA',  ) hsi'lo,  Sm.l,  interj.  [Fr.  hold.]  A 
word  used  in  calling  ; halloo.  — See  Holla. 

HOL-LO-BA-LOO',  n.  A loud  noise;  — written 
also  hullabaloo.  Ilalliwell. 

HOL'LOW  (hol'lo),  a.  [Aq.  S.  § Dut.  hoi ; Ger. 
hohl\  Dan.  huul;  Sw.  hala.\ 


MIEN,  SIR  ; MOVE,  NOR,  SON  ; 

87 


BULL,  BUR,  RlJLE.  — Q,  G>  9,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


IIOLLOW 


690 


IIOME-BUILT 


1.  Having  a void  space  within  ; not  compact 
and  close  ; not  solid  ; excavated  ; vacant ; void  ; 
empty.  “ The  hollow  ground.”  Shah.  “ Hol- 
low trees.”  Dryden. 

2.  Having  the  effect  of  sound  reverberated 
from  a cavity. 

Thence  issued  such  a blast  and  hollow  roar.  Dryden. 

3.  Not  sincere;  not  faithful;  false-hearted; 
treacherous. 

Who  in  want  a hollow  friend  doth  try 

Directly  seasons  him  his  euemy.  Shah:. 

IIOL'LOW  (liSl'lo),  n.  1.  A cavity  or  concavity  ; 
an  excavation.  “ The  hollow  of  a tree.”  Shah. 

2.  A space  between  hills  or  elevations,  or 

stink  below  the  surface.  “ This  gaping  hollow 
of  the  earth.”  Shah. 

3.  A groove  ; a canal.  “ The  main  hollow  of 

the  aqueduct.”  Addison. 

4.  A call ; a shout ; a holla. 

In  vain  their  frequent  hollows  echoed  shrill.  Gay. 

HOL'LOW  (hol'lo),  V.  a.  [A.  S.  ho/ian.]  [i.  hol- 
lowed;/)/). hollowing,  hollowed.]  To  make 
hollow  ; to  excavate  ; to  scoop. 

Trees  rudely  hollowed  did  the  waves  sustain 

Ere  ships  in  triumph  ploughed  the  watery  plain.  Dryden. 

HOI/LOVV,  or  HOL-LOW',  V.  n.  [A.  S.  ahlowan, 
to  bellow.]  To  shout ; to  hoot ; to  halloo.  — See 
Holla,  Hollo,  and  Halloo.  Dryden. 

HOL'LOVV,  ad.  AVholly  ; completely;  as,  “He 
carried  it  hollow."  [Vulgar.]  Carr. 

HOL'LOVV— EYED  (hol'ln-ld),  a.  Having  the  eyes 
sunk  in  their  sockets.  “ Hollow-eyed , sharp- 
looking wretch.”  Shah. 

HOL'LOVV— HEART'fD,  a.  Dishonest;  insincere; 
false-hearted ; treacherous.  Howell. 

HOL'LO  W-LY,  ad.  With  cavities  : — insincerely. 

HOL'LOYV-NESS,  )!.  1.  The  state  of  being  hol- 

low ; cavity.  “ Earth’s  hollownesses .”  Donne. 

2.  Insincerity  ; unfaithfulness.  South. 

HOL'LOVV’— NEVV'^L,  n.  (Arch.)  A perpendicu- 
lar opening  through  the  centre  of  a winding 
staircase,  the  steps  being  supported  only  by 
the  wall  at  one  end; — distinguished  from  a 
solid-newel,  which  has  the  outer  end  of  the 
steps  built  into  it.  Weak. 

HOL'LOVV— QTJol N (-kwbln  or  -kbin),  n.  (Arch.) 

A hollow  pier  of  stone  or  bricks  made  behind 
the  lock-gates  of  a canal.  Oyilvie. 

HOL'LOW-ROOT,  n.  (Bot.)  A tuberous  plant ; 
moschatel ; Adoxa  moschaitellina.  Wright. 

HOL'LOVV -SQUARE,  n.  (Mil.)  A body  of  foot- 
soldiers  drawn  up  in  the  form  of  a square,  with 
an  empty  space  in  the  middle.  Oyilvie. 

HoL'LOVV’— WALL,  n.  (Arch.)  A wall  built  dou- 
ble with  a cavity  between  the  parts. 

HOL'LOVV— VV’ArE,  n.  A general  trade  name 
given  to  various  articles,  such  as  cast-iron  kitch- 
en utensils,  earthen  ware,  &c.  Simmonds. 

HOL'LY ,n.  [A.  S . holegn,  holen.]  (Bot.)  An  ever- 
green tree,  with  prickly  leaves,  of  a rich  green 
color,  and  red  berries;  Ilex  aqiri folium.  Wood. 

HOL'LY-HOCK,  n.  [A.  S.  holi-hoc .]  (Bot.)  A 
tall  flowering  plant  of  the  genus  Althaea , com- 
monly cultivated  in  gardens  ; Althaea  rosea,  and 
Althaea  ficifolia.  Gray. 

HOL'LY— RO§E,  n.  A scentless  plant.  Ainsworth. 

HOLM  [hom,  J.  F.  Ja.  K.  R.  C.  Wr.;  holm,  S. 
P.  ; holm,  iS»).],  n. 

1.  [A.  S.,  Ger.,  6$  Dan.  holm ; Sw.  holme  ; Icel. 

holrni .]  A river  island ; an  islet.  Vaillant. 

2.  Low,  flat  land  near  a river.  Bosworth. 

3.  [A.  S.  holen,  holly.]  The  evergreen  oak  ; 

Quercits  ilex.  Spenser. 

HOLME§'ITE  (hom/.'it),  n.  (Min.)  A silicate  of 
alumina,  magnesia,  and  lime  ; — called  also 
clintonite.  Dana. 

HOLM'lTE,  n.  (Min.)  A species  of  carbonate  of 
lime ; — so  named  from  Mr.  Holme.  Brande. 

HOL'O-CAUST,  n.  [Gr.  bXoKavarov  ; '6Xoc,  whole, 
and  Kata,  to  burn.]  A whole  burnt-offering  ; a 
sacrifice  wholly  consumed  on  the  altar.  Browne. 

HOL'O-GRAPH,  n.  [Gr.  bloypaipo: ; o/.ot,  whole, 
and  ypd^oj,  to  write  ; L.  holographies. (Scottish 


Law.)  A deed  or  will  written  wholly  by  the 
grantor’s  or  testator’s  own  hand.  Chambers. 

HOL-O-GRApH  IC,  ? Relating  to  a holo- 

HnL-O-GRAl’H'j-CAL,  ) graph  ; written  by  the 
hand  of  him  from  whom  it  comes.  Chambers. 

HOL-Q-HE'DRAL,  a.  [Gr.  Sl.0(,  whole,  and  cboa, 
abase.]  '(Min.)  Having  all  the  similar  angles 
similarly  replaced.  Clarke. 

HO-LOM'E-TJUR,  n.  [Gr.  oXas,  whole,  and  plrpov, 
a measure.]  A mathematical  instrument  for 
taking  measures.  Simmonds. 

h6L-0-SU-R1''CE0US  (-rish'us),  a.  [Gr.  Uo<, 
whole,  and  L.  sericens,  silken.]  Covered  with 
thick-set,  short,  decumbent  hairs.  Maunder. 

HOL- O-THU' RI-A,  n.  (ZoOl.)  A genus  of  cylin- 
drical, elongated,  ecliinoderms  having  a coria- 
ceous integument.  Brande. 

f HOLP,  i.  & p.  from  help.  Helped.  Shah. 

f HOLP'EN  (hol'pn),/).  from  help.  Helped. 

HOL'ST^R,  n.  [A.  S.  hcolster,  a hiding-place.]  A 
case  for  a horseman’s  pistol.  Hudibras. 

IIOL'STIJRED  (hol'sterd),  a.  Bearing  holsters. 

HOLT,  n.  [A.  S.  holt,  a grove.] 

1.  f A wood  ; a grove  ; a forest.  Chaucer. 

2.  f A hill.  “ O’er  holt  and  heath.”  Fairfax. 

3.  A burrow ; a hole  ; a lodge. 

The  otter  burrows  under  ground,  and  forms  holts  or 
lodges.  Pennant. 

HO  LY,  a.  [A.  S.  halig  ; Dut.  % Ger.  heilig  ; Dan. 
hellig  ; Sw.  hclig .] 

1.  Pure  in  heart ; free  from  sin  ; immaculate  ; 
good  ; pious  ; religious  ; devout.  “ An  holy 
angel.”  Acts  x.  22.  “Holy  prophets.”  Lithe  i.  70. 

2.  Consecrated  ; hallowed  ; sacred  ; divine. 

“ In  the  holy  Scriptures.”  Rom.  i.  2. 

The  place  whereon  thou  standest  is  holy  ground.  Ex.  iii.  5. 

Holy  Alliance , a league  formed  between  Russia, 
Austria,  Prussia,  France,  and  England,  after  the  de- 
feat of  Napoleon  at  Waterloo  ; said  originally  to  have 
been  proposed  by  the  Emperor  Alexander,  for  the 
maintenance  of  justice,  religion,  &c.,  in  the  name  of 
the  gospel.  It  was  subsequently  connected  with  a de- 
termination to  support  existing  governments  through- 
out Europe.  Brande.  — Holy  of  holies , in  Scripture, 
the  innermost  apartment  of  the  temple  at  Jerusalem, 
in  which  the  ark  containing  the  tables  of  the  law  was 
deposited. 

Syn.  — Holy , pious,  devout , religious , S'lcrcrl , and 
divine  are  all  terms  which  have  a relation  to  the  Su- 
preme Being,  or  to  duties  due  to  him.  Holiness  is  both 
a divine  and  a human  quality  ; piety , devotion , and 
religion  arc  human  qualities.  A man  may  be  said  to 
be  holy,  devout,  and  religious',  the  Supreme  Being, 
holy  and  divine.  Holy  Scripture,  Sabbath,  angels, 
apostles  ; pious  Christian,  person  ; devout  man,  exer- 
cise ; religious  life,  education  ; sacred  writings,  obli- 
gation ; divine  nature,  service,  or  worship. 

HO'LY-CROSS-DAY,  n.  The  fourteenth  of  Sep- 
tember, on  which  a festival  is  kept  to  commem- 
orate the  exaltation  of  the  Holy  Cross  ; — called 
also  Holy -rood-day . Brande. 

f HO'LY— CRtJ-pL,  a.  Cruel  through  holiness. 
“ Be  not  so  holy-cruel Shah. 

HOL'Y-DAY  [hol'e-da,  S.  IF.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  Sm. 
Wb. ; lio'le-dii  or  hol'e-da,  K.~\,  n.  A day  of  some 
ecclesiastical  festival.  — See  Holiday.  Wheatly. 

The  compassionate  church  acting  on  the  attractive  princi- 
ple of  making  hoi  yd  ay  & and  holidays  synonymous.  Qu.  Rev. 

This  word  is  now  more  commonly  written,  as 
well  as  pronounced,  hbl'i-ddy  ; but  when  it  is  used  to 
denote  a day  consecrated  to  religious  service,  there 
seems  a propriety  in  writing,  and,  in  the  solemn  style, 
in  pronouncing,  it  ho'ly-day ; as  in  t lie  passage, 
“ With  a multitude  that  kept  holyday .”  Ps.  xlii.  4. 

HOL'y-DAY,  a.  Same  as  Holiday.  Shak. 

HO'LY— GHOST  (h5'le-gost),  n.  [A.  S.  haliq-yast.~\ 
The  Holy  Spirit.  Luke  i.  15. 

HO'LY— ONE  (ho'le-wun),  n.  1.  One  of  the  ap- 
pellations of  the  Supreme  Being.  “ I am  the 
Lord,  your  Holy-One.”  Isa.  xliii.  15. 

2.  A sacred  person. 

Though  by  holy-one  be  principally  meant  the  high-priest. 

Patrick. 

HO'LY— OR'D]JR§,  n.  pi.  The  character,  office, 
or  service,  by  which  a person  is  set  apart  or 
consecrated  to  the  duties  of  a clergyman  ; the 
Christian  ministry.  Brit.  Crit. 

HO'LY— ROOD,  n.  [A.  S.  halig,  holy,  and  rod,  a 
cross.]  The  holy  cross.  Oyilvie. 


805=  “This  word  [holy-rood],  as  applied  lo  the 
palace  in  Edinburgh,  is  pronounced  hol'y-rod.” 
Smart. 

HO'LY— ROOD— DAY,  n.  The  fourteenth  day  of 
September ; holy-cross-day.  Brande. 

HO'LY— STONE,  n.  1.  (Naut.)  A soft,  porous 
sort  of  stone  used  in  ships  for  the  purpose  of 
scouring  the  decks.  Simmonds. 

2.  A stone  with  a hole  through  it  naturally ; 
— supposed  to  be  a charm  against  witchcraft. 
[North  of  England.]  Halliwell. 

HO'LY— THlS'TLE  (-thls'sl),  n.  A plant  of  the 
genus  Ceytaurea ; the  blessed  thistle ; Cmtau- 
rea  benedicta.  Wright. 

HO'LY— THURSDAY  (ho'le-iliurz'dgi),  n.  Ascen- 
sion-day; the  39th  day  after  Easter  Sunday; 
the  next  Thursday  hut  one  before  Whit-Sun- 
day  ; — a festival  in  commemoration  of  Christ’s 
ascension.  Brande. 

HO'LY— wA'TpR,  n.  Water  consecrated  by  a 
Catholic  priest.  Shah. 

HO'LY— WEEK,  n.  Passion-week;  the  week  be- 
fore Easter.  Johnson. 

HO'LY— WRIT  (-rlt),  n.  The  Holy  Scriptures. 

HOM'AIyE,  n.  [L.  homo,  a man  ; Low  L.  homa- 
gium ; It.  omagio ; Sp.  homenage ; Fr.  hornmage .] 

1.  (Feudal  Law.)  The  ceremony  of  professing 
fealty  and  promising  service  to  a sovereign  or 
superior,  on  receiving  investiture  of  a fee,  or 
coming  to  it  by  succession  as  heir  ; fealty. 

Burrill. 

2.  Reverential  regard  ; reverence  ; deference  ; 
obeisance  ; respect ; duty  ; service. 

I sought  no  homage  from  the  race  that  write.  Pope. 

Syn.  — Homage  is  paid  to  princes  or  persons  of  su- 
perior endowments  : fealty,  to  sovereigns  ; duty,  to  all 
persons,  and  especially  to  parents  ; service,  to  mas- 
ters ; respect , to  superiors;  reverence,  to  persons  or 
^things  sacred  ; and  court  is  paid  to  the  great  or  to  su- 
’periors,  to  obtain  some  selflsh  object.  — See  Respect. 

HOM'AGE,  v.  a.  1.  To  reverence;  to  pay  honor 
or  respect  to.  [r.]  Heywood. 

2.  f To  cause  to  do  homage ; to  subject. 

To  her  great  Neptune  homaged  all  his  streams.  Cowley. 

HOM'A<?E-A-BLE,  a.  Subject  to  homage.  Howell. 

HOM'A-GpR,  n.  [Fr . hommager.)  One  who  does 
homage ; one  who  holds  by  homage.  Bacon. 

HOM'ARD§,  n.pl.  [Fr.]  Lobsters.  Simmonds. 

HOME,  n.  [M.  Goth,  haim ; A.  S.  Arm ; Ger. 
heim ; Dan.  Idem  ; Sw.  hem.) 

1.  One’s  own  house,  dwelling,  or  place  of 
abode  ; domicile  ; abode  ; residence. 

To  Adam  Paradise  was  a home : to  the  good  among  his 
descendants  home  is  a paradise.  Hare . 

2.  One’s  own  country. 

They  who  pass  through  a foreign  country  towards  their 
native  home.  Atterbunj. 

3.  The  place  where  a thing  abides  ; seat. 

Flandria,  by  plenty  made  the  home  of  war.  Prior. 

HOME,  ad.  1.  To  one’s  own  habitation  or  coun- 
try ; as,  “To  go  home" ; “To  return  home." 

2.  Pointedly  ; close  or  closely. 

This  is  a consideration  that  comes  home  to  our  interest. 

Addison. 

tfg-  It  is  used  in  composition. 

HOME,  a.  1.  Relating  to  one’s  country  or  dwelling 
place  ; domestic.  “ Home  commodities.”  Bacon. 

2.  Close  ; pointed ; direct ; severe.  Paleg. 

I am  sorry  to  give  him  such  home  thrusts.  StiUingJtect. 

HOME'— BORN,  a.  1.  Native  ; natural.  Donne. 

2.  Domestic ; not  foreign.  Pope. 

HOME'— BOUND,  a.  Directed  or  bound  home- 
wards. Coleridge. 

HOME'— BRED,  a.  1.  Native  ; natural ; home- 
born.  “ Home-bred  lusts.”  Hammond. 

2.  Domestic ; not  foreign. 

This  once  happy  land 

By  home-bred  fury  rent.  Phillips. 

3.  Not  polished  by  travel ; plain;  rude;  art- 

less ; uncultivated ; unpolished  ; uncouth.  “ Two 
home-bred  youths.”  Dryden. 

HOME'-BREWED  (-brud),  a.  Applied  to  beer 
made  at  a private  house  ; noting  beer  not  pur- 
chased at  a brewery.  Simmonds. 

HOME'— BUILT  (-blit),  a.  Built  at  home  or  in  one’s 
own  country.  Clarke. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long  ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  ?,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


HOME-DEPARTMENT 


691 


HOMONY 


HOME'-DE-PART'MENT,  n.  That  department 
of  the  executive  government  of  a country,  in 
which  its  interior  affairs  are  regulated.  Crabb. 

HOME'-DRIV-EN  (-drlv'vn),  a.  Driven  closely 
by  a blow,  as  a nail.  Clarke. 

HOME'— DWELL-ING,  a.  Dwelling  or  abiding  at 
home.  Clarke. 

HOME'-FARM,  n.  That  part  of  a farm  on  which 
the  mansion-house  and  principal  buildings  are 
erected.  • Simmonds. 

HOME'— FELT,  a.  Savoring  of  home  ; inward  ; pri- 
vate. “ A sacred  and  home-felt  delight.”  Milton. 

HOME'— KEEP-1NG,  a.  Staying  at  home.  Shak. 

HOME'LESS,  a.  Having  no  home.  Knox. 

HOME'— LIKE,  a.  Resembling  home.  Ed.  Rev. 

HOME'LI-Ly,  ad.  In  a homely  manner ; rudely; 
inelegantly  ; homely,  [it.]  Johnson. 

HOME'LT-NESS,  n.  1.  + Attention  to  duties  at 
home  or  to  household  affairs  ; care  of  home. 
“Wifely  homeliness.”  Chaucer. 

2.  Plainness  ; uncomeliness ; coarseness ; as, 
“ Homeliness  of  features.” 

The  homeliness  of  some  of  his  sentiments.  Addison. 

HOME'LING,  n.  A person  or  a thing  belonging 
to  home,  or  to  one’s  country. 

A word  treated  as  a homeling.  Trench. 

HOME'LY,  a.  1.  f Pertaining  to  home  or  to  the 
household. 

The  enemies  of  a man  ere  they  that  are  homely  with  him 
[they  of  his  own  household].  Matt.  x.  3fi,  Wicklijfe's  Trans. 

2.  Having  the  plainness  of  home;  coarse; 
not  elegant;  not  comely;  plain.  “A  homely 
house.”  Shak.  “ Homely  fare.”  Dryden. 

It  is  for  homely  features  to  keep  home; 

They  had  their  name  thence.  Milton. 

HOME'LY,  ad.  Plainly  ; coarsely  ; rudely.  Dryden. 

HOME'LYN  (hom'ljn),  n.  A kind  of  fish.  Ainsworth. 

HOME'— MADE,  a.  Made  at  home;  plain.  Locke. 

HO'MfR,  n.  [Heb.  “I?an,  a heap.]  The  largest 
Hebrew  dry  measure  of  capacity,  containing 
ten  baths  or  ephahs,  or  lliy  bushels;  — called 
also  chomer.  Lev.  xxvii.  16.  Gesenius. 

HO-MF.R'IC,  P a Relating  to  Homer  or  to 

HO-MER'I-CAL,  > his  style.  Pope. 

HOME'— SEC'Rp-TA-RY,  n.  The  secretary  of 
state  for  the  home-department,  or  secretary  of 
the  interior.  Wright. 

IIOME'SiCK,  a.  Ill  from  anxiety  to  be  at  home  ; 
longing  to  go  home  ; nostalgic. 

The  homesick  passion  which  the  negro  fears  .-'Montgomery. 

HOME'SICK-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  home- 
sick ; nostalgia.  Barnes. 

HOME'— SPEAK- [NO,  n.  Forcible  and  efficacious 
speech  ; speech  directly  to  the  point.  “ Plain 
and  impartial  home-speaking .”  Milton. 

HOME'SPUN,  a.  1.  Spun  or  wrought  at  home; 
home-made.  “ Homespun  wares.”  Addison. 

2.  Plain  ; coarse ; homely  ; rude  ; inelegant. 
“Our  homespun  English  proverb.”  Dryden. 
“ Our  homespun  authors.”  Addison. 

HOME'SPUN,  n.  A rude,  untaught,  rustic  per- 
son ; a coarse,  awkward  fellow,  [r.]  Shak. 

HOME'STAll,  n.  The  place  of  the  house  ; home- 
stead. Somerville. 

IIOME'STEAD  (-sted),  n.  [A.  S.  ham-stede ; ham, 
home,  and  stede,  a place.]  The  place  of  the 
house;  a mansion-house  with  adjoining  land; 
homestall.  “ House  and  homestead.”  Dryden. 

HOME'WARD,  a.  Being  in  the  direction  of  home  ; 
being  toward  one’s  home.  W.  Irving. 

HOME'WARD,  £ arj  Towards  home ; towards 

HOME'WARD^,  > the  native  place.  Sidney. 

The  ploughman  homeward  plods  his  wear y way.  Gray. 

HOME'WARD-BOUND,  a.  Returning  homeward  ; 
as,  “ A homeward-bound  vessel.” 

HOM-I-OI'DAL,  a.  Relating  to  homicide  or  man- 
killing ; murderous.  Pope. 

HOM'I-CIDE,  n.  1.  [L.  homicidivm ; homo,  a 
man,ande«efo,tokill.]  (Law.)  The  killing  of  a 


man  by  the  hand  of  man  ; manslaughter.  Hom- 
icide is  of  three  kinds,  justifiable,  excusable, 
and  felonious,  — the  last  being  either  man- 
slaughter or  murder.  Burrill. 

2.  [L.  homicida  ; It.  omicida  ; Fr.  homicide .] 
One  who  kills  a man  ; a manslayer.  “ Hector 
. . . the  homicide.”  Dryden. 

f HOM'I-FORM,  a.  [L.  homo,  a man,  and  forma, 
form.]  Having  the  form  of  a man.  Cudivorth. 

HOM-I-LET'JC,  ) [Gr.  bfjtl.trixS^,  social ; 

HoM-I-LET'I-CAL,  > bythtui,  to  hold  converse.] 
Relating  to  homilies  ; hortatory.  Atterbury. 

HOM-I-LET'ICS,  n.  pi.  The  art  of  preaching; 
the  art  of  delivering  hofnilies.  Brit.  Crit. 

HOM'I-LIST,  n.  One  who  preaches  to  a congre- 
gation. Beau.  Sj  FI. 

HOM'I-LY,  n.  [Gr.  bythin  ; It.  omelia  ; Sp . homi- 
lia;  Fr.  homelie .]  ( Theol .)  A religious  dis- 
course ; a sermon.  Hammond. 

#£f-In  the  Church  of  England,  the  term  homily  is 
applied  to  one  of  the  two  series  of  plain  discourses 
called  the  First  and  Second  Books  of  Homilies,  the  for- 
mer of  which,  ascribed  to  Cranmer,  appeared  in  1547  ; 
the  latter,  said  to  he  by  Jewell,  in  15612.  They  werei 
originally  designed  to  supply  the  defects  of  some  of' 
the  clergy,  and  were  appointed  to  be  read  in  the 
churches,  unless  there  were  a sermon.  P.  Cyc. 

HOM'I-NY,  n.  [“Roger  Williams,  in  his  Key  to 
the  Indian  Language,  has  the  word  aupuminea, 
parched  corn.”  Bartlett .] 

1.  Food  made  of  maize  or  Indian  corn  boiled, 

the  maize  being  either  coarsely  ground  or  bro- 
ken, or  the  kernel  merely  hulled.  Flint. 

2.  Coarse  Indian  corn  meal.  Simmonds. 

fKjf-  Written  also  homony,  and  hommony. 

HOM'MOCK,  n.  A hillock,  or  small  protuberance 
of  the  earth ; — written  also  hummock.  Crabb. 

HO  'A/O,  n.  [L.]  (Zoiil.)  Man. 

HO'MO— , [Gr.  byit,  one  and  the  same.]  A prefix, 
used  in  composition  to  denote  resemblance, 
and  thus  opposed  to  hetero-,  which  indicates  dif- 
ference. Braude. 

HO-MO-CEN'TRIC,  a.  [Gr.  byig,  the  same,  and  tciv- 
rfior,  centre.]  Having  the  same  centre.  Maunder. 

HO-MO-CER'CAL,  a.  [Gr.  bybg,  the  same,  and 
Klyxog,  a tail.]  (Ich.)  Noting  those  fishes  which 
have  the  lobes  of  the  tail  of  equal  size  above 
and  below  ; — opposed  to  heterocercal.  Agassiz. 

HO-MOCH'RO-MOUS,  or  HOM-O-CHRO'MOUS,  a. 
[Gr.  by6g,  the  same,  and  ^pwpu,  color.]  (But.) 
Having  the  flowerets  in  the  same  flower-head  of 
the  same  color.  Brande. 

HO1  MtE-O-ME ' RI-A  (ho-me-o-me're-j),  n.  [L., 
from  Gr.  byotoyipua  ; oyotog,  like,  and  ytpog,  a 
part.]  Homogeneousness  of  the  elements  or 
first  principles  ; a likeness  of  parts.  Walker. 

f HO-MCE-O-MER'JC,  l a Having  sameness 

f HO-MCE-O-MER'J-CAL,  ) of  parts  ; maintaining 
the  doctrine  of  sameness  of  parts.  Chambers. 

f IIO-MCE-OM'E-TRY,  ii.  II o m a: omerid.  Cudivorth. 

HO-MCE-O-PATH'TC,  ? a.  Relating  to  homee- 

HO-MCE-O-PAtH'I-CAL,  ) opathy.  Brande. 

HO-MCE-O-PATH'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a homoeo- 
pathic manner.  Dr.  Cogswell. 

HO-MCE-OP'A-THIST,  n.  One  who  is  versed  in, 
or  who  practises,  homoeopathy.  Month.  Rev. 

HO-MCE-OP'A-THY  [ho-me-opVthe,  Sm.  C.  O. 
Wb.  Dunglison ],  n.  [Gr.  hnoionaOtia,  likeness  of 
condition  ; oyotog,  like,  and  miSog,  suffering ; Fr. 
homoeopathic.']  (Med.)  The  art  of  curing,  found- 
ed on  resemblances,  or  by  inducing  similar  dis- 
eases ; — the  doctrine  of  Dr.  Hahnemann,  that 
diseases  are  cured  by  medicines  which  have  the 
power  to  cause  similar  diseases  in  healthy  per- 
sons ; or  the  doctrine  that  similia  similibus 
curantur,  “ like  is  cured  by  like  ” ; — opposed 
to  hetcropathy,  or  allopathy.  Bell. 

HO-MOG'A-MOUS,  a.  [Gr.  bfg,  the  same,  and 
yayog,  marriage.]  (Bot.)  Having  a head  or  clus- 
ters with  flowers  all  of  one  kind,  as  in  Eupato- 
rium  ; having  only  hermaphrodite  florets.  Gray. 

h6M-0-GAN'GLT-ATE,  a.  [Gr.  bydg,  the  same, 


and  yhyyl.iov,  a tumor  near  tendons  or  sinews.] 
Pertaining  to  the  ganglionic  nervous  system  in’ 
animals,  and  the  symmetrical  arrangement  of 
the  ganglions.  Maunder. 

||  HOM'O-^ENE,  or  HO'MO-^ENE,  a.  [See  Homo- 
geneous.] Being  of  the  same  nature  or  kind  ; 
homogeneous ; homogeneal.  Hill. 

||  HO-MO-fjJE'N  p-AL,  a.  Homogeneous.  Newton. 

||  HO-MO-GE'Np-AL-NESS,  n.  Homogeneous- 
ness  ; homogeneity.  Todd. 

||  IIO-MO-G  p-NE'I-TY,  ii.  [Fr.  homogeneite.]  Ho- 
mogeneousness. More. 

||  HO-MO-GE'NF.-OUS  [ho-mo-ju'ne-us,  W.  P.  J. 
Ja.  R.  C.  I Vr.  ; ho-ino-je'nyus,  E.  F.  K.  ; hn-rno- 
ge'ne-us,  S. ; hom-o-je'ne-us,  Sm.],  a.  [Gr.  byo- 
ycvi 5s ; b/io s,  the  same,  and  yi.vog,  race  or  stock  ; 
L . homogenous;  It.  oinogeneo  ; Fr.  homogene.] 

1.  Having  the  same  nature  or  principles  ; cog- 
nate ; congenial ; — opposed  to  heterogeneous. 

2.  (Algf)  Noting  a polynomial  each  of  whose 
terms  has  the  same- number  of  literal  factors. 

||  HO-MO-GE'NIJ-OUS-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being 
homogeneous  ; participation  of  the  same  na- 
ture ; sameness  of  nature ; homogeneity.  Todd. 

fHO-MO<?'15-NY  [ho-mo<l'je-ne,  IF.  P.  J.  Sm.; 
lio-mog'e-ne,  S.  K.  ; hoin'o-je-ne,  Ja.],  n.  [Gr. 
byoyivtta.]  Joint  nature.  Bacon. 

h6m'0-GRAPH,  n.  [Gr.  byoypatplu),  to  write  in 
the  same  manner ; bydg,  the  same,  and  ypatpto,  to 
write.]  (Mil.)  A system  of  telegraphic  signals 
performed  by  means  of  a white  pocket  handker- 
chief. Crabb. 

HO-MOG'RA-PHY,  n.  The  art  of  reproducing 
copies  of  a printed  work,  engraving,  or  litho- 
graph. Notes  § Queries. 

HO-MOI-OP'TO-TON,  n.  [Gr.  byotitTruiros,  in  a like 
case ; oyoios,  like,  and  irrChoig,  a falling ; L.  ho- 
moeoptoton.]  (Rhet.)  A figure  in  which  the  sev- 
eral parts  of  a sentence  end  with  the  same 
case  or  with  a tense  of  like  sound.  Wright. 

HO-MOI-OU'SIAN,  a.  [Gr.  byoioboiog  ; oyotog,  like, 
and  ovaia,  essence  or  nature.]  Having  a simi- 
lar nature  ; — written  also  homousian.  Cudworth. 

HO-MOL'O-GATE,  v.  a.  [Gr.  b/jol.oylto,  to  agree  ; 
bydg,  the  same,  and  Uyw,  to  say ; Low  L.  homol- 
ogo, homologatus ; It.  omologare ; Fr.  homolo- 
guer .]  (Civil  Law.)  To  approve;  to  confirm; 
to  ratify  ; to  establish.  Lewis. 

H0-M6l-0-GA'T[0N,  n.  (Civil  Law.)  Approba- 
tion or  confirmation  by  a court,  as  of  an  award, 
or  a partition.  Burrill. 

HOM-O-LOG'I-CAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  homology  ; 
having  the  parts  corresponding.  Clarke. 

HOM-O  LOG'I-CAL-Ly,  ad.  In  a homological 
manner.  Brande. 

HQ-M0L'0-G0US,ra.  [Gr.  byiloyog,  agreeing  ; byig, 
the  same,  and  Liyo;,  proportion  ; Fr.  homologue.] 

1.  (Gcom.)  Having  the  same  proportion,  as 

the  corresponding  sides,  angles,  &c.,  of  similar 
polygons.  Davies. 

2.  (Zoul.)  Corresponding  in  structure  and 

position.  Owen. 

HOM'O-LOGUE  (-log),  n.  The  same  organ  in  differ- 
ent animals  under  various  forms  and  functions. 

HO-MOL'O-GY,  n-  [Gr.  byohoyla,  agreement.] 
That  department  of  anatomy  which  teaches  the 
essential  correspondence  of  the  parts,  either  in 
different  animals  or  in  different  segments  of  the 
same  animal,  and  also  the  correspondence  of 
the  parts  of  an  animal  with  the  ideal  archetype 
of  its  organization.  Brande. 

HOM-O-LON'O-TUS,  n.  [Gr.  byd ;,  the  same,  !i).o s, 
the  whole,  and  vurof,  the  back.]  (Geol.)  Noting 
a group  of  trilobites,  in  which  the  tripartite  char- 
acter of  the  dorsal  crust  is  wanting.  Pictet. 

HO-MOM'AL-LOUS,  a.  [Gr.  byoij,  together,  and 
yaD.dg,  a lock  of  wool.]  (Bot.)  Originating  all 
round  a stem,  as  leaves,  but  all  bent  or  curved 
round  to  one  side.  Gray. 

HOM-O-MOR'PHOUS,  a.  [Gr.  Mf,  the  same,  and 
yopiptj,  form.]  (Bot.)  Of  similar  form.  Maunder. 

HOM'O-NY,  n.  See  Hominy.  Boucher. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RlJLE.  — 9,  G,  9,  g,  soft;  E,  G,  9,  g,  hard;  § as  z ; y as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


HOMONYME 


692 


HONOR 


H(5m'0-NYME,  or  IIOM'O-NYM,  re.  [Gr.  bpihvuuos, 

' having  the  same  name,  ambiguous.  — See  Ho- 
monymy.] A word  which  agrees  in  sound  with 
another,  but  has  a different  signification  ; as 
the  substantive  bear  and  the  verb  bear.  Brande. 

HOM-O-NYM'IC,  ? a.  Relating  to  homonymy, 

HOM-O-NYM'J-CAL,  ) or  to  homonyms.  Harris. 

HO-MON'Y-MOUS,  a.  [Gr.  bpdvvpo; ; L.  homon- 
ymus.]  Having  the  same  sound,  but  differing 
in  signification  ; equivocal ; ambiguous.  Watts. 

HO-MON'Y-MOUS-LY,  ad.  In  an  homonymous 
manner.  Harris. 

HO-MON'Y-MY,  n.  [Gr.  bponmpla  ; bpd;,  the  same, 
iind  ovopa,  a name ; Fr.  hemonimie.]  Sameness 
of  name  where  there  is  a difference  of  meaning ; 
equivocation;  ambiguity.  Fuller. 

Ho-MO-OU  SIAN,  l [Gr.  bpoovaio;  ; bpdg,  the 

HO-MO-OU’SIOUS,  ) same,  and  oboiu,  essence  or 
nature.]  Having  the  same  nature.  Cudworth. 

HOM'O-PHONE,  7i.  A letter  or  character  express- 
ing a like  sound  with  another.  O gillie. 

HO-MOPH'O-NOUS,  a.  [Gr.  &/<<5v,  the  same,  and 
iu ivy,  a sound.]  ( Mus .)  Having  the  same  sound 
or  pitch ; unisonal.  Brande. 

HO-MOPH'O-NY,  n.  1.  Sameness  of  sound.  Brande. 

2.  (Mus.)  A singing  in  unison  ; — opposed  to 
antiphony.  Dwight. 

HO-MOP'TE-RA,  n.  [Gr.  bpd;,  the  same,  and 
-rtpriv,  a wing.]  ( Ent .)  An  order  of  insects  hav- 
ing two  pairs  of  wings  entirely  membranous  and 
deflexed,  and  the  parts  of  the  mouth  formed  for 
piercing  and  sucking.  Westwood. 

HO-MOP'TE-RAn,  n.  {Ent.)  One  of  the  order 
Homnptera.  Brande. 

HO-MOP'TE-ROUS,  a.  {Ent.)  Belonging  to  the 
order  of  insects  called  Homnptera.  Owen. 

HO-MOT'O-NOUS,  a.  [Gr.  5p< from;  ; bpd;,  the 
same,  and  nirog,  a tone  ; L.  homotonus .]  Equa- 
ble ; proceeding  in  the  same  tenor  from  begin- 
ning to  end  ; having  the  same  sound.  “ Homoto - 
nous  words.”  Cowper. 

HO-MOT  RO-PAL,  ? a [Gr.  bporponioi,  to  have 

HO-MOT  RO-POUS,  ) the  same  character ; hpdg, 
the  same,  and  rpo nog,  way  or  direction.]  (Bot.) 
Having  the  same  direction  as  another  part ; 
curved  with  the  seed ; curved  one  way.  Gray. 

HOM'O-TYPE,  n.  [Gr.  bpi is,  the  same,  and  rbnog, 
type.]  {Anat.)  The  correlative  in  one  segment 
with  any  given  part  in  another  segment,  or  in 
the  same  segment  of  one  and  the  same  animal. 

The  frontal  bone  is  the  homotype  of  the  super-occipital 
bone.  Brande. 

HO-MUW  CU-L&S,  n.  [L.,  dim.  of  homo,  a man.] 
A manikin ; a dwarf.  Sterne. 

HONE,  n.  [A.  S.  heenan,  to  stone.] 

1.  A sort  of  fine  whetstone  for  razors.  Tusser. 

2.  A kind  of  swelling  in  the  cheek.  Craig. 

HONE,  v.  a.  [i.  honed  ; pp.  honing,  honed.] 
To  sharpen  on  a hone.  Smart. 

HONE,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  hagian,  to  grieve.]  To  pine  ; 
to  whine.  [Obsolete  or  local.]  Burton. 

HON'fJST  (on'est),  a.  [L.  honestus-,  It.  onesto ; 
Sp.  honesto  ; Fr.  honnete. ] 

1.  Honorable ; creditable  ; reputable. 

No  manner  of  art  that  was  honest.  Sir  T.  Elyot. 

2.  Acting  according  to  a promise,  or  to  any 
obligation  express  or  implied  ; fair  in  dealing  ; 
upright ; true  ; sincere  ; just ; conscientious  ; 
virtuous. 

An  honest  man ’s  the  noblest  work  of  God.  rope. 

To  be  honest,  as  this  world  goes,  is  to  be  one  man  picked 
out  of  ten  thousand.  Shak. 

3.  Proceeding  from,  or  indicating,  upright- 

ness; upright.  “Honest  thoughts.”  “Honest 
kindness.”  Shak. 

4.  Chaste;  virtuous. 

Wives  may  be  merry,  and  yet  honest  too.  Shak. 

Syn.—  Honest,  a familiar  term,  implies  sincerity, 
and  it  is  applied  to  a person,  principle,  or  action.  Up- 
right implies  honesty  and  dignity.  An  honest  or  up- 
right man  or  intention  ; sincere  profession  ; true  state- 
ment; just  decision;  equitable  remuneration;  fair 
practice ; pure  heart ; virtuous  or  chaste  person  or 
conduct.  — See  Candid. 


f HoN'EST  (on'est),  v.  a.  [L.  honesto.]  To  adorn  ; 
to  grace  ; to  embellish.  Sandys. 

f HON'US-TATE  (on'es-tat),  V.  a.  [L.  honesto, 
honestatus.]  To  honor  ; to  dignify.  Cockeram. 

f h0N-ES-TA’TIQN  (on-),  n.  Adornment;  em- 
bellishment ; grace.  W.  Mountagu. 

HON'EST-LY  (on'est-)?),  ad.  1.  With  honesty  ; 
uprightly ; honorably. 

2.  Reputably ; creditably.  “ To  apparel  hon- 
estly.' ' Berners. 

3.  With  chastity ; chastely ; modestly  .Johnson. 

HOn'PST—  NATTERED  (oii'est-nat’yurd),  a.  Hav- 
ing an  honest  disposition.  Shak. 

HONE'— STONE,  n.  {Min.)  An  argillaceous  stone 
used  for  a hone  ; novaeulite.  Hamilton. 

h£)N'ES-TY,  (on'es-te),  n.  [L.  honestas ; Fr.  hon- 
net.ete.] 

1.  f Honor ; credit ; reputation.  Chaucer. 

For  the  honesty  of  your  shooting.  Ascham. 

2.  Quality  of  being  honest ; constant  adhe- 
rence to  truth  and  rectitude  ; probity  ; integri- 
ty ; uprightness  ; equity  ; justice  ; virtue  ; purity. 

“Honesty  is  the  best  policy”;  but  he  who  acts  on  that 

. principle  is  not  an  honest  man.  I Vhately. 

3.  {Bot.)  The  English  name  of  the  genus 

Lunaria.  Loudon. 

Syn.  — See  Rectitude. 

HONE'WORT  (-wurt),  n.  {Bot.)  The  English 
name  of  the  genus  of  plants  Sison  ; — so  called 
from  being  used  to  cure  a hone,  or  swelling  in 
the  cheek  ; — the  plant  Cryptotrenia  Canaden- 
sis. Loudon.  Gray. 

HON'EY  (hun'e),  n.  [A.  S.  hunig ; Dut  .honing-, 
Ger.  honig ; Dan.  honning  ; Sw.  honing ; Icel. 
hunang .] 

1.  A sweet,  viscid  substance,  collected  and 
elaborated  by  bees  from  flowers,  and  stored  in 
waxen  cells. 

Pure  honey  consists  of  a sirup,  or  uncrystallizable  sugar, 
and  of  solid  or  granular  sugar,  which  resembles  that  obtained 
ih>m  the  grape.  Brande . 

2.  Sweetness ; lusciousness  ; pleasantness. 

The  honey  of  his  language.  Shak. 

3.  A word  of  endearment ; darling. 

Honey,  you  shall  be  well  desired  in  Cyprus.  Shak. 

HON'EY  (hun'e),  V.  a.  [i.  honeyed  ; pp.  HONEY- 
ING, honeyed.]  To  sweeten.  Fawkes. 

HON'EY,  v.  n.  To  talk  fondly.  Shak. 

IION'EY  (hun'e),  a.  Having  the  nature  of  hon- 
ey ; sweet.  “ A honey  tongue.”  Shak. 

HON'EY— BAG  (hun'e-),  n.  The  stomach  of  the 
honey-bee.  Grew. 

IION'EY— BEE,  n.  A bee  that  makes  honey. 

HON'EY-BUZ'ZARD,  n.  {Ornith.)  A species  of 
hawk  ; Pernis  apivorus.  Yarrell. 

HON'EY-COMB  (hun'e-kom),  n.  1.  The  cells  of 
wax  in  which  the  bee  stores  her  honey.  Dryden. 

2.  (Founding.)  A cellular  or  porous  struc- 
ture in  castings  of  iron  and  other  metals.  Wright. 

HON'EY— COMBED  (hun'e-komd),  a.  Having  lit- 
tle cavities  ; alveolate  ; cellular.  Wiseman. 

HON'EY— DEW  (hun'e-du),  n.  1.  A sweet  sub- 
stance ejected  upon  the  leaves  of  plants  by  cer- 
tain insects  of  the  genus  Aphis.  Brande. 

2.  A kind  of  tobacco  which  has  been  moist- 
ened with  molasses.  Simmonds. 

HON'EY-EAT-ER,  n.  A bird  of  the  family  Meli- 
phagida,  and  sub-family  Meliphagince.  Gray. 

HON'EYED  (hun'ed),  a.  1.  Covered  with  honey. 

2.  Sweet,  as  with  honey.  Milton. 

HON'EY-ED-NESS  (hun'e-ed-nes),  n.  Quality  of  be- 
ing honeyed;  sweetness;  allurement.  Sherwood. 

IION'EY-FLoW-ER  (hun'e-fldu-er),  re.  (Bot.)  The 
common  name  of  shrubs  of  the  genus  Melian- 
thus,  natives  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  the 
blossoms  of  which  attract  bees.  Loudon. 

HON'EY-GNAt  (-nat),  re.  An  insect.  Ainsworth. 

HON'EY— GUIDE,  re.  (Ornith.)  A species  of  cuc- 
koo found  in  Africa,  noted  as  a conductor  to 
deposits  of  wild  honey  ; a bird  of  the  family 
Cuculidw  and  sub-family  Indicatorinre.  Gray. 

IION'EY-HAR'VEST,  re.  Honey  collected. Dryden. 


HON'EY— 1IEAV-Y,  a.  Clammy  ; viscid.  Shak. 

HON'EY-LESS  (hun'e-ISs),  a.  Being  without 
honey.  Shak. 

HON'EY— LO'CUST,  re.  A tree  cultivated  as  an 
ornamental  tree  and  for  hedges ; Gleditschia 
triacanihos  ; — called  also  the  sweet  locust,  triple 
thorn,  and  three-thorned  acacia.  Gray. 

h6n'EY-MONTII  (hun'e-munth),  re.  The  first 
month  after  marriage  ; the  honey-moon.  Tatler. 

IION'EY— m06n  (hun'e-mon),  re.  The  first  month 
after  marriage  ; honey-month.  Addison. 

IION'EY— MOUTHED  (hun'e-moutfid),  a.  Smooth 
in  speech ; persuasive.  Shak. 

HON'EY— PORE,  re.  (Bot.)  The  pore  in  flowers 
which  secrete  honey.  Loudon. 

IION'EY— SCALER,  n-  Pl-  (Bot.)  The  scales  in 
flowers  which  secrete  honey.  Loudon. 

HON'EY— STALK  (liun'e-stawk),  re.  Clover-flower. 
“ Baits  to  fish,  or  honey-stalks  to  sheep.”  Shak. 

HON'EY-STONE,  re.  (Min.)  A mellate  of  alu- 
mine.  Jameson. 

HON'EY-SUC-KLE  (hun'e-suk-kl),  re.  1.  (Bot.) 
A plant  or  ornamental  shrub  of  several  species, 
belonging  to  the  genus  Lonicera ; the  woodbine. 

So  (loth  the  woodbine,  sweet  honeysuckle. 

Gently  entwist  the  maple.  Shak. 

2.  The  flower  of  the  plant. 

Woodbine  that  bcareth  the  honeysuckle.  Barret. 

False  honeysuckle , the  English  name  of  the  genus 
Azalea.  Gray.  — French  honeysuckle,  a plant  having 
deep  red  or  white  flowers  ; Hedysarum  coronium.  Eng. 
Cyc. 

US f The  name  honeysuckle  is  derived  from  the 
habit  of  children,  who  draw  the  corolla  out  of  the 
calyx  and  suck  the  collected  honey  from  its  nectary. 
Eng.  Cyc. 

HON'EY-SUC-KLED  (hun'e-suk-kld),  a.  Covered 
with  honeysuckle.  Craig. 

HON'EY-SOC-KLE— FAT’TERN,  re. 

(Arch.)  An  ornament  bearing 
some  resemblance  to  a cluster 
of  the  unopened  petals  of  the 
honeysuckle.  Fairholt. 

HON'EY— SWEET,  a.  Sweet  as  honey.  Chaucer. 

HON'EY— TONGUED  (hun'e-tungd),  a.  Using  soft 
speech ; honey-mouthed.  Shak. 

HON'EY— WORT  (hun'e-wurt),  re.  (Bot.)  A plant 
of  the  genus  Cerinthe,  the  flowers  of  which 
have  great  attraction  for  bees.  Loudon. 

HONG,  re.  The  Chinese  name  for  a foreign  fac- 
tory at  Canton. 

Hence  tile  term  hong  merchants,  applied  to 
those  Chinese  who  are  permitted  to  trade  with  for- 
eigners. Hamilton. 

||  HON'OR  (on'or),  re.  [L.  honor-,  It.  onore  ; Sp. 
honor-,  Ex.lionneur .] 

1.  Esteem  or  regard  founded  on  worth  or 
opinion  ; reputation  ; repute  ; fame  ; glory. 

Honor  makes  a great  part  of  the  reward  of  all  honorable 
professions.  Adam  Smith. 

Honor  and  shame  from  no  condition  rise; 

Act  well  your  part  — there  all  the  honor  lies.  Pope. 

2.  High  rank  ; elevation  ; dignity  ; grandeur. 

I will  promote  thee  unto  very  great  honor.  Hum.  xxii.  17. 

3.  Due  veneration  ; reverence  ; respect. 

Is  this  the  honor  they  do  one  another?  Shak. 

This  is  a duty,  in  the  fifth  commandment,  required  to- 
wards our  prince  and  our  parent,  under  the  name  of  honor. 

Boyers. 

4.  Public  mark  of  respect;  homage;  token 

of  regard.  “ Funeral  honor's”  Dryden. 

5.  Civilities  paid,  as  at  an  entertainment. 

Then  here  a slave,  or,  if  you  will,  a lord, 

To  do  the  honors  and  to  give  the  word.  Pope . 

6.  Nobleness  or  loftiness  of  mind;  high- 

mindedness ; magnanimity ; integrity. 

True  honor  is  to  honesty  what  the  court  of  chancery  is  to 
common  law.  Shenstone. 

7.  The  obligation  felt  to  be  imposed  by  cer- 
tain conventional  rules  of  society,  or  the  regard 
paid  to  a compliance  with  them. 

The  law  of  honor  is  a system  of  rules  constructed  by  peo- 
ple of  fashion,  and  calculated  to  facilitate  their  intercourse 
with  one  another.  Palcy . 

8.  That  which  confers  regard  or  distinction  ; 

boast;  ornament. 

A late  eminent  person,  the  honor  of  his  profession  for  in- 
tegrity and  learning.  Burnet. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  E.  I,  Q,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


HONOR 


G93 


HOOP 


0.  Female  chastity.  Shak. 

10.  The  title  of  a judge  or  other  high  officer  ; 

— now  distinctively  given,  in  England,  to  the 
vice-chancellor  and  the  master  of  the  rolls. 

11.  In  whist  and  other  games,  one  of  the 
highest  trump  cards,  which  are  the  ace,  the 
king,  the  queen,  and  the  jack. 

12.  (Feudal  Law.)  A seigniory  of  the  nobler 

sort,  having  several  inferior  lordships  and 
manors  dependent  upon  it.  Burrill. 

An  affair  of  honor,  a dispute  to  he  decided  by  a 

duel. i point  of  honor,  a scruple  arising  from  deli- 

. cacy  of  feeling.  — Court  of  honor,  a court  for  regulat- 
ing matters  relating  to  the  laws  of  honor formerly 
a court  of  chivalry.  — Debt  of  honor,  a debt  for  which 
no  security  is  required  or  given  except  that  implied 
by  honorable  dealing.  — Honors  of  war , distinctions 
granted  to  a vanquished  enemy,  as  of  marching  from 
a town,  camp,  or  intrenchment  with  all  the  insignia 
of  military  etiquette. — On,  or  upon,  one’s  honor,  a 
form  of  protestation  for  the  truth  of  what  is  uttered 
or  declared  ; — used  by  members  of  the  House  of  Lords 
in  judicial  decisions. 

Syn.  — See  Glory,  Respect. 

||  IION'OR  (on'or),  v.  a.  [L.  honoro;  It.  onorare-, 
Sp.  h'onrar ; ‘ Fr.  honor er.)  \i.  honored  ; pp. 

HONORING,  HONORED.] 

1.  To  treat  with  reverence,  respect,  or  civility ; 
to  pay  respect  or  deference  to  ; to  hold  in  ven- 
eration or  regard  ; to  render  honor  to. 

Honor  thy  father  and  thy  mother.  Ex.  xx.  12. 

Honor  all  men. . . . honor  the  king.  1 Pet.  ii.  17. 

2.  To  raise  to  greatness ; to  dignify  ; to  exalt. 
If  any  man  serve  me,  him  will  my  Father  honor.  Johnxii.  26. 

3.  To  render  illustrious  ; to  glorify. 

I will  be  honored  upon  Pharaoh,  and  upon  all  his  host. 

Ex.  xiv.  4. 

4.  (Com.)  To  acknowledge  as  due  by  one’s 
signature,  and  to  pay  at  maturity,  as  a draft. 

II  HON'OR- A-BLE  (on'or-?-bl),  a.  [L.  honorabilis ; 
Sp.  iS;  Fr.  honorable.) 

1.  Worthy  of  respect  on  account  of  high  or 
noble  qualities  ; deserving  of  honor  ; free  from 
reproach  ; honest  of  purpose  ; magnanimous. 

He  was  honorable  in  all  his  acts.  1 Macc.  xiv.  5. 

2.  Having  honor  on  account  of  rank  or  high 
station  ; illustrious  ; noble  ; great. 

Kings’  daughters  were  among  thy  honorable  women. 

Ps.  xiv.  9. 

3.  Conferring  honor  ; making  illustrious. 

And  honorable  wounds  from  battle  brought.  Dryden. 

4.  Serving  as  a token  of  honor;  suitable  to 
one’s  worth  or  dignity ; betokening  respect. 
“ Vouchsafe  her  honorable  tomb.”  Spenser. 

An  honorable  conduct  let  him  have.  Shak. 

5.  Consistent  with  honor  ; proceeding  from 
an  upright  motive  ; reputable  ; as,  “ Honorable 
conduct  ” ; “ Honorable  courses.” 

6.  Not  to  be  profaned  or  disgraced.  “My 

chambers  are  honorable.”  Shak. 

In  England  it  is  used  as  a style  of  nobility,  or 
implying  noble  parentage.  But  privy  councillors  are 
styled  right  honorable,  whether  of  noble  birth  or  not. 

— In  the  United  States  it  is  prefixed  to  the  names  of 
those  persons  who  sustain,  or  who  have  sustained, 
high  public  office. 

||  HON'OR-A-BLE-NESS  (on'or-j-bl-nes),  n.  The 
state  or  the  quality  of  being  honorable.  “ The 
honorableness  of  the  employment.”  A.  Smith. 

||  HON'OR-A-BLY  (on'or-?-ble),  ad.  In  an  honora- 
ble manner  ; with  honor  ; reputably.  Bacon. 

||  HON-O-RA ' RI-fjM,  n.  [L.,  from  honor,  honor.] 
A fee  paid  to  a professor,  a physician,  &e. ; an 
honorary ; — originally  applied  solely  to  the  sal- 
aries of  the  great  officers  of  state  by  way  of  in- 
timation that  they  were  tendered  as  a mark  of 
honor.  Brande. 

||  HON'O-RA-RY  (on'o-rj-re),  a.  [L.  honorarius.) 

1.  Done  in  honor  ; made  in  honor. 

This  monument  is  only  honorary.  Adclison. 

2.  Conferring  honor  without  emolument ; as, 
“ An  honorary  degree  ” ; “ Honorary  rewards.” 

3.  Possessing  a title,  place,  or  position  by 
courtesy  ; as,  “ An  honorary  member.”  Craig. 

||  HON'O-RA-RY  (on'o-rj-re),  n.  A fee  ; a pres- 
ent ; feward  ; honorarium.  A.  Smith. 

||  HON'ORED  (on'ord),  p.  a.  Reverenced  ; digni- 
fied ; held  in  honor. 

||  HON'OR- JJR  (on'or-er),  n.  One  who  honors.  Pope. 


II  HON  OR— KIV'ING  (Sn'or-glv'jng),  a.  Bestowing 
or  conferring  honor.  Shak. 

II  HON-O-RIF'IC  (on-o-rlf'ik),  a.  [L.  honorificus  ; 
honor,  honor,  and  facio,  to  make.]  Conferring 
honor ; honorary,  [r.]  For.  Qu.  Rev. 

||  HON'OR-LESS  (on'or-les),  a.  Without  honor ; un- 
honored. Warburton. 

||  IION'OR-PolNT,  n.  (Her.)  The  point  immedi- 
ately above  the  centre  of  the  shield,  dividing 
the  upper  portion  into  two  equal  parts.  Craiy. 

HOOD  (hud,  51),  n.  [A.  S.  had  ; Dut.  held  ; Ger. 
heit.)  A suffix  signifying  state,  quality,  char- 
acter, condition  ; as,  knight/iootf,  childAoocf,  fa- 
ther hood.  Sometimes  it  is  written  after  the 
Dutch  form  ; as,  maidenAecuf.  Sometimes  it  is 
taken  collectively  ; as,  brotherAoorf,  a confrater- 
nity, sisterAoorf,  a company  of  sisters. 

HOOD  (hud),  n.  [A.  S.  hod,  a hood  ; Ger.  hut ; 
Dut.  hoed,  a hat;  Dan.  hcette;  W.  liet.) 

1.  A covering  for  the  head,  or  kind  of  bonnet 

worn  by  women.  Isa.  iii.  23. 

2.  A covering  for  the  head  and  shoulders  worn 

by  monks ; a cowl.  “ All  hoods  make  not 
monks.”  Shak. 

3.  An  ornamental  fold  that  hangs  down  the 

back  of  a graduate.  Johnson. 

4.  A covering  put  upon  a hawk’s  eyes.Johnson. 

5.  Any  covering,  as  a carriage-top,  a com- 
panion-hatch, sky-light,  & c.  Simmonds. 

HOOD  (hud),  v.  a.  [i.  hooded  ; pp.  hooding, 

HOODED.] 

1.  To  dress  in  a hood.  “ Friar  hooded.”  Pope. 

2.  To  blind  with  a hood,  or  as  with  a hood; 
to  hoodwink.  “ I’ll  hood  mine  eyes.”  Shak. 

3.  To  cover.  “ He  hoods  the  flames.”  Dryden. 

HOOD'^D  (hfid'ed),  a.  (Bof.)  Rolled  up  like  a 
hood  ; hood-shaped  ; cucullate.  Gray. 

HOOD'ING  (hud-),  n.  Apiece  of  leather  connecting 
the  hand-staff  and  swingel  of  a flail.  Simmonds. 

HOOD'Lf.SS  (hud-),  a.  Having  no  hood.  Chaucer. 

IIOOD'MAN— BLIND,  n.  Blindman’s  buff.  Shak. 

IIOOD'MOULD  (lifid'mold),  n.  (Arch.)  A band  or 
string  over  the  head  of  a door,  window,  or  other 
opening  in  an  ancient  building;  label.  Weale. 

HOOD'— MOULD-ING  (hud-),  n.  (Arch.)  The  upper 
and  projecting  moulding  of  the  arch  over  a Gothic 
window,  &c. ; — called  also  label-moulding , drip- 
moulding,  and  weather-moulding.  Weale. 

HOOD'-SIIEAF  (hud'shef),  n.  Among  farmers,  a 
sheaf  used  to  cover  other  sheaves.  Loudon. 

HOOD'WINK  (hfid'wlnk),  V.  a.  [i.  HOODWINKED; 
pp.  HOODWINKING,  HOODWINKED.] 

1.  To  blind  by  covering  the  eyes  ; to  hood. 

Satan  is  fain  to  hoodwink  those  that  start.  Decay  of  Piety. 

2.  To  cover ; to  hide.  Shak. 

3.  To  impose  upon  ; to  deceive.  “ Hood- 
winked with  kindness.”  Sidney. 

HOOF,  n.  [A.  S.  hof;  Dut.  hoef ; Ger.  huf;  Dan. 
hov  ; Sw.  hof\  Icel.  hofr.) 

1.  The  hard,  horny  substance  that  covers  or 
terminates  the.feet  of  many  quadrupeds. 

2.  An  animal ; a beast.  Wright. 

HOOF,  v.  n.  To  walk  or  move  as  cattle  ; to  foot ; 

as  in  the  phrase,  “ To  hoof  it.”  Scott. 

HOOF'— BOUND,  a.  Having  dry,  contracted  hoofs, 
as  horses  by  disease.  Farrier’s  Diet. 

HOOFED  (lioft),  a.  Furnished  with  hoofs.  Grexo. 

HOOF'LpSS,  a.  Having  no  hoof.  Dr.  Allen. 

HOOF'— MARK,  n.  The  mark  of  a hoof ; a track  ; 
hoof-tread.  Clarke. 

HOOF'— SHAPED  (hof'shapt),  a.  Shaped  like  a 

hoof.  Booth. 

HOOF'— TREAD,  ?».  The  tread  of  a hoof ; a track; 
hoof-mark.  Clarke. 

||  HOOK  (huk,  51)  [hok,  S.  W.  E.  F.  Ja.  K.  ; hfik,  P. 
J.  Sm.  Wr.  117;.],  n.  [A.  S.  hoc,  or  hooc  ; Dut. 
haak ; Dan.  huge  ; Sw.  hake ; Icel.  liaki.  — Heb. 
flSn.  — Nor.  Fr.  hoke.) 

X.  Any  thing  bent  so  as  to  catch  hold ; as, 
“ A fish-AooA  ” ; “A  pot-hook.” 

2.  An  instrument  to  cut  or  lop  with ; a sickle. 

Pease  are  commonly  reaped  with  a hook.  Mortimer. 


3.  The  part  of  a hinge  fixed  to  the  post,  and 
upon  which  a door  or  gate  hangs.  Johnson. 

4.  An  advantage  ; a catch.  Smart. 

5.  (Husbandry.)  A field  sown  two  years  in 

succession.  [Local.]  Ainsworth. 

By  book  or  by  crook,  in  one  way  or  another  ; by  any 
means. 

Watch,  therefore,  in  Lent:  to  thy  sheep  go  and  look; 

For  dogs  will  have  victuals  by  hook  or  by  crook.  Timer , 1590. 
— “Not  far  from  Peverell’s  Crosses,  in  the  parish  of 
Egloshayle,  [Eng.]  is  a moonstone  [granite]  cross, 
near  Mount  Charles,  called  the  ‘ Prior’s  Cross,’  on 
which  is  cut  a figure  of  a hook  and  a crook , in  memory 
of  the  privilege  granted  by  him  to  the  poor  of  Bodmin 
for  gathering  for  fire-boot  and  house-boot  such  boughs 
and  branches  of  such  trees,  in  his  contiguous  wood  of 
Dumnere,  as  they  could  reach  with  a hook  and  a crook , 
without  further  damage  to  the  trees.  From  whence 
arose  the  Cornish  proverb,  ‘ They  will  have  it  by  hook 
or  by  crook.'  " Notes  4'  Quei'ies , vol.  ii.  — “ The  origin 
of  this  proverb  lias  also  been  referred  to  a place  called 
the  Crook , in  the  bay  of  Waterford,  in  Ireland,  over 
against  the  tower  of  the  Hook  ; it  being  safe  to  gain 
land  on  one  side  of  those  places,  when  the  wind  drives 
from  the  other.”  Notes  4'  Queries,  vol.  xiii. — Qff  the 
hooks,  out  of  or-der.  Swift.  See  No.  3.  — On  one's  own 
hook , on  one’s  own  account. 

||  HOOK  (hfik),  v.  a.  \i.  hooked  ; pp.  hooking, 

HOOKED.] 

1.  To  catch  with  a hook  ; as,  “To  hook  a fish.” 

2.  To  fasten  with  a hook.  Johnson. 

3.  To  draw  or  entrap,  as  with  a hook.  Norris. 

4.  To  gore,  wound,  or  strike  with  a horn  ; as, 
“ To  be  hooked  by  a bull.” 

5.  To  steal.  [Colloquial,  U.  S.]  S.  Hoar. 

||  HOOK  (huk),  v.  n.  To  bend  ; to  be  curved ; to 
have  a curvature.  Smart. 

HOO ' KAH,  n.  A sort  of  tobacco-pipe  used  in 
the  East.  C.  P.  Brown. 

||  HOOKED  (hfik'ed  or  hfikt),  a.  1.  Bent;  curvat- 
ed  ; hamate.  “ The  claws  are  hooked.”  Grew. 

2.  Furnished  with  hooks  or  instruments  to 
cut  with.  “ The  hooked  chariot.”  Milton. 

||  HOOK'ED— BACK  (hfik'ed-),  a.  (Bot.)  Having 
teeth,  as  a leaf,  turned  towards  the  base ; run- 
cinate.  Ilenslow. 

II  HOOK'ED-NESS  (hfik'ed-nes),  n.  The  state  of 
being  bent  like  a hook.  Johnson. 

||  HOOK'JpR  (hfik'er),  n.  1.  The  person  or  thing 
that  hooks.  Todd. 

2.  A sort  of  Dutch  vessel ; — called  also/fOMJ- 

kcr.  Chambers. 

3.  A cant  term  for  a shoplifter.  Wright. 

||  HOOK'LAND  (hfik'ljnd),  n.  Land  ploughed  and 
sowed  every  year.  Crabb. 

||  HOOK'— NO^E  (lifik'noz),  n.  An  aquiline  nose; 
a hooked  nose.  Ash. 

||  IIOOK'-NO§ED  (hfik'nozd),  a.  Having  the  nose 
aquiline  or  curvated,  rising  in  the  middle.  Shak. 

||  HOOK'-PIN  (lifik'-),  n.  A taper  iron  pin  with  a 
hook  head  ; — used  by  carpenters.  Simmonds. 

||  PIOOK'Y  (lifik'e),  a.  Relating  to,  or  having, 
hooks ; full  of  hooks.  Huloet. 

HO  ON'  DEE,  n.  An  Indian  draft  or  bill  of  ex- 
change drawn  by,  or  upon,  a native  banker  : — 
a box  for  money.  Simmonds.  Brown. 

||  HOOP  (hop  or  Imp,  51)  [bop,  S.  W.  J.  E.  F.  Ja. 
K.  Sm.  Wr. ; lifip,  P.  Wb.),  n.  [A.  S.  hop ; Dut. 
hoop.) 

1.  Any  thing  circular  by  which  something  else 

is  bound  or  may  be  bound,  as  a barrel.  “A 

hoop  of  gold,  a paltry  ring.”  Shak. 

2.  A circular  piece  of  whalebone  or  other  ma- 

terial used  to  expand  the  skirts  in  female  attire  ; 
a farthingale  ; crinoline.  Swift. 

||  HOOP  (hop  or  lifip),  v.  a.  [t.  hooped  ; pp.  hoop- 
ing, hooped.] 

1.  To  hind  or  enclose  with  hoops.  “ A wine- 

cask  hooped  with  iron.”  Raleigh. 

2.  To  encircle  ; to  clasp  ; to  surround.  Shak. 

HOOP  (bop),  n.  1.  [A.  S.  hweop,  a cry.  — Fr.  liou- 
per,  to  call.]  A shout ; a hoop;  — written  also 
whoop.  “ With  hoops  and  hollas.”  Bp.  Parker. 

2.  A measure  containing  a peck,  or  a quarter 

of  a strike.  Grose. 

3.  The  bird  otherwise  called  lioopoo.  Ray. 

HOOP,  v.  a.  1.  To  drive  with  a shout ; — written 

also  whoop.  “ Hooped  out  of  Rome.”  Shak. 

2.  To  call  by  a shout.  Johnson. 


MIEN,  SIR; 


MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 


BULL,  BUR,  R,ULE.  — 9,  *,  soft;  £,  G,  g,  g,  hard;  $ as  z; 


as  gz. — THIS,  this. 


iioop 


HORN 


694 


HOOP,  v.  n.  To. shout;  to  make  an  outcry:  — 
written  also  whoop.  Chaucer. 

||  UOOP'fR,  n.  1.  One  who  hoops  casks  or  tubs  ; 
a cooper.  Martin. 

2.  ( Omith .)  The  wild  swan;  Cygnus  fonts. 

1 arrell. 

HOOP'ING-COUGII'  (liop'jng-kof'),  n.  A con- 
vulsive cough,  so  called  from  its  sonorous  in- 
spiration or  whoop ; pertussis;  — written  also 
whooping-cough.  — See  Whooping-cough. 

HOO'POO,  or  HOO'POE,  n. 

[Gr.  ezo^;  L.  upupa-,  Fr. 
huppe;  huppe,  tufted.]  (Or- 
with.)  A bird  of  the  order 
Passeres,  family  Upupidee, 
and  sub-family  Upupince, 
having  a long,  slender  bill, 
and  a tuft  of  feathers  on 
the  head;  Upupa  epops  of 
Linnaeus.  — See  Upupinje. 

Gray. 

II  HOOP'-SKIRT  (hop  or  hup-), 

w.  A frame-work  of  hoops  for  expanding  the 
skirts  of  a lady’s  dress.  Godey. 

HOO'SJIER  (ho’zher),  n.  A cant  term  for  an  in- 
habitant of  Indiana.  [U.  S.]  Hoffman. 

HOOT,  v.  n.  [W.  hwt.\  [i.  hooted  ; pp.  hoot- 
ing, HOOTED.] 

1.  To-  shout  in  contempt  or  in  sport ; to  yell. 
“Country  folks  who  hooted  after  me.”  Sidney. 

2.  To  cry  as  an  owl.  Shah. 

HOOT,  v.  a.  To  drive  with  noise  and  shouts.  Shah. 

HOOT,  n.  A shout  in  contempt  or  in  sport ; 

clamor;  noise.  “ Hoot  of  the  rabble.”  Glanville. 

HOOT'ING,  n.  A shout ; a clamor.  Cotgrave. 

HOOVE,  n.  A disease  of  cattle,  by  which  the 
stomach  or  paunch  is  inflated.  P.  Cyc. 

HOP,  v.  n.  [M.  Goth,  hup , the  hip  ; A.  S.  hoppcin  ; 
Dut.  huppelen  ; Ger.  h-ipfen  ; Dan.  hoppe  ; Icel. 
hoppa.\  [i.  HOPPED  ; pp.  HOPPING,  HOPPED.] 

1.  To  dance ; to  skip  ; to  trip. 

At  every  bridal  would  he  sing  and  hop.  Chaucer. 

I am  delighted  to  see  the  jay  or  the  thrush  hopping  about 
my  walks.  Spectator. 

2.  To  leap  ; to  bound  ; to  jump  on  one  leg. 

lie  could  hop  upon  one  leg  farther  than  I.  Goldsmith. 

3.  To  walk  lamely  ; to  limp  ; to  halt.  Dnjden. 

4.  To  pick  hops.  Ogilvic. 

HOP,  v.  a.  To  impregnate  with  hops.  Mortimer. 

HOP,  n.  1.  A dance.  Johnson. 

2.  A jump  ; leap  ; jump  on  one  leg.  Addison. 

HOP,  n.  [Dut.  hop  ; Ger.  hopfen.]  ( Bot.) 

1.  A climbing  plant  cultivated  for  its  flowers, 
which  are  used  in  brewing,  to  give  a flavor  to 
malt  liquors  ; Hamulus  lupulus.  Eng.  Cyc. 

2.  The  flower  of  the  Humulus  lupulus. Loudon. 

HOP'-BACK,  n.  A brewer’s  vessel.  Simmonds. 

HOP'-BAG,  n.  A coarse,  heavy  wrapper  used  for 
the  purpose  of  containing  hops.  Simmonds. 

HOP'-BlND,  n.  The  stem  of  the  hop.  Blackstone. 

HOPE,  n.  [A.  S.  hopa;  Dut.  hoop,  or  hope  : Frs. 
hoape  ; Dan.  hard) ; Sw.  hopp  ; Icel.  happ .] 

1.  Expectation  of  good ; desire  joined  with 
belief ; anticipation  ; trust ; confidence. 

Hope  springs  eternal  In  the  human  breast; 

Man  never  is,  but  always  to  be,  blest.  Pope. 

Auspicious  Hope ! in  thy  sweet  garden  grow 

"Wreaths  for  each  toil,  a charm  for  every  woe.  Campbell. 

2.  That  which  gives  hope  ; that  on  which  re- 
liance is  placed;  reliance  ; dependence. 

The  hope  of  unjust  men  perisheth.  Prov.  xi.  7. 

3.  The  thing  hoped  for;  object  of  hope. 

She  was  his  care,  his  hope,  and  his  delight.  Dryden. 

f H6PE,  n.  A sloping  plain  between  ridges  of 
mountains.  Ainsworth. 

HOPE,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  hopian.]  [i.  hoped;  pp. 
hoping,  hoped.] 

1.  To  live  in  expectation  of  some  good.  “I 

will  hope  continually.”  Ps.  lxxi.  14. 

2.  To  place  continence  in  another.  “ Let  Is- 
rael hope  in  the  Lord.”  Ps.  exxx.  7. 

Syn.  — To  hope  and  expect  both  imply  anticipation 
of  what  is  future  ; and  in  proportion  as  that  anticipa- 
tion is  desirable,  we  hope  ; in  proportion  as  it  is  cer- 
tain, we  expect.  A person  hopes  for  what  he  desires, 


and  expects  what  lie  thinks  is  likely  to  happen,  whether 
desirable  or  not. 

HOPE,  v.  a.  To  expect  with  desire;  to  long  for. 
“ I do  hope  good  days.”  Shah. 

HOPE'— DlJ-ijEItT'pD,  a.  Deserted  by  hope  ; de- 
spairing ; hopeless.  Clarke. 

IIOPE'FUL,  a.  1.  Full  of  hope;  expecting  suc- 
cess. “ Men,  of  their  own  natural  inclination, 
hopeful  and  strongly  conceited.”  Hooker. 

2.  Giving  hope  ; promising  good. 

What  to  the  old  cun  greater  pleasure  be, 

Than  hopeful  and  ingenious  youth  to  see?  Denham. 

HOPE'FUL-LY,  ad.  In  a hopeful  manner ; with 
hope.  “ We  may  hopefully  expect.”  Glanville. 

HOPE'FUL-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  hopeful ; 
state  of  expecting  some  good.  Wotton. 

HOPE'LpSS,  a.  1.  Being  without  hope;  having 
lost  or  given  up  hope  ; despairing  ; desperate. 
Alas!  I am  a woman,  friendless,  hopeless.  Shak. 

2.  Giving  or  inspiring  no  hope  ; promising 
nothing  pleasing. 

The  hopeless  word  of  never  to  return.  Shak. 

HOPE'Lpss-LY,  ad.  In  a hopeless  manner. 

HOPE'LgSS-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  hope- 
less ; desperation.  More. 

IlOP'ER,  n.  One  who  hopes'.  Swift. 

HOP'— FAC-TOR,  n.  A dealer  in  hops.  Simmonds. 

HOP'— GAR-DEN  (hop'g&r-dn),  il.  A garden  in 

which  hops  are  raised.  Todd. 

HuP'-GROUND,  n. . Land  appropriated  to  raising 
hops  ; hop-yard.  Miller. 

HOP'— HORN 'BE  AM,  n.  (Bot.)  A name  of  the 
American  iron-wood  ; Ostrya  Viryinica.  Gray. 

IIOP'ING-LY,  ad.  With  hope.  Hammond. 

IIOP'ITE,  n.  (Min.)  A transparent,  light-colored 
mineral,  containing  phosphoric  acid  and  oxide 
of  zinc,  with  a small  portion  of  cadmium  ; — so 
named  from  Prof.  Hope,  of  Edinburgh.  Dana. 

llOP’LlTE,  n.  [Gr.  birhirrjg  ; orrXa,  implements  of 
war.]  One  of  the  heavy-armed  infantry  in  an- 
cient Greece.  Brande. 

HOP’-OAST  (hop'ost),  n.  A kiln  for  drying  hops. 
[Kent,  Eng.]  Todd. 

IlOP'O-MY-THUMB'  (-thum),  n.  A very  diminu- 
tive person  ; a dwarf.  [Local.]  Halliwell. 

HOP'PER,  n.  [A.  S.  hoppere,  a hopper,  dancer.] 

1.  One  who  hops.  Tyrwhitt. 

^2.  The  box,  frame,  or  funnel  for  supplying 
corn  to  a mill,  fuel  to  a close  furnace,  &c.  Grew. 

3.  A basket  for  carrying  seed  ; — sometimes 

written  hoppet.  Grose. 

HOP'PpR— BOY,  n.  A kind  of  rake  moving  circu- 
larly, and  used  to  spread  meal  or  flour  for  dry- 
ing in  mills,  while  at  the  same  time  it  pushes  it 
towards  an  opening  in  the  centre,  through  which 
it  falls.  Craig. 

HOP'PER.^,  n.  pi.  A kind  of  play  in  which  per- 
sons hop  on  one  leg;  hop-scotch;  — commonly 
called  Scotch-hoppers.  Johnson. 

IIOP'P^T,  n.  1.  A hand  basket.  Halliwell. 

2.  A dish  used  by  miners  to  measure  their 

ore  in.  Halliwell. 

HOP'— PICK-IJR,  n.  One  who  gathers  hops. 

HOP'PING,  n.  1.  Act  of  one  who  hops  : a dance. 

2.  A meeting  or  assembly  for  dancing.  Brand. 

3.  The  act  of  picking  hops.  Ogilvie. 

HOP'PLE,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  hoppan,  to  hop  ; Dut. 
huppelen.  — See  Hobble,  and  Hop.] 

1.  To  tie  together  the  feet  of ; to  fetter,  as  an 

animal.  Grose. 

2.  To  manacle,  as  a prisoner.  Halliwell. 

HOP'PLES,  n.  pi.  Fetters  for  the  legs  of  horses 
or  other  animals,  turned  out  to  graze.  Brande. 

FIOP'PO,  n.  1.  A collector.  [China.]  Malcom. 

2.  A tribunal  that  has  in  charge  the  collec- 
tion of  the  revenue  of  the  government,  derived 
from  navigation  and  trade.  [China.]  Ljungstcdt. 

HOP'— POCK-pT,  n.  See  Hop-bag.  Simmonds. 

HOP'-POLE,  n.  The  pole  which  supports  the  hop. 

HOP'— SCOTCH,  n.  A game. — See  Hoppers.  Todd. 


HOP'— SET-TJR,  n.  A laborer  or  an  instrument 
employed  to  set  hops.  Simmonds. 

HOP'— VINE,  n.  The  vine  which  bears  hops. 

HOP'— YARD,  n.  Ground  in  which  hops  are  plant- 
ed ; hop-ground.  B.  Junson. 

IlO'ItAL,  a.  [L.  liora,  an  hour.]  Relating  to  an 
hour  ; horary.  “ Horal  orbit.  ’ Prior. 

HO'RAL-LY,  ad.  By  the  hour ; hourly.  Cockeram. 

HO'RA-RY  [lio'rj-re,  S.  IF.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  K.  Wr. ; 
lior'a-re,  Sire.],  a.  [L.  hor arias  ; hora,  an  hour  ; 
It.  orario  ; Sp.  horario  ; Fr.  horaire.] 

1.  Relating  to  an  hour ; hourly.  “ Horary 

predictions.”  Spectator. 

2.  Continuing  an  hour.  “ Horary  or  soon 

decaying  fruits  of  summer.”  Browne. 

HORDE  (Lord),  n.  [Tartarian.]  A migratory  na- 

tion, or  body  of  men,  like  the  Tartars,  who  ex- 
ist by  plunder  and  rapine;  a clan  ; a migratory 
crew ; a gang. 

His  [a  Tartar  duke’s]  horde  consisted  of  about  a thousand 
households  of  a kindred.  1‘urchas,  1017. 

HOR'Dp-INE,  n.  [L.  hordeum,  barley.]  A mod- 
ification of  starch,  constituting  about  fifty-five 
per  cent,  of  barley  meal.  Proust'. 

HOR-DE'  O-LfjM,  or  HOR  ' DE-  O-LUM  [lior-de'o- 
lum,  C.  Wr.  Dung li son ; libr'de-5-lum,  Sm. 
Brande],  n.  [L. ; dim.  of  hordeum,  barley.]  (Med.) 
A tumor  on  the  eyelid,  somewhat  resembling  a 
barley-corn  ; a little  boil  projecting  from  the  edge 
of  the  eyelid,  and  commonly  called  a stye. Brande. 

+ HORE,  or  IIOORE,  n.  [A.  S.  hure.]  The  old 
word  for  whore.  Todd. 

IIORE'HOUND,  n.  (Bot.)  A name  applied  to 
plants  of  the  genera  Marrubium  and  Ballota ; 
— written  also  hoarhound.  Gray. 

White  horeliound , common  horebound,  or  Marru- 
bium  vulgnrc.  — Black  liorehound,  or  Fetid  horehound , 
Balota  nigra.  Gray. 

HO-Rl'ZON  [ho-rl'zun,  S.  W.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sin. 
B.  C.  Wr. ; ho-rl  zun  or  lior'e-zun,  P. ; lior'e- 
zon  or  ho-rl'zon,  Wb.],  n.  [Gr.  bpi^uiv  ■ b/>i£u>,  to 
bound  ; L.  horizon ; It.  orizonte  ; Sp.  horizonte ; 
Fr.  horizon .] 

1.  A plane  which  is  a tangent  to  the  earth’s 

surface  at  the  place  of  the  spectator,  extended 
on  all  sides  till  it  is  bounded  by  the  sky  ; — 
called  the  sensible  horizon.  Brande. 

2.  An  imaginary  great  circle,  whose  plane 
passes  througli  the  centre  of  the  earth,  whose 
poles  are  the  zenith  and  nadir,  and  which  di- 
vides the  globe  or  sphere  into  two  equal  parts 
or  hemispheres  ; — being  parallel  to  the  sensible 
horizon,  and  called  the  rational  horizon.  Brande. 

4QT  “ This  word  was,  till  of  late  years,  universally 
pronounced,  in  prose,  with  the  accent  on  tile  first  syl- 
lable ; and  Sliakspeare,  says  Dr.  Johnson,  has  im- 
properly placed  it  so  in  verse  : — 

When  the  morning  sun  shall  raise  his  car 
Above  the  borders  of  this  horizon , 

We  ’ll  forward  towards  Warwick  and  his  mates. 

With  respect  to  the  propriety  of  this  pronunciation, 
it  may  he  observed  that  there  is  scarcely  any  tiling 
more  agreeable  to  the  genuine  analogy  of  English 
orthoepy  than  placing  the  accent  on  the  first  syllable 
of  a trisyllable  when  the  middle  syllable  does  not  end 
with  a consonant.  But  another  rule,  almost  as  con- 
stantly, counteracts  this  analogy;  — when  the  word 
is  perfectly  Latin  or  Greek,  and  the  accent  is  on  the 
penultimate,  then  we  generally  follow  the  accentua- 
tion of  those  languages.  Poets  have  so  universally 
placed  the  accent  on  the  second  syllable  of  this  word, 
and  this  pronunciation  has  so  classical  an  air,  as  to 
render  the  other  accentuation  vulgar.”  Walker . 

HOR-I-ZON'TAL,  a.  1.  Near  the  horizon. 

As  when  the  sun,  new  risen, 

Looks  through  the  horizontal  misty  air.  Milton. 

2.  Parallel  to  the  horizon  ; level  ; — opposed 
to  perpendicular;  as,  “ A horizontal  line.” 

H6R-!-Z0N-TAL'!-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being 
horizontal,  [r.]  Phil.  Jour. 

HOR-I-ZON'TAL-LY,  ad.  In  a horizontal  manner. 

HORN,  n.  [M.  Goth,  haunts;  A.  S.  horn  ; Dut. 
hoorn;  Frs.  hoarn;  Ger.,  Dan.,  Sw.,  # Icel. 
horn.'] 

1.  The  hard,  pointed  substance  which  grows 
on  the  heads  of  some  quadrupeds. 

2.  A wind  instrument  of  music,  formerly 

made  of  horn,  now  generally  of  brass.  “ With 
horns  and  hounds.”  Pry  den. 


Hoopoo  ( Upupa  epops). 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long-,  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  j,  O,  U,  Y,  obscipre ; FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


HORN 


HORRIDNESS 


3.  A drinking  cup  ; — probably  so  called  from 

being  made  of  horn.  “ Horns  of  mead  and 
ale.”  Mason’s  Notes  on  Gray. 

4.  A feeler  of  a snail  or  of  an  insect.  “ The 

tender  horns  of  cockled  snails.”  Shak. 

5.  The  extremity  of  the  lunar  crescent. 

Ere  ten  moons  had  sharpened  either  hoi'll . Dryden. 

6.  An  imaginary  antler  of  a cuckold. 

I have  horns  to  make  one  mad.  Shak. 

7.  A winding  branch  of  a stream. 

With  sevenfold  horns  mysterious  Nile 

Surrounds  the  skirts  of  Egypt’s  fruitful  soil.  Dryden. 

8.  ( Bot .)  A spur  or  similar  appendage.  Gray. 

To  pu.ll  in  the  horns,  to  repress  one’s  ardor.  See 

No.  4. — -To  take  a horn,  to  drink.  [Vulgar.]  See  No.  3. 

HORN,  v.  a.  To  bestow  horns  upon.  13.  Jonson. 

HORN'BEAK,  n.  ( Icli .)  The  gar-fish.  Ainsworth. 

HORN'BE  AM,  n.  A genus  of  trees,  the  wood  of 
which  is  white,  and  of  a fine,  close  texture  ; 
iron- wood;  Carpinus.  Gray. 

Hop  hornbeam,  a genus  of  slender  trees  with 
very  hard  wood,  brownish,  finely-lurrowed  bark ; 
Ostrya.  Gray . 

HORN'— BEAST,  n.  An  animal  with  horns.  Shak. 

HORN'BILL,  n.  (I Ornith .)  A coni- 
rostral  bird  of  the  order  Passe- 
res,  family  Bucerotidce,  sub-fam- 
ily Bucerotinte,  or  genus  Buceros, 
having  a long,  large,  compressed 
bill,  more  or  less  curved  or  fal- 
cated, and  base  surmounted  by  a 
casque,  or  helmet-like  protuber- 
ance. — See  BuCEROTiNfE.Gray. 

HORN'BLENDE,  n.  (Min.)  A min- 
eral containing  silica,  magnesia, 
lime,  iron,  and  sometimes  alu- 
mina and  manganese,  the  dif-  eeros  rhinoceros^) 
ferent  varieties  being  called  tremolite,  actino- 
lite,  ant hophy llite,  asbestos,  &c.  Dana. 

The  name  hornblende,  as  originally  applied,  belonged  only 
to  the  dark-green  and  black  varieties.  . . . Green  or  black 
hornblende  is  one  of  the  constituents  of  sicnite  and  green- 
stone. Dana. 

HORN'BLENDE— SCHIST',  n.  (Min.)  A slaty  va- 
riety of  hornblende.  Brande. 

HORN-BLEN'DIC,  a.  Relating  to,  or  containing, 
hornblende.  P.  Cyc. 

HORN'— BLO W-ER,  n.  [A.  S . horn-blawere.]  One 
who  blows  a horn.  Todd. 

HORN'BOOK  (-buk),  n.  The  first  book  of  chil- 
dren, which  used  to  be  covered  with  horn,  to 
keep  it  unsoiled;  a primer. 

He  teaches  boys  the  hornbook.  Shak. 

IIORN'-bOg,  nr.  (Ent.)  A name  given  to  certain 
species  of  beetles  having  jaws  resembling  the 
horns  of  a stag.  Harris. 

HORN'— D|S-TEM'PJfR,  n.  A disease  incident  to 
horned  cattle,  affecting  the  pith  of  the  horn, 
which  it  insensibly  wastes,  and  leaves  the  horn 
hollow.  London  Ency. 

HORN 'ED,  a.  1.  Furnished  with  a horn.  Spenser. 

2.  Shaped  like  a horn  or  cresent. 

The  horned  moon  to  shine  by  night.  Milton. 

IIORN'ED-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  horned. 
“ The  hornedness  of  the  new  moon.”  Brande. 

HORN'ED-POP'PY,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants 

that  bear  pretty  flowers ; horn-poppy ; Glau- 

ciurn.  Farm.  Ency. 

IIORN'gD— SCREAM'^R,  n.  (Ornith.)  An  extraor- 
dinary bird  of  the  order  Gratia  and  family  Pal- 
amedeidee ; kamichi.  — See  Kamichi.  Gray. 

HORN'ER,  n.  1.  One  who  works  or  deals  in  horn. 

The  part  of  the  hide  made  use  of  by  homers.  Grew. 

2.  One  who  blows  the  horn.  Sherivood. 

HOR'NJJT,  n.  [A.  S . hyrnet ; Dut.  horzel;  Ger. 
horrdss .]  (Ent.)  A large,  stinging  insect  of  the 
genus  Vespa,  or  wasp  ; — so  called  from  its  an- 
tennae, or  horns.  Brande. 

HOR'NgT— FLY,  n.  A large  sort  of  fly.  Hill. 

HORN'— FISH,  n.  (Ich.)  The  gar -fish ; Belone 
vulgaris.  Yarrell. 

HORN'FOOT  (-fut),  a.  Having  horny  ieet.Ilakewill. 

HORN'I-FY,  v.  a.  To  bestow  horns  upon  ; to  horn  ; 
— used  ludicrously.  Beau.  FI. 


695 

IIORN'ING,  n.  1.  Appearance  of  the  moon  in- 
creasing. Gregory. 

2.  (Scottish  Law.)  A warrant,  in  the  king’s 
name,  to  charge  persons  to  pay,  or  perform 
deeds  within  a prefixed  time,  upon  pain  of  being 
declared  outlaw,  and  having  their  goods  dis- 
trained. Burrill. 

HORN'JSH,  a.  Resembling  horn  ; horny.  Sandys. 

IIOR'NI-TO,  n.  [Sp.  horno,  an  oven.]  (Geol.)  An 
oven-like  cavity  in  volcanic  regions.  Lyell. 

HORN'— LEAD,  n.  Chloride  of  lead.  Clarke. 

IIORN'HJSS,  a.  [A.  S.  hornleas.)  Having  no 
horns  ; as,  “ A hornless  animal.”  Goldsmith. 

TIORN'LpT,  n.  A little  horn.  Sir  IV.  Jones. 

HORN'— MAD,  a.  Mad  from  cuckoldom.  Shak. 

HORN'— MAK-]gR,  n.  A maker  of  horns,  or  of 
cuckolds.  Shak. 

HORN'— MER'CU-RY,  n.  (Min.)  Protochloride  of 
mercury,  or  native  calomel,  which,  when  fused, 
has  the  appearance  of  horn.  Dana. 

HORN'— OWL,  ) n.  (Ornith.)  A name  applied  to 

HORN'pD— OVV’L,  > several  species  of  owls  which 
have  tufts  of  feathers  on  the  head  resembling 
horns,  and  especially  to  the  great  owl,  eagle- 
owl,  or  Bubo  maximus,  and  to  the  Bubo  Virgin- 
ianus.  Eng.  Cyc. 

HORN'— PIKE,  re.  (Ich.)  Another  name  for  the 
gar-fish  ; Esox  belone  of  Linmcus.  Simmonds. 

HORN'PlPE,  re.  1.  A Welsh  wind  instrument; 
a kind  of  pipe.  “Trumpet  and  Welsh  harp, 
hunting  horn  and  hornpipe.”  Tatler. 

2.  A lively  air  or  tune;  a dancing-tune. 

A lusty  tabrere, 

That  to  thee  many  a hornpipe  played.  Spenser. 

3.  A characteristic  British  dance.  “ Florinda 

danced  the  Derbyshire  hornpipe.”  Tatter. 

HORN'— POCK,  n.  A form  of  small-pox,  or  a varie- 
ty of  the  varicella.  Dunglison. 

HORN'-POP-PY,  re.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants; 
horned  poppy  ; Glaucium.  Gray. 

IIORN'-POUT,  re.  (Ich.)  The  common  name  of 
the  Pimclodus  cattus  ; pout ; bull-head  ; cat- 
fish. Storer. 

In  the  great  western  rivers,  the  catfish,  often  eight  feet  in 
length,  is  nothing  more  nor  less  than  a mammoth  honi-pout. 

J.  V.  C.  Smith. 

HORN'— QUICK 'SI  L-VJIR,  re.  See  HoRIs-MER- 
cury.  Dana. 

HORN§,  re.  pi.  (Mining.)  The  guides  for  the  ropes 
on  the  drum.  Simmonds. 

HORN'— SHAV-ING§,  re.  pi.  The  scrapings  of  horn 
or  of  hartshorn.  B.  Jonson. 

HORN'— SIL-VJJR,  re.  (Min.)  A white  or  brown- 
ish mineral,  sectile  like  wax  or  horn  ; chloride 
of  silver.  Ure. 

HORN'— SLATE,  re.  A gray,  silicious  stone.  Wright. 

HORN'— SPOON,  re.  A spoon  made  of  horn. 

IIORN'STONE,  re.  (Min.)  A variety  of  quartz  re- 
sembling flint,  but  more  brittle;  — called  also 
chert.  Dana. 

HORN'WORK  (-wiirk),  re.  A work,  in  fortifica- 
tion, having  angular  points  or  horns  : — an  out- 
work composed  of  two  demi-bastions  joined  by 
a curtain.  Glos.  of  Mil.  Terms. 

IIORN'WORT  (-wtirt),  re.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  herbs 
growing  under  water,  in  ponds  or  slow-flowing 
streams ; Ceratoplujllum.  Gray. 

HORN'WRACK  (-rak),  re.  A coralline.  Wright. 

HOR'NY,  a.  1.  Consisting  of  horn  or  of  horns. 

Points  out  the  horny  spoils  that  graced  the  wall.  Gay. 

2.  Resembling  horn. 

And  saw  the  ravens  with  their  horny  beaks.  Milton. 

3.  Hard  as  horn  ; callous. 

Then  clinched  a hatchet  in  his  homy  fist.  Dryden. 

Homy  .frog,  the  prominence  in  the  hollow  of  a 
horse’s  foot.  Loudon. 

HO-R6g'R  A -PHY,  re.  [Gr.  ffipn,  an  hour,  and  ypaipoi, 
to  describe  ; Fr.  horoyraphie .] 

1.  An  account  of  the  hours.  Chaucer. 

2.  The  art  of  drawing  hour-lines,  or  con- 
structing dials  Wright. 

HOR'O-LOtjJE  [hor'o-loj,  W.  P.  F.  K.  Sm.  ; lior'o- 


loj,  J.  E.  Ja.  ; ho'ro-loj,'  $.],  re.  [Gf.  upoL'iy,oi. ; 
iopa,  an  hour,  and  Hyw,  to  tell ; L.  horologium  ; 
Fr.  horloge.]  A clock,  a watch,  or  other  ma- 
chine for  measuring  time  ; a time-piece.  Shak. 

H0-R0L'0-GI?R>  re.  A watchmaker.  Simmonds. 

IIoR-O-LuG  |G,  ? a [Gr.  uipo/ioj'iKdf ; L . horo- 

H6R-Q-L0<?'I-CAL,  ) logicus .]  Relating  to  a 

clock,  watch,  or  other  instrument  for  measuring 
time,  or  to  horology.  Blackstone. 

HOR-O-LO-pI-OG'RA-PHf.R,  re.  [See  Horologi- 
ooiuPHY.]  A clock  or  dial  maker.  Maunder. 

IIOR-O-LO-GI-Q-GRApH'JC,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
art  of  dialling. 

H0R-0-L0-<?!-0G'RA-PHY,  re.  [Gr.  bpoUyiov,  a 
horologe,  and  yp<fyw,  to  describe;  Fr.  horologi- 
ographie.\  An  account  of  instruments  that  tell 
the  hours  : — also,  the  art  of  constructing  dials  ; 
horography.  Bailey. 

HO-ROL'O-^IIST,  re.  One  who  is  versed  in  horology. 

HOR-O-LO'IjH-UM,  re.  [L.,  horologe .]  (Astron.) 
A southern  constellation.  Hind. 

HO-ROL'O-gy  [ho-rol'o-je,  TF.  P.  Ja.  Wr. ; ho'ro- 
io-je,  S.  ; lio-ro-loj'e,  K.  ; hor'o-loj-e,  Sret.J,  re. 
[See  Horologe.] 

1.  f A timepiece  ; a clock  ; a watch. 

Before  the  days  of  Jerome  there  were  horologies.  Browne. 

2.  The  art  of  constructing  timepieces. 

HO-ROM'E-TfR,  n.  [Gr.  won,  an  hour,  and  ye- 
rpo ><,  a measure.]  An  instrument  for  measuring 
the  hours.  Maunder. 

IIO-ROM'IJ-TRY,  re.  The  art  of  measuring  time 
by  hours  and  subordinate  divisions.  Simmonds. 

HO-ROP'T^R,  «.  [Gr.  w pa,  an  hour,  and  wtfs,  the 
eye.]  (Optics.)  A right  line  drawn  through 
the  point  where  the  two  optic  axes  meet,  paral- 
lel to  that  which  joins  the  two  pupils.  Crabb. 

IIOR'O-SCOPE,  re.  [Gr.  uipocKonog ; wpn,  all  hour, 
and  iKontoi,  to  observe  ; Fr.  horoscope .] 

1.  (Astrol.)  The  aspect  of  the  heavenly  bod- 
ies, as  observed  at  the  hour  of  birth,  or  any 
particular  moment ; horoscopy. 

Augustus  . . . divulged  his  horoscope  and  the  ascendant  of 
his  nativity.  Holland. 

2.  A diagram,  noting  the  position  of  the  stars 

at  certain  times,  used  by  the  old  astrologers  in 
casting  nativities.  Fairholt. 

HOR'O-SCOP-ER,  re.  One  versed  in  horoscopy; 
horoscopist.  Shaftesbury. 

HO-ROS'CO-PIST,  re.  A horoscoper.  Bailey. 

HO-ROS'CO-PY,  re.  Aspect  of  the  planets  at  the 
time  of  birth  ; horoscope.  Iludibras. 

The  aspect  of  the  stars  at  their  nativity,  which  was  called 
horoscopy.  Hobbes. 

f HOR-REN'DOUS,  a.  Dreadful;  fearful.  Watts. 

HOR'RENT,  a.  [L.  horrens .]  Pointed  outwards  ; 
standing  out  like  bristles.  Akenside. 

With  bright  emblazonry  and  horrent  arms.  Milton. 

HOR'RI-BLE  (hor're-bl),  a.  [L.  horribi/is  ; It.  or- 
ribile ; Sp.  4'  Fr  .horrible.)  Tending  to  excite 
horror;  dreadful;  dire;  direful;  terrible  ; fright- 
ful ; horrid  ; shocking  ; hideous  ; terrific. 

A dungeon  horrible  on  all  sides  round 

As  one  great  furnace  flamed.  Milton. 

HOR'RI-BLE-NESS,  re.  The  quality  of  being  hor- 
rible ; dreadfulness  ; terribleness  ; hideousness. 

HOR'RI-BI.Y,  ad.  In  a horrible  manner. 

HOR'RID,  a.  [L.  horridus  ; It.  orrido ; Sp.  hor- 
rido .] 

1.  f Rough  ; rugged. 

Horrid  with  fern  and  intricate  with  thorn.  Dryden. 

2.  Frightful ; hideous  ; dreadful ; terrible  ; 
terrific  ; horrible. 

Not  in  the  legions 

Of  horrid  hell  can  come  a devil  more  damned.  Shak. 

3.  Shocking  ; offensive  ; repulsive  ; unpleas- 
ing; disagreeable.  [Colloquial.] 

Already  I your  tears  survey. 

Already  hear  the  horrid  things  they  say.  Pope. 

Syn.  — See  Fearful. 

HOR'RID-LY,  ad.  In  a horrid  manner.  Shak. 

HOR'RID-NESS,  re.  The  quality  of  being  horrid  ; 
hideousness;  enormity.  Hammond. 


MIEN,  SIR;  m6vE,  NtiR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  $,  q,  g,  soft;  J0,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


HORRIFIC 


696 


HORSERADISH 


HOR-RIF'IC,  a.  [L . horrificus.)  Causing  horror  ; 
terrible.  “ His  jaws  horrific.”  Thomson. 

HOR'RI-FY,  v.  a.  [L.  horror,  horror,  and  facio, 
to  make.]  [t.  horrified  ; pp.  horrifying, 
horrified.]  To  impress  with  dread  or  horror  ; 
to  fill  with  horror.  Ec.  Rev. 

HOR-RI  P-I-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  horripilatio ; horreo, 
to  stand  erect,  and  pilus,  the  hair.]  (Med.)  The 
standing  of  the  hair  on  end ; a bristling  of  the 
hair  ; a chilling  or  shuddering  sensation. Brandc. 

+ HOR-RIs'0-NANT,  a.  Horrisonous.  Blount. 

f HOR-RIS'O-NOUS,  u.  [L.  horrisonus ; horreo,  to 
be  terrible,  and  sonus,  a sound.]  Having  a 
horrid  sound;  sounding  dreadfully.  Bailey. 

HOR'ROR,  n.  [Or.  ofifaSia  ; L.  horror  ; It.  or  core  ; 
Sp.  horror  ; Fr.  horreur.] 

1.  The  passion  produced  by  terrible  and  hate- 
ful objects  ; terror  mixed  with  detestation. 

Me  damp  horror  chilled 

At  such  bold  words,  vouched  with  a deed  so  bold.  Milton. 

2.  Dreadful  thoughts  or  sensations. 

I have  supped  full  with  horrors.  Shak. 

3.  That  which  causes  horror ; dreadful  scenes  ; 
gloom ; dreariness. 

A song  that  would  have  charmed  the  infernal  gods. 

And  banished  horror  from  the  dark  abodes.  Dryden. 

4.  (Med.)  A shuddering  or  chilliness  preced- 
ing fever  ; horripilation.  Dunglison. 

The  horrors,  the  common  name  for  the  disease 
caused  by  the  excessive  use  of  ardent  spirits  ; delirium 
tremens. 

HORS  DE  COMBAT  (hbr  de-kom-beF).  [Fr.]  Out 
of  condition  to  fight. 

HORSE,  n.  [A.  S.,  Old  Dut.,  Old  Ger.,  8$  Icel. 
hors  ; Ger.  ross,  a steed  ; Dan.  hast ; Sw.  hast. 
— It.  rozza,  an  old  horse ; Fr.  rosse,  a jade.] 

1.  A well-known  quadruped,  of  the  genus 

Equus,  used  for  draught,  for  burden,  and  for 
riding  with  the  use  of  a saddle  ; — chiefly  char- 
acterized by  a broad,  undivided  hoof,  six  cutting 
teeth  in  each  jaw,  two  very  small  tusks  or  ca- 
nines, grinders  with  a flat  crown,  presenting, 
when  worn,  different  figures,  and  by  a small  and 
simple  stomach.  Maunder. 

He  too  is  witness,  noblest  of  the  train 

That  wait  on  man,  the  flight-performing  horse.  Cowper. 

2.  Cavalry,  or  soldiers  on  horseback ; horse- 
men. 

The  armies  were  appointed,  consisting  of  twenty-five 
thousand  horse  and  foot.  Jiacon. 

We  say  a thousand  horse  or  foot,  referring  to  cavalry  or 
infantry.  Grant. 

3.  A frame  or  machine  by  which  something  is 

supported,  as  garments,  the  paper  of  a printer, 
wood  or  timber  for  sawing,  & c.  Johnson. 

4.  A wooden  machine  on  which  soldiers  ride 

by  way  of  punishment ; — called  also  a timber- 
mare.  Johnson. 

5.  (Astron.)  A constellation.  Creech. 

6.  (Naut.)  A foot-rope,  or  rope  stretching 

along  a yard  to  support  the  feet  of  seamen  when 
reefing  or  furling  a sail.  Dana. 

To  take  horse,  to  set  out  10  ride.  Jlddison.  ■ — To  be 
covered,  as  a mare.  — (Mining.)  To  divide  into 
branches,  as  a vein.  Tomlinson. 

This  word  is  used  in  composition,  often  to  de- 
note something  large  or  coarse. 

HORSE,  V.  a.  [t.  HORSED  ; pp.  HORSING,  HORSED.] 

1.  To  furnish  with  a horse  ; to  mount  upon  a 

horse.  “ A gentleman  proudly  horsed  and 
armed.”  Bacon. 

2.  To  carry  on  the  back.  “ Horsing  the  deer 

on  his  own  back.”  Butler. 

3.  To  ride  or  sit  astride  upon. 

Stalls,  bulks,  windows 

Are  smothered,  leads  are  filled,  and  ridges  horsed 

With  variable  complexions,  ail  agreeing 

In  earnestness  to  see  him.  Shak. 

4.  To  cover,  as  a mare.  Mortimer. 

HORSE,  v.  n.  To  get  on  horseback.  Shelton. 

HORSE— ANT  (12),  n.  A species  of  large  ant; 
horse-emmet ; Formica  rufa.  Eng.  Cyc. 

HORSE'BACK,  n.  The  back  of  a horse;  the  pos- 
ture or  state  of  being  on  a horse  ; — commonly 
used  with  on. 

If  your  ramble  was  on  horseback , I am  glad  of  it,  on  ac- 
count of  your  health.  Swift. 

HORSE'— BALM,  n.  A genus  of  strong-scented 


perennials,  with  large  ovate  leaves  and  yellow- 
ish flowers ; Collinsonia.  Gray. 

HORSE'— BAR^E,  n.  A barge  towed  by  horses  on 
a canal  or  narrow  river.  Simmonds. 

HORSE'— BAR-RACKS,  n.pl.  Barracks  for  cavalry. 

HORSE' BEAN,  n.  A kind  of  bean,  usually  given 
to  horses.  Mortimer. 

HORSE'— BLAN-KIJT  (-blang-ket),  n.  A blanket 
to  cover  a horse. 

HORSE'— BLOCK,  n.  A block,  foot-stone,  or  step, 
used  in  mounting  a horse.  Johnson. 

HORSE'— BOAT,  n.  I.  A boat  used  to  convey 
horses.  Johnson. 

2.  A boat  moved  by  a horse  or  by  horses. 

HORSE'— BOY,  n.  A boy  who  takes  care  of  horses  ; 
a stable-boy  ; a groom.  Kno/les. 

HORSE'— BRAM-BLE,  n.  A species  of  brier;  the 
wild  rose.  Grose. 

HORSE'— BREAK-gR,  n.  A tamer  of  horses.  Creech. 

HORSE'— CAR,  n.  A car  drawn  by  a horse. 

HORSE'— CART,  n.  A cart  of  a size  suitable  to 
be  drawn  by  one  horse. 

HORSE'-CHEST-NUT,  n.  (Bot.)  A handsome 
flowering  tree  and  its  nut;  — said  to  have  de- 
rived its  name  from  the  practice  among  the 
Turks  of  feeding  their  horses  on  the  seeds  of 
this  tree  ; JEsculus  hippocastanum.  Eng.  Cyc. 

HORSE'— CLOTH,  n.  A cloth  used  for  covering  a 
horse.  Steele. 

HORSE'— COURS-ER,  n.  1.  One  who  runs  horses, 
or  who  keeps  horses  for  the  race.  Johnson. 

2.  One  who  deals  in  horses.  L’ Estrange. 

HORSE'— CRAb,  n.  A king-crab.  Ainsworth. 

HORSE'— CU'CUM-BIJR,  n.  A large,  green  cucum- 
ber. Mortimer. 

HORSE'— DEAL- pR,  n.  One  who.deals  in  horses. 

HORSE'— DOC  TOR,  n.  One  whose  business  is 
the  curative  treatment  of  horses.  Booth. 

HORSE'— DRENCH,  n.  Physic  for  a horse.  Shak. 

HORSE'— DUNG,  n.  The  excrement  of  horses. 

HORSE'— EM-M$T,  n.  A large  kind  of  emmet; 
horse-ant. ; Formica  rufa.  Johnson. 

HORSE'-FACE,  n.  A face  like  that  of  a horse ; 
a large  and  indelicate  face.  Johnson. 

HORSE'— FACED  (-fast),  a.  Having  a long,  coarse 
face  ; ugly.  Craig. 

HORSE'— F.AlR,  n.  A place  or  fair  at  which  horses 
are  sold.  Jones. 

HORSE'— FLESH,  n.  The  flesh  of  horses.  Bacon. 

HORSE'-FLY,  n.  A gad-fly.  Harris. 

HORSE'FOOT  (-fut),  n.  1.  (Bot.)  A low  peren- 
nial herb  with  horizontal  creeping  root-stocks  ; 
coltsfoot.  Ainsworth. 

2.  The  common  name  of  a crustacean,  of  the 
genus  Limulus  ; king-crab  ; horse-shoe  ; Limu- 
lus  Americanus ; — so  called  from  its  resem- 
blance to  the  hoof  of  a horse.  Bartlett. 

HORSE'— (JEN'TIAN  (-jen'sban),  n.  A genus  of 
coarse,  hairy,  perennial  herbs  ; feverwort ; Tri- 
osteum.  Gray. 

HORSE'— GUAR  D§  (-gardz),  n.  pi.  A body  of  cav- 
alry forming  the  life-guard  of  the  English  sov- 
ereign. 

In  England,  the eniarcls  (otherwise  called  household  troops) 
consist  of  the  life-guards,  the  royal  regiment  "t  horst  -guards 
and  three  regiments  of  foot-guards.  Brande. 

HORSE'— HAiR,  n.  The  hair  of  horses.  Dryden. 

HORSE' HEEL,  n.  (Bot.)  An  herb.  Ainsworth. 

HORSE  — HIRE,  n.  A charge  for  the  use  of  a horse. 

HORSE'— HOE,  n.  A sort  of  hoe  or  harrow  drawn 
by  a horse.  Loudon. 

HORSE'— JOCK-fY,  n.  One  who  trains,  rides,  or 
deals  in  horses.  Booth. 

HORSE'-JOCK'EY-SHIP,  n.  The  state  or  quality 
of  a horse-jockey.  Knox. 

HORSE'— KEEP- pR,  n.  One  employed  to  take 
care  of  horses  ; a groom.  Burton. 


+ HORSE'— KNAVE  (-nav),  n.  A groom.  Gower. 

HORSE'— KNOP  (nop),  n.  (Bot.)  Knapweed  ; Cen- 
taur ia  nigra.  Wright. 

HORSE'-lAugh  (-laf),  n.  A loud,  coarse,  or 
rude  laugh.  Pope. 

HORSE'— LEECH,  n.  1.  A kind  of  large  leech  that 
bites  horses.  Prov.  xxx.  15. 

2.  A horse-doctor  ; a farrier.  Ainsworth. 

HORSE  — LEECH'£R-Y,  n.  The  art  of  curing  the 
diseases  of  horses.  Crabb. 

HORSE'LJgSS,  a.  Without  a horse.  Coicper. 

HORSE'— I.IT-TpR,  n.  A carriage  hung  upon 
poles  and  borne  by  and  between  two  horses. 
“ Carried  in  a horse-litter."  2 Mace.  ix.  8. 

HORSE'— LOAD,  n.  As  much  as  a horse  can  car- 
ry. “ Their  horse-load  of  citations.”  Milton. 

fHORSE'LY,  a.  Having  the  good  qualities  of  a 
horse ; — applied  to  a horse  as  manly  is  to  a 
man-  Chaucer. 

HORSE'— mACK'^R-JJL,  n.  (Ich.)  A gigantic  kind 

of  mackerel ; Thynnvs  rvlgaris  : — also  the  blue- 
fish  ; Temnodon  saltator.  Storer. 

HORSE'M  AN,  n. ; pi.  HOUSEMEN  1.  One  who 
rides  on  horseback  ; a rider.  Dryden. 

2.  One  who  serves  in  wars  on  horseback  ; a 

mounted  soldier.  “ Horsemen  on  one  side  and 
foot  on  the  other.”  Hayward. 

3.  Awariety  of  pigeon. 

HORSE'MAN-SHIP,  n.  The  art  of  riding  or  of 
managing  a horse  ; manege. 

And  witch  the  world  with  nobler  horsemanship.  Shak. 

HORSE'— MAR-TEN,  n.  (Ent.)  A kind  of  large 
bee  ; a species  of  Bombus.  Ainsworth. 

HORSE'mAtCH,  w.  (Omith.)  A bird.  Ainsworth. 

HORSE'— MEAT,  n.  Food  for  horses  ; provender. 

The  dry  ones  [peas  and  beans]  that  are  used  for  horse- 
meat.  Bacon. 

HORSE'— MILL,  n.  A mill  turned  by  a horse.  Barret. 

HORSE'— MIL'LT-NfR,  n.  One  who  supplies  rib- 
bons or  other  decorations  for  horses.  Pegge. 

HORSE'MINT,  n.  A name  applied  to  two  species 
of  Mentha  (Mentha  Canadensis  and  Mentha  syl- 
vestris) : — also  to  the  English  name  of  the  ge- 
nus Monarda,  odorous  erect  herbs,  with  entire 
or  toothed  leaves,  closely  surrounded  with 
bracts.  Gray.  Eng.  Cyc. 

HORSE'— MUS-^LE  (-si),  n.  A large  muscle.  Bacon. 

HORSE'— NAIL,  n.  A nail  for  the  shoe  of  a horse. 

HORSE'— NET  TLE,  n.  A species  of  plants  having 
white  flowers  ; Solatium  Carolinense.  Wood. 

HORSE'NOBfj,  n.  A vulgar  name  of  the  plant 
Centaurea  nigra,  or  black  knapweed.  Craig. 

HORSE'— PATH,  n.  A path  for  horses  ; a towing 
path.  Booth. 

HORSE'— PIECE,  n.  (Whaling.)  A piece  of  blub- 
ber cut  to  a proper  size  for  mincing.  Warfield. 

HORSE'-PLAY,  n.  Coarse,  rough  play.  Dryden. 

HORSE'— POND,  n.  A pond  for  horses.  Addison. 

HORSE'-POtV-^R,  n.  1.  (Mech.)  The  power  or 
strength  of  a horse  in  draught. 

,805“  The  force  of  a horse  diminishes  as  his  speed 
increases.  Prof.  Leslie  gives  the  foliowing  propor- 
tions : If,  when  his  velocity  is  at  2 miles  an  hour,  his 
force  is  represented  at  100,  his  force,  at  3 miles  an 
hour,  will  he  81  ; at  4 miles,  64  ; at  5 miles,  49  ; and 
at  6 miles,  36.  Grier. 

2.  (Steam-Engine.)  A power  capable  of  rais- 
ing 33,000  pounds  avoirdupois  through  the  space 
of  one  foot  in  a minute.  Nichol. 

HORSE'— PURS-LAIN,  n.  A plant  of  the  genus 
Trianthema.  Ogilvie. 

HORSE'— RACE,  n.  A match  of  horses  in  running. 

HORSE'— RAQI-ER,  n.  One  who  practises  horse- 
racing. 

HORSE'— RA(j-lNG,  n.  The  act  or  the  practice  of 
matching  horses  in  running.  Garrick. 

HORSE'rAD-ISH,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  the  acrid 

root  of  which  is  often  eaten  as  a condiment  and 
an  ingredient  in  sauces  ; Cochlearia  Armoraeia, 
or  Nasturtium  Armoraeia.  Loudon  Gray , 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  !,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; 


HEIR,  HER  ; 


HORSE-RAILROAD 


697 


HOSTLER 


HORSE— RAIL/ROAD,  n.  A railroad  on  which  the 
cars  are  drawn  by  horses. 

HORSE'— RAKE,  n.  A large  rake  drawn  by  a horse. 

Loudon. 

HORSE'— RUN,  n.  A contrivance  for  drawing  up 
loaded  wheelbarrows,  by  a horse,  from  deep  ex- 
cavations, for  railroads,  canals,  &c.  Buchanan. 

HORSE'SHOE  (-sliu),  ft.  1.  A shoe  for  a horse, 
formed  of  a circular  plate  of  iron.  Shak. 

2.  An  herb.  Ainsworth. 

3.  (Fort.)  A work  of  a round  or  oval  form. 

4.  (ZoOl.)  A crustaceous  animal ; king-crab  ; 

horsefoot;  Limulus  Americanus.  Gould. 

HORSE'SHOE,  a.  Having  the  form  of  a horse- 
shoe ; as,  “ A horseshoe-magnet.” 

HORSE'SHOE— HEAD,  n.  A disease  in  infants  in 
which  the  sutures  of  the  skull  are  too  open  ; 
— the  opposite  to  hcadmould-shot.  Todd. 

HORSE'SHOE— MAG'NJJT,  n.  An  artificial  steel 
magnet  in  the  form  of  a horseshoe.  Silliman. 

HORSE'SHOE— VETCH,  n.  (Bot.)  An  herb  or 
under-shrub,  having  yellow  flowers,  of  the  genus 
Hippocrepis.  Eng.  Cgc. 

HORSE'— STEAL-fR,  n.  A thief  who  steals  horses. 

HORSE'-STEAL-ING,  n.  The  crime  of  stealing 
horses.  Booth. 

HORSE'— STING- £R,  n.  The  dragon-fly.  Todd. 

HORSE'— SU-GAR  (-shug'ar),  n.  A species  of  shrubs 
or  small  trees  ; Symplocos  tinctoria.  Gray. 

HORSE'— TAIL  (-tal),  n.  1.  (Bot.)  A genus  of 
leafless  branched  plants,  with  a striated  fistu- 
lar  stem.  Hill. 

2.  A Turkish  standard  or  emblem  of  rank. 

The  well-known  distinction  of  rank  between  the  two 
classes  of  pachas  consists  in  the  number  of  horse-tails  which 
are  carried  before  them  as  standards.  Braude. 

HORSE'— THIEF,  n.  One  who  steals  horses.  Booth. 

HORSE— T II IS'TLE,  n.  The  English  name  of  a 
genus  of  rough,  prickly  plants  ; Cnicus.  Loudon. 

HORSE'TONGUE  (-tung),  n.  An  herb.  Ainsworth. 

HORSE'— VETCH,  n.  See  Horseshoe-vetch. 

HORSE'— WAY,  n.  A broad  way  by  which  horses 
may  travel.  Shak. 

IIORSE'WHIP,  n.  A whip  to  strike  a horse  with. 

HORSE'WIllP,  v.  a.  [t.  horsewhipped  ; pp. 
HORSEWHIPPING,  HORSEWHIPPED.]  To  Strike 
or  lash  with  a horsewhip.  Murphy. 

HORSE' WHIP-PING,  n.  The  act  of  lashing  or 
striking  with  a horsewhip.  Craig. 

HORSE'WOM-AN  (-vvum-an),  n.  A woman  who 
rides  on  a horse.  Gent.  Mag. 

HORSE'— WORM  (-wiirm),  n.  A worm  that  infests 
horses  ; a bot.  Wright. 

fHOR'SY,  a.  Relating  to,  or  like,  a horse.  Spenser. 

HOR-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  hortatio.]  The  act  of  ex- 
horting ; exhortation.  Strype. 

HOR'TA-TIVE,  n.  [L.  hortor,  hortatus,  to  incite.] 
That  which  incites;  exhortation;  incitement. 

A hortative  or  spur  to  correct  sloth.  Bacon. 

HOR'TA-TIVE,  a.  [L . hortativus.]  That  incites  ; 
encouraging;  hortatory;  advising.  Bullokar. 

HOR'TA-TO-RY,  a.  Giving  exhortation  ; persua- 
sive ; encouraging  ; advising  ; hortative. 

He  much  commended  Law’s  Serious  Call,  which  he  said 
was  the  finest  piece  of  hortatory  theology  in  the  language. 

Boswell , Life  of  Johnson. 

t HOR-TEN'SIAL,  a.  [L.  hortensis .]  Pertaining 
to,  or  fit  for,  a garden.  Evelyn. 

f HOR-TIC'U-LIST,  n.  A horticulturist.  Dodsley. 

HOR'TI-CUL-TOR,  n.  [L.  hortus,  a garden,  and 
cultor,  a tiller.]  One  who  cultivates  a garden  ; 
a horticulturist.  Wright. 

HOR-TI-CULT'U-RAL,  a.  [Fr.]  Relating  to  hor- 
ticulture, or  the  culture  of  gardens. 

HOR'TI-CULT-URE  (hor'te-kult-yur),  'll.  [L.  hor- 
tus, a garden,  and  cultura,  cultivation  ; It.  or- 
ticoltura ; Fr.  horticulture .]  The  culture  or 
cultivation  of  kitchen  gardens  and  orchards  ; 
gardening.  Evelyn. 

HOR-TI-CtJLT'y-RIST,  n.  One  who  is  versed  in 
horticulture  ; a gardener. 


HORT'U-LAN  (hbrt'yu-ljn),  a.  [L.  hortulanus.\ 
Belonging  to  a garden.  Evelyn. 

HOR'TUS  SfC'CUS,  n.  [L.,  a dry  garden.']  A 
collection  of  specimens  of  plants,  dried  and  pre- 
served ; an  herbarium.  Brande. 

f IIORT'YARD,  n.  [M.  Goth,  aurtigards  ; A.  S. 
ort-yeard.]  A garden  of  fruit-trees.  Sandys. 

HO-§AN'NA,  n.  ; pi.  hq-sAn'na$.  [Hebrew 
WnS^lflin  ; Gr.  wcavvd.]  An  exclamation, 
literally  signifying  save  now ; an  exclamation 
of  praise  to  God ; a form  of  blessing  ; hallelujah. 

Through  the  vast  of  heaven 
It  sounded,  and  the  faithful  armies  rung 
Hosanna  to  the  highest.  Milton. 

Our  glad  hosannas , Prince  of  peace, 

Thy  welcome  shall  proclaim.  Doddridge. 

HO§E  (hoz),  n. ; pi.  ho$e  (formerly  ho$en).  [A.S. 
hos,  hosa,  hoos  ; Ger.  6j  Dan.  hose ; Icel.  hosa.] 

1.  f The  whole  lower  part  of  a man’s  dress  ; 

breeches.  Shak. 

2.  Covering  for  the  feet  and  lower  part  of  the 
legs ; stockings. 

3.  A flexible  tube  or  pipe,  generally  of  leath- 
er, for  conducting  water,  to  extinguish  fires,  &c. 

4.  (Printing.)  An  apparatus  consisting  of 

upright  irons  with  screws  at  each  end  for  tight- 
ening or  loosening  the  platen  cords  of  a print- 
ing-press. Wright. 

f HO§E'— HEEL-pR,  n.  A mender  of  hose.  Ogilvie. 

HO'SH^N^,  n.pl.  Stockings  without  feet.  [Scot- 
land.] Simmonds. 

HO'^IpR  (lio'zher),  n.  One  who  makes,  or  sells, 
stockings.  Swift. 

HO'§IflR-Y  (ho'zher-e),  n.  1.  Stockings  in  gen- 
eral ; articles  dealt  in  by  a hosier.  Pilkington. 

2.  The  manufacture  of  stockings.  Brande. 

HOS'PICE,  n.  [Fr.]  A convent  or  monastery 
which,  while  occupied  by  monks,  is  at  the  same 
time  used  as  an  inn  for  travellers,  as  in  the 
Alps ; hospitium.  Southey. 

HOS'PI-TA-BLE  (hos'pe-ta-hf),  a.  [L.  hospital! s ; 
hospes,  a guest ; It.  ospitale,  or  hospitabile ; Sp. 
hospital-,  Fr.  hospitaller.]  Generous  in  giving 
entertainment  to  strangers  ; entertaining  stran- 
gers gratuitously  ; attentive  to  strangers.  Shak. 

HOS'PI-TA-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
hospitable ; disposition  to  entertain  strangers ; 
kindness  to  strangers  ; hospitality.  Bp.  Ilall. 

HOS'PI-TA-BLY,  ad..  In  a hospitable  manner  ; 
with  kindness  to  strangers.  Prior. 

t HOS'PI-TAQE,  n.  Hospitality.  Spenser. 

HOS'PI-TAL  [hos'pe-ta],  P.  Ja.  Sm.  Wr.  Wb.  Ken- 
rick ; os'pe-tal,  W.  E.  F.  K.  R.  C.  ; Iws'pe-tfd, 

' S.  J.],  n.  [L.  hospitalia , apartments  for  guests  ; 
hospes,  a guest ; Fr.  hopital.] 

1.  f A place  of  entertainment ; an  inn.Spen.ser. 

2.  A building  in  which  provision  is  made  for 

the  sick,  the  wounded,  lunatics,  or  other  unfor- 
tunate persons.  Addison. 

f HOS'PI-TAL,  a.  [L . hospitalis.]  Kind  to  sti'an- 
gers  ; hospitable.  Howell. 

f HOS-PI-tA'LI-OUS,  a.  Hospitable.  Warner. 

HOS-PI-tAl'I-TY,  n.  [L.  hospitalitas  ; It . ospi- 
talita  ; Sp.  hospitalidad ; Fr.  hospitalite .]  The 
quality  of  being  hospitable  ; the  practice  of  en- 
tertaining strangers  gratuitously  ; attention  or 
kindness  to  strangers  ; hospitableness.  “Deeds 
of  hospitality.”  Shak. 

HOS'PI-T AL-LER,  n.  [Fr.  hospitaller.] 

1.  One  of  a religious  community  whose  office 

it  w'as  to  relieve  the  poor,  &e.  Chaucer. 

2.  A knight  of  a religious  order ; usually 

spoken  of  the  knights  of  Malta.  Fuller. 

f IIOS'PI-TAte,  v.  n.  [L.  hospitor,  hospitatus.] 
To  reside  as  a guest.  Grew. 

t HOS'PJ-tAte,!'.  a.  To  give  entertainment  to  ; 
to  entertain  ; to  lodge.  Cockeram. 

HOS-PI" TI-ttM  (hos-pish'e-um),  il.  [L.] 

1.  A monastery  serving  as  an  inn  for  enter- 
taining travellers  : — chiefly  applied,  in  modern 
times,  to  the  inns  on  St.  Bernard  and  St.  Got- 
hard  in  Switzerland,  where  travellers  to  and  from 
Italy  are  entertained.  — See  Hospice.  Brande. 

2.  (Law.)  An  inn  or  hotel.  Burrill. 


HOS' PO-DAR,  n.  The  lieutenant  or  governor  of 
Moldavia  or  Wallachia,  who  receives  his  ap- 
pointment from  the  Sultan  of  Turkey.  Brande. 

By  the  treaty  of  Adrianople  between  Russia 
and  Turkey  (1S29)  this  officer  is  to  hold  his  appoint- 
ment for  life,  and  to  pay  a fixed  annual  tribute.  Brande. 

HOST,  n.  [L.  hospes,  hospitis  ; It.  oste  ; Sp.  hue- 
sped;  Old  Fr.  hoste  ; Fr.  hole.] 

1.  One  who  gives  entertainment  to  another 
from  motives  of  hospitality. 

Ilomer  never  entertained  either  guests  or  hosts  with  long 
speeches  till  the  mouth  of  hunger  be  stopped.  Sidney. 

2.  One  who  entertains  strangers  for  pay;  the 
landlord  of  an  inn. 

Time ’s  like  n fashionable  host. 

That  slightly  shakes  his  parting  guest  by  the  hand; 

But,  with  lus  arms  outstretched,  as  he  would  fly, 

Grasps  in  the  comer.  Shak. 

HOST,  n.  [L.  hostis,  a stranger,  an  enemy  ; Sp. 
hoste,  an  army  ; Nor.  Fr.  houst ; Fr.  ost.] 

1.  An  army ; an  armed  force.  “ The  horse- 
men and  all  the  host  of  Pharaoh.”  Ex.  xiv.  28. 

2.  A great  number  ; a multitude. 

Give  to  a gracious  message 
A host  of  tongues.  Shak. 

HOST,  n.  [L.  hostia,  a sacrifice  ; It.  ostia  ; Sp. 
hostia;  Fr . hostie.]  (Eccl.)  The  sacrifice  of  the 
mass  in  the  Roman  Catholic  church ; the  bread 
and  wine  under  the  appearance  of  which  the 
Roman  Catholics  conceive  the  body  and  blood 
of  Christ  to  be  present  upon  the  altar  ; the  con- 
secrated w'afer.  Brande. 

Syn. — See  Army. 

fHOST,  v.  n.  1.  To  take  up  entertainment,  as  at 
an  inn.  “ Where  we  host.”  Shak. 

2.  To  muster,  as  armed  men.  Johnson. 

f HOST,  v.  a.  To  give  entertainment  to.  “Un- 
meet to  host  such  guests.”  Spensci-. 

HOST' A^E,  n.  [It.  ostacjgio;  Old  Fr.  hostage ; 
Fr.  biage.}  One  given  in  pledge  as  security  for 
the  performance  of  certain  conditions  ; surety. 

Your  hostages  1 have;  so  have  you  mine.  Shak. 

f HOS-TEL'  (lio-tel'),  n.  [Old  Fr.]  A hotel. 

HOS'TEL-ER  (hos'sl-er),  n.  See  Hostler. 

HOS'TEL-RV  (lio'tel-re  or  hos'tel-re),  n.  [Old  Fr. 
hostel,  hosielerie ; Fr.  hbtellerie.]  An  inn  ; a ho- 
tel. [Obsolete  or  local.]  See  HosTLERY.C/(a«cer. 

HOSTESS,  n.  [Old  Fr.  hostesse .] 

1.  A woman  who  entertains  another  from  mo- 
tives of  hospitality  ; a female  host.  Shak. 

2.  A w’oman  who  keeps  a house  of  public  en- 
tertainment. Temple. 

HOST'JgSS-SHIP,  n.  The  character  or  state  of  a 
hostess.  “The  hostess-ship  of  the  day.”  Shak. 

fHOS'TIE  (hos'te),  n.  [Fr. ; L.  hostia.]  The 
consecrated  wafer ; the  host.  Burnet. 

||  HOS'TILE  [hos'til,  S’.  W.  P.  J.  E.  F.  K.  Sm.  ; 
lios'tll,  Ja.],  a.  [L.  hostilis  ; hostis,  an  enemy  ; 
It.  ostile  ; Sp.  hostil ; Fr.  hostile.]  Suitable,  or 
pertaining,  to  an  enemy  ; inimical ; unfriendly  ; 
repugnant ; adverse  ; opposite  ; contrary. 

Fierce  Juno’s  hate, 

Added  to  hostile  force,  shall  urge  thy  fate.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Adverse. 

||  HOS'TJLE-LY,  ad.  In  a hostile  manner. 

HOS-TIl'I-TY,  n.  [It.  ostilita;  Sp.  hostilidad; 
Fr.  host  Hite.] 

1.  State  of  being  hostile ; the  practice  of  an 
open  enemy ; opposition  in  war  ; war ; warfare. 

We  were  determined  that  hostilities  should  not  begin  on 
our  part.  Cook. 

2.  Enmity  ; animosity  ; hatred ; ill-will. 

Syn.  — See  Enmity. 

IIOS'TIL-IZE,  v.  a.  To  render  hostile  ; to  change 
to  an  enemy,  [r.]  Setcard. 

f HOST'ING,  n.  1.  An  assemblage  of  armed  men  ; 
a muster.  “ The  general  hostings.”  Spenser. 

2.  Hostile  encounter  ; contest ; battle  ; fight. 

Strange  to  ua  it  seemed, 

At  first,  that  angel  should  with  angel  war, 

And  in  fierce  hosting  meet.  Milton. 

IIOS'TLpR  (os'ler)  [os'Ier,  S.  W.  J.  E.  F.  Sm.  C. ; 
ost'ler,  P.  Ja.  K.  R.  ; hos'Ier,  Wr.  Wb.],  n.  [Old 
Fr.  hosteller;  Fr.  hotelier,  an  innkeeper.]  One 
who  has  the  care  of  horses  at  an  inn  or  stable. 
“ Hostlers  to  tend  their  horses.”  Spenser. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RflLE.  — 9,  £,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  £,  |,  hard;  § as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


HOSTLERY 


698 


HOUSE 


HOS'TLE-RY  (ho'tl-re  or  hos'tl-re),  n.  [Old  Fr. 
hostcllerie ."]  An  inn.  [Cornwall,  Eng.]  Tocld. 

f HOST'L^SS,  a.  Inhospitable,  as  if  destitute  of  a 
host. 

Forth  riding  from  Malbeccoe’s  hostless  house.  Spenser. 

IIOS'TRY,  n.  1.  A lodging-house.  JIowcll. 

2.  A place  where  the  horses  of  guests  are 
kept.  [».]  Dryden. 

HOT,  a.  [A.  S.  hat ; Dut.  licet ; Dan.  lied  ; Sw. 
het ; Ger.  heisz.) 

1.  Having  the  power  to  excite  the  sense  of 
heat ; having  heat ; burning  ; — fiery  ; igneous  ; 
contrary  to  cold. 

Another  said  the  fire  was  over  hot.  Chaucer. 

2.  Ardent ; fervent ; vehement ; impetuous  ; 
excitable  ; passionate  ; irascible  ; hasty  ; eager. 

Come,  come.  Lord  Mortimer;  you  are  as  slow 

As  hot  Lord  Percy  is  on  tire  to  go.  Shak. 

Nature  to  youth  hot  rashness  doth  dispense.  Denham. 

When  in  hot  scent  of  gain  and  full  career.  Dryden. 

3.  Lustful ; wanton.  Shak. 

4.  Attended  with  violence  and  danger. 

He  resolved  to  storm;  but  his  soldiers  declined  that  hot 
service,  and  plied  it  with  artillery.  Clarendon. 

5.  Pungent ; high-flavored  ; piquant;  biting; 

acrid.  “ Hot  as  mustard.”  Johnson. 

f HOT,  f HOTE,  f HO'TJJN,  pret.  of  the  old  verb 
liight.  Named;  called.  Spenser. 

HOT'— BED,  n.  { Hort .)  A bed  of  earth  made  of 
horse-dung,  tanner’s  bark,  &c.,  and  covered 
with  glass,  for  rearing  early  plants.  Farm.  Ency. 

HOT'— BLAST,  n.  ( Iron-Works .)  A current  of 
heated  air  injected  into  a furnace  by  means  of 
a blowing-engine  ; — first  applied  by  Mr.  James 
Neilson,  of  Glasgow,  in  1827.  Ure. 

The  hot-blast  has  been  so  much  extended  in  Great  Britain 
as  to  have  enabled  many  proprietors  of  iron-works  to  add  fiftv 
per  cent,  to  their  weekly  production  of  metal,  to  diminish 
the  expense  of  smelting  by  fifty  per  cent.,  and,  in  many  cases, 
to  produce  a better  sort  of  cast-iron  from  indifferent  mate- 
rials. Ure. 

HOT'— BLOOD-pD  (-blud-ed),  a.  Having  hot  blood ; 
high-spirited ; irritable.  Craig. 

HOT'— BRAINED  (hot'brand),  a.  Violent;  vehe- 
ment ; furious  ; hot-headed.  Dryden. 

HOTCH'POT,  ) n%  [Fr.  hochepot;  liachcr,  to 

HOTCH'POTCH,  ) cut,  or  hochcr , to  shake,  and 
pot,  a pot.  — “ A mixture  of  various  things 
shaken  together  in  the  same  pot.”  Tyrwhitt.) 

1.  A mingled  hash ; a confused  mass ; a 
mixture  ; a gallimaufry ; an  olio. 

Ye  have  cast  all  their  words  in  a hotchpot.  Chaucer. 

A kind  of  olla,  or  hotchpotch , made  of  several  sorts  of 
meats.  Dryden. 

2.  {Law.)  A throwing  of  one  or  more  separate 
portions  into  a common  stock  ; — applied  an- 
ciently to  the  blending  of  lands  given  to  one 
daughter  in  frank  marriage  with  those  descend- 
ing to  her  and  her  sisters  in  fee-simple,  for  the 
purpose  of  dividing  the  whole  equally  among 
them ; and,  in  modern  law,  to  a similar  blend- 
ing of  the  amount  of  an  advancement,  made  to 
a particular  child  in  real  or  personal  estate, 
with  the  common  stock,  for  the  purpose  of 
equalizing  the  shares  of  all  the  children.  Burrill. 

HOT'— COC-KLE§  (liot'kok-klz),  n.  pi.  [Fr.  hautes 
coma  lies. \ A play  in  which  one  is  hoodwinked, 
and,  being  struck,  guesses  who  strikes  him.  Gay. 

HO-TEL',  n.  [Fr.]  1.  A superior  lodging-house 

with  the  accommodations  of  an  inn  ; a genteel 
inn  ; a public  house  ; an  inn. 

2.  A private  house  of  a man  of  rank  ; a large 
mansion  ; — so  applied  in  France.  Simmonds. 

Syn.  — See  Tavern. 

HOTEL  DIEU  (o-tel'defi').  [Fr.]  Ahospital.  Cyc. 

HOT'— FLUE,  n.  An  apartment  heated  by  stoves 
or  steam-pipes,  in  which  padded  and  printed 
calicoes  are  dried  hard.  Ure. 

HOT'-HEAD-^D  (hot'lied-ed),  a.  Vehement ; vio- 
lent ; passionate  ; hot-brained.  Arbuthnot. 

HOT'-HOUSE,  n.  1.  f A bathing-house.  Shak. 

2.  f A house  for  lewdness ; a brothel.  Jonson. 

3.  A house  or  enclosure  kept  warm  for  rear- 
ing tender  plants  and  ripening  fruits.  Brande. 

HOT'— LI  V-^RED  (-erd),  a.  Having  an  irascible 
temper ; excitable  ; irritable.  Milton. 

HOT'LY,  ad.  In  a hot  manner  ; with  heat. 


HOT'— MOUTHED  (hbt'mbfltlid),  a.  Headstrong; 
unruly.  “ That  hot-mouthed  beast.”  Dryden. 

IIOT'-NJJSS,  n.  1.  The  state  of  being  hot ; heat. 

2.  Violence  ; vehemence  ; fury.  Johnson. 

HOT'PRESS,  V.  a.  [i.  HOTPItESSED  ; pp.  HOT- 
PRESSING,  hotpresked.]  To  press,  as  paper, 
&c.,  between  hot  plates.  Francis. 

HOT'— PRESS-ING,  n.  The  act  of  pressing  be- 
tween hot  metal  plates.  Booth. 

HOT'— SHOOTS,  n.  pi.  A compound  of  small 
coal,  charcoal,  loam,  and  urine,  made  into  balls 
for  tiring.  Craig. 

HOT'— SHORT,  a.  Brittle  when  hot.  — See  Iron. 

HOT'SPUR,  n.  1.  A man  violent,  passionate,  and 
precipitate. 

Some  hotspurs  there  were  that  gave  counsel  to  go  against 
them  with  all  their  forces.  Holland. 

2.  A kind  of  pea,  of  speedy  growth.  Mortimer. 

HOT'SPUR,  a.-  Violent ; impetuous,  [r.]  Spenser. 

IIOT'SPURRED  (hot'spiird),  a.  Vehement;  rash; 
hasty  ; precipitate.  Peacham. 

HOT'TEN-TOT  (hot'tn-tot),  n.  {Geog.)  A savage 
native  of  the  south  of  Africa.  Addison. 

HOT'TEN-TOT— CIIER'RY,  n.  {Bot.)  A shrub 
with  handsome  foliage,  but  with  inconspicuous 
flowers  ; Cassine  Maurocenia.  London. 

HOT'— WALL,  n.  (Hort.)  A wall  for  the  growth 
of  fruit-trees,  built  with  flues  or  other  contriv- 
ances, so  that  it  may  be  heated.  Brande. 

HOT'— WA-TJJR,  n.  1.  Heated  water. 

2.  A state  of  trouble  or  contention.  Roget. 

HOT'— WELL,  n.  {Steam-Engine.)  A reservoir  for 
receiving  the  warm  water  which  the  air-pump 
draws  oft  from  the  condenser.  Ogilvie. 

HOU ' DAH,  n.  A seat  to  be  fixed  on  an  ele- 
phant’s or  a camel’s  back  ; — written  also  liow- 
dah.  [East  Indies.]  Mackintosh. 

II  HOUGH  (hok,  76)  [hok,  S.  IF.  P.  J.  K.  Sm.  C. ; 
liof,  E.  Ja.  ; iiok  or  hof,  /’.] , n.  [A.  S.  hoh.\  In 
quadrupeds,  the  tarsus,  or  joint  at  the  lower 
extremity  of  the  tibia ; — in  man,  the  ham  or 
poples  ; — written  also  hock.  — See  Hock. 

||  HOUGH  (hok),  v.  a.  1.  To  hamstring  ; to  dis- 
able by  cutting  the  ham. 

Thou  shalt  hough  their  horses.  Josh.  xi.  C. 

2.  To  cut  with  a hough,  or  hoe.  Iloldsworth. 

HOUGH  (ho,  76),  n.  [Fr  .hone.)  A hoe.  Stilling  fleet. 

||  HOUGII'IJR  (hok'er,  76),  n.  One  who  houghs  or 
hamstrings.  Swift. 

HOUGH'ITE  (huf'lt,  76),  n.  {Min.)  A magnesian 
mineral.  Johnson. 

HOU'L^T,  n.  See  Howlet.  Johnson. 

f HOULT  (holt),  n.  [A.  S.  holt.)  A small  wood. 

Or  os  the  wind,  in  hoults  and  shady  groves.  Fairfax. 

HOUND,  n.  [M.  Goth,  liunds  ; A.  S.  hund  ; Dut. 
hond;  Ger.,  Dan.,  <S,  Sw..  hund.) 

1.  fThe  generic  name  of  the  dog.  Wicklijfe. 

2.  A species  of  dog  used  in  the  chase.  Shak. 

3.  pi.  {Naut.)  Projections  at  the  mast-head 

for  the  trestle-trees  to  rest  upon.  Dana. 

HOUND,  v.  a.  1.  To  set  on,  as  hounds  in  the  chase. 

Hold  good  sword  but  this  day, 

And  bite  hard  where  I hound  thee.  Beau.  !f  FI. 

2.  To  hunt ; to  pursue.  “ If  the  wolves  had 
been  hounded  by  tigers.”  L’ Estrange. 

HOUND'— FlSH,  n.  {Ich.)  A name  applied  to  dif- 
ferent species  of  the  shark  ; dog-fish.  Maunder. 

HOUND’S' TONGUE  (-tung),  n.  {Bot.)  A plant  of 
several  varieties  ; Cynoglossum.  Farm.  Ency. 

HOUND'— TREE,  n.  A kind  of  tree.  Ainsworth. 

HOUP  (hop),  n.  [L.  upupa.]  The  hoopoo.  Todd. 

HOUR  (our),  n.  [Gr.  S>pa  ; L.  hora  ; It.  ora  ; Sp. 
hora ; Nor.  F r.  cur,  cure  ; F r.  heure.  — Ger.  uhr.) 

1.  The  twenty-fourth  part  of  a natural  day ; 
the  space  or  time  of  sixty  minutes. 

How  many  hours  bring  about  the  day.  Shak. 

2.  The  time  as  marked  by  the  clock.  “It 

was  about  the  sixth  hour.”  John  iv.  6. 

3.  A particular  time.  “ The  hour  of  death.” 
Shak.  “ This  present  luckless  hour.”  Spenser.  | 


4.  pi.  {Catholic  Church.)  "The  seven  hours  of 

prayer,  or  the  canonical  hours.  Brande. 

5.  pi.  {Myth.)  The  goddesses  of  the  seasons 

and  of  the  hours  of  the  day.  Brande. 

While  universal  Pan, 

Knit  with  the  Graces  and  the  Hours  in  dance, 

Led  on  the  eternal  Spring.  Milton. 

To  keep  (rood  hours,  to  return  to  one’s  home  at  sea- 
sonable hours.  “ A genteehgentleman  who  kept  good 
hours.”  Addison. 

HOUR'— AN-GLE,  n.  {Astron.)  The  angular  dis- 
tance of  a heavenly  body  east  or  west  of  the 
meridian.  Hind. 

HOUR'— CIR-CLE,  n.  {Astron.)  Any  great  circle 
of  the  sphere  which  passes  through  the  two 
poles;  a meridian; — so  called  because  the 
hour  of  the  day  is  ascertained  when  that  circle 
is  ascertained  upon  which  the  sun  is  for  the 
time  being.  p.  Cyc. 

HOUR'— GLASS  (our'gl&s),  n.  An  instrument  for 
measuring  time,  consisting  of  two  bulbs  of  glass 
connected  by  a narrow  tube,  and  containing  a 
sufficient  quantity  of  sand  to  occupy  an  hour  in 
running  from  one  bulb  to  the  other. 

HOUR'— HAND  (ofir'hand),  n.  That  part  of  a clock 
or  watch  which  points  out  the  hour. 

HOU'RI  [hbur'e,  Ja.  Sm.;  lio're  or  hou're,  K.), 
n. ; pi.  houries.  [From  Ar.  liter  al  oyitn,  black- 
eyed.  Brande.)  Among  Mahometans,  a beau- 
tiful virgin  or  nymph  of  paradise.  Johnson. 

HOUR'— LINE  (oftr'lln),  n.  A line  that  marks  the 
hour ; hour-circle.  Ash. 

HOUR'LY  (bur'le),  a.  Happening  every  hour ; 
frequent.  “ Hourly  pleasures.”  B.' Jonson. 

HOUR'LY  (ofir'le),  ad.  Every  hour  ; frequently. 

HOUR'— PLATE  (our'plat),  n.  The  dial-plate  on 
which  the  hours  pointed  out  by  the  hand  of  a 
clock  are  inscribed.  “The  characters  of  the 
hour-plate.”  Locke. 

HOU^'A^E,  n.  {Laic.)  A fee  paid  for  keeping 
goods  in  a house.  Chambers. 

+ HOU§'AL,  a.  Domestic.  Cotgrave. 

HOUSE  (libus),  n. ; pi.  ii60$'e$.  [M.  Goth.,  A.  S., 
Icel.,  if  Sw.  hus  ; Dut.  huis  ; Ger.  liaus  ; Dan. 
huus  ; Nor.  Fr.  haus,  or  h oust  el.) 

1.  A covered  or  protected  place,  — especially 
a sheltered  place  of  human  abode  ; an  abode  ; a 
habitation;  a dwelling;  residence;  domicile. 

Houses  are  built  to  live  in,  not  to  look  on;  therefore  let  use 
be  preferred  before  uniformity.  Bacon. 

2.  The  persons  living  in  a habitation ; a 
household ; a family. 

One  that  feared  God  with  all  his  house.  Acts  x.  2. 

3.  Manner  of  living  as  respects  provision  for 
the  table.  “ He  kept  a miserable'  house.”  Swift. 

4.  A family  of  ancestors,  descendants,  and 
kindred  ; lineage  ; race  ; — applied  particularly 
to  a line  of  sovereigns  and  their  connections. 

A man  whose  name  was  Joseph,  of  the  house  of  David. 

Luke  i.  27. 

The  red  rose  and  the  white  are  on  his  face, 

The  fatal  colors  of  our  striving  houses.  Shak. 

5.  The  place  of  a religious  or  academical  in- 
stitution ; a monastery  ; a college. 

A religious  house  in  the  city,  where  now  Constantia  re- 
sided. Addison. 

6.  A legislative  body;  as,  “The  House,  of 
Commons  ” ; “ The  House  of  Lords  ” ; “ The 
House  of  Representatives.” 

7.  A square  on  a chess-board.  Wright. 

8.  A place  of  entertainment ; a hotel. 

9.  {Astral.)  The  station  of  a planet  in  the 
heavens. 

Those  who  are  for  the  celestial  houses  worship  the  planets. 

Stillingjleet. 

10.  {Com.)  A firm  or  private  association  for 
purposes  of  business  ; as,  “ The  house  of  Bar- 
ing, Brothers,  & Co.” 

House  of  Correction,  a house  for  confining  and  pun- 
ishing disorderly  persons.  — House  of  Ood,  a temple; 
a church.  “ Let  us  go  up  to  the  house  of  God.”  jttic. 
iv.  2. — To  keep  house,  to  have  a separate  domestic  es- 
tablishment. 

Syn.  — See  Mansion,  Race,  Tavern,  Tene- 
ment. 

HOU$E,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  husian.)  [i.  housed  ; pp. 
HOUSING,  HOUSED.] 

1.  To  harbor  ; to  admit  to  residence. 

Palladius  wished  him  to  house  all  the  Helots.  Sidney. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE.  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


HOUSE 


699 


HOWL 


2.  To  keep  under  a roof ; to  shelter. 

As  we  house  hot-country  plants  to  save  them.  Bacon. 

3.  To  drive  to  shelter. 

E’en  now  we  housed  him  in  the  abbey  here.  Shak. 

IIOUijE  (liouz),  v.  n.  1.  To  take  shelter;  to  keep 
abode ; to  reside. 

Graze  where  you  will,  you  shall  not  house  with  me.  Shak. 

2.  To  have  an  astrological  station  in  the 
heavens. 

In  fear  of  this,  observe  the  starry  signs 

Where  Saturn  houses  and  where  Hermes  joins.  Dryden. 

HOUSE'— BOAT,  n.  A boat  with  a room,  like  that 
of  a house.  Tocld. 

HOUSE' BOTE,  n.  [A.  S.  hus,  a house,  and  bote, 
an  allowance  ; Nor.  Fr.  husbotc.']  (Late.)  An 

allowance  of  timber  or  wood  for  the  repair  of  a 
house  ; — sometimes  applied  to  an  allowance  of 
wood  for  fuel,  though  the  latter  is  more  proper- 
ly called  Jirebote.  Whishaw. 

HOUSE'— BREAK-ER,  n.  A robber  or  thief  who 
forcibly  enters  a house  for  unlawful  purposes 
by  daylight.  L’ Estrange. 

HOUSE'— BREAK-ING,  n.  The  crime  of  forcibly 
entering  a house  for  unlawful  purposes  by  day- 
light. — House-breaking  in  the  night  is  burglary. 

J0£g=-In  the  commission  of  burglary,  “ the  time 
must  be  by  night,  ami  not  by  day  ; for  in  the  day- 
time there  is  no  burglary .”  Blackstone.  — See  BUR- 
GLARY. 

HOUSE'— CRICK-pT,  n.  A cricket  which  infests 
houses.  Crabb. 

HOUSE'— DOG,  n.  A dog  kept  to  guard  a house. 

HOUSE'FUL,  n.  As  much  as  a house  will  hold. 

HOUSE' HOLD,  n.  1.  A family  living  together. 
She  looketh  well  to  the  ways  of  her  household.  Prow  xxxi.  27. 

2.  Family  life;  domestic  management. 

Rich  stuffs  and  ornaments  of  household.  Shak. 

HOUSE' HOLD,  a.  Domestic  ; relating  or  belong- 
ing to  the  house  ; home. 

Familiar  in  our  mouths  ns  household  words.  Shak. 

For  nothing  lovelier  can  be  found 
In  woman  than  to  study  household  good.  Milton. 

HoftSE'HOLD— BREAD',  n.  Bread  made  in  the 
family  ; home-made  bread. 

HOUSE'HOLD-ER,  n.  The  occupier  of  a house  ; 
the  master  of  a family.  Matt.  xxi.  33. 

HOUSE'HOLDS,  n.  pi.  {Among  Millers.)  The  best 
flour  made  from  red  wheat,  with  a small  portion 
of  white  wheat  mixed.  Simmonds. 

HOUSE 'HOLD— STUFF',  n.  The  furniture  of  a 
house  ; utensils  convenient  for  a family.  Bacon. 

HOUSE'— KEEP-ER,  n.  1.  The  master  or  mistress 
of  a family;  a householder.  Locke. 

2.  A woman  or  female  servant  who  has  the 

chief  care  of  a family.  Swift. 

3.  One  who  lives  much  at  home,  [r.] 

How  do  you  both?  You  are  manifest  house-keepers.  Shak. 

4.  fOne  who  exercises  hospitality  ; one  who 

lives  in  plenty.  Wotton. 

5.  f A house-dog.  Shak. 

HOUSE'— KEEP-ING,  n.  1.  f Hospitality ; a lib- 
eral and  plentiful  table.  Shak. 

2.  The  management  of  a household. 

HOUSE'— KEEP-ING,  a.  Domestic  ; useful  to  a 
family.  “ House-keeping  commodities.”  Carew. 

fHOU'SEL,  n.  [M.  Goth.  hunsT,  A.  S.  husel,  or 
husl. J The  holy  eucharist.  Chaucer. 

t HOU'^EL,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  huslian.]  To  administer 
the  eucharist  to.  Chaucer. 

HOUSE'— LAMB  (-lam),  n.  A lamb  fed  in  the 
house.  Todd. 

HOUSE'LEEK,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants  of 
several  species,  very  tenacious  of  life  ; Semper- 
vivum.  Loudon. 

HOUSE'LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  a house.  Shak. 

HOUSE'LINE,  n.  {Kant.)  A small  cord  made  of 
three  small  yarns,  and  used  for  seizings.  Dana. 

t HOUSE'LING,  a.  Sacramental;  — written  also 
housling.  — See  Housling.  Spenser. 

HOUSE'— LOT,  n.  A piece  of  land  for  a house  to 
be  built  upon.  — See  Lot.  Lewis. 


HoOse'— MAID,  n.  A female  menial  servant.  Swift. 

HoOsE'— pAiNT-JJR,  n.  One  who  paints  houses. 

IIoOsE'— PIG-EON  (-pld-jjn),  n.  A domesticated 
or  tame  pigeon.  Gregory. 

HOUSE'— RAl§-ER,  n.  One  who  raises,  or  builds, 
a house.  Wotton. 

HOl)SE'— RENT,  n.  Rent  charged  or  paid  for  the 
use  of  a house.  Jodrell. 

HOUSE'— ROOM,  n.  Space  or  room  in  a house. 
“ House-room  that  costs  him  nothing.”  Drgden. 

HOUSE'— RULE,  n.  Rule  over  a house,  or  house- 
hold ; domestic  rule  or  authority.  Milton. 

HOUSE'— SER-V ANT,  n.  A domestic  servant. 

HOUSE'— SNAIL,  n.  A kind  of  snail. 

HOUSE'— SPAR-ROW,  n.  {Ornith.)  A kind  of  spar- 
row ; Passer  domesticus.  Yarrell. 

HOUSE'— SPl-DER,  n.  A spider  that  infests  houses. 

HOUSE'— STEW-ARD,  n.  A domestic  employed  in 
the  care  and  management  of  a family.  Johnson. 

HOUSE'-SWAL-LOW  (-swol-15),  n.  {Ornith.)  A 
species  of  swallow.  Pennant. 

HOUSE'— TOP,  n.  The  top  or  summit  of  a house. 

HOUSE'— WARM-ING,  n.  1.  Act  of  warming 
a house. 

2.  A feast  or  merry-making  upon  going  into 
a new  house.  Addison. 

II  IIOUSE'WIFE  (huz'wjf  or  hous'wlf)  [huz'wlf,  S. 
W.  F.  K.  Sm.  C. ; huz'zif,  P.  J.  E.  Ja. ; lious'- 
wlf,  Wr.Wb.],n. 

1.  The  mistress  of  a family.  “ The  kind  and 

hearty  houseivife  is  dead.”  Pope. 

2.  A female  economist ; a huswife.  Addison. 

3.  One  skilled  in  female  business. 

She  made  him  as  good  a housewife  as  herself.  Addison. 

4.  A little  case  or  bag,  for  pins,  needles,  scis- 
sors, thread,  &c.  Shelton. 

Mrs.  Unwin  begs  me  in  particular  to  thank  you  warmly 
for  the  houseivife , the  very  thing  she  has  just  begun  to  want. 

Cowper. 

II  HOUSE'WIFE-LY,  a.  Relating  to  domestic 
economy  ; economical ; frugal ; careful  ; thrifty. 
“ Housewifely  skill.”  Delany. 

||  IIOUSE'WIFE-LY,  ad.  Like  a housewife  ; with 
the  economy  of  a careful  woman.  Sherwood. 

||  HOUSE'WIFE-RY,  n.  Domestic  or  female  busi- 
ness or  economy  ; management  becoming  the 
mistress  of  a family. 

St.  Paul  expresses  the  obligation  of  Christian  women  to 
good  housewifery.  Bp.  Taylor. 

HOUSE'WRlGHT  (-rlt),  n.  A builder  of  houses; 
an  architect.  Fotherby. 

HOUSING,  n.  1.  [W.  hws.  — Nor.  Fr.  houce ; Fr. 
housse .]  An  ornamental  covering  for  a horse ; 
a horse-cloth  ; a saddle-cloth.  Warton. 

2.  [See  House.]  f Houses  collectively. 

Their  lodging  was  in  All  Saints’  parish,  in  tire  back  side 
housing  called  Amsterdam.  Life  of  A.  Wood. 

3.  {Arch.)  The  space  taken  out  of  one  solid 

to  admit  the  insertion  of  another.  Brande. 

4.  {Naut.)  A small  cord  made  of  three  small 
yarns,  and  used  for  seizings ; a houseline.  Dana. 

t HOUS'LING,  a.  Sacramental,  — alluding  to  the 
marriages  of  antiquity. 

His  own  two  hands,  for  such  a turn  most  fit, 

The  housling  fire  did  kindle  and  provide.  Spenser. 

+ HOUSS,  n.  [Fr.  housse.]  A saddle-cloth  ; hous- 
ing. Dryden. 

HOVE,  n.  A disease  of  sheep;  wind  colic.  Loudon. 

HOVE,  i.  from  heave.  See  Heave. 

f HOVE,  t’.  n.  To  hover  about ; to  halt ; to  loiter ; 
to  linger ; to  stay  ; to  remain.  Gower. 

HOV'EL,  n.  [A.  S.  hofel\  hof,  a house.] 

1.  A shed  or  place  to  protect  cattle,  produce, 
ploughs,  carts,  &c.,  from  the  weather.  Brande. 

2.  A mean  habitation  ; a cottage.  Ray. 

HOV'EL,  v.  a.  To  shelter  in  a hovel.  Shak. 

HOV'EL-LING,  n.  A mode  of  preventing  chim- 
neys from  smoking  by  carrying  up  two  of  the 
sides  least  exposed  to  currents  of  air  higher 
than  the  other  two,  or  by  covering  the  top  and 
leaving  orifices  on  all  the  sides.  Craig. 


f HO'VEN  (-vn),  p.  from  heave.  See  Heave. 

||  IIOV'ER  [huv'er,  W.  J.  F.  Sm.  R.  C.  Wr.  Ken- 
rick,  Elphinston ; hov'er,  S.  P.  E.  Ja.  K.~],  v.  n. 
[W.  hof  an.' ] \i.  hovered  ; pp.  hovering, 

HOVERED.] 

1.  To  hang  fluttering  in  the  air  overhead. 

Great  flights  of  birds  are  hovering  about  the  bridge.  Addison. 

2.  To  wander  about  one  place. 

We  see  so  great  a.  prince  at  the  head  of  so  great  an  army 
• hovering  on  the  borders  of  our  confederates.  Addison. 

“ The  first  syllable  of  this  word  is  pronounced 
by  Mr.  Sheridan,  Mr.  Scott,  and  Mr.  Perry  so  as  to 
rhyme  with  the  first  of  novel ; but  Dr.  Kenrick,  Mr. 
Elphinston,  and  W.  Johnston  make  it  rhyme  with 
the  first  of  cover , lorei •,  &c.  The  last  is,  in  my  opin- 
ion, the  most  agreeable  to  polite  usage.”  JValker. 

||  HOV'J>R,  n»  A protection  ; a shelter  by  hang- 
ing over,  [r.]  Carew . 

||  HOV'ER-ER,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  hovers. 

||  IIOV'ER— GROUND,  n.  Light  ground.  [Local, 
Eng.]  Ray. 

||  HOV'ER-ING-LY,  ad.  In  a hovering  manner. 

HO\V,  ad.  [A.  S.  hu ; Frs.  ho  ; Dut.  lioe\  Dan. 
hvor  ; Sw.  huru  ; Ger.  wie.~\ 

1.  In  what  manner ; as,  “ How  did  he  do  it  ? ” 

2.  To  what  extent  or  degree. 

How  much  better  is  it  to  get  wisdom  than  gold! 

Prov.  xvi.  16. 

3.  From  what  cause;  for  what  reason. 

How  is  it  thou  hast  found  it  so  quickly?  Gen.  xxvii.  10. 

4.  In  what  state  or  condition. 

How  and  with  what  reproach  shall  I return  I Dryden. 

tfS”  It  is  used  interjectionally,  interrogatively,  and 
argumentatively. 

f HoW'BE,  ad.  Same  as  Howbeit.  Spenser. 

+ IIOVV-BE'IT,  ad.  or  conj.  [ how  he  it .]  Neverthe- 
less ; notwithstanding ; however ; yet.  Hooker. 

HOW' DAH  (hou'-),  n.  The  body  of  an  Indian 
carriage ; a small  pavilion  or  ear,  with  trap- 
pings, to  be  fixed  on  the  back  of  an  elephant ; 
— written  also  lioudah.  Simmonds. 

HOtV'DY,  n.  A midwife.  [North  of  Eng.]  Grose. 

HoW'D’-YE  (hbu'de-ye).  [Contracted  from  How 
do  ye  do  ?]  In  what  state  is  your  health  ? How 
do  you  do  ? [Colloquial.]  Pope. 

IIOW'EL,  n.  A cooper’s  tool  for  smoothing  the 
inside  of  a cask.  Proctor. 

HOlV-EV'ER,  ad.  {how  and  ever.)  1.  In  what- 
ever manner,  degree,  or  state;  as,  “ However 
it  may  be  done  ”;  “ However  wise  he  may  be.” 

2.  At  all  events  ; at  least. 

Our  chief  end  is  to  be  freed  from  all,  if  it  may  be,  however 
from  the  greatest,  evils,  and  to  enjoy,  if  it  may  be,  all  good, 
however  tne  chiefest.  Tillotson. 

HO\fc-EV'ER,  conj.  But ; yet ; still ; notwith- 
standing ; nevertheless. 

Syn.  — However , hut , yet,  still , notwithstanding , and 
nevertheless  are  termed  in  grammar  adversative  con- 
junctions, because  they  join  sentences  together  which 
stand  more  or  less  in  opposition  to  each  other.  How- 
ever, still,  and  nevertheless  are  commonly  regarded  as 
adverbs  ; but  in  some  forms  in  which  they  are  used 
they  may  be  more  properly  styled  conjunctions ; and 
all  these  terms  may  be  used  in  the  same  manner, 
though  there  is  a difference  in  their  disjunctive  power  ; 
as  may  be  seen  in  the  following  sentence,  by  substi- 
tuting any  one  of  the  other  terms  instead  of  however  : 
“ I do  not  build  my  reasoning  wholly  on  the  case  of 
persecution  ; however  [but,  yet,  still,  notwithstandin g , 
nevertheless ] I do  not  exclude  it.”  Jittcrbury. — See 
But. 

HoW'ITZ,  n.  See  Howitzer. 

HoW'lT-ZER  [hou'it-zer,  K.  Sm.  I Vb.  ; ho'wjt-zer, 
Ja.],  n.  [Ger.  haubitze.]  A short  piece  of  ord- 
nance, either  of  brass,  iron,  or  other  metal,  of 
much  larger  calibre  than  a cannon  of  the  same 
weight ; — used  frequently  as  a mortar.  Brande. 

HoW'KER,  n . (Naut.)  A sort  of  Dutch  vessel, 
with  two  masts,  carrying  from  fifty  to  two  hun- 
dred tons:  — also  a small  fishing-smack,  used 
on  the  Irish  coasts.  Simmonds. 

HoWL  (houl),  v.  n.  [Gr.  vtaio  ; L.  ululo  ; It. 
urlare\  Sp.  aullar ; Fr.  hurler. — A.  S.  gyllan , 
or  giellan  ; Dut.  huijler ; Belg.  hit  glen  ; Ger. 
heulen.]  [i.  howled  ; pp.  howling,  howled.] 

1.  To  cry,  as  a wolf  or  a dog;  to  yell. 

And  dogs  in  corners  set  them  down  to  howl.  Drayton. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  (J,  <;,  g,  soft;  jE,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  $ as  7.;  If  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


HUGUENOT 


HOWL 

2.  To  utter  cries  in  distress.  “ Ye  rich  men, 

weep  and  howl.’’  James  v.  1. 

3.  To  make  a loud  noise  resembling  the  cry 
of  animals  ; to  roar  ; as,  “ The  wind  hotels.” 

HOWL,  v.  a.  To  utter  in  a loud  tone;  to  bawl. 

Go.  tell  thy  horrid  talc 

To  savages,  and  howl  it  out  in  deserts.  . Philips. 

HoWL,  n.  1.  The  cry  of  a wolf  or  a dog. 

2.  A mournful  cry  ; a cry  of  distress. 

Tile  mad  mothers  with  their  howls  confused 
Do  break  the  clouds.  onak. 

HoW'LfT,  n.  [Fr .hulotte.]  (Ornith.)  A bird  of 
the  owl  kind  ; Strixflammea  ; — so  called  from  its 
mournful,  howling  voice.  Eng.  Cyc. 

HOVVl'ING,  n.  1.  The  cry  of  a wolf  or  a dog. 

As  when  a sort  of  wolves  infest  the  night 

With  their  wild  bowlings  at  fair  Cynthia’s  light.  Jf  alter . 

2.  A loud  noise.  “ A peal  of  thunder  follows 
with  dreadful  holdings.”  Dryden. 

HOWL'ING,  p.  a.  1.  Crying  as  a dog  or  a wolf. 

2.  Filled  with  howlings  or  with  howling 
beasts.  “ The  howling  wilderness.”  Addison. 

HoW'aUA,  a.  Noting  a fine  species  of  tea.  Smart. 

f HOW'SO,  ad.  or  conj.  [Abbreviation  of  howso- 
ever. ] Although ; though.  Daniel. 

HoW-SO-EV'JJR,  ad.  or  conj.  In  what  manner  so- 
ever ; although ; however. — See  However. SAetA. 

fHoWVE,  n.  A hood.  Chaucer. 

t HOX,  v.  a.  To  hough;  to  hamstring.  “With 
his  sword  he  hoxed  his  horse.”  Shak. 

HOY,  n.  [Fr.  heu.]  (Xaut.)  A small  vessel,  usu- 
ally rigged  as  a sloop,  employed  for  carrying 
passengers  and  goods  from  place  to  place, 
usually  on  the  sea-coast.  Watts. 

HOY  (hoi ),  interj.  [Fr.  hue.]  An  exclamation  or 
call  variously  applied  ; as  begone  ! stop  ! halt ! 

HU-A-NA'CO,  n.  ( Zoiil .)  The  South  American 
camel ; llama  ; alpaca  ; guanaco.  V.  D.  Hoeven. 

HUB,  n.  1.  The  nave  of  a wheel ; hob.  Halliwell. 

2.  A mark  to  be  thrown  at.  Halliwell. 

3.  The  hilt  or  guard  of  a weapon.  Halliwell. 

Up  to  the  hub,  as  far  as  possible,  or  to  the  utmost. 

Forby. 

HUB'BLE-BUB'BLE,  n.  The  bottom  of  a hookah 
or  snake-pipe.  Simmonds. 

HUB'BUB,  n.  [Probably  formed  from  the  repeti- 

tion of  hoop,  or  whoop  ; — hoop-hoop,  hoob-hoob, 
hub-bub.  Richardson.] 

1.  A loud  noise,  as  of  discordant  voices  ; up- 
roar ; clamor.  Addison. 

A universal  hubbub  wild 

Of  stunning  sounds  aud  voices  all  confused.  Milton. 

2.  Tumult ; confusion  ; disorder  ; riot. 

In  the  hubbub  of  the  first  day  there  appeared  nobody  of 
name  or  reckoning,  but  the  actors  were  really  of  the  dregs  of 
the  people.  Clarendon. 

HUB-BUB-BOO',  n.  A cry  or  howling,  as  at  an 
Irish  funeral.  [Low.]  Hudibras. 

HUCK,n.  A trout  found  in  German  rivers.  Ogilvie. 

HUCK,  v.  n.  [Ger.  hocker,  a huckster.]  To  deal  as 
a huckster ; to  haggle  ; to  peddle.  Bp.  Andrews. 

HUCK'A-BACK,  n.  A coarse  kind  of  linen  cloth, 
having  the  weft  alternately  crossed,  to  produce 
an  uneven  surface.  Webster’s  Dorn.  Ency. 

+ HUC'KLE  f-kl),  n.  [Gr.  hooker,  a hump,  a 
bunch.]  The  hip.  Hudibras. 

HUC'KLE-BACKED  (-b&kt),  a.  Crooked  in  the 
shoulders;  crook-backed;  hump-backed. 

Johnson. 

HUC'KLE-BER-RY,  n.  ( Bot .)  A small  shrub 

which  bears  a black,  globose,  sweet,  and  eat- 
able berry ; black  whortleberry ; Vaccinium 
resinosum  : — the  fruit  of  the  Vaccinium  resi- 
nosum.  Bigelow.  Wood. 

Jh e) ' Gray  includes  several  species  of  huckleberry 
under  the  name  of  Guylussacia,  which  he  makes  a 
branch  of  the  Vuccinieie  or  whortleberry  family,  as 
the  box-leaved  huckleberry  ( Guylussacia  brachycera ), 
the  dwarf  huckleberry  ( Guylussacia  dumosa),  and  the 
black  huckleberry  ( Gaylussacia  resinosa). 

f HIJC'KLE-BONE,  n.  The  hip-bone.  Gurton. 

HTICK'STER,  n.  [Dan.  hoker  ; Sw.  hilkare  ; Ger. 
h'icker.] 

1.  A retailer  ; a perller ; a hawker.  Swift. 

2.  A mean  fellow  ; a trickster.  Bp.  Hall. 


700 

HUCK'STJpR,  v.  n.  To  deal  in  petty  bargains. 

Some  huckstering  fellow  who  follows  that  trade.  Sw\ft. 

f HUCK'STfR,  v.  a.  To  expose  to  sale.  Milton. 

HUCK'STpR-ApE,  n.  The  business  of  a huck- 
ster. [r.]  Milton. 

HUCK'STIJR-ER,  n.  Same  as  Huckster.  Swift. 

HUCK'STpR-ESS,  n.  A woman  who  hucksters  ; 
a female  huckster.  Sherwood. 

HUD,  n.  The  husk  or  shell  of  a nut. [Local.] Grose. 

HUD'DLE  (hud'dl),  V.  a.  [Ger.  hrnleln.]  [i.  HUD- 
DLED ; pp.  HUDDLING,  HUDDLED.] 

1.  f To  wrap  up  ; to  moble.  Johnson. 

2.  To  put  on  in  a hurry,  or  in  disorder. 

Now  all  in  haste  the}'  huddle  on 
Their  hoods,  their  cloaks,  and  get  them  gone.  Swift. 

3.  To  throw  together  in  confusion. 

Our  adversary  huddling  several  suppositions  together.  Locke. 

4.  To  perform  in  a hurry. 

Let  him  forecast  his  work  with  timely  care. 

Which  else  is  huddled  when  the  skies  are  fair.  Dryden. 

HUD'DLE,  v.  n.  To  come  or  press  together  in 
confusion  ; to  proceed  hurriedly. 

Fools  huddle  on,  and  always  are  in  haste, 

Act  without  thought,  aud  thoughtless  words  they  waste. 

Howe. 

HUD'DLE,  n.  Crowd;  tumult;  confusion;  dis- 
order. “ A huddle  of  ideas.”  Addison.  “Na- 
ture doth  nothing  in  a huddle.”  L’ Estrange. 

HUD'DLER,  n.  [Ger.  hudler.]  One  who  huddles  ; 
a bungler.  Cotgrave. 

HU-DF-BRAS'TIC,  a.  Being  in  the  style  of  Hudi- 
bras ; doggerel.  Maunder. 

HUD'SON-ITE,  n.  (Min.)  A variety  of  pyroxene 
found  in  Orange  county,  N.  Y.,  near  the  Hud- 
son River.  Dana. 

HUE  (ha),  n.  [A.  S.  Into,  or  hyas  ; Frs.  hei ; Ger. 
Kiel.]  Color  ; dye  ; tint. 

Flowers  of  all  hue,  and  without  thorn  the  rose.  Milton. 

HUE,  tt.  [Fr.  huee.]  A clamor;  a shouting;  — 
usually  joined  with  cry.  — See  Hue-and-cry. 

HUE-AND-CRY,  n.  (Law.)  The  outcry  with 
which  felons  were  anciently  pursued,  and  which 
all  who  heard  it  were  bound  to  take  up,  while 
obliged  also  to  join  in  the  pursuit.  Burrill. 

HUED  (hu'ed  or  liud),  a.  Colored,  [r.]  Chaucer. 

HU'£L,  n.  A mine  ; a tin  mine.  [Local.]  Weale. 

HUE'LESS,  a.  Having  no  hue  ; colorless.  Butler. 

Thin  and  hueless  as  a ghost.  Coleridge. 

t HU'IJR,  n.  One  who  calls  out.  Carew. 

HUFF,  n.  [A.  S.  heoflon,  raised  up,  from  hebban, 
to  heave,  to  raise.] 

1.  Swell  of  sudden  anger  or  arrogance. 

Shall  I fear  an  anger  that  lasts  but  a moment, ...  an  anger 
that  is  but  as  the  spleen  of  a wasp,  a short  fester  and  huff  of 
passion  ? South. 

2.  One  swelled  with  a sense  of  his  own  im- 
portance ; a boaster. 

Shallow-brained  huffs  make  atheism  and  contempt  of  re- 
ligion the  sole  badge  and  character  of  wit.  South. 

HUFF,  V.  a.  [i.  HUFFED  ; pp.  HUFFING,  HUFFED.] 

1.  To  swell;  to  puff;  to  distend;  to-dilate. 

In  many  wild  birds,  the  diaphragm  may  easily  be  huffed 

up  with  air.  Greiv. 

2.  To  treat  with  insolence  ; to  hector  ; to  bul- 
ly. “ Youmustnotpresumeto A«/f  us.”  Echard. 

3.  In  chess,  to  remove  from  the  board,  as  a 

conquered  man  ; — in  checkers,  to  remove  from 
the  board,  as  an  adversary’s  man  which  has 
neglected  to  take  another  when  opportunity 
offered.  Halliwell. 

HUFF,  v.  n.  1.  To  swell ; to  puff  up.  Wright. 

2.  To  bluster  ; to  storm  ; to  boast ; to  bounce  ; 
to  swagger. 

Huffing  to  cowards,  fawning  to  the  brave.  Roscommon. 

HUFF,  a.  Angry  ; blustering  ; huffish.  Gag. 

HUFF'ER,  n.  A blusterer  ; a bully.  Hudibras. 

HUF'FI-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  huffy; 
arrogance  ; petulance;  huffishness.  Todd. 

HUF'FISH,  a.  Arrogant;  blustering;  insolent; 
hectoring.  [Colloquial  and  low.]  Johnson. 

HUF'FISH-LY,  ad.  With  arrogant  petulance. 

HUF'FISH-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  huf- 


fish or  huffy  ; noisy  bluster  ; ill-humor  ; petu- 
lance ; arrogance.  Johnson. 

HUF'FLING,  n.  A process  of  ornamenting  gilded 
leather.  Simmonds. 

IIUF'FY,  a.  Being  in  ill-humor  ; petulant;  blus- 
tering ; angry ; huffish.  [Colloquial.]  Palmer. 

HUG,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  hegian,  to  hedge.  Skinner. 

Sw.  hugna.]  [ i . hugged;  pp.  hugging, 

HUGGED.] 

1.  To  press  close  in  an  embrace  ; to  embrace ; 
to  clasp ; to  imbosom. 

He  bewept  my  fortune, 

And  hugged  me  in  his  arms.  Shak. 

2.  To  cling  to  or  hold  fast;  to  keep  fondly. 

Age  makes  us  fondly  hug  and  retain  the  good  things  of  life 

when  we  have  the  least  prospect  of  enjoying  them.  Atterbury. 

3.  To  gripe  in  wrestling.  London  Ency. 

i.  To  congratulate;  — used  with  the  reflec- 
tive pronouns  one’s  self,  himself,  yourself,  &c. 

He  hugs  himself  at  the  good  news.  Addison. 

5.  (Naut.)  To  keep  close  to  ; to  go  near  ; as, 
“ To  hug  the  shore.” 

HUG,  v.n.  To  lie  close ; to  cuddle.  Shak. 


HUG,  M.  1.  Close  embrace  ; clasp.  “ Why  those 
close  hugs  ? ” Gay. 

2.  A particular  gripe  in  wrestling  ; as,  “ The 
Cornish  hug.”  Toiler. 


HU(iE,  a.  [Old  Fr.  ahoege,  or  ahuque ; Dut.  hoog .] 
1.  Very  large  in  size;  vast;  bulky;  stupen- 
dous ; immense  ; enormous  ; gigantic. 

This  space  of  earth  is  so  huge  ns  that  it  equalleth  in  great- 
ness not  only  Asia,  Europe,  and  Africa,  but  America.  Abbot. 

There  leviathan, 

Hugest  of  living  creatures,  in  the  deep 
Stretched  like  a promontory,  sleeps  or  swims, 

And  seems  a moving  land.  Milton. 


2.  Very  great.  “ A huge  feeder.”  Shak. 
Who  Beeth  not  what  huge  difference  there  was  between 
them  ? Hooker. 

He  received  admonition  always  as  huge  kindness.  Fell. 


Syn.  — See  Enormous. 


HUfjJE'LY,  ad.  Immensely;  enormously  ; greatly. 


HUIjJE'NIJSS,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state  of  be- 
ing huge  ; enormous  bulk  ; vast  size  or  extent ; 
vastness  ; enormousness  ; immensity. 

All  wondering  at  the  hugeness  of  the  horse.  Surrey's  Virgil. 

IIU'GP-OUS,  a.  Very  great;  vast;  enormous; 
huge.  [Low.]  [r.]  Byrom. 

HUG'GER,  n.  One  who  hugs  or  embraces.  Otway. 


t HUG'GpR,ti.  n.  To  lie  in  ambush  ; to  lurk.  Hall. 


HUG'HIJR-MUG-EJJR,  n.  [Etymology  uncertain. 
— “ It  is  written  by  Sir  Thomas  More  hoker- 
moker.  Hoker,  in  Chaucer,  is  peevish,  cross- 
grained,  of  which  maker  may  be  only  a ludi- 
crous reduplication.  Hooke  is  likewise  in  Ger- 
man a corner,  and  moky  is  in  English  dark.” 
Johnson.  — “ This  expression  is  also  written 
huckermucker.  This  directs  us  to  the  German 
mucken,  to  mutter,  to  speak  low,  as  the  proba- 
ble etymon  of  part  of  the  word.  To  hugger 
appears  to  have  been  a cant  term  for  to  lurk 
.about,  in  the  sixteenth  century.”  Todd.  — Icel. 
miugg,  secretly.  Jamieson.  — With  respect  to 
these  derivations  Mr.  Nares  says  he  is  “in- 
clined to  think  that  they  are  all  erroneous,  and 
that  the  word  was  really  formed  from  hug,  or 
hugger,  by  a common  mode  of  burlesque  redu- 
plication.”] Secrecy  ; by-place.  [Low.]  Shak. 

llow  they  have  wrought  in  huggernmgger  to  steal  awny 
the  hearts  of  English  subjects.  Dale. 

HUG'jGER-MUG-GER,  a.  Clandestine;  unfair; 
poor  ; mean  : base  ; — without  order  ; disorder- 
ly ; confused.  [Low  and  local.]  Holloway. 

HUG'GLE,  v.  a.  To  hug.  Holland . 

IIU'GUjp-NOT  (hu'ge-not),  n.  [Ger.  eidgenossen , 
pi.  confederates.  Boistc.]  One  of  the  reformed 
religion  in  France  ; a French  Protestant  or  Cal- 
vinist. Dryden. 

jOgf* 11  The  origin  of  Huguenots , as  applied  to  French 
Protestants,  was  already  a matter  of  doubt  and  dis- 
cussion in  the  lifetime  of  those  who  first  bore  it.  I 
can  hardly  doubt  that  it  is  a corruption  of  eidnoten , 
Low  German,  for  cidnossen , confederates.”  Trench. — 
“ Some  deduce  it  from  one  of  the  gates  of  the  city  of 
Tours,  cirtled  Hugo  as,  at  which  these  Protestants  held 
their  first  assemblies  others,  from  the  words  Hue 
vos,  with  which  their  original  protest  commenced. ” 
Dr.  Hook. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  T,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


HUGUENOTISM 


701 


HUMBOLDTILITE 


HU'GUJ-NOT-I^M  (hu'ge-not-Tzm),  n.  The  pro- 
fession or  principles  of  a Huguenot.  Sherwood. 

HU'OY,  a.  Huge.  “ Hugy  bulk.”  [r.]  Dryden. 

fHUI'SHpR  (hwe'sher),  n.  [Fr.  huissier.]  An 
attendant ; a door-keeper  ; an  usher.  B.  Jonson. 

fHUKE ,n.  [Low  L.  huca;  Old  Fr.  huque.]  A 
cloak  ; a mantle.  Bacon. 

f HULCH,  n.  A bunch ; a bump  ; a hunch. Cotgrave. 

f IIULCH'bACKED  (-b&kt),  a.  Crooked  in  the 
shoulders  ; crookbacked.  Cotgrave. 

f HULCII'pD,  a.  Swollen;  puffed  up.  Cotgrave. 

f IIULCH'Y,  a.  Much  swelling  ; gibbous.SAenooocL 

HUFFS ' TON,  n.  [Ger.]  ( Mus .)  The  secondary 
or  superior  note  in  a shake.  Brande. 

HULK,  n.  [Gr.  a ship  which  is  towed; 

a ship  of  burden.  — A.  S.  hale,  a den,  a cabin  ; 
Dut.  hulk  ; Dan.  hoik  ; Sw.  halk.] 

1.  A vessel  of  burden  ; a ship. 

He  sent  huge  hulks , which  did  like  mountains  move.  Stirling. 

2.  The  body  of  a ship  ; — applied  at  present 
to  the  body  of  an  old  vessel  laid  by  as  unfit  for 
service. 

Even  the  hulks  of  the  ships  that  carried  them  . . . used  to 
be  honored  and  visited  as  sacred  relics.  Cook. 

3.  Any  thing  bulky  and  unwieldy.  Shak. 

The  hulks,  old  ships  lying  in  the  Thames,  England, 

and  serving  as  prisons  for  convicts  previously  to  their 
being  transported.  Craig. 

HULK,  v.  a.  To  exenterate.  “To  hulk  a hare, 
that  is,  to  take  out  its  viscera.”  London  En,y. 

HULK'Y,  a.  Heavy  ; large  ; unwieldy.  [Collo- 
quial and  local,  Eng.]  Haywood. 

HULL,  n.  [A.  S.  hul,  the  shell  of  a nut ; Ger. 
hulle,  a husk  ; hidlen,  to  cover.] 

1.  A husk  or  integument ; cover  of  a nut,  &c. 

2.  ( Naut .)  The  body  of  a ship,  exclusive  of 
the  masts,  rigging,  &c. ; the  hulk. 

Deep  in  their  hulls  our  deadly  bullets  light.  Dryclen. 

To  lie  a hull , to  lie  as  a hull  only,  or  with  all  the 
sails  furled  and  the  helm  lashed  a-lee.  Dana. — To 
strike  a hull , to  take  in  the  sails  and  lash  the  helm  on 
the  lee  side.  Mar.  Diet. 

HULL,  v.  a.  [i.  HULLED  ; pp.  HULLING,  hulled.] 

1.  To  peel  or  strip  off,  as  the  hull  or  husk  of 

any  seed.  Latham. 

2.  ( Naut .)  To  fire  into  so  as  to  pierce  the 

hull  of  a ship.  Chambers. 

HULL,  v..n.  {Naut.)  To  drive  to  and  fro  without 
sails  or  rudder  ; to  float. 

He  looked  and  saw  the  ark  hull  on  the  flood.  Milton. 

HUL-LA-BA-LOO',  n.  Uproar;  hallabaloo.  — See 
IIallabaloo.  Gent.  Mag. 

HULL'— DOWN,  a.  {Naut.)  Noting  a ship  when 
only  the  masts  and  sails  are  seen  in  the  dis- 
tance, the  hull  being  concealed  by  the  convexity 
of  the  sea.  Simmonds. 

HUL'LY,  a.  Having  hulls  ; husky.  Ainsworth. 

HU'LO-IST,  n.  See  Hyloist.  Craig. 

HU-LOTH'E-f^M,  n.  See  Hylotheish. Buchanan. 

HUL'V£R,  n.  The  common  holly  ; Ilex  aquifoli- 
um.  “ Save  hulver  and  thorn.”  Titsser. 

HUM,  v.  n.  [Dut.  hommelen  ; Ger.  hummen.)  [i. 
HUMMED  ; pp.  HUMMING,  HUMMED.] 

1.  To  make  the  noise  of  bees. 

Thick  as  the  humming  bees  that  hunt  the  golden  dew. 

Dryden. 

2.  To  make  an  inarticulate  and  buzzing 
sound  ; to  stammer ; to  hem  ; to  haw. 

The  cloudy  messenger  turns  me  his  back,  and  hums,  as 
who  should  say,  You ’llrue.  Shak. 

3.  To  pause  in  speaking,  and  force  out  the 
breath  with  a buzzing  sound.  “ The  man  lay 
humming  and  hawing  a good  while.”  L’ Estrange. 

4.  To  make  a low,  dull  noise  ; to  murmur. 

Humming  rivers,  by  his  cabin  creeping, 

Rock  soft  his  slumbering  thoughts  in  quiet  ease.  Fletcher. 

5.  To  express  applause  by  a hum.  [it.] 

When  Burnet  preached,  part  of  his  congregation  hummed 
so  loudly  and  so  long  that  he  sat  down  to  enjoy  it.  Johnson. 

HUM,  v.  a.  1.  f To  applaud.  “ Such  [sermons] 
as  are  most  hummed  and  applauded.”  Milton. 

2.  To  sing  low;  to  utter  indistinctly.  “ Hum 
half  a tune.”  Pope. 


3.  To  cause  to  hum  or  to  make  a low,  dull 

noise.  “ To  hum  a top.”  Johnson. 

4.  To  impose  upon  ; to  deceive.  Johnson. 

HUM,  n.  1.  The  noise  of  bees  or  insects. 

One  of  them  [bees]  awaketh,  and  raise  til  all  the  rest  with 
two  or  three  big  hums  or  buzzes.  Holland. 

2.  A low,  confused,  or  dull  noise  ; a murmur. 

Nor  undelightful  is  the  ceaseless  hum 

To  him  who  muses  through  the  woods  at  noon.  Thomson. 

3.  A pause  in  speaking,  while  the  breath  is 
forced  out  with  a buzzing  sound  ; a hem  ; haw. 

These  shrugs,  these  hums  and  haws.  Shak. 

4.  An  expression  of  applause,  [r.] 

There  prevailed  in  those  days  an  indecent  custom:  when 
the  preacher  touched  any  favorite  topic  in  a manner  that 
delighted  lus  audience,  their  approbation  was  expressed  by  a 
loud  hum,  continued  in  proportion  to  their  zeal  or  pleasure. 

Johnson , Life  of  Sprat. 

5.  f A strong  liquor.  B.  Jonson. 

6.  A jest;  a hoax  ; an  imposition.  Johnson. 

7.  The  milt  or  soft  roe  of  a codfish,  esteemed 

a delicacy  in  Scotland.  Simmonds. 

HUM,  inter] . A sound  implying  doubt  and  sus- 

• pense.  Shak. 

HU'MAN  [hu'man,  S.  W.  J.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  R. ; 
yu'mjn,  P.],  a.  [L.  humanus,  from  homo , man  ; 
It.  umano  ; Sp.  humano  ; Fr.  humain.) 

1.  Having  the  qualities  of  a man  ; as,  “ A 
human  creature  ” ; “A  Human  being.” 

2.  Belonging  to  man  or  mankind. 

Deatli  is  the  privilege  of  human  nature; 

And  life,  without  it,  were  not  worth  our  taking.  Rowe. 

3.  Not  sacred  or  divine;  secular;  profane. 

“ Human  authors.”  Broivne. 

Syn. — Human  and  humane,  though  derived  from 
the  same  word  (L.  homo,  humanus ),  differ  much  in 
signification.  Human  race,  nature;  a humane  indi- 
vidual, disposition.  Human  denotes  what  every  man 
is  ; humane,  what  every  man  ought  to  be. 

f IIU'MAN-ATE,  a.  Invested  with  humanity.  “It 
followeth  that  the  bread  is  humanate."  Cranmer. 

HU-MANE',  a.  [See  Human.]  1.  f Belonging  to 
man  ; human.  “ Humane  reason.”  Holland. 

2.  Having  qualities  which  become  a man  as 
a social  being  ; kind  ; civil ; benevolent ; tender. 

Love  of  others  . . . doth  naturally  spread  itself  towards 
many  and  maketh  men  become  humane  and  charitable. Bacon. 

3.  Suited  to  the  nature  of  man  as  a social 
being.  “ Christianity,  the  most  compassionate 
and  humane  religion  in  the  world.”  Pearce. 

Syn.  — See  Human. 

HU-mANE'LY,  ad.  In  a humane  manner  ; kindly. 

HU-MANE'NflSS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  hu- 
mane ; tenderness  ; humanity.  Scott. 

HU'MAN-T§M,  n.  1.  Polite  learning.  Gordon. 

2.  Human  nature  or  disposition ; humanity. 

A general  disposition  of  mind,  belonging  to  a man  as  such, 
is  termed  humanism.  Meyer. 

HU'MAN-IST,  n.  [Fr.  humaniste .] 

1.  One  versed  in  the  knowledge  of  humanity 

or  human  nature.  Junius. 

2.  A student  of,  or  one  versed  in,  polite  learn- 
ing ; a philologist ; a grammarian.  Brande. 

HU-MAN-I-TA'RI-AN,  a.  Relating  to  humanita- 
rians or  to  humanitarianism.  Ch.  Ob. 

HU-MAN-I-TA'RI-AN,  n.  One  who  believes  Christ 
to  be  a mere  man.  Brande. 

HU-MAN-I-TA'RI-AN-!§M,  n.  1.  The  doctrine 
that  Jesus  Christ  was  possessed  of  a human 
nature  only.  Panoplist. 

2.  Humanity  ; philanthropy.  West.  Rev. 

3.  Saint-Simonism  ; socialism.  Fleming. 

Syn.  — See  Socialism. 

HU-MAN'I-TA-RY,  a.  Relating  to  humanity  ; hu- 
manitarian. [r.]  N.  Ch.  Repository. 

HU-MAN'I-TY,  n.  [L.  humanitas  ; It.  umanita  ; 
Sp.  humanidad  ; Fr.  humanite. ] 

1.  Human  nature  ; the  nature  of  man. 

A rarer  spirit  did  never  steer  humanity.  Shak. 

2.  The  collective  body  of  mankind  ; human- 
kind. “To  teach  all  humanity.”  Glanville. 

3.  The  quality  of  being  humane  ; philanthro- 
py ; kindness  ; benevolence  ; tenderness. 

How  few,  like  thee,  inquire  the  wretched  out, 

And  court  the  offices  or  soft  humanity  1 Rowe. 

4.  The  knowledge  of  the  learned  languages 
or  the  ancient  classics  ; philology.  [Scotland.] 


5.  pi.  Polite  literature,  grammar,  rhetoric, 
and  poetry,  including  the  study  of  the  ancient 
classics.  “ Polite  literature,  or  the  humanities, 
as  they  are  called.”  Jortin. 

Syn.—  See  Benevolence. 

hO-MAN-I-ZA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  humanizing  ; 
act  of  civilizing.  Coleridge. 

IIU'MAN-IZE,  v.  a.  [Fr.  humaniscr.]  [i.  human- 
ized ; pp.  humanizing,  humanized.]  To  ren- 
der humane  ; to  civilize  ; to  soften. 

It  [Christianity]  hath  humanized  the  conduct  of  wars.  Raley. 

HU'MAN-iZ-gR,  n.  One  who  humanizes.  Burney. 

HU-MAN-KIND',  n.  The  race  of  man  ; mankind. 

A knowledge  both  of  books  and  humankind.  Tope. 

HU'MAN— LIKE,  a.  Resembling  man  or  the  hu- 
man form ; human,  [r.]  Goldsmith. 

HU'MAN-LY,  ad.  1.  In  a human  manner  ; after 
the  manner  of  men. 

2.  With  good  nature  ; kindly  ; humanely,  [r.] 
Modestly  bold  aud  humanly  severe.  Rope. 

HIT-MA'TION,  n.  [L.  humatio,  from  humus,  the 
ground.]  Interment,  [r.]  Chambers. 

HUM'BIRD,  n.  The  humming-bird.  Browne. 

II  HUM'BLE  (hum'bl  or  um'bl)  [um'bl,  S.  W.  P.  J. 
F.  K.  Sm.  C.  Wr.  ; hum'bl,  E.  Ja.  117:.  J,  a.  [L. 
humiHs ; humus,  the  ground  ; It.  umile ; Sp.  hu- 
milde ; Fr.  humble.'] 

1.  Having  a low  estimate  of  one’s  self ; pos- 
sessed of  humility  ; lowly  ; submissive  ; unpre- 
tending ; not  proud  ; modest ; meek. 

She  should  be  humble  who  would  please.  Rrior. 

So  humble  in  dust  I relinquish  my  pride.  Beattie. 

2.  Low ; not  high  ; not  great. 

A humble  roof  and  an  obscure  retreat.  Yelden. 

Syn.  — Humble , lowly , meek , and  modest , applied  to 
persons,  are  always  used  in  a good  sense  ; low , in  a 
bad  or  indifferent  sense.  A person  is  humble  from  a 
sense  of  his  imperfections  ; lowly  and  meek  from  being 
destitute  of  pride  or  arrogance  ; modest  from  a low  es- 
timate of  his  own  merits  or  endowments.  Humble 
temper  or  person  ; meek  and  lowly  in  spirit  ; modest 
demeanor  ; submissive  disposition  : — a humble  cottage, 
station  ; loic  situation,  birth,  or  condition. 

||  HUM'BLE,  v.  a.  [i.  humbled  ; pp.  humbling, 
humbled.] 

1.  To  make  humble  ; to  make  submissive  ; to 
make  to  bow  down  with  humility. 

Humble  yourselves  under  the  mighty  hand  of  God.  that  he 
may  exalt  you  in  due  time.  I Ret.  v.  0. 

2.  To  reduce  to  a low  state  ; to  abase  ; to  de- 
grade ; to  mortify  ; to  crush  ; to  break  ; to  subdue. 

We  are  pleased ...  to  see  him  humbled  in  his  reputation 
who  had  so  far  raised  himself  above  us.  Addison. 

3.  fTo  bring  down  from  a height ; to  make 
lower ; to  depress. 

In  process  of  time  the  highest  mountains  may  be  humbled 
into  valleys.  Hakewill. 

Syn.  — See  Abase. 

||  HUM'BLE-BEE,  n.  [Dut.  hommel ; Ger.  hummel.] 

1.  A large  kind  of  hairy  bee,  of  the  genus 
Bombus  ; — called  also  bumblebee.  Eng.  Cyc. 

2.  An  herb.  Ainsworth. 

II  HUM'BLE-BEE— EAT'pR,  n.  A fly  that  eats  the 
humblebee.  Ainsworth. 

II  HUM'BLE— MOUTHED  (-mofitfid),  a.  Mild ; meek. 
“ You  are  meek  and  humble-mouthed.”  Shak. 

||  HUM'BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  humble  ; 
humility ; absence  of  pride.  Sidney. 

||  HUM'BLE-PLANT,  n.  {Bot.)  A species  of  sen- 
sitive plant ; Mimosa  sensitiva.  Loudon. 

||  IIUM'BLpR,  n.  One  who  humbles  or  subdues. 

HUM'BLE^  (um'blz),  n.  pi.  Entrails  of  a deer. — 
See  Umbles.  Johnson. 

||  f HUM'BLfSS,  n.  [Old  Fr.  humblessc .]  Hum- 
bleness^ humility.  Spenser. 

||  IIUM'BLING,  n.  The  act  of  rendering  humble  ; 
humiliation  ; abatement  of  pride.  Milton. 

||  HUM'BLING, p.  a.  Makinghumble  ; mortifying. 

||  HUM'BLY,  ad.  Without  pride  ; with  humility  ; 
modestly ; submissively. 

HUM'BOLDT-I-LlTE,  n.  [From  Baron  Humboldt 
and  Gr.  lifloj,  a stone.]  {Min.)  A mineral  found 
in  the  lavas  of  Vesuvius,  and  consisting  chiefly 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — Q,  <?,  $,  g,  soft ; G,  €,  j,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


HUMORISTIC 


HUMBOLDTLNE 

of  silica,  alumina,  and  lime ; a variety  of  mel- 
lilite.  Dana. 

HUM'BOLDT-INE  (hum'bolt-in),  n.  (Min.)  A na- 
tive oxalate  of  iron  ; oxalite.  Dana. 

HUM'BOLDT-ITE  (hum'bolt-It),  n.  (Min.)  A bo- 
rosilicate  of  lime  ; a variety  of  datholite.  Dana. 

HUM'BUG,  n.  [Of  uncertain  etymology.  — Ac- 
cording to  //.  T.  Riley , a corruption  of  L.  am- 
bages ; full  of  ambages.  Howell.  — According 
to  F.  Crossley,  from  the  Ir.  words  uim  bog  (pro- 
nounced oom  bug),  soft  copper,  or  worthless 
money.  Notes  and  Queries,  vol.  viii.  — Accord- 
ing to  the  Manual  of  Orthoepy,  “ The  word 
humbug  originated  in  London,  being  a corrup- 
tion of  Hamburg,  on  the  Elbe,  because,  during 
the  continental  wars,  this  city  is  the  nucleus  of 
false  rumors  and  reports.”  — Perhaps  from 
mum,  expressive  of  silence,  and  bug,  a ghost ; 
a mutn-bug  thus  meaning  a device  to  frighten 
another  into  silence.  Gent.  Mag.  1858.] 

1.  An  imposition  ; an  imposture  ; a hoax  ; a 
false  alarm  ; bugbear;  deception.  Fielding,  1751. 

2.  A person  who  deceives  ; a cheat.  Halliwell. 

HUM'BUG,  V.a.  (7.  Ht'MItl'GGED  ; pp.  humbugging, 
humbugged.]  To  impose  upon;  to  deceive; 
to  cozen;  to  swindle.  [Vulgar.]  For.  Qu.  Rev. 

HUM'BUG-G^R,  n.  One  who  humbugs  ; one  who 
deceives.  [Low.]  Brookes. 

HUM'BUG-GgR-Y,  n.  The  practice  of  imposi- 
tion ; deception  ; deceit ; humbug.  [Low.]  Clarke. 

HUM'DRUM,  a.  Dull;  dronish;  stupid.  “I  was 
talking  with  an  old,  humdrum  fellow.”  Addison. 

HUM'DRUM,  n.  1.  A small,  low  cart,  drawn  usu- 
ally by  one  horse.  Halliwell. 

2.  A dull,  tiresome  person.  Holloway. 

3.  A dronish  tone  of  voice.  Jodrell. 

HUM'DRUM,  v.  n.  To  pass  time  in  a dull  man- 
ner. , Swift. 

HU-MECT',  v.  a.  To  humectate,  [r.]  Wiseman. 

H U-  M EC 'T  A NT,  a.  [L.  humecto,  humectans,  to 
wet.]  (Med.)  Noting  medicines  which  are  sup- 
posed to  augment  the  fluidity  of  the  blood  .Craig. 

HU-MEC'TATE,  v.  a.  [L.  humecto,  humectatus .] 
To  wet ; to  moisten,  [r.]  Browne. 

HU-MgC-TA'TION,  n.  [Fr.  humectation.]  The 
act  of  wetting ; moistening,  [r.]  Bacon. 

f HU-MEC'TI  VE,  a.  Having  the  power  to  wet  or 
moisten.  Partheneia  Sacra,  1C33. 

HU'Mp-FY,  v.  a.  [L.  humeo,  to  moisten;  hu- 
midus,  moist,  and  faeio,  to  make.]  To  make 
moist ; to  soften  with  water,  [u.]  Goldsmith. 

HU'Mfl-RAL,  a.  [Fr.  humeral,  from  L.  humerus, 
the  shoulder.]  Belonging  to  the  shoulder. 
“ The  humeral  arteries.”  Sharp. 

IKJ'MK-RUS,  n.  [L.]  (Anat.)  1.  The  long, 
cylindrical  bone  of  the  arm,  situated  between 
the  scapula  and  the  fore-arm ; os  humeri  or  os 
brachii.  Dunglison. 

2.  The  most  elevated  part  of  the  arm,  or  the 
shoulder,  including  the  head  of  the  os  humeri, 
the  scapula,  and  the  clavicle,  united  together  by 
strong  ligaments  and  covered  by  numerous  mus- 
cles. Dunglison. 

HUM'HUM,  n.  A kind  of  plain,  coarse,  Indian 
cloth  made  of  cotton.  Craig. 

HU'MIC,  a.  [L.  humus,  the  ground.]  (Chem.) 
Noting  an  acid  obtained  by  treating  vegetable 
mould  with  an  alkali.  Brande. 

t HU-MI-CU-BA'TION,  n.  [L.  humi,  on  the  ground, 
and  cubo,  to  lie.]  Act  of  lying  on  the  ground. 
“ Ashes,  tears,  and  humicubations .”  Bramhall. 

HU'MID,  a.  [L.  humidus;  It.  umido  ; Sp.  hume- 
do  ; Fr.  humide .] 

1.  Wet;  moist;  damp. 

Now,  when,  as  sacred  light  began  to  dawn 

In  Eden  on  the  humid  flowers.  Milton. 

2.  Consisting  of  water  or  vapor  ; watery. 

On  which  the  sun  more  glad  impressed  his  beams 

Than  in  fair  evening  cloud,  or  humid  bow, 

When  God  hath  showered  the  earth.  Milton. 

HU-MID'I-TY,  n.  [Fr.  humiditi.]  The  state  of 

being  humid  or  moist ; dampness  ; moisture. 

It  enables  the  animal  ...  to  preserve  it  [the  eye]  in  a due 
state  of  humidity  without  shutting  out  the  light.  J’aley. 

Syn.  — See  Moisture. 


702 

HU'MJD-NfiSS,  n.  The  state  of  being  humid.  Scott. 

f HU-MIF'ER-OUS,  a.  Making  moist.  Blount. 

HU'Ml-FUSE,  a.  [L.  humus,  the  ground,  and 
fundo,  fusus,  to  pour.]  (Bot.)  Spread  over  the 
surface  of  the  ground.  Gray. 

HU'MJLE,  a.  [L.  humilis .]  Humble,  [r.]  Gay. 

f HU'MILE,  v.  a.  [Fr.  humilier.]  To  make 
humble ; to  humble.  Bp.  Fisher. 

II U- MIL' I- ATE,  v.a.  \i.  HUMILIATED  ; pp.  HU- 
MILATING,  HUMILIATED.]  [L.  hlimilio,  humil- 
iatus.' ] To  humble  ; to  mortify  ; to  prostrate. 

We  stand  humiliated  rather  than  encouraged.  Dr.  T.  Arnold. 

Hr-MIL'I-AT-JNG, p.  a.  Humbling;  mortifying; 
disgracing.  A.  Smith. 

HU-MlL-I-A'TION,  n.  [L.  humiliatio  ; It.umilia- 
zione  ; Sp.  humillacion  ; Fr.  humiliation.'] 

1.  The  act  of  humbling  or  reducing  to  a low 
state  or  rank  ; descent  from  greatness. 

The  former  was  a humiliation  of  Deity,  the  latter  a humili- 
ation of  manhood.  Hooker. 

2.  The  act  of  abasing  pride,  or  state  of  meek- 
ness ; mortification. 

The  doctrine  he  [John]  preached  was  humiliation  and  re- 
pentance. Browne. 

Syn.  — See  Abasement. 

HU-MIl'I-TY,  n.  [L.  humilitas;  It.  umilita ; Sp. 
humilidud ; Fr.  humilite.] 

1.  The  quality  of  being  humble  ; lowliness  of 
self-estimation ; freedom  from  pride  ; the  oppo- 
site quality  to  pride  ; modesty  ; diffidence. 

Humility,  that  low,  sweet  root 

From  which  all  heavenly  virtues  shoot.  Moore. 

In  the  Greek  language  there  is  a word  for  humility ; but 
this  humility  meant  for  the  Greek  (that  is,  with  the  rarest  ex- 
ceptions) meanness  of  spirit.  lie  who  brought  in  the  Chris- 
tian grace  of  humility  did,  in  so  doing,  rescue  also  the  word 
which  expressed  it  for  nobler  uses,  and  to  a higher  dignity, 
than  it  hitherto  had  attained.  Trench. 

2.  An  act  of  submission. 

"With  these  humilities  they  satisfied  the  young  king.  Davies. 

Syn. — See  Modesty. 

HU'MJNE,  n.  [L.  humus , the  ground.]  (Chem.) 
The  peculiar  brown  substance  or  acid  obtained 
from  decayed  vegetable  matter  in  soils,  the  bark 
of  trees,  &c. ; humic  acid.  Brande. 

IIU'MITE,  n.  (Min.)  A mineral  found  in  yellow- 
brown  or  colorless  crystals  on  Monte  Somma  ; 
a variety  of  chondrodite  ; — so  named  from  Sir 
Abraham  Hume.  Brande. 

IIUM'MF.L,  v.  a.  To  separate,  as  the  awns  of  bar- 
ley from  the  kernel.  Farm.  Ency. 

IIUM'MEL-LER,  n.  1.  One  who  hummels. 

2.  An  instrument  for  separating  the  awns  or 
hulls  of  barley  from  the  seed.  Farm.  Ency. 

IIUM'MER,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  hums. 

HUM'MING,  n.  1.  The  noise  made  by  bees.  “A 
humming  through  their  waxen  city.”  Dryden. 

2.  Any  noise  resembling  that  made  by  bees. 

The  musical  accents  of  the  Indians,  to  us,  are  but  inartic- 
ulate hitmmings.  Glanvilli . 

HUM'MING,  p.a.  Uttering  a hum  ; making  a dull 
noise  ; buzzing. 

HUM'MING— ALE,  n.  Sprightly  ale.  Dryden. 

HUM1  MING— BIRD,  n. 

(Ornith.)  A bird  of  the 
family  Trochilidee,  being 
the  smallest  of  birds, 
very  beautiful,  and 
named  from  the  noise 
it  makes  ; — called  also 
humbird. 

HtJM'MING— TOP,  n.  A hollow  spinning-top;  — 
so  called  from  the  noise  it  makes.  Simmonds. 

hOm'MOCK,  n.  1.  A little  hill;  a hillock;  — 
written  also  hommock. — See  Hommock. 

Point  Possession  bore  N.  N.  E.  about  three  miles’ distance, 
and  some  remarkable  hummocks  on  the  north.  Hawkcsworth. 

2.  A sheet  of  ice  thrown  up  by  the  pressure 
of  large  fragments  coming  in  contact  .Simmonds. 

3.  A term  applied  to  fertile  and  timbered 
lands  in  Florida. 

The  lands  of  Florida  are  almost  mi  generis,  very  curiously 
distributed,  and  may  be  designated  as  high  hummock , low 
hummock,  swamp,  savanna,  and  the  different  qualities  of  pine 
land.  High  hummock  is  usually  timbered  with  live  and  other 
oaks,  magnolia,  laurel,  &e.,  and  is  considered  the  best  descrip- 
tion of  land  for  general  purposes.  Low  hummock , timbered 
with  live  and  water  oak,  is  subject  to  overflow,  but  when 
drained  is  preferred  for  sugar.  De  Bow. 


HfJM'MOCK-Y,  a . Full  of  hummocks.  Scoresby. 

n.  pi.  [Per.]  Hot-houses;  sweat- 
ing-places or  baths.  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

||  HU'MOR  (y u ' mor  or  hu'inor)  [yu'inur,  S.  IV.  J.  F. 
Jcl.  K.  11.  C.  \Vr.\  yfim'ur,  1\  ; hu'iiiur,  F.  M b. 
Kenrick ; yu'inur  or  hu'mur,  n.  [ V.  hu- 

mor ; It.  iirnore  ; Sp.  humor  ; Fr.  humeur.\ 

1.  Moisture  ; — applied  particularly  to  some 
of  the  fluids  secreted  by  the  tissues  of  the  ani- 
mal body  which  were  formerly  supposed  to  de- 
termine the  temper  of  the  mind. 

The  words  good-humor , bad-humor,  humorous , and  the 
like,  rest  altogether  on  a now  exploded,  but  very  old  and 
widely-extended  theory  of  medicine,  according’ to  which 
there  were  four  principal  moistures  or  humors  in  the  natural 
body,  on  the  due  proportion  and  combination  of  which  the 
disposition  alike  of  body  and  of  mind  depended.  Trench. 

The  four  humors  in  man,  according  to  the  old  physicians, 
were  blood,  choler,  phlegm,  and  melancholy.  Trench. 

Believe  not  these  suggestions,  which  proceed 
From  anguish  of  the  mind  and  humors  black, 

That  mingle  with  the  fancy.  Milton. 

2.  Animal  fluid  in  a vitiated  state,  tending  to 
eruptive  disease  ; cutaneous  eruption. 

lie  denied  himself  nothing  that  he  hud  a mind  toeator 
drink,  which  gave  him  a body  full  of  humors.  Temple. 

3.  General  turn  or  temper  of  mind;  cast  or 
frame  of  mind;  disposition. 

Good  humor  may  be  defined  a habit  of  being  pleased. 

Rambler. 

4.  Temporary  inclination;  bias;  mood;  eav 
price;  whim;  fancy ;' freak  ; trick;  vagary. 

In  private,  men  are  more  bold  in  their  own  humors ; and 
in  consort,  men  are  more  obnoxious  to  others'  humors.  Bacon. 

5.  A talent  for  kindly  pleasantry  or  jocularity  ; 
pleasantry  ; facetiousness  ; cheerful  wit. 

In  conversation,  humor  is  more  than  wit,  easiness  more 
than  knowledge.  Temple. 

For  delicacy  of  feeling,  liveliness  of  fancy,  and  exquisite 
humor,  Addison  has  never  been  surpassed.  Graham. 

The  humor  of  Addison  is,  in  our  opinion,  of  more  delicious 
flavor  than  the  humor  of  either  Swift  or  Voltaire.  Macaulay. 

Comedy  is  the  province  of  humor.  Wit  is  called  in  solely 
as  an  auxiliary ; h umor  predominates.  Campbell. 

Aqueous  humor.  See  AQUEOUS. — Crystalline  hu- 
mor. See  Crystalline. — Vitreous  humor.  See 
Vitreous. 

jQQy*  Smart  pronounces  this  word  hu'mur  when  it 
means  moisture,  as  in  a man’s  body,  and  yu'mur  in 
its  other  senses. 

Syn.  — See  Wit. 

II  IIU'MOR  (yu'mor),  V.  a.  [7.  HUMORED  ; pp.  HU- 
MORING, HUMORED.] 

1.  To  soothe  by  compliance ; to  gratify ; to 
indulge. 

If  I were  Brutus  now,  and  he  were  Cassius, 

He  should  not  humor  me.  ShaJc. 

2.  To  fit  or  suit  the  nature  of ; to  comply  with, 
as  regards  the  peculiarities  of  any  thing. 

To  after  age  thou  slialt  be  writ  the  man 

That  with  smooth  air  couldst  humor  best  our  tongue.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Gratify. 

||  IIU'MOR-AL  (yu'mor-jl  or  liu'mor-jl),  a.  [Fr. 
humoral.]  Relating  to  the  humors.  “Compre- 
hended under  continual  humoral  fevers.”  Harvey. 

Humoral  pathology,  the  doctrine  that  attributes  ail 
diseases  to  the  disordered  state  of  the  humors  or  fluids. 

||  HU'MOR-AL-Lj>M,  n.  (Med.)H\imorism.Caldicell. 

||  HU'MOR- A L-I ST,  n.  One  who  adopts  the  hu- 
moral pathology  ; humorist.  Craig. 

||  HU-MO-RIF'JC  (yu-mo-rlf'jk),  a.  [L.  humor  and 
facio,  to  make.]  Producing  humor.  Coleridge. 

||  HU'MOR-ISM  (yu'mor-izm  or  hu'mor-Izm),  n. 

1.  The  disposition  of  a humorist.  Coleridge. 

2.  (Med.)  The  theory  or  doctrine  that  all  dis- 

eases are  caused  by  the  depraved  state  of  the 
humors.  Dunglison. 

||  HU'MOR-IST  (yu'mor-Ist),  n.  [Fr.  humoriste.] 

1.  One  who  gratifies  his  own  humor  or  fancy  ; 
a whimsical  person  ; one  who  has  odd  conceits. 

Many  of  the  rest  were  as  bad  men  as  princes;  humorists , 
rather  than  of  good  humors.  Browne. 

A nice  humorist,  that  will  not  dress  a dish,  nor  lay  a eloth, 
nor  walk  abroad  on  a Sunday,  and  yet  make  no  conscience 
of  cozening  his  neighbor  on  the  work-day.  Bp.  Hall. 

2.  One  who  is  fond  of  jesting  ; a wag ; a droll. 

Now,  gentlemen,  I go 
To  turn  an  actor  and  a humorist , 

Where,  e’er  I do  resume  my  present  person, 

We  hope  to  make  the  circles  of  your  eyes 

Flow  with  distilled  laughter.  B.  Jonson. 

3.  (Med.)  One  who  attributes  all  diseases  to 
a depraved  state  of  the  humors.  , Dunglison. 

||  HU-MOR-IS'TIC  (yu-mor-Ts'tik),  a.  Relating  to, 
or  like  a humorist,  [r.]  Colei  idge. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


HUMORLESS 


HURDLE 


703 


II  HU'MOR-LESS,  a.  Without  humor.  Craig. 

II  HU'MOR-OUS  (yu'mnr-us),  a.  1.  f Moist ; wa- 
tery ; humid  ; damp  ; dank. 

The  humorous  fogs  deprive  us  of  his  sight.  Drayton. 

2.  Capricious  ; irregular  ; whimsical ; fantas- 
tic ; fickle ; odd. 

I am  known  to  be  a humorous  patrician,  . ..  hasty  and 
tinder-like  upon  too  trivial  motion.  ShaK. 

Hough  as  a storm,  and  humorous  as  the  wind.  Dryden. 

3.  Jocose;  merry;  jocular;  facetious;  witty. 

Thy  humorous  vein,  thy  pleasing  folly.  Prior. 

II  HU'MOR-OUS-LY  (yu'mor-us-I?),  ad.  1.  Capri- 
ciously ; whimsically ; fantastically. 

We  resolve  rashly,  sillily,  or  humorously , upon  no  reasons 
that  will  hold.  Calamy. 

2.  Jocosely  ; merrily  ; facetiously ; wittily. 

II  HU'MOR-OUS-NESS  (yu'mor-us-nes),  n.  1.  The 
quality  of  being  humorous";  capriciousness; 
whimsicalness;  oddness;  fickleness.  Goodman. 

2.  Jocularity  ; jocoseness  ; sportfulness. 

||  HU'MOR-SOME  (yu'mor-sum),  a.  1.  Peevish; 
petulant ; crusty ; snappish.  Goodman. 

2.  Odd  ; capricious  ; whimsical ; humorous. 

The  divine  way  of  working  is  not . . . humorsome,  but  uni- 
form, and  consonant  to  the  laws  of  exactest  wisdom.  Glanville. 

||  IIU'MOR-SOME-LY  (yu'mor-sum-le),  ad.  Pee- 
vishly ; petulantly  ; snappishly.  Goodman. 

HUMP,  n.  [L.  umbo,  any  convex  elevation.]  A 
protuberance  formed  by  a crooked  back.  “ It 
[the  dromedary]  has  one  hump.”  Eng.  Cyc. 

Observing  advancing  towards  the  heap  with  a larger  cargo 
than  ordinary  upon  his  back,  I found,  upon  his  near  ap- 
proach, that  it  was  only  a natural  hump.  Spectator, 

HOmP'BACK,  n.  1.  A crooked  back.  Tatler. 

2.  One  who  has  a crooked  back.  Smart. 


HUMP'-BACKED  (-bdkt),  a.  Hunch-backed. 

Richard  III.  was  of  small  stature,  hump-backed , &c.  Hume. 

HUMPED  (hump'ed  or  humpt),  a.  Having  a hump 
or  protuberance  on  the  back.  Goldsmith. 

HUM'STRUM,  n.  A musical  instrument.  Boswell. 

HU'MU-LINE,  n.  ( Chem .)  The  narcotic  principle 
of  the  hop.  Smart. 

HU'MU-LUS,  n.  [L.  humus,  fresh  earth,’ — in 
allusion  to  the  fact  that  the  hop  grows  only  in 

. rich  soils.  Loudon.]  ( Bot .)  A genus  of  plants ; 
the  hop.  Loudon. 

HU'MUS,  n.  [L.,  ground .]  A brown,  pulveru- 
lent, fertilizing  substance  found  in  soils  and  re- 
sulting from  the  decay  of  organic  matter.  Mulder. 

HUN,  n. ; pi.  HDn$.  [L.  Hunni. ] A barbarous 
people  of  Scythia,  who,  after  subduing  Panno- 
nia,  gave  to  it  the  present  name  of  Hungary. 

HUNCH,  n.  1.  [Ger .husch.]  A blow  ; a punch  ; 
a push  ; a shove  ; a jostle.  Serenius. 

2.  [Ger.  hocker .]  A hump  ; abunch.  Johnson. 

3.  A piece  or  slice,  as  of  bread ; a hunk.  Grose. 

HUNCH,  V.  a.  \i.  HUNCHED  ; pp.  HUNCHING, 
HUNCHED.] 

1.  To  punch  with  the  fist  or  elbow ; to  push 
about;  to  jostle  ; to  shove. 

Jack’s  friends  began  to  hunch  and  push  one  another. 

Arbuthnot. 

2.  To  crook,  as  the  back.  “ The  back  is  quite 

hunched.”  Pennant. 


HUNCH 'BACK,  n.  A humpback.  Smart. 

HUNCH'-BACKED  (hunsh'bakt),  a.  Having  a 
crooked  back  ; hump-backed.  Dryden. 

HUN'DRfD  [hun'dred,  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm .; 
hun'dred  or  hun'durd,  IV.;  liun'durd,  S.],  a.  [M. 
Goth,  hund,  or  hunda ; A.  S.  hand ; Dut.  hon- 
derd;  Ger.  hundert.]  Noting  the  product  of  ten 
multiplied  by  ten  ; as,  “A  hundred  years.” 

HUN'DRED,  n.  1.  The  product  of  ten  multiplied 
by  ten,  or  the  number  expressed  by  a unit  fol- 
lowed by  two  ciphers  (100).  “ Hundreds  of  pro- 
portions.” Locke. 

2.  A division  of  a county  ; a district. 

As  ten  families  of  freeholders  made  up  a town  or  tithing, 
so  ten  tithings  composed  a superior  division  called  a hundred, 
as  consisting  often  times  ten  families.  Blackstone. 

Chiltern  hundreds.  See  CHILTERN. 


HUN'DRED— CO URT,  n.  (Eng.  Law.)  A larger 
court-baron,  being  held  for  all  the  inhabitants 


of  a particular  hundred  instead  of  a manor  ; — 
a court  of  record.  Whishaw. 

HUN'DRpD-pR,  ) [Low  L.  hundredarius .] 

HUN'DR5D-OR,  ) (Laic.)  One  of  a jury  dwelling 
in  the  hundred  ; — a bailiff  of  a hundred.  Cowell. 

HUN'DRJJD— FOLD,  n.  A hundred  times  as  much. 

HUN'DR£DTH,  a.  The  ordinal  of  a hundred. 

HUN'DRED— WEIGHT  (-wat),  n.  The  avoirdupois 
weight  of  112  pounds,  or  of  100  pounds  subdi- 
vided into  four  quarters,  each  containing  28 
pounds,  or  25  pounds. 

faff*  Tile  hundred  weight,  according  to  the  stand- 
ards of  both  the  English  and  the  U.  S.  governments, 
consists  of  112  pounds. avoirdupois,  but  by  the  laws  of 
most  of  the  states  and  common  practice  at  the  present 
time,  the  hundred  weight  consists  of  100  pounds  avoir- 
dupois. McCulloch.  Grceulcaf. 

HUNG,  i.  & p.  from  hang.  See  Hang. 

HUN-GA'RI-AN,  a.  ( Geog .)  Relating  to  Hungary, 
or  to  its  inhabitants. 

IIUN'GA-RY— WA'TIJR,  n.  A distilled  water  first 
made  for  "the  Queen  of  Hungary,  and  prepared 
from  the  tops  of  rosemary  flowers  with  some 
spirits  of  wine.  Simmonds. 

HUNG'— BEEF,  n.  Dried  beef ; jerked-beef.  Clarke. 

IIUN'GER  (hung’ger,  82),  n.  [A.  S.  hunger  ; Dut. 
$ Frs."  honger ; Dan.  ^ Sw.  hunger ; Icel.  hungr.\ 

1.  An  uneasy  sensation  in  the  stomach  aris- 
ing from  want  of  food  ; pain  felt  from  fasting  ; 
a craving  appetite. 

Hunger  is  only  a warning  of  the  vessels  being  in  such  a 
state  of  vacuity  as  to  require  a fresh  supply.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  Any  violent  desire. 

For  hunger  of  my  gold  I die.  Dryden. 

HUN'GIER  (hung'ger),  v.  n.  [ i . HUNGERED  ; pp. 
HUNGERING,  HUNGERED.] 

1.  To  feel  the  pain  of  hunger. 

As  he  returned  to  the  city  he  hungered.  Matt.  xxi.  18. 

2.  To  desire  something  eagerly  ; to  long. 

The  metaphors  of  hungering  and  thirsting  after  virtue 

and  knowledge,  and  of  eating  and  drinking  them,  . . . have 
been  common  in  all  writers,  sacred  and  profane.  Jortin. 

HUN 'GER  (hung'fer),  v.  a.  To  famish;  to  starve. 
[Rare  or  local.]  Todd. 

HUN 'GER— BIT,  a.  Hunger-bitten.  Milton. 

HUN'GER— BIT-TEN  (hung'ger-bit-tn),  a.  Pained 
with  hunger.  Job  xviii.  12. 

HUN'GIJR— CURE,  n.  (Med.)  Cure  by  fasting ; a 
mode  of  curing  diseases  by  the  greatest  possible 
abstinence  of  food;  limotherapeia.  Danglison. 

HUN'GERED,  a.  Hungry.  — See  HuNGRED.il/i7fora. 

HUN'GJJR-LY  (hung'ger-le),  a.  Hungry,  [r.]  Shak. 

HUN'GJJR-LY,  ad.  Hungrily,  [it.]  Shak. 

HUN'GER— ROT,  n.  A disease  in  sheep  caused  by 
poor  living.  Farm.  Ency. 

f HUN'GER— STARVE,  v.  a.  To  famish.  Huloet. 

HUN'GER— STARVED  (-sfirvd),  a.  Starved  with 
hunger;  pinched  by  want  of  food.  Shak. 

j-  IIUN'GRED  (hung'gerd),  a.  Hungry.  “ He  was 
afterward  an  hungred.”  Matt.  iv.  2. 

HUN'GRI-LY  (liung'gre-le),  ad.  With  hunger. 

When  on  harsh  acorns  hungrily  they  fed.  Dryden. 

HUN'GRY  (hung'gre),  a.  1.  Feeling  pain  from 
want  of  food;  pained  with  hunger;  famishing. 
“ Like  a hungry  lion.”  Shak. 

2.  Not  fertile;  not  prolific ; unfruitful.  “The 

most  hungry  soil.”  Smalridge. 

3.  Indicating  hunger,  ora  craving  like  hunger. 

Cassius  has  a lean  and  hungry  look.  Shak. 

IIUNK,  n.  A large  piece  or  slice ; a lump  ; a hunch. 
“ A great  hunk  of  bread  and  cheese.”  Bartlett. 

PfSt  Colloquial  and  vulgar,  U.  S. ; provincial,  Eng. 

HUNK'ER  (hung'ker),  ra.  One  of  a political  party. 

The  democratic  party  in  the  State  of  New  York  were  di- 
vided, a few  years  since,  into  two  factions,  one  termed  hunk- 
ers, or  old  hunkers , the  other  barnburners.  Bartlett. 

HUNKS,  ra.  sing.  [Icel.  hunskur,  sordid.]  A 

covetous,  sordid  wretch ; a miser ; a curmud- 
geon. “Shall  match  the  veriest  hunks.”  Young. 

HUNT,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  huntian .]  [i.  hunted;  pp. 

HUNTING,  HUNTED.] 


1.  To  chase  for  sport ; as,  “ To  hunt  deer.” 

2.  To  pursue  ; to  follow  close. 

Evil  shall  hunt  the  violent  man  to  overthrow  him.  Ps.  cxl.  II. 

3.  To  search  for ; to  seek  or  look  for.  “ I do 

hunt  out  a probability.”  Spenser. 

4.  To  direct  or  manage  in  the  chase.  “ He 
hunts  a pack  of  dogs  better  than  any.”  Addison. 

HUNT,  v.  ra.  1.  To  follow  the  chase. 

Esau  went  to  the  Held  to  hunt  for  venison.  Gen.  xxvii.  5. 
2.  To  search;  to  seek;  — with  for. 

Those  who  have  given  themselves  up  to  a party,  and  only 
hunt  for  what  may  favor  and  support  the  tenets  of  it.  Locke. 

HUNT,  ra.  1.  f A huntsman.  Chaucer. 

2.  f A pack  of  hounds.  Dryden. 

3.  A chase  or  pursuit ; a hunting. 

The  hunt  is  up,  the  morn  is  bright  and  gray.  Shak. 

4.  The  portion  of  country  hunted  with 

hounds.  Simmonds. 


f HUNT'— COUNT-pR,  ra.  A dog  that  runs  back 
or  counter  on  the  scent ; a worthless  dog  : — a 
blunderer.  “ You  hunt-counter,  hence.”  Shak. 


HUNT'IJR,  ra.  [A.  S.  hunta.] 

1.  One  that  hunts  or  chases  ; 
tises  hunting ; a huntsman, 
mighty  hunter." 

2.  A dog  that  scents  game. 

3.  A hunting-horse. 


one  who  prac- 
“ Nimrod  the 
Gen.  x.  9. 

Shak. 

Johnson. 


HUNT'ER-CREW  (-kru),  ra.  A set  of  sportsmen; 
a hunter-troop  ; a hunter-train.  Somerville. 


HUNT'£R— TRAIN,  ra.  A band  of  sportsmen  ; a 
hunter-crew  ; a hunter-troop.  Somerville. 


HUNT'IJR— TROOP,  ra.  A band  of  sportsmen  ; a 
hunter-crew  ; a hunter-train.  Pope. 


IIUNT'ING,  n.  [A.  S.  huntung .]  The  diversion 

of  the  chase  ; the  hunt. 


Hunting  and  fishing,  the  most  important  emploj'mcnts  of 
mankind  in  the  rude  state  of  society.  Adam  Smith. 


IIUNT'ING— COG,  ra.  (Mech.)  One  more  cog  in 
the  larger  of  two  geared-wheels  than  would  be 
required  to  establish  an  exact  relative  ratio  be- 
tween the  number  of  cogs  in  this  wheel  and  that 
in  the  smaller. 

This  is  added  in  order  that  the  same  cog  of  one 
wheel  may  not  always  meet  the  same  cog  of  the  other, 
and  thus  produce  inequality  of  wear.  Francis. 

IIUNT'ING— HORN,  n.  A bugle  ; a horn  used  in 
hunting.  “ Hunting-horn  and  pole.”  Prior. 

HUNT'ING— HORSE,  ra.  A horse  used  in  hunting; 
a hunter.  Spectator. 

HUNT'ING— MATCH,  ra.  A match  or  contest  in  a 
chase  of  animals.  Dryden. 

HUNT'ING— SEAT,  ra.  A temporary  residence  for 
hunting  or  for  sportsmen.  Gray’s  Letters. 

HUNT'RIJSS,  ra.  A woman  that  follows  the  chase. 

HUNTS'MAN,  ra. ; pi.  HUNTSMEN.  1.  A hunter. 

Like  as  a huntsman , after  weary  chase.  Spenser. 

2.  The  servant  whose  office  it  is  to  manage 
the  chase.  L’ Estrange. 


HUNTS'M AN-SHIP,  ra.  The  art  of  hunting,  or 
skill  in  hunting.  Donne. 


t HUNTS'— UP,  ra.  A tune  formerly  played  to 
wake  the  hunters.  Shak. 

Time  plays  the  hunts-up  to  thy  sleepy  head.  Drayton. 

HUNT'-THE-SLIP'PER,  ra.  A well-known  Eng- 
lish game.  Holloway. 

HUR'DEN  (-dn),  ra.  A strong,  coarse  cloth  ; called 
also  harden  : — hemp.  [Local,  Eng.]  Halliwell. 

HUR'DLE,  ra.  [A.  S.  hyrdel,  or  hyrdl ; Dut.  horde ; 
Ger.  hurde;  Old  Ger.  hirten,  to  protect.] 

1.  A kind  of  wicker-work  ; a texture  of  sticks 

woven  together;  a crate.  Dryden. 

2.  A frame  of  wood  or  of  iron  used  for  gates, 

fences,  &c.  London  Ency. 

3.  A sort  of  sledge  on  which  criminals  were 
drawn  to  execution. 


A sledge  hurdle  is  allowed  to  preserve  the  offender  from 
the  extreme  torment  of  being  dragged  on  the  ground  or 
pavement.  Blackstone. 

4.  (Fort.)  A structure  of  pickets  interwoven 
with  twigs,  serving  to  render  batteries  firm,  to 
protect  workmen  in  the  trenches,  &c.  Campbell. 

HUR'DLE,  v.  a.  [ i . hurdled  ; pp.  HURDLING, 
hurdled.]  To  hedge,  cover,  or  close  with  hur- 
dles. “ In  hurdled  cotes.”  Milton. 


MIEN,  SIR; 


MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  ROLE.  — £,  9,  9,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  £,  |,  hard;  § as  z; 


If  as  gz.  — THIS,  tins 


HURDS 

IlURDfji,  il.  pi.  The  refuse  of  flax;  tow;  hards. 
— See  Hards.  Ainsworth. 

HUR'Dy—  GUR'DY,  n.  A musical  instrument  the 
tones' of  which  are  produced  by  the  friction  of 
a wheel,  and  regulated  by  the  action  of  the  fin- 
gers. Moore. 

IIU'REAU-LlTE  (hu'ro-llt),  n.  {Min.)  A phos- 
phate of  iron  and  manganese  found  near  Li- 
moges, in  the  commune  of  Hureaux.  Dana. 

HU-RI'NA,  n.  ( Chem .)  An  alkaloid  obtained  from 
the  sand-box  tree  {Ilura  crepitans)  of  South 
America.  Ogilvie. 

JIUR-KA'RU,  or  HUR-KA-ROO' , n.  A Hindoo 
errand-boy  or  messenger.  Malcom. 

HURL,  l’.  a.  [».  HURLED  ; pp.  HURLING,  HURLED.] 

1.  [Su.  Goth,  hurra , to  turn  round  rapidly. 
Todd.  — See  Whirl.]  To  throw  with  violence  ; 
to  drive  impetuously  ; to  cast ; to  fling. 

They  use  both  the  right  hand  and  the  left  in  hurhng 
stones.  1 Chroh.  xii.  2. 

2.  [Fr.  hurlerJ]  + To  utter  with  vehemence. 

Highly  they  raged  against  the  Highest, 

Hurling  defiance  toward  the  vault  of  heaven.  Milton. 

HURL,  v.  n.  1.  To  move  rapidly  ; to  whirl. 

The  very  streams  look  languid  from  afar, 

Or  through  the  unsheltered  glade  impatient  seem 

To  hurl  into  the  covert  of  the  grove.  Thomson. 

2.  To  play  a kind  of  game  with  a ball.  Carew. 

HURL,  n.  1.  The  act  of  casting;  a throw;  a cast. 

Mountain  on  mountain  thrown 

With  threatening  hurl.  Congreve. 

2.  Tumult;  riot;  commotion. 

After  this  hurl  the  king  was  fain  to  flee.  Mir.  for  Mag. 

HURL'bAt,  n.  An  old  kind  of  weapon  ; a weapon 
whirled  rapidly  round  ; whirlbat.  Ainsworth. 

HURL'BONE,  n.  A bone  near  the  middle  of  the 
buttock  of  a horse.  Crabb. 

HURL'pR,  n.  1.  One  who  throws  or  hurls. 

2.  One  who  plays  at  hurling.  Carew. 

3.  One  employed  in  carrying  stone,  peats, 
&c.,  on  a wheelbarrow.  [Scotland.]  Simmonds. 

HURL'JNG,  n.  1.  The  act  of  throwing. 

2.  A kind  of  game  played  with  a ball.  Ec.  Rev. 

H URL' I NG— GREEN,  n.  A green  or  place  for  hurl- 
ing. Averall. 

f HURL'  WIND,  n.  A whirlwind.  Sandgs. 

f HUR'LY,  n.  [Fr.  hurler,  to  howl.]  A tumult; 
a hurly-burly. 

Winds  take  the  ruffian  billows  by  the  top, 

That  with  the  hurly  death  itself  awakes.  Shak. 

HUR'LY— BUR'LY,  n.  [Fr.  hurlu-berlu  ; incon- 
siderately, bluntly.]  Tumult;  commotion;  bus- 
tle ; turmoil.  [Colloquial.] 

These  terrible  commotions  and  hurly-burly  foreshow  the 
end  of  the  world.  LUlal. 

Then  what  a hurly-lnu'lyl  what  a crowding!  Burke. 

HUR'LY— BUR'LV,  a.  Tumultuous;  bustling. 
“ Hurly-burly  innovation.”  Shak. 

HU'RON-lTE,  n.  {Min.)  A yellowish-green  min- 
eral found  near  Lake  Huron.  Dana. 

HURR,  v.  n.  To  make  a trilling  or  jarring  sound, 
as  the  letter  r. 

R is  the  dog’s  letter,  and  hurrelli  in  the  sound.  B.  Jonson. 

HUR-RAH'  (liu-ra'),  interj.  [Goth,  hurra , to  agi- 
tate ; Sw.  hurra. 1 An  exclamation  noting  joy, 
triumph,  applause,  or  encouragement ; huzza. 

HUR'RI-cAne,  n.  [It.  oragano ; Sp.  huracan ; 
Fr.  ourar/an.]  A violent  storm  of  wind,  gener- 
ally accompanied  by  thunder  and  lightning,  and 
distinguished  from  every  other  kind  of  tempest 
by  the  vehemence  of  the  wind,  and  the  sudden 
changes  to  which  it  is  subjected  ; a violent  tem- 
pest ; a tornado. 

"Whispering  like  winds  ere  hurricanes  arise.  Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Wind. 

f HUR-RI-CA'NO,  n.  A hurricane. 

Blow,  winds,  and  crack  your  cheeks; 

Your  cataracts  and  hurricanoes  spout.  Shak. 

HUR'RIED,  p.  a.  Hastened;  urged  on ; done  in 
a hurry.  “ Hurried  meeting.”  Milton. 

HUR'RIED- LY,  ad.  In  a hurried  manner;  pre- 
cipitately ; hastily.  West.  Rev. 

HUR'RIED-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  hurried  ; 
precipitancy ; haste.  Scott. 


704 

HUR'RI-IJR,  n.  1.  One  who  hurries  ; a disturber. 

Murs,  that  horrid  hurrier  of  men.  Chapman. 

2.  One  who  draws  a wagon  in  a coal  mine. 

HUR'liy,  v.  a.  [Goth,  horra,  hurra , or  hyra,  to 
agitate,  to  drive  ; A.  S.  hergian  ; Ger.  heren,  to 
harass.  — See  Harry,  Harass.]  [(.hurried; 

pp.  HURRYING,  HURRIED.] 

1.  To  put  into  precipitation  or  confusion;  to 
precipitate  ; to  drive  confusedly  ; to  hasten. 

Stay  these  sudden  gusts  of  passion 

That  hurry  you  away.  Rowe. 

2.  {Mining.)  To  draw  a corve  or  wagon  in 

coal  mines.  [Local,  Eng.]  Clarke. 

HUR'RY,  V.  n.  To  move  or  act  with  precipitation. 
Did  you  but  know  what  joys  your  way  attend, 

You  would  not  hurry  to  your  journey’s  end.  Dryden. 

HUR'RY,  n.  A driving  forward  ; confused  haste  ; 
precipitation  ; tumult ; commotion. 

No  two  things  differ  more  than  hurry  and  despatch.  Hurry 
is  tile  mark  of  a weak  mind,  despatch  of  a strong  oue.  Colton. 

Syn.  — See  Haste. 

HUR'RY— SKUR'RY,  n.  Fluttering  haste;  great 
confusion.  [Colloquial.]  Forby. 

HUR'RY— SKUR'RY,  ad.  In  a bustle;  with  tu- 
mult ; hurriedly  and  confusedly.  Gray. 

HURST,  n.  [A.  S.  hyrstan,  to  adorn.  Tooke. — 
Low  L.  hursta.  Du  Cange.  — Ger.  horst,  a heap, 
a cluster.]  A knoll  covered  with  trees ; a 
grove.  [Obsolete  or  local.] 

From  each  rising  hurst , 

Where  many  a goodly  oak  had  carefully  been  nursed.Dmyfon. 

HURT,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  hyrt,  wounded  ; It.  urtare, 
to  hit;  Fr.  heurter,  to  strike.]  [t.  hurt;  pp. 
HURTING,  HURT.] 

1.  To  harm  ; to  injure  ; to  damage  ; to  impair. 

It  was  commanded  to  them  that  they  should  not  hurt  the 

grass  of  the  earth.  Rev.  ix.  4,  Wicklifjfe's  Trans. 

2.  To  pain  by  some  bodily  harm;  to  give 

pain  to;  to  wound.  “I  strike  it  and  it  hurts 
my  hand.”  Shak. 

3.  To  grieve ; to  chafe  ; to  fret ; to  annoy. 

“ To  hurt  one’s  feelings.”  Roget. 

HURT,  n.  1.  Harm  ; injury  ; damage  ; detriment. 
“ I have  slain  a man  to  my  hurt.”  Gen.  iv.  23. 

2.  A wound  ; a bruise.  “ He  received  seven 
hurts  in  the  body.”  Shak. 

Syn. — See  Injury. 

HUR'TEL  (httr'tl),  n.  A horse.  [Scotland.]  Wright. 

HURT'f.R,  n.  1.  One  who  hurts  or  harms. 

2.  A flatted  iron  fixed  against  the  body  of  an 

axletree.  Crabb. 

3.  {Fort.)  A piece  of  square  timber  laid  at 
the  end  of  the  gun  platform  nearest  to  the  par- 
apet, to  prevent  the  wheels  from  injuring  the 
interior  slope  ; hurtoir.  GIos.  of  Mil.  Terms. 

IIURT'FUL,  a.  Causing  injury;  mischievous; 
pernicious  ; injurious  ; noxious  ; baneful ; det- 
rimental ; deleterious  ; prejudicial ; harmful ; 
disadvantageous. 

Among  nil  kinds  of  contention,  none  is  more  hurtful  than 
is  contention  in  matters  pf  religion.  Homilies. 

Syn.  — See  Noxious. 

IIURT'FUL-LY,  ad.  Mischievously  ; perniciously. 

HURT'FUL-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  hurtful ; 
mischievousness ; perniciousness.  Sherwood. 

HUR'TLE  (hiir'tl),  v.  n.  [Dim.  of  hurt.  Skinner. 
— See  Hurt.]  [i.  hurtled  ; pp.  hurtling, 
HURTLED.] 

1.  To  clash;  to  skirmish;  to  run  against 
any  thing ; to  jostle. 

They  drew  out  their  swords,  and  hurtled  together  with 
violence.  Hist,  of  Prince  Arthur. 

Iron  sleet  of  arrowy  shower 
Hurtles  in  the  darkened  air.  Gray. 

2.  To  turn  about  quickly;  to  wheel  round. 

Or  hurtle  round  in  warlike  gyre.  Spenser. 

HUR'TLE,  v.  a.  1.  To  push  with  violence. 

And  he  him  hurtlcth,  with  his  horse  adown.  Chaucer. 

2.  To  whirl  round;  to  brandish.  Spenser. 

HUR'TLE  (hiir'tl),  n.  Ahorse.  [Scotland.]  Wright. 

HUR'TLE-BER-RY  (hur'tl-ber-e),  n.  [A.  S.  heorot- 
berg.  bilberry.]  {Bot.)  A shrub  and  its  fruit; 
huckleberry ; whortleberry.  — See  Huckleber- 
ry, and  Whortleberry.  Pilkington. 

HURT'LIJSS,  a.  1.  Innocent;  harmless;  innox- 
ious ; doing  no  harm.  “ Hurtless  blows.”  Dryden. 

2.  Receiving  no  hurt  or  injury.  Johnson. 


HUSKED 

HURT'HJSS-LY,  ad.  Without  hurt  or  harm. 

IIURT'L£SS-NESS,  n.  Freedom  from  any  perni- 
cious quality  ; innoxiousness. 

HUR'TOIR  (-twor),  n.  {Fort.)  A hurter .Campbell. 

HUSBAND  (huz'b?nd),  n.  [Su.  Goth,  bonde,  the 
head  of  a family ; A.  S.  hus-bonda ; hus,  a house, 
and  bonda,  a master  of  a family,  a husband ; 
Dan.  httusbonde.  — “ Husband  is  properly  house- 
band,  the  band  and  bond  of  the  house,  who 
shall  bind  and  hold  it  together.  Thus  old  Tus- 
ser  in  his  Points  of  Husbandry, 

4 The  name  of  husband , what  is  it  to  say? 

Of  wife  and  of  ZtcuAsehoid  the  band  and  the  6tay.’” 

Trench.  “ I have  noon  [no]  housebonde.”  John 
iv.  17,  Wickliffe's  Trans.  “ I have  no  houseband.” 
do.  Geneva .] 

1.  A married  man  ; — correlative  to  wife. 

A virtuous  woman  is  a crown  to  her  husband.  l'rov.  xii.  4. 

2.  A tiller  of  the  ground  ; a husbandman  ; an 
agriculturist ; a farmer. 

The  painful  husband  ploughing  up  his  ground.  Hakemll. 

3.  One  who  practises  frugality  ; an  economist. 

I was  considering  the  shortness  of  life,  and  what  ill  hus- 
bands we  are  of  so  tender  a fortune.  Collier. 

4.  The  male  of  a brute  pair,  [r.]  Dryden. 

HUSBAND,  V.  a.  [t.  HUSBANDED  ; pp.  HUSBAND- 
ING, HUSBANDED.] 

1.  To  supply  with  a husband.  Shak. 

2.  To  cultivate  or  till  properly. 

A farmer  cannot  husband  his  ground,  if  he  sits  at  a great 
rent.  Bacon. 

3.  To  manage  or  spend  frugally;  to  economize. 

Amidst  these  humble  bowers  to  lay  me  down, 

To  husband  out  life’s  taper  at  its  close.  Goldsmith. 

t HU§'BAND-A-BLE, a.  That  may  be  husbanded; 
manageable  with  frugality.  Sherwood. 

HU§'B  AND-AIJE,  n.  The  agent  or  managing  own- 
er’s allowance  or  commission  for  attending  to 
a ship’s  business.  Simmonds. 

HU§' BAND— LAND,  n-  An  old  Scotch  term  for  a 
division  of  land  of  twenty-six  acres.  Simmonds. 

IIU§'BAND-LESS,  a.  Without  a husband.  Shak. 

HU§'BAND-LY,  a.  Frugal ; thrifty,  [r.]  Tusser. 

hOS'BAND-MAN,  n.  ; pi.  HUSBANDMEN.  1.  fA 
master  of  a family.  Chaucer. 

2.  One  who  practises  husbandry ; one  who 
works  in  tillage  ; a cultivator ; an  agriculturist ; 
a farmer.  Wickliffe. 

Syn.  — See  Farmer. 

IIU^'BAND-RY,  n.  1.  Culture  of  land;  cultiva- 
tion; tillage;  agriculture;  farming. 

Asked  if  in  husbandry  he  aught  did  know, 

To  plough,  to  plant,  to  reap,  to  sow.  Spenser. 

2.  Domestic  economy  ; thrift ; frugality  .Swift. 

3.  Oversight  or  care  of  domestic  affairs. 

Lorenzo,  I commit  into  your  hands 

The  husbandry  and  manage  of  my  house.  Shak. 

IIUSE,  n.  See  Huso.  Bailey. 

HUSH,  v.  a.  [Old  Fr.  hovische  ; Ger.  husch.\ 
[i.  hushed;  pp.  hushing,  hushed.]  To  still; 
to  silence  ; to  quiet ; to  calm.  Shak. 

My  tongue  shall  hush  again  this  storm  of  war.  Shak. 

To  liuslt  up,  to  suppress  in  silence.  “This  matter 
is  hushed  up.”  Pope. 

HUSH,  v.  n.  To  be  still ; to  be  silent. 

But  at  these  strangers’  presence  every  one  did  hush.  Spenser. 

HUSH,  interj.  [Imperative  of  the  verb  hush.)  — 

• Silence  ! be  still ! no  noise  ; whist ! 

HUSH,  a.  Still;  silent;  quiet. 

The  bold  winds  speechless,  and  the  orb  below 

As  hush  as  death.  Shak. 

HUSH'A-BY,  a.  Tending  to  quiet  or  lull.  Ec.  Rev. 

HUSH'— MON-EY  (-mun-e),  n.  Money  given  as  a 
bribe  for  silence,  or  to  hinder  information.  Swift. 

IIUSK,?).  [Dut.  hulzen,  husks.]  The  integument  or 
covering  of  certain  fruits  or  seeds ; rind ; bark. 

Fruits  of  nil  kinds,  in  coat 

Rough,  or  smooth  rind,  or  bearded  husks.  Milton. 

HUSK,  V.  a.  [ i . HUSKED  ; pp.  HUSKING,  HUSKED.] 
To  take  out  of  the  husk  ; to  strip  off  the  husk  or 
outward  integument  from.  Holland. 

HUSK'IJD,  a.  Covered  with  a husk.  Sherwood. 

HUSK'f.D,  p.  a.  Stripped  or  divested  of  husks. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


HUSKINESS 


705 


HYDRARGO-CHLORIDE 


HUSK'J-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  husky ; 
roughness  ; — hoarseness.  Todd. 

HUSK'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  stripping  off  husks 
of  fruits  and  seeds. 

2.  An  assemblage  of  neighbors  for  the  pur- 
pose of  husking  Indian  corn.  [Local,  TJ.  S.] 

For  now  the  cow-house  filled,  the  harvest  home, 

The  invited  neighbors  to  the  making  come.  Joel  Barlow. 

HUSK'ING— BEE,  n.  See  Husking,  No.  2. 

HUSlv'Y,  a.  1.  Abounding  in  husks  or  pertain- 
ing to  husks.  “ A husky  harvest.”  Dryden. 
“ Such  husky  and  curious  arts.”  Spenser. 

2.  Rough  in  tone  ; having  a cough;  hoarse. 

I-IU'SO,  n.  ( Ich .)  A large  fish,  of  the  genus 

Acipenser,  or  sturgeon  ; the  largest  species  of 
sturgeon,  chiefly  found  in  the  Black  and  Cas- 
pian Seas,  attaining  sometimes  a length  of 
twenty-five  feet,  and  furnishing  from  its  eggs 
the  caviar,  and  from  its  air-bladder  the  isin- 
glass, of  commerce  ; Acipenser  huso  ; — called 
also  isinglass-fsh  and  isinglass-sturgeon. 

Van  Der  Hocven. 

HU§-§AR'  (huz-zar'),  n.  [Dut.  hoezaaren , hussars  ; 
Dan.,  S\v.,  § Ger.  husar.  — “ Of  Hungarian 
origin,  husz,  twenty,  and  ar,  pay,  — every  twen- 
ty houses  furnishing  one  man.”  Brande.]  Ori- 
ginally, a Hungarian  or  Polish  horse-soldier, 
light-armed ; an  equestrian  soldier  ; a sort  of 
light  cavalry.  Glos.  of  Mil.  Terms . 

Il&SS'lTE,  n.  (Eccl.  Hist.)  A follower  of  John 
lluss,  of  Prague,  a Bohemian  reformer  and  di- 
vine, who  was  burnt  alive  in  1415.  Milner. 

IIU§'§Y,  n.  A case  containing  a set  of  sewing 
materials,  thread,  needles,  buttons,  &c. ; — 
called  also  housewife  and  huswife.  Simmonds. 

IIU§'§Y  (Iiuz'ze),  n.  [Corrupted  from  housewife, 
taken  in  an  ill  sense.]  A sorry  or  worthless 
woman  ; — often  used  jocosely.  Southern. 

IIUST'ING^,  n.  pi.  [A.  S.  hustinge,  a place  of 
council ; hits,  a house,  and  thing,  a thing,  cause, 
or  council.] 

1.  The  principal  court  of  the  city  of  London, 

held  before  the  lord  mayor,  recorder,  and  sher- 
iffs. Whishaw. 

2.  The  place  of  meeting  to  choose  a member 

of  Parliament ; the  platform  or  elevated  place 
from  which  candidates  at  a parliamentary  elec- 
tion address  their  constituents.  Brande. 

I stood  on  the  hustings  . . . less  like  a candidate  than  an 
unconcerned  spectator  of  a public  meeting.  Burke. 

HUS'TLE  (hus'sl),  v.  a.  [Dut.  hutsclen.)  [/.hus- 
tled; pp.  hustling,  hustled.]  To  shake 
together  in  confusion.  Johnson. 

||  HU§'WIFE  (hiiz'zjf  oHiuz'wTf)  [huz'zif,  S.  IP.  P. 
J.  E.  F.  Ja. ; huz'wlf,  Sm.],  n. 

1.  An  economist;  a thrifty  woman.  Tusser. 

2.  A bad  manager  ; a sorry  woman  ; a hussy. 

— See  Housewife.  Shak. 

It  is  common  to  use  housewife  in  a good  sense, 
and  huswife  in  a bad  sense.  London  Ency. 

||  HUSWIFE  (huz'zjf),  v.  a.  To  manage  with  econ- 
omy ; to  economize.  Dryden. 

||  HU^'WIFE-LY,  a.  Thrifty  ; frugal.  Tusser. 

II  HU§'WIFE-LY  (huz'zif-le),  ad.  Thriftily;  like 
a huswife.  Barret. 

||  HU§'WIFE-RY  (huz'zjf-re),  n.  Domestic  man- 
agement or  economy,  good  or  bad. — See 
Housewifery. 

Good  huswifery  trieth 
To  rise  with  the  cock  ; 

111  huswifery  lieth 

Till  nine  of  the  clock.  Tusser. 

HUT,  n.  [Dut.  hut ; Ger.  hlitte ; Dan.  hytte ; Sw. 
hydda.  — Fr.  hutte. ] 

1.  A poor  cottage  ; a mean  dwelling. 

How  many  shrink  into  the  sordid  hut 

Of  cheerless  poverty.  Thomson. 

2.  A temporary  lodging  for  soldiers.  Johnson. 

HUT,  v.  a.  [Fr.  hutter .]  To  lodge  in  huts  or 
temporary  lodgings,  as  troops.  Todd. 

HUTCH,  n.  [A.  S.  hwcecca.  — Sp.  hucha  ; Fr. 
Jiuche.  — Chaucer  writes  it  wiche.) 

1.  A chest ; a coffer.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  A hollow  trap  for  taking  vermin,  and  also 
a kind  of  case  for  keeping  rabbits.  Johnson. 

3.  ( Coal  Mining.)  A box  in  which  coal  is 

drawn  up  out  of  a pit.  Buchanan. 


HUTCH,  v.  a.  [i.  hutched  ; pp.  hutching, 
hutched.]  To  lay  up  as  in  a chest ; to  hoard. 
[r.]  Milton. 

HUTCH-IN-SO'NI-AN,  n.  A follower  of  John 
Hutchinson,  of  Y orkshire,  in  England,  a natu- 
ralist and  philosopher.  lleathcote. 

HUT-TO'NI-AN,  a.  Relating  to  the  theory  of  Dr. 
James  Hutton,  which  refers  the  structure  of  the 
solid  parts  of  the  earth  to  the  action  of  fire,  — 
hence  called  also  the  Plutonian  theory.  Ency. 

f IIUX,  v.  a.  To  catch  with  a line  and  bladder,  as 
pike.  Ash. 

HUX'TJJR,  v.  n.  To  higgle  ; to  huckster.  Grant. 

f HUZZ,  v.  n.  To  buzz ; to  murmur.  Barret. 

||  H<JZ-ZA'  (huz-z'4')  [huz-za',  IF.  J.  Ja. ; liuz-za', 
S'.  F.  E.  K. ; liuz-za',  P.  Sm.  R.  Wb.\,  interj. 
[Perhaps  from  the  Hungarian  hussars  ; or  from 
hosanna.  — Sw.  hurra.)  An  exclamation  of  joy 
or  of  triumph  ; hurrah. 

J0£g=  Hurrah  is  more  commonly  used. 

||  hOz-ZA',  n.  A shout;  a cry  of  acclamation. 

One  self-approving  hour  whole  years  outweighs 
Of  stupid  starers,  and  of  loud  huzzas.  Pope. 

||  hC'Z-ZA',  v.  n.  [ i . huzzaed;  pp.  huzzaing, 
huzzaed.]  To  cry  huzza  ; to  shout.  “ With 
that  I huzzaed.”  Tatler. 

||  HUZ-ZA',  v.  a.  To  receive  or  attend  with  accla- 
mation or  shouts.  Addison. 

HY'A-CINTH,  n.  [Gr.  vctiarQos ; L.  hyacinthus; 
It.  giadnto  ; Sp .jacinto-,  Fr.  hyacinthe.) 

1.  (Bot.)  A plant  and  beautiful  flower,  of  sev- 
eral varieties ; Hyacinthus.  Loudon. 

Hyacinth  of  Peru,  an  evergreen  of  two  varieties, 
one  with  a deep  blue,  tile  other  with  a white  flower; 
Scilla  Peruviana.  Loudon. 

2.  (Min.)  A name  applied  to  the  bright-col- 

ored varieties  of  zircon,  and  to  the  variety  from 
Ceylon,  which  is  colorless,  or  of  a smoky 
tinge.  Dana. 

HY-A-CIN'THI-AN,  a.  Hyacinthine.  Richardson. 

HY-A-CIN 'THINE,  a.  Made  of,  or  resembling, 
hyacinths.  “ Hyacinthine  locks.”  Milton. 

HY-A-CIN'THINE,  n.  (Min.)  A brown  or  green- 
ish mineral,  in  eight-sided  prisms,  transparent 
and  doubly  refractive.  Brande. 

HY'A-DE$  (hlVdez),  n.  pi.  [L.,  from  Gr.  'Ydies ; 
vo>,  to  rain.]  (Astron.)  A well-known  cluster 
of  stars  in  the  face  of  the  constellation  Taurus  ; 
so  called  because  they  were  supposed,  when 
they  rose  with  the  sun,  to  threaten  rain.  Brande. 

HY'AD§,  ii. pi.  Hyades. — See  Hyades.  Dryden. 

HY-A-LES'C^NCE,  n.  The  process  of  becoming 
as  transparent  as  glass.  Agassiz. 

HY'A-LlNE,  a.  [Gr.  vdhvo s ; Halos,  crystal  or 
glass  ; Fr.  hyalin .]  Glassy ; crystalline  ; trans- 
parent, or  partially  so.  Milton.  Agassiz. 

HY'A-LlNE,  n.  The  sea.  Shelley. 

On  the  clear  hyaline,  the  glassy  sea.  Milton. 

HY'A-LlTE,  ii.  (Min.)  A yellow  or  gray  variety 
of  uncleavable  quartz  or  opal.  Brande. 

HY-A-LOG'R  A-PIIY,  n.  [Gr.  Halos,  glass,  and 
.ypitpoi,  to  write.]  The  art  of  engraving  on  glass. 

HY'A-LOID,  a.  [Gr.  Halos,  glass,  and  Rios,  form.] 
(Anat.)  Vitriform;  resembling  glass.  Dunglison. 

HY-A-LO-SlD'ER-lTE,  n.  [Gr.  Halos,  glass,  and 
aligpos,  iron.]  (Min.)  A variety  of  chrysolite  con- 
taining an  excess  ofisilicate  of  magnesia.  Dana. 

HY-AL'O-TYPE,  n.  [Gr.  Halos,  glass,  and  rbitos, 
an  impression.]  A photographic  picture  taken 
on  glass.  Fairholt. 

HY-BJJR-NA'TION,  n.  See  Hibernation. 

HY'BJjA-BEE,  n.  A species  of  honey-bee.  Shak. 

IIYB-LAE'AN,  a.  (Geog.)  Belonging  to  Mount 
Hybla,  in  Greece.  Ash. 

HYB'O-DONT,  n.  [Gr.  I fids,  a hump,  and  diovs, 
di6vro;,  a tooth.]  (Pal.)  One  of  an  extinct  sub- 
family of  sharks.  Agassis. 

HYB'O-DUS,  n.  (Pal.)  A genus  of  fossil,  shark-like 
fishes,  with  compressed,  conical  teeth.  Agassiz. 

II  HY'BRID,  or  HYB'RID  [lil'brjd,  K.  Sm.  B.  Ash, 


Maunder,  Wr.  ; hib'rjd,  Ja.  JF5.],  n.  [Gr.  !!/?pi s, 
rape  ; L.  hybrida,  a mongrel  ; Fr.  hy  bride.) 
(Bot.  & ZoOl.)  A mongrel  plant  or  animal ; the 
produce  of  a female  plant  or  animal  which  has 
been  impregnated  by  a male  of  a different  va- 
riety, species,  or  genus ; a mule.  Ency. 

||  HY'BRID,  a.  Being  the  offspring  of  two  spe- 
cies ; mongrel  ; of  different  species  : — applied 
to  plants  and  animals,  and,  metaphorically,  to 
other  things. 

The  hybrid  additions  to  the  English  language  are  most 
numerous  in  works  on  science.  Latham. 

II  HY'BRID-I^M,  or  HYB'RID-IfpM,  n.  The  quality 
of  being  hybrid. 

To  tack  on  to  a Gothic  root  a classical  termination  (and 
vice  versa ) is  to  be  guilty  of  hybridism.  . . . Hybridism  is  the 
commonest  fault  that  accompanies  the  introduction  of  new 
words.  Latham. 

||  IIYB'RI-DIST,  n.  One  who  hybridizes.  Qu.  Bev. 

HY-BRID'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being  hybrid  ; 
hybridism.  Pritchard. 

||  HYB'RI-DIZE,  v.  a.  To  form  or  procreate  by,  or 
to  change  to,  hybrids.  Knight. 

II  H YB'RI-DOUS  [lilb'rc-dus,  S.  IV.  P.  Ja.  B.  ; hl'- 

bre-dus,  K.  Sm.  Ash),  a.  Mongrel ; hybrid.  Ray. 

HY'DA^E,  n.  (Law.)  See  Hidage.  Burrill. 

HY'DA-TlD,  or  HYD'A-Tln  [lu'da-tid,  Sm.  C.  Wr. 
Wb. ; he-dat'jd,  P.  Cyc.  Brande),  n.;  pi.  iiv'da- 
t!d§.  [Gr.  Haris,  a watery  vesicle  under  the 
upper  eyelid;  Hio>p,  water;  L.  hydatis,  a water- 
colored  gem.]  A cyst-like  production  some- 
times found  in  the  bodies  of  men  and  animals. 

HY'DA-TIS,  ii.  ; pi.  HY-nlx' i-DEtf.  [See  Hy- 
datid.] (Med.)  A vesicle  containing  a trans- 
parent, aqueous  fluid  ; hydatid.  Dunglison. 

I-IY'D A-TI§M,  ii.  (Med.)  The  sound  occasioned 
by  the  fluctuation  of  an  effused  fluid  in  a cavity 
of  the  body.  Craig. 

HY'DA-TOID,  n.  [Gr.  vioip,  water,  and  Rios,  form.] 
(Med.)  The  membrane  of  the  aqueous  humor : 
— sometimes  applied  to  the  aqueous  humor  it- 
self. Dunglison. 

IIY'DRA,  n. ; pi.  L.  Hy' drje  ; Eng.  IIv'dra§.  [Gr. 
"Yi5pa  ; L.  hydra.) 

1.  (Myth.)  A fabulous  manj’-headed  mon- 

ster, which  was  said  to  infest  the  Lake  Lerna, 
in  Peloponnesus.  According  to  the  fable,  on  one 
of  its  heads  being  cut  off,  it  was  immediately 
succeeded  by  another,  unless  the  wound  was 
cauterized.  It  was  one  of  the  labors  of  Her- 
cules to  destroy  this  monster.  Brande. 

2.  (Astron.)  An  ancient  constellation  in  the 
southern  hemisphere ; the  AVater-snake.Rrawrfc. 

3.  (Zotil.)  A genus  of  hydro-medusae,  the 

only  one  known  to  inhabit  fresh  water,  charac- 
terized by  having  a cylindrical  body,  at  one  end 
a single  row  of  tentacles,  from  six  to  eight  in 
number,  around  the  mouth,  and  a simple  di- 
gestive cavity,  occupying  the  whole  length  and 
breadth  of  the  body.  Agassiz. 

4.  Any  manifold  evil. 

Any  multiplicity  of  evils  is  termed  a hydra.  Johnson. 

And  yet  the  hydra  of  my  cares  renews 

Still  new-born  sorrows  of  her  fresh  disdain.  Daniel. 

HY-DRAQ'ID,  n.  An  acid  containing  hydrogen, 
as  one  of  its  essential  elements.  Brande. 

HY'DRA-GOGUE  (hl'drj-gBg),  n.  [Gr.  vipayoyis ; 
viosp,  water,  and  ayoi,  to  drive ; L.  hydragogus  ; 
Fr.  hydragogue.)  (Med.)  A medicine  believed 
to  be  capable  of  expelling  serum  effused  into 
any  part  of  the  body  ; — generally  applied  to  a 
cathartic  or  a diuretic.  Dunglison. 

HY-DRAl'KAR-SINE,  n.  (Client.)  An  ethereal 
volatile  substance  formed  by  the  union  of  oxy- 
gen with  alkarsine.  Ogilvie. 

HY'DRA-MlDE,  n.  (Chem.)  Another  name  for 
the  hydruret  of  amide,  or  ammonia.  Wright. 

HY-DRAJY'GE-4, 11.  [Gr.  vioip,  water,  and  ayyuov, 
a capsule.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  hardy  shrubs, 
of  which  one  species  is  commonly  cultivated  for 
the  sake  of  its  beautiful  flowers.  P.  Cyc. 

HY'DRANT,  n.  [Gr.  vipaimo,  to  water;  viosp,  wa- 
ter.] A discharge-pipe  from  the  main  of  an 
aqueduct ; a water-plug  or  street-fountain. 

HY-DRAR'GO— CHLO'RIDE,  n.  (Chem.)  A com- 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  S6N  ; BULL,  BUR,  RlJLE.  — <?,  9,  g,  soft;  jE,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  S as  z ; X as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 

89 


HYDRARGILLITE 


706 


HYDROPICAL 


pound  of  the  bichloride  of  mercury  with  another 
chloride.  Brande. 

HY-DRAR'<?IE-LITE,  n.  [Gr.  vbup,  water,  and 
aoyUi.of,  clay.]  {Alin.)  A native  phosphate  of 
alumina;  — so  named  from  the  erroneous  idea 
that  it  consisted  of  alumina  and  water.  Brande. 

HY-DRAR'<?Y-RATE,  a.  Of,  or  belonging;  to, 
mercury.  Ogilvie. 

H Y-DRAR  ' OY-R  UM,  11.  [Gr.  Mpapyvpos ; Muip,  wa- 
ter, and  apyvpof,  silver  ; L.  hydrargyrum.]  Quick- 
silver or  mercury.  Rowbotham. 

HY'DRATE,  n.  [Gr.  Mwp,  water;  Fr.  hydrate.] 
{ Chein .)  A compound  in  definite  proportions  of 
a metallic  oxide  with  water.  Brande. 

HY-DRAU'LIC,  ^ a.  [Gr.  vlpavl.tK6s ; L.  hy- 

HY-DRAU'LI-CAL,  > draulicus  ; Fr.  hydrauligue.] 
Relating  to  water-pipes,  or  to  the  conveyance 
of  water  through  pipes. 

Hydraulic  architecture,  tile  art  of  constructing  docks, 
quays,  &c.,  the  foundations  of  which  are  laid  under 
water.  — Hydraulic  lime , a species  of  lime  used  in 
forming  a mortar  or  cement  which  hardens  under 
water.  — ■ Hydraulic  press , a 
press  in  which  the  force  is 
applied  by  means  of  a pump 
acting  upon  a column  of 
water  in  a tube  ; Bramah’s 
press.  It  consists  of  a short 
and  very  strong  pump-bar- 
rel, A B,  wi  h a solid  pis- 
ton, C,  of  proportionate  strength,  which  is  pushed 
against  the  thing  to  be  compressed  by  water  driven 
into  the  barrel  beneath  it  at  F from  the  small  forcing 
pump  E.  Ure.  — Hydraulic  ram,  a machine  for  raising 
water  by  means  of  its  own  momentum  ; water-ram. 
— See  Water-Ram. 

HY-DRAU'LI-C6N,  n.  [Gr.  vbpavAi;  ; SStop,  water, 
and  avl.ito,  to  play  on  the  flute  ; L.  hydraulus.] 

{ AIus .)  A musical  instrument  acted  upon  by 
water  ; a water-organ.  Burney. 

HY-DR.AU'LICS,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  vbuip,  water,  and  aids, 
a pipe.]  That  branch  of  natural  philosophy 
which  treats  of  the  motion  of  liquids,  the  laws 
by  which  they  are  regulated,  and  the  effects 
which  they  produce.  Brande. 

HY-DRpiV-TER'O-CELE,  il.  [Gr.  S<5 tap,  water,  and 
errepov,  an  intestine.]  {Med.)  Intestinal  her- 
nia, the  sac  of  which  encloses  fluid.  Dunglison. 

HY'DItl-AD,  n.  [Gr.  'Yiipioj  ; Sio >p,  water.]  A 
water  nymph.  Clarke. 

HY'DRI-O-DATE,  n.  {Chem.)  A salt  formed  by 
the  union  of  hydriodic  acid  with  a base.  Brande. 

HY-DRI-OD'IC,  a.  {Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  com- 
posed of  hydrogen  and  iodine.  Brande. 

HYD'RI-OT,  n.  {Geog.)  A native  of  the  Greek 
Island  of  Hydra.  Earnshaw. 

HY-DRO-BO'RA-ClTE,  n.  {Alin.)  A mineral  oc- 
curring in  small  needle  crystals,  which  appear 
to  be  flat,  six-sided  prisms.  It  is  translucent, 
and  of  a white  color,  with  spots  of  red  from  sili- 
cated  peroxide  of  iron.  Eng.  Cyc. 

HY-DRO-BRO'MATE,  n.  {Chem.)  A salt  com- 
posed of  hydrobromic  acid  and  a base.  Craig. 

H Y-DRO-RROM'JC,  a.  {Chem.)  Noting  an  acid 
composed  of  one  equivalent  of  hydrogen  and 
one  of  bromine.  P.  Cyc. 

HY-DRO-CAR'BON,  n.  {Chem.)  A compound  of 
hydrogen  and  carbon  ; hydrocarburet.  Brande. 

HY-DRO-CAR'BO-NATE,  n.  {Chem.)  Carburet- 
ted  hydrogen  gas.  Wright. 

HY-DRQ-CAR'BO-NATE,  a.  [Gr.  vS tap,  water, 
and  Eng.  carbonate.]  {Chem.)  Noting  a car- 
bonate combined  with  water  ; as,  “ The  hydro- 
carbonate of  magnesia.”  Craig. 

HY-DRO-CAR-BON'IC,  a.  {Chem.)  Noting  an  in- 
flammable gas.  Wright. 

HY-URO-CAR'BU-RET,  n.  {Chem.)  A compound 
of  hydrogen  and  carbon.  Brande. 

HY-DRO-CAr  ' DI-a,  n.  [Gr.  8<5u>p,  water,  and  /cap- 
ita, the  heart.]  {Med.)  A dropsy  of  the  peri- 
cardium. Scott. 

HY’DRO-CELE  [hl'dro-sel,  S.  J.  E.  F.  K.  Sm.  ; 
hl'drq-sel  or  hi-dro-se'le,  W.  Ja. ; hx-dro-se'le, 
P.  Wr.],  n.  [Gr.  vipoKyi iy ; Mwp,  water,  and  Kyi. y, 


a tumor  ; L.  hydrocele ; Fr.  hydrocele.]  {Med.) 
A collection  of  watery  or  serous  fluid  in  the 
scrotum  or  in  some  of  the  coverings  of  the  tes- 
ticle or  spermatic  cord.  Dunglison. 

IIY-DRO-CEPH'A-LUS,  n.  [Gr.  viuip,  water,  and 
Kitt/a/.y,  head.]  {Med.)  A collection  of  water 
within  the  head;  dropsy  of  the  brain.  Dunglison. 

HY-DRO-JEHLO'R ATE,  n.  [Fr.]  {Chem.)  A salt 
formed  by  the  union  of  hydrochloric  acid  with  a 
base  ; a muriate.  Graham. 

HY-DRO-jCHLO'RIC,  a.  [Fr.  hydrocliloriquc.] 
{Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  composed  of  one  equiv- 
alent of  chlorine  and  one  of  hydrogen  ; — com- 
monly called  muriatic  acid.  Ure. 

HY-DRO-EHEO'RIDE,  n.  {Chem.)  A compound 
of  hydrogen,  chlorine,  and  carbon.  Buchanan. 

HY-DRO-CY'A-NATE,  il.  {Chem.)  A compound 
of  hydrocyanic  acid  with  a base.  Wright. 

HY-DRO-CY-AN'IC,  a.  [Eng.  hydrogen  and  Gr. 
kUi ti/os,  a dark  blue  substance.]  {Chem.)  Noting 
an  acid  which  is  the  same  as  prussic  acid ; — 
first  obtained  from  Prussian  blue.  Brande. 

HY-DRO-DY-nAm'ics,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  vSmp,  water,  and 
Sbvapts,  power.]  The  science  which  applies  the 
principles  of  dynamics  to  determine  the  condi- 
tions of  motion  or  of  rest  in  fluid  bodies.  It  com- 
prises hydrostatics  and  hydraulics.  Brande. 

IIY-DRO- FER-RO-CY-AN'IC,  a.  {Chem.)  Noting 
an  acid  obtained  by  decomposing  ferrocyanide 
of  barium  with  sulphuric  acid.  Graham. 

HY-DRO-FLU'ATE,  n.  A salt  formed  of  hydroflu- 
oric acid  and  a base.  Craig. 

IIY-DRO-FLF-OR'IC,  a.  [ hydrogen  and  fluorine.] 
{Chem.)  Noting  a highly  corrosive  and  very  vol- 
atile acid  obtained  from  fluor  spar  by  the  action 
of  sulphuric  acid.  Brande. 

IIY-DRO-FLU-O-SIL'I-CATE,  n.  {Chem.)  A salt 
formed  by  hydrofluosilicic  acid  and  a base.  Craig. 

HY-DRO-FLU-O-SI-Lig'IC,  a.  [ hydrogen , fluo- 

rine, and  silica.)  {Chem.)  Noting  a compound 
acid  consisting  of  one  atom  of  hydrofluoric,  and 
two  of  fluosilicic  acid.  Craig. 

IIY'DRO-IJIEN  (hi'dro-jen),  11.  [Gr.  Mwp,  water 
and  yevrbui,  to  generate  ; Fr.  hydroghie.]  { Chem.) 
A gas  which,  combined  with  oxygen,  in  the  pro- 
portion of  one  part  by  weight  of  hydrogen  to 
eight  parts  of  oxygen,  produces  water.  It  is 
colorless,  tasteless,  inodorous,  inflammable,  and 
it  will  not  support  animal  life.  Its  specific 
gravity,  as  compared  with  common  air,  is  as  69 
to  1000,  and  it  is  exactly  sixteen  times  lighter 
than  oxygen.  It  was  formerly  called  inflam- 
mable air.  Brande. 

HY'DRO-<? E-nATE,  v.  a.  [Fr.  hydroginer . ] To 
combine  with  hydrogen.  Craig. 

HY'DRO-^fJ-NIZE,  v.  a.  To  hydrogenate.  Craig. 

HY-DROp'ft-NOUS,  a.  Relating  to  hydrogen; 
composed  of  hydrogen.  Phillips. 

HY-DROG'NQ-SY,  n.  [Gr.  vbup,  water,  and  yi'Stns, 
knowledge.]  The  history  and  description  of  the 
waters  of  the  earth.  Wright. 

IIY-DROG'RA-PHER,  n.  One  versed  in  hydrogra- 
phy ; one  who  makes  or  plans  charts.  Boyle. 

H\ -DRO-GRApH'IC,  l a_  Relating  to  hydrog- 

HY-DRO-GRAPH'I-CAE,  S raphy.  Davies. 

HY-DROG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  uiap,  water,  and 
ypriipui,  to  describe  ; Fr.  hydrographie .]  The 
science,  knowledge,  or  description  of  the  watery 
part  of  the  terraqueous  globe.  Hackluyt. 

HY-DROG'U-RF.T,  n.  {Chem.)  A compound  of 
hydrogen  with  a metal.  Brande. 

HY'DROID,  a.  {Zo'ul.)  Hydra-like.  Agassiz. 

HY'DRO-LlTE,  n.  [Gr.  viiap,  water,  and  HBos,  a 
stone’.]  {Min.)  See  Gmelinite.  Dana. 

HY-DRO-LOG'I-CAL,  a.  Relating  to  hydrology. 

HY-DROL'O-ylST,  n.  One  skilled  in  hydrology. 

HY-DROL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  Sioio,  water,  and  l.iyos,  a 
discourse ; Fr.  hydrologie.]  The  science  which 
treats  of  water,  and  of  its  various  properties 
and  modes  of  existence  in  nature.  Brande. 


HY'DRO-MAN-CY,  n.  [Gr.  vboip,  wa>ter,  and  pav- 
riia,  prophecy.]  Among  the  ancients,  a method 
of  divination  by  water.  Brande. 

HY-DRO-MAN'TJC,  a.  Pertaining  to  divination 
by  water.  Wright. 

HY'DRO-MEL,  il.  [Gr.  vSwp,  water,  and  /till,  hon- 
ey.] A liquor  consisting  of  honey  and  water ; — 
called  also,  after  fermentation,  mead.  Brande. 

IIY-DROM'5-TJ£R,  n.  [Gr.  Muip,  water,  and  plrpov, 
a measure.]  An  instrument  for  measuring  the 
specific  gravities  or  densities  of  liquids. 

tKg“Tlie  common  hydrometer  consists  of  a glass 
tube  containing  a marked  paper  scale,  with  a small 
bulb  at  the  lower  end  filled  with  shot,  and  a larger 
bulb  just  above  the  other.  The  zero  mark  of  the 
scale  is  adjusted  to  the  point  of  the  stem  to  which  the 
instrument  sinks  in  distilled  water,  or  in  any  other 
liquid  taken  as  a standard. 

HY-DRO-MET'RIC,  > [Fr.  hydromHrique^ 

II  Y-DRO-METfRI-CAL,  1 Relating  to  hydrometry. 

HY-DRO-MET'RO-GRAPH,  n.  [Gr.  8<5w p,  water, 
plrpov,  a measure,  and  ypntpui,  to  describe.]  An 
instrument  for  measuring  the  quantity  of  water 
discharged  in  a given  time.  Dr.  Black. 

HY-DROM'y-TRY,  ii.  [Fr.  hydromHrie.]  The 
art  of  measuring  the  relative  densities,  or  spe- 
cific gravities,  &c.,  of  fluids.  P.  Cyc. 

HY-DRO-PATH  |C,  l a_  Relating  to  hydrop- 

HY-DRO-PATH'I-CAL,  ) athy.  Claridge. 

HY-DROP'A-THIST,  n.  One  who  is  versed  in,  or 
who  practises,  hydropathy ; one  who  practises 
the  water-cure  ; a water-doctor.  Claridge. 

HY-DROP'A-THY,  n.  [Gr.  vStop,  water,  and  irdOos, 
suffering.]  {Aled.)  Water-cure,  or  the  method 
of  curing  diseases  by  means  of  water  ; — intro- 
duced by  Vincent  Priessnitz  of  Silesia.  Claridge. 

HY'DRO-PHANE,  it.  [Gr.  iiSup,  water,  and  tpairoi, 
to  show.]  {Min.)  A variety  of  opal  which  is 
white  and  opaque  when  dry,  but  transparent  in 
water.  ' Brande. 

IIY-DROPH'A-NOUS,  a.  {Min.)  Noting  a min- 
eral transparent  in  water.  Cleaveland. 

HY'DRO-PIIID,  n.  [Gr.  be  up,  water, -and  otj/llnov,  a 
small  serpent.]  {Zobl.)  A species  of  ophidian 
including  the  water  snake.  Smart. 

IIY-DRO-PHO'BI-A  [hl-dro-fo'be-a,  IF.  P.  /.  E.  F. 
Ja.  Sm.  Wr. ; l;T-d rp- fo-bc  'a,  S’.],  n.  [L.,  from 
Gr.  bbpotpoflia  ; Mwp,  water,  and  tp/SPos,  fear;  Fr. 
hydrophobie.] 

1.  {Med.)  A preternatural  dread  of  water,  a 
symptom  of  canine  madness.  - Dunglison. 

2.  The  disease  occasioned  by  inoculation 
with  the  saliva  of  a rabid  animal ; — so  called 
from  the  violent  and  suffocating  spasms  of  the 
throat  which  occur  when  the  patient  attempts 
to  drink,  or  when,  in  the  latter  stages,  the  mere 
idea  of  drinking  arises  in  his  mind.  P.  Cyc. 

HY-DRO-PIIOB'IC,  a.  [Gr.  vbpotpoPtKos ; L.  hydro- 
phohicus-,  Fr.  hydrophobe.]  Relating  to  hydro- 
phobia. Med.  Jour. 

IIY'DRO-PHO-BY,  n.  Hydrophobia.  Birch. 

HY'DRO-PIIORE,  il.  [Gr.  Mwp,  water,  and  tf/optoi, 
to  bear.]  An  instrument  for  obtaining  speci- 
mens of  the  water  of  a river,  a lake,  or  the 
ocean  at  any  particular  depth.  Ogilvie. 

HY-DROPH-THAL' MI-A,  l ft.  [Gr.  vbtop,  water, 

II  Y-DROPH-THAL'MY,  5 and  6<p0aXp6s,  the  eye.] 

{Aled.)  A disease  of  the  eye,  caused  by  an  in- 
crease in  one  or  bot’  of  the  humors.  Dunglison. 

HY'DRO-PHYTE,  n.  [Gr.  vSwp,  water,  and  tpurdv, 
a plant;  Ex.  hydrophyte.] 

1.  {Bot.)  A plant  which  thrives  in  water ; a 

kind  of  alga.  Brande. 

2.  {Min.)  A variety  of  serpentine.  Dana. 

HY-nROPH-Y-TOL'O-GY,  n.  [Eng.  hydrophyte 
and  Gr.  i.6yos,  a discourse.]  A discourse  or  trea- 
tise on  water-plants.  Craig. 

HY-DROP'IC,  £ j^Gr.  vbpoiriKos  ; L.  hydropi- 

HY-DROP'I-CAE,  ) cus  ; Fr.  hydropique .] 

1.  Dropsical ; diseased  with  dropsy  or  extrava- 
sated  water.  “ Hydropic  wretches.”  Blackmore. 

2.  Resembling  dropsy.  “ Every  lust  is  a kind 

of  hydropic  distemper.”  Tillotson. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long  ; A,  E,  I,  6,  €r,  f,  short ; A,  l,  O,  V,  Y>  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


707 


HYMENOPTERS 


HYDROPICALLY 

HV-DROP'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  an  hydropical  man- 
ner. Browne. 

HY-DRO-PNEU-MAT'IC  (-nu-),  a.  [Gr.  Mup,  wa- 
ter, and  Kvcu/iLaTtKos,  belong  to  wind  or  breath.] 
Noting  an  apparatus  consisting  of  a vessel  of 
water,  &c.,  for  collecting  gases.  Wright. 

HY'DROP-SY,  n.  [Gr.  vipiotfi  ; L.  hydrops.]  The 
dropsy,  -[r.]  Thomson. 

HY'DRO-sALT,  n.  ( Chem .)  A salt,  the  base  or 
the  acid  of  which  is  a compound,  having  hydro- 
gen as  one  of  its  elements.  Wright. 

HY'DRO-SCOPE,  n.  [Gr.  uStop,  water,  and  ck.ot.iu, 
to  view.]  An  instrument  anciently  used  for 
measuring  time,  by  the  flowing  of  water  through 
a small  orifice.  Brande. 

HY'DRO-STAT,  n.  An  apparatus  ^or  preventing 
the  explosion  of  steam-boilers.  * Simmonds. 

H\ -DRO-STAt'JC,  ) a.  [Gr.  iStop,  water,  and 

HY-DRO-STAT'I-CAL,  > crariKti,  statics;  Fr.  hy- 
drostatique. ] Relating  to  hydrostatics. 

Hydrostatic  balance , a balance  used  for  determining 
the  specific  gravity  of  bodies,  by  weighing  them  in 
water.  — Hydrostatic  bellows,  an  apparatus  for  illus- 
trating the  hydrostatic  paradox,  consisting  of  two  flat 
boards  united  by  leather  or  flexible  cloth,  which  is 
water-tight,  and  a long  upright  tube  through  which 
water  may  be  poured  into  the  interior,  thus  causing 
every  portion  of  the  surface  of  the  upper  board,  equal 
in  area  to  the  area  of  the  tube,  to  be  pressed  upward 
by  a force  equal  to  the  weight  ofjhe  water  in  tire  tube 
above  the  level  of  that  board.  Brande.  — Hydrostatic 
paradox,  the  fact  that  any  quantity  of  water,  however 
small,  may  be  made  to  lift  and  balance  any  quantity 
however  great,  or  that  quality  of  liquids  in  virtue  of 
which  they  transmit  pressure  equally  in  all  directions  ; 

— thus  water,  in  a curved  pipe  open  at  both  ends, 
will  always  rise  to  the  same  height  in  each  arm  or 
branch,  however  much  larger  one  may  be  than  the 
other.  — Hydrostatic  press,  the  hydraulic  press.  — See 
Hydraulic  press. 

HY-DRO-STAT'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  According  to  hy- 
drostatics. Bentley. 

HY-DRO-STA-TI "CIAN  (-tlsh'jn),  n.  One  versed 
in  hydrostatics.  Boyle. 

HY-DRO-STAt'ICS,  n.  pi.  The  science  which 
explains  the  properties  of  the  equilibrium  and 
pressure  of  water  and  other  fluids  ; the  appli- 
cation of  statics  to  the  peculiar  constitution  of 
water  and  other  liquids.  Brande. 

HY-DRO-SUL'PHATE,  a.  [Fr.  hydrosulphate .] 
{Chem.)  Same  as  Hydrosulphuret.  Brande. 

HY-DRO-StJL'PHITE,  n.  {Chem.)  A saline  com- 
pound of  hydrosulphurous  acid  and  a base.  Ure. 

HY-DRO-SUL'PHU-RET,  n.  {Chem.)  A compound 
of  sulphuretted  hydrogen  with  a base.  Ure. 

HY-DRO-SUL'PHLT-RET-TJ?D,  a.  {Chem.)  Com- 
bined with  sulphuretted  hydrogen.  Wright. 

HY-DRO-SUL-PHU'RIO,  a.  [Fr.  hydrosufurique .] 
{Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  otherwise  called  sul- 
phuretted hydrogen.  Brande. 

HY-DRO-T£L-LU'RATE,  n.  {Chem.)  A salt 
formed  by  the  union  of  telluric  acid  with  a 
base.  Wright. 

HY-DRO-TUL-LU'RIC,  a.  {Chem.)  Noting  an  acid 
formed  from  hydrogen  and  tellurium.  Graham. 

HY-DRO-THO'  RAX,  n.  [Gr.  iiiup,  water,  and 
0uoa{,  the  chest.]  {Med.)  Dropsy  of  the  chest ; 

— generally  seated  only  on  one  side.  Dunglison. 

HY-DROT'IC,  n.  [Gr.  Mup,  water ; Fr.  hydro- 
tique .]  {Med.)  Medicine  to  expel  water  or 
phlegm  ; a hydragogue.  Arbuthnot. 

-C’  £ a • Causing  the  discharge  of 

HY-DROT'I-CAL,  ) water  or  phlegm.  Smart. 

HY'DROUS,  a.  Containing  water ; watery.  Francis. 

HY-DROX-AN'THATE,  n.  [Gr.  Mwp,  water,  and 
(, dvdos , yellow.]  {Chem.)  A compound  of  hy- 
droxanthic  acid  with  a base.  Wright. 

HY-DROX-AN'THIC,  a.  {Chem.)  Noting  an  acid 
called  also  carbo-sulphuric  acid,  formed  by  the 
action  of  alkalies  on  the  deutosulphuret  of  car- 
bon. Wright. 

HY'DRU-RET,  n.  Same  as  Hydroguret.  Brande. 

HY 1 DRUS,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  Mup,  water.] 


1.  (Zoiil.)  A genus  of  water-snakes.  Eng.  Cyc. 

2.  { Astron .)  The  Water-Serpent,  a southern 

constellation.  Wright. 

HY-E'MAL,  or  HY'JJ-MAL  [hl-e'msd,  IF.  K.  Sm. 
Wb.  ; hl'e-mal,  Ja.  Todd,  Ash,  Dyche],  a.  [L. 
hyemalis  ; hyems,  winter  ; It.  iemale  ; Sp.  Me- 
nial ; Fr.  hy email]  Belonging  to  winter.  Browne. 

f HY'E-MATE,  v.  n.  [L.  hyemo,  hyematus.)  To 
winter  at  a place.  Cockeram. 

f HY-5-MA'TION,  n.  Shelter  from  the  cold  of 
winter.  Evelyn. 

HY  'KM Si,  n.  [L.]  Winter.  Shah. 

f HY'IJN,  n.  A hyena.  “I  will  laugh  like  a 
hyen."  Shah. 

IIY-E'NA,  n.  [Gr.  Ihaiva  ; L.  hycena.]  (Zoiil.)  One 
of  a family  of  digiti- 
grade,  carnivorous 
quadrupeds,  of  great 
strength  and  feroci- 
ty, found  in  Asia 
and  Africa,  having 
the  fore  legs  longer 
than  the  hind  legs, 
a rough  tongue, 
great  and  conical 
molar  teeth,  pro- 
jecting eyes,  large  Striped  hyena  (Hyaena  striata). 
ears,  and  a deep  and  glandular  pouch  beneath 
the  anus  ; — called  also  tiger-wolf.  Eng.  Cyc. 

HY'E-TO-GRApH,  n.  [Gr.  birds,  rain,  and  ypaip w, 
to  sketch.]  A graphic  representation  of  the 
average  distribution  of  rain  over  the  surface  of 
the  earth.  Nichol. 

HY-B-TO-GRAPH'IC,  a.  (Phys.  Grog.)  Noting 
maps  in  which  the  distribution  and  quantity  of 
rain,  prevalence  of  rainy  days,  &c.,  in  different 
places,  are  indicated.  Johnston. 

IIY-B-TOM'y-TER,  n.  [Gr.  vit6c,  rain,  and  pirpov, 
a measure.]  A pluviometer.  Nichol. 

HY-QrE'I-A  (hl-je'y?),  n.  [Gr.  'V yin  a.) 

1.  (Myth.)  The  goddess  of  health. 

2.  (Astron.)  An  asteroid  discovered  by  De 

Gasparis  in  1850.  Hind. 

HY-£E'IAN  (Iri-je'yan),  a.  Relating  to  health,  or 
to  Hygeia,  Ilygiea,  or  Hygia,  the  goddess  of 
health.  Smart. 

HY'GJE-lNE,  n.  See  Hygiene.  Brande. 

IIY-<j}E'l-NI§M,  n.  The  science  of  health,  or  the 
preservation  of  health  by  medical  treatment; 
hygiene.  Buchanan. 

HY'tyE-IST,  n.  One  versed  in  hygiene.  Gent.  Mag. 

HY-yiE'AN,  a.  Same  as  Hygeian.  P.  Cyc. 

IIY-GI-E'NAL,  a.  Relating  to  hygeinism,  or  the 
preservation  of  health  ; hygienic.  Boyle. 

HY'(?I-ENE,  or  HY'(?IENE,  n.  [Generally  angli- 
cized hygiene,  and  pronounced  hygeen.  Dungli- 
son.]  [Gr.  vyuivbs,  good  for  the  health  ; vyiua, 
health;  Fr  .hygiene.]  (Med.)  That  branch  of 
medicine  of  which  the  object  is  the  preservation 
of  health.  Dunglison. 

HY-GJ-EN'IC,  a.  [Fr.  hygienique.)  Relating  to 
hygiene  ; preserving  health.  Dunglison. 

HY-GI-F,N'ICS,  n.pl.  The  art  of  preserving  health ; 
hygeinism;  hygiene,  [r.]  Dunglison. 

HY-yFNA,  n.  \Med.)  Same  as  Hygiene.  Crabb. 

HY-Gr-ol'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  vyiua,  health,  and  It lyos, 
a discourse.]  The  science  of,  or  a treatise  on, 
the  preservation  of  health.  O.  II.  Curtis. 

HY-GRO-BLEPH'A-RIC,  a.  [Gr.  vypds,  moist,  and 
ID. tifiapov,  the  eyelid.]  (Med.)  Noting  the  excre- 
tory ducts  of  the  lachrymal  gland.  Wright. 

IIY-GROL'O-GY)  n ■ [Gr.  vypds,  moist,  fluid,  and 
>■6 yos,  a discourse.]  (Med.)  The  doctrine  of  the 
humors  or  fluids  of  the  body.  Brande. 

IIY-GROM'IJ-TER,  n.  [Gr.  vypds,  moist,  and  pirpov, 
a measure  ; Fr .hygrometre.)  An  instrument  to 
measure  the  degrees  of  moisture  or  dryness  of 
the  atmosphere.  Brande. 

HY-GRO-MET  RIC,  ? a.  [Fr.  hygrometrique.\ 

HY-GRO-MET'RI-CAL,  S Relating  to  hygrometry ; 
— applied  to  substances  which  readily  become 


moist  or  dry  by  corresponding  changes  of  the 
state  of  the  atmosphere.  Brande. 

HY-GROM'E-TRY,  n.  [See  Hygrometer.]  The 
art  of  measuring  the  moisture  or  humidity  of 
bodies,  particularly  of  the  atmosphere.  Crabb. 

HY'GRO-SCOPE,  n.  [Gr.  vypds,  moist,  and  ckotIoi, 
to  view'.]  An  instrument  to  show  the  moisture 
and  dryness  of  the  air  ; a hygrometer.  Quincy. 

HY-GRO-SCOP'IC,  > a_  Imbibing  moisture, 

HY-GRO-SCOP'J-CAL,  ) as  a hygroscope;  relat- 
ing to  the  hogroscope. 

HY-GRO-SCO-PIQ'!-TY,  n.  [Gr.  vypdv,  moisture, 
and  CKOTtui,  to  observe.]  (Bot.)  The  property  by 
which  vegetable  tissues  absorb  or  discharge 
moisture,  according  to  circumstances.  Henslow. 

HY-GRO-STAT'ICS,  n.pl.  [Gr.  vypds,  moist,  and 
cTaTiKii,  statics.]  The  art  of  measuring  degrees 
of  moisture.  Evelyn. 

HYKE,  n.  [Arab.]  A loose  garment  worn  by  the 
Arabs ; haik.  Wright. 

HY-LvE-O-SAU'RUS,  n.  [Gr.  Halos,  belonging  to 
a wood,  and  caiipos,  a lizard.]  (Pal.)  An  extinct 
genus  of  gigantic  reptiles  found  in  the  wealden 
strata  of  Sussex,  Eng.  Mantell. 

HY-LARGH'I-CAL,  a.  [Gr.  vhj,  matter,  and  ap%i- 
kos,  pertaining  to  rule.]  Presiding  over  matter. 
“ This  hylarchical  principle.”  Halliwell. 

HY'LO-BATE,  n.  [Gr.  vl-ofiaTr/s,  one  that  w'alks  or 
haunts  the  wood  ; v).p,  a wood,  and  (iaivu,  to 
walk.]  (Zoiil.)  One  of  a genus  of  apes  ; the 
long-armed  ape  or  gibbon.  Van  Der  Hoeven. 

HY'LO-IST,  n.  [Gr.  'Up,  matter.]  One  who  be- 
lieves that  matter  is  God.  Clarke. 

HY-LOP'A-THi§M,  n.  [Gr.  vl.p,  matter,  and  t dOos, 
feeling.]  The  tenet  or  doctrine  that  the  life  of 
matter  is  sentient.  Brande. 

HY-L6TH'E-!§M,  or  HY-LO-THE'ISM,  n.  [Gr. 
x>).p,  matter,  and  Bios,  God.]  The  doctrine  that 
matter  is  God,  a species  of  materialism.  Smart. 

HY-LO-ZO']C,  a.  Pertaining  to  hylozoism.  Wright. 

HY-LO-ZO'IC,  n.  One  who  holds  all  matter  to  be 
animated.  Clarke. 

HY-LO-ZO'I§M,  n.  [Gr.  Up,  matter,  and  (onj,  life.] 
The  doctrine  that  all  matter  lives  ; the  theory  of 
the  soul  of  the  world,  or  of  a life  residing  in  na- 
ture ; the  doctrine  that  life  and  matter  are  in- 
separable. Cudworth.  Fleming. 

HY-LO-ZO'IST,  n.  An  advocate  for  hylozoism  ; 
a hylozoic.  Tucker. 

HY'MJEN,  ji.  [Gr.  vptjv  ; L.  iS;  Fr.  hymen.) 

1.  (Myth.)  The  god  of  marriage. 

2.  (Anat.)  The  virginal  membrane  at  the 

outer  orifice  of  the  vagina.  Dunglison. 

3.  (Bot.)  A skin  enclosing  the  bud  of  a flower. 

II  HY-ME-NE'AL  [ln-me-ne'?I,  W.P.J.F.Ja.  Sm. 
R.  IF/-.;  Iilm-e-ne'al,  S’.  22.],  n.  [Gr.  iipiuaios; 
L.  hymeneeus .]  A marriage  song. 

For  her  white  virgins  hijnieneals  sing.  Pope. 

||  HY-ME-NE'AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  marriage.  Pope. 

IKg=-  “ In  these  compounds  of  Hymen,  Mr.  Sheridan 
has  shortened  the  i in  the  first  syllable  ; but,  though 
I think  this  tendency  of  the  secondary  accent  to 
shorten  the  vowel  perfectly  agreeable  to  analogy,  yet 
y has  so  frequently  the  sound  of  long  i,  that  it  seems, 
in  this  case  and  some  others,  to  counteract  that  ten- 
dency ; nor  can  any  other  reason  be  given  why  the 
same  letter  in  hyperbolical  and  hypercritic  should  he 
long,  as  Mr.  Sheridan  has  properly  marked  them.  Dr. 
Kenrick,  Mr.  Buchanan,  and  Mr.  Perry,  by  their  nota- 
tion, seem  of  the  same  opinion.”  Walker. 

||  HY-MJJ-NE'AN,  n.  Same  as  Hymeneal,  [r.] 
And  heavenly  choirs  the  hymenean  sung.  Hilton. 

||  HY-ME-NE'AN,  a.  Same  as  Hymeneal,  [r.] 

HY-ME  ' JYE-  t/M,  n.  (Bot.)  That  part  of  fungi  in 
wdiich  the  sporules  immediately  lie.  Ilenslow. 

HY-MEJY-OP  ' TE-Rf,  ( [Gr.  tpevoTrepo;  ; 

HY-MjJN-OP'TER^i,  > lay v,  a membrane,  and 
Tripoli,  awing ; It.  imenoptero ; Fr.  hymen opttre.\ 
( Ent .)  An  order  of  mandibulate  insects,  com- 
prehending those  having  four  membraneous 
wings,  with  few  nervures,  such  as  bees,  wasps, 
&c.  Brande. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  S6N;  BULL,  BUR,  RllI.E.  — <i,  <?,  g,  soft ; F,  G,  c,  g,  hard ; § as  z;  Y as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


IIYMENOPTERAL 


HYPO- 


708 


HY-M^N-GP  T£-RAL,  ) a [Gr.  {.^Htoi/,  dim.  of 

IIY-MEN-OP'TIJ-ROUS,  ) opi/r,  a membrane, 
and  ttripov,  a wing.]  ( Ent .)  Having  membra- 
nous wings  ; — applied  to  certain  insects.  Kirby. 

HY-MpN-OP'T£-RAN,  n.  (Ent.)  A mandibulate 
insect  having  four  membranous  wings.  Brande. 

HYMN  (him),  n.  [Gr.  vpvos,  a song  or  ode,  usually 
in  praise  of  some  god  or  hero  ; L.  hymnus  ; It. 
inno  ; Sp.  hymno ; Fr.  hymne .]  A song  of  praise, 
adoration,  or  thanksgiving  ; — now  commonly 
applied  to  a short  poem  written  to  be  sung  in 
public  religious  services. 

Teaching  and  admonishing  one  another  in  psalms,  and 
hymns , and  spiritual  songs.  Co(.  m.  lb. 

HYMN  (him),  V.  a.  [Gr.  itpvcw.]  [i.  HYMNED  ; pp. 
IIYMNING,  HYMNED.]  To  praise  or  celebrate 
in  song ; to  worship  with  hymns. 

"Whose  easier  business  were  to  serve  their  Lord 
High  up  in  heaven,  with  songs  to  hymn  his  throne.  Milton. 

HYMN  (him),  v.  n.  To  sing  songs  of  adoration. 
They  touched  their  golden  harps,  and  hymning  praised 
God  and  his  works.  Millon. 

HYM'NAL,  n.  A sacred  song;  a hymn. 

Various  metres  found  in  the  hymnals  of  the  Bishop  of 
London,  Bickersteth,  &e.  J.J.  Waite. 

HYMN'-BOOK  (hlm'buk),  h.  A book  containing 
a collection  of  hymns. 

HYM'NTC,  a.  Relating  to  hymns.  Donne. 

IIYM'NING  (binding  or  him'njng),  p.  a.  Celebrat- 
ing in  hymns.  “ The  hymning  choir.”  West. 

HYM'NJNG,  n.  The  singing  of  hymns. 

Thus  they  in  heaven,  above  the  starry  sphere, 

Their  happy  hours  in  joy  and  hymning  spent.  Milton. 

HYM'NO-DY,  n.  [Gr.  IpvotSia.]  A collection  of 
hymns  ; liymnology.  Brit.  Crit. 

HYM-NOG'R  A-PHER,  n.  A writer  of  hymns.  Bailey. 

HYM-NOL'O-GIST,  n.  A composer  of  hymns. 

HYM-NdldO-^rY,  n.  [Gr.  vpvos,  a song,  andAdyoj, 
a discourse  ; Fr.  hymnologie.]  A collection  of 
hymns  ; hymnody.  Mede. 

HY'olD,  a.  [Gr.  u,  the  letter  upsilon,  and  eli os, 
form;  votlSys-]  (Anat.)  Noting  a bone  at  the 
base  of  the  tongue  having  the  form  of  the 
Greek  letter  v.  Dunglison. 

HY-OS-CY-A'MI-A,  n.  (Chem.)  A vegetable  al- 
kali, extracted  from  the  Ilyoscyamus  niger,  pigs- 
bean,  or  henbane.  Brande. 

HY-OS-CY'A-MINE,  n.  (Chem.)  The  active  prin- 
ciple of  henbane.  Hamilton. 

HYP,  v.  a.  [i.  hypped  ; pp.  hypping,  hypped.] 
To  make  melancholy  ; to  dispirit ; to  hip. 

I have  been  to  the  last  degree  hypped  since  I saw  you. 

Spectator. 

A colloquial  word,  contracted  from  hypochon- 
driac ; — often  written  hip.  This  contraction,  and  also 
hypoy  are  colloquially  used  as  nouns.  — See  ilip. 

HYP,  n.  [Contracted  from  hypochondriasis.]  De- 
pression of  spirits  ; melancholy.  [Colloquial.] 
Heaven  send  thou  hast  not  got  the  hyps.  Swift. 

HY-PA3'THRAL,  a.  [Gr.  vtraiOoos,  under  the  open 
sky ; bird,  under,  and  aiOyo,  the  air.]  (Arch.) 
Noting  a building  or  temple  without  a roof,  as 
the  temple  of  Neptune  at  Pajstum.  Brande. 

HY-PAL'LA-GS,  n.  [Gr.  btral.Aayi/ ; vTtaXl.aaao),  to 
interchange  ; L.  Sg  Fr.  hypallagc. ] (Gram.  & 
Rhet.)  A species  of  inversion  in  which  not  only 
the  natural  or  customary  succession  of  words 
is  changed,  but  the  sense  presents  a species  of 
transposition  in  which  predicates  are  trans- 
ferred from  their  proper  subject  to  another ; as, 
“ Gladium  vagina  vacuum,”  the  sword  empty  of 
the  scabbard.  Brande. 

HY-PAR'(r Y-RITE,  n.  [Gr.  Irrrapyopos,  containing 
silver;  umi,  under,  and  apyvpos,  silver.]  (Min.) 
A sulphuret  of  antimony  and  silver.  Dana. 

HY-PAS'PIST,  n.  [Gr.  v-aamart'is.]  A shield-bear- 
er ; — a soldier  of  ancient  Greece.  Mitford. 

IIY'PER— . [Gr.  uir/p.]  A Greek  prefix,  implying 
over,  beyond,  excess. — In  the  compound  terms 
of  chemistry,  it  corresponds  with  super,  as  used 
in  other  cases. 

f HY'PJJR,  n.  [A  contraction  of  hypercritic.']  A 
hypercritic.  Prior. 


f HY-PIJR-AS'PIST,  n.  [Gr.  virepaomari'i!.]  A de- 
fender ; a protector.  Chilli ngworth. 

HY-Pf  R-BAT'{C,  a.  Transposed ; inverted.  Clarke. 

HY-PER'BA-TON,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  vmppuTov ; 
vmpliaivM,  to  transgress.]  (Rhet.)  A figure  in 
writing  by  which  the  words  are  transposed  from 
the  plain  grammatical  order  ; as, 

Rings  the  world  with  the  vain  stir.  Cowper. 

IIY-PER'BO-LA,  n.  [Gr.  bnepPoly;  ia-fp,  beyond, 
and  0dD.ui,  to  throw;  L.  hyperbola .]  ( Georn.) 

One  of  the  conic  sections,  formed  by  cutting  a 
cone  by  a plane,  which  is  so  inclined  to  the 
axis,  that,  when  produced,  it  cuts  also  the  op- 
posite cone,  or  the  cone  which  is  the  continua- 
tion of  the  former,  on  the  opposite  side  of  the 
vertex ; a plane  curve  such  that  the  difference 
of  the  distances  from  any  point  of  it  to  two 
fixed  points,  called  foci,  is  equal  to  a given 
distance.  Brande.  Davies. 

HY-PER'BO-LB,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  vitepPo?.y  ; vntp- 
p’q/Xw,  to  go  beyond,  to  exceed  ; L.  Fr.  hyper- 
bole.]  (Rhet.)  A figure  by  which  expressions 
are  used  signifying  more  than  the  exact  truth, 
or  more  than  is  intended  to  be  represented  to 
the  hearer  or  the  reader,  or  by  which  a thing  is 
represented  greater  or  less,  better  or  worse, 
than  it  really  is  ; exaggeration. 

Our  common  forms  of  compliment  are  almost  all  of  them 
extravagant  hyperboles.  Blair. 

HY-P^R-BOL  IC,  ? a_  [Gr.  bttepfSohicds  ; L. 

HY-PER-BOL'J-CAL,  ) hyperbolicus  ; Fr.  hyper- 
bolique .] 

1.  Belonging  to,  or  having  the  nature  of,  an 

hyperbola.  “ Hyperbolic  lines.”  Grew. 

2.  Relating  to  an  hyperbole  ; exaggerating  or 
extenuating  ; as,  “ Hyperbolical  language.” 

" lr/y  - Hyperbolic  logarithms,  a system  of  logarithms 
.called  also  Naperian  logarithms,  the  base  of  which 
is  2.718281.  They  are  so  named  on  account  of  their 
relation  to  the  area  between  the  hyperbola  and  its 
asymptote.  Davies.  — Hyperbolic  space,  tile  space 
or  content  comprehended  between  tlio  curve  of  the 
hyperbola  and  the  whole  ordinate.  Maunder. 

HY-PER-BOL'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a hyperbolical 
manner. 

HY-PER-BOL' 1-FORM,  a.  Having  the  form  of  the 
hyperbola.  Johnson. 

HY-PER'BO-LI§M,  n.  The  quality  of  being  hy- 
perbolical ; hyperbole.  Bp.  Horsley. 

HY-PER'BO-LIST,  n.  One  who  hyperbolizes._Bo?/Ie. 

IIY-PER'BO-LiZE,  v.  n.  To  make  use  of  hyper- 
bole ; to  exaggerate.  Howell. 

HY-PER'BO-LIZE,  v.  a.  To  represent  hyperboli- 
cally ; to  exaggerate,  or  to  extenuate.  Fotherby. 

HY-PER'BO-LOID,  n.  [Eng.  hyperbola  and  Gr. 
ellof,  form.]  A surface  whose  plane  sections  are 
either  ellipses  or  hyperbolas  : — a solid  formed  by 
revolving  an  hyperbola  about  its  axis.  Eliot. 

HY-PJJR-BO'Rp-AN,  a.  [Gr.  {mepffdpios ; Wp,  be- 
yond, and  (ioptai , the  north  ; L.  hyperboreus .] 
Belonging  to,  or  inhabiting,  the  most  northern 
regions  of  the  earth  ; far  north  ; very  cold. 

HY-PER-CAR'BU-RET-TBD,  a.  (Chem.)  Having 
the  largest  proportion  of  carbon  ; supercarbu- 
retted.  Wright. 

IIY-PJJR-CAT-A-LEC'TIO,  a.  [Gr.  vttepKaTal.yKTi- 
ko t;  L.  hypercatalecticus.]  (Pros.)  Exceeding 
the  measure  ; — applied  to  verses  having  one  or 
two  syllables  too  many  at  the  end.  Andrews. 

IIY-P£R-CA-THAR'SIS,  n.  [Gr.  hr  ip,  in  excess, 
and  KaOapm;,  purging.]  (Med.)  Excessive  purg- 
ing ; superpurgation.  Dunglison. 

HY-PER-CHLO'RJC,  a.  [Gr.  Ime'p,  in  excess,  and 
Eng.  chloric.]  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  con- 
taining a greater  proportion  of  oxygen  than 
chloric  acid  ; perchloric.  Graham. 

HY-PfR-CRIT' jC,  n.  [Gr.  Grip,  beyond,  and/qurt- 
k6',,  critical.]  A captious  or  uncandid  critic  ; an 
unreasonable  or  very  exact  critic.  Dryden. 

IIY-PJER-CRIT'I-CAL,  a.  Critical  beyond  use  or 
reason.  “ Hypercritical  readers.”  Swift. 

IIY-PIJR-CRIT'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a hypercritical 
manner.  Croker. 


H Y-PjpR-CRlT'I-CI^E,  v.  a.  To  criticise  captious- 
ly or  unreasonably.  Ch.  Ob. 

HY-PJgR-CRlT'l-CJ§M,  n.  The  act  of  viewing  a 
work  in  a captious  spirit,  and  with  a disposition 
to  exaggerate  its  defects  and  overlook  or  under- 
value its  merits  ; captious  or  fastidious  criti- 
cism. Abp.  Whately. 

HY-PER-DU'LI-A,  n.  [Gr.  vttlp,  beyond,  and  loo- 
i.tia,  service.]  A superior  kind  of  service  in  the 
Roman  Catholic  church,  performed  to  the  Vir- 
gin Mary.  Abp.  Usher. 

HY'PIJR-DU-LY,  n.  Hyperdulia.  Brevint. 

HY-PjtR  I- CON,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  btripiKov.]  (Bot.) 
St.  John’s  wort.  Stukeley. 

HY-PER'M^-TjjR,  n.  [Gr.  vtrlp,  beyond,  and  pi- 
rpov,  a measure.]  Any  thing  that  exceeds  in 
measure  the  proper  standard,  as  a hypercata- 
lectic  verse.  Addison. 

HY-P£R-MET'RI-CAL,  a.  Exceeding  the  common 
measure  ; having  a redundant  syllable.  Wright. 

IIY-PJJR-MYR-I-O-RA'MA,  n.  [Gr.  btrip,  beyond, 
poptos,  numberless,  and  opapa,  a view.]  An  ex- 
hibition having  innumerable  views.  Scudamore. 

HY'PJIR-OR'THO-DOX-Y,  n.  [Gr.  bmp,  beyond, 
and  Eng.  orthodoxy .]  An  excess  of  ortho- 
doxy ; extreme  orthodoxy.  Clarke. 

FIY-PER-OX'IDE,  n.  [Gr.  {strip,  beyond,  and  Eng. 
oxide.]  (Chem.)  An  oxide  in  which  the  ox- 
ygen is  in  the  greatest  proportion ; a super- 
oxide. Clarke. 

HY-PER-OX'Y-^-NAT-ED,  ) Having 

an  excess 

HY-PER-OX'Y-GE-NlZED,  ) of  oxygen.  Wright. 

HY-PER-OX-Y-MU'RI-ATE,  n.  (Chem.)  Same  as 
Chlorate.. 

The  chlorates  were  at  one  time  termed  hyper- 
oxymuriates.  Graham. 

IIY-PBR-OX-Y-MU-RI-AT'IC,  a.  (Chem.)  Noting 
an  acid  which  is  the  same  as  chloric  acid.  Ogilvie. 

f HY-P^R-PBY^'I-CAL,  a.  Supernatural.  Aubrey. 

II Y-P^R-SAR-CO’SIS,  n.  [Gr.  bjitpoapKcoots  ; btrip, 
beyond,  and  aap(,  aapteds,  flesh.]  (Med.)  Proud 
flesh.  Wiseman. 

HY'PSR-STHENE,  ) n_  [Gr.  Wp>  in 

excess,  and 

HY'PJ5R-STENE,  ) oBlvo s,  strength.]  (Min.)  A 
strong  or  tough  variety  of  pyroxene,  contain- 
ing a large  proportion  of  iron  and  little  lime ; 
Labrador  hornblende.  Dana. 

HY-PBR-STIIEN'IC,  a.  Consisting  of,  or  con- 
taining, hypersthene.  Clarke. 

f HY-PER-TIIET'I-C  AL,  a.  [Gr.  bnepeeriicds.]  Su- 
perlative. Chapman. 

HY-PER-TROPH  IC,  l a (Med.)  Relating  to 

HY-PpR-TROPH'I-CAL,  S hypertrophy.  Dr.  Mott. 

HY-PER'TRO-PHIED,  a.  Enlarged  by  excess  of 
nutrition.  “ The  hypertrophied  organ.”  P.Cyc. 

HY-PER'TRO-PHY,  7i.  [Gr.  Wp,  in  excess,  and 
Tpvipy,  nutrition.]  (Med.)  An  enlargement  of 
any  part  of  the  body  from  excessive  nutrition. 

Brande. 

IIY'PHJpN  (hl'fen),  n.  [Gr.  ti pin,  together  ; ii<p'  iv, 
into  one ; L.  hyphen.]  A mark  or  character 
thus  [-],  implying  that  two  or  more  syllables 
are  joined,  or  two  words  are  joined  and  made 
one  word  ; as,  ever-living.  B.  Jotison. 

HYP-NOL'O-GIST,  n.  One  versed  in  hypnology. 

HYP-NOL'O-GY.  «•  [Gr.  Swof,  sleep,  and  Uyo s, 
a discourse.]  A treatise  on  sleep.  Dunglison. 

HYP-NOT'IC,  a.  [Fr.  hypnotique.]  Tending  to 
produce  sleep  ; soporific.  Wright. 

HYP-NOT'IC,  n.  [Gr.  iitrvos,  sleep.]  (Med.)  A 
medicine  which  induces  sleep;  a narcotic;  an 
anodyne  ; a soporific  ; an  opiate.  Brande. 

HYP'NO-TI^M,  n.  Sleepiness;  lethargy.  Ec.  Rev. 

IIY-POB'O-LE,  n.  [Gr.  viroflol.i'i,  a throwing  un- 
der.] (Rhet.)  A figure  of  speech,  in  which  sev- 
eral things,  which  appear  to  be  against  an  ar- 
gument, are  brought  together  and  refuted  in 
order.  Smart. 

HY'PO-.  [Gr.  m6,  under.]  (Chem.)  In  chemi- 
cal nomenclature,  this  prefix  indicates  the  pres- 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short; 


A,  ?,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


HYPO 


709 


HYPOTHESIZE 


ence  of  a smaller  quantity  of  oxygen  than  that 
contained  in  the  acid  or  compound  to  which  it 
is  prefixed,  thus,  the  Ayjoo-sulphurous  acid  con- 
tains less  oxygen  than  the  sulphurous.  Brande. 

HY'PO ,n.  [Contracted  from  hypochondriasis.)  De- 
pression of  spirits.  — See  Hyp.  [Colloquial.] 

HYP'O-CAUST,  n.  [Gr.  vxoxavarov  ; 1x6,  under, 
and  xaiu,  to  burn ; L.  hypocaustum .]  (Arch.) 
A vaulted  apartment,  from  which  the  heat  of  a 
fire  is  distributed  to  the  rooms  above,  by  means 
of  earthen  tubes.  This  method  of  heating,  first 
used  in  the  baths  of  the  ancients,  was  afterwards 
adopted  in  private  houses.  Brande. 

HYP-Q-£HON'DRE§  (hlp-o-kon'durz),  n.  pi.  [Gr. 
imoYovlipia  ; urn 5,  under,  and  os,  a cartilage  ; 
L.  hypochondria .]  (Anat.)  The  two  spaces  ly- 
ing on  each  side  of  the  epigastric  region  ; hypo- 
chondria; — so  called  because  they  are  bounded 
by  the  cartilaginous  margin  of  the  false  ribs 
which  forms  the  base  of  the  chest.  Dunglison. 

II  HYP-O-jCHON'DRI-A  (hip-o-kon'dre-?),  n.  pi.  [Gr. 
bxo^6vSpt a;  L.  hypochondria ; It.  ipocondria; 
Sp.  hipocondria ; Fr.  hypocondrie.) 

1.  (Anat.)  The  part  of  the  abdomen,  on  both 

sides,  that  lies  under  the  spurious  ribs  ; hypo- 
ehondres.  Dunglison. 

2.  (Med.)  Melancholy;  vapors;  hypochon- 
driasis.— See  Hypochondriasis.  Thomson. 

II  HYP-O-jEHON'DRT-AC  [hlp-o-kon'dre-ak,  IV.  P.  J. 
F.  K.  Sin.  Wr. ; lnp-po-kon-drl'ak,  S.  E.  ; lil-po- 
kon'dre-ak,  Ja.],  n.  One' who  is  morbidly  mel- 
anchoiy  or  disordered  in  imagination.  Spenser. 

||  II Y P-O-UIIO.Y IIR  I- AO,  ) [Gr.  vno%ovbpid- 

||  HYP-O-UHON-DRI'A-CAL,  )x 6s ; It.  ipocondri- 
aco ; Sp.  hipocondriaco  ; Fr.  hypocondriaque .] 

1.  Relating  to  hypochondria  or  hypochondri- 
asis. “ Hypochondriacal  passions.”  Bacon. 

2.  Melancholy  ; dispirited  ; disordered  in  im- 
agination. “Hypochondriacal  patients.”  Wotton. 

II  HYP-O-jGHON-DRI'A-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a melan- 
choly manner. 

||  HYP-0-£HON-DRl'A-Cl§M,  n.  A fit  of  hypo- 
chondria ; melancholy  ; hypochondriasis.  Mead. 

II  HYP-O-CHON-DRI'A-SIS,  n.  (il led.)  The  hypo- 
chondriac affection,  which  is  attended  by  unea- 
siness about  the  region  of  the  stomach  and  liver, 
or  the  hypochondriac  region  ; melancholy  ; va- 
pors ; spleen  ; disordered  imagination  ; low 
spirits.  Dunglison. 

||  HYP-0-£HON'DRI-A§M,  n.  Hypochondriacism  ; 
hypochondriasis.  Disraeli. 

II  HYP-O-CHON'DRI-AST,  n.  One  afflicted  with 
hypochondria  ; a hypochondriac.  Coleridge. 

II  t HYP-O-GHON'DRY,  n.  The  part  of  the  abdo- 
men under  the  spurious  ribs ; hypochondria ; 
hypoehondres.  Burton. 

HYP'O-CIST,  n.  [Gr.  bxoxiarts,  the  plant  Cytinus 
hypocistis .]  An  inspissated  juice  obtained  from 
the  fruit  of  the  Cytinus  hypocistis,  a parasitical 
plant  growing  from  the  roots  of  the  cystus.  Hill. 

HYP'O-CRAS,  n.  See  Hippocras. 

HYP-O-CRA-TER'I-FORM,  a.  [Gr.  bxi i,  under, 
xparrjp,  a cup-shaped  hollow,  and  Eng.  form.) 
(Bot.)  Noting  a flat  spreading  border  raised  on 
a narrow  tube,  from  which  it  diverges  at  right 
angles ; salver-shaped.  Gray. 

IIY-PfiC'RI-SY,  n.  [Gr.  vxdxoicis  •,  vnoxplvopai,  to 
feign  ; L.  hypocrisis  ; It.  ipocrisia ; Sp.  hypocri- 
sia ; Fr.  hypocrisie.)  The  practice  of  support- 
ing a character  different  from  what  is  real ; 
dissimulation  with  regard  to  the  moral  or  reli- 
gious character ; false  profession  ; pretence  ; 
deceit. 

Hypocrisy  is  a sort  of  homage  that  vice  pays  to  virtue. 

Rochefoucauld. 

HYP'O-CRITE,  n.  [Gr.  iixoxpiTi'is  ; L.  hypocrita ; 
It.  ipocrito  ; Sp.  hipocrita ; Fr.  hypocrite.)  One 
who  practises  hypocrisy  ; a dissembler,  — espe- 
cially in  morality  or  religion. 

I dare  say  he  is  no  hypocrite,  but  prays  from  his  heart.  Shah. 

Syn.  — A hypocrite  feigns  to  be  what  he  is  not ; a 
dissembler  conceals  what  he  is  ; the  former  pretends 
to  virtues  which  lie  has  not;  the  latter  conceals  the 
vices  which  he  has. 

HYP-O-CRll 'IC,  > a Partaking  of  hypocri- 

HYP-O-CRlT'l-CAL,  ) sy ; dissembling  ; insin- 


cere ; false  ; appearing  differently  from  the  re- 
ality. “ Hypocritical,  downcast  look.”  Dryden. 

HYP-O-CRIT'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a hypocritical 
manner;  with  dissimulation.  Bale. 

IIYP-O-GiE'OUS,  a.  [Gr.  lorci,  under,  and  yy,  the 
earth.]  (Bot.)  Noting  all  parts  in  plants  which 
grow  beneath  the  surface  of  the  earth.  Brande. 

HYP-O-GAS'TRIC,  a.  [Gr.  £ur<5,  under,  and  yaorijp, 
the  belly.]  Seated  in  the  lower  part  of  the  bel- 
ly or  abdomen.  Wiseman. 

HYP-O-GAs'TRO-CELE,  n.  [Gr.  1x6,  under,  yac- 
rrip,  the  belly,  and  xfiM,  a tumor.]  (Med.)  A 
rupture  of  the  lower  belly.  Dunglison. 

HYP-0-£E'AN,  a.  [Gr.  vxi,  under,  and  yij,  the 
earth.]  (Bot.)  Noting  plants  which  ripen  their 
fruit  under  ground.  Gray. 

HYP'O-QrENE,  a.  [Gr.  vxo,  under,  and  yemdoi,  to 
produce.]  (Min.)  Noting  a class  of  rocks  (com- 
monly called  primary  rocks)  which  have  not 
assumed  their  present  form  and  structure  at 
the  surface  of  the  earth,  but  are  apparently  of 
igneous  origin  and  thrust  up  from  belo w. Brande. 

HYP-0-(fE' UM,  n. ; pi.  hypogea.  [L.,from  Gr. 
im 6,  under,  and  yij,  the  earth.]  (Arch.)  A cellar 
or  vault  arched  over  ; • — • a name  common  in  an- 
cient architecture  to  all  the  under-ground  parts 
of  a building.  Weale. 

IIYP-O-GLOS'SAL,  a.  [Gr.  1x6,  under,  and  yl.tbaoa, 
the  tongue.]  (Anat.)  Applied  to  the  lingual 
nerves.  Brande. 

HYP'O-I-rYN,  n.  [Gr.  1x6,  under,  and  ywtj,  a fe- 
male.] (Bot.)  A plant  which  has  its  petals  and 
stamens  inserted  under  the  pistil.  Craig. 

HY-POG'Y-NOUS,  a.  (Bot.)  Seated  below  the 
base  of  the  ovary,  but  not  attached  to  the  calyx; 
inserted  under  the  pistil.  Henslow. 

HYP-O-MOCH' LI-ON,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  uxopii^hov, 
vxo,  under,  and  yo^l.iov,  a lever.]  (Mech.)  The 
fulcrum  of  a lever.  Brande. 

HY-PO-Nl'TROUS,  a.  [Gr.  vxi,  under,  and  Eng. 
nitrous.)  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  which  con- 
tains less  oxygen  than  nitrous  acid.  Wright. 

HY'PO-PHET,  n.  [Gr.  £ mo^i'iris-]  An  interpreter; 
an  expounder,  [r.]  Bunsen. 

HY-PO-PHOS'PHATE,  n.  (Chem.)  A salt  formed 
by  combining  hypophosphoric  acid  with  a 
base.  Crabb. 

HY-PO-PHOS'PHITE,  n.  (Chem.)  A compound  of 
hypophosphorous  acid  and  a base.  Graham. 

HY-PO-PHOS'PHOR-OUS,  a.  [Gr.  vx6,  under,  and 
Eng.  phosphorous.)  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid, 
colorless,  viscid,  and  sour  to  the  taste,  originally 
obtained  by  the  action  of  water  upon  the  phos- 
phide of  barium.  Graham. 

HYP-O-PHYL'LOUS,  or  HY-POPH'YL-LOUS  (131), 
a.  [Gr.  vxo,  under,  and  tpiiDov,  a leaf.]  (Bot.) 
Being  under  the  leaf.  Loudon. 

HY-POPH'  Y-SIS,  n.  [Gr.  vx6,  under,  and  <pb<ns, 
nature  or  origin.]  (Anat.)  The  gland-like  body 
and  sac  which  originate  from  the  under  surface 
of  the  third  ventricle  of  the  brain.  Brande. 

IiY-PO  'PI-  UM,  n.  [Gr.  vx 6,  under,  and  xvov,  pus.] 
(Med.)  A deposition  of  matter  in  the  anterior 
chamber  of  the  eye,  under  the  cornea.  Smart. 

HY-POS'TA-SIS,  n. ; pi.  iiy-pos'ta-ses.  [L.,  from 
Gr.  iixdtrratns in/iicTriiu,  to  stand  under;  It.  ipo- 
stasi ; Fr.  hypostase.) 

1.  Subsistence  or  substance: — person;  per- 

sonality ; — a term  used  by  the  Greek  fathers 
to  express  the  distinct  personality  of  the  Father, 
Son,  and  Holy  Spirit.  Brande. 

2.  Principle;  element;  — a term  used  by  the 

alchemists  to  denote  their  doctrine  that  salt, 
sulphur,  and  mercury  are  the  three  principles  of 
all  material  things.  Smart. 

3.  (Med.)  Sediment.  Dunglison. 

HY-POS'TA-SIZE,  v.  n.  To  speculate  on  person- 
ality. [r.]  Coleridge. 

HY-PO-STAT'IC,  l a.  [Gr.  vxootcitikos',  It. 

HY-PQ-STAt'I-CAL,  ) ipostatico ; Sp.  hipostatico  ; 
F r.  hypostatique.) 

1.  Relating  to  hypostasis  ; personal.  Pearson. 


2.  Constitutive  ; constituent. 

The  doctrine  of  the  chemists  touching  their  three  hypo- 
statical  principles.  Hoyle. 

Hypostatical  union , the  union  of  the  divine  and  the 
human  nature  in  the  person  of  Christ.  Bp.  Pearson . 

HY-PO-STAT'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a hypostatical 
manner.  ’ More . 

HY-POS'TA-TIZE,  v.  a.  To  attribute  proper  per- 
sonal existence  to.  Norton. 

'hY-POS'TRO-PHE,  n.  [Gr.  bxoxrpoipy.)  (Med.) 

1.  The  act  of  a patient  turning  himself. 

2.  Return  of  a disease  ; relapse.  Dunglison. 

HYP'O-STYLE,  n.  [Gr.  VXOOTIAOV  ; 1x6,  under,  and 
orvlos,  a pillar.]  (Arch.)  That  which  is  support- 
ed by  columns  or  pillars.  Wright. 

HY-PO-SUL'PHATE,  n.  (Chem.)  A salt  formed 
of  hyposulphuric  acid  and  a base.  Graham. 

HY-PO-SUL'PHlTE,  n.  (Chem.)  A salt  formed 
of  hyposulphurous  acid  and  a base.  Graham. 

HY-PO-SUL-PHU'RIC,  a.  [Gr.  iixd,  under,  and 
Eng.  sulphuric.)  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  com- 
bination of  sulphur  and  oxygen  intermediate 
between  sulphurous  and  sulphuric  acid.  Graham. 

HY-PO-SUL'PIIU-ROUS,  a.  (Chem.)  Noting  an 
acid  containing  less  oxygen  than  sulphurous 
acid.  Graham. 

HY-POT'JJ-NUSE,  n.  See  Hypothencse.  Locke. 

HY-POTH'E-CA,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  vxoOfjky,  a 
pledge  ; Fr.  hypotheque.)  (Law.)  That  kind  of 
pledge  in  which  the  possession  of  the  thing 
pledged  remained  with  the  debtor,  the  obliga- 
tion resting  in  mere  contract  without  delivery  ; 
— answering  to  the  modern  mortgage.  Burrill. 

IIY-POTH'F.-CAte,  v.  a.  [See  Hypotiieca.]  \i. 

HYPOTHECATED  ; pp.  HYPOTHECATING,  HY- 
POTHECATED.] 

1.  (Law.)  To  pledge,  in  order  to  raise  money, 

as  a ship,  without  delivering  the  possession  of 
it  to  the  pledgee.  Blackstone. 

The  master,  when  abroad,  and  in  the  absence  of  the  own- 
er, may  hypothecate  the  ship,  freight,  and  cargo,  to  raise  money 
requisite  for  the  completion  of  the  voyage.  Kent. 

2.  To  state  by  hypothesis.  Cli.  Ob. 

HY-POTH-E-CA'TION,  n.  (Law.)  The  act  of  hy- 
pothecating ; a pledge  without  possession  by 
the  pledgee.  Burrill. 

The  hypothecation  of  the  ship  or  cargo  is  the  transfer  of  a 
title  to  take  effect  conditionally.  Phillips. 

HY-POTH'E-CA-TOR,  n.  One  who  pledges  a ship 
or  other  property  as  security  for  the  repayment 
of  money  borrowed.  Wright. 

HY-POTII-g-NU'SAL,  a.  Belonging  to  the  hy- 
pothenuse.  Ash. 

HY-POTH'IJ-NUSE  [hl-poth'e-nus,  S.  W.  P.  F.  Ja. 
K.  B.  Wr.Wb.;  hip-ot'e-nus,  Sm. ; lil-po-tlie- 
nus',  Kenrick.  Barclay,  Johnson),  n.  [Gr.  vxoth- 
vovtra,  subtending;  vxotiIvio,  to  stretch  under,  to 
subtend;  Fr  .hypotenuse.)  (Geom.)  The  longest 
side  of  a right-angled  triangle,  or  the  line  op- 
posite the  right-angle  ; — written  also  hypote- 
nuse. Davies. 

“ Mr.  Sheridan  and  Dr.  Ash  [and  Mr.  Todd] 
accent  this  word  on  the  second  syllable;  but  Dr. 
Johnson,  Dr.  Kenrick,  Mr.  Barclay,  Bailey,  and  Bu- 
chanan, on  the  last.  These  authorities  induced  me, 
in  the  first  edition  of  this  [Walker’s]  Dictionary,  to 
place  the  accent  on  the  last  syllable  ; but,  upon  further 
inquiry,  I found  the  best  usage  decidedly  in  favor  of 
the  antepenultimate  accent  ; and  as  the  secondary 
accent  is  on  the  second  syllable  of  the  Latin  Injpotc- 
nusa,  this  accentuation  seems  more  agreeable  to  anal- 
ogy.” Walker. 

HY-POTH'E-SIS,  n. ; pi.  hy-poth'e-se?.  [L., 
from  Gr.  vxdOeais  ; vxoTi0r)/n,  to  put  under.]  A 
supposition  made  with  a view  to  draw  from  it 
some  consequence  which  establishes  the  truth 
or  the  falsehood  of  a proposition,  or  solves  a 
problem  ; a system  or  a doctrine  founded  on 
theory,  or  on  some  principle  not  proved. 

An  hypothesis , which  means  something  “ placed  under,”  as 
n foundation  or  platform  on  which  to  institute  and  carry  on 
the  process  of  investigation.  Hr.  Brown. 

An  hypothesis  properly  means  the  supposition  of  a princi- 
ple of  wnose  existence  there  is  no  proof  from  experience. 

Gregory. 

Syn.  — See  Theory. 

HY-POTH'E-SlZE,  v.  n.  To  form  hypotheses  ; to 
make  suppositions.  Warburton. 


MiEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  s6n  ; BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — Q,  (J,  <;,  g,  soft;  E,  E,  £,  g,  hard ; § as  z ; % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


HYPOTHETIC 


no 


ICARIAN 


H\-PO-THEr  IC,  l a%  [Gr.  InoBeriicdc ; L .hy- 

HY-PO-THET'I-OAL,  ) potheticus  ; It.  ipotetico  ; 
Sp . hipotetico  ; Fr.  hypothitique.]  Including  or 
depending  on  an  hypothesis;  implying  supposi- 
tion ; conditional. 

Conditional  or  hypothetical  propositions  are  those  whose 
parts  are  united  by  the  conditional  particle?/;  as,  “//  the 
sun  be  fixed,  the  earth  must  move.”  n’atts. 

HY-PO-THET'J-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a hypothetical 
manner ; conditionally.  South. 

HY-POTH'P-TIST,  n.  A defender  of  an  hypoth- 
esis. [r.]  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

HY-PO-TRJl-CHE'LI-UM,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  vno- 
rpa-^fiXiov ; u7 rd,  under,  and  rpayylos,  the  neck.] 
{Arch.)  The  neck  of  the  capital  of  a column,  or 
that  part  of  it  between  the  shaft  and  the  annu- 
lets of  the  echinus.  Weale. 

HY-POT-Y-PO  ' SIS,  n.  [Gr.  vzorvrruia-is  ; vnorvirdio, 
to  imagine.]  ( Rhet .)  Any  animated  representa- 
tion of  a scene  or  event  in  descriptive  or  figura- 
tive language,  so  as  to  present  it  forcibly  to  the 
mind  ; — sometimes  called  vision.  Braude. 

HYP'PISH,  a.  Affected  with  melancholy  or  hypo- 
chondria ; — written  also  hippish. 

HYP-SI-PR  YM  'JYUS,  n.  (Zoul.)  A genus  of  quad- 
rupeds of  the  kangaroo  family,  characterized  by 
having  a naked,  scaly  tail ; kangaroo  rat.  Baird ~ 

HYP-SOM'E-TER,  n.  [Gr.  ityot,  height,  and  ptrpov, 
a measure.]  One  who  practises  hypsometry,  or 
the  art  of  measuring  heights.  Wildenbruch. 

HYP-SO-MET'RIC,  a.  Relating  to  hypsometry. 

HYP-SOM'E-TRY,  n.  The  art  of  measuring  the 
relative  or  the  absolute  heights  of  places  upon 
the  surface  of  the  earth,  either  by  the  barometer 
or  by  trigonometrical  observation.  Brande. 

HY'rAx,  n.  [Gr.  vpa{,  a shrew-mouse.]  (Zocil.) 


I the  third  vowel  and  the  ninth  letter  of  the 
? alphabet,  was  formerly  confounded  with  the 
consonant  j,  from  which  it  is  now  kept  distinct. 
It  has  two  principal  sounds ; one  long,  as  in 
fine,  the  other  short,  as  in  fin.  The  long  sound  is 
commonly  considered  diphthongal ; — Sheridan 
makes  it  consist  of  a and  i ; Walker,  of  cl  and  e ; 
and  Smart,  of  U and  e.  The  short  sound  is  the 
same  as  that  of  short  y. — See  Principles  of 
Pronunciation,  16,  17,  18,  19,  20,  44,  45.  — In 
old  writers,  i was  often  used  for  ay,  which  is 
pronounced  nearly  like  it. 

Did  your  letters  pierce  the  queen? 

I,  sir;  she  took  ’em  and  read  ’em  in  my  presence.  Shak. 

— I,  prefixed  to  a word,  as  ibrought,  is  the  A.  S. 
prepositive  particle  ge,  and  is  more  commonly 
written  y.  As  a Roman  numeral,  it  signifies 
1 ; and,  placed  before  v or  x,  it  diminishes  by  a 
unit  the  numbers  expressed  by  these  two  letters. 

I,  pron.  [M.  Goth,  ik  ; A.  S.  ic  ; Dut.  ik  ; Ger. 
ich;  T),\n.  jeg  ; I cel.  eg  ; Sw  .jar/.  — Gr.  iyu> ; L. 
ego  ; It.  io  ; Sp.  yo  ; Port,  eu ; Fr.  je.  — Sansc. 
aham  ; Slav,  ia,  jrn.]  [ pos . MINE  ; obj.  me  ; — 
pi.  nom.  we,  pos.  ours,  obj.  us.]  A personal 
pronoun  of  the  first  person  and  nominative 
case  ; myself ; the  person  speaking. 

Be  of  good  cheer;  it  is  7;  be  not  afraid.  Matt.  xiv.  27. 

I'AmB,  n.  An  iambic ; an  iambus. 

The  license  is  sometimes  carried  so  far  as  to  add  three 
short  syllables  to  the  last  iamb.  Brande. 

I-AM  BjC,  ? a [Gr.  lapPiKtis ; L.  iambicus ; It. 
1-Am'BI-CAL,  ) jambico ; Sp.  yambico ; Fr.  iam- 
bique.]  Relating  to  an  iambus  ; composed  of 
iambic  feet. 

In  most  modern  European  languages,  the  verse  of  five 
iambic  feet  is  a favorite  metre.  Brande. 

I-AM'rsrC,  n.  [Gr.  ia/iflo; ; L.  iambus  ; It.  giam.ho, 
jambico-,  Sp  .yambico-,  Fr.  iambique.  — “The 
derivation  of  the  word  has  never  been  ascer- 
tained ; but  it  can  boast  of  an  origin  nearly  co- 


A genus  of  small  mammals  of  the  pachyderma- 
tous order,  of  which  four  species  are  known,  — 
the  llyrax  Capensis,  or  rock-rabbit,  found  at 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  the  Hyrax  Syriacus  of 
Syria,  the  Hyrax  arboreus  of  Western  Africa, 
and  the  Hyrax  Sylvcstris,  found  on  the  coast  of 
Guinea.  Van  Der  Hoeven.  Eng.  Cyc. 

HYRSE,  n.  [Ger.  hirsc.\  (Bot.)  Millet.  Coles. 

f HYRST,  n.  [A.  S.  hyrst.)  A wood  or  grove  ; — 
written  also  herst,  and  hurst.  Gibson. 

HY'SON,  n.  An  excellent  species  of  green  tea. 
jR@=-  The  green  teas  rank  in  the  order  of  their  ex- 
cellence as  follows:  gunpowder,  imperial,  hyson, 
young  hyson,  hyson  skin,  and  twankay.  — See  Tea. 
McCulloch. 

Hlf§'§OP,  or  HYS'SOP  [hlz’zop,  J.  E.  Ja.\  hlz'zup 
or  lri'sup,  IK.  P.  ; his'sup,  K.  Sm. ; hl'sup,  S.], 
n.  [Gr.  voounroc ; L.  hyssopus  ; Fr.  hysope. — W. 
?sso/>.]  {Bot.)  A genus  of  plants  including  the 
common  hyssop  {Hyssopus  officinalis),  formerly 
used  in  medicine  as  a stimulant  and  expecto- 
rant. Brande. 

ngy  “ Mr.  Sheridan,  Mr.  Scott,  Mr.  Entick,  W. 
Johnston,  and  Buchanan  pronounce  this  word  in  the 
second  manner  ' hi'sup 1 ; Dr.  Kenrick,  Dr.  Ash,  and 
Mr.  Perry,  in  the  first.  To  pronounce  the  y long  before 
double  s is  contrary  to  every  rule  in  spelling;  and, 
therefore,  if  the  first  mode  be  not  the  best,  the  or- 
thography ought  necessarily  to  be  changed.”  Walker. 

HYS'TAT-ITE,  n.  {Min.)  A titaniferous  iron 
ore.  Dana. 

HYS-TpR-AN'THOUS,  a.  [Gr.  iiaripo;,  after,  and 
anOos,  a flower.]  {Bot.)  Noting  plants  whose 
leaves  expand  after  the  flowers  have  opened. 

Henslow. 

HYS-TE'RI-A,  n.  [Gr.  varlpa,  the  womb.]  {Med.) 
A species  of  neurosis  or  nervous  disease  which 
generally  attacks  unmarried  women  from  the 


I. 


eval  with  the  Greek  language.”  Brande.  — “ Re- 
ferred by  Riemer  and  Pott  to  Mara),  to  attack, 
assault,  as  being  the  foot  or  metre  first  used  by 
satiric  writers.”  Liddell  &;  Scott.)  {Pros.) 

1.  A metrical  foot  consisting  of  a short  syl- 
lable followed  by  a long  one  ; an  iambus. 

Two  rests,  a short  and  long,  th’  iambic frame, 

A foot  whose  swiftness  gave  the  verse  its  name.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  A verse  composed  of  iambi  or  iambic  feet. 

fSSy-  Iambics  are  a species  of  verse  much  used  by  the 

Greek  and  Latin  poets,  especially  by  the  Greek  tragic 
poets.  They  were  originally  used  for  satire ; hence 
the  word  sometimes  means  satire. 

Thy  genius  calls  thee  not  to  purchase  fame 

In  keen  iambics , but  mild  anagram.  Dryde.n. 

I-AM'BI-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  the  manner  of  an  iam- 
bic ; according  to  iambic  verse.  Ch.  Ob. 

I-AM'BIZE,  v.  a.  To  satirize  in  iambic  verses. 

Iambic  was  the  measure  in  which  they  used  to  iambize 
each  other.  Twining. 

I-AM-BOG'RA-PIIER,  n.  [Gr.  tappo;,  an  iambus, 
and  ypatpai,  to  write.]  One  who  writes  iam- 
buses ; a writer  of  iambic  poetry.  Beck. 

f- AM' BUS,  n.  ; pi.  L.  iambi-,  Eng.  iambuses. 
[L.]  {Pros.)  A poetic  foot  consisting,  in  Greek 
and  Latin  poetry,  of  a short  syllable  followed 
by  a long  one  ; and,  in  modern  poetry,  of  an 
unaccented  syllable  followed  by  an  accented 
one;  an  iambic.  — The  following  verse  is  com- 
posed of  iambic  feet : 

They  al'  1 so  serve'  | who  on ' ) ly  stand'  1 and  wait'. 

I-AT'RI-CAL,  a.  [Gr.  iarpned; ; larpd ;,  a physician.] 
Relating  to  medicine  or  to  physicians.  Byron. 

f I-A-TRO-jCFIEM'IST,  n.  [Gr.  iarpl;,  a physician, 
and  Eng.  chemist .]  A physician  who  is  also  a 
chemist ; a chemical  physician.  Bailey. 

f I-A-TRO-LEP'TIC,  a.  [Gr.  iarpos,  a physician, 
and  ai,  to  anoint.]  That  cures  by  anoint- 
ing. Johnson. 


age  of  fifteen  to  thirty-five,  and  is  supposed  to 
have  its  seat  in  the  womb  ; hysterics.  Brande. 

H YS-'I  Ell  IC,  > a [Gr.  vortpuede ; L.  hysteri- 

HYS-TER'I-CAL,  ) cus  ; Fr.  hysterique.) 

1.  Relating  to  hysteria  or  hysterics ; spas- 
modic ; as,  “ A hysteric  fit.” 

2.  Troubled  with  hysteria.  “ Hysterical 

women.”  Ployer . 

IIYS-TER'JCS,  n.  pi.  {Med.)  Fits  peculiar  to 
women.  — See  Hysteria.  Dung/ison. 

HYS-TER'O-CELE,  n.  [Gr.  vartpa,  the  womb,  and 
KiJ.ri,  a tumor  ; Fr.  hysterocile .]  {Med.)  A rup- 
ture or  hernia  of  the  womb.  Dunglison. 

HYS-TE-ROL'0-<?Y,  n.  [Gr.  varepoi.oyia  ; varepog, 
last,  and  i.dyos,  a discourse.]  (Rhet.)  A figure 
of  speech  by  which  the  ordinary  course  of 
thought  is  inverted  in  expression,  and  the  last 
put  first.  Brande. 

HYS’TE-ROM-PROT' E-ROM,  n.  [Gr.  varrpov, 
last,  and  irp6Tipor,  first.]  {Rhet.)  A figure  which 
inverts  the  natural  order  of  words ; as,  Valet 
atque  vivit,  “ He  is  well  and  lives.”  — Same  as 
IIysterology. 

HYS-TE-ROT'O-MY,  n.  [Gr.  iarepa,  the  womb, 
and  ropy,  a cutting  ; Fr .nystcrotomie.~\  {Anat.) 
A dissection  of  the  womb  ; the  Caesarean  opera- 
tion. Dunglison. 

IIYS-TRI-Ci'4-SIS,  n.  [Gr.  Stu-pif,  a hedgehog, 
or  porcupine.]  {Med.)  A disease  of  the  hairs 
in  which  they  stand  erect  like  the  quills  of  a 
porcupine.  Dunglison. 

HYS'TRIX,  n.  [Gr.  Sgrpi|.]  {ZoOl.)  A genus  of 
animals  ; the  porcupine.  P.  Cyc. 

HYTHE  (hltfi),  n.  [A.  S.  hyth.\  A port ; a small 
haven.  — See  Hithe.  Jodrell. 


I' BEX,  n.  [L.,  a wild  goat.] 

{Zo/il.)  A species  of  goat, 
with  large  horns,  square 
in  front,  and  marked  with 
transverse  and  prominent 
knots.  It  inhabits  the 
summits  of  the  highest 
mountain  chains  in  the 
continents  of  Europe,  Af- 
rica, and  Asia,  but  does 
not  exist  in  the  New 
World;  the  stein-boc ; 

Capra  ibex  of  Linnaeus. 

Van  Der  Hoeven. 

I-BI ' DEM,  ad.  [L.]  In  the  same  place. 

IHg=  It  is  used  as  a note  of  reference  ; — often  con- 
tracted to  ibid. 

I'BIS,  n.  [L.]  (Ornith.) 

A genus  of  wading 
birds,  with  a long, 
slender  bill,  cylindri- 
cal,and  arched  at  the 
base,  and  long,  broad 
wings.  V.  D.  Hoeven. 

I; n - The  Ibis  relig-io- 
sa,  the  most  celebrated 
species,  was  reared  in 
the  temples  of  ancient 
Egypt  with  veneration, 
and  it  was  embalmed 
after  its  death.  It  is  as 
large  as  a hen,  with 
white  plumage,  hill  and 
feet  black,  and  found 
throughout  the  extent 
of  Africa.  Eng.  Cyc. 

I-Bls'cus,  n.  [L.]  {Bot.)  See  Hibiscus. 

I-CA'RI-AN,  a.  [Gr.  Isipios;  L.  Icarius.]  Soar- 
ing high  ; daringly  adventurous.  Clarke. 

JOfep-  A word  derived  from  Icarus,  tile  son  of  Daeda- 
lus, who,  flying  with  his  father  out  of  Creto  into  Si- 


Capra  ibex. 


Ibis  religiosa. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


ICE 


711 


ICONOCLASTIC 


cily,  soared  so  high  that  the  sun  melted  the  wax  of 
his  wings,  and  he  fell  into  the  sea. 

ICE  (Is),  n.  [A.  S.  is,  iss,  isa  ; Dut.  ys,  ijs  ; Ger. 
eis  ; Ban.  iis  ; Sw.  is  ; Icel.  is.  — Gr.  lads,  equal, 
level,  smooth.  W achter.  Sullivan .] 

1.  Water  or  other  liquid  made  solid  by  cold. 

Water  begins  to  freeze  at  32°  of  Fahrenheit, 
and,  in  freezing,  it  expands  rapidly  and  with  great 
force.  In  consequence  of  this  expansion,  the  ice  be- 
comes lighter  than  water,  and,  if  free  to  move,  floats 
with  one  ninth  of  its  mass  above  the  surface.  Lyell. 

2.  Concreted  sugar.  Johnson. 

3.  Cream  and  sugar  congealed  ; ice-cream. 

To  break  the  ice,  to  make  the  first  opening  to  any 

attempt. — Ground  ice,  ice  formed  under  peculiar  cir- 
cumstances at  the  bottom  of  rivers  and  other  streams  ; 
ground-gru.  Braude. 

ICE,  v.  a.  \i.  ICED  ; pp.  ICING,  ICED.] 

1.  To  cover  with  ice  ; to  turn  to  ice.  Fletcher. 

2.  To  cover  with  concreted  sugar.  Puller. 

3.  To  chill ; to  freeze.  Johnson. 

ICE'-AN-eHOR  (-ang-kur),  n.  A hook  or  grapnel 

for  taking  hold  of  ice.  Sargent. 

ICE'-BELT,  n.  A belt  of  ice  adhering  to  the 
coast  above  the  ordinary  level  of  the  sea.  Sargent. 


ICE'LAND— SPAR,  n.  (Min.)  A transparent  rhom- 
boidal  variety  of  calc-spar,  or  carbonate  of  lime, 
remarkable  for  its  clearness,  and  the  beautiful 
double  refraction  which  it  exhibits.  Brande. 

ICE'-MOUN-TAJN,  n.  See  Iceberg.  Goldsmith. 

ICE'-PLANT,  n.  ( Bot .)  A plant  sprinkled  with 
pellucid,  glittering,  icy-looking  blisters ; the 
Mesembryanthemum  crystallinum.  Loudon. 

ICE'-PLOUGII  (is'plo-ft),  n.  A kina  oi  plough 
used  lor  cutting  grooves  on  ice  in  a pond  or 
lake.  Simmonds. 

ICE'-SAW,  n.  A large  saw  used  tor  tne  purpose 
of  cutting  through  ice.  Francis. 

ICE'-SPAR,  n.  (Min.)  A grayish-white  variety  of 
felspar,  from  Somma,  near  Naples.  Brande. 

ICE'— TA-BLE,  n.  A flat,  horizontal  mass  of 
ice.  Kane. 

ICE'-TONG§,  n.  pi.  Tongs  for  taking  up  pieces 
of  ice  at  table.  Simmonds. 

ICE'-WA-TJJR,  n.  Water  cooled  by  ice;  iced- 
water. 

ICE'WORK,  n.  A construction  of  ice.  Savage. 


ICE'BERG,  n.  [Ger.  eis,  ice,  and  ben/,  a hill.]  A 
floating  mass  of  ice  of  great  magnitude,  de- 
tached from  glaciers  on  the  borders  of  a polar 
sea,  or  generated  by  the  accumulation  of  ice  and 
drift-snow  at  the  base  of  a lofty  precipice. 

■8Sy*  Some  icebergs  rise  from  250  to  300  feet  above 
the  level  of  the  sea,  are  from  two  to  five  miles  long, 
and  ground  in  water  1500  feet  deep.  They  are  trans- 
ported by  marine  currents  within  40  degrees  of  the 
equator,  carrying  with  them  gravel  and  blocks  of 
stone.  Lyell. 

ICE'— BIRD,  n.  (Ornith.)  A species  of  bird  found 
in  Greenland.  Maunder. 

ICE'— BLINK,  n.  A dazzling  whiteness  about  the 
horizon,  caused  by  the  reflection  of  light  from  a 
field  of  ice.  Qu.  Rev. 

ICE'— BOAT,  n.  1.  A boat  formed  to  pass  on  the 
ice.  Francis. 

2.  A boat  or  barge  formed  to  break  and  pass 
through  the  ice.  Francis. 

ICE'— BOUND,  a.  Applied  to  vessels  blocked  up 
in  the  ice.  Simmonds. 

ICE'— BROOK  (Is'bruk),  n.  A congealed  brook  or 
stream.  Shak. 

ICE'— BUILT  (is'bllt),  a.  Formed  of  heaps  of  ice. 

Where  shaggy  forms  o’er  ice-built  mountains  roam.  Gray. 

ICE'— CREAM,  n.  A confection  formed  of  cream, 
sugar,  &c.,  congealed  or  frozen.  Nichols. 

ICE'-DROP,  n.  (Bot.)  A transparent  process 
resembling  an  icicle.  Loudon. 

ICED'— wA-TER  (1st-),  n.  Water  cooled  by  ice; 
ice-water.  Simmonds. 

ICE'— FACE,  n.  The  abutting  face  of  an  ice-belt. 

Kane. 

ICE'— FALL,  n.  A mass  of  ice  in  the  form  of  a 
water-fall.  Coleridge. 

ICE'— FIELD,  n.  A shallow  mass  of  floating  ice, 
often  of  great  extent,  formed  by  the  freezing  of 
the  sea-water.  Ansted. 

ICE'— FLOAT,  n.  A large  mass  of  floating  ice ; 
an  ice-floe.  Goldsmith. 

ICE'— FLOE,  n.  A detached  portion  of  an  ice- 
field ; ice-float.  Kane. 

ICE'— GLAZED,  a.  Glazed  with  ice.  Coleridge. 

ICE'-HOUSE,  n.  A building  or  apartment  for 
the  preservation  of  ice  in  summer.  Goldsmith. 

Ice  -Is-land  (-i  land),  ) ^ vast  ^0(jy  0f  float- 

ICE’— ISLE  (-11),  ) ing  ice  ; ice-floe.  Cook. 

ICE'LAND-ER,  n.  (Geog.)  A native  of  Iceland. 

ICE-LAND'IC,  a.  (Geog.)  Relating  to  Iceland. 

ICE-LAND'lC,  n.  The  language  of  the  people  of 
Iceland.  Latham. 

ICE'LAND— MOSS,  n.  (Bot.)  A lichen  found  in 
mountainous  districts  of  Europe,  and  used  as  a 
tonic,  and  as  an  article  of  diet ; Cetraria  Is- 
landica.  Loudon. 


ICH  DIEN.  [Ger.,  I serve'.]  The  motto  taken  by 
Edward  the  Black  Prince,  and  since  borne  in 
the  arms  of  the  Prince  of  Wales,  the  heir  appar- 
ent of  the  crown  of  England.  Brande. 


BCH-NEU'MON  (Ik-nu'mon),  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  lx- 
vevytov  ; lxvfbui,  to  track  ; iXvo;,  a footstep.] 

1.  '(Zoijl.)  A small  digitigrade,  carnivorous 

animal,  allied  to  the 
civet,  of  the  genus  Her- 
pestes  of  Illiger.  The 
ichneumon  of  the  Nile 
(Hcrpestes  Pliaraonis) 
was  one  of  the  sacred 
animals  of  the  ancient  Egyptian  ichneumon 
Egyptians,  and  many  herpes, cs  Pharaonn). 

fabulous  feats  were  related  of  it  as  the  enemy 
of  the  crocodile.  It  preys  on  the  eggs  and 
young  of  various  species  of  animals,  and.  espe- 
cially searches  out  the  eggs  of  the  crocodile. 

Eng.  Cyc. 

2.  (Ent.)  One  of  a tribe  of  hymenopterous 

insects,  comprehending  those  of  which  the  lar- 
vae live  parasitically  in  the  interior  of  the  larvae 
and  pupae  of  other  insects.  Brande. 


IjEH-NEU'MON— FLY,  n. 


(Ent.)  The  ichneumon. 

Harris. 


IEH-JVE U-MOJY ' I- DJE,  n.  pi.  (Ent.)  A family 
of  hymenopterous  insects  of  which  the  ichneu- 
mon-fly is  the  type.  Harris. 

IjEH-NEU-MON'I-DAN,  n.  (Ent.)  One  of  the  ich- 
neumonidae.  Kirby. 

LCH-NO-GRAPH  IC,  ? Relating  to  ichnog- 

ICH-NO-GRAPH'I-CAL,  > raphy. 

The  ichnographical  plan  of  the  Temple  of  Janus.  Drummond. 


IjCH-NOG'RA-PIIY,  n.  [Gr.  tXvoypaipia  ; tXvos,  a 
footstep,  and  ypacl>w,  to  describe  ; L.  ichnogra- 
phia ; It.  icnograjia  ; Fr.  ichnographie.] 

1.  (Arch.)  The  ground  plan  of  a building  or 

the  plan  of  any  of  its  stories  ; a horizontal  sec- 
tion of  a building  or  structure  exhibiting  the 
outlines  of  the  several  parts  according  to  a geo- 
metric scale.  Wright. 

2.  (Arch.  & Persp .)  The  view  of  any  thing 

cut  oflf,  just  at  its  base,  by  a plane  parallel  to 
the  horizon.  London  Ency. 

3.  (Ant.)  A description  of  ancient  works  of 

art,  as  statuary,  paintings,  mosaic  works,  &c. ; 
iconography.  London  Ency. 

IiEH'NO-LlTE,  n.  [Gr.  ! 'Xvo;,  a footstep,  and  XI Ooq, 
a stone.]  (Pal.)  A stone  retaining  the  impres- 
sion of  a footmark  of  a fossil  animal.  Rogers. 

IFH-NOL-I-THOL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  \xvoc,  a footstep, 
lidos,  a stone,  and  Liyo;,  a discourse.]  Ichnol- 
ogy.  Dr.  Hitchcock. 

Ij0H-NO-LO<?'I-CAL,  a.  Relating  to  ichnology. 

I£H-NOL'Q-GY,  n.  [Gr.  “xvost  a footstep,  and 

Li  yog,  a discourse.]  The  science  which  relates 
to  fossil  footmarks  ; ichnolithology.  P.  Cyc. 

I'CIIOR  (l'kbr),  n.  [Gr.  lXuo.] 

1.  (Myth.)  An  ethereal  fluid  that  supplied  the 
place  of  blood  in  the  veins  of  the  ancient  gods. 


Blood  followed,  but  immortal;  ichor  pure, 

Such  as  the  blest  inhabitants  of  heaven 

May  bleed.  Cowper. 

2.  (Med.)  A thin,  watery,  acrid  discharge, 
flowing  from  wounds,  ulcers,  &c.  Hoblyn. 

I'CHOR-OOs  (l'kor-us),  a.  [Fr.  ichoreux.]  Serous; 
sanious  ; thin  ; watery.  “ A superficial  . . . 
ichorous  ulceration.”  Harvey. 

I£H  I IIY-O-COL,  t n [Gr . ix0vs,  a fish,  and 

IjEH-THY-O-COL'LA,  > KiXXa,  glue.]  A pure  kind 
of  gelatine  prepared  from  the  entrails  of  certain 
fisn  ; fish-glue  ; isinglass.  Brande. 

; ICII-THY-OG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  ixebs,  a fish,  and 
ypaipui,  to  describe.]  A description  of  fishes,  or 
a treatise  on  fishes.  Dr.  Black. 

IjCH'THY-O-LITE,  n.  [Gr.  lx6bs,  \x0wq,  a fish,  and 
lidos,  a stone.]  (Pal.)  A fish-stone,  or  fossil 
fish  ; the  impression  of  a fish  in  a rock.  Lyell. 

I£H-TH\  -O-LOt^'IC,  ) a Relating  to  ichthy- 

LCH-TH  Y-O-LOG'I-CAL,  > ology  or  fishes.  Hill. 

I£H-THY-OL'0-<?IST,  n.  [Fr.  ichthyologiste .] 
One  versed  in  ichthyology.  Qu.  Rev. 

Ij0H-THY-6l'O-<?Y  (Ik-the-ol'o-je),  n.  [Gr.  lx6uo- 
i.oyia  ; !x00s,  a fish,  and  Xb yos,  discourse ; Fr. 
ichthyologic.]  That  branch  of  natural  history 
which  treats  of  the  nature,  uses,  and  classifica- 

. tion  of  fishes.  Brande. 

IjEH'THY-O-MAN-CY,  n.  [Gr.  lx0bs,  a fish,  and 
pavrtia,  divination.]  A species  of  divination  by 
the  examination  of  the  entrails  of  fishes.  Roget. 

LCH-TIIY-OPH'A-OiST,  n.  [Gr.  lx$6s,  a fish,  and 
< payio , to  eat.]  One  that  feeds  or  lives  on  fish.  Ash. 

LCH-THY-OPII'A-GOUS,  a.  Feeding  on  fish.  Smart. 

ijEH-THY-OPH'A-(?Y,  n.  [Gr.  lxtibs,  a fish,  and 
ipayw,  to  eat ; Fr.  ichthyophagic.]  The  practice 
of  eating  fish.  Johnson. 

LCH-TIIY-OPH-THAL'MlTE,  n.  [Gr.  <’*005,  a fish, 
and  dfpbakfibs,  eye.]  (Min.)  A mineral  so  called 
from  its  pearly  lustre  resembling  the  eye  of  a 
fish  after  boiling ; fish-eye-stone  ; apophyllite. 
— See  Apophyllite.  Brande. 

IjCH-THY-O-SAU'RUS,  n.  [Gr.  >x0bs,  a fish,  and 
cat’pos,  a lizard.]  (Pal.)  A genus  of  extinct 
saurian  reptiles  which  resemble  a crocodile  in 
form,  but  have  their  four  feet  shaped  like  the 
fins  of  the  whale  for  the  purpose  of  swimming. 

Buckland. 

IjCH-THY-O'SIS,  n.  [Gr.  lX0bs,  a fish.]  (Med.) 
The  fish-skin  disease  ; a thickness  and  rough- 
ness of  the  skin,  portions  of  which  become  hard 
and  scaly,  and  occasionally  corneous,  with  a 
tendency  to  excrescences.  Dunglison. 

LCH-TIIY-OT'O-MY,  n.  [Gr.  lx0ls,  a fish,  and 
rdfioi,  a cutting  ; rtprio,  to  cut.]  The  anatomy 
or  dissection  of  fishes.  Craig. 

I'CI-CLE  (l'sjk-kl),  n.  [A.  S.  ises-gicel ; Dut. 
ijskegel ; Ger.  eiszacken.] 

1.  A pendent  shoot  of  ice. 

2.  (Her.)  A bearing  or  charge  sprinkled  with 

drops  ; a gutty  bearing.  Craig. 

I'CI-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  icy.  Johnson. 

I'CING  (is'ing),  n.  A covering  of  ice  or  concreted 
sugar. 

The  splendid  icing  of  an  immense  . . . plum-cake.  Warton. 

lO'KLE , n.  An  icicle.  [North  of  Eng.]  Grose. 

f I'CON,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  eUwv.]  An  image  ; a 
figure ; a picture.  Browne. 

T I-CON'J-CAL,  a.  [Gr.  tUovtKbs  ; L.  iconicus.] 
Relating  to,  or  consisting  of,  images,  figures,  or 
pictures.  Blount. 

I'CO-NL^M,  n.  (Rhet.)  A figure  which  consists 
in  representing  a thing  to  the  life.  Maunder. 

I'CO-NlZE,  v.  a.  [Gr.  elKovlfa.]  To  form  into  a 
likeness  or  resemblance,  [it.] 

This  world  is  an  image  always  iconized,  or  perpetually 
renewed.  CudKorth. 

I-CON'0-CLA§M,  n.  Image-breaking.  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

I-CON'O-CLAST,  n.  [Gr.  flk-ovosXdorr/s ; ehihv,  an 
image,  and  Kl.aerru,  a breaker  ; K/.au>,  to  break.] 
A breaker  of  images  ; — a name  given  to  the 
image-breakers  of  the  eighth  century.  Hook. 

I-CON-O-CLAs'TIC,  a.  Breaking  or  destroying 
images.  “ Iconoclastic  zeal.”  Swinburne. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RflLE.  — 9,  9,  9,  g,  soft ; £,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z ; 


y as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


ICONOGRAPHIC 


712 


I-CftN-O-GRAPII'iC,  a.  [Fr.  iconographiquc.] 
Relating  to  iconography.  Dr.  Baird. 

I-CO-NOG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  iIkoiv,  an  image,  and 
ypiipw,  to  describe  ; Fr.  iconog  raphie .]  A de- 
scription of  pictures,  statues,  and  similar  monu- 
ments of  ancient  art.  Bailey. 

I-CO-NOL'A-T$R,  n.  [Gr.  elxibv,  an  image,  and 
larpqg,  a servant.]  A worshipper  of  images  ; — 
a name  given  by  the  iconoclasts  to  the  Roman 
Catholics.  Chambers. 

I-CO-NOL'O-I^Y,  n.  [Gr.  eUibv,  image,  and  l.dyos, 
discourse;  Fr.  icono/oqic.]  The  doctrine  of  im- 
ages, or  of  representations  by  pictures.  Johnson. 

I-CO-NOM'I-CAL,  a.  [Gr.  >!k<Lv,  an  image,  and 
I,  a battle.]  Hostile  to  images.  Browne. 

I-CO-SA-HE'DR AL,  a.  [Gr.  I'inoat,  twenty,  and 
tlpa,  a base.]  ( Geom .)  Having  twenty  faces. 

I-CO-S  A-HE'DRON,  n.  ; pi.  i-co-sa-he'dra. 
{Geom.)  A polyhedron  bounded  by  twenty  tri- 
angular faces. 

Hur  If  the  faces  are  equal  and  equilateral,  it  is  a 
regular  polyhedron,  and  maybe  regarded  as  composed 
of  twenty  equal  triangular  pyramids  whose  vertices 
all  meet  at  the  same  point.  Davies. 

I-CO-SAN1 DRI-A,  n.pl.  [Gr.  tiroai,  twenty,  and 
aw/p,  a male.]  (Bot.)  A class  of  plants,  in  the 
Linnsean  system  of  botany,  having  twenty  or 
more  unconnected  stamens  inserted  on  the 
calyx.  Gray. 

I-CO-SAN'DRI-AN,  a.  {Bot.)  Icosandrous.  Smart. 

I-CO-sAn'DROUS,  a.  {Bot.)  Having  twenty  or 
more  perigynous  stamens.  P.  Cyc. 

JC-TER'IC,  7i.  {Med.)  A medicine,  used  for  the 
cure  of  jaundice.  Smart. 

I C-T KR  IC,  X a [Gr.  1xt((hk6s  ; urepo 5,  the 

JC-TER'l-CAL,  > jaundice;  L.  ictericus;  Fr.  icte- 
rique .] 

1.  {Med.)  Afflicted  with  the  jaundice.  “ Ic- 
ier ical  eyes.”  ‘ Bp.  Taylor. 

2.  Good  against  the  jaundice.  Johnson. 

IC-TJJ-Rl'NA2,  n.  pi. 

pog,  a yellow  bird.] 

(Ornith.)  A sub- 
family of  coniros- 
tral  birds  of  the  or- 
der Passeres  and 
family  Sturnidte ; 
hang-nests.  Gray. 

IC-TER-i"TIOUS,  a. 

{Med.)  Having  the  color  of  the  skin  when  it  is 
affected  by  the  jaundice  ; yellow.  Wright. 

IC ' TK-Rt/S,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  iKrcpos,  a yellow 
bird,  the  sight  of  which  was  said  to  cure  the 
jaundice.  W.  Smith.]  (Med.)  A disease  char- 
acterized by  yellowness  of  the  skin  and  eyes, 
by  white  faeces,  and  high-colored  urine ; jaun- 
dice. Dunglison. 

IC-THY-6l'0-<?Y,  n.  See  Ichthyology.  Todd. 

IC ' TUS,  71.  [L.]  A stroke : — cadence.  Bp.  Newton. 

I'CY  (1'se),  a.  [See  Ice.] 

1.  Full  of,  or  abounding  with,  ice  ; glacial. 
“ Icy  seas.”  Pope.  “ That  icy  region.”  Boyle. 

2.  Cold ; frosty.  “ Icy  fingers.”  Shak. 

3.  Without  affection  or  warmth ; cold-heart- 
ed ; frigid.  “ Icy  precepts.”  Shak. 

4.  Pertaining  to  ice.  “Icy  horrors.”  Thomson. 

I’CY— PEARLED,'  (l'se-perld'),  a.  Studded  with 
pearls,  as  of  ice.  “ Icy-pearled  car.”  Milton. 

I’D  (id).  Contracted  from  I would , or  I had. 

I-dA'LI-AN,  a.  Sacred  to  Venus.  Oldisworth. 

I-DE'A,  n. ; pi.  I-de'as.  [Gr.  Ilia,  u6o>,  to  see  ; 
L.,  It.,  If  Sp.  idea  ; Fr.  idee.] 

1.  Among  the  ancient  Platonists,  an  eternal, 
immutable,  and  immaterial  form  or  model  of  an 
object ; an  archetype ; a pattern. 

In  the  Platonic  sense,  ideas  were  the  patterns  according  to 
which  the  Deity  fashioned  the  phenomenal  or  ectypal  world. 

Sir  \V.  Hamilton. 

Thence  to  behold  this  new-created  world. 

The  addition  of  his  empire,  how  it  showed 
In  prospect  from  his  throne,  how  good,  how  fair, 
Answering  his  great  idea.  Milton. 

2.  The  image  or  resemblance  of  an  object 
conceived  by  the  mind; — a term  in  its  widest 


and  now  generally  received  acceptation,  em- 
ployed to  indicate  every  representation  of  out- 
ward objects  through  the  senses,  and  whatever 
is  the  immediate  object  of  thought ; concep- 
tion ; perception  ; notion  ; thought. 

For  ideas , in  my  sense  of  the  word,  are,  whatsoever  is  the 
object  of  the  understanding,  when  a man  thinks;  or,  whatso- 
ever it  is  the  mind  can  be  employed  about  in  thinking.  Lockc. 

The  word  idea,  when  carefully  used,  implies  precisely  that 
which  anciently  stood  opposed  to  it,  namely,  the  mental  rep- 
resentation of  some  individual  object  not  present  to  the  senses; 
in  which  sense  it  is  less  comprehensive  than  “image,”  for  an 
image  may  be  a fancied  object,  but  an  idea  is  strictly  the 
mental  representation  of  a real  one;  and  it  is  also  less*coni- 
prehensive  than  “ conception,”  for  a conception  may  revive 
audible  or  other  sensible  impressions,  but  an  idea  is  in  strict- 
ness confined  to  the  representation  of  the  visible  only.  Smart. 

This  word  idea  is,  perhaps,  the  worst  case  in  the  Eng- 
lish language;  in  no  other  instance,  perhaps,  is  a word  so 
seldom  used  with  any  tolerable  correctness;  in  none  is  the 
distance  so  immense  between  the  sublimity  of  the  word  in 
its  proper  use  and  the  triviality  of  it  in  its  slovenly  and  its 
popular  [use].  Trench. 

How  infinite  the  fall  of  this  word  ...  to  its  present  use 
when  this  person  “ has  an  idea  that  the  train  has  started,” 
and  the  other  “ had  no  idea  that  the  dinner  would  be  so 
bad.”  Trench. 

Xfcjy*  By  Descartes,  Locke,  and  many  other  philos- 
ophers, and  also  in  popular  language,  idea  is  used  to 
signify  a sensation,  perception,  conception,  notion, 
apprehension,  image,  thought,  opinion,  intention  ; in 
short,  whatevor  we  .are  at  different  times  mentally 
conscious  of.  Fleming. 

Syn.  — Idea  is  the  image  or  representation  of  any 
thing  in  the  mind  ; thought,  the  reflection  on  it ; no- 
tion, what  we  know  or  think  of  it.  Ideas  are  faint 
or  vivid,  vague  or  distinct ; perceptions , clear  or  in- 
distinct. Notions  are  entertained  ; conceptions  are 
formed.  Thoughts  and  notions  are  true  or  false ; con- 
ceptions, grand  or  mean,  distinct  or  crude.  — See  131- 
agination,  Perception. 

I-DE'AL,  a.  [L.  idealis ; It.  ideale ; Sp  .ideal', 
Fr.  ideal.] 

1.  Relating  to  a class  of  ideas  created  by,  and 
solely  subsisting  in,  the  imagination ; existing 
only  in  idea  ; intellectual  ; imaginary  ; unreal ; 
fanciful.  “ Ideal  beauty.” 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  philosophy  which  con- 

siders ideas  as  images  interposed  between  the 
mind  and  the  object  of  its  thought ; belonging 
or  relating  to  ideas  generally.  “ A relic  of  the 
old  ideal  system.”  Stewart. 

Syn.  — Ideal  happiness  ; imaginary  good  ; visionary 
scheme  ; mental  perception  ; intellectual  exercise. 

I-DE'AL,  n.  Something  existing  in  the  imagina- 
tion ; any  thing  imaginary  or  ideal;  conception  ; 
notion  ; idea.  [Modern.]  De  Quincey. 

I should  dread  to  disfigure  the  beautiful  ideal  of  the  mem- 
ories of  illustrious  persons  with  incongruous  features,  and  to 
sully  the  imaginative  purity  of  classical  works  with  gross  and 
trivial  recollections.  Wordsworth. 

There  can  be  no  ideal  of  the  sublime.  P.  Cyc. 

Syn.  — Perfection  is  an  idea  ; humanity,  in  ail  its 
perfection,  is  an  ideal.  Human  virtue  and  wisdom,  in 
all  their  purity,  are  ideas  ; the  wisdom  of  the  stoics  is 
an  ideal.  Tire  ideal  is  the  intellectual  existence  of  a 
thing  which  lias  no  other  characters  than  those  deter- 
mined by  the  idea  itself.  Henderson. 

I-DE'A-LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  ideas.  Wright. 

f-DE'AL-fSM,  n.  [It.  idealismo  ; Fr.  idealisme.] 

(Phil.)  The  doctrine  that  in  external  percep- 
tions the  objects  immediately  known  are  ideas; 
— opposed  to  realism.  It  has  been  held  under 
various  forms,  particularly  under  that  which  de- 
nies the  existence  of  matter,  and  makes  every 
thing  consist  in  mind  with  its  different  states 
or  ideas.  Flemitig.  Stewart. 

I-DE'AL-fST,  n.  [Fr.  idtaliste.]  One  who  be- 
lieves in  idealism.  Stervart. 

I-DE-AL-IS'TfC,  a.  Relating  to  the  doctrine  of 
idealism,  [r.]  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

I-DE-AL'I-TY,  71.  [It.  idealith.] 

1.  The  quality  of  being  ideal.  P.  Cyc. 

2.  ( PhrcTi .)  The  talent  for  poetry  or  works 

of  imagination.  Combe. 

I-DE-AL-I-ZA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  idealizing; 
the  act  of  making  ideal.  E.  Everett. 

I-DE'AL-IZE,  V.  n.  [i.  IDEALIZED  ; pp.  IDEALIZ- 
ING, idealized.]  To  form  ideas.  Maty. 

I-DE'AL-iZE,  v.  a.  To  make  ideal.  Milman. 

I-DE'AL-IZ-ER,  n.  One  who  idealizes.  Coleridge. 

I-DE'AL-LY,  ad.  Intellectually  ; mentally.  Locke. 

t I-DE'ATE,  v.  a.  To  form  in  idea;  to  conceive  ; 
to  fancy.  Donne. 


IDEOLOGY 

V DEM.  [L.]  The  same;  — often  contracted  to 
id.  Clarke. 

1 I-DEN'TJC,  a.  Identical.  Hudibras. 

I-DEN'TI-CAL,  a.  [L.  idc7n , the  same;  It.  § Sp. 
i dent i co  ; Fr.  identique.]  The  same  ; the  very 
same  ; selfsame  ; one  and  the  same. 

The  identical  person  who  now  remembers  that  event  did 
then  exist.  Reid. 

An  identical  proposition,  one  in  which  that  is  affirmed 
of  a tiling  which  we  already  know  of  it. 

. Yrhen  you  say  that  body  is  solid,  I say  that  you  make  an 
identical  proposition . because  it  is  impossible  to  have  tire  idea 
of  body  without  that  of  solidity.  Fleming. 

Identical  equation,  an  equation  in  which  one  mem- 
ber is  a repetition  of  the  other. 

I-DEN'TI-CAL-LY,  ad.  With  sameness  or  identity. 

I-DEN'TI-CAL-NESS,  11.  Sameness.  Todd. 

I-DEN'TI-FI-A-BLE,  a.  That  maybe  identified; 
capable  of  identification.  Lenthal. 

I-DEN-TI-FI-cA'TION,  n.  [Fr.]  The  act  of  iden- 
tifying. Blount. 

I-DEN'TI-FY,  v.  a.  [L.  idem,  the  same,  and  facio, 
to  make  ; It.  idcntificare  ; Sp.  identificar  ; Fr. 
identifier .]  [*.  identified  ; pp.  identifying, 
identified.] 

1.  To  prove  identical ; to  prove  to  be  the 
same  ; as,  “ To  identify  the  dead  body  of  a 
person.” 

2.  To  make  identical;  to  cause  to  be  the 
same  in  effect,  purpose,  or  interest. 

His  cause  is  identified  with  mine.  Todd. 

I-DEN'TI-FY,  v.  n.  To  become  identical.  Burke. 

I-DENT'I^M,  71.  The  doctrine  of  absolute  iden- 
tity ; or  the  doctrine  that  the  two  elements  of 
thought,  objective  and  subjective,  are  absolutely 
one  ; that  matter  and  mind  are  opposite  poles 
of  the  same  infinite  substance  ; and  that  crea- 
tion and  the  Creator  are  one.  — This  is  the  phi- 
losophy of  Schelling,  and  it  coincides  ultimately 
with  pantheism.  Fleming. 

I-DEN'TI-Ty,  n.  [L.  idem,  the  same ; Low  L. 
identitas  ; It.  iclentith  ; Sp.  identidad  ; Fr.  iden- 
tity] 

1.  The  state  of  being  identical,  or  the  same  ; 
identicalness  ; sameness. 

Organized  bodies  have  identity  so  long  as  organization  and 
life  remain.  Fleming. 

How  any  kind  of  identity  can  be  preserved  in  a world  of 
incessant  change  is  indeed  a curious  inquiry.  It.  W. Hamilton. 

Franklin  demonstrated  the  identity  of  lightning  and  the 
electric  fluid.  E.  Everett. 

2.  (Met.)  Identism.  Braude . 

Syn.  — Identity , from  the  Latin,  and  sameness , from 

the  Anglo-Saxon,  are  often  used  synonymously, 
though  they  admit  of  different  applications.  Personal 
identity  ; sameness  of  terms  or  of  sounds.  Two  things, 
very  similar,  may  be  said  to  be  nearly  the  same,  but 
not  identical.  The  identical  or  same  person.  The  same 
sound  may  he  repeated  ; but  the  identical  sound,  which 
is  a sound  heard  at  a particular  time,  cannot  be  re- 
peated. Sameness  (not  identity ) of  appearance  or 
manner. 

||  I-DE-O-GRAPH'IC,  ) [Gr.  IS  la,  an  idea, 

||  I-DE-O-GRApH'I-CAL,  ) and  ypcufxM, to  describe.] 
Representing  notions  or  ideas  rather  than 
sounds  ; descriptive  of  ideas,  — as  figures  and 
hieroglyphics. 

Ideographical  writing  is  opposed  to  phonetic.  Bramde. 

||  I-DE-O-GRApH'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  an  ideo- 
graphical manner.  Duponceau. 

||  1-Dp-O-GRAPH'ICS,  n.  pi.  A method  of  writing 
in  ideographic  characters.  For.  Qu.  Rev. 

||  I-Dp-OG'RA-PHY,  or  ID-E-OG'R  A-PII V,  n.  [Gr. 
\hla,  an  idea,  and  ypdtpio,  to  write  ; Fr.  ideogra- 
phic.] A system  or  treatise  of  short-hand  writ- 
ing. Th.  Howe. 

||  I-Dfl-O-LOp'l-CAL,  a.  Relating  to  ideology,  or 
the  science  of  the  mind.  Qu.  Rev. 

||  I-DE-OL/O-GIST,  or  ID-^-OL'O-^IST,  n.  [Fr. 
ideologiste.]  One  versed  in  ideology.  P.  Cyc. 

||  I-D£-6L'0-$Y,  or  ID-E-0L'0-£Y,  n.  [Gr.  \Ua, 
an  idea,  and  ?.oyog , discourse  ; Fr.  ideologic.] 
The  science  of  the  mind  ; the  history  and  evo- 
lutions of  human  ideas.  D.  Steivart. 

UQp  “ By  a double  blunder  in  philosophy  and  Greek, 
ideologic  (for  ideologic ),  a word  which  could  only  prop- 
erly suggest  an  a priori  scheme,  deducing  our  knowl- 
edge from  the  intellect,  has  in  France  become  the 


[L.  icterus , from  Gr.  iktt- 


Ypentcs  Baltimore. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  f,  short;  A,  5,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


IDES 


713 


IDOLIZER 


name  peculiarly  distinctive  of  that  philosophy  of  mind 
which  exclusively  derives  our  knowledge  from  sen- 
sation.” Sir  IV.  Hamilton. 

IDE§  (idz),  n.pl.  [L.  idus  ; Etruscan  iduo,  to  di- 
vide ; It.  idi ; Er.  ides.}  One  of  the  three  epochs 
or  divisions  of  the  ancient  Roman  month. 

jgg-  The  calends  were  always  the  first  day  of  the 
month,  the  nones  were  the  fifth,  and  the  ides  the  thir- 
teenth, except  in  March,  May,  July,  and  October,  in 
which  the  nones  occurred  on  the  seventh  day,  and  the 
ides  on  the  fifteenth.  Andrews 

A soothsayer  bids  you  beware  of  the  ides  of  March.  Shak. 

“ This  mode  of  computing  time  [by  ides , nones. 
and  calends]  is  yet  used  in  several  chanceries  in  Eu- 
rope, particularly  in  that  of  the  Pope.”  Bouvier. 

ID  EST.  [L.]  That  is  ; — commonly  abbreviated 
to  i.  e. 

ID-I-OC'RA-SY,  n.  [Gr.  , peculiar,  and  koSuis, 
a mixture.]"  A peculiarity  of  constitution  or 
temperament ; idiosyncrasy.  Palmer. 

Id-I-O-CRAT'IC,  ? Peculiar  in  constitu- 

ID-I-O-CRAT'I-CAL,  > tion  ; idiosyncratic.  Bailey. 

ID'I-O-CY,  n.  [Gr.  ISiwrela  ; Fr . idiotie.  — See  Id- 
iot.] The  state  of  an  idiot ; want  of  under- 
standing; a condition  of  the  mind  in  which  the 
intellectual  faculties,  and  the  moral  sentiments 
and  affections,  are  either  entirely  wanting,  or 
are  manifested  to  the  least  possible  extent. 

Idiocy  and  lunacy,  in  law,  excuse  from  the  guilt  of  crimes. 

Lon.  Ency. 

ID'I-O-E-LEC'TRTC,  a.  [Gr.  i'Sto;,  peculiar,  and 
Eng.  electric.]  ( Elec .)  Electric  per  se,  or  con- 
taining electricity  in  its  natural  state.  Wright. 

ID'I-OM,  il.  [Gr.  ISlaya  ; ’duos,  peculiar  ; L.,  It., 
§ Sp.  iclioma  ; Fr.  idiome .] 

1.  A mode  of  speaking  or  writing  foreign 
from  the  usages  of  universal  grammar  or  the 
general  laws  of  language,  and  restricted  to  the 
genius  of  some  individual  tongue ; a mode  of 
expression  peculiar  to  a language.  Brande. 

Idioms  often  set  the  powers  of  translation  at  defiance. 

It.  W.  Hamilton. 

2.  The  peculiar  cast  or  genius  of  a language. 

He  followed  their  [the  Latin]  language,  but  did  not  comply 
with  the  idiom  of  ours.  Dryden. 

3.  A dialect  or  variety  of  language.  Brande. 

Syn.  — See  Language. 

Jd-I-O-mAt'IC,  ? a.  [It.  idiomatico.}  Pecu- 

Id-I-O-MAt'I-CAL,  ) liar  to  a language  ; relating 
to  idioms,  or  the  particular  modes  of  expression 
which  belong  to  an  individual  tongue.  Smart. 

Milton  mistakes  the  idiomatical  use  and  meaning  of 
“munditi?e.”  Warton. 

ID-I-O-MAt'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  an  idiomatic  man- 
ner ; according  to  an  idiom.  Ash. 

Id-I-O-PA-THET'JC,  a.  Relating  to  idiopathy  ; 
idiopathic.  Month.  Rev. 

ID-I-O-PATH  IC,  ) a.  rjt_  ^ gp.  idiopatico ; 

ID-I-O-PAtH'I-CAL,  ) Fr.  idiopathique .]  Relat- 
ing to  idiopathy  ; independent  of  any  other  dis- 
ease ; — opposed  to  symptomatic.  Brande. 

ID-J-O-PATH'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a manner  inde- 
pendent of  any  other  disease ; not  symptomat- 
ically. Wright. 

ID-5-OP'A-THY,  n.  [Gr.  ISi os,  peculiar,  and  nddos, 
suffering  ; It.  &;  Sp.  idiopatia  ; Fr.  idiopathie. ] 

1.  A peculiar  affection  or  feeling.  “ Idiop- 
athy ...  at  the  sound  of  a pipe.”  More. 

2.  {Med.)  A primary  disease,  or  a disease  be- 

longing to  the  part  affected,  and  not  arising  from 
sympathy  with  other  parts.  Quincy. 

ID'I-O-RIJ-PUL'SIVE,  a.  [Gr.  duos,  peculiar,  and 
Eng.  repulsive .]  Repulsive  by  itself.  Clarke. 

ID-I-O-SYN'CR  A-SY,  n.  [Gr.  dins,  peculiar,  and 
aiiyKoams,  composition ; <njy,  with,  and  npao- if, 
mixture.]  A temperament  of  mind  or  of  body 
peculiar  to  the  individual  ; idiocrasy. 

Some  men  are  violently  affected  by  honey  and  coffee, 
which  have  no  such  effects  upon  others.  This  is  bodily 
idiosyncrasy.  Fleming. 

The  soul,  in  its  first  and  pure  nature,  hath  no  idiosyncra- 
sies . . . which  are  not  competent  to  others  of  the  same  kind 
and  condition.  Glanville. 

id-i-o-syn-crAt'ic, 

Id-i-q-syn-crAt'i-cal. 

culiar  temperament ; 
peculiar. 


ID'I-OT,  n.  [Gr.  Umiirm,  a private  person;  Vuos, 
proper,  peculiar  ; L.,  It.,  <$;  Sp.  idiota  ; Fr.  idiot.] 

1.  t A private  person  ; a common  man,  in 
distinction  from  one  who  had  obtained  public 
distinction  or  eminence. 

The  iSuorrjs,  or  idiot,  was,  in  its  earliest  usage,  the  pri- 
vate  man,  as  contradistinguished  from  him  who  was  clothed 
with  some  office,  and  had  a share  in  the  management  of  pub- 
lic affairs.  Trench. 

Humility  is  a duty  in  great  ones  as  well  as  idiots. 

Bp.  Taylor. 

2.  f A rude,  ignorant  person  ; a boor  ; a 

clown  ; a hind  ; a rustic.  Wickliffe. 

3.  A person  devoid  of  understanding;  one  de- 
ficient in  intellect ; a fool ; a natural. 

An  idiot , or  natural  fool,  is  one  that  hath  had  no  under- 
standing  from  his  nativity,  and  therefore  is  by  law  presumed 
never  likely  to  attain  any.  Blackstone. 

Id'I-OT-CY,  n.  Idiocy.  — See  Idiocy.  Todd. 

ID-I-OT'IC,  ? a_  [(jr.  BioniKos ; L.  idioti- 
ID-I-OT'I-CAL,  ) cus.] 

1.  f Plain  ; familiar.  “ Language  . . . idiot- 

ical  and  vulgar.”  Blackmail. 

2.  Like,  or  relating  to,  an  idiot ; foolish;  stu- 
pid ; doltish  ; as,  “ An  idiotic  laugh.” 

ID-I-OT'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  the  manner  of  an  id- 
iot; foolishly.  Hallam. 

ID-I-OT'I-CON,  n.  [Gr.  littonuds,  private.]  A dic- 
tionary confined  to  a particular  dialect ; a glos- 
sary. Brande. 

ID'I-OT-IfyM,  n.  [Gr.  t5uori(j[i6s  ; L.  idiotismus  ; 
It.  $ Sp.  idiotismo  ; Fr.  idiotisme.  — See  Idiot.] 

1.  An  idiom  ; a mode  of  expression  peculiar 

to  a particular  language.  “ Familiarity  with  the 
idiotisms  of  Scripture.”  Boyle. 

2.  Idiocy  ; want  of  understanding  ; folly. 

The  wisdom  of  this  world  is  idwtisnl.  Decker. 

ID'I-OT-IZE,  v.  ii.  [Gr.  ;<5<wW£o),  to  put  into  com- 

mon language.]  To  become  stupid.  Per.  Letters. 

Id'I-OT-RY,  n.  Idiocy,  [r.]  Warburton. 

I'DLE  (I'dl),  a.  [A.  S.  idel,  ydel\  Dut.  ydel ; 
Ger.  eitel.} 

1.  Unemployed;  unoccupied;  not  busy;  un- 
busied ; doing  nothing  ; inactive  ; inert. 

As  idle  as  a painted  ship 

Upon  a painted  ocean.  Coleridge. 

2.  Averse  to  labor  : lazy  ; sluggish ; indo- 
lent; slothful.  “ An  idle  lord.”  Shak. 

An  idle  soul  shall  suffer  hunger.  Erov.  xix.  15. 

3.  Vacant;  unused  ; affording  leisure.  “ Idle 

time.”  Shak. 

4.  Useless;  vain;  ineffectual.  “ Idle  rage.” 
Dryden.  “ The  idle  wind.”  Shak. 

They,  astonished,  all  resistance  lost, 

All  courage:  down  their  idle  weapons  dropped.  Milton. 

5.  Trifling  ; trivial ; unimportant ; unprofita- 
ble. “Idle  words.”  “ Irffe  comments.”  Shak. 

An  idle  reason  lessens  the  weight  of  the  good  ones  you 
gave  before.  Swift. 

6.  Unfruitful;  barren;  sterile;  unproductive. 

“ Antres  vast,  and  deserts  idle.”  Shak. 

Syn. — See  Indolent,  Vain. 

I'DLE  (i'dl),  V.  11.  [?".  IDLED  ; pp.  IDLING,  IDLED.] 
To  lose  time  in  inactivity  ; to  waste  time. 

These  did  no  hurt,  were  sober,  but  went  idling  about  the 
grove  with  their  hands  in  their  pockets.  Aubrey. 

I'DLE  (i'dl),  v.  a.  To  waste  idly  ; to  trifle  with  ; 
to  lose  indolently  or  sluggishly ; to  consume ; 
— sometimes  followed  by  away. 

If  you  have  but  an  hour,  will  you  improve  that  hour,  in- 
stead of  idling  it  away?  Chesterfield. 

I'DLE— HEAD'ED,  a.  1.  Foolish  ; irrational ; un- 
reasonable. “ Idle-headed  seekers.”  Carew. 
2.  Delirious  ; infatuated. 

Upon  this  loss  she  fell  idle-headed.  L' Estrange. 

t I'DLE-LY  (i'dl-le),  ad.  Same  as  Idly.  Bp.  Hall. 

I'DLE-NESS  (j'dl-nes),  n.  1.  The  state  of  being 
idle  or  unemployed  ; abstinence  from  employ- 
ment ; want  of  occupation. 

Idleness  is  a constant  sin,  and  labor  is  a duty.  Idleness  is 
but  the  devil’s  home  for  temptation,  and  unprofitable,  dis- 
tracting m usings.  Baxter. 

2.  Aversion  to  labor  ; laziness  ; sloth. 

Abundance  of  idleness  was  in  her  and  in  her  daughters. 

Ezek.  xvi.  49. 

3.  *Unimportance  ; uselessness,  [r.]  Shak. 

4.  Want  of  judgment;  unreasonableness; 
irrationality.  “ Idleness  of  brain.”  Bacon. 

I'DLE— PAT'JJD,  a.  Idle-headed;  stupid.  Overbury. 


I'DL^IR,  n.  An  idle  or  lazy  person  ; a sluggard. 

An  idler  is  a watch  that  wants  both  hands, 

As  useless  if  it  goes  as  when  it  stands.  Cowper. 

f I'DLEip-BY  (I'dlz-be),  n.  An  idler.  Whitlock. 

tl'DLfSS,  n.  Idleness;  sloth.  Spenser.  Thomson. 

I'DLE— WHEEL  (i'dl-hwSl),  n.  ( Mech .)  A wheel 
placed  between  two  others  for  the  purpose  of 
simply  transferring  the  motion  from  one  axis  to 
the  other  without  change  of  direction  ; a carrier- 
wheel.  Ogilvie. 

I'DLY,  ad.  In  an  idle  manner  ; lazily.  Thomson. 

ID'O-CRA^E,  n.  [Gr.  fdos,  form,  and  spams,  mix- 
ture ; It.  idocrasia .]  {Min.)  A mineral  con- 
sisting of  silica,  alumina,  lime,  and  protoxide 
of  iron,  and  comprising  several  varieties,  as 
vesuvian,  cyprine,  &c.  ; — so  named  from  the 
mixed  forms  of  other  minerals  it  presents.  Dana. 

I'DOL,  n.  [Gr.  t’ifitdZor  ; t’dos,  form  ; L.  idolum  ; 
It.  <Sf  Sp.  idolo  ; Fr.  idole.] 

1.  A figure  representing  a divinity  ; an  image 
worshipped  as  a god. 

They  swore  likewise  by  their  idols.  Warburton. 

2.  Something  set  up  in  place  of  the  true  and 
the  real ; a falsity. 

I do  find,  therefore,  in  this.  enchanted  glass.  four  idols,  or 
false  appearances,  of  several  distinct  sorts,  every  sort  com- 
prehending many  subdivisions.  The  first  sort  I call  idols  of 
the  nation  or  tribe;  the  second,  idols  of  the  den  or  cave;  the 
third,  idols  of  the  forum ; and  the  tourth,  idols  of  the  theatre. 

Bacon. 

3.  Any  person,  or  thing,  loved  to  excess  ; one 
honored  to  adoration. 

Idol  unto  himself,  shame  to  the  wise.  Daniel. 

I-DOL/A-TER,  n.  [Gr.  eif)u)?.o?.arprjg ; eifiwlov,  an 
idol,  and  i.arpr/s,  a slave;  L.  idolatress  Fr.  ido- 
latre .] 

1.  A worshipper  of  idols  or  images. 

Idolater  is  Greek,  and  the  English  an  “image-servant.” 

Tyndale. 

2.  A great  admirer ; one  who  loves  exces- 
sively. 

Jonson  was  an  idolater  of  the  ancients.  Hurd. 

I-DOL'A-TRESS,  n.  A female  idolater  ; a female 
worshipper  of  idols  or  images. 

That  uxorious  king,  whose  heart,  though  large, 

Beguiled  by  fair  idolatresses,  fell 

To  idols  foul.  Milton. 

t I-DO-LAT'RI-CAL,  a.  Idolatrous.  “ In  our 
church  ...  no  idolatrical  sacrifice.”  Bp.  Hooper. 

I-DOL'A-TRlZE,  v.  a.  1.  To  offer  idolatrous  wor- 
ship to ; to  idolize,  [r.]  Milton. 

2.  To  admire  to  excess.  “ Lipsius  did  . . . 
idolatrize  Tacitus.”  Trans,  of  Boccalini,  1626. 

I-DOL'A-TRlZE,  v.  11.  To  offer  idolatrous  wor- 
ship ; to  practise  idolatry.  Fotherby. 

I-DOL'A-TROUS,  a.  1.  Relating,  given,  or  tend- 
ing, to  idolatry  or  the  worship  of  images. 

The  Saxons  were  a sort  of  idolatrous  pagans.  Sir  W.  Temple. 

2.  Partaking  of  the  nature  of  idolatry ; ex- 
cessive in  admiration  or  in  love.  Roget. 

I-DOL'A-TROUS-LY,  ad.  In  an  idolatrous  manner. 

I-DOL'A-TRY,  11.  [Gr.  I’duoi.olarpfia  ; HCAO/.GV,  an 
idol,  and  larpeia,  worship  ; L.  idololatria  ; Fr. 
idolatrie.  — See  Idol.] 

1.  The  worship  of  idols  or  images. 

Idolatry  is  not  only  an  accounting  or  worshipping  that  for 
God  which  is  not  God.  but  it  is  also  a worshipping  the  true 
God  in  a way  unsuitable  to  his  nature,  and  particularly  by 
the  mediation  of  images  and  corporeal  resemblances.  South. 

2.  Excessive  love  or  veneration. 

I loved  the  man  [Shakspeare],  and  do  honor  his  memory, 
on  this  side  idolatry , as  much  as  any.  B.  Jonson. 

Syn.  — See  Superstition. 
f I'DOL-ISH,  a.  Idolatrous.  Milton. 

I'DOL-I§M,  n.  Idolatrous  worship,  [r.]  Milton. 

I'DOL-IST,  n.  One  who  worships  idols  ; an  idol- 
ater. “ Idolists  and  atheists.”  [r.]  Milton. 

I'DOL-IZE,  V.  a.  [t.  IDOLIZED  ; pp.  IDOLIZING, 
IDOLIZED.] 

1.  To  worship  as  an  idol ; to  deify. 

Foreknowing,  they  would  idolize  his  creatures.  Bib.  Bibl. 

2.  To  love  or  reverence  excessively  or  to  ado- 
ration ; to  adore. 

Idolizing  the  memory  of  your  Henry  the  Fourth.  Burke. 
I'DOL-IZ-l-fR,  n.  One  who  idolizes  or  loves  to 
adoration.  Warburton. 


C a.  Relating  to  idio- 
) syncrasy  ; having  pe- 
peculiarly  constituted; 

Warburton. 


MIEN,  SIR  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  rC'LE.  — g,  soft;  £,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


IDOLOCLAST 


714 


ILK 


1-DOL'O-CLAST,  n.  [Gr.  e'iloilov,  an  idol,  and 
/c/aw,  to  break.]  A breaker  of  idols.  Archd.  Hare. 
t I'DOL-OUS,  a.  Idolatrous.  Bale. 

I'DOL-WOR'SHIP  (I'dol-wiir'shjp),  n.  The  wor- 
ship of  idols  or  images.  Rowe. 

I-DO'Np-OUS,  a.  [L.  idoneus.]  Fit;  proper; 
convenient ; suitable,  [it.] 

ID  RJ- A-I.INE,  I n (fdria  and  Gr.  l.iBos,  a stone.] 
ID'RI-A-LITE,  ) (Min.)  A fusible,  inflammable 
substance,  found,  mixed  with  cinnabar,  in  the 
quicksilver  mines  of  Idria.  It  consists  chiefly 
of  carbon,  with  about  eight  per  cent,  of  hydro- 
gen and  oxygen.  Dana. 

I'DYL  (I'djl),  n.  [Gr.  uSMiov  ; L.  idyUium.\  A 
short,  highly  wrought,  descriptive  poem,  usually 
on  pastoral  subjects.  Liddell  A Scott. 

I-DYL'LIC,  a.  Relating  to  idyls.  Thackeray. 

I'P-RO-MAN-CY,  n.  See  HlEKOMANCY. 

IF,  coni.  [A.  S.  gif,  if. — Gif,  the  imperative 
mood  of  the  A.  S.  qifan,  to  give.  Skinner. 
Tooke.  Bosworth.  — In  the  cognate  languages, 
if  has  no  connection  with  the  verb  to  give. 

gcff-  “ The  relation  between  the  M.  Goth,  and  A.  S. 
is  so  intimate,  that  if  this  system  [that  the  Eng.  con 
junctions  are  merely  the  imperatives  of  verbs]  had 
been  adopted  in  one  language,  it  can  hardly  be  sup- 
posed that  nothing  analogous  would  appear  in  the 
other.  But  gau  and  jubai  signify  if  in  HI.  Goth.,  and 
neither  of  these  seems  to  have  an  origin  similar  to  that 
ascribed  to  gif.  . . . The  learned  litre  views  what  ho 
calls  the  dubitative  particle  if,  gif,  as  well  as  the  M. 
Goth,  conjunctions,  as  allied  to  Su.  Goth,  jtf,  dubium. 

. . . Icel.  if-a,  to  doubt.”  Jamieson. 

“ For  the  little,  virtuous,  peace-inaking  particle  if, 
which  he  [Tooke]  places  in  the  front  of  his  array,  he 
appears  to  have  felt  a peculiar  affection,  if  we  may 
judge  from  the  pains  that  betakes  to  establish  its  gen- 
ealogy. In  fact  we  believe  that  this  word  was  the 
foundation  of  his  whole  system.  Having  discovered, 
as  he  thought,  that  if  is  the  imperative  of  give,  he 
naturally  enough  concluded  that  other  particles  might 
be  accounted  for  by  the  same  process.  Accordingly 
he  expends  a profusion  of  labor  and  perverse  ingenuity 
in  detecting  imperatives  where  none  ever  existed  or 
possibly  could.  In  the  present  instance,  a comparison 
of  the  cognate  languages  proves  that  if  is  neither  an 
imperative  of  give  nor  of  any  other  verb  : consequent- 
ly any  system  founded  on  that  basis  is  a mere  castle 
in  the  air.  It  is  unnecessary  to  repeat  Dr.  Jamieson’s 
statement  of  the  matter,  which  is,  in  our  opinion, 
perfectly  decisive  against  Tooke’s  etymology.”  R. 
Garnett.] 

1.  Grant  or  suppose  that;  allowing  that;  — 
used  as  the  sign  of  condition. 

2.  Whether  or  not. 

She  doubts  if  two  and  two  make  four.  Prior. 

f I’  FAITH,  ad.  Indeed;  truly;  an  abbreviation 
of  in  faith.  “ V faith  I’ll  eat  nothing.”  Shak. 
IG-A-SU'RIC,  a.  ( Chern .)  Noting  an  acid  which 
is  found  combined  with  strychnia  in  nux-vomica 
and  St.  Ignatius’s  bean.  Brande. 

lG'LITE,  ? (Min.)  A carbonate  of  lime; 
IG'LO-ITE,  ) arragonite;  needle  spar.  Dana. 
f IG-ArA ' RO,  n.  [It.,  from  L.  ignarus,  ignorant.] 
An  ignoramus  ; a blockhead.  Spenser. 

IG'Np-OUS,  a.  [L.  igneus  ; ignis,  fire.]  Consist- 
ing of,  or  containing,  fire ; having  the  nature  of 
fire  ; resembling  fire  ; fiery.  Boyle. 

Igneous  meteors,  ( Meteor .)  meteors  which  are  lumi- 
nous, as  falling  stars,  ignes  fatui,  &c.  Young.  — Ig- 
neous rocks , ( Geo! .)  rocks,  such  as  lava,  trap,  and 
granite,  known,  or  supposed,  to  have  been  melted  by 
subterranean  heat.  They  are  divided  into  volcanic 
and  plutonic  rocks.  Lyell. 

IG-NES'cpNT,  a.  [L.  iynescens. ] Taking  fire; 

emitting  sparks,  [it.]  Smart. 

IG-NIC'O-LlST,  n.  [L.  ignis,  fire,  and  coio,  to 
revere.]  A worshipper  of  fire.  Maurice. 

IG-NIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  ignis,  fire,  and  f ro,  to 
bear.]  Producing  or  bringing  fire,  [r.]  Blount. 
f IG-NIF'LU-OUS,  a.  [L.  ignifluus  ; ignis,  fire,  and 
fluo,  to  flow.]  Flowing  with  fire.  Cockeram. 
flG’NI-FY,  v.  a.  [L.  ignis,  fire,  and  facio,  to 
make.]  H.  ignifieb’;  pp.  ignifying,  igni- 
fied.]  To  form  into  fire.  Stukely. 

jG-NRFp-NOUS,  a.  [L.  ignigenus,  producing  fire.] 
Produced  by  fire,  [r.]  Bailey. 

JG-NlP'O-TENCE,  n.  Power  over  fire,  [r.]  Bailey. 
JG-NIP'O-TENT,  a.  [L.  ignipotens-,  ignis,  fire, 
and  potens,  powerful.]  Presiding  over  fire. 

Vulcan  id  called  the  power  ignipotent.  Pope. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6, 


IG'ATIS  FAT'  U-US,  n.\  pi.  If;  fat'r-1.  [L. 
ignis,  fire,  andfatmis,  toolish.]  A luminous  me- 
teor seen  in  summer  nights  a few  feet  from  the 
ground,  over  spots  where  there  is  much  decayed 
animal  or  vegetable  matter,  as  morasses,  grave- 
yards, &c.  It  is  supposed  to  be  caused  by  the 
spontaneous  inflammation  of  a gaseous  com- 
pound of  phosphorus  and  hydrogen  exhaled  from 
decomposing  animal  and  vegetable  substances, 
and  it  takes  its  name  from  its  tendency  to  mis- 
lead travellers.  — Called  also  Jack-with-a-lan- 
tern ; Jack-a-lantern  ; Will-with-the-wisp.fi ichol. 

IG-NITE',  v.  a.  [L.  ignis,  fire.]  [i.  ignited  ; pp. 
IGNITING,  ignited.]  To  kindle;  to  set  on  fire; 
to  set  fire  to.  Evelyn.  Grew. 

IG-NITE',  v.  n.  To  become  red  hot;  to  catch 
fire  ; to  take  fire  ; to  kindle.  Todd. 

IG-NlT'JJD,  p.  a.  Kindled;  set  on  fire. 

IG-NIT'I-BLE  [ig-nlt'e-hl,  IV.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm. ; 
Ig'nj-tibl,  S.],  a.  Inflammable  ; capable  of  being 
set  on  fire  ; combustible.  Browne. 

IG-Nt''TION  (jg-nish'un),  n.  [It.  ignizione ; Sp. 
ignicion  ; Fr.  ignition .]  The  act  of  igniting,  or 
the  state  of  being  ignited.  Browne. 

IG-Nl V'O-MOUS,  a.  [L.  ignivomus ; ignis,  fire, 
and  vomo,  to  vomit.]  Vomiting  fire.  Derhani. 

t IG-NO-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [L.  ig nobilitas. ] Want  of 
nobility  or  of  magnanimity.  Bale. 

IG-NO'BLE,  a.  [L.  ignobilis  ; in,  not,  and  nobilis, 
noble  ; It.  ignobile  ; Sp.  innoble  ; Fr.  ignoble .] 

1.  Of  low'  birth  ; not  noble  ; base-born ; ple- 
beian. “ The  ignoble  crowd.”  Dryden. 

2.  Worthless  ; mean.  “ Ignoble  plants.”  Shak. 

3.  Dishonorable.  “ Ignoble  graves.”  Couper. 

f IG-NO'BLE,  v.  a.  To  make  ignoble.  Bacon. 

IG-NO'BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  ignoble. 

IG-NO'BLY,  ad.  In  an  ignoble  manner;  igno- 
miniously  ; meanly  ; dishonorably.  Milton. 

II  IG-NO-MlN'I-OUS  [lg-no-mln'yiis,  S.  IV.  E.  F. 
Ja.  K.  Sin. ; Ig-no-mln'e-us,  P.  J.  C.  H r.],  a. 
[L.  ignominiosus ; It.  <S?  Sp.  ignominioso  ; Fr. 
ignominieux .]  Mean  ; shameful ; reproachful ; 
dishonorable;  — rarely  applied  to  persons. 
“ This  ignominious  fate.”  Dryden. 

||  IG-NO-MIN'I-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  an  ignominious 

manner  ; meanly  ; scandalously.  South. 

IG’NO-MIN-Y,  n.  [L.  ignominia  \ in,  priv.,  and 
nomen,  a name  ; It.  Sj  Sp.  ignominia  ; Fr.  igno- 
minie.)  Disgrace  ; reproach  ; shame  ; dishonor; 
discredit ; infamy  ; opprobrium  ; obloquy.  MiUon. 

Syn.  — See  Discredit,  Infamy. 

f IG'NO-MY,  n.  Ignominy.  Shak. 

IG-ATO-rA  'AIDS.  [L.,  We  ignore,  or  We  are  igno- 
rant.]  (Law.)  A word  formerly  indorsed  by  a 
grand  jury  on  a bill  of  indictment,  in  cases  in 
which,  after  hearing  the  evidence,  they  deem  the 
accusation  groundless  ; — equivalent  to  “ not 
found.”  Burrill. 

IG-NO-RA'MUS,  n.  ; pi.  jG-NQ-RA'Mys-E.s.  [L.] 
An  ignorant  fellow  ; a vain  pretender  to  knowl- 
edge ; a sciolist ; a novice.  [Colloquial.]  South. 

IG'NO-KANCE,  n.  [L.  ignorantia ; It.  ignoranza ; 
Sp.  igriorancia  ; Fr.  ignorance.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  ignorant ; want  of  knowl- 
edge ; illiteracy  ; nescience  ; unlearnedness. 

Where  ignorance  is  bliss, 

’ T is  folly  to  be  wise.  Gray . 

2.  (Law.)  Want  of  knowledge  in  respect  to  a 
fact,  or  in  respect  to  a law. 

Acts  done  and  contracts  made  under  mistake  or  ignorance 
of  a material  fact  are  voidable  and  relievable  in  law  and  equi- 
ty. Ignorance  of  the  law,  which  every  one  is  bound  to  know, 
excuses  no  man.  Burrill. 

IG'NO-RANT,  a.  [L.  ignoro,  ignorans,  not  to 
know  ; in,  priv.,  and  gnarus,  knowing  ; It.  $ Sp. 
ignorante ; Fr.  ignorant .] 

1.  Destitute  of  knowledge,  either  generally, 
or  in  respect  to  some  particular  thing;  un- 
learned ; uninstructed  ; unlettered  ; illiterate  ; 
unenlightened ; uninformed. 

Fool 8 grant  whate’er  ambition  craves; 

And  men,  once  ignorant , are  slaves.  Pope. 

lie  that  doth  not  know  those  things  which  are  of  use  for 
him  to  know  is  but  an  ignorant  man,  whatever  he  may  know 
besides.  7'illotson. 

2.  Unknown  ; undiscovered  ; unapprehended. 

“ Ignorant  concealment.”  [it.]  Shak. 

3.  Unacquainted  with  ; unaware. 

Ignorant  of  guilt,  I fear  not  shame.  Dryden. 


0,  Y,  short;  A,  F.,  ],  O,  IT,  Y,  obscure;  FARE, 


4.  Ignorantly  made  or  done,  [r.] 

llis  shipping. 

Poor  ignorant  baubles,  on  our  terrible  seas.  Shak. 

Syn.  — Ignorant  denotes  a want  of  knowledge  or 
information,  and  is  a more  comprehensive  tern  than 
illiterate , unlearned,  and  unlettered,  which  express  dif- 
ferent forms  of  ignorance,  and  denote  a want  of  edu- 
cation or  learning.  An  ignorant  savage  ; an  illiterate 
preacher ; an  unlearned  or  unlettered  man. 

IG'NO-RANT,  n.  An  ignorant  person.  It.  Jonson. 

IG'NO-RANT-LY,  ad.  AVithout  knowledge  or  in- 
formation. Dryden. 

JG-NORE',  v.  a.  [L.  ignoro,  to  be  ignorant  of ; It. 
ignorare-,  Sp.  ignorar  ; Fr.  ignorer .] 

1.  (Laic.)  To  reject  for  want  of  evidence,  as 
a bill  of  indictment. 

When  a jury  throw  out  a bill,  they  are  said  to  ignore  it. 

Burrill. 

2.  To  regard  or  to  treat  as  if  not  known; 
not  to  recognize. 

I ignored  not  the  stricter  interpretation  given  by  modem 
critics  to  divers  texts.  Bogle. 

A system  of  compromise  which  ignores  conscience. 

lie.  Rev. 

Blank  verse  you  favor  not.  I see;  with  you ’t is. 

Ignoring  all  its  high  and  reserved  beauties, 

To  scribble  lyrics,  one  of  life's  first  duties.  P.  J.  Bailey. 

Jigy  Dr.  Johnson  says,  “ This  word  Bovlc  endeav- 
ored to  intrcduce  ; but  it  lias  not  been  received.”  It 
lias,  however,  long  been  used  in  law  language,  and, 
within  a few  years,  it  has  come  into  common  use. 

f IG-NOS'CI-BLE,  a.  [L . ignoscibilis.]  That  may 
be  pardoned ; pardonable.  Bailey. 

f JG-NOTE',  a.  [L.  ignotus ■]  Unknown.  Sandys. 

I-GUA'NA,  n.  (Zoiil.)  A genus  of  lizards  found 
in  Mexico,  South  America,  and  the  Antilles, 
some  species  of  which  are  esteemed  for  food  ; — 
called  also  guana.  Eng.  Cyc. 

I-GUAN'0-D6n,  n.  [From  iguana,  a genus  of  sau- 
rians,  and  Gr.  olovs,  dbonros,  a tooth.]  (Pal.)  A 
gigantic  extinct  herbivorous  reptile  whose  re- 
mains were  found  in  the  South  of  England  ; — so 
named  from  the  resemblance  of  its  teeth  to  those 
of  the  modern  iguana.  Its  length  has  been  va- 
riously estimated  from  thirty  or  forty  to  seventy 
feet.  Pictet. 

IL— , one  of  the  forms  of  in,  used  before  words  be- 
ginning with  l,  commonly  giving  a negative 
sense  to  the  word  to  which  it  is  prefixed. 

IL-jCIIAN'IC,  a.  Noting  certain  astronomical  ta- 
bles of  the  thirteenth  century,  dedicated  to 
Ilchan,  a Tartar  prince.  Smart. 

IL-DIJ-FON'STTE,  n.  (Min.)  A variety  of  colum- 
bite  from  Ildifonso  in  Spain.  Dana. 

f ILE,  n.  [Corrupted  from  Fr.  aile,  a wing.] 

1.  A walk  in  a church ; — properly  aisle.  Pope. 

2.  An  ear  of  corn.  Ainsworth. 

IL’F.-ilM,  n.  [Gr.  eiUto,  to  turn  about.]  (Med.) 
The  last  portion  of  the  small  intestines  ; — so 
named  from  its  convolutions,  or  peristaltic  mo- 
tions. Iloblyn. 

IL'E-US,  n.  [Gr.  fi’J.fds ; L-  ileos.]  (Med.)  The 
iliac  passion  ; a violent  colic.  Arbuthnot. 

I'LEX,  n.  [L.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants  or 
trees,  one  species  of  which  (Ilex  aquifolium)  is 
the  common  holly,  or  holly-tree:  — the  ever- 
green oak  of  the  South  of  Europe  ; Quercus 
ilex.  Eng.  Cyc. 

IL'I-AC,  I a.  [L .iliacus;  It.  iliaco  ; Fr.  Hi- 

I-LI'A-CAL,  ) ague.]  Relating  to  the  lower  bow- 
els, or  to  the  ileum. 

Iliac  passion,  (Med.)  a spasmodic,  or  violent  and 
dangerous,  colic,  characterized  by  deep-seated  pain 
in  the  abdomen. 

IL'I-AD,  n.  [Gr.  T/iqs,  7 halos ; VIL or,  Ilium, 
another  name  for  Troy.]  The  oldest  epic  poem 
in  existence,  the  theme  of  which  is  the  siege  of 
Ilium,  or  Troy  ; — commonly  attributed  to  Ho- 
mer, but  according  to  some  modern  hypotheses 
the  work  of  several  hands.  Brande. 

ILK,  a.  [A.  S.  tele,  each,  every  ; ylc,  ylca,  the 
same;  Dut.  elk.]  Each;  every:  — the  same. 

Spenser. 

HKJr-  It  is  still  used  in  Scotland  and  the  North  of 
England,  and  denotes  each  ; as,  “ Ilk  one  of  you  ” — 
every  one  of  you.  ft  also  signifies  the  same  ; as, 
“ Mackintosh  of  that  ilk  ” derotes  a gentleman 
whose  surname  and  the  title  of  his  estate  are  the 
same  ; as,  “ Mackintosh  of  Mackintosh.” 


FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


ILL 


715 


ILLITERACY 


ILL,  a.  [Contracted  from  evil.  Junius,  Skinner, 
Johnson.  — Tooke  thinks  that  idle  becomes  ill  by 
sliding  over  the  d in  pronunciation. — A.  S. 
aid,  aldic,  ill ; Dan.  tide  ; Sw.  ilia.  — See  Ail.] 

1.  Bad  in  any  respect ; contrary  to  good,  phys- 
ical or  moral ; evil ; wicked.  “Ill  example.1 "Shah. 

It  is  an  ill  wind  turns  none  to  good.  Tusser. 

Neither  is  it  ill  air  only  that  maketh  an  ill  seat;  but  ill 
ways,  ill  markets,  and  ill  neighbors.  liacon. 

Love,  fame,  ambition,  avarice  — ’t  is  the  same, 

Each  idle,  and  all  ill , and  none  the  worst; 

For  all  are  meteors  with  a different  name. 

And  death  the  sable  smoke  where  vanishes  the  flame.  Byron. 

2.  Not  in  health  ; ailing  ; disordered  ; dis- 
eased ; indisposed ; unwell ; sick. 

You  wish  me  health  in  very  happy  season, 

For  I am  on  the  sudden  something  ill.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Sick,  Sickness. 

ILL,  n.  1.  Wickedness ; depravity;  evil. 

Strong  virtue,  like  strong  nature,  struggles  still, 

Exerts  itself,  and  then  throws  off  the  ill.  Dry  den. 

2.  Misfortune  ; calamity  ; injury  ; misery. 
When  desperate  ills  demand  a speedy  cure. 

Distrust  is  cowardice,  and  prudence  folly.  Johnson. 
There  mark  what  ills  the  scholar’s  life  assail. 

Toil,  envy,  want,  the  patron,  and  the  jail.  Johnson. 

ILL,  ad.  1.  Not  well ; not  rightly  ; not  perfectly  ; 
not  entirely.  “ 111  at  ease.”  Dryden. 

IV.  fares  the  land,  to  hastening  ills  a prey. 

Where  wealth  accumulates  and  men  decay.  Goldsmith. 

2.  Not  easily;  with  pain  ; with  difficulty. 

And  my  displeasure  bear’st  so  ill.  Milton. 

It  is  used  in  composition  to  express  a bad  qual- 
ity, as  id-formed,  id-timed,  &c. 

flL-LAB'ILE,  a.  Not  liable  to  fall  or  err  ; infal- 
lible. Wright. 

+ IL-LA-BIl'I-TV,  n.  [L.  in,  priv.,  and  labilis, 
apt  to  slide.]  Security  against  falling.  Cheyne. 

+ IL-LA<J'ER-A-BLE,  a.  [L.  illacerabilis  ; in,  priv., 
and  lacerabilis,  that  may  he  torn  ; lacero,  to 
tear.]  That  cannot  be  torn.  Cockeram. 

flL-LAC'RY-MA-BLE,  a.  [L.  illacrymabilis .)  In- 
capable of  weeping.  • Bailey. 

ILL'— AD-VI§ED'  (-vtzd'),  a.  Having  received 
bad  advice  ; injudicious.  Henry. 

IL-LAPS'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  illapse.  Glanville. 

JL-LApSE',  n.  [L.  illabor,  illapsus. ] Act  of  glid- 
ing into  ; a sliding  in;  a falling  on. 

How  doth  it  glow 

With  fresh  illapses  of  the  purest  light!  J.  Hall. 

Passion’s  fierce  illapse 

Rouses  the  mind’s  whole  fabric.  Akenside. 

JL-LAPSE',  v.  n.  [L.  illabor,  illapsus-,  in,  into, 
and  labor,  to  glide.]  To  fall,  pass,  or  glide  into. 
“ Powerful  being  illapsing  into  matter.”  Cheyne. 

||  IL-LA'UUJE- A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  entangled, 
entraped,  or  insnared.  [r.]  Cudworth. 

II  IL-LA'QUE-ATE  [jl-la'kwe-at,  S.  W.  J.  F.  Ja. 
K. ; jl-lak'we-at,  P.  Sm.  C.  Wr.],  v.  a.  [L.  il- 
laqueo,  Hlaqueatus ; in,  priv.,  and  laqueo,  to 
snare  ; laqueus,  a snare  ; It.  illaqueare.]  To 
entangle  ; to  entrap  ; to  insnare,  [r.] 

I am  illaqneated,  but  not  truly  captivated,  into  your  con- 
clusion. More. 

II  IL-LA-aUE-A'TION,  n.  1.  The  act  or  the  art 
of  insnaring  or  entrapping.  Evelyn. 

2.  Any  thing  to  entrap ; a snare.  Johnson. 

IL-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  illatio ; infero,  Hiatus,  to 
bring  in  ; in,  in,  and  fero,  to  bear  ; It.  illazione  ; 
Sp.  ilacion. ] Conclusion  drawn  from  premises  ; 
inference ; deduction. 

Illation  so  orders  the  intermediate  ideas  as  to  discover 
what  connection  there  is  in  each  link  of  the  chain  whereby 
the  extremes  are  held  together.  Locke. 

IL'LA-TIVE,  a.  [L.  illativus’,  Sp .ilativoJ]  Re- 
lating to,  or  implying  illation  or  inference  ; in- 
ferential; conclusive;  consequential.  South. 

. The  free  use  of  illative  particles,  where  there  are  no  prem- 
ises to  support  them.  Locke. 

Accordingly , consequently , so,  hence , thence , 
then,  therefore,  and  wherefore  are  called  illative  par- 
ticles, because  they  denote  that  which  in  some  way 
follows  from  what  has  been  previously  said. 

IL'LA-TIVE,  n.  A particle  denoting  illation,  or 
inference.  Bp.  Hall. 

iL'LA-TlVE-LY,  ad.  By  illation  or  conclusion. 

IL-LAUD'A-BLE,  a.  [L.  illaudabilis ; in,  priv., 
and  laudabilis,  praiseworthy  ; laudo,  to  praise.] 


Not  laudable  ; unworthy  of  praise  or  commen- 
dation ; not  praiseworthy. 

Strength,  from  truth  divided  and  from  just, 

I Haul  able,  nought  merits  but  dispraise.  Milton. 

PL-LAUD' A-BLY,  ad.  Without  deserving  praise. 

ILL'-BLOOD  (il'blud),  n.  Resentment ; anger. 

ILL'— BOD'ING,  a.  Ominous  of  evil.  Mackenzie. 

ILL'— BRED,  a.  Not  well-bred  ; ill-mannered;  ill- 
behaved  ; uncivil ; impolite.  Davis. 

ILL'-BREED'ING,  n.  Want  of  good  breeding  ; ill- 
manners  ; incivility  ; impoliteness.  Day. 

ILL'— CON-CERT 'pD,  a.  Not  skilfully  or  ingen- 
iously planned ; ill-contrived.  Wright. 

lLL'-CON-DI"TIONED,  a.  Being  in  bad  order  or 
state.  Roget. 

ILL'— CON-DUCT'ED,  a.  Not  well  managed. Roget. 

IlL'-CON-SID'JJRED,  a.  Done  without  due  delib- 
eration ; characterized  by  rashness.  Craig. 

ILL—  DlJ-FlNED',  a.  Confused;  not  accurately 
or  clearly  defined.  Roget. 

ILL'— D1J-§ERVED',  a.  Not  meritoriously  earned 
or  obtained.  • Drayton. 

ILL'— Dp-Vl§Eiy,  a.  Unskilfully  schemed  or 
planned.  Roget. 

lLL'-DIS-PO§ED',  a.  Wickedly  or  maliciously 
disposed  or  inclined.  Roget. 

f [L-LE'ep-BROUS,  a.  [L.  illecebrosus.]  Full  of 
allurements.  Sir  T.  Elyot. 

IL-LE'GAL,  a.  [L.  in,  priv.,  and  legalis,  legal; 
lex,  legis,  a law.]  Contrary  to  law;  not  legal; 
unlawful;  illicit;  as,  “An  illegal  contract.” 

IL-LE-GAl'I-TY,  n.  [It.  Megalith  ; Sp.  ilcgali- 
dad ; Fr.  ilUgalite. ] State  of  being  illegal ; 

contrariety  to  law  ; unlawfulness.  “ The  ille- 
gality of  all  those  commissions.”  Clarendon. 

IL-LE'GAL-IZE,  v.  a.  To  render  illegal.  Todd. 

IL-LE'GAL-Ly,  ad.  In  an  illegal  manner ; con- 
trary to  law  ; unlawfully.  Bp.  Hall. 

IL-LE'GAL-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  illegal, 
or  contrary  to  law  ; illegality.  Scott. 

IL-LE^-I-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being  illegi- 
ble ; incapability  of  being  read.  Toad. 

IL-LEp'l-BLE,  a.  [L.  in,  priv.,  and  legibilis,  legi- 
ble ; lego,  to  read.]  That  cannot  be  read ; not 
readable  ; unreadable  ; not  legible. 

The  secretary  poured  the  ink-box  nil  over  the  writings, 
and  so  defaced  them  that  they  were  made  altogether  illegible. 

llo  well. 

1L-LE<?'I-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  il- 
legible-; illegibility.  Clarke. 

IL-LE<?'I-BLY,  ad.  In  an  illegible  manner;  in  a 
manner  not  U be  read. 

IL-L?-ClT'!-.iIA-CY,  n.  [It.  illcgittimith ; Sp. 
ilegitimidad ; Fr.  illegitimite .]  The  state  of  be- 
ing illegitimate.  “The  legitimacy  or  illegiti- 
macy of  children.”  Blackstone. 

lL-L£-(jrlT'I-MATE,  a.  [L.  in,  priv.,  and  legiti- 
mils,  legitimate;  lex,  legis,  law  ; It . illegittimo -, 
Sp.  iler/itimo.] 

1.  Contrary  to  law ; not  produced  as  the  laws 
prescribe  ; not  legitimate  ; — usually  applied  to 
children  born  out  of  lawful  wedlock. 

A bastard  is  sometimes  called  an  illerjitimate  child.  Bouvier. 

2.  Unauthorized ; not  formed  according  to 
just  rules.  “ Illegitimate  construction.”  Shak. 

3.  Not  genuine;  spurious  ; erroneous.  Roget. 

Syn.  — See  Spurious. 

IL-LE-tJrlT'I-MATE,  v.  a.  To  render  illegitimate  ; 
to  prove  a person  illegitimate  ; to  bastardize. 

The  cardinal,  his  uncle,  would  first  have  illegitimated 
him.  Sir  II.  Wotton. 

lL-L?-^flT'I-MATE-LY,  ad.  Not  legitimately. 

lL-Lp-§fIT-|-MA'TION,  n.  1.  The  act  of  illegiti- 
mating, or  of  rendering  illegitimate. 

2.  The  state  of  being  illegitimate  ; illegitima- 
cy ; bastardy.  Bacon. 

3.  Want  of  genuineness. 

Many  such-like  pieces  . . . bear  in  their  very  fronts  the  ap- 
parent brand  of  ilkgitimation.  Martin. 

IL-L$-£tIT'I-MA-T!zE,  v.  a.  To  render  illegiti- 
mate ; to  illegitimate.  Athenaeum. 


IL-LEVT-A-BLE,  a.  [L.  in,  priv.,  and  Fr.  lever,  to 
raise,  to  levy.]  That  cannot  be  levied  or  exact- 
ed ; that  cannot  be  raised  by  levy.  Hale. 

ILL'— FACED  (-fast),  a.  Having  an  ugly  face  ; ill- 
favored.  Bp.  Hall. 

ILL'— FAT-ED,  a.  Destined  to  severe  reverses  or 
bad  fortune;  unfortunate;  unlucky;  luckless; 
ill-starred.  Roget. 

ILL'— FA'VORED  (-vurd),<i.  Deformed  ; ugly  ; ill- 
looking;  homely  ; unseemly.  Shak. 

ILL'— FA'VORED-LY,  ad.  1.  With  deformity. 

2.  f Roughly  ; rudely  ; violently.  “ He  shook 
him  very  ill-favoredly .”  Howell. 

ILL'— FA'VORED-NESS,  n.  Deformity.  Harmar. 

ILL'— FLA'VORED,  a.  Having  a bad  flavor. 

ILL'— FORMED,  a.  Inelegantly  formed;  having 
an  unseemly  appearance.  Craig. 

ILL  -HU'MOR  (-yu '-),  n.  Ill  temper;  fretfulness. 

IL-LIB'£R-AL,  a.  [L.  illiberalis ; in,  priv.,  and 
liberalis,  liberal;  It.  illiberale4,  Fr.  illiberal.'] 

1.  Not  liberal;  not  generous;  not  munifi- 
cent ; sparing ; niggardly  ; stingy  ; penurious. 

2.  Not  noble  ; not  catholic  ; exclusive. 

The  charity  of  most  men  is  grown  so  cold,  and  their  reli- 
gion so  illiberal.  King  Charles. 

3.  Not  requiring  high  qualifications  or  high 
culture  ; mean  ; low  ; base. 

There  is  no  art,  neither  liberal  nor  illiberal,  but  it  cometh 
from  God,  and  leading  to  God.  Fotlierby. 

4.  Not  candid;  disingenuous.  Wright. 

IL-Ll  B']JR-AL-I§M,  n.  Illiberal  principles  or 
practice,  [r..]  Ch.  Ob. 

IL-LIB-ER-Al'I-TY,  n.  [Fr.  illiberalite.]  The 
quality  of  being  illiberal.  Bacon. 

IL-LIB'ER- AL-IZE,  v.  a.  To  imbue  with  an  illib- 
eral disposition  ; to  make  illiberal.  Wright, 

IL-LIb'jER-AL-LY,  ad.  In  an  illiberal  manner. 

IL-LIB'IJR-AL-NESS,  n.  Illiberality.  Johnson. 

IL-LI9'IT,  a.  [L.  illicitus  ; in,  priv.,  and  lieco,  to 
permit;  It.  illecito;  Sp.  ilicito ; Fr.  illicite.] 
Not  permitted  or  licensed;  illegal;  unlawful; 
prohibited.  “ An  illicit  trade.”  Johnson. 

IL-LIQ'IT-LY,  ad.  Unlawfully;  illegally.  Todd. 

IL-LI£'IT-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  illicit  ; 
unlawfulness ; illegality.  Todd. 

f IL-LI<J'IT-OUS,  a.  Unlawful;  illicit.  Cotgrave. 

f IL-LIGHT'EN  (Il-llt'tn),  v.  a.  To  enlighten.  “We 
see  the  air  illightened.”  Raleigh. 

ILL'-IM-AP'JNED,  a.  Imperfectly  contrived ; bad- 
ly conceived;  ill-devised.  Roget. 

IL-LIM'IT-A-BLE,  a.  [Sp.  ilimitable ; Fr.  illi- 
mitable.] That  cannot  be  limited  ; boundless  ; 
immense.  “ The  illimitable  void.”  Thomson. 

IL-LIM'IT-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
illimitable ; boundlessness.  Channing. 

IL-LlM'IT-A-BLY,  ad.  Without  susceptibility  of 
bounds  ; without  limits.  Johnson. 

IL-LIM-I-TA'TION,  n.  Want  of  limitation;  ex- 
emption from  all  bounds.  Bp.  Hall. 

+ Il-l!m'IT-ED,  a.  Unlimited.  Bp.  Hall. 

f lL-LlM'IT-?D-NESS,  n.  Exemption  from  all 
bounds  ; boundlessness.  Clarendon. 

IL-LI-Nl''TION  (ll-le-nish'un),  n.  [L.  ittino,  illi- 
nitus,  to  anoint ; in,  used  intensively,  and  lino, 
to  smear.] 

1.  (Min.)  A thin  crust  of  some  extraneous 

substance  formed  on  minerals.  Ure. 

2.  A rubbing  in  of  ointment.  Wright. 

IL-LI-aUA'TION,  n.  [L.  ittiquor,  illiquatus,  to 
flow  into ; in,  into,  and  liquor,  to  flow.]  The 
melting  of  one  thing  into  another.  Smart. 

IL- LI  "if  ION  (Il-llzh'un,  93),  n.  [L.  illisio  ; illido,il- 
lisvs,  to  strike  against;  in,  against,  and  Itedo,  to 
strike.]  The  act  of  striking  against.  Browne. 

iL-LlT'gR-A-CY,  n.  1.  Want  of  learning  ; igno- 
rance. “Indigence  and  illiteracy.''  Warton. 

2.  An  instance  of  ignorance  ; a literary  error. 


MlEN, 


SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON ; BULL,  BUR,  RtiLE.  — <p,  (J,  < -,  g,  soft;  C,  &,  <j,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  ^ as  gz. — THIS,  this. 


ILLITEKAL 


ILLUSTKATION 


716 


The  many  blunders  and  illiteracies  of  the  first  publishers 
of  his  [Sliakspeare’s]  works.  Pope. 

A style  marked  by  illiteracies.  Gwynne. 

IL-LlT'£R-AL,  a.  Not  literal.  Dawson. 

IL-L1T'ER-ATE,  a.  [L.  illiteratus  ; in,  priv.,  and 
literatus,  iearued  ; it.  illiterato  ; Sp.  iliterato ; 
Fr.  illettre. ] 

1.  Uninstructed  in  books  ; unlearned ; un- 
lettered; untaught;  ignorant;  — applied  to  per- 
sons. “ The  duke  was  illiterate."  Wotton. 

2.  Rude ; coarse  ; barbarous.  “ Illiterate 

rudenesses.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

Syn.  — See  Ignorant. 

IL-LlT'JJR-ATE-LY,  ad.  In  an  illiterate  manner. 

I L-LlT'£R-ATE-NESS,  n.  Want  of  learning  ; ig- 
norance of  books  or  of  science. 

f IL-LlT'JR-A-TURE,  71.  Want  of  learning;  il- 
literateness. Ayliffe. 

ILL'— JUDGED  (-jujd),  a.  Injudicious;  foolish; 
unwise ; nonsensical.  Roget. 

ILL'— LIVED  (-llvd),  a.  Leading  a wicked  life. 
“ A scandalous  and  ill-lived  teacher.”  Bp.  Hall. 

ILL'— LOOK'ING  (-luk'-),  a.  Of  a bad  appearance  ; 
ugly  ; unsightly  ; homely.  Brown. 

ILL'— LUCK',  n.  Misfortune;  mishap  ; bad  luck. 

Yes,  other  men  have  ill-luck  too.  Shak. 

ILL'— MANNED,  a.  Having,  as  a ship,  an  insuffi- 
cient supply  of  men.  Craig. 

ILL'— MAN'NERED,  a.  Rude;  boorish;  uncivil; 
impolite  ; uncouth  ; unpolished. 

ILL'— MATCHED,  a.  Badly  assorted.  Goldsmith. 

ILL'— MEAN'ING,  a.  Meaning  evil ; having  wick- 
ed intentions ; ill-intentioned.  Craig. 

ILL'— MOD'ELLED,  a.  Inaccurately  modelled; 
designed  after  an  improper  model.  Clarke. 

ILL'— NAT'URE  (ll'nat'yur),  n.  Evil  nature  or  dis- 
position ; bad  temper  ; moroseness  ; sullenness  ; 
crabbedness  ; malevolence  ; unkindness. 

Ill-nature  . . . consists  of  a proneness  to  do  ill  turns,  at- 
tended with  a secret  joy  upon  the  sight  of  any  mischief  that 
befalls  another,  and  of  an  utter  insensibility  of  any  kindness 
done  him.  South. 

ILL'— NAT'URED  (Tl'nat'yurd),  a.  1.  Having  an 
ill-nature  ; of  bad  disposition  or  temper ; cross ; 
morose ; malevolent ; unkind. 

Those  ill-natured  beings  who  are  at  enmity  with  mankind. 

Atterbury. 


2.  Indicating  ill-nature. 

Stay,  silly  bird,  the  ill-natured  task  refuse.  Shak. 

3.  Intractable  ; not  yielding  to  culture. 

Rich,  foreign  mould  on  their  ill-natured  land.  Philips. 
ILL'— NAT'URED-LY  (Il'nat'yurd-le),  ad.  With 
ill-nature ; morosely. 

ILL'— NAT'URED-NESS  (ll'nat'yurd-nes),  n.  Ill- 
nature  ; malevolence ; malignity. 


ILL'NpSS,  n.  1.  Badness;  vileness;  foulness. 
“ The  illness  of  the  weather.”  Locke. 

2.  Sickness;  disease  ; malady;  indisposition; 
distemper  ; disorder  of  health. 

While  his  illness  lasted,  and  the  event  was  doubtful,  all 
was  in  suspense.  Sir  W.  Temple. 

3.  Wickedness  ; iniquity  ; evil. 

Thou  wouldst  be  great; 

Art  not  without  ambition,  but  without 

The  illtiess  should  attend  it.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Disease,  Sickness. 

f iL-LO-CAL'l-TY,  n.  [L.  in,  priv.,  and  locus,  a 
place.]  Want  of  locality  or  place.  Cudworth. 

IL-LOU'I-CAL,  a.  [ in , priv.,  and  logical .] 

1.  Not  logical;  negligent  of  the  rules  of  logic 
or  reason.  “ Illogical  in  the  dispute.”  Walton. 

2.  Contrary  to  the  rules  of  reasoning.  “ An 
inference  . . . utterly  illogical.”  Decay  of  Piety. 

iL-LOtjr'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  an  illogical  manner. 

lL-Ld(jr'I-CAL-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  illogi- 
cal ; contrariety  to  the  rules  of  reasoning. 

ILL'— O'M^NED,  a.  Attended  with  unfavorable  or 
dismal  forebodings;  having  unlucky  omens; 
portending  evil ; foreboding.  Anthon. 

ILL'— PRO-POR'TIONED,  a.  Not  accurately  pro- 
portioned ; not  strictly  proportional.  Roget. 

lLL'-PRO-VID'£D,  a.  Scantily  supplied;  not  well 
provided ; ill-furnished.  Roget. 


ILL'— R^-ftUlT-jpD  (-kwit-),  a.  Not  sufficiently 
requited.  Roget. 

ILL'— SORT'JgD,  a.  Not  classified  in  regular 
order,  or  according  to  the  distinguishing  char- 
acteristic of  each.  Craig. 

ILL'— STARRED  (-sthrd),  a.  Influenced  by  evil 
stars  with  respect  to  fortune  ; unlucky.  “ Ill- 
starred  lovers.”  Fanshawe. 

ILL'— SUP-PRESSED'  (-prest'),  a.  Improperly  or 
insufficiently  suppressed.  Craig. 

ILL'-TEM'PJfJR,  n.  A bad  temper.  Roget. 

ILL'— TEM'PERED  (-perd),  n.  Morose;  crabbed; 
cross  ; churlish  ; ill-natured.  Black. 

ILL'— TIME,  t).  o.  To  do  or  to  attempt  at  an  un- 
suitable time.  Wright. 

ILL'— TIMED  (-tlmd),  a.  Done  at  a wrong  time; 
timed  badly.  “ Ill-timed  relief.”  Dryden. 

ILL'— TRAINED',  a.  Not  well  trained  or  disci- 
plined ; badly  brought  up.  Craig. 

ILL-TREAT',  v.  a.  To  treat  ill ; to  abuse.  Roget. 

ILL'— TURN,  n.  1.  An  offensive  or  unkind  action 
or  deed  4 a bad  turn.  Foster. 

2.  A short  or  slight  illness;  a period  of  ill- 
health.  [Colloquial.] 

IL-LUDE',  v.  a.  [L.  illudo  ; in,  upon,  and  ludo, 
to  play  ; It.  illudei'e.]  ££.  illuded  ; pp.  illud- 
ing,  illuded.]  To  play  upon  ; to  impose  on; 
to  deceive ; to  mock  ; to  delude  ; to  dupe ; to 
cheat. 

If  the  solitariness  of  these  rocks  do  not  illude  me.  Shelton. 

IL-LUME',  v.  a.  [L.  illumino-,  in,  upon,  and  lu- 
mino,  to  enlighten  ; lumen,  light ; Fr.  illumi- 
ner .]  To  make  light;  to  illumine;  to  illuminate. 

Daughter  of  faith,  awake,  arise!  illume 

The  dread  unknown,  the  chaos  of  the  tomb.  Campbell. 

IL-LU'MI-NA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  illuminated; 
capable  of  illumination.  Ash. 

IL-LU'MI-NANT,  n.  That  which  illuminates  or 
affords  light.  Wright. 

IL-LU'MI-NA-RY,  a.  Relating  to  illumination  ; 
illuminative.  Scott. 

IL-LU'MJ-NATE,  v.  a.  [L.  illumino,  illuminatus ; 
It.  illuminare ; Sp.  iluminar-,  Fr.  ilhtminer.\ 
[t.  ILLUMINATED  ; pp.  ILLUMINATING,  ILLUMI- 
NATED.] 

1.  To  supply  with  natural,  intellectual,  or 
spiritual  light;  to  enlighten;  to  illumine. 

He  made  the  stars  . . . 

To  illuminate  the  eartli  and  rule  the  night.  Milton. 

"When  he  illuminates  the  mind  with  supernatural  light,  he 
does  not  extinguish  that  which  is  natural.  Locke. 

2.  To  adorn  with  artificial  light,  for  a festive 

or  joyful  occasion ; to  adorn  with  festal  lamps 
or  bonfires.  Johnson. 

3.  To  adorn  with  colored  pictures  and  orna- 
mented initial  letters.  Johnson. 

4.  To  illustrate  ; to  exemplify. 

Illuminate  the  several  pages  with  variety  of  examples.  Watts. 

IL-LU'MI-NATE,  a.  [It.  illuminato  ; Sp.  ilumi- 
nado.]  Enlightened ; illuminated.  Bp.  Hall. 

IL-LU'MI-NATE,  n.  One  enlightened,  or  pretend- 
ing to  be  so  ; one  of  the  Illuminati.  Watson. 

IL-L  U-MI-JTA  ' TI,  n.  pi.  [L.,  the  enlightened .] 

1.  A term  assumed,  at  different  times,  by 
different  sects, — particularly  by  a secret  so- 
ciety, formed  in  1770,  under  the  direction  of 
Adam  Weishaupt,  professor  of  law  at  Ingol- 
stadt,  Bavaria,  and  suppressed  by  the  Bavarian 
government  in  1784. 

2.  (Eccl.  Ilist.)  A term  anciently  applied 

to  such  persons  as  had  received  baptism,  in 
allusion  to  a ceremony  in  the  baptism  of  adults, 
which  consisted  in  putting  a lighted  taper  into 
the  hand  of  the  person  baptized,  as  a symbol  of 
the  faith  and  grace  which  he  had  received  in 
the  sacrament.  Brande. 

IL-LU'MI-NAT-ING,  n.  A particular  kind  of  min- 
iature painting,  anciently  much  used  for  orna- 
menting books.  Hamilton. 

IL-LU-MI-NA'TION,  n.  [L.  illuminatio  ; It.  illu- 
minazTone  ; Sp . iluminacion  ■,  Fr.  illumination.'] 

1.  The  act  of  illuminating  or  supplying  with 
natural,  intellectual,  or  spiritual  light. 

Imploring  God’s  aid  and  blessing  for  the  illumination  of 
our  labors.  Bacon. 


2.  That  which  gives  light. 

The  sun  is  ...  an  illumination  created.  Raleigh. 

3.  Festal  lights  hiing  out  as  a token  of  joy. 
“ Windows  with  illuminations  graced.”  Dryden. 

4.  Brightness  ; splendor ; radiance. 

The  illumination  which  a bright  genius  giveth  to  his  work. 

Felton. 

5.  Act,  art,  or  practice  of  adorning  books  and 
manuscripts  with  brilliantly  colored  pictures. 

IL-LU'MI-NA-TlVE,  a.  [It.  illuminativo ; Sp. 
iluminativo  ; Fr.  illummatif.]  That  illumi- 
nates ; having  the  power  to  give  light.  Diyby. 

IL-LU'MI-NA-TOR,  n.  [L.]  1.  He  who,  or  that 

which,  illuminates. 

2.  One  who  adorns  books  with  colored  pic- 
tures, &c. 

[L-LU'MINE,  v.  a.  [See  Illuminate.]  [t.  illu- 
mined ; pp.  illumining,  illumined.] 

1.  To  enlighten;  to  illuminate. 

"What  in  me  is  dark. 

Illumine ; what  is  low,  raise  and  support.  Milton. 

2.  To  decorate ; to  adorn  ; to  embellish. 

To  Cato  Virgil  paid  one  honest  line; 

O,  let  my  country’s  friend  illumine  mine.  Pope. 

IL-LU-MJ-NEE',  n.  One  who  is  enlightened,  or 
has  received  illumination.  Bush. 

IL-LU'MI-NlyR,  n.  An  illuminator.  Scott. 

IL-LU'M1-NI^M,  7i.  The  doctrines  or  principles 
of  the  Illuminati.  Ec.  Rev. 

IL-LU-MI-NIS'TIC,  a.  Relating  to  the  Illuminati, 
or  illuminees.  Ec.  Rev. 

IL-LU'MI-NiZE,  v.  a.  To  initiate  into  the  doc- 
trines or  principles  of  the  Illwminati.\p..]Craiy. 

ILL'— U§ED,  a.  Badly  treated.  Pi-ior. 

IL-LU'.jiION  (jl-lu'zhun,  93),  n.  [L.  illusio ; illudo, 

illusus,  to  illude  ; It.  illusione  ; Sp.  ilusion  ; Fr. 
illusion.]  Deception,  as  of  the  sight,  mind,  or 
imagination  ; deceptive  appearance  ; false  show ; 
error ; delusion  ; fallacy  ; mockery  ; hallucina- 
tion ; phantasm. 

We  must  use  some  illusion  to  render  a pastoral  delightful. 

Pope. 

Syn.  — Illusion  is  applicable  especially  to  tile  senses 
or  the  imagination  ; delusion,  to  file  mind.  A person 
of  a distempered  imagination  is  liable  to  illusions  ; an 
ignorant,  weak,  or  injudicious  person,  to  delusion.  A 
spectral  or  ocular  deception  is  an  illusion-,  a false 
iiope  or  opinion  that  leads  astray,  a delusion. 

IL-LU'§ION-IST,  7t.  One  given  to  illusion.  Craig. 

IL-LU'SIVE,  a.  [Sp.  ilusivo.]  Deceiving  by  false 
show  ; deceptive  ; fallacious  ; delusive ; illuso- 
ry. “ Illusive  dreams.”  Blackmore. 

IL-LU'SIVE-LY,  ad.  In  an  illusive  or  deceptive 
manner  ; deceptively.  'Todd. 

IL-LU'SIVE-NESS,  7i.  The  quality  of  being  illu- 
sive ; deception  ; false  appearance.  Ash. 

IL-LU'SO-RY,  a.  [It.  illusorio  ; Sp.  iluso7'io  ; Fr. 
illusoirc.]  Deceiving;  fallacious  ; illusive  ; de- 
lusive; deceptive  ; visionary ; imaginary.  “The 
illusory  use  of  obscure  or  deceitful  terms.  "Locke. 

1L-LUS'TRATE,  v.  a.  [L.  illustro,  i/lustratus ; 
ilfustris,  bright ; It.  illustrate ; Sp.  ilustrar ; Fr. 
illustrer.]  [i.  illustrated;^,  illustrating, 

ILLUSTRATED.] 

1.  To  make  bright,  plain,  or  clear;  to  en- 
lighten. 

Being  illustrated  by  the  sun.  it  [the  front  of  the  house] 
might  yield  the  more  graceful  aspect.  Wotton. 

2.  To  brighten  with  honor ; to  render  illus- 
trious ; to  ennoble. 

Thee  she  enrolled  her  gartered  knights  among, 

Illustrating  the  noble  list.  Philips. 

3.  To  explain  ; to  clear  up  ; to  elucidate  ; to 
make  intelligible  ; to  exemplify. 

Authors  . . . illustrate  matters  of  undeniable  truth.  Browne. 

4.  To  explain  and  adorn  by  pictures  or  en- 
gravings ; as,  “ A work  beautifully  illustrated.” 

Syn.  — See  Explain. 

t IL-LUS'TRATE,  a.  Famous;  renowned  ; illus- 
trious. “ Most  illustrate  king.”  Shak. 

IL-LUS-TRA'TION,  n.  [L.  illustratio ; It.  illus- 
trazione  ; Sp.  ilustraeion ; Fr.  illustration.] 

1.  The  act  of  illustrating;  elucidation. 

2.  State  of  being  illustrated ; celebrity. 

3.  That  which  illustrates,  explains,  or  eluci- 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  ?,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL; 


HEIR,  HER  ; 


ILLUSTRATIVE 


IMBANKMENT 


717 


dates,  particularly  a picture  or  engraving  de- 
signed to  illustrate. 

Between  IG50  anti  1700,  wood-engraving,  as  a means  of 
multiplying  the  designs  of  eminent  artists,  either  as  illustra- 
tions of  books,  or  as  separate  cuts,  may  be  considered  to  have 
reached  the  lowest  ebb.  Fairholt. 

4.  A comparison  or  simile  used  to  throw  light 
upon  an  argument ; — sometimes  used  in  a wider 
sense  to  include  example  and  parable.  Brande. 

IL-LUS'TRA-TIVE,  a.  [Sp.  ilustrativo.) 

1.  Tending  to  illustrate  ; explanatory.  “ The 
simile,  or  illustrative  argumentation.”  Browne. 

2.  That  renders  illustrious.  Wright. 

IL-LUS'TRA-TIVE-LY,  ad.  In  an  illustrative 

manner  ; by  way  of  illustration.  Browne. 

IL-LUS'TRA-TOR,  n.  [L.]  One  who  illustrates. 

IL-LUS'TRA-TO-RY,  a.  Illustrative.  iV.  A.  Rev. 

IL-LUS'TRI-OUS,  a.  [L.  illustris ; It.  illustre; 
Sp.  ilustre  ; Fr.  illustre .) 

1.  Bright ; conspicuous  ; lustrous  ; splendid  ; 

notable.  “ Illustriaus-ttesses."  Sandgs. 

2.  Noble  ; excellent ; eminent ; distinguished ; 
famous  ; famed  ; celebrated  ; renowned  ; honor- 
able ; noted.  “ Each  illustrious  name.”  Dryden. 

3.  Applied  to  a name  as  a title  of  honor. 

Syn.  — See  Famous. 

IL-LUS'TRI-OUS-LY,  ad.  Conspicuously;  nobly  ; 
eminently ; famously. 

IL-LUS'TRI-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
illustrious;  eminence;  nobility;  grandeur. 

IL-LUX-U'RI-OUS  (Il-lug-zu're-us),  a.  Not  luxu- 
rious; not  fertile  ; unfruitful. 

The  illiururioua  soil  of  their  native  country.  Lord  Orrery. 

ILL'-WILL',  n.  Evil  will ; disposition  to  envy  or 
hatred;  enmity;  hatred;  rancor;  malevolence. 
“ No  ill-will  I bear  you.”  Shah. 

ILL'— WILL'^R,  n.  One  who  wishes,  or  intends, 
ill ; an  ill-wisher ; an  enemy.  Barrow. 

ILL'— WISH' pR,  n.  One  who  wishes  ill ; one  who 
intends  evil ; an  enemy.  Addison. 

IL'LY,  ad.  Ill ; not  well.  [Rarely  used  by  good 
writers.]  Strype. 

IL'MEN-ITE,  n.  (Min.)  An  iron-black  mineral 
found  at  Lake  Ilmen , near  Minsk,  in  Russia ; 
titanate  of  iron.  Dana. 

IL'VA-lTE,  n.  (Alin.)  A mineral  from  Elba  (an- 
ciently Ilva),  in  black  prismatic  crystals  ; a sili- 
cate of  iron  and  lime ; lievrite.  Brande. 

I’M  (Im).  Contracted  from  I am. 

IM— , a prefix  used  commonly,  in  composition,  for 
in  before  mute  letters,  is  from  the  Latin,  and 
corresponds  to  em,  which  is  from  the  French. 
Like  other  forms  of  in,  it  is  sometimes  positive 
and  sometimes  negative.  — See  In. 

IM'A$E  (im'?j),  n.  [L.  imago ; It.  immagine ; Sp. 
imagen  ; Fr.  image.) 

1.  Any  thing  carved,  painted,  or  made  in  im- 
itation, likeness,  or  resemblance  of  any  person 
or  thing ; a semblance  ; a resemblance  ; a copy  ; 
a figure  ; an  effigy ; a picture  ; a likeness  ; a 
statue;  an  idol;  — generally  used  of  statues. 

Whose  is  this  image  and  superscription?  Matt.  xxii.  20. 

2.  A picture  or  representation  in  the  mind  ; 
a conception  ; an  idea. 

The  image  of  the  jest 

I show  you  here  at  large.  SJiak. 

3.  ( Rhet .)  A lively  description  or  picture  of 
any  thing  in  a discourse. 

Images . . . are  of  great  use  to  give  weight,  magnificence, 
and  strength  to  a discourse.  London  Ency. 

4.  (Opt.)  A picture  of  an  object  formed  by 
rays  of  light  from  its  several  points  being  ad- 
mitted info  a dark  room  through  a small  aper- 
ture, and  falling  upon  a screen  or  a wall : — a real 
or  virtual  representation  or  picture  of  an  object 
formed  by  rays  of  light  from  its  various  points 
being  so  refracted  or  reflected  as  to  meet  in, 
tend  towards,  or  tend  from,  certain  other  points 
having  the  same  relative  position  with  respect 
to  each  other.  The  aggregate  of  these  corre- 
sponding points  constitutes  the  image.  Young. 

t&f  An  image  is  said  to  be  real  when  rays  of  light 
from  the  several  points  of  the  object  actually  meet 
in  corresponding  points ; and  imaginary  or  virtual , 
when,  without  meeting,  they  tend  towards,  or  tend 
from,  such  points, — producing,  if  incident  upon  the 
eye  suitably  situated,  the  same  effect  as  a real  image. 

The  solar  spectrum  is,  in  loose  language,  some- 
times called  an  image  of  the  sun. 


IM'A<?E,  V.  a.  [*.  IMAGED  ; pp.  IMAGING,  IM- 
AGED.] 

1.  To  form  an  image  or  likeness  of ; to  rep- 
resent by  an  image. 

The  vaulted  isles  and  shrines  of  imaged  saints.  Warlon. 

2.  To  form  a representation  of  in  the  mind ; 
to  fancy  ; to  imagine. 

Condemned  whole  years  in  absence  to  deplore, 

And  image  charms  lie  must  behold  no  more.  Pope. 

IM'A<?E-A-BLE,  a.  That  maybe  imaged;  capa- 
ble of  being  formed  into  an  image.  Coleridge. 

IM' AljrE-LJESS,  a.  Destitute  of  an  image. 

But  a voice 

Is  wanting;  the  deep  truth  is  imageless.  Shelley. 

Im'A-(?ER-Y,  or  IM'A^E-RY  [im'?-j?r-?>  W.  P.  J. 
F.  Ja‘.  Sm.  Wr. ; Im'aj-re,  S.  E.  K.  Wb.),  n. 

1.  Sensible  representations  ; pictures ; statues. 

An  altar  carved  with  cunning  imagery.  Spenser. 

2.  Show  ; appearance  ; display. 

What  can  thy  imagery  of  sorrow  mean?  Prior. 

3.  Forms  of  the  fancy;  false  ideas  or  con- 
ceptions ; imaginary  phantasms. 

The  imagery  of  a melancholy  fancy.  Addison. 

4.  (Rhet.)  Lively  descriptions  in  writing  or  in 

speech  ; figurative  language.  Dryden., 

UQp  It  is  a generic  term  for  similes,  alIegorig#<rfIet- 
aphors,  and  such  other  rhetorical  tigureg^ifs  denote 
similitude  and  comparison ^--Brands. 

IM'A^rE— WOR'SHlp^(wUr'shIp),  n.  The  worship 
of  images  ; _idefatry.  Bp.  Bull. 

I M-  A ' I - N A - BE  E , a.  [It.  immaqinabile ; Sp.  ima- 
ginable ; Fr.  imaginable .]  F hat  may  be  imag- 

ined; conceivable. 

Men  sunk  into  the  greatest  darkness  imaginable , retain 
some  sense  and  awe  of  a Deity.  Tillotson. 

IM-A(r'I-NA-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
imaginable  ; conceivableness.  Ash. 

IM-A£'I-NA-BLY,  ad.  In  an  imaginable  manner. 

IM-A^'IN-AL,  a.  [L.  imaginalis.]  Llaving,  or 
exhibiting,  imagination  ; inclined  to  use  rhe- 
torical figures  ; imaginative,  [u.] 

In  his  later  poetry,  he  [Beddoes]  is  much  less  imaginnl. 

N.  B.  Rev. 

f IM-Al-J'I-NANT,  a.  Forming  ideas.  Bacon. 

f IM-A^'I-NANT,  n.  One  who  imagines  or  fan- 
cies ; an  imaginer.  Bacon. 

JM-A^'I-NA-RI-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  im- 
aginary or  ideal.  Scott. 

IM-A(?'I-NA-RY,  a.  [L.  imaqinarius  ; It.  immagi- 
nario;  Sp.  imaginario ; Fr.  imaginaire .]  Ex- 
isting only  in  the  imagination  ; fanciful ; ideal ; 
fancied  ; visionary  ; chimerical  ; illusory. 

Imaginary  ills  and  fancied  tortures.  Addison. 

Imaginary  quantities  or  expressions,  {Algebra.)  indi- 
cated even  roots  of  negative  quantities ; such  as, 
^/—  , i/Zi~  . They  are  called  imaginary,  because  it 
is  impossible  to  conceive  of  quantities  which  they  rep- 
resent, according  to  the  ordinary  methods  of  interpret- 
ing algebraic  symbols  ; — called  also  impossible  quan- 
tities. Davies. 

Syn.  — See  Fanciful,  Ideal. 

IM-A9-I-NA'TION  (e-mad-je-na'shun),  n.  [L.  im- 
aginatio  ; imago,  an  image  ; It.  immaginazione  ; 
Sp.  imagination  i Fr.  imagination .] 

1.  The  faculty  of  the  mind  by  which  it  either 
bodies  forth  the  forms  of  things  unknown,  or 
produces  original  thoughts,  or  new  combina- 
tions of  ideas,  from  materials  stored  up  in  the 
memory  ; fancy  ; invention. 

The  sound  and  proper  exercise  of  the  imagination  may  be 
made  to  contribute  to  the  cultivation  of  all  that  is  virtuous 
and  estimable  in  the  human  character.  Abercrombie. 

The  grand  storehouse  of  enthusiastic  and  meditative  im- 
agination, of  poetical,  as  contradistinguished  from  human 
and  dramatic,  imagination , are  the  prophetical  and  lyrical 
parts  of  the  Holy  Scriptures,  and  the  works  of  Milton,  to 
which  I cannot  forbear  to  add  those  of  Spenser.  Wordsworth. 

2.  An  image  in  the  mind;  a conception;  an 
idea ; a notion. 

Sometimes  despair  darkens  all  her  imaginations.  Sidney. 

3.  Contrivance ; scheme  ; device  ; plot. 

Thou  hast  seen  all  their  vengeance  and  all  their  imagina- 
tions against  me.  Lam.  iii.  60. 

4.  An  unsolid  or  fanciful  opinion. 

We  are  apt  to  think  that  space  in  itself  is  actually  bound- 
less, to  which  imagination  the  idea  of  space  of  itself  leads  ns. 

Locke. 

Syn.  — Imagination  is  a term  often  used  as  nearly 
synonymous  with  fancy ; it  is,  however,  properly  re- 
garded as  a faculty  of  the  mind.  Dugald  Stewart 
says,  “ The  faculty  of  imagination  is  the  great  spring 
of  human  activity,  and  the  principal  source  of  human 
improvement.  ” 


“ The  imagination  may  be  said,  in  its  widest  sense, 
to  be  synonymous  with  invention , denoting  that  faculty 
of  the  mind  by  which  it  either  ‘ bodies  forth  the  form 
of  things  unknown,’  or  produces  original  thoughts  or 
new  combinations  of  ideas  from  materials  stored  up 
in  the  memory.  The  fancy  may  he  considered  that 
peculiar  habit  of  association  which  presents  to  our 
choice  all  the  different  materials  that  are  subservient 
to  the  efforts  of  the  imagination. ” Brande. 

“ When  the  imagination  frames  a comparison,  if  it 
does  not  strike  on  the  first  presentation,  a sense  of  the 
truth  of  the  likeness,  from  the  moment  it  is  perceived, 
grows  — and  continues  to  grow  — upon  the  mind; 
the  resemblance  depending  less  upon  outline  of  form 
and  feature  than  upon  expression  and  effect,  — less 
upon  casual  and  outstanding,  than  upon  inherent  in- 
ternal, properties  ; — moreover,  the  images  invariably 
modify  eacli  other.  The  law  under  which  the  pro- 
cesses of  fancy  are  carried  on,  is  as  capricious  as  the 
accidents  of  things,  and  the  effects  are  surprising, 
playful,  ludicrous,  amusing,  tender,  or  pathetic,  as 
the  objects  happen  to  be  oppositely  produced,  or  for- 
tunately combined*  Fancy  is  given  to  quicken  and 
beguile  the  temporal  part  of  our  nature  ; imagination , 
to  incite  and  to  support  the  eternal.  Yet  it  is  not  the 
less  true .Jhat  fancy , as  she  is  an  active,  is  also,  under 
her  own  laws  and  in  her  own  spirit,  a creative,  fac- 
ulty' In  what  manner  fancy  ambitiously  aims  at  a 
.rTvalship  with  imagination , and  imagination,  stoops  to 

^ work  with  the  materials  of  fancy , might  he  illustrated 
from  the  compositions  of  all  eloquent  writers,  whether 
in  prose  or  verse.”  Wordsworth. 

“ The  business  of  conception  is  to  present  us  with 
an  exact  transcript  of  what  we  have  felt  or  perceived. 
But  we  have,  moreover,  a power  of  modifying  our 
conceptions,  by  combining  the  parts  of  different  ones 
together,  so  as  to  form  new  wholes  of  our  own  crea- 
tion. I shall  employ  the  word  imagination  to  express 
this  power,  and  I apprehend  that  this  is  the  proper 
sense  of  the  word,  if  imagination  be  the  power  which 
gives  birth  to  tiie  productions  of  the  poet  and  the 
painter.  The  operations  of  imagination  are  by  no 
means  confined  to  the  materials  which  conception  fur- 
nishes, but  may  be  equally  employed  about  all  the 
subjects  of  our  knowledge.”  Stewart. 

An  epic  poem  may  be  called  a work  of  the  imagina- 
tion ; the  treatment  or  finish  of  certain  parts  of  it,  the 
work  of  fancy.  The  pleasures  of  the  imagination , not 
of  fancy.  The  imagination  of  the  poet  ; the  fancy  of 
the  artist.  A creative  or  brilliant  imagination  ; an  in- 
genious or  an  idle  fancy ; an  elevated  conception  ; a 
distinct  idea  ; an  ingenious  contrivance  or  device. 

IM-A£'I-NA-TI  VE,  a.  [It.  immaginatiro ; Sp. 
imaginative  ; Fr . imagmatifJ]  That  imagines ; 
that  imagines  easily  or  readily ; forming  men- 
tal images;  imagining;  fancying.  “The  im- 
aginative faculty.”  Holland. 

JM-Aty'I-NA-TI VE-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the 
quality  of  being  imaginative.  Scott . 

IM-At-r'INE  (e-mad'jin),  v.  a.  [L.  imaginor ; It. 
immaginare\  Sp.  imaginar  ; Fr.  imaginer [i. 
IMAGINED;  pp.  IMAGINING,  IMAGINED.] 

1.  To  form  in  the  mind,  or  out  of  mental  sug- 
gestions ; to  conceive  ; to  think ; to  fancy  ; to 
suppose ; to  apprehend. 

2.  To  scheme  ; to  devise  ; to  contrive  ; to  plot. 

They  imagined  a mischievous  device.  Ps.  xxi.  11. 

In  cases  of  treason,  the  [English]  law  makes  it  a crime  to 
imagine  the  death  of  the  king.  Bouvier. 

Syn. —See  Apprehend,  Think. 

IM-A^'INE,  v.  n.  To  form  or  combine  mental 
images  ; to  have  a notion  or  idea  ; to  fancy  or 
picture  to  one’s  self ; to  opine  ; to  think ; to 
deem  ; to  suppose.  Carpenter. 

IM-A(J'IN-ER,  n.  One  who  imagines.  Bacon. 

IM-AtjJ'IN-lNG,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  imagines  ; 
a fancying ; imagination. 

Present  fears 

Are  less  than  horrible  imaginings.  Shak. 

I-JHA'Od,  n.  [L.,  an  image.)  (Ent.)  The  last 
and  adult  state  of  insect-life.  Harris. 

1-MAM',  I-MAUM',  or  I'MAN,  n.  A Mahometan 
priest  or  minister  of  religion.  Ed.  Rev. 

The  legitimate  successor  of  Mahomet,  in  whom,  in  the- 
ory, the  temporal  and  ecclesiastical  government  of  Islam 
should  reside,  is  termed  Imam  by  way  of  pre-eminence;  but 
the  Mussulmans  are  not  agreed  among  tlu  inselvcs  as  to  the 
character  of  their  dignity,  or  as  to  those  who  have  rightfully 
borne  it.  Brande. 

Variously  written  and  pronounced  ; — by 
Brande,  J-man'  or  I-rnam' ; by  Hamilton,  I-maund  ; by 
Smart,  fman. 

IM-BALM'  (im-ba.ni'),  v.  a.  See  Embalm.  Todd. 

IM-BANK',  v.  a.  [i.  IMBANKED  ; pp.  IMBANKING, 
imbanked.]  To  enclose  or  defend  with  a bank  ; 
to  embank.  — See  Embank.  Smart . 

IM-BANK'MENT,  n.  That  which  is  enclosed  with 
a bank  ; an  embankment.  Ash. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — £,  g,  soft;  £J,  £J,  g,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  as  gz. — THIS,  this. 


IMMACULATENESS 


IMBANNERED 


718 


JM-BAn'NERED  (-nerd),  a.  Provided  with  ban- 


ners. Pollok. 

JM-BAR'GO,  n.  See  Embargo.  Todd. 

JM-BARK',  v.  n.  See  Embark.  Todd. 

f IM-BAR'IU^NT,  n.  Hinderance.  Tr.  Boccace. 

JM-BARN',  v.  a.  To  lay  up  in  a barn,  [u.] 

A fair  harvest . . , well  in  and  imbamed.  Herbert. 

JM-BASE',  V.  a.  See  Embase.  Bp.  Taylor. 

f JM-BASE',  v.  n.  To  sink  in  value.  Hales. 


f IM-BAs'TARD-IZE,  v.  a.  To  bastardize.  Milton. 

JM-BATHE',  v.  a.  To  bathe  all  over. 

Methinks  a sovereign  and  reviving  joy  must  rush  into  the 
bosom  of  him  that  reads  or  hears,  and  the  sweet  odor  ot 
the  returning  gospel  iiubathe  his  soul  with  tire  fragrancy 
of  heaven.  Milton. 

JM-BEtjl'ILE,  or  IM-Bp-CILE'  [im-bes'jl  or  lin-be- 
sel',  IV.  P.  F.  Wr. ; Iin-be-sSl'>  S.  K.  Sm. ; im- 
bes'il,  J.  E.  Ja.  ; Im'be-sil,  It.  Wb. ; Im'be-sil  or 
im-be-sel',  C.],  a.  [L.  imbecillis  (as  some  think 
from  in  and  bacillum,  as  needing  a staff ; or  in 
and  racillo,  as  tottering.  Leverett)  : — It.  irn- 
becille  ; Sp.  imbecil ; Fr.  imbecile.']  AAr anting 

strength  of  mind  or  of  body ; weak ; feeble  ; 
impotent;  infirm;  decrepit.  Barrow. 

K3=  “ Dr.  Johnson,  Dr.  Ash,  Dr.  Kenrick,  and  En- 
tick  accent  this  word  on  t lie  second  syllable,  as  in  the 
Latin  imbecillis  ; but  Mr.  Scott  and  Mr.  Sheridan,  on 
the  last,  as  in  the  French  imbecile.  The  latter  is,  in 
my  opinion,  the  more  fashionable,  but  the  former 
more  analogical.”  Walker. 

flM-BEO'ILE,  or  IM-BP-C1LE',  v.  a.  To  render 
imbecile  ; to  weaken.  Bp.  Taylor. 

iM-BJp-CILE',  n.  A feeble  person  ; a simpleton. 

The  aristocratic  imbeciles  drove  Pitt  from  office.  Ec.  Rev. 

IM-BE-CIL'I-TATE,  t'.  a.  To  weaken;  to  en- 
feeble. [it.]  Wilson. 

IM-BE-CTL'I-TY,  n.  [L.  imbecillitas  ; It.  imbccil- 
litii ; Sp.  imbecilidad  ; Fr.  imbecillite.]  Weak- 
ness of  mind  or  of  body  ; feebleness  ; debility ; 
infirmity. 

Strength  Avouhl  be  lord  of  imbecility. 

And  the  rude  son  would  strike  his  father  dead.  Slink. 

Imbecility  is  a weakness  of  the  mind  caused  by  the  absence 
or  obliteration  of  natural  or  acquired  ideas.  ...  It  is  fre- 
quently attended  with  excessive  activity  of  one  or  more  of 
the  animal  propensities.  Bouvicr. 

Syn.  — See  Debility. 

JM-BED',  v.  a.  To  lay  as  in  a bed.  — See  Embed. 

flM-BEL'LTC,  a.  [L.  in,  priv.,  and  be/licus,  war- 
like; bellum,  war.]  Not  warlike;  inclined  to 
peace.  “ The  imbellic  peasant.”  Junius. 

IM-BENCH'ING,  n.  [ in  and  bench.]  A raised 
work  like  a bench.  Wright. 

JM-BEZ'ZLE,  v.  a.  See  Embezzle.  Goodman. 

JM-BIBE',  v.  a.  [L.  imbibo;  in,  in,  and  bibo,  to 
drink;  It.  imbevere  ; Sp  .embeber;  Fr  .imbiber.] 
[{.  IMBIBED;  pp.  IMBIBING,  IMBIBED.] 

1.  To  drink  in  ; to  take  in  ; to  suck  up  ; to 

absorb  ; to  swallow  up.  “ The  property  of  im- 
bibing the  redundant  oil.”  Fairholt. 

2.  To  receive  or  admit  into  the  mind. 

It  is  not  easy  for  the  mind  to  put  oft' those  confused  notions 
and  prejudices  it  has  imbibed  from  custom.  Locke. 

3.  To  imbue  ; to  saturate,  [it.] 

This  earth,  imbibed  with  more  acid,  becomes  a metallic 
salt.  Newton. 

IM-BIB'JjR.  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  imbibes. 

!M-BI-BT"TION  (-blsh'un),  n.  The  act  of  imbib- 
ing ; the  act  of  drinking  in  or  absorbing.  Bacon. 

IM-BlT'TfR,  v.  a.  [ i . imbitteked;  pp.  imbit- 
tering,  imbittered.] 

1.  To  make  bitter  ; to  sour.  Swift. 

2.  To  deprive  of  pleasure  ; to  make  unhappy. 

13  there  any  thing  that  more  imbitters  the  enjoyments  of 
this  life  than  shamer  South. 

3.  To  exasperate;  to  madden.  Johnson. 

JM-BIT'TER-JJR,  n.  lie  who,  or  that  which,  im- 
bitters. Johnson. 

IM-BLA'ZON,  v.  a.  See  Emblazon.  Milton. 

IM-BOD'Y,  v.  a.  To  form  into  a body  ; to  invest 
with  a body ; to  embody.  — See  Embody.  Shah. 

+ JM-BOIL',  v.  n.  To  move  with  violent  agita- 
tion ; to  exestuate  ; to  effervesce.  Spenser. 

IM-BOLD'EN  (-dn),  v.  a.  To  make  bold ; to  em- 
bolden.— See  Embolden.  Swift. 

f IM-BON'J-TY,  n.  [L.  in,  priv.,  and  bonitas, 

goodness.]  Want  of  goodness.  Burton. 


IM-BOR'DIJR,  v.  a.  [».  imbordered  ; pp.  imbor- 
dering,  imbordered.] 

1.  To  furnish  or  adorn  with  a border.  Milton. 

2.  To  place  on  a border. 

Among  thick-woven  arborets  and  flowers, 

Imbordered  on  each  bank,  the  hand  of  Eve.  Milton. 

JM-BOSK',  v.  n.  [It.  imboscare.]  To  lie  con- 
cealed, as  in  a wood,  [it.] 

They  seek  the  dark,  the  bushy,  the  tangled  forest;  they 
would  imbosk.  Milton. 

flM-BOSK',  v.  a.  To  conceal;  to  hide.  Skelton. 

IM-BO^'OM  (-buz'um),  v.  a.  [in  and  bosom.]  [i. 
IMBOSOMED  ; pp.  IMBOSOMINO,  IMBOSOMED.] 

1.  To  hold  in  the  bosom  ; to  cover  fondly  with 

the  folds  of  one’s  garment.  Milton. 

2.  To  admit  to  the  heart.  Spenser. 

3.  To  surround;  to  enclose. 

Villages  imbosomed  soft  in  trees.  2'homson. 

IM-BOSS',  v.  a.  See  Emboss.  Todd. 

IM-BOUND',  v.  a.  To  enclose;  to  shut  in.  Shak. 


JM-BOW',  or  IM-BO\V'  [im-hou',  S.  W.  E.  Ja.  K. ; 
jin-bo',  P.  J.  F.  Sm.  Ii.  Wr.],  v.  a.  To  arch ; to 
vault.  “ Imbowed  windows.”  Bacon. 


IM-BOW'JJL,  v.  a.  See  Embowel.  Donne. 

IM-BoW'JJR,  v.  a.  & n.  To  place  or  lodge  in  a 
bower  ; to  embower.  — See  Embower.  Sandys. 

JM-BOW'MJjlNT,  n.  Anarch;  a vault,  [it.]  Bacon. 

IM-BOX',  v.  a.  To  shut  up,  as  in  a box.  Cotyrave. 

IM-BRAID',  v.  a.  See  Embraid.  Iluloct. 

IM-BRAN'GLE,  v.  a.  [in  and  brangle.]  To  en- 
tangle. [it.]  Hudibras. 

f JM-BRED',  a.  See  Inbiiep.  Hakeicill. 

f JM- BREED',  v.  a.  To  produce.  — See  Inbreed. 

IM'BRI-CATE,  l a QL.  imbrico,  imbricatus,  to 

Lm'BRNCAT-ED,  > overlap  ; imbrex,  a tile.] 

1.  Bent  and  hollowed  like  a roof  or  gutter- 
tile  ; indented  with  concavities.  Chambers. 

2.  (Bot.)  Successively  overlapping  one  an- 

other like  tiles  on  a roof,  as  the  scales  on  the 
cup  of  some  acorns;  successively  overlapping 
one  another  at  the  margins  with  little  or  no  in- 
volution, as  in  one  arrangement  of  le.aves  in 
vernation,  and  of  parts  of  the  flower  in  estiva- 
tion. Gray. 

IM-BRI-CA'TION,  n.  [Fr.]  The  state  of  being 
imbricated  ; concave  indentation.  Derham. 

IM'BRI-CA-TI VE,  a.  (Bot.)  Imbricated.  Gray. 

IM-BRO-CA'DO,  n.  Cloth  of  gold  or  of  silver.  Crabb. 


IMBHOOLIO  (jm-brol'ye-6),  n.  [It.]  A plot  of  a 
romance  or  a drama  when  much  perplexed  and 
complicated.  Brande. 

jM-BRoWn',  v.  a.  [*.  imbrowned;  pp.  im- 
browning,  IMBROWNED.]  To  make  brown  ; 
to  darken  ; to  obscure ; to  cloud. 

Where  the  unpicrced  shade 
Imbrowned  the  noontide  bowers.  Milton. 

IM-BRUE'  (im-briV),  V,  a.  [Gr.  to  wet, 

to  soak ; L.  inibuo.]  [i.  imbrued  ; pp.  imbru- 
ing, imbrued.] 

1.  To  steep  ; to  soak ; to  drench ; to  saturate. 

A good  man  chooses  rather  to  pass  by  a verbal  injury  than 
imbrue  his  hands  in  blood.  S.  Richardson. 

2.  f To  distil;  to  emit.  Spenser. 

IM-BRIJ'MENT,  n.  Act  of  imbruing.  Clarke. 

IM-BRUTE',  v.  a.  [It.  abbrutire  ; Sp.  embrutecer ; 
Fr.  abrutir.]  [?.  imbruted  ; pp.  imbruting, 
imbruted.]  To  degrade  to  brutality ; to  brutify. 

This  essence  to  incarnate  and  imbrute.  Milton. 

IM-BRlJTE',  v.  n.  To  sink  down  to  brutality. 

The  soul  grows  clotted  by  contagion. 

Imbodies  and  imbrutes , till  she  quite  lose 

The  divine  property  of  her  first  being.  Milton. 

IM-BRUTE'M£NT,  n.  The  act  of  making  bru- 
tish. [r.]  Sir  E.  Brydges. 

IM-RUE'  (im-bu'),  v.  a.  [L.  imbuo  ; Sp.  imbuir.] 

[i.  IMBUED  ; pp.  IMBUING,  IMBUED.] 

1.  To  tinge  deeply ; to  soak  with  any  liquor 
or  dye  ; to  dye. 

Clothes  . . . imbued  with  black  cannot  afterwards  be  dyed 
into  lighter  colors.  Boyle. 

2.  To  cause  to  imbibe.  “Those  that  are 

deeply  imbued  with  other  principles.”  Digby. 

f IM-BURSE',  v.  a.  [See  Bourse.]  To  stock  with 
money  ; to  emlmrse.  Sherwood. 

t IM-BURSE' MpNT,  n.  The  act  of  imbursing  : — 
money  laid  up.  Ash. 


JM-BU'TION,  n.  The  act  of  imbuing,  [r.]  Lee. 

IM-J-TA-BIL'J-TY,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state 
of  being  imitable  ; possibility  of  imitation;  im- 
itableness.  Norris. 

IM'I-TA-BLE,  a.  [L.  imitabilis  ; It.  imitabile  ; 
Sp.  § Fr.  imitable.] 

1.  That  may  be  imitated  ; within  reach  of  im- 
itation ; capable  of  being  copied. 

The  characters  of  men  placed  in  lower  stations  of  life  are 
more  useful,  as  being  imitable  by  greater  numbers.  AHerbvry. 

2.  AVorthy  of  being  imitated;  deserving  of 
imitation  ; deserving  to  be  copied. 

As  acts  of  Parliament  are  not  regarded  by  most  imitable 
writers,  I account  the  relation  of  them  improper  for  history. 

Ilayward. 

IM'I-TA-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state 
of  being  imitable  ; instability.  Ash. 

Im'I-TATE,  v.  a.  [L.  imitor,  imitatus ; It . imi- 
tare  ; Sp . imitar  \ Fr.  imiter.]  [i.  imitated; 
pp.  imitating,  imitated.] 

1.  To  follow  the  way,  manner,  or  action  of ; 
to  copy  ; to  pattern  ; to  mimic  ; to  ape. 

I have  thought  that  some  of  Nature’s  journeymen  had 
made  men,  and  not  made  them  well,  they  imitated  humanity 
so  abominably.  Shak. 

Man  not  only  imitates  his  fellow-creatures,  but  tries  to 
copy  Nature  in  all  her  departments.  Fleming. 

2.  To  endeavor  to  copy  or  resemble. 

Children  . . . imitate  sounds  which  they  hear  before  their 
voice  is  able  to  do  so.  Fleming. 

3.  To  counterfeit.  “ Imitated  shield.”  Dry  den. 

4.  To  copy,  as  the  course  of  a composition, 
by  using  parallel  images  and  examples. 

For  shame!  IVhnt!  imitate  an  ode?  Gay. 

Syn.  — See  Follow. 

IM-J-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  imitatio;  It.  imitazione ; 
Sp.  imitation-,  Fr.  imitation.] 

1.  The  act  of  imitating,  copying,  or  following 
in  manner  or  in  form. 

Imitation  is  the  sincerest  flattery.  •Colton. 

2.  That  which  is  produced  by  imitating;  a 
copy.  “ True  imitations  of  nature.”  Dryden. 

3.  (Mus.)  The  repetition  of  essentially  the 

same  melodic  idea,  on  different  degrees  of  the 
scale,  by  different  parts  or  voices  in  a poly- 
phonic composition.  Dwight. 

4.  ( Rhet .)  A method  of  translating,  looser 

than  a paraphrase,  in  which  modern  examples 
and  illustrations  are  used  for  ancient,  or  do- 
mestic for  foreign.  Dryden. 

IM-I-TA'TION-AL,  a.  Relating  to  imitation  ; re- 
sembling. [r.]  Qu.  Rev. 

Im'I-tA-T|VE,  a.  [L.  imitations-,  It.  6j  Sp.  imi- 
tativo  ; Fr.  imitatf .] 

1.  That  imitates  ; inclined  to  imitate  or  copy. 

“ Man  is  an  imitative  being.”  Burney. 

2.  Aiming  at  imitation  : striving  to  resemble. 

“ Painting  is  an  imitative  art.”  Johnson. 

3.  Formed  after  a model  or  pattern. 

This  temple,  less  in  form,  with  equal  grace, 

\Vas  imitative  of  the  tirst  in  Thrace.  Dryden. 

Imitative  music,  music  which  is  particularly  expres- 
sive, either  of  the  internal  feelings  and  states  of  the 
mind,  or  of  the  objects  and  occurrences  of  the  external 
world.  Warner. 

IM'I-TA-TI  VE,  n.  A verb  which  expresses  imita- 
tion or  likeness.  Crabb. 

IM'I-TA-Tj  VE-LY,  ad.  In  an  imitative  manner. 

IM'I-TA-TIVE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
imitative.  Martineau. 

IM'I-TA-TOR,  n.  [L.]  One  who  imitates  or  copies. 

Im'I-TA-TOR-SUIP,  n.  The  office  of  an  imitator. 

IM'I-TA-TR  JiSS,  n.  She  who  imitates.  Coleridge. 

IM'I-TA-TRJX,  n.  [L.]  An  imitatress.  Ash. 

IM-MAC'U-LATE,  a.  [L.  immaculatus ; in,  priv., 
and  macula , a spot ; It.  immacolato ; Sp.  inma- 
culado.] 

1.  Free  from  spot,  stain,  or  defect;  spotless. 
“ A saint-like  and  immaculate  prince.”  Bacon. 

2.  Pure  ; limpid  ; clear. 

Thou  clear,  immaculate , and  silver  fountain.  Shak. 

Immaculate  conception,  (Keel.)  the  doctrine  that  the 
Virgin  Mary  was  conceived  and  born  immaculate,  or 
without  original  sin: — a Roman  Catholic  festival 
held  on  the  8th  of  December.  Hook. 

IM-mAC'U-LATE-LY,  ad.  In  an  immaculate 
manner  ; without  "blemish  ; spotlessly  ; purely. 

IM-MAC'U-LATE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
immaculate  ; purity  ; innocence.  Mountagu. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  !,  6,  tr,  Y,  short ; A,  5,  J,  O,  IJ,  Y,  obscure ; FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


IMMAILED 


IMMIGRATE 


719 


JM-MAlLED'  (-maid'),  a.  Wearing  mail  or  armor; 
clad  in  mail.  Browne. 

IM-MAl'HJ-A-BLE,  a.  Not  malleable. Richardson. 

IM-MAn'A-CLE,u.  a.  [in  and  manacle.']  To  fet- 
ter ; to  manacle  ; to  shackle ; to  enchain. 

Thou  const  not  touch  the  freedom  of  my  mind, 

With  all  thy  charms,  although  this  corporal  rind 
Thou  hast  immanacled.  Milton. 

IiM-MA-NA'TION,  n.  [L.  in,  in,  and  mano,  to 
flow.]  A flowing  in  ; inherency,  [r.]  Good. 

JM-MANE',  a.  [L.  immanis  ; It.  immane. ] Inhu- 
man ; cruel ; barbarous  ; vast ; excessive  ; mon- 
strous. “ Immane  cruelties.”  [r.]  Sheldon. 

JM-MANE'LY,  ad.  Monstrously  ; cruelly.  Milton. 

IM'MA-NENCE,  n.  Quality  of  being  immanent; 
internal  dwelling  ; inherence,  [r.]  Bib.  Rep. 

IM'MA-NEN-CY,  n.  The  quality  of  being  imma- 
nent; immanence,  [r.]  Pearson. 

IM'MA-NENT,  a.  [L.  in,  in,  and  maneo,  manens, 
to  abide  ; immanens  ; Fr.  immanent. ] That  re- 
mains within  ; inherent ; internal ; intrinsic. 

Logicians  distinguish  two  kinds  of  operations  of  the  mind 
— the  first  kind  produces  no  effect  without  the  mind;  the 
last  does.  The  first  they  call  immanent  acts,  the  second  tran- 
sitive.— Conceiving,  as  well  as  projecting  or  resolving,  are 
what  the  schoolmen  called  immanent  acts  of  the  mind,  which 
produce  nothing  beyond  themselves.  But  painting  is  a tran- 
sitive aet,  which  produces  an  effect  distinct  from  the  opera- 
tion, and  this  effect  is  the  picture.  lieid. 

-j-IM-MAN'I-FEST,  a.  Not  manifest.  Browne. 

JM-mAn'I-TY,  n.  [L.  immanitas.]  Inhumanity; 
barbarity ; cruelty ; enormity,  [r.]  Shah. 

t IM-MAR-CES'CI-BLE,  a.  [L.  in,  priv.,  and mar- 
ccsco,  to  fade.]  Unfading ; perennial.  Bp.  Hall. 

JM-MAR'^rl-NATE,  n.  [L.  in,  priv.,  and  margo, 
marginis,  a margin.]  ( Bot .)  Destitute  of  a rim 
or  border.  Gray. 

IM-MAR'TIAL,  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  martial.]  Not 
warlike  ; unmartial.  [r.]  Chapman. 

JM-MASK',  v.  a.  To  cover  ; to  mask.  Shak. 

f IM-MATCH'A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  matched  ; 
unmatchable.  Mir.  for  Mag. 

IM-MA-TE'RI-AL,  a.  [It.  immateriale ; Sp.  in- 
material  ; Fr.  immaterial.  — See  Material.] 

1.  Not  consisting  of  matter  ; not  possessing 
the  properties  of  matter;  not  material;  incor- 
poreal; void  of  matter;  spiritual. 

Angels  are  spirits,  immaterial  and  intellectual.  Hooker. 

2.  Unimportant ; without  weight ; insignifi- 
cant ; of  no  particular  consequence. 

Syn.  — See  Incorporeal. 

IM-MA-TE'RI-AL-ItjM,  n.  [It.  immaterialismo  ; 
Fr.  immatirialisme .]  The  doctrine  (of  Bp. 
Berkeley)  that  there  is  no  material  substance, 
and  that  all  being  may  be  reduced  to  mind,  and 
ideas  in  the  mind;  spiritualism; — the  con- 
verse of  materialism.  Fleming. 

IM-MA-TE'RI-AL-IST,  n.  [It.  immaterialista  ; 
Sp.  inmat.erialista  ; Fr . immaterialiste.]  A be- 
liever in  immateriality.  Swift. 

IM-MA-TE-RI-Al'I-TY,  n.  [It.  immateriality  ; 
Sp.  inmaterialidad  ; Fr.  immateriality.]  The 
state  or  the  quality  of  being  immaterial ; dis- 
tinctness from  matter  ; incorporeity  ; spiritual- 
ity ; immaterialness. 

Immateriality  is  predicated  of  mind,  to  denote  that,  as  a 
substance,  it  is  different  from  matter.  Spirituality  is  the  pos- 
itive expression  of  the  same  idea.  Fleming. 

IM-M A-TE'RI-AL-iZE,  v.  a . To  make  incorpo- 
real ; to  divest  of  matter.  Milman. 

IM-MA-TE'RI-AL-IZED  (-Izd),  p.  a.  Incorporeal. 
“ Immateriaiized  spirits.”  Glanville. 

IM-MA-TE'RI-AL-LY,  ad.  In  an  immaterial  man- 
ner. 

IM-MA-TE'RI-AL-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the 
quality  of  being  immaterial ; immateriality. 

f IM-MA-TE'RI-ATE,  a.  Incorporeal;  immate- 
rial. “ Incorporeal  and  immateriate.”  Bacon. 

IM-MA-TURE',  a.  [L . immaturus  •,  in,  priv.,  and 
maturus,  ripe ; It.  immature ; Sp.  inmaturo.] 

1.  Not  mature  ; not  ripe;  crude.  Dr.  Jackson. 

2.  Not  arrived  at  completion  ; not  perfect  ; 
imperfect.  “ Immature  counsel.”  Bacon. 

3.  Hasty;  early;  premature.  “ Prince  Hen- 
ry’s immature  death.”  Burton. 

IM-MA-TURED'  (-turd'),  a.  Not  matured  ; imma- 
ture ; unripe  ; not  perfected.  Jour.  Sci. 


IM-M  A-TURE'LY,  ad.  Too  soon  ; too  early  ; be- 
fore ripeness.  Dryden. 

iM-MA-TURE'NysS,  n.  Immaturity.  Boyle. 

IM-MA-TU'RI-TY,  n.  [L.  immaturitas  ; It.  im- 
maturity ; Fr.  immaturity.]  The  state  of  being 
immature;  unripeness;  incompleteness  ; crude- 
ness ; greenness.  “ An  immaturity  of  age  and 
judgment.”  Glanville. 

f iM-MJJ-A-BIL'I-Ty,  n.  [L.  in,  priv.,  and  tneo, 
to  pass.]  AVant  of  power  to  pass.  Arbuthnot. 

II  IM-MEA§'U-RA-BLE  (iin-inezh'u-rj-bl),  a.  [in, 
priv.,  and  measurable.]  That  cannot  be  meas- 
ured ; immense  ; indefinitely  extensive.  “ An 
height  immeasurable.”  Hooker.  “ The  vast,  im- 
measurable abyss.”  “ Immeasurable  strength.” 
Milton.  “ Immeasurable  depths.”  Addison. 

II  IM-MEA§'U-RA-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  immeasurable ; immensity. 

||  IM-MEAg'U-RA-BLY,  ad.  Beyond  measure. 

||  t IM-MEAS'URED  (Im-mezh'urd),  a.  Unmeas- 
ured. “ Their  unmeasured  rights.”  Spenser. 

IM-ME-JCHAN'I-CAE,  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  mechani- 
cal.] Not  mechanical.  Cheyne. 

IM-MP-jCHAn'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  Notin  a mechani- 
cal manner.  Craig. 

||  IM-ME'DI-A-CY,  n.  Immediate  power  ; absence 

of  a second  cause,  [r.]  Shak. 

||  IM-ME'DI-  ATE  [im-me'dj-at,  P.  J.  Sm.  ; Im-me'- 
dyjt,  S.  E.  F.  Ii.  ; im-mG'de-at,  Ja. ; Im-me'de-jt 
or  Im-ms'je-;it,  IV.],  a.  [L.  in,  in,  and  medius, 
the  midst ; It.  immediato  ; Sp.  inmediato ; Fr. 
immediat.] 

1.  Having  nothing  intervening,  either  as  to 
place,  time,  or  action  ; direct ; proximate.  “ The 
immediate  causes  of  the  deluge.”  Burnet.  “The 
immediate  heir  of  England.”  Shak. 

2.  Not  acting  by  second  causes.  “ The  im- 
mediate will  of  God.”  Abbot. 

3.  Instantaneous  ; as,  “ Immediate  relief.” 

Syn.  — See  Immediately. 

||  IM-ME'DI-ATE-LY,  ad.  1.  AVithout  the  inter- 
vention of  any  other  cause  or  event ; — opposed 
to  mediately . Addison. 

2.  Instantly;  directly;  without  delay ; forth- 
with ; just  now. 

Syn.  — Immediately  implies  without  any  interposi- 
tion of  other  occupation  ; instantly  or  instantaneously, 
in  an  instant,  or  without  any  intervention  of  time  ; 
directly,  without  any  diversion  of  attention.  Tile 
course  of  proceeding  is  direct,  tile  consequences  imme- 
diate, and  the  effects  instantaneous. 

||  IM-ME'DI-ATE-NESS,  n.  1.  State  of  being  im- 
mediate ; presence  with  regard  to  time.  Johnson. 

2.  Exemption  from  second  or  intervening 
causes  ; immediacy.  Bp.  Hall. 

||  lM-ME'DI-AT-i§M,  n.  The  quality  of  being  im- 
mediate. D.  Stewart. 

IM-MED'I-CA-BLE,  a.  [L.  immedicdbilis ; in, 
priv.,  and  medicabilis,  medicable  ; It.  immedi- 
cabile.]  That  cannot  be  cured  ; incurable. 
“ AVounds  immedicable."  Milton. 

IM-MIJ-LO'DT-OUS,  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  melodious.] 
Not  melodious  ; unmelodious.  Drummond. 

IM-MEM'O-RA-BLE,  a.  [L.  immemorabilis ; in, 
priv.,  and  memorabilis,  memorable  ; It.  imme- 
morabile  ; Fr.  immcmorable.]  Not  memorable  ; 
not  worth  remembering.  Bullokar. 

IM-MIJ-MO'RI-AL,  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  memorial.] 

1.  That  commenced  or  existed  beyond  the  time 
of  memory  ; that  cannot  be  remembered ; past 
the  time  of  memory.  “Immemorial  usage.” 
Hale.  “ Immemorial  practice.”  South. 

2.  (Em 7.  Law.)  Further  back  than  the  begin- 
ning of  the  reign  of  Richard  I.  Blackstone. 

IM-MJJ-MO'RI-AL-LY,  ad.  Beyond  memory. 

JM-MENSE',  a.  [L.  immensus  ; in,  priv.,  and  me- 
tier, mensus,  to  measure  ; Fr.  immense .] 

1.  That  cannot  be  measured  or  limited ; im- 
measurable ; unlimited  ; unbounded  ; infinite. 

We  speak  ...  of  God  as  of  an  immense  being.  Grew. 

2.  Very  great;  vast;  enormous;  huge. 

Forthwith  up  to  the  clouds 
With  him  I flew,  and  underneath  beheld 
The  earth  outstretched  immense.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Enormous. 

(M-MENSE'LY,  ad.  AA’ithout  measure  or  limits. 


IM-MENSE'NJJSS,  n.  Unbounded  greatness  ; im- 
measurableness ; immensity.  More. 

(M-MEN'SI-TY,  n.  [L.  immensitas  ; It.  immen- 
sity-, Sp . inmensidad -,  Ft.  immensity.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  immense ; unlimited 
extent ; infinity  ; immenseness  ; boundlessness. 

By  the  power  we  find  in  ourselves  of  repeating  as  often  as 
we  will  any  idea  of  space,  we  get  the  idea  of  immensity.  Locke. 

2.  Vastness;  hugeness;  great  extent. 

II  IM-MJgNS-y-RA-BIL/I-TY,  n.  Impossibility  to 
be  measured.  Bailey. 

||  IM-M ENS'lJ-R A- B I,E  (lin-mens'yu-rj-bl)  [im- 
men'shu-rj-M,  S.  IF.  P.  Ja.  ; Ini-inens'ym-a-bl, 
K. ; jm-men'su-rj-bl,  I Fr.],  a.  [L.  in,  priv.,  and 
mensurabilis,  measurable;  It.  immensurabile ; 
Sp.  inmensurable ; Fr.  immeasurable.]  That 
cannot  be  measured  ; immense.  Macartney. 

||  IM-MENS'U-RATE,  a.  Unmeasured.  Mountagu. 

IM-MERffE',  v.  a.  [L.  immergo ; in,  in,  and  mergo, 
to  plunge  ; It .immergere.]  [i.  immerged  ; pp. 
immerging,  immerged.]  To  put  under  water; 
to  plunge  into  a fluid  ; to  immerse  ; to  dip  ; to 
submerge.  Johnson. 

t IM-MER'IT,  n.  [L.  immerito,  to  be  undeserving 
of.]  AVant  of  desert;  demerit.  Suckling. 

j-  IM-MER'IT-JJD,  a.  Unmerited.  K.  Charles. 

t IM-MER'IT-OUS,  a.  Having  no  merit;  of  no 
value.  “ Immeritous  and  undeserving  dis- 
course.” Milton. 

IM-MER'SA-BLE,  a.  1.  [L.  immersabilis.]  That 
cannot  be  merged  or  drowned. 

2.  That  may  be  immersed.  Blount. 

IM-MERSE',  v.  a.  [L.  immergo,  immersus.  — See 
IMMERGE.]  [i.  IMMERSED  ; pp.  IMMERSING, 
IMMERSED.] 

1.  To  put  under  water  or  other  fluid  ; to  plunge 
into  ; to  immerge  ; to  overwhelm  ; to  dip.  War  ton. 

2.  To  cover  or  hide,  as  by  immerging.  “ Im- 
mersed within  the  wood.”  Dryden. 

3.  To  involve.  “Deeply  immersed  in  the 

enjoyments  of  this  [lifej . ” Atterbury. 

t IM-MERSE',  a.  Buried  ; covered  ; hid.  “Things 
immerse  in  matter.”  Bacon. 

IM-MERSED'  (-merst'),y>.  a.  (Bot.)  Growing  whol- 
ly under  water.  Gray. 

IM-MER'SION,  n.  [L.  immersio  ; in,  in,  and  mergo, 
mersus,  to  dip  ; It.  immersions ; Sp.  inmersion.] 

1.  The  act  of  immersing,  or  the  state  of  being 
immersed. 

Achilles’s  mother  is  said  to  have  dipped  him,  when  he  was 
a child,  in  the  River  Styx,  which  made  him  invulnerable  all 
over,  excepting  that  part  which  the  mother  held  in  her  hand 
during  this  immersion.  Addison. 

2.  The  state  of  being  involved ; an  over- 

whelming ; a submersion.  “ An  immersion  in 
the  affairs  of  life.”  Atterbury. 

3.  (Astron.)  The  disappearance  of  any  celes- 

tial body  behind  another,  or  in  its  shadow:  — 
opposed  to  emersion.  Brande. 

IM-MER'SION-IST,  n.  (Theol.)  One  who  adheres 
to  immersion  in  baptism.  Hinton. 

IM-MESH',  v.  a.  To  entangle  in  the  meshes  of 
a net ; to  insnare.  Goldsmith. 

I M- M p-T  H 6 D'I-C  AL,  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  methodi- 
cal.] W anting  method  or  order ; confused  ; 
unsystematic  ; irregular ; unmethodical  ; desul- 
tory. “An  immethodical  author.”  Addison. 

Syn.  — See  Irregular. 

IM-MIJ-THOD'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  AVithout  method; 
without  order.  Johnson. 

IM-My-THOD'I-CAL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing immethodical;  want  of  method  or  order; 
confusion.  Boyle. 

IM-METH'OD-IZE,  v.  a.  To  render  immethodical ; 
to  make  disorderly.  Qu.  Rev. 

IM-MEW',  v.  a.  See  Emmet. 

Im'MI-GRAnt,  n.  [It.  immigrante ; Fr.  immi- 
grant.] One  who  immigrates  or  removes  into 
a country  with  the  intention  of  fixing  his  resi- 
dence there  ; one  who  arrives  in  a country  with 
the  intention  of  remaining;  — opposed  to  emi- 
grant. McCulloch. 

Im'MI-GRATE,  v.  n.  [L.  immigro,  immigratus  ; 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  R1JLE.  — 9,  9,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  £,  g,  hard ; § as  z;  If  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


IMMIGRATION 


720 


IMMUTATION 


in,  into,  and  migro,  to  migrate  ; It.  immigrare  ; 
Sp.  emigrar ; Fr.  immigrcr.]  [7.  immigrated  ; 
pp.  IMMIGRATING,  IMMIGRATED.]  To  enter 
into  a country  in  order  to  dwell  in  it.  Cockeram. 

IM-MI-GRA'TION,  n.  [It.  immigrazione  ; Fr.  im- 
migration^ The  act  of  immigrating  ; an  enter- 
ing or  passing  into  a place  with  the  intention 
of  residing  in  it.  Warton,  1774. 

UEg*  “These  words  [to  immigrate,  immigration,  and 
immigrant]  were  first  used  in  this  country,  1 believe,” 
says  Mr.  Pickering,  “ by  Dr.  Belknap,  in  bis  History 
of  New  Hampshire.”  Dr.  Belknap  remarks  that 
“ tile  verb  to  immigrate,  and  the  nouns  immigrant  and 
immigration,  are  used  without  scruple  in  some  parts 
of  this  volume  ; ” though  he  says,  with  respect  to 
their  use,  that  it  is  a “ deviation  from  the  strict  letter 
of  tile  English  dictionaries.”  But  the  verb  to  immi- 
grate is  found  in  the  old  English  dictionaries  of  Cock- 
eram and  Bailey,  and  in  several  later  English  diction- 
aries ; and  the  three  words  have  now  the  sanction  of 
good  English  writers. 

IiM'MI-NENCE,  n.  [It.  imminenza ; Fr.  immi- 
nence.'] Ill  impending  ; near  danger,  [r.]  Shak. 

IM'MI-NENT,  a.  [L.  imminno,  imniinens,  to  hang 
over,  to  impend  ; in,  in,  and  minor,  to  threaten  ; 
It.  imminente ; Sp.  inminente ; Fr.  imminent.] 
Threatening  closely  ; ready  to  fall  upon  ; im- 
pending ; near  at  hand.  “ Judgments  immi- 
nent." Milton.  “ Imminent  danger.”  Pope. 

Three  times  to-day 

You  have  defended  me  from  imminent  death.  Shak. 

Syn.—  Imminent,  impending,  and  threatening  are 
all  applied  to  some  evil  that  is  very  near  ; and  of  these 
terms  imminent  is  the  strongest.  Imminent  danger  is 
so  near  that  it  can  hardly  be  escaped  by  any  exertion  ; 
of  impending  danger  one  may  be  warned  of  so  as  to 
escape  it ; a threatening  evil  or  danger  gives  intima- 
tions of  its  approach. 

pi-MIN'GLE,  v.  a.  [in  and  mingle.]  [7.  immin- 
GLED  ;pp.  IMMINGLING,  IMMINGLED.]  To  min- 
gle ; to  mix ; to  commingle. 

This  holy  calm,  this  harmony  of  mind, 

XVhere  purity  and  peace  immingle  charms.  Thomson. 

lM-MJ-NU'TION,  n.  [L.  imminutio ; It.  immi- 
nuzione .]  Diminution  ; decrease,  [r.]  Bp. Cosin. 

IM-MIS-CI-BlL'I-TY,  n.  [Fr.  immiscibilitd.]  In- 
capability of  being  mixed,  [r.]  Johnson. 

IM-MIS'CI-BLE,  a.  [Sp.  inmiscible  ; Fr.  immisci- 
ble.] That  cannot  be  mixed.  S.  Richardson. 

JM-MIS'SION  (jm-mish'un),  n.  [L.  immissio  ; It. 
immissione ; Fr.  immission.]  The  act  of  sending 
in  ; injection  ; — contrary  to  emission.  Bp.  Hall. 

JM-MIT',  v.  a.  [L.  immitto  ; in,  in,  and  mitto,  to 
send.]  To  send  in  ; to  inject,  [r.]  Greenhill. 

IM-MIT'I-GA-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  mitigated  ; 
not  to  be  softened.  “ These  immitigable,  these 
iron-hearted  men.”  Harris. 

iM-MlT'I-GA-BLY,  ad.  Without  mitigation. 

JM-MIX',  v.  a.  [in  and  mix.]  To  mingle ; to  mix. 

Samson,  with  these  immixed , inevitably 

Pulled  down  the  same  destruction  on  himself.  Milton. 

IM-MIX'A-BLE,  a.  Impossible  to  be  mingled ; 
immiscible,  [r.]  Wilkins. 

IM-MlXED'  (Im-mlkst'),  a.  I.  Unmixed.  Herbert. 

2.  [p.  from  immix.]  Mixed  ; mingled. 

iM-MlXT'URE  (-yur),  n.  Freedom  from  mixture. 
“ Simplicity  and  immixture.”  Mountagu. 

f iM-MOB'ILE,  a.  Immovable.  Howitt. 

IM-MO-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [L.  immobilitas  ; immobilis, 
immovable ; in,  priv.,  and  mobilis,  movable ; 
moveo,  to  move  ; It.  immobility ; Sp.  inmobili- 
dad\  Fr.  immobility.]  Unmovableness ; want 
of  motion  ; resistance  to  motion.  Arbuthnot. 

f IM-MO'BLE,  a.  Immovable.  Joye. 

+ IM-MOD'gR- A-CY,  n.  Excess.  Browne. 

IM-MOD'JJR-ATE,  a.  [L.  immoderatus  ; in,  priv., 
and  moderatus,  moderate  ; It.  immoderato  ; Sp. 
inmoderado.]  Not  moderate  ; excessive  ; ex- 
ceeding the  due  mean  ; unreasonable ; extrava- 
gant ; inordinate. 

One  means,  very  effectual  for  the  preservation  of  health, 
is  a quiet  and  cheerful  mind,  not  afflicted  with  violent  pas- 
sions or  distracted  with  immoderate  cares.  Jtay. 

Syn. — See  Excessive. 

IM-MOD'pR-ATE-LY,  ad.  In  an  excessive  degree. 

JM-MOD'ER-ATE-NESS,  n.  Want  of  moderation. 


IM-MoD-lJR-A'TION,  n.  [L.  immoderatio.]  Want 
of  moderation  ; immoderateness.  Bailey. 

IM-MOD'EST,  a.  [L.  immodestus  ; in,  priv.,  and 
modestus,  modest;  from  'modus,  measure;  It. 
immodesto  ; Sp.  inmodesto  ; Fr.  immodeste.] 

1.  Exceeding  due  measure  ; unreasonable  ; 

exorbitant ; arrogant ; impudent.  Johnson. 

2.  Wanting  modesty,  chastity,  or  shame ; in- 
decent ; indelicate  ; unchaste  ; impure  ; obscene. 

Immodest  words  admit  of  no  defence; 

For  want  of  decency  is  want  of  sense.  Pope. 

Immodest  deeds  you  hinder  to  be  wrought. 

But  we  proscribe  the  least  immodest  thought.  Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Indecent. 

lM-MOD'£ST-LY,  aJ¥  In  an  immodest  manner. 

1M-M< iD'ES-TY,  n.  [L.  It.  immodestia  ; Sp.  in- 
modestia-,  Fr.  immodestie.] 

1.  Want  of  delicacy  ; arrogance  ; impudence. 

I am  therefore  led  into  an  immodesty  of  proclaiming  an- 
other work.  Wotton. 

2.  Want  of  modesty,  chastity,  or  shame;  in- 
decency ; obscenity.  Pope. 

IM'MO-LATE,  V.  a.  [L.  immolo,  immolatus  ; in, 
upon,  and  mola,  meal  mixed  with  salt,  which 
was  sprinkled  on  the  victim’s  head ; It.  itnmo- 
lare;  Sp.  inmolar-,  Fr.  immoler.]  [7.  immo- 
lated ; pp.  IMMOLATING,  IMMOLATED.] 

1.  To  kill  in  sacrifice  ; to  sacrifice. 

Whether  Christ  be  daily  immolated , or  only  once. 

Bp.  Gardner. 

2.  To  offer  up,  as  in  sacrifice. 

Now  immolate  the  tongues,  and  mix  the  wine 
Sacred  to  Neptune  and  the  powers  divine.  Pope. 

IM-MO-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  immolatio  ; It.  immola- 
zione  ; Sp.  inmolacion  ; Fr.  immolation .] 

1.  The  act  of  immolating,  or  killing  in  sacri- 
fice. “ The  immolation  of  Isaac.”  Browne. 

2.  A sacrifice  offered.  Decay  of  Piety. 

IM'MO-LA-TOR,  n.  [L.]  One  who  immolates. 

f IM-MO'MJJNT,  a.  Trifling;  of  no  importance. 

“ Immoment  toys.”  Shak. 

IM-MO-MENT'OUS,  a.  Unimportant.  Seward. 

IM-MOR'AL,  a.  [It.  immoral 'e  ; Sp.  inmoral  \ Fr. 
immoral.]  Contrary  to  morality  ; not  moral  ; 
vicious  ; wicked  ; unjust ; dishonest. 

A flatterer  of  vice  is  an  immoral  man.  Johnson. 

Desertion  of  a calumniated  friend  is  an  immoral  action. 

Johnson. 

IM-MO-RAL'I-TY,  n.  [It . immorality ; Sp.  inmo- 
ralidad ; Fr.  immorality.]  The  quality  of  being 
immoral ; want  of  virtue  ; contrariety  to  moral- 
ity ; vice ; dishonesty  ; depravity. 

IM-MOR'AL-Ly,  ad.  In  an  immoral  manner.  Ash. 

f IM-MO-rID'KR-OUS,  a.  [Low  L.  immorigerus.] 
Rude;  uncivil: — disobedient.  Stackhouse. 

tlM-MO-RI^'ER-OUS-NESS,  n.  Rudeness;  in- 
civility ; — disobedience.  Bp.  Taylor. 

IM-MOR'TAL,  a.  [L.  immoitalis  ; in,  priv.,  and 
mortalis,  mortal ; It.  immortale  ; Sp.  inmortal ; 
Fr.  immortel.] 

1.  Not  mortal  ; that  can  never  die  ; exempt 
from  death  ; deathless  ; undying  ; imperishable. 

The  King  eternal,  immortal,  invisible.  1 Tim.  i.  17. 

2.  Pertaining  to  immortality  or  to  immortal 
beings.  “ A quick,  immortal  change.”  Milton. 

The  cherubic  host,  in  thousand  choirs, 

Touch  their  immortal  harps  of  golden  wires.  Milton. 

3.  Lasting  or  enduring  for  ever  ; everlasting; 
never-ending  ; perpetual ; endless  ; eternal. 

Give  me  my  robe;  put  on  my  crown:  I have 

Immortal  longings  in  me.  Shak. 

4.  Not  liable  to  perish  while  the  world  lasts. 

Storied  of  old  in  high,  immortal  verse.  Milton. 

Wisdom  married  to  immortal  verse.  Wordsworth. 

IM-MOR'TAL,  n.  One  who  never  dies.  “Among 
the  immortals."  Waller. 

IM-MOR-TAL'I-TY,  n.  [L.  immortalitas  ; It.  im- 
mortality ; Sp.  inmortalidad ; Fr.  immortality.] 

1.  The  quality  of  being  immortal ; exemption 
from  death ; endless  life ; perpetuity  of  exist- 
ence. 

This  corruptible  must  put  on  incorruption,  and  this  mor- 
tal must  put  on  immortality.  I Cor.  xv.  53. 

2.  Exemption  from  oblivion.  Johnson. 

IM-MOR-TAL-I-ZA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  immor- 
talizing. ’ Cotgrave. 


IM-MOR'TAL-IZE,  v.  a.  [It.  immortalizzare  ; Sp. 
inmortalizar ; Fr.  immortaliser.]  [7.  immor- 
talized ; pp.  IMMORTALIZING.  IMMORTAL- 
IZED.] 

1.  To  make  immortal ; to  exempt  from  death. 
“ Im  mortalizing  their  very  bodies.”  Hally  well. 

2.  To  perpetuate  in  the  memory  of  mankind. 

Drive  them  from  Orleans,  and  be  immortalized.  Shak. 

IM-MOR'TAL-IZE,  v.n.  To  become  immortal,  [r.] 

Fix  the  year  precise 

When  British  bards  began  to  immortalize.  Pope. 

IM-MOR'TAL-IZED  (-Izd),  p.  a.  Made  immortal. 

IM-MOR'TAL-LY,  ad.  With  exemption  from  death. 

IM-MOR-TI-FI-CA'TION,  n.  [It.  immortifea- 
zione ; Sp.  inmortificacion ; Fr.  immortification.] 
Want  of  mortification.  Bp.  Taylor. 

f JM-MOULD',  v.  a.  To  mould ; to  form.  Fletcher. 

IM-MOV-A-BIL'I-TY,  m.  Immovableness.  Todd. 

IM-MOV'A-BLE,  a.  [Sp.  inmorable.] 

1.  That  cannot  be  moved ; firm  ; fixed  ; move- 

less ; irremovable.  “ An  immovable  base  to 
place  his  engine  upon.”  Brotcne. 

2.  Steadfast;  unshaken  ; unaffected.  Dryden. 

3.  {Law.)  Not  liable  to  be  removed  ; real. 

There  are  things  immovable  by  their  nature,  others  by  their 
destination,  and  others  by  the  objects  to  which  they  are 
applied.  ISouvier. 

IM-MOV'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
immovable ; fixedness  ; steadfastness.  Ash. 

IM-M0V'A-BLE§,  n.  (Law.)  Goods  or  things 
that  are  immovable.  Bouvier. 

IM-MO  V'A-BLY,  ad.  In  a state  not  to  be  moved. 

f IM-MUND',  a.  [L.  immundus .]  Unclean.  Burton. 

f IM-MUN-Diy'1-TY,  n.  [L.  immunditia .]  Un- 
cleanness ; impurity.  W.  Mountagu. 

IM-MU'NI-TY,  n.  [L.  immunitas  ; in,  priv.,  and 
mxtnus,  office,  duty  ; It.  immunity  ; Sp.  inmuni- 
dad  ; Fr.  immunity .] 

1.  Freedom  or  exemption  from  serving  in  an 
office,  or  from  performing  duties  required  of 
others  ; privilege  ; prerogative. 

All  nations  all  immunities  will  give 

To  make  you  theirs,  where’er  you  please  to  live.  Dryden. 

The  rights  and  immunities  of  the  clergy.  Sprat. 

2.  Freedom;  exemption.  “Immunity  from 
venomous  creatures.”  Browne.  “ Immunity 
from  errors.”  Dryden. 

Syn. — See  Privilege. 

IM-MURE',  v.  a.  [L.  in,  in,  and  mums,  a wall; 
Nor.  Fr.  emmurcr.]  [7.  immured;  pp.  immur- 


ing, IMMURED.] 

1.  To  enclose  within  walls. 

Lysimachus  immured  it  with  a wall.  Shak. 

2.  To  confine;  to  shut  up;  to  imprison ; to 
incarcerate. 

Though  a foul  prison  her  immure.  Denham, 

f IM-MURE',  n.  A wall ; an  enclosure.  Shak. 
JM-MURE'MJJNT,  n.  The  state  of  being  im- 
mured. [r.] 

The  chains  of  earth’s  immurement 

Fell  from  Ianthe’s  spirit.  Shelley. 

IM-MU'S-il-C AL,  a.  Unmusical.  Bacon. 


IM-MU-TA-BILT-TY,  n.  [L.  immutabilitas  ; It. 
immutability  ; Sp.  inmutabilidad ; Fr.  immuta- 
bility.} The  quality  of  being  immutable ; ex- 
emption from  change  ; unchangeableness  ; in- 
variableness. 

The  Egyptians  are  the  healthiest  people  of  the  world,  by 
reason  of  tne  immutability  of  their  air.  Greenhill. 

J6cg=*  “ It  is  applied  to  the  Supreme  Being  to  denote 
that  there  can  be  no  inconstancy  in  liis  character  or 
government.”  Fleming. 

IM-MU'TA-BLE,  a.-  [L.  immutabilis ; in,  priv., 
and  mutabilis,  changeable-,  muto,  to  change  ; It. 
immutabile  ; Sp.  inimitable  ; Fr.  immutable.] 
Not  mutable  ; not  subject  to  change  ; unchange- 
able ; invariable  ; unalterable. 

Immutable  and  fixed,  they  stand.  Dryden. 

IM-MU'TA-BLE-NESS,  n.  Immutability.  More. 

IM-MU'TA-BLY,  ad.  Unalterably  ; unchangeably. 

IM-MU'TATE,  a.  Unchanged.  Wright. 

IM-MU-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  immutatio  ; It.  immuta- 
zione .]  Change ; mutation,  [r.]  More. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  0,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  ],  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


IMMUTE 


721 


IMPATIENCE 


f jM-MOTE',».  a.  To  change  ; to  commute. Browne. 

IMP,  n.  [W.  imp,  a sprout.] 

1.  t A graft  ; a scion  ; a shoot  or  slip. 

Of  feeble  trees  there  cornea  wretched  imps.  Chaucer. 


2.  f A child  ; a youth  ; offspring  ; progeny. 

Ye  sacred  imps  that  on  Parnassus  dwell.  Sjjcnscr. 

He  took  upon  him  to  protect  him  from  them  all,  and  not 
to  suffer  so  goodly  an  imp  to  lose  the  good  fruit  ot  his  youth. 


3.  A subaltern  or  puny  devil ; a malicious  de- 
mon ; a sprite  ; an  urchin.  “ The  serpent  . . . 
fittest  imp  of  fraud.”  Milton.  “ The  imps  and 
limbs  of  Satan.”  Hooker. 

The  little  imp  fell  a squalling.  Swift. 

4.  An  addition  to  a beehive.  [Local.]  Grose. 
+ IMP,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  impan,  to  ingraft;  Dut.  en- 

ten;  Ger.  impfen  ; Dan.  ympe  ; Stv.  ympa ; W. 
impifiw.] 

1.  To  graft ; to  ingraft ; to  infix.  Chaucer. 

2.  To  enlarge  ; to  increase  ; to  strengthen  ; 
from  the  practice,  in  falconry,  of  repairing  a 
hawk’s  wing  by  inserting  feathers. 

Imp  out  our  drooping  country’s  broken  wings.  Shak. 
Help,  yc  tart  satirists,  to  imp  my  rage 

With  all  the  scorpions  that  should  whip  this  age.  Cleaveland. 


t IM-PA'CA-BLE,  a.  [L.  impacatus.]  Not  to  be 
softened  or  appeased;  implacable.  Spenser. 


flM-PA'CA-BLY,  ad.  In  an  impacable  manner. 

IM-PACT',  v.  a.  To  drive  close  or  hard.  Woodward. 

IM'PACT,  n.  [L.  impinyo,  impacfiis,  to  strike 
against;  in,  against,  and  pango,  to  strike.] 

1.  Communicated  force  ; impulse;  collision. 

The  quarrel,  by  that  impact  driven 

True  to  its  aim,  fled  fatal.  Southey. 

2.  ( Mech .)  The  shock  or  collision  occasioned 

by  the  meeting  of  two  bodies,  whether  both  of 
them  are  in  motion,  or  only  one.  P.  Cyc. 


IM-PA'9E$,  n.  pi.  [L.]  (Arch.)  The  horizontal 
parts  or  rails  of  the  framework  of  a door.  Weale. 

f IM-PAINT',  v.  a.  To  paint.  Shak. 

!M-pAiR'  (jm-pAr'),  v.  a.  [It.  peggiorare ; Port. 
empeiorar ; Sp . empeorar  ~,  Fr.  e/npirer.  “The 
root  is  the  L.  pejor,  worse,  whence  the  Fr.  pire  ; 
j becoming  i,  as  in  Troia,  from  Troja."  Sulli- 
van.'] [i.  IMPAIRED  ; pp.  IMPAIRING,  IMPAIR- 
ED.] To  make  worse  or  less  ; to  diminish  in 
quality,  quantity,  or  value  ; to  lessen ; to  dete- 
riorate ; to  injure. 

Nor  was  the  work  impaired  by  storms  alone.  Pope. 

In  years  he  seemed,  but  not  impaired  by  years.  Pope. 

IM-pAiR',  v.  n.  To  be  lessened,  or  grow  worse. 

Flesh  may  impair , quoth  he,  but  reason  can  repair.  Spenser. 


f IM-PAlR',  n.  Diminution;  decrease.  Browne. 

f IM-pAir',  a.  [L.  imparl]  Unsuitable;  inap- 
propriate. “ An  impair  thought.”  Shak. 

IM-pAiR'ER,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  impairs. 

+ IM-PAlR'M^NT,  n.  The  state  of  being  im- 
paired; diminution;  decrease;  injury.  Careio. 

IM-PAL'  A-TA-BLE,  a.  Unpalatable.  Todd. 

IM-PALE',  e.  a.  See  Empale.  Todd. 


JM-PAlE'MIJNT,  n.  An  enclosure  formed  by  pal- 
isades.— See  Empalement.  Todd. 


f IM-PAL'LTD,  v.  a.  (in  and  pallid .]  To  make 
pallid  or  pale.  Feltham. 

JM-PALM'  (im-pam'),  v.  a.  [L.  in,  in,  and  palma, 
the  palm.]  To  seize,  or  take  into  the  hand  ; to 
lay  hands  upon  ; to  grasp,  [r.]  Cotgrave. 

IM-PAL-PA-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [Fr.  impalpability.]  The 
state  or  the  quality  of  being  impalpable,  or  im- 
perceptible by  touch.  Jortin. 

IM-pAl'PA-BLE,  a.  [It.  impalpabile  ; Sp.  A Fr. 
impalpable  ; in,  priv.,  and  palpable.] 

1.  Not  palpable  ; not  perceptible  by  touch  ; 
intangible.  “An  impalpable  powder.”  Boyle. 

2.  Not  coarse  or  gross  ; delicate  : refined. 

ITis  own  religion,  from  its  simple  and  impalpable  form,  was 
much  less  exposed  to  the  ridicule  of  scenic  exhibition.  Warton. 

IM-PAL'PA-BLY,  ad.  In  an  impalpable  manner. 

IM-PAl'§Y,  v.  a.  [in  and  palsy.]  [i.  impal- 
sied  ; pp.  impalsying,  IMPALSIED.]  To  strike 
with  palsy  ; to  paralyze  ; to  deaden.  Wright. 

f IM-PA'NATE,  a.  [Low L. impanatus ; In,  in,  and 
panis,  bread.]  Embodied  in  bread.  Abp .Cranmer . 


f TM-PA'NATE,  v.  a.  [Low  L.  impano,  impana- 
tus.] To  embody  in  bread.  II  ate r land. 

Im-PA-NA'TION,  n.‘  [It.  impanazione ; Sp.  em- 
panacion-,  Fr.  impanation. — See  Impanate.] 
The  supposed  presence  or  substantial  union  ol 
the  body  and  blood  of  Christ  in  the  elements  of 
the  eucharist,  without  a change  in  their  nature  ; 
assumption  ; consubstantiation. 

Impanation , a name  following  the  analogy  of  the  word 
“incarnation.”  Waterman. 

IM-pAN'EL,  v.  a.  [in  and  panel.]  [i.  impan- 
elled ; pp.  IMPANELLING,  IMPANELLED.] 
(Law.)  To  write  or  enter  by  name  into  a sched- 
ule or  panel,  and  thus  constitute  a jury  ; to  en- 
roll ; to  panel ; to  empanel.  Bouvier. 

IM-pAR'A-DISE,  v.  a.  [in  and  paradise. —It. 
imparadisare  ; Fr.  emparadiser .]  [t.  impara- 

dised  ; pp.  imparadising,  imparadised.]  To 
put  into  paradise,  or  a state  of  felicity. 

Imjjaradised  in  one  another’s  arms.  Milton. 

f IM-PAr'AL-LELED  (-leld),  a.  That  has  no  par- 
allel ; unparalleled ; unexampled.  Burnet. 

flM-PAR'DON-A-BLE,  a.  Unpardonable.  South. 

IM-PA'rI-PIN'NATE,  a.  [L.  impar,  imparls,  un- 
equal, and  pinna,  a feathgr.]  (Bot.)  Pinnate 
with  an  odd  leaflet  terminating  the  petiole.  Gray. 

IM-PAR-I-SYL-LAb'IC,  a.  [It.  imparisillabo ; 
Fr.  iniparisyllabique.]  Having  unequal  sylla- 
bles. Latham. 

IM-PAR'I-TY,  n.  [L.  imparilis,  unequal ; in,  priv., 
and  par,  equal ; It.  imparita  ; Fr.  imp  write.] 

1.  Inequality  ; disproportion.  Bacon. 

2.  Oddness  ; indivisibility  into  equal  parts. 
“ Imparity  of  letters  in  men’s  names.”  Browne. 

3.  Difference  in  degree,  either  of  rank  or  of 

excellence.  Sancroft. 

JM-PARK',  v.  a.  To  enclose  in  a park,  or  as  a 
park  ; to  sever  from  a common.  Bailey. 

IM-PARL',  v.  n.  [Fr.  parler.] 

1.  To  hold  mutual  discourse  ; to  confer.  “The 

two  generals  imparled  together.”  North. 

2.  (Law.)  To  have  time  before  pleading;  to 
have  time  to  plead. 

The  said  Charles  prays  leave  to  imparl.  Blackstone. 

IM-PAR'L  ANCE,  n.  (Law.)  Time  to  plead  in  ac- 
tions at  law,  literally  time  to  talk  with  the  plain- 
tiff ; the  time  given  by  the  court  to  either  party 
to  answer  the  pleading  of  his  opponent;  — a de- 
lay or  continuance  of  a cause.  Burrill. 

IM-PAR-SON-EE',  a.  (Law.)  Inducted  into  a 
living,  and  having  full  possession.  Wliishaw. 

IM-PART',  v.  a.  [L.  impertio ; in,  in,  and partio, 
to  divide ; pars,  partis,  a part ; It.  impartire ; 
Sp.  § Fr.  impartir .]  [i.  imparted;  pp.  im- 

parting, IMPARTED.] 

1.  To  grant  to,  as  a partaker  ; to  share  ; to 
communicate. 

Expressing  well  the  spirit  within  thee  free, 

My  image,  not  imparted  to  the  brute.  Milton. 

2.  To  give ; to  grant ; to  bestow  upon. 

High  state  and  honors  to  others  impart , 

But  give  me  your  heart.  Dryden. 

3.  To  reveal;  to  disclose;  to  make  known; 
to  divulge  ; to  tell ; to  show  by  words  or  by 
tokens. 

Thou  to  me  thy  thoughts 

Wnst  wont,  I mine  to  thee  was  wont,  to  impart.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Communicate,  Tell. 

JM-PART',  v.  n.  1.  To  give  a part. 

He  that  hath  two  coats,  let  him  impart  to  him  that  hath 
none;  and  he  that  hath  meat,  let  him  do  likewise.  Luke iii.  11. 

2.  To  hold  a conference.  Blackstone. 

IM-PAR'TANCE,  n.  Communication  of  a part, 
portion,  or  share  ; a grant.  Craig. 

IM-PAR-TA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  imparting.  Bush. 

IM-PART'ER,  n.  One  who  imparts.  B.  Jonson. 

IM-PAR'TI  AL  (lm-p&r'shjl),  a.  [It.  imparziale; 
Sp.  imparcial ; Fr.  impartial.]  Not  partial ; free 
from  regard  to  party  ; unbiassed  ; unprejudiced  ; 
equitable  ; disinterested  ; just ; candid  ; fair  ; — 
used  as  well  of  actions  as  of  persons.  “ Im- 
partial judge.”  “ Impartial  sentence.”  Johnson. 

Syn.  — See  Candid. 

IM-PAR'TI  AL-IST  (lin-p'lr'shal-iBt),  n.  One  wbo 
is  impartial.  Boyle. 


IM-PAR-TJ-AL'I-TY  (im-pir-she-Sl'e-te),  n.  [It.  im- 
parzialith  ; Sp.  impar cialidad  ; Fr.  impart ialitv.] 
The  state  or  the  quality  of  being  impartial ; free- 
dom from  regard  to  party  ; disinterestedness ; 
equitableness ; justice.  South. 

IM-PAR'TI  AL-LY,  ad.  With  impartiality  ; equi- 
tably. “ I have  listened  impartially.''  Byron. 

IM-PAR'TIAL-NESS,  n.  Impartiality  ; equitable- 
ness ; disinterestedness.  Temple. 

IM-PART-I-BIL'J-TY,  n.  [Fr.  impartibilite.] 

1.  The  quality  of  being  impartible,  or  capable 

of  being  imparted.  Harris. 

2.  The  quality  of  being  indivisible.  Lyttleton. 

IM-PART'I-BLE,  a.  [It.  impartibile  ; Fr.  impar- 
tible. — See  Impart.] 

1.  That  may  be  imparted  or  communicated ; 

communicable.  Blackstone. 

2.  Not  partible;  indivisible.  Holland. 

f IM-PART'M^NT,  n.  Communication;  disclo- 
sure. [r.]  Shak. 

IM-PAs'SA-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  passed  ; not 
admitting  passage  ; impervious.  “ Impassable 
mountains.”  Raleigh. 

Syn.  — See  Impervious. 

IM-pAs'SA-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state 
of  being  impassable ; incapability  of  passage. 

IM-PAs'SA-BLY,  ad.  In  a way  or  manner  that 
prevents  passing,  or  the  power  of  passing. 

IM-PAS-SI-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [L.  impassibilitas  ; It. 
impassibilita ; Sp.  impasibilidad ; Fr.  impassi- 
bility] The  state  of  being  impassible ; insus- 
ceptibility of  suffering  ; exemption  from  pain  or 
injury.  Dryden. 

IM-PAS'Sl-BLE,  a.  [L.  impassibilis ; in,  priv.,  and 
patior,  passus,  to  suffer;  It.  impassibile ; Sp. 
impasible;  Fr.  impassible .]  Incapable  of  suf- 
fering ; exempt  from  pain,  or  the  agency  of  ex- 
ternal causes.  “ Divine,  impassible,  and  incor- 
ruptible.” Sir  T.  Elyot. 

IM-PAS'SJ-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  im- 
passible ; impassibility.  Decay  of  Piety. 

IM-PAS'SION  (jm-pasli'un),  v.  a.  [It.  impassion  are.] 
[i.  impassioned  ; pp.  IMPASSIONING,  impas- 
sioned.] To  move  with  passion  ; to  affect 
strongly;  to  excite.  Milton. 

IM-PAS'SION- ATE  (im-pash'un-jt),  a.  1.  Strongly 
affected  ; greatly  excited.  Spenser. 

2.  [in,  priv.,  and  passion.]  Without  feeling 
or  passion. 

It  being  the  doctrine  of  that  sect  [Stoic]  that  a wise  man 
should  be  impassionate.  Bp.  Ilcill . 

A kind  of  stupidity,  or  impassionate  hurt.  Burton. 

IM-PAS'SION-ATE,  v.  a.  To  affect  strongly  ; to 
excite  deeply  ; to  impassion.  “ Deeply  impas- 
sionated  with  sorrow.”  [it.]  Henry  More. 

IM-PAS'SIONED  (im-pash'und),  p.  a.  Having  or 
expressing  passion  or  strong  feeling  ; passion- 
ate ; impassionate  ; vehement.  Thomson. 

IM-PAS'SIVE,  a.  [L.  in,  priv.,  and  patior, passus, 
to  suffer ; Sp.  impasivo.]  Not  passive  ; impas- 
sible ; exempt  from  pain  or  the  agency  of  ex- 
ternal causes  ; insensible  ; insensate.  Dryden. 

And  on  the  ice  the  impassive  lightnings  play.  Pope. 

IM-PAS'SI  VE-LY,  ad.  Without  sensibility  to  pain 
or  suffering. 

IM-PAS'SI VE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  im- 
passive ; insensibleness.  Godwin. 

IM-PAS-SIV'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being  insus- 
ceptible of  feeling,  pain,  or  suffering.  Clarke. 

IM-PAS-TA'TION,  n.  [Fr.]  The  act  of  impast- 
ing ; — a mixture  of  materials  united  by  paste  or 
cement,  and  hardened  by  air  or  fire.  Chambers. 

IM-PASTE',  v.  a.  [It.  impastare  ; Old  Fr.  empas- 
ter  ; Fr.  empater.]  [i.  impasted  ; pp.  impast- 
ing, IMPASTED.] 

1.  To  knead  into  paste  ; to  paste.  Shak. 

2.  To  lay  on  colors  thick  and  bold.  ' Todd. 

IM-PAt'I-BLE,  a.  [L.  impatibilis  ; It.  impatibile.] 
Intolerable ; not  to  be  borne,  [r.]  Cockeram. 

IM-PA'TIENOE  (Im-pa'shens),  n.  [L.  impatient  in  ; 
in,  priv.,  and  patior,  patiens,  to  suffer ; It.  im 
pazienza  ; Sp.  impaciencia ; Fr.  impatience.] 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — (},  <?,  ?, 


soft;  j0,  <3,  5,  |,  hard;  § as  z;  If  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


IMPATIENC  V 


722 


IMPERATIVE 


1.  Want  of  patience  ; the  quality  of  not  en- 
during pain  or  suffering  with  calmness. 

My  heart  is  ready  to  crack  with  impatience.  Shak. 

2.  Vehemence  of  temper;  heat  of  passion. 
Fie  1 how  impatience  lowereth  in  your  facel  Shak. 

3.  Eagerness  ; impetuosity  ; hastiness  ; dis- 
quietude ; inquietude  ; restlessness. 

The  longer  I continued  in  this  scene,  the  greater  was  my 
impatience  of  retiring  from  it.  Hurd. 

f IM-PA'TIgN-CY,  n.  Impatience.  Hooker. 

IM-PA  ' TI-ENfi  (Im-pa'she-enz),  n.  [L.  impatiens, 
impatient in  allusion  to  the  elastic  force 
with  which  the  valves  of  the  fruit  separate  at 
maturity  on  being  touched,  scattering  the  seeds.] 
(But.)  A genus  of  plants  including  among  its 
species  N oli-me-tang  ere,  or  touch-me-not ; bal- 
sam. Lindley. 

IM-PA'THJNT  (Tm-pa'shent),  a.  [L.  impatiens ; 
in,  priv.,  and  pattens,  patient ; It.  impaziente ; 
Sp.  impaciente  ; Fr*  impatient.] 

1.  Not  patient ; unwilling  to  endure  ; uneasy 
under  suffering;  fretful. 

You  are  too  impatient  to  bear  crosses.  Shak. 

2.  Hasty;  eager;  impetuous;  precipitate. 

The  impatient  man  will  not  give  himself  time  to  be  in- 
formed of  the  matter  that  lies  before  him.  Addison. 

<J.  Not  to  be  borne;  intolerable.  “Rueful 
pity  and  impatient  smart.”  Spenser. 

4.  Expressive  of  impatience.  “ Impatient 

answers.”  Shak. 

It_g~  It  is  often  followed  by  of,  at,  or  for.  “ Impatient 
of  extremes.”  Pope.  “ To  he  impatient  at  the  death 
of  a person.”  Bp.  Taylor.  “ Impatient  for  the  world.” 
Dryden. 

IM-PA'TIpXT  (Im-pa'shent),  n.  One  who  is  im- 
patient. [it.]  Seasonable  Sermon. 

IM-PA'TMJNT-LY  (Im-pa'slient-le),  ad.  With  im- 
patience ; not  patiently.  Clarendon. 

JM-PAT-RON-I-ZA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  impat- 
ronizing.  [it.]  Cotgrave. 

IM-PAT'RON-fZE  [im-pat'ron-Iz,  P.  K.  R.  Wb. ; 
jm-pa'tron-Iz,  Ja.  Sin.],  v.  a.  [Fr.  impatroniser.] 
To  put  in  possession  of  the  supremacy  of  a 
seigniory,  [it.]  Bacon. 

I M- PAWN1,  v.  a.  [It.  impegnare  ; Sp.  impenar.) 
[».  IMPAWNED;  pp.  IMPAWNING,  IMPAWNED.] 
To  give  as  a pledge  ; to  deposit  as  security  ; to 
pledge ; to  pawn. 

Go  to  the  kin?,  and  let  there  be  impawned 

Some  surety  for  a safe  return  again.  Shak. 

IM-PEACH',  v.  a.  [It.  impacciare ; Sp.  empachar ; 
Fr.  emp  /her.]  [t.  impeached  ; pp.  impeach- 
ing, IMPEACHED.] 

1.  t To  hinder  ; to  impede. 

There  was  no  bar  to  stop,  nor  foe  him  to  impeach.  Spender. 

2.  To  accuse  by  public  authority;  to  charge 
with  malversation  in  office ; to  show,  or  declare, 
by  legal  authority,  to  be  unworthy. 

They  were  both  impeached  by  a House  of  Commons.  Addison. 

3.  To  bring  into  question;  to  censure;  to  ar- 
raign ; as,  “ To  impeach  one’s  veracity.” 

4.  (Law.)  To  make  or  hold  liable ; to  call  to 
account ; to  sue. 

All  tenants  for  life,  or  any  less  estate,  are  punishable  or 
liable  to  be  impeached  for  waste.  JJurrill. 

Syn.  — See  Accuse. 

t IM-PEACH',  ft.  Hinderance  ; impeachment. Shak. 

IM-PEACH'A-BLE,  a.  That  maybe  impeached; 
accusable  ; censurable  : — held  liable.  Grew. 

IM-PEACII'JpR,  ft.  One  who  impeaches  ; an  accuser. 

IM-PEACH'MENT,  ft.  1.  f Hinderance  ; impedi- 
ment; obstruction. 

Willing  to  march  on  to  Calais 
Without  impeachment.  Shak. 

2.  A process  against  a person  accused  of  trea- 
son or  of  high  public  crimes  and  misdemeanors ; 
public  accusation  ; charge  preferred. 

Judgment  on  impeachment  must  proceed  on  the  same  evi- 
dence which  would  be  required  in  the  ordinary  courts  of 
justice.  Braude. 

tfif*  In  England,  a charge  of  impeachment  is  pre- 
pared by  the  House  of  Commons,  and  tried  before  the 
House  of  Lords.  In  the  United  States,  the  charge  is 
brought  by  the  House  of  Representatives,  and  tried 
before  the  Senate. 

3.  The  act  of  censuring  or  arraigning ; a 
bringing  into  question;  imputation;  reproach; 
as,  “An  impeachment  of  a man’s  honesty.” 


Impeachment  of  waste , {Law.)  liability  to  be  pro- 
ceeded against  for  committing  waste  upon  lands  or 
tenements.  Blackstone . 

JM-PEARL'  (jm-perl'),  v.  a.  [in  and  pearl ; Fr. 
emperler. ] 

1.  To  form  in  resemblance  of  pearls. 

Innumerable  as  the  stars  of  night 

Or  stars  of  morning,  dewdrops  which  the  sun 

Impcurls  on  every  leaf  and  every  flower.  Milton. 

2.  To  decorate  as  with  pearls  ; to  jewel. 

The  dews  of  the  morning  impearl  every  thorn,  and  scatter 
diamonds  on  the  verdant  mantle  of  the  qarth.  Pope. 

IM-PEC-CA-BIL'J-TY,  n.  [It.  impeccabilita  ; Sp. 
impecabilidad ; Fr.  impeccabilite.]  The  state  of 
being  impeccable  ; exemption  from  sin,  or  from 
failure  ; sinlessness  ; faultlessness. 

Infallibility  and  imiiecc  ability  are  two  of  his  attributes.  Pope. 

IM-PEC'CA-BLE,  a.  [L.  impeccnbilis ; in,  priv., 
and  pecco,  to  err ; It.  impeccabi/e  ; Sp.  impeca- 
ble ; Fr.  impeccable.]  Exempt  from  the  possi- 
bility of  sinning  ; not  liable  to  sin.  llammond. 

IM-PEC'CAN-CY,  n.  [L.  impeccantia.]  Impec- 
cability ; sinlessness.  Waterhouse. 

IM-PEC'CANT,  a.  Unerring  ; sinless.  Byron. 

IM-PE-CU-NI-OS'I-TY,  ».  [L.  in,  priv.,  and  pecu- 
nia,  money.]  Want  of  money,  [k.]  Sir  IV.  Scott. 

TM-PEDE',  v.  a.  [L.  impedio  ; in,  in,  and  pes,  pe- 
dis, the  foot ; It.  impedire  ; Sp.  impedir.]  [i. 
impeded  ; pp.  impeding,  impeded.]  To  hin- 
der ; to  obstruct ; to  retard  ; to  delay. 

All  the  forces  are  mustered  to  impede  its  passage.  Dec.  of  Piety. 

Syn.  — See  Hinder. 

IM-PED'I-BLE,  a.  [It.  impedibile.]  That  may  be 
impeded  or  hindered.  Taylor. 

IM-PED'I-MENT,  n.  [L.  impedimentum ; It. 

Sp.  impedimento.] 

1.  That  which  impedes  or  hinders  ; an  ob- 
struction ; an  obstacle ; hinderance ; entangle- 
ment. 

Let  me  not  to  the  marriage  of  true  minds 

Admit  impediments.  Shak. 

2.  A defect  which  prevents  fluent  utterance. 

And  they  bring  unto  him  one  that  was  deaf  and  had  an 
impediment  in  his  speech.  Stark  vii.  32. 

Syn.  — An  impediment  literally  signifies  something 
that  entangles  tile  feet  ; an  obstacle,  something  that 
stands  in  the  way  of  a person  ; obstruction,  something 
that  blocks  up  tile  passage  ; hinderance , something 
that  holds  back.  Every  impediment  or  obstruction  is  a 
hinderance , though  not  vice  versa.  An  impediment  or 
hinderance  impedes  ; an  obstacle  resists  ; an  obstruction 
stops.  Remove  impediments  and  hinderanccs ; pull 
down  obstructions ; surmount  obstacles ; overcome 
difficulties.  We  proceed  notwithstanding  an  impedi- 
ment or  hinderance  ; in  spite  of  an  obstacle. 

“ The  political  equality  of  religious  sects  is  gaining 
ground,  notwithstanding  the  impediments  of  vulgar 
bigotry,  the  obstacles  of  sordid  prejudice,  and  the  ob- 
structions of  governmental  hostility.”  W.  Taylor. 

f IM-PED'I-MENT,  v.  a.  To  hinder;  to  impede; 
to  retard  ; to  obstruct.  Bp.  Reynolds. 

IM-PED-I-MEN'T  AL,  a.  Causing  obstruction; 
impeditive ; impeding,  [n.]  W.  Mountagu. 

f IM'P^-DITE,  v.  n.  [L.  impedio,  impeditus.]  To 
retard  ; to  impede.  Mainwaring . 

f IM'Pp-DlTE,  a.  Obstructed;  impeditive.  Taylor. 

f I M-PlJ-D["TION  (Im-pe-dlsh'un),  n.  [L.  impedi- 
tio.]  Hinderance ; obstruction.  Cockeram. 

IM-PED'I-TIVE,  a.  [It.  $ Sp.  impeditivo.]  That 
impedes  ; causing  hinderance.  Bp.  Sanderson. 

IM-PEL',  v.  a.  [L.  impello ; in,  on,  and  pcllo,  to 
drive  ; It.  impellere  ; Sp.  impe/er .]  \i.  im- 

pelled ; pp.  impelling,  impelled.]  To  drive 
on  ; to  urge  forward  ; to  press  on  ; to  incite ; — 
used  either  in  a literal  or  a figurative  sense. 

Propitious  gales 

Attend  thy  voyage,  and  impel  thy  sails.  Pope. 

So  Myrrha’s  mind,  impelled  on  either  side, 

Takes  every  bent,  but  cannot  long  abide.  Dryden. 

IM-PEL'LJJNT,  a.  [It.  impellente. — See  Impel.] 
Having  power  to  impel.  Boyle. 

IM-PEL'LfiNT,  n.  That,  which  impels;  an  impul- 
sive or  motive  power;  a driving  force.  “ Mere 
blind  impellents."  Glanville. 

IM-PEL'LER,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  impels. 

IM-PEL'LING,  p.  a.  Driving  forward  ; urging  on. 

JM-PEN',  v.  a.  [in  and  pen.]  [i.  impenned  ; pp. 


impenning,  impenned.]  To  enclose  in  a pen  ; 
to  shut  up ; to  enclose.  Feltnam. 

IM-PEND',  v.  n.  [L.  impendeo ; in,  over,  and 
pendeo,  to  hang.]  [«.  impended  ; pp.  impend- 
ing, impended.]  To  hang  over ; to  be  at 
hand  ; to  press  nearly  ; to  threaten. 

Destruction  sure  o’er  all  your  heads  impends ; 

Ulysses  comes,  and  death  his  6teps  attends.  Pope. 

IM-PEND  pNCE,  1 n The  state  of  hanging  over  ; 

IM-PEND'gN-CV,  ) near  approach.  Hale. 

IM-PEND'£NT,  That  impends  ; imminent ; 
hanging  over  ; impending. 

Impendent  in  the  air, 

Let  his  keen  sabre,  comet-like,  appear.  Prior. 

IM-PEND'ING,  p.  a.  Hanging  over ; ready  to 
fall ; near  ; threatening.  “ Impending  wrath.” 
Smalridge.  “ Impending  danger.”  Byron. 

Syn.  — See  Imminent. 

JM-PEN-E-TRA-B!l'!-TY,  n.  [It.  impenetrabilita  ; 
Sp.  in/pcnetrabilidad  ; Fr.  impenitrabilite.] 

1.  The  quality  of  being  impenetrable. 

2.  The  quality  of  being  insusceptible  of  intel- 
lectual impression.  Johnson. 

3.  (Physics.)  That  property  of  matter  in  vir- 

tue of  which  the  same  portion  of  space  cannot 
at  the  same  time  be  occupied  by  more  than  one 
portion  of  matter.  Fleming. 

! M- PEN'  f -TR  A-BLE,  a.  [L.  impenetrabilis  ; in, 
priv.,  and  pcnetrabilis,  penetrable  ; penetro,  to 
penetrate  ; It.  impenetrabile  ; Sp.  impenetrable  ; 
Fr.  impenetrable.] 

1.  That  cannot  be  penetrated  or  pierced. 

Before  the  impenetrable  shield  was  wrought.  Dnjden. 

Impenetrable  to  the  stars  or  sun.  Dryden. 

2.  Not  to  be  taught ; dull;  stupid.  Johnson. 

It  is  the  most  impenetrable  cur 
That  ever  kept  with  men.  Shak. 

3.  (Physics.)  Noting  that  property  of  matter 
by  which  it  exclusively  occupies  a certain  space. 

4.  Incapable  of  being  moved ; hard-hearted ; 
cold-hearted. 

Syn. — See  Impervious. 

IM-PEN'E-TRA-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  qual- 
ity of  being  impenetrable  ; impenetrability.  Ash. 

IM-PEN'jp-TRA-BLY,  ad.  With  impenetrability. 

IM-PEN'^-TRAT-fD,  a.  That  has  not  been  pen- 
etrated ; not  penetrated  ; unexplored. 

IM-PEN'I-TENCE,  ) [L.  in,  priv.,  and  poeni- 

IM-PEN'I-TEN-CY,  ) tentia,  repentance  ; poeniteo, 
to  cause  to  repent ; poena  (Gr.  no/vy),  punish- 
ment; It.  impenitenza  ; Sp.  impenitencia ; Fr. 
impenitence .]  Want  of  penitence  ; want  of  re- 
pentance or  contrition  ; obduracy. 

Where  one  man  ever  comes  to  repent,  a thousand  end 
their  days  in  final  impenitence.  South. 

IM-PEN'I-TENT,  a.  [It.  Sp . impenitente  \ Fr. 
impenitent.]  Not  penitent  or  contrite  ; not  re- 
penting of  sin  or  crime  ; obdurate  ; hardened. 

They  died 

Impenitent , and  left  a race  behind 

Like  to  themselves.  Milton. 

IM-PEN'I-TENT,  n.  An  impenitent  person.  “Pun- 
ishment of  impenitents."  Hammond. 

IM-PEN'J-TENT- LY,  ad.  Obdurately  ; without 
penitence  or  repentance.  Hammond. 

IM-PEN'NATE,  n.  [L.  in,  priv.,  and  penna,  a 
wing.]  ( Ornith.)  A term  applied  to  a tribe  of 
swimming  birds  having  short  wings,  as  the 
penguin.  Brande. 

IM-PEN'NATE,  a.  (Ornith.)  Having  no  feathers 
or  wings  ; impennous.  P.  Cyc. 

I M- PEN 'NOUS,  a.  Wanting  feathers  or  wings. 
“ Impennous  insects.”  Browne. 

IM-PEO'PLE  (jm-pe'pl),  v.  a.  To  form  into  a com- 
munity ; to  fill  with  people.  Beaumont. 

flM'Pp-RANT,  a.  Commanding.  Baxter. 

f IM'Pfi-RATE,  a.  [L.  impero,  imperatus,  to  com- 
mand.] Done  by  direction  or  impulse  of  the 
mind.  South. 

IM-PER'A-TlVE,  a.  [L.  imperativus  ; impero,  to 
command;  It.  <Sr  Sp.  imperativo ; Fr .imperatif.] 

1.  Commanding ; expressing,  or  having  the 
form  of  expressing,  command  ; authoritative. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


IMPERATIVELY 


IMPERTINENCY 


723 


2.  Enjoined  or  binding,  as  an  obligation  ; 
obligatory;  as,  “An  imperative  duty.” 

Imperative  mood,  (Gram.)  that  form  of  tile  verb 
which  denotes  command,  entreaty,  or  exhortation. 

JM-PER'A-TlVE-LY,  ad.  In  an  imperative  man- 
ner ; authoritatively.  Bp.  Hall. 

IM-PF.-RA' TOR,  n.  [L.]  A title  of  honor  con- 
ferred on  Roman  generals  after  a great  victory  ; 
a commander-in-chief ; a general.  Shak. 

IM-PER-A-TO' RI-A,  n.  ( Bot .)  A genus  of  um- 
belliferous plants  ; mastervvort ; — so  named 
from  its  supposed  imperial  virtues  in  curing 
certain  diseases.  P.  Cyc. 

IM-PER-A-TO'RI-AL,  a.  [L .iinperatorius.]  Com- 
manding; imperative.  Norris. 

t IM-PpR-CEIV'A-BLE,  a.  Imperceptible.  South. 

f lM-PpR-CEI  V'A-HLE-NESS,  n.  Imperceptible- 
ness ; imperceptibility.  Sharp. 

f 1M-P£R-CEIVED',  a.  Unperceived.  Boyle. 

IM-PpR-CEP-TI-BIL'I-Ty,  n.  [L.  in,  priv.,  and 
percipio,  to  perceive;  It.  impercettibilita ; Fr. 
imperceptibilite .]  The  quality  of  being  imper- 
ceptible ; imperceptibleness.  Scott. 

IM-PpR-CEP'TI-BLE,  a.  [It.  impercettibile  ; Sp. 
<Sp  Fr.  imperceptible.']  Not  perceptible;  not  to 
be  perceived  ; very  small ; subtile  ; impalpable. 
“ Almost  imperceptible  to  the  touch.”  l)rydcn. 

Some  things  are  in  their  nature  imperceptible  by  our 
sense.  Hale. 

IM-PIJR-CEP'TI-BLE,  n.  Something  too  small  to 
be  perceived.  Tatler. 

IM-PpR-CEP'Tr-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing imperceptible  ; imperceptibility.  Hale. 

IM-P5R-CEP'TI-BLY,  ad.  In  a manner  not  to  be 
perceived  ; not  perceptibly.  Addison. 

IM-P^R-CEP'l’ION,  n.  Want  of  perception.  More. 

IM-PFR-CEP'TI  VE;  a.  Not  able  to  perceive.  Tucker. 

f IM-l’FR-ClP'I-PNT,  a.  Not  having  perception  ; 
without  perception.  Baxter. 

f Tm-PER-DI-bIl'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
imperdible.  Derham. 

f IiM-PER'DI-BLE,  a.  [L.  imperditus,  not  de- 
stroyed.] Not  to  be  destroyed.  Feltham. 

IM-PER'FECT,  a.  [L.  imperfectus ; in,  priv.,  and 
perfectus,  perfect ; perjicio,  to  perfect ; per,  used 
intensively,  and  facio,  to  make  ; It.  imperf etto; 
Sp.  imperfecto  ; Fr.  imparfait.\ 

1.  Not  perfect;  not  complete;  not  absolutely 
or  thoroughly  finished ; defective  ; — used  either 
of  persons  or  of  things.  “ Imperfect  bodies.” 
Bacon.  “ Imperfect  intellects.”  Boyle. 

The  still-born  sounds  upon  the  palate  hung, 

And  died  imperfect  on  the  faltering  tongue.  Dryden. 

2.  Frail ; not  completely  good. 

Our  best  worship  is  imperfect.  Johnson. 

3.  {Gram.)  Applied  to  the  tense  which  ex- 
presses what  occurred  or  was  occurring  in  time 
fully  past ; as,  “ I saw  him  yesterday.”  Brown. 

4.  {Bot.)  Noting  flowers  which  want  either 

stamens  or  pistils.  • Gray. 

5.  {Mus.)  Noting  chords  which  are  incom- 

plete, or  which  do  not  include  all  their  acces- 
sory sounds:  — noting  also  those  compound  in- 
tervals which  do  not  contain  their  complement 
of  simple  sounds;  as,  “The  false  or  imperfect 
fifth.”  Moore. 

Imperfect  number , ( Arith .)  a number  the  sum  of 
whose  divisors  is  not  equal  to  itself ; a defective  num- 
ber.— Imperfect  power,  ( Arith .)  a number  whose  root 
cannot  he  expressed  in  exact  parts  of  unity.  Tims  8 
is  a perfect  third,  but  imperfect  second  power.  Davies. 

Syn. — See  Defective. 

+ iM-PER'FgCT,  v.  a.  To  make  imperfect. 

Time,  which  perfects  some  things,  imperfects  others.  Browne. 

IM-PER-FEC'TION,  n.  [L.  imperfectio  ; It.  im- 
perf ezione;  Sp.  imperfection;  Yr.  imperfection. ] 
Want  of  perfection  ; fault,  whether  physical  or 
moral ; defect  ; failure  ; weakness  ; vice. 

Imperfections  would  not  be  half  so  much  taken  notice  of. 
if  vanity  did  not  make  proclamation  of  them.  L' Estrange. 

Syn.  — Imperfection  is  a very  general  term,  and  of 
extensive  application  ; as  there  is  no  one  without 
some  imperfection.  Defect  is  applied  to  some  particu- 
lar imperfection,  or  it  is  a negative  imperfection,  and 


indicates  that  something  is  wanting.  Fault  is  a posi- 
tive imperfection,  and  is  applied  to  something  that  is 
W'rong  or  badly  made.  Weakness  and  frailty  are  great 
imperfections  ; weakness  being  applied  to  the  judg- 
ment, and  .frailty  to  tile  moral  features  of  an  action. 
Failings  aiid  foibles  are  slight  imperfections  ; failing 
denotes  some  deficiency,  and  foible  some  weakness 
that  may  be  excused  anil  excite  a smile. 

iM-PER'FgCT-Ly,  ad.  In  an  imperfect  manner  ; 
not  fully  ; defectively  ; not  completely.  Locke. 

LM-PER'F^CT-NESS,  n.  Imperfection,  [it.]  Pope. 

IM-PER'FO-R  A-BLE,  a.  [Sp.  imper for  able .]  That 
cannot  be  bored  through.  Johnson. 

IM-PER'FO-RATE,  ? a.  [L.  in,  priv.,  and  per- 

IM-PER'FO-RAT-ED,  > /oro,  perforatus,  to  bore 
through  ; per,  through,  and  foro,  to  bore  ; It. 
imperforato  ; Sp.  imperforado. ] Not  perforated 
or  pierced  through ; closed.  Sharp. 

IM-PER-FO-RA'TION,  n.  [It.  imperforazione  ; 
Sp.  imperf oration;  Fr.  imperf oration.]  The 
state  of  being  closed,  or  not  perforated.  Todd. 

IM-PE'RI-AL,  a.  [L.  imperialis ; It.  imperiale; 
Sp.  imperial;  Fr.  imperial.) 


1.  Relating  to  an  emperor  or  to  an  empire. 

“ Imperial  Caesar.”  Shak. 

And  she.  proud  Austria’s  mournful  flower. 

Thy  still  imperial  bride.  Byron. 

2.  Pertaining  to  a monarch  or  to  a mon- 
archy ; royal  ; regal. 

And  the  imperial  votaress  passed  on. 

In  maiden  meditation  fancy  free.  Shak. 

3.  Betokening  royalty  ; marking  sovereignty. 

My  due  from  thee  is  this  imperial  crown.  Shak. 

4.  Possessing  supremacy  ; supreme. 

Imperial  rule  of  all  the  sea-girt  isles.  Milton. 


Imperial  chamber,  tile  sovereign  court  of  tile  late  Ger- 
man empire.  — Imperial  city,  a city  in  Germany  which 
has  no  head  but  the  emperor.  — Imperial  diet,  an  as- 
sembly or  convention  of  all  the  states  of  the  German 
empire.  — Imperial  medals,  medals  or  coins  which  were 
struck  after  the  conclusion  of  the  Roman  republican 
era,  and  until  the  fall  of  the  Eastern  empire.  Wright. 

IM-PE'RI-AL,  n.  1.  {Arch.)  A kind  of  dome,  the 
profile  of  which  is  pointed  towards  the  top  and 
widens  towards  the  base,  thus  forming  a curve 
of  contrary  flexure.  Brande. 

2.  The  outside  seat  of  a diligence.  Ogilvie. 

3.  A tuft  of  hair  hanging  from  the  lower  lip 

over  the  chin.  Clarke. 

4.  Any  thing  large,  as  a large  decanter,  a 

large  kind  of  slate,  a large  kind  of  drawing 
paper.  Simmonds. 

5.  A dried  plum.  Simmonds. 

IM-PE'RI-AL-I§M,  n.  Imperial  power  or  author- 
ity ; imperiality.  Pc.  Rev. 

IM-PE'RI-AL- 1 ST,  n.  [It.  imperialist  a.]  One  who 
adheres  or  belongs  to  an  emperor.  Coxe. 

IM-PE-RI-AL'I-TY,  n.  Imperial  power,  authority, 
or  right ; imperialism.  Smart. 

IM-PE'RI-AL-fZED  (jm-pe're-ttl-Izd),  a.  Rendered 
or  made  imperial.  Fuller. 

IM-PE'RI-AL- LY,  ad.  In  an  imperial  manner. 

JM-PE'RI-AL-TY,  n.  Imperiality.  [r.]  Sheldon. 

IM-PER'IL,  v.  a.  [in  and  peril.)  To  bring  into 
peril  or  danger ; to  endanger ; to  peril.  B.  Jonson. 

IM-PE'RJ-OUS,  a.  [L . imperiosus  ; It.  Y Sp.  im- 
perioso  ; Fr.  imperieux.) 

1.  Assuming  command  ; commanding  ; ty- 
rannical; authoritative;  haughty;  arrogant; 
overbearing  ; domineering  ; magisterial.  “ Im- 
perious Agamemnon.”  Shak.  u Imperious  love.” 
Dryden.  “ Imperious  words.”  Locke. 

Expect  another  message  more  imperious, 

More  lordly  thundering  than  thou  well  wilt  bear.  Milton. 

2.  Powerful ; ascendent ; predominant. 

A man,  by  a vast  and  imperious  mind,  and  a heart  large  as 
the  sand  upon  the  sea-shore,  could  command  all  the  knowl- 
edge of  nature  and  art.  Tillotson. 

Syn.  — See  Magisterial. 

IM-PE'RI-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  an  imperious  manner. 

IM-PE'RI-OUS-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  imperi- 
ous ; air  of  command  ; haughtiness  ; arrogance. 

IM-PER'ISH-A-BLE,  a.  [Fr.  imperissable.)  Not 
liable  to  perish  ; enduring  for  ever  ; everlasting  ; 
indestructible  ; not  to  be  destroyed  ; immortal. 

Incapable  of  mortal  injury. 

Imperishable,  and,  though  pierced  with  wound, 

Soon  closing,  and  by  native  vigor  healed.  Milton. 


IM-PER'ISH- A-BLE-NESS,  il.  The  quality  of  being 
imperishable.  Craig. 

IM-PER'ISH-A-BLY,  ad.  In  a manner  not  to 
perish  ; so  as  not  to  decay.  Wright. 

IM-PER'I-VVIGGED  (jm-per'e-wlgd),  a.  Wearing 
a periwig.  Cotgrave. 

IM-PER'MA-NENCE,  P n Want  of  permanence  ; 

IM-PER'MA-NEN-Cy,  > instability'.  “ Imperma- 
nence of  human  blessings.”  Seward. 

IM-PER'M  A-NENT,  a.  Not  permanent ; unstable  ; 
fluctuating ; changeable.  Henry  More. 

IM-PER-Mg-A-BIL'I-TY,  il.  [Tt.  imper  menbi  lit  n ; 
Sp.  impermcabilidad ; Fr.  impermeabilite.)  The 
state  or  the  quality  of  being  impermeable ; a 
property  which  certain  substances  have,  of  not 
being  permeable  by  others.  Nichol. 

IM-PER'M A-BLE,  a.  [It.  impermeabile  ; Sp. 
impermeable  ; Fr.  impermeable .]  That  cannot 
be  passed  through  or  penetrated  by’  fluids  ; not 
permeable ; impervious. 

Glass  is  impervious  or  impermeable  to  water.  Francis. 

iM-PER'M^-A-BLY,  ad.  So  as  not  to  be  penetrat- 
ed or  passed  through.  Clarke. 

IM-P^R-MIS'SI-BLE,  a.  That  may  not  be  per- 
mitted or  allowed,  [r.]  Ed.  Rev. 

f IM-PBR-SCRU'TA-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  he 
searched  out.  More. 

f TM-PJJR-SCRU'T A-BLE-NESS,  11.  The  state  of 
being  imperserutable.  Wright. 

f IM-PfJU-SEV'F-RANT,  a.  Strongly  persevering. 

Shak. 

I M- PER.' SON- A L,  a.  [L.  impersonalis  ; in,  priv., 
and  personalis,  personal ; persona,  a person  ; 
It.  impersonate ; Sp.  impersonal;  Fr.  imperson- 
nel .]  (Gram.)  Wanting  personality;  noting 
verbs  which  are  used  only  in  the  third  person 
singular,  with  it  for  a nominative  in  English, 
and  without  a nominative  in  Greek  and  Latin  ; 
as  cfeoTi,  licet,  it  is  lawful;  — called  by  some 
grammarians  unipersonal. 

The  doctrine  of  impersonal  verbs  has  been  justly  rejected 
by  the  best  grammarians,  both  ancient  and  modern.  Brande. 

IM-PER'SON-AL,  il.  (Gram.)  That  which  wants 
personality.  Harris. 

IM-PER-SON-Al'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
impersonal.  Draper. 

IM-PER'SON-AL-LY,  ad.  Without  personality. 

IM-PER'SON-ATE,  v.  a.  [in,  used  intensively, 
and  personate.)  [i.  impersonated  ; pp.  im- 
personating, impersonated.]  To  make  per- 
sonal ; to  personify  ; to  personate. 

Some  of  these  masques  were  moral  dramas,  where  the 
virtues  and  vices  were  impersonated . Hurd. 

IM-PER-SON-A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  impersonat- 
ing; personification,  [r.]  Langhorne. 

IM-PER-SPI-CU'I-TY,  n.  [in,  priv.,  and  perspicui- 
ty I)  Want  of  clearness  or  perspicuity  ; unin- 
telligibility ; vagueness.  “ The  imperspicuitu 
of  his  style.”  Instnictions  for  Oratory,  1682. 

IM-P^R-SPlC'U-OUS,  a.  [L.  imper spicuus.)  Not 
perspicuous  ; not  clear  ; obscure.  Bailey. 

IM-PJJR-SUA'DA-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  per- 
suaded ; impersuasible.  [r.]  Ec.  Rev. 

IM-PgR-SUA'DA-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  impersuadable.  [r.]  Ec.  Rev. 

IM-PER-SUA'SI-BLE,  a.  [It.  imper suasibile.)  That 
cannot  be  persuaded.  Decay  of  Piety. 

IM-PER'TI-NENCE,  I [It.  impertinenza  ; Sp. 

IM-PER'TI-NEN-CY,  ) impertinencia  ; Fr.  imper- 
tinence. 

1.  The  quality  of  being  impertinent,  or  hav- 
ing no  relation  to  the  matter  in  hand  ; irrele- 
vancy ; irrelevance  ; disconnection. 

O,  matter  and  impertinency  mixed, 

Reason  and  madness  I Shak. 

2.  A trifle  ; a thing  of  no  value. 

There  are  many  subtle  impertinencies  learnt  in  the  schools. 

Watts. 

3.  Rudeness ; intrusion  ; sauciness  ; impu- 
dence ; insolence  ; effrontery  ; pertness. 

We  should  avoid  the  vexation  and  impertinence  of  pedan  ts, 
who  affect  to  talk  in  a language  not  to  be  understood.  Swift. 

Syn.  — See  Impertinent,  Insolence. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — (J,  (},  9,  g,  soft;  £,  jG,  5,  1,  hard;  § as  7. ; Y ax  g/..  — THIS,  this. 


IMPERTINENT 


IMPLEMENTING 


724 


iM-PiiR'TJ-NENT,  a.  [L.  in,  priv.,  and  pcrtinens, 
pertaining  to  ; It.  Sg  Sp.  impertinente  ; Fr.  im- 
pertinent.] 

X.  Not  pertinent ; not  pertaining  to  the  mat- 
ter in  hand  ; irrelevant ; of  no  weight. 

The  contemplation  of  things  that  are  impertinent  to  ns, 
and  do  not  concern  us,  is  but  a specious  idleness.  I'lllotson. 


2.  Rude ; intrusive  ; meddling  ; officious ; 

unmannerly  ; impudent ; insolent.  ” 1 he  most 
impertinent  creature  living. ” Spectator. 

3.  Trifling;  foolish;  frivolous.  Pope. 

Svn. An  impertinent  mail  meddles  with  what 

does  not  belong  to  him  ; an  impudent  man  behaves 
without  decency  ; an  insolent  man  shows  no  respect 
to  rank  or  station.  Impertinence  is  the  reverse  of  re- 
serve ; impudence,  of  modesty ; and  insolence,  ol  meek- 
ness. All  impertinent  question  ; an  irrelevant  reinaik  ; 
impudent  or  insolent  looks,  maimers,  or  language  ; 
rude  behavior. 


IM-PER'TJ-NENT,  n.  One  who  interferes  or  med- 
dles in  what  does  not  concern  him  : — an  unman- 
nerly or  impudent  person.  Spectator. 

We  are  but  curious  impertinents  in  the  case  of  futurity.  Pope. 

IM-PER'T[-NENT-LY,  ad.  In  an  impertinent 
manner ; rudely. 

f IM-PpR-TRAN-SI-BlL'NTY,  n.  The  state  of  be- 
ing impertransible.  Hale. 

f IM-PpR-TRAN'SI-BLE,  a.  [L.  in,  priv.,  andper- 
transeo,  to  pass  through ; per,  through,  and  trans- 
eo,  to  pass.]  Not  to  be  passed  through.  Smart. 

IM-PpR-TUIl-BA-BlL'I-TY,  n.  [It.  imperturbabi- 
lit'i ; Sp.  imperturbabilidad .]  The  quality  of 
being  imperturbable.  Wilson. 

IM-PIJR-TiiR'B  A-BLE,  a.  [L.  imperturbabilis ; 
in,  priv.,  and  perturbo,  to  disturb  ; It.  impertur- 
babile  ; Sp.  if  Fr.  imperturbable.']  That  cannot 
be  disturbed  ; immovable  ; composed.  Ash. 

IM-PER-TUR-BA'TION,  n.  [L.  imperturbatio .] 
Calmness  ; indisturbance  ; quietude  ; tranquil- 
lity. “ Imperturbation  of  mind.”  Wharton. 

I.M-PpR-TURBED'  (-tiirbd'),  a.  Undisturbed; 
unexcited ; calm,  [r.]  Bailey. 

IM-PER-VI-A-BIE'I-TY,  re.  The  quality  of  being 
impervious  ; impenetrability.  Ed.  Red. 

IM-PER'VJ-A-BLE,  a.  Impervious.  Ed.  Rev. 

IM-PER'VI-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
impervious  ; imperviousness.  Craig. 

I.M-PER'VI-OUS,  a.  [L.  impervius  ; in,  priv.,  and 
pervius,  passable  ; per,  through,  and  via,  a way  ; 
It.  impervio .] 

1.  Not  pervious;  impermeable;  impassable; 
impenetrable  ; — particularly,  impenetrable  to 
light  or  to  fluids.  “ Impervious  vapors.”  Pope. 
“ Impervious  to  the  air.”  Boyle. 

Over  this  gulf, 

Impassable,  impervious.  Milton. 

2.  Inaccessible,  [r.] 

A river’s  month  impervious  to  the  wind.  # Pope. 

Syn.  — That  is  impervious  which  has  no  way 
through  ; impassable,  that  cannot  be  passed  through  ; 
impenetrable,  that  c moot  he  penetrated  ; inaccessible , 
that  cannot  be  approached.  An  impervious  thickot ; 
an  impassable  river  or  barrier  ; an  impenetrable  sub- 
stance ; an  inaccessible  summit. 

IiM-PER'VI-OUS-LY,  ad.  Impassably;  impene- 
trably. 

IM-PER'VI-OUS-NESS,  re.  The  state  of  being  im- 
pervious ; imperviability.  Johnson. 

+ i.M'PE-RY,  a.  Imperial.  Joye. 

flM-PEST',  v.  a.  To  fill  with  pestilence  or 
plague  ; to  infest.  Pitt. 

fLM-PES'TpR,  v.  a.  [Old  Fr.  empestrer.]  To 
trouble  ; to  harass  ; to  pester.  Cotgrave. 

IM-Pp-TlfJf'J-NoCrS,  a.  [L.  impetigo,  impetiginis, 
a scabby  eruption  ; It.  impetiginoso .]  Scurfy  ; 
covered  with  scabs.  Bailey. 

IM-PE-TI' OO,  n.  [L.]  (Med.)  An  eruption  of 
small  pustules  on  the  skin  ; — sometimes  called 
the  moist  tetter.  Braude. 

t I.M'PfJ-TRA-BLE,  a.  [L . impetrabilis.]  Possible 
to  be  obtained  by  entreaty.  . Bailey. 

t IM'PIJ-TRATE,  v.  a.  [L . impetro,  impetratus  ; 
Fr.  impitrer .]  [i.  impetrated  ; pp.  impetrat- 
ing,  impetrated.]  To  obtain  by  entreaty. 

IJc  hath  impetrated  reconciliation.  Abp.  Usher. 


f IM'PIJ-TR  ATE,  a.  Obtained  by  prayer  or  en- 
treaty ; impetrated.  Ed.  Herbert. 

Im-I’E-TRA'TION,  n.  [L.  impetratio  ; It.  impe- 
trazione ; Fr.  imp-tration.] 

1.  f The  act  of  obtaining  by  prayer  or  en- 
treaty. Bp.  Taylor. 

2.  (Law.)  In  ancient  English  statutes,  a pre- 
obtaiuing  of  church  benefices  in  England  from 
the  Church  of  Rome,  which  belonged  to  the  gift 
of  the  king,  or  other  lay  patrons.  Bouvier. 

t IM'Pp-TRA-TIVE,  a.  [L.  impetrativus.]  Able 
to  obtain  by  entreaty.  Bp.  Hall. 

f IM'PJJ-TRA-TO-RY,  a.  Obtaining  by  entreaty; 
impetrative.  Bp.  Taylor. 

f JM-PET'Tf-COAT,p.a;.  Toimpocket,  or  to  pocket. 

I did  impetticoat  thy  gratuity.  Shak. 

||  IM-PET-U-OS'I-TY,  n.  [It.  impetaosith ; Sp.  im- 
petuosidad ; Fr.  impefuosite .]  The  quality  of 
being  impetuous ; violence;  fury;  vehemence; 
impetuousness ; precipitancy.  Clarendon. 

||  IM-PET'U-OUS  (jm-pet'yu-us),  a.  [L.  impetuo- 
sus  ; impetus,  force  ; in,  against,  and  peto,  to  go 
towards  ; It.  if  Sp.  impetuoso  ; Fr.  impetueux.] 

1.  Violent ; forcible  ; rapid  ; furious  ; rush- 
ing ; raging  ; fierce  ; precipitate  ; headlong. 
“ The  torrent’s  too  impetuous  speed.”  Prior. 

2.  Vehement  of  mind  ; hasty  ; passionate. 

The  king,  ’t  is  true,  is  noble,  but  impetuous.  Howe. 

Syn. — See  Violent. 

||  IM-PET'U-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  an  impetuous  man- 
ner ; precipitately  ; violently.  Bp.  Hall. 

II  IM-PET'y-OUS-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  im- 
petuous ; vehemence  ; violence  ; fury.  Wilkins. 

IM'Py-TUS,  n.  [L.]  1.  (Mech.)  The  product  of 

the  mass  and  velocity  of  a moving  body  ; mo- 
mentum. Brande. 

2.  (Gunnery.)  The  altitude  due  to  the  first 
velocity  of  projection,  or  the  altitude  through 
which  a heavy  body  must  fall  to  acquire  that 
velocity.  Hutton. 

IM'PHEE,  n.  A species  of  sorghum ; Chinese 
sugar-cane.  — See  Sorghum.  Darlington. 

f JM-PlC'TURED,  a.  Painted;  pictured.  Spenser. 

IM-PJERCE',  v.  a.  To  pierce  through.  Drayton. 

JM-PIERCE'A-BLE  [im-per's?-bl,  W.  P.  Ja.  K.  Sm. ; 
jm-per'sj-bl,  S'.],  a.  Impenetrable.  Spenser. 

IM-PpE-TY,  n.  [L.  impietas  ; in,  priv.,  and  pie- 
tas,  piety  ; It.  impieta  ; Sp.  impiedad ; Fr.  im- 
piete.] 

1.  Want  of  piety;  irreverence  with  respect  to 
God  or  to  sacred  things;  contempt  of  religious 
duties  or  observances  ; irreligion  ; wickedness. 

To  keei)  that  oath  were  more  impiety 

Than  Jephthah’s,  when  he  sacrificed  his  daughter.  Shak. 

2.  An  act  of  wickedness  or  irreligion.  — In 
this  sense  it  has  a plural. 

Can  Juno  such  impieties  approve?  Denham. 

3.  Want  of  duty  to  parents. 

f JM-PIG'NO-RATE,  v.  a.  [L.  in,  in,  and  pignus, 
pignoris,  a pledge.]  To  pawn  ; to  pledge.  Bailey. 

t TM-PIG-NO-RA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  pawning 
or  pledging.  Bailey. 

JM-PINyE'  (jm-plnj'),  v.  n.  [L.  impingo  ; ire  and 
pango,  to  fix.]  [i.  impinged  ; pp.  impinging, 
impinged.]  To  fall  against;  to  strike  against. 
“ One  cloud  impinges  upon  another.”  Francis. 

JM-PIN^rE'MpNT,  re.  The  act  of  impinging;  act 
of  striking  against.  D.  Clinton. 

IM-PIN'OfJNT,  a.  Falling  against,  or  upon;  strik- 
ing against.  Sat.  Mag. 

IM-PlNp'JNG,  re.  The  act  of  striking  against. 

The  cause  of  reflection  is  not  the  impinging  of  light  on  the 
solid  or  impervious  parts  of  bodies.  Newton. 

f (M-PIN'GUATE  (im-plng'gwat),  v.  a.  [L.  in,  in, 
and  pinguis,  fat.]  To  make  fat.  Bailey. 

f IM-PIN-GUA'TION  (-pjng-gwa'slnin),  re.  The 
act  of  making  fat,  or  the  process  of  becoming 
fat.  Wats. 

IM'PT-OUS,  a.  [L.  impius.]  Not  pious  ; without 
reverence  of  religion  ; ungodly  ; irreligious  ; 
wicked  ; profane  ; irreverent. 

Where  vice  prevails,  fund  impious  men  bear  sway. 

The  post  of  honor  is  a private  station.  Addison. 

Syn.  — See  Irreligious,  Wicked. 


Im'PJ-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  an  impious  manner;  pro- 
fanely ; irreverently  ; wickedly.  Burnet. 

IM'P]-OyS-NESS,  re.  The  quality  of  being  im- 
pious ; impiety.  Sir  IV.  Cornwallis. 

flM'PlRE  (Im'plr),  re.  Umpire.  Huloet. 

IWP'ISH,  a.  Relating  to,  or  like,  imps.  Clarke. 

flM-PlT'E-OUS,  ad.  [Fr.  impiteux.]  Merci- 
less  ; cruel.  Golden  Boke. 

iM-PLA-CA-BIL'l-TY,  n.  [L.  implacabilitas  ; It. 
implacabilita  ; Pr.  implacctbihte .]  The  quality 
or  the  state  of  being  implacable ; iuexorableness ; 
irreconcilable  enmity  ; malice.  Sir  T.  Elyot . 

IM-PLA'CA-BLE,  a.  [L.  implacabilis  ; tnf  priv., 
and  placability  placable  ; placeOy  to  please  ; It. 
implacabilc  ; Sp.  <§$■  Fr.  implacable .] 

1.  Not  placable  ; not  to  be  appeased  or  paci- 
fied ; inexorable  ; malicious ; constant  in  en- 
mity ; unrelenting  ; relentless  ; ruthless  ; cruel. 

Ilis  incensernent  is  so  imjtlacable , that  satisfaction  can  be 
none  but  by  pangs  of  death.  Shak. 

2.  Admitting  no  relief  or  ease  ; not  to  be  as- 
suaged. [r.] 

Their  armor  helped  their  harm,  crushed  in  and  bruised, 
Into  their  substance  pent,  which  wrought  them  pain 
Implacable , and  many  a dolorous  groan.  Milton. 

Syn.  — Implacable,  unrelenting , relentless,  and  in- 
exorable, all  express  inflexible  severity.  Implacable 
animpsity  : unrelenting  temper  ; relentless  cruelty  ; 
inexorable  judge. 

IM-PLA'CA-BLE-NESS,  re.  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  implacable  ; implacability.  Hale. 

IM-PLA'CA-BLY,  ad.  Witli  implacability  ; inex- 
orably ; relentlessly.  Clarendon. 

IM-PLA-CEN'TAL,  a.  Having  no  placenta,  as 
the  marsupial  animals.  Smart. 

IM-PLANT',  v.  a.  [in  and  plant-,  Fr.  implant er.] 
[l.  IMPLANTED  ; pp.  IMPLANTING,  IMPLANTED.] 

1.  To  infix  for  the  purpose  of  growth  ; to  in- 
sert ; to  ingraft ; to  plant ; to  set ; to  put ; to 
place. 

Another  cartilnge,  capable  of  motion,  by  the  help  of  some 
muscles  that  were  implanted  in  it.  Jlay. 

2.  To  inculcate;  to  instil;  to  infuse. 

See,  Father!  what  first  fruits  on  earth  are  sprung 
From  thy  implanted  grace  in  man.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Inculcate. 

Im-PLAN-TA'TION,  re.  The  act  of  implanting; 
plantation  : — inculcation.  Sir  T.  Browne. 

lM-PLAU-§J-BlL'I-TY,re.  State  of  being  implau- 
sible ; want  of  plausibility.  Smart. 

IM-PLAu'§I-BLE  (im-pHw'ze-bl),  a.  [It.  implau- 
silile .]  Not  plausible  ; unplausible  ; not  spe- 
cious ; not  likely  to  gain  approbation  or  favor  ; 
not  likely  to  persuade.  “ Art  of  making  plau- 
sible or  implausible  harangues.”  Swift. 

IM-PLAU'^I-BLE-NESS,  re.  Want  of  plausibility  ; 
implausibility.  Dr.  Allen. 

IM-PLAu'§I-BLY,  ad.  Without  show  of  probability. 

f IM-PLEACH'  (jm-pISch'),  V.  a.  [in  and  pleach.] 
To  interweave  ; to  intertwine.  _ Shak. 

IM-PLEAD',  v.  a.  [in  and  plead.]  [i.  impleaded  ; 
pp.  impleading,  impleaded.] 

1.  (Law.)  To  sue  or  prosecute  by  due  course 

of  law  ; to  take  the  laxv  of.  Blackstone. 

2.  To  accuse  ; to  arraign  ; to  impeach. 

The  law  of  God  is  said  to  be  impleaded  by  such  asper- 
sions. IF.  Mountagu. 

IM-PLEAD'IJR,  re.  One  who  impleads  or  prose- 
cutes another  ; an  accuser.  Ilarmar. 

t L\I-PLEA§’ING,  a.  Unpleasing.  Overbury. 

f IM-PLED^E',  v.  a.  To  pledge.  Shenvood. 

flM-PLED^ED'  (jm-plejd'),  a.  Pledged.  Taylor. 

IM'PLIJ-MENT,  re.  [L.  implement um-,  impleo,  to 
fill  up  ; in,  in,  and  pleo,  to  fill.]  Something  that 
supplies  want,  — particularly,  an  instrument ; a 
tool ; a utensil  ; a vessel.  “ Implements  of 
trade.”  Broome.  “ Implements  of  a ruined 
house.”  “ Implements  of  war.”  Shak. 

IM'PLE-MENT,  v.  a.  To  supply,  furnish,  or  pro- 
vide with  implements,  [r.]  Ec.  Rev. 

Tm'PL^-MENT-ING,  re.  Act  of  furnishing  with 
implements.  Craig. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  ?,  J,  O,  IT,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


IMPLETION 


725 


IMPORTUNATENESS 


[M-PLE'TION,  n.  [L.  impleo,  impletus,  to  fill  up.] 

1.  The  act  of  filling.  Browne. 

2.  The  state  of  being  full.  Johnson. 

IM'PLEX,  a.  [L.  implexus. — See  Implicate.] 
Intricate  ; complicated  ; complex  ; not  simple. 

Every  poem  is,  according  to  Aristotle’s  division,  either 
simple  or  implex:  it  is  called  simple  when  there  is  no  change 
of  fortune  in  it;  implex  when  the  fortune  of  the  chief  actor 
changes  from  bad  to  good,  or  from  good  to  bad.  Addison. 

JM-PLEX'ION,  n.  [L.  implexio.] 

1.  The  act  of  involving  or  infolding ; involu- 
tion. Craig. 

2.  The  state  of  being  involved.  Craig. 

IM-PLl'A-BLE.a.Not pliable;  unyielding.  Qu.Rev. 

IM'PLI-CATE,  V.  a.  [Gr.  eywl-iKto ; in,  in,  and 

j t?.{ku),  to  fold  ; L.  implico,  implicatus  ; It.  im- 
plicare  ; Sp.  implicar  ; Fr.  impliquer.]  {i.  im- 
plicated ; pp.  IMPLICATING,  IMPLICATED.] 

1.  To  infold  ; to  entangle  ; to  involve. 

The  ingredients  of  saltpetre  do  so  mutually  implicate  and 
hinder  each  other.  lioijlc. 

2.  To  bring  into  connection  with  ; to  include 
with  ; to  prove,  or  to  cause,  to  be  concerned  in. 

Syn.  — To  implicate  is  to  fold  into  ; to  complicate, 
to  fold  together  ; to  involve,  to  roll  into. 

Implicated  by  a small  or  indirect  share  in,  or  con- 
nection with,  a transaction  ; involved  by  being  deeply 
concerned.  Implicated  in  a crime  ; involved  in  a law- 
suit, or  in  debt ; entangle  1 by  nets  or  in  contests.  In 
a complicated  conspiracy  all  the  persons  implicated  may 
not  be  guilty  of  the  same  offence. 

IM-PLI-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  implicatio  ; It.  implica- 
tions', Sp.  implicacion  ; Fr.  implication.'] 

1.  Act  of  implicating,  or  state  of  being  im- 
plicated; involution;  entanglement.  “The 
implication  of  the  component  parts.”  Boyle. 

2.  Inference,  not  expressed,  but  tacitly  in- 
culcated or  implied. 

Though  civil  causes,  according  to  some  men,  are  of  less 
moment  than  criminal,  yet  the  doctors  are,  by  implication , 
of  a different  opinion.  AyliJ/e. 

IM'PLI-CA-TIVE,  a.  [Sp.  implicativo.]  Tend- 
ing to  implicate  ; having  implication. 

IM'PLI-CA-TIVE-LY,  ad.  By  implication. 

(M-PLIC'IT  (jm-plis'jt),  a.  [L.  implico,  implicitus, 
to  infold  ; in,  in,  and  plico,  to  fold  ; It.  § Sp. 
implicito  ; Fr.  implicit  e.] 

1.  Infolded ; complicated. 

The  humhle  shrub. 

And  bush  with  frizzled  hair  implicit.  Thomson. 

2.  Inferred ; tacitly  comprised,  though  not 
expressed.  “An  implicit  compact.”  South. 

3.  Resting  on  the  authority  of  others  ; trust- 
ing without  examination  or  proof. 

No  longer  by  implicit  faith  we  err, 

Whilst  every  man ’s  his  own  interpreter.  Denham. 

JM-PLiy'lT-LY,  ad.  1.  In  an  implicit  manner; 
by  inference;  virtually;  impliedly. 

He  that  denies  this  doth  implicitly  deny  his  existence. 

Bentley. 

2.  With  unreserved  confidence  or  obedience. 

Wc  implicitly  follow  in  the  track  in  which  they  lead  us. 

Royers. 

JM-PLig'IT-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  implicit; 
dependence  on  the  authority  of  others.  Scott. 

•)■  IM-PLiy'I-TY,  n.  [Old  Fr.  implicit  e.]  Implicit- 
ness. Cotgrave. 

IM-PLI'BD-LY,  ad.  By  implication  ; by  inference 
comprised  or  included,  though  not  expressed. 

IM-PLO-RA'TION,  n.  [L.  imploratio  ; Sp.  implo- 
racion.\  Solicitation  ; supplication.  Bp.  Hall. 

f IM'PLO-RA-TOR,  n.  One  who  implores  or  en- 
treats ; one  who  supplicates.  Shale. 

IM-PLORE',  v.  a.  [L.  imploro ; in,  used  inten- 
sively, and  ploro,  to  cry  aloud  ; It.  implorare  ; 
Sp.  implorar  ; Fr.  implorer.]  j*.  implored  ; 
pp.  imploring,  implored.]  To  ask  in  sup- 
plication ; to  supplicate  ; to  entreat ; to  be- 
seech; to  crave;  to  solicit;  to  beg. 

We  implore  thv  powerful  hand 
To  undo  the  charmed  hand 
Of  true  virgin  here  distressed.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Ask. 

f IM-PLORE',  n.  The  act  of  begging  ; entreaty. 

With  piercing  words  and  pitiful  implore.  Spenser. 

IM-PLOR'BR,  n.  One  who  implores  ; a solicitor. 

IM-PLOR'ING-LY,  ad.  In  an  imploring  manner. 

IM-PLUMED'  (Im-plumd'),  a.  [L.  implumis  ; in, 
priv.,  and pluma,  a plume.]  Without  feathers; 
unfledged  ; implumous.  Bailey. 


IM-PLU'MOUS,  a.  Naked  of  feathers;  unfeath- 
ered ; callow,  [r.]  Johnson. 

{M-PLUN^E',  v.  a.  \in  and  plunge.]  [i.  im- 
PLUNGED  ; pp.  IMPLUNGING,  IMPLUNGED.]  To 
plunge  ; to  hurry  into.  Fuller. 

JM-PLY',  v.  a.  [L.  implico-,  in,  in,  and  plico,  to 
fold;  It.  implicare-,  Sp.  implicar-,  Fr.  impli- 
quer.] [t.  IMPLIED  ; pp.  IMPLYING,  IMPLIED.] 

1.  f To  infold ; to  cover ; to  entangle  ; to  involve. 

And  Phoebus,  flying  so  most  shameful  sight, 

His  blushing  face  in  foggy  clouds  implies.  Spenser. 

2.  To  comprise  or  include  by  implication,  or 
as  a consequence ; to  signify ; to  import ; to 
mean. 

Where  a malicious  act  is  proved,  a malicious  intention  is 
implied.  Sherlock. 

IM-POCK'ET,  v.  a.  To  pocket,  [r.]  Carleton. 

JM-POI'§ON  (jm-pol'zn),  v.  a.  [Fr.  empoisonner .] 
[*.  IMPOISONED  ; pp.  IMPOISONIN G,  IMPOI- 
soned.]  To  corrupt  or  kill,  as  with  poison  ; to 
infect ; to  poison  ; to  empoison.  — See  Em- 
poison. 

One  doth  not  know 

How  much  an  ill  word  doth  impoison  liking.  Shak. 

JM-POI'§ON-MENT  (jm-pol'zn-ment),  n.  Act  of 
poisoning ; empoisonment.  Pope. 

f IM-PO'LA-RI-LY,  ad.  Not  in  the  direction  of 
the  poles.  Browne. 

IM-POL'1-CY,  n.  [L . impolitia.]  AVant  of  policy ; 
state  of  being  impolitic  ; imprudence  ; indiscre- 
tion ; want  of  forecast. 

IM-PO-LITE',  a.  [L.  impolitus.]  Not  polite ; 
rude  ; uncivil  ; unpolished  ; ill-mannered. 

Syn.  — See  Awkward. 

IM-PO-LiTE'LY,  ad.  AVith  impoliteness  ; rudely. 

IM-PO-LITE'NysS,  n.  AVant  of  politeness. 

Im-POl'I-TIC,  a.  [It.  £,  Sp.  impolitico  ; Fr.  im- 
politique .]  Not  politic;  wanting  policy  or  pru- 
dence ; tending  to  injure  ; imprudent ; indis- 
creet; injudicious.  Hooker. 

IM-PO-LlT'I-CAL,  a.  Impolitic,  [r.]  Mickle. 

t IM-PO-LIT'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  Impoliticly.  Mickle. 

IM-POL'I-TIC-LY,  ad.  In  an  impolitic  manner ; 
without  policy  or  forecast ; indiscreetly. 

IM-POL'I-TIC-NfiSS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  im- 
politic ; want  of  policy.  Scott. 

IM-PON-DJJR- A-BIL'I-TY,  r.  [It.  imponderabili- 
ty; Fr.  imponderability]  (Physics.)  Absolute 
levity  ; destitution  of  sensible  weight.  Clarke. 

IM-PON'DpR-A-BLE,  a.  [It.  imponderabile  ; Fr. 
imponderable.]  That  cannot  be  weighed.  Francis. 

IM-PON'DER-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
imponderable ; imponderability.  Clarke. 

IM-PON'Dl^R- A-BLES,  n.  pi.  [L.  in,  priv.,  and 
ponderabilis,  capable  of  being  weighed.]  (Phys- 
ics.) A name  formerly  given  to  heat,  light, 
electricity,  and  magnetism,  on  the  supposition 
of  their  being  subtile  matter  of  inappreciable 
weight.  They  are  now  regarded  as  forces  rather 
than  fluids,  and  their  phenomena  as  due  to  mo- 
tions excited  in  ponderable  matter.  Nichol. 

IM-PON'D^R-OflS,  a.  Void  of  perceptible  weight ; 
imponderable.  Browne. 

iM-PON'DgR-OlTS-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
imponderous.  Clarke- 

+ IM-PONE',  v.  a.  [L.  impono.]  To  lay  or  put 
down,  or  stake,  as  a wager  or  pledge.  Shak. 

f IM-POOR',  v.  a.  To  impoverish.  W.  Browne. 

t IM-POP'U-LAR,  a.  Unpopular.  Bolingbroke. 

IM-PO-ltOS'I-TY,  it.  [Fr.  imporosite.]  The  state 
of  being  imporous.  Bacon. 

IM-PO'ROUS,  a.  [Fr.  imporeux.]  Not  porous; 
free  from  pores  ; close  ; solid. 

IM-PORT'(114),v.  a.  [L.  importo  ; in,  in,  and  porto, 
to  bear ; It.  importare ; Sp.  importar ; Fr.  impor- 
ter.] [£.  IMPORTED  -,pp.  IMPORTING,  IMPORTED.] 

1.  To  bring  or  carry  into  a country  from 
abroad  ; — opposed  to  export. 

2.  To  imply;  to  infer;  to  signify;  to  denote; 
to  mean  ; to  purport. 

The  question  wc  now  asked  imported  that  we  thought  this 
land  a land  ofmagicians.  _ Paeon. 


3.  To  be  of  importance  or  interest  to ; to 
be  of  consequence  to ; to  concern. 

Imports  their  loss  beside  the  present  need?  Milton. 

IM'PORT  (114)  [im'port,  S.  W.  P.  J.  E.  F.  K.  Sm. 
R.  Wr.\  Im'port  or  jm-port',  Ja.],  n. 

1.  Importance;  moment;  consequence.  “In 
proportion  to  the  import  of  the  cause.”  Aylijfe. 

2.  Signification  ; meaning  ; purport ; tendency. 
Add  to  the  former  observations  ...  a third  of  the  same 

import.  Boyle. 

3.  Any  thing  brought  from  abroad  or  import- 
ed ; merchandise  imported  ; — opposed  to  export. 

Our  imports  ought  not  to  exceed  our  exports.  Johnson. 
Syn.  — See  Signification. 

JM-PORT'A-BLE,  a.  [L.  importabilis  ; Sp.  § Fr. 
importable .] 

1.  f Insupportable  ; unendurable.  Spenser. 

2.  That  may  be  imported. 

|[  IM-POR'TANCE,  n.  [It.  importanza  ; Sp.  im- 
port an  eia  ; Fr.  importance.] 

1.  The  quality  of  being  important ; conse- 
quence ; moment ; weight ; gravity  ; significance. 


Thy  own  importance  know. 

Nor  bound  thy  narrow  views  to  things  below.  Pope. 

2.  f Thing  imported  or  implied.  Shak. 

3.  f Matter;  subject.  Shak. 

4.  f Urgent  solicitation  ; importunity. 

Maria  writ 

The  letter,  at  Sir  Toby’s  great  importance.  Shak. 


“ An  improper  use,  peculiar  to  Shakspeare.” 
Johnson. 

Syn.  — Importance  is  what  things  have  in  them- 
selves ; consequence  is  the  importance  of  a tiling  from 
the  effect  produced.  In  an  affair  of  importance  the 
least  delay  may  he  of  consequence.  A concern  of  great 
moment ; an  argument  of  great  weight. 

||  f IM-POR'TAN-CY,  n.  Importance.  Shak. 

||  IM-POR'TANT  [jm-pbr'tant,  S.  P.  J.  E.  F.  K. 
Sm.  R.  C.  Wr. ; im-por'tant,  Ja.  ; im-por'tant  or 
im-por't^nt,  IV.] , a.  [It.  <Sr  Sp.  importante ; Fr. 
important.] 

1.  Momentous ; weighty ; of  great  conse- 
quence ; material ; influential ; grave. 

The  important  hour  had  passed  unheeded  on.  Johnson. 

2.  f Forcible;  vehement;  furious. 

And  with  important  outrage  him  assailed.  Spenser. 

3.  [L.  importanus.]  f Importunate.  Shak. 

HOT  “ The  second  syllable  of  this  and  the  foregoing 

word  [importance]  is  frequently  pronounced  as  in  the 
verb  to  import.  The  best  usage,  however,  is  on  the  side 
of  the  first  pronunciation,  which  seems  to  suppose  that 
it  is  not  a word  formed  from  import , but  an  adoption 
of  the  French  importance  ; and  therefore  it  ought  not  to 
be  pronounced  as  a compound,  but  as  a simple.  The 
authorities  for  this  pronunciation  are  Mr.  Sheridan, 
Dr.  Kenrick,  Dr.  Ash,  W.  Johnston,  Mr.  Perry,  and 
Mr.  Buchanan.  Mr.  Scott  is  for  either,  but  gives  the 
first  til©  preference.”  Walker. 

Syn.  — See  Grave,  Weighty. 

||  IM-POR'TANT- LY,  ad.  In  an  important  or 
weighty  manner  ; forcibly.  Hammond. 

IM-POR-TA'TION,  n.  [It.  importazione  ; Sp.  im- 
portation \ Fr.  importation  !\ 

1.  The  act  or  the  practice  of  importing,  or 
bringing  into  a country  from  abroad:  — op- 
posed to  exportation. 

The  emperor  has  forbidden  the  importation  of  their  man- 
ufactures into  any  part  of  the  empire.  Addison. 

2.  That  which  is  imported ; import. 

3.  Act  of  conveying  ; conveyance. 

Instruments  . . . which  serve  tor  importation  and  recep- 
tion of  the  blood.  Smith  on  Old  Aye. 

JM-PORT'pR,  n.  One  who  imports. 

f IM-PORT'L?SS,  a.  Of  no  moment  or  conse- 
quence ; unimportant ; trivial.  Shak. 

||  IM-PORT'U-NA-CY,  n.  The  act  of  importuning ; 
importunity. 

Art  thou  not  ashamed 

To  wrong  him  with  thy  import unacy?  Shak. 

||  IM-FORT'U-NATE  (jm-port'yu-n?t),  a.  [L.  im- 
port unus.] 

1.  Incessant  and  unseasonable  in  solicitation  ; 

urgent ; pressing ; pertinacious.  “ An  import- 
unate suitor.”  Smalridqe. 

2.  Troublesome ; not  easy  to  he  borne.  “ Im- 
portunate accidents.”  Donne. 

||  IM-PORT'U-NATE-LY,  ad.  In-  an  importunate 
manner. 

||  IM-PORT'y-NATE-NESS,  n.  Incessant  solicita- 
tion ; importunacy.  Sidney. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RIJLE.  — 9,  0,  9,  g,  soft ; £,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


IMPORTUNATOR 


726 


IMPOWER 


||  f IM-PORT'U-NA-TOR,  n.  One  who  importunes  ; 
an  importuner.  Sir  E.  Sundys. 

IM-POR-TUNE',  v.  a.  [L.  importunus,  importu- 
nate; in,  priv.,  and  purto,  to  bear  ; It.  importu- 
nare;  Sp.  importunar ; Fr.  importuner.]  [{.im- 
portuned i pp.  IMPORTUNING,  IMPORTUNED.] 

1.  To  harass  or  disturb  by  reiteration  ; to  so- 
licit earnestly  ; to  tease  ; to  entreat. 

We  have  been  obliged  to  hire  troops  from  several  princes 
of  the  empire,  whose  ministers  and  residents  here  have  per- 
petually importuned  the  court  with  unreasonable  demands. 

Swift. 

There  with  my  cries  impor'tune  Heaven.  Milton . 

Formerly  accented  on  the  second  syllable. 

2.  To  require;  to  render  necessary. [r.]  Shak. 

3.  f To  import ; to  foretell.  Spenser. 

f IM-POR-TUNE',  a.  1.  Vexatious  ; troublesome  ; 
importunate;  unseasonable.  Spenser.  Milton. 

2.  Causing  distress  ; relentless  ; cruel ; in- 
exorable. “ Importune  fate.  Spenser. 

f fM-POR-TUNE'LY,  ad.  Troublesomely  ; vexa- 
tiously  ; incessantly  ; importunately.  Spenser. 

IM-POR-TUN'ER,  n.  One  who  importunes.  Todd. 

IM-POR-TU'NI-TY,  n.  [L.  importunitas ; It.  im- 
portunith ; Sp.  import  unidad  ; Fr.  import  unit  e.~\ 
The  act  or  the  quality  of  being  importunate ; 
incessant  solicitation  ; urgency  ; pertinacity. 
Thrice  I deluded  her,  and  turned  to  sport 
Her  importunity.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Solicitation. 

IM-PORT'U-oUS,  a-  [L.  importuosus  ; in,  not, 
and  portus , a harbor.]  Having  no  port  or  har- 
bor. Craig. 

IM-PO§'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  imposed.  “ Im- 
posablc  on  any  particular  man.”  Hammond. 

IM-PO§' A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  im- 
posable.  Wright. 

|M-PO§E'  (jm-poz'),  v.  a.  [L.  impono,  impositus  ; 
in,  upon,  and  pono,  to  place;  It.  imporre ; Fr. 
imposer.\  [t.  imposed  ; pp.  imposing,  imposed.] 

1.  To  put,  place,  or  set  upon  ; to  charge 
with;  to  inflict;  to  enjoin. 

It  shall  not  be  lawful  to  impose  toll  upon  them.  Ezra-? ii.  24. 
The  law  which  God  hath  imposed  upon  his  creatures.  Hooker. 

Impose  but  your  commands. 

This  hour  shall  bring  you  twenty  thousand  hands.  Dry  den. 

2.  +To  fix  upon;  to  impute  to.  Browne. 

3.  To  obtrude  fallaciously  ; to  palm  upon. 

Our  poet  thinks  not  fit 

To  impose  upon  you  what  he  writes  for  wit.  Dryden. 

4.  ( Eccl .)  To  lay  on,  as  the  hands,  in  ordina- 
tion or  confirmation.  Hall. 

5.  (Printing.)  To  lay  on  a stone,  and  fit  on 

the  chase,  as  the  pages  of  a sheet,  in  order  to 
carry  the  form  to  press.  Adams. 

To  impose  on,  or  upon,  to  deceive  ; to  cheat ; to  de- 
lude ; to  put  upon ; to  mislead  ; to  circumvent. 

Syn. — See  Deceive. 

+ IM-PO§E',  n.  Command;  injunction.  Shak. 

t jM-POsJE'MlJNT,  n.  Imposition.  More. 

JM-PO^'ER,  n.  One  who  imposes. 

IM-PO§'|NG,  p.  a.  1.  Laying  on  as  a duty,  pen- 
alty, burden,  command,  or  law ; exacting ; in- 
flicting; enjoining. 

2.  Deceiving ; delusive  ; misleading. 

3.  Commanding;  impressive  ; august;  grand  ; 
as,  “ An  imposing  structure.” 

JM-POSj'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  imposes. 

2.  (Printing.)  The  act  of  arranging  the  pages 
of  a sheet  for  printing  so  that  they  may  follow 
each  other  when  printed  and  the  sheet  is  fold- 
ed up  ; imposition.  Brande. 

JM-PO^'ING-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  im- 
posing ; imposition,  [r.]  Brit.  Crit. 

lM-PO§'ING— STONE,  n.  (Printing.)  The  stone 
upon  which  the  pages  of  a sheet  are  arranged 
for  printing.  Adams. 

IM-POS'ING— TA'BLE,  n.  (Printing.)  An  impos 
ingrstone.  Simmonds. 

iM-PO-l-jI''TION  (Tm-po-zish'un,  93),  n.  [L.  imposi- 
tio  ; It.  imposizione ; Sp.  imposicion;  Fr.  impo- 
sition.— See  Impose.] 

1.  The  act  of  imposing,  or  placing  upon  ; ex- 
action. “ The  imposition  of  taxes.”  Milton. 

2.  That  which  is  imposed,  as  a penalty,  bur- 
den, tax,  &c.  Bouvier. 


3.  Constraint;  oppression. 

The  grossest  impositions  have  been  submitted  to.  Swift. 

The  constraint  of  receiving  and  holding  opinions  by  au- 
thority was  rightly  called  imposition.  Locke. 

4.  Imposture  ; deception  ; fraud  ; cheat;  arti- 
fice ; trickery  ; trick. 

It  was  therefore  determined  that  we  should  dispose  of  the 
horse  at  the  neighboring  fair,  and,  to  prevent  imposition , that 
I should  go  with  him  myself.  Goldsmith. 

5.  A supernumerary  exercise  enjoined  on 
students  as  a punishment. 

Impositions  wer^  supplied 

To  light  my  pipe  or  soothe  my  pride.  T.  Warton. 

6.  (Eccl.)  The  laying  on,  as  of  hands.  Hall. 

7.  (Printing.)  The  act  of  laying  and  arrang- 
ing on  an  imposing-stone  the  pages  of  a sheet, 
so  that  they  may  regularly  follow  each  other 
when  printed,  and  the  sheet  is  folded  up.  Adams. 

if/f-  In  the  primitive  church,  imposition  of  hands 
was  used  as  the  sign  of  ordination,  and  also  of  con- 
firmation (i.  e.  the  imparting  of  the  miraculous  gifts 
of  tlie  Holy  Ghost).  Though  these  gifts  have  ceased, 
the  form  lias  still  continued  in  use,  not  only  as  tlie 
appropriate  form  of  ordination,  hut  also  of  the  con- 
firmation now  administered,  which  is  the  admission 
of  tlie  baptized  into  communion  with  the  church. Eden. 

Syn.  — See  Artifice. 

IM-P6§'I-TOR,  n.  [L.]  One  who  imposes  ; im- 
poser.  [r.]  Ash. 

IM-POS-SI-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [L . impossibilitas  ; It  .im- 
possibility ; Sp .imposibilidad ; Fr.  impossibilite .] 

1.  The  state  of  being  impossible  ; impractica- 
bility. 

When  we  see  a man  of  like  passions  and  weakness  with 
ourselves  going  before  us  in  the  paths  of  duty,  it  confutes  all 
lazy  pretences  of  impossibility.  ' Rogers. 

2.  That  which  is  impossible  ; that  which  can- 
not be,  be  done,  or  attained. 

This  being  a manifest  imjjossibility  in  itself.  Hooker. 

IM-POS'SI-BLE,  a.  [L.  impossibilis  ; in,  priv., 
and  possibilis,  possible  ; possum,  to  be  able  ; It. 
impossibile ; Sp.  imposib/e ; Fr.  impossible.]  That 
cannot  be  ; that  cannot  be  done  ; not  possible  ; 
impracticable  ; unachievable  ; unattainable. 

Difficult  it  is,  but  not  impossible.  Chitlin fftuorth. 

With  men  this  is  impossible;  but  with  God  all  tilings  are 
possible.  Matt.  xix.  26. 

Impossible  depression,  (Algebra.)  See  Imaginary 
expression. 

Syn.  — See  Impracticable. 

IM-POS'Sr-BLE,  n.  An  impossibility  ; that  which 
cannot  be,  or  be  done,  [r.]  Harris. 

IM-POS'SI-BLY,  ad.  Not  possibly.  North. 

IM'POST,  n.  [It.  &■  Sp.  imposta-.  Old  Fr.  impost-, 
Fr.  impbt.  — See  Impose.] 

1.  A rate  imposed  ; a tax ; a toll  ; tribute ; 

duty;  custom; — sometimes  used  in  the  re- 
stricted sense  of  a duty  on  imported  goods  and 
merchandise.  Bouvier. 

No  state  shall,  without  the  consent  of  Congress,  lay  any 
imposts , or  duties  on  imports  or  exports,  except  what  may  he 
absolutely  necessary  for  executing  its  inspection  laws. 

Constitution  of  the  U.  S. 

2.  (Arch.)  The  upper  part  of  a pier  or  pi- 
laster which  sustains  an  arch,  or  the  mouldings 
at  the  summit,  from  which  an  arch  springs  ; — 
any  supporting  piece. — See  Arch.  Brande. 

Syn. — See  Duty,  Tax. 

II  pi-POST'Hli-MATE  [jm-post'hu-mat,  K.  Sm.  R.\ 
jin-pos'tu-mat,  S.  E.  F.  Ja.  Wr.  ; jm-pos'chu-mat, 
W.  J.],  v.n.  [See  Impostiiume.]  [*.  im’post- 

HUMATEDJ  pp.  IMPOSTHUMATING,  IMPOSTHU- 
mated.]  To  form  an  abscess  ; to  form  a cyst 
or  imposthume ; to  collect  pus ; to  gather  ; to 
imposthume.  Arbuthnot. 

||  IM-POST'HIJ-MATE,  v.  a.  To  afflict  with  an  im- 
posthume. • Dr.  Griffith. 

||  IM-POST'HIJ-MATE,  a.  Having  an  impost- 
hume ; corrupted  ; morbid.  Pope. 

II  IM-POST-HU-MA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  forming 
an  imposthume  or  abscess.  Bacon. 

II  IM-POST'HUME  (im-pos'tum)  [im-pos'tum,  S.  E. 
F.  Ja.  C.  Wr.  ; im-pos'tlium,  W.  J.  ; im-post'- 
lium,  P.K.  Sm.  R.],  n.  [Gr.  cnrharripa  ; itbitTTtipt, 
to  recede-.  L.,  It.,  1$  Sp.  apostema ; Fr.  apos- 
ttme.  — “This  seems  to  have  been  formed  by 
corruption  from  impostem,  as  South  writes  it ; 
and  impostem  to  have  been  written  erroneously 
for  aposteme.”  Johnson.]  A collection  of  pu- 
rulent matter  in  a bag  or  cyst  with  or  without 
tumor ; an  abscess ; an  aposteme.  Harvey. 


||  IM-POST'HUME,  v.  n.  To  form  an  abscess;  to 
imposthumate.  [r.]  Huloet. 

||  JM-POST'HUME,  v.  a.  To  affect  with  an  impost- 
hume. [r.]  Hayward. 

JM-POS'TOR,  n.  [L.  impostor  ; impono,  imposi- 
tus, to  impose  ; It.  impostore ; Sp.  impostor  ; Fr. 
imposteur.]  One  who  is  guilty  of  imposition  or 
imposture  ; one  who  pretends  to  be  what  he  is 
not ; a pretender  ; a deceiver. 

What! 

An  advocate  for  an  impostor'.  Hush!  Shale. 

Syn. — See  Deceiver. 

f JM-POS'TOR-SHIP,  n.  The  character  or  the 
practice  of  an  impostor.  Milton. 

IM-POST'UME,  n.  See  Imposthume.  Todd. 

f (M-POST'UR-ApE,  n.  Imposture.  Bp.  Taylor. 

JM-POST'URE  (jm-post'yur),  n.  [L.,  It.,  tf  Sp.  im- 
postura-,  Fr.  imposture.  — See  Impose.]  The 
conduct  of  an  impostor  ; a cheat  committed  by 
putting  on  a false  appearance  ; deception  ; im- 
position ; delusion  ; artifice  ; fraud ; trick  ; ruse. 

When  they  found  out  the  imposture, ...  he  was  presently 
deserted,  and  never  able  to  crown  his  usurped  greatness. South. 

f IM-POST'URED,  a.  Containing  imposture  ; par- 
taking of  imposture.  Beaumont. 

+ JM-POST'UR-OUS,  a.  Deceitful;  cheating.  “Im- 
posturous  villain.”  More. 

IM'PO-TENCE,  n.  [L.  impotentia;  in,  priv.,  and 
potentia,  power  ; possum,  to  be  able;  It.  impo- 
tenza-,  Sp.  impotencia.  — See  Impotent.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  impotent,  or  powerless  ; 
want  of  strength,  physical,  intellectual,  or  mor- 
al ; inability ; incapacity ; imbecility ; weak- 


ness ; feebleness. 

The  impotence  of  exercising  animal  motion.  Arbuthnot. 

O,  impotence  of  mind,  in  body  strong!  Hilton. 

2.  Ungovernableness  of  passion  ; want  of 
self-restraint;  — a Latin  signification,  [r.] 

Will  he,  so  wise,  let  loose  at  once  his  ire. 

Belike  through  impotence,  or  unaware.  Milton. 

3.  (Law.)  Incapacity  for  copulation  or  for 

propagating  the  species;  — sometimes  used  as 
synonymous  with  sterility.  Bouvier. 

IM'PO-TEN-cy,  n.  Same  as  Impotence.  Bentley. 

IM'PO-TENT,  a.  [L.  impotens;  in,  priv.,  and  po- 


tens,  powerful ; possum,  to  be  able ; It.  § Sp. 
impotente  ; Fr.  impotent .] 

1.  Powerless ; unable ; imbecile ; feeble ; 
weak  ; wanting  strength,  physical,  intellectual, 
or  moral ; without  force  ; disabled. 

I knew  thou  wert  not  slow  to  hear, 

Nor  impotent  to  save.  Addison. 

In  those  porches  lay  a great  number  of  impotent  folk,  of 
blind,  halt,  and  withered.  John  v.  3. 

2.  f Violent ; headstrong. 

The  I.ady  Davey,  ever  impotent  in  her  passions.  Backet. 

3.  Without  power  of  restraint.  “ Impotent  of 

tongue.”  [r.]  Dryden. 

4.  Wanting  the  power  of  copulation  or  of 

procreation  ; — sometimes  used  as  synonymous 
with  steiile.  Tatler. 

IM'PO-TENT,  n.  One  who  is  infirm,  imbecile,  or 
languishing  under  disease  ; an  invalid.  Shak. 

IM'PO-TENT-LY,  ad.  In  an  impotent  manner. 

IM-POUND',  v.  a.  [in  and  pound.]  [t.  impound- 
ed ; pp.  impounding,  impounded.]  To  enclose 
in  a pound  or  as  in  a pound ; to  shut  up  ; to 
confine. 

I took  him  up  for  a stray,  and  impounded  him.  Dryden. 

IM-POUND'A^E,  n.  Act  of  impounding  cattle.  Ash. 

pi-POV'^R-ISII,  v.  a.  [It.  impoverire ; Sp.  em- 
pobrecer ; Fr.  appauvrir.  — See  Pauper,  and 
Poor.]  [£.  impoverished  ; pp.  impoverish- 
ing, impoverished.] 

1.  To  make  poor ; to  reduce  to  poverty ; to 
bring  to  want ; to  depauperate  ; to  empoverish. 

2.  To  exhaust  of  strength  or  fertility,  as  land. 

Written  both  impoverish-  and  empoverish. 

IM-POV'£R-ISH-$R,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which, 
impoverishes  ; empoverisher.  Bp.  Gauden. 

JM-POV'ER-JSH-MENT,  n.  The  act  of  making 
poor  ; reduction  to  poverty  ; empoverishment. 

The  lowest  state  of  impoverishment.  Burke. 

IM-POtV'IJR.  See  Empower.  Johnson. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  |,  O,  IJ,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


IMPRACTICABILITY 


727 


IMPRISON 


IM-PRAC-TJ-CA-BILT-TY,  n.  [It.  impraticabi- 
lita  ; Fr.  impracticabilite.]  The  state  of  being 
impracticable  ; impracticableness.  Smollett. 

iM-PRAC'T|-CA-BLE,  a.  [It.  impraticabile  ; Sp. 

Fr.  impracticable .] 

1.  Not  practicable  ; that  cannot  be  performed  ; 
unfeasible  ; impossible  by  human  means. 

An  extravagant  and  impracticable  undertaking.  Woodward. 

2.  Untractable;  unmanageable,  [r.] 

And  yet  this  tough,  impracticable  heart 
Is  governed  by  a dainty-lingered  girl.  Rowe. 

3.  That  cannot  be  passed  or  travelled,  as  a 

road;  impassable.  Wriglit. 

Syn. — That  is  impracticable  which  cannot  be  done 
liv  human  skill  or  ingenuity  ; that  is  impossible  which 
is  contrary  to  the  existing  laws  of  nature.  The  navi- 
gation of  a river  may  he,  in  its  present  state,  imprac- 
ticable. ; but  it  is  not  impossible  that  the  obstacles  may 
be  removed  so  as  to  render  it  practicable. 

IM-PRAC'TI-CA-BLE-NESS,  n.  1.  The  state  of 
being  impracticable;  unfeasibleness;  impossi- 
bility ; impracticability. 

2.  Untractableness  ; stubbornness.  Burnet. 

IM-PRAC'TI-CA-BLY,  ad.  In  an  impracticable 
manner.  “ Impracticably  rigid.”  Johnson. 

I M'PRE-CATE,  v.  a.  [L.  imprecor,  imprecatus, 
to  invoke  (good  or  evil)  upon ; in,  upon,  and 
precor,  to  pray;  It.  imprecare ; Sp.  imprecar.] 
[t.  IMPRECATED  ; pp.  IMPRECATING,  IMPRE- 
CATED.] To  pray  or  wish  for  some  evil  or  curse 
to  fall  upon  ; to  curse.  Blount. 

IM-PRE-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  imprecatio  ; It.  impre- 
cazione  ; Sp.  imprecacion  ; Fr.  imprecation.]  An 
invoking  of  evil  ; malediction  ; execration  ; 
denunciation  ; curse. 

With  imprecations  thus  he  filled  the  air, 

And  angry  Neptune  heard  the  unrighteous  prayer.  Pope. 

Syn. — See  Malediction. 

IM'PRfl-CA-TO-RY  [Im'pre-ka-tur-e,  W.  P.  J.  F. 
Ja.  K.  Sm.  Wr. ; jm-prek'j-tur-e,  ,S. ; im-pre-ka'- 
tur-e,  E.],  a.  [Sp.  imprecatorio  : Fr.  impreca- 
toire.]  That  imprecates;  containing  wishes  of 
evil ; invoking  evil.  Bailey. 

IM-PRE-CI"SION,  (-slzh'un,  93),  n.  Want  of  pre- 
cision ; inaccuracy,  [it.]  Wr.  Taylor. 

JM-PREGN'  (-pren'),  v.  a.  [Fr.  impregner.  — See 
Impregnate.]  [i.  impregned  ; pp.  impregn- 
ing,  impregned.]  To  fill;  to  fecundate;  to 
impregnate.  Milton. 

IiM-PREG-N A-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being 
impregnable;  impregnableness.  Roget. 

IM-PREG'NA-BLE,  a.  [Fr.  imprenable  ; in,  priv., 
and  prenable,  to  be  taken  ; prendre,  to  take.] 

X.  That  cannot  be  taken  by  assault ; that  can- 
not be  stormed ; that  cannot  be  forced;  secure 
from  capture ; inexpugnable  ; unassailable. 

Two  giants  kept  themselves  in  a castle,  seated  upon  the 
top  of  a rock,  impregnable , because  there  was  no  coming  to  it 
but  by  one  narrow  path,  where  one  man’s  force  was  able  to 
keep  down  an  army.  Sidney. 

2.  Not  to  be  moved  or  shaken  ; invincible. 

The  man’s  affection  remains  wholly  unconcerned  and 
impregnable.  South. 

IM-PREG'NA-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
impregnable  ; impregnability.  Ash. 

IM-PREG'NA-BLY,  ad.  In  an  impregnable  man- 
ner. “ Impregnably  fortified.”  Sandys. 

IM-PREG'NANT,  a.  Not  pregnant.  Coleridge. 

JM-PREG'nAte,  v.  a.  [It.  impregnare  ; Sp.  im- 
pregnar ; Fr.  impregner.]  \i.  impregnated; 
pp.' impregnating,  impregnated.] 

1.  To  make  pregnant ; to  cause  to  conceive; 
to  fecundate,  as  a female  animal.  Browne. 

2.  To  fill ; to  infuse  into  ; to  imbue;  to  sat- 
urate ; to  diffuse  throughout.  Johnson. 

3.  (Sot.)  To  fecundate,  as  the  ovules  of  a 

plant ; to  fertilize.  P.  Cyc. 

(M-PREG'NATE,  v.  n.  To  become  pregnant. 

Like  Spanish  jennets,  to  impregnate  by  the  wind.  Addison. 

IM-PREG'NATE,  a.  [It.  impregnate  ; Sp.  impre- 
gnado.]  Impregnated ; made  prolific.  South. 

IM-PRgG-NA'TION,  n.  [Sp.  impregnacion  ; Fr. 
impregnation.] 

1.  The  act  of  impregnating ; fecundation,  as 

of  an  animal  or  a plant.  P.  Cyc. 

2.  The  state  of  being  impregnated. 


3.  That  with  which  any  thing  is  impregnated. 

What  could  implant  in  the  body  such  peculiar  impregna- 
tions'i  Derham. 

4.  Infusion  ; saturation.  Ainsworth. 

f IM-PRp-JU'DI-CATE,  a.  Unprejudiced.  Browne. 

flM-PREP-A-RA'TION,  n.  Want  of  preparation  ; 
unpreparedness.  Hooker. 

IM-PBp-SCRIP-TI-BIL'I-TY,  ».  [Fr.  imprescripti- 
bility.] State  of  being  imprescriptible.  Smart. 

IM-PRE-SCRlP'TI-BLE,  a.  [It.  imperscrittibile ; 
Sp.  if  Fr.  imprescriptible.]  (Law.)  That  cannot 
be  lost  or  impaired  by  claims  founded  on  pre- 
scription ; that  can  neither  be  alienated,  nor  ac- 
quired, by  long  and  continued  usage.  Paley. 
A property  which  is  held  in  trust  is  imprescriptible.  Bduvier. 

Ii\I-PRE-SCRlP'T{-BLY,  ad.  In  an  imprescripti- 
ble manner.  Coxe. 

IM- PRESS',  v.  a.  [L.  imprimo,  impressus;  in, 
upon,  and  premo,  to  press;  It.  imprimere ; Sp. 
imprimir;  Fr.  imp  rimer.]  [i.  impressed;  j.p. 
IMPRESSING,  IMPRESSED.] 

1.  To  press  into  or  upon  ; to  print  by  pres- 
sure ; to  stamp. 

He  his  own  image  on  the  clay  impressed.  Denham. 

2.  To  fix  deeply;  to  imprint ; to  inculcate. 

We  should  . . . impress  the  motives  of  persuasion  upon 

our  own  hearts,  till  we  feel  the  force  of  them.  Watts. 

3.  To  press  or  force  into  public  service.  “To 

impress  seamen.”  C.  Richardson. 

Syn.  — See  Inculcate. 

Im'PRESS,  n.  1.  Mark  made  by  pressure  ; inden- 
tation ; print ; imprint ; impression. 

The  impresses  of  the  insides  of  these  shells.  Woodward. 

2.  Mark  of  distinction  ; stamp  ; seal. 

God,  surveying  the  works  of  the  creation,  leaves  us  this 
general  impress  or  character  upon  them,  that  they  were  ex- 
ceeding good.  South. 

3.  Device  ; motto  ; emblem. 

Emblazoned  shields, 

Impresses  quaint,  caparisons  and  steeds.  Hilton. 

4.  The  act  of  pressing  or  forcing  into  public 
service ; impressment. 

Why  such  impress  of  shipwrights,  whose  sore  task 

Does  not  divide  the  Sunday  from  the  week?  Shak. 

5.  Impression ; image  fixed  in  the  mind,  [r.] 

Mere  inconsiderate  imaginations  and  casual  impresses.  More. 

Impress  money , money  paid  to  the  men  who  have 
been  compelled  to  enter  the  public  service. 

IM-PRESSED'  (-prest'),  p.  a.  1.  Pressed  into  or 
upon  ; marked  by  pressure. 

2.  Forced  into  service;  pressed. 

JM-PRESS'— GANG,  11.  A party  of  men  with  an 
officer  to  impress  seamen  for  ships  of  war ; 
press-gang.  Wright. 

IM-PRES-SI-BIL'I-Ty,  n.  Capability  of  being  im- 
pressed ; impressiveness  ; susceptibility. 

IM-PRES'Sl-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  impressed; 
susceptible  of  impression  ; susceptive. 

IM-PrUS'SI-BLY,  ad.  In  a manner  to  make  im- 
pression. Wright. 

IM-PRES'SION  (jm-presh'un),  n.  [L . impressio  ; 
It.  impressione  ; Sp.  impresion ; F r.  impression.] 

1.  The  act  of  impressing,  imprinting,  or 
stamping  ; a pressing  into  or  upon. 

2.  That  which  is  impressed;  mark  made  by 
pressure  ; stamp  ; impress  ; indentation. 

The  seal  leaving  its  impression  or  configuration  upon  the 
wax.  Fleming. 

3.  The  effect  on  the  nervous  system,  arising 
from  a communication  between  an  external  ob- 
ject and  a bodily  organ. 

The  impressions  made  on  the  sense  of  touch.  Reid . 

4.  The  effect  produced  upon  the  mind,  con- 
science, feelings,  or  sentiments  ; sensation. 

We  speak  of  moral  impressions , religious  impressions,  im- 
pressions of  sublimity  and  beauty.  Fleming. 

5.  Efficacious  agency  ; operation  ; influence. 

Universal  gravitation  is  above  all  mechanism,  and  pro- 
ceeds from  a divine  energy  and  imjyression.  Bentley. 

6.  The  effect  of  an  attack  ; sensible  effect. 

Such  a defeat  . . . may  surely  endure  a comparison  with 

any  of  the  bravest  impressions  in  ancient  times.  Wotton. 

7.  Indistinct  recollection;  slight  remem- 
brance; opinion;  notion.  Craig. 

8.  (Printing.)  Edition;  number  printed  at 
once  ; one  course  of  printing  of  a literary  work  : 


— the  copy  of  an  engraving  drawn  off  from  the 
plate  or  block  on  which  the  subject  is  engraved. 

Ten  impressions , which  his  works  have  had  in  so  many 
years.  Dryde/u 

Proof  impressions , called  also  proofs,  are  the  earliest  im- 
pressions taken  from  the  plate  or  stone.  Fairholt. 

9.  (Paint.)  A coat  or  stratum  of  color  intend- 
ed to  receive  the  other  colors  proper  to  the  ob- 
jects to  be  delineated;  that  species  of  painting 
of  a single  color,  used  upon  the  wall  or  wainscot 
of  an  apartment  for  the  purpose  of  decoration, 
upon  timber  or  joiner’s  work,  to  preserve  it  from 
humidity,  and  upon  the  works  of  the  lock- 
smith to  keep  them  from  rust.  Francis. 

Syn.  — See  Mark. 

1 M- PR  ES-S  ION- A-BIL'I-TY,  ii.  Capability  of  re- 
ceiving impressions,  [it.]  Dr.  J.  G.  Millenger. 

IM-PRES'SION- A-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  receiving 
impressions.  Qu.  Rev. 

JM-PRES 'SI  ON- A-BLE- NESS,  n.  Capability  of 
receiving  impressions,  [r.]  Qu.  Rev. 

[M-PRES'SIVE,  a.  [It.  impressito ; Sp.  impresivo.] 

1.  Capable  of  being  impressed ; susceptible. 

“ A soft  and  impressive  fancy.”  Spenser. 

2.  Capable  of  making  impression  ; making 

impression;  pungent;  powerful.  “ An  impres- 
sive discourse.”  Todd. 

IM-PRES'SIVE-LY,  ad.  In  a powerful  or  impres- 
sive manner.  Todd. 

1 M-PRES'SIVE- NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
impressive  ; capacity  to  make  impression. 

Our  thoughts  of  it  [religion]  have  much  more  of  vivacity 
and  impressiveness.  Paley. 

IM-PRESS'MIJNT,  n.  1.  The  act  of  impressing  or 
of  forcing  another  into  service  by  compulsion, — 
particularly  the  forcible  levying  of  seamen  into 
the  public  service.  Brande. 

2.  The  act  of  seizing  for  public  use..  Wright. 

IM-PRES'SI'RE  (jm-presh'ur),  ii.  Impression.  Shak. 

IM'PREST,  n.  [It.  imprestanza;  imprestare,  to 
lend  or  give  beforehand.]  Earnest-money  ; 
money  advanced  ; a loan.  Toad. 

IM-PREST',  v.  a.  [It  .imprestare.]  [?.  imprested  ; 
pp.  impresting,  imprested.]  To  advance  or 
pay  in  advance.  “Money  imprested  to  pay  the 
officers.”  [k.]  Burke. 

f Tm-PREV'A-LEN-CY,  n.  Want  of  prevalence  ; 
inefficiency.  Bp.  Hall. 

IM-PRI-MA ' TUR,  n.  [L.,  Let  it  be  printed.]  A 
license  to  print ; — so  applied  in  countries  sub- 
jected to  the  censorship  of  the  press.  Brande. 
As  if  a lettered  dunce  had  said,  “ ’t  is  right,” 

And  imprimatur  ushered  it  to  light.  Young. 

f IM-PRl M'ER-Y,  n.  [Fr.  imprimerie.] 

1.  A print ; an  impression.  Cowell. 

2.  A printing-house.  Ld.  Arlington. 

3.  The  art  of  printing.  Coles. 

f JM-PRIM'JNG,  it.  First  action  or  motion.  Wotton. 

IM-PRI'MIS,  ad.  [I,.]  First  of  all  ; in  the  first 
place.  “ Imprimis,  then,  I covenant.”  Congreve. 

IM-PRINT'  (114),  v.  a.  [L.  imprimo ; in,  upon,  and 
premo,  to  press  ; It.  imprimere  ; Sp.  imprimir ; 
Fr.  imprimer.]  [i."  imprinted  ; pp.  imprint- 
ing, imprinted.] 

1.  To  print  or  press  into  or  upon  ; to  mark  by 
pressure  ; to  impress  ; to  stamp  ; to  indent. 

Numerous  herds  imprint  her  sands.  Prior. 

2.  To  mark  by  types  ; to  print. 

3.  To  fix  on  the  mind  or  memory  ; to  impress. 

We  have  all  those  ideas  in  our  understandings  which  we 
can  make  the  objects  of  our  thoughts  without  the  help  of 
those  sensible  qualities  which  first  imprinted  them.  Locke. 

Syn.  — See  Inculcate. 

lM'PIUNT,  n.  The  designation  of  the  place  where, 
by  whom,  and  when  a book  is  published;  — 
always  placed  at  the  bottom  of  the  title. 

The  imprint,  as  it  is  called  in  technical  language,  “K  Ty- 
pographic Clarendoniano,"  or,  " At  the  Clarendon  Press." 

Brit.  Crit. 

IM-PRISy'ON  (im-piTz'zn),  V.  a.  [f.  IMPRISONED  ; 
pp.  IMPRISONING,  IMPRISONED.] 

1.  To  put  into  prison  ; to  put  into  a place  of 

confinement;  to  incarcerate.  Burrill. 

2.  To  confine  or  restrain  the  liberty  of  in  any 
way  ; to  enclose  ; to  shut  up  ; to  immure. 

To  be  imprisoned  in  the  viewless  winds.  Shak. 


MiEN,  SIR  ; MOVE,  NOR,  SON  ; 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE. — 9,  9,  9,  g,  soft ; C,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z; 


X.  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


IMPRISONER 


728 


IMPROVEMENT 


]M-PRI§'ON-ER,  n.  One  who  imprisons.  Todd. 

JM-PRI§'ON-MENT  (jm-prlz'zn-mcnt),  n.  1.  The 
act  of  imprisoning  ; confinement  of  a person  in 
a prison  or  a jail ; incarceration.  Burrill. 

2.  State  of  being  imprisoned  ; confinement ; 
any  forcible  restraint;  constraint;  duress. 

A forcible  detention  in  the  street,  or  the  touching  of  a per- 
son, by  a peace  officer,  by  way  of  arrest,  are  also  imprison- 
ments. hornier. 

Leading  them  out  of  their  long  imprisonment.  li'atts. 

False  imprisonment,  (Laic.)  any  illegal  imprison- 
ment whatever.  Buuvicr. 

IM-PROB-A-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [It.  improbabilith  ; Sp. 
improbabilidad ; ir.  improbability. — See  Im- 
probable.] Want  of  probability  ; unlikelihood ; 
unfavorable  chances. 

The  improbabilities  of  a spirit’s  appearing.  Dryilen. 

IM-FROB'A-BLE,  a.  [L.  improbabilis  ; in,  priv., 
and  probnhilis,  probable  ; probo,  to  approve  ; It. 
improbabile  ; -Sp.  I f-  improbable.)  Not  prob- 
able ; not  to  be  expected  under  the  circumstan- 
ces ; not  likely  to  happen,  or  to  be  true ; un- 
likely. 

This  account . . . will  appear  improbable  to  those  who  live 
at  a distance  from  the  fashionable  world.  Addison. 

IM-PROB'A-BLY,  ad.  Without  probability  or  like- 
lihood ; not  probably.  Milton. 

+ I HI 'PRO- BATE,  v.  a.  [L.  improbo,  improbatus  ; 
in,  priv.,  and  probo,  to  approve.]  Not  to  ap- 
prove ; to  disallow ; to  dispraise.  Ainsworth. 

LM-PRO-BA'TION,  n.  [L.  improbatio  ; Fr.  impro- 
bation.) 

1.  t The  act  of  disapproving.  Ainsworth. 

2.  ( Scottish  Law.)  An  action  brought  for  the 

purpose  of  having  some  instrument  declared 

false  and  forged.  Burrill. 

IM-PROB'I-TY,  n.  [L.  improbitas  ; in,  priv.,  and 
probitas,  probity ; It.  improbita ; Sp.  imp:  obi- 
dad  ; Fr.  improbite .]  Want  of  probity  ; knave- 
ry ; dishonesty  ; unfairness  ; baseness. 


Cast  out  for  notorious  improbity.  Hooker. 

IM-PRO-FF'CIENCE  (-flsh'ens),  > Want 

Ii\l-PRO-Fr"CIEN-CY  (-flsh'en-se),  > of  proficien- 
cy or  improvement,  [r.]  Bacon. 

+ IM-PROF'IT-A-BLE,  a.  Unprofitable.  Ehjot. 


IM-PRO-GRES'SI VE,  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  progres- 
sive.,\  Not  progressive  ; not  advancing.  Ec.  Itev. 

IM-PRO-LIF’IC,  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  prolific.]  Not 
prolific;  unproductive;  unprolific.  Waterhouse. 

■f- IM-PRO-LIF'I-CATE,  v.  a.  To  render  prolific; 
to  impregnate  ; to  fecundate.  Browne. 

IM-PROMPT',  a.  Not  prepared,  [it.]  Sterne. 

IM-PROJUP ' TV,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  in  prompt n,  in 
readiness ; promptus,  prompt,  ready.]  An  ex- 
temporaneous effusion  ; a short,  pointed  epi- 
gram, poem,  or  other  composition,  supposed  to 
be  brought  forth  on  the  spur  of  the  moment. 

Sir  J.  Hawkins. 

IM-PROMP  ’ TU,ad.  Without  premeditation  ; off- 
hand; as,  “ To  make  an  epigram  impromptu .” 

IM-PROJilP’ TU,  a.  Unpremeditated.  Qu.  Rev. 

i M-PROP' HR,  a.  [L.  improprius  ; in,  priv.,  and 
proprius,  proper ; It.  § Sp.  impropio  or  inipro- 
prio  ; Fr.  impropre.) 

1.  Not  proper  ; unsuitable  ; unadapted  ; un- 
meet ; unapt ; inapposite  ; unfit. 

The  methods  used  in  an  original  disease  would  be  very 
improper  in  a gouty  case.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  Unbecoming;  indecent;  misbecoming; 
unseemly ; as,  “ An  improper  demeanor.” 

3.  Inaccurate;  erroneous;  incorrect ; wrong. 

He  disappeared,  was  rarefied; 

For ’t  is  improper  speech  to  say  he  died.  Dryilen. 

Improper  fraction,  ( Arith .)  a fraction  whose  numer- 
ator is  greater  than  the  denominator.  Davies. 

Syn.  — See  Indecent. 

f IM-PROP-5-RA'TION,n. Reproach;  vituperation. 

Improperalions  and  terms  of  scurrility.  Browne. 

IM-PROP'IJR-LY,  ad.  In  an  improper  manner; 
not  fitly;  not  suitably;  unsuitably: — inaccu- 
rately ; erroneously  ; wrongly.  South. 

fl.M-PROP'ER-TY,  n.  See  Impropriety.  Todd. 

+ lM-PRO-PI''TIOUS,  a.  Unpropitious.  Wotton. 

lM-PRO-POR'TIOi\-.\-BLE,  a.  Not  proportiona- 
ble ; improportionate.  [it.]  IS.  Jonson. 


IM-PRO-POR'TION-ATE,  a.  Not  adjusted  to  ; not 
proportionable  ; unproportionablc. 

The  cuvity  is  i mproportionate  to  the  head.  Smith  on  Old  Age. 

IM-PRO'PR!-Ate,  v.  a.  [L.  inproprius,  inappro- 
priate; in,  priv.,  and  proprius,  proper.]  [i.  im- 
propriated ; pp.  IMPROPRIATING,  impropri- 
ated.] 

1.  To  appropriate  to  private  or  personal  use. 

To  impropriate  the  thanks  to  himself.  Bacon. 

2.  {Eng.  Eccl.  Law.)  To  put  into  the  hands 

of  laymen,  as  church  property.  Wharton. 

IM-PRO'PRI-ATE,  a.  {Eng.  Eccl.  Law.)  De- 
volved into  the  hands  of  laymen.  Spelman. 

IM-PRO-PRJ-A'TION,  n.  1.  f Exclusive  posses- 
sion or  occupancy. 

The  improfiriation  of  all  divine  knowledge.  Loe. 

2.  {Eng.  Eccl.  Law.)  The  act  of  appropriat- 
ing the  revenues  of  a church  living  to  one’s 
own  use : — a benefice  in  the  hands  of  a lay 
person  or  a lay  corporation,  or  which  descends 
by  inheritance  ; — so  called,  according  to  Spel- 
man, as  being  improperly  in  the  hands  of  lay- 
men. Whishaw.  Burrill. 

JM-.PRO'PRI-A-TOR  [ jin-pro' pro- a- tur,  P.  K.  Sm. 
R.  Wr.  Wb. ; jm-pro-pre-a'tur,  S.  W.  J.  E.  E. 
Ja.~\,  n.  One  who  impropriates,  or  seizes  to 
his  own  use ; — particularly  a layman  who  has 
the  possession  of  church  property.  Ayliffe. 

IM-PRO-PRI-A'TRIX,  n.  A woman  possessed  of 
church  lands.  Toller. 


IM-PRO-PItl'F.-TY,  n.  [I,,  improprietas  ; impro- 
prius,  improper  ; In,  priv.,  and  proprius,  proper; 
It.  improprieta,  or  impropietn ; Sp.  improprie- 
dad,  or  impropiedad  ; Fr.  impropriety .] 

1.  That  which  is  improper ; unfitness ; un- 
suitableness ; inappropriateness  ; inaptitude. 

2.  {Rhet.)  An  offence  or  error  in  language  by 
using  words  in  a sense  different  from  their 
established  signification  ; barbarism. 

Syn.  — See  Barbarism,  Decency. 

IM-PROS-PER'I-TY,  n.  Want  of  prosperity  ; un- 
happiness ; ill-fortune,  [it.]  Naunton. 

The  prosperity  or  improsperity  of  man.  Wollaston. 


t IJI-PROS'Pf  R-OUS,  a.  Not  prosperous;  un- 
prosperous  ; unsuccessful.  Hammond. 

f IM-PROS'PER-OUS-LY,  ad.  Unprosperously  ; 
unsuccessfully.  Drayton. 

tlM-PROS'Pf,R-OUS-NESS,  n.  Ill-fortune  ; want 
of  success.  Hammond. 


IM-PROV-A-BILT-TY,  n.  Capability  of  improve- 
ment; improvableness.  Todd. 

lM-PROV'A-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  improvement. 

Animals  are  not  improvable  beyond  their  proper  genius;  a 
dog  will  not  learn  to  mew,  nor  a cat  to  burk.  Grew. 

IM-PROV'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
improvable  ; capability  of  improvement. 

IM-PROV'A-BLY,  ad.  In  a manner  that  admits 
of  improvement  or  amelioration. 

IM-PROVE',  v.  a.  [L.  improbo,  to  disapprove,  to 
censure,  to  blame,  to  condemn ; in,  priv.,  and 
probo,  to  approve  ; It.  improverare,  to  reprove  ; 
Fr.  improuver,  to  disapprove,  to  condemn.]  [». 
IMPROVED  ; pp.  improving,  improved.] 

1.  f To  censure  ; to  blame  ; to  reprove. 

Improve , rebuke,  exhort,  with  all  long-suffering.  2 Tim.  iv. 

2,  Tund  ale's  Trans.;  also  Cover-dale's , Cm  inner's,  and  Genevan. 

Which  hook  this  author  doth  especially  allow,  howsoever 
all  the  sum  of  his  teaching  doth  improve  it  in  that  point. 

Bp.  Stephen  Gardiner. 

2.  [In  and  prove.  — In,  priv.,  and  A.  S.  pro- 
Jian,  to  prove.]  +To  disprove;  to  prove  false. 

Though  the  prophet  Jeremy  was  unjustly  accused,  yet 
doth  not  that  improve  any  thing  that  I have  said.  Whitgift. 

3.  [L.  in,  used  intensively,  and  probus,  good, 
— probum  facere,  to  make  good.  Skinner.  — 
Norm.  Fr ,'prover,  to  improve.]  To  raise  from 
good  to  better ; to  make  better  ; to  meliorate  ; 
to  mend ; as,  “ To  imjrrove  health,  disposition, 
character,  circumstances,”  &c. 

The  honest  opportunities  of  imj/roving  his  condition  pass 
by  without  notice.  Addison. 

4.  To  make  good  use  of ; to  employ  advanta- 
geously ; to  avail  one’s  self  of ; to  make  use  of ; 
to  use  ; as,  “To  improve  time,  opportunity,”  &c. 

A shrewd  contriver;  and  you  know  his  means, 

If  he  improve  them,  may  stretch  so  far 
As  to  annoy  us  all.  Shak. 

How  doth  the  little  busy  bee 
Improve  each  shining  hour!  Wafts. 


Tie  [Dr.  Watts]  was  careful  to  imjrrove  the  opportunity 
whieh  conversation  offered  of  diffusing  and  increasing  the 
influence  of  religion.  Johnson. 

It  is  quite  possible  either  to  improve  or  fail  to  improve  either 
kind  of  affliction.  At/p.  Whately. 

5.  To  increase,  augment,  or  enhance;  — ap- 
plied to  that  which  is  evil,  [it.] 

As  wholesome  medicines  the  disease  improve 
There  where  they  work  not  well.  Cowley. 

We  all  have,  I fear,  by  our  personal  and  voluntary  trans- 
gressions, not  a little  improved  the  wretched  inheritance  we 
received  from  our  ancestors.  Bp.  Porteus. 

HSf*  Neither  the  verb  to  improve , nor  the  noun  im- 
provement, is  to  be  found  in  the  common  version  of 
the  Bible.  In  Sliakspeare,  to  improve  occurs  only 
once  ; and  he  uses  it  in  the  sense  of  to  make  use  of , as 
appears  in  the  preceding  quotation.  In  the  poetry  of 
Milton,  to  improve  occurs  once  (in  the  sense  of  to  in - 
crease , as  in  the  following  line)  : 

What  might  improve  their  knowledge  and  my  own.  P.  L. 

Improved  occurs  twice.  In  one  instance  it  is  applied 
to  the  change  which  the  body  may  undergo  in  turning 
to  spirit ; and  in  the  other  it  is  used  in  the  sense  of 
increased , as  in  the  following  citations  : 

Your  bodies  may  at  last  turn  all  to  spirit, 

Improved  by  tract  of  time.  p.  £. 

When  Satan,  who  late  fled  before  the  threats 
Of  Gabriel  out  of  Eden,  now  improved 
In  meditated  fraud  and  malice,  bent 
On  man’s  destruction.  Paradise  Lost. 

Taylor,  in  his  44  English  Synonyms,”  says,  “ To 
improve  is  wholly  a vicious  word,  of  which  the  signi- 
fication attributed  to  it  by  English  writers  has  no 
parallel,  no  corroboration,  in  the  languages  whence 
it  has  been  imported,  nor  even  in  modern  French.” 

The  meanings  of  to  improve , which  correspond  with 
those  of  improbo  in  Latin  and  improuver  in  French, 
are  now  entirely  obsolete  in  English  ; and  to  improve 
is  now  used  in  senses  very  different  from  those  of  the 
foreign  words,  as  may  be  seen  above. 

This  word  is  sometimes  used,  in  this  country,  in- 
stead of  to  use,  to  occupy , or  to  employ , in  a manner 
deemed  improper,  and  even  ludicrous  ; as,  “ To  im- 
prove a house,  or  a house  improved  as  a tavern  ” ; 
44  To  improve  a horse  ” ; 44  To  improve  a person  as  a 
witness,”  &c.  Such  uses  of  the  word  have  been  no- 
ticed and  censured  by  Franklin,  Witherspoon,  and 
Pickering. 

Syn.  — To  improve , to  meliorate , to  ameliorate , and 
to  better  imply  the  increase  of  good  ; to  mend,  to  amend , 
to  emend,  and  to  correct , the  removal  of  evil.  — See 
Amend,  Heighten. 

IM-PROVE',  v.  n.  1.  To  make  progress  in  any 
thing  that  is  desirable  or  commendable  ; to 
grow  better;  as,  “To  improve  in  health,  dispo- 
sition, knowledge,  virtue,”  &c. 

People  seldom  improve  when  they  have  no  model  but 
themselves  to  copy  after.  Goldsmith. 

2.  To  make  progress  in  that  which  is  evil ; to 
grow  worse,  [r.] 

As  far  as  their  history  has  been  known,  the  son  has  regu- 
larly improved  upon  the  vices  of  the  father,  and  has  taken 
care  to  transmit  them  pure  and  undiminished  into  the  bosom 
of  his  successors.  Junius. 

Domitian  improved  in  cruelty  towards  the  end  of  his 
reign.  Milner. 

3.  {Com.)  To  be  enhanced;  to  increase;  to 
rise.  “ The  price  of  grain  improves."  Wright. 

To  improve  on,  to  make  better  by  some  addition  or 
some  change. 

JM-PROVE'MIJNT,  n.  I.  The  act  of  improving ; 
progress  from  good  to  better  ; melioration  ; ad- 
vancement ; proficiency ; state  of  being  im- 
proved ; amendment  ; cultivation ; as,  “ The 
improvement  of  the  mind,  character,  disposi- 
tion, condition,  circumstances,  soil,”  &c. 

The  improvement  of  the  ground  is  the  most  natural  obtain- 
ing of  riches.  Bacon. 

Few  books  have  been  perused  by  me  with  greater  pleasure 
than  his  [Watts’s]  “ Improvement  of  the  Mina.”  Johnson. 

Whatever  improvement  we  make  in  ourselves,  we  are 
thereby  sure  to  meliorate  our  future  condition.  Paley. 

2.  Beneficial  use  or  employment;  as,  “The 
improvement  of  time,  advantages,”  &c. 

3.  A beneficial  addition,  or  an  increase  of 

value,  as  by  the  cultivation  of  land,  the  erec- 
tion or  repair  of  buildings  ; betterment ; — usu- 
ally in  the  plural.  Bouvier. 

4.  Practical  application,  as  of  the  doctrines 
of  a discourse. 

I shall  make  some  improvement  of  this  doctrine.  Tillotson. 

The  conclusion  [of  the  sermon]  is  termed,  somewhat  inac- 
curately, making  an  improvement  of  the  whole.  Brit.  Grit. 

5.  Progress  or  increase: — used  in  a bad 
sense,  [r.] 

When  the  corruption  of  men’s  manners,  bv  the  habitual 
improvement  of  this  vicious  principle,  comes,  from  personal, 
to  be  general  and  universal,  so  as  to  diffuse  and  spread  itself 
over  the  whole  community,  it  naturally  and  directly  tends 
to  the  ruin  and  subversion  of  the  government  where  it  so 
prevails.  South. 

Syn.  — Improvement  of  the  mind,  cha»acter ; prog- 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  f,  short; 


A,  E,  J,  O,  P,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  PAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; 


HEIR,  HER; 


IMPROVER 


729 


IMPUTE 


ress  in  learning  or  knowledge  ; proficiency  in  music  ; 
amelioration  or  melioration  of  condition.  Progress  and 
proficiency  are  applied  to  tlie  acts  of  persons  ; improve- 
ment denotes  also  the  act  or  t lie  state  ol  tilings.  A per- 
son makes  progress  or  proficiency  ; but  tilings,  as  well 
as  persons,  admit  of  improvement  and  amelioration. — 
See  Advancement,  Cultivation,  Progress. 

JM-PRO  V'JJR,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  improves. 

flM-PRO-VlDE',  v.  a.  [See  Improvident.]  Not 
to  foresee.  Hall. 

f lM-PRO-VlD'UD,  p.  a.  Unforeseen;  unprovided. 

Spenser. 

IM-PROV'I-DENCE,  n.  [L.  improvidentia  ; It .im- 
providenza  ; Sp.  improvidencia.]  Want  of  prov- 
idence or  forethought ; want  of  foresight ; care- 
lessness or  negligence  of  the  future  ; neglect  of 
preparation  ; imprudence. 

The  improvidence  of  my  neighbor  must  not  make  me 
inhuman.  L'  Estrange. 

IM-PROV'I-DENT,  a.  [L.  improvuleo , improvidens, 
not  to  foresee  ; in,  priv.,  pro,  before,  and  video, 
to  see.]  Not  provident  ; wanting  forecast  or 
foresight ; wanting  care  to  provide  ; careless  of 
future  exigencies  ; uncircumspect ; inconsid- 
erate ; imprudent ; prodigal ; wasteful. 
Improvident  soldiers,  had  your  watch  been  good, 

This  sudden  mischief  never  could  have  fallen.  Shak. 

IM-PROV'I-DENT-LY,  ad.  In  an  improvident 
manner ; carelessly.  Drayton. 

IM-PROV'ING,  p.  a.  Making  better;  ameliorat- 
ing ; — becoming  better. 

IM-PROV'I-SATE,  v.  a.  & n.  [It.  improvvisare.] 
To  compose  and  sing  extemporaneously  ; to 
improvise.  S.  Oliver. 

IM-PROV-J-SA'TION,  n.  [Fr.]  1.  The  act  of 

composing,  or  of  composing  and  singing,  verses 
without  premeditation. 

Words  cannot  do  justice  to  Theodore  Hook’s  talent  for  tm- 
provisation;  it  was  perfectly  wonderful.  S.  Rogers. 

There  appears  no  reason  why  the  term  improvisation 
should  not  be  applied  to  the  delivery  of  unpremeditated  dis- 
courses in  prose.  Brand#. 

2.  Any  thing  improvised  ; an  impromptu. 

IM-PRO-VI^'A-TIZE,  v.  a.  & n.  To  extemporize, 
— particularly  in  verse  ; to  improvise.  Smart. 

lM-PRO-VI§'A-TOR,  n.  One  who  improvises;  an 
improvvisatore.  Ec.  Rev. 

IM-PRO  V-I-SA-TO'RI-AL,  a.  Relating  to  improv- 
isation ; extemporaneous,  [r.]  Qu.  Rev. 

IM-PRO-VI§E',  v.  a.  & n.  To  improvisate;  to 
speak  extempore.  Qu.  Rev.  Byron. 

lM-PRO-VI§TR,»-  One  who  improvises  or  speaks 
extempore.  Clarke. 

•f-lM-PRO-Vl"§ION  (Im-pro-vizh'un),  n.  [in,  priv., 
and  provision.']  Improvidence.  Browne. 

Im-PRO-VI'SJO,  a.  [L .improvisin'.  It .improviso.] 
Produced  by  extemporaneous  effort;  unpremed- 
itated. “ Improviso  translation.”  Johnson. 

IM-PROV-VI-SA-TO' RE,n.  [It.]  pi.  IMP RO wr- 
it A tori.  A poet  who  composes  and  sings  or  re- 
cites verses,  poems,  or  songs,  on  a given  subject, 
immediately  and  without  premeditation.Rwraei/. 

IMP  ROVVISATRICE  (jm-prov-e-s?-tre'cha),  n. 
[It.]  An  extemporaneous  poetess.  Betham. 

IM-PRU'DIJNCE,  n.  [L.  imprudentia ; It . impru- 
denza-,  Sp.  imprudencia ; Fr  .imprudence.]  Want 
of  prudence  or  regard  for  consequences  ; indis- 
cretion ; negligence;  inattention  to  interest; 
carelessness  ; heedlessness  ; rashness  ; incon- 
siderateness ; improvidence. 

IM-PRU  DpNT,  a.  [L.  imprudens ; It.  <§•  Sp.  im- 
prudente  ; Fr  .imprudent.]  Wanting  prudence  ; 
injudicious  ; indiscreet ; negligent ; careless  ; 
rash  ; inconsiderate  ; incautious  ; regardless  of 
consequences ; improvident. 

There  is  no  such  imprudent  person  as  he  that  neglects  God 
and  his  soul.  Tillotson. 

IM-PRt;'DENT-LY,  ad.  Without  prudence;  indis- 
creetly ; rashly.  Sherwood. 

IM-PU'BER-TY,  n.  [in,  priv.,  and  puberty.]  The 
want  of  age  at  which  the  contract  of  marriage 
may  be  legally  entered  into.  Paley. 

IM'PU-DENCE,  n.  [L.  impudentia;  in,  priv.,  and 
pudeo,  pudens,  to  be  ashamed  ; It.  impudenza ; 
Sp.  impudencia ; Fr.  impudence.]  Shameless- 
ness; immodesty;  insolence;  arrogance;  as- 
surance ; rudeness  ; boldness  ; effrontery. 


Those  clear  truths,  that  cither  their  own  evidence  forces 
ns  to  admit,  or  common  experience  makes  it  impudence  to 
deny.  Locke. 

Syn.  — See  Assurance,  Audacity,  Imperti- 
nent, Insolence. 

IM'PU-DF.N-CY,  n.  Impudence,  [r.]  Kiny  Charles. 

IM'PU-DENT,  a.  [L.  impitdem;  in,  priv.,  and 
pudens,  modest;  It.  St  Sp.  impudente  ; Fr.  impu- 
dent.] Wanting  modesty  or  decency  ; bold  and 
contemptuous  ; shameless ; immodest ; bare- 
faced ; insolent ; saucy  ; rude  ; impertinent. 

To  whom  the  tempter,  impudent , replied.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Impertinent. 

IM'PU-DENT-LY,  ad.  In  an  impudent  manner; 
with  impudence ; insolently. 

IM-PU-DItp'l-TY,  n.  [L.  impudicitia  ; in,  priv., 
and  [pudicitia,  modesty  ; It.  impudicizia  ; Sp.  im- 
pudicicia  ; Fr.  impudicite.]  Immodesty. Sheldon. 

IM-PUGN'  (jm-pun')  [un-piin',  S.  IF.  J.  E.  F.  Ja. 
K.  Sm.  Wr. ; jm-pun',  P.  Kcnrick],  a.  [L.  im- 
pugno  ; in,  against,  and  pvgno,  to  tight ; It.  im- 
pugnare  ; Sp.  impugnar ; Fr.  impugner.]  [i. 
IMPUGNED  ; pp.  IMPUGNING,  IMPUGNED.]  To 
assault  by  arguments  or  by  words  ; to  attack  ; 
to  oppose  ; to  contradict ; to  assail ; to  gain- 
say ; to  resist.  *■ 

In  the  old  church,  the  truth  of  this  mystery  was  never 
impugned  openly.  Abp.  Cranmer. 

JM-PUG'NA-BLE  (jm-pug'nj-bl),  a.  That  may  be 
impugned;  assailable.  Qu.  Rev. 

t Im-PUG-NA'TION,  n.  [ li.impvgnatio .]  Oppo- 
sition ; resistance.  Bp.  Hall. 

IM-PUGN'ER  (jm-pun'er),  n.  One  who  impugns. 

IM-PUGN'MJpNT  (jm-pun'ment),  n.  The  act  of  im- 
pugning; an  attack.  Ec.  Rev. 

II  IM-PU'IS-SANCE  [Tm-pu'is-sans,  5.  IF.  J.  F.  Ja. 
K.  Sm. ; Im-pu-Ts's?ns,  P.  C.  Wr.  Wb.],  n.  [Fr.] 
Want  of  power;  impotence;  inability;  weak- 
ness ; feebleness.  Bacon. 

||  IM-PU'IS-SANT,  a.  Impotent;  weak.  Cotgrave. 

IM'PIJLSE,  n.  [L.  impello,  impulsus  ; in,  against, 
and  pello , to  strike  or  push.] 

1.  ( Mech .)  The  single  or  momentary  force  by 

which  a body  is  impelled  in  contradistinction  to 
continued  force  ; force  communicated  without 
appreciable  gradations  ; motion  produced  by 
suddenly  communicated  force.  Hutton. 

2.  Influence  of  appetite  or  passion  upon  the 
mind ; sudden  thought. 

Since  the  generality  of  persons  act  from  impulse  much 
more  than  from  principle,  men  are  neither  so  good  nor  so 
bad  as  we  are  apt  to  think  them.  Hare. 

3.  External  influence  upon  the  mind ; in- 
citement ; instigation  ; impression  ; incentive. 

Meantime,  by  Jove's  impulse , Mezentius.  armed, 

Succeeded  Turnus.  Dryden. 

IM-PULSE',  v.  a.  To  instigate  ; to  incite;  to  in- 
duce ; to  impel ; to  actuate,  [r.]  Pope. 

IM-PtjL'SION  (jm-pul'shun),  n.  [L.  impulsio  ; It. 
impulsione;  Sp.  ^ Fr.  impulsion.] 

1.  The  act  of  impelling  or  driving  against ; 
the  motion  suddenly  communicated  by  one  body 
to  another ; impulse. 

To  the  impulsion  there  is  requisite  the  force  of  the  body 
that  moveth,  and  the  resistance  of  the  body  that  is  moved. 

Bacon. 

2.  Influence  operating  upon  the  mind. 

But  thou  didst  plead 

Divine  impulsion,  prompting  how  thou  mightst 
Find  some  occasion  to  infest  our  foes.  Milton. 

IM-PUL'SI  VE,  a,  [It.  Sp.  impulsivo  ; Fr.  im- 
pulsif.] 

1.  Tending  to  impel;  forcing;  having  im- 
pulse ; moving  ; impellent ; impelling. 

It  may  happen,  that  when  appetite  draws  one  way.  it  may 
be  opposed,  not  by  any  appetite  or  passion,  but  by  some  cool 
principle  of  action,  which  has  authority  without  any  impul- 
sive force.  Reid. 

2.  Actuated,  or  governed,  by  impulse  ; un- 
premeditated ; rash  ; as,  “ An  impulsive  child.” 

3.  (Mech.)  Noting  action  by  impulse. 

f IM-PUL'SIVE,  n.  Impellent  cause  or  reason; 
impulsive  cause.  Wotton. 

IM-PUL'SI  VE-LY,  ad.  By,  or  with,  impulse. Sterne. 

IM-PUNCT-U-AL'l-Ty,  n.  [It.  impuntualitd.] 
Want  of  punctuality,  [r.]  A.  Hamilton. 

f IM-PU'NI-BLY,  ad.  Without  punishment.  Ellis. 


IM-PU'NI-TY,  71.  [L.  impunitas  ; in,  priv.,  and 

punio,  to  punish ; It.  impunitu  ; Sp.  impunidad ; 
Fr.  impunite .] 

1.  Freedom,  security,  or  exemption  from  pen- 
alty or  punishment. 

The  impunitu  of  crimes  is  one  of  the  most  prolific  sources 
whence  they  arise.  Bouvier. 

2.  Freedom  or  exemption  from  injury  or  loss. 

The  thistle,  as  is  well  known,  is  the  national  emblem  of 
Scotland;  and  the  national  motto  is  very  appropriate,  being, 
“Nemo  me  impune  lacesset,”  Nobody  shall  provoke  nic  with 
impunity.  Brand c. 

IM-PURE',  a.  [L.  impurus  ; in,  priv.,  and purus, 
pure;  It.  <Sf  Sp.impuro  ; Fr.  impur.] 

1.  Not  pure  ; mixed  with  extraneous  sub- 
stances ; feculent ; foul  ; dirty  ; filthy  ; un- 
clean ; as,  “ Impure  oil.” 

2.  Unchaste;  obscene;  lewd.  Addison. 

3.  Defiled  with  guilt ; unholy; — used  of  per- 
sons. “ The  spirit  impure.”  Milton. 

4.  Unhallowed;  unholy; — used  of  things. 

Defaming  as  impure  what  God  declares 

Pure,  and  commands  to  some,  leaves  free  to  all.  Milton. 

t IM-PURE',  v.  a.  To  render  impure.  Bp.  Hall. 

IM-PURE'LY,  ad.  In  an  impure  manner. 

IM-PURE'NJgSS,  n.  Impurity,  [r.]  Feltham. 

IM-PU'RI-TY,  n.  [L.  imparitas  ; It.  impurith  ; 

Sp.  impur  idad ; Fr.  impurite. — See  Impure.] 

1.  State  of  being  impure  ; want  of  purity  ; ad- 
mixture of  base  ingredients ; foulness ; feculence. 

2.  That  which  is  impure  ; foul  matter  ; — foul 
object  or  foul  language  ; obscenity. 

The  impurities  . . . will  be  carried  into  the  blood.  Arbuthnot. 

Let  no  visible  or  audible  impurity,  says  Juvenal,  enter  the 
apartment  of  a child.  Beattie . 

3.  An  act  of  unchastity ; lewdness. 

Foul  impurities  reigned  among  the  monkish  clergy.  Atterbury. 

4.  Want  of  sanctity;  want  of  holiness. 

Tlie  soul  of  a man  grown  to1  an  inward  and  real  impurity. 

Milton. 

IM-Pli  R'PLE,  v.  a.  [in  and  purple.  — Fr.  empour- 
prer.]  [i.  impurpled  ; pp.  impurpling,  im- 
purpled.]  To  color  as  with  purple.  “ Impur- 
pled with  celestial  roses.”  Milton. 

IM-PU-TA-B1  L'I-TY,  n.  [Sp.  imputabilidad.]  The 
quality  of  being  imputable.  Bp.  M atson. 

JM-PU'TA-BLE,  a.  [It.  imputabile  ; Sp.  &;  Fr.  im- 
putable.] 

1.  That  may  be  imputed,  attributed,  ascribed, 

• or  charged ; attributable  ; chargeable. 

It  is  rather  imputable  to  that  prudent  modesty  which  so 
much  becomes  every  sober  woman.  Bp.  Taylor. 

2.  Accusable  ; chargeable  with  a fault,  [it.] 
The  fault  lies  at  his  door,  and  she  is  in  no  wise  imputable. 

Ayliffe. 

JM-PU'TA-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
imputable ; imputahility.  Norris. 

IM-PU-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  imputation  It.  imputa- 
zione\  Sp.  irnputacion ; Fr.  imputation.  — See 
Impute.] 

1.  The  act  of  imputing,  attributing,  ascribing, 
or  charging ; attribution. 

’T  is  now  time  to  clear  Thyself  from  any  imputation  of  self- 
conceit  upon  that  subject.  Dryden. 

If  I had  a suit  to  Master  Shallow,  I would  humor  his  men 
witli  the  imputation  of  being  near  their  master.  Shak. 

2.  Censure  ; reproach  ; blame  ; accusation  ; 

charge.  “ They  also  the  least  feel  that  scourge 
of  vulgar  imputation.”  Hooker. 

3.  Hint ; slight  notice  ; intimation. 

Have  you  heard  any  imputation  to  the  contrary?  Shak. 

4.  ( Tlieol .)  The  attributing  of  a character,  or 
qualities,  either  good  or  bad,  to  a person,  which 
he  does  not  really  possess. 

The  imputation  which  respects  our  justification  before 
God  is,  God’s  gracious  reckoning  the  righteousness  of  Christ 
to  believers,  and  his  acceptance  of  these  persons  as  righteous 
on  that  account.  Hook. 

JM-PU'TA-TIVE,  a.  [L.  imputativus ; It.  S, ; Sp. 
imputativo  ; Fr.  imputatif.)  That  may  impute 
or  be  imputed.  MilUm. 

IM-PU'TA-TlVE-LY,  ad.  By  imputation. 

IM-PUTE',  v.  a.  [L.  imputo;  in,  upon,  and  puto, 
to  reckon,  to  charge ; It.  imputare ; Sp.  impu- 
tar ; Fr.  imputer.]  [i.  imputed  ; pp.  imput- 
ing, imputed.] 

1.  To  charge  upon  ; to  ascribe  ; to  attribute, 
— generally  ill,  sometimes  good. 


It  was  imputed  to  him  for  righteousness.  Rom.  iv.  22. 
Impute  your  dangers  to  our  ignorance.  Dryden. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — (J,  <?,  9,  g,  soft ; €,  O,  £, 


;,  hard;  § as  z;  \ as  gz. — THIS,  this. 


IMPUTED 


730 


INANIMATION 


1 have  read  a hook,  imputed  to  Lord  Bathurst,  called  A 
Dissertation  on  Parties.  Swift. 

2.  ( Fheol .)  To  reckon,  or  set  down,  to.  the 
account  of  one  what  does  not  belong  to  him. 

Thy  merit 

Imputed  shall  absolve  them  who  renounce 

Their  own  botli  righteous  uud  unrighteous  deeds.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Ascribe. 

JM-PUT'pD,  p.  a.  1.  Charged  upon,  ascribed,  or 
attributed. 

2.  Set  down  to  a person’s  account,  though  it 
does  not  properly  belong  to  him, 

JM-PUT'ER,  n.  One  who  imputes. 

IM-PU-TRES'CJ-BLE,  a.  [Fr.]  Not  subject  to 
putrefaction.  Smart. 

IN  [L.  in],  a prefix  much  used  in  composition,  com- 
monly as  a particle  of  negation  ; as,  inactive. 
In,  thus  used,  is  equivalent  to  un ; and  in  and 
un  are,  in  some  cases,  used  indifferently  ; as, 
infrequent  or  infrequent,  inelastic  or  inelastic. 
It  also  signifies  in,  into,  within,  or  upon  ; as,  in- 
sight, inoculate  ; and  it  sometimes  has  an  in- 
tensive or  augmentative  force  ; as,  incage.  In 
before  l is  changed  into  il ; as,  illegal  ; — before 
r,  into  ir  ; as,  irregular  ; — and  before  the  labi- 
als into  im  ; as,  imbathe,  immutable,  impatient. 
Before  n in  a few  words  it  becomes  ig  ; as,  ig- 
norant. 

IN,  prep.  [Goth,  in  ; A.  S.  on,  an,  in  ; Dut.  in ; 
Ger.  in,  ein  ; Dan.  i,  ind  ; Sw.  i,  in  ; Ieel.  i,  inn  ; 
W.  yn.  — Gr.  iv ; L.  % It.  in;  Sp.  Sj  Fr.  en. — 
Sansc.  ontu,  on.] 

1.  Noting  presence  in  place,  time,  or  state ; 
within;  not  without — opposed  both  to  to  and 
from  ; as,  “ In  the  house  ” ; “ In  school  ” ; “ In 
the  past  ” ; “ In  friendship  ” ; “ In  adversity.” 

2.  f On  or  upon. 

Thy  will  be  done  in  earth  as  it  is  in  heaven.  Matt.  vi.  10. 

But  she  again  him  in  the  shield  did  smite.  Spenser. 

3.  Noting  proportion  ; out  of.  “ Five  in  the 

hundred.”  Bacon. 

4.  Noting  power  or  possession. 

To  feed  men’s  souls,  quoth  he,  is  not  in  man.  Spenser. 

5.  By  means  of;  through.  “They  glorified 

God  in  me.”  Gal.  i.  24. 

6.  According  to.  “ In  all  likelihood.”  Collier. 

7.  Concerning;  about,  [r.] 

I only  consider  what  he,  who  is  allowed  to  have  carried 
this  argument  farthest,  has  said  in  it.  Locke. 

In  the  name , a phrase  of  praying,  swearing,  invok- 
ing, &x.,  — sometimes  denoting  for  the  sake  of, \ on  be- 
half of ',  or  by  virtue  of.  — In  the  name  of  God,  amen , — 
a solemn  formula  with  which  wills  and  testaments, 
and  formerly  bills  of  exchange,  commenced.  — In  that , 
because.  “ He  cannot  brook  such  disgrace  well,  as 
he  shall  run  into  ; in  that  it  is  a thing  of  his  own 
search.”  Shak.  — In  as  much  as,  seeing  ; seeing  that  ; 
since.  “ Done  voluntarily  by  us,  . . . in  as  much  as 
we  might  stay  our  doing  of  them,  if  we  would.” 
Hooker . — Inasmuch  is  now  commonly  written  as  one 
word. 

IN,  ad.  1.  Within  ; not  out. 

We  cannot  shift,  being  in;  we  must  go  on.  Daniel. 

2.  Close  ; home. 

They  Heft-handed  fencers]  arc  in  with  you,  if  you  offer  to 
fall  back  without  keeping  your  guard.  Taller. 

3.  (Law.)  A term  used  to  express  the  nature 

of  a title,  or  the  mode  of  acquiring  an  estate, 
or  the  ground  upon  which  a seizin  is  founded. 
Thus,  in  Littleton,  a tenant  is  said  to  be  “ in  by 
the  lease  of  his  lessor  ” ; that  is,  his  title  or  es- 
tate is  derived  from  the  lease.  Burrill . 

4.  (Naut.)  Noting  the  state  of  a ship’s  sails 
when  they  are  furled  or  stowed.  Mar.  Diet. 

+ IN,  v.  a.  To  take  in  ; to  enclose.  Bacon. 

IN,  n.  A person  holding  office  ; — opposed  to  out. 

There  were  theft  [1775]  only  two  political  parties,  the  ins 
and  the  outs.  The  ms  strove  to  stay  in,  and  keep  the  outs 
out;  the  outs  strove  to  get  in,  and  turn  the  ins  out.  .7.  Hutton. 

IN-A-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [L.  inhahilis,  incapable;  It. 
inabilita;  Sp.  inhabilidad ; Fr . inhabilete.]  Want 
of  ability  or  power  to  do  any  thing  arising  from 
external  circumstances  or  personal  qualities ; 
impotence;  impuissance  ; incapacity;  disability. 

Syn.  — Inability  is  the  natural  want  of  ability  or 
power,  and  lies  in  the  nature  of  the  tiling,  and  is  ir- 
remediable ; disability  is  the  want  of  qualification, 
and  lies  in  the  circumstances,  and  may  sometimes  he 
removed.  Inability  to  purchase  an  estate  ; disability 
to  inherit  it,  or  to  hold  it.  A person  who  is  insane, 
or  in  his  nonage,  labors  under  a legal  disability  to 
make  contracts. 


flN-A'BLED  (In-a'bld),  a.  Disabled.  Harrington. 

IN-AB'STI-NENCE,  n.  [in,  priv.,  and  abstinence!] 
Want  of  abstinence  ; indulgence.  “ The  inab- 
stinence of  Eve.”  Milton. 

IN-AB-STRACT'BD,  a.  Not  abstracted.  Hooker. 

IN-A-BU'SJVE-LY,  ad.  AVithout  abuse.  Ld.  North. 

IN-AC-CES-SI-BI  L'i-TY,  n.  [Sp.  inaccesibilidad  ; 
Fr.  inaccessibility .]  State  of  being  inaccessible. 

IN-AC-CES'SI-BLE,  a.  [L . inaccessibilis  \ It . in- 
accessible •,  Sp.  inaccesiblc. ] Not  accessible; 
unapproachable ; not  to  be  reached  or  ap- 
proached ; unattainable.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Impervious. 

IN-AC-CES'SI-BLE- NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
inaccessible ; inaccessibility.  Ash. 

IN-AC-CES'SI-BLY,  ad.  So  as  not  to  be  approached. 

IN-AC'CL'-R  A-CY,  n.  Want  of  accuracy  or  ex- 
actness ; incorrectness  ; error.  Hurd. 

IN-AC'CU-RATE,  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  accurate.] 
Not  accurate  ; not  exact ; incorrect ; erroneous. 

The  expression  is  plainly  inaccurate.  Hurd. 

IN-AC'CU-RATE-LY,  ad.  Not  correctly.  Hard. 

IN-AC-dUAINT'ANCE,  n.  [in,  priv.,  and  ac- 
quaintance.] Want  of  acquaintance,  liussell. 

IN-Ac-aUI-ES'CyNT,  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  acquies- 
cent.] Not  acquiescent.  Scott. 

IN-AC'TION,  n.  [in,  priv.,  and  action.  — It.  ina- 
zione ; Sp.  inaccion  ; Fr.  inaction.]  Forbear- 
ance of  activity  or  labor  ; inactivity ; want  of 
action  or  activity  ; indolence. 

Ferments  of  the  worst  kind  succeed  to  perfect  inaction. 

Bp.  Berkeley. 

IN-AC'TIVE,  a.  [It .inattivo;  Fr . inactif.]  Not 
having  the  power  or  disposition  to  act ; not  ac- 
tive ; idle  ; indolent ; sluggish  ; inert.  “ The 
vain  visions  of  inactive  schools.”  Shenstone. 

IN-Ac'TIVE-LY,  ad.  Idly  ; without  activity. 

IN-AC-TIV'I-TY,  n.  [It.  inattivita ; Fr.  inacti- 
vity.] Want  of  activity  ; state  of  being  inac- 
tive ; inertness  ; inertion  ; inaction  ; idleness. 

The  Commons,  faithful  to  their  system,  remained  in  a 
wise  and  masterly  inactivity.  Sir  J.  Mackintosh. 

f JN-ACT'U-ATE,  v.  a.  To  put  into  action  ; to 
make  active.  Glancille. 

f IN-ACT-U-A'TION,  n.  Operation.  Glanville. 

IN-AD-AP-TA'TION,  n.  Want  of  adaptation  ; un- 
fitness. Clarke. 

IN-An'y-aUA-CY,  n.  The  state  of  being  inade- 
quate ; insufficiency ; defectiveness ; inade- 
quateness ; incompetence.  A bp.  Whately. 

IN-AD'JJ-tlUATE,  a.  [It.  inadeguato  ; Sp.  inade- 
cuado;  Ft.  inadequate]  Not  adequate  or  equal 
to  the  purpose  ; insufficient;  disproportionate; 
unequal ; incommensurate. 

« Inadequate  ideas  are  such  which  arc  but  a partial  or  in- 
complete representation  of  those  archetypes  to  which  they 
are  referred.  Locke. 

Syn.  — See  Incapable. 

lN-An'£-aUATE-LY,  ad.  Not  adequately;  de- 
fectively ; insufficiently.  Bagle. 

IN-An'p-aUATE-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  qual- 
ity of  being  inadequate  ; inadequacy.  Roget. 

IN-AD-y-QUA'TION,  n.  Want  of  exact  corre- 
spondence. Puller. 

IN-AD-HE'.SION  (-he'zhun,  93),  n.  Want  of  ad- 
hesion ; separation.  Wright. 

IN-AD-MIS-SJ-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [It.  inammissibilith  ; 
Fr.  inadmissibility.]  The  quality  of  being  inad- 
missible. Dr.  Mill. 

IN-AD-Mls'si-BLE,  a.  [Sp.  inadmisiblc  ; Fr.  in- 
admissible.] Not  admissible  ; not  to  be  allowed 
or  admitted.  Abp.  Newcome. 

IN-AD-MlS'Sj-BLY,  ad.  In  an  inadmissible  man- 
ner. Clarke. 

IN-AD-VER  T £ \C E,  ) n [~]y . inavvertenza ; Sp. 

IN-AD-VER'TIJN-CY,  ) inadvertencia ; Fr.  inad- 
vertance.  — See  Advert.] 

1.  Inattention;  negligence;  carelessness; 
heedlessness;  inconsiderateness;  oversight. 

2.  The  effect  of  negligence  or  inattention. 


The  productions  of  a great  genius,  with  many  lapses  and 
inadvertencies , are  infinitely  preferable  to  the  works  of  an  in- 
ferior kind  of  author,  which  are  scrupulously  exact.  Addison. 

Syn. — Inadvertence  or  inadvertency  is  an  involun- 
tary accident ; inattention,  a reprehensible  neglect. 
An  inadvertence,  or  oversight  may  be  injurious,  yet  ex- 
cusable ; inattention,  negligence,  carelessness,  and  heed- 
lessness are  reprehensible. 

IN-AD-VER'TJJNT,  a.  Inattentive;  unobservant; 
negligent ; careless ; heedless. 

An  inadvertent  step  may  crush  the  snail. 

That  crawls,  at  evening,  in  the  public  path; 

But  he  that  has  humanity,  forewarned, 

"Will  tread  aside,  and  let  the  reptile  live.  Counter. 

IN-AD-VER'TENT-LY,  ad.  With  inadvertence  ; 
carelessly  ; negligently  ; thoughtlessly. 

]TN-AD-VER'T{§E-MENT,  n.  Inadvertence;  in- 
attention. Broome. 

IN-AF-FA-BIl'I-TY,  n.  AVantof  affability.  Coles. 

IN-AF'FA-BLE,  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  affable.]  Not 
affable  ; unsocial ; reserved.  Scott. 

JN-AF-F^C-TA'TION,  n.  [tn,  priv.,  and  affecta- 
tion.] Freedom  from  affectation.  Shak. 

flN-AF-FECT'BD-LY,  ad.  Unaffectedly;  with- 
out affectation.  Cockeram. 

t IN-AID'A-BLE,  a.  Unaidable.  Shak. 

IN-AL  IgN-A-BLE  (In-al'yen-j-bl),  a.  [It.  inali- 
enabilc;  Sp.  inajenable  ; Fr.  inalienable.]  That 
cannot  be  alienated,  transferred,  or  granted  to 
another ; unalienable. 

There  are  many  rights  which  are  inalienable,  as  the  rights 
of  liberty  or  of  speech.  Jiouvier. 

IN-AlTBN-A-BLE-NESS  (in-al'yen-j-bl-nes),  n. 
The  state  or  the  quality  of  being  inalienable. 

IN-Al'IIJN-A-BLY,  ad.  In  an  inalienable  man- 
ner ; so  as  not  to  be  alienated.  Robertson. 

f In-AL-I-MEN'TAL,  a.  Affording  no  nourish- 
ment. “ Things  inalimental.”  Bacon. 

IN-Al-TER-A-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [Fr.  inalterability.] 
The  quality  of  not  being  alterable  or  changea- 
ble ; unchangeableness,  [r.]  Wright. 

f I N-  A L ' T R- A - B L E,  a.  Unalterable.  Hakewill. 

f IN-A'Mj-A-BLE,  a.  Unamiable.  Cockeram. 

f IN-A'MI-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Unamiableness.  Scott. 

flN-A-MIS'SJ-BLE,  a.  [L.  inamissibilis.]  That 
cannot  be  lost.  “ These  advantages  are  ina- 
missible."  Hammond. 

t IN-A-Mls'SI-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
inamissible.  Scott. 

||  IN-Am-O-RA'TA,  n.  [It.  innamorata .]  A fe- 
male in  love  ; a mistress.  Sherburne. 

“ Usually  a contemptuous  expression.”  Todd. 

||  JN-AM-O-RA'TO  [jn-am-o-r&'to,  J.  F.  Ja.  K.  ; jn- 
Sm-o-ra'to,  P.  E.  Stre.],  n.  [It . innamorato.]  A 
man  enamoured  or  in  love ; a lover. 

IN— AND— IN,  n.  A gambling  game  played  by  three 
persons  with  four  dice,  each  person  having  a 
box.  Halliwell. 

IN— AND— IN,  a.  ( Stock-Farming .)  Applied  to  a 
system  of  breeding  from  animals  of  the  same 
parentage ; — opposed  to  cross-breeding.  Loudon. 

IN-ANE',  a.  [L.  inanis ; Sp.  inane.]  Empty ; 
void;  — sometimes  used  substantially.  “The 
great  inane."  Locke. 

IN-AN'GU-LAR,  (in-Sng'gu-l?r,  82),  a.  Not  angu- 
lar ; not  having  an  angle,  or  angles.  Wright. 

IN-AN-lL'O-aUENT,  ) a [L.  inanis,  empty,  and 

IN-AN-IL'0-Q.UOUS,  ) loquor,  to  speak.]  Bab- 
bling; loquacious;  garrulous;  talkative.  Craig. 

f IN-An'I-MATE,  v.  a.  [in,  intensive,  and  ani- 
mate.] To  animate  ; to  quicken.  Donne. 

IN-An'I-MATE,  ? a.  [L.  inanimatus  ; in,  priv., 

IN-AN'I-MAT-BD,  ) and  animatus,  animated  ; an- 
imus, the  mind  ; It.  inanimato  ; Sp.  inanimado  ; 
Fr.  inanime.]  Not  animated;  void  of  life; 
lifeless  ; inert ; dead  ; extinct.  “ Inanimate 
bodies.”  Bacon. 

Syn.  — See  Lifeless. 

IN-AN'I-MATE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
inanimate.  Mountagu. 

IN-AN-I-MA'TION,  n.  1.  [in,  priv.,  and  anima- 
tion.] Want  of  animation. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  V,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  0,  Y,  short;  A,  ?,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


INANITION 


731 


INCALCULABLY 


2.  f [in,  used  intensively,  and  animation.'] 
Communication  of  life;  animation.  “Before 
the  soul  came,  before  inanimation.”  Donne. 

IN-A-NP'TION  (jn-a-nTsh'un),  n.  [It.  inanizione  ; 
Sp.  inanition  ; Fr.  inanition .]  State  ot  being 
inane  ; emptiness  ; vacuity  ; want  of  fulness  in 
the  vessels  of  an  animal;  inanity. 

Repletion  and  inanition  may  both  do  harm  in  two  contrary 
extremes.  Barton. 

IN-AN'I-TY,  n.  [L.  inanitas  ; inanis,  empty  ; It. 
inanith  ; Fr.  inanite.] 

1.  State  of  being  inane ; emptiness ; void 

space  ; vacuity  ; vacancy.  ' Digby. 

2.  Frivolousness  ; vanity.  Floiio. 

IN-Ap'A-THY,  n.  [in,  priv.,  and  apathy. ] Feel- 
ing ; sensibility,  [r.]  Ed.  Rev. 

IN- AP-PEAL' A-BLE,  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  appeala- 
ble.] Not  to  be  appealed  from.  Coleridge. 

IN- AP-PEA§' A-BLE,  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  appeasa- 
ble.] Unappeasable.  Anal.  Rev. 

IN-AP'PIJ-TENCE,  ) n_  [L.  priv.,  and  appe- 

IN-Ap'P5-TEN-CY,  ) tentia,  appetite  ; It.  inappe- 
tenza;  Sp.  inapetencia ; Fr.  inappetence.] 
Want  of  appetite  or  desire.  Boyle. 

IN-AP-PLI-CA-BIL'l-TY,  n.  [Fr.  inapplicability.] 
The  state  of  being  inapplicable  ; unfitness ; un- 
suitableness. Johnson. 

IN-AP'PLI-CA-BLE,  a.  [Sp.  inaplicable  ; Fr.  in- 
applicable.]’  Not  applicable;  that  cannot  be 
applied;  unfit;  unsuitable;  irrelevant.  Johnson. 

IN-Ap'PLI-CA-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
inapplicable  ; inapplicability.  Scott. 

IN-AP-PLI-CA'TION,  n.  [Sp.  inaplicacion ; Fr. 
inapplication.]  Want  of  application;  indolence  ; 
negligence.  Johnson. 

IN-Ap'PO-SITE,  a.  Not  apposite;  unsuitable; 
unfit;  ill-timed;  not  to  the  purpose;  improper. 

IN- AP-PRE’CI- A-BLE  (ln-ap-pre'she-a-bl),  a.  [It. 
inapprezziabile  ; Sp.  inapreciahle  ; Vr.  inappre- 
ciable.] Not  appreciable ; that  cannot  be  ap- 
preciated, estimated,  or  measured.  Coleridge. 

IN-AP-PRE-CJ-A'TION,  n.  [in,  priv.,  and  appre- 
ciation.] Want  of  appreciation.  Qu.  Rev. 

IN-AP-PRp-HEN’SI-BLE, a.  [L. inapprehensibilis.] 
Not  apprehensible  or  intelligible ; incompre- 
hensible. Milton. 

IN-AP-PRIJ-HEN'SION,  n.  [in,  priv.,  and  appre- 
hension.] Want  of  apprehension.  Hurd. 

IN-Ap-PRE-HEN'SIVE,  a.  Not  apprehensive  ; re- 
gardless. “ Inapprehensive  of  the  troubles  of 
their  brethren.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

IN-AP-PROACH'A-BLE,  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  ap- 
proachable.] Unapproachable.  Qu.  Rev. 

IN-AP-PROACH'A-BLY,  ad.  So  as  not  to  be  ap- 
proached ; unapproachably.  Wright. 

IN-AP-PRO'PRI-ATE,  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  appro- 
priate.] Not  appropriate  ; unsuitable.  Qu.  Rev. 

IN-AP-PRO'PRI-ATE-LY,  ad.  Not  appropriately; 
not  suitably.  ’ Edgeworth. 

IN-AP-PRO'PRI-ATE-NESS,  ra.^The  state  of  being 
inappropriate  ; unsuitableness.  Roget. 

IN-APT',  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  apt.]  Not  apt ; un- 
apt ; unfit ; unsuitable.  ( Qu.  Rev. 

IN-AP'TI-TUDE,  n.  [It.  inattitudine  ; Sp.  inepti- 
tud  ; Fr.  inaptitude.]  Want  of  aptitude  ; unfit- 
ness ; unsuitableness.  Howell. 

IN-ApT'LY,  ad.  Unaptly  ; unfitly.  Coleridge. 

IN-APT'NIJSS,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state  of 
being  inapt ; inaptitude.  Wordstvorth. 

t IN-A'dUATE,  a.  [L.  inaquo,  inaquatus,  to  turn 
into  water.]  Embodied  in  water.  Abp.  Cranmer. 

flN-A-QUA'TION,  n.  The  state  of  being  ina- 
quate.  Bp.  Gardiner. 

IN-Ar'A-BLE,  a.  [Sp.  inarable.]  Not  arable ; 
not  capable  of  tillage.  Bailey. 

IN-ARCH',  v.  a.  [in  and  arch.]  [i.  inarched  ; qyp. 
inarching,  inarched.]  To  graft  by  approach  ; 
that  is,  by  uniting  a scion  to  the  stock  without 
sepiyating  it  from  its  parent  tree.  Miller. 


IN-ARCH'ING,  n.  A method  of  grafting  without 
separating  the  scion  from  the  parent  tree  ; 
grafting  by  approach.  — See  Inarch.  Miller. 

iN-AR-TIC'll-L  ATE,  a.  [L.  inarticulatus  ; It.  in- 
articolato  ; Sp.  inarticulado .] 

1.  Not  articulate;  not  uttered  with  articula- 
tion like  that  of  the  syllables  of  human  speech  ; 
not  clear  and  distinct  in  utterance  ; indistinct. 

2.  ( ZoOl .)  Not  jointed;  inarticulated. 

IN-AR-TIO'U-LAT-ED,  a.  (Zonl.)  Not  articu- 
lated; not  jointed;  inarticulate.  Maunder. 

IN-AR-TIC'U-LATE-LY,  ad.  In  an  inarticulate 
manner  ; — indistinctly.  Hammond. 

IN-AR-TIC'U-L  ATE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing inarticulate  ; — indistinctness. 

IN-AR-TIC-U-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  in,  priv.,  and  ar- 
ticulatio,  the  putting  forth  of  new  joints  or 
nodes;  Sp . inarticulacion.]  Want  of  articula- 
tion ; confusion  of  sounds  ; want  of  clearness  or 
distinctness  in  pronouncing. 

The  oracles  meant  lo  be  obscure;  but  then  it  was  by  the 
ambiguity  of  the  expression,  and  not  by  the  inart iculat ion 
of  the  words.  Chesterfield. 

lN-AR-Tl-FI"CIAL  (Tn-ar-te-flsh'jl),  a.  [It.  in- 
artificiale. \ 

1.  Not  artificial  ; natural ; not  made  by  art ; 
made  without  skill  ; ill-contrived  ; clumsy ; 
plain ; rude. 

2.  Artless  ; without  art ; ingenuous  ; simple- 
minded.  “ Inartificial  simplicity.”  Coventry. 

3.  Contrary  to  art.  Decay  of  Piety. 

IN-AR-T[-F!''CIAL-LY  (-flsh'jl-le),  ad.  Without 
art ; in  a manner  contrary  to  the  rules  of  art. 

IN-AR-TI-FI"CIAL-NESS  (In-ar-te-fish'al-nes),  n. 
The  state  of  being  inartificial.  Scott. 

IN-A§-MUCII',  ad.  Seeing;  seeing  that;  since; 
— followed  by  as.  Dr.  Dealtry. 

IN- AT-TEN'TION,  n.  [L.  in,  priv.,  and  attentio, 
attention;  It.  inattenzione ; Fr.  inattention.] 
Want  of  attention  ; absence  of  mind  ; neglect ; 
heedlessness  ; inadvertence. 

Persons  keep  out  of  the  reach  of  the  reproofs  of  the  min- 
istry, or  hear  with  such  inattention  or  contempt  as  renders 
them  of  little  effect.  Rogers. 

Syn.  — See  Inadvertence,  Negligence. 

fN-AT-TEN'TIVE,  a.  [Fr.  inaUentif.]  Not  at- 
tentive ; inadvertent ; thoughtless  ; heedless  ; 
careless  ; negligent ; remiss  ; regardless.  “ An 
unsteady  and  inattentive  habit.”  Watts. 

Syn.  — See  Absent,  Negligent. 

IN-AT-TEN'TIVE-LY,  ad.  Without  attention  ; 
heedlessly. 

IN-AT-TEN'TI  VE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  in- 
attentive ; want  of  attention  ; inattention.  Paley. 

IN-AU-DI-BI L'I-TY,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality 
of  being  inaudible.  Butler. 

IN-Au'DI-BLE,  a.  [L.  inaudibilis  ; It.  inaudibile\ 
Sp.  inaudible.]  Not  audible  ; that  cannot  be 
heard. 

The  inaudible  and  noiseless  foot  of  time.  Sheik. 

IN-AU'DI-BLE-NESS,  n.  Inaudibility.  Dr.  Allen. 

IN-AU'GU-RAL,  a.  [Sp.  $ Fr.  inaugural.]  Re- 
lating to  inauguration.  Blair. 

IN-AU'GU-RATE,  v.  a.  [L.  inauguro,  inaugura- 
tus  ; in  and  augurium,  augury  ; It . inavgurare ; 
Sp.  inaugural ■;  Fr.  inaugur er.\  [i.  inaugu- 
rated ; pp.  inaugurating,  inaugurated.] 

1.  To  introduce  into  an  office  with  certain 
ceremonies  ; to  invest  with  a new  office  by  sol- 
emn rites  ; to  institute  ; to  consecrate  ; to  install. 

He  had  taken  with  him  Alfred,  his  youngest  son,  to  he 
there  inaugurated.  Milton. 

We  will  anoint  and  inaugurate  him.  Milton. 

2.  +To  begin  with  good  omens.  Wotton. 

3.  To  exhibit  publicly  for  the  first  time,  with 
certain  ceremonies ; as,  “ To  inaugurate  a 
statue.” 

!N-AU'GU-RATE,  a.  Invested  with  office.  Drayton. 

IN-AU-GU-RA'TION,  n.  [L.  inauquratio,  a begin- 
ning; Tt.  inauqurazione  ; Sp.  inauguracion  ; Fr. 
inauguration.] 

1.  The  act  of  inaugurating  ; an  investing  with 
a new  office  by  solemn  rites ; installation  ; in- 
vestiture. “ Athis  regal  inauguration.”  Browne. 

PSP  B [inauguration]  is  now  used  in  a sense  nearly 


synonymous  witli  the  consecration  of  a prelate,  or  the 
coronation  of  a king  or  emperor.  Braude. 

2.  The  act  of  exhibiting  publicly  for  the  first 
time,  with  certain  ceremonies ; as,  “ The  inau- 
guration of  a statue.” 

IN-A  U'GU-RA-TOR,  n.  One  who  inaugurates. 

JN-AU'GU-RA-TO-RY,  a.  [Sp.  inaugur atorio.] 
Relating  to  inauguration  ; inaugural'.  “ Inau- 
gur atory  gratulations.”  Johnson. 

IN-Au'rATE,  v.  a.  [L.  inauro,  inauratus ; in, 
upon,  and  aurum,  gold.]  To  gild  or  cover  with 
gold.  Wright. 

IN-AU'RATE,  a.  Noting  stria;  or  other  impressed 
parts  Ihving  a metallic  splendor.  Maunder. 

IN-AU-RA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  gilding,  or  cov- 
ering with  gold.  Arbuthnot. 

f IN-AUS'PI-CATE,  a.  [L.  inrMspicatus ; It.  inau- 
spicato.]  Inauspicious;  ill-omened.  SirG.Buck. 

IN-AU-SPi "CIOFS  (In-kw-spisli'us),  a.  [in,  priv., 
and  auspicious.]  Ill-omened  ; unlucky  ; unfor- 
tunate ; unfavorable ; unpropitious. 

The  stars  feel  not  the  diseases  their  inauspicious  influence 
produces.  Boyle. 

IN-AU-SPl"CIOUS-LY  (In-aw-splsh'us-le),  ad.  In 
an  inauspicious  manner  ; with  ill  omens. 

IN-AU-SPI''CIOUS-NESS  (tn-kw-spish'us-nes),  n. 
The  state  or  the  quality  of  being  inauspicious ; 
misfortune.  Johnson. 

+ JN-BAR<JtE',  v.  a.  To  go  into  a bark  or  barge  ; 
to  embark.  Drayton. 

f IN-BEAM'ING,  n.  Ingress  of  a beam  or  ray  of 
light ; irradiation.  South. 

IN-BE'JNG,  n.  [in  and  being.]  Inherence;  in- 
separableness.  Watts. 

IN-BIND',  v.  a.  To  enclose  ; to  hem  in. 

On  the  green  banks  winch  that  fnir  stream  inbound 

Flowers  and  odors  sweetly  smiled  and  smelled.  Fairfax. 

flN'BLOWN,  a.  Blown  into.  Cudworth. 

IN'BOARD,  a.  Carried,  or  stowed,  within  the  hold 
of  a ship.  “An  inboard  cargo.”  Wright. 

IN'BOARD,  ad.  Within  the  hold  of  a vessel.  Wright. 

IN'BORN,  a.  [in  and  born.]  Implanted  by  na- 
ture ; innate;  natural;  inherent.  “All  pas- 
sions being  inborn  with  us.”  Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Inherent. 

IN'-BREAK-ING,  n.  [in  and  breaking.]  The  act 
of  breaking  in  ; invasion.  Ec.  Rev. 

IN-BREATIIE',  v.  a.  [in  and  breathe.]  To  infuse 
by  breathing  ; to  breathe  in.  Coleridge. 

IN-BREATHED'  (jn-brethd'),  a.  Inspired;  infused 
by  inspiration.  “ Inbreathed  sense.”  Milton. 

IN'BRED,  a.  „ [in  and  bred.]  Produced  within; 
generated  within  ; innate  ; not  acquired  by  ef- 
fort or  by  habit;  natural;  inherent.  “ Inbred 
delight.”  Jackson.  “ Inbred  worth.”  Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Inherent. 

IN-BREED',  v.  a.  [i.  inbred  ; pp.  inbreeding, 
inbred.]  To  produce  ; to  raise  ; to  cherish. 

To  inbreed  in  us  this  generous  and  Christianly  reverence 
one  of  another.  Milton. 

IN-BURN'ING,  a.  Burning  within.  Spenser. 

IJY ' CM,  n. ; pi.  In' cap-  A name  given  by  the  In- 
dians of  ancient  Peru  to  their  kings  and  princes 
of  the  blood  ; — written  also  ynca. 

The  blood  royal  of  the  incas  is  preserved,  or  believed  to  be 
so,  among  the  Indians  of  the  present  day.  Brande. 

IN'BURST,  n.  A bursting  within.  * Ec.  Rev. 

IN-CA<?E',  v.  a.  [in  and  cage.]  [i.  incaged  ; 
]ip.  incaging,  incaged.]  To  shut  up  ; to  con- 
fine, as  in  a cage  ; to  enclose  ; to  encage.  Shak. 

IN-CA^E'MpNT,  n.  Confinement  in  a cage,  or  in 
any  narrow  space,  [r.]  Shelton. 

IN-CAL'CU-LA-BLE,  a.  [It.  incalcolabile  ; Sp.  8$ 
Fr.  incalculable.]  That  cannot  be  calculated  ; 
beyond  calculation  ; not  to  be  reckoned;  innu- 
merable. “ His  loss  is  incalculable."  Todd. 

IN-CAL'CU-LA-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  incalculable.  Wright. 

IN-CAL'CU-LA-BLY,  ad.  Beyond  calculation. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — £,  9,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  $ as  7. ; 3C  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


INCALESCENCE 


732 


INCENSORY 


1N-CA-LES  CpNCE,  ? incalesco,  incalcs- 

IN-CA-LES'CPN-CT,  teens-,  It.  incalescenza .] 
Tlic  state  of  growing  warm ; warmth  ; incipi- 
ent heat ; cale faction.  Browne. 

IN-CA-LES'C^NT,  a.  Growing  warm  or  hot.  Boyle. 

JN-CAM-p-RA'TION,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  in,  in,  and 
camera,  a chamber.]  The  union  of  some  land, 
right,  or  revenue,  to  the  dominions  of  the 
pope.  Crabb. 

IN-CAN-DES'C£NCE,  n.  [L.  incandesco,  incan- 
desccns,  to  become  warm  ; in,  used  intensively, 
and  candesco ; candco,  caneo,  to  be  white ; ca- 
nus,  white ; It.  incandescenza ; Fr.  incandes- 
cencej.]  ( Chem .)  A white  heat;  the'  glowing 

whiteness  of  intensely  heated  bodies.  Turner. 

IN-CAN-DES'CENT,  a.  [It.  incandesccnte ; Fr. 
incandescent.']  White  with  heat ; glowing  with 
a white  heat ; having  a more  intense  degree  of 
heat  than  red  heat.  Clarke. 

IN-CA'NOUS,  a.  [L.  incanus,  quite  hoarj’.]  ( Bot .) 
Hoary  with  pubescence.  Gray. 

IN-CAN-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  incantatio  ; incanto,  to 
chant  a magic  formula  ; in,  intensive,  and  canto, 
to  sing;  It.  incaniazione ; Sp.  encantacion  ; Fr. 
incantation.]  A form  of  words  pronounced  or 
sung  in  connection  with  certain  ceremonies,  for 
the  purpose  of  enchantment;  conjuration  ; ma- 
gical songs,  charms,  spells,  or  ceremonies,  as 
of  witchcraft. 

The  incantation  backward  she  repeats, 

Inverts  her  rod,  and  what  she  dia  defeats.  Garth. 

IN-CAN'TA-TO-RY)  a.  [It.  incantatorio.]  Re- 
lating to  incantation  ; enchanting ; magical. 
“ Incantatory  impostors.”  Browne. 

t IN-CANT'ING,  p.  a.  Enchanting;  delightful. 
“ Incanting  voices.”  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

IN-CAN'TON,  v.  a.  [in  and  canton.]  To  unite 
to,  or  into,  a canton.  Addison. 

IN-cA-PA-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  incapable  ; want  of  capability  ; incapacity. 

You  have  nothing  to  urge  but  a kind  of  incapability  in 
yourself  to  the  service.  Suckling. 

IN-CA'PA-BLE,  a.  [L.  incapabilis  ; Fr.  incapable.] 

1.  Unable  to  hold  or  contain  ; wanting  room 
or  capacity  ; not  capable  ; — with  of. 

Meanwhile  enjoy 

Your  fill  what  happiness  this  happy  state 

Can  comprehend,  incapable  of  more.  Milton. 

2.  Wanting  power  or  ability  to  understand, 
comprehend,  or  learn  ; indocile. 

3.  Not  able  to  admit ; not  susceptible. 

Since  now  we  find  this  our  empyreal  form 
Incapable  of  mortal  injury.  Milton. 

4.  Unable  to  take  care  ; unequal  to  the  man- 
agement ; not  capable  of  the  conduct. 

Is  not  your  father  grown  incapable 

Of  reasonable  atfairs?  Is  he  not  stupid 

With  age?  Shak. 

5.  Morally  unable  or  indisposed. 

In  conversation,  it  is  usual  to  say  a man  is  incapable  of 
falsehood,  or  incapable  of  generosity.  Johnson. 

6.  f Unconscious  ; insensible. 

She  chanted  snatches  of  old  tunes, 

As  one  incapable  of  her  own  distress.  Shak. 

7.  ( Law .)  Disqualified  or  unqualified  ; inca- 
pacitated ; laboring  under  a legal  disability. 

Their  lands  are  almost  entirely  taken  from  them,  and  they 
are  rendered  incapable  of  purchasing  any  more.  Swif  t. 

Syn.  — Incapable  is  a more  comprehensive  term 
than  insufficient  or  incompetent.  A person  may  he  said 
to  he  incapable  of  acting  or  doing  any  thing,  and  in- 
sufficient or  incompetent  to  perform  a particular  task. 
Unable  io  assist ; unfit  for  the  purpose  ; disqualified  or 
insufficient  for  the  undertaking  ; incompetent  to  judge  ; 
an  inadequate  reward. 

IN-CA'PA-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
incapable;  inability';  incapability.  Clarke. 

IN-CA'P A-BLY,  ad.  In  an  incapable  manner. 

IN-CA-PA'CIOliS  (in-k$-pa'shus),  a.  [in,  priv.,  and 
capacious .]  Not  capacious  ; wanting  capacity  ; 
narrow ; of  small  content. 

4wOU*w  ®Te,m*de  little  and  incapacious  cannot  enlarge 
tneir  thoughts  to  take  in  any  great  compass  of  times  or 
things.  h Burnet. 

IN-CA-PA'CIOyS-NESS,  n.  Want  of  capacity; 
incapacity  ; narrowness.  Johnson. 

IN-CA-PAq'I-TAtE,  v.  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  capaci- 


tate.] [l.  INCAPACITATED  ; pp.  INCAPACITAT- 
ING, INCAPACITATED.] 

1.  To  render  incapable  ; to  disable.  Locke. 

2.  To  render  physically  unfit;  to  disqualify. 
Monstrosity  could  not  incapacitate  from  marriage.  Arbuthnot . 

3.  (Law.)  To  deprive  of  some  necessary  le- 
gal qualification ; to  disqualify. 

IN-CA-PAC-I-TA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  incapaci- 
tating; disqualification.  Burke. 

IN-CA-pAc'|-TY,  n.  [It.  incapacity,  ■,  Sp.  incapa- 
cidad ; Fr.  incapacity.] 

1.  Want  of  capacity  ; want  of  power  or  abili- 
ty ; inability  ; incapability  ; incompetency. 

The  inactivity  of  the  soul  is  its  incapacity  to  be  moved 
with  any  thing  common.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  (Law.)  The  want  of  a quality  legally  to  do, 
give,  transmit,  or  receive  something.  Bouvier. 

IN-CAR'CyR-ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  in,  intensive,  and 
carcero,  to  imprison  ; in,  in,  and  career,  a pris- 
on ; It.  incarcerare;  Fr.  encarcerer.]  [i.  in- 
carcerated ; pp.  incarcerating,  incar- 
cerated.] 

1.  To  put  in  a dungeon  or  prison  ; to  imprison. 

2.  To  confine  ; to  shut  up  ; to  enclose. 

Contagion  may  be  propagated  by  bodies  that  easily  incar- 
cerate the  infected  air,  as  woollen  clothes.  Ilarvey. 

IN-CAIt'CER-ATE,  a.  [It.  incarccrato.]  Impris- 
oned ; incarcerated.  More. 

IN-C  AR'CJJR- AT-y  D,p.  a.  1.  Imprisoned;  shut  up. 

2.  (Med.)  Noting  a kind  of  hernia  in  which 
the  constriction  cannot  be  reduced  with  facility  ; 
— sometimes  used  as  synonymous  with  stran- 
gulated. Dunglison. 

JN-CAR-CER-A'TION,  n.  [It.  incarccrazione .] 

1.  The  act  of  incarcerating ; imprisonment ; 
confinement. 

A state  of  incarceration  for  former  delinquencies.  Glanville. 

2.  (Surg.)  A term  applied  to  a hernia  when 

the  constriction  about  the  hernial  sac  or  else- 
where cannot  be  reduced  with  facility  : — some- 
times also  used  in  the  same  sense  as  strangula- 
tion. Dunglison. 

JN-CARN',  v.  a.  [L.  incarno  ; Sp.  encarnar.]  To 
cover  with  flesh  ; to  incarnate,  [r.]  Wiseman. 

IN-CARN',  v.  n.  To  breed  flesh,  [r.]  Wiseman. 

f IN-CAr'NA-DINE,  a.  [It.  incarnatino  ; Fr.  m- 
carnadin .]  Of  a red  color.  Lovelace. 

f IN-cAr'NA-WNE,  v.  a.  To  dye  red.  Shak. 

JN-CAR'nAte,p.  a.  [L.  incarno,  incarnatus  ; in, 
in,  and  caro,  carnis,  flesh ; It.  incarnate ; Sp.  en- 
carnar-, Fr.  incarncr.]  [(.  incarnated;  pp. 
incarnating,  incarnated.]  To  clothe  with 
flesh  ; to  embody  with  flesh. 

I,  who  erst  contended 

1Vith  gods  to  sit  the  highest,  am  now  constrained 
Into  a beast,  and  mix  with  bestial  slime, 

This  essence  to  incarnate  and  iinbrute.  Milton. 

IN-CAR'NATE,  a.  [It.  incarnate  ; Sp .encarnado-, 
Fr.  incar nat.] 

1.  Clothed  with  flesh ; embodied  in  flesh. 
“ The  incarnate  Son  of  God.”  Sanderson. 

2.  f Having  the  color  of  flesh.  Holland. 

IN-CAR-NA'TION,  n.  [It.  incamazione ; Sp.  en- 
carnacion-,  Fr.  incarnation .] 

1.  The  act  of  incarnating  or  of  assuming  body 
or  flesh  ; the  assumption  of  a human  body  and 
human  nature  ; state  of  being  incarnate. 

The  end  of  Christ’s  incarnation  was,  that  he  might  draw 
up  into  his  own  experience  ali  the  woes  and  temptations  of 
humanity.  E.  II.  Sears. 

tfij*  “ A word  in  common  use  among  theologians, 
to  express  the  union  of  the  Godhead  with  the  man- 
hood in  Jesus  Christ.  ” Brandt. 

2.  fThe  color  of  flesh.  Hist,  of  Penn. 

3.  (Med.)  Granulation;  the  process  which 
takes  place  in  the  healing  of  ulcers.  Hoblyn. 

IN-CAR'NA-TlVE,  a.  [It.  incarnativo ; Sp.  en- 
carnativo  ; Fr.  incarnatif.]  Generating  flesh. 

JN-CAR'NA-TIVE,  n.  A medicine  that  generates 
flesh.  “ I deterged  the  abscess,  and  inc-arned 
by  the  common  incarnative.”  Wiseman. 

IN-cAse',  v.  a.  [It .incassare;  Sp . cncajar.]  [*. 
incased;  pp.  incasing,  incased.]  To  cover 
with  a case,  or  as  with  a case ; to  enclose  ; to 
in  wrap. 

Rich  plates  of  gold  the  folding  doors  incase.  Pope. 


IN-CASE'M^NT,  n.  The  act  of  incasing;  a cov- 
ering.  Dr.  Allen. 

JN-cAsK',  v.  a.  To  put  into  a cask.  Sherwood. 

JN-cAs'TEL-LAT-ED  (jn-kas't?l-at-?d),  a.  En- 
closed in  a castle. 

IN-cAs'TELLED,  a.  Hoof-bound.  Crabb. 

JN-CAt-E-NA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  linking  to- 
gether. “ The  incatenation  of  fleas.”  Goldsmith. 

IN-CAU'TION,  n.  Want  of  caution,  [it.]  Pope. 

IN-CAU'TIOUS  (In-k&w'shus),  a.  [in,  priv.,  and 
cautious .]  Not  cautious  or  circumspect ; not 
careful  or  heedful ; unwary  ; heedless. 

His  rhetorical  expressions  may  easily  captivate  the  incau- 
tious reader.  Kelt. 

IN-cAu'TIOUS-LY  (In-k&w'shus-le),  ad.  Unwa- 
rily; heedlessly.'  ’ ' Arbuthnot. 

IN-CAU'TIOUS-NESS  (in-k&w  slius-ncs),  n.  Want 
of  caution ; heedlessness.  ’ Todd. 

IN'CA-VAT-yD,  a.  Made  hollow  ; — bent  round 
or  m.  Smart. 

IN-CA-VA'TION,  n.  Act  of  making  hollow  ; ex- 
cavation : — a hollow.  Wright. 

IN-CAVED'  (jn-kavd'),  a.  Enclosed  or  shut  up  in 
a cave  ; encaverned.  Savage. 

IN-cAv'yRNED  (-ernd),a.  Enclosed  in  a cavern 
or  cave ; incaved.  Drayton. 

IN-CE-LEB'RI-TY,  n.  [in,  priv.,  and  celebrity .] 
Want  of  celebrity,  [it.]  Coleridge. 

f IN-CEND',  v.  a.  [L.  inccndo,  to  set  fire  to ; Fr. 
incendier .]  To  stir  up  ; to  inflame.  Marston. 

II  TN-CEN'DI-A-RI§M,  n.  The  act  of  an  incendia- 
ry ; the  act  of  maliciously  and  wilfully  setting 
buildings  or  other  combustible  property  on  fire. 

||  IN-CEN'DI-A-RY  [in-sen'de-a-re,  P.  J.  Ja.  B.  C. ; 
jn-sen'de-a-re  or  jn-sen'je-j-re,  W. ; in-sen'dyjr-e, 
S.  E.  F.  K.  Sm.],a.  [L.  incendiarius ; inccndo, 
to  inflame ; It.  Sj  Sp.  incendiario ; Fr.  incendiaire.] 

1.  Relating  to  the  malicious  and  wilful  burn- 
ing of  buildings  or  other  combustible  property. 

2.  Inflammatory;  exciting;  seditious.  Coxe. 

||  IN-CEN'DI- A-RY,  n.  1.  One  who  maliciously 
sets  houses  or  other  buildings  on  fire. 

Among  the  ancients,  incendiaries  were  burnt.  Bond.  Ency. 

2.  One  who  inflames  factions  or  promotes 
quarrels  ; a political  agitator  ; an  exciter. 

Several  cities  of  Greece  drove  them  out  as  incendiaries 
and  pests  of  commonweals.  Bentley. 

IN-CEN'DI-OUS,  a.  Incendiary,  [r.]  Bacon. 

JPJ-CENSE'  (114),  v.  a.  [i.  INCENSED;  pp.  IN- 
CENSING, incensed.]  [L.  inccndo,  incensus,  to 
burn.] 

1.  t To  incite  ; to  animate  ; to  move.  Holland. 

2.  To  enkindle  or  inflame  with  anger ; to  en- 
rage ; to  provoke  ; to  exasperate  ; to  irritate. 

How  could  my  pious  son  thy  power  incense?  Dryden. 

IN'CENSE,  or  IN-CENSE',  v.  a.  1.  To  burn. 

Virtue  is  like  precious  odors,  most  fragrant  when  they  are 
incensed  or  crushed.  Bacon. 

2.  To  perfume  with  incense.  Barrow. 

IN'CENSE,  n.  [L.  inccndo,  incensus,  to  burn  ; It. 
incenso  ; Sp.  mcienso;  Fr.  encens.] 

1.  Perfume  exhaled  by  fire  in  worship  ; an 

honorary  offering.  Congreve. 

2.  A fragrant  substance  used  for  making 
perfume  by  burning ; frankincense. 

And  he  made  the  holy  anointing  oil,  and  the  pure  incense 
of  sweet  spices.  Exoa.  xxxvii.  21). 

IN'CENSE— BREATH'ING,  a.  Exhaling  incense. 
“ Incense-breathing  morn.”  Gray. 

IN-CENSE'MyNT,  n.  Rage  ; heat ; fury,  [r.]  Shak. 

IN-CEN'SION  (jn-sen'sliun),  n.  [L.  incensio  ; in- 
cendo,  to  inflame  ; It.  incensione .]  The  act  of 
kindling  : — the  state  of  being  on  fire,  [r.]  Bacon. 

IN-CEN'SIVE,  a.  That  incites  ; that  tends  to  in- 
flame ; inflammatory.  Barrow. 

IN-CEN'SOR,  n.  [L.]  A kindler  of  anger ; an 
inflamer.  Hayward. 

IN'CEN-SO-RY,  or  IN-CEN'SO-R Y [ln'sen-sur-e,  S. 
IF.  J.  P.  8m. ; in-sen'so-re,  Ja.  K.  C.  H r.  li  b.], 
n.  A vessel  in  which  incense  is  burnt  and  of- 
fered ; a censer.  Ainsworth. 


A,  E,  l,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  {,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


INCENSURABLE 


INCISE 


733 


||  IN-CEN'SUR-A-BLE  (ln-sen'shur-?-bl),  a.  [in, 
priv.,  and  'censurable.]  Not  censurable  ; uncen- 
surable.  [it.]  Dwight. 

||  IN-CEN'SUR-A-BLY,  ad.  So  as  not  to  be  cen- 
sured. [it.]  ' ’ Shelley. 

JN-CEN'TIVE,  a.  [L.  incentivus  ; It.  S$  Sp.  incen- 
tivo.]  That  incites  ; inciting  ; encouraging. 

Tart  the  incentive  reed  provide.  Milton. 

JN-CEN'TIVE,  n.  1.  f That  which  kindles  or  in- 
flames. t A.  Charles. 

2.  That  which  provokes  or  incites  ; incite- 
ment ; impulse  ; inducement ; motive  ; encour- 
agement ; spur.  “ The  incentives  of  place,  prof- 
it, and  preferment.”  Addison. 

JN-CEN'TI  VE-LY,  ad.  Incitingly  ; encourag- 
ingly. Wright. 

JN-CEP'TION,  n.  [L .inceptio;  incipio,  to  begin  ; 
in,  in,  and  capio,  to  take.]  A beginning  ; com- 
mencement. Bacon. 

JN-CEP'TIVE,  a.  [L.  inceptivus.] 

1.  Noting  the  beginning  of  an  action.  “ An 

inceptive  . . . proposition.”  Locke. 

2.  (Math.)  Noting  quantities  capable  of  pro- 

ducing magnitudes  higher  than  their  own  ; as, 
“ A point  is  inceptive  of  a line  ” ; “A  line  is 
inceptive  of  a surface.”  Brande. 

JN-CEP'TIVE,  n.  That  which  begins.  Watts. 

JN-CEP'TJ  VE-LY,  ad.  In  a manner  noting  begin- 
ning. Clarke. 

JN-CEP'TOR,  n.  [L.]  1.  A beginner ; one  who 

is  in  his  rudiments.  Johnson. 

2.  A person  who  is  on  the  point  of  taking  the 
degree  of  A.M.  at  an  English  university.  Warton. 

I N- C R - R A ' T I O N , n.  [L.  incero,  inceratus,  to  cover 
with  wax  ; cera,  wax.]  Act  of  covering  with  wax. 

IN-CER'A-TlVE,  a.  Cleaving  like  wax.  Cotgrave. 

f IN-CER'TAIN,  a.  Uncertain.  Shak. 

f IN-CER'TAIN-LY  (In-ser'tjn-le),  ad.  Uncertain- 
ly ; not  certainly.  Huloet. 

flN-CER'TAIN-TY,  n.  Uncertainty.  Shak. 

IN-CER'TI-TUDE,  n.  [Fr.]  Uncertainty  ; want 
of  certainty  ; doubtfulness.  Locke.  Burke. 

f IN-CES'SA-BLE,  a.  [ L.incessabilis .]  Unceasing; 
continual ; unintermitted  ; incessant.  Shelton. 

IN-CES'SAN-CY,  n.  [It.  incessanza.]  The  quali- 
ty of  being  incessant.  Smart. 

IN-CES'SANT,  a.  [It.  incessante ; Sp.  incesante ; 
Fr  .incessant.]  Unceasing;  unintermitted;  un- 
remitting ; uninterrupted  ; perpetual ; continu- 
al. “ Incessant  weeping.”  Shak. 

And  now  four  days  the  sun  had  seen  our  woes, 

Four  nights  the  moon  beheld  the  incessant  fire.  Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Continual. 

IN-CES'SANT,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state  of  being 
incessant.  Scott. 

IN-CES'SANT-LY,  ad.  Without  intermission  ; 
continually  ; perpetually  ; always.  Milton. 

IN-CES'S  ANT-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  inces- 
sant or  continual.  Scott. 

f IN-CES'SION,  n.  [L.  incessus.]  Walking. Browne. 

INCEST,  n.  [L.  incestum  ; in,  priv.,  and  castus, 
chaste;  It.  <Sf  Sp.  incesto ; Fr.  incest/;.)  (Late.) 
Sexual  intercourse  between  persons  who,  by 
reason  of  consanguinity  or  affinity,  cannot  law- 
fully be  united.  Burrill. 

Spiritual  incest,  sexual  intercourse  between  two  per- 
sons who  have  a spiritual  alliance  by  means  of  bap- 
tism or  confirmation  : — also  the  crime  of  a vicar,  or 
other  beneficiary,  who  holds  two  benefices,  one  of 
which  depends  upon  the  collation  of  the  other.  Buck. 

JN-CEST'U-OUS  (jn-sest'yu-us),  a.  [It.  § Sp.  in- 
cestuoso  ; Fr.  incestueux .] 

1.  Guilty  of  incest ; guilty  of  unnatural  or  im- 
pious cohabitation. 

An  incestuous  Herod  discoursing  of  chastity.  South. 

2.  Relating  to,  or  involving,  incest. 

Love  not  adulterous  or  incestuous.  War  bur  f on. 

JN-CEST'U-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  an  incestuous  man- 
ner. Dryden. 

JN-CEST'U-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  qual- 
ity of  being  incestuous.  Bp.  Hall. 


INCH,  n.  [A.  S.  ince,  inch,  a twelfth  part.  — Gr. 
oirysia  ; L.  uncial] 

1.  A measure  of  length  supposed  equal  to 
three  grains  of  barley  laid  end  to  .end ; the 
twelfth  part  of  a foot. 

2.  A small  quantity  or  degree. 

They  ’ll  give  him  death  by  inches.  . Shah. 

Give  not  an  inch  of  ground.  Drayton. 

3.  A nice  point  or  moment  of  time. 

Beldame,  I think  we  watched  you  at  an  inch.  Shak. 

4.  [L.  insula.  — Ir.  innshe ; Gaelic  inis.  — 
Corn,  ennis .]  An  island.  [Scotland.]  Jamieson. 

Till  he  disbursed  at  St.  Colmes’  inch 

Ten  thousand  dollars  to  our  general  use.  Shak. 

The  blackened  wave  is  edged  with  white; 

To  inch  and  rock  the  sea-mews  fly.  IF.  Scott. 

Ufg=-  Often  used  as  a prefix  to  small  Scottish  islands, 
as  Inch- keith,  7/ic/i-garvie. 

INCH,  v.  a.  1.  To  drive  by  inches,  or  very  gradually. 

Valiant,  they  say,  but  very  popular; 

He  gets  too  far  into  the  soldier’s  graces. 

And  inches  out  my  master.  Dryden. 

2.  To  deal  out  by  inches  or  in  a small  quan- 
tity ; to  give  sparingly.  Ainsworth. 

INCH,  v.  n.  To  advance  or  retire  a little  at  a 
time  ; to  move  slowly  and  with  hesitation. 

Now  Turnus  doubts,  and  yet  disdains  to  yield, 

But  with  slow  paces  measures  back  the  field. 

And  inches  to  the  walls.  Dryden. 

IN-CHAM'BIJR,  V.  a.  [Fr.  cnchambrer .]  To  lodge 
in  a chamber,  [r.]  Sherwood. 

f IN-CHANCE- A-bIl'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing unchangeable ; unchangeableness.  Kenrick. 

IN-CHANT',  v.  a.  See  Enchant. 

j-  IN-CHAR'I-TA-BLE,  a.  Uncharitable.  Shak. 

f IN-CHAr'J-TY,  n.  Want  of  charity.  Warner. 

IN-CHASE',  v.  a.  See  Enchase. 

lN-CHAS'TJ-TY,  n.  [in,  priv.,  and  chastity.] 
Want  of  chastity  ; unchastity.  Milton. 

INCHED  (Tncht),  a.  Containing  inches.  “ Over 
four -inched  bridges.”  Shak. 

IN-CHEST',  v.  a.  [in  and  chest.]  To  put  into  a 
ease  or  chest.  Sherwood. 

INCH'I-PIN,  n.  The  sweet-bread  of  a deer;  — 
written  also  inchpin.  Ainsworth. 

INCII'MEAL,  n.  A piece  an  inch  long.  Shak. 

INCH'MEAL,  ad.  By  inchmeal  or  by  inches  ; by 
little  and  little.  Shak.  C.  Lamb. 

IN 'C HO- ATE  (ing'ko-at),  v.  a.  [L.  inchoo,  incho- 
atus  ; Sp.  incoar .]  [i.  inchoated  ; pip.  incho- 
ating, inchoated.]  To  begin,  [r.]  More. 

IN'CHO-ATE  (Ing'ko-?t),  a.  Begun  ; commenced. 
“ Inchoate  regeneration.”  Bp.  Hall. 

IN'iEHO-ATE-LY,  ad.  In  an  incipient  degree. 

Whether  as  fully  just  by  thy  gracious  imputation,  or  as 
inchoately  just.  Bji.  Hall. 

IN-jCHO-A'TION,  n.  [L.  inchoatio .]  Inception; 
a beginning ; commencement. 

The  declaration  and  inchoation  of  a war.  Bacon. 

II  JN-CHO'A-TlVE  [jn-ko'a-tiv,  S.  W.  P.  J.  Ja. 
Wr. ; Ing'ko-a-tjv,  Sm.  It.],  a.  [L.  inchoativus  ; 
It.  § Sp.  incoativo ; Fr.  inchoat if. \ Inceptive; 
noting  beginning ; incipient.  Evelyn. 

||  IN-jCIIO'A-TI VE,  n.  That  which  begins  ; incep- 
tive ; — beginning. 

Verbs  in  “sco”  should  not  be  called  inchoatives , but  con- 
tinuatives.  Udal. 

Verbs  called  inchoatives  or  inceptives.  Harris. 

Inch'pIn,  n.  See  iNCHiriN.  B.  Jonson. 

INCH'— STUFF,  n.  Deal  plank  sawed  to  the 
thickness  of  an  inch.  Simmonds. 

IN-GTC'U-RA-BLE,  a.  [L.  incicur,  not  tame.]  That 
cannot  be  tamed  ; untamable,  [r.]  Perry. 

IN-CIDE',  v.  a.  [L.  incido  ; in,  used  intensively, 
and  credo,  to  strike;  It.  incidere',  Fr.  inciser.] 
(Med.)  To  cut  or  separate,  as  phlegm,  by  some 
drug ; to  incise.  Arbuthnot. 

IN'CI-DENCE,  n.  [L.  incido,  incidens;  in,  upon, 
and  cado,  to  fall ; It.  incidenza  ; Sp.  incidencia ; 
Fr.  incidence .]  (Physics.)  The  direction  in 
which  one  body  falls  upon  or  strikes  another. 

Annie  of  incidence,  the  angle  which  the  line  of  inci- 
dence makes  with  a perpendicular  to  tile  plane  or 


curved  surface  struck  ; also,  as  formerly  used,  the 
angle  which  the  line  of  incidence  makes  will;  the  sur- 
face, if  plane,  or,  if  it  is  curved,  with  its  tangent 
plane.  — Line  of  incidence,  the  path  described  by  the 
incident  ray  of  light. 

IN'CI-DEN-CY,  n.  1.  Incidence,  [it.]  Norris. 

2.  f Incident;  accident;  hap;  casualty. 

The  determination  of  these  meaner  incidences.  Bp.  Hall. 

IN'CI-DENT,  a.  [L.  incido,  incidens,  to  fall  upon; 
It.  y Sp.  incidente  ; Fr.  incident.] 

1.  Happening  accidentally  or  beside  the  main 

design;  occasional;  fortuitous;  casual.  “ In- 
cident occasions.”  Wotton. 

2.  Happening  ; apt  to  happen. 

The  disorders  incident  to  a prosperous  state.  Blair. 

3.  Belonging  ; pertaining  ; relating. 

It  behooveth  the  dancers  ...  to  know  all  qualities  incident 
to  a man,  and  also  all  qualities  to  a woman  likewise  apper- 
taining. Sir  T.  Elyot. 

4.  (Optics.)  Falling  upon ; as,  “An  incident 
ray  of  light.” 

5.  (Law.)  Depending  upon  another  thing  as 

principal.  Burrill. 

An  incident  proposition , (Logic.)  a proposition  sub- 
ordinate to  another,  and  introduced  by  the  pronouns 
who,  which , whoso , whom,  &c.  ; as,  “ Bodies,  which  are 
transparent,  have  many  pores.”  JVatts. 

IN'CI-DENT,  n.  1.  Something  happening  beside 
the  main  design  ; casualty  ; accident. 

Ilis  wisdom  will  fall  into  it  as  an  incident  to  the  point  of 
lawfulness.  Bacon. 

2.  An  occurrence ; an  event ; circumstance. 

A writer  of  lives  may  descend  with  propriety  to  minute 

circumstances  and  familiar  incidents.  Blair. 

3.  (Laic.)  That  which  depends  upon  another 
thing  as  principal. 

To  every  estate  in  lands  the  law  has  annexed  certain  pe- 
culiar incidents  whicli  appertain  to  it  as  of  course  without 
being  expressly  enumerated.  Burrill. 

Syn.  — See  Accident,  Circumstance,  Event, 
Occasion. 

IN-CI-DENT'AL,  a.  Issuing  beside  the  main  de- 
sign ; not  premeditated  ; incident ; occasional  ; 
casual ; accidental ; circumstantial. 

There  is  a wide  difference  between  tile  direct  and  proper 
purpose  of  the  act  and  the  incidental  effect  of  it.  Hurd. 

Syn.  — See  Accidental,  Circumstantial, 
Occasional. 

IN-CI-DENT'AL,  n.  An  incident ; a casualty.  Pope. 

IN-CI-DENT' AL-LY,  ad.  In  an  incidental  man- 
ner ; casually.  Atterbury. 

IN-CI-DENT' AL-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  inci- 
dental. Ash. 

IN'CI-DENT-LY,  ad.  Incidentally,  [r.]  Bacon. 

IN-CIN'pR-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  reduced  to 
ashes,  [it.]  Browne. 

IN-ClN'ER-ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  in,  in,  and  ciriis,  cineris, 
ashes  ; Sp.  incinerar  ; Fr.  incinercr.]  [?.  incin- 
erated ; pip.  incinerating,  incinerated.] 
To  burn  to  ashes.  Bacon. 

f IN-CTN'ER-ATE,  a.  Burnt  to  ashes.  Bacon. 

IN-CIN-JER-A'TJON,  n.  [Fr.]  The  act  of  burn- 
ing to  ashes.  Skelton. 

JN-CIP'J-JJNCE,  l Beginning;  commenee- 

IN-CIP'I-EN-CY,  ) ment.  Roget. 

JN-CIP'I-ENT,  a.  [L.  incipio,  incipiens,  to  begin ; 
in,  upon,  and  capio,  to  seize;  It.  <St  Sp. incipient e.) 
Commencing  ; beginning  ; inceptive  ; inchoa- 
tive. “ Incipient  apoplexies.”  Boyle. 

IN-CIP'I-ENT-LY,  ad.  In  an  incipient  manner. 

IN-CIR'CLE,  v.  a.  See  Encircle. 

IN-CIR'CLIJT,  n.  See  Encirclet.  Sidney. 

IN- CIR-CU  M-SCRIP'TI-BLE,  a.  [It.  incirconscrit- 
tibile .]  Not  circumscriptible.  [it.]  Cranmer. 

IN-CIR'CUM-SPECT,  a.  Not  circumspect;  not 
careful ; careless.  Pyndale. 

IN-CIR-CUM-SPEC'TION,  n.  [in,  priv.,  and  cir- 
cumspection.]  Want  of  circumspection  or  cau- 
tion ; heedlessness.  Browne. 

lN-CLSE',  v.  a.  [L  .incido,  incisus ; It.  incidere  ; 
Fr.  inciser.]  [i.  incised  ; pp.  incising,  in- 
cised.] To  cut ; to  engrave ; to  carve ; to  incide. 

I on  this  grave  thy  epitaph  incise.  Carew. 


MIEN,  SIR;  m6ve,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — p,  £,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  6,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z ; as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


INCISED 


734 


INCOGITANT 


[N-CI^ED'  (-sizd'),  a.  1.  Cut;  made  by  cutting. 

I brought  the  incised  lips  together.  Wiseman. 

2.  (But.)  Noting  leaves  irregular- 
ly, deeply,  and  sharply  cut.  Gray. 

[N-Cl"!-jION  (jn-slzh'un,  93),  n.  [L.  in- 
cisio  ; incido,  incisus,  to  cut  into  ; It. 
incisione ; Sp.  Fr.  incision.) 

1.  The  act  of  cutting  with  a sharp  instrument ; 
a cut ; a gash. 

To  sever  by  incision  ...  a sore,  the  gangrene  of  a limb.  Milton. 
With  nice  incision  of  her  guided  steel. 

She  ploughs  a brazen  field.  Cowper. 

2.  Separation  or  removal  of  viscosities  by 

medicine.  “ A scouring  off  or  incision" of  viscous 
humors.”  Bacon. 

IN-tT'SIVE,  a.  [It.  § Sp.  incisivo  ; Fr.  incisif] 
Cutting;  dividing;  separating.  Evelyn. 

Incisive  teeth,  the  fore-teeth  ; cutters  ; incisors. 

IN-Cl'SOR,  n.  [L.]  A cutter  ; a fore-tooth  that 
cuts  and  divides  the  food.  Berdmore. 

IN-CI'SO-R  V,  a.  [It.  incisorio  ; Fr.  incisoire.] 
Having  the  quality  of  cutting.  Johnson. 

|N-cI§'lJRE  (jn-sizh'tjr,  93),  n.  [L.  incisura.]  A 
cut ; an  incision,  [it.] 

A deep  incisure  up  into  the  head.  Dcrham. 

JN-CI'TANT,  n.  [Fr.]  That  which  incites;  a 
stimulant ; a stimulus.  Smart. 

L\  -CI-TA'TIOX,  n.  [L.  incitatio;  It.  incitazione ; 
Sp.  incitacion;  Fr.  incitation.']  Incitement; 
incentive  ; impulse  ; incitant. 

The  strongest  and  noblest  incitation  to  honest  attempts. 

Tatter, 

(N-ClTE',  v.  a.  [L.  incito ; in,  upon,  and  cito,  to 
call;  It .incitare;  Sp.  incitar;  Fr.  inciter.]  [i. 
INCITED  ; pp.  INCITING,  INCITED.]  To  stir 
up  ; to  push  forward  ; to  animate  ; to  spur  on  ; 
to  urge  on ; to  excite ; to  provoke ; to  stimu- 
late; to  rouse;  to  encourage  ; to  impel. 

No  blown  ambition  doth  our  arms  incite.  Shak. 

These  Mars  incites , and  those  Minerva  fires.  Pope. 

Syn.  — See  Animate,  Excite. 

JN-CiTE'MpNT,  n.  The  act  of  exciting,  or  that 
which  incites;  excitement;  encouragement; 
motive  ; incentive  ; impulse ; a spur. 

Indeed,  no  man  knows,  when  he  cuts  off  the  incitements 
to  a virtuous  ambition  and  the  just  rewards  of  public  service, 
what  infinite  mischief  he  may  do  his  country  through  all 
generations.  Burke. 

Syn. — See  Excite. 

IN-ClT'ER,  n.  He  who,  or  that  "which,  incites. 

f IN-CIV'IIj,  a.  [L.  incivilis;  Fr.  incivil.]  Un- 
civil.— See  Uncivil.  Shak. 

IX-CJ-VI  L'j-TY,  n.  [L.  incivilitas  ; It.  incivilita ; 
Sp.  incicilidael ; Fr.  incivility.] 

1.  Want  of  civility  or  courtesy  ; uncourteous- 

ness  ; discourtesy  ; ill-breeding  ; uncourtliness  ; 
rudeness.  Tillotson. 

2.  An  act  of  discourtesy  or  rudeness;  — in 
this  sense  it  has  a plural. 

No  person  offered  me  the  least  incivility.  Ludlow. 

lN-Cly-IL-1-ZA'TION,  n.  An  uncivilized  state; 
barbarism.  Wright. 

t IN-GT  V'|L-LY,  ad.  See  Uncivilly.  Shak. 

IN-ClV'I§M,  n.  [It.  incivismo  ; Fr.  incivisme.] 
Hostility  to  the  state  or  government ; want  of 
patriotism,  [r.]  Coleridge. 

+ IN-CLA-MA'TIOX,  n.  Exclamation.  Bp.  Hall. 

jn-ClAsp',  V.  a.  [i.  inclasped  ; pp.  inclasp- 
ing,  inclasped.]  [m,  used  intensively,  and 
clasp.]  To  hold  fast;  to  clasp.  Cudworth. 

IN'CLA-VAT-fD,  a.  [L.  in,  in,  and  clavus,  a 
nail.]  Fixed  or  locked  in;  set;  fast  fixed. 
“ These  [teeth]  are  more  firmly  inclavated .” 

Smith  on  Old  Age. 

IN'CLE,  n.  See  Inkle.  Wright. 

IN-CLE\I'EN-CY,  n.  [L.  inclemcntia . ; It.  inclc- 
menza;  Sp.  inclemeneia ; Fr.  inclimence.] 
Want  of  clemency  ; severity  ; rigor  ; harshness  ; 
roughness.  “ The  inclemencies  of  the  seasons.” 
“ The  inclemencies  of  the  morning  air.”  Pope. 

IN-CLEM'ENT,  a.  [L.  inclemens ; It.  <Sr  Sp.  in- 
clemente ; Fr.  inclement.]  Void  of  clemency; 
severe  ; rigorous  ; rough  ; boisterous  ; harsh. 

The  inclement  seasons,  rain,  ice,  hail,  and  snow.  Milton. 
Inclement  drought  the  hardening  soil  would  drain.  Beattie. 


IN-CLEM'ENT-LY,  ad.  In  an  inclement  manner. 

JN-CEIN'A-BLE,  a.  [L.  inclinabilis.] 

1.  That  inclines ; having  a tendency  ; prone. 

“ Inclinable  to  fall.”  Bentley. 

2.  Having  a propension  of  will ; favorably 
disposed ; willing. 

People  are  not  always  inclinable  to  the  best.  Spenser. 

IN-CLIN'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  in- 
clinable. Brady. 

IN-CLI-NA'TION,  n.  [L.  inclinatio  ; It.  inclina- 
zione ; Sp.  inclination  ; Fr  .inclination.] 

1.  A leaning,,  bending,  or  deviation  towards 
another  object ; as,  “An  inclination  o(  the  head.” 

There  was  a pleasant  arbor,  not  by  art, 

But  of  the  trees’  own  inclination , made.  Spenser. 

2.  Propension  of  mind;  favorable  disposi- 

tion ; predilection  ; bias ; bent ; propensity. 

A mere  inclination  to  a thing  is  not  properly  a willing  of 
that  thing;  and  yet,  in  matters  of  duty,  men  frequently 
reckon  it  tor  such.  South. 

Inclination  is  a form  or  degree  of  natural  desire.  It  is  sy- 
nonymous with  “propensity,”  or  with  the  “penchant”  of 
the  French.  Fleming. 

3.  Love  ; affection  ; regard. 

It  does  not,  however,  appear,  that  in  things  so  intimately 
connected  with  the  happiness  of  life  as  marriage  and  the 
choice  of  an  employment,  parents  have  any  right  to  force  the 
inclinations  of  their  children.  Beattie. 

4.  The  stooping  or  decanting  of  a yessel. 

5.  (Math.  & Physics.)  The  angle  made  by  two 
planes,  two  lines,  or  a line  and  a plane,  or  the 
angle  which  they  ivould  make,  if  they  were  suf- 
ficiently extended  ; as,  “ The  inclination  of  the 
plane  of  the  earth’s  equator  to  the  plane  of  the 
ecliptic  is  nearly  23°  28'.” 

Inclination  of  the  orbit  of  a planet,  the  angle  formed 
by  the  plane  of  the  ecliptic  and  that  of  the  planet’s 
orbit.  Hatton. 

Inclination  or  dip  of  the  magnetic  needle , (Man.)  tile 
angle  which  a magnetic  needle,  situated  in  the  mag- 
netic meridian  and  free  to  play  in  a vertical  plane, 
makes  with  a horizontal  plane. 

Syn.  — See  Affection,  Disposition,  Ten- 
dency. 

||  JN-CLIN'A-TO-RJ-LY,  ad.  With  inclination  ; 
obliquely.  Browne. 

||  JN-CLIN'A-TO-RY  [jn-klTnVtur-e,  W.  Ja.  Wr.  ; 
jn-kll'n?-tur-e,  N.  P.  K.  Sm.],  a.  Having  the 
quality  of  inclining ; turning  or  bending  from 
a right  line.  Browne. 

IN-CLINE',  v.  n.  [Gr.  lyx/imo  (L.  incline,  to 
bend) ; It.  inclinare ; Sp.  inclinar ; Fr.  incliner.] 

[i.  INCLINED;  pp.  INCLINING,  INCLINED.] 

1.  To  make  an  acute  angle  with  a vertical 
line  or  a vertical  plane  ; to  lean  ; — to  tend  ob- 
liquely towards  a given  direction  ; as,  “ The 
tower  of  Pisa  inclines  from  a vertical  direction 
towards  the  horizon  ” ; “ Converging  lines  in- 
cline towards  each  other.” 

2.  To  be  disposed  ; to  tend  by  disposition ; to 
feel  a desire,  wish,  or  propension. 

Where  an  equal  poise  of  hope  and  fear 
Does  arbitrate  the  event,  my  nature  is 
That  I incline  to  hope,  rather  than  fear.  Milton. 

IN-CLINE',  v.  a.  1.  To  give  a tendency  or  di- 
rection towards. 

A towering  structure  to  the  palace  joined; 

To  this  his  steps  the  thoughtful  prince  inclined.  Pope. 

2.  To  turn  or  dispose,  as  the  mind. 

I find  they  are  inclined  to  do  so.  Shak. 

3.  To  bend  ; to  incurvate  ; to  bow. 

With  due  respect  my  body  I inclined 

A6  to  some  being  of  superior  kind.  Dryden. 

JN-CLINE',  n.  A regular  ascent  or  descent,  as  in 
a railroad;  an  inclined  plane.  Ec.  Rev. 

IN-CLINED'  (jn-kllnd'),  p.  a.  1.  Having  inclina- 
tion ;*bent;  directed  to  some  point. 

2.  Disposed  ; moved  by  desire  ; predisposed. 

3.  (Mech.  & Physics.)  Noting  lines  or  planes 
when  they  make  an  acute  angle  with  one  another. 

4.  ( Bot .)  Bent  out  of  the  perpendicular,  in  a 
curved  line,  the  convex  side  being  up.  Ifcnslow. 

Inclined  plane,  (Mech.)  a plane  making  an  acute 
angle  with  the  horizon  ; a sloping  plane  ; one  of  tile 
five  simple  mechanical  powers. 

IN-CLIN'ER,  n.  One  who  inclines  : — an  inclined 
dial.  Diet,  of  Arts. 

IN-CLIN'ING,  p.  a.  1.  Leaning;  bending. 

2.  Having  inclination,  or  propension. 

IN-CLJ-NOM'JJ-TJjlR,  n.  [L.  inclino,  to  incline, 


and  Gr.  pi rpov,  a measure.]  (Magnetism.)  An 
apparatus  for  determining  the  vertical  element 
of  the  magnetic  force.  Brande. 

JN-CLll’',  v.  a.  To  grasp  ; to  enclose  ; to  surround. 

Whatc’er  the  ocean  pale*,  or  sky  inclips , 

Is  thine,  if  thou  wilt  have  it.  Shak. 

IN-CLOIS'TpR,  v.  a.  To  shut  up  in  a cloister ; to 
encloister ; to  cloister.  Lovelace. 

!N-CLO§E',  v.  a.  [L.  include,  inclusus  ; Fr.  en- 
clos .]  [i.  INCLOSED  ; pp.  INCLOSING,  INCLOSED.] 
To'  environ  ; to  encircle  ; to  surround  ; to  in- 
clude ; to  shut  in;  to  circumscribe  ; to  enclose. 
— See  Enclose.  Sir  W.  Temple. 

IN-CLO^'pR,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  incloses  ; 
encloser.  — See  Encloser.  Martin. 

JN-CLO§'lJRE  (iu-klo'zhutr),  n.  1.  That  which  in- 
closes or  surrounds  ; a fence.  Hackluyt. 

2.  The  space,  ground,  or  thing  inclosed  ; en- 
closure. — See  Enclosure.  Burke. 

IN-CLOUD',  v.  a.  To  surround  as  with  a cloud; 
to  darken ; to  obscure,  [r.]  Shak. 

IN-CLUDE',  v.  a.  [L.  include  ; in,  in,  and  claudo,  to 
shut;  It.  inchiudere ; Sp.  incluir-,  Fr.  enclorre .] 
[i.  included  ; pp.  indluding,  included.] 

1.  To  enclose  ; to  shut  in  ; to  surround. 

The  shell  includes  a pearl.  Johnson. 

2.  To  comprise  ; to  comprehend  ; to  contain  ; 
to  embrace. 

I cannot  affirm  whether  it  [Flanders]  only  bordered  upon, 
or  included,  the  lower  parts  of  the  vast  woods  of  Ardenne. 

„ ,,  Sir  W.  Temple. 

Syn.  — See  Comprehend. 

IN-CLUD'pD,  a.  (Bot.)  Noting  stamens,  &c., 
which  are  shorter  than  the  other  floral  envelopes, 
or  are  concealed  within  them  ; enclosed.  Gray. 

INCLUD'jNG,  p.  a.  Enclosing  ; comprising  ; 
taking  in. 

IJf-CLU' SJ1,  n.  pi.  [L.,  from  includo,  inclusus,  to 
shut  in.]  (Zo:sl.)  A tribe  of  shell-bearing,  aceph- 
alous mollusks,  including  the  teredo,  character- 
ized by  the  closed  state  of  the  mantle.  Brande. 

IN-CLU'ijION,  n.  [L.  inclusio  ; It.  inclusions,  Sp. 
inclusion.]  The  act  of  including.  Temple. 

{N-CLU'SIVE,  a.  [It.  £,  Sp.  inclusivo  ; Fr.  inclusif.] 

1.  Enclosing;  encircling;  including. 

O,  would  that  the  inclusive  verge 

Of  golden  metal  that  must  round  my  brow 

Were  red-hot  steel,  to  sear  me  to  the  brain.  Shak. 

2.  Comprehended  in  the  sum  or  miraoer ; as, 
“From  Wednesday  to  Saturday  inclusive,"  — 
i.  e.  both  Wednesday  and  Saturday  being  taken 
into  the  number. 

IN-CLU'SI VE-LY,  ad.  The  thing  mentioned  be- 
ing included.  Hale. 

IN-COACH',  v.  a.  See  Excoach. 

t IN-CO-Act  , ) a [L,  incoactus.]  Uncon- 

flN-CO-ACT'jpD,  ) strained.  Coles. 

IN-CO-Ag'U-LA-BLE,  a.  [Sp.  incoagulable.]  Not 
coagulable  ; incapable  of  concretion.  Bailey. 

IN-CO-A-LES'CENCE,  n.  [in,  priv.,  and  coales- 
cence.] Want  of  coalescence.  Walker. 

f IN-COCT',  v.  a.  [L.  in,  priv.,  and  coquo,  to 
cook.]  To  make  indigestible.  “ Incocted  cru- 
dities/’ Bp.  Hall. 

IN-CO-ER'CI-BLE,  a.  1.  That  cannot  be  coerced. 

2.  (Chem.)  Noting  gases  that  cannot  be  lique- 
fied by  pressure,  or,  at  least,  by  any  degree  of 
it  hitherto  employed  for  that  purpose.  Daniel. 

IN-CO-E^-IST'ENCE,  n.  [in  and  coexistence.] 
The  state  of  not  coexisting.  Locke. 

IN-COG',  d.  & ad.  [A  contraction  for  incognito.] 
Unknown.  — See  Incognito.  [Colloquial.] 

But  if  vou  ’re  rough,  and  use  him  like  a dog, 

Depend  upou  it  he’  11  remain  incog.  Addison. 

IN-c6(?'!-TA-BLE,  a.  [L.  incogitabilis.]  Not  to 
be  thought  of.  [r.]  Dean  King. 

IN-COG'1-TANCE,  ) [L.  inrogitantia.]  Want 

IN-C6G'!-TAN-CY,  > of  thought;  inconsiderate- 
ness ; thoughtlessness.  Ferrand. 

IN-COG'T-TANT,  a.  [L.  incogitans.]  Thought- 
less; inconsiderate,  [r.]  Milton. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short; 


A,  E,  1,0,  I/,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


INCOGITANTLY 


735 


INCOMPETENCY 


iN-COp'l-TANT-Ly,  ad.  Without  consideration  ; 
thoughtlessly.  Knatchbull. 

IN-CO^'I-TA-TIVE,  a.  Wanting  the  power  of 
thought ; unthinking.  Clarke. 

IN-Coy-I-TA-TlV'J-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
incogitative  ; want  of  thought.  Wollaston. 

IN-COG'NI-TA,  n.  [L.  Sj  It.]  A female  unknown 
or  in  disguise.  Centlivre. 

t IN-COG'NI-TAnT,  a.  Ignorant.  Mather. 

IN-COG'NI-TO,  a.  [L.  incognitas ; It.,  Sp.,  if  Fr. 
incognito.']  Not  known  ; unknown.  Tatler. 

IN-COG'NI-TO,  ad.  In  a state  of  concealment ; 
so  as  not  to  be  known.  Prior. 

IN-COG'Nj-TO,  1 1.  Concealment ; state  of  con- 
cealment. [r.]  Dr.  Arnold. 

IN-COG'Nl-ZA-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  recog- 
nized, known,  or  distinguished.  Craig. 

IN-COG'NJ-ZANCE,  n.  Unconsciousness. 

Sir  W.  Hamilton. 

JN-COG'NI-ZANT,  a.  Not  cognizant.  Hamilton. 

IN-COG-NOS'Cj-BLE,  a.  Incognizable.  Craig. 

IN-CO-HE'RfNCE,  )n  [It . incoerenza m,  Sp.  in- 

IN-CO-H-E'RIJN-CY,  ) coherencia  ; Fr.  incohe- 
rence.] 

1.  Want  of  cohesion;  looseness  of  material 
parts.  “ Incoherence  of  the  parts.”  . Bogle. 

2.  Want  of  connection  ; want  of  dependence 
of  one  part  upon  another;  incongruity;  incon- 
sequence ; inconsistency. 

I find  that  laying  the  intermediate  ideas  naked  in  their 
due  order  shows  the  incoherence  of  the  argumentations  bet- 
ter than  syllogisms.  Locke. 

Observe  the  incoherence  of  the  things  here  joined  together, 
making  “ a view  extinguish  " and  **  extinguish  seeds.”  Blair. 

IN-CO-HE'Rl?NT,  a.  [It.  incoerente  ; Sp.  incohe- 
rente',  Fr  .incoherent.] 

1.  Wanting  cohesion  ; loose  ; not  fixed  to  each 
other.  “ A thousand  incoherent  pieces.”  Swift. 

2.  Wanting  connection  ; loose;  inconsequen- 
tial; inconsistent;  incongruous. 

This  historian  of  men  and  manners  goes  on  in  the  same 
rambling,  incoherent  manner.  Warburton. 

Syn. — See  Cursory,  Incongruous. 

IN-CO-HE-RpN-TIF'lC,  a.  [Eng.  incoherent,  and 
L.  facio.]  Causing  incoherence.  Coleridge. 

IN-CO-HE'RpNT-LY,  ad.  In  an  incoherent- 
manner  ; without  coherence.  Broome. 

IN-CO-HE'RgNT-NESS,  n.  Incoherence.  Ash. 

IN-CO-IN'CI-DENCE,  n.  Want  of  coincidence  or 
agreement.  Wright. 

IN-CO-IN'CI-DENT,  a.  Not  coincident ; not  agree- 
ing ; not  coinciding.  Wright. 

f IN-CO-LU'MI-TY,  n.  [L.  incolumitas.]  Safety; 
sound  condition.  Iloivell. 

f JN-COM'B£R,  v.  a.  See  Encumber.  Barret. 

f IN-COM-BINE',  v.n.  To  differ;  not  to  agree. 
“ Incombining  dispositions.”  Milton. 

IN-COM-BUS-TI-BlL'l-TY,  n.  [It.  incombustibi- 
lith ; Sp . incombustibi/idad ; F r.  incombustibili- 
ty] The  quality  of  being  incombustible;  want 
of  combustibility. 

Amianthus  [remarkable]  for  its  incombustibility.  Robinson. 

IN-COM- BUS'TI-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  con- 
sumed  by  fire  ; that  will  not  burn  ; inconsumable. 

In  Euboea’s  isle 

A wondrous  rock  is  found,  of  which  are  woven 
Vests  incombustible.  Dyer. 

IN-COM- BUS 'TI-BL  E-NESS,  n.  Incombustibility. 

IN-COM-BUS'TI-BLY,  ad.  So  as  to  resist  com- 
bustion. Wright. 

JN'COME  (In'kum),  n.  [in  and  come.  — Dan.  ind- 
komme.] 

1.  f A coming  in;  introduction;  admission. 

Those  were  divine  illapses,  the  joys  and  income s of  the 
Holy  Ghost.  Glanville. 

2.  Gain  derived  from  any  business  or  proper- 
ty ; produce;  profit;  revenue. 

No  fields  afford 

So  large  an  income  to  the  village  lord.  Drj/den. 

IN'COM-^R,  n.  One  who  comes  in  ; one  who 
takes  possession  of  land  or  a farm.  Farm.  Ency. 

IN'COME— TAX,  n.  A tax  on  all  incomes. 

The  strongest  of  the  objections  to  an  income-tax  is  the  in- 
quisitorial nature  of  the  investigation  into  the  affairs  of  all 
men,  which  is  necessary  to  secure  a statement  of  their  mon- 
eys. Political  Diet. 


IN'COM-ING,  n.  Income  ; revenue.  Frazer’s  Mag. 

IN'COM-ING,  a.  Coming  in.  Burke. 

IN-COM'I-TY,  n.  [in,  priv.,  and  comity.]  Incivil- 
ity ; want  of  comity,  [r.]  Maunder. 

IN  COM- MEN' DAM.  [L.]  [Law.)  See  Com- 
MENDAM. 

iN-COM-MEN-Sy-RA-BIL'l-TY,  n.  [It.  incom- 
mensurabilith ; Sp.  inconmensurabilidad ; Fr. 
incommensurability. ] The  state  of  being  incom- 
mensurable ; the  state  of  one  thing  with  respect 
to  another,  when  they  cannot  be  compared  by 
any  common  measure  ; incommensurableness. 

IN-COM- MENS'U-R  A-BLE  [in-kqm-men'shu-ra-bl, 
W.  P.  J.  F. ; In-kom-men'su-rst-bl,  S.  Ja.  Sm. 
R.],  a.  [It.  incommensurabile  ; Sp.  inconmen- 
surable  ; Fr.  incommensurable.]  (Math.)  Hav- 
ing no  common  measure  ; not  commensurable. 

11®“  “ Quantities  of  tile  same  kind  are  incommensu- 
rable when  there  is  no  quantity  of  the  same  kind  so 
small  that  it  is  contained  in  both  an  exact  number  of 
times,  as  the  diagonal  and  side  of  a square.”  Davies. 

IN-COM-MENS'y-R  A-BLE,  n.  That  which  has  no 
common  measure.  P.  Cyc. 

Quantities  which  are  so  related  that,  when  one  is  capable  of 
being  represented  in  terms  of  a certain  unit,  the  other  is  not, 
are  called  incominensurabfes. 

IN-COM- MENS'U-RA-BLE-NESS,  n.  State  of  be- 
ing incommensurable ; incommensurability. 

IN-COM-MENS'U-RA-BLY,  ad.  So  as  not  to  be 
measured. 


IN-COM- MENS'U-R  ATE,  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  com- 
mensurate.] 

1.  Having  no  common  measure  ; incommens- 
urable : — disproportionate. 

lie  who  stops  at  any  point  of  excellence  is  every  day  sink- 
ing in  estimation,  because  his  improvement  grows  continu- 
ally more  incommensurate  to  his  life.  Rambler. 

2.  Not  of  equal  measure  or  extent ; not  ade- 
quate. Wright. 

IN-COM-MENS'y-R ATE-LY,  ad.  Not  in  equal  or 
due  measure  or  proportion.  Wright. 

IN-COM-MENS'U-R  ATE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of 
being  incommensurate.  Ash. 

IN-CO  M-M  IS 'CI-BLE,  a.  [It.  incommiscibile.] 
That  cannot  be  mixed.  Smart. 


IN-COM- MIXT'U RE  (In-kom-mlkst'yur),  n.  The 
state  of  being  unmixed.  Browne. 

tIN-COM'MO-DATE,  v.  a.  To  incommode;  to 
hinder  ; to  embarrass.  Bp.  Hall. 

f IN-c6M-MO-DA'TION,  n.  Inconvenience.  Todd. 


IN-COM-MODE',  v.  a.  [L.  incommodo  ; in,  priv., 
and  commodus,  convenient;  It.  incomodare\  Sp. 
incomodar ; Fr.  incommoder .]  [i.  incommoded  ; 
pp.  incommoding,  incommoded.]  To  be  in- 
convenient to  ; to  molest ; to  disquiet ; to  dis- 
turb ; to  annoy ; to  embarrass  ; to  discommode. 

^ When  Marcus  Aurelius  was  at  war  with  the  Quadi,  A.  D. 
174,  and  in  the  utmost  distress  and  danger,  his  army  was  re- 
lieved bv  a plentiful  shower  of  rain,  together  with  hail,  thun- 
der, and  lightning,  which  so  incommoded  his  enemies  that 
the  elements  seemed  to  fight  for  him.  Jortin. 

+ IN-COM-MODE'MjgNT,  n.  Want  of  accommoda- 
tion. Cheyne. 

||  IN-COM-MO'DI-OUS  [In-kom-mo'de-us,  P.  J.  Ja. 
C.  Wr. ; In-kom-mo'dyus,  N.  E.  P.  K.  ; In-kom- 
nto'de-us  or  In-kom-mo'je-us,  IF.],  a.  [in,  priv., 
and  commodious.]  Not  commodious  ; incon- 
venient; unsuiting;  unfitting;  troublesome; 
annoying  ; vexatious  ; disadvantageous. 

I may  safely  say.  that  all  the  ostentation  of  our  grandees  is 
just  like  a train,  of  no  use  in  the  world,  but  horribly  cum- 
bersome and  incommodious.  Cowper. 


| IN-COM-MO'DI-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  ai 
dious  manner ; inconveniently. 

| IN-COM-MO'DI-Oys-NESS,  n.  The  state  (?f  be- 
ing incommodious  ; inconvenience.  Burnet. 


aiuncoramo- 
^ Cowper . 


+ IN-COM-MOD'I-TY,  n.  [L.  incommoditas  ; Fr. 
incommodite.]  Inconvenience.  Spenser. 

IN-COM-MU-NI-CA-BIL'J-TY,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  incommunicable  ; i’mpartibility  ; incom- 
municableness. Hales. 

IN-COM-MU'NI-CA-BLE,  a.  [L.  incommunica- 
bilis ; It.  incommitnicabile ; Sp.  incomunicable ; 
Fr.  incommunicable.]  That  cannot  be  commu- 
nicated or  imparted ; that  cannot  be  conferred, 
shared,  or  disclosed. 

The  incommunicable  attributes  of  the  Almighty.  Hurd. 


IN-CO  M-MU'NT-CA-BLE-NESS,  n.  Want  of  com- 
municability ; incommunicability.  Mode. 

IN-CO M-MU'NJ-CA-BLY,  ad.  Without  commu- 
nication. Hakewill. 

f IN-COM-MU'NI-CAT-^D,  a.  Not  communicat- 
ed ; uncommunicated.  More. 

f IN-COM-MU'NI-CAT-ING,  a.  Not  communicat- 
ing ; not  having  intercourse.  Hale. 

IN-COM-MU'NI-CA-TI  VE,  a.  Not  communica- 
tive ; not  disposed  to  communicate.  Smart. 

IN-COM-MU'NI-CA-TIVE-LY,  ad.  Not  communi- 
catively. Wright. 

IN-COM-MU-TA-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [L.  incommuta- 
bilitas  ; It.  incommutabilita;  Sp.  inconmutabi li- 
dad  ; Fr.  incommutabilite .]  The  state  of  being 
unchangeable.  Trans.  Boethius. 

IN-CO  M-MU'TA-BLE,  a.  [It.  incommutabile;  Sp. 
inconmutable ; Fr.  incommutable.]  Not  com- 
mutable ; unchangeable.  Bullokar. 

IN-COM-pACT',  I [in,  priv.,  and  compact.] 

IN-COM-PACT'EO,  ) Not  joined;  not  compact; 
loose  ; not  dense.  Boyle. 

IN-COM' PAR- A-BLE,  a.  [L.  incomparabilis ; It. 
incomparabile  ; Sp.  Fr.  incomparable.]  That 
cannot  be  compared  ; peerless  ; matchless  ; un- 
rivalled ; unequalled  ; transcendent.  “ The  in- 
comparable Sir  Isaac  Newton.”  Warburton. 

Her  words  do  show  her  wit  incomparable.  S/tak. 

K >p-  “ This  is  among  some  of  the  words  in  our  lan- 
guage, whose  accentuation  astonishes  foreigners,  and 
sometimes  puzzles  natives.  What  can  be  tin-  reason, 
say  tiiey,  that  comparable  and  incomparable  have  not 
the  same  accent  as  the  verb  compare  ? ” Walker. 

See  Comparable. 

IN-COM'PA-RA-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  ofbeing 
incomparable  ; peerlcssness  ; matchlessness. 

IN-COM'PA-RA-BLY,  ad.  In  an  incomparable 
manner  ; beyond  comparison.  Hooker. 

f IN-COM-PArED',  a.  Uncompared.  Spenser. 

f IN-COM-PAS'SION  (In-kom-pSsh'utt),  n.  [It.  in- 
compassione.]  Want  of  compassion.  Saunderson. 

IN-COM-PAS'SION-ATE  (m-kom-pash'un-M),  a. 
[in,  priv.,  and  compassionate.]  Not  compassion- 
ate ; void  of  pity ; void  of  tenderness.  Sherburne. 

IN-COM-PAS'SION-ATE-LY  (In-kom-pash'un-at- 
le),  ad.  Without  pity  or  compassion.  Todd. 

IN-COM-PAS'SION-ATE-NESS  (In-kom-pash'un-at- 
nes),  n.  Want  of  tenderness  or  pity.  Granger. 

IN-COM-PAT-I-BTl'I-TY,  n.  [It.  incompatibilith ; 
Sp.  incompatibilidad  ; Fr.  incompatibility]  The 
state  or  the  quality  of  being  incompatible.  Locke. 

IN-COM-PAt'I-BLE,  a.  [It.  incompatible  ; Sp.  <Sy 
Fr.  incompatible.] 

1.  That  cannot  subsist,  or  be  possessed,  or  be 
made  to  accord,  with  something  else  ; inconsist- 
ent ; incongruous  ; unsuitable  ; disagreeing. 

Anns,  through  the  vanity  and  brainless  rage 
Of  those  that  bear  them,'  in  whatever  cause, 

Seem  most  at  variance  with  all  moral  good, 

And  incompatible  with  serious  thought.  Cowper. 

Provisions  rendering  offices  incompatible  are  to  be  found 
in  most  of  the  constitutions  of  the  6tates  and  in  some  of  their 
laws.  Bouvier. 

2.  ( Chem .)  Noting  substances  which  cannot 
coexist  in  the  same  solution  without  mutual  de- 
composition or  other  chemical  action  on  each 
other. 

Syn.  — See  Incongruous. 

IN-COM-PAt'I-BLE§,  n.  pi.  (Chem.)  Salts  and 
other  substances  which  cannot  exist  together  in 
solution  without  mutual  decomposition  or  other 
chemical  action  on  each  other.  P.  Cyc. 

IN-COM-PAT' I -BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing incompatible  ; incompatibility.  Coleridge. 

IN-COM-pAt'I-BLY,  ad.  Inconsistently.  Todd. 

IN-CO M-PEN'S A-BLE,  a.  [in.  priv.,  and  compen- 
sable.] Incapable  of  recompense.  Maunder. 

IN-COM'PE-TENCE,  ?n  [It.  incompetenza ; Sp. 

IN-COM 'PE-TEN-CY,  ) incompetencia ; Fr.  incom- 
petence.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  incompetent ; want  of 
competence  ; inability  ; disqualification  ; inca- 
pacity. Boyle. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — y,  (J,  g,  soft;  £,  fi,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z ; ^ as  gz. — THIS,  this. 


INCOMPETENT 


736 


INCONSIDERABLENESS 


2.  (Lair.)  The  state  of  a judge  who  cannot 
take  cognizance  of  a dispute  brought  before 
him  ; a want  of  jurisdiction  : — want  of  ability 
in  a witness  to  be  heard  as  such  on  the  trial  of 
a cause.  • Bouvier . 

1N-o6m'P®-TENT,  ft.  [L.  incomvetens ; It.  $ Sp. 
incompetente  ; Fr.  incompetent .] 

1.  Not  competent;  inadequate;  insufficient; 
unfit ; unsuitable  ; incapable. 

Perhaps  laymen,  with  equal  advantages  of  parts  and 
knowledge,  are  not  the  most  incompetent  judges  of  sacred 
things.  Druden. 

2.  (Law.)  Unable  or  incapacitated ; disqual- 
ified ; incapable. 

Syn.  — See  Incapable. 

IN-CO.M'Py-TENT-LY,  ad.  In  an  incompetent 
manner  ; inadequately  ; unsuitably. 

IN-COM-PLETE',  a.  [L.  incompletus ; It.  Sp. 
incompleto  ; Fr.  incomplet .] 

1.  Not  complete;  not  perfect;  unfinished; 
imperfect ; defective  ; mutilated. 

The  measures  of  his  government  must  be  jointed  and  in- 
complete. Blair. 

2.  (Dot.)  Noting  a flower  which  wants  a calyx 

or  corolla.  Gray. 

Incomplete  equation , (Mgchrn.)  an  equation  some  of 
whose  terms  are  wanting  ; or  an  equation  in  which 
the  co  efficient  of  some  one  or  more  of  the  powers  of 
the  unknown  quantity  is  equal  to  nothing.  Davies. 

fN-COM-PLETE'LY,  ad.  In  an  incomplete  man- 
ner ; imperfectly.  Burnet. 

JN-COM-PLETE'NF.SS,  n.  State  of  being  incom- 
plete ; imperfection  ; unfinished  state. 

IN-COM-PLE'TION,  n.  The  state  of  being  incom- 
plete or  unfinished.  Latham. 

IN-COM'PLEX,  a.  [L.  incomplexus ; It.  incom- 
plesso  ; Sp.  incomplejo ; Fr.  incomplexe.]  Not 
complex ; simple.  Barrow. 

IN-COM-PLI'A-BLiE,  a.  Not  compilable.  Dr.  Allen. 

JN-COM-PLI'ANCE,  n.  Want  of  compliance  ; re- 
sistance ; inobservance  ; non-compliance  ; re- 
fusal. Strype. 

IN-COM-PLl'ANT,  a.  Unyielding  to  request  or 
solicitation  ; not  disposed  to  comply.  Strype. 

IN-COM-PLl' ANT-LY,  ad.  Not  compliantly  ; stub- 
bornly ; unyieldingly. 

flN-COM-PO.SED'  (-pozd'),  a.  Discomposed;  dis- 
turbed ; disordered.  Milton. 

tlN-COM-PO§'^D-LY,  ad.  With  disquiet.  Scott. 

f IN-COM-POS'IJD-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
discomposed  ; want  of  composure.  Scott. 

IN-COM-PO§'lTE  [In-kom-poz'jt,  Sm.  Ash,  Crabb, 
Maunder ; jn-koin'po-zlt,  Wr.  Wb.],  a.  [in,  priv., 
and  composite.] 

1.  Not  composite;  uncompounded;  unmixed  ; 

simple.  P.-Cyc. 

2.  (Arith.)  Noting  numbers  that  cannot  be 

exactly  divided  by  any  other  number  except 
unity ; prime.  Hutton. 

flN-COM-POS-SI-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  not  possible  but  by  the  negation  or  de- 
struction of  something.  More. 

f IN-COM-POS'SI-BLE,  a.  [in,  priv.,  don,  and  pos- 
sible.] Not  possible  together  ; not  possible  but 
by  the  negation  of  something  else.  Bp.  Taylor. 

IN-COM-PItp-HEN-SJ-BlL'I-TY,  n.  [It.  incom- 
prensibilitii  ; Sp.  incomprensibilidad ; Fr.  incom- 
prehensibility.] The  quality  of  being  incompre- 
hensible ; inconceivableness.  South. 

IN-COM-PR p-HEN'SI-BLE,  a.  [L.  incomprehen- 
sibilis  ; It.  incomprensibile ; Sp.  incomprensible ; 
Fr.  incomprehensible.] 

1.  That  cannot  be  comprehended,  conceived, 
or  understood ; incoriceivable. 

The  first  cause  was,  in  their  ideas,  a God  whose  essence, 
indeed,  was  incomprehensible,  hut  his  attributes,  as  well  moral 
as  natural,  discoverable  by  human  reason. 

2.  fNot  to  be  contained  wdthin  limits. 

Presence  every  where  is  the  sequel  of  an  infinite  and  in- 
comprehensible. substance.  Hooker. 

IN-COM-PR  E-FIEN'SJ-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality 
of  being  incomprehensible  ; inconceivableness. 

IN-COM-PRF.-IIEN'SI-BLY,  ad.  Inconceivably. 


lN-COM-PRe-HEN'SION,  n.  [It.  incomprensione.] 
Want  of  comprehension.  Bacon. 

IN-COM-PRp-IIEN'SIVE,  a.  [It.  incomprensivo.] 
Not  comprehensive ; limited. 

A most  incomprehensive  and  inaccurate  title.  Warton. 

IN-COM-PR p-HEN'S IV E-NESS,  n.  The  quality 
of  being  incompreliensive.  Perry. 

IN-COM-PRES-SJ-BTl/J-TY,  n.  [It.  incompressi- 
bilitii ; Fr.  incompressibility.] 

1.  The  state  or  the  quality  of  being  incom- 
pressible ; incompressibleness.  Johnson. 

2.  (Physics.)  A property  formerly  attributed 

to  liquids  of  being  incapable  of  reduction  in 
volume  by  pressure.  Braude. 

IN-COM-PRES'SI-BLE,  a.  [It.  incompressibilc  ; 
Sp.  incomprimible ; Fr.  incompressible.]  Not 
compressible  ; not  to  be  compressed  or  reduced 
to  a smaller  compass.  Cheyne. 

peg-  It  is  now  supposed  that  no  absolutely  incom- 
pressible substance  exists,  though  liquids  resist  com- 
pression with  great  force.  Braude. 

IN-COM-PRES'SI-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  incompressible  ; incompressibility.  Ash. 

IN-COM-PUT' A-BLE,  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  computa- 
ble^] That  cannot  be  computed.  Mann. 

IN-CON-CEAL'A-BLE,  a.  Not  concealable  ; that 
cannot  be  hid  ; not  to  be  kept  secret. 

The  inconcealablu  imperfections  of  ourselves,  or  their  daily 
examples  in  others,  will  hourly  prompt  us  our  corruption, 
and  loudly  tell  us  we  are  sons  of  earth.  Browne. 

IN-CON-CEIV'A-BLE,  a.  [It.  inconcepibile ; Sp. 
inconeebible  ; Fr .inconcevablc.]  That  cannot  be 
conceived ; incomprehensible.  Browne. 

IN-CON-CEIV’A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing inconceivable  ; incomprehensibleness.  Royet. 

IN-CON-CEIV' A-BLY,  ad.  Beyond  conception  or 
comprehension.  South. 

f IN-CON-CEP'TI-BLE,  a.  Inconceivable.  Hale. 

f IN-CON-CINNE',  a.  Unsuitable.  Cudworth. 

f IN-CON-ClN'N|-TY,  n.  [L . inconcinnitas.]  Un- 
suitableness; disproportion.  More. 

t IN-CON-ClN'NOyS  a.  [L . inconcinnus .]  Unsuit- 
able ; disagreeable  to  the  ear ; dissonant.  Craig . 

IN-CON-CLU'DJJNT;  a.  Inferring  no  conclusion 
or  consequence,  [it.]  Ayliffe. 

IN-CON-CLUU'ING,  a.  Inferring  no  conclusion 

or  consequence,  [r.]  Pearson. 

IN-CON-CLU'SIVE,  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  conclusive .] 

Not  conclusive;  not  settling  the  disputed  point ; 
indecisive  ; not  affording  a cogent  reason. 

The  constitutions  confirm  many  frivolous  precepts  by 
texts  of  Scripture,  which  in  these  critical  days  would  be 
thought  inconclusive.  For  example:  “A  vintner’s  money 
must  not  be  accepted  by  the  bishop.”  Why?  Because  Isaias, 
i.  ii‘J,  according  to  the  LXX.(  says,  “ Thy  vintners  mix  wine 
with  water.”  Jortin. 

IN-CON-CLU'SI VE-LY,  ad.  In  an  inconclusive 
manner.  Johnson. 

IN-CON-CLU'SI  VE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
inconclusive  ; want  of  rational  cogency.  Locke. 

f IN-CON-COCT',  \ TT  . , „ 

„ _ ’ 1 s.  Unconcocted.  Bacon. 

■f  IN-CON-COCT  £D,  ) 

IN-CON-COC'TION,  n.  Want  of  concoction.  “Pro- 
cess . . . called  crudity  and  inconcoction."  Bacon. 

IN-CON-CUR'RING,  a.  Not  concurring;  not 
agreeing,  [it.]  Browne. 

IN-CON-CUS'SI-BLE,  a.  [L.  inconcussus,  unshak- 
en.] Not  to  be  shaken.  Bp.  Reynolds. 

IN-CON-DEN-SA-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing not  condensable.  Smart. 

IN-CON-DEN'SA-BLE,  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  conden- 
sable.] That  cannot  be  condensed.  Smart. 

I IN'CON-DITE,  or  IN-CON'DITE  [in'kon-dlt,  W. 
Ja. ; jn-kon'dlt,  J.  P.  Wr. ; In-kon-dlt',  S.  K. ; jn- 
kon'djt,  P.  Sm.  C.  Wb.],  a.  [L.  inconditus ; in, 
priv.,  and  condo,  to  build.]  Not  constructed 
with  art ; irregular  ; rude  ; unpolished.  “ In- 
condite rhymes.”  J.  Phillips. 

1 1 N-CON-DI ' 'TION- A L (-dlsh'un-sil),  a.  Uncon- 
ditional. “ Inconditional  and  absolute.”  Browne. 

f IN-CON-dU'TION-ATE  (-dlsh'un-at),  a.  Not  re- 
strained by  conditions  ; unconditional.  Boyle. 


f IN-CON-FORM'A-BLE,  a.  [It.  inconformabilc.] 
Unconformable.  * Heylin . 

t IN-CON-FORM'J-TY,  n.  Want  of  conformity; 
non-conformity.  Abp.  Laud. 

t lN-CON-FLr§EU'  (-fuzd'),  a.  Unconfused.  Bacon. 

f IN-CON-FU'§ION,  n.  Distinctness.  Bacon. 

IN-CON-CEAL'A-BLE,  a.  [L.  inconye/abilis.] 
That  cannot  be  congealed  or  frozen ; uncon- 
gealable.  Cockeram. 

IN-CON-yEAL' A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  incongealable.  [it.]  Scott. 

IN-CON-^E'NI-AL,  or  IN-CON-QEN'IAL,  a.  Not 
congenial  ; uncongenial.  ’ ‘ Craig. 

IN-CON-C/E-NI-Al'I-TY,  n.  Want  of  congeniali- 
ty; unlikeness  of  nature;  uneongeniality.CVqiy. 

lN-CON'GRU-tjNCE  (ln-kong'gru-ens,  82),  n.  [L. 
incongruentia.]  Unsuitableness  ; want  of  con- 
gruence or  congruity  ; incongruity.  Boyle. 

IN-CON'GRU-Jf  NT,  a.  [L.  inconyruens.]  Unfit ; 
incongruous  ; unsuitable.  Sir  T.  Elyot. 

IN-CON-GRU'I-TY,  n.  [It.  incongruity  ; Sp.  in- 
con  grid  dad  ; Fr  .incongruity.] 

1.  Want  of  congruity  ; unsuitableness  of  one 
thing  to  another ; inconsistency ; inappropri- 
ateness ; impropriety ; absurdity. 

Incongruity  betwixt  the  terms  of  a proposition.  Wilkins. 

2.  Want  of  symmetry.  Donne. 

JN-CON'GRU-OUS  (In-kong'gru-us,  82),  a.  [L.  in- 
congruus  ; It.  Sp.  inconqrwo  ; Fr.  incongru.] 
Not  congruous;  unsuitable;  not  fitting;  incon- 
gruent ; inappropriate  ; improper ; inconsist- 
ent ; incompatible  ; incoherent ; absurd. 

The  eastern  emperors  thought  it  not  incongruous  to  choose 
the  stones  of  their  sepulchre  on  the  day  of  their  coronation. 

Comber. 

Incongruous  numbers,  {Arith.)  Two  numbers  are  said 
to  be  incongruous  with  respect  to  a third,  when  their 
difference  is  not  exactly  divisible  by  it.  Davies. 

Syn.  — Inconsistent  is  commonly  applied  to  charac- 
ter or  to  conduct,  sometimes  to  opinions  or  to  proposi- 
tions ; incongruous,  to  works  of  art  or  skill  ; incohe- 
rent, to  words  or  to  thoughts ; incompatible , to  opinions, 
taste,  or  to  inclination.  Inconsistent  character  or  ac- 
tion ; incon/ruous  blending  of  what  is  solemn  with 
what  is  ludicrous  ; incoherent  language  or  discourse  ; 
incompatible  opinions  or  dispositions  ; absurd  notion  ; 
improper  conduct ; unsuitable  to  the  occasion. 

IN-CON'GRU-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  an  incongruous 
manner  ; with  incongruity  ; unfitly.  Knatchbull. 

IN-CON-NECT'f.D,  a.  Unconnected.  Warburton. 

IN-CON-NEC'TION,  n.  Want  of  connection  ; dis- 
connection. Bp.  Ilall. 

f IN-CON-NEX'IJD-LY,  ad.  Without  connection 
or  dependence.  Browne. 

f IN-CON'SCION-A-BLE  (an-kon'shun-j-bl),  a.  Un- 
conscionable. Sjienscr. 

I N-CON'SlJ-CiUENCE  (In-kBn'se-kwens),  n.  [L.  in- 
eonsequentia  ; It.  inconseguenza ; Sp.  inconse- 
cuencia ; Fr.  inconsequence.]  Want  of  logical 
connection  ; inconclusiveness  ; want  of  just  in- 
ference. 

Strange!  that  you  should  not  see  the  inconsequence  of  vour 
own  reasoning.  Hurd . 

IN-CON'SE-OUENT,  a.  [L.  inconsequens  ; It.  in- 
conseguente;  Sp.  inconsccuente ; Fr.  inconse- 
quent.] Not  consequent ; not  following  from  the 
premises.  “Illogical  and  inconsequent.”  Glanville. 

IN-CON-Sp-aufiN'TIAL,  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  con- 
sequential.] Not  tending  or  leading  to  conse- 
quences ; not  important.  Ld.  Chesterfield. 

IN-CON-Sf.-aUEN-TI-AL'I-TY,  n.  The  state'of 
being  inconsequential,  [it.]  N.  M.  Mag. 

IN-CON-Sf.-aUEN'TIAL-LY,  ad.  In  an  inconse- 
quential manner.  Warburton. 

IN-CON'Sf.-aUFNT-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
inconsequent,  [r.]  Scott. 

IN-CON-SID'F.R-A-BLE,  a.  [It.  inconsiderabile.] 
Not  considerable;  unworthy  of  consideration; 
trivial ; unimportant ; insignificant. 

I am  an  inconsiderable  fellow,  and  know  nothing.  Denham. 

Let  not  sin  appear  small  or  inconsiderable  by  which  an 
Almighty  God  is  oftended.  Rogers. 

IN-CON-SID'F.R- A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or 
the  state  of  being  inconsiderable  ; small  impor- 
tance ; little  consequence.  Bay. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  t,  short; 


A,  tb  !,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure ; 


FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


INCONSIDERABLY 


737 


INCORPORATE 


IN-CON-SID'IJR-A-BLY,  ad.  In  a small  degree. 

f IN-CON-SID'ER-A-CY,  n.  Inconsideration;  in- 
considerateness. Ld:  Chesterfield. 

f IN-CON-SID'liR-ANCE,  n.  [L.  inconsiderantia.] 
Inconsideration.  Cockeram. 

IN-CON-SID'JJR-ATE,  a.  [L.  h) consider atus  ; It. 
inconsiderate)',  Sp.  in  consider  ado.] 

1.  Not  considerate  ; careless  ; thoughtless  ; 

negligent ; inattentive  ; inadvertent ; — with  of 
before  the  subject.  “ Inconsiderate  of  our  frail- 
ties.” Decay  of  Piety. 

It  is  a very  unhappy  token  of  our  corruption,  that  there 
should  be  any  so  inconsiderate  among  us  as  to  sacrifice  mo- 
rality to  politics.  Addison. 

2.  Proceeding  from  a want  of  due  considera- 
tion. “ Inconsiderate  rashness.”  Denham. 

IN-CON-SIII'ER-ATE-LY,  ad.  Negligently  ; 
thoughtlessly ; carelessly.  Bacon. 

IN-CON-SID'ER-ATE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  inconsiderate  ; want  of  due  regard  to  con- 
sequences ; want  of  consideration  ; hecdless- 
ness  ; carelessness  ; negligence.  Tillotson. 

IN-CON-SI  D-pR-A'T  ION,  n.  [L.  inconsi deratio  ; 
It.  inconsiderazione  ; Sp.  inconsideracion  ; Fr. 
inconsideration. \ Want  of  consideration;  want 
of  thought ; inattention  ; inadvertence. 

St.  Gregory  reckons  uncleanness  to  be  the  parent  of  blind- 
ness of  mind,  incoi.sidcration , precipitancy,  or  giddiness  in 
actions,  and  self-love.  Bp.  Taylor. 

IN-CON-SIST'JENCE,  n.  Want  of  consistence; 
inconsistency.  Johnson. 

IN-CON-SIST'EN-CY,  n.  [Sp.  inconsistencia  ; Fr. 
inconsistance.\ 

1.  Want  of  consistency  ; such  opposition  that 
one  proposition  infers  the  negation  of  the  other  ; 
such  contrariety  that  both  cannot  be  together. 

There  is  a perfect  inconsistency  between  that  which  is  of 
debt  and  that  which  is  of  free  gift.  South. 

2.  Absurdity  in  argument  or  narration  ; ar- 

gument or  narrative  where  one  part  destroys 
the  other  ; self-contradiction.  Johnson. 

3.  Incongruity  ; want  of  harmony  or  uniform- 
ity ; contrariety. 

If  a man  would  register  all  his  opinions  upon  love,  poli- 
ties, religion,  and  learning,  wliat  a bundle  of  inconsistencies 
and  contradictions  would  appear  at  last!  Swift. 

IN  - C O N - S IS  T ' N T , a.  [Sp.  inconsi  stent  e.~\ 

1.  Not  consistent;  incompatible;  not  suita- 
ble ; incongruous  ; irreconcilable. 

Wisdom  and  virtue  are  far  from  being  inconsistent  with 
politeness  and  good-humor.  Addison. 

2.  Contrary,  so  that  one  infers  the  negation, 
destruction,  or  falsity  of  the  other;  contradictory. 

The  idea  of  an  infinite  space  or  duration  is  very  obscure 
and  confused,  because  it  is  made  up  of  two  parts  very  differ- 
ent, if  not  inconsistent.  Locke. 

3.  Wanting  harmony  or  uniformity. 

Syn.  — See  Absurd,  Incongruous. 

IN-CON-S  1ST'  gNT-L Y,  ad.  In  an  inconsistent 
manner;  incongruously.  Attcrbury. 

IN-CON-SIST'JJNT-NESS,  n.  Want  of  consist- 
ency. [r.]  More. 

f IN-CON-SlST'lNG,  a.  Not  consistent;  incom- 
patible ; inconsistent.  Dryden. 

IN-CON-SOL' A- BLE,  a.  [L.  inconsolabilis  ; It. 
inconsolabile ; Sp.  § Fr.  inconsolable. \ Not  con- 
solable  ; that  cannot  be  comforted ; sorrowful 
beyond  relief ; disconsolate.  Addison. 

IN-CON-SOL'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
inconsolable.  Scott. 

lN-CON-SOL'A-BLY,  ad.  In  an  inconsolable  man- 
ner ; disconsolately.  Ash. 

IN-CON'SO-NANCE,  ) n<  [T,.  inconsonans,  dis- 

IN-CON'SO-NAN-CY,  ) cordant.] 

1.  Disagreement ; inconsistency.  Johnson. 

2.  (Mas.)  Discordance;  discord.  Todd. 

IN-CON'SO-NANT,  a.  Not  agreeing  ; inconsist- 
ent ; discordant ; conflicting.  Wright. 

In-CON-SPIC'U-OUS,  a.  [L.  inconspicuus ; It. 
inconspicuo. ] Not  conspicuous;  not  remark- 
able ; obscure.  Boyle. 

iN-CON-SPIC'tT-OUS-LY,  ad.  Not  conspicuously. 

iN-CON-SPlc'y-oys-NESS,  n.  Want  of  conspie- 
uousness ; obscurity.  Boyle. 


IN-CON'STAN-CY,  n.  [L.  inconstantia  ; It.  in- 
costanza ; Sp.  inconstancia ; Fr.  mconstance .] 

1.  Want  of  constancy  ; unsteadiness  ; varia- 
bleness ; mutability  of  temper  or  affection  ; un- 
stableness ; instability ; fickleness. 

Irresolution  on  the  schemes  of  life  which  offer  to  onr 
choice,  and  inconstant'//  in  pursuing  them,  are  the  greatest 
causes  of  all  our  unhappiness.  Addison. 

2.  Diversity;  dissimilitude.  Woodward. 

IN-CON'STANT,  a.  [L.  inconstans ; It.  incos- 
tante  ; Sp.  inconstante ; Fr . inconstant. \ 

1.  Not  constant ; not  firm  ; not  steady  in  res- 
olution, affection,  or  opinion  ; wavering;  muta- 
ble ; unstable ; fickle  ; — used  of  persons. 

lie  is  so  naturally  inconstant , that  I marvel  his  soul  finds 
not  some  way  to  kill* his  body.  Sidney . 

2.  Changeable;  variable;  — used  of  things. 

O,  swear  not  by  the  moon,  the  inconstant  moon!  Shak. 

Syn. — See  Changeable. 

IN-CON'STANT-LY,  ad.  Unsteadily  ; changeably. 

IN-CON-SUM 'A-BLE,  a.  [It.  inconsumabile.]  Not 
to  be  consumed  or  wasted.  Greenhill. 

IN-CON-SUM' A-BLY,  ad.  So  as  not  to  be  con- 
sumed. Wright. 

IN-CON-SUM' MATE,  a.  [L.  incans  um  mat  its.] 
Not  consummated ; not  completed  ; incom- 
plete ; imperfect.  Hale. 

IN-CON-SUM 'MATE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
incomplete.  Craig. 

f IN-CON-SUMP'TI-BLE  (In-kon-sum'te-bl),  a.  Not 
capable  of  being  consumed  or  burnt.  Digby. 

IN-CON-TAM'I-NATE,  a.  [L.  incontaminatus ; 
It.  incontaminato .]  Not  contaminated  ; unde- 
filed ; pure.  Racket. 

f IN-CON-TEN-TA'TIONpi.  Discontent. Goodwin. 

IN-CON-TES'TA-BLE,  a.  [It.  incontcstahile  ; Sp. 
§ Fr.  incontestable .]  That  cannot  be  contested 
or  disputed  ; indisputable  ; uncontrovertible. 

Our  own  being  furnishes  us  with  an  evident  and  incon - 
testable  proof  of  a Deity.  Locke. 

IN-CON-TfiS'TA-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  incontestable.  Scott. 

IN-CON-TES'TA-BLY,  ad.  In  a manner  that 
cannot  be  contested  ; indisputably. 

IN-CON-TEST'yD,  a.  Uncontested.  Addison. 

IN-CON-TIG'U-OUS,  a.  [L.  incontiguus .]  Not 
contiguous;  not  joined  or  adjoining  ; not  touch- 
ing ; not  in  contact.  Boyle. 

IN-CON-Tiy' U-OUS-LY,  ad.  Not  contiguously; 
separately.  Wright. 

IN-CON'TI-NENCE,  n.  [L.  incontinentia ; in, 
priv.,  and  continens,  continent;  It.  incontinen- 
za  ; Sp.  incontinencia ; Fr.  incontinence.'] 

1.  Want  of  restraint  or  self-command,  par- 

ticularly as  regards  the  sexual  appetite ; lewd- 
ness ; impudicity.  Milton. 

2.  (Med.)  • Inability  to  retain  the  natural  evac- 
uations. Dunglison. 

IN-CON'TI-NEN-CY,  n.  Incontinence.  Dryden. 

IN-CON'TI-NENT,  a.  [L.  incontinens  ; in,  priv., 
and  contineo,  to  hold ; It.  <Sf  Sp.  incontinente ; 
Fr.  incontinent .] 

1.  Wanting  restraint,  particularly  of  the  sex- 
ual appetites  ; indulging  the  sexual  passion  un- 
lawfully ; lewd;  unchaste;  lascivious. 

Men  shall  be  lovers  of  their  own  selves,  false  accusers,  in- 
continent , lierce.  2 Tim.  iii.  3. 

2.  (Med.)  Unable  to  retain  the  natural  evac- 
uations. Wright. 

IN-CoN'TI-NENT,  n.  One  who  indulges  the  sex- 
ual passion  unlawfully  ; debauchee.  B.  Jonson. 

f IN-CON'TI-NENT,  ad.  Without  delay  ; sud- 
denly ; immediately.  Spenser. 

IN-CON'TI-NENT-LY,  ad.  1.  Unchastely  ; with- 
out restraint  of  the  appetites.  Woolton. 

2.  f Immediately ; suddenly.  Ilayward. 

IN-CON-TRACT'JJD,  a.  Not  contracted  ; not 
shortened ; uncontracted.  Blackwall. 

IN-CON-TROL'LA-BLE,  a.  Not  to  be  controlled; 
uncontrollable.  Sir  E.  Sandys. 

IN-CON-TROL'L  A-BLY,  ad.  Uncontrollably. 


As  a man  thinks  or  desires  in  his  heart,  such,  indeed,  he 
is;  tor  then  most  truly,  because  most  incontrollably , he  nets 
himself.  ‘ South. 

IN-CON-TRO-VERT-I-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of 
being  incontrovertible.  Ash. 

IN-CON-TRO-VERT'I-BLE,  a.  [It.  incontroverti 
bile ; Sp.  incontrovertible  ; Fr.  incontroversable .] 
That  cannot  be  controverted  ; beyond  all  ques- 
tion ; incontestable  ; unquestionable  ; indispu- 
table ; indubitable  ; irrefutable  ; undeniable. 

Syn.  — See  Indubitable. 

IN-CON-TRO- VERT'I-BLY,  ad.  Beyond  contro- 
versy or  dispute.  Burke. 

||  IN-CON-VEN'IENCE  (Tn-kon-vcn'yens  or  In-kon- 
vC'ne-ens)  [In-kon-ve'nyens,  S.E.  E.K.  ; In-kon- 
ve'ne-ens,  IF.  P.  J.  Ja.  Sm.  Wr. 1,  n.  [L.  in- 
convenientia  ; It.  inconvenicnza  ; Sp.  inconveni- 
encia  ; Fr.  inconvenient .] 

1.  Want  of  convenience;  unfitness;  inexpe- 
dience  ; unsuitableness. 

They  plead  against . . . the  inconvenience , not  the  unlaw- 
fulness, of  ceremonies  in  burial.  Hooker. 

2.  That  which  gives  trouble  ; incommodious- 
ness ; molestation  ; disturbance  ; annoyance. 

Man  is  liable  to  a great  many  inconveniences  every  mo- 
ment. Tillotson. 

||  IN-CON-VEN'IENCE,  V.  a.  [i.  INCONVEN- 
IENCED ; pp.  INCONVENIENCING,  INCONVEN- 
IENCED.] To  be  inconvenient  for  ; to  trouble  ; 
to  incommode  ; to  discommode  ; to  annoy  ; to 
plague;  to  molest;  to  disturb.  Hales. 

||  IN-CON- VEN'IEN-CY,  n.  Same  as  Inconven- 
ience. [it.]  ’ Attcrbury. 

II  IN-CON- VEN'IENT  [in-kon-ve'nyent,  S.  E.  F. 
K.  ; In-kon-vE'iie-ent,  IF.  P.  J.Ja.  Sm.  IFr.],  a. 
[L.  inconveniens ; in,  priv.,  and  convenio,  con- 
veniens, to  suit ; con,  with,  and  venio,  to  come  ; 
It.  ^ Sp.  inconvcnientc ; Fr  .inconvenient.] 

1.  Unfit  ; unsuitable  ; inexpedient.  Hooker. 

2.  Not  convenient;  productive  of  trouble;  in- 
commodious; disturbing;  molesting;  annoying. 

II  IN-CON- YEN' 1 pNT-LY,  ad.  Not  conveniently  ; 
unfitly  ; incommodiously.  Ainsworth. 

IN-CON-VERS'A-BLE,  a.  [Sp.  inconversable.] 
Incommunicative ; unconversable.  More. 

IN-CON' V13R-SANT,  a.  Not  conversant;  not  ac- 
quainted ; unacquainted ; not  familiar.  Wright. 

In-CON-VER-TI-bIl'!-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being 
inconvertible  ; inconvertibleness.  Wright. 

IN-CON-VERT'I-BLE,  a.  [L. inconvertibilis .]  Not 
convertible ; not  transmutable ; not  change- 
able ; unchangeable.  Browne. 

JN-CON-VERT'I-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  inconvertible  ; inconvertibility.  Scott. 

f JN-CON- VICT'IJD-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  not 
being  convicted.  More. 

IN-CON- VIN'CI-BLE,  a.  [It.  inconvincibile  ; Sp. 
inconvencible .]  That  cannot  be  convinced  ; not 
to  be  convinced ; not  capable  of  conviction. 

None  are  so  inconvincible  as  your  half-witted  people. 

Gov.  of  the  Tongue. 

IN-CON- VlN'CI-BLY,  ad.  Without  admitting 
conviction.  Browne. 

f IN-CO'NY,  or  IN-CON'Y  [in-ko'ne,  P.  Ash,  Wb. 
Wr.;  in-kon'e,  K.  Sm.],  a.  [“  Perhaps  from  in 
and  conn,  to  know.”  Johnson.  — “ Perhaps  the 
northern  word  canny  or  oonny,  meaning  pretty.” 
Hares.]  Sweet;  pretty;  delicate;  nice. 

Most  incony  vulgar  wit.  Shak. 

O,  super-dainty  clianon!  vicar  incony.  B.  Jonson. 

f IN-COR'PO-RAL,  a.  [L . incorporalis.]  Imma- 
terial; incorporeal.  “ The  incorporal  air.”  Shak. 

f IN-COR-PO-KAL'J-TY,  n.  [L.  incorporalitas.] 
Immateriality ; incorporeity.  Bailey. 

t IN-COR'PO-RAL-LY,  ad.  Incorporeally.  Ash. 

IN-COR'PO-RATE,  v.  a.  [L.  incorporo,  incorpora- 
tus ; in,  in,  and  corpus,  a body  ; It . incorporat  e ; 
Sp.  incorporar ; Fr.  incorporer.]  [?.  incorpo- 
rated ; pp.  INCORPORATING,  INCORPORATED.] 

1.  To  form  into  a mass,  or  a body  ; to  unite  ; 
to  mix  ; to  blend  ; to  condense. 

The  Romans  did  not  subdue  a country  to  put  the  inhabit- 
ants to  fire  and  sword,  but  to  incor/jorate  them  into  their 
own  community.  Addison. 

2.  To  give  a material  form  to  ; to  embody. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE. 

93 


— 9,  ii  soft>  C,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  1$.  as  gz. — THIS,  this. 


INCORPORATE 


738 


INCREDULOUS 


Courtesy,  that  seemed  incorporated  in  his  heart,  would 
not  be  persuaded  by  danger  to  otter  any  offence.  Sidney. 

3.  (Late.)  To  form  into  a corporation  or  arti- 
ficial body  having  a perpetual  succession. Carew. 

4.  (Med.)  To  mix  medicines  with  soft  or  liquid 
bodies,  in  order  to  give  them  a certain  consist- 
ence. 

XN-COR'PO-RATE,  v.  n.  To  unite  into  one  mass 
or  body  ; to  be  mixed;  to  commingle;  to  blend. 

They  may  cleave,  but  they  will  not  incorporate.  Bacon. 

JN-COR'PO-RATE,  a.  [It.  incorporate*;  Sp.  in- 
corporate ; Fr.  incorpore.  j 

1.  Mixed  or  united  into  one  mass  or  body. 

A fifteenth  part  of  silver  incorporate  with  gold.  Bacon. 

2.  Conjoined  inseparably. 

Death  and  I 

Am  found  eternal  and  incorporate  both.  Milton. 

3.  Associated.  “ Incorporate  friends.”  Shah. 

4.  [in,  priv.,  and  corporate .]  Immaterial  ; not 

composed  of  matter.  “ Things  invisible  and 
incorporate.”  Raleigh. 

!N-COR'PO-RAT-JED,;>.  a.  Formed  into  a body  : — 
associated:  — established  by  an  act  of  incorpo- 
ration. 

IN-COR-PO-RA'TION,  n.  [L.  incorporatio ; It. 
incorporazionc ; Sp.  incorporacion ; Fr.  incor- 
poration.] 

1.  The  act  of  incorporating.' 

2.  Union  of  different  ingredients  in  one  mass  ; 

admixture  of  various  substances.  Bacon. 

3.  Association  ; union  ; corporation.  “ Our 
actual  incorporation  into  that  society.”  Hooker. 

4.  (Law.)  The  creation  of  a corporation,  or  ar- 
tificial body  having  perpetual  succession. Burrill. 

5.  (fl/erf.)  An  operation  by  which  medicines 

are  mixed  with  soft  or  liquid  bodies,  to  give  them 
a certain  consistence.  Dunglison. 

iN-COR-ro'RE-AL,  a.  [L.  incorporeus,  incorpo- 
rate ; in,  priv.,  and  corporalis,  corporeal ; cor- 
pus, a body;  It.  incorporco;  Fr.  incorporel. ] 
Not  corporeal ; not  consisting  of  matter ; im- 
material ; without  a body  ; spiritual.  Milton. 

Thus  incorporeal  spirits  to  smallest  forms 

Reduce  their  shapes  immense.  2Iilton. 

Syn.  — Incorporeal  signifies  not  belonging  to  tlio 
body,  or  not  having  a body  ; unbodied,  without  a body  ; 
disembodied,  divested  of  tho  body  ; immaterial,  distinct 
from  matter  ; spiritual,  consisting  of  spirit.  Incorpo- 
real agent  or  existence  ; unbodied  or  disembodied  spir- 
it ; immaterial  substance ; spiritual  life  or  being.  — See 
Corporal. 

IN-COR-PO'Rp-AL-I§M,  n.  Immateriality;  spir- 
itual existence  or  nature.  Cudworth. 

IN-COR-PO'RJJ-AL-IST,  n.  An  adherent  to  incor- 
porealism.  Cudworth. 

IN-COR-PO'RIJ-AL-LY,  ad.  Immaterially;  with- 
out body.  Bacon. 

IN-COR-PO-RE'I-TY,  "».  [It.  incorporcith  ; Sp. 
incorporeidad ; Fr.  incorporate .]  Immateriali- 
ty ; distinctness  from  body.  Johnson. 

+ JN-CORPSE',  v.  a.  To  unite  into  one  body.  Shah. 

I X - C O R - R E C T ' , a.  [L.  incorrectus ; It.  incorret- 
to  ; Sp.  incorrecto  ; Fr.  incorrect .] 

1.  Not  correct;  not  exact ; inaccurate. 

The  piece,  you  think,  is  incorrect;  why,  take  it; 

I ’m  all  submission;  what  you ’d  have  it  make  it.  Pope. 

2.  Not  according  to  law  or  morality.  Wright. 

3.  fNot  properly  disposed;  not  corrected 
into  obedience. 

It  shows  a will  most  incorrect  to  Heaven.  Shale. 

t IN-COR-REC'TION,  n.  Want  of  correction  or 
discipline.  “ The  unbridled  living  or  incorrec- 
tion of  ill-nature.”  Arnway. 

IN-COR-RECT'LY,  ad.  In  an  incorrect  manner  ; 
inaccurately  ; not  exactly.  Burnet. 

IN-COR-RECT’NIJSS,  n.  Want  of  correctness  or 
exactness  ; inaccuracy.  Warton. 

I N-COR-RF.-SPOND  £NCE,  ) Want  of  corre- 

IN-COR-RE-SPOND'JgN-Cy,  ) spondence ; dispro- 
portion. [R.]  Coleridge. 

IN-COR-RIJ-SPOND'ING,  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  cor- 
responding.] Not  corresponding.  Coleridge. 

IN-c6R-RJ-<?I-bIl'I-TY,  n.  [It.  incorrigihilith ; 
Sp.  incorrcgibilidad ; Fr.  incorrigibility.]  De- 
pravity beyond  amendment ; incorrigibleness. 

XN-COR'RI-UI-RLE  (Tn-kor'rc-je-bl),  a.  [It.  incor- 


rigibile ; Sp.  incorrcgible ; Fr.  incorrigible.] 
That  cannot  be  corrected  ; incapable  of  amend- 
ment ; irreclaimable  ; hopeless.  “ An  incorri- 
gible error.”  L’Estrange. 

IN-C6r'R!-9!-BEE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  incorrigible ; badness  beyond  all  power  of 
amendment ; incorrigibility.  Locke. 

IN-COR'RI-fjll-BLY,  ad.  Beyond  all  means  of 
amendment  or  correction.  Somerville. 

IN-COR-RO'DI-BLE,  a.  Not  to  be  corroded.  Clarke. 

IN-COR-RUPT',  a.  [L.  incorruptus;  in,  priv., 
and  corrumpo,  corruptus,  to  corrupt ; It.  incor- 
rotto ; Sp.  incorrupto.] 

1.  Not  suffering  corruption  or  decay;  unde- 
cayed ; not  spoiled  ; unspoiled. 

2.  Not  depraved;  honest;  good;  uncorrupt; 

incorruptible.  Johnson. 

f XN-COR-RUPT'ED,  a.  Uncorrupted.  Whitehead. 

IN-COR-RUP-TI-BIL'I-TY,.  n.  [L.  incorruptibili- 
tas;  It.  incorruttibilith ; Sp.  incorruptibilidad; 
Fr.  incorruptibility.]  I he  quality  of  being  in- 
corruptible ; insusceptibility  of  corruption  ; im- 
perishableness. Ilakewill. 

IN-COR-RUP'TI-BLE,  a.  [L.  incorruptibilis  ; It. 
incorruttibile;  Sp.  Fr.  incorruptible.] 

1.  That  cannot  be  corrupted ; incapable  of 

corruption  or  decay  ; imperishable.  “ Incorrup- 
tible and  immortal  substances.”  Wake. 

And  the  dead  shall  be  raised  incorruptible , and  we  shall  be 
changed.  1 Cor.  xv.  52. 

2.  That  cannot  be  bribed  or  depraved;  in- 
flexible; as,  '‘Incorruptible  integrity.” 

IN-COR-RUP'TJ-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  incorruptible,  or  not  liable  to  decay  ; in- 
corruptibility. Craig. 

IN-COR-RUP'TI-BLE!?,  n.  pi.  ( Eccl . Ilist.)  The 
name  of  a sect  which  sprang  out  of  the  Eu- 
tychians  at  Alexandria,  in  the  time  of  the  Em- 
peror Justinian.  Their  distinguishing  tenet 
was,  that  the  body  of  Christ  was  incorruptible, 
by  which  they  meant  that,  from  the  time  of  his 
conception,  it  was  not  obnoxious  to  hunger, 
thirst,  or  weariness,  and  that  he  did  but  seem- 
ingly suffer  such  things.  Hook. 

IN-COR-RUP'TION,  n.  [L.  incorruptio ; It.  in- 
corruzionc ; Sp.  incorrupcion ; Fr.  incorruption.] 
Exemption  from  corruption,  or  incapability  of 
being  corrupted ; incorruptibility. 

So  also  is  the  resurrection  of  the  dead;  it  is  sown  in  cor- 
ruption, it  is  raised  in  incorruption.  1 Cor.  xv.  42. 

IN-COR-RUP'TIVE,  a.  [L.  incorruptivus.]  Not 
liable  to  corruption  ; imperishable.  Akenside. 

JN-COR-RUPT'LY,  ad.  Uncorruptly.  Milton. 

IN-COR-RUPT'N$SS,  n.  1.  Freedom  from  cor- 
ruption, decay,  or  degeneration.  Johnson. 

2.  The  quality  of  being  incorrupt ; purity  ; 
honesty  ; integrity  ; incorruption. 

Probity  of  mind,  integrity,  and  incorruptness  of  manners 
is  preferable  to  fine  parts  and  subtile  speculations.  Woodward. 

JN-CRAS'SATE,  v.  a.  [L.  incrasso,  incrassatus  ; in, 
intensive,  and  crassus,  thick  ; Sp.  incrasar.]  [j. 
INCUASSATED  ; pp.  INCRASSATING,  INCRASSAT- 
ed.]  To  thicken  ; to  make  thick  ; to  condense. 
The  body  of  water  . . . may  be  incrassated  with  salt.  Browne. 

IN-CRAs'sATE,  v.  n.  To  become  thick.  Hammond. 

IN-CRAS'SATE,  a.  Thickened;  fattened  ; filled  ; 
incrassated.  “ Their  understandings  . . . incras- 
sate  with  magical  phantasms.”  Hammond. 

JN-CRAS'SAT-ED,  p.  a.  1.  Thickened. 

2.  (Bot.)  Becoming  thicker  by  degrees. Loudon. 

IN-CRAS-SA'TION,  n.  1.  The  act  of  incrassat- 
ing ; condensation.  Johnson. 

2.  The  state  of  being  incrassated.  Browne. 

IN-CRAS'SA-TIVE,  a.  Having  the  quality  of 
incrassating  or  thickening.  Harvey. 

IN-CRAS'SA-TIVE,  n.  (Med.)  A medicine  sup- 
posed to  have  the  power  of  thickening  the  hu- 
mors. Harvey. 

JN-CREAS' A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  increased; 
capable  of  increase.  Sherwood. 

IN-CREAS' A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
increasable.  Law. 

IN-CREASE',  v.  n.  [L.  incresco ; in,  used  in- 


tensively, and  cresco,  to  grow;  Fr.  croitre ; 
Norm.  Fr.  encrecer.]  [i.  increased  ; pp.  in- 
creasing,, in  creased.] 

1.  To  become  greater  in  bulk,  quantity,  num- 
ber, or  degree  ; to  advance  in  any  quality  capa- 
ble of  being  more  or  less  ; to  grow  ; to  augment. 

He  must  increase , but  I must  decrease.  John  in.  30. 

The  enemy  increascth  every  day.  ShaJc. 

Profane  and  vain  babblings  will  increase  unto  ungodli- 
ness. 2 Tim.u.  10. 

2.  To  be  fruitful ; to  multiply. 

Fishes  are  more  numerous  or  increasing  than  beasts  or 
birds. 

Increasing-  function,  (Math.)  a function  that  increases 
as  the  variable  increases.  Davies. 

JN-CREASE',  v.  a.  To  make  more  or  greater  ; to 
enlarge  ; to  augment ; to  add  ; to  amplify  ; to 
raise  ; to  enhance  ; to  heighten. 

Hie  thee  from  this  slaughter-house. 

Lest  thou  increase  the  number  of  the  dead.  Shah. 

Syn.  — See  Add,  Enlarge,  Grow',  Heighten. 

IN'CREASE,  or  IN-CREASE'  (114)  [In'kres,  W. 
P.  Ja.  Sm.  Wr. ; jn-kres',  S.  Wb.  Johnson,  Ash, 
Kcnrick,  Entick],  n. 

1.  The  act  or  process  of  growing  more,  or 
greater,  in  any  respect,  or  the  state  of  being 
augmented;  augmentation;  enlargement. 

Why,  she  would  hang  on  him 
As  if  increase  of  appetite  had  grown 
By  what  it  fed  on.  Shah. 

2.  That  which  is  added  ; increment ; addition. 

Take  thou  no  usury  of  him,  nor  increase.  Lev.  xxv.  30. 

3.  That  which  is  produced  ; product ; produce. 

The  increase  of  the  threshing-floor,  and  the  increase  of  the 

wine-press.  Aruro.  xviii.  30. 

4.  Offspring  ; progeny  ; issue. 

All  the  increase  of  thy  house  shall  die  in  the  flower  of 
their  age.  1 Sam.  ii.  33. 

5.  Generation.  “ Organs  of  increase.”  Shah. 

6.  The  state  of  the  moon  as  respects  the  lu- 
minous phases  it  exhibits  in  passing  to  the  full ; 
a waxing.  “ In  the  increase  of  the  moon.”  Bacon. 

Syn.  — There  will  always  be  an  increase  where 
there  is  addition,  accession , or  augmentation  ; increase 
being  tho  result  of  addition.  Addition  is  an  intentional 
mode  of  increasing  ; growth,  a natural  or  spontaneous 
mode  ; accession,  an  accidental  mode.  A man  may 
have  an  increase  of  liis  property  by  the  addition  of  one 
gain  to  another,  by  accessions  of  property  from  the 
death  of  friends,  or  by  augmentation  of  his  salary. 

IN-CREASE'FUL,  a.  Abundant  of  produce.  Shak. 

jN-CREAS'pR,  ?t.  He  who,  or  that  which,  in- 
creases or  augments.  Burton. 

JN-CREAS'ING,  p.  a.  That  increases  ; growing. 

IN-CREAS'ING-LY,  ad.  In  an  increasing  man- 
ner; growingly.  Wright. 

IN'CR]J-ATE,  a.  Not  created;  uncreated,  [r.] 
Bright  effluence  of  bright  essence  increate.  Milton. 

f IN'CRJJ-AT-ED,  a.  Uncreated,  [k.]  Cheyne. 

IN-CRED-I-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [L.  incredibilitas ; It. 
incredibility,;  Sp.  incredibilidad ; Fr.  incredi- 
bility.] 

1.  The  quality  of  being  incredible  or  of  sur- 
passing belief.  Drydtn. 

2.  A thing  that  is  incredible. 

Heat  his  mind  with  incredibilities.  Johnson. 

IN-CRED'I-BLE,  a.  [L.  iiicredibilis ; in,  priv., 
and  credibilis,  credible ; credo,  to  believe ; It. 
incredibile;  Sp.  increible;  Fr.  incroyable.]  That 
cannot  be  credited  or  believed ; not  credible ; 
surpassing  belief. 

The  shin  Argo,  that  there  might  want  no  incredible  thing* 
in  this  fable,  spoke  to  them.  Ilaleigh. 

Syn.  — See  Paradoxical. 

IN-CRED'I-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  in- 
credible ; incredibility.  M.  Casaubon. 

IN-CRED'I-BLY,  ad.  In  an  incredible  manner; 
in  a manner  not  to  be  believed.  Roscoe. 

IN-CRE-DU'LI-TY,  n.  [L.  incrcdulitas  ; It.  incre- 
dulita  ; Sp.  incredulidad  ; Fr.  incredulity.]  The 
quality  of  being  incredulous  ; refusal  of  belief ; 
indisposition  to  believe ; disbelief ; unbelief ; 
scepticism.  Raleigh. 

IN-CREn'U-LOflS  (in-kred'yu-lus)  [In-kred'u-lus, 
S.  J.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  Wr.  ; In-kred'ju-lus  or  Iri-kred'u- 
lus,  IF.],  a.  [L.  incredulus  ; in,  priv.,  and  credu- 
lus,  believing;  It.  Sc  Sp.  incredulo ; Fr.  incre- 
dule.]  Not  believing ; hard  of  belief ; refusing 
credit ; unbelieving ; sceptical. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  ft,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


INCREDULOUSLY 


739 


INCUS 


IN-CRED'y-LOVJS-LY,  ad.  With  incredulity.  Scott. 

IN-CRED'U-LOUS-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  in- 
credulous ; incredulity.  Johnson. 

t IN-CREM'A-BLE,  a.  [L.  in,  priv.,  and  cremo, 
to  burn.]  Not  consumable  by  fire.  Browne. 

IN'CRp-MENT  (Ing'kre-nient),  n.  [L.  incremen- 
tum  ; It.  4,  Sp.  incremento  ; Fr.  increment.'] 

1.  Act  dr  process  of  growing  greater  ; aug- 

mentation; increase.  “ The  Nile’s  increment, 
or  inundation.”  Browne. 

2.  Production  ; produce.  Berliam. 

3.  That  whioh  is  added.  Philips. 

4.  (Math.)  A quantity,  generally  variable, 

added  to  the  independent  variable  in  a variable 
expression;  also  the  corresponding  change  in 
an  increasing  function.  Davies. 

Method  of  increments,  a branch  of  analytics  in  which 
a calculus  is  founded  on  the  properties  of  the  succes- 
sive values  of  variable  quantities,  and  their  differences 
or  increments.  Hutton. 

t IN'CR  E-PATE,  v.  a.  [L.  increpo,  increpatus.] 
To  reprehend  ; to  rebuke  ; to  chide.  Cockeram. 

f LV-CRE-PA'TION,  n.  [L.  incrcpatio  ; Fr.  in- 
crepation .]  Reprehension  ; a rebuking.  South. 

IN-CRES'CJJNT,  a.  [L.  incresco,  increscens  ; in, 
used  intensively,  and  cresco,  to  grow.]  Increas- 
ing ; growing  larger  ; crescent.  Smart. 

IN-CREST',  v.  a.  To  adorn  with  crest.  Drummond. 

JN-CRIM'I-NATE,  v.  a.  [Fr.  incriminer .]  [t.  IN- 
CRIMINATED ; pp.  INCRIMINATING,  INCRIMI- 
NATED.] To  charge  with  a crime ; to  criminate  ; 
to  accuse ; to  inculpate  ; to  impeach.  Ec.  Rev. 

IN-CRIM'I-NA-TO-RY,  a.  Charging  with  crime; 
accusatory  ; accusative.  Athenaeum. 

IN-CROACH',  v.  n.  See  Encroach. 

f IN-CRU-EN'TAL,  a.  [L .incruentus.]  Without 
blood  ; unbloody ; bloodless.  Brevint. 

JN-CRUST',  v.  a.  [L.  incrusto;  in,  upon,  and 
crusto,  to  crust;  It . incrostare •,  Fr.  incrust er.) 
It.  INCRUSTED  ; pp.  INCRUSTING,  INCHESTED.] 
To  cover  with  a crust  or  hard  coat;  to  over- 
spread with  a crust ; to  form  a crust  on. 

Save  but  our  army,  and  let  Jove  incrust 

Swords,  pikes,  and  guns  with  everlasting  rust.  Pope. 

IN-CRUS’TATE,  v.  a.  To  incrust,  [r.]  Bacon. 

•IN-CRITS-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  incrustatio ; It.  in- 
crostazione  ; Sp.  incrustacion  ; Fr.  incrustation .] 

1.  Act  of  forming  a crust ; crust.  Warburton. 

2.  (Arch.  & Sculp.)  A work  fixed  with  ce- 

ment or  cramp-irons  into  notches  made  to 
receive  it,  such  as  inlaid  works  and  mosaics, 
&c.  Brande. 

IN-CRUST'Mf,NT,  n.  The  act  of  incrusting ; in- 
crustation. [n.]  Ed.  Rev. 

IN-CRYS'TAL-LfZ-A-BLE,  a.  [It.  incristallizza- 
bile ; Fr.  incristallisable .]  That  cannot  be  formed 
into  crystals  ; uncrystallizable.  Smart. 

IN'CU-BATE  (Tng'ku-bat,  82),  v.  n.  [L.  incubo  ; in, 
upon,  and  cubo,  to  lie  down.]  [(.  incubated  ; 
pp.  INCUBATING,  INCUBATED.]  To  sit  Upon 
eggs,  as  a hen.  Johnson. 

IN-CU-BA'TION,  n.  [L.  incubatio ; It.  incuba- 
zione  ; Fr.  incubation.]  The  act  of  incubating, 
or  sitting  upon  eggs,  to  hatch  them ; the  pro- 
cess for  the  fecundation  of  eggs.  Derham. 

IN'CC-BA-TOR,  n.  A machine  for  hatching  eggs 
by  artificial  heat.  Simmonds. 

f IN-CUBE',  v.  a.  To  fix  as  in  a cube  ; to  fix  in  a 
solid  manner.  Milton. 

f IN-CU'Bt-TURE,  n.  [L.  incubit  us.]  The  act  of 
incubating ; incubation.  Ellis. 

Ln'CU-BUS  (Ing'ku-bus,  82),  n. ; pi.  L.  in'ct/-bI\ 
Eng.  in'cv-bOs-e?.  [L.] 

1.  An  imaginary  fiend,  fairy,  or  demon.  “Sto- 
ries ...  of  hags,  of  incubi.”  More. 

2.  (Med.)  The  nightmare ; an  oppression  or 
feeling  of  suffocation  which  sometimes  comes 
on  during  sleep. 

iff;-  The  sufferer  generally  experiences  a short 
period  of  intense  anxiety,  fear,  horror,  &c. ; feels  an 
enormous  weight  on  his  breast ; is  pursued  by  a phan- 
tom, monster, or  wild  beast,  whom  ho  cannot  escape; 
stands  on  the  brink  of  a precipice,  without  the  power 
of  exertion,  &c.  London  Encij. 


The  incubus  is  an  inflation  of  the  membranes  of  the  stom- 
ach, which  hinders  the  motion  of  the  diaphragm,  lungs,  and 
pulse,  with  a sense  of  weight  oppressing  the  breast.  Flayer. 

3.  Any  encumbrance  ; a dead  weight. 

IN-CUL'CATE,  v.  a.  [L . inculco,  inculcatus ; in, 
upon,  and  calco,  to  tread ; calx,  the  heel ; It. 
incidcare ; Sp.  inculcar;  Fr.  inculquer.]  [i. 
INCULCATED  ; pp.  INCULCATING,  INCULCATED.] 
To  impress  on  the  mind  by  frequent  admoni- 
tions; to  enforce  by  repetition;  to  infuse;  to 
instil ; to  implant. 

Manifest  truth  may  deserve  sometimes  to  be  inculcated , 
because  we  are  too  apt  to  forget  it.  Atterhury. 

Syn.  — Inculcate  is  to  impress  on  the  mind  by 
frequent  admonition  ; to  infuse,  to  pour  into  the  mind  ; 
to  instil,  to  drop  into  the  mind,  or  insinuate  imper- 
ceptibly ; to  implant,  engrave,  or  ingraft,  to  fix  deep 
in  tile  mind.  Tilings  are  impressed  on  tile  mind  so  as 
to  produce  conviction,  and  imprinted , so  as  to  pro- 
duce recollection,  and  engraved,  so  as  to  be  perma- 
nent. Inculcate  truth  ; infuse  courage  ; instil  senti- 
ments ; implant  the  seeds  of  virtue ; ingraft  principles. 

IN-CITL-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  inculcatio ; It.  inculca- 
zione  ; Sp.  inculcacion. J The  act  of  inculca- 
ting; admonitory  repetition.  “In  the  inculca- 
tion of  precepts.” 

IN-CUL'CA-TOIt,  n.  He  who  inculcates.  Boyle. 

t IN-CULK',  v.  a.  To  inculcate.  Sir  T.  More. 

IN-CUL'PA-BLE,  a.  [L.  inculpabilis ; It.  incolpa- 
bile;  Sp.  (S,  Fr  .inculpable.]  Not  culpable;  not 
reprehensible ; unblamable ; without  fault ; 
blameless;  innocent.  South. 

IN-CUL'PA-BLE-NESS,  n.  Unblamableness. 

IN-CUL'PA-BLY,  ad.  Unblamably  ; without  blame. 

IN-CtlL'PATE,  v.  a.  [L.  in,  in,  and  culpa,  a fault ; 
It.  incolpare.]  \i.  inculpated  ; pp.  inculpat- 
ing, inculpated.]  To  bring  into  blame  ; to 
blame  ; to  accuse  of  a crime;  to  censure  ; — op- 
posed to  exculpate.  Roscoc. 

DEJf  This  is  a modern  word,  now  in  good  use.  The 
prefix  in  is  not  used,  in  this  case,  to  signify  privation. 

IN-CUL-PA'TION,  ii.  [It.  incolpazione ; Fr.  in- 
culpation.]  The  act  of  inculpating;  crimina- 
tion; censure;  blame;  charge.  Smart. 

IN-CtJL'PA-TO-RY,  a.  Imputing  blame  ; repre- 
hensive ; accusatory,  [r.]  Qu.  Rev. 

f IN-CULT',a.  [L. incultus.]  Uncultivated. Burton. 

f IN-CUL'TI-VAT-ED,  a.  Not  cultivated;  un- 
cultivated ; untilled.  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

f IN-CUL-TI-VA'TION,  ii.  Want  or  neglect  of 
cultivation.  Berington. 

f IN-CULT'ITRE  (In-kult'yur),  11.  [Fr.]  Want 

of  culture  or  cultivation.  Feltham. 

IN-CUM'BIJN-CY,  n.  [It.  incumbenza ; Sp.  incum- 
bencia.  — See  Incumbent.] 

1.  The  act  of  lying  upon,  or  the  state  of  being 

incumbent.  Johnson. 

2.  That  which  lies  upon  any  thing  ; a burden  ; 
a weight. 

We  find  them  more  fragile,  and  not  so  well  qualified  to 
support  great  incumbencies  and  weights.  Evelyn. 

3.  Imposition  as  a duty;  obligation.  “All 

the  incumbencies  of  a family.”  Donne. 

4.  (Eccl.)  The  state  of  keeping  or  holding  a 

benefice  or  an  office.  Swift. 

These  fines  arc  only  to  be  paid  to  the  bishop  during  his 
incumbency  in  the  same  sec.  Swift. 

IN-CUM'BENT,  a.  [L.  incumbo,  incumbens,  to  lie 
down  upon  ; in,  upon,  and  cumbo,  to  lie  down.] 

1.  Resting  or  lying  upon.  “ The  weight  of 

the  incumbent  water.”  Boyle. 

Incumbent  on  the  dusky  air. 

That  felt  unusual  weight.  Milton. 

2.  Imposed  as  a duty  ; obligatory. 

There  is  a double  duty  incumbent  upon  us  in  the  exercise 
of  our  powers.  L'  Estrange. 

3.  (Bot.)  Noting  anthers  turned  towards  the 

pistil,  or  cotyledons  laid  with  the  back  against 
the  radicle.  Gray. 

IN-CUM'BENT,  n.  1.  (Eccl.)  One  who  possesses 
a benefice.  Swift. 

2.  The  holder  of  any  civil  office. 

IN-CUM'BF.NT-LY,  ad.  In  an  incumbent  man- 
ner. Chalmers. 

IN-CUM'BER,  v.  a.  [It.  ingombrare  ; Sp.  incum- 
bir;  Fr.  encombrer.]  To  encumber.  Milton.  \ 


IN-CUM'BRANCE,  n.  See  Encumbrance. 

f IN-CUM'BROUS,  a.  Cumbersome  ; burdensome  ; 
troublesome.  Chaucer. 

IM-CU-MAb  ' U-LJ,  n.  pi.  [L a cradle.)  (Bib- 
liography.) Books  printed  during  the  early  pe- 
riod of  the  art ; — generally  confined  to  those 
which  were  printed  before  the  year  1500.  Brande. 

IN-CUR',  v.  a.  [L.  incurro,  to  run  against;  in, 
against,  and  ettrro,  to  nun  ; It.  incorrere ; Sp. 
incurrir.]  \i.  incurred  ; pp.  incurring,  in- 
curred.] 

1.  To  become  liable  or  subject  to  ; to  subject. 

So  judge  thou  still,  presumptuous!  till  the  wrath 
Which  thou  incwrr'st  by  flying  meet  thy  flight 
Sevenfold,  and  scourge  that  wisdom  back  to  hell.  Milton. 

2.  To  bring  on.  “I  have  incurred  displeas- 
ure from  inferiors.”  Hayward. 

Syn. — See  Find. 

IN-CUR',  v.  ii.  To  enter;  to  pass;  to  occur. 

The  motions  of  the  minute  parts  of  bodies  are  invisible 
and  incur  not  to  the  eye.  Bacon. 

IN-CU-RA-BlL'I-TY,  11.  [It.  incurabilita .]  The 
state  of  being  incurable  or  admitting  of  no 
remedy  ; incurableness.  Harvey. 

IN-CU'RA-BLE,  a.  [L.  incurabilis ; It.  incura- 
bi/e ; Sp.  &;  Fr.  incurable .]  That  cannot  be 
cured  ; not  admitting  of  remedy  ; irremediable  ; 
hopeless.  “ The  disease  is  incurable."  Shah. 

IN-CU'RA-BLE,  n.  A lunatic  or  a sick  person 
who  cannot  be  cured. 

If  idiots  and  lunatics  cannot  be  found,  incurables  may  be 
taken  into  the  hospital.  Swift. 

IN-CU'RA-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  not  ad- 
mitting any  cure  ; incurability.  Johnson. 

IN-CU'R  A-BLY,  ad.  Without  cure  or  remedy; 
hopelessly.  Locke. 

IN-CU-RI-OS'I-TY,  n.  [L.  incuriositas  ; in,  priv., 
and  curiositas,  curiosity ; It.  incuriosita ; Fr. 
incuriosite .]  Want  of  curiosity,  [r.]  Wot  ton. 

IN-CU'RI-OUS,  a.  [L.  incuriosus  ; Sp.  incurioso .] 
Not  curious  or  inquisitive  ; negligent;  inatten- 
tive. “ A careless,  incurious  eye.”  Derham. 

IN-CU'III-OUS-LY,  ad.  Not  in  a curious  manner  ; 
without  care  or  curiosity.  Bp.  Hall. 

IN-CU'RJ-OUS-NESS,  n.  Want  of  curiosity  or 
inquisitiveness  ; incuriosity  ; negligence  ; care- 
lessness. Bp.  Hall. 

IN-CUR'RBNCE,  n.  The  act  of  incurring,  bring- 
ing on,  or  of  subjecting  one’s  self  to  ; as,  “ The 
incuiTence  of  guiit.”  Craig. 

IN-CUR'SION  (in-kiir'slmn),  n.  [L.  incursio  ; in- 
curro, to  run  against ; in,  against,  and  curro, 
to  run  ; It.  incursione  ; Sp.  A*  Fr.  incursion .] 

1.  A partial  invasion,  or  an  invasion  without 
conquest ; inroad  ; ravage  ; irruption. 

The  incursions  of  the  Goths  disordered  the  affairs  of  the 
Roman  empire.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  Occurrence.  “ Sins  of  daily  incursion." 

Syn.  — See  Invasion.  South. 

IN-CUR'SIVE,  a.  Making  incursion  ; aggressive  ; 
invasive.  Goldsmith. 

IN-CUR'VATE,  v.a.  [I.,  incurvo,  inevrratus  ; in,  in, 
and  curvus,  bent ; It.  incurvare ; Sp.  encorvar .] 
[i.  incurvated;  pp.  incUrvating,  incur- 
vated.]  To  bend  ; to  crook  ; to  curve.  Chcyne. 

IN-CUR'VATE,  a.  (Bot.)  Incurved;  bent  in- 
wards ; curved.  Crabb. 

IN-CUR- VA'TION,  n.  [L.  incurvatio  ; It.  incur- 
vazione ; Fr.  incurvation .] 

1.  The  act  of  incurvating  or  bending.  Johnson. 

2.  The  state  of  being  bent;  curvity ; crook- 
edness ; obliquity.  Glanville. 

3.  A bending  of  the  body  in  token  of  rever- 
ence ; a bowing.  StiUingflcet. 

IN-CURVE',  v.  a.  To  bend;  ineurvate.  Cockeram. 

IN'CURVE— RE 'CURVED,  a.  (Bot.)  Bending  in- 
w'ards  and  then  backwards.  Loudon. 

IN-CUR' VI-TY,  n.  Crookedness;  a state  of  bend- 
ing inward ; curvature  ; inflection.  Browne. 

IN'cys,  n.  [L.,  an  anvil.] 

1.  A smith’s  anvil.  Scott. 

2.  (Anat.)  One  of  the  small  bones  in  the  tym- 


I,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — y,  y,  $,  g,  soft;  1 0,  G,  c,  |,  hard;  § as  z;  $ as  gz. — THIS,  this. 


INCUSE 


INDELICATELY 


740 


panum  of  the  ear;  — so  named  from  its  fancied 
resemblance  to  a smith’s  anvil.  Chambers. 

]N-CU!jE',  or  IN-CUSS',  v.  a.  [L.  incutio  ; incus- 
sus,  to  strike  upon;  in,  upon,  and  quatio,  to 
strike.]  To  strike,  as  a coin. 

The  back  of  this  coin  is  incused  with  a rudely-executed 
impression  of  a lion's  head.  H.  M.  Humphreys. 

IN-CUS'SIQN,  n.  The  act  of  shaking  ; concus- 
sion. [r.]  Maunder. 

t IN'D.V-GATE,  v.  a.  [L.  indago,  indagatus.)  To 
search  ; to  explore.  Cockeram. 

IN-DA-GA'TION,  n.  [L.  imlagatio ; It.  indaga- 
isiohe;  Sp.  indagacion.)  Search;  examination. 
[r.]  Boyle. 

IN'DA-gA-TOR,  n.  [L.]  A searcher  ; an  exam- 
iner ; an  explorer,  [it.]  More. 

IN-DAM'A^E,  v.  a.  See  Endamage. 

f IN-dAm'A^ED  (-ajtl),  a.  Undamaged.  Milton. 

IN-DART',  v.  a.  [in  and  dart .]  To  dart  in  ; to 
strike  in  ; to  throw  in.  Shah. 

IN-DEAR',  v.  a.  See  Endear. 

JN-DEAR'MpNT,  n.  See  Endearment. 

Ij^-deb-i-tA'tus  AS- SUMP  'SIT.  [L.]  (Law.) 
An  action  brought  to  recover  in  damages  the 
amount  of  a debt  or  demand.  Whishaw. 

f IN-DEBT'  (jii-det'),  v.  a.  To  put  into  debt.  Daniel. 

JN-DEBT'pD  (jn-det'ed),  re.  1.  Being  in  debt; 
having  incurred  a debt ; owing  ; — with  to  before 
the  person  to  whom  the  debt  is  due. 

2.  Obliged  by  something  received ; beholden. 

Syn.  — Indebted  signifies  being  in  debt;  obliged, 
being  under  obligation  ; — indebted  is  therefore  more 
binding  than  obliged.  Indebted  to  creditors,  to  parents, 
to  benefactors  ; obliged  to  friends. 

IN-DEBT'pD-NESS  (jn-det'ed-nes),  n.  The  state 
of  being  indebted ; indebtment.  Ed.  Rev. 

peg.  A modern  word,  reputed  of  American  origin  ; 
not  often  used  by  English  writers  ; yet  it  is  found  in 
the  recent  English  dictionaries  of  Knowles  and  Smart. 

IN-DEBT'MpNT  (jn-det'ment),  n.  The  state  of 
being  in  debt ; indebtedness,  [r.]  Bp.  Hall. 

IN-DE'cpN-CY,  n.  [L.  indecentia  ; It.  indeccnza ; 
Sp.  indecencia;  Fr.  imttcence.)  The  quality  of 
being  indecent ; want  of  decency ; indecorum  ; 
indelicacy ; a violation  of  good  manners ; any 
thing  unbecoming,  or  offensive  to  modesty. 

He  will  in  vain  endeavor  to  reform  indecency  in  his  punil 
which  he  allows  in  himself.  Locke. 

Syn.  — See  Decency,  Indecent. 

IN-DE'CpNT,  re.  [L.  indecens ; It.  <Sj  Sp.  inde- 
cente ; Fr.  indecent .]  Unbecoming;  unfit  for 
the  eyes  or  ears ; not  decent ; indelicate ; im- 
modest; improper;  as,  “An  indecent  exposure 
of  the  person”;  “ Indecent  conversation.” 

Syn.  — Indecent  dress,  words  ; immodest  behavior, 
actions,  thoughts  ; indelicate  expressions  ; unbecoming 
dress,  manners  ; improper  conduct.  Indecency  is  more 
than  indelicacy,  and  less  than  immodesty. 

IN-DE'cpNT-LY,  ad.  In  an  indecent  manner. 

IN-Dp-ClD'U-OUS  (Tn-de-sid'yu-us),  re.  [in,  priv., 
and  deciduous.)  Not  deciduous  ; not  falling 
yearly,  as  leaves  of  trees ; evergreen.  Browne. 

IN-DElJ  I-MA-BLE,  re.  [L.  in,  priv.,  and  decent, 
ten.]  Not  liable  to  be  decimated. . Cowell. 

IN-Dp-Cl'PHpR-A-BLE,  re.  That  cannot  be  deci- 
phered or  interpreted.  Gent.  Mag. 

IN-Dp-CI'PHpR-A-BLY,  ad.  So  as  not  to  be  de- 
ciphered or  made  out. 

IN-DE-CI''§ION  (In-de-sizh'un,  93),  n.  [Fr.]  The 
state  of  being  undecided  ; want  of  decision  ; ir- 
resolution ; inconstancy.  Blackstone. 

Syn.  — See  Doubt. 

IN-Dp-Cl'SI VE,  a.  [Fr.  indicisif.)  Not  deci- 
sive ; inconclusive  ; irresolute.  Goldsmith. 

IN-Dp-Ci'SIVE-LY,  ad.  In  an  indecisive  man- 
ner ; irresolutely.  Smart. 

IN-Dp-CI'SJVE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  in- 
decisive ; unsettledness.  Todd. 

IN-Dp-CLIN'A-BLE,  re.  [L.  indeclinabilis  ; in, 
priv.,  and  declino,  to  decline;  It.  indeclinabile ; 
Sp.  <Sf  Fr.  indeclinable .]  (Gram.)  Undeclina- 
ble ; not  varied  by  terminations. 


lN-Dp-CLfN'A-BLE,  n.  (Gram.)  A word  that  is 
not  declined.  Churchill. 

IN-Dp-CLIN'A-BLY,  ad.  Without  variation; 
constantly.  Mountagu. 

IN-I)E-COM-PO§'A-BLE,  re.  [It.  indecomponibile .] 
That  cannot  be  decomposed.  Btande. 

IN-DE-COM-POip'A-BL E-NESS,  n.  The  quality 
of  being  indecomposable.  Smart. 

II  IN-Dp-CO'ROUS,  or  IN-DEC'O-ROUS  [in-de-ko'- 
rus,  S’.  E.  Ja.  Sm.  R.  ; In-dek'o-rus  or  In-de-ko'- 
rus,  F.  K.  IVr. ; in-de-ko'rus  or  In-dek'o-rus,  IF. 

0. ; In-dek'o-rus,  P.  J.  Ash,  J FA],  re.  [L.  indec- 
orus  ; It.  § Sp.  indecoroso.)  Not  decorous;  in- 
decent; unbecoming. — See  Decorous. 

||IN-DE-CO'ROyS-LY,  or  IN-DEC'O-ROUS-LY,  ad. 
In  an  unbecoming  manner. 

||  IN-Dy-CO'ROyS-NESS,  or  IN-DEC'O-ROUS- 
NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  indecorous  ; im- 
propriety of  conduct ; indecency.  Scott. 

IN-Dp-CO'RUM,  n.  [L.]  Indecency  ; unbecoming 
or  unseemly  conduct  ; indecorousness. 

They  . . . commit  many  absurdities,  many  indecomms , 
unbefitting  their  gravity  and  persons.  Burton. 

Syn.  — See  Decency. 

IN-DEED',  ad.  \in  and  deed.']  In  reality;  in  truth; 
in  fact ; really  ; truly. 

Behold  an  Israelite  indeed , in  whom  is  no  guile.  John  i.  47. 

% Qf*  It  is  often  used  interjectionally.  It  is  some- 
times used  as  a slight  assertion  or  recapitulation  in  a 
sense  hardly  perceptible  or  explicable ; as,  “ 1 said  l 
thought  it  was  confederacy  between  the  juggler  and 
the  two  servants  ; though,  indeed , I had  no  reason  so 
to  think.”  Bacon.  It  is  used  to  note  concession  in 
comparisons  ; as,  “ Ships,  not  so  great  of  bulk,  indeed , 
but  of  a more  nimble  motion.”  Bacon . 

Syn.  — Indeed  is  sometimes  used  as  nearly  synony- 
mous with  nay  ; as,  “ l think,  indeed , l am  sure,  it  is 
so  ” ; or,  “ 1 think,  nay,  I am  sure,  it  is  so.”  In  this 
case,  nay  is  the  stronger  term.  In  old  English,  yea 
had  nearly  the  same  sense  ; as.  “ Yea , I judge  not  my 
own  self.”  1 Cor.  iv.3.  “ A good  man  always  profits 
by  liis  endeavor  ; i \ea,  when  lie  is  absent ; nay,  when 
lie  is  dead,  by  his  example  and  memory.”  B.  Jonson. 

IN-DE-FAT-I-G  A-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being 
indefatigable,  or  incapable  of  being  wearied; 
perseverance ; indefatigablcness.  Perry. 

IN-DE-FAT' J-GA-BLE,  a.  [L.  indefat igabilis  ; in, 
priv.,  and  defatigo , to  weary  ; It.  infatigabile  ; 
Sp . inf atig able.]  Unwearied;  not  tired  ; not 
capable  of  being  exhausted;  that  cannot  be 
wearied  ; unwearied ; unceasing  ; persevering. 

The  ambitious  person  must  rise  early,  and  sit  up  late,  and 
pursue  his  design  with  a constant,  indefatigable  attendance; 
lie  must  be  infinitely  patient  and  servile.  South. 

L\’-De-FAT'!-GA-BLE-NESS,  n.  Umvearicdness  ; 
indefatigability.  Parnell. 

IN-DE-fAT'I-GA-BLY,  ad.  Without  weariness. 
“ Indcfatigabiy  zealous.”  Dryden. 

f IN-DE-FAt-I-GA'TION,  n.  Unweariedness  ; in- 
defatigability. Gregory. 

IN-DIJ-FEA-^I-bJl'I-TY,  n.  The  state  or  the 
quality  of  being  indefeasible.  Smart. 

IN-Dp-FEA'§[-BEE  (In-de-fe'ze-bl),  re.  [in,  priv., 
and  defeasible .]  Incapable  of  being  defeated, 
undone,  abrogated,  or  made  void.  Addison. 

iN-DJJ-FEA'§5-BLY,  ad.  In  an  indefeasible  man- 
ner. Boswell. 

IN-Dp-FEC-TI-BIL'I-Ty,  n.  [It.  indcfettibilith  \ 
Sp.  indefectibilidad  ; Fr.  indifcctlbi/it :.]  The 
quality  of  being  indefectible,  or  not  liable  to 
decay  or  defect. 

God's  unity,  eternity,  and  imlcfectibility.  Harrow. 

IN-Dp-FEC'TI-BLE,  re.  [It.  indefettibile ; Sp.  <?r 
Fr.  indefectible .]  Not  liable  to  defect  or  decay ; 
unfailing  ; perfect ; perennial. 

The  eternal,  indefectible  happiness  of  heaven.  Clarke. 

IN-Dp-FEC'TIVE,  a.  [It.  indefettivo .}  Not  de- 
fective ; perfect.  South. 

IN-Dp-FEN-Sl-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  or  the 
state  of  being  indefensible.  Wright. 

IN-Dp-FEN'SI-BLE,  re.  [It.  indefensibile  ; Sp.  tn- 
defensable  ; Fr.  indefendable.)  That  cannot  be 
defended,  maintained,  or  justified ; incapable 
of  being  justly  defended  ; censurable;  faulty. 

As  they  extend  the  rule  of  consulting  Scripture  to  all  the 
actions  of  common  life,  even-so  fur  as.to  the  taking  up  of  a 
straw,  so  it  is  altogether  false  and  indefensible.  Sanderson. 


IN-Dp-FEN'SI-BLY,  ad.  In  an  indefensible  man- 
ner ; without  defence.  Blackstone. 

IN-Dp-FEN'SIVE,  re.  Having  no  defence;  inde- 
fensible. Sir  T.  Herbert. 

IN-Dp-FI"CipN-CY  (In-de-flsh'en-se),  n.  [It.  in- 
dejicienza .]  The  quality  or  the  state  of  not  be- 
ing deficient.  Stackhouse. 

IN-Dp-FI''CipNT  (ln-de-flsli'ent),  re.  [L.  indefi- 
ciens  ; It.  indefictentei]  Not  deficient ; not  fail- 
ing ; perfect ; complete.  Bp.  Reynolds. 

IN-Dp-FlN'A-BLE,  re.  [It.  indefinibile ; Sp.  inde- 
finable; Fr.  indefinissable.)  That  cannot  be  de- 
fined ; unaccountable  ; inexplicable.  Todd. 

IN-Dp-FIN'A-BLy,  ad.  In  an  indefinable  manner. 

IN-DEF'I-NITE,  a.  [L.  indefinitus  ; in,  priv.,  and 
definio,  definitus , to  define  ; It.  indefinite  ; Sp. 
indefinido ; Fr.  indefini .] 

1.  Not  definite;  not  determined;  not  defi- 

nitely settled;  indeterminate.  “Her  advance- 
ment was  left  indefinite.”  Bacon. 

2.  Having  no  assigned  or  certain  limits. 

Though  it  is  not  infinite,  it  may  be  indefinite;  though  it  is 

not  boundless  in  itself,  it  may  be  so  to  human  comprehen- 
sion. Spectator. 

3.  (Bot.)  Noting  parts  of  a flower  too  numer- 
ous to  be  readily  counted,  or  more  than  twelve, 
especially  when  the  number  is  inconstant.  Gray. 

IN-DEF'I-NITE-LY,  ad.  In  an  indefinite  manner. 

IN-DEF'l-NITE-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  qual- 
ity of  being  indefinite.  Bp.  Hall. 

f 1N-Dp-FIN'I-TUDE,  n.  An  indefinite  quantity 
or  number.  Hale. 

IN-DE-IIIS'CJ@iSCE,  n.  [See  Indehiscent.]  (Bot.) 
The  property  of  not  being  dehiscent.  Craig. 

IN-DE-IlIS'cpNT,  re.  [L.  in,  priv.,  and  dchisco, 
dchisccns,  to  split  open  ; It.  indeisccntc.)  (Bot.) 
Noting  pericarps  which  continue  perfectly  closed 
after  the  fruit  is  ripe  ; not  splitting  open .Lindley. 

IN-Dp-LECT'A-BLE,  re.  [in,  priv.,  and  delectable .) 
Not  delectable ; unpleasant;  disagreeable;  un- 
amiable.  Ed.  Rev. 

IN-Dp-LIB'pR-ATE,  re.  [It . indcliberato  \ Sp.  in- 
deliberado ; Fr . indelibere.)  Not  deliberate  ; un- 
premeditated ; sudden.  “The  indeliberate  com- 
missions of  many  sins.”  Gov.  of  the  Tongue. 

IN-Dp-LIB'pR-AT-pD,  re.  Unpremeditated;  un- 
deliberated.  . Bramhall. 

IN-DEL-I-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [Fr.  indelibilitc .]  The 

quality  of  being  indelible.  Dp.  Horsley. 

II  IN-DEL'I-BLE  [in-del'e-hl,  S.  IT'.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K. 
Sm.  Wr.  ; In-de'le-bl,  PJ],  re.  [L.  indclcbilis  ; in, 
priv.,  and  delebilis,  dclebie ; dclco,  to  blot  out; 
It.  indclcbile ; Sp .indelcblc-,  Fr.  indilebile.) 

1.  That  cannot  be  effaced  or  blotted  out ; not 
to  be  cancelled;  ineffaceable;  ingrained;  per- 
manent; as,  “ Indelible  ink.” 

To  what  purpose  is  this  indelible  image  or  idea  of  God  in 
us,  if  there  be  no  such  thing  as  God  existent  in  the  world? 

Henry  More. 

2.  Not  to  be  annulled  or  abrogated,  [r.] 

They  arc  endued  with  indelible  power  from  above  to  feed, 

to  govern  this  household.  Sprat. 

11QP  “This  word,”  Dr.  Johnson  says,  “should  be 
written  indeleblc  ’,  ” and  this  orthography  would  evi- 
dently be  in  accordance  with  the  etymology  of  the 
word  ; yet  Dr.  Johnson,  and  all  the  other  principal 
English  lexicographers,  spell  it  indelible  ; and  this  or- 
thography is  established  by  common  usage. 

II  IN-DEL'I-BLE-NESS,  ».  The  quality  of  being 
indelible;  indelibility.  Ash. 

||  IN-DEL'I-BLY,  ad.  In  an  indelible  manner. 

IN-DEL'l-CA-CY,  n.  [in,  priv.,  and  delicacy.) 
The  quality  of  being  indelicate;  want  of  deli- 
cacy ; indecency ; indecorum ; coarseness ; 
grossness ; vulgarity.  Addison. 

Syn.  — See  Indecent. 

IN-DEL'I-CATE,  re.  [Fr.  indelicat.)  Wanting  del- 
icacy or  decency;  offensive  to  good  manners  or 
propriety ; indecent ; indecorous  ; unbecoming ; 
coarse ; gross ; broad  ; vulgar. 

Their  luxury  wns  inelegant,  their  pleasures  indelicate. 

irarton. 

Syn. — See  Broad,  Coarse. 

IN-DEL'1-CATE-i.Y,  ad.  In  an  indelicate  man- 
ner ; indecently.  Smart. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  p,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  PALI,;  HEIR,  HER  ; 


INDEMNIFICATION 


741 


INDEX  EXPURGATORIUS 


IN-DEM-NI-FI-CA'TION,  n.  [It.  indennizzazione  ; 
Sp.  indemnizacion  ; Fr.  indemnisation .] 

1.  The  act  of  indemnifying;  compensation 
for  loss  or  injury  ; reimbursement. 

Indemnification  for  their  voluntary  poverty.  it  arton. 

2.  Security  against  loss  or  penalty.  Johnson. 

Syn.  — Sec  Compensation. 

JN-DEM'NI-FY,  v.  a.  [Low  L.  indemnifico , from 
L.  indemnity,  harmless  {in,  priv.,  and  damnum, 
injury),  and  file  to , to  make  ; Sp.  indemnizar ; 
Fr.  indemniser .]  [i.  indemnified  ; pp.  indem- 
nifying, INDEMNIFIED.] 

1.  To  secure  against  damage,  loss,  injury,  or 
penalty  ; to  save  harmless. 

Insurance  is  a contract  whereby,  for  a stipulated  consider- 
ation. one  party  undertakes  to  mdemni/ti  the  other  against 
certain  risks.  WlUard  Phillips. 

2.  To  compensate  for  loss  or  injury;  to  re- 
imburse ; to  remunerate.  Watts. 

IN-DEM'NJ-TY,  n.  [L.  indemnitas ; It.  indenni- 
th\  Sp . indemnidad  \ Fr.  indemnity] 

1.  Security  or  exemption  from  damage,  loss, 
injury,  or  punishment. 

I will  use  all  means,  in  the  ways  of  amnesty  and  indemni- 
tn,  which  may  most  fully  remove  all  fears,  and  bury  an  jeal- 
ousies in  forgetfulness.  King  Charles. 

2.  Compensation  for  loss  sustained;  remu- 
neration ; indemnification  ; reimbursement. 

It  is  a rule  established  in  all  just  governments,  that,  when 
private  property  is  required  for  public  use,  indemnity  shall  be 
given  by  the  public  to  the  owner.  Bouvier. 

ftj-y-  “Sometimes  it  signifies  diminution.  A tenant 
who  lias  been  interrupted  in  the  enjoyment  of  his 
lease,  may  require  an  indemnity  from  tile  lessor,  that 
is,  a reduction  of  his  rent.”  Bonder . 

Act  of  indemnity,  (Ena.  Laic.)  an  act  passed  for  the 
relief  of  those  persons  who  have  neglected  to  take 
certain  necessary  oaths,  or  to  perform  other  acts  re- 
quired to  qualify  them  for  their  offices  and  employ- 
ments. Braude. 

IN-DE-MON-STRA-BIL'I-TY,  n.  Quality  of  being 
indemonstrable';  indemonstrableness.  Quincey. 

IN-DIJ-MON'STR  A-BLE,  a.  [L.  indemonstrabilis  ; 
It.  indimostrabile.]  That  cannot  be  demon 
strated ; undemonstrable. 

XN-DE-MON'STRA-BLE-NESS,  n.  The 
being  indemonstrable. 

IN-DEN-I-ZA'TION,  ».  Act  of  making  free,  or 
the  patent  by  which  one  is  naturalized.  Bullokar. 

IN-DEN'IZE,  v.  a.  To  make  free ; to  naturalize. 
— See  Endenize.  Bullokar. 

IN-DEN'I-ZEN  (jn-den'e-zn),  v.  a.  To  make  free; 
to  naturalize  ; to  endenizen.  Overbury. 


Saiulys. 

state  of 
Ash. 


f IN-DEN  T'MJJNT,  n.  An  indenture.  Bp.  Ilall. 

IN-DENT'URE  (in-dent'yvO,  n-  (Law.)  An  instru- 
ment of  writing  containing  a conveyance  or  con- 
tract between  two  or  more  persons;  — usually 
indented  or  cut  unevenly,  or  in  and  out,  on  the 
top  or  the  side.  Bouvier. 

Xjgf  Formerly  it  was  common  to  make  two  in- 
struments exactly  alike,  and  it  was  then  usual  to 
write  both  on  the  same  parchment,  with  some  words 
or  letters  written  between  them,  through  which  the 
parchment  was  cut,  either  in  a straight  or  an  indented 
line,  in  sucli  a manner  as  to  leave  one  half  of  the  word 
on  one  part,  and  half  on  the  other.  Bonder. 

IN-DENT'URE,  v.  a.  1.  To  indent.  Woty. 

2.  To  bind  by  indentures. 

IN-DENT'URE,  V.  n.  To  run  in  and  out ; to  form 
indentations  ; to  indent.  Heywood. 

IN-Dp-PEN'DENCE,  n.  [L.  in,  priv.,  and  de- 
pendeo,  dependens,  to  depend  upon  ; It.  inde- 
pendenza ; Sp.  indepeiulencia ; Fr.  independance. ] 

1.  The  state  of  being  independent ; exemption 
from  reliance  or  control ; a state  over  which  no 
one  has  power,  control,  or  authority  ; freedom. 

Independence  may  be  divided  into  political  and  natural 
independence.  By  the  former  it  is  to  be  understood  that  we 
have  contracted  no  tie  except  those  which  flow  from  the  three 
great  natural  rights  of  safety,  liberty,  and  property.  The 
latter  consists  in  the  power  of  being  able  to  enjoy  a perma- 
nent well-being,  whatever  may  be  the  disposition  of  those 
from  whom  we  call  ourselves  independent.  Bouvier. 

2.  fThe  principles  of  the  religious  denomina- 
tion called  Independents  ; Congregationalism. 

Pagitt. 

Declaration  of  Independence,  tile  act  adopted  by  the 
Congress  of  the  American  Colonies,  July  4,  1776,  by 
which  they  renounced  their  allegiance  to  tile  govern- 
ment of  Great  Britain. 

IN-Dfl-PEN'DEN-CY,  n.  The  state  of  being  inde- 
pendent ; independence.  Addison. 

[N-DU-PEN'D5NT,  a.  [It.  independente  ; Sp.  in- 
dependiente ; Fr.  independant.'] 

1.  Not  dependent ; having  power  to  act  free 
from  the  control,  or  without  the  assistance,  of 
others  ; not  supported  by  any  other  ; not  rely- 
ing on  another  ; not  controlled  ; — commonly 
used  with  of,  but  sometimes  with  on  or  from. 

God’s  making  the  world  irrefragably  proves  that  he  gov- 
erns it  too,  or  that  a being  of  dependent  nature  remains,  nev- 
ertheless, independent  upon  him  in  that  respect.  South. 

2.  Not  relating  to  any  thing  else,  as  to  a su- 
perior cause  or  power  ; irrespective. 

Our  understanding,  which  is  an  incorporeal  substance, 
independent  from  matter.  Bentley. 

3.  (Math.)  Applied  to  a quantity  which  does 
not  depend  upon  another  for  its  value.  Davies. 


IN-DENT',  v.  a.  [L.  in,  in,  and  dens,  dentis  (Gr. 
Hobs,  obdnros),  a tooth ; It.  indenture.]  [i.  in- 
dented ; pp.  INDENTING,  INDENTED.] 

1.  To  mark  with  inequalities,  like  a row  of 

teeth  ; to  cut  in  and  out ; to  make  to  wave  or 
undulate  ; to  notch  ; to  jag.  Shah. 

2.  To  bind  by  contract  or  indenture  ; — so 

applied  from  the  indented  paper  on  which  a 
contract  is  sometimes  written.  Burrill. 

IN-DENT',  v.  n.  1.  To  run  in  and  out. 

Then  shalt  thou  see  the  dew-bedabbled  wretch  [the  harej, 
Turn  and  return,  indenting  with  the  way.  Shale. 

2.  To  have  indentations  or  inequalities  like 
a row  of  teeth  ; to  be  notched  or  jagged. 

3.  tT°  contract ; to  bargain. 

I do  indent ; you  shall  return  the  money.  Shah. 

IN-DENT',  n.  1.  Inequality;  incisure;  notch; 
jag ; indentation.  Shak. 

Want  shall  not  wind  with  such  a deep  indent.  Shak. 

2.  A stamp  ; an  impression.  Phil.  Trans. 

3.  {American  Law.)  An  indented  certificate 

for  the  principal  or  the  interest  of  the  public 
debt ; — issued  by  the  United  States  government 
at  the  close  of  the  revolution.  Burrill. 

IN-DIJN-TA'TION,  n.  1.  The  act  of  indenting. 

2.  A waving  in  any  figure  ; a notch;  an  in- 
cisure ; a cut ; a jag.  Woodward. 

IN-DENT'ED,  p.  a.  1.  Cut  like  a saw  ; marked 
with  inequalities  like  a row  of  teeth;  running 
in  and  out ; notched  ; jagged. 

Trent,  who,  like  some  earth-born  giantwSpreads 

His  thirty  arms  along  the  indented  mams.  Milton. 

2.  Stipulated,  or  bound,  by  indenture. 

I N - 1)  F N T ' F,  I ) - L Y , ad.  With  indentation.  Scott. 

JN-DENT'ING,  n.  Indentation  ; impression. 


IN-Df-PEN'DENT,  n.  ( Eccl . Hist.)  One  who  holds 
that  every  congregation  is  a complete  church, 
subject  to  no  superior  authority  ; a Congrega- 
tionalist.  Sanderson. 

IN-DE-PEN'DpNT-LY,  ad.  In  an  independent 
manner  ; without  control.  Dryden. 

IN-DEP'RE-CA-BLE,  a.  [L.  indeprecabilis .]  That 
cannot  be  entreated.  Cockeram. 

IN-DEP-RE-IIEN'SI-BLE,  a.  [L.  indeprehensibi- 
lis .]  That  cannot  be  found  out.  Bp.  Morton. 

IN-DE-PRIV'A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  deprived 
or  taken  away.  Harris. 

IN-DJJ-SCRIb'A-BLE,  a.  [It.  indescmvihile  ; Sp. 
indescribible  ; Fr.  indescriptible .]  That  cannot 
be  described.  Todd. 

IN-DE-SCRIP'TIVE,  a.  Not  descriptive,  or  not 
containing  just  description.  Craig. 

IN-DlJ-ijERT',  n.  [in,  priv.,  and  desert.]  Want  of 
merit ; ill-desert.  Phillips. 

IN-DES'I-NENT,  a.  Incessant,  [r.]  Baxter. 

IN-DES'I-NENT-LY,  ad.  Without  cessation.  Ray. 

IN-DE-SIR'A-BLE,  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  desirable.] 
Undesirable,  [r.]  Month.  Anth. 

IN-D1J-STRUC-TI-BIT.'I-TY,  n.  [Sp.  indestructi- 
bilidad  ; Fr.  indestructibility. ] The  quality  of 
being  indestructible.  Sir  H.  Davy. 

IN-Dfi-STRUC'TI-BLE,  a.  [Sp.  ft  Fr.  indestruc- 
tible.] That  cannot  be  destroyed.  Boyle. 

IN-DE-STRUC'TI-BLY,  ad.  In  an  indestructible 
manner.  N.  A.  Rev. 

I N - D F,  - T E It ' M I - N A - B L E , a.  [L.  indeterminabilis ; 


It.  indeterminabilc  ; Sp.  indeterminable ; Fr.  in- 
determinable.] Not  determinable  ; not  deter- 
mined, fixed,  defined,  or  settled.  Browne. 

IN-D^-TER'MI-NA-BLY,  ad.  In  an  indetermina- 
ble manner.  Dr.  Allen. 

IN-Df-TER'MI-NATE,  a.  [L.  indeterminatus ; 
It.  indeterminato ; Sp.  indeterminado  ; Fr.  in- 
det  ermine.] 

1.  Unfixed  ; not  defined  ; indefinite.  “An  in- 
determinate number  of  successions.”  Newton. 

2.  {Algebra.)  Admitting  of  an  infinite  number 
of  solutions  or  values. 

Indeterminate  analysis,  (Math.)  a branch  of  analysis 
which  lias  for  its  object  the  solution  of  indeterminate 
problems.  Davies.  — Indeterminate  coefficients,  (Math.) 
a method  of  analysis  invented  by  Descartes,  in  which 
tile  coefficients  are  each  equal  to  zero.  Brande. — In- 
determinate equations,  equations  containing  a greater 
number  of  unknown  quantities  than  there  are  given 
equations.  — Indeterminate  inflorescence,  (Bot.)  that  in 
which  tlie  flowers  all  arise  from  axillary  buds;  — 
same  as  indefinite.  Gray.  — Indeterminate  problem,  a 
problem  in  which  there  are  fewer  imposed  conditions 
than  there  are  unknown  or  required  parts  ; a problem 
which  admits  of  an  infinite  number  of  solutions.  — 
Indeterminate  quantity,  (Math.)  a quantity  that  admits 
of  an  infinite  number  of  values.  Davies. 

IN-DE-TER'MI-NATE-Ly,  ad.  In  an  indetermi- 
nate manner  ; indefinitely.  Hale. 

IN-DE-TER'MI-NATE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  be- 
ing indeterminate.  Perry. 

IN-DIJ-TER-MI-NA'TION,  n.  [It.  indetermina- 
zione  ; Sp.  indete rminacion  ; Fr.  indetermina- 
tion.] Want  of  determination;  want  of  fixed 
or  stated  direction.  Bramhall. 

IN-D^-TER'MINED  (-mjnd),  a.  Unsettled;  un- 
fixed ; undetermined.  Locke. 

f IN-DE- VIR'^I-NATE,  a.  Not  deprived  of  vir- 
ginity. Chapman. 

IN-DE-VOTE',  a.  [Fr.  indevot.]  Little  affected 
or  devoted ; indifferent.  Bentley. 

IN-DJJ-VOT'iJD,  a.  Undevoted.  Ld.  Clarendon. 

IN-DE-VO'TION,  n.  [L.  indevotio.]  Want  of 
devotion  ; irreligion  ; impiety.  Hammond. 

IN-DJJ-VOUT',  a.  [L.  indevotus ; It.  ft-  Sp.  inde- 
voto\  Fr.  indevot.]  Not  devout;  undevout.  “A 
careless,  indevout  spirit.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

IN-DE-VOUT'LY,  ad.  In  an  indevout  manner  ; 
without  devotion  ; undevoutly.  Todd. 

IN'DEX,  n. ; pi.  In'dex-e§  or  In'di-cE§.  {Indices 
is  used  for  exponents  of  quantities.)  [L.] 

1.  A directing  point  or  pointer  ; a hand  that 
points  to  any  thing  ; a director  ; indication  : — 
in  printing,  the  sign  [l!@=  ] used  to  direct  special 
attention  to  any  particular  passage. 

They  have  no  more  inward  self-coi\sciousncss  of  what 
they  do  or  suffer  than  the  index  of  a watch  of  the  hour  it 
points  to.  Bentley. 

2.  An  alphabetical  table,  at  the  end  of  a book, 
of  tlie  principal  subjects,  or  of  the  Words  em- 
ployed in  it,  with  references  to  the  pages  where 
they  may  be  found. 

jgcg-  Tlie  index  was  formerly  prefixed  to  a hook,  as 
is  shown  in  the  first  citation  from  Shakspeare  below  ; 
hence  it  was  used  generally  for  prelude , or  any  thing 
preparatory. 

Indexes . . . 

To  their  subsequent  volumes.  Shak. 

Ah,  me!  what  act. 

That  roars  so  loud  and  thunders  in  the  index.  Shak. 

3.  {Anat.)  The  fore-finper.  Iloblyii. 

4.  [pi.  indices.]  {Arith.  & Algebra.)  A term 
used  in  the  same  sense  as  exponent,  to  indicate 
the  power  or  root  of  a quantity. 

Index  of  a logarithm,  the  characteristic  or  integral 
part  of  it,  which,  in  common  logarithms,  is  one  less 
than  the  number  of  integral  figures  in  the  correspond- 
ing number.  Brande.  — Index  of  refraction,  (Opt.)  the 
number  which  expresses  the  ratio  of  the  sines  of  the 
angles  of  incidence  and  refraction.  Thus  the  index 

of  refraction  from  air  into  water  is  about  and  from 
water  into  air  about  j|.  Lardner. 

IN'DEX,  v.  a.  To  place  in  an  index  or  table,  as 
the  subjects  treated  of  in  a book.  Tafourd. 

IN'DEX-JJR,  n.  One  who  makes  an  index.  Ogilvie. 

IN'DEX  F.X-PUR- GA-  TO  ' BI-  CS.  [L.,  an  expur- 
gatory index.]  {Eccl.)  A list  or  catalogue,  an- 
nually published  at  Rome,  of  books  which  the 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  (f,  g,  soft;  E,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  y as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


INDEX-HAND 


742 


INDIFFERENTIST 


church  of  Rome  prohibits  the  faithful  from  read- 
ing, or  condemns  as  heretical.  Brande. 

IN'DEX— HAND,  n.  A hand  that  points  to  some- 
thing; the  pointer  of  a watch,  clock,  &c.  Pope. 

IN-DEX'I-CAL,  a.  Relating  to,  or  resembling,  an 
index.  Smart. 

JN-DEX'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  the  manner  of  an  in- 
dex. ’ ’ ’ Swift. 

IN'DEX-ING,  p.  a.  Furnishing  with  an  index, 
or  table  of  references.  Wright. 

IN-DpX-TER'I-TY,  n.  [in,  priv.,  and  dexterity.'] 
Want  of  dexterity  ; awkwardness.  Harvey. 

IN-DI'A-DEM,  v.  a.  To  place  or  set  in  a diadem. 

Whereto  shall  that  be  likened?  to  what  gem 
Indiademcd  t Southey . 

IN'DIA-MAN,  n.  ( Naut .)  A large  ship  engaged  in 
the  India  trade.  Ency. 

IN'DIA— MAT'TING  (in'jtt-),  n.  Mats  made  in  the 
East  from  the  Papyrus  corymbosus.  Simmonds. 

IND'IAN  (Tnd'yan)  [In'dyan,  S.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  ; Tti'- 
de-?n,  in'je-an,  or  in'dyan,  W. ; In'de-jn,  Wr.], 
a.  Belonging  to  India  : — belonging  to  the 
American  aborigines. 

IND'IAN  (ind'yan),  n.  An  aboriginal  American  : 
— a native  of  India  or  of  the  West  Indies. 

Lo,  the  poor  Indian ! whose  untutored  mind 

Sees  God  in  clouds,  or  hears  him  in  the  wind.  Pope. 

IND'I  AN— AR'ROW— ROOT  (ind'yan-),  n.  Arrow- 
root. — See  Arrow-root.  Miller. 

IND'IAN— BER'RY,  n.  A berry  having  an  intoxi- 
cating quality  ; Cocculus  Indicus.  Booth. 

IND'IAN— CORN,  n.  The  American  plant  Zea 
mays,  and  its  fruit ; maize.  Gray. 

IND'IAN— CRESS,  n.  ■( Bot .)  The  English  name  of 
the  genus  of  plants  called  Tropteolum.  Loudon. 

IN-DIAN-EER',  n.  A large  English  ship  engaged 
in  the  India  trade,  or  in  the  trade  between  India 
and  China  ; an  Indiaman.  For.  Qu.  Rev. 

IND'IAN— FlG,  n.  The  name  of  the  species  of 
plants  of  the  genus  Opuntia  ; banian.  Eng.  Cyc. 

IND'IAN— FILE,  n.  The  manner  in  which  the 
American  Indians  traverse  the  woods  or  proceed 
to  battle  ; single  file.  Bartlett. 

IND'IAN— INK,  n.  A black  pigment  made  from 
lampblack,  thickened  with  gelatine  or  isinglass, 
and  scented  with  musk  or  camphor  ; — brought 
from  the  East,  and  chiefly  from  China.  Ure. 

IND'IAN-ITE,  n.  (Min.)  A variety  of  anorthite 
composed  of  silica,  alumina,  and.  lime,  with  a 
small  quantity  of  iron.  [India.]  Dana. 

IND'IAN— OAK,  n.  (Bot.)  A timber-tree  of  im- 
mense size,  and  great  durability,  found  in  Java 
and  Ceylon,  Malabar,  Coromandel,  &c.,  and 
especially  in  the  Birman  empire  ; the  teak-tree  ; 
Tectona  grandis; — used  in  ship-building. 

Loudon. 

IND'IAN— POKE,  71.  (Bot.)  The  American  white 
hellebore  ; Veratrum  viride.  Gray. 

IND'IAN— RED,  n.  A species  of  ochre ; red- 
ochre. 

H3P  The  pigment  now  usually  sold  under  this 
name  is  the  red  haematite,  or  peroxide  of  iron.  The 
Indian-red  brought  from  the  Persian  Gulf  is  of  a dark- 
er hue  and  sparkling  lustre.  Fairholt. 

IND'IAN— RUB 'BpR,  n.  India-rubber.  McCulloch. 

IND'IAN— SlJM'MtiR,  n.  See  Summer. 

IND'IAN— TUR'NjP,  n.  (Bot.)  A name  applied  to 
plants  of  the  genus  Arisama,  especially  to  Ari- 
stema  triphyllum,  or  Arum  triphyllum  of  Lin- 
naeus, the  root  of  which  is  wrinkled,  farina- 
ceous, and  on  being  tasted  affects  the  tongue 
with  a pungency  as  if  pricked  by  needles.  Gray. 

IND'IAN— YEL'LOW,  n.  A pigment  used  in  paint- 
ing- Wcale. 

iN'DIA-RUB'Bf.R  (in'jj-rSb'ber),  n.  A resinous 
substance ; caoutchouc  ; gum-elastic  ; Indian- 
rubber.  — See  Caoutchouc.  Keene. 

tN'DI-CANT,  a.  [L.  indico,  indicans,  to  indicate; 
It.  <Sf  Sp.  indicante .]  Showing;  indicating; 
pointing  out  a remedy.  Dunglison. 


IN'DI-CANT,  n.  (Med.)  Any  thing  which,  in  the 
course  of  a disease,  or  in  what  precedes  or  ac- 
companies it,  points  out  a remedy.  Dunglison. 

IN'DJ-CATE,  v.  a.  [L  .indico,  hulicatus ; in,  in, 
and  dico,  to  say,  to  show  ; It.  indicare ; Sp.  in- 
dicar-, Fr .indiquer.]  [i.  indicated  ; pp.  indi- 
cating, INDICATED.] 

1.  To  show ; to  point  out ; to  mark  ; to  denote. 

Mentioned  in  a manner  that  seems  to  indicate  some  con- 

ncction  between  them.  Malone. 

2.  (Med.)  To  point  as  a remedy  ; to  manifest 

by  symptoms  the  treatment  requisite  for  the  al- 
leviation or  the  cure  of  a disease.  Burke. 

IN-DI-CA'TION,  n.  [L .itidicatio;  It.  indicazione ; 
Sp.  indication  ; Fr.  indication.] 

1.  The  act  of  indicating  or  pointing  out. 

2.  That  which  indicates  ; a mark  ; a token  ; 
a sign  ; a note.;  a symptom. 

We  think  that  our  successes  are  a plain  indication  of  the 
divine  favor  towards  us.  Atterbury. 

3.  Discovery  made  ; information.  Bentley. 

4.  Explanation  ; display,  [it. j Bacon. 

5.  (Med.)  The  manifestation  made  by  a dis- 

ease of  what  is  proper  to  be  done  for  its  allevia- 
tion or  removal.  Dunglison. 

Syn.  — See  Mark. 

IN-DlC'A-TlVE  [jn-dlk'a-trv,  S.  IF.  P.  J.  E.  F. 
Ja.  I Ft.  Wb. ; In  'de-ka-tjv  or  in-dlk'a-tlv,  Sin.; 
in-dlk'a-tlv  or  In'de-ka'tjv,  K.],  a.  [L.  indicati- 
v us;  It.  St  Sp.  indicativo ; Fr.  indicatif.] 

1.  Showing  ; informing  ; pointing  out. 

Ridicule,  with  ever-pointing  hand, 

Conscious  of  every  shill,  of  every  shift 

Indicative , his  inmost  plot  betrays.  Shenstone. 

2.  (Grammar.)  A term  applied  to  a mood  of 
a verb,  expressing  affirmation  or  a simple  or  un- 
conditional judgment,  or  used  to  ask  a question. 

The  indicative  mood  is  that  form  of  the  verb  which  is  used 
in  independent  and  absolute  assertions.  Andrews. 

IN-DlC'A-TIVE-LY,  ad.  In  an  indicative  manner. 

IN'DI-CA-TOR,  n.  [L.]  1.  He  who,  or  that  which, 
indicates,  shows,  or  points  out. 

2.  (An at.)  A muscle  of  the  forearm,  which 

points  or  extends  the  forefinger.  Brande. 

3.  (Mech.)  An  instrument  for  ascertaining 

the  amount  of  the  pressure  of  steam  and  the 
state  of  the  vacuum  throughout  the  stroke  of  a 
steam-engine  ; a dynamometer.  Grier. 

4.  (Ornith.)  A genus  of  birds  belonging  to 

the  cuckoo  tribe  ; — so  called  from  the  species 
indicating  the  nest  of  bees,  and  guiding  men  to 
them  by  their  motions  and  cries.  Brande. 

In-di-ca-to-rI'na:, 
n.  pi.  ( Ornith.)  A 
sub-family  of  birds 
of  the  order  Scan- 
sores  and  family 
Cuculidce  ; honey- 
guides.  Gray. 

iN'DI-CA-TO-Ry,  a.  That  indicates  ; manifesting; 
demonstrative ; indicative.  D07171C. 

IN-DI-CA' PIT,  n.  [L.,  lie  has  show7i.]  (Law.)  A 
writ  of  prohibition.  Blackstotie. 

t IN'DICE  (In'djs),  n.  [Fr  .indice.]  Signification; 
sign  ; index.  B.  Jonson. 

In'DI-CES.  n- 1 pi-  index.  (Aritli.  & Algebra.) 
Exponents  of  quantities.  — See  Index. 

IN-Dl"CI-A  (in-dish'e-?),  n.  pi.  [L.]  Discrimi- 
nating marks.  Burrows. 

t IN-dI^'I-BLE,  a.  [Fr.]  Unspeakable.  Evelyn. 

IN-DlC'O-LlTE,  7i.  (Min.)  A tourmaline  of  a 
blue  color.  — See  Indigolite.  Dana. 

IN-DlCT'  (jn-dit'l,  v.  a.  [L.  indico,  indiclus ; in, 
against,  and  dico,  to  speak  ; Old  Fr.  endicter .] 

[i.  INDICTED  ; pp.  INDICTING,  INDICTED.] 

1.  (Law.)  To  accuse,  or  charge  with  a crime 
or  misdemeanor,  by  a bill  of  indictment ; to  de- 
clare guilty  of  a penal  offence ; to  implead. Burrill. 

2.  To  compose  ; to  write  ; to  indite.  Todd. 

IN-PlCT'A-BLE  (in-dlt'a-bl),  a.  1.  Liable  to  be 
indicted  ; that  may  be  indicted.  Blackstone. 

2.  Liable  to  presentment  by  a grand  jury  ; as, 
“An  indictable  misdemeanor.” 

IN-DICT-EE'  (In-dl-te'),  7i.  ( Law .)  One  who  is 

indicted  ; — opposed  to  indictor.  Bouvicr. 

IN-DICT'f.R  (in-dlt'er),  n.  One  who  indicts. 


JN-DlC'TION,  n.  [L.  indictio  ; It.  indizione ; Sp. 
indiccion  ; Fr.  indiction .] 

1.  Declaration  ; proclamation  ; announce- 
ment. “ Indiction  of  a war.”  [r.]  Bacon. 

2.  (Citron.)  A cycle,  or  period  of  fifteen  years, 

the  origin  of  which  is  involved  in  obscurity ; 
but  it  is  said  by  some  to  have  been  instituted 
by  Constantine  the  Great,  in  place  of  the  Olym- 
piads. Johnson.  Brande. 

tap  “ The  name  and  use  of  the  indictions,  which 
serve  to  ascertain  t lie  chronology  of  tiie  middle  ages, 
was  derived  from  the  regular  practice  of  the  Roman 
tributes.  The  emperor  subscribed  with  his  own  hand, 
and  in  purplc  ink , the  solemn  edict  or  indiction,  which 
was  fixed  up  in  the  principal  city  of  each  diocese  dur- 
ing two  months  previous  to  the  first  day  of  September. 
And  by  a very  easy  connection  of  ideas,  the  word  in- 
diction was  transferred  to  the  measure  of  tribute  which 
it  prescribed,  and  to  the  annual  term  which  it  allowed 
for  payment.”  Oibbon. 

IN-DIC'TI  VE,  a.  [L.  indictimis.]  Proclaimed ; 

declared,  [r.]  Kemiet. 

IN-DICT'MENT  (jn-dlt'ment),  n.  (Law.)  The  act 
of  indicting;  a written  accusation  of  a crime  or 
misdemeanor,  presented  to,  and  preferred  by,  a 
grand  jury,  under  oath,  to  a court.  Blackstone. 

IN-DICT'OR  (in-dlt'or  or  in-dlt-or',  130),  71.  (Law.) 
One  who  indicts  ; an  indicter.  Bouvier. 

IN-DlF'F^R-ENCE,  n.  [L.  indifferentia;  in,  priv., 
and  differo,  differens,  to  differ ; It.  indifferenza ; 
Sp.  indiferencia  ; Fr.  indifference.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  indifferent ; neutrality ; 
suspension  ; equipoise  or  freedom  from  motives 
on  either  side. 

Ill  matters  of  rc-liaion,  he  [the  upright  man]  hath  the  in- 
difference  of  a traveller,  whose  great  concernment  is  to  arrive 
at  his  journey’s  end;  but  for  the  way  that  leads  thither,  be  it 
high  or  low,  all  is  one  to  him,  so  long  as  lie  is  but  certain  that 
he  is  in  the  right  way.  Sharp. 

2.  Unconcernedness  ; want  of  regard ; apathy. 

Indifference,  clad  in  wisdom’s  guise, 

All  fortitude  of  mind  supplies; 

For  how  can  stony  bowels  melt 

In  those  who  never  pity  felt?  Swift. 

3.  A state  in  which  no  moral  or  physical  rea- 
son preponderates  ; a state  in  which  there  are 
no  qualities  deserving  of  distinction,  or  prefer- 
ence, or  choice ; impartiality. 

The  choice  is  left  to  our  discretion,  except  a principal 
bond  of  some  higher  duty  remove  the  indifference  that  such 
things  have  in  themselves.  Ilookei \ 

Syn. — Indifference  expresses  a state  of  mind  not 
actually  moved  by  any  passion  or  feeling  ; insensibili- 
ty, a state  of  mind  incapable  of  any  feeling  ; apathy, 
a state  destitute  of  feeling,  and  more  permanent  than 
insensibility.  A person  may  have  indifference  to  cer- 
tain subjects,  and  yet  not  have  an  insensibility  to  all 
things.  Indifference  with  regard  to  the  opinion  of  the 
multitude  ; neutrality  in  relation  to  a disputed  ques- 
tion, or  to  the  contests  of  parties  ; negligence  in  rela- 
tion to  duty  or  to  business. 

IN-DIF'FER-EN-CY,  n.  Indifference,  [it.]  Locke . 

IN-DIF'F^R-ENT,  a.  [L.  indfferens  ; It.  indiffe- 
rente ; Sp.  indiferente ; Fr.  indifferent.'] 

1.  Having  no  choice  or  preference  ; not  de- 
termined to  either  side  ; neutral ; apathetic. 

Being  indifferent,  we  should  receive  and  embrace  opinions 
according  as  evidence  gives  the  attestation  of  truth.  Locke. 

2.  Unconcerned;  not  interested ; regardless  ; 
inattentive  ; heedless  ; unmindful. 

How  indifferent  soever  man  may  be  to  eternal  happiness, 
yet  surely  to  eternal  misery  npne  can  be  indifferent.  Itoyers. 

3.  Impartial ; disinterested  ; unbiassed. 

Metcalfe  was  partial  to  none,  but  indifferent  to  all;  a mas- 
ter for  the  whole,  and  a father  lor  every  one.  Ascham. 

4.  Having  no  qualities  to  determine  a prefer- 
ence over  other  things  ; equal. 

The  nature  of  things  indifferent  is  neither  to  be  command- 
ed nor  forbidden,  but  left  free  aud  arbitrary.  Hooker. 

5.  Passable  ; tolerable  ; middling  ; not  good, 
nor  very  bad  ; ordinary.  u Indifferent  writing.” 
Dry  den.  “ Indifferent  paper.”  Addison. 

In  this  sense  it  is  used  adverbially  by  some  of 
our  older  authors. 

I am  myself  indifferent  honest.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Ordinary. 

IN-dTf'F^R-ENT-I§M,  n . The  state  of  being  in- 
different ; want  of  zeal ; indifference. 

The  depreciation  of  Christianity  by  indifferentism  is  a 
more  insidious  and  a less  curable  evil  than  infidelity  itself. 

Whately. 

Sometimes  used  for  identism,  the  philosophy 
of  Schelling.  — See  Identism. 

IN-DIF'FER-^ENT-IST,  n.  One  who  is  indifferent 
or  neutral.  Brit . Crit . 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  1J,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


Indicator  major. 


INDIFFERENTLY 


INDISCUSSED 


743 


{N-DiF'FJSR-pNT-LY,  ad.  In  an  indifferent  man- 
ner ; without  distinction  or  preference  ; equally  : 
— unconcernedly  ; without  wish  or  aversion  : — 
passably ; tolerably. 

IN'DI-GENCE,  n.  [L.  indigentia  ; It.  indigenza  ; 
Sp.  indigencia ; Fr.  indigence .]  The  state  of 
being  indigent ; want ; penury  ; poverty  ; need  ; 
destitution  ; necessity  ; privation. 

It  is  the  care  of  a very  great  part  of  mankind  to  conceal 
their  indigence  from  the  rest.  Johnson. 

Syn.  — See  Poverty. 

XN'DI-£EN-CY,  n.  Want ; indigence,  [r.]  Bentley. 

IN'Dj-GENE,  n.  [L.  indigena-,  indu,  old  form  of 
in,  and  gigno,  genitus,  to  beget.]  A native  or 
indigenous  animal  or  plant.  Evelyn. 

IN-Dlp'5-NOUS  (jn-dlj'e-nus),  a.  [L.  indigenus  ; 
It .indigeno;  Sp.  indigena  ; Fr .indigene.]  Na- 
tive to  a country  ; originally  produced  or  born 
in  a place  or  region  ; — opposed  to  exotic. 

Negroes  . . . are  not  indigenous  to  America.  Browne. 

IN'DI-GENT,  a.  [L  .indigens;  It.  § Sp  .indigente; 
Fr.  indigent .] 

1.  Being  in  want  or  poverty  ; destitute ; poor ; 
needy ; necessitous  ; scanty. 

Charity  consists  in  relieving  the  indigent.  Addison. 

2.  f Wanting;  deprived; — followed  by  of. 

“ Indigent  of  moisture.”  Bacon. 

Syn.  — See  Bare. 

flN-DI-^EST',  a.  Not  digested;  indigested.  Shale. 

IN-DI-^EST'gD,  a.  [L.  indigestus.] 

1.  Not  digested;  not  concocted ; undigested. 

Dreams  are  bred 

From  rising  fumes  of  indigested  food.  Dryden. 

2.  Lying  in  a mass  or  lump  ; not  sorted,  ar- 

ranged, or  methodized.  “ This  mass,  or  indi- 
gested matter,  or  chaos.”  Raleigh. 

Such  indigested  ruin,  bleak  and  bare, 

How  desert  now  it  stands,  exposed  in  air!  Dryden. 

3.  Not  well  considered  ; crude. 

In  hot  reformations,  in  what  men,  more  zealous  than  con- 
siderate, call  making  clear  work,  the  whole  is  generally  crude, 
harsh,  and  indigested.  Burke. 

4.  Not  brought  to  suppuration. 

Ills  wound  was  indigested  and  inflamed.  Wiseman. 

IN-DI-^EST'ED-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  in- 
digested. Burnet. 

lN-DI-<?EST-I-BlL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
indigestible  ; indigestibleness.  Athenaeum. 

IN-DI-<JEST'I-BLE,  a.  [L.  indig estibilis  ; It.  in- 
digestibile ; Sp.  indigestible .] 

1.  That  cannot  be  digested,  or  that  cannot  he 
easily  digested  ; not  convertible  to  nutriment. 
“Eggs  . . . are  most  indigestible.”  Arbuthnot. 

2.  That  cannot  be  received  or  endured. 
“ Such  a torrent  of  indigestible  similes.”  I Barton. 

LN-DI-GEST'I-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
indigestible  ; indigestibility.  Ash. 

IN-DI-9ESTTON  (In-de-jest'yun),  n.  [L.  indiges- 
tio ; It.  indig estione-,  Sp.  &;  Fr.  indigestion.] 
Want  of  power  to  digest  food  ; want  of  digest- 
ion ; a morbid  weakness  of  the  stomach  ; dys- 
pepsy  ; dyspepsia.  Bp.  Hall. 

JN-dI<?'I-TATE,  v.  a.  [L.  indigito , indigitatus.] 
To  point  out  with  the  fingers;  to  indicate;  to 
show.  Browne. 

lN-Di£-I-TA'TION,  n • The  act  of  pointing  out  or 
showing  with  the  finger  ; indication.  II.  More. 

f JN-DlGN'  (jn-dln'),  a.  [L.  indignus.]  Unworthy; 
disgraceful.  Shah. 

IN-DIG  NANCE,  l n Indignation  ; anger ; re- 

IN-DIG'NAN-CY,  ) sentment.  [r.]  Spenser. 

I N- DIG 'N ANT,  a.  [L.  indignans.']  Affected  by 
indignation ; feeling  a disdainful  or  contemptu- 
ous anger  or  resentment. 

Full  of  fierce  fury  and  indignant  hate.  Spenser. 

IN-DIG'NANT-LY,  ad.  With  indignation. 

IN-DIG-NA'TION,  n.  [L.  indignatio ; It.  inde- 
gnazione ; Sp . indignation  \ Fr.  indignation.'] 

1.  Anger,  mingled  with  contempt  or  disgust ; 
resentment ; wrath. 

Indignation  always  implies  resentment,  or  a desire  of  re- 
taliating on  the  injurious  person  so  far  at  least  as  to  make 
him  repent  of  the  wrong  he  hath  committed.  Campbell. 

2.  The  anger  of  a superior ; displeasure. 


A certain  fearful  looking  for  of  judgment  and  fiery  indig- 
nation. lleb.  x.  27. 

3.  The  effect  of  anger  ; punishment. 

If  Heavens  have  any  grievous  plague  in  store, 

Let  them  hurl  down  tneir  indignation 

On  thee,  thou  troubler  of  the  world.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Displeasure. 

t!N-DIG'NI-FY,u.  a.  To  treat  disdainfully.  Spenser. 

IN-DIG'NI-TY,  n.  [L.  indignitas  ; It.  iiulegnita  ; 
Sp.  indignidad;  Fr.  indignite.]  Contumely; 
contemptuous  injury  ; violation  of  right,  accom- 
panied with  insult ; disrespect ; dishonor. 

Foul  effeminacy  held  me  yoked 

Her  bond-slave.  O,  indignity  l O,  blot 

To  honor  and  religion  I Shak. 

Syn.  — Persons  of  high  rank  or  station  are  pecu- 
liarly exposed  to  indignities  ; persons  of  every  station 
are  exposed  to  insults. 

f IN-DIGN'LY  (in-dln'le),  ad.  Not  according  to 
desert;  unworthily.  Bp.  Hall. 

IN'DI-GO,  n.  [L.  indieum,  from  India  ; It.,  Sp., 
Fr.,  § Ger.  indigo.]  A drug  yielding  a beautiful 
blue  dye,  obtained  by  maceration  in  xvater  of 
certain  leguminous  plants  of  the  genus  Indi- 
gofera.  McCulloch. 

IN'DI-GO— BLUE,  ii.  Pure  indigo.  lire. 

IN'DI-GO— COL'ORED  (-kul'urd),  a.  Having  a 
deep,  dull  blue  color  ; blue  with  gray,  llenslow. 

IN'DI-GO— COP' PJ^R,  n.  (Min.)  An  indigo-blue 
mineral  composed  of  sulphur  and  copper  ; — an- 
other name  for  covellinc.  Dana. 

IN'DI-GO-GENE,  n.  White  indigo  ; colorless  in- 
digotine.  Kane. 

IN-DIG'O-LfTE,  n.  [Eng.  indigo,  and  Gr.  l.ldos, 
a stone.]  (Min.)  Blue  tourmaline.  Brande. 

IN-DI-GOM'p-T^R,  n.  [Eng.  indigo,  and  Gr. 
rirpov,  a measure.]  An  instrument  for  meas- 
uring the  strength  of  indigo.  Ure. 

IN-DI-GOM'U-TRY,  n.  [Eng.  indigo,  and  Gr. 
fjtroov,  a measure.]  ( Chem .)  Method  of  ascer- 
taining the  coloring  power  of  indigo.  Buchanan. 

IN'DI-GO— PLANT,  n.  ( Bot .)  A leguminous  plant 
producing  indigo,  of  the  genus  Indigofera,  the 
most  important  species  of  which  are  the  Indigo 
tinctoria,  or  common  indigo,  cultivated  in  In- 
dia, the  Indigo  anil,  found  in  both  Indies  and 
in  Africa,  the  Indigo  ccervlea  of  India,  the  In- 
digo argentea  of  Egypt  and  Barbary,  and  the  In- 
digo disperma,  cultivated  in  America.  Eng.  Cyc. 

IN-DI-GOT'IC,  a.  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  formed 
when  indigo  is  dissolved  in  nitric  acid  consid- 
erably diluted.  Graham. 

IN'DI-GO- TINE,  n.  (Chem.)  Pure  blue  indigo, 
constituting  about  forty-five  per  cent,  of  the  in- 
digo of  commerce.  Regnault. 

Colorless  indigotinc,  called  also  white  or  reduced 
indigo,  differs  from  pure  blue  indigo  by  its  containing 
one  additional  equivalent  of  hydrogen.  Air  and  all 
other  oxidizing  agents  convert  it  into  blue  indigo. 

Gregory. 

f IN-DIL'A-TO-RY,  a.  Not  dilatory  ; not  slow  ; 
not  delaying.  " Cornwallis. 

f iN-DIL'I-^rENCE,  n.  [L.  indiligentia.]  Sloth- 
fulness ; carelessness.  B.  Jonson. 

t IN-DIL'I-GENT,  a.  [Fr.  indiligent.]  Not  dili- 
gent ; careless  ; slothful.  Feltham. 

f IN-DIl'I-GENT-LY,  ad.  In  a delaying  manner; 
without  diligence.  Bp.  Hall. 

t IN-DI-MIn'ISH-A-BLE,  a.  Undintinishable. 

The  indiminishable  majesty  of  our  highest  court.  Milton. 

IN'DINE,  n.  (Chem.)  A crystallized,  rose-colored 
substance,  obtained  from  indigo.  Laurent. 

IN-DI-RECT',  a.  [L.  indirectus ; in,  priv.,  and 
dirigo,  directus,  to  make  straight ; It.  indiretto  ; 
Sp.  indirecto  ; Fr.  indirect .] 

1.  Not  direct ; not  straight ; not  rectilinear. 

Johnson. 

2.  Not  tending  directly,  but  only  consequen- 
tially, to  the  point  or  purpose  ; oblique ; col- 
lateral. “ Indirect  means.”  Shak.  “ An  in- 
direct accusation.”  Johnson. 

3.  Not  fair ; not  honest ; dishonorable  ; wrong ; 
improper. 

Indirect  dealing  will  be  discovered  one  time  or  other,  and 
then  he  loses  his  reputation.  Tillolson. 


4.  (Math.  & Logic.)  Noting  a method  of  dem- 
onstration in  which  the  truth  of  a proposition  is 
established  by  disproving  every  possible  hypoth- 
esis opposed  to  it,  as  the  method  of  proving 
that  two  given  lines  are  equal  by  disproving 
the  hypothesis  that  one  of  them  is  greater  or 
less  than  the  other.  Davies. 

IN-DI-REC'TION,  n.  The  state  of  being  indi- 
rect ; indirectness  ; indirect  course  or  means. 

Most  of  the  indirection  and  artifice  which  is  used  among 
men,  docs  not  proceed  so  much  from  a degeneracy  in  nature 
as  an  affectation  of  appearing  men  of  consequence  by  such 
practices.  Tatler. 

IN-DI-RECT'LY,  ad.  In  an  indirect  manner;  not 
directly  ; unfairly.  Addison. 

IN-DI-RECT'NESS,  ii.  1.  The  quality  of  being 
indirect ; obliquity  ; indirection.  Johnson. 

2.  Unfairness;  dishonesty;  double-dealing; 
fraudulent  art.  IF.  Mountagu. 

II  IN-DIijj-CERN'j-BLE  (in-djz-zcrn'e-bl),  a.  [It.  in- 
discernibile ; Sp.  indiscernible  ; Fr.  indiscer- 
nablc .]  Not  perceptible  ; that  cannot  be  dis- 
cerned ; undiscernible.  Denham. 

II  IN-DI§-CERN'I-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  be- 
ing undiscernible;  undiscernibleness.//«»iJnon<i. 

||  IN-DIij-CERN'I-BLY  (In-diz-zern'e-ble),  ad.  Un- 
discernibly.  Lively  Oracles. 

f !N-DIS-CERP-I-BIL'I-TY,  ii.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing indiscerptible  ; indiscerptibility.  Bailey. 

f IN-DIS-CERP'l-BLE,  a.  Indiscerptible.  More. 

IN-DIS-CERP'I-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing indiscerpible  ; indiscerpibility.  Todd. 

IN-DIS-CERP-TI-BIL'I-TY,  11.  Incapability  of 
dissolution.  Johnson. 

IN-DIS-CERP'TI-BLE,  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  discerp- 
tible.]  Not  separable  into  parts  ; incapable  of 
being  broken  or  destroyed.  Bp.  Butler. 

IN-DIS-CERP'TNBLY,  ad.  In  an  indiscerptible 
manner.  Dr.  Allen. 

IN-DIS'CI-PLIN-A-BLE,  a.  [It.  indisciplinabile  ; 
Sp.  <Sf  Fr.  indisciplinablc.]  That  cannot  be  dis- 
ciplined ; undisciplinable.  Hale. 

IN-DIS'CI-PLINE,  n.  Want  of  discipline.  Qu.  Rev. 

IN-DIS-COV'F.R-A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  dis- 
covered ; undiscoverable.  Conybeare. 

IN-DIS-COV'ER-y,  n.  The  state  of  being  not  dis- 
covered; the  state  of  being  hidden,  [it.]  Browne. 

IN-DIS-CREET',  a.  [L.  indiscrctus ; It.  A Sp.  in- 
discrete ; Fr.  indiscret.]  Not  discreet ; wanting 
discretion  ; imprudent ; incautious  ; inconsid- 
erate ; injudicious  ; unwise.  “ So  drunken  and 
so  indiscreet  an  officer.”  Shak. 

IN-DIS-CREET'LY,  ad.  In  an  indiscreet  man- 
ner ; without  discretion  or  prudence.  Taylor. 

IN-D!S-CREET'N£SS,  ii.  The  quality  of  being  in- 
discreet ; want  of  discretion  ; indiscretion.  Ash. 

IN-DIS-CRETE',  a.  [I,,  indiscrctus ; in,  priv.,  and 
discerno,  discretus,  to  separate.]  Not  discrete; 
not  separated.  “An  indiscrete  mass  of  con- 
fused matter.”  Pownall. 

!N-D!S-CRE"TION  (In-djs-kresh'un),  n.  [It.  indis- 
crezione ; Sp.  indiscrecion ; Fr.  indiscretion.] 
The  quality  of  being  indiscreet ; an  indiscreet 
act ; imprudence  ; rashness  ; inconsideration. 

II is  offences  did  proceed  rather  from  negligence,  rashness, 
or  other  indiscretion,  than  from  any  malieious  thought. 

Hayward. 

IN-DIS-CRIM'I-NATE,  a.  [L.  indiscriminatus  ; 
in,  priv.,  and  discrimen,  separation.]  Being 
without  discrimination  ; not  discriminating ; 
confused  ; un distinguishable ; promiscuous. 

The  indiscriminate  defence  of  right  and  wrong  contracts 
the  understanding,  while  it  hardens  the  heart.  Junius. 

IN-DIS-CRIM'J-NATE-LY,  ad.  In  an  indiscrimi- 
nate manner  ; without’ discrimination.  Boyle. 

IN-DIS-CRIM'I-NAT-ING,  a.  Not  discriminating; 
undiscriminating.  Warton. 

IN-DIS-CRI M-I-NA'TION,  n.  Want  of  discrimina- 
tion ; indistinctness.  Bp.  Horsley. 

IN-DIS-CRIM'I-NA-TIvE,  a.  Making  no  distinc- 
tion ; undiscriminating.  Wright. 

IN-DJS-CUSSED'  (-kBst'),  a.  Not  discussed  ; un- 
discussed. [u.]  Donne. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  ROLE.  — 9,  G>  9,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  ? (IJ  z;  % as  gz.—  THIS,  this. 


INDISPENSABILITY 


744 


INDOCIBLE 


IN-DIS-PEN-SA-BIL'l-TY,  ii.  [It.  indispensabilita ; 
Sp.  indispensabilidad ; Fr.  indispensabilite.] 
The  state  of  being  indispensable  ; indispensa- 
bleness ; necessity.  “ The  indispensability  of 
the  natural  law.”  Skelton. 


IN-DIS-PEN'S  A-BEE,  a.  [It.  indispensabile ; Sp. 

- $ Fr.  indispensable.] 

1.  That  cannot  be  dispensed  with  ; not  to  be 
omitted,  remitted,  or  spared;  absolutely  neces- 
sary ; essential ; requisite  ; needful. 

Rocks,  mountains,  and  caverns  . . . are  of  indispensable 
use  and  necessity,  as  well  to  the  earth  as  to  man.  I Vuodward. 

2.  +Not  admitting  dispensation;  not  allow- 
able. 


Zanchius  . . . absolutely  condemns  this  marriage  as  incest- 
uous and  indispensable.  Bp.  Halt. 

Syn.  — See  Necessary. 


IN-DIS-PEN'SA-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
indispensable  ; indispensability.  S.  Clarke. 

IN-DJS-PEN'SA-BKY,  ad.  To  a degree  not  to  be 
remitted  or  abated  ; necessarily.  Addison. 

IN-DIS-PERSED'  (-perst'),  a.  Undispcrsed.  More. 

IN-DIS-PO.SE',  v.  a.  [It.  indisporre  ; Sp.  indispo- 
ner ; Fr.  indisposer.  — See  Dispose.]  [t.  in- 
disposed ; pp.  indisposing,  indisposed.] 

1.  To  displace  ; to  disarrange  ; to  disorder. 

2.  To  unfit ; to  unsuit ; — with  For. 

Nothing  can  be  reckoned  good  or  bad  to  us,  in  this  life, 
any  farther  than  it  indisposes  us  fur  the  enjoyments  of  an- 
other. • Attcrbury. 

3.  To  cause  to  be  unfavorable  or  averse;  to 
disincline  ; — with  to. 


that  cannot  be  destroyed;  inseparable;  inde- 
structible ; firm  ; stable.  “ Indissoluble  amity.” 
Hall.  “ Indissoluble  obligations.”  South. 

IN-DiS'SO-LU-BLE-NESS,  n.  Indissolubility. Ilale. 

iN-DlS'SO-LU-BLY,  ad.  In  an  indissoluble  man- 
ner ; inseparably  ; firmly  ; stably.  Milton. 

IN-DlSj-^OLV'A-BLE,  a.  [See  Indissoluble.] 

1.  That  cannot  be  dissolved  or  liquefied  ; in- 
dissoluble. “ Indissolcable  in  aqua  regis.”  Boyle. 

2.  That  cannot  be  separated,  or  broken ; in- 
dissoluble. “ An  indissolvable  tie.”  Warburton. 

lN-Dt§-§OLV'A-BEE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
indissolvable ; indissolubleness.  Dupin. 

f IN-Uls'TAN-CY,  n.  Want  of  distance  ; a state 
of  separation.  Pearson. 

IN-DIS-TINCT',  a.  [L . indistinctus ; It.  S;  Sp.  in- 
distinto ; Fr.  indistinct.] 

1.  Not  distinct ; not  distinguishable  ; not  hav- 
ing the  separation  discernible  or  perceptible  ; 
blended  in  such  a manner  that  the  separate 
parts  cannot  be  distinguished  by  the  senses  or 
by  the  mind ; indeterminate ; confused. 

According  as  they  [objects]  arc  more  distant,  . . . their 
minute  parts  become  more  indistinct , and  their  outline  less 
accurately  defined.  Reid. 

2.  Not  clear;  faint ; imperfect;  obscure;  dim. 

We  make  the  main  and  the  aerial  blue 
An  indistinct  regard.  Shak. 

Syn.  — Indistinct  ideas,  sounds,  words;  confused 
thoughts,  noises  ; obscure  meaning,  language.  Some 
words  are  indistinct , the  whole  writing  or  language 
confused , and  the  meaning  obscure. 


A further  degree  of  light  would  not  only  have  indisposed 
them  to  the  reception  of  it,  but  would  have  aggravated  their 
guilt  beyond  measure.  Hurd. 

4.  To  disorder,  or  cause  to  be  ill. 

The  small-pox,  after  having  indisjtosed  you  for  a time, 
never  returns  again.  Addison. 

IN-DIS-PO^ED'  (-p5zd'),  a.  1.  Not  disposed ; dis- 
inclined ; averse. 

2.  Slightly  disordered  in  health  ; ill.  Smart. 

It  made  him  rather  indisposed  than  sick.  Walton. 

IN-DIS-PO.S'ED-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
indisposed  ; indisposition  ; unfitness.  Hall. 

IN-DIS-PO-§I"TION  (ln-djs-po-zish'un,  93),  n.  [L. 
in,  priv.,  and  disposition  disposition  ; It.  indispo- 
sizione ; Sp.  indisposition]  Fr.  indisposition.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  indisposed  ; disorder  of 
health  ; slight  disease  or  illness. 

Wisdom  is  still  looking  forward  from  the  first  indisposi- 
tions  into  the  progress  of  the  disease.  L' Estrange. 

2.  Disinclination  ; dislike  ; aversion  ; reluc- 
tance ; unwillingness ; indisposedness. 

Tile  mind,  by  every  degree  of  affected  unbelief,  contracts 
more  and  more  of  a general  iiulisjiosition  towards  believing. 

Attcrbury. 

Syn.  — See  Disease,  Sickness. 

IN-DlS’PU-TA-BLE  [in-dis'pu-ta-bl,  ,S.  J.  E.  F.  Ja. 
Sin.  R.  C.  Wr. ; In-dls'pu-tj-bl  or  In-djs-pu'ta-bl, 
IF.  P.  A'.],  a.  [It.  indlsputabile ; Sp.  indispu- 
table.] That  cannot  be  disputed ; incontroverti- 
ble ; incontestable  ;'  unquestionable  ; undeni- 
able; indubitable;  irrefutable;  irrefragable; 
certain. 

There  is  no  maxim  in  politics  more  indisputable  than  that 
a nation  should  have  many  honors  to  reserve  tor  those  who 
do  national  services.  Addison. 

Kjf  “ This  word  is  nearly  under  the  same  predica- 
ment as  disputable.  Dr.  Johnson,  Dr.  Ash,  Dr.  Ken- 
rick,  AY.  Johnston,  Mr.  Smith,  Buchanan,  and  Bailey 
adopt  the  last  accentuation  ; and  only  Mr.  Sheridan 
and  Entick,  the  first ; and  yet  my  experience  and  rec- 
ollection grossly  fail  me,  if  this  is  not  the  general 
pronunciation  of  polite  and  lettered  speakers.  Mr. 
Scott  has  given  both  pronunciations  ; but,  by  placing 
this  the  first,  seems  to  give  it  the  preference.”  IVulkcr. 

Syn. — See  Clear,  Indubitable. 

IN-DIS'PI  -TA-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
indisputable;  certainty.  Johnson. 

IN-DIS'PII-TA-BLY,  ad.  In  a manner  not  to  be 
disputed  ; without  controversy  ; certainly. 

iN-DlS-SO-LU-BIL'l-TY,  n.  [It.  indissolubilith ; 
Sp.  indisolubilidad ; Fr.  in  dissolubility 

1.  The  state  of  being  indissoluble,  or  incapa- 
ble of  being  dissolved  or  liquefied.  Locke. 

2.  Perpetuity  of  obligation.  Warburton. 

IN-pIS'sq-LU-BLE,  a.  [L.  indissolubilis  ; It.  in- 
dissoluble ; Sp.  indisoluble ; Fr.  indissoluble.] 

1.  That  cannot  be  dissolved  or  liquefied. Boyle. 

2.  That  cannot  be  disunited  or  loosened; 


IN-DIS-TINCT'I-BLE,  a.  Not  capable  of  being 
distinguished  ; undistinguishdble.  [it.]  Warton. 

IN-DIS-TINC'TION,  n.  [It.  indistinzione  ; Sp.  in- 
distincion.] 

1.  Want  of  distinction;  confusion;  uncer- 
tainty. 

The  indistinction  of  many  of  the  same  name.  Browne. 

2.  Omission  of  discrimination ; indiscrimina- 
tion ; equality  of  rank. 

An  indistinction  of  all  persons,  or  equality  of  all  orders,  is 
far  from  agreeable  to  the  will  of  God.  Sprat. 

3.  Want  of  distinctness ; dimness.  Harte. 

IN-DIS-TIncT'LY,  ad.  Without  distinction  ; con- 
fusedly ; uncertainly ; faintly  ; obscurely. 

IN-D!S-TINCT'NESS,  n.  I.  Confusion;  uncer- 
tainty ; want  of  distinction.  Burnet. 

2.  Obscurity  ; dimness.  “ The  indistinctness 
of  this  picture.”  Newton. 

IN-DIS-TIN'GUJSH-A-BLE  (In-dis-tTng'gwjsh-a-bl), 
a.  [It.  indisting uib'ile ; Sp . indistingiuble.)  That 
cannot  be  distinguished  or  separated  by  the  eye 
or  the  mind;  indistinct;  confused;  indetermi- 
nate ; undistinguishable. 

A sort  of  sand  indistinguishable  from  that  we  call  Calais 
sand.  Boyle. 

IN-DjS-TURB'ANCE,  n.  [in,  priv.,  and  disturb- 
ance.] Freedom  from  disturbance.  Pearson. 

IN-DITCIF,  v.  a.  To  bury  in  a ditch.  Bp.  Hall. 

JN-DITE',  v.  a.  [L.  indico,  indictus  ; in,  used  in- 
tensively, and  dico,  to  tell.]  [i.  indited  ; pp. 
INDITING,  INDITED.] 

1.  To  direct  or  dictate,  as  that  which  is  to  be 
uttered  or  written. 

My  heart  is  inditing  a good  matter,  Bs.  lv.  1. 

2.  To  compose,  write,  or  pronounce. 

Patron  of  all  those  luckless  brains 
That,  to  the  wrong  side  leaning, 

Indite  much  metre  with  much  pains 
And  little  or  no  meaning.  Cowper. 

“My  God!  my  God!  why  hast  thou  forsaken  me?"  . . . 
Could  a common  grief  have  indited  such  expressions?  South. 

3.  f To  invite ; to  ask. 

She  will  indite  him  to  some  supper.  Shak. 

IN-DlTE'MENT,  n.  The  act  of  inditing.  Craig. 

IN-DIT'ER,  n.  One  who  indites.  Smart. 

IN-DT-VlD'A-BLE,  a.  Indivisible.  Shak. 

IN-Dl-VlD'f.D,  a.  Undivided.  Patrick. 

||  IN-DI-VI DU- AL  (In-de-vld'yu-jl)  [i n-dc-v  1(1  'u-ril, 
S.  ,1.  F.  Ja.  Wr. ; in-de-vid'u-fil  or  rn-de-vi'd  ju-al, 
IV.],  a.  [L.  individuus ; in,  priv.,  and  dividuus, 
dividual  ; divido,  to  divide  ; It.  individuate  \ Sp. 
individual ; Fr.  individual.] 

1.  Itelating  to  the  person  or  thing;  particular; 


separate  from  others  of  the  same  .species  ; sin- 
gle ; numerically  one. 

l'cter  is  an  individual  man,  London  an  individual  city.  If  ’aits. 

2.  f Undivided  ; inseparate  ; inseparable. 

Henceforth  an  individual  solace  dear.  Milton. 

||  IN-Dj-VlD'U-AL,  n.  A single  person,  or  being, 
or  thing ; — usually  applied  to  human  beings. 

That  individuals  die  his  will  ordains; 

The  propagated  spCcics  still  remains.  Dryden. 

To  them  the  will,  the  wish,  the  liberty,  the  toil,  the  blood 
of  individuals  is  as  nothing.  * Burke. 

The  object  of  any  particular  idea  is  called  an  individual. 

Watts. 

||  lN-Di-Vip'U-AL-i§M,  n.  [It.  individualismo ; 
Fr.  individualisme.] 

1.  The  quality  of  being  individual  or  distinct ; 

individuality.  Maccall. 

2.  The  quality  which  primarily  regards  self 
or  self-interest ; selfishness. 

Individuality  is  not  individualism.  The  latter  refers  every 
thing  to  self,  and  sees  nothing  but  self  in  all  things. 

Fleming , Trans,  of  Vinci. 

II  IN-DI-ViD-U-AL'1-TY,  n.  [It.  indwidualit'a ; Sp. 
individual! dad\  Fr.  individuality]  Quality  of 
being  individual ; separate  or  distinct  existence. 

Individuality  is  left  out  of  their  scheme  of  government. 
The  state  is  all  in  all.  Burke. 

II IN-DI-VID-U-AL-J-ZA  'TION,  n.  [Fr.  individua- 
lisation.] The  act  of  individualizing.  Coleridge. 

||  iN-DI-VID'U-AL-iZE,  v.  a.  [Sp.  individualizar  ; 
Fr.  indiviciua/iser.]  [i.  individualized;  pp. 
INDIVIDUALIZING,  INDIVIDUALIZED.]  To  sin- 
gle out  from  the  species  ; to  consider  individ- 
ually ; to  mark  with  individual  features.  Qu.Rcv. 

||  IN-DI-VID'IJ-AL-I-Z^R,  n.  One  who  individ- 
ualizes. Coleridge. 

||  IN-DI-VID'U-AL-LY,  ad.  With  separate  or  dis- 
tinct existence  ; numerically  : — not  separably  ; 
incommunicably  : — separately  ; by  itself.  Fox. 

II  IN-DI-ViD'y-ATE,  v.  a.  [Sp.  individual-.]  To 
distinguish  ; to  individualize. 

The  characters  that  distinguish  and  individuate  him  from 
all  other  writers.  Dryden. 

||  IN-DI-VID'U-ATE,  a.  [It . individuato.]  Undi- 
vided. [it.]  The  Student. 

||  IN-DI-VlD-U-A'TION,  ii.  [It.  indkiduazione.] 
The  act  of  making  single,  or  of  endowing  with 
individuality.  Watts. 

What  is  that  which  distinguishes  one  organized  being,  or 
one  living  being,  or  one  thinking  being,  from  all  others?  This 
was  the  question  that  was  so  much  agitated  by  the  schoolmen 
concerning  the  principle  of  individuation.  Fleming. 

f lN-DI-VI-DU'!-TY,  ii.  [L.  individuitas.]  Sep- 
arate existence ; individuality.  Bailey. 

f iN-DI-VlN'I-TY,  ns,  Want  of  divine  power. 

How  openly  did  the  oracle  betray  his  indivinity . Browne. 

!n-DI-VI§-I-bIl'I-TY,  n.  [It . indivisibilita ; Sp. 
indivisibilidad ; Fr.  indivisibilite.]  The  state 
or  the  quality  of  being  indivisible. 

A pestle  and  mortar  will  as  soon  bring  any  particle  of  mat- 
ter to  indivisibility  as  the  acutest  thought  of  a mathematician. 

Locke. 

IN-DI-Vllj'l-BLE,  a.  [L.  indivisibilis  ; It.  indivi- 
sibile  ; Sp.  $ Fr.  indivisible.] 

1.  That  cannot  be  divided ; inseparable.  “One 

indivisible  point  of  time.”  Dryden. 

2.  (Math.)  Having  no  common  measure, 
either  integral  or  fractional ; incommensurable. 

tCap-  One  quantity  is  said  to  be  indivisible  by  another 
when  no  commensurable  expression  can  be  found, 
which,  being  multiplied  by  the  latter,  will  give  the 
former.  Davies. 

IN-DI-VIpI-BLE,  n.  1.  An  elementary  part.  JMorc. 

2.  pi.  (Math.)  In  ancient  geometry,  the  same 
as  infinites, — small  or  infinitely  small  quanti- 
ties ; infinitesimal  quantities.  Davies. 

In-DI-v!§'I-BLE-NESS,  n.  Indivisibility. 

IN-DI-VI§'I-BEY,  ad.  So  that  it  cannot  be  divided. 

f lN-DI-VI"§ION,  n.  The  state  of  being  undivid- 
ed. More. 

lN-DOtpi-BlL'l-TY,  n.  [L.  indocibilitas.]  State 
of  being  indocible  ; unteachableness.  Hal, ’am. 

||  IN-DOQ'I-BLE  [Tn-dos'e-bl,  S.  W.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  IC. 
Sm.  R. ; Ju-do'se-bl,  P.  Wr.  Wb.],  a.  [L.  indo- 
cibilis.]  That  cannot  be  taught ; not  docible  ; 
unteachable ; indocile.  Bp.  Hall. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  l,  6,  U,  ¥,  short;  A,  £,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


INDOCIBLENESS 


745 


INDUCTION 


II  IN-D09T-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  in- 
docible ; unteachableness.  Taylor. 

IN-DOC'ILE  (In-dos'jl)  [in-dos'sjl,  S.  IF.  J.  E.  F. 
Ja.  K.  Sm.  R. ; In-do'sil,  P.  C.  T I V.  Wb.],  a.  [L. 
indocilis  ; in,  priv.,  and  docilis,  docile  ; It.  indo- 
cile ; Sp.  indoeil ; Fr.  indocile .]  Not  docile  ;_that 
cannot  learn  or  be  taught  ; not  capable  of  be- 
ing instructed  ; unteachable  ; untractable. 

Indocile,  intractable  fools,  whose  stolidity  can  baffle  all  ar- 
guments, and  be  proof  against  demonstration  itself.  Bentley, 

IN-DO-CIL'J-TY,  n.  [It.  indocilita  ; Sp . inclocili- 
dad-,  Fr . indocilite.]  Quality  of  being  indocile  ; 
want  of  docility  ; unteachableness  ; indocibility. 

IN-DOC'TRI-NATE,  v.  a.  [Fr.  endoctriner .]  \i. 

INDOCTRINATED  ; pp.  INDOCTRINATING,  IN- 
DOCTRINATED.] To  tincture  or  imbue  with 
any  doctrine  or  science  ; to  instruct  ; to  teach. 

They  that  never  peeped  beyond  the  common  belief  in 
which  their  easy  understandings  were  at  first  indoctrinated , 
are  strongly  assured  of  the  truth  of  their  receptions.  Glanville. 

IN-D6C-TR!-NA'TION,k.  The  act  of  indoctrinat- 
ing ; instruction  in  principles. 

IN'DO-LENCE,  n.  [L.  indolentia ; It.  indolenza-, 
Sip.  indolencia ; Fr.  indolence. — “What  a lie 
lurks  at  the  root  of  our  present  use  of  the  word 
indolence.  This  is  from  in  and  doleo , not  to 
grieve,  and  indolence  is  thus  a state  in  which 
we  have  no  grief  or  pain.”  Trench.'] 

1.  f Freedom  from  pain.  “I  have  ease,  if  it 
may  not  rather  be  called  indolence.”  Hough. 

2.  The  quality  of  being  indolent ; laziness ; 
slothfulness  ; habitual  idleness  ; sloth. 

I look  upon  indolence  as  a sort  of  suicide;  for  the  man  is 
sufficiently  destroyed,  though  the  appetite  ot  the  brute  may 
survive.  Chesterfield. 

Lives  spent  in  indolence , and  therefore  sad.  Cowper. 

Indolence  is,  methinks,  an  intermediate  state  between 
pleasure  and  pain,  and  verv  much  unbecoming  any  part  of 
our  life  after  we  are  out  of  the  nurse’s  arms.  Steele. 

IN'DO-LEN-CY,  n.  Indolence.  [».]  Burnet. 

IN 'DO-LENT,  a.  [L.  in,  priv.,  and  doleo,  dolens, 
to  feci  pain  ; It.  § Sp.  indolente  ; Fr.  indolent.] 

1.  Free  from  pain  ; as,  “ An  indolent  tumor.” 

2.  Lazy  ; habitually  idle  ; slothful ; sluggish  ; 
not  industrious  ; inactive  ; listless  ; negligent. 

Ill  fits  a chief 

To  waste  long  nights  in  indolent  repose.  Pope. 

Syn.  — Indolent , lazy , slothful,  and  sluggish,  all 
imply  an  habitual  reluctance  to  bodily  exertion.  In- 
dolent is  opposed  to  industrious  ; lazy  is  a stronger  and 
more  contemptuous  term  ; slothful  and  sluggish  imply 
not  only  a disinclination  to  exertion,  but  a slow  and 
sleepy  habit.  Inactive  and  inert  are  opposed  to  active  ; 
idle , to  busy  ; negligent,  careless,  and  listless,  to  atten- 
tive or  careful . 

IN'DO-LENT-LY,  ad.  In  an  indolent  manner ; 
lazily ; sluggishly  ; idly.  Hammond. 

f IN-DOM'A-BLE,  a.  [L.  indifmabilis  ; It.  indoma- 
bile  ; Sp.  indomabk.]  Indomitable.  Cockeram. 

In-DOM'!-TA-BLE,  a.  [L.  in,  priv.,  and  dorno, 
domitus,  to  tame  ; F r.  indomptable.]  That  can- 
not be  tamed  ; untamable  ; invincible.  Herbert. 

f IN-DOM'jTE,  a.  [L.  indomitus.]  Not  tamed; 
untamed ; wild.  Salkeld. 

IN-DOMPT'I-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  subdued; 
indomitable,  [it.]  Irving. 

IN'— DOOR,  a.  Being  within  doors.  Qu.  Rev. 

IN- DOR'S A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  indorsed,  as  a 
note  or  a bill  of  exchange.  Blackstone. 

IN-DOR-SA'TION,  n.  Indorsement.  Blount. 

IN-DORSE',  V.  a.  [Low  L.  indorsare,  from  L.  in, 
upon,  and  dorsum,  the  back  ; It.  indossare  ; Sp. 
eiulorsar,  or  endossav,  Fr.  endosser.]  [i.  in- 
dorsed; pp.  INDORSING,  INDORSED.] 

1.  {Law.)  To  put  or  write  one’s  name  on  the 

back  of ; — applied  to  a paper  or  written  instru- 
ment : — to  assign  or  transfer  by  such  writing  : 
— to  write  one’s  name  on  the  face  of,  as  of  a 
bill  or  note.  Burrill. 

2.  To  sanction ; to  give  approval  to;  as,  “ To 

indorse  a remark.”  [Modern.]  Craig. 

/tSgr*  Indorse,  indorsement,  indorser,  &c.,  are  often 

written  endorse,  endorsement,  &c.  The  English  dic- 
tionaries, as  well  as  usage,  are  much  divided,  some 
giving  the  preference  to  one  mode,  and  some  to  the 
other.  Smart  gives  the  form  of  indorse  only  ; but 
Richardson  says,  “ more  commonly  written  endorse .” 

IN-DOR-SEE',  n.  {Law.)  The  person  in  whose  fa- 
vor an  indorsement  is  made.  Blackstone. 


TN-DORSE'MgNT,  n.  [Law  L.  indorsamentum ; 
Fr.  indossement .] 

1.  The  act  of  indorsing  ; endorsement. 

2.  Any  writing  on  the  back  of  any  instrument 
or  paper  ; that  which  is  endorsed.  Burrill. 

3.  {Mercantile  Latv.)  The  act  of  writing  one’s 

name  on  or  across  a bill  of  exchange,  promissory 
note,  or  check  ; the  act  of  writing  his  name  by 
the  payee,  or  holder  of  a bill,  note,  or  check  on 
or  across  it,  by  which  the  property  in  it  is  as- 
signed or  transferred.  Burrill. 

It  is  well  settled  that  writing  on  the  back  of  a bill  or  note 
is  not  essential  to  a valid  indorsement.  On  the  contrary,  it 
will  be  a good  indorsement,  if  it  be  made  on  the  face  ot  the 
bill.  BurriU. 

Indorsement  in  blank,  ( Mercantile  Lain.)  an  indorse- 
ment in  which  the  name  of  the  indorser  is  simply 
written  on  the  back  of  the  note,  leaving  a blank  over 
it  for  the  insertion  of  the  name  of  the  indorsee,  or  of 
any  subsequent  holder.  Burrill. 

IN-DORS'ER,  or  IN-DORS'OR,  or  IN-DORS-OR' 
(130),  n.'  {Lawj  One  who  indorses  ; endorsor. 

IN-DOW',  v.  a.  See  Endow. 

IN'DRAUGHT  (In'draft),  n.  \in  and  draught.]  An 
opening  from  the  sea  into  the  land ; an  inlet ; 
a passage  inwards.  Bacon. 

IN'DRAWN,  a.  Drawn  in.  Wright. 

IN-DRENCH',  v.  a.  To  soak  ; to  drench.  Shah. 

IN'DRI,  n.  {Zolil.)  An  animal 
of  the  order  Quadrumana  and 
family  Lemuridcc,  inhabiting 
Madagascar. 

tfiy  The  face  is  of  a lengthened, 
dog-like  form,  the  ears  rather 
short  but  much  tufted,  the  hair 
or  fur  silky  and  thick,  curly  in 
some  parts.  The  animal  is  de- 
scribed as  gentle  and  docile,  and 
as  being  trained  when  young  for  man. 

the  chase,  as  dogs  are.  Its  note  is  stated  to  resemble 
a child’s  crying,  whence  not  improbably  its  Mada- 
gascar name  Inilri,  which  is  said  to  signify  man  of 
the  wood.  Eng.  Cyc. 

IN-DU'BI-OUS,  a.  [L.  indubius.]  Not  dubious; 
not  doubtful.  “ Indubious  confidence.”  Harvey. 

IN-DU'BI-TA-BLE,  a.  [L.  indubitabilis  ; in,  priv., 
and  dubitabilis,  doubtful ; It.  indubitabile  ; Sp. 
§ Fr.  indubitable.]  Not  admitting  of  doubt; 
unquestionable  ; undoubted  ; indisputable. 

When  general  observations  are  drawn  from  so  many  par- 
ticulars as  to  become  certain  and  indubitable,  these  are  jewels 
of  knowledge.  Watts. 

Syn. — Indubitable  signifies  not  to  he  doubted  ; un- 
questionable, not  to  be  questioned  ; indisputable,  not  to 
be  disputed  ; undeniable,  not  to  be  denied  ; incontro- 
vertible, not  to  he  controverted  ; irrefragable,  not  to 
be  broken  or  destroyed.  Tiiese  terms  are  all  opposed 
to  uncertainty,  though  they  do  not  necessarily  imply 
absolute  certainty.  Indubitable  evidence  ; unquestiona- 
ble authority  ; indisputable  claim  ; incontrovertible  ar- 
gument; undeniable  truth;  irrefragable  proof;  un- 
doubted fact.  — See  Apparent,  Certain. 

IN-DU'BI-TA-BLE,  n.  A thing  undoubted.  Watts. 

IN-DU'BI-TA-BLE-NESS,  ii.  The  state  of  being 
indubitable  ; unquestionableness.  Ash. 

IN-DU'BI-TA-BLY,  ad.  In  an  indubitable  man- 
ner ; undoubtedly  ; unquestionably.  Browne. 

f IN-DU 'BI-TATE,  a.  [L.  indubitatus.]  Not  ques- 
tioned ; unquestioned;  certain.  Bacon. 

f IN-DU'CA-TIVE,  a.  Tending  to  induce. Chaucer. 

IN-DUOE',  v.  a.  [L.  induco  ; in,  in,  and  duco,  to 
lead  ; It.  indurre  ; Sp.  inducir  ; Fr.  induire.] 

[: i . INDUCED  ; pp.  INDUCING,  INDUCED.] 

1.  To  bring  in;  to  bring  forward;  to  bring 
into  view  ; to  introduce  ; to  produce. 

To  exprobrate  their  stupidity,  he  induceth  the  providence 
of  the  storks.  Browne. 

2.  To  influence  ; to  persuade  ; to  prevail  upon ; 
to  move  ; — used  of  persons. 

Let  not  the  covetous  design  of  growing  rich  induce  you  to 
ruin  your  reputation,  but  rather  satisfy  yourself  with  u mod- 
erate fortune.  Dry  den. 

3.  To  produce  or  cause  by  persuasion  or  by 
influence  ; — used  of  tilings. 

Let  the  vanity  of  the  times  he  restrained,  which  the  neigh- 
borhood  of  other  nations  lias  induced , and  we  strive  apace  to 
exceed  our  pattern.  Bacon. 

4.  To  cause  ; to  produce ; to  effect ; to  bring  on. 

This  induces  a general  change  of  opinion.  Temple. 

IN-DUCED',  p.  a.  {Electro-Dynamics.)  Noting 
secondary  electrical  currents  caused  by  the  ac-  j 
tion  of  other  electrical  currents.  Faraday,  j 


IN-DUCE'M$NT,  n.  [It.  inducimento ; Sp.  induci- 
rniento .] 

1.  That  which  induces,  allures,  or  persuades; 
that  which  influences  the  mind  to  any  thing ; 
motive  ; cause  ; reason  ; incitement. 

2.  {Law.)  The  statement  of  matter  which  is 

introductory  to  the  principal  subject  of  the  dec- 
laration or  plea,  &c.,  but  which  is  necessary  to 
explain  and  elucidate  it.  Bouvier. 

IN-DUg'IJR,  n.  One  who  induces ; a persuader. 

IN-DU<J'J-BLE,  a.  1.  That  may  he  induced,  or 
offered  by  way  of  induction.  Browne. 

2.  That  may  be  caused.  Barrow. 

IN-DUCT',  v.  a.  [L.  induco,  inductus  ; in,  in,  and 
duco,  to  lead.]  [i.  inducted  ; pp.  inducting, 

INDUCTED.] 

1.  To  introduce  ; to  bring  in.  [r.] 

The  ceremonies  in  the  gathering  were  first  inducted  hy  the 
Venetians.  Sandys. 

2.  To  put,  place,  or  institute  in  actual  pos- 
session of  a benefice  or  office.  Ayliffe. 

IN-DUC'TIJ-OUS,  a.  {Elcc.)  Noting  bodies  ren- 
dered electro-polar  by  induction,  or  brought  by 
the  influence  of  inductive  bodies  in  the  opposite 
electrical  state.  Faraday. 

IN-DUC'TILE,  a.  [Fr.]  Not  ductile  ; not  easily 
drawn  out  in  wires  or  threads.  Smart. 

IN-DUC-TIL'I-TY,  ii.  The  quality  of  being  induc- 
tile, or  not  easily  drawn  out.  Craig. 

IN-DUC'TION,  n.  [L.  inductio  ; It.  induzione  ; 
Sp.  induccion  ; Fr.  induction.] 

1.  The  act  of  inducting  ; appointment. 

2.  Introduction  ; entrance  ; — formerly  a pre- 
face, and  also  an  introductory  scene  in  a play. 

An  induction  to  those  succeeding  evils  which  pursued  that 
inconsiderate  marriage.  Sir  G.  Buck. 

Inductions  are  out  of  date,  and  a prologue  in  verse  is  as 
stale  as  a black  velvet  cloak.  Beau,  FI. 

3.  {Eccl.)  The  act  of  putting  a minister  in 
actual  possession  of  the  church  to  which  he  is 
presented,  and  of  the  glebe-land  and  other  tem- 
poralities connected  with  it;  institution.  Hook. 

4.  A conclusion,  inference,  or  consequence 

drawn  from  a number  of  particular  facts  or  phe- 
nomena. Lyell. 

When,  by  comparing  a number  of  cases,  agreeing  in  some 
circumstances,  but  differing  in  others,  and  all  attended  with 
the  same  result,  a philosopher  connects,  as  a general  law  of 
nature,  the  event,  with  its  physical  cause,  he  is  said  to  pro- 
ceed according  to  the  method  of  induction.  Stewart. 

5.  {Math.)  A kind  of  demonstration  in  which 

a general  truth  is  collected  from  the  examina- 
tion of  particular  cases,  but  in  which  each  par- 
ticular case  is  made  to  depend  on  the  preced- 
ing one.  Davies. 

6.  {Elec.)  The  influence  which  an  electrified 

body,  without  the  transfer  of  any  portion  of  its 
charge,  exerts  through  a non-conducting  medi- 
um upon  an  adjacent  body,  whereby  the  latter, 
if  insulated,  is  rendered  electro-polar,  — the 
nearer  part  becoming,  in  respect  to  the  electri- 
fied body,  oppositely,  and  the  remoter  part  sim- 
ilarly, electrified.  If  the  adjacent  body  is  unin- 
sulated, the  nearer  part  only  becomes  electri- 
fied. Faraday. 

7.  {Elcctro-Dynamics.)The  influence  by  which 

an  electrical  current  causes,  in  the  conductor 
transversed  by  it  or  in  an  adjacent  conductor, 
a secondary  or  induced  current,  both  when  it 
begins  and  when  it  ceases  to  flow,  and  likewise 
when  it  varies  in  strength  : — also  the  influence 
by  which  magnetism  and  heat  cause  electrical 
currents  in  closed  circuits.  Faraday. 

8.  {Magnetism.)  The  influence  by  which  a 
magnet  develops  magnetism  in  magnetizable 
bodies. 

9.  {Electro-Mag.)  The  influence  by  which  an 
electrical  current  develops  magnetism  in  certain 
bodies  near,  or  round,  which  it  flows.  Lardner. 

Syn.  — “ The  principle  of  deduction  is,  that  things 
which  agree  with  the  same  thing,  agree  with  one  an- 
other. The  principle  of  induction  is,  that  in  the  same 
circumstances,  and  in  the  same  substances,  from  the 
same  causes  the  same  effects  will  follow.  The  math- 
ematical and  metaphysical  sciences  are  founded  on 
deduction ; the  physical  sciences  rest  on  induction .” 
Fleming. 

“ Induction  is  the  counter-process,  in  scientific  meth- 
od, to  deduction.  Induction  implies  tlte  raising  of  in- 
dividuals into  generals,  and  these  into  still  higher 
generalities.  Deduction  is  the  bringing  down  of  uni- 
versals  to  lower  genera,  or  to  individuals.  Every 
deduction,  therefore,  to  be  valid,  must  rest  on  a prior 


MIEN,  SIR;  MdVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  ROLE.  — £,  9,  g,  soft;  J0,  G,  £, 

94 


hard;  as  z ; as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


INDU  CTIONAL 


746 


INEFFECTIVE 


induction , which,  in  order  that  we  may  obtain  logical 
certainty,  must  be  a complete  induction , — that  is  to 
say,  must  include  all  the  individuals  which  constitute 
the  genus.”  Brande. 

“ The  logic  of  induction  consists  in  stating  the  facts 
and  the  inference  in  such  a manner  that  the  evidence 
of  the  inference  is  manifest  ; just  as  the  logic  of  de- 
duction consists  in  stating  the  premises  and  the  con- 
clusion in  such  a manner  that  the  evidence  of  the  con- 
clusion is  manifest.”  Dr.  Whewell. 

IN-DUO'TION-AL,  a.  Relating  to  induction;  in- 
ductive. [it.]  Maunder. 

IN-DUC'TIVE,  a.  [It.  induttivo  ; Sp.  inductivo.\ 

1.  Leading ; persuasive  ; — with  to. 

A brutish  vice 

Inductive  mainly  to  the  sin  of  Eve.  Milton. 

2.  Capable  of  producing  ; — with  of.  “ They 
may  be  . . . inductive  of  credibility.”  Hale. 

3.  Relating  to,  conformed  to,  or  proceeding 
by  induction  ; as,  “ The  inductive  method.” 

This  method  can  only  be  of  two  kinds;  it  yiust  be  either 
inductive  or  deductive.  . . . The  Germans  being  preeminently 
deductive,  the  Americans  inductive.  II.  T.  Buckle. 

4.  (Elec.)  Able  to  develop  electricity  by  in- 
duction ; as,  “ Inductive  force  ” : — also  noting 
the  power  of  dialectrics  to  favor  induction 
through  them,  or  their  susceptibility  of  being 
acted  on  by  induction  ; as,  “ Inductive  capacity.” 

Inductive  philosophy , a science  which  ascends  from 
particular  facts  to  general  principles,  and  then  de- 
scends from  these  general  principles  to  particular  ap- 
plications. Whewell. 

JN-DtJC'TJVE-LY,  ad.  In  an  inductive  manner  ; 
by  induction  ; by  inference.  South. 

IX-DUC-TOM'U-TJSR,  n.  [L.  induco,  inductus,  to 
induce,  and  metrurn  (Gr.  plraov),  a measure.] 
(Elec.)  An  instrument  for  measuring  electrical 
induction.  Faraday. 

IN-DUC'TOR,  n.  [L.]  The  person  who  inducts. 

IN-DUC'TRIC,  a.  (Elec.)  Noting  electrified  bod- 
ies which  act  on  other  bodies  by  induction. 

Faraday. 

JN-DUC'TRI-CAL,  a.  (Elec.)  Pertaining  to  elec- 
trical induction.  Faraday. 

IN-DUE'  (in-du')^t’.  a.  [Gr.  hbuui ; in,  on,  and  Ibto, 
to  get  into  ; L.  induo  ; Pr.  cnduire .]  [t.  indued  ; 
pp.  INDUING,  INDUED.] 

1.  To  put  on  ; to  invest ; to  clothe. 

Indued  with  robes  of  various  hue.  Dnjden. 

2.  To  endow;  to  endue.  Hooker. 

t IN-DUE'Mf  NT,  n.  Endowment.  IF.  Mountayu. 

IN-DUL^E'  (jn-dulj'),  v.  a.  [L.  indulgeo ; It.  in- 

dulgcre.]  [i.  indulged  ; pp.  indulging,  in- 
dulged.] 

1.  To  encourage  by  compliance  ; to  cherish. 

The  lazy  glutton  safe  at  home  will  keep, 

Indulge  his  sloth,  and  fatten  with  his  sleep.  Dn/dcn. 

2.  To  gratify  either  by  concession  or  by  grant- 
ing as  a voluntary  act  or  favor;  to  be  indulgent 
to  ; to  favor ; to  allow ; to  permit ; to  suffer. 

To  live  like  those  that  have  their  hope  in  another  life  im- 
plies that  we  indulge  ourselves  in  the  gratifications  of  this  life 
very  sparingly.  AUcrbury. 

My  friend,  indulge  one  labor  more. 

And  seek  Atrides.  Pope. 

455“  “ If  the  matter  of  indulgence  he  a single  thing, 
it  has  with  before  it ; if  it  be  a habit,  it  has  in  ; as, 

4 He  indulged  himself  with  a glass  of  wine  * ; and, 1 He 
indulged  himself  in  shameful  drunkenness.’  ” Johnson . 

Syn.  — See  Gratify. 

IN-DUL^E',  v.  n.  To  give,  or  to  practise,  indul- 
gence ; to  be  indulgent.  Gov.  of  the  Tongue. 

IN-DUL(yE'MENT,  n.  The  act  of  indulging;  in- 
dulgence. [it.]  Penny  Mag. 

IN-DUL'9ENCE,  n.  [L.  indulgentia ; It.  indul- 
genza  ; Sp.  indulgencia  ; Fr.  indulgence .] 

1.  The  act  of  indulging ; gratification  by  com- 
pliance, or  the  forbearance  of  restraint ; — fond- 
ness ; tenderness. 

She  first  his  weak  indulgence  will  accuse.  Milton. 

2.  Favor  granted  ; liberality. 

If  all  these  gracious  indulgences  are  without  any  etfect 
upon  us,  we  must  perish  in  our  own  folly.  Rogers. 

3.  (Theol.)  A power  claimed  by  the  Roman 

Catholic  Church  of  granting,  to  its  contrite 
members,  remission,  for  a certain  term,  either 
on  earth  or  in  purgatory,  of  the  penalty  incurred 
by  their  transgressions.  Brande. 

tfip  “ Indulgences  were  the  invention  of  the  elev- 
enth century,  designed,  by  Urban  II.,  as  a recompense 
to  those  who  went  in  person  to  the  Holy  Land.”  Eden. 

Syn.  — Indulgence  and  compliance  are  used  both  in 


a good  and  in  a bad  sense  ; fondness , more  commonly 
in  a bad  or  indifferent  sense;  kindness, gentleness,  and 
mildness , always  in  a good  sense.  An  indulgent  par- 
ent ; fund  mother  or  nurse  ; compliant  temper ; kind 
neighbor  ; gentle  manner ; mild  disposition. 

IN-DUL'^IJN-Cy,  n.  Indulgence,  [a.]  Wotton. 

[N-DULVlSNT,  a.  [L.  indulgens ; It.  § Sp.  inclul- 
gente ; F r.  indulgent .] 

1.  Disposed  to  indulge  or  gratify;  yielding; 
compliant ; kind  or  tender. 

God  has  done  all  for  us  that  the  most  indulgent  Creator 
could  do  for  the  work  of  his  hands.  Foyers. 

2.  Mild  ; lenient ; tolerant ; clement. 

The  indulgent  censure  of  posterity.  Waller. 

IN-DUL-^EN'TIAL  (-jen'shal),  a.  Relating  to  the 
indulgences  of  the  Romish  Church.  Brevint. 

IN-DULVENT-LY,  ad.  In  an  indulgent  manner. 

IN-DUL9'EK> One  who  indulges.  W.Mountagu. 

f IN-DU  LI ',  l n [l.  dultus ; It.  a,  Sp.  indul- 

flN-DUL'TO,  > to.]  A privilege  ; a pardon  ; ex- 
emption ; indulgence.  Drummond. 

}N-DU'MENT,m.  1.  (Zoi/l.)  Plumage ; indumentum. 

2.  f Endowment.  Lilly. 

IJY-DU-MEJSI'1  TUM,  n.  [L.,  a covering ; induo,  to 
put  on.]  (Zo'ui.)  The  plumage  of  birds.  Brande. 

IN-DU'PLI-CATE,  a.  [L.  in,  in,  and  duplico,  du- 
plicatus,  to  double  ; duplex,  double.]  (Bot.)  Not- 
ing valvate  pieces  of  the  corolla  or  calyx,  in 
aestivation,  which  have  the  margins  of  each 
piece  projecting  inwards.  Gray. 

II  IN'DU-RATE  [in 'du-rat,  S.  IF.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  If. 
Sm.  Wh. ; jn-du'rat,  Ash],  v.  a.  [L.  induro , in- 
ti unit  us  ; in,  used  intensively,  and  duro,  to  hard- 
en; It.  indurare ; Sp.  endurar ; Fr.  endurcir.]  [t. 
INDURATED  ; pp.  INDURATING,  INDURATED.] 

1.  To  make  hard  ; to  harden.  “ Indurated  by 

fire.”  Gayion. 

2.  To  make  obdurate  or  unfeeling;  to  sear, 

as  the  conscience.  Goldsmith. 

||  IN'DU-RATE,  v.  n.  To  grow  or  become  hard; 
to  harden.  Bacon. 

||  IN'DU-RATE,  a.  1.  Hard;  not  soft;  made 
hard  ; indurated.  Burton. 

2.  Obdurate ; unfeeling  ; steeled,  [r.]  Martin. 

||  IN'DU-RAT-ED,  p.  a.  Hardened;  made  hard; 
being  hard ; compact ; — obdurate  ; unfeeling. 

IN-DU-RA'TION,  n.  [It.  indurazione;  8 p.  indura- 
cion;  Fr  .induration.] 

1.  The  act  of  indurating  ; a hardening. 

2.  The  state  of  being  indurated.  Bacon. 

3.  The  state  of  being  obdurate;  hardness  of 

heart;  obduracy.  Decay  of  Piety. 

IN'DUS,  n.  (Astron.)  A constellation  in  the 
southern  hemisphere.  Hind. 

IN-DU'SIAL  (jn-du'shal),  a.  [L.  induo,  to  put  on  ; 
indasium,  an  under-garment.]  Noting  a fresh- 
water limestone  found  in  Auvergne,  abounding 
in  the  cases  ( indusia ) of  caddis-worms,  which 
have  been  incrusted  by  carbonate  of  lime  and 
formed  into  a hard  travertine.  Lyell. 

IN-DU'§I-tJM  (jn-du'zhe-um),  n.  [L.] 

(Bot.)  The  membrane,  being  a part 
of  the  epidermis,  which  covers  the 
mature  sori,  or  fruit-dots,  of  certain 
genera  of  ferns : — also  the  cup 
formed  by  the  hairs  of  the  style  in  certain  plants, 
by  their  uniting  so  as  to  enclose  the  stigma. 

Findley. 

IN-DUS'TRI-AL,  a.  [Fr.  industriel.]  Relating 
to  manufactures  or  to  the  product  of  industry 
or  labor;  performed  by  manual  labor.  Qu.  Rev. 

Syn.  — See  Industry. 

IN-DUS'TRI-AL- LSM,  n.  Industry;  manual  labor; 
work  of  the  hands.  Carlyle. 

IN-DUS'TRI-AL-LY,  ad.  In  an  industrial  manner ; 
by  manual  labor,  [r.]  For.  Qu.  Rev. 

IN-DUS’TRI-OUS,  a.  [L.  industrius  ; It.  § Sp.  in- 
dustrioso ; Fr.  industrieux.] 

1.  Practising  industry;  diligent;  laborious; 
assiduous  ; sedulous  ; — opposed  to  slothful. 

Frugal  and  industrious  men  are  commonly  friendly  to  the 
established  government.  Temple. 

2.  Laborious  to  a particular  end  ; active  ; — 

opposed  to  remiss.  “ Industrious  to  seek  out 
the  truth.”  Spenser. 

Syn. — See  Diligent,  Sedulous. 


IN-DUS'TRI-OOS-LY,  ad.  In  an  industrious  man- 
ner; not  idly;  diligently.  Drayton. 

IN'DUS-TRY  [In'dus-tre,  S.  IF.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K. 
Sm.  Wr.  Wb.  ; jn-dus'tre,  vulgar),  n.  [L.,  It.,  <S; 
Sp.  industria ; Fr.  Industrie.]  A habit  of  being 
constantly  employed;  diligence;  assiduity. 

Providence  would  only  initiate  mankind  into  the  useful 
knowledge  of  her  treasures,  leaving  the  rest  to  employ  our 
industry,  that  we  might  not  live  like  idle  loiterers.  More. 
Industry  pays  debts,  but  despair  increases  them.  Franklin. 

Syn.  — Industry  includes  diligence,  and  something 
more,  for  it  implies  a habit.  A man  is  diligent  who 
is  actually  employed,  and  industrious,  if  disposed  al- 
ways to  be  employed.  Assiduity  is  an  earnest  or  per- 
severing diligence.  Industry  is  applied  to  tile  common 
employments  or  business  of  life.  The  industry  of  a 
farmer  or  a mechanic  ; the  diligence  of  a student,  and 
his  assiduity  in  the  pursuit  of  learning.  Industrious 
is  applied  to  the  person  ; industrial  (a  modern  term), 
to  the  occupation,  especially  to  manual  or  manufac- 
turing labor.  An  industrious  man  ; industrial  employ- 
ment. 

IIT-DU' VI-JE,n.  pi.  [L .,  clothes.]  (Bot.)  The 

withered  remains  of  leaves,  which,  not  being 
articulated  with  the  stem,  cannot  fall  off,  but 
decay  upon  it.  Lindley. 

IN-DU' VI- ATE,  n.  (Bot.)  The  part  covered  by 
induvioe.  Lindley. 

IN'DWELL,  v.  n.  To  dwell  inwardly.  Newton. 

In'DWELL-ER,  n.  An  inhabitant.  Spenser. 

JN'DWELL-ING,  a.  Residing  within  ; internal. 

IN'DWELL-ING,  n.  The  act  of  dwelling  within  ; 
interior  abode.  Whately. 

||  IN-E'BRI-ANT,  a.  [See  Inebriate.]  Intoxi- 
cating ; tending  to  intoxicate.  Smart. 

||  IN-E'BRI-ANT,  n.  Anything  that  intoxicates; 
an  intoxicating  liquor  or  drug.  P.  Cyc. 

II  JN-E'BRI-ATE  [jn-e'bre-at,  S.  IF.  P.  J.  E.  F.  K. 
Sm.  Wr.;  jn-eb're-at, Ja.],  v.  a.  [L.  inebrio, 
inebriatus ; in,  used  intensively,  and  chrio,  to 
intoxicate;  ebrius,  drunk;  It.  inebbriare;  Sp. 
inebriar .]  [t.  inebriated  ; pp.  inebriating, 

INEBRIATED.] 

1.  To  intoxicate  ; to  make  drunk.  Sandys. 

And  while  the  bubbling  and  loud-hissing  urn 
Throws  up  a steamy  column,  and  the  cups 
That  cheer  hut  not  inebriate  wait  on  each, 

So  let  us  welcome  peaceful  evening  on.  Coivper. 

2.  To  exhilarate  ; to  animate.  Ilabinyton. 

||  IN-E'BRI-ATE,  v.  n.  To  grow  drunk;  to  be  or 
to  become  intoxicated.  Bacon. 

||  IN-E'BRI-ATE,  n.  A drunkard.  Smart. 

||  IN-E-BRI-A'TION,  n.  [It.  inebbriazione.]  Drunk- 
enness ; intoxication  ; ebriety.  Browne. 

iN-E-BItl'E-TY,  n.  [in,  used  intensively,  and  ebri- 
ety.] Drunkenness;  ebriety.  Walker. 

IN-ED'IT-ED,  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  edited .]  Not  ed- 
ited ; unpublished. 

IN-EF-FA-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [L.  imffabilitas  ; It.  in- 
ejfabilita;  Sp.  inefabilidad ; Fr.  ineff'abilite.] 
Unspeakableness ; ineffableness.  [it.]  Bailey. 

IN-EF'FA-BLE,  a.  [L.  ineffahilis  ; in,  priv.,  and 
effabilis ; for,  to  speak  ; It.  ineffabile  ; Sp.  ine- 
fable;  Fr.  ineffable.]  That  cannot  be  spoken; 
unspeakable  ; unutterable  ; inexpressible. 

From  seeming  evil  still  educing  good. 

And  better  thence  again,  and  better  still, 

In  infinite  progression  — But  I lose 
Myself  in  Him  in  light  ineffable; 

Come,  then,  expressive  Silence,  muse  his  praise.  T/tomson. 

IN-EF'FA-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
ineffable  ; unspeakableness  ; ineffability.  Scott. 

IN-EF'FA-BLY,  ad.  In  a manner  not  to  be  ex- 
pressed ; unspeakably.  Milton. 

IN-EF-FACE'A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  effaced 

or  obliterated  ; indelible.  Southey. 

IN-EF-FAGE'A-BLY,  ad.  In  an  ineffaceable  man- 
ner ; so  as  not  to  be  effaced.  Ec.  Rev. 

f IN-EF-FEC'TI-BLE,  a.  Impracticable.  Bp.  Hall. 

IN-EF-FEC'TIVE,  a.  [Fr.  ineffectif. ] 

1.  Not  effective  ; producing  no  effect,  or  a dif- 
ferent effect  from  that  intended ; ineffectual ; 
inefficacious. 

In  a word,  [let  him  calculate]  how  full,  and  complete,  and 
contagious  his  vices  have  been,  and  how  faint,  and  partial, 
and  inejf  'ective  his  best  virtues.  Hurd. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  E,  I.  9,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


INEFFECTIVELY 


INEVITABLE 


747 


2.  Weak;  feeble;  impotent;  inert;  power- 
less ; inefficient. 

Virtue  hates  weak  and  ineffective  minds.  Bp.  Taylor. 
IN-IJF-FECT'JVE-LY,  ad.  In  an  ineffective  man- 
ner ; without  effect.  Bp.  Taylor. 


The  quality  of  being 
Browne. 


IN-IJF-FECT'IVE-NESS,  n 
ineffective. 

IN-EF-FECT'U-AL  (In-ef-fekt'yu-?l),  a.  [in,  priv., 
and  effectual.]  Not  effectual;  producing  no 
effect,  or  unable  to  produce  its  proper  effect ; 
ineffective  ; weak ; inefficacious ; inefficient. 

The  most  careful  endeavors  do  not  always  meet  with  suc- 
cess; and  even  our  blessed  Saviour’s  preaching,  who  spake 
as  never  man  spake,  was  ineffectual  to  many.  Stillingjleet. 

Syn.  — Ineffectual  endeavor  ; insufficient  force  ; in- 
efficient aid  ; inefficacious  remedy;  weak  effort  •,  fruit- 
less labor  ; vain  attempt.  — See  Vain. 

IN-flF-FECT'U-AL-LY,  ad.  Without  effect. 

lN-IJF-FECT'y-AL-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the 
quality  of  being  ineffectual ; inefficacy. 

St.  James  speaks  of  the  ineffectualness  of  some  men’s  de- 
votion. Wake. 

IN-EF-FJJR-VES'CyNCE,  n.  Want  of  efferves- 
cence. Braude. 

IN-EF-FER-VES'CIJNT,  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  efferves- 
cent.] Not  effervescent.  Ure. 

IN-EF-FpR-VES-CI-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of 
not  effervescing,  or  of  not  being  susceptible  of 
effervescence.  Wright. 

iN-EF-FIJR-VES'CJ-BLE,  a.  Not  capable  of  effer- 
vescence. Wright. 

IN-EF-FI-CA'CIOUS  (in-ef-fe-ka'shus),  a.  [L.  in- 
efficax,  inefficacis  ; in,  priv.,  and  effeax,  effica- 
cious ; It.  inefficucc.]  Not  efficacious  ; unable 
to  produce  any  effect,  or  the  effect  desired  or 
intended  ; ineffectual ; ineffective. 

Is  not  that  better  than  always  to  have  the  rod  in  hand,  and, 
by  frequent  use,  misapply  and  render  inefficacious  this  useful 
remedy  ? Locke. 

IN-EF-FI-CA'CIOUS-LY,  ad.  In  an  inefficacious 
manner ; without  efficacy.  Scott. 

IN-EF-FI-CA'CIOUS-NESS,  n.  Inefficacy.  Todd. 

IN-EF'F[-CA-CY,  n.  [L.  S;  It.  inefficacia  ; Sp.  in- 
eficaeia ; Fr.  inefficacite.]  Want  of  efficacy 
or  power  ; want  of  effect ; ineffectualness. 

All  experience  of  their  [assignats]  inefficacy  does  not  in  the 
least  discourage  them.  Burke. 

IN-yF-FI''CiyN-CY  (In-ef-flsli'en-se),  n.  Want 
of  efficiency  or  power  ; weakness. 

Numerous  texts  affirm  this  total  insensibility  and  ineffi- 
ciency of  all  such  entities  in  the  most  absolute  terms.  La  w. 

1N-EF-FI"CI£NT  (in-ef-flsh'ent),  a.  [in,  priv., 
and  efficient.]  Not  efficient ; having  little  ener- 
gy ; inactive  ; ineffectual ; inefficacious. 

He  is  as  insipid  in  his  pleasure  as  inefficient  in  every  thing 
else.  Chesterfield. 

Syn.  — See  Ineffectual. 

IN-IJ-LAb'O-RATE,  a.  [L.  inelaboratus.]  Not 
elaborate  ; not  done  with  much  care.  Warburton. 

IN-y-I.AS'TIC,  a.  Not  elastic;  unelastic.  Roget. 

lN-y-LAS-Tly'1-TY,  n.  Want  of  elasticity.  Roget. 

IN-EL'E-GANCE,  n.  [L.  inelegantia-,  It.  inele- 
ganza  ; Fr.  inelegance.]  Want  of  elegance, 
grace,  or  beauty.  Cawthorn. 

lN-EL'JJ-GAN-CY,  n.  Inelegance.  Johnson. 

IN-EL'y-GANT,  a.  [L.  inelegans  ; in,  priv.,  and 
elegans,  elegant;  It.  § Sp.  inelegante ; Fr.  ine- 
legant.] Not  elegant ; not  beautiful  or  graceful ; 
tasteless.  “ Inelegant  translations.”  Broom. 

IN-EL'JJ-GANT-LY,  ad.  In  an  inelegant  manner; 
not  elegantly  ; coarsely.  Johnson. 

IN-EE-I-yi-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [It.  ineligibilita  ; Fr.  in- 
eligibilite.]  The  state  of  being  ineligible.  Perry. 

IN-EE'l-yi-BLE,  a.  [Fr.]  That  cannot  be  chosen. 

lie  that  cannot  be  admitted  cannot  be  elected;  and  the 
votes  given  to  a man  ineligible , being  given  in  vain,  the  high- 
est number  of  an  eligible  candidate  becomes  a majority. 

Johnson. 

IN-EL'|-£{-BLY,  ad.  Not  eligibly.  Dr.  Allen. 

IN-EL'O-OUENT,  a.  [L.  ineloquens;  It.  inelo- 
quente.]  Not  eloquent;  not  persuasive;  not 
oratorical. 

Nor  are  thy  lips  ungraceful,  sire  of  men, 

Nor  tongue  ineloquent.  Milton. 

IN-EL'O-CUJENT-LY,  ad.  Without  eloquence. 


tIN-y-LUCT'A-BLE,  a. 
to  be  overcome. 


[L.  ineluctabilis.]  Not 
Pearson. 


IN-JJ-LU'DI-BLE,  a.  [L.  ineludibilis.] 
not  be  eluded  or  escaped. 


That  can- 
Glanvill. 


IN-EM'BRY-O-N  ATE,  a.  Having  no  embryo.  Reid. 

[L.  inenarrabilis.]  That 
Cockeram. 


f IN-E-NAR'RA-BLE,  a. 
cannot  be  told. 

IN-EPT',  a.  [L.  ineptus  ; in,  priv.,  and  aptus,  apt ; 
It.  Sp.  inepto  ; Fr.  inept.] 

1.  Not  apt  or  fit ; unsuitable  ; useless  ; unapt. 

Mere  sterile  matter  such  as  was  wholly  inept  and  improper 

for  the  formation  of  vegetables.  Woodward. 

2.  Trifling  ; foolish.  Blackmore. 

IN-EP'TI-TUDE,  n.  [L.  ineptitudo ; It.  inettitu- 
dine  ; Sp.  inept itud  ; Fr.  inaptitude.] 

1.  Unfitness  ; inaptitude.  “ Some  ineptitude 

or  resistancy  to  rotation.”  Wilkins. 

2.  Folly  ; foolishness.  Carlyle. 

IN-EPT'LY,  ad.  Triflingly  ; foolishly  ; unfitly. 

IN-EPT'NySS,  n.  Unfitness  ; ineptitude.  “ Mis- 
erable ineptness  of  infancy.”  [it.]  More. 

IN-E'Q.UA-BLE,  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  equable.]  Not 
equable  ; unequable.  Bailey. 

IN-E'Q,UAL,  a.  [L  .inaqualis.]  Unequal.  “The 
inequal  fates.”  [it.]  Shenstone. 

IN-JJ-QUAL'I-TY  (In-e-kwol'e-te),  n.  [L.  inaqual- 
itas  ; in,  priv.’,  and  cequalitas,  equality  ; It.  in- 
equality-, Sp.  inegualidad ; Fr.  inegalite.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  unequal ; difference  in 
quantity,  degree, dimensions,  condition,  or  qual- 
ity of  any  kind  ; disparity.  “ Inequality  of  num- 
ber.” Ludlow.  “Inequalities  in  events.”  I Var- 
burton.  “ Inequality  in  the  length.”  Ray.  “ In- 
equality between  man  and  man.”  Hooker. 

Inequality  of  air  is  ever  an  enemy  to  health.  Bacon. 

2.  Unevenness  ; the  state  of  not  being  level ; 

want  of  uniformity  of  surface.  “ Inequalities 
all  over  the  glass.”  Newton. 

3.  Disproportion ; inadequacy. 

The  great  inequality  of  all  things  to  the  appetites  of  a ra- 
tional soul  appears  from  this,  that  in  all  worldly  things  a man 
finds  not  half  the  pleasure  in  the  actual  possession  that  he 
proposed  in  the  expectation.  South. 

4.  (Algebra.)  An  expression  of  two  unequal 

quantities  connected  by  the  sign  of  inequality, 
as,  8 >6,  or  6 <7.  Davies. 

5.  ( Astron .)  The  deviation  in  the  motion  of  a 

planet  or  satellite  from  its  uniform  mean  mo- 
tion. Brande. 

Syn.  — See  Difference. 

IN-E-QUI-DIS'TANT,  a.  Not  being  equally  dis- 
tant ; not  equidistant.  Craig. 

IN-E-GUI-LAT’ER-AL,  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  equilat- 
eral.] ( Bot .)  Not  equilateral;  unequal  sided, 
as  the  leaves  of  certain  plants.  Gray. 

IN  E-QUI-LIB ' Rl-o.  [L.]  In  an  even  poise  or 
balance  ; in  equilibrium.  Crabb. 

IN-EH'UI-TA-BLE  (en-ek'we-ta-bl),  a.  [L.  inequi- 
tabilis  ; in,  priv.,  and  equitabilis,  equitable.] 

1.  Not  equitable  ; unjust ; partial. 

The  proportions  seemed  not  inequitable.  Burke. 

2.  Inequable;  not  even.  “ Inequitable  dispo- 
sition.” Search. 

f IN-E(1'U[-TATE  (in-ek'we-tat),  V.  a. 
upon,  and  eqaito,  eqvitatus,  to  ride.] 
on  or  over  ; to  pervade. 


[L.  in, 
To  ride 
More. 


IN-E'aUI- VALVE,  a. 
inequivalvular. 

iN-E-aUJ-VAL'VU-LAR, 
valves  ; inequivalve. 

IN-E-RAD'I-CA-RLE.  a. 
cated  or  rooted  out. 


Having  unequal  valves  ; 

Woodward. 


a.  Having  unequal 
Bush. 

That  cannot  be  eradi- 
Clarke. 


IN-E-RAd'I-CA-BLY,  ad.  In  such  a manner  as 
cannot  be  eradicated.  Clarke. 

IN-F,R-£ET  IC,  ? a Hot  energetic  ; having,  or 
IN-£R-£ET'!-CAL,  ) evincing,  no  energy.  Wright. 

IN-ER-(jrET'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a manner  without 
energy ; not  energetically.  Craig. 

JN-ERM  , l a [L.  inermis,  defenceless  ; in, 
IN-ER'MOFS,  ) without,  and  arma,  arms.]  (Bot.) 
Unarmed  ; destitute  of  spines  or  prickles.  Craig. 


IN-ER  ' MI-A,  n.  pi.  [L.  inermis,  unarmed.]  (Zonl.) 
A term  applied  by  some  writers  to  a family  of 
ruminants,  comprising  such  mammiferous  ani- 
mals as  are  destitute  of  horns.  Wright. 

f IN-ER-RA-BIL'I-TY,  n.  Exemption  from  error; 
inerrableness.  Bp.  Hall. 


f IN-ER'RA-BLE,  a.  [L. 
from  error ; unerring. 


inerrabilis .]  Exempt 
Browne. 


Want  of  activity;  inactiv- 

Smart. 


f IN-ER'RA-hLE-NESS,  n.  Exemption  from  error; 
inerrability.  Hammond. 

iN-ER'RA-BLy,  ad.  With  security  from  error  ; 
correctly ; infallibly.  Johnson. 

IN-ER'RAN-CY,  n.  Freedom  from  error. 

By  denying  the  inspiration  and  inerrancy  of  writings. 

Dr.  C.  Wordsworth. 

IN-JER-rAT'IC,  a.  Not  erratic  or  wandering; 
fixed.  Wright. 

f IN-ERR'ING-LY,  ad.  Unerringly.  Glanvill. 

IN-ERT',  a.  [L.  iners,  inei-tis;  It.  § Sp.  inert e.] 

1.  Destitute  of  power  to  move,  or  of  active 
resistance  to  motion  impressed  ; inactive. 

2.  Dull;  sluggish;  slothful;  motionless. 

Inert 

Through  plenty,  lose  in  morals  what  they  gain 
In  manners,  victims  of  luxurious  ease.  Cowper. 

IN-ER'TI-A  (In-er'slie-j),  n.  [L.]  1.  (Physics.) 
The  property  of  matter  by  which  it  retains  its 
state  of  rest  or  of  uniform  rectilinear  motion  so 
long  as  no  foreign  cause  occurs  to  change  that 
state  ; — called  also  vis  inertia.  Young. 

2.  (Med.)  Sluggishness;  inactivity; — espe- 
cially the  diminution  or  total  cessation  of  the 
contractions  of  the  uterus  in  labor.  Dunglison. 

IN-ER'TION,  n.  Want  of  activity;  inactivity; 
inertitude  ; inertia,  [it.]  Dr.  Kitto. 

IN-ER'TI-TUDE,  n. 
ity  ; inertia,  [it.] 

In-ERT'LY,  ad.  In  an  inert  manner ; with  in- 
ertness ; sluggishly  ; dully.  Pope. 

IN-ERT'NJJSS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  inert. 

lN-ER'y-nlTE,  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  erudite.]  Not 
erudite  ; not  learned.  — See  Erudite.  S. Oliver. 

flN-ES'oATE,  v.  a.  [L.  inesco,  inescatus.]  To 
lay  a bait  for ; to  allure.  Burton. 

f IN-ES-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  inescatio.]  The  act  of 
baiting ; an  alluring.  Hally  well. 

IN-PS-CUTCH'EON  (in-es-kucli'on),  n.  (Her.)  A 
small  escutcheon  borne  within  a shield.  Crabb. 

IN  ES'SE.  [L.]  (Law.)  A Latin  phrase  signi- 
fying in  being  or  actually  existing-,  — distin- 
guished from  in  posse,  which  denotes  that  a 
thing  is  not,  but  may  be.  Fleming. 

IN-F.S-SEN'TIAL,  a.  Having  no  essence  : — not 
essential ; unessential.  Brooke. 

IN-ES'TI-MA-BLE,  a.  [L.  ineestimabilis  ; in,  priv., 
and  c cstimabilis , estimable  ; It.  inestimabile  ; 
Sp.  Fr.  inestimable.]  Too  valuable  to  be  rated 
or  estimated ; invaluable ; transcending  all  price ; 
incalculable  ; transcendent ; incomparable. 
Wedges  of  gold,  great  anchors,  heaps  of  pearl, 

Inestimable  stones,  unvalued  jewels.  Shak. 

In  the  Scriptures  and  promises  of  God,  written  for  our 
consolation  and  help,  we  feel  both  inestimable  hope  and  com- 
fort, even  in  the  midst  of  our  afflictions.  Joyce. 

IN-ES'TI-MA-BLY,  ad.  So  as  not  to  be  estimated. 

IN-F.-VA'SI-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  evaded  ; not 
to  be  eluded  ; unavoidable.  Ec.  Rev. 

IN-EV'I-DENCE,  n.  [It.  inevidenza.]  Obscurity  ; 
uncertainty,  [n.]  Barroio. 

In-EV'!-DENT,  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  evident.]  Not 
evident ; obscure.  Bp.  Hall. 

IN-EV-J-TA-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [It.  inevitability.]  The 
state  of  being  inevitable.  Bramhall. 

IN-EV'I-TA-BLE,  a.  [L.  inevitabilis ; in,  priv., 
and  ei'itabilis,  avoidable  ; evito,  to  shun  ; It.  in- 
evitabile  ; Sp.  inevitable  ; Fr.  inevitable.]  That 
cannot  be  avoided ; unavoidable  ; not  to  he  es- 
caped. “ Dangers  inevitable.”  Hackluyt. 

Alcides  bore  not  long  his  flying  foe, 

But,  bending  his  inevitable  bow. 

Reached  him  in  air,  suspended  as  he  stood. 

And  in  his  pinion  fixed  the  feathered  wood.  Dryden. 

Syn. — See  Necessary,  Unavoidable. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RIJLE.  — Q,  <?,  <;,  g,  soft;  D,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  ? as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


INEVITABLENESS 


748 


INFAMY 


IN-EV'I-TA-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
inevitable  ; certainty  ; inevitability.  Prideaux. 

IN-EV'I-TA-BLY,  ad.  In  an  inevitable  manner  ; 
without  possibility  of  escape  ; certainty. Dryden. 

IN-()!£-ACT',  a.  Not  exact ; incorrect.  Smart. 

IN-IJYI-ACT'NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  inex- 
act; incorrectness;  want  of  precision.  Wright. 

iN-EX-CIT-A-BIL'J-Ty,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
inexcitable  ; want  of"  excitability.  lioget. 


||  IN-pX-PE'Di-ENCE,  ) n_  [in<  ^ and 
II  IN-JJX-I’E'DI-EN-CY,  ) dience. ] Want  of  expe- 
diency, fitness,  or  propriety;  unsuitableness. 

It  is  not  the  rigor,  but  the  inexjiediency , of  laws  and  acts  of 
authority,  which  makes  them  tyrannical.  1‘aletj. 

||  IN-pX-PE'DI-ENT  [In-eks-pe'de-ent,  IK.  P.  J.  Ja. 
Srn.  I Vr.;  In-eks-pe'dyent,  S.  E.  F.  if.],  a.  [in, 
priv.,  and  expedient.']  Not  expedient;  incon- 
venient; unfit;  improper;  unsuitable. 

If  it  was  not  unlawful,  yet  it  was  highly  inexpedient , to 
use  those  ceremonies.  Burnet. 


IN-IJX-CIT'A-BLE,  a.  [L.  inexcitabilis .]  Not 
excitable  ; void  of  passion.  lioget. 


IN-EX-CU'§A-BLE  (In-eks-ku'zft-hl),  a.  [L.  inex- 
cusabilis  ; in,  priv.,  and  excusabilis,  excusable; 
It . inescusabile;  Sp.  # Fr.  inexcusable.]  That 
cannot  be  excused ; not  admitting  an  excuse  or 
apology  ; not  excusable. 

Of  all  hardnesses  of  heart,  there  is  none  so  inexcusable  as 
that  of  parents  towards  their  children.  Spectator. 

IN-EX-CU'lj A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
inexcusable.  Bp.  Hall. 

IN-EX-CU'§A-BLY,  ad.  In  an  inexcusable  man- 
ner ; to  a degree  beyond  excuse.  South. 


IN-EX-IJ-CUT'A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  execut- 
ed or  performed  ; impracticable.  Wrighp, 

IN-EX-E-CU'TION,  n.  [Fr.]  Non-pcrformance ; 
non-execution,  [n.]  Spence,  1686. 


I.\-pX-ER'TION,  n. 
fort. 


Want  of  exertion  or  ef- 
Wright. 


IN-E^-HA'LA-BLE,  a.  That 
or  dispersed  in  vapor. 


cannot  be  exhaled, 
Browne. 


IN-E^-HAUST'ED,  a.  Not 
hausted ; not  fatigued. 


exhausted;  unex- 
Spectator. 


IN-IJX-HAUST'ED-LY,  ad.  Without  exhaus- 
tion. Burnett. 


IN-EY-HAuST-I-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being 
inexhaustible ; inexhaustibleness.  Reeder. 

IN-JJ^-HAUST'I-BLE,  a.  [It.  inesauribile.]  That 
cannot  be  exhausted  or  spent;  unfailing;  ex- 
haustless. “ Inexhaustible  riches  of  wit  and 
eloquence.”  Cowleg. 

Virgil,  above  nil  poets,  had  a stock,  which  I may  call 
almost  inexhaustible , of  figurative,  elegant,  and  sounding 
words.  Dryden. 

IX-P^-HAUST'I-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
inexhaustible.  Scott. 

IN-jpif-HAUST'J-BLY,  ad.  In  an  inexhaustible 
manner.  ’ Wordsworth. 

!N-p:£-HAUST'IVE,  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  exhaustive.] 
Not  to  be  exhausted  ; inexhaustible.  Thomson. 


t IN-pX-HAUST'LpSS,  a.  Inexhaustible.  Boise. 
t IN-£>C-IST',  v.  n.  Not  to  exist.  Cudworth. 
lN-EX-IST'f,NCE,  n.  [Sp.  inexistencia.] 

1.  Want  of  existence;  non-existence. 

He  calls  up  the  heroes  of  former  ages  from  a state  of  inex- 
istence to  adorn  and  diversify  his  poem.  Broome. 

2.  The  state  of  existing;  inherence. 

Concerning  these  gifts  we  must  observe  also  there  was  no 

small  difference  amongst  them  as  to  the  manner  of  their  in- 
existence in  the  persons  who  had  them.  South. 

L\-F..\-Ist'EXT,  a.  [Fr.  inexistant.] 

1.  Not  existing  ; not  having  being.  Browne. 

2.  Existent  in ; inherent,  [r.]  Bogle. 

IN-EX-O-  R A-BlL'|-T Y,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
inexorable ; inexorablcness.  Johnson. 


IN-EX'O-RA-BLE  (in-eks'o-ra-bl),  a.  [L.  inexo- 
rabilis  ; in,  priv.,  and  ex orabilis,  exorable  ; exo- 
ro,  to  entreat ; It.  inesorabile ; Sp.  S;  Fr.  inex- 
orable.] That  cannot  be  moved  by  entreaty  ; un- 
yielding ; unrelenting  ; relentless  ; implacable. 
You  are  more  inhuman,  more  inexorable, 

O,  ten  times  more,  than  tigers  of  Hyrcania.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Implacable. 


IN-EX'O-RA-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
inexorable ; implacableness.  Chillingworth. 

IN-EX'O-RA-BLY,  ad.  In  an  inexorable  manner  ; 
so  as  not  to  be  moved  by  entreaty.  Johnson. 

t IN-EX-PEC-TA'TION,  n.  State  of  being  with- 
out expectation ; want  of  forethought.  Feltham. 

t IN-1JX-PECT']JD,  a.  Unexpected.  Bp.  Hall. 
flN-EX-PECT'ED-LY,  ad.  Unexpectedly.  Bp.IIall. 


IN-frX-rE'DI-ENT-LY,  ad.  Not  expediently  ; un- 
fitly. Wright. 

IN-EX-PEN'SIVE,  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  expensive.] 
Not  expensive  ; unexpensive.  Be.  Rev. 

IN-fX-PE'RI-ENCE,  n.  [L.  inexperientia  ; It.  in- 
esperienza ; Sp.  inexperiencia ; Fr.  inexperience.] 
Want  of  experience  or  experimental  knowledge. 

Prejudice  and  self-sufficiency  naturally  proceed  from  in- 
exjicnence  of  the  world  and  ignorance  of  mankind.  Addison. 

IN-£X-PE'RI-ENCED  (in-eks-pe're-Snst),  a.  Not 
experienced  ; not  having  experience ; unexpe- 
rienced. “ Inexperienced  youth.”  Coicpcr. 

IN-EX-PERT',  a.  [L.  inexpertus  ; It.  inesperto  ; 
Sp.  inexperto  ; Fr.  inexpert. \ Not  expert ; not 
dexterous  ; unskilful ; unskilled ; awkward. 

Inexpert  in  arms, 

Vet  vain  of  freedom,  how  dost  thou  beguile, 

"With  dreams  of  hope,  these  near  and  loud  alarms.  Akcnsidc. 

IN-EX-PEItT'N ESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality 
of  being  inexpert.  E.  Farrar. 

IN-EX'PI-A-BLE,  a.  [L.  inexpiabilis ; It.  mespia- 
bile  ; Sp.  Fr.  inexpiable .]  Not  expiable  ; not 
to  be  expiated,  atoned  for,  repaired,  or  averted. 

Love  seeks  to  have  love: 

My  love  how  couldst  thou  hope,  who  took’st  the  wav 

To  raise  in  me  inexpiable  hate?  Jjfilton. 

IN-EX' PI- A-BLE- NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  qual- 
ity of  being  inexpiable.  Ash. 

IN-EX'PI-A-BLY,  ad.  To  a degree  beyond  atone- 
ment; so  as  liot  to  be  expiated.  Roscommon. 

f IN-EX-PLAIN'A-BLE,  a.  [L.  inexplanabilis.] 
Unexplainable.  Cockeram. 

+ IN-EX'PLp-A-BLy,  ad.  Insatiably.  Sandgs. 

IN-EX-PLI-CA-BI L'J-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being 
inexplicable  ; inexplicableness.  Johnson. 

IN-EX'PLI-CA-BLE,  a.  [L.  incxplicabilis ; in,  priv., 
and  cxplicabilis,  explicable  ; explico,  to  unfold  ; 
It.  inesplicabile ; Sp.  N Fr  .inexplicable.]  In- 
capable of  being  explained ; not  to  be  inter- 
preted or  made  intelligible  ; unaccountable  ; 
strange  ; mysterious. 

Confounded  by  the  complication  of  distempered  passions, 
their  reason  is  disturbed;  their  views  become  vast  and  per- 
plexed; to  others  inexplicable,  to  themselves  nncertain.Rn/-A-e. 

IN-EX' P LI -CA-BEE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
inexplicable  ; inexplicability.  Ash. 

IN-EX'PLI-CA-BLY,  ad.  In  a manner  not  to  be 
explained  or  made  evident.  Bp.  Hall. 

IN-JJX-PLIC'IT,  a.  [ h.inexplicitus .]  Not  explicit; 
not  clearly  stated.  Story. 

IN-EX-PLO'RA-BLE,  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  explorable.] 
That  cannot  be  explored.  Sir  G.  Buck. 

IN-F. X-PO'^I  R E,  n.  [in,  priv.,  and  exposure.]  A 
state  of  not  being  exposed.  Wright. 

IN-JJX-PRES'SI-BLE,  a.  [It.  inesprimibile  ; Fr. 
inexprimable.]  That  cannot  be  expressed  ; un- 
utterable ; unspeakable;  ineffable.  “An  inex- 
pressible union  of  sublimated  charity.”  Bp.  Bull. 

Distance  inexpressible 

By  numbers  that  have  name.  Milton. 

IN-IJX-PRES'SI-BLY,  ad.  So  as  not  to  be  ex- 
pressed ; unspeakably  ; unutterably.  Addison. 

iN-pX-PRES'SIVE,  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  expressive.] 
Not  expressive ; unexpressive. 

The  inexpressive  semblance  of  himself.  Akenside. 

IN-f/X-PRES'SIVE-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the 
quality  of  being  inexpressive.  Craig. 

I X - E X - P Lr G ' N A - B L E , a.  [L.  inexpugnabilis  ; in, 
priv.,  and  expugno,  to  fight ; It.  inespugnabile ; 
Sp.  &:  Fr.  inexpugnable.]  Impregnable  ; not  to 
be  taken  by  assault ; not  to  be  subdued  ; un- 
conquerable. “ Inexpugnable  strength.”  Burke. 

IN-EX-SU'PER-A-BLE,  a.  [L.  inexsuperabilis.] 
Not  to  be  passed  over  ; insurmountable.  Wright. 


IN-EX-TEND'ED,  a.  Unextended.  Watts. 

IN-EX-TEN'SION,  n.  Want  of  extension.  Wright. 
IJT  EX-TEJY'SO.  [L.]  In  full ; with  full  extent. 

iN-pX-TER  MI-NA-BLE,  a.  [L.  inexterminabilisS] 
That  cannot  be  exterminated.  Wright. 

IN- EX-TlNCT',  a.  [L.  incxtinctus  ; It.  inestinto.] 
Not  extinct;  not  quenched.  Cockeram. 

f IN-EX-TIN'GUI-BLE,  a.  Inextinguishable. 

Sir  T.  More. 

IN-EX-TIN'GUJSII-A-BLE  (in-eks-tlng'gwish-j-bl), 
a.  [It.  inestinguibile ; Sp.  Fr.  inextinguible.] 
ihat  cannot  be  extinguished;  unquenchable. 

In  beams  of  inextinguishable  light.  Cowper. 

||  IN-^/X-TIN'GUISH-A-BLY,  ad.  In  a manner 
so  as  not  to  be  extinguished.  Wright. 

IN-pX-TIR  PA-BLE,  a.  Not  to  be  extirpated; 
ineradicable.  Cockeram. 

IJV  EX-TRE’MIS.  [L.]  (Law.)  In  the  last  mo- 
ments ; in  the  last  illness.  Bur  rill. 

IN-EX'TRI-CA-BLE,  a.  [L.  inextricabilis  ; It.  in- 
estricabile  ; Sp.  S;  Fr.  inextricable.]  That  can- 
not be  extricated,  disengaged,  disentangled,  or 
unravelled ; that  cannot  be  freed  from  entan- 
glement or  perplexity  ; not  to  be  cleared  of  im- 
pediment or  hinderance.  “ Inextricable  mazes.” 
Sherlock.  “ Inextricable  difficulties.”  Warburton. 

Long-festering  wounds,  inextricable  woes.  Pope. 

IN-EX'TRI-OA-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
inextricable.  Donne. 

IN-EX'TRI-C A-BLY,  ad.  In  an  inextricable  man- 
ner. “ Inextricably  puzzled.”  Bentley. 

flN-f/X-U'PER-A-BLE  (In-ek-su'per-9-bl),  a.  [L. 
inexuperabilis.)  Not  exuperabie;  not  to  be 
passed  over;  insurmountable.  Cockeram. 

IN-EYE'  (jn-l'),  v.  n.  [m  and  eye.]  [i.  ineyed  ; 
pp.  ^neying,  ineyed.]  To  inoculate,  as  a tree 
or  plant ; to  bud.  [u.] 

IN-fAb'RJ-CAT-ED,  a.  [in  and  fabricated.)  Not 
fabricated;  unwrought,  [it.]  Cockeram. 

IN-FAL-LI-BIL'I-TY,  ».  [It.  infallibilith ; Sp. 
infalibilulad;  Fr.  infaillibilite.]  The  state  or 
the  quality  of  being  infallible  ; exemption  from 
error,  mistake,  failure,  or  fault : — certainty. 

The  highest  infallibility  in  the  teachers  doth  not  prevent 
the  possibility  or  the  danger  of  mistaking  in  the  hearers. 

& ' till  iny fleet. 

IN-FAL'LI-BLE,  a.  [It.  infallibile ; Sp .infalible; 
Fr.  infaillible .] 

1.  Not  fallible  ; not  liable  to  err  ; exempt  from 
error  or  failure  ; unerring;  inerrable. 

lie  showed  himself  alive  to  his  apostles  by  many  repeated 
infallible  proofs,  being  seen  of  them  forty  days.  Jortin. 

2.  Certain;  sure;  without  doubt  or  uncer- 
tainty. “ The  success  is  . . . infallible."  South. 

Syn.  — See  Certain. 

IN-FAl'LI-BLE-NESS,  n.  Infallibility.  Sidney. 

IN-FAL'LI-BLY,  ad.  Without  failure  or  mistake; 
not  fallibly  ; — certainly;  surely;  without  fail. 

f IN-FAME',  v.  a.  [L .infamo.]  To  defame.  Bacon. 

IN'FA-MlZE,  v.  a.  To  make  infamous,  [r.] 

Is  some  knot  of  riotous  slanderers  leagued 
To  infamize  the  name  of  the  king’s  brother?  Colerid/je. 

f IN-FAM'O-NlZE,  v.  a.  To  brand  with  infamy; 
to  defame.  [Ludicrous.]  Shak. 

IN'FA-MOUS,  a.  [L.  infamis ; in,  priv.,  and 
fama,  fame  ; It.,  Sp.,  St  Fr.  infame.] 

1.  Publicly  branded  by  conviction  of  a crime. 

Persons  infamous , or  branded  in  any  public  court  of  judi- 
cature, are  forbidden  to  be  advocates.  Aijliffe. 

2.  Notoriously  bad ; of  ill  report;  ill  spoken 
of ; disreputable  ; as,  “ Infamous  falsehood.” 

By  caverns  infamous  for  beasts  of  prey.  Dryden. 

3.  Odious  ; shameful ; disgraceful ; detesta- 

ble ; opprobrious ; scandalous ; ignominious. 
“ This  fact  was  infamous."  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Infamy. 

IN'FA-MOUS-LY,  ad.  With  infamy;  shamefully. 

IN'FA-MOUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  in- 
famous ; infamy,  [r.]  Bailey. 

IN'FA-MY,  n.  [L.  infamia  ; in,  priv.,  and  fama, 
fame,  good  report ; It.  Sj  Sp.  infamia  ; Fr.  in- 
famies) 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short; 


A,  Jp,  I,  O,  \),  Y,  obscure ; 


FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


INFANCY 


749 


INFER 


1.  Public  reproach  or  disgrace  ; notoriety  of 
bad  character  ; ignominy  ; opprobrium  ; ill- 
fame  ; bad  repute  ; disrepute ; discredit ; dis- 
honor ; shame. 

Wilful  perpetrations  of  unworthy  actions  brand  with  most 
indelible  characters  of  infamy  the  name  and  memory  to  pos- 
terity. King  Charles. 

2.  The  quality  of  being  infamous  ; disgrace- 
fulness ; dishonorableness  ; shamefulness  ; as, 
“ The  infamy  of  his  conduct.” 

3.  (Laic.)  The  state  produced  by  the  convic- 

tion of  crime  and  the  loss  of  honor,  which  ren- 
ders the  infamous  person  incompetent  as  a wit- 
ness. Bouvier. 

Syn.  — -Infamy,  ignominy,  and  opprobrium,  all  im- 
ply a very  Ini'll  degree  of  discredit  or  disgrace.  Infamy 
attaches  either  to  a person  or  to  a thing  ; ignominy  and 
opprobrium,  to  a person.  An  infamous  character  y in- 
famous crime.  A person  guilty  of  a heinous  crime 
exposes  himself  to  infamy  and  opprobrium,  and,  if 
publicly  punished,  is  subjected  to  ignominy. 

IN'FAN-OY,  n.  [L.  infantia;  in,  priy.,  and/or, 
to  speak";  It.  infantia ; Sp.  infancia;  Fr.  en- 
fance .] 

1.  The  state  of  an  infant : — the  first  part  of 
life,  extended  by  naturalists  to  seven  years. 

From  that  seldom  have  I ceased  to  eye 
Thy  infancy , thy  childhood,  and  thy  youth; 

Thy  manhood  last,  though  yet  in  private  bred.  Milton. 

Heaven  lies  about  us  in  our  infancy.  Wordsworth. 

2.  The  first  age  of  any  thing;  the  beginning; 

the  original ; the  commencement.  “ In  the  in- 
fancy ...  of  Rome.”  Arbuthnot. 

3.  (Law.)  The  state  of  being  under  age,  or 
under  the  age  of  twenty-one  years  ; nonage  ; mi- 
nority ; — in  civil  law,  one  of  the  stages  of  minor- 
ity, reaching  to  the  age  of  seven  years.  Bun-ill. 

flN-FAN'DOUS,  a.  [L.  infandus. ] Too  bad  to 
be  expressed  or  spoken.  Howell. 

t!N-FANG'TH|JF,  n.  [A.  S.  infangenthef; in, 
within,  fangen,  taken,  and  thef,  or  theof,  a thief.] 
(Eng.  Late.)  A thief  taken  within  the  manor  of 
any  man  having  jurisdiction  to  try  him: — -a 
privilege  or  liberty  granted  to  lords  of  certain 
manors  to  judge  any  thief  taken  within  their 
fee.  " Whishaw. 

IN'FANT,  n.  [L.  infans,  infantis  ; in,  priv.,  and 
for,  to  speak  ; It.  % Sp.  infante  ; Fr.  enfant. ] 

1.  A babe  ; a baby  : — a"  child  from  the  birth 

to  the  end  of  the  seventh  year.  Johnson. 

2.  In  Spain  and  Portugal,  any  son  of  the 

king  except  the  eldest;  infante. — See  In- 
fante. Spenser. 

3.  (Law.)  A person  not  of  age,  or  under 

twenty-one.  Blackstone . 

IN'FANT,  a.  Not  mature;  young;  infantile. 
“ The  infant  king.”  Daniel. 

Within  the  infant  rind  of  this  small  flower 

Poison  hath  residence  and  medicine  power.  Shak. 

+ IN'FANT,  v. a.  Tobringforth  ;to produce.  Milton. 

IJr-FAJV'  T.d,  n.  [Sp.]  A title  given  to  all  the 
daughters  of  the  kings  of  Spain  and  Portugal 
except  the  eldest;  a princess  of  the  royal  blood. 

JJ\T-fAjv'TF.,  n.  [Sp.]  A title  given  to  all  the 
sons  of  the  kings  of  Spain  and  of  Portugal  ex- 
cept the  eldest,  or  heir-apparent  to  the  crown, 
who  is  styled  the  Prince  of  Asturias.  Brande. 

lUjf-It  appears  to  have  been  anciently  given  to  all 
hidalgos.  Brande. 

f IN'FANT-ED,  p.  a.  Produced;  sprung.  Milton. 

IN'FANT-GAud,  n.  A childish  toy.  Clarke. 

IN'FANT- IIOOD  (-hud),  n.  The  state  or  condition 
of  an  infant ; infancy.  Dixon. 

IN-FAN'TI-cI-DAL,  a.  Relating  to  infanticide  or 
child-murder.  Booth. 

IN-FAN'TI-CIDE,  n.  [L.  infanticidium  ; infans, 
infantis,  an  infant,  and  credo,  to  kill ; It.  Sp. 
infantiddio  ; Fr.  infanticide.'] 

1.  The  act  of  murdering  an  infant ; the  mur- 
der of  an  infant ; child-murder.  Warburton. 

2.  The  slaughter  of  infants  by  Herod.  Johnson. 

3.  The  murderer  of  an  infant.  Potter. 

IN'F  AN-TILE,  or  IN'FAN-TIIjE  (18)  [In'fan-tll,  S. 
W.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  II. ; In'fan-tll,  P.  Sm.  Wr. ; jn- 
fan'til,  Ash],  a.  [L.  infantilis-,  infans,  an  in- 
fant ; It.  infantile  ; Sp.  infantil .]  Pertaining  to 
an  infant ; childish  ; infantine.  “ Children  . . . 
however  immature,  or  even  'infantile.”  Burke. 


IN'FAN-TINE,  or  IN'FAN-TINE  (19)  [In'fan-tln, 
IV.  Ja.  B.  Wr. ; In'fanAln,  Sm.],  a . [Fr.  enfan- 
tin.]  Childish;  young;  tender;  infantile. 

The  sole  comfort  of  his  declining  years,  almost  in  infantine 
imbecility.  Burke. 

IN'FANT-LlKE,  a.  Like  an  infant.  Shak. 

flN'FANT-LY,  a.  Like  a child.  Beau.  § FI. 

IN'FAN-TRY,  n.  [It.  fanteria  ; Sp . infanteria ; 
Fr.  infanterie.  — It.  fante,  a servant ; — “ all 
from  the  Scandie  fantur,  a servant,  an  attend- 
ant.” Iiickes.—  A.  S .fet,  the  foot,  n having  been 
inserted.  Wachter.  — Manifestly  from  the  L. 
infans,  in  the  sense  of  servant.  Skinner.]  (Mil.) 
The  soldiers  of  an  army  who  serve  on  foot : — 
foot-soldiers,  as  opposed  to  cavalry. 

This  term  was  originally  applied  to  a body  of 
men  collected  by  the  Infante  of  Spain,  for  the  purpose 
of  rescuing  his  father  from  tile  Moors.  The  attempt 
being  successful,  the  term  was  afterwards  applied  to 
foot-soldiers  in  general.  Trevuux.  Landais . Sullivan. 

t IN-FARCE',  v.  a.  [L.  infarcio.]  To  stuff;  to 
swell  out;  to  distend.  “ His  face  infarced  with 
rancor.”  Sir  T Elyot. 

f IN-FARC'TION,  n.  Act  of  infarcing ; a stuff- 
ing ; constipation.  “ An  infarction  and  ob- 
struction of  the  spleen.”  Harvey. 

IN'fAre,  n.  [A.  S.  infeeref]  1.  An  entertainment 
given  on  newly  entering  a house.  Jamieson. 

2.  An  entertainment  given  by  a bridegroom 
at  his  house  on  the  reception  of  the  bride,  the 
day  after  the  wedding.  Jamieson. 

Tins  Scottish  word  is  extensively  used,  in  the 
latter  sense,  in  the  Southern  and  Western  States. 

f IN-fAsh'ION-A-BLE,  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  fashion- 
able.] Unfashionable.  Beau.  <Sf  FI. 

flN-FAT'I-GA-BLE,  a.  [L.  infatigabilis.]  Not 
to  be  fatigued  : indefatigable.  Sherwood. 

IN-FAT'U-ATE  (in-fat'yu-at),  V.  a.  [L.  infatuo, 

infatuatus ; in,  used  intensively,  and  fattens, 
foolish ; It.  infatuarc;  Sp.  infatuar;  Fr.  in- 
fatuer .]  To  make  foolish  ; to"  make  a fool  of ; 
to  affect  with  folly  ; to  deprive  of  understand- 
ing ; to  bereave  of  reason  or  of  common  sense  ; 
to  befool ; to  stupefy  ; to  besot. 

’T  is  scarce  possible  for  any  man  to  be  so  strangely  infat- 
uated, so  wholly  lost  to  common  reason,  as  to  believe  that 
vicious  courses,  despising  of  religion,  walking  contrary  to 
God,  can  be  the  means  to  entitle  him  to  this  future  happi- 
ness. Wilkins. 

IN-FA T'U-ATE  (in-fat'yu-at),  a.  [It.  infatliato  ; 
Sp .infatuado.]  Stupefied;  infatuated.  Phillips. 

IN-fAT'U-AT-ED,  p.  a.  Deprived  of  reason  ; 
affected  with  folly  ; stupefied ; besotted. 

IN-FAT-U-A'TION  (in-fat-yu-a'shun),  n.  [Sp.  in- 
fatuacion ; Fr.  infatuation.] 

1.  The  act  of  infatuating  or  stupefying. 

Such  is  the  infatuation  of  self-love,  that,  though  in  the 
general  doctrine  of  the  vanity  of  the  world  all  men  agree,  yet 
almost  every  one  flatters  himself  that  his  own  case  is  to  be  an 
exception  from  the  common  rule.  Blair. 

2.  The  state  of  being  infatuated;  deprivation 
of  reason  or  of  common  sense  ; want  of  judg- 
ment ; folly ; stupefaction. 

Free  from  all  the  uncleanncss  of  diabolical  infatuation.  Ilail. 

f IN-FAUST'JNG,  n.  [L.  infaustus,  unlucky.] 
The  act  of  making  unlucky.  Bacon. 

IN-FEA-.jjl-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being  in- 
feasible ; infeasibleness.  Perry. 

IN-FEA'SpI-BLE  (In-fu'ze-bl'l,  a.  [in,  priv.,  and 
feasible.]  That  cannot  be  accomplished  or  prac- 
tised ; impracticable  ; unfeasible. 

Therefore  I hold  no  course  so  infeasible 

As  this  of  force  to  win  the  Jezebel.  Hudibras. 

IN-FEA'ijil-BLE-NESS,  n.  Impracticability;  in- 
feasibility. W.  Mountagu. 

IN-FECT',  v.  a.  [L.  inficio,  infectus,  to  stain,  to 
infect;  in,  into,  and  facio,  to  put ; It.  infettare ; 
Sp.  infectar ; Fr .infecter.]  [f.  infected  ; pp. 
INFECTING,  INFECTED.] 

1.  To  taint  with  disease,  or  with  some  perni- 
cious quality  ; to  affect  with  some  contagious 
or  venomous  quality  or  property. 

The  bodies  of  them  that  were  left  alive  being  infected  with 
this  disease  [the  plague].  ' Holland. 

Infected  be  the  air  whereon  they  ride.  Shak. 

2.  To  affect  with  like  qualities,  especially 
with  like  had  qualities  ; to  corrupt ; to  pollute  ; 
to  contaminate  ; to  vitiate. 

Infected  with  the  manners  and  the  modes.  Coivper. 

3.  (Lata.)  To  affect  with  illegality.  Wright. 


f IN-FECT',  a.  Infected;  polluted.  Bp.  Fisher. 

(N-FECT'JJL),  P-  a.  Hurt  by  infection  ; contami- 
nated ; tainted  : — contaminated  ; polluted. 

IN-FECT/R,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  infects. 

IN-FEC'TION  (jn-fek'shun),  n.  [It .infezione;  Sp. 
infcccion  ; Fr.  infection.] 

1.  The  act  of  infecting  ; the  propagation  of 

disease  through  contamination  of  the  atmos- 
phere or  other  inert  substances  by  the  deleteri- 
ous or  offensive  qualities  of  malaria,  the  matter 
of  contagion,  effluvia  from  putrid  animal  or 
vegetable  substances,  &c.  P.  Cyc. 

2.  Infectious  matter  ; virus  ; poison.  Bacon. 

3.  Communication  of  like  qualities,  or  of  like 
bad  qualities  ; contamination  ; taint. 

It  was  her  chance  to  light 

Amidst  the  gross  infections  of  those  times.  Daniel. 

There,  while  her  tears  deplored  the  godlike  man. 

Through  all  her  train  the  soft  infection  ran.  Pope. 

KSp  “ Tile  term  differs  essentially  from  contagion, 
inasmuch  as  absolute  contact  witli  a diseased  person, 
or  substances  contaminated  by  him,  is  not.  requisite 
for  the  transmission  of  diseases  propagated,  like  ty- 
phus and  scarlatina,  by  infection.’ ’ Palmer. 

tSp  “ Frequently  the  former  [ contagion ] is  applied 
to  diseases  not  produced  by  contact,  as  measles,  scar- 
let fever,  &c.,  — whilst  infection  is  used  for  those  that 
require  positive  contact,  as  itch,  syphilis,  &c.”  Dun- 
giison.  — See  Contagion,  and  Contagious. 

IN-FEC'TIOUS  (in-iek'shus),  a.  1.  Capable  of 
transmitting  or  communicating  disease  ; conta- 
gious ; pestilential.  “The  sweat  was  so  fervent 
and  infectious.”  Hall.  “Infectious  drink.” 
TJdal.  “ Infectious  sickness.”  Chapman. 

The  most  infectious  pestilence  upon  thee.  Shak. 

2.  Contaminating  ; corrupting  ; vitiating. 

It  is  infectious  even  to  the  best  morals  to  live  always  in  it 
[the  court].  Dryden. 

3.  That  may  be  easily  communicated ; spread- 
ing, as  a stain. 

Infectious  horror  ran  from  face  to  face.  Armstrong. 

Syn.  — See  Contagious. 

IN-FEC'TIOUS-LY,  ad.  By  infection  ; contagiously. 

JN-FEC'TIOUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  in- 
fectious, or  of  communicating  disease.  Boyle. 

IN-FEC'TIVE,  a.  Having  the  quality  of  infection. 
True  love,  well  considered,  hath  an  infective  power.  Sidney. 

IN-FEC'IND  [in-fek'und,  W.  Ja.  Sm.  Wr.;  In-fe- 
kund',  S.  P.  A’.],  a.  [L.  infccundus  ; in,  priv., 
and  fecundus,  fertile  ; It.  tnfccondo ; Sp.  infe- 
cundo  ; Fr.  inftcond.]  Not  fruitful;  not  fer- 
tile ; unfruitful  ; infertile  ; sterile  ; barren. 

The  next 

Is  arid,  fetid,  infecund , and  gross.  Smart. 

IN-Fp-CUN'DI-TY,  n.  [L.  infecunditas  ; It.  in- 
fecondith;  Sp.  infccundidact ; Fr.  infccondite.] 
The  quality  of  being  infecund ; want  of  fertil- 
ity ; barrenness  ; sterility.  Bullokar. 

IN-FEE'BLE,  v.  a.  See  Enfeeble.  Drayton. 

IN-Fy-Liy'l-TOUS,  a.  Not  felicitous  ; not  hap- 
py ; unhappy ; unfortunate.  Ec.  Itev. 

IN-F  E-LTc'T-TY,  n.  [L.  infelicitas  ; in,  priv.,  and 
felicitas,  happiness  ; It."  inf elicita  ; Sp.  infelici- 
dad  ; Fr.  inf  elicit  L]  Bad  fortune,  condition,  or 
success ; wretchedness  ; ill-luck  ; unhappiness  ; 
misery ; calamity. 

One  of  the  first  comforts  which  one  neighbor  administers 
to  another  is  a relation  of  the  like  infelicity , combined  with 
circumstances  of  greater  bitterness.  Jtambler. 

IN'FELT,  a.  Felt  within  or  deeply.  Dodd. 

IN-FEO-DA'TION,  7i.  See  Infeudation. 

IN-FEOFF'  (jn-fef'),  v.  a.  See  Enfeoff.  Todd. 

IN-FiiR',  v.  a.  [L.  infero ; in,  in,  and  fero,  to 
bear;  It . infenre ; Sp  .inferir;  Fr . infirer.]  [»’. 
inferred;  pp.  inferring,  inferred.] 

1.  fT<f  bring  on  ; to  induce. 

Vomits  infer  some  small  detriment  to  the  lungs.  Harvey. 

2.  fTo  offer  ; to  produce.  “Inferring  argu- 
ments of  mighty  force.”  Shak. 

3.  To  assume,  as  some  general  fact,  from  the 
observation  of  particular  facts  ; to  draw  as  a 
conclusion  from  premises  ; to  derive ; to  de- 
duce ; to  conclude. 

If  we  see  the  prints  of  human  feet  on  the  sands  of  an  un- 
known coast,  we  infer  that  the  country  is  inhabited.  Taylor. 

He  who  infers,  proves;  and  he  who  proves,  infers ; but  the 
word  uiyfcr”  fixes  the  mind  first  on  the  premiss,  and  then 
on  the  conclusion;  the  word  “prove,”  on  the  contrary,  leads 
the  mind  from  the  conclusion  to  the  premiss.  JJ'  / lately . 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — (J,  <?,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  £,  g,  hard ; § as  z;  £ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


INFERABLE 


750 


INFIX 


]N-FER'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  inferred  ; infer- 
rible. — See  Inferrible.  Burke. 

11  ej ' This  word  is  often  written  inferable  and  in- 
ferrible ; but  inferrible  seems  to  be  the  most  approved 
orthography.  Smart.  — See  Referable. 

IX'FKIt-pNCE,  tt.  [It.  inf erenza;  Sp . inferential 
A proposition  or  truth  drawn  from  another 
which  is  laid  down  as  true;  a conclusion  ; a de- 
duction ; a corollary ; a consectary. 

An  inference  is  a proposition  which  is  perceived  to  be  true 
because'of  its  connection  with  some  known  fact.  Taylor. 

When  the  grounds  for  believing  any  thing  are  slight,  wc 
term  the  mental  act  or  state  induced  a conjecture;  when  they 
are  strong,  we  term  it  an  inference  or  conclusion.  S.  Bailey. 

IN-FfR-EN'TIAL,  a.  Containing  inference  ; that 
may  be  deduced  by  inference.  John  Tyler. 

IN-FpR-EN'TIAL-LY,  ad.  In  an  inferential  man- 
ner; by  way  of  inference.  Lord  Stowell. 

IN-FE  ' RI-JE,  n.  pi.  {Greek  & Roman  Ant.)  Sac- 
rifices and  gifts  ottered  to  the  manes  or  souls 
of  deceased  ancestors.  IK.  Smith. 

IN-FE'RI-OR,  a.  [L.  inferior  ; It.  infer  lore  ; Sp. 
inferior ; Fr.  infirieur.] 

1.  Lower  in  place,  station,  rank,  value,  im- 
portance, or  excellence;  subordinate;  secon- 
dary. “ Our  inferior  nature.”  Burke.  “Inferior 
to  my  other  poems.”  Drydcn.  “ A thousand  in- 
ferior . . . propositions.”  Watts. 

2.  ( Bot .)  Noting  that  part  of  the  flower  — also 

called  anterior  — which  lies  next  the  leaf  or 
bract  from  whose  axil  it  arises: — noting  the 
calyx  or  flower  which  is  adnate  to  the  base  of 
the  ovary,  the  latter  being  free  from  it,  as  well 
as  from  the  corolla  and  stamens.  Gray. 

The  inferior  limit  of  the  roots  of  an  equation  (Math.) 
is  a number  less  than  the  least  root  of  the  equation. 
The  greatest  one,  or  the  greatest  one  in  whole  num- 
bers, is  the  one  generally  referred  to.  Dairies. 

Syn.  — See  Second,  Subordinate. 

IN-FE'RI-OR,  n.  ’ One  in  a lower  rank  or  station. 
“ Slaves  to  their  inferiors.”  Tatlcr. 

IN-FE-RI-OR'I-TV,  n.  [It.  inferiority, ",  Sp . infe- 
rioridad  ; Fr.  inferiority.]  ’ The  quality  or  the 
state  of  being  inferior  ; subordination  ; lower 
state  of  place,  dignity,  importance,  or  value. 
“ Our  own  great  inferiority  to  it.”  Boyle. 

JN-FE'RI-OR-LY,  ad.  In  an  inferior  manner. 

IN-FiiR'NAL,  a.  [L.  infernalis ; It.  infernale;  Sp. 
4 Fr.  infernal .] 

1.  Relating  to  the  lower  regions  or  hell ; hell- 

ish ; tartarean.  “ Infernal  space.”  “ The  in- 
fernal regions.”  Warburton. 

2.  Diabolical ; devilish ; demoniacal ; fiendish  ; 
fiendlike.  “ Infernal  dealings.”  Addison. 

Infernal  machine , a name  given  to  an  explosive  ma- 
chine or  apparatus  contrived  for  the  purpose  of  assas- 
sination. — Infernal  stone , an  antiquated  name  for 
lunar  caustic. 

IN-FER'NAL,  n.  An  infernal  being.  Drayton. 

IN-FER'N  AL-Ly,  ad.  In  an  infernal  manner.  Todd. 

IN-FER'RI-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  inferred  ; de- 
ducible  front  premises. — See  Inferable.  Boyle. 

IN-FER'TILE,  a.  [L.  infertilis  ; It.  4 Fr.  infer- 
tile.') Not  fertile;  not' productive  ; unfruitful; 
unfertile ; barren  ; sterile.  Hale. 

IN-FER'TILE-LY,  ad.  In  an  unproductive  man- 
ner ; unfruitfully.  Craig. 

fN-FpR-TLL'J-TY,  n.  [L.  infcrtilitas  ; It.  inferti- 
litti ; Fr.  infertility]  Unfruitfulness  ; want  of 
fertility  ; unproductiveness  ; sterility.  Hale. 

JN-FEST',  v.  a.  [L.  infesto  ; It.  infestare;  Sp. 
infestar  ; Fr.  inf  ester.]  [t.  infested  ; pp.  in- 
festing, infested.]  To  harass  ; to  disturb  ; 
to  plague  ; to  annoy  ; to  trouble. 

The  Egyptians  being  greatly  infested  with  these  insects. 

Warburton. 

Recall  the  flame,  nor  in  a mortal  cause 

Infest  a god.  rope. 

f JN-FEST',  a.  [L.  infest  us.]  Mischievous  ; hurt- 
ful; dangerous.  “ With  force  infest.”  Spenser. 

IN-FJJS-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  infestatio  ; It.  infesta- 
zione  ; Sp.  infestacion.]  The  act  of  infesting ; 
molestation  ; disturbance  ; annoyance. 

JN-FEST'JJD,  p.  a.  Harassed ; troubled ; diseased. 

IN-FEST'JJR,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  infests. 


f IN-FES'TpRED,  a.  Rankling;  mischievous. 

IN-FES'TJVE,  a.  [L.  infestivus.]  Without  mirth 
or  festivity  ; not  festive  ; unpleasant.  Cockcram. 

IN-FJJS-TlV'J-TY,  n.  Want  of  festivity  or  cheer- 
fulness ; sadness.  [11.]  Johnson. 

f IN-FEST'U-OUS,  a.  [L  .infestus.]  Mischievous; 
dangerous.  Bacon. 

IN-FEU-DA'TION,  n.  [It.  infeodazione  ; Sp.  in- 
feudaeion ; Fr.  infeodation.]  (Law.)  The  act 
of  putting  one  in  possession  of  a fee  or  estate. 
“ Upon  the  infeudation  of  the  tenant.”  Hale. 

IN-FIB-U-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  infibulatio  ; in,  in,  and 
fibula , a clasp.] 

1.  A clasping  together.  Richardson. 

2.  Act  of  putting  a ring  in  the  privy  parts  to 

prevent  copulation.  Cotgrave. 

IN'FI-DEL,  a.  [L-  infidelis ; in.  priv.,  and  fidelis, 
faithful ; It.  infedele  ; Sp.  infiel ; Fr.  infidUe. ] 
Unbelieving  ; wanting  belief ; sceptical.  “ Any 
author,  Catholic  or  infidel.”  Cranmcr. 

IN'FI-DEL,,  n.  An  unbeliever;  an  atheist ; a de- 
ist ; one  who  rejects  Christianity,  or  all  revealed 
religion  ; a sceptic  ; a freethinker. 

On  her  white  breast  a sparkling  cross  she  wore, 

■Which  Jews  might  kiss  and  infidels  adore.  Pope. 

Syn. — Infidel  is  a general  term  for  one  who  has  no 
belief  in  divine  revelation  ; unbeliever  is  commonly 
used  in  the  same  sense,  — sometimes  also  is  disbeliever , 
though  a less  common  term  ; a sceptic  professes  to  doubt 
of  all  things,  though  the  term  is  chiefly  applied  to 
those  who  doubt  respecting  the  truths  of  religion  ; a 
deist  believes  in  the  existence  of  God,  but  disbelieves 
revelation  ; an  atheist  denies  the  existence  of  God  ; 
freethinker  is  commonly  used  in  an  ill  sense,  as  sy- 
nonymous with  infidel. 

IN-FI-DEL'I-TY,  n.  [L.  infi delitas ; It.  infedelta ; 
Sp.  iniidcUdad  ; Fr.  infidelity .] 

1.  The  quality  of  an  infidel ; want  of  faith. 

The  consideration  of  the  divine  omnipotence  and  infinite 

wisdom,  and  our  own  ignorance,  are  great  instruments  of 
silencing  the  murmurs  of  infidelity.  lip.  Taylor. 

2.  Disbelief  of  Christianity,  or  of  all  revealed 
religion  ; unbelief ; disbelief ; scepticism. 

TTndcr  every  possible  aspect  in  which  infidelity  can  be 
v:cwed,  it  extends  the  dominion  of  sensuality;  it  repeals  and 
abrogates  every  law  by  which  divine  revelation  has,  under 
such  awful  sanctions,  restrained  the  indulgence  of  the  pas- 
sions. Ji.  I/all. 

3.  Want  of  fidelity;  faithlessness;  unfaith- 
fulness, particularly  in  married  persons.  “ The 
infidelities  . . . between  the  two  sexes.” Spectator. 

IN'FIELD,  a.  A term  applied  to  arable  land, 
which  receives  manure,  and,  according  to  the 
old  mode  of  farming,  is  still  kept  under  crop  ; 
— opposed  to  outfield.  [Scotland.]  Jamieson. 

IN-FIELD',  v.  a.  To  enclose,  as  a field.  Wright. 

IN-FIL'T£R,  v.  a.  [in  and  filter .]  To  filter  or 
sift  in.  ‘ Med.  Jour. 

JN-FIL'TRATE,  v.  n.  [in  and  filtrate.]  To  enter 
a substance  by  penetrating  its  pores.  Smart. 

lN-FjL-TRA'TION,  n.  [It.  infiltrazionc ; Fr.  in- 
filtration.]  The  act  or  the  process  of  infiltrat- 
ing ; the  diffusion  of  fluids  into  the  cellular  tis- 
sue of  organs.  Iloblgn. 

IiN'FI-NTTE  (in'fc-nit),  a.  [L.  infinities  ; in,  priv., 
and  finitus,  ended ; It.  4 Sp.  infinito  ; Fr.  in- 
fini.] 

1.  Without  limits;  unbounded;  boundless; 

unlimited  ; illimitable  ; immense.  “ Infinite 
space  or  duration.”  Locke. 

Impossible  it  is  that  God  should  withdraw  his  presence 
from  any  thing,  because  the  very  substance  of  God  is  infi- 
nite. Hooker. 

Whatsoever  we  imagine,  is  finite;  therefore  there  is  no 
idea  or  conception  of  any  thing  infinite.  Hobbes. 

2.  That  will  have  no  end ; unending  ; endless. 

3.  That  has  a beginning  in  space,  but  is  in- 
finitely extended.  Smart. 

4.  Very  large  ; very  great ; — so  used  hyper- 

bolically.  “ An  infinite  deal  of  nothing.”  “ A 
fellow  of  infinite  jest.”  ' Shak. 

5.  (Math.)  Noting  a quantity  greater  than 
any  assignable  quantity  of  the  same  kind.  Eliot. 

6.  (Mus.)  Applied  to  a perpetual  fugue,  or 
any  other  musical  composition  which  returns 
into  itself,  and  thus,  as  it  were,  never  ends. 
The  canon  is  an  instance  of  this  kind.  Warner. 

Syn.  — See  Boundless. 

IN'FI-NITE,  n.  1.  The  infinite  being;  the  Al- 
mighty : — that  which  is  infinite.  Congreve. 

2.  (Math.)  An  infinite  quantity. 


IN'Fl-NlTE-Ly,  ad.  Without  limits  ; immensely. 

Infinitely  small  quantity,  (Moth.)  a quantity  less 
than  any  assignable  quantity  ; an  infinitesimal. 

IN'FI-NITE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  infi- 
nite ; immensity  ; infinity  ; infinitude.  Sidney. 

IN-FIN-J-TES'J-MAL,  a.  [Tt.  infinitesimale  ; Sp. 
infinitesimal ; Fr.  infinitesimal.]  Infinitely 
small  or  divided ; less  than  any  assignable 
quantity.  Bp.  Berkeley. 

[N-FIN-I-TES'I-MAL,  n.  (Math.)  An  infinitely 
small  quantity. 

fl£3=-  “ Infinitesimals  may  consist  of  any  number  of 
orders,  one  of  the  first  order  being  infinitely  small 
with  respect  to  a finite  quantity,  one  of  tile  second  or- 
der being  infinitely  small  with  respect  to  one  of  the 
first,  and  so  on.”  Davies. 

IN-FI N-I-TES'J-M AL-LY,  ad.  In  an  infinitesi- 
mal manner  ; by  infinitesimals.  Brit.  Critic. 

IN-FIN'I-TIVE,  a.  [L.  infinilivus ; It.  4 Sp.  in- 
finitivo-,  Fr . infinitif]  ' (Gram.)  Not' limited  ; 
— a term  applied  to  the  mood  of  a verb,  which 
expresses  its  meaning  without  limiting  it  to 
number  or  person  ; — commonly  preceded  by 
the  sign  to  ; as,  “ He  loves  to  learn.” 

IN-FIN'I-TIVE,  n.  (Gram.)  A mood  of  the  verb; 
the  infinitive  mood.  Harris. 

IN-FIN'I-TI  VE-LY,  ad.  In  an  infinitive  manner. 

Lt-FI-MI  ’ TO,  a.  [It.]  (Mus.)  Perpetual,  as  a 
canon  whose  end  leads  back  to  the  beginning. 

Wright. 

IN-FlN'J-TUDE,  n.  [It.  infinitudine.] 

1.  Infinity  ; immensity  ; infiniteness. 

The  third  subsistence  of  divine  infinitude,  illumining 

Spirit.  . Milton. 

2.  Boundless  number.  “ An  infinitude  of 

distinctions.”  ' Addison. 

IN-FIn'I-TU-PLE,  a.  Infinite  in  degrees,  or  in  the 
number  of  time?  repeated,  [r.]  Wollaston. 

IN-FIN'l-TY,  n.  [L.  infinitas ; It.  infinite! ; Sp. 
infinidad-,  Fr.  infinite.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  infinite  or  illimitable  in 
space,  time,  quantity,  or  quality;  immensity; 
boundlessness.  “ Infinity  of  goodness.”  Hooker. 

2.  An  unlimited  or  boundless  number.  “An 

infinity  of  admirable  beauties.”  Broome. 

3.  (Math.)  See  Infinite. 

IN-FIRM',  a.  [L.  infirmus;  in,  priv.,  and  firtnus, 
firm  ; It.  infermo  ; Sp.  enfermo ; Fr.  infi  rme.] 

1.  Not  firm;  not  sound;  imbecile;  weak; 
feeble;  disabled  of  body;  decrepit;  enfeebled. 

A poor,  infirm,  weak,  and  despised  old  man.  Shah. 

2.  Weak  of  mind;  feeble-minded ; irresolute. 

“ Infirm  of  purpose.”  Shak. 

That  on  my  head  all  might  be  visited; 

Thy  frailty  and  in  firmer  sex  forgiven.  Milton. 

3.  Not  stable  ; not  solid  ; unsolid  ; unsteady  ; 

unstable.  “ Infirm  ground.”  South. 

Syn.  — Sec  Weak. 

t IN-FIRM',  v.  a.  [L.  infirmo .]  To  render  less 
firm  ; to  weaken  ; to  enfeeble.  Raleigh. 

IN-FIRM'A-RY,  n.  [It .infermeria;  Sp . enferme- 
ria;  Fr.  infirmeric.]  A residence  for  the  sick  ; 
a hospital  for  the  sick  poor.  Brandc. 

f JN-FIRM'A-TlVE,  a.  [Fr.  infir  mat  if i]  Weak- 
ening ; enfeebling.  Cotgrave. 

f JN-FIRM'A-TO-RY,  n.  An  infirmary.  Evelyn. 

IN-FIRM'I-TY,  n.  [L.  infirmitas ; It.  infermith  ; 
Sp.  enfermedad ; Fr.  infir  mite.] 

1.  Unsound  or  unhealthy  state  of  body ; de- 


bility ; weakness;  imbecility.  “The  infirmi- 
ties of  the  body.”  Rogers. 

Sometimes  the  races  of  men  may  be  depraved  by  the  in- 
firmities of  birth.  Temple. 

2.  Weakness  of  reason,  purpose,  or  temper; 
failing;  fault;  foible;  failing;  defect. 

A friend  should  bear  a friend’s  infirmities.  Shale. 

Syn.  — See  Debility. 

IN-FIRM 'LY,  ad.  Weakly  ; feebly.  Swift. 

IN-FIRM'NIJSS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  infirm  ; 
weakness  ; feebleness  ; infirmity.  Bogle. 


IN-FiX',  v.  a.  [L.  infigo,  infixus ; in,  in,  and  figo, 
to  fix.]  [l.  INFIXED  ; pp.  INFIXING,  INFIXED.] 
1.  To  fix  or  fasten  in  ; to  set  in. 


A,  E,  I,  o,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  IIER> 


INFIX 


751 


INFLUENZA 


A crowd  of  cumbrous  gnats  do  him  molest, 

All  striving  to  inflx  their  feeble  stings.  Spenser . 

2.  To  implant ; to  engraft ; to  instil ; to  in- 
fuse ; to  inculcate.  Wnght. 

IN'FIX,  n.  Something  infixed.  Welsford. 

IN-FLAME',  a.  [L.  inf  ammo  ; in,  in,  and^am- 
ma , flame;  It.  infammare;  Sp.  infamar;  Fr. 
enflammer .]  [t.  inflamed  ; pp.  inflaming, 

INFLAMED.] 

1.  To  cause  to  burn ; to  set  on  fire ; to 
kindle,  [it.] 

By  light  of  the  inflamed  fleet.  Chapman. 

2.  To  fire  with  passion ; to  fill  with  warmth 
or  ardor  ; to  excite  ; to  rouse  ; to  enkindle  ; to 
heat ; to  warm  : — to  exasperate  ; to  irritate  ; 
to  provoke  ; to  enrage  ; to  incense. 

More  inflamed  with  lust  than  rage.  Milton. 

3.  To  exaggerate  ; to  aggravate  ; to  magnify. 

A friend  exaggerates  a man’s  virtues;  an  enemy  inflames 

his  crimes.  Aduison. 

4.  (Med.)  To  render  morbidly  hot  by  exciting 
excessive  action  in  the  blood-vessels. 

We  see  that  spirit  of  wine  does,  in  several  cases,  allay  the 
inflammation  of  the  external  parts,  which,  given  inwardly, 
would  quickly  inflame,  the  body.  Boyle. 

JN-FLAME',  v.  n.  To  grow  hot,  angry,  or  painful. 

If  the  vesicula:  are  oppressed,  they  inflame.  Wiseman. 

IN-FLAMED'  (in-flamd'),  p.  a.  Set  on  fire  ex- 
cited ; roused  ; incensed  ; irritated. 

!N-FLAM'Jf,R,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  inflames. 

IN-FLA M-MA-BI  L'l-TY,  n.  [It.  infiammabilit'a  ; 
Sp.  tnflamabilidad ; Fr.  inflammabilite .]  The 
quality  of  being  inflammable,  or  readily  set  on 
fire ; inflammableness.  Boyle. 

IN-FLAM'MA-BLE,  a.  [It.  infiammabile  ; Sp.  m- 
flamahle  ; Fr.  inflammable .] 

1.  That  may  be  inflamed  or  set  on  fire  ; sus- 
ceptible of  being  readily  set  on  fire ; ignitible. 

Saltpetre  . . . not  only  is  inflammable , but  burns  very  fierce- 
ly and  violently.  Boyle. 

2.  Passionate  ; filled  with  passion. 

Inflammable  air,  an  old  term  for  hydrogen  gas. 

IN-FLAM'M  A-BLE-NESS,  il.  Susceptibility  of 
being  readily  set  on  fire  ; inflammability.  Boyle. 

]N-FLAM'MA-BLY,  ad.  In  an  inflammable  man- 
ner. Dr.  Allen . 

In-FLAM-MA'TION,  n.  [L.  inflammatio ; It.  m- 
fiammazione ; Sp.  inflamacion ; Fr.  inflam- 
mation.'] 

1.  The  act  of  inflaming,  or  setting  on  fire  ; 
conflagration.  '‘Inflammations  of  air.”  Temple. 

2.  The  state  of  being  in  flame.  Browne. 

3.  Excitement ; fervor  ; passion.  Hooker. 

4.  (Med.)  A swelling  and  redness  caused  by 
excessive  action  of  the  blood,  attended  by  heat 
and  pain. 

Dire  inflammation , which  no  cooling  herb 
Or  medicinal  liquor  can  assuage.  Milton. 

JN-FLAM'M A-TlVE,  a.  [It.  inflammativo.]  That 
inflames  ; causing  inflammation,  [it.]  Scott. 

{N-FLAm'MA-TO-RY,  a.  [It.  inflammatorio ; Sp. 
inflamatorio  ; Fr.  inflammatoire .] 

1.  Tending  to  inflame;  causing  inflamma- 
tion ; fiery  ; inflaming ; inflammative. 

The  spicy,  warm,  carminative  things  which  are  given  in  a 
colic  from  a phlegmatic  or  cold  cause,  are  poisouous  in  an  in- 
flammatory one.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  Characterized  by  inflammation.  “ An  in- 
flammatory fever.”  Pope.  “ Inflammatory 
symptoms.”  Palmer. 

3.  Calculated  to  excite  passion,  animosity, 
indignation,  or  sedition  ; incendiary. 

F ar  from  any  thing  inflammatory,  I never  heard  a more 
languid  debate  in  this  house.  Burke. 

Inflammatory  crust,  (Meil.)  the  huffy  crust  which 
appears  on  the  surface  of  the  crassamentum  of  blood 
drawn  in  inflammation,  in  pregnancy,  &c.  Hoblyn. 

IN-FLATE',  v.  a.  [L.  inflo,  inflatus  ; in,  into,  and 
flo,  to  blow ; Sp.  inflar ; Fr.  enfler.]  [i.  in- 
flated ; pp.  INFLATING,  INFLATED.] 

1.  To  blow  into,  or  to  swell  by  blowing  into. 
“ Instrument  for  inflating  the  lungs.”  Jamieson. 

2.  To  puff  up  mentally.  Davies. 

IN-FLATE',  a.  ( Bot .)  Inflated.  Wright. 

JN-FLAT'IJD,  p.  a.  1.  Filled  with  air,  or  swelled  by 
being  filled  with  air;  as,  “An  inflated,  bladder.” 

2.  Tumid;  turgid;  as,  “ An  inflated  style.” 


3.  (Bot.)  Swollen  ; turgid  ; bladdery.  Gray. 

Syn.  — See  Turgid. 

IN-FLA'TION,  ?t.  [L.  inflatio ; Sp . inflicion.] 

1.  The  act  of  inflating  or  swelling. 

2.  The  state  of  being  inflated  or  distended 

with  air.  Arbuthnot. 

3.  The  state  of  being  mentally  puffed  up  ; 
conceit ; conceitedness  ; self-conceit. 

If  they  should  confidently  praise  their  works, 

111  them  it  would  appear  inflation.  B.  Jonson. 

JN-FLECT',  v.  a.  [L.  inflecto ; in,  used  inten- 
sively, and  flecto,  to  bend  ; It.  inflettere  ; Fr.  in- 
flechir.]  [i.  inflected  ; pp.  inflecting,  in- 
flected.] 

1.  To  turn  from  a rectilinear  course  ; to  bend. 

Not  to  lie  directly,  nr  at  length,  but  somewhat  inflected, 

that  the  muscles  may  be  at  rest.  Browne. 

2.  (Gram.)  To  vary  in  its  terminations,  as  a 
noun  or  a verb. 

IN-FLECT'JJD,  p.  a.  Bent;  turned  aside;  bent 
inwards  ; crooked  : — varied  in  its  termination. 

IN-FLEC'TION,  n.  [L.  inflectio  ; It.  inflessione  ; 
Sp.  4‘  Fr.  inflexion .] 

1.  The  act  of  inflecting  or  turning  from  a 
right  line  or  course;  curvature;  curvity. 

2.  (Gram.)  The  change  of  form  which  words 
undergo  in  order  to  express  different  relations ; 
as  the  change  of  termination  of  a verb  to  indi- 
cate its  relation  to  persons  ; as,  “ Speak,  speak- 
est”  ; or  the  change  of  termination  of  a noun 
in  declension;  as,  “John,  John’s.”  Fowler. 

pfl  ■ “ Inflection,  in  strictness  of  language,  is  any 
change  which  takes  place  in  a word  from  a modifica- 
tion of  its  sense  between  the  root  and  the  termination. 
The  inflection  must,  therefore,  not  be  confounded  with 
the  termination  itself.  Tlius  the  syllable  am  is  the 
root  of  all  the  words  employed  in  tile  conjugation  of 
the  Latin  verb  a mo,  I love  ; — in  the  imperfect  tense 
tile  inflection  is  tile  syllabic  ab.  The  termination  va- 
ries according  to  the  person,  — amabum,  amabas,  ama- 
but .”  Brande. 

3.  (Mas.  & Elocution.)  A modulation  or  move- 
ment of  the  voice  ; an  expressive  variation  of 
the  voice.  “ Inflections  of  the  voice.”  Blair. 

This  consideration  leads  me  to  conjecture  that  the  acute 
accent  of  the  ancients  was  really  the  rising  inflection  nr  up- 
ward slide  of  the  voice.  Walker. 

4.  (Opt.)  Deviation  of  pencils  of  light  from 

their  rectilinear  course  on  passing  by  the  edges 
of  opaque  bodies,  or  through  minute  apertures, 
accompanied,  usually,  by  colored  fringes  or  al- 
ternations of  light  and  shade,  &c. ; — called  also 
diffraction.  The  deviation  is  caused,  according 
to  the  undulatory  theory  of  light,  by  luminous 
waves  extending  themselves  into  the  geometri- 
cal shadow,  and  the  fringes,  &c.(  are  caused 
by  their  interference.  Lloyd. 

Point  of  inflection,  (Math.)  the  point  at  which  a curve 
ceases  to  be  concave  and  becomes  convex,  or  the  re- 
verse, with  respect  to  a given  straight  line  not  pass- 
ing through  the  point ; — called  also  point  of  contrary 
flexure.  Davies. 

IN-FLEC'TrON-AL,  a.  Relating  to  or  having  in- 
flection. Phil.  Museum. 

JN-FLEC'TJVE,  a.  Having  the  power  of  bending. 
“This  inflective  quality  of  the  air.”  Dr.  Ilook. 

IN-FLESH',  v.  a.  To  put  into  flesh;  to  incar- 
nate. P.  Fletcher.  “ Himself  a fiend  in- 
fleshed.”  Southey. 

IN-FLEX',  r.  a.  [L.  inflecto,  inflexus.  — See  In- 
flect.] To  bend  ; to  curve  ; to  inflect.  Phillips. 

IN-FLEXED'  (-flekst'),  a.  1.  Bent  inwards.  Felt  ham. 

2.  (Bot.)  Applied  to  leaves  in  vernation  of 
which  the  upper  half  is  bent  on  the  lower,  so 
that  the  apex  of  the  leaf  is  brought  down  to- 
wards the  base.  Gray. 

!N-FLEX-!-BlL'!-TY,  n.  [It.  inflessibilith ; Sp. 
inflexibilidad ; Fr.  inflexibility. \ The  quality  of 
being  inflexible ; inflexibleness;  stiffness. 

That  pave  inflexibility  of  soul 

Which  reason  ean’t  convince  nor  fear  control.  Churchill. 

IN-FLEX'J-BLE,  a.  [L.  inflexibilis  ; in,  priv.,  and 
flexibilis,  flexible  ; flecto,  to  bend;  It.  inflessi- 
oile;  Sp.  A-  Fr.  inflexible.] 

1.  That  cannot  be  bent ; stiff ; rigid.  “ The 
king’s  sceptre  ....  is  firm  and  inflexible.'’  Joy. 

2.  That  cannot  be  inclined  or  induced,  in- 
fluenced or  persuaded;  not  pliant;  constant; 
steady ; immovable ; unyielding ; firm ; obstinate. 

He  stands  inflexible  to  prayers  and  tears.  ritt. 


Inflexible  to  ill,  and  obstinately  just.  Addison. 

3.  Not  to  be  changed  or  altered. 

The  nature  of  things  is  inflexible,  and  their  natural  rela- 
tions unalterable.  Watts. 

Syn.  — See  Obstinacy. 

IN-FLEX'I-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
inflexible  ; inflexibility  ; firmness  ; obstinacy. 

IN-FLEX'[-BLY,  ad.  In  an  inflexible  manner; 
in  a manner  not  to  be  bent,  moved,  or  altered. 

IN-FLEX'URE  (jn-flek'shur),  n.  Inflection.  Browne. 

IN-FLlCT',  v.  a.  [L.  infligo,  inflictus  ; in,  upon, 
and  fligo,  to  strike;  It.  infliggere  ; Sp.  infllgir  ; 
Fr.  infliger.]  [ i . inflicted  ; pp.  inflicting, 
inflicted.]  To  lay  on ; to  put  in  act,  execute, 
or  impose,  as  a punishment. 

For  secret  calumny,  or  the  arrow  flying  in  the  dark,  there 
is  no  public  punishment  left  but  what  a good  writer  inflicts. 

_ Pope. 

IN-FLICT'1JR,  n.  One  who  inflicts. 

JN-FLIC'TION.  n.  [L.  inflictio  ; It.  in jlizionc  ; 
Sp.  infliccion-,  Fr.  infliction.] 

1.  The  act  of  inflicting,  or  imposing  as  a 
punishment. 

Sin  ends  certainly  in  death;  death  not  only  as  to  merit,  hut 
also  as  to  actual  infliction.  South. 

2.  A punishment  imposed  ; judgment. 

His  severest  inflictions  arc  in  themselves  acts  of  justice  and 
righteousness.  Boyers. 

JN-FLIC'TIVE,  a.  [It.  inflittivo;  Sp.  inflictivo; 
Fr.  inflictif.]  Tending  to  inflict.  Whitehead. 

IN-FLO-RES'CF.NCE,  n.  [L.  infloresco,  inflorcs- 
ccns,  to  blossom  ; It.  infloresccnza ; Sp.  efflores- 
cencia  ; Fr.  inflorescence .]  (Bot.)  The  mode  of 
flowering;  the  situation  and  arrangement  of 
flowers  upon  the  stem  or  branch.  Gray. 

JN-FLOW',  v.  n.  To  flow  in.  Wiseman.  E.  Everett. 

IN'FLU-JJNCE,  n.  [L.  influo,  influens,  to  flow  in  ; 
in  and  fluo,  to  flow  ; It.  influenza  ; Sp.  influen- 
cia ; Fr.  influence.] 

1.  An  impulsive  or  directing  power  ; a power 
whose  operation  is  known  only  by  its  effect; 
sway  ; bias  ; control ; — formerly  followed  by 
into,  now  by  on  or  with. 

Every  man,  however  humble  hia  station  or  feeble  his 
powers,  exercises  some  influence  on  those  who  are  about  him 
for  good  or  for  evil.  Prof.  Sedgwick. 

2.  The  imagined  power  of  the  planets  upon 
terrestrial  bodies  or  upon  terrestrial  affairs. 

Canst  thou  bind  the  sweet  influences  of  Pleiades,  or  loose 
the  bands  of  Orion?  Job  xxxvii.  31. 

3.  Weight  of  character  ; reputation  ; credit  ; 
favor  ; — ascendency  ; authority  ; sway  ; as,  “ A 
man  of  influence." 

pi)  ‘ “ Whenever  the  word  influence  occurs  in  our 
English  poetry,  down  to  comparatively  a modern  date, 
there  is  always  more  or  less  remote  allusion  to  the 
skyey  or  planetary  influences  supposed  to  lie  exercised 
by  the  heavenly  bodies  upon  men.”  Trench. 

IN'FLH-BNCE,  v.  a.  [i.  INFLUENCED  ; pp.  IN- 
FLUENCING, influenced.]  To  act  upon  with 
directing  or  impulsive  power ; to  guide  or  lead  ; 
to  modify  ; to  actuate  ; to  bias  ; to  sway. 

The  great  men  who  influenced  the  conduct  of  affairs  at 
that  great  event.  Burke. 

These  experiments  . . . are  not  influenced  by  the  weight  or 
pressure  of  the  atmosphere.  Bewton. 

I N ' F LE - F. NfJ - E R , ii.  One  who  influences.  Swift. 

IN'FLU-ENy-ING,  p,  a.  Exerting  an  influence. 

IN-FLU-EN'CIVE,  a.  Tending  to  influence  ; hav- 
ing influence ; influential.  Coleridge. 

IN'FLF-F.NT,  a.  [L.  influo , influens-,  It.  influ- 
ente ; Fr.  influent.]  Flowing  in.  Arbuthnot. 

IN-FLU-EN'TIAL  (In-flu-en'shal),  a.  Exerting  in- 
fluence or  power  of  any  kind,  particularly  moral 
power  ; having  influence  or  authority  ; predom- 
inating ; predominant.  Glanxill.  Southey. 
Thy  influential  vigor  rcinspires 
This  leeble  frame.  Thomson. 

An  influential  and  leading  inhabitant.  Gent.  Mag. 

Ijcg-  Influential  has  been  represented  as  an  Ameri- 
canism by  Boucher  and  others  ; hut  it  is  an  old  word 
still  in  good  use  in  England. 

IN-FLU- EN'TIAL-LY,  ad.  In  an  influential  man- 
ner. Browne. 

IN-FLU-EN'ZA,  n.  [It .,  influence.]  (Med.)  A se- 
vere form  of  catarrh  occurring  epidemically, 
and  generally  affecting  a number  of  persons  in 
a community  : — in  French  grippe.  Dunglison. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RlJLE.  — 9,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  § as  z ; % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


INFLUX 


752 


INFUSE 


IN'FLflX,  n.  [L.  influo,  infiuxus,  to  flow  in;  in, 
in,  and  fluo,  to  flow;  It.  influsso-,  Sp.  in  flu  jo.] 

1.  The  act  of  flowing  in.  “ Tlie  influx  of  the 

liquid."  Arbuthnot. 

2.  Infusion  ; intromission.  “ The  influx  of 

the  knowledge  of  God.”  Hale. 

3.  Influence ; power. 

They  have  a great  influx  upon  rivers,  ponds,  and  lakes.  Hale. 

4.  Introduction  ; importation.  “ A sudden 
and  unexampled  influx  of  riches.”  Johnson. 

IN-FLUX'ION,  n.  Infusion ; influx.  Bacon. 

t IN-FLUX'IOUS,  a.  Influential.  Hotcell. 

t IN-FLUX'I  VE,  a-  Having  influence.  Holdsworth. 

IN-FOLD',  v.  a.  [iti  and  fold.]  [i.  infolded  ; 

pp.  INFOLDING,  INFOLDED.] 

1.  To  involve  ; to  inwrap  ; to  enclose. 

Wings  raise  her  arms,  and  wings  her  feet  infold,  rope. 

2.  To  clasp  ; to  embrace  ; to  fold. 

Noble  Banquo,  let  me  infold  thee, 

And  hold  thee  to  my  heart.  Shak. 

IN-FOLD'MpNT,  n.  The  act  of  infolding.  Craig. 

IN-FO'LT-ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  in,  in,  and  folium,  a 
leaf.]  To  cover  with  leaves,  or  with  represen- 
tations of  leaves  ; to  form  foliage  upon.  Howell. 

jN-FORM',  v.  a.  [L.  informo,  to  give  form  to  ; in, 
in,  and  for  mo,  to  form;  It.  infomiare;  Sp.  in- 
formar ; Yr.  informer.]  [(.  informed  ; pp.  in- 
forming, INFORMED.] 

1.  To  animate ; to  actuate  by  vital  powers. 
“ While  life  informs  these  limbs.”  [it.]  rope. 

2.  To  supply  with  new  knowledge;  to  ac- 
quaint ; to  apprise ; to  instruct ; to  teach ; to 
notify  ; to  advise  ; to  tell ; — generally  with  of. 

The  difficulty  arises  not  from  what  sense  informs  us  of.  but 
from  wrong  applying  our  notions.  Digby. 

3.  To  make  a charge  to  ; — used  with  against. 

Tcrtullus  informed  t he  governor  against  Paul.  Acts  xxiv.  1. 

Syn.  — To  inform,  acquaint,  apprise,  instruct,  and 
teach , all  imply  the  imparting  of  information  or  knowl- 
edge. Inform  the  public,  the  government,  or  an  indi- 
vidual ; acquaint  a friend  of  what  it  is  important  to 
him  to  know,  and  apprise,  him  of  danger.  A precep- 
tor instructs  or  tenches  his  pupils  j a parent  teaches  his 
children.  — See  Tell. 

IN-FORM',  v.  7i.  To  give  intelligence. 

It  is  the  bloody  business  which  informs 

Thus  to  mine  eyee.  Shak. 

To  inform  against,  to  communicate  facts  by  way  of 
accusation. 

f IN-FORM',  a.  [L.  infoi'mis.]  Without  any  reg- 
ular or  definite  form  ; shapeless ; ugly.  Cotton. 

IN-FOR'MAL,  a.  [Sp  .informal."]  1.  Not  formal; 
not  according  to  the  usual,  or  official,  forms. 

The  clerk  that  returns  it  shall  be  fined  for  his  informal 
return.  Ilalc. 

2.  f Out  of  the  senses;  distracted.  “These 
poor  informal  women.”  Shak. 

IN-FOR-MAL'I-TV,  n.  [Sp.  informalidad.]  The 
quality  of  being  informal;  want  of  regular 
form,  or  of  official  forms.  Clarendon. 

IN-FOR'MAL-LY,  ad.  In  an  informal  manner. 

JN-FORM'ANT,  n.  [L.  informo,  infonnans,  to 
describe.] 

1.  One  who  informs  or  apprises.  Watts. 

2.  One  who  offers  an  accusation  ; an  accuser  ; 

an  informer.  Johnson. 

Syn.  — Informant  is  commonly  used  in  a good 
sense  ; informer,  commonly  in  a bad  sense.  An  in- 
formant gives  information  witli  a friendly  feeling  ; an 
informer  gives  information  either  in  a friendly  man- 
ner, or  against  some  person  who  is  accuse  1 or  sus- 
pected of  some  offence.  A friendly  informant ; an 
odious  informer. 

IN  FUR’MjI  pAu'PK-RIS.  [L.]  (Law.)  In  the 
•form  or  character  of  a pauper.  Brande. 

IN-FOR-mA'TION,  n.  [L.  informatio ; It.  infor- 
mazionc  ; Sp.  informacion ;"  Fr.  information.] 

1.  The  act  of  informing  or  apprising. 

2.  Intelligence  given  ; instruction ; advice. 

These  men  have  had  longer  opportunities  of  information, 
and  arc  equally  concerned  with  ourselves.  Rogers. 

3.  Charge  or  accusation.  Johnson. 

4.  (Law.)  An  accusation  or  complaint  made 

in  writing  to  a court  of  competent  jurisdiction, 
charging  some  person  with  a specific  violation 
of  some  public  law.  Bouvier. 

Syn.—  See  Advice. 


f IN-FOR'MA-TIVE,  a.  Having  power  to  inform 
or  animate.  “ Force  informative."  More. 

JN-FORMED',  a.  1.  f Unformed.  Spenser. 

2.  (Astron.)  Noting  stars  not  included  in 
any  constellation.  Brande. 

IN-FORM'pR,  n.  1.  He  who,  or  that  which,  in- 
forms or  animates.  Thomson. 

2.  One  who  gives  information,  instruction,  or 

intelligence  ; an  informant.  Swift. 

3.  A person  who  prefers  an  accusation  against 
another,  whom  he  suspects  of  the  violation  of 
some  penal  statute  ; — a term  applied  in  a bad 
sense  to  one  who  gets  a livelihood  by  recovering 
fines  for  offences  against  the  laws.  Bouvier. 

Informers  arc  a detestable  race  of  people.  Swift. 

Syn. — See  Informant. 

IN-FOR' JM-DA-BLE,  a.  [L.  informidabilis ; in, 
priv.,  and  formidabilis,  formidable.]  Not  for- 
midable ; not  to  be  dreaded,  [it.]  Milton. 

f IN-FORM'1-TY,  n.  [L.  informitas .]  Want  of 
definite  form  ; shapelessness.  Browne. 

f IN-FORM'OUS,  a.  AVithout  definite  form  ; 
shapeless  ; of  no  regular  figure.  Browne. 

IN  FO'RO  CON-SCI-EN'TI-^:  (-kon-slie-en'- 
she-e.)  [L.]  (Law.)  “ Before  the  tribunal  of 
conscience.”  Blackstone. 

IKS”  “ This  term  is  applied  in  opposition  to  the  ob- 
ligations which  tile  law  enforces.”  Bouvier. 

f IN-FOR'TU-NATE,  a.  [L . infortunatus.]  Not 
fortunate ; unfortunate.  Bacon. 

t IN-FOR'TU-NATE-LY,  ad.  Not  fortunately; 
unfortunately.  Huloet. 

f IN-FORT'UNE,  n.  [Fr.]  Misfortune.  Elyot. 

t IN-FOUND',  v.  a.  [L.  infundo.]  To  infuse ; 
to  pour  into.  Sir  T.  More. 

IN' FRA — [L.]  A Latin  prefix  signifying  be- 

low, beneath. 

IN'FRA— AX'IL-LA-RY,  a.  (Bot.)  Situated  be- 
neath the  axil.  " Gray. 

TN-FRACT',  v.  a.  [L.  infringo,  infractus.]  To 
break  ; to  infringe  ; to  violate,  [ii.]  Thomson. 

t IN-FRACT',  a.  Unbroken;  whole.  Chapman. 

IN-FRAC'TI-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  broken.  Cooke. 

IN-FRAC'TION,  n.  [L.  infract io ; It.  infrazione  ; 
Sp.  infraccion-,  Fr.  infraction .]  The  act  of 
breaking;  breach;  infringement;  violation. 
“ The  infraction  of  my  former  faith.”  Waller. 

Syn. — See  Infringement. 

IN-FRAct'OR,  n.  One  who  infracts;  a breaker; 
a violator.  Ld.  Herbert. 

IN-FRA'GRANT,  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  fragrant.] 
Not  fragrant;  inodorous.  Ed.  Rev. 

IN-FRA-LAP-SA'RJ-AN,  n.  [L.  infra,  after,  and 
lapsus,  a fall.]  ( Thcol.)  One  of’  a class  of  Cal- 
vinists, who  assert  that  the  fall  was  permitted, 
not  predetermined,  and  that  God’s  decrees  con- 
cerning election  and  reprobation  were  subse- 
quent to  that  event,  or  who  suppose  that  God 
intended  to  glorify  his  justice  in  the  condem- 
nation of  some,  as  well  as  his  mercy  in  the 
salvation  of  others  ; sublapsarian.  Adams. 

IN-FR A-LAP-SA'RI-AN-I§M,  n.  (Thcol.)  The 
principles  of  the  infralapsarians.  P.  Cyc. 

IN-FRA— MUN'DANE,  a.  [L.  infra,  below,  and 
mundus,  the  world.]  Beneath  the  world.  Smart. 

IN-FRAN'CIII^E,  v.  a.  See  Enfranchise. 

I N - F R A N ' I - 1!  L E , a.  [It.  infrangibile  ; Sp.  &;  Fr. 
infrangible.]  Not  to  be  broken  or  violated. 

The  primitive  atoms  arc  supposed  infrangible.  Chcyne. 

IN-FRAN'(?I-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
infrangible.  Ash. 

IN-FR  A-SCAP'U-LAR,  a.  Being  beneath  the 
scapula  ; subscapular.  Wright. 

IN-FRA-SPI'NATE,  a.  Situated  beneath  the 
spine.  • Buchanan. 

IN-FR E'CtUpNCE,  n.  [L.  inf  requentia ; It.  in- 
frequenza.]  Infrequency.  " Bp.  Hall. 

IN-FRE'aUJfJN-CY,  n.  The  state  of  being  infre- 
quent ; uncommonness  ; rarity.  Young. 


IN-FRE'Q.U$NT,  a,  [L.  infrequens ; in,  priv., 
and frequens,  frequent;  It.  infrequente ; Fr.  in- 
frequent.] Not  frequent;  rare;  unfrequent. 

A sparing  and  infrequent  worshipper  of  the  Deity  betrays 
an  habitual  disregard  of  him.  Wollaston. 

IN-FRE'aUJiNT-LY,  ail.  Unfrcquently. 

IN-FRIG' I- DATE,  v.  a.  [L.  infrigido,  infrigida- 
tus  ; It.  infrigidare.]  To  chill ; to  make  cold  ; 
to  cool ; to  refrigerate,  [r.]  Boyle. 

IN-Fiuy-I-I) A ' T I O N , n.  [L.  infrigidatio.]  The 
act  of  rendering"  cold,  [it.]  Tatler. 

IN-FItlNtyK',  v.  a.  [L.  infringo-,  in,  used  in- 
tensively, and  frango,  to  break  ; It.  infringcre ; 
Sp.  inf  ring  ir.]  [i.  infringed;^,  ’infring- 
ing, infringed.] 

1.  To  violate;  to  break,  as  laws  or  contracts; 
to  transgress  ; to  trespass  ; to  trench  upon. 

Having  infringed  the  law,  I wave  my  right 

As  king,  and  thus  submit  myself  to  fight.  Waller. 

2.  fTo  destroy;  to  binder. 

All  our  power 

To  he  infringed,  our  freedom  and  our  being.  Milton. 

To  infringe  upon,  to  encroach,  intrude,  or  trench, 
upon  ; to  invade. 

Syn.  — Rights  and  privileges  are  inf  inged;  trea- 
ties, engagements,  and  laws  are  violated-,  the  moral 
law  and  rules  of  propriety  are  transgressed. 

IN-FRIN^E'MpNT,  n.  The  act  of  infringing;  a 
breach  ; a violation  ; invasion.  Clarendon. 

Syn. — Infringement  on  one’s  rights  nr  concerns  ; 
infraction  of  a treaty  ; breach  of  a promise  ; violation 
of  tile  law  or  an  engagement ; invasion  of  rights  or  of 
territory. 

IN-FRINyi'yR,  n.  One  who  infringes  ; a violator. 

IN-FRUC'TU-OSE,  a.  Unfruitful.  Craig. 

IN-FRU'GAL,  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  frugal.]  Not 
frugal ;.  prodigal ; not  economical.  Goodman. 

lN-FRU-QlF'p,R-OUS,  a.  [in,  priv.,  and frugifer- 
ous.]  Not  frugiferous  ; bearing  no  fruit.  Craig. 

IN'FIJ-CATE,  v.  a.  [L.  infucatus,  painted.]  To 
stain  ; to  paint ; to  daub!  Craig. 

IN-FU-CA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  painting  the  face. 

IN'FU-MATE,  v.  a.  [L.  infumo,  infumatus;  in, 
in,  and  fumo,  to  smoke.] ' To  smoke  ; to  dry  in 
the  smoke.  Wright. 

IN-FU-MA'TION,  n.  Act  of  drying  in  smoke.  Craig. 

IN-FUMED'  (in-fumd'),  a.  [L.  infumatus.]  Dried 
in  smoke  ; infumated  ; smoked.  Hewyt. 

iN-FUN-DIB'y-LAR,  a,  (Bot.)  Relating  to,  or 
like,  a funnel ; funnel-shaped.  Gray. 

IN-FUN-DlB'U-LI-FORM,  a.  [L.  infundibulum, 

a funnel,  and  forma,  form.] 

X.  Of  the  shape  of  a funnel  or  tun-dish.  Hill. 

2.  (Bot.)  Noting  a monopetalous  corolla,  or 
other  organ,  whose  tube  enlarges  very  gradually 
below  and  expands  widely  at  the  summit,  as 
that  of  the  common  morning-glory.  Gray. 

f IN-FU'NJP-RAL,  v.  a.  To  bury.  G.  Fletcher. 

IN-FUR-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  in,  in,  and  furca,  a 
fork.]  A forked  expansion.  Craig. 

IN-FU'Itl-ATE,  a.  Enraged;  raging;  mad;  fu- 
rious; infuriated.  Milton. 

IN-FU'RI-ATE,  v.  a.  [It.  infuriare.]  [i.  infu- 
riated ; pp.  INFURIATING,  INFURIATED.]  To 
make  furious  ; to  enrage  ; to  incense. 

Like  those  curls  of  entangled  snakes  with  which  ErinnjTs 
is  said  to  have  infuriated  Athemas  and  Ino.  Decay  of  Piety. 

IN-FU'RI-AT-pD,  p.  a.  Filled  with  rage  or  fury  ; 
mad;  enraged;  furious.  “ Infuriated  decla- 
mations and  invectives.”  Burke. 

JN-FUS'CATE,  v.  a.  [L.  infusco,  infuscatus ; in, 
used  intensively,  and  fusco,  to  blacken  ; fuscus, 
dark.]  To  make  dark  or  black ; to  render 
dusky  ; to  darken  ; to  obscure.  Smart. 

IN-FUS-cA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  darkening  or 

blackening;  denigration.  Johnson. 

IN-FU^E’  (in-fuz'),  v.  a.  [L.  infundo,  infusus;  in, 
into,  and  fundo,  to  pour  ; It.  infondere  ; Sp.  in- 
fundir ; Fr.  inf  user .]  [i.  infused;  pp.  in- 

fusing, INFUSED.] 

1.  To  pour  in ; to  cause  to  run  or  flow  in. 

That  strong  Cirea?an  liquor  cease  to  infuse 
"Wherewith  thou  didst  intoxicate  my  youth.  Denham. 

2.  To  instil ; to  introduce  ; to  inculcate. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


INFUSE 


753 


INGRATIATE 


Infuse  into  their  young  breasts  such  a noble  ardor  as  will 
make  them  renowned.  Milton . 

3.  To  inspire  ; to  animate,  [r.] 

Infuse  his  breast  with  magnanimity.  Shak. 

4.  To  steep,  as  vegetable  substances,  in 
liquor,  usually  in  water,  for  the  purpose  of  ex- 
tracting their  soluble  and  aromatic  principles. 

Take  violets,  and  infuse  a good  pugil  of  them  in  a quart  of 
vinegar.  Bacon. 

5.  To  make  an  infusion  with.  “Drink,  in- 
fused with  flesh.”  [r.]  Bacon. 

Syn.  — See  Inculcate. 


f IN-FU§E',  n.  Infusion.  Spenser. 

]N-FU§'JJR,  n.  One  who  infuses.  Mountagu. 


IN-FU-§!-BIL'!-TY,  n.  [It.  infusibilita ; Fr.  in- 
fusibilite.]  Quality  of  being  infusible.  Smart. 


IN-FU'§I-BLE  (jn-fu'ze-bl),  a.  [It.  infusibile ; Sp. 
inf  audible  ; Fr.  infusible.'] 

1.  That  may  be  infused.  “ The  doctrines  be- 
ing infusible  into  all.”  HamVnond. 

2.  [in,  priv.,  and  fusible .]  Incapable  of  fu- 
sion ; not  fusible ; not  to  be  melted. 

It  [fossil  meal]  is  infusible  in  the  fire.  Ure. 

IN-FU'§ION  (in-fu'zhun,  93),  n.  [L.  infusio;  It. 
infusione .] 

1.  The  act  of  infusing  or  instilling;  instilla- 
tion ; introduction ; inspiration.  Sir  T.  More. 

And  all  that  else  was  wont  to  work  delight 
Through  the  divine  infusion  of  their  skill.  Spenser. 

Our  language  has  received  innumerable  elegancies  and 
improvements  from  that  infusion  of  Hebraisms  which  are  de- 
rived to  it  out  of  the  poetical  passages  in  Holy  Writ.  Addison. 

2.  Suggestion  ; whisper. 

They  did  not  desire  their  company,  nor  to  be  troubled 
with  tlieir  infusions.  Clarendon. 

3.  The  operation  of  pouring  water  or  other 
fluid,  cold  or  hot,  on  a vegetable  substance,  in 
order  to  extract  its  active  principle.  Bacon. 

4.  The  product  obtained  by  steeping  a vege- 
table substance  in  water  or  other  liquid. 

To  have  the  infusion  strong,  in  those  bodies  which  have 
finer  spirits,  repeat  the  infusion  of  the  body  oftener.  Bacon. 

5.  The  act  of  dipping  or  plunging  into  water 
or  other  fluid.  “Baptism  by  infusion.”  Jortin. 


JN-FU'SIVE,  a.  Having  the  power  of  infusion. 
And  sing  the  infusive  force  of  Spring  on  man.  Thomson. 


IN-FU-SO  ' RI-A,n.  pi.  ( Zoul .)  A ttrm  applied  to 
the  numerous  minute  animals  found  in  water, 
commonly  called  animalcules.  Eng.  Cyc. 

“ Otto  Frederic  Muller  first  separated  them 
[the  infusoria ] as  a distinct  order  ; and  as  the  greater 
number  of  animalcules  had  been  detected  in  liquids 
in  which  vegetable  or  animal  matters  had  been  dis- 
solved by  infusion,  lie  gave  them  the  name  Infusoria. 
— Under  the  class  Infusoria , Ehrenberg  embraced  two 
very  different  forms  of  animal  life.  He  divided  them 
into  Pohgrastrica  and  Rotifr.ra.  The  latter  division  in- 
cluded the  animals  known  by  the  name  of  wheel-ani- 
malcules. Tile  Polygastrica,  so  called  from  the  sup- 
position that  the  typical  forms  possessed  a number  of 
stomachs,  included  all  the  remaining  species  of  Infu- 
soria.” Eng.  Cyc.  — The  Infusoria , as  a class,  do 
not  exist.  It  has  been  proved  that  a part  of  them 
are  plants  or  their  spores,  others  are  the  young  of 
different  animals,  and  the  rest  are  perfect  animals. 

Jlgassiz. 

IN-FU-SO  RI-AL,  I Relating  to,  or  contain- 

IN-FU'SO-RY,  ) ing,  infusoria  or  infusories  : — 
obtained  by  infusion  of  certain  plants.  Kirby. 

JN-FU'SO-RY,  n. ; pi.  INFUSORIES.  (Nat.  Hist.) 
A microscopic  animal,  insect,  or  animalcule, 
found  in  infusions  of  organic  matter.  Kirby. 

f ING,  or  INGE,  n.  [A.  S.  ing  ; Icel.  einge ; W. 
ingel]  A common  pasture  or  meadow.  Gibson. 


f IN-GAN-NA'TION,  n.  [It.  ingannare,  to  cheat.] 
Cheat ; fraud ; juggle  ; delusion.  Browne. 

IN'GATE,  n.  1.  f Entrance  ; passage  in.  Spenser. 

2.  An.  aperture  in  a mould  for  pouring  in 
metal ; — technically  called  the  tedge.  Simmonds. 

IN'GATII-ER-ING,  n.  [in  and  gathering .]  The 
act  of  gathering  in,  as  the  harvest ; harvest. 

Thou  shalt  keep  the  feast  of  ingathering , when  thou  Jinst 
gathered  in  thy  labors  out  of  the  field.  Ex.  xxiii.  l(j. 

IN-GEL' A-BLE,  a.  [L.  ingelabilis .]  That  can- 
not be  frozen.  Coekeram. 

IN-^EM'f-NATE,  v.  a.  [L.  ingemino , ingemina- 
tus .]  To  double;  to  repeat ; to  reiterate. 

lie  would  often  ingeminate  the  word  peace,  peace. 

Clarendon. 


IN-OEM'J-NATE,  a.  Redoubled;  repeated.  “An 
ingeminate  expression.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

IN-(?EM-!-NA'TION,  n.  [L.  ingeminatio .]  Repe- 
tition ; reduplication  ; reiteration.  Walsall. 

lN-<?EN'DgR,  v.  a.  See  Engender. 

f IN-GE'NJpR,  n.  A contriver  or  designer.  Shak. 

IN-^EN-JER-A-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [It.  ingenerabilita.] 
The  quality  of  being  ingenerable.  Cudworth. 

IN-GEN' JJR- A-BLE,  a.  [It.  ingenerabile  ; Sp.  in- 
generable.] That  cannot  be  produced.  Boyh. 

IN-GEN'yR-A-BLY,  ad.  In  an  ingenerable  man- 
ner. Cudworth. 

TN-^EN'JJR-ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  ingenerd,  ingeneratus  ; 
in,  in,  and  genero,  to  beget ; It.  ingenerare .]  [i. 

INGENERATED  ; pp.  INGENERATING,  INGENEll- 
ATED.]  To  beget  or  produce  within. 

Pure  and  unspotted  from  all  loathly  crime 

That  is  ingenerate  in  fleshly  slime.  Spenser. 

IN-tjJEN'JJR-ATE,  a.  Inborn;  innate;  inherent. 
“Qualities  ingenerate  in  his  judgment.” Bacon. 

Syn.  — See  Inherent. 

II  IN-^EN'IOyS  (jn-jen'yus  or  in-je'ne-us)  [in-je'- 
nyus,  S.  E.  F.  K. ; in-je'ne-us,  IF.  P.  J.  Ja.  Sm. 
Wr.],  a.  [L.  ingeniosus ; ingenium,  nature; 
in,  in,  and  genius,  genius  ; geno,  to  beget ; It. 
Sp.  ingenioso  ; Fr.  tngenieux.] 

1.  Having  natural  genius,  wit,  or  ability  ; pos- 
sessed of  the  faculty  of  invention  ; inventive  ; 
skilful ; clever.  “ Our  ingenious  friend  Cowley.” 
Boyle.  “ Ingenious  Fletcher.”  Beaumont. 

2.  Exhibiting  ingenuity ; showing  contri- 
vance or  invention  ; as,  “ An  ingenious  piece  of 
mechanism.” 

3.  f Mental ; intellectual.  Shak. 

vlgg*  “ Tliis  word,  in  our  old  writers,  is  often  im- 
properly used  for  ingenuous.”  Todd. 

Syn.  — See  Clever. 

||  IN-GEN'IOUS-LY,  ad.  In  an  ingenious  man- 
ner ; skilfully ; cleverly  ; wittily. 

||  IN-yEN'IOUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
ingenious  ; ingenuity.  Boyle. 

IN-yiEN'lTE,  or  IN'GGN-lTE  [jn-jen'it,  S.  P.  J.  F. 
Sm. ; In'jen-it,  W.  Ja.],  a.  [L.  iitgenitus.]  In- 
nate ; inborn ; native ; ingenerate.  [it.]  South. 

IN-GP-NU'I-TY,  n.  [L.  ingenuitas  ; Sp.  ingenui- 
dad  ; Fr.  ingenuite. ] 

1.  The  quality  of  being  ingenious ; power  of 
invention  or  contrivance ; a ready  aptitude  for 
forming  or  designing  new  combinations ; abili- 
ty; skill;  cleverness;  ingeniousness. 

Of  all  the  means  which  human  ingenuity  has  contrived  for 
recalling  the  images  of  real  objects,  and  awakening,  by  rep- 
resentation, similar  emotions  to  those  which  were  raised  by 
the  originals,  none  is  so  full  and  extensive  as  that  which  is 
executed  by  words  and  writing.  Blair. 

2.  Exhibition  of  contrivance  or  design  : cu- 
riousness of  structure  or  formation  ; as,  “The 
ingenuity  of  a scheme.” 

3.  f [From  ingenuous  ; It.  ingenuita  ; Sp.  in- 
genuidad ; Fr.  ingenuite.]  Openness;  candor; 
ingenuousness. — See  Ingenious. 

If  a child,  when  questioned  for  any  thing,  directly  confess, 
you  must  commend  his  ingenuity , and  pardon  the  fault,  be  ii 
what  it  will.  Locke. 

Syn. — See  Ability,  Genius. 

IN-^EN'U-OUS  (jn-jen'yu-us),  a.  [L.  ingenuus ; 
It.  8$  Sp.  ingenuo ; Fr.  ingenu.] 

1.  Open  ; fair  ; artless  ; frank  ; candid  ; sin- 
cere. “ The  glory  of  an  ingenuous  mind.”//ooA<T. 

2.  Generous  ; noble  ; high-minded. 

If  an  ingenuous  detestation  of  falsehood  be  but  carefully 
and  earlv  instilled,  that  is  the  true  and  genuine  method  to 
obviate  dishonesty.  Locke. 

3.  t Pertaining  to  a freeborn  man.  “ Ingen- 
uous liberties.”  K.  Charles. 

Syn.  — See  Candid. 

IN-GEN'U-OUS-LY,  ad.  Openly  ; fairly;  candidly. 

IN-GEN' U-OUS-N ESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  in- 
genuous ; openness  ; fairness  ; candor.  Burnet. 

f IN'GF.-NY,  n.  [L.  ingenium.]  Genius  ; wit ; in- 
genuity. “ The  production  of  his  ingeny.”  Boyle. 

IN-GER'MI-NATE,  v.  a.  [in  and.  germinate.]  To 
cause  to  germinate,  or  sprout.  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

IN-0EST',  v.  a.  [L.  ingero,  ingestus ; in,  into, 
and  gero,  to  bear.]  [t.  ingested  ; pp.  ingest- 


ing, ingested.]  To  throw  into  the  stomach. 
“ Ingested  meats.”  [r.]  Blackmore. 

IN-GEST'ION  (jn-jest'yun),  n.  [L.  ingestio .]  The 
act  of  ingesting.  Ilarvey. 

IN-GIRT',  v.  a.  To  encircle;  to  engirt.  Drayton. 

IN-GIRT',  p.  a.  Encircled;  girded.  Drayton. 

IN'GLE  (liig'gl,  82),  n.  [L.  igniculus,  dim.  of  ig- 
nis, fire.  Todd.  — Sp.  ingle,  the  groin.  — Gael.  # 
Ir.  aingeal ; W.  enyyl,  fire.] 

1.  Afire;  aflame.  [North  of  Eng.]  Ray. 

2.  A catamite  ; a paramour  ; engle.  Blount. 

IN-GLO'BATE,  a.  In  the  form  of  a globe  or 
sphere;  — applied  to  nebulous  matter  collected 
into  a sphere  by  the  gravitating  principle.  Oyilvie. 

f IN-GLOBE',  v.  a.  To  involve  ; to  encircle.  Milton. 

IN-GLO'IIl-OUS,  a.  [ h.inglorius  ; in,  priv.,  and  glo- 
riosus,  glorious ; It.  inglorioso ; Fr.  inglorieux. ] 

1.  Not  glorious  ; without  glory;  without  fame 
or  renown;  obscure;  unknown;  mean;  low. 

Some  mute,  inglorious  Milton  here  may  rest.  Gray. 

2.  Ignominious;  disgraceful;  shameful. 

Inglorious  shelter  in  a foreign  land.  J.  Phillips. 

IN-GLO'RI-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  an  inglorious  manner. 

IN-GLO'RI-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  in- 
glorious. Todd. 

IN-GLU'VI-E§,  n.  [L.,  a crop.]  ( Ornitli .)  The 
crop  or  dilatation  of  the  oesophagus,  in  which 
the  food  is  accumulated  and  macerated,  but  not 
digested.  Brande. 

f IN-GLU'VI-OUS,  a.  Gluttonous.  Blount. 

IN-GORGE',  v.  a.  See  Engorge. 

IN'GOT,  n.  [Fr.  lingot,  which  Menage  derives 
from  L.  lingua,  a tongue  (as  if  tongue- shaped). 
— Dut.  ingieten,  inghegoten,  to  infuse.  Skinner.] 

1.  f A mould  for  casting  metals  in.  Chaucer. 

2.  A mass  or  bar  of  unwrought  metal,  as 
gold  or  silver,  cast  in  a mould,  often  in  the  form 
of  a wedge.  “ Ingots  of  gold  and  silver .” Dryden. 

f IN-GRAFF',  v.  a.  To  ingraft.  May. 

IN-GRAFT',  v.  a.  [in  and  graft.]  [i.  ingrafted; 
pp.  INGRAFTING,  INGRAFTED.] 

1.  To  insert,  as  the  sprig  or  scion  of  one  tree 

into  the  stock  of  another;  to  graft.  “ He  in- 
grafted an  apple  upon  a crab.”  Johnson. 

2.  To  fix  or  fasten  ; to  introduce  ; to  infix. 

For  a spur  of  diligence,  we  have  a natural  thirst  after 
knowledge  ingrafted  in  us.  Hooker. 

Syn.  — See  Inculcate. 

IN-GRAft'ER,  n.  One  who  ingrafts.  Goodwin. 

IN-GRAft'MENT,  n.  1.  Act  of  ingrafting.  Shak. 

2.  The  sprig  or  thing  ingrafted.  Lyttleton. 

IN-GRAIN'  (in-gran'),  v.  a.  [in  and  grain.]  [i. 
INGRAINED  ; pp.  INGRAINING,  INGRAINED.] 

1.  To  dye  in  the  grain. 

2.  To  work  into  the  natural  texture ; to  im- 
bue ; to  impregnate  thoroughly  ; to  dye. 

Thou  had  not  that  confused  succeeding  age 

Our  fields  ingrained  with  blood.  Daniel. 

IN-GRAp'PLED  (-grap'pld),  a.  Grappled  together. 
“ Their  armed  paws  ingrappled.”  Drayton. 

IN-GRATE',  or  IN'GRAte,  a.  [L.  ingratus ; in, 
priv.,  and  gratus,  grateful ; It.  § Sp.  ingrato  ; 
Fr.  ingratf]  Ungrateful;  not  grateful.  Pope. 

IN-GRATE',  n.  One  guilty  of  ingratitude ; an  un- 
grateful person.  Somerville. 

IN-GRATE'FUL,  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  grateful.] 

1.  Ungrateful ;'  unthankful. 

He  proved  extremely  false  and  inyratefvl  to  me.  Atterbury. 

2.  Unpleasing  to  the  sense  ; distasteful.  “No 

ingrateful  food.”  Milton. 

IN-GRAtE'FUL-LY,  ad.  Ungratefully.  Weldon. 

IN-GRATE'FUL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
ungrateful ; unthankfulness.  Bullokar. 

IN-GRA'TI-AtE  (jn-gra'she-at),  v.  a.  [L.  in,  in, 
and  gratia,  favor  ; It.  ingraziarsi .]  [*.  ingrati- 
ated ; pp.  INGRATIATING,  INGRATIATED.] 

1.  To  commend  to  another’s  confidence  : to 
put  in  favor ; to  insinuate  ; to  recommend  to 
kindness  ; — with  the  reflective  pronoun. 

The  old  man  . . . had  already  ingratiated  himself  Into  our 
favor.  Cook. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 
95 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — G,  G>  Si  Ii  soft;  £,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


INGRATIATING 


754 


INHIBITION 


2.  f To  render  agreeable  ; — with  to. 

This  will  mightily  endear  and  ingratiate  them  to  us.  Scott. 

Syn.  — See  Insinuate. 

JN-GRA'TI-AT-ING  (jn-gra'she-at-jng),  n.  The 
act  of  putting  in  favor. 

IN-GRAT'I-TUDE,  n.  [L.  in gr atitudo ; in,  priv., 
and  gratitudo,  gratitude  ; gratus,  grateful : It. 
inqratit udine ; Sp.  ingratitad ; Fr.  mgratitude.\ 
Want  of  gratitude,  or  an  appreciation  of  kind- 
ness done  or  intended  ; insensibility  to  the  ob- 
ligation imposed  by  favors  received;  unthank- 
fulness. 

Blow,  blow,  thou  winter  windi 
Thou  art  not  so  unkind 
As  man’s  ingratitude.  Shak. 

IN-GRAVE',  via.  To  bury  : — to  engrave. Gcimage. 

f IN-GRAv'I-dATE,  v.  a.  [L.  ingravido,  ingravi- 
dutus  ; in,  used  intensively,  and  gravidas, 
heavy,  pregnant.]  To  impregnate;  to  make 
pregnant  or  prolific.  duller. 

f IN-GRAV-l-DA'TION,  n.  The  state  of  being 
pregnant ; pregnancy.  Maunder. 

f IN-GREAT'  (jn-grat'),  V.  a.  [in  and  great.]  To 
make  great ; to  enlarge.  Abp.  Abbot.  Fotherby. 

JN-GRE'DHJNT  [jn-gre’de-ent,  P.J.Ja.  Sm.Wr . ; 
in-gre'jent,  S.  IF.;  jn-gre'dyent,  E.  F.  A'.],  n. 
[L.  ingredior,  ingrediens,  to  enter  into  ; It.  A;  Sp. 
ingrediente ; Fr.  ingredient.]  That  which  forms 
a part  of  a compound  ; a component  part  of  a 
compound  body  ; an  element. 

The  ointment  is  made  of  divers  ingredients.  Bacon. 

Parts,  knowledge,  and  experience  are  excellent  ingredients 
in  a public  character.  Rogers. 

IN'GRESS  (In'gres),  n.  [L.  ingressus ; ingredior, 
to  go  in ; It.  ingresso ; Sp.  ingreso.] 

1.  Entrance,  or  power  of  entrance  ; intromis- 

sion ; entry.  “ Passages  for  the  ingress  and 
egress  of  the  bees.”  Holland. 

2.  ( Astron .)  The  moon’s  entrance  into  the 
earth’s  shadow  in  eclipses ; and  the  sun’s  en- 
trance into  a sign,  especially  Aries.  Wright. 

|N-GRESS',  v.  n.  To  make  an  entrance.  Dwight. 

IN-GRES'SION  (jn-gresli'iin),  n.  [L.  ingressio.] 
The  act  of’entering;  a going  into  ; entrance. 

IJV-GRES'SU,  n.  [L.]  (Laic.)  A writ  of  entry, 
whereby  a man  seeks  entry  into  lands  or  tene- 
ments. \ Whi&haw. 

f JN-GROST',  p.  Engrossed.  Shak. 

flN-GUIL'TY,  a.  Not  guilty  ; innocent.  Bp.  Hall. 

IN'GUI-NAL  (Ing'gwe-nal,  82),  a.  [L.  inguinalis, 
inguen,  inguinis,  the  groin  ; It.  inguinale ; Sp. 
<Sf  Fr.  inguinal.)  Belonging  to,  or  situated  in, 
the  groin.  “ The  axillary,  inguinal,  and  other 
glands.”  Arbuthnot. 

IN-GULF',  v.  a.  [It.  ingolfare .]  [i.  ingulfed  ; 
pp.  INGULFING,  INGULFED.] 

1.  To  swallow  up  in  a gulf  or  deep  place. 

In  the  porous  earth 

Long  while  ingulfed.  Mason. 

2.  To  cast,  or  draw,  into  a gulf.  Hayward. 

JN-GUIiF'MIJNT,  n.  The  state  of  being  ingulfed  ; 
a swallowing  up  in  a gulf.  Buckland. 

IN-GUR'^rl-TATE,  v.  a.  [L.  ingurgito,  ingurgi- 
tatus-,  in,  in,  and  purges,  gurgitis,  a whirlpool ; 
It.  ingurgitare .]  [t.  ingurgitated  ; pp.  in- 
gurgitating, INGURGITATED.] 

1.  To  swallow  greedily  or  largely.  Cleaveland. 

2.  To  plunge  into ; to  ingulf.  Fotherby. 

IN-GUR'<?!-TATE,  v.  n.  To  drink  largely;  to 
swig.  “ To  cat  and  ingurgitate.”  [r.]  Burton. 

IN-GUR-^I-TA'TION,  n.  [I,,  ingurgitating]  The 
act  of  ingurgitating,  [r.]  Sir  T.  Elyot. 

IN-GUS'TA-BLE,  a.  [L.  inaustabilis .]  Not  per- 
ceptible by  the  taste,  [r.]  Browne. 

f IN-HA B'lLE  [Tn-hab'jl,  S.  J.  F.  K.  Sm. ; in-bal>'jl 
or  In-ba-bel',  II'.  P.],  a.  [L.  inhabilis;  in,  priv., 
and  habilis,  skilful;  Fr.  inhabile .]  Unskilful; 
unready  ; unfit ; unqualified  ; unable.  Bailey. 

f IN-HA-BIL'I-Ty,  n.  Unskilfulness;  inability; 
unfitness  ; unaptness.  Barrow. 

IN-HAB'IT,  v.a.  [L.inhabito ; in,  in,  and  habito,  to 
dwell;  It.  abitare ; Sp.  habitar ; Fr.  inhabiter .] 
p.  INHABITED  ; pp.  INHABITING,  INHABITED.] 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6, 


To  live  in  ; to  dwell  in ; to  hold  as  a dweller ; 
to  occupy  ; to  reside  in. 

We  may  conclude  that  it  [Britain]  was  a very  ancient  set- 
tlement, since  tile  Carthaginians  found  tins  island  inhabited. 

Burke. 

JN-HAB'IT,  v.  n.  To  dwell;  to  live ; to  sojourn; 
to  reside  ; to  abide. 

Learn  what  creatures  there  inhabit.  Milton. 

IN-HAB'J-TA-BLE,  a.  [L.  inhabitabilis ; It.  abi- 
tabile  ; Fr.  inhabitable.] 

1.  That  may  be  inhabited  ; capable  of  afford- 
ing habitation  ; habitable.  “ Inhabitable  plan- 
ets.” Locke.  “ The  inhabitable  world.”  Donne. 

2.  f [L.  inhabitabilis ; in,  priv.,  and  habitab- 
i/is,  habitable;  Fr.  inhabitable .]  Not  habita- 
ble ; uninhabitable. 

The  divine  Providence  so  ordering  all,  that  some  parts  of 
the  world  should  be  habitable,  others  inhabitable . Holland. 

JN-HAb'I-TANCE,  n.  Inhabitancy,  [it.]  Carew. 

JN-hAb'I-TAN-CY,  n.  The  act  of  inhabiting; 
habitancy  ; actual  residence.  Ld.  Mansfield. 

JN-HAB'I-TANT,  n.  One  who  inhabits,  or  has  an 
actual  fixed  residence  in,  a place  ; one  who  has 
his  domicil  in  a place ; dweller ; resident.BwroVf. 

JN-HAB-I-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  inhabitatio .] 

1.  The  act  of  inhabiting,  or  the  state  of  being 

inhabited.  Raleigh. 

2.  Habitation  ; abode  ; residence  ; dwelling- 
place. 

3.  The  inhabitants  of  a place  collectively; 
the  population,  pt.] 

Universal  groan, 

As  if  the  whole  inhabitation  perished.  Milton. 

IN-HAB'I-TA-TIVE-NESS,  n.  (Phren.)  A ten- 
dency or  inclination  to  select  a peculiar  and 
permanent  dwelling  or  residence.  Combe. 

IN-HAb'IT-ER,  n.  One  who  inhabits ; a dweller  ; 
an  inhabitant. 

IN-HA  B'1-TRESS,  n.  A female  inhabitant. 

The  church  here  called  the  inhabitress  of  the  gardens. 

Bp.  Richardson. 

IN-HA-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  inhalatio ; It.  inala- 
zionc ; Sp.  inhalacion ; Fr.  inhalation.]  The 
act  of  inhaling.  Dr.  Woodward. 

JN-HALE'j  v.  a.  [L.  inhalo-,  in,  in,  and  halo,  to 
breathe ; It.  inalare .]  [i.  inhaled  ; pp.  in- 

haling, inhaled.]  To  draw  into  the  lungs  ; 
to  inspire  ; to  take  in. 

That  play  of  lungs,  inhaling , and  again 

Respiring  freely  the  fresh  air,  that  makes 

Swift  pace  nor  steep  ascent  no  toil  to  me.  Coivper. 

IN-hAL'ER,  n.  One  who  inhales.  P.  Cyc. 

IN-hAncE',  v.  a.  See  Enhance. 

IN-HAR-MON'IC,  \ a.  (in,  priv.,  and  har- 

IN-HAR-MON'I-CAL,  ) monic .]  Wanting  har- 
mony; inharmonious;  discordant.  Todd. 

IN-HAR-MO'NJ-OUS,  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  harmo- 
nious.] Not  harmonious ; wanting  harmony  ; 
unmusical ; discordant ; inharmonic.  Felton. 

IN-HAR-MO'NI-OUS-LY,  ad.  Without  harmony. 

IN-HAR-MO'NI-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing inharmonious  ; want  of  harmony.  Tucker. 

IN-HAR'MO-NY,  n.  AVant  of  harmony  ; discord. 
[r.]  ’ Dr.  Delamater. 

IN-HEARSE',  v.  a.  [in  and  hearse.]  To  enclose 
in  a hearse,  coffin,  or  funeral  monument. 

Sec  where  he  lies,  inhearsed  in  the  arms 

Of  the  most  bloody  nurser  of  his  harms.  Shak. 

JN-IIERE',  v.  n.  [L.  inhatreo  ; in,  in,  and  htereo,  to 
hang;  It.  inert  re ; Sp.  inherir.)  [i.  inhered; 
pp.  inhering,  inhered.]  To  exist  or  be 
fixed  in  something  else. 

So  fares  the  soul  which  more  that  power  reveres 

Man  claims  from  God  than  what  in  God  inheres.  Parnell. 

IN-HER'F.NCE,  ) n [it.  inerenza  ; Sp.  inheren- 

IN-HER'5N-CY>  > cia;  Fr.  inherence .]  Exist- 

ence in  something  else,  so  as  to  be  inseparable 
from  it;  inhesion.  Bp.  Taylor. 

IN-IIER'yNT,  a.  [L.  inhtrreo,  inheerens,  to  in- 
here; in,  in,  and  ht&reo,  to  hang;  It.  inerente ; 
Sp.  inherente ; Fr.  inherent.] 

1.  Existing  inseparably  in  something  else. 

A most  inherent  baseness.  Shak. 

2.  Implanted  by  nature;  not  adventitious; 
innate ; inbred  ; inborn  ; naturally  pertaining  to. 


i,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  y,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE, 


I consider  a human  soul  without  education  like  marble  in 
a quarry,  which  shows  none  of  its  inherent  beauties  till  the 
skill  of  the  polisher  fetches  out  the  colors,  tnakes  the  surface 
shine,  and  discovers  every  ornamental  cloud,  spot,  and  vein 
that  runs  through  the  body  of  it.  Spectator. 

Syn. — Inherent  denotes  what  is  permanent,  not 
adventitious  ; inbred , what  is  acquired  from  early 
habit ; inborn , innate , and  ingenerate,  what  is  purely 
natural,  not  artificial  or  acquired.  Innate  is  chiefly 
used  in  philosophical  discussions  instead  of  inborn  or 
ingenerate  j and  it  is  used  mostly  of  persons  ; inherent , 
mostly  of  things.  What  is  inborn , innate , or  ingencr- 
ate , is  naturally  inherent.  Inherent  quality  ; inborn 
passions  ; inbred  affection  or  habit  \ innate  disposition 
or  ideas. 

IN-HER'£NT-LY,  ad.  In  an  inherent  manner. 

IN-HER'IT,  v.  a.  [Old  Fr.  enh&riterJ]  \i:  in- 
herited ; pp.  INHERITING,  INHERITED.] 

1.  To  receive,  possess,  or  be  entitled  to,  by 
inheritance,  or  by  hereditary  descent  or  trans- 
mission. 

Unwilling  to  sell  an  estate  he  had  some  prospect  of  inher- 
iting, he  formed  delays.  Addison. 

Treason  is  not  inherited,  my  lord.  Shak. 

Cold  blood  he  did  naturally  inherit  of  his  father.  Shak. 

2.  To  take  or  receive  possession  of. 

Where  now  he  doth  inherit 
All  happiness  in  Ilebe’s  silver  bower.  Shak. 

3.  To  cause  to  possess  or  entertain. 

What  doth  our  cousin  lay  to  Mowbray’s  charge? 

It  must  be  great  that  can  inherit  us 

So  much  as  of  a thought  of  ill  in  him.  Shak. 

IN-HER-I-TA-BIL'l-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
inheritable.  Coleridge. 

IN-HER'I-TA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  inherited  or 
transmitted  by  descent. 

Inheritable  blood , blood  which  gives  to  the  person 
who  lias  it  the  character  of  heir,  or  which  may  be  the 
medium  of  transmitting  an  estate  by  inheritance. 

Bun-ill. 

IN-HER'I-TA-BLY,  ad.  By  inheritance. 

IN-HER'I-TANCE,  n.  1.  The  act  of  inheriting,  or 
succeeding  to  the  rights  of  a deceased  person  ; 
as,  “To  receive  any  thing  by  inheritance .” 

2.  Reception  ; possession.  “ For  the  inher- 
itance of  their  loves.”  [it.]  Shak. 

3.  That  which  is  inherited  ; a patrimony  ; 
inheritance. 

4.  (Late.)  An  estate  which  a man  has  by 
descent  as  heir  to  another,  or  which,  whether 
acquired  by  .descent  or  by  purchase,  he  may 
transmit  to  another  ; a perpetuity  in  lands  and 
tenements  to  a man  and  his  heirs.  Burrill. 

Among:  civilians,  by  inheritance  is  understood  the  succes- 
sion to  all  the  rights  of  the  deceased.  It  is  of  two  kinds;  first, 
that  which  arises  by  testament,  when  the  testator  gives  his 
succession  to  a particular  person;  and,  second,  that  which 
arises  by  operation  of  law,  which  is  called  succession  “ ab  in- 
testat.”  Bouvier. 

5.  ( Scripture .)  The'people  of  God.  Ps.  xxviii. 
9.  That  which  is  received,  or  to  be  received, 
as  the  result  or  the  reward  of  righteousness. 

Ye  were  sealed  with  that  Iloly  Spirit  of  promise,  which  is 
the  earnest  of  our  inheritance.  Eph.  i.  13. 

IN-HER'I-TOR,  n.  One  who  inherits  ; an  heir. 

IN-HER'I-TRESS,  n.  A female  who  inherits  ; an 
heiress  ; an  inheritrix.  Bacon. 

IN-HER'I-TRIX,  n.  A female  who  inherits;  an 
heiress  ; an  inhei-itress.  Shak. 

IN-HiiRSE',  v.  a.  See  Inhearse. 

IN-HE'glON  (in-he'zhun,  93),  n.  [L.  in  lues  io.]  The 
act  of  inhering ; inherence.  Reid. 

f IN-HJ-A'TION,  n.  [L.  inhiatio,  a gaping.]  A 
strong  desire  ; a longing.  Bp.  Hall. 

IN-HIB'IT,  v.  a.  [L.  inhibeo,  inhibitus ; in,  priv., 
and  habeo,  to  have;  It.  inibire ; Sp.  inhibit- ; 
Fr.  inhiber .]  [i.  inhibited  ; pp.  inhibiting, 

inhibited.] 

1.  To  restrain;  to  hinder;  to  repress;  to 
check  ; to  obstruct ; to  debar  ; to  stop.  ‘ 

lie  promised,  in  the  word  of  a pone,  that  he  would  never 
. . . inhibit  or  revoke  the  commission  he  had  granted.  Burnet. 

2.  To  forbid  ; to  prohibit. 

All  men  were  inhibited  by  proclamation,  at  the  dissolution, 
so  much  as  to  mention  a Parliament.  Clarendon. 

IN-HI-bF'TION  (In-he-blsh'un),  n.  [L.  inhibitio; 
It.  inibizione;  Sp.  inhibicion ; Fr.  inhibition.] 

1.  Act  of  inhibiting ; restraint ; hinderance. 

Burton. 

2.  A prohibition  ; embargo.  Gov.  of  the  Tongue. 

3.  (Eccl.  Law.)  A writ  issuing  out  of  a high- 

er court  to  forbid  an  inferior  judge  from  further 
proceeding  in  a case  before  him.  Cowell. 


FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


INHIBITORY 


755 


INJURED 


IN-IHB  I-TO-RY,  a.  [It.  inibitorio.]  Prohibiting; 
tending  to  restrain  ; prohibitory.  Southey. 

IN-HIVE’,  v.  a.  [ in  and  hive.]  To  put  into  a 
hive  ; to  hive.  Cotyrave. 


f IN-HOLD',  v.  a.  [in  and  hold.] 
herent;  to  contain  in.  itself. 

f IN-HOLD'iJR,  n.  An  inhabitant. 


To  have  in- 
Raleigh. 

Clarke. 


IN-HOOP'  (-hup'),  v.  a.  [ in  and  hoop.]  To  con- 
fine in  an  enclosure.  Shak. 


IN-HOS'PI-TA-BLE,  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  hospitable.] 
Not  hospitable  ; affording  no  aid,  shelter,  sup- 
port, or  comfort  to  strangers ; repulsive ; not 
friendly;  unkind. 

lie  found  the  inhabitants  of  a little  village  so  inhospitable 
as  to  refuse  to  give  him  entertainment.  Bp.  Taylor. 

Inhospitable  rocks  and  barren  sands.  Dryden. 

IN-IIOS'PI-TA-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing inhospitable ; inhospitality.  Ilewyt. 

lN-IIOS'PI-TA-BLV,  ad.  In  an  inhospitable  man- 
ner ; not  hospitably.  Milton. 

IN-iroS-PI-TAL'I-TV,  n.  [L.  inhospitalitas ; It. 
inospitalita  ; »Sp.  inhospitalidad ; Fr . inhospita- 
lite.]  Want  of  hospitality  ; want  of  courtesy  to 
strangers.  Bp.  Hall. 

XN-IIU'MAN,  a.  [L.  inhumanus ; in,  priv.,  and 
humanus,  human  ; homo,  a man  ; It.  inu/nano ; 
Sp.  inhumano  ; Fr.  inhumain.] 

1.  Wanting  humanity ; not  befitting  a human 
being ; brutal ; barbarous  ; savage  ; cruel. 

Life  in  captivity 

Among  inhuman  foes.  Milton. 

2.  Characterized  by  a want  of  humanity. 

“ Inhuman  cruelties.”  Atterbury. 

Syn. — Inhuman  is  opposed  not  to  human,  but  to 
humane  or  merciful ; barbarous  and  savage,  to  refined 
and  civilized.  — See  Cruel. 

IN-HU-MAN'I-TY,  n.  [L.  inhumanitas  ; It.  inu- 
manith;  Sp.  mhumanidad ; Fr.  inhumanity.] 
Want  of  humanity;  inhuman  conduct;  cruel- 
ty ; savageness  ; barbarity  ; ferocity. 

Man’s  inhumanity  to  man 

Makes  countless  thousands  mourn.  Burns. 

IN-HU'M AN-LY,  ad.  In  an  inhuman  manner; 
savagely ; cruelly  ; barbarously.  Milton. 

JN-HU'MATE,  v.  a.  [L.  inhumo,  inhumatus.]  To 
bury  ; to  inhume,  [r.]  Bailey. 

IN-IIC-MA'TION,  n.  [It.  inumazione;  Fr.  inhu- 
mation.] 

1.  The  act  of  burying ; sepulture  ; burial ; 

interment.  Waterhouse. 

2.  ( Chem .)  A method  of  digesting  substances 

by  burying  the  vessel  containing  them  in  warm 
earth.  Wright. 

Syn.  — See  Burial. 

IN-HUME',  v.  a.  [L.  inhumo ; in,  in,  and  humus, 
the  ground;  Fr.  inhumer.]  [t.  inhumed  ; 
INHUMING,  INHUMED.]  To  bury  in  the  ground, 
as  a dead  body  ; to  inter ; to  entomb. 

No  hand  his  bones  shall  gather  or  inhume.  Pope. 

IN-IM-A£'I-NA-BLE,  a.  Unimaginable.  Pearson. 

||  IN-IM'I-CAL,  or  IN-I-MI'CAL  [j'n-im'e-kfil,  P.  E. 
II.  C.  Toddy  Rees,  I Vr.  IF/;.;  iu-Tm'e-kril  or  Tn-e- 
ml'kal,  IF.  J.  F.  Ja.  K. ; In-e-mFkgl,  »$;;&.],  a. 
[L.  inimicalis  ; It.  inimicare,  to  set  at  variance.] 

1.  Unfriendly;  hostile;  unkind. 

2.  Adverse  ; hurtful ; pernicious. 

The  slave-trade  is  inimical  to  every  improvement  in  the 
morals  and  civil  condition  of  the  Africans.  Paley , 

“This  word  sprung  up  in  the  House  of  Com- 
mons about  ten  years  ago  [since  1780],  and  lias  since 
been  so  much  in  use  as  to  make  us  wonder  how  we 
did  so  Ions  without  it.  It  had,  indeed,  one  great 
recommendation,  which  was,  that  it  was  pronounced 
in  direct  opposition  to  the  rules  of  our  own  language. 
An  Englishman,  who  had  never  heard  it  pronounced, 
would,  at  first  sight,  have  placed  the  accent  on  the 
antepenultimate,  and  have  pronounced  the  penulti- 
mate i short ; but  the  vanity  of  showing  its  derivation 
from  the  Latin  inimicus,  where  the  penultimate  i is 
long,  and  the  very  oddity  of  pronouncing  this  i long 
in  inimical , made  this  pronunciation  fashionable.  I 
know  it  may  be  urged  that  this  word,  with  respect  to 
sound,  was  as  great  an  oddity  in  the  Latin  language 
as  it  is  in  ours, — and  that  t lie  reason  for  making  the 
i long  was  its  derivation  from  amicus .”  Walker. 

“ The  word  inimical , previous  to  the  American 
[revolutionary]  war,  could,  I believe,  plead  in  its  favor 
only  one  authority.”  Crombie. 


fiftY  The  word  inimical  was  inserted  by  Edward 
Phillips  in  his  Dictionary  entitled  “The  New  World 
of  Words”  (edition  of  1678),  in  a list  of  words  the 
use  of  which  was  disapproved.  Ash  inserted  it  in  his 
Dictionary  (1775)  with  the  remark  “ not  used.”  Rich- 
ardson says  of  it,  “ a modern,  but  very  common 
word.” 

Syn.  — See  Adverse. 

IN-IM-I-CAL'I-TV,  n.  The  state  of  being  inimi- 
cal ; hostility ; unfriendliness,  [it.]  J.  Boucher. 

||  IN-IM'I-CAL-LY,  or  IN-I-MI'CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a 
hostile  manner  ; with  hostility.  * Southey. 

||  f IN-IM'J-COUS,  a.  Inimical.  Evelyn. 

TN-IM-I-TA-BIl'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
inimitable  ; inimitableness.  Norris . 

IN-IM'I-TA-BLE,  a.  [L.  inimitabilis ; in,  priv., 
and  imitabilis,  imitable  ; imitor , to  imitate  ; It. 
inimitabile  ; Sp.  §-  Fr.  inimitable That  can- 
not be  imitated  or  copied ; above  imitation  ; 
matchless  ; unequalled  ; incomparable  ; unique. 

What  is  most  excellent  is  most  inimitable.  Denham. 

IN-iM'l-TA-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
inimitable  ; inimitability.  Ash. 

IN-IM'I-TA-BLY,  ad.  In  a manner  not  to  be  imi- 
tated ; not  imitable.  Blair. 

IN'ION,  n.  [Gr.  hlov;  if,  ho;,  a sinew.]  (Anat.) 
The  ridge  of  the  occiput.  Hoblyn. 

IN-IQ'UI-TOUS  (jn-Ik'we-tus),  a.  [L.  iniquus.] 
Unjust ; wicked  ; nefarious  ; criminal ; heinous  ; 
wrong.  “ This  iniquitous  service.”  Burke. 

Syn.  — See  Wicked. 

IN-XQ,'UI-TOUS-LY,  ad.  In  an  iniquitous  man- 
ner; unjustly;  wickedly.  Wright. 

IN-IQ/UI-TY  (jn-Tk'we-te),  n.  [L .iniquitas;  in, 
priv.,  and  cequitas,  equity  ; It.  iniquita  ; Sp.  ini- 
quidad  ; Fr.  iniquite .] 

1.  Want  of  equity  ; injustice  ; unrighteous- 
ness. “ The  iniquity  of  the  cause.”  Smalridge. 

2.  A wicked  act ; wickedness  ; crime.  Milton. 

Turning  away  every  one  of  you  from  his  iniquities.  Acts  iii.  2G. 

f IN-1'Q.UOUS,  a.  [L.  iniquus.]  Unjust;  wick- 
ed ; nefarious  ; iniquitous.  Browne. 

IN-IR-RI-TA-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [in,  priv.,  and  irrita- 
bility.] Good-nature.  Roget. 

IN-IR'RI-TA-BLE,  a.  Not  irritable;  good-na- 
tured. Roget. 

IN-Ir'RI-TA-TIVE,  a.  [in  and  irritative.]  Not 
accompanied  with  excitement ; mild.  Craig. 

f IN-LSLE'  (jn-Il'),  v.  a.  To  encircle  ; to  insulate. 
“ Inisled  in  his  arms.”  Drayton. 

jN-I''TIAL  (jn-Ish'stl),  a.  [L.  initialis  ; initium, 
the  beginning ; It.  iniziale ; Sp.  inicial ; Fr. 
initial .] 

1.  Beginning;  incipient;  not  completed. 

Moderate  labor  of  the  body  conduces  to  the  preservation 
of  health,  and  cures  many  initial  diseases.  Ilarrey. 

2.  Placed  at  the  beginning.  “The  initial 

letters  of  names.”  Pope. 

IN-I''TIAL  (jn-Ish'jl),  n.  A letter  at  the  begin- 
ning of  a word.  Ash. 

IN-P'TIAL-LY  (jn-Tsh'sd-le),  ad.  In  an  incipient 
degree.  ' Barroiv. 

IN-I"TI-ATE  (jn-Ish'e-at,  94),  v.  a.  [L.  initio,  in- 
itiatus  ; initium, the  beginning;  It.  iniziare ; Sp. 
iniciar ; Fr.  initier.]  [i.  initiated;  pp.  ini- 
tiating, INITIATED.] 

1.  To  give  entrance  to,  as  to  an  art,  science, 
custom,  or  society ; to  admit  to  the  knowledge 
of;  to  introduce;  to  indoctrinate. 

Providence  would  only  initiate  mankind  into  the  useful 
knowledge  of  her  treasures,  leaving  the  rest  to  emplov  our 
industry.  More. 

lie  was  initiated  into  half  a dozen  clubs  before  he  was  one 
and  twenty.  Spectator. 

2.  To  begin  ; to  commence  ; to  enter  upon. 

Many  secret  designs  only  initiated  then,  and  not  executed 

till  long  after.  Clarendon. 

IN-I''TI-ATE  (jn-Ish'e-at),  v.  n.  To  do  the  first 
part ; to  perform  the  first  act  or  rite.  Pope. 

IN-I"TI-ATE  (in-Ish'e-at),  a.  Begun  ; commenced  ; 
entered  upon ; now  first  admitted,  introduced, 
or  experienced.  “ Initiate  fear.”  Shak. 

Initiate  in  the  secrets  of  the  skies.  Young. 

IN-T"TI-ATE,  n.  One  who  is  initiated.  Wilkinson. 

IN-I-TI-A'TION  (jn-Ish-e-a'shun),  n.  [L.  initiatio  ; 


It.  iniziazione ; Sp.  iniciacion;  Fr.  initiation.] 
Act  of  initiating  ; reception  ; admission  ; en- 
trance. “ Initiation  into  secret  mysteries.” 
Broome.  “A  late  initiation  into  literature. ’’Pope. 

IN-!''TI-A-tTve,  a.  [It.  iniziativo  ; Sp.  iniciativo ; 
Fr.  initiative.]  That  initiates;  serving  to  ini- 
tiate ; beginning ; inceptive.  Brit.  Crit. 

IN-P'T!-A-tIve  (jn-ish'e-9-tIv),  n.  (Politics.) 
The  right,  power,  or  act  of  introducing  or  pro- 
posing measures  or  laws  in  legislation  ; begin- 
ning ; first  attempt.  Coleridge. 

JN-I''TI-A-TO-RY  (jn-Isli'e-a-to-re),  a.  Introduc- 
tory; initiating;  initiative.’  “The  initiatory 
rite  of  water  baptism.”  Warburton. 

!N-I''TI-A-TO-RY  (in-Ish'e-j-to-re),  n.  Introduc- 
tory rite  or  ceremony.  ’ Addison. 

t IN-I"TION  (jn-Ish'un),  n.  Beginning.  Naunton. 

IN-JECT',  v.  a.  [L.  injicio,  injectus ; in,  into, 
and  jacio,  to  throw.]  [i.  injected  ; pp.  in- 
jecting, INJECTED.] 

1.  To  throw  in  ; to  dart  in.  “ Applied  out- 
wardly, or  injected  inwardly.”  Holland. 

2.  To  throw  up  ; to  construct  upon. 

Though  bold  in  open  field,  they  yet  surround 

The  town  with  walls,  and  moXmd  inject  on  mound,  rope. 

IN-JEC'TION  (in-jek'shun),  n.  [L.  injeclio ; It. 
injezione;  Sp.  inyeccion  ; Fr.  injection.] 

1.  The  act  of  injecting ; a casting  in. 

2.  (Med.)  The  act  of  injecting  a liquid  medi- 

cine into  the  body  by  a bladder,  syringe,  or  elas- 
tic bottle  ; liquid  thrown  in  ; a clyster  : — the  act 
of  throwing  a colored  substance  into  the  vessels 
of  a dead  body,  in  order  to  show  their  ramifica- 
tions. Dunglison. 

Injection  engines,  ( Mcch .)  — otherwise  called  condens- 
ing engines — are  those  in  which  the  steam  discharged 
from  tlie  cylinder  is  liquefied  in  tile  condenser  by  a 
jet  of  cold  water  issuing  from  the  injection  cock,  or 
valve. 

IN-JECT'OR,  n.  lie  who,  or  that  which,  injects. 

Emerson. 

IN-JOIN',  v.  a.  See  Enjoin.  Hooker. 

JN-JOINT',  v.  a.  [in  and  joint.]  To  unite  together 
as  joints  ; to  adjoin,  [it.]  Shak. 

t IN-JIT-CUN'DI-Ty,  n.  [L.  injucunditas.]  Un- 
pleasantness. ’ Cockeram. 

IN-JU'DI-C  A-BLE,  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  judicable.] 
Not  cognizable  by  a judge,  [it.]  Bailey. 

IN-Jl,-DI"CIAL  (In-ju-dlsh'stl),  a.  [in,  priv.,  and 
judicial.]  Not  judicial;  not  according  to  form 
of  law.  [it.]  Bailey. 

IN-JU-DI' 'Cloys  (In-ju-dlsh'us),  a.  [in,  priv.,  and 
judicious.]  Not  judicious  ; unwise  ; character- 
ized by  a want  of  judgment ; indiscreet ; im- 
prudent. “ An  injudicious  biographer.”  Murphy. 

lN-JV-Di"CIOUS-LY  (In-ju-dlsli'us-le),  ad.  In  an 
injudicious  manner  ; not  wisely.  Pope. 

iN-JU-nF'CIOyS-NESS  (in-iu-dlshiib-nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  injudicious  ; want  of  judgment. 

JN-JUNC'TION  (jn-jungk'sliun),  n.  [L.  injunctio  ; 
injungo,  to  enjoin;  in,  in,  and  jungo,  to  join; 
Fr.  injonction.] 

1.  The  act  of  enjoining;  direction. 

2.  The  tiling  enjoined  ; command  ; order ; pre- 
cept. “ Injunctions  of  lawful  authority.”  South. 

3.  (Law.)  A judicial  process  whereby  a party 

is  required  to  do  a particular  thing,  or  refrain 
from  doing  a particular  thing:  — a prohibitory 
writ,  granted  by  a court  of  equity,  to  restrain 
the  adverse  party  in  a suit  from  committing  any 
acts  in  violation  of  the  plaintiff’s  rights,  as  to 
stay  proceedings'  at  law,  to  restrain  the  nego- 
tiation of  notes  and  other  securities,  to  restrain 
from  committing  waste  or  nuisance,  or  from 
infringing  a patent  or  copyright.  Burrill. 

Syn.  — See  Command. 

IN'JURE  (in'jur),  v.  a.  [L.  injurior ; It.  ingiuri- 
are  ; Sp.  injuriar  ; Fr.  injuricr.]  [i.  injured  ; 
pp.  injuring,  injured.]  To  do  wrong  or  harm 
to  ; to  do  injury  to  ; to  hurt  unjustly  ; to  cause 
any  loss  or  detriment  to ; to  harm ; to  wrong ; 

— to  damage  ; to  impair. 

They  . . . hate  always  whom  they  have  once  injured.  Temple. 
Lest  heat  should  injure  us,  his  timely  care 
Hath  unbesought  provided.  Milton. 

IN'JI  RED  (In'jurd), p.  a.  Wronged ; hurt;  harmed  ; 

— damaged;  impaired. 


MIEN,  SfiR; 


MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RIJLE.  — £,  <?,  g,  soft;  G,  G,  £,  g,  hard; 


as  z;  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


INJURER 


756 


INNIXION 


IN'Jl'R-pR,  n.  One  who  injures  or  harms  unjustly. 

JN-JU'RI-OUS,  a.  [L.  injurius ; in,  priv.,  and 
jus,  juris,  justice ; It.  ingiurioso ; Sp.  injurioso  ; 
Fr.  injurieux.) 

1.  Guilty  of  wrong,  injury,  or  injustice  ; un- 
just. “ The  injurious  Roman.”  ti hak. 

Yet  beauty,  though  injurious,  hath  strange  power, 

After  offence  returning  to  regain 

Love  once  possessed.  Milton. 

2.  Mischievous;  hurtful;  occasioning  loss 
or  damage  ; detrimental ; pernicious  ; baneful ; 
noxious.  “ Injurious  consequences.”  Tillotson. 

3.  Detractory ; contumelious ; prejudicial. 

“ Injurious  appellations.”  Swift. 

Syn.  — See  Noxious. 

JN-JU'RI-OUS-LY,  acl.  In  an  injurious  manner  ; 
hurtfuliy  ; perniciously.  Dryden. 

IN-JU'RI-QUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  in- 
jurious ; hurtfulness.  King  Charles. 

IN'JU-RY,  n.  [L.  injuria-,  in,  priv.,  and  jus,  juris, 
justice’;  It.  ingiuria-,  Sp.  injuria-,  Fr  .injure.] 

1.  Wrong  done  to  a person  or  a cause;  hurt; 
damage  ; harm  ; detriment ; mischief. 

We  may  bring  harm  or  evil  upon  others  without  intend- 
ing it.  But  injury  implies  intention,  and  awakens  a sense 
of  injustice  and  indignation  when  it  is  done.  Fleming. 

2.  f pi.  Contumelious  language.  Bacon. 

Syn. — Injury  is  a general  term  for  any  thing  that 

is  attended  with  damage,  loss,  or  harm  to  any  one. 
Mischief  is  a great  injury  ; harm , a small  injury  ; dam- 
age, also  detriment , an  injury  attended  with  loss; 
hurt , an  injury  causing  pain.  Injustice  and  wrong  are 
opposed  to  right,  and  are  intentional  injuries . Forsake 
injustice  ; redress  a wrong ; repair  an  injury. 

IN-JUS'T jCE  (in-jus'tis),  n.  [L.  injustitia  ; in, 
priv.,  and  just  it  ia , justice  \jus,  right ; It.  ingius - 
tizia  ; Sp.  injusticia  ; Fr.  injustice.']  Violation 
of  right ; a breach  of  law,  human  or  divine  ; in- 
iquity ; wrong ; grievance. 

The  great,  it  seems,  are  privileged  alone 
To  punish  all  injustice  but  their  own.  Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Injury. 

Ink  (ingk,  82),  n.  [Dut.  inld ; Ger.  dinte  and 
tinte.  — L . encautum  ; It.  inchiostro  ; Sp .tinta; 
Fr . encre.]  A fluid  of  various  colors,  but  com- 
monly black,  used  in  writing  and  printing. 

if#*  “ The  coloring  matter  of  common  black  writ- 
ing ink  is  the  tannogallate  of  iron,  which  is  suspended 
in  water  by  gum-arabic,  a little  logwood  being  gener- 
ally added  to  deepen  and  improve  the  color.  — Indian 
ink  is  a compound  of  fine  lampblack  and  size.  — Print- 
ing ink  is  made  with  boiled  linseed  or  nut-oil  and  lamp- 
black.— Red  ink  is  a solution  of  alum  colored  with 
Brazil-wood.  — Blue  ink  is  made  with  sulphate  of  in- 
digo.— Sympathetic  inks  are  compounds  which,  when 
written  with,  will  remain  invisible  till  heated.  — 
Marking  ink , or  indelible  ink , is  a solution  of  nitrate  of 
silver.”  Brande. 

INK  (Ingk,  82),  v.  a.  [i.  inked  ; pp.  inking,  ink- 
ed.] To  black  or  daub  with  ink.  Johnson. 

INK'— BAG,  n.  ( Zo'ul .)  A bag  containing  ink,  or 
a fluid  like  ink,  in  cuttle-fishes.  Buckland. 

INK'— FISH,  n.  (ZoSl.)  The  cuttle-fish.  Hill. 

INK'— GLASS,  n.  A glass  vessel  for  holding  ink. 

INK'HORN  (Ingk'horn,  82),  n.  [i ink  and  horn. 

Johnson.  — According  to  Lye,  corruptly  written 
for  inkern ; i.  e.  ink,  and  cm,  a place.] 

1.  A vessel  for  holding  ink  ; an  inkstand. 

2.  A portable  case  for  the  instruments  of 

writing.  “Clothed  with  linen,  with  a writer’s 
inkhorn  by  his  side.”  Ezek.  ix.  2. 

f INK'HORN,  a.  Affectedly  learned  ; pedantic  ; 
pompous.  “ Inkhorn  terms.”  Bale. 

INK'1-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality  of  being 
inky ; blackness.  Sherwood. 

INK'ING— ROLL' ER,  it.  {Printing.)  A roller  for 
spreading  ink  over  types,  wood-cut  blocks,  or 
engraved  plates.  Simmonds. 

INK'ING— TA'BLE,  n.  {Printing.)  A table  used 
to  supply  a roller  with  the  requisite  quantity  of 
ink.  Simmonds. 

IN'KLE  (Ing'Id),  n.  A sort  of  broad  linen  tape. 
“ Inkles,  caddises,  cambrics,  lawns.”  Shak. 

INK'LING  (Ingk'ljng,  82),  n.  [Of  unsettled  etymol- 
ogy. “ Perhaps  an  inclin- ation.”  Richardson.] 

1.  A hint ; a whisper ; an  intimation. 

They  have  had  inkling  what  we  intend  to  do,  but  which 
we’ll  show  them  in  deeds.  Shak. 

2.  Desire  ; inclination.  Grose. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6 


INK'-MAK-ER  (Tngk'niak-?r),  One  whose  busi- 
ness it  is  to  make  ink. 

JN-KNlT',  V.  a.  To  knit  in.  Craig. 

f IN-KNOT'  (jn-not'),  v.  a.  To  bind  with  a knot ; 
to  bind  as  with  a knot.  Puller. 

INK'POT,  n.  A vessel  for  holding  ink.  Swift. 

INK'STAND,  n.  A vessel  for  holding  ink  and 
other  apparatus  for  writing  ; inkhorn.  Collinson. 

INK'— STONE,  n.  A mineral  or  stone  containing 
sulphate  of  iron,  — used  in  making  ink.  Smart. 

INK'Y  (Ingk'?),  a.  Consisting  of,  resembling,  or 
covered  with,  ink ; black.  “ Inky  blots.”  “Your 
inky  brows.”  “ My  inky  coat.”  Shak. 

IN-LACE',  V.  a.  \in  and  lace.)  [f.  inlaced  ; pp. 
inlacing,  inlaced.]  To  embellish  or  adorn, 
as  with  lace ; to  lace. 

Ropes  of  pearl  her  neck  and  breast  inlace.  V.  Fletcher. 

IN-LA-gA'TION,  n.  [Law  L.  inlagatio,  from  L. 
in,  in,  and  A.  S.  laga,  a law.]  {Law.)  The  res- 
titution of  one  outlawed  to  the  protection  of 
the  law.  Bouvier. 

IN-LAID',  p.  a.  Diversified  by  the  insertion  of 
different  bodies  or  substances. 

IN'LAND,  a.  1.  Interior;  lying  remote  from  the 
ocean.  “ This  wide  inland  sea.”  Spenser.  “An 
inland,  brook.”  Shak. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  interior  of  a country  ; in- 

ternal; — opposed  to  coasting.  “ Inland  navi- 
gation.” McCulloch. 

3.  Pertaining,  or  confined,  to  a particular 

country  ; domestic  ; not  foreign  ; as,  “ An  in- 
land bill  of  exchange.”  Cook. 

IN'LAND,  ii.  The  interior  part  of  a country.  “Far 
to  the  inland  retired.”  Milton. 

IN'LAND-ER,  n.  A dweller  remote  from  the  sea. 

In'LAND-IsII,  a.  Pertaining  to  a particular  coun- 
try ; native  ; — opposed  to  outlandish,  [r.]  Reeve. 

f JN-LAp'I-DATE,  v.  a.  [L.  in,  in,  and  lapis,  lap- 
ulis,  a stone.]  To  turn  to  stone ; to  petrify. 

Some  natural  spring  waters  will  inlupidate  wood.  Bacon. 

IN-LARD',  v.  a.  Sec  Enlard. 

IN-LAW',  v.  a.  [in  and  laiv.)  To  clear  of  out- 
lawry or  attainder.  Bacon. 

IN-LAY'  (jn-la'),  v.  a.  [in  and  lay.]  [j.  inlaid; 
pp.  inlaying,  inlaid.]  To  diversify  with  sub- 
stances inserted  into  the  ground  or  substratum; 
to  variegate. 

A sapphire  throne,  inlaid  with  pure 

Amber,  and  colors  of  the  showery  arch.  Milton. 

IN'LAY  (In'la),  n.  Matter  inlaid,  or  cut  to  be  in- 
laid. “ With  rich  inlay."  Milton. 

IN-LAy'JJR  (jn-Ia'er),  n.  One  who  inlays.  Evelyn. 

JN-LAY'JNG,  n.  The  art  of  one  who  inlays  ; the 
art  of  diversifying  work  with  various  materials 
or  different  sorts  of  wood.  Evelyn. 

IN'LET,  n.  [in  and  let.] 

1.  A place  of  ingress  ; entrance  ; passage. 

Doors  and  windows,  inlets  of  men  and  of  light.  Wotton. 

And  through  tire  porcli  and  inlet  of  each  sense 

Dropt  in  ambrosial  oils,  till  she  revived.  Milton. 

2.  A hay  or  recess  in  a shore  of  a sea,  lake, 

or  river,  or  between  islands.  Bentley. 

3.  Any  material  inserted  ; inlay.  Simmonds. 

IN-LlGHT'EN,  v.  a.  See  Enlighten. 

IN  LIM'I-NF.,  [L.,  upon  the  threshold.]  At  the 
beginning  or  outset. 

IN-LlST',  v.  a.  To  enlist.  — See  Enlist.  Bailey. 

IN-LOCK',  v.  a.  [in  and  lock.]  [i.  inlocked  ; 
pp.  inlocking,  inlocked.]  To  lock,  set,  or 
shut  one  thing  within  another.  Cotgrave. 

IJ\r  LO'  CO.  [L.,  in  the  place.]  In  the  proper 
place  ; upon  the  spot.  Macdonncl. 

t IN-LtJ'MINE,  v.  a.  See  Enltjmine. 

IN'LY,  a.  [A.  S.  inlic,  internal.]  Interior  ; in- 
ternal ; secret.  “ Didst  thou  but  know  the  inly 
touch  of  love.”  [r.]  Shak. 

IN'LY,  ad.  Internally ; within ; secretly,  [r.] 

Her  heart  with  joy  unwonted  inly  swelled.  Spenser. 

IN'MA-CY,  n.  State  of  being  an  inmate,  [it.]  Craig. 


i,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  1,  O,  IT,  Y,  obscure;  FARE 


IN'MATE,  n.  [in  and  mate.]  One  who  dwells  in 
a part  of  another’s  house,  the  latter  dwelling  at 
the  same  time  in  the  said  house ; a fellow-lodg- 
er ; a fellow-boarder.  Bouvier. 

IN'MATE,  a.  Admitted  as  an  inmate.  Milton. 

IN'MEATS,  n.  pi.  Those  parts  of  the  intestines 
of  animals  used  for  food.  [Scotland.]  Simmonds. 

IN'MOST,  a.  [in  and  most.]  Deepest  within ; 
most  inward ; innermost. 

I got  into  the  inmost  court.  Swift. 

INN,  n.  [A.  S.  inn ; Icel.  inni,  a house.] 

1.  t A lodging  ; a house  ; a dwelling.  Spenser. 

2.  A house  of  entertainment  for  travellers ; a 
public  house  ; a hotel ; a tavern. 

Whoe’er  has  travelled  life's  dull  round, 

Where’er  his  stages  may  have  been, 

May  sigh  to  think  ne  still  has  found 
His  warmest  welcome  at  an  inn.  Shenstone. 

3.  A house  where  students  were  boarded  and 

taught.  Johnson. 

4.  Formerly  the  town-house  in  which  a no- 

bleman or  other  distinguished  person  resided 
when  he  attended  court.  Johnson. 

Inns  of  court,  colleges  of  common  law  in  England, 
in  which  students  have  lodgings  : — the  four  law  so- 
cieties of  tile  Middle  Temple,  Inner  Temple  (formerly 
belonging  to  the  Knights  Templars),  Lincoln’s  Inn, 
and  Gray’s  Inn  (anciently  belonging  to  the  earls  of 
Lincoln  and  Gray),  which  possess  the  exclusive  priv- 
ilege of  conferring  the  degree  of  barrister  of  law. 

Johnson.  Hhisl.aw. 

Syn.  — See  Tavern. 

INN,  v.  n.  To  take  up  temporary  lodging.  Donne. 

Where  do  you  intend  to  inn  to-night?  Addison. 

INN,  v.  a.  1.  To  house  ; to  lodge.  Chaucer. 

2.  To  put  under  cover  or  into  a barn. 

He  . . . gives  me  leave  to  inn  the  crop.  Shah. 

II  IN-NATE'  [in-nat',  S.  W.  P.  J.  E.  Ja.  K.  Sm. 
C.  Wr.  ; in'nat,  F.  J Vb.],  a.  [L.  innatus ; in, 
in,  or  into,  and  natus,  born  ; It.  tj  Sp.  innato  ; 
Fr.  inni.) 

1.  Inborn  ; ingenerate  ; inbred  ; natural ; not 
superadded  ; not  adscititious  ; inherent. 

Locke  attacked  and  refuted  the  doctrine  of  innate  ideas. 
— He  took  a distinction  between  an  “ innate  law  ” and  a 
” law  of  nature.”  Fleming. 

2.  { Bot .)  Noting  anthers  attached  by  their 

base  to  the  very  apex  of  the  filament ; turning 
neither  inwards  nor  outwards.  Gray. 

Innntc  ideas,  such  as  are  inborn  and  belong  to  the 
mind  from  its  birth,  as  the  idea  of  God,  or  of  immor- 
tality. Fleming. 

Syn.  — See  Inherent. 

||  f In-NAt'JJD,  a.  Same  as  Innate.  Howell. 

||  IN-NAtE'LY,  ad.  Naturally  ; inherently. 

||  IN-NATE'NIJSS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  innate. 

In-nAv'I-GA-BLE,  a.  [L.  innavigabilis ; in,  priv., 
and  navigabilis,  navigable  ; navis,  a vessel ; Sp. 
innavegable  ; Fr.  innavigable.)  That  cannot  be 
navigated.  “ The  innavigable  lake.”  Dryden. 

IN'NER,  a.  Interior;  internal;  not  outward. 
Thus,  seized  with  fear,  the  monarch  prayed, 

Then  to  his  inner  court  the  guests  conveyed.  Pope. 

Syn.  — See  Internal. 

flN'NIJR-LY,  ad.  More  within.  Barret. 

iN'NpR-MOST,  a.  Inmost;  deepest  within  ; most 
interior.  “ The  innermost  rings.”  Neu-ton. 

iN'Nf.R— POST,  n.  {Ship-building.)  A post  placed 
at  the  fore  side  of  the  main-post.  Weale. 

IN-NER-VA'TION,  n.  (Med.)  The  act  of  innerv- 
ing ; the  nervous  influence  necessary  for  the 
maintenance  of  life  and  the  functions  of  the 

• various  organs.  Dunglison. 

IN-NERVE',  v.  a.  To  give  nerve  to ; to  invigorate; 
to  strengthen.  Wright. 

INN'HOLD-^R,  n.  One  who  keeps  an  inn ; an 
innkeeper  ; a tavern-keeper.  Udal. 

INN'ING,  n.  1.  An  ingathering  of  corn  or  grain  ; 
harvest.  Tusscr. 

2.  In  the  game  of  cricket,  one’s  turn  in  using 

the  bat : — a spell  at  work.  Simmonds. 

3.  pi.  Lands  recovered  from  the  sea  by  drain- 
ing and  banking.  Cowell. 

IN-NlX'ION,  n.  [L.  innixus .]  Incumbency;  a 
resting  upon.  Derham. 


1,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  IiEIR,  HER; 


INNKEEPER 


JNORGANICAL 


757 


INN'KEEP-]JR,  n.  One  who  keeps  an  inn  ; a 
tavern-keeper  ; an  innholder.  Udal. 

IN'NO-CENCE,  n.  [L.  innoccntia  ; in,  priv.,  and 
noceo,  to  harm  ; It.  innocenza  ; Sp.  inocencia  ; 
Fr.  innocence .] 

1.  Harmlessness  ; innoxiousness.  Burnet. 

2.  Freedom  from  guilt  or  wrong;  the  state  of 
one  who  is  not  culpable  ; untainted  integrity  ; 
guiltlessness ; purity. 

To  fear  no  eye  and  suspect  no  tongue  is  the  great  prerog- 
ative of  innocence.  Johnson. 

3.  A state  of  ignorance  ; simplicity.  Shak. 

IN'NO-CEN-CY,  n.  Same  as  Innocence.  Shak. 

IN'NO-CENT,  a.  [L.  innocens;  in,  priv.,  and 
noceo,  to  harm  ; It.  innocente  ; Sp.  inocente ; Fr. 
innocent.] 

1.  Harmless  ; inoffensive  ; not  productive  of 
injury  or  harm  ; innocuous. 

The  spear 

Sung  innocent , and  spent  its  force  in  air.  Pope. 

2.  Free  from  guilt;  not  guilty;  guiltless; 
blameless.  “ The  man  is  innocent."  Shak. 

So  prayed  they  innocent , and  to  their  thoughts 

Firm  peace  recovered  soon  and  wonted  calm.  Milton. 

3.  f Unsuspicious  ; ignorant.  Chaucer. 

4.  Imbecile;  silly  ; foolish,  [it.]  Richardson. 

IN'NO-CENT,  n.  1.  One  who  is  innocent,  or  free 
from  guilt  or  harm. 

The  innocents  were  they  who  suffered  death  under  the 
cruel  decree  of  Herod.  Hook. 

2.  An  ignorant  person  ; a natural ; an  idiot. 

Innocents  are  excluded  by  natural  defects.  Hooker. 

IN'NO-CENT-LY,  ad.  In  an  innocent  manner; 
without  guilt ; with  innocence.  Addison. 

IN-NO-CU'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being  innocuous  ; 
innocuousness  ; harmlessness.  Ec.  Rev. 

IN-NOC'U-OUS  (In-nok'ku-us),  a.  [L.  innocuus  ; 
in,  priv.,  and  nocuus,  harmful ; It.  § Sp.  inno- 
cuo.\  Harmless  ; not  hurtful ; doiiig  no  harm  ; 
innoxious ; innocent.  Grew. 

JiN-NOC'U-OUS-Ly,  ad.  Without  harm  or  injury. 

IN-NOC'lT-OUS-NESS,  n.  Harmlessness.  Digby. 

IN-NOlVTl-NA-BLE,  a.  [L.  innominabilis.]  Not 
to  be  named,  [it.]  Chaucer. 

f IN-NOM'I-NATE,  a.  [L.  innominatus.]  With- 
out a name  ; anonymous;  unnamed.  T.  Herbert. 

IN'NO-VATE,  v.  a.  [L.  innovo,  innovatus  ; in 
and  novus,  new;  It.  innovare  ; Sp.  innovar ; Fr. 
innover.]  [t.  innovated  ; pp.  innovating, 

INNOVATED.] 

1.  To  change  or  alter  by  introducing  or 
bringing  in  something  new. 

God’s  service  is  neglected,  innovated,  or  altered.  Burton. 

2.  To  bring  in  as  a novelty. 

Every  moment  alters  what  is  done, 

And  innovates  some  act  till  then  unknown.  Dryden. 

IN'NO-vAte,  v.  n.  To  introduce  novelties.  Bacon. 

IN-NO-VA'TION,  n.  [L.  innovation  It.  innova- 
zione\  Sp.  innovacion ; Fr  .innovation.] 

1.  The  act  of  innovating ; change  made  by 
introduction  of  novelty ; an  introduction  of 
something  new. 

Want  of  experience  maketh  apt  unto  innovations.  Hooker. 

2.  pi.  ( Bot .)  Shoots  which  have  not  complet- 

ed their  growth  ; yearly  growths  ; — usually  ap- 
plied to  the  shoots  of  mosses.  Lindley. 

IN-NO-VA'TION-IST,  n.  One  who  favors  inno- 
vations. Brit.  Crit. 

IN'NO-VA-TIVE,  a.  Causing  innovations.  Ch.  Ob. 

IN'NO-VA-TOR,  n.  One  who  innovates.  Burnet. 

IN-NOX'IOUS  (ln-nok'shus),  a.  [L.  innoxius;  in, 
priv.,  and  noxius,  hurtful.] 

1.  Not  noxious  ; harmless  ; not  injurious ; 

inoffensive  ; unoffending  ; innocuous.  “ Of  in- 
noxious qualities.”  Browne. 

The  well-aimed  weapon  on  the  buckler  rings. 

But,  blunted  by  the  brass,  innoxious  falls.  Pope. 

2.  Free  from  crime  ; innocent. 

Stranger  to  civil  and  religious  rage. 

The  good  man  walked  innoxious  through  his  age.  Pope. 

IN-NOX'IOUS-LY  (tn-nok'shus-le),  ad.  Harmlessly. 

iN-NOXTOyS-NESS  (In-nok'shus-nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  innoxious  ; harmlessness;  Ash. 


f IN-NU'BI-LOUS,  a.  [L.  innubilis.]  Cloudless; 
clear ; fair.  Blount. 

IN-NU-EN'DO,  n. ; pi.  in-nv-en'doe?.  [L.  innu- 
endo ; innuo,  to  nod.] 

1.  An  indirect  allusion  ; an  oblique  hint ; in- 
timation ; insinuation. 

As  by  the  way  of  innuendo 

JLucus  is  made  a non  lucendo.  ChurcJfill. 

2.  (Law.)  An  emphatic  word  in  the  old  dec- 

larations in  actions  of  slander  and  libel,  literal- 
ly translated  “ meaning”  in  the  modern  forms, 
and  retained  as  the  name  of  the  whole  clause  in 
which  the  application  of  the  slanderous  or  libel- 
lous matter  to  the  plaintiff  is  explained  or 
pointed  out.  Burrill. 

f IN'NU-ENT,  a.  [L.  innuo,  innuens,  to  nod.] 
Intimating ; significant.  Burton. 

IN-NU-MyR-A-BlL'l-TY,  n.  [L.  innumerabilitas  ; 
It.  ihnumerabilita  ; Sp.  innumerabilidad .]  State 
or  the  quality  of  being  innumerable.  Fotherby. 

IN-NU'MpR-A-BLE,  a.  [L.  innumerabilis ; in, 
priv.,  and  numero,  to  number  ; It.  innumerdbile  ; 
Sp.  innumerable  ; Fr.  innombrablc.]  That  can- 
not be  numbered  or  counted  ; countless  ; num- 
berless. “ Innumerable  company.”  Sir  T.  More. 

lN-Nlj'M?R-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing innumerable ; innumerability.  Sherwood. 

IN-NXJ ' M y R- A- B L Y,  ad.  Without  number. 

f IN-NU'MyR-OUS,  a.  [L.  innumerus  ; in,  priv., 
and  numerus,  number.]  Innumerable. 

In  this  close  dungeon  of  innumerous  boughs.  Milton. 

IN-Ny-TRI''TION,  n.  [in  and  nutrition .]  Want 
of  nutrition;  failure. of  nourishment.  Craig. 

lN-NU-TRI"TIoyS  (In-nu-trlsh'us),  a.  [in,  priv., 
and  nutritious.]  Not  nutritious;  not  nourish- 
ing ; innutritive.  ’ C.  Lamb. 

IN-NU'TRI-TlVE,  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  nutritive.] 
Not  nutritive  ; innutritious.  Good. 

fi  IN-O-BE'DI-ENCE,  n.  [L.  inobaudientia ; It. 
inobbedienza  ; Sp.  inobecliencia.]  Disobedience. 
“ Inobedience  to  this  call  of  Christ.”  Bp.  Bedell. 

f I N-O- BE 'DI-ENT,  a.  [Old  Fr.  inobedient.]  Not 
obedient ; disobedient.  Chaucer. 

IN-OB-§ERV'A-BLE,  a.  [L.  inobservabilis ; It. 
inosservabile  ; Sp.  if  Fr.  inobservable.]  Not  ob- 
servable ; unobservable.  Bullokar. 

IN-OB-.SERV'ANCE,  n.  [L.  inobservantia  ; It. 
inosservaza  ; Sp.  inobservancia.]  Want  of  ob- 
servance ; negligence  ; heedlessness.  Bacon. 

IN-OB-SERV'ANT,  a.  [L.  inobservans.]  Not  ob- 
servant ; heedless  ; unobservant.  Hurd. 

IN-6B-§ER-VA'TION,  n.  [Fr.]  Want  of  obser- 
vation. Shuckford. 

IN-OB- TRU' SI  VE,  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  obtrusive.] 
Not  obtrusive  ; unobtrusive.  Coleridge. 

IN-OB-TRIJ'SIVE-LY,  ad.  In  an  inobtrusive 
manner ; unobtrusively.  Wright. 

IN-OB-TRU'SIVE-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  in- 
obtrusive ; unobtrusiveness.  Wright. 

IN-OC-CU-PA'TION,  h.  [in,  priv.,  and  occupation.] 
Want  of  employment.  Sydney  Smith. 

IN-OC'U-LA-BLE,  a.  [See  Inoculate.]  That 
may  be  inoculated,  or  that  may  communicate 
disease  by  inoculation.  Wright. 

IN-dC'U-LAR,  a.  Noting  the  antenna  when  they 
are  inserted  in  the  canthus  of  the  eyes.  Maunder. 

IN-6c'y-LATE  (in-ok'ku-Iat),  v.  a.  [L.  inoculo, 
inoculatus  ; in,  in,  and  oculus,  an  eye  ; It.  inoc- 
chiare ; Sp.  inocular  ; Fr.  inoculer.] 

1.  To  insert  so  that  the  eye  of  a bud  shall  be 
fixed  in  another  stock  ; to  bud. 

To  plant,  to  bud,  to  graft,  to  inoculate , Dryden. 

2.  To  communicate  disease,  as  the  small-pox, 
by  inserting  virus  into  the  flesh  ; to  vaccinate. 

If  I had  twenty  children  of  my  own, 

I would  inoculate  them  every  one.  Byrom. 

IN-OC'U-LATE,  v.  n.  To  practise  inoculation. 
“ Inoculate,  therefore,  at  the  commencement  of 
this  month.”  Evelyn. 

{N-OC-U-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  inoculatio  ; It.  inocu- 
lazione  ; Sp.  inoculacion  ; Fr.  inoculation.] 


1.  The  act  of  inoculating;  a method  of  graft- 
ing in  the  bud. 

2.  Any  operation  by  which  small-pox,  cow- 

pox,  &c.,  may  be  artificially  communicated,  by 
introducing  the  virus  of  the  particular  disease 
into  the  economy  by  means  of  a puncture  or 
scratch  made  in  the  skin.  Dunglison. 

ftUD  When  the  word  inoculation  is  used  alone  it 
usually  means  that  for  the  small-pox.  Dunglison. 

I N-O  C' l- LA-TOR,  n.  [L.]  One  who  inoculates. 

f IN-O'DI-ATE,  v.  a.  To  make  hateful.  South. 

f IN-O'DOR-ATE,  a.  Inodorous.  Bacon. 

IN-O'DOR-OUS,  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  odorous.]  Hav- 
ing no  odor,  scent,  or  smell.  “ Transparent,  col- 
orless, insipid,  inodorous  water.”  Bp.  Horsley. 

IN-O'DOR-OUS-NESS,  n.  Absence  of  odor.  Roget. 

IN-OF-FEN'SIVE,  a.  [It.  inoffensivo  ; Fr .inoffen- 
sif] 

’I.  Not  offensive;  unoffending ; harmless; 
hurtless  ; innocent ; innoxious. 

Useful  and  inoffensive  animals  have  a claim  to  our  tender- 
ness, and  it  is  honorable  to  our  nature  tc  beftiend  them. 

Beattie. 

2.  Unobstructed ; uninterrupted. 

So  have  I seen  a river  gently  glide 

In  a smooth  course  and  inoffensive  tide.  Addison. 

IN-OF-FEN'SIVE-LY,  ad.  In  an  inoffensive  man- 
ner ; not  offensively.  Pope. 

IN-OF-FEN'SI  VE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
inoffensive  ; harmlessness.  Bp.  Hall. 

lN-OF-FI"CIAL  (in-of-fish'al),  a.  [in,  priv.,  and 
official.]  Not  official ; unofficial.  Smart. 

lN-OF-Fl''CIAL-LY,  ad.  Without  the  usual 
forms  ; not  in  an  official  character.  Craig. 

IN-OF-FI"CIOUS  (-fish'us),  a.  [L.  inofficiosus; 
It.  inofficioso  ; Sp.  inoficioso  ; Fr.  inojficieux.] 

1.  Not  observant  of  duty;  undutilul. 

lip,  thou  tame  river,  wake! 

Thou  drown’st  thyself  in  inofficious  sleep.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  ( Civil  Law.)  Applied  to  a testament,  or 

will,  not  made  according  to  the  rules  of  piety, 
or  in  which  the  testator  has  unlawfully  omitted 
or  disinherited  one  of  his  heirs.  Bouvier. 

IN'O-LlTE,  n.  [Gr.  Ivho,  to  cleanse,  and  lido;,  a 
stone.]  (Min.)  A variety  of  calcite  or  carbonate 
of  lime.  Dana. 

f IN-6p-ER-A'TION,  n.  [in  and  operation.]  In- 
ternal agency  ; influence.  Bp.  Hall. 

IN-OP 'yR-A-TIVE,  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  operative.] 
Not  operative  ; not  working  ; inactive.  South. 

IN-O-PER'CU-LAR,  a.  (Conch.)  Noting  univalve 
shells  which  have  no  operculum  or  lid.  Owen. 

f IN-OP'I-NATE,  a.  [L.  inopinatus.]  Not  ex- 
pected ; not  thought  of.  Bailey. 

IN-OP-POR-TUNE',  a.  [L.inopportunus  ; in,  priv., 
and  opportunus,  opportune  ; It.  inopportuno  ; Sp. 
inoportuno  ; Fr.  i.nopportun.]  Not  opportune  ; 
unseasonable  ; inconvenient ; unfit.  Bp.  Taylor. 

IN-OP-POR-TUNE'LY,  ad.  In  an  inopportune 
manner;  not  opportunely  ; unseasonably. Donne. 

IN-OP-POR-TU'NI-TY,  n.  Want  of  opportunity; 
unseasonableness,  [r.]  Qu.  Rev. 

IN-OP-PRES'SIVE,  a.  Not  oppressive.  Wright. 

IN-OP'U-LENT,  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  opulent.]  Not 
opulent ; not  wealthy.  Sir  A.  Shirley. 

IN-OR'Dj-NA-CY,  n.  Irregularity;  disorder;  in- 
ordination.  Bp.  Taylor. 

IN-OR'DI-NATE,  a.  [L . inordinatus  ; in,  priv., 

and  ordinatus  ; It.  inordinato ; Sp.  inordenado.] 
Immoderate  ; irregular  ; disorderly  ; excessive ; 
extravagant.  “ Inordinate  vanity.”  Burke. 

IN-OR'DI-NATE-LY,  ad.  In  an  inordinate  man- 
ner ; immoderately  ; irregularly.  Bp.  Taylor. 

IN-OR'DI-NATE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  in- 
ordinate ; excess.  Bp.  Hall. 

IN-OR-DI-NA'TION,  n.  Deviation  from  right; 
irregularity  ; inordinacy.  Bp.  Taylor. 

IN-OR-GAN'IC,  ? a [It.  &;  Sp.  inorganico ; Fr. 

IN-OR-GAN'1-CAE,  ) inorganique.]  Not  produced 
by  vital  action  ; destitute  of  organs  ; void  of  or- 
gans. Roget. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  rC'LE.  — y,  <?,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  j,  |,  hard;  as  z;  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


INORGANICALLY 


758 


INSATIABLY 


Inorganic  chemistry,  That  department  of  chemistry 
which  treats  of  unorganized  matter.  Turner. 

TN-OR-GAN'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  Without  organiza- 
tion. Wright. 

t IN-OR-GAN'I-TY,  n.  State  of  being  inorganic. 

Blount. 

lN-OR-GAN-!-ZA'TION,  n.  The  state  of  being 
unorganized  ; want  of  organization.  Roget. 

INOR'GAN-IZED,  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  organized.] 
Not  organized  ; unorganized.  Smart. 

f IN-OR-THOG'RA-PHY,  n.  False  or  incorrect 
orthography.  Feltham. 

IN-OS'CU-LATE,  v.  n.  [L.  in,  in,  and  oscular,  oscu- 
latus,  to  kiss  ; It.  inosculare ; Fr.  inosc  uler.]  [i. 
INOSCULATED  ; pp.  INOSCULATING,  INOSCULAT- 
ED.] To  unite,  as  lips  in  kissing  : — to  unite  by 
apposition  or  contact ; to  communicate  by  anas- 
tomosis ; to  anastomose.  Derham. 

IN-OS'CU-LATE,  v.  a.  To  cause  to  unite  or  grow 
together  ; to  insert.  “ Into  which  [arteries]  are 
inosculated  other  vessels.”  Bp.  Berkeley. 

JN-OS-CU-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  i nosculatio  ; in,  in,  and 
osculant,  a mouth,  a kiss;  It.  inosculazione  ; Fr. 
inosculation .]  The  act  of  inosculating  ; conjunc- 
tion ; the  union  of  vessels  by  conjunction  of 
their  extremities ; anastomosis.  Ray. 

IN-O-SIN'IC,  a.  ( Chem .)  Noting  an  acid  said  by 
Liebig  to  exist  in  the  juices  of  the  flesh  of  ani- 
mals. Brande. 

JN  PET 'TO.  [It.,  in  the  breast.]  In  reserve  or 
secrecy.  Macdonnel. 

IN  POS'SE.  [L.]  A Latin  phrase,  signifying 
in  possibility,  or,  that  may  exist ; — distinguished 
from  in  esse.  — See  InEsse.  Fleming. 

IN  PRO'PRI-A  PER-SO'N.1.  [L.]  In  person, 
or  in  one’s  own  person. 

IN 'QUEST,  n.  [L.  inquisitio  ; inquiro,  inquisitus, 
to  inquire  ; in,  into,  and  qurero,  to  seek;  It.  in- 
chiesta;  Fr.  enquete.] 

1.  Inquiry  ; examination  ; search. 

This  is  the  laborious  and  vexatious  inquest  that  the  soul 
must  make  after  science.  South. 

2.  (Law.)  A judicial  inquiry,  or  an  inquisi- 
tion of  jurors  in  causes  civil  or  criminal ; — most 
commonly  applied,  in  this  sense,  to  the  inquiry 
made  by  a coroner’s  jury  : — a jury  : — the  find- 
ing of  a jury  in  a civil  case,  where  the  opposite 
party  does  not  appear  at  the  trial.  Burrill. 

+ IN-QUl'ET,  v.  a.  [Fr.  in  quieter.]  To  disquiet; 
to  trouble  ; to  disturb.  Bp.  Fisher. 

flN-QUl-E-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  inquietatio.]  Dis- 
turbance ; inquietude.  Sir  T.  Elyot. 

IN-QUI'U-TUDE,  n.  [L.  inquietudo  ; It.  inquie- 
t udine;  Sp.  inquietud ; Fr.  inquietude.]  Dis- 
turbed state  ; disturbance  ; want  of  quiet ; dis- 
quietude ; restlessness.  Wotton. 

f IN'QUI-NATE,  v.  a.  [L.  inquino,  inquinatus .] 
To  pollute;  to  befoul.  Browne. 

+ IN-QUI-NA’TION,  n.  [L.  inquinatio.]  Corrup- 
tion ; pollution.  Bacon. 

JN-QUlR'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  inquired  into. 

There  be  many  more  things  inquirable  by  you.  Bacon. 

IN-QUIRE'  (in-kwlr'),  v.  n.  [L.  inquiro;  in,  and 
queer o,  to  seek  ; It.  inquerire ; Sp.  inquirir ; Fr. 
enquerir .]  [ i . INQUIRED  ; pp.  inquiring,  in- 

quired.] 

1.  To  seek  for  information;  to  institute  an 
inquiry ; to  ask  questions ; to  make  search  ; to 
enquire  : — with  of  before  the  person  asked. 

Herod,  when  he  had  privily  called  the  wise  men,  inquired 
of  them  diligently  what  time  the  star  appeared.  Matt.  ii.  7. 

2.  To  seek  for  by  investigation,  as  for  truth 
or  a fact ; — used  with  about,  after,  for,  or  into. 

It  may  deserve  our  best  skill  to  inquire  into  those  rules  by 
which  we  may  guide  our  judgment.  South. 

Inquire  fur  one  Saul  of  Tarsus.  Acts  ix.  11. 

Be  prevailed  on  to  inquire  after  the  right  way.  Locke. 

To  those  who  inquirer/  about  me  mv  lover  would  answer, 
that  I was  an  old  dependant  upon  his  family.  Swift. 

Jtl ij ' This  word  and  its  derivatives  are  very  often 
written  with  en  in  the  first  syllable,  from  the  French 
enquerir,  instead  of  in,  from  the  Latin  inquiro.  “ En- 
quire is  perhaps  as  common  as  inquire  ; but  inquest 
decidedly  prevails.”  Richardson.  — Johnson, Walker, 
. Smart,  &c.,  give  the  preference  to  inquire See  En- 

quire. 


Syn. — Inquire  in  order  to  obtain  information  ; ask 
for  a favor,  for  information, or  lof  whatever  is  wanted  ; 
question  to  obtain  an  answer  ; question  a pupil  ; inter- 
rogate a person  accused  ; ask  advice  ; ask  a question. 
— See  Ask. 

IN-QUIRE',  v.  a.  1.  To  ask  about;  to  seek  out; 
to  enquire.  “ He  inquired  the  way.”  Johnson. 

2.  f To  call ; to  name.  Spenser. 

IN-QUI-REN' DO,  n.  [L.]  (Eng.  Law.)  An  au- 
thority given  to  some  person  or  persons  to  in- 
quire into  something  for  the  king’s  advantage. 

Whishaw. 

f IN-QUIR'JJNT,  a.  [L.  inquiro,  inquire  ns,  to  in- 
quire.] Making  inquiry.  Shenstone. 

IN-QUiR'pR,  n.  One  who  inquires  ; a searcher. 

IN-QUIR'JNG,  p.  a.  Making  inquiry  ; searching; 
as,  “ An  inquiring  mind.” 

IN-QUIR'ING-LY,  ad.  By  way  of  inquiry. 

IN-QUI'RY,  n.  1.  The  act  of  inquiring ; search 
by  question;  interrogation;  enquiry. 

They  made  inquiry  for  Judas’  friends.  1 Macc.  ix.  26. 

2.  Examination ; investigation  ; research. 

1 have  been  engaged  in  physical  inquiries.  Locke. 

Writ  of  inquiry , ( Laic .)  a judicial  writ  issued  in 
certain  actions  at  law,  where  a defendant  has  suffered 
judgment  to  pass  against  him  by  default,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  ascertaining  and  assessing  the  plaintiff’s  dam- 
ages, in  cases  where  they  are  not  ascertained  nor  as- 
certainable by  mere  calculation.  Burrill. 

“ When  Sir  Fletcher  Norton  was  speaker,  the 
lord  advocate  of  Scotland,  Montgomery,  moving  for  a 
committee  of  inquiry  to  be  appointed,  gave  the  strong 
accent,  after  the  Scottish  manner,  to  the  first  syllables 
of  the  words  com'mittec  and  in'quiry .”  Mitford. 

Syn.— See  Examination,  Q.uery. 

f IN-Q-UI^'I-BLE,  a.  [L.  inquiro , inquisitus,  to 
seek.]  Capable  of  judicial  inquiry.  Hale . 

IN-Q,UI-Sj5I"TION  (ln-kwe-zish'un),  n.  [L.  inqui- 
sitio ; inquiro,  to  inquire ; in,  into,  and  queer o, 
to  seek  ; It.  inquisizione  ; Sp.  inquisicion  ; Fr. 
inquisition .] 

1.  Inquiry ; examination  ; investigation. 

You  are  so  far  to  make  an  inquisition  upon  yourself  as  . . . 

you  may  better  discover  what  the  corruption  of  your  nature 
sways  you  to.  Bp.  Taylor. 

2.  (Law.)  The  finding  of  a jury,  especially 

under  a writ  of  inquiry.  Burrill. 

3.  (Lccl.)  A court  or  tribunal,  instituted  in 
some  Itoman  Catholic  countries,  to  inquire  into 
offences  against  the  established  religion,  espe- 
cially heresy. 

IN-QUr-§I"TION-AL  (In-kwe-zish'un-al),  a. 

1.  Busy  in  making  inquiry.  Milton. 

2.  Relating  to  the  Inquisition.  Sterne. 

!N-QUI-SjI''TION-AL-LY,  ad.  In  the  manner  of 
the  Inquisition.  Ec.  Rev. 

IN-QUI-§I"TION-A-RY,  a.  Inquisitory  ; inquisi- 
tional. E.  Erving. 

IN-QUI§'I-TIVE,  a.  Busy  in  making  inquiry; 
curious;  prying;  scrutinizing;  busy  in  search 
of  information  ; — followed  by  about,  after,  and 
sometimes  by  into,  of,  or  to. 

The  whole  neighborhood  grew  inquisitive  after  my  name 
and  character.  Addison. 

A wise  man  is  not  inquisitive  about  things  impertinent. 

Broome. 

t IN-QUI§'J-TIVE,  n.  A busy  inquirer.  Temple. 

IN-QUl§'!-TIVE-LY,  ad-  In  an  inquisitive,  scru- 
tinizing, or  prying  manner.  Lyttleton. 

IN-QUI§'1-TIVE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
inquisitive  ; curiosity.  Locke. 

IN-QUIij'I-TOR,  n.  [L.]  1.  One  who  examines 

judicially. 

Minos,  the  strict  inquisitor , appears.  Drydcn. 

2.  An  inquisitive  or  curious  person.  Feltham. 

3.  (Eccl.)  An  officer  of  Inquisition  who 

searches  for  offenders  and  punishes  them  ; an 
ecclesiastical  judge.  Fulke. 

IN-QUl§-I-TO'RI-AL,  a.  Relating  to  the  Inqui- 
sition ot  to  an  inquisitor.  Lyttleton. 

IN-QUI§-I-TO'RI-AL-LY,  ad.  In  an  inquisitorial 
manner.  Clarke. 

f IN-QUL^-I-TO'RI-OUS,  a.  Inquisitorial.  Milton. 

t!N-QUj§-I-TU'R!-ENT,  a.  Inquisitorial.  Milton. 

IN-RAIL',  v.  a.  [in  and  rail.]  [i.  inrailed  ; pp. 


inrailing,  inrailed.]  To  rail  in ; to  enclose 
within  rails.  “ An  inrailed  column.”  Gay. 

IN-RE^'IS-TIJR,  v.  a.  [in  and  register.]  To  reg- 
ister ; to  record  in  a register.  Craig. 

IN'ROAD,  n.  [in  and  road.]  A sudden  and  de- 
sultory invasion  ; an  irruption  ; an  encroach- 
ment. 

The  loss  of  Shrewsbury  exposed  all  North  Wales  to  the 
daily  inroads  of  the  enemy.  Clarendon. 

Syn.  — See  Invasion. 

JN-ROLL',  v.  a.  To  enroll. — See  ENROLL.fi/t7fon. 

flN-SAKE'TY,  n.  [in,  priv.,  and  safety.]  Want 
of  safety;  danger.  Naunton. 

IN-SAL-I-VA'TION,  n.  (Med.)  Mixture  of  food 
with  saliva.  Dunglison. 

IN-SA-LU'BRI-OUS,  a.  [L.  insalubris  ; in,  priv., 
and  satubris,  salubrious ; It.  <5,-  Fr.  insalubre .] 
Not  promoting  health  ; not  salubrious  ; not  sal- 
utary ; unhealthful ; unwholesome.  Young. 

IN-SA-LU'BRI-TY,  n.  [It.  insalvibrith ; Sp.  insa- 
lubridad ; Fr.  insalubrite.]  The  quality  of  be- 
ing insalubrious ; want  of  salubrity;  umvhole- 
soineness ; unhealthfulness.  Gregory. 

IN-SAL'U-TA-RY,  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  salutary.] 
Not  salutary;  unwholesome.  Smart. 

IN-SAN-A-bIl'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being  insan- 
able  or  incurable  ; incurableness.  Med.  Jour. 

IN-SAN'A-BLE,  a.  [L.  insanabilis  ; in,  priv.,  and 
sanabi/is,  curable  ; It.  insanabile ; Sp.  insatia- 
ble.] Incurable  ; irremediable.  Cockeram. 

IN-SAN'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Insanability.  Wright. 

IN-SAN'A-BLY,  ad.  In  such  a state  as  to  be  in- 
curable ; incurably.  Wright. 

IN-SANE',  a.  [L.  insanus ; in,  priv.,  and  sanus, 
sane;  It.  <Sr  Sp.  insano.] 

1.  Disordered  in  mind  ; mad  ; distracted  ; de- 
lirious ; deranged  ; crazy  ; demented  ; lunatic. 
Insane  people  easily  detect  the  nonsense  of  other  madmen. 

Haslam. 

2.  Pertaining,  or  appropriated,  to  crazy  peo- 
ple; as,  “ An  insane  asylum.” 

3.  f Making  mad  ; causing  insanity. 

Have  we  eaten  of  the  insane  root 
That  takes  the  reason  prisoner?  Shak. 

IN-SANE'LY,  ad.  Without  reason;  madly.  Smart. 

IN-SANE'N^SS,  n.  Insanity.  Craig. 

+ IN-SA'NIE,  n.  Insanity. 

It  insinuateth  me  of  insanic.  Shak. 

IN-SAN'I-TY,  n.  [I,,  insanitas  ; insanus,  insane  ; 
in,  priv.,  and  sanus,  sane  ; It.  &;  Sp.  insania.] 
The  state  of  being  insane ; lunacy  ; mania  ; 
want  of  sound  mind  ; madness  ; delirium. 

All  power  of  fancy  over  reason  is  a degree  of  insanity. 

Johnson. 

Syn.  — Insanity  is  a term  that  includes  many  va- 
rieties of  unsoundness  of  mind,  — derangement,  aliena- 
tion, lunacy,  madness,  mania,  monomania,  delirium,  cra- 
ziness, distraction,  frenzy,  melancholy,  and  demency,  or 
dementia.  These  terms  are  used  to  denote  very  differ- 
ent kinds,  as  well  as  different  degrees,  of  mental  dis- 
order. Melancholy  may  be  slight  or  intense  ; lunacy 
is  a periodical  insanity,  formerly  supposed  to  he  influ- 
enced by  the  moon  ; derangement,  alienation,  and  delir- 
ium are  all  used  to  denote  a less  confirmed,  or  a less 
violent,  mental  disease  than  madness  and  mania  ; mon- 
omania is  insanity  on  one  subject  only  ; frenzy  or  dis- 
traction is  a violent  turn  of  insanity  or  madness  ; de- 
mentia or  demcncy  is  the  loss  of  understanding,  or  is  a 
state  of  idiocy . 

f IN-SA'PO-RY,  a.  Tasteless ; unsavory.  Herbert . 

1N-SA-TI- A-BIL'l-TY  (lii-sa-she-^-bil'e-te),  n.  [L. 
insatiabilitas  ; It.  insaziabilita ; Sp . insaciabili- 
dad;  Fr.  insatiabilite. ] The  quality  of  being 
insatiable;  insatiableness.  Rambler.  Johnson. 

IN-SA'TI-A-BLE  (in-sa'she-a-bl),  a.  [L.  insati- 
abilis ; It.  insaziabile ; Sp.  ins  aci  able ; Fr.  insati- 
able.'] That  cannot  be  satisfied  or  satiated ; 
greedy  beyond  measure  ; insatiate. 

He  himself, 

Insatiable  of  glory,  had  lost  all.  Milton. 

IN-SA'TI-A-BLE-NESS  (In-sa'she-ft-bl-nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  insatiable ; excessive  greedi- 
ness; insatiability.  Bp.  Hall. 

IN-SA'TI-A-BLY  (in-sa'she-£-ble),  ad.  In  an  insa- 
tiable manner.  South. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  ],  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; IIEIR,  HER; 


INSATIATE 


759 


INSEPARATELY 


lN-SA'TI-ATE  (In-sa'she-jt),  a.  Insatiable. 

Insatiate  archer!  could  not  one  suffice?  Young. 

IN-SA'TI-ATE-LY  (in-sa'she-fit-le),  ad.  Insatiably. 
IN-SA'TI-ATE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
insatiate  ; insatiableness.  Ash. 

IN-SA-Tl'5-TY,  n.  [L.  insatietas ; It.  insazieta.] 
The  quality  of  being  insatiate  ; insatiableness  ; 
great  greediness.  Wright. 

fiN-SAT-IS-FAC'TION,  n.  [in,  priv.,  and  satis- 
faction.'] Dissatisfaction.  Bacon. 

IN-SAT'U-RA-BLE,  a.  [L.  insaturabilis  ; in, 
priv.,  and  saturabilis,  saturable  ; It.  insatura- 
bile  ;-Sp.  £f  Fr.  insaturab/e.]  That  cannot  be  sat- 
urated, filled,  or  glutted.  Tooker. 

+ IN-SCl'ENCE,  n.  [L . inscientia.]  Ignorance; 

unskilfulness.  Bailey. 

IN-SCONCE',  v.  a.  See  Ensconce. 


IN-SCRIJ'T  A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  in- 
scrutable; inscrutability;  unsearchableness.Hs/t. 

IN-SCRU'TA-BLY,  ad.  In  an  inscrutable  man- 
ner ; so  as  not  to  be  traced  out.  Todd. 

IN-SCULP',  v.  a.  [L . insculpo.]  To  engrave;  to 
cut  or  carve  in  or  upon,  [r.]  Shah. 

f IN-SCULP'TION  (jn-skulp'shun),  n.  The  act  of 
engraving  upon  ; inscription.  Tourneur. 

IN-SCULPT'lJRED,  a.  Engraved.  Glover. 

IN-SCULPT'L’RE,  n.  An  engraving;  sculpture. 
“ On  the  gravestone  this  insculpture.”  Shak. 

IN-SEAM',  v.  a.  [in  and  seam.]  [i.  inseamed  ; 
pp.  inseaming,  inseamed.]  To  impress  or 
mark  by  a seam  or  cicatrix. 

Deep  o’er  his  knee  inseamed  remained  the  scar.  Pope. 

]~  IN-SEARCH',  v.  n.  [in  and  search.]  To  make 
inquiry ; to  search.  Sir  T.  E/yot. 


IN-SCRIB'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  inscribed.  Craig. 

IN-SCRIB' A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
inscribable.  Wright. 

IN-SCRIBE',  v.  a.  [L.  inscribo ; in,  in  or  on,  and 
scribo,  to  write  ; It.  inscrivere  ; Sp.  inscribir ; 
Fr.  inscrire.]  [i.  inscribed  ; pp.  inscribing, 
inscribed.] 

1.  To  write  or  engrave;  — with  on. 

I inscribe  a verse  on  this  relenting  stone.  Pope. 

2.  To  imprint ; to  impress  ; to  inculcate.  Hale. 

3.  To  mark  with  something  written  or  en- 
graved. 

I inscribed  the  stone  with  my  name.  Johnson. 

4.  To  assign  or  address  to,  without  a formal 
dedication  ; to  dedicate. 

One  ode  which  pleased  me  in  the  reading  ...  is  inscribed  to 
the  present  Earl  of  Rochester.  Dnjtlen. 

5.  ( Geoni .)  To  draw  or  delineate  in  or  within, 
as  chords  or  angles  within  a circle  ; or  as  a 
rectilinear  figure  within  a curvilinear  one  in 
such  a manner  that  all  the  lines  of  the  former 
shall  terminate  in  the  periphery  of  the  latter ; 
or  as  a curvilinear  figure  within  a rectilinear 
one  in  such  a manner  that  all  the  lines  of  the 
latter  shall  be  tangents  to  the  former.  Davies. 

A line,  angle,  or  polygon  . . . inscribed  in  an  ellipse.  Davies. 

IN-SCRIBED',  p.  a.  ( Geom .)  Noting  chords  or 
straight  lines  which  have  their  extremities  in  the 
circumference  of  a circle,  or  in  the  periphery  of 
some  other,  curvilinear  figure  ; angles  and  poly- 
gons formed  by  chords  ; polyhedrons  which  have 
their  vertices  in  the  surface  of  a sphere  or  other 
curved  surface  ; and  spheres  contained  in  poly- 
hedrons all  whose  faces  are  tangent  to  the  sur- 
face of  the  spheres. 

IN-SCRiB'ER,  n.  One  who  inscribes.  Pownall. 

IN-SCRlP'TI-BLE,  a.  (Geom.)  Noting  plane  fig- 
ures and  solids  capable  of  being  inscribed  in 
certain  other  plane  figures  and  solids.  Davies. 

IN-SCRlP'TlON  (jn-skrip'shun),  n.  [L.  inscriptio ; 
It.  inscrizitme ; Sp  .inscripcion  ; Fr  .inscription.] 

1.  The  act  of  inscribing. 

2.  That  which  is  inscribed;  a title,  name, 
character,  or  address,  either  written  or  engraved. 

Those  long  inscriptions  crowded  on  Che  tomb.  Drpden. 

3.  Consignment  of  a book  to  a patron  or 
friend,  without  a formal  dedication.  Johnson. 

4.  (Civil  Law.]  An  engagement  which  a per- 

son who  makes  a solemn  accusation  of  a crime 
against  another  enters  into,  that  he  will  suffer 
the  same  punishment,  if  he  has  accused  the 
other  falsely,  which  would  have  been  inflicted 
upon  him  had"  he  been  guilty.  Bouvier. 

JN-SCRIP'TIVE,  a.  Written  as  an  inscription; 
bearing  inscription.  Mathias. 

IN-SCROLL',  v.  a.  [in  and  scroll.]  [i.  inscrolled  ; 
pp.  INSCROLLING,  INSCROLLED.]  To  Write  On 
a scroll;  to  inscribe.  “Your  answer  has  not 
been  inscrolled.”  Shak. 

IN-SCrE-TA-bIl'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
inscrutable  ; inscrutableness ; unsearchableness. 

IN-SCRU'TA-BLE,  a.  [L.  inscratabilis ; in,  priv., 
and  scrutor,  to  search ; It.  inscrutabile ; Sp.  4 
Fr.  inscrutable.]  That  cannot  be  searched  out, 
traced,  or  understood ; above  or  past  compre- 
hension; undiscoverable ; unsearchable.  “The 
inscrutable  ways  of  Providence.”  Attcrbury. 


IN-SEC'A-BLE,  a.  [L.  insecabilis ; in,  not,  and 
seco,  to  cut.]  That  cannot  be  divided  by  a cut- 
ting instrument ; indivisible.  Blount. 

IN-SEC' TA,  n.  pi.  ( Zolil . or  Ent.)  A class  of 

Articulata-,  insects.  — See  Insect. 

IN'SECT,  n.  [L.  bisection  ; in,  in,  and  seco,  to 
cut;  It.  insetto  ; Sp.  insecto  ; Fr.  insecte.] 

1.  [Ent.)  One  of  a class  of  viviparous  or  ovip- 
arous animals,  having  a body  marked  by  several 
cross-lines  or  incisions,  the  parts  between  these 
lines  being  called  segments  or  rings,  and  con- 
sisting of  a number  of  Jointed  pieces  more  or 
less  movable  on  each  other.  T.  W.  Harris. 

,6®“  “ Insects,  in  their  perfect  state,  have  six  legs, 
two  antenna?,  two  pairs  of  wings,  and  two  compound 
eyes,  each  consisting  of  a great  number  of  single  eyes 
closely  united  together  and  incapable  of  being  rolled 
in  their  sockets.  They  have  a very  small  brain,  and 
instead  of  a Spinal  marrow,  a kind  of  knotted  cord, 
extending  from  the  brain  to  the  hinder  extremity. 
Two  long  air-pipes,  within  their  bodies,  together  with 
an  immense  number  of  smaller  pipes,  supply  the  want 
of  lungs,  and  carry  the  air  to  every  part.  They  do  not 
breathe  through  their  mouths,  but  through  little  holes, 
called  spiracles,  generally  nine  in  number,  along  each 
side  of  the  body.  Some,  however,  have  the  breathing- 
holes  placed  in  the  hinder  extremity,  and  a few  young 
water-insects  breathe  by  means  of  gills.  Most  inserts, 
in  the  course  of  their  lives,  are  subject  to  very  great 
changes  of  form,  or  metamorphoses,  as  they  are  called, 
so  that  the  same  insect,  at  different  ages,  might  be 
mistaken  for  as  many  different  animals.  Caterpillars, 
grubs,  and  maggots  undergo  a complete  transforma- 
tion in  coming  to  maturity  ; but  there  are  other  in- 
sects, such  is  crickets,  grasshoppers,  bugs,  and  plant- 
lice,  which,  though  differing  a good  deal  in  th,e  young 
and  adult  states,  are  not  subject  to  so  great  a change, 
their  transformations  being  only  partial.  In  winged 
or  adult  insects  two  of  the  transverse  incisions  are 
deeper  than  the  rest,  so  that  the  body  seems  to  con- 
sist of  three  principal  portions,  the  first  of  which  is  ' 
the  head,  the  second  or  middle  portion  the  thorax,  and  [ 
the  third  or  hindmost  the  abdomen.  In  some  wing- 
less insects  these  three  portions  are  also  to  be  seen  ; 
but  in  most  young  insects,  or  larva;,  the  body  consists 
of  the  head,  and  a scries  of  twelve  rings  or  segments, 
as  may  be  perceived  in  caterpillars,  grubs,  and  mag- 
gots.” T.  W.  Harris. 

2.  Any  thing  small  or  contemptible.  Thomson. 

IN'SECT,  a.  Like  an  insect. ; small ; mean.  Daley. 

The  insect  youth  are  on  the  wing.  Gray. 

+ IN-SEC-TA'TION,  n.  Pursuit;  attack.  T.  More. 

f IN-SgC-TA'TOR,  n.  [L.]  One  who  pursues  ; a 
persecutor  ; a censurer.  Bailey. 

f IN'SECT- pn,  a.  Having  the  nature  of  an  in- 
sect ; resembling  an  insect.  llowell. 

IN-SEC'TILE  (jn-sSk'tjl),  a.  Having  the  nature 
of  insects.  Bacon. 

f IN-SEC'TILE  (jn-sek'tjl),  n.  An  insect.  Wotton. 

JN-SEC'TION,  n.  [L.  in,  into,  and  seco,  scctus,  to 
cut.]  The  act  of  cutting  into.  Maunder. 

IN-SEC-TIV' O-RA,  n.  pi.  [L.  insectum,  an  insect, 

. and  voro,  to  devour.]  (Zoiil.)  A family  of  mam- 
mals that  feed  upon  insects,  as  the  hedgehog, 
shrew,  and  mole.  Cuvier. 

IN-SpC-TIV'O-ROUS,  a.  [It.  insettivoro  ; Sp.  in- 
sectivoro  ; Fr.  insectivore.]  Applied  to  animals 
which  feed  upon  insects.  Roget. 

+ In-SEC-T0L'0-9ER,  n.  [L.  insectum,  an  insect, 
and  Gr.  >.oyo s,  a discourse.]  One  xvho  describes 
insects  ; an  entomologist.  Derham. 


IN-SJJC-TOL'O-IjJY,  n.  [L.  insectum,  an  insect, 
and  Gr.  idyo;,  a discourse.]  Entomology.  Booth. 

IN-Sp-CURE',  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  secure.] 

1.  Not  secure  ; not  sure  or  confident ; unsure  ; 
uncertain. 

He  . . . is  continually  insecure,  not  only  of  the  good  things 
of  this  life,  but  even  of  life  itself.  Tillotson . 

2.  Not  safe  ; dangerous;  hazardous. 

Am  I going  to  build  on  precarious  and  insecure  founda- 
tions!* Hurd. 

IN-SU-CLTRE'Ly,  ad.  Without  security  or  safety. 

IN-SE-CURE'NESS,  n.  Insecurity.  Ash. 

IN-SJJ-CU'RI-TY,  n.  1.  Want  of  security  or  of 
confidence  ; uncertainty. 

It  may  easily  be  perceived  with  what  insecurity  of  truth  wc 
ascribe  effects  dependin';  upon  the  natural  period  of  time 
unto  arbitrary  calculations  and  such  as  vary  at  pleasure. 

Browne . 

2.  The  state  of  being  insecure  ; want  of  safe- 
ty ; danger  ; hazard.  Hammond. 

flN-Sp-CU'TION,  n.  [L.  insecutio.]  The  act  of 
pursuing;  pursuit.  Chapman. 

IN-SEM'I-NATE,  v.  a.  [L.  insemino,  mseminatus.] 
To  sow  or  plant  in.  [r.]  Cockcram. 

IN-SEM-I-NA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  scattering  seed 
on  ground  ; a sowing.  Chambers. 

IN-SEN'SATE,  a.  [It.  fy  Sp.  insensato ; Fr.  inscmc.) 
Insensible  ; dull ; thoughtless  ; stupid.  “ Obdu- 
rate, insensate  creatures.”  Hammond. 

IN-SEN'SATE-NESS,  n.  Insensibility.  Bp.  Hall. 

IN-SENSE',  v.  a.  To  instruct.  [Local,  Eng.]  Grose. 

IN-SEN-SI-BlL'l-TY,  n.  [It.  insensibilith ; Sp.  in- 
sensibilidad\  Fr.  insensibilite.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  insensible  ; want  of  sen- 
sibility ; want  of  capacity  to  perceive  external 
impressions ; xvant  of  feeling  or  perception. 
“ Insensibility  of  slow  motions.”  Glanville. 

When  the  vapor  of  pure  chloroform  is  respired,  it  soon 
induces  insensibility.  Braude. 

2.  Want  of  the  moral,  religious,  or  cesthetical 
sentiment ; want  of  tenderness  or  delicacy  of 
feeling;  apathy;  indifference  ; dulness  ; torpor. 

Syn.  — See  Indifference. 

IN-SEN'SI-BLE,  a.  [L.  insensibitis ; It.  insensi- 
bile  ; Sp.  § Fr.  insensible.] 

1.  Imperceptible  by  the  senses ; not  easily 
discerned  ; not  discoverable. 

Two  small  and  almost  insensible  pricks  were  found  upon 
Cleopatra’s  arm.  Browne. 

2.  Wanting  the  power  of  feeling  or  perceiv- 
ing ; destitute  of  corporeal  sensibility  ; as,  “ To 
be  insensible  to  a blow.” 

3.  Void  of  mental  sensibility;  wanting  emo- 
tion or  affection  ; destitute  of  tenderness  or  del- 
icacy of  feeling  ; hard  ; unfeeling. 

Accept  an  obligation  without  being  a slave  to  the  giver,  or 
insensible  to  his  kindness,  Wotton. 

Insensible  of  truth’s  almighty  charms. 

Starts  at  her  first  approaeir,  and  sounds  to  arms.  Cowper. 

4.  Void  of  meaning  ; meaningless. 

If  it  make  the  indictment  insensible  or  uncertain,  it  shall 
be  quashed.  Hale. 

Syn. — See  Hard. 

IN-SEN 'SI-BLE-N  ESS,  n.  Insensibility.  Bp.  Hall. 

IN-SEN'SI-BLY,  ad.  In  an  insensible  manner ; 
without  feeling  or  perception  ; imperceptibly. 

IN-SEN'TI  F.NT  (In-sen'shent),  a.  [in  and  sentient.] 
Not  sentient;  senseless;  inert;  not  having 
sensation  or  perception.  Reid. 

IN-SEP-A-RA-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [L.  inseparabilitas ; 
It.  inseparabilita  ; Sp.  inseparabiliaaci ; Fr.  in- 
separability] The  quality  of  being  inseparable. 

IN-SEP' A-R  A- BLE,  a.  [L.  inseparabilis ; in,  priv., 
and  separabilis,  separable;  separo,  to  separate; 
It.  inseparabile  ; Sp.  inseparable  ; Fr.  insepa- 
rable.] That  cannot  be  separated  or  disjoined; 
not  separable  ; indissoluble  ; not  divisible  ; not 
to  be  disjoined. 

Care  and  toil  came  into  the  world  with  sin,  and  remain 
ever  since  inseparable  from  it.  South. 

IN-SEP 'A-R  A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Inseparability. 

IN-SEP'A-RA-BLY,  ad.  In  an  inseparable  manner. 

IN-SEP' A-R  ATE,  a.  Not  separate  ; united.  Leigh. 

t IN-SEP' A-R ATE-LY,  ad.  So  as  not  to  be  sepa- 
rated; inseparably.  Abp.  Cranmcr. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  <?,  9,  g,  soft;  C,  fi,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  X as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


INSERT 

IN-SERT',  v.  a.  [L.  insero,  insertus ; in,  in,  and 
sero,  to  plant ; It .inserire;  Sp .inserir;  Fr . in- 
surer.] [7.  INSERTED;  pp.  INSERTING,  INSERT- 
ED.] To  set  or  place  in  or  among  ; to  infix  ; to 
implant. 

It  is  the  editor's  interest  to  insert  what  the  author’s  judg- 
ment had  rejected.  ZLCljt. 

IN-SERT'pD,  p.  a.  (Hot.)  Attached  to,  or  grow- 
ing out  of  ; — applied  especially  to  the  parts  of 
a flower.  Gray. 

JN-SERT'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  inserts. 

2.  The  thing  inserted  ; insertion.  Clarke. 

IN-SER'TION,  n.  [L.  insertio  ; It.  inserzione ; Sp. 
insercion ; Fr.  insertion.'] 

1.  The  act  of  inserting  or  infixing.  Felton. 

2.  The  thing  inserted.  Broome. 

3.  ( Bot .)  The  place,  or  mode,  of  attachment 

of  an  organ  to  its  support.  Gray. 

f IN-SERVE',  v.  a.  [L.  inservio.]  To  be  of  use  to  ; 
to  serve  ; to  benefit.  Bailey. 

-f-  IN-SER'VI-ENT,  a.  [L.  inservio,  inserviens,  to 
serve.]  Conducive  ; of  use  to  an  end.  Browne. 

IN-SES'SOR,  n.  [L.,  a besettcr.]  ( Ornith .)  A 
bird  that  perches.  Craig. 

IN-SES-SO'RI-AL,  a.  (Ornith.)  Relating  to  the 
insessores  or  perching  birds.  P.  Cyc. 

f IN-SET',  u.  a.  [in  and  set.]  To  implant ; to 
infix ; to  set  in.  Chaucer. 

IN'SET,  n.  Something  set  in  ; insertion.  Clarke. 

IN-SEV'£R-A-BLE,  a.  Not  to  be  severed.  Wright. 

IN-SHAD'pD,  a.  [in  and  shaded.]  Marked  with 
different  shades.  IF.  Browne. 

JN-SHEATHE',  v.  a.  [in  and  sheathe.]  To  hide 
or  cover  in  a sheath  ; to  sheathe.  Hughes. 

f IN-SHELL',  v.  a.  To  hide  as  in  a shell.  Shak. 

IN-SHEL'TER,  v.  a.  [m  and  shelter.]  To  place 
under  shelter ; to  shelter.  Shak. 

f IN-SHIP',  v.  a.  [in  and  ship.]  To  shut  in  a 
ship  ; to  stow  ; to  embark.  Shak. 

IN-SHORE',  a.  & ad.  Near  the  shore.  Clarke. 

IN-SHRINE',  v.  a.  [in  and  shrine.]  To  enshrine. 
— See  Enshrine.  Shak. 

iN-SjC-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  in,  in,  and  siccatio,  a 
drying.]  The  act  of  drying  in.  Wright. 

IN'SIDE,  n.  [in  and  side.]  The  interior  part ; 
the  part  within ; — opposed  to  the  outside.  “ The 
inside  of  their  nest.”  Addison. 

IN'SIDE,  a.  Interior ; being  within  ; internal. 
“ Kissing  with  inside  lip.”  Shak. 

IN-SId'I-Ate,  v.  a.  [L.  insidior,  insidiatus.]  To 
lie  in  wait  for.  [r.j  lley  wood. 

IN-SID'l-A-TOR,  n.  [L.]  One  who  lies  in  wait ; 
a lurker ; a waylayer.  Barrow. 

IN-SId'I-OUS  [in-sld'e-us,  P.  ./.  Ja.  Sm.  Wr. ; jn- 
sid'yys,  S.  E.  F.  K..  ; jn-sld'c-us  or  in-sid'je-us, 
IF.],  a.  [L.  insidiosus ; insideo,  to  lie  in  wait ; 
It.  # Sp.  insidioso;  Fr.  insidieux.]  Watching 
an  opportunity  to  entrap  or  insnare;  lying  in 
wait ; sly  ; crafty  ; circumventive  ; treacherous. 

Till,  worn  by  age,  and  mouldering  to  decay, 

The  insidious  waters  wash  its  base  away.  Canning. 

Against  the  head  which  innocence  secures 
Insidious  malice  aims  her  darts  in  vain.  Johnson. 

Syn.  — See  Captious. 

IN-SlD'!-OUS-LY,  acl.  In  an  insidious  or  sly 
manner ; treacherously.  Bacon. 

IN-SID'I-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality 
of  being  insidious.  Barrow. 

IN'SIGHT  (In'slt),  n.  [in  and  sight.)  A sight  or 
view  of  the  interior ; deep  view;  knowledge  of 
the  interior  parts  ; introspection  ; inspection  ; 
discernment. 

F raught  with  an  universal  insight  into  things.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Discernment. 

IN-SIG'NI-A,  n.  pi.  [L.]  Badges  or  distinguish- 
ing signs  of  office,  honor,  rank,  or  character ; 
marks  of  distinction. 

The  insignia  of  the  Burgundian  Golden  Fleece.  Swinburne. 

Tn-sig-nif'1-cance,  > n.  [Fr.  insignifiance.] 

IN-SIG-NIF'J-CAN-CY,  > 1.  Want  of  significance 
or  of  meaning.  ' Glanvill. 


760 

2.  Want  of  importance;  unimportance.  “ In- 
significance of  thought.”  Garth. 

IN-SlG-NlF'i-CANT,  a.  [It.  $ Sp.  insignificante ; 
Fr.  insignfiant.] 

1.  Not  significant;  wanting  meaning. 

Till  you  can  weight  and  gravity  explain, 

These  words  are  insignijicant  and  vain.  Blackniore. 

2.  Without  weight  or  importance ; of  little 
account  or  consequence  ; immaterial ; unessen- 
tial; trifling;  trivial;  petty;  unimportant. 

‘Witness  its  insignijicant  result.  Cowper. 

iN-SIG-NIF'l-CANT-Ly,  ad.  In  an  insignificant 
manner  ; not  significantly.  Cowper. 

IN-SIG-NIF'I-CA-TIvE,  a.  [L . insign ficativus.] 
Not  significative  ; having  no  meaning.  11  Eyes 
. . . utterly  insignficative.”  Anon.,  1751. 

IN-SlGN'MyNT  (-sln-),n.  A mask;  a sign.  Elyot. 

IN-SIN-CERE',  a.  [L.  insinccrus ; in,  priv.,  and 
sincerus , sincere.] 

1.  Not  sincere  ; unworthy  of  trust  or  confi- 

dence; deceitful;  hypocritical;  false;  uncan- 
did ; disingenuous  ; faithless.  Cowper. 

2.  Not  sound  or  perfect. 

Ah,  whv,  Penelope,  this  causeless  fear, 

To  render  sleep’s  soft  blessings  insincere ? Pope. 

IN-SIN-CERE'LY,  ad.  Not  sincerely ; unfaith- 
fully ; without  sincerity.  Locke. 

IN-SIN-CER'I-TY,  n.  Want  of  sincerity,  truth,  or 
fidelity  ; duplicity ; dissimulation  ; deceitful- 
ness ; falsity  ; disingenuousness.  Broome. 

f IN-SIN'EW  (jn-sin'nu),  v.  a.  [in  and  sinew.]  To 
strengthen  ; to  confirm.  Shak. 

f IN-SIN'E-ANT,  a.  [Fr.  — See  Insinuate.]  Hav- 
ing the  power  to  gain  favor.  Wotton. 

{N-SIN'U-ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  insinuo,  insinuatus ; in, 
in,  and  sinus,  the  bosom  ; It.  insinuare ; Sp.  in- 
sinuar  ; Fr.  insinuer .]  [7.  insinuated  ; pp.  in- 
sinuating, insinuated.] 

1.  To  introduce  as  by  a winding  or  spiral  mo- 
tion ; to  introduce  gently. 

The  water  easily  insinuates  itself  into  and  placidly  dis- 
tends the  vessels  of  vegetables.  Woodward. 

2.  To  push  or  introduce  by  indirect  or  artful 
means  ; to  ingratiate. 

At  the  Isle  of  Rhee,  he  insinuated  himself  into  the  very 
good  grace  of  the  Duke  of  Buckingham.  Clarendon. 

3.  To  intimate  ; to  hint ; to  suggest  indirectly. 

And  all  the  fictions  bards  pursue 

Do  but  insinuate  what’s  true.  Swift. 

4.  To  instil,  inculcate,  or  infuse  gently  and 
artfully.  “ To  insinuate  wrong  ideas.”  Locke. 

Syn.  — A person  insinuates  himself  into  the  favor 
of  another  by  the  use  of  art  or  management,  and  in- 
gratiates himself  by  open  and  honorable  means.  — In- 
sinuate or  hint  a suspicion  against  a person  ; intimate 
a defect  or  a difficulty  ; suggest  something  useful. — 
See  Allude. 

IN-SIN'U-ATE,  v.  n.  1.  To  move  in  folds;  to 
wreathe;  to  wind.  “The  serpent  s\y  insinuat- 
ing.” [r.]  Milton. 

2.  To  creep  or  to  steal  into  gradually  or  im- 
perceptibly. • Harvey. 

3.  To  gain  on  the  affections  by  gentle  artifice. 

“ Base,  insinuating  flattery.”  Shak. 

IN-SlN'U-AT-ING,  p.  a.  Making  insinuations  : — 
gently  gaining  favor ; winning;  — hinting;  sug- 
gesting ; intimating. 

IN-SIN'U-AT-ING-LY,  ad.  By  insinuation.  Wright. 

LN-SlN-U-A'TION,  11.  [L.  insinuatio  ; It. insinu- 

azione  ; Sp . insinuacion ; Fr  .insinuation.] 

1.  The  act  of  insinuating  or  of  creeping  or 
winding  in  : — entrance. 

2.  The  act  of  ingratiating  one’s  self  into  the 
favor  of  another. 

Serene,  accomplished,  cheerful,  but  not  loud. 
Insinuating  without  insinuation.  Byron. 

3.  The  art  or  the  power  of  pleasing,  ,pr  of 
gaining  favor ; insinuating  or  pleasing  address. 

He  had  a natural  insinuation  and  address  which  made  him 
acceptable  in  the  best  company.  Clarendon. 

4.  A hint ; an  intimation  ; an  indirect  sug- 
gestion ; an  innuendo. 

I scorn  your  coarse  insinuation.  Cowper. 

Syn.  — See  Hint. 

IN-SlN'U-A-TIVE,  a.  1.  Stealing  on  the  affec- 
tions. “ Popular  or  insinuative  carriage.”  Bacon. 

2.  That  insinuates;  making  insinuations; 
insinuating.  N.  Brit.  Rev. 


INSOLATION 

JN-SIN'U-A-TOR,  n.  [L.]  He  who,  or  that  which, 
insinuates. 

IN-SIN'y-A-TO  RY,  a.  That  insinuates  ; insinu- 
ating ; insinuative.  West.  Rev. 

lN-SIP'ID,  a.  [L.  insipidus  ; in,  priv.,  and  sopi- 
dus,  sapid  ; It.  Sp.  insipido  ; Fr.  insipidt.] 

1.  Wanting  taste  ; vapid;  tasteless;  gustless  ; 
savorless. 

A liquor  far  from  being  inodorous  or  insipid.  Boyle. 

2.  Wanting  power  of  affecting  the  emotions 
or  passions  ; spiritless  ; dull ; flat ; heavy. 

Insipid  uniformity  of  goodness.  Canning. 

IN-SI-PID'I-TY,  n.  1.  The  quality  of  being  in- 
sipid ; want  of  taste  ; tastelessness ; flatness  ; 
insipidness.  Sherwood. 

2.  Want  of  life  or  spirit ; dulness  ; stupidity. 
“ Their  insipidity  and  want  of  feeling.”  Gray. 

IN-SIP'ID-LY,  ad.  Without  taste  ; without  spirit. 

IN-SIP' I D-N ESS,  n.  Insipidity.  Bp.  Gauden. 

IN-SIP'I-ENCE,  n.  [L.  insipientig ; It.  insipienza ; 
Sp.  insipiencia.]  Folly;  want  of  understand- 
ing; senselessness,  [it.]  Blount. 

IN-SIP'J-ENT,  a.  Unwise  ; foolish,  [r.]  Maunder. 

IN-SIST',  v.  n.  [L.  insisto-,  in,  upon,  and  sisto, 
to  stand;  It.  insist  ere  ; Sp.  insister ; Fr.  insis- 
ter.] [i.  insisted  ; pp.  insisting,  insisted.] 

1.  To  stand  or  rest  upon. 

The  combs  being  double,  the  cells  on  each  side  the  parti- 
tion  are  so  ordered,  that  the  angles  on  one  side  insist  upon 
the  centres  of  the  bottom  of  the  cells  on  the  other  side.  Bay. 

2.  To  abide  or  rest ; to  dwell ; — with  on. 

Sharply  thou  hast  insisted  on  rebuke.  Milton. 

3.  To  urge  or  press  earnestly  ; — often  with  on. 

Yet  I insisted,  yet  you  answered  not.  Shak. 

IN-SlST'p.NCE,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  insists  ; 
act  of  urging.  Jodrell. 

IN-SIST'ENT,  a.  Resting  upon  any  thing.  “The 
insistent  wall.”  Wotton. 

f IN-SlST'URE  (in-slst'yur),  n.  The  act  of  insist- 
ing; persistence;  constancy.  Shak. 

IN-SI''TI-EN-CY  (In-sish'e-en-se),  n.  [L.  in,  priv., 
and  sitio,  sitiens,  to  thirst.]  Freedom  from 

. thirst.  “The  insiticncy  of  a camel.”  Grew. 

IN-SF'TION  (jn-sizh'un  or  jn-slsh'tin)  [jn-sish'tin, 
/S’.  IF.  J.  F.  Ja.  Sin.  Wr.  ; jn-sizh'un,  A’.],  n. 
[L.  insitio .]  The  insertion  of  one  branch  into 
another  ; ingraftment.  — See  Abscission,  and 
Transition.  Ray. 

IN  Sl'TU,  [L .,  in  situation.]  (Min.)  A term  ap- 
plied to  minerals  when  found  in  their  original 
position,  bed,  or  strata.  Hamilton. 

IN-SNARE',  v.  a.  [in  and  snare.]  [7.  insnared  ; 
pp.  insnaring,  insnared.] 

1.  To  entrap  ; to  catch  or  take  in  a snare,  trap, 
gin,  or  net;  to  ensnare. 

Insnare  a gudgeon,  or  perhaps  a trout.  Fenton. 

2.  To  entangle ; to  inveigle  ; to  allure. 

Let  these 

Insnare  the  wretched  in  the  toils  of  law.  Thomson. 

IN-SNAr'ER,  n.  One  who  insnares  ; an  ensnarer. 

f IN-SNARL',  v.  a.  To  put  in  a snarl ; to  entan- 
gle ; to  snarl.  Cotgrave. 

iN-SO-BRf'B-TY,  n.  [ill,  priv.,  and  sobriety.] 
AYant  of  sobriety ; intempdranc  e. Decay  of  Piety . 

IN-SO-CI-A-BIL'I-TY  (-she-a-bll'e-te),  n.  AYant 
of  sociability;  unsociability,  [r.]  Warburton. 

f IN-SO'CI- A-BLE  (In-so'she-j-bl),  a.  [L.  insoci- 
abilis.] 

1.  Not  sociable;  unsociable.  Shak. 

2.  That  cannot  be  united  or  Joined.  “Be- 
cause lime  and  wood  are  insociable.”  Wotton. 

IN'SO-LATE,  v.  a.  [L.  insolo,  insolatus;  in,  in,  and 
sol,  the  sun  ; It.  msolare ; Sp.  insolar .]  [i.  inso- 
LATED  ; pp.  INSOLATIXG,  INSOLATED.]  To  dry 
in  the  sun  ; to  expose  to  the  action  of  the  sun ; 
to  cause  the  sun  to  fall  upon.  Johnson. 

IfN-SO-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  insolatio ; Sp.  insolacion  ; 
Fr.  insolation.] 

1.  The  act  of  insolating ; exposure  to  the  sun. 

If  it  have  not  a sufficient  insolation,  it  looketh  pale.  Browne . 

2.  A stroke  of  the  sun  ; sun-stroke.  Battie. 

3.  The  drying  of  chemical  and  pharmaceuti- 
cal substances.  Dunglison. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  t/,  f,  short;  A,  5,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


INSOLENCE 


INSTANCE 


761 


4.  (Bnt.)  A disease  of  plants  from  exposure 
to  too  bright  a light,  which  causes  rapid  evap- 
oration, and  kills  the  part  in  which  the  evapora- 
tion takes  place  ; a scorching.  Brcmde. 

IN'SO-LENCE,  l n_  [L.  insolentia ; It.  insohnza ; 

LY'SO-LEN-CY,  ) Sp.  insolentia  ; Fr.  insolence .] 

1.  t Unusualness.  Spenser. 

2.  Pride  or  haughtiness  mingled  with  con- 

tempt or  abuse  ; impudence  ; impertinence  ; 
insult.  Thomson. 

Syn.  — Insolence  is  an  offensi  ve  kind  of  impertinence 
or  rudeness ; impudence  implies  a gross  want  of  a sense 
of  propriety  and  decency  ; shamelessness , a want  of  a 
sense  of  shame  ; insult  is  a gross  act  of  insolence.  In- 
solence is  the  reverse  of  meekness  ; impudence , of  mod- 
esty ; impertinence , of  reserve.  — See  Impertinent. 

t IN'SO-LENCE,  v.  a.  To  treat  with  insolence  or 
contempt.  King  Charles. 

IN'SO-LENT,  a.  [L.  insolens  ; in,  priv.,  and  so- 
lens,  accustomed  ; It.  § Sp.  insolente  ; Fr.  inso- 
lent.] 

1.  fNot  customary;  unusual.  Pettie. 

2.  Contemptuous  of  others ; haughty;  rude; 
sauey  ; abusive  ; insulting ; offensive  ; overbear- 
ing ; arrogant ; impertinent ; reproachful. 

Insolent  is  he  that  despiseth  in  his  judgment  all  other  folk, 
as  in  regard  of  his  value,  of  his  cunning,  of  his  speaking,  and 
of  his  bearing.  Chaucer. 

Syn.  — See  Impertinent,  Offensive,  Re- 
proachful. 

In'SO-LENT-LY,  ad.  In  an  insolent  manner ; 
rudely  ; with  insolence.  Drayton. 

IN-SO-LID'I-TY,  n.  \in,  priv.,  and  solidity.]  Want 
of  solidity  ;.  weakness.  More. 

IN-SOL-U-BI  L'I-TY,  n.  [L.  insolubilitas  ; It . in- 
solubilita ; Fr.  insolubility.]  The  quality  of  being 
insoluble,  or  not  capable  of  being  dissolved; 
the  property  of  resisting  .solution;  insoluble- 
ness. Hoblyn. 

IN-SOL'U-BLE,  a.  [L.  insolubilis ; It.  insolubile ; 
Sp.  <S;  Fr.  insoluble.] 

1.  That  cannot  be  dissolved  or  solved ; not 
capable  of  solution  ; insolvable.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  That  cannot  be  made  clear  ; not  to  be  re- 
solved. “ Doubts  insoluble.”  [n.]  Hooker. 

IN-SOL'U-BLE-NESS,  n.  Insolubility  Boyle. 

IN-SOL'VA-BLE,  a.  [Fr.] 

1.  That  cannot  be  solved  ; not  solvable  ; inex- 
tricable. “ Insolvable  difficulties.”  Watts. 

2.  That  qannot  be  paid.  Johnson. 

3.  That  cannot  be  loosed  or  untied. 

To  guard  with  bauds 

! Insolvable  these  gifts.  Pope. 

IN-SOL'  VEN-CY,  n.  [Sp.  insolvencia.]  {Law.) 
The  state  of  a person  who  is  insolvent,  or  unable, 
from  any  cause,  to  pay  his  debts.  Blackstone. 

“ Strictly,  insolvency  is-  the  state  of  a person, 
not  engaged  in  trade,  who  is  unable  to  pay  his  debts. 
This  is  the  sense  of  the  word  in  English  law,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  bankruptcy  ; hut  the  distinction  does 
not  seem  to  be  recognized  in  the  United  States.” 
Burrill. 

“ Insolvency  is  a term  of  more  extensive  signi- 
fication than  bankruptcy , and  includes  all  kinds  of  in- 
ability to  pay  a just  debt.”  Bouoier. 

Act  of  insolvency , an  act  to  release  insolvents  ; an 
insolvent  law. 

Syn.  — See  Bankruptcy. 

iN-SOL'VyNT,  a.  [L.  in,  priv.,  and  solvo,  solvens, 
to  free,  to  pay;  Sp.  insolvente.]  Not  solvent; 
unable  to  pay  all  debts  ; bankrupt. 

Insolvent  law,  a law  by  which  a debtor  is  exempted 
from  liability  to  arrest  or  imprisonment  for  debts  pre- 
viously contracted,  on  condition  of  his  delivering  up 
all  his  property  for  the  benefit  of  his  creditors. 

Syn.  — See  Bankrupt-law. 

iN-SOL'vyNT,  n.  One  who  is  not  solvent;  one 
who  cannot  or  who  does  not  pay  his  debts  ; one 
who  is  unable  to  pay  his  debts,  or  whose  debts 
cannot  be  collected  out  of  his  means  by  legal 
process ; a bankrupt  : — a term  restricted,  in 
English  law,  to  one  not  engaged  in  trade  who 
is  unable  to  pay  his  debts.  Burrill. 

IN-SOM'NI-OUS,  a.  Being  without  sleep.  Blount. 

IN-SO-MOcii',  conj.  So  that  ; to  such  a degree 
that.  Addison. 

4QP  “This  word  is  growing  obsolete.”  Johnson. 

+ IN-SOOTH',  ad.  Indeed;  in  truth.  Shah. 


IN-SOUL',  v.  a.  To  cause  to  have  a soul ; to  in- 
spirit. Feltham.  J.  Taylor. 

IN-SPECT',  v.  a.  [L.  inspicio,  inspectus;  in,  into, 
and  specio,  to  view.]  [i.  inspected  ; pp.  in- 
specting, INSPECTED.] 

1.  To  view  in  order  to  correct  the  errors,  or 

to  learn  the  quality  of ; to  look  into  by  way  of 
examination  ; to  pry  into.  Warton. 

2.  To  oversee;  to  survey;  to  superintend. 

IN-SPECT',  n.  Nice  or  close  examination,  [r.] 
Not  so  the  man  of  philosophic  eye, 

With  inspect  sage.  Thomson. 

IN-SPEC 'TION,  n.  [L.  inspection  It.  ispezione; 
Sp.  inspection-,  Fr.  inspection.] 

1.  The  act  of  inspecting  ; prying  examination  ; 
narrow  and  close  survey. 

Our  religion  . . . otters  itself  ...  to  the  inspection  of  the 
severest  and  the  most  awakened  reason.  South. 

2.  Oversight ; superintendence. 

We  should  apply  ourselves  to  . . . procure  lively  and  vig- 
orous impressions  of  his  [God’s]  perpetual  presence  with  us 
and  inspection  over  us.  Atterbury. 

IN-SPEC'TIVE,  a.  That  inspects  ; tending  to  in- 
spect ; inspecting.  Wright. 

IN-SPECT'OR,  n.  [L.]  One  who  inspects  ; a su- 
perintendent. Watts. 

IN-SPECT'OR-ATE,  n.  The  office  of  an  inspector; 
inspectorship.  Dr.  Kane. 

JN-SPECT'OR-SIIIP,  n.  The  office  of  inspector  ; 
inspectorate.  Smart. 

IN-SPiiRSE',  v.  a.  [L.  inspergo,  inspersus ; in, 
upon,  and  spargo,  to  scatter.]  To  sprinkle  or 
cast  upon,  [n.]  Bailey. 

f IN-SPERSED',  p.  a.  Sprinkled  on.  Wright. 

IN-SPEIt'SION,  n.  [L.  inspersio.]  A sprinkling 
or  scattering  upon,  [it.]  Bp.  Taylor. 

IK-SPEX' I-MUS,  n.  [L.,  We  have  inspected.]  ( Old 
Eng.  Law.)  An  exemplification  of  letters  pa- 
tent, or  the  act  of  reciting  a former  grant  and 
granting  such  further  privileges  as  are  thought 
convenient ; — so  called  from  the  emphatic  word 
of  the  old  forms.  Bouvier. 

IN-SPHERE'  (jn-sfer'),  v.  a.  [in  and  sphere.]  To 
place  in  an  orb  or  sphere.  Milton. 

IN-SPI'RA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  inspired  or 
drawn  in  ; that  may  be  breathed.  Harvey. 

IN-SPI-RA'TION,  n.  [L.  inspiratio  ; It.  inspira- 
zione ; Sp.  inspiration  ; Fr.  inspiration.] 

1.  The  act  of  inspiring  or  drawing  air  into 
the  lungs ; inhalation. 

A most  exquisite  pain,  increased  upon  inspiration. Arbuthnot. 

2.  Act  of  breathing  into  any  thing.  Johnson. 

3.  The  infusion  of  influence  or  ideas  into 
the  mind  by  a superior  power; — particularly 
applied  to  the  influence  exerted  by  God,  or  the 
Spirit  of  God,  upon  the  human  mind.  . 

There  is  a spirit  in  man.  and  the  inspiration  of  tiro  Al- 
mighty giveth  them  understanding.  Job  xxxii.  8. 

All  Scripture  is  given  by  inspiration  of  God.  2 Tim.  iii.  l(i. 

Plenary  inspiration,  that  kind  of  inspiration  which 
excludes  all  mixture  of  error. 

IN-SPI-RA'TION- AL,  a.  Relating  to  inspiration; 
— partaking  of  inspiration.  West.  Rev. 

IN-SPI-RA'TION-IST,  n.  One  who  holds  to  inspi- 
ration. [ii.j  Ph'ren.  Jour. 

IN'SPI-R  A-TO-RY,  or  IN-SPI'RA-TO-R  Y,  a.  Pro- 
ducing inspiration  ; noting  muscles,  which,  by 
their  contraction,  augment  the  size  of  the  chest, 
and  thus  produce  inspiration.  Dunglison. 

IN-SPIRE',  v.  n.  [L.  inspiro  ; in,  in,  and  spiro,  to 
breathe;  It.  inspirare ; Sp.  inspirar ; Fr  .inspi- 
res] [f.  INSPIRED  ; pp.  INSPIRING,  INSPIRED.] 
To  draw  in  the  breath  ; to  inhale  the  air  ; — op- 
posed to  expire.  Walton. 

JN-SPIRE',  v.  a.  1.  To  breathe  into. 

Ye  Nine,  descend  and  sing. 

The  breathing  instruments  inspire.  Pope. 

2.  To  infuse  by  breathing. 

Ilf  knew  not  his  Maker, . . . that  inspired  into  him  an  ac- 
tive soul,  and  breathed  in  a living  spirit.  Wisdom  xv.  II . 

3.  To  draw  in  with  the  breath  ; to  Inhale. 
Forced  to  inspire  and  expire  the  air  with  difficulty.  Itarvey. 

4.  To  infuse  into  the  mind  ; to  instil ; inspirit. 

I have  been  troubled  in  my  sleep  this  night. 

But  dawning  day  new  comfort  hath  inspired.  Shale. 


5.  To  animate  or  enliven  by  the  infusion  of 
higher  or  supernatural  ideas,  or  by  divine  influ- 
ence of  any  kind. 

Erato,  thy  poet’s  mind  inspire , 

And  fill  iris  soul  with  thy  celestial  fire.  Dryden. 

How  keen  their  looks  whom  liberty  inspires  1 Beattie. 

Syn.  — See  Animate. 

IN-SPIRED'  (in-splrd'),  p.  a.  Breathed  into:  — 
drawn  in  by  breathing  ; inhaled  : — animated 
by  extraordinary  or  by  divine  influence. 

IN-SPlR'JJR,  n.  One  who  inspires.  Dcrham. 

IN-SPiR'IT,  v.  a.  [in  and  spirit.]  [i.  inspirited  ; 
pp.  INSPIRITING,  INSPIRITED.]  To  fill  with 
spirit  or  animation  ; to  animate  ; to  actuate  ; 
to  cheer  ; to  enliven  ; to  invigorate  ; to  incite  ; 
to  stimulate  ; to  encourage. 

A discreet  use  of  becoming  ceremonies  . . . inspirits  the 
sluggish,  and  inflames  even  the  devout,  worshipper.vfi/eWm/1?/. 

IN-SPIS'SATE,  v.  a.  [L.  in,  used  intensively,  and 
spissus,  thick.]  [(.  INSPISSATED  ; pp.  INSPIS- 
SATING, inspissated.]  To  make  thick  or 
dense,  as  a liquid  ; to  thicken  ; to  condense. 

This  oil,  further  inspissated  by  evaporation.  Arbuthnot. 

IN-SPIS'SATE,  a.  Thick  ; inspissated.  Greenhill. 

IN-SPIS-SA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  making  any 
liquid  thick,  as  by  evaporation.  Arbuthnot. 

IN-ST A-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [L.  instabilitas  ; It.  insta- 
bilita  ; Sp.  instabilidad  ; Fr.  instabilite.]  Want 
of  stability  ; inconstancy  ; mutability  ; change- 
ableness ; fickleness.  Addison. 

IN-STA'BLE,  a.  [L.  instabilis-,  in,  priv.,  and 
stabilis,  stable  ; It.  instabile  ; Sp.  Fr.  instable.] 
Inconstant;  unstable.  More. 

flN-STA'BLE-NESS,  n.  Instability.  Howell. 

IN-STALL',  v.  a.  [Low  L.  installo-,  It.  installare-, 
Sp.  instalar ; Fr.  installer.  — From  L.  stabulum, 
a standing  place,  or  a stall ; sto,  to  stand.  Skin- 
ner, Richardson.  — “ In  and  stall.”  Johnson.  — 
[(.INSTALLED;  pp.  INSTALLING,  INSTALLED.] 
To  advance  to  any  rank  or  office,  by  placing  in  a 
stall  or  seat ; to  place  or  instate  in  office  with 
appropriate  ceremonies. 

Cranmer  is  returned  with  welcome, 

Installed  Archbishop  of  Canterbury.  Shale. 

IN-STAL-LA'TION,  n.  [It.  installazione ; Sp.  in- 
stallation ; Fr.  installation.] 

1.  The  act  of  installing  ; the  act  of  giving  vis- 
ible possession  of  an  office  by  placing  in  the 
proper  seat ; the  ceremonial  act  by  which  one 
is  put  in  possession  of  an  office. 

2.  The  institution  of  an  ordained  minister 

over  a parish.  [U.  S.]  Cotton  Mather. 

IN-STAL'MENT,  n.  1.  The  act  of  installing ; in- 
stallation. 

The  instalment  of  this  noble  duke 
In  the  seat  royal.  Shah. 

2.  The  seat  in  which  one  is  installed.  Shah. 

Each  fair  instalment,  coat  and  several  crest 

"With  loyal  blazon  evermore  be  blest.  Shah. 

3.  A part,  or  the  payment  of  a part,  of  a debt 
due  by  one  contract  agreed  to  be  paid  at  a time 
different  from  that  fixed  for  another  part ; — 
hence  payment  by  instalments  is  payment  by 
parts  at  different  times. 

This  ought  to  have  been  paid  at  several  different  instnl- 
merits.  A.  Smith. 

IN-STAMP',  v.  a.  [in  and  stamp.]  To  stamp 
upon;  to  enstamp.  Witherspoon. 

IN'STANCE,  n.  [L.  instantia ; insto,  installs,  to 
press  ; in,  upon,  and  sto,  to  stand  ; It.  istanza  ; 
Sp.  instantia  ; Fr.  instance.] 

1.  Importunity  ; urgency  ; solicitation- 

Granted  at 

The  instance  of  the  elders  of  the  council.  Byron. 

2.  f Strong  motive  or  influence ; pressing  ar- 
gument ; inducement.  Shah. 

3.  f Prosecution  or  process  of  a suit.  “The 

instance  of  a cause.”  Ayliffe. 

4.  That  which  is  present  as  a proof ; a case 
occurring  ; example  ; exemplification. 

Full  of  wise  saws  and  modern  instances.  Shak. 

As  we  stand  on  holv  earth, 

And  have  the  dead  around  us,  take  from  them 

Your  instances.  Wordsworth. 

5.  Time;  occasion.  “They  were  drawn  up 
into  the  form  of  a law  in  the  first  instance.”  Hale. 

Causes  of  instance,  (F.nrr.  Law.)  causes  which  pro- 
ceed at  the  solicitation  of  some  party.  Burrill.— ■ lu- 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RIJLE.  — 
90 


9,  9,  9,  g,  soft;  IB,  O,  £,  |,  hard;  § as  z;  ^ as  Sz- — THIS,  this. 


INSTANCE 


762 


INSTRUCTION 


stance  Court , {Law.)  the  ordinary  Court  of  Admiralty, 
as  distinguished  from  the  Prize  Court , which  is  held  in 
times  of  war.  Burrill. 

Syn.  — See  Example. 

IN'STANCE,  v . n.  [i.  instanced  ; pp.  INSTANC- 
ING, INSTANCED.]  To  give  or  offer  an  example. 

In  tragedy  and  satire,  this  age  and  the  last  have  excelled 
the  ancients;  and  I would  instance  in  Shakspuure  of  the  for- 
mer, in  Dorset  of  the  latter.  Dryden. 

IN'STANCE,  v.  a.  To  mention  or  bring  forward 
as  an  example  or  instance. 

To  instance  a medal  of  our  own  nation.  Addison. 
IN'STANCED  (Tn'stjnst),  p.  a.  Mentioned  as  an 
instance  ; given  as  an  example. 

IN'STAN-CY,  n.  Same  as  INSTANCE.  Hooker. 

IN'STANT,  a.  [L.  insto,  instans,  to  press;  in, 
upon,  and  sto,  to  stand  ; It.  Sp.  instante ; Fr. 
instant .] 

1.  Pressing;  urgent;  earnest.  Addison. 
They  were  instant  with  loud  voices  requiring  that  he  might 

be  crucified.  Luke  xxiii.  23. 

2.  Immediate ; quick  ; making  no  delay. 

The  instant  stroke  of  death  denounced  to-day.  Milton. 

3.  Current;  present ; now  passing ; — applied 
to  a month  ; as,  “ The  first  of  October  instant  ” ; 
or,  abbreviated,  “ The  first  instant.” 

IN'STANT,  n.  1.  A point  in  duration  ; an  in- 
sensible portion  of  time;  a moment. 

The  parts  of  an  instant  arc  inconceivable.  Graham. 

2.  A particular  time.  “ At  any  unseasonable 

instant  of  the  night.”  Shah. 

3.  The  present  or  current  month;  — often 
contracted  to  inst.  “ The  20th  instant.”  Addison. 

Syn.  — Instant,  a point  of  time,  expresses  a shorter 
space  than  moment.  Instant  is  applied  to  tile  present 
time  ; moment,  to  t lie  lime  present,  past,  or  future. 
One  may  say,  a few  moments,  but  not,  a few  instants. 

JN-STAN-TA-NE'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
instantaneous ; instantaneousness.  Shenstone. 

IN-STAN-TA'NE-O0s,  a.  [L.  instantaneus ; It. 

Sf  Sp.  instantaneo;  Fr.  instantane.]  Done  or 
occurring  in  an  instant ; making  no  delay  ; di- 
rect ; immediate ; instant. 

A whirlwind’s  instantaneous  gust 
Left  all  its  beauties  withering  in  the  dust.  Beattie. 

IN-ST AN-TA'N E-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  an  instant ; at 
the  moment ; immediately  ; forthwith  ; instantly. 
Syn.  — See  Immediately. 

IN-ST  AN-TA'N  5-0  US- NESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  instantaneous  ; instantaneity.  Ash. 

f IN'STAN-TA-NY,  a.  Instantaneous.  Bp.  Hall. 
IN-STAN' TER,  ad.  [L.]  (Law.)  Instantly; 

presently ; immediately.  Hamilton. 

IN'STANT-LY,  ad.  1.  Earnestly;  eagerly,  [r.] 
Tribes  instantly  serving  God  day  and  night.  Acts  xxvi.  7. 

2.  Without  any  intervention  of  time ; in  an 
instant ; immediately  ; instantaneously. 

Syn.  — See  Immediately. 

IN-STAR',  v.  a.  [in  and  star.\  To  spot,  stud, 
or  adorn  with  stars.  Pope. 

IN' ST  Alt  OM'NI-tlM.  [L.]  An  example  which 
may  suffice  for  all.  Qu.  Rev. 

IN-STATE',  v.  a.  [in  and  state."]  [i.  instated  ; 

pp.  INSTATING  ; INSTATED.] 

1.  To  set,  place,  or  establish  ; to  install.  “In- 
stated in  the  favor  of  God.”  Atterbury. 

2.  f To  invest;  to  endow.  Shale. 

IN  STj'TU  QUO.  [L.]  In  the  state  in  which 
it  was  in  time  past ; in  its  former  state.  Hamilton. 

JN-STAU'RATE,  v.a.  [L.  instauro,  instauratus.] 
To  restore  ; to  repair,  [it.]  Todd. 

IN-STAU-RA'TION,  n.  [L.  instauratio ; Sp.  in- 
stauracion.]  Restoration  ; reparation  ; renew- 
al- [R-]  Selden. 

Ii\-STAU-RA'TOR,  n.  [L.]  One  who  restores  ; 
a renewer  ; a restorer,  [it.]  More. 

JN-STEAD'  (in-sted'),  ad.  [in  and  stead.] 

1.  In  the  stead ; in  the  place  ; in  lieu ; in 
the  room  ; — followed  by  of. 

To  gaze,  instead  of  pavement,  upon  grass.  Byron. 

2.  Equal  or  equivalent  to. 

This  very  consideration,  to  a wise  man,  is  instead  of  a 
thousand  arguments.  Tillotson. 

HUE  “ A corrupt  pronunciation  of  this  word,”  says 


Walker,  “ prevails  in  London,  as  if  it  were  written 
instill.”  This  corrupt  pronunciation  is  also  often 
heard  in  the  United  States. 

JN-STEEP',  v.  a.  [in  and  steep.]  [i.  insteefed  ; 
pp.  insteeping,  insteeped.]  To  soak ; to  lay 
under  water ; to  steep  ; to  seethe  ; to  drench. 
“ Where  in  gore  he  lay  insteeped.”  Sha/c. 

IN'STEP,  n.  [in  and  step.]  1.  The  prominent 
part  of  the  toot  above  ; the  upper  part  of  the 
foot  above  the  hollow  of  the  sole. 

2.  The  part  of  a horse’s  hind  leg  which  reaches 
from  the  ham  to  the  pastern  joint.  Farm.  Ency. 

IN'STI-GATE,  v.  a.  [L.  instiyo,  instigatus;  It. 
instigare;  Sp.  instigar ; Fr.  instiguer.]  [i.  in- 
stigated ; pp.  instigating,  instigated.]  To 
stir  up  ; to  urge  ; to  provoke  ; to  encourage  ; to 
impel ; to  incite  ; to  animate  ; to  stimulate. 

If  a servant  instigates  a stranger  to  kill  his  master.  Blackstone. 

IN-STI-GA'TION,  n.  [L.  instigatio ; It.  instina- 
zione ; Sp.  instigacion ; Fr.  instigation.]  The 
act  of  instigating  ; encouragement  or  incite- 
ment, as  to  commit  a crime  ; impulse. 

As  if  the  lives  that  were  taken  away  by  his  instigation 
were  not  to  be  charged  upon  bis  account.  L' Estrange. 

IN'STI-GA-TOR,  n.  [L.]  One  who  instigates; 
an  inciter  to  ill.  King  Charles. 

IN-STlL',  v.a.  [L.  instillo;  in,  in,  and  stillo,  to 
drop  ; It.  instillare ; Sp.  instilar ; Fr.  instiller.] 
[t.  instilled;  pp.  instilling,  instilled.] 
To  infuse  slowly  or  by  drops  ; to  insinuate  im- 
perceptibly ; to  infuse  ; to  inculcate. 

lie  from  the  well  of  life  three  drops  instilled.  Milton. 

The  fierce  native  daring  which  instils 
The  stirring  memory  of  a thousand  years.  Byron. 

Syn.  — See  Inculcate. 

IN-STIL-LA'TION,  n.  [I..  in  still  at  to  ; It.  instil- 
lazione  ; Sp.  instilacion-,  Fr.  instillation.] 

1.  The  act  of  instilling ; infusion. 

2.  That  which  is  instilled.  Johnson. 

TN'STIL-LA-TOR,  n.  An  instiller.  [r.]  Coleridge. 

JN-STIL'L5R,  n.  One  who  instils  or  infuses.  “An 
artful  instiller  of  loose  principles.”  Skelton. 

IN-STIL'M5NT,  h.  1.  The  act  of  instilling;  in- 
stillation ; infusion. 

2.  That  which  is  instilled.  Shah. 

f IN-STIM'y-LATE,  v.  a.  [L.  instimulo,  instimu- 
latus.]  To  stimulate.  Cockeram. 

JN-STlM-U-LA'TIQN,  n.  The  act  of  stimulating, 
inciting,  or  urging  forward.  Wright. 

||  IN'STINCT  (In'stlngkt,  82),  n.  [L.  instinguo,  in- 
stinctus,  to  excite  ; It .istinto  ; Sp.  instinto  ; Fr. 
instinct.]  A natural  impulse  in  animals  by 
which  they  are  directed  to  do  what  is  necessary 
to  the  continuation  of  the  individual  and  of  the 
species,  independent  of  instruction  and  experi- 
ence ; desire  or  aversion  acting  without  the  in- 
tervention of  reason  or  deliberation. 

Instinct  enables  a spider  to  entrap  his  prey,  while  appetite 
only  leads  him  to  devour  it  when  in  his  possession.  Bowen. 
Great  thoughts,  great  feelings,  came  to  them, 

Like  instincts,  unawares.  Milnes. 

Dr.  Reid  has  maintained,  that,  in  the  human  being,  many 
actions, such  as  sucking  and  swallowing,  arc  done  by  instinct-, 
while  Dr.  Priestley  regards  them  as  automatic,  or  acquired. 

Fleming. 

||  IN-STINCT'  (in-stlngkt',  82)  [jn-stingkt',  Si  IF.  P. 
Ja.  C.  Wr. ; In'stingkt,  K.  Sm.],  a.  That  is  urged 
or  stimulated  by  something  within  ; moved  ; 
animated.  “ Instinct  with  spirit.”  Milton. 

f IN-STINCT',  v.  a.  To  impress  as  by  an  ani- 
mating power.  Bentley. 

f IN-STINC'TION,  n.  Instinct.  Sir  T.  Elyot. 

IN-STINC'TIVE,  a.  Acting  or  prompted  by  in- 
stinct ; natural ; involuntary  ; spontaneous. 

Raised 

By  quick  instinctive  motion,  up  I sprung;  Milton. 

IN-STINC'TIVE-LY,  ad.  By  instinct;  by  nature. 
IN-STIP'U-LATE,  a.  Without  stipules.  Wright. 

IN'STI-TUTE,  v.  a.  [L.  institno,  institvtus ; in, 
in,  and  statuo,  to  set;  It.  instituire ; Sp.  insti- 
tute ; F r,  instituer.]  [i.  instituted  ; pp.  insti- 
tuting, instituted.] 

1.  To  fix;  to  establish;  to  found;  to  erect ; 
to  appoint ; to  enact ; to  settle  ; to  prescribe. 

The  theocracy  of  the  Jews  was  instituted  by  God  himself. 

Temple. 


2.  To  educate  ; to  instruct ; to  train  ; to  dis- 
cipline ; to  form  by  instruction. 

If  children  were  early  instituted , knowledge  would  insen- 
sibly insinuate  itself.  Decay  of  Piety. 

3.  To  set  in  operation ; to  begin ; to  com- 
mence. Wright. 

4.  (Eccl.)  To  invest  with  a sacred  office,  or 
the  spiritual  part  of  a benefice. 

Syn.  — Communities,  societies,  and  laws  are  insti- 
tuted-, schools  and  principles,  established-,  colleges, 
founded  ; laws,  enacted.  A clergyman  is  instituted  in 
othce;  a judge  or  an  officer  is  .appointed.  — See  Found. 

IN'STI-TUTE,  n.  [L.  institution  ; It.  A Sp.  insti- 
tute) ; Fr.  institut.] 

1.  Established  law  ; settled  order.  Marlowe. 

2.  Precept;  maxim;  principle. 

Thou  art  pale  in  mighty  studies  grown, 

lo  make  the  Stoic  institutes  thy  own.  Dryden. 

3.  A scientific  body  ; — particularly  applied  to 

the  principal  philosophical  and  literary  society 
of  France,  formed  in  1795.  Brande. 

4-  pl-  A book  of  principles: — the  princi- 
ples or  first  elements  of  jurisprudence.  Bouvier. 

SSt  Many  books  have  borne  the  name  of  Institutes. 
Among  the  most  celebrated  in  the  common  law  are 
the  Institutes  of  Lord  Coke.  In  the  civil  law,  the 
most  generally  known  are  those  of  Caius,  Justinian, 
and  Theophilus.  Bouvier. 

IN-STI-TU'TION,  n.  [L.  institutio ; It.  institu- 
zionc  ; Sp.  institucion  ; Fr.  institution.] 

1.  The  act  of  instituting  or  establishing;  es- 
tablishment ; settlement.  Johnson. 

2.  That  which  is  instituted,  as  a society  or 
a law.  “ Institutions  of  government.”  Swift. 

The  American  institutions  guarantee  to  the  citizens  all  the 
privileges  essential  to  freedom.  Bouvier. 

3.  Education;  instruction.  “The  institution 

of  our  children.”  L’ Estrange. 

4.  A work  containing  the  elements  of  any 

science  ; an  institute.  Burrill. 

5.  (Eccl.)  The  act  of  investing  a clerk,  cler- 
gyman, or  minister,  with  office.  Eden. 

IN-STI-TU'TION- A L,  a.  Enjoined;  relating  to 
an  institution  ; institutionary.  Blackstone. 

IN-STJ-TU'TION-A-RY,  a.  Elemental  ; institu- 
tional. “ Institutionary  rules.”  Browne. 

J^'STI-TU-TIST,  n.  One  who  is  versed  in,  or 
writes,  institutes  or  instructions.  Haney. 

IN'STI-TU-TIVE,  a.  That  institutes;  able  to 
establish.  “ Institutive  ...  of  power.”  Barrow. 

IN'STI-T U-TI VE-LY,  ad.  In  accordance  with  an 
institution.  Harrington. 

IN'STI-TU-TOR,  n.  [L.]  1.  One  who  institutes 

or  establishes.  Holder. 

2.  An  instructor  ; an  educator.  “ Every  in- 
stitutor  of  youth.”  Walker. 

IN-STOP',  v.  a.  [in  and  stop.]  To  close  up  ; to 
stop.  “The  scams  in  stops.”  [r.]  Dryden. 

f IN-STORE',  v.  a.  To  lay  up  ; to  store.  Wickliffe. 

IN-STrAt'I-FIED,  a.  Stratified  in  or  among 
other  bodies;  interstratified.  Wright. 

IN-STRUCT',  v.  a.  [L.  instruo,  instructus  ; in 
and  struo,  to  build  ; It.  instruire ; Sp.  instruir ; 
Fr.  instruire.]  [*.  instructed  ; pp.  instruct- 
ing, INSTRUCTED.] 

1.  To  communicate  knowledge  to  ; to  teach  ; 

to  form  by  precept ; to  educate  ; to  inform.  “ In- 
struct me,  for  thou  knowest.”  Milton. 

Nothing  so  much  worth  as  a mind  well  instructed. 

Bccl us.  xxvi.  14. 

2.  To  direct  or  inform  authoritatively. 

Instruct  her  ill  what  she  has  to  do.  Shak. 

3.  f To  model;  to  form.  Ayliffe. 

Syn.  — See  Inform. 

IN-STRUCT '5R,  n.  See  Instructor. 

IN-STRUOT'I-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  instructed; 
capable  of  receiving  instruction  ; docile.  Bacon. 

IN-STRUC'TION,  n.  [L.  instructio  ; It.  instru- 
zione\  Sp.  instruccion;  Fr  .instruction.] 

1.  The  act  of  instructing;  a teaching;  infor- 
mation; education. 

We  are  beholden  to  judicious  writers  of  all  ages  for  those 
discoveries  and  discourses  they  have  left  behind  them  for  our 
instruction.  Locke. 


2.  Precepts  conveying  knowledge  ; advice. 

My  son,  hear  the  instruction  of  thy  father.  Prov.  i.  8. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  l,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


INSTRUCTIONAL 


763 


INSURANCE 


3.  An  order  given  by  a principal  to  his  agent, 
in  relation  to  the  business  of  his  agency  ; au- 
thoritative information  or  direction  ; mandate. 

See  this  despatched  with  all  the  haste  thou  canst; 

Anon  X 'll  give  thee  more  instruction.  Shak. 

gyn.  — See  Advice,  Education. 

IN-STRUC'TION-AL,  a.  Relating  to  instruction  ; 
educational.  Ec.  Rev. 

IN-STRUC'TIVE,  a.  Conveying  or  affording  in- 
struction or  knowledge ; didactic. 

I would  not  laugh  but  to  instruct;  or,  if  my  mirth  ceases 
to  be  instructive , it  shall  never  cease  to  be  innocent.  Adtlison. 

IN-STRUC'TIVE-LY,  ad.  In  an  instructive  man- 
ner ; so  as  to  convey  instruction.  Arbuthnot. 

IN-STRUC'TIVE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
instructive.  Boyle. 

IN-STRUC'TOR,  n.  [L.]  One  who  instructs ; a 
teacher.  Cowper. 

IN-STRUC'TRpsS,  ii.  A female  who  instructs. 

IN'STRU-MENT,  n.  [L.  instrumentum  ; It.  istru- 
mento  ; Sp.  instrumento ; "Fr.  instrument.] 

1.  A tool  used  for  any  work  or  purpose ; an 

implement.  “ If  he  smite  him  with  an  instru- 
ment of  iron.”  Numb.  xxxv.  16. 

2.  A frame  or  artificial  machine  for  yielding 
musical  sounds  ; any  body  artificially  construct- 
ed for  the  production  of  musical  sounds. 

By  voice  and  sound  of  instrument.  Gower. 

3.  A subordinate  agent,  or  subordinate  means ; 
that  which  conduces  as  a means  to  an  end. 

The  hold  arc  but  the  instruments  of  the  wise; 

They  undertake  the  dangers  they  advise.  Dryden. 

All  voluntary  self-denials  and  austerities  which  Christian- 
ity commends  become  necessary,  not  simply  for  themselves, 
but  as  instruments  towards  a higher  end.  Decay  of  Piety. 

4.  ( Law .)  A writing  containing  some  agree- 
ment, as  a deed,  contract,  or  order,  &e.  ; — so 
called  because  it  serves  to  instruct  one  in  re- 
gard to  what  has  been  agreed  upon.  Bouvier. 

Syn.  — Instrument  and  tool  are  both  used  to  express 
the  means  of  effecting  some  purpose  ; instrument  is 
used  in  a good  sense  ; tool , in  a had  sense.  Men  of 
talents  and  worth  are  employed  as  instruments  of  pro- 
moting some  public  benefit ; base  men  are  often  used 
as  tools  to  effect  some  bad  design. 

IN-STRU-MEN'TAL,  a.  [Fr.]  1.  Relating  to,  or 

done  by,  an  instrument ; conducive  as  means  to 
some  end;  organical ; helpful;  assisting;  aux- 
iliary. “ Instrumental  causes.”  Raleigh. 

2.  Produced  by  musical  instruments  ; noting 
music  composed  for  instruments  ; not  vocal. 

Sweet  voices,  mixed  with  instrumental  sounds.  Dryden. 

IN-STRU-MEN'TAL-IST,  11.  One  who  plays  on 
an  instrument.  Lond.  Athenceum. 

IN-STRU-MEN-TAL'I-TY,  ii.  The  state  of  being 
instrumental  ; agency  of  any  thing  as  means 
to  an  end  ; subordinate  agency.  Hale. 

IN-STRU-MEN'TAL-LY,  ad.  By  means  of  instru- 
ments, or  means  to  an  end  : — with  musical  in- 
struments. South. 

IN-STRU-MEN'TAL-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  be- 
ing instrumental ; instrumentality.  Hammond. 

IN-STRU-MENT'A-RY,  a.  {Law.)  Conducive  to 
an  end  ; instrumental.  Judge  Story. 

IN-STRU-MfN-TA'TION,  n.  {Mus.)  The  art  of 
distributing  the  harmony  among  the  different 
instruments  of  an  orchestra  or  band  : — manner 
of  playing  on  an  instrument.  Moore. 

IN-STRU-MEN'TIST,  n.  Instrumentalist.  Dwight. 

f IN-STYLE',  v.  a.  [in  and  style .]  To  denominate ; 
to  call ; to  style.  Orashaw. 

t IN-SUA  V'1-TY  (Jn-swav'g-te),  n.  [L . insuavitaS .] 
Want  of  suavity  ; unpleasantness.  Burton. 

IN-SUB- JEC'TION,  il.  [in,  priv.,  and  subjection .] 
Wanfof  subjection  or  obedience.  Todd. 

IN-SUB-MERfy'I-BLE,  a.  [Fr.]  Incapable  of  be- 
ing submerged,  [u.]  Ed.  Rev. 

IN-SUB-MIS'SION  (-mlsh'un),  n.  Want  of  sub- 
mission; disobedience.  Wright. 

IN-SUB-OR'DI-NATE,  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  subordi- 
nate.) Resisting  authority  ; disorderly.  Ency. 

IN-SUB-OR-DI-NA'TION,  n.  [It.  insubordinazione ; 
Sp.  insubordinacion ; Fr.  insubordination .]  Want 
of  subordination  ; resistance  or  disobedience  to 
authority  ; disorder.  Burke. 


IN-SUB-STAN'TIAL,  a.  [in;  priv.,  and  substan- 
tial.] Not  substantial  ; unsubstantial.  “This 
insubstantial  pageant.”  [n.]  Shak. 

IN-SUB-STAN-TI-AL'I-TY,  n.  Want  of  substan- 
tiality ; unsubstantiality.  Roget. 

f IN-SUC-CA'TION,  il.  [L .insucco,  insuccatus,  to 
soak.]  A soaking  or  a steeping.  Evelyn. 

IN-SUF'FJJR- A-BLE,  a.  [It.  insoffribile  ; Sp.  m- 
sifrible. ] That  cannot  be  suffered,  endured,  or 
permitted  ; intolerable  ; insupportable  ; unbear- 
able. “ Insufferable  cold.”  Browne. 

A multitude  of  scribblers,  who  daily  pester  the  world  with 
their  insufferable  stuff.  Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Intolerable. 

IN-SUF'FJJR-A-BLY,  ad.  Intolerably;  beyond 
endurance ; insupportably.  Milton. 

IN-SyF-FI"CIJJNCE  (-flsb'ens),  > [L.  insuf_ 

IN-SyF-FI''CIIJN-CY  (-f Ish'en-se),  ) fleientia ; It.. 
insufficienza ; Sp.  insuficiencia  ; Fr.  insujflsanee .] 
Want  of  sufficiency  ; inadequateness  ; deficien- 
cy ; want  of  requisite  value  or  power; — used 
both  of  things  and  persons.  “The  insufficiency 
of  the  light  of  nature.”  Hooker. 

IN-SUF-FI''CIENT  (ln-suf-flsh'ent),  a.  [L.  insitf- 
fleiens  ; It.  insuffieiente  ; Sp.  insuficiente  ; Fr. 
insuffisant.]  Not  sufficient ; wanting  requisite 
power,  skill,  or  fitness  ; unequal ; ineffectual ; 
incompetent;  incomplete;  inadequate;  incom- 
petent ; incapable  ; unfit.  Arbuthnot. 

The  bishop  to  whom  they  shall  be  presented  may  justly 
reject  them  as  incapable  and  insufficient.  Spenser. 

Syn.  — See  Incapable,  Ineffectual. 

1N-SUF-FI"CTENT-LY  (-fish'ent-le),  ad.  Not  suf- 
ficiently ; inadequately.  Milton. 

IN-SIJF-FLA'TION,  n . [L.  insufflgtio  ; Fr.  insuf- 
flation.] The  act  of  breathing  upon.  Fulke. 

flN'SUIT,  n.  A petition  ; a request.  Shak. 

flN-SUIT'A-BLE,  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  suitable.] 
Unfit;  improper;  unsuitable.  Burnet. 

[|  IN'SU-LAR  [In'su-Iar,  S.  P.  J.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  Wr.  ; 
In'shu-lar,  W.  i'\j,  a.  [L.  insularis  ; insula,  an 
island;  It  .isolario;  Sp.  insular;  Fr.  insulaire.] 
Belonging  to  an  island  ; surrounded  by  water. 
“Their  insular  abode.”  Byron. 

||  f IN'SU-LAR,  n.  An  islander.  Bp.  Berkeley. 

II  lN-SU-LAR'l-TY,  n.  [Fr.  insularite.]  The  state 
or  the  quality  of  being  an  island  or  islands,  or 
of  being  surrounded  by  water.  Cook.  Ec.  Rev. 

IN'SU-LAR-LY,  ad.  In  an  insular  manner.  Wright. 

||  IN'SU-LA-RY,  a.  Same  as  Insular.  Howell. 

||  IN'SU-LATE,  v.  a.  [L.  insula,  an  island;  It. 
isolare ; Sp.  aislar ; Fr.  isoler.]  [i.  insulated  ; 
pp.  INSULATING,  INSULATED.] 

1.  To  make  an  island  of.  [n.]  Pennant. 

2.  To  place  in  a detached  situation,  so  as  to 

have  no  communication  with  surrounding  ob- 
jects ; to  detach  ; to  isolate.  Brande. 

3.  {Elec.)  To  support,  as  any  body,  in  such  a 
manner  as  to  prevent  electricity  from  being 
transferred  to,  or  from,  it  by  conduction. 

Insulating  stool,  a stool  supported,  by  glass  or  other 
non-conducting  legs. 

||  IN'SU-LAT-yD,  p.  a.  I.  Not  contiguous  ; not 
connected  ; standing  clear.  “ An  insulated 
column.”  Burke. 

Two  forms  are  slowly  shadowed  on  my  eight, 

Two  insulated  phantoms  of  the  brain.  Byron. 

2.  {Elec.)  Noting  electrified  bodies  which  are 

supported  and  surrounded  by  non-conductors  of 
electricity.  Nichol. 

3.  {Heat.)  Noting  heated  bodies  supported  by 

non-conductors  of  heat.  Nichol. 

4.  (Astron.)  Noting  stars  supposed,  like  our 

sun,  to  be  beyond  the  reach  of  any  sensible  ac- 
tion of  the  gravitation  of  others.  Young. 

||  IN-SU-LA'TION,  n.  1.  The  act  of  insulating. 

2.  {Elec.)  The  state  of  an  electrified  body 
surrounded  by  non-conductors  of  electricity. 

3.  {Heat.)  The  state  of  a heated  body  sur- 
rounded by  non-conductors  of  heat.  Nichol. 

||  IN'SU-LAT-OR,  il.  1.  He  who,  or  that  which, 
insulates.  Phil.  Mag. 

2.  {Elec.)  A body  that  does  not  readily  trans- 
mit electricity  ; a non-conductor.  Nichol. 


IN'SU-LOUS,  a.  [L.  insula,  an  island.]  Abound- 
ing in  small  islands,  [it.]  Craig. 

fIN-SULSE',  a.  [L.  insulsus.]  Dull;  heavy; 
stupid.  “ Insulse  and  frigid  affectation.”  Milton. 

f JN-Sfi'L'SJ-TY,  ii.  Dulness;  stupidity.  Cockeram. 

IN'SULT  (114),  il.  [It.  St;  Sp.  insulto;  Fr.  insults.] 

1.  The  act  of  leaping  on.  [n.]  Dryden. 

2.  The  act  of  insulting  ; an  act  or  speech  of 
insolence  or  contempt;  an  affront;  an  outrage; 
gross  abuse  ; contempt ; an  offence  ; indignity. 

The  ruthless  sneer  that  insult  adds  to  grief.  Savage. 

' Railleries  are  an  insult  on  the  unfortunate.  Broome. 

Syn.  — See  Affront,  Indignity,  Insolence. 

IN-SULT',  v.  a.  [L.  insulto  ; in,  upon,  and  salto, 
to  leap ; It.  insultare;  Sp. insultar;  Fr .insulter.] 
[£.  insulted  ; pp.  insulting,  insulted.] 

1.  To  leap  or  trample  upon,  [n.]  Shak. 

2.  To  treat  with  insolence,  contempt,  or 
abuse  ; to  outrage. 

Death!  was  I not  the  sovereign  of  the  state. 

Insulted  on  his  very  throne,  and  made 
A mockery  to  the  men  who  should  obey  me?  Byron. 

3.  {Mil.)  To  attack  boldly  and  in  open  day. 

An  enemy  is  said  to  insult  a coast  when  he  suddenly  ap- 
pears upon  it,  and  debarks  with  an  immediate  purpose  to 
attack.  Stoctpieler. 

IN-SULT',  v.  n.  To  behave  with  insolence. 

There  shall  the  spectator  see  some  insulting  with  joy. 

11.  Jonson. 

flN-SUL-TA'TION,  m.  [L.  insult atio.]  The  act 
of  insulting  ; injurious  treatment.  Fcltham. 

IN-SULT'JER,  n.  One  who  insults  or  outrages. 

IN-SULT'ING,  n.  The  act  or  speech  of  contempt 
or  insolence.  “ Scornful  insullings."  Barrow. 

IN-SULT'ING,  p.  a.  Treating  with  insolence  ; be- 
stowing insult ; insolent;  impudent;  abusive. 

IN-SULT'ING-LY,  ad.  With  insult ; insolently. 

tIN-SULT'MENT,  n.  The  act  of  insulting;  in- 
sult. “ My  speech  of  insultment.”  Shak. 

f IN-SUME',  v.  a.  [L.  insumo .]  To  receive  or 
take  in.  Evelyn. 

IN-SU-PyR-A-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [It.  in  super  abi  litit .] 
The  quality  of  being  insuperable  or  insur- 
mountable ; insuperableness.  Johnson. 

I N - S 0 ' P f R - A - B L E , a.  [L.  insuperabilis ; in,  priv., 
and  superabilis,  that  may  be  overcome  ; It.  in- 
superabile  ; Sp.  insuperable.]  That  cannot  be 
surmounted  or  overcome  ; invincible  ; insur- 
mountable. “ An  insuperable  objection.”  Digby. 

Nothing  is  insuperable  to  pains  and  patience.  Bay. 

Syn.  — See  Invincible. 

IN-SU'P?R-A-BLE-NESS,  ii.  The  quality  of  being 
insuperable  ; insuperability.  Johnson. 

IN-SU'P^R-A-BLY,  ad.  In  a manner  not  to  be  over- 
come ; invincibly  ; insurmountably.  Rambler. 

IN-SUP-PORT' A- BLE,  a.  [It.  insoppordbile  ; Sp. 
insoportablc ; Fr.  insupportable;  in,  priv.,  and 
supportable.]  That  cannot  be  supported  or  en- 
dured ; intolerable  ; insufferable  ; unbearable. 
“ Pestilent  and  insupportable  summer.”  Bentley. 

A disgrace  put  upon  a man  in  company  is  insupportable. 

i South. 

The  thought  of  being  nothing  after  death  is  a burden  in- 
supportable  to  a virtuous  man.  Dryden. 

Syn. — See  Intolerable. 

IN-SUP-PORT'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  be- 
ing insupportable.  Sidney. 

IN-SUP-PORT'A-BLY,  ad.  Beyond  endurance  ; 
intolerably ; insufferably.  Dryden. 

IN-SUP-PO^'A-BLE,  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  supposable.] 
That  is  not  to  be  supposed.  Ec."  Rev. 

IN-SUP-PRESS'I-BLE,  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  svpprcss- 
ible.]  That  cannot  be  suppressed  or  concealed ; 
not  suppressible.  Young. 

IN-SUP-PRESS'I-BLY,  ad.  So  as  not  to  be  sup- 
pressed. Wright. 

flN-SUP-PRES'SIVE,  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  suppres- 
sive.] Insuppressible.  Shak. 

IN-SUR'A-BLE  (jn-shur'fi-bl),  a.  That  may  be  in- 
sured. “The  goods  are  insurable."  Todd. 

JN-StiR'ANCE  (jn-shur'ans),  n.  1.  The  act  of  in- 
suring ; security  against  loss,  for  which  a pres- 
ent payment  is  made  or  promised  to  be  made  ; 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9, 


soft;  £,  G,  5,  i,  hard ; § as  z;  Y as  6Z ■ — THIS,  this. 


INSURANCE-BROKER 


INTELLECTUALITY 


7G4 


a contract  whereby,  for  a stipulated  considera- 
tion or  premium,  one  party  undertakes  to  in- 
demnify the  other  against  certain  risks. 

2.  The  premium  or  consideration  agreed  upon 
for  insuring  property  or  life. 

Insurance  is  sometimes  synonymously  used 
with  assurance  ; but  the  latter  term  is  nmv  more  fre- 
quently applied  to  one  particular  class  of  contracts, 
namely,  those  which  depend  on  the  continuance  or 
failure  of  human  life,  while  insurance  is  applied  to 
risks  of  all  other  kinds.  — See  Assukance.  Brande. 

JN-SOr'ANCE— BRO'KgR,  re.  A broker  who  ef- 
fects insurance.  Simmonds. 

IN-SlJR' ANCE-CLERK  (-klarkor-klerk),  re.  A clerk 
employed  in  an  insurance-office.  Simmonds . 

1N-s0r'ANCE-COM'PA-NY,  n.  A joint-stock 
association,  which  grants’  policies  of  insurance 
against  fire,  marine  risks,  &e.  Simmonds. 

JN-SUR'ANCE— OF'FICE,  n.  The  office  in  which 
an  insurance-company  conducts  its  business. 

Simmonds. 

{N-SUR'ANCE— POL'l-CY,  n.  The  legal  docu- 
ment or  contract  given  by  an  insurance-com- 
pany to  a party  insured.  Simmonds. 

f IX-SUR'AN-CpR  (jn-shur' jn-ser),  n.  One  who 
insures  ; an  insurer.  Dryden. 

IN-SORE'  (jn-shur'),  V.  a.  [t.  INSURED  ; pp.  IN- 
SURING, insured.]  To  make  sure  or  secure  ; 
to  secure  ; to  secure  safety  from  a contingent 
loss  ; to  indemnify  against  certain  risks. 

Written  also  ensure.  — See  Ensure. 

JN-SURE'  (jn-shur1),  v.  n.  To  practise  insurance; 
to  underwrite.  Smart. 

JN-sGr'JJR  (jn-shur'er),  n.  One  who  insures  ; an 
underwriter;  ensurer.  — See  Ensurer. 

IN-SUR'OIJN-CY,  n.  The  act  of  rising  in  rebellion 
against  government.  Dr.  II.  Vaughan. 

1N-SUR'05NT,  [L.  insurgo,  insurgens,  to 

rebel ; in,  against,  and  snrgo,  to  rise  ; It.  § Sp. 
insurgente ; Fr.  insurge.]  Rising  in  opposition  to 
lawful  authority ; rebellious ; seditious.  Ed.  Rev. 

(N-SUR'OENT,  re.  One  who  rises  in  open  rebel- 
lion against  the  established  government  of  his 
country  ; a rebel. 

On  the  part  of  his  imperial  majesty  the  insurgents  were  not 
treated  with  lenity.  Guthrie. 

IN-SUR-MOUNT-A-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of  be- 
ing insurmountable.  Dr.  Tregeller. 

IN-SUR- MOUNT' A-BLE,  a.  [It.  insormontabile ; 
Fr.  insurmontable .]  That  cannot  be  surmount- 
ed ; insuperable  ; unconquerable  ; invincible. 

Hope  thinks  nothing  difficult;  despair  tells  us  that  diffi- 
culty is  insurmountahle.  Watts. 

Syn.  — See  Invincible. 

IN-SUR-MOUNT'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of 
being  insurmountable.  Ash. 

IN-SUR-MOU NT ' A- B LY , ad.  In  a manner  not  to 
be  surmounted;  invincibly;  unconquerably. 

IN-SUR-REC'TION,  n.  [L.  insurrectio ; insurgo, 
insurrectut,  to  rise  up  ; It.  insurrezione ; Sp.  in- 
surrection ; Fr.  insurrection.']  A seditious  ris- 
ing against  government ; a rebellion  ; a revolt ; 
a sedition. 

The  trade  of  Rome  had  like  to  have  suffered  another  great 
stroke  by  an  insurrection  in  Egypt.  Arbuthnnt. 

Syn.  — An  insurrection  is  the  rising  up  against  the 
authority  of  the  government ; rebellion  is  resistance 
against  the  authority  of  the  government,  with  an  in- 
tent to  overthrow  it ; sedition  is  a less  extensive  re- 
sistance against  lawful  authority  ; revolt  is  the  act  of 
renouncing  allegiance  to  a government ; mutiny  is  an 
insurrection  of  seamen  or  soldiers  against  their  com- 
manders. Insurrections  and  revolts  may  be  made  by 
nations  against  a foreign  dominion,  or  by  subjects 
against  their  government  ; sedition  and  rebellion,  are 
carried  on  by  subjects  only  against  their  government. 

IN-SUR-REC'TION-AI,,  a.  [It.  insurrezionale ; 
Sp.  insurrectional  \ Fr.  insurrectionnel .]  Insur- 
rectionary ; rebellious.  Walsh. 

IN-SUR-REC'TION-A-RY,  a.  Relating  to  an  in- 
surrection ; rebellious ; seditious ; insurrectional. 

Whilst  the  sansculottes  gallery  instantly  recognized  their 
old  insurrectionary  acquaintance.  Burke. 

IN-SUR-REC'TION-IST,  n.  One  who  excites  in- 
surrection ; an  insurgent.  Wilberforce. 


iN-SyS-CfiP-TJ-BiLT-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  not 
being  susceptible.  Smart. 

IN-SUS-CEP'TI-BLE,  a.  [ire,  priv.,  and  susceptible.] 
Not  susceptible  ; that  cannot  admit,  receive,  or 
allow  ; not  capable.  Wotton. 

IN-Sys-CEP'TIVE,  a.  Not  susceptive.  Rambler. 

t IN-SU-SUR-RA'TION,  re.  [L.  insusurratio  ; insu- 
surro,  to  whisper  into.]  The  act  of  whispering 
into  something.  liaileg. 

IN-TACT',  a.  [L.  intactus.]  Untouched ; not 
touched  ; uninjured.  Sir  R.  Peel. 

f IN-tAct'I-BLE,  a.  Not  perceptible  to  the 
touch  ; intangible.  Baileg. 

]N-TAGL'lAT-y  11  (jn-tal'yat-ed),  a.  Engraven. 
“Starry  stone  deeply  intag  Hated.”  Warton. 

IM-TA G.L  'id  (jn-tal'yo),  re.  [It.]  Something  cut 
or  engraved ; a precious  stone  or  gem  in  which 
the  subject  is  hollowed  out  so  that  an  impres- 
sion from  it  would  present  the  appearance  of  a 
bass-relief.  Addison. 

IN-TAIL',  re.  See  Entail.  Todd. 

f IN-TAm'I-NAT-JJD,  a.  Uncontaminated;  unde- 
filed. A.  Wood. 

IN-TAN-yi-BlL'l-TY,  re.  [Fr.  intangibilite. ] The 
quality  of  being  intangible.  Smart. 

In-tAn'^I-BLE,  a.  [It.  intangibile  ; Sp.  <S,  Fr. 
intangible.]  That  cannot  be  touched  ; not  per- 
ceptible by  the  touch  ; impalpable.  Wilkins. 

IN-TAN'yi-BLE-NESS,  re.  Intangibility.  Clarke. 

IN-TAN'yi-BLY,  ad.  In  an  intangible  manner. 

IN-tAn'GLE,  v.  See  Entangle.  Todd. 

f IN-TAST'A-BLE,  a.  [ire,  priv.,  and  tastable.] 
That  cannot  be  tasted  ; tasteless.  Grew. 

IN'TE-yyR,  re.  [L.  integer,  untouched,  whole  ; 
in,  priv.,  and  tango,  to  touch ; It.  $ Sp.  integro, 
whole.]  (Arith. ) A whole  number,  as  distin- 
guished from  a fraction  or  a mixed  number. 

Davies. 

XN'Ty-GRAL,  a.  [It.  integrate  ; Sp  .integro-,  Fr. 
integral .]  [This  word  is  sometimes  corruptly 
pronounced  in-te'gral ; but  this  pronunciation  is 
not  countenanced  by  any  of  the  orthoepists.] 

1.  Comprising  all  the  parts  ; whole  ; entire. 

2.  Not  defective  ; complete ; uninjured.  Holder. 

3.  (Math.)  In  arithmetic,  noting  a whole 

number  : — in  calculus,  an  expression  which, 
being  differentiated,  will  produce  a given  differ- 
ential. Davies. 

Integral  calculus,  (Math.)  a branch  of  mathematics 
which  has  for  its  object  (a  differential  being  given) 
to  find  a function  such  that,  being  differentiated,  it 
wall  produce  the  given  differential  ; — such  an  expres- 
sion is  called  the  integral  of  the  differential.  By  Eng- 
lish writers,  this  function  was  formerly  called  the 
fluent  or  floicing  quantity,  and  the  method  of  finding 
it,  tile  inverse  method  of -fluxions.  Brande. 

Syn.  — See  Whole. 

IN'Ty-GRAL,  re.  The  whole  made  up  of  parts.  Hale. 

t IN-TE-GRAL'I-TY,  re.  The  quality  of  being  in- 
tegral ; wholeness  ; completeness.  Whitaker. 

IN'TJJ-GR AL-Ly,  ad.  Wholly  ; completely. 

IN'TJJ-GRAnT,  a.  [L.  integro.  integrans,  to  make 
whole  or  sound.]  Contributing  to  make  up  a 
whole ; constituent. 

A true  natural  aristocracy  is  not  a separate  interest  in  the 
state,  or  separable  from  it.  It  is  an  essential  integrant  part  of 
any  large  people  rightly  constituted.  Burke. 

Integrant  parts,  in  the  corpuscular  philosophy,  are 
the  small  parts  of  a body,  by  the  aggregation  of  which 
it  may  be  conceived  to.be  formed.  Integrant  parts  re- 
sult from  the  mechanical  division  of  a body  ; constitu- 
ent parts,  from  its  chemical  decomposition.  Brande. 

IN'TIvGRATE,  v.  a.  [L.  integro,  integratus  ; It. 
intcgrare\  Sp.  integrar ; Yr.  integrer.]  [^in- 
tegrated; pp.  INTEGRATING,  INTEGRATED.] 

1.  To  make  up  a whole;  to  contain  all  the 
parts  of. 

Two  distinct  substances,  the  soul  and  the  body,  go  to  com- 
pound and  integrate  the  man.  South. 

2.  (Calculus.)  To  find  the  integral  of;  — ap- 
plied to  a differential. 

IN-TJji-GRA'TION,  re.  [L . integratio ; It . integra- 
zione ; Fr.  integration.] 

1.  The  act  of  making  whole  or  restoring ; a 
restoring ; a renewing.  Cockeram. 


2.  (Math.)  The  operation  of  finding  the  inte- 
gral of  a given  differential. 

The  symbol  of  integration  is  this,/,  which  is  only  a par- 
ticular form  of  the  letter  s,  which  originally  stood*  for  the 
word  "surama,”  or  sum.  Davies. 

{N-TEG'RI-TY,  re.  [L.  integritas  ; integer,  whole ; 
It.  integrity  ; Sp.  integridad  ; Fr.  intdgriU.] 

1.  Entireness  ; entirety  ; wholeness. 

To  the  integrity  whereof  [Christ’s  body]  the  blood  of  the 
same  pertaineth.  Air  T.  More. 

2.  Purity  of  mind  ; rectitude  ; virtue  ; hon- 
esty ; uprightness  ; probity. 

. I promised  that,  when  I possessed  the  power,  I would  use 
it  with  indexible  integrity.  Johnson. 

3.  Genuine,  unadulterated  state. 

Language  continued  long  in  its  purity  and  integrity.  Hale. 

Syn. — See  Rectitude,  Virtue. 

JN-TEG-U-MA'TION,  re.  [L.  intego,  to  cover.] 
That  part  of  physiology  which  treats  of  the  in- 
teguments of  animals  and  plants.  Wright. 

IN-TEG'U-MENT,  re.  [L.  integumentum  ; intego, 
to  cover  ; It.  integumento.]  Any  thing  that  cov- 
ers or  envelops,  as  the  skin  of  an  animal ; a 
covering  ; an  envelope  ; tegument. 

The  common  integuments  are  the  skin,  with  the  fat  and 
cellular  membrane  adhering  to  it;  also,  particular  mem- 
branes, which  invest  certain  parts  of  the  body,  are  called  in- 
teguments, as  the  tunics  or  coats  of  the  eye.  lloblyn. 

Syn.  — See  Tegument. 

JN-TF.G-U-MENT'A-RY,  a.  Relating  to  integu- 
ments ; covering.  ’ P.  Mag. 

IN-TEG-U-MEN-TA'TrON,  re.  That  part  of  physi- 
ology that  treats  of  integuments.  Smart. 

IN'TEL-LECT,  re.  [L.  intellectus  ; intelligo,  to  un- 
derstand ; It.  intelletto  ; Sp.  intelecto  ; Fr.  in- 
tellect.] The  power  of  understanding  and  reason- 
ing ; that  faculty  of  the  mind  by  which  we  re- 
ceive or  form  ideas  ; the  thinking  principle  ; 
the  understanding  ; genius  ; ability  ; sense. 

The  term  intellect  includes  all  those  powers  by  which  we 
acquire,  retain,  and  extend  our  knowledge,  as  perception, 
memory,  imagination,  judgment,  &c.  Fleming. 

Syn. — See  Genius,  Understanding. 

IN'TIJL-LECT,  v.  a.  To  endow  with  intellect. 

In  body  and  in  bristles  they  became 

As  swine,  yet  intellected  as  before.  Cowper. 

IN-TpL-LEC'TION,  re.  [L.  intellectio  ; It . intel- 
lezione  ; Sp . inteleccion  ; Fr.  intellection.]  The 
act  of  understanding  intuitively  ; simple  appre- 
hension of  a notion  ; intuition  ; understanding. 

The  mind  of  man  is  able  to  discern  universal  propositions 
. . . by  its  native  force,  without  any  previous  notion  or  ap- 
plied reasoning,  which  method  of  attaining  truth  is  by  a 
peculiar  name  styled  intellection.  Barrow. 

IN-T^L-LEC'TIVE,  a.  [Fr.  intellcctif.] 

1.  Having  power  to  understand.  ’ Wotton. 

2.  Perceptible  only  by  the  intellect,  not  the 

senses;  intellectual;  mental.  “ Intellective  ab- 
stractions.” (Milton. 

IN-TEL-LEC'TIVE-LY,  ad.  In  an  intellective 
manner ; by  the  intellect.  Warner. 

II  IN-TEE-LECT'II-AL  (In-tel-lekt'yu-jl),  a.  [L. 
intellectualis ; intelligo,  intellectus,  to  discern; 
It.  intcllettual ; Sp.  intelectual ; Fr . intellectuel.] 

1.  Relating  to  the  intellect  or  understanding; 
mental ; as,  “ Intellectual  philosophy.” 

Logic  is  to  teach  us  the  right  use  of  our  reason,  or  intel- 
lectual powers.  Watts. 

Mankind  have  a great  aversion  to  intellectual  labor. 

Johnson. 

Cudworth  names  his  book  “ The  Intellectual  System  of  the 
Universe,”  considering  his  topic  as  an  object  not  of  the  senses 
but  of  the  intellect.  Johnson. 

2.  Perceptible  by  the  intellect,  not  by  the 
senses  ; intellective  ; ideal. 

In  a dark  vision’s  intellectual  scene.  Cowley . 

3.  Having  the  pow'er  of  understanding.' 

Who  \vould  lose, 

Though  full  of  pain,  this  intellectual  being, 

Those  thoughts  that  wander  through  eternity?  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Ideal. 

|| f IN-TJJL-LECT'U-AL, re.  Intellect;  understand- 
ing. “ Whose  higher  intellectual.”  Milton. 

II  IN-TEL-LECT'U-AL-I§M,  re.  Intellectual  qual- 
ity or  power  ; idealism.  Ee.  Rev. 

II  iN-TljiL-LECT'y-AL-IST,  «.  I.  One  who  over- 
rates the  human  understanding.  Bacon. 

2.  One  who  holds  that  human  knowledge  is 
derived  from  pure  reason.  For.  Qu.  Rev. 

||  f IN-T^L-LECT-U-Al'I-TY,  re.  [L.  intellectuali- 
ias.]  Intellectual  pow  er.  Halliwell. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  y,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HfclR,  HER; 


INTELLECTUALIZE 


765 


INTENT 


II  IN-TEL-LEUT'U-AL-IZE,  v.  a.  To  treat  or  reason 
upon  in  an  intellectual  manner  ; to  elevate  to 
the  rank  of  intellectual  things.  Coleridge. 

II  IN-TEL.-LECT'li-AL-LY,  ad.  In  an  intellectual 
manner ; by  the  intellect.  Hale. 

JN-TEL'LI-yfiNCE,  re.  [L.  intelligentia  ; It.  m- 
telligenza  ; Sp.  inteligencia  ; Fr.  intelligence.'] 

1.  Acquired  knowledge  ; information  ; — dis- 
tinguished from  intellect,  or  understanding. 

Every  man  is  endowed  with  understanding;  but  it  re- 
quires reading  to  become  a man  of  intelligence.  Trusler. 

2.  Notice;  notification;  news;  advice;  in- 
struction ; account  of  things  distant  or  secret ; 
communicated  information. 

Let  all  the  passages 
Be  well  secured,  that  no  intelligence 
INI  ay  pass  between  the  prince  and  them.  Denham. 

3.  Familiar  terms  of  acquaintance,  [it.] 

lie  lived  rather  in  a fair  intelligence , than  any  friendship 
with  the  favorites.  Clarendon. 

4.  Spirit ; a spiritual  existence  or  being. 
“Uriel,  the  intelligence  of  the  sun.”  Drgden. 

Syn.  — See  Advice,  Understanding. 

IN-TEL'LT-GIJNCE— OF'FICE,  n.  An  office  where 
intelligence  may  be  obtained.  Simtnonds. 

IN-TEL'LI-tJrEN-O  IJR,  n.  One  who  imparts  intel- 
ligence or  news.  Bacon. 

f IN-TEL'LI-IyEN-CING,  a.  Conveying  intelli- 
gence or  information.  Milton. 

f 1N-TEL'LI-UEN-CY,  n.  Intelligence.  Stilling  fleet. 

IN-TEL'LI-yENT,  a.  [L . intelligens ; It.  intelli- 
gent e ; Sp.  inteligente ; Fr.  intelligent .] 

1.  Possessed  of  intelligence  or  information; 
well  informed ; having  knowledge  or  skill ; know- 
ing; understanding;  instructed;  skilful.  “A 
most  wise  and  intelligent  architect.”  I Voodward. 

2.  f Giving  information.  Sliak. 

JN-TEL-IA-y EN'TI AL  (-sh?l),  a.  1.  Consisting 
of  unbodied  mind  ; spiritual. 

Food  alike  those  pure, 

Intel! igential  substances  require.  Milton. 

2.  Intellectual  ; intelligent.  “ Inspired  with 
act  intelligential.”  Milton. 

ff  IN-TEL-LI-CEN'Tj-A-RY,  71.  One  who  imparts 
intelligence  ; an  intelligencer.  Ilolinshed. 

IN-TEL'LI-yENT-Ly,  ad.  In  an  intelligent  man- 
ner ; with  intelligence.  Boyle. 

IN-TEL-LT-yi-BlL'l-TY,  n.  [It.  intelligibilitd  ; 
Fr.  intelligibility.]  The  quality  of  being  intelli- 
gible ; comprehensibility. 

I am  persuaded,  as  far  as  intelligibility  is  concerned,  Chau- 
cer is  not  merely  as  near,  but  much  nearer,  to  us,  than  he 
was  felt  by  Dryden  and  his  contemporaries  to  be  to  them. 

Trench. 

IN-TEL'LI-yt-BLE,  a.  [L.  intelligibilis  ; It.  in- 
tclligibi/e ; Sp . inteligible;  Fr.  intelligible.]  That 
can  be  understood  ; clear  ; plain  ; distinct ; com- 
prehensible. Burnet. 

IN-TEL' LI-(jrI-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
intelligible;  intelligibility;  perspicuity.  Locke. 

JN-TEL'Lpyi-BLY,  ad.  In  an  intelligible  manner. 

+ IN-TEM  ER-^TE,  > a [L.  intemeratus.]  Un- 

t IN-TEM'IJR-AT-lpD,  <>  defiled.  Barth.  Sacra. 

f IN-TEM'pR-ATE-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  condi- 
tion of  being  undefiled.  Donne. 

IN-TEM'PER-A-MENT,  n.  [in,  priv.,  and  tempera- 
ment.] Want  of  rule  or  balance  in  the  elements 
of  the  animal  frame  ; bad  constitution.  Harvey. 

IN-TEM'PER-ANCE,  n.  [L.  intemperantia ; in, 
priv.,  and  temperantia,  temperance  ; It.  intem- 
peranza;  Sp . intemperancia;  Fr.  intemperance.] 
The  state  of  being  intemperate  ; w'ant  of  tem- 
perance or  moderation,  as  to  pleasure  of  any 
sort ; excess  ; excessive  indulgence  of  appetite, 
especially  in  intoxicating  drink. 

Some,  as  thou  saw'st,  by  violent  stroke  shall  die; 

By  fire,  blood,  famine,  by  intemperance  more 
In  meats  and  drinks,  which  on  the  earth  shall  brine 
Diseases  dire.  Milton. 

The  Lacedemonians  trained  up  their  children  to  hate 
drunkenness  and  intemperance,  by  bringing  a drunken  man 
into  their  company.  Watts. 

Syn.  — See  Excess. 

f IN-TEM'P^R-AN-CY,  n.  Intemperance.  HhAetctW. 

IN-TEM'Pf  R-ATE,  a.  [L.  intemper atus ; in,  priv., 
and  temperatus , temperate  ; It.  intemperato .] 


1.  Not  temperate  ; immoderate  in  the  indul- 
gence of  any  appetite  or  passion,  particularly 
the  habitual  desire  for  intoxicating  liquors. 

2.  Ungovernable  ; excessive  ; irregular  ; in- 
ordinate. “ Intemperate  zeal.”  Cowper. 

3.  Exceeding  the  just  or  convenient  mean. 

“An  intemperate  climate.”  “We  have  intem- 
perate weather.”  Johnson. 

Syn.  — See  Excessive,  Irregular. 

flN-TEM'PflR-ATE,  v.  a.  To  disorder;  to  put 
out  of  order.  Whitaker. 

IN-TEM'PpR-ATE-Ly,  ad.  In  an  intemperate 
manner  ; excessively  ; immoderately.  C.J.  Fox. 

IN-TEM'P(;R-ATE-NESS,  7l.  1.  The  quality  of 

being  intemperate  or  immoderate  in  the  indul- 
gence of  any  appetite  ; intemperance.  Bp.  Hall. 

2.  Immoderate  degree  of  heat,  cold,  &c.,  in 
the  climate  or  the  weather.  Ainsworth. 

iN-TEM'PpR-A-TURE,  n.  [Fr.]  Irregularity  of 
temperature ; excess.  Cotgrave. 

+ !n-T£M-PES'TIVE,  a.  [L.  intempestivus  ; Fr. 
intempestif.]  Unseasonable  ; untimely.  Burton. 

flN-T^M-PES'TIVE-LY,  ad.  Unseasonably;  un- 
suitably ; out  of  season.  Burton. 

f IN-TEM-PpS-TIV'l-TY,  n.  [ L . intempest i v Has.] 
Unsuitableness  as  to  time.  Hale. 

IN-TEN'  A-BLE  [ln-ten'?-bl,  IF.  P.  J.  E.  F.  K.  Sm. 
Wr.\  in-te'na-bl  ,Ja.],a.  [in,  priv.,  and  tenable.] 
That  cannot  be  held,  supported,  or  maintained; 
indefensible;  untenable.  “An  intcnable  opin- 
ion.” “ An  intencible  fortress.”  Johnson.  “ In- 
tenable  pretensions.”  Warburton. 

IN-TEND',  v.  a.  [L.  intendo  ; in,  towards,  and 
tendo  (Gr.  reivin'),  to  stretch  ; It.  intendere  ; Sp. 
intentar ; Fr.  entendre.]  \i.  intended  ; pp.  in- 
tending, INTENDED.] 

1.  +To  stretchout;  to  extend.  “With  sharp, 

intended  sting.”  Spenser. 

2.  fTo  make  intense  ; to  enforce;  to  direct. 

But  when  I ceased  to  intend  my  fancy  upon  them,  I went 
into  the  dark  and  intended  my  mind  upon  them.  A’euiton. 

3.  +To  regard  ; to  take  care  of ; to  attend  to. 

She  did  with  singular  care  and  tenderness  intend  the  edu- 
cation of  Philip.  Bacon. 

4.  To  mean ; to  design  ; to  purpose. 

Thou  art  sworn 
deeply  to  effect  what  we  intend 
closely  to  conceal  what  we  impart.  Shak. 

IN-TEND',  v.  n.  1.  To  extend  ; to  stretch  for- 
ward ; to  draw  out.  [it.]  Pope. 

2.  To  have  an  intention;  to  purpose;  to  mean. 

IN-TEN'DAN-CY,  n.  [Fr.  intendance.]  1.  The 
office  or  jurisdiction  of  an  intendant.  Murray. 

2.  A geographical  or  civil  division  of  a coun- 
try under  the  government  of  an  intendant. Ency. 

IN-TEND'ANT,  re.  [Fr.]  1.  An  officer  vffio  super- 
intends ; a superintendent.  Arbutlinot. 

2.  The  chief  magistrate  of  a city,  correspond- 
ing to  mayor ; as  in  Charleston,  S.  C. 

IN-TEND'ED-I.Y,  ad.  With  design  or  intention. 

To  add  one  passage  more  of  him,  which  is  intendedly  re- 
lated for  his  credit.  Sinjpe. 

IN-TEND'£R,  re.  One  who  intends.  Feltham. 

IN-TEND'IJR,  v.  a.  See  Entender. 

f IN-TEND'I-MENT,  re.  [Fr.  entendement .] 

1.  Attention  ; patient  hearing.  Spenser. 

2.  Understanding  ; knowledge.  Spenser. 

3.  Consideration  ; intention.  Spenser. 

IN-TEND'M^NT,  re.  [Fr.  entendement.] 

1.  Intention  ; design ; purpose.  Shak. 

2.  {Laic.)  The  understanding,  intention,  or 

true  meaning.  Whishaw. 

IN-TEN'ER-ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  in,  used  intensively, 
and  tener,  tender ; It.  intenerire.]  [t.  inten- 
erated  ; pp.  intenerating,  intenerated.] 
To  make  tender  ; to  soften.  “Fear  intenerat.es 
the  heart.”  [r.]  Bp.  Hall. 

IN-TEN'ER-ATE,  a.  Made  tender  ; tender  ; soft ; 
intenerated.  [r.]  Daniel. 

IN-TEN-JJR-A'TION,  re.  The  act  of  intenerating 

or  softening,  [r.]  Bacon. 

f IN-TEN'I-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  hold  any  thing. 
“ This  . . . intenible  sieve.”  Shak. 

IN-TEN'SATE,  v.  a.  To  render  intense;  to 

strengthen  ; to  intensify,  [r.]  Ed.  Rev. 


JN-TEN'SA-TIVE,  a.  That  makes  intense  ; add- 
ing force  ; intensifying.  Ilalliwell. 

IN-T  ENSE',  a.  [L.  intendo,  intensus,  to  stretch, 
to  strain  ; It.  <Sr  Sp.  intenso.] 

1.  Raised  to  a high  degree;  extreme;  exces- 
sive. “ So  intense  ...  a degree  of  heat.”  Boyle. 

With  answerable  pains,  but  more  intense.  Milton. 

2.  Strained;  kept  on  the  stretch;  intent; 
noting  a state  of  fixed  attention  or  excessive 
effort  or  exertion,  without  relaxation  or  inter- 
mission. “ His  application  is  intense.”  Crahb. 

3.  Highly  wrought;  vehement;  figurative. 

Hebraisms  warm  and  animate  our  language,  and  convey 

our  thoughts  in  more  ardent  and  intense  phrases.  Addison. 

Syn.  — See  Intent. 

IN-TENSE'LY,  ad.  In  an  intense  manner;  to  a 
high  degree  : — with  earnestness  ; earnestly. 

IN-TENSE'NJJSS,  re.  1.  The  state  of  being  in- 
tense, or  raised  to  a high  degree  ; intensity. 
“Intenseness  of  heat.”  Woodward. 

2.  Fixed  attention;  excessive  effort;  inten- 

sity. “ Unintermitted  study  and  intenseness  of 
mind.”  Milton. 

3.  Vehemence;  earnestness;  ardor. 

lie  was  in  agony,  and  prayed  with  the  utmost  ardency  and 
intenseness.  Blackwall. 

IN-TEN-SI- FI-CA'T  I ON,  n.  The  act  of  intensify- 
ing. [r.]  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

IN-TEN 'SI-FY,  V.  a.  [t.  INTENSIFIED  ; pp.  IN- 
TENSIFYING, intensified.]  To  render  intense ; 
to  strengthen  ; to  intensate. 

Assisted  to  propagate  and  intensify  the  alarm.  Qu.  Rev. 

UST  “ Coleridge,  in  a letter  to  Mr.  Alsop,  claims 
tile  merit  of  inventing  this  word.  li  is  now  common- 
ly used  by  the  best  writers,  especially  those  on  reli- 
gious and  testhelic  subjects.”  C.  JM.  fngleby. 

IN-T EN'SI-FY,  v.  re.  To  become  intense  ;.  to  act 
with  great  effort.  Dickens. 

IN-TEN'SION,  7i.  [L.  intension  It.  intensions  ; 

Sp.  intension.]  The  act  of  making  more  intense. 

Faith  differs  from  hope  in  the  extension  of  its  object,  and 
In  the  intension  of  degree.  Bp.  Taylor. 

IN-TEN'SI-TY,  re.  [It.  intensita  ; Sp.  intensidad  ; 
Fr.  intensite. — See  Intense.] 

1.  High  or  extreme  degree  ; excess.  “ The 

intensity  of  the  guilt.”  Burke. 

2.  The  state  of  being  intense  ; utmost  exer- 
tion or  effort ; intenseness.  Boyle. 

3.  Vehemence;  earnestness;  ardor.  Gillies. 

4.  (Physics.)  The  rate  or  degree  of  energy 

with  which  a force  or  cause  acts. 

ttfrf  Thus  the  intensity  of  terrestrial  magnetism  at 
different  times  and  places,  or  magnetic  intensity,  as  it 
is  called,  is  proportional  to  the  square  of  the  number 
of  oscillations  of  The  magnetic  needle  in  a given  time ; 
— the  intensity  of  the  polarizing  force  in  different  crys- 
tals is  estimated  by  tile  angular  separation  of  the  ordi- 
nary and  extraordinary  images. 

IN-TEN'SI VE,  a.  [It.  $ Sp.  intensiro.] 

1.  Admitting  increase  of  degree. 

Tile  intensive  distance  between  the  perfection  of  an  angel 
and  of  a man  is  but  finite.  Hale. 

2.  Intent;  unreinitted;  intense. 

Assiduous  attendance  and  intensive  circumspection.  TVotton. 

3.  Exerting  or  adding  force;  — applied  par- 
ticularly to  particles  which,  when  used  in  com- 
position, heighten  or  intensify  the  meaning  of 
the  word  to  which  they  are  prefixed. 

1N-TEN'SIVE-LY,  ad.  By  increase  of  degree  ; so 
as  to  add  force.  Bp.  Bramhall. 

IN-TEN'SIVE-NF.SS,  n.  The  state  of  being  in- 
tensive ; intensity.  Hale. 

IN-TENT',  a.  [L.  intentus  ; It.  intento  ; Fr.  in- 
finite.] Anxiously  diligent ; fixed  with  close  at- 
tention ; eager ; earnest ; — usually  with  on. 

Of  action  eager,  and  intent  on  thought.  Dryden. 

There  is  an  evil  spirit  continually  active,  aud  intent  to 
seduce.  South. 

Syn>  — Intent  on  business  or  on  pleasure  ; eager  or 
earnest  in  pursuit  of  an  object ; intense  application  ; 
intense  heat  or  cold. 

IN-TENT',  n.  A design  ; a purpose  ; intention  ; 
aim;  drift;  a view  formed  ; meaning;  purport. 

If  I fail  not  in  my  deep  intent 

Clarence  hath  not  another  day  to  live.  Shak. 

To  all  intents  and  purposes , in  all  senses  ; whatever 
be  meant  or  designed  ; in  reality.  uTo  all  intents  and 
purposes , he  who  will  not  open  his  eyes  is,  for  the 
present,  as  blind  as  he  that  cannot.,,  South. 


MIEN,  SIR  ; MOVE,  NOR,  SON  ; 


BULL,  BUR,  RIJLE.  — 9,  9,  <;,  g,  soft;  J0,  IS,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


INTENTATION 


INTERCHANGEMENT 


766 


f IN-TpN-TA'TION,  n.  Intention.  Bp.  Hall. 

IN-TEN'TION,  n.  [L.  intentio  ; It.  intenzione ; 
Sp.  intention;  Fr.  intention.'] 

1.  Closeness  of  attention  ; deep  ardor  of  mind ; 

intenseness ; intensity.  Locke. 

Which  cannot  be  clone  without  some  labor  and  intention  of 
the  mind.  .South. 

2.  That  which  is  intended  ; the  object  which 
one  proposes  ; design  ; purpose  ; end  ; aim. 

I wish  others  the  same  intention  and  greater  successes. 

Temple. 

3.  The  state  of  being  intense ; intensity. 

The  operations  of  agents  admit  of  intention  and  remission. 

Locke. 

4.  (Sarg.)  The  occurrence  of  cicatrization 

without  suppuration.  Dunglison. 

Syn.  — See  Aim,  Design. 

JN-TEN'TION-AL,  a.  [Fr.  intentionnel.]  Having 
intention  ; voluntary  ; designed  ; done  by  de- 
sign. “A  direct  and  intentional  service.”  Rogers. 

|N-TEN-TION-Al'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
intentional ; design.  Coleridge. 

IN-TEN'TION-AL-LY,  ad.  With  intention;  by 
design ; with  fixed  choice.  Boyle. 

JN-TF.M'TIONED  (-shund),  a.  Having  intentions  ; 
disposed; — used  in  composition;  as,  “’Well- 
intentioned.”  Addison. 

+ JN-TEN'TJVE,  a.  [L.  intenticus.]  Diligently 
applied ; attentive.  Bacon. 

f IX-TEN'TI  VE-LY,  ad.  In  an  intentive  manner ; 
with  application ; attentively.  . Bp.  Hall. 

t IN-TEN 'TJVE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  in- 
tentive ; attention.  IF.  Mountagu. 

JN-TENT'LY,  ad.  With  close  attention  ; with  dili- 
gent or  earnest  application ; with  eager  desire. 

IN-TENT'NpSS,  n.  The  state  of  being  intent. South. 

Ly'TER-.  A Latin  preposition,  used  as  a prefix, 
and  signifying  between,  among. 

IN-TER',  v.  a.  [L.  in,  in,  and  terra , the  earth ; It. 
interrare ; Sp.  enterrar ; Fr.  enterrer.]  [i.  in- 
terred; pp.  INTERRING,  INTERRED.]  To  bury 
in  the  ground ; to  cover  with  earth  ; to  inhume. 

The  evil  that  men  do  lives  after  them; 

The  good  is  oft  interred  with  their  bones.  Sha/c. 

Syn.  — See  Burial. 

IN'TER-ACT,  n.  [ inter  and  act.]  A short  piece 
between  others  ; the  time  between  the  acts  of 
the  drama,;  interlude.  Ld.  Chesterfield. 

IN-TpR-AC'TION,  n.  [inter  and  action.]  An  in- 
tervening action.  Ed.  Rev. 

XN-TJJR-AD'DI-TIVE,  n.  [inter  and  additive.] 
Something  inserted  parenthetically  or  between 
other  things,  [it.]  Coleridge. 

iN-TpR-A'pEN-CY,  n.  The  action  or  business 
of  an  interagent. 

By  the  interagency  of  Rubrius  Callus  the  mind  of  Caacina 
came  to  be  shaken.  Gordon . • 

IN-T^R-A'^PNT,  n.  [inter  and  agent.]  An  agent 
that  acts  between  two  parties.  Kirby. 

Domitian  is  believed  to  have  tried  by  secret  J. ntcragc.nts  to 
corrupt  the  fidelity  of  Ccriulis.  * Gordon. 

f IN'T^R-ALL,  n.  Entrail ; inside. 

When  Zephyr  breathed  into  the  watery  interall.  Fletcher. 

IN-TIJR-AM'NI-AN,  a.  [L.  inter,  between,  and 
amnis,  a river.]  Situated  between  rivers.  “An 
interamnian  country.”  Bryant. 

IN-Tf.R-AN'I-MATE,  v.  a.  To  animate  or  inspire 
mutually.  [ii.] 

When  love  with  one  another  so 
Interunimates  two  souls.  Donne. 

IN-TJJR-AR-Tlc'y-LAR,  a.  [inter  and  articular.] 
Situated  between  the  articulations.  Dunglison. 

IN-TJJR-Ax'AL,  a.  Situated  in  the  interaxis.  Craig. 

IN-TER- Ax'!L-LA-RY,  a.  ( Bot .)  Situated  within 
the  axils  of  leaves.  ’ Wright. 

. IN-TER-Ax'is,  n.  (Arch.)  The  space  between  the 
axes  in  columnar  erections. 

Doors,  windows,  niches,  and  the  like,  are  placed  centrally 
in  the  interaxis.  Gwilt. 

f IN-TER-BAS-TA'TION,  n.  [Old  Fr.  interims- 
ter,  to  quilt.]  Patchwork.  Browne. 

IX-TER-BREED',  v.  a.  To  breed  by  cross-breed- 
ing; to  blend,  as  different  races.  Ee.  Rev. 


IN-TER-RREED',  v.  n.  To  practise  cross-breed- 
ing. Ee.  Rev. 

f IN-T^R- BRING',  v.  a.  To  bring  between.  Donne. 

IN-TER'CA-LAR,  a.  Intercalary.  Holland. 

JN-TER'CA-LA-RY  [in-ter'k?-l?-re,  S.  P.  Ja.  K. 
Sin.  R.  C.  Rees , II  b.\  in-ter-ltai'a-re,  W.J.  /•’.], 
a.  [L.  intercalaris  ; inter,  between,  and  calo,  to 
proclaim  ; It.  intercalare  ; Sp.  intercalar  ; Fr. 
interealaire.]  ( Chron .)  Inserted  out  of  the  com- 
mon order,  to  preserve  the  correspondence  be- 
tween the  civil  and  the  solar  year ; as,  “ The 
29th  of  February,  in  a leap  year,  is  an  interca- 
lary day.” 

IN-TER'CA-LATE,  v.  a.  [L.  intercalo,  intercala- 
tus  ; It.  intercalare  ; Sp.  intercalar;  Fr . inter- 
caler.]  [i.  intercalated  ; pp.  intercalat- 
ing, intercalated.]  ( Chron .)  To  insert  into 
the  calendar,  as  an  extraordinary  day  or  other 
portion  of  time,  in  order  to  preserve  the  corre- 
spondence between  the  solar  year,  by  which  the 
seasons  are  determined,  and  the  civil  year. 

IN-TER'CA-LAT-ED,  p.  a.  1.  Inserted  into  the 
calendar,  as  a day,  or  other  portion  of  time. 

2.  ( Gcol .)  Noting  portions  of  rock  contained 
in  more  recent  intruded  rocks.  “ A mass  of 
slate  intercalated  in  granite  or  trap  rock.”  C. 
T.  Jackson.  — Noting  beds  or  layers  of  one  kind 
of  rock  or  other  substance  included  between 
beds  or- strata  of  other  kinds. 

Intercalated  coal  beds.  — Horizontal  masses  of  igneous 
rock  intercalated  between  aqueous  strata.  Lyell. 

IN-TER-CA-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  inter calcitio  ; It.  in- 
tercalazione  ; Sp.  intercalation  ; Fr.  intercala- 
tion.'] 

1.  (Chron.)  The  act  of  intercalating;  the  in- 
sertion into  the  calendar  of  a portion  of  time 
out  of  the  usual  order. 

/££=■  “ The  Roman  year,  as  established  by  Numa, 
was  divided  into  twelve  months,  according  to  the 
course  of  the  moon,  consisting  in  all  of  355  days.  Rut 
as  ten  days,  five  hours,  forty-eight  minutes,  and  fifty- 
eight  seconds  were  wanting  to  make  the  lunar  year 
correspond  to  the  course  of  the  sun,  he  intercalated 
every  other  year  an  extraordinary  month,  which  con- 
sisted alternately  of  22  and  23  days  dur.ng  periods  of 
22  years,  the  last  biennium  in  the  22  years  being  en- 
tirely passed  over.  The  intercalation  of  this  month 
was  left  to  the  discretion  of  the  pontifices,  who,  by 
inserting  more  or  fewer  days,  used  to  make  the  cur- 
rent year  longer  or  shorter,  as  was  most  convenient 
for  themselves  or  their  friends  ; for  instance,  that  a 
magistrate  might  sooner  or  later  resign  his  office,  or 
contractors  for  t he  revenue  have  longer  or  shorter  time 
to  collect  the  taxes.  Julius  Ctesar  abolished  those  in- 
tercalations, and  established  the  division  of  time  known 
as  the  Julian  year.”  P.  Cyc. 

2.  (Geol.)  The  interposition  of  a bed  or  stra- 
tum of  one  kind  of  rock  or  substance  between 
beds  or  strata  of  another.  C.  T.  Jackson.  The 
inclusion  of  a mass  of  rock  within  intruded 
rocks.  Lyell . 

IN-TER-CEDE',  v.  n.  [L.  intcrccdo  ; inter , be- 
tween, and  ecdoj  to  pass  ; It.  interccdcre  ; Sp. 
intcrceder\  Fr.  inter ceder.]  [?’.  interceded; 

pp.  INTERCEDING,  INTERCEDED.] 

1.  To  pass  between  ; to  intervene. 

TTc  supposed  that  a vast  period  interceded  between  that 
origination  and  the  age  in  which  he  lived.  Ilale. 

2.  To  ask  or  entreat  as  a mediator ; to  inter- 
pose ; to  mediate  ; to  plead  in  favor  of  one  ; to 
act  between  two  parties  by  persuasion ; to  en- 
deavor to  conciliate  one. 

TTe  [Christ]  is  still  our  advocate,  continually  interceding 
with  his  Father  in  behalf  of  all  true  penitents.  Calamy. 

Syn.  — One  intercedes  between  parties  that  are  un- 
equal, and  interposes  between  those  that  are  equal. 
One  intercedes , by  persuasion,  in  favor  of  one  who  has 
offended,  and  is  exposed  to  punishment,  — and  inter- 
poses, by  authority,  in  order  to  adjust  a dispute.  To 
intercede  and  interpose,  are  employed  on  matters  of 
great  or  little  importance  ; to  mediate , that  is,  to  inter- 
pose as  a friend  in  order  to  reconcile  parties,  is  used 
in  matters  of  great  moment. 

IN-TER-CE'DENT,  a.  [L.  intercedo,  intercedens, 
to  pass  between.]  Passing  or  coming  between  ; 
mediating.  Smart. 

IN-TER-CED'ER,  w.  One  who  intercedes;  onexvho 
pleads  in  favor  of  another ; a mediator. 

IN-TER-CED'ING,  n.  Intercession.  Pearson. 

iN-TER-CEL'LU-LAR,  a.  [inter  and  cellular.] 
(Bot.)  Lying  between  the  cells.  Rogct. 

IN-TER-CEPT',  v.  a.  [L.  inte.rcipio,  interceptus  ; 


inter,  between,  and  capio,  to  seize  ; It.  intercet- 
tare;  Sp.  inter ceptar ; Fr.  interceptor.]  [(.in- 
tercepted ; pp. INTERCEPTING,  INTERCEPTED.] 

1.  To  stop  and  seize  in  the  way. 

I then  . . . 

Marched  towards  St.  Albans,  to  intercept  the  queen.  Shak. 

2.  To  obstruct;  to  cut  off;  to  interrupt;  to 
stop  from  being  communicated. 

jOST*  “ It  is  used  of  the  thing  or  person  passing,  of 
the  act  of  passing,  or  of  that  to  which  the  passage  is 
directed.”  Johnson. 


They  will  not  intercept  my  tale.  Shak. 

We  must  meet  first,  and  intercept,  his  course.  Dryden. 
Swarming  o’er  the  dusky  fields  they  fly. 

New  to  the  flowers,  and  intercept  the  sky.  Dryden. 

3.  (Geom.)  To  include  between. 

That  part  of  a line  lying  between  any  two  points  is  said  to 
he  intercepted  between  them.  Davies. 

IN-TJjlR-CEPT'jpR,  n.  [L  .interceptor.]  One  who 
intercepts  ; an  opponent.  Shak. 


IN-TJ^R-CEP'TION,  n.  [L.  interceptio  ; It.  inter- 
cezione;  Sp.  interception  \ Fr.  interception.]  Act 
of  intercepting;  stoppage  in  course;  hinder- 
ance  ; obstruction.  “ Interception  of  the  sight.” 
Wotton . “ Interception  of  breath.”  Browne. 

IN-T^R-CES'SION  (in-ter-sesh'un),  n.  [L.  inter- 
cessio  ; It.  mtercessione  ; Sp.  intercesion ; Fr. 
inter  cessioii.] 

1.  The  act  of  interceding  ; agency  between 
two  parties  ; mediation  ; interposition. 

What  had  passed  with  man 
Recounted,  mixing  intercession  sweet. 

2.  Agency  in  the  cause  of  another,  generally 
in  his  favor,  sometimes  against  him. 

He  ever  liveth  to  make  intercession  for  them.  Hah.  vii.  25. 

lie  maketh  intercession  to  God  against  Israel.  Horn.  xi.  2. 

IN-TER-CES'SION-AL,  a.  Containing  interces- 
sion or  entreaty.  Wright. 

f IN-TER-CES'SION-ATEj  v.  a.  To  entreat.  Nash. 


lN-TER-CES'SOR,?i.  [L.]  1.  One  who  intercedes ; 
an  agent  between  two  parties  to  procure  recon- 
ciliation ; a mediator. 

On  man’s  behalf, 

Patron  or  intercessor , none  appeared.  Milton. 

2.  ( Eccl .)  A bishop,  who,  during  a vacancy 
of  the  see,  administers  the.  bishopric  till  a suc- 
cessor is  elected.  Wright. 

IN-TER-CES-SO'RJ-AL,  a.  Relating  to,  or  imply- 
ing, intercession  ; intercessory,  [it.]  Bp.  Horne. 


IN-TER-CES'SO-RY,  a.  Relating  to,  or  contain- 
ing, intercession  ; interceding. 

The  Lord’s  Prayer  has  an  intercessory  petition  for  our 
enemies.  Earbery. 

IN-TER-CHAIN'j  v.  a.  [ inter  and  chain. ] [i.  in- 

terchained ; pp.  INTERCHAINING,  INTER- 
CHAINED.] To  chain  ; to  link  together.  Shak. 


[N-TEIt-CHANG E',  v.  a.  [ inter  and  change.]  [ i . 
INTERCHANGED;  pp.  INTERCHANGING,  INTER- 
CHANGED.] 

1.  To  put  each  in  the  place  of  the  other;  to 

give  and  take  mutually  ; to  change  or  exchange 
reciprocally ; to  alternate.  “ Having  inter- 
changed their  cares.”  Sidney. 

2.  To  succeed  alternately.  Sidney. 

Syn.  — See  Change. 

!n'TER-CHAN<?E  (116),  n.  1.  Permutation  of 
commodities  ; commerce  ; barter.  Howell. 

2.  Alternate  succession  ; alternation.  “ The 
interchanges  of  light  and  darkness.”  Holder. 

Sweet  interchange 

Of  hill  and  valley,  rivers,  woods,  and  plains.  Milton. 

3.  A mutual  giving  and  returning;  recipro- 

cation ; reciprocity.  “ An  unreserved  inter- 
change of  sentiment.”  ’ Canning. 

Ample  interchange  of  sweet  discourse.  Shak. 

IN-TER-CHAN^E-A-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  interchangeable.  Perry. 

IN-TER-CHAN^E'A-BLE,  a.  1.  Capable  of  being 
interchanged ; reciprocal ; that  may  be  given  anti 
taken  mutually.  Baron. 

2.  Following  alternately,  or  one  after  the 
other.  “ Four  interchangeable  seasons.”  Holder. 


IN-TER-CHAN(?E'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of 
being  interchangeable  ; interchangeability. 


IN-TER-CH  ANpE' A-BEY,  ad.  In  an  interchange- 
able manner  ; by  interchange  ; alternately. 


IN-TER-CHAN(?E'MENT,  n.  Interchange.  “By 
interchangement  of  your  rings.”  [r.]  Shah. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short; 


A,  E>  1,9,  V,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  IIEIR,  HER; 


INTERCHAPTER 


767 


INTERFERENCE 


IN-TIJR-CHAP’TER,  n.  An  interpolated  or  in- 
serted chapter.  Wright. 

f IN-TpR-Ci'D^NCE,  n.  Incident;  accident;  oc- 
currence. Holland. 

t IN-TpR-Ci'DpNT,  a.  [L .intercido,  intercidens, 
to  happen.]  Coming  between  ; happening.Boi/fc. 

IN-Tf  R-CIP'I-?NT,  a.  [L.  inter cipiens.]  Ob- 
structing ; intercepting.  Johnson. 

IN-TER-CIP'I-JpNT?  n.  He  who,  or  that  which, 
intercepts  or  obstructs.  Wiseman. 

f lN-TER-Cl"SION,  n.  [L.  intercisio,  a cutting 
through.]  Interruption  ; separation.  Browne. 

lN-TpR-CLA-VlC'y-LAK,  a.  [ inter  and  clavicu- 
lar.] Being  between  the  clavicles.  Dunylison. 

IN-TER-CL6§E',  v.  a.  [ inter  and  close.]  To  shut 
in  or  within.  Boyle. 

IN-TER-CLOUD',  v.  a.  [inter  an  dcloud.]  To  shut 
within  clouds ; to  cloud.  Darnel. 

IN-TfR-CLUDE',  v.  a.  [L.  intercludo  ; inter,  be- 
tween, and  claudo,  to  shut ; It.  interchiudere .] 
\i.  INTERCEDED  ; pp.  INTERCEDING,  INTER- 
CEDED.] To  shut  from  a place  or  course  by 
something  intervening;  to  shut-off;  to  pre- 
clude ; to  intercept.  Pococke. 

The  stopcock  B is  to  be  shut,  so  that  all  passage  of  exter- 
nal air  into  the  receiver  may  be  inter  eluded.  Boyle. 

IN-TJJR-CLU'§ION,  n.  [L.  interclusio.]  The  act 
of  intercluding ; obstruction  ; interception  ; pre- 
clusion. Cockeram. 

IN-TJJR-CO-LO'NI-AL,  a.  Relating  to  the  inter- 
course between  different  colonies.  Nova-Scotian. 

IN-TpR-CO-LUM-NI-A'TION,  n.  [L.  inter,  be- 
tween, and  columna,  a column.]  {Arch.)  The 
space  between  two  columns  or  pillars.  Wotton. 

IN-Tf  R-CdM'B AT,  n.  A fight  between.  Daniel. 

f IN-TgR-COM'lNG,  n.  [ inter  and  come.]  Act 
of  coming  between  ; interposition  ; interference. 

Notwithstanding  the  pope’s  intercoming  to  make  himself  a 
party  in  the  quarrel.  Proceedings  against  Garnet , 160G. 

IN-TJJR-COM'MON,  V.  n.  [ inter  and  common.] 
[i.  INTERCOMMONED  ; pp.  INTERCOMMONING, 
INTERCOMMONED.] 

1.  To  have,  do,  share,  or  participate  with 

others  ; to  feed  at  the  same  table.  Bacon. 

2.  To  feed  in  the  same  pasture. 

Beasts  of  several  adjoining  parishes  do  promiscuously  in  - 
tercommo n together.  Blount. 

IN-TlJR-COM'MON-A^rE,  n.  [ inter  a,nd  common- 
age .]  Joint  use  of  the  same  commons.  Roberts. 

IN-TflR-COM'MON-ING,  n.  {Old  Law.)  The  pro- 
miscuous feeding  of  cattle  on  the  contiguous 
commons  of  two  adjacent  manors,  by  the  in- 
habitants of  the  commons.  Whishaw. 

I N - T F.  It  - C O M-  M U N E ' , v.  n.  [inter  and  commune.] 
To  commune  together ; to  associate.  C.  J.  Fox. 

IN-TJJR-COM-MU'NI-CA-BLE,  a.  Mutually  com- 
municable. Coleridge. 

lN-T£R-COM-MU'NI-CATE,  v.  n.  [inter  and  com- 
municate.] To  communicate  mutually  or  re- 
ciprocally. Holland. 

IN-TER-COM-MU-NI-CA'TION,  n.  Mutual  or  re- 
ciprocal communication  or  intercourse ; inter- 
communion. Coleridge. 

IN-T^R-COM-MUN'ION  (In-ter-kom-mun'yun),  n. 
[inter  and  communion.]  Mutual  communion; 
reciprocal  intercourse.  Law. 

IN-TgR-COM-MU'NI-TY,  n.  [inter  and  commu- 
nity.] 

1.  A mutual  communication  or  community ; 

reciprocal  communication.  “ Intercommunity 
of  various  sentiments.”  Loictii. 

2.  A mutual  freedom  or  exercise  of  religion. 

Admitting  each  other’s  pretensions,  there  must  needs  be 
amongst  them  perfect  harmony  and  intercommunity. 

Warburton. 

IN-T^R-COS'TAL,  a.  [L.  inter,  between,  and 
costa , a rib;  Fr.  intercostal.']  ( Anat .)  Placed 
between  the  ribs.  “ Intercostal  muscles.”  Boyle. 

IN-TJ£R-CJOSrTAL,  n.  [Sp.  # Fr.  intercostal.] 
(Anat.)  A part  that  is  situated  between  the 
ribs.  Dunylison. 

IN'TER-COURSE  (11/ter-kors),  n.  [L.  inter  cur  sus  ; 
intercurrOy  to  run  between ; inter , between,  and 


currOy  to  run ; Fr.  entrecours.]  Exchange  of 
sentiment,  opinion,  or  commodities  ; commerce; 
mutual  exchange ; communication  ; connec- 
tion ; communion. 

Speed  the  soft  intercourse  from  soul  to  soul, 

And  waft  a sigh  from  Indus  to  the  pole.  Pope . 

This  sweet  intercourse 

Of  looks  and  smiles.  Dn/dcn. 

Syn. — Intercourse  arid  commerce  subsist  between 
persons  only  ; communication  and  connection , between 
persons  and  things.  Commerce  is  a species  of.  general 
but  close  intercourse  ; a connection , a permanent  inter- 
course. A friendly  or  commercial  intercourse’,  com- 
merce between  individuals  or  countries  ; free  commu- 
nication between  persons  or  things  ; close  connection  of 
friends. 

IN-T£R-CROSS',  v.  a.  To  cross  mutually  ; to  cross 
one  another.  Shaftesbury. 

f IN-TIJR-CUR',  v.  n.  [L.  intercurro.]  To  inter- 
vene ; to  happen  ; to  occur.  Shelton. 

IN-TpR-CUR'RIJNCE,  n.  Act  of  coming  between  ; 
intervention  ; occurrence.  Holland. 

IN-TER-CUR'RJJNT,  a.  [L.  intercurrens  ; It.  in- 
tercorreute ; Sp.  intercurrente ; Fr.  intercur- 
rent.] Running,  coming,  or  happening  be- 
tween ; intervening.  Barrow. 

lN-TER-CU-TA'NE-OUS,  a.  [It.,  <S;  Sp.  intcrcuta- 
neo.]  Within  the  skin.  Evelyn. 

IN-TER-DASH',  v.  a.  To  dash  or  insert  at  inter- 
vals ; to  intersperse. 

A prologue  interdaslied  with  many  a stroke.  Cowper. 

f IN-TJJR-DEAL',  n.  [inter  and  deal.]  Traffic; 
intercourse ; exchange.  Spenser. 

IN-TgR-DEN'TIL,  ii.  [inter  and  dentil. ] The 
space  between  two  dentils.  Francis. 

IN-TpR-Dp-PEND'IJNCE,  n.  [inter  and  depend- 
ence.] Mutual  dependence.  Coleridge. 

IN-Tf,R-D E-PEN D' ENT.  a.  Mutually  dependent ; 
reciprocally  dependent.  London  Examiner. 

IN-TIJR-DICT',  v.  a.  [L.  interdico,  interdictus ; 
inter,  between,  and  dico,  to  speak  ; It.  interdire ; 
Sp.  entredecir ; Fr.  interdire.]  [i.  interdicted  ; 

pp.  INTERDICTING,  INTERDICTED.] 

1.  To  forbid;  to  prohibit;  to  inhibit;  to  re- 
strain from.  “ This  interdicted  ground.”  Tickell. 

2.  ( Eccl .)  To  forbid  to  have  communion  with 
the  church. 

An  archbishop  may  . . . interdict  his  suffragans.  Ayliffe. 

IN'TF.R-lhCT  (116),  n.  [L.  interdictum.] 

1.  A prohibition ; a prohibitory  decree  ; an 
interdiction. 

Those  are  not  fruits  forbidden;  no  interdict 

Defends  the  touching  of  these  viands  pure.  Milton. 

2.  {Eccl.)  A papal  prohibition  of  the  sacra- 
ment or  other  religious  rites.  Wotton. 

IN-TER-DIC'TION,  ii.  [L.  intcrdictio  ; It.  inter- 
dizione ; Sp.  interdiccion ; Fr.  interdiction .] 
The  act  of  interdicting  ; interdict ; prohibition  ; 
forbidding  decree ; curse.  Milton. 

IN-TER-mC'TIVE,  a.  Having  power  to  prohibit. 
“ That  interdictive  sentence.”  Milton. 

IN-TER-DtC'TO-RY,  a.  [L.  inter dictorius.]  Re- 
lating to,  or  containing,  interdiction.  Ai/mcort!/*. 

IN-TER-DIF-FU§E',  V.  a.  To  diffuse  or  spread 
among.  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

IN-TI5R-DI<?'I-TAL,  a.  [inter  and  digital.]  Be- 
ing between  the  fingers.  Phil.  Mag. 

lN-Tp,R-Dl(f'l-TATE,  v.  a.  To  insert  between 
the  fingers  ; to  interweave.  Roget. 

IN-TER-Dt^-T-TA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  indigi- 
tating,  or  inserting  between.  Roget. 

IN'T^R-DUCE,  n.  {Carp.)  An  inter-tie.  Smart. 

IN-TER-E-aRJ-NOC'TIAL,  a.  Coming  between 
the  vernal  and  autumnal  equinoxes.  Wright. 

f IN'T^R-fSS,  n.  [See  Interest,  v.  a.]  Interest; 
concern ; right.  Spenser. 

f IN'TJKR-ESS,  v.  a.  To  concern ; to  affect ; to 
interest.  Hooker. 

IN'TIJR-EST,  v.  a.  [L.  interest ; inter,  between, 
and  esse,  to  be  ; It.  interessare  ; Sp.  interesar ; 
Fr.  interesser.]  [i.  interested  ; pp.  inter- 
esting, interested.]  To  excite  interest  or 
concern  in  ; to  concern  ; to  affect ; to  engage. 


Scipio,  restoring  the  Spanish  bride,  gained  n great  nation 
to  interest  themselves  for  Rome  against  Curtlmgc.  Dryrten. 

To  interest  one's  self,  to  take  an  interest ; to  be  en- 
gaged. 

IN'TIJR-EST,  v.  n.  To  affect ; to  move  ; to  touch 
with  passion  ; to  gain  the  affections.  Johnson. 

IN'T^R-psT,  n.  [It.  intercsse ; Sp.  interes-,  Fr. 
inten  t.  — See  Interest,  v.  a.] 

1.  Concern  ; advantage  ; good  ; benefit. 

0.  give  us  a serious  comprehension  of  that  one  great  in- 
terest of  others,  as  well  as  ourselves.  Hammond . 

2.  Influence  over  others ; authority. 

They  who  had  hitherto  preserved  them  had  now  lost  their 
interest.  Clarendon. 

3.  Share;  part;  participation  ; concern. 

This  is  a matter  in  which  we  have  interest.  Johnson. 

4.  Regard  to  private  profit  or  advantage. 

When  Interest  calls  off  all  her  sneaking  train.  Pope. 

5.  Any  surplus  of  advantage  or  benefit. 

You  shall  have  your  desires  witli  interest.  Shak. 

6.  A premium  or  sum  of  money  given  for  the 
use  or  loan  of  another  sum- of  money. 

UQf*  The  money  on  which  interest  is  to  be  paid  is 
called  the  principal  ; the  principal  and  interest  taken 
together  are  called  t lie  amount ; and  the  ratio  of  the 
principal  to  the  interest  per  annum,  when  no  other 
time  is  specified,  is  called  the  rate  or  rate  per  cent. 
Interest  is  either  simple  or  compound.  Simple  interest 
is  the  interest  upon  the  principal  during  the  time  of 
the  loan  ; compound  interest  is  the  interest  not  only 
upon  the  principal,  but  upon  the  interest  also,  after  it 
becomes  due.  The  rate  of  interest  is  in  most  civilized 
countries  fixed  by  law  ; and  a higher  rate  of  interest 
than  the  legal  one  is  called  usury.  Davies. 

IN'TpR-EST-pD,  a.  Having  an  interest;  con- 
cerned in  the  consequences  ; not  uninterested ; 
not  disinterested;  regardful  of  profit.  Addison . 

Ill  successes  did  not  discourage  that  ambitious  and  inter- 
ested people.  Arbutlinot. 

IN'T^R-EST-ING,  a.  Exciting  interest  or  atten- 
tion ; affecting.  “ Interesting  story.”  Johnson. 

IN'TER-EST-ING-LY,  ad.  In  an  interesting  man- 
ner. Coleridge. 

IN'TER-EST-ING-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
interesting.  A.  Smith. 

IN-TER-FA'CIAL  (in-ter-fa'shfil),  a.  [ inter  and 
facial.]  {Geom.)  Noting  an  angle  included  be- 
tween two  plane  faces,  as  the  angle  included 
between  two  faces  of  a prism.  Davies. 

IN-TER-FERE',  v.  n.  [L.  inter,  between,  and 
ferio,  to  strike ; Fr.  entreferir.]  [i.  inter- 
fered ; pp.  INTERFERING,  INTERFERED.] 

1.  To  interpose;  to  intermeddle  ; to  meddle. 

So  cautious  were  our  ancestors  in  conversation,  as  never 
to  interfere  with  party  disputes  in  the  state.  Swift. 

2.  To  clash;  to  conflict;  to  be  opposed  to 
each  other. 

Their  commands  may  interfere.  Smalndgc. 

3.  To  strike  the  hoof  or  shoe  of  one  leg 
against  the  fetlock  of  the  other,  as  a horse. 

4.  {Physics.)  To  exert  the  reciprocal  action 

denoted  by  the  term  interference.  Young. 

Syn.  — To  interfere,  is  sometimes  used  in  a good, 
but  more  commonly  in  a bad  sense  ; intermeddle,  al- 
ways in  a bad  sense.  A person  may  interfere  for  tile 
good  of  others,  or  for  seltish  purposes  ; but  lie  inter- 
meddles in  a matter  in  which  lie  has  no  concern. 

IN-TER-FER'ENCE,  n.  1.  The  act  of  interfer- 
ing; an  intermeddling;  interposition;  inter- 
vention. Burke. 

2.  A clashing  ; opposition  ; collision. 

3.  {Hydrodynamics.)  The  mutual  action  of 
two  systems  of  liquid  waves  derived  from  dif- 
ferent centres,  by  which,  at  certain  points 
where  their  elevations  and  depressions  respec- 
tively coincide,  they  redouble  each  other’s  ef- 
fects ; and  by  which,  at  certain  other  points 
where  the  elevations  of  one  system  coincide 
with  the  depressions  of  the  other,  they  efface 
each  other. 

4.  ( Optics.)  The  mutual  action  by  which  two 
pencils  of  light  derived  from  the  same  source, 
after  being  so  refracted,  reflected,  or  inflected 
as  to  intersect  each  other  at  a small  angle,  re- 
double each  other’s  brightness  at  certain  points, 
and  diminish  or  entirely  extinguish  it  at  others, 
producing  alternations  of  light  and  darkness, 
variously  colored  fringes,  rings,  &c.  Young. 

BUS”  These  effects  are  caused,  according  to  the  un- 


MIEN,  SIR;  MdVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — Q,  £,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  g,  g,  hard;  ^ as  z;  \ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


INTERFERER 


7G8 


INTERLUDE 


dulatory  theory  of  light,  by  an  interference  of  lumi- 
nous waves  analogous  to  that  of  liquid  waves,  the  lu- 
minous effects  being  redoubled  where  the  waves  meet 
in  the  same  phase,  and  destroyed  where  they  meet  in 
opposite  phases,  — and  colors  being  produced  where 
waves  of  different  lengths  overlap  one  another. 

5.  ( Heat .)  The  mutual  action  of  two  inter- 
secting pencils  of  radiant  heat,  by  which,  like 
two  interfering  pencils  of  light,  they  increase 
each  other’s  effects  at  certain  points  and  dimin- 
ish or  destroy  them  at  others. 

ars=The  waves  of  heat,  according  to  the  theory  of 
undulation,  are  longer  and  their  vibrations  slower 
than  those  of  light. 

6.  ( Acoustics .)  The  mutual  action  of'  two 
series  of  waves  of  sound,  by  which,  according 
as  they  coincide  or  differ  as  to  their  points  of 
condensation  and  rarefaction,  they  increase  or 
diminish  each  other’s  loudness,  producing  what 
in  music  is  called  a beat,  or  entirely  destroy 
each  other,  producing  silence. 

IN-TpR-FEIl'IJR,  n.  One  who  interferes.  Reeder. 

IN-TF.R-FER' jNG,  a.  (Physics.)  Noting  two  pen- 
cils of  light  or  of  radiant  heat,  or  two  series  of 
liquid  or  aerial  waves,  which  at  certain  points 
augment,  at  others  diminish,  and  at  others  de- 
stroy, each  other.  — See  Interference.  Young. 

IN-TER-FER'ING,  n.  A clashing ; contradiction; 
interference.  “ No  competition  or  interfering 
of  interests.”  Bp.  Butler. 

IN-TpR-FER'ING-LY,  ad.  By  interference. 

JN-TER'FLU-ENT,  a.  [L.  interfluo,  interfluens .] 
Flowing  between.  Boyle. 

IN-TER'FLU-OUS,  a.  Interfluent.  Smart. 

IN-TER-FO-LI-A'CEOUS  (-(o-le-a'shus),  a.  [L. 
inter , between,  and  folium,  a leaf ; It.  interfo- 
gliaceo .1  Placed  alternately  between  leaves. 

P.  Cyc. 

IN-Ty  R-FO'LI-ATE,  v.  a.  To  interleave.  Evelyn. 

IN-TER-FUL'yiJNT,  a.  [L.  interfulgeo,  interful- 
gens,  to  glitter  between ; inter,  between,  and 
fulgeo,  to  glitter.]  Shining  between.  Bailey. 

IN-TER-FU§ED'  (In-ter-fuzd'),  a.  [L.  interfusus.] 
Poured  or  spread  between. 

The  ambient  air  wide  interfused . Milton. 

IN-TER-FU'^ION  (-zhun),  n.  [L.  interfusio.]  The 
act  of  pouring  or  spreading  betw  een.  Coleridge. 

IN-TJJR-GAN-GLI-OX'IC  (-gang-gli-on'jk),  a.  [L. 
inter,  between,  and  Gr.  ydyykiov,  ganglion.] 
Belonging  to  the  nervous  chords  in  the  inter- 
vals of  the  ganglions,  which  they  connect  to- 
gether. Dunglison. 

IN'TyR-IM,  n.  [L.  interim.]  1.  The  mean  time  ; 
intervening  time.  Shak. 

2.  (Ilist.)  The  name  given  to  a decree  of  the 
Emperor  Charles  V.,  in  which  he  attempted  to 
reduce  to  harmony  the  conflicting  opinions  of 
the  Protestants  and  Romanists. 

The  enactments  of  the  interim  were  intended  only  to  re- 
main in  force  till  some  definitive  settlement  could  be  made. 

Braude. 

IN-TyR-IM-IS’TIC,  a.  Relating  to,  or  existing 
for,  the  interim.  Qu.  Rev. 

IN-TE'RI-OR,  a.  [L.  interior-.  It.  interiore;  Sp. 
interior ; Fr.  interieur.] 

1.  Internal;  inner;  inherent;  intrinsic;  in- 
ward ; not  outward  ; — opposed  to  exterior. 
“ The  interior  parts  of  the  earth.”  Burnet. 

2.  Remote  from  the  boundary ; not  near  the 
confine  ; as,  “ An  interior  town.” 

3.  ( (Jeom .)  Noting  angles  of  a polygon 
formed  by  two  adjacent  sides,  and  lying  within 
the  polygon  ; internal ; not  exterior.  Davies. 

Syn.  — See  Internal. 

IN-TE’Rj-OR,  n.  1.  That  which  is  within;  the 
inner  part ; inside : — the  inland  part  of  a 
country. 

2.  (Politics.)  The  home  department; — dis- 
tinguished from  that  of  foreign  relations. 
“Minister  of  the  interior."  Ed.  Rev. 

IN-TE-RI-OR'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state 
of  being  interior.  Clissold. 

JN-TE'RI-OR-LY,  ad.  Internally;  inwardly. 

IX-TER-.IA  CENCE,  ) n p^_  interjaceo,  interja- 

IN-TPR-JA'C&N-CY,  > cens,  to  lie  between.]  The 
act,  or  the  state,  of  lying  between.  Hale. 


iN-TyR-JA'CpNT,  a.  [L.  interjaccns.]  Inter- 
vening ; lying  between  ; intermediate.  Raleigh. 

IN-TIJR-JAn’GLE,  v.  n.  To  make  a discordant 
sound,  one  with  another.  Daniel. 

IN-T F, R-.I ECT',  v.  a.  [L.  interjicio,  interjectus ; 
inter,  between,  and  jacio,  to  thrown]  [i.  inter- 
jected ; pp.  interjecting,  interjected.]  To 
put  between  ; to  throw  in  between  ; to  insert. 

Tliis  phrase  was  interjected  when  the  hearer  was  not  quite 
so  well  pleased  as  the  speaker.  Johnson. 

IN-TJpR-JECT',  v.  n.  To  come  between.  Buck. 

IN-TyR-JEC'TION,  n.  [L.  interjectio  ; It.  inter- 
jezione-,  Sp.  interjection  ; Fr.  interjection .] 

1.  The  act  of  throwing  between  ; interven- 

tion. “ The  loud  noise  which  waketh  the  in- 
terjection of  laughing.”  Bacon. 

2.  (Gram.)  An  exclamation,  or  a word  thrown 
in  by  the  force  of  some  passion  or  emotion, 
without  regard  to  syntax  ; as,  “ O ! Alas  ! ” 

IN-TpR-JEC’TION-AL,  a.  Relating  to,  or  like,  an 
interjection  ; thrown  in.  Ed.  Rev. 

IN-Ty  R-JEC'TION-A-RY,  a.  Relating  to,  or  like, 
an  interjection  ; interjectional.  Palmer. 

IN-TpR-JolN',  v.  a.  (inter  and  join.]  [?'.  inter- 
joined  ; pp.  interjoining,  interjoined.]  To 
join  mutually  ; to  intermarry.  Shak. 

IN'TyR-JoIST,  n.  [inter  and  joist.]  (Carp.)  The 
space  between  joists.  Francis. 

IX-TER -JUNCTION,  n.  [inter  and  junction.]  A 
mutual  joining.  Smart. 

IiV-Ty R-KNIT',  v.  a.  & n.  [ inter  and  knit.]  To 
knit  or  connect  together.  Southey. 

f iN-TlJR-KNOWL/EDljE  (Tn-ter-nol'ej),  n.  [ inter 
and  knowledge.]  Mutual  know-ledge.  Bacon. 

iN-TfR-LACE',  v.  a.  [Sp . entrelazar  ; Fr . entre- 
lacer .]  [i.  interlaced  ; pp.  interlacing, 

interlaced.]  To  put  one  thing  w-ithin  anoth- 
er ; to  insert ; to  intermix. 

Some  ore  to  be  interlaced  between  the  divine  readings  of 
the  law  and  prophets.  Hooker. 

IN-T pR-I,ACE'M ENT,  n.  The  act  of  interlacing  ; 
insertion  within.  Med.  Jour. 

IN-TER-LAM'I-NAT-BD,  a.  [L.  inter,  between, 
and  lamina,  a plate.]  Between  laminae.  Clarke. 

IN'TER-lApse,  n.  [L.  interlabor,  interlapsus,  to 
fall  or  slide  between.]  Lapse  of  time  between 
two  events.”  A short  interlapse  of  time.” Harvey. 

IN-TfR-LARD',  v.  a.  [Fr.  cntrelarder ; entre,  be- 
tween, and  larder,  to  lard.]  [i.  interlarded; 
pp.  interlarding,  interlarded.] 

1.  To  lay  lard  between  ; to  diversify  by  mix- 
ture, as  lean  meat  by  a mixture  of  fat. 

2.  To  insert  between  ; to  interpose.  Carew. 

The  laws  of  Normandy  were  the  defloration  of  tire  Eng- 
lish laws,  and  a transcript  of  them,  though  mingled  and  in- 
terlarded witli  many  particular  laws  of  their  own.  Hale. 

IN-T1JR-LAY',  v.  a.  [inter  and  lay.]  [i.  inter- 
laid ; pp.  INTERLAYING,  INTERLAID.]  To  lay 
between  or  among.  Daniel. 

IN'TpR-LEAF,  n. ; pi.  in'ter-leave?.  [ inter  and 
leaf.]  A leaf  inserted  among  other  leaves.  Smart. 

IN-7'ER-LEAVE',  i’.  a.  [inter  and  leave.]  [?’.  inter- 
leaved ; pp.  INTERLEAVING,  INTERLEAVED.] 
To  insert,  as  a blank  leaf,  or  blank  leaves,  be- 
tween other  leaves  ; to  interfoliate. 

An  interleaved  copy  of  Bailey’s  Dictionary,  in  folio,  he 
[Johnson]  made  the  repository  of  the  several  articles. 

/Sir  J.  Hawkins. 

IN-TF.R-LI'nyL,  v.  n.  [inter  and  libel.]  To  libel 
reciprocally.  Bacon. 

IN-TpR-LINE’,  v.  a.  [It . interlinear e\  Sp  .entre-- 
linear-,  Fr.  entreligncr.]  [i.  interlined;  pp. 
INTERLINING,  INTERLINED.] 

1.  To  write  in  alternate  lines. 

Interlining  Latin  and  English  one  with  another.  Locke. 

2.  To  place,  draw,  or  write  between  the  lines 

of  what  is  already  written  or  printed.  Sicift. 

IN-TF.R-LlN'y-AL,  a.  [inter  mi  lineal-,  Sp.  intcr- 

. lineal,.]  Betw-een  lines;  interlineary;  interlin- 
ear ; interlined.  Sydney  Smith. 

iN-TIJR-LIN'y-AR,  a.  [L.  interlinearis ; inter, 
between,  and  linea,  a line ; It.  interttneare ; Fr. 
interlineairc.]  Inserted  betw-een  lines  ; having 
insertions  between  lines  ; interlineal ; intcrlin- 
eary.  Bp.  Hall. 


IN-TJJR-LIN'y-AR-LY,  ad.  In  an  interlinear 
manner  ; by  interlineation.  Bp.  Hall. 

iN-TJJR-LlN'JJ-A-RY,  a.  Inserted  between  lines  ; 
interlined ; interlinear.  Milton. 

IN-Ty  R-LfN'y- A-R  Y,  n.  A book  interlined.  Milton. 

iN-TlJIt-LIN-E-A'TfON,  n.  [Sp.  interlineation-, 
Fr.  interlineation.] 

1.  The  act  of  interlining. 

2.  Anything  inserted  between  lines.  “Fre- 
quent blots  and  interlineations."  Swift. 

IN-TyR-LIN'ING,  n.  The  act  of  writing  between 
lines  ; interlineation.  Dryden. 

IN-TIJR-LINK',  v.  a.  [inter  and  link.]  [(.inter- 
linked ; pp.  INTERLINKING,  INTERLINKED.] 
To  connect  by  uniting  links  ; to  interchain  ; to 
join  one  in  another  ; to  interlock. 

These  are  two  chains  which  are  interlinked.  Dryden. 

IN'TgR-LINK,  n.  An  intermediate  link  or  con- 
nection. Coleridge. 

IN-TER-LOB'U-LAR,  a.  Between  lobes.  Wright. 

iN-TER-LO-CA'TION,  n.  [Fr.  interlocation.]  An 
interplacing ; an  interposition. 

Your  eclipse  of  the  sun  is  occasioned  by  an  interlocation 
of  the  moon  betwixt  the  earth  and  tile  sun.  Buckingham. 

IN-TER-LOCK',  v.  a.  [inter  and  lock.]  To  com- 
municate with,  or  flow  into,  one  another ; to 
lock,  or  close  fast,  one  with  another.  Maunder. 

IN-TJJR-LO-CU’TION,  n.  [L.  interlocutio ; biter, 
betw-een,  and  locutio,  a speaking ; loqttor,  to 
speak;  It.  interlocuzione ; Sp.  interlocution-, 
Fr.  interlocution.] 

1.  Interchange  of  speech  ; verbal  intercourse  ; 
dialogue;  colloquy;  conference. 

Tt  [rehearsal  of  the  psalms]  is  done  by  interlocution,  and 
with  a mutual  returu  of  sentences  from  side  to  side.  Hooker. 

2.  (Law.)  An  intermediate  act  or  degree  be- 
fore final  decision.  Aylijfe. 

IN-TyR-LOC'U-TOR,  or  iN-TF.R-LO-CU'TOIl  [in- 
ter-lok'u-tur,  S.  P.  F.  Ja.  Sm.  R.  C.  Wr.  Wb. ; 
In-ter-lok'u-tur  or  In-ter-lo-ku'tur,  IF.;  In-ter-lo- 
ku'tur,  Nares],  n. 

1.  One  who  speaks  in  a dialogue  ; a dialogist. 

The  interlocutors  in  this  dialogue  are  Socrates  and  one 
Minos,  an  Athenian,  his  acquaintance.  Bentley. 

2.  ( Scottish  Laic.')  An  interlocutory  sentence 

or  judgment.  Ayliffe. 

“ So  great  is  the  tendency  of  our  language  to 
the  enclitical  accent,  that  this  word,  though  perfectly 
Latin,  and  having  the  penultimate  u long,  has  not 
been  able  to  preserve  the  accent  on  that  syllable.  Mr. 
Nares  is  the  only  orthoepist  who  places  the  accent  on 
u ; Mr.  Sheridan,  Dr.  Johnson,  Dr.  Ash,  Dr.  Kenrick, 
Mr.  Scott,  Mr.  Perry,  Mr.  Barclay,  and  Entick  accent 
the  antepenultimate  syllable.  I prefer  Mr.  Nares’s  ac- 
centuation.— See  Prolocutor.”  Walker. 

IN-TJfR-LOC'U-TO-RY  [in-ter-lok'u-tur-e,  S.  IV. 
P.  J.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  Wr. ; In-ter-lo-ku'tur-^,  22.], 
a.  [It.  &;  Sp.  interlocatorio ; Fr.  inter locutoire.~\ 

1.  Consisting  of  dialogue. 

There  are  several  interlocutory  discourses  in  the  Holy 
Scriptures,  though  the  persons  speaking  are  not  alternately 
mentioned  or  referred  to.  Fiddes. 

2.  (Law.)  Intermediate  ; done,  or  deter- 
mined, between  the  commencement  and  termi- 
nation of  an  action. 

The  chancellor's  decree  is  either  interlocutory  or  final. 

Blackstone. 

IN-TER-LOPE',  v.  n.  [inter  and  But.  loopcn,  to 
leap.]  [».  INTERLOPED  ; pp.  INTERLOPING,  IN- 
TERLOPED.] To  run  or  leap  into  a business  in 
w-hich  one  has  no  concern ; to  intermeddle ; to 
run  between  parties  and  intercept  advantage  ; 
to  forestall.  “Interloping  trade.”  Tatler. 

IN-TER-LOP'yR,  n.  One  w-ho  interlopes ; one 
who  runs  into  business  in  which  he  has  no  con- 
cern or  right;  an  intruder;  intermeddler.il/i7foii. 

flN-TER-LU'cATE,  v.  a.  [L.  interluco,  interlu- 
catus.]  To  let  in  light  by  cutting  away  branches 
or  boughs.  Cockeram. 

IN-TER-LU-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  interlucatio.]  The 
act  of  letting  in  light  by  cutting  away  branches 
or  boughs.  Evelyn. 

IN-TER-LU'CENT,  a.  [L.  interluceo,  interlucens.] 
Shining  betw-een.  [r.]  Bailey. 

IN'TER-LUDE,  n.  [L.  intcrludo ; inter,  between, 
and  Indus,  a play,  game,  diversion.] 

1.  Something  played  in  the  intervals  of  a play-, 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  y,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


INTERLUDED 


769 


INTERNAL 


drama,  or  festive  entertainment ; a short  dra- 
matic piece,  generally  accompanied  with  music, 
and  properly  represented  or  performed  between 
the  acts  of  longer  performances.  “ Masques, 
and  revels,  and  interludes.”  Bacon. 

2.  (Mus.)  A short  piece  of  organ  music 
played  between  two  stanzas  of  a hymn.  Moore. 

IN'TEIt-LUD-pD,  a.  Inserted  or  performed  as 
an  interlude  ; containing  interludes.  Dwight. 

IN'TIJR-LUD-ER,  n.  A performer  in  an  interlude. 
“ All  our  children  made  interluders.”  B.  Jonson. 

IN-T^R-LU'BN-CY,  n.  [L.  interim,  interluens  ; 
inter,  between,  and  luo,  to  flow.]  A flowing  be- 
tween ; water  interposed,  [it.]  Male. 

IN-TfJR-LU'NAR,  l a,  [L.  inter,  between,  and 

IN-TJJR-LU'NA-RY,  ) luna,  the  moon;  It.  inter- 
lunar  e.)  Belonging  to  the  time  when  the  moon, 
being  in  conjunction  with  the  sun,  is  invisible. 

Silent  as  the  moon,  ... 

Ilid  in  her  vacant  interlunar  cave.  Milton. 

IN-Tp  R-MAR'Rt  AIJIE  (ln-ter-mar'rjj),  n.  [inter  and 
marriage.]  Reciprocal  marriage  ; marriage  be- 
tween two  families  where  each  takes  one  and 
gives  another. 

Intermarriage  of  relations,  which  is  so  fruitful  a source  of 
disease  and  idiotcy.  B c*  J{ev' 

iN-TfR-MAR'RY,  V.  n.  [t.  INTERMARRIED  ; pp. 
INTERMARRYING,  INTERMARRIED.]  To  marry, 
or  be  married,  reciprocally,  as  one  family,  one 
tribe,  or  one  nation  with  another. 

About  the  middle  of  the  fourth  century  from  the  building 
of  Romo,  it  was  declared  lawful  lor  nobles  and  plebeians  to 
intermarry.  Swift. 

IN-TIJR-MAX'I’L-LA-RY,  a.  [inter  and  maxillary.] 
Situated  between 'the'jaw-boncs.  Roget. 

f IN'TIJR-MEAN,  n.  [inter  and  mean.]  Something 
done  in  the  meantime  ; an  intermediate  act ; an 
interact.  B.  Jonson.  Nares. 

flN-TIJR-MIJ-A'TION,  n.  [L.  intermco,  to  pass, 
or  flow  between.]  ’ A flowing  between.  Bailey. 

IN-TJJR-MED'DLE,  V.  n.  [inter  and  meddle.]  [*. 
INTERMEDDLED  ; pp.  INTERMEDDLING,  INTER- 
MEDDLED.] To  meddle  or  interpose  officiously 
or  improperly  ; to  interfere  ; to  intrude. 

The  practice  of  Spain  hath  been,  by  war  and  by  conditions 
of  treaty,  to  intermeddle  with  foreign  states,  and  declare  them- 
selves protcctors-gcneral  of  Catholics.  Bacon. 

Syn.  — See  Interfere. 

IN-TIJR-MED'DLE,  v.  a.  To  intermix;  to  mingle. 
“ To  intermeddle  retiredness  with  society.”  Hall. 

IN-T^R-MED'DLpR,  n.  One  who  intermeddles  ; 
an  intruder.  “ Officious  interineddlerf.”  Swift. 

IN-TpR-MED'DLING,  n.  Officious  interference. 
“ Iniquitous  intermeddling.”  Burke. 

IN'Tf.R-MEDE,  n.  [Fr.  intermede.]  A sort  of 
interlude  in  a drama  ; a short  musical  piece, 
generally  of  a burlesque  character  ; intermezzo. 

Brande. 

||  IN-T£R-ME'DI-A-CY,  n.  [inter  and  mediacy.] 
Interposition;  intervention,  [r.]  Derham. 

II  IN-T£R- ME'DI-AL  [in-ter-me'de-<tl,  P.  J.Ja.  Sm. 
R.  Wr.  ; in-tei--mc’dyal,  S.  E.  F.  K.  ; In-ter-me'- 
de-sil  or  lii-ter-rag'je-al,  IF.],  a.  [L.  interme- 
dins ; inter,  between,  and  medius,  the  middle.] 
Intervening  ; lying  between  ; intermediate. 

f IN-TJJR-ME'DI-AN,  a.  Intermediate.  Blount. 

||  IN-TJpR-ME'Df-A-RY,  a.  Intervening;  interme- 
diate ; intermedial.  Ld.  Campbell. 

II  IN-TER-ME'DI-A-RY,  n.  That  which  is  inter- 
mediate, as  a connecting  particle. 

Since  these  words  [infinitives,  as  in  the  example  “ A de- 
sire  to  excel,”]  are  preceded  by  the  particle  “to,”  this  modifi- 
cation might  perhaps  be  placed  among  those  united  to  the 
principal  word  by  an  intermediary.  But  there  is  good  reason 
to  doubt  whether  the  word  “ to”  is  really  in  this  case  a mere 
intermediary.  Mulligan. 

||  IN-TJJR-ME'DI- ATE,  a.  [L.  intermedins  ; It. 
inter  mediate ; Sp.  intermedio  ; Fr  .intermediate] 

1.  Lying  between  ; between  extremes  ; inter- 
vening ; interposed  ; interjacent. 

Those  general  natures  which  stand  between  the  nearest 
and  most  remote  are  called  intermediate.  Watts. 

2.  (Arith.  & Algebra.)  Noting  the  terms  of  a 
progression  between  the  first  and  the  last ; the 
means. 

Intermediate  state,  ( Thenl .)  the  state  of  the  soul  be- 
tween death  and  the  resurrection  of  the  body.  Hook. 


II  IN-T^R-ME'DI-ATE,  v.  n.  To  intervene  ; to  in- 
terpose. “ Intermediating  authority.”  Milton. 

II  IN-TjpR-ME'DJ-ATE-LY,  ad.  By  way  of  inter- 
mediation or  intervention.  Johnson. 

iN-TyR-ME-DI-A'TION,  n.  Act  of  intermediat- 
ing ; intervention  ; interposition.  Burke. 

IN-TER-ME'DI-UM,  n.  [L.] 

1.  Intermediate  space.  Coleridge. 

2.  An  intermediate  agent ; instrument. Roget. 

f IN-T£R-MELL',  v.  n.  [Fr . entremeler.]  To  in- 
termeddle ; to  meddle  ; to  interfere. 

To  bite,  to  gnaw,  and  boldly  intennell 

With  sacred  things.  Marston. 

f IN-TJgR-MELL',  v.  a.  To  mix  ; to  mingle. 

The  life  of  this  wretched  world  is  always  intermelled  with 
much  bitterness.  Bp.  Fisher. 

IN-TER'MIJNT,  n.  [Fr . enterrement . — See  Inter.] 
The  act  of  interring  a dead  body  ; burial ; sepul- 
ture ; inhumation.  Warton. 

Syn.  — See  Burial. 

IN-TJER-MEN'TION,  v.a.  [inter  and  mention.]  To 
mention  among  other  things,  [r.]  Brimstone. 

f IN-TER-MESS',  n.  A service  or  something  in- 
tervening. Evelyn. 

IJT-TER-MEZ  ' ZO  (-med'zo),  ft.  [It.]  (Mus.)  An 
interlude  ; an  intermede.  Smart. 

f IN-TJJR-mFCATE,  v.  n.  To  shine  between  or 
among.  Blount. 

IN-TJf  R-MI-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  intermico,  intermi- 
catus,  to  glitter  among ; inter,  between,  and  mico, 
to  glitter.]  A shining  between  or  among.  Smart. 

IN-TJJR-MI-GRA'TION,  n.  [L.  inter,  between,  and 
migro,  migratus,  to  remove.]  Reciprocal  mi- 
gration ; act  of  removing  from  one  dwelling  to 
another,  as  of  two  parties,  each  of  whom  takes 
the  dwelling-place  of  the  other.  Hale. 

IN-TER'MI-NA-BLE,  a.  [L.  interminabilis ; in, 
priv.,  and  termino,  to  end  ; terminus,  the  end ; 
It.  interminabile ; Sp.  Fr.  interminable.]  Hav- 
ing no  limits  ; unbounded ; boundless ; unlimit- 
ed ; immense.  “ The  interminable  sky.” 

Thomson. 

IN-TER'MI-NA-BLE,  11.  He  whom  no  limit  con- 
fines ; — applied  to  the  Deity. 

As  if  they  would  confine  the  Interminable.  Milton. 

IN-TER'MI-NA-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
interminable,  or  not  to  be  limited. 

IN-TER'MI-NA-BLY,  ad.  Without  end.  Wright. 

IN-TER'MI-NATE,  a.  [L.  interminatus .]  Un- 
bounded ; unlimited.  Chapman. 

f IN-TER'MI-NATE,  v.  a.  [L.  intermino,  intermi- 
natus.] To  threaten  ; to  menace.  Bp.  Hall. 

f IN-TER-MI-NA'TION,  n.  [L.  inter minatio.] 
A threatening  ; menace  ; threat.  Bp.  Taylor. 

f IN-TfJR-MiNED',  v.  a.  Intermixed  with  mines. 

Drayton. 

IN-TJJR-MIN'GLE  (-ming'gl),  v.  a.  [ inter  and  min- 
gle.] [i.  INTERMINGLED  ; pp.  INTERMINGLING, 
intermingled.]  To  mingle  one  with  another  ; 
to  blend  ; to  commingle  ; to  mix  together. 

I’ll  intermingle  every  thing  he  does 

With  Cassio’s  suit.  Shak. 

IN-TER-MIN'GLE,  v.  n.  To  be  mixed  or  incorpo- 
rated ; to  mingle.  Shak. 

j-IN'TBR-MIijiE,  n.  Interference;  interposition; 
intervention.  Bacon. 

IN-TIJR-MlS'SION  (-mlsh'un),  n.  [L.  intermis- 
sio  ; inter,  between,  and  mitto,  to  send ; It.  in- 
termissione  ; Sp.  intermision  ; Fr.  intermission.] 

1.  The  act  of  intermitting. 

2.  The  space  or  time  between  two  periods, 
performances,  events,  or  paroxysms  ; cessation 
for  a time  ; pause  ; rest ; intermediate  stop  ; in- 
terruption. 

The  peasants  work  on,  in  the  hottest  part  of  the  day,  with- 
out  intermission.  Locke. 

Rest  or  intennission  none  I find.  Milton. 

He  had  some  lucid  intermissions.  Byron. 

3.  f The  state  of  being  disused  ; desuetude. 

Words  borrowed  of  antiquity  have  the  authority  of  years, 
and  out  of  their  intermission  do  win  to  themselves  a kind  of 
grace-like  newness.  B.  Jonson. 

Syn.  — See  Cessation. 


IN-TJJR-MIS'SIVE,  a.  Coming  by  fits  ; alternat- 
ing; not  continual. 

Make  pleasure  thy  recreation  or  iutermissice  relaxation,  not 
thy  Diana,  life  and  profession.  Browne. 

IN-TJJR-MIT',  v.  a.  [L.  intermitto  ; inter , be- 
tween, and  mitto , to  send  ; It.  intermettere ; Sp. 
intermitir ; Fr.  entremettre.]  [*.  intermitted  ; 
pp.  intermitting,  intermitted.]  To  cause 
to  cease  for  a time  ; to  discontinue  a while ; to 
suspend ; to  interrupt. 

We  are  furnished  with  an  armor  from  heaven:  but  if  we 
are  remiss,  or  are  persuaded  to  lay  by  our  arms,  and  intermit 
our  guard,  we  may  be  surprised.  Rogers. 

IN-TJfJR-MIT',  v.  n.  To  cease  or  leave  off  for  a 
time  ; to  be  interrupted  ; to  abate. 

The  exact  time  when  your  courts  intermit.  Johnson. 

IN-TfJR-MIT'TfJNT,  a.  Ceasing,  and  returning, 
at  intervals  ; alternating  ; coming  by  fits. 

Short,  intermittent , or  swift-recurrent  pains.  Harvey. 

IN-T^R-MIT'T^NT,  n.  (Med.)  A disease  that 
has  intermissions  ; an  intermittent  fever  ; ague 
and  fever. 

The  symptoms  of  intermittents  are  those  of  a decided  and 
completely  marked  “ cold  stage.”  After  this  occurs  the  “ hot 
stage.”  Dunglison. 

IN-TER-MIT'TING,^.«.  Coming  by  fits.  Maunder. 

Intermitting  springs , springs  that  alternately  flow 
and  cease  to  flow  during  considerable  intervals  of 
time,  little  influenced  apparently  by  drouglU  or  rains. 
Such  springs  originate  from  reservoirs  in  the  interior 
of  hills  or  mountains,  the  channel  of  discharge  or  out- 
let of  which  has  such  a form  as  to  act  as  a siphon. 
The  spring  begins  to  flow  when  the  water  in  the  re- 
servoir is  high  enough  to  fill  the  siphon-like  outlet, 
and  continues  to  flow  till  it  has  sunk  below  the  origin 
of  the  outlet.  The  discharge  then  ceases  till  the  water 
in  the  reservoir  has  again  attained  its  previous  height. 

IN-TISR-MIT'TING-LY,  ad.  In  an  intermitting 
manner ; at  intervals  ; not  long  together. 

IN-T^R-MIX'  (in-ter-miks'),  v.  a.  [L.  intermisceo , 
inter  mi  xtus.\  [i.  intermixed  ; pp.  intermix- 
ing, intermixed.]  To  mingle  or  mix  together ; 
to  intermingle. 

Her  persuasions  she  intermixed  with  tears.  Hayward. 

IN-TJER-MlX',  v.  n.  To  be  intermingled,  or  mixed 
together  ; to  mingle.  Johnson. 

IN-TJER-mIx'BD-LY,  ad.  In  the  manner  of  a 
mixture ; with  intermixture.  Locke. 

IN-Tf R-MlXT'URE  (-mlkst'yur),  n.  1.  A mass 
formed  by  mingling  bodies  ; a mixture.  Boyle. 

2.  Something  additional  mingled  in  a mass  ; 
a sprinkling  ; an  interspersion  ; an  admixture. 
“An  intermixture  of  levity  and  folly.”  Bacon. 

IN-TJER-MO-BILT-TY,  n.  [L.  inter,  between,  and 
mobilis,  movable.]  The  freedom  or  facility  of 
motion  of  the  particles  of  fluids  among  them- 
selves. Brande. 

IN-TJJR-MO-DILL'ION  (-yun),  n.  [inter  and  mo- 
dillion.]  (Arch.)  The  space  between  two  mo- 
dillions,  which  is  equal  throughout  the  entab- 
lature. Brande. 

IN-TIJR-MON'TANE,  a.  [L.  inter,  between,  and 
montanus,  relating  to  a mountain ; mons,  mon- 
tis,  a mountain.]  Between  mountains.  Wright. 

IN-TJpR-MUN'DANE,  a.  [L.  inter,  between,  and 
mundanus,  mundane;  mundus,  the  world.]  Be- 
ing between  worlds  or  orbs. 

The  vast  distances  between  these  great  bodies  are  called 
intennundane  spaces.  Locke. 

IN-TIJR-MUN'DI-AN,  a.  Intennundane.  Coleridge. 

IN-TBR-MU'RAL,  a.  [L.  intcrmuralis  ; inter,  be- 
tween, and  murus,  a wall.]  Lying  between 
ivalls.  Ainsworth. 

IN-TpR-MUS'CU-LAR,  a.  [L.  inter,  between,  and 
musculus,  a muscle  ; It.  iutcrmuscolare  ; F r.  in- 
termusculaire.]  Between  the  muscles. Dunglison. 

IN-TBR-MU-TA'TION,  n.  [inter  and  mutation .] 
Mutual  change  ; interchange.  Smart. 

tlN-TJJR-MUT'U-AL,  a.  [inter  and  mutual .] 
Mutual.  “ By  intermutual  vows.”  Daniel. 

t IN-TF.R-MUT'U-AL-LY,  ad.  Mutually.  Daniel. 

t JN-TERN',  a.  Internal.  Howell. 

IN-TER'NAL,  a.  [L.  intemus ; It.  § Sp.  interno  ; 
Fr.  interne.] 

1.  Within  limits  or  bounds;  inward;  interior; 

I inner ; not  external. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — C,  9,  9,  g,  soft;  G,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  ^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 

97 


INTERNALITY 


770  INTERPRETATION 


2.  Relating  to  the  mind  or  the  soul  ; spirit- 
ual ; — not  literal ; as,  “ Internal  meaning.” 

With  blindness  internal  struck.  Milton. 

3.  Not  depending  on  external  accidents  ; in- 
trinsic ; not  imaginary  ; real.  Rogers. 

4.  Relating  to  one’s  own  country  ; domestic  ; 
not  foreign.  “ Internal  regulations.”  Canning. 

5.  (Geoin.)  Noting  angles  formed  within  any 
rectilinear  figure  by  its  sides  ; — noting  angles 
formed  between  two  parallels  by  those  parallels 
respectively  and  an  intersecting  line.  Davies. 

Alternate  internal  angles,  two  angles  formed  between 
two  parallels  by  those  parallels  respectively  and  an 
intersecting  line,  but  on  opposite  sides  of  the  inter- 
secting line.  Hatton. 

Syn.  — Internal  is  opposed  to  external ; interior,  to 
exterior  ; intrinsic,  to  extrinsic  ; inward,  to  outward ; 
inner,  to  outer ; spiritual,  to  corporeal,  material , natu- 
ral, or  literal.  Internal  peace  or  satisfaction  ; interior 
parts  ; intrinsic  or  real  value  ; inward  thoughts  ; inner 
man,  or  inner  court ; spiritual  life  ; spiritual  or  inter- 
nal sense  or  meaning. 

LV-Tf.R-NAL'I-Ty,  it.  The  quality  of  being  in- 
ternal or  within,  [r.]  Clissold. 

IN-TER'NAL-LY,  ad.  Inwardly ; beneath  the 
surface  ; — mentally  ; intellectually.  Bp.  Taylor. 

IN-TER-NA''TiON-AL  (in-ter-nash'un-al),  a.  [Fr.] 
Relating  to  the  intercourse  between  different 
nations  ; common  to  two  or  more  nations  ; as, 
“ International  conventions.”  Ld.  Castlereagh, 
ISIS.  “ International  law.”  Story. 

“ We  ought  not  to  forget  that  we  owe  interna- 
tional to  Jeremy  Bentham,  a word  at  once  so  conven- 
ient, and  supplying  so  real  a need,  that  it  was,  with 
manifest  advantage,  at  once  adopted  by  all.”  Trench. 

iN-TJJR-XA''TION-AL-JST,  n.  An  upholder  of 
international  law. 

In  the  days  of  Elizabeth,  the  publicists  of  England,  both 
as  constitutionalists  and  internationalists,  in  so  far  us  inter- 
national law  was  then  understood,  had  nothing  to  fear  from 
a comparison  with  their  continental  rivals.  iV.  Brit.  liev. 

IX-TER-NE'OI-A-RY  (in-ter-ne'she-j-re),  a.  Mu- 
tually destructive ; exterminating.  Mackintosh. 

IN-TER-NEtp'I-N  AL,  a.  Mutually  destructive  ; 
interneciary.  Qu.  Rev. 

IX-TJiR-XE'CIXE,  a.  [L.  intemecinns ; interneco, 
to  kill.]  Mutually  destroying  or  destructive  ; 
mortal ; deadly.  Hudibras. 

“An  evil  and  adulterous  generation,”  marked  out  for  in- 
testine and  internecine  strife.  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

IX-TfR-NE'CION  fln-ter-ne'shun),  n.  [L.  inter- 
necio.\  Mutual  slaughter  or  destruction  ; mas- 
sacre ; general  slaughter ; extermination.  Hale. 

IX-TpR-XE'CI  VE,  a.  [L.  internecivus.]  Same  as 
Interneciary.  Sydney  Smith.  Carlyle. 

flN-TpR-NEC’TION,  n.  [L.  internecto , to  bind 
together.]  Connection.  Mountagu. 

IN'TfR-NODE,  n.  [L.  inter , between,  and  nodus, 
a knot.]  (Bot.)  The  interval  or  part  of  a stem 
between  two  nodes.  Gray. 

1N-Tf  R-NO'DI-AL,  a.  Between  joints,  nodes,  or 
knots.  Browne. 

IN' TER  JYOS.  [L.]  Between  ourselves. 

IX-Tf  R-NUN'CIAL,  a.  Relating  to  an  internun- 
cio. More. 

EY-TpR-NUN'CI-O  (-she-o),  n.  [L.  internuncius  ; 
inter,  between,  and  nuncius,  a messenger;  It. 
internunzio  ; Sp.  internuncio  ; Fr  .internonce.] 

1.  A messenger  between  two  parties.  Milton. 

2.  An  envoy  of  the  pope,  sent  to  small  states 

and  republics;  — distinguished  from  a nuncio, 
who  represents  the  pope  at  the  courts  of  emper- 
ors and  kings.  Brande. 

In-TER-O-CE-AN'IC,  a.  Existing  between,  or 
connecting,  different  oceans  ; lying  between  two 
seas.  E.  Everett. 

iN-TpR-OC'L'-LAR,  a.  [L.  inter,  between,  and 
ocularis,  pertaining  to  the  eyes.]  ( Ent.)  Ap- 
plied to  the  antennae  of  an  insect,  which  are  in- 
serted any  where  between  the  eyes.  Maunder. 

IX-TER-OR'BI-TAL,  a.  [L.  inter  and  orbis,  a 
circle.]  Situated  between  the  orbits.  Maunder. 

IX-TJJR-OS'SEAL,  a.  Same  as  Interosseous. 

IX-T£R-oS'SF-OUS  (In-ter-osh’e-us),  a.  [L .inter, 
between,  and  os,  a bone;  It.  interosseo ; Fr.  in- 
terosseux.]  ( Anal .)  Noting  parts,  as  arteries, 


muscles,  ligaments,  &c.,  situated  between  the 
bones.  Dunglison. 

IN-TER-PALE',  v.  a.  To  place  pales  between  : — 
to  interlace.  Brande. 

IN-TpR-PAu§E',  n.  A pause  between.  Daniel. 

f IN-TgR-PEAL',  .v.  a.  [L . interpcllo .]  To  inter- 
rupt in  speaking;  to  interpel.  Henry  More. 

flX-TJJR-PEL’,  v.  a.  To  interrupt.  B.  Jonson. 

In-TER-PEL-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  interpellatio  ; It. 
intcrpellazione  ; Sp.  intcrpelacion  ; Fr.  interpel- 
lation,.] 

1.  Act  of  interrupting  one  who  speaks. 

“ By  rude  interpellation.”  Henry  More. 

2.  Earnest  address  ; intercession.  Bp.  Taylor. 

3.  ( Civil  Law.)  The  act  by  which,  in  conse- 

quence of  an  agreement,  the  party  bound  de- 
clares that  he  will  not  be  bound  beyond  a cer- 
tain time.  Bouvier. 

IN-TJER-PEN'p-TRATE,  v.  a.  [ inter  and  pene- 
trate.] To  penetrate  within.  Shelley. 

IN-TER-PEN-e-TRA'TION,  n.  Interior  penetra- 
tion. [r.]  Coleridge. 

IN-T1JR-PET' AL-A-RY,  a.  [inter  and  petal.] 
(Bot.)  Situated  between  petals.  Smith. 

IN-TER-PET'I-O-LAR,  a.  [L.  inter,  between,  and 
petiolus,  a little  foot.]  (Bot.)  Noting  stipules 
occupying  the  space  between  the  petioles  of 
opposite  leaves.  Gray. 

IN-TER-PI-LAs'TpR,  ii.  [inter  and  pilaster.] 
(Arch.)  The  space  between  two  pilasters,  which 
is  adjusted  by  the  same  rules  as  intercolumnia- 
tion.  Brande. 

IN-T^R-PLACE,  v.  a.  To  place  between.  Daniel. 

IN-TfR-PLEAD',  v.  a.  [inter  and  plead.  — Fr. 
entreplaider.]  [i.  interpleaded  ; pp.  inter- 
pleading, interpleaded.]  (Law.)  In  an- 
cient practice,  to  discuss  or  try  a point  inciden- 
tally arising,  before  the  principal  cause  can  be 
determined,  by  making  the  parties  concerned 
litigate  it  between  them  : — in  modern  practice, 
to  settle  a question  of  right  to  certain  property 
or  money  adversely  claimed  by  the  litigation  of 
the  claimants,  for  the  benefit  or  security  of  a 
third  person  who  holds  the  property  or  money 
claimed,  but  is  in  doubt  to  which  party  he  shall 
pay  or  deliver  it.  Burrill. 

IN-TpR-PLEAD'JJR,  n.  (Law.)  One  who  inter- 
pleads.— A mode  of  obtaining  the  settlement  of 
a question  of  right  to  certain  property  or  money 
adversely  claimed,  by  compelling  the  parties 
claiming  it  to  interplead,  or  litigate  the  title  be- 
tween themselves,  for  the  benefit  and  relief  of 
a third  person  of  whom  they  claim.  Bumll. 

IN-TpR-PLED^E',  v.  a.  To  give  and  take  mutu- 
ally as  a pledge.  Davenant. 

IN-TER-POINT',  v.  a.  [i.  interpointed  ; pp.  in- 
terpointing, INTER  POINTED.]  To  distinguish 
by  spots  or  marks  ; to  point.  Daniel. 

IN-TER'PO-LATE  [in-ter'po-lat,  S.  IF.  P.  J.  E.  F. 
Ja.  II.  Sm.  Wr.  ; in'ter-po-lat,  Wb.],  v.  a.  [L. 
interpolo,  interpolatus ; inter,  between,  and  po- 
lio, to  polish  ; It.  interpolate  ; Sp.  intcrpolar ; 
Fr.  interpoler.]  [i.  interpolated;  pp.  in- 
terpolating, INTERPOLATED.] 

1.  t To  renew  ; to  repeat  at  intervals. 

The  alluvion  of  the  sea  upon  those  rocks  might  be  eter- 
nally continued,  but  interpolated.  Hale. 

2.  To  insert,  as  a spurious  word  or  passage, 
in  a manuscript  or  book  ; to  foist  into  a place. 

Another  law,  which  was  cited  by  Solon,  or,  as  some  think, 
interpolated  by  him  for  that  purpose.  Pope. 

3.  To  alter  by  inserting  something  new. 

How  strangely  Ignatius  is  mangled  and  interpolated,  you 
may  see  by  the  vast  difference  of  all  copies  and  editions* 
Greek  and  Latin.  Bp.  Barlow. 

4.  (Math.  & Physics.)  To  introduce,  in  order 

to  complete  a partial  series  of  numbers,  or  ob- 
servations, one  or  more  intermediate  terms 
which  shall  conform  to  the  law  of  that  part  of 
the  series  which  is  complete.  Hutton. 

IN-TER’PO-LAT-ED,  p.  a.  1.  Foisted  in  ; insert- 
ed spuriously  or  improperly. 

2.  Altered  by  having  something  foisted  in. 

3.  (Math.)  Noting  a term  or  terms  introduced 

into  a series  by  interpolation.  Davies. 

IN-TER-PO-LA'TION,  11.  [L.  intcrpolatio  ; It.  in- 


terpolazione ; Sp.  interpolacion-,  Fr.  interpola- 
tion.] Jortin. 

1.  The  act  of  interpolating. 

2.  Something  interpolated,  added  to,  or  foist- 
ed into,  the  original  matter.  Hanmer. 

3.  (Math.  & Physics.)  The  operation  of  find- 
ing, in  order  to  complete  a partial  series  of  num- 
bers or  observations,  one  or  more  intermediate 
terms,  which  shall  conform  to  the  law  of  that 
part  of  the  series  which  is  complete.  Hutton. 

IN-TER'PO-LA-TQR  [in-ter'po-la-tur,  S.  IF.  P.  J. 
F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  Wr. ; Tn'ter-pp-la-tur,  Wb.],  n. 
[L.]  One  who  interpolates.  Warton. 

IN-TEU-POL'ISH,  v.  a.  [ inter  and  polish.]  To 
polish  between ; to  polish  anew.  Milton. 

IN-TJER-PONE',  v.  a.  [L.  interpono ; inter,  be- 
tween, and  pono,  to  place.]  To  set  or  insert  be- 
tween. [r.]  Wright. 

iN-TjpR-PO'NJENT,  n.  lie  who,  or  that  which,  in- 
terposes. [u.]  Heyicood. 

.IN-TJJR-PO'^AL,  11.  1.  Agency  between  two  per- 
sons ; interposition  ; interference.  South- 

2.  State  of  being  placed  between.  “ By  the 
interposal  of  the  benignant  element.”  Glanvill. 

IN-T Elt- PO.'jE',  v.  a.  [L.  interpono,  interpositus  ; 
inter,  between,  and  pono,  to  place;  It.  intcr- 
porre ; Sp . entreponer ; Fr.  interposer.]  [i.  in- 
terposed ; pp.  INTERPOSING,  INTERPOSED.] 
To  put  or  place  between  or  among ; to  thrust  in  ; 
to  present  as  an  interruption,  obstruction,  or 
inconvenience,  or  as  a succor  or  relief. 

Human  frailty  will  too  often  inteipose  itself  among  persons 
of  the  holiest  function.  Swift. 

The  common  father  of  mankind  seasonably  interposed  his 
hand,  and  rescued  miserable  man  out  of  the  gross  stupidity 
and  sensuality  wherein  he  was  plunged.  IVootiwara. 

IN-TpR-PO^E',  v.  n.  1.  To  act  in  a friendly  man- 
ner between  two  parties  ; to  mediate  ; to  inter- 
cede. Dryden. 

2.  To  make  a remark  by  way  of  interruption. 

But,  intci-poses  Eleutherius,  this  objection  may  be  made 
indeed  against  almost  any  hypothesis.  Boyle. 

Syn.  — See  Intercede. 

f IN'TJJR-PO§E,  11.  Interposal.  Spenser. 

IN-TJJR-P6§'f,R,  11.  One  who  interposes  ; a me- 
diator. “ Interposer  ’twixt  us  twain.”  Shak. 

IN-TJJR-PO^'IT,  n.  A place  of  deposit  between 
one  commercial  city,  or  one  commercial  nation, 
and  another.  Mitford. 

IN-TpR-PO-Sl''TION  (In-ter-po-zlsh'un),  n.  [L. 
interpositio ; It.  interposizione ; Sp.  interposi- 
cion\  Fr.  interposition.] 

1.  The’act  of  interposing;  the  act  of  placing, 

or  coming,  between.  Addison. 

2.  Intervenient  agency  ; friendly  agency  be- 
tween parties  ; mediation ; intervention. Addison. 

Though  warlike  successes  carry  in  them  often  the  evi- 
dences of  a divine  inter position,  yet  they  are  no  sure  marks 
of  the  divine  favor.  Atterbury. 

3.  Something  interposed.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Intervention. 

f IX-TER-PO'§URE  (ln-ter-po'zlmr),  n.  Act  of 
interposing ; interposition.  Glanvill. 

IN-TER'PRJT,  v.  a.  [L.  interpretor;  interpres, 
an  interpreter.  — “Perhaps  inter,  between,  and 
partes,  parties.”  Sullivan.  — It.  interpretare ; 
Sp.  interpretar ; Fr.  interpreter.]  [i.  inter- 
preted; pp.  interpreting,  interpreted.] 
To  explain  ; to  expound ; to  make  intelligible 
to  another,  as  by  translating  an  unknown  into 
a known  language,  or  unknown  into  known 
signs ; to  translate  ; to  elucidate  ; to  decipher. 

Pharaoh  told  them  his  dreams;  but  there  was  none  that 
could  intci'jiret  them  unto  Pharaoh.  Gen.  xli.  8. 

Syn.  — See  Explain. 

IN-TER'PRIJT-A-BLE,  a.  [L.  intcrpretabilis  ; It. 
interpretcibile ; Sp.  interpretable-,  Fr.  interpre- 
table.] Capable  of  being  interpreted  or  trans- 
lated. Collier. 

f IN-TER'PRJS-TA-MENT,  n.  [L.  interpret  amen- 
tum.\  Interpretation ; exposition.  Milton. 

IN-TER-PRE-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  inteipretatio ; It. 
interpretazione ; Sp.  intcrpretacion ; Fr.  inter- 
pretation.] 

1.  The  act  of  interpreting  or  rendering  a thing 
intelligible  to  another ; translation:  version. 

-2.  The  sense  or  meaning  given  by  an  inter- 
preter ; an  explanation  ; an  exposition. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  0,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  !,  6,  U,  Y,  short; 


A,  E,  I,  O,  IT,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


INTERPRETATIVE 


771 


INTERTANGLE 


Charity,  I hope,  ronstrnincth  no  man  to  lean  to  the  hardest 
anil  worst  interpretation  that  their  words  can  carry.  Hooker. 

3.  f The  power  of  explaining.  Bacon. 

4.  (Math.)  The  process  of  explaining  special 

results  arrived  at  by  the  application  of  general 
mathematical  rules  or  formulae.  Davies. 

Syn.  — See  Explain. 

JN-TER'PRJJ-TA-TIVE,  a.  [It.  interpetrativo ; 
Sp.  interpretative  ; Fr.  interpretatif .] 

1.  Collected  by  interpretation. 

The  rejecting  their  additions  may  justly  be  deemed  an 
interpretative  siding  with  heresies.  Hammond. 

2.  Containing  explanation  or  interpretation  ; 
expositive.  “ Interpretative  of  meaning.”  Barrow. 

JN-TER'PRE-TA-TIVE-LY,  ad.  By  way  of  inter- 
pretation. Bay. 

IN-TKR'PRET-IJR,  n.  One  who  interprets. 

JN-TER'PRpT-ING,  p.  a.  Explaining;  giving  in- 
terpretation ; translating. 

lN-TpR-PUNC'TION  (In-ter-pungk'sliun),  n.  [L.  in- 
terpunctio  ; interpunyo,  to  interpoint ; inter , be- 
tween, and  pungo,  to  point;  It.  interpunzione .] 
The  act  of  interpointing ; a placing  of  points 
between  words ; punctuation.  Dr.  Jackson. 

IN-TRR-RE-CEIVE',  v.  a.  To  receive  between  or 
within.  Wright. 

lN-TJSR-RE'CEi\-CY,  n.  The  space  of  time,  or 
the  government,  while  there  is  no  lawful  sov- 
ereign on  the  throne  ; an  interregnum.  Blount. 

IN-  TF. R-REQ  'NUM,  n.  [L.]  The  time  in  which 
a throne  is  vacant  between  the  death  or  abdica- 
tion of  one  sovereign  and  the  accession  of  an- 
other : — also  a term  applied  to  the  vacancy  cre- 
ated in  the  executive  power,  and  to  any  vacancy 
which  occurs  when  there  is  no  government. 
“ The  late  ministerial  interregnum.”  Macaulay. 

The  interregnum  on  that  occasion  [the  abdication  and  flight 
of  James  II.]  lasted  two  months  longer  in  Scotland  than  in 
England.  Bond.  Ency. 

IN-TpR-REIGN'  (in-ter-ran'),  n.  [L.  interregnum  ; 
Fr.  interregna.]  An  interregnum.  Bacon. 

JN-TER'RIJR,  n.  One  who  inters.  Cotgrave. 

IN'  TF.R-REX  [In'ter-reks,  K.  I IT).  Ash,  Crabb, 
Braude],  n.  [L.]  One  who  discharges  the  roy- 
al authority  between  the  death  of  one  king  and 
the  accession  of  another ; a regent  during  an 
interregnum.  Arnold. 

IN-TER'RO-GATE,  v.  a.  [L.  interrogo,  interroga- 
tus  ; inter,  between,  and  rogo,  to  ask ; It.  inter- 
rogare;  Sp.  interrogar ; Fr.  interroguer.]  [i. 

INTERROGATED  ; pp.  INTERROGATING,  INTER- 
ROGATED.] To  examine  by  asking  questions ; 
to  question  ; to  inquire  of ; to  ask ; to  cate- 
chise ; as,  “To  interrogate  a witness.” 

Syn.  — See  Ask,  Inquire. 

JN-TER'RO-GATE,  v.  n.  To  put  questions  ; to 
make  inquiries ; to  ask.  “ He  could  interro- 
gate touching  beauty.”  Bacon. 

T IN-TER'RO-GATE,  n.  A question  put ; inquiry. 
“ The  following  interrogate.”  Bp.  Hall. 

lN-TER'RO-GA-TEE',  n.  One  who  is  interrogated ; 
one  who  is  questioned.  Brit.  Crit. 

JN-TER-RO-GA'TION,  n.  [L.  interrogatio  ; It.  in- 
terrogazione ; Sp.  interrogacion ; Fr.  interroga- 
tion!] 

1.  The  act  of  interrogating  or  questioning. 

2.  A question  put ; an  inquiry ; an  interroga- 

tory. “This  variety  is  obtained  by  interroga- 
tions to  things  inanimate.”  Pope. 

Pray  you,  spare  me 
Further  interrogation , which  boots  nothing 
Except  to  turn  a trial  to  debate.  Byron. 

3.  A note  or  point,  thus  [ ? ],  denoting  a ques- 
tion or  query.  Murray. 

IN-TJPR-ROG'A-TIVE,  a.  [L.  interrogations  ; It. 

Sp.  interrogativo ; Fr.  interrogatif.]  Asking 
a question  ; denoting  a question  ; interrogatory. 
“The  interrogative  point.”  Harris. 

IN-TER-ROG'A-TIVE,  n.  (Gram.)  A pronoun 
or  other  word  used  in  asking  questions ; as, 
who,  what,  which,  whether,  why.  Harris. 

IN-TIJR-ROG'A-TIVE-LY,  ad.  In  an  interrogative 
manner  ; in  form  of  a question.  Hurd. 


(N-TER'RO-GA-TOR,  n.  [L.]  One  who  interro- 
gates or  questions  ; a questioner.  Harris. 

IN-T^R-ROG'A-TO-RY,  n.  [It.  If  Sp.  interroga- 
torio  ; Fr.  interrogatoire.]  A question  ; an  in- 
quiry ; a query. 

He  with  no  more  civility  began  in  captious  manner  to  put 
interrogatories  unto  him.  Sidney. 

figp  “ Interrogatory,  in  English  legal  proceedings, 
is  usually  applied  to  a written  question,  in  distinction 
to  questions  put  viva  voce.”  Richardson. 

Syn.  — See  (Query. 

IN-TER-ROG'A-TO-RY,  a.  [L.  interrogatorius.] 
Containing  or  expressing  a question  ; interrog- 
ative. “ An  interrogatory  sentence.”  Johnson. 

IN  TF.R-RO ' REM.  [L.]  By  way  of  threat  or 
terror  ; in  order  to  terrify. 

IN-TpR-RUPT',  v.  a.  [L.  interrumpo,  interrup- 
ts ; inter,  between,  and  rumpo,  to  break  ; It.  in- 
terrompere  ; Sp.  interromper ; Fr.  interrompre .] 
[i.  INTERRUPTED  ; pp.  INTERRUPTING,  INTER- 
RUPTED.] 

1.  To  stop  or  hinder  by  breaking  in  upon  ; to 
prevent  from  proceeding ; to  disturb. 

Answer  not  before  thou  hast  heard  the  cause;  neither  in- 
terrupt men  in  the  midst  of  their  talk.  Ecclus.  xi.  8. 

He  might  securely  enough  have  engaged  his  body  of  horse 
against  their  whole  inconsiderable  army,  there  being  neither 
tree  nor  bush  to  interrupt  his  charge.  Clarendon. 

2.  To  divide  ; to  separate  ; to  destroy  the  con- 
tinuity of.  Johnson. 

Syn.  — See  Disturb. 

IN-TpR-R(JPT',  a.  Containing  a chasm;  broken. 
“ Abyss  wide  interrupt.”  [r.]  Milton. 

IN-TIJR-RUPT'ED,  p.  a.  ( Bot .)  Noting  parts  of 
plants  whose  symmetrical  arrangement  is  de- 
stroyed by  local  causes.  Lindley. 

IN-TIJR-RUPT'^D-LY,  ad.  With  interruption  or 
stoppages  ; not  in  continuity. 

Interruptedly  pinnate , (Bot.)  pinnate  with  small 
leaves  intermixed  with  larger  ones.  Gray. 

IN-TER-RUPT'BR,  n.  One  who  interrupts.  South. 

IN-TER-RUP'TION  (ln-ter-rup'shun),  n.  [L.  inter- 
ruptio ; It.  interruzione  ; Sp.  interrupcion ; Fr. 
interruption.] 

1.  The  act  of  interrupting,  or  the  state  of  be- 
ing interrupted  ; hinderance  ; stop  ; obstruction. 

It  suffers  interruption  and  delay. 

And  meets  with  hinderance  in  the  smoothest  way.  Cowper. 

2.  Intervention  ; interposition,  [r.] 

Places  severed  from  the  continent  by  the  interruption  of 
the  sea.  Hale. 

3.  Intermission  ; discontinuance  ; cessation. 

Amidst  the  interruptions  of  his  sorrow.  Addison. 

IN-T£R-RUP'TIVE,  a.  Causing  interruption  ; 
causing  an  intermission.  Coleridge. 

IN-TIJR-RUP'TIVE-LY,  ad.  By  interruption.  Wr. 

IN-TER-SCAP'U-LAR,  a.  [inter  and  scapular.] 
Placed  between  the  shoulders.  Dunglison. 

IN-TER-SCEND'JJNT,  a.  (Algebra.)  Noting  quan- 
tities the  exponents  of  whose  powers  are  radical 
quantities.  Hutton. 

IN-TF.R-SCIND'  (-slnd'),  v.  a.  To  cut  off.  Bailey. 

IN-TER-SCRIBE',  v.  a.  [L.  inter,  between,  and 
scribo,  to  write.]  To  write  between.  Bailey. 

IN-T£R-SE'CANT,  a.  [L  interseco,  intersecans,. 
to  cut  through  ; It.  intersecante .]  Dividing  into 
parts.  Bailey. 

IN-TER-SEOT',  v.  a.  [L.  interseco,  intersectus  ; 
inter,  between,  and  seen,  to  cut.]  [*.  inter- 
sected ; pp.  INTERSECTING,  INTERSECTED.]  To 
cut,  divide,  or  cross  mutually.  Browne. 

IN-TJ<)R-SECT',  v.  ii.  To  meet  and  cross  each 
other,  as  two  lines. 

Two  lines  are  said  to  intersect  when  they  cross  each  other, 
having  a point  in  common.  Davies. 

IN-TJER-SEC'TION,  n.  [L.  intersectio  ; It.  inter- 
sezione ; Sp.  interseccion  ; Fr.  intersection .] 

1.  The  act  of  intersecting  ; a cutting  in  two. 

2.  (Geom.)  The  cutting  of  one  line  or  one 

plane  by  another;  — the  point  or  the  line  in 
which  two  lines,  two  planes,  or  a line  and  a 
plane  cut  each  other.  Hutton. 

IN-TER-SEM'I-NATE,  v.  a.  To  sow  between  or 
among.  Wright. 


IN-TF.R-SERT',  v.  a.  [L.  interscro,  inter  sort  its.] 
To  put  in  between  ; to  insert.  Brercwood. 

iN-T£R-SER'TION,  ii.  An  insertion.  Hammond. 

IN-TIJR-SET',  v.  a.  To  set  or  put  between.  Daniel. 

iN-TJpR-SHOCK',  v.  a.  [ inter  and  shock.)  To 
shock  mutually.  Daniel. 

IN-T£R-SO'CIAL  (-so'shsd),  a.  Having  mutual 
intercourse  or  connection  ; mutual.  Roget. 

IN-TpR-SOM'NI-OUS,  a.  [L.  inter,  between,  and 
sonatas,  sleep.]  Between  the  times  of  sleep- 
ing ; in  the  interval  of  waking,  [it.]  Dublin  Rev. 

IN-TIJR-SOUR',  v.  a.  [ inter  and  sour.]  To  mix 
sourness  with,  [r.]  Daniel. 

IN'TpR-SPACE,  n.  [inter  and  space.]  Interven- 
ing space  ; the  space  between.  Todd. 

IN'TJJR-SPEECH,  n.  [inter  ant),  speech.]  A speech 
interposed  between  others.  Blount. 

IN-TIJR-SPERSE',  v.  a.  [L.  interspergo,  inter- 
spersits  ; inter,  between,  and  spargo,  to  scatter  ; 
It.  interspergere.]  [i.  interspersed  ; pp.  in- 
terspersing, INTERSPERSED.] 

1.  To  scatter  here  and  there  among  other 

things.  “ Care  is  taken  to  intersperse  these  ad- 
ditions.” Swift. 

2.  To  diversify  by  being  scattered  here  and 

there.  “ Gardens  interspersed  with  flowery 
beds.”  Cowper. 

It  would  be  an  endless  task  to  point  ou4  every  latent  beau- 
ty, every  unnoticed  elegance,  with  which  these  productions 
are  interspersed.  < 'arming, 

IN-T^R-S  PER 'SION,  n.  The  act  of  interspersing. 

IN-TlJR-SPl'NOUS,  a.  [inter  and  spine.]  ( Anat .) 
Being  between  the  spinous  bones.  Roget. 

IN-Ty  R-SPI-RA'TION,  n.  [inter  and  spiration.] 
Inspiration  at  intervals. 

What  gracious  respites  are  here,  what  favorable  interspira- 
tions.  Bp.  Hall. 

IN-TpR-STATE',  a.  [inter  and  state.]  ( Law .) 
Existing  between  different  states.  J.  Story. 

IN-TJJR-STEI/LAR,  a.  [L.  inter,  between,  and 
stclla,  a star;  It.  intrastellare ; Fr.  interstel- 
laire .]  ( Astron .)  Intervening  between  the  stars  ; 
noting  parts  of  the  universe  without  and  beyond 
the  limits  of  the  solar  system.  Hutton. 

IN-TER-STEL'LA-Ry,  a.  Situated  between  the 
stars ; interstellar.  Clarke. 

lN'TJJR-STlCE,  or  IN-TER'STICE  [in'ter-stls,  P. 
J.  F.  Wb.  Johnson,  Ash,  Scott,  Bailey  ; jn-ter'- 
stjs,  S.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  R.  C.  Kenrick,  Nares,  Rees, 
Wr.;  in'ter-stls  or  jn-tcr'stjs,  IF.],  n.  [L.inter- 
stitium ; inter,  between,  and  sto,  to  stand ; It.  in- 
terstizio;  Sp.  intersticio  ; Fr  .interstice.] 

1.  Space  between  one  thing  and  another,  es- 
pecially between  things  closely  set ; a small  in- 
tervening space  ; interspace  ; interval.  Newton. 

2.  An  intervening  period  of  time.  “ The 

interstices  of  time.”  Ayliffe. 

tfff-  “ Wr.  Sheridan,  Dr.  Kenrick,  Mr.  Nares,  Bu- 
chanan, W.  Johnston.  Mr.  Perrv,  and  Mr.  Barclay 
place  the  accent  on  the  second  syllable  of  this  word  ; 
and  Dr.  Johnson,  Dr.  Ash,  Mr.  Scott,  Bailey,  and  En- 
ticic,  on  t lie  first.  I do  not  hesitate  a moment  to  pro- 
nounce this  the  better  accentuation.”  Walker. 

f IN-TER-STINC'TI  VE,  a.  [L . inter stinetus.]  Dis- 
tinguishing. “ The  intcrstinctive  points.”  Wallis. 

IN-TfJR-STI''TIAL  (-stish'sd),  a.  Containing,  or 
relating  to,  interstices  ; intermediate.  Browne. 

f IN-Tp R-STI"TION  (stlsh'un),  n.  A time  inter- 
vening. Gower. 

IN-T?R-STRAT-I-FI-GA'TION,  n.  [inter  and  strat- 
if  cation.]  ( Geol .)  The  subdivision  of  a depos- 
it by  layers  of  other  substances. 

The  interstratification  of  loess  with  la3rcrs  of  pumice  and 
volcanic  ashes.  Lytll. 

IN-TpR-STRAT'I-FIED  (-fid),  a.  (Geol.) 

1.  Noting  deposits  subdivided  by  layers  of 

other  rocks  or  substances.  C.  T.  Jackson. 

2.  Noting  a stratum  or  bed  contained  within 
another  stratum  or  bed. 

Bent  and  undulating  gypseous  marls  occur  with  here  and 
there  thin  beds  interst  ratified.  Lyell. 

IN-T^R-TAIN',  v.  a.  See  Entertain.  Vdal. 

f IN-TER-TALK'  (-tiwk'),  v.  n.  To  exchange 
conversation  ; to  talk  together.  Carew. 

IN-Tf.R-TAN'GLE,  v.  a.  [inter  and  tangle.]  To 
intertwist ; to  intertwine.  Beau.  $ FI. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BI>LL,  BUR,  ROLE.  — g,  <?,  g,  soft;  0,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  £ as  gz.—  THIS,  this. 


INTERTEX 


772 


INTIMATE 


f IN-T^R-TEX',  v.  a.  To  interweave.  B.Jonson. 

IN-T^R-TEX'TIJRE  (-tekst'ynr),  n.  [L.  intertexo, 
intertextus  ; inter,  between,  and  texo,  to  weave.] 
The  act  of  interweaving,  or  the  state  of  being 
interwoven ; diversification. 

There  is  an  intertexture  of  prosperity  and  adversity  in  the 
fortunes  of  virtuous  men.  Goodman. 

iN'TpR-TlE,  ».  [inter  and  tie.]  {Arch.)  A hor- 
izontal piece  of  timber  framed  between  two 
posts  to  keep  them  together.  Brande. 

IN-TJJR-Tls'SUED  (-tlsh’ud),  a.  [inter  and  tissue.'] 
Wrought  with  joint  tissue.  Wright. 

IN'TIJR— TRAF'FIC,  71.  Traffic  of  one  with 
another  ; mutual  traffic.  Bacon. 

iN-TJJR-TRAN-SPlC'lT-OUS,  a.  [ inter  and  tran- 
spicuous.) ' Transpicuous  or  transparent  be- 
tween the  parts,  [u.]  Shelley. 

JJV-  TER-  TRl ' G 5,  n.  [L.]  {Mccl.)  Erosion  of 
the  skin;  chafing;  — particularly  the  red  exco- 
riation between  the  folds  of  the  skin,  as  in  fat 
or  neglected  children.  Dunglison. 

IN-TER-TROP'I-CAL,  a.  [inter  and  tropical.] 
Being  between  tire  tropics.  • P.  Cyc. 

IN-TJjjlR-TWlNE',  V.  a.  [inter  and  twine.]  [(.  in- 
tertwined ; pp.  INTERTWINING,  INTER- 
TWINED.] To  twine  mutually  ; to  interweave. 
“ Branching  arms  thick  intertwined.’'  Milton. 

IN-TER-TWINE',  v.  n.  To  be  mutually  twined 
or  woven  together.  Cowper. 

IN'T^R-TWlNE  (116),  7i.  A mutual  twining;  a 
mutual  winding  between. 

And  more  than  all  the  embrace  and  intertwine 

Of  all  with  all  in  gay  and  twinkling  dance.  Coleridge. 

iN-T^R-TWIN'ING-LY,  ad.  By  intertwining,  or 
by  being  intertwined.  Wright. 

IN-TgR-TWIST',  v.  a.  [inter  and  tioist.]  [i.  in- 
tertwisted ; pp.  INTERTWISTING,  INTER- 
TWISTED.] To  twist  one  with  another. 

’Tis  sad  to  hack  into  the  roots  of  things, 

They  ’rc  so  much  intertwisted  with  the  earth.  Byron. 

I.VTER- V AL,  7i.  [L.  intervallum ; Miter,  between, 
and  vallum,  a wall ; It.  intcrvallo  ; Sp.  intervalo ; 
Fr.  intervaile.] 

1.  Space  between  places,  or  points  of  time  ; 
intermediate  space  or  distance  ; interstice. 
“ Any  one  interval  of  the  teeth.”  Newton. 

2.  A space  of  time  ; season  ; spell ; term. 

Short  as  the  interval  is  since  I last  met  you  in  this  place, 

on  a similar  occasion,  the  events  which  have  tilled  up  that 
interval  have  not  been  unimportant.  Canning. 

3.  Remission,  as  of  a delirium  or  distemper. 
His  intervals  of  sense  being  few  and  short.  Atterbury. 

4.  (Mus.)  The  difference  in  point  of  gravity 
or  acuteness  between  any  two  sounds.  Moore. 

Syn.  — See  Time. 

IN'TJ5R-VAL,  n.  Low  or  alluvial,  level,  and  fer- 
tile land  on  the  margins  of  rivers  ; — so  called 
in  the  north-eastern  portion  of  the  U.  S.  Some- 
times written  intervale.  Peck. 

Similar  land  is  called  in  tile  Western  States 
bottom-land , or  simply  bottom.  The  term  carse  is  ap- 
plied to  similar  lands  in  Scotland. 

IN'T^R-VAL,  a.  Applied  to  low,  level,  and  fer- 
tile land,  bordering  on  rivers.  [U.  S.]  Belknap. 

IN-TER- VEINED'  (-rand'),  a.  [inter  and  veined.] 
Intersected,  as  with  veins. 

From  liis  side  two  rivers  flowed. 

The  one  winding,  the  other  straight,  and  left  behind 

Fair  champaign  with  less  rivers  interveined.  Milton. 

IN-TpR- VEXE',  v.  71.  [L.  intervenio ; inter,  be- 

tween, and  venio,  to  come;  It.  intervenire ; Sp. 
% Fr.  intervenir.]  [i.  intervened  ; pp.  inter- 
vening, intervened.]  To  come  or  be  be- 
tween persons  or  things,  or  points  of  time ; to 
interfere  ; to  interpose  ; to  be  intermediate. 

A sigh  would  sometimes  intervene.  Beattie. 

But  Providence  himself  will  intervene 
To  throw  his  dark  displeasure  o’er  the  scene.  Cowper. 

+ IN-T£R-VENE',  n.  Opposition  ; meeting.  Wotton. 

IX-T£R-VE'NF.R,  7i.  ( Eccl . Law.)  The  interpo- 

sition of  a person  in  a suit  in  an  ecclesiastical 
court  in  defence  of  his  own  interest.  Wright. 

IX-Tf R- V E'N (-EXT,  a.  [L .intervenio,  interveni- 
ens,  to  come  between.]  Intercedent ; passing 
between  ; intervening,  [r.]  Bacon. 


IN-TJJR-VEN'!NG,  p.  a.  Coming  between ; inter- 
rupting ; interposing ; intermediate. 

IN-Tp R-VE'Nj-UM,  n.  [L.  inter,  between,  and 
vena,  a vein.]  ( Bot .)  The  area  of  parenchyma, 
lying  between  two  or  more  veins  or  veinl^ts  of 
leaves.  Bindley. 

f IN-TJpR-VENT',  v.  a.  [L.  inter,  between,  and 
venio,  ventus,  to  come.]  To  obstruct  or  thwart. 

Chapman. 

1 X - T E R - V E N ' T I O X , 71.  [L.  interventio  ; It.  inter- 

venzione ; Sp.  intervention  \ Ft.  intervention.] 

1.  The  act  of  intervening  or  coming  between, 
persons,  things,  or  points  of  time  ; interposition ; 
interference  ; mediation ; agency. 

By  the  intervention  of  natural  means.  L' Estrange. 

2.  The  state  of  being  interposed  ; obstruction. 

Sound  is  shut  out  by  the  intervention  of  that  lax  mem- 
brane. Holder. 

3.  (Laio.)  The  act  by  whiph  a third  party  be- 

comes a party  in  a suit  pending  between  other 
persons.  Bouvier. 

4.  {Politics.)  The  interposition  or  interfer- 
ence of  one  state  with  the  domestic  affairs  of 
another. 

Syn.  — The  intervention  of  things  ; the  interposition 
of  persons.  The  intervention  of  clouds  to  obstruct  the 
light  of  the  moon  ; the  intervention  of  one  state  in  the 
domestic  affairs  of  another  ; a friendly  interposition  to 
afford  relief  in  trouble,  or  to  settle  a dispute  ; an  un- 
welcome interference  in  the  affairs  of  another;  the 
mediation  of  a friend,  or  of  the  Saviour  of  mankind. 

IN-TIJR-VEN'TOR,  n.  A mediator; — one  ap- 
pointed by  a church  to  reconcile  parties.  Wright. 

f IN-T^R-VEN'UE,  n.  [Fr.  intervenu.]  A com- 
ing between ; intervention.  Blount. 

IN-TgR-VERT',  v.  a.  [L.  interverto .]  To  turn  to 
another  course.  •'  Wotton. 

IN-TER-VER'TE-BRAL,  a.  [L.  inter,  between, 
and  vertebra,  a joint.]  Being  between  the  ver- 
tebrae. Dunglison. 

IN'TER-VIEVV  (-vu),  n.  [Fr.  entrevue.]  Mutual 
sight  or  view  ; a meeting  ; — commonly  used 
for  a formal  meeting  for  conference. 

Which  Joseph  and  the  brethren  of  Joseph  were  at  the  time 
of  their  interview  in  Egypt.  Hooker. 

IN-T{IR-Vl§'IT,  71.  [inter  and  visit.]  An  inter- 
mediate visit,  [r.]  Qu.  Rev. 

IN-TFR-VI§'IT-ING,  7i.  A mutual  visiting.Dasmel. 

IX-TJJR-VO-LU'TION.ft.  [See  Intervolve.]  The 
state  of  being  intervolved.  Campbell. 

IN-TJf  R-VOLVE',  v.  a.  [L.  intervolvo  ; inter,  be- 
tween, and  volvo,  to  roll.]  [i.  intervolved  ; pp. 
intervolving,  intervolved.]  To  involve,  in- 
fold, or  comprise  one  within  another.  Milton. 

IN-TJJR-  WEAVE',  v.  a.  [inter  and  toeave.]  [i.  in- 
terwove or  interweaved  ; pp.  interweav- 
ing, interwoven  or  interweaved.]  To  weave 
together  ; to  intermix  ; to  intermingle.  “ Trees 


thick  interwoven.”  Milton. 

ne  so  interleaves  truth  with  probable  fiction,  that  he  puts 
a pleasing  fallacy  upon  us.  Dryden. 

I X - T 1J  R - W E A v 1 1 X G , n.  Intertexture.  Milton. 

IN-T1J1R-WISH',  v.  a.  [inter  and  wish.]  To  wish 
mutually,  [r.]  Donne. 

fi  I X - T E R - W O R K ' [ X G , 7i.  [inter  and  working .] 
The  act  of  working  together.  Milton. 


IN-T^R-WORLDS  (wiirldz),  n.  pi.  Worlds  among 
other  worlds.  “ Imaginary  interworlds.” Holland. 

IN-TJER-WOUND'ING,  a.  [inter  and  wounding.] 
Wounding  mutually.  “ Interwoundmg  contro- 
versies.” Daniel. 

IN-TER-WOVE',  i.  from  interweave.  See  Inter- 
weave. 

IN-TIJR-WOV'EN  (In-ter-wo'vn),  p.  from  inter- 
weave. See  Interweave. 

IN-T1JR- WREATHED'  (-retlid'),  a.  [inter  and 
wreathed.)  Woven  in  a wreath.  Lovelace. 

IN-TfiS'TA-BLE,  a.  [L.  intestabilis ; in,  priv.,  and 
testabilis,  having  a right  to  give  testimony ; tes- 
tor,  to  witness  ; It.  intestabile  ; Fr.  intestable.] 
Not  qualified  to  make  a will.  Ayliffc. 

IN-TES'TA-CY,  n.  The  state  of  an  intestate; 
the  condition  of  one  who  dies  without  having 
made  a will.  Blackstone. 


IN-TES'TATE,  a.  [L.  intestatus  ; in,  priv.,  and 
testor,  testatus,  to  witness,  to  make  a will ; It. 
intestato  ; Sp.  intestado ; Fr.  intestat.]  Applied 
to  a person  who  dies  without  making  a valid 
will ; wanting  a will ; without  a will.  Strype. 

IP b ‘ “A  man  dies  intestate  who  either  has  not  made 
any  will  at  all,  or  has  not  made  it  in  due  form  of  law, 
— or  if  the  will  which  he  has  made  is  cancelled  or 
broken,  — or  if  no  one  will  become  heir  under  it.” 
Burrill. 

IN-TES'TATE,  n.  A person  who  dies  without 
having  made  a will.  Burrill. 

IN-TES-Tl ' JVW,  n.  pi.  [L.  intestinus,  internal.] 
{Zoiil.)  A term  applied  by  Cuvier  to  intestinal 
worms  and  parasitic  crustaceans;  entozoa  and 
epizoa;  intestinalia. 

IN-TES'TI-NAL  [jn-tes'te-nsil,  ,S.  W.  P.  J.  F.  Jet. 
K.  Sm.  Wr.;  In-tes-tl'njl,  Johnson),  a.  [It.  in- 
testinale ; Sp.  fr  Fr.  intestinal.)  Belonging  to  the 
intestines.  “ The  intestinal  tube.”  Arbuthnot. 

IN-TES-TI-NA'LI-A,  71.  pi.  [L.  intestina.)  ( Zoiil .) 
Animals  which  infest  the  interior  of  other  ani- 
mal bodies  ; entozoa  ; intestina.  Brande. 

IN-TES'TINE,  a.  [L.  uitestmus  ; intus,  within  ; 
It.  A Sp.  intestino-,  Fr.  intest  in.) 

1.  Internal ; inward  ; not  external ; contained 

in  the  body.  “ hitestme  stone.”  Milton. 

2.  Domestic ; not  foreign. 

Instead  of  harmony,  ’t  is  jar, 

And  tumult,  and  intestine  war.  Cowper. 

3.  ( Hydrodynamics .)  Noting  motion  among 

component  particles  of  fluids.  Hutton. 

IN-TES'TINE,  n.  ; pi.  in-tes'tine§.  [L.  intesti- 
7ium.\  A musculo-membranous  canal,  various- 
ly convoluted,  and  extending  from  the  stomach 
to  the  anus,  and  situated  in  the  abdominal 
cavity,  the  greater  part  of  which  it  fills  ; — com- 
monly used  in  the  plural ; guts ; bowels ; en- 
trails ; viscera.  Dunglison. 

“ The  use  of  the  intestines,  which  in  man  have 
a length  six  or  eight  times  that  of  the  body,  is,  in  the 
upper  part,  to  effect  the  chylification  of  the  food  and 
the  absorption  of  the  chyle,  — in  the  lower,  to  serve  as 
a reservoir,  where  the  excrementitious  portion  of  the 
food  collects  ; and  also  as  an  excretory  duct  which  ef- 
fects its  expulsion.”  Dunglison. 

IN-TEX'INF.,  n.  (Bot.)  A fourth  coating  of  the 
pollen-grains  in  certain  plants,  intermediate  be- 
tween the  extine  and  the  exintine.  Lindley. 

IN-TEXT'URED  (jn-tekst'yurd),  a.  Woven  in  ; in- 
wrought.  Wright. 

t IN-THIRST',  v.  a.  To  make  thirsty.  Bp.  Hall. 

IN-THRAll',  v.  a.  [in  and  thrall .]  [j.  in- 

thralled  ; pp.  INTHUALLING,  INTHRALLED.] 
To  enslave  ; to  shackle  ; to  reduce  to  servitude. 

I formed  them  free,  and  free  they  must  remain 

Till  they  enthrall  themselves.  Milton. 

Written  also  inthral  and  enthrall. 

IN-THRAL'Mf.NT,  7i.  The  act  of  inthralling  ; bond- 
age ; servitude;  thraldom;  vassalage.  Milton. 

IN-THRONE',  v.  a.  To  enthrone.  Thomson. 

IN-THRONG',  v.  7i.  [in  and  throng .]  To  crowd 
together ; to  throng. 

His  people  like  a flowing  stream  inthrong.  Fairfax. 

IN-THRO-NI-ZA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  enthron- 
ing; enthronization.  Weaver. 

IN-TICE',  v.  a.  See  Entice.  Todd. 

IN'TJ-MA-CY,  n.  The  state  of  being  intimate  ; 
close  acquaintance;  familiarity;  fellowship. 

It  is  in  our  power  to  confine  our  friendships  and  intimacies 
to  men  of  virtue.  Rogers. 

Syn.  — Close  intercourse  is  intimacy,  easy  inter- 
course is  familiarity.  Acquaintance  is  much  less  than 
intimacy , and  implies  much  less  connection  than  fel- 
lowship. — See  Acquaintance. 

IN'TI-MATE,  a.  [L.  intimus ; intus , within  ; It. 

Sp.  intimo;  Fr.  intime 

1.  Inmost ; inward ; intestine  ; interior. 

They  knew  not 

That  what  I motioned  was  of  God;  I knew 

From  intimate  impulse.  Milton. 

2.  Near  ; not  kept  at  distance. 

He  was  honored  with  an  intimate  and  immediate  admis- 
sion. South. 

3.  Familiar;  close  in  friendship;  friendly; 
on  good  terms  ; closely  acquainted. 

United  by  this  sympathetic  bond. 

You  grow  familiar,  intimate,  and  fond.  Roscommon. 

Syn.  — See  Acquaintance,  Near. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  loiig ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  $,  I,  O,  IT,  Y,  obscure ; FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER 


INTIMATE 


• 773 


INTRENCHMENT 


Art  of  tinge- 
Blount. 


IN'TJ-MATE,  n.  A familiar  friend  ; a confidant. 
The  design  was  to  assign  him  an  intimate,  Gov.  of  the  Tongue . 

IN'TI-mAte,  v.  a.  [L.  intimo  ; It.  intimare ; Sp. 
intimar ; Fr . intimer. \ [i.  intimated  ; ^.in- 
timating, INTIMATED.] 

1.  f To  share  as  friends  ; to  partake  of. 

So  both  conspiring,  'gan  to  intimate 

Each  other’s  grief  with  zeal  affectionate.  bpenser. 

2.  To  suggest  obscurely  ; to  insinuate ; to 
hint;  to  point  out  indirectly. 

The  jarring  of  a distant  door, 

Or  aught  that  intimates  a coming  step.  Byron. 

Syn.  — See  Allude,  Insinuate. 

IN'TI-MATE-LY,  ad.  Closely  ; inseparably  ; near- 
ly — familiarly ; thoroughly.  Milton. 

IN-TI-MA'TION,  n.  [L.  intimatio ; It.  intima- 
zione\  Sp.  intimacion;  Fr.  intimation .]  The 
act  of  intimating,  or  that  which  intimates  ; a 
suggestion  ; a remote  allusion  ; an  insinuation ; 
a hint. 

Of  those  that  are  only  probable  we  haye  some  reasonable 
intimations,  but  not  a demonstrative  certainty.  1 t'oodward. 

Syn.  — See  Hint. 

f IN'TIME,  a.  Inward  ; internal ; intimate.  Digby. 

JN-TIM'I-DATE,  v.  a.  [L.  in,  used  intensively, 
and  timidus  ; It.  intimidare  ; Sp . intimidar  ■,  Fr. 
intimider  ] [t.  intimidated  ; pp.  intimidat- 

ing, intimidated.]  To  impress  with  fear  ; to 
overawe  ; to  frighten  ; to  make  fearful ; to  appall. 
Guilt,  once  harbored  in  the  conscious  breast, 

Intimidates  the  brave,  degrades  the  great.  Johnson. 

JN-TlM-I-DA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  intimidating, 
or  the  state  of  being  intimidated ; fear.  Bailey. 

IN-TIM'I-DA-TO-RY,  a.  That  intimidates  ; caus- 
ing intimidation.  Sir  J.  Graham. 

f IN-TINC'TION,  n.  [L.  intinctio. ] 
ing ; a dyeing. 

IN-TINC-TIV'I-TY,  n.  [L.  intingo,  intinctus,  to 
dip  in.]  The  want  of  the  quality  of  coloring 
other  bodies.  Smart. 

IN'TINE,  n.  [L.  intus,  within.]  ( Bot .)  The  inner- 
most coating  of  pollen-grains.  It  is  hyaline, 
extensible,  and  of  extreme  tenuity.  Lindlcy. 

IN-TIRE',  a.  [Fr.  entier.\  Entire.  Hooker. 

IN-TlRE'Nf.SS,  n.  Entireness.  Donne. 

IN-TI'TLE,  v.  a.  See  Entitle. 

+ IN-Tl'TULE,  V.  a.  [i.  INTITULED;  p.  INTI- 
TULED.] To  give  a title  to;  to  entitle.  [An 
obsolete  orthography.]  Holland.  Spenser. 

IN'TO,  prep.  [in  and  to.] 

1.  Noting  entrance  with  regard  to  place,  or 
with  regard  to  a new  state. 

Water  introduces  Into  vegetables  the  matter  it  bears  along 
with  it.  Woodward. 

Why  are  these  positions  charged  upon  me  as  their  sole 
author,  and  the  reader  led  into  a Delief  that  they  were  never 
before  maintained  by  any  person  of  virtue?  Atterbury. 

2.  Noting  penetration  beyond  the  outside. 

To  look  into  letters  already  opened,  or  dropped,  is  held  an 
ungenerous  act.  Pope. 

3.  Noting  inclusion. 

They  have  denominated  some  herbs  solar  and  some  lunrr, 
and  such  like  toys  put  into  great  words.  Baton. 

IN-TOL'ER-A-BLE,  a.  [L.  intolerabilis ; in,  r.riv., 
and  tolerabilis,  tolerable  ; tolero,  to  bear;  It. 

intollerabile ; Sp.  <Sr  Fr.  intolerable^]  Tiat  can- 
not be  tolerated,  endured,  or  borne  ; insuffera- 
ble ; insupportable. 

If  we  bring  into  one  day’s  thoughts  the  evil  of  many,  cer- 
tain and  uncertain,  what  will  be  and  what  vill  never  be,  our 
load  will  be  as  intolerable  as  it  is  unreasonable.  Bp.  Taylor. 

Syn.  — Intolerable  rudeness;  pride,  or  insolence; 
insufferable  or  insupportable  pain,  cold,  or  heat. 

IN-TOL'JSR-A-BLE-NESS,  ii.  The  quality  of  being 
intolerable ; insupportableness.  Bailey. 

IN-TOL'F,R-A-BLY,  ad.(  Not  tolerably  ; insuffer- 
ably ; insupportably  Addison. 

IN-TOL'JJR-ANCE,  nl.  [L.  intolerantia ; It .intol- 
leranza ; Sp.  into]  rancid  ; Fr.  intolerance.] 

1.  The  quality/  of  being  intolerant ; want  of 
toleration,  patience,  or  forbearance  ; intolerable 
conduct.  . 

Conscientious  sincerity  is  friendly  to  tolerance,  as  latitudi- 
nanan  indifference  is  to  intolerance.  Whately. 

2.  Want  ability  to  endure.  Hoblyn. 

IN-TOL  IJR-AA-CY,  n.  Intolerance,  [it.]  Bailey. 


bR-AN-CY,  n.  1 
m®N,  SIR; 


IN-TOL'ER-ANT,  a.  [L.  intolerans  ; It.  intolle- 
rante;  Sp.  intolerante  ; Fr.  intolerant.] 

1.  Not  able  to  endure  ; not  tolerant.  “ Intol- 
erant of  excesses.”  Arbuthnot. 

2.  Not  favorable  to  toleration. 

Religion  harsh,  intolerant , austere. 

Parent  of  manners  like  herself  severe.  Cowper. 

IN-TOL'JJR-ANT,  n.  One  who  is  intolerant.  “ An 
intolerant  and  persecutor.”  Loivth. 

IN-TOL'^R-ANT-LY,  ad.  In  an  intolerant  man- 
ner ; not  tolerantly. 

IN-TOL'ER-AT-f.D,  a.  Not  endured  or  tolerated. 

I would  have  all  intoleration  intolerated  in  its  turn. 

Ld.  Chesterfield. 

IN-TOL'ER-AT-ING,  a.  Not  tolerating;  intoler- 
ant. “ This  intolerating  spirit.”  Shaftesbury . 

IN-TOL-f.R-A'TION,  n.  Want  of  toleration  ; in- 
tolerance. Ld.  Chesterfield. 

IN-TOMB'  (-tom'),  v.  a.  See  Entomb.  Hooker. 

IN'TO-NATE,  v.  a.  [L.  intono,  intonatus;  in, 
used  intensively,  and  tono,  to  sound,  to  thunder; 
It.  intonare.]  [i.  intonated  ; pp.  intonat- 
ing, INTONATED.] 

X.  t To  thunder.  Bailey. 

2.  To  sing  together  loudly. 

“It  is  finished”  . . . shall  be  intonated  by  the  general  vbice 
of  the  whole  host  of  heaven.  Harms. 

3.  ( Mas .)  To  sound,  as  tones.  Warner. 

IN-TO-NA'TION,  n.  [It.  intonazione  ; Sp.  entona- 
cion ; Fr  .intonation.] 

1.  The  act  of  thundering.  Bailey. 

2.  Act  or  art  of  intonating  the  tones  of  the 
scale  : — the  quality  of  a voice  or  an  instrument 
in  respect  to  tone  : — expressive  modulation  of 
a voice  or  an  instrument ; tone  ; cadence. 

IN-TONE',  v.  n.  To  utter  a tone ; to  make  a 
slow,  protracted  noise. 

So  swells  eacli  windpipe;  ass  intones  to  ass. 

Harmonic  twang  of  leather,  horn,  and  brass.  Pope. 

IN-TONE',  v.  a.  To  chant;  to  sing. 

No  choristers  the  funeral  dirge  intoned.  Southey. 

JN-TORT',  v.  a.  [L.  intorqueo,  intortn.i.]  [/.  in- 
TOItTED  ; pp.  INTOltTING,  INTOllTFD.]  To  twist  ; 
to  wreathe  ; to  wring.  Arbuthnot. 

IN-TOR'TION,  n.  [L.  intortio. ] 1.  A winding. 

2.  (Bot.)  The  bending  of  a plant  to  one  side  ; 
a twining.  Crabb. 

IN  TO' TO.  [L .,  in  the  whole.]  Entirely,  wholly. 

IN-TOX'I-CANT,  n.  That  which  intoxicates  ; an 
intoxicating  liquor.  Ec.  Rev. 

IN-TOX'I-CAT2,  v.  a.  [L.  in,  in,  and  toxicum,  poi- 
son, which  some  derive  from  toxus,  the  yew,  and 
others  from  the  Gr.  t6(ov,  a bow,  because  applied 
to  something  with  which  arrows  were  poisoned  ; 
It.  ivtossicarc,  to  poison.]  [i.  intoxicated  ; 
pp.  INTOXICATING,  INTOXICATED.] 

1.  To  inebriate  ; to  make  drunk. 

For  shallow  draughts  intoxicate  the  brain, 

But  drinking  largely  sobers  us  again.  Pope. 

2.  To  elate  or  exhilarate  excessively. 

At  which  my  soul  aches  to  think, 

Intoxicated  with  eternity.  Byron. 

f IN-TOX'I-CATE,  a.  Intoxicated.  More. 

IN-TOX'I-CAT-IJD,  p.  a.  Inebriated  ; drunk. 

IN-t6x'I-CAT-ING,  p.  a.  Causing  intoxication  ; 
making  drunk  ; inebriating. 

IN-TOX-I-CA'TION,  n.  1.  The  state  of  being  in- 
toxicated ; inebriation ; ebriety  ; drunkenness. 

2.  Extreme  mental  excitement;  a high  de- 
gree of  exhilaration ; infatuation. 

That  besotting  intoxication  which  verbal  magic  brings 
upon  the  mind.  _ South. 

IN'TRA.  [L.]  A Latin  preposition  or  adverb 
used  as  a prefix  in  English  words,  and  signify- 
ing within,  or  on  the  inside.  Craig. 

IN-TRAC-TA-BIL' I-TY,  n.  [It.  intrattabilita.] 
The  state  of  being  intractable ; obstinacy ; in- 
tractableness. Warburton. 

IN-TRAC'TA-BLE,  a.  [L.  intractabilis  ; in,  priv., 
and  tractabilis,  manageable  ; tracto,  to  manage  ; 
It.  intrattabile ; Sp.  intratable  ; Fr.  intraitable.] 
Ungovernable  ; violent ; stubborn  ; obstinate  ; 
unmanageable  ; untoward;  furious.  “The  most 
intractable  tempers.”  Rogers. 


IN-TRAC'TA-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
intractable ; obstinacy ; perverseness.  Brooke. 

IN-TRAC'TA-BLY,  ad.  Unmanageably  ; stub- 
bornly ; not  tractably.  Ash. 

IN-TRAC'TILE,  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  tractile.]  In- 
capable of  being  drawn  out ; not  tractile.  Bacon. 

IN-TRA'DOS,  n.  (Arch.)  The  interior  and  lower 
line  or  curve  of  an  arch,  the  exterior  and  upper 
being  extrados.  — See  Arch.  Braude. 

IN-TRA-FO-LI-A'CEOyS  (-slips),  a.  [It.  intrafo- 
gliaceo.]  (Bot.)  Situated  between  the  leaf  or 
petiole  and  the  stem,  as  stipules,  &c.  Gray. 

IN'TRAils?,  n.pl.  See  Entrails.  Dryden. 

IN-TRA-MAR'QIN-AL,  a.  [L.  infra,  within,  and 
margo,  marginis,  a margin.]  Being  within  the 
margin.  Loudon. 

IN-TRA-MUN'DANE,  a.  [L.  intra,  within,  and 
mundanus,  mundane  ; mundus,  the  world.]  Be- 
ing within  the  world.  Ec.  Rev. 

IN-TrAnce',  v.  a.  See  Entrance.  Browne. 

IN-TR  AN-QUIL'LI-TY,  n.  [in,  priv.,  and  tran- 
quillity.] Unquietness  ; want  of  rest. 

That  intranquillity  which  makes  men  impatient  of  lying 
in  their  beds.  Temple. 

IN-TR  A N S-C A ' I.p  NT,  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  transca- 
lent.] Impervious  to  heat.  Turner. 

IN-TR  ANS-GRES'SI-BLE,  a.  [L.  in,  priv.,  tram, 
beyond,  and  gradior,  gressus,  to  walk.]  That 
cannot  be  passed.  Holland. 

IN-TRAN'SIENT  (-siient),  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  tran- 
sient.] Not  transient ; stable.  Killingbeck. 

IN-TRAN'SI-TI  VE,  a.  [L . intransitivus  ; in,  priv., 
and  transeo,  to  pass  over ; It.  <S,  Sp.  intransiti- 
vo;  Fr.  intransitif.]  (Gram.)  Expressing  a 
meaning  which  does  not  pass  over  to  an  object, 
as  a verb  which  does  not  require  a noun  or  pro- 
noun in  the  accusative  or  objective  case. 

IN-TRAN'SI-TI\fE-LY,  ad.  In  the  manner  of  an 
intransitive  verb.  Lowth. 

IN  TRAN ' SI-  T U.  [L.]  In  the  act  of  passing,  as 
merchandise,  from  one  place  to  another. 

IN-TRANS-MIS'SI-BLE,  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  trans- 
missible.] That  cannot  be  transmitted.  Smart. 

IN-TR  ANS-MU-TA-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of 
being  intransmutable.  Perry. 

IN-TRANS-MU'TA-BLE,  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  trans- 
mutable.]  That  cannot  be  transmuted.  Ray. 

IN'TRAnt,  n.  One  who  makes  an  entrance; 
— especially  one  who  enters  upon  some  office 
or  station.  Hume.  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

f IN'TRANT,  a.  Making  entrance: — entering 
upon  an  office  or  station.  Smart. 

JN-TRAP',  v.  a.  See  Entrap.  Tatler. 

f IN-TREA§'I>RE  (ja-trezli'ur),  v.  a.  To  lay  up  as 
in  a treasury.  Shak. 

IN-TREAT',  <-.  a.  See  Entreat.  Spenser. 

f IN-TREAT'ANCE,  n.  Entreaty.  Holinshed. 

f IN-TREAT'FUL,  a.  Full  of  entreaty.  Spenser. 

IN-TRENCH',  v.  n.  [in  and  trench.]  [i.  in- 
trenched ; pp.  INTRENCHING,  INTRENCHED.] 
To  cut  off,  as  a part  of  what  belongs  to  another  ; 
to  trespass  upon  ; to  invade  ; to  encroach ; to 
trench;  — used  with  on  or  upon. 

We  are  not  to  intrench  upon  truth  in  any  conversation, 
but  least  of  all  with  children.  Lockc. 

IN-TRENCH',  v.  a.  1.  (Mil.)  To  make  secure 
against  the  attack  of  an  enemy  by  digging  a 
ditch  or  trench,  &c.  Mil.  Ency. 

2.  To  make  a trench  or  hollow  in. 

His  face 

Deep  scars  of  thunder  had  intremched , and  care 

Sat  on  his  faded  cheek.  Milton. 

f IN-TRENCH'ANT,  a.  Not  to  be  divided  ; not  to 
be  wounded ; indivisible. 


As  easy  may’st  thou  the  intrenchant  air 

With  thy  keen  sword  impress,  as  make  me  bleed. 


Shak. 


IN-TRENCH'MlpNT,  n.  (Fort.)  Any  work  that 
fortifies  a post  against  the  attack  of  an  enemy ; 
a fortification  with  a trench  or  ditch  ; a ditch  or 
trench  with  a rampart.  Brande. 

Intrmchments  of  armies,  the  whole  works  or  ob- 


MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RtlLE.  — <J,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  c,  f,  hard;  § as  z;  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


I 


INTREPID 


774 


INTRUSION 


stacles  by  which  an  army  or  a large  body  of  troops 
cover  themselves  for  their  defence.  Mil.  Kncy. 

IN-TREP'ID,  a.  [L.  intrepidus ; in,  priv.,  and 
trepidus,  trembling  ; trepido,  to  tremble ; It.  *Sf 
Sp.  mtrepido;  Fr.  intrepide.]  Fearless;  daring; 
bold  ; brave  ; undaunted  ; courageous  ; heroic  ; 
valiant ; resolute  ; firm. 

WhateVr  cool  thought  or  strength  of  nerve  supplied 

Intrepid  Brandimast  had  vainly  tried.  Jloole. 

Syn.  — See  Bold. 

IN-TRf.-PID'I-TY,  n.  [It.  intrepidita  ; Sp.  intre- 
pidez;  Fr. " intrepidi te.]  The  quality  of  being 

intrepid;  fearlessness;  courage;  bravery ; val- 
or ; boldness ; invincible  resolution.  Swift. 

Syn. — See  Audacity,  Courage. 

IN-TRfiP'JD-LY,  ad.  In  an  intrepid  manner;  fear- 
lessly ; courageously  ; boldly ; daringly.  Pope. 

f-  IN'TRI-C  A-BLE,  a.  Entangling;  insnaring. 
“Entangled  in  the  . . . intricable  net.”  Shelton. 

IN'TRI-CA-CY,  n.  The  state  of  being  intricate  or 
entangled  ; perplexity  ; involution  ; complexity. 

Perplexing  that  fable  with  very  agreeable  plots  and  intri- 
cacies. Rope. 

Syn.  — See  Complexity. 

IN'TRI-CATE,  a.  [L.  intrico,  intricatus,  to  en- 
tangle ; in,  in,  and  trictr,  hinderances ; It.  in- 
tricate ; Sp.  intrincado. ] Entangled  ; perplexed; 
involved  ; complicated  ; obscure  ; difficult. 

The  ways  of  Heaven  are  dark  and  intricate , 

Puzzled  in  mazes,  and  perplexed  with  errors.  Addison. 

Syn.  — See  Complexity. 

IN'TRI-CATE,  v.  a.  To  render  intricate  ; to  per- 
plex ; to  darken,  [r.]  Camden. 

IN'TRI-CATE-LY,  ad.  In  an  intricate  manner  ; 
with  intricacy  or  perplexity.  Swift. 

IN'TRI-C  A TE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  in- 
tricate ; perplexity  ; obscurity  ; intricacy. 

f IN-TRI-CA'TION,  n.  The  state  of  being  intri- 
cate ; an  entanglement ; snare.  Cotgravc. 

IN-TRIGUE'  (jn-tr8g'),  n.  [It.  intrigo  ; Sp.  intri- 
ga-,  Fr.  intrigue .] 

1.  A plot  or  scheme  of  secret  contrivance,  to 
effect  some  object  of  an  individual,  of  a party, 
or  of  government ; a stratagem  ; — especially  a 
plot  connected  with  an  affair  of  love  ; an  amour. 

These  are  the  grand  intrigues  of  man.  Flatman. 

Now  love  is  dwindled  to  intrigue. 

And  marriage  grown  a money  league.  Swift. 

2.  The  plot,  complication,  or  perplexity  of  a 
a fable,  a novel,  or  a poem. 

Are  we  not  continually  informed  that  the  author  unravels 
the  web  of  his  intrigue,  or  breaks  the  thread  of  his  narration? 

Canning. 

3.  Intricacy;  complication.  “Full  prospect 
of  all  the  intrigues  of  our  nature.”  [it.]  llalc. 

IN-TRIGUE',  v.  n.  [L.  intrico  ; It .intrigare;  Sp. 
intricar-,  Fr.  intriguer.  — See  Intricate.]  [i. 

INTRIGUED;  pp.  INTRIGUING,  INTRIGUED.] 

To  form  plots  ; to  carry  on  private  designs  by 
intrigue,  as  of  illicit  love.  Brande. 

f IN-TRIGUE',  v.  a.  [L.  intrico.  intricatus.']  To 
perplex ; to  embarrass.  L.  Addison. 

JN-TRIGU'pR  (jn-trSg'er),  n.  One  who  intrigues. 

JN-TRiGU'ER-Y  (jn-treg'er-e),  n.  Arts  or  practice 
of  intrigue ; stratagem,  [it.]  Qu.  Rev. 

IN-TRIGU'ING  (in-treg'jng),  p.  a.  Addicted  to,  or 
practising,  intrigue. 

JN-TRiGU'ING-LY,  ad.  With  intrigue. 

f IN-TRINCE',  a.  Entangled;  intrinsicate.  Shah. 

I IN-TRIN’SIC,  n.  A genuine  quality.  Warburton. 

jN-TRIN'SIC,  ) a [L.  intrinsecus ; It.  intrin- 

IN-TRIN'SJ-CAL,  > seco,  or  intrinsico ; Sp.  intrin- 
seco ; Fr.  intrins)que.'\ 

1.  Derived  from  within ; fixed  in  the  nature  of 
things;  inherent;  inward;  internal;  inborn; 
native  ; not  extrinsic  ; real ; genuine  ; true  ; 
essential ; not  accidental ; as,  “ Intrinsic  worth, 
value,  or  merit.” 

2.  Closely  familiar  ; intimate. 

He  falls  into  intrinsieal  society  with  Sir  John  Graham.  TVotton. 

t\ Qr*  This  word  was  formerly  written  intrinsecal ; 
but,  as  Dr.  Johnson  justly  remarks,  u it  is  now  gen- 
erally written  intrinsieal,  contrary  to  etymology.” 

IN-TRlN-S!-CAl.'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
intrinsieal ; intrinsiealness.  Roget. 


JN-TRIN'SJ-CAL-Ly,  ad.  Internally;  naturally; 
really  ; truly.  “ A lie  is  a thing  absolutely  and 
intrinsically  evil.”  South. 

IN-TRIN'SI-CAL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
intrinsieal.  Ash. 

f IN-TRIN'SI-CATE,  a.  Perplexed;  entangled. 
“Cords  . . . too  intrinsicate  to  unloose.”  Shah. 

IJV’TRO.  [L.]  A Latin  adverb  used  as  an  Eng- 
lish prefix,  and  signifying  into,  within. 

IN-TRO-CES'SION  (-sesh'un),  n.  (Med.)  The  de- 
pression or  sinking  of  any  part  inwards.  Crabb. 

IN-TRO-DUCE',  v.  a.  [L.  introduco;  intro,  with- 
in, and  dttco,  to  lead;  It.  introdurre;  Sp.  in- 
troducir  ; Fr.  introduire.]  [i.  introduced  ; pp. 
INTRODUCING,  INTRODUCED.] 

1.  To  lead,  bring,  conduct,  or  usher  in ; as, 
“ To  introduce  a person  into  a hall.” 

2.  To  present;  to  make  known;  to  bring  to 
be  acquainted. 

Mr.  Burke,  one  day,  in  the  vicinity  of  the  House  of  Com- 
mons, introduced  him  to  a nobleman.  JJrior. 

3.  To  bring  into  general  notice  or  practice. 
“ He  shall  introduce  a new  way  of  cure.” Browne. 

Syn.  — Persons  who  are  mutually  strangers  are 
introduced  to  each  other  by  a common  friend  ; a per- 
son is  presented  at  court  by  a courtier.  — Introduce  a 
subject ; produce  information  or  argument. 

IN-TRO-DUC'IJR,  n.  One  who  introduces. 

f IN-TRO-DUCT',  v.  a.  To  introduce.  Caxton. 

IN-TRO-DUC'TION,  n.  [L.  introduction  It.  in- 
troduzione  ; Sp.  introduccion ; Fr.  introduction.] 

1.  The  act  of  introducing  or  ushering,  or  the 

state  of  being  ushered.  Johnson. 

2.  The  act  of  presenting  to  the  acquaintance 
of  another;  presentation. 

3.  The  act  of  bringing  into  general  notice  or 

use.  “ The  introduction  of  the  liturgy  and  the 
canons  into  Scotland.”  Clarendon. 

4.  Exordium;  preface ; prelude  ; proem  ; the 

preliminary  part  of  a book.  Blair. 

Syn.  — See  Preface. 

IN-TRO-DUC'TIVE,  a.  [It.  introduttivo ; Fr . in- 
troductf.}  Serving  to  introduce ; introduc- 
tory. South. 

IN-TRO-DUC'TIVF.-LY,  ad.  In  a manner  serving 
to  introduce.  Wright. 

IN-TRO-DUC'TOR,  n.  [L.]  One  who  introduces  ; 
an  introducer.  Gibbon. 

IN-TRO-DUC'TO-RI-LY,  ad.  By  way  of  intro- 
duction. Baxter. 

IN-TRO-DUC'TO-RY,  a.  [L.  introductorius  ; It. 
introduttorio ; Sp.  introauctorio.]  Serving  to 
introduce;  preliminary;  prefatory;  previous. 
“ This  introductory  discourse.”  Boyle. 

IN-TRO-DUC'TRf.SS,  n . A female  who  intro- 
duces. Iloldswcrth. 

IN'TRO-FLEXED  (-flekst),  a.  Bent  inward.  Smith. 

IN-TRO-GRES'SION,  n.  [L.  introgressio.]  The 
act  of  entering;  entrance.  Blount. 

IN-TRO'IT  [in-tro'jt,  Stn.  Cl. ; jn-trolt',  K.  Wb.],  n. 
[L.  introitus,  entrance ; Fr.  intrott.]  (Eccl.) 
In  the  Catholic  service,  and  anciently  in  that 
of  the  English  Church,  a psalm  sung  or  chant- 
ed immediately  before  the  collect,  epistle,  and 
gospel,  while  the  priest  enters  within  the  rails 
of  the  altar.  Wheatley. 

IN-TRO-MIS'SION  (-mlsh'un),  n.  [L.  intromissio  ; 
intro,  within,  and  mitto,  to  send;  It.  intromis- 
sione ; Fr.  'intromission.] 

1.  The  act  of  sending  in ; the  act  of  intro- 
ducing one  body  into  another.  . South. 

2.  -f  Admission  ; admittance.  Bp.  Taylor. 

3.  ( Scottish  Law.)  The  act  of  intermeddling 
with  the  effects  of  a deceased  person.  Burrill. 

IN-TRO-MIT',  v.  a.  [L.  intromitto ; intro,  with- 
in, and  mitto,  to  send  ; It.  intromettere .]  [ i . in- 

tromitted ; pp.  intromitting,  intromitted.] 

1.  To  send  in ; to  let  in  ; to  admit.  Greenhill. 

2.  To  allow  to  enter;  to  be  the  medium  by 
which  any  thing  enters. 

Glass  in  the  window  intromits  light.  Holder. 

IN-TRO-MIT',  v.  n.  (Scottish  Law.)  To  inter- 
meddle with  the  effects  of  one  deceased.  Stuart. 


IN-TRO-PRES'SION  (In-tro-presh'un),  n.  [L.  intro, 
within,  and  pressiu,  a pressing.]  Internal  pres- 
sure. [r.]  Battle. 

IN-TRO-RIJ-CEP'TION,  n.  [L.  intro,  within,  and 
receptio,  reception.]  The  act  of  admitting  into 
or  within.  Hammond. 

JN-TRORSE',  a.  [L.  introrsus,  inward.]  (Bot.) 
Turned  inwards,  or  towards  the  axis  of  the  part 
to  which  it  is  attached.  llenslow. 

f IN-TRO-RUP'Tion,  n.  Violent  irruption. Blount. 

IN-TRO-SPECT',  v.  a.  [L.  introspicio,  introspec- 
t.us ; intro,  Within,  and  specio,  to  look.]  To 
view  the  inside  of ; to  look  into.  Bailey. 

IN-TRO-SPEC'TION,  n.  [L.  intro,  within,  and 
spectio,  an  observing  of  the  auspices  ; Fr.  intro- 
spection.] The  act  of  inspecting  within  ; a view 
of  the  inside. 

The  actings  of  the  mind  or  imagination  itself,  by  wav  of 
reflection  or  introspection  of  themselves.  It  ale. 

IN-TRO-SPEC'TIVE,  a.  [Fr.  introspectif.]  That 
introspects  ; viewing  inwardly.  N.  A.  Rev. 

t IN-TRO-SUME',  v.  a.  To  suck  in.  Evelyn. 

IN-TRO-SUS-CEP'TION,  n.  [L.  intro,  within,  and 
susceptio,  a taking  in  hand  ; Fr.  introsusception.] 

1.  f The  act  of  taking  in. 

The  parts  of  the  body  ...  are  nourished  by  the  introsus- 
ception of  enlivened  aliment.  Smith  on  Old  Age. 

2.  (Med.)  The  introduction  of  one  part  of  the 

intestinal  canal  into  another  which  serves  it  as 
a sort  of  vagina  or  sheath, — generally  of  the 
ileum  into  the  colon  ; intussusception  ; invagi- 
nation. Dunglison. 

t IN-TRO-VE'NI-JNT,  a.  Entering.  Browne. 

IN-TRO-VER'SION,  n.  [It.  introversione.]  The 
act  of  introverting.  Berkeley. 

IN-TRO-VERT',  v.  a.  [L.  intro,  within,  and  verto, 
to  turn;  It.  introvertere.]  \i.  introverted; 
pp.  INTROVERTING,  INTROVERTED.]  To  turn 
inwards. 

llis  awkward  gait,  his  introverted  toes.  Coicper. 

IN-TRtJDE',  v.  n.  [L.  intrudo ; in,  in,  and  trudo,  to 
thrust ; It.  intruders .]  [t.  intruded  ; pp.  in- 

truding, intruded.]  To  thrust  one’s  self  into 
a place  or  a business  ; to  enter  without  invita- 
tion or  permission  ; to  force  an  entrance  un- 
asked or  uninvited ; to  interlope;  to  encroach. 

There  is  society  where  none  intrudes , 

By  the  deep  sea,  and  music  in  its  roar.  Byron. 

Some  thoughts  rise  and  intrude  upon  us  while  we  shun 
them.  Watts. 

IN-TRUDE',  v.  a.  1.  To  force  or  to  thrust  in  rude- 
ly, or  without  right  or  welcome  ; — with  the  re- 
flective pronoun  ; to  obtrude.  “ To  intrude  one’s 
self  into  the  mysteries  of  government.”  Pope. 

2.  To  dart  in  ; to  inject.  Greenhill. 

3.  (Geol.)  To  force  or  urge  with  violence,  as 

igneous  rocks  in  a state  of  fusion  through  or 
into  rents  or  fissures  in  disrupted  strata  of 
other  rocks.  C.  T.  Jackson. 

Syn.  — To  intrude  is  more  offensive  than  to  obtrude. 
A person  intrudes  himself  into  a company  rudely, 
where  be  is  unwelcome  ; he  obtrudes  himself  uncalled 
lor  or  accidentally. 

IN-TRUD'JJD,  p.  a.  (Geol.)  Noting  rocks  that, 
by  the  action  of  subterranean  causes,  have  been 
forced  upwards,  while  in  a state  of  fusion,  be- 
tween ether  rocks.  Richardson. 

IN-TRUD'^R,  n.  One  who  intrudes  ; interloper. 

IN-TRUD'ING,  p.  a.  Making  intrusion;  thrust- 
ing in. 

IN-TRUNK',  v.  a.  To  encase,  [r.]  Ford. 

IN-TRU'§ION  (in-tru'zlrin,  93),  n.  [L.  intrusio; 
It.  intrusione ; Sp.  A Fr.  intrusion .] 

1.  The  act  of  intruding ; encroachment ; un- 
welcome entrance  ; entrance  without  invitation 
or  permission;  obtrusion, 

Frogs,  lice,  and  flies  must  aV  this  palace  fill 

'With  ioathed  intrusion.  Milton. 

An  intrusion  upon  your  mentations.  Wake. 

2.  Voluntary,  or  uncalled  for,  entrance  upon 
any  undertaking. 

It  may  be  said,  I handle  an  art  no  way  suitable  either  to 
my  employment  or  fortune,  and  so  stand  charged  with  intru- 
sion and  impertinency.  Wotlon. 


3.  (Law.)  The  entry  of  a /Granger,  after 
a particular  estate  of  freehold  f determined. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  fj,  Y,  short;  A,  p,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  I1ER; 


id  |s 


INTRUSIONIST 


775 


INVASION 


before  him  who  is  the  heir  in  the  remainder  or 
reversion.  Burritt. 

4.  ( Geol .)  The  forcing  or  injecting  of  rocks 
in  a state  of  fusion  through,  among,  or  over 
other  disrupted  rocks.  C.  T.  Jackson. 

IN-TRf]'§ION-IST  (jn-tru'zhun-Ist),  n.  One  who 
intrudes  or  favors  intrusion  ; one  who  supports 
the  right  of  a patron  to  present  a clergyman  to 
a living  or  parish  without  the  concurrence  of 
the  parishioners.  [Scotland.]  Chalmers. 

IN-TRU'SIVE,  a.  1.  Intruding  upon  ; apt  to  in- 
trude ; obtrusive. 

Let  me  shake  off  the  intrusive  cares  of  day.  Thomson. 

2.  (Geol.)  Noting  rocks  that  have  been  in- 
truded.  — See  Intruded.  C.  T.  Jackson. 

IN-TRU'SIVE-LY,  ad.  In  an  intrusive  manner. 

IN-TRU'SIVE-NESS,  n.  The  act  of  entering  with- 
out invitation  or  permission.  Wright. 

IN-TRUST',  v.  a.  [in  and  trust.]  [i.  intrusted  ; 
pp.  intrusting,  intrusted.]  To  deliver  in 
trust;  to  confide  to  the  care  of;  to  consign  or 
commit  to  the  safe-keeping  of ; to  commit. 

“ We  intrust  another  with  something,  or  we 
intrust  something  to  another.”  Johnson. 

Syn.  — See  Consign. 

IN-TU-I"TION  (ln-tu-ish'un),  n.  [L.  intuitus , a 
view ; intueor , to  look  upon ; in,  upon,  and 
tucor,  to  look  ; It.  intuizione  \ Sp.  intuicion  \ Fr. 
intuition. \ The  act  of  the  mind  by  which  a 
truth  is  immediately  perceived,  and,  as  it  were, 
beheld,  without  any  previous  process  of  analy- 
sis or  ratiocination  ; the  act  of  seeing  at  once 
by  the  mind;  intuitive  perception. 

What  we  know  or  comprehend  as  soon  as  we  perceive  or 
attend  to  it,  we  are  said  to  know  by  intuition.  Taylor. 

The  proper  objects  of  intuition  are  propositions  analogous 
to  the  axioms  prefixed  to  Euclid’s  Elements.  Stewart. 

One  in  whom  persuasion  and  belief 
ITnd  ripened  into  faith,  and  faith  become 
A passionate  intuition.  Wordsworth. 

lN-TU-I''TION-AL,  a.  Relating  to,  or  partaking 
of,  or  seen  by,  intuition ; intuitive.  Ec.  Rev. 

I N-T  U-F 'T I ON- A L- 1 §M,  n.  The  doctrine  that  the 
perception  of  truth  is  from  intuition.  H. Brit. Rev. 

IN-TU'I-TIVE,  a.  [Low  L.  intuit ivus ; It.  § Sp. 
intuitivo ; Fr.  intuitif.\ 

1.  Seen  or  received  by  the  mind  immediately, 
without  the  intervention  of  argument  or  testi- 
mony ; perceived  by  intuition. 

Sometimes  the  mind  perceives  the  agreement  or  disagree- 
ment of  two  ideas  immediately  by  themselves,  without  the 
intervention  of  any  other:  and  this,  I think,  we  may  call  in- 
tuitive knowledge.  Locke. 

2.  Immediate  ; full ; clear  ; distinct. 

Faith,  beginning  here  with  a weak  apprehension  of  things 
not  seen,  endeth  with  the  Intuitive  vision  of  God  in  the  world 
to  come.  Hooker. 

3.  Having  the  power  of  discovering  truth  im- 

mediately without  ratiocination.  “ Intuitive  in- 
tellectual judgment.”  Hooker. 

IN-TU'I-TIVE-LY,  ad.  By  intuitive  perception. 

IN-TtT-MESCE'  (In-tu-mes'),  v.  n.  [L.  intumesco ; 
in,  used  intensively,  and  tumesco,  to  swell  up.] 
To  swell ; to  become  tumid  with  heat.  Smart. 

IN-TU-MES'C^NCE,  n.  [It.  intumescenza ; Sp. 
entumecencia  ; Fr.  intumescence .] 

1.  The  act  of  swelling.  Johnson. 

2.  Augmentation  of  size  in  the  whole  body, 

or  in  any  part  of  it;  a swelling;  a tumor  ; tu- 
mid state.  Dunglison. 

IN-TU-MES'CIJN-CY,  n.  Same  as  INTUMESCENCE. 

t.IN-TU'MU-LAT-pD,  a.  [L.  intumulo,  intumu- 
latus.\  Not  buried;  unburied.  Cockeram. 

f IN-TUR-(?ES'C?NCE,  n.  [L-.  in,  used  intensive- 
ly, and  turgesco,  to  become  swollen.]  The  act 
of  swelling : — a turgid  state.  Browne. 

IN— TURN'ING,  a.  Suitable  for  being  turned  into. 
“ An  in-turning  place.”  Wickliffe,  Gen.  xlii.  27. 

f IN-TUSE',  n.  [L.  intundo,  intusus,  to  bruise.] 
A bruise.  “ The  infuse  deep.y  Spenser. 

IN-TIJS-SUS-CEP'TION,  n.  [L.  intus,  within,  and 
suscipio,  susceptus,  to  receive.]  (Med.)  The  in- 
troduction of  one  part  of  the  intestinal  canal 
into  another  ; introsusception.  Dunglison. 

IN-TWlNE',  v.  a.  [in  and  twine.' ] [i.  intwined  ; 


pp.  intwining,  intwined.]  To  twine  togeth- 
er ; to  twine  around ; to  twist  or  wreathe  to- 
gether ; to  inweave.  Drijden. 

IN-TWINE'MpNT,  n.  The  act  of  intwining.  Todd. 

IN-TWIST',  v.  a.  [in  and  twist.]  To  twist  to- 
gether ; to  intwine.  Smart. 

LN-y-EN'I)6,  n.  See  Innuendo.  Todcl. 

IN'U-LA,  n.  [L.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants,  one 
species  of  which  is  elecampane.  Loudon. 

IN'U-LINE  (18),  n.  [It.  inulina.)  (Chem.)  A pecu- 
liar starch-like  powder  spontaneously  deposited 
from  a decoction  of  the  roots  of  Inula  llele- 
nium,  or  elecampane.  Turner. 

IN-UM'BRATE,  v.  a.  [L.  inumbro,  inumbratus  ; 
Norm.  Fr.  enombraser.]  [i.  inumbrated  ; pp. 
INUMBRATING,  INUMBRATED.]  To  shade  ; tO 
cover  with  shade.  Bailey. 

f IN-UNCT'pD,  a.  [L.  inungo,  inunctus,  to  an- 
oint.] Anointed.  Cockeram. 

f IN-UNC'TION,  n.  [L.  inunctio.]  The  act  of 
anointing  ; an  anointing.  Burton. 

IN-UNCT-U-OS'I-TY,  n.  [in,  priv.,  and  unctuosi- 
ty.]  Want  or  destitution  of  oiliness.  Smart. 

IN-UN 'D ANT,  a.  [L.  inundo,  inundam,  to  over- 
flow; It.  inondante-,  Sp.  inundante.)  Over- 
flowing ; flowing  over,  [r.]  Shenstone. 

IN-UN 'DATE,  V.  a.  [L.  inundo,  inundatus  ; in, 
upon,  and  undo,  a wave  ; It.  inondare  ; Sp.  inun- 
dar\  Fr.  inonder.]  [».  inundated;  pp.  in- 
undating, inundated.]  To  overflow  with 
water,  or  as  with  water  ; to  flow  upon  or  over ; 
to  overwhelm  ; to  submerge  ; to  flood  ; to 
deluge.  Cockeram. 

IN-UN-DA'TION,  n.  [L.  inundatio  ; It.  inonda- 
zione;  Sp.  inundacion ; Fr.  inondation.]  The 
act  of  inundating,  or  the  state  of  being  inun- 
dated ; overflow  ; flood  ; deluge. 

No  swelling  inundation  hides  the  grounds. 

But  crystal  currents  glide  within  their  bounds.  Gay. 

Syn.—  See  Overflow. 

f IN-UN-DpR-STAND'ING,  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  un- 
derstanding.]. Void  of  understanding.  Pearson. 

IN-UR-BAnE',  a.  [L.  inurbanus  ; It.  <Sp  Sp.  invr- 
bano.]  Wanting  urbanity  ; uncivil.  Scott. 

IN-UR-BANE'LY,  ad.  In  an  impolite  manner. 

IN-UR-BANE'NIJSS,  n.  Want  of  civility  ; rude- 
ness ; inurbanity.  Wright. 

IN-UR-BAN'J-TY,  n.  [It.  inurbanith ; Sp.  inur- 
banidad.]  Want  of  urbanity.  Bp.  Hall. 

IN-URE'  (jn-yur'),  v.  a.  [Norm.  Fr.  enuer.]  [i. 
inured  ; pp.  inuring,  inured.]  To  make 
ready  or  familiar  by  frequent  use  or  practice  ; to 
habituate ; to  accustom  ; to  familiarize. 

To  blood  inured 

Of  fighting  beasts,  and  men  to  beasts  exposed.  Milton. 

We  may  inure  ourselves  by  custom  to  bear  the  extremities 
of  weather  without  injury.  Addison. 

fN-URE'  (in-yur'),  v.  n.  (Law.)  To  come  into  use 
or  power  ; to  have  effect ; to  enure.  — See 
Enure. 

The  decree  of  deprivation  doth  not  inure  till  a judicial 
sentence  passeth  further  on  us.  Bishop  of  Norwich , 1690. 

IN-URE'MIJNT,  n.  The  act  of  inuring ; practice  ; 
habit ; use ; custom  ; frequency.  Wotton. 

IN-URN',  v.  a.  [in  and  urn.)  [?’.  inurned  ; pp. 
inurning,  inurned.]  To  place  in  an  urn  ; 
to  intomb  ; to  bury. 

Amidst  the  tears  of  Trojan  dames  inurned.  Drydcn. 

IN-U-§I-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  inusitatus,  unusual.] 
Disuse  ; want  of  use.  Paley. 

t IN-UST'ION  (in-ust'yun),  n.  [L.  inustio .]  The 
act  of  burning,  or  of  branding.  Bailey. 

f IN-U'TILE,  a.  [L.  inutilis.]  Useless  ; unprofit- 
able. “ An  inutile  speculation.”  Bacon. 

IN-U-TIL'I-TY,  n.  [L.  inutilitas ; in,  priv.,  and 
utilitas,  utility;  utor,  to  use;  It.  inutilith ; Sp. 
inutilidad ; Fr.  inutilite.]  Want  of  utility; 
uselessness ; unprofitableness. 

You  see  the  inutility  of  foreign  travel.  Hurd. 

t iN-UT'Tf.R-A-BLE,  a.  Unutterable.  Milton. 

/AT  vAC’y-O.  [L.]  In  a void;  in  an  empty 
space. 


IN-VADE',  v.  a.  [L.  invado  ; in,  into,  and  rado, 
to  go  ; It.  invadere  ; Sp»  invadir  ; Fr.  invader.) 

[i.  INVADED  ; pp.  INVADING,  INVADED.] 

1.  To  enter  with  a hostile  army;  — applied 
to  a country  ; to  attack  ; to  assail ; to  assault. 

Invading  Russia,  he  [Napoleon]  was  at  first  successful  at 
Smolensko  and  Moskowa.  Stocquelcr. 

2.  To  infringe  or  encroach  upon  ; to  violate. 

3.  f To  go  into.  [A  Latinism.]  Spenser. 

Syn.  — See  Invasion. 

IN-VAD'IJR,  n.  One  who  invades ; an  assailant. 

IN-VA<?-!-NA'TION,  n-  [L.  in,  in,  and  vagina,  a 
sheath ; Fr.  invagination.]  (Med.)  Intussus- 
ception ; introsusception.  Hoblyn. 

f IN-VA-LES'CIJNCE,  n.  [L.  invalcsco,  invales- 
cens,  to  strengthen.]  Strength ; health.  Johnson. 

IN-VAL-B-TU'DI-NA-RY,  a.  [L.  invaletudinari- 
us.)  Wanting  health ; infirm,  [r.]  Todd. 

IN-VAl'ID,  a.  [L.  invalidus  ; in,  priv.,  and  val- 
idus,  strong  ; It.  § Sp.  invalido  ; Fr.  invalide.) 

1.  Not  valid;  weak  ; of  no  weight;  as,  “An 
invalid  argument.” 

2.  Of  no  legal  force  ; as,  “ An  invalid  will.” 

Their  testimonies  will  appear  invalid.  Addison. 

IN-VA-LID',  a.  Infirm;  weak;  sick.  Carpenter. 

IN-VA-LID'  (in-va-lcd'),  n.  A person  who  is  dis- 
abled, weak,  or  infirm  ; — often  applied  to  a 
man  worn  out  by  warfare. 

In  modern  times,  there  is  no  civilized  country  without  in- 
stitutions for  the  maintenance  of  invalids-,  but  the  most  mag- 
nificent are,  without  question,  the  Greenwich  and  Chelsea 
Hospitals  in  England,  and,  in  France,  the  Ilatel  des  Inva- 
lided. Brundc. 

IN-VA-LID',  V.  a.  [i.  INVALIDED  ; pp,  INVALID- 
ING, invalided.]  To  register  or  classify  as  an 
invalid.  Qu.  Rev. 

IN-VAl'I-DATE,  v.  a.  [It.  invalidare ; Sp.  in- 
valid ar  ; Fr.  invalider. — See  Invalid.]  [i.  in- 
validated ; pp.  invalidating,  invalidat- 
ed.] To  make  invalid  ; to  deprive  of  force  or 
efficacy  ; to  weaken ; to  overthrow. 

Three  kind  words  of  hers  shall  invalidate  all  their  testi- 
monies. Locke. 

IN-vAL-I-DA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  invalidating. 
“ Invalidations  of  their  right.”  Burke. 

IN-VA-LI DE'  (-led'),  n.  [Fr.]  See  Invalid. 

IN-VA-LiD'I§M,  n.  The  state  of  an  invalid;  ill- 
ness ; sickness,  [it.]  Ec.  Rev. 

IN-VA-LID'I-TY,  7i.  [It.  invalidity ; Fr.  invalidity .] 

1.  The  state  of  being  invalid ; want  of  valid- 
ity, force,  or  weight.  South. 

2.  f Weakness;  infirmity.  Temple. 

IN-VAL'OR-OUS,  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  raloi-ous.) 
Not  valorous  ; cowardly,  [r.]  D.  O'Connell. 

LV-VAL'U-A-BLE  (In-val'yu-a-bl),  a.  [in,  priv., 
or  in,  used  intensively,  and  valuable .]  That 
cannot  be  valued  ; above  all  value ; very  pre- 
cious; inestimable. 

The  glorious  and  invaluable  privileges  of  believing.  Atterhury. 

IN-VAL'U-A-BLY,  ad.  Inestimably.  Bp.  Hall. 

IN-VAL'UED  (In-val'yud),  a.  Inestimable.  Maurice. 

IN-VA-RI-A-BIl'I-TY,  7i.  [It.  invariability ; Fr. 
invariability. ] The  quality  of  being  invariable  ; 
immutability  ; invariableness.  Digby. 

IN-VA'RI-A-BLE,  a.  Not  variable  ; immutable  ; 
unchangeable  ; unalterable  ; constant.  “ Known 
and  invariable  signs.”  Browne. 

IN-VA'RI-A-BLE,  n.  (Math.)  That  which  is  not 
variable1;  a constant. 

The  invariable  of  an  equation  is  a function  which 
may  vary  under  certain  circumstances,  but  which 
does  not  under  the  conditions  imposed  by  the  equa- 
tions. Davies. 

IN-VA'RI- A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing invariable  ; immutability ; constancy  ; un- 
changeableness ; invariability.  Blackivall. 

IN-VA'RI- A-BLY,  ad.  Unchangeably  ; immutably. 

IN-VA'RIED  (-rjd),  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  varied.) 
Not  varied.  “ Invariea  words.”  Blackwall. 

IN-vA'§ION  (jn-va'zhun,  93),  n.  [L.  invasio ; It. 
invasions,  Sp.  # Fr.  invasion.) 

1.  The  act  of  invading ; hostile  entrance  for 
the  purpose  of  conquest ; attack  ; assault ; in- 
cursion ; irruption ; inroad. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RtJLE.  — £,  <?,  g,  soft;  to,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  £ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


INVASIVE 


INVERTED 


776 


The  dreadful  rumor,  from  afar, 

Of  armed  invasion.  Dry  den. 

Reason  finds  a secret  grief  and  remorse  from  every  inva- 
sion that  sin  makes  upon  innocence,  ami  that  must  render 
the  first  entrance  and  admission  of  sin  uneasy.  South. 

2.  Infringement  or  encroachment  upon  ; vio 
lation  ; as,  “ The  invasion  of  chartered  rights.” 

3.  Attack  of  a disease. 

Wlmt  demonstrates  the  plague  to  be  endemial  to  Egypt  i: 
its  invasion  and  going  ott'  at  certain  times.  Ai'buthnot. 

Syn.  — Invasion , incursion , irruption , and  inroad , 
all  denote  a hostile  and  forcible  entrance  into  a for- 
eign country.  An  invasion  is  made  by  a regular  army, 
under  its  chief  commander;  as,  “ Alexander  invaded 
India,”  and  “ Bonaparte  invaded  Russia.”  Incursion 
irruption , and  inroad,  ail  imply  a hostile,  and  often  a 
sudden  and  irregular,  invasion,  made  by  a body  of 
men  commonly  into  neighboring  states.  Forraij,  a 
Scottish,  or  an  old  word,  recently  revived,  denotes  a 
hostile  incursion.  — See  Attack,  Infringement. 

IN-VA'S|VE,  a.  Making  invasion;  aggressive. 
“ Invasive  wars.”  Dryden. 

JN-VEC'TJJD,  a.(IIcr.)  Fluted,  or  furrowed.  Craig. 

f IN-VEC'TION,  n.  [L.  invectio .]  Reproachful 
accusation ; invective.  Fulke. 

JN-VEC'TIVE,  n.  [It.  invettiva;  Sp.  invectiva ; 
Fr.  invective.  — See  Invective,  a.]  Abusive 
or  angry  speech ; harsh  censure ; abuse  ; re- 
proach. 

Invective  is  a predatory  course  of  life,  and  indeed  but  a 
privateering  upon  reputation.  Marvell. 

Desperate  thieves,  all  hopeless  of  their  lives, 

Breathe  out  invectives  ’gainst  the  officers.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Satire. 

JN-VEC'TIVE,  a.  [L.  invcctivus;  inveho , invec - 
tus,  to  inveigh  against ; in,  in,  and  veho,  vectus, 
to  carry.]  Satirical ; abusive  ; reproachful ; 
censorious  ; scolding ; captious.  Dryden. 

Satire  among  the  Romans,  but  not  among  the  Greeks,  was 
a biting  invective  poem.  Dryden. 

IN-VEC'TIVE-LY,  ad.  Satirically;  abusively. 

JN-VEIGH'  (jn-va'),v.  tl.  [L.  inveho ; in,  upon,  and 
veho,  to  carry.]  [i.  inveighed;  pp.  inveigh- 
ing, inveighed/]  To  utter  censure  or  re- 
proach ; to  rail ; to  declaim  ; — with  against. 

I cannot  blame  him  for  inveighing  so  sharply  against  the 
vices  of  the  clergy  in  his  age.  Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Declaim. 

IN-VEIGH'J$R  (jn-va'er),  n.  One  xvho  inveighs; 
one  who  uses  invectives.  Jackson. 

IN-VEI'GLE  (in-ve'gl),  v.  a.  [Ger.  xoieylcn  ; Sw. 
upwiglia,  from  the  M.  Goth,  wagain,  to  move, 
to  excite.  Serenius. — “ Ihre  thinks  the  Sw. 
word  may  be  from  the  Eng.”  — “ Fr.  aveugle  ( ab 
oculo),  blind ; aveugler,  to  blind,  to  hoodwink.” 
Junius,  Skinner.  — “It.  invogliare.”  Minsheu. 
— “ It  may  be,  and  probably  is,  formed  upon 
the  A.  S.  wiglian,  to  beguile.”  Richardson.] 
ft.  INVEIGLED  ; pp.  INVEIGLING,  INVEIGLED.] 
To  persuade  to  something  bad  ; to  wheedle  ; to 
entice  ; to  seduce  ; to  beguile. 

Achilles  hath  inveigled  his  fool  from  him.  Shak. 

Both  right  able 

To  inveigle  and  draw  in  the  rabble.  Iludibras. 

{N-VEI'GLE-MENT  (jn-ve'gl-ment),  n.  Seduction  ; 
enticement ; allurement.  “ The  inveiglements 
of  the  world.”  • South. 

JN-VEI'GL£R  (jn-ve'gler),  n.  One  xvho  inveigles  ; 
a beguiler ; a deceiver.  Sandgs. 

JN-VEIL'  (jn-vaT),  v.  a.  [i.  inveiled  ; pp.  in- 
veiling, inveiled.]  To  cover  xvith  a veil,  or 
as  xvith  a veil.  Daniel. 

IN-VEILED'  (in-vald'),y>.  a.  Covered  as  with  a veil. 

Her  eyes  inveiled  with  sorrow’s  clouds.  IF.  Browne. 

IN-VEND-I-BIL'I-TY,  n.  Unsalableness.  Browne. 

IN-VEND'l-BLE,  a.  [L.  invendibilis ; Sp.  invendi- 
ble ; Fr.  invendable. ] Not  vendible  ; unsalable. 

JN-VEND'J-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  in- 
vendible or  unsalable.  Craig. 

IN-VEN'OM,  v.  a.  See  Envenom.  Todd. 

IN- VENT',  v.  a.  [L.  invenio,  inventus-,  in,  upon, 
and  venio , to  come  ; It.  inventare  ; Sp.  inventar ; 
Fr.  inventer.]  [ i . invented  ; pp.  inventing, 

INVENTED.] 

1.  To  contrive,  devise,  or  produce,  as  some- 
thing new,  or  not  before  made,  or  knoxvn. 

Otto  Guericke  invented  the  air-pump;  Santorius  invented 
the  thermometer.  Stewart. 

2.  To  create  or  form  by  the  imagination  ; to 
devise ; to  frame. 

I would  invent  as  many  bitter,  searching  terms  . . . 

As  lean-faced  Envy  in  her  loathsome  cave.  Shale. 


3.  To  contrive  falsely  ; to  fabricate;  to  forge  ; 
to  feign. 

I never  did  such  things  ns  those  men  have  maliciously  in- 
vented against  me.  Susan.  4 11. 

4.  To  discover  ; to  find  out.  [r.] 

Logic  does  not  pretend  to  invent  science,  or  the  axioms  of 
sciences.  liacon. 

Syn.  — To  invent  is  to  devise  something  new  or 
not  before  made,  or  to  modify  and  combine  tilings 
before  made  or  known  so  as  to  form  a new  whole  ; to 
discover  is  to  find  something  not  before  known;  as, 
“Galileo  invented  the  telescope”;  “Watt  invented 
the  steam  engine”;  “Columbus  discovered  Ameri- 
ca ” ; “ Harvey  discovered  the  circulation  of  the 
blood.”  — To  invent,  feign,  and  frame  are  often  em- 
ployed, in  the  ordinary  concerns  of  life,  in  a bad 
sense  ; and  fabricate  and  forge  are  generally  so  used. 
To  invent  falsehoods  ; feign  sorrow  ; frame  excuses; 
fabricate  false  stories  ; forge  bank-notes  or  certificates. 
— See  Devise,  Feign. 

IN-VENT'ipR,  n.  One  who  invents  ; inventor. 

JN-VENT'FUL,  a . Full  of  invention.  Gifford. 

IN-VENT'I-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  invented. 

IN-VENT'I-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  qual- 
ity of  being  inventible.  Wright . 

JN-VEN'TION  (jn-ven'shun),  n.  [L.  inventio  ; It. 
invenzione  ; Sp  .invention;  Fr.  invention.'] 

1.  The  act  of  inventing ; the  act  of  devising 
or  contriving  something  which  has  not  before 
existed ; as,  “ The  invention  of  printing.” 

Invention,  strictly  spenking,  is  little  more  than  a new  com- 
bination of  those  images  which  have  been  previously  gath- 
ered and  deposited  in  the  memory.  Nothing  can  be  made  of 
nothing;  he  who  has  laid  up  no  materials  can  produce  no 
combinations.  Sir  J.  lieynolds. 

2.  The  thing  invented ; contrivance;  device. 

It  appears,  therefore,  that  improvements  in  the  arts  are 
properly  called  inventions.  Stewart. 

The  inventions  of  art,  the  discoveries  of  science.  Fleming. 

3.  The  poxver  of  inventing;  ingenuity. 

Invention  is  the  taleut  of  youth,  and  judgment  of  age.  Swift. 

Invention  is  one  of  the  great  marks  of  genius.  lieynolds. 

4.  ( Fine  Arts.)  A term  employed  to  desig- 
nate the  conception  or  the  representation  of  a 
subject,  the  selection  and  disposition  of  its  va- 
rious parts,  and  the  xvhole  means  by  xvhich  the 
artist  seeks  to  portray  his  thoughts. 

Among  the  artists  of  our  time,  none  have  approached 
Kaulbacn  in  invention.  Fairholt. 

5.  Forgery;  fiction;  fabrication. 

If  thou  canst  accuse, 

Do  it  without  invention  suddenly.  Shak. 

6.  f Discovery ; the  act  of  finding  out.  Ray. 

Invention  of  the  holy  cross,  ( Eccl .)  a festival  kept  by 

the  Church  of  Rome,  in  memory  of  the  day  on  which 
they  affirm  our  Saviour’s  cross  was  found  by  the  Em- 
press Helena.  Hook. 

Syn.  — See  Imagination. 

f JN-VEN'TIOUS,  a.  Inventive.  B.  Jonson. 

IN-VEN'T!VE,  a.  [It.  § Sp.  inventivo-,  Fr.  in- 
ventif.]  Apt  to  invent  ; quick  at  contrivance  ; 
ready  at  expedients  ; ingenious;  creative.  “ He 
had  an  inventive  brain.”  Raleigh. 

[N-VEN'TIVE-LY,  ad.  By  the  poxx'er  of  inven- 
tion. Wright. 

IN- VEN'TIV E-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  in- 
x-entive  ; ingenuity.  Channing. 

IN-VENT'OR,  n.  [L.]  One  xvho  invents  ; a con- 
triver. “ Inventors  rare.”  Milton. 

IN- VEN-TO'RI-AL,  a.  Belonging  or  pertaining  to 
an  inventory.  Maunder. 

IN-V£N-T6'RI-AL-LY,  ad.  In  the  manner  of  an 
inventory.  Shak. 

iN'VyN-TO-RY  [In'ven-tur-e,  S.  W.  P.  J.  E.  F. 
Ja.  K.  Sm.  Wr.  Wb. ; in-vent'o-re,  Johnson, 
Kcnrick] , n.  [L.  inventarium  ; It.  § Sp.  inven- 
tario  ; Fr.  inventaire.] 

1.  An  account  or  catalogue  of  goods  or  mova- 
bles. Addison. 

2.  (Law.)  A list  or  schedule  in  writing  of  the 

goods,  chattels,  and  credits  (and  sometimes  of 
the  real  estate)  of  a testator  or  intestate,  made 
by  an  executor  or  administrator.  Burrill. 

IN'VIJN-TO-RY,  v.  a.  To  register  ; to  place  in  a 
catalogue.  “ It  shall  be  inventoried.”  Shak. 

IN-VEN'TRESS,  n.  [Fr.  inventrice .]  A female 
xvho  invents.  Burnet. 

IN-V ER-I-SI-MI L'l-TUDE,  n.  [in,  priv.,  and  ver- 
isimilitude.]  Want  of  verisimilitude.  Coleridge. 

IN-VER-MI-NA'TION  (-shun),  n.  [L.  in,  in,  and 
vermis, .a  xx'orm.]  (Med.)  The  morbid  state  of 


the  intestinal  canal  occasioned  by  the  presence 
of  entozoary  animals.  Brande. 

I N - V £ It  - N A C ' t’  - L <) , n.  [Sp.,  from  invierno,  xvin- 
tcr.]  A green-liouse  for  preserving  plants  in 
xvinter.  Simmonds. 

IN-VERSE',  a.  [L.  inversus  ; Fr.  inters.] 

1.  Inverted  ; reciprocal ; — opposed  to  direct. 

2.  (Bot.)  Noting  a part  xvhose  apex  is  in  the 

direction  opposite  to  that  of  the  organ  xvith 
xvhich  it  is  compared.  Gray. 

3.  (Math.)  Noting  txx-o  operations  exactly 

contrary  to  each  other,  or  such  that,  xvhen  suc- 
cessively performed  upon  a given  quantity,  the 
result  xvill  be  that  quantity.  Davies. 

Inverse  ratio,  the  ratio  of  the  reciprocals  of  two 
quantities.  — Inverse  proportion , tile  application  of 
tlie  rule  of  three  or  proportion  in  a reverse  or  contrary 
order.  — Inverse  method  of  fluxions , same  as  integral 
calculus.  Brande. — Inverse  method  of  tangejits,  tile 
method  of  finding  the  curve  whose  tangents  are  lines 
drawn  according  to  some  determinate  laxv,  or  which 
fulfil  some  given  condition.  Brande. 

JN-VERSE'LY,  ad.  In  an  inverse  order  or  ratio. 

JN-VER'SION  (jn-ver'shun),  n.  [L.  inversio ; It. 
inversione ; Sp.  Sg  Fr.  inversion.] 

1.  The  act  of  inverting,  or  the  state  of  being 
inverted  ; the  act  by  xvhich  any  thing  is  turned 
backxvards  or  contrariwise  ; change  of  order  or 
of  time,  so  as  that  the  last  is  first,  and  the  first 
last. 

A subtile  inversion  of  the  precept  of  God,  to  do  good  that 
evil  may  come  of  it.  Browne. 

2.  Change  of  place,  so  as  that  each  takes  the 

room  of  the  other.  Blair. 

3.  (Mus.)  The  transfer  of  a musical  subject 

or  theme  from  one  part  or  voice  of  the  compo- 
sition to  another,  as  from  tenor  to  bass  : — an 
inverted  order  of  the  notes  of  a chord  or  of.a 
melodic  phrase.  Dwight. 

4.  (Grammar.)  A transposition  of  xvords  ; hy- 
perbaton ; as,  “ Whom,  therefore,  ye  ignorant- 
ly xvorship,  him  declare  I unto  you.”  Acts  xvii.  23. 

5.  (Rhet.)  A method  of  confutation,  by  xvhich 
the  orator  shows  that  the  reasons  adduced  by 
the  opposite  party  are  favorable  to  his  cause. 

London  Ency. 

6.  (Math.)  The  operation  of  changing  the 

order  of  the  terms  of  a proportion,  so  that  the 
antecedents  shall  take  the  place  of  the  conse- 
quents and  the  reverse.  Davies. 

7.  (Geol.)  A kind  of  contortion  of  certain 

beds  or  strata,  as  coal  measures,  mountain  lime- 
stone, sandstone,  &c.,  caused  by  their  being 
upheaved  and  tilted  over  so  as  to  have  the  ap- 
pearance of  having  been  deposited  after  those 
xvhich  they  really  support.  De  IgfBeche. 

IN-VERT',  v.  a.  [L.  inverto  ; in,  noting  change, 
and  verto,  to  turn  ; It.  interfere  ; Sp.  invertir .] 
[i.  INVERTED  ; pp.  INVERTING,  INVERTED.] 

1.  To  turn  or  place  in  contrary  position  to 

that  xvhich  xvas  before  ; to  turn  upside  doxvn  ; to 
overturn.  The  spear  inverted.”  Pitt. 

2.  To  place  in  a contrary  order  ; to  reverse. 

And  who  but  wishes  to  invert  the  laws 

Of  order,  sins  against  the  eternul  Cause.  rope. 

O 'Winter!  ruler  of  the  inverted  year, 

Thy  scattered  hair  with  sleet,  like  ashes,  filled.  Cowper. 

3.  (Mus.)  To  change  the  position  either  of  a 
subject  or  of  a chord. 

4.  f To  divert ; to  turp  into  another  channel. 

Solyman  charged  him  bitterly  with  inverting  his  treasures 
to  his  own  private  use.  Kiiolles. 

Syn.  — See  Overturn. 

IN-VER'TJ-BR AL,  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  vertebral .] 
(Zoiil.)  Destitute  of  a vertebral  column,  as  in- 
sects, &c. ; invertebrate.  P.  Cyc. 

IN-VER'TE-BRATE,  n.  [in,  priv.,  and  vertebrate.] 
(Zoiil.)  An  animal  which  is  devoid  of  vertebrae, 
or  of  an  internal  bony  skeleton.  Brande. 

IN-VER'T^-BR^TE,  ) a [L.  jn>  ;n>  and  vcr. 

IN-VER'T^-BRAT-ED,  ) tebra,  a joint ; It.  inver- 
tebrato  ; Fr.  invertebre .]  (Zoiil.)  Destitute  of 
a backbone,  or  of  vertebrae.  Owen. 

IN-VERT'£D,  p.  a.  1.  Turned  upside  doxvn ; 
changed  by  inversion  ; reversed. 

Inverted  arch , (Arch.)  an 
arch  of  stone  or  of  brick, with 
the  crown  doxvnxvards,  com-  • 
monly  used  in  the  construc- 
tion of  tunnels.  I Veale.  Inverted  arch. 

2.  (Geol.)  Noting  beds  or  strata  that  have 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  tr,  Y,  short ; A,  5,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


INVERTEDLY 


777 


INVOCATE 


been  upheaved  and  turned  back  by  the  intrusion 
of  igneous  rocks.  Richardson. 

IN-VERT'yD-LY,  acl.  In  an  inverted  manner; 
in  contrary  or  reversed  order.  Derham. 

f IN-VERT'I-BLE,  a.  [L.  in,  priv.,  and  verto,  to 
turn.]  That  cannot  be  turned.  “ An  indurate 
and  invertible  conscience.”  Cranmer. 

IN- VEST',  v.  a.  [L.  investio  ; in,  upon,  and  vestio, 
to  clothe;  It.  investire  ; Sp.  § Fr.  investir.]  [i. 
INVESTED  ; pp.  INVESTING,  INVESTED.] 

1.  To  dress  ; to  clothe  ; to  array  ; to  vest. 

Then  we  shall  all  be  invested , reapparellcd,  in  our  own 

bodies.  Bonne. 

2.  To  endow,  as  with  an  office ; to  endue. 

The  practice  of  all  ages  and  all  countries  hath  been  to  do 

honor  to  those  who  are  invested  with  public  authority. 

Atterbury. 

3.  To  lay  out,  as  money  or  capital,  in  some 
permanent  form,  so  as  to  produce  an  income; 
to  vest ; — followed  by  in ; as,  “ To  invest  money 
in  stocks,  real  estate,  &c.” 

4.  f To  confer;  to  give.  “It  investeth  a 

right  of  government.”  Bacon. 

5.  f To  put  on ; to  clothe  or  attire  with. 

“This  girdle  to  invest.”  Spenser. 

6.  (Mil.)  To  enclose  ; to  surround  so  as  to 
intercept  entrance. 

To  invest  a place  is,  in  fact,  to  take  preparatory  measures 
for  a blockade  or  close  siege.  Stocqueler. 

f IN- VEST 'I ENT  (-yent),  a.  Covering.  Woodward. 

IN- VES'TI-G  A-BLE,  a.  [L.  investigabilis  ; Sp.  in- 
vestigable.]  ' That  may  be  investigated.  Hooker. 

IN- VES'TI-G  ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  investigo,  invest  igatus; 
vestigium,  a tracej  It.  investigate  ; Sp.  investi- 
gar.]  [i.  investigated  ; pp.  investigating, 
investigated.]  To  search  out  ; to  inquire 
into;  to  examine;  to  scrutinize. 

Investigate  the  variety  of  motions  and  figures  made  by  the 
organs  tbr  articulation.  Holder. 

IN-VES-TI-GA'TION,  7i.  [L.  investigatio  ; It.  in- 

vestigazione  ; Sp.  investigation  •,  Fr.  investiga- 
tion.) The  act  of  investigating  ; minute,  care- 
ful research  ; inquiry  ; scrutiny  ; examination. 
Investigation  calm,  whose  silent  powers 
Command  the  world.  Thomson. 

Syn.  — See  Examination. 

IN-VES'TI-GA-TIVE,  a.  That  investigates ; search- 
ing; making  inquiry.  Pegge. 

IN- VES'TI-GA-TOR,  n.  [L.]  One  who  investigates. 

IN-VES'TI-TURE,  n.  [Fr.]  I.  The  act  of  giving 
possession  of  any  manor,  office,  or  benefice. 

Concerning  the  right  of  investiture , violent  disputes  arose 
in  the  middle  ages  between  the  emperors  and  the  popes  .Hook. 

2.  (Feudal  Law.)  The  delivery  of  actual  cor- 
poreal possession  of  lands  or  tenements  given 
or  granted  to  another,  with  certain  ceremonies 
or  solemnities  ; livery  of  seizin.  Mansfield. 

Investiture  is  a metaphorical  term  which,  as  Lord  Mansfield 
observes,  the  feudists  took  from  clothing  [“  vestimentum”], 
by  which  they  meant  to  intimate  that  the  “ naked”  posses- 
sion was  “ clothed  ” with  the  solemnities  of  the  feudal  tenure. 

Burr  ill. 

IN-VES'TIVE,  a. Encircling;  clothing,  [r.]  Mirror. 

IN-VEST'MENT,  n.  1.  The  act  of  investing. 

2.  Dress;  clothes;  garment;  habit;  vestment. 

Whose  white  investments  figure  innocence.  Shak. 

3.  The  laying  out  of  money  or  capital  in  some 
permanent  form,  so  as  to  produce  an  income  ; — 
money  laid  out  in  some  stock,  or  in  real  estate, 
&c.,  with  a view  to  produce  an  income. 

4.  (Mil.)  The  act  of  seizing  upon  all  the  ave- 
nues leading  to  a town  or  fortress.  Mil.  Ency. 

IN-VEST’OR,  n.  One  who  invests  or  makes  an 
investment.  Jacob. 

f IN-VEST'URE  (in-vest'yur),  V.  a.  To  put  in  pos- 
session of  an  office ; to  invest. 

He  hath  already  investured  hirn  iri  the  dukedom  of  Prussia. 

Ascliam. 

IN-VEST'URE  (in-vest'yur), m.  Investiture.  Burnet. 

IN-VET'ER-A-CY,  n.  The  state  of  being  inveter- 
ate ; long  continuance  of  any  thing  bad,  as  an 
ill  habit,  disease,  &c. ; obstinacy  confirmed  by 
time  ; inveterateness.  “ The  inveteracy  of  the 
people’s  prejudices.”  Addison. 

I N- VET ' ip R- ATE,  a.  [L.  invetero,  inveteratus,  to 
render  old ; in,  used  intensively,  and  vetus,veteris, 
old ; It.  inveterato  ; Sp.  inveterado  ; Fr.  invetere .] 

1.  Old;  long-established;  not  recent.  “In- 
veterate observation.”  Hooker. 

2.  Fixed  or  obstinate  by  long  continuance  ; 
deep-seated.  “ An  inveterate  disease.”  Dryden. 


3.  Confirmed  in  any  habit ; — applied  to  per- 
sons ; as,  “ An  inveterate  smoker.” 

f IN-VET'pR-ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  invetero,  inveteratus.'] 
To  fix  by  long  continuance.  Bacon. 

IN-VET'pR- ATE-Ly,  ad.  In  an  inveterate  man- 
ner ; obstinately.  Warburton. 

IN-VET'pR-ATE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  in- 
veterate ; long  continuance  ; inveteracy.  Locke. 

IN-VET-ER-A'TION,  n.  [L.  invete  ratio.]  The  act 
of  making  inveterate,  [n.]  Bailey. 

IN-Vll)'I-OUS  [jn-vid'e-us,  P.  J.  Ja.  Sm. ; in-vld'- 
yus,  .S'.  E.  F.  K.  \ in-vid'e-us  or  jn-vid'je-us,  IF.], 
a.  [L.  invidiosus,  invideo,  not  to  see  ; in,  priv., 
and  video,  to  see  ; invidia,  envy ; It.  § Sp.  in- 
vidioso .] 

1.  f Envious  ; malignant.  Evelyn. 

2.  Likely  to  incur  or  excite  ill-will  or  give 
offence  ; likely  to  promote  envy  ; offensive. 

Agamemnon  found  it  an  invidious  affair  to  give  the  pref- 
erence to  any  one  of  the  Grecian  heroes.  Broome. 

Syn.  — Invidious  is  causing  ill-will  ; envious,  hav- 
ing ill-will.  That  task  is  invidious  which  puts  one  in 
the  way  of  giving  offence.  Invidious  is  applied  to  the 
thing  or  act ; envious , to  the  person.  It  is  invidious 
for  one  author  to  judge  against  another  who  has  writ- 
ten on  the  same  subject.  A man  is  envious  when  the 
knowledge  of  another’s  happiness  or  success  gives 
him  pain.  Inctdious  remark  or  task  ; envious  dispo- 
sition ; offensive  conduct  or  remark  ; malignant  feeling. 

IN-VID'I-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  an  invidious  manner. 

IN-VlD'l-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  in- 
vidious ; offensiveness.  South. 

IN-Vlp'l-LANCE,  n.  Want  of  vigilance  ; care- 
lessness. Smart. 

IN-Viy'I-LAN-CY,  n.  Invigilance.  Cotgrave. 

f IN-VIG'OR,  v.  a.  To  invigorate.  Waterhouse. 

JN-VIG'O-RATE,  v.  a.  [in,  used  intensively,  and 
vigor.  — It.  invigorire .]  \i.  invigorated  ; pp. 

INVIGORATING,  INVIGORATED.]  To  give  vigor 
or  energy  to ; to  strengthen ; to  animate  ; to 
fortify ; to  reenforce. 

Syn.  — See  Strengthen. 

IN-vIg'O-RAT-ING,  p.  a.  Adding  strength  or 
vigor  ; strengthening  ; reenforcing. 

IN-VlG-O-RA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  invigorating. 

f IN-VILE',  v.  a.  To  render  vile.  Daniel. 

f IN-VIL'LApED  ( jn-vil'lajd),  a.  [in  and  village .] 
Turned  into  a village.  Browne. 

IN-VIN-CI-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [It.  invincibilita .]  The 
quality  of  being  invincible ; unconquerableness ; 
invincibleness.  Barrow. 

IN-VlN'CI-BLE,  a.  [L.  invincibilis  ; in,  priv.,  and 
vinco,  to  vanquish  ; It.  invincibile  ; Sp.  inven- 
cible  ; Fr.  invincible .]  That  cannot  be  subdued 
or  vanquished  ; insuperable  ; unconquerable. 

O,  miserable  change!  Is  this  the  man, 

That  invincible  Samson,  far  renowned?  Milton. 

Syn.  — Invincible  signifies  not  to  be  vanquished  ; 
unconquerable , not  to  be  conquered  ; insuperable , not 
to  be  overcome ; insurmountable , not  to  he  surmounted. 
Invincible  army  ; invincible  spirit ; unconquerable  obsti- 
nacy ; insuperable  difficulty  or  objection  ; insurmount- 
able obstacle. 

IN-VIN'CI-BLE-NESS,  n.  Unconquerableness  ; 
insuperableness ; invincibility.  Wilkins. 

IN-VIN'CI-BLY,  acl.  Insuperably;  unconquerably. 

IN-VI-O-LA-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [It.  inviolabilita ; Sp. 
inviolabilidcid  ; Fr.  inviolability The  state  or 
the  quality  of  being  inviolable. 

The  most  absolute  inviolability  of  the  sacred  person  of  the 
sovereign.  Bp.  Horsley. 

lN-VI'O-L  A-BLE,  a.  [L.  inviolabilis  ; in,  priv., 
and  riolabilis,  violable  ; violo,  to  violate  ; It.  in- 
violabile  ; Sp.  Fr.  inviolable.'] 

1.  That  may  not  be  violated,  broken,  profaned, 
or  injured.  “League  of  inviolable  amity  .’’Hooker. 

Whose  charge  is  to  keep 

This  place  inviolable , and  these  from  harm.  Milton. 

2.  Insusceptible  of  hurt ; sacred. 

The  inviolable  saints 

In  cubic  phalanx  firm  advanced  entire.  Milton. 

IN-VI'O-LA-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  qual- 
ity of  being  inviolable  ; inviolability.  Sherivood. 

IN-Vi'o-LA-BLY,  ad.  In  an  inviolable  manner ; 
without  breacfi ; without  failure.  Dryden. 


IN-VI'O-LA-CY, n.  The  state  of  being  inviolate; 
inviolability,  [r.]  Bulwer. 

IN-VI'O-LATE,  a.  [L.  inviolatus  ; It.  invioluto  ; 
Sp.  inviolado  ; Fr.  inviolti.]  Not  violated;  un- 
hurt ; uninjured  ; unprofaned  ; unpolluted. 

In  all  the  changes  of  his  doubtful  state, 

His  truth,  like  lleaven’s,  was  kept  inviolate.  Dryden. 

IN-Vl'O-LAT-yD,  a.  Unviolated.  Drayton. 

IN-Vl'O-LATE-LY,  ad.  Without  violation.  South. 

IN'VI-OUS,  a.  [L.  invius  ; in,  priv.,  and  via,  a. 
way.]  Pathless ; impassable,  [r.]  Iludibras. 

IN'VI-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  invious ; 
impassableness,  [r.]  Dr.  Ward. 

IN-VI-rTl'I-TY,  n.  [in,  priv.,  and  virility.]  Want 
of  virility  or  manhood.  Prynne. 

IN-VIS'CATE,  v.  a.  [L.  invisco,  inviscatus;  in, 
in,  and  viscus,  lime.]  To  lime  ; to  daub  with 
glue.  Browne. 

IN-VIS'cyR-ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  inviscero , invisceratus, 
to  put  into  the  entrails.]  To  breed  ; to  nour- 
ish. “ Inviscerating  this  disposition  on  our 
hearts,  — to  love  one  another.”  Mountagu. 

f IN-VI^ED'  (in-vlzd'),  a.  [L.  in,  priv.,  and  video, 
visits,  to  see.]  That  cannot  be  seen  ; imper- 
ceptible. “ His  invised  properties.”  Shak. 

IN-VI§-I-BIL'I-TY  (-e-bll'e-te),  n.  [It.  invisibilita ; 
Sp.  invisibilidad ; Fr.  invisibiUte.]  The  state 
of  being  invisible  ; imperceptibleness  to  sight. 

IN-Vl§'l-BLE  (In-vlz'e-bl),  a.  [L.  invisibilis  ; in, 
priv.,  and  v isibilis,  visible  ; video , to  see  ; It.  in- 
visible ; Sp.  Sj  Fr.  invisible .]  That  cannot  be 
seen  ; imperceptible  by  the  sight ; unseen.  “ The 
invisible  . . . wind.”  Shak.  “ The  image  of  the 
invisible  God.”  Col.  i.  15. 

IN-vJ^'l-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  invis- 
ible ; invisibility.  Scott. 

IN-VI§'I-BLY,  ad.  In  an  invisible  manner.  Gay. 

lN-Vl''§ION  (In-vlzh'un,  93),  n.  [in,  priv.,  and 
vision.]  Want  of  vision.  Wright. 

Ifif-Vl'TA  MI-JTRR  ' VA.  [L.,  Miner r a (the  god- 
dess of  wisdom)  being  unwilling .]  Without  the 
aid  of  genius.  Macdonnel. 

I N - V I - T A ' T I O N , n.  [ Xj.invitatio ; Sp  .invitation-, 
Fr.  invitation.]  The  act  of  inviting,  bidding,  or 
calling  ; solicitation  ; a bidding  ; a call. 

That  other  answered  with  a lowly  look, 

And  soon  the  gracious  invitation  took.  Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Solicitation. 

IN-Vl'TA-TO-RY,  a.  [L.  invitatorius  ; Sp.  invi- 
tatorio  ; Fr.  inmtatoire.]  That  invites;  using 
invitation  ; containing  invitation.  “ The  invita- 
tory  [or  95th]  psalm.”  Wheatley. 

t IN-Vi'TA-TO-RY,  n.  A hymn  of  invitation  to 
prayer.  Common  Prayer. 

IN-VITE',  v.  a.  [L.  invito  ; It.  invitare  ; Sp.  m- 
vitar;  Fr.  inviter.]  [i.  invited  ; pp.  inviting, 
invited.] 

1.  To  ask  to  do  something,  or  to  go  to  some 
place,  particularly  to  one’s  house  ; to  bid  ; to 
call ; to  summon  ; to  solicit ; to  request. 

He  comes  invited  by  a younger  son.  Hilton. 

For  my  part,  I will  not  consent  to  take  one  6tep  without 
knowing  on  what  principle  I am  invited  to  take  it.  Canning. 

2.  To  allure  ; to  persuade  ; to  attract. 

What  beckoning  ghost,  along  the  moonlight  shade, 

Invites  my  steps,  and  points  to  yonder  glade?  Pope. 

Syn.  — See  Allure,  Call. 

IN-VITE',  v.  n.  To  give  invitation  ; to  ask. 

Come.  Myrrha.  let  us  on  to  the  Euphrates; 

The  hour  invites,  the  galley  is  prepared.  Byron. 

f IN-VITE'MyNT,  n.  Invitation.  B.  Jonson. 

IN-VIT'J5R,  n.  One  who  invites.  Pope. 

IN-VlT'{NG,  n.  Invitation  ; solicitation.  Shak. 

IN-ViT'lNG,  p.  a.  Giving  invitation  ; attractive  ; 
alluring;  as,  “An  inviting  manner.” 

1N-VIT'ING-LY,  ad.  In  such  a manner  as  invites 
or  allures  ; attractively.  Decay  of  Piety. 

IN-VlT'ING-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of -being  in- 
viting or  attractive  ; attractiveness.  Bp.  Taylor. 

IN-VIT'RI-FI-A-BLE,  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  vitrify .] 
That  cannot  be  vitrified.  Smart. 

IN'VO-CATE,  v.  a.  [L . invoco,  invocatus.  — See 
Invoke.]  To  invoke,  [r.]  Bp.  Taylor. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 

98 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  Q,  <;,  g,  soft ; 


Pi  G>  £>  l>  hard;  § as  z;  3C  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


INVOCATION 


IOLITE 


778 


IN-VO-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  invocatio ; It.  invoca- 
zione;  Sp .invocation;  Fr.  invocation.'] 

1.  Act  of  invoking  ; a calling  upon  in  prayer. 
“ Invocation  of  the  name  of  God.”  Hooker. 

2.  A call  for  the  assistance  or  presence  of 

any  being ; supplication.  Shaft. 

3.  (Law.)  A judicial  call  or  demand.  Wright. 

IN'VO-CA-TO-RY,  a.  That  invokes  ; making  in- 
vocation ; invoking.  Ch.  Ob. 

IN'VOICE,  n.  [Fr.  envoyer,  to  send.] 

1.  A list  or  account  of  goods  or  merchandise 
sent  or  shipped  by  a merchant  to  his  corre- 
spondent, factor,  or  consignee,  containing  the 
particular  piarks  of  each  description  of  goods, 
the  value,  charges,  and  other  particulars.  Burrill. 

2.  A statement  or  account  of  an  estate  liable 
to  taxation.  [Local,  N.  H.] 

IN'VOICE,  V.  a.  [».  INVOICED  ; pp.  INVOICING, 
invoiced.]  To  insert  in  an  invoice.  Smart. 

IN-VOKE',  v.  a.  [L.  invoco  ; in,  upon,  and  voco, 
to  call ; It.  incocare ; Sp.  invocar ; Fr.  invoqUer .] 
[i.  invoked  ; pp.  invoking,  invoked.]  To 
call  upon  with  solemnity  ; to  implore  ; to  pray 
to  ; to  supplicate  ; to  entreat ; to  beseech. 

The  skilful  bard. 

Striking  the  Thracian  harp,  invokes  Apollo 
To  make  his  hero  and  himself  immortal.  Prior. 

IN' VO-LU-CpL,  n.  (Bot.)  A whorl  or  set  of 
bracts  which  surround  an  umbellet  or  partial 
umbel ; a partial  or  small  involucre.  Gray. 

IN-VO-LU'CJJL-LATE,  a.  (Bot.)  Furnished  with 
an  involucel.  Gray. 

IK-VO-LV-CF.L' Lf/M,n.  [L.]  (Bot.)  A secondary 
involucrum  ; involucel.  Brandc. 

IN-VO-LU'CRAL,  a.  Relating  to  an  involucre  or 
involucrum.  Smith. 

IN-VO-LU'CRATE,  a.  (Bot.)  Furnished  with  an 
involucre.  Gray. 

IN-VO-LU'CRAT-pD,  a.  (Bot.)  Covered  with  an 
involucre  ; involucrate.  Loudon. 

IN'VO-LU-CRE  (Jn'vo-lu-ker),  n.  [L.  involucrum ; 
in,  on,  and  volvo,  to  turn 
round.]  (Bot.)  A whorl  or 
collection  of  bracts  around  a 
flower,  umbel,  or  head.  Gray. 

Partial  involucre,  an  involucre  which  surrounds  a 
partial  umbel  or  umbellet;  involucel.  Gray. — Uni - 
vcrsal  involucre,  one  which  surrounds  the  general  um- 
bel. Gray. 

IN-VO-LU'CRED  (-lu'kerd),  a.  (Bot.)  Having  an 
involucre.  Wright. 

IN-VO-LU'CRET,  n.  (Bot.)  A little  or  partial  in- 
volucre ; an  involucel.  Crabb. 

m-vo-LU'  CRUM,n.  [L.]  (Bot.)  See  Involucre. 

IN-VOL'UN-TA-Rj-LY,  ad.  In  an  involuntary 
manner;  unwillingly  ; not  spontaneously. 

IN-VOL'UN-TA-RI-NESS,  n.  Want  of  choice  or  will. 

IN-VOL'UN-TA-RY,  a.  [L.  involuntarius  ; It.  in- 
volontario  ; Sp.  uivoluntario  ; Fr . involontaire.] 

1.  Having  no  will  or  power  of  choice. 

The  gathering  number,  as  it  moves  along, 

Involves  a vast  involuntary  throng.  Pope. 

2.  Not  voluntary  ; unwilling  ; reluctant  ; 
compulsory;  as,  “Involuntary  obedience.” 

IN'VO-LUTE,  a.  [L.  involvo,  involutus,  to  wrap.] 

1.  (Bot.)  Noting  leaves  which,  in  vernation, 

have  both  edges  equally  rolled  inwards  towards 
the  midrib  : — also  noting  parts  of  flowers  sim- 
ilarly rolled  inwards  in  restivation.  Gray. 

2.  (Geom.)  A curve  described  by  any  point  of 

a tense  string  as  it  is  unwound  from  a given 
curve.  The  latter  curve  is,  with  respect  to  any 
of  its  involutes,  called  an  evolute.  — See  E vo- 
lute. Davies. 

is  plain,  since  each  point  of  the  thread, 
as  it  unwinds,  describes  a curve,  that  the  same  evo- 
lute has  an  infinite  number  of  involutes  ; but  any  in- 
volute has  only  a single  evolute.  Daoies. 

IN'VO-LUTE,  ; rt.  ( Bot . & Conch.)  Rolled 

IN' VO-LUT-EI),  ) spirally  inwards.  P.  Cyc. 

IN-VO-LU'TION,  n.  [L.  involution  It.  involuzione ; 
Fr.  involution .] 

1.  The  act  of  involving  or  intvrapping. 


2.  The  state  of  being  involved  or  entangled  ; 

complication.  Hammond. 

3.  That  which  is  wrapped  or  folded  round 

any  thing.  “ The  involution  or  membranous 
covering.”  Browne. 

4.  (Grammar.)  The  insertion  of  one  or  more 

clauses  in  a sentence  between  the  subject  and 
the  verb.  Smart. 

5.  (Arith.  & Algebra.)  The  operation  of  find- 

ing any  power  of  a given  quantity  ; — the  reverse 
of  evolution.  Davies. 

IN-VOLVE',  v.  a.  [L.  involvo  ; in,  on,  and  volvo, 
to  roll  ; It . incolvere  ; Sp.  envolver ; Fr . invol- 
ver.]  [i.  involved  ; pp.  involving,  involved.] 

1.  To  roll  or  fold  round;  to  envelop  ; to  in- 
wrap ; to  cover. 

Now  night’s  dim  shades  again  involve  the  sky.  Parnell. 

2.  To  imply  ; to  comprise ; to  embrace. 

We  cannot  demonstrate  lliese  things  so  as  to  show  that  the 
contrary  necessarily  mvolres  a contradiction  Tillotson. 

3.  To  include  ; to  join  ; to  connect. 

He  knows  his  end  with  mine  involved.  Milton. 

4.  To  take  ir. ; to  catch  ; to  conjoin. 

One  death  involves 

Tyrants  and  slaves.  Thomson. 

5.  To  entangle  ; to  implicate. 

It  only  serves  the  more  to  involve  us  in  difficulties.  Locke. 

6.  To  twist  together  ; to  entwine. 

Some  involved  their  snaky  folds.  Milton. 

7.  To  mingle  confusedly  ; to  blend;  to  mix. 

Earth  with  hell  mingle  and  involve.  Milton. 

8.  (Math.)  To  raise  to  any  power ; to  multi- 

ply into  itself,  as  any  quantity,  a given  number 
of  times.  Johnson. 

Syn.  — See  Implicate. 

JN-VOLV'ED-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  in- 
volved ; involvement.  Boyle. 

IN-VOLVE'MENT,  n.  The  act  of  involving;  the 
state  of  being  involved,  [it.]  Clarke. 

f IN-VUL'GAR,  v.  a.  To  make  vulgar.  Daniel. 

t IN-VUL'GAR,  a.  Not  vulgar.  Drayton. 

IN- VUL-NlJR-A-IllL'l-TY,  n.  [It.  invulnerabilith ; 
Sp.  invulnerabilidad  ; Fr.  invulnerabilite]  The 
state  of  being  invulnerable.  Ash. 

I N-VliL'N ER-  A- RLE,  a.  [L.  invulnerabilis  ; in, 
priv.,  and  vulnerabilis,  vulnerable ; vulnero,  to 
wound;  vulnus,  vulneris,  a wound;  It.  invul- 
nerabile-,  Sp.  $ Fr.  invulnerable.']  That  cannot 
be  wounded  ; not  Vulnerable  ; secure  from  inju- 
ry. “ The  invulnerable  clouds  of  heaven.”  Shale. 

Invulnerable , impenetrably  armed.  Milton. 

IN-VUL'NJgR-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
invulnerable  ; invulnerability.  Bp.  Prideaux. 

IN-VUL'NFIR-ATE,  a.  That  is  not,  or  cannot  be, 
wounded  ; unhurt ; invulnerable.  Butler. 

IN-WALL',  v.  a.  [in  and  wall. ] To  enclose  or 
fortify  with  a wall,  [r.]  Spenser. 

IN'WARD,  a.  1.  Internal;  placed  within  ; inte- 
rior; inherent.  “ The  inward  structure.”  Pope. 

2.  Intimate  ; familiar  ; private  ; inherent,  [it.] 

All  my  inward  friends  abhorred  me.  Job  xix.  19. 

3.  Seated  in  the  mind. 

An  outward  honor  for  an  inward  toil.  Shall. 

Syn.  — See  Internal. 

IN'WARD,  n. ; pi.  inwards.  I.  A part  or  the 
parts  within  ; the  inside. 

What  is  in  thv  mind 

Thnt  makes  thee  stare  thus?  Wherefore  breaks  that  sigh 
From  the  inward,  of  thee?  Shale. 

2.  f An  intimate  acquaintance.  “ Sir,  I was 

an  inward,  of  his.”  Shale. 

3.  pi.  The  bowels  ; entrails.  Milton. 

4.  pi.  f Genius  ; wit ; ingenuity. 

Him,  good,  wise,  inwards  grace.  (.Chapman. 

L\  WARD,  / ag  [A.  S.  inneieeard .]  1.  To- 

IN'WARD§,  ) wards  the  inside  ; within.  Bacon. 

2.  In  a concave  manner  ; concavely.  “ His 

breast  bending  inward.”  Dryden. 

3.  Into  the  mind  or  soul. 

Looking  inward , we  are  stricken  dumb;  looking  upward, 
we  speak,  and  prevail.  Hooker. 

,65f-  See  Backward. 

IN'WARD-Ly,  ad.  In  the  heart ; internally ; inward. 
IN ' WARD-NESS,  n.  Intimacy ; internal  state. More. 


IN-WEAVE'  (in-wev'),  v.  a.  [in  and  weave.]  [j. 
INWOVE  or  INWEAVED  ; pp.  INWEAVING,  IN- 
WOVEN  or  inweaved.]  To  weave  together;  to 
mix  in  weaving  ; to  intwine  ; to  complicate. 

Rich  tapestry  stiffened  with  inwoven  gold.  Pope. 

IN-WHEEL',  v.  a.  [m  and  wheel.]  To  surround  ; 
to  encircle;  to  encompass.  Beau.  A,  FI. 

flN'WlT,  n.  [in  and  wit.  — A.  S.  inwit,  con- 
sciousness.] Mind  ; understanding.  Wickliffe. 

IN-WOOD'  (jn-wud'),  v.  a.  [in  and  wood.]  To 
hide  in  woods.  Sidney. 

IN- WORK'  (jn-wurk'),  v.  a.  [in  and  work.]  [i. 
INWORKED  or  INWROUGHT;  pp.  IN  WORKING, 

inwrought.]  To  work  in.  [it.]  Smart. 

IN-tVORK'ING  (jn-wurk'ing),  n.  Operation  or 
working  within.  Smart. 

IN-WORN',  p.  a.  [in  and  worn.]  Worn,  worked, 
or  wrought  into.  “Faultiness  . . . long  since 
inworn  into  the  very  essence  thereof.”  Milton. 

IN- WRAP'  (jn-rap'),  v.  a.  [in  and  wrap.]  [i.  in- 
wrapped  ; pp.  INWRAPPING,  IN  WRAPPED.] 

1.  To  cover  by  involution  ; to  involve  ; to  en- 
velop ; to  infold  ; to  wrap.  Spenser. 

2.  To  puzzle  with  difficulty  or  obscurity ; to 

perplex  ; to  embarrass.  Bacon. 

IN-WREATHE'  (in-retfi'),  v.  a.  [in  and  wreathe.] 
[*•  INWREATHED  ; pp.  IN  WREATHING,  IN- 
WltEATHED.]  To  surround  as  with  a wreath. 
Nor  less  the  palm  of  peace  inwreathes  thy  brow.  Thomson. 

IN-WROUGHT'  (in-rllwt'),  -p,  a.  [in  and  wrought .] 
Wrought  or  adorned  in  the  texture. 

His  mantle  hairy,  and  his  bonnet  sedge, 

Inwrought  with  figures  dim.  Milton. 

16,  n. ; pi.  J'6§.  [L.,  oh,  ah.]  A triumphal 

shout;  an  expression  of  joy. 

Hark!  how  around  the  hills  rejoice, 

And  rocks  reflected  ios  sing.  Congreve. 

I'O-DATE,  n.  [Fr.]  (Client.)  A compound  of 
iodic  acid  and  a salifiable  base.  Turner. 

I-OD'IC,  a.  [Fr.  iodique .]  (Client.)  Noting  an 
acid  composed  of  one  equivalent  of  iodine  and 
five  of  oxygen.  Turner. 

I'O-DlDE,  n.  (Client.)  A neutral  compound  of 
iodine  and  some  other  substance.  P.  Cyc. 

I'O-DINE,  n.  [Gr.  iiolyc,  violet-lilte  ; tor,  a violet, 
and  clSos,  form  ; Fr.  iodine.]  (Chem.)  A simple, 
non-mctallic,  soft,  friable,  opaque  substance,  of 
a bluish-black  color  and  metallic  lustre,  ob- 
tained from  the  aslics  of  sea-weeds. 

PGP  Iodine  crystallizes  in  scales,  and  sometimes  in 
rbomboidal  plates.  It  is  a non-conductor  of  electricity, 
and,  like  oxygen  and  chlorine,  is  a negative  electric. 
Starch  is  a delicate  test  of  its  presence.  Its  vapor  is 
of  a rich  violet  color,  to  which  character  it  owes  its 
name.  It  combines  with  pure  metals  and  simple  non- 
metallic  substances.  It  is  an  irritant  poison,  but  it  is 
employed  medicinally  in  small  doses  to  advantage. 
Turner . 

I'O-Dl^M,  n.  (Med.)  A peculiar  morbid  state  in- 
duced by  the  use  of  iodine.  Iloblyn. 

I'O-DITE,  n.  (Min.)  Same  as  Iodyrite. 

I'O-Di^E,  V.  a.  [t.  IODIZED  ; pp.  IODIZING,  IO- 
DIZED.] To  coat  with  iodine,  as  a silver  plate. 

Crookes. 

I-OD'O-FORM,  n.  (Chem.)  A yellow,  volatile  sub- 
stance composed  of  three  equivalents  of  iodine 
and  one  of  formyl;  — called  also  periodide  of 
formyl.  Graham. 

I-O-DO-HY'DRIC,  a.  (Chem.)  Noting  a gaseous 
acid  composed  of  one  equivalent  of  iodine  and 
one  of  hydrogen  ; hydriodic  acid.  Rcgnaalt. 

I'O-DOUS,  a.  [Fr.  iodeux .]  (Chem.)  Noting  an 
acid  composed  of  iodine  and  a smaller  propor- 
tion of  oxygen  than  iodic  acid  contains.  Turner. 

I O-DURE,  / n.  (Chem.)  A neutral  compound 

I-OD'IT-RET,  ) of  iodine  and  some  other  sub- 
stance ; iodide.  Brande. 

I-OD'Y-RITE,  n.  (Min.)  A yellow  or  yellowish 
translucent  mineral  composed  of  iodine  and 
silver.  Dana. 

I'O-LITE,  n.  [Gr.  iov,  a violet,  and  l.ibot,  a stone.l 
(Min.)  A transparent  or  translucent  mineral 
used  for  ornament,  and  composed  of  silica,  alu- 
mina, magnesia,  and  protoxide  of  iron;  — so 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  X,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  {,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  IIEIR,  HER; 


ION 


779 


IRON 


called  because  it  appears,  according  to  the  di- 
rection in  which  it  is  seen,  deep-blue,  or  brown- 
ish-yellow, or  exhibits  a system  of  colored  rings 
with  branches  of  blue  and  white  light  in  the  form 
of  a cross,  diverging  from  their  centre.  Dana. 

X'ON,  n. ; pi.  ions.  [Gr.  id v,  neuter  part,  of  eiyi, 
to  go.]  (Electro- C/iem.)  One  of  the  elements 
into  which  a body  is  separated  when  electro- 
lyzed. 

Those  ions  which  are  evolved  at  the  anode  are 
called  anions,  and  those  which  are  evolved  at  the 
cathode  are  called  cations.  Thus  oxygen  is  an  anion, 
and  hydrogen  a cation.  Faraday. 

I-O'NI-AN,  a (Geog.)  Relating  to  Ionia  or  to  a 
cluster  of  Greek  islands.  Murray. 


I-ON'IC,  a.  [Gr.  Twwcdj,  relating  to  Ionia.] 

1.  (Gcoy.)  Relating  to  Ionia,  or  to  the  dialect 
of  the  Ionians. 

[The]  Ionic  dialect,  the  softest  of  the  four  written  varieties 
of  the  Greek  language,  was  spoken  in  the  Ionian  colonies 
of  Asia  Minor,  and  in  several  ot  the  islands  of  the  vEgean 
Sea.  As  the  “new " Ionic,  it  is  distinguished  from  an  older, 
which  was  the  common  origin  of  itselt  and  the  Attic.  I*.  Cyc. 

2.  Noting  a sect  of  philosophers  founded  by 
Thales. 

“ Thales  maintained  that  water  is  the  origin 
of  things,  meaning  thereby  that  it  is  water  out  of 
which  every  thing  arises,  and  into  which  every  thing 
resolves  itself.”  IV.  Smith. 


3.  Relating  to  an  airy  kind  of  music.  Howell. 

4.  (Arch.)  Noting  one  of 
the  five  columnar  orders  of 
architecture. 

An  important  refinement  on  the  sim- 
plicity of  the  Doric  consisted  in  making 
the  column  thinner  in  proportion  to  its 
height,  and  by  ornamenting  the  capital 
with  volutes  and  other  decorations,  thus 
producing  the  Ionic  order,  Britton . 

5.  (Pros.)  Noting  a foot  consist-  Q===ST 
ing  of  four  syllables  — noting  a 

metre  consisting  of  Ionic  feet.  ionic  order. 

SSy-  The  Greater  Ionic  consists  of  a spondee  and  a 
pyrrhic  ; the  Smaller  Ionic,  of  a pyrrhic  and  a spondee. 

6.  (Mus.)  Noting  one  of  the  Greek  modes,  of 

an  airy  character.  Dwight. 

I-ON'IC,  n.  An  Ionic  verse  or  metre.  Coleridge. 


I-O'TA,  n.  [Gr.  Horn,  the  ninth  and  smallest  let- 
ter of  the  Greek  alphabet.]  A tittle  ; a jot ; the 
least  particle  ; a very  small  quantity.  Barrow. 


IP-p-CAC-U-AN'IIA  (Ip-e-kak-u-an'fi)  [ip-e-kak-u- 
Sn'g,  S.  P.  J.  E.  F.  K.  Stn. ; lp-e-kak-u-a'n?,  IV. ; 
Ip-e-kak-u-l'ng,  Ja.\,  n.  [Peruvian  ipi,  root, 
and  Cacuanha,  the  district  from  which  it  was 
first  obtained.  IIoblyn.\ 

1.  (Bot.)  A perennial  plant  (Cephaelis  ipecac- 
uanha), with  a weak  stem  not  above  two  or 
three  feet  long,  and  usually  lying  almost  pros- 
trate, found  in  close,  damp,  shaded  places  in  the 
forests  of  Brazil. 

,0®=*  Its  roots  are  contorted,  from  four  to  six  inches 
long,  about  as  thick  as  a goosequill,  and  separated 
into  rings  which  are  about  half  as  thick  as  the  whole 
diameter  of  the  root.  Eng.  Cyc. 

2.  (Med.)  The  root  of  the  Cephaelis  ipecacuan- 

ha ; — used  as  an  emetic  in  large  doses,  and  as 
a sudorific  in  smaller.  Dunylison. 

Iffy-  “ In  common  parlance,  often  abridged  to  ipe- 
cac.” Dunglison. 


f I-PEND’,  v.  a.  To  enclose.  Fairfax. 

+ I-PlGHT'  (l-plt'),  a.  Fixed.  Fairfax. 

IP'O-CRAS,  n.  See  ILippocras.  Chaucer. 

IP'SE  DIX'IT.  [L .,  he  himself  said.~\  A mere 
assertion  without  proof.  “To  acquiesce  in  an 
ipse  dixit.”  Whately. 

I-RA'NI-AN,  a.  (Geog.)  Relating  to  Iran,  the 
original  or  native  name  of  Persia.  Latham. 

I-RAS-CJ-Bl  K'I-TY,  n.  [It.  irascibilith  ; Fr.  iras- 
cibility.] Propensity  or  disposition  to  anger  ; 
irritability ; irascibleness.  Johnson. 

I-RAS'CI-BLE,  a.  [L.  irascibilis  ; ira,  anger ; It. 
irascibile  ; Sp.  S;  Fr.  irascible .]  Partaking  of 
anger  ; prone  to  anger  ; easily  provoked  ; pas- 
sionate ; hasty.  “Irascible  passions.”  Arbuthnot. 

Syn.  — See  Angry. 

I-RAS'C[-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  iras- 
cible ; irascibility.  Scott. 

I-RAS'CI-BLY,  ad.  In  an  irascible  or  irritable 
manner.  ‘ Wright. 


I'RATE,  a.  [L.  irascor,  iratus,  to  be  angry  ; ira, 
anger.]  Angry  ; irritated.  West,  /feu, 

IRE,  n.  [L.,  It.,  Sp.  ira;  Fr.  ire.]  Anger; 

_ wrath  ; rage  ; passion  ; resentment ; choler. 

Or  Neptune’s  ire,  or  J uno’s,  that  so  long 
Perplexed  the  Greek  and  Cythcrea’s  son.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Anger. 

Ire'FUL,ct.  [ireandfull.]  Angry;  raging; furious. 

And  Madness  laughing  in  his  ireful  mood.  Dryden. 

IllE'FUL-LY,  ad.  With  ire  ; in  an  angry  manner. 

IRE'FU E-NESS,  n.  Anger ; violent  passion  ; wrath- 
fulness.  Wicklijfe. 

I'RIJ-NARdI  (I're-nilrk),  n.  [Gr.  ilprjviip^ys ; tioiivy, 
peace,  and  ap^m,  to  rule  ; L.  irenarcha .]  (Ant.) 
An  officer  of  the  old  Greek  empire,  employed  to 
preserve  public  tranquillity.  Todd. 

I-ltE'Np,  n.  [Gr.  Etprjvri,  the  goddess  of  peace.] 
(Astron.)  One  of  the  small  planets  or  asteroids 
whose  orbits  lie  between  those  of  Mars  and  Ju- 
piter;— discovered  by  Hind  in  1851.  Hind. 

I-REN'I-CAL,  a.  [Gr.  ilpijvri,  peace.]  Relating 
to,  or  promoting,  peace  ; pacific.  Bp.  Hall. 

IRE'— STONE,  n.  (Mining.)  A name  given  to  very 
hard  rocks.  Ansted. 

I'RJ-AN,  a.  [Fr.  irien.]  (Anat.)  Belonging  to 
the  iris.  “ Irian  nerves.”  Dunglison. 

I'RI-dAl,  a.  Same  as  Ihisated.  Smart. 

IR-I-DEC'TO-MY,  n.  [Gr.  Ipt;,  ipilos,  the  iris,  and 
iKToyf],  a cutting  out ; Fr . iridcctomie.]  (Surg.) 
Excision  of  a portion  of  the  iris  for  the  forma- 
tion of  an  artificial  pupil.  Wright. 

||  IR-I-DES'C^NCE  [Ir-e-dcs'sens,  K.  TI'5. ; I-re-des'- 
sens,  S»i.],  n.  [It.  iridescenza.]  The  property 
of  shining  with  colors  resembling  those  of  the 
rainbow  : — prismatic  colors  exhibited  by  cer- 
tain substances,  as  mother-of-pearl,  soap-bub- 
bles, &c.,  when  seen  in  a certain  direction,  and 
caused  by  interference  of  light.  Powell. 

||  IR-I-DES'C^NT,  a.  [Fr.]  Colored,  or  shining  with 
many  colors,  as  the  rainbow ; irisated.  Ed.  Ency. 

I-RID'I-AN,  a.  Relating  to  the  iris.  Dunglison. 

I-RlD'l-UM,  n.  [Gr.  Ipis,  ’ipiSos,  a rainbow.]  (Chcm.) 
The  most  infusible,  and,  when  compact,  one 
of  the  heaviest,  of  the  metals,  very  hard,  un- 
malleable,  and  brittle,  and,  when  polished,  re- 
sembling platinum.  It  is  oxidizable  only  at  a 
red  heat  and  in  a state  of  fine  division,  and,  if 
pure,  is  not  attacked  by  any  acid.  It  takes  its 
name  from  the  variety  of  colors  exhibited  by  a 
solution  of  oxide  of  iridium  and  potassa  in  hy- 
drochloric acid.  Turner.  Regnault. 

iR'I-DlZE,  v.  a.  To  coat  or  tip  with  iridium. 
“ Iridized  wire.”  Smithsonian  Report. 

IR-I-DOS'MINE,  ) n (Min.)  A compound  of 

IR-l-DOS'MI-UM,  ) iridium  and  osmium,  with  oc- 
casionally a small  quantity  of  iron  and  rhodi- 
um ; — occurring  commonly  in  irregular,  flat- 
tened grains.  Dana. 

I'RTS,  n.  ; pi.  L.  1r'i-de$  ; Eng.  i'ris-e§.  [Gr. 
loig,  the  rainbow  ; L.  iris.] 

1.  The  rainbow.  “ The  solary  iris.”  Browne. 

2.  Any  thing  resembling  the  rainbow.  Newton. 

3.  (Anat.)  A membrane  stretched  vertically 
at  the  anterior  part  of  the  eye,  in  the  midst 
of  the  aqueous  humor,  in  which  it  forms  a kind 
of  circular,  flat  partition,  separating  the  ante- 
rior from  the  posterior  chamber  ; — so  called 
on  account  of  the  various  colors  of  that  part  of 
the  eye. 

The  use  of  the  iris  seems  to  be.  to  regulate,  by  its  dilata- 
tion  and  contraction,  the  quantity  of  luminous  rays  neces- 
sary for  distinct  vision.  The  different  colors  of  the  iris  oc- 
casion the  variety  in  the  colors  of  the  human  eye.  Dunglison. 

4.  (Astron.)  One  of  the  asteroids  whose  or- 

bits lie  between  those  of  Mars  and  Jupiter;  — 
discovered  by  Hind  in  1847.  Herschel. 

5.  (Bot.)  The  flower-de-luce  (Fr.  four  de  lis)  ; 
the  name  of  a genus  of  plants,  so  called  from 
the  beauty  and  variety  of  their  colors.  Loudon. 

I'RI-sAT-IJD,  a.  Exhibiting  the  colors  of  the  iris,  or 
rainbow  ; exhibiting  the  prismatic  colors.  Smart. 

I'HI-SCOPE,  n.  [Gr.  lots,  the  rainbow,  and  exonim, 
to  behold.]  (Opt.)  An  instrument  for  exhibiting 
the  prismatic  colors.  Brewster. 


I'RISED  (I'rjst),  a.  Relating  to  the  iris,  or  rain- 
bow. Bonnycastle. 

IR'ISH,  n.  1.  The  Irish  language. 

The  Irish  and  Erse  so  nearly  resemble  each  other,  that, 
after  a short  familiarity  with  the  pronunciation,  the  Irish  ami 
Scotch  Highlanders  have  no  difficulty  in  understanding  each 
other.  Brand  c. 

2.  A game  resembling  backgammon.  Hall. 

3.  Linen  made  in  Ireland.  Todd. 

4.  pi.  The  people  of  Ireland.  Johnson. 

IR'ISH,  a.  Belonging  to,  or  produced  in,  Ireland. 

IR'!SH-I§M,  n.  An  Irish  idiom  or  phrase;  an  II i- 
bernicism.  Reed. 

IR'ISH— MOSS,  n.  (Bot.)  A species  of  sea-weed 
(Chondrus  crispus),  whose  gelatinous  qualities 
render  it  valuable  as  an  article  of  food  ; — called 
alscr  Carrageen-moss.  Lindley. 

iR'iSH-RY,  n.  The  people  of  Ireland. 

A rising  of  the  Iidshry  against  the  Englishry  was  no  more 
to  be  apprehended.  Macaidag. 

1'RlTE,  n.  (Min.)  A black,  shining,  magnetic 
mineral,  composed  of  oxides  of  iridium,  osmi- 
um, iron,  and  chromium.  Dana. 

I-Rl'TIS,  n.  (Med.)  Inflammation  of  the  iris  of  the 
eye.  Brande. 

IRK  ( U rk ) , v.  a.  [Goth,  yrhia,  to  urge  on.  Serenius. 
— A.  S.  ware,  ache,  pain.  Skinner.  — Icel.  yrk, 
work.  Johnson.  — A.  S.  corrian,  to  be  angry. 
Richardson.  — A.  S.  earg,  slothful.  Webster.] 
To  give  pain  to  ; to  weary  ; to  trouble. 

It  irks  his  heart  he  cannot  be  revenged.  Shak. 

JOgf*  Now  scarcely  used,  except  impersonally  ; for- 
merly it  took  a personal  subject. 

This  dissension  between  his  friends  somewhnt  irked  him. 
Sir  T.  More.  — Ignominy  irketh  them  much.  Udal.  — lie  was 
much  irked.  Holland. 

IRK'SOME  (iirk'sum), a.  Wearisome  ; wearying; 
tedious  ; tiresome  ; troublesome.  “ The  irksome 
hours.”  “ Irksome  toil.”  Milton. 

Thy  company,  which  erst  was  irksome  to  me, 

I will  endure.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Troublesome. 

iRK'SOME-LY  (urk'sum-le),  ad.  In  an  irksome 
manner  ; wearisomely  ; tediously.  Guardian. 

IRK'SOME-NESS  (Urk'sum-nes),  n.  Tediousness; 
wearisomcness ; tiresomeness.  Milton. 

IR'ON  (l'urn)  [j'urn,  S.  W.  P.  J.  F.  Sm.  C.  Wr. ; 
i'run,  E.  Ja.  K.  Nares],  n.  [Goth,  eisarns ; 
A.  S.  isen,  or  iren  ; Dut.  yzer  ; Frs.  irsen  ; Ger. 
eisen ; Dan.yem;  Icel .jurn\  S w . jern,  o r jiirn  ; 
W.  haiarn.] 

1.  The  most  common,  useful,  and  tenacious 
of  the  metals,  extremely  hard,  yet  ductile  and 
malleable,  capable  of  being  welded,  fusible  at  a 
very  high  heat,  and  oxidizable  by  moist,  but  not 
by  dry,  air. 

Eon  is  very  widely  diffused,  constituting,  ac- 
cording to  the  estimate  of  Buckland,  about  two  per 
cent,  of  the  mineral  crust  of  the  earth,  but  rarely 
found  except  in  combination  with  other  substances. 
It  constitutes  the  larger  part  of  many  meteoric  stones. 
The  strongest  iron  has  a fibrous  structure,  which  be- 
comes, however,  granular  or  lamellated  by  vibration. 
Combined  with  a variable  quantity  of  carbon,  and  oc- 
casionally of  silicium,  aluminum,  and  phosphorus,  it 
forms  steel.  It  readily  acquires  and  loses  magnetism. 
Some  of  the  compounds  of  iron  have  valuable  medi- 
cinal qualities.  It  is  nearly  eight  times  as  heavy  as 
water.  Turner . Regnault. 

2.  An  instrument  made  of  iron.  “ A box 

iron.”  “ A smoothing  iron.”  Johnson. 

Canst  thou  fill  his  skin  with  barbed  irons ? Job  xli.  7. 

3.  pi.  Fetters  ; manacles  ; shackles.  “ Pie 

was  put  in  irons.”  Johnson. 

Cast  iron , a compound  of  iron  and  carbon,  and  fre- 
quently containing,  in  addition,  a quantity  of  silicon, 
sulphur,  phosphorus,  and  manganese ; called  also 
crude  or  pig  iron.  Regnault. — White  cast  iron,  a va- 
riety of  cast  iron  consisting  approximately  of  four 
equivalents  of  iron  and  one  of  carbon.  It  is  very  hard 
and  brittle,  and  its  fracture  exhibits  crystalline  plates. 
Graham. — Gray  or  mottled  cast  iron,  a variety  of  cast 
iron  presenting  a fracture  consisting  of  small  crystals, 
easily  cut  by  the  file,  and  supposed  to  contain  a por- 
tion of  uncombined  carbon  diffused  through  it  in  the 
form  of  graphite.  Graham. — Soft  or  malleable  iron, 
iron  of  a fibrous  texture,  obtained  from  cast  iron  by 
freeing  it  from  its  impurities,  with  the  exception  of 
about  half  per  cent,  of  carbon  and  traces  of  silicon  and 
other  metals,  and  subjecting  it,  while  hot,  to  the  oper- 
ation of  haminering  and  rolling;  — called  also  bar 
iron,  puddled  iron,  forged  iron , and  wrought  iron.  Gra- 
ham.— Hut  short  iron , iron  which  is  ductile  when 
cold,  but  extremely  brittle  when  heated,  — a defect 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  R0LE.  — <?,  9,  g,  soft ; £,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


IRON 


780 


IRRECONCILABLENESS 


caused  by  the  presence  of  a small  quantity  of  sulphur. 
Accum.  Regnault. — Cold  short  iron , iron  which*  is 
highly  ductile  when  hot,  but  extremely  brittle  when 
cold,  — a defect  caused  by  the  presence  of  a small 
quantity  of  phosphorus.  Accum.  Regnault. — Blue 
iron , an  ore  consisting  chiefly  of  phosphate  of  the 
protoxide  of  iron  and  water  : a variety  of  vivianite. 
Dana.  — Magnetic  iron,  a mineral  composed  of  the 
protoxide  and  peroxide  ot  iron,  ami  possessed  of  mag- 
netic properties  ; — called  also  loadstone  and  magnetite. 
— Arsenical  iron,  a mineral  composed  of  iron,  arsenic, 

and  sulphur ; a variety  of  mispickel.  Dana. Meteoric 

iron,  a compound  consisting  of  iron  with  a small  pro- 
portion of  various  other  substances,  of  which  nickel 
is  usually  the  principal ; — so  called  because  it  falls 
from  the  atmosphere  also  called  meteorite,  and  aero- 
lite. A meteorite,  weighing  1625  lbs.,  belongs  to  Yale 
College,  and  there  is  another,  weighing  14,000  lbs.,  in 
Brazil.  Dana.  — Spathic,  or  sparry  iron,  a mineral 
composed  chiefly  of  carbonate  of  protoxide  of  iron  ; 
chalybite.  Dana.  — Specular  iron,  a.  mineral  consisting 
of  brilliant  and  often  iridescent  crystals  of  peroxide  of 
iron;  abundant  in  Elba.  Dana.  — Titaniferons  iron,  a 
mineral  composed  of  oxide  of  titanium  and  peroxide 
of  iron  ; a variety  of  iltnenite.  Dana. 

IR'ON  (I'urn),  a.  1.  Made  of  iron.  “ Iron  walls.” 
“ An  iron  crow.”  Shak. 

2.  Resembling  iron  in  color.  Woodward. 

3.  Harsh  ; stern  ; rude  and  miserable,  as  op- 
posed to  golden  or  silver  in  the  sense  of  happy  ; 
as,  “ The  iron  age  ” ; “ Iron  years  of  war.”  Pope. 

4.  Indissoluble  ; not  to  be  broken.  “ Him 

death’s  iron  sleep  oppressed.”  Phillips. 

5.  Hull ; stupid.  “ An  /Vo/l-witted  fool. "Shak. 

6.  Capable  of  great  endurance  ; vigorous  ; 
strong  ; robust ; as,  “ An  iron  constitution.” 

IR'ON  (I'urn),  v.  a.  [».  ironed  ; pp.  ironing, 

IRONED.] 

1.  To  smooth  with  an  iron.  Johnson. 

2.  To  shackle  with  irons.  Johnson. 

IR'ON— BOUND  (i'urn-),  a.  Bound  or  encircled 
with  iron,  or  as  with  iron.  Drayton. 

IR'ON— CLAD  (i'urn-),  a.  Clad  or  armed  with 
iron.  Wright. 

IR'ON— CLAY,  n.  (Min.)  Argillaceous  iron  ore, 
including  several  varieties  of  hematite.  Dana. 

IR'ON— CROVYN,  n.  A golden  crown,  set  with 
precious  stones,  preserved  at  Monza,  in  Milan, 
with  which,  anciently,  the  kings  of  Italy,  and 
afterwards  the  Roman  emperors,  were  crowned, 
when  they  assumed  the  character  of  kings  of 
Lombardy  ; — so  called  from  an  iron  circle  in  it 
said  to  have  been  forged  from  a nail  of  the 
cross  of  Christ.  Ency.  Am. 

IR'ONED  (I'urnd),  a.  Armed;  dressed  in  iron; 
confined  in  irons  ; fettered.  Iluloet. 

IR'ON-pa  (I'um-er),  n.  One  who  irons.  Clarke. 

IR'ON— FfL'[NG§  (i'urn-),  n.  pi.  Particles  of  iron 
made  by  filing  or  rasping.  Wright. 

IR'ON— FLINT,  n.  (Min.)  A crystalline  mineral 
of  quartz,  of  a yellow  or  red  color,  due  to  oxide 
of  iron  ; ferruginous  quartz.  Dana. 

IR'ON— FOUND'ER  (i'urn-),  n.  One  who  founds 
or  casts  iron.  Craig. 

IR’ON— FOUND'^R-Y  (i'urn-).  n.  A foundery  in 
which  iron  castings  are  made.  Craig. 

IR'ON— FRAMED  (I'urn-framd),  a.  Framed  of 
iron,  or  as  of  iron.  Wright. 

Ir'ON-GlAnCE  (I'urn-glins),  n.  (Min.)  A perox- 
ide of  iron  of  a dark  steel-gray  color  ; a variety 
of  hematite.  Dana. 

IR'ON-HAND'IJD  (i'urn-),  a.  Having  hands  hard 
as  iron.  Clarke. 

IR'ON— IIEART'pD  (I  urn-hirt'ed),  a.  Hard- 
hearted ; cruel ; pitiless.  Beau.  <S;  FI. 

l a ■ [It-  % Sp.  ironico  ; Fr.  iro- 

I-RON'I-CAL,  ) nique.\  Relating  to,  or  contain- 
ing, irony ; expressing  one  thing  and  meaning 
another  ; derisive  ; mocking. 

I take  all  your  ironical  civilities  in  a literal  sense,  and  shall 
expect  them  to  be  literally  performed.  Swift. 

f-RON'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  By  the  use  of  irony.  Bacon. 

i-RON'I-CAL-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality 
of  being  ironical.  Ash. 

IR'ON-|NG  (i'urn-),  n.  The  act  of  one  who  irons. 

IR'ON-JNG— BOARD,  n.  A board  used  by  tailors, 


laundresses,  &c.,  for  pressing  cloth  upon  with 

• an  iron  to  smooth  the  seams,  &c.  Simmonds. 

I'RON-IST,  n.  One  who  deals  in  irony.  Hurd. 

IR'ON— Lld'UOR  (I'urn-llk'ur),  n.  ( Chcm .)  An 
impure  solution  of  acetate  of  iron,  used  as  a 
mordant  by  calico-printers.  Parnell. 

IR'ON-MON-GJJR  (i'urn-mung-ger,  82),  n.  A dealer 
in  iron ; a shopkeeper  who  vends  hardware  and 
iron  tools  and  utensils.  Simmonds. 

IR'ON-MON-GIJR-Y  (I'urn-mung'ger-e),  n.  Mis- 
cellaneous articles  of  iron,  such  as  those  usually 
sold  by  iron-mongers.  Simmonds. 

IR'ON-MOULD  (i'urn-mold),  n.  A mark  or  spot 
on  linen  occasioned  by  the  rust  of  iroif.  Junius. 

IR'ON-Py-RI'TE^,  n.  [Gr.  mipirys,  of,  or  in, 
fire;  nop,  fire.]  (Min.)  Bisulphuret  of  iron.  It 
usually  occurs  in  small  cubes,  has  a metallic 
lustre,  is  of  a bronze-yellow  color,  brittle,  and 
strikes  fire  with  steel.  Dana. 

IR'ON— SAND,  n.  (Min.)  A variety  of  magnetic 
oxide  of  iron  in  the  state  of  minute  crystals  or 
grains.  Cleaveland. 

IR'ON— SCRAPS  (i'urn-),  n.  pi.  The  cuttings  or 
parings  of  iron  work.  Simmonds. 

IR'ON— SHEATHED  (i'urn-shethd),  a.  Sheathed 
with  iron.  Wright. 

IR'ON— SHOD  (i'urn-),  a.  Shod  with  iron.  Wright. 

IR'ON— SICK,  a.  (NautI)  Applied  to  old  vessels, 
when  the  iron-work  becomes  loose.  Mar.  Diet. 

IR'ON— SID- IJD,  a.  Hardy;  rough;  strong.  Forby. 

iR'ON-SMlTH  (i'urn-),  n.  A worker  in  iron;  a 
blacksmith.  Wright. 

IR'ON— STONE  (I'urn-ston),  n.  (Min.)  A variety 
of  limonite  ; hydrous  peroxide  of  iron  and 
water.  Dana. 

Clay  iron-stone,  carbonate  of  iron  mixed  with  vari- 
ous proportions  of  earthy  matter  ; argillaceous  iron- 
ore.  F.ng.  Cyc. 

IR'ON— WOOD  (I'urn-wfid),  n.  (Bot.)  The  popu- 
lar name  of  several  species  of  trees,  so  called 
on  account  of  the  weight  and  hardness  of  their 
wood ; viz.,  Metrosideros  vera,  native  to  the 
East  Indies,  and  used  by  the  Chinese  for  rudders 
and  anchors  ; Sideroxylon  inerme,  native  to  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope  ; and  Ostrya  virqinica,  na- 
tive to  the  United  States,  and  called  also  hop- 
hornbeam  and  lever-wood.  Loudon. 

IR'ON-WORK  (I'yrn-wurk),  n. ; pi.  IRON-WORKS. 

1.  pi.  A place  where  iron  is  manufactured. 

2.  Any  thing  made  of  iron  ; the  parts  of  a 
building  or  a machine  which  consist  of  iron. 

IR'ON-WORT  (I'urn-wurt),  n.  The  popular  name 
of  the  genus  of  plants  called  Sideritis,  the 
flowers  of  which  frequently  have  a ferruginous 
color.  Loudon. 

IR'ON-Y  (I'urn-e),  a.  1.  Made  of  iron  ; partaking 
of  iron.  “ Irony  particles.”  Woodward. 

2.  Resembling  iron  in  any  of  its  qualities ; 
as,  “ An  irony  taste.” 

I'RON-Y  (I'run-e),  n.  [Gr.  tlpwvila ; tlpiov,  a dis- 
sembler in  speech  ; L.,  It.,  § Sp.  ironia  ; Fr. 
ironie.~\  (Rhet.)  A figure  by  which  that  which 
is  said  is  contrary  to  what  is  meant ; a mode  of 
speech  in  which  the  meaning  is  contrary  to  the 
words,  or  in  which  praise  is  bestowed  when  cen- 
sure is  intended  ; a delicate  species  of  sarcasm 
or  satire  ; raillery  ; mockery. 

When  a notorious  villain  is  scornfully  complimented  with 
the  titles  of  a very  honest  and  excellent  person,  the  character 
of  the  person  commended,  the  air  of  contempt  that  appears 
in  the  speaker,  and  the  exorbitancy  of  the  commendations, 
sufficiently  discover  the  irony.  London  Ency . 

Syn.  — See  Satire. 

fl'ROUS,  a.  Angry ; passionate  ; ireful.  Chaucer. 

f IRP,  or  IRPE,  n.  [Etymology  unknown.  Rich- 
ardson.] A fantastic  grimace  or  contortion  of 
body ; — so  defined  by  Gifford.  “ Smirks,  bps, 
and  all  affected  humors.”  B.  Jonson. 

IRP,  a.  Making  grimaces.  B.  Jonson. 

IlSf  “ A word  twice  used  by  Ben  Jonson,  once  as 
an  adjective,  and  once  as  a substantive  ; but  in  both 
ways  without  a clear  meaning ; nor  does  its  origin 
very  clearly  appear.”  J\farcs. 

||  IR-R  A'DI-ANCE,  n.  [L.  irradio,  irradians,  to 
irradiate.  — See  Irradiate.] 


1.  Emission  of  rays  of  light  on  an  object;  ir- 
radiation ; radiation.  Browne. 

2.  A beam  of  light  emitted.  Milton. 

||  JR-RA'DJ-AN-CY,  n.  Irradiance.  Browne. 
||  JR-RA'DI-ANT,  a.  Emitting  rays  of  light.  Boyse. 
||  JR-RA'DI-ATE  [jr-ra'de-at,  IF.  P.  J.  Ja.  Sm.  R. 

IF/*. ; jr-ra'dyat,  S.  E.  F.  A.],  v.  a.  [L.  irra- 
dio, irradiat  us  ; in,  upon,  and  radio,  to  shine; 
It.  irradiare  ; Sp . irradiar.]  [/.irradiated; 

pp.  IRRADIATING,  IRRADIATED.] 

1.  To  dart  rays  upon  ; to  adorn  with  light ; to 

brighten  ; to  illuminate ; to  illume  ; to  illumine. 
“ The  whole  place  it  irradiates.”  Diyby. 

2.  To  enlighten  intellectually;  to  illuminate. 

So  much  the  rather  thou,  celestial  Light, 

Shine  inward,  and  the  mind  through  all  her  powers 
Irradiate.  v mUo„_ 

3.  To  animate  by  heat  or  by  light.  Hale. 

4.  To  decorate,  as  with  shining  ornaments. 

“ Our  shrines  irradiate.”  Pope. 

||  IR-RA'DI-ATE,  v.  n.  To  emit  rays;  to  shine. 
“ On  which  light  irradiated.”  Bp.  Horne. 

||  IR-RA'Dj- ATE,  a.  Adorned  with  light  or  bright- 
ness ; illuminated.  Mason. 


IR-RA-DI-A'TION,  n.  [It.  irradiazionc ; Sp.  irra- 
diaeion;  Fr.  irradiation .] 

1.  The  act  of  irradiating;  irradiance.  Digby. 

2.  Illumination  ; intellectual  light.  Male. 

3.  (Opt.)  An  optical  illusion  which  causes 
objects,  whether  seen  with,  or  without,  optical 
instruments,  to  seem  sliglffty-laiger  than  they 
really  are,  in  consequence  of  the  retina-  being 
affected,  not  only  where  the  image  is,  but  also 
near  its  borders. 

43P  Irradiation  increases  with  the  brightness  of  the 
object,  diminishes  as  the  illumination  of  the  object 
and  that  of  the  field  of  view  approach  equality,  and 
vanishes  when  they  become  equal.  Nichul. 

IR-RAd'I-CATE,  v.  a.  [L.  in,  in,  and  radix,  rad- 
icis,  a root.]  To  fix  by  the  root ; to  insert 
firmly,  [r.]  Clissold. 

||  IR-RA"TI0N-AL  (Ir-rash'yn-rtl)  [Tr-rasli'un-al,  S. 
II  . P.  J.  E.  P.  Ja.  A.  Sm.  R.  Wr. ; Ir-ra'shun-al, 
Wbl\,  a.  [L.  irrationalis ; in,  priv.,  and  ratio- 
nalis,  rational ; ratio,  reason  ; It.  irrazionale  ; 
Sp.  irracional ; Fr.  irrationnel .] 

1.  Not  rational;  void  of  reason. 

Inferior  creatures  mute, 

Ii'rational , and  brute.  Milton. 

2.  Absurd  ; contrary  to  reason  ; unreasona- 
ble ; foolish  ; silly  ; unwise  ; preposterous. 
“Not  wishing  so  irrational  a thing.”  Pope. 

3.  (Arith.  & Algebra.)  Noting  a quantity 

which  cannot  be  exactly  expressed  by  an  inte- 
gral number  or  by  a vulgar  fraction,  and,  in  gen- 
eral, any  indicated  root  of  an  imperfect  power 
of  the  degree  indicated.  Davies. 

Syn. — See  Absurd. 


II  IR-RA-TION-AlT-TY  (Ir-rash-un-al'e-te),  n.  [It. 
irrazionalita  ; Sp.  irraciona lidad.\  The  quality 
of  being  irrational ; want  of  reason  ; absurdity. 
“ The  irrationality  of  our  dreams.”  Baxter. 


lR-RA''TION-AL-LY  (li'-rSsli'un-yl-e),  ad.  In  an 
irrational  manner  ; without  reason.  Pearson. 


||  IR-RA''TION-AL-NESS  (Ir-rash'un-yl-nes),  n. 
Want  of  reason  ; irrationality.  Scott. 

1R-R5-CLAIM'A-BLE,  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  reclaima- 
ble.\  That  cannot  be  reclaimed  ; incorrigible  ; 
irrecoverable  ; hopeless.  “ Obstinate,  irre- 
claimable, professed  enemies.”  Addison. 

IR-Rp-CLAlM'A-BLY,  ad.  So  as  not  to  be  re- 
claimed. Glanvill. 


IR-Rf.-COG'NI-ZA-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  recog- 
nized. Carlyle. 

IR-REC-ON-ClL-A-BIL'j-TY,  n.  The  state  of  be- 
ing irreconcilable.  Qu.  Rev. 

IR-REC-ON-ClL'A-BLE,  a.  [It.  irreconciliabile  ; 
Sp . irreconciliable  •,  Fr.  irrcconciliable.) 

1.  That  cannot  be  reconciled  or  appeased ; 

unappeasable.  “ Irreconcilable  to  our  grand 
foe.”  Milton. 

2.  That  cannot  be  made  consistent ; incon- 

sistent ; incompatible  ; incongruous.  “ Such 
gross,  irreconcilable  absurdities.”  Rogers. 

IR-REC-ON-CIL'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Impossibility 
of  being  reconciled.  Ld.  Shaftesbury. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


IRRECONCILABLY 


781 


IRREPEALABLE 


lR-REC-ON-CIL'A-BLY,  ad.  In  an  irreconcilable 
manner  ; so  as  not  to  admit  of  reconciliation. 

f IR-REC'ON-CfLE',  v.  a.  To  alienate.  Bp.  Taylor. 

lR-REC'ON-ClLED  (ir-rek'on-slld),  a.  1.  Not  rec- 
onciled ; unappeased.  Prideaux. 

2.  Not  atoned  for.  “ Many  irreconciled  in- 
iquities.” Shak. 

IR-REC'ON-CILE-MENT,  ra.  Want  of  reconcile- 
ment ; irreconciliation  ; disagreement.  Wake. 

IR-REC-QN-CIL-I-A'TION,  ra.  Want  of  reconcili- 
ation ; irreconcilement.  Bp.  Prideaux. 

IR-Rp-CORD'A-BLE,  a.  [L.  irreconlabilis.]  Not 
to  be  recorded.  Cockeram. 

IR-Rp-CO V'IJR-A-BLE  (Tr-re-kuv'er-a-bl),  a.  [in, 
priv.,  and  recoverable .]  That  cannot  be  recov- 
ered, restored,  or  remedied  ; not  recoverable ; 
irreparable.  “ Irrecoverable  misery.”  Tillotson. 

Time,  in  a natural  sense,  is  irrecoverable.  Rogers. 

The  irrecoverable  loss  of  so  many  livings  of  principal 
value.  Hooker. 

IR-RE-COV'flR-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  be- 
ing  irrecoverable.  Donne. 

iR-RJJ-COV'f.R-A-ULY,  ad.  Beyond  recovery. 

■fTR-RlJ-CCr'PpR-A-BLE,  a.  [L.  irrecuperabilis  ; 
Sp.  irrecupcrable  ; Fr.  irrecupcrablc.]  Irrecov- 
erable. Cotgrave. 

tiR-Rp-CLT'PpR-A-BLY,  ad.  Irrecoverably;  with- 
out hope  of  recovery.  Bullokar. 

f 1R-Rp-(;C'RED'  (Ir-re-kurd1),  a.  Not  to  be  cured. 
“ Ayith  irrecured  wound.”  Rous. 

IR-RU-CU§'A-BLE,  a.  [L.  irrecusabilis,  not  to 
be  refused.]  Not  liable  to  exception.  Wright. 

IR-RE-DEEM'A-BLE,  a.  [It.  irredimibile ; Sp.  ir- 
redimible .] 

1.  That  cannot  be  redeemed.  Coleridge. 

2.  Not  to  be  paid  according  to  the  nominal 
value  ; as,  “ An  irredeemable  paper  currency.” 

IR-Rp-DEEM-A-BIL'l-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  not 
being  redeemable  ; irredeemableness.  Craig. 

1R-R  p-DEEM'  A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  not 
being  redeemable  ; irredeemability.  Craig. 

IR-Rp-DEEM' A-BLY,  ad.  So  as  not  to  be  re- 
deemed. Blair. 

IR-RE-DIJ'CI-BLE,  a.  [It.  irreduttibile  ; Sp.  irre- 
ducible; Fr.  ir redact iblc.] 

1.  Not  to  be  reduced  or  brought  ; that  can- 
not be  changed  into  any  other  state. 

These  observations  seem  to  argue  the  corpuscles  of  air  to 
be  irreducible  into  water.  Boyle. 

2.  (Algebra.)  Noting  that  particular  case  of  a 

cubic  equation  in  which  none  of  the  values  of 
the  unknown  quantity,  though  all  real,  can  be 
obtained  by  Cardan’s  formula.  Hutton. 

IR-Rp-DU’CI-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
irreducible.  Wright. 

1R-RE-DU'CI-BLY,  ad.  In  a manner  not  reducible. 

IR-Rp-FI.EC'Tj VE,  a.  Not  reflective.  Whewell. 

IR-REF-RA-GA-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [It.  irrefragabilita .] 
The  quality  of  being  irrefragable  or  irrefutable  ; 
indisputableness.  Johnson. 

||  IR-REF'RA-G  A-BLE  [ir-ref'r?-ga-bl,  S.  J.  F.  Ja. 
K.  Sm.  R.  Rees  ; Ir-re-frag'si-bl,  P.  E.  C.  Wr.  ; Ir- 
vef'rj-gj-bl  or  Ir-re-fragVbl,  IK.],  a.  [L.  irrefra- 
gabilis  ; in,  priv.,  and  refragor,  to  oppose  It. 
irrefragabile  ; Sp.  irrefragable ; Fr.  irrefraga- 
ble.] That  cannot  be  refuted  or  overthrown;'  ir- 
refutable ; indisputable  ; indubitable. 

Clear  and  irrefragable  demonstrations  of  truth.  Bp.  Hall. 

“ If  we  might  judge  by  the  uniformity  we  find 
in  our  dictionaries,  there  would  be  no  great  difficulty 
in  settling  the  accentuation  of  this  word.  Dr.  John- 
son, Dr.  Ash,  Dr.  Kenrick,  Bailey,  Enticlc,  W.  John- 
ston, Perry,  Barclay,  and  Buchanan  place  the  accent 
on  the  third  syllable  ; Mr.  Scott,  either  on  the  second 
or  third,  with  a preference  to  the  latter;  and  Mr. 
Sheridan  alone  places  it  exclusively  on  the  second. 
But,  notwithstanding  Mr.  Sheridan’s  accentuation 
stands  single,  I am  much  mistaken  if  it  has  not  only 
the  best  usage  on  its  side,  but  the  clearest  analogy  to 
support  it.”  Walker. 

Syn.  — See  Indubitable. 

II  IR-REF'R  A-G  A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  irrefragable.  Bailey. 

||  IR-REF'RA-GA-BLY,  ad.  In  an  irrefragable 
manner;  with  force  above  confutation.  Hale. 


II  IR-R£-FUT'A-BLE, or  IR-REF'U-TA-BLE  [Ir-re- 
fut'a-bl,  6'.  P.  Ja.  Sm.  R.  Wr.;  ir-ref u-ta-bl,  J. 
F.  K.  C. ; Ir-re-fut'a-bl  or  Ir-ref'u-ta-bl,  IK.],  a. 
[L.  irrefutabilis  ; in,  priv.,  and  refuto,  to  refute  ; 
Fr.  irrefutable.]  That  cannot  be  refuted  ; un- 
answerable  ; indisputable  ; irrefragable. 

That  irrefutable  discourse  of  Cardinal  Caietan.  Bp.  Hall. 

itGf*  “ All  our  dictionaries  place  the  accent  on  the 
third  syllable  of  this  wor^l  ; nor  do  I mean  to  affront 
such  respectable  authority  by  placing  it  on  the  second, 
as  in  irrefragable , though  there  is  the  same  reason  for 
both.  Let  it  not  be  pleaded  that  we  have  the  verb 
refute  in  favor  of  the  first  pronunciation  ; — this  lias 
not  the  least  influence  on  the  words  indisputable , ir- 
revocable, incomparable,  &c.”  Ifalker. 

II  IR-RE-FUT'A-BLY,  or  IR-REF'U-TA-BLY,  ad. 
Without  refutation.  Walker. 

IR-Rp-QJEN'IJR-A-CY,  n.  Unregeneracy.  Wright. 

+ lR-RE-<?EN-ER-A'TION,  M.  [Di,  priv.,  and  regen- 
eration.] Unregenerated  state.  IV.  E.  Elders. 

IR-REG'U-LAR,  a.  [L .irregularis;  fra,  priv.,  and 
regularis,  regular ; It.  irregolare ; Sp.  irregular ; 
Fr.  irregulier.] 

1.  Not  regular;  deviating  from  rule,  custom, 
or  nature  ; abnormal;  anomalous;  eccentric. 

2.  Unmethodical ; not  confined  to  any  certain 
rule  or  order  ; out  of  order. 

The  numbers  of  Pindarics  are  wild  and  irregular.  Cowley. 

3.  Not  restrained  as  to  personal  conduct;  not 
regulated  by  principle  ; disorderly  ; inordinate  ; 
as,  “ The  irregular  indulgence  of  appetite.” 

4.  Not  uniform;  variable;  as,  “Irregular 
motion.” 

5.  (Rot.)  Of  unequal  size  and  dissimilar  form  ; 

noting  parts  of  flowers  in  wljich  symmetry  is 
destroyed  by  some  inequality  of  parts,  as  the 
petals  of  a labiate  corolla.  Bindley . 

6.  (Grammar.)  Noting  words  which  deviate 
from  the  common  forms  of  inflection. 

Syn. — Irregular,  literally  not  regular,  is  common- 
ly used  to  mean  more  than  unmethodical,  and  less  than 
disorderly.  Irregular  habits  ; unmethodical  proceed 
ing  ; disorderly  conduct ; intemperate  language  or  hab- 
its ; extravagant  expenses.  — See  EXTRAVAGANT. 

IR-REG'U-LAR,  n.  One  not  following  a settled 
rule ; one  not  in  service  according  to  the  usual 
course. 

The  secular  prebendaries  of  AVultham  were  first  turned 
out,  to  give  way  to  their  irregulars.  Bp.  Hall. 

t IR-REG'U-LAR-IST,  ra.  Irregular  person. Baxter. 

IR-REG-U-LAR'1-TY,  ra.  [It.  irrcgolarita  ; Sp.  ir- 
regularidad;  Fr.  irregularite.] 

1.  Want  of  regularity  ; deviation  from,  or  neg- 

lect of,  rule,  custom,  nature,  or  order.  “ This 
irregularity  of  its  . . . motion.”  Browne. 

As  these  vast  heaps  of  mountains  are  thrown  together  with 
so  much  irregularity  and  confusion,  they  form  a great  variety 
of  hollow  bottoms.  * Addison. 

2.  Disorderly  conduct  or  practice  ; vice. 
“ Ashamed  of  his  irregularities Rogers. 

IR-REG'U-LAR-Ly,  ad.  In  an  irregular  manner. 

flR-REG'IJ-LATE,  v.  a.  To  make  irregular;  to 
disorder.  Browne. 

f IR-REG'U-LOUS,  a.  Lawless  ; irregular.  Shak. 

IR-R  E-JECT' A-BLE,  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  rcjcctable.] 
That  cannot  be  rejected.  Boyle. 

IR-RE-LA'TION,  ra.  The  quality  of  being  irrela- 
tive ; want  of  relation.  Iloget. 

IR-REL'A-TIVE,  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  relative.] 

1.  Not  relative  ; single ; unconnected.  Browne. 

2.  (Hus.)  Noting  any  two  chords  or  any  two 

scales  which  do  not  contain  some  sound  or 
sounds  common  to  both.  Moore. 

1R-REL' A-TIVE-Ly,  ad.  Unconnectedly.  Bogle. 

IR-REL'E-VAN-CY,  ra.  The  state  or  the  quality 
of  being  irrelevant.  Todd. 

IR-REL'E-VANT,  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  relevant. — 
It.  irrelevante.]  Not  relevant;  not  assisting 
the  matter  in  hand;  not  being  to  the  purpose  ; 
not  applicable  ; impertinent ; irrelative.  “ Of 
an  irrelevant  nature.”  Burke. 

Syn.  — See  Impertinent. 

Ir-REL'E-VANT-LY,  ad.  Without  being  rele- 
vant or  to  the  purpose.  Todd. 

IR-R E-lie V'A-BLE,  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  relievable.] 
Not  admitting  relief.  Hargrave. 


IR-RE-Ll^'ION  (Ir-re-lid'juu),  ra.  [L.  irreligio; 
It.  irreligione  ; Sp.  irreligion  ; Fr.  irreligion.] 
Contempt  or  want  of  religion  ; impiety  ; ungod- 
liness. 

The  weapons  with  which  I combat  irreligion  arc  already 
consecrated.  Dryden. 

[R-RE-LtyTON-IST,  n.  One  who  is  irreligious  ; 
an  unbeliever  in  revealed  religion.  Ec.  Rev. 

IR-RE-Ll(?Toys  (Ir-re-lld'jus),  a.  [L.  irreligiosus ; 
It.  4f  Sp.  irreligioso  ; Fr.  irreligieux  ] 

1.  Not  religious  ; contemning  or  wanting  re- 
ligion ; impious  ; ungodly. 

Shame  and  reproach  is  generally  the  portion  of  the  impi- 
ous  and  irreligious.  South. 

2.  Contrary  to  religion  ; wicked ; profane. 

“ Irreligious  discourse.”  Swift. 

Syn.  — Irreligious  is  negative  ; , impious  and  pro - 
fane,  positive,  and  t lie  much  stronger  terms.  Irre- 
ligious person  or  character  ; impious  conduct ; profane 
language.  — See  Wicked. 

iR-RE-Liyr'IOUS-LY,  ad.  In  an  irreligious  manner. 

IR-RF.-LIC'IOyS-NESS,  ra.  The  quality  of  being 
irreligious.  Locke. 

IR-RE'ME-A-BLE,  a.  [L.  irremeabilis  ; in,  priv., 
and  reineo,  to  return  ; re,  back,  and  mco,  to  go  ; 
Fr.  irremeable.]  Admitting  no  return. 

The  chief,  without  delay, 

Passed  on,  and  took  the  irremeable  way.  Dryden. 

||  IR-R^-ME'DI-A-BLE  [ir-re-me'de-a-bl,  S.  IV.  J. 
Ja.  Sm.’,  ir-re-med'e-^-bl,  P.],  a.  [L.  irremedi- 
abilis ; It.  irremediabile  ; Sp.  irremediable  ; Fr. 
irremediable.']  Admitting  no  cure  ; not  to  be 
remedied,  recovered,  or  redressed  ; irrecovera- 
ble ; incurable  ; irreparable  ; remediless. 

A steady  hand  in  military  affairs  is  more  requisite  than  in 
peace,  because  an  error  committed  in  war  may  prove  irreme- 
diable. Bacon. 

II  I R-RE-ME'DI- A-BLE-NESS,  ra.  The  state  of  be- 
ing irremediable  ; incurableness.  Donne. 

||  IR-RE-ME'DI-A-BLY,  ad.  Beyond  remedy  or  cure. 

IR-RE-MIS'Sl-BLE,  a.  [L.  irremissibilis ; in,  priv., 
and  remitto,  to  remit ; re,  back,  and  mitto,  to 
send;  It . irremissibile  ; Sp.  irremisible  ; Fr.fr- 
remissible.]  That  cannot  be  remitted  or  par- 
doned ; not  pardonable  ; unpardonable.  “ An 
irremissible  offence.”  Burton. 

IR-RE-M1S'SI-BLE-NESS,  ra.  The  quality  of  being 
irremissible  or  unpardonable.  Bp.  Hall. 

IR-RE-Mls'sj-BLY,  ad.  So  as  not  to  be  pardoned. 

IR-RE-mIs'SIVE,  a.  Not  to  be  remitted.  Coleridge. 

f IR-RE-MIT'TA-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  remit- 
ted ; irremissible.  Holinshed. 

IR-RE-MOV-A-BiL'l-TY,  ra.  The  quality  or  the 
state  of  not  being  removable.  Craig. 

IR-RE-MOV'A-BLE,  a.  [fra,  priv.,  and  removable.] 
Not  removable ; that  cannot  be  removed  or 
moved  ; immovable. 

Establishing  my  irremovable  assurance  in  thee.  Donne. 

IR-RE-MOV'A-BLY,  ad.  Immovably.  Evelyn. 

IR-RE-MU'NER-A-BLE,  a.  [L . irremunerabilis ; 
It.  irremunerabile .]  That  cannot  be  remuner- 
ated ; not  to  be  rewarded.  Cockeram. 

IR-RE-NoWNED'  (ir-re-nofind'),  a.  [in,  priv.,  and 
renowned.]  Unrenowned.  Spenser. 

IR-REP- A-R  A-BIL'I-TY,  ra.  [It.  irreparabilith.] 
The  state  of  being  irreparable  or  irrecoverable  ; 
irreparableness.  Sterne. 

IR-REP'A-R  A-BLE,  a.  [L.  irreparabilis  ; fra,  priv., 
and  reparabilis,  reparable  ; It.  irreparabile  ; Sp. 
irreparable  ; Fr.  irreparable.]  That  cannot  be 
repaired  or  recovered  ; irrecoverable  ; incura- 
ble ; irremediable ; remediless. 

An  irreparable  injustice  we  are  guilty  of  when  we  are  pre- 
judiced by  the  looks  of  those  whom  we  ao  not  know.yl  t/c/isow. 

IR-REP'A-R A-BLE-NESS,  w.  The  state  of  being 
irreparable  ; irreparability.  Ash. 

IR-REP'A-RA-BLY,  ad.  Without  recovery  or 
remedy  ; irremediably.  Boyle. 

IR-R  E-PEAL- A-BIL'l-TY,  ra.  The  quality  of  being 
irrepealable  ; irrepealableness.  Smart. 

IR-RE-PEAL'A-BLE,  a.  [fra,  priv.,  and  rcpealable.] 
That  may  not  be  repealed  or  revoked  ; irrevo- 
cable ; not  repealable.  Glanvill. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — y,  Q,  <;,  g,  soft ; C,  fi,  5,  g,  hard;  ^ as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


IRREPEALABLENESS 


782 


IRRITANT 


IR-IIIJ-PEAL' A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing irrepealable.  iVright. 

1R-R  f-PEAL'A-BLY,  ad.  Beyond  the  power  of 
repeal.  lip.  Gauden. 

IR-Rf-PENT'  ANCE,  n.  [in,  priv.,  and  repentance.'] 
Impenitence  ; want  of  repentance.  Mountagu. 

IR-RF-PLEV'LA-BLE,  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  replevia- 
hle .]  (Law.)  Not  to  be  replevied  or  redeemed; 
irreplevisable.  Bailey. 

IR-RE-PLEV'I-SA-BLE,  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  replevi- 
sable.]  (Law.)  Not  to  be  replevied  or  redeemed; 
irrepleviable.  Bonder. 

IR-REP-Rp-HEN'SI-BLE,  a.  [L.  irreprehensibilis ; 
in,  priv.,  and  reprehensibilis,  reprehensible ; 
It.  irreprensibile  ; Sp.  irreprehensible  ; I'  r.  ir- 
reprehensible.] Not  reprehensible  ; not  to  be 
reproved,  rebuked,  or  blamed ; blameless  ; irre- 
provable  ; faultless.  Bp.  Patrick. 

IR-REP-Rp-HEN'Sr-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  irreprehensible.  Ash.  Smart. 

IR-REP-Rg-HEN'SI-BEY,  ad.  In  an  irreprehen- 
sible manner  ; without  blame  or  censure.  Ash. 

1R-REP-Rp-§ENT'A-BEE,  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  repre- 
sentable.] Not  representable  ; not  to  be  figured 
by  any  representation.  “ God’s  irrepresentable 
nature.”  Stilling  fleet. 

IR-RE-PRESS'I-BLE,  a.  [in,  priv.,  and repressible.] 
That  cannot  be  repressed  or  restrained.  Todd. 

IR-Rp-PROAUH'A-RLE  (ir-re-proch'j-bl),  a.  [Sp. 

A,  Fr.  irreprochable.]  Not  reproachable ; that 
cannot  be  charged  with  any  fault  or  crime ; 
free  from  reproach  or  blame  ; blameless  ; irre- 
provable  ; irreprehensible  ; pure  ; spotless. 

An  innocent,  irreproachable , nay,  exemplary  life.  Attcrbury. 

IR-RU-PROACH'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of 
being  irreproachable  ; blamelessness.  Smart. 

IR-RFi-PROACH'A-BLY,  ad.  Without  blame  or 
reproach  ; irreprovably.  Spectator. 

1R-RF.-PRO  V'A-BLE,  a.  [It.  irreprobabilc  ; Sp. 
irreprobable , Fr.  improvable.]  Not  reprovable ; 
irreproachable  ; unblamable  ; blameless. 

If  amon?  this  ctowd  of  virtues  a failing;  crept  in,  we  must 
remember  that  an  apostle  himself  has  not  been  irre/n  o able. 

Attcrbury. 

IR-RE-PROV'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
irreprovable.  Ash. 

IR-Rp-PROV'A-BLY,  ad.  Beyond  reproach.  Weevcr. 

IR-R5P-TI"TIOUS  (Ir-rep-llsh'us),  a.  [L.  irrepto , 
to  creep  into.]  Creeping  ; crept  in.  Elphinston. 

IR-REP'U-TA-BLE,  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  reputable.] 
Not  reputable  ; disreputable.  Bp.  Law. 

iR-RE-§IST'ANCE  (ir-rc-zlst'fins),  n.  [in,  priv., 
and  resistance.]  Want  of  inclination  to  offer 
resistance  ; non-resistance  ; gentleness  under 
sufferings.  Paley. 

IR-Rp-^IST-I-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [It.  irresistibility ; Fr. 
irresistibility.]  The  quality  of  being  irresistible. 

IR-RF-§1ST'I-BLE  (ir-re-zls'te-bl),  a.  [It.  irresis- 
tibile  ; Sp.  irresistible  ; Fr.  irresistible.]  That 
cannot  be  resisted ; superior  to  opposition.  “Ir- 
resistible power  to  hurt.”  Hooker. 

lR-R15-§iST'I-BLE-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  ir- 
resistible ; power  above  opposition.  Bp.  Hall. 

iR-Rp-^I.ST'I-BLy,  ad.  In  a manner  not  to  be 
opposed  or  resisted.  Dryden. 

f iR-RF-fjjiST'LIJSS,  a.  Irresistible;  resistless. 

Those  radiant  eyes,  whose  irvesistlcss  flame 
Strikes  envy  dumb.  Glanvill. 

IR-RE^'O-LU-BLE  ( Ir-rSz 'o-I u-bl),  a.  [L.  irresolu- 
bilis;  in,  priv.,  and  resolubilis,  that  may  be  re- 
solved ; It.  irresolubile ; Sp.  irresolvable.] 

1.  That  cannot  be  disjoined,  separated,  dis- 
solved, or  resolved  into  parts  ; indissoluble. 

Simple  bodies,  and  upon  that  account  irresoluhle.  Boyle. 

2.  That  cannot  be  released  or  relieved,  [r.] 

The  irresoluhle  condition  of  our  souls  after  a known  sin 
committed.  nv.  Hall. 

IR-RE^'O-LU-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
irresoluble.  Boyle. 

IR-RES'O-LUTE,  a.  [L.  irresolutus ; It.  <Sf  Sp.  ir- 
resolute ; Fr . irresolu.]  Not  resolute;  wanting 


resolution;  undetermined;  undecided;  incon- 
stant ; unsettled ; unsteady  ; wavering. 

Irresolute  on  which  he  should  rely.  Dryden. 

IR-REtjj'O-LUTE-LY,  ad.  In  an  irresolute  man- 
ner ; without  resolution  or  firmness.  Johnson. 

IR-RE^'O-LUTE-NpSS,  n.  The  state  of  being  ir- 
resolute ; want  of  firmness ; irresolution.  Todd. 

IR-RES-O-LU'TION,  n.  [It . irresoluzione ; Sp.  ir- 
resolution ; Fr.  irresolution.]  Want  of  resolu- 
tion or  firmness ; irresoluteness. 

In  matters  of  great  concern,  and  which  must  be  done,  there 
is  no  surer  argument  of  u weak  mind  than  irresolution ; to  be 
undetermined  where  the  case  is  so  plain,  and  the  necessity 
so  urgent.  Tillotson. 

lR-RE-§OL-VA-BlL'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being 
irresolvable.  Museum. 

lR-RP-§OL'VA-hLE,  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  resolvable.] 
That  cannot  be  resolved.  Herschel. 

IR-RE-SOLV'JJD-LY,  ad.  Without  determination. 
“ To  hear  me  speak  so  irresolvedly.”  Boyle. 

IR-RE-SPEC'TI  VE,  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  respective.] 

1.  Not  respective;  having  no  regard  to  cir- 
cumstances. “ It  must  be  resolved  wholly  into 
the  absolute  irrespective  will  of  God.”  Rogers. 

2.  f Disrespectful.  Sir  C.  Cornwallis. 

3.  Not  regarding  or  considering  ; regardless  ; 
— with  of',  as,  “Irrespective  of  consequences.” 

IR-RE-SPEC'TIVE-LY,  ad.  Without  regard  to 
circumstances.  Hammond. 

1R-RES'PI-RA-BLE,  a.  [L.  irrespirabilis  ; Fr.  ir- 
j espirable.]  Not  respirable.  Turner. 

IR-RE-SPON-SI-bIl’i-TY,  n.  [Fr.  irresponsabilite.] 
Want  of  responsibility.  Todd. 

IR-RE-SPON'ST-BLE,  a.  [Fr.  irrcsponsablc.]  Not 
responsible  ; liable  to  give  no  account ; not  an- 
swerable ; wanting  responsibility  ; unaccounta- 
ble. “ Such  high  and  irresponsible  license  over 
mankind.”  Milton. 

Ilt-RF-SPON'SI-BLY,  ad.  In  an  irresponsible 
manner;  so  as  not  to  be  responsible.  Wright. 

IR-Ry-SPON'SIVE,  a.  Not  responsive.  Ed.  Rev. 

IR-RF-STRAlN'A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  re- 
strained ; unrestrainable.  Prynne. 

IR-Rp-SUS'Cl-TA-BLE,  a.  Not  capable  of  being 
resuscitated  or  revived.  Craig. 

IR-RE-SUS'CI-TA-BLY,  ad.  In  such  a state  as 
not  to  be  revivified.  Wright. 

[R-P.P-TEN'TI VE,  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  retentive.] 
Not  retentive  ; not  capable  of  retaining.  “ His 
memory  weak  and  irretentive.”  Skelton. 

IR-RIJ-TRACE’A-BLE,  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  retrace.] 
That  cannot  be  retraced.  Craig. 

IR-RE-TRIE V'A-BLE,  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  retrieva- 
ble.] That  cannot  be  retrieved  or  repaired  ; ir- 
recoverable ; irreparable.  Bp.  Butler. 

IR-RF-TRIEV' A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  irretrievable.  Smart. 

IR-Ry-TRIEV'A-BLY,  ad.  Irreparably.  Rambler. 

IR-Rp-TURN'A-BLE,  a.  Not  returnable. 

Forth  ir returnable  flieth  the  spoken  word.  Mir.  for  Mag. 

IR-REV'ER-ENCE,  v.  [L.  irrererenha  ; in,  priv., 
and  reverentia  ; It.  irreverenza  ; Sp.  irreveren- 
cia ; Fr.  irreverence.] 

1.  Want  of  reverence  or  veneration.  “ Irrev- 
erence towards  God’s  worship.”  Decay  of  Piety. 

2.  The  state  of  being  disregarded ; the  state 
of  being  without  reverence.  “The  irreverence 
and  scorn  the  judges  were  justly  in.”  Clarendon. 

IR-REV'JJR-END,  a.  Irreverent;  disrespectful. 

Polluted  with  such  inevcrcrul  combinations.  Johnson. 

IR-REV'ER-ENT,  a.  [L.  irreverens ; It.  &;  Sp.  ir- 
reverente;  Fr.  irreverent.]  Not  reverent;  not 
paying  or  not  expressing  due  reverence,  ven- 
eration, or  respect.  “ The  irreverent  son.” 
“ An  irreverent  expression.”  Dryden. 

IR-REV'JJR-ENT-LY,  ad.  In  an  irreverent  manner. 

IR-RE-VERS'I-BLE,  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  reversible.] 
That  cannot  be  reversed,  revoked,  or  changed; 
unchangeable  ; irrevocable ; immutable.  “ An 
eternal  irreversible  sentence.”  Rogers. 


IR-RF-VERS'I-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
irreversible ; unchangeableness.  Todd. 

IR-RJJ-VERST-BLY,  ad.  In  an  irreversible  manner. 

IR-RE V-O-CA-Bl L' !-TY,  n.  [It.  irrevocability;  Sp. 
irrevocabilidad ; Fr.  irrevocabilite.]  The  state  of 
being  irrevocable  ; impossibility  of  recall.  Todd. 

IR-REV'O-CA-BLE,  a.  [L.  irrevocabilis ; in,  priv., 
and  revocabilis,  revocable ; revoco,  to  recall ; re, 
back,  and  voco,  to  call  ; It.  irrevocabile  ; Sp.  ir- 
revocable; F r.  irrevocable.]  That  cannot  be  re- 
voked, recalled,  repealed,  or  reversed  ; irrevers- 
ible ; unalterable ; irrepealable. 

Each  sacred  accent  bears  eternal  weight, 

And  each  irrevocable  word  is  fate.  Pope. 

IR-REV’O-C A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
irrevocable;  irrevocability.  Ash. 

XR-REV'O-CA-BLY,  ad.  In  an  irrevocable  manner. 

t IR-REV'O-LU-BLE,  a.  [L.  in,  priv.,  and  revolvo, 
revolutus,  to  revolve.]  That  does  not  revolve  ; 
that  has  no  revolution.  Milton. 

IR-Rllp-TOR'I-CAL,  a.  [m,  priv.,  and  rhetorical.] 
Not  rhetorical ; not  persuasive.  Smart. 

Ir'RI-gAte,  v.  a.  [L.  irrigo,  irrigatus;  in,  on, 
and  rigo,  to  water  ; It.  irrigarc.]  [i.  irrigat- 
ed ; pp.  IRRIGATING,  IRRIGATED.] 

1.  To  sprinkle  water  on  ; to  wet ; to  moisten  ; 

to  water  ; to  bedew.  A.  Phillips. 

2.  (Agric.)  To  water  by  drains  or  channels. 

Ir-RI-GA'TION,  n.  [L.irrigatio ; It.  irrigazione ; 
F’r.  irrigation.] 

1.  The  act  of  irrigating;  a sprinkling;  a 
watering. 

2.  (Agric.)  The  act  of  watering  lands  by  drains 

or  channels.  ’’  Farm.  Ency. 

lR-RlG'y-OUS,  a.  [L.  imguus.] 

1.  Watery  ; watered  ; wet.  “ Some  irrigu- 

ous  valley.”  Milton. 

Like  Gideon’s  fleece  irriguous  with  a dew  from  heaven. 

Bp.  Taylor. 

2.  Dewy.  “Irriguous  sleep.”  rhillips. 

IR-Rlij'I-BLE,  a.  [L.  irrisibilis .]  Not  risible  ; in- 
capable of  laughter.  Campbell. 

JR-Rr"§ION  (ir-rlzh'un),  n.  [L . irrisio  ; irrideo, 
to  laugh  at ; It.  irrisione ; Fr.  irrision.]  The 
act  of  laughing  at  another  ; derision.  Fotherby. 

IR-RI-TA-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [L.  irritabilitas  ; It.  irri- 
tability ; Sp.  irritabilidad ; Fr.  irritabilite.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  irritable ; fretfulness. 

2.  (Phys.)  A power  possessed  by  all  living, 

organized  bodies,  of  being  acted  upon  by  certain 
stimuli,  and  of  moving  responsive  to  stimula- 
tion. Dunglison. 

3.  (Bot.)  A property  in  some  plants  by  which 

they  exhibit  the  phenomenon  of  spontaneous 
motion  when  under  the  influence  of  particular 
stimuli.  Hcnslow. 

IR'RI-TA-BLE,  a.  [L.  irritabilis ; irrito,  to  irri- 
tate ; It.  irritabile  ; Sp.  if  Fr.  irritable.] 

1.  Easily  provoked  or  irritated ; irascible ; 
fretful ; as,  “ An  irritable  person  or  temper.” 

lie  was  irritable  and  even  irascible.  Wraxall. 

2.  (Phys.)  Capable  of  feeling  an  appropri- 
ate stimulus,  and  of  moving  responsive  to  it. 

Every  living,  organized  tissue  is  irritable.  Dunglison. 

3.  (Bot.)  Exhibiting  the  phenomenon  of  spon- 

taneous motion  when  under  the  influence  of 
certain  stimuli.  Ilenslow. 

Ilt'RI-T  A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  ir- 
ritable ; irritability.  Perry. 

IRRI-TA-BLY,  ad.  In  an  irritable  manner. Wright. 

IR'RI-TAN-CY,  n.  [L.  irritvs,  void.]  (Scotch  Law.) 
A becoming  void  or  null;  nullity: — a clause 
in  a conveyance  declaring  upon  what  contingen- 
cies an  estate  shall  become  void.  Burrill. 

IR'RI-TANT,  n.  That  which  causes  irritation,  or 
pain,  heat,  and  tension,  — either  mechanically, 
as  punctures,  acupuncture,  or  scarification,  — 
chemically,  as  the  alkalies  and  acids,  — or  in  a 
specific  manner,  as  cantharides.  Dunglison. 

IR'RI-TANT,  a.  1.  [L . irrito,  irritans.]  Irritating. 

2.  [L.  irritus ; in,  priv.,  and  ratus,  fixed,  es- 
tablished.] (Scotch  Law.)  Rendering  void.  “An 
irritant  clause.”  Burrill. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  V,  short;  A,  p,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


IRRITATE 


IR’RI-tAte,  v.  a.  [L.  irrito,  irritatus,  which  Vos- 
sius  derives  from  Gr.  epeOto,  to  excite,  but  others 
from  the  L.  ira,  anger;  It.  irritare ; Sp  .irritar; 
Fr.  irriter.]  [t.  IRRITATED ; pp.  IRRITATING, 
IRRITATED.] 

1.  To  excite  ire  or  anger  in ; to  exasperate  ; 
to  provoke  ; to  offend  ; to  tease  ; to  fret ; to  goad. 

The  earl . . . did  uot  irritate  the  people.  Bacon. 

2.  To  heighten  ; to  increase. 

Air,  if  very  cold,  irritateth  the  flame.  Bacon. 

3.  To  excite,  as  heat  or  redness  in  the  skin, 

by  friction.  Glover. 

Syn.  — See  Angry,  Tease. 

flR'Rj-TATE,  v.  a.  [L.  irritus  ; in,  priv.,  and 
ratus,  fixed.]  To  render  null  or  void. 

Bp.  Bramhall. 

flR'RI-TATE,  a.  Heightened ; excited.  Bacon. 

IR'RJ-TAT-ING,  p.  a.  Tending  to  irritate. 

IR-RI-TA'TION,  it.  [L.  irritatio  ; It.  irritazione  ; 
Sp.  irritaeion  ; Fr.  irritation.] 

1.  The  act  of  irritating;  the  act  of  exciting  to 
anger  ; exasperation  ; provocation. 

2.  The  act  of  exciting  heat  or  redness  in  the 

skin  by  friction,  or  the  "state  produced  by  such 
operation.  Arbuthnot. 

3.  (Phys.)  The  state  of  a tissue  or  an  organ 

in  which  there  is  excess  of  vital  movement ; 
commonly  manifested  by  increase  of  the  circula- 
tion and  sensibility.  Dunglison. 

IRRI-TA-TI VE,  a.  1.  Tending  to  irritate. Bcntham. 

2.  Accompanied  with  irritation.  “ An  irri- 
tative fever.”  Wrujlit. 

IR'RJ-TA-TO-RY,  a.  Stimulating ; irritating.  Hales. 

IR'RO-RATE,  v.  a.  To  sprinkle  or  moisten  with 
atoms,  as  the  earth  with  dew  ; to  bedew.  Blount. 

Ir-RO-RA'TION,  n.  [L.  irroro,  irroratus,  to  be- 
dew.] A bedewing  ; a sprinkling.  Chambers. 

lR-RU'BRI-CAL,  a.  [in,  priv.,  and  rubrical.]  Not 
rubrical  ; contrary  to  the  rubric.  Ch.  Ob. 

IR-RUPT'pD,  a.  [L.  in,  into,  and  rumpo,  to 
burst.]  Forced  through.  Clarke. 

IR-RUP'TION  (jr-rup'sliun),  n.  [L.  irruptio  ; in, 
into,  and  rumpo,  to  burst;  It .irruzione;  Sp.  ir- 
ruption; Fi.  irruption.]  A bursting  or  break- 
ing in ; a sudden  and  violent  entrance,  inva- 
sion, or  incursion  ; forcible  entrance  ; inroad.. 

The  famous  wall  of  China,  built  against  the  irruptions  of 
the  Tartars,  was  begun  above  a hundred  years  before  the  in- 
carnation. Burnet. 

Syn.  — See  Invasion. 

IR-RtJP'TJVE,  a.  Breaking  in.  Whitehouse. 

If=i.  [A.  S.  is  ; But.  <S,  Ger.  ist.  — Gr.  can  ; L.  est.] 
The  3d  per.  sing,  of  the  verb  to  be.  — See  Be. 

IS  A-B EL-COL  QR,  l n brownish-yellow 

lij-A-BEL'LA— COL'OR,  ) color  with  a shade  of 
dark  red.  Maunder. 

fl'SA-GO^E,  n.  [Gr.  danyoiyri.]  An  introduc- 
tion. Harris. 

I-SA-GO*?  T>  £ a.  [Gr.  ciaaytoyiK/1; ; L.  isago- 

I-SA-GO^'I-CAL,  > gicus.]  Introductory.  Gregory. 

f I'SA-GOGUE,  n.  Same  as  Isagoge.  Blount.. 

I'SA-GON,  n.  [Gr.  iao;,  equal,  and  yeirin,  an  angle.] 
(Geo m.)  A figure  having  equal  angles.  Grier. 

I'SA-THYD,  ii.  ( Chem .)  A substance  formed 
from  isatine  by  its  uniting  with  one  equivalent 
of  hydrogen.  llegnault. 

I'SA-TIC,  a.  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  formed 
from  isatine  by  the  addition  of  one  equivalent 
of  water.  Regncoult. 

I'SA-TINE,  n.  [Gr.  loan;,  a plant  producing  a 
deep  dye,  woad.]  (Chem.)  A crystallizable  sub- 
stance obtained  from  indigo  by  the  action  of 
nitric  acid. 

I-SA'TIS,  n.  ( Bot .)  The  name 'of  a genus  of 
plants,  popularly  called  woad,  from  one  species 
of  which,  Isatis  tinctoria,  a coloring  matter  is 
obtained  identical  with  indigo.  Miller. 

IS'CA,  n.  An  excrescence  on  the  oak  and  the  ha- 
zel ; — formerly  used  as  a cautery.  Wright. 

IS-CHI-AdTC  (is-ke-ad'jk),  a.  [Gr.  lo^talind; ; ta- 
x''0", the  hip;  L . ischiadicus ; Fr.  ischiadique.] 
(Anat.)  Belonging  to  the  hip  or  to  the  parts 
near  it;  as,  “The  ischiadic  artery.”  Chambers.  \ 


78; 


ISOLATE 


[S-jCHI-AG'R A,  n.  [Gr.  v,  the  hip,  and  aypa, 
a catching.]  (Med.)  Ischiadic  gout.  Dunglison. 
IS'jEHI-AL,  a.  Belonging  to,  or  contributed  by, 
the  ischium  or  hip-bone.  Wright. 

IS-jCHI-AT'JC,  a.  Same  as  Ischiadic.  Dunglison. 
Is  'em- OJY,  or  IS  'em-  VM,  n.  [Gr.  lavtov.]  (Anat.) 
fli  '•  ‘ ' 


Tie  hip-bone. 


Dunglison. 


ISGH-NOPH'O-NY,  11.  [Gr.  lax"otjjoivia ; la^vi;,  thin, 
and  voice’.]  Weakness  of  voice.  Craig. 

IS-CHU-RET'IC  (Is-ku-ret'jk),  n.  (Med.)  Medicine 
for  curing  isehury.  Dunglison. 

Is-JEHU-RET'IC,  a.  (Med.)  Having  the  quality 
of  relieving  isehury.  Wright. 

IS-jClIG'RI-A  (Is-ku'rj-a),  n.  [Gr.  iV^oupia  ; iV^w, 
to  retain,  and  ov/ior,  urine  ; L.  isChuria.]  (Med.) 
A suppression  or  retention  of  urine.  Dunglison. 

IS'LTHj-RY  (is'Tcu-re),  n.  Ischuria.  Johnson. 

IS'E-RINE,  ii.  [Iser,  name  of  a German  river.] 
(Min.)  A compound  of  the  protoxide  and  perox- 
ide of  iron  and  oxide  of  titanium.  It  has  a me- 
tallic or  sub-metallic  lustre,  an  iron-black  color, 
and  is  brittle  and  magnetic.  Dana. 

— ISII.  [M.  Goth,  isles  ; A.  S.  isc ; Ger .isch;  Icel. 
iskt.]  A termination  added  to  an  adjective  to 
express  diminution  ; as,  bluisA,  tending  to  blue. 
It  is  likewise  sometimes  the  termination  of  a 
gentile  or  possessive  adjective ; as,  SwedfsA, 
Bam'sA.  It  likewise  notes  participation  of  the 
qualities  of  the  substantive  to  which  it  is  added; 
as,  fool,  ioolish. 

I'SI-CLE  (I'sjk-kl),  n.  See  Icicle.  Dryden. 

I'§IN-GLASS  (I'zing-glis),  n.  [Ger.  hauscnblase, 
a sturgeon’s  bladder,  isinglass  ; hausen,  a stur- 
geon, and  blase,  a bladder  ; Sw.  husblaes .] 

1.  A whitish,  dry,  tough,  semi-transparent 
form  of  gelatine  prepared  from  the  air-bladders 
or  sounds  of  different  kinds  of  fish  found  in  the 
large  rivers  that  flow  into  the  North  Sea  and 
the  Caspian,  especially  of  the  Acipenser  huso, 
or  great  sturgeon  ; fish-glue  ; carlock.il/cCWfoeA. 

2.  A name  sometimes  applied  to  mica.  Hill. 

I'SJS,  n.  1.  (Myth.)  One  of  the  chief  deities  of 
the  Egyptians  ; the  sister  and  spouse  of  Osiris. 

2.  (Astron.)  An  asteroid  discovered  by  Pog- 
son  in  1856.  Lovering. 

I§'LAM,  n.  [Turk.,  submission  to  God.]  The  re- 
ligion of  Mahomet  ; Mahometanism  : — also 
the  body  of  Mahometans.  Braude. 

I§'LAM-ISM,  ii.  Among  Mahometans,  orthodoxy 
or  the  true  faith ; the  Mahometan  religion  ; Is- 
lam. Ed.  Rev. 

I§-LAM-IT’IC,  a.  Relating  to  Islam  or  Islamism  ; 
Mahometan.  Burton.  Salisbury. 

I§'LAM-iZE,  v.  a.  To  conform  to  Islamism  ; to 
Mahometanize.  Salisbury. 

ISL'AND  (l'land),  n.  [A.  S.  ealand,  or  igland  ; 
ea,  water,  and  land,  land  ; But.  ^ Ger  eiland.  — 
See  Isle.]  A tract  of  land  entirely  surrounded 
by  water. 

Islands  of  the  Blessed,  ( Myth  ) islands  supposed  by 
the  Greeks  to  lie  westward  in  the  ocean,  whither, 
after  death,  the  souls  of  tile  virtuous  were  transported. 

ISL'AND  (l'land),  v.  a.  1.  To  dot  with  islands,  or 
as  with  islands. 


Not.  a cloud  bv  day 
With  purple  islanded  the  dark-blue  deep. 

2.  To  make  an  island  of. 

Beheld  it  [a  mist]  rolling  on 
Under  the  curdling  winds,  and  islanding 
The  peak  whereon  we  stand. 


Southey. 


ISL'AND- 1JR  (l'ljnd-er),  n 
island. 


Shelley. 

An  inhabitant  of  an 
Addison. 
Full  of,  or  pertaining 
Cotgrave. 
[L.  insula  ; It.  iso  la  ; Sp.  is  la  ; Fr. 


ISL'AND-Y  (l'l?tnd-e),  a. 

to,  islands,  [r.] 

ISLE  (11),  il. 

He.] 

1.  An  island  ; a tract  of  land  surrounded  by 
water.  “ The  isles  of  the  sea.”  Isa.  xxiv.  15. 

2.  (Ent.)  A spot  of  a different  color  included 

in  a macula.  Maunder. 

It  is  sometimes  incorrectly  written  for  aisle. 
ISL'ET  (i'let),  ii.  [Old  Fr.  islcttc.]  A little  islant 
“ Certain  desolate  islets.”  W 

I§-M  A-E'LI-AN,  n.  (Eccl.)  One  of  a 
hometans. 


JS-NAR'Dj-A,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  obscure  marsh 
plants.  Loudon. 

I'SO-bArE,  n.  [Gr.  'iao;,  equal,  and  (Supo;,  weight.] 
(Pliys.  Geog.)  An  imaginary  line  connecting 
together  those  places  on  the  earth  where  the 
mean  height  of  the  barometer  at  the  level  of  the 
sea  is  the  same.  Johnston. 

I-SO-BAR-O-MET'RIC,  a.  [Gr.  'loo;,  equal,  (lupo;, 
weight,  and  ptVpo v,  a measure.]  (Phys.  Geog.) 
Noting  lines  on  the  globe  connecting  places 
where  there  is  the  same  mean  difference  between 
the  monthly  extremes  of  the  barometer.  Nichol. 

l-SO-fc'HI'.M AL,  a.  [Gr.  too;,  equal,  and  xi~'l‘ai 
X1' y°>",  winter.]  (Phys.  Geog.)  Noting  lines 
which  connect  places  on  the  globe  where  the 
mean  winter  temperature  is  equal.  Nichol. 

I-SO-CHlM'E-NAL,  a.  Having  the  same  mean 

winter  temperature  ; isochimal.  Ansted. 

I-SO-jCHI'MENE,  n.  [Gr.  'iao;,  equal,  and  X!'l*a, 
%fi ywv,  winter.]  (Phys.  Geog.)  An  imaginary 
line  connecting  together  all  the  places  on  the 
earth  which  have  the  same  mean  winter  temper- 
ature. Johnston. 

J-SO-jEHRO-MAT'jC,  a.  [Gr.  iao;,  equal,  and  ^pu- 
pa, color.]  (Opt.)  Having  the  same  colors; 
noting  rings  or  curves  of  the  same  tint  in  the 
double  series  of  colored  rings  produced  by  the 
interference  and  analysis  of  polarized  light. 

Herschel. 

i-SO£H'RO-NAL,  a.  [Gr.  ioo;,  equal,  and  %p6vos, 
time.]  (Mcch.)  Having  equal  times ; performed 
in  equal  times  ; isochronous.  Berkeley. 

Isochronal  lines,  those  along  which  a heavy  body 
descends  with  a uniform  velocity.  Braude. 

I-SOjEH'RO-NI.SM,  ii.  [Gr.  iao;,  equal,  and 
time;  Fr.  isoehronisme.]  Equality  of  time,  as 
in  the  vibration  of  the  pendulum.  Hamilton. 

i-SO£H'RO-NoN,  n.  An  equal  time-keeper,  or  a 
sort  of  clock  which  is  designed  to  keep  perfect- 
ly equal  time.  Drielsma. 

I-SOCH'RO-NOUS,  a.  [Gr.  iVd^poroj.]  Performed 
in  equal  times  ; isochronal.  Chambers. 

I-SOjEH'ROUS,  a.  [Gr.  ladxpoo;;  iao;,  equal,  and 
XP<ia,  color.]  (Bot.)  Possessing  a uniformity  of 
color  throughout.  Hcnsloio. 

I-SO-CLi'NAL,  a.  [Gr.  iao;,  equal,  and  xki rw,  to 
incline.]  (Phys.  Geog.)  Having  equal  inclina- 
tion ; applied  to  lines  connecting  places  on  the 
globe  where  the  dip  or  inclination  of  the  mag- 
netic needle  is  the  same.  Nichol. 

I-SOD'O-MON,  n.  [Gr.  laiSo-fio;,  built  alike;  L. 
isodoinos.]  (Arch.)  A species  of  ancient  wall- 
ing, in  which  all  the  courses  were  of  the  same 
height.  Elmes. 

I-SO-DY-NAM'IC,  a.  [Gr.  iao;,  equal,  and  fiuva/u;, 
power.]  (Phys.  Geog.)  Having  equal  force  ; 
applied  to  lines  connecting  places  on  the  globe 
where  magnetic  intensity  is  the  same.  — See 
Intensity.  Sabine. 

I-S0-(IE-0-THER'MAL,  a.  [Gr.  iao;,  equal,  yi), 
the  earth,  and  O/ppi;,  heat.]  (PAys.  Geog.)  Ap- 
plied to  imaginary  lines  in  the  interior  of  the 
earth,  passing  through  those  places  which  have 
the  same  mean  temperature.  Mrs.  Somerville. 

I-SO-GON'IC,  a.  [Gr.  iao;,  equal,  and  ytnvla,  an 
angle.]  (Phys.  Geog.)  Having  equal  angles; 
applied  to  lines  on  the  globe  connecting  places 
where  the  declination  of  the  magnetic  needle  is 
the  same.  Sabine. 

I-SOG'R A-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  iao;,  equal,  and  ypdfai,  to 
write.]  Imitation  of  handwriting.  Am.  Ency. 

I-SO-HY'E-TOSE,  n.  [Gr.  ictoj,  equal,  and  vtr6;, 
rain.]  (Phys.  Geog.)  An  imaginary  line  con- 
necting all  those  places  on  the  earth  where  the 
mean  annual  quantity  of  rain  is  the  same  ; lines 
of  equal  annual  rain-fall.  Johnston. 

IS'O-LA-BLE 


ITALIAN 


ISOLATED 


78  i 


1.  To  place  in  a detached  situation  ; to  detach ; 

to  insulate.  Latham. 

2.  (Cheat.)  To  obtain  a substance  by  itself, 
separate  from  all  its  combinations.  Graham. 

||  I§'0-LAT-ED,  p.  a.  (Elec.)  See  Insulated. 

II  I^'O-LAT-f.D,  a.  [It.  isolato  ; Fr.  isole. ] De- 
tached ; separate  ; insulated.  Wurburton. 

||  I§'0-LAT-5D-LY,  ad.  In  an  isolated  manner. 

||  tSj-O-LA'TION,  n.  The  state  of  being  isolated  ; 
separation.  Ed.  Rev. 

I-SOL'O-GOUS,  a.  [Gr.  loos,  equal,  and  >.6yos, 
analogy.]  (Chem.)  Noting  groups  of  compounds 
the  components  of  any  one  of  which  are  related 
to  one  another,  in  composition,  &c.,  in  a manner 
similar  to  that  in  which  the  components  of  each 
of  the  others  are  related  to  one  another.  Miller. 

I-SO-ME'RI-A,  n.  (Algebra.)  A distribution  into 
equal  parts.  Bailey. 


i'SO-THERM,  n.  [Gr.  I 'oos,  equal,  and  blppn,  heat.] 
(Phys.  Geog.)  An  imaginary  line  connecting 
together  those  places  on  the  earth  which  have 
the  same  mean  annual  temperature.  Johnston. 

f-SO-THER'MAL,  a.  [Gr.  Xros,  equal,  and  Dippy, 
heat.]  Having  equal  heat  or  temperature. 

Isothermal  lines , imaginary  lines  which  pass  through 
those  points,  on  the  surfaceof  theearth,  at  which  the 
mean  annual  temperature  is  the  same.  — Isothermal 
zones , spaces  on  opposite  sides  of  the  equator,  having 
the  same  mean  annual  temperature,  and  bounded  by 
corresponding  isothermal  lines.  Brande. 

I-SOTH-^-ROM'  BROSE,  n.  [Gr.  Xaos,  equal,  Otpog, 
summer,  and  opilpos,  rain.]  An  imaginary  line 
connecting  all  those  places  on  the  earth  where 
the  quantity  of  summer  rain  bears  the  same  pro- 
portion to  the  yearly  quantity  of  rain.  Johnston. 

I-SO-TON'IC,  a.  [Gr.  Xaos,  equal,  and  rdvos,  tone.] 
Having  equal  tones.  Smart. 


I-SO-MER'IC,  a.  [Gr.  Xaos,  equal,  and  ptpos,  a part ; 
(Chem.)  Noting  certain  compounds  which  con- 
sist of  the  same  elements  united  in  the  same 
proportions,  and  are  yet  essentially  different  in 
their  chemical  properties.  Daniel. 

I-SOM'E-Rl§M,  n.  [Gr.  i'<rof,  equal,  and  pipos,  a 
part;  Fr.  isomerisme .]  (Chem.)  The  state  or 
the  quality  of  being  isomeric  ; identity  in  respect 
to  constituent  elements  and  their  proportions, 
and  essential  difference  as  to  chemical  proper- 
ties. Graham. 

I-SO-MET  RIC,  ) a [Gr.  Xaos,  equal,  and  pi- 

i-SO-MET'RT-CAL,  > rpov,  a measure.]  Noting  a 
species  of  projection  on  a single  plane,  of  great 
value  in  the  arts,  of  vffiich  the  fundamental 
condition  is  the  following  : — If  three  equal 
lines  lie  parallel  respectively  to  three  rectangu- 
lar axes,  the  single  plane  must  be  so  chosen  that 
their  projections  on  it  shall  be  equal.  Nichol. 

I-SO-MOR'PIH§M,  n.  [Gr.  Xaos,  equal,  and  popfi/, 
form.]  (Chem.)  The  property  or  the  quality  of 
being  isomorphous.  Graham. 

I-SO-MOR'PHOUS,  a.  (Chem.)  Noting  substances 
which  possess  the  property  of  crystallizing  in 
forms  belonging  to  the  same  system,  and  pre- 
senting only  slight  differences  in  the  absolute 
value  of  their  angles,  and  which  can  replace 
each  other  in  indefinite  proportions,  always 
forming  similar  crystals.  Graham. 

I-SON'O-MY,  n.  [Gr.  or os,  equal,  and  vdpos,  law; 
It.  isonomia .]  Equal  law  or  equal  rights.  Smart. 

I-SO-PER-I-MET'RJ-CAL,  a.  ( Geom .)  Noting  fig- 
ures which  have  equal  perimeters,  and  soliils 
bounded  by  equal  surfaces.  Davies. 

I-SO-Pg-RIM'U-TRY,  n.  [Gr.  Xaos,  equal,  rtpi, 
around,  and  pirpov,  measure.]  (Geom.)  That 
branch  of  higher  geometry  which  treats  of  the 
properties  and  relations  of  isoperimetrical  fig- 
ures and  solids.  Davies. 

I'SO-POD,  n.  [Gr.  Xaos,  equal,  and  zrobs,  robot,  a 
foot.]  (ZoOl.)  A crustacean,  the  legs  of  which 
are  all  alike,  as  the  sow-bug.  Owen. 

I'SO-POD,  } a (Zotil.)  Relating  to  an  iso- 

I-SOP'O-DOUS,  ) pod;  equal-footed.  Wright. 

I'SO-PYRE,  n.  [Gr.  i aos,  equal,  and  rip,  fire.] 
(Min.)  A grayish  or  black  brittle  mineral,  occa- 
sionally spotted  red,  occurring  in  masses,  and 
composed  of  silica,  alumina,  iron,  and  lime,  with 
a little  copper.  Dana. 

I SOS—.  [Gr.  Xaos,  equal.]  A prefix  signifying 
equal ; — usually  contracted  to  iso. 


I-SOT'RO-PIC,  a.  [Gr.  loos,  equal,  and  rporeo),  to 
turn.]  Noting  bodies  in  which  the  action  of 
elastic  forces  is  alike  in  all  directions.  Nichol. 

I^'RA-pL-ITE,  n.  One  descended  from  Israel, 
or  Jacob  ; a Jew.  John  i.  47. 

l§-RA-yL-IT  IC,  l 0.  Pertaining  or  belonging  to 

I§-RA-pL-IT'ISH,  ) Israel ; Jewish.  Wright. 

iS'SU-A-BLE  (ish'shu-a-bl),  a.  Leading  to,  or 
producing  an  issue ; relating  to  an  issue  or  is- 
sues. Burrill. 

iS'SU-A-BLY,  ad.  In  an  issuable  manner. 
“ Pleading  issuably.”  Burrill. 

IS'SU-ANT  (ish'u-ant),  a.  (Her.)  Issuing  from 
another,  as  a charge  or  bearing.  Brande. 

IS'SUE  (ish'shu),  n.  [Fr.  issue.  — See  Issue,  v.  n.~\ 

1.  The  act  of  passing  out ; exit;  egress  or 
passage  out. 

Unto  the  Lord  belong  the  issues  from  death.  1’s.  lxviii.  20. 

2.  Event ; consequence  ; final  result ; effect ; 
termination  ; end  ; conclusion. 

Let  the  issue  correspondent  prove 

To  good  beginnings  of  each  enterprise.  Fairfax. 

3.  A flux  or  discharge  ; an  evacuation.  “ An 

issue  of  blood.”  Matt.  ix.  20. 

4.  Progeny  ; offspring  ; children  ; lineal  de- 
scendants. 

Blessed  with  no  male  issue  to  succeed.  Dryden. 

Ipf-  This  term  [issue]  is  of  very  extensive  import, 
in  its  most  enlarged,  signification,  and  includes  all 
persons  who  have  descended  from  a common  ancestor. 
Bouvier. 

5.  (Med.)  A fontanel ; a vent  made  in  a mus- 
cle for  the  discharge  of  humors.  Wiseman. 

6.  (Law.)  The  point  or  matter  depending  in 
suit,  on  which  two  parties  join  and  put  their 
cause  to  trial ; a single,  certain,  and  material 
point  issuing  out  of  the  allegations  of  the  parties, 
and  consisting,  regularly,  of  an  affirmative  and 
negative  : — pi.  profits  of  lands  or  tenements, 
and  profits  growing  from  amercements.  Burrill. 

it Issues  are  divided  into  issue  in  law  and  issue  in 
fact.  An  issue  in  late  admits  all  the  facts,  and  rests 
simply  upon  a question  of  law  ; an  issue  in  fact  is  one 
in  which  the  parties  disagree  as  to  the  existence  of  the 
facts,  one  affirming  they  exist,  and  the  other  denying 
it.  Bouvier. 

7.  pi.  (Mil.)  Certain  sums  of  money  which  are, 

at  stated  periods,  given  to  public  accountants  for 
public  service,  and  for  the  honest  distribution  of 
which  every  individual  so  intrusted  is  responsible 
to  Parliament ; delivery.  Mil.  Ency. 


A 


I-SOS'CIJ-LE^,  a.  [Gr.  iaoaKelfis ; itros,  equal, 
and  okO.os,  a leg;  It .isoscele;  Sp.  isos- 
celes ; Fr .isocHe.)  (Geom.)  Having  two 
legs  or  sides  equal,  as  a triangle.  Harris. 

I-SO-STEM'O-NOUS,  a.  [Gr.  Xaos,  equal,  and 
arijpoiv,  arypovos,  a thread.]  (Bot.)  Noting  plants 
the  stamens  of  which  are  equal  in  number  to 
the  petals.  Undley. 

r-sfiTH'nj?  u.  [Gr.  i'tros,  equal,  and  bipot;, 

lines  con- 
same 
l. 


IS'SUE  (ish'shu),  v.  n.  [L.  exeo  ; ex,  from,  out  of, 
and  eo,  to  go  ; It.  uscire ; Fr.  issir .]  [».  issued  ; 
pp.  ISSUING,  ISSUED.] 

1.  To  come  or  pass  out  in  any  manner ; to 
flow ; to  emanate  ; to  proceed  ; to  spring ; to 
arise. 

Waters  issued  from  a cave.  Milton. 

Ere  Pallas  issued  from  the  Thunderer's  head.  Pope. 

2.  To  proceed  or  spring  as  offspring.  “Thy 
sons  that  shall  issue  from  thee.”  2 Kings  xx.  18. 

3.  To  be  produced,  as  by  a fund.  Ayliffe. 

4.  To  end  ; to  terminate  ; to  result. 

In  what  can  such  a contest  issue ? Ed.  Pew 

5.  (Late.)  To  come  to  a point  in  fact  or  in 
w,  on  which  the  parties  join  and  rest  the  de- 

W right. 


IS'SUE,  v.  a.  1.  To  send  out ; to  deliver. 

The  commissioners  should  issue  money  out  to  no  other 
use<  Temple. 

2.  To  send  forth  judicially.  “The  master 
issues  out  commands.”  Dryden. 

IS'SliED  (Ish'shud),  a.  Descended.  Shah. 

IS'SUE-LESS  (Ish'shu-les),  a.  Having  no  issue  or 
offspring.  “ Dying  issueless.”  Carew. 

IS'SUE— PEA!]!,  n.  pi.  (Med.)  Round  bodies  em- 
ployed to  maintain  irritation  in  an  issue  or 
wound  in  the  skin.  J\  Cyc. 

IS'SU-ER  (Ish'shu-er),  n.  One  who  issues. 

IS'SU-ING  (Ish'shu-Ing),  n.  The  act  of  passing  or 
going  out : — a sending  out. 

ISTH'MI-AN  (Ist'me-an),  a.  [Gr.  XuBpios.)  Noting, 
or  relating  to,  certain  Grecian  games  celebrated 
at  the  Isthmus  of  Corinth.  Mitford. 

ISTH'MUS  (Ist'mus),  n.  ; pi.  ISTHMUSES.  [Gr.  ioO- 
pds,  a neck,  an  isthmus;  L.  isthmus .]  (Geog.) 
A neck  of  land  joining  a peninsula  to  the  main 
land,  or  two  parts  of  a continent  or  of  an  island 
together.  Dumpier. 

IT,  pron.  [M.  Goth,  ita  ; A.  S.  hit ; Dut.  hot ; 
Ger.  es  ; Dan.  det ; Sw.  thet ; Icel.  thud.  — L. 
id.  — ” The  past  part,  of  the  Goth,  haitan  (A.  S. 
heetan),  to  name ; and  so  equivalent  to  said.” 
H.Tooke .]  \_pos.  its.]  A pronoun  of  the  neuter 
gender,  used  sometimes  to  represent  the  thing 
spoken  of  before,  sometimes  without  any  definite 
antecedent;  as,  “ft  rains  ;”  and  sometimes  to 
represent  a clause  which  follows  ; as,  “ It  is  true 
that  he  said  so.” 

tiGT  “ The  pronoun  it,  as  it  carries  in  itself  no  such 
idea  as  that  of  personality,  or  sex,  or  life,  is  chiefly 
used  with  reference  to  things  inanimate  ; yet  the  word 
is,  in  a certain  way,  applicable  to  animals,  or  even  to 
persons,  though  it  does  not,  in  itself,  present  them  as 
such.  Thus  we  say,  ‘ It  is  I,’  * It  was  they,’  ‘ It  was 
you.’  In  examples  of  this  kind,  the  word  it  is  simply 
demonstrative,  meaning  the  thing  or  subject  spoken 
of.”  Goold  Brown. 

BSP  11  It  was  applied  by  our  old  writers  to  the  mas- 
culine and  feminine  as  well  as  to  the  neuter,  and  to 
the  plural  as  well  as  singular.”  Richardson. 

BSP  The  earliest  known  examples  of  the  use  of  its, 
the  possessive  form  of  the  pronoun  it,  are  found  in  the 
works  of  Shakspeare,  who  uses  it  in  only  a very  few 
instances,  and  who,  like  other  writers  of  the  same 
age,  uses  his  instead  of  its.  Nor  is  its  found  in  the 
common  version  of  the  Bible  ; but  thereof,  his,  and 
sometimes  her,  are  used  instead  of  it  ; as,  “ The 
fruit-tree  yielding  fruit  after  his  kind,”  Gen.  i.  11  ; 
“ If  the  salt  have  lost  his  savor,”  Matt.  v.  13 ; 
“ The  tree  of  life  which  yielded  her  fruit  every 
month,”  Rev.  xxii.  2. 

“ Through  the  whole  of  our  authorized  version  of 
the  Bible,  its  does  not  once  occur  ; the  work  which  it 
now  performs  being  accomplished,  as  our  rustics 
would  now  accomplish  it,  by  his  or  her,  applied  as 
freely  to  inanimate  things  as  to  persons,  or  else  by 
thereof  or  of  it.  Its  occurs,  I believe,  only  three  times 
in  all  Shakspeare ; and  I doubt  whether  Milton  has 
once  admitted  it  into  ‘ Paradise  Lost,’  although,  when 
that  was  composed,  others  freely  allowed  it.”  Trench. 

Dr.  Trench  is  mistaken  in  supposing  that  “its  oc- 
curs only  three  times  in  all  Shakspeare.”  It  is  found 
at  least  five  times  in  “Winter’s  Tale,”  and  once  in 
“Measure  for  Measure;”  and  in  some  editions  of 
Shakspeare  there  are  other  instances  of  its  use.  Mil- 
ton  has  used  it  in  “ Paradise  Lost”  in  the  following 
instances : — 

The  mind  is  its  own  place,  and  in  itself 

Can  make  a heaven  of  hell, “a  hell  of  heaven.  B.  1. 254. 

For  no  falsehood  can  endure 
Touch  of  celestial  temper,  but  returns 
Of  force  to  its  own  likeucss.  B.  IV.  813. 

I-TAB'y-RITE,  n.  (Min.)  A granular,  slaty  rock 
consisting  of  specular  or  magnetic  iron  and 
quartz  ; a variety  of  hematite.  Dana. 

I-TA-COL'U-MITE, n.  (Min.)  A laminated  quartz 
rock  belonging  to  the  talcose  series.  The  dia- 
mond generally  occurs  in  regions  that  afford 
this  mineral.  Dana. 

I-TA-CON'IC,  a.  (Chem.)  Noting  a crystallizable 
acid  produced  by  the  decomposition  of  citric  acid 
by  heat.  Miller. 

I-TAL'IAN  (jt-tal'ysm),  a.  (Geog.)  Relating  to  Italy. 

Italian  rye-grass,  a plant  which  produces  a coarse 
kind  of  seed  ; Solium  Italicum.  Simmonds. 

I-TAL'IAN,  n.  (Geog.)  1.  A native  of  Italy. 

2.  The  language  of  Italy.  Bosu-oi-th. 


— See  Arise. 


ITALIAN  ATE 


785 


JACCONET 


f |-TAL'IAN-ATE  (jt-tal'yjn-at),  v.  a.  To  make 
Italian ; to  Italianize.  Wilson. 

J-TAl'IAN-I§M,  n.  [Fr.  Ilalianisme.]  An  Italian 
idiom  or  phrase  ; Italicism.  Surenne. 

J-TAL'IAN-IZE,  v.  n.  & a.  [It.  Italianizzare ; Fr. 
Italiahiser .]  To  speak  Italian;  to  play  the 
Italian  ; — to  render  Italian.  Knight.  Cotgrave. 

1-TAL'IC  (jt-tal'ik),  a.  [L.  Italicus ; It.  § Sp.  Ita- 
lico  ; ‘ Fr.  Italique.)  Relating  to  Italy,  but  ap- 
plied particularly  to  a type  sloping  towards  the 
right,  and  usually  employed  to  distinguish  words 
or  sentences,  or  to  render  them  emphatical. 

*3=  Italic  letters  were  invented,  about  the  year 
1500,  by  Aldus  Manutius,  a celebrated  printer  at 
Venice,  who  dedicated  them  to  the  states  of  Italy  ; 
whence  the  name. 

i-TAL'IC,  n.  ; pi.  I-tXl'ics.  An  Italic  letter  or 
type.  “ Being  printed  in  Italics.”  Pope. 

l-TAL'I-cI§M,  n.  [It.  italicismo.)  An  Italian 
idiom  or  phrase.  Jodrell. 

1-TAL'i-ClZE,  v.  a.  [/.  Italicized  ; ^.Itali- 
cizing, Italicized.]  To  represent  in  Italic 
letters  ; to  distinguish  by  Italics.  Dr.  Parr. 

ITCH,  n.  [A.  S.  gictha ; Dut .jeuk;  Ger .juckenJ) 

1.  An  uneasy  sensation  of  the  skin,  which  is 
eased  by  scratching. 

2.  A contagious  eruption  of  very  minute  pim- 

ples, pustular,  vesicular,  intermixed,  and  al- 
ternating, itching  intolerably  and  terminating 
in  scars  ; psora.  Dunglison. 

Jtj y The  itch  occupies,  particularly,  the  spaces  be- 
tween the  fingers,  the  backs  of  the  hands,  wrists,  el- 
bows, axillae,  groins,  hams,  &c.,  and  rarely  affects 
the  face.  It  seeins  to  be  connected  with  an  insect  of 
tile  genus  Acarus , or  Larcoptes.  Dunglison. 

3.  A constant  teasing  desire.  “Itch  of  med- 
dling with  other  people’s  matters.”  L’ Estrange. 

All  see  *t  is  vice,  and  itch  of  vulgar  praise.  Pope. 

ITCH,  v.  n.  [Dut.  jeuken;  Ger.  jnclcen.]  \i. 
ITCHED  ; pp.  ITCHING,  ITCHED.] 

1.  To  feel  an  uneasiness  in  the  skin,  which  is 

removed  by  scratching.  Wiseman. 

2.  To  long  ; to  have  continual  desire. 

If  I see  a sword  out,  my  finger  itches  to  make  one.  Shak. 

ITCH’JNG,  n.  1.  The  state  of  the  skin  when  one 
desires  to  scratch  it.  “ A troublesome  itching 
of  the  part.”  Wiseman. 

2.  Teasing  desire  ; a longing.  Good. 

lTCII'ING,  p.a.  1.  Feeling  the  itch,  or  an  uneasy 
sensation  in  the  skin,  and  a desire  to  scratch  it. 

2.  Having  a continual  teasing  desire ; craving. 

ITCH'Y,  a.  Infected  with  the  itch.  Donne. 

i'TF.M,ad.  [L.,  also.]  Also.  — A word  used  in 
catalogues,  &c.,  when  any  article  is  added. 
Though  not  a grace  appears  on  strictest  search, 

But  tha’t  she  fasts,  and  item  goes  to  church.  Coivpcr. 


I'T^M,  n.  1.  A new  article  ; a single  entry  ; any 
thing  which  might  form  part  of  a detail.  Shah. 

2.  A hint ; an  innuendo.  Glanvill. 

I'TJfM,  v.  a.  To  make  a memorandum  of. 

I have  itemed  it  in  my  memory.  Addison. 

And  item  down  the  victims  of  the  past.  Cowper. 

IT'IJR-A-BLE,  a.  [L.  iterabilis .]  That  may  be 
repeated.  Sir  T.  Browne. 

flT'IJR-ANCE,  n.  Repetition;  iteration.  Shak. 

IT'ER-ANT,  a.  [L.  itero,  iterans,  to  repeat.]  Re- 
peating. “ An  iterant  echo.”  [r.]  Bacon. 

IT'JJR-Ate,  v.  a.  [L.  itero,  iteratus ; iterum, 
again;  It.  iterare  ; Sp.  iterar ; Fr .iterer.)  \i. 
ITERATED  ; pp.  ITERATING,  ITERATED.]  To  gO 
over,  utter,  or  do  a second  time  ; to  repeat. 

Adam  took  no  thought, 

Eating  his  fill;  nor  Eve  to  iterate 

Her  former  trespass  feared.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Repeat. 

IT-yR-A'TION,  n.  [L.  iteratio  ; It.  iterazione  ; 
Sp .iteracion.]  Act  of  iterating;  repetition;  re- 
cital or  performance  over  again ; reiteration. 

Syn.  — See  Repetition. 

IT'F.R-A-TI VE,  a.  [Sp.  iterativo;  Fr.  iteratif.] 
Repeating  ; redoubling  ; iterant.  Cotgrave. 

i-TIN'ER-AN-CY,  n.  [L.  iter,  itineris,  a journey.] 
The  act  or  the  habit  of  travelling ; a journey ; 
travel.  II.  More. 

I-TTn'ER-ANT,  a.  [L.  itinerans  ; Fr.  itinerant.] 
Travelling  ; wandering  ; not  settled  ; unsettled. 
“ A judge  itinerant.”  Milton. 

I-TIN'yR-ANT,  n.  One  who  travels  about,  par- 
ticularly an  itinerant  preacher.  Ch.  Ob. 

I-TIN'pR-ANT-LY,  ad.  In  an  itinerant  manner  ; 
wanderingly.  Clarke. 

I-TIN'BR-A-RY,  n.  [L.  itinerarium ; It.  &;  Sp. 
itinerario  ; Fr.  itineraire.)  A book  of  travels  ; 
a guide  for  travelling.  Addison. 

I-TIN'ER-A-RY,  a.  [L.  itinerarius  ; It.  S;  Sp.  itine- 
rario; Fr.  itineraire.]  Relating  to  travel ; trav- 
elling; done  on  a journey  ; done  during  frequent 
change  of  place.  “ An  itinerary  circuit.”  Ba- 
con. “ Itinerary  preaching.”  Milton. 

I-TIN'£R-Ate,  r,  n.  [L.  itineror,  itineratus ; iter, 
a journey.]  ft.  itinerated  ; pp.  itinerating, 
itinerated.]  To  journey;  to  travel.  Cocker  am. 

I-TIN'Jf  R-At-ING,  n.  The  practice  of  travelling 

from  place  to  place  ; a journeying.  Wright. 

ITS,  neuter  pron.  Possessive  case  from  it.  — See 
It. 

IT-SELF',  pron.  [it  and  self.]  The  neuter  recip- 
rocal pronoun  of  it.  — See  It. 

ITT'NJgR-lTE,  n.  (Min.)  A bluish  or  ash-gray 


mineral,  occurring  crystallized  in  rhombic  do- 
decahedrons, and  massive.  Eng.  Cyc. 

IT'TRI-A,  n.  See  Yttria. 

iT'TRl-UM,  n.  See  Yttrium. 

I-U'LI-DAN,  n.  ( Zobl .)  One  of  a family  of  my- 
riapods, of  which  the  genus  lulus,  or  galley- 
worm,  is  the  type.  Brande. 

— IVE.  [L.  -ivus.]  A termination  of  many  Eng- 
lish adjectives. — “Adjectives  in  ive  ought  al- 
ways to  have  an  active  signification,  otherwise 
they  are  improper.”  Tooke. 

I'VIED  (Tvjd),  a.  Overgrown  with  ivy.  Warton. 

I'VO-RY,  n.  [Sansc.fi/tra,  an  elephant.  — L.  ebur  ; 
It.  av'orio  ; Fr.  ivoire .]  The  bony  matter  of  the 
tusks  and  teeth  of  the  elephant,  the  hippopota- 
mus, wild  boar,  several  species  of  the  genus 
Phoca,  the  horn  or  tooth  of  the  narwhal,  &c. 

“ Ivory  is  less  brittle  than  bone,  and  of  a beauti- 
fully uniform  texture,  admitting  of  turning  in  the 
lathe  and  receiving  a high  polish.  It  consists  of 
about  24  per  cent,  animal  matter  resembling  horn,  and 
66  of  phosphate,  with  a trace  of  carbonate  of  lime. 
The  ivory  of  the  elephant  is  most  esteemed,  and  that 
obtained  in  the  largest  quantity.”  Brande. 

Vegetable  ivory,  the  hard  albumen  of  certain  species 
of  palms: — also  the  produce  of  a South  American 
tree,  resembling  the  palm  in  its  leaves,  stem,  and  the 
structure  and  weight  of  its  fruit,  and  called  Phytele- 
phas  macrocarpa , by  the  Spanish  botanists.  The  liquid 
contained  in  its  fruit  is  at  first  clear  and  insipid,  and 
is  used  by  travellers  to  allay  thirst ; it  afterwards  be- 
comes milky  and  sweet,  and  finally  solid  and  white, 
and  almost  as  hard  as  ivory.  From  it,  in  this  state, 
toys  and  other  small  articles,  of  a beautiful  texture, 
are  made  by  the  turner.  Bindley. 

I'VO-RY,  a.  Made  of,  prepared  from,  or  like,  ivory. 

I'VO-RY— BLACK,  n.  A fine,  black  powder,  pre- 
pared by  burning  and  grinding  ivory.  Booth. 

I'VO-RY— NUT,  n.  The  fruit  of  the  Phytelephas 
macrocarpa,  the  solidified  liquid  of  which  con- 
stitutes vegetable  ivory.  — See  Ivory. 

I'VY  (I've),  n.  [A.  S.  i fig  ; Ger.  epheu.\  (Bot.) 
A genus  of  plants  most  of  the  species  of  which 
are  evergreen  creepers.  The  common  English 
ivy,  Iledera  helix,  is  much  used  for  ornamental 
purposes.  Loudon. 

The  ivy  was  sacred  to  Bacchus,  and  he  was 
sometimes  represented  with  Ins  head  encircled  with  a 
wreath  of  it.  W.  Smith. 

I'VY— BER'RY,  n.  The  fruit  of  the  ivy.  Booth. 

I'VY— MAN'TLED  (-tld),  a.  Encircled  with  ivy. 
“Yonder  ivy-mantled,  tower.”  Gray. 

IX'O-LYTE,  n.  [Gr.  1(6;,  birdlime,  and  XCoi,  to 
dissolve.]  (Min.)  A mineral,  of  a greasy  lustre, 
found  in  bituminous  coal.  Dana. 

IZ'ZARD,  n.  Another  name  of  the  letter  z. 


Ja  consonant,  and  the  tenth  letter  of  the  alpha- 
9 bet,  has  till  within  the  last  century  been 
identified  with  the  vowel  i,  and  mingled  with 
it  in  all  the  English  dictionaries,  as  it  still  is  in 
many  of  them.  It  has  invariably  the  same 
sound,  that  of  g soft  as  in  giant , as  jet,  just ; 
except  in  the  word  hallelujah.  I was  formerly 
used  in  words  where  j is  now  written  ; and  in 
contractions,  i is  still  sometimes  used  for  j ; 
thus,  I.  H.  S.,  instead  of  .1.  H.  S.  ( Jesus  Ilomi- 
num  Salvator,  Jesus  the  Saviour  of  men.) 
JAB'BIJR,  v.  n.  [Dut.  gabberen  : — It.  gabbare,  to 
jeer ; Fr.  gaber,  to  jeer  ; jaboter,  to  gabble.]  [i. 
JABBERED  ; pp.  JABBERING,  JABBERED.]  TO 
talk  rapidly,  indistinctly,  or  idly  ; to  chatter ; to 
prattle  ; to  prate  ; to  gabble.  Swift. 

JAB'BIJR,  v.  a.  To  speak  or  utter  indistinctly  ; as, 
“To  jabber  French.”  Addison. 

JAB'BJJR,  n.  Indistinct  utterance;  idle  talk; 
prate.  Todd. 


JAB'Bl$R-yR,  n.  One  who  jabbers.  Hudibras. 

JAB'BjpR-ING-LY,  ad.  By  prating  indistinctly  or 
confusedly.  Wright. 

JAB'BIJR-MENT,  n.  Idle  talk;  prate,  [r.]  Milton. 

JAB'BER-NOWL,  n.  See  Jobbernowl. 

jAb'I-RiI, n.  (Ornith.)  A ge- 
nus of  grallatorial  or  wad- 
ing birds,  of  almost  entire- 
ly the  same  habits  as  those 
of  the  storks,  — found  in 
South  America,  Western 
Africa,  and  Australasia ; 
the  Mgcteria  of  Linnceus. 

Eng.  Cyc. 

JAB'LE  (jSb'bl),  v.  n.  To  be- 
mire;  to  jarble  or  javel. — 

See  Jarble,  and  Javel. 

[North  of  Eng.]  Johnson.  Mycteria  Americana. 


JAC-A-MAR'j n.  [Fr.]  (Ornith.)  A genus  of  scan- 
sorial  birds,  closely  allied  to  the  kingfishers, 
that  live  in  wet  forests,  feed  on  insects,  and 
build  on  low  bushes ; Galbula.  Brande. 

JA-CA'NA,  n.  ( Ornith.)  A genus  of  wading  birds, 
also  called  Parra,  having  very  long  toes,  by 
means  of  which  they  walk  upon  the  floating 
leaves  of  aquatic  plants.  Baird. 

JAC'jCHIJS,  n.  [Gr.  id^w,  to  cry  aloud.]  (ZoOl.) 
A genus  of  small  monkeys  found  in  South 
America,  having  the  fiye  fingers  armed  with 
claws,  with  the  exception  of  the  thumbs  of  the 
posterior  extremities,  which  are  furnished  with 
nails  ; — called  also  iacchus.  Van  Der  Uneven. 

p g ■ The  best  known  species  is  the  Jacclius  vulgaris, 
striated  monkey  or  marmoset.  It  is  about  eight  inches 
in  length,  with  a long  tail,  fur  of  an  olive-gray  color, 
and  two  tufts  of  pale  hair  about  the  ears.  Baird. 

JAC'CO-NET,  n.  A light  fabric  used  for  dresses, 
neckcloths,  &c. ; jaconet.  W.  Ency. 


MiEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  R1JLE.  — 9,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  tS,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


JACENT 


786 


JA'CJINT,  a.  [L.  jacco,  jacens ; Fr.  jacent.}  Ly- 
ing at  length  ; as,  “ In  a jacent  posture.’ 

JA'CjNTH,  n.  A plant. — a mineral.  Same  as 
Hyacinth.  — Sec  Hyacinth. 

JACK,  n.  [“  Probably  by  mistake  from  Jaques, 
which  in  French  is  James.”  Johnson.  The 
diminutive  of,  or  nickname  for,  John.} 

1.  A general  term  of  contempt  for  a saucy  or 
a paltry  fellow,  or  for  one  who  puts  himself  for- 
ward in  some  office  or  employment : — a young 
man  in  low  life. 

A good  Jack  makes  a good  Gill.  Hay's  Proverbs. 

HEtr"  “ l know  not  how  it  has  happened  that,  in  the 
principal  modern  languages,  John,  or  its  equivalent, 
is  a name  of  contempt,  or  at  least  of  slight.  So  the 
Italians  use  Gianni , from  whence  Zani ; the  Spaniards, 
Juan , as  Bubo  Juan,  a foolish  John  ; the  French,  Jean. 
witii  various  additions  ; and  in  English,  when  we 
call  a man  a John , we  do  not  mean  it  as  a title  of 
honor.  Chaucer  (in  ver.  3708)  uses  Jack  fool  as  the 
Spaniards  do  Bobo  Juan  ; and,  I suppose,  Jack  ass  has 
the  same  etymology.”  Tyrwhitt. 

2.  An  instrument  which  supplies  the  place  of 
a boy,  as  an  instrument  to  pull  off  the  boots. 

Foot-boys,  who  had  frequently  the  common  name  of  Jack 
given  them,  were  kept  to  turn  tile  spit,  or  pull  off  their  mas- 
ter’s boots;  but  when  instruments  were  invented  for  both 
these  services,  they  were  both  called  jacks.  Watts. 

3.  A kitchen  machine  for  turning  a spit. 

“ The  common  roasting  /ac/c.”  Brands. 

4.  A figure  made  to  strike  the  bell  of  a clock  ; 

— called  jack-of-the-clock.  Wright. 

5.  A sort  of  water-engine  used  in  mines. 

I Vright. 

6.  A wooden  wedge  used  in  coal-mines. 

Brands. 

7.  A wooden  frame  or  horse  for  sawing  wood 

or  timber  on.  Ainsworth. 

8.  [It.  giaco  ; Fr  .jaque.]  A coat  of  mail:  — 

a defensive  upper  garment  quilted  with  stout 
leather.  Halliwelt. 

9.  A sort  of  jacket  worn  by  women.  Wright. 

10.  A pitcher  of  waxed  leather.  Dryden. 

11.  A small  bowl  thrown  out  for  a mark  to 

bowlers.  Bsntley. 

12.  The  male  of  certain  animals,  as  of  the 

ass;  the  male  ass ; jackass.  Arbuthnot. 

13.  ( ilcch .)  A powerful  engine  or  machine 

for  raising  heavy  weights.  Brande. 

14.  ( Ich .)  The  common  name  of  the  Esox 

Indus,  or  common  pike.  Brande. 

15.  (Mm.)  The  quill  in  the  hammer  of  a 

harpsichord,  virginal,  &c.  Shah. 

16.  (Naut.)  A flag  or  colors  of  a ship,  used  in 

making  signals.  Brande. 

17.  ( Bot .)  A species  of  the  bread-fruit  tree; 
the  Tsjaca  or  Artocarpus  integrifolia.  Brande. 

18.  ( Ornith .)  A kind  of  pigeon  with  a tuft  on 
the  back  part  of  the  head ; jacobin.  Maunder. 

Jaek-a-lantern,  or  Jack-with-a-lantern , — a meteor 
which  appears  in  marshy  places;  an  ignis  fatuus  ; — 
called  also  Will-with-a-wisp,  or  tVitl-o’-the-wisp. — 
Jack-at-all-trades , or  Jack-of -all-trades , one  who  is  ex- 
pert in  any  business;  a factotum.  — Jack-at  a-pinch, 
an  unexpected  call  to  do  any  thing  : — a poor  parson. 
Halliwelt.  — Jack-by-the-hedge , a plant  of  the  genus 
Jllliaria  (formerly  Erysimum  alliaria ) ; hedge-garlic  ; 

— called  also  sauce-alone.  Ena.  Cyc. fack-in-ojjicc , 

one  who  is  insolent  in  office. — fack-in-the-boz , a 
large  wooden  male  screw,  turning  in  a female 
one,  which  forms  the  upper  part  of  a strong  wooden 
box : — a toy.  — Jack  in-a-boz,  (Bot.)  a name  given  to 
a species  of  Hernandia  in  which  the  seeds  make  a 
noise  when  shaken  in  their  pericarps.  Eng.  Cyc. — 
Jack-of-the-clock,  or  clock-house,  the  figure  of  a little 
man  in  old  public  clocks,  to  strike  the  bell  on  the 
outside.  Shak. — Jack-of-the-bread-room,  ( JYaut .)  an 
assistant  to  the  purser,  or  ship’s  steward. 

JACK,  a.  (Arch.)  Noting  those  timbers  which  are 
shorter  than  others  in  the  same  row  or  line  ; as, 
“ Jack  rafters”  ; “ Jack  ribs.”  Francis. 

JACK'— A— DAN' DY,  n.  A little,  impertinent  fel- 
low; dandiprat;  dandy;  jackanapes;  a cox- 
comb.— See  Dandiprat.  Todd. 

JACK'AL  [jak'il,  S.  J.  E.  F.  Sm.  Wr. ; jak-al', 
W.  P.  Ja.\,  n.  [Arab. 
tschakkal-,  Sp.  cha- 
cal;  Fr.  jackal .] 

(Zo'il.)  A wild  spe- 
cies of  dog,  of  gre- 
garious habits,  hunt- 
ing in  packs,  found 
in  India,  other  parts 
of  Asia,  and  Africa  ; 

the  Canis  aureus  of  Linnmus.  Eng.  Cyc. 


jAcK'A-LENT,  n.  [ Jack  in  Lent. } 1.  A stuffed 
puppet,  dressed  in  rags,  formerly  thrown  at  in 
Lent.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  A sheepish  fellow  : — a boy,  in  ridicule. 

You  little  juckalent,  have  you  been  true  to  us?  Shak. 

JAcK'A-NAPE,  l n [ jack  and  ape.}  1.  A mon- 

jAcK'A-NApES,  > key;  an  ape  : — one  full  of  ap- 
ish tricks ; a buffoon.  Gayton. 

2.  A coxcomb ; jack-a-dandy  ; a fop.  “Speak 
for  a jackanape.”  “ Like  a jackanape.”  Shak. 

JACK'— ARCH,  ft.  (Arch.)  An  arch  having  the 
thickness  of  only  one  brick.  Crabb. 

JACK'ASS,  ft.  The  male  of  the  ass.  Arbuthnot. 

JACK'— BACK,  «.  A large  square  or  oblong  vessel 
of  wood  or  iron,  having  a false  bottom  on  large 
brewings,  and  a sieve  partition  at  the  corners 
for  small  ones  ; — called  also  hop-back.  P.  Cyc. 

JACK'— BLOCK,  ft.  (Naut.)  A block  used  in  send- 
ing top-gallant  masts  up  and  down.  Dana. 

jACK'-BOOTS,  w.  pi.  Cavalry  boots,  or  boots 
made  of  firm  leather  which  serve  as  armor  for 
the  legs.  Spectator. 

jACK'-CHAIN,  ft.  The  chain  that  revolves  on 
the  wheel  of  a kitchen  jack.  Simmonds. 

JACK'DAW,  ».  {jack  and  daw.}  (Ornith.)  The 
daw ; a common 
English  bird, 
which  frequents 
church  steeples, 
old  towers,  and 
ruins,  in  flocks  ; 
the  Corvus  mo- 
nedula  of  Lin- 

* metis.  y arrell.  Jackdaw  ( Corvus  moncdula). 

JACK'jpT,  ft.  [It.  giachctto  ; Sp.  jaqueta  ; Fr. 
jaquette.}  A short,  close  garment  worn  by 
males  ; a short  coat ; a doublet ; a waistcoat. 

And  here  a sailor’s  jacket  hangs  to  dry.  Pope. 

JACK'ET-ED,  a.  Wearing  a jacket.  lluloet. 

JACK'— FLAG,  ft.  (Naut.)  A flag  hoisted  at  the 
sprit-sail  top-mast  head.  Buchanan. 

JACK'— KETCH',  ft.  A familiar  term  for  a hang- 
man ; a public  executioner.  Grose. 

The  manor  of  Tyburn  was  formerly  held  by  Richard 
Jaque.tt,  where  felons  for  a long  time  were  executed;  from 
whence  we  have  Jack  Ketch.  Lloyd's  MS.,  Brit.  Museum. 

jAcK'-KNIFE  (jak'nlf),  ft.  A clasped  knife;  a 
pocket  whittling  knife  with  a large  blade. 

JAcK'-PLANE,  ft.  A fore-plane.  Buchanan. 

JACK'— PUD'DING,  ft.  A zany  ; a merry-andrew  ; 
a buffoon.  Macaulay. 

A buffoon  is  called  by  ever}'  nation  by  the  name  of  the 
dish  they  like  best:  in  French  Jean  Pottage,  and  in  English 
Jack  Pudding.  Guardian. 

JACK'— SAUCE,  ft.  An  impudent  or  impertinent 
fellow  ; a saucy  Jack.  Shak. 

JACK'— SAW,  ft.  A name  of  the  merganser. 

Eng.  Cyc. 

JACK'— SCREW  (-skru),  ft.  A portable  machine, 
called  also  screw-jack.  — See  Screw-jack. 

Simmonds. 

JACK'— SLAVE,  ft.  A low  servant ; a vulgar  fel- 
low. Shak. 

JACK'— SMITH,  ».  A smith  that  makes  jacks  for 
the  kitchen.  Malone. 

JAck'-SNIPE,  ft.  A small  species  of  snipe  ; the 
judeoek.  Booth. 

JACK'— STAFF,  n.  (Naut.)  A staff  fixed  on  the 
bowsprit  cap  of  a ship,  upon  which  the  union 
jack  is  hoisted.  Simmonds. 

JACK'— STAYS,  ft.  pi.  (Naut.)  Ropes  or  strips 
of  wood  or  iron  stretched  along  the  yard  of  a 
ship,  to  which  the  sails  are  bound.  Simmonds. 

JACK'STRAW,  ft.  1.  A servile  dependent. 

An  inconsiderable  fellow  and  a jackstraw.  Milton. 

2.  The  black-cap  or  bulfinch.  Ilalliwell. 

JACK'— TIM-BpR,  ft.  (Arch.)  One  of  the  timbers 
in  a bay  which  being  intercepted  by  some  other 
piece  are  shorter  than  the  rest.  Brande. 

jACK'-TijW-pL,  m.  A long  towel  placed  over  a 
roller,  and  fixed  to  a wall.  Simmonds. 

JACK'— WOOD  (-wud),  n.  A valuable  wood  for 


Jackal  ( Canis  aureus). 


JACULATE 


furniture,  obtained  from  the  Artocarpus  integ- 
rifolia. Simmonds. 

jAc'O-BIN,  ft.  [Fr.  Jacobin,  from  a convent 
near  the  street  of  St.  Jacques,  in  Paris  (L.  Ja- 
cobus).} 

1.  (Eccl.  Hist.)  A monk  or  friar  of  the  order 
of  St.  Dominic  ; a Dominican  friar.  Chaucer. 

2.  (Ornith.)  A variety  of  the  common  pigeon 

having  a range  of  feathers  on  the  back  part  of 
the  head  that  forms  a hood  ; jack.  Y arrell. 

3.  (French  Hist.)  One  of  a political  faction  or 

club,  which  bore  a distinguished  part  in  the 
violent  measures  of  the  French  revolution  of 
1789  : — so  named  from  their  meeting  in  a monas- 
tery of  Jacobin  friars  : — an  anarchist ; a dema- 
gogue. Williams. 

JAC'O-BIN,  a.  Jacobinical.  Burke. 

jAc'O-BINE,  ft.  1.  A kind  of  pigeon.  Ainsicorth. 

2.  A monk.  — See  Jacobin. 


jAc-o-bIn'ic, 
jAc-o-bin'i-cal, 


l a. 
„ ) hi 


lutionary ; turbulent. 


Relating  to  the  Jaco- 
bins, or  to  Jacobinism  ; revo- 


Williams. 


JAC'0-BJN-I§M,  ft.  The  principles  of  the  Jaco- 
bins ; turbulent  opposition  to  legitimate  govern- 
ment. Burke. 


JAc'O-BIN-IZE,  v.  a.  To  infect  with  Jacobinism, 
or  the  principles  of  the  Jacobins.  Burke. 


JAc'O-BIN-LY,  ad.  Like  the  Jacobins.  Craig. 

jAc'O-bItE,  ft.  1.  (Eccl.  Hist.)  One  of  a sect  of 
heretics  who  were  so  called  from  Jacob Barndzi, 
and  were  a branch  of  the  Eutychians.  White. 

2.  (Eng.  Hist.)  One  who  adhered  to  the  cause 
of  James  II.,  after  his  abdication,  and  to  the 
subsequent  Pretenders  of  the  Stuart  line  ; and 
who  opposed  the  revolution  of  1688,  in  favor  of 
William  and  Mary,  and  vindicated  the  doctrine 
of  passive  obedience  and  non-resistance.  Tatter. 

jAc'O-BITE,  a.  Of  the  principles  of  the  Jacobites. 

JAC-O-BTt'J-CAL,  a.  ftelating  to  the  Jacobites, 
or  to  their  principles.  Sir  W.  Scott. 

jAu'0-BIT-I§M,  ft.  The  principles  of  the  Jaco- 
bites. Mason. 

JA'COB’S— LAD'Df.R,  w.  I.  (Naut.)  A rope-lad- 
der with  wooden  steps  or  spokes.  Brande. 

2.  (Bot.)  A perennial  plant,  with  numerous 

bright  blue  or  white  flowers ; common  Greek 
valerian  ; ladder  of  heaven  ; Polcmonium  coeru- 
leum.  Eng.  Cyc. 

3.  (Masonic  Iler.)  A ladder  with  three  steps, 
representing  faith,  hope,  and  charity. 

JA'COB’S-STAfF,  ft.  I.  A pilgrim’s  staff. 

2.  A stall' concealing  a dagger.  Johnson. 

3.  An  instrument  formerly  used  at  sea  for 
taking  meridian  altitudes  ; a kind  of  astrolabe  ; 
a cross  staff ; — sometimes  used  by  surveyors  in 
taking  heights  and  distances,  when  despatch  is 
necessary  and  strict  accuracy  is  not  required. 

JA-CO'BUS,  ft.  [L.]  A gold  coin  struck  in  the 
reign  of  James  I.,  value  25s.  (about  $6).  Milton. 

JAC'O-NET,  n.  A light,  open,  and  soft  kind  of 
fabric,  rather  stouter  than  muslin,  used  for 

. dresses,  neckcloths,  &c.  Simmonds. 

jAC-aUARD'  (jak-k&rd'),  ft.  A piece  of  mechan- 
ism applied  to  silk  and  muslin  looms,  for  the 
purpose  of  weaving  figured  goods  ; — so  named 
from  the  inventor.  Brande. 


fjAc'TAN-CY,  ft.  [L.  jactantia  ; Old  Fr . jac- 
tancie .]  A boasting.  Cockeram. 

JAC-TA'TION,  ft.  {L.jactatio.}  The  act  of  throw- 
ing; jaculation. 

Among  the  Romans  there  were  four  things  much  in  use: 
battling,  fumigation,  friction,  and  jactation.  Temple. 

jAc-TI-TA'TION,  «.  [L.  jactito,  jactitatus,  to 

bring  forward  in  public.] 

1.  A tossing  ; motion  ; restlessness.  Harvey. 

2.  Vain  boasting ; a vaunting.  Roget. 

3.  A false  pretension  to  marriage. 

Jactitation  of  marriage  (Canon  Law.)  is  when  one  of 

the  parties  boasts,  or  gives  out,  that  he,  or  she,  is 
married  to  the  other,  whereby  a common  reputation 
of  their  marriage  may  ensue.  IV hishaw. 


f jAC'U-LA-BLE,  a.  Fit  to  be  thrown.  Blount. 

jAc'U-LATE,  v.  a.  [L.  jaculo,  jaculatus.}  To 
dart.  [R.]  Cockeram. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short; 


A I?,  1,  9,  IT,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL; 


HEIR,  HER; 


JACULATION 


787 


JAPER 


jAc-U-LA'TION,  n.  [ h.iaeulatio .]  The  act  of 
jaculating  or  throwing  ciarts  and  other  missive 
weapons ; jactation.  Milton. 

JACTJ-LA-TOR,  n.  [L.]  1.  One  who  darts. 

2.  ( Ich.j  A species  of  fish  found  in  the  fresh 
waters  of  India,  remarkable  for  the  manner  in 
which  it  procures  the  insects  upon  which  it 
feeds,  by  ejecting  a drop  of  liquid  through  its 
tubular  snout  with  such  force  as  to  disable  them ; 
the  shooting  fish  ; Cha-todon  rostratus.  Wright. 

jAC'(J-LA-TO-RY,  a.  [L.  jaculatorius.]  Throw- 
ingout;  darted  out ; ejaculatory.  Blount. 

JADE,  n.  [Of  uncertain  etymology. — According 
to  Skinner  from  A.  S.  gaad,  a goad.  — Scot,  yad, 
yade,  yaud,  a mare;  North  of  Eng.  yaud,  a 
horse,  a jade.] 

1.  A horse  of  no  spirit;  a hired  horse;  a hack. 

Tired  as  a jade  in  overloaden  cart.  Sidney. 

2.  A woman,  in  contempt ; a base  woman. 

In  diamonds,  pearls,  and  rich  brocades 

She  shines,  the  first  of  battered  jades.  Swift. 

3.  A young  woman,  in  irony  or  slight  con- 
tempt. 

You  now  and  then  sec  some  handsome  young  jades.  Addison. 


JADE,  v.  a.  [Sp.  jadear,  to  pant,  to  jade.]  [i. 
JADEI)  ; pp.  JADING,  JADED.] 

1.  To  tire  ; to  harass  ; to  dispirit ; to  weary  ; 
to  fatigue;  as,  “ To  jade  a horse.” 

It  is  a dull  thing  to  tire  and  jade  any  thing  too  far.  Bacon. 

There  are  seasons  when  the  brain  is  over-tired  or  jaded 
with  study  and  thinking.  Watts. 

2.  To  overbear  ; to  crush ; to  degrade  ; to 

employ  in  vile  offices.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Weary. 

JADE,  v.  n.  To  lose  spirit ; to  sink  ; to  tire.  South. 

They  fail,  and  jade , and  tire  in  the  prosecution.  South. 

JADE,  n.  (Min.)  A stone  remarkable  for  hard- 
ness and  tenacity,  of  a light-green  color,  used 
by  lapidaries  ; nephrite.  Brande. 


JAd'JJR-Y,  n.  Jadish  tricks,  [it.]  Beau.  Sj  FI. 

JAd'ISH,  a.  1.  Vicious  ; bad  ; — applied  to  a 
horse.  “ A jadish  trick.”  H-udibras. 

2.  Unchaste  ; incontinent.  L’ Estrange. 

JAG,  or  JAGG,  v.  a.  [“Perhaps  from  A.  S.  saga, 
a saw.”  Richardson.  — Dut.  saeqlien.\  [(.  jag- 
ged ; pp.  JAGGING,  jagged.]  To  cut  into  in- 
dentures, notches,  or  teeth  ; to  notch.  Bentley. 

JAg,?i.  1.  A protuberance,  denticulation,  or  notch  : 
— a tooth  of  a saw.  Ray. 

2.  A small  load,  as  of  hay  or  grain.  Forby. 

3.  (Bot.)  A cleft  or  division.  Wright. 

jAg'G^D,  p.  a.  Cut  in  notches  ; indented. 

jAG’GpD-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  denticu- 
lated ; unevenness.  Peacham. 

jAg'GIJR,  n.  A tool  used  by  pastry-cooks  ; a jag- 
ging-iron.  Clarke. 

jAG'GHpR-Y,  n.  A species  of  coarse,  dark-col- 
ored sugar,  obtained  from  the  sap  of  the  cocoa- 
nut  palm  ; — written  also  jaggery.  P.  Cyc. 

jAG'GING— Ir'ON  (jag'ing-l'urn),  n.  An  instru- 
ment used  by  pastry-cooks  ; a jagger.  Ash. 


J.Ag'GY,  a.  Uneven  ; denticulated  ; notched. 

Ills  teeth  stood  jaggy  in  three  dreadful  rows.  Addison. 

JAG-HIRE-DAR/,  n.  One  who  holds  a jaghire,  or 
a portion  of  land  ; — a term  used  in  India. 

C.  P.  Brown. 

jAg'HIRE  (jag'ger),  n.  A portion  of  land,  or  a 
share  in  the  produce  of  it,  assigned  in  India,  by 
the  government,  to  an  individual.  Malcom. 


jAg-U-AR',  n.  (Zo/il.) 
The  largest  and  most 
formidable  feline 
quadruped  of  the 
new  world ; the  Felis 
onca  of  Linmeus  ; — 
called  the  American 
tiger,  or  American 
panther.  Brande. 

jAli,  n.  [Heb.  rP.] 
Jehovah.  T 


Jaguar  ( Felis  onca). 

One  of  the  names  of  God ; 

Psalms. 


JAIL,  n.  [Low  L.  gaiola  ; Sp.  jaida,  a cage  ; Old 
Fr . gaille,  geaule;  Fr.  geole.)  A place  of  con- 
finement for  criminals  or  debtors ; a prison ; a 


gaol ; — written  both  jail  and  gaol,  but  in  this 
country  more  commonly  jail.  — See  Gaol. 

In  London,  and  within  a mile,  I ween. 

There  are  of  jails  and  prisons  full  eighteen. 

And  sixty  whipping-posts,  and  stocks,  and  cages. 

Taylor , the  Water- Boct , ob.  1580. 

JAIL'BIRD,  n.  A cant  term  applied  to  a person 
who  has  been  confined  in  a jail.  Johnson. 

jAlL'-DE-LlV'ER-Y,  n.  A delivery  or  release  of 
prisoners  from  a jail ; gaol-delivery.  Burke. 

JAILER,  n.  The  keeper  of  a prison  or  jail ; gaoler. 

JAIL'-FE-VIJR,  n.  (Med.)  A dangerous  and  often 
fatal  fever,  generated  in  prisons  and  other 
places  crowded  with  people  ; — called  also  hos- 
pital fever  and  typhus  gravior.  Dunglison. 

JAIL'— KEEP-pR,  n.  One  who  keeps  a jail.  Savage. 

JAKES,  n.  sing.  [Of  uncertain  etymology. — 
A.  S.  cachus.  Somner.  — Gael.  $ Ir.  cac,  excre- 
ment.] A privy  ; a necessary.  Shak. 

At g=»  “ Sir  John  Harrington,  in  1596,  published  Ins 
celebrated  tract  called  ‘ The  Metamorphosis  of  Jjae’ 
(pron.  ajax),  by  which  he  meant  the  improvement  of 
a Jakes,  or  necessary,  by  forming  it  into  what  we  now 
call  a t eater-closet,  of  which  Sir  John  was  clearly  the 
inventor.”  Wares. 

jAL'AP  [jal'tip,  W.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  Sot. H r. ; jol'up, 
S.  K.],  n.  [Low  L.  jalapium  ; Fr.  jalap  ; Sp. 
jalapa,  or  xalapa,  — so  called  from  the  name  of 
a town  in  Mexico  whence  it  originally  came.] 
The  dried  root  of  the  Ipomcea  jalapa-, — used 
in  medicine  as  a purge.  Brande. 

JAL'A-pIC,  a.  Relating  to  jalap.  Craig. 

jAl'A-PINE,  n.  ( C-liem .)  The  active  or  cathartic 
principle  of  jalap.  Dunglison. 

JAM,  n.  1.  [Ar.  jama.  London  Ency.]  A con- 
serve of  fruits  boiled  with  sugar  and  water. 

2.  A sort  of  frock  for  children.  Hodges. 

3.  (Mining.)  A thick  bed  of  stone  in  a lead 

mine  ; — written  also  jamb.  Chambers. 

JAM,  v.  a.  [Of  uncertain  etymology.  — Rus.jem, 
a press. — “Perhaps  from  A.  S.  geemnian,  to 
make  even.”  Richardson.']  \i.  jammed  ; pp. 
jamming,  jammed.]  To  compress  between  two 
bodies  ; to  squeeze  tight ; to  tread  down  ; — 
written  also  jamb.  Lloyd. 

jAm-A-CI'NA,  n.  ( Chem .)  An  alkaloid  obtained 
from  the  bark  of  the  Andira  inermis,  or  Geof- 
froya  Jamaicensis,  the  cabbage-tree  of  the 
West  Indies.  Wright. 

JAM'A-DAR,  n.  A Hindostanee  officer.  Maunder. 

JA-MAI'CA— PEP'PJJR,  n.  See  Allspice. 

JAMB  (jam),  n.  [It.  gamba-,  Fr .jambe.] 

1.  (Arch.)  The  side  of  a door,  window,  fire- 
place, or  other  opening  in  a building. 

2.  (Mining.)  See  Jam,  No.  3.  Wright. 

JAMB  (jam),  v.  a.  (Naut.)  To  squeeze  tight. 

The  opposite  to  jamb,  applied  to  a rope,  is  to 
render.  Brande. 

JAM-BEE',  n.  A walking  cane.  Tatler. 

f JAM'BEUX  (zham'bo),  n.  pi.  [Fr .jambes.]  Ar- 
mor for  the  legs  ; greaves. 

One  of  his  legs  and  knees  provided  well 

With  jambeux  armed  and  double  plates  of  steel.  Dryden. 

JAm'DA-RI,  n.  A species  of  muslin  flowered  in 
the  loom.  [India.]  Brown. 

JAM'E-S0N-!TE,  n.  (Min.)  A mineral  contain- 
ing sulphur,  lead,  and  antimony.  Brande. 

JAME1j’§'-P6\V'DPR,  n.  (Med.)  A celebrated 
antimonial  fever  powder.  IJoblyn. 

JANE,  n.  1.  A coin  of  Genoa.  Chaucer. 

2.  A kind  of  fustian.  Talbot. 

JANE'— OF— APES,  n.  A pert  girl ; — the  counter- 
part of  Jackanapes.  Massinger. 

jAn'GLE  (jang'gl,  82),  v.  n.  [Old  Fr.  jangler-, 
Ger.  zanken.)  [i.  jangled  ; pp.  jangling, 
jangled.]  To  prate  ; to  quarrel ; to  wrangle  ; 
to  altercate ; to  bicker  in  words.  Chaucer.  Shak. 

JAn'GLE,  v.  a.  To  make  to  sound  discordantly 
or  unharmoniously.  Prior. 

Now  see  that  noble  and  that  sovereign  reason. 

Like  sweet  bells  jangled  out  of  tune  and  harsh.  Shak. 

JAN'GLE,  n.  [Old  Fr . janglerie.] 


1.  A discordant  sound.  Mwviad. 

2.  Prate  ; wrangle ; babble  ; jangling.  Chaucer. 

jAN'GLpR,  n.  A noisy,  quarrelsome  fellow;  a 
prater  ; a wrangler.  Chaucer. 

JAN'GLIJR-ESS,  n.  A quarrelsome  woman.  Ash. 

JAN'GLING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  jangles; 
babble  ; prate  ; altercation  ; quarrel ; disputa- 
tion. “ Vain  jangling.”  1 Tim.  i.  6. 

jAn'IS-SA-RY,  n.  Same  as  Janizary. 

JAN'J-TOR,  n.  [L.]  A door-keeper;  a porter. 
“ The  janitor  of  the  starry  hall.”  Warton. 

jAn'I-TRIx,  n.  [L.,  a female  door-keeper .]  (Anat.) 
A vein  called  also  the  porta  vena.  Dunglison. 

jAN-I-ZAR',  n.  A janizary.  Byron. 

JAN-I-ZA'RI-AN,  a.  Belonging  or  relating  to  the 
janizaries.  Burke. 

JAn'I-ZA-RY,  n.  [Turk,  yeni  tscheri,  newtroops.] 
A soldier  of  the  Turkish  foot-guards,  a celebrat- 
ed militia  of  the  Ottoman  empire,  abolished  in 
1826.  Macfarlane. 

JAN'NOCK,  ii.  [Probably  a corruption  of  ban- 
nock. Johnson. J Oat  bread;  bannock.  [North 
of  Eng.]  Johnson. 

JAN'SpN-I§M,  n.  (Theol.)  The  doctrine  con- 
cerning grace  and  free-will  which  was  held  and 
taught  by  Cornelius  Jansen,  bishop  of  Ypres,  in 
Flanders,  who  died  in  1638 ; — opposed  to  that 
of  the  Jesuits.  Todd. 

JAN'S^N-IsT,  n.  One  who  adheres  to  Jansenism. 

jAnT,  V.  n.  To  wander  here  and  there  ; to  ram- 
ble ; to  jaunt.  — See  Jaunt. 

JAN-THl’NA,  n.  [Gr.  i&vdtvoi,  violet-blue;  L. 
ianthinus.]  (Zotil.)  A genus  of  turbinated  tes- 
taceous mollusks,  so  named  on  account  of  the 
beautiful  violet  color  of  the  shell.  Brande. 


jAnt'I-LY,  ad.  In  a janty  manner.  Scott. 

JANT'I-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  janty; 
airiness  ; flutter  ; finicalness.  rlddison. 

JAn'T (J,  n.  A machine  used  in  India  for  raising 
water.  Ogilvie. 

jAnT'Y  [j&n'te,  IF.  P.  J.  Ja.  Sm.  ; zh&n'te,  S. ; 
jan'te,  F.  Wr.],  a.  [Fr.  gentil.]  Affectedly 

genteel;  finical;  airy;  showy;  fluttering. 

We  owe  most  of  our  janty  fashions  now  in  vogue  to  some 
adept  beau.  Guardian. 

JAN'U-A-RY,  ii.  [L.  Januurius  ; by  some  derived 
from  Janus,  the  god  of  the  year; — by  others 
from  jantta,  a gate,  because  this  month  opens 
or  begins  the  year.]  The  first  month  of  the 
year. 

JA-PAn',  n.  A work  figured  and  varnished,  like 
that  done  by  the  natives  of  Japan.  Johnson. 

JA-PAn',  v.  a.  [i.  japanned  ; pp.  japanning, 
japanned.]  To  cover  and  embellish  with  a 
hard  brilliant  varnish  or  gold  and  raised  figures ; 
to  make  black  and  glossy  ; to  varnish.  Swift. 

JA-pAn',  a.  Noting  a kind  of  varnish,  or  a kind 
of  japanned  work.  “ The  poor  girl  had  broken 
a large  japan  glass.”  Sicift. 

Japan  allspice,  a shrubby  plant,  a native  of  Japan.  — 
Japan  earth,  an  extract  of  various  parts  of  the  Jenna 
catechu,  an  oriental  tree;  catechu;  Terra  jap  onica. — 
Japan  ink,  a superior  kind  of  black  writing  ink. 

JAP-AN-E§E',  a.  (Geog.)  Belonging  to  Japan. 

JAP-AN-E§E',  n.  sing.  & pi.  (Geog.)  1.  A native, 
or  the  natives,  of  Japan.  Murray. 

2.  The  language  of  the  natives  of  Japan. 

JA-PAN'NpR,  n.  One  who  practises  japanning. 


JA-PAN'NING,  n.  The  art  of  producing  a highly 
varnished  surface  on  wood,  metal,  or  other  hard 
substance,  sometimes  of  one  color  only,  but 
more  commonly  figured  and  ornamented.  P.Cyc. 

f JAPE,  v.  ii.  [Icel.  geipa-,  A.  S.  gilp,  gilpan,  to 
boast.]  To.  jest;  to  joke.  Chaucer. 

f JAPE,  v.  a.  I.  To  cheat;  to  impose  upon;  to 
sport  with.  Chaucer. 

2.  To  deride  ; to  jibe.  Fenton. 

fjAPE,  n.  A jest;  a trick.  Chaucer. 


t JAP'BP.,  n.  A jester  ; a buffoon.  Chaucer. 


MiEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  ROLE.  — (-,  (j,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  * gz.  — THIS,  this. 


JAPHETIC 


788 


JEER 


JA-PHET'JC,  a.  Relating  to  Japhet,  the  son  of 
Noah;  as,  “The  Japhetic  languages.” 

The  Japhetic  nations,  the  people  of  Europe  and  of 
the  North  of  Asia.  Boswortk. 

JAP'Oj  n.  ( Ornith .)  A kind  of  woodpecker  found 
in  Brazil.  Wright. 

JAR,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  yrre,  angry.  — It.  garrire,  to 
rebuke ; Fr.  guerroyer,  to  war ; guerre,  war.] 

[*.  JAIIRED  ; pp.  JARRING,  JARRED.] 

1.  To  strike  together  with  a kind  of  short 

rattle  or  imperfect  vibration  ; to  vibrate  harsh- 
ly ; to  sound  untunably.  Dryden. 

2.  To  clash  ; to  interfere  ; to  act  in  opposition. 

For  orders  and  degrees 

Jar  not  with  liberty,  but  well  consist.  Milton. 

3.  To  quarrel ; to  dispute ; to  contend ; to 
wrangle. 

Making  those  jar  whom  reason  meant  to  join.  Churchill. 

4.  To  vibrate  regularly,  as  a pendulum. 

My  thoughts  are  minutes,  and  with  sighs  they  jar.  Shak. 

JAR,  v.  a.  To  make  to  jar  or  sound  untunably. 
When  once  they  [bells]  jar  and  check  each  other.  Bp.  Hall. 

JAR,  n.  1.  A rattling  vibration  of  sound  ; harsh 
sound  ; a shake.  “ A trembling  /a/'.”  Holden. 

2.  To  shake  ; to  agitate  ; to  jolt.  Johnson. 

3.  Discord  ; disagreement ; quarrel ; clash  of 
interests  or  opinions. 

Till  universal  peace  confound  all  civil  jar.  Spenser. 

4.  The  vibration  of  a pendulum. 

gES=  A door  is  a-jar  when  left  unfastened  or  partly 
opened. 

JAR,  n.  [It.  giaro ; Sp.ja.rra ; Fr . jarre.) 

1.  An  earthen  or  glass  vessel  with  a large 
belly  and  broad  mouth  ; as,  “A  Leyden  jar.” 

2.  The  quantity  held  in  a jar.  “ A jar  of 

oil.”  Wright. 

JAR-A-RAC'A,  m.  ( Zo'il .)  A species  of  venomous 
American  serpent,  seldom  exceeding  eighteen 
inches  in  length.  Wright. 

JAR'BLE,  v.  a.  To  bemire;  to  wet;  to  javel; 
to  jable.  [North  of  Eng.]  Brackett. 

JARDElj  [j’ardz,  Ja.  I IV. ; zhirdz,  Sin.;  jardz  or 
zlfirdz,  A'.],  n.  pi.  [Fr.  jardes  and  jardon. ] 
Hard,  callous  tumors  on  the  legs  of  a horse, 
below  the  bend  of  the  ham.  Farrier's  Diet. 

t JAR'GLE,  v.  n.  To  emit  a harsh  sound.  Bp.  llall. 

f JAR'GOG-LE  (jir'gog-gl),  v.  a.  To  jumble  ; to 
confuse.  “ To  jargogle  your  thoughts.”  Locke. 

JAR'GON,  n.  [It.  gergo;  \'t.  jargon.\  Unintelli- 
gible talk  or  language  ; gabble  ; gibberish. 

That  all  his  predecessors’  rules 

Were  empty  cant,  all  jargon  of  the  schools.  Prior. 

JAR'GON,  n.  [Ft . jargon.]  (Min.)  A variety  of 
zircon  ; — sometimes  written  jargoon.  Dana. 

JAR-GO-NELLE'  (-nel'),  n.  [Fr.]  A species  of 
early  pear.  Miller. 

JAR-GON'TC,  a.  Relating  to,  or  resembling,  the 
mineral  called  jargon.  Craig. 

JAR'NUT,  n.  The  pignut  or  earthnut ; the  tuber- 
ous root  of  the  Bunium  flexuosum.  Booth. 

JAR'RING,  p.  a.  Vibrating  harshly;  — discord- 
ant; disagreeing;  wrangling. 

JAR'RING,  n.  1.  A collision;  a clashing;  a 
shaking. 

2.  Quarrel;  dispute;  wrangle.  “Endless 
jarrings  and  immortal  hate.”  • Dryden. 

JA'§JJY  (ja'ze),  n.  [Supposed  to  be  corrupted 
from  Jersey .]  A worsted  wig ; a bob-wig.  Craig. 

JAS'HAWK,  n.  A young  hawk.  Ainsworth. 

JASMINE,  or  JAS'MINE  [jSz'mjn,  W.  Sm. ; jas'- 
mjn,  P.  Ja.  Wr. ; jes'mjn,  S.  A.],  n.  [“  Arab. 
ysmyn.  Loudon."  — It.  gelsomino;  Sp.  jaz- 
min;  Fr  .jasmin.]  ( Bot .)  A plant  of  the  genus 
Jasminum,  which  includes  several  species,  most- 
ly twining  shrubs,  as  the  Arabian  jasmine  (Jas- 
minum sambac),  the  white  or  common  jasmine 
(Jasminum  officinale ),  the  yellow  jasmine  (Jas- 
minum fruticans),  &c.  ; — often  written  jessa- 
mine. Eng.  Cyc.  Wood. 

d JASP,  n.  [L.]  Jasper.  — See  Jasper.  Spenser. 

+ JAS'PA-iEHATE,  n.  Agate  jasper.  Smart. 

JAS'PJJR,  n.  [Gr.  iaoms ; L.  iaspis ; Fr.  jaspe .] 


(Min.)  A silicious  mineral  of  various  colors, 
sometimes  spotted,  banded,  or  variegated  ; — 
used  in  jewelry.  Brande. 

JAS'PIJR-AT-pD,  a.  Mixed  with  jasper.  Smart. 

JAS'PfJR-Y,  a.  Relating  to,  containing,  or  resem- 
bling, jasper ; jaspidean.  Shepherd. 

JAS-Pin'E-AN,  a.  ^Relating  to  jasper.  Craig. 

jAs'PO-NIX,  n.  (Min.)  The  purest  horn-colored 
onyx;  ribbon  jasper.  Buchanan. 

jAs'SA,  n.  (Zolil.)  A genus  of  amphipodous  crus- 
taceans, allied  to  the  sand-hopper. 

Van  Der  Iioeven. 

JA-TRO'PHA,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants,  in- 
cluding the  Jatropha  manihot,  which  affords 
cassava  and  tapioca.  Lindley. 

JA-TROPH'IC,  a.  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  ob- 
tained from  the  -seeds  of  a plant  of  the  genus 
Jatropha.  Dunglison. 

JAUM,  n.  See  Jamb. 

+JAUNCE  (jans),  v.  n.  [Fr.  jancer.]  To  jaunt. 

Spur-galled,  and  tired  by  jav.ncing  Bolingbroke.  Shak. 

JAUN'DICE  (j&n'djs),  n.  [Fr.  jaunissc,  jaundice, 
from  Fr .jaune,  yellow.]  (Med.)  A disease  ac- 
companied by  a suffusion  of  bile,  the  principal 
symptom  of  which  is  yellowness  of  the  skin  and 
eyes,  with  white  faeces  and  high-colored  urine  ; 
icterus.  Dunglison. 

The  eyes  of  a man  in  the  jaundice  make  yellow  observa- 
tions on  every  thing.  Watts. 

And  jealousy,  the  jaundice  of  the  soul.  Dryden. 

JAUN'DICED  (jln'djst),  a.  1.  Infected  with  the 
jaundice.  Pope. 

2.  Prejudiced;  biassed;  jealous.  Roget. 

JAUNT  (jint),  v.  n.  [Fr .janccr.\  [f.  JAUNTED  ; 
pp.  jaunting,  JAUNTED.]  To  ramble  ; to  wan- 
der here  and  there  ; to  bustle  about.  Shak. 

JAUNT  (j'int),  n.  Ramble;  flight;  excursion;  a 
short  journey.  “ After  his  airy  jaunt."  Milton. 

Syn. — See  Excursion. 

JAUNT,  n.  [Fr .jantei]  A felly  of  a wheel.  Todd. 

JAUNT'— COAL,  n.  A species  of  coal.  [Local, 
Scotland.]  Ugilvie. 

JAUNT'5-NESS,  n.  See  Jantiness. 

JAUNT'ING— CAR,  n.  A light  Irish  car.  Simmonds. 

JAUNT'Y,  a.  Showy;  fluttering.  — See  Janty. 

JAV-A-NE§E',  a.  (Geog.)  Relating  to  Java. 

JAV'IJL,  v.  a.  To  bemire;  to  soil;  to  wet;  to 
jarble.  [North  of  Eng.]  Johnson. 

f JAV'IJL,  n.  A wandering,  dirty  fellow.  Spenser. 

JAVE'LIN  (jfiv'ljn),  n.  [Gr.  l&D.to,  to  throw;  Sp. 
jabalina ; Fr .javeline.]  A spear  or  half-pike, 
nearly  six  feet  long,  anciently  used  both  by 
horse  and  foot  soldiers.  Milton. 

JAW,  n.  [Fr . joue,  the  cheek.  — A.  S.  geagl,  the 
jaw;  ceaic,  chewed.] 

1.  The  bone  of  the  mouth  in  which  the  teeth 
are  set ; the  maxillary  bone. 

2.  The  mouth.  Ps.  xxii.  15. 

3.  Loud  or  abusive  talk ; scolding ; gross 

abuse.  [Vulgar.]  Todd.  Wright. 

JAW,  V.  a.  & n.  [i.  JAWED  ; pp.  JAWING,  JAWED.] 
To  abuse  grossly  ; to  scold.  [Vulgar.]  Todd. 

JAW'BONE,  n.  The  bone  in  which  the  teeth  are 
fixed  ; the  maxillary  bone.  Pope. 

JAWED  (j-lwd),  a.  Having  jaws. 

f jAw'FALL,  n.  Depression  of  the  jaw  : — figu- 
ratively, depression  of  mind  or  spirits.  Griffith. 

t JAWN,  v.  n.  To  open  ; to  yawn.  Marston. 

jA  W'-TOOTH,  n.  One  of  the  grinders.  Perry. 

jAw'Y,  a.  Relating  to  the  jaws. 

jAy  (ja),  n.  [Fr.  getti ; Sp.  gayo. ] 

1.  (Ornith.)  A chattering 

bird,  having  handsome  plumage, 
of  the  family  Corvidcc  and  ge- 
nus Garrulus.  Yarrell. 

19  the  jay  more  precious  than  the  lark, 
because  liis  feathers  are  more  beautiful  ? 

Shak. 

2.  A loose  woman. 

Somcja// of  Italy, 

Whose  mother  was  her  painting,  hath  Blue-jay 

betrayed  him.  Shak.  ( Garrulus  cristatus). 


fjA'ZpL,  n.  A precious  stone  of  an  azure  or 
blue  color.  Bailey. 

jAz'JJ-RANT,  n.  A frock  of  mail  without  sleeves, 
lighter  than  the  hauberk. 

A jazerant  of  double  mail  he  wore.  Southey. 

JEAL'OUS  (jel'us),  a.  [Gr.  ?/of,  zeal,  jealousy  ; 
(rji-«TVTTOi,  jealous ; L.  zelotypus  ; It . geloso ; Sp. 
zeloso  ; Fr.jaloux.] 

1.  Suspicious  in  love ; apprehensive  of  rival- 
ship  ; uneasy  through  fear  that  another  has 
withdrawn,  or  may  withdraw,  from  one  the  affec- 
tions of  a person  beloved. 

Trifles  light  as  air 

Are  to  the  jealous  continuation  strong 

As  proofs  of  holy  writ.  Shak. 

2.  Full  of  competition,  rivalry,  or  envy ; invid- 
ious ; envious. 

Aside  the  devil  turned 

For  envy,  yet  with  jetdous  leer  malign 

Eyed  them  askance,  and  to  himself  thus  plained.  Milton. 

3.  Solicitous  to  defend  the  honor  of;  zealous. 

I have  been  very  jealous  for  the  Lord  God  of  hosts. 

1 Kings  xix.  10. 

4.  Suspiciously  vigilant ; anxiously  fearful  ; 
careful  or  concerned  for. 

I am  jealous  over  you  with  a godly  jealousy.  2 Cor.  xi.  2. 

Syn.  — A person  is  jealous  of  what  is  his  own, 
envious  of  what  is  another’s,  and  suspicious  of  some  ill 
design,  or  of  the  honesty  of  another.  A sovereign  is 
jealous  of  his  authority  ; subjects  are  jealous  of  their 
rights  ; courtiers  are  envious  of  those  in  favor ; women 
may  be  envious  of  superior  beauty.  Jealousy  is  much 
used  in  cases  in  which  the  affections  are  concerned  ; 
as,  “ Jealous  lovers  ” ; “ Jealous  husbands  or  wives.” 
Jealous  is  applicable  to  bodies  of  men  as  well  as  to 
individuals;  envious , to  Individuals  only. 

f JEAL'OUS-HOOD  (jel'us-hud),  n.  Jealousy. Shak. 

JEAL'OUS-LY  (jel'us-le),  ad.  In  a jealous  man- 
ner ; suspiciously  ; emulously.  Sherwood. 

JEAL'OUS-NESS  (jel'us-nes),  n,  The  sjate  of  being 
jealous ; suspicion  ; jealousy,  [r.]  K.  Charles. 

JEAL'OUS-Y  (jel'us-e),  71.  [Gr.  ^j/.oTvizia  ; L .zelo- 
typia ; It.  gelosia  ; Fr.  jalousie.] 

1.  The  quality  of  being  jealous  ; a painful  ap- 
prehension of  being  supplanted  in  the  affections 
of  another  ; suspicion  in  love. 

The  jealousy  of  love,  powerful  of  sway 

In  human  hearts.  Milton. 

O,  beware,  my  lord,  of  jealousy; 

It  is  the  green-eyed  monster,  which  doth  mock 
The  meat  it  feeds  on.  Shak. 

2.  Suspicious  fear,  caution,  vigilance,  or 
rivalry. 

They  provoke  him  to  jealousy  with  their  sins. 

1 Kings  xiv.  22. 

3.  An  earnest  concern  or  solicitude  for  the 
welfare  or  the  character  of  others. 

I am  jealous  for  Zion  with  great  jealousy.  Zech.  i.  14. 

Syn.  — The  terms  jealousy  and  jealous  are  often 
used  in  a good  sense,  particularly  in  the  Bible,  imply- 
ing indignation  or  a strong  disapprobation  in  having 
the  love  and  service  due  to  the  proper  object,  or  to 
one’s  self,  given  to  another;  as,  11 1,  the  Lord  thy 
God,  am  a jealous  God.”  Exod.  “ I am  jealous  over 
you  with  a godly  jealousy .”  2 Cor.  — Jealousy  is  a 
painful  apprehension  of  losing  what  one  possesses ; 
envy  is  pain  or  dislike  caused  by  seeing  some  good  or 
advantage  in  the  possession  of  another.  Suspicion, 
like  jealousy,  implies  fear  of  another’s  intention,  hut 
jealousy  fears  the  loss  of  some  good  ; suspicion  is  ap- 
prehensive of  some  positive  evil.  Envy  is  a base  pas- 
sion, and  never  used,  like  jealousy,  in  a good  sense. 
Emulation  (much  used  in  a good  sense)  is  sometimes 
used  in  the  sense  of  contentious  rivalry. 

JEAN,  n.  A twilled  cotton  cloth,  made  either 
white  or  striped.  — See  Jane.  W.  Eiicy. 

Satin  jeans,  jeans  woven,  like  satin,  with  a smooth, 
glossy  surface.  Simmonds. 

JEAR§,  7i.  {Naut.)  See  Jeers. 

JEAT,  7i.  A sort  of  coal ; jet. — See  Jet.  Wright. 

JEE,  7i.  A word  added  to  a person’s  name  as  a 
mark  of  respect.  [India.]  C.  P.  Brown. 

JEEL,  n.  A shallow  lake  or  morass.  [India.] S77iart. 

JEER,  v.  n.  [Ger.  scheren , to  banter  ; Dut.  schee- 
ren , to  befool.]  \i.  jeered  ; pp.  jeering, 
jeered.]  To  utter  severe  or  derisive  reflec- 
tions ; to  sneer  ; to  scoff';  to  flout;  to  mock. 

Syn.  — See  Scoff. 

JEER,  v.  a.  To  treat  with  scoffs  ; to  deride.  Howell. 

JEER,  n.  Railing  language  ; sneer  ; scoff ; taunt ; 
biting  jest ; flout ; gibe  ; mock.  Spenser. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A, 


5,  1,0,  IJ,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


JEERER 


789 


JESUITED 


Midas,  exposed  to  all  their  jeers, 

Had  lost  his  heart,  and  kept  his  ears.  Swift. 

Syn.  — See  Ridicule. 

JEER'ER,  n.  A scoffer  ; a scorner  ; a mocker. 

JEER'ING,  n.  Mockery;  derision.  Bp.  Taylor. 

JEER'ING,  p.  a.  Sneering;  scoffing;  mocking; 
flouting.  “ Silly,  jeering  idiots.”  Shak. 

JEER'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a jeering  manner ; scorn- 
fully ; witli  contempt  or  scorn.  Fuller. 

JEERS,  n.  pi.  ( Naut .)  Strong  tackles  for  raising 
and  lowering  the  lower  yards  of  a ship.  Braude. 

JEE'F^R-SON-lTE,  n.  {Min.)  A dark  green  fo- 
liated variety  of  pyroxene.  Dana. 

f JEG'GIJT,  n.  A kind  of  sausage.  Ainsworth. 

JE-HO'VAH,  n.  [Heb.  ITirP.]  The  Hebrew 
proper  name,  or  the  ineffable  and  incommuni- 
cable name  of  God,  signifying,  in  the  Hebrew 
language,  the  I am,  the  Self -existent.  The  word 
itself  was  held  in  peculiar  veneration  by  the 
Jews. 

By  my  name  Jehovah  was  I not  known  unto  them.  Ex.  vi.  3. 

jy-HO'VIST,  n.  One  who  maintains  that  the 
vowel  points  annexed  to  the  word  Jehovah, 
in  Hebrew,  are  the  proper  vowels  belonging  to 
the  word,  and  express  the  true  pronunciation : 
— opposed  to  the  Adonists.  Ogilvie. 

II  JE-JUNE'  [je-jun',  S.  W.  J.  F.  Wr. ; je-jfln',  P. 
E.  ; je'jiin,  Ja.  ; jed'jun,  Sin. ; zha-zhun',  A'.],  a. 
[L .jejunus,  hungry,  empty.] 

1.  Empty ; wanting ; vacant ; hungry. 

2.  Deficient  in  matter,  substance,  or  interest ; 

dry ; meagre ; stinted ; bare  ; barren  ; unaffect- 
ing.  “ Jejune  narrative.”  Boyle. 

||  Jy-JUNE'LY,  ad.  In  a jejune  manner.  Taylor. 

||  Jp-JUNF/NpSS,  n.  The  state  of  being  jejune  ; 
penury  ; dryness  ; barrenness.  Bacon. 

||  t Jp-JfJ'NI-TY,  n.  [L.  jejunitas.)  Dryness; 
meagreness  ; jejuneness.  Bentley. 

JE-JU'NUM,  n.  [L.  jejunus,  empty.]  ( Anat .) 

The  part  of  the  small  intestine  comprised  be- 
tween the  duodenum  and  ileum  ; — so  termed, 
because  when  examined  after  death  it  is  gen- 
erally found  empty,  or  nearly  so.  — Dunglison. 

JEL'LIED  (jel'ljd),  a.  Glutinous;  reduced  to  jelly. 

JEL'LY,  n.  [L.  gelo,  gelatus,  to  freeze  ; It.  &;  Sp. 
gelatina,  jelly  ; Sp .jalea  ; Fr.  gelee.] 

1.  Any  thing  brought  to  a glutinous  state  ; a 

gelatinous  substance  ; the  solution  of  gelatine 
when  cold.  Drayton. 

2.  A transparent  preserve  consisting  of  the 

expressed  juice  of  fruit,  o"  the  essence  of  meat 
prepared  with  sugar.  Pope. 

3.  A coarse  sand.  Ed.  Ency. 

JEL'LY— BAG,  n.  A bag  through  which  jelly  is 

distilled.  Student. 

JEM-J-DAR',  n.  A native  officer  of  the  Anglo- 
Indian  army,  ranking  as  an  ensign.  Brown. 

JEM'MI-NESS,  n.  Spruceness ; neatness.  [Vulgar.] 

JEM'MY,  a.  Spruce;  neat;  well-dressed.  [Col- 
loquial or  vulgar.]  Whiter. 

JEN'iTE,  n.  {Min.)  See  Yenite.  Cleavcland. 

JEN'N£T,  7i.  A Spanish  horse. — See  Genet. 
“ On  jennets  and  Turkish  horses.”  Milton. 

JEN'NpT-ING,  n.  [Corrupted  from  Juneating,  an 
apple  ripe  in  June.  Johnson .]  A species  of 
early  apple.  Mortimer. 

JEJr'JYI-ZER—EF-FEN'DI,  n.  {Turkey.)  An  of- 
ficer whose  duties  are  similar  to  those  of  a 
provost-marshal  in  European  armies.  Jameson. 

JEN'NY,  n.  A machine  for  spinning,  moved  by 
water  or  by  steam ; a spinning-jenny  .Arkwright. 

JEN'NY— Ass,  n.  The  female  ass.  Booth. 

JENT'LING,  7i.  {Ich.)  A species  of  fish  of  the 
genus  Leuciscus,  found  in  the  Danube  ; the  blue 
chub.  Wright. 

JEOF'AIL  (jeffil),  n.  [Fr.  j’ai  failli,  I have  failed.] 
{Law.)  A term  by  which  an  oversight  in  plead- 
ing is  acknowledged.  Blackstone. 

JEOP'ARD  (jep'ard),  V.  a.  [j.  JEOPARDED  ; pp. 


JEOPARDING,  JEOPARDED.]  [See  JEOPARDY.] 
To  hazard  ; to  put  in  jeopardy  or  danger ; to 
imperil ; to  peril ; to  endanger. 

A people  that  jeoparded  their  lives  unto  the  death. 

Judy.  v.  18. 

JEOP'ARD-ER  (jep'?rd-er),  11.  One  who  puts  to 
hazard,  [it.]  Sherwood. 

JEOP'ARD-IZE,  v.  a.  [i.  JEOPARDIZED ; pp. 
jeopardizing,  jeopardized.]  To  put  in  dan- 
ger or  jeopardy ; to  endanger ; to  hazard ; to 
jeopard.  Ld.  Brougham . 

In  the  effort  to  gain  more,  they  jeopardized  that  which 
they  had  already  obtained.  <Ju.  Rev. 

tisp  This  is  a modern  word  much  used  in  the  United 
States,  and  it  is  also  used  by  various  respectable  Eng- 
lish authors. 


JEOP'ARD-OUS,  a.  Fraught  with  danger  ; haz- 
ardous ; dangerous,  [it.]  Bale. 


JEOP' ARD-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  danger;  hazardous- 
ly ; dangerously.  Huloet. 

JEOP'ARD-Y  (jep'fird-e),  n.  [Formed  according 
to  some  etymologists  from  j’ai  perdu,  I have 
lost,  or  jeu  perdu,  a lost  game.  — Chaucer  writes 
the  word  jupartie;  and  Tyrwhitt  remarks,  “Our 
etymologists  deduce  it  from  j’ai  perdu  or  jeu 
perdu  ; but  I rather  believe  it  to  be  a corrup- 
tion of  jeu  parti.  A jeu  parti  is  a game  in 
which  the  chances  are  exactly  even.”]  Expos- 
ure to  death  or  injury  ; hazard ; danger  ; peril. 

In  this  adventure’s  chanceful  ./eo/jarc/iy.  Hubberd. 

1355=*  “Johnson  says  of  jeopardy,  ‘it  is  not  now  in 
use,’  which,  certainly,  is  not  any  longer  true.”  Trench. 


JER'BO-A,  n.  {Zo- 
ol.)  A rodent 
animal,  of  the 
genus  Dipus, 
having  the  hind 
legs  dispropor- 
tionately devel- 
oped. Braude. 


Jerboa  ( Dipus  sagitta). 


JE-REED',  or  Jjp-RID',  n.  {Oriental.)  A light 
javelin.  W.  Scott. 


JER-JJ-MI'ADE,  n.  [From  Jeremiah.)  A lamen- 
tation ; a tale  of  grief,  sorrow,  or  complaint ; a 
lament.  Roget. 

JER'FAL-CON  (jSr'fh-kn),  n.  A bird  used  in  fal- 
conry.— See  Gerfalcon.  Eng.  Cyc. 

JERK,  v.  a.  [Of  doubtful  etymology. — A.  S. 
gereccan,  to  correct,  to  govern  ; Icel.  hreckia, 
to  beat.  — Scot,  chirk  or  jirk,  to  make  a grating 
noise.  Jamieson.  — Same  asYERK.]  [i.  jerked  ; 
pp.  JERKING,  JERKED.] 

1.  To  give  a sudden  pull,  twitch,  or  thrust;  to 
strike  with  a quick,  smart  blow  ; to  yerk.  Swift. 

2.  To  throw,  as  a stone,  by  hitting  the  arm 

against  the  side.  Johnson. 

3.  To  cut  into  long,  thin  pieces,  and  dry,  as 

beef.  Kendall. 


f JERK,  v.  n.  To  strike  up  ; to  accost  eagerly. 
But,  proud  of  being  known,  will  jerk  and  greet.  Dryden. 


JERK,  n.  1.  A short,  sudden  thrust,  twitch,  push, 
pull,  or  spring.  Gascoigne. 

2.  A quick  jolt  that  shocks  or  starts  ; a 
throw  ; a cast.  Drayton. 

JERKED  (jerkt),  p.  a.  1.  Pulled;  twitched;  struck. 

2.  Cut  and  dried,  as  meat. 

Jerked  herf,  or  meat,  beef  or  meat  cut  into  thin 
slices,  and  dried  in  the  open  air  without  salt.  Kendall. 

JERK'ER,  n.  One  who  jerks;  awhipper.  Cotgrave. 

JER'KIN,  n.  [A.  S.  cyrtelkin,  a diminutive  of 
cyrtel,  a mantle.] 

1.  A jacket ; a short  coat ; a close  waistcoat. 

“ An  old  cloak  makes  a new  jerkin.”  Shah. 

2.  A kind  of  hawk.  Ainsworth. 


JER'KIN— HEAD,  n.  {Arch.)  The  end  of  a roof, 
when  the  gable  is  carried. higher  than  the  side 
walls.  Buchanan. 

J If.-RON'Y- MIT E,  ii.  {Eccl.  Hist.)  One  of  an 
order  called  the  Hermits  of  St.  Jerome  or  Hie- 
ronymus ; — called  also  Hieronymite.  Craig. 

JER'$1JY  (jer'ze),  n.  Combed  wool,  and  yarn 
made  of  combed  wool;  — so  called  from  the 
Island  of  Jersey.  London  Ency. 

JFi-RU'SA-LEM— AR'TI-CIIOKE,  n.  A species  of 
sunflower  {Helianthus  tuberosus) ; — called  Je- 


rusalem, from  the  corruption  of  the  Italian  word 
girosole,  and  artichoke,  from  the  resemblance  in 
’flavor  which  the  tubers  have  to  the  bottoms  of 
artichokes.  Loudon. 

JER'VI-A,  n.  [From  jerva,  the  Spanish  name  of 
a poison  obtained  from  white  hellebore.] 
{Chem.)  A basic  crystalline  substance,  con- 
tained, together  with  veratria,  in  the  root  of 
Veratrum  album,  or  white  hellebore.  Brands. 

JElt'VINE,  ii.  {Chem.)  A vegetable  base,  de- 
rived from  the  roots  of  the  Veratrum  album,  or 
white  hellebore;  jervia.  Phil.  Mag. 

JESS,  ii. ; pi.  JESSES.  [Low  L.  jacti:  It.  qetto ; 
Old  Fr.  gect.] 

1.  {Falconry.)  A short  strand  of  leather  tied 

about  the  legs  of  a hawk,  with  which  it  is  held 
on  the  fist.  Hanmer. 

2.  A ribbon  which  hangs  from  a garland. 

JES'SA-MINE,  n.  {Bot.)  A plant  and  its  flower ; 
jasmine.  — See  Jasmine.  “ Young  blossomed 
jessamines."  Spenser. 

JES'SANT,  a.  [Fr.  gisant.)  {Her.)  Applied  to  a 
lion  or  other  beast,  rising  or  issuing  from  the 
middle  of  a jesse.  Ogilvie. 

JES'SIJ,  n.  A large  branched  candlestick  suspend- 
ed in  the  middle  of  a church  or  choir ; — so  called 
from  its  resembling  the  branches  of  the  Arbor 
Jesscc,  the  genealogical  tree  of  Jesse.  Cowell. 

JESS'IJD,  a.  {Her.)  Having  jesses  on. 

JEST,  v.  ii.  [L.  gesticulor,  to  gesticulate,  or  per- 

form antic  tricks;  It.  gesteggiare ; Sp.  gesticu- 
lar .]  [i.  jested  ; pp.  jesting,  jested.] 

1.  To  divert  or  make  merry  by  words  or  by 

actions  ; to  sport ; to  joke  ; to  trifle.  Shak. 

2.  f To  play  a part  in  a mask. 

I*  11  jest  a twelvemonth  in  a hospital.  Shak. 

Syn.  — One  jests  to  make  others  laugh,  and  jokes, 
sports,  and  diverts  to  please  or  amuse  himself,  or  to 
cause  pleasantry  or  diversion.  To  jest  is  sometimes 
harmless,  but  commonly  offensive.  To  joke,  sport. 
and  divert  may  be  harmless  or  otherwise,  according 
to  circumstances.  A thing  is  said  in  jest,  not  in 
earnest. 

JEST,  n.  [From  the  verb.  — Sp.  chiste,  a joke,  a 
jest.  — Goth.  gys.  Serenius.  — It  may  be  an  ab- 
breviation of  gesture  or  gesticulate .] 

1.  Any  thing  ludicrous,  or  meant  only  to 
raise  laughter ; a joke. 

Of  all  the  griefs  that  harass  the  distressed, 

Sure  the  most  bitter  is  a scornful  jest.  Johnson. 

2.  The  object  of  jests  ; a laughing-stock. 

Then  let  me  be  your  jest;  I deserve  it.  Shak. 

3.  f A deed  ; an  action.  Sir  T.  E/yot. 

I have  a jest  to  execute  that  I cannot  manage  alone.  Shak. 

4.  f A mask.  “ Some  pompous  jest."  Kid. 

In  jest,  for  sport  or  diversion  : — not  in  earnest. 

JEST'JJR,  n.  One  given  to  jesting  or  sport;  one 
given  to  merriment  or  sarcasm  ; a buffoon. 

JEST'FUL,  a.  Full  of  jest;  given  to  joking; 
jesting,  [r.]  C.  P.  Brown. 

JEST'ING,  p.  a.  Using  jest;  sporting. 

JEST'ING,  n.  Utterance  of  jests  ; a joking. 

JEST'ING-LY,  ad.  In  jest;  not  in  earnest. 

JEST'ING— STOCK,  n.  A laughing-stock.  Googe. 

JES'U-IT  (j8z'u-it),  n.  [It .Gesuita;  Sp.  Jcsuita ; 
Fr.  Jesuits.]  One  of  a religious  and  learned 
order,  called  the  Society  of  Jesus,  founded  by 
Ignatius  Loyola,  a Spaniard,  in  1534.  This  or- 
der was  established  to  promote  the  four  follow- 
ing objects : 1.  The  education  of  youth.  2. 
Preaching.  3.  Defending  the  Catholic  faith 
against  heretics  and  unbelievers.  4.  Propagat- 
ing Christianity  among  the  heathen  and  other 
infidels.  — The  order  was  abolished  by  a bull  of 
Pope  Clement  XIV.,  in  1773,  and  reestablished 
by  a bull  of  Pope  Pius  VII.,  in  1814. 

tfj-  To  the  Jesuits  have  been  justly  attributed 
the  qualities  of  great  learning,  policy,  and  address ; 
their  opponents  have  also  ascribed  to  them  those 
of  craft  and  deceit,  and  have  accordingly  given 
odious  meanings  to  the  words  Jesuit,  jesuitism,  and 
jesuitical . 

JE$'U-IT-1JD,  a.  Conformed  to  the  principles 
of  the  Jesuits.  Dr.  White. 


MtEN,  SIR; 


MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  Bt^LL,  BUR,  R0LE.  — q,  £,  9,  g, 


soft;  G,  G,  £,  g,  hard ; Sj  as  z ; as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


JESUITESS 


JIMP 


790 


JE§'U-IT-ESS,  n.  1.  One  of  an  order  of  nuns 
who  followed  the  rules  of  the  Jesuits.  Hook. 

2.  A woman  of  jesuitieal  principles.  Bp.  Hall. 

JE§-ll-lT'IC,  } a%  [gp_  jcsuitico  ; Fr.  jiisu- 

JEij-U-IT'I-GAL,  ) itique.) 

1.  Belonging  to  the  Jesuits,  their  principles, 

character,  or  proceedings.  Dryden. 

2.  Crafty ; artful ; deceitful.  Bp.  Hall.  Milton. 

JE§-U-1T'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a Jesuitical  manner. 

JE§'y-IT-I§M,  n.  [It . gesuitismo  ■,  Sp.  jesuitismo ; 

Fr.  jesuitisme.)  The  principles  ana  the  prac- 
tice of  the  Jesuits. 

JE§'U-IT-RY,  n.  The  principles  or  the  practice 
of  Jesuits  ; jesuitism.  Dr.  J.  Pye  Smith. 

JE§'U-IT’S— BARK,  n.  Peruvian  bark  ; cinchona. 
— See  Cinchona.  Hamilton. 

JESj'U-lT’S— NUT,  n.  A name  applied  to  the  fruit 
of  the  Trapa  natans,  a curious  European 
aquatic  plant,  furnished  with  four  spines,  and 
containing  a sweet  farinaceous  kernel,  like  that 
of  the  chestnut,  much  eaten  in  Italy,  Switzer- 
land, and  the  South  of  France.  Loudon. 

JET,  n.  [Gr.  ytiyhrtK ; L.  (/agates’,  Fr.  jaiet .] 
(Min.)  A bituminous  carbon;  a species  of 
pitch-coal,  or  glance-coal,  the  finer  sorts  of 
which  are  used  for  the  manufacture  of  orna- 
ments and  trinkets.  Dana. 

JET,  n.  [It.  getto\  Fr  .jet.']  1.  A spout  or  shoot 

of  water  ; a jet-d’eau.  Pope. 

2.  A common  gas  branch  with  one  hole. 

3.  A channel  or  tube  for  introducing  metal 

into  a mould.  Simmonds. 

4.  An  enclosure ; a yard.  Tusser. 

5.  Drift ; scope ; gist.  Wyndham. 

JET,  v.  n.  [L.  jacio,  or  jacto,  to  throw;  It.  get- 
tare-,  Fr.  jetter.)  [I.  jetted;  pp.  jetting, 
JETTED.] 

1.  To  shoot  forward ; to  shoot  out ; to  in- 
trude ; to  jut.  Shah. 

2.  To  throw  the  body  out  in  walking  ; to  strut. 

IIow  he  jets  under  his  advanced  plumes!  Shale. 

Nor  snowy  swans  that  jet  on  Isca’s  sands.  Brown. 

3.  f To  be  shaken;  to  jolt.  Wiseman. 

J ET'— BLACK,  a.  Black  as  jet ; quite  black.  Potter. 

JET—D'EAU  (zlia-do'),  n. ; pi.  jets-d’eau  (zlia- 
do').  [Fr.]  An  ornamental  waterspout ; a 

fountain  which  throws  up  water  to  some  height 


in  the  air. 


Brande. 


JET'E-RUS,  n.  ( Bot .)  A disease  in  plants  which 
causes  them  to  turn  yellow.  Brande. 

JET'SAM,  n.  [Fr.  jetter,  to  throw  out.]  (Law.) 

1.  The  act  of  throwing  goods  overboard  to 

lighten  a ship.  Boucier. 

2.  Goods  thrown  into  the  sea  from  a vessel 

in  danger  of  wreck  for  the  purpose  of  lighten- 
ing her,  and  which  remain  under  water  without 
coming  to  land  ; — distinguished  from  flotsam, 
or  that  which  floats  on  the  surface.  Whishaw. 

In  order  to  constitute  a legal  wreck,  the  goods  must  come 
to  land.  If  they  continue  at  sea,  the  law  distinguishes  them 
by  the  barbarous  and  uncouth  appellations  of  jetsam,  flot- 
sam, and  ligan.  Blackstone. 

JET'SON,  n.  Same  as  Jetsam. 

JETTEAU  (jet-to'),  n.  A jet-d’eau.  Addison. 

JET'TJJE,  n.  [Fr.  jetie .] 

1.  A projection  in  building.  Florio. 

2.  A kind  of  pier.  — See  Jetty.  Burke. 

t JET'TIJR,  n.  One  who  jets,  or  struts  ; a spruce 
fellow.  Cotgrave. 

JET'TI-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  jetty; 
blackness.  Pennant. 

JET'TI-SON,  n.  (Laic.)  The  act  of  throwing 

goods  overboard  voluntarily,  in  a case  of  ex- 
treme peril,  to  lighten  a ship  ; jetsam.  Burrill. 

JET'TON,  n.  A piece  of  metal  with  a stamp,  used 
in  playing  cards  ; a counter.  Gent.  Mag. 

jfiT'TY,  a.  Made  of  jet;  black  as  jet.  Broivne. 

t JET'TY,  v.  n.  To  jut ; to  shoot  out.  Florio. 

JET'TY,  n.  A small  pier  projecting  into  a river  ; 
a mole  ; — called  also  jettee  and  gutty.  Skelton. 

JET'TY— HEAD,  n.  The  projecting  part  of  a 
wharf ; the  front  of  a wharf  whose  side  forms 
one  of  the  cheeks  of  a dock.  Craig. 


JEU  DE  MOTS  (zhu'de-mo').  [Fr.]  A play  up- 
on words.  Macdonnel. 

JEU  D' ESPRIT  ( zhu'de-spre').  [Fr.]  A play  of 
wit ; a witticism.  Macdonnel. 

JEVV  (ju  or  ju)  [ju,  IF.  P.  Ja.  C.;  ju,  K.  Sm.  R. 
IFr.J,  n.  [From  Judah.)  A Hebrew ; an  Israelite. 

JEVV,  v.  a.  To  cheat.  [Colloquial.]  Shepard. 

JEVV'UL  (ju’el),  n.  [Low  L . jocalia\  It.  gioja ; 
Sp.joya  ; Nor.Fr . joial,  juele  ; Fr . joyau. — Ger. 
juwel;  Dut.  juweel ; Dan  .juveel;  Sw.  juvel.] 

1.  Any  ornament  of  dress  of  precious  stone, 
metal,  or  other  valuable  material ; a pendant 
worn  in  the  ear. 

2.  A precious  stone ; a gem.  Shak. 

3.  A name  expressive  of  fondness.  Shak. 

JEW'jpL,  V.  a.  [t.  JEWELLED  ; JEWELLING, 

JEWELLED.] 

1.  To  dress  or  adorn  with  jewels.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  To  fit  with  a diamond  or  other  jewel,  as  a 
part  in  a watch  on  which  a pivot  turns. 

JEW'^L— BLOCKS,  n.  pi.  (Naut.)  Two  small 
blocks  which  are  suspended  at  the  extremity  of 
the  main  and  fore  topsail-yards.  Mar.  Diet. 

JEVV'JJL— HOUSE,  n.  The  place  where  the  Eng- 
lish royal  ornaments  are  reposited.  Shak. 

JEW'EL-I.F, R,  n.  [Ger.  juwelier.]  A dealer  in, 
or  a maker  of,  jewels.  Addison. 

JEYV'yL-LER-Y,  n.  Jewels  collectively.  — the 
manufacture  of,  or  trade  in,  jewels  ; jewelry. 

Valuable  pieces  of  jewellery,  such  as  diamonds,  necklaces, 
and  bracelets.  (Ju.  Rev. 

II  i;  ■ Jewellery  is  the  more  regularly  formed  word  ; 
but  jewelry  is  perhaps  the  more  common. 

JEW'yL— LIKE,  a.  Brilliant  as  a jewel.  Shak. 

JEW'yL-LING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  adorning  or  dec- 
orating with  jewels. 

2.  The  art  or  business  of  a jeweller.  P.  Cyc. 

JEVV'JJL-LY,  a.  Like  a jewel  ; fine.  De  Quincey. 


JEYV'yL— OF'FICE,  n. 
Jewel-house. 


A jewel-house.  — See 
Johnson. 


JEW'yL-RY  (ju'el-re),  ??.  Jewels  collectively:  — 
the  trade  in  jewels.  — See  Jewellery.  Smart. 

JEW'ESS,  n.  A female  Jew;  a Hebrew  woman. 

JEVV'ISII  (ju'jsli),  a.  Denoting  a Jew;  relating 
to,  or  resembling,  the  Jews. 

JEW'ISII-LY  (ju'jsh-le),  ad.  In  a Jewish  man- 
ner; in  the  manner  of  the  Jews.  Donne. 

JEW'ISII-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  the  religion  of 
Jews. 

JEVV'Ry,  n.  Judea  ; a district  inhabited  by  Jews  ; 
— whence  probably  the  street  so  called  in  Lon- 
don. Chaucer. 

JEW§'_ EAR,  n.  A fungus,  tough  and  thin,  and, 
while  growing,  of  a rumpled  figure,  like  a flat 
and  variously  hollowed  cup.  Halliwell. 

JEYV§'— FRANK'IN-CpNSE,  n.  A resin  obtained 
from  the  plant  Styrax  officinale  ; styra x. Clarke. 

JEW§'— HARP,  n.  A kind  of  musical  instrument 
held  between  the  teeth,  which,  by  means  of  a 
thin  metal  tongue  or  spring,  struck  by  the  fin- 
ger, gives  a sound  which  is  modulated  by  the 
breath  into  a soft  melody.  Sir  J.  Hawkins. 

JEWS'— MAL-LOW  (juz'mal-lo),  n.  A plant  grown 
in  great  plenty  about  Aleppo  as  a pot-herb,  the 
Jews  boiling  the  leaves  to  eat  with  their  meat  ; 
Corchorus  olitorius.  Miller. 


JEWS'-PITCH,  n.  Asphaltum. 


Wright. 


JEWS'-STONE,  or  JEW'-STONE,  n.  The  fossil 
spine  of  a large  egg-shaped  echinus.  Brande. 

JEWS'— TRUMP,  n-  A jews-harp.  Beau.  &;  FI. 

JEZ'E-BEL,  n.  [ Jezebel , the  wife  of  Ahab.]  A 
forward,  rapacious,  or  vile  woman.  Spectator. 

jIb,  n.  1.  The  projecting  beam  or  arm  of  a crane. 

2.  (Naut.)  The  triangular  sail  of  a ship  set 
on  a stay  leading  from  the  end  of  the  jib-boom 
to  the  fore-topmast  head: — in  sloops,  the  tri- 
angular sail  set  on  the  stay  leading  from  the 
end  of  the  bowsprit  to  the  mast-head.  Mar.  Diet. 

JIB,  v.  a.  \i.  jibbed;  pp.  jibbing,  jibbed.] 


1.  To  shift  from  one  side  of  the  mast  to  the 

other,  as  a boom-sail.  Todd. 

2.  To  back  ; — said  of  ahorse.  Wright. 

JIB'-BOOM,  n.  (Naut.)  A spar  run  out  from  the 
bowsprit,  being  a continuation  of  it,  on  which 
the  jib  is  set.  Hamilton. 

JIB'— DOOR  (jlb'dor),  n.  (Arch.)  A door  made 
flush  with  the  wall  on  both  sides,  without  dress- 
ings or  mouldings,  and  having  no  appearance 
of  a door.  Francis. 

JIBE,  v.  a.  To  taunt. — See  Gibe. 

JI-BO'YA,  n.  (Ilcrp.)  A large  serpent.  Goldsmith. 

JICK'A-JOG,  n.  A shake  ; a push.  [Low.] 

B.  Jonson. 

JIF'FY,  n.  [Corrupted  from  gliffi.  Jamieson.’)  An 
instant ; a moment.  [Colloquial.]  Todd. 

JIG,  n.  [It.  jiga  ; Fr . gigue  ; Ger.  gigue.) 

1.  A light,  quick  tune  in  ^ time. 

2.  A merry,  light,  careless  dance. 

All  the  swains  that  there  abide 

With  jigs  and  rural  dance  resort.  Milton. 

3.  f A ballad  or  ludicrous  song. 

He’s  for  a.  jig,  or  a tale  of  bawdry,  or  he  sleeps.  Shak. 

4.  A trick  ; a sport. 

This  innovation  ? is ’t  not  a fin ejig?  Beau.  If  FI. 

JIG,  v.  n.  \i.  jigged;  pp.  jigging,  jigged.]  To 
dance  carelessly  ; to  dance.  Milton. 

JIG-GA-MA-REE',  n.  A manoeuvre  ; a trick.  [Vul- 
gar and  low.]  Halliwell. 

JIG'GpR,  n.  1.  One  who  jigs. 

2.  A potter’s  wheel  by  which  he  shapes  his 

earthen  vessels.  Simmonds. 

3.  (Naut.)  A small  tackle  used  about  decks 

or  aloft.  Dana. 

4.  (Mining.)  A miner  who  cleans  ores  in  a 

wire  sieve.  Simmonds. 

JIG'GIJR,  n.  (Ent.)  An  insect. — See  Chigre. 

JIG'GISII,  a.  Disposed  or  suitable  to  a jig. 

She ’s  never  sad,  and  yet  not  jiggish.  Halnngton. 

JIG'GLE,  v.  n.  To  practise  affected  or  awkward 
motions ; to  wriggle,  [it.]  Mrs.  Farrar. 

jTg'GUM-BOB,  n.  A trinket;  a knicklcnack  ; a 
gimcrack.  [Low.] 

Had  rifled  all  his  pokes  and  fobs 

Of  gimcracks,  whims,  and  jiyr/uinLdbs.  Huilibras. 

JIG'JOG,  n.  A jolting  motion  ; a jog.  Smart. 

JIG'— MAK-IJR,  n.  A player  or  writer  of  jigs.  Shak. 

JIG'— PIN,  n.  (Mining.)  A pin  used  by  miners  to 
ho[d  the  turn-beams  and  prevent  them  from 
turning.  ’ Smart. 

JILL,  n.  [According  to  Ray,  the  nickname  of 
Julia.)  A woman,  in  contempt ; — written  also 
gill.  [Low.] 

Be  the  Jack’s  fare  within,  the  JilPs  fare  without.  Shah. 

jiL'Lf.T,  n.  A jill-flirt.  [Scot.]  Jamieson. 

JILL'— FLIRT,  n.  A giddy,  light,  or  wanton  girl 
or  woman  ; a flirt.  Guardian. 

JILT,  n.  [Of  uncertain  etymology.  — Richardson 
says,  “ Probably  guilt  (g  pronounced  soft).”  — 
“ Allied  perhaps  to  Icel.  gicela,  to  allure.” 
Jamieson.) 

1.  A woman  who  deceives  and  disappoints  in 
love  ; a coquette. 

Where  dilatory  fortune  plays  thej>*7f.  Otway. 

2.  A name  of  contempt  for  a woman. 

When  love  was  all  an  easy  monarch’s  care. 

Jilts  ruled  the  state,  and  statesmen  farces  writ.  Pope. 

JILT,  v.  a.  [i.  jilted  ; pp.  jilting,  jilted.] 
To  encourage  a lover  and  afterwards  reject  him ; 
to  trick  or  deceive  in  love  affairs ; to  coquet. 

JILT,  v.  n.  To  play  the  jilt  or  coquette  ; to  prac- 
tise amorous  deceits.  Congreve. 

JIM,  a.  Neat;  jemmy;  jimp:  — slender;  spruce. 
[North  of  England.]  Brockett. 

JIM'CRACK,  n.  A knickknack ; a toy ; a gim- 
crack.— See  Gimcrack.  Halliwell. 

JIM'MJJR,  n.  A hinge.  [Local,  Eng.]  Bailey. 

JIM'MY,ra.  A tool  used  by  burglars  for  breaking 
or  forcing  a lock.  Dickens. 

JIMP,  a.  Neat;  handsome;  elegant  of  shape. — 
See  Gimp.  [North  of  England.]  Brockett. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  £,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  j,  O,  IT,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


JIMSON 


791 


JOINT 


JIM'SON,  n.  ( Bot .)  A vulgar  name  of  the  thorn- 
apple  (Datura  stramonium)',  — corrupted  from 
Jamestown,  i.  e.  Jamestown  weed.  Gray. 

JIN'GAL,  n.  (Mil.)  1.  An  Oriental  wall-piece  or 
matchlock.  Stocquelcr. 

2.  A portable  piece  of  ordnance.  Simmonds. 

JIN'GLE  (jTng'gl),  v.  n.  [Of  uncertain  etymology; 

— allied  perhaps  to  L.  tinnio,  to  tinkle  or  jin- 

gle ; Fr.  t inter.  — Ger.  klingeln ; Dut.  klinken ; 
Gael.  gliong.\  [i.  jingled  ; pp.  jingling, 
jingled.]  To  make  a quick,  sharp,  sonorous 
noise  rapidly  repeated ; to  sound  with  a fine, 
sharp  rattle  ; to  clink  ; to  ring  ; to  rattle  ; — 
written  also  gingle.  Shak. 

JIN'GLE,  v.  a.  To  shake  so  as  to  make  a rapid, 
merry,  tinkling  sound.  Pope. 

The  bells  she  jingled , and  the  whistle  blew.  Pope. 

JIN'GLE,  n.  X.  A clink;  a sharp,  rattling  sound  ; 
a jingling;  a rattle  ; a tinkling  sound;  clang. 

2.  Correspondence  of  sound  in  rhymes.  “ Na- 
tions who  call  conceits  and  jingles  wit.”  Dryden. 

3.  That  which  jingles  ; a rattle  ; a bell.  Bacon. 

JING'LING,  n.  A sharp,  sonorous  sound,  rapidly 
repeated ; a jingle.  Blair. 

JING'LING,  p.  a.  Making  a jingle  ; clinking. 

JIN'GO,  n.  A term  used  in  a sort  of  vulgar  oath, 

— by  jingo  (or  by  jinkers.  Brockett)  ; — reputed 

a corruption  of  St.  Gingoulph.  Ilalliwell. 

JIP'PO,  n.  [Old  Fr.  juppe. ] A waistcoat ; a 
jacket ; a kind  of  stays  worn  by  ladies  ; — called 
also  a jump.  — See  Juppon. 

JOB,  n.  [Of  uncertain  etymology;  but  supposed 
by  Richardson  to  be  allied  to  shog  and  chop.  — 
Sp.  obra,  work.] 

1.  A petty  work  or  labor  ; a piece  of  chance 

work.  Johnson. 

2.  A piece  of  labor  undertaken  at  a certain 
stipulated  price  ; as,  “ To  do  work  by  the  job." 

3.  An  undertaking  set  on  foot  for  the  purpose 
of  some  private,  unfair,  or  unreasonable  emolu- 
ment or  benefit : — business  or  work  done  for 
the  public  with  special  benefit  to  the  performer. 

No  cheek  is  known  to  blush,  no  heart  to  sob, 

Save  when  they  lose  a question  or  a job.  Pope. 

4.  A stab  with  a pointed  instrument.  Johnson. 

JOB,  v.  a.  [i.  jobbed;  pp.  jobbing,  jobbed.] 

To  strike,  hit,  or  chop  at: — to  strike  or  stab 
with  a sharp  instrument.  Tusser. 

JOB,  v.  n.  1.  To  deal  in  public  stocks;  to  buy 
and  sell  as  a broker.  Pope. 

2.  To  work  at  jobs  or  a chance  work.  Smart. 

3.  To  hire  or  let  horses,  carriages,  &c. 

JOB,  or  JOBE,  v.  a.  To  chide  ; to  reprimand.  [A 

cant  word  used  in  English  universities.]  Ash. 

JO-BA'TION,  n.  A long,  vexatious  scolding;  a 
tiresome  reprimand.  [Low.]  Smart. 

JOB'BER,  n.  1.  One  who  does  chance  work  or  jobs. 

2.  A dealer  in  public  stocks  ; a stock-jobber. 

3.  One  who  buys  goods  of  importers  and 

manufacturers,  and.sells  to  retailers.  II ale. 

JOB'BIJR-NOWL,  n.  A blockhead.  Marston. 

JOB'BIJR-Y,  n.  The  act  or  the  practice  of  jobbing; 
dishonest  management ; mean  craft.  Ec.  Rev. 

JOB'BING,  n.  The  executing  of  jobs.  Spectator. 

JOB’ij-TEAR.?'  (jobz-terz'),  n.  (Bot.)  A kind  of 
grass  ; Coix  lacliryma ; — so  called  from  the  ap- 
pearance of  its  shining  pearly  fruit.  Loudon. 

JO'CANT-RY,  n.  Act  of  joking,  [it.]  Craig. 

JOCK'IJY  (jok'e),  n.  [From  Jock,  the  Scotch 
diminutive  of  John,  equivalent  to  Jack  — Jack, 
Jackey  ; Jock,  Jockey  ; — applied  especially  to  a 
boy  that  rides  race  horses.  — Ger.  jockei .) 

1.  One  who  rides  horses  in  the  race.  Addison. 

2.  One  who  deals  in  or  buys  and  sells  horses. 

3.  One  who  deceives  in  trade  ; a cheat. 

JOCK'Jp Y (jolc'e),  v.  a.  \i.  jockeyed  ; pp.  jock- 
eying, JOCKEYED.] 

1.  To  play  the  jockey  ; to  cheat ; to  trick. 

2.  To  jostle  by  riding  against  one.  Johnson. 

J6cK'5Y-!§1I,  n.  The  character  and  practice  of 
a jockey.  Borroiv. 

JOCK'IJY-SHlP,  n.  The  practice  of  riding  horses  ; 
•the  character  or  quality  of  a jockey.  Cowper. 


JO-COSE',  a.  [L.  jocosus,  from  jocus,  a joke  ; It. 
giocoso  ; Sp.  jocoso. ] Given  to  jests  or  jokes  ; 
jocular  ; facetious  ; sportive  ; merry  ; waggish. 
“ Jocose  or  comical  airs.”  I Vatts. 

JO-COSE'LY,  ad.  Waggishly  ; in  jest;  in  game. 

JO-COSE'N^SS,  n.  Waggery;  merriment;  mirth. 

JO'CO— SE'RNOUS,  a.  Partaking  of  both  mirth 
and  seriousness.  Green. 

JO-COS'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being  jocose; 
waggery  ; jocoseness.  “ A laugh  of  contempt, 
as  well  as  of  mirth  or  jocosity."  [it.]  Browne. 

JOC'U-LAR,  a.  [L.  jocularis .]  Used  in  jest ; 
merry;  jocose;  waggish;  facetious;  sportive; 
lively.  “ Style  partly  serious  and  partly  jocu- 
lar. Dryden. 

JOC-U-lAr'I-TY,  n.  Merriment ; disposition  to 
jest ; jocoseness  ; sportiveness.  Browne. 

JOC'U-LAR-LY,  ad.  In  a jocose  or  jocular  manner. 

t JOC'U-LA-RY,  a.  Jocose  ; jocular.  Coles. 

JOC'U-LA-TOR,  n.  [L.]  A jester  ; a droll  ; — a 
minstrel ; a kind  of  strolling  player,  [it.]  Strutt. 

f JOC'U-LA-TO-RY,  a.  [L . joculatorius.]  Droll; 
merrily  spoken  ; jocular.  Cockeram. 

JOC'UND,  a.  [L.  jocundus;  It.  giocondo  ; Sp. 
jocundo.]  Merry;  gay;  airy;  lively;  joyous. 

How  jocund  did  they  drive  their  team  a-field ! Gray. 

JO-CUND'I-TY,  n.  Gayety  ; mirth.  Iluloet. 

JOC'UND-LY,  ad.  Merrily;  gayly.  South. 

JOC'liND-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  jocund  ; 
sportiveness ; gayety.  Sherwood. 

JOG,  v.  a.  [Of  uncertain  etymology.  — A.  S.  sca- 
can ; Dut.  schokken;  Ger.  schock\  Sw.  skaka, 
to  shake.]  [i.  jogged  ; pp.  jogging,  jogged.] 
To  push  or  shake,  as  with  the  hand  or  elbow; 
to  push ; to  give  notice  by  a push. 

And  him  she  joggeth , and  awaketh  soft.  Chaucer. 

JOG,  v.  n.  To  move  by  small  shocks,  as  in  a slow 
trot ; to  travel  or  walk  slowly,  idly,  or  heavily. 

While  he  might  still  jog  on  and  keep  his  trot.  Milton. 

JOG,  n.  1.  A push;  a slight  shake;  a hint  given 
by  a push.  Swift. 

2.  A rub  ; a small  stop ; an  irregularity  of 

motion.  “ Without  the  least  jog  or  obstruc- 
tion.” Glanvill. 

3.  An  unevenness  ; an  indentation  or  pro- 
jection ; a jag  ; as,  “ A jog  in  a wall.” 

JOG'GIJR,  n.  One  who  jogs  or  moves  heavily  and 
dully.  “ Fellow  joggers  of  the  plough.”  Dryden. 

JOG'GING,  n.  Act  of  shaking,  or  making  jogs. 

JOG'GLE  (jog'gl),  v.  a.  [Dim.  oi  jog.]  [i.  jog- 
gled ; pp.  JOGGLING,  JOGGLED.] 

1.  To  push  or  shake  ; to  disturb  by  pushing  ; 

to  jog  ; to  jostle  ; to  justle.  Beau.  § FI. 

2.  (Arch.)  To  indent,  in  a particular  way,  as 
the  joints  of  stones  or  other  masses.  Brande. 

JOG'GLE,  v.  n.  To  shake;  to  totter.  Derham. 

JOG'GLE,  n.  A push;  a jog;  a jostle.  Clarke. 

JOG'GLE— JOINT,  n.  (Arch.)  A joint  of  stone  or 
other  material  made  in  such  a way  that  the  ad- 
jacent stones  are  prevented  from  being  pushed 
away  from  each  other  by  any  force  perpendicu- 
lar to  the  pressure  by  which  they  are  held  ; — 
called  also  joggled-joint.  Brande. 

JOG'GLE— PIECE,  n.  (Arch.)  A truss-post  whose 
shoulders  and  sockets  receive  the  lower  ends  of 
the  struts.  Brande. 

JOG'GLE^  (jSg'glz),  n.  pi.  (Mason-  

ry.)  Pieces  of  hard  stone  intro-  |f  a\  It  HW 1 

dueed  in  a joint: — particular 
kind  of  joints  ; joggle-joints.  |r~Tf 1 ' f"  ,,j 

Simmonds.  1 — *-* — 

JOG  GIE,  / n a Hindoo  devotee  or  mendicant, 

JOG'HIS,  j that  lives  on  alms.  C.  P.  Brown. 

JOG'— TROT,  n.  A gentle,  slow  trot.  Ilalliwell. 

JO-hAjy'JVE§,  n.  [L.,./b/m.]  A Portuguese  gold 
coin  of  the  value  of  about  $ 8;  — often  con- 
tracted into  joe.  Kelley. 

JO-HAN'NITE,  n.  (Min.)  A crystallized  mineral 
of  grass-green  color;  a sulphate  of  the  protox- 
ide of  uranium.  Dana. 


J6HN  (jon),  n.  A proper  name,  often  used  as  a 
common  name,  in  contempt ; as,  “ A country 
John."  — See  Jack. 

John  Boll,  a sportive  collective  name  of  the  English 
nation,  first  used  in  I)r.  Arbuthtiot’s  satire,  styled 
“Tile  History  of  John  Bull."  — The  natlic  Jonathan  is 
applied  in  a similar  manner  to  the  people  of  the 
United  States.  F.U.  Rio. 

JOHN— A— NOKE§  (jon-),  n.  A fictitious  name 
made  use  of  in  law  proceedings. 

It  is,  as  well  as  that  of  John-a-Sfilrs,  usually 
attending  it,  a subject  of  humorous  distinction  by 
several  writers.  Spectator. 

JOHN'— AP-PLE , n.  A kind  of  apple.  Mortimer. 

JOHN— A— STILEfjt,  n.  See  Joiin-a-Nokes. 

JOHN— DO'RY,  n.  A kind  of  fish.  — See  Doree. 

JOHN'lTE,  n.  (Min.)  A mineral  having  a bluish- 
greenicolor  ; a variety  of  turquoise.  Dana. 

JOHN'NY— CAKE  (jon'e-kak),  n.  A cake  made  of 
Indian  meal.  Boucher. 

JOHN-SO'NI-AN-I^M,  n.  A peculiarity  of  John- 
son, the  lexicographer.  Ed.  Rev. 

JO II N’.^'— WORT,  or  ST.  JOHN’§'-WORT  (-wUrt), 
n.  The  common  name  given  to  all  the  species 
of  plants  of  the  genus  Hypericum.  Farm.  Ency. 

JOIN,  v.  a.  [Gr.  (ftyi  S/n  ; L.  jungo  ; It.  giugnere ; 
Sp.  jvntar ; Fr.  joindre.  — M.  joyn.  1 [ i.  joined  ; 

pp.  JOINING,  JOINED.] 

1.  To  place  one  thing  in  contiguity  to  anoth- 
er ; to  add  to  ; to  annex  ; to  attach. 

Woe  unto  them  that  join  house  to  house.  Isa.  v.  8. 

2.  To  knit  or  unite  together ; to  couple  ; to 
combine  ; to  connect ; to  conjoin. 

Their  nature  also  to  thy  nature  join.  Milton. 

3.  To  unite  in  league  or  in  marriage. 

What  God  has  joined  together,  let  not  man  put  asunder. 

Matt.  xix.  6. 

4.  To  associate  or  connect  with. 

Go  near,  and  join  thyself  to  this  chariot.  Acts  viii.  29. 

5.  To  unite  in  action,  voice,  concord,  or 
opinion. 

Be  perfectly  joined  together  in  the  same  mind.  I Cor.  i.  10. 

Join  voices,  all  ye  living  souls.  Milton. 

6.  To  engage  in  ; to  encounter. 

To  join  their  dark  encounter  in  mid  air.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Add. 

JOIN,  v.  n.  1.  To  grow  to  any  thing  ; to  adhere  ; 
to  be  contigious,  close,  or  in  contact.Mcfs  xviii.  7. 

2.  To  confederate;  to  league ; to  unite  in  any 
act,  enterprise,  confederacy,  partnership,  so- 
ciety, or  in  marriage. 

On  earth,  Join,  all  ye  creatures,  to  extol 

llim  first,  him  midst,  him  last,  and  without  end.  Milton. 

JOIN'DjpR,  n.  1.  Conjunction.  Shak. 

2.  (Law.)  Act  of  joining  ; the  putting  of  two 
or  more  causes  of  action  into  the  same  decla- 
ration. Blackstone. 

JOIN'FR,  n.  1.  One  who  joins. 

2.  One  who  makes  the  wood-work  for  finish- 
ing houses,  especially  the  interior.  Bacon. 

JOIN'F-RY,  n.  (Arch.)  1.  The  art  of  framing 
wood-work  for  the  finishing  of  houses,  such  as 
doors,  sashes,  shutters,  &c.  Brande. 

2.  The  work  of  a joiner,  as  doors,  sashes, 
shutters,  &c.  “ A piece  of  joinery.”  Burke. 

JOIN'— HAND,  ? A.  mode  of  writing  with 

JOlN'lNG— HAND,  > the  letters  joined.  Addison. 

JOlN'jNG,  n.  Hinge  ; joint;  juncture  ; union. 

JOINT,  n.  [L.  junctura ; It.  giuntura ; Fr.  joint ; 
M.  junt.] 

1.  The  joining  of  two  or  more  things  ; junc- 

• ture ; union. 

2.  (Anat.)  The  joining  of  two  or  more  bones ; 
articulation;  as,  “The  elbow  or  knee  joint." 

3.  (Joinery.)  The  places  where  two  pieces  of 
timber  are  united. 

4.  (Bot.)  The  knot  of  a plant  or  the  place 

where  the  parts  of  a stem  are  articulated  with 
each  other:  — the  space  between  two  joints; 
an  internode.  Henslow. 

5.  A juncture  of  parts  which  admit  motion  ; 

junction  : — a hinge.  Sidney. 

6.  A limb  or  part  of  the  limb  of  an  animal 
cut  off  by  a butcher.  “ A joint  of  meat.”  Swift. 

Out  of  joint,  being  out  of  tile  socket ; dislocated  : — 
displaced  ; going  wrong;  disordered. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE. — 9,  9,  9,  g,  soft;  IS,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z ; X as 


THIS,  this. 


JOINT 


JOUST 


792 


JOINT,  v.  n.  To  coalesce  as  joints.  Temple. 

JOINT,  a.  1.  Shared  by  two  or  more.  “ Joint 
property  of  this  country.”  Locke. 

2.  United  ; combined  ; acting  together  or  in 
concert.  “ Joint  force.”  Addison. 

Joint  prayer  is  prayer  in  which  all  join.  Pdley. 

Xjcjj*  It  is  used  m composition ; as,  joi:it-helrs,  joint- 
owners,  &c. 

JOINT,  v.  a.  [ i . JOINTED  ; pp.  JOINTING,  JOINTED.] 

1.  To  form  with  joints  or  articulations.  Ray. 

2.  To  form  into  one  ; to  join.  “ The  yielding 

planks  of  jointed  wood.”  Dryden. 

3.  To  divide,  as  a joint ; to  cut  into  joints. 

“He  joints  the  neck.”  Dryden. 

JOINT'— CHAlR,  n.  A chair  which  secures  the 
joining  of  two  railway  bars.  Craig. 

JOINT'ED,  p.  a.  Having  joints,  knots,  or  commis- 
sures ; articulated. 

JOINT'ED-LY,  ad.  In  a jointed  manner.  Smith. 

JOINT'ER,  n.  1.  (Carp.)  The  largest  plane  used 
by  joiners,  for  straightening  the  edges  of 
boards  ; — called  also  a jointing-plane.  Moxon. 

2.  (Masonry.)  An  iron  instrument,  with  two 
curves,  used  by  brick-layers. 

JOINT'— HEIR  (-Ar),  n.  One  who  is  an  heir,  or  has 
a joint  inheritance,  with  another.  Rom.  viii.  17. 

JOINT'ING,  n.  The  forming  of  joints. 

JOINT'ING— RULE,  n.  (Masonry.)  An  instru- 
ment used  by  brick-layers. 

JOINT'LY,  ad.  Together;  in  conjunction  ; in  a 
state  of  union.  Addison. 

JOINT'RpSS,  n.  A woman  who  has  a jointure. 

JOINT'— STOCK,  n.  Stock  held  in  company. 

Joint-stock  company,  a partnership  consisting  of  a 
large  number  of  individuals,  and  constituting  an  un- 
incorporated association,  for  the  purpose  of  carrying 
on  some  specified  purpose  or  business;  — having  a 
capital  divided  into  shares  transferable  without  the 
express  consent  of  all  the  copartners,  and  acting  un- 
der a written  instrument,  termed  articles  of  associa- 
tion, or,  in  England,  a deed  of  settlement.  Burrill. 

JOINT'— STOOL,  n.  A stool  made  by  a nice  join- 
ing of  parts.  Arbuthnot. 

JOINT'-TEN'AN-CY,  n.  (Law.)  A tenure  by 
unity  of  title ; a mode  of  possessing  lands  or 
tenements  granted  to  two  or  more  persons  to 
hold  in  fee-simple,  fee-tail,  for  life,  for  years,  or 
at  will.  Biackstone. 

JOINT'— TEN'ANT,  n.  (Law.)  One  who  holds 
any  thing  in  joint-tenancy.  Biackstone. 

JOINT'URE  (joint'yur),  n.  [Fr.  jointure .]  (Law.) 
An  estate  in  lands  and  tenements  settled  on  a 
woman,  in  consideration  of  marriage,  to  be  en- 
joyed after  her  husband’s  decease.  Biackstone. 

JOINT'URE  (joint'yur),  v.  a.  [i.  JOINTURED  ; pp. 
jointuring,  jointured.]  To  endow  with  a 
jointure.  Cowley. 

JOlNT'y-RESS,  n.  Same  as  Jointress.  Bouvier. 

JOIST,  n.  [Gr.  ytiaov,  any  thing  that  projects ; 
eaves:  — Fr.  joindre,  or  ajuster  : — Scot,  geist, 
or  gest,  a joist;  M.  jeaist;  W.  Gael.  dist. ] 
(Arch.)  A small  timber,  such  as  is  framed  into 
the  girder  in  making  a floor ; the  timber  of  a 
floor  to  which  the  boards,  or  the  boards  and 
laths  for  ceiling,  are  nailed.  Weale. 

JOIST,  v.  a.  To  fit  in,  as  the  joists  or  beams  of  a 
floor.  Johnson. 

JOKE,  7i.  [L.  jocus ; It.  giocolo.]  Something 

said  for  the  sake  of  exciting  laughter ; a jest ; 
sport ; fun  ; something  not  serious.  Pope. 

A practical  joke,  a sportive  trick  played  upon  some 
person,  sometimes  to  his  annoyance  or  his  injury. 

In  joke,  in  jest ; not  in  earnest. 

JOKE,  v.  n.  [L.  jocor .]  [*.  joked  ; pp.  joking, 

joked.]  To  speak  jocosely  or  jestingly  ; to 
sport ; to  make  game  ; to  jest ; to  be  merry  in 
words  or  actions  ; to  say  something  witty  or 
calculated  to  excite  a laugh. 

Syn.  — See  Banter,  and  Jest. 

JOKE,  v.  a.  To  cast  jokes  at ; to  rally.  Smart. 

JOK'ER,  7i.  One  who  jokes;  a jester.  Dennis. 


JOK'ING,  n.  Utterance  of  a joke;  the  practice 
of  making  jokes.  Milton. 

JOK'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a jesting  or  joking  manner. 

JOLE,  7i.  [L.  gula ; It.  $ Sp.  gola ; Fr.  gueule, 

the  throat : — A.  S.  ceole,  the  jaw.] 

1.  The  face  or  cheek;  jowl;  — used  in  the 
phrase  “ Cheek  by  jole  [or  jowl].”  — See  Jowl. 

Your  wan  complexion,  and  your  thin  jole 8,  father.  Dryden. 

2.  The  head  of  a fish.  Howell. 

f JOLL,  v.  a.  To  beat  the  head  against ; to  clash 
with.  “ They  may  joll  horns  together.”  Shak. 

JOL-Ll-Fj-CA'TION,  71.  A scene  of  merriment, 
mirth,  or  festivity.  [Colloquial.]  Wm.  Howitt. 

JOL'LI-LY,  ad.  In  a jolly  manner  ; gayly.  Dryden. 

f JOL'LI-MENT,  ?t.  Mirth;  merriment  Spenser. 

JOL'LI-NESS,  n.  Gay ety  ; jollity.  Sherwood. 

J6L'LI-TY,  7i.  Gayety  ; merriment;  mirth. 

Ilaste  thee,  nymph,  and  bring  with  thee 

Jest  and  youthful  jollity.  Milton. 

JOL'LY,  a.  [L.  jovialis ; It.  giulivo  ; Fr.  joli.] 

1.  Full  of  life  and  spirit ; gay  ; merry  ; airy; 
cheerful ; jovial ; playful ; joyous  ; joyful.  ' 

While  the  jolly  hours  lead  on  propitious  May.  Milton. 

2.  Inspiring,  or  expressing,  mirth. 

A shepherd  now  along  the  plain  he  roves, 

And  with  jolly  pipe  delights  the  groves.  Prior. 

3.  Plump  or  fresh,  as  one  in  health.  South. 

JOL'LY— BOAT,  7i.  [A  corruption  of  yawl  or 
yawl-boat .]  (Naut.)  A ship’s  small  boat,  used 
for  going  on  shore,  &c.  Mar.  Diet. 

JOLT,  v.  n.  [Of  uncertain  etymology. — Rich- 
ardson says,  “ Perhaps  by  the  omission  of  the 
guttural  g,  from  joggle.”  Perhaps  from  Sw. 
hjul,  a wheel.  Todd.]  [t.  jolted  ; pp.  jolting, 
jolted.]  To  shake  with  short,  abrupt  risings 
and  fallings,  as  a carriage  on  rough  ground ; to 
jostle  ; to  agitate. 

He  whipped  his  horses;  the  coach  jolted  again.  Johnson. 

JOLT,  v.  a.  To  shake  or  agitate,  as  a carriage 
does  on  a rough  road ; to  agitate.  Swift. 

JOLT,  n.  A shake  ; shock;  violent  agitation. 

JOLT'JJR,  71.  He  who,  or  that  which,  shakes  or 
jolts.  Cotgrave. 

JOLT'gR— HEAD,  n.  A stupid  fellow;  jolthead. 

[Colloquial,  and  local.]  Halliwell. 

JOLT'HEAD  (-lied),  n.  A dolt ; a blockhead.  Shak. 

JOLT'ING,  p.  a.  Shaking,  as  a carriage  on  rough 
ground ; agitating. 

JON' A-TH AN,  7i.  1.  An  instrument  used  by 

smokers  for  lighting  their  pipes.  Halliwell. 

2.  A sportive  collective  name  applied  to  the 
people  of  the  U.  States.  — See  John.  Ed.  Rev. 

JON'QUIL  (jon'kwil)  > [jun-kwll',  W.  P.  J. 

JON-QUILLE'  (jon-kwlT)  > F.  Ja.  ; jun-kel',  S. ; 
jon-kel',  K.  ; jung'kwjl,  Sm.  ; jon'ldl,  C.  I Vr. ; 
jon'kwjl,  Wb.],  7i.  [It.  giunchiglia ; Sp.  juii- 
quillo  ; Fr.  jonquille.)  (Bot.)  A plant  of  sev- 
eral varieties,  of  a delicate  shape,  soft  and  vari- 
ous color,  and  sweet  scent ; Narcissus  jon- 
quilla.  Eng.  Cyc. 

JOR'DEN  (jiir’dn),  n.  1.  A vessel  or  pot  formerly 
used  by  alchemists  and  physicians.  Halliwell. 

2.  A vessel  for  chamber  uses.  Shak. 

JO'RUM,  71.  A bowl  or  drinking  vessel.  Goldsmith. 

JO'§EPII,  n.  1.  A riding  coat  or  habit  for  women 
with  buttons  down  to  the  skirts.  Todd. 

2.  A very  thin,  unsized  paper,  used  as  a blot- 
ting-paper and  for  filtering  liquors.  Simmonds. 

JO'f  EPH-FLoW'ER,  7i.  A plant.  Ainsworth. 

JOS'SO,  7i.  A small  species  of  gudgeon.  Ogilvie. 

JOSS'— STICKS,  n.  pi.  Small  reeds  covered  with 
odoriferous  dust,  and  burnt  before  idols; — as 
practised  in  China.  Ogilvie. 

JOS'TLE  (jos'sl),  v.  a.  [Old  Fr.  jouster.]  [i.  jos- 
tled; pp.  jostling,  jostled.]  To  knock  or 
rush  against ; to  run  or  strike  against  so  as  to 
shake  ; to  justle.  Young. 

JOST'LING  (jos'ljng),  n.  Act  of  one  who  jostles  ; 
a running  against ; a shaking.  Harrington. 


JOT,  n.  [Gr.  liira,  the  smallest  letter  in  the  Greek 
alphabet.]  An  iota  ; the  least  assignable  quan- 
tity ; a point ; a title. 

I argue  not 

Against  Heaven’s  hand  or  will,  nor  bate  a jot 
Of  heart  or  hope,  but  still  bear  up,  and  steer 


Right  onwards.  Milton. 

JOT,  v.  a.  [f.  jotted  ; pp.  jotting,  jotted.] 
To  set  down  ; to  make  a memorandum  of ; to 
mark  briefly.  Todd. 

JOT'TING,  7i.  A memorandum;  as,  “Cursory 
jottings.”  Todd. 

f JOU'I-SANCE,  n.  [Fr.  jouissance .]  Jollity; 
merriment ; gayety.  Spenser. 

JOUNCE,  n.  A shake  ; a jolt.  Grose. 

JOUNCE,  v.  a.  To  shake  ; to  jolt.  G/ose. 


JOUR'NAL,  7i.  [I.,  diurn  alls,  diurnal;  dies,  day  ; 

It.  giornale  ; Sp.jornal ; Fr  .journal.] 

1.  A record  or  an  account  of  daily  transac- 
tions ; a daily  register  ; a diary. 

2.  A narrative,  periodically  or  occasionally 
published,  of  the  transactions  of  a society,  &c. 
“Journals  of  the  Houses  of  Parliament.  "Brande. 

3.  (Com.)  A book  in  which  every  article  or 
charge  is  entered  from  the  waste-book  or  blotter. 

4.  (Naut.)  A daily  register  of  a ship’s  course 

and  distance,  the  winds,  weather,  and  other  oc- 
currences. Mar.  Diet. 

5.  (Mech.)  The  portion  of  a shaft  that  re- 
volves on  a support.  Grier. 

6.  A paper  or  periodical  work,  whether  pub- 
lished daily,  weekly,  monthly,  or  at  other  inter- 
vals ; a magazine. 

Newspapers,  at  distant  intervals,  may  tell  us  news;  but 
journals  are  supposed  to  keep  account  of  each  day.  Hamilton. 

t JOUR'NAL  (jiir'njl),  a.  [L.  diurnalis.]  Daily.; 

. quotidian.  Spenser. 

JOUR'NAL— BOOK  (-buk),  n.  A book  for  making 
daily  records.  Swift. 

JOUR'NAL-l§M,  n.  The  keeping  of  a journal : — 
the  management  or  conduct  of  a journal  or  pe- 
riodical work.  Sir  B.  Peel. 

Journalism  is  now  truly  an  estate  of  the  realm;  more  pow- 
erful than  any  of  the  other  estates;  more  powerful  than  all 
of  them  combined,  if  it  could  ever  be  brought  to  act  ns  a 
united  and  concentrated  whole.  It  furnishes  the  daily  read- 
ing of  the  millions.  Ed.  Rev. 

See  Censorship. 

JOUR'NAL-IST  (jiir'nal-Ist),  71.  A writer  of  jour- 
nals : — the  manager  of  a periodical  work. 

JOtjR-NAL-IST'lC,  a.  Relating  to  journalism  ; 
of  the  nature  of  a journal.  Ec.  Rev. 

JOijR'NAL-iZE  (jur'njl-Ize),  V.  a.  [t.  JOURNAL- 
IZED ; pp.  JOURNALIZING,  JOURNALIZED.]  To 
enter  in  a journal  ; to  record;  to  register. 

He  kept  his  journal  very  diligently;  but  then  what  was 
there  to  joimializc'i  Johnson. 

JOUR'NAL-IZE,  v.  7i.  To  write  for  a journal. 

JOUR'NIJY  (jiir'ne),  n.  [It.  giomata  ; Sp.yorna- 
da  ; Fr.journee.] 

1.  f The  travel  of  a day.  Shak. 

2.  Travel  by  land  from  one  place  to  another  ; 
a passage  ; a tour  ; an  excursion. 

Syn.  — A journey  is  travel  by  land  ; a voyage,  a 
passage  by  water  ; a tour,  a roving  or  circuitous  jour- 
ney ; a pilgrimage,  a journey  for  a religious  purpose. 
A journey  for  pleasure  or  for  business ; a voyage  round 
the  world  ; travels  for  amusement,  information,  or 
discovery  ; a pilgrimage  to  Jerusalem,  or  to  Mecca. — 
See  Excursion. 

JOtiR'NlJY  (jiir'ne),  v.  71.  [i.  journeyed  ; pp. 

journeying,  journeyed.]  To  travel ; to  pass 
from  place  to  place  ; to  ramble  ; to  roam. 

f JOUR'NEY— BAT-ED,  a.  Fatigued  or  worn  with 
a journey.  Shak. 

JOUR'NEY-ER,  n.  One  who  journeys.  Ec.  Rev. 

JOUR'NIJY-iNG,  71.  The  act  of  making  a journey  ; 
travel.  Bryant. 

JOUR'NJJY-MAN  (jur'ne-mjn),  n. ; pi.  JOURNEY- 
MEN. [Fr.  journee,  day,  and  Eug.  man.]  A 
hired  workman,  mechanic,  artisan,  or  artificer. 

JOUR'NEY— WEIGHT  (-wat),  n.  A term  applied 
to  a species  of  weight  used  at  the  mint  in  weigh- 
ing parcels  of  coin.  Oyilvie. 

JOUR'NEY— WORK  (jiir'ne-wurk),  n.  Work  done 
by  a journeyman  or  for  hire.  Arbuthnot. 

JOUST  (just),  n.  [Old  Yx.jouste.]  A mock  en- 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;' A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  E,  !,  9,  V,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; IlfelR,  HER; 


JOUST 


793 


JUDGMENT 


counter  on  horseback  between  two  knights  ; a 
tilt;  a just. — See  Just.  Milton. 

JOUST  (just),  v.n.  [OldFr  .jouster.]  [i.  jousted; 
pp.  jousting,  jousted.]  To  run  in  the  tilt. 

JOUST'£R,  n.  One  who  jousts.  Observer. 

JOUST'ING,  n.  An  encounter  ; just.  Milton. 

JOVE,  n.  [L.  Jupiter,  Jovis.] 

1.  (Myth.)  One  of  the  names  of  Jupiter,  who 
was  the  supreme  monarch  of  gods  and  men. 

2.  The  planet  Jupiter. 

Or  ask  of  yonder  argent  fields  above 

Why  Jove's  satellites  are  less  than  Jove.  Pope. 

3.  The  air,  or  the  god  of  the  air.  DrycleiA 

JO'VI-AL,  a.  [L.  Jupiter,  Jovis-,  It.  gioviale-, 
Sp.  § F r.  jovial.) 

1.  f Being  under  the  influence  of  the  planet 

Jupiter.  Browne. 

Our  jovial  star  reigned  at  his  birth.  Shak. 

2.  Gay  ; airy  ; jolly  ; merry  ; fcheerful ; mirth- 
ful ; sportive  ; joyous  ; convivial. 

3.  Causing,  or  expressive  of,  mirth.  Dryden. 

D£g=-  “ We  speak  of  a person  as  jovial,  or  saturnine, 

or  mercurial.  Jovial,  as  being  born  under  the  planet 
Jupiter  or  Jove,  which  was  the  joyfullest  star,  and 
the  happiest  augury  of  all.  A gloomy  person  is  said 
to  be  saturnine,  as  being  born  under  the  planet  Saturn, 
who  was  considered  to  make  those  that  owned  his 
influence,  and  were  born  when  he  was  in  the  ascend- 
ant, grave  and  stern  as  himself.  Another  we  call 
mercurial,  that  is,  light-hearted,  as  those  born  under 
the  planet  Mercury  were  accounted  to  be.”  Trench. 

Syn.  — See  Convivial. 

JO'VI-AL-IST,  n.  One  who  lives  jovially.  Bp.  TIall. 

JO-VI-AL'I-TY,  ii.  Convivial  merriment;  festivity. 

The  sport  of  their  loudest  jovialities.  Harrow. 

JO'VI-AL-LY,  ad.  In  a jovial  manner  ; merrily. 

JO'VI-AL-NESS,  n.  Gayety ; merriment.  Hewyt. 

JO'VI-AL-TY,  n.  Joviality,  [it.]  Barrow. 

JO-VI-CEN'TRIC,  a.  (Astron.)  Having  relation 
to  the  centre  of  Jupiter;  seen  from  the  centre 
of  Jupiter.  Hind. 

JO-VlN'IAN-IST  (-vln'yan-),  n.  ( Eccl . Hist.)  A 
follower  of  Jovinian,  a monk  of  the  fifth  centu- 
ry, who  denied  the  virginity  of  Mary.  Smart. 

JOWL  (jol),  n.  The  face  or  cheek  ; — used  in  the 
phrase  “ Cheek  by  jowl.”  — See  Jole.  Todd. 

JOWL'pR,  or  JdWL'ER  [jol'er,  IK.  Sm.  ; jbul'er, 
S.  K.  C.  IKr.],  n.  A hunting-dog  or  beagle  ; a 
thick-jawed  hound.  Dryden. 

JoW'Tf.R,  n.  [Perhaps  corrupted  from  jolter. 
Johnson .]  One  who  sells  fish ; a fish  driver, 
[it.]  Carew. 

JOY  (jot),  n.  [L.  aaudium,  joy;  gaudeo,  to  re- 
joice; It.  gioja  ; Fr .joie.] 

1.  The  passion  or  emotion  excited  by  the  pos- 
session or  the  expectation  of  some  good  ; glad- 
ness ; delight ; exultation. 

Joy  is  the  delight  of  the  mind  from  the  consideration  of 
the  present  or  assumed  approaching  possession  of  good.  Locke. 

Happy  fields,  where  joy  for  ever  dwells.  Milttyi. 

2.  Gayety  ; mirth  ; festivity  ; hilarity. 

The  roofs  with  joy  resound.  Dryden. 

3.  Happiness  ; felicity. 

Her  heavenly  form  beheld,  all  wished  her  joy.  Dryden. 

4.  The  cause  of  joy  ; a term  of  fondness. 

A thing  of  beauty  is  a joy  for  ever.  Keats. 

Joy  is  an  import;  joy  is  an  exchange; 

Joy  flies  monopolists;  it  calls  for  two; 

Rich  fruitl  Heaven-planted!  never  plucked  by  one.  Young. 

Syn.  — Joy  is  in  the  heart  and  depicted  on  the 
countenance ; gayety  is  in  the  manners.  Joy  is  op- 
posed to  grief ; gayety,  to  sadness.  Joy  is  a vivid  sen- 
sation ; gladness  is  of  the  same  quality,  but  less  per- 
manent, and  inferior  in  degree  ; mirth  is  more  noisy, 
but  more  transient.  — See  Gayety,  and  Pleasure. 

JOY,  v.  n.  \i.  joyed  ; pp.  .toying,  joyed.]  To 
be  joyful  or  happy  ; to  rejoice  ; to  be  glad  ; to 
be  delighted ; to  receive  pleasure  ; to  exult. 

I will  Joy  in  the  God  ot'my  salvation.  Hah.  iii.  18. 

t JQY,  v.  a.  1.  To  congratulate  ; to  give  joy  to. 

And  joy  us  of  our  conquest  early  won.  Dryden. 

2.  To  gladden  ; to  exhilarate.  Pope. 

3.  [Fr  • jouir.]  To  enjoy. 

I might  have  lived,  and  joyed  immortal  bliss. 

JOY'ANCE,  n.  [Old  Fr.  joyant. ] 
tivity  ; joyfulness,  [r.] 


JOY'Fi)l,  a.  Full  of  joy  ; glad  ; exulting ; happy. 

My  soul  shall  be  joyful  iu  my  God.  Isa.  lxi.  10. 

JOY'FUL-LY,  ad.  In  a joyful  manner;  gladly. 

JOY'FUL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  joyful ; 
gladness  ; joy  ; great  gratification.  Spenser. 

JOY'— IN-SPlR'ING,  a.  Inspiring  joy.  Clarke. 

JOY'LIJSS,  a.  1.  Void  of  joy;  feeling  no  pleasure. 

2.  Giving  no  joy  or  pleasure. 

Joyless  triumphals  of  his  hoped  success.  Milton. 

JOY'HJSS-LY,  ad.  Without  feeling  joy.  Todd. 

JOY'LIJSS-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  joyless; 
want  of  joy ; sorrow.  Donne. 

JOY'-RIIXT,  a.  Blended  with  joy.  [r.]  Thomson. 

JOY'OUS,  a.  [Fr ,joyeux.\ 

1.  Glad  ; gay  ; merry  ; joyful. 

Then  joyous  birds  frequent  the  lonely  grove.  Dryden. 

2.  Giving  or  affording  joy  or  pleasure. 

They  all  as  glad  as  birds  of  joyous  prime.  Spenser. 

JOY'OUS-LY,  ad.  In  a joyous  manner ; with  joy. 

JOY'OUS-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  joyous. 

f JUB,  n.  A bottle  ; a vessel ; a jug.  Chaucer. 

JU'BA,  n.  [L.,  maned]  (Zoiil.)  The  long,  thick- 
set hairs  found  on  the  neck,  chest,  or  spine  of 
certain  quadrupeds.  Brande. 

JU'BI-LANT,  a.  [L.  jubilans  ; It.  giubilante  ; Fr. 
jubilant.]  Uttering  songs  of  triumph  ; shout- 
ing with  joy  ; rejoicing. 

While  the  bright  pomp  ascended  jubilant.  Milton. 

JU-BI-LA'  TE,  n.  [L.,  rejoice.]  A name  given 
to  the  third  Sunday  after  Easter;  — so  called 
because  in  the  primitive  church  divine  service 
was  commenced  with  the  words  in  the  66th 
Psalm,  “ Jubilate  Deo,”  Sing  to  the  Lord. Brande. 

JU-BI-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  jubilatio  ; Sp . jubilacion  \ 
Fr.  jubilation.]  The  act  of  declaring  triumph  ; 
exultation  ; a rejoicing.  Bp.  Hall. 

JU'BI-LEE,  n.  [L.  jubilum,  a wild  cry  or  shout ; 
It.  giubbileo  ; Sp.jubileo  ; F r.  jubilC] 

1.  Among  the  Jews,  the  grand  sabbatical  year, 

which  was  celebrated  after  every  seven  septena- 
ries  of  years  ; but  whether  every  49th  or  every 
50th  year,  is  still  a question  among  the  learned. 
It  was  a year  of  general  release  from  all  debts, 
and  of  lands  and  possessions,  which  had  been 
alienated  from  their  original  owners,  and  for  the 
liberation  of  slaves.  Lev.  xxv.  8—17. 

2.  A season  recurring  at  stated  periods  (once 

in  2.5  years)  in  the  Romish  Church,  chiefly 
marked  by  the  indulgences  then  granted  by  the 
pope.  Hook. 

3.  A season  of  public  festivity  and  joy.  South. 

JU-CUN'DI-TY,  n.  [L.  jucunditas.]  Pleasantness; 
agreeableness.  [it.]  Browne. 

jy-DA'IC,  J [From  Judah..]  Relating  to 

JU-DA'I-CAL,  ) the  Jews ; Jewish.  Bp.  Horne. 

JU-DA'J-CAL-LY,  ad.  After  the  manner  of  the 
Jews.  Milton. 

JU'DA-ISjjM,  n.  1.  The  religion  of  the  Jews;  the 
laws  and  institutions  of  the  Jews.  Bp.  Cosin. 

2.  Conformity  to  Jewish  rites  and  ceremonies. 

JU'DA-IST,  n.  An  adherent  to  Judaism.  Ec.  Rev. 

JU-DA-IST'IC,  a.  Relating  to  Judaism.  Ed.  Rev. 

JU-DA-I-ZA'TION  (-za'shun),  ft.  Conformity  to 
the  Jewish  religion  or  ritual.  Wright. 

JU'DA-IZE,  v.  n.  [Fr.  Judaiser.]  [i.  Judaized  ; 
pp.  'Judaizing,  Judaized.]  To  conform  to  the 
religion,  rites,  or  manners  of  the  Jews.  Sandys. 

JU'DA-IZ-ER,  n.  One  who  conforms  to  Judaism, 
or  to  the  religion  and  rites  of  the  Jews.  Burnet. 

JU'DA-IZ-ING,  p.  a.  Tending  or  conforming  to 
Judaism.  “ The  Judaizing  spirit.”  Brande. 

JU'DAS— COL-ORED,  a.  Of  a red  color;  — ap- 

■ plied  to  the  hair  or  beard. 

'With  two  left-legs,  and  Judas^olored  hair.  Dryden. 

JU'DAS— TREE,  n.  A small,  beautiful,  flowering 
tree  of  several  species ; Cercis.  Loudon. 

JUD'COCK,  n.  (Ornith.)  A small  snipe  ; Scolo- 
pax  gallinula ; — called  also  jack-snipe.  Yarrell. 


JU-DE'AN,  n.  A native  of  Judea ; a Jew.  Shak. 

JUliyE  (juj),  n.  [L  .judex-,  It.  giudice  ; Sp  .juez\ 
Fr  .juae.] 

1.  One  who  is  invested  with  authority  to  de- 
termine a question  at  issue  in  a court  of  law, 
either  civil  or  criminal  ; a justice. 

Four  things  belong  to  a judge:  to  hear  courteously,  to  an- 
swer wisely,  to  consider  soberly,  and  to  give  judgment  with- 
out partiality.  Anonymous. 

2.  One  who  judges  or  decides  ; one  compe- 
tent to  decide  on  the  merits  of  any  thing  ; an 
arbiter  ; a connoisseur  ; a man  of  taste  ; a critic. 

A perfect  judge  will  read  each  piece  of  wit 

With  the  same  spirit  that  the  author  writ.  Pope. 

3.  A ruler  or  governor  of  the  ancient  Israelites. 

The  duration  of  the  government  of  the  Israelites  hy  judges, 

from  the  death  of  Joshua  to  the  commencement  of  the  reign 
of  Saul,  was  about  339  years.  Dr.  A.  Clarke. 

4.  A measuring-staff  for  estimating  the  quan- 
tity of  coal  excavated  in  coal-mines.  Simmonds. 

Judge  advocate , the  prosecuting  officer  in  a court- 
martial. 

Syn.  — Judge  is  a generic  term  ; arbiter , arbitrator , 
umpire , and  referee  are  specific.  A judge  pronounces 
judgment  on  all  disputed  matters,  whether  questions 
of  law,  literature,  the  arts,  or  the  common  affairs  of 
life;  umpires , arbiters , arbitrators , and  referees  are 
judges  in  private  or  special  matters. — In  a legal 
sense,  a judge  is  an  officer  who  is  appointed  by,  and 
acts  under,  the  government,  and  who  decides  ques- 
tions and  disputes  in  a court  of  justice,  according  to 
law  ; umpires , arbiters , and  arbitrators  are  appointed 
by  the  opposite  contending  parties  to  decide,  accord- 
ing to  their  judgment,  such  cases  as  are  submitted  to 
them  ; a referee , who  is  either  appointed  by  the  court, 
or  chosen  by  contending  parties,  is  one  to  whom  a 
matter  is  referred  for  final  judgment. 

JUD(^E,  v.n.  [L.  judico  ; It.  giudicare ; Sp  .juz- 
gar ; Fr.  jugerj]  [i.  judged;  pp.  judging, 

JUDGED.] 

1.  To  compare  ideas  or  facts  in  order  to  form 
a correct  opinion  ; to  decide  ; to  determine  ; to 
deem  ; to  think  ; to  discern. 

Whether  it  be  a divine  revelation  or  no,  reason  must 
judge.  Locke. 

2.  To  pass  sentence  as  a judge. 

Forbear  to  judge , for  we  are  sinners  all.  Shak. 

JUD£E,  v.  ci.  1.  To  examine  and  decide  as  a 
judge  ; to  determine  finally. 

Then,  all  thy  saints  assembled,  thou  shalt  judge 

Bad  men  and  angels.  Milton. 

2.  To  pass  sentence  upon  ; to  try ; to  doom. 

Who  shall  judge  the  quick  and  the  dead.  2 Tim.  iv.  1. 

3.  To  deem  ; to  think  ; to  estimate  ; to  reckon. 

And  why  of  yourselves  judge  ye  not  what  is  right? 

Luke  xii.  57. 

4.  To  pass  a severe  or  an  unjust  sentence 
upon  ; to  doom  severely. 

Judge  not,  that  ye  be  not  judged.  Matt.  vii.  1. 

JUDG'ER,  n.  One  who  judges  ; a judge.  ' Bale. 

JUDp'E§,  n.  pi.  The  name  of  the  seventh  book 
of  the  Old  Testament.  Bible. 

JUD(rE'SIlIP,  n.  The  office  or  dignity  of  a judge. 

JUDGMENT  (juj'ment),  n.  [Fr.  jugement.] 

1.  The  act  of  judging;  the  operation  of  the 

mind  in  comparing  its  ideas,  or  in  examining 
facts,  in  order  to  ascertain  truth.  Locke. 

2.  The  power  of  judging ; the  faculty  of  the 
mind  by  which  a man  is  enabled  to  form  just 
conclusions  or  correct  opinions  ; penetration  ; 
discernment;  understanding;  capacity;  good 
sense  ; discrimination  ; intelligence. 

Invention  is  the  talent  of  youth:  judgment,  of  age.  Swift. 
’T  is  with  our  judgment  as  our  watches;  none 
Go  just  alike,  yet  each  believes  his  owu.  Popie. 

3.  The  result  or  conclusion  of  one  who  judges  ; 
determination  ; decision  ; opinion  ; notion. 

One  of  the  most  important  distinctions  of  our, judgments  is, 
that  some  of  them  are  intuitive,  others  grounded  on  argu- 
ment. Reid. 

4.  ( Fine  Arts.)  The  faculty  of  selecting  that 
which  is  most  suitable  to  the  purpose.  Brande. 

5.  ( Law .)  The  sentence  of  the  law  pronounced 
by  the  court  upon  any  matter  contained  in  the 
record,  or  in  any  case  tried  by  the  court. 

In  the  Scriptures,  judgment  is  used  in  different 
senses,  which  may  generally  be  determined  by  the 
connection. 

1.  The  faculty  of  discerning  right  and  wrong. 

Give  the  king  thy  judgments , O God,  and  thy  righteous- 
ness to  the  king’s  son.  Ps.  ixxii.  2. 

2.  The  decision  or  award  of  a judge. 

And  all  Israel  heard  of  the  judgment  which  the  king  hn<l 
judged.  1 Kings  iii.  28. 


MiEN,  SIR  ; ^MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  9,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  £ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


Milton. 

Gayety ; fes- 
Spenser. 

The  voices  of  their  joyance.  N.  Brit.  Rev. 


JUMBLEMENT 


JUDGMENT-DAY 

3.  The  sentence  of  a judge  ; punishment  for  a crime 
or  for  sin. 

"Whoever  shall  kill  shall  be  in  danger  of  the  judgment. 

Matt.  v.  21. 

Judgments  are  prepared  fbr  scorners.  Prov.  xix.  29. 

4.  Justice;  equity;  as,  “To  do  justice  and  judg- 
ment.” Gen.  xviii.  19. 

The  weightier  matters  of  the  law,  judgment , mercy,  and 
faith.  Matt,  xxiii.  23. 

5.  Righteous  statutes  or  commandments.  Ps.x ix.  9. 

My  soul  breaketh  for  the  longing  it  hath  to  thy  judg- 
ments. Ps.  cxix.  20. 

6.  Afflictions  or  chastisements  of  Providence. 

I am  afraid  of  thy  judgments.  Ps.  cxix.  120. 

For  the  time  is  come  when  judgment  must  begin  at  the 
house  of  God.  1 Pct'  U. 

7.  Deliverance  of  mankind  from  the  power  ofeyil. 

Now  is  the  judgment  of  this  world;  now  shall  the  prince 

of  this  world  be  cast  out.  John  xii.  31. 

8.  Divine  dispensations  or  government. 

IIow  unspeakable  are  his  judgments  I Rom.  xi.  33. 

9.  Opinion.  “ I give  my  judgment.”  1 Cor.  vii.  25. 

That  ye  be  perfectly  joined  together  in  the  same  mind  and 

the  sam e judgment.  1 Cor.  i.  10. 

10.  Final  doom.  “ He  hath  reserved  . . . unto  the 

judgment  of  the  great  day.”  Jude  6. 

Qcg*  The  following  words,  abridgment , acknowledg- 
ment, and  judgment , are  to  be  found,  with  the  orthog- 
raphy here  given,  in  the  English  dictionaries  which 
preceded  the  publication  of  Mr.  Todd’s  improved  edi- 
tion of  Dr.  Johnson’s  Dictionary.  Todd  altered  John- 
son’s orthography  of  these  words  by  the  insertion  of 
an  e,  thus,  abridgement,  acknowledgement , judgement ; 
and  he  remarks,  “ Several  authors  have  revived  this 
orthography,  retaining  the  e to  soften,  as  Lowth  ob- 
serves on  judgement,  the  preceding  g,  and  as  Johnson 
himself  analogically  writes  lodgement.” 

The  English  dictionaries  of  Jameson  and  Smart, 
which  have  appeared  since  the  publication  of  Todd’s 
edition  of  Johnson,  also  retain  the  e;  and  Smart  re- 
marks, in  relation  to  the  three  words  in  question,  that 
“ Todd  restores  the  e in  order  that  they  may  not  ex- 
hibit the  otherwise  unexampled  irregularity  of  g soft 
before  a consonant ; ” and  he  “ adopts  the  more  cor- 
rect, however  less  usual,  spelling  ; ” and  in  his  Gram- 
mar he  says,  “ It  is  certainly  better  to  write  judge- 
ment, abridgement , acknowledgement,  &cc.,  than  judg- 
ment, &c.,  since,  by  the  general  laws  of  pronunciation, 
a is  hard  in  terminating  a syllable.”  Many  respec- 
table writers  now  insert  the  e in  these  words.  The 
omission  of  it,  however,  has  been  hitherto,  and  still 
continues  to  be,  the  prevailing  usage  ; but  it  is  per- 
haps not  very  improbable  that  the  more  consistent 
orthography  may  yet  be  generally  adopted. 

Syn.  — See  Discernment. 

JUDGMENT—  DAY,  n.  The  day  of  final  judgment 
for  all  mankind.  Milton. 

JUDQ'MpXT— HALL,  n.  The  hall  in  which  courts 
are  held.  Wright. 

JUDQr'MpNT— SEAT,  n.  The  seat  of  judgment ; 
the  bench  on  which  judges  sit : — a tribunal.  Glyn. 

JU' DI-CA,  n.  [L.  imperative  of  judico,  to  judge.] 
The  fifth  Sunday  after  Lent;  — so  called  be- 
cause the  primitive  church  began  the  service  on 
that  day  with  the  words  of  the  43d  psalm : — 

Judica  me,  Dominc,  — “ Judge  me,  O Lord  ! ” 

JU'DI-C  A-BLE,  a.  [L.  judicabilis.\  That  may  be 
judged’,  [r.]  Taylor. 

JU'DI-CA-TI  VE,  a.  That  judges;  having  power 
to  judge,  [it.]  Hammond. 

JU'DI-C  A-TO-RY,  a.  [L.  judicatorius ; It.  giudi- 
catorio  ; Yr.  j’udicatoire.]  Dispensing  justice  ; 
judicially  pronouncing;  juridical.  Bp.  Hall. 

JU'DI-C A-TO-RY,  n.  1.  The  dispensation  of  jus- 
tice. Clarendon. 

2.  A court  of  justice  ; judicature.  Atterbury. 

JU'DI-C  A-TURE,  n.  [Fr.  judicature.'] 

1.  The  administration  of  justice  ; the  power 

of  dispensing  justice  by  legal  trial.  Bacon. 

2.  A court  of  justice;  a tribunal.  South. 

Give  me  a man  that  buys  a seat  of  judicature-,  I dare  not 
trust  him  for  not  selling  justice.  Bp.  Hall. 

3.  Jurisdiction  ; the  extent  of  jurisdiction. 
“ The  judicature  is  upon  writs  of  error.”  Bouvicr. 

JU-DI''CIAL  (ju-dlsh'al),  a.  [L.  judicialis  ; Sp. 
judicial ; Fr . judicial  re. ~\ 

1.  f Judicious.  “Not  deserving  any  judicial 

man’s  view.”  Pierce  Penilesse , 1592. 

2.  Relating  to,  practised  in,  proceeding  from, 
or  issued  by  a court  of  justice ; emanating  from 
a judge  ; juridical ; forensic. 

3.  Inflicted  as  a punishment. 

The  resistance  of  those  will  cause  a judicial  hardness.  South. 


794 

JU-DI''CIAL-LY  (ju-dish'jl-l?),  ad.  In  a judicial 
manner  ; juridically.  Grew. 

JU-DI"C!-A-RY  (ju-dlsh'e-a-re),  a.  [L.  judteiarius ; 
Sp . judiciario  ; Fr . judiciaire.'] 

1.  Relating  to  courts  of  justice  or  judicature  ; 
judicial ; juridical. 

2.  Passing  judgment  or  sentence.  Boyle. 

JU-Dl"C|-A-RY  (ju-dlsh'e-j-re),  n.  The  branch  of 
the  government  that  interprets  the  laws  and  ad- 
ministers justice  ; the  judges  taken  collectively  ; 
the  judiciary  power  ; judicature.  Story. 

This  word  is  often  used  as  a substantive  in  the 
United  States,  but  not  often  so  used  in  England. 

jy-Dl"CIOyS  (jti-dlsh'us),  a.  [L.  judicium,  a ju- 
dicial investigation  ; It.  giudizioso  ; Sp.  judi- 
cioso  ; Fr  .judicieux.] 

1.  Acting  with,  or  regulated  by,  judgment  or 
discretion ; prudent ; wise  ; discreet ; sensible ; 
sagacious ; rational. 

Love  refines 

The  thoughts,  and  heart  enlarges;  hath  his  seat 
In  reason,  and  is  judicious.  Milton. 

2.  f In  regular  process  of  judgment ; judicial. 

His  last  offence  to  us 

Strati  have  judicious  hearing.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Sensible. 

Jy-Dp'cioys-LY  (ju-dlsh'us-Ie),  ad.  In  a judi- 
cious manner  ; discreetly  ; skilfully  ; wisely. 

JU-DI"CIOl  S-NESS  (ju-dlslr'us-nes),  w.  The  state 
of  being  judicious  ; discretion.  Jortin. 

fJUF'F£R,  n.  A term  formerly  applied  by  car- 
penters to  a piece  of  timber  four  or  five  inches 
square.  Wright. 

JUG,  n.  [ h.jugulum. , the  hollow  part  of  the  neck 
above  the  collar-bone.  — A.  S.  ceac,  a basin.] 
A vessel  with  a small  mouth  and  a swelling 
belly,  for  holding  liquors  ; — a pitcher.  Smart. 

JUG,  n.  [Most  probably  formed  from  the  sound 
of  the  note  uttered  by  the  nightingale.]  The 
note  uttered  by  certain  birds. 

Her  jug,  juy,  jug,  in  grief,  had  such  a grace.  Gascoitjnc. 

JUG,  v.  n.  To  emit  a particular  sound,  as  certain 
birds.  Partlieneia  Sacra,  1633. 

JUG,  v.  a.  1.  To  cook  by  putting  into  a jug  im- 
mersed in  boiling  water.  Smart. 

2.  To  call  or  bring  together  by  imitating  the 
sound  of  a bird.  Bp.  Gauden. 

JU'GAL,  a.  [Gr.  $iyov,  a yoke;  h.  jugalis.] 

1.  f Relating  to  a yoke,  or  to  marriage.  Bailey. 

2.  (Anat.)  Noting  the  cheek-bone.  Dunglison. 

JU-GA'TA,  n.  [L . jugo,  jugatus,  to  join.]  Two 
heads  represented  on  a medal,  side  by  side,  or 
joining  each  other.  Brande. 

JU'GAT-yD,  a.  Yoked  or  coupled  together; 
joined  together.  Maunder. 

JUG'GLE  (jflg'gl),  v.  n.  [L.  jocular,  to  joke  ; It. 
giocolare ; Fr.  jongler.  — Dan.  goc/le  ■,  Dut. 
goochelen  ; Ger.  gaukeln  ; Gael,  ccalg.']  [i.  jug- 
gled; pp.  JUGGLING,  JUGGLED.] 

1.  To  practise  jugglery  ; to  play  tricks  by 

sleight  of  hand  or  legerdemain  ; to  make  sport 
by  tricks  or  false  appearances.  Milton. 

2.  To  practise  artifice  or  imposture.  Shah. 

JUG'GLE,  n.  1.  A trick  by  legerdemain. 

2.  Imposture  ; deception  ; an  imposition. 

A juggle  of  state  to  cozen  the  people.  Tillotson. 

JUG'GLE,  v.  a.  To  effect  by  artifice  or  trick  ; to 
impose  upon  ; to  deceive.  Shah. 

JUG'GLgR,  n.  [A.  S . qeogelere : — L .joculator; 
It.  giocolare  ; Sp.juglar ; Fr.  jongleur.'] 

1.  One  who  practises  jugglery  or  sleight  of 
hand,  or  extraordinary  feats. 

Or  do  thes  $ jugglers  cheat  our  eyes?  Swift. 

2.  A deceiver ; a trickish  fellow ; a cheat. 

JDg'GLER-ESS,  n.  A female  juggler.  T.  Warton. 

JUG'GLpR-Y,  n.  The  art  or  the  feats  of  a jug- 
gler ; legerdemain.  Maunder. 

JUG'GLING,  n.  Deception ; imposture.  Blount. 

JUG'GLING-LY,  ad.  In  a deceptive  manner. 

JU'  GL.jJV’S,  n.  [L.,  from  Jovis,  Jove,  and  glans, 
a nut-like  fruit.]  ( Bot .)  A genus  of  large 

trees  ; the  walnut-tree. 

Dgp  The  genus  Curya,  to  which  the  hickory-trees 


belong,  was  formerly  included  under  Juglans,  but  was 
separated  by  Nuttall.  Eng.  Cyc. 

JU'GIJ-LAR,  a.  [h.jugulum,  the  throat;  It.giugu- 
lare  ; Sp.  yugular ; hr.  jttgulaire.]  Belonging 
to  the  throat  or  the  neck. 

.Jugular  veins , the  veins  by  which  the  blood  is  re- 
turned from  the  head,  lace,  and  neck  to  the  heart ; 

two  on  each  side  of  the  neck. 

JU'GU-LAR,  n.  1.  {Med.)  A jugular  vein.  Wright. 

2.  (lch.)  The  name  of  a fish  which  has  the 
ventral  fins  anterior  to  the  pectorals.  Wright. 

JU'GU-LATE,  v.  a.  [L.  jugu/o,  jugulatusd]  To  cut 
the  throat ; to  kill,  [it.]  Bailey.  Dr.  J.  Bigelow. 

JUICE  (jus),  n.  [L.  jus,  broth  or  juice,  from  Gr. 
to  boil ; Sp.jugo  ; Fr.  jus. — T>xA.juys.~\ 

1.  The  sap  of  vegetables  ; the  water  of  fruit. 

“ Herbs  of  ail  the  best  juice.”  Gower. 

2.  The  fluid  part  in  animal  bodies.  B.  Jonson. 

f JUICE  (jus),  v.  a.  To  moisten.  Fuller. 

JUICE'LESS  (jus'Ies),  a.  Destitute  of  juice; 
without  moisture  ; dry.  More. 

JUI'CI-NESS  (ju'se-nes),  n.  The  quality  of  being 
juicy;  plenty  of  juice ; succulence.  Sherwooa. 

JUl'CY  (ju'se),  a.  Abounding  in  juice;  moist; 
succulent;  as,  "Juicy  fruits.”  Bacon. 

fJUISE  (jus),  n.  Judgment ; justice.  Gower. 

JU'JUBE,  n.  [L.  zizyphum .]  The  fruit  of  the 
Rhamnus  zizyphus. 

JUST  It  resembles  a small  plum,  sometimes  used  as 
a sweetmeat,  and  was  formerly  used  in  pectoral  de- 
coctions. Dunglison. 

Jujube  paste,  a substance  which  is  often  sold  for 
the  dried  jelly  of  jujube,  but  which  is,  in  fact,  a mix- 
ture of  gum-arabic  and  sugar  slightly  colored.  Brande. 

f JUKE,  v.n.  [Fr.  jucher.)  To  perch  upon  any 
thing,  as  birds.  L’ Estrange. 

JUKE,  n.  {Falconry.)  The  neck  of  a bird.  Booth. 

JU'Lf.P,  n.  [Low  L.  julcpus,  julapium  ; It.  giu- 
lebbo\  Sp .julepe-,  Fr.  julep.] 

1.  (Med.)  A sweet  drink ; a demulcent,  acid- 
ulous, or  mucilaginous  mixture.  Dunglison. 

2.  A drink  made  of  spirituous  liquor,  water, 

and  sugar,  with  a seasoning  of  mint,  &c. ; mint 
julep.  Simmonds. 

JUL'IAN  (jul'yan),  a.  Relating  to  Julius  Caesar  : — 
noting  the  reform  of  the  calendar  introduced  at 
Rome  by  Julius  Caesar,  called  the  Julian  style, 
and  used  in  all  Christian  countries  till  it  was 
reformed  by  Pope  Gregory  XIII.,  in  1582. 

Julian  epoch,  the  commencement  of  the  Julian  cal- 
endar, Jan.  1,  46  years  B.  C.  — Julian  period,  a cycle 
of  7980  consecutive  years,  invented  by  Scaliger.  It 
dates  from  4713  B.  C.  — Julian  year,  the  year  adopted 
in  the  Julian  calendar,  — equal  to  3651  days,  and  used 
in  England  till  1752,  when  the  Gregorian  year,  or  new 
style,  was  adopted. 

JU'LIS,  n.  [L.]  A genus  of  labroid  fishes.  Brande. 

JU'LUS,  n.  [Gr.  iovi.os,  down  ; h.julus.] 

1.  ( Bot.J  A catkin ; an  inflorescence  of  the 
willow,  hazel,  &c. ; amentum  ; ament.  Miller. 

2.  ( Anat .)  The  first  down  that  appears  on  the 

chin.  Dunglison. 

JU-LY'  (ju-ll'),  n.  [L.  Julius  ; Fr.  Juillet.]  The 
seventh  month  in  the  year ; — so  named  in 
honor  of  Caius  Ctesar,  the  dictator,  whose  gen- 
tile name  was  Julius. 

,805=  In  the  Latin  calendar  it  was  the  fifth  month, 
March  being  tile  first ; lienee  it  was  termed  Quiittilis. 

JU'LY-FLoiV-gR,  n.  See  Gillyflower. 

JU'MART,  n.  [Fr.]  The  offspring  of  a bull  and  a 
mare.  “ Mules  and  jumarts.”  Locke. 

JUM'BLE  (jum'bl),  v.  a.  [Of  uncertain  etymology. 
— L.  cumulus.  — Chaucer  writes  jombre,  perhaps 
from  Fr.  combler,  to  heap  up.]  [i.  jumbled  ; 
pp.  jumbling,  jumbled.]  To  mix  confusedly 
together ; to  put  or  throw  together  in  a disor- 
derly manner. 

One  may  observe  how  apt  that  is  tp  jumble  together  pas- 
sages of  Scripture.  Locke. 

JUM'BLE,  v.  n.  To  be  agitated  together.  Swift. 

JUM'BLE,  n.  A confused  mass  or  mixture:  — 
disorder ; confusion.  Swift. 

JUM'BLE-MENT,  n.  The  state  of  being  jumbled  ; 
confused  mixture.  [Low.]  Hancock. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; IIE1R,  HER; 


JUMBLER 


795 


JURY-BOX 


JUM'BLIJR,  n.  One  who  mixes  things  confusedly. 


JUM'BLjNG,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  jumbles  ; the 
act  of  mixing  confusedly.  Swift. 

fJU'MgNT,  n.  [L.  jumentum ; Fr.  jument,  a 
mare.]  A beast  of  burden  ; cattle.  Burton. 

JUMP,  v.  n.  [Dut.  Sj  Ger.  gumpen.)  [i.  jumped; 
pp.  JUMPING,  JUMPED.] 

1.  To  spring  over  a distance  by  raising  both 
feet;  to  leap;  to  skip;  to  bound. 

2.  To  jolt ; to  shake,  or  be  agitated,  [n.] 

The  noise  of  the  prancing  horses,  and  the  jumping  char- 
iots.  Nahum  iii.  2. 

3.  To  agree;  to  coincide;  to  tally;  — gen- 
erally used  with  with,  [it.] 

In  some  sort  it  jumps  with  my  humor.  Shah. 


JUMP,  v.  a.  1.  To  venture  on  ; to  risk  ; to  hazard. 

To  jump  a body  with  dangerous  physic.  Shah. 

2.  To  pass,  by  a leap  ; to  leap.  Shah. 

f JUMP,  ad.  Exactly;  nicely.  Shah. 

JUMP,  n.  1.  The  act  of  jumping;  a spring;  a 
leap  ; a skip  ; a bound. 

2.  A lucky  chance  ; hazard. 

Our  fortune  lies  upon  this  jump.  Shah. 


3.  (Min.)  A fault  or  dislocation  in  mineral 
strata. 

4.  (Arch.)  An  abrupt  rise  in  a level  piece  of 
brick-work  or  masonry. 


JUMP,  n.  [Fr  .jupe,  and  juponl)  A kind  of  loose, 
limber  stays,  worn  by  women  ; a waistcoat ; a 
juppon. — See  Jupfon.  Cleveland. 


JUMPER,  n.  1.  One  who  jumps  or  leaps.  Brevint. 

2.  A tool  for  boring  holes  in  stones  or  rocks; 

a borer.  We  ale. 

3.  (Eccl.  Ilist.)  One  of  a Christian  sect  or 

denomination;  — so  called  from  their  practice 
of  jumping  during  the  performance  of  religious 
worship.  Eden. 

4.  (Ent.)  The  maggot  of  the  cheese-fly  (Pi- 

ophila  casei).  Simmonds. 

JUMP'ING,  p.  a.  That  jumps  ; skipping. 


JUMP'ING— DEER,  il.  (ZoOl.)  The  black-tailed 
deer  found  in  North  America,  to  the  west  of 
the  Mississippi ; Cervus  Lewisii.  Craig. 

JUMP'ING— HARE,  il.  (Zolil.)  A rodent  quadru- 
ped, the  largest  of  the  genus  Dipus,  or  jerboa. 
— See  Jerboa.  Brande. 


JUN-CA'CEOUS  (-shus,  66),  a.  [L.  juncus,  a 
rush.]  (Bot.)  Noting  a genus  of  plants  of 
which  the  rush  is  the  type  ; juncous.  Smart. 

JUN'CATE  (jung'kat,  82),  n.  [It.  giuncata ; Fr. 
jonchee .] 

1.  Cheese-cake  ; a sweetmeat ; any  delicacy  ; 

a dainty.  Spenser. 

2.  A furtive  entertainment ; junket.  Johnson. 

JUN'COUS,  a.  [L.  juncosus .]  Full  of  rushes  ; 
resembling  rushes  ; juncaceous.  Johnson. 

JUNC'TION,  n.  [L.  junctio  ; TPr.jonctioni] 

1.  The  act  of  joining ; a joining;  union  ; coa- 
lition ; combination.  Addison. 

2.  The  place  of  union  ; joint;  juncture. 

Syn.  — See  Union. 

JUNCTURE  (jungkt'yur,  82),  n.  [ L.junctura  ; It. 
giuntura;  Sp  .juntura;  Fr  .jointure.) 

1.  The  line  at  which  two  things  are  joined. 
“ Junctures  of  the  distillatory  vessels.”  Boyle. 

2.  Act  of  joining;  union;  junction.  “Com- 
pliance and  juncture  of  hearts.”  King  Charles. 

3.  A joint ; one  articulation.  “ One  entire 
bone  without  those  gristly  junctures.”  More. 

4.  A critical  point  of  time  ; a crisis.  “ In 

some  extraordinary  junctures.”  Addison. 

JUN'etJS,  n.  [L.,  the  rush  \jwngo,  to  join,  because 
the  first  ropes  were  made  of  rushes.]  (Bot.)  A 
genus  of  evergreen,  herbaceous  plants  ; rush ; 
bulrush.  Loudon. 

•JUNE,  n.  [L.  Junius ; It.  Giugno  ; Sp.  Junio  ; 
Fr.  Jain.  — Vossius  gives  three  etymologies, 
without  expressing  any  preference  ; viz.,  juni- 
oribus,  junone,  junenxlo.]  The  sixth  month  of 
the  year ; but  in  the  old  Latin  calendar  the 
fourth.  Brande. 

A noise  ns  of  n hidden  brook 

In  the  leafy  month  of  June.  Coleridge. 

JUN'IJAT-ING,  n.  An  apple  which  ripens  in 
June;  jenneting.  P.  Cyc. 


JUNE'-BER-RY,  n.  (Bot.)  1.  A small  American 
tree,  the  fruit  of  which  ripens  in  June  ; Ame- 
lanchicr  Canadensis  ; — called  also  shad-bush 
and  shad-berry.  Gray. 

2.  The  berry  of  the  Amelanchier  Canadensis. 

JUN'GLE  (jun'gl),  il.  A thicket  of  brushwood, 
shrubs,  reeds,  or  high  grass.  Ed.  Rev. 

JUN'GLY  (jun'gle),  a.  Relating  to,  or  containing, 
a jungle,  or  jungles.  Ec.  Rev. 

||  JIJN'IOR  (jun'yur  or  ju'ne-ur)  [ju'ne-ur,  W.P.J. 
F.Ja.  IVr.;  ju'ne-ur  Sm. ; ju'nyur,  S’.;  ju'nyur, 
E.  A'.],  a.  [L.  junior,  the  comparative  of  ju- 
venis,  young.]  Younger ; later  born  : — later  in 
office  or  in  rank  ; — opposed  to  elder  and  senior. 

||  JUN'IOR  (jun'yur),  n.  One  who  is  younger,  in 
age  or  standing,  than  another.  Swift. 

||  JUN-IOR'I-Ty  (jun-yor'e-te)  [jun-yor'e-te,  K. 
Wb.;  ju-ne-5r'e-te,  Ja.  Sin.  Wr.],n.  The  state 
of  being  junior  or  younger  than  another. 

JU'NI-PIJR,  n.  [L.  juniperus  ; It.  qinepro  ; Sp. 
enebro ; Fr.  genevrier.)  (Bot.)  The  name  of 
evergreen  trees  or  shrubs  of  the  genus  Juniperus. 

“ The  common  juniper  ( Juniperus  communis ) is 
a bushrwith  long,  narrow,  sharp-pointed  leaves  and 
blackish  fruit  which  is  used  in  the  preparation  of  gin, 
and  in  medicine  as  a powerful  diuretic.”  Eng.  Cyc. 

JUNK  (jungk,  82),  n.  [L.  juncus,  a bulrush  ; It. 
giunco  ; Sp.  junco  ; Fr .jonque.) 

1.  Pieces  of  cable  or  old  cordage,  used  for 
making  points,  gaskets,  mats,  &c. 

2.  A Chinese  flat-bottomed  vessel  with  three 

masts  and  a short  bowsprit.  Brande. 

3.  Hard,  salted  beef,  such  as  is  supplied  to 

ships.  Simmonds. 

JUNK'— BOT-TLE,  n.  A strong  glass  bottle,  for 
porter,  ale,  &c.  Bartlett. 

JUNK'IJR-lTE,  n.  (Min.)  A carbonate  of  iron; 
common  spathic  iron.  Dana. 

JUNK’IyT,  n.  [Corrupted  from  juncate .] 

1.  A sweetmeat ; a dainty  ; a delicacy. 

With  stories  told  of  many  a feat, 

How  fairy  Mab  the  junhets  eat.  Milton. 

2.  A stolen  entertainment ; juncate.  Shah. 

JUNK'gT  (jungk'et,  82),  v.  n.  [i.  junketed  ; pp. 
JUNKETING,  JUNKETED.] 

1.  To  feast  secretly  or  by  stealth.  Swift. 

2.  To  feast;  to  eat  together. 

Job’s  children  junketed  and  feasted  together  often.  South. 

JUNK'— RING,  n.  A ring  fitting  a groove,  round 
a piston,  in  order  to  make  it  steam-tight.  IVeale. 

JU'NO,  n.  1.  (Myth.)  The  Latin  name  of  the 
sister  and  consort  of  Jupiter  ; — styled  also  the 
Queen  of  Heaven. 

2.  (Astron.)  An  asteroid  or  one  of  the  small 
planets  which  circulate  between  the  orbits  of 
Mars  and  Jupiter;  — discovered  by  Olbers  in 
1804.  Lovering. 

fJUNT,  n.  A prostitute  ; a strumpet.  Middleton. 

JUJV'TA,  il. ; pi.  JUN'TAj.  [Sp.]  A grand  Spanish 
council  of  state  ; an  assembly  : — a cabal. 

JUN'TO,  n.  ; pi.  ji”in't5§.  [It.  giunta,  from  L. 
junctus,  joined;  Sp.  junta,  junto.)  A combina- 
tion of  men  for  some  political  or  sinister  pur- 
pose ; a cabal ; a faction. 

The  puzzling  sons  of  party  next  appeared, 

In  dark  cabals  and  mighty  juntos  met.  Thomson. 

Syn.  — See  Faction. 

JUPE,  n.  A sort  of  pelisse  or  mantle  formerly 
worn  by  women  and  children  : — a flannel  shirt 
or  jacket.  — See  Jump,  and  Juppon.  Simmonds. 

JU'PI-TIJR,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  Zfis,  and  tt aryp, 
father.] 

1.  (Myth.)  The  Latin  name  of  the  deity  called 

by  the  Greeks  Zeus ; the  supreme  monarch  of 
gods  and  men  ; Jove.  Brande. 

2.  (Astron.)  One  of  the  planets,  the  largest 
in  the  solar  system. 

JUP-PON',  or  JllP'PON,  n.  [Fr .jupon.)  An  under 
petticoat : — a short,  close  coat ; a doublet.  — 
Written  also  jippo,  jipo.  jupe,  juppa,  and  jump. 

JU'RAT,  n.  [L.  juro,  juratus,  to  take  an  oath  ; 
F r.  jure.) 

1.  A sort  of  alderman  in  some  English  corpo- 
rations. Sir  T.  Elyot. 


2.  An  assistant  to  a bailiff. 

Jersey  has  a bailiff  and  twelve  sworn  jurats  to  govern  the 
island.  Craig. 

JU'RA-TO-RY,  a.  [L.  juratorius,  from  juro,  to 
take  an  oath.]  Relating  to,  or  comprising,  an 
oath.  Aylijfc. 

JU'RE  Dl-Vi'JTO.  [L.]  (Law.)  By  divine  right. 

JU-RID'IC,  / a . [L . juridicus  ; Sp .juridico; 

jy-Rln'I-CAL,  > Fr.  juridique.) 

1.  Relating  to  jurisprudence,  or  to  the  dis- 

pensation of  justice  ; judicial  ; forensic:  — re- 
lating to  a judge.  Milton. 

2.  Used  in  courts  of  law  or  justice ; done  in 
conformity  to  the  laws  of  the  country.  Hale. 

Juridical  days,  days  in  court  on  which  the  law  is 
administered.  Bonnier. 

JU-RID'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  With  legal  authority  ; in 
legal  form.  Johnson. 

JU'IUN-ITE,  n.  (Min.)  A mineral  consisting 
chiefly  of  titanic  acid,  with  a little  oxide  of 
iron.  Dana. 

JU-RIS-CON'SULT,  n.  [L . jurisconsultus  ■,  jus,  ju- 
ris, right  ; consulo,  consultus,  to  consult.]  (Ant.) 

1.  A man  skilled  in  Roman  jurisprudence  : — 
a title  given  to  a class  of  Roman  lawyers. 

2.  A counsellor;  a jurist;  a civilian. 

JU-RIS-DIC'TION,  n.  [L.  jurisdictio  ; It .jurisdi- 
zione;  Sp . jurisdiction  •,  Fr.  jurisdiction.) 

1.  A power  constitutionally  conferred  upon  a 
judge  or  a magistrate  to  take  cognizance  of  and 
decide  causes  according  to  law,  and  to  carry  his 
sentence  into  execution  ; legal  authority  or 
power  ; the  power  of  executing  the  laws.  Burrill. 

2.  The  power  or  the  right  of  exercising  au- 
thority. “ Heaven’s  high  jurisdiction.”  Milton. 

3.  The  district  to  which  the  power  of  dispens- 
ing justice,  or  any  authority,  extends.  Johnson. 

Appellate  jurisdiction,  jurisdiction  when  an  appeal  is 
given  from  the  judgment  of  another  court. — Assistant 
jurisdiction,  jurisdiction  of  a court  of  chancery  afforded 
in  aid  of  a court  of  law.  — Concurrent  jurisdiction, 
jurisdiction  entertained  by  several  courts.  — Exclusive 
jurisdiction,  that  jurisdiction  which  alone  has  the 
power  to  try  or  determine  the  suit,  action,  or  matter 
in  dispute. — Original  jurisdiction,  a jurisdiction  con- 
ferred on  a court  in  the  first  instance. 

JU-RIS-DlC'TION-AL,  a.  Relating  to  jurisdic- 
tion ; according  to  legal  authority.  Barrow. 

JU-RIS-DIO  TIVE,  a.  Having  jurisdiction.  Milton. 

J U-RIS-PR  tJ'DgNCE,  n.  [L.  jurisprudents  ; j us, 
juris,  right,  and  prudentia,  a foreseeing;  It. 
giurisprudenza  ; Sp.  jurisprudencia  ; Fr.  juris- 
prudence.) The  science  of  right ; the  science 
of  law;  the  knowledge  of  the  laws  of  states  and 
nations. 

Aristotle  himself  has  said,  speaking  of  the  laws  of  his  own 
country,  that  jurisprudence,  or  the  knowledge  of  those  laws, 
is  the  principal  and  most  perfect  branch  of  ethics.lJ^ac/.'sfone. 

JU-RlS-PRU'DpNT,  a.  Learned  or  versed  in  law ; 
jurisprudential.  West. 

JU-RIS-PRU-DEN'TIAL,  a.  Relating  to  jurispru- 
dence ; jurisprudent,  [u.]  Ec.  Rev. 

JU'RjST,  ii.  [L.  jus  ; It.  giurista  ; Sp.  jurista  ; 
Er.  jurist  e.) 

L One  versed  in  law,  particularly  Roman  or 
civil  law  ; a civilian.  Bacon. 

2.  One  who  is  versed  in  international  law. 

3.  A practitioner  or  student  of  law  ; a lawyer. 

Syn.  — See  Lawyer. 

JU-RIS'TIC,  ) a±  Relating  to  jurisprudence, 

JU-RIS'TI-CAL,  > or  to  a jurist.  Gent.  Mag. 

JU'ROR,  n.  [L.  jurat  or ; juror,  to  swear ; Sp  .ju- 
i-ado;  Nor.  Fr.  jorrour ; Fr.  jure.)  One  who 
is  empanelled  on  a jury ; a juryman.  Spenser. 

JU'RY,  n.  [L . juro,  juratus-,  It .giuri;  Fr . juri, 
or  jury.)  A body  of  men,  selected  according  to 
law,  for  the  purpose  of  deciding  some  contro- 
versy, or  trying  some  case  in  law.  Bouvier. 

DSf  Juries  are  either  grand  or  petit  juries,  the  latter 
consisting  of  12  men,  the  former  of  hot  less  than  12, 
nor  more  than  23. 

The  wisdom  of  man  hath  not  devised  a happier  institution 
than  that  of  juries,  or  one  founded  in  a juster  knowledge  of 
human  life  or  of  human  capacity.  Patel/. 

The  rigid  of  juries  to  return  a general  verdict,  in  all  cases 
whatsoever,  is  an  essential  part  of  our  [the  English]  constitu- 
tion, not  to  be  controlled  or  limited  by  the  judges,  nor  io  any 
shape  questioned  by  the  legislature.  Junius. 

JU'RY— BdX,  n.  A place  or  an  enclosure  for  a 
jury  to  sit  in  during  the  trial  of  a cause.  Ec.  Bcv. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  R1JLE. — (J>  0,  9,  g,  soft  ■ £,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


JURYMAN  796  JYMOLD 


JU'RY-MAN,  n.  One  who  is  empanelled  on  a 
jury ; a juror. 

JU'RY-MAsT,  n.  [“  Probably  from  Ft.  jour,  a day, 
and  mast ; i.  e.  a mast  for  a day,  or  a temporary 
mast.”  Thomson.']  ( Naut .)  A temporary  mast 
erected  in  a ship,  in  the  room  of  one  that  has 
been  carried  away  by  a tempest,  or  by  any  other 
accident.  Branile. 

J&S  QEN'Tj-tlM  (-jen'she-um),  n.  [L.]  The  law 
of  nations.  Hamilton. 

JUST,  a.  [L  .Justus  ; jus,  right,  justice  ; It.  gius- 
to\  Sp . justo  ; Ft.  juste.] 

1.  Founded  on,  or  conformed  to,  justice  or 
right ; equitable  ; rightful ; right ; lawful. 

Thrice  is  he  armed  who  hatli  his  quarrel  just.  Shale. 

We  now  return 

To  claim  our  just  inheritance  of  old.  Milton. 

2.  Conformed  to  the  laws  of  God ; upright ; 
innocent ; pure  ; righteous  ; blameless. 

How  can  man  be  just  with  God?  Job. 

I made  him  just  and  right, 

Sufficient  to  have  stood,  though  free  to  fall.  Milton. 

3.  Rendering  to  all  their  due ; dispensing 
justice ; honest  ; upright ; fair  ; virtuous  ; con- 
scientious ; uncorrupt. 

The  just  man  walketh  in  his  integrity.  Prov.  xx.  7. 

Be  just , and  fear  not.  Slictk. 

4.  Conformed  to  some  preconceived  or  some 
proper  standard;  exact;  proper;  accurate;  full. 

Just  balance,  just  weights,  a just  ephah,  and  a just  bin 
shall  ye  have.  Lev.  xix.  36. 

5.  Due  ; merited  ; condign  ; suitable. 

He  received  a just  recompense  of  reward.  Hcb.  ii.  2. 

6.  Regular ; orderly ; arranged. 

Then  all 

The  war  shall  stand  ranged  in  its  just  array.  Addison. 

7.  Founded  on  truth ; true;  correct;  as,  “A 
just  accusation  or  censure.” 

Syn.  — See  Conscientious,  Fair,  Honest, 
Lawful. 

JUST,  ad.  1.  Exactly;  precisely;  accurately. 

’T  is  with  our  judgments  as  our  watches;  none 

Go  just  alike,  yet  each  believes  his  own.  Pope. 

2.  Merely  ; barely  ; as,  “Just  enough.” 

3.  Nearly;  almost;  as,  “Just  at  the  time.” 

Just  now,  very  recently.  — Just  so,  in  that  manner  ; 

exactly. 

JUST,  n.  [It.  giostra ; Sp.  junta ; Old  Fr.  jouste. 
— Skinner  and  Menage  derive  it  from  L.  justa, 
as  applied  to  funeral  rites,  because  the  combats 
of  gladiators  were  exhibited  at  the  performance 
of  those  rites.  “ This  opinion,”  says  Richard- 
son, “ has  simplicity  and  directness  to  recom- 
mend it.”]  A combat  between  two  persons 
with  lances; — properly,  a mere  amicable  con- 
test or  trial  of  strength.  — See  Joust.  Brande. 

The  tournament,  an  assembly  held  for  the  purpose  of 
exhibiting,/^*’,  or  the  encounter  of  several  knights  on  aside. 

Brande. 

JUST,  v.  n.  [It.  giostrare-,  Sp .justar;  Fr .jouter.] 
To  engage  in  a mock  fight;  to  tilt.  — See  Joust. 

JUSTE— MILIEU  (zhust'mil-yu').  [Fr.,  just  me- 
dium.] A phrase  or  term  applied  to  a class  of 
politicians  in  France  that  pursued  a middle 
course  between  the  Carlists,  or  legitimists,  and 
the  liberal  or  republican  party.  Ed.  Rev. 

JUS'TICE  (jus'tjs),  n.  \L.justitia;  It .giustizia; 
Sp  .justiciary  Ft.  justice.] 

1.  The  quality  of  being  just ; the  practice  of 
rendering  to  every  man  his  due  ; — opposed  to 
wrong  or  injury.  It  is  distributive  in  rulers  and 
magistrates,  and  commutative  in  the  ordinary 
dealings  of  man  with  man. 

By  me  kings  reign  and  princes  decree  justice..  Prov.  viii.  15. 
The  maxims  of  natural  justice  are  few  and  evident.  Paley. 

The  pure  and  impartial  administration  of  justice  is  per- 
haps the  firmest  bond  to  secure  a cheerful  submission  of  the 
people,  and  to  engage  their  affections  to  government.  Junius. 

2.  Equity;  justness;  right;  rectitude. 

3.  Vindication  of  right ; retribution ; pun- 
ishment ; — opposed  to  mercy. 

Examples  at'  justice  must  he  made,  for  the  terror  of  some; 
examples  of  mercy,  for  the  comfort  of  others.  Bacon. 

4.  An  officer  appointed  to  administer  justice ; 
a judge ; as,  “ A chief  justice  ” ; “A  justice  of 
the  King's  Bench,  or  justice  of  the  Common 
Pleas  ” ; — a conservator  of  the  peace ; a peace 
officer  ; as,  “ A justice  of  the  peace.” 

Syn  . — Justice  and  equity  are  nearly  or  quite  the 
same;  bat  in  law  they  are  differently  applied.  Jus- 
tice is  right,  or  contemplates  right,  according  to  estab- 
lished law  ; as,  “A  court  of  justice.”  Equity  is  right, 


or  contemplates  right,  according  to  the  law  of  nature  ; 
as,  “ A court  of  equity.”  A thing  or  an  act  may  be 
just  or  lawful,  i.  e.  in  accordance  with  established 
law,  and  yet  not  equitable.  — See  Rectitude. 

f JfJS'TJCE,  v.  a.  To  administer  justice.  Bacon. 

f JUS'TICE- A-BLE  (jus'tjs-a-bl),  a.  Liable  to  ac- 
count in  a court  of  justice.  Hayward. 

f JUS'TjCE-MENT,  n.  Procedure  in  courts.  Bailey. 

t JUS'TItji-pR,  n.  Administrator  of  justice.  Shak. 

JUS'TICE-SHIP,  n.  The  rank  or  office  of  a jus- 
tice : — the  jurisdiction  of  a justice.  Swift. 

JITS-TI''CI-  A-BLE  (jus-tish'e-a-bl),  a.  [Fr.]  Proper 
to  be  examined  in  courts  of  justice.  Bailey. 

JUS-Ti''CI-AR  (jus-tlsh'e-ar),  ) n_  A judge  ; a 

JUS-TF'Cl-lJR  (jus-tish'e-er),  > justice;  a justici- 
ary. Tomlins. 

jyS-Tp'CI-AR-SlrtP,  n.  The  office  or  the  author- 
ity of  a justiciar.  Ld.  Campbell. 

JUS-TF'CI-A-RY  (jus-tlsh'e-j-re),  n.  [Low  L .jus- 
ticiarius  ; Nor.  Fr .justierie.] 

1.  An  administrator  of  justice ; a chief  justice. 

2.  An  officer  of  high  power  and  dignity  under 
the  Norman  kings  of  England. 

After  the  conquest,  the  king's  justiciary  drew  the  cogni- 
zance of  the  cause  from  the  county  court.  Blackstone. 

The  High  Court  of  Justiciary  is  the  supreme  court 
of  criminal  justice  in  Scotland,  — composed  of  live  of 
tile  lords  of  session,  added  to  the  justice  clerk,  the 
president  of  the  court. 

JUS-Tl"CI-B§  (jus-tlsh'e-ez),  n.  (Laic.)  A spe- 
cial writ  empowering  the  sheriff  of  a county  to 
hold  plea  of  an  action  in  his  court.  Brande. 

JUS'TI-COAT,  n.  A waistcoat  with  sleeves  ; a 
close  coat.  Simmonds. 

J0S'T!-Fi-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  justified  or 
proved  to  be  just ; right;  just;  vindicable;  de- 
fensible by  law  or  reason. 

It  is  one  thing  to  do  that  which  is  justifiable , but  another 
that  which  is  commendable.  Marvell. 

JUS'TI-FI-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
justifiable.  Bp.  Hall. 

JUS'TI-FI-A-BLY,  ad.  In  a justifiable  manner. 

JUS-TI-FI-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  jmtificatio ; It.  gius- 
tificazione ; Sp.  justification  ; Ft.  justification.] 

1.  The  act  of  justifying ; exculpation ; de- 
fence ; vindication. 

2.  The  state  of  being  justified. 

3.  (Theol.)  The  act  by  which  a person  is  ac- 

counted just  or  righteous  in  the  sight  of  God, 
or  placed  in  a state  of  salvation  ; remission  of 
sin  ; absolution.  Rom.  v.  16. 

4.  (Law.)  The  act  by  which  a party  accused 
shows  a good  and  legal  reason  for  doing  the 
thing  for  which  he  is  called  upon  to  answer. 

JUS-TIF'I-CA-TIVE  [jus-tif'e-kj-tlv,  IF.  Ja.  Wr. 
Wb.\  jus-te-fe-ka'tjv,  A'.],  a.  Having  power  to 
justify;  tending  to  justify;  justificatory;  justi- 
fying. Sherwood. 

JUS'TI-FI-CA-TOR,  n.  A justifier.  Johnson. 

JUS-TIF'I-CA-TO-RY,  a.  Tending  to  justify;  vin- 
dicatory ; justificative.  ’ Johnson. 

JUS'Tt-FI-lJK,  n.  One  who  justifies  ; a vindicator. 

JUS'TI-FY  (jus'te-fi),  v.  a.  [L.  justifico  ; justus, 
just,  and  facto,  to  make  ; It.  yiustficare  ; Sp. 
justificar ; Fr.  justifier.]  [».  justified  ; pp.  jus- 
tifying, justified.] 

1.  To  prove  or  show  to  be  just;  to  render 
just;  to  vindicate  as  right y to  clear  ; to- defend; 
to  exculpate  ; to  excuse. 

That  to  the  height  of  this  great  argument, 

I may  assert  eternal  Providence, 

And  justify  the  ways  of  God  to  men.  Milton. 

2.  (Theol.)  To  free  from  sin;  to  clear  from 
guilt ; to  absolve  ; to  acquit. 

By  him  all  that  believe  are  justified  from  all  things,  from 
which  ye  could  not  be  justified  by  the  law  of  Moses. 

Acts  xiii.  39. 

3.  (Printing.)  To  adjust  properly,  as  the 
words,  lines,  spaces,  &c.,  of  a page.  Adams. 

JUS'TI-FY-ING,  p.  a.  That  justifies  ; clearing 
from  guilt  or  blame. 

JUS'TI-FY-ING,  n.  (Printing.)  The  act  of  prop- 
erly adjusting  the  words,  lines,  spaces,  &c.,  of 
a page.  Adams. 

JUS-TIN'I-AN,  a.  Relating  to  the  code  of  laws 


instituted  about  the  year  A.  D.  529,  by  the  Ro- 
man Ejnperor  Justinian.  Gibbon. 

JUS'TLE  (jus'sl),  v.  n.  [It.  giostrare  ; Sp.  justar-. 
Old  Fr.  jouster.]  [t.  justled  ; pp.  justling, 
justled.]  To  encounter  ; to  clash;  to  rush, 
run,  or  strike  against  each  other,  as  two  per- 
sons or  two  things; — written  also  jostle. 

And,  in  the  dark,  men  justle  as  they  meet.  Dryden. 

JUS'TLE  (jus'sl),  v.  a.  To  push;  to  force  by 
rushing  against ; to  shake  ; to  joggle ; — com- 
monly followed  by  out  or  off.  “We  justled 
one  another  out.”  Addison. 

JUS'TLE  (jus'sl),  n.  Shock  ; slight  encounter. 

JUS'TLJNG,  n.  Act  of  rushing  against;  shock; 
justle.  “ Justlings  and  clashing?. ” Woodward. 

JUST'LY,  ad.  With  justice;  in  a just  manner; 
uprightly  ; properly. 

JtjST'NJJSS,  n.  1.  The  quality  of  being  just ; jus- 
tice ; equity  ; equitableness.  Shak. 

2.  Conformity  to  truth;  accuracy;  exactness; 
propriety;  fairness.  Addison. 

Syn.  — We  estimate  the  remarks  on  a question  ac- 
cording to  their  justness,  that  is,  their  accordance 
with  certain  admitted  principles.  Justness  of  thought 
or  remarks  ; accuracy  of  statement ; correctness  of  style 
or  date;  precision  of  language  ; propriety  of  conduct. 

lustness  is  properly  applied  to  things,  and  justice  to 

persons  ; as,  the  justice  of  the  actor,  the  justness  of 
. the  act. 

JUT,  v.n.  [Fr.  jetter,  to  throw.]  [*.  jutted; 
pp.  jutting,  jutted.]  To  push  or  shoot  out ; 
to  run  against ; to  butt ; to  jet.  — See  Jet. 

The  land,  if  not  restrained,  had  met  your  way, 
Projected  out  a neck,  and  jutted  to  the  sea.  Dryden. 

JUT,  n.  That  which  projects;  a projection;  a 
prominence  ; a jutty.  Congreve. 

JUTE,  n.  (Bot.)  An  annual  plant  common  in 
Bengal,  which  affords  the  materials  for  gunny- 
bags  and  for  a coarse  kind  of  cloth  ; Corcliorus 
olitorius.  Simmonds. 

JUT'TING,  n.  The  act  of  projecting;  a projec- 
tion. Goldsmith. 

JUT'TY,  v.  a.  To  shoot  out  beyond.  Shak. 

JUT'TY,  v.  n.  To  shoot  out ; to  jut.  Holland. 

JUT'TY,  n.  1.  A part  of  a building  that  projects 
beyond  the  rest ; a projection,  Shak. 

2.  A jetty  ; a pier  ; a mole.  Act  1,  Edw.  VI. 

JUT'— WIN-DOW  (-do),n.  A window  that  juts  out. 

f JU'VE-NAl,  n.  [L .juvenis.]  A youth.  Shak. 

JU-VE-JrA'  LI- A,  n.  pi.  [L.]  (Roman  Ant.) 
Scenic  games  instituted  by  Nero  in  commem- 
oration of  his  shaving  his  beard  for  the  first 
time  : — also,  the  name  given  to  those  games, 
as  chariot  races,  combats  of  wild  beasts,  ex- 
hibited by  the  emperors  on  the  first  of  January 
in  each  year.  W.  Smith. 

JU-Vg-NES'CIJNCE,  n.  [L.  juveneseo,  juvenes- 
cens,  to  grow  up  ; to  grow  young.] 

1.  The  act  of  growing  up  ; the  state  of  youth. 

2.  The  act  of  growing  young  again.  Good. 

JU'VJE-NILE  (18)  [ju've-nil,  W.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Sm. ; 
ju've-nll,  S.  Ja.  K.],  a.  [L.  juvenilis  ; It . gio- 
venile  ; Ft.  juvenile.] 

1.  Relating  to  youth  ; young ; youthful. 

2.  Adapted  or  suited  to  youth. 

Syn.  — See  Youthful. 

JU-VU-NIL'1-TY,  n.  [L.  jurenilitas.]  The  state 
or  the  quality  of  being  juvenile  ; youthfulness. 

t JU'vyN-TATE,  n.  [L.  juventas.]  Youth. Chaucer. 

JU'Vj-A,  n.  The  fruit  of  the  Bertholletia  excelsa ; 
the  Brazil  nut.  Eng.  Cyc. 

JU-WAN'SA,  n.  (Bot.)  A thorny  shrub,  the 
camel’s  thorn,  which  furnishes  the  manna  of 
the  desert ; Alhagi  maurorum.  Simmonds. 

JUX-TA-PO§'lT,  v.  a.  \i.  juxtaposited  ; pp. 
juxtapositing,  juxTArosiTED.]  To  place 
contiguously  or  near.  Derham. 

jDX-TA-PO§'JT-5D,  p.  a.  Placed  near.  Beattie. 

J i; X-T A- PO-§I'  T I ON  (juks-tfi-po-zlsh'un),  n.  [L. 
juxta  and  positio  ; Ft.  juxtaposition.]  The  state 
of  being  placed  in  nearness  or  contiguity ; ap- 
position ; proximity.  Warton. 

JU-zAlL',  n.  A heavy  Affghan  rifle.  Slocqueler. 

JY'MOLD,  a.  See  Gimmal.  Shak. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  ]J,  (,  O,  U,  y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


K 


797 


KEDGE 


K. 


Kthe  eleventh  letter  of  the  alphabet,  and  bor- 
* rowed  by  the  English  from  the  Greek  Kappa 
or  the  Hebrew  kopli,  has,  before  all  the  vowels, 
one  invariable  sound,  as  in  keen,  kill.  K is  si- 
lent before  n ; as,  knife,  knee. 

KAB,  n.  A Hebrew  measure.  — See  Cab. 

KA-BAS'SOU,  n.  (Zo'dl.)  A species  of  armadillo, 
having  very  large  claws.  Eng.  Cyc. 

KA-BOB',  v.  a-.  See  Cabob. 
kA'DI,  n.  A Turkish  judge. — See  Cadi.  Roget. 
KAD-I-As'TER,  n.  A Turkish  judge.  Smart. 
KAIL,  n.  See  Kale.  Johnson. 

KAK'O-DULE,  J n-  [Gr.  KariPiris,  ill-smelling. 
KAK'O-DYLE,  ) ( Chem .)  An  insoluble,  organic, 
compound  radical,  composed  of  carbon,  hydro- 
gen, and  arsenic,  poisonous  and  of  an  offen- 
sive smell.  Fowne. 

KAK-O-DYL'IC,  a.  Relating  to,  or  composed  of, 
kakodyle.  Fowne. 

KAK'OX-ENE,  n.  See  Cacoxene.  Smart. 

KA'LAND,  n.  A German  lay  fraternity,  insti- 
tuted in  the  thirteenth  century,  for  the  purpose 
of  doing  honor  to  deceased  persons. 

flijpTlie  term  is  probably  derived  from  kalends,  the 
first  day  of  any  month,  as  the  members  of  this  society 
chose  that  day  for  the  observance  of  their  ceremonies. 
Brande. 

KALE,  n.  [Gr.  icavAd; ; L.  caulis ; It.  cavolo  ; Sp. 
col ; Port,  couve;  Fr.-  chon.  — A.  S.  cal,  cawl ; 
Su.  Goth,  kal ; Dut.  kool ; Ger.  kohl',  Dan.  kaal ; 
Sw.  kaol ; Icel.  kal ; Gael.  § Ir.  cal',  W.  § Corn. 
cawl ; Bret,  caol,  caulen.] 

1.  A kind  of  cabbage  ; colewort.  Farm.  Ency. 
2.  A sort  of  pottage ; broth ; kel.  Jamieson. 

KA-LEI'DO-SCOPE,  n.  [Gr.  Kak6s,  beautiful,  uSo;, 
form,  and  anonim,  to  look.]  An  optical  instru- 
ment or  toy,  invented  or  revived  by  Sir  D. 
Brewster,  which  exhibits  a great  variety  of  beau- 
tiful colors  and  symmetrical  forms.  Ed.  Easy. 

KA-LEl-DO-SCOP'IC,  ? a_  Relating  to  the 
KA-LEI-DO-SCOP'I-CAL,  ) kaleidoscope.  Stone. 

KAL'EN-DAR,  n.  [L.  kalendarium,  from  kalen- 
dc e,  the  first  day  of  the  month,  from  Gr.  xaUw, 
to  call.]  An  account  of  time.  — See  Calendar. 
KAL-EN-dA'RI-AL,  a.  Relating  or  belonging  to 
the  kalendar.  Loudon. 

KAL'JJN-DIJR,  n.  [Arab.,jaure  gold. ] A sort  of 
dervise.  — See  Calender.  Todd. 

KAL'JJND§,  n.  See  Calends.  London  Ency. 

KALE'— YARD,  n.  [ kale  and  yard.]  A kitchen 
garden.  [Scotland.]  Booth. 

KA'LI  (ka'le),  n.  [Arab,  galy,  or  algaly.)  The 
name  of  the  marine  plant  from  the  ashes  of 
which  soda  is  obtained  by  lixiviation  ; Salsola 
kali.  Loudon. 

j&g*  Potassa  is  sometimes  called  kali. 

KA'LJF,  n.  See  Caliph. 

kAl'I-PHITE,  n.  (Min.)  A browm  iron  ore,  ox- 
ide of  manganese,  and  silicate  of  zinc  with 
lime,  from  Hungary.  Dana. 

KA'LI-UM,  n.  [From  kali.]  (Chem.)  Potassium: 
— a term  used  by  German  chemists.  Brande. 

kAL-LJF-THOR'GON,  n.  A musical  instrument 
played  as  a piano,  and  producing  an  effect 
equivalent  to  violin,  violoncello,  and  double-bass 
in  concert.  Buchanan. 

KAL-LIG'RA-PHY,  n.  See  Calligraphy. 

KAL'MI-A,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  American  ever- 
green shrubs,  having  beautiful  white  or  pink 


flowers  ; the  American  laurel ; — named  by  Lin- 
naeus in  honor  of  Peter  Kahn.  Loudon. 

KA-LOY'BR,  n.  See  Caloyer.  Ricaut. 


KAL-SBE-PEE',  n.  [Mahratta,  black  tail.]  An 
elegant  species  of  antelope.  Craig. 


KAI/SO-MINE,  n.  A kind  of  painting.  Clarke. 

KAM,  a.  [Gael.,  Ir.,  AV.,  Corn.,  &;  Bret.  cam.  — Gr. 
Kayni'i,  a turning  or  bending.]  Crooked ; awry. 
Sichiius.  This  is  clean  kam. 

Brutus.  Merely  awry.  Shak. 

Kim-kam,  according  to  Johnson,  a corruption  of 
clean  kam.  — “ Clean  kam  means  all  wrong  or  crooked, 
and  was  corrupted  into  kim-kam.,,  Wares. 


KAM'A-CHl,  n.  (Or- 
nith.)  An  extraordi- 
nary bird  of  the  order 
Grallce,  family  RaL 
lidce,  and  genus  Pal- 
amedea  of  Linnae- 
us, somewhat  larger 
than  a common 
goose,  with  a long, 
spear-shaped  horn 
projecting  from  the 
forehead,  wings  long 
and  pointed,  tail  wide 
and  square,  and  liv- 
ing in  the  marshy  or 
inundated  grounds  of 
Guiana  and  Brazil, 
which  it  makes  resound  with  its  wild  and  loud 
cry  ; horned-screamer ; Palamedca  cornuta. 

Eng.  Cyc. 


Kamachi 

(Palamedca  cornuta). 


KAM'Ml>R-lJR-lTE,  n.  (Min.)  A mineral  con- 
sisting of  a hydrous  silicate  of  alumina  and 
magnesia,  which  occurs  crystallized  and  mas- 
sive. Dana. 


KAM'SIN,  n.  [Arab .,  fifty.)  A noxious,  hot,  and 
dry  wind  of  Egypt,  which  blows  for  about  fifty 
days,  from  Easier  to  Pentecost;  — called  also 
simoom  and  samiel.  Gent.  Mag. 


KAMT'CHA-DALE,  n.  (Geog.)  A native  of  Kamt- 
chatka.  P.  Cyc. 


KAN,  n.  See  Khan. 

kAN-GA-ROO'  (kang-ga_rS')>  n- 
(ZoOl.)  A marsupial  quad- 
ruped of  New  Holland,  of 
the  genus  Macropus,  hav- 
ing short  fore-legs,  and  long 
hind-legs,  on  which  it  leaps, 
and  varying  in  size  from 
that  of  a rat  to  that  of  the 
great  kangaroo,  which  is  as 
large  as  a sheep,  and  some- 
times weighs  140  pounds. 

Eng.  Cyc. 

kAn'TT-AN,  a.  Relating  to  Great  kangaroo 
Ivantism,  or  to  Kant.  P.Cyc.  <-MacroPus  major). 

KAnT'ISjM,  n.  The  doctrines  of  Kant.  Ed.  Rev. 

KANT'JST,  n.  A follower  of  Kant.  Ed.  Rev. 

kA'O-LINE,  n.  [Chinese  kao-ling,  high  ridge, 
the  name  of  a locality.]  The  Chinese  name  for 
porcelain  clay  ; a hydrous  silicate  of  alumina  ; 
China  clay.  Brande. 

KAP'NO-M6r,  n.  [Gr.  Kairvtf,  smoke,  and  poipa, 
a part.]  (Chem.)  A colorless  volatile  oil,  with 
the  odor  of  ginger,  obtained  from  heavy  oil  of 
wood.  Fowne. 

kAr'A-gAn,  n.  (Zoi>l.)  A species  of  fox  found 
in  T artary ; Vulpes  Karagan.  Fischer. 

KA-RA'TAS,  n.  [Brazilian  name  karaguata- 
acanga.  Loudon.]  A species  of  pine-apple,  na- 
tive to  theW.  Indies  ; Bromelia  karatas  .Loudon. 


KAR-MA'THJ-AN,  n.  One  of  a Mohammedan 
sect  of  the  ninth  century,  named  from  Karma- 
ta,  a poor  laborer,  who  assumed  the  rank  of  a 
prophet.  Brande. 

KA'ROB,  n.  The  24th  part  of  a grain  ; — a weight 
used  by  goldsmiths.  Crabb. 

KAR'PHO-LITE,  n.  [Gr.  Kiiptpo;,  straw,  and  Atdos, 
stone.]  (Min.)  A hydrated  silicate  of  alumina 
and  manganese,  in  stellated  crystals  ; — so  called 
from  its  color.  Brande. 

KAR-PIIO-SID'ER-ITE,  n.  [Gr.  cap^oj,  straw,  and 
<u'i5apo{,  iron.]  (Min.)  A yellow  or  straw-colored 
mineral  consisting  of  a hydrous  phosphate  of 
iron,  which  occurs  in  veniform  masses.  Eng. Cyc. 

KARS'TJjlN-ITE,  n.  (Min.)  A sulphate  of  lime  ; 
— called  also  anhydrite,  muriate,  and  tripe- 
stone.  Dana. 

KAR'VBL,  n.  See  Caravel. 

kAs'TRIL,  n.  See  Kestrel.  mil. 

KA-TAL'Y-SIS,  n.  [Gr.  kotUvcis,  dissolution.] 
(Chem.')  See  Catalysis.  Fowne. 

KA'TY-DID,  n.  (Ent.)  A species  of  grasshopper, 
found  in  the  United  States,  so  called  from  the 
sound  which  it  makes ; Platyphyllum  conca- 
vum.  Dr.  T.  W.  Harris. 

kAun,  n.  See  Khan. 

KA'VA , n.  The  Polynesian  name  of  the  Macro- 
piper methysticum  ; the  intoxicating  -long-pep- 
per : — an  intoxicating  drink  made  by  chewing 
the  root  of  the  above  plant,  and  then  fermenting 
it ; — written  also  ava,  arva,  and  cava.  Johnson. 

KA-VIRE',  n.  See  Caviare.  Booth. 

kAw,  v.n.  To  cry  as  a crow  or  rook.  — See  Caw. 

K.AWN,  n.  In  Turkey,  an  inn.  — See  Khan. 

KAYLE  (kal),  n.  [Su.  Goth,  kaegla,  kegla;  Dut. 
•Sr  Ger.  key  cl ; Dan.  kegle  ; Sw.  kegla  ; Fr.  quille  ; 
Port,  calha ; Gael,  cailise.] 

1.  A nine-pin ; a kettle-pin.  Sidney.  Car ew. 

2.  A game  played  in  Scotland  with  nine  holes 

and  an  iron  bullet.  Johnson. 

KAz'ZARD-LY,  ad.  Lean  ; liable  to  disease  or 
other  casualty;  — applied  to  cattle.  [North  of 
Eng.]  Halliwell. 

KEB'LAH,  n.  A term  applied  by  the  Mahome- 
tans to  that  point  of  the  compass  which  is  in 
the  direction  of  Mecca.  Smart. 

t KECK,  v.  n.  [Scot,  kecht,  a cough ; Dut.  keck- 
en  ; Ger.  kuken,  to  cough.  — W.  ccg,  the  throat.] 
To  heave  the  stomach;  to  make  an  effort  to 
vomit ; to  retch.  Bacon.  Swift. 

f KECK,  n.  An  effort  to  vomit.  Cheyne. 

KEC'KLE  (kek'kl),  v.  a.  (Naut.)  To  defend,  as 
a cable  by  winding  a rope  round  it.  Dana. 

f KEC'KLE,  v.  n.  [See  Keck.]  To  make  an  effort 
to  vomit ; to  keck  or  retch.  Bailey. 

KECK'SY,  7i.  [L.  cicuta,  hemlock;  Fr.  cigiie.] 

The  dried  fistulous  stalk  of  the  Conium  macula- 
turn,  or  poisonous  hemlock,  and  of  several 
other  umbelliferous  plants  ; kex.  Loudon. 

Hateful  docks,  rough  thistles,  kccksics , burs.  Shak. 

KECK'Y,  a.  Resembling  a kex  or  stalk.  Grew. 

KEDGE,  v.  a.  [See  Ketch.]  [f.  kedged  ; pp. 
kedging,  hedged.]  (Naut.)  To  bring  or  drive 
down  or  up  a river  with  the  tide,  as  a vessel, 
and  set  the  sails  so  as  merely  to  avoid  the 
shore  when  the  wind  is  contrary.  Mar.  Diet. 

KEDfjiE,  n.  (Naut.)  A small  anchor  used  to  keep 
a ship  steady  and  clear  from  her  bower  anchor, 
while  riding  in  a harbor  or  a river.  Mar.  Diet. 


MiEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — <J,  <?,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  ^ as  gz.  — THIS,  tills. 


KEDGE 


798 


KEEVER 


KEDpE,  a.  [Su.  Goth,  hi it;  Dan.  hand;  Icel. 
kaetta .]  Brisk  ; lively.  [Local,  Eng.]  Rag. 

KEDijJ'QR,  n.  1.  A small  anchor;  a hedge. — 
See  Ki:iige.  Chambers. 

2.  A fish-man  : — cadger.  [Local,  Eng.]Grose. 

KEDIjJ'Y,  a.  1.  Brisk;  lively;  kedge.  [Local, 
Eng.j  Forby. 

2.  Pot-bellied.  [North  of  Eng.]  Ilalliwell. 

KED’LACK,  n.  (Bot.)  A weed  among  corn  ; char- 
lock ; Sinapis  arcensis.  Tusser. 

KEE,  n.  pi.  of  cow.  [See  Cow.]  Kine.  [Pro- 
vincial, England.]  Grose. 

f IvEECH,  n.  The  fat  of  an  ox  rolled  up  by  the 
butcher  into  a lump  ready  for  the  chandler ; a 
solid  lump.  Bp.  Percy. 

KEEK,  v.  n.  [Su.  Goth.  kika;  Sax.  gyken ; FI. 

kyken  ; Ger.  guckcn , kucken  ; Dan.  kige  ; Sw. 
kika;  Icel.  giaegast ; Ir.  kighim .]  (Scottish.) 
To  peep  ; to  look  pryingly.  Jamieson. 

KEEL,  ii.  [Su.  Goth,  ksl;  A.  S.  ceol;  Scot,  keel, 
kicle,  a lighter  ; Dut.  4 Ger.  kiel;  Dan.  kiol ; Sw. 
kiil',  Icel.  ki:Jl ; Rus.  kil.  — Gr.  xnihj,  a hollow; 
Sp.  qnilla  ; Port,  quilha  ; Fr.  guille .] 

1.  A low,  flat-bottomed  vessel,  used  by  the 
colliers  at  Newcastle  ; a coal-barge.  Pegge. 

2.  A barge  load  of  coals,  being  in  weight  21 

tons  4 cwt.  Ilalliwell. 

3.  (Naut.)  The  principal  timber  in  a ship,  ex- 

tending at  the  lower  part  of  the  hull,  exteriorly, 
from  stem  to  stern.  Dana. 

4.  (Bot.)  The  two  lowest  petals  of  papiliona- 

ceous flowers,  which  are  usually  more  or  less 
united  at  one  edge,  and  have- some  resemblance 
to  the  keel  of  a boat.  Gray. 

5.  (Conch.)  A longitudinal  prominence  on 

the  shell  of  the  Argonauta.  Craig. 

6.  (Ent.)  A longitudinal  prominence  on  the 

inferior  surface  of  an  insect.  Craig. 

KEEL,  V.  a.  [f.  KEELED  ; pp.  KEELING,  KEELED.] 

1.  To  navigate;  to  sail  over. 

2.  To  turn  keel  upwards.  Smart. 

3.  To  skim.  [The  word  is  still  thus  used  in 

Ireland.  Ayscough .]  Shah. 

To  keel  over , to  capsize  ; to  upset. 

t KEEL,  r.  n.  [See  Cool.]  To  become  cold  ; to 
lose  spirit.  Gower. 

f KEEL,  v.  a.  To  cool ; to  make  cool. 

And  down  on  knees  full  humbly  gan  I kneel, 
Beseeching  her  my  fervent  woe  to  keel.  Chaucer. 

KEEL' A^E,  n.  Duty  paid  by  a ship.  Blount. 

KEEL'— BOAT,  n.  A low,  flat-bottomed  boat  used 
on  rivers  for  the  transportation  of  freight.  Crabb. 

KEELED  (keld),  p.  a.  (Bot.)  Having  a longitu- 
dinal prominence  like  a keel ; carinated.  Smart. 

KEEL'ER,  n.  1.  A small  tub  for  holding  stuff 
used  in  calking  ships.  Mar.  Diet. 

2.  A keelman ; a bargeman.  [Local.]  Crabb. 

+ KEEL'FAT,  n.  [A.  S.  ceelan,  to  cool,  and  fat, 
vat.]  A cooler ; a cooling  vat.  Johnson. 

KEEL'HALE  [kel'lial,  IF.  E.  Ja.  K.  Stn. ; kel'hkwl, 
S.  P.  ./.],  v.  a.  [Dut.  kielhaalen .]  (Naut.)  To 
punish  ; to  keelhaul.  — See  Keelhaul. 

KEEL'HAUL,  V.  a.  [j.  KEELHAULED  ; pp.  KEEL- 
HAULING, keelhauled.]  (Naut.)  To  punish 
by  letting  the  culprit  down  on  one  side  of  the 
ship,  passing  him  under  the  keel  and  hauling 
him  up  on  the  other.  Mar.  Diet. 

KEEL'HAUL-ING,  n.  (Naut.)  The  punishment 
of  being  keelhauled.  Brande. 

KEEL'ING,  n.  [Dan.  kullc,  a haddock  ; Sw.  kolja  ; 
Icel.  keila. ] (7c A.)  A name  for  the  common 

cod ; Morrhua  vulgaris.  ' Yarrell. 

KEEL  MAN,  n. ; pi.  keelmen.  One  who  manages 
the  keels  or  barges  ; a bargeman.  [Local.]  Todd. 

KEEL'RAKE,  v.  a.  (Naut.)  To  punish  by  keel- 
hauling ; to  keelhaul.  Mar.  Diet. 

KEEL'ROPE,  n.  A hair  rope  running  between 
the  keelson  and  the  keel  of  a ship.  Crabb. 

f KEELS,  n-  pi.  Ninepins ; kettlepins  ; kayles. 
— See  Kayle.  Sidney. 

KEEL'SON,  or  KEEL'SON  [kSl'snn,  S.  W.  Ja.  K. 
IVr.;  kel'siin,  J.  F.  Sm.\  kei'sun  or  kel'sun, 


P .],  n.  (Naut.)  The  piece  of  timber  in  a ship 
over  her  keel,  next  above  the  floor  timber.  Dana. 

KEEN,  a.  [Su.  Goth,  kiln,  kyn  ; A.  S.  cene,  war- 
like, eager;  Dut.  koen,  Ger.  klihn ; Gael.  4 Ir. 
gean,  gion,  eagerness.] 

1.  Eager;  vehement;  ardent;  zealous. 

So  keen  and  greedy  to  confound  a man.  Shak. 

2.  Having  a fine  edge  ; sharp  ; acute. 

Come,  thick  night. 

That  my  keen  knife  see  not  the  wound  it jnakes.  Shak. 

3.  Penetrating;  piercing;  cutting. 

The  winds 

Blow  moist  and  keen.  Milton. 

4.  Acrimonious  ; severe  ; bitter;  caustic. Shak. 

5.  Acute  of  mind  ; shrewd;  penetrating. 

Syn.  — Keen  and  sharp  are  applied  to  things  adapt- 
ed to  cut ; — keen,  to  sucli  as  have  a long  edge  ; sharp , 
to  such  as  have  a long  edge  or  a point ; acute , to  such 
as  have  a point.  A razor  or  lancet  is  keen ; a sword 
or  knife,  sharp  ; a needle  or  an  arrow,  acute.  — Keen  ap- 
petite ; keen  blast ; keen,  acute , or  penetrating  discern- 
ment ; keen  or  severe  reproacit  ; sharp  or  acute  pain; 
shrewd  remark  ; eager  desire.  — Keenness  implies  ra- 
pacity or  strong  appetite ; acuteness,  penetration ; 
sharpness,  ungentle  temper. 

KEEN,  v.  a.  To  sharpen,  [r.]  Thomson. 

KEEN'— ED£ED,  a.  Having  a keen  edge.  Dryden. 

KEEN'— EYED  (ken'ld),  a.  Sharp-sighted.  Cowper. 

KEEN'Ly,  ad.  In  a keen  manner  ; sharply  ; ve- 
hemently ; eagerly;  bitterly. 

KEEN'NIiSS,  n.  1.  The  quality  of  being  keen  ; ea- 
gerness ; vehemence  ; ardor.  South. 

2.  Sharpness  ; acuteness. 

No,  not  the  hangman’s  axe  bears  half  the  keenness 

Of  thy  sharp  envy.  Shak. 

3.  Rigor  or  severity  of  weather ; as,  “ Keen- 
ness of  the  wind.” 

4.  Acrimony ; asperity ; bitterness.  Clarendon. 

KEEN'— POINT-iJD,  a.  Having  a sharp  point. 

KEEN'— SlGIlT-ED,  a.  Sharp-sighted.  Roget. 

KEEN'— WIT-T1JD,  a.  Having  a keen  or  sharp 
wit ; sharp-witted.  Scott. 

KEEP,  v.  a.  [Su.  Goth,  kippa  ; A.  S.  ccpan ; 
Scot,  kep,  to  catch ; Icel.  kippi  ; Sw.  kapa  ; Gael. 
caap  ; Ir.  cabain .]  [*.  kept  ; pp.  keeping, 

keptJ 

1.  To  hold  fast ; to  retain  ; not  to  lose. 

To  gain  dominion,  or  to  keep  it  gained.  Milton. 

2.  To  have  in  possession,  use,  care,  or  custody. 

The  crown  of  Stephan  us,  first  King  of  Hungary,  was  al- 
ways kept  in  the  Castle  of  Vicegrade.  Knollcs. 

3.  To  preserve  ; to  protect ; to  take  care  of. 
Behold,  I am  with  thee,  and  will  keep  thee.  Gen.  xxviii.  15. 

4.  To  restrain  ; to  detain  ; to  withhold. 

By  this  they  may  keep  them  from  little  faults.  Locke. 

5.  To  regard ; to  observe  ; to  attend  to. 

While  the  stars  and  course  of  heaven  I keep.  Dryden. 

6.  Not  to  violate  ; to  observe  in  practice  ; to 
be  observant  of;  to  fulfil. 

That  keep  the  word  of  promise  to  our  ear, 

And  break  it  to  our  hope.  Shak. 

7.  To  copy  carefully;  to  imitate. 

Iler  servants’  eyes  were  fixed  upon  her  face. 

And  as  she  moved  or  turned,  her  motions  viewed. 

Her  measures  kept,  and  step  by  step  pursued.  Dryden. 

8.  To  supply  with  the  necessaries  of  life ; to 
entertain  ; as,  “To  keep  boarders.” 

9.  To  have  in  pay  ; to  possess  ; as,  “To  keep 
a servant  and  horses.” 

10.  To  solemnize  ; to  celebrate. 

This  day  shall  be  unto  you  for  a memorial;  and  ye  shall 
kee  •>  it  a feast  to  the  Lord.  Exod.  xii.  14. 

11.  To  hold  or  preserve  in  any  condition. 

“ Keep  a stiff  rein.”  Addison. 

12.  Not  to  intermit;  to  continue.  “While 

they  keep  watch.”  Milton. 

Neither  will  he  keep  his  anger  for  ever.  Ts.  ciii.  9 

13.  To  hold ; to  maintain. 

Where  Menelaus  kept  his  royal  court.  Dryden. 

14.  Not  to  reveal;  not  to  betray;  as,  “To 
keep  a secret.” 

15.  To  remain  in;  as,  “To  keep  one’s  bed.” 

Ta  keep  back , to  reserve  ; to  withhold.  “ Kept  back 

part  of  the  price.”  Acts  v.  2.  — To  hinder  from  ad- 
vancing. To  keep  company , to  be  in  company  with  ; to 
go  with.  Shak.— To  keep  company  with , to  frequent 
t lie  society  of.  “ Kccpeth company  with  harlots.”  Prov. 
xxix.  3.  — To  keep  down , or  under , to  restrain  ; to  con- 
trol ; to  hold  in  subjection.  “ Be  still  ! keep  down 


thine  ire.”  Hcmans.  — To  keep  good , or  bad , hours , to 
go  to  bed,  or  to  rise,  habitually  at  seasonable  or  un- 
seasonable hours.  Pope.  — To  keep  house , to  have  a 
separate  domestic  establishment. — To  keep  in , to  con- 
ceal ; not  to  disclose:  — to  restrain.  — To  keep  off,  to 
hold  at  a distance  ; to  prevent  from  approaching:  — 
to  hinder.  Locke.  — To  keep  up,  to  continue;  to  hinder 
from  ceasing.  “To  keep  up  an  action.”  Locke.  — To 
prevent  from  diminution.  “ Alhano  keeps  up  its  credit 
still  for  wine.”  Addison.  — To  keep  school , to  govern 
a school ; to  be  the  head  of  a school. 

Syn.  — Keep  is  a very  general  term,  and  variously 
applied.  Things  are  kept  at  all  times  and  under  all 
circumstances  ; they  are  preserved  in  circumstances 
of  difficulty  or  danger,  protected  when  exposed  to  dan- 
ger, and  saved  when  threatened  with  destruction. 
Keep  sheep  ; preserve  life,  health,  or  property  ; protect 
or  save  from  fire  or  from  destruction  ; guard  a prisoner ; 
protect  the  weak.  A person  keeps  what  is  his  own, 
and  retains  what  is  not  taken  from  him  ; he  keeps  his 
farm  or  property,  and  retains  an  office.  — Keep  or  fulfil 
your  promise  : — keep  or  observe  the  Sabbath  : — keep, 
continue,  or  preserve  silence. 

KEEP,  v*  n.  1.  To  remain  in  any  state  or  posi- 
tion ; to  stay  ; as,  “ To  keep  at  work.” 

With  all  our  force  we  kept  aloof  to  sea.  Tope. 

2.  To  endure  ; to  remain  uninjured. 

The  ale  will  not  keep.  Mortimer. 

3.  To  lodge  ; to  dwell ; to  abide  ; to  stay. 

That  do  this  habitation  where  thou  keep'st 

Hourly  afflict.  Shak. 

To  keep  from,  to  abstain  from  ; as,  “To  keep  from. 
speaking.”  — To  keep  on,  to  go  forward  ; to  continue. 
Dryden.  — To  keep  to,  to  adhere  strictly  to.  “ Keep  to 
our  rule.”  Baker.  — To  keep  up,  to  be  yet  active  ; not 
to  be  confined  to  one’s  bed. 


KEEP,  n.  1.  The  don  jon  or  strongest  part  of  the 


old  castles  ; the  stronghold.  Campbell. 

The  proud  keep  of  Windsor.  Burke. 

2.  Custody  ; guard ; keeping.  Spenser. 

3.  Guardianship  ; restraint.  Ascharn. 

4.  Condition.  [Colloquial.]  Wade. 


5.  Food;  subsistence;  keeping.  Bp.  Heber. 

KEEPER,  7i.  1.  One  who  keeps;  one  who  has 

something  in  charge  or  custody. 


Keeper  of  the  wardrobe.  2 Kings  ii.  14. 


2.  A defender  ; a preserver. 


The  Lord  is  thy  keeper ; the  Lord  is  thy  shade  upon  thy 
right  hand.  Ts.  exxi.  5. 

Keeper  of  the  Orcat.  Seal,  or  Lord  Keeper,  in  Great 
Britain,  the  officer  who  has  charge  of  the  great  sea), 
lie  is,  by  virtue  of  his  office,  a lord  and  a privy  coun- 
cillor, and  next  in  rank  after  the  dukes  of  the  royal 
blood.  The  office  is  now  the  same  witli  that  of  lord 
chancellor.  National  Cyc.  — Keeper  of  the  Pricy  Seal, 
styled  Lord  Privy  Seal,  in  Great  Britain,  the  officer 
who  has  charge  of  the  privy  seal.  He  is  also,  by  vir- 
tue of  his  office,  a privy  councillor.  He  was  anciently 
styled  Clerk  of  the  Privy  Seal.  P.  Cyc.  Burrill. 


KEEPER— BACK,  71.  One  who  holds  back.  Shak. 


KEEP'J^R-SHIP,  7i.  The  office  of  a keeper.  Carcw. 


KEEP'ING,  7i.  1.  The  state  of  being  kept. 

2.  Charge  ; custody  ; care ; guardianship. 

My  supplication  with  acceptance  fair 

The  Lord  will  own,  and  have  me  in  his  keeping.  Milton. 

3.  Maintenance ; support ; keep.  “ Work 

which  earns  my  keeping.”  Milton. 

4.  (Taint.)  The  management  of  light  and 

shade  in  such  relation  to  each  other  that  each 
object  may  seem  to  stand  at  its  proper  distance 
from  the  beholder.  Brande. 

tfrfj-  In  keeping  with,  in  harmony  with  ; in  consist- 
ency with. 

KEEP'ING— ROOM,  n.  The  general  sitting-room 
of  the  family;  the  common  parlor.  [Used  in 
the  eastern  parts  of  Eng.  and  in  N.Eng.]  Forby. 

KEEP'SAKE,  n.  A gift  in  token  of  remembrance, 
to  be  kept  for  the  sake  of  the  giver.  Todd. 

KEESII,  n.  (Metallurgy .)  Flakes  of  carburet  of 
iron  sometimes  found  on  the  surface  of  bars  of 
pig-iron.  Buchanan. 

KEEVE,  n.  [L.  cupa  ; Sp.  4 Port.  Cuba ; Fr.  cure.  — 
A.  S.  cyp  and  cype  ; Dut.  kuip  ; Ger.  kufe,  kupe ; 
Dan.  kube  ; Sw.  hyp  ; Icel.  kupai]  A vat ; a 
large  vessel  to  ferment  liquors  in  ; a large  tub ; 
a mashing  tub  ; keever.  [Local,  Eng.]  Grose. 

KEEVE,  v.  a.  1.  To  put  into  a tub  or  keeve.  Todd. 

2.  To  overtuni  or  lift  up  a cart  so  that  it  may 
unload  at  once.  [Local.]  Ray. 

IvEEV'ER,  11.  A brewing  vessel  or  vat;  a keeve. 
— See  Keeve.  Crabb. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long  ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short ; A,  JJ,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


KEFFEKILL 


799 


KESLOP 


KEFFE'KILL,  re.  (Min.)  An  argillaceous  miner- 
al ; meerschaum.  Ogilcie. 

t KEF'FpL,  n.  [Gr . ice  (pair).]  The  head.  Somerville. 

KEG,  n.  [Su.  Goth,  kagge,  keg;  A.  S.  kceggian, 
to  lock  up  ; kceg,  key  ; Sw.  kagge  ; Icel.  kaggi. 
— L.  caclus  ; Fr.  caque,  a pail. J A small  barrel, 
or  cask  ; cag.  — See  Cag. 

KEIL'HAU-ITE  (kll'ho-It),  n.  [Ger.]  (Min.)  An 
ore  of  titanium,  containing  chiefly  silica,  oxide 
of  titanium,  lime,  and  yttria ; — ■ found  near 
Arendal,  in  Norway,  and  called  also  yttro-tita- 
nite.  Dana. 

KELK,  v.  a.  To  beat  severely  : — to  belch.  [Lo- 
cal, England.]  llattiwell. 

KELK,  n.  A blow  : — the  roe  of  fish  : — a large  de- 
tached rock.  [Local,  Eng.]  Wright,  HaUiwell. 

KELL,  n.  [See  Caul.]  1.  The  membrane  which 
is  attached  to  the  st.nnach  and  lies  on  the  ante- 
rior surface  of  the  intestines ; the  omentum ; 
the  caul. 

I ’ll  have  him  cut  to  the  bells.  Beau.  Sf  FI. 

2.  A chrysalis.  B.  Jonson. 

3.  The  cobwebs  which  lie  on  the  grass,  cov- 
ered with  dew,  in  the  morning.  Boyle. 

4.  A sort  of  pottage;  broth;  — commonly 

written  kale.  — See  Kale.  Ainsworth. 

KELP,  n.  1.  A common  term  for  seaweed,  which 
consists  of  different  species  of  Fucus.  Brande. 

2.  The  alkaline  calcined  ashes  of  burned  sea- 
weed, used  in  the  manufacture  of  glass,  alum, 
and  soap.  Brande. 

KEL'PIE,  ) n_  \ supposed  spirit  of  the  waters  in 

KEL'I’Y,  ) Scotland,  in  the  form  of  a horse,  who 
is  believed  to  warn,  by  preternatural  appear- 
ances, those  who  are  destined  to  be  drowned  in 
the  neighborhood.  Jamieson. 

KEL'SON,  n.  (Naut.)  See  Keelson.  Raleigh. 

KELT,  n.  Cloth  with  the  nap  ; — generally  of  na- 
tive black  wool.  — See  Kilt.  [Scot.]  Jamieson. 

KELT,  n.  [Gr.  KtFrot'.]  See  Celt. 

KEL'TIJR,  n.  Order;  ready  or  proper  state;  kil- 
ter; as,  “Out  of  kelter.” — See  Kilter. 

If  the  organs  of  prayer  be  out  of  kelter , how  can  we  pray  ? 

Barrow. 

j-  KJEMB  (kem),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  cccmban  ; Dut.  kam- 
men.\  To  comb.  B.  Jenson. 

KEM'BO,  a.  See  Kimbo.  Todd. 

f KEM'JJ-LIN,  n.  A brewer’s  vessel  ; a tub. 

A kneading-trough,  or  else  a kemelin.  Chaucer. 

f KEMP,  n.  [Su.  Goth,  koempe  ; A.  S.  cempa,  a sol- 
dier ; Dut.  kemper ; Sw.  keimpe;  Ger.  kdmpfer ; 
Dan.  koemper\  Icel.  kempa .]  A champion  ; a 
knight.  Wright. 

KEN,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  cunnan ; Dut.  <S;  Ger.  kennen.  — 
See  Know.]  [*.  kenned  ;'  pp.  kenning, 

KENNED.] 

1.  To  see  at  a distance  ; to  descry. 

We  ken  them  from  afar.  Addison. 

2.  To  know;  to  recognize. 

’T  is  he ; I ken  the  manner  of  his  gait.  Shak. 

KEN,  v.  n.  To  look  round  ; to  direct  the  eye. 

Out  she  looks,  listens  . . . hearkens,  kens.  Burton. 

KEN,  n.  View;  sight ; the  reach  of  the  sight. 

For,  lo!  within  a tea  our  army  lies.  Shak. 

KEN'DAL-GREEN,  n.  A kind  of  green  cloth, 
made  at  Kendal,  in  England. 

Three  misbegotten  knaves,  in  Kendal-green,  came  at  my 
back.  Shuk. 

KENK,  n.  (Naut.)  A twist  in  a rope  or  cable  ; 
kink.  — See  Kink.  Crabb. 

KEN'NIJL,  n.  [L.  cams,  a dog;  It.  canile,  a ken- 
nel ; Fr.  chenil .) 

1.  A house  or  cot  for  a dog  or  a pack  of  dogs. 

Forth  from  the  kennel  of  thy  womb  hath  crept 
A hell-hound,  that  doth  hunt  us  all  to  death.  Shak. 

2.  A pack  of  hounds  kept  in  a kennel. 

A little  herd  of  England’s  timorous  deer 

Mazed  with  a yelping  kennel  of  French  curs.  Shak. 

3.  The  hole  or  retreat  of  a fox  or  other  wild 

animal.  Brande. 

KEN'NEL,  n.  [L .canalis,  a conduit-pipe,  from 
canna  (Gr.  K&vva),  a reed  ; It.  canile  ; Fr.  chenal, 
a gutter.  — See  Canal,  and  Cane.]  The  water- 
course of  a street ; a gutter.  Bp.  Hall. 


KEN'NIJL,  V.  n.  [i.  KENNELLED;  pp.  KENNEL- 
LING, kennelled.]  To  lie  ; to  dwell ; to  har- 
bor ; — used  of  beasts,  and  of  man  in  contempt. 

The  dog  kennelled  in  a hollow  tree.  L' Estrange. 

KEN'NJJL,  v.  a.  To  keep  in  a kennel.  Tatler. 

KEN'NEL— COAL,  n.  See  Cannel-COAL. 

KEN'NIJL-RA'KER,  n.  A scavenger.  Arbuthnot. 

KEN'NJJT,  re.  (Naut.)  A piece  of  timber  to  which 
the  tacks  or  sheets  are  fastened.  Crabb. 

KEN'NING,  re.  View;  sight;  ken.  Bacon. 

KEN'TAL,  re.  See  Kentle. 

KENT'-BU-GLE  (-bu-gl),  re.  (Mus.)  A -bugle  with 
keys  ; keyed  bugle.  Moore. 

KEN'TLE,  re.  [W.  cant,  hundred.  — L.  centum  ; 
Fr.  quintal.)  A hundred  weight ; a quintal. 

KENT'LJJD<yE,  n.  (Naut.)  A sort  of  ballast;  iron 
pigs  used  for  ballast.  McCulloch. 

KEPT,  i.  & p.  from  keep.  See  Keep. 

KEPT'— MIS'TRJjJSS,  n.  A woman  supported  by 
a man,  and  cohabiting  with  him,  though  not 
married  to  him  ; a concubine.  Booth. 

KER-A-MO-GRAPH'IC,  a.  [Gr.  scpa/io;,  a tile,  and 
ypai/iw,  to  write.]  Applied  to  a globe  invented 
by  Mr.  Addison,  used  as  a slate.  Scudamore. 

KER'A-SINE,  a.  [Gr.  tdpap,  horn.]  (Min.)  Like 
horn;  horn-like;  corneous;  horny.  Wright. 

KER'A-SITE,  re.  (Min.)  See  Cerasite.  Dana. 

KE'RATE,  re.  [Gr.  slpa;,  horn.l  (Min.)  A min- 
eral which,  externally,  resembles  horn.  Ogilvie. 

KER'A-TOME,  re.  [Gr.  ripa ;,  horn,  and  ri/iroi,  to 
cut.]  (Surg.)  An  instrument  for  dividing  the 
cornea  in  operating  for  cataract.  Iloblyn. 

KER-A-TO-NYX'IS,  re.  [Gr.  repof,  horn,  and 
vt(i s,  puncture.]  (Surg.)  The  operation  of 
couching,  performed  by  introducing  a needle 
through  the  cornea  or  horny  coat  of  the  eye,  and 
depressing  or  breaking  the  opaque  lens.  Brande. 

KER'A-TO-PHYTE,  re.  [Gr.  Ktpag,  horn,  and 
tf>vT6v,  that  which  grows.]  (Zoiil.)  A name  given 
by  Cuvier  to  polypi  of  the  genus  Gorgonia,  on 
account  of  the  horny  axis  of  the  stem. 

KERB,  re.  See  Curb. 

KERB'— STONE,  re.  See  Curb-stone. 

KElt'OHIEF  (kSr'chjf),  re.  [Fr.  couvreehef,  from 
couvrir,  to  cover,  and  chef,  the  head.] 

1.  A cover  for  the  head  ; a head-dress  : — also 
any  loose  cloth  used  in  dress.  Ezek.  xiii.  21. 

2.  The  wearer  of  a kerchief. 

The  proudest  kerchief  of  the  court  shall  rest 

Well  satisfied  of  what  they  love  the  best.  Dryden. 

KER'CIIIEFED  (ker'chift),  a.  Dressed;  hooded. 

Kerchiefed  in  a comely  cloud.  Milton. 

KERF,  re.  [A.  S.  ceorfan,  to  carve,  to  cut ; cyrf, 
a cutting  off ; Dut.  kerf,  a notch  ; Ger.  kerb.  — 
See  Carve.]  The  way  dr  opening  made  by  a saw ; 
the  savvn-away  slit  in  timber  or  wood.  Moxon. 

KER-I-jCHE'TIB,  re.  [Rabinnical  Heb.  a'irD'nip. 

what  is  read,  what  is  written.]  A name  applied 
to  certain  passages  in  the  Hebrew  Scriptures, 
where  an  error  stands  in  the  text,  and  the  cor- 
rection in  the  margin.  Ency.  Brit. 

KiiRL,  re.  [A.  S.  ceorl,  a man,  a countryman; 
Su.  Goth.,  Dan.,  Icel.,  i;  Sw.  karl ; Dut.  karel\ 
Ger.  kerl.  The  same  word  with  carle,  churl, 
and  charles .]  A peasant. 

Poor  old  kerls  making  their  daily  penny.  K.  Brit.  Rev. 

KER'MESJ,  re.  sing.  & pi.  [“The  word  kermes  is 
Arabic,  and  signifies  little  worm.”  Ure. — Ar- 
menian karmir ; Pers.  kirm  ; Sansc.  krimi,  a 
worm.]  A dye-stuff  consisting  of  the  dried 
bodies  of  the  females  of  the  Coccus  i/icis,  an 
insect  which  lives  upon  the  leaves  of  the  Qtter- 
evs  ilex,  or  prickly  oak,  growing  in  Spain, 
France,  the  Levant,  &c.  Ure. 

Good  kermes  is  plump,  of  a deep  red  color,  of  an  agreea- 
ble smell,  and  a rough  and  pungent  taste.  Ure. 

Cloths  dyed  with  kermes  are  of  a deep  red  color;  and 
though  much  inferior  in  brilliancy  to  the  scarlet  cloths  dyed 
with  real  Mexican  cochineal,  they  retain  the  color  better,  and 
are  less  liable  to  sfain.  McCulloch. 

KER'ME^— MlN'ER-AL,  re.  (Min.)  A factitious 
sulphuret  of  antimony  in  a state  of  impalpable 


comminution  ; — so  called  on  account  of  its 
brilliant  red  color.  Ure. 

KERN,  re.  [Old  Gael.  $ Ir.  cearn,  a man.] 

1.  The  Irish  infantry.  Spenser. 

2.  An  Irish  foot-soldier  ; an  Irish  boor. 

Justice  had,  with  valor  armed, 

Compelled  these  skipping  kerns  to  trust  their  heels.  Shak. 

3.  (Eng.  Law.)  An  idler ; a vagrant ; a vag- 
abond. Whishaw. 

4.  (Printing.)  That  part  of  a type  which  pro- 
jects over  the  body  or  shank.  Adams. 

KERN,  re.  [Goth,  quairn  ; M.  Goth,  ewairn  ; A.  S. 
cioyrn  ; Ger.  querne  ; Icel.  kuern  ; Sw.  qvarn ; 
Gael,  earn.)  A hand-mill  for  grinding  corn ; 
a quern.  Johnson. 

KERN,  re.  [Dut.  kern.)  A churn.  [Local,  Eng.] 
Kernmilk,  buttermilk.  [Yorkshire.]  Todd. 

f KERN,  v.  re.  [See  Corn,  and  Kernel.] 

.1.  To  harden  as  corn,  or  as  copper  ore  ex- 
posed to  the  sun.  Carew. 

2.  To  granulate  ; to  form  grains.  Grew. 

KERN'— BA-BY,  re.  An  image  dressed  up  with 
corn  carried  before  the  reapers  to  their  harvest 
home  ; — called  also  corn-baby.  Farm.  Ency. 

KER'NIJL,  re.  [Su.  Goth,  kerne ; A.  S.  cyrnel; 
Dut.  <5,  Ger.  kern  ; Dan.  kierne ; Sw.  kiirna ; 
Icel.  kiarni.) 

1.  The  edible  substance  contained  in  the  shell 
of  a nut  or  the  stone  of  a fruit. 

The  kernel  of  the  nut  serves  them  for  bread  and  meat,  and 
the  shells  for  cups.  More. 

2.  Any  thing  enclosed  in  a shell,  husk  or 
other  integument ; a grain  or  corn. 

Oats  are  ripe  when  the  straw  turns  yellow  and  the  kernel 
hard.  Mortimer. 

3.  The  central  part  of  any  thing,  around 
which  the  rest  has  collected ; a nucleus. 

A solid  body  in  the  bladder  makes  the  kernel  of  a stone. 

Arbuthnot. 

4.  A hard  concretion  in  the  flesh.  Johnson. 

KER'N^L,  v.  re.  To  form  kernels.  Mortimer. 

KiiR'NJEL-LY,  a.  Full  of  kernels;  having  ker- 
nels ; — resembling  kernels.  Sherwood. 

KER'NIJL— WORT,  (-wiirt),  re.  A plant  sometimes 
used  in  medicine ; Scrofularia  nodosa.  Dunglison. 

f KERN'ISH,  a.  [Ferre,  a boor.]  Boorish;  clown- 
ish. “ A petty  kernish  prince.”  Milton. 

KER'O-DON,  re.  [Gr.  shp,  the  heart,  and  Slots, 
SISvto i,  tooth.]  (Zoiil.)  A genus  of  herbivorous 
rodents,  peculiar  to  South  America,  having  mo- 
lar teeth,  of  which  the  transverse  section  is 
heart-shaped ; a kind  of  cavy.  Brande. 

KER'O-LITE,  re.  [Gr.  slip,  the  heart,  and  lido;,  a 
stone.]  (Min.)  A hydrous  silicate  of  magne- 
sia, associated  with  serpentine.  Dana. 

KER'O-SENE,  re.  A kind  of  oil  obtained  from  bi- 
tuminous coal.  Simmonds. 

KER'^EY,  re.  [Su.  Goth,  kersing  ; FI.  karscye ; Dut. 
karsaai ; Ger.  kirsey ; Sw.  kersing.  — “ Proba- 
ably  a corruption  of  Jersey,  whence  it  originally 
came.”  Brande.)  A kind  of  coarse  cloth,  usual- 
ly ribbed,  and  woven  with  long  wool. 

Henceforth  my  wooing  mind  shall  be  expressed 
In  russet  yeas  and  honest  kersey  noes.  Shak. 

KiiR'§EY-MERE,  re.  [Ger.  kasimir  ; Sw.  kasimir  ; 
It.  &;  Sp.  casimiro  ; Fr.  casimir  ; Port,  casimira. 
— “ Kerseymere  is  said  to  have  derived  its  appel- 
lation from  Caslimir,  a country  which  produces 
the  finest  wool.”  Brande.)  A thin  woollen, 
twilled  stuff,  generally  woven  from  the  finest 
wools  ; cassimere.  — See  Cassimere. 

KER'§EY-NETTE,  re.  A thin  woollen  or  stuff; 
cassinette.  Adams. 

f KERVE,  v.  a.  To  carve.  Sir  T.  Elyot. 

t KERV'F.R,  n.  A carver.  Chaucer. 

KF.'^AR,  re.  [Gr.  naltrap,  from  L.  Ctrsar;  Su. 
Goth,  keisare ; M.  Goth.  kaisar\  A.  S.  stisere; 
Dut.  keizer ; Ger.  kaiser ; Dan.  keiser  ; Sw. 
kejsare  ; Rus.  tsar.)  An  emperor.  Spenser. 

KES'I-TAH,  re.  [Heb.  fitVirp,  a lamb.]  A He- 

brew  gold  coin,  weighing,  according  to  M.  Pet- 
tiler,  4 dwt.  22 j gr.  English  Troy  weight. 

KES'LOP,  re.  [A.  S.  eese-lib,  milk  curded.]  The 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — <Ji,  9,  g,  soft ; £,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  ^ as  z;  y as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


KIDNAPPER 


KEST 

stomach  of  a calf,  prepared  for  rennet ; rennet. 
[Local,  Eng.]  Grose. 

fKEST.  The  old  imperfect  tense  of  cast.  Spenser. 

KES'TRpL,  n.  ( Ornith .)  A species  of  falcon, 
very  common  in  Great  Britain ; windhover ; 
Falco  tinnunculus  of  Linnaeus  ; — written  also 
castrcl.  Yarrell. 

KET,  n.  [Su.  Goth.  kr,tt,  flesh  ; Dan.  kiod.  — Icel. 
kcct,  last,  ket.)  Putrefying  flesh;  carrion:  — 
any  sort  of  filth.  Wright. 

KETCH,  n.  [Su.  Goth,  koga  ; Dut.  kaag ; Dan. 
kag  ; Ger.  if  Sw.  kits  ; Icel.  kuggi.  — It.  caicco  ; 
Sp.  § Port,  queche  ; Fr.  quaiche.] 

1 . (Naut.)  An  old  English  term  applied  to  a 
vessel  equipped  with  two  masts,  usually  of  from 
100  to  250  tons  burden  ; — nearly  synonymous 
with  the  modern  term  yacht.  Brande. 

Our  ketch,  even  when  light,  was  a bad  sailer.  Dampier. 

2.  A hangman.  — See  Jack-Ketch.  Grose. 

3.  (Mus.)  A catch.  Beau.  <S;  FI. 

KETCII'UP,  n.  A sauce.  — See  Catchup. 

KET 'TEE,  n.  [M.  Goth,  katila  ; Su.  Goth,  kittel, 
kettel\  A.  S . cetl,  cetel  \ Dut . ketel ; Ger.  kcssel; 
Dan.  kiedel ; Sw.  kittel ; Icel.  ketill ; Rus.  hotel. 
— L.  catillus,  dim.  from  catinus .]  A wide- 

mouthed, metallic  vessel,  for  boiling  liquids. 

ttb  ' “ In  the  kitchen  the  name  of  pot  is  given  to  the 
boiler  that  grows  narrower  towards  the  top,  and  of 
kettle  to  that  which  grows  wider.”  Johnson. 

KET'TLE— DRUM,  n.  An  instrument  of  martial 
music,  being  one  of  two  kettles  or  basins  of 
brass,  rounded  at  the  bottom,  and  covered,  at 
the  top,  with  parchment  or  goatskin. 

The  kettle-drum  and  trumpet  thus  bray  out 

The  triumph  of  his  pledge.  Shak. 

KET'TLE— DRUM' Mp R,  n.  The  musician  who 
plays  on  a kettle-drum.  Craig. 

KET'TLE— PlNS,  n.  pi.  Nine-pins;  skittles; 
kayles.  “ Billiards,  kettle-pins."  Gayton. 

KEU'PyR,  n.  ( Geol .)  The  German  term  for  the 
upper  portion  of  the  new  red  sandstone  forma- 
tion. P.  Cyc. 

KEV'y L,  n.  1.  (ZoSl.)  A kind  of  antelope  re- 

sembling the  gazelle  ; Antilope  kevclla  of  Pal- 
las. P.  Cyc. 

2.  ( [Naut .)  A strong  piece  of  wood,  bolted  to 
a timber  or  stanchion,  and  used  for  belaying 
large  ropes  ; a cavil.  Dana. 

KEV'BL— IIEAD§,  n. pi.  ( Naut .)  Timber-heads 
used  as  kevels.  Dana. 

KEX,  n.  [L.  cicuta,  hemlock.]  A dry  stalk  of 
hemlock  and  of  some  other  plants ; kecksy. 
— See  Kecksy.  Nares. 

I bring  with  me  a book  as  dry  as  a hex.  Shelton. 

KEY  (ke),  n.  [A.  S . cceg  \ Frs.  cay.  — Gr.  K/.iiq ; 
L.  clavis  ; It.  chiave ; Old  Sp.  clave ; Sp.  Have  ; 
Port,  chare ; Fr.  clef.] 

1.  An  instrument  by  which  a lock  is  fastened 
or  unfastened. 

In  old  English  law,  the  keys  of  the  wife  conveyed  certain 
legal  rights  and  responsibilities,  the  wife  being  held  to  answer 
for  the  theft  of  her  nusband,  if  the  articles  stolen  were  found 
under  the  keys  of  which  she  ought  to  have  custody  and  care. 

Burrill. 

2.  An  instrument  by  which  any  thing  is 
turned  or  screwed  ; as,  “ A watch-fey.” 

Hide  the  key  of  the  jack.  Swift. 

3.  That  which  serves  to  explain  any  thing 
enigmatical  or  difficult ; a clew  ; a guide. 

Those  who  are  accustomed  to  reason  have  got  the  true  key 
of  books.  Locke. 

4.  ( Bot .)  A sort  of  nut  with  a winged  apex  or 

margins,  as  in  the  fruit  of  the  ash  or  the  elm, 
or  in  that  of  the  maple,  which  consists  of  two 
keys  united  at  the  base  ; a samara.  Gray. 

5.  (Mus.)  The  fundamental  note  of  the  prin- 
cipal chord,  to  which  all  the  chords  of  a move- 
ment are  related,  from  which  they  all  modulate, 
and  into  which  they  all  tend  to  resolve  them- 
selves,— hence,  the  fundamental  note  of  the 
final  chord  of  every  piece  ; the  fundamental 
note  of  any  scale  ; the  tonic  ; the  key-note  : — 
the  scale  founded  on  any  given  tonic  or  key- 
note ; a mode  : — in  some  instruments,  a lever 
pressed  by  the  finger  to  produce  a note.  Dwight. 

6.  (Arch.)  A piece  of  wood  let  into  the  back 

of  another,  across  the  grain,  to  prevent  the  lat- 
ter from  warping.  Brando. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long  ; A,  E,  I, 


800 

7.  ( Mech .)  A wedge-shaped  piece  of  wood 
or  other  material,  which  is  driven  into  a mortise 
or  seat  prepared  for  it,  in  order  to  fix  the  parts 
of  a machine  firmly  together  ; a jib.  Mahan. 

8.  (Carp.)  The  board  of  a floor  which  is  last 
laid  down. 

eur  In  naked  flooring,  keys  are  pieces  of  timber 
fixed  in  between  the  joists  by  mortise  and  tenon. 
When  fastened  with  their  ends  projecting  against  tile 
sides  of  the  joists,  they  are  called  strutting  pieces. 

Craig. 

77ie  key  of  a country,  the  passage  or  the  fortress 
which  gives  access  to  a country,  or  the  possession  of 
which  secures  the  possession  of  that  country  also. 
“ These  countries  were  the  keys  of  Normandy.”  Shak. 

Power  of  the  keys,  ( Eccl .)  the  authority  of  the  priest- 
hood of  certain  Christian  sects,  by  which  they  carry 
out  church  government,  and  give  or  withhold  church 
privileges;  — so  called  from  the  declaration  of  Christ 
to  St.  Peter,  contained  in  Matt.  xvi.  19.  Hook. 

KEY  (ke),  n.  [L.  cautes,  a cliff;  Sp.  cayo\  Fr. 
cages.]  A ledge  of  rocks  near  the  surface  of  the 
water  ; a low  island  ; — used  chiefly  in  speaking 
of  the  West  Indian  islets. 

Keys,  like  reefs,  are  generally  of  coralline  for- 
mation. A key  rises  above  the  surface  of  the  water, 
while  a reef  is,  for  the  most  part,  below  the  surface, 
or,  at  least,  washed  by  the  waves. 

KEY  (ke),  n.  [Low  L.  kaia  ; Port,  cues ; Fr.  quai. 
— Ir.  ceigh  ; Dut.  kaai ; Ger.  kai ; Sw.  kaj.\  A 
bank  or  wharf  built  at  the  side  of  a navigable 
water,  for  convenience  in  loading  andunloading 
vessels ; a mole  ; a quay.  — See  Quay.  Holland. 

KEY  (ke),  v.  a.  (Mech.)  To  fasten  with  a key. 

KEY'AGE  (ke'aj),  n.  Money  paid  for  lying  at 
the  key  or  quay ; quayage.  Ainsworth. 

KEY'— BOARD,  n.  (Mus.)  The  series  of  levers  in 
a piano-forte,  or  other  musical  instrument  which 
is  played  in  a similar  manner.  Brande. 

f KEY'— COLD,  a.  Cold,  as  an  iron  key  ; lifeless. 

Poor  key-cold  figure  of  a holy  king.  Shak. 

KEYED  (ked),  a.  Furnished  with  keys: — fast- 
ened by  a key  : — set  to  a key,  as  music.  Booth. 

KEY'— HOLE  (ke'hol),  n.  An  aperture  or  hole  in 
a door  or  a lock  for  receiving  a key.  Shak. 

KEY'— NOTE,  n.  (Mus.)  The  fundamental  note 
of  a piece,  or  of  any  scale ; the  tonic.  Dwight. 

KEY§,  or  KEYN§,  n.  (Old  Eng.  Law.)  A guar- 
dian, warden,  or  keeper.  Whishaw. 

Keys  of  the  island,  (in  the  Isle  of  Man,)  twelve 
persons  to  whom  all  doubtful  or  important  matters  of 
law  were  referred.  Blount.  Cowell. 

KEY'-STONE  (ke'ston),  n.  (Arch.)  That  stone 
in  an  arch  which  is  equally  distant  from  its 
springing  extremities  ; that  stone  of  an  upright 
arch  which,  being  the  last  put  in,  keys  or  locks 
the  whole  together.  — See  Arch.  Brande. 

BSp  In  a circular  arcli  there  will  be  two  key-stones, 
one  at  the  summit  and  the  other  at  the  bottoni  there- 
of ; in  semi-circular,  semi-elliptical  arches,  &c.,  it  is 
the  highest  stone,  frequently  sculptured  on  the  face 
and  return  sides.  Wealc. 

KEY'— WAY  (ke'wa),  n.  (Mech.)  The  mortise 
made  to  receive  a key.  Ogilvie. 

KIIA'LIFF,  n.  See  Caliph.  Brande. 

KIIAM'SIN,  n.  A noxious  wind.  — See  Kamsin. 

||  KHAN  (kfin  or  kan),  n.  [Turk,  or  Pers.] 

1.  In  Persia,  a governor  or  high  officer  ; — in 
Tartary,  a prince  or  sovereign. 

The  sovereigns  of  many  independent  states  of  Northern 
Asia  are  styled  khans.  Brande.  j 

2.  An  Oriental  inn  or  caravansary.  Brande. 

||  KHAN'ATE,  n.  The  jurisdiction  or  the  country 
governed  by  a khan.  P.  Cyc. 

KIII'LAUT,  n.  The  robe  of  honor.  [India.]  Smart. 

KHOT’  BAH  (kot'ba),  n.  A peculiar  form  of  prayer 
used  in  Mohammedan  countries  at  the  com- 
mencement of  public  worship  in  the  great 
mosques  on  Friday,  at  noon.  Brande. 

SSp  The  khotbah  is  chiefly  a “ confession  of  faith,” 
and  a general  petition  for  success  to  the  Mohamme- 
dan religion,  and  is  regarded  by  the  Mussulmans  as 
the  most  solemn  and  important  part  of  their  worship. 
Brande. 

KIB'BAL,  ( n_  [Bret,  hi bel.]  (Mining.)  An  iron 

KIB'BLE,  ) bucket  in  which  the  ore  is  raised  from 
mines.  Weale. 


i,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure ; FARE, 


KIBE,  n.  [From  Ger.  kerb,  a notch.  Skinner. 
Minsheu.  — See  Kerf.]  An  ulcerated  chilblain ; 
a chap  in  the  heel  caused  by  cold. 

If  a man’s  brains  were  in  his  heels,  were’t  not  in  danger 
of  kibes'!  Shak. 

KIBED  (klbd),  a.  Troubled  with  kibes;  having 
kibes.  “ Kibed  heels.”  Darwin. 

KJ-BIT'KA,  n. ; pi.  kiiutkas.  A Russian  vehi- 
cle covered  with  leather,  used  for  travelling  in 
winter.  Heber. 

KIB'LJNGS,  n.  pi.  Parts  of  small  fish  used  for 
bait  on  the  banks  of  Newfoundland.  Bartlett. 

Kl'BY,  a.  Having  kibes  ; sore  with  kibes. 

He  haltcth  often  that  hath  a kiby  heel.  Skelton. 

KICK,  v.  a.  [L.  calco,  to  tread. — Ger.  kauchen. 
Skinner.  — Icel . knika.  Serenius.]  [i.  kicked  ; 
pp.  kicking,  kicked.]  To  strike  with  the  foot. 

lie  must  endure  and  digest  all  affronts,  adore  the  foot  that 
kicks  him,  and  kiss  the  hand  that  strikes  him.  South. 

KICK,  V.  n.  To  thrust  out  the  foot  in  token  of 
■ contempt ; to  show  opposition  ; to  resist. 

Wherefore  kick  ye  at  my  sacrifice,  and  at  mine  offering, 
which  I have  commanded?  1 Sam.  ii.  29. 

KICK,  n.  A blow  with  the  foot. 

Before  my  foot  salutes  you  with  a kick.  Dryden. 

KICK'IJR,  n.  One  who  kicks. 

KICK'ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  kicks.  Smart. 

KICK'SHAW,  n.  [Fr.  quelque  chose,  something, 
any  thing.  Skinner.) 

1.  Something  fantastical ; a bawble. 

Art  thou  good  at  these  kickshaws , knight?  Shak. 

2.  A made-up  dish  of  cookery. 

A joint  of  mutton,  and  any  pretty  little  tiny  kickshaws,  tell 
■William  cook.  Shak. 

f KICK'SHOE,  n.  A dancer;  a caperer  ; — so 
used  as  a term  of  contempt.  Milton. 

f KICK'SY— WICK'SY,  n.  A wife;  — so  used  in 
contempt  or  in  ridicule.  Shak. 

KID,  n.  [Sansc.  ada:  — Gr.  o?|,  a goat;  alyls, 
alyilos,  a goat-skin  ; L.  hadus,  a kid.  — Su. 
Goth,  kid ; M.  Goth,  gaitei ; Dan.,  Icel., 
Sw.  kid. ; Gael.  % Ir.  cadhla : — Heb.  “H3> 
from  m3,  to  crop  : — Arab,  gidi .] 

1.  The  young  of  a goat. 

Leaping  like  wanton  kids  in  pleasant  spring.  Spenser. 

2.  A fagot  or  a bundle  of  heath.  Simmonds. 

3.  A small  tub  : — a basket.  Halliwell. 

KID,  V.  n.  [t.  KIDDED  ; pp.  KIDDING,  KIDDED.] 
To  bring  forth  kids.  Cotgrave. 

f KID,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  cydan,  to  know.] 

1.  To  discover  ; to  make  known.  Gower. 

2.  To  bind  up,  as  a fagot ; to  fagot.  Halliwell. 

KID'D^D,  a.  Fallen,  as  a young  kid.  Cotgrave. 

KID'DER,  71.  [Sw.  kyta,  to  truck.] 

1.  One  who  monopolizes  or  engrosses  corn  or 
other  merchandise  ; a huckster.  Simmonds. 

2.  A travelling  trader.  [Local.]  Roy. 

KID'DLE,  n.  [Low  L.  kidettus.]  A weir  or  dam 
in  a river,  to  catch  fish  ; — corruptly  called,  in 
some  places,  kittle,  or  kettle.  Todd. 

KID'DOW,  n.  (Ornith.)  A xveb-footed  bird;  — 
called  also  the  guillemot,  the  sea-hen,  and  skout. 
— See  Guillemot.  Chambers. 

KiD'JJL,  n.  See  Kiddle.  Jacobs. 

f KID'— FOX,  n.  A young  fox.  Wright. 

We  ’ll  fit  the  kid-fox  with  a pennyworth.  Shak. 

Kid-fox  lias  been  supposed  to  mean  discovered  or 
detected  fox.  It  may  mean  simply  a young  fox.  Nares. 

KID'LJNG,  n.  [Dim.  of  kid.]  A young  kid. 

Like  kidlings,  blithe  and  merry.  Gay. 

KiD'NAP,  v.  a.  [Ger.  kind,  a child,  and  nap. 
Johnson.  — Ger.  kinderdieb,  a kidnapper.]  [i. 

KIDNAPPED  ; pp.  KIDNAPPING,  KIDNAPPED.] 
To  steal  or  carry  away  by  force,  as  a child  or 
any  human  being. 

From  the  brute  mother’s  knee  the  infant  bov. 

Kidnapped  in  slumber,  bartered  for  a toy.  Montgomery 

KID'NAP-P^R,  n.  One  who  kidnaps ; a man- 
stealer. 

These  people  lie  in  wait  for  our  children,  and  may  be  con- 
sidered a kind  of  kidnappers  within  the  law-.  Spectator. 


FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


KIDNAPPING 


801 


KINE 


KID'NAP-PING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  kidnaps  ; 
the  stealing  or  conveying  away  of  a man,  wo- 
man, or  child.  P-  Cyc. 

KID'NflY  (kld'ne),  n. ; pi.  kidneys.  [Of  uncertain 
etymology.  — Skinner  says,  A.  S.  cynne,  race 
(with  a reference  to  cennan,  to  beget,  or  cynne, 
genitals),  and  neah , nigh. — Serenius  says,  Su. 
Goth,  qued,  the  belly  ; A.  S.  quith,  and  near.\ 

1.  One  of  the  two  glands  lying  in  the  lumbar 

region,  on  each  side  of  the  spinal  column, 
which  are  the  secretory  organs  of  the  urine  ; — 
used  generally  in  the  plural.  P.  Cyc. 

2.  A cant  term  for  sort  or  kind  ; disposition  ; 

humor ; habit.  L’ Estrange. 

&g-  “ This  use  of  the  word  seems  to  have  risen 
from  Sliakspeare’s  phrase,  ‘ A mail  of  my  kidney  ’ ; 
where  Falstatf  means  — a man  whose  kidneys  are  as 
fat  as  mine  ; a man  as  fat  as  I am.”  Ayscuugh. 

-3.  A cant  term  for  a waiting  servant.  Tatler. 

KID'Nf.Y— BEAN,  n.  ( Bot .)  A well-known  culi- 
nary vegetable  of  several  species,  shaped  like  a 
kidney ; Phaseolus.  Loudon. 

KlD'NEY— FORM,  ) a . Formed  like  a 

KiD'NEY-SHAPED  (-sliapt),  > kidney.  Pennant. 

kIii'NUY-VETCH,  n.  {Bot.)  The  common  name 
of  a genus  of  plants,  the  heads  of  whose  flowers 
have  a silky  appearance  ; Anthyllis.  Loudon. 

kId'NEY— WORT  (-wiirt),  n.  A species  of  saxi- 
frage having  kidney-shaped  leaves.  Crabb. 

KiE  (kl),  n.  [See  Cow.]  Kine.  [N.  of  Eng.]  Todd. 

KIEVE,  n.  [See  Keeve.]  A vat  or  tub.  Weak. 

KlFFE'KILL,  n.  See  Keffekill. 

KIK-p-KU-Np-MA'LO,  n.  A resin  resembling 
copal,  and  forming  excellent  varnishes.  Braude. 

KIL-BRICK'^N-lTE,  n.  {Min.)  A massive,  light- 
gray  sulphuret  of  antimony  and  lead,  found  at 
Kilbricken,  in  Ireland.  Dana. 

KIL'D^R-KIN,  n.  [Dut.  kiilderkin.)  A small  bar- 
rel: — a liquid  measure  containing  eighteen 
gallons,  if  of  beer,  or  sixteen,  if  of  ale.  Colburn. 

KILL,  v.  a.  [A.  S . cwellan;  Dut.  kwellen. — See 
Quell.]  [i.  killed  ; pp.  killing,  killed.] 

1.  To  deprive  of  life ; to  put  to  death. 

Ye  have  brought  us  forth  into  the  wilderness  to  kill  this 
whole  assembly  with  hunger.  Ex.  xvi.  3. 

2.  To  deprive  of  active  qualities. 

Syn.  — To  kill  is  a general  term,  which  signifies, 
simply,  to  take  away  or  to  destroy  life,  either  by  ac- 
cident or  by  design,  lawfully  or  unlawfully  ; to  mur- 
der is  to  kill  a human  being  unlawfully,  with  malice 
aforethought ; to  assassinate  is  to  murder  by  sudden 
surprise,  treachery,  or  violence  ; to  slay  (used  com- 
monly in  relation  to  men)  is  to  kill  in  battle.  A 
butcher  kills  or  slaughters  animals. 

KILL,  n.  [Dut.  kil ; Scot.  kyle.)  A channel  or 
watercourse  ; an  arm  of  the  sea.  Bartlett. 

Kjp  Used  in  the  state  of  New  York,  in  forming 
compounds  \ as,  Peek  skill.  Cats  kill. 

KILL,  n.  A kiln.  — See  Kiln.  Halliwell. 

KIL'LA-DAR,  n.  A commandant  or  governor  of 
a fort.  [India.]  Stocqueler. 

KIL'LAS,  n.  {Min.)  Clay-slate;  — so  called  by 
the  Cornish  miners.  lire. 

f KILL-COUR'TIJ-SY,  il.  One  wanting  in  courte- 
sy ; a clown  ; a rustic  ; a boor.  Shak. 

KILL'— CoW,  n.  A butcher.  Southey. 

KILL'DEE,^  > {Ornith.)  A small  bird  of  the 

KILL’— DEER,  > plover  kind ; Charadrius  vocife- 
rus  ; — so  called  from  its  peculiar  note.  Audubon. 

KlL'LEN-ITE,  ii.  {Min.)  See  Killinite.  P.  Cyc. 

KILL'KR,  n.  One  who  kills. 

KILL'— HAG,  n.  A wooden  trap  used  by  hunters 
in  Maine.  [U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

KILL'-HERB,  n.  Broomrape.  Booth. 

KIL'LI-FISH,  n.  (Ich.)  A kind  of  gudgeon.  Storer. 

KIL'LjCK,  n.  A sort  of  anchor,  [it.]  Levctt. 

KlLL'ING,  p.  a.  Depriving  of  life;  destructive. 

The  third  day  comes  a frost,  a killing  frost.  Shak. 

KtL'LIN-ITE,  n.  {Min.)  A silicate  of  alumina, 
containing  potash  and  oxide  of  iron.  Brande. 


KIL'LOW,  n.  [A  corruption  of  coal  and  low,  a 
flame,  from  the  resemblance  to  soot.  Johnson. 
— In  the  north  of  England  soot  is  called  hol- 
low. Woodward .] 

1.  An  earth  of  a blackish  or  deep  blue  color. 

Woodward. 

2.  A Turkish  dry  measure,  of  very  variable 

dimensions.  Simmonds. 

KILN  (kil),  n.  [Su.  Goth,  koelna,  kylla ; A.  S. 
eg  In ; Sw.  kiilna ; W.  cylyn.\  An  oven  for 
roasting  or  drying  malt  and  grain,  burning 
bricks,  tiles,  lime,  &c.  : — a furnace  for  anneal- 
ing glass  and  pottery  ware.  Moxon.  Simmonds. 

R ■ Commonly  used  in  composition  ; as,  brick  -kiln. 

KILN'DRY  (kil'drl),  V.  a.  [».  KILNDRIED  ; pp. 
kiln  DRYING,  kilndried.]  To  dry  in  a kiln. 
“ The  best  way  is  to  kilndry  them.”  Mortimer. 

KILN'DRY-ING,  n.  The  act  of  drying  in  a kiln. 

KILN'— HOLE  (kJl'hol),  il.  The  chimney  or  mouth 
of  a kiln  ; a chimney.  Shak. 

kIl'O-GRAM,  n.  [Gr.  vi 'hoi,  a thousand,  and 
ypappa,  a weight ; Fr.  kilogramme.)  A French 
weight,  equal  to  2 lbs.  3 oz.  4.65  drs.  (2.206  lbs.) 
avoirdupois  ; a thousand  grams.  McCulloch. 

KIL'O-LI-TRE  (le-tur),  11.  [Gr.  %il.iot,  thousand, 
and  kirpa,  a certain  Greek  measure  ; Fr.  kilo- 
litre.]  A French  measure  of  liquids;  a thou- 
sand litres,  equal  to  35.3171  cubic  feet,  or  264 
wine  gallons  nearly.  McCulloch. 

KlL'O-ME-TRE  (kil'o-mS-tur),  n.  [Gr.  \ihoi,  a 
thousand,  and  prYpoc,  measure  ; Fr.  kilometre .] 
A French  measure  of  a thousand  metres,  or 
3280.9167  English  feet.  P.  Cyc. 

t KILT,  p.  Killed;  hurt;  wounded.  Spenser. 

KILT,  or  KELT,  n.  [Su.  Goth,  kilt,  kiolt,  a fold 
of  a garment;  kolt,  a kind  of  garment;  Gael. 
caelt,  apparel ; Icel.  kelta,  the  lap  or  the  fold  of 
the  garment;  kioll,  an  outer  garment.]  A 
loose  dress  extending  from  the  belly  to  the  knee, 
in  the  form  of  a petticoat,  worn  in  the  High- 
lands of  Scotland  by  the  men,  and  in  the  Low- 
lands by  young  boys ; — called  by  the  Highland- 
ers Jillibeg.  Jamieson. 

KILT'^D,  a.  Wearing  a kilt.  Gisborne. 

KlL'TpR,  n.  [See  Kilt. — Su.  Goth,  up  kilta  ; 
Dan.  kilte  op,  to  tuck  up.]  Condition  ; order  ; 
kelter.  — See  Kelter.  Holloway. 

KlM'BO,  a.  Crooked;  bent;  a-kimbo.  Dryden. 

KIM'NIJL,  n.  See  Kemelin.  Todd. 

KIN,  it.  [Su.  Goth,  kund  ; M.  Goth,  kun,  kund ; 
A.  S.  cyn,  cynn ; Dut.  kunne,  sex ; Ger.  kind,  a 
child ; Dan.  kijn,  kind  ; Icel.  kyn,  a kind ; kundr, 
son,  kindred;  Sw.  kynne.  — Gr.  yevvaw,  to  be- 
get ; yi vos,  race  ; L.  gnascor,  nascor,  to  be  born  ; 
genus,  race ; It.  genere  ; Sp.  8$  Port,  genero  ; Fr. 
genre.) 

1.  Relationship  by  blood  or  by  marriage. 

Without  a crime  except  his  kin  to  me.  Dryden. 

2.  The  same  generical  class  ; things  related. 

And  the  ear-deafening  voice  of  the  oracle, 

Kin  to  Jove’s  thunder.  Shak. 

3.  A relation  ; a relative  ; kindred. 

One  touch  of  nature  makes  the  whole  world  kin.  ShaJc. 

A little  more  than  kin  and  less  than  kind.  Shak. 

Kin,  as  a termination,  is  used  as  a diminutive, 
as  in  manikin , a little  man. 

KIN,  a.  Of  the  same  family  ; of  the  same  na- 
ture ; allied  ; related. 

Because  she  is  kin  to  me,  therefore  she ’s  not  so  fair  as 
Helen.  Shak. 

KI'NATE,  ii.  ( Chem .)  A salt  formed  by  the  com- 
bination of  kinic  acid  with  a base.  P.  Cyc. 

||  KIND  [kind,  P.  E.  Ja.  Sm.  Wr.  T Vb. ; kylnd,  S. 
W.  J.  F. ; kelnd,  K.) , a.  [A.  S.  cyn.— See  Kin,  ii.) 

1.  Benevolent ; filled  with  general  good  will ; 
friendly  ; favorable  ; beneficent ; mild  ; tender  ; 
indulgent ; compassionate  ; gentle  ; benignant ; 
gracious ; lenient. 

He  is  kind  unto  the  unthankful  nnd  to  the  evil.  Luke  vi.  35. 

2.  Proceeding  from  benevolence  or  goodness 
of  heart ; as,  “ Kind  intentions.” 

||  KIND,  n.  [Goth,  kund ; A.  S.  cynd.  — See 
Kin,  n.) 

1.  Race ; generic  class  ; genus  ; — sort ; na- 
ture ; character. 


They  two  were  human  kind.  Dryden. 

My  master,  who,  God  bless  the  mark,  is  a kind  of  devil.  ShaJc. 

The  waters  brought  forth  . . . after  their  kind.  Gen.  i.  21. 

2.  Natural  state  ; produce  or  commodity  as 
distinguished  from  money. 

And  others,  harder  still,  he  paid  in  kind.  Pope. 

3.  Nature;  natural  propensity,  [r.] 

Fitted  by  kind  for  rape  and  villany.  Shak. 

4.  Manner ; way  ; method,  [r.] 

In  their  kind  they  speak  it.  Shak. 

Syn.  — Kind,  from  the  Anglo-Saxon,  and  sort,  from 
the  Latin,  through  the  French,  are  often  used  inter- 
changeably in  tile  same  sense,  and  are  very  general 
and  indefinite  terms;  as,  “A  tiling  of  this  kind  or 
sort  ” ; “A  kind  or  sort  of  persons,  animals,  or 
tilings.”  A subject  of  this  kind  or  nature-,  a race  of 
men  or  animals.  Species,  genus,  order,  and  class  are 
definite  scientific  terms.  — See  Species. 

+ KIND'£D,  a.  Begotten.  Spenser. 

II  KIND'— HEART'JpD  (klnd'hart'ed),  a.  Having 
great  benevolence.  Thomson. 

II  KIND'— HEART']? D-NESS,  n.  Kindness  of  heart ; 
kindliness  ; benevolence.  Arbidhnot. 

KlN'DLE  (kln'dl),  v.  a.  [L.  candeo,  to  be  hot; 
incendo,  to  kindle.  — Su.  Goth,  kinda ; Icel. 
kindi , to  kindle  ; kindri,  fire.  — A.  S.  candel ; 
Norse  kindil,  candle.]  [i.  kindled;  pp.  kin- 
dling, KINDLED.] 

1.  To  set  on  fire ; to  cause  to  burn. 

His  breath  kindleth  coals,  and  a flame  goetli  out  of  his 
mouth.  Job  xli.  21. 

2.  To  inflame,  as  the  passions  ; to  excite. 

Kindle  my  rapt  spirits.  Milton. 

f KlN'DLE,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  cennan  ; Scot,  kindle  ; 
Ger.  kind.)  To  bring  forth ; to  give  birth  to. 

Dwell  where  she  is  kindled.  Shak. 

KlN'DLE,  v.  it.  1.  To  take  fire.  Chaucer. 

2.  To  become  excited;  to  grow  into  rage. 

It  shall  kindle  in  the  thickets  of  the  forest.  Is.  ix.  18. 

KIN'DLER,  n.  One  who  kindles  or  inflames. 

Kindlers  of  riot,  enemies  of  sleep.  Gay. 

f KlND'HJSS,  a.  Unkind  ; unnatural ; cruel  ; 
hard-hearted.  "Kindless  villain.”  Shak. 

KlND'LI-NESS,  n.  1.  Favor  ; affection  ; good-will. 

In  kind  a father,  but  not  kindliness.  Sackrille. 

2.  Mildness  ; gentle  course.  “ The  temper  of 
the  air  and  kindliness  of  the  seasons.”  Whitlock. 

KIND'LING,  n.  The  act  of  setting  on  fire  ; — ma- 
terials for  kindling  or  setting  on  fire. 

KIND'LING,  p.  a.  Setting  on  fire  ; inflaming. 

KIND'LY,  a.  1.  Being  of  a particular  nature  pr 
kind  ; natural;  homogeneal ; congenial ; proper. 
“ The  kindly  juice  of  a plant.”  Hammond. 

Of  porous  earth,  with  kindly  thirst  updrawn.  Milton. 

The  kindly  fruits  of  the  earth.  Common  Prayer. 

The  kindly  fruits  of  the  earth  are  the  natural  fVuits  — those 
which  the  earth,  according  to  its  kind,  should  bring  forth. 

Trench. 

2.  Kind;  mild;  bland;  benevolent.  “The 
kindly  seeds  of  love.”  Dryden. 

KIND'LY,  ad.  In  a kind  manner  ; benevolently; 
favorably  ; mildly ; fitly. 

KIND'LY— NA'TURED  (-nat'yurd),  a.  Having  a 
kind  nature  or  disposition.  Wright. 

KIND'N?SS,  n.  1.  The  quality  of  being  kind ; 
good-will ; benevolence  ; humanity. 

Kindness , nobler  ever  than  revenge.  Shak. 

2.  An  act  of  good-will  or  benevolence ; a 
favor  or  benefit  conferred. 

The  kindness  that  I have  done  unto  thee.  Gen.  xxi.  23. 

KIN'DRf.D.Ji.  ; pi.  KINDRED  or  KINDREDS.  [A.  S. 
cynren.  — See  Kin.] 

1.  Relationship  by  birth  or  by  marriage. 

Like  her,  of  equal  kindred  to  the  throne.  Dnyden. 

2.  Relations  ; persons  of  the  same  family. 

Out  of  thy  country  and  from  thy  kindred.  Gen.  xii.  1. 

3.  The  whole  body  of  persons  related  ; fam- 
ily; fraternity. 

Out  of  every  kindred , and  tongue,  and  people.  Rev.  v.  9. 

KIN'DR^D,  a.  Congenial;  related;  cognate;  of 
the  same  kind. 

Who  hath  read  or  heard 

Of  any  kindred  action  like  to  this?  Shak. 

KINE,  n.  [Contracted  from  cowen,  the  pi.  of  cow. 
Hoar.)  Cows.  [Obsolete,  except  in  poetry.] 

The  very  kine,  that  gambol  at  high  noon.  Couper. 


MIEN,  SIR;  JtlOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — <?,  <?>  9>  §>  toft;  Id,  G,  5,  g,  hard ; as  z ; ^ as  gz.  - 


-THIS,  this. 


KINEMATICS 


802 


KIRTLE 


Kl-Np-MAT'ICS,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  mviu,  to  move.]  A 
term  used  by  some  writers  to  denote  the  doc- 
trine which  treats  of  the  effects  of  motion  with- 
out reference  to  its  causes,  and  in  contradis- 
tinction to  dynamics.  Brande. 

Ki-NJS-SIP'A-THIST,  n.  One  who  is  versed  in  or 
practises  kinesipathy.  Be.  Rev. 

Kf-Nf-SIP'A-THY,  n.  [Gr.  Ktvrjotf,  motion,  and 
iraOn,  suffering.]'  A mode  of  treating  diseases  by 
gymnastics  or  appropriate  motions.  Dunglison. 

KI-NET'(CS,  n.  pi.  See  Kinematics.  Brande. 

Kl-NE'TO-SCOPE,  n.  [Gr.  kwi/tos,  moving,  and 
ukottIo),  to  view.]  A movable  panorama.  Baldwin. 

KING,  11.  [Su.  Goth,  ko  lining ; A.  S.  cyning,  cyng ; 
Dut.  honing ; Ger.  kOnig  ; Dan.  konge  ; Icel. 
konunge,  konge  ; Sw.  homing,  hung  ; Gael.  <Sf  Ir. 
ceann,  head  ; Ir.  cununc,  king.  — Per.  khan .] 

1.  The  ruler  of  a nation  or  a kingdom ; a mon- 
arch ; a sovereign. 

A substitute  shines  brightly  as  a king 

Until  a king  be  by.  Shak. 

2.  One  who  has  supreme  authority. 

He  is  the  Lord  of  lords  and  King  of  kings.  Rev.  xvii.  14. 

3.  A card  or  a piece  in  some  games.  Pope . 

King  at  arms , an  officer  of  great  antiquity,  and 

formerly  of  great  authority,  whose  business  it  is  to 
preside  over  the  chapters  and  to  direct  the  proceed- 
ings of  heralds.  There  are  three  kings  at  arms  in  Eng- 
land,— Garter , Clareiicieur , and  Norroy,  the  first  of 
whom  is  styled  principal  king  at  arms , and  the  two 
latter,  provincial  kings , because  their  duties  are  con- 
fined to  the  provinces.  Brande. 

KING,  v.  a.  1.  To  supply  with  a king,  [r.] 

She  i6  so  idly  kinged , 

Her  sceptre  so  fantastically  borne.  Shak. 

2.  To  make  royal  ; to  raise  to  royalty  ; to 
elevate  to  regal  power.  [Ludicrous.] 

Then  I am  kinged  twain,  and  by  and  by 

Think  that  1 am  unkinged  by  Bolingbroke.  Shak. 

KING'AP-PLE,  n.  A kind  of  apple.  Mortimer. 

KING'— Bg-COM'ING,  a.  That  becomes,  or  is  ap- 
propriate to,  a king. 

The  king-becoming  graces.  Shak. 

KING'BIRD,  n.  ( Ornith .)  A passerine  dentiros- 
tral  bird,  of  the  genus  Mnsricapa  of  Linnseus  ; 
tyrant  fly-catcher  ; Muscicapa  tyrannus  ; — so 
named  from  its  courageous  bearing  towards 
other  and  larger  birds  during  the  season  of 
breeding.  Nuttall. 

KING'— CAR'DI-NAL,  n.  A cardinal  acting  the 
part,  or  having  the  power,  of  a king.  Shak. 

KING'— CRAB,  n.  ( Zoiil .) 

A genus  of  gigantic 
entomostracous  crus- 
taceans, in  which  the 
haunches  of  the  first 
six  pairs  of  feet  are  King-crab, 

beset  with  small  spines,  and  are  so  closely  ap- 
proximated about  the  mouth  as  to  serve  the 
office  of  jaws ; Limulus ; — called  also  horseshoe, 
and  horseshoe-crab.  Brande. 

KING'CRAFT,  n.  Craft  of  kings ; art  of  govern- 
ing. — “A  word  commonly  used  by  King 
James.”  Johnson. 

James  was  always  boasting  of  what  ho  called  kingcraft ; 
and  yet  it  is  hardly  possible  even  to  imagine  a course  more 
directly  opposed  to  all  the  rules  of  kingcraft  than  that  which 
he  followed.  Macaulay. 

KING'CUP,  n.  ( Bot .)  The  crowfoot.  Peacham. 

KING'DOM,  n.  [A.  S.  cyngdbm .] 

1.  A country  or  territory  governed  by  a king ; 
the  dominion  of  a king. 

Moses  gave  unto  them  the  kingdom  of  Sihon.  Xum.  xxxii.33. 

2.  The  estate  of  king;  supreme  power. 

The  kingdom  is  departed  from  thee.  Dan.  iv.  31. 

3.  A region ; a tract;  a definite  space.  “The 

watery  kingdom."  Shak. 

4.  One  of  the  primary  divisions  in  natural 
history  ; as,  “ The  mineral  kingdom." 

+ KING'DOMED,  a.  Having,  or  seeming  to  have,  a 
kingdom.  “ Kingdomed  Achilles.”  Shak. 

KlNG'FlSH,  n.  ( Ich .)  A fish  having  splendid  col- 
ors ; the  opah  ; the  Lainpris  guttatus.  Eng.  Cyc. 

KING 'FIS  H-pR,  n.  (Ornith.)  A bird  of  the  fam- 
ily Alcedinidce  and  sub-family  Alcedininee  ; — 
particularly  the  Alccdo  hispida,  which  lives  upon 
fishes  and  aquatic  insects.  Gray.  Yarrell. 


f KlNG'IIOOD  (klng'hfid),  n.  [A.  S.  cynehad,  from 
cyne,  royal,  and  had,  person,  condition.]  The 
state  of  being  a king.  Gower. 

KING'— KILL-gR,  n.  One  who  kills  a king ; the 
murderer  of  a king  ; a regicide.  Shak. 

KING'LJpSS,  a.  Having  no  king.  Byron. 

KING'LET,  n.  A little  king ; a kingling.  Ogilvie. 

KING'— LIKE,  a.  Like  a king;  kingly.  Sandys. 

KlNG'LI-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  kingly; 
kingly  appearance  or  maimer.  Coleridge. 

KING'LING,  n.  An  inferior  sort  of  king.  Churchill. 

KING'LY,  a.  1.  Belonging  to  a king ; royal. 
“ The  pride  of  kingly  sway.”  Shak. 

2.  Noble;  august;  suitable  to  a king. 

I am  tar  better  born  than  is  the  king, 

More  like  a king,  more  kingly  in  my  thoughts.  Shak. 

KING'LY,  ad.  With  an  air  of  royalty  ; as  a king. 

Low  bowed  the  rest;  he,  kingly , did  but  nod.  Rope. 

KING'LY— POOR',  a.  Exceedingly  poor.  “ Kingly- 

poor  flout.”  SJiak. 

KING'— POST,  n.  (Arch.)  The  middle  post  of  a 
framed  roof,  reaching  from  the  centre  of  the  tie- 
beam  to  the  ridge  at  top  ; crown-post.  Brande. 

KlNG§,  n.  The  title  of  two  books  of  the  Old 
Testament. 

KING’i-S'— BENCH,  n.  The  highest  court  of  com- 
mon law  in  England  (called,  during  the  reign  of 
a queen,  the  Queen’s -bench)  ; — so  called  be- 
cause the  sovereign  used  formerly  to  sit  there 
in  person,  and  still,  by  fiction  of  law,  is  sup- 
posed to  do  so. 

jGgy  It  consists  of  a chief  justice  and  four  puisne 
or  younger  justices,  who  are  by  their  office  the  sover- 
eign conservators  of  the  peace  and  supreme  coroners 
of  tile  land.  It  takes  cognizance  botli  of  civil  and 
criminal  causes.  Burrill. 

KING’ij'— ENG'LISH  (-Tng'gljsh),  n.  A colloquial 
phrase  for  correct  or  pure  English.  Wright. 

KLNG’§'— E'VIL  (klngz'e'vl),  n.  The  scrofula,  a 
disease  formerly  believed  to  be  cured  by  the 
touch  of  a king. 

USf-  “ The  first  king  of  England  that  touched  for 
it  was  Edward  the  Confessor,  in  1058;  and  touching 
for  it  continued  a custom  till  it  was  discouraged  and 
ultimately  dropped  by  George  I.,  in  1714.”  Haydn. 

KING'SHIP,  n.  The  state  of  a king ; royalty ; 
monarchy.  King  Charles. 

KINGhji'— SPEAR  (klngz'sper),  n.  (Bot.)  A plant 
having  yellow  flowers  in  a long  spike ; yellow 
asphodel ; Asphodelus  luteus.  Wood. 

KING'S'— STONE  (klngz'ston),  n.  (Ich.)  The  angel- 
fish ; Squatina  angelns.  Craig. 

KING’S'— YEL-LOW  (-yel'lo),  n.  A poisonous 
yellow  pigment  containing  arsenic  and  sulphur ; 
a fictitious  orpiment,  or  sulphuret  of  arsenic.  Ure. 

KING'— TA-BLE,  n.  (Mediaeval  Arch.)  Conjec- 
tured to  be  the  string-course,  with  ball  and 
flower  ornaments  in  the  hollow  moulding,  usual 
under  parapets.  Ogilvie. 

KING'WOOD  (-wfid),  n.  1.  A dyewood  from  Si- 
erra Leone  ; camwood.  Ogilvie. 

2.  A beautiful  hard  wood  imported  from  Bra- 
zil in  trimmed  logs  from  two  to  seven  inches  in 
diameter.  Simmonds. 

Kl'NIC,  a.  [Dut.  kina,  cinchona.]  (diem.)  Not- 
ing a vegetable  acid,  derived  from  cinchona,  and 
sometimes  called  cinchonic  acid.  P.  Cyc. 

KINK,  n.  [Dut.  A Sw.  kink.) 

1.  An  entanglement  or  knot  in  thread,  &c. ; a 

twist  or  turn  in  a rope  or  cable.  Crabb. 

2.  A fit  of  laughter,  or  of  coughing.  Brockett. 

KINK,  r.  n.  [t.  kinked  ; pp.  kinking,  kinked.] 

1.  To  be  entangled;  to  run  into  knots;  to 
set  fast  or  stop  ; — said  of  a rope. 

2.  To  be  disentangled.  [Local,  Eng.]  Forby. 

3.  To  laugh  immoderately.  [Local.]  Brockett. 

KIN'KA-JOU,  n.  (Zo'ol.)  A plantigrade  quadru- 
ped of  South 
America,  hav- 
ing a long, 
prehensile  tail 
and  woolly 

hair,  and  liv- 
ing upon 
trees ; the  Ccr.  Kinkajou  ( Ccrcoleptes  caudivolvulus). 
coleptes  caudivolvulus  of  Illiger.  Brande. 


KiNK'HAUST,  n.  The  chincough  ; hooping- 
cough.  [Local,  Eng.]  Brockett. 

KIN'KLE,  n.  Same  as  Kink.  Francis. 

KIN'Nl-KlN'NJC,  n.  An  Indian  term  applied  to 
a composition  of  dried  leaves  and  bark  pre- 
pared for  smoking.  [U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

Kl'NO,  n.  [An  Indian  word.]  An  astringent  veg- 
etable extract,  containing  tannin,  gum,  and  ex- 
tractive matter.  Brande. 

Ki'NOYLE,  n.  [Eng.  kinic,  and  Gr.  vhj,  princi- 
ple.] ( Chem .)  A sublimate  obtained  in  golden 
yellow  needles  when  a kinate  is  distilled.  Craig. 

KINSFOLK  (klnz'fok),  n.  [A.  S.  cyn,  family,  and 
foie,  people,  tribe,  folk.]  Relations  ; kindred. 
“ My  kinsfolk  have  failed.”  [n.]  Job  xix.  14. 

KIN'SHIP,  n.  Kindred;  relationship.  Trench. 

KINSMAN,  n.  ; pi.  kinsmen.  A man  of  the 
same  race  or  family  ; a relative. 

KIN^'WOM-AN  (klnz'wum-jn),  n.  A female  re- 
lation. “ She  is  my  kinswoman.”  Shak. 

KIN'TAL,  n.  See  Quintal.  Todd. 

K1NT'LID(JE,  n.  (Naut.)  A kind  of  ballast; 
kentledge.  Mar.  Diet. 

KI-OSK',  ii.  [Turk.]  A kind  of  open  pavilion  or 
summer-house,  supported  by  pillars.  Brande. 

KI-O'TOME,  n.  [Gr.  kiW,  a dividing  membrane, 
and  ripvbi,  to  cut.]  A surgical  instrument  for 
dividing  certain  pseudo-membranous  bands  in. 
the  rectum  and  bladder.  Dunglison. 

KIP,  n.  The  hide  of  a young  beast.  Halliwell. 

KIPE,  n.  [A.  S.  cepan,  to  catch,  to  keep.]  An 
osier  basket  for  catching  fish.  Crabb. 

KlP'— LEATH-pR,  n.  Leather  made  from  the  hide 
of  a young  ox  or  cow,  being  intermediate  be- 
tween calf-skin  and  cow-hide.  Craig. 

KIP'PpR,  a.  Lean  and  unfit  for  use,  — applied 
to  salmon  when  unfit  to  be  taken  ; — also  not- 
ing the  time  when  salmon  spawn.  Halliwell. 

KIP'PpR,  a.  Lively;  nimble;  gay;  light-footed; 
chipper.  — See  Chipper.  Craven  Dialect. 

KIP'PpR— NUT,  n.  A tuberous  root;  earth-nut; 
Bunium  bulbocastanum.  Dunglison. 

KIP'PpR—' TIME,  n.  The  time  between  the  3d  and 
12th  of  May,  in  which  fishing  for  salmon  on  the 
Thames,  in  England,  is  prohibited.  Ash. 

KIP'— SKIN,  ii.  Kip-leather.  — See  Kip-leather. 

KIRK,  n.  [Gr.  Kvpiaicdv.  — See  Church.] 

1.  A church.  [Scot,  and  N.  of  Eng.] 

Jamieson. 

2.  The  established  church  of  Scotland. 

"With  the  sitting  of  the  general  assembly  of  the  kirk.  Scott. 

f KIRKED  (kTrkt),  a.  [A.  S.  cerran,  to  turn.] 
Turned  upward.  Chaucer. 

KIRK'MAN,  n.  ; pi.  KIRKMEN.  One  of  the  church 
of  Scotland.  Vindiciee  Carolina:  (1692). 

KIRK'— SES'SION,  n.  The  lowest  ecclesiastical 
court  of  the  kirk  of  Scotland. 

fl®-It  is  composed  of  tile  ministers  of  the  parish 
and  of  lay  elders.  It  takes  cognizance  of  cases  of 
scandal,  of  the  poor’s  fund,  and  of  matters  of  general 
ecclesiastical  discipline.  Brande. 

KIRK'— YARD,  n.  A churchyard.  [Scotland.] 

K/RSCII'  WAS-SER  (kersh'vis-ser),  n.  [Ger. 
kirschwasser,  from  kirsche,  a cherry,  and  icas- 
ser,  water.]  An  alcoholic  liquor  obtained  by 
fermenting  and  distilling  the  juice  of  the  small, 
sweet,  black  cherry.  Merle. 

KIR'TLE  (kir'tl),  n.  [Su.  Goth.  kjorteT,  A.  S. 
cyrtel-,  Dan.  kittel,  kiortel;  Sw.  kjortel ; Icel. 
kyrtill. ] 

1.  An  upper  garment,  or  sort  of  loose  gown  or 
jacket ; an  outer  petticoat. 

/)®=*The  form  of  the  kirtle  underwent  various  al- 
terations at  different  times.  It  was  worn  by  both 
sexes.  The  term  is  still  retained  in  tire  provinces,  in 
the  sense  of  an  outer  petticoat.  Halliwell. 

2.  A quantity  of  flax  weighing  about  one 

hundred  pounds.  Wright. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  p,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


KIRTLED 


803 


KNAPWEED 


KIR'TLED  (kir'tld),  a.  Wearing  a kirtle.  Milton. 

KIR'WAN-lTE,  n.  {Min.)  A silicate  of  lime, 
iron,  and  alumina,  from  the  basalt  of  the  north- 
east coast  of  Ireland  : — so  called  from  Kirwan, 
the  mineralogist.  Brande. 

KISH,  n.  A substance  produced  in  iron-smelting 
furnaces,  resembling  plumbago.  Brande. 

KISS,  v.  a.  [Su.  Goth,  kyssa ; A.  S.  cyssan  ; Dut. 
dj  Ger.  ktlssen ; Dan.  kysse  ; Sw.  <Sf  Icel.  kyssa  ; 
W.  cusanu .]  [i.  kissed  ; pp.  kissing,  kissed.] 

1.  To  salute  by  applying  the  lips. 

And  Jacob  k issed  Rachel,  and  lifted  up  his  voice  and  wept, 

Gen.  xxix.  11. 

2.  To  treat  with  fondness ; to  fondle ; to 
caress. 

The  hearts  of  princes  kiss  obedience.  Shak. 

3.  To  touch  gently. 

When  the  sweet  wind  did  gently  kiss  the  trees.  Shak. 

KlSS,  n.  [A.  S.  cyss ; Frs.  cuss  ; FI.  kuss  ; Dut. 
kus ; Ger.  kusz ; Dan.  kgs ; Icel.  koss ; Stv. 
kysz ; Gael.  § Ir.  caes ; W.  cits.] 

1.  A salute  by  kissing  or  by  joining  lips. 

One  kiss  shall  stop  our  mouths.  Shak. 

2.  A short  roll  of  sugar  paste.  Halliwett. 

KISS' 5 II,  n.  One  who  kisses.  Sherwood. 

KlSS'ING— COM'FIT  (-kum'fjt),  n.  Perfumed 

sugar-plums  for  sweetening  the  breath.  Shak. 

KlSS'ING— CRUST,  n.  Crust  formed  when  one 
loaf,  in  baking,  has  touched  another.  King. 

KIST,  n.  [A.  S.  cyst.  — See  Chest.]  A chest. 

[Scotland  and  North  of  Eng.]  Halliwett. 

KIST,  n.  The  amount  of  a stated  payment ; a 
portion  of  a tax  paid  by  a peasant.  Simmonds. 

KIT,  n.  1.  A large  bottle.  Skinner. 

2.  A wooden  tub  or  vessel;  — used  in  Eng- 
land for  holding  salmon,  and  in  the  U.  S.  com- 
monly for  holding  pickled  mackerel.  Brockctt. 

3.  A milking  pail  like  a churn  with  two  ears 
and  a cover  : — a small  pail.  Wright.  Entick. 

4.  A small  fiddle.  “ Fiddler’s  kit."  Florio. 

5.  A name  applied  to  a kitten.  Forby. 

6.  [Scot,  kit.]  Working  implements: — the 
whole  of  any  set  of  things,  as  the  bench  and 
tools  of  a cobbler,  a sailor’s  chest  and  contents, 
a soldier’s  knapsack  and  its  contents.  Jamieson. 

KIT'CAT,  a.  1.  Applied  to  a club  in  London,  of 
which  Addison  and  Steele  were  members ; — so 
named  from  Christopher  Kat,  a pastry-cook, 
who  supplied  the  club  with  mutton  pies. 

2.  Applied  to  a portrait  about  three  quarters 
in  length,  such  as  was  used  for  the  members  of 
the  Kitcat  Club.  Chalmers. 

KIT'CAT,  n.  A game  played  by  boys,  with  sticks 
or  bats,  in  the  east  of  England. 

Then  in  his  hand  he  takes  a thick  bat, 

With  which  he  used  to  play  at  kitcat.  Cotton. 

KIT'CAT— ROLL',  n.  A bellied  roller  drawn  by  a 
horse,  and  used  for  rolling  land.  Forby. 

KlTCH'EN  (klch'en),  n.  [L.  coquina,  from  coquo, 
to  cook  ; It.  cucina ; Sp.  cocina  ; Port,  cozinha ; 
Fr.  cuisine.  — A.  S .cycene;  Dut.  ke liken  ; Ger. 
ldlche ; Dan.  kikken ; Svv.  kok.  — Gael,  citsinn ; 
Ir.  ky shen ; W.  cegin ; Bret.  kegin.\ 

1.  The  room  in  a house  where  the  provisions 

are  cooked.  Bacon. 

2.  An  apparatus  for  cooking,  generally  made 
of  tinned  iron  having  a polished  surface,  so 
that  it  may  reflect  heat  when  set  before  the  fire. 

KITCH'pN,  v.  a.  To  entertain  with  the  fare  of 
the  kitchen  ; to  provide  with  food.  Shak. 

KITCH'JJN,  a.  Belonging  to,  or  used  in,  the 
kitchen.  Ash. 

KiTCH'JJN— GAR'DEN  (kTch'en-gir'dn),  n.  A gar- 
den in  which  Vegetables  for  the  table  are  raised. 

KITCH'^N— GRATE,  n.  An  iron  range  for  a 
kitchen.  Swift. 

KITCH'IJN— MAID,  n.  A maid  or  woman  em- 
ployed in  the  kitchen.  Shak. 

KITCH'BN-RY,  n.  The  utensils  used  in  a kitch- 
en ; utensils  for  cooking. 

Next  unto  them  goeth  the  blackguard  and  kitchenrv. 

Holland. 

KITCH'JJN-STUFF,  n.  The  fat  collected  from 
pots  and  dripping-pans.  Donne. 

KITCH'EN-WENCH,  n.  A maid  employed  to 
clean  the  kitchen  instruments  of  cookery.  Shak. 


Kite  (31  Huns  ictinus). 


KlTCH'BN-WORK  (klch'en-wurk),  n.  Work 
done  in  the  kitchen  ; cookery.  Johnson. 

KITE,  n.  [A.  S.  cyta.~\ 

1.  ( Ornith .)  A bird  of 
prey  of  the  hawk  kind  ; 
the  Milvus  ictinus,  Mil- 
vus  vulgaris,  or  Falco 
milvus  ; — called  also, 
from  its  noiseless  flight, 
glead  or  glede.  Yarrell. 

Jl@“  The  kite  is  readily 
distinguished  among  British 
Falcunida;,  even  when  at  a 
distance  on  the  wing,  by  its 
long  and  forked  tail.  In  its 
mode  of  taking  its  prey,  the  kite  is  distinguished  from 
falcons  and  hawks  generally  by  pouncing  upon  it  upon 
the  ground.  Occasionally  it  sails  in  circles,  then 
stops  and  remains  stationary  for  a time,  the  tail  ex- 
panded widely,  and  with  its  long  wings  sustaining  its 
light  body.  Yarrell. 

2.  A rapacious  or  cruel  person. 

Detested  kite\  thou  best.  Shak. 

3.  A kind  of  toy  ; a light  frame  of  wood  ex- 

tending a broad  surface  of  paper,  and  raised 
into  the  air,  with  a string  attached,  by  the  ac- 
tion of  the  wind.  Martin. 

4.  A term  applied  to  a note  given  in  exchange 
for  another  note ; an  accommodation  note. 

Simmonds. 

5.  (. Ich .)  A species  of  fish ; the  brill ; Rhom- 
bus vulgaris.  [Local,  England.]  Brande. 

KITE,  n.  [A.  S.  cwith , the  womb ; Scot,  kyta, 
the  belly  ; M.  Goth,  quithus  ; Icel.  kuidn,  qucd.~\ 
The  belly.  [Scotland  and  N.  of  Eng.]  Brockett. 

KlTE'FLY-ING,  n.  A term  applied  to  an  ex- 
change of  checks,  notes,  or  drafts  by  way  of 
accommodation,  or  for  the  purpose  of  raising 
money.  Bartlett. 

KlTE'FOOT  (klt'fut),  n.  A species  of  the  to- 
bacco plant ; — so  called  from  its  resemblance 
to  a bird’s  foot.  Wright. 

KITE’S'— FOOT  (kits'fut),  n.  A plant.  Ainsworth. 

KITH,  n.  [A.  S.  cyth\  cythan,  to  make  known.] 
Acquaintance  ; friends.  Gower. 

First  she  made  him  the  fleece  to  win, 

And  after  that  from  kith  and  kin.  Gower. 

Kith  and  kin , friends  and  relatives.  Brockett. 

KlTH'A-RA,  n.  [Gr.  mOdpa;  L.  cithara  ; A.'  S. 
cytere.  — See  Guitar.]  (Mus.)  A stringed  in- 
strument of  music  ; a cithara.  Thompson. 

KlT'ISH,  a.  Like  the  bird  called  a kite.  “ The 
kitish  kind.”  Turberville. 

KIT'LING,  n.  [Dim.  of  kit,  a cat.]  1.  A young 
cat ; a kitten.  Chapman. 

2.  [L.  catulus.]  A whelp ; the  young  of  a 
beast.  B.  Jonson. 

KIT'TEN  (kit'tn),  n.  [Dim.  of  cat. — Dut.  katje. ] 
A young  cat. 

KIT'TEN  (kit'tn),  v.  n.  [i.  KITTENED ; pp.  KIT- 
TENING, kittened.]  To  bring  forth  young  cats. 

If  your  mother’s  cat 

Had  but  kittened.  Shak. 

kIt'ti-WAKE,  n.  {Ornith.)  An  English  bird  of 
the  gull  kind ; the  Larus  tridactylus.  Yarrell. 

f KIT'TLE  (klt'tl),  v.  a.  [Su.  Goth,  kittla,  kitzla-, 
A.  S.  citelan  ; Dut.  kittelen ; Ger.  kitzeln  ; Sw. 
kittla,  kittsla  ; Icel.  kitla. ] To  tickle.  Sherwood. 

KIT'TLE— BU§'Y  (kit'tl-blz'ze),  a.  Officious  about 
trifles.  [Local,  Eng.]  HuUiwell. 

KIT'TLISH,  a.  [kittle.]  Ticklish.  Wright. 

f KIVE,  n.  A tub;  keeve. — See  Keeve.  Petty. 

KIV'BR,  v.  a.  To  cover.  [Vulgar.]  Huloet. 

KLICK,  v.  n.  [Old  Fr.  cliquer.  — Dut.  kliken. — 
See  Click.]  [*.  klicked;  pp.  klicking, 

KLICKED.] 

1.  To  make  a small,  sharp  noise  ; to  click. 

2.  To  pilfer  or  steal  away  with  a sudden 

snatch.  [Scotland.]  Johnson. 

KLICK,  n.  A sharp  noise ; click.  Craig. 

KLICK'jpR,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  clicks. 

KLICK'ING,  n.  A regular,  sharp  noise.  Maunder. 

KLIN'K  f.T,  n.  {Fort.)  A small  gate  made  through 
a palisade  for  the  purpose  of  sallying.  Crabb. 

KLINK'STONE,  n.  (Min.)  A variety  of  feld- 
spathic  rock.  — See  Clinkstone.  Crabb. 


KLJ-NOM'B-TBR,  n.  [Gr.  kI.Ivio , to  slope,  and 
pf'rpov,  measure.]  An  instrument  for  measur- 
ing the  inclination  of  stratified  rocks,  &c.  — 
See  Clinometer.  Hamilton. 

KLGp-B-mA'NI-A,  n.  [Gr.  kI.oto'/,  theft,  and  pavia, 
madness.]  (Med.)  An  irresistible  propensity 
to  steal,  — a species  of  monomania.  Dungttson. 

KNAB  (nab),  v.  a.  [Dut.  knabbelen,  to  gnaw;  Ger. 
knappern  ; Dan.  gnave  ; Icel.  gnaga ; Sw.  knap- 
pa,  to  pinch.]  [ i . knabbed  ; pp.  knaubing, 
knabbed.]  To  seize  with  the  teeth ; to  bite, 
as  something  brittle ; to  nab. 

I had  much  rather  lie  knobbing  crusts,  without  fear,  . . . 
than  be  mistress  of  the  world  with  cares.  L' Estrange. 

f KNAB'BLE  (nab'bl),  V.  n.  [Dim.  of  knab.]  To 
bite  ; to  nibble.  Browne. 

KNACK  (nak),  n.  1.  A little  machine;  a toy;  a 
plaything ; a knick-knack. 

Conceits,  knacks , trifles.  Shak. 

2.  A readiness;  a facility;  a dexterity  in 
some  slight  operation. 

The  dean  was  famous  in  his  time, 

And  had  a kind  of  knack  at  rhyme.  Swift. 

3.  A nice  trick  ; a dexterous  exploit. 

For  how  should  equal  colors  do  the  knack?  Fope. 

KNACK,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  crucian,  to  knock;  Ger. 
knaken,  to  break.] 

1.  To  make  a sharp,  quick  noise,  as  when  a 

stick  breaks.  Bp.  Hall. 

2.  To  speak  finely  or  affectedly,  [r.]  Grose. 

KNACKER  (nak'er),  n.  1.  A maker  of  knacks 
or  toys  : — a harness-maker.  Mortimer. 

2.  A rope-maker.  Ainsworth. 

3.  One  who  buys  old  horses  for  slaughter, 

and  cuts  them  up  for  dog’s-meat.  Smart. 

4.  pi.  Two  pieces  of  wood  struck  by  moving 

the  hand.  Halliwett. 

KNACK'ING  (nak'-),  n.  The  act  of  one  who 
knacks.  “ I have  taught  thee  the  knocking  of 
the  hands.”  Lilly. 

KNACK'ISH,  ( a Knavish  ; trickish ; practising 

KNACK'Y,  ) tricks  or  knacks,  [r.]  More. 

KNACK'ISH-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  knack- 
ish ; knavery  ; artifice  ; trickery,  [r.]  More. 

KNACK'— KNEED  (nak'ned),  p.  a.  Having  knees 
that  strike  against  each  other.  Brockett. 

KNAG  (nSg),  n.  [W. . cnwc ; Ir.  d,  Gael,  cnag ; 
Dan.  knag  ; Sw.  knagg.] 

1.  A knot  in  wood.  Barret. 

2.  A wooden  peg  for  clothes.  Halliwett. 

3.  A shoot  of  a deer’s  horn.  Halliwett. 

4.  A rugged  top  of  a rock  or  a hill.  Halliwett. 

KNAGGED  (nagd),  a.  Having  knags  or  project- 
ing points  like  knots.  Holland. 

KNAG'GI-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  knaggy.  Scott. 

KNAG'GY  (nag'ge),  a.  Knotty;  rough:  — ill-hu- 
mored. [Local,  Eng.]  Sherwood. 

KNAP  (nap),  n.  [W.  cnap.  — See  Knob.] 

1.  A protuberance  ; a hillock ; the  brow  of  a 
hill ; nap.  “ Upon  a knap  of  ground.”  Bacon. 

2.  A blow  ; a buffet.  Halliwett. 

KNAP  (nap),  v.  a.  [Sw.  knappa.  — See  Knab.] 

To  bite;  to  break  short ; to  gnash,  [r.] 

As  lying  a gossip  as  ever  knapped  ginger.  Shak. 

KNAP  (nap),  v.  n.  To  make  a short,  sharp  noise ; 
to  snap  ; to  knack.  1 Vise  man. 

KNAP'BOT-TLE  (nap'bot-tl),  n.  A plant ; a spe- 
cies of  ppppy.  Johnson. 

f KNAP'PISH  (nap'pjsh),  a.  Snappish  ; froward  ; 
cross  ; peevish.  Barret. 

f KNAP'PLE  (nap'pl),  v.  n.  [Dut.  knabbelen,  to 
gnaw.  — See  Knab.]  To  break  off  with  a sharp, 
quick  noise  ; to  snap  ; to  nibble.  Ainsworth. 

f KNAP'PY  (nap'pe),  a.  Full  of  knaps,  protuber- 
ances, or  hillocks  ; knobby.  Huloet. 

KNAP'SACK  (n&p'sak),  n.  [Su.  Goth,  kappsceck; 
Dut.  knapzak  ; Ger.  knappsack  : — Fr.  canapsa. 
— Gael,  cnap-saic.]  A bag  or  sack  in  which  a 
soldier  or  a foot-traveller  carries  his  provisions 
and  necessaries  on  his  back. 

And  each  one  fills  his  knajisack  or  his  scrip.  Drayton. 

KNAP'WEED  {nap'wed),  n.  (Bot.)  A name  ap- 
plied to  several  species  of  plants  of  the  genus 
Centaurea.  _ Eng.  Cyc. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.—  (J,  £,  ?,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  If  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


KNAR 


804 


KNIT 


KNAR  (11'Ar),  n.  [Dut.  knor , a knut  Ger.  knor- 
ren,  a protuberance ; Dan.  knort,  a knob, 
bunch.]  A hard  knot ; a knurl,  [it.]  Dryden. 

KNARL,  n.  [Sw.  knorla,  a curl,  a ringlet.]  A 
knot  in  wood  ; a knurl.  Brockett. 

KNARL'IJD  (narl'ed),  a.  Knotted ; gnarled.  “The 
old  knarled  oak.”  Scott. 

KNAII'RY  (nUr're),  a.  Knotty  ; stubby.  Chaucer. 

KNAVE  (nav),  n.  [Su.  Goth,  knape ; A.  S.  cnapa, 
cnafa ; Dut.  knaap  ; Ger.  knabe  ; I cel.  knapi ; 
Sw’.  knapa , an  esquire  ; kndfvel , a knave.] 

1.  +Alad;  a boy.  Wickliffe. 

2.  f A servant;  an  attendant.  Gower. 

A couple  of  Ford’s  knaves,  his  hinds.  Shak. 

3.  A petty  rascal ; a villain  ; a scoundrel. 

There’s  ne’er  a villain  dwelling  in  all  Denmark  but  he’s 

an  arrant  knave.  Shak. 

4.  A card  with  a soldier  painted  on  it. 

The  knave,  in  cards  (in  French  valet ) means 
the  servant  or  attendant  of  the  king  and  queen.  Sul- 
livan. 

“ Knave  meant  once  no  more  than  a lad ; vil- 
lain, no  more  than  a peasant ; a boor  was  only  a 
farmer  ; a varlet  was  but  a serving  man  ; a churl,  but 
a strong  fellow.”  Trench. 

“[  remember,”  says  Swift,  “at  a trial  in  Kent, 
where  Sir  George  Rooke  was  indicted  for  calling  a 
gentleman  knave  and  villain , the  lawyer  for  the  de- 
fendant brought  off  his  client  by  alleging  the  words 
were  not  injurious  ; for  knave,  in  the  old  and  true 
signification,  imported  only  a servant;  and  villain  in 
Latin  is  villicus , which  is  no  more  than  a man  em- 
ployed in  country  labor,  or  rather  a baily.” 

KNAV'^R-Y  (nav'er-e),  n.  Dishonesty  ; fraud  ; 
petty  villany ; knavishness. 

Who  with  dull  knavei'y  makes  so  much  ado.  Dryden. 

KNAV'ISH  (nav'ish),  a.  1.  Partaking  of  knavery  ; 
dishonest ; fraudulent ; trickish.  Pope. 

2.  Waggish;  mischievous. 

Cupid  is  a knavish  lad.  Shak. 

KNA  V'ISH-LY  (nav'ish-l<?),  ad.  Dishonestly; 

fraudulently  : — waggishly  ; mischievously. 

KNAV'ISH-NESS  (nav'jsh-nes),  n.  The  quality  of 

being  knavish ; dishonesty.  Shemcood. 

KNAYV  (n-2tw),  v.  To  bite.  — See  Gnaw.  Todd. 

KNAw'JpL  (naw'el),  n.  ( Bot .)  The  popular  name 
of  two  species  of  plants  of  the  genus  Scleran- 
thus,  growing  on  barren  fields.  Loudon. 

KNEAD  (ned),  v.  a.  [Su.  Goth.  knada\  A.  S. 
cnedan  ; Dut.  kneden  ; Ger.  kneten  ; Sw.  knada.~\ 
[i.  kneaded;  pp.  kneading,  kneaded.] 

1.  To  work  or  mingle  together,  as  dough  or 
any  soft  mass  by  pressure  of  the  hands  or  fists. 

2.  To  beat  with  the  fists  ; to  pommel. 

I will  knead  him;  I ’ll  make  him  supple.  Shak. 

KNEAD'IJR  (ned'er),  n.  One  who  kneads  ; a baker. 

KNEAD'ING  (ned'jng),  71.  The  action  of  mixing 
together  with  the  hands. 

Hereafter  the  kneading,  the  making  of  the  cake,  the  heat- 
ing of  the  oven,  and  the  baking.  Shak. 

KNEAD'ING— TROUGH  (ned'ing-tiof),  n.  A trough 
in  which  the  dough  or  paste  of  bread  is  worked 
together  ; a deep  tray  for  mixing  bread.  E.r.viii.3. 

KNE'BIJL-ITE  (ne'bel-It),  11.  ( Min .)  A mineral 
composed  of  silica,  protoxide  of  iron,  and  pro- 
toxide of  manganese.  Dana. 

KNECK,  n.  ( Naut .)  The  twisting  of  a rope  or 
a cable.  Crabb. 

KNEE  (ne),  «.  [M.  Goth,  kniu ; Su.  Goth.  Ante; 

A.  S.  cneow  ; Dut.  knie  ; Ger.  knie  ; Dan.  knee  ; 
Icel.  kne,  hnic  ; Sw.  knii.  — Sansc.  janu  ; Pers. 
zano.  — Gr.  ydvu  ; L.  genu  ; It.  ginocchio  ; Port. 
juelho  ; Fr.  genou.\ 

1.  The  joint  between  the  thigh  and  the  lower 
part  of  the  leg ; the  articulation  of  the  leg  with 
the  thigh 

How  long  is ’t  ago,  Jack,  since  thou  saw’st  thine  own  kneel 

Shak. 

Anil  crook  the  pregnant  hinges  of  the  knee. 

Where  thrift  may  follow  fawning.  Shak. 

2.  ( Ship-building  & Mech.')  Something  resem- 

bling the  human  knee  when  bent,  as  a crooked 
piece  of  timber  or  metal,  or  the  angle  where  two 
pieces  join.  Moxon. 

KNEE  (ne),  v.  a.  To  supplicate  by  kneeling. 


KNEE'— BRUSH- 7i.  pi.  ( Zolil . & Ent.)  The 
tufts  of  hair  on  the  knees  of  some  antelopes  ; — 
also  the  thick-set  hairs  on  the  legs  of  bees  with 
which  they  carry  the  pollen  to  the  hive. Maunder. 

KNEE'— CROOK'ING  (ne'kruk'jng),  a.  Obsequious. 

Many  a duteous  and  knee-crooking  knave.  Shak. 

KNEED  (ned),  a.  1.  Having  knees;  — used  in 
composition,  as  knoek-^neerf. 

2.  (Bot.)  Having  joints  ; geniculate. 

KNEE'— DEEP  (ne'dep),  a.  1.  So  deep  as  to  reach 
the  knees.  Milton. 

2.  Sinking  as  far  as  the  knees.  Shak. 

KNEED'GRAss  (ned'gris),  n.  An  herb.  Johnson. 

KNEE'— HIGH'  (ne'lil'),  a.  As  high  as  the  knee. 

KNEE  IIOL-LY  (ne  hol-le),  I n (Bot.)  A plant  of 

KNEE'HOLM  (ne'liSm),  ) the  genus  Ruscus  ; 
butcher’s-broom.  Wright. 

KNEE'-JOINT-SD,  a.  (Bot.)  Geniculate.  P.  Cyc. 

KNEEL  (nel),  v.  ii.  [A.  S.  cneowian  ; Dut . knic- 
len ; Ger.  knieen ; Dan . kncele.  — Fr.  agcnottil- 
ler.]  [i.  knelt  or  kneeled;  pp.  kneeling, 
knelt  or  kneeled.]  To  bend  the  knee  ; to 
bend  or  rest  one  or  both  knees  on  the  ground  or 
the  floor. 

He  kneeled  upon  his  knees  three  times  a day.  Dan.  vi.  10. 

KNEEL'IJR,  n.  One  who  kneels. 

KNEEL'ING,  p.  a.  Bending  the  knee. 

Kneeling  before  this  ruin  of  sweet  life.  Shak. 

KNEEL'ING,  ii.  The  act  of  bending  the  knees, 
or  of  resting  on  the  bent  knees. 

Solomon  arose  from  kneel ing  on  liis  knees.  1 Kings  viii.  54. 

KNEEL'ING-LY,  ad.  In  the  posture  of  kneeling. 

KNEE'PAN  (ne'p'an),  n.  A small,  flat,  rounded 
bone  placed  at  the  fore  part  of  the  knee-joint ; 
patella.  Dunglison. 

Tlic  kneepan  must  he  shown  by  a fine  shadow  underneath 
the  joint.  Teat  ham. 

KNEE'STIUNG,  it.  A ligament  or  tendon  of  the 
knee.  Addison. 

KNEE'— TIM- B JR,  w.  Timber  with  crooks  or  angles. 
“ Like  to  knee-timber."  > Bacon. 

KNEE'— TRIB-UTE  (ne  trib-vut),  n.  Genuflection; 
worship  or  obeisance  shown  by  kneeling. 

Knee-tribute  yet  unpaid,  prostration  vile ! Milton. 

KNELL  (nel),  n.  [Su.  Goth,  gnillla,  to  knell ; 
knoll,  a knell ; A.  S.  cnyll ; Ger.  knoll , a loud 
sound  ; Dan.  knald ; Sw.  knoll ; W.  cnul,  cnull .] 
The  sound  of  a bell  rung  at  a funeral. 

The  knell,  the  shroud,  the  mattock,  and  the  grave.  Young. 

KNELL,  v.  n.  To  sound  as  a bell ; to  knoll ; to  toll. 
Not  worth  a blessing,  nor  a bell  to  knell  for  thee.  Beau.  If  FI. 

KNELT  (nelt),  i.  & p.  from  kneel.  See  Kneel. 

KNEW  (nu),  i.  from  know.  See  Know. 

KNICK'— KNACK  (nlk'ndk),  n.  Any  trifle  or  toy; 
a plaything  ; a gewgaw.  [Colloquial.]  Smollett. 

KNICK-KNACK'jp-RY,  n.  Toys;  knick-knacks. 

Qu.  Rev. 

KNIFE  (nlf),  n. ; pi.  knTve§.  [Su.  Goth,  knif; 
A.  S.  cnif ; Dut.  knippen,  to  cut ; Ger.  kneif; 
Dan.  knit;  ; Sw.  knif ; Icel.  knifr,  hnifr.  — Sp. 
cahivete ; Port,  canivete  ; Fr.  canif. \ An  in- 
strument with  a sharp  edge,  for  cutting. 

Pain  is  not  in  tile  knife  that  cuts  us.  Watte. 

KNIFE'hAN-DLE-SIIELL,  n.  (Conch.)  A bivalve 
shellfish.  Booth. 

KNIFE'— REST,  n.  An  article  for  a dinner  table, 
to  rest  carving-knives  on.  Simmonds. 

KNIFE'— TRAY,  n.  A tray  in  which  knives  are 
deposited.  Simmonds. 

KNIGHT  (nit),  n.  [Su.  Goth,  kneckt ; A.  S .cniht; 
Scot,  knecht ; knycht,  a common  soldier  ; Dut. 
Sj  Ger.  knecht ; Dan.  knegt ; Sw.  knekt ; Gael. 
4 Ir.  cniocht .] 

1.  An  attendant,  especially  a military  at- 
tendant. 

2.  A champion  ; a combatant. 

Did  I,  for  this,  my  country  bring 

To  help  their  knight  against  their  king?  Denham. 

3.  In  feudal  days,  one  admitted,  by  peculiar 
ceremonies,  to  a certain  military  rank.  Spenser,  j 

4.  A man  on  whom  the  sovereign  of  England,  ; 


or  his  lieutenant,  has  conferred  the  distinction 
of  being  addressed  by  the  style  of  Sir  before  his 
Christian  name.  Smart. 

5.  One  of  the  pieces  in  chess.  Simmonds. 

Knight  of  the  post,  a suborned  rogue  or  witness  ; as 
it  were,  a knight  dubbed  at  the  whipping-post  or  pil- 
lory. Johnson.  — Knight  of  the  shire,  the  representa- 
tive of  an  English  shire  in  the  British  Parliament. 
Burrill.  — Knight's  fee , a certain  quantity  of  land,  the 
possession  of  which  was  necessary  to  make  a tenure 
by  knight  service.  Burrill.  — Knights  of  the  round 
table.  See  ROUND-TABLE. 

KNIGHT  (nit),  V.  a.  ft.  KNIGHTED  ; pp.  KNIGHT- 
ING, knighted.]  To  dub  or  make  a knight. 

The  next  St.  George’s  day  he  was  knighted.  IVotton. 

KNIGHT'A^E  (nlt'aij),  n.  The  body  of  knights; 
the  fraternity  of  knights.  J.  B.  Burke. 

KNIGHT'— BACH’jp-LOR,  n.  A knight  of  the  low- 
est order. 

UST  “The  origin  of  the  name  is  disputed.  It  is 
considered  by  some  to  be  a corruption  of  the  French 
has  chevalier,  a knight  of  low  degree  ; hut  others 
deduce  the  name  from  the  barbarous  Latin  word 
baccalare , said  to  signify  a small  fief  such  as  was 
originally  considered  as  entitling  its  possessor  to  the 
honor  of  knighthood.”  — See  Bachelor.  Braude. 

KNIgHT'-BAN'NER-ET,  n.  A knight  who  pos- 
sessed fiefs  to  a greater  amount  than  the  knight- 
bachelor,  who  was  obliged  to  serve  in  war  with 
a greater  attendance,  and  who  carried  a banner. 

Brande. 

KNIGHT'— bAR'O-NET,  n.  A baronet ; an  heredi- 
tary English  title  which  conveys  no  nobility,  a 
baronet  being  a commoner.  Burrill. 

KNlGHT'— ER'RANT  (nlt'er'rant),  il. ; pi.  knights- 
ehuant.  A knight  wandering  in  search  of  ad- 
ventures. Brande. 

KNIGHT'— ER'RANT-RY  (nlt'er'r?nt-re),  n.  The 
character,  manners,  and  adventures  of  wander- 
ing knights,  or  kniglits-errant ; chivalry.  Norris. 
Knight-errantry  was  not  altogether  a fiction  of  romance. 

Brande. 

KNIGHT'-ER-RAT'IC,  a.  Relating  to  knight- 
errantry.  Qu.  Rev. 

KNIGHT'— HEAD§  (nlt'hedz),  n.  pi.  (Naut.)  The 
timbers  next  the  stem  on  each  side,  forming  a 
support  to  the  bowsprit ; bollard-timbers.  Dana. 

KNIGHT'HOOD  (nlt'hud),  n.  1.  The  character, 
state,  or  the  dignity  of  a knight ; chivalry. 

Is  this  the  sir,  who,  some  waste  wife  to  win, 

A knighthood  bought  to  go  a-wooing  in  ? B.  Jonson. 

The  most  honorable  species  of  knighthood  was  that  con- 
ferred on  the  field  and  after  a battle.  Brande. 

2.  The  order  or  fraternity  of  knights. 

Knighthood  was  an  institution  which  served  in  some  re- 
spects as  a compensation  for  the  inequalities  of  rank  incident 
to  the  feudal  system.  Brande. 

fKNlGHT'LgSS  (nlt'les),  a.  Unbecoming  a knight. 

Arise,  thou  cursed  miscreant. 

That  hast,  with  knightless  guile  and  treacherous  train, 

Fair  knighthood  fully  shamed.  Spenser. 

KNIGHT'LI-NESS  (nlt'le-nes),  71.  The  quality  of 
a knight ; knightly  character.  Spenser. 

KNlGHT'LY  (nlt'Ie),  a.  Relating  to,  or  befitting, 
a knight ; like  a knight.  Sidney. 

KNlGHT'LY  (nlt'le),  ad.  In  a manner  becoming 
a knight.  Shenvood. 

KNIGHT'— MAR'SHAL,  n.  (Eng.  Late.)  The  mar- 
shal of  the  king’s  house  ; an  officer  whose  duty 
it  is  to  hear  and  determine  all  pleas  of  the 
crown,  to  punish  faults  committed  within  the 
verge,  and  to  judge  of  suits  between  those  of 
the  royal  household.  Holthouse. 

KNIGHT'— SER' VICE,  n.  (Eng.  Law.)  The  ten- 
ure by  which  a knight  held  his  land.  Blackstone. 

Xr;,  ■ To  make  a tenure  by  knight-service , a determi- 
nate quantity  of  land  was  necessary,  which  was 
called  a knight’s-fee  ; and  lie  who  field  such  a fee 
was  hound  to  attend  his  lord  to  tile  wars  for  forty 
days  in  every  year,  if  called  upon,  which  attendance 
was  his  rent  or  service  for  tile  land  lie  claimed  to 
hold.  Burrill. 

KNIT  (nit),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  cnytan,  to  tie,  to  knit; 
Dan . knytte;  Sw .knyta\  Icel.  hnyti.  — Allied, 
to  net  and  knot.]  [i.  knit  or  knitted  ; pp. 
KNITTING,  KNIT  Or  KNITTED.] 

1.  To  tie  ; to  fasten. 

I ’ll  have  this  knot  knit  up  to-morrow  morning*  Shak. 

2.  To  make,  unite,  or  weave  by  texture,  with- 
out a loom  ; to  weave  by  the  hand  with  needles. 


I could  as  well  he  brought  to  knee  his  throne.  Shak. 

A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


KNIT 


805 


KNOWLEDGE 


Those  curious  nets  thy  slender  fingers  knit.  Waller. 

3.  In  a general  sense,  to  join  ; to  unite  ; — 
less  frequent  in  this  sense  than  formerly. 

Mine  heart  shall  be  knit  unto  you.  1 Chron.  xii.  17. 

4.  To  contract.  “ Knit  thy  brow.”  Addison. 

5.  To  tie  up  ; to  gathor. 

A great  sheet,  knit  at  the  four  corners.  Acts  x.  11. 

KNIT  (nit),  v.  n.  1.  To  weave  any  textile  fabric 
by  the  hand,  or  by  means  of  needles. 

2.  To  unite  closely;  to  come  together;  to 
grow  together  ; to  be  joined. 

Our  severed  navy,  too. 

Have  knit  again.  Shak. 

KNIT  (nit),  n.  The  act  of  knitting  ; texture. 

f KNITCH  (nltch),  71.  A burden  of  wood  ; a fagot. 
“ Bind  them  together  in  knitchts.”  Wickliffe. 

fKNITCH'lST  (nltch'et),  n.  Any  thing  knit  or 
bound  together  ; a knitch.  Holland. 

KNIT'STIJR  (rut'ster),  n.  A female  who  knits. 
[Local,  ling.]  HaUiweU. 

KNIT'TA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  knit.  Huloet. 

KNIT'T£R  (nit'ter),  n.  One  who  knits. 

KNIT'TING,  p.  a.  Weaving  with  needles  ; uniting. 

KNIT'TING  (nit'tjng),  71.  1.  The  act  of  uniting; 

junction  ; union.  Wotton. 

2.  The  act  or  the  work  of  one  who  knits  or 
weaves  a textile  fabric  by  means  of  needles. 

KNIT'TING— NEE'DLE  (nit'tjng-ne'dl),  n.  A wire 
used  in  knitting.  Arbuthnot. 

KNIT'TING— SHEATII,  n.  A sheath  for  holding 
the  end  of  a knitting-needle  while  knitting..4s/i. 

KNIT'TLE  (nit'tl),  n.  A purse-string.  Ainsworth. 

KNIT'TLE,  71.  ( Naut .)  A small  line  used  for 

hammock-clews  and  for  seizings,  pi.  The  halves 
of  two  adjoining  yarns  in  a rope,  twisted  up  to- 
gether for  grafting  or  pointing.  Dana. 

KNlVE§  (nivz),  7i.  pi.  of  knife.  See  Knife. 

KNOB  (nob),  n.  [Su.  Goth,  knopp,  a bud  ; A.  S. 
cntrp  ; Dut.  knop ; Ger.  knopf ; Dan.  knap,  knop ; 
Sw.  knapp,  knop  ; Icel.  gnop  ; W.,  Arm.,  Gael., 
<Sf  Ir.  cnap.]  A protuberance  ; a hard  bunch  ; 
a boss ; the  handle  for  a door  or  drawer  in  the 
shape  of  a ball. 

KNOBBED  (nobd),  a.  Having  knobs  or  protuber- 
ances ; knobby.  “ His  knuckles  knobbed." 

KNOB'BI-NESS  (nob'be-nes),  n.  The  quality  of 
having  knobs  or  being  knobby.  Shenvood. 

KNOB'BY  (nob'be),  a.  Full  of  knobs  ; knobbed: 
— hard  ; stubborn.  Howell. 

KNOCK  (nok),  . v . 71.  [Su.  Goth,  knaka  ; A.  S. 
cnucian ; Gael.  § Ir.  cnag ; W.  oioccio.]  [i. 

KNOCKED  ; pp.  KNOCKING,  KNOCKED.] 

1.  To  strike  or  beat  with  something  hard  ; — 
commonly  followed  by  at. 

Hark  how  the  loud  and  ponderous  mace  of  time 

Knocks  at  the  golden  portals  of  the  day.  Longfellow. 

2.  To  clash  ; to  be  driven  together. 

To  knock  under , to  submit;  to  yield.  — The  use  of 
this  phrase,  and  the  like  use  of  the  word  knuckle , are 
said  by  Johnson  to  be  derived  from  an  old  custom  of 
striking  the  under  side  of  the  table  with  the  knuckles, 
in  token  of  being  worsted  in  argument. 

KNOCK  (nok),  v.  a.  To  affect  by  a blow  or  blows  ; 
to  beat ; to  strike. 

Master,  knock  the  door  hard.  Shak. 

To  knock  down,  to  fell  by  a blow.  — To  knock  up, 
to  weary  out ; to  fatigue.  School  Days  at  Rushy.  — 
(Printing.)  To  make  a pair  of  balls;  to  make  the 
printed  sheets  even  at  the  edges. 

KNOCK  (nok),  n.  [W.  c»oc.]  1.  A sudden  stroke  ; 
a blow. 

2.  A loud  stroke  at  a door  for  admission. 

Guiscard,  in  his  leathern  frock, 

Stood  ready  with  his  thrice-repcated  knock.  Dryden. 

KNOCK'ER  (nok'er),  n.  I.  He  who,  or  that 
which,  knocks  ; a striker. 

2.  The  hammer  of  a door. 

Tie  up  the  knocker ; say  I ’in  sick,  I ’m  dead.  Pope. 

KNOCK'ING  (nok'jng),  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who 
knocks  or  beats. 

2.  A beating  at  the  door. 

To  bed!  to  bed!  there ’s  knocking  at  the  gate.  Shak. 

KNOLL  (nol),  v.  a.  [See  Knell.] 

1.  To  ring,  as  a bell  for  a funeral ; to  toll. 


2.  To  sound  the  knell  of,  as  at  a funeral. 

Knotting  a departed  friend.  Shak. 

KNOLL  (nol),  v.  71.  To  sound  as  a bell  ; to  knell. 

Where  bells  have  knotted  to  church.  Shak. 

KNOLL  (nol),  7i.  [Su.  Goth,  knula,  knOl\  A.  S. 
cnoll',  Dut.  /mol-,  Ger.  k7iollen,  a lump;  Sw. 
kniil,  a bunch  ; W.  cnol. ] 

1.  A little  round  hill  ; a hillock  ; the  top  or 

cap  of  a hill  or  mountain.  Wyndham. 

2.  A turnip.  [Local,  Eng.]  Hay. 

f KNOLL'pR  (nol'er),  71.  One  who  knolls;  one 
wh%  tolls  a bell.  Sherwood. 

t KNOP  (nop),  7i.  [See  Knob.]  A bud  ; a protu- 
berance ; a knob.  Chaucer. 

t KNOPPED  (nopt),  a.  Having  knops  or  knobs; 
fastened  by  knops.  Chaucer. 

KNOP'PfRN  (nop'pern),  n.  A species  of  gall-nut 
or  excrescence  formed  by  the  puncture  of  an 
insect  upon  several  species  of  oak,  and  used  for 
tanning  and  dyeing.  Brande. 

fKNOR  (nor),  71.  A knot;  a knurl.  Todd. 

KNOT  (not),  n.  [L.  ? wdus  ; It.  7iodo  ; Sp.  nudo  ; 
Port,  no  ; Fr.  7tceud.  — Su.  Goth,  knot ; A.  S. 
c7iott ; Dut.  knoop,  knot ; Ger.  knoten  ; Dan. 
knort,  knude  ; Sw.  knota,  prominence  of  a joint ; 
Icel.  knutr,  linutr  ; Gael.  cnod. \ 

1.  A complication  of  a cord  or  string  not 
easily  disentangled  ; a part  which  is  tied. 

It  is  too  hard  a knot  for  me  to  untie.  Shak. 

2.  A bond  of  association  or  union. 

O night  and  shades. 

How  are  ye  joined  with  hell  in  triple  knot  l Milton. 

3.  A place  in  a piece  of  wood  caused  by  the 
protuberance  of  a bough,  and  a consequent 
transverse  direction  of  the  fibres.  Kitig  Charles. 

4.  A joint  in  a plant ; a node.  Martyn. 

5.  A complicated  intersection  or  entangle- 

ment ; a figure  in  which  lines  constantly  cross 
each  other.  “ Garden  knots."  Bacon. 

6.  An  epaulet ; a shoulder-knot.  Johnson. 

7.  A difficulty  ; an  intricacy. 

A man  shall  be  perplexed  with  knots  and  problems  of 
business.  South. 

8.  A confederacy ; an  association ; a small 
band ; a small  party  or  society. 

Not  a soul  without  thine  own  Ibul  knot 

But  fears  and  hates  thee.  B.  Jonson. 

9.  A cluster  ; a collection. 

There  ore  groups  or  /.viols  of  figures  disposed  at  proper 
distances.  Dryden. 

10.  A bird  of  the  snipe  kind.  Ayscouyh. 

11.  (Naut.)  A division  of  the  log-line;  the 
space  between  one  knot  and  another,  answering 
to  one  nautical  mile  of  a vessel’s  progress. 

Hence  a vessel  is  said  to  go  at  any  number  of 
knots,  meaning  so  many  nautical  miles  per  hour. Dana. 

KNOT  (not),  V.  a.  \i.  KNOTTED  ; pp.  KNOTTING, 
KNOTTED.] 

1.  To  complicate  in  knots;  to  entangle;  to 
tie  together.  “ Always  knottmg  threads ."Sedley. 

2.  To  put  into  confusion  ; to  perplex.  Jolmson. 

3.  To  unite  ; to  bind  together.  Bacon. 

KNOT  (not),  v.  71.  1.  To  form  buds,  knots,  or 

joints  in  vegetation.  Mortimer. 

2.  To  knit  knobs  for  fringes  or  trimmings. 

KNOT'BER-RY,  n.  1.  A shrub-like  plant  or 
herb  ; cloudberry  ; Rubus  chameemorus.  Booth. 

2.  The  berry  of  the  Rubus  cha7n<cmorus.  Cyc. 

KNOT'BER-RY— Bl)SH,  71.  A plant.  Ainsworth. 

KNOT'GRASS  (not'grAs),  71.  (Rot.)  1.  A name 
applied  to  several  species  of  plants  of  the  genus 
Polygonum.  Wood. 

2.  A name  applied  to  Triticum  repens,  or 
dog’s-grass.  — See  Dog’s-gkass. 

KNOT'L£SS  (not'les),  a.  Without  knots  : — with- 
out difficulty.  Martyn. 

KNOT'TED  (not'ted),  a.  1.  Full  of  knots;  un- 
even ; knotty ; gnarled. 

2.  Having  intersecting  lines.  Shak. 

3.  (Geol.)  Applied  to  rocks  having  detached 

points  chiefly  of  mica,  less  decomposable  than 
the  other  parts.  Wright. 

4.  (Bot.)  Swollen  into  knobs.  Iienslow. 

IcNOT'TI-NESS  (not'te-nes),  n.  1.  Fulness  of 
knots  ; unevenness.  Peacham. 

2.  Intricacy ; difficulty.  Bacon. 

3.  A protuberance  ; a prominence.  Warto7i. 


KNOT'TY  (not'te),  a.  1.  Full  of  knots;  knotted. 

2.  Hard;  rugged;  rough;  gnarly;  gnarled. 

When  knaves  knock  their  knotty  heads  together.  Rowe. 

3.  Intricate  ; perplexing ; difficult. 

A thousand  knotty  points  they  clear.  Prior. 

KNOT'WEED,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants  ; Po- 
lygonum. Gray. 

KNOT'WORT  (not'wiirt),  n.  (Bot.)  A family  of 
plants  which  includes  the  genus  Spergula.  Gray. 

KNOUT  (nbfit),  7i.  1.  An  instrument  of  pun- 

ishment used  in  Russia  for  inflicting  stripes 
on  the  bare  back,  consisting  of  a handle,  a leath- 
er thong  terminating  with  a ring,  to  which  is 
affixed  a strip  of  hide  terminating  in  a point. 

Brande. 

2.  The  ball  or  piece  of  wood  that  is  struck  in 
the  game  of  shinty.  Simmonds. 

KNOUT,  v.  a.  To  punish  with  the  knout.  Ja/neso7i. 

KNOUT' BER-RY,  n.  See  Knot-berry.  Booth. 

KNOW  (no),  v.  a.  [M.  Goth,  kumian;  Su.  Goth. 
ka-nna,  kunna  ; A.  S.  cunnan ; Dut.  FI.  ken- 
71  cn  ; Ger.  kennen ; Dan.  kunne,  kiende ; Icel. 
k(t7ma,  to  examine;  kann,kenni,  to  know;  Sw. 
ktinna.  — Sansc.  gna,  to  know  ; kan , to  see.  — Gr. 
yryuhaKio,  Kovriui,  rocto  ; L.  g7WSCO,  71OSC0  ; It.  co- 
7iosccre-,  Sp .conocer;  Port .conhccer-,  Fr.  con- 
Tuiitre.]  [i.  knew;  pp.  knowing,  known.] 

1.  To  perceive  intellectually,  whether  intui- 
tively or  by  the  use  of  means ; to  have  more  or 
less  knowledge  of ; to  be  informed  of. 

And  still  they  gazed,  and  still  the  wonder  grew, 

That  one  small  head  could  carry  all  iie  knew.  Goldsmith. 

There  is  a certainty  in  the  proposition,  and  we  know  it. 

Dryden. 

2.  To  distinguish  ; to  discriminate. 

A new  name  whereby  to  know  it.  Locke. 

3.  To  be  acquainted  with;  to  recognize. 

What  art  thou,  thus  to  rail  on  me,  that  is  neither  known  of 

thee  nor  knows  thee?  Shak. 

4.  To  have  experience ; to  be  familiar  with. 

5.  To  have  sexual  commerce  with. 

And  Adam  knew  Eve  his  wife.  Gen.  iv.  1. 

KNOW  (no),  v.  71.  1.  To  have  knowledge. 

Israel  doth  not  know,  my  people  doth  not  consider.  Isa.  i.3. 

2.  To  be  informed;  to  be  made  aware. 

Sir  John  must  not  know  of  it.  Shak. 

3.  To  feel  certain  ; to  be  not  doubtful. 

I know  that  my  Redeemer  liveth.  Job  xiv.  25. 

4.  To  know  how  ; — used  in  poetry. 

And  know  to  know  no  more.  Milton. 

BSf  Know  of,  to  take  cognizance  of ; to  examine. 
“ Know  of  your  youth.”  Shak. 

KNOW'A-BLE  (nfi'a-bl),  a.  That  may  be  known  ; 
capable  of  being  known.  Bentley. 

KNOW' A-BLE-NESS,  71.  The  quality  of  being 
knowable  ; capability  of  being  known.  Locke. 

KNOW'— ALL,  n.  One  who  knows  every  thing;  a 
person  of  great  knowledge.  Tucker. 

KNOW'gR,  n.  One  who  has  knowledge.  Shak. 

KNOWING  (110'jng),  a.  Having  knowledge  ; skil- 
ful ; intelligent.  “ He ’s  very  knowing.”  Shak. 

KNOW'ING  (no'jng),  71.  Knowledge. 

This  sore  night 

Hath  trifled  former  knowing.  Shak. 

KNO  W'ING-LY  (no'ing-le),  ad.  In  a knowing 
manner;  with  skill  or  knowledge.  Addison. 

KNOW'ING-NESS,  71.  The  state  of  knowing  or 
having  knowledge,  [r.]  Coleridge. 

KNOWL'JJDfJE  (nol'ej)  [nol'ej,  S.  P.  J.  E.  Ja. 
Sm.  Wr. ; nol'ej  or  no'lej,  W.  F. ; 110'lej  or  nol'ej, 
K.],  71.  [From  know.] 

1.  The  certain  perception  of  truth ; belief 
which  amounts  to,  or  results  in,  moral  certainty ; 
indubitable  apprehension. 

Knowledge  consists  in  the  perception  of  the  truth  of  affirm- 
ative or  negative  propositions.  Locke. 

The  word  knowledge  strictly  employed  implies  three  things, 
viz.  truth,  proof,  and  conviction.  Whattdy. 

2.  pi.  Those  things  which  are  known  or  may 
be  known  ; cognitions. 

Knowledges  (or  cognitions),  in  common  use  with  Bacon 
and  our  English  philosophers  till  after  the  time  of  Locke, 
ought  not  to  he  discarded.  It  is, however,  unnoticed  by  any 
English  lexicographer.  Sir  IV.  Hamilton. 

3.  Learning  ; erudition  ; scholarship. 
Knowledge  and  wisdom,  fur  from  being  one. 

Have  ofttimes  no  connection.  Knowledge  dwells 
In  heads  replete  with  thoughts  of  other  men; 


MiEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  rC'LE.  — 9,  9,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


KNOWLEDGE 


806 


KYRIOLOGICAL 


Wisdom  in  minds  attentive  to  their  own. 

Knowledge  is  proud  that  he  has  learned  so  much; 

Wisdom  is  humble  that  he  knows  no  more.  Cowper. 

4.  That  which  is  acquired  by  experience  ; fa- 
miliar acquaintance. 

Shipmen,  that  had  knowledge  of  the  sea.  1 Kings  ix.  27. 

5.  Information  ; intelligence  ; as,  “ To  have 
knowledge  of  a fact.” 

6.  Notice;  cognizance. 

A state’s  anger  should  not  take 

Knowledge  either  of  fools  or  women.  B.  Jonson. 

7.  Sexual  intercourse ; as,  “ Carnal  knowl- 
edge 

Sfeir'  “ Scarcely  any  word  has  occasioned  more  alter- 
cation among  verbal  critics  than  this.  A great  ap- 
pearance of  propriety  seems  to  favor  the  second  pro- 
nunciation, till  we  observe  a great  number  ol  similar 
words  where  the  long  vowel  in  the  simple  is  shortened 
in  the  compound  ; and  then  we  perceive  something 
like  an  idiom  of  pronunciation,  which,  to  correct, 
would,  in  some  measure,  obstruct  the  current  of  the 
language.  To  preserve  the  simple  without  alteration 
in  the  compound,  is  certainly  a desirable  thing  in 
language ; but  when  the  general  tune  of  the  language, 
as  it  may  be  called,  crosses  this  analogy,  we  may  de- 
pend on  the  rectitude  of  general  custom,  and  ought  to 
accjuiesce  in  it.  That  the  secondary  accent  shortens 
the  vowel,  which  was  long  in  the  original,  appears 
throughout  the  language  in  proclamation , provocation , 
&c.  That  the  primary  accent  does  the  same  in  pref- 
ace, prelate , prelude,  &c.,  is  evident ; and,  as  ledge  is 
no  general  termination  of  our  own,  which  is  applica- 
ble to  several  words,  why  should  we  not  consider 
knowledge  as  a simple,  and  pronounce  it  independent- 
ly on  its  original  quantity?  The  patrons  for  the  first 
pronunciation  are  Mr.  Sheridan,  Dr.  Kenrick,  Mr. 
Nares,  Mr.  Barclay,  Mr.  Elphinston,  and  Mr.  Scott ; 
and  for  the  second,  W.  Johnston  and  Mr.  Buchanan.” 
Walker. 

Syn.  — Knowledge  is  a very  general  term,  signify- 
ing merely  the  act  of  knowing,  or  the  thing  known. 
Science,  learning , literature,  and  erudition  are  more 
definite  terms,  and  denote  high  degrees  of  knowledge, 
qualified  by  some  collateral  idea.  Science  is  knowl- 
edge on  some  subject  methodically  digested  and  ar- 
ranged ; as,  “ The  science  of  mathematics,  of  astrono- 
my, of  chemistry,”  &c.  The  phrase  a man  of  knowl- 
edge is  very  indefinite  ; but  the  phrases  a man  of  sci- 
ence and  a man  of  literature,  or  of  erudition , are  much 
more  definite.  — See  Literature. 

f KNOWL'ED^JE  (nol'ej),  v.  a.  To  acknowledge  ; 
to  avow ; to  confess.  Wicklijf'e. 

KNOWN  (n5n),  p.  from  knoio.  See  Know. 

KNOW'— NOTH'ING,  a.  Quite  ignorant.  Forby. 

+ KNUB  (nub),  ) Vm  a%  To  beat  with  the 

fKNUB'BLE  (nub'bl),  ) fist  or  knuckles.  Skinner. 

KNUB§,  n.  pi.  Waste  silk  formed  in  winding  off 
the  threads  from  a cocoon.  Simmonds . 

KNUC'KLE  (nuk'kl),  n.  [A.  S.  cnucl;  Dut.  kneu- 
kel , knokkel ; Ger.  knochel ; Dan.  knokkel.~\ 

1.  Formerly,  any  joint  of  the  body;  — now, 
appropriately  a joint  of  the  finger,  especially 
when  made  protuberant  by  closing  the  hand. 

Milton.  Garth. 

2.  The  knee  joint  of  a calf.  Bacon. 

3.  The  articulation  or  joint  of  a plant.  Bacon. 

KNUC'KLE  (nuk'kl),  v.  n.  [L  KNUCKLED;  pp. 

knuckling,  knuckled.]  To  yield;  to  submit. 
— See  Knock  under.  Johnson. 

KNUC'KLE  (nuk'kl),  v.  a.  To  beat  with  the  knuc- 
kles ; to  pommel. 

I need  not  ask  thee  if  that  hand,  when  armed, 

Das  any  Roman  soldier  mauled  and  knuckled.  H.  Smith. 

KNGc'KLED  (nuk'kld),  a.  Jointed.  Bacon. 

t KNUFF  (nuf),  n.  [“Perhaps  corrupted  from 
know,  or  the  same  as  chuff.”  Johnson .]  A lout ; 
a clown  ; a rustic  ; a boor.  Hayward. 

f KNUR  (niir),  n.  [See  Knar.]  A knurl.  Hidoet. 

KNURL  (niirl),  n.  [See  Knarl.]  A knarl.  Bailey. 

KNURL'JJD,  a.  Set  with  knurls  ; knotty.  Sherwood. 

KNUR'LY,  a.  Having  knurls  or  knobs ; hard.  Smith. 

fKNUR'RY  (niir're),  a.  Full  of  knots.  “The 

knurr  y-baWeA  oak.”  Drayton. 

KO-A'LA,  n.  ( Zilol .)  A marsupial  animal  of 

Australia,  having  short  hind  legs  and  no  tail ; 
Phascolarctos  cinereus.  Waterhouse. 

KOB,  n.  ( Zolil .)  A species  of  antelope  about  the 
size  of  the  fallow-deer.  Fischer. 

KO'BA,  n.  A species  of  antelope,  in  size  equal 
to  the  European  stag.  Fischer. 


KO'bAlt,  n.  [Ger.]  (Chem.)  See  Cobalt.  Dana. 

KOBELLITE,  n.  {Min.)  A sulphuret  of  lead  and 
bismuth.  Dana. 

IiOB' OLD,  n.  [See  Goblin.]  A German  word 
for  spectre  or  goblin. 

many  parts  of  Germany  there  is  scarcely  a 
house  or  a family  to  which  kobidds  are  not  said  to  he 
attached  ; and,  according  to  the  superstitious  notions 
of  the  peasantry,  they  preside  over  all  domestic  oper- 
ations, many  of  winch  they  perforin.  Braude. 

KOFF,  n.  A small  Dutch  vessel.  Simmonds. 

KuH  (ko),  n.  The  word  used  in  calling  cows. 

KOHL'— R/Y'BI  (kol'ra'bj),  n.  [Ger.  kohlrabi,  from 
kohl,  cabbage,  and  rube,  rape.  — See  Kale,  and 
Rape.]  {Bot.)  A singular  variety  of  German 
cabbage  ; Brassica  caula-rapa.  Farm.  Ency. 

KO'KoB,  n.  (Herp.)  A venomous  American  ser- 
pent. , Wright. 

KOL'LY-RlTE,  n.  [Gr.  KoV.bpxo v,  a fine  clay.] 
{Min.)  A hydrated  silicate  of  alumina.  Dana. 

KO-MA-VIS'DAR,  n.  A manager.  [India.]  Brown. 

fKON'pD.  For  conned,  i.  e.  knew.  Spenser. 

KON'I-GTnE,  n.  (Min.)  A sulphate  of  copper; 
a species  of  brocnantite.  Dana. 

kGN'I-LITE,  n.  [Gr.  sovta,  dust,  and  lidos,  a stone.] 
(Min.)  A very  fusible  mineral,  in  the  form  of  a 
powder  ; — consisting  chiefly  of  silex.  Phillips. 

KO'NITE,  n.  {Min.)  See  Conite. 

KON'LITE,  n.  {Min.)  A mineral,  consisting  of 
carbon  and  hydrogen,  and  found  with  brown 
coal  in  foliaceous  or  granular  crystals.  Dana. 

KOO'DOO,  n.  (Zoiil.) 

A magnificent  ani- 
mal of  South  Africa, 
and  one  of  the  larg- 
est of  the  antelope 
genus,  measuring 
upwards  of  eight 
feet  in  length,  and 
being  four  feet  high 
at  the  shoulder  ; 

Strepsiceros  Kudu. 

Baird. 

KOOL.  n.  1.  A tribe  or  caste.  [India.]  Ogilvie. 

2.  A Bengalee  name  for  the  fruit  of  the  Zi- 
zyphus  jujuba.  Simmonds. 

KOOL'SLA,  n.  [Dut.  kool,  cabbage,  and  sla, 
salad.]  Cabbage  salad.  [Local,  New  York.] 

, Am.  Cyc. 

KO'PECK,  n.  A Russian  copper  coin,  about  the 
size  of  a cent.  Kelley. 

KO'RAN,  n.  [Arab ..reading.')  The  same  as  Al- 
coran, — the  prefix  al  being  equivalent  to  the. 

Tile  Koran  consists  of  114  chapters,  which  are 
distinguished,  not  by  their  numerical  order,  but  by 
certain  titles,  under  which  they  are  respectively 
known.  Brande. 

KO'RpT,  n.  A fish  of  the  East  Indies.  Ogilvie. 

KO'RJN,  n.  {Zoiil.)  A kind  of  antelope  or  gazelle, 
found  in  Africa  ; Gazella  rufifrons.  Eng.  Cyc. 

KOS,  n.  A Jewish  measure  of  capacity,  equal  to 
about  four  cubic  inches.  Wright. 

KOS'TJJR,  n.  { Ich .)  A species  of  sturgeon.  Booth. 

KOTH,  n.  A slimy,  earthy  substance,  ejected  from 
the  volcanoes  of  South  America.  Wright. 

KO-TOU',  n.  A prostration.  [China.]  Roget. 

KOUL  (kbwl),  n.  1.  A Persian  soldier.  Craig. 

2.  A promise  or  contract.  [India.]  Craig. 

KOU'MISS,  n.  A vinous  liquor  made  in  Tartary, 
by  fermenting  mares’  milk  or  camels’  milk ; — 
written  also  kumiss.  Simmonds. 

KOU'PIlO-LfTE,  n.  [Gr.  koT^os,  light,  and  XiBos, 
stone.]  (Min.)  A species  of  zeolite  or  prehnite, 
from  the  Pyrenees,  occurring  in  small  rhomboidal 
plates,  of  a pearly  lustre,  and  of  a yellowish  or 
green  color.  Brande. 

KRA'AL  [kra'jl,  Sm.  Cl.  ■ krai,  K.  C.  ; krai,  Wr.], 
n.  A village  or  collection  of  rude  huts  or  cab- 
ins of  the  Hottentots.  Campbell. 

KRA'KJJN,  n.  A name  applied  to  a fabulous  ma- 
rine monster  of  gigantic  size.  Pontoppidan. 


To  believe  all  that  has  been  said  of  the  6ea-serpent  or  the 
broken , would  be  credulity;  to  reject  the  possibility  of  their 
existence  would  be  presumption.  Ooldsmith. 

KRA'MA,  n.  A wooden  sandal.  [India.]  Crabb. 

KRA-M ER'jC,  a.  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  ob- 
tained from  the  root  of  the  Krameria  triandria, 
or  rhatany.  Brande. 

KRAu'RITE,  n.  (Min.)  Green  iron-stone.  Dana. 

KRE'A-TINE,  n.  [Gr.  spins,  flesh.]  (Chem.)  A 
soluble,  neutral,  compound,  organic  substance, 
obtained  from  the  juice  of  raw  flesh.  Fowne. 

KRE'A-TlN-INE,  n.  (Chem.)  A powerful  organic 
base,  obtainable  from  kreatine.  Fowne. 

KREM'LIN,  n.  [Rus.  krcml .]  The  name  given  to 
the  central  portion  of  the  city  of  Moscow,  which, 
surrounded  by  walls  front  twelve  to  sixteen  feet 
thick,  and  from  twenty  to  fifty  feet  high,  with 
embattlements,  embrasures,  numerous  towers 
and  fine  gates,  forms,  as  it  were,  a city  within  a 
city.  Wright. 

KREM§,  n.  (Min.)  A white  carbonate  of  lead; 
Vienna  white.  Weale. 

KRE'O-SOTE,  n.  (Chem.)  See  Creosote. 

KRISH' JYA,  n.  (Hindoo  Myth.)  One  of  the  incar- 
nations of  the  divinity  Vishnu.  Brown. 

KRI-SU'VI-gIte,  n.  (Min.)  An  emerald  green 
salt  of  copper,  from  krisuvig  ; konigine.  Dana. 

KRO-KI D'O-LITE,  n.  [Gr.  nponis,  Koodoos,  the 
nap  on  wool,  and  lidos,  a stone.]  (Mm.)  A mas- 
sive, asbestiform  mineral,  of  a lavender-blue 
color,  consisting  chiefly  of  silica,  protoxide  of 
iron,  and  soda.  Dana. 

KRtJ'KA,  n.  (Ornith.)  A bird  of  Russia  and  Swe- 
den, resembling  a hedge-sparrow.  Pennant. 

KRUL'L^R,  n.  [Dut.  krullen,  to  curl ; Ger.  krulle, 
a curl ; I)an.  krolle  ; Ieel.  krulla,  to  curl ; Sw. 
krullig,  crisp.]  A kind  of  cake,  curled  or  crisped, 
boiled  in  fat.  Wright. 

KRY'O-LITE,  n.  [Gr.  <c ptos,  cold,  ice,  and  lido ;, 
stone.]  (Min.)  A hydrated  fluate  of  alumina 
and  soda  ; — so  named  because  when  heated  it 
suddenly  fuses.  Brande. 

KRYS'TAL-LINE,  n.  [Gr.  KOvura/./.nos,  of  crystal.] 
(Chem.)  A substance  which  forms  crystalline 
compounds  with  acids  ; — obtained  from  animal 
empyreumatic  oil.  Wright. 

K§AR  (zir),  n.  [L.  Caesar.)  See  Czar. 

KU'FIC,  a.  Noting  the  ancient  Arabic  characters  ; 
— an  epithet  derived  from  Kufa,  or  Cufa,  a town 
on  the  Euphrates.  Brande. 

KO'RUSS,  or  KU'MJSH,n.  See  Koumiss.  Ure. 

KUP'FiJR— NICK'IJL,  n.  [Gr.  kupfer,  copper,  and 
nickel,  nickel.]  A native  copper-colored  arseni- 
uret  of  nickel ; copper  nickel.  Dana. 

KU'RIL,  n.  (Ornith.)  The  black  petrel.  Pennant. 

f KY,  n.  pi.  Kine.  — See  Kee,  and  Kie.  Todd. 

KY-AN',  n.  A pungent  pepper  ; a powerful  con- 
diment and  stimulating  medicine  ; — commonly 
written  cayenne.  — See  Cayenne.  Brande. 

KY'A-NITE,  n.  [Gr.  sbavos,  blue.]  (Min.)  A sili- 
cate of  alumina.  — See  Cyanite.  Brande. 

KY'A-NlZE,  v.  a.  [From  the  name  of  the  in- 
ventor, Kyan .]  \i.  kyanized  ; pp.  kyanizing, 
kyanizeI).]  To  preserve  from  the  dry  rot,  as 
timber,  by  the  use  of  a solution  of  corrosive 
sublimate. 

KY'A-NOL,  n.  (Chem.)  A basic  body,  obtaina- 
ble from  coal  tar  by  the  action  of  hydrochloric 
acid,  and  subsequent  distillation  with  potash  or 
lime.  Fowne. 

fKYD,  v.  n.  To  know.  — See  Kid. 

KY'LOE§,  n.  pi.  Highland  cattle.  Jamieson. 

KYR'I-F.  F.-LE'E-SOJY.  [Gr.  Ktpu,  O Lord,  and 

i/.irjaijii,  have  pity.]  Lord,  have  mercy  on  us  ; a 
form  of  invocation  in  the  Catholic  liturgy.  Bailey. 

K\  R-I-O-LuG  IC,  ? a_  [Gr.  KvpioXoyiKds , speak- 

KYR-I-O-LOG'I-CAL,  ) ing  literally,  from  kvoioi, 
literai,  and  Xdyos,  a discourse.]  Applied  by  AVar- 
burton  to  that  class  of  Egyptian  hieroglyphics 
in  which  a part  is  conventionally  put  to  repre- 
sent a whole  ; curiologic.  Braude. 


Koodoo. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  £,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  ?,  I,  O,  U,  y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


L 


807 


LABOROUS 


Lthe  twelfth  letter  of  the  alphabet,  is  a liquid 
, consonant,  which  always  preserves  the  same 
sound  in  English;  as  in  like,  fall.  As  a nu- 
meral, it  denotes  50,  and  with  a dash  over  it, 
50,000. 

LA  (law),  interj.  [A.  S.  fa.]  See  ! look  ! behold  ! 
lo ! Shak. 

It  is  the  Saxon  form  of  the  interjection  lo,  often 
taking  its  place  in  the  old  English  dramas,  and  in 
vulgar  use. 

LA,  7i.  (Mus.)  The  monosyllable  which  designates 
the  sixth  sound  in  the  ascending  diatonic  scale ; 
— originally  applied  by  Guido  to  the  last  note 
in  each  of  his  hexachords.  Moore. 

f LAb,  v.  n.  [Dut.  labberen.  — See  Blab.]  To 
prate  or  talk  thoughtlessly,  carelessly,  without 
reserve  or  discrimination  ; to  blab.  “ A tabbing 
shrew  is  she.”  Chaucer. 

f LAB,  7i.  A great  talker  ; one  who  cannot  keep  a 
secret ; a blab.  “ I am  no  lab.”  Chaucer. 

lAb'A-DIST,  n.  (Eccl.  Hist.)  One  of  a religious 
community  in  the  Netherlands,  in  the  seven- 
teenth century,  who  strove  to  introduce  among 
Protestants  notions  like  those  of  the  Quietistsin 
the  Roman  Catholic  Church;  — so  called  from 
Jean  Labadie,  the  founder  of  the  sect.  Braude. 

LA-bA'RI-UM,  7i.  [L.  labo,  labare,  to  totter.] 

(Med.)  Looseness  of  the  teeth.  Dunglison. 

LAB' A- RUM,  n.  [L.]  (Rom.  Ant.)  The  standard 
of  Constantine,  formed  in  commemoration  of 
his  vision  of  the  cross  in  the  heavens,  and  con- 
sisting of  a long  pike  surmounted  by  a golden 
crown  enclosing  a Greek  monogram,  at  once  ex- 
pressive of  the  figure  of  the  cross  and  the  ini- 
tial letters  of  the  name  of  Christ.  From  it  de- 
pended a silken  banner  embroidered  with  the 
images  of  Constantine  and  his  children.  Gibbon. 

lAb'DA-NUM,  n.  A resin;  ladanum.  Johnson. 

LAB-£-FAo'TION,  7 1.  [Low  L.  labef actio,  from 
L.  labefacio,  to  weaken  ; labo,  to  totter,  and  fa- 
cto, to  make.]  The  act  of  making  weak ; a 
weakening  ; an  impairing.  Blount. 

f lAb'IJ-FY,  v.  a.  [L.  labefacio .]  To  cause  to  be 
weak ; to  weaken  ; to  impair.  Bailey. 

LA'BeL,  n.  [L.  labellum,  dim.  of  labrum , a lip. 
Johnson.  — Fr.  lambeau,  a shred,  a rag.  Minsheu. 
Richardson.  — Dut.  <y  Ger.  lappen,  a patch,  a 
tatter.  Skinner.] 

1.  f A kind  of  tassel.  Wright. 

2.  A small  piece  of  paper,  or  other  material, 
containing  a name,  title,  or  description,  and 
affixed  to  any  thing  to  indicate  its  nature  or 
contents.  Simmonds. 

3.  (Law.)  A narrow  slip  of  paper  or  parch- 
ment affixed  to  a deed  or  writing,  to  hold  the 
appending  seal : — a copy  of  a writ  in  the  ex- 
chequer. Burrill. 

4.  (Her.)  An  appendage  to  the  family  arms, 
consisting  of  fillets  with  points  ; — chiefly  used 
in  the  coat-armor  of  an  eldest  son,  during  the 
life  of  his  father.  Brande. 

5.  (Astron.)  A long,  thin,  brass  rule,  used  in 
taking  altitudes.  Nicholson. 

6.  (Arch.)  The  outer  moulding  of  a doorway, 
window,  &c.,  protecting  the  lintel,  and  descend- 
ing a short  distance  on  each  side ; — called  also 
hood-mould.  Britton. 

LA'BIJL,  77.  a.  H.  LABELLED  ; pp.  LABELLING, 
LABELLED.]  To  affix  a label  to. 

Every  particle  and  utensil  shall  be  labelled.  Shak. 
LA-BKL1 LUM,  77.  [L.,  dim.  of  labrum,  a lip.] 

(Bot.)  The  odd  petal  in  the  Orchis  family.  Gray. 

LA'BgL— MOULD'ING,  77.  (Arch.)  — See  Hood- 
moulding. Weale. 


LA'BENT,  a.  [L.  labor,  labens,  to  slide.]  Sliding; 
gliding ; slipping.  [B.]  Bailey. 

LA'BK-O,  77.  [L.,  one  who  has  thick  lips.]  (Ich.) 
A genus  of  fishes  of  the  family  Cyprimdce,  hav- 
ing very  thick  and  fleshy  lips.  Fern  Her  Hoeven. 

LA'BI-AL,  a.  [Low  L.  labialis,  from  L.  labium, 
a lip  ; It.  labiale  ; Sp.  § Fr.  labial .] 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  lips.  “ A labial 

gland  or  vein.”  Dunglison. 

2.  Uttered  chiefly  by  the  lips.  Bacon. 

LA'BI-AL,  77.  A letter  uttered  chiefly  by  the  lips. 

jUta"’  The  labials  are  b,  p,  v,  f,  m,  and  w. 

LA'BI-ATE,  a.  [L.  labium,  a lip.]  (Bot.)  Resem- 
bling, or  having,  lips;  bilabiate.  — See  Bilabi- 
ate. “A  labiate  corolla.”  P.  Cyc. 

lA'BI-At-ED,  a.  Same  as  Labiate.  Johnson. 

f lAb'ILE,  a.  [L.  labilis. ] Slippery;  unstiible ; 
liable  to  err  or  fall.  Blount. 

LA-BI  M'p-TfiR,  77.  [Gr.  lafls,  a forceps  (lapfavoi, 
/.a,3ai,  to  take  hold  of),  and  pirpor,  a measure.] 
(Surg.)  A scale  adapted  to  the  handles  of  the 
forceps,  which  indicates  the  distance  of  the 
blades  from  each  other  when  applied  to  the  head 
of  the  child  in  the  womb.  Dunglison. 

lA-BI-O-DEN'TAL,  a.  [L.  labium,  a lip,  and 

dens,  dentis,  a tooth.]  Noting  a letter  pro- 
nounced by  the  cooperation  of  the  lips  and  the 
teeth,  as  f and  v.  Holder. 

LA'BI— pAl'PI,  77.  pi.  [L.  labium,  a lip,  and  pal- 
pum,  a stroking.]  (Ent.)  The  labial  feelers  in 
insects.  Maunder. 

LA'Bf-UM,77.  [L.,  a lip.]  (Ent.)  A movable  organ, 
often  biarticulate,  which,  terminating  the  face 
anteriorly,  covers  the  mouth  from  beneath,  and 
represents  the  under  lip.  Brande. 

LAB'LAB,  ?!.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  tropical  legumi- 
nous plants.  Eng.  Cyc. 

LA'BOR,  77.  [L.  <5;  Sp.  labor ; It.  lavore  ; Fr.  Idbeur .] 

1.  Bodily  or  mental  exertion  attended  with 
pain  or  fatigue  ; hard  work  ; task  ; toil  ; pains. 

For  ye  remember  our  labor  and  travail.  1 Thess.  ii.  9. 

Yea,  saith  the  Spirit,  that  they  may  rest  from  their  labors ; 
and  their  works  do  follow  them.  liev.  xiv.  13. 

Not  so  strictly  hath  our  Lord  imposed 
Labor  as  to  debar  us  when  we  need 
Refreshment.  Milton. 

2.  Work  done  or  to  be  done  ; performance. 

Being  a labor  of  so  great  difficulty,  the  exact  performance 
thereof  we  may  rather  wish  than  look  for.  Hooker. 

3.  Travail ; childbirth. 

Rachel  travailled,  and  she  had  hard  labor.  Gen.  xxxv.  6. 

4.  A Mexican  land-measure  of  177  acres. 

Simmonds. 

Syn.  — See  Work. 

LA'BOR,  v.  n.  [L.  laboro  ; It.  lavorare-,  Sp.  labo- 
rear\  Fr.  labourer.]  \i.  labored;  pp.  labor- 
ing, LABORED.] 

1.  To  use  painful  or  fatiguing  exertion,  bod- 
ily or  mental ; to  exert  one’s  self ; to  work  hard ; 
to  toil ; to  take  pains  ; to  strive. 

That  our  oxen  may  be  strong  to  labor.  Ps.  cxllv.  14. 

Labor  not  for  the  meat  which  perisheth,  but  for  that  meat 
which  endureth  unto  everlasting  life.  John  vi.  27. 

My  thoughts  that  labor  to  persuade  my  60ul.  Shak. 

2.  To  move  with  pain,  fatigue,  or  difficulty. 

Make  not  all  the  people  to  labor  thither.  Josh.  vii.  3. 

3.  To  suffer  from  disease,  pain,  or  other 

cause;  to  be  pressed;  to  be  afflicted;  — com- 
monly with  under.  Drydcn. 

To  remove  those  afflictions  you  now  labor  under.  Wake. 

4.  To  move  with  difficulty  or  irregularity,  as 

a machine.  Glinvill. 

5.  To  suffer  the  pains  of  childbirth  ; to  be  in 

travail.  Dunglison. 

6.  (Naut.)  To  roll  and  pitch  heavily,  as  a 

vessel.  “ The  laboring  bark.”  Shak. 


LA'BOR,  77.  a.  1.  To  work  at,  or  upon,  with  toil 
or  diligence,  with  great  care  or  pains ; to  elab- 
orate. “ To  labor  arms  for  Troy.”  Dryden. 

Laboring  the  soil,  and  reaping  plenteous  crop.  Milton, 

2.  To  make  to  labor  ; to  weary  with  toil. 

This  idol’s  day  hath  been  to  thee  no  day  of  rest. 

Laboring  thy  mind 

More  than  the  working  day  thy  hands.  Milton. 

3.  f To  beat ; to  belabor. 

Take,  shepherd,  take  a plant  of  sturdy  oak, 

And  labor  him  with  many  a sturdy  stroke.  Dryden. 

t LA'BOR-AGE,  77.  Labor.  “ Cato  commendeth 
laborage.”  Caxton. 

t LAB'O-RANT,  77.  [L.  laboro,  laborans,  to  labor.] 
One  who  works  in  a laboratory ; a chemist. 

A sort  of  fixed  sulphur  made  by  an  industrious  lahoraut. 

Boijle. 

LAB'O-RA-TO-RY,  ?7.  [Low  L.  laboratorium,  from 
L.  laboro,  to  labor ; It.  § Sp.  laboratorio  ; Fr. 
laboratoire.] 

1.  A place  or  room  properly  constructed  and 

fitted  up  for  the  purpose  of  conducting  chem- 
ical investigations,  and  preparing  chemical  pro- 
ducts. Brande. 

2.  A place  in  which  materials  are  wrought 

for  any  purpose.  “ The  stomach  . . . the  great 
laboratory  ...  of  the  materials  of  future  nutri- 
tion.” Paley. 

3.  (Mil.)  A place  where  fireworks  are  pre- 
pared. Craig. 

LA'BORED  (la'bord),  p.  a.  Executed  with  labor; 
elaborate ; — applied  to  works  of  art  wherein 
are  apparent  the  marks  of  constraint  in  the  ex- 
ecution, in  opposition  to  the  terms  easy  or 
free.  Brande. 

LA'BOR-IJR,  77.  One  who  labors  ; one  regularly 
employed  at  some  hard  work ; a workman  ; an 
operative  ; — often  used  of  one  who  gets  a live- 
lihood at  coarse  manual  labor,  as  distinguished 
from  an  artisan  or  a professional  man.  Bacon. 

LA'BOR-ING,  p.  a.  1.  Performing  labor ; indus- 
trious at  hard  work  ; working  hard ; toiling. 
“ A laboring  man.”  Shak. 

2.  Devoted  or  set  apart  to  labor.  “Upon  a 

laboring  day.”  Shak. 

3.  Suffering  the  pains  of  childbirth. 

The  laboring  mountain  must  bring  forth  a mouse.  Drpden. 

Laboring  our,  (Naut.)  in  rowing,  the  oar  to  which 
the  greatest  amount  of  force  is  applied. 

LA-BO'RfiOUS,  a.  [L.  laboriosus  ; labor,  laboris, 
labor  ; It.  & Sp.  laborioso  ; Fr.  laborieux .] 

1.  Having  the  bodily  or  mental  forces  regu- 
larly employed  in  some  hard  work  ; toiling ; 

painstaking  ; industrious  ; sedulous  ; diligent ; 
as,  “A  laborious  student.” 

2.  Requiring  painful  exertion  ; attended  with 
toil  ; fatiguing  ; arduous  ; difficult. 

My  office  is  full  laborious.  Chaucer. 

"With  what  compulsion  and  laborious  flight 
We  sunk  thus  low.  Hilton. 

Laborious  labor,  (Med.)  delivery  attended  with  more 
difficulty  and  suffering  than  usual.  Dunglison. 

Syn.  — See  Diligent. 

LA-BO'RI-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  a laborious  manner; 
with  labor  or  pains  ; toilsomely.  Pope. 

LA-BO 'RI-OUS-NESS,  77.  1.  The  state  or  the 

quality  of  being  regularly  employed  in  some 
hard  work  ; industry;  diligence;  sedulousness. 

Labo riousn css  shuts  the  doors  and  closes  all  the  avenues  of 
the  mind  whereby  a temptation  might  enter.  South. 

2.  The  quality  of  being  attended  or  performed 
with  toil;  toilsomeness;  difficulty.  “The  la- 
boriousness of  the  work.”  Decay  of  Piety. 

LA'BOR-LESS,  a.  Not  requiring  labor  ; not  labo- 
rious. “ Light  and  laborless  work.”  Brcreicood. 

f LA'BOR-OUS,  a.  Laborious.  Spetiser. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE. — 9,  £,  9,  g,  soft;  C,  fJ,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z ; $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


LABOROUSLY 


808 


ACK 


t LA'BOR-OUS-Ly,  ad.  Laboriously.  Sir  T.  Elgot. 

LA'BOR-SAV'ING,  a.  Saving  or  diminishing  la- 
bor. “ A labor-saving  machine.”  A.  Smith. 

f LA' BOR-SOME,  a.  Laborious;  toilsome.  “A 
skilful  and  laborsome  husbandman.”  Sandys. 

t LA  'BRA,  n.  [L.  labrum.)  A lip.  Shak. 

LAb'RA-DOR-ITE,  n.  (Min.)  A beautiful  variety 
of  opalescent  felspar,  originally  found  on  the 
coast  of  Labrador  ; Labrador-stone.  Dana. 

LAB'RA-DOR— STONE,  n.  Labradorite.  Simmonds. 

LA'BRAX,  n.  [Gr.  Xadfm(,  a ravenous  sea-fish.] 
( Ich .)  A genus  of  fishes  which  includes  the 
rock-fish  or  striped  bass  of  the  U.  S.  Storer. 

f LAB'R!NTH-LlKE,  a.  Labyrinthian. 

In  lubrinth-Ukc  turns,  and  twinings  intricate.  Drayton. 

LA-BROSE',  or  LA'BROSE  (129),  a.  [L.  labrosus  ; 
labrum,  a lip.]  Having  large  lips.  Ash. 

LA  ' BRUM,  n.;  pi.  la' bra.  [L.]  1.  A lip. 

2.  (Ent.)  The  part,  usually  movable,  which, 
terminating  the  face  anteriorly,  covers  the 
mouth  from  above,  and  represents  the  upper 
lip.  Braude. 

LA'BRUS,  n.  (Ich.)  A genus  of  acanthopterygi- 
ous  fishes,  including  the  different  species  of 
■wrasse.  YarreU. 

LA-BUR'NUM,  ?i.  (Bot.)  A flowering  tree  of  the 
genus  Cytisus,  a native  of  the  Alps.  Eng.  Cyc. 

LAb'Y-RINTH,  n.  [Gr.  ).a(lvpiv0og ; L.  labyrinthus ; 
It.  Sp.  laberinto  ; Fr.  labyrinthe.] 

1.  (Ant.)  A large  and  complicated  subterra- 
neous cavern  or  edifice  with  numerous  and  in- 
tricate passages,  which  rendered  it  almost  im- 
possible for  one,  having  entered  it,  to  extricate 
himself. 

IjQf-  Of  the  four  celebrated  labyrinths  of  antiquity, 
that  in  Egypt,  near  Lake  Mceris,  was  the  earliest  and 
most  renowned,  both  for  extent  and  magnificence.  It 
contained  3000  apartments,  half  of  which  number 
was  under  ground,  the  whole  being  surrounded  by  a 
wall.  Wm.  Smith. 

2.  Any  thing  full  of  intricate  turnings  or 
windings  : — any  intricate  matter  or  business  ; a 
maze  ; perplexity  ; intricacy. 

Lethe,  the  river  of  oblivion,  rolls 

Her  watery  labyrinth.  Milton. 

"What!  lost  in  the  labyrinth  of  thy  fury?  Shak. 

3.  (Anat.)  The  aggregate  of  parts  constitut- 
ing the  internal  ear.  Dunglison. 

4.  (Metallurgy.)  A series  of  troughs  con- 

nected with  a stamping-mill,  through  which  a 
current  of  water  is  transmitted  for  suspending 
and  carrying  off  the  pulverized  ore,  and  deposit- 
ing it  at  different  distances  according  to  the 

degree  of  comminution.  Vre. 

5.  (Gardening.)  Formerly,  a winding,  mazy 

walk  between  hedges.  Nicholson. 

LAB-Y-RIN'THJ-AN,  a.  Having  many  turnings 
or  windings ; mazy. 

Mark  how  the  labijrinthian  turns  they  take, 

The  circles  intricate,  and  mystic  maze.  Young. 

lAB-Y-RIN'THJC,  ( a.  [L.  labyrinthicus ; lab- 

LAB-Y-RIN'THJ-CAL,  S yrinthus,  a labyrinth  ; Fr. 
labyrinthique.)  Relating  to,  or  resembling,  a 
labyrinth.  Ed.  Rev. 

lAB-Y-rTN'THI-FORM,  a.  [L.  labyrinthus,  a 
labyrinth,  and  forma,  form.]  Formed  like  a 
labyrinth  ; having  many  windings.  Kirby. 

LAB-Y-RIn'THJNE,  a.  Relating  to,  or  like,  a 
labyrinth ; labyrinthic.  P.  Mag. 

LAB-Y-RIN'THO-DGN,  n.  [Gr.  l.afKotvOo;,  a laby- 
rinth, and  Mobs,  Mivros,  a tooth.]  (Pal.)  A 
genus  of  fossil  reptiles  from  the  new  red-sand- 
stone strata,  characterized  by  teeth  of  a pecu- 
liarly complicated  structure.  Brande. 

LAc,  n.  [It.  lacca  ; Sp.  laca ; Fr.  laque  ; Dut. 
lak  ; Ger.  lack  ; Dan.  lak  ; Sw.  lack.  — Menage 
says  from  the  Arabic.]  A reddish,  resinous  sub- 
stance which  exudes  from  the  Ficus  Indica,  the 
Rhamnus  jujuba,  and  some  other  trees  in  the 
East  Indies,  in  consequence  of  punctures  made 
upon  their  branches  by  a small  insect  called  the 
Coccus  ficus. 

MB’  The  substance,  in  its  natural  state,  investing 
the  twigs  of  the  tree,  constitutes  the  stick-lac  of  com- 
merce ; when  broken  off  the  twigs  and  granulated,  it 
is  called  seed-lac,  which,  when  melted,  strained,  and 


formed  into  small  cakes,  constitutes  shell-lac.  The 
principal  consumption  of  lac  is  in  the  manufacture  of 
dye-stuffs,  sealing-wax,  and  of  certain  varnishes  and 
lacquers.  Brande.  Ure. 

LAC,  n.  The  number  100,000  ; — written  also  lack. 
“ A lac  of  rupees.”  [East  Indies.]  Simmonds. 

lAjE'^IC,  a.  (Chem.)  Pertaining  to  lac;  noting 
an  acid  obtained  from  stick-lac.  Brande. 

LA£'9INE,  n.  (Chem.)  A brown,  brittle,  trans- 
lucid  substance  derived  from  shell-lac.  Ure. 

LAc'— DYE,  n.  Small  square  cakes  of  lac;  — 
used  for  dyeing  red  colors.  Simmonds. 

LACE,  n.  [L.  laqueus  ; It.  laccio  ; Sp.  lazo  ; Fr. 
lacet.  — A.  S.  Iceccan,  gelteccan,  to  catch.  Tooke.] 

1.  t A noose ; a snare  ; a gin  ; a trap  ; a net. 

“To  escape  out  of  your  lace."  Chaucer. 

2.  A string  or  cord  for  tying  or  binding. 

In  laces  strong 

Himself  he  tied.  Spenser. 

3.  A cord  for  fastening  female  dress.  Swift. 

O,  cut  my  lace,  lest  my  heart  cracking,  it 

Break  too.  Shak. 

4.  A delicate  ornamental  net-work,  the 
meshes  of  which  are  formed  by  plaiting  together 
threads  of  linen,  cotton,  or  other  material.  Ure. 

5.  f Spirits  added  to  coffee  or  other  beverage. 

lie  is  forced,  every  morning,  to  drink  his  dish  of  coffee  by 
itself,  without  the  addition  of  the  Spectator,  that  used  to  be 
better  than  lace  to  it.  Addison. 

LACE,  V.  a.  [t.  LACED  ; pp.  LACING,  LACED.] 

1.  To  bind  as  with  a cord  or  lace. 

Never  man  wist  of  pain 

But  lie  were  laced  in  love’s  chain.  Chaucer. 

2.  To  fasten  by  a string  passed  through  two 
opposite  rows  of  eyelet-hoies,  and  drawn  tightly. 

When  Jenny’s  stays  are  newly  laced.  Prior. 

3.  To  adorn  with  lace.  Shak. 

4.  To  variegate  or  streak  with  delicate  lines. 

“ White  and  azure  laced  with  blue.”  Shak. 

Here  lav  Duncan, 

His  silver  skin  laced  with  his  golden  blood.  Shak. 

5.  To  beat  as  with  stripes.  “ I ’ll  lace  your 

coat  for  ye.”  L’ Estrange. 

6.  To  add  spirits  to,  as  beverage.  Smart. 

LACE'— BARK,  n.  The  bark  of  the  Lagetta  lintea- 
ria,  a West  Indian  tree,  which  separates  into 
layers  with  delicate  reticulated  fibres,  exactly 
resembling  lace.  Gray. 

LACE'— BOOT,  n.  A boot  which  laces  at  the  side 
or  in  front.  Simmonds. 

L.\CED'— COF'FEE,  n.  Coffee  having  spirits  in  it. 
“ Laced-coffcc  is  bad  for  the  head.”  Addison. 

t LACED'— MUT'TON  (last'mut'tn),  n.  A prosti- 
tute ; a strumpet ; a harlot.  Shak. 

LACE'-MAK-ER,  n.  One  who  makes  lace.  Ash. 

LACE'MAN,  n.  ; pi.  lacemen.  He  who  deals  in 
lace.  “ Lacemen,  mantuamakers.”  Jenyns. 

LAC'ER- A-BLE,  a.  [L.  lacerabilis  ; It.  lacerabilc  ; 
Fr.  lacerable .]  That  can  be  easily  torn  to 
pieces  ; that  may  be  lacerated.  Harvey. 

LAc'ER-ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  lacero,  laccratus ; lacer, 
mangled;  It  .lacerate-,  Sp.  lacer  ar ; Fr.  lactrcrA 
[i.  lacerated;  pp.  lacerating,  lacerated.] 
To  sever,  with  the  parts  torn  and  jagged;  to 
tear  ; to  rend  ; to  break  ; to  mangle.  “ The 
warrior’s  lacerated  corpse.”  Lewis. 

Syn.  — See  Break. 

lAc'ER-ATE,  a.  Lacerated,  [r.]  Southey. 

lAc-ER-A'TION,  n.  [L.  laceratio  ; It.  lacerazi- 
one;  Sp.  laceracion\  Fr.  laceration .] 

1.  The  act  of  lacerating  ; a rending.  Wiseman. 

2.  The  breach  made  by  rending.  Arbuthnot. 

LAq'ER-A-TI VE,  a.  [It.  lacerativo .]  That  lac- 
erates ; having  power  to  lacerate.  Harvey. 

fLA-CER'TA, ».  [L . lacertus.)  A muscle.  Chaucer. 

LA-CER'  TA,  n.  [L.]  1.  (Ilerp.)  A genus  of  sau- 

rians  of  several  species  ; lizards.  Eng.  Cyc. 

2.  (Astron.)  A small  constellation  in  the 
northern  hemisphere,  near  Andromeda  ; the 
Lizard.  P.  Cyc. 

LA-CER  TIAN,  ) a ( JJerp .)  Relating  to,  or  re- 

LA-CER'TINE,  > sembling,  lizards.  Brande. 

lA^-ER-TIL'I-AN,  a.  Relating  to  lizards. 

Hitchcock. 

LA-CER'TI-LOID,  a.  Like  a lizard.  Hitchcock. 


LA-CER' TUS,  n.  [L.]  The  lizard  fish.  Smart. 

LACE'— WINCED  (-wlngd),  a.  Having  wings  re- 
sembling lace.  Kirby. 

LACE'WOM-AN  (lSs'wfim-an),  n.  A woman  who 
makes  or  deals  in  lace.  Strafford. 

LAch'E?,  n.pl.  [L.  laxus,  loose ; Old  Fr.  lachesse ; 
Fr.  [ache,  lax,  slothful.]  (Law.)  Negligence; 
remissness ; slackness.  Whishaw. 

LAfc'H'RY-M A-BLE,  a.  [L.  lachrymabilis ; lachry- 
ma,  a tear  ; It.  lagrimabile ; Sp.  lagrimable  ; Fr. 
lacrymable .]  Worthy  of  tears  ; deplorable  ; 
mournful ; lamentable,  [r.]  Morley. 

LACH'RY-MAL  (lak're-mal),  a.  [It.  lagrimale\ 
Sp.  lacrimal ; Fr.  lacrymal. ] Pertaining  to, 
or  secreting,  tears ; weeping.  “ Lachrymal 
glands.”  Cheyne. 

LAEH'RY-M A-R Y,  a.  [Gr.  iQKOVjja , a tear  ; L.  lach- 
rymal] Used  for  containing  tears.  “ Ancient 
urns,  lamps,  lachrymary  vessels.”  Addison. 

lAeH-RY-MA'TION,  n.  [L.  lachrymatio ; lackry- 
ma,  a tear  ; It.  lagrimazione  ; Sp.  lacrimacion .] 
The  act  of  shedding  tears,  [it.]  Cockeram. 

LAeil'RY-MA-TO-RY,  n.  [L.  lachryma,  a tear; 
It.  lagrimatorio  ; Sp.  lacrimatorio ; Fr.  lachry- 
matoire.)  (Ant.)  A small  glass  or  earthen  bot- 
tle or  jar,  found  in  ancient  Roman  sepulchres, 
supposed  to  have.becn  used  at  funerals,  either 
to  collect  the  tears  of  the  friends  of  the  de- 
ceased, or  to  contain  aromatic  liquors  to  be 
poured  on  the  funeral  pile.  P.  Cyc. 

LAEH-RY-MOSE'  (129),  a.  [L . lachrymosus ; lach- 
ryma, a tear ; It.  lagrimoso  ; Sp.  lacrimoso .] 
Producing,  or  shedding,  tears.  Month.  Rev. 

LA£II-RY-M6sE'LY,  ad.  In  a lachrymose  man- 
ner; tearfully.  ’ Athenmtm. 

LADING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  binding  or  fastening 
with  a iace. 

2.  A cord  with  which  one  laces  any  thing. 

3.  A binding  made  by  means  of  a cord  so  dis- 
posed as  to  resemble  net-work,  as  when  the 
cord  is  passed  through  two  opposite  rows  of 
eyelet-holes,  and  drawn  tightly. 

4.  (Naut.)  A rope  used  to  lash  a sail  to  a 
gaff,  or  a bonnet  to  a sail : — a piece  of  compass- 
timber  fayed  to  the  back  of  the  figure-head  and 
the  knee  of  the  head,  and  bolted  to  each.  Dana. 

LA-CIN'I-A,  n.  [L.,  a lappet .]  (Zolil.)  The  blade 
of  the  maxillae,  being  the  fourth  or  apical  por- 
tion. Maunder. 

LA-ClN'l-ATE,  a.  [L.  lacinia,  a lappet,  from  Gr. 
Xanis,  a rent,  a tatter.]  (Bot.)  Cut  into  deep, 
narrow  lobes,  as  a leaf ; slashed;  jagged.  Gray. 

LA-CIN'I-AT-ED,  a.  Adorned  with  fringes  or 
borders ; laciniate.  Johnson. 

LA-ClN'I-FoRM,  a.  (Ent.)  Noting  the  base- 
covers  of  an  insect  when  they  are  long,  of  an 
irregular  shape,  and  appear  like  lappets  on  each 
side  of  the  trunk.  Maunder. 

LACK,  v.  a.  [Su.  Goth,  lacka  ; Dut.  laaken  ; Old 
Ger.  leken,  to  diminish ; Icel.  hlacka ; Scot. 
lackin,  lak.)  [/.  lacked  ;pp.  lacking,  lacked.] 

1.  To  disparage ; to  blame ; to  find  fault 
with.  [Obs.  or  local.]  Chaucer.  Wright. 

2.  To  be  in  want  or  in  need  of ; to  be  desti- 
tute of  or  without ; to  want ; to  need. 

Wc  lacked  your  counsel  and  your  help.  Shak. 

Syn.  — To  lack , to  want , and  to  need  rise  above 
each  other  in  meaning.  A person,  not  having  super- 
fluities, lacks  them,  — not  having  conveniences,  wants 
them,  — not  having  necessaries,  needs  them.  One 
lacks  prospective  support,  wants  actual  support,  and 
needs  the  means  of  paying  a debt.  Lack  is  the  priva- 
tion of  excess,  want , of  comfort,  and  need,  of  suffi- 
ciency. 

LACK,  v.  n.  1.  To  be  in  want. 

He  that  giveth  unto  the  poor  shall  not  lack.  Prov.xxx iii.27. 

2.  To  be  wanting.  “ It  lacks  of  twelve.”  Shak. 
There  lacked  of  David’s  servants  nineteen  men.  2 Sam.  ii.  30. 

LACK,  n.  Want;  need;  deficiency;  failure.  “A 
lack  of  Timon’s  aid.”  Shak. 

The  old  lion  perisheth  for  lack  of  prey.  Job  iv.  2. 

. The  lack  of  one  may  cause  the  wrack  of  all.  Davies. 

LACK,  n.  In  East  Indian  numeration,  100,000. — ■ 
See  Lac.  Brande. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  E.  I,  9,  (I,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEAR,  HER; 


LACK 


809 


LADY 


LACK,  n.  A resin.  — See  Lac.  Dampier. 

LAck-A-DAI'§I-CAL,  a.  Affectedly  pensive  or 
sorrowful.  Maunder, 

LACK'A-DAI-SY,  interj.  Alas  ! lackaday.  Wright. 

LACK-A-DAY'  (Ialc-a-da'),  interj.  [From  lack,  to 
blame.]  Alas  ! alas  the  day  ! 

LACK'— BEARD,  n.  One  destitute  of  beard.  Shah. 

LACK'— BRAIN,  n.  One  who  wants  wit  or  sense. 
“ What  a lack-brain  is  this.”  Shak. 

LACK'IJR,  n.  1.  One  who  lacks.  Davies. 

2.  A yellow  varnish.  — See  Lacquer.  Johnson. 

lAck'^R,  v.  a.  To  varnish  with  lacquer.  — See 
Lacquer.  “ Lackered  shoe.”  Iago. 

LACK'JgY  (lak'e),  n.  [It.  lacche ; Sp.  &;  Port,  la- 
cay  o ; Fr.  laquais. — Dut.  lakkei  ; Ger.  lackei ; 
Dan.  <Sp  Sw.  lakei.] 

1.  An  attending  servant  ; a runner  of  er- 
rands ; a footboy  or  a footman.  Swift. 

2.  ( Ent .)  A kind  of  party-colored  caterpillar. 

* Harris. 

lAck'EY  (lak'e),  v.  a.  [i.  lackeyed  ; pp.  lack- 
eying, lackeyed.]  To  attend  as  a servant. 

A thousand  liveried  angels  lackey  her.  Milton. 

LAcK'IJY  (lak'e),  v.  n.  To  act  as  a servant  or 
footboy ; to  pay  servile  attendance. 

Rings  lackeying  by  his  triumphal  chariot.  Massinger. 

LACK'— LAT-IN,  n.  One  ignorant  of  Latin ; an 
ignoramus.  Nares. 

LACK'— LIN-JJN,  a.  Wanting  linen  or  shirts.  Shak. 

LACK'— LOVE,  n.  One  indifferent  to  love.  Shak. 

LACK'— LUS-TRE  (lak'lus-ter),  a.  Wanting  lustre 
or  brightness.  “ With  lack-lustre  eye.”  Shak. 

LA-CON  IC,  l a [(Jr-  XasomiKd;  ; Aaxwv,  a La- 

LA-CON'I-CAL,  ) cedsemonian  ; L.  laconicus  ; It. 
§ Sp.  laconico  ; Fr.  laconique.\ 

1.  After  the  manner  of  the  Lacones  or  Spar- 
tans, especially  in  respect  of  short  and  pithy 
speech  ; brief ; short ; concise  ; sententious. 

King  Agis,  therefore,  when  a certain  Athenian  laughed  at 
the  Lacedemonian  short  swords,  and  said  the  jugglers  would 
swallow  them  with  ease,  answered,  in  his  laconic  way,  “And 
yet  we  can  reach  our  enemy’s  hearts  with  them.”  Langhorne. 

2.  Severe  ; painful,  [r.] 

Ilis  head  had  now  felt  the  razor,  his  back  the  rod;  all  which 
laconical  discipline  pleased  him  well.  Bp.  Hall. 

Syn.  — See  Short. 

LA-CON'IC,  n.  1.  A concise  style  ; laconism,  [r.] 

Shall  we  never  again  talk  together  in  laconic ? Addison. 

2.  A brief,  sententious  phrase  or  saying; 
laconism ; as,  “ The  laconics  of  a language.” 

LA-CON'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a laconic  manner ; 
briefly ; sententi’ously.  Camden. 

L A-CON'I-Cr§M,  n.  Same  as  Laconism,  [r.]  Pope. 

LAC'0-Nl§M  [lak'o-nlzm,  S.  IF.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  K. 
Sm.  C. ; la'ko-ntzm,  Wbk\,n.  [Gr.  Xasoivi  ay6g ; L. 
laconismus  ; It.  Sp.  laconismo  ; Fr.  laconisme .] 

1.  A concise  style  ; laconicism.  Johnson. 

2.  A brief,  sententious  phrase  or  saying.  “ The 
laconisms  on  the  wall”  [Dan.  v.  25].  Browne. 

LAc'ON-IZE,  v.  n.  [Gr.  Xautovi^o)  ; It.  laconizzare ; 
Fr.  laconiser. ] To  imitate  the  Lacedemoni- 
ans ; to  speak  laconically.  Richardson. 

LAC&'UIJR  (lak'er),  n.  A yellow  varnish,  consist- 
ing of  a solution  of  shell-lac  in  alcohol,  colored 
by  gamboge,  saffron,  annotto,  or  other  yellow, 
orange,  or  red  coloring  matter;  — used  chiefly 
to  give  brass  and  some  other  metals  a golden 
color,  and  to  preserve  their  lustre.  Brande. 

LACQ'UJJR  (ldk'er),  v.  a.  \i.  lacquered;  pp. 
LACQUERING,  LACQUERED.]  To  Varnish  with 
lacquer.  P.  Cyc. 

LAcQ'U£R-13R  (ISk'er-er),  n.  One  who  varnishes 
metal  or  wood.  Simmonds. 

LACQ'UBR-ING,  n.  The  art  or  the  act  of  cover- 
ing metals  with  lacquer.  Ogilvie. 

LAC-RI-MO' So,  a.  [It.]  ( Mus .)  A term  implying 
a plaintive  movement,  as  if  weeping.  Moore. 

f LAC'TA<?E,  n.  [L.  lac,  lactis,  milk,  from  Gr. 
yal.a,  yaf.aKTos.']  Produce  from  animals  yielding 
milk. 

It  is  thought  that  the  offering  of  Abel,  who  sacrificed  of  his 
flocks,  was  only  wool,  the  fruits  of  his  shearing,  and  milk,  or 
rather  cream,  a part  of  his  lactage.  Shuckford. 


LAC'TANT,  a.  [L.  lacto,  lactans,  to  suckle.] 
Giving  suck ; suckling.  Craig. 

lAc'TA-RENE,  n.  A preparation  of  caseine 
from  milk,  in  extensive  use  among  calico 
printers.  Simmonds. 

LAC'TA-RY,  a.  [L.  laetariuf ; lacto,  lactare , to 
contain  milk  ; lac,  lactis,  milk  ; Sp.  lactario  ; 
Fr.  lactaire .]  Milky;  full  of  juice;  resembling 
milk.  “ Lactary  plants.”  Browne. 

LAC'TA-RY,  n.  A house  or  place  where  milk  is 
kept ; a dairy-house.  Blount.  Farm.  Ency. 

LAc'TATE,  n.  [Fr.]  ( Chem .)  A salt  formed  of 
lactic  acid  and  a base.  Silliman. 

LAC-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  lacto,  lactatus,  to  suckle ; 
lac,  lactis,  milk ; Fr.  lactdtioni]  The  act,  or  the 
time,  of  giving  suck.  Bailey. 

II  LAC'T1J-AL  [Iak'te-al,  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  ; 
lak'te-al  or  lak'clie-al,  IF.],  a.  [L.  lac,  lactis, 
milk.] 

1.  Resembling  milk  ; lactean ; milky. 

2.  Conveying  chyle  ; chyliferous ; lacteous. 

“ Lacteal  veins.”  Derham. 

||  LAc'TE-AL,  n.  ( Anat. ) One  of  the  vessels  which 
convey  the  chyle  from  the  intestines  to  the 
thoracic  duct ; a chyliferous  vessel.  Dunglison. 

||  LAc'TJJ-AN,  a.  Resembling  milk;  milky;  lac- 
teal. “ Lactean  whiteness.”  Moxon. 

||  LAC'TE-OUS,  a.  [L.  lactrrrs  ; Sp.  lacteo .] 

1.  Resembling  milk ; milky ; lactean ; milk- 

white.  “ Lacteous  juice.”  Browne. 

2.  Chyliferous.  “ Lacteous  vessels.”  Bentley. 

LAC-TES'C^NCE,  n.  [L.  lactesco,  lactescens,  to 

turn  to  milk  ; Fr.  lacteseence .]  Tendency  to 
milk,  or  to  milky  color  ; milkiness.  Boyle. 

LAC-TES'CJJNT,  a.  [Fr.]  ( Bot .)  Resembling 

milk,  or  yielding  a milky  juice,  as  the  milk- 
weed. Gray. 

LAC'TIC,  a.  [L.  lac,  lactis,  milk;  Fr.  lactique.) 
{Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  derived  chiefly  from 
sour  milk,  but  more  easily  prepared  by  the  fer- 
mentation of  sugar  with  caseine.  Silliman. 

LAC-TIF'IJR-OUS,  a.  [L.  lac,  lactis,  milk,  and 
fci'o,  to  bear  ; Sp.  lactifero ; Fr.  lactiftre.']  Con- 
veying milk,  or  a liquid  resembling  milk.  Ray. 

Lactiferous  vessels,  {Anat.)  the  excretory  ducts  of 
the  mammary  gland.  Dunglison. 

LAC-TIF'IC,  I a laCt  lactis,  milk,  and 

LAC-TlF'I-CAL,  ) facio , to  make.]  Causing, 
yielding,  or  producing,  milk.  Blount. 

LAo'TINE,  n.  [L.  lac,  lactis,  milk.]  {Chem.)  A 
kind  of  sugar  obtained  by  evaporating  the  whey 
of  milk  ; sugar  of  milk.  Hcejfer. 

LAC-TOM'£-T£R,  n.  [L.  lac,  lactis,  milk,  and 
Gr.  yhpov,  a measure.]  A graduated  glass  tube 
for  ascertaining  the  proportion  of  cream  in  milk ; 
a galactometer.  Brande. 

lAc'TO-SCOPE,  n.  [L.  lac,  lactvs,  milk,  and  Gr. 
GKoniu),  to  view.]  A kind  of  eyeglass  ; an  instru- 
ment for  ascertaining  the  opacity  of  milk,  and 
thus  estimating  the  richness  of  the  fluid  in 
cream.  Simmonds. 

LAC-TU-CA'RI-UM,  n.  The  inspissated  juice  of 
the  Lactuca  sativa,  or  common  garden  lettuce  ; 
— possessing  anodyne  properties  and  sometimes 
used  as  a substitute  for  opium.  Brande. 

LAC-TU'CJIC,  a.  {Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  dis- 
covered by  Pfaff  in  the  juice  of  the  Lactuca 
virosa , or  acrid  lettuce,  and  containing  oxalic 
acid.  • Brande. 

LA-CU' 'NA,  n. ; pi.  la-cu'  nas.  [L.,  a ditch  or 
pit ; lacus,  a lake  ; Gr.  l.axo ?,  a hollow.] 

1.  {Anat.)  A small  cavity  in  a mucous  mem- 

brane ; — sometimes  used  synonymously  with 
crypt.  Dunglison. 

2.  {Bot.)  A hollow  or  pit  on  the  upper  surface 
of  the  thallus  of  lichens  : — an  air-cell.  Henslow. 

LA-CU'  ATAR,  n.  [L.,  from  lacuna,  a ditch.] 
{Arch.)  An  ornamental  ceiling  consisting  of 
compartments  sunk  or  hollowed,  without  spaces 
or  bands  between  the  panels.  . Brande. 

LAC-tT-NOSE',  a.  [L .lacunosus;  lacuna,  a ditch.] 
(Bot.  & Zoiil.)  Having  depressions  or  excava- 
tions on  the  surface.  P.  Cyc. 


LA-CU'NOUS,  a.  Same  as  Lacunose.  Smart. 

LA-CUS'TRAL,  a.  [L.  lacus,  a lake.]  Belonging 
to  a lake  ; lacustrine.  Clarke. 

LA-CUS'TRINE,  a.  [L.  lacus,  a lake.]  Of  or  per- 
taining to  a lake,  or  lakes.  Buck/and. 

Lacustrine  deposits,  ( Gcol .)  certain  fresh-water  for- 
mations which  occur  in  the  newer  rocks.  Brande. 

LAD,  n.  [, Junius  derives  it  from  A.  S.  leedan,  to 
lead.  Skinner  and  Lye  prefer  A.  S.  leode,  a 
people,  or,  as  the  latter  asserts,  a youth;  but 
leode  means  a companion,  follower,  or  attendant, 
and  may  itself  be  from  leedan,  to  lead.  Rich- 
ardson.— Icel.  lyddc,  a servant.  “The  origin 
is  certainly  from  A.  S.  leode,  juvenis.”  Jamieson .] 

1.  A small  male  child  ; a boy. 

Lads  plucked  out  of  their  fathers’  hands  to  be  slain.  Joye. 

2.  A young  man  ; a youth  ; a stripling. 

Northern  lads  and  stout  Welshmen.  Drayton. 

t LAD.  The  preterite  of  lead ; — now  led.  Spenser. 

LAD'A-NUM,  n.  [Arab,  ladun ; Gr.  X.abavov,  )■>)- 
baron;  L.ladamtm. ] A blackish-green,  fragrant, 
unctuous  resin,  of  a warm,  bitter  taste,  obtained 
chiefly  from  Cistus  Creticus,  a shrub  which  grows 
in  Syria  and  in  the  Island  of  Candia;  — former- 
ly used  in  medicine  as  a stimulant.  Ure. 

LAD-A-VEE'  ,n.  An  acquittance.  [India.]  Crabb. 

LAD'DyR,  n.  [A.  S .bladder;  leedan,  to  lead ; Frs. 
bladder ; Dut.  ladder;  Ger.  leiter!] 

1.  A machine  for  facilitating  ascent,  formed 
of  steps  supported  at  each  end  by  upright  side- 
pieces  ; — usually  constructed  of  wood,  some- 
times of  rope. 

2.  Any  means  by  which  one  climbs,  or  ascends, 
gradually.  “ The  ladder  ecclesiastical.”  Swift. 

Northumberland,  thou  ladder  wherewithal 

The  mounting  Bolingbroke  ascends  my  throne.  Shale. 

LAD'DER— WORK  (-wiirk),M.  Work  which  has  to 
be  done  on  a ladder,  as  painting,  &c.  Simmonds. 

LAD'DIE,n.  A boy;  a lad.  [Scottish.]  Jamieson. 

f LADE,  n.  [A.  S.  lad ; leedan,  to  lead.] 

1.  A passage  of  water ; a lode.  Camden. 

2.  The  mouth  of  a river.  Bp.  Hall. 

LADE,  v.  a.  \i.  LADED  ; pp.  LADING,  laden  or 
laded.]  [A.  S.  hladan,  to  load  ; Dut.  laaden; 
Ger.  laden  ; Dan.  ladde ; Sw.  ladda.)  To  charge 
with  a burden  or  weight ; to  load  ; to  freight. 
“ A ship  laden  with  gold.”  Shak. 

Some  bringing  in  sheaves,  and  lading  asses.  Nell.  xiii.  15. 

A grove  laden  with  fair  fruit.  Milton. 

LADE,  V.  a.  \l.  LADED  ; pp.  LADING,  LADED.] 
[A.  S.  hladan,  to  draw  out ; to  empty.]  To  throw 
out  by  dipping,  as  with  a ladle  ; to  dip. 

And  chides  the  sea  that  sunders  him  from  thence. 

Saying  he  ’ll  lade  it  dry  to  have  his  way.  Sliak. 

LADE,  v.  n.  1.  To  draw  water,  as  from  a well. 

She  did  not  think  best  to  lade  at  the  shallow  channel. 

Bp.  Hall. 

2.  To  admit  water  by  leakage.  Wright. 

LA'D|ED,  a.  Like  that  of  a lady;  gentle.  “A 
ladled  hand.”  [r.]  Feltham. 

LA'DIES’-TRA'CE?,  n.  {Bot.)  A plant. —See 
Lady  s-tresses.  Bigelow. 

LA'DI-FY,  v.  a.  To  make  a lady  of.  [r.]  Massinger. 

LAD'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  lading.  “ After  the 
lading  of  their  goods.”  Stoic. 

2.  Load;  freight;  cargo;  burden.  “A  ship 
of  rich  lading.”  Shak. 

Syn.—  See  Freight. 

LAD'KIN,  n.  A small  lad  ; a boy.  More. 

LA'DLE  (la'dl),  n.  [A.  S.  hlecdle ; hladan,  to  draw 
out.] 

1.  A utensil  for  dipping,  consisting  of  a deep 
bowl  with  a long  handle. 

Some  stirred  the  molten  ore  with  ladles  great.  S/iense?'. 

2.  The  receptacle  of  a mill-wheel,  into  which 

the  water  falling  moves  it.  Johnson. 

3.  {Gunnery.)  An  instrument  for  drawing  the 

charge  of  a cannon.  Simmonds. 

LA'DLE,!).  a.  To  dip  with  a ladle  ; to  lade.  Weale. 

LA'DLE-FUL,  n. ; pi.  LADLEEULS.  As  much  as 
a ladle  holds.  Swift. 

LA'DY,  n. ; pi.  lX'dje§.  [Goth,  lafda;  A.  S. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  R()lE.  — 9,  <},  9,  g,  soft;  F,  G,  £,  |,  hard;  § as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 
102 


LADY-BIRD 


810 


LAMBDACISM 


hlrefdic,  h hcfdige,  hlafdig  ; Icel.  lafde.  — From 
A.  S.  hlifian,  to  lift,  i.  c.  one  raised  to  the  rank 
of  her  husband  or  lord.  Tooke.  — From  Goth. 
lilaif  (A.  S.  hlaf),  a loaf,  and  ilian,  to  serve  or 
distribute,  because  the  mistress  of  the  family 
used  to  distribute  the  bread  to  the  domestics 
and  guests.  Verstegan.) 

X.  A woman  of  high  rank  ; an  illustrious  or 
eminent  woman.  Shak.  Dryden. 

2.  A term  of  complaisance  used  of  women  in 

general,  but  appropriately  of  a woman  of  culti- 
vation and  refinement.  Guardian. 

3.  Mistress,  importing  power  and  authority. 

“The  lady  of  kingdoms.”  Isa.  xlvii.  5. 

Of  all  these  bounds,  even  from  this  line  to  this, 

With  shadowy  torests  and  with  champaigns  riched, 
With  plenteous  rivers  and  wide-skirted  meads, 

We  make  thee  lady.  Shak. 

4.  A female  sweetheart,  or  a wife.  Shak. 

5.  The  Virgin  Mary. 

Heaven,  and  our  Lady  gracious,  hath  it  pleased 
To  shine  on  my  contemptible  estate.  -Shak. 

erg-  In  England,  the  title  lady  is  correlative  to  lard, 
and  properly  belongs  to  every  woman  whose  husband  is 
not  of  lower  rank  than  a knight,  or  who  is  a daughter 
of  a nobleman  not  lower  than  an  earl  ; but  as  a com- 
mon name,  without  being  a title,  it  is  there,  as  it  is 
liere,  given  to  almost  all  well-dressed  and  well-bred 
women. 

LA'DY—  BIRD,  n.  ( Ent .)  A small  coleopterous 
insect,  of  the  Linn  man  genus  Coccinella,  re- 
markable for  its  brilliant  coloring,  being  gen- 
erally red  or  yellow,  with  black,  red,  white,  or 
yellow  spots.  Harris. 

I.A'DY— BUG,  > a kind  of  beetle.  Same  as 

LA'DY-COVV,  ) Lady-isird.  Harris. 

LA'DY— DAY,  n.  (Romish  Church.)  The  day  on 
which  the  annunciation  of  the  Virgin  Mary  is 
celebrated  ; the  twenty-fifth  of  March.  Brande. 

L.A'DY— FLY,  n.  Same  as  Lady-bird.  Gay. 

fLA'DY-HEAD,  n.  Ladyship.  Gower. 

L.A'DY-HOOD  (-had),  n.  The  quality  of  being  a 
lady  ; ladyship.  Thackeray. 

LA'DY—  LIKE,  a.  1.  Like,  or  becoming,  a lady; 
refined;  as,  “ Lady-like  deportment.” 

2.  Soft ; gentle  ; delicate  ; tender.  Warner. 

LA'DY-LOVE,  n.  A female  sweetheart.  W.  Scott. 

LA'DY’^-BED'STR.AvV,  n.  ( Bot .)  An  evergreen 
shrub,  with  fine  leaves  and  elegant  umbels  of 
white  flowers  ; Pharnaceum  mollugo.  Loudon. 

LA'DY’§-Bd\V'pR,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  climbing 
plants  ; virgin’s-bower  ; Clematis.  Crabb. 

lA'DY’S-COMH  (-kom),  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the 
genus  Scandix.  Wright. 

LA'DY’§— CUSH'ION  (-kfish'un),  n.  (Bot.)  A plant 
of  tfie  genus  Saxifraga.  Wright. 

LA'DY’.?— FIN'epR,  n.  1.  (Bot.)  Kidney-vetch; 
Anthyllis  vulneraria.  Farm.  Ency. 

2.  (Zo'dl.)  One  of  the  branchial,  or  breathing 
apparatus  of  the  lobster.  Wood. 

lA'DY’?-HAIR,  n.  (Bot.)  A name  given  to  the 
grass  Briza  media.  Wright. 

LA'DY-SHlP,  n.  1.  The  state  of  a lady.  Gower. 

2.  The  title  of  a lady.  Shak. 

LA'DY’S-MAN'TLE,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  decidu- 
ous, herbaceous  plants  ; Alcliemilla.  Loudon. 

LA'DY’?— SEAL,  n-  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the  genus 
Tamus.  Clarke. 

LA'DY’§— SLlP'PflR,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants, 
so  named  in  allusion  to  the  slipper-like  form  of 
the  labellum ; Cypripedium.  Loudon. 

LA'DY’f-SMOCK,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  evergreen 
herbaceous  plants  , Cardamine.  Loudon. 

LA'DY’?-TRA'C5§,  n.  See  Lady’s-tresses. 

LA'DY’?— TRESS' n.  (Bot.)  A plant,  having  the 
germs  on  the  flower-stalk  placed  above  one  an- 
other, in  a manner  somewhat  resembling  tresses 
of  plaited  hair  ; Spiranthes  astivalis.  Loudon. 

LiE-Ti"TI-A  (le-tlsh'e-?),  n.  (Astron.)  An  asteroid 
discovered  by  Chacornac  in  1856.  Lovering. 

LAG,  a.  [A.  S.  lang,  long.  Skinner.  — A.S.  liegan, 
liggan,  to  lie.  Richardson.') 

1.  Slow ; sluggish ; slack,  [n.] 

Came  too  lay  to  see  him  buried.  Shak. 

2.  Coming  behind  ; falling  short,  [r.] 


I am  fourteen  moonshines  lay  of  a brother.  Shak. 

3.  That  remains  ; last,  [r.] 

The  lay  end  of  my  life.  Shak. 

LAG,  n.  1.  One  who  comes  last,  or  falls  behind. 
“ The  lag  of  all  the  race.”  Dryden. 

2.  The  fag-end  ; the  lowest  class  ; the  rump. 

“ The  common  lag  of  people.”  Shak. 

3.  The  quantity  of  retardation  of  some  move- 

ment ; — opposed  to  some  term  meaning  advance 
or  acceleration;  as,  “The  lag  of  the  tide”; 
“ The  lag  of  the  steam-valve  of  a steam  en- 
gine.” Ogilvie. 

L.\G,  V.  n.  [t.  LAGGED  ; pp.  LAGGING,  LAGGED.] 
To  move  slowly  or  sluggishly ; to  loiter  ; to  hang 
or  fall  behind  ; to  linger.  Milton. 

Fortune  makes  him  lag  behind.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Linger. 

lA'GAN,  n.  [A.  S.  liegan,  liggan,  to  lie.  Burrill.) 
(Old  Eng.  Law.)  Goods  found  in  the  sea  at  a 
distance  from  the  shore,  under  circumstances 
rendering  it  doubtful  where  they  were  to  come 
to  land,  and  which  belong  to  the  finder,  as  being 
the  property  of  no  one.  Burrill. 

LA'GIJR— BEER,  n.  [Ger.  lager-bier ; lager,  a bed, 
— the  frame  in  a cellar  on  which  the  beer  in 
barrels  is  laid  before  being  used,  and  bier,  beer.] 
A kind  of  beer  much  used  in  Germany,  where 
it  is  kept  in  casks  on  a frame  (lager),  placed  in 
a cellar  for  the  purpose,  before  it  is  consid- 
ered fit  for  use  : — the  name  of  a similar  bev- 
erage now  largely  manufactured  in  the  United 
States.  Schneider. 

LA 'GER— WINE,  n.  Old  bottled  wine  that  has 

been  kept  in  the  cellar.  Simmonds. 

LAg'GARD,  a.  Backward;  sluggish;  slow.  Collins. 

LAG'GARD,  n.  One  who  lacks  behind ; a loiterer. 
For  a laggard  in  love,  and  a dastard  in  w ar. 

Was  to  wed  the  fair  Ellen  of  brave  Lochinvar.  Scott. 

LAG'EgR,  n.  One  who  lags  ; a loiterer.  Francis. 

LAG'G|NG-LY,  ad.  In  the  manner  of  one  who 
lags  or  loiters  ; loiteringly.  Clarke. 

LAG'O-MYS,  n.  [Gr.  layd>s,  a 
hare,  and  pus,  a mouse.] 

(Zool.)  A genus  of  small, 
rodent  quadrupeds  of  the 
family  Leporidce  or  hares, 
inhabiting  northern  lati-  Layomys  pusillus. 
tudes;  — called  also  rat-hare.  Eng.  Cyc.  Brande. 

LA-GOON',  n.  [It.  <St  Sp.  laguna,  from  L.  lacuna, 
a ditch  ; lacus,  a lake  ; Fr.  lagune.)  A shallow 
pond  of  considerable  extent;  a morass  ; — ap- 
plied particularly  to  a body  of  water  near  the 
sea,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  one  or  more 
inlets  ; as,  “The  lagoons  of  Venice.”  Latrobe. 

LjJ-OO' PUS,  n.  [Gr.  l.uytis,  a hare,  and  robs,  a 
foot.]  (Ornith.)  A genus  of  birds  of  the  family 
Tctraomdee,  having  the  tarsi  and  toes  entirely 
covered  with  feathers  ; grouse.  Baird. 

LA-GOS'TO-MUS,  or  L A-GOS'TO-MYS,  n.  (Zool.) 
A genus  of  burrowing  mammals  belonging  to 
the  order  Rodcntia  and  the  family  Chinchillidce. 

Waterhouse. 

LAG'O-THRIX,  n.  [Gr.  layd>s,  a hare,  and 
the  hair.]  (Zotil.)  A genus  of  monkeys  found 
in  Brazil,  having  long,  prehensile  tails,  and  soft, 
wool-like  hair.  Baird. 

LA'jC,  P a [Gr.  la  beds',  lads,  the  people  ; L. 

LA'I-CAL,  ) laicus  ; It.  <Sf  Sp.  laico ; Fr.  latque, 
lai.)  Belonging  or  relating  to  the  laity.  Milton. 

LA'jC,  n.  A layman.  Bp.  Morton. 

The  clergyman  was  now  become  an  amphibious  being, 
both  an  ecclesiastic  and  a laic.  Sir  John  Hawkins. 

t LA-I-CAl'!-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  a layman.  Ash. 

LAID,  i.  & p.  from  lay.  See  Lay. 

LAlD'LY,  a.  [It.  laido ; Fr.  laid.)  Ugly;  loath- 
some; unsightly;  foul.  [N.  of  Eng.]  Brockett. 

LAlD'-PA-P^R,  n.  Writing  paper  with  a ribbed 
surface.  Simmonds. 

LAiD'-UP,  p.  a.  Reposited  or  laid  aside  : — con- 
fined to  the  bed  : — unrigged  and  not  used,  as  a 
ship.  Crabb. 

LAIN  (lan),^.  from  lie.  See  Lie. 

lAiR  (lir),  n.  [Ger.  lager,  couch,  lair  ; liegen,  to 
lie.  — See  Lay.] 


1.  +The  place  where  one  lays  or  is  laid. 

The  minster  church,  fins  day  of  great  repair. 

Of  Glastonbury,  where  now  he  has  his  lair.  Uardying. 

2.  The  couch  or  resting-place  of  a brute,  par- 
ticularly of  a wild  beast. 

The  beast  is  laid  dow-n  in  his  lair.  Cowper. 

Mossy  caverns  for  their  noontide  lair.  Drgden. 

3.  Grass  or  pasture-land  ; pasture,  [r.] 

More  hard  for  hungry  -steed  to  abstain  from  pleasant  lair. 

Spenser. 

4.  Soil  and  dung.  [Local.]  Farm.  Ency. 

LAIRD  (lird),  n.  [Scot.,  from  A.  S.  hlaford.  — 
See  Lord.]  A lord  ; a man  of  superior  rank  : 

— a leader  or  captain  : — a landed  gentleman 
under  the  degree  of  a knight.  [Scot.]  Jamieson. 

LA'iSM,  n.  The  name  of  the  Buddhist  religion 
in  Mongolia  and  Thibet ; lamaism.  P.  Cyc. 

LAl'TIJR,  n.  The  whole  number  of  eggs  laid  by 
a fowl  before  incubation;  — written  also  lafter 
and  lawter.  [Local,  England.]  Brockett. 

LA'I-TY,  n.  [Gr.  lads,  the  people.] 

1.  The  people  at  large,  as  distinguished  from 

the  clergy.  Swift. 

The  progress  of  the  ecclesiastical  authority  gave  birth  to 
the  memorable  distinction  of  the  laity  and  clergy,  which  had 
been  unknown  to  the  Greeks  and  Homans.  Gibbon. 

2.  f The  state  of  a layman.  Ayliffe. 

LAKE,  n.  [L.  lacus,  from  Gr.  Icusos,  a hollow 
or  pit ; It.  § Sp.  logo  ; Fr.  lac.)  A large  inland 
body  of  water  having  no  immediate  connection 
with  the  sea.  Dryden. 

LAKE,  n.  [It.  lacca  ; Fr.  lague.  — See  Lac.]  A 
pigment  composed  of  aluminous  earth  and  a 
red  coloring  matter ; as,  “ Madder  lake.” 

tS3f-  “ Tile  term  is  sometimes  applied  to  all  com- 
pounds of  alumina  and  a coloring  matter.”  Brande. 

LAKE,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  Icecan,  lacan.)  To  play  ; to 
sport.  [North  of  England.]  Bay. 

LAKE'LIJT,  n.  A small  lake  ; a pond. 

The  sacred  flowrers  that  crown 
The  lakelet  with  their  roseate  beauty.  Southey. 

LAKE'— LIKE,  a.  Resembling  a lake.  Wright. 

fLA'KEN,  or  fLA'KEN§,  n.  [Contraction  of 

laclykin.)  A diminutive  of  our  lady.  Shak. 

lAk'ER,  n.  A visitor  of  lakes.  Wilberforce. 

lA'KY,  a.  Belonging  to  a lake.  [R.]  Sherwood. 

JjAL-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  lallo,  lallatus,  to  sing  lalla 
or  lullaby.  It.  lallazionc;  Fr.  lallation.)  A vi- 
cious pronunciation,  which  consists  in  render- 
ing the  sound  of  the  letter  l unduly  liquid,  or  in 
substituting  it  for  that  of  r.  Wright. 

LA'MA,  n.  [mother  or  pastor  of  souls.  Brande.) 
In  Mongolia,  the  title  of  priests  in  general : — 
among  the  Calmucks,  the  title  of  the  higher 
classes  of  priests  only. 

Dalai  Lama,  ox  Grand  Lama,  the  head  of  the  Buddhist 
religion  in  Thibet,  worshipped  by  various  Tartaric 
tribes  as  a real  divinity  upon  earth.  Brande. 

LA'MA,  n.  A quadruped.  — See  Llama. 

LA'MA-I?M,  n.  The  Buddhist  religion  in  Mon- 
golia and  Thibet.  P.  Cyc. 

LA-MAN'TINE,  n.  [Fr.  lamantin.)  (Zool.)  An 
herbivorous  animal ; the  manatee  or  sea-cow. 

— See  Manatus.  Lyell. 

LAMB  (lam),  n.  [Goth.  <Sf  A.  S.  lamb  ; Dut.  lam  ; 

Ger.  larnm  ; Dan.  S;  Sw.  lam.) 

1.  The  young  offspring  of  the  sheep.  Pope. 

2.  Typically,  Jesus  Christ,  the  Saviour. 

Behold  the  Lamb  of  God,  which  taketh  away  the  sin  of 

the  world.  John  i.  29. 

3.  Metaphorically,  any  one  having  the  meek- 
ness and  innocence  of  a lamb.  Richardson. 

LAMB  (lam),  v.  n.  To  bring  forth  lambs ; to  yean. 

Sherwood. 

LAMB-ALE  (lam'al),  n.  A feast  at  the  time  of 
shearing  lambs.  Warton. 

lAM'BA-TIVE,  a.  [L.  lambo,  to  lick  ; It . lambi- 
tivo.)  Taken  by  licking.  “ Lambative  medi- 
cines.” Browne. 

lAm'BA-TIVE,  n.  (Med.)  A medicine  of  a sirupy 
consistence,  which  formerly  was  sucked  or  licked 
from  the  end  of  a stick  of  licorice.  Dunglison. 

LAMB'D  A-CI?M,  n.  [Gr.  laypSaxiayds  ; layffSa, 
the  letter  l ; L.  latnbdacismus.)  A vicious  pro- 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  5,  U,  Y,  short;  A, 


I)  Q,  V,  Y>  obscure; 


FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


LAMBDOID 


811 


LAMPERN 


nunciation,  which  consists  in  uttering  the  letter 
l inappropriately  ; lallation.  — See  Lallation. 

Crabb. 

LAMB'DOID,  ? (i  [Gr.  A,  lambda,  and  ilSog, 

LAMB-DOID'AL,  > form;  Fr.  lambdoidal .]  Re- 
sembling in  form  the  Greek  letter  A. 

Lambdoidal  suture,  (Anat.)  the  suture  formed  by  the 
parietal  bones  and  the  occipital  bone.  Dunglison. 

LAM'BJ&NT,  a.  [L.  lambo,  lambens,  to  lick  ; It. 
lambente .]  Licking;  gliding  over;  playing 

about;  touching  lightly,  as  with  the  tongue. 
“ A lambent  flame.”  Cowley. 

lAm'BI-TIVE,  a.  Lambative.  Bailey. 

LAMB'KIN  (lam'kin),  n.  1.  A little  lamb. 

In  the  warm  folds  their  tender  lambkins  lie.  Dryden. 

2.  One  treated  as  a lamb ; one  fondly  cherished. 

Sir  John,  thy  tender  lambkin  now  is  king.  Shak. 

LAMB'— LIKE  (lam'llk),  a.  Resembling  a lamb; 
mild  ; meek  ; innocent ; inoffensive. 

LAMB’§'_LET-TUCE  (-tjs),  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of 
annual  plants;  corn-salad;  Valerianella  : — a 
name  particularly  applied  to  the  Valerianella 
olitoria.  Loudon.  Eng.  Cyc. 

LAMB’§'-auAR-TJJR§,  n.  (Bot.)  Mountain  spin- 
ach ; Chenopodium  album.  Farm.  Ency. 

LAMB’§'— TONGUE  (lamz'tung),  n.  A plant. 

LAMB’jj'— WOOL  (lamz'wul),  n.  1.  The  wool  of 
lambs. 

2.  [“  La  mas  ubhal  [Irish],  the  day  of  the  ap- 
ple fruit.”  Johnson.  — “ From  the  resemblance 
of  the  soft  pulp  of  roasted  apples  to  the  wool  of 
a lamb.”  Walker .]  A beverage  composed  of  ale 
and  the  soft  pulp  of  roasted  apples.  Goldsmith. 

LAME,  a.  [A.  S.  <S|  Dut.  lam  ; Ger.  lahm  ; Dan. 
Sf  Sw.  lam.) 

1.  Wanting  the  natural  power  or  strength; 
disabled,  particularly  in  the  limbs;  crippled. 

Then  shall  the  lame  man  leap  as  an  hart.  Isa.  xxxv.  6. 

2.  Faulty  in  metre  ; hobbling  ; not  smooth. 

The  prose  is  fustian,  and  the  numbers  lame.  Dryden. 

3.  Imperfect ; defective  ; weak  ; feeble  ; in- 
sufficient; unsound.  “ A lame  excuse..”  Swift. 

Nothing  of  worth  or  weight  can  be  achieved  with  half  a 
mind,  with  a faint  heart,  with  a lame  endeavor.  Barrow. 

LAME,  v.  a.  [i.  lamed;  pp.  laming,  lamed.] 
To  make  lame  ; to  cripple.  Shak. 

LAMED,  p.  a.  Made  lame.  “ Lamed  limbs.” 

LAME'— DUCK,  n.  A slang  term  applied  to  a 
member  of  the  stock  exchange  who  fails  to  meet 
his  engagements.  Simmonds. 

LAM'EL,  n.  A thin  plate.  — See  Lamella. Craig. 

LA-MEL 'LA,  n.\  pi.  LA-MEL’ lje.  [L.,  dim.  of 
lamina , a plate  or  layer.]  A thin  plate  or  scale ; 
— applied  in  botany  to  a foliaceous  erect  scale 
appended  to  the  corollas  of  some  plants.  Brande. 

lAm'IJL-LAR,  a.  (Nat.  Hist.)  Composed  of,  or 
covered  with,  thin  scales  ; lamellate ; lamellated. 
“ Marl  ...  of  a lamellar  texture.”  Kirwan. 

LAM'EL-LAR-LY,  ad.  In  thin  plates  or  scales. 

LAJ1  JJL-L^TE,  l a lamellato.)  Formed 

lAm'EL-LAT-ISD,  ) of  plates  ; lamellar.  Gray. 

LA-MEL-LI-BRAN'GHI-ATE,  n.  [L.  lamella,  a 
small  plate  or  scale,  and  branchiae,  gills.]  (Zoiil.) 
One  of  an  order  of  acephalous  mollusks,  having 
gills  in  the  form  of  layers  disposed  symetrically, 
two  on  each  side.  Brande. 

LA-MEL'LI-CORN,  n.  [L.  lamella,  a small  plate, 
and  cornu,  a horn.]  (Ent.)  A coleopterous  in- 
sect the  antennae  of  which  are  composed  of  nine 
or  ten  joints,  the  last  two  or  three  of  which  are 
lamellated.  Westwood. 

LAm-EL-l1f'£R-OUS,  a.  [L.  lamella,  a small  plate, 
and  fero,  to  bear.]  Having  a structure  consist- 
ing of  thin  plates  or  layers.  Lyell. 

LA-MEL'LI-FORM,  a.  [L.  lamella,  a small  plate, 
and  forma,  form.]  Having  the  form  of  a thin 
plate  or  scale.  Eng.  Cyc. 

LA-MEL-LI-ROS'TRAL,  n.  [L.  lamella,  a . small 
plate,  and  rostrum , a beak.]  (Ornith.)  One  of 
a tribe  of  swimming  birds,  the  fourth  in  the  sys- 
tem of  Cuvier,  comprehending  those  in  which 
the  margin  of  the  beaks  are  furnished  with  nu- 
merous lamellae  or  dental  plates,  arranged  in  a 
regular  series,  as  in  the  swan,  the  goose,  and 
the  duck.  Brande. 


lAM-EL-LOSE'  (129),  a.  [L.  lamella,  a small 
plate.]  Covered  with,  or  in  the  form  of,  plates. 

LAME'LY,  ad.  1.  In  a lame  manner;  without 
natural  power  or  strength  ; like  a cripple.  Shak. 

2.  Imperfectly  ; weakly  ; feebly ; poorly. 

“ Lines  lamely  writ.”  Shak. 

He  could  but  lamely  have  executed  such  an  office.  Barrow. 

LAME'NJJSS,  n.  1.  The  state  of  being  lame;  — 
applied  particularly  to  loss  or  inability  of  limbs. 

Ericthorius  rode  always  in  a chariot  to  coneeal  his  lame- 
ness. Di'yden. 

2.  Imperfection  ; weakness  ; feebleness. 

If  the  story  move  or  the  actor  help  the  lameness  of  it  with 
his  performance.  Dryden. 

LA-MENT',  v.  n.  [L.  lamentor ; It.  lamentare  ; 

Sp.  lamentar ; Fr.  lamenter.)  [i.  lamented  ; 
pp.  lamenting,  lamented.]  To  express  grief 
or  sorrow ; to  moan  ; to  wail ; to  grieve  ; to  cry. 
David  lamented  with  this  lamentation  for  Saul.  2 Sam.  i.  17. 

Disconsolate  he  wanders  on  the  coast, 

Sighs  for  his  country,  and  laments  again 

To  the  deaf  rocks  and  hoarse-resounding  main.  Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Cry,  Grieve. 

LA-MENT',  v.  a.  To  express  sorrow  for ; to  be- 
moan ; to  bewail ; to  deplore ; to  mourn. 

"Whilst  I a while  obsequiously  lament 

The  untimely  fall  of  virtuous  Lancaster.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Bewail,  Deplore. 

LA-MENT',  n.  [L.  lamenta;  It.  & Sp.  lamento.) 

1.  Expression  of  sorrow ; a wailing  ; a moan- 
ing ; lamentation  ; a lamenting. 

A voice  of  weeping  heard  and  loud  lament.  Milton. 

2.  A poem  or  song  expressive  of  sorrow ; an 

elegy ; a dirge.  Smart. 

LAm'EN-TA-BLE,  a.  [L.  lamentabilis ; It . lamen- 
tabile;  Sp.hS,  Fr.  lamentable .) 

1.  Fit  to  cause  expressions  of  sorrow ; to  be 
lamented  ; deplorable. 

Tell  thou  the  lamentable  fall  of  me.  Shak. 

2.  Expressing  sorrow ; mournful ; wailing. 

“ Lamentable  cries.”  Dryden. 

3.  Pitiful ; despicable  ; sorry  ; miserable  ; — 
used  in  contempt  or  ridicule. 

The  bishop,  to  make  out  the  disparity  between  the  hea- 
thens and  them,  flies  to  this  lamentable  refuge.  StiUingfleet. 

LAM'EN-TA-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
lamentable.  Scott. 

LAm'J5N-TA-BLY,  ad.  1.  With  expressions  of 
sorrow  ; mournfully  ; sorrowfully.  Sidney. 

2.  So  as  to  cause  sorrow. 

Our  fortune  . . . sinks  most  lamentably.  Shak. 

3.  Pitifully  ; despicably.  Johnson. 

lAm-EN-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  lamentatio  ; It.  lam en- 
tazione  ; Sp.  lamentacion  ; Yr.  lamentation.) 

1.  The  act  of  lamenting ; expression  of  sor- 
row ; a wailing  ; a moaning ; a lamenting. 

Be  it  lawful  that  I iuvocate  thy  ghost 

To  hear  the  lamentations  of  poor  Anne.  Shak. 

2.  pi.  The  2oth  book  of  the  Old  Testament, 

by  Jeremiah;  — so  named  in  allusion  to  its 
mournful,  character.  Kitto. 

L A-MENT'ED,p.rt.  Bemoaned ; bewailed ; mourned 
for  ; as,  “The  lamented  dead.” 

LA-MENT '£R,  n.  One  who  laments.  Spectator. 

LA-MEN'TINE,  n.  See  Lamantine.  Bailey. 

LA-MENT'ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  laments; 
expression  of  sorrow;  lamentation. 

But  now,  ah,  dismal  change!  the  tuneful  throng 
To  loud  lamentings  turn  the  cheerful  6ong.  Congreve. 

LA-MENT'ING-Ly,  ad.  With  lamentations. 

LA'MI-A,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  A apia.) 

1.  (Myth.)  A daughter  of  Belus,  changed  into 
a monster  which  fed  on  human  flesh.  Anthon. 

2.  A hag  ; a witch.  Massinger. 

lAm'IN,  n.  A thin  plate.  — See  Lamina.  Wright. 

LAM  'I-JVA,  11.  ; pi.  LAM'I-NJE.  [L.] 

1.  A thin  plate,  scale,  or  layer.  Russell. 

2.  (Anat.)  A thin,  flat  part  of  a bone  ; — the 
lap  of  the  ear. 

The  cribriform  lamina  ...  of  the  ethnoid  bone.  Dunglison. 

3.  (Bot.)  The  expanded  surface  of  a leaf : — 

the  expanded  portion  of  the  petal  of  a polypet- 
alous  corolla,  or  of  the  sepal  of  a polysepalous 
calyx.  Gray. 

4.  (Min.)  One  of  the  thin  slices  or  plates  into 

which  certain  minerals  are  separable  by  cleav- 
age. “ A lamina  of  mica.”  Dana. 


5.  (Geol.)  One  of  the  layers  of  which  a stra- 
tum is  sometimes  composed.  Lyell. 

LAM-I-NA-BIL'I-TY,  n.  Capability  of  being 
formed  or  extended  into  thin  plates.  Ogilvie. 

LAM'I-NA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  extended  or 
drawn  out  into  thin  plates,  as  a metal  by  being 
passed  through  the  rolling-press.  Ure. 

LAM'I-NAr,  a.  Consisting  of  thin  plates  or  lay- 
ers ; laminary  ; laminated.  Smart. 

lAm'I-NA-RY,  a.  Consisting  of  thin  plates.  Cl. 

LAm'I-NAT-IJD,  a.  Consisting  of  thin  plates  or 
layers;  plated;  laminary.  Sharp. 

LAM-I-NA'TION,  n.  The  state  of  being  laminated ; 
arrangement  in  layers.  Phillips. 

LAM'ISH,  a.  Slightly  lame  ; hobbling.  A.  Wood. 

LAMM,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  lam,  lame;  — Belg.  lamen, 
to  strike ; Ger.  lahmen.)  To  lame  or  bruise 
with  blows  ; to  heat  soundly;  to  drub.  [Vulgar.] 
Lammed  you  shall  be  ere  we  leave  ye. 

You  shall  be  beaten  sober.  Beau.  6,-  FI. 

lAm'MAS,  or  LAM'MAS-DAY,  n.  [A.  S.  hlam- 
messe,  hlafmasse,  the  bread  feast,  or  feast  of 
first  fruits  ; hlaf  a loaf,  and  masse,  a feast.] 
The  first  day  of  August.  Bacon. 

LAM'MAS,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  first  day  of  Au- 
gust. Ash. 

LAm'MAS— TIDE,  n.  The  first  day  of  August  ; 
lammas-day.  Shak.  / 

LAM-M^R-GEY  ER  ) (lam-mer-gl'er),  n.  [Ger. 

LtEM'MIJR-GEY-ER  ) lammergeir  ; lammer, 

lambs,  and  yeir,  a vulture.]  (Ornith.)  A spe- 
cies of  vulture  of  large  size,  inhabiting  the  high- 
est mountains  of  Europe,  Asia,  and  Africa ; 
the  bearded  vulture ; Gypwtus  barbatus. 

Unlike  the  typical  vultures,  which  are  distinguished  by 
their  bare  necks,  indicative  of  their  propensity  for  feeding  on 
carrion,  the  lannmergeyer  has  the  neck  thickly  covered  with 
feathers,  resembling  those  of  the  true  eagle.  Gould. 

LAMP,  n.  [Gr.  Xaptras,  a torch  ; lapirta,  to  shine  ; 
L.  lampas  ; It.  lampa  ; Sp.  lampara ; Fr.  lantpe.) 

1.  A vessel  used  in  producing  artificial  light 
from  the  combustion  of  oil  or  other  liquid. 

2.  Any  thing  possessing  or  communicating 
light,  real  or  metaphorical.  “ The  lamps  of 
night.”  Shak.  “ Lamp  of  life.”  Smith. 

First  in  his  east  the  glorious  lamp  was  seen, 

» Regent  of  day.  Milton. 

Thy  word  is  a lamp  unto  my  feet,  and  a light  unto  my 
path.  Ps.  cxix.  105. 

Aphlogistic  lamp,  or  lamp  without  flame,  an  alcohol 
lamp  having  a cotton  wick  surmounted  with  a spiral 
coil  of  fine  platinum  wire.  The  lamp,  being  lighted 
long  enough  to  heat  the  wire  to  redness,  may  then  be 
blown  out  without  ceasing  to  burn  the  alcohol,  for 
the  wire  continues  igpited,  and  a current  of  hot  vapor 

to  rise  as  long  as  the  spirit  lasts.  Ure. Argand  lamp, 

See  Argand. — Astral  lamp , See  Astral.  — Mono - 
cromatic  lamp , a lamp  whose  flame  yields  rays  of 
some  one  homogeneous  light.  Nichol.  — Lamp  of 
Davy,  or  Davy’s  safety  lamp,  a lamp  so  constructed 
as  to  burn  without  danger  in  an  explosive  atmos- 
phere, as  in  the  fire-damp  in  mines.  It  consists  of  a 
common  oil-lamp  surmounted  with  a covered  cylinder 
ofwire  gauze.  Brande.  Ure.  — Solar  lamp.  See  SOLAR. 

t LAMP,  v.  n.  To  shine. 

Amongst  the  eternal  spheres,  and  lamping  sky.  Spenser. 

LAM'FA-DROiME,  n.  [Gr.  l.apnaf,  a torch,  and 
Spdpos,  a race.]  (Grecian  Ant.)  A race  run  by 
young  men  with  lighted  torches  in  their  hands, 
the  victor  being  he  who  first  reached  the  goal 
with  his  torch  still  burning.  Wright. 

lAm'PASS,  n.  [Yr.  lampas.)  (Fai'riery.)  A swell- 
ing of  some  of  the  lower  bars  of  a horse’s 
mouth  ; — so  named  because  formerly  removed 
by  burning  with  a lamp  or  hot  iron. — Written 
also  tampers.  Youatt. 

LAm'PATE,  n.  (Chem.)  A salt  formed  of  lampic 
acid  with  a base.  Ure. 

LAMP'— BLACK,  n.  The  finely-divided  charcoal 
or  soot  deposited  by  the  smoke  from  the  burning 
resin  of  turpentine; — so  named  because  for- 
merly made  by  means  of  a lamp.  Brande. 

LAmT'IJR-EEL,  n.  A lamprey.  Forby. 

LAM'PpRN,  n.  (Ich.)  A name  given  to  two  spe- 
cies of  Petromyzon  or  lamprey,  which  inhabit 
fresh-water  rivers  ; Petromyzon  ftuviatilis,  or 
river-lamprey,  and  Petromyzon  planeri,  or 
fringed-lipped  lamprey.  Farrell. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BOLL,  BUR,  rGLE.— 9,  (?,  9,  g,  soft;  €,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  ? as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


LAMPERS 


LANDLOPER 


812 


LAM'PFRIJ,  n.  pi.  See  Lampass.  Crabb. 

LAM'PjC,  a.  (Chon.)  Noting  an  acid  obtained  by 
condensing  the  vapor  arising  from  the  combus- 
tion of  ether  in  the  aphlogistic  lamp.  lire. 

fLAMP'jNG,  a.  Shining;  sparkling.  Spenser. 

LAMP'LFSS,  a.  Having  no  lamp.  Beau.  FI. 

LAMP'lIght-FR,  n.  A lighter  of  lamps. Cummins. 

LAM-POON',  n.  [Fr.  lampon,  a drunken  song; 
lumper,  to  guzzle  wine.]  A personal  satire  or 
abuse  in  writing ; censure  written  to  vex  rather 
than  reform. 

Satires  and  lampoons  on  particular  people  circulate  more 
by  giving  copies  in  confidence  to  the  friends  of  the  parties 
than  by  printing  them.  Sheridan. 

Syn.  — See  Satire. 

LAM-POON',  v.  a.  [i.  lampooned  ; pp.  lam- 
pooning, lampooned.]  To  attack  in  writing 
with  personal  abuse  ; to  satirize  ; to  abuse. 

It  cannot  be  supposed  that  the  man  who  lampooned  Plato 
would  spare  Pythagoras.  Observer. 

LAM-POON'pR,  n.  One  who  lampoons.  Dryden. 

LAM-Po6n'RY,  n.  The  act  of  lampooning;  per- 
sonal abuse  in  writing  ; personal  satire.  Sicift. 

LAM'PRgL,  n.  A lamper-eel.  Walton. 

LAM'PRpY  (lam'pre),  n.  [L.  lampctra  ; lambo,  to 
lick,  and  petra,  a rock  ; It.  lampreda  ; Sp.  lam- 
prea;  Fr.  lamproie.  — A.  S.  lampreda  ; Dut. 
lamprei  ; Ger.  lamprete  ; Dan.  iV  Sw.  lampret.) 
( Ich .)  A genus  of  fishes  resembling  the  eel  in 
form,  and  having  a circular  mouth  by  which 
they  attach  themselves  to  stones  and  other  ob- 
jects ; Petromyzon  : — a name  particularly  ap- 
plied to  the  Petromyzon  marinus.  Yarrell. 

lAm'PRON,  n.  A lamprey.  Broome. 

lAm'PY-rLne,  n.  ( Ent .)  A coleopterous  insect 
of  the  genus  Lampyris.  Brande. 

LAM'PY-RIS,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  Xapirvpis,  a glow- 
worm ; l.apmo,  to  shine,  and  obpa,  the  tail.]  A 
Linmean  genus  of  coleopterous  insects,  includ- 
ing the  glowworm.  Eng.  Cyc. 

LA'NA-RY,  n.  [L.  lanaria;  lana,  wool.]  A store- 
place  for  wool.  Smart. 

LA'NATE,  a.  (Bot.  & Zoiil.)  Covered  with  long, 
fine,  soft  hair ; woolly.  Gray.  Brande. 

LA'NAT-ljn,  a.  Woolly;  lanate.  Smart. 

f LANCE,  n.  [L.  lanx,  lands,  the  scale  of  a bal- 
ance.] Poise  ; equipoise ; balance. 

Fortune  all  in  equal  lance  doth  sway.  Spenser. 

LANCE  (12),  n.  [Gr.  l.6y%ri ; L.  lancea ; It.  landa ; 
Sp.  lanza-,  Fr.  lance.  — Dut.  Ians ; Ger.  lanze\ 
Dan.  lantse-,  Sw.  fans. — “Of  Spanish  origin.” 
Varro.  — “ From  Arm.  lancza,  to  throw,  to  bran- 
dish.” Lye.  Wachter .]  A weapon  in  the  form 
of  a slender  spear,  in  general  use  before  the  in- 
vention of  firearms,  and  thrown  by  the  hand. 

The  lance,  now  used  as  an  arm  of  cavalry, 
consists  of  a shaft  of  wood  from  eight,  to  sixteen  feet 
long,  with  a steel  point  from  eight  to  ten  inches  in 
length,  and  adorned  with  a small  tiag  designed  to 
frighten  the  horses  of  the  enemy.  Brande. 

LANCE  (12),  v.  a.  [Arm.  lancza-.  It.  land  are -, 
Sp.  laneear ; Fr.  lancer .]  [i.  lanced;  pp. 

LANCING,  LANCED.] 

1.  To  throw,  as  a lance  ; to  launch.  Surrey. 

2.  To  pierce  or  cut  with  a lance  or  other 

sharp-pointed  instrument.  Shak. 

In  tlu*ir  cruel  worship,  they  lanced  themselves  with  knives. 

Gian  vill. 

3.  ( Surg .)  To  pierce  or  open  with  a lancet, 

as  a vein  or  abscess.  Dunglison. 

LANCE'— HE  AD,  n.  The  head  of  a lance.  Blackwood. 

fLANCE'LY,  a.  Suitable  to  a lance.  Sidney. 

LAN'  CF.-o-LA,  n.  [L.  lanceola,  dim.  of  lancea,  a 
lanee.]  (Zoiil.)  A genus  of  crustaceans.  Say. 

LAN'Cg-O-LAR,  a.  (Bot.)  Tapering  towards  each 
end.  Oyilvie. 

LAN'CE-O-LATE,  > a.  [L.  lanceo- 

LAN'CE-O-L.AT-IJD,  ) latus ; It.  lan- 
ceolato ; F r.  landole,  lanceola,  a 
little  lance.]  (Bot.)  Shaped  like  a 
lance-head.  Gray.  ■Lan1^”,at<; 

L A NC E- P E -S A D E ' , n.  [It.  lanciaspezzata.)  (Mil.) 


An  officer  under  a corporal ; the  lowest  officer 
of  foot.  ./.  Hall. 

LAn'^R,  n.  1.  One  who  lances  or  uses  a lance : — 
a cavalry-soldier  who  carries  a lance.  Davenant. 

2.  f A lancet.  1 Kings  xviii.  28,  (1551.) 

lAn'QIJT,  n.  [It.  lancetta,  dim.  of  lancia,  a lance  ; 
Sp.  lanceta  ; Fr.  lancette .]  (Surg.)  A small  in- 
strument the  blade  of  which  is  two-edged  and 
commonly  pointed  like  that  of  a lance,  used  in 
blood-letting,  opening  abscesses,  &c.  Dunglison. 

LAn'C^T— ARCH,  n.  (Arch.)  An  arch  acutely 
pointed  at  the  top  ; a pointed  arch.  Britton. 

LAN'CpT— WIN'DOW,  n.  (Arch.)  A window  hav- 
ing a lancet-arch.  Francis. 

lAnCE'WOOD  (ISns'wud),  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of 
evergreen  shrubs  ; Guatteria.  Farm.  Ency. 

LANCH,  v.  a.  To  throw,  as  a lance;  to  launch. 
— See  Launch.  Dryden. 

lAn'CI-FORM,  a.  Lance-shaped.  Wright. 

LAN-CIF'FR-OUS,  a.  Bearing  a lance.  Blount. 

LAN'CI-NATE,  v.  a.  [L.  lancino,  lancinatus ,\  [t. 
LANCINATED  ;pp.  LANCINATING,  LANCIN  ATEI).] 
To  tear  ; to  lacerate  ; to  rend.  Johnson. 

LAN-CI-NA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  lancinating  ; a 
piercing  or  darting  as  of  pain.  Dunglison. 

LAND,  n.  [Goth.,  A.  S.,  Dut.,  Ger.,  Dan.,  Sw. 
land.) 

1.  The  solid  matter  of  which  the  surface  of 
the  earth  consists,  as  opposed  to  the  liquid  mat- 
ter, or  water. 

They  escaped  nil  safe  to  land.  Acts  xxvii.  44. 

2.  A distinct  division  of  the  solid  surface  of  the 
earth  ; a region  ; a country  ; a district ; .a  tract. 

Through  a land  of  deserts  and  of  pits;  through  a land  of 
drought;  through  a land  that  no  man  passed  through,  and 
where  no  man  dwelt.  Jer.  ii.  (j. 

3.  The  inhabitants  of  a country  ; a people  ; a 

nation.  “ The  land  believed.”  Dryden. 

All  the  land  knows  that.  Shak. 

4.  Ground;  soil.  “ Fertile  land.”  Shak. 

410=  Any  ground,  soil,  or  earth  whatsoever ; as 

meadows,  pasture,  woods,  moors,  waters,  marshes, 
fur/.es,  and  heath  ; it  legally  includes  also  all  houses 
and  other  buildings  built  upon  it ; ...  it  includes  not 
only  the  face  of  the  earth  but  every  thing  under  it  or 
over  it.  Burrill. 

5.  Real  estate.  “ Thy  lands  and  goods  are 

confiscate.”  Shak. 

6.  (Farming.)  Unploughed  ground  between 

furrows.  Wright. 

7.  f [A.  S.  hla7id.~\  Urine.  Hanmer . 

Land  of  the  leal , (Scottish.)  the  state  of  departed 

souls,  especially  that  of  the  blessed  ; heaven.  Jamie- 
son. — To  make  the  land , (Naut.)  to  discover  land  from 
a distance  when  approaching  it  after  a sea-voyage.  — 
To  set  the  land  or  the  sun , by  the  compass , to  observe 
how  the  land  bears  on  any  point  of  the  compass,  or 
on  what  point  of  the  compass  the  sun  is. — To  shut  in 
the  land , to  intercept  the  view  of  a landmark  or  a 
point  of  land  by  sailing  so  as  to  bring  another  in 
range  of  it. 

Syn.  — Land , country , region , soil , and  ground  are 
sometimes  used  promiscuously  ; but  land  refers  more 
especially  to  the  soil  or  ground  of  the  earth,  and  coun- 
try to  the  parts  of  the  earth  inhabited.  Region  is  a 
tract  of  land  of  indefinite  extent ; district , a territory 
within  fixed  limits.  We  say  native  land , country , or 
soil ; cultivate  or  till  the  land , soil , or  ground. 

LAND,  v.  a.  [i.  landed  ; pp.  LANDING,  landed.] 
To  bring  to  land;  to  set  on  shore,  as  from  a 
vessel ; to  disembark.  Shak. 

LAND,  v.  n.  To  come  to  land ; to  come  or  go  on 
shore,  as  from  a vessel.  Bacon. 

Landing  at  Syracuse,  we  tarried  there  three  days. 

Acts  xxviii.  12. 

LAN' DAM-MAN,  n.  [Ger.  land,  country,  and 
amtmann,  a bailiff.]  The  president  of  the  diet 
of  the  Helvetic  or  Swiss  republic  : — the  chief 
magistrate  in  ten  of  the  Swiss  cantons.  Brande. 

LAN-nAU'  ) [i^n-d&w',  W.  P.  J.  Ja.  K.  ; lan'- 

LAN'DAW  i daw,  Sm.  C.  Wr.  Wb.],  n.  A kind 
of  covered  carriage  which  opens  and  closes  at 
the  top  ; — so  named  because  originally  made 
in  Landau,  Germany.  Brande. 

LAN-DAU-LET',  n.  [Fr.,  dim.  of  landau,  a lan- 
dau.] A small  landau.  Simmonds. 

lAnd'-BREEZE,  n.  A breeze  blowing  from  the 

land  towards  the  sea.  Smollett. 


LAND'-CAR-RIAGE,  n.  Conveyance  by  land. 

LAND-CRAB,  n.  (Zoiil.)  A crab 
of  the  genus  Gecarcinus,  inhab- 
iting tropical  regions,  and  liv- 
ing chiefly  on  land.  Eng.  Cyc. 

f LAND'dA.MN  (15nd'd5m),  V.  a. 

To  damn  so  as  to  prevent  living 
in  the  land  ; to  banish.  Shak. 

LAND'FD,  a.  1.  Consisting  in  land  or  real  estate. 
“ Landed  property.”  Everett. 

2.  Possessing  an  estate  in  land. 

A House  of  Commons  must  consist,  for  the  most  part,  of 
landed  men.  Addition. 

LAND'FR,  n.  (Mining.)  One  who  attends  at  the 
mouth  of  a shaft  to  receive  the  bucket  with 
ore,  &c.  Simmonds. 

LAND'— pS-TATE,  n.  Property  or  estate  consist- 
ing in  land.  Arbutlinot. 

lAnD'FALL,  n.  1.  The  falling  of  an  estate  in 
land  to  any  one  by  a death.  Johnson. 

2.  (Naut.)  The  first  land  discovered  after  a 
sea-voyage.  Mar.  Diet. 

A pood  landfall  is  when  a vessel  makes  the  land  as 
intended.  Dana. 

LAND'fIsII,  n.  An  amphibious  animal;  — used 
in  contempt.  “ He  is  ...  a very  land-fish." Shak. 

LAND'— FLOOD  (land'flud),  n.  An  inundation 
caused  by  the  overflowing  of  inland  waters  ; a 
freshet.  “ Land-floods  after  rain.”  Drayton. 

LAND'— FORCE,  n.  A body  of  soldiers  serving  on 
land,  as  distinguished  from  a naval  force.  Temple. 

LAND'— FOWL,  n.  A bird  or  fowl  that  inhabits 
the  land  exclusively.  Booth. 

LAND'GRAVE,  n.  [Ger.  landgraf. ] A title  as- 
sumed by  some  German  counts  in  the  twelfth 

century,  to  distinguish  themselves  from  the  in- 
ferior counts  under  their  jurisdiction. 

The  landgraves  of  Thuringia  and  of  Lower  and  of  Higher 
Alsace  were  the  only  ones  who  were  princes  of  the  empire. 

Brande. 

LAND-GRA'VI-ATE,  n.  The  estate,  office,  or  ju- 
risdiction of  a landgrave.  Ency. 

lAnd'GRA-VINE,  n.  [Ger.  landgrcifinn .]  The 
wife  of  a landgrave ; a lady  of  the  rank  of  a 
landgrave.  Booth. 

f LAND'HiiRD,  n.  A herd  that  feeds  on  land. 

Those  same,  the  shepherds  told  me,  were  the  fields 
• In  which  Dame  Cynthia  her  land  herds  led.  Spenser. 

LAND'HOLD-F.R,  n.  One  who  holds  land ; an 
owner  or  proprietor  of  land.  Locke. 

LAND'ING,  n.  1.  A coming  to  land  ; act  of  going 
or  putting  on  shore,  as  from  a vessel.  Milton. 

2.  The  place  where  one  comes  or  puts  on 

shore,  as  from  a vessel.  Daniel. 

3.  (Arch.)  The  floor  at  the  top  or  head  of 

stairs,  or  a level  space  connecting  one  flight 
with  another.  Ency. 

4.  (Railroads.)  A platform  at  a railroad  or 

railway  station.  Simmonds. 

lAND'ING-PLACE,  n.  1.  A place  for  coming  or 
putting  on  shore,  as  from  a vessel ; a landing. 

2.  (Arch.)  Same  as  Landing.  Bacon. 

lAND'ING-WAIT'FR,  n.  An  English  officer  of 
the  customs.  — See  Land- waiter.  P.  Cyc. 

LAND'-JGB-BFR,  n.  One  who  makes  a business 
of  buying  and  selling  land  for  others  ; a specu- 
lator in  land.  Sicift. 

LAND'LA-DY,  n.  1.  A woman  who  has  tenants 
holding  from  her.  Johnson. 

2.  A mistress  of  an  inn.  Swift. 

lAND'LFSS,  a.  Having  no  property  in  land.  Shak. 

LAND'LOCK,  V.  a.  [l.  LANDLOCKED  ; pp.  LAND- 
LOCKING, landlocked.]  To  shut  in  or  en- 
compass by  land.  P.  Cyc. 

LAND'LOCKED  (land'lokt),  p.  a.  Shut  in  or  en- 
compassed by  land,  as  a harbor,  or  a vessel. 
“ F ew  natural  ports  better  landlocked.”  Addison. 

LAND'LO-PpR,  n.  [Dut.  landlooper ; land,  coun- 
try, and  loopen,  to  run.] 

1.  A term  of  reproach  applied  by  seamen  to 
one  who  lives  on  shore ; a landlubber. 

2.  A wanderer  ; a vagrant ; a traveller. 

He  [Perkin  Warbcck]  had  been  from  bis  childhood  such  a 
wanderer,  or,  as  the  kind  called  him,  such  a landloper. Bacon. 


A,  E,  i,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  f,  0,  0,  f,  short;  A,  F,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


LANDLOPING 


LAND'l6P-ING,  a.  Wandering;  travelling.  “His 
landloping  legates.”  Holinshed. 

LAND' LORD,  n.  [A.  S.  land-hlaford .] 

1.  One  who  owns  and  rents  or  leases  lands  or 

houses.  Spenser. 

aSjThe  host  or  master  of  an  inn;  an  inn- 
keeperT  “ The  jolly  landlord.”  Addison. 

t LAND'LORD-RY,  n.  The  state  of  a landlord. 

Such  pilfering  slips  of  petty  landlordry.  B.  Hall. 

LAND'LUB-BJJR,  n.  [Corrupted  from  landloper .] 
A term  of  contempt  used  by  sailors  of  one  who 
passes  his  life  on  shore.  Sir  J.  Hawkins. 

fLAND'-LURCH,  v.  a.  To  steal  land  from. 

Ilcnce  country  louts  land-lurch  their  lords.  Warner. 

LAND'MAN,  n.  ; pi.  landmen.  One  who  lives  or 
serves  on  land  ; a landsman.  Burnet. 

LAND'MARK,  n.  1.  Any  fixed  object  serving  to 
define  and  preserve  the  boundaries  of  lands,  as 
a pile  of  stones,  or  a hillock. 

Cursed  be  he  that  removeth  his  neighbor’s  landmark. 

Dent,  xxvii.  17. 

2.  Any  conspicuous  object  on  land  which 

serves  as  a guide  to  seamen,  as  in  entering  a 
harbor,  or  in  avoiding  a danger.  Brande. 

LAND'-M6N-ST£R,  n.  A monster  inhabiting  the 
land.  Hume. 

LAND'-NYMPH,  n.  A nymph  dwelling  on  the 
land.  Prior. 

LAND'— OF-FICE,  n.  An  office  in  which  the  sale 
and  management  of  the  public  lands  are  con- 
ducted. [U.  S.]  Ingham. 

LAND'-OWN-IJR,  n.  An  owner  or  proprietor  of 
land.  C.  Cushing. 

LAND'-PIKE,  n.  ( Zoiil .)  An  American  animal 
resembling  a fish,  but  having  legs  instead  of 
fins.  Crabb. 

LAND'-PI-LOT,  n.  A conductor  by  land. 

Would  overtask  the  best  land-pilot's  art.  Milton. 

LAnD’-PI-RATE,  n.  A highwayman.  Asher. 

LAND'RAIL,  n.  ( Ornith .)  A swift-running,  mi- 
gratory bird,  of  the  family  Rail  idee  ; Crex  pra- 
tensis ; — called  also  corn-crake  and  corn-drake, 
daker-hen,  bean-crake.  Eng.  Cyc. 

LAND'REEVE,  n.  [A.  S.  land,  land,  and  reafa, 
a tax-gatherer.]  A subordinate  officer  on  an 
extensive  estate,  who  assists  the  land-steward 
in  collecting  rents.  [Eng.]  Brande. 

LAND'— RENT,  n.  Rent  for  the  use  or  occupa- 
tion of  land.  Arbuthnot. 

lAnd'SC.Ape,  n.  [A.  S.  landscipe ; land,  land, 
and  scipe,  shape,  form,  condition,  state  ; Dut. 
landschap  ; Ger.  landschaft ; Dan.  landscab ; 
Sw.  landscap.] 

1.  t A representation  ; a model.  Racket. 

2.  A tract  of  country  which  the  eye  can  com- 

prehend in  a view,  together  with  whatever  ob- 
jects it  contains.  Addison. 

Straight  mine  eve  hath  caught  new  pleasures, 

Whilst  the  landscape  round  it  measures; 

Russet  lawns  and  fallows  gray, 

Where  the  nibbling  flocks  do'stray.  Milton. 

Ever  charming,  ever  new. 

When  will  the  landscape  tire  the  view?  Dyer. 

3.  A picture  representing  a tract  of  country, 
with  the  various  objects  it  contains.  Fuller. 

The  prettiest  landscape  I ever  saw  was  one  drawn  on  the 
walls  of  a dark  room.  Addison. 

Syn.  — See  Prospect. 

LAnd'SCAPE,  v.  a.  To  represent  in  landscape. 
[r.]  Holiday. 

LAND'SCAPE-GAr'DEN-ING,  n.  The  art  of  lay- 
ing out  ground  so  as  to  produce  the  effect  of 
natural  landscape.  Wright. 

LAND'SCAPE-PAiNT'PR,  n.  A painter  of  land- 
scapes or  rural  scenery.  Morgan. 

LAND'— SER-VIOE,  n.  Service  on  land,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  service  on  the  sea.  Goldsmith. 

f lAnd'SKIP,  n.  Same  as  Landscape.  Addison. 

LANDSLIDE,  n.  Same  as  Landslip.  Lyell. 

LANDSLIP,  n.  1.  A portion  of  land  that  has 
slidden  down,  in  consequence  of  disturbance  by 
an  earthquake,  or  from  being  undermined  by 
the  action  of  water.  Lyell.  Brande. 

2.  The  sliding  down  of  land.  Wright. 


813 

LANDSj'MAN,  n.  1.  One  who  lives  or  serves  on 
the  land,  as  distinguished  from  a seaman. 

2.  A term  used  by  sailors  for  a novice  in  the 
sea-service.  Smart. 

LAND-SPRING,  n.  A spring  which  flows  only 
after  heavy  rains  ; — distinguished  from  a con- 
stant spring,  or  a spring  which  flows  through- 
out the  year.  Brande. 

lAND'-STEW-ARD,  n.  A person  who  has  the 
care  of  an  extensive  estate,  and  of  collecting 
the  rents  and  incomes  therefrom.  Steele. 

lAnd'STRAIT,  n.  A narrow  strip  of  land:  — 
written  also  landstreight.  Mountagu. 

LAND'-SLTR-VEY'ING  (-va'jng),  n.  The  opera- 
tion of  surveying  land.  Davies. 

lAND'-SUR-VEY'OR  (-va'or),  n.  A surveyor  of 
lands.  Joclrell. 

lAND'-TAX,  n.  A tax  assessed  on  land.  Locke. 

LAnD'-TOR-TOISE  (-tor'tis),  n.  A tortoise  that 
lives  on  land ; a land-turtle.  Goldsmith. 

LAND'-TiiRN,  n.  A land-breeze.  Crabb. 

LAND'-TijR-TLE,  n.  A turtle  that  lives  on  land  ; 
a land-tortoise.  Smollett. 

LAND'-UR-CHIN,  n.  A hedgehog.  Careio. 

LAnD'-WAIT-UR,  n.  An  officer  of  the  customs 
whose  duty  it  is  to  examine  and  register  the 
articles  of  a vessel’s  cargo  on  the  landing  of  the 
same  ; — also  called  landing -waiter  and  tide- 
waiter.  Brande. 

LAND'WARD,  ad.  Towards  the  land.  Sandys. 

LANDWEHR  (lant'vir), »i.  [Ger.]  Militia.  Smart. 

LAND'— WIND,  n.  A wind  blowing  from  the  land 
to  the  sea  ; a land-breeze.  Goldsmith. 

LAND'— WORK-flR  (-wiirk-er),  n.  One  who  tills 
or  cultivates  the  ground.  Pownall. 

LANE,  7i.  [Dut.  laan.  — “ It  may  be  A.  S.  hlcene, 
thin,  and  therefore  narrow.”  Richardson.'] 

1.  A narrow  way  or  passage,  as  between 
buildings  or  hedges ; a narrow  street ; an  alley. 

Into  the  streets  and  lanes  of  the  city.  Luke  xiv.  21. 

2.  A passage  between  lines  of  men.  Bacon. 

lie  was  led  into  the  house,  nil  the  lords  standing  up  out 

of  respect,  and  making  a lane  for  him  to  pass  to  the  earl’s 
bench.  Belsham. 

lIn'GATE,  n.  ( Surg .)  A linen  roller  for  a 
wound.  Crabb. 

lAn'GRA^E,  n.  Langrel.  Mar.  Diet. 

LAN'GRJJL,  71.  A kind  of  chain-shot  formed  of 
bolts,  nails,  or  other  pieces  of  iron  tied  together, 
— used  chiefly  for  destroying  the  sails  and  rig- 
ging of  an  enemy’s  ship;  — called  also  langrel- 
shot.  Brande. 

LANG'SAL,  n.  ( Bot .)  See  LausCH.  Eng.  Cyc. 

LANG'— SET-TLE,  n.  A long  wooden  settee  or 
bench.  [Scot,  and  North  of  Eng.]  Holloway. 

LANG— SYNE',  ad.  [Scotch.]  Long  since  ; long 
ago.  Fergnsson. 

t(3f  Lang-syne  is  sometimes  used  as  a noun  : — 
Should  auld  acquaintance  be  forgot, 

And  never  brought  to  min’? 

Should  auld  acquaintance  be  forgot, 

And  days  o’  lang-syne?  Bums. 

lAnG-T^R-A-LOO',  n.  An  old  game  at  cards  ; — 
often  abridged  to  l ant er loo  and  langtra.  Tatler. 

LAN'GUA£E  (l&ng'gwaj,  82),  n.  [It.  linguaggio, 
from  L.  lingua,  the  tongue ; Sp.  lenguage ; 
Port,  linguagem  ; Fr.  langage .] 

1.  That  which  the  tongue  utters  or  speaks  ; 
the  expression  of  thoughts  and  feelings  by 
means  of  the  articulate  sounds  of  the  voice  ; 
oral  speech. 

The  firstaim  of  language  was  to  communicate  our  thoughts; 
the  second,  to  do  it  with  despatch.  Tooke. 

2.  The  expression  of  thoughts  and  feelings 
by  means  of  sensible  signs  not  articulate, 
whether  suggested  by  nature,  or  formed  by  skill 
and  invention  ; as,  “ Written  language  ” ; “ The 
language  of  the  deaf  and  dumb.” 

The  language  of  the  eyes  frequently  supplies  the  place  of 
that  of  the  tongue.  Crabb. 

3.  The  speech  peculiar  to  a nation  or  people. 

Not  to  know  the  language  I have  lived  in.  Shak. 

And  the  love  of  our  own  language,  what  is  it,  in  fact,  but 


LANGUISH 

the  love  of  our  country  expressing  itself  in  one  particular 
direction?  Trench. 

The  Iliad  is  great,  yet  not  so  great,  in  strength,  or  power, 
or  beauty,  as  the  Greek  language.  Trench. 

The  language  of  a people  is  the  exponent  of  that  people’s 
feelings  and  thoughts.  flare. 

Praise  enough 

To  fill  the  ambition  of  a private  man, 

That  Chatham’s  language  was  his  mother  tongue.  Cowper. 

The  languages  of  Europe  are  usually  arranged  into  five 
divisions:  the  Celtic,  the  Teutonic,  the  Sclavonic,  the  Latin, 
and  Finnish;  of  one  or  the  other  of  which  each  particular 
tongue  is  merely  a dialect.  Booth. 

4.  A nation  or  people,  as  distinguished  by 

their  speech. 

All  people,  nations,  and  languages  trembled.  Dan.  v.  19. 

5.  The  manner  of  expression  in  speaking  or 
writing  ; the  general  character  or  style  of  speak- 
ing or  writing ; style. 

Others  for  language  all  their  care  express. 

And  value  books,  as  women  men,  for  dress.  rope. 

Science  is  constantly  teaching  to  describe  known  facts  in 
new  language,  but  the  language  of  Scripture  is  always  the 
flame.  Whewell. 

6.  The  words,  terms,  and  phrases  peculiar  to 
a science,  trade,  or  profession  ; as,  “ Law -lan- 
guage ” ; “ The  language  of  chemistry  ” ; “ The 
language  of  sailors.” 

Syn.  — L anguage  is  a very  general  term,  and  is  not 
strictly  confined  to  utterance  by  words,  as  it  is  also 
expressed  by  the  countenance,  by  the  eyes,  and  by 
signs,  as  the  language  of  the  deaf  and  dumb  ; and  we 
say  the  language  not.  only  of  men,  but  also  of  beasts 
and  birds.  Tongue  refers  especially  to  an  original 
language;  as,  “The  Hebrew  tongue.’’  The  modern 
languages  are  derived  from  the  original  tongues. 
Speech  is  the  utterance  of  articulate  sounds,  and  con- 
templates language  as  broken  or  cut  into  words  of 
different  kinds  ; as,  “ The  parts  of  speech  ” ; “ The 
gift  of  speech. 99  Every  language  lias  its  peculiar  idi- 
oms. A dialect  is  an  incidental  part  or  a peculiar  form 
of  a language,  used  by  the  inhabitants  of  particular 
districts.  The  Greek  language  ; the  Greek  idiom  ; the 
Attic  dialect.  A dead  language  ; native  or  vernacular 
language  ; mother  tongue  ; vulgar  tongue ; elegant  or 
good  languatfc  or  style.  — Language , terms , and  words 
are  sometimes  used  indifferently,  as  when  it  is  said 
an  opinion  is  delivered  in  plain  terms , words , or  lan- 
guage. 

f LAN'GUA^E,  v.  a.  To  express  in  language. 
“ Temples  . . . languaging  this  story .” Lovelace. 

LAN'GUAQED  (ISmg'gwajd),  a.  1.  Skilled  in  lan- 
guage, or  learned  in  languages. 

Not  eloquent  nor  well  languaged.  Barret. 

The  only  languaged  men  in  all  the  world.  B.  Jenson. 

2.  Having  a language;  — used  in  composi- 
tion. “ Many -languaged  nations.”  Pope. 

f lAn'GUA^E-LESS,  a.  Wanting  language  or 
speech.  “A  very  land-fish  languageless.”  Shak. 

LAN'GUA£E— MAs'TJgR,  n.  A teacher  of  lan- 
guages. Spectator. 

LMN-GUEJV’TE,  a.  [It.]  (Mus.)  Noting  a soft 
and  languishing  manner.  Brande. 

I.An'GU^T  (lan 'get),  n.  [Fr.  languette ; langue, 
the  tongue.]  Any  thing  in  the  form  of  a 
tongue,  [r.]  Johnson. 

lAn'GUID  (lang'gwid,  82),  a.  [L  .languidus-,  lan- 
gueo,  to  languish;  It.  <5;  Sp.  languido  ; Fr.  lan- 
guide.] 

1.  Weak  from  exhaustion  of  strength  ; droop- 
ing ; faint ; feeble.  Armstrong . 

2.  Listless  ; spiritless ; dull ; torpid. 

And  fire  their  languid  souls  with  Cato’s  virtue.  Addison. 

3.  Slow ; sluggish.  “ No  motion  so  swift  or 

languid.”  Bentley. 

Syn.  — See  Weak. 

LAn'GUID-LY,  ad.  1.  In  a languid  manner; 
droopingly. 

2.  Slowly  ; sluggishly.  Boyle. 

LAN'GUID-NESS,  71.  1.  The  state  of  being  lan- 

guid; weakness  from  exhaustion ; languor.  “A 
languidncss  and  faintness.”  A.  Wood. 

2.  Slowness ; sluggishness.  “ This  languid- 
ness of  operation.”  Boyle. 

lAn'GUISH  (ISng'gwjsh,  82),  v.  n.  [L.  langueo, 
from  Gr.  layyfui,  '/.ayyibu,  to  loiter,  to  slacken  ; 
It.  languire  ; Fr.  languir,  lanyuissant .]  [i.  lan- 
guished ; pp.  LANGUISHING,  LANGUISHED.] 

I.  To  lose  the  natural  strength,  spirit,  or 
vigor  ; to  be  or  become  weak,  feeble,  or  faint ; 
to  pine  ; to  droop  ; to  decline  ; to  wither  ; to  fade. 

The  sick  persons  languished  unrler  lingering  and  incura- 
ble distempers.  Addison. 

A man  that  languishes  in  your  displeasure.  Shak. 


MIEN,  SIR  ; MOVE,  NOR,  SON  ; BULL,  BUR,  RULE. 


— *?>  I;  soft;  C,  fi,  5,  g,  hal'd;  § as 


z ) 


% as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


LANGUISH 


814 


LAPIDATE 


Bashan  languishcth,  and  Carmel;  and  the  flower  of  Leba- 
non langidsheth . A - A.  i.  i 

2.  To  look  with  softness  or  tenderness. 

Dryden. 

f LAn'GUISII,  v.  a.  To  cause  to  droop  or  pine  ; 
to  enfeeble ; to  depress.  S hak. 

That  he  might  satisfy  or  languish  that  burning  flame.  Florio. 

LAn'GUISH,  n.  1.  The  state  of  languishing.  Shak. 

2.  Soft  and  tender  look  or  appearance. 

The  blue  languish  of  soft  Alia’s  eye.  Pope. 

LAN'GUISH-f.R,  n.  One  who  languishes.  Mason. 

LAn'GUISH-ING,  n.  The  state  of  drooping  or 
pining ; weakness  ; feebleness.  Shak. 

LAN'GUISH-ING,  p.  a.  1.  Being,  or  becoming, 
weak  or  feeble  ; drooping  ; pining.  “ Sick  and 
languishing  persons.”  Barrow. 

2.  Slow ; lingering.  “ The  movers  of  a lan- 
guishing death.”  Shak. 

3.  Soft  and  tender. 

With  languishing  regards  and  bending  head.  Dryden. 

LAN'GUISH-iNG-LY,  ad.  In  a languishing  man- 
ner. Sidney.  Pope. 

LAN'GUISH-MENT,  n.  1.  The  state  of  languish- 
ing ; feebleness  ; decline.  Wyatt. 

2.  Softness  or  tenderness  of  look  or  mien. 
Whilst  sinking  eyes  with  languishment  profess 
Follies  his  tongue  refuses  to  confess.  King. 

t lA.V'GUISH-NESS,  n.  Languidness.  “ Lan- 
guishness  should  be  avoided  and  put  from  the 
body.”  Vives. 

LAN'GUOR  (lang'gwor),  n.  [L. ; languco,  to  lan- 
guish; It.  languore ; Sp.  languor  \ Fr.  longueur.] 

1.  A peculiar  state  of  the  body  induced  by 

exhaustion  or  prostration ; languidness  ; las- 
situde ; faintness ; feebleness  ; debility  ; fa- 
tigue ; heaviness  ; dulness.  Shak. 

2.  Listlessness  ; inattention.  Watts. 

3.  Softness ; laxity. 

To  isles  of  fragrance,  lily-silvered  vales, 

Diffusing  languor  in  the  panting  gales.  rope. 

4.  ( Old  Eng.  Law.)  A confirmed  and  linger- 

ing sickness,  as  distinguished  from  a transient 
indisposition.  Burrill. 

Syn.  — See  Debility,  Fatigue. 

f lA.Y'GUOR,  V.  n.  [Fr.  languir,  from  L.  langueo.] 
To  languish;  to  droop.  Chaucer. 

f lAn'GUOR-OUS,  a.  Producing  languor.  “In 
languorous  constraint.”  Spenser. 

LA-NI-Ar'I-FORM,  a.  [L.  lanio,  to  tear,  and 
forma,  form.]  Shaped  like  a laniary  or  canine 
tooth.  Ogilcie. 

|j  LA'NJ-A-RY,  or  LAnT.\-RY,  n.  [L.  laniarium  ; 
lanio,  to  rend,  to  tear.] 

1.  f A slaughter-house  ; shambles.  Cockeram. 

2.  A sharp-pointed,  conical  tooth  between  the 

lateral  incisors  and  small  molars ; a canine 
tooth.  Brande. 


||  LA'NI-A-RY,  a.  Tearing  ; rending.  Wright. 

LA'NI-ATE,  or  LAN'I-ATE  [la'ne-at,  S.  W.  P.  J. 
Ja.  Wr.  ; lin'e-ai,  Sm.  Wb.],  v.  a.  [L.  lanio, 
laniatus ; It.  laniare.]  To  tear  to  pieces ; to 
lacerate.  Cockeram. 


LA-NIF'f  R-OUS,  a.  [L.  lanifer  ; lana,  wool,  and 
fero,  to  bear;  It.  1$  Sp.  lanifero ; Fr.  lanifre.} 
Bearing  a downy  substance  resembling  wool,  as 
a plant.  P.  Cyc. 

t LAn'I-FICE,  n.  [L.  lanificium  ; lana,  wool,  and 
facio,  to  make.]  Any  thing  made  of  wool. 
“ Cloth  and  other  lanifices.”  Bacon. 

LA-Nl(r'IJR-OUS,  a.  [L.  laniger ; lana,  wool,  and 
gero,  to  bear ; It.  lanigerolj  Bearing  wool,  as 
sheep.  Chambers. 


LA-JcV I-DJE,  n.  pi.  [L.  lanius,  a butcher.]  ( Or- 
nith.)  A family  of  dentirostral  birds  of  the  order 
Passeres,  including  the  sub-families  Laniiine 
and  Thamnophilinee  ; butcher-birds.  Gray. 


I.A- mi  ’JfJE,  n.  pi. 
[See  Laniidje.] 
(Ornith.)  A sub- 
family of  denti- 
rostral birds  of 
the  order  Passe- 
res and  family 
Laniidte ; butch- 
er-birds. Gray. 


Lanius  excubitor. 


LANK  (ISngk,  82),  a.  [A.  S.  hlanc\  lang,  lenc, 
long ; Ger.  schlank.\ 

1.  Slender ; thin ; spare  ; meagre. 

My  thighs  are  thin,  my  body  lank  and  lean.  Gascoigne. 

2.  Loose  ; thin,  empty,  and  shrunk  ; not  dis- 
tended and  plump.  “ A lank  purse.”  Barrow. 

3.  Languid ; drooping. 

He,  piteous  of  her  woes,  reared  her  lank  head.  Milton. 

LANK,  v.  n.  To  become  lank,  [it.]  Shak. 

LANK'LY  (langk'le),  ad.  Loosely  ; thinly.  Hill. 

lANK'N£SS  (langk'nes),  n.  The  state  of  being 
lank ; slimness ; leanness  ; slenderness ; nieagre- 
ness  ; want  of  plumpness.  Sherwood. 

LANK'-SiD-13D,  a.  Having  a lank  or  lean  side  ; 
slender.  “The  lank-sided  miser.”  Blair. 

LANK  Y (langk'e),  a.  Tall  and  thin  ; slim  ; slen- 
der ; lank.  Dickens. 

LAN'N^R,  n.  [Fr.  lanier,  from  L.  laniarius,  a 
butcher.]  {Ornith.)  The  female  of  the  Falco 
laniarius,  a species  of  falcon  found  in  the  south 
and  south-eastern  parts  of  Europe.  Eng.  Cyc. 

LAN'Nf  R-ET,  n.  The  male  of  the  Falco  laniarius, 
being  smaller  than  the  female,  or  lanner. 

Called  a lanneret  on  account  of  his  smaller  size.  Eng.  Ency. 

LAN'S^H,  n.  ( Bot .)  A moderate-sized  tree  of  the 
genus  Lansium,  which  grows  in  the  Malayan 
Archipelago  : — also,  the  fruit  of  the  tree  called 
lanseh.  Eng.  Cyc. 

LAN'SCIUE-NET  (l&n'ske-net),  n.  [Fr.,  from  Ger. 
landsknecht ; land,  landes,  country,  and  knecht , 
a hired  servant.] 

1.  One  of  the  irregularly  armed  infantry 

raised  in  Germany  by  voluntary  enlistment, 
near  the  end  of  the  fifteenth  century,  by  the 
Emperor  Maximilian.  Brande. 

2.  A game  at  cards;  — vulgarly  called  lamb- 

skinnet.  Johnson. 

lAnt,  n.  [A  contraction  of  lanterloo.]  An  old 
game  at  cards;  langteraloo.  [North  of  Eng.] 

I.Ant,  or  LAND,  n.  [A.  S.  bland .]  Urine.  [Ob- 
solete or  local ; N.  of  Eng.]  Hanmer.  Wright. 

LAN-TA'NI-Ctm,  n.  See  Lanthanum.  Brande. 

LAN'TA-NUM,  n.  See  Lanthanum.  SUliman. 

LAN'TIJR-Ldo,  ii.  A contraction  of  langteraloo. 
— See  Langteraloo.  Johnson. 

lAn'T^RN,  n.  [L.  lanterna,  and  latcrna;  latco, 
to  lie  hid  ; It.  § Sp.  lanterna-,  Fr.  lanterne .] 

1.  A case  or  vessel  for  containing  a light 

without  danger  of  its  communicating  fire,  or 
being  extinguished  by  wind  or  rain.  It  is  con- 
structed of  horn,  mica,  glass,  or  other  trans- 
parent material,  or  of  some  opaque  material,  as 
tin,  perforated  with  many  holes.  — Formerly,  by 
misapprehension  of  its  etymology,  written  lant- 
horn,  as  if  lamp  horn.  Bacon. 

2.  A lighthouse.  Addison. 

3.  {Arch.)  A small  turret  or  cupola,  with 
apertures,  raised  upon  a roof  for  giving  light  to 
the  interior ; — a square  cage  of  carpentry 
placed  over  the  ridge  of  a corridor  or  gallery, 
between  two  rows  of  shops,  to  illuminate  them. 

Britton.  Rees. 

4.  ( Mcch .)  A kind  of  pinion  ; — called  also  lan- 
tern-wheel. — See  Lantern- wheel.  Bigelow. 

Chinese  lantern,  a lantern  made  of  thin  paper,  usu- 
ally variously  colored.  — Dark  lantern,  a lantern  with 
a single  aperture,  which  may  he  opened  or  closed  at 
pleasure.  — Magic  lan- cm , an  optical  instrument,  by 
means  of  which  small  fitrures,  painted  with  trans- 
parent varnish  on  slides  of  glass,  are  represented  con- 
siderably magnified  on  a wall  or  a screen.  Bramle. 

LAN'T^RN,  v.  a.  1.  To  provide  or  furnish  with 
a lantern.  C.  Lamb. 

2.  To  hang  on  a lamp-post.  Wright. 

LAN'TIJRN-FLY,  n.  ( Ent .)  An  hemipterous  in- 
sect of  the  genus  Fulgora ; — so  called  on  ac- 
count of  its  emitting  light  in  the  dark.  Eng.  Cyc. 

LAN'T^RN— lAWED,  a.  Having  a thin  visage. 

LAN'TjpRN-jAws,  n.pl.  Thin,  lank  jaws ; a thin 
visage.  “ A pair  of  lantern-jaws.”  Addison. 

LAN'Tf.RN-WHEEL,  n. 

(Mcch.)  A kind  of  pinion 
having  bars  or  trundles, 
on  which  the  teeth  of  a 
main  wheel  act ; a lantern.  Ogilvie. 


LAN'THA-NUM,  n.  [Gr.  l.avQavu,,  to  lie  Eid.] 
{Chcm.)  A metal  intimately  and  invariably  as- 
sociated with  cerium.  Graham. 


LA-NU'(yI-NOUS,  a.  [L.  lanuginosus ; lanugo, 
down ; lana  (Gr.  /.rjro;J,  wool ; It.  § S \^Miuuyi- 
noso-,  Fr.  lanugineux.)  {Bot.)  Covc^^Hth  a 
kind  of  pubescence  ; downy  ; woolly ^^^Gray. 


LAn'YARD,  n.  [Fr.  lanirrc,  a thong.]  (Xaut.) 
A rope  passed  through  dead-eyes,  for  setting  up 
rigging : — a rope  made  fast  to  any  thing  to  se- 
cure it,  or  as  a handle.  Dana. 


LA-OD-I-CE'AN,  a.  Lukewarm  in  religion;  — so 
applied  in  allusion  to  the  Christians  of  Laodicea. 


LA-OD-I-CE'AN-I§M,  n.  Lukewarmness.  Wright. 

lAp,  n.  [A.  S.  lerppa-,  Dut.  lap-,  Ger.  lappen-, 
Dan.  lap  ; Sw.  lapp .] 

1.  The  loose  part  of  any  thing,  that  may  be 
folded  or  turned  over,  as  that  part  of  a garment 
that  hangs  loose  ; flap  ; skirt. 

For  many  a vice,  as  saith  the  clerk. 

There  luingeth  upon  Sloth’s  lap.  Gower . 

2.  That  part  of  clothes  which  is  spread  hori- 
zontally over  the  knees  or  the  upper  part  of  the 
legs  w'hen  one  sits: — also,  the  knees  or  the 
upper  part  of  the  legs  as  placed  horizontally  or 
in  a sitting  posture. 

Ilis  mallet  lay  before  him  in  his  lap.  Chancer. 

A sailor’s  wife  had  chestnuts  in  her  lap.  Shuk. 

3.  A wheel  used  by  cutlers  in  polishing, 
formed  of  pieces  of  wood  so  arranged  that  the 
edge  of  the  wheel  always  presents  the  end-way 
of  the  wood ; a glazer.  Diet.  Arts  S f Sciences. 

4.  {Arch.)  That  part  of  one  body  which  lies 

over  and  covers  another.  Craig. 

LAP,  V.  a.  [Gr.  l.airrw  ; L.  lambo,  to  lick.  — A.  S. 
lappian,  to  lick.]  [i.  lapped  ; pp.  lapping, 

LAPPED.] 

1.  To  fold  or  turn  over;  to  lay  over  upon,  as 
a fold  or  layer  ; as,  “ To  lap  a piece  of  cloth.” 

2.  To  infold ; to  inwrap  ; to  envelop  ; to  in- 
volve. “ Lap  it  fast  in  snares.”  Gascoigne. 

Bellona’s  bridegroom,  lapped  in  proof, 

Confronted  him.  Shak. 

3.  To  wrap  or  twine  about.  Greiv. 

About  the  paper  ...  I lapped  several  times  a slender 
thread.  Newton. 

4.  To  turn  the  tongue  over  or  about ; to  lick. 

To  worry  lambs,  and  lap  their  gentle  blood.  Shak. 

LAP,  v.  n.  I.  To  be  laid,  spread,  or  folded  over 
or  on  any  thing. 

At  their  hinder  ends,  where  they  [wings]  lap  over,  [they] 
are  transparent  like  the  wing  of  a fly.  Grew. 

2.  To  take  food  or  drink  by  licking. 

The  dogs  by  the  river  Nilus’s  side,  being  thirsty,  lap  hast- 
ily as  they”  run  along  the  shore.  Dighy. 

LAP'A-IiO-CELE,  71.  [Gr.  ZanapoKt/ZT} ; Zandpa,  the 
loins,  and  ki/Li,  a tumor.]  {Med.)  Ilupture 
through  the  loins  ; lumbar  hernia.  Dunglison. 

LAP'DOG,  n.  A little  dog  fondled  in  the  lap. 

LA-PEL',  n.  [from  lap.)  That  part  of  a garment 
which  is  made  to  lap  or  fold  over  ; as,  “ The 
lapels  of  a coat.”  Todd. 

LA-PELLED'  (Ij-peld1),  a.  Furnished  with  lapels  ; 
ha  ving  lapels.  C.  Lamb. 

LAP'FUL,  n. ; pi.  lapfuls.  A quantity  that  fills 
the  lap  ; as  much  as  the  lap  holds.  Locke. 


+ LAP'J-CIDE,  n.  [L.  lapicida  ; lapis,  a stone,  and 
ccedo,  to  cut.]  A stone-cutter.  Bailey. 

LAP-I-DA'RI-AN,.a.  [L.  lapidarius.]  Inscribed  on 
stone ; lapidary.  Croker. 

LAP-I-DA'RI-OUS,  a.  Consisting  of  stone.  Wright. 

LAp'I-DA-RY,  a.  [L.  lapidarius ; lapis,  lapidis, 
a stone  ; It.  h Sp.  lapidario  ; Fr.  lapidaire .] 

1.  Pertaining  to  stones,  or  to  the  cutting  of 
stones  or  gems. 

2.  Inscribed  on  stone  ; monumental. 

Lapidary  style,  the  style  proper  for  monumental  in- 
scriptions ; a terse,  expressive  style.  Brande. 

LAp'I-DA-RY,  n.  1.  One  who  cuts,  polishes,  and 
engraves  gems;  an  artificer  in  gems.  Woodward. 

2.  A dealer  in  gems.  Johnson. 

3.  A virtuoso  in  gems.  Rees. 

f LAP'I-DATE,  v.  a.  [L.  lapido,  lapidatus  ; lapis, 

lapidis,  a stone.]  To  stone.  Bailey. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  0,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


LAPIDATION 


815 


LARGELY 


f lAp-J-dA'TION,  n.  [L.  lapidatio ; lapulo,  to 
stone.]  The  act  of  stoning.  Bp.  Hall. 

LA-PID'IJ-OUS,  a.  [L.  lapideus  ; lapis,  iapidis,  a 
stone.]  Of  the  nature  of  stone  ; stony,  [n.]  Ray. 

LArftaUiS'ClJNCE,  n.  [L.  lapidesco,  lapidcscens, 
to^Bh  to  stone  ; lapis,  Iapidis,  a stone.] 

1.  The  process  of  becoming  petrified  ; petri- 
faction. “ Lapidescence  of  bodies.”  Boyle. 

2.  Stony  concretion.  Browne. 

LAp-I-DES'C^NT,  a.  [L.  lapidesco,  lapidescens,  to 
turn  to  stone;  It.  lapidescent.]  Growing  or 
turning  £o  stone.  Evelyn. 

LAP-I-DES'ClJNT,  n.  Any  substance  which  has 
the  quality  of  petrifying  a body.  Wright. 

LAP-J-DIF  JC,  l a [L,  lapis,  Iapidis,  a stone, 

lAp-I-DIF'I-CAL,  S and  facio,  to  make  ; It.  <Sf  Sp. 
lapidifico  ; Fr.  lapidifique.]  Converting  or 
forming  into  stone.  Grew. 


LA-PID-I-FI-CA'TION,  n.  [It.  lapidificazione ; 
Sp.  lapidificacion ; Fr.  lapidification .] 

1.  The  art  or  process  of  converting  into  a stony 

substance  ; petrifaction.  “ Lapidification  of 
substances.”  Bacon. 

2.  The  art  of  cutting  and  polishing  precious 
stones,  [a.] 

LA-PID'I-FY,  v.  a.  [L.  lapis,  Iapidis,  a stone,  and 
facio,  to  make.]  To  convert  into  stone.  Ure. 

LA-PID'1-FY,  v.  n.  To  become  stone.  Ure. 

LAP'I-dIsT,  n.  [L.  lapis,  Iapidis,  a stone.]  An 
artificer  in  gems  ; a lapidary,  [r.]  Ray. 

LAP-IL-LA'TroN,  n.  [L.  lapillus,  a little  stone.] 
The  act  of  making  stony,  or  the  state  of  being 
stony.  Smart. 

LA-PI L’ LI,  n.  pi.  [L.,  dim.  of  lapis,  a stone.] 
( Geol .)  Small  volcanic  cinders.  Lyell. 

LA ' PIS,  n. ; pi.  lap  ' r-DE$.  [L.]  A stone. 

LA' PIS  CAL-A-MI-JVA  ' RIS,  n.  [L.  lapis,  a stone, 
and  Low  L.  calaminaris,  pertaining  to  cala- 
mine.] (Min.)  A mineral  consisting  chiefly  of 
oxide  of  zinc  ; calamine.  Hamilton. 

LA' PIS  LAZ' U-LI,  n.  [L.  lapis,  a stone,  and 
lazuli.-  — See  Lazuli.]  (Min.)  A blue  silicate 
of  soda,  lime,  and  alumina,  with  a sulphuret 
probably  of  iron,  and  sodium,  found  chiefly  in 
granite  or  crystalline  limestones,  in  Persia,  Chi- 
na, Siberia,  and  Bucharia.  It  is  employed  in 
the  manufacture  of  vases  and  mosaics,  and 
when  powdered  constitutes  ultramarine.  Dana. 

fLAP'LING,  n.  One  who  indulges  in  sensual 
delights  ; — a term  of  contempt.  Ilewyt. 

LAP'P£R,  n.  1.  One  who  laps  or  folds.  Swift. 

2.  One  who  laps  or  licks.  Johnson. 

LAP'P£T,  n.  A little  lap  or  flap,  as  of  a head- 
dress. “ Pendants  called  lappets.”  Walpole. 

LAP'PICE,  n.  The  opening  or  barking  of  a dog 
at  his  game.  Crabb. 

lAp'PING,  n.  A wrapping  material  used  by  calico 
printers.  Simmonds. 

LAPS'A-BLE,  a.  Liable  to  lapse  or  fall.  More. 

LAPSE,  n.  [L.  lapsus  ; labor , lapsus,  to  slide,  to 
fall;  Fr.  laps.] 

1.  A gliding,  slipping,  or  flowing;  smooth 

course  ; flow.  “ Lapse  of  time.”  Hale. 

Hill,  dale,  and  shady  woods,  and  sunny  plains, 

And  liquid  lapse  of  murmuring  streams.  3filton. 

2.  A falling  or  passing  to  a lower  moral  state. 

The  lapse  to  indolence  is  soft  and  imperceptible.  Rambler. 

Yet  know  withal. 

Since  thy  original  lapse  true  liberty  is  lost.  Milton. 

3.  A slight  declension  from  duty  or  rectitude  ; 
a slip  ; a slight  fault  or  error. 

Lapses  and  failings  to  which  our  infirmities  expose  us. 

Royers. 

The  productions  of  a great  genius,  with  many  lapses  and 
inadvertencies,  are  infinitely  preferable  to  the  works  of  an 
inferior  kind  of  author.  Addison. 

4.  (Eng.  Eccl.  Law.)  A species  of  forfeiture 

whereby  the  right  of  presentation  to  a church 
accrues  to  the  ordinary  by  neglect  of  the  patron 
to  present,  to  the  metropolitan  by  neglect  of 
the  ordinary,  and  to  the  king  by  neglect  of  the 
metropolitan.  Whishaw. 

LAPSE,  V.  n.  \i.  LAPSED  ; pp.  LAPSING,  LAPSED.] 


1.  To  slip,  slide,  or  glide  ; to  pass  or  fall 
slowly;  to  elapse.  “A  tendency  to  lapse  into 
the  barbarity  of  those  northern  nations.”  Swift. 

2.  To  fall  from  a state  of  perfection,  truth,  or 
faith ; to  decline  from  innocence  or  virtue. 

The  lapsing  state  of  human  corruption.  Decay  of  Chr.  Piety. 

3.  To  make  a slip  in  moral  conduct ; to  devi- 
ate from  duty  or  rectitude  ; to  commit  a fault. 

To  lapse  in  fulness 
Is  sorer  than  to  lie  for  need;  and  falsehood 
Is  worse  in  kings  than  beggars.  Shak. 

4.  (Law.)  To  become  void,  as  a legacy. 

In  some  states  of  the  Union,  legacies  do  not  lapse  if  any 
issue  of  the  legatee  be  living  when  the  testator  dies.  Burritl. 

5.  (Eng.  Eccl.  Law.)  To  fall  to  another,  as  a 
benefice,  through  neglect  of  the  patron,  ordina- 
ry, or  metropolitan.  — See  Lapse,  n.  4. 

If  the  archbishop  shall  not  fill  it  up  within  six  months  en- 
suing, it  [the  benefice]  lapses  to  the  king.  Ayliffe. 

LAPSE  (laps),  v.  a.  To  suffer  to  slip,  or  to  be  va- 
cant, as  a benefice.  Abp.  Laud. 

LAPSED  (lapst),  p.  a.  1.  Omitted  by  mistake  or 
inadvertency.  “ A lapsed  syllable.”  Watts. 

2.  Fallen  from  a state  of  purity,  perfection, 
or  innocence;  ruined;  lost.  “ Lapsed  men.” 
Whitby.  “ His  lapsed  powers.”  Milton. 

3.  Passed  to  another  through  neglect  of  the 

patron,  ordinary,  or  metropolitan ; as,  “ A 
lapsed  benefice.”  Whishaw. 

Lapsed  devise,  {Law.)  a devise  which  is  void  in  con- 
sequence of  tlie  devisee  dying  before  the  testator.  — 
Lapsed  legacy,  {Law.)  a legacy  void  in  consequence  of 
the  legatee  dying  before  the  testator.  Burrill. 

lAp'SID-BD,  a.  (Naut.)  Having  one  side  heavier 
than  the  other,  as  a ship.  Mar.  Diet. 

LAPS'ING,  p.  a.  Gliding.  “To  magic  murmur 
of  lapsing  streams.”  Smollet. 

lAp'STONE,  n.  The  stone  which  shoemakers 
hold  in  the  lap  to  hammer  leather  on.  Todd. 

LAP ' S US  LIN'GUJE  (-llng'gwe,  92),  n.  [L.  lap- 
sus, a slip,  and  lingua,  the  tongue.]  An  acci- 
dental or  inadvertent  utterance.  Macdonnel. 

LAP'wrNG,  n.  [A.  S.  lepewinc,  or  kleepe-wince  ; 
kleapan,  to  leap,  and  wince,  a wing ; — probably 
in  allusion  to  the  rapidity  with  which  it  claps 
its  wings.]  ( Ornith.)  A bird  of  the  order  Grat- 
iaB and  family  Charadriadee,  or  plovers ; the 
pewit ; Tringa  vanellus  of  Linnaeus.  Gray. 

Gray  lapwing,  the  gray  plover ; Squatarola  cinerea. 

Eng.  Cyc. 

LAP'WORK  (lap'wiirk),  n.  Work  in  which  one 
part  laps  over  another.  Grew. 

LAR,n.\  pi.  la  're y.  [L.  — Milton  uses  lars.] 
(Rom.  Ant.)  A household  god.  Lovelace. 

LAR' BOARD  (lar'bord),  n.  [A.  S.  biecbord,  lar- 
board ; Dut.  bakboord ; Ger.  backbord ; Fr. 
basbord.  — “I  consider  the  term  larboard  is  a 
corruption  of  basbord,  as  that  is  a corruption  of 
bakboord.”  Buckton,  Notes  Sg  Queries.]  (Naut.) 
The  left-hand  side  of  a vessel  to  a person  stand- 
ing aft  and  looking  forward  ; — opposed  to  star- 
board. Dana. 

LAR'BOARD,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  left-hand  side 
of  a ship.  “ The  larboard  watch.”  Dana. 

LAR'CB-NY,  n.  [L.  latrocinium  ; latro,  a robber  ; 
It.  <5,  Sp.  latroanio;  Fr.  larcin .]  (Laic.)  The 
felonious  taking  and  carrying  away  the  person- 
al goods  of  another  ; theft. 

Grand  larceny,  in  England,  larceny  to  the  value  of 
more  than  twelve  pence.  — Mired  larceny,  larceny  from 
one’s  house  or  person.  — Petit,  or  petty,  larceny,  in 
England,  larceny  to  the  value  of  twelve  pence,  or 
under.  — Simple  larceny,  mere  larcenv,  as  distinguished 
from  larceny  from  one’s  house  or  person.  Burrill. 

“ The  distinction  between  these  two  [grand 
and  petit]  kinds  of  larcenv  is  of  great  antiquity,  and 
was  only  recently  abolished  in  England,  by  statute 
7 and  8 Geo.  IV.  In  the  United  States,  it  is  generally 
retained,  although  the  sum  adopted  as  its  basis  is 
much  above  the  old  English  standard.  Tn  New  York, 
grand  larceny  is  the  felonious  taking  of  personal  prop- 
erty of  the  value  of  more  than  twenty-five  dollars.” 
Burrill. 

LARCH,  n.  [Gr.  XAp i| ; L.  larix  ; It.  larice  ; Sp. 
alerce;  Ger.  lerche.]  ( Bot .)  A genus  of  conifer- 
ous trees,  including  the  European  larch  (Larix 
F.uropcea),  the  black  larch, or  hackmatack  (Larix 
pcndula  or  Americana),  and  the  red  larch  (Larix 
microcarpa)  of  North  America.  Loudon.  Gray. 


LARD,  n.  [L.  laridum,  lardum  ; It.  Sg  Sp.  lardo ; 
Fr.  lard.]  The  fat  of  swine  separated  from  the 
animal  tissues  ; — particularly  that  obtained  by 
melting  the  flare  or  leaves  which  lie  about  the 
kidney.  Dunglison. 

LARD,  v.  a.  [Fr.  larder  ; lard,  bacon.]  [i.  lard- 
ed ; pp.  larding,  larded.] 

1.  To  stuff  with  bacon  or  pork. 

Larded  thighs  on  loaded  altars  laid.  Dryden. 

2.  To  put  or  add  lard  to  ; to  grease. 

His  butt'  doublet  larded  o’er  with  fat 
Of  slaughtered  brutes.  Somerville. 

3.  To  intermix;  to  interlay;  to  interlard. 

He  lards  with  flourishes  his  long  harangue.  Dryden. 

LARD,  v.  n.  To  grow  fat.  Drayton. 

LAR-DA'CEOyS  (l?r-da'shus,  66),  a.  [Low  L.  lar- 
daceus , from  L.  lardum , lard;  Fr .lardace.] 

1.  Relating  to,  or  containing,  lard.  Coxe. 

2.  (Med.)  Noting  certain  organic  alterations 

in  the  textures,  the  aspect  and  consistence  of 
which  resemble  lard.  Dunglison. 

LARD'BR,  n.  [Old  Fr.  lardier ; lard,  bacon.]  A 
room  in  which  meats  and  other  provisions  are 
kept  ready  for  cooking.  Shak. 

LAR'DIJR-ER,  n.  One  who  has  the  charge  of  the 
larder  or  the  provision.  Spelman. 

f LARD'IJR-Y,  n.  Larder.  Holinshed. 

LAR'DITE,  n.  (Min.)  A hydrous  silicate  of 
alumina  ; agalmatolite  ; — so  named  in  allusion 
to  its  greasy  feel.  Dana. 

LAR'DON,  n.  [Fr.]  A slice  of  bacon.  Johnson. 

fLARD'RY  (lird're),  n.  Same  as  Larder.  Cowley. 

LARE,  n.  [A.  S.  lar.  — See  Lore.]  Learning; 

lore.  [N.  of  Eng.]  Brockett.  Dryden. 

L.A'RE§,  n. ; pi.  of  lar.  [L.]  See  Lar. 

LAR(tE,  a.  [L.  largiis  ; It.  Sg  Sp.  largo ; Fr.  large.] 

1.  Of  great  bulk  or  size  ; great ; big  ; bulky  ; 
as,  “ A large  apple  ” ; “A  large  mountain.” 

Charles  II.  asked  me  what  could  be  the  reason  that,  in 
mountainous  countries,  the  men  were  commonly  larger , and 
yet  the  cattle  smaller.  Temple. 

2.  Of  great  extent ; extensive ; expanded  ; 
broad  ; wide  ; spacious  ; as,  “ A large  country.” 
In  thatday  thy  cattle  shall  feed  in  large  pastures.  7sa.xxx.23. 

3.  Containing,  or  consisting  of,  a great  num- 
ber ; numerous  ; as,  “ A large  congregation.” 

4.  Abundant;  ample;  plentiful;  copious; 
full;  liberal.  “ Large  honors.”  “Restitution 
large.”  Shak.  “ Large  recompense.”  Milton. 

5.  Copious ; diffuse. 

I might  be  very  large  upon  the  importance  and  advantages 
of  education.  Felton. 

6.  Noble  ; generous.  “ Large  hearts.”  More. 

7.  Comprehensive;  capacious.  “Large  mind.” 

8.  (Naut.)  An  epithet  applied  to  the  wind 

when  it  crosses  the  line  of  a vessel’s  course  in  a 
favorable  direction,  as  on  the  beam,  or  on  the 
quarter.  Mar.  Diet. 

At  large,  unrestrained  ; nnconfined  ; free  ; at  liber- 
ty ; as,  “ The  robber  is  still  at  large  ” : — fully  ; to  the 
full  extent;  in  detail;  as,  “He  stated  at  iarge  bis 
reasons  ” : — in  the  mass  ; generally  ; as,  “ The  peo- 
ple at  large.'1  — To  go  large,  (Naut.)  to  sail  with  tbe 
wind  fair,  so  that  the  yards  are  nearly  square;  — op- 


posed to  to  go  close-hauled,  or  on  the  wind.  Dana. 

Syn. — See  Ample,  Broad,  Great. 

LAR(rE'— A-CRED  (-a'kurd),  a.  Having  much 
land  ; possessing  great  estates.  Pope. 

LAR(J1E'— HAND-ED,  a.  Rapacious;  greedy. 
“ Large-handed  robbers.”  Shak. 

LAR(JE'— HEART- IpD,  a.  Noble;  liberal. 

To  the  large-hearted  Hebrew's  famous  court.  Waller. 


LAR<?E'-HEART-ED-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  large-hearted. 

LAR(rE'— LIMBED  (Iarj'llmd),  a.  Having  large 
limbs.  “ Large-limbed  Og.”  Milton. 

LARRE'LY,  ad.  1.  Widely  ; broadly ; extensively. 

2.  To  great  extent ; in  great  degree  ; greatly. 

Our  supplies  live  largely  in  the  hope 

Of  great  Northumberland.  Shak. 

3.  Abundantly;  copiously;  in  great  quantity  ; 
without  sparing.  “I  have  given  largely.”  Shak. 

4.  Fully;  minutely;  in  detail;  at  length. 

After  that  tbe  holy  rites  are  ended. 

I ’ll  tell  you  largely  of  fair  Hero’s  death.  Shak . 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  9,  g,  soft; 


E,  £>  I,  hard;  ^ as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


LARGENESS 


LAST 


816 


LAR(JE’NPSS,  n.  1.  The  state  of  being  large  ; 
great  size  or  bulk  ; bigness.  Raleigh. 

2.  Great  extent ; extensiveness  ; wideness. 

Circles  are  praised,  not  that  abound 

In  largeness,  but  the  exactly  round.  Waller. 

3.  Abundance  ; ampleness  ; copiousness.  “The 
largeness  of  the  donor’s  bounty.’’  Richardson. 

4.  Comprehensiveness  ; capaciousness ; great- 
ness. “ Largeness  of  mind.  Collier. 

5.  Nobleness  ; generosity  ; liberality. 

If  the  largeness  of  a man’s  heart  curry  him  beyond  pru- 
dence, we  may  reckon  it  illustrious  weakness.  L'Eslrauge. 

LAR'yESS,  n.  [L.  larqitio ; largior,  to  give  boun- 
tifully ; Fr.  largesse .]  A donation  ; a gift ; a 
bounty  ; a present.  Shak. 

Great  donatives  and  largesses,  upon  the  disbanding  of  the 
armies,  were  tilings  able  to  inflame  all  men’s  courage.  Bacon. 

lAR-GHET'  TO  (lUr-pt'to),  a.  [It.,  dim.  of  largo, 
slow.]  (.l/«s.)  Noting  a movement  not  quite  so 
slow  as  largo.  Moore. 

f LAIt-tflF'l-CAL,  a.  \\j.largificus.~]  Bountiful; 
liberal.  Blount. 

f LAK-yiF'LU-OUS,  a.  [L . largifuus.]  Flowing 
copiously.  Wright. 

f LAR-yiL'O-QUENT,  a.  [L.  largiloquus.]  Speak- 
ing largely.  Blount. 

LARy'JSH,  a.  Somewhat  large.  Wright. 

t LAR-yI''TION,  n.  [L.  largitio ; largior,  to  give 
largely.]  The  act  of  giving  a largess.  Bailey. 

lAr'GO,  a.  [It.]  (Mas.)  Noting  a slow  move- 
ment, one  degree  quicker  than  grave,  and  two 
degrees  quicker  than  adagio.  Moore. - 

LAR '(-AT,  n.  A long  cord  or  strip  of  leather, 
with  a noose  at  one  end,  used  for  catching  wild 
horses  and  cattle.  W.  Irving. 

lAr  ' I- DJE,  n.pl.  [Gr.  hipos  (L.  lams),  the  gull.] 
(Ornith.)  A family  of  birds  of  the  order  Anseres, 
including  the  sub-families  Larina,  Rhynchopi- 
nre,  and  Sternince ; gulls.  Gray. 

lAr'IN,  n.  A piece  of  money  in  the  form  of  silver 
wire  (value  about  6d.  ster.),  formerly  current  in 
Persia  and  other  Eastern  countries.  Simmonds. 


Larus  argentatus. 


LA-Ri'NJE,  n.  pi.  [See 
Laridje.]  (Ornith.)  A 
sub-family  of  birds  of 
the  order  Anseres  and 
family  Landes ; gulls. 

Gray. 

LARK,  tu  [A.  S.  Iqferc, 
lamerc,  lamerce ; Dut. 
leenieerik,  leenwrik;  Dan.  lcrke\  Sw.  lerka\ 
Scot,  laverock,  la  uerok. ) 

1.  (Ornith.)  A small,  passerine,  singing  bird 
of  the  genus  Alauda,  family  Fnngillidce,  and  sub- 
family Alaudinee,  found  in  Europe  and  America. 
— See  Alaudi nje,  and  Sky-lark.  Gray. 

Hark!  hark!  the  lark  at  heaven’s  gate  sings.  Shak. 

2.  A wild  fellow  : — a mad  prank.  Halliwell. 

LAItK'pR,  n.  A catcher  of  larks.  Ash. 

LARK'— LIKE,  a.  In  the  manner  of  a lark. 

Pride,  like  an  eagle,  builds  among  the  stars. 

But  Pleasure,  lark  like,  nests  upon  the  ground.  Young. 

LARK’S'HEEL,  n.  Indian  cress.  Tate. 


lArk'SPUR,  w.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  ranunculaceous 
plants,  having  blue,  purple,  or  red  flowers  in 
terminal  spikes,  and  the  upper  sepal  prolonged 
at  the  base  like  a spur ; Delphinium.  Gray. 

LAR'MI-pR,  n.  [Fr.  larme,  a tear,  a drop.]  (Arch.) 
The  flat,  jutting  part  of  a cornice  ; drip  ; corona. 
— See  Corona.  Brande. 


LAR'RUPj  v.  a.  To  beat;  to  flog.  [Local.]  Halliwell. 

II  LAR'UM,  or  LA'RUM  [l&r'um,  W.  J.  E.  F.  Sm. ; 
la'rum,  P.  Ja.\  11' rum,  K.  C.  (IV.],  n.  [A  con- 
traction of  alarum.] 

1.  A noise  noting  danger  ; a sound  as  of  sum- 
moning to  arms  ; alarm.  — See  Alarm.  Shak. 

2.  A machine  for  making  a noise  at  certain 

hours  ; an  alarm.  Locke. 

||  LAR'ITM,  v.  a.  To  sound  an  alarm,  [r.]  Pope. 

lAr'VA,  n. ; pi.  larval  [L.  larva,  a ghost,  a 
mask ; It.  fy  Sp.  larva ; Fr.  larvei] 

1.  (Rom.  Ant.)  The  spectre  of  a deceased  per- 
son ; a ghost.  Andrews. 

2.  (Ent.)  An  insect  in  the  grub  or  caterpil- 


lar state;  — so  called  because  its  form  is,  as  it 
were,  masked.  Brande. 

3.  (Ilerp.)  A reptile  in  the  stage  of  metamor- 
phosis, as  the  frog  in  the  tadpole  state.  Brande. 

lAr'VAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  larvae.  Maunder. 

LAR'vAT-ED,  a.  [L.  larva,  a mask.]  Covered 

or  concealed  with  a mask  ; masked.  Bailey. 

lArve,  n. ; pi.  larves.  Same  as  Larva.  Kirby. 

L.\RVE,  a.  Relating  to,  or  being  in,  the  caterpil- 
lar state.  Kirby. 

LAR'VJ-FORM,  a.  Shaped  like  a larva.  Maunder. 

LAR-ViP'A-ROUS,  a.  [L.  larva,  a mask,  and 
pario,  to  bring  forth.]  Relating  to  those  insects 
which  produce  their  young  in  the  condition  of 
larvae  instead  of  eggs.  Maunder. 

LA-RYN'GE-AL,  a.  [Gr.  X6ovy(,  Xapvyyos,  the 
larynx ; It.  laringco  ; Fr.  larynge. ] Of,  or  per- 
taining to,  the  larynx.  “ Laryngeal  nerves.” 
“ Laryngeal  arteries.”  Dunglison. 

LA-RYN'yp-AN,  a.  [Fr.  laryngieil.]  Relating  to 
the  larynx  ; laryngeal.  Dr.  Traill. 

LAR-YN-(rI’TIS,  n.  [Fr.  laryngitc. ] (Med.)  In- 
flammation of  the  larynx  ; a disease  peculiar  to 
adults,  somewhat  resembling  croup.  Dunglison. 

LAR-YN-GOL'O-PY,  n.  [Gr.  ).apvy(,  l.Apvyyo s,  the 
larynx,  and  l.iyos,  a discourse.]  A treatise  on 
the  larynx.  Dunglison. 

LAR-YN-GOPH'O-NY,  n.  [Gr.  lapvyl,  laovyyos, 
the  larynx,  and  0ww5,  the  voice.]  (Med.)  The 
sound  of  the  voice  when  the  stethoscope  is 
placed  over  the  larynx.  Dunglison. 

LAR-YN-GOT'O-MY,  n.  [Gr.  X6pvy(,  l.apvyyos, 
the  larynx,  and  toMi,  a cutting;  ri/ivio,  to  cut; 
It.  (Sf  Sp.  laringotomia ; Fr.  laryngotomie. \ 
(Med.)  The  operation  of  making  an  opening  in 
the  larynx.  Dunglison. 

lAr'YNX,  or  LA'RYNX  [lflr'rjngks,  P.  K.  Sm.  R. 
II V.  Ash  ; la'ringks,  W.  Ja.],  n.  [Gr.  ?.dpvy(.] 
(Anat.)  The  organ  of  voice  ; a cartilaginous 
cavity  at  the  top  of  the  trachea,  with  which  it 
communicates,  and  forming  the  protuberance 
vulgarly  called  Adam’s  apple.  Dunglison. 

LAS-CAR',  or  LAS'CAR  [ljs-klr',  J.  Sm. ; las'kjr, 
Wb.  Todd.),  n.  [Hind,  lushkur,  an  army  man. 
Simmonds .]  A menial  employed  to  do  the  dirty 
work  of  the  artillery  and  arsenals  in  the  East 
Indies:  — also  a Hindoo  seaman  employed  on 
board  vessels  trading  to  E.  I.  ports.  Simmonds. 

f LAS-ClV'I-EN-CY,  n.  Lasciviousness.  Halliwell. 

f LAS-CIV'I-ENT,  a.  Lascivious.  More. 

LAS-CIV'I-OUS,  a.  [L . lascivus ; laxus,  lax;  It. 

Sp.  lascivo  ; Fr.  lascif.) 

1.  Lustful ; lewd  ; concupiscent ; libidinous. 

The  gross  clasps  of  a lascivious  Moor.  Shak. 

2.  Exciting  or  promoting  impure  desires ; 
wanton  ; luxurious. 

Lascivious  metres,  to  whose  venom  sound, 

The  open  ear  of  youth  dotli  always  listen.  Shak. 

LAS-CIV'J-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  a lascivious  manner; 
lustfully  ; lewdly  ; wantonly.  Wotton. 

LAS-CIV’I-OUS- NESS,  n.  1.  The  state  or  the 
quality  of  being  lascivious  ; lustfulness  ; lewd- 
ness ; wantonness. 

Who  . . . have  given  themselves  up  to  lasciviousness,  to 
work  all  uncleanness  with  greediness.  Epli.  iv.  l‘J. 

2.  Tendency  to  excite  impure  desires. 

The  lasciviousness  of  his  [Augustus’s]  elegies.  Dntdrn. 

LA'SpR,  n.  [L.]  A fragrant  gum-resin  very 
highly  esteemed  by  the  ancients,  and  obtained 
by  them  from  the  coast  of  Africa.  Its  precise 
nature  is  now  unknown.  Brande.  Dunglison. 

LA'SER-WORT  (-wiirl),  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of 
European,  umbelliferous,  herbaceous  plants, 
the  roots  of  which  are  bitter  and  yield  a resin- 
ous substance  ; Laserpitium.  Eng.  Cyc. 

LASH,  n.  [L.  laxus,  loose;  Fr.  lache  ; Old  Fr. 
lasche,  loose;  Fr.  licher,  Old  Fr.  lascher,  to 
loosen,  or  let  loose,  from.] 

1.  A cord  or  leash.  Tusser. 

2.  The  thong  or  pliant  part  of  a whip. 

The  lash  resounds,  the  coursers  spring, 

The  chariot  marks  the  rolling  ring.  Whitehead. 

3.  A stroke  of  a whip  or  any  thing  pliant. 


Roused  by  the  lash  of  his  own  stubborn  tail. 

Our  lion  now  will  foreign  foes  assail.  Dryde.n. 

4.  A stroke  of  satire. 

The  moral  is  a lash  at  the  vanity  of  arrogating  that  to  our- 
selves which  succeeds  well.  V Estrange. 

LAsiI,  v.  a.  \i.  lashed  ; pp.  lashing,  laAeu.] 

1.  To  strike  with  a lash  or  any  thinjPpMint ; 
to  beat,  as  with  a whip  ; to  scourge  ; to  whip. 

Aud  put  in  every  honest  hand  a whip 

To  lash  the  rascal  naked  through  the  world.  Shak. 

And  big  waves  lash  the  frighted  shore.  Prior. 

2.  To  throw  out  with  a jerk,  as  a lash. 

He  falls,  and,  lashing  up  his  heels,  his  rider  throws.  Dryden. 

3.  To  bind  or  tie  with  a cord  or  rope  ; as,  “ To 

lash  pieces  of  timber  together.**  Johnson. 

4.  To  scourge  with  satire  ; to  satirize  severely. 

If  we  must  lash  one  another,  let  it  be  with  the  manly 
strokes  of  wit  and  satire.  * Addison. 

Could  pensioned  Boilcau  lash  in  honest  strain 
Flatterers  aud  bigots,  even  in  Louis’  reign.  Pope. 

LASH,  v.  n.  To  ply  the  whip  or  lash.  '■‘Lashing 
dreadfully  at  every  part.”  Spenser. 

Tu  lash  out,  to  break  out,  as  into  extravagance  or 
unruliness.  “ To  lash  out  into  these  excesses.” 

LASH'ER,  n.  1.  One  who  lashes.  Sherwood. 

2.  (Naut.)  A rope  for  binding  fast  a tackle, 
or  the  breech  of  a cannon  when  made  fast  within 
board.  Mar.  Diet. 

LASH'— FREE,  a.  Free  from  the  lash;  unwhipped. 
“ And  am  myself  lash-free."  B.  Jonson. 

LASH'ING,  n.  1.  A beating  with  a lash. 

2.  The  act  of  binding  or  making  fast  with  a 

cord  or  rope.  Mar.  Diet. 

3.  A cord  or  rope  for  binding  or  making  fast. 

Torn  from  their  planks  the  cracking  ringbolts  drew, 

Aud  gripes  and  lashings  all  asunder  flew.  Falconer. 

+ LASH'ING— OUT,  n.  A breaking  out  as  into  ex- 
travagance or  unruliness.  South. 

t I.ASK,  n.  [L.  laxus,  loose.]  Diarrhoea.  Burton. 

LAS'KETS,  n.  pi.  (Naut.)  Small  lines  in  the 
form  of  loops  sewed  to  bonnets.  Mar.  Diet. 

LASS  (12),  n.  [From  ladde  (lad)  is  derived  and 
formerly  was  in  use  laddessc,  now  contracted 
into  lass.  Ilickes.]  A young  woman  ; a girl ; — 
particularly  a country  girl.  Waller. 

LAs'Siy,  n.  A lass.  [Scotland.]  Burns. 

LAS'SI-TUDE,  n.  [L.  lassitudo  ; lasstts,  wearied  ; 
laxus,  lax,  loose ; It.  lassitudine  ; Sp .lassitud; 
Fr.  lassitude.]  A general  relaxation  of  the  an- 
imal frame,  attended  with  an  oppressive  sense 
of  weariness  ; exhaustion  ; prostration  ; languor; 
languidness  ; weariness  ; fatigue. 

Cold  tremors  come,  with  mighty  love  of  rest, 

Convulsive  yawnings,  lassitude , and  pains.  Armstrong. 

Syn.  — See  Fatigue. 

lAss'LORN,  a.  Forsaken  by  his  lass  or  mistress. 
“ The  dismissed  bachelor  . . . lass/orn."  Shak. 

LAS'SO,  n.  ; pi.  lassos.  [Sp.  lazo,  a slip-knot, 
from  L.  laxus,  loose.]  A cord  or  strip  of  leath- 
er, with  a noose  at  one  end,  used  for  catching 
wild  horses,  &c.  Sir  F.  Head. 

LAST  (12),  a.  [Contracted  from  latest.  — A.  S. 
latost,  last ; Dut.  lacitst ; Ger.  letzt.  — See  Late.] 

1.  That  is  or  comes  after  all  the  rest  in  time  ; 
hindmost ; latest ; as,  “ The  last  hour  of  the 
day.” 

O,  fairest  of  creation,  last  and  best 

Of  all  God’s  works.  Milton. 

2.  That  is  or  comes  after  all  the  rest  in 
place ; as,  “ The  last  house  on  the  street.” 

3.  That  comes  after  all  the  rest  in  value  ; in- 
ferior to  all  the  others ; lowest ; meanest. 

Antiloehus 

Takes  the  last  prize,  and  takes  it  with  a jest.  Pope. 

4.  That  is  to  be  succeeded  by  no  other;  be- 
yond which  there  is  no  more  ; final ; ultimate. 

I know  that  lie  shall  rise  again  in  the  last  day.  John  xi.24. 

5.  Next  before  the  present ; as,  “ Last  week  ’* ; 

“ Last  summer.**  Addison. 

6.  Utmost  ; highest  ; greatest  ; extreme. 
“ Principles  of  the  last  importance.’*  Hall. 

Alt  last , or  at  the  last , at  the  end  ; in  the  conclusion. 
“Virtue  . . . crowned  with  joy  at  last.”  Shak.  “ At 
the  last  it  bitetli  like  a serpent,  and  stingethTike  an 
adder.”  Prop,  xxiii.32.  — To  the  last,  to  the  end  ; until 
the  conclusion.  “ Blunder  on  in  business  to  the  last.” 
Pope. — On  one’s  last  legs,  applied  to  a person  either 
when  his  animal  strength  is  almost  entirely  exhausted 
by  exertion,  age,  or  disease,  or  when  he  is  supposed 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short ; 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure ; FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


LAST 


817 


LATIBULIZE 


to  be  on  the  borders  of  bankruptcy.  Jamieson.  — Last 
heir , (Eng-.  Law.)  a person  to  whom  lands  come  by  es- 
cheat, for  want  of  lawful  heirs.  Burrill. 

Syn.  — See  Final. 

arf.  1.  At  the  last  instance  or  time. 

Bjl  When  saw  you  my  father  lust?  Shak. 

2.  After  all  the  others. 

Well  thou  know’st  how  dear 
To  me  are  all  my  works;  nor  man  the  least, 

Though  last  created.  Milton. 

3.  In  conclusion  ; finally. 

And  last , the  sum  of  all,  my  Father’s  voice, 

Audibly  heard  from  heaven,  pronounced  me  his.  Milton. 

LAST,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  latstan  ; Frs.  lasta.]  [i.  last- 
ed ; pp.  LASTING,  LASTED.] 

1.  To  endure  ; to  remain  ; to  continue.  “ As 

long  as  the  world  lasts."  Ilakewill. 

2.  To  hold  out ; to  continue  or  remain  un- 

consumed or  unexhausted.  “ Whilst  this  poor 
wealth  lasts."  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Continue. 

LAST,  v.  a.  To  form  on  or  by  a last.  Simmonds. 

LAST,  n.  [A.  S.  last,  a footstep,  a last ; Dut. 
leest ; Ger.  leisten.]  The  mould  on  which  shoes 
are  formed.  Gay. 

LAST,  n.  [A.  S.  hlcest,  a load  ; Dut.,  Ger.,  Dan., 
Sj  Sw.  last.  — Fr.  last,  lest.'] 

1.  The  cargo  of  a vessel,  [r.]  McCulloch. 

2.  (Com.)  A measure  or  weight  varying  in  dif- 
ferent countries,  and  with  respect  to  different  ar- 
ticles, but  usually  estimated  at  4000  lbs.  Brande. 

3.  A court  in  the  marshes  of  Kent,  Eng.,  for 

levying  rates  to  preserve  them.  Wright. 

ll£g=-“  Tt  is  applied  to  various  quantities  of  merchan- 
dise, as  12  barrels  of  tar  or  pitch,  ashes,  codfish, 
white  herrings,  or  meal.  A last  of  flax  is  17  cwt.  ; of 
gunpowder,  24  barrels  of  100  lbs.  each  ; of  wool,  12 
sacks  of  364  lbs.  each.  As  a grain-measure,  in  Eng- 
land, me  last  usually  consists  of  10J  imperial  quar- 
ters,— 12  sacks,  or  4363  lbs.  For  wheat  and  rape- 
seed,  it  is  calculated  at  2 loads,  or  10  quarters.  On 
the  continent,  it  varies,  the  last  of  grain  being  in  sev- 
eral parts  as  much  as  14  quarters.  The  last  of  ballast 
in  Amsterdam  is  but  2000  lbs.  The  Prussian  ship  last 
is  4124  lbs. ; the  last  of  timber  at  Dantzic,  80  cubic 
feet.”  Simmonds. 


LAsT'A^E,  n.  [Fr.  lestage ; lest , a load,  ballast. 
— See  Last,  No.  2.]  (Old  Eng.  Law.)  The 
burden  of  a vessel  : — the  ballast  of  a vessel  : — 
a custom  paid  for  wares  sold  by  the. last: — a 
custom  exacted  in  some  fairs  and  markets,  to 


carry  things  where  one  will.  Burrill. 

f lAst'A^ED  (l&st'jjd),  a.  Ballasted.  Huloet. 
f LAsT'ER-Y,  n.  A kind  of  red  color.  Spenser. 
LAST'ING,  p.  a.  Enduring;  remaining;  perma- 
nent ; of  long  continuance  ; durable.  Milton. 

Lasting  fealty  to  the  new-made  king.  Shale. 


Syn.  — Lasting  is  commonly  applied  in  an  abstract 
sense  ; durable  is  applied  to  material  substances  which 
are  so  formed  as  to  be  fitted  to  last  long  ; permanent 
signifies  staying  by  us,  and  not  likely  to  fail  us  or 
change  ; perpetual,  never  ceasing.  Toasting  remem- 
brance ; durable  material  ; permanent  situation  ; per- 
petual motion. 

LAST'ING,  n.  1.  The  actor  the  process  of  drawing 
the  upper  leather  smooth  and  straight  over  the 
last  in  shoe-making.  Simmonds. 

2.  A smooth  and  durable  kind  of  cloth,  used 
in  making  light  shoes,  vests,  &c.  W.  Ency. 

LAST'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a lasting  manner  ; perma- 
nently ; durably  ; perpetually.  “ Lastingly  stig- 
matized.” Cowley. 

lAsT'ING-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state  of 
lasting;  permanency;  durableness.  Bp.  Taylor. 

LAsT'LY,  ad.  1.  In  the  last  place  ; in  fine. 

2.  At  last ; at  length in  the  end  ; finally. 

I,  for  his  sake,  will  leave 
Thy  bosom,  and  this  glory  next  to  thee 
Freely  put  off,  and  for  him  lastly  die.  Milton. 

LATCH,  v . a.  [A.  S.  Iceccan ; gelceccan.  — See 
Lace.]  [i.  latched  ; pp.  latching,  latched.] 

1.  To  catch;  to  seize  ; to  lay  hold  of. 

I have  words 

That  would  be  howled  out  in  the  desert  air, 

Where  hearing"  could  not  latch  them.  Shak. 

2.  To  fasten  with  a latch.  “The  door  was 

only  latched."  Locke. 

3.  [Fr.  lecher.]  To  lick  or  smear;  — also  writ- 
ten lech. 

Hast  thou  yet  latched  the  Athenian’s  eyes 

With  the  love-juice?  Shak. 


To  latch  a mine , to  measure  it,  for  ascertaining  how 
much  of  it  has  been  used.  [North  of  Eng.]  Wright. 

LATCH,  n.  1.  That  which  catches ; a snare. 

Love  will  no  other  bird  catch, 

Though  he  set  either  net  or  latch.  Chaucer. 

2.  The  catch  of  a door,  moved  by  a string  or 
a handle.  Smart. 

LATCH (l&ch'ez),  n.  pi.  ( Naut .)  Loops  for 
lacing  a bonnet  to  a sail  ; latchings.  — See 
Latchings.  Harris. 

LATCH 'JgT,  n.  [From  Latch.]  A string  for 
fastening  a sandal  or  shoe  to  the  foot. 

The  latchet  of  whose  shoes  I am  not  worthy  to  unloose. 

Luke  iii.  16. 

LATCH'ING§>,  n.  pi.  (Naut.)  Loops  on  the  head 
of  a bonnet  by  which  it  is  laced  to  the  foot  of  a 
sail ; — called  also  laskets,  and  latches.  Dana. 

LATCH'— KEY,  n.  A key  used  to  raise  the  latch 
of  a door.  Simmonds. 

LATE,  a.  [comp,  later  or  latter-,  superl.  latest  or 
last.]  [Goth,  lata,  latyan;  A.  S.  latian,  to  de- 
lay or  retard  ; A.  S.  latt,  late ; Fr.  late  ; Dut.  laat.] 

1.  After  the  usual  or  proper  time  ; — opposed 
to  early  ; as,  “ A late  frost.” 

My  late  spring  no  bud  or  blossom  showeth.  Milton. 

2.  Far  in  any  period  of  time;  as,  “A  late 
hour  of  the  day.” 

3.  Existing  not  long  since,  but  now  passed  or 
departed;  as,  “The  late  Dr.  Johnson.” 

4.  Of  recent  occurrence,  origin,  or  existence  ; 
recent ; as,  “ A late  edition  of  a book.” 

For  those  of  old. 

And  the  late  dignities  heaped  up  to  them, 

We  rest  your  hermits.  Shak. 

LATE,  ad.  1.  After  the  usual  or  proper  time  ; 
opposed  to  early  ; as,  “ To  work  late." 

To  be  up  early  and  down  late.  Shak. 

2.  Not  long  ago  ; recently  ; lately.  “ Where 
late  the  diadem  stood.”  Shak. 

Where  cattle  pastured  late,  now  scattered  lies 

With  carcasses  and  arms  the  ensanguined  field.  Milton. 

Of  late,  in  time  not  long  past;  recently;  lately. 
“ He  lias  superstitious  grown  of  late."  Shak. 

LATE,  v.  a.  [Icel.  leita.]  To  seek;  to  search 
for.  [North  of  England.]  Brockett. 

f LAT'JJD,  a.  Belated.  Dryden. 

Now  spurs  the  luted  traveller 
To  gain  the  timely  inn.  Shak. 

LA-TEEN'— SAIL,  n.  (Naut.)  A triangular  sail  ex- 
tended by  a yard  much  inclined  to  the  horizon, 
used  by  xebecs,  polacres,  and  other  vessels  in 
the  Mediterranean  and  Eastern  seas.  Mar.  Diet. 

LATE'LY,  ad.  Not  long  ago  ; recently;  of  late. 

A certain  Jew, . . . lately  come  from  Italy.  Acts  xviii.  2. 

LA'TJJN-CY,  n.  The  state  of  being  latent.  Paley. 

LATE'NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  late.  Swift. 

LA 'TENT,  a.  [L.  lateo,  latens  (Gr.  Xydui,  XavOdvoi), 
to  lie  hid ; It.  latente ; Fr.  latent.)  Hidden  ; 
secret ; concealed ; occult ; as,  “ Latent  causes  ” ; 
“ Latent  motives.” 

Every  breach  of  veracity  indicates  some  latent  vice,  or 
some  criminal  intention,  which  tile  individual  is  ashamed  to 
avow.  Stewart. 

Memory  confused,  and  interrupted  thought, 

Death’s  harbingers,  lie  latent  in  the  draught.  Prior. 

Latent  buds,  (Bot.)  buds  which  survive  long  without 
growing,  and  commonly  without  being  visible  exter- 
nally. Gray.  — Latent  heat,  (Physics.)  heat  inappre- 
ciable by  the  thermometer,  supposed  to  exist  in  liquid 
and  aeriform  bodies,  and  which  becomes  sensible  dur- 
ing tile  conversion  of  vapors  into  liquids,  and  liquids 
into  solids  ; insensible  heat;  caloric  or  heat  of  fluidi- 
ty. Brande.  Silliman. 

LA'TENT-LY,  ad.  In  a latent  manner ; secretly. 

LAT'gR-AL,  a.  [Gr.  nZarts,  broad;  L.  lateralis-, 
latus,  lateris,  a side  ; It.  laterale ; Sp.  lateral ; 
Fr.  lateral.] 

1.  Of,  or  pertaining  to,  the  side  ; as,  “ The 
lateral  branches  of  a tree.” 

2.  In  the  direction  of  the  side ; as,  “ A lateral 
motion.” 

Lateral  equation,  (Math.)  an  equation  of  the  first 
degree.  Davies.  — Lateral  strength,  (Physics.)  the  re- 
sistance which  a body  will  afford  at  right  angles  to 
its  grain.  Wright. 

t lAt-$R-Al'!-TY,  7i.  The  quality  of  being  lat- 
eral, or  of  having  distinct  sides.  Browne. 

lAt'ER-AL-LY,  ad.  1.  By  the  side;  sidewise. 
“ Laterally  or  sidewise.”  Browne. 

2.  In  the  direction  of  the  side.  Holder. 


LAT'pR-AN,  ti.  The  pope’s  see  at  Rome;  a church 
at  the  south-eastern  extremity  of  Rome;  — so 
named  from  the  ancient  family  of  the  Laterani, 
who  possessed  a palace  on  the  spot.  It  is  dedi- 
cated to  St.  John  of  Lateran.  P.  Cyc. 

f LA'TpRED  (la'terd),  p.  a.  Delayed.  Chaucer. 

lAT-BR-I-FO'LI-OUS,  a.  [L.  latus,  late7-is,  a side, 
and  folium,  a leaf.]  (Bot.)  Growing  on  the 
side  of  a leaf  at  the  base,  as  a flower.  Lindley. 

LAT-jp-Rl"TIOUS  (lat-e-rlsh'us),  a.  [L.  lateritius  ; 
later,  latcJ-is,  a brick.]  Pertaining  to,  or  resem- 
bling, brick.  Henslow. 

Lateritious  sediment,  (Med.)  a reddish  sediment 
sometimes  deposited  by  urine.  Dunglisun. 

LATE'WAKE,  7i.  [Corrupted  from  Scot,  lyk-waik  ; 
— “ evidently  formed  from  A.  S.  lie,  a body,  and 
wacian,  to  watch.”  Jamieson .]  The  watching 
of  a dead  body  during  night,  accompanied  with 
dancing  and  festivity;  lyk-waik.  — See  Lyk- 
waik.  Penna7tt. 

LATE'WARD,  a.  Somewhat  late  ; backward. 
“ Lateward  fruit.”  [r.]  Huloet. 

LATE'WARD,  ad.  Somewhat  late,  [r.]  Johnson. 

LA'  TEX,  n.  [L.,  a fluid.]  (Bot.)  The  vital  fluid 
or  returning  sap  of  plants  ; — applied  also  to  the 
moisture  which  exudes  from  the  stigma,  and  to 
the  gelatinous  matter  surrounding  the  sporules 
of  certain  fungi.  Henslow. 

LATH,  7i. ; pi.  lAth§.  [A.  S.  latha,  pi. ; Dut.  lat ; 
Ger.  latte.  — Sp.  lata ; Fr.  latte.]  (Arch.)  A 

runner  or  strip  of  board  nailed  to  rafters  to  sup- 
port tiles  or  slate  : — a thin  strip  of  wood  nailed 
to  studs  and  furring  to  support  plastering. 

Pantile  laths,  long,  square  pieces  of  fir  on  which 
pantiles  are  liung.  Brande. 

LATH,  V.  a.  [t.  LATHED  ; pp.  LATHING,  LATHED.] 
To  cover  or  fit  up  with  laths.  Mortimer. 

LATH'— BRICK,  n.  Along  brick  used  in  liop-oasts 
to  dry  malt  on.  Sinwiotids. 

LATHE,  n.  [Perhaps  from  A.  S.  lithian , to  mod- 
erate. Richardson .]  A machine  for  * jrning 
metals  or  wood  by  causing  the  material  * , i evolve 
upon  central  points  and  to  be  cut  by  a tool  fixed 
in  a slide-rest  or  held  in  the  hand.  Weale. 

LATHE,  or  LATH,  n.  [A.  S.  laeth,  leth ; lathian, 
to  assemble.  Spelman .] 

1.  A territorial  division  peculiar  to  the  county 

of  Kent,  England,  intermediate  between  the 
shire  and  the  hundred,  and  containing  three  or 
four  hundreds.  Brande. 

Kent  has  been  long  divided  into  five  lathes.  P.  Cyc. 

2.  f A barn  ; a granary  ; a grange.  Chaucer. 

lAtH'BR,  n.  1.  Foam  or  froth  made  of  soap  and 
water  ; foam  of  soapy  water.  Jolmson. 

2.  Foam  or  froth,  as  the  foamy  sweat  of  a 
horse  ; a foaming  sweat.  Richardson. 

LATH'ER  (lath'er),  V.  n.  [A.  S.  lethrian.]  [t. 

LATHERED  ; pp.  LATHERING,  LATHERED.] 

1.  To  form  a foam  or  froth,  as  soap  with 

water.  Baynard. 

2.  To  become  foamy  from  sweat,  as  a horse. 

LATH'ER,  v.  a.  1.  To  cover  or  smear  with  foam 
made  of  soap  and  water. 

2.  To  make  to  sweat  profusely,  as  a horse  by 
hard  driving. 

3.  To  beat ; to  leather.  [Local.]  Wilbraham. 

LATHE'REEVE,  n.  An  officer  under  the  Saxon 
government  who  had  jurisdiction  over  a lathe. 

These  [lathes  and  rapes]  had  formerly  their  lathereeres 
and  rapereeves,  acting  in  subordination  to  the  shirereeve. 

jBlackslone. 

lAtH'ING,  n.  A covering  made  of  laths.  Moxoti. 

lAtH'WORK  (-wiirk),  7i.  A covering  of  laths  for 
receiving  plaster.  Simmonds. 

LAtH'Y  (litli'e),  a.  Thin  or  long,  as  a lath.  “His 
lathy  falchion.”  West. 

LA-THY'RUS,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  XdOvpos.]  (Bot.) 
A genus  of  leguminous  plants  ; vetchling ; ever- 
lasting pea.  Gray. 

LA'TIAN  (la'shun),  a.  Pertaining  to  Latium,  an 
ancient  country  in  Italy.  “ Latian  porches.” 
“ Latian  poetry.”  Macaulay. 

LA-TIB'r-LIZE,  v.  n.  [L.  latibulum,  a hiding- 


MiEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — G, 
103 


G,  9,*g>  soft;  £,  G,  j,  |,  hard;  $ as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


LATIBULUM 


818 


LAUD 


place.]  To  retire  into  a (len,  burrow,  or  cavity, 
and  lie  dormant  in  winter ; to  lie  hid.  Wright. 

LA-T1B  ' V-LilM,  n. ; pi.  latusula.  [L.,  from 
lateo,  to  lie  hid.]  A hiding-place;  a lurking- 
hole  ; a den  ; a covert ; a burrow.  Ainsworth. 

LAT-I-CIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  latex,  laticis,  any 
liquid,  and  fero,  to  bear.]  ( Bot .)  Applied  to 
tubes  or  vessels  which  unite  and  contain  the 
elaborated  sap.  Ogiloie. 

lAt'I-CLAVE,  n.  [L.  laticlavus;  latus,  broad, 
and"  clavus,  a nail.]  {Horn.  Ant.')  1 he  badge  ot 
the  senatorian  order,  consisting  of  a broad  pur- 
ple stripe  extending  from  the  neck  down  the 
centre  of  the  tunic.  a rn.  Smith. 

lAT-I-COS'TATE,  a.  [L.  latus,  broad,  and  costa, 
a rib.]  Broad-ribbed.  Ogiloie. 

lAT-I-DEN'tAtE,  a.  [L.  latus,  broad,  and  dens, 
dentis,  a tooth.]  Broad-toothed.  Ogiloie. 

lAT-1-FO'LI-ATE,  I a-  [X.  latus,  broad,  and 

lAt-I-FO'LI-OUS,  > folium,  a leaf.]  (Bot.) 
Broad-leaved.  Blount. 

LAT'IN,  a.  [L.  Latinus,  Latium.] 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Latins,  a people  of 
ancient  Latium,  in  Italy  ; Roman  ; as,  “ The 
Latin  language.” 

2.  In,  or  peculiar  to,  the  Latin  language  ; as, 
“ A Latin  oration  ” ; “A  Latin  idiom.” 

Latin  church,  the  Western  or  Roman  church,  in  dis- 
tinction from  tile  Eastern  or  Greek  church,  originally 
comprehending  the  Christian  church  in  all  the  coun- 
tries anciently  subject  to  the  Roman  or  Western  em- 
pire, and  into  which  the  Latin  language  was  intro- 
duced. Great  Britain,  part  of  the  Netherlands  and  of 
the  north  of  Europe,  have  been  separated  from  the 
Latin  church  almost  ever  since  the  reformation.  Buck. 

LAT'IN,  n.  1.  ( Geog .)  One  of  the  inhabitants  of 
ancient  Latium. 

2.  The  language  of  the  ancient  Romans;  the 

Latin  language.  Addison. 

3.  An  exercise  in  schools  which  consists  in 

rendering  English  into  Latin.  Ascham. 

t lAt'IN,  v.  a.  To  render  into  Latin.  Wilson. 

LAT'IN-IsM  (lat'in-Izm),  n.  [It.  § Sp.  Latinismo  ; 
Fr.  Latinisme.] 

1.  A Latin  idiom  or  mode  of  speech. 

2.  (Bib.)  In  the  Greek  Testament,  a Latin 

word  in  Greek  characters ; — also  the  Latin  sense 
of  a Greek  word.  Kitto. 

LAT'IN-IsT,  n.  [It.  Latinista-,  Fr.  Latinist  c.] 
One  skilled  in  Latin.  Ld.  Herbert. 

lAT-IN-IS'TIC,  a.  Partaking  of  Latin  or  a Latin 
idiom,  [r.]  Coleridge. 

LA-TiN'I-TAS-TjER,  n.  A smatterer  in  Latin.  W. 

LA-TIN'I-TY,  n.  [L . Latinitas;  It.  Latinith ; Sp. 
Latiniddd';  Fr.  Latinite.]  Use  or  employment 
of  the  Latin  language  ; Latin  style. 

The  French  critics  undervalued  their  [modern  Latin  po- 
ets] Latinity.  Eustice. 

lAT-IN-I-ZA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  rendering  into 
Latin.  Lower. 

LAt'IN-IZE,  v.  a.  [L.  Latinizo ; It.  Latinizzare ; 
Sp.  Latinizar ; Fr.  Latiniser.]  [i.  Latinized  ; 
pp.  Latinizing,  Latinized.]  To  give  Latin 
terminations  to  ; to  render  into  Latin. 

Words  of  the  vulgar  tongue  Latinized , and  Latin  words 
modernized.  Cambridge. 

LAt'IN-IZE,  v.  n.  To  use  Latin  words.  Dryden. 

t lAt'IN-LY,  ad.  With  purity  of  Latin  style. 
“ That  can  do  it  Latinly.”  Heylin. 

LA'TION,  n.  [L.  latio  ; fero,  latus,  to  bear.]  The 
translation  or  motion  of  a natural  body  from 
one  place  to  another.  Crabb. 

lAT-I-ROS'TROUS,  a.  [L.  lotus,  broad,  and  ros- 
trum, a beak.]  ( Ormth .)  Having  a broad  or 
flat  beak,  as  the  pelican.  Browne. 

LAT'ISHj  a.  Somewhat  late.  Johnson. 

LAT'I-TAN-CY,  n.  The  state  of  lyinghid.  Browne. 

lAt'I-TANT,  re.  [L.  latito,  latitans,  intensive  of 
lateo,  to  lie  hid.]  Concealed;  lyinghid.  Browne. 

LAT'I-TAT,  n.  [L.,  He  lies  hid.]  ( Old  Eng. 
Law.)  A writ  which  issued  in  personal  actions 
on  the  return  of  non  est  inventus  to  a bill  of  Mid- 
dlesex ; — so  called  from  the  emphatic  words  in 


its  recital,  in  which  it  was  testified  that  the  de- 
fendant lies  hid  ( latitat ) in  the  county.  Burrill. 

f LAT-I-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  latitutio  ; latito,  to  lie 
hid.]  The  state  of  lying  concealed.  Bailey. 

LAT'I-TUDE,  n.  [L.  latitwlo  ; latus,  broad,  wide  ; 
It.  latitudine ; Sp.  latitud ; Fr.  latitude.] 

1.  Width  ; breadth. 

Provided  the  length  do  not  exceed  the  latitude.  Wotton. 

2.  Extent ; scope  ; range  ; amplitude.  “ His 
[Albertus]  latitude  of  knowledge.”  Browne. 

I pretend  not  to  treat  of  them  in  their  full  latitude.  Locke. 

3.  Freedom  from  rules  or  limits  ; laxity. 

In  human  actions  there  are  no  degrees  and  precise  natural 
limits  described,  but  a latitude  is  allowed.  lip.  Taylor. 

4.  Loose  interpretation ; unrestrained  or  in- 
definite acceptation. 

It  is  no  wonder,  therefore,  that,  in  popular  language,  such 
words  as  ’*  common  sense"  and  " reason  ” should  be  used  with 
a considerable  degree  of  latitude.  Stewart. 

5.  (Geog.)  The  angular  distance  of  a place 
from  the  equator,  measured  on  the  meridian. 

6.  (Astron.)  The  distance  of  a heavenly  body 

from  the  ecliptic,  measured  on  a secondary  to 
the  latter.  Olmsted. 

enr  Latitude  is  norlli  or  south,  according  as  the  place 
is  north  or  south  of  the  equator.  Davies.  — The  lati- 
tude of  a place  is  always  equal  to  the  inclination  of 
the  axis  of  the  earth  to  the  horizon  of  tile  place,  and 
conversely.  — (Surveying.)  The  distance  between  two 
east  and  west  lines  drawn  through  the  two  extremities 
of  a course.  If  the  course  is  run  towards  the  north, 
the  latitude  is  called  northing  ; if  towards  the  south, 
it  is  called  southing.  Davies. 

Geocentric  latitude,  (Astron.)  the  distance  of  a heav- 
enly body  from  the  ecliptic,  as  seen  from  the  centre 
of  the  earth.  — • Heliocentric  latitude,  the  distance  of  a 
heavenly  body  from  the  ecliptic,  as  seen  from  tire  cen- 
tre of  tile  sun.  Herschel. 

lAT-I-TU'DI-NAL,  a.  [Sp.]  Relating  to,  or  in 
the  direction  of,  the  latitude.  Smart. 

lAT-I-TU-DI-NA'RI-AN,  a.  [Fr.  latitudinaire.] 

1.  Not  restrained  or  confined  by  precise  lim- 
its. “ Latitudinarian  love.”  Collier. 

2.  Not  conforming  closely  to  any  particular 

standard  of  belief,  especially  in  religious  mat- 
ters ; not  rigidly  orthodox ; free  in  opinion  ; lib- 
eral. Burnet. 

lAT-I-TU-DI-NA'RI-AN,  n.  1.  One  who  indulges 
in  latitude  of  opinion  ; one  who  does  not  adhere 
to  any  particular  standard  of  belief;  moderate 
and  free  in  views  or  opinions. 

2.  (Theol.)  One  who  holds  opinions  at  vari- 

ance with  the  more  rigid  interpretation  of  Scrip- 
ture and  church  traditions  ; one  who  departs  in 
opinion  from  orthodoxy.  Brandc.  Leslie. 

3.  (Eccl.  Hist.)  One  of  a number  of  English 

divines  who  attempted  to  mediate  between  the 
rigid  Episcopalians  and  the  Dissenters  ; a low- 
churchman.  Eden. 

lAT-I-TU-DI-NA'RI-AN-I§M,  n.  [Fr.  latitudi- 
narisme .]  The  doctrine  of  the  latitudinarians  ; 
a latitudinarian’s  manner  of  thinking.  “ The 
. . . pathless  wilds  of  latitud  inarianistn.”  Parr. 

lAT-I-TU'DI-NOUS,  a.  Latitudinarian  ; liberal, 
[u.]  M.  Van  Buren. 

f lAT'O-MY,  n.  [L.  latomia.]  A quarry.  Chambers. 

LA'TRANT,  a.  [L.  latro,  latrans,  to  bark.J 

1.  Barking,  as  a dog.  “ Latrant  race.”  Bic/cell. 

2.  Clamoring;  noisy,  [it.]  Green. 

f LA'TRAtE,  v.  n.  [L.  latro,  latratus.]  To  bark, 
as  a dog.  Cockeram. 

t LA-TRA'TIONj  n.  The  act  of  barking  ; a barking, 
as  of  a dog.  Cockeram. 

f LA-TREU'TI-CAL,  a.  [Gr.  JarpRui,  to  serve.] 
Adapted  to  serve  or  minister.  Bp.  Hall. 

LA'TRI-A  [la'tre-?,  S.  W.  P.  J.  I\  Ja.  C.  ; l?-trl'», 
Sm.  Ash,  Johnson,  Wr. ; lat're-a,  K.],  n.  [L., 
from  Gr.  Xarpeia ; ?.a rptbui,  to  serve.]  (Roman 
Catholic  Church.)  Worship  paid  only  to  God, 
as  distinguished  from  dulia,  worship  paid  to 
saints.  Stillingfleet. 

ffff-  “ This  word,  by  being  derived  from  the  Greek 
Xarpcta,  is  pronounced  by  Johnson,  and  after  him  by 
Ash,  with  the  accent  on  the  penultimate  syllable. 
Both  of  them  had  forgot  their  Greek  in  the  word  du- 
lia, which  they  accent  on  the  antepenultimate,  though 
derived  from  SnvXeia.  One  of  these  modes  of  accen- 
tuation must  he  wrong;  and  my  opinion  is,  that,  as 
these  words  are  appellatives,  we  should  adopt  that 
accent  which  Ur.  Johnson  did  when  his  Greek  was 
out  of  his  head  ; that  is,  the  antepenultimate.”  Walker. 


LAT'RO-BITE,  n.  (Min.)  A silicate  of  alumina, 
of  a pale  rose-red  color  and  vitreous  lustre 
from  Amitok,  an  island  near  the  coast  of  Lab- 
rador ; — so  named  from  having  been  discovered 
by  Latrobe.  Dana. 

t LAT'RO-gIn-Y,  n.  [L.  latrocinium,  highway 
robbery.]  Theft;  larceny.  Stackhouse. 

LAT'TIJN , n.  [It.  latta  ; ottone;  Sp.  laton.  ala- 
ton  ; Er.  laiton,  leton.  — Dut.  latoen.] 

1.  A kind  of  bronze  used  in  the  middle  ages 

for  crosses,  candlesticks,  effigies,  basins,  plates 
for  tombs,  &c.  Britton. 

2.  Thin  iron  plate  coated  with  tin,  of  which 
domestic  utensils  are  formed ; sheet  tin.  Braude. 

3.  Sheet  or  plate  brass,  or  thin  plates  of 

mixed  metal.  Simmonds. 

Black  lattcn  is  brass  in  milled  sheets,  composed  of 
copper  and  zinc,  used  by  braziers  and  for  drawing 
into  wire.  Shaven  lattcn  is  thinner.  Roll  latten  is  pol- 
ished on  botli  sides,  ready  for  use.  Simmonds. 

LAT'TJJN-BrAsS,  n.  Plates  of  milled  brass; 
latten.  — See  Latten,  No.  3.  Smart. 

LAT'TIJR,  a.  1.  Existing  or  coming  after  anoth- 
er ; — opposed  to  former.  “ The  latter  and  for- 
mer rain.”  ILos.  vi.  12. 

Thus  will  this  latter , as  the  former,  world, 

Still  tend  from  bad  to  worse.  Milton. 

2.  Last ; latest,  [r.] 

Embrace  his  neck, 

And  on  his  bosom  spend  my  latter  gasp.  Shak. 

3.  Mentioned  last  of  two  or  more. 

Tile  difference  between  reason  and  revelation,  and  in 
what  sense  the  latter  is  superior.  Walts. 

4.  Lately  done  or  passed ; recent ; modern. 

Full  of  rumination  sad, 

Laments  the  weakness  of  these  latter  times.  Thomson. 

USy  It  is  an  irregular  comparative  of  late,  but  dif- 
fers in  its  use  and  application  from  the  regular  com- 
parative later,  and  is  used  when  no  comparison  is 
expressed.  — See  LATE. 

LAT'T^R-LY,  ad.  Of  late;  lately;  recently. 

jug-  Dr.  Johnson  designates  this  “ a low  word 
lately  hatched.”  It  is  much  used,  and  by  the  best 
writers,  as  Abp.  Whately,  Southey,  &c. 

lAt'T£R-MATH,  n.  The  latter  or  second  mow- 
ing ; rowen  ; the  aftermath.  Toller. 

lAt'TICE  (lat'tjs),  n.  [Fr.  lattis,  work  made  of 
laths;  latte,  a lath.  Skinner.  Richardson. — - 
Dut.  lat,  a lath,  or  corrupted  from  nettice  or  net- 
work. Skinner.  — “ I have  sometimes  derived 
it  from  let  and  eye ; leteyes,  that  which  lets  the 
eye.”  Johnson.] 

1.  Any  work  consisting  of  slats  or  rods  cross- 

ing each  other,  and  forming  open  spaces  like 
net-work ; lattice-work.  Shak. 

2.  A window,  blind,  or  screen  formed  of 
strips  or  rods  crossing  each  other  and  forming 
open  spaces  like  net-work. 

The  mother  of  Sisera  looked  out  at  a window,  and  cried 
through  the  lattice.  Judg.  v.  28. 

Holding  a lattice  still  before  his  face. 

Through  which  he  stdl  did  peep  as  forward  he  did  pace. 

Spenser. 

lAt'TICE  (lat'tjs),  V.  a.  [t.  LATTICED  ; pp.  LAT- 
TICING, LATTICED.] 

1.  To  furnish  with  a lattice.  Sherwood. 

2.  To  form  with  lattice-work  ; to  grate. 

• Huge  alders  weave  their  canopies,  and  shed 

Disparted  moonlight  through  the  latticed  boughs.  Glover. 

To  lattice  up , to  render  obscure  ; to  eclipse.  u Alex- 
ander was  adorned  with  most  excellent  virtues.  . . . 
Therein  lie  hath  latticed  up  Caesar.”  North. 

LAT'TICE-WORK  (lat'tjs-wiirk),  n.  Work  con- 
sisting of  slats  or  reds  crossing  each  other  and 
forming  open  spaces  like  net-work  ; lattice.  “A 
curious  piece  of  lattice-work.”  Derhatn. 

LA  ' TUS—REC ' TUJW,  n.  [L.,  light  side.]  (Conic 
Sections.)  A straight  line  drawn  through  either 
focus  perpendicular  to  the  transverse  axis,  and 
limited  by  its  intersection  with  the  curve ; pa- 
rameter. Davies. 

LAUD,  n.  [L.  laus,  laudis ; It.  lauda  ; Sp.  laude ; 
Fr.  los.] 

1.  Praise  ; commendation  ; encomium,  [r.] 

And  give  to  dust  that  is  a little  gilt 

More  laud  than  gilt  o’er-dusted.  Shak. 

2.  That  part  of  divine  worship  which  consists 

in  praise  ; thanksgiving,  [r.]  Bacon. 

3.  A song  in  praise  or  honor,  [r.] 

She  chanted  snatches  of  old  lauds.  Shak. 

4.  pi.  (Romish  Church.)  Prayers  formerly 

read  at  day-break,  after  matins.  Brande. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  f,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE, 


FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


LAUD 


819 


LAVARET 


LAUD,  V.  a.  [L.  Ian  do  ; laus , laudis,  praise.]  [i. 
LANDED;  pp.  LAUDING,  LAUDED.]  To  extol  ; 
to  praise  ; to  celebrate  ; to  magnify. 

Praise  the  Lord,  all  ye  gentiles;  and  laud  him,  all  ye 
people.  Rom.  xv.  11. 

LAtrD-A-BIL'J-TY,  n.  [L.  laudabilitas ; laudo, 
taudare,  to  praise.]  Laudableness,  [it.]  Todd. 

LAUD'A-BLE,  a.  [L.  laudabilis ; laus,  laudis, 
praise  ; It.  laudabile  ; Sp.  laudable ; Fr.  louable.] 

1.  Deserving  praise  ; praiseworthy  ; com- 
mendable. “ A laudable  endeavor.”  Cooper. 

The  laudable  aim  of  pleasing.  Locke. 

2.  Healthy  ; healthful ; salubrious.  “ Laud- 
able animal  juices.”  Arbuthnot. 

Syn.  — Laudable  and  praiseworthy  are  stronger 
terms  than  commendable.  Laudable  enterprise  ; praise- 
worthy action  ; commendable  quality  or  conduct. 

LAUD'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
laudable ; praiseworthiness.  Stackhouse. 

LAUD'A-BLy,  ad.  In  a laudable  manner;  praise- 
worthily ; commendably.  Dryden. 

LAUD'A-NUM  (Uw'dfi-num  or  lod'a-num)  [lod'a- 
num,  S.  ]V.  J.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm. ; l&w'da-num,  P.  E. 
C.],  n.  [It.  Sp.  laudano ; Fr.  laudanum. — 
Contraction  of  L.  laudandum,  to  be  praised ; 
laudo , to  praise.  Sullivan.]  Any  preparation 
of  opium,  solid  or  liquid  ; particularly  the  tinc- 
ture, or  the  extract.  Dunglison. 

LAu-DA'TION,  n.  [L.  laudatio  ; It.  laudazione.] 
The  act  of  praising  or  extolling,  [it.]  Parfre. 

lAud'A-TIVE,  a.  [L.  laudativus ; It.  laudativo ; 
Fr.  laudatif]  Containing  or  expressing  praise  ; 
laudatory.  Bacon. 

f lAud'A-TIVE,  n.  A panegyric ; a eulogy  ; an 
encomium.  “ A laudative  of  learning.”  Bacon. 

LAU-DA’TOR, n.  [L.]  One  who  lauds;  apraiser; 
a lauder.  West.  Rev. 

lAud'A-TO-RY,  a.  [L.  laudatorius ; laudo,  lau- 
datus,  to  praise ; It.  Sg  Sp.  laudatono.]  Con- 
taining or  expressing  praise.  “A  laudatory  dis- 
course.” Bp.  Hall. 

LAUD'A-TO-RY,  n.  That  which  contains  or  ex- 
presses praise  ; panegyric  ; commendation.  “ A 
laudatory  of  itself.”  [h.]  Milton. 

LAUD'IJR,  n.  One  who  lauds.  Cotgrave. 

LAUGH  (laf),  v.  n.  [Goth,  hlahyan ; A.  S.  hlihan ; 
Dut.  .Sf  Ger.  lachen;  Dan.  lee-,  Sw.  le.  — “ Gen- 
erally supposed  to  be  formed  from  the  sound.” 
Richardson.]  [».  laughed;  pp.  laughing, 

LAUGHED.] 

1.  To  make  the  peculiar  involuntary  noise 
which  sudden  merriment  excites. 

Nature  hath  framed  strange  fellows  in  her  time: 

Some  that  will  evermore  peep  through  their  eyes, 

And  laugh  like  parrots  at  a bagpiper; 

And  other  of  such  vinegar  aspect. 

That  they  ’ll  not  show  their  teeth  in  the  way  of  smile. 
Though  Nestor  swear  the  jest  be  laughable.  Shak . 

2.  To  be  or  appear  gay,  cheerful,  pleasant, 

or  lively.  “ The  laughing  Nine.”  Pope. 

Then  laughs  the  childish  year  with  flowerets  crowned. 

Dryden. 

To  laugh  at,  to  ridicule;  to  treat  witli  derision, 
scorn,  or  contempt.  “ Laughed  at  my  losses,  mocked 
at  my  gains.”  Shak. — To  laugh  in  one’s  sleeve,  to 
laugh  privately,  or  without  being  observed.  ■ — To  laugh 
the  other  side , or  out  of  the  other  corner , of  one’s  mouth, 
to  cry.  Halliwell. 

LAUGH  (laf),  v.  a.  To  affect  by  laughing;  — 
with  into  or  out.  “ Laugh  yourselves  into  stitch- 
es.” “ I laughed  him  out  of  patience.”  Shak. 

To  laugh  to  scorn,  to  deride  ; to  hold  in  derision  ; 
to  treat  with  contempt.  “ They  laughed  them  to  scorn, 
and  mocked  them.”  9 Chron.  xxx.  10.  “ Our  castle’s 
strength  will  laugh  a siege  to  scorn.”  Shak. 

LAUGH  (laf),  n.  The  inarticulate  expression  of 
sudden  merriment ; laughter. 

And  the  loud  laugh  that  spoke  the  vacant  mind.  Goldsmith. 

LAUGH'A-BLE  (lif'a-bl),  a.  That  may  excite 
laughter  ; ludicrous  ; comical ; diverting  ; ridic- 
ulous. “ A laughable  writer.”  Dryden. 

Syn. — See  Ludicrous. 

LAUGH'— AND— LAY— DOWN,  n.  An  old  game  at 
cards,  in  which  the  winner  lays  his  cards  on  the 
table  and  laughs  at  his  good  success.  [Local, 
Eng.]  Wright. 

LAUGH'ER  (laf’er),  n.  One  who  laughs.  Shak. 


LAUGHTNG  (lif'jng),  p.  a.  Using  laughter;  ex- 
pressing merriment;  gay;  mirthful;  as,  “A 
laughing  eye.” 

LAUGH'ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  laughs; 
laughter.  Hobbs. 

LAUGH'ING— GAS,  n.  Protoxide  of  nitrogen,  or 
nitrous  oxide  ; — so  called  because  when  inhaled 
it  commonly  produces  exhilaration.  Silliman. 

LAUGH 'ING-LY  (laf'jng-le),  ad.  With  laughter  ; 
in  a merry  way.  “ Saith  he,  laughingly.”  Fox. 

LAUGH'ING— STOCK  (laf'ing-stok),  n.  An  object 
of  ridicule  ; a butt  of  jests.  Shak. 

LAUGH  TER  (l'if'ter),  n.  Convulsive  merriment; 
an  inarticulate  expression  of  sudden  merriment. 
“ A ...  fit  of  laughter.”  ' Observer. 

Man  is  the  only  creature  endowed  with  the  power  of  laugh- 
ter ; is  he  not  the  only  one  that  deserves  to  be  laughed  at  1 

Grevitle. 

l’aiu  or  pleasure,  grief  or  laughter.  Trior. 

Xjgj=-The  expression  of  laughter,  in  its  various  de- 
grees, from  tlie  loud  hurst  of  uncontrolled  mirth  to  the 
half-suppressed  movement  of  a ridiculous  feeling,  lias 
a variety  of  onomatopwias  ; lienee  our  ha  ! ha ! ha  ! to 
laugh , smile,  grin,  snigger,  tittle,  chuckle,  giggle,  and 
the  Scotcli  guffaw  and  whihher.  Sir  John  Stoddart. 

LAUGH'TpR-LESS  (IAf'ter-les),  a.  Without  laugh- 
ing or  laughter.  Qu.  Rev. 

f LAUGH'-WOR-THY  (laf'wUr-tlie),  a.  Deserv- 
ing to  be  laughed  at.  B.  Jonson. 

lAu' MON-IT  E,  n.  (Min.)  A hyxlrous  silicate  of 
alumina  and  lime,  which  crumbles  on  exposure 
to  the  air,  in  consequence  of  loss  of  water  ; ef- 
florescing zeolite ; — so  named  from  Laumont, 
its  discoverer.  Dana. 

f LAUNCE,  n.  1.  A lance.  — See  Lance.  Gower. 

2.  [It.  lance,  from  L.  lanx,  lands,  a plate,  a 
scale.]  A balance.  Spenser. 

LAUNCE,  n.  ( leh .)  A name  applied  to  two  spe- 
cies of  ammodytes,  viz.,  the  Ammodytes  lancea, 
and  the  Ammodytes  tobianus  ; — found  in  sandy 
localities  on  the  British  coasts,  and  much  prized 
by  fishermen  for  bait ; sand-eel.  Yarrell. 

LAUNCH  (finch),  v.  a.  [Arm.  lanpza  ; It.  lan- 
ciare ; Sp.  lancear;  Fr  .lancer.  — See  Lance.] 

[i.  LAUNCHED  ; pp.  LAUNCHING,  LAUNCHED.] 

1.  To  throw,  as  a lance;  to  lance;  to  dart;  — 
written  also  lanch. 

At  liim  he  launched  his  spear,  and  pierced  his  breast.  Dryden. 

2.  f To  pierce,  as  with  a lance  ; to  lance. 

My  breast  was  launched  with  lovely  dart.  Spenser. 

3.  To  plunge  or  cause  to  move  or  slide  from 
the  land  into  the  water,  as  a vessel. 

Hath  launched  above  a thousand  ships.  Shak . 

LAUNCH  (lanch),  v.  n.  1.  To  cause  a vessel  to 
move  or  slide  from  the  land  into  the  water. 

He  soon  equips  the  ships,  supplies  the  sails, 

And  gives  the  word  to  launch.  Dryden. 

2.  To  rove  at  large  ; to  expatiate. 

Launching  into  divers  inquiries  about  Providence.  Barrow. 

LAUNCH  (lanch),  n.  1.  The  act  or  the  operation 
of  launching  a vessel.  Simmonds. 

2.  (NautJ)  A long,  comparatively  flat  boat,  the 
largest  carried  by  a merchant  vessel  or  a man- 
of-war  ; a long-boat.  Dana. 

f LAUND,  n.  [Fr.  lande.]  A lawn.  Chaucer. 

LA  UN 'Dp  It  (lan'der),  n.  [It.  lavandaja,  lavandie- 
ra,  from  L.  lavo,  lavare,  to  wash ; Sp.  lavande- 
ra;  Fr . lavandiere.] 

1.  A washerwoman  ; a laundress.  Sidney. 

2.  (Mining.)  A trough  to  receive  powdered 

ore  from  the  stamping-mill.  Simmonds. 

LAUN'DIJR  (lan'der),  v.  a.  To  lave,  as  a launder 
or  washerwoman  ; to  wet ; to  wash,  [r.]  Shak. 

LAUN'DER-pR,  n.  A man  whose  employment  it 
is  to  wash  clothes,  [r.]  Butler. 

LAUN'DRESS  (lan'dres),  n.  A woman  whose 
employment  it  is  to  wash  clothes  ; a washer- 
woman. Swift. 

f LAUN'DRESS,  v.  n.  To  do  washing.  “Their 
wives  are  used  ...  to  laundress.”  Blount. 

LAUN'DRY  (lan'dre),  n.  [Sp.  lavandero ; Old  Fr. 
lavanderie ; Old  Eng.  lavandry .] 

1.  A room  or  place  where  clothes  are  washed. 
“ The  pantry,  the  laundry,  the  cellar.”  Swift. 

2.  The  act  of  washing  ; a washing.  Bacon. 


LAUN'DRY— MAID,  n.  A female  servant  who  at- 
tends to  the  laundry.  Simmonds. 

LAU'RE-ATEj  V.  a.  [j.  LAUREATED  ; pp.  LAU- 
reating,  laureated.]  To  crown  or  invest 
with  a wreath  of  laurel  in  token  of  merit,  as 
formerly  in  conferring  a degree  in  a university. 

Skelton  was  laureated  at  Oxford.  Warton. 

LAU'RJJ-ATE,  a.  [L.  laureatus  ; laurea,  a crown 
of  laurel;  It.  laureato  ; Sp.  laureado;  Fr.  lau- 
reat .]  Decked  or  invested  with  a wreath  of  lau- 
rel. “ Laureate  hearse.”  Milton. 

Soft  on  her  lap  her  laureate  son  reclines.  Tope. 

Poet-laureate,  the  title  of  the  court-poet  in  England. 

J0®=  The  appellation  “ laureate  ” seems  to  have  been 
derived,  through  the  Italian,  from  the  Latin  lau- 
rus,  “ a bay,”  in  allusion  to  the  ancient  practice  of 
crowning  poets.  Petrarch  received  the  crown  at 
Rome  in  1341,  and  Tasso  in  1594.  The  earliest  men- 
tion of  a poet-laureate  in  England,  under  that  express 
title,  is  in  the  reign  of  Edward  IV.,  wiien  John  Kay  re- 
ceived the  appointment.  — See  Laureation.  P.Cyc. 

lAu'RE-ATE,  n.  One  crowned  with  laurel  ; a 
poet-laureate.  “ A new  laureate.”  Sheffield. 

lAu'RE-ATE-SHIP,  n.  The  office  of  a laureate  ; 
the  Station  of  a poet-laureate.  C.  Lamb. 

LAU-RE-A'TIQN,  n.  The  act  of  crowning  or  in- 
vesting with  a wreath  of  laurel,  as  formerly  in 
conferring  a degree  in  a university.  Warton. 

On  which  occasions  [i.  e.  taking  degrees  in  grammar]  a 
wreath  of  laurel  was  presented  to  the  new  graduate,  who  was 
afterwards  usually  styled  “ poeta  laureatus.”  These  laurea- 
tions , however,  seem  to  have  given  rise  to  the  appellation  in 
question.  Warton. 

II  LAU'REL  (lor'el  or  lJw'rel)  [lor'rel,  S.  IF.  J.  E.  F. 
Ja.  Sm. ; law'rel,  P.  K.  C.  Wr.  Wb.],  n.  [L.  tau- 
nts ■,  It.  lauro  ; Sp.  laurel-,  Fr.  laurier.  — From 
Celt,  blaur  (pronounced  laur),  green.  Loudon .] 

1.  (Bot.)  An  evergreen  tree  or  shrub  of  the 
genus  Laurus,  of  which  there  are  many  species, 
as  the  camphor-tree  (Laurus  camphora),  the 
cinnamon-tree  (Laurus  cinnamomum),  the  sas- 
safras-tree (Laurus  sassafras),  and  the  sweet- 
bay-tree  (Laurus  nobilis).  Loudon.  Eng.  Cyc. 

,6®“  The  Laurus  nobilis,  or  true  laurel,  is  a small 
evergreen  tree,  with  flagrant  leaves  and  berries,  which 
grows  in  the  south  of  Europe  and  Asia,  and  in  the 
north  of  Africa.  By  the  Romans  it  was  consecrated 
to  Apollo,  and  used  to  decorate  the  brows  of  victors. 

2.  An  English  gold  coin  of  the  year  1619, 

stamped  with  the  king’s  head  laureated  ; — also 
called  lauret.  Rees’s  Cyc. 

American  laurel,  (Bot.)  a name  given  in  the  U.  S.  to 
evergreen  shrubs  of  the  genus  Kalmia. — Cherry  laurel, 
an  evergreen  shrub  ; Prunus  Laurocerasns.  — Great 
laurel,  an  evergreen  shrub  or  tree  ; Rhododendron  maz- 
imum.  Gray. 

||  LAU'RIJL  (lor'el  or  l&w'rel),  a.  Consisting  of,  or 
pertaining  to,  laurel.  “ Laurel  crown.”  Shak. 

II  LAU'RELLED  (lor'eld  or  Hw'ield),  a.  Crowned 
or  decorated  with  laurel ; laureate.  Pope. 

LAu'RES-TINE,  n.  (Bot.)  An  evergreen  shrub, 
with  shining  leaves  and  showy  white  flowers, 
which  appear  during  the  winter  months  ; Vibur- 
num tinus  ; — written  also  laurustine.  Loudon. 

LAu'RET,  n.  An  English  gold  coin  of  the  time 
of  James  I.  — See  Laurel,  No.  2.  Crabb. 

LAU-RlF'ER-OtiS,  a.  [L.  laurus,  the  laurel,  and 
fero,  to  bear.]  Producing  laurel.  Blount. 

LAU'RINE,  n.  A fatty  matter  of  an  acrid  taste 
contained  in  the  berries  of  the  sweet-bay-tree 
(Laurus  nobilis).  Brands. 

lAu'RUS,  n.  [L.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  aromatic 
evergreen  trees  and  shrubs,  including  many 
species;  laurel.  — See  Laurel.  Gray. 

LAU§  DE'O.  [L.]  Praise  to  God.  Macdonnel. 

LAUS'KRAUT  (lbus'krout),  n.  [Ger.]  (Bot.)  A 
plant  of  the  genus  Delphinium.  Wright. 

LAU'TU,  n.  A band  of  cotton  twisted  and  worn 
on  the  head  of  the  Inca  of  Peru  as  a badge  of 
royalty.  Wright. 

LA'VA,  or  LA'VA  [la'v?,  IT'.  Sm.  ; la'v?,  Ja.  Wb.  ; 
la'va  or  la'va,  K. ; lav'?,  Wr.],  n. ; pi.  lavas.  [It. 
laua,  lava-,  from  L.  lavo,  lavare,  to  wash  ; Sp. 
lava  ; Fr.  lave.]  The  stone  or  stony  matter  which 
flows  in  a melted  state  from  a volcano.  Lyell. 

LAV'A-RET,  n.  (Ieh.)  A species  of  salmon  ; the 
Salino  lavaretus  of  Linnaeus.  Crabb. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  9,  5,  g,  soft ; C,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  7;  y as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


820 


LAW 


LAVATIC 


LA-vAt'IC,  a.  Consisting  of,  or  resembling,  lava ; 
lavic.  [r.]  Maunder. 

LA-VA'TION,  n.  [L.  lavatio ; Inro,  lavatum,  to 
wash.]  A washing ; ablution,  [k.]  Hakewell. 

LAV'A-TO-RY,  w.  [L.  lavatorium  ; It.  lavatoja-, 
Sp.  lavatono  ; Fr.  lavatoire .] 

1.  A room  or  place  for  washing.  Baker. 

2.  A pit  in  which  gold  is  washed.  Rees. 

3.  A wash  for  diseased  parts  ; a lotion.  Harvey. 

LAv'A-TO-RY,  a.  Washing;  cleansing  by  wash- 
ing.’ " ’ Month.  Rev. 

LAVE,  v.  a.  [Gr.  l.ohui ; L.  lavo  ; It.  lavare  ; Sp. 
lavar ; Fr.  laver.]  [».  laved;  pp.  laving, 
laved.]  To  wash  ; to  bathe. 

Whose  wall  the  silent  water  lores.  Parnell. 

LAVE,  v.  a.  [L.  levo,  to  raise;  It.  levare ; Sp. 
lavar ; Fr.  lever.]  To  throw  up  or  out,  as  water; 
to  lade,  [k.]  B.  Jonson. 

A fourth  with  labor  lares 

The  intruding  seas,  and  waves  ejects  on  waves.  Dryden. 

LAVE,  v.  n.  1.  To  wash  one’s  self ; to  bathe.  Pope. 
' 2.  f To  hang  down  or  droop. 

Hi,  ears  hung  laving  like  a new-lugged  swine.  Bp.  Ilall. 

f LAVE’— EARED  (lav'erd),  a.  Having  hanging  or 
flapping  ears,  as  the  hog.  Bp.  Hall. 

LA-VEER',  v.  n.  [Dut.  laveeren.  — Fr.  lour  oyer.] 
To  beat,  as  a vessel ; to  make  progress  to  wind- 
ward by  sailing  in  a zigzag  line,  [it.]  Drydeil. 

LAVE'.M f.NT,  n.  [Fr.  laver  ( L.  lavo),  to  wash.] 

1.  A washing  or  bathing,  [it.]  Jas.  Johnson. 

2.  (Med.)  A clyster.  Dunglison. 

LAv'EN-DflR,  n.  [Low  L.  lavandula,  or  laven- 
dula  ; L.  lavo,  to  wash  ; It.  lavanda  ; Sp.  lavan- 
dult ; Fr.  lavande.  — So  called  from  being  used 
in  baths.  FbsstKS.]  (But.)  A plant  of  the  genus 
Lavandula,  of  the  mint  family,  the  flowers  of 
which  have  a highly  aromatic  odor,  and  a hot,  bit- 
terish taste,  and  are  used  in  medicine.  Gray. 

LAV' JjiN-DpR— OIL,  n.  A yellow'  essential  oil  dis- 
tilled from  the  leaves  and  flowers  of  various 
species  of  lavender.  Simmonds. 

LAV'f,N-DER— VVA'TpR,  n.  A perfume  com- 

posed of  the  essential  oil  of  lavender,  alcohol, 
and  ambergris.  Wright. 

LA'VER,  n.  [L.  lavo,  to  wash , F r.  /avoir ; laver.] 

1.  A vessel  for  washing. 

Young  Aretus  from  forth  his  bridal  bower 

Broughtthe  full  laver  o’er  their  hands  to  pour.  Dryden. 

2.  (Bib.)  A large  basin  placed  in  the  court 
of  the  tabernacle  to  contain  the  water  used 
by  the  priests  in  their  ablutions  during  their 
sacred  ministrations.  Ex.  xxx.  18.  Kitto. 

3.  A substance  used  for  food,  consisting  of 
the  fronds  of  marine  plants  of  the  genera  Pa- 
phgra  and  Viva  ; — called  also  sloke.  Eng.  Cyc. 

4.  f One  who  laves  or  washes.  Huloet. 

LA'VER— BREAD,  n.  Asortoffood;  laver.' — See 
Laver,  No.  3.  Hamilton. 

lAv'ER-OCK,  n.  A lark;  — written  also  leve- 
rock.  [Old  Eng.  and  Scot.]  Chaucer.  Burns. 

LA'VIC,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  resembling,  lava  ; 
lavatic.  For.  Qa.  Rev. 

LAV'ISH,  a.  [From  lave,  to  throw  out,  to  lade. 
Richardson .] 

1.  Pouring  out  in  excess  or  profusion  ; pro- 
fuse ; prodigal ; liberal  to  excess  ; extravagant. 


There  lavish  Nature,  in  her  best  attire. 

Pours  forth  sweet  odors  and  alluring  sights.  Spenser. 

2.  Existing,  or  given,  in  profusion ; supera- 
bundant; superfluous. 

See  where  the  winding  vale  its  lavish  stores 
Irriguous  spreads.  Thomson. 

Let  her  have  needful,  but  not  lavish,  means.  Shuk. 

3.  Impetuous  ; wild  ; unrestrained.  “ Curb- 
ing his  lavish  spirit.’*  Shah . 

Syn.  — See  Extravagant. 


LAV'ISH,  'v.  a.  [i.  lavished;  pp.  lavishing, 
lavished.]  To  pour  out,  expend,  or  bestow  in 
profusion  ; to  be  profuse  of;  to  waste. 

They  lavish  gold  out  of  the  bag.  'Isa.  xlvi.  6. 

Even  as  a war  minister,  Pitt  is  scarcely  entitled  to  all  the 
praise  which  his  contemporaries  lavished  on  him.  Macaulay. 

LAv'ISH-ER,  n.  One  who  lavishes;  one  who  is 
profuse  or  lavish.  Fotherby. 


LAVTSH-LY,  ad.  In  a lavish  manner ; profusely  ; 
prodigally  ; wastefully.  Pope. 

LA  V'JSH-MENT,  n.  Lavishness,  [r.]  Fletcher. 

lAv'ISH-NESS,  n.  Profusion;  prodigality;  lav- 
ishment.  [r.|  Spenser. 

LA-VOLT  , > ;ii  rjt.  la,  the,  and  volth,  a whirl- 

LA-VOL'TA,  ) ing.J  An  old  sort  of  waltz,  in 
which  the  gentleman  turned  the  lady  round  sev- 
eral times,  and  then  assisted  her  to  make  a high 
jump.  Wright.  “The  high  lavolt.”  Shah.  “La- 
voltas  high.”  Shak. 

LAW,  n.  [A.  S.  lagu,  lag,  leag,  leak,  lah ; Frs. 
laga,  laive  ; Dan.  lov  ; I cel.  lug  ; Sw.  lag.  — L. 
lex,  legis ; It.  legge ; Sp.  ley-,  Fr.  loi.  — From 
A.  S.  leegan  (Goth,  lagyan),  lege,  to  lay.  Tooke.] 
1.  A rule  of  action  laid  down  or  prescribed  by 
a superior. 

He  [God]  gave  a law  to  angels,  which  some  of  them  kept, 
and  have  been  continued  in  a state  of  obedience  to  it,  but 
which  others  broke,  uud  thereby  plunged  themselves  into 
destruction.  Buck. 


2.  A rule  of  civil  conduct  prescribed  by  the 
supreme  power  in  a state,  particularly  by  the 
legislative  power;  — called  also,  by  way  of  dis- 
tinction, municipal  or  positive  law. 

“ The  laws  of  a state  are  more  usually  under- 
stood to  mean  the  rules  and  enactments  promulgated 
by  the  legislative  authority  thereof,  or  long-established 
local  customs  having  the  force  of  laws.”  Story. 

The  first  maxim  of  a free  state  is,  that  the  laws  be  made 
by  one  set  of  men  and  administered  by  another:  in  other 
words,  that  the  legislative  and  judicial  characters  be  kept 
separate.  Paley. 

Laws,  considered  singly,  have  been  divided  into  numerous 
species,  as  declamatory,  remedial,  penal,  repealing,  &e.  V.  Cyc. 

3.  One  of  the  rules  or  principles  by  which 

any  thing  is  regulated  or  conducted  ; a regula- 
tion. “ The  laws  of  the  turf.”  “ The  laics  of 
chess.”  P.  Cyc. 

4.  A body  of  rules,  or  all  the  rules  applicable 
to  a given  subject ; as,  “ The  Roman  law." 

The  law  of  England  has  been  chiefly  formed  out  of  the 
simple  principles  of  natural  justice  by  along  scries  of  judicial 
decision  s.  Sir  J.  Mackintosh. 


5.  The  constant  and  regular  mode  or  order 
according  to  which  an  energy  or  agent  acts  or 
operates;  as,  “The  lazvs  of  motion  ” ; “The 
law  of  gravitation.” 

//Of*  “ When  a fact,  frequently  observed,  recurs  in- 
variably under  the  same  circumstances,  we  compare 
it  to  an  act  which  has  been  prescribed,  to  an  order 
which  has  been  established,  and  say  it  occurs  accord- 
ing to  law.”  Fleming. 

A law  presupposes  an  agent;  this  is  only  the  mode  accord- 
ing to  which  an  agent  proceeds;  it  implies  a power,  for  it  is 
the  order  according  to  which  that  power  acts.  Without  this 
agent,  without  this  power,  which  are  both  distiuct  from  itself, 
the  law  does  nothing,  is  nothing.  Paley. 

The  laws  of  nature  are  the  rules  according;  to  which  effects 
are  produced;  but  there  must  be  a cause  which  operates  ac- 
cording to  these  rules.  The  rules  of  navigation  never  steered 
a ship,  nor  the  law  of  gravity  never  moved  a planet.  Reid. 

All  beings  have  their  laws;  the  Deity  has  his  laws , the  ma- 
terial world  has  its  laws,  superior  intelligences  have  their  lutes, 
the  beasts  have  their  laws,  and  man  has  his  laws.  Montesquieu. 

6.  The  code  of  laws  given  by  Moses  to  the 
Jews,  contained  principally  in  the  last  four  books 
of  the  Pentateuch,  as  distinguished  from  the 
Prophets  and  from  the  Gospel-,  Mosaic  law. 

All  things  whatsoever  ye  would  that  men  should  do  to  you, 
do  ye  even  so  unto  them,  for  this  is  the  law  and  the  prophets. 

Malt.  vii.  12. 

Jesus  answered  them,  Is  it  not  written  in  your  law , I said, 
Ye  are  gods.  Johtix.  34. 

7.  The  subject  or  the  science  of  laws  collec- 
tively ; jurisprudence.  Johnson. 

8.  Process  or  suit  of  law  ; litigation. 

It  was  the  boast  of  Augustus  that  he  found  Home  of  brick 
and  left  it  of  marble.  But  how  much  nobler  will  be  the  sov- 
ereign’s boast,  when  he  shall  have  it  to  say.  that  he  found  law 
dear  and  left  it  cheap;  found  it  a sealed  book,  left  it  a living 
letter:  found  it  the  patrimony  of  the  rich,  left  it  the  inheri- 
tance of  the  poor;  found  it  the  two-edged  sword  of  craft  and 
oppression,  left  it  the  staff  of  honesty  uud  the  shield  of  inno- 
cence ! Lord  Brougham. 


9.  t ( Old  Eng.  Law.)  An  oath  ; — particularly, 

the  oath  taken  in  the  proceeding  termed  making 
law,  or  wager  of  law  : — a freeman’s  privilege  to 
be  sworn  as  a juror  or  a witness.  Burrill. 

10.  {Math.)  A general  rule  ; order  of  sequence. 
uLaw,  as  the  suhject-matter  of  jurisprudence, 

is  that  which  obliges  the  subject  to  a particular  course 
of  conduct  by  general  rules  of  action.  This  excludes 
laws  made  to  permit  or  restrain  the  acts  of  specified 
individuals,  and  laws  made  to  suit  a particular  emer- 
gency.” Brande. 

Canon  law , a collection  of  ecclesiastical  constitu- 
tions for  the  regulation  of  the  polity  and  discipline  of 
the  Church  of  Rome. — Ceremonial  law,  (Theol.)  the 
law  which  prescribed  to  the  Jews  the  rites  and  cere- 
monies to  be  observed  in  their  worship.  — Civil  law, 


the  Roman  law,  as  comprised  in  the  Code,  Pandect, 
Institutes,  and  Novels  of  Justinian  and  his  successors  ; 

— distinguished  from  the  canon  and  the  common  law: 

— municipal  or  positive  law  : — that  branch  of  muni- 
cipal law  which  is  occupied  with  the  exposition  and 
enforcement  of  civil  rights.  — Commercial  law , a sys- 
tem of  rules  or  usages  for  regulating  commercial  inter- 
course between  nations  ; law-merchant,  or  law  of 
merchants. — Common  law,  the  whole  body  of  the  law 
of  England,  as  distinguished  from  the  civil  (Roman) 
law,  and  from  the  canon  law  ; law  of  England  : — that 
branch  of  the  law  of  England  which  does  not  owe  its 
origin  to  parliamentary  enactment,  being  a collection 
of  customs,  rules,  and  maxims  which  have  acquired 
the  force  of  law  by  immemorial  usage;  unwritten 
law: — the  general  customs  of  the  kingdom,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  the  customs  of  particular  places : — 
that  system  of  law  which  is  administered  in  the  com- 
mon law  courts,  as  distinguished  from  that  adminis- 
tered in  courts  of  equity  and  admiralty.—  In  American 
jurisprudence,  the  term  common  law  is  chiefly  used  in 
contradistinction,  on  the  one  hand,  to  the  statute  law, 
and  on  the  other,  to  equity,  admiralty,  and  maritime 
jurisprudence. — Criminal  law,  that  branch  of  muni- 
cipal law  which  is  occupied  with  the  punishment  of 
crimes.  — Divine  law,  the  general  commands  of  God 
to  man,  whether  revealed  or  unrevealed.  — Ecclesias- 
tical law , that  species  of  law  which  is  administered  by 
ecclesiastical  courts. — Law  of  arms , law  of  war. — 
Law  of  Christianity , that  branch  of  revealed  law  which 
is  declared  in  the  New  Testament.  — Law  of  honor,  a 
system  of  rules  constructed  by  people  of  fashion  for 
regulating  their  intercourse  witli  one  another.  — Law 
of  the  land,  due  process  of  law  : — a trial  by  due  course 
and  process  of  law:  — the  general  and  public  law, 
operating  equally  on  every  member  of  the  community. 

— Law  of  the  staple,  (Old  Eng.  Law.)  commercial  law. 

— Law  of  rear,  the  law  of  nations  as  applied  to  a state 
of  war,  defining,  in  particular,  the  rights  and  duties 
of  the  belligerent  powers  themselves,  and  of  neutral 
nations. — Law -merchant,  or  law  of  merchants,  com- 
mercial law. — Law  of  nations,  or  national  or  interna- 
tional laic,  a system  of  rules  and  principles  established 
among  nations  for  the  regulation  of  their  mutual  in- 
tercourse. — Laic  of  nature,  or  natural  law,  the  senti- 
ments and  principles  of  justice  and  equity  implanted 
by  God  in  the  breasts  of  all  men.  — Laws  of  Olcron , a 
collection  of  ancient  marine  customs  written  in  Old 
French,  and  bearing  the  name  of  Oleron  for  several 
centuries,  because  tradition  points  to  the  island  so 
called,  on  the  western  coast  of  France,  as  the  place  of 
their  original  promulgation.  They  relate  to  the  rights 
and  duties  of  ship-owners,  mariners,  maritime  con- 
tracts, pilotage,  port  and  custom  laws,  and  losses  at 
sea  ; but  are  chiefly  remarkable  at  the  present  day 
from  the  circumstance  that  they  were  for  several  cen- 
turies adopted  by  all  the  nations  of  Europe  as  the 
foundation  of  their  maritime  laws.  They  have  been  ad- 
mitted as  authority  on  admiralty  questions  in  the  courts 

of  justice  in  the  United  States. Making  law,  (Old 

Eng.  Practice.)  the  formality  of  denying  a plaintiff’s 
charge,  under  oath,  in  open  court,  with  compurgators. 

— Marine  or  maritime  law,  commercial  law  : — a 

branch  of  commercial  law  relating  to  navigation,  the 
ownership  and  employment  of  vessels,  the  rights  and 
duties  of  seamen,  &c.  — Martial  law , a system  of  rules 
for  the  government  of  an  army,  or  adopted  in  time  of 
war:  — an  arbitrary  kind  of  law,  sometimes  estab- 
lished in  a place  or  district  occupied  or  controlled  by 
an  armed  force,  by  which  the  civil  authority  and  the 
ordinary  administration  of  the  law  are  either  wholly 
suspended  or  subjected  to  the  military  power. Mer- 

cantile law,  that  branch  of  law  which  defines  and  en- 
forces the  rights  and  duties  of  merchants,  embracing 
the  law  of  partnership,  of  principal  and  agent,  of  bills 
and  notes,  of  sale,  of  bailment,  guarantee,  and  lien,  of 
insurance,  &c.  — Military  law , law  administered  by 
courts-martial. — Moral  law,  the  law  which  prescribes 
to  men  their  duties  to  God  and  to  each  other,  declared 
by  God  himself  on  Sinai,  and  contained  in  the  deca- 
logue. — Mosaic  law,  the  institutions  of  Moses,  or  the 
code  of  laws  prescribed  to  the  Jews,  as  distinguished 

from  the  Prophets  and  the  Gospel. Municipal  law, 

the  law  of  a particular  place,  as  of  a city  or  town  : — 
a rule  of  civil  conduct  prescribed  by  the  supreme  power 
in  a state  ; positive  law. — Positive  laic,  law  specifi- 
cally ordained  and  adopted  for  the  government  of  so- 
ciety ; municipal  law. — Revealed  law , law  given  or 
revealed  to  man  by  God,  as  that  dictated  by  him  to 
Moses  for  the  Jews. — Statute  law , law  deriving  its 
force  from  express  legislative  enactment ; written  law. 

— Sumptuary  low,  a law  passed  by  a government  to 

restrain  the  expenditure  of  its  subjects  or  citizens  in 
apparel,  food,  &c.  ; a law  against  luxury  and  extrava- 
gant expenses  of  living. — Unwritten  law , law  not 
promulgated  by  a legislature,  but  deriving  its  authority 
from  long  usage  ; common  law.  “ A written  law  is 
called  a law , but  a rule  of  unwritten  law  is  never  called 
a law.”  P.  Cyc.  — Wager  of  law,  or  waging  law,  (Old 
Eng.  Practice.)  the  formality  of  denying  a plaintiff’s 
charge,  with  compurgators  ; making  law.  — To  go  to 
law,  to  seek  redress  in  a legal  tribunal.  — To  make  laic, 
( Old  Eng.  Practice.)  to  deny,  under  oath,  a plaintiff’s 
charge,  in  open  court,  with  compurgators. — To  take 
the  law  of,  to  prosecute  or  sue  at  law.  “ Tom  Touchy 
is  a famous  fellow  for  taking  the  law  of  every  body.” 
Jlddison.  Burrill.  P.  Cyc.  Brande. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  l,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  E,  I,  Q,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


LAW 


821 


LAY 


Syn.  — Law  is  a general  term  for  a rule,  enacted  by 
the  supreme  power  or  by  the  legislature  of  a country, 
or  established  by  an  association  or  society,  or  by  the 
course  of  nature;  as,  “ The  divine  law  ” ; “Human 
law  ” ; “ Civil  law  ” ; “ Common  law  ” ; “ The  law  of 
nature”;  “Laws  of  motion,  gravitation,”  & c.  A 
statute  is  a law  enacted  by  a legislature  : and  statute 
law  is  opposed  lo  common  Law , or  law  established  by 
long  custom.  The  enactments  of  subordinate  bodies 
or  societies  are  regulations  or  by-laws ; those  of  a 
church,  ordinances . An  edict  of  an  emperor  ; a decree 
of  a sovereign  or  of  a legislature. 

f LAW,  v.  a.  To  mutilate  the  feet  of,  as  a dog ; 
to  expeditate. — See  La  wing.  Blackstone. 

LAW,  interj.  An  exclamation  expressing  wonder 
or  surprise  ; la.  — See  La.  Palmer. 

LAW'— BOOK  (-bflk),  n.  A book  containing  laws, 
or  treating  of  laws.  Blackstone. 

LAW'— BREAK-5R,  n.  One  who  violates  law.  Shak. 

LAW'-BREAK-ING,  a.  Violating  the  law. 

LAW'— DAY  (-da),  il.  ( Old  Eng.  Law.)  A day  of 
open  court : — one  of  the  more  solemn  courts 
of  a county  or  hundred  : — the  court  leet  or  view 
of  frankpledge.  Bum-ill. 

LAW'FUL,  a.  1.  Conformable  or  agreeable  to 
law  ; allowed  by  law  ; legitimate. 

Thy  disciples  do  that  which  is  not  lawful  to  do  upon  the 
Sabbath-day.  Matt.  xii.  2. 

By  labor. 

Honest  and  lawful,  to  deserve  my  food.  Milton. 

2.  Constituted  by  law ; legal;  rightful;  just. 
“ England’s  lawful  king.”  Shak. 

Syn.  — Lawful  authority  ; legal  claim  or  standard  ; 
legitimate  offspring  ; just  balance  or  cause  ; right 
course.  — See  Justice. 

LAw'FUL-LY,  ad.  In  a lawful  manner  ; conform- 
ably or  agreeably  to  law  ; legally. 

This  bond  is  forfeit; 

And  laufullu  by  this  the  Jew  may  claim 
A pound  of  flesh.  Shak. 

LAW'FUL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  lawful ; 
conformity  to  law  ; legality.  “ The  lawfulness 
of  the  action.”  Bacon. 

lAw'-GIV-ER,  n.  One  who  prescribes  or  enacts 
laws  ; a legislator.  “ The  law-giver  of  our  na- 
tion.” Bacon.  “ The  Lord  shall  be  our  law- 
giver.” Bible,  1551. 

LAW'— GIV-ING,  a.  Prescribing  or  enacting  laws  ; 
legislative.  Milton. 

LAw'ING,  n.  The  act  of  complying  with  an  Eng- 
lish forest  law,  by  cutting  out  the  ball,  or  cut- 
ting off  three  claws,  of  a mastiff’s  fore  foot,  for 
the  preservation  of  the  king’s  game.  Blackstone. 

LAW'— LAN-GUA^E,  n.  The  technical  language 
of  the  law.  Hawkins. 

LAW'— LAT-[N,  n.  A kind  of  low  or  barbarous 
Latin  used  in  the  law.  Blackstone. 

lAw'-LEARN-TNG,  n.  Knowledge  of  the  law. 

LAw'LpSS,  a.  1.  Not  restrained  or  governed  by 
law;  not  subject  to  law.  “ Lawless  men.” 

2.  Contrary  to  law ; illegal ; unlawful. 

He  needs  no  indirect  nor  lawless  course 

To  cut  off  those  that  have  offended  him.  Shak. 

LAw'LIJSS-LY,  ad.  In  a lawless  manner;  ille- 
gally ; unlawfully.  Shak. 

LAW'LL SS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state  of 
being  unrestrained  by  law.  Spenser. 

LAW'— LIKE,  a.  Conformed  to  the  law.  Milton. 

LAW'— LORE,  n.  Knowledge  of  the  ancient  law. 

LAW'— MAK-ER,  n.  One  who  makes  or  enacts 
laws  ; a legislator.  Barnes. 

LAW'— MAK-ING,  a.  Making  or  enacting  laws ; 
legislating.  Ld.  Mansfield. 

lAw'MON-GER  (mung-ger,  82),  n.  A low  dealer  in 
the  law  ; a pettifogger.  Milton. 

LAWN,  n.  [It.  d;  Sp.  lande,  from  A.  S.,  Dut.,  § 
Eng.  land ; Fr.  lande ; W.  llan ; Old  Eng. 
laund , lawnd.] 

1.  An  extent  of  untilled  land  between  woods. 

Its  forest's  sides,  retiring,  left  a lawn 

Of  ample  circuit.  Mason. 

The  buck  forsakes  the  Uncos  where  he  hath  fed.  Drayton . 

2.  A surface  of  grass-ground,  kept  smoothly 
mown,  near  or  in  front  of  a residence,  or  in  a 
garden,  park,  or  other  pleasure-ground.  Brande. 


I, AWN,  n.  [Fr.  linon ; lin  (L.  linum,),  flax.]  A 
fine  kind  of  cambric,  formerly  made  exclusively 
of  linen,  but  now  also  of  cotton  ; — noted  as  the 
material  of  which  surplices  are  made. 

To  stop  the  wounds  the  finest  lawn  I ’d  tear.  Prior. 

A saint  in  crape  is  twice  a saint  in  lawn.  Pope. 

LAW. Y,  a.  Made  of,  or  resembling,  lawn.  Marston. 

LAWN'— SLEEVE,  n.  A sleeve  made  of  lawn ; a 

part  of  a bishop’s  dress.  Wycherly. 

LAWN'- SLEEVED  (-slevd),  a.  Having  sleeves 
made  of  lawn.  Savaye. 

LAWN'Y,  a.  1.  Resembling  a lawn  ; level ; smooth  ; 
grassy’.  “ The  lawny  ground.”  Browne. 

2.  Made  of,  or  resembling,  lawn;  thin. 

LAW'— OF'FJ-cpR,  n.  An  officer  vested  with  legal 
authority ; an  officer  of  the  law.  Jones. 

LAW'-PHRA§E,  n.  Legal  phraseology.  Selden. 

LAW'SUIT  (-siit),  n.  A suit  in  law;  a prosecu- 
tion of  some  demand  in  a court  of  justice.  Swift. 

LAW'YER,  n.  One  versed  in  the  laws,  or  a practi- 
tioner of  law. 

Anciently  written  lawer  and  lamer,  and  the  i 
then  changed  into  y.  Hicl.cs. 

Syn.  — Lawyer  is  a general  term  for  one  who  is 
versed  in,  or  who  practises,  law.  Barrister , counsel- 
lor, and  counsel  are  terms  applied  to  lawyers  who  ad- 
vise and  assist  clients,  and  argue  their  causes  in  a 
court  of  justice.  An  attorney  is  a fawyer  who  acts  for 
another,  and  prepares  cases  for  trial.  An  advocate  is 
a lawyer  who  argues  causes.  A special  pleader  is 
one  who  prepares  the  written  pleadings  in  a case.  A 
chamber  counsellor  is  a lawyer  who  gives  advice  in  his 
office,  but  does  not  act  in  court.  A conveyancer  is  one 
who  draws  writings  by  which  real  estate  is  trans- 
ferred. Civilian  and  jurist  arc  terms  applied  to  such 
as  are  versed  in  the  science  of  law,  particularly  civil 
or  Roman  law.  A solicitor  is  a lawyer  employed  in  a 
Court  of  chancery.  A publicist  is  a writer  on  the  laws 
of  nature  and  nations. 

lAw'VER— LIKE,  a.  Resembling,  or  becoming, 
a lawyer ; lawyerly.  Coleridge. 

lAW'Y£R-LY,  a.  Lawyer-like;  judicial.  Milton. 

LAX,  a.  [ L.laxus ; It.  lasso  ; Sp.  Icvxo  ; Old  Fr. 
lasche  ; Fr.  Idche .] 

1.  Loose;  slack;  not  tense;  not  stretched. 

“The  lax  membrane.”  Holder. 

2.  Not  firmly  combined  or  united;  not  com- 

pact ; of  loose  texture.  “ Gravel  and  tlie  like 
lexer  matter.”  Woodward. 

3.  Flabby  ; not  firm  or  solid.  “ The  flesh  of 
that  sort  of  fish  being  lax  and  spongy.”  Ray. 

4.  Free  from  constraint ; uncontrolled;  un- 
constrained ; unrestricted  ; at  ease. 

Meanwhile,  inhabit  lax , ye  powers  of  heaven.  Milton. 

5.  Loose  in  the  bowels,  so  as  to  have  too  fre- 
quent alvine  discharges.  Quincy. 

6.  Having  a tendency  to  dissoluteness  ; dis- 
solute ; as,  “ Lax  principles  ” ; “ Lax  morals.” 

7.  Wanting  in  strictness  or  rigorousness;  as, 
“ Lax  discipline.” 

8.  Vague;  indeterminate;  indefinite;  unde- 
fined; equivocal ; not  rigidly  exact  or  precise. 

The  word  “ interims  ” itself  is  sometimes  of  a lax  significa- 
tion, as  every  learned  man  knows.  ' Jortin. 

Syn.  — See  Dissolute. 

LAX,  il.  1.  Diarrhoea  ; a laxness.  Dunglison. 

2.  [A.  S.  leax,  Icexj]  f The  salmon.  Wright. 

LAX-A'TION,  n.  [L.  laxatio .]  The  act  of  loos- 
ening or  slackening,  or  the  state  of  being  loos- 
ened or  slackened  ; relaxation.  Cartwright. 

LAX'A-TIvE,  a.  [L.  laxativus  ; laxo,  laxatus,  to 
loosen  ; It.  lassativo ; Sp.  laxativo  ; Fr.  laxatif.) 

1.  Loosening  or  freeing  from  confinement  or 
restraint.  “ Permissions  laxative."  Milton. 

2.  (Med.)  Having  the  power  or  the  quality  of 

relieving  constipation  by  gently  moving  the  bow- 
els ; mildly  purgative.  Browne. 

LAX'A-TIVE,  n.  (Med.)  A medicine  which  gen- 
tly moves  the  bowels,  ns  distinguished  from  a 
purgative,  which  is  drastic.  Dunglison. 

LAX'A-TI  VE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  lax- 
ative. Sherwood. 

LAX'I-TY,  11.  [L.  Inxitas  ; Fr.  laxite.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  lax  ; want  of  tenseness  ; 
looseness  ; slackness  ; laxness.  “ Laxity  of  a 
fibre.”  Wiseman.  “ Laxity  of  skin.”  Dunglison. 


2.  Looseness  of  texture  ; want  of  compact- 
ness. “ So  great  a laxity  and  thinness.”  Bentley. 

3.  Looseness,  as  of  the  bowels;  — opposed  to 

costiveness.  Browne. 

4.  Want  of  strictness  or  rigorousness,  of  ac- 
curacy or  precision  ; as,  “ Laxity  of  discipline.” 

I need  not  observe  on  the  laxity  of  this  version.  Mason. 

Ease  and  laxity  of  expression.  Johnson. 

LAX'LY,  ad.  In  a lax  manner  ; loosely. 

LAX'XpSS,  n.  The  state  of  being  lax;  laxity. 
“ The  laxness  of  that  membrane.”  Holder. 

LAY  (la),  i.  from  lie.  See  Lie. 

LAY  (la),  v.  a.  [Goth,  lagyan;  A.S.  leegan-,  Dut. 
leggen  ; Ger.  legen  ; Dan.  Iccyge  ; Icel.  loggia  ; 
Sw.  liigga  ; Russ,  loju .]  [t.  laid  ; pp.  laying, 

laid.] 

1.  To  put  or  place  ; to  reposit ; to  fix  ; — par- 
ticularly so  as  to  be  flat  or  extended,  or  in  a 
state  of  rest ; as,  “ To  lay  a book  on  a table  ” ; 
“To  lay  bricks,  or  a foundation.” 

A stone  was  brought,  and  laid  upon  the  mouth  of  the  den. 

Dan.  vi.  17. 

They  have  taken  away  the  Lord  out  of  the  sepulchre,  and 
we  know  not  where  they  have  laid  him.  John  xx.  2. 

I lay  the  deep  foundations  of  a wall.  Dry  den. 

2.  To  bury  ; to  inter. 

David  . . . was  laid  unto  his  fathers.  Acts  xiii.  36. 

3.  To  propagate  by  burying  the  twigs  in  the 
ground  ; to  propagate  by  layers. 

The  chief  time  of  laying  gilliflowers  is  in  July.  Mortimer. 

4.  To  spread  on  a surface,  as  plaster  or  paint. 

The  coloring  . . . should  be  laid  on  thin.  Watts. 

5.  To  bring  forth,  as  a fowl. 

A hen  mistakes  a piece  of  chalk  for  an  egg,  and  sits  upon 
it;  she  is  insensible  of  an  increase  or  diminution  in  the  num- 
ber of  those  she  lays.  Add  won. 

6.  To  beat  down,  as  corn  or  grass.  Bacon. 

7.  To  throw  down;  to  prostrate  ; to  slay. 

The  leaders  first 

He  laid  along,  and  then  the  vulgar  pierced.  Dryden. 

8.  To  cause  or  make  to  settle  or  subside. 

A refreshing,  fragrant  shower  had  laid  the  dust.  Ray. 

9.  To  allay  ; to  calm ; to  still  ; to  quiet. 

Loud  tumults  are  not  laid 

"With  half  the  easiness  that  they  are  raised.  B.  Jonson. 

10.  To  restrain  from  walking  or  going  about, 
as  a spirit. 

It  was  believed  of  old  that  there  were  some  devils  easily 
raised,  but  never  to  be  laid.  Macaulay. 

11.  To  impose.  “ A tax  laid  upon  land.”  “A 

punishment  laid  upon  Eve.”  Locke. 

12.  To  impute;  to  charge. 

How  shall  this  bloody  deed  be  answered? 

It  will  be  laid  to  us.  Shak. 

13.  To  contrive;  to  devise.  “ Laying  plans 

for  empires.”  Pope. 

Still  fresh  projects  laid  the  gray-eyed  dame.  Chapman. 

14.  To  wager  ; to  stake ; to  bet. 

I will  lay  you  ten  thousand  ducats.  Shak. 

15.  {Law.)  To  allege,  state,  or  name.  “To 

lay  damages.”  Burrill. 

To  lay  ahold , (J\ Caut .)  to  brine  as  near  the  wind  as 
possible,  as  a vessel.  Sha/c.  — To  lay  apart , or  aside , to 
put  away  ; not  to  retain  ; to  reject  or  renounce.  “ Lay 
apart  all  filthiness.”  Jam.  i.  21.  “ Let  us  lay  aside  . . . 
the  sin  which  doth  so  easily  beset  us.”  Heb.  xii.  I. — 
To  lay  by , to  put  from  one’s  self.  “ She  . . . laid  by 
her  veil.”  Gen.  xxxviii.  19.  — To  put  away;  to  dis- 
miss. “ Let  brave  spirits  . . . not  he  laid  by  as  persons 
unnecessary  for  the  time.”  Bacon.  — To  reserve  or  re- 
posit for  future  use.  “ Let  every  one  . . . lay  by  him  in 
store,  as  God  hath  prospered  him.”  1 Cor.  xvi.  2. — 
To  lay  down , to  deposit  as  a pledge,  equivalent,  or 
satisfaction.  “ I lay  down  my  li  e for  the  sheep.”  John 
x.  15.  — To  give  up;  to  resign  ; to  quit;  to  relinquish. 
“ I will  not  have  him  to  lay  down  his  arms.”  Spenser. 
“ I take  it  [the  story]  up  where  the  history  has  laid  it 
down.^  Dryden.  — To  offer  or  advance  as  a proposi- 
tion. “ The  maxims  laid  down .”  Swift.  — t To  lay  for, 
to  wait  for  insidiously.  Knollcs.  — t To  lay  forth,  to 
lay  out,  as  a corpse.  Shak.  — f7  'o  lay  one’s  self  forth, 
to  exhibit  or  employ  one’s  best  powers.  “ He  lays  him- 
self forth  upon  the  gracefulness  of  the  raven.”  L’F.s- 
trange. — To  lay  heads  together,  to  consult;  to  delib- 
erate ; to  take  counsel.  Shak.  — To  lay  hold  of,  or  on, 
to  seize  ; to  catch.  “ Lay  hold  of  him.”  Shak.  llLuy 
hold  on  eternal  life.”  1 Tim.  vi.  12. — To  lay  in,  to 
store.  “To  lay  in  timely  provisions.”  Addison.  — To 
lay  in  for,  to  take  measures  to  secure  the  possession 
of.  “I  have  laid  in  for  these.”  Dryden. — To  lay  the 
land,  ( JSTaut .)  to  sail  from  it  so  that  it  sinks  or  disap- 
pears. Mar.  Diet. — To  lay  on,  to  apply  with  violence  ; 
to  inflict.  “ Blows  laid  on.”  Locke.  — To  lay  open,  to 
expose  ; to  show  ; to  reveal.  “ A fool  laycth  open  his 
folly.”  Prov.  xiii.  16. — To  lay  over,  to  spread  over; 
to  cover  the  surface  of ; to  incrust.  “ It  is  laid  over 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON  ; BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — £,  i},  g,  soft;  £,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  ^ as  z;  ^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


LAY 


822 


LEAD 


with  gold  and  silver.”  Hub.  ii.  19.  — To  lay  out,  to 
expend.  “ The  money  of  all  other  the  best  laid  out.” 
Locke.  — To  display  ; to  discover.  “ He  . . . takes  oc- 
casion to  lay  out  bigotry  ...  in  all  its  colors.”  Jitter - 
bury.  — To  plan ; to  dispose  ; to  arrange  ; as,  “ To  lay 
out  a garden  ” : — to  dress  in  grave-clothes  and  place 
in  a decent  posture,  as  a corpse.  — To  lay  one’s  self  out, 
to  put  forth  or  exert  one’s  best  powers.  “ To  lay  out 
himself  for  the  good  of  his  country.”  Smalridge. — To 
lay  a rope,  to  close  or  twist  together  the  strands  of  a 
rope.  Mar.  Diet. — To  lay  siege  to,  or  against , to  be- 
siege. Philips.  — To  lay  to,  to  impute  to;  to  charge 
with.  Sidney.  — (Naut.)  So  stop  the  progress  of,  as  of 
a vessel,  by  bringing  her  head  into  the  wind  ; to  heave 
to  : — to  apply  with  vigor.  Tusser.  — f To  harass  ; to 
attack.  Daniel. — To  lay  to  heart,  to  permit  to  affect 
deeply.  “ The  peacock  laid  it  extremely  to  heart  that 
he  iiad  not  the  nightingale’s  voice.”  L’ Estrange.  — To 
lay  under,  to  subject  to.  “ To  lay  it  [the  world]  under 
the  restraint  of  laws.”  Addison. — To  lay  up,  to  store  ; 
to  reposit  for  future  use.  Pope.  — To  confine  to  the  bed 
or  the  chamber  with  sickness.  “ No  one  was  ever  . . . 
laid  up  by  that  disease.”  Temple.  — To  dismantle  and 
put  in  some  safe  place,  as  a vessel.  — \To  lay  upon , to 
importune.  Knollcs.  — To  lay  wait,  to  lie  in  ainbush 
for.  “ Let  us  lay  wait  for  bio  »d.”  Prov.  i.  11.  — To  lay 
waste,  to  desolate  ; to  destroy.  “ I will  lay  thy  cities 
waste.”  Ezek.  xxxv.  4. 

LAY,  v.  7i.  1.  To  bring  forth  eggs,  as  a hen. 

liens  will  greedily  eat  the  herb  which  will  make  them  lay 
the  better.  Mortimer. 

2.  To  contrive  ; to  form  a scheme  ; to  plan,  [r.] 

Scarce  are  their  consorts  cold  ere  they  are  laying  for  a sec- 
ond match.  Bp.  Hall. 

3.  {Naut.)  To  come  or  go  ; as,  “ Lay  aloft  ” ; 

“ Lay  forward  ” ; “ Lay  aft.”  Da7ia. 

To  lay  about , to  strike  on  all  sides.  “ And  laid  about 
in  fight  more  busily.”  Hudibras.  — To  act  with  dili- 
gence and  vigor.  “ How  studiously  did  they  lay  about 
them  to  cast  a slur  upon  the  king.”  South.  — To  lay  at, 
to  aim  blows  at.  “The  sword  of  him  that  layeth  at 
him  cannot  hold.”  Job  xli.  26.  — To  lay  on,  to  deal  or 
give  blows.  “ Lay  on,  Macduff.”  Shak.  — To  lay  out, 
to  purpose  ; to  take  measures.  “ I . . . laid  out  for  in- 
telligence of  all  places.”  Woodward.  — To  give  or  ex- 
pend money.  “ Lay  out ! lay  out ! ” Shale.  — To  lay  upon , 
to  request  earnestly  ; to  importune.  “ All  the  people 
laid  so  earnestly  upon  him  to  take  that  war  in  hand.” 
Knolles. 

LAY  (la),  7i.  1.  That  which  is  laid ; a layer ; a 
stratum ; a row. 

Different  lays  of  white  and  black  marble.  Addison. 

2.  A wager  ; a bet ; a stake. 

My  fortunes  against  any  lay  worth  naming.  Shak. 

3.  f Station  ; rank.  Soliman  § Perseda , ld99. 

4.  Bargain  ; price  ; as,  “ I bought  the  articles 

at  a good  lay.”  [Local,  U.  S.]  Pickering. 

5.  (.Va«L)The  direction  in  which  the  strands 

of  a rope  are  twisted  together.  Dana. 

6.  ( Whaling.)  The  proportion  of  the  pro- 
ceeds of  the  voyage  received  by  each  member 
of  the  ship’s  company ; share  of  profit.  Warfield. 

Lay  of  the  land,  the  features  or  the  relative  position 
of  the  parts  of  any  land  or  place. 

LAY,  7i.  [A.  S.leag , ley.]  Grass  or  pasture  land; 
— properly  written  lea.  — See  Lea.  Dryden. 

LAY  (la),  a.  [Gr.  Afiucdg,  from  Gr.  ?.a6g,  the  peo- 
ple; L.  laicus  ; It.  laico\  Fr.  lai. — See  Laic.] 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  laity  or  people,  as 
distinct  from  the  clergy  ; laic  ; laical. 

The  lay  part  of  his  majesty’s  subjects.  Blackstone. 

2.  f Unlearned  ; ignorant. 

For  them  all  mouths  will  judge,  and  their  own  way: 

The  learned  have  no  more  privilege  than  the  lay.  B.  Jonson. 

LAY  (la),  n.  [Goth,  linthon,  to  play ; It.  lai ; Old 
Fr.  lai,  lais ; from  L.  lessus,  a funeral  lamen- 
tation. Menage,  Landais. — A.  S.  Icy,  a sonv; 
Ger.  lied-,  Dan.  hjd ; I cel.  Hod  ; Scot,  hid,  lede, 
laid ; W.  Uais,  sound,  melody  ; Ir.  is  Gael,  laoith, 
a poem.  — Tyrwhitt  is  “ inclined  to  believe  ” that 
all  these  words  (the  It.,  &c.,  as  weil  as  the  A.  S., 
&c.)  are  tobe  referred  to  the  same  Goth,  original,, 
which  Wachter  and  Richardson  suppose  to  be 
A.  S.  hlowan,  hlowth,  to  low  or  bellow,  whence 
hlud,  loud,  and  hlyd,  a noise.] 

1.  An  ancient  elegiac  kind  of  French  lyric 
poetry,  formerly  much  imitated  by  the  English. 

The  lay  is  said  to  have  been  formed  on  the  model  of  the 
trochaic  verses  of  the  Greek  and  Latin  tragedies,  Moore. 
Go  boldly  forth,  my  simple  lay, 

Whose  accents  flow  with  artless  ease. 

Like  orient  pearls  at  random  strung.  Sir  W.  Jones. 

2.  A song.  “ A joyous  lay."  Spenser. 

Through  the  soft  silence  cf  the  listening  night 

The  sober-suited  songstress  trills  her  lay,  Thomson. 

Syn.  — See  Song. 


LAY'— BRoTH-£R,  n.  (Reel.  Hist.)  A person  re- 
ceived into  a convent  of  monks,  under  the  three 
vows,  but  not  in  holy  orders  ; — often  employed 
in  the  manual  exercises  necessary  for  the  uses 
of  the  community.  Brande. 

LAY'— CLERK  (-klirk  or  -klerk),  n.  A layman  ap- 
pointed to  lead  the  responses  of  the  congrega- 
tion in  a cathedral,  and  otherwise  to  assist  in 
the  services  of  the  church.  llook. 

LAY'— DAYiJ,  n.  pi.  (Law  of  Shipping.')  Days  al- 
lowed in  charter  parties  for  loading  and  unload- 
ing the  cargo.  Burrill. 

LAY'— EL-DfR,  n.  A layman  invested  with  ec- 
clesiastical authority  ; one  who  assists  the  pas- 
tor. Milton. 

LAY'f.R  (Ia'?r),  n.  1.  lie  who,  or  that  which,  lays. 

2.  That  which  is  laid ; a lay ; a stratum ; a 
row  ; a course.  “A  layer  of  rich  mould.  "Ecelyn. 

The  terrestrial  matter  is  disposed  into  strata  or  layers, 
placed  one  upon  another.  Woodward. 

3.  A shoot  or  twig  of  a plant  bent  down  and 

buried  in  the  ground,  and  which,  when  rooted 
and  separated  from  the  parent  stock,  forms  a 
distinct  plant.  Brande. 

LAY'JJR-ING,  n.  Propagation  by  layers.  P.  Cyc. 

LAY'ER— OUT,  n.  One  who  expends  money;  a 
steward.  Huloet. 

LAY'pR-UP,  n.  .One  who  reposits  for  future  use. 
“ Old  age,  that  ill  layer-up  of  beauty.”  Shak. 

LAY'— FIG-URE,  n.  A little  image  of  the  human 
form  so  constructed  as  easily  to  be  put  into  any 
desired  posture,  upon  which  drapery  is  laid,  to 
serve  as  a model  to  painters.  Brande. 

LAY'jNG,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  lays. 

2.  (Masonry.)  The  first  coat  on  laths  of  plas- 
terers’ two-coat  work.  Brande. 

Laying  on  of  hands.  See  Imposition  of  hands. 

LAY'— LAND,  n.  Land  lying  untilled;  fallow- 
land.  “ My  broad  lay-land.”  Cauline. 

LAY'M  AN,  n.  ; pi.  laymen.  1.  One  of  the  laity. 

2.  A little  image  of  the  human  form  used  by 
painters  ; a lay-figure.  — See  Lay-figure. 

f LAY'SHIP,  n.  The  state  of  a layman.  Milton. 

LAY'STALL,  n.  1.  A place  where  dung  is  laid; 
a dunghill.  Bacon. 

2.  A place  where  milch  cows  are  kept  in 
London.  Simmonds. 

LA'ZAR,  n.  [It.  lazzaro;  Sp.  lazaro;  Old  Fr. 
lazare.  — Perhaps  from  Lazarus.  Luke  xvi.  20. 
Junius .]  A person  infected  with  a pestilential 
disease,  or  with  filthy  sores.  Spenser. 

Or,  like  Ulysses,  a low  lazar  stand, 

Beseechiug  Pity’s  cyc  and  Bounty’s  hand.  Savage. 

LAZ'A-RET,  n.  [Fr.]  Lazaretto.  Blackstone. 

LAZ-A-RET'TO,  n.  [It.  lazzaretto ; lazzaro,  a 
lazar  ; Sp.  lazaretto ; Fr.  lazaret .]  In  the  south- 
ern states  of  Europe,  a hospital  for  the  recep- 
tion of  the  poor  and  those  afllicted  with  conta- 
gious disorders  : — also,  a building  set  apart  for 
the  performance  of  quarantine.  Brande. 

LA'ZAR-HOUSEj  n.  Same  as  Lazaretto. 

A lazar-house  it  seemed,  wherein  were  laid 
Numbers  of  all  diseased,  all  maladies.  Milton. 

LAZ'A-RIST,  n.  (Eccl.  Hist.)  One  of  an  order 
of  Roman  Catholic  missionaries,  founded  in 
1632  ; — so  named  from  the  priory  of  St.  Laza- 
rus, at  Paris,  the  head-quarters  of  the  order. 
Their  principal  object  was  to  dispense  religious 
instruction  among  the  poorer  inhabitants  of  the 
rural  districts  of  France.  Brande. 

LA'ZAR-LlKE,  ? a pul]  0f  sores  ; leprous.  “Most 

LA'ZAR-LY,  > lazar-like.”  Shak.  “ Leprous 
and  lazarly  orders.”  Bp.  Hall. 

LAz-A-Rf)L'LI,  n.  [It.  lazzaruolo .]  The  fruit  of 
an  Italian  tree.  Sir  W.  Temple. 

LA'ZAR- WORT  (-wUrt),  n.  (Bot.)  Aplant.  — See 
Laserwort.  Johnson. 

f LAZE,  v.  n.  To  be  lazy;  to  live  or  spend  the 
time  slothfully.  “Up,  and  laze  not.” Middleton. 

LAZE,  v.  a.  To  indulge  or  waste  in  sloth,  [r.] 

lie  that  takes  liberty  to  laze  himself,  and  dull  his  spirits 
for  lack  of  use,  shall  find,  the  more  he  sleeps  the  more  he 
shall  be  drowsy.  Wtn.  Whatilff,  1684. 


LA'ZI-LY,  ad.  In  a lazy  manner;  idly;  sloth- 
fully ; sluggishly. 

He  lazily  and  listlessly  dreams  away  hiB  time.  Locke. 

LA'Zj-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality  of  being 
lazy  ; disposition  to  be  idle  ; slothfulness  ; slug- 
gishness; indolence. 

As  soon  as  laziness  will  let  me, 

1 rise  from  bed.  and  down  I sit  me.  Dodsley. 

LAZ'JNG,  a.  Lazy ; sluggish ; idle,  [r.]  South. 

LAZ'U-Ll,  n.  [Arab,  lazurd,  lazuli.  Landais. — 
Arab,  azul,  heaven.  Dana.)  (Min.)  A blue 
mineral ; lapis-lazuli.  Woodward. 

LAZ'U-LITE,  n.  [Eng.  lazuli  and  Gr.  ItDos,  a 
stone.]  (Min.)  A blue,  hydrous  phosphate  of 
alumina  and  magnesia.  Dana. 

LA'ZY,  a.  [Dut.  lasigh ; Old  Ger.  laz  ; Ger.  lass, 
Icissig  ; AV.  llesg  ; Old  Eng.  Iccsie,  lasie.  — From 
A.  S.  lesan  [I)ut.  lossan,  Ger.  lassen),  to  dis- 
miss, to  remit.  Lilian.) 

1.  Disposed  to  be  idle;  not  alert;  slothful; 
inactive  ; indolent ; slothful ; sluggish.  Shak. 

2.  Slow ; tedious.  “ Too  dull  and  lazy  an 

expedient.”  Clarendon. 

Syn. — See  Indolent. 

LA'ZY— BONE§  (-bonz),  n.  An  idler.  Favour. 

LAZ-ZA-RO'Nl,  n.  pi.  [It.]  Beggars  and  idlers 
at  Naples  ; — so  named  from  the  hospital  of  St. 
Lazarus,  which  formerly  served  as  a place  of 
refuge  for  the  destitute  in  that  city.  Brande. 

LEA  (le),  n.  [A.  S.  leag,  legh,  leah,  lega,  ley  ; AV. 
lie.  — From  lay  [A.  S.  leegan).  Somner,  Vers- 
tegan,  Skinner.)  Grass  or  sward-land  ; a pas- 
ture, or  a meadow  ; — written  also  lay  and  ley. 

The  lowing  herd  winds  slowly  o’er  the  lea.  Gray. 

LEA  (le),  n.  A measure  of  yarn  ; a rap. 

IjSf-  The  ha  contains,  in  cotton  yarn  80  threads,  in 
linen  yarn  120  threads,  in  worsted  yarn  80  threads. — 
See  Thread.  Simmonds. 

LEACH,  v.  a.  [Dut.  lekken,  to  leak.  — See  Leak.] 
[£.  leached  ; pp.  leaching,  leached.]  To 
cause  a fluid  to  percolate  through,  as  water 
through  wood-ashes  to  produce  lye  ; — written 
also  leech  and  letch.  Todd. 

LEACH,  n.  1.  A quantity  of  any  thing,  as  wood- 
ashes,  to  be  leached.  Wright. 

2.  A leach-tub  or  leech-tub.  Lay. 

LEACH,  n.  (Naut.)  The  border  or  edge  of  a sail 
at  the  sides  ; — written  also  leech.  Dana. 

LEACH'— LINE,  n.  (Naut.)  A rope  for  hauling 
up  the  leach  of  a sail.  Dana. 

LEACII'-TUB,  ii.  A tub  or  vessel  in  which  wood- 
ashes  are  leached ; leech-tub.  Craig. 

LEAD  (led),  n.  [A.  S.  lead,  lad  ; Dut.  lood ; Ger. 
loth  ; Dan.  lod  ; Icel.  led  : Sw.  lod.) 

1.  A soft,  flexible,  inelastic,  ductile,  and  very 
malleable  metal,  of  a grayish-blue  color,  and  a 
specific  gravity  of  about  11.38. 

4®=-  “ Lead  very  rarely  occurs  native,  but  is  obtained 
in  great  quantities  from  galena,  or  native  sulphuret  of 
lead,  the  principal  of  the  twenty  or  thirty  ores  of  this 
metal.”  Dana. 

2.  A plummet,  or  piece  of  lead  used  in 

sounding.  Brande. 

3.  pi.  Sheets  of  lead  used  for  covering  roofs  ; 
hence,  a roof  covered  with  such  sheets.  Shak. 

4.  A small  cylinder  of  black-lead,  or  carburet 
of  iron,  used  in  pencils. 

5.  (Printing.)  A plate  of  type-metal  used  to 

separate  lines  of  type.  Brande. 

LEAD  (led),  V.  a.  \i.  leaded  ; pp.  LEADING, 
LEADED.] 

1.  To  fit  with  lead  in  any  manner.  Bacon. 

2.  (Printing.)  To  separate,  as  lines  of  type, 

by  inserting  a lead.  Adams. 

LEAD  (led),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  ladan  ; Dut.  leiden ; 
Frs.  leda ; Ger.  leiten ; Dan.  lede ; Icel.  leida ; 
Sw.  leda.)  [i.  led  ; pp.  leading,  led.] 

1.  To  guide  or  conduct  by  the  hand. 

Doth  not  each  one  of  you,  on  the  Sabbath,  loose  his  ox  or 
his  ass  from  the  stall,  and  lead  him  away  to  watering? 

Luke  xiii.  15. 

2.  To  go  before  as  guide  or  conductor;  to 
conduct ; as,  “ To  lead  troops  into  battle.” 

He  calleth  his  own  sheep  by  name,  and  leadeth  them  out. 

John  x.  3. 

Lead  to  the  Sagittary  the  raised  search.  Shak. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  ?,  J,  O,  IT,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


LEAD 


823 


LEAN 


3.  To  be  at  the  head  of;  to  head;  as,  “To 
lead  an  assault”  ; “To  lead  the  opposition.” 

4.  To  induce  ; to  prevail  on ; to  persuade. 

He  was  driven  by  the  necessities  of  the  times,  more  than 

led  by  his  own  disposition,  to  any  vigor  of  action.  K.  Charles. 

5.  To  draw ; to  entice  ; to  allure ; to  influ- 
ence. “ To  lead  him  into  a mistake.”  Clarendon. 

6.  To  pass  ; to  spend. 

That  we  may  lead  a just  and  peaceable  life  in  all  godliness 
and  honesty.  1 Tim.  ii.  2. 

To  lead  captive,  to  carry  into  captivity. — To  lead 
the  way,  to  go  before  as  guide  or  conductor. 

Syn.  — See  Conduct. 

LEAD,  v.  n.  1.  To  go  before  or  first  and  show 
the  way.  “I  will  lead  on  softly.”  Gen.  xxxiii.  14. 

He  tried  each  art,  reproved  each  dull  delay, 

Allured  to  brighter  worlds,  and  led  the  way.  Goldsmith. 

2.  To  have  or  take  precedence  or  preemi- 
nence ; to  be  first  in  rank.  Spenser. 

To  lead  off,  to  begin  ; to  take  tile  lead.  Cumberland. 

LEAD,  n..  1.  The  act  of  leading  or  conducting; 
guidance  ; direction. 

At  the  time  I speak  of,  having  a momentary  lead.  I am 
sure  I did  my  country  important  service.  Burke. 

2.  The  state  of  being  before  or  in  advance  of 
others  in  any  respect ; precedence. 

Yorkshire  takes  the  lead  of  the  other  counties.  Fleming. 

LEADED,  p.  a.  1.  Fitted  with  lead. 

2.  (Printing.)  Having  the  lines  separated 
by  leads  ; as,  “ Leaded  types.” 

LEAD'EN  (led'dn),  a.  1.  Made  of,  or  resembling, 
lead.  “ Large  leaden  arches.”  Fawkes. 

2.  Heavy  ; dull ; stupid  ; foolish.  Shah. 

LEAD'EN— HEART-pD  (led'dn-lidrt-ed),  a.  Void 
of  sensibility  ; unfeeling.  Thomson. 

LEAD'EN-HEELED  (lcd'dn-held),  a.  Moving 
slowly.  “ Comforts  are  leaden-heeled.”  Ford. 

LEAD'EN-STEP-PING,  a.  Moving  slowly.  “ The 
lazy,  leaden-stepping  hours.”  Milton. 

LEAD'pR,  n.  1.  One  who  leads  or  conducts  ; one 
who  is  at  the  head  or  takes  the  lead ; a guide  ; 
a director  ; as,  “ The  leader  of  the  cavalry.” 

I am  neither  a minister  nor  a leader  of  opposition.  Burke. 

2.  One  who  leads  troops;  commander;  chief. 

Tile  leaders  of  foreign  mercenaries  have  always  been  most 

dangerous  to  a country.  Macaulay. 

3.  (Mas.)  A performer  who,  in  a concert, 

leads  a choir  or  a band.  Moore. 

4.  The  principal  wheel  in  machinery.  Francis. 

5.  The  principal  editorial  article  in  a news- 
paper or  journal.  Simmonds. 

6.  pi.  (Printing.)  Periods  or  hyphens  used 

in  indexes  to  books,  tables  of  contents,  and 
similar  matter,  to  lead  the  eye  across  the  page 
or  column.  Adams. 

1.  (Mining.)  A branch,  rib,  or  string  of  ore 
leading  to  a lode.  Weale. 

Syn. — See  Chief. 

LEAD'ER-SHIP,  n.  The  state  or  the  office  of  a 
leader.  Qu.  Rev. 

LEAD'HILL-ITE,  n.  (Min.)  A sulphato-tricar- 
bonate  of  lead  found  chiefly  at  Leadhills,  Scot- 
land, associated  with  other  ores  of  lead.  Dana. 

LEAD'ING,  p.  a.  Taking  the  lead  or  precedence; 
chief;  principal;  as,  “ A leading  man”;  “A 
leading  topic  of  debate.” 

Leading  note,  (Mas.)  the  seventh  note  of  any  key, 
when  at  the  distance  of  a semitone  below  t he  key- 
note. — Leading  question,  a question  so  put  as  to  sug- 
gest the  answer. 

LEAD'ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  leads ; guid- 
ance ; conduct.  “ I shall  no  leading  need. "Shah. 

LEAD'ING— HO^E,  n.  The  hose  through  which 
water  is  discharged  from  a fire-engine. 

LEAD'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a leading  manner. 

L E A D'ING— STRING^,  n.  pi.  Strings  by  which 
children  are  supported  when  learning  to  walk. 

Was  he  ever  able  to  walk  without  leading-strings ? Swift. 

LEAD'ING— WHEEL,  n.  (Machinery.)  One  of 
the  small  wheels  of  a locomotive,  which  are 
placed  before  the  driving-wheels.  Weale. 

t LEAD’MAN,  n.  One  who  leads  a dance. 

And  by  leadmen  for  the  nonce. 

That  turn  round  like  grindle-stones.  B.  Jonson. 

LEAD'— MILL,  n.  A circular  plate  of  lead  used  by 
lapidaries  for  roughing  or  grinding.  Simmonds. 


LEAD'— MINE,  n.  A mine  containing  lead-ore. 

LEAD'— PEN-CIL,  n.  A pencil  containing  black 
lead,  or  compressed  plumbago.  Simmonds. 

LEADSMAN,  n.  ; pi.  leadsmen.  (Naut.)  The 
man  who  heaves  the  lead.  Crabb. 

LEAD'SPAR,  n.  (Min.)  A crystallized  sulphate 
of  lead.  Hamilton. 

LEAD'WORT  (led'wurt),  n.  (Bot.)  The  popular 
name  of  the  genus  Plumbago.  Loudon. 

LEAD'Y  (led'e),  a.  Of  the  color  of  lead.  Iluloet. 

LEAF  (lef),  n.  ; pi.  leave?.  [Goth.  lauf\  A.  S. 
leaf-,  Dut.  loof ; Ger.  laub  ; Dan.  liiv ; Sw.  lof; 
Icel.  lauf.  — The  original  signification  seems  to 
be  broad,  flat.  Bosworth .] 

1.  (Bot.)  The  green  deciduous  part  of  a 
plant  or  tree ; the  organ  which  elaborates  the 
crude  sap  of  a plant,  produced  by  an  expan- 
sion of  the  bark  at  a node  of  the  stem,  and 
composed  of  cellular  tissue,  and  generally  with 
fibres  of  vascular  tissue  intermixed. 

iisr  The  blade  (lamina)  of  a 
leaf  is  commonly  raised  on  an  un  - 
expanded part  termed  tile  leaf- 
stalk (petiole).  When  a leaf  ex- 
pands immediately  at  the  stem, 
it  is  termed  sessile.  A simple  leaf 
has  but  one  blade,  as  a leaf  of 
the  oak ; a compound  leaf  has 
more  than  one  blade,  as  a leaf  of 
the  acacia.  The  term  leaf  is  some- 
times applied  to  that  part  of  a 
flower  which  is  properly  called 
petal.  I n the  figure,  B is  the  blade, 

P the  petiole,  foot-stalk,  or  leaf- 
stalk, st  the  stipules.  Gray. 

Henslow. 

2.  A part  of  a book  or  folded  sheet  contain- 
ing two  pages.  Spenser. 

3.  One  of  the  wings  or  sides  of  folding-doors, 

window-shutters,  Ac.  Weale. 

4.  The  falling  side  of  a table. 

5.  Any  thing  resembling  a leaf  in  thinness, 
flatness,  or  extension;  as,  “Gold  leaf.” 

LEAF  (lef),  V.  n.  [».  LEAFED  ; pp.  LEAFING, 
leafed.]  To  put  forth  leaves,  as  a plant ; to 
bear  leaves.  Browne. 

LEAF'AtjlE,  n_  Leaves  collectively  ; foliage,  [r.] 
The  Silk  - Worms,  1599. 

LEAF'— BRIDGE,  n.  A kind  of  drawbridge,  having 
two  platforms,  one  on  each  side  of  the  chasm 
to  be  passed.  — See  Drawbridge.  Francis. 

LEAF'— BUD,  n.  (Bot.)  An  organ  of  a plant,  con- 
sisting of  leaves  in  a rudimentary  state.  P.  Cyc. 

LEAF'— CROWNED  (-kround),  a.  Crowned  with 
leaves  or  foliages.  Wright. 

LEAFED  (left),  a.  Leaved,  [r.]  Huloet. 

LEAF'-GOLD,  n.  Gold  leaf.  Addison. 

LEAF'— HOP-P£R,  n.  (Ent.)  The  common  name 
of  hemipterous  insects  of  the  genus  Tettigonia, 
that  live  mostly  on  the  leaves  of  plants.  Harris. 

LEAF'I-NESS,  n.  Quality  or  state  of  being  leafy. 

LEAF'— LARD,  n.  Lard  from  the  flaky  fat  which 
lies  on  the  kidneys  of  swine.  Simmonds. 

LEAF'LIJSS,  a.  Destitute  of  leaves.  Somerville. 

LEAF'L£SS-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  leafless. 

LEAF'L^T,  n.  1.  (Bot.)  One  of  the  di-  •jw, 
visions  or  blades  of  a compound  leaf ; 'sk'm 
a small  leaf.  — See  Leaf.  Gray, 

2.  A little  or  young  leaf.  E.  Everett. 

LEAF'— LIKE,  a.  Resembling  a leaf ; foliaceous. 

LEAF'— LOUSE,  n.  A small  insect  which  feeds  on 
the  leaves  of  certain  plants.  Goldsmith. 

LEAF'-STALK  (leflstlwk),  n.  (Bot.)  The  stalk 
of  a leaf ; a petiole.  Gray. 

LEAF'Y  (lef'e),  a.  Full  of  leaves;  having  thick 
foliage.  “The  leafy  forest.”  Dryden. 

Scarce  stole  a breeze  to  wave  leafy  spray.  Mason. 

LEAGUE  (leg),  n.  [Low  L.  liga ; L.  ligo,  to  bind  ; 
It.  lega ; Sp.  liga  ; Fr.  ligue. ] 

1.  An  alliance  or  confederacy  between  two  or 
more  states  or  powers,  in  order  to  achieve  some 
common  enterprise  ; confederation. 

2.  A union  or  combination  of  individuals,  for 
some  specific  object ; a coalition.  Simmonds. 

Holy  League,  or  The  League,  (French  Hist.)  a political 


association  formed  by  the  Roman  Catholic  party  in 
the  reign  of  Henry  III.,  the  object  of  which  was  to 
overthrow  the  Protestants  and  place  the  Duke  of  Guise 
ou  the  throne.  — Solemn  league  and  covenant.  See 
Covenant,  No.  4. 

Syn.  — See  Alliance. 

LEAGUE  (leg),  V.  n.  [(.  LEAGUED  ; pp.  LEAGUING, 
leagued.]  To  join  or  combine  in  a league;  to 
form  a league  ; to  confederate  ; to  unite.  South. 

LEAGUE  (leg),  n.  [L.  leuca,  leuga  (stated  by  Cam- 
den to  be  derived  from  the  Celtic  leach,  a stone. 
P.  Cyc).  — W.  leech,  a flat  stone  ; Gael.  leig.  — 
It.  lega  ; Sp.  legua  ; Port,  legoa  ; Fr.  lieue.)  A 
measure  of  distance,  used  chiefly  in  reckoning 
distances  by  sea,  being  three  geographical  miles, 
or  about  3.45  English  or  statute  miles. 

As  an  itinerary  measure,  the  league  varies  iu 
different  countries.  In  France,  the  common  league  is 
2.76,  and  the  legal  league2.42,  statute  miles.  In  Spain, 
the  common  league  is  4.21C,  and  the  legal  2.C35,  stat- 
ute miles.  In  Portugal,  the  league  is  3.84,  in  Switzer- 
land, 5.20,  in  Sweden,  6.65,  in  Prussia,  4.81,  and  in 
Japan,  1.45,  statute  miles.  Winslow. 

LEAGUED  (legd),  a.  United  or  combined  in  a 
league  ; confederated  ; allied. 

When  leagued  Oppression  poured  to  northern  wars 

Her  whiskered  pandours  and  her  fierce  hussars.  Campbell. 

LEA'GUER  (le'gur),  n.  1.  One  who  unites  in  a 
league.  “ Royalists  and  leaguers.”  Bacon. 

2.  A camp,  especially  a camp  performing 
siege.  “ Tlie  leaguer  of  the  adversaries.”  Shah. 

LEA'GUER  (le'gur),  v.  a.  [Dut.  lageren,  to  en- 
camp; Ger.  lagern.  — See  Beleaguer.]  To 
beleaguer  ; to  besiege.  Pope. 

LEAK  (lek),  n.  [A.  S.  hlece,  leaky;  Dut.  lek,  a 
leak;  Ger.  leek  ; Dan.  leek  ; Sw.  lack.) 

1.  A hole  or  fissure  which  lets  a fluid,  as 
water,  in  or  out ; as,  A leak  in  a roof.” 

When  unrelenting  thus  the  leaks  they  found, 

The  clattering  pumps  with  clanking  strokes  resound. 

Falconer . 

2.  The  passing  of  a fluid,  as  water,  in  or  out 

through  a hole  or  fissure.  Wright. 

To  spring  a leak,  (Naut.)  to  begin  to  leak.  Dana. 

f LEAK,  a.  Leaky.  Spenser. 

LEAK,  V.  n.  [*.  LEAKED  ; )rp.  LEAKING,  LEAKED.] 
[Dut.  lekken-,  Ger.  lecken-,  Dan.  Icekke ; Sw. 
lUcka.] 

1.  To  trickle  or  run  in  or  out,  as  a fluid, 
through  a hole  or  fissure. 

The  water,  which  will,  perhaps,  by  degrees  leak  into  sev- 
eral parts,  may  be  emptied  out  again.  Wilkins . 

2.  To  let  a fluid,  as  water,  in  or  out  through 
a hole  or  fissure ; as,  “ The  cask  leaks.” 

3.  f To  urinate;  to  make  water.  Shak. 

To  leak  out,  to  become  public,  as  a report  or  a fact. 

LEAK,  v.  a.  To  let  out  or  in,  as  a fluid,  through 

a hole  or  fissure.  Hooke. 

LEAK'A^E,  n.  1.  A leaking: — the  quantity  of 
liquid  that  escapes  by  leaking.  Bp.  Parker. 

2.  (Com.)  An  allowance  in  the  customs  of  a 
certain  rate  per  cent,  on  the  gauge  of  wines 
and  other  liquids,  made  to  the  importer,  for  the 
waste  which  they  are  supposed  to  sustain  by 
leaking.  Bouvier. 

LEAK'Y,  a.  1.  That  lets  a fluid,  as  water,  in  or 
out  through  a hole  or  fissure  ; that  leaks ; as, 
“A  leaky  boat  ” ; “A  leaky  roof.” 

2.  That  cannot  keep  a secret;  tattling;  not 
close.  “ His  leaky  tongue.”  Hamilton. 

LEAL,  a.  Loyal ; honest.  [Scot.]  Jamieson. 

f LEAM,  n.  [L.  ligamen ; Fr.  lien,  a band.] 

1.  A collar  or  string  by  which  a hunter  leads 

his  dog  ; — written  also  lime.  Pennant. 

2.  A flash.  — See  Lf.me.  Johnson. 

f LEAM'BR,  n.  A hound  led  by  a leam.  Ash. 

LEAN  (lsn),  v.  n.  [A.  S.  hlinian  ; Dut.  leunen-, 
Ger.  lehnen  ; Dan.  lame  ; Sw.  Into.)  [i.  leaned 
or  LEANT  ; pp.  LEANING,  LEANED  Of  LEANT. — 
Leant  (lent)  is  not  now  much  used,  except  col- 
loquially. Smart  says  of  lean,  “ It  is  a regular 
verb ; colloquial  usage  warrants  leant  (pro- 
nounced lint)  for  the  preterite  and  participle.”] 

1.  To  incline  or  deviate  from  an  upright  po- 
sition ; to  he  in,  or  to  assume,  a position 
oblique  to  a perpendicular  line;  as,  “ The  tower 
at  Pisa  leans  ” ; “ To  lean  forward  in  walking.” 

2.  To  incline  for  support ; to  press  in  an 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  s6n  ; BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — g,  soft;  E,  <3,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  ^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


LEAN 


oblique  direction.  “ Leaning  on  mine  elbow.” 
“ Our  prop  to  lean  upon.”  Shak. 

Suffer  me  that  I may  feel  the  pillars  whereon  the  house 
standeth,  that  I may  lean  upon  them.  Judy.  xvi.  2(S. 

3.  To  have  an  inclination  or  tendency  ; to 
tend  ; to  propend  ; to  incline. 

And  even  his  failings  leaned  to  virtue’s  side.  Goldsmith. 

LEAN,  v.  a.  1.  To  cause  to  lean  ; to  incline  for 
support  or  rest ; to  repose. 

See,  how  she  leans  her  cheek  upon  her  handl  Shak. 

2.  f [Icel.  leina.]  To  conceal.  Ray. 

LEAN  (len),  a.  [A.  S.  hlcene,  Irene.] 

1.  Wanting  in  flesh  ; poor  ; thin ; lank  ; gaunt ; 
emaciated  ; — opposed  to  fat. 

As  lean  was  his  horse  as  is  a rake. 

Your  fat  king  and  your  lean  beggar.  Shak. 

2. '  Not  full  or  abundant ; meagre ; scanty ; 

slender.  “ A lean  wardrobe.”  Shak. 

3.  Wanting  in  productiveness  ; barren. 

What  the  land  is,  whether  it  be  fat  or  lean.  Num.  xiii.  20. 

4.  Wanting  in  comprehensiveness  or  embel- 
lishment ; jejune  ; tame  ; prosy  ; dull.  “ A 
lean  dissertation.”  Johnson.  “ Our  author’s 
low  and  lean  performance.”  Waterland. 

5.  Low;  poor;  — opposed  to  great  or  rich. 

“ A leaner  action.”  [it.]  Shak. 

LEAN,  n.  That  part  of  flesh  which  consists  of 
muscle  without  the  fat ; — opposed  to  fat. 

With  razors  keen  we  cut  our  passage  clean 

__  Through  rills  of  fat  and  deluges  of  lean.  Farquhar. 

LEAN'— FACED  (len'fast),  a.  1.  Having  a lean  or 
thin  face.  “ Lean-faced  villain.”  Shak. 

2.  (Printing.)  Noting  letters  whose  stems  and 
other  strokes  have  not  the  full  width.  Adams. 

LEAN'-FLESHED  (len'flesht),  a.  Wanting  in 
flesh  ; lean.  Gen.  xli.  3. 

LEAN'ING,  n.  Inclination;  tendency;  bi&s.Burke. 

LEAN'LY,  ad.  In  a lean  manner ; meagrely  ; 
without  plumpness.  Sherwood. 

LEAN'NfSS,  n.  1.  The  state  or  the  quality  of 
being  lean  ; want  of  flesh.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  Want  of  fulness  or  plumpness;  poverty. 

“ The  leanness  of  his  purse.”  Shak. 

3.  Want  of  spiritual  comfort.  “ He  . . . sent 

leanness  into  their  soul.”  Ps.  cvi.  15. 

LEAN'— TO,  n.  (Arch.)  A building  w’hose  rafters 
pitch  against  or  lean  on  another  building;  a 
penthouse.  Brande. 

LEAN'— WlT-TJJD,  a.  Having  little  sense  or  un- 
derstanding ; foolish.  Shak. 

+ LEAN'Y,  a.  Alert ; brisk  ; active.  Spenser. 

They  have  fat  kernes  and  leany  knaves 

Their  fasting  flocks  to  keep.  Spenser. 

LEAP  [lep,  II”.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.Wr. ; lep,  S.], 
v.  n.  [Goth,  h/anpan ; A.  S.  hleapan ; Dut. 
loopen,  to  leap,  to  run  ; Ger.  laufen ; Dan.  I', be ; 
Sw.  I ipa  ; Icel.  h lav  pa.]  [i.  leaped  (lept  or 
lept)  [lept,  S.  Sm.  Nares ; lept,  K.  IFo.] ; pp. 
leaping,  leaped.]  To  move  without  change 
of  the  feet;  to  move  with  springs  or  bounds  as 
distinguished  from  stepping,  as  in  walking  or 
running;  to  jump;  to  spring;  to  bound;  to 
vault. 

A man  leapeth  better  with  weights  in  his  hand.  Bacon. 
The  man  in  whom  the  evil  spirit  was,  leaped  on  them. 

xix.  16. 

He  parted  frowning  from  me,  as  if  ruin 

Leaped  from  his  eyes.  Shak. 

“ The  past  time  of  this  verb  is  generally  heard 
with  the  diphthong  short  ; and,  if  so,  it  ought  to  he 
spelled  leapt,  rhyming  with  kept.  Dr.  Kenrick,  Mr. 
Scott,  W.  Johnston,  Mr.  Perry,  Mr.  Barclay,  Mr. 
Nares,  Mr.  Smith,  and  Mr.  Elphinston  pronounce  the 
diphthong  in  the  present  tense  of  this  word  long,  as  I 
have  done  ; and  Mr.  Elphinston  and  Mr.  Nares  make 
it  short  in  the  preterite  and  participle.  Mr.  Sheridan 
alone  makes  the  present  tense  short,  which,  if  I rec- 
ollect justly,  is  a pronunciation  peculiar  to  Ireland.” 
Walker. 

“The  preterite  and  participle  are  regular  in  spell- 
ing, i.  e.  leaped , but  are  pronounced  lept Smart. 

LEAP,  v.  a.  1.  To  pass  over  by  leaping;  to  jump, 
spring,  or  bound  over  or  across  ; as,  “ To  leap 
a wall”;  “To  leap  a ditch.” 

Every  man  is  not  of  a constitution  to  leap  a gulf  for  the 
saving  of  his  country.  L' Estrange. 

2.  To  cover  or  mount,  as  the  male  the  female 
of  certain  beasts.  Dry  den. 


824 

LEAP,  n.  1.  The  act  of  leaping;  a jump;  a 
spring  ; a bound. 

By  Heaven,  methinks  it  were  an  easy  leap 

To  pluck  bright  honor  from  the  pale-faced  moon.  Shak. 

2.  Space  passed  or  to  be  passed  at  a jump  or 

bound.  “ The  salmon’s  leap.”  Drayton. 

Others  affirmed  that  she  never  came  to  the  bottom  of  her 
leap , but  that  she  was  changed  into  a swan  as  she  fe\\. Addison. 

3.  The  act  of  mounting  or  covering,  as  of  the 

male  of  certain  beasts.  Dryden. 

4.  (Mus.)  Any  disjunct  degree;  — generally 

used  to  signify  a distance  composed  of  several 
intermediate  intervals.  Moore. 

LEAP,  n.  [A.  S.]  1.  f A basket.  Wickliffe. 

2.  Half  a bushel.  [Sussex,  Eng.]  Wright. 

3.  A weel  for  fish.  [Local,  Eng.]  Wright. 

LEAP'JJR,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  leaps. 

LEAP'— FROG  (lep'frog),  n.  A game  among  boys 
in  which  one,  by  placing  his  hands  on  the  back 
or  shoulders  of  another  in  a stooping  posture, 
leaps  over  his  head.  Shak. 

j- LEAP'FUL,  n.  A basketful.  “Seven  leapful.’’ 

Matt.  xv.  36,  Wickliffe' s Trans. 

LEAP'JNG— HOUSE,  n.  A house  of  ill-fame;  a 
brothel ; a stew.  Shak. 

LEAP'ING-LY,  ad.  By  leaps.  Huloet. 

LEAP'— YEAR,  n.  A year  containing  366  days, 
being  every  fourth  year,  which  leaps  over,  as  it 
were,  one  day  more  than  there  arc  days  in  a 
common  year,  February  having,  that  year,  29 
days ; bissextile. 

Divide  by  4;  what’s  left  shall  be 

For  leap-pear  0,  for  past  1,  2,  3.  Harris. 

jQQr*  Every  year  of  which  the  number  is  divisible  by 
4 without  a remainder  is  a leap-year , excepting  the 
centesimal  years,  which  are  only  leap-years  when  di- 
visible by  4,  after  suppressing  the  two  zeros.  Brande. 

t LEAR,  a.  Empty.  — See  Lere.  ■ 

LEARN  (lern),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  Iteran,  to  teach  ; lar, 
instruction  ; leomian,  to  learn  ; Dut.  Iceren,  to 
teach,  to  learn  ; Old  Ger.  leren,  to  teach  ; Ger. 
lehren;  lernen,  to  learn;  Dan.  here,  to  teach, 
to  learn  ; Sw.  liira ; Old  Eng.  Icar,  lere.]  \i. 
LEARNED  or  LEARNT ; pp.  LEARNING,  LEARNED 
or  LEARNT.] 

1.  f To  teach. 

Who,  till  I learned  him,  had  not  known  his  might.  Drayton. 

Have  I not  been 

Thy  pupil  long?  Hast  thou  not  learned  me  how 
To  make  perfumes?  Shak. 

j SCer*  Still  used  in  this  sense  in  vulgar  language. 

2.  To  acquire  or  obtain  knowledge  of  or  skill 
in  ; as,  “ To  learn  a language  ” ; “ To  learn  sea- 
manship ” ; “ To  learn  to  swim.” 

Heaven 

Is  as  the  book  of  God  before  thee  set, 

Wherein  to  read  his  wondrous  works,  and  learn 

His  seasons,  hours,  or  days,  or  months,  or  years.  Milton. 

They  who  are  learning  to  compose  and  arrange  their  sen- 
tences with  accuracy  and  order  are  learning , at  the  same 
time,  to  think  with  accuracy  and  order.  ’ Blair. 

From  her  own  she  leatvied  to  melt  at  others’  woe.  Gray. 

Syn.  — To  study  implies  application  in  pursuit  of 
knowledge  ; to  learn , successful  application.  We 
study  to  learn , and  learn  to  study.  Learn  to  read  ; 
learn  an  art ; study  a science  or  a subject ; copy  an  ex- 
ample. To  teach  is  to  give  instruction  ; to  learn  is  to 
take  instruction.  An  instructor  teaches , and  a pupil 
leaims . 

LEARN  (lern),  v.  n . To  gain  or  receive  knowl- 
edge; — with  of.  “Birds  will  learn  one  of 
another.”  Bacon. 

Take  my  yoke  upon  you,  and  leam  of  me.  Matt.  xi.  29. 

LEARN'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  learned.  Ed.  Rev. 

LEARN'ED  (lern'ed),  a.  1.  Possessing  learning  ; 
versed  in  literature  and  science  ; erudite. 

A man  younger  than  Francis,  less  learned , and  equally 
inexperienced.  Essex. 

2.  Having  skill ; skilled ; knowing ; able. 

“ Learned  in  martial  arts.”  Granvill. 

3.  Abounding  in  or  containing  learning;  as, 
“ A learned  essay  ” ; “A  learned  treatise.” 

4.  f Wise  ; prudent. 

How  learned  a thing  it  is  to  beware  of  the  humblest  en- 
emy ! B.  Jonson. 

Syn.  — See  Able. 

f LEARN'ED-ISH,  a.  Somewhat  learned. 

And  seem  more  learnedish  than  those 

That  in  a greater  charge  compose.  Butler. 

LEARN'IJD-Ly  (lern'ed-le),  ad.  With  learning. 

“ Much  he  spoke  and  learnedly.”  Shak. 


LEAST 

LEARN'^D-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  learned ; 
erudition.  Barclay. 

LEARN'JpR  (lern'fr),  n.  One  who  learns.  Cowper. 

LEARN'ING  (lem'jng),  n.  1.  Knowledge  received 
by  instruction  or  study  ; scholastic  knowledge  ; 
attainments  in  literature  and  science ; erudi- 
tion ; scholarship  ; as,  “ A man  of  learning.” 

A little  learning  is  a dangerous  thing.  Pope. 

2.  Skill  in  any  thing,  [it.]  Hooker. 

Syn.  — See  Knowledge,  Literature. 

LEAS'A-RLE,  a.  That  may  be  leased.  Sherwood. 

LEASE  (les),  n.  [Law  Fr.  leas,  lees,  leez,  from 
Fr.  laisser,  to  leave,  to  quit.  — Fr.  laisser  is  re- 
ferred by  Caseneuve  and  Menage  to  Low  L.  laxo, 
to  loose,  from  L.  laxus , loose ; by  Bichardson, 
to  A.  S.  lesan,  to  let  go,  to  loose.] 

1.  (Law.)  A conveyance  of  lands  or  tene- 
ments, usually  in  consideration  of  rent  or  other 
recompense,  made  for  life,  for  a term  of  years, 
or  at  will,  but  always  for  a less  time  than  the 
lessor  has  in  the  premises  ; — also,  the  instru- 
ment or  contract  for  such  conveyance.  Burrill. 

Lease  and  release,  a compound  conveyance  consist- 
ing of  a lease,  or  rather  a bargain  and  sale,  and  a re- 
lease, constituting  separate  deeds; — universally  in 
use  in  the  State  of  New  York  before  the  year  1788, 
and  now  in  England  the  common  method  of  convey- 
ing freehold  estates.  Burrill. 

2.  Any  tenure.  “ Life’s  lease.”  Milton. 

LEASE  (les),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  lesan.]  [i.  leased  ; 
pp.  leasing,  leased.]  To  grant  the  occupa- 
tion of  to  another  by  a lease  ; to  let  for  a lim- 
ited time.  Ayliffe. 

f LEA§E  (lez),  n.  [A.  S.  Ires,  Iceswe.]  A pasture 
or  common  ; — written  also  leese.  Wright. 

LEA§E  (lez),  V.  n.  [A.  S.  lesan ; Dut.  leezen, 
to  gather,  to  read;  Ger.  lesen;  Dan.  leese ; Sw. 
liisa\  Icel.  lesa.]  [*.  leased;  pp.  leasing, 
leased.]  To  glean ; to  gather  what  harvest- 
men  leave,  [r.]  Dryden. 

LEASE'HOLD,  a.  Held  by  lease.  “ A leasehold 
tenement.”  Johnson. 

LEASE'HOLD,  n.  A tenure  held  by  lease.  Smart. 

LEASE'HOLD-KR,  n.  One  who  holds  a lease  ; a 
tenant  under  a lease.  Richardson. 

LEASE'MON-GER  (-mung-ger),  n.  One  who  deals 
in  leases.  “ Landlords  and  leasemungers.”  Stow. 

t LEA§'£R  (lez'er),  n.  I.  A gleaner.  Swift. 

2.  A liar. — See  Leasing.  Bp.  Hall. 

LEASH  [lesh,  IF.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  Wr. ; les, 

S.],  n.  [It.  IrtSs. a ; Fr.  laisse,  lesse.  — From  Low 
L.  lexa,  tor  L.  laxa,  loose  (sc.  restis,  a rope). 
Du  Cange.  — Ger.  lasche.  Serenius.] 

1.  A thong  or  string  by  which  a huntsman 
holds  his  dog,  or  a falconer  his  hawk. 

Holding  Corioli  in  the  name  of  Rome, 

Even  like  a fawning  greyhound  in  the  leash , 

To  let  him  slip  at  will.  Shak. 

2.  The  number  usually  leashed  together  by 
sportsmen  ; three  ; a brace  and  a half ; as,  “ A 
leash  of  greyhounds.” 

I am  tfworn  brother  to  a leash  of  drawers.  Shak. 

Or  Cerberus  himself  pronounce 
A leash  of  languages  at  once.  Hudibras. 

3.  A band  for  tying  or  fastening.  Boyle. 

LEASH,  v.  a.  \i.  leashed  ; pp.  leashing, 
leashed.]  To  bind  or  tie  together  in  a leash. 

At  his  heels. 

Leashed  in  like  hounds,  should  Famine,  Sword,  and  Fire 
Crouch  for  employment.  Shak. 

f LEADING  (lez'ing),  n.  [A.  S.  leasung ; leas, 
false.]  Lying;  falsehood. 

Thou  shalt  destroy  them  that  speak  leasing.  Ps.  v.  6. 

f LEA'SOW  (le'so),  n.  [A.  S.  Ices,  leesuw.]  A 
pasture  ; a lease.  Wickliffe. 

LEAST  (lest),  a. ; the  sup.  of  little.  [A.  S.  last, 
superlative  of  Iressa,  irregular  comparative  of 
lytel,  little.] 

1.  Smallest;  minutest.  “The  least  of  all 

seeds.”  Matt.  xiii.  32. 

2.  Below  or  inferior  to  the  others  in  degree, 
rank,  or  importance. 

Whosoever,  therefore,  shall  break  one  of  these  least  com- 
mandments. and  shall  teach  men  so,  he  shall  be  called  the 
least* in  the  kingdom  of  heaven.  Matt.  v.  19. 


A,  E,  !,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  !,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  $,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


LEAST 


825 


LECTURE 


LEAST,  ad.  In  a degree  below  all  others  ; in  the 
smallest  or  lowest  degree. 

Thy  youngest  daughter  does  not  love  thee  hast.  Shak. 
Mammon,  the  least  erected  spirit  that  fell 
Front  heaven.  Milton. 

At  least,  or  at  the  hast,  at  the  smallest  number,  or 
at  the.  lowest  estimate.  “Let  the  damsel  abide  with 
us  a few  days,  at  the  least  ten.”  Gen.  xxiv.  55.  “ A 

dozen  times  at  least.’1  Slialt.  — Not  to  say  more  ; to 
say  the  least ; at  any  rate.  “ If  it  is  possible  to  inter- 
est the  imagination  and  the  heart  in  favor  of  error,  it 
is,  at  least,  no  less  possible  to  interest  them  in  favor  of 
truth.”  Stewart. — In  the  least,  in  the  smallest  or  low- 
est degree  ; as,  “ He  was  not  in  the  least  dismayed.”  — 
t At  leastways,  t at  leastwise,  or  t leastwise,  at  least. 
Barnes.  More.  Holinshed. 

f LEAST'WL«E,  ad.  At  least.  Hooker. 

f LEA'§Y  (le'ze),  a.  [Probably  A.  S.  leas,  false. 
Richardson .]  Likely  to  mislead ; vague  ; falla- 
cious. “ The  sense  itself  be  left  both  loose 
and  least/.”  Ascham. 

LEAT,  n.  [A.  S.  Uedan,  Icet,  to  lead.]  An  artifi- 
cial watercourse,  as  to,  or  from,  a mill.  Francis. 

LEATHER  (leth'er),  n.  [Goth,  hlethr  ; A.  S.  leth- 
er,  leder ; Dut.  leder,  leer ; Ger.  leder ; Dan. 
leeder ; Sw.  litder  ; Icel.  ledr  ; W.  lledr.) 

1.  The  skins  of  animals  prepared  for  use  by 
tanning,  tawing,  or  other  processes. 

Thick  sole  leather  is  tanned;  white  kid  for  gloves  is  tawed; 
the  upper  leather  for  boots  and  shoes  is  tanned  and  curried; 
and  tine  Turkey  leather  is  tawed,  and  afterwards  slightly 
tanned.  Braude. 

2.  The  raw  or  undressed  skins  of  animals. 

[North  of  Eng.]  Wriylit. 

3.  Skin,  ludicrously  or  ironically.  Swift. 

LEATHER,  v.  a.  To  beat,  as  with  a thong  of 
leather ; to  strap.  [Low.]  Jamieson.  Grose. 

LEATHER,  a.  1.  Made  of  leather ; leathern. 
“ A leather  apron.”  Shak. 

2.  Of,  or  consisting  in,  leather.  “ The  leather 
manufacture.”  Brande. 


deviations  from  the  common  rules  or  forms  of  lan- 
guage, practised  by  poets. 

LEAVE  (lev),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  Itefan,  to  leav^;  Frs. 
leva  ; Icel.  Icifa.  — A.  S.  iff  an,  lifan,  Irfan,  ly- 
fan,  aleafan,  to  permit ; leaf  an,  gelefan,  gelg- 
fan,  to  ieve,  or  believe  ; lijian,  leojian,  to  live. 

— These  seem  to  be  the  same  word,  the  radi- 
cal meaning  being,  to  abide  or  remain  [A.  S. 
belifan,  gelgfan,  lifan ] : thus  — lijian,  to  live, 
i.  e.  to  abide  or  remain ; leafan,  to  love,  or  be- 
lieve, i.  e.  to  abide  or  remain  by  ; kef  an,  lefan,  to 
leave,  i.  e.  to  let  abide  or  remain.  ’ Richardson. 

— See  Believe,  Leve,  and  Live.]  [i.  left  ; 
pp.  LEAVING,  LEFT.] 

1.  To  let,  permit,  or  suffer  to  remain.  “ My 

peace  I leave  with  you.”  John  xiv.  27. 

Leave  one  of  your  brethren  here  with  me.  Gen.  xlii.33. 

Thou  wilt  not  leave  me  in  the  loathsome  grave.  Milton. 

2.  To  separate  one’s  self  from;  to  go  away 
from  ; to  withdraw  or  depart  from  ; as,  “ He 
left  the  castle  ” ; “ The  steamer  left  the  pier.” 
Yesterday, at  the  seventh  hour,  the  fever  left  him.  Johniv.52. 

Must  I thus  leave  thee,  Paradise?  thus  leave 

Thee,  native  soil,  these  happy  walks  and  shades?  Milton. 

3.  To  desist  or  cease  from  ; to  make  an  end 
of ; — often  with  off.  “ Leave  off  delays.”  Shak. 

When  they  saw  the  chief  captain  and  the  soldiers,  they  left 
beating  of  Paul.  Acts  xxi.  32. 

4.  To  put  or  lay  aside  ; to  forsake  or  aban- 
don ; to  give  up  or  renounce  ; to  relinquish. 
“To  leave  my  base  vocation.” 

Lo,  we  have  left  all,  and  have  followed  thee.  Mark  x.  28. 

5.  To  give  up  or  abandon  ; to  commit  or  con- 
sign. “ A child  left  to  himself.”  Prov.  xxix.  15. 

Resolving  thenceforth 

To  leave  them  to  their  own  polluted  ways.  Milton. 

6.  To  refer  for  decision;  as,  “To  leave  a 
question  to  arbitrators.” 

7.  To  permit  without  interposition. 

Whether  Esau  were  a vassal  I leave  the  reader  to  judge. 

Locke. 

8.  To  have  remaining  at  death. 


1.  To  induce  fermentation  in ; to  raise  or 
lighten,  as  dough. 

A little  leaven  leaveneth  the  whole  lump.  Gal.  v.  9. 

2.  To  imbue  ; to  taint  ; to  infect ; to  vitiate. 

That  cruel  something,  unpossessed. 

Corrodes  and  leavens  all  the  rest.  Prior. 

LEAV'EN-ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  making  light  by 
fermentation,  as  bread. 

2.  Leaven.  “ Kinds  of  leavenings.”  Bacon. 

LEAV'EN-OUS  (lev'vn-us),  a.  Containing,  or  act- 
ing like,  leaven.  “ Leavenous  doctrine.”  Milton. 

LEAV'pR,  n.  One  who  leaves.  Vdal. 

LEAVER  (levz),  h. ; pi.  of  leaf.  See  Leaf. 

LEAVE'— TAK-ING,  n.  The  act  of  taking  leave  ; 
formalities  on  parting.  Shak. 

LEAV'I-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  full  of 
leaves  ; leafiness.  Sherwood. 

LEAV'ING§  (lev'jngz),  n.  pi.  1.  Things  left  be- 
hind ; things  not  carried  away ; remnants ; 
fragments;  relics;  remains. 

Sits  in  safety  on  the  green  bank  side, 

And  lives  upon  the  leavings  of  the  tide.  Langhorne. 

2.  Things  left  as  worthless  ; refuse  ; offal. 

Scales,  fins,  and  bones,  the  leavings  of  the  feast.  Somerville. 

LEAV'Y,  a.  Full  of  leaves  ; leafy.  Sidney. 

LE-CAN'O-MAN-CY,  n.  [Gr.  ).tKa\ou<ivrfia  ; I/Kui  ri, 
a dish,  and  yavTita,  prophesying.]  Divination 

by  means  of  water  in  a basin.  Crabb. 

LE-cAN'O-RINE,  n.  ( Chem .)  A crystallizable 
substance  obtained  from  several  species  of  Le- 
canora,  and  some  other  lichens.  Brande. 

LEC'CA— GUM,  n.  {Com.)  The  gum  of  the  olive 
tree,  which  is  abundantly  collected  at  Lecca,  in 
Calabria.  Brande. 

f LECH,  v.  a.  [Fr .lecher.)  To  lick  or  smear ; to 
latch.  — See  Latcii,  v.  a.,  No.  2.  Shak. 


LEATH'ER,  or  LE'fH'f.R,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  hleothrian, 
to  make  a loud  noise  ; hleothor,  a loud  noise.] 
To  proceed  with  noise  or  violence  ; to  push  for- 
ward eagerly.  [Low  and  local.]  Ray.  Todd. 

LEATH'f.R-COAT,  n.  An  apple  with  a tough 
rind ; the  golden  russeting.  [Local.]  Wright. 

LEATH'f.R— DRESS' JfR,  n.  One  who  dresses  the 
skins  of  animals.  Pope. 

•LEATHER— JACKET,  n.  {Ich.)  A fish  of  the 
Pacific  Ocean.  Cook. 

LEATHER— MOUTHED  (letli'er-mbfithd),  a.  Not- 
ing a fish  which  has  its  teeth  in  its  throat,  as 
the  chub  or  cheven.  Walton. 

LEATII'pRN  (letfi'ern),  a.  Made  or  consisting  of 
leather  ; leather.  “ A leathern  girdle.”  Matt. 
iii.  I.  “ Leathern  bags.”  Pope. 

LEATII'JER— SELL'ER,  n.  One  who  sells  leather. 

LEATHER— WINGED  (-wlngd),-  a.  Having  wings 
resembling  leather,  as  the  bat.  Spenser. 

LEATII'ER-WOOD  (-wild),  n.  A genus  of  North 
American  undershrubs,  having  a very  tough, 
fibrous  bark,  which  is  sometimes  used  for  thongs 
and  for  cordage  ; moose-w'ood  ; Dirca.  Gray. 

LEATH'IJR-Y  (leth'er-e),  a.  Resembling  leather ; 
partaking  of  the  nature  of  leather;  tough;  co- 
riaceous. “ A leathery  skin.”  Grew. 

LEAVE  (lev),  n.  [A.  S.  leaf  lef\  Itefan,  lefan,  to 
leave,  to  permit.  — See  Leave,  v.  a.] 

1.  A grant  of  liberty  by  which  restraint  is 
removed  ; liberty  ; permission  ; allowance  ; li- 
cense. “ Give  me  leave  to  go  from  hence.”  Shak. 

I must  have  leave  to  be  grateful  to  any  man  who  serves  me. 

Pope. 

2.  The  act  of  going  away  or  departing ; re- 

tirement ; withdrawal ; departure.  “ Occasion 
smiles  upon  a second  leave.”  Shak. 

To  take  leave,  to  go  through  with  certain  formalities 
on  departure  ; to  bid  adieu  or  farewell ; as,  “ To  take 
leave  of  one’s  friends.”  “ Paul  . . . then  took  his  leave 
of  the  brethren.”  Acts  xviii.  18.  “ Take  leave  and 

part ; for  you  must  part  forthwith.”  Shale. 

Syn.  — Leave  and  liberty  are  asked  for  and  given 
or  granted  ; and  they  may  sometimes  be  taken.  A 
person  begs  leave  or  takes  leave  ; and  he  may,  on  part- 
ing with  another,  take  a final  leave  or  farewell.  Per- 
mission and  leave  are  requested  ; and  they  are  granted 
by,  or  obtained  from,  persons  having  authority.  Li- 
censes are  given  by  government ; poetic  licenses  are 


There  be  of  them  that  have  left  a name  behind  them. 

Ecclus.  xliv.  8. 

9.  To  cause  to  pass  at  one’s  death  to  the  pos- 
session of  another  ; to  bequeath ; to  give  by 
will ; as,  “He  left  a legacy  to  his  friend.” 


1 ’ll  leave  my  son  my  virtuous  deeds  behind, 
And  would  my  father  had  left  me  no  more. 


Shak. 


To  be  left  to  one’s  self,  to  be  deserted  : — to  be  per- 
mitted to  follow  one’s  inclinations. — To  leave  off',  to 
desist  or  cease  from  ; to  forbear:  — to  forsake.  “ He 
began  to  leave  off  some  of  his  old  acquaintance.”  Ar- 
buthnot.  — To  leave  out,  to  omit.  “ Leave  no  ceremony 
out.”  Shak.  — to  refer  for  decision,  as  to  referees  or 
arbitrators.  [Colloquial.] 

Syn.  — See  Abandon. 

LEAVE,  v.  n.  1.  To  cease  ; to  make  an  end  ; to 
desist ; to  stop  ; — often  with  off. 

When  you  find  that  vigorous  heat  abate. 

Leave  off.  and  for  another  summons  wait.  Roscommon. 

2.  To  put  forth  leaves  ; to  leaf. 

f LEAVE  (lev),  v.  a.  [Fr.  lever.  — See  Levy.]  To 
levy  or  raise,  as  an  army. 

And  after  all  an  army  strong  she  leaved.  Spenser. 

LEAVED  (levd),  a.  1.  Having  leaves  or  foliage ; 
leafed.  “ Thick-fcatierf  box.”  Congreve. 

Ciiff  Leaved  is  more  in  use  than  leafed.  Smart. 

2.  Made  with  leaves  or  folds.  “ The  two- 
leaved  gate.”  Isa.  xlv.  1. 

f LEAVE'LESS,  a.  [From  lecf.\  Having  no 
leaves  ; leafless.  Carew. 

f LEAVE'LESS,  a.  [From  leave.)  Destitute  of 
permission  or  leave. 

That  leaveless  none  come  in  nor  out.  Chaucer. 

LEAV'EN  (lev'vn)  [lev'vn,  .S.  P.  J.  Ja.  T Vr.  Wb. ; 
lev'en,  IF.  F.  Sm.  ; le'vn,  K.\,  n.  [Low  L.leva- 
num,  from  L.  leva,  levatus,  to  raise;  It.  lievito  ; 
Sp.  levadura  ; Fr.  levain .] 

1.  A substance  which  causes  fermentation  in 
that  with  which  it  is  mixed;  — particularly, 
yeast  or  sour  dough,  used  for  raising  bread. 
“ It  shall  not  be  baked  with  leaven.”  Lev.  vi.  15. 

Beer,  ale,  wine,  and  cider  work  only  by  means  of  the  leaven 
in  them.  1 lees. 

2.  Any  thing  which  mixes  with  a mass,  and 
changes  it  to  its  own  nature  ; — commonly  used 
of  something  which  depraves  that  with  which  it 
is  mixed. 

Take  heed,  and  beware  of  the  leaven  of  the  Pharisees  and 
of  the  Sadducees.  Matt.  xvi.  6. 

LEAV'EN  (lSv'vn),  V.  a.  [i.  LEAVENED ; pp. 
LEAVENING,  LEAVENED.] 


LECH'F.R,  n.  [It.  lecco,  gluttony,  lechery  ; lee- 
care,  to  lick  ; Fr.  lecher,  to  lick.  — A.  S.  liccera, 
a glutton  ; liccian,  to  lick  ; Dut.  lekker,  dainty- 
mouthed, lickerish  ; Ger.  lecher ; Dut.  likken, 
to  lick;  Ger.  lecken.  — See  Lick,  and  Licker- 
ish.] A man  given  to  lewdness  ; a salacious 
man  ; — written  also  leacher  and  letcher.  Shak. 

LECH'^R,  v.  n.  To  practise  lewdness.  Shak. 

LECH'IJR-OUS,  a.  1.  Practising  lewdness  ; lewd  ; 
lustful ; libidinous  ; lascivious. 

2.  Inflaming  or  exciting  animal  desire.  “ Lech- 
erous drink.”  Piers  Plouhman. 

LECH'f.R-OUS-LY,  ad.  Lewdly;  lustfully. 

LECH'JER-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
lecherous  ; lewdness  ; lustfulness.  Johnson. 

LECH'iJR-Y,  n.  The  irregular  indulgence  of  ani- 
mal desire  ; lewdness;  lasciviousness.  Shah. 

LEC-  Tp CA,  n.  [L.,  from  lecttis,  a couch.]  {Rom. 
Ant.)  A sort  of  couch  or  litter  in  which  per- 
sons were  carried  from  one  place  to  another,  in 
a reclining  posture. 

The  lectica  was  originally  a litter  upon  which 
invalids  were  carried  and  the  dead  were  borne  to  the 
grave.  W.  Scott. 

LEC'TION  (lek'shun),  n.  [L.  lectio ; lego,  lectus 
(Gr.  llyot),  to  lay  in  order,  to  gather,  to  read; 
It.  lezione  ; Sp.  leccion  ; Fr.  lecon .] 

1.  A particular  mode  of  reading  or  translat- 

ing a passage  in  an  author  ; a reading.  “Other 
copies  and  various  lections.”  Milton. 

2.  A portion  of  Scripture  read  in  divine  ser- 
vice ; a lesson.  Hooper. 

LEC'TION-A-RY,  n.  [Low  L.  lectionarium,  from 

L.  lectio,  leettonis,  a reading  ; Fr.  lectionaire .] 
A book  of  selections  from  the  Scriptures,  used 
in  the  Roman  Catholic  service.  Warton. 

LECT'U-AL,  a.  [L.  lectualis-,  lectus,  a couch  or 
bed.]  {Med.)  Noting  a disease  which  confines 
the  patient  to  the  bed.  [it.]  Crabb. 

LECT'URE  (lSkt'yur),  n.  [It.  lettura,  from  L. 
lego,  lectus,  to  read;  Sp.  lectura;  Fr.  lecture.) 

1.  The  act  or  the  practice  of  reading.  “In 
the  lecture  of  Holy  Scripture.”  [it.]  Browne. 

2.  A discourse  read  or  pronounced  on  any 
subject,  particularly  with  a view  to  instruct. 

When  letters  from  Csesar  were  given  to  Rtisticus,  he  re- 
fused to  open  them  till  the  philosopher  had  done  his  lectures. 

Taylor . 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE. 
104 


■9,  £>  soft;  C,  G,  £,  I,  hard;  S;  as  z;  $ as  gz. — THIS,  this. 


LECTURE 


826 


LEFT 


3.  Censure  or  reproof  administered  in  a 

formal  or  magisterial  manner.  Addison. 

4.  A rehearsal  of  a lesson  ; a recitation. 

[English  universities.]  Wright. 

LECT'URE  (lekt'yur),  v.  a.  [i.  LECTURED  ; pp. 
LECTURING,  LECTURED.] 

1.  To  read  or  deliver  a lecture  to.  “ While 

he  is  lecturing  his  students.”  Smith. 

2.  To  censure  or  reprove  in  a formal  or 

magisterial  manner.  Pope. 

LECT'URE  (lekt'yur),  v.  n.  To  read  or  deliver  a 
lecture  or  lectures.  Johnson. 

LECT'UR-ER,  n.  1.  One  who  lectures  ; one  who 
reads  or  delivers  lectures.  Johnson. 

2.  A preacher  in  a church  hired  by  the  parish 
to  assist  the  rector  or  vicar.  Clarendon. 

LECT'URF.-SHIP  (lekt'yur-sliip),  n.  The  office  or 
the  state  of  a lecturer.  Swift. 

LECT'UR-lNG,  n.  Act  of  one  who  lectures. 

fLECT'lTRN,  n.  [Old  Fr.  lectrin,  from  L.  lego, 
lectus,  to  read.]  A reading-desk  in  a church  ; 

— written  also  lectorne  and  lectern.  Chaucer. 

LED,  i.  from  lead.  See  Lead. 

LE'DA,  n.  ( Astron .)  An  asteroid  discovered  by 
Chacornac  in  1856.  Lovering. 

LED— CAP'TAIN  (-tjn),  n.  An  obsequious  attend- 
ant ; a favorite  that  follows,  as  if  led  by  a 
string.  “One  of  her  led-captains."  Swift. 

t I.ED'EN,  or  f LED'DpN,  n.  [A.  S.  laden,  leden, 
Latin,  language.  — A corruption  of  Latin. 
Skinner,  Tyrwhitt.)  Peculiar  language  or 
speech.  “ The  ledden  of  the  gods.”  Spenser. 
The  ledden  of  the  birds  most  perfectly  she  knew.  Drayton. 

LEDljJE  (ledj),  n.  [A.  S.  leger,  a place  for  laying 
or  lying  ; leegan,  to  lay ; Dut.  leger  ; Ger.  lager  ; 
Dan.  lager  ; Sw.  lilger.] 

1.  That  upon  which  any  thing  is  or  may  be 
laid  ; — particularly  a narrow  shelf,  or  any  thing 
projecting  in  the  manner  of  a shelf. 

The  four  parallel  sticks,  rising  above  five  inches  higher 
than  the  handkerchief,  served  as  ledges  on  each  side.  Swift. 

2.  A small  moulding.  “ The  borders  [of  the 
bases]  were  between  the  ledges."  1 Kings  vii.  28. 

3.  A layer  or  stratum  upon  which  others  rest. 

Then,  that  the  lowest  ledge  or  row  be  merely  of  stone,  and 
the  broader  the  better.  Wotton. 

4.  A projecting  mass  of  rock,  as  on  the  side 
of  a hill,  or  extending  into  the  sea.  Drgden. 

That  buoyant  lumber  may  sustain  you  o’er 

The  rocky  shelves  and  ledges  to  the  shore.  Falconer. 

5.  The  bar  of  a gate.  [Local,  Eng.]  Wright. 

6.  (Naut.)  A small  piece  of  timber  placed 

athwart  ships,  under  the  deck,  beneath  the 
beams.  Dana. 

LEDGE'MUNT,  n.  {Arch.)  A horizontal  course 
of  stone  or  mouldings.  Britton. 

LED(r'£R  (led 'jet’),  n.  [Dut.  legger , any  thing 
laid  or  put  so  as  to  rest  in  a place,  from  A.  S. 
leegan,  to  lay  ; Dut.  leggen. ] 

1.  {Arch.)  A piece  of  timber  nailed  horizon- 

tally to  the  standards  of  scaffolding,  upon  which 
are  placed  the  outer  ends  of  the  putlogs  ; — also 
written  ligger.  Britton. 

2.  [A.  S.  leegan , to  lie.  Richardson.  — L. 
lego,  to  gather.  Bailey .]  The  merchant’s  prin- 
cipal account-book,  in  which  are  collected  and 
arranged,  each  under  its  proper  account,  the 
various  transactions  scattered  through  the  jour- 
nal and  the  day-book  ; — called  also  ledger-book. 

Hi;  ■ Written  also  leger.  — “ In  the  sense  of  an  ac- 
count-book, this  orthography  [ ledger ] is  settled  by 
long  custom.”  Todd. 

3.  A large,  flat  stone  laid  over  a tomb. 

LEDGER— BOOK  (-h&k),  71.  The  merchant’s  prin- 
cipal account-book ; a ledger. 

Conscience  is  a great  ledger-book,  in  which  all  our  offences 
are  written  and  registered.  Burton. 

LED(r'  pR-LINE,  n.  [Fr.  leger,  light,  and  Eng. 
line.)  (Mus.)  A line  added  above  or  below  the 
staff  for  the  reception  of  any  note  too  high  or 
too  low  to  be  written  within  it ; an  added  line  ; 

— written  also  leyer-line.  Moore. 

LED'— IIORSE,  n.  A horse  which  carries  a load 

on  his  back,  and  is  led ; a pack-horse.  Johnson. 

LEE,  n.  [A.  S.  hleo,  hleow,  a shelter  ; hlcew,  hlaiv, 
that  which  covers,  rising  ground.] 


1.  (Naut.)  A place  sheltered  from  the  wind 

by  an  intervening  object,  as  a bluff;  — the  side 
of  any  thing  opposite  to  that  from  which  the 
wind  blows.  Dana. 

2.  Dregs.  “The  people’s  wretched  lee."  — 

See  Lees.  Prior. 

By  the  lee,  ( Naut .)  noting  the  situation  of  a vessel 
going  free  when  she  lias  fallen  otf  so  much  as  to  bring 
the  wind  round  the  stem,  so  as  to  take  the  sails  aback 
on  the  other  side.  Dana. — Under  the  lee  of,  (Naut.) 
being  on  the  lee  side  of;  under  the  shelter  of;  as, 
“ Under  the  lee  of  the  land.” 

LEE,  a.  {Naat.)  Noting  that  side  of  a vessel 
which  is  opposite  to  the  side  against  which  the 
wind  strikes  ; — opposed  to  weather  : — of  or 
pertaining  to  the  lee  side  of  a vessel ; as,  “The 
lee  bow  ” ; “ The  lee  scuppers.” 

Lee  gage,  the  position  of  a vessel  when  to  leeward 
of  another.  — Lee  lurch,  a sudden  rolling  of  a vessel 
to  leeward,  as  in  going  close-hauled,  in  a high  wind. 

— Lee  shore,  a shore  against  which  the  wind  blows  ; 

a shore  to  leeward  of  a vessel.  — On  the  lee  beam,  in  a 
direction  to  leeward  at  right  angles  to  the  keel.  — Lee 
tide,  a tide  setting  in  the  direction  in  which  the  wind 
blows.  Dana. 

f LEE,  v.  n.  To  lie.  — See  Lie.  Chaucer. 

LEE'BOARD,  n.  {Naut.)  A board  which,  being 
let  down  into  the  water  on  the  lee  side  of  flat- 
bottomed  vessels,  opposes  the  action  of  the 
wind  to  drive  them  to  leeward.  Brande. 

LEECH,  n.  A tub  or  vessel  in  which  wood  ashes 
are  leached  ; — written  also  leach.  Moor. 

LEECH,  v.  a.  [Dut.  lekken,  to  leak.  — See  Leak.] 
[i.  LEECHED;  pp.  LEECHING,  LEECHED.]  To 
cause  a fluid  to  percolate  through,  as  water 
through  wood-ashes  to  make  lye; — written 
also  leach  and  letch.  — See  Leach.  Moor. 

LEECH,  n.  [A.  S.  lace,  lece,  a physician,  a leech  ; 
Dan . Irene,  a physician;  Sw.  Id,  hare ; Icel.  lat- 
knari ; Ir.  Hugh.;  Rus.  lekar,  likar .] 

1.  A physician.  Spenser.  — Obsolete  in  this 
sense,  except  perhaps  in  compounds,  as  horse- 
leech. 

2.  {Zolil.)  A genus  of  red-blooded  aquatic 
worms,  having  a sucker  at  each  end  of  the 
body,  and  subsisting  chiefly  by  sucking  the 
blood  of  other  animals  ; Hirudo.  Eng.  Cyc. 

USf-The  species  of  leech  which  is  of  the  greatest 
value  is  the  medicinal  leech,  Sanguisuga  medicinalis. 
The  mouth  is  situated  in  the  centre  of  the  anterior 
sucker,  and  contains  three  jaws.  Each  of  these  is 
armed  on  its  edge  with  two  rows  of  very  fine  teeth, 
which  penetrate  the  skin  by  a motion  resembling  that 
of  a semi-circular  saw.  As  a remedial  agent  in  med- 
icine, leeches  are  held  in  deservedly  high  repute.  Baird. 

3.  {Naut.)  The  edge  of  a sail,  at  the  sides. 

— See  Leach.  Mar.  Diet. 

LEECH,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  lacnian ; lace,  a physician ; 

Dan.  lage  ; Sw.  laka .] 

1.  f'l'o  cure  ; to  treat  with  medicine.  Chaucer. 

2.  To  apply  ieeches  to,  as  a diseased  part  of 

the  body.  Wright. 

t LEECH’CRAfT,  n.  The  art  of  healing.  Spenser. 

L£E-CHEE',  n.  An  East  Indian  fruit.  Hamilton. 

LEECH'— LINE,  n.  See  Leach-line.  Mar.  Diet. 

f LEECII'MAN,  n.  A physician.  Poem,  1602. 

LEECH'— TUB,  n.  A tub  in  which  ashes  are 
leached ; leach-tub.  Moor. 

LEECH'— WAY,  n.  [A.  S.  lie,  a body,  a corpse, 
and  Eng.  icay.)  The  path  which  leads  to  the 
grave  ; way  of  all  flesh.  [Local,  Eng.]  Todd. 

LEEF,  o.  1.  Beloved  ; dear  ; lief.  Holinshed. 

2.  Willing.  — See  Lief.  Gower. 

LEEF,  ad.  Willingly.  — See  Lief.  Spenser. 

LEE'FANCE,-n.  {Naut.)  An  iron  bar  on  which  the 
sheets  of  fore-and-aft  sails  traverse.  Si/nmonds. 

LEEK,  n.  [A.  S.  leac ; Ger.  lauch;  Dan.  I'Jg;  Sw. 
Ilk ; Icel.  laukr.)  (Bot.)  A broad-leaved  suc- 
culent species  of  Allium,  or  onion,  having  in- 
stead of  a bulb  a cylindrical  body  composed  of 
the  tender,  colorless  bases  of  the  leaves,  which 
are  rolled  compactly  round  each  other ; Allium 
porrum.  Eng.  Cyc. 

Kff  The  leek  is  the  emblem  of  Wales,  as  the  rose  is 
of  England,  the  thistle  of  Scotland,  and  the  shamrock 
of  Ireland. 

LEE'LITE,  n.  (Mitt.)  A variety  of  felspar  ; — so 
named  from  Mr.  Lee,  of  Cambridge,  Eng.  Dana. 


LEER,  n.  [A.  S.  hleor,  blear.) 

1.  f The  cheek.  “ With  a loud  voice,  and 
the  tears  trilling  down  his  leers.”  Holinshed. 

2.  f General  color  ; complexion.  “ The  cat- 
tle are  all  of  that  leer.”  Holland. 

3.  A look  with  the  cheek  presented  to  the 

object ; an  oblique  or  sly  look  ; a look  askance. 
“The  leer  of  invitation.”  Shak. 

The  conscious  simper  and  the  jealous  leer.  Pope. 

4.  A long  arched  building  in  which  glass 

articles  are  placed  to  assume  hardness  and 
temper  ; an  annealing  furnace.  Simmonds. 

LEER,  V.  n.  [i.  LEERED  ; pp.  LEERING,  LEERED.] 
To  look  with  the  face  partially  averted ; to  look 
obliquely  or  askance,  as  in  solicitation,  con- 
tempt, or  affectation.  “You  leer  upon  me,  do 
you  ? ” Shak. 

He  is  dosing,  not  leering  at  the  young  woman.  1 Vuljiole. 

LEER,  v.  a.  To  beguile  with  leering. 

To  gild  a face  with  smiles  and  leer  a man  to  ruin.  Di-yden. 

+ LEER,  a.  [A.  S.  gelar ; Ger.  leer.) 

1.  Empty.  “A  leer  stomach.”  Richardson. 

The  horse  runs  leer  away  without  the  man.  Barrington. 

2.  Frivolous;  trifling;  foolish.  B.  Jonson. 

He  . . . never  speaks  without  a leer  sense.  Butler. 

LEER'ING,  p.  a.  1.  Looking  obliquely  or  askance. 

2.  Sneaking.  [Local.  Eng.]  Wright. 

LEER'jNG-LY,  ad.  With  an  arch,  oblique  look. 

LEE§  (lez),  71.  sing.  & pi.  [Fr.  lie.  — From  Low 
L.  Ha,  lees  ; from  L.  limns,  mud.  Du  Cange.  — 
From  A.  S.  Iicga7t,  to  lie.  Richardson.)  The 
grosser  part  of  a liquid,  which  settles  at  the 
bottom  ; dregs  ; sediment. 

Tiic  wine  of  life  is  drawn,  and  the  mere  lees 

Is  left  this  vault  to  brag  of.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Dregs. 

tLEE§E,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  lysan,  leasan.  — See  Lose.] 
To  lose.  “ He  that  findeth  his  life  shall  leese 
it.”  Matt.  x.  29,  Wickliffe’s  Trans. 

f LEE§E,  v.  a.  [L.  lado,  lasus.)  To  hurt;  to 
ruin  or  destroy.  “The  princes  of  the  people 
sought  to  leese  him.”  Wicklijfe. 

LEET,  n . [A.  S.  lath,  leth,  a territorial  division, 

a lathe  ; lathian,  to  assemble.  Cowell.  Richard- 
so7i.)  {Eng.  Law.)  A court  of  record,  held  once 
or  twice  a year  within  a hundred,  lordship,  or 
manor,  for  the  preservation  of  the  peace  and 
the  punishment  of  trivial  misdemeanors  ; view 
of  frank-pledge  ; court-leet.  H'hishaw. 

DEjp  “ Its  original  intent  was  to  view  the  frank- 
pledges, that  is,  the  freemen  of  the  liberty  who  an- 
ciently were  all  pledges  for  the  good  behavior  of  each 
other.  It  has,  however,  latterly  fallen  into  almost 
total  desuetude.”  Bun-ill. 

f LEET'— ALE,  n.  A dinner  or  feast  at  the  time 
of  leet.  [England.]  Warton. 

||  LEE'WARD  (le'wttrd  or  lu'urd)  [le'wurd,  W.  P. 
J.  E.  E.  Ja.  Wr.  Wb.;  le'wurd  or  lu'urd,  K. 
Sm. ; lu'urd,  S-],  n.  (Naut.)  The  lee  side;  — 
opposed  to  windward. 

To  the  leeward,  or  to  leeward,  in  a direction  opposite 
to  that  from  which  the  wind  blows. 

“ The  opposite  of  lee  is  weather,  and  of  leeicard 
is  windward  ; the  first  two  being  adjectives.”  Dana. 

II  LEE'WARD,  a.  (Naut.)  Lee.  [r.] 

By  change  of  wind  to  leeward  side.  Swift. 

LEE'WAY,  n.  (Naut.)  The  deviation  of  a course 
actually  run  by  a vessel  from  the  course  steered 
upon,  caused  by  drifting  to  leeward,  as  when 
sailing  close-hauled  with  but  a part  of  her  sails 
set.  It  is  the  angle  which  the  line  of  the  ship’s 
keel  makes  with  the  line  which  she  actually  de- 
scribes through  the  water.  Dana.  Brande. 

f LEFE.  See  Leef,  and  Lief.  Wright. 

LEFT,  i.  & p.  from  leave.  See  Leave. 

LEFT,  a.  [Gr.  i.at 6; ; L.  lavus.  — Dut.  linksch, 
lufte,  lueht ; Ger.  link  ; Old  Eng.  lyfie.)  Of,  or 
pertaining  to,  the  part  or  side  opposed  to  the 
right ; as,  “ The  left  hand  ” ; “ The  left  ear  ” ; 
“ The  left  lung.” 

On  or  to  the  left,  or  the  left  hand,  in  a direction  from 
the  left  side  ; nearer  the  li  ft  side  than  the  right  side  ; 
as,  “To  turn  to  the  left ”;  “To  pass  on  the  left.” 
“ He  . . . put  five  [lavers]  on  the  right  hand  and  five 
on  the  left.."  9 Citron,  iv.  6. — Over  the  left  shoulder,  or 
over  the  left,  contrariwise.  “ What  the  Protestant  re- 
ligion gets  by  lives  and  fortunes  spent  in  the  service 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short ; A,  £,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


LEFT-HAND 


827 


LEGERITY 


of  a Popish  successor,  will  be  over  the  left  shoulder.” 
Julian  the  Apostate , 1682. — The  left  bank  of  a river , 
that  bank  which  is  on  the  left  hand  in  sailing  down 
the  stream  towards  the  month. 

JUSf  “ The  left  hand,”  says  Horne  Tooke,  u is  that 
which  is  leaved , leav'd , left , or  which  we  are  taught  to 
leave  out  of  use  when  one  hand  only  is  employed.” 
This  etymology  is  adopted  by  Richardson  and  Trench. 

“ The  English  awk,  anciently,  as  appears  from  the 
Promptorium  Parvulu rum,  Left,  more  generally  denoted 
inversion  or  perversion,  — «/c/£-end,  awlc- stroke,  i.  e.  a 
back-stroke  (It.  un  riverso ),  and  the  objective  awk- 
ward. With  the  prefix  ge,  it  became  gawk,  gawky , 
left-handed,  clumsy,  evidently  the  origin  of  Fr.  gauche 
[left],  a word  which  has  greatly  troubled  the  French 
etymologists.  The  Belgic  and  Lower  Saxon  lufte, 
lucht,  luchter  show  that  their  English  sister  left  is  nor 
from  leave,  at  least  not  its  participle  passive.”  Qm. 
Rev.  vol.  lv.  — See  Right. 

LEFT'— HAND,  a.  On,  or  in  a direction  from,  the 
left  side  ; left ; sinistrous.  Prior. 

LEFT'— II AND' £D,  a.  1.  Having  greater  facility  in 
the  use  of  the  left  than  of  the  right  hand ; ha- 
bitually using  the  left  hand  rather  than  the  right. 

Among  all  this  people,  there  were  seven  hundred  chosen 
men  left-handed.  Judy.  xx.  Hi. 

2.  Sinister ; sinistrous ; unlucky  ; inauspi- 
cious ; untoward.  B.  Jonson. 

3.  Clumsy  ; awkward ; not  dexterous  or  ex- 
pert ; unskilful.  Royet. 

Left-handed  marriage,  in  tile  families  of  sovereign 
princes,  ami  of  the  higher  nobility,  in  Germany,  a 
marriage  between  a man  of  superior  and  a woman  of 
inferior  rank,  in  which  it  is  stipulated  that  the  latter 
and  her  children  shall  not  enjoy  the  rank  nor  inherit 
the  possessions  of  the  husband  ; morganatic  marriage. 
— See  Morganatic.  Braude. 

LEFT'— HAND' pD-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the 

quality  of  being  left-handed.  Donne. 

LEFT'— If  AND' I-N  ESS,  n.  Left-handedness;  awk- 
wardness. [it.]  Ld.  Chesterfield. 

LEFT'— OFF,  p.  a.  Laid  aside  ; no  longer  worn. 

f LEFT'— WIT-T^D,  a.  Dull;  stupid.  B.  Jonson. 

LEG,  n.  [It.  lacca.  — Sw.  Ittgg.  — From  A.  S.  lec- 
gan,  to  place.  Richardson.\ 

1.  The  limb  upon  which  man,  and  many  other 
animals,  stand,  and  by  which  they  walk  or  run 
particularly  the  part  between  the  knee  and  the 
foot. 

2.  The  upright  part  of  any  thing  upon  which 
it  stands  ; as,  “The  legs  of  a table.” 

Leg  of  an  hyperbola,  a branch  of  the  hyperbola. — 
Hyperbolic  legs,  branches  of  a curve  which  partake  of 
the  nature  of  a hyperbola  in  having  an  asymptote. — 
Leg  of  a triangle,  a side  of  a triangle,  particularly 
one  of  the  sides  about  the  right  angle  of  a right-angled 
triangle. — To  make  a leg,  to  bow,  drawing  the  leg 
backwards.  Shak.  — To  stand  on  one’s  own  legs,  to 
trust  to  one’s  self;  to  be  independent  of  assistance 
from  others.  Collier. 

LEG'A-CY,  n.  [L  legation  ; lego,  legatus,  to  send 
with  a commission,  to  bequeath  ; It.  legato  ; 
Sp.  leg  ado ; Fr.  leg's . ] A gift  of  goods  and 
chattels  by  a will  or  testament ; a bequest. 

4®“  The  word  legacy  properly  imports  a gift  of 
personal,  as  tlerise  does  a gift  of  real  property  ; hut  it 
may,  by  reference  and  construction,  be  descriptive  of 
real  estate.  Burrill. 

General,  or  pecuniary,  legacy,  a gift  by  will  of  a sum 
of  money.  — Special  legacy,  a gift  by  will  of  a specific 
article,  as  a piece  of  plate. — Tested  legacy,  a legacy 
the  right  to  which  vests  permanently  in  the  legatee, 
though  it  is  not  payable  until  a future  time.  Burrill. 

LEG'A-CY— HUNT'IjlR,  n.  One  who  endeavors  to 
insinuate  himself  into  the  favor  of  the  rich,  in 
the  hope  of  obtaining  a legacy.  Macaulay. 

LEg'A-CY— HUNT'ING,  n.  The  pursuit  of  the 
legacy-hunter.  Hawkins. 

LF/GAL,  a.  [L.  legalis ; lex,  legis,  law;  It.  leqale; 
Sp.  legal ; Fr.  legal.] 

1.  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  concerning,  law  ; as, 
“ Legal  knowledge  ” ; “A  legal  question.” 

2.  Authorized,  sanctioned^  or  permitted  by 
law;  according,  or  conformable,  to  law;  as,  “A 
legal  transaction  ” j “A  legal  marriage.” 

3.  Instituted,  prescribed,  or  required  by  law ; 
lawful ; as,  “ The  legal  rate  of  interest.” 

4.  Created  or  constituted  by  law. 

The  exceptions  must  be  confined  to  legal  crimes.  Palep. 

5.  Governed  by,  or  construed  according  to, 
the  rules  of  law,  as  distinguished  from  the  rules 


of  equity ; — opposed  to  equitable.  “ A legal 
estate.”  “ Legal  assets.”  but  rill. 

6.  According  to  the  old  dispensation,  or  the 
law  of  Moses,  [it.]  Milton. 

Legal  fiction,  fiction  oflaw.  — See  Fiction. 

Syn.  — See  Lawful. 

LE-gA'LIS  HO' MO.  [L.]  {Old  Ettg.  Law.)  A 
lawful  man ; a person  to  whom  no  objection 
could  be  made  in  a court  of  justice  ; one  not 
outlawed,  excommunicated,  or  infamous  ; one 
rectus  in  curia.  Burrill. 

LE'GAL-l^M,  n.  The  state,  or  the  doctrine,  of  a 
legalist.  “ Imputation  of  legalism.”  [r.]  Eden. 

LE'G^L-IST,  n.  1.  One  who  adheres  to  law  ; one 
who  acts  according  to  the  law.  Buck. 

2.  {Thcol.)  One  who  relies  for  salvation  on 
works  of  law,  either  moral  or  ceremonial.  Eden. 

Lf.-GAL'r-TY,  n.  [It.  legalita-,  Sp.  legalidad ; 
Fr.  legalite.] 

1.  The  state  or  the  quality  of  being  legal ; con- 
formity to  law  ; lawfulness.  Barrow. 

2.  {Law.)  The  quality,  character,  or  condition 

of  a legalis  homo  : — behavior  according  to  law. 
— See  Legalis  Homo.  Burrill. 

3.  {Theol.)  Reliance  on  works  oflaw  for  sal- 
vation. — See  Legalist,  No.  2.  Burke. 

LE-GAL-I-ZA'TION,  n.  1.  The  act  of  legalizing ; 
a making  legal.  Elliott. 

2.  (Law.)  An  attestation,  given  by  an  officer 
duly  authorized,  of  the  truth  of  the  signatures 
to  a paper,  and  of  the  quality  of  those  who  made 
or  received  it,  in  order  that  faith  and  credit  may 
be  given  to  it  elsewhere.  Bouvier. 

LE'GAL-IZE,  v.  a.  [It.  legalizzare  ; Sp .legalizav, 
Fr.  legalise)- .1  [ i . legalized  ; pp.  legalizing, 
legalized.]  To  make  legal  ; to  authorize  or 
sanction  by  act  of  legislation  ; to  legitimate. 

Legalizing  a base  traffic  of  votes  and  pensions.  Burke. 

LE'GAL-LY,  ad.  According  to  law;  in  a manner 
authorized,  prescribed,  or  sanctioned  by  law. 

f LIJ-GAN'TINE,  a.  Legatine.  Strype. 

LEG' A-TA-RY,  n.  [L.  legatarius  ; lego,  legatus, 
to  bequeath;  It.  St  Sp.  legatario  ; Fr .legataire.] 
One  who  has  a legacy  ; a legatee,  [it.]  Ayliffe. 

LEG'ATE  [leg'at,  S.  P.  J.  K.  Wb.  ; leg'at,  IF.  F. 
Ja.  Sm.  Wr. ; le'gat,  Buchanan],  n.  [L.  legatus  ; 
lego,  legatus,  to  send  with  a commission  ; It. 
legato  ; Sp.  legado:  Fr.  Lyot.] 

1.  One  sent  with  a commission  to  act  for  an- 
other ; an  ambassador  ; a deputy.  Dryden. 

2.  The  pope’s  ambassador;  a cardinal  or  a 
bishop  sent  by  the  pope  as  his  ambassador  to  a 
sovereign  prince. 

Look  where  the  holy  legate  comes  apace, 

To  give  us  warrant  from  the  hand  of  Heaven.  Slmk. 

Legate  a latere  [L.  a latere,  front  the  side],  a cardi- 
nal commissioned  to  represent  the  pope  in  councils, 
or  sent  into  a province  of  the  papal  dominions  as  gov- 
ernor.— Legate  de  latere  [L.  de  latere,  from  the  side, 
in  a sense  less  close  than  a latere],  one,  not  a cardinal, 
sent  by  the  pope  on  an  apostolical  mission.  — Legate 
by  office,  one  upon  whom,  by  virtue  of  his  dignity  and 
rank  in  the  church,  the  title  of  legate  is  conferred  by 
the  pope  as  a mark  of  distinction,  but  who  has  no 
special  mission.  Bees.  — Legate  of  the  church,  one  who 
read  the  prayers  in  a Jewish  synagogue;  — so  called 
because  lie  was  supposed  to  offer  the  prayers  in  the 
name  of  all  and  for  all.  Eden. 

LEG-A-TEE',  n.  [L.  lego,  legatus,  to  bequeath.] 
(Laiv.)  One  to  whom  a legacy  is  left.  Dryden. 

LEG' ATE-SHI P,  n.  The  state  of  one  who  is  a le- 
gate ; the  office  of  a legate.  Notstock. 

LEG'A-TINE  (19),  a.  1.  Of,  or  pertaining  to,  a 
legate.  "Legatine  power.”  Holinshed. 

2.  Made  by,  or  proceeding  from,  a legate. 

“ A legatine  constitution.”  Ayliffe. 

Lf-GA'TION,  n.  [L . legatio ; It.  legazione ; Sp.  le- 
gation ; Fr.  legation .] 

1.  An  embassy;  a deputation  ; mission.  Bacon. 

2.  The  whole  body  of  diplomatic  agents  of  a 
particular  nation,  who  reside  at,  or  near,  the  seat 
of  government  of  a foreign  power  ; as,  “ The 
legation  of  the  United  States  at  Paris.” 

3.  The  district  over  which  the  pope’s  legate  a 

latere  has  jurisdiction.  Rees. 

LE-GA'  TO.  [It .,  joined.]  (Mas.)  A term  denoting 
that  the  movement  is  to  be  performed  in  a close,  | 


smooth,  and  gliding  manner;  — represented  by 
a slur  under  or  over  the  notes ; — opposed  to 
staccato.  Moore. 


LEG-A-TOR' (130)  [leg-a-tilr',  S.  I V.  Ja.  Sm. ; le- 
ga'tor,  P.  K.  Wr.  Wb.],  n.  [L.]  One  who 
leaves  a legacy  ; a testator.  Dryden. 


LEG'— BAIL,  n.  A flight  or  running  away  from 
justice.  [Low  or  ludicrous.]  Jamieson. 


f LE£E,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  lecgan,  to  place  or  put  down.] 
To  lay  down  ; to  allege  : — to  allay.  Chaucer. 

II  LE'OEND,  or  LEGEND  [le'jend,  S.  W.  P.  J.  F. 
Ja.K.C.  Wr. ; led'jend,  E.  Sm.  Wb.  Ash],n.  [L. 
legenda,  legendum,  to  be  read;  lego,  to  read;  It. 
leggenda-,  Sp.  legenda ; Fr.  ligende.] 

1.  A book  formerly  used  at  divine  service  in 
the  Roman  Catholic  church,  containing  a record 
of  the  lives  of  saints  and  martyrs.  Brantle. 

2.  A fictitious  or  doubtful  narrative,  as  of  the 
exploits  of  heroes  ; a fable  ; a myth.  Bentley. 

3.  Any  narrative,  memorial,  relation,  or  rec- 
ord. “ The  whole  legend  of  love.”  Steele. 

4.  (Numismatics.)  The  motto  round  the  field 
of  a coin  or  a medal,  near  the  edge;  — opposed 
to  inscription,  which  is  written  across  it.  Braude. 

Golden  legend , a collection  of  the  lives  of  saints, 
made  in  the  thirteenth  century,  and  used  by  the  Ro- 
man Catholic  church  for  two  hundred  years.  Brands. 

4®"  “ This  word  is  sometimes  pronounced  with  the 
vowel  in  the  first  syllable  short,  as  if  written  lld-jend. 
This  has  the  feeble  plea  of  the  Latin  word  lego  to 
produce ; but  with  what  propriety  can  we  make 
this  plea  for  a short  vowel,  in  English,  when  we  pro- 
nounce that  very  vowel  long  in  the  Latin  word  we 
derive  it  from  ? The  genuine  and  ancient  analogy  of 
our  language,  as  Dr.  Wallis  observes,  is,  when  a word 
of  two  syllables  has  the  accent  on  the  first,  and  the 
vowel  is  followed  by  a single  consonant,  to  pronounce 
the  vowel  long.  It  is  thus  we  pronounce  all  Latin 
words  of  this  kind  ; and  in  this  manner  we  should 
certainly  have  pronounced  all  our  English  words,  if 
an  affectation  of  following  Latin  quantity  had  not 
disturbed  the  natural  progress  of  pronunciation.  But, 
besides  this  analogy,  the  word  in  question  has  the 
authority  of  Mr.  Sheridan,  Mr.  Scott,  W.  Johnston, 
Bailey,  Entick,  Perry,  and  Buchanan,  on  its  side. 
Djt.  Kenrick  and  Dr.  Ash  are  the  only  abettors  of  the 
short  sound.”  Walker. 


HfLE'OPND,  v.  a.  To  narrate  in  a legend.  Hall. 

II  LEO'EN-DA-RY  [led'jen-da-re,  IF.  P.  E.  K.  Sm .; 
le'jen-dj-re,  Ja.  C.  Wr.],n.  [It.  leqgendario  ; leg- 
genda, a legend ; Sp.  legendario  ; Fr.  ligendaire.] 

1.  A book  containing  legends  of  saints ; a 

legend.  — See  Legend,  No.  1.  Cockeram. 

2.  A writer  or  relater  of  legends.  Sheldon. 

4 .-)  “ As  the  preceding  word  has,  by  the  clearest 

analogy,  the  vowel  in  the  first  syllable  long,  so  this 
word,  by  having  the  accent  higher  than  the  antepenul- 
timate, lias  as  clear  an  analogy  for  having  the  same 
vowel  short.”  Walker. 

||  LEO'^N-DA-RY,  a.  1.  Of,  or  pertaining  to,  a 
legend  or  legends.  "Legendary  writers.”  Lloyd. 

2.  Partaking  of  the  nature  of  a legend  ; fabu- 
lous ; romantic.  “ Legendary  stories.”  Bourne. 

LE(jr'?R  (led'jer),  n.  [Dut.  legger,  from  A.  S.  lec- 
gan, to  lay  ; Dut.  leggen .] 

1.  He  who,  or  that  which,  is  laid  in  a place ; 
— commonly  used  as  an  adjective.  Walton. 

2.  A resident  ambassador  ; — commonly  writ- 
ten leger  ambassador.  Written  also  leidger, 
ledger,  and  lieger.  “ Leger  ambassadors.”  Bacon. 

3.  The  merchant’s  principal  account-book  ; 
leger-book.  — See  Ledger. 

LEO'IJR,  a.  [Fr.  leger.] 

1.  Resident;  as,  “ A leger  ambassador.” 

2.  f Light;  trifling;  as,  “ Leger  perform- 
ances.” Bacon. 

LEO  ^k— BOOK  (led'jer-bfik),  n.  The  merchant’s 
principal  account-book.  — See  Ledger-book. 

LEO-ER-DE-MAIN',  n.  [Fr.  leger  (from  L.  levis. 
Menage),  light,  nimble,  and  de,  of,  and  main, 
hand.]  The  art  of  performing  tricks  which 
depend  chiefly  on  dexterity,  or  nimbleness  of 
hand  ; sleight  of  hand  ; juggling  ; juggle.  South. 

LEO-ER-DE-MAIN'JST,  n.  A performer  of  leger- 
demain. [r.]  Observer. 

L£-<?ER'I-TY,  n.  [F r.  legtrete  ; leger,  light,  nim- 
ble.] Lightness  ; nimbleness.  [u.]  Shak. 


M?EN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — (j,  §1,  g,  soft;  £,  £J,  j,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


LEGGE 

f LEGG-F,  (leg),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  lecgan  ; But.  leggen.] 
To  place;  to  lay.  Wickliffe. 

LEGGED  (legd),  a.  Having  legs  ; — used  in  com- 
position. “ Two-legged.  Dryden. 

LEG'GfJR,  n.  A man  who  propels  a barge  through 
a canal-tunnel,  by  pushing  with  his  legs  against 
the  walls.  Buchanan. 

f LEG'GER,  v.  a.  To  ease;  to  relieve.  Chaucer. 

LEG'G^T,  n.  A tool  used  by  thatchers  in  driving 
or  cleaning  reed.  Wright. 

LEG-GI-A' DRO.  [It. ; hggiero  (Fr.  leger),  light, 
nimble.]  (Mus.)  Brisk ; lively.  Moore. 

tLE<?-9I-A'DROUS,  a.  [It . leggiadro.]  Graceful. 

Beams  of  leggiadrous  courtesy.  Beaumont. 

LEG'GIN,  n.  Same  as  Legging.  Murray. 

LEG'GING,  n. ; pi.  leggings.  A kind  of  garment 
which  is  drawn  on  the  leg  in  the  manner  of  an 
outside  stocking,  — usually  worn  with  a kind  of 
half-boot,  to  which  it  is  often  sewed.  Simmonds. 

LEG'HORN,  7i.  A plaited  fabric  for  bonnets  and 
hats  made  from  the  straw  of  a variety  of  bearded 
wheat,  cut  when  green  and  bleached ; — so  called 
from  having  been  imported  from  Leghorn. 

Simmonds. 

LEG-I-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state  of 
being  legible  ; legibleness.  Todd. 

LEG'I-BLE,  a.  [L.  legibilis ; It.  leggibile ; Sp. 

legible  ; Fr.  lisible .] 

1.  That  may  be  read  ; clear  in  its  characters  ; 
readable  ; plain  ; fair.  “ Plainly  legible."  Boyle. 

2.  Apparent ; discoverable ; evident. 

People’s  opinions  of  themselves  are  legible  in  their  coun- 

tenances.  Collier. 

Syn. — See  Fair. 

LEG'I-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state  of 
being  legible  ; legibility.  Ash. 

LEG'I-BLY,  ad.  In  a legible  manner.  Johnson. 

LE'QION  (le'jun),  n.  [L . legio -,  lego,  to  collect ; 
It.  legione  ; Sp.  legion-,  Fr.  Igion.] 

1.  {Rom.  Ant.)  A body  of  troops  which,  al- 

though subdivided  into  several  smaller  bodies, 
w'as  regarded  as  forming  an  organized  whole, 
and  was  composed  exclusively  of  Roman  citi- 
zens, except  on  very  pressing  occasions,  when 
slaves  were  taken  into  it.  IF.  Smith. 

etry-  The  number  of  soldiers  in  a legion  varied  at 
different  periods.  In  its  lowest  computation  it  ap- 
pears to  have  amounted  to  3000  foot  and  200  horse  ; 
and  in  its  highest,  to  have  risen  to  6000  foot  and-400 
horse.  JWelmulh. 

2.  A military  force  ; an  army  ; a host.  Philips. 

3.  A great  number  ; a multitude.  Shah. 

The  partition  between  good  and  evil  is  broken  down;  and 
where  one  sin  has  entered,  legions  will  force  their  way  through 
the  same  breach.  Jlogcrs. 

Legion  nf  honor,  an  order  instituted  by  Napoleon  I. 
in  1802,  for  merit  both  military  and  civil.  Braude. 

LE’£ION-A-RY  (le'jun-j-re),  a.  [L . legionarius ; 
It.  $ Sp.  legionario  ; Fr.  legionnaire.] 

1.  Of,  or  pertaining  to,  a legion.  “ The  legion- 
ary soldiers.”  Saville. 

2.  Containing  a legion  or  legions.  Johnson. 

3.  Containing  or  consisting  of  a great  num- 
ber. “ The  legionary  body  of  errors.”  Browne. 

LE'pION-A-RY,  n.  One  of  a legion  of  soldiers  ; a 
legionary  soldier.  Milton. 

LE'OIOX-RY,  n.  A body  of  legions,  [r.]  Pollok. 

LEt-l'IS-LATE,  v.  n.  [L.  lex,  legis , a law,  and  fero, 
latus,  to  bring  forward  ; to  propose ; Sp.  legis- 
lar.~\  [i.  LEGISLATED  ; pp.  LEGISLATING,  LEG- 
ISLATED.] To  make  or  enact  a law  or  laws. 

Solon,  in  legislating  for  the  Athenians,  had  an  idea  of  a 
more  perfect  constitution  than  he  gave  them.  Bp.  Watson. 

LEt-MS-LA'TION,  n.  [It.  legislazione ; Sp.  legis- 
lation ; Fr.  legislation.']  The  act  of  legislating  ; 
the  making  or  enacting  of  laws. 

Pythagoras  joined  legislation  to  his  philosophy.  Littleton. 

LE<J'IS-LA-T|VE  [ISd'jjs-la-tjv,  S.  IF.  P.  J.  E.  F. 
Sm.  C.  Wr. ; led-jjs-la'tjv,  Ash,  Scott,  Dyche ; 
le'jjs-la-tjv,  Ja.],  a.  [It.  ifj  Sp . legislativo  ; Fr. 
legislatif.  — See  Legislate.] 

1.  That  makes  or  enacts  laws ; law-making. 
“ Legislative  power.”  Locke. 


828 

2.  Of,  or  pertaining  to,  legislation  or  to  a legis- 
lature ; as,  “ Legislative  proceedings.” 

The  poet  is  n kind  of  lawgiver,  and  those  qualities  are 
proper  to  the  legislative  style.  Dryden. 

LE^r'IS-LA-TI  VE-LY,  ad.  In  a legislative  man- 
ner ; by  legislation.  Ch.  Ob. 

LE£'IS-LA-TOR  [led'jis-la-tur,  S’.  T V.J.  E.F.  Sm. 
Wr. ; led-jis-la'tur,  P.  Ash ; le'jis-la-tur,  «/rt.],  n. 
[L.  lex , legis,  law,  and  lutor , a mover  or  proposer  ; 
It.  legislatore ; Sp.  legislador ; Fr.  ligislateur .] 

1.  One  who  makes  laws  for  a state  or  com- 
munity; a lawgiver  ; a lawmaker.  Pope. 

^g=*The  term  is  chiefly  applied  to  certain  distin- 
guished lawgivers  of  antiquity  ; such  as  Moses  among 
the  Jews,  Theseus,  Draco,  and  Solon  among  tlu^Athe- 
nians,  and  Numa  among  the  Romans.  Brandc. 

2.  A member  of  a legislature.  s Baker. 

LEQ-IS-LA-TO'RI-AL,  a.  Relating  to  a legis- 
lature. [r.]  ’ Ed.  Rev. 

LE^-IS-LA'TOR-SHIP,  n.  The  office  or  the  state 
of  a legislator.  Ld.  Halifax. 

LEp'lS-LA-TRJ^SS,  n.  A female  lawgiver.  “Whole- 
some laws  of  this  legislatress.”  Shaftesbury . 

LE^'IS-LAT-URE  (led'jis-lat-yur)  [led'jis-lat-yur, 
K. ; led'jis-la-chur,  S.  IVr. ; led'jis-la-chur,  W. ; 
led'jis-la-tur,  J.  E.  F.  Sm.  R.  C. ; le'jjs-lat-yur, 
Ja. ; led-jis-la'tur,  P.'],  n.  [It.  § Sp.  leyislatura  \ 
Fr.  legislature .]  The  legislative  body  in  a state 
the  body  or  bodies  in  a state  in  which  is  vested 
the  power  of  making  laws. 

In  Great  Britain,  the  legislature  consists  of  the 
sovereign,  lords,  and  commons,  whose  joint  consent 
is  indispensable  to  the  making  of  any  law.  In  the 
more  important  English  colonial  establishments,  it 
consists  of  a governor  and  council  appointed  by  the 
home  government,  and  an  assembly  or  house,  the 
members  of  which  are  elected  by  the  people,  as  in  the 
Canadas,  in  New  Brunswick,  and  in  the  English 
West  Indies.  In  most  of  the  states  of  the  American 
Union,  the  legislature  consists  of  the  governor  and 
two  branches  or  houses,  all  elected  by  the  people. 
The  national  legislature  of  the  United  States  is  styled 
Congress,  and  consists  of  the  president,  the  Senate, 
and  the  House  of  Representatives.  Brande.  Ency.  Am. 

^ u Some  respectable  speakers  in  the  House  of 
Commons  pronounce  the  c in  the  first  syllable  of  this 
word  long,  as  if  written  lecgislature , and  think  they 
are  wonderfully  correct  in  doing  so,  because  the  first 
syllable  of  all  Latin  words,  compounded  of  lex , is 
long.”  Walker. 

^■VVe  sometimes  hear  this  word  pronounced 
witli  the  accent  on  the  second  syllable,  le  gis'la-ture 
(also  legislative,  le-gps'la-tive),  a mode  which  is  not 
countenanced  by  any  of  the  orthoepists. 

LEGIST,  n.  [It.  S;  Sp.  legista , Fr.  legiste.]  One 
skilled  in  law ; a lawyer.  Bacon. 

L^-^IT'I-MA-CY,  n.  1.  The  state  or  the  quality 
of  being  legitimate  ; accordance  with  the  muni- 
cipal law  of  the  land  ; legitimateness ; as,  “ The 
legitimacy  of  a government.” 

2.  Lawfulness  of  birth  ; state  of  one  born  in 
lawful  wedlock ; — opposed  to  bastardy.  Ayliffe. 

3.  Accordance  to  the  laws  or  rules  of  a science 
or  art ; as,  “ The  legitimacy  of  a syllogism.” 

4.  Quality  of  being  real  or  true  ; genuineness  ; 

— opposed  to  spuriousness.  Woodward. 

LE-$rIT'I-MATE,  [L.  iegitimus  ; lex,  legis,  law ; 
It.  leaittimo  ; Sp.  legitimo ; Fr.  legitime .] 

1.  In  accordance  with  law;  legal;  lawful ; as, 
“ A legitimate  government.” 

2.  Lawfully  begotten ; born  in  wedlock. 

Legitimate  Edgar,  I must  have  your  land; 

Our  father’s  love  is  to  the  bastard  Edmund.  S/iak. 

3.  According  to,  or  authorized  by,  the  laws  or 

rules  of  a science  or  an  art.  “ Legitimate  syl- 
logisms.” Steioart. 

4.  Genuine;  not  spurious.  ‘‘The  legitimate 

production  of  such  an  author.”  Todd. 

Syn.  — See  Lawful. 

Lf.-GiT'j-MATE,  v.  a.  [It.  legittimare  ; Sp.  legi- 
timar  ; Fr.  legitimer.]  [?.  legitimated  ; pp. 

LEGITIMATING,  LEGITIMATED.] 

1.  To  render  legitimate ; to  make  lawful ; 
to  legalize.  “ To  legitimate  vice.”  Milton. 

2.  To  place  in  the  condition  and  rights  of  one 
born  legitimately. 

The  Duke  of  Lancaster  caused  to  be  legitimated  the  issue 
which  he  had  begot  of  Catherine  Swinfort.  Holinshed. 

LE-(J!lT'l-MATE-LY, ad.  In  a legitimate  manner; 
with  legitimacy.  Dryden. 


LEISURE 

LB-GIT'I-MATE-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  qual- 
ity of  being  legitimate  ; legitimacy.  Barrow. 

LE-GIT-I-MA'TION,  n.  [It.  legittimazione ; Sp. 
legitimation ; Fr.  legitimation.] 

1.  The  act  of  legitimating,  or  the  state  of  be- 
ing legitimated. 

He  got  their  legitimation  confirmed  by  Parliament.  Lowth. 

2.  The  state  of  being  legitimate  ; lawful  birth. 

“ Questions  of  legitimation.”  Locke. 

L$-<?lT'J-MA-TIST,  n.  A legitimist.  Month.  Rev. 

LE-QlT'I-MIST,  n.  [Fr.  Ugitimiste  ; legitime,  le- 
gitimate.] A supporter  of  legitimate  authority 
or  government;  — applied  especially  to  one  of 
a party  in  France,  who,  after  the  revolution  of 
1830,  with  Chateaubriand  at  their  head,  strove 
to  raise  to  the  throne  the  Duke  of  Bourdeaux, 
under  the  name  of  Henry  V.,  he  being  the  de- 
scendant of  the  late  monarch  Charles  X.  — 
Otherwise  called  Carlist.  Weber. 

Lp-GIT'I-MlZE,  v.  a.  To  legitimate.  McCulloch. 

f LEG'I-TIVE,  a.  Legitimate.  Berners. 

LEG'LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  legs.  N.  A.  Rev. 

LEG'— LOCK,  n.  A lock  for  the  leg.  West.  Rev. 

f LE-GU-LE'I  AN  (-le'yan),  n.  A lawyer.  Milton. 

LEG'UME  (leg'gum),  n.  [L.  legumen ; lego,  to 
gather, — because  gathered  by  the  AcpP 
hand,  not  cut.  Richardson.  — It.  /W* 
legume-,  Fr  .legume.]  (Bot.) 

1.  A simple  pod,  dehiscent  into 

two  pieces  or  valves  like  that  of  the  F 
pea.  Gray.  Legume. 

2.  The  fruit  of  the  pea  family  ( Leguminosee ), 

of  whatever  shape  ; pulse.  Gray. 

LE-GU'MEN,n.\  pi.  L.  le-gv' mi-na-,  Eng.  LE- 
gumens.  [L.]  (Bot.)  Same  as  Legume .Henslow. 

Lf.-GU'MINE,  n.  ( Client .)  A substance  obtained 
from  the  seeds  of  leguminous  plants ; vegetable 
caseine.  Si  Ui  man. 

Lp-GU'MI-NOUS,  a.  1.  Noting  plants  which  pro- 
duce legumes,  as  the  pea,  bean,  locust,  clover, 
indigo,  logwood,  tamarind,  &c.  Gray. 

2.  Of,  or  pertaining  to,  plants  which  produce 
legumes.  “ Leguminous  seeds.”  Lincoln. 

LE-HUNT'ITE,  n.  (Min.)  A mineral  of  a flesh- 
red  color,  consisting  chiefly  of  silicate  of  alumina 
and  soda ; — first  found  in  Antrim  by  Captain 
Lchunt.  Eng.  Cyc. 

LEI- A- CAN ' THUS,  n.  [Gr.  J.t To;,  smooth,  and 
asarOos,  bear’s-breech.]  (Pal.)  A genus  of  fos- 
sil fishes,  known  only  by  their  spines.  Smart. 

LEI'GPR,  ) n.  See  Ledger,  and  Ledger- 

LEI'OER-BOOK,  ) BOOK.  Todd. 

LEI'O-DON,  n.  [Gr.  I(To;,  smooth,  and  di5o6j,  ibov- 
to t,  a tooth.]  (Pal.)  A genus  of  fossil  reptiles 
or  saurians.  Eng.  Cyc. 

LEI-O-PHYL' LUjM,  n.  [Gr.  Xcios,  smooth,  and 
(j>ii).).ov,  a leaf.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  evergreen 
shrubs  with  smooth  and  shining  leaves.  Gray. 

LEI'O  THRIX,  n.  [Gr.  /.do;,  smooth,  and 
hair.]  (Ornith.)  A genus  of  dentirostral  birds 
established  by  Swainson,  of  the  order  Passeres 
and  family  Ampelidce. 

LEI-PO'A,  n.  (Ornith.) 

A genus  of  birds  of 
the  order  Grallce,  in- 
habiting Australia, 
and  resembling  in. 
their  habits  the  do- 
mestic fowl,  except  I-eipoa  ooellata. 

that  they  do  not  sit  on  their  eggs,  but  leave  them 
in  the  sand  to  be  hatched  by  the  heat  of  the 
sun.  The  only  known  species  is  the  Leipoa  ocel- 
lata.  Baird. 

||  f LET'^FR- A-BLE  (le'zhur-a-bl),  a.  1.  Done  at 
leisure  ; not  hasty  ; leisurely.  Blount. 

2.  Vacant  of  .employment ; unoccupied;  lei- 
sure. “ Leisurable  hours.”  Browne. 

||  f LEI'fjl  R-A-BLY  (le'zhur-a-ble),  ad.  At  leisure; 
leisurely.  “ Letsurabhj  listen.”  " Barnes. 

||  LEISURE  (IS'zhur)  [le'zhur,  S.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  K. 
Sm.  Wr.  Wb.  ; le'zhur,  IF.  C. ; lezh'ur,  Nares, 
Barclay  ; la'zhur,  E. ; le'zhur  or  la'zlmr,  Kenrick], 
n.  [Fr.  loisir.  — L.  otium,  ease,  originally  writ- 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  t},  Y,  short;  A,  5,  J,  O,  V.  V.  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


LEISURE 


LENITIVE 


829 


ten  (in  Fr.)  oisirt  afterwards  Voisir , then  loisir. 
Huet , Landais . — L.  too  ; Fr.  laisser,  to  loose. 
Caseneuve , Menage.  — Goth.  fows,  tree,  vacant, 
loose.  Lye.  — L.  too,  to  permit,  Lfe.  — “The 
Fr.  loisir  is  perhaps  laissir,  to  lose.”  Richard- 
son.'] , 

1.  Freedom  from  occupation,  employment,  or 
business;  unoccupied  or  vacant  time;  vacancy. 

They  had  no  leisure  so  much  as  to  eat.  Mark  vi.  31. 

The  desire  of  leisure  is  much  more  natural  than  of  em- 
ployment and  cure.  Temple. 

2.  Time  allowed  for  any  purpose.  [».] 

More  than  I have  said,  loving  countrymen, 

The  leisure  and  enforcement  ot  the  time 

Forbids  to  dwell  upon.  Shak. 

At  leisure,  having  leisure  ; unemployed.  “ If  your 
lordship  were  at  leisure .”  Slialc.  — With  leisure  ; lei- 
surely ; as,  “ Done  at  leisure.” 

“ Between  lei'sure  and  leis'ure  there  is  little,  in 
point  of  good  usage,  to  choose.”  Smart. 

II  LEISURE  (le'zhur),  a.  Free  from  labor  or  busi- 
ness ; not  occupied ; vacant  of  employment. 
“ Th e leisure  hour.”  Beattie.  “ Leisure  time.” 


||  LEI'SURED  (le'zhtird),  a.  Having  leisure  ; un- 
employed ; unoccupied.  Ed.  Rev. 

II  LEI'§URE-LY  (le'zhur-le),  a.  Done  with  leisure 
or  with  free" use  of  time  ; not  hasty  or  hurried. 
“ A leisurely  survey.”  Addison. 

II  LEI'§URE-LY  (le'zhur-le),  ad.  With  free  use  of 
time  ; not  hurriedly  or  hastily. 

We  descended  very  leisurely,  my  friend  being  careful  to 
count  the  steps.  Addison. 

fLE'MAN  [le'mjn,  P.  Ja.  K. ; lem'jn,  »S/)t.],  n. 
[Old  Eng.  Isveman,  lefmon.  — Generally  sup- 
posed to  be  Fr.  I’aimant,  the  lover.  Johnson.  — 
A.  S.  leof  (Old  Eng.  lefe,  leve),  loved,  and  man, 
a person.  Tyriohitt,  Lye,  Richardson.  — Fr.  le 
mignon,  the  favorite,  the  darling.  Minsheu .] 
One  loved  ; a lover,  or  a mistress  ; particularly, 
one  loved  illicitly  ; — also  written  lemman.  Shak. 

LE'MAN-ITE,  n.  (Min.)  A very  tough  variety  of 
felspar,  first  found  on  the  shores  ol  the  Lake  of 
Geneva  (anciently  Lemanus ) ; saussurite.  Dana. 

f LEME,  n.  [A.  S.  leoma .]  A gleam  ; a beam  ; a 
ray.  “ A bright  leme  of  a torch.”  Sir  T.  Elyot. 

LEME,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  leoman.]  To  shine.  Huloet. 

LE'MIJ,  n.  [Gr.  l-vnv ; L.  lema.]  (Med.)  Bleared- 
ness  ; lippitude.  Dunglison. 

LEM'MA,  n. ; pi.  L.  lf.m'ma-ta  ; Eng.  lem'maij. 
[L.,  from  Gr.  D/p/m  ; kaylldvm,  uir]Ujjcii,  to  take.] 
(Geo m.)  A proposition  demonstrated  for  the 
purpose  of  facilitating  the  demonstration  of 
some  other  proposition.  Davies. 


LEM'MING,  n.  (Zoijl.) 
A rodent  animal  of 
the  rat  family,  found 
in  high  latitudes  ; the 
Mas  lemmus  of  Lin- 
nmus,  or  Georychus 
lemmus  of  Illiger. 


Lemming  (Georychus lemmus). 


ggp  The  lemmings  subsist  exclusively  on  vegetables. 
They  live  in  small  burrows  under  ground  in  summer, 
and  make  long  passages  under  snow  in  winter.  They 
occasionally  migrate  in  great  numbers,  pursuing  their 
course  in  a straight  line,  regardless  of  every  obstacle, 
and  consuming  every  tiling  eatable  in  their  way.  Baird. 


LEM'NI-AN,  a.  [L.  Lemnius,  of  Lemnos.]  Re- 
lating to  the  Island  of  Lemnos,  now  Stalimene. 

Lemman  earth,  an  unctuous  clay  of  a pale-red  color, 
dug  in  the  Island  of  Lemnos,  formerly  of  high  esteem 
in  medicine.  It  was  exporied  in  small  cakes  stamped 
with  a seal,  whence  it  was  also  called  terra  sigillata, 
Lemnium  sigillum,  and  spit  rag  id  e : — also  a kind  of 
reddle  dug  in  the  island  of  Lemnos  formerly  used  by 
painters;  — also  called  Lcmnian  reddle.  IV.  Smith. 


LpM-NIS'CATE,  ft.  [Gr.  Irj/jvlaKos  ; L.  lemnisca- 
tus,  adorned  with  ribbons  ; lemniscus,  a ribbon.] 
(Geom.)  A curve  in  the  form  of  the  figure  8, 
having  the  peculiar  property  of  being  divided 
into  four  parts  by  a line  drawn  through  it  longi- 
tudinally, but  only  into  two  parts  by  a line  drawn 
through  it  transversely.  Francis. 

LEM'ON,  ft.  [Arab,  laitnum  ; It.  lirnone  ; Sp.  if 
Fr.  limon .]  (Bot.)  A tropical  tree  of  the  genus 
Citrus,  growing  to  the  height  of  about  fifteen 
feet ; lemon-tree  ; Citrus  limonum  : • — ■ the  fruit 
of  Citrus  limonum  ; an  acid,  many-celled  berry, 
with  a protuberance  at  the  end,  and  a leathery, 
adherent  rind.  Wood.  Gray. 


Esscjitial  salt  of  lemon,  a name  given  to  the  binoxa- 
late  of  potash.  Braude. 

LEM'ON,  a.  Relating  to,  or  like,  a lemon.  P.  Cyc. 

LEM-ON-ADE',  ft.  [It.  limonata  ; limone,  lemon  ; 
Sp.  'limonada  ; Fr.  limonude.]  A beverage  made 
of  lemon  juice  diluted  with  water  and  sweet- 
ened. Dunglison. 

LEM'ON-GRAsS,  ft.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  a fra- 
grant smell  and  pleasant  taste,  used  in  the 
West  Indies  as  a substitute  tor  Chinese  tea, 
and  sometimes  employed  as  a sudorific  in  med- 
icine ; Andropogon  citratum,  or  Andropogon 
Schcenanthus.  Simmonds. 

LEM'ON— K A' LI,  ft.  A beverage  having  the  prop- 
erties of  ginger-beer  and  soda-water.  Liv.Chron. 

LEM'ON— PEEL,  tt.  The  peel  of  a lemon.  Prior. 

LE'MUR,  n.  [L.,  sing,  of  lemures,  ghosts.]  (Zoul.) 
The  common  name  of  a fam- 
ily of  quadrumanous  mam- 
mals, of  which  the  genus 
Lemuris  is  the  type.  They 
are  found  in  Madagascar,  and 
in  some  of  the  neighboring 
islands,  and  resemble  in  gen- 
eral the  monkey  tribe,  but 
approach  the  quadrupeds  in 
having  an  elongated  head 
and  a sharp,  projecting  muz- 
zle. Brande. 

LEM ' U-RE§,  n.  pi.  [L.]  (Rom.  Ant.)  Spirits  of 
the  departed  ; manes.  Anthon. 

LEND,  v.  a.  [Goth,  leiwan ; A.  S.  lez-nan;  lan, 
a loan  ; Dut.  Icenen  ; Ger.  leihen  ; Dan.  laane  ; 
Sw.  Irina.]  [t.  lent  ; pp.  lending,  lent.] 

1.  To  give,  grant,  or  transfer  to  another  on 
condition  of  return  or  repayment ; — correlative 
to  borrow  ; as,  “To  lend  a book.” 

The  stock  that  is  lent  at  interest  is  always  considered  as  a 
capital  by  the  lender.  A.  Smith. 

2.  To  afford  ; to  furnish  ; to  bestow;  to  con- 


fer ; to  impart.  “ Lend  assistance.”  Dryden. 
To  sage  philosophy  next  lend  thine  ear. 

From  heaven  descended  to  the  low-roofed  house 
Of  Socrates.  Milton. 

3.  To  let  for  hire  or  compensation.  Wright. 
LEND'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  lent.  Sherwood. 
LEND'pR,  n.  One  who  lends.  Bacon. 


LEND'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  lends. 

2.  That  which  is  lent ; a loan. 

Mowbray  hath  received  eight  thousand  nobles 

In  name  of  lendings  for  your  highness’s  soldiers.  Shak. 

f I.ENDij,  n.  pi.  [A.  S.  lend.]  Loins.  WicTtliffe. 

LE'Np,  a.  [L.  lenis,  soft,  smooth.]  Noting  a con- 
sonant, or  consonants,  the  sound  of  which  can- 
not be  prolonged. 

P is  called  lene,  and/  is  called  aspirate.  P,  b.  t,  d,  k.  y.  s, 
z,  are  lene.  Dr.  Latham. 

LE'Njp,  n.  A consonant  the  sound  of  which  can- 
not be  prolonged ; — distinguished  from  an  as- 
pirate. 

All  the  so-called  aspirates  are  continuous;  and  with  the 
exception  of  s and  z , all  the  lenes  are  explosive.  Dr.  Latham. 

By  lene  we  mean  a determinate  consonant  sound  defined 
by  a simple  contact  or  particular  position  of  the  organs;  and 
by  aspirate  we  mean,  in  each  case,  the  result  of  bringing  the 
organs  nearly  into  the  same  contact  or  position,  and  then 
continuing  to  expel  the  breath  for  an  indefinite  length  of 
time.  Dr.  D.  It.  Goodwin. 

LENGTH,  n.  [A.  S.  lengian,  lengeth,  to  extend; 
king,  long;  leneg,  long,  length;  Dut.  lengte; 
Dan.  Ircngde  ; Sw.  h'ingde.] 

1.  The  measure  or  extent  of  any  thing  from 
end  to  end,  or  in  the  direction  of  its  sides  ; — 
opposed  to  breadth  or  width. 

Walk  through  the  land,  in  the  length  of  it  and  in  the 
breadth  of  it.  Gen.  xiii.  17. 

Stretched  out  huge  in  length  the  arch-fiend  lay.  Milton. 

2.  Extent,  whether  of  space  or  of  duration. 
“ Large  lengths  of  seas  and  shores.”  Shak. 

Having  got  this  idea' of  duration,  the  next  thing  is  to  get 
some  measure  of  this  common  duration,  whereby  to  judge  of 
its  different  lengths.  Locke. 

3.  Long  duration  ; protraction. 

Length  of  days  is  in  her  right  hand,  and  in  her  left  hand 
riches  and  honor.  Prov.  iii.  l<i. 

4.  Distance.  “ He  had  marched  to  the  length 

of  Exeter.”  [r.]  Clarendon. 

At.  length,  or  at  the  length,  in  the  full  extent ; in  an 
uncontracted  state.  “ I will  insert  it  [the  name]  at 


Slow-paced  lemur 
(Loris  tardigradus). 


length  in  my  paper.”  Addison.  — At  last ; in  the  end 
or  conclusion.  “At  length , at  length,  I have  thee  in  my 
arms.”  Dryden. 

f LENGTH,  v.  a.  To  lengthen.  Sackville. 

LENGTII'EN  (leng'thn),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  langian.] 

[: i . LENGTHENED;  pp.  LENGTHENING,  LENGTH- 
ENED.] 

1.  To  extend  in  length  ; to  make  longer  ; to 
elongate ; — opposed  to  shorten. 

Making  them  [fibres]  easy  to  be  lengthened  without  rupture. 

Artmtlinot. 

The  low  sun  had  lengthened  every  shade.  Pope. 

2.  To  extend  in  time;  to  protract;  to  con- 
tinue ; to  prolong. 

Frame  your  mind  to  mirth  and  merriment, 

Which  bars  a thousand  harms  and  lengthens  life.  Shak. 

To  lengthen  out,  to  lengthen  ; to  extend  or  protract. 
u To  lengthen  out  his  date.”  Dryden. 

LENGTH'EN  (leng'thn),  v.  n.  To  increase  in 
length  ; to  grow  or  become  longer.  “ Lengthen- 
ing reveries.”  Byron. 

A yard  [measure]  whose  parts  lengthen  and  shrink.  Locke. 

LENGTH ’ENED  (leng'thnd),  a.  Extended  in 
length  ; made  longer  ; prolonged ; protracted. 

LENGTH 'EN-lNG  (leng'tlin-ing),  n.  The  act  of 
making  longer  ; continuation  ; protraction.  “A 
lengthening  of  thy  tranquillity.”  Dan.  iv.  27. 

LENGTH'FUL,  a.  Having  length ; long,  [it.]  Pope. 

LENGTH'I-LY,  ad.  In  a lengthy  manner;  at 
length  ; not  briefly.  Th.  Campbell. 

LENGTH 'J-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state  of 
being  lengthy  ; length  ; prolixity.  Ed.  Campbell. 

LENGTH'WAY§,  ad.  Lengthwise.  Pennant. 

LENGTH' WlljE,  ad.  In  the  direction  of  the 
length  ; longitudinally.  Goldsmith. 

LENGTH'Y,  a.  Having  length  ; long ; lengthened  ; 
not  brief;  not  short;  prolonged;  prolix;  — 
applied  often  to  dissertations  or  discourses. 
“ Lengthy  orations.”  N.  Brit.  Rev.  “ Lengthy 
description.”  Lc.  Rev. 

A motive  to  the  invention  of  new  words  is  the  desire  there- 
by  to  cut  short  lengthy  explanations,  tedious  circuits  of  lan- 
guage. Trench. 

4£g"This  word  is  much  used  in  the  United  States, 
especially  as  a colloquial  word  ; and  it  is  generally 
considered  as  of  American  origin.  It  is  to  he  found 
in  the  writings  of  Jared  Ingersol  (1765),  Washington, 
Jefferson,  and  Hamilton,  though  most  of  our  best 
writers  forbear  it.  It  has,  however,  within  a few 
years,  been  considerably  used  in  England,  and  has 
been  countenanced  by  some  distinguished  English 
writers,  as  Bishop  Jehb,  Lord  Byron,  I)r.  Dibdin,  Mr. 
Coleridge,  John  Foster,  Dr.  Arnold,  Dr.  Latham,  Dr. 
Trench,  Professor  Powell,  &c.  ; also  by  the  Brit.  Crit., 
Ch.  Oh.,  Ed.  Rev.,  Qu.  Rev.,  For.  Q,u.  Rev.,  Ec.  Rev., 
Gent.  Mag.,  Blackwood’s  Mag.,  Sat.  Mag.,  P.  Cyc., 
&c.  It  has  also  been  admitted  into  the  recent  Eng- 
lish dictionaries  of  Knowles,  Smart,  Reid,  Craig, 
Ogilvie,  and  Boag  ; yet  Smart  says  of  it,  “ The  word 
is  an  Americanism.” 

LE'NI-ENCE,  ? The  quality  of  being  lenient ; 

LE'NI-EN-CY,  ) clemency  ; lenity.  Ed.  Rev. 

Syn.  — See  Clemency. 

LE'NI-ENT,  a.  [L.  lenio,  leniens,  to  soften  or  as- 
suage ; lenis , soft,  mild  ; It.  leniente.] 

1.  Softening ; soothing  ; assuasive  ; — some- 
times used  with  of.  “ Lenient  of  grief.”  Milton. 

Thy  Tancred’s  wounds  with  lenient  hand  to  heal,  lloole. 

2.  Emollient ; lenitive.  “ Oils  that  relax  the 

fibres  are  lenient.”  Arbuthnot. 

3.  Mild  ; gentle  ; merciful ; clement ; not 
harsh  or  austere  ; without  rigor  or  severity  ; as, 
“To  be  lenient  towards  an  offender.” 

LE'NI-ENT,  n.  (Med.)  An  emollient ; a lenitive. 
“ I dressed  it  with  lenients.”  Wiseman. 

I.E'NI-ENT-LY,  ad.  In  a lenient  manner. 

Leniently  as  he  [Bacon]  was  treated  by  his  contemporaries, 
posterity  has  treated  him  more  leniently  still.  Macaulay. 

LEN'I-FY,  v.  a.  [Fr.  lenifier , from  L.  lenis,  soft, 
mild,  and  facio,  to  make.]  [i.  lenified  ; pp. 
lenifying,  lenified.]  To  soften  ; to  assuage ; 
to  mitigate,  [r.]  Bacon. 

f LEN'I-MENT,  n.  [L.  lenimentum ; lenio,  to 
soften,  to  assuage  ; It.  lenimento.]  An  assuag- 
ing; an  alleviation.  Cockeram. 

LEN'I-TIVE,  a.  [It.  &;  Sp.  lenitivo,  from  L.  lenio, 
to  soften ; Fr.  lenitif.]  Having  the  quality  or 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RtJLE.  — 9,  <?,  9,  g,  soft;  E,  G,  5,  g,  hard ; § as  z;  ^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


LENITIVE 


830 


LEPIDOPTERA 


power  of  gently  allaying  irritation,  or  palliating 
disease  ; assuasive  ; emollient.  Bacon. 

LEN'1-TIVE,  n.  (Med.)  A medicine  which  gently 
allays  irritation  or  palliates  disease  ; a soothing 
medicine;  an  emollient ; a palliative.  Dunglison. 

LEN'J-Tj  VE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  leni- 
tive or  emollient.  Scott. 

f LEN'I-TUDE,  n.  [L . lenitudo.]  Lenity.  Blount. 

LEN'I-TY.  n.  [L.  lenitas  ; lenis,  soft,  mild;  It. 
lenita  ;’  Sp.  lenidad  ; Fr . I nite.]  Mildness  or 
softness  of  temper  ; gentleness  ; tenderness  ; 
clemency  ; mercy  ; — opposed  to  harshness,  aus- 
terity, or  severity.  “ Preferring  lenity  and  suf- 
fering severity.”  Stow. 

When  Lenity  ami  Cruelty  play  for  a kingdom,  the  gentler 
gamester  is  tile  soonest  winner.  Shah. 

Syn.  — See  Clemency,  Mildness. 

LEN'NOCK,  a.  Slender ; pliable.  [Local  N.  of 
Eng.]  Wright. 

LE'NO,  n.  A kind  of  cotton  gauze,  used  for  cur- 
tains. Simmonds. 

f LE-NOC'I-NANT,  a.  [L.  lenocinor,  lenocinans, 
to  cajole.]  Enticing  to  evil.  More. 

LEN§  (lenz),  n. ; pi.  len§'e§.  [L.  lens,  a lentil.] 
(Opt.)  A piece  of  glass  or  other  transparent 
substance,  so  formed  as  to  change  the  direction 
of  rays  of  light  passing  through  it ; — so  named 
because  originally  spherically  convex  on  both 
sides,  like  the  seed  of  a lentil. 

Concavo-convex  lens,  F,  a lens  having  one  side  con- 
vex and  the  other  concave,  and  the  radius  of  the  con- 
vex surface  greater  than  that  of  the  concave  surface. 

— Crystalline  lens,  ( Jlnut .)  the  crystalline  humor  of 
the  eye.  Dunglison.  — Double  concave  lens,  B,  a lens 
spherically  concave  on  both  » B c o e f 
sides.  — Double  convex  lens , D, 
a lens  spherically  convex  on 
both  sides.  — Moon-shaped  lens, 

E,  a lens  shaped  like  a cres- 
cent ; meniscus.  See  Me- 
niscus.— Multiplying  glass  or  lens,  a plano-convex 
lens,  cut  on  its  convex  side  into  a number  of  faces  ; — 
so  called  because  it  represents  a single  object  to  the 
eye  as  if  it  were  many. — Plano-concave  lens.  A,  a 
lens  having  one  side  plane  and  the  other  concave.  — 
Plano-convex  lens,  C,  a lens  having  one  side  plane 
and  the  other  convex.  — Polyzonal  lens,  a lens  com- 
posed of  several  concentric  zones  or  rings.  — Spherical 
lens,  a lens  in  the  form  of  a sphere.  Brande.  Francis. 

LENT,  i.  & p.  from  lend.  See  Lend. 

LENT,  n.  [A.  S.  lencten,  lengten,  spring,  lent ; 
Dut.  lente,  spring;  Old  Ger.  lentzin ; Ger.  lenz. 

— “ Probably  from  A.  S.  lengian,  to  lengthen, 
because  the  days  lengthen  at  this  season  of  the 
year.”  Wachter.] 

1.  The  quadragesimal  fast ; a fast  of  forty  days 
observed  by  the  Roman  Catholic  and  some  other 
churches,  in  commemoration  of  our  Saviour’s 
fasting  in  the  wilderness.  It  begins  on  Ash- 
Wednesday,  and  continues  until  Easter.  Brande. 

2.  A loan.  [Local,  Eng.]  Wright. 

fLENT,  a.  [L.  lentus  ; It.  Sf  Sp.  lento  ; Fr.  lent.] 
Slow  ; mild.  B.  Jonson. 

LflN-TAN'DO.  [It.]  (Mus.)  A term  indicating 
that  the  notes  over  which  it  is  xvritten  are  to  be 
played,  from  the  first  to  the  last,  with  increasing 
slowness.  Moore. 

LENT'EN  (len'tn),  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  Lent ; like 
the  fare  of  old  times  during  Lent ; sparing; 
meagre.  “ Lenten  entertainment.”  Shak. 

2.  f Laconic;  short.  “ Lenten  answer.”  Shak. 

LEN'TI-CELLE,  n.  [Fr.]  (Bot.)  A small  lens- 
shaped spot  on  the  back  of  many  plants.  Brande. 

LEM-  TIC ' U- LA,  n.  [L.dim.  of  lens,lentis,  a lentil.] 

1.  (Opt.)  A small  lens.  Crabb. 

2.  (Med.)  A freckle;  lentigo.  Dunglison. 

3.  (Bot.)  A lentieelle.  Henslow. 

LJJN-TIC'U-LAR,  a,  [L.  lenticularis ; lens,  lentis, 
a lentil ; It.  lenticolare  ; Sp.  lenticular  ; Fr.  len- 
ticulaire.]  Having  the  form  of  a double  convex 
lens  ; lens-shaped  ; lentiform. 

Lenticular  fever,  a fever  attended  with  an  eruption 
of  small  red  pimples.  Dunglison. 

LfN-TIC'U-LAR-LY,  ad.  In  the  manner  of  a lens. 

LIJN-TIC'IJ-LlTE,  n.  (Geol.)  A fossil  shell  of 

a lenticular  shape.  Wright. 


LEN'TI-FORM,  a.  [L.  lens,  lentis,  a lentil,  and 
forma,  form.]  Lens-shaped  ; lenticular.  Brande. 

LIJN-TIG'I-NOUS,  a.  [L . lentiginosus  \ lentigo , 
lentiginis,  a freckle,  lentigo  ; It.  lentigginoso .] 
Freckly  ; scurfy  ; furfuraceous.  Chalmers. 

LEM-Tl'GO  [len-tl'go,  S.  W.  Sm.  C.  Wr.  ; len- 
te'go,  Ja. ; len'te-go,  J.  A'.],  n.  [L.]  (Med.)  A 
freckly  eruption  on  the  skin.  Dunglison. 

LEN'TIL,  n.  [Fr.  lentille,  from  L.  lens,  lentis.] 
(Bot.)  A leguminous  plant  allied  to  the  vetch  ; 
Ercum  lens  : — the  seed  of  Ervum  lens. Eng. Cyc. 

Lf.N-TXS'CUS,  } n p,  lentiscus ; It.  lentischio; 

LEN'TISK,  ) Sp.  lentisco-,  Fr.  lentisque.]  (Bot.) 
A bush  xvhich  grows  on  the  coasts  of  the  Med- 
iterranean, from  which  mastic  is  obtained;  the 
mastic-tree;  Pistacia  lentiscus.  Eng.  Cyc. 

f LEN'Tj-TUUE,  n.  [L.  lentitudo;  lentus,  sloxv.] 
Slowness ; sluggishness  ; lentor.  Bailey. 

t LENT'NER,  n.  A hawk  taken  in  Lent.  Walton. 

LEM' TO.  [It.]  (Mus.)  Slow.  Moore. 

LEM' TOR,  n.  [L.  lentus,  viscous,  slow ; It.  few- 
fore;  Sp.  lentor ; Fr.  lenteur.] 

1.  Viscosity  ; tenacity  ; glutinousness  ; sizi- 
ness.  “ Their  clamminess  and  lentor."  Evelyn. 

2.  Sloxvness  ; sluggishness.  “ The  lentor  of 

eruptions  not  inflammatory.”  Arbuthnot. 

LEN'TOUS,  a.  [L.  lentus.]  Viscous ;' glutinous  ; 
tenacious  ; clammy  : — soft ; pliant.  Browne. 

\L’  EM-VOY'  (lang-vw£t’),w.  [Fr.  le,  the,  and  envoi, 
address.]  A term  borrowed  from  the  Old  French 
poetry,  and  applied  to  additional  lines  subjoined 
to  a poem,  as  from  the  author,  conveying  the 
moral  or  addressing  the  piece  to  some  patron ; 
— a term  sometimes  used  also  to  signify  a con- 
clusion generally,  as  of  a letter.  Nares. 

LEN'ZIN-lTE,  n.  (Min.)  A hydrous  silicate  of 
alumina  of  a clear  brown  color  ; a variety  of 
felspar  ; — so  named  in  honor  of  Lenzius,  a Ger- 
man mineralogist.  Dana. 

LE'O,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  l.tun.]  (Astron.)  The  Lion  ; 
a constellation  near  the  Great  Bear,  named 
in  commemoration  of  the  Nemaean  lion  killed 
by  Hercules.  It  includes  Regulus,  a star  of  the 
first  magnitude,  lying  directly  in  the  ecliptic, 
and  is  the  fifth  sign  of  the  zodiac,  xvhich  the 
sun  enters  about  the  22d  of  July. 

Leo  Minor,  Little  Lion,  a collection  of  small  stars 
between  Leo  and  Ursa  Major  (Great  Bear).  P.  Cyc. 

f LE'OD,  n.  [A.  S.  lead.]  One  of  the  same  stock  ; 
a countryman  ; a people  ; a nation.  Gibson. 

j-LE'OF,  a.  [A.  S.]  Loved;  beloved.  Bosworth. 

LE'O-HUNT'yR,  n.  One  who  seeks  lions  or  ob- 
jects of  curiosity.  [Low.]  Qu.  Rev. 

LE-ON-HARD'ItE  (-Srd'lte),  n.  (Min.)  A hydrous 
silicate  of  alumina  and  lime  found  in  Hungary, 
resembling  laumonite.  Dana. 

LE'O-NINE  (19),  a.  [L.  leoninus ; leo,  leonis,  a 
lion  ; It.  A,  Sp.  leomno  ; Fr.  li-onin.]  Of,  per- 
taining to,  or  resembling,  a lion  ; lion-like. 

So  was  he  full  of  leonine  courage.  Chancer. 

Leonine  verses , a Latin  measure,  fashionable  in  the 
middle  ages,  consisting  properly  of  the  hexameter,  or 
hexameter  and  pentameter,  rhymed  ; hilt  in  that  by 
far  the  most  common,  the  caesura,  occurring  in  the 
fifth  syllable,  rhymes  with  the  end  of  the  line;  — so 
called  because  invented  or  perfected  by  Leon,  Leoni- 
nus, or  Leonius,  a monk  of  the  twelfth  century.  The 
following  line  is  an  example.  P.  Cyc. 

En  rex  Edvardus,  debacchans  ut  Leopardus. 

LE'O-NINE-LY,  ad.  In  the  manner  of  a lion. 

LJJ-ON'TO-DON,  n.  [Gr.  X/wv,  Xtovros,  a lion,  and 
oboes,  olooToc,  a tooth.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  peren- 
nial, herbaceous  plants  the  leaves  of  xvhich  are 
cut  at  the  edges  into  segments  resembling  teeth  ; 
lion’s  tooth  ; dandelion.  P.  Cyc. 

LEOP'ARD  (lep'ard), 
n.  [Gr.  Xtdirapbos ; 

Xiov,  a lion,  and 
irapbos,  a pard ; L. 
leopardus ; It.  Sf  Sp. 
leopardo  ; Fr.  leo- 
pard.] (Zoul.)  A 
large  animal  of  the 
cat  kind,  found  in 


Africa  and  in  India,  having  the  head,  neck, 
back,  limbs,  and  under  parts  irregularly  marked 
with  black  spots,  and  on  the  sides  numerous 
distinct  roses,  or  clusters  of  small  spots  disposed 
in  a circular  form  ; its  ground  color  being  a yel- 
loxvish  faxvn,  except  on  the  under  parts,  which 
are  xvhite  ; Fells  leopardus.  Eng.  Cyc. 

Hunting  leopard , or  chetah,  a kind  of  leopard  about 
the  size  of  a greyhound,  having  a slender  form  and 
a slight  mane  ; Felis  jubuta.  It  is  easily  domesticated, 
and,  in  the  East,  is  used  in  the  chase. 

ItST  The  term  leopard  is  used  by  many  zoologists  to 
include  all  the  larger  spotted  animals  of  the  cat  kind, 
as  the  panther,  jaguar,  ounce,  & c.  Eng.  Cyc. 

LEOP'ARD’S— BANE  (lep'?rdz-ban),  n.  (Bot.)  A 
genus  of  deciduous,  herbaceous  plants,  said  to 
have  been  used  formerly  to  destroy  xvild  ani- 
mals ; Doronicum.  Loudon. 

LE-pAd  ' l-DJE,  n.  pi.  (Zolil.)  A family  of  crus- 
taceans ; lepadites.  Baird. 

LEP'A-DITE,  w.  [Gr.  Xrttas,  Xeirdbos,  a shell-fish; 
L.  lepas,  lepadis.]  (Conch.)  A cirriped  having 
a long,  flexible,  contractile  stem  fixed  by  its 
base  to  some  solid  body,  and  supporting  at  its 
extremity  the  principal  parts  of  the  animal  en- 
closed in  a multivalve  shell  or  coriaceous  case  ; 
goose-barnacle.  Brande. 

LEP-A-DO-GAS'TER,  n.  [Gr.  Xcrris,  Xtnabos  (L. 
lepas,  lepadis),  a shell-fish,  and  yaaryo,  the  belly.] 
(Ich.)  A genus  of  fishes  having  ventral  suckers, 
by  xvhich  they  adhere  to  bodies.  Brande. 

LEP'AL,  n (Bot.)  A nectary  originating  in  a 
barren  transformed  stamen.  Henslow. 

LE'PAS,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  Xuras,  a limpet ; Miras, 
a smooth  rock:  Xiiru,  to  strip  off.]  (Conch.)  A 
genus  of  Lepadicla;  or  lepadites.  Baird. 

LEP'ER,  n.  [Gr.  Xhrpa,  leprosy;  L.  lepra-,  Fr. 
lepreux.  — See  Leprosy'.]  One  infected  xvith  lep- 
rosy. “A  leper  as  xx'hite  as  snow.”  2 Kings  v.27. 

LEP'BR-OUS,  a.  1.  Causing  leprosy  or  a fatal 
disease.  “ The  leperous  distilment.”  Shak. 

2.  Infected  xvith  leprosy  ; leprous.  Todd. 

fLEP'ID,  a.  [L.  lepidus  ; lepos,  pleasantness.] 
Pleasant ; lively  ; merry.  Barrow. 

LEP'l-DlNE,  n.  (Chem.)  A substance  obtained 
from  a species  of  lepidium.  Iloblyn. 

Lp-PID'I-UM,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  Ximblov,  pepper- 
xvort.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  cruciferous  plants 
having  a warm,  pungent  taste  ; peppergrass ; 
pepperxvort ; — so  named  from  its  small,  scale- 
like pods.  Gray. 

LEP-I-DO-DEM' DROM,  n. ; pi.  LEPinODENDRA. 
[Gr.  Xenis,  Xnrlbos,  a scale,  and  blvbpov,  a tree.] 
(Pal.)  A genus  of  fossil  plants  of  the  coal 
formation,  intermediate  betxveen  the  lycopodi- 
ums and  the  coniferous  plants,  the  stems  of 
which  are  sometimes  seventy  feet  in  height  and 
of  a diameter  exceeding  three  feet,  and  are 
covered  xvith  regular  rhomboidal  eminences  re- 
sembling scales.  Lyell.  P.  Cyc. 

LEP'I-DOID,  n.  [Gr.  Xttrls,  Xnrlbos,  a scale,  and 
form.]  (Pal.)  One  of  a family  of  fossil 
fishes  of  the  oolite  formation,  having  large, 
rhomboidal,  bony  scales.  Brande. 

LEP-I-DO'KRO-KITE,  n.  (Min.)  Hydrous  perox- 
ide of  iron,  occurring  in  minute  radiating  crys- 
tals, or  granular  scales  and  feathery  aggrega- 
tions, imbedded  in  fibrous  red  oxide  of  iron,  in 
quartz,  and  in  nodules  of  chalcedony.  Dana. 

LEP'r-nO-LlTE,  or  LE-PID'O-LITE,  n.  [Gr.  Xciris, 
Xnrlbos,  a scale,  and  Xi9os,  a stone.]  (Min.)  A 
comparatively  rare  species  of  mica,  containing 
lithia,  of  a rose-red  or  pinkish  color,  occurring 
in  oblique  hexagonal  prisms,  and  in  granular 
masses  consisting  of  foliated  scales  ; rose  mica  ; 
lithia  mica.  Dana. 

LEP-1-DOP'Tf.R,  w.  [See  Lepidoptera.]  (Ent.) 
One  of  the  lepidoptera.  Smart. 

LEP-I-DOP  ' TE-RJ1,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  Xeiris,  Xnrlbos,  a 
scale ; irrtpbv  (pi.  mtpii),  a feather,  a wing.] 
(Ent.)  An  order  of  insects  including  those  fa- 
miliarly knoxxm  as  butterflies  and  moths,  having 
four  xvings,  commonly  of  large  size,  covered 
xvith  minute  scales,  xvhich  to  the  naked  eye 
appear  like  poxxdcr.  Eng.  Cyc. 


Leopard  ( Felis  leopardus). 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


LEPIDOPTERAL 


831 


LET 


LEP-J-DOP'TJpR-AL,  l a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 

LEP-I-DOP'TIJR-OUS,  ) t^lc  Lepidoptera.  Booth. 

LEP-I-DO'SJS,  n.  [Gr.  XeniSos,  a scale.]  (Med.) 
A disease  characterized  by  an  efflorescence  of 
scales  on  the  body  ; a scaly  disease.  Dunglison. 

LEP'I-DOTE,  £ a ' [Gr.  XeinXuirof,  scaly  ; Jfir/j, 

LEP'I-DOT-JSD,  ) ZariSos,  a scale.]  (Bot.)  Cov- 
ered with  scurfy  scales  ; leprous.  Gray. 

LEP-I-DO’TUS,  n.  (Pal.)  A genus  of  large  and 
thick  fossil  homocercal  ganoid  fishes  having  the 
general  form  of  perches.  Agassiz. 

LEP-I-PHYL 1 LUM,  n.  [Gr.  Xeirif,  a scale,  and 
ipkXXov,  a leaf.]  (Pal.)  A fossil  leaf  which  oc- 
curs in  the  coal  formation.  Brongniart. 

LE'PIS,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  X.firi ?.]  (Bot.)  A thin 
scale,  attached  by  its  middle,  and  having  a 
lacerated,  irregular  margin.  Henslow. 

LE-POR' I-DJE,  n.  pi.  [L.  lepas,  leporis,  a hare, 
and  Gr.  ilbos,  form.]  (Zoiil.)  A family  of  rodent 
animals,  the  type  of  which  is  the  common  hare 
(Lepus  timidus).  Waterhouse. 

LEP'O-ltlNE,  or  LEP'O-RINE  (19)  [lep'p-rln,  W. 
J.  F.  Ja.  S/n.  C.;  le'po-rln,  »S.  ; lep'o-rln,  K. 
Wb.],  a.  [L.  leporinus  ; lepus , leporis , a hare.] 
Of,  belonging  to,  or  resembling  a hare.  Johnson. 

LE  'PR-4,  n.  [L.]  (Med.)  Leprosy.  Dunglison. 

LIJ-PROS'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being  leprous; 
leprousness ; squamousness,  [r.]  Bacon. 

LEP'RO-SY,  n.  [Gr.  Xma&,  ).nrp6s,  scaly ; leu ot,  a 
scale’;  L.  lepra ; It.  lebbra  ; Sp.  lepra ; Fr.  lipre.] 

1.  (Med.)  A loathsome  disease,  characterized 
by  an  eruption  of  circular  spots  of  inflamed 
skin  covered  with  whitish  scales,  varying  from 
the  size  of  a pin-head  to  an  inch  in  diameter, 
and  forming,  sometimes,  by  coalescing,  large, 
irregular  patches.  It  often  covers  the  whole 
body,  but  rarely,  if  ever,  the  face.  Dunglison. 

gcjp  The  leprosy  of  the  Jews  appears  to  have  been 
generally  not  scaly,  but  to  have  consisted  of  smooth, 
shining  patches  on  which  the  hair  turned  white  and 
silky,  and  the  skin,  with  the  muscular  flesh,  lost  its 
sensibility,  ft  was  incurable.  The  leprosy  of  the 
Arabs  is  properly  a variety  of  elephantiasis.  Dangli- 
son.  P.  Cyc. 

Black  leprosy , a form  of  leprosy  in  which  the  scales 
are  black.  — White  leprosy,  a form  of  leprosy  in  which 
the  scales  are  white.  Dunglison. 

2.  The  venereal  disease  ; syphilis.  Shah. 

LEP'ROUS  (lep'rus),  a.  1.  Infected  with  leprosy, 
or  other  loathsome  disease.  Ex.  iv.  6. 

2.  (Bot.)  Having  scales ; lepidote.  Gray. 

LEP'ROUS-LY,  ad.  In  a leprous  manner. 

LEP'ROUS-NESS,  n The  state  of  being  leprous, 
or  infected  with  leprosy.  Sherwood. 

LEP-TO-DAC'TYL,  n.  [Gr.  Xiwris,  light,  thin, 
and  66ktuXos,  a finger.]  (Zoiil.)  A bird  or  other 
animal  having  slender  toes.  Hitchcock. 

LEP-TO-DAc'TYL-OUS,  a.  Having  slender  toes. 

Hitchcock. 

LyP-TOL'O-yy,  n.  [Gr.  >.(tttos,  fine,  slender,  and 
}.6yos,  a discourse.]  A line-spun  discourse  on 
trifling  matters.  Crabb. 

LF.P-TO-  PHI'  JYJ1,  n.  [Gr.  Xenrd;,  slender,  and 
Hip's,  a serpent.]  (Herp.)  A sub-family  of  very 
long  and  slender  serpents,  belonging  to  the 
family  Colubridee,  which  live  in  woods,  entwin- 
ing themselves  among  the  branches  of  trees, 
and  gliding  with  great  rapidity  from  one  to  an- 
other. Baird. 

LF.P-TO-SO'MUS,  n.  [Gr.  X.ar rds,  fine,  slender, 
and  oiopa,  body.]  (Ornith.)  A genus  of  birds  of 
the  family  Cuculidee,  or  cuckoos,  found  in  Mad- 
agascar. Van  Der  Hoeven. 

L F. P-T  l-  .\  TI C,  n.  [Gr.  X.enrvvriKds,  attenuating  ; 
hxrOvio,  to  make  thin ; Xa ttos,  thin  ; L.  leptynti- 
cus .]  (Med.)  A medicine  which  thins  or  increases 
the  fluidity  ofhumors  ; an  attenuant.  Dunglison. 

LEP'TYN-ITE,  n.  (Min.)  A granular  compound 
of  felspar  and  quartz  ; granulite.  Dana. 

LE'PUS,  n.  [L.]  1.  (Zoiil.)  A genus  of  rodent 

animals  ; the  hare.  Eng.  Cyc. 

2.  (Astron.)  An  ancient  southern  constella- 
tion situated  under  Orion.  Hind. 


f LERE,  n.  [A.  S.  leer .]  Learning ; lore.  Spenser. 

fLERE,  a.  Empty.  — See  Leer.  Butler. 

f LERE,  V.  a.  [A.  S.  leeran .]  To  give  or  to  re- 
ceive instruction  ; to  learn  or  to  teach.  Chaucer. 

LE-RIS  ' TJ1,  n.  (Herp.)  A genus  of  lizards  with 
very  short  feet,  and  destitute  of  eyelids ; Ophi- 
opsis  of  Fitzinger.  Van  Der  Hoeven. 

LER-JVJE  'A,  n.  [Gr.  Xepvaia,  a name  of  the  hydra.] 
(Zoiil.)  A genus  of  crustaceans  which  are  exter- 
nal parasites  of  fishes.  Baird. 

LpR-NE'AN,  n.  (Zoiil.)  One  of  the  genus  of 
crustaceans  called  Lemcea.  Eng.  Cyc. 

t LER'RY,  n.  Learning;  a lesson.  Wright. 

LES'Bj-AN,  a.  (Geog.)  Of,  or  pertaining,  to  an- 
cient Lesbos,  an  island  in  the  Grecian  archipel- 
ago, now  called  Metelin. 

LE'^ION  (le'zhun),  n.  \L.  lecsio  \ leedo,  Itesus,  to 
hurt,  to  injure;  It.  lesione ; Sp.  A Fr.  lesion.] 

1.  (Law.)  In  Scottish  law,  damage  ; detri- 
ment; — in  the  civil  law,  the  injury  suffered  by 
one  who  does  not  receive  a full  equivalent  for 
what  he  gyves  in  a commutative  contract. Blount. 

2.  (Med.)  A morbid  change  ; derangement ; 

disorder.  Dunglison. 

LESS.  [A.  S.  leas,  — imperative  of  leasan,  lysan, 
to  loose,  to  dismiss,  to  put  or  take  away.  Tooke.] 
A negative  or  privative  termination.  Joined  to 
nouns  it  converts  them  into  adjectives  implying 
the  absence  or  privation  of  that  which  is  ex- 
pressed by  the  nouns,  as  life&ss,  without  life ; 
fear/ess,  without  fear. 

LESS,  a.  [Goth,  laus  ; A.  S.  las,  irregular  com- 
parative of  lytel,  — imperative  of  leasan,  lysan, 
to  loose ; to  dismiss  ; to  put  or  take  away. 
Tooke.]  Not  so  great  or  so  much;  smaller; 
inferior  ; — the  comparative  of  little,  and  op- 
posed to  greater  or  more.  “ Less  value.”  Shah. 

llis  trust  was  with  the  Eternal  to  be  deemed 

Equal  in  strength,  and,  rather  than  be  less, 

Cared  not  to  be  at  nil.  Milton. 

That  air  and  harmony  of  shape  express, 

Fine  by  degrees  and  beautifully  less.  Trior. 

LESS,  ad.  In  a smaller  or  lower  degree  ; not  so 
much.  “Less  proud.”  “ Less  royal.”  Shah. 

God  hath  punished  us  less  than  our  iniquities  deserve. 

Ezra  ix.  13. 

LESS,  n.  A smaller  quantity  ; not  so  much  ; — 
opposed  to  more,  or  to  as  much. 

They  gathered,  some  more,  some  less.  Ex.  xvi.  17. 

Less  and  less  of  Emily  he  saw.  Dn/den. 

t LESS,  conj.  Unless;  lest.  B.  Jonson. 

f LESS,  v.  a.  To  make  less ; to  lessen.  Gower. 

LfS-SEE',  n.  (Law.)  The  person  to  whom  a 
lease  is  given  ; — opposed  to  lessor.  Burrill. 

I.ES'SEN  (les'sn),  V.  a.  [From  less.]  [*.  LES- 
SENED; pp.  LESSENING,  LESSENED.] 

1.  To  make  less  in  size  or  quantity ; to  make 
smaller  ; to  diminish  ; to  reduce ; to  abate. 

The  tribute  . . . was  lessened  by  half.  Raleigh. 

2.  To  diminish  in  degree,  state,  or  quality ; 
to  degrade  ; to  lower. 

Kings  may  give 

To  beggars,  and  not  lessen  their  own  greatness.  Denham. 

St.  Paul  chose  to  magnify  his  office  when  ill  men  conspired 
to  lessen  it.  Attcrbunj. 

LES'SEN  (les'sn),  v.  n.  To  grow  or  become  less  ; 
to  be  diminished  ; to  decrease  ; to  abate. 

All  government  may  be  esteemed  to  grow  strong  or  weak 
as  the  general  opinion  in  those  that  govern  is  seen  to  lessen 
or  increase.  Temjile. 

LES'SEN-ING,  n.  Diminution.  Pope. 

LESS'pR,  a.  Less;  smaller;  inferior;  minor. 

The  larger  here,  and  there  the  lesser  lambs. 

The  new-fallen  young  hard  bleating  for  their  dams.  Pope. 

JOST*  Lesser  means  smaller,  and  contrasts  with  Great- 
er. Less  contrasts  sometimes  with  greater , hut  oftener 
with  more,  the  comparative  of  much  ; for  though  it 
may  mean  not  so  large , its  most  common  meaning  is 
not  so  much.  G.  Brown. 

Lesser  is  a corruption  of  less , the  comparative  of 
little,  of  long  and  established  use  in  certain  cases  ; 
as,  “ Lesser  Asia,”  for  “ Asia  Minor  ” ; “ The  lesser 
light.”  Gen.  i.  16.  u Lesser  graces.”  Blair.  — It 
in  ay  be  used  instead  of  less  whenever  the  rhythm  can 
be  aided,  or  the  double  occurrence  of  a terminational 
5 avoided  ; as, 

Attend  to  what  a lesser  Muse  indites.  Addison. 

t LESSOR,  ad.  Less.  “That  lesser  hate  him. ” Shak . 


f LES'S£§,  n.  pi.  [Fr.  laissees  ; laisser , to  leave.] 
The  leavings  or  dung  of  beasts.  Bailey. 

LES'SON  (les'sn),  n.  [Gr.  Uyu,  to  gather,  to  read ; 
L.  lectio',  lego,  lectus  ; It  .lezione;  Sp.  leccion ; 
Fr.  legon. — Goth,  laiseins , learning.] 

1.  Any  thing  read  or  pronounced  for  instruc- 
tion or  improvement ; any  thing  assigned  by,  or 
recited  to,  a teacher  as  a task  or  exercise. 

I am  no  breeching  scholar  in  the  schools; 

I’ll  not  be  tied  to  hours  nor  ’pointed  times, 

But  learn  my  lessons  as  I please  myself.  Shale. 

2.  A portion  of  Scripture  read  in  divine  ser- 

vice. “ Lessons  being  free  from  some  incon- 
veniences whereunto  sermons  are  most  sub- 
ject.” Hooker. 

3.  Precept ; instruction. 

Edward  Planta^enet,  arise  a knight, 

And  learn  this7e$so//,  Draw  thy  sword  in  right.  Shak. 

4.  Any  thing  pronounced  by  way  of  correc- 
tion or  reproof ; rebuke  ; lecture. 

She  would  give  her  a lesson  for  walking  so  late.  Sidney. 

5.  (Mtis.)  A composition  designed  to  display 

the  power  and  expression  of  a particular  instru- 
ment ; a sonata.  Moore. 

LES'SON  (les'sn),  v.  a.  To  teach  ; to  instruct. 
“ Well  hast  thou  lessoned  us.”  [it.]  Shak. 

LES'SOR  or  L£S-SOR'  (130)  [les'sor,  S.  W.  P.  E. 
E.  K.  11  r. ; les-sbr',  J.  ; les'sor',  Ja. ; les'sor  or 
les-sbr',  Sm.],  n.  (Law.)  One  who  leases;  one 
who  grants  a lease  ; — correlative  of  lessee. 

LEST  [lest,  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  Wr.  Wb.-,  lest 
or  lest,  >S.  IF.],  conj.  [From  least.  Johnson. — 
A.  S.  leased,  past  part,  of  leasan,  lysan,  to  loose, 
to  dismiss.  Tooke.]  That  not ; for  fear  that. 

Watch  and  pray,  lest  ye  enter  into  temptation.  J lark  xiv.  38. 

Almost  all  our  orthoepists  pronounce  this  word 
both  ways  ; hut  the  former  [lest]  seems  to  he  by  much 
the  most  general.  This  word  is  derived  from  the  ad- 
jective least:  hut  it  is  not  uncommon  for  words  to 
change  their  form  when  they  change  their  class. 
Walker. 

LET,  v.  a.  [Goth,  letan ; A.  S.  Icetan  ; Dut.  laaten ; 
Ger.  lassen;  Dan.  lade ; Sw.  liita ; Icel.  lata.] 
\i.  LET;  pp.  LETTING,  LET.] 

1.  To  permit;  to  allow;  to  suffer;  to  give 

leave  or  permission  to.  “ Let  her  be  redeemed.” 
Ex.  xxi.  8.  “ Thou  lettest  thy  fortune  sleep.” 

Lord,  now  tertestthou  thy  servant  depart  in  peace,  accord- 
ing to  thy  word.  Luke  ii.  29. 

We  must  not  let  so  manifest  truths  because  we  cannot  an- 
swer all  questions  about  them.  Collier. 

UPS1'  In  the  imperative  mood  it  denotes  entreaty, 
supplication,  exhortation,  command,  permission,  con- 
cession, or  allowance.  “ Let  me  die  with  the  Philis- 
tines.” Juilg.xv i.  3(1.  “Let.  us  seek  some  desolate 
shade.”  Shale.  “ Let  the  soldiers  seize  him  ; ” “Let 
this  be  done.”  Dryden.  “ O’er  golden  sands  let  rich 
Pactolus  flow.”  Pope.  — It  is  followed  by  the  infini- 
tive mood  without  tile  sign  to. 

2.  To  grant  the  possession  and  use  of  for  a 

compensation;  to  put  to  hire ; to  lease.  “To 
let  this  land  by  lease.”  Shak. 

There  was  a certain  householder  wliich  planted  a vineyard, 
. . . and  let  it  out  to  husbandmen.  Matt.  xxi.  33. 

She  let  her  second  floor  to  a very  genteel  man.  Tatler. 

To  let  alone,  to  leave  ; to  suffer  or  permit  to  remain. 
“This  notion  might  be  let  alone.  ” Rogers. — To  let 
blood , to  cause  or  suffer  blood  to  come  out,  as  by  open- 
ing a vein.  “ Hippocrates  let  great  quantities  of  uloud .” 
Arbutlinot. — To  let  doion,  to  cause  or  suffer  to  de- 
scend ; to  lower.  “ She  let  them  down  by  a cord  through 
the  window.”  Josh.  ii.  15.  To  make  softer  by  tem- 
pering, as  a metal.  Moxon.  — To  let  drive , or  let  flu,  to 
to  let  loose,  or  discharge,  as  a blow,  a stone,  or  a bul- 
let from  a gun.  “ Four  rogues  in  buckram  let  drive  at 
me.”  Shak.  “ He  let  fly  at  him  a volley  of  abuse.” 
Bartlett.  — To  let  in  or  into , to  make  or  to  suffer  to  come 
or  to  go  in  or  into  ; to  permit  to  enter  ; to  admit.  Shak. 
— To  let  loose,  to  set  free  or  at  large  ; to  free  from  re- 
straint. “A  bind  let  loose.”  Gen.  xlix.21.  — To  let  off, 
to  cause  to  go  off,  as  a gun  ; to  discharge.  Swift. — 
To  let  out,  to  free  from  confinement  : — to  loosen  or 
extend,  as  a rope  : — to  lease.  Johnson. 

f LET,  v.  a.  [Goth,  letta  ; A.  S.  Icetan  ; Dut.  let- 
ten.]  [i.  LETTED  ; pp.  LETTING,  LETTED.]  To 
hinder ; to  impede  ; to  prevent ; to  obstruct. 

Oftentimes  I purposed  to  come  unto  you,  but  was  let 
hitherto.  Rom.  i.  18. 

What  lets  but  one  may  enter?  Shak. 

LET,  v.  n.  1.  f To  forbear. 

He  would  not  let  to  counsel  the  king.  Bacon. 

2.  To  be  leased  or  let;  as,  “A  house  to  let.” 

“The  terse  brevity  of  this  is  ill  replaced  by  the 
apparently  more  correct  form  of,  < a house  to  be  let.’  ” 
Smart. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  9,  9,  g,  soft;  J0,  G,  j,  f,  hard;  § as  z;  ^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


832 


LEVANTER 


LET 

LET,  n.  Hinderance  ; impediment ; obstacle  ; ob- 
struction. Hooker. 

The  debates  in  Parliament  have  ever  since  [1““1]  been 
printed  without  let  or  hinderance.  Ed.  lie v.  1855. 

LET.  [A.  S.  lyt,  little,  less,  few.]  A termina- 
tion of  diminutives,  as  rivufe<,  a little  river. 

LETCH  [lech,  S/».],  n.  1.  A vessel  for  making 
lye;  a leach-tub.  — See  Leach,  and  Leech. 

2.  A wet  ditch  or  gutter.  [N.ofEng.]  Wright. 

LE  THAL,  a.  [L . Icthalis,  or  letalis ; lethum,  or 
letum,  death  ; It.  letale  ; Sp.  letal.]  Relating  to 
death;  deadly;  mortal;  fatal.  “On  thy  lethal 
day.”  Cupid's  Whirligig , 1616.  “ The  lethal 

blow.”  II'.  Richardson. 

f LE-THAL'1-TY,  n.  Mortality.  Atkins. 

LE-PHAR  9IO,  ) [Gr.  XtiOnpytudg  ; hjQapyia, 

Lp-TH  AR'(jrI-CAL,  > lethargy;  /.ndp,  forgetfulness, 
and  apyas,  sluggish ; L.  lethargicus ; It.  &;  Sp. 
letargico;  Fr.  l-thargique.] 

1.  Affected  with  lethargy;  morbidly  sleepy; 

drowsy  ; dull ; heavy.  Donne.  Paley. 

2.  Pertaining  to  or  inducing  lethargy.  “ Let 

her  not  perish  in  lethargic  sleep.”  Hoole. 

LE-THAR'91-CAL-LY,  ad.  With  lethargy  ; with 
morbid  sleepiness.  Fawkes. 

I.f.-T HAR  GI-CAL-NESS,  ? The  state  of  be- 

Lp-TH AR'yiC-NESS,  ) ing  lethargic  ; morbid 

sleepiness.  More.  Herbert. 

LETH'AR-tjirTZE,  v.  a.  To  render  lethargic;  to 
make  morbidly  sleepy,  [r.] 

Some  philter  in  the  cup,  to  Icthargize 

The  British  blood  that  came  from  Owen’s  veins.  Southey. 

LETH' AR-plIZED  (-jlzd),  jo.  a.  Rendered  lethargic ; 
made  morbidly  sleepy,  [r.]  Morgan. 

LETH'AR-pfY,  n.  [Gr.  Irjbnpyia  ; hjdapyog,  forget- 
ful ; Ir/dri,  forgetfulness,  and  aoyos,  sluggish ; L. 
lethargia  ; It.  letargia ; Sp.  letargo ; Fr.  lethargic .] 

1.  Drowsy  forgetfulness  ; morbid  sleepiness  ; 
a deep  unnatural  sleep,  from  which  it  is  very 
difficult  to  awaken  a person  ; torpor. 

So  fast  a lethargy 

Has  seized  his  powers  towards  public  cares  and  dangers. 

He  sleeps  like  death.  Denham. 

A lethargy  is  a lighter  sort  of  apoplexy.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  A state  of  inaction  or  inattention  ; dul- 
ness ; insensibility  ; inactivity. 

Rousing  us  out  of  our  sinful  lethargies.  Barrouu 

t LETH'AR-t/Y,  v.  a.  To  make  lethargic.  Shade. 

LE'THE,  n.  [Gr.  ArjOp,  forgetfulness,  Lethe.] 

1.  (Grecian  Myth.)  A river  in  the  infernal 
regions,  the  waters  of  which  possessed  the 
quality  of  causing  those  who  drank  of  them  to 
forget  the  whole  of  their  former  existence. 

Far  off  from  these,  a slow  and  silent  stream, 

Lethe , the  river  of  oblivion,  rolls 

Her  watery  labyrinth;  whereof  who  drinks 

Forthwith  his  former  state  and  being  forgets. 

Forgets  both  joy  and  grief,  pleasure  and  pain.  Milton. 

2.  Forgetfulness;  oblivion,  [r.] 

Till  that  the  conquering  wine  huth  steeped  our  sense 

In  soft  and  delicate  let  he.  Shak. 

3.  [L.  lethum.']  f Death. 

Here  didst  thou  fall;  and  here  thy  hunters  stand. 

Signed  in  thy  spoil,  and  crimsoned  in  thy  lethe.  Shak. 

LE-THE'AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Lethe  : — causing 
forgetfulness  ; oblivious.  “ The  Lethean  cup.” 
Barrow.  “ Lethean  dews.”  Falconer. 

t LE'THEED,  a.  Oblivious;  lethean.  Shak. 

LE'THp-OX,  n.  [Gr.  Irj0>i,  forgetfulness.]  (Med.) 
A name  sometimes  given  to  sulphuric  ether  when 
inhaled  as  an  anaesthetic  agent.  Dunglison. 

LE'THP-ON-IZE,  v.  a.  To  render  forgetful;  to 
cause  to  be  oblivious,  [r.]  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

Lp-TMIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  lethum , or  letum , death, 
and  fero,  to  bear.]  Causing  death  ; death-bear- 
ing ; deadly.  [r.J  Dr.  Robertson. 

LET'TER,  n.  One  who  lets.  Huloet. 

LET'TER,  n.  [L.  litera;  It.  lettera  ; Sp.  letra ; 
Fr.  lettre. — W.  llythyr.  — Perhaps  from  L.  lino, 
litum,  to  smear,  as  one  of  the  earliest  modes  of 
writing  was  by  graving  the  characters  upon  tab- 
lets smeared  with  wax.  Richardson.] 

1.  One  of  the  characters  which  constitute  the 
alphabet  of  a language  ; an  alphabetic  character. 

A superscription  also  was  written  over  him  in  letters  of 
Greek,  and  Latin,  and  Hebrew.  Luke  xxiii.  38. 


2.  A written  or  printed  message  ; an  epistle. 

The  style  of  letters  ought  to  be  free,  easy,  and  natural.  Walsh. 

3.  A type  ; character.  “ Letter-founders  use 
...  to  the  casting  of  printing  letters."  Moxon. 

4.  Verbal  expression  ; literal  sense  or  mean- 
ing ; exact  import  or  signification. 

Who  also  hath  made  us  able  ministers  of  the  new  testa- 
ment; not  of  the  letter . but  of  the  spirit:  for  the  letter  killeth, 
but  the  spirit  giveth  life.  2 Cor.  iii.  0. 

Those  words  of  his  must  be  understood,  not  according  to 
the  bare  rigor  of  the  letter , but  according  to  the  allowances  of 
expression.  South. 

5.  (Printing.)  The  aggregate  quantity  of 
types  in  an  office. 

“When  a work  is  put  in  hand,  and  there  hap- 
pens to  be  a great  quantity  of  type  of  the  proper  sort 
unemployed,  it  is  usual  to  say,  ‘ There  is  plenty  of 
letter and  on  the  contrary,  ‘There  is  a scarcity  of 
letter .’  ” Braude. 

6.  pi.  Learning ; literature ; erudition. 

IIow  kuoweth  this  man  letters , having  never  learned? 

John  vii.  15. 

He  still  found  leisure  for  letters  and  philosophy.  Macaulay. 

Dead  letter , a letter  which  has  remained  a certain 
length  of  time  in  the  post-office  uncalled  for  : — a writ- 
ing or  precept  having  no  force  or  authority,  as  an  in- 
operative law.  — Letters  of  administration,  {Law.)  the 
instrument  by  which  an  administrator  or  administra- 
trix is  authorized  to  have  the  charge  or  administration 
of  the  goods  and  chattels  of  a person  who  has  died 
intestate.  — Letter  of  attorney,  a writing  by  which  one 
person  authorizes  another  to  do  some  lawful  act  in 
iiis  stead.  — Letters  close,  letters  or  writs  closed  and 
sealed  on  the  outside,  as  distinguished  from  letters 
■patent.  — Letter  of  credit,  a letter  requesting  the  per- 
son addressed  to  credit  the  bearer,  or  other  person 
named,  with  a certain  sum  of  money.  — Letter  of 
license,  a writing  or  instrument  by  which  creditors 
allow  a debtor,  who  has  failed  in  trade,  &c.,  longer 
time  for  the  payment  of  his  debts,  and  protect  him 
from  arrest  in  the  mean  time.  — Letter  of  marque,  a 
commission  granted  to  a private  person  commanding 
a vessel  to  cruise  and  make  prize  of  the  enemy’s  ships 
and  merchandise  ; — also  called  letters  of  marque  and 
reprisal.  — Letters  patent  or  letters  overt , a writing  or 
instrument  sealed  with  the  great  seal  of  England, 
authorizing  the  recipient  to  do  some  act  or  to  enjoy 
some  right  or  privilege  ; as,  letters  patent  to  protect  an 
invention  ; — so  called  because  it  lies  open  to  the  cog- 
nizance of  all,  to  whom,  indeed,  it  is  usually  directed 
or  addressed.  This  form  of  grant  has  been  substan- 
tially adopted  in  the  United  States,  where  it  is  com- 
monly called  a patent.  — Letters  testamentary,  an  in- 
strument granting  to  an  executor,  after  probate  of  a 
will,  authority  to  act  as  executor.  Braude.  P.  Cyc. 

Syn.— See  Character,  Epistle,  Litera- 
ture. 

LET'TER,  v.  a.  [?’.  lettered  ; pp.  lettering, 
LETTERED.]  To  mark,  inscribe,  or  stamp  with 
letters ; to  form  letters  on. 

I observed  one  weight  lettered  on  both  sides.  Addison. 

LET'TER— BOARD,  n.  (Printing.)  A board  on 
which  pages  of  type  are  placed  for  distribution, 
or  when  not  immediately  wanted.  Brande. 

LET'TER— CASE,  n.  1.  A case  for  containing 
letters  or  epistles.  Ash. 

2.  (Printing.)  A case  of  types.  Simmonds. 

LET'TERED  (let'terd),  a.  1.  Versed  in  letters; 
learned  ; literate.  “ Lettered  Rabbins.”  Prior. 

2.  Belonging  to  learning;  suiting  letters. 
“ The  blessing  of  a lettered  recess.”  Young. 

LET'TER— FOUND'ER,  n.  One  who  casts  types; 
a type-founder.  Adams. 

LET'T ER-lNG,  n.  1.  The  act  of  impressing,  or 
forming  letters  on  any  thing. 

2.  Letters  impressed  or  formed  on  any  thing. 

LET'TpR-IZE,  v.  n.  To  write  letters,  [r.]  Lamb. 

f LET'TJgR-LESS,  a.  Unlettered ; illiterate  ; not 
learned.  “ Letterless  commander.”  Waterhouse. 

LET'TJJR-LIXG,  n.  A little  letter.  J.  Bawdier. 

LET'TER— OF'FICE,  n.  An  office  for  the  recep- 

tion and  distribution  of  letters  ;-a  post-office. 
[r.]  Blackstone. 

Dead-lcttcr-office,  an  office  for  the  reception  of  dead- 
letters. 

LET'TER— PA-PER,  n.  Paper  for  writing  letters 
on.  Simmonds. 

LET'TER-PRESS,  n.  Print  from  types,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  the  impression  of  an  engraved 
plate.  C.  Folsom. 

LET'TF,R§— PAT'ENT,  n.  pi.  A written  instru- 


ment containing  a royal  grant ; a patent-right. 
— See  Letter,  and  Patent.  Blackstone. 

LET'TER— WOOD  (wud),  n.  (Bot.)  A very  hard 
wood  found  in  Guiana,  of  a beautiful  brown  color, 
with  black  spots,  which  have  been  compared  to 
hieroglyphics ; Piratinera  suanensis.  Sullivan. 

LET'TER— WRIT'ER)  n.  1.  A writer  of  letters. 

2.  A machine  for  copying  letters.  Clurke. 

LET'TUCE  (let'tjs),  n.  [L.  lactuca,  from  lac,  lactis, 
milk,  — on  account  of  the  milky  sap  which  flows 
when  the  plants  are  cut;  It.  lattuga ; Sp.  Icchu- 
ga  ; Fr.  laitue.  — Dut.  latouw  ; Ger.  latticfl.] 
(Bot.)  A plant  of  the  genus  Lactuca,  abounding 
in  a milky,  narcotic  juice  ; — especially  Lactuca 
sativa,  a garden  plant,  the  leaves  of  which  are 
used  for  salad.  Loudon. 

LEU' CA,  n.  [L.]  (Old  Records.)  A league.  Crabb. 

LEU'CINE,  n.  [Gr.  l.ivicds,  white.]  (Chem.)  A 
peculiar  white  pulverulent  substance,  obtained 
by  the  action  of  dilute  sulphuric  acid  on  muscu- 
lar fibre.  Brande. 

LEU-CIS'CUS,  ii.  [Gr.  l.evKiaKog,  the  white  millet.] 
(Ich.)  A genus  of  fishes  which  includes  the  dace 
(Leuciscus  vulgaris)  and  the  roach  (Leuciscus 
rutilus).  Yarrell. 

LEU'CITE,  n.  [Gr.  Xevieis,  white.]  (Min.)  A sil- 
icate of  alumina  and  potash,  of  a grayish  color, 
which  occurs  principally  in  the  lava  of  Vesuvius 
in  a crystallized  state  ; amphigene.  Dana. 

LEU-CIT'lC,  a.  Containing,  or  resembling,  leu- 
cite.  Dana. 

LEU'CO-E-THI-OP'IC,  a.  [Gr.  Xmtis,  white,  and 
alOioip,  swarthy.]  White  and  black.  Smart. 

LEU'COL,  n.  [Gr.  In mig,  white,  and  xil.Xa,  glue.] 
(Chem.)  A white,  oleaginous  alkaloid  obtained 
from  coal-tar.  Silliman. 

LEU-CO'MA,  it.  [Gr.  herKuiia  ; hvedg,  white.] 
(Med.)  A white  opacity  of  the  cornea  of  the  eye  ; 
albugo,  — the  result  of  violent  acute  ophthal- 
mia. Dunglison. 

LEU'CO-PHANE,  n.  [Gr.  ?.ivk6;,  white,  and^reiVw, 
to  appear.]  (Min.)  An  irregularly  crystallized 
mineral,  found  in  Norway,  of  a pale  dull  green, 
or  deep  wine-yellow  color,  and  containing  silica, 
glucina,  lime,  fluorine,  and  sodium.  Dana. 

LEU-CO-PHLEG'M  A-CY,  n.  [Gr.  >.ei nets,  white, 
and  (pllyfia , phlegm.]  (Med.)  A dropsical  habit. 

tJSp  Some  writers  use  the  word  synonymously  with 
anasarca , others  with  emphysema.  Dunglison. 

LEU-CO-PHLEG-MAT'IC,  a.  Noting  a pallid, 
flabby  state  of  body.  Braiule. 

LEIJ-COP'Y-RfTE,  n.  [Gr.  J.ivicdg,  white,  and  Eng. 
pyrites .]  (Min.)  An  ore  of  iron  of  a color  be- 
tween silver-white  and  steel-gray,  consisting 
chiefly  of  arsenic  ; arsenical  pyrites.  Dana. 

LEU-COR-RIICE'A,  n.  [Gr.  LviUig,  white,  and  fiioi, 
to  flow.]  (Med.)  A discharge  of  a white,  yellow- 
ish, or  greenish  mucus,  resulting  from  inflam- 
mation or  from  irritation  of  the  membrane  lin- 
ing the  genital  organs  of  the  female.  Dunglison. 

LEU-CO-THE' A,  n.  (Astron.)  An  asteroid  dis- 
covered by  Luther  in  1855.  Lovering. 

LEU-OO'THI-OP,  11.  [Gr.  hfaieig,  white,  and  Aldio^, 
an  Ethiop.]  An  albino. v Smart. 

f LE-VAL'TO,  n.  [It.  levare  and  alto.]  A lively 
motion.  Feltham. 

LE'VAN-CY,  n.  The  act  of  rising,  [r.]  Burrows. 

LE'VANT,  or  LE-VANT'  [le'vant,  E.  Wb.  John- 
son, Ash,  Barclay ; le-vant',  K.  Dyche,  Rees,  Wr. ; 
lev'ant,  Sm.],  a.  [It.  levante,  rising;  levare  (L. 
fero),  to  raise;  Sp.  levante-,  Fr.  levant.]  Per- 
taining to  the  quarter  where  the  sun  rises  ; 
eastern.  “ The  levant  winds.”  Sheere. 

Levant  et  couchant,  (Laic.)  See  COUCHANT.  — Le- 
vant nut,  one  of  the  commercial  names  of  the  berry 
of  the  Cocculus  Indicus.  Brande. 

LE-VANT',  n.  [It.  S;  Sp.  levante  ; Fr.  levant.] 

1.  (Geog.)  The  East, — particularly  the  east- 

ern coasts  of  the  Mediterranean,  or  those  of 
Asia  Minor  and  Syria.  P.  Cyc. 

2.  f A levant  wind  ; a levanter.  Sheere. 

LE-VANT'ER,  n.  1.  A strong  easterly  wind  in 

the  Mediterranean.  Burke. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  E,  l>  9,  V.  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


LEVANTINE 


833 


LEVITICAL 


2.  One  who  bets  at  a horse-race,  and  runs 
away  without  paying  the  wagers  he  has  lost 
[Colloquial,  Eng.]  Todd. 

II  L^-VAN'TINE,  or  LEV'AN-TINE  [le-van'tjn, 
Sm.  R.  C.  Ash,  Bailey,  Wr. ; lev'an-tln,  J.  I Vb. 
Todd],  a.  [It.  # Sp.  levantino;  Fr.  levantin .] 
Of,  or  pertaining  to  the  Levant ; eastern.  “ Some 
more  levantine  parts  than  Italy.”  Evelyn. 

||  HJ-VAN'TINE,  n.  1.  ( Geog.)  A native  or  an 
inhabitant  of  the  Levant.  P.  Cyc. 

2.  A kind  of  silk  cloth.  Wright. 

LF.-vA'RI  fA'CI-AS  (-fa'she-js).  [Law  L.,  cause 
to  be  levied.]  (Eng.  Laic.)  A writ  of  execution 
commanding  a sheriff  to  levy  the  sum  recovered 
by  a judgment.  Burrill. 

f Lp-VA'TION,  n.  [L.  levatio.]  The  act  of  rais- 
ing ; elevation.  T.  More. 

LE-vA'TOR,n.  [L.]  1.  (Anat.)  A muscle  which 
raises  tire  part  to  which  it  is  attached,  as  of  the 
chin  or  the  eyelid.  Dunglison. 

2.  ( Surg .)  An  instrument  for  raising  a de- 
pressed part,  as  of  the  skull.  I Viseman. 

f LEVE,  a.  Loved ; dear ; lief.  — See  Lief.  Gower. 

f LEVE,  v.  a.  The  old  form  of  believe.  Gower. 

LEV'JFiE  (lev'e)  [lev'e,  S.  W.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K. 
Sm'.Wr.  Wb. ; le-ve',  Ash,  Richardson],  n.  [Fr.] 

1.  The  act,  or  the  time,  of  rising. 

I set  out  one  morning  before  five  o’clock  . . . and  got  to  the 
sca-coast  time  enough  to  be  at  the  sun’s  levee.  (rray. 

2.  A ceremonious  visit  or  assemblage  received 
by  a distinguished  personage  in  the  morning. 

It  is  chiefly  applied  in  this  country  [England] 
to  the  stated  pitbiic  occasions  oil  which  her  majesty 
receives  visits  from  such  of  her  subjects  as  are  en- 
titled by  rank  or  fortune  to  the  honor.  The  difference 
between  a levee  and  a drawing-room  consists  in  this, — 
that  while  at  the  former  gentlemen  alone  appear,  (with 
the  exception  of  the  chief  ladies  of  the  court,)  both  la- 
dies and  gentlemen  are  admitted  to  the  latter.  Brande. 

It  is  used  also,  in  the  United  States,  for  an  even- 
ing party  or  assembly  ; as  “ The  President’s  ieeee”; 
and,  in  this  sense,  often  pronounced  le-ve'. 

3.  An  embankment  on  the  margin  of  a river 
to  prevent  inundation. 

The  city  [New  Orleans]  ...  is  under  tile  level  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi, being  protected  from  inundation  by  an  artificial  levee 
or  mound,  varying  from  five  to  thirty  feet  in  height,  and  ex- 
tending along  the  banks  of  the  river  a distance  of  one  hun- 
dred miles.  McCulloch. 

Levee  en  masse,  [Fr.]  (Mil.)  the  rising  of  a whole 
people,  including  all  capable  of  bearing  arms,  and  not 
engaged  in  the  regular  service,  as  in  time  of  invasion. 

Brande. 

LEV'JJE,  v.  a.  To  hunt  or  pursue  at  levees. 

Warm  in  pursuit,  he  levees  all  the  great.  Young. 

LEV'LL,  a.  [A.  S.  latfeldre. — See  Level,  n.] 

1.  Being  equally  distant  from  the  centre  of 
the  earth  in  all  its  points ; coinciding,  or  being 
concentric,  with  the  surface  of  the  sea. 

2.  Having  its  surface  in,  or  parallel  to,  the 
sensible  horizon ; horizontal. 

The  setting  sun  now  beams  more  mildly  bright, 

The  shadows  lengthening  with  the  level  light.  Beattie. 

3.  In  the  same  horizontal  line  or  plane ; even 
in  height ; flat ; plain. 

Now  shaves  with  level  wing  the  deep,  then  soars 

Up  to  the  fiery  concave  towering  high.  Milton. 

4.  Equal  in  rank,  condition,  degree,  or  com- 
parative relation. 

There  is  a knowledge  which  is  very  proper  to  every  man, 
and  lies  level  to  human  understanding.  Tillotson. 

Young  boys  and  girls 

Are  level  now  with  men;  the  odds  is  gone.  Shak. 

Be  level  in  preferments,  and  you  will  soon  be  as  level  in 
your  learning.  Bentley. 

Syn.  — That  is  level  which  is  parallel  with  the 
horizon  ; that  is  even  which  is  free  from  hollows  and 
risings.  A side  of  a hill  may  be  even , but  not  level. 
A level  plain  ; a flat  country  ; even  ground  ; smooth 
surface  j plain  path. 

LEV'LL,  V.  a.  \i.  LEVELLED  ; pp.  LEVELLING, 
LEVELLED.] 

1.  To  make  horizontal  ; to  reduce  or  to  raise 
to  a horizontal  plane,  as  by  removing  depres- 
sions or  elevations  ; as,  “ He  levels  the  walks.” 

2.  To  make  even  in  height ; to  bring  to  the 
same  horizontal  plane. 

Ne’er  to  return  till  our  victorious  powers 

Had  levelled  with  the  dust  the  Theban  towers.  Wilkie. 

3.  To  place  or  bring  into  a line  with ; to  aim ; 
to  point ; to  direct. 


The  setting  sun  . . . 

Against  the  eastern  gate  of  Paradise 

Levelled  his  evening  rays.  Milton. 

4.  To  bring  to  equality  of  condition,  rank,  or 
degree;  as,  “ To  level  distinctions  in  society.” 

The  consequence  has  been  (in  too  many  physical  systems), 
to  level  the  study  of  nature,  in  point  of  moral  interest,  with 
the  investigations  of  the  algebraist.  Stewart. 

5.  To  proportion ; to  adapt ; to  suit ; as,  “ To 
level  remarks  to  the  capacity  of  an  audience.” 

Syn.  — See  Aim. 

LEV'LL,  v.  n.  1.  To  be  in  accordance  ; to  accord  ; 
to  suit ; — used  with  with. 

Such  accommodation  and  besort 
As  levels  with  her  breeding.  Shak. 

2.  To  place  or  bring  a weapon  to  a line  with 
the  mark  ; to  aim ; to  point. 

lie  presents  no  mark  to  the  enemy;  the  foeman 
May  with  as  great  aim  level  at  a penknife.  Shak. 

3.  To  have  designs  upon  ; — used  with  at.  [it.] 

Ambitious  York  did  level  at  thy  crown.  Shak. 

4.  f To  conjecture ; to  surmise  ; to  guess. 

“ He  levelled  at  our  purposes.”  Shak. 

LEV'LL,  n.  [A.  S.  Icefel.  — L.  libella,  dim.  of  libra, 
a small  weight ; It.  livella.] 

1.  A line  or  a surface  every  point  of  which  is 

equally  distant  from  the  centre  of  the  earth  ; — 
called  a true  level.  Davies. 

2.  A line  or  surface  which  coincides  with,  or 
is  parallel  to,  the  plane  of  the  horizon  ; a hori- 
zontal line  or  surface  ; — called  an  apparent 
level. 

JUttF  Because  the  earth  is  round,  a 
line  of  true  level  must  be  a curve, 
and  make  a part  of  the  earth’s  cir- 
cumference, or  at  least  be  parallel 
to  it,  or  concentrical  with  it ; as 
the  line  B C E G,  which  has  all  its 
points  equally  distant  from  A,  the 
centre  of  the  earth,  considering  it  as 
a perfect  globe.  But  the  line  of  ap- 
parent level,  B D F H,  is  a tangent  or  a right  line  per- 
pendicular to  the  semidiameter  of  the  earth  at  the 
point  of  contact,  B,  rising  always  higher  above  the  true 
line  of  level  the  farther  tire  distance  is.  A.  Jamieson. 

3.  The  relative  position  which  a person  or 

thing  occupies,  or  to  which  they  belong.  “ Above 
the  level  of  subjection.”  Daniel. 

His  later  productions  fall  below  the  level  of  his  former 
essays.  Stewart. 

4.  State  of  being  equal ; condition  of  equali- 
ty ; the  same,  or  an  equal  elevation. 

Providence,  for  the  most  part,  sets  us  on  a level.  Spectator. 

5.  The  line  of  direction  in  which  a missive 

weapon  is  aimed  or  directed.  “The  deadly  level 
of  a gun.”  Shak. 

6.  That  by  which  any  thing  is  regulated ; 
rule  ; plan  ; scheme. 

Be  the  fair  level  of  thy  actions  laid 

As  temperance  wills,  and  prudence  may  persuade.  Prior. 

7.  (Mech.)  An  instrument 
employed  in  ascertaining  a m 
horizontal  line,  of  which 

there  are  various  sorts.  ^ ^ 

,855s-  The  plane  of  the  sensible  £ ' * \ 

horizon  is  indicated  in  three  Carpenter’s  level, 
ways : by  the  direction  of  the 

plummet  or  plumb-line,  to  which  it  is  perpendicular  ; 
— by  tile  surface  of  a fluid  at  rest ; — or  by  means  of 
an  optical  property  of  reflected  rays  of  light.  Brande. 
Davies. 

LEV'5L-I§M,  n.  The  act,  or  the  principles,  of 
levelling  distinctions  in  society,  [k.]  Ch.  Ob. 

LEV-BL-I-ZA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  levelling  or 
reducing  to  equality,  [r.]  Gent.  Mag. 

LEV'^L-LIJR,  n.  1.  One  who  levels. 

2.  One  who  endeavors  to  bring  all  to  the 
same  level  or  condition.  — See  Traveller. 

LEV'jpL-LlNG,  p.  a.  Making  level ; equalizing. 

Levelling  rods  or  staves,  (Surveying.)  rods  used  to 
determine  the  point  in  which  a given  horizontal  lino 
intersects  a vertical  one,  to  show  its  height  above  the 
surface  of  th<j  ground. 

LEV'JJL-LING,  n.  ( Surveying .)  The  operation  of 
finding  the  difference  of  level  between  two 
points  on  the  surface  of  the  earth,  that  is,  the 
distance  between  two  level  surfaces  passed 
through  the  two  points.  Davies. 

LEV'JJL-LY,  ad.  In  a level  manner  ; evenly. 

LEV'JJL-NESS,  ii.  The  state  of  being  level ; even- 
ness. Peacham. 

LEV'EN,  n.  Ferment ; leaven.  — See  Leaven. 


LE'VER  [le'ver,  S.  W.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  R. 
C.  Wr. ; lev'er,  Wb.],  n.  [L.  levo,  to  raise  ; It. 
leva,  a lever;  Fr.  levier.]  (Mech.)  A bar  or  rod 
supported  in  a single  Jioint  on  a fulcrum  or  prop, 
used  in  raising  weights,  chiefly  to  small  heights  ; 
— called  the  first  of  the  six  mechanical  forces. 

Universal  lever,  a machine  formed  of  a combination 
of  the  lever  with  the  wheel  and  axle,  the  object  of 
which  is  to  give  a continued  rectilinear  motion  to  a 
heavy  body  ; and  used  in  saw-mills  for  the  purpose 
of  drawing  the  logs  to  the  saw.  Brande. 

Levers  are  of  three  kinds  ; (lip 

one  which  has  the  fulcrum  be-  id5  A [7  j, 

tween  the  weight  and  power,  as  PjJ| 

No.  1 ; one  which  has  the  weight  —1 2 F 

between  the  fulcrum  and  power,  (3)'va  ^ 

as  No.  2 ; and  one  which  has  the  pp, 

power  between  the  fulcrum  and  -r ‘ — f- 

weight,  as  No.  3.  3 

t LE'VER,  a.  ; comp,  of  leve,  leef,  or  lief.  More 
agreeable  ; more  pleasing.  Gower. 

f LE'VIJR,  ad.  Rather;  more  willingly.  Chaucer. 

LEV'5R-A^!E,  n.  The  mechanical  advantage 
gained  by  the  use  of  a lever.  Loudon. 

LEV'JfR-ET,  n.  [Fr.  lievre.]  A hare  in  the  first 
year  of  its  age.  Cowper. 

LEV'ER-OCK,  n.  [A.  S.  Infer c ; Dut.  leeuwerik. ] 
The  laverock,  or  lark.  [Scotland.]  Burns. 

f LEV'£T,  ii.  [Fr.  lever,  to  raise.]  A blast  of  the 
trumpet ; a rousing,  animating  blast,  liudibras. 

LEV'I-A-BLE,  a.  That  maybe  levied.  “Sums 
leviable  by  course  of  law.”  Baker. 

LJJ-Vl'A-THAN,  n.  [Heb.  “jfTnb,  an  animal 

wreathed,  or  W’hich  gathers  itself  in  folds.  Ge- 
senius .]  An  animal  mentioned  in  the  Old  Testa- 
ment, by  some  supposed  to  be  the  crocodile,  by 
some  the  whale,  and  by  others  an  animal  now 
extinct. 

When  mentioned  in  connection  with  rivers, 
leviathan  generally  applies  to  the  crocodile  ; when  in 
connection  with  land,  and  particularly  the  desert,  it 
appears  to  designate  a species  of  monitor.  Kitto. 

LEV'I-GATE,  v.  a.  [Gr.  L.  levigo,  levi- 

gatus-,  levis,  smooth.]  [i.  levigated  ; pp.  lev- 
igating, levigated.] 

1.  To  reduce  or  bring  to  a state  of  smooth- 
ness ; to  render  smooth.  Barrow. 

2.  To  reduce  to  an  impalpable  powder.  Ure. 

3.  To  mix,  as  a liquid,  till  it  becomes  smooth 
and  uniform. 

The  chyle  is  white,  as  consisting  of  salt,  oil,  and  water, 
much  levigated  or  smooth.  Arbuthnot. 

f LEV'I-GATE,  a.  1.  Made  smooth;  levigated; 
without  elevations  or  depressions.  Maunder. 

2.  Lightened.  “ Labors  being  levigate.” Elyot. 

LEV-I-GA'TION,  ii.  The  act  or  the  process  of  re- 
ducing substances  to  a state  of  very  fine  me- 
chanical division.  Brande. 

j-  LEV'IN,  n.  Lightning. 

As  when  the  flashing  levin  haps  to  shine 

Upon  two  stubborn  oaks.  Spenser. 

LEV'IN-BRAND,  n.  A thunderbolt. 

Spenser.  P.  Bayne. 

LEV'I-NpR,  n.  A swift  species  of  hound.  Crabb. 

LEV'I-RATE  [lev'e-rat,  Cl.  Ash ; le-vl'rat,  O.],  a. 
[Gr.  Sai'ip,  a husband’s  brother;  L.  levir.]  Not- 
ing a law  among  the  Jews,  which  obliged  a man 
to  marry  the  widow  of  his  brother  who  died  with- 
out children.  — See  Dent.  xxv.  5.  Clarke. 

LEV-I-RA'TION,  n.  The  act  or  the  custom,  among 
the  Jews,  of  a man’s  marrying  the  widow  of  a 
brother  deceased  without  issue.  J.  Allen. 

LEV-I-tA'TION,  ii.  [L.  levis,  light.]  The  act  of 
making  light ; buoyancy. 

The  lungs  also  of  birds,  as  compared  with  the  lungs  of 
quadrupeds,  contain  in  them  a provision  distinguishihaly 
calculated  for  the  same  purpose  of  levitation.  Paley. 

LE'VITE,  n.  [Heb.  Levi,  the  third  son  of 

Jacob  by  Leah ; Gr.  Aevtrri; ; L.  Levites.] 

1.  One  of  the  tribe  of  Levi,  a tribe  set  apart 
by  Moses  for  the  service  of  religion  : — in  a 
narrower  sense,  one  of  that  division  of  the  tribe 
employed  in  the  subordinate  offices  of  the  hie- 
rarchy, in  distinction  from  that  division.  Kitto. 

2.  A priest,  in  contempt.  Johnson. 

Lg-VIT'I-CAL,  a.  [Gr.  AiviTiKds ; L.  Leviticus.] 

1.  Of,  or  pertaining  to,  the  Levites,  or  de- 
scendants of  Levi.  “ The  Levitical  body.” 
“ The  Levitical  service.”  Kitto. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 
105 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE. — 9,  9,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  § as  z; 


as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


LEVITICALLY 


834 


LIBEL 


2.  Relating  to  the  priesthood  ; priestly. 

Certain  theological,  or  rather  levitical , questions.  Milton. 

Levitical  degrees , degrees  of  kindred  set  forth  in  the 
eighteenth  chapter  of  Leviticus,  within  which,  among 
the  Jews,  persons  were  prohibited  to  marry.  — Levitical 
late,  a term  applied  to  that  part  of  the  Mosaic  law 
which  prescribed  the  duties  and  rites  of  the  Levites. 

Lp-VIT'J-CAL-LY,  ad.  After  the  manner  of  the 
Levites.  Milton. 

LIJ-VIT'I-CUS,  n.  A canonical  book  of  the  Old 
Testament,  being  the  third  book  of  Moses  ; — so 
named  because  it  contains  the  laws  and  regula- 
tions relating  to  the  Levites. 

LEV'I-TY,  n.  [L.  levitas  ; levis,  light;  It.  levita ; 
Sp.  lericlad.] 

1.  The  quality  which  one  body  possesses  of 
having  less  weight  than  another  ; lightness. 

Levity,  whereby  what  we  call  light  bodies  swim,  a thing  no 
less  useful  than  its  opposite,  gravity.  Derharn. 

2.  Want  of  seriousness  or  gravity  in  charac- 
ter or  conduct;  fickleness;  changeableness; 
inconstancy  ; unsteadiness  ; idle  pleasure  ; 
flightiness  ; volatility  ; frivolity  ; vanity. 

Our  graver  business  frowns  at  this  levity.  Shah. 

LEV'Y,  v.  a.  [L.levo;  It.  levare;  Sp.levar-,  Fr. 
lever.]  [i.  levied  ; pp.  levying,  levied.] 

1.  + To  raise,  as  a siege.  Holinshed. 

2.  To  raise  or  collect ; to  gather.  “ He  . . . 

levied  a mighty  army.”  Davies. 

Taxes  used  to  be  levied  upon  the  persons  and  goods  of 
travellers.  A.  Smith. 

3.  To  raise  ; — applied  to  war.  “ Levy  cruel 
wars.”  Milton.  [Improper.  Johnson.] 

LEV'Y,  n.  1.  The  act  of  raising  or  collecting 
money  or  men.  Addison. 

2.  The  quantity,  amount,  or  number  raised. 

And  King  Solomon  raised  a levy  out  ot  all  Israel,  and  tile 
levy  was  thirty  thousand  men.  1 Kings  v.  13. 

3.  An  eighth  of  a dollar,  or  twelve  and  a half 

cents.  [Local,  U.  S.]  Simmonds. 

LEV'Y-ING,  n.  The  act  of  raising  by  a levy. 

LEV'YNE,  n.  (Min.)  A hydrous  silicate  of  alumi- 
na ; a variety  of  chabazite ; — so  named  from 
Levy,  a crystallographer.  Dana. 

+ LEW  (lu),  a.  [A.  S.  hleowan,  to  warm ; Dut. 
lauw.] 

1.  Slightly  warm ; tepid ; lukewarm.  V/ickUffe. 

2.  Pale  ; wan.  Cotgrave. 

LEWD  (lud),  a.  [A  . S.  lancd,  belonging  to  the 
laity,  laical. — Lewd  is  the  past  p.  of  A.  S. 
Icewan,  to  delude,  to  mislead.  Lewd,  in  its 
modern  application,  is  confined  to  those  who 
are  betrayed  or  misled  by  one  particular  pas- 
sion. Tooke .] 

1.  f Ignorant ; illiterate;  unlearned.  R.Brune. 

2.  Beguiled;  wicked;  unprincipled. 

Lewd  fellows  of  the  baser  sort.  Acts  xvii.  5. 

3.  Misled  by  lust ; given  to  the  irregular  in- 

dulgence of  animal  desire  ; lustful ; lecherous ; 
libidinous ; salacious.  Dryden. 

Whatsoever  is  light  and  frothy,  and  much  more  whatever 
is  lewd  and  filthy,  ought  to  be  banished  from  the  conversa- 
tion of  Christians.  Tillotson. 

IKS*  “ That  tod,  which  meant  atone  time  no  more 
than  lay  or  unlearned  (the  lewd  people,  the  lay  people), 
should  come  to  signify  the  sinful,  the  vicious,  is  not  a 
little  worthy  of  note.”  Trench. 

LEWD'LY  (lud'le),  ad.  1.  + Ignorantly ; not  learn- 
edly ; illiterately.  Chaucer. 

2.  Wickedly ; sinfully. 

Yet  lewdly  dar’st  our  ministering  upbraid.  Milton. 

3.  Lustfully;  lecherously.  Ezek ■ xxii.  11. 

LEVVD'NgSS,  n.  1.  f Ignorance.  Chaucer. 

2.  Wickedness  ; sinfulness.  Spenser. 

3.  Lustfulness ; lechery  ; libidinousness..S7ia/c. 

f LEWD'STIJR,  n.  One  given  to  crim- 
inal pleasures ; a lecher.  Shah. 

LEW'IS  (lu'is),  n.  1.  An  instrument 
for  raising  stones  of  great  weight. 

Francis. 

2.  A kind  of  shears  used  in  crop- 
ping woollen  cloth.  Wright.  _2 

LEX,  n.  [L.]  Law.  Lewis. 

Lex  mercatoria,  the  law  or  custom  of  merchants. 
Burrill.  — Lex  non  script  a,  “ unwritten  law,”  a term 
applied  to  the  common  law  of  England,  in  the  sense 
of  a law  not  derived  from  express  legislative  enact- 
ment. Burrill. — Lex  scriptu,  written  or  statute  law. 


Scudamore.  — Lex  talionis,  the  law  of  retaliation 
IVhishaw. — Lex  terra,  the  law  of  the  land.  Scuda- 
more. 

LEX'I-CAL,  a.  Relating  to  a lexicon,  or  to  lexi- 
cography. Sir  J.  Stoddard. 

LEX'J-CAL-LY,  ad.  According  to  lexicography. 

By  modifying  a root  lexically  is  here  meant  varying  its 
signification.  Sir  J.  Stoddard. 

LEX-I-COG'RA-rn?R,  n.  One  versed  in  lexicog- 
raphy ; an  author  of  a lexicon  or  dictionary. 

Europe  is  under  immense  obligations  to  the  lexicographers 
of  the  fifteenth  and  sixteenth  centuries  for  the  excellent  trans- 
lations of  the  sacred  Scriptures  which  she  now  possesses. 

Ch.  Ob. 

Whether  it  be  decreed  by  the  authority  of  reason  or  the 
tyranny  of  ignorance,  that,  of  all  the  candidates  for  literary 
praise,  the  unhappy  lexicographer  holds  the  lowest  place, 
neither  vanity  nor  interest  incited  me  to  inquire.  Johnson , 

LEX-I-CO-GRAPH'IC,  ) a.  Relating  to  lexi- 

LEX-J-CO-GRAPH'I-CAL,  ) cography.  If ichardson. 

LEX-I-COG'RA-PIIY,  n.  [Gr.  kt^ix6v,  a dictiona- 
ry ; Uyu>,  to  speak,  and  ypatp to,  to  write.]  The 
act  or  art  of  compiling  or  writing  dictionaries. 

Such  is  the  fate  of  hapless  lexicography,  that  not  only 
darkness,  but  light,  impedes  and  distresses  it;  things  may  be 
not  only  too  little,  but  too  much,  known  to  be  happily  illus- 
trated. Johnson. 

LEX-I-COL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  h^oedv,  a dictionary, 
and  l.oyds,  a discourse.]  That  branch  of  philolo- 
gy which  treats  of  words  alone,  their  meaning, 
composition,  and  etymology ; the  science  of 
words.  Brande. 

LEX'I-CON,  n.  [Gr.  L%ik6v  ; L£k,  speech,*  or  a 
word;  Xtyut,  to  read.]  A dictionary  of  words; 
a book  containing  the  words  of  a language  ar- 
ranged alphabetically  and  defined. 

Ugy  Originally,  and  still,  usually,  confined  to  dic- 
tionaries of  the  Greek  or  Hebrew  tongues.  Brande. 

Syn.  — See  Dictionary. 

LEX-J-GRAPH  IC,  ) a_  Relating  to  lexigraphy. 

LEX-I-GRAPH'I-CAL,  > P.  Cyc. 

Lpx-IG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  Hits,  a word,  and  ypdtptv, 
to  write.]  A representation  of  words  by  the 
combination  of  other  words.  Du  Ponceau. 

LEX-I-PHAN'l-Cl§M,  n.  [Gr.  Xiityavris.]  Ambi- 
tious, affected  diction,  [r.]  Campbell. 

LEX-I-PHAN'IC,  a.  Relating  to  lexiphanicism. 

Campbell. 

LEY  (le),  n.  A pasture  ; lea.  — See  Lea.  Gibson. 

LE\ 'DEN-JAR,  ) M.  (Elec.)  A glass  jar  or 

LEY'DEN— PHl'AL,  ) bottle,  coated  within  and 
without,  nearly  to  the  top,  with  some  conducting 
substance,  as  tinfoil,  and  having  its  aperture 
closed  with  some  imperfect  conductor,  as  dry 
wood,  through  which  passes  a metallic  rod  com- 
municating by  means  of  a chain  with  the  interior 
coating ; electrical  jar  ; — so  named  because  in- 
vented in  Leyden,  Holland.  Johnson.  Franklin. 

H3f-On  placing  the  protruding  part  of  the  rod  in 
connection  with  the  conductorof  an  excited  electrical 
machine,  while  the  outer  coating  communicates  with 
the  ground,  the  interior  coating  of  the  jar  acquires  a 
ciiargo  of  positive,  and  the  exterior  a charge  of  neg- 
ative, electricity. 

Dissected  Leyden -jar,  or  Leyden-jar  with  movable,  coat- 
ings, a Leyden-jar  constructed  with  movable  coatings 
to  show  that  the  electric  fluid  adheres  to  the  glass  and 
not  to  the  coatings.  Silliman.  Francis. 

Ugy-Glassof  any  other  shape  than  that  of  a bottle 
or  jar,  coated  and  used  in  the  same  manner,  ha3  also 
received  the  name  of  Leyden-jar.  Bees. 

LEZE'-mAj’IJS-TY,  n.  [L.  latsa,  injured,  and  Law 
L.  majestas,  majesty.]  (Law.)  A crime  com- 
mitted against  the  sovereign  power  in  a state ; 
treason.  Brande. 

LIIER'ZO-LlTE,  n.  (Min.)  A variety  of  pyroxene 
of  a deep  green  or  olive  green  color,  occurring 
both  crystallized  and  lamellar  ; — so  called  from 
Lake  Lherz,  in  the  Pyrenees.  Dana. 

Ll,  n.  1.  A Chinese  copper  coin,  worth  one  fifth 
of  a farthing  (about  -j-1^  of  a cent).  Simmonds. 

2.  A Chinese  itinerary  measure  equal  to  0.36 
of  a mile.  Hamilton. 

LI-A-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being  liable  ; re- 
sponsibility ; exposedness ; liableness. 

It  exempts  them  from  all  liability  to  answer  for  a loss  occa- 
sioned by  fire.  Prof.  Christian  on  Blackstone's  Com. 

The  liability  of  sudden  and  violent  changes.  Whately. 


Ll'A-BLE,  a.  [L.  lego,  to  bind;  Old.  Fr.  liable-, 
Fr.  lier.] 

1.  Bound  ; subject,  [r.] 

All  that  we  upon  this  side  the  sea 
(Except  this  city  now  by  us  besieeed) 

Find  liable  to  our  crown  and  dignity 

Shall  gild  her  bridal  bed.  Shak. 

2.  Bound  or  obliged  in  law  or  equity ; respon- 
sible ; answerable  ; as,  “ To  be  liable  for  a debt.”- 

3.  F.xposed  ; open;  incident;  obnoxious;  not 

exempt;  subject.  Milton. 

The  sinner  is  not  only  liable  to  that  disappointment  of  suc- 
cess which  so  often  prostrates  all  the  designs  of  men,  but  lia- 
ble  to  a disappointment  still  more  cruel,  of  being  successful 
and  miserable  at  once.  Blair. 

Syn.  — See  Obnoxious,  Subject. 

LI' A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  liable; 
responsibility  ; exposedness  ; liability.  Edwards. 

1*  LI'  A^JE,  n.  [L.  ligo,  to  bind.]  Alliance.  Berners. 

LIAISON  (leVzong),  n.  [Fr.,  from  lier,  to  bind.] 

1.  Bond  of  union  ; union  ; alliance.  Qu.  Rev. 

2.  A love  intrigue  ; an  amour.  Clarke. 

Ll'AR,  n.  One  who  tells  a lie  or  lies.  Shak. 

f LI'ARD,  a.  [Low'  L.  liardus,  dapple-gray  ; It. 
leardo.  Du  Cange.  — A.  S.  fa-,  hair,  and  har, 
gray.  Hales.  — Old  Fr.  Hart.]  Gray.  Chaucer. 

Ll'AS,  n.  (Geol.)  A provincial  name  for  argilla- 
ceous limestone,  characterized,  with  its  associ- 
ated beds,  by  peculiar  fossils,  and  forming  a 
particular  group  of  strata,  interposed  between  the 
oolite  and  new  red-sandstone.  Lyell. 

LIB,  v.  a.  [Dut.  lubben.]  To  castrate.  [Local, 
Eng.]  Chapman. 

f LIB'A-MENT,  n.  Libation.  Holland. 

LI' BANT,  a.  [L.  libo,  libans  (Gr.  leiPU),  to  touch 
lightly.]  Touching  lightly ; sipping,  [r.] 

She  touched  his  eyelashes  with  libant  lip. 

And  breathed  ambrosial  odors  o’er  bis  cheek.  Landor. 

Ll-BA'TION,  n.  [Gr.  Mifita-,  L.  libatio ; libo,  to 
taste,  to  pour  out  as  an  offering  ; It.  libazione; 
Sp.  libacion  ; Fr.  libation.]  (Grecian  & Roman 
Ant.)  The  solemn  pouring  out,  as  an  offering  to 
the  gods,  of  a liquid,  usually  unmixed  wine,  but 
sometimes  honey,  milk,  or  oil,  either  pure  or  di- 
luted with  water  : — wine  or  other  liquid  poured 
out  as  an  offering  to  the  gods.  IF.  Smith. 

USf-  Bloody  sacrifices  were  usually  accompanied  by 
libations,  the  liquid  being  poured  between  tile  horns  of 
the  victims,  on  the  altar,  or  on  the  ground.  tV.  Smith. 

f LIB'BARD,  n.  A leopard.  Spenser.  Shak. 

f LIB'BARD’§— BANE,  n.  Leopard’s  bane. B.Jonson. 

LlB'B^f,  n.  A billet  of  wood;  a staff;  a stick; 
a club.  [S.  of  England.]  Halliwell. 

LJ-BEC'CHI-O  (le-bech'e-o),  n.  [It.  libeccio.]  The 
south-west  wind.  Milton. 

LI'BjgL,  n.  [L.  libellus,  dim.  of  liber,  a book ; It. 
libello-,  Sp.  Ubclo-,  Fr.  libelle.] 

1.  f A written  request,  supplication,  or  certifi- 
cate. Chaucer.  Berners.  Wickliffe. 

2.  [L.  libellus  famosus,  a little  book  or  writ- 
ing giving  an  ill  name.]  (Law.)  A defamatory 
publication  ; a malicious  publication  in  writing 
or  printing,  or  by  signs  or  pictures,  &c.,  tending 
to  asperse  the  reputation  of  a living  person,  or 
the  memory  of  one  who  is  dead : — in  ecclesias- 
tical and  admiralty  courts,  the  written  state- 
ment of  the  complainant’s  ground  of  complaint 
against  the  defendant : — in  Scottish  lav),  a crim- 
inal accusation  or  indictment.  P.  Cyc.  Rees. 

Hgy  In  an  action  for  damages,  the  truth  of  his 
statements  may  be  submitted  by  the  libeller,  as  a de- 
fence; but  if  the  proceeding  is  by  indictment  or  crim- 
inal prosecution,  it  is  immaterial  whether  his  allega- 
tions he  true  or  false,  inasmuch  as  they  equally  tend 
to  a breach  of  the  peace,  and  the  provocation,  not  the 
falsehood,  is  to  be  punished.  The  communication  of 
the  defamatory  matter  to  one  person  alone  is  suf- 
ficient to  constitute  it  a publication.  Burrill. 

Syn.  — See  Slander. 

LI'BIJL,  v.  a.  [».  libelled  ; pp.  libelling,  li- 
belled.] 

1.  To  defame  by  published  writing,  printing, 

signs,  or  pictures  ; to  lampoon.  Dryden. 

2.  (Admiralty  Practice.)  To  proceed  against 
by  filing  a libel ; to  seize  under  admiralty  pro- 
cess at  the  commencement  of  a suit ; — applied 
commonly  to  the  seizure  of  vessels.  Burrill. 

LI'BIJL,  v.  n.  To  spread  defamation  by  writing, 


E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  ip,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


LIBELLA 


835 


LIBRARIAN 


printing,  signs,  or  pictures ; — used  with  against. 
“ Libelling  against  the  senate.”  Shak. 

LI-BEL' LA,  n.  [L.]  A small  balance  ; a carpen- 
ter’s or  mason’s  level,  [r.]  Weale. 

Ll'BEL-LANT,  n.  {Law.)  One  who  brings  or  files 
. a libel  or  charge  in  a chancery  or  admiralty 
case  ; — corresponding  to  plaintiff  in  actions  in 
common-law  courts.  Bouvier. 

Ll'BgL-LpR,  n.  One  who  libels  ; one  who  de- 
fames by  publication.  Bacon. 

LABEL-LING,  n.  The  act  of  defaming  by  publi- 
cation ; act  of  one  who  libels.  Burke. 

Lf'BEL-LiST,  n.  A libeller,  [it.]  Hobhouse. 

Ll'BEL-LOUS,  a.  Containing  a libel ; expressing 
or  conveying  defamation  ; defamatory.  “ Libel- 
lous books  and  writings.”  Bacon. 

LI-BEL' LU-LA,  n.  ( Ent .)  A genus  of  neurop- 

terous  insects  ; dragon-fly.  Baird. 

Li'BEU,  n.  [L.]  ( Bot .)  The  inner  fibrous  bark  of 
exogenous  plants,  consisting  of  woody  tissue, 
intermixed  with  cellular  substance,  and  forming 
a compact  envelope  immediately  surrounding 
the  wood.  Brande.  Gray. 

From  the  liber  of  plants  many  textile  fabrics  are  manufac- 
tured, as  linen  from  that  of  flax,  and  thread  from  that  of  the 
lime  and  lace-bark  trees.  P.  Uyc. 

IKjy  “ The  most  common  material  on  which  books 
were  written  by  the  Greeks  and  Romans,  was  the 
thin  coats  or  rind  (liber,  whence  the  Latin  name  for 
a book)  of  the  Egyptian  papyrus.”  IF.  Smith. 

LIB'ER-AL,  a.  [L.  liberalise  liber,  free;  It.  libe- 
ra/e-, tip.  liberal ; Fr.  liberal .] 

1.  Well  or  nobly  born  ; not  mean,  [r.]  Spenser. 

2.  Becoming  a gentleman  ; catholic  ; toler- 
ant; enlarged;  not  narrow,  selfish,  or  bigoted. 
“ A liberal  mind.  Blair.  “ Destitute  of  every 
liberal  sentiment.”  Macaulay. 

3.  Free  ; candid  ; unconstrained;  as,  “ A lib- 
eral interchange  of  opinions.” 

4.  Free  to  give  ; giving  largely ; generous ; 

bountiful ; not  niggardly  or  parsimonious  ; — 
used  with  of  before  that  which  is  given.  “ Lib- 
eral of  praise.”  Bacon. 

Some  are  unwisely  liberal , and  more  delight  to  give  pres- 
euts  than  to  pay  debts.  Sidney. 

The  most  liberal  has  always  most  plenty,  with  esteem  and 
commendation  to  hoot.  Locke. 

5.  Large;  full;  ample;  not  stinted.  “ A lib- 
eral dower.”  Shah. 

6.  Free  to  excess;  loose;  lax;  licentious; 

gross.  “ A liberal  villain.”  Shah.  “ Liberal 
jests.”  Beau.  § FI. 

Liberal  arts,  arts  in  the  cultivation  of  which  the  in- 
tellectual powers  are  chiefly  employed,  as  philosophy, 
painting,  sculpture,  music,  &c. ; — opposed  to  mechani- 
cal arts.  — Liberal  education . an  education  in  literature 
and  science  generally; — -often  applied  to  an  educa- 
tion received  at  a college  or  a university. 

Syn.  — See  Ample,  Fair. 

LlB'ER-AL,  n.  An  advocate  of  greater  freedom, 
— especially  in  political  institutions;  an  advo- 
cate of  liberal  principles.  Ed.  Rev. 

LIB'ER-AL— HEART'EB,  a.  Having  a generous 
heart ; liberal-souled.  * Wright. 

LI B'ER-AL-IiyM,  n.  Liberal  principles  ; the  prin- 
ciples of  liberalists.  Brit.  Crit. 

LIB'ER-AL-IST,  n.  An  advocate  of  liberal  prin- 
ciples ; a liberal.  Ch.  Ob. 

LIB-ER-AL-IST'{C,  a.  Relating  to  liberalism,  [r.] 

LIB-ER-AL'I-TY,  n.  [L.  liheralitas ; It.  liberali- 
ty ; Sp.  liberalidad ; Fr.  liberalite .] 

_ 1.  The  quality  of  being  liberal ; disposition  to 
give  freely  or  largely  ; generosity. 

Is  not . . . gentleness,  virtue,  youth,  liberality , and  such 
like,  the  spice  and  salt  that  season  a man  ? Shak. 

2.  The  act  of  giving  freely  or  largely. 

The  decency,  then,  that  is  to  be  observed  in  liberality 
seems  to  consist  in  its  being  performed  with  such  cheerfulness 
as  may  express  the  godlike  pleasure  that  is  to  be  met  with  in 
obliging  one’s  fellow-creatures.  Spectator. 

3.  That  which  is  given  freely;  free,  ungrudged 
gift ; bounty ; benefaction. 

Whomsoever  ye  shall  approve  by  your  letters,  them  will  T 
send  to  bring  your  liberality  to  Jerusalem.  1 Cor.  xvi.  3. 

4.  Liberal  or  catholic  habit  of  thought ; large- 
ness of  mind;  catholicity;  toleration;  candor; 
impartiality  ; as,  “ To  judge  with  liberality.” 

Syn.  — See  Bounty. 


LIB'ER-AL-IZE,  V.  a.  [i.  LIBERALIZED  ; pp.  LIB- 
ERALIZING, liberalized.]  To  make  liberal 
or  catholic  ; to  enlarge. 

Grand,  swelling  sentiments  of  liberty  I am  sure  I do  not 
despise.  They  warm  the  heart;  they  enlarge  and  liberalize 
our  minds;  they  animate  our  courage  in  a time  of  conflict. 

Burke. 

LIB'ER-AL-LY,  acl.  1.  In  a liberal  manner ; 
bountifully  ; freely  ; largely  ; ungrudgingly. 

If  any  of  you  lack  wisdom,  let  him  ask  of  God,  who  giv- 
etli  to  aLl  men  liberally , and  upbraideth  not.  James  1.  5. 

2.  With  liberal  or  catholic  views  or  senti- 
ments ; without  selfishness  or  bigotry. 

3.  AVith  excess  of  freedom ; loosely ; un- 

controlledly ; licentiously.  Greene. 

lIb'ER-AL-MIND'ED,  a.  Having  a liberal  or 
generous  mind.  Sir  John  Hawkins. 

LlB’ER-AL— SOULED  (-sold),  a.  Having  a liberal 
soul ; liberal-hearted.  Clarke. 

LIB'ER-ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  libero,  liberatus ; liber, 
free  ; It.  liberare ; Fr.  liberer .]  [(.  liberated  ; 

pp.  liberating,  liberated.]  To  set  free  or 
at  liberty  ; to  free  ; to  release ; to  deliver  ; to 
ransom  ; to  discharge  ; to  disengage.  A.  Smith. 

Syn.  — See  Deliver,  Disengage,  Ransom. 

LIB-ER-A'TION,  n.  [L.  liberatio  ; It.  Uberazione ; 
Fr.  liberation .]  The  act  of  liberating,  or  the 
state  of  being  liberated.  A.  Smith. 

LIB'ER-A-TOR,  n.  [L.]  One  who  liberates.  Hewyt. 

LIB-ER-TA'RI-AN,  n.  [L.  libertas,  liberty.]  An 
advocate  of  moral  freedom  ; one  who  holds  the 
doctrine  of  the  freedom  of  the  will ; — opposed 
to  necessarian.  Th.  Solly. 

I believe  he  (Dr.  Crombie^  may  claim  the  merit  of  adding 
the  word  “ libertarian ” to  tne  English  language,  as  Priest- 
ley added  that  of  “ necessarian.”  Reid. 

LIB'ER-TI-cIde,  n.  [L.  libertas,  liberty,  and  ccedo, 
to  kill;  Fr.  liberticide .] 

1.  A destroyer  of  liberty.  Wade. 

2.  Destruction  of  liberty.  Southey. 

LIB'ER-TIN-AgiE,  n.  [Fr.]  Libertinism.  “He 
saw  ...  a growing  libertinage.”  [r.]  Warburton. 

LIB'ER-TlNE,  n.  [L.  libertinus ; liber,  free;  It. 
§ Sp.  libertino;  Fr.  libertin .] 

1.  {Roman  Ant.  & Civil  Law.)  One  manumit- 
ted from  legal  servitude  ; a freedman.  Burrill. 

2.  One  unconfined  ; one  at  liberty. 

When  he  speaks. 

The  air,  a chartered  libertine , is  still.  Shak. 

3.  pi.  Jews  whom  the  Romans  had  taken  in 
war,  conveyed  to  Rome,  and  afterwards  freed. 
“ The  synagogue  of  the  Libertines."  Acts  vi.  9. 

4.  pi.  {Eccl.  Hist.)  A name  given  to  certain 

Anabaptists,  in  the  sixteenth  century,  who  ad- 
vocated polygamy  and  a community  of  prop- 
erty. Brande. 

5.  He  who  lives  without  moral  restraint,  es- 
pecially in  relation  to  women  ; a licentious  man  ; 
a rake ; a debauchee. 

Want  of  power  is  the  only  bound  that  a libertine  puts  to 
his  views  upon  any  of  the  sex.  S,  Richardson. 

Full  too  of  instruction  and  warning  is  our 
present  employment  of  the  word  libertine.  It  signified, 
according  to  its  earliest  use  in  French  and  in  English, 
a speculative  free-thinker  in  matters  of  religion,  and  in 
the  theory  of  morals,  or,  it  might  he,  of  government. 
But  as,  by  a sure  process,  free-thinking  does  and  will 
end  in  free-acting,  as  he  who  lias  cast  off  the  one 
yoke  will  cast  off  the  other,  so  a libertine  came,  in 
two  or  three  generations,  to  signify  a profligate,  es- 
pecially in  relation  to  women,  a licentious  and  de- 
bauched person.”  Trench. 

LIB'ER-TINE,  a.  Lax  in  morals ; licentious ; 
dissolute.  “A  libertine  . . . life.”  Bacon. 

LlB'ER-T{N-I§M,  n.  1.  The  state  or  the  privi- 
lege of  a freedman.  Hammond. 

2.  Licentious  principles  or  practice;  disso- 
luteness ; debauchery  ; licentiousness.  Paley. 

LIB'ER-TY,  n.  [L.  libertas  ; liber,  free ; It.  liber- 
ty-, Sp .libertad;  Fr . liberte.] 

1.  Exemption  from  restraint ; power  of  act- 
ing without  restraint ; freedom;  independence. 
Where  the  Spirit  of  the  Lord  is,  there  is  liberty.  2 Cor.  iii.  17. 

’Tis  liberty  alone  that  gives  the  flower 

Of- fleeting  life  its  lustre  and  perfume.  Cowper. 

No  sea 

Swells  like  the  bosom  of  a man  set  free; 

A wilderness  is  rich  with  liberty.  Wordsworth. 

2.  {Met.)  Freedom  of  the  will ; exemption 
from  compulsion  or  restraint  in  volition. 

Ifij-  “ The  idea  of  liberty  is  .the  idea  of  a power  in 


any  agent  to  do  or  forbear  any  particular  action,  ac- 
cording to  the  determination  or  thought  of  the  mind 
whereby  either  of  them  is  preferred  to  the  other.” 
Locke “ Ry  the  liberty  of  a moral  agent,  I under- 

stand a power  over  tlio  determinations  of  his  own 
will.  If,  in  any  action,  lie  lias  power  to  will  what  lie 
did,  or  not  to  will  it,  in  that  action  he  is  free.  But  if 
in  every  voluntary  action,  the  determination  of  his 
will  be  the  necessary  consequence  of  something  in- 
voluntary in  the  state  of  his  mind,  or  of  something 
in  his  external  circumstances,  he  is  not  free  ; lie  lias 
not  what  I call  the  liberty  of  a moral  agent,  hut  is 
subject  to  necessity.”  Reid.  — “ It  lias  been  common 
to  distinguish  liberty  into  freedom  from  co-action , and 
freedom  from  necessity.  Freedom  from  co-action  im- 
plies, on  the  one  hand,  the  absence  of  all  impediment 
or  restraint,  and,  on  the  other  hand,  the  absence  of  all 
compulsion  or  violence.  Freedom  from  necessity  is 
also  called  liberty  of  election,  or  power  to  choose,  and 
implies  freedom  from  any  tiling  invincibly  determin- 
ing a moral  agent.”  Fleming. 

3.  {Eng.  Law.)  A privilege  or  immunity  held 

by  royal  grant  or  by  prescription  ; a branch  of 
the  crown’s  prerogative  subsisting  in  the  hands 
of  a subject ; a franchise.  Whishaw. 

4.  A place  or  district  within  which  certain  ex- 

clusive privileges  may  be  exercised ; a place  of 
exclusive  jurisdiction.  [Eng.]  Burrill. 

This  portion  of  the  metropolis  [London],  the  city,  includ- 
ing the  liberties , ...  is  divided  into  two  portions.  F.  Cyc. 

5.  A space  or  place,  as  in  a prison,  within 
which  one  is  permitted  to  pass  freely,  but  which 
he  is  not  allowed  to  go  beyond;  limits.  Wright. 

6.  Leave;  permission;  license.  “There  is 

full  liberty  of  feasting.”  Shak. 

7.  Excessive  or  unwarrantable  freedom  in 
action  or  speech  ; as,  “ To  take  liberties  with 
another’s  property.” 

8.  (Man.)  An  arch  in  the  middle  of  a bit,  to 

give  place  to  the  tongue.  Crabb. 

At  liberty,  free  from  restraint  or  confinement ; as, 
“To  be  at  liberty ”;  “To  set  at  liberty.” — Civil  lib- 
erty, the  liberty  of  a member  of  society,  being  natural 
liberty  so  far  restrained  by  human  laws  as  is  neces- 
sary and  expedient  for  the  general  advantage  of  the 
public.  Burrill.  — Liberty  of  the  press , the  free  power 
of  publishing  what  one  pleases,  subject,  however, 
to  punishment  for  publishing  what  is  mischievous  to 
the  public  morals,  or  injurious  to  individuals.  Black- 
stone. — JVatural  liberty,  the  power  of  acting  as  one 
pleases,  restrained  only  by  the  law  of  nature.  — Polit- 
ical liberty,  same  as  cicil  liberty.  Rees.  — The  freedom 
of  a nation  or  a state  from  all  unjust  abridgments  of 
its  rights  and  independence  by  another  nation.  — Re- 
ligious liberty,  or  liberty  of  conscience.,  liberty  to  wor- 
ship God  according  to  the  dictates  of  one’s  own  con- 
science. — To  take  liberty,  to  use  freedom  not  specially 
granted.  “ I shall  take  the  liberty  to  consider  a third 
ground.”  Locke. 

Syn.  — See  Freedom,  Leave. 

LI-BETH'EN-ITE,  n.  (Min.)  A phosphate  of 
copper  of  a dark  olive-green  color,  found  chiefly 
at  Libethen,  in  Hungary.  Dana. , 

LI-BID'I-NIST,  n.  One  given  to  lewdness.  Junius. 

f LI-BID-I-NOS'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being  li- 
bidinous ; lust ; lechery.  Skelton. 

LI-BID'I-NOUS,  a.  [L.  libidinosus ; libido,  libidi- 
n is,  lust ; libet,  or  hihet,  it  pleases  ; It.  § Sp. 
libidinpso ; Fr.  libidineux .]  Lustful ; lewd ; 
lecherous ; lascivious.  Shenstone. 

LI-BID’I-NOUS-LY,  ad.  In  a libidinous  manner  ; 
lustfully  ; lewdly  ; lecherously.  Lavington. 

LI-BID’I-NOUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state 
of  being  libidinous  ; lustfulness  ; lewdness.  Todd. 

Li' BRA,  n.  [L.] 

1.  (Roman  Ant.)  The  pound  being  the  unit 

of  weight,  divided  into  twelve  equal  parts  called 
vneia: : — a measure  of  liquids  divided  into 
twelve  equal  parts  by  lines  marked  on  it : — a 
balance;  scales: — a carpenter’s  or  a mason’s 
level.  W.  Smith. 

2.  ( Astron .)  The  constellation  called  the  Bal- 
ance : — which  is  the  seventh  sign  of  the  zodiac. 

KfF  Tlie  sun  enters  this  sign  at  the  autumnal 
equinox,  or  about  tile  22d  of  September,  formerly  co- 
inciding with  tlie  constellation  Libra,  hut  in  conse- 
quence of  tlie  precession  of  the  equinoxes,  now  occu- 
pied by  the  constellation  Virgo.  Ilerschel. 

3.  A name  given  to  the  best  kind  of  tobacco 
grown  in  the  western  part  of  Cuba.  Simmonds. 

LI'BRAL,  a.  [L.  Ubralis ; libra,  a pound.] 
Weighing  a pound,  [r.]  Johnson. 

LI-BRA'RI-AN,  n.  [L.  libramus  ; liber,  a book.] 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RtJLE.  — <J,  (I,  g,  soft;  F,  F,  £,  g,  hard;  § 


as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


LIBRARIANSHIP 


836 


LICOROUS 


1.  t One  who  transcribes  or  copies  books ; a 

transcriber;  a copier;  a copyist.  Broome. 

2.  One  who  has  the  care  of  a library.  Walpole. 

Ll-BRA'RI-AN-SHiP,  n.  The  office  of  a librarian  ; 
state  of  being  a librarian.  Todd. 

LI'BRA-RY,  n.  [L.  libraria,  a bookseller’s  shop; 
librarius,  pertaining  to  books  ; liber,  libri,  the 
inner  bark  of  trees,  especially  of  papyrus,  on 
which  books  were  written  ; hence,  a book ; It. 
§ Sp.  libreria ; Fr.  librairie.  — See  Liber.] 

1.  A building  or  an  apartment  in  which  is 
kept  a collection  of  books  for  use,  not  for  sale. 

Libraries  are  as  the  shrines  where  all  the  relics  of  the  an- 
cient saints,  full  of  true  virtue,  and  that  without  delusion  or 
imposture,  are  preserved  and  reposed.  Bacon. 

2.  A collection  of  books  for  use,  not  for  sale. 

“ A list  of  his  majesty’s  library.”  Walpole. 

LpBRATE,  v.  a.  [L.  libro,  libratus  ; libra,  a bal- 
ance.] j*.  LIBRA.TED  ; pp.  LIBRATING,  LI- 
brated.]  To  balance  ; to  poise ; to  hold  in 
equipoise.  Chambers. 

LI-BRA'TION  (11-bra'shun),  n.  [L.  libratio ; It. 
Ubrazione;  Sp.  libracion  ; Fr.  libi'ation.) 

1.  The  act  of  balancing,  or  the  state  of  being 

balanced.  Dryden.  Thomson. 

2.  ( Astron. ) An  apparent  libratory  or  bal- 
ancing motion  of  the  moon,  observed  at  certain 
points  in  her  orbit,  whereby  portions  of  oppo- 
site borders  alternately  appear  and  disappear. 

Diurnal  libration,  libration  by  which,  as  the  moon 
rises,  a portion  of  the  upper  limb  is  seen,  which  is 
gradually  lost  sight  of,  and  a portion  of  the  opposite 
limb  gradually  appears,  as  she  descends  ; — the  effect 
of  lunar  parallax.  — Libration  of  the  earth,  a term 
sometimes  used  to  denote  the  parallelism  of  the  earth’s 
axis,  in  every  part  of  her  orbit.  — Libration  in  latitude, 
libration  in  the  axis  of  the  moon’s  rotation,  resulting 
from  the  inclination  of  the  axis  of  rotation  to  the 
plane  of  her  orhit.  — Libration  in  longitude,  libration 
at  right  angles  to  the  axis  of  rotation,  caused  by  the 
apparently  unequal  motion  of  the  moon  in  her  orbit. 

Herschel.  Olmsted.  Rees. 

LI'BRA-TO-RY,  a.  Balancing;  playing  or  mov- 
ing like  a balance.  Bailey. 

LI-BRET'  TO,  n.  [It.  dim.  of  libro  (L.  liber),  a 
book.]  A little  book,  as  that  containing  the 
words  of  an  opera.  Chambers. 

LIB§,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  ^.f^.]  The  west-south- 
west wind.  Shenstone. 

LlCE,  n. ; pi.  of  louse.  See  Louse. 

LiCE'BANE,  n.  A plant.  Johnson. 

LI'CyNS-A-BLE,  a.  1.  That  may  be  licensed  or 
permitted  by  legal  grant.  Todd. 

2.  -f-  That  may  be  dismissed.  Cotyrave. 

LI'CIJN.SE,  n.  [L.  licentia ; licet,  it  is  allowable; 
It.  licenza ; Sp.  liceneia ; Fr.  licence .] 

DPS’  Written  also  licence. . 

1.  Grant  of  permission  or  authority  ; per- 
mission ; leave. 

When  he  had  given  him  license , Paul  stood  on  the  stairs, 
and  beckoned  with  his  hand.  Acts  xxi.  40. 

2.  A writing  or  instrument  granting  permis- 
sion or  authority. 

We  procured  a license  of  the  Duke  of  Parma  to  enter  the 
theatre  and  gallery.  Addison. 

3.  Excessive  or-  exorbitant  liberty  ; freedom 
to  excess. 

License  they  mean  when  they  cry  liberty.  Milton. 

Though  this  be  a state  of  liberty,  yet  it  is  not  a state  of 
license;  though  man,  in  that  state,*  have  an  uncontrollable 
liberty  to  dispose  of  his  person  or  possessions,  yet  he  has  not 
liberty  to  destroy  himself.  Locke. 

4.  (Fine  Arts.)  Liberty  which  an  artist  takes 

in  deviating  from  the  rules  of  his  art,  as  in 
poetry,  painting,  music,  &c.  Fairholt. 

Syn.  — See  Leave. 

LI'C^NSE,  v.  a.  [i.  licensed;^.  licensing, 

LICENSED.] 

1.  To  grant  authority  or  permission  to;  to 

permit  by  grant.  Milton. 

2.  f To  dismiss;  to  send  away.  Wot  ton. 

LI'CpNSED  (ll'senst),  p.  a.  Having  a license  ; 
permitted  or  authorized  by  grant. 

Ll-C^N-SEE',  n.  (Law.)  One  to  whom  a license 
is  granted.  Story. 

LI'CENS-BR,  n.  One  who  licenses  or  grants  a 
license.  Chesterfield. 

LI'CENS-URE,  n.  A licensing,  [r.]  Godwin. 

A,  E,  X,  O,  V,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6 


LI-CEN'TI-ATE  (li-sen'she-at)  [H-sen'she-sit,  P.  J. 
Ja.  ; li-sen'she-at,  IF.  F.  Sm.  Wr. ; ll-sen'shet, 

S.  E.\,  n.  [Low  L.  licentiatus,  from  L.  licentia, 
license  ; It.  licenziato  ; Sp.  licenciado.) 

1.  f One  who  uses  license,  or  too  great  free- 
dom. “ Licentiates  of  disorder.”  Bp.  Hall. 

2.  One  who  has  a license  to  practise  a profes- 
sion, as  medicine  or  theology.  P.  Cyc. 

3.  In  some  European  universities,  a degree 
between  that  of  bachelor  and  that  of  doctor. 

In  England,  it  is  only  given  at  Cambridge,  and 
there  only  to  a medical  graduate.  In  Spain,  most  of 
the  officers  of  judicature  are  styled  licentiates.  Braude. 

f LI-CEN'TI-ATE,  v.  a.  To  license.  L’ Estrange. 

Ll-CEN-TI-A'TION,  n.  Act  of  licensing.  Freeman. 

LI-CEN'TIOUS  (ll-sen'slms),  a.  [L.  licentiosus  ; 
licentia,  license;  It.  licenzioso ; Sp.  licencioso; 
Fr.  licencieux. ) 

1.  Using  license,  or  too  great  freedom  ; loose  ; 
lax  ; libertine  ; dissolute ; lewd. 

How  would  it  touch  thee  to  the  quick 
Shouldst  thou  but  hear  I were  licentious, 

And  that  this  body,  consecrate  to  thee. 

With  ruffian  lust  should  be  contaminate  1 Shak. 

2.  Unrestrained  by  law  or  decency  ; wanton. 

“ Licentious  practice.”  Barroio. 

To  purchase  a licentious  liberty.  Spenser. 

Syn.  — See  Dissolute. 

LI-CEN'TIOUS-LY  (ll-sen'shus-le),  ad.  In  a li- 
centious manner  ; with  excessive  liberty  ; disso- 
lutely ; lewdly.  Camden. 

LI-CEN'TIOUS-NESS  (ll-sen'shus-nes),  n.  The 
quality  or  the  state  of  bein»  licentious  ; exces- 
sive freedom  ; laxity  ; dissoluteness.  Swift. 

f LICH,  71.  [A.  S.  lie,  lice,  a corpse.]  A dead 

body  ; a corpse.  Webber. 

t LICH,  a.  [A.  S.  lie.  — See  Like.]  Like.  Goioer. 

LICH'A-NOS,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  /hoards;  ket^to,  to 
lick.]  (Anat.)  The  forefinger  ; index.  Dunglison. 

||  Ll'CHIJN,  or  LICH'flN  [ll'ken,  Ja.  C.  ; llch'en, 
K.  R.  B.  Wr.  ; llch'en  or  lilc'en,  O. ; llk'en,  Wb. ; 
llch'en  (as  the  name  of  a tetter,  ll'ken),  Sm.  ; 
ll'ken,  Dunglison),  «.  [Gr.  /.a^yv  ; L.  lichen-, 
It.  lichene  ; Sp.  § Fr.  lichen .) 

1.  (Bot.)  One  of  a natural  order  of  perennial, 
cryptogamous  plants,  of  many  species,  found  in 
all  quarters  of  the  globe,  and  forming  irregular 
patches  on  the  surface  of  stones,  trees,  the 
earth,  and  other  bodies.  Eng.  Cyc.  Baird. 

tfjp  The  structure  of  lichens  is  imperfectly  cellular, 
without  any  trace  of  vascularity.  Some  of  them  are 
used  as  food,  as  those  familiarly  known  as  reindeer- 
moss,  and  Iceland-moss ; from  others  are  obtained 
pigments,  while  others  are  used  in  medicine.  P.  Cyc. 

2.  (Med.)  A diffuse  eruption  of  red  pimples, 

accompanied  by  a prickling  or  tingling  sensa- 
tion, one  variety  of  which  is  called  nettle-lichen, 
another,  summer-rash.  Dunglison. 

flgpThe  few  English  orthoepists  who  have  given 
the  pronunciation  of  this  word  are  divided  in  relation 
to  it ; but  as  a Greek  and  Latin  word,  it  is  pronounced 
ll'ken  ; the  French  keep  the  eh  hard,  pronouncing  it 
When  ; and  tile  pronunciation  of  ll'ken  appears  to  be 
supported  by  the  best  usage  among  American  botanists. 

||  LT-jCHEN’IC,  a.  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  ob- 
tained from  some  species  of  lichens,  which 
closely  resembles,  if  it  is  not  identical  with, 
malic  acid.  P.  Cyc. 

||  LlCII'y-NINE,  n.  (Chem.)  A substance  resem- 
bling starch,  obtained  from  Iceland-moss  (Ce- 
traria  Islandica)  ; lichen-starch.  Brande. 

||  Ltol-SN-O-GRAPH'IC,  > a,  rFr.  Uchfno- 

II  LIgH-PN-O-GRAph'I-CAL,  ) graphique .)  Re- 
lating to  lichens  or  to  lichenography.  P.  Cyc. 

II  LI£H-EN-OG'RA-PHJST,  n.  One  versed  in  lich- 
enography. Knowles. 

II  LlCH-EN-OG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  l.nxbvo;, 

a lichen,  and  ypbrpu,  to  write  ; Fr.  lichenographie .] 
The  branch  of  botanical  science  which  has  for 
its  object  the  description  and  classification  of 
lichens.  P.  Cyc. 

||  LLCH'yN-Otrs,  a.  Relating  to,  abounding  in,  or 
resembling,  lichens.  Hoblyn. 

LICH'— GATE,  n.  [ lich  and  gate.)  A shed  over  the 
gateway  of  a church-yard  ; corpse-gate.  Clarke. 

LICH' I (llch'e), ?!.  A Chinese  fruit ; — written  also 
litchi.  — See  Litciii.  Malcom. 


i,  U,  V,  short;  A,  5,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE, 


LICII'-oWl,  n.  An  owl  supposed  to  foretell 
death  ; the  screech-owl.  Drayton. 

Liy'jT  (lls'jt),  a.  [L.  licitus  ; It.  Sp.  Ucito  ; Fr. 
licit.)  Lawful,  [r.]  ' Blount. 

Liy-I-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  licitatio  ; licitor,  to  offer 
a price,  to  bid.]  The  act  of  exposing  for  sale 
at  auction.  Ogilvie. 

Liy'IT-LY,  ad.  Lawfully,  [it.]  Throckmorton. 

Liy '(T-NESS,  n.  Lawfulness,  [r.]  Todd. 

LICK,  v.  a.  [Goth,  laigon ; A.  S.  liccian ; Dut. 
likken ; Ger.  lecketi,  schlecken ; Dan.  likke, 
slikke  ; Sw.  sleka,  slicka  ; Icel.  slekia.  — Gr. 

> L.  lingo  ; It.  Icccare  ; Old  Fr.  Richer, 
licher;  Fr.  lecher.  [ i . licked;  pp.  licking, 
licked.] 

1.  To  pass  the  tongue  over. 

Pleased  to  the  last,  he  crops  the  flowery  food, 

And  licks  the  hand  just  raised  to  shed  his  blood.  Pope. 

I have  seen  an  antiquary  lick  an  old  coin,  ...  to  distin- 
guish the  age  of  it  by  its  taste.  Addison. 

2.  To  take  in  with  the  tongue  ; to  lap. 

Where  dogs  licked  the  blood  of  Naboth,  shall  dogs  lick  thy 

blood.  i Kings  xxi.  19. 

LICK,  v.  a.  [Sw.  kegga.  — From  A.  S.  leegan 
(Goth,  laqyan),  to  lay.  Richardson.)  To  pun- 
ish by  blows;  to  beat;  to  flog.  [Colloquial 
and  vulgar.]  Todd. 

To  lick  the  dust,  to  be  thoroughly  humbled  or  abased, 
as  in  subjection  or  defeat.  11  His  enemies  shall  lick 
the  dust."  Ps.  Ixxii.  9. — To  lick  up,  to  devour.  “Now 
shall  this  company  lick  up  all  that  are  round  about  us, 
as  the  ox  licketli  up  the  grass  of  the  field.”  JYnm.  xxii.  4. 

LICK,  n.  1.  A stroke  with  the  tongue. 

% To  have  a lick  at  the  honey-pot.  Dryden. 

2.  A stroke,  as  with  the  hand  or  a whip ; a 

blow ; a slap.  [Colloquial.]  Jamieson. 

lie  . . . gave  me  a lick  across  the  face.  Dryden. 

3.  f A smearing ; a wash.  Todd. 

4.  In  the  western  parts  of  the  United  States, 
a place,  commonly  of  but  a few  rods  square, 
where  graminivorous  animals  lick  the  surface 
for  the  purpose  of  obtaining  the  particles  of  salt 
deposited  from  salt  springs  ; a salt-lick.  Imlay. 

LICK'JfR,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  licks. 

LICK'p.R-ISH,  a.  [A.  S.  liccera,  a glutton ; Dut. 
lekker,  lickerish;  Ger.  lacker,  Schlecker;  Sw. 
liicker.  — See  Lecher,  and  Lick.] 

1.  Llaving  strong  desire  to  lick  or  taste  ; eager 
or  greedy  to  taste.  “ Lickerish  mouth.”  Chaucer. 

They  were  so  lickerish  after  man’s  flesh,  that  they  would 
suck  the  blood  as  it  ran  from  the  dying  man.  Locke. 

2.  Lecherous  ; salacious.  R.  Brunnc. 

3.  Inviting  or  tempting  to  taste ; tempting 
the  appetite  ; dainty.  “ Lickerish  baits.”  Mil- 
ton.  “ Lickerish  draughts.”  Shak. 

4.  Nice  or  fastidious  in  choice  of  food ; 
dainty.  “ A lickei-isli  palate.”  L’ Estrange. 

pij  ' Formerly  written  lickerous,  licorous,  licourish, 
likerous,  liquorish,  and  liquorous. 

LICK'jgR-ISH-LY,  ad.  In  a lickerish  manner; 
daintily.  Chaucer. 

LlCK'ER-LSH-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  lick- 
erish ; daintiness.  Wooiton. 

f LICK'BR-OUS,  a.  Same  as  Lickerish.  Bp.  Hall. 

f LICK'ER-OIIS-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  licker- 
ous or  lickerish  ; lickerishness.  Chaucer. 

LICK'ING,  71.  1.  A stroking  or  lapping  with  the 

tongue  ; a passing  the  tongue  over. 

2.  A whipping;  a beating;  a basting.  [Col- 
loquial and  vulgar.]  Forby. 

LICK'— SPIT-TLE,  71.  One  fawning  or  vile  enough 
to  lick  the  spittle  of  his  master ; a mean,  ser- 
vile flatterer  or  follower.  [Vulgar.]  Holloway. 

LlC'O-RICE  (llk'o-ris),  n.  [Gr.  y/.’Ki  ; yl.vui ;, 
sweet,  and  pi$a,  a root ; L.  glycyrrhiza ; It. 
liquirizia  ; Sp.  regaliza  ; Fr.  reglisse.) 

1.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  herbaceous,  leguminous 

plants,  the  roots  of  some  species  of  which,  (es- 
pecially those  of  Glycyrrhiza  glabra,)  abound  in 
a sweet,  mucilaginous  juice,  and  are  used  in 
medicine  as  a demulcent ; Glycyrrhiza  ; — writ- 
ten also  liquoi'ice.  Eng.  Cyc. 

2.  The  roots  of  Glycyrrhiza  glabra,  or  the  in- 
spissated juice  extracted  from  them.  Sim//ionds. 

f LIC'OR-OUS,  a.  Lickerish.  Bailey. 


FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  H£lR,  HER; 


LICOROUSNESS 


837 


LIFE 


f LIC'OR-OUS-NESS,  n.  Lickerishness.  Woolton. 

LIC'  TOR,  n.  [L.,  from  ligo,  to  bind.  Gellius.] 
(Roman  Ant.)  One  of  a body  of  officers  whose 
duty  it  was  to  bear  the  fasces  before  the  princi- 
pal magistrates,  on  their  appearance  in  public, 
and  to  cause  proper  respect  to  be  paid  to  them. 
They  were  obliged  also  to  punish  criminals,  es- 
pecially when  Roman  citizens,  having  previous- 
ly bound  their  hands  and  feet.  IF.  Smith. 

LID,  n.  [A.  S.  hlid,  gehlid-,  hlidan,  to  cover; 
Dut.  lid ; Ger.  lied ; Dan.  Sj  Sw.  led,  a gate; 
Icel.  hlid,  a door.] 

1.  A cover ; that  which  shuts  an  opening,  as 
of  a vessel,  but  does  not  enter  it. 

The  priest  took  a chest,  and  bored  a hole  in  the  lid  of  it. 

2 Kings  xii.  9. 

2.  The  membrane  which  is  drawn  over  the 

eye  on  shutting  it ; eyelid.  Shak. 

But  two  by  turns  their  lids  in  slumber  steep; 

The  rest  on  duty  still  their  station  keep.  Dryden. 

3.  ( Bot .)  A calyx  that  falls  off  from  the 

flower  in  a single  piece.  Loudon. 

LID'LIJSS,  a.  Without  a lid. 

Her  lidless  dragon  eyes.  Coleridge. 

LlD'MJJ.n.  (Zoul.)  A species  of  gazelle.  Goldsmith. 

LiE  (ll),  n.  [Goth,  lingn ; A.  S.  lig,  hjg  ; Dut. 
leugen,  logon  ; Old  Ger.  lug  ; Ger.  lilge ; Dan.  § 
Sw.  lugn ; Icel.  lyged,  lugi.~\ 

1.  A criminal  falsehood ; a false  representa- 
tion designed  to  deceive  or  mislead ; a culpable 
breach  of  veracity  ; an  untruth. 

A lie  is  a breach  of  promise;  for  whoever  seriously  ad- 
dresses his  discourse  to  another  tacitly  promises  to  speak  the 
truth,  because  he  knows  that  truth  is  expected.  Pcuey. 

2.  A fiction,  in  a ludicrous  sense. 

The  truth  is  moral,  though  the  tale  a lie.  Dryden. 

To  give  or  to  send  the  lie  to,  to  charge  with  criminal 
falsehood  or  wilful  misrepresentation.  “ Men  will 
give  their  own  experience  the  lie.”  Locke.  — “ Fran- 
cis, the  French  king,  . . . had  sent  the  lie  unto  the  em- 
peror Charles  V.”  Raleigh. 

Syn.  — See  Falsehood. 

LIE  (li),  v.  n.  [Goth,  lingan ; A.  S.  leagan,  ligan ; 
Dut.  liegen ; Ger.  lilgen  ; Dan.  lyve ; Sw.  ljuga.  — 
Casaubon  and  Wachter  refer  to  Gr.  liyei,  to  say, 
taken  in  a bad  sense  ; Richardson,  to  A.  S.  liegan, 
to  lie,  as  in  wait  or  ambush.]  [i.  lied  ; pp.  lying, 
lied.]  To  utter  criminal  falsehood;  to  assert 
or  represent  as  true  that  which  the  person 
knows  to  be  untrue,  from  a culpable  intention 
to  deceive  or  mislead ; to  violate  truth  ; to 
falsify.  Shak.  Swift. 

LIE  (ll),  v.  n.  [Goth,  ligan  ; A.  S.  liegan,  ligan  ; 
Dut.  liggen ; Ger.  liegen  ; Dan.  ligae  ; Sw.  ligga ; 
Icel.  (igaia;  Old  and  provincial  Eng.  lig. — 
Lie  [A.  S.  liegan]  differs  from  lay  [A.  S.  leegan ] 
only  by  grammatical  usage.  Richardson.]  \i. 
lay  ; pp.  lying,  lain  or  lien.  — Lien,  formerly 
in  use,  is  nearly  obsolete.] 

1.  To  lay  or  place  one’s  seW  in  a horizontal 

or  nearly  horizontal  posture  ; — used  with  down. 
“ To  lie  down  and  sleep.”  Shak. 

The  leopard  shall  lie  dotvn  with  the  kid.  Isa.  xi.  6. 

Lie  dounr,  lay  thine  ear  close  to  the  ground,  and  list  if 
thou  canst  hear  the  tread  of  travellers.  Shak. 

2.  To  be  laid  or  placed  in  a horizontal  or 
nearly  horizontal  position,  or  fiat  on  the  surface 
of  any  thing;  as,  “ The  book  lies  on  the  table.” 

When  on  his  shoulders  each  man’s  burden  lies.  Milton. 

3.  To  be  in  a state  of  rest,  repose,  or  inac- 
tion ; to  rest ; to  remain ; to  abide  ; to  reside  ; 
as,  “ To  lie  hid”;  “ To  lie  open.” 


The  highways  lie  waste;  the  wayfaring  man  ceaseth. 

Isa.  xxxiii.  8. 

To  employ  those  hours  that  lie  upon  their  hands.  Addison. 

Ants  bite  otf  all  the  buds  before  they  lay  it  up,  and  there- 
fore the  corn  that  has  lain  in  their  nests  will  produce  noth- 
ing. Addison. 


4.  To  be  situated  or  located ; to  have  place  or 
position  ; as,  “ The  Mediterranean  lies  between 
Europe  and  Africa.” 


The  English  lie  within  fifteen  hundred  paces.  Shak. 
Envy  lies  between  beings  equal  in  nature,  though  unequhl 
m circumstances.  Collier. 


5.  To  press  ; to  rest ; — with  on  or  upon. 

Thy  wrath  lieth  hard  upon  me.  Isa.  lxxxviii.  7. 
He  that  commits  a sin  shall  find 

The  pressing  guilt  lie  heavy  on  his  mind.  Creech. 

6.  (Law.)  To  be  valid  or  sustainable.  “ An 

action  lieth  against  one.”  Johnson. 

An  action  is  said  to  lie  in  a case  in  which  it 
may  properly  be  brought.  Burrill. 


| To  lie  at , to  importune  ; to  tease.  Johnson. — To 
lie  at  the  heart  of,  to  be  greatly  cherished  or  desired  by. 
“ The  recovering  of  Jamaica  . . . has  ever  lain  at  their 
[the  Spaniards’]  hearts .”  Temple. — To  lie  by,  to 
cease  or  rest  from  action  or  employment. 

Every  thing  that  heard  him  play, 

Even  the  billows  of  the  sea, 

Hung  their  heads,  and  then  lay  by.  Shak. 

— To  lie  in,  t#be  in  child  bed.  Spenser.  — (Law.)  To 
be  capable  of,  to  be  the  subject  of ; as,  “ To  lie  in  liv- 
ery : ” — to  consist  in.  “Rent  which  is  yielded  or 
paid  as  a thing  due,  is  said  to  lie  in  render.”  Burrill. 
— To  lie  on  or  upon , to  be  matter  of  obligation  or  duty. 
“ The  charge  of  souls  lies  upon  them.”  Bacon.  — To 
lie  on  the  head  of,  to  be  imputed  to.  “ What  he  gets 
more  of  her  than  sharp  words,  let  it  lie  on  my  head.” 
Shak.  — To  lie  over,  to  be  deferred  or  postponed  ; as, 
“ The  subject  lay  over  until  the  next  meeting.”  — To 
lie  to,  (JYaut.)  to  have  her  progress  stopped,  by  counter- 
bracing the  yards  or  reducing  sail.  Dana. — To  lie 
under , to  be  subject  to.  “ A generous  person  will  lie 
under  a great  disadvantage.”  Smalridge. — To  lie 
under  arms,  (Mil.)  to  be  in  a state  of  preparation  for 
action.  Gloss.  Mil.  Terms.  — To  lie  with,  to  have  car- 
nal knowledge  of.  Shak.  — To  belong  to,  to  be  the 
part  or  the  business  of ; as,  “ The  burden  of  proof  lies 
with  the  plaintiff.” 

“ It  may  be  observed  of  this  word  in  general, 
that  it  commonly  implies  something  of  sluggishness, 
inaction,  or  steadiness,  applied  to  persons  ; and  some 
gravity  or  permanency  of  condition  applied  to  things.” 
Johnson. 

LIE  (li)  [ll,  IF.  r.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  T Vr. ; IS, 
S.],  n.  Water  impregnated  with  alkaline  salt ; — 
written  also  lye  and  ley. — See  Lye.  Holland. 

f LIEF  (lef),  a.  [A..S.  Icof ; Dut.  lief ; Ger.  lieb.] 

1.  Beloved  ; dear.  “ My  liefest  lord.”  Spen- 
ser. “ My  liefest  liege.”  Shak. 

2.  Willing.’  “ They  lief  or  loath.”  Spenser. 

f LIEF,  n.  One  loved,  or  beloved.  Spenser. 

LIEF  (15 f),  ad.  With  inclination  or  good  will; 
xvillingly  ; gladly. 

I had  as  lief  not  be  as  live  to  be 

In  awe  of  such  a thing  as  I myself.  Shak. 

Do  not  injure  me  so  much  as  to  suppose  I am  a lawyer;  I 
had  as  lief  be  a Scotchman.  Junius. 

See  Have. 

LIE'— FRAUGHT  (-frawt),  a.  Fraught  with  lies. 

LIEfjl'ANCE,  n.  See  Ligeance.  Richardson. 

LIE(1E  (lej),  a.  [Low  L.  ligius,  from  L.  liqo,  to 
bind  ; It.  8;  Sp.  ligio  ; Fr.  lige.]  (Feudalism.) 

1.  Bound  by  feudal  tenure,  whether  to  tribute 
and  due  subjection,  as  a vassal,  or  to  protection 
and  just  government,  as  a chief.  “ My  true  liege 
man.”  Spenser.  “ Iiis  liege  lord.”  Baker. 

2.  Relating  to  ligeance,  or  the  bond  recipro- 

cally connecting  vassal  and  chief.  “ Liege 
vassalage.”  Rees. 

Liege  homage,  homage  owed  by  a vassal  to  his  lord, 
and  which  obliged  him  to  serve  his  lord  against  all, 
not  excepting  his  sovereign,  or  against  all  excepting 
other  lords  to  whom  he  had  previously  owed  like 
service.  Rees. 

LIEGE,  n.  X.  One  to  whom  allegiance  is  owed  ; 
a liege  lord  ; a superior ; a sovereign.  Shak. 

2.  A vassal ; a liegeman,  [it.]  Chaucer. 

LIEGE'MAN,  n.  A vassal ; a liege.  Spenser. 

LIEG'fiR  (le'jer)  [le'jer,  S.  IF.  P.  K.  Wr. ; lej'er, 
Sm.  TF5.J,  n.  A resident  ambassador;  — written 
also  leger  and  legier.  — See  Leger.  Denham. 

LIE'GIAN-cy,  n.  See  Ligeance.  Crabb. 

f Li'£N,  p.  From  lie ; lain.  Gen.  xxvi.  10. 

LI'JJN,  or  Li'£N  [ig'en,  Ja.  Sm.  Wr. ; li'en,  K.  C. ; 
len,  Wb.],  n.  [Fr.  lien,  a bond  or  tie,  from  L. 
ligamen  ; ligofligare  ; Fr.  Her,  to  bind.]  (Law.) 
A right  of  retaining  in  one’s  possession  anoth- 
er’s property,  until  the  satisfaction  of  some 
demand  against  the  owner.  Lord  Mansfield. 

General  lien,  a right  of  retaining  in  possession 
another’s  property  for  a general  balance  of  accounts. 
— Particular  lien,  a right  of  retaining  in  possession 
another’s  property  for  the  satisfaction  of  some  demand 
on  the  property  itself.  Burrill. 

U3y-“In  maritime  law,  hens  exist  independently 
of  possession,  either  actual  or  constructive.”  Burrill. 

LI-EN-TER'IC,  a.  [L.  lientcricus ; Fr.  lienterique .] 
Pertaining  to  a lientery.  Grew. 

LI'EN-TKR-Y  [ll'en-ter-e,  S.  W.  P.  J.  K.  Sin.  Wb. ; 
lj-en'ter-e,  Bailey,  Fenning,  Wr.  Dunglison],  n. 
[Gr.  Xtuvripin  ; smooth,  slippery,  and  cvn- 

por,  an  intestine;  L.,  It.,  § Sp.  lienteria;  Fr. 


lienterie.]  (Med.)  A kind  of  diarrhoea,  charac- 
terized by  frequent  liquid  evacuations,  the  food 
being  but  partially  digested.  Dunglison. 

LI'GR,  n.  One  who  lies  down.  “ Liers  in  wait.” 

LIEU  (lu),  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  locus,  a place.]  Place; 
room ; stead  ; — used  with  in. 

In  lieu  of  such  an  increase  of  .dominion,  it  is  our  business 
to  extend  our  trade.  Addison. 

[|  LIEU-TEN'AN-CY  (lev-ten ';m-se  or  lu-ten' jn-se), 
n.  1.  The  state  or  the  office  of  a lieutenant. 
“Your  lieutenancy.”  Shak. 

2.  The  body  of  lieutenants.  Felton. 

|[  LIEU-TEN'ANT  (lev-ten'jnt  or  lu-ten'smt)  [lev- 
ten 'ant,  IF.  Sm.  C.  O.  Wr. ; ljf-ten'ant,  S.  E.  Bar- 
clay ; ijv-ten'ant,  P.  J.  R.  ; lu-ten'?nt,  Ja.  IFS. ; 
ljv-ten'ant  or  lu-ten'?nt,  F.  ; lef-ten'imt,  K.],  n. 
[L.  locus,  a place,  and  tenans,  holding ; Fr.  lieu.] 

1.  One  who  supplies  the  place  of  a superior 
in  his  absence  ; a deputy.  “ Into  the  hands  of 
Christ’s  vicar,  or  lieutenant.”  Martin,  1554. 

2.  (Mil.)  An  officer  next  in  rank  below  a cap- 

tain ; the  second  commissioned  officer  of  a 
company.  Mil.  Ency. 

3.  In  a vessel  of  war,  an  officer  next  in  rank 

below  the  captain.  Mar.  Diet. 

II  LIEU-TEN'ANT— COLONEL  (lev-ten'ant-kiir'nel), 
n.  (Mil.)  An  office  next  in  rank  below  a col- 
onel ; the  second  commissioned  officer  of  a 
regiment.  Mil.  Ency. 

II  LIEU-TEN'ANT— GEN'£R-AL  (lev-),  n.  (Mil.) 
An  officer  next  in  rank  below  a general. 

Lieutenant-general  is  the  next  in  command  after  the  gen- 
eral; and,  provided  he  should  die,  the  order  is,  that  the  oldest 
lieutenant-general  shall  take  the  command.  London  Ency. 

In  the  United  States,  the  lieutenant-general  is 
next  in  military  rank  below  the  president,  who  is 
commander-in-chief. 

Lieutenant-general  of  the  kingdom , a dignity  equiva- 
lent to  that  of  regent  as  held  occasionally  in  France 
on  temporary  emergencies.  Brande. 

||  LIEU-TEN'ANT-GOV'ERN-OR,  n.  1.  An  offi- 
cer next  below  the  governor,  and  who  acts  as 
chief  magistrate  in  case  of  the  governor’s  death 
or  resignation  ; a deputy-governor.  [U.  S.] 

2.  In  some  English  colonies  jointly  under  a 
governor-general,  the  chief  magistrate  of  a sin- 
gle colony.  P.  Cyc. 

||  LIEU-TEN'ANT-RY  (lev-),  n.  Lieutenancy.S/iaA. 

II  LIEU-TEN 'ANT-SHIP  (lev-ten'-),  n.  The  state  or 
the  office  of  a lieutenant ; lieutenancy.  Johnson. 

LIEVE  (lev),  ad.  Lief.  — See  Lief,  [r.]  Shak. 

LIEV'RITE,  n.  (Min.)  A silicate  of  iron  and 
lime  ; ilvaite  ; — so  named  from  itg  discoverer, 
Lelievre.  Dana. 

LIFE,  n. ; pi.  LIVE? . [Goth,  livains ; A.  S.  If, 
lyf-,  Dut.  leven ; Ger.  leben  ; Dan.  liv  ; Sw.  if ; 
Icel.  If.  — See  Live.] 

1.  The  state  of  an  organized  being  before 
total  and  permanent  cessation  of  the  vital  func- 
tions; the  state  of  living  or  of  being  alive  ; vi- 
tality;— opposed  to  death-,  as,  “The  life  of  a 
man  or  a beast  ” ; “ The  life  of  a tree.” 

Let  the  waters  bring  forth  abundantly  the  moving  crea- 
ture that  hath  life.  Gen.  i.  20. 

Why  should  a dog.  a horse,  a rat,  have  life, 

And  thou  no  breath  at  all?  Shak. 

2.  The  present  state  of  animated  existence, 
as  opposed  to  the  future  state  ; time  from  birth 
to  death. 

Health  and  long  life  to  you,  master.  Shak. 

That  life  is  long  which  answers  life's  great  end.  Young. 

Dost  thou  love  life?  Then  do  not  squander  time;  for  that 
is  the  stuff  life  is  made  of.  Franklin. 

3.  A particular  state  of  living ; existence ; 
as,  “ The  life  beyond  the  grave.” 

He  is  the  happy  man,  whose  life  e’en  now 

Shows  somewhat  of  that  happier  life  to  come.  Cowper. 

Having  promise  of  the  life  that  now  is,  and  of  that  which 
is  to  come.  t 1 Tim.  iv. 

4.  Mode,  manner,  or  course  of  living.  “A 

soldier’s  life.”  “ This  quiet  life.”  Shak. 

Ascend  to  heaven,  by  merit  thine,  and  see 

What  life  the  gods  live  there.  Milton. 

Such  was  the  life  the  frugal  Sabines  led.  Dryden. 

5.  That  which  makes  alive  ; that  which  gives 
being;  cause  or  source  of  life. 

The  Lord  of  all,  himself  through  nil  diffused, 

Sustains  and  is  the  life  of  all  that  lives.  Cowper. 

The  life  of  the  flesh  is  in  the  blood.  Lev.  xvii.  11. 

6.  Spirit ; animation  ; vigor ; vivacity. 


MIEN,  SIR; 


MOVE,  NOR,  S6N; 


BULL,  BUR,  RlJLE.  — 9,  G>  6,  soft;  £,  G,  £,  g,  hard; 


as  z ; 


as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


LIFE-ANNUITY 

They  have  no  notion  of  life  and  fire  in  fancy  and  in 
words.  Felton. 

7.  The  blood,  as  the  supposed  vehicle  of  life. 

The  warm  life  came  issuing  through  the  wound.  Pope. 

8.  A narrative  or  history  of  a person’s  life  ; 
a biography ; as,  “ Johnson’s  Lives  of  the 
Poets  ” ; “ Boswell’s  Life  of  Johnson.” 

Plutarch,  that  writes  his  life. 

Tells  us  that  Cato  dearly  loved  his  wife.  Pope. 

9.  The  real  form,  as  opposed  to  a copy. 

He  that  would  be  a master  must  draw  by  the  lij'e,  as  well 
as  copy  from  originals.  Collier. 

10.  A living  person ; a human  being. 

Why  should  I play  the  Roman  fool,  and  die 

On  my  own  sword?  Whilst  I see  lives , the  gashes 

Do  better  upon  them.  Shale. 

11.  A term  of  endearment ; darling.  “ My 

queen,  my  life , my  wife.”  . Shak. 

12.  Animated  being  or  existence.  “ Full  na- 
ture swarms  with  life”  Thomson. 

13.  Course  of  things  ; human  affairs. 

To  know 

That  which  before  us  lies  in  daily  life 

Is  the  prime  wisdom.  Milton. 

14.  Society  in  general ; general  state  of  man. 

Studious  they  appear 

Of  arts  that  polish  life,  inventors  rare.  Milton. 

To  seek  one’s  life,  to  seek  or  endeavor  to  take  or  de- 
stroy one’s  life.  “ They  are  dead  which  sought  the 
young  child’s  life.”  Matt.  ii.  20. — To  the  life , witli 
minute  accuracy  ; perfectly.  “ Every  figure  to  the  life 
expressed.”  Dnjden. 

Syn.  — See  Biography. 

LI  FE'— AN-NU'I-TY,  n.  An  annual  income,  the 
payments  of  which  depend  on  the  continuance 
of  any  given  life  or  lives.  Burrill. 

LIFE'— AS-SUR' ANCE,  n.  Same  as  Life-insur- 
ance.' See  Life-insurance.  Burrill. 

LIFE'— BLOOD  (-blud),  n.  The  blood  necessary  to 
life ; vital  blood.  Milton. 

LIFE'— BLOOD  (-blud),  a.  Necessary  as  the  blood 
to  life  ; vital.  “ Life-blood  laws.”  Milton. 

LIFE'— BOAT,  n.  A boat  constructed  with  great 
strength  and  buoyancy  for  the  preservation  of 
life  in  cases  of  shipwreck,  &e.  P.  Cyc. 

LIFE'— BUOY  (-bwol),  il.  ( Naut .)  An  apparatus 
thrown  overboard  to  a person  in  the  water,  for 
him  to  cling  to  until  rescued  by  a boat.  Brande. 

lTfE'-CON-SUM'ING,  a.  Wasting  life.  Wright. 

LIFE'— DROP,  n.  A vital  drop  or  particle.  Byron. 

LIFE'— 5S-T ATE',  n.  (Law.)  An  estate  held 
during  the  life  of  the  party  holding  it,  or  during 
the  life  of  some  other  person  ; a freehold  es- 
tate, not  of  inheritance.  Burrill. 

LIFE'— EV-IJR-LAsT'ING,  n.  The  popular  name 
of  several  species  of  Gnaphalium.  Lincoln. 

LIFE'FUL,  a.  Full  of  life  ; giving  life. 

Like  liftful  heat  to  numbed  senses  brought.  Spenser. 

LIFE'— GIV-ING,  a.  Imparting  life  ; invigorating. 
“Life-giving  plant.”  Milton. 

LIFE'GUARD  (Ilf'gird),  n.  A body  of  soldiers 
charged  with  protecting  the  person  of  a sov- 
ereign ; a body-guard.  Addison. 

LIFE'— HARM-ING,  a.  Injurious  to  life.  Shak. 

LIFE'-HOLD,  n.  (Lato.)  Land  held  on  a lease 
for  lives ; life-land.  Ash. 

LIFE'— IN-SUR'ANCE,  n.  A contract  entered 
into,  usually  by  an  insurance  company,  to  pay  a 
certain  sum  of  money  on  a person’s  death,  on 
the  condition  of  his  paying  an  annual  premium 
during  his  life.  ‘ Dunglison. 

LIFE'— IN'TIJR-psT,  n.  An  estate  or  interest 
which  lasts  during  the  life  of  the  possessor,  or 
during  the  life  of  some  other  person.  Phillips. 

LIFE'— LAND,  n.  (Law.)  Land  held  on  a lease 
for  lives  ; life-hold.  Ash. 

LIFE'— LEAV-ING,  n.  Departure  from  life.  Shak. 

LIFE'LIJSS,  a.  1.  Deprived  of  life;  without  life; 
dead;  defunct.  _ “ His  lifeless  body.”  Shak. 

2.  Having  originally  no  vital  power  or  princi- 
ple ; inanimate.  “'Lifeless  shadows.”  Spenser. 

3.  AVanting  vigor,  force,  or  spirit;  dull ; spir- 
itless ; torpid  ; sluggish  ; passive. 

In  life  so  lifeless  as  it  shows  itself.  Shak. 


838 

Syn. — Lifeless  and  dead  imply  the  absence  of  life 
where  it  has  once  been.  A lifeless  corpse  ; a dead 
body  ; an  inanimate  manner  or  substance  ; a dull  per- 
formance. 

LlFE'LIJSS-LY,  ad.  Without  life,  vigor,  or  spir- 
it ; frigidly  ; jejunely.  Johnson. 

LlFE'LESS-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  lifeless. 

LIFE'— LIKE,  a.  Like  life  ora  living  person.  Pope. 

LIFE'— LINE,  n.  (Naut.)  A line  stretched  along 
a yard,  a boom,  or  any  part  of  a vessel  for  men 
to  lay  hold  on,  as  in  rough  weather.  Dana. 

LIFE'-LONG,  a.  Continuing  through  life.  Qu.  Rev. 

f LIFE'LY,  ad.  Like  life.  Chaucer. 

LIFE'— PR£-§ERV'ER,  n.  An  apparatus  designed 
for  the  preservation  of  the  lives  of  persons  who 
from  shipwreck  or  other  cause  are  compelled  to 
trust  themselves  to  the  water  ; an  inflated  air- 
tight jacket  or  belt. 

LIFE'— PR£-§ERV'ING,  a.  Preserving  life.  Shak. 

LIFE'— RE-NEW'ING,  a.  That  renews  life  ; re- 
newing life ; reanimating.  Cowper. 

LIFE'— RENT,  n.  The  enjoyment  of  a real  estate 
or  a sum  of  money  during  life.  Brande. 

LIFE'— RE-STOR'ING,  a.  That  restores  life  ; re- 
storing or  recovering  life.  Cowper. , 

LIFE'— STRING,  it.  A nerve  or  string  imagined  to 
convey  life.  Daniel. 

LIFE'— SUS-TAIN'ING,  a.  That  sustains  life  ; 
supporting  or  sustaining  life.  Pope. 

LlFE'TIME,  n.  The  time  during  which  a person 
lives;  continuance  or  duration  of  life.  “Dur- 
ing his  lifetime.”  Hume. 

LIFE'— WEA-RY  (-wG-re),  a.  Tired  of  living; 
weary  of  life.  Shak. 

LIFT,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  hlifian,  to  arise,  to  soar  ; Dan. 
lofte  ; Sw.  lyfta.]  [i.  lifted  ; pp.  lifting, 
lifted.  — Lift,  formerly  used  as  the  imperfect 
tense  and  participle,  is  now  obsolete.] 

1.  To  raise  ; to  elevate  ; — often  used  with  up. 
Lift  ye  up  a banner  upon  the  high  mountain'.  Isa.  xiii.  2. 

Like  some  tall  cliff  that  lifts  its  awful  form.  Goldsmith. 

In  full  harmonic  numbers  joined,  their  songs 

Divide  the  night,  and  lift  our  thoughts  to  heaven.  Milton. 

2.  To  raise  in  estimation  or  in  dignity. 

Neither  can  it  be  thought,  because  some  lessons  are  chosen 
out  of  the  Apocrypha,  that  we  do  offer  disgrace  to  the  word 
of  God,  or  lift  up  the  writings  of  men  above  it.  Hooker. 

The  Roman  virtues  lift  tip  mortal  man.  Addison. 

3.  +To  bear  ; to  support. 

The  earth  him  underneath 

Did  groan,  as  feeble  so  great  load  to  lift.  Spenser. 

4.  t [Goth,  hlifail.]  To  take  up  and  carry 
away;  to  steal;  — whence  the  word  shoplifter. 

If  night-robbers  lift  the  well-stored  hive. 

An  humming  through  their  waxen  city  grows.  Dnjden. 

To  lift  up  the  face , to  turn  the  face  upward  in  token 
of  supplication.  Job  xxii.  26.  — To  lift  up  the  hand , to 
take  an  oath  ; to  swear.  Gen.  xiv.  22. — To  lift  up  the 
heel  against,  to  behave  insolently  or  contemptuously 
towards.  Ps.  xli.  9. — To  lift  up  the  horn , to  conduct 
one’s  self  arrogantly  or  scornfully.  Ps.  lxxv.  4. — 
To  lift  up  the/  voice,  to  cry  aloud.  Gen.  xxix.  11. 
Isa.  xxiv.  14. 

Syn.  — That  is  lifted  which  is  hoisted  or  raised  up 
into  the  air  above  ground.  Lift  a weight  or  a stone  ; 
hoist  a sail  ; raise  a ladder;  — lifted  up  by  pride;  ele- 
vated by  circumstances  ; exalted  by  wisdom. 

LIFT,  v.  n.  1.  To  strive  to  raise  any  thing.  Locke. 

2.  fTo  practise  theft;  to  steal.  B.  Jonson. 

LIFT,  n.  1.  The  act  of  lifting  ; a lifting. 

In  the  lift  of  the  feet,  when  a man  goetli  up  the  hill,  the 
weight  of  the  body  beareth  most  upon  the  knees.  Bacon. 

2.  (Naut.)  A rope  or  tackle  extending  from 

a yard-arm  to  the  mast-head,  to  support  and 
move  the  yard.  Dana. 

3.  A load  or  surcharge.  [Scotland.]  Jamieson. 

Dead-lift,  a lift  by  main  strength.  See  Dead. — 

To  give  a lift,  to  aid  ; to  assist.  [Colloquial.] 

LIFT,  n.  [A.  S.  lyft ; Dut.  lucht. ; Ger.,  Dan.,  §Sw. 
lu ft ; Icel.  § Scot,  lift.)  f The  sky ; the  air. 
[Still  used  in  Scotland.]  Chaucer.  Jamieson. 

LIFT,  - ? n.  A sort  of  movable  gate,  or  a 

LIFT'— GATE,  ) gate  without  hinges.  [Local, 
Eng.]  Marshall. 

LIFT'ER,  n.  One  who  lifts. 


LIGHT 

LIFT'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  lifts  ; lift. 

2.  Assistance ; aid  ; help.  Swift. 

LIFT'— LOCK,  n.  A name  sometimes  given  to  a 
canal  lock  because  it  lifts  a vessel  from  one 
level  to  another.  Tanner. 

Ll FT'— TENT- F, It,  11.  A sort  of  regulator  or  gov- 
ernor applied  to  windmills  to  counteract  the 
irregular  action  of  the  wind.  Brande. 

LIFT'— WALL,  n.  The  cross  wall  in  the  chamber 
of  a canal  lock.  Francis. 

\ LIG,  v.  n.  [See  Lie.]  To  lie.  Chaucer. 

LIG'A-MENT,  n.  [L.  lit/amentum ; ligo,  to  bind  ; 
It.  Sj  Sp.  ligamento  ; Fr.  ligament .] 

1.  Any  thing  which  ties  or  unites;  a band. 

No  common  ligament  that  binds 

The  various  textures  of  their  minds.  Swift. 

2.  A strong,  white,  fibrous  structure  of  a 

close  texture  and  very  slightly  extensible,  unit- 
ing bones,  and  forming  articulations : — any 
membranous  fold  which  retains  an  organ  in  its 
place.  Dunglison. 

LIG-A-MEN'TAL,  a.  Relating  to  a ligament ; of 
the  nature  of  a ligament.  Browne. 

LIG-A-MEN'TOUS,  a.  Ligamental.  Wiseman. 

LIG'AN,  n.  [L.  ligo,  to  tie.]  (Law.)  Goods  sunk 
in  the  sea,  but  tied  to  a cork  or  buoy,  in  order 
to  be  found  again.  Blackstone. 

LI-gA'TION,  n.  [L.  ligatin  ; ligo,  to  bind.] 

1.  The  act  of  binding  together.  Johnson. 

2.  The  state  of  being  bound  together.  Burton. 

LIG'A-TURE,  n.  [L.,  It.,  &;  Sp.  ligatura',  Fr. 
ligature .] 

1.  Any  thing  that  binds  ; a band  ; a bandage. 

2.  The  act  of  binding.  Arbuthnot. 

3.  The  state  of  being  bound.  Mortimer. 

4.  Impotence  induced  by  magic.  Wright. 

5.  (Surg.)  A cord  or  thread  for  tying  an 

artery  or  vein  to  prevent  hemorrhage,  for  re- 
moving tumors,  &c.  Dunglison. 

6.  (Mus.)  A tie  connecting  notes.  Moore. 

7.  (Printing.)  Two  or  more  letters  cast  in 
one  piece,  as  ff,  fi,  ffi. 

LIG'A-TURED  (lig'a-turd),  a.  Joined  or  bound  by 
a ligature  ; as,  “ Ligatured  letters.”  Gent.  Mag. 

Liy  E-ANCE,  l [Low  L.  Uganda,  ligiantia, 

Liy'E-AN-OY,  ) from  L.  ligo,  ligans,  to  bind.] 
(Old  Eng.  Law.)  The  bond  reciprocally  con- 
necting the  subject  and  the  chief  or  sovereign, 
binding  the  former  to  tribute  and  due  subjec- 
tion, and  the  latter  to  protection  and  just  gov- 
ernment: — the  duty  of  obedience  and  fidelity 
owed  by  a subject  to  his  sovereign  : — the  do- 
minions or  territory  of  the  sovereign.  Written 
also  liegance  and  legiancy.  Spelman.  Burrill. 

LlG'GyR,  ii.  (Arch.)  A horizontal  timber  of  scaf- 
folding. — See  Ledger.  Francis. 

LIGHT  (lit),  n.  [Goth,  linhath;  A.  S.  leoht,  leht, 
liht,  lecht ; Dut.  if  Ger.  liclit ; Dan.  lys ; Sw. 
ljus,  lyse  ; Icel.  lios.  — L.  lux  (i.  e.  lues  or  lugs). 
Richardson.  — It.  luce  ; Sp.  <Sr  Port,  luz.) 

1.  That  by  which  objects  are  rendered  per- 
ceptible to  the  sight;  the  medium  of  vision. 

The  seven  lamps  shall  give  light.  Bum.  viii.  2. 

Light  spends  about  seven  or  eight  minutes  of  an  hour  in 
passing  from  the  sun  to  the  earth.  Newton. 

Iteg1-  There  are  two  theories  of  light ; viz.,  the  New- 
tonian or  corpuscular  theory,  or  theory  of  emanation 
or  emission,  and  the  undulatory  tiieory,  or  theory  of 
undulations.  According  to  the  former,  light  consists 
of  particles  of  matter  emitted  or  projected  from  a 
luminous  body  with  a velocity  of  198,000  miles  per 
second.  According  to  the  latter,  all  space  is  filled 
with  a rare,  subtile,  and  elastic  medium,  or  ether, 
which  is  thrown  into  undulations  by  a luminous  body, 
as  the  atmosphere  by  a sonorous  body,  and  as  the  un- 
dulations reacli  the  eye,  they  affect  it  with  the  sense 
of  sight.  The  undulatory  theory  is  now  generally 
adopted  by  men  of  science.  Solar  light  is  composed 
of  seven  different  colors  ; namely,  violet,  indigo,  blue, 
green,  yellow,  orange,  and  red.  Brande.  Nichol. 

g3r-  “Light,”  according  to  Lorenz  Oken,  “is  but 
a polar  tension  of  ether,  evoked  by  a central  body  in 
antagonism  with  the  planets,  and  heat  is  the  motion 
of  this  ether.”  — A doctrine  which  has  since  been  so 
generally  adopted,  and  the  correctness  of  which  ex- 
periment is  every  day  confirming.  London  Athenceum. 

2.  The  state  of  the  elements  in  which  things 
become  visible ; the  transparency  of  the  air 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


839 


LIGHT 


LIGHTLY 


caused  by  the  rays  of  the  sun  ; — opposed  to 
darkness. 

God  called  the  light  day,  and  the  darkness  he  called  night. 

Gen.  i.  5- 

3.  Daybreak ; sunrise. 

The  murderer,  rising  with  the  light,  killeth  the  poor  and 
needy.  Job  xxiv.  14. 

4.  Life ; animated  existence. 

Swift  roll  the  years,  and  rise  the  expected  morn, 

O,  spring  to  light',  auspicious  babe,  be  born.  Pope. 

5.  Any  thing  that  gives  light,  as  a taper,  a 
lamp,  a star,  a lighthouse,  &c. 

And  God  said.  Let  there  be  lights  in  the  firmament  of 
heaven,  to  divide  the  day  from  the  night.  . . . And  God  made 
two  great  lights ; the  greater  light  to  rule  the  day,  and  the 
lesser  light  to  rule  the  night.  Gen.  i.  14,  10. 

The  ancient  mode  of  exhibiting  lights  as  beacons  to  the 
mariner  consisted  in  burning  wood  or  coal,  in  a chaufer,  on 
the  top  of  a tower;  and,  till  the  year  1807,  the  Eddystone  light 
was  nothing  better  than  the  feeble  blaze  of  a few  tallow  can- 
dles, without  any  apparatus  for  concentrating  the  light  or 
giving  it  any  particular  direction.  Brandc. 

6.  Illumination  of  mind  ; instruction  ; knowl- 
edge ; insight ; comprehension. 

God  hath  set  two  lights  to  enlighten  us  . . . the  light  of  rea- 
60n,  which  is  the  light  of  his  creation,  and  the  light  of  Scrip- 
ture, which  is  an  after  revelation  from  him.  Whichcote. 

Light,  and  understanding,  and  wisdom  like  the  wisdom  of 
the  gods,  was  found  in  him.  Dan.  v.  11. 

The  books  of  Varro  concerning  navigation  have  been  lost, 
which  would  have  given  us  great  light  in  those  matters. 

Arbuthnot. 

7.  Explanation  ; illustration  ; means  of  know- 
ing or  understanding. 

One  part  of  the  sacred  text  could  not  fail  to  give  light  unto 
another.  Locke. 

8.  Public  view  or  notice. 

Why  am  I asked  what  next  shall  see  the  light? 

Heavens  1 was  I born  for  nothing  but  to  write?  Pope. 

9.  An  aperture  by  which  light  is  admitted, 
as  a door,  window,  a pane  of  glass,  &c.  Crahb. 

10.  Point  of  view ; situation  or  position  from 
which  a thing  is,  or  may  be,  viewed. 

Frequent  consideration  of  a thing  wears  off  the  strange- 
ness of  it,  and  shows  it  in  its  several  lights.  South. 

The  Triple  Alliance  may  be  viewed  in  two  lights:  as  a 
measure  of  foreign  policy,  and  as  a measure  of  domestic  pol- 
icy; and,  under  both  aspects,  it  seems  to  us  deserving  of  all 
the  praise  which  has  been  bestowed  upon  it.  Macaulay. 

11.  (Paint.)  That  part  of  a picture  on  which 
the  light  is  supposed  to  fall,  and  which  is 
painted  in  bright  colors  ; — opposed  to  shade. 
Never  admit  two  equal  lights  in  the  same  picture.  Dryden. 

12.  (Arch.)  One  of  the  spaces  into  which  a 

window- frame  is  divided.  Britton. 

Xfcir*  In  the  Scriptures,  light  is  used  metaphorically 
in  different  senses,  which  may  generally  be  deter- 
mined by  the  connection. 

1.  Joy;  happiness;  prosperity. 

Light  is  sown  for  the  righteous,  and  gladness  for  the  up- 
right in  heart.  Ps.  xcvii.  11. 

Then  shall  thy  light  break  forth  as  the  morning.  Is.  lviii.8. 

2.  Truth,  or  the  knowledge  of  the  truth. 

To  the  law  and  to  the  testimony;  if  they  speak  not  accord- 
ing to  this  word,  it  is  because  there  is  no  light  in  them. 

Isa.  viii.  20. 

3.  Support  ; comfort ; deliverance. 

When  I sit  in  darkness,  the  Lord  shall  be  light  unto  me. 

Mic.  vii.  8. 

4.  Spiritual  illumination,  or  the  gospel. 

To  them  which  satin  the  region  and  shadow  of  death,  light 
is  sprung  up.  Matt.  iv.  16. 

5.  The  understanding  ; spiritual  discernment. 

If,  therefore,  the  light  that  is  in  thee  be  darkness,  how 
great  is  that  darkness  1 Matt.  vi.  23. 

6.  The  source  of  light  or  truth. 

That  was  the  true  Light , which  lighteth  every  man  that 
corneth  into  the  world.  John  i.  9. 

7.  One  who  is  enlightened. 

Now  are  ye  light  in  the  Lord.  Eph.  v.  7. 

To  come  to  light , to  be  discovered  or  detected.  — To 
stand  in  one's  own  light , to  be  a hinderance  or  obstacle 
to  one’s  own  success  ; to  frustrate  one’s  own  purposes. 
— Noi'thern  lights.  See  Aurora  Borealis. 

LIGHT  (lit),  a.  [Goth,  leights , lightness ; A.  S. 
leoht , liht ; Dut.  ligt\  Ger.  leicht ; Dan.  let ; Sw. 
Uitt ; Icel.  lettbeer.  — L.  levis\  It.  lieve , leggiero  ; 
Sp.  leve , ligero;  Fr.  leger , light;  lege,  empty.] 

1.  Not  tending  to  the  centre  of  gravity  with 
force  ; of  little  weight ; not  heavy  ; not  dense. 

We  shall  be  winnowed  with  so  rough  a wind. 

That  even  our  corn  shall  seem  as  light  as  chaff.  Shak. 

I could  not  guess  which  of  the  weights  was  light  or  heavy 
whilst  I held  them  in  my  hand.  Spenser. 

2.  Easy  to  be  borne,  worn,  carried,  or  lifted  ; 
not  burdensome  ; not  onerous  ; not  oppressive. 

My  yoke  is  easy,  and  my  burden  is  light.  Matt.  xi.  30. 

3.  Easy  to  be  performed  or  endured;  not  dif- 
ficult ; pleasant.  “ The  task  was  light.”  Dryden. 

4.  Easy  to  be  digested,  as  food. 


5.  Porous ; spongy  ; raised  by  fermentation ; 
not  heavy  or  clammy  ; as,  “ Light  bread.” 

6.  Loose  ; friable  ; sandy. 

On  the  yEgean  shore  a city  stands. 

Built  nobly;  pure  the  air,  and  light  the  soil.  Milton. 

7.  Not  encumbered;  not  laden  or  freighted ; 
not  heavy-armed  ; free  from  impediments. 

8.  Not  of  legal  weight,  as  a coin. 

9.  Nimble  ; active  ; swift. 

Asahel  was  light  of  foot  as  a wild  roe.  2 Sam.  ii.  18. 

10.  Slight ; trifling.  “ A light  error.”  Boyle. 

Light  was  the  touch,  but  it  thrilled  to  the  bone.  Byron. 

11.  Easy  to  admit  influence  ; wanting  dig- 
nity ; unsteady  ; unsettled  ; fickle  ; frivolous  ; 
gay  ; airy ; trifling.  “ Light , vain  persons.” 
Davies.  “ A light  and  inconsiderate  person.” 
Tillotson. 

12.  Bright;  clear;  not  dark. 

As  soon  as  the  morning  was  light.  Gen.  xliv.  3. 

13.  Whitish;  tending  or  approaching  to  white 

color;  as,  “ A light  color.”  Dryden. 

Light  sails,  (Naut.)  a term  applied  to  all  the  sails 
above  the  topsails,  and  to  the  studding-sails  and  dy- 
ing jib.  Dana.  — To  make  light  of,  to  treat  as  of  little 
consequence  or  importance.  “ They  made  light  of  it, 
and  went  their  ways.”  Matt.  xxii.  5. — To  set  light 
by,  to  undervalue  ; to  slight ; to  despise.  “ Cursed 
be  he  that  setteth  light  by  Iris  father  or  his  mother.” 
Deal,  xxvii.  16. 

LIGHT  (lit),  ad.  Lightly  ; cheaply  : — nimbly.  Shak. 

LIGHT  (lit),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  alihtan,  gelihtan,  to 
enlighten  ; to  illuminate.]  [t.  lighted  or  lit  ; 
pp.  lighting,  lighted  lit. — Lit  is  obso- 
lete or  colloquial.] 

1.  To  kindle;  to  inflame;  to  set  fire  to;  to 

lighten.  “ Lighted  tapers.”  Dryden. 

The  truth  shines  so  clear,  that  to  go  about  to  prove  it  were 
to  light  a candle  to  see  the  sun.  Glanvill. 

2.  To  give  light  to  ; to  guide  by  light. 

Hopeless,  lasting  flames!  like  those  that  burn 

To  light  the  dead,  and  warm  th’  unfruitful  urn.  Pope. 

3.  To  illuminate;  to  fill  or  cover  with  light; 

— often  used  with  up. 

The  sun  was  set;  and  Vesper,  to  supply 

His  absent  beams,  had  lighted  up  the  sky.  Dryden. 

4.  To  lighten  ; to  ease  of  a burden.  “ Light 

this  weary  vessel  of  her  load.”  Spenser. 

5.  ( Naut .)  To  move,  lift,  or  haul  along,  as  a 

sail.  Dana. 

LIGHT  (lit),  v.  n.  [A.  S.  lihtan,  lyhtan,  to  alight.] 
[i.  lighted  or  lit;  pp.  lighting,  lighted  or 
lit.  — Lit  is  used  colloquially  only.] 

1.  To  fall  or  come  by  chance  ; to  happen  ; — 
followed  by  on  or  upon. 

Haply  their  eye  shall  light  upon  some  toy 

You  nave  desire  to  purchase.  Shah. 

A weaker  man  may  sometimes  light  on  notions  which  had 
escuped  a wiser.  Watts. 

2.  To  come  or  fall ; to  strike;  — followed  by 
on  or  upon. 

Neither  shall  the  sun  light  on  them.  Rev.  vii.  16. 

3.  To  descend,  as  from  a horse  or  a carriage  ; 

— often  used  with  down,  from,  or  off. 

Naaman  . . . lighted  down  from  the  chariot.  2 Kings  v.  21. 

She  lighted  off  the  camel.  Gen.  xxiv.  64. 

The  god  laid  down  his  feeble  rays. 

Then  lighted  from  his  glittering  coach.  Swift. 

4.  To  settle  or  rest  from  flight,  as  a bird  or 
other  winged  animal ; to  alight. 

She  [a  bee]  lights  on  that  and  this,  and  tasteth  all.  Davies. 

LIGHT'— ARMED  (llt'armd),  a.  Armed  with  light 
weapons.  “ Clans  light-armed  or  heavy.”  Milton. 

LIGHT'— BeAr-^R  (llt'bAr-er),  n.  One  who  bears 
a light ; a torch-bearer.  B.  Jonson. 

LIGHT'— BRAIN,  n.  An  empty-headed  person. 

“ Being,  as  some  were,  light-brains.”  Martin. 

LIGHT'EN  (ll'tn),  v.  n.  [A.  S.  lyhtan,  lihtan,  to 
shine,  to  alight.]  \i.  lightened  ; pp.  light- 
ening, lightened.] 

1.  To  flash,  burst  forth,  or  dart,  as  lightning. 

The  lightning,  that  lighteneth  out  of  the  one  part  under 
heaven  showeth  unto  the  other  part.  Luke  xvii.  24. 

2.  To  dart  out  words  with  vehemence.  “They 
thunder,  they  lighten,  they  storm  and  rage.” 

Apol.  or  Def.  o f Prince  of  Orange. 

3.  To  light ; to  fall ; to  alight. 

Let  thy  mercy  lighten  upon  us.  Common  Prayer. 

4.  To  grow  lighter,  or  to  clear  off ; — used  of 

the  weather.  [Colloquial.]  Wright. 


LIGHT'EN  (ll'tn),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  alihtan,  gelihtan.'] 

1.  To  illuminate;  to  illumine;  to  enlighten; 
to  fill  or  cover  with  light ; to  light. 

The  Lord  will  lighten  my  darkness.  2 Sam.  xxii.  29. 
A key  of  fire  ran  all  along  the  shore. 

And  lightened  all  the  river  with  a blaze.  Dryden. 

2.  To  dart  like  lightning  ; to  emit;  to  send. 

His  eye, 

As  bright  as  is  the  eagle’s,  lightens  forth 
Controlling  majesty.  Shak. 

3.  [A.  S.  leohtan ; gelihtan.]  To  make  lighter; 
to  make  less  heavy ; to  relieve ; to  ease. 

The  mariners  cast  forth  the  wares  that  were  in  the  ship 
into  the  sea,  to  lighten  it  of  them.  Jon.  i.  15. 

Strive, 

In  offices  of  love,  how  we  may  lighten 

Each  other’s  burden.  Milton. 

4.  To  exhilarate  ; to  cheer;  to  enliven. 

A trusty  villain,  very  oft. 

When  I am  dull  with  care  and  melancholy, 

Lightens  my  humor  with  his  merry  jest.  Shak. 

LIGHTER  (lit'er),  n.  1.  One  who  lights  or  com- 
municates light ; as,  “ A lamp -lighter.” 

2.  (Naut.)  A large  open  boat  used  in  loading 
and  unloading  vessels.  Dana. 

LIGHTER,  v.  a.  To  convey  or  unload  by  a boat 
called  a lighter.  Bryant. 

LIGHT'£R-A(iE  (llt'er-jj),  n.  Money  paid  for 
conveying  goods  in  a lighter.  Crabb. 

LIGHT'ER-MAN,  n.  One  who  manages  a large 
open  boat  called  lighter.  Child. 

LIGHT'— FIN-GERED  (llt'fing-gerd),  a.  Nimble  in 
fingering ; thievish.  Johnson. 

LIGHT'— FOOT  (llt'fut),  a.  Nimble;  light-footed. 
Bring  here  thy  light-foot  nymphs  and  sprightly  train. Tickcll. 

LIGHT'— FOOT  (llt'fut),  n.  Venison.  [A  cant 
word.]  Johnson. 

LIGHT'— FOOT-IJD  (llt'fut-ed),  a.  Nimble  in  run- 
ning or  in  dancing  ; light-foot.  Drayton. 

h LIGHT'FUL,  a.  Full  of  light.  Wickliffe. 

LIGHT'— HAND-IJD,  a.  (Naut.)  Being  short  of  a 
complement  of  men,  as  a ship.  Ogilvie. 

LIGHT'-HEAD-ED  (llt'hed-ed),  a.  1.  Unsteady  ; 
thoughtless ; heedless  ; weak.  Clarendon. 

2.  Disordered  in  the  head  or  brain  ; dizzy  or 
delirious.  Johnson. 

LIGHT'— HEAD' JED-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
light-headed.  Johnson. 

LIGHT'— HE  ART- F.D  (ln'Iiart-ed),  a.  Free  from 
heaviness  or  grief ; merry  ; cheerful.  Williams. 

LIGHT'— HE  ART'JfD-LY,  ad.  With  a light  heart ; 
cheerfully.  ‘ Wright. 

LIGHT'— HEART'ED-NESS,  n.  Quality  or  state  of 
being  light-hearted  ; cheerfulness.  Wright. 

LIGHT'-HEELED  (llt'held),  a.  Swift  of  foot. 

The  villain  is  much  lighter-heeled  than  I.  Shak. 

LIGHT'— HORSE,  n.  (Mil.)  Light-armed  cavalry. 

Mil.  Ency. 

LIGHT'— HOUSE  (lit-),  n.  A building  erected  on 
the  sea-shore,  or  upon  rocks,  from  which  one  or 
more  lights  are  exhibited  at  night  for  the  direc- 
tion of  mariners  ; a pharos.  P.  Cyc. 

LIGHT'— IN'FAN-TRY,  n.  (Mil.)  A body  of  light- 
armed men,  selected  for  activity  and  strength, 
whose  duty  it  is  to  protect  the  advance  and  re- 
treat, and  to  cover  and  assist  the  manoeuvres  of 
larger  bodies.  Mil.  Ency. 

LIGHT'— LEGGED  (lxt'legd  or  -leg'ed),  a.  Swift  of 
foot ; nimble.  “ Light-legged  Pas.”  Sidney. 

LIGIIT'LESS  (llt'les),  a.  Without  light;  dark. 
“ The  lightless  fire.”  Shak. 

LIGHT'LY  (Ilt'le),  ad.  1.  In  a light  manner  ; with 
lightness  or  levity ; with  little  weight. 

Him,  thus  intent,  Ithuriel  with  his  spear 
Touched  lightly.  Milton. 

2.  In  a small  degree ; slightly  ; not  greatly. 
“He  lightly  afflicted  the  land.”  Isa.  ix.  1. 

3.  'Easily ; without  difficulty ; readily ; of 
course;  cheerfully.  “Bear  it  lightly.”  Shak. 

4.  Without  reason,  care,  or  consideration. 

Flatter  not  the  rich;  neither  do  thou  willingly  or  lightly 
appear  before  great  personages.  Bp.  Taylor . 

5.  Not  chastely  ; wantonly.  Swift. 

6.  f Commonly  ; usually. 

Short  summers  lightly  have  a forward  spring.  Shak. 

The  great  thieves  of  the  state  are  lightly  the  oflicers  of  the 
crown.  B.  Jonson. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  9,  g,  soft ; C,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  § as  7.;  $ as  gz. — THIS,  this. 


LIGHT-MAKER 


840 


LILALITE 


LIGHT'— MAK-ER,  n.  That  which  gives  light,  as 
a heavenly  body.  Wickliffe. 

LIGHT'— MIN D-pD  (lit'-),  a.  Not  considerate  ; un- 
settled ; unsteady  ; frivolous.  Eccles.  xix.  4. 

LlGHT'NlJSS  (llt'nes),  n.  1.  The  quality  or  the 
state  of  being  light ; want  or  absence  of  weight ; 
levity  ; — opposed  to  heaviness. 

Some  are  for  masts  of  ships,  as  fir  and  pine,  because  of 
their  length,  straightness,  and  lightness.  Bacon. 

2.  Want  of  consideration  ; unsteadiness  ; 
frivolousness  ; frivolity  ; levity. 

Unto  knight  there  is  no  greater  shame 

Than  lightness  and  inconstancy  in  love.  Spenser. 

When  I,  therefore,  was  thus  minded,  did  I use  lightness'! 

2 Cor.  i.  17. 

3.  Luminosity  ; lucidity  ; brightness.  Roget. 

4.  Unchastity  ; wantonness  ; lewdness.  Shah. 

5.  ( Fine  Arts.)  The  quality  of  being  free 

from  weight  or  clumsiness.  Brande. 

LlGHT'NING,  n.  [From  lighten , lightening,  light- 
ning.—A.  S.  lihting,  lihtincg,  lihtung .] 

1.  The  flash  that  attends  thunder  ; an  electric 
phenomenon  produced  by  the  passage  oi  electri- 
city from  one  cloud  to  another,  or  between  a 
cloud  and  the  earth. 

j3 “ The  identity  of  lightning  with  electricity 
. . . was  first  directly  demonstrated  by  the  celebrated 
Dr.  Franklin,  in  1749.”  Brande. 

2.  A brightening  up  of  the  faculties. 

How  oft,  when  men  are  at  the  point  of  death, 

Have  they  been  merry!  which  their  keepers  call 

A lightning  before  death.  Shale. 

LlGHT'NING— BUG,  n.  A kind  of  fire-fly.  Clarke. 

LIGHT'NING— CON-Dl?CT'OR,  n.  A lightning- 
rod.  Clarke. 

LIGHT'NING-GlAnCE,  n.  A flash  of  lightning 
or  a flash  of  the  eye.  Clarke. 

LlGHT'NING— ROD,  n.  A metallic  rod  for  con- 
ducting lightning  or  electricity  to  the  earth,  and 
thus  protecting  a building,  a ship,  &c. 

LIGHT'-ROOM,  n.  (Naut.)  A small  room  from 
which  light  is  afforded  to  the  powder  magazine 
of  a ship.  Brande. 

LIGHTS  (llts),  n.  pi.  The  lungs  ; — applied  par- 
ticularly to  the  lungs  of  a brute,  and  so  called 
because  they  are  lighter  in  proportion  to  their 
bulk  than  any  other  part  of  the  body.  Holland. 

LIGHT-SHIP,  n.  A ship  anchored  and  serving 
as  a light-house.  Clarke. 

LIGHT'SOME  (llt'suin),  a.  1.  [See  Light,  n.]  Full 
of  light ; luminous  ; — opposed  to  darksome. 

If  thou  wouldst  view  fair  Melrose  aright, 

Go,  visit  it  by  the  pale  moonlight; 

For  the  gay  Beams  of  lightsome  day 

Gild  but  to  flout  the  ruins  gray.  Scott. 

2.  [See  Light,  a.]  Without  care  or  heavi- 
ness ; gay  ; lively  ; cheerful ; buoyant ; blithe- 
some. “ The  lightsome  passion  of  joy.”  South. 
“ Lightsome,  vacant  heart.”  Blair. 

LlGHT'SOME-LY,  ad.  In  a lightsome  manner. 

LIGHT'SOME-NESS  (llt'sum-nSs),  n.  1.  The  qual- 
ity of  being  light  or  luminous.  Chcyne. 

2.  Gayety ; cheerfulness  ; liveliness.  Johnson. 

LlGHT'-SPIR-IT-ED,  a.  Having  a light  or  cheer- 
ful spirit.  Wright. 

LIGHT'— TOtJCH  (Ht'tuch),  v.  a.  To  touch  or  ex- 
ecute with  a light  hand.  Thomson. 

LIGHT'— WINGED  (llt'wlngd),  a.  Having  light 
wings.  Shalt. 

+ LIGIIT'Y,  a.  Full  of  light.  Wickliffe. 

LIGN-AL'6e§  (lln-51'oz  or  llg-nal'oz)  [lln-al'oz, 
K.  Taylor,  Carr,  Wr. ; llg-nal'oz,  S.  IF.  Sm.],  n. 
[L.  lignum.,  wood,  and  Eng.  aloes.)  Aloes-wood  ; 
agalloch.  Num.  xxiv. 

I.IG'Np-OUS,  a.  [L.  ligneus;  lignum,  wood ; It. 
lignio ; Sp.  lehoso;  Fr.  ligneux.)  Made  of  or 
resembling  wood ; woody.  “ Ligneous  mat- 
ter.” Ure. 

lTg-NIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  lignum,  wood,  and  fero, 
to  bear.]  Producing  or  bearing  wood.  Wright. 

LlG-NI-FI-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  lignum,  wood,  and 
facio,  to  make.]  The  process  of  becoming,  or  of 
converting  into,  wood.  " Wright. 

lIg'NI-FORM,  a.  [L.  lignum,  wood,  and  forma, 
form.],  Having  the  form  or  appearance  of 
wood.  Ure. 


LIG'NJ-FY,  v.  a.  [L.  lignum,  wood,  and  facio,  to 
make.]  To  convert  into  wood.  Wright. 

LIG'NJ-FY,  v.  n.  To  become  wood.  Wright. 

LlG'NlNE,  n.  [L.  lignum,  wood.]  (Chem.)  Woody 
fibre  ; the  solid  part  of  vegetables.  Silliman. 

LIG-NI-PER'DOUS,  a.  [L.  lignum,  wood,  and 
perdo,  to  destroy.]  Noting  insects  that  destroy 
wood.  Lyell. 

LIG'NITE,  n.  [L.  lignum,  wood.]  {Min.)  Fossil 
wood  carbonized  to  a certain  degree,  but  retain- 
ing its  woody  texture.  P.  Cyc. 

LIG-NIT'jC,  a.  Resembling  lignite.  Clarke. 

LIG'NONE, n.  [L.  lignum,  wood.]  (Chem.)  A liquid 
which  exists  in  commercial  pyroxylic  spirit;  a 
product  of  the  distillation  of  wood.  Hob/yn. 

LIG-NOSE',  a.  Woody;  ligneous.  Gray. 

LIG'NOUS,  a.  [L.  lignosus  ; lignum,  wood.] 
Wooden;  ligneous;  lignose.  [it.]  Evelyn. 

LIG'JfUM-  Vi'  TJE  (llg-num-vl'te),  n.  [L .,  wood 
of  life.)  The  hard,  heavy,  tough,  and  resinous 
wood  of  the  Guaiacum  officinale,  a tree  which 
grows  in  the  West  Indies  and  in  the  warm  lati- 
tudes of  America ; — extensively  used  in  turn- 
ery. Rees.  Gray. 

LIG'U-LA,  n.  [L.  lingula,  or  ligida,  a little  tongue  ; 
lingua,  the  tongue.] 

1.  {Bot.)  The  blade  of  a grass  consisting  of 

an  expansion  of  the  leaf  at  the  apex  of  the 
sheathing  petiole ; the  petiole  of  a ligulate 
corolla,  as  of  the  sunflower.  Gray. 

2.  (Ent.)  The  terminal  or  apical  portion  of 

the  lower  lip.  Westwood. 

LIG'U-LATE,  a.  {Bot.)  Having  a ligula.  Gray. 

LlG'y-LAT-yD,  a.  {Bot.)  Ligulate.  Ogilvie. 

f LI'GURE  [ll'gur,  S.  IF.  P.  J.  F.  Sm. ; Ilg'yur, 
Ja. ; ll'gur  or  lig'ur,  K. ; llg'ur,  Wr.) , n.  A 
precious  stone  ; a hyacinth.  Exod.  xxxix.  12. 

LIG  ' U-RE§,  n.  pi.  [L.]  (Geog.)  The  natives  of 
Liguria.  Earnshaw. 

LI-GU'RI-AN,  a.  {Geog.)  Relating  to  Liguria. 

LlG'U-RITE,  n.  {Min.)  A mineral  of  an  apple- 
green  color,  found  crystallized  in  talcose  rock, 
in  the  Apennines,  and  resembling  chrysolite  in 
color,  transparency,  and  hardness.  P.  Cyc. 

LIKE.  A frequent  termination  of  adjectives  in 
English,  from  the  Saxon  form  lie,  softened  into 
ly,  as  man  like,  man  ly. 

LIKE,  a.  [Goth,  leiks,  galeiks ; A.  S.  lie,  gelic; 
Dut.  ge/yk  ; Frs.  lie  ; Ger.  gleich ; Dan.  lig, 
lige-,  Icel.  likr;  Sw.  lik,  lika.  “From  lie,  the 
body  of  a man,  the  essence  or  nature;  hence 
the  figurative  meaning,  an  appearance,  resem- 
blance, like.”  Bosworth.  — Junius  suggests, 
and  Wachter  has  no  doubt,  from  the  Gr.  tin U.oj.] 

1.  Resembling  ; having  resemblance  ; simi- 
lar ; — often  used  with  to  or  unto. 

Lord,  who  is  like  unto  thee?  Ps.  xxxv.  10. 

The  staff  of  his  spear  was  like  a weaver’s  beam.  1 Sam.  xvii.  7. 

2.  Equal ; same  in  quantity,  amount,  or  ex- 
tent ; as,  “ Like  fortunes”  ; “ A like  number.” 

3.  Likely ; probable. 

My  grave  is  like  to  be  my  wedding-bed.  Shah. 

Syn.  — See  Equal. 

Like  figures. — See  SIMILAR  FIGURES. 

LIKE,  n.  1.  Some  person  or  thing  resembling 
another.  “ Like  produces  like.” 

When  I was  sick,  you  pave  me  bitter  pills; 

And  I must  minister  the  like  to  you.  Shak. 

2.  Preference  ; liking  ; partiality  ; predi- 
lection ; as,  “ Likes  and  dislikes.” 

Had  like,  had  likelihood  or  probability  ; was  likely. 

This  vehicle  had  like  to  have  fallen  into  tile  sea.  Cowper. 

LIKE,  ad.  1.  In  the  same  or  a similar  manner  ; 
in  the  manner  of. 

Be  strong,  and  quit  yourselves  like  men.  1 Sam.  iv.  19. 

Like  as  a father  pitieth  his  children,  so  the  Lord  pitieth 
them  that  fear  him.  Ps.  ciii.  13. 

2.  Likely ; probably. 

Ere  it  he  demanded. 

As  like  enough  it  will,  I ’d  have  it  copied.  Shak. 

LIKE,  v.  a.  [Goth,  leikan,  galeikan  ; A.  S.  lician  ; 
Dut.  lyken;  Frs.  lika ; Ger.  gleichen;  Sw.  lika ; 


Icel.  lika.  “ From  lie,  lac,  a gift,  what  pleases, 
or  from  lie,  like.”  Bosworth .]  [i.  liked  ; pp. 

LIKING,  LIKED.] 

1.  f To  be  agreeable  to  ; to  gratify  ; to  please. 

“ The  music  likes  you  not.”  Shak. 

2.  To  choose  with  some  degree  of  preference  ; 
to  have  a preference  or  regard  for ; to  approve  ; 
to  esteem.  “ What  it  likes  or  loathes.”  Shak. 

I never  liked  thy  talk,  thy  offers  less.  Milton. 

3.  fTo  liken  ; to  compare.  “ Like  me  to  the 

peasant  boys.”  Shak. 

LIKE,  v.  n.  1.  To  be  pleased  ; to  6hoose;  to  elect; 
to  think  fit ; to  list ; to  prefer. 

These  here  revolve,  or,  as  thou  lik'bt,  at  home.  Milton. 

2.  To  be  in  a fair  way;  to  come  near;  as, 
“ He  liked  to  have  fallen.”  [Colloquial  and  local.] 

t To  like  of,  to  be  pleased  with  ; to  like. 

I like  not  of  Prince  Edward’s  flight.  Shak. 

LIKE'LI-HOOD  (llk'le-liud),  n.  1.;  Appearance  of 
truth  ; verisimilitude  ; probability  ; jikeliness. 

What  likelihood  of  his  amendment?  Shak. 

2.  Resemblance;  appearance  ; liken  ess.  SAaA. 

LlKE'LI-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  likely ; 
likelihood.  Chaucer. 

LIKE'LY,  a.  1.  Having  likeness  or  resemblance 
to  the  truth  or  reality  ; that  probably  has  been, 
is,  or  may  be  ; that  may  with  reason  be  thought 
or  believed  ; probable  ; credible.  Shak. 

2.  That  may  be  liked  ; that  may  please ; pleas- 
ing ; agreeable. 

I have  not  seen 

So  likely  an  ambassador  of  love.  Shak. 

3.  Respectable  ; worthy  of  esteem ; estimable  ; 

sensible.  [Colloquial,  U.  S.]  Port-Folio. 

LIKE'LY,  ad.  Probably  ; with  probability ; as 
may  reasonably  be  thought.  Glanvill. 

LIKE'— MIND-IJD,  a.  Having  similar  mind,  in- 
tentions, or  views. 

Fulfil  ye  my  joy,  that  ye  be  like-minded.  Phil.  ii.  2. 

LIK'EN  (ll'kn),  v.  a.  \i.  LIKENED  ; pp.  LIKENING, 
likened.]  To  repi’esent  as  having  resem- 
blance or  similarity  ; to  compare. 

Who  among  the  sons  of  the  mighty  can  be  likened  unto 
the  Lord?  JJs.  lxxxix.  6. 

LIKE'NIJSS,  n.  1.  The  state  or  the  quality  of  being 
like  ; resemblance ; similarity ; similitude  ; sem- 
blance ; form. 

They  had  the  likeness  of  men.  Ezek.  i.  5. 

2.  That  which  resembles  another  ; a copy  ; a 
counterpart;  image;  representation;  portrait; 
picture ; statue  ; effigy. 

To  whom,  then,  will  ye  liken  God?  and  what  likeness  will 
ye  compare  unto  him?  Isa.  xl.  18. 

Syn. — Likeness  is  a more  general  and  a stronger 
term  than  resemblance , similitude , or  similarity.  Like- 
ness in  person  ; resemblance  in  appearance  ; similarity 
of  disposition.  A portrait  is  a likeness , if  the  resem- 
blance is  striking. 

LIKE'WI^E,  ad.  or  conj.  In  like  manner;  also; 
moreover;  too. 

He  is  a poet,  and  likewise  a musician.  TV hately. 

LIK'ING,  n.  1.  State  or  condition,  as  of  body. 

Their  young  ones  are  in  good  liking.  Job  xxxix.  4. 

2.  Inclination  ; desire  ; preference  ; pleasure. 

If  I had  liberty,  I would  do  my  liking.  Shak. 

He  who  has  no  liking  for  the  whole  ought,  in  reason,  to  be 
excluded  from  censuring  the  parts.  Dryden. 

To  be  in  liking- , to  be  on  trial.  Dryden. 

f LIK'ING,  a.  Plump  ; in  a state  of  plumpness. 

Why  should  he  6ee  your  faces  worse  liking  than  the  chil- 
dren which  are  of  your  sort  ? Ban.  i.  10. 

Ll'LAC  [ll'laik,  S.  IF.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  Sm.  Wb. ; 111'-' 
lak,  Kenrick  ; ls'ljk  or  li'lak,  K. ; sometimes, 
corruptly,  la'lok],  n.  [It.  lila;  Sp.  Vila,  or  lilac-, 
Fr.  Mas.  “ Lilac  is  derived  from  Mag,  the  Per- 
sian for  a flower.”  Eng.  Cyc.)  {Bot.)  An  orna- 
mental deciduous  shrub  of  the  genus  Syringa, 
bearing  purple  or  white  flowers,  which  are  ar- 
ranged in  beautiful  thyroid  terminal  pannicles, 
and  are  very  fragrant;  — often  written  lilach. 

LIL'A-CINE,  n.  {Chem.)  A bitter  crystallizable 
principle  found  in  the  leaves  of  the  Syringa  vul- 
garis, or  lilac.  Brande. 

LIL'A-LiTE,  n.  [Eng.  lilac,  and  Gr.  IWos,  a stone.] 
(Min.)  Lepidolite,  a mineral  of  a violet  or  lilac 
color.  Smart. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  U,  j,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


LILIACEOUS 


LIMITARY 


841 


LIL-I-A'CEOUS  (m-e-a'shus),  a.  ( Bot .)  Resem- 
bling, or  pertaining  to,  the  lily.  “ Liliaceous 
plants.”  P-  Cyc. 

LiL'JED  (lll'jd),  a.  Covered  or  decked  with  lilies. 

By  sandy  Ladon’s  lilied  banks.  Milton. 

LIL-I-PU'TIAN,  n.  1.  One  of  the  race  of  pygmies 
inhabiting  the  imaginary  island  of  Liliput,  men- 
tioned in  one  of  the  novels  of  Swift.  Swift . 

2.  A very  diminutive  person.  Clarke. 

LlL-I-PU'JTAN,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  the  imagin- 
ary island  of  Liliput. 

2.  Very  small;  pygmean.  Lloyd. 

t LILL,  v.  a.  [See  Loll.]  To  loll;— used  of 
tlje  tongue.  Spenser. 

LILT,  v.  n.  1.  To  spring  ; to  do  any  thing  nim- 
bly. [North  of  Eng.]  Wright. 

2.  To  sing  merrily.  [Scot.]  Jamieson. 

LIL'Y,  n. ; pi.  lTl'ie?.  [Gr.  Dtpiov  ; L.  lilium  ; It. 
giglio ; Sp.  lirio;  Fr.  lis.  — “From  the  Celtic 
word  li,  which  signifies  whiteness.”  Loudon .] 
A genus  of  plants  remarkable  for  the  beauty  of 
their  flowers,  which  are  either  white,  yellow,  or 
red. 

Lily  of  the  valley,  (Bot.)  a plant  which  produces  a 
sweet-scented  flower,  having  a corolla  somewhat 
bell-shaped,  and  divided  at  the  top  into  six  segments  ; 
May  lily  : Conoalearia  majalis.  Lincoln. 

LIL'Y— DA  F'FO-DIL,  n.  A plant  and  its  flower, 
of  the  genus  Narcissus.  Johnson. 

LIL'Y-HAND'JJD,  a.  Raving-  hands  white  as  the 
lily.  Spenser. 

LIL'Y— II  Y'A-CINTII,  n.  A plant  and  its  flower, 
of  the  genus  Hyacinthus.  Miller. 

LIL'Y— LlV'FRED  (-erd),  a.  White-livered;  cow- 
ardly ; timid. 

Go,  prick  thy  face,  and  over-red  thy  fear, 

Thou  lily-livered  boy.  Sheik. 

LIL'Y-SlL'VpRED  (-sll'verd),  a.  Silvered  or 
whitened  with  lilies.  Cawthorne. 

Ll-MA'CEOUS  (-shus),  a.  [L.  Umax,  limrtcis,  a 
slug.]  Pertaining  to  the  naked  snail.  Blount. 

LI'MAIL,  n.  [Fr.  limaille .]  The  filings  of  a 

metal ; limature.  Crabb. 

LI-MA'TION,  n.  [L.  limo,  to  file.]  The  act  of 
filing  or  polishing.  Phillips. 

Li'MA-TURE,  n.  [L.  limatura;  limo,  limatus,  to 
file  ; lima,  a file.]  Particles  rubbed  off  by  a 
file  ; filings.  Johnson. 

LI’ MAX,  n.  [L.]  The  slug  or  naked  snail,  a 
genus  of  mollusks  destructive  to  plants.  Baird. 

LIMB  (11m),  n.  [A.  S.  lim;  Icel.  lim  ; Dan.  % 
Sw.  lem.  — L.  limbus-.  It.  §•  Sp.  limbo-,  Fr. 
limbe.  — Tooke  derives  the  word  from  A.  S.  lim- 
pian,  to  belong  to.] 

1.  One  of  the  extremities  of  an  animal,  ar- 

ranged on  each  side  of  the  trunk  and  articu- 
lated with  it ; a member.  Dunglison. 

2.  A branch  of  a tree  ; a bough.  Roget. 

3.  (Astron.)  The  border  of  the  disk  of  the 
sun,  moon,  or  a planet : — the  graduated  edge 
of  any  circle  of  an  instrument.  Hind.  Brande. 

4.  The  arch  of  the  primitive  circle  in  any  pro- 
jection of  the  sphere  in  piano.  Jamieson. 

5.  (Bot.)  The  expanded  part  of  a leaf,  a 

petal,  a sepal,  ora  monopetalous  corolla  ; blade  ; 
lamina  ; border.  Gray. 

6.  A part  or  appendage.  “ Antony  is  but  a 

limb  of  Caesar.”  Shak. 

7.  An  assistant ; a coadjutor  ; a helper. 

Let  us  choose  such  limbs  of  noble  counsel, 

That  the  great  body  of  our  state  may  go 

In  equal  rank  with  the  best-governed  nation.  Shak. 

Limb  of  the  laic,  a member  of  the  legal  profession. — 
Limb  of  an  argument , any  part  of  an  argument. 

Syn.  — See  Member. 

LIMB  (ITm),  v.  a.  [i.  limbed  ; pp.  limbing, 

LIMBED.] 

1.  To  supply  with  limbs.  Milton. 

2.  To  tear  asunder  ; to  dismember.  Johnson. 

LIM'BAT,  n.  A cooling  periodical  wind,  in  the 
Island  of  Cyprus,  which  blows  from  the  north- 
west from  8 o’clock,  A.  M.,  till  noon.  Buchanan. 

LlM'BATE,  a.  (Bot.)  Bordered  ; having  one  color 
surrounded  by  an  edging  of  another.  Loudon. 


LIM'BJJC,  n.  [A  corruption  of  alembic.)  A still; 
an  alembic. 

What  potions  have  I drunk  of  siren  tears, 

Distilled  from  limbecs  foul  as  hell  within!  Shak. 

LIM'BgC,  v.  a.  To  strain  as  through  a limbec. 

The  greater  do  nothing  but  limbec  their  brains  in  the  art 
of  alchemy.  Sir  E.  Sandys. 

LIMBED  (llmd),  a.  Having  limbs  ; — used  in  com- 
position ; as,  “ Large-limbed.”  Pope. 

l!m'B?R,  a.  [See  Limp.]  Flexible;  easily  bent; 
pliable;  pliant;  supple.' 

With  nimble  turns  their  limber  bodies  bending.  Drayton. 

LIM'BIJR,  n.  1.  (Mil.)  The  fore  part  of  a gun- 
carriage,  to  which  the  horses  are  harnessed,  and 
to  which  is  attached  the  trail  of  the  gun,  which 
is  unhooked  when  the  gun  is  brought  into 
action.  Glos.  of  Mil.  Terms. 

2.  A shaft  of  a carriage.  [Local.]  Wright. 

3.  pi.  (Naut.)  Holes  cut  in  the  lower  part  of 

the  floor-timbers,  fore  and  aft,  next  the  keel- 
son, forming  a passage  for  water  fore  and  aft  to 
the  pump.  Dana. 

Limber  boards,  movable  boards  placed  over  the  lim- 
bers to  keep  out  dirt,  &c. — Limber-rope,  a rope  rove 
fore  and  aft,  through  tile  limbers,  to  clear  them  if 
necessary.  — Limber-streak,  the  streak  of  foot-waling 
nearest  the  keelson.  Dana. 

LIM'BER-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  limber  ; 
pliableness ; suppleness.  Bailey. 

LlM'BIL-lTE,  n.  (Min.)  A hard,  compact  min- 
eral, found  in  irregular  grains  in  the  volcanic 
district  of  Limburg,  a province  of  the  Nether- 
lands. It  appears  to  be  a decomposed  variety 
of  chrysolite.  P.  Cyc.  Dana. 

LIMB'LIJSS  (llin'les),  a.  Deprived  or  destitute  of 
limbs.  “ Bleeding,  limbless  trunk.”  Massinger. 

f Lf MB'MEAL  (lim'mel),  ad.  Piecemeal  ; in 
pieces.  “ To  tear  her  limb-meal.”  Shak. 

LlM'BO,  n.  ; pi.  lTm'bo§.  [L.  limbus,  a border  ; 
It.  Sj  Sp.  limbo,  limbo  ; Fr.  limbcs.\ 

1.  A place  on  the  borders  of  hell,  sometimes 
used  for  hell  itself.  — See  Limbus. 

As  far  from  help  as  limbo  is  from  bliss.  Shak. 

Dante  has  fixed  his  limbo , in  which  the  distinguished  spir- 
its of  antiquity  are  confined,  as  the  outermost  of  the  circles 
of  his  hell.  Brande. 

2.  Any  place  of  confinement  or  restraint 

All  which  appearing,  on  she  went 
To  find  the  knight  in  limbo  pent.  Hudibras. 

Into  a limbo  large  and  broad,  since  called 
The  Paradise  of  Fools,  to  few  unknown.  Milton. 

LIM 'BUS,  n.  [L.,  a border.  — See  Limbo.] 

1.  A region  lying  on  the  confines  of  hell. 

KfU  According  to  the  old  schoolmen,  there  were, 

besides  hell,  1.  A limbus  puerorum,  where  t lie  souls  of 
infants  unbaptized  remained  ; 2.  A limbus  patrum, 
where  the  fathers  of  the  church,  saints,  and  martyrs, 
awaited  the  general  resurrection  ; and,  3.  Purgatory  ; 
to  which,  in  popular  opinion,  was  added,  4.  A limbus 
fatuorum,  or  fool’s  paradise,  the  receptacle  of  all  van- 
ity and  nonsense.  Mares. 

2.  (Bot.)  The  blade  or  expanded  part  of  a 
petal,  a sepal,  &c.  — See  Limb,  No.  5.  Henslow. 

LIME,  n.  [A.  S.  lime-,  Dut.  lym,  glue;  leem, 
clay  ; Ger.  leim,  glue  ; lehm,  clay ; Dan.  Him, 
liim,  glue;  Icel.  Inn  ; Sw  .lim.  — L.  limus ; It.  <Sf 
Sp.  limo.] 

1.  A viscous  or  glutinous  substance  smeared 
on  twigs  to  catch  birds. 

Then  toil  for  beasts,  and  lime  for  birds  were  found.  Dryden. 

2.  The  protoxide  of  calcium,  or  calcareous 

earth,  obtained  by  subjecting  limestone,  chalk, 
or  other  carbonates  of  lime  to  a heat  suffi- 
ciently powerful  to  expel  the  carbonic  acid;  — 
extensively  used  as  an  ingredient  in  mortar  and 
other  cements  ; quicklime.  P.  Cyc. 

LIME,  n.  [Ft  .lime.  — See  Lemon.]  (Bot.) 

1.  The  fruit  of  a species  of  Citrus  (Citrus 

limetta),  resembling  the  lemon,  but  much  small- 
er, and  more  highly  acid.  Loudon. 

2.  A tropical  tree  which  produces  limes;  a 
species  of  citrus ; Citrus  limetta. 

3.  The  linden  tree  ; Tilia.  Loudon. 

Cream  of  lime.  See  Cream.  — Hydraulic  lime.  See 

Hydraulic. — Milk  of  lime.  See  Milk. 

LIME,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  geliman  ; Ger.  leimen  ; Dan. 
lime ; Sw.  limrna.]  [t.  limed  ; pp.  liming, 

LIMED.] 

1.  To  join  with  some  glutinous  or  adhesive 
substance ; to  glue. 


I will  not  ruinate  my  father’s  house, 

Who  gave  his  blood  to  lime  the  stones  together.  Shak. 

2.  To  cover  or  rub  over  with  some  sticky  sub- 
stance, as  bushes  with  bird-lime,  to  catch  birds. 

Myself  have  limed  a bush  for  her.  Shak. 

3.  To  catch,  as  with  bird-lime  ; to  entangle. 

O limed  soul,  that,  struggling  to  be  free. 

Art  more  engaged.  Shak-. 

4.  To  manure  with  lime.  Mortimer. 

LIME'— BURN-ER,  n.  One  who  prepares  lime 
for  cement,  &c.,  in  a kiln.  Simmonds. 

f LIMED,  a.  [L.  lima,  a file.]  Polished.  “ A 
limed  glass.”  Chaucer. 

LIME'— HOUND,  n.  A limmer,  or  large  dog,  led 
by  a learn  or  string,  used  in  hunting  the  wild 
boar.  Spenser. 

LIME'— KILN  (-ktl),  n.  A kiln  or  furnace,  con- 
sisting usually  of  a funnel-shaped  chamber,  in 
which  lime  is  prepared  from  limestone  by  ig- 
niting it  with  coal  or  wood.  Simmonds. 

LIME'LpSS,  n.  Destitute  of  lime.  Savage. 

LlME'— PIT,  n.  A quarry  of  lime.  Blackstone. 

LIME'— PLANT,  n.  The  May-apple,  or  wild  man- 
drake ; Podophyllum  peltatum.  Farm.  Ency. 

LIM'ER,  n.  One  who  limes.  Richardson. 

LiME'SINK,  n.  A hole  in  the  ground  formed 
of  limestone.  Clarke. 

LIME'STONE,  n.  Stone  of  which  lime  is  made  ; 
carbonate  of  lime. — See  Lime.  Mortimer. 

LIME'— TWIG,  n.  A twig  smeared  with  bird-lime. 

Like  lime-twigs  set  to  catch  my  winged  soul.  Shak. 

LIME'— TWIGGED  (-twigd),  a.  Smeared  with  bird- 
lime. L.  Addison. 

LIME'— WrA-TF,R,  ii.  Water  impregnated  with 
lime.  Hill. 

LIME'WORT  (-wiirt),  n.  A species  of  pink.  Booth. 

LIM'IT,  n.  [L.  limes,  limitis ; It.,  Sp.,  § Fr. 
limite.  — See  Limb.] 

1.  The  exterior  line  of  any  surface  or  space ; 
the  extreme  part  of  a thing ; the  farthest  point 
of  extension  or  reach  of  an  object,  whether  nat- 
ural or  moral  ; bound  ; frontier  ; termination  ; 
precinct;  border;  confine;  utmost  extent. 

We  went,  great  emperor,  by  thy  command, 

To  view  the  utmost  limits  of  the  land.  Dryden. 

I would  hope  that  there  may  yet  appear  a writer  who  may 
despise  the  present  narrow  limits,  and  assert  the  rights  of  His- 
tory over  every  part  of  her  natural  domain.  Macaulay. 

The  wall  of  Antoninus  was  fixed  as  the  limit  of  the  Roman 
empire.  Gibbon. 

2.  Restriction  ; restraint ; hinderance ; ob- 
struction ; inhibition  ; check. 

I prithee,  give  no  limits  to  my  tongue; 

I am  a king,  and  privileged  to  speak.  Shak . 

3.  pi.  The  extent  of  the  liberties  of  a prison. 

— See  Liberty.  Wright. 

4.  (Math.)  A quantity  towards  which  a vary- 

ing quantity  may  approach  to  within  less  than 
any  assignable  quantity,  but  which  it  cannot 
pass.  Davies. 

g eg=-  “ In  analysis,  the  principle  of  limits  is  of  ex- 
tensive application,  and  is  now  made  the  basis  of 
demonstration  of  the  principles  of  the  differential  cal- 
culus.” Davies. 

Syn.  — See  Border,  Term. 

LIM'IT,®.  a.  [L.  limito  ; It.  limitare  ; Fr.  limi- 
ter.] [i.  limited  ; pp.  limiting,  limited.] 

1.  To  fix  or  set  bounds  to ; to  bound ; to  circum- 
scribe ; to  confine  ; to  restrain  ; to  restrict. 

Necessity  of  limiting  the  field  of  our  exertions.  Stewart. 

2.  To  determine ; to  appoint ; to  assign. 

Limit  each  leader  to  his  several  charge.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Circumscribe,  Fix,  Restrain. 

LIM'IT-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  limited.  Smart. 

f LIM-I-TA'Np-OUS,  a.  [L . limitaneus.]  Belong- 
ing to  the  bounds.  Wilkinson. 

LIM-I-TA'RI-AN,  a.  That  limits,  [r.]  Ogilvie. 

LIM-T-TA'RI-AN, n.  (Thcol.)  One  who  limits  ; one 
who  holds  that  a part  only  of  the  human  race  are 
to  be  saved  ; — opposed  to  universalist.  Craig. 

LIM'I-TA-Ry,  a.  [L.  limit arius.] 

1.  Placed  at  the  limits  or  bounds.  Milton. 

2.  Limited  in  power.  “ A limitary  king.”  Pitt. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 
106 


BULL,  BUR,  RtJLE. — £,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  § as  z ; )f  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


842 


LINEAL 


LIMITARY 

f LIM'I-TA-RY,  n.  A place  lying  cm  the  con- 
fines. 

In  the  time  of  the  Romans,  this  country,  because  a limi- 
tary, did  abound  with  fortifications.  Fuller . 

LIM-I-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  Umitatio  ; It.  limitazione ; 
Sp.  limitation ; Fr.  limitation.] 

1.  The  act  of  limiting  or  circumscribing. 

2.  The  state  of  being  limited  ; restriction. 

Titus  Qnintius  understood  that  he  was  appointed  to  have 

command  of  the  army,  without  any  other  limitation  than 
during  the  pleasure  of  the  Senate.  Raleigh. 

3.  A prescribed  or  appointed  term ; limit. 

You  have  stood  your  limitation-,  and  the  tribunes 

Endue  you  with  the  people's  voice.  Shak. 

4.  (Ante.)  The  period  beyond  which  personal 

actions  of  trespass,  or  debt,  on  simple  contract, 
cannot  be  brought.  P '■  Cyc. 

LIMTT-gD,  p.  a.  That  has  bounds  or  limits; 
confined  within  certain  limits ; circumscribed ; 
restricted ; as,  “ A limited  monarchy.” 

IJM'JT-^D-LY,  ad.  With  limitation.  Barrow. 

Ll.Vf  IT-pD-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality  of 
being  limited.  Johnson. 

LIM'IT-ER,  n.  1.  He  who,  or  that  which,  limits. 

2.  f A friar  licensed  to  beg  or  to  teach  within 
a particular  district.  Spenser. 

LIM'IT-LESS,  a.  Not  confined  within  bounds  or 
limits ; unbounded  ; unlimited.  Sidney. 

LlM'MpR,  n.  1.  [Anciently  hjemmer. — See  Leam.] 
A hunting-dog,  led  by  a leam  or  string,  and  let 
slip  lit  the  game  ; a lime-hound.  Holme. 

2.  [Scot,  lymouris ; I cel.  lim,  pi.  limar\  Sw. 

lem,  pi.  lemmar,  branches,  limbs.]  A thill  or 
shaft  of  a carriage.  [Local.]  Grose. 

3.  A thill-horse.  Sherwood. 

4.  A person  of  loose  manners ; an  idler. 

[Local,  Eng.]  Brockett. 

LIMY  (lim),  v.  a.  [L.  illumino  ; Fr.  enluminer.] 
[i.  limned;  pp.  limning,  limned.]  To  draw; 
to  paint,  — particularly  in  water  colors.  Shah. 

LLM'NpR,  n.  The  old  term  for  an  artist  or  delin- 
eator, but  chiefly  restricted  to  one  who  painted 
portraits  or  miniatures.  Fairholt. 

LIM'NING,  n.  The  art  of  painting  in  water-colors, 
as  distinguished  from  painting  in  oil-colors;  — 
formerly  applied  to  miniature  or  portrait-paint- 
ing, but  now  rarely  used  except  of  herald-paint- 
ing, as  on  carriages,  &c.,  which,  however,  is  done 
in  oil-colors.  Braude.  Fairholt.  Francis. 

Ll-MO-SEL'LA,  n.  [L. 
limits,  mud.]  ( Bot .) 

A genus  of  aquatic 
plants;  mud  wort.  Gray . 

Ll-MO-  SI  ’NJE,  n.  pi. 

[L.  limosus,  muddy.]  ( Ornith .) 

A sub-family  of  birds  of  the  or- 
der Grallee  and  family  Scolopa- 
cidce ; godwits.  Gray. 

LI-MO'SIS,  n.  [Gr.  Ay  6$,  hunger.]  (Med.) 

A morbid  appetite.  Dunglison. 

LI-MO-THER-A-PE'I A,  n.  [Gr.  7.tp6;,  hunger,  and 
Bepataia,  cure.]  (Med.)  Cure  by  fasting;  hun- 
ger-cure. Dunglison. 

Ll'MOUS,  a.  [L.  limosus ; limits,  mud.]  Mud- 
dy ; miry  ; boggy  ; limy.  “ Limous  matter.” 

Browne. 

LIMP,  a.  1.  f Vapid ; weak.  Walton. 

2.  Flexile ; limber  ; flaccid.  [Local.]  Dickens. 

LIMP,  r.  n.  [A.  S.  limp-healt,  lame.  “ That  is, 
limb-halt  ; and  thus  each  word  became  used 
separately,  to  halt,  and  to  limp,  as  of  equivalent 
signification.”  Richardson .]  [i.  limped  ; pp. 

limping,  limped.]  To  halt ; to  walk  lamely. 

Pluck  the  live  crutch  from  the  old  limping  sire.  Shak. 

LIMP,  n.  A halt ; the  act  of  limping.  Todd. 

LlMP'JJR,  n.  One  who  limps  in  his  walking. 

LIM'PJJT,  n.  (Conch.)  The  popular  name  of  the 
Patella,  a genus  of  marine  mollusks,  found  ad- 
hering to  a rock  or  hard  body.  Woodward. 

LIM'PID,  a.  [L.  limpidus,  another  form  of  liqui- 
dus ; It.  limpido  ; Sp.  limpio ; Fr.  Umpide. ] 
Clear  ; pure ; transparent. 


A streamlet,  pure,  limpid,  and  wholesome,  flows  from  the 
fountain,  and  waters  the  little  vulley.  Eustace. 

LJM-PlD'J-TY,  n.  [It.  limpidezza;  Sp .limpieza; 
Fr.  limpidity. ] The  quality  of  being  limpid; 
clearness.  Ure. 

LIM'PID-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  limpid  ; clear- 
ness ; purity  ; limpidity.  Johnson. 

LIMP'JNG,  n.  The  act  of  limping  ; a halting. 

LIMP'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a lame,  halting  manner. 

fLlM'PI-TUDE,  n.  [L.  limpitudo .]  Quality  of 
being  limpid  ; limpidness.  Cockeram. 

LIM  ' U-LUS,  n. ; pi.  lim'v-lI.  [L.  dim.  of  limits, 
sideways.]  (Zoiil.)  A genus  of  crustaceans, 
including  the  king-crab,  liorse-foot  or  horse- 
shoe. — See  King-crab.  Eng.  Cyc. 

LI'MY  (ll'me),  a.  [See  Lime.] 

1.  Containing  or  resembling  lime.  Grew. 

2.  Viscous;  glutinous. 

In  limy  snares  the  subtle  loups  among.  Spenser. 

LIN,  n.  [A.  S.  hlynna,  a torrent ; Icel.  litul,  a 
cascade  ; W.  llyn,  a pool ; Ir.  Uni]  A pool  or 
small  pond  : — a cataract;  a waterfall.  [Obso- 
lete or  local,  Scot,  and  Eng.] 

Drayton.  Jamieson.  Brockett. 

fLIN,  v.n.  [Icel.  linna .]  To  yield;  to  cease; 
to  give  over  ; to  leave  off.  Spenser. 

fLIN'AGE,  ii.  Lineage.  Chaucer. 

LIN'A-MENT,  n.  [L.  linamentum  ; linum,  flax.] 
(Med.)  Lint ; a tent  for  a wound.  Clarke. 

LINCH,  n.  A prominence  or  rising  part ; a rec- 
tangular projection ; a ledge.  Jennings. 

LINCH'PIN,  n.  [A.  S.  lynis,  an  axle-tree  ; Dut. 
htns,  lens ; Ger.  liinse ; Dan.  lundstike.]  An 
iron  pin  used  to  prevent  a wheel  from  sliding 
off  the  axletree.  Skinner. 

LIN'COLN— GREEN  (llng'kun-gren),  ll.  The  color 
of  a kind  of  cloth  believed  to  have  been  origi- 
nally made  at  Lincoln,  England.  Spenser. 

LINCT'FRE  (llngkt'yur),  n.  [Gr.  Ht^w,  to  lick  ; L. 
lingo,  linctus .]  Medicine  to  be  licked  up  by  the 
tongue.  Burton. 

LINC 1 T US,  n.  [L.]  See  Linctdre.  Dunglison. 

LIND,  n.  The  linden-tree.  Chaucer. 

LIN'DEN,  n.  [A.  S.  lind  ; Dut.  § Ger.  Unde-, 
Dan.  <Sj  Sw.  lind ; Icel.  lindi-tre .]  (Bot.)  An 

English  name  of  plants  of  the  genus  Tilia, 
principally  natives  of  Europe  and  America ; 
lime-tree.  Wood. 

LIN 'D^N— TREE,  n.  The  linden,  or  lime-tree. 

LINE,  n.  [L.  linea,  a linen  thread,  a line  ; liman 
(Gr.  Lvov),  flax  ; It.  § Sp.  linea ; Fr.  ligne  ; Dut. 
time  ; Ger.  leine;  Dan.  8$  Sw.  liniei] 

1. '  Longitudinal  extension,  or  extension  in 
length  ; an  extended  mark  ; a streak. 

2.  A thread,  string,  or  cord  extended,  or  used 
extended  ; as,  “ A fishing-fme.” 

3.  t The  flax  plant ; flax  ; lint.  Spenser. 

4.  A lineament ; a mark  or  trace  on  the  hand, 
face,  or  body.  “ The  lines  of  my  body.”  Shak. 

lie  tipples  palmistry,  and  dines 

On  all  her  fortune-telling  lines.  Clear  eland . 

5.  Delineation;  sketch;  outline. 

Such  buildings  as  I have  drawn  you  here  the  lines  of. 

Temple. 

O,  lasting  as  those  colors  may  they  shine, 

Free  as  tny  stroke,  yet  faultless  as  thy  line.  Pope. 

6.  Bound  ; limit ; border. 

Eden  stretched  her  line 
From  Auran  eastward  to  the  royal  towers 
Of  great  Seleucia.  Milton. 

7.  The  equator,  or  equinoctial  line  or  circle. 

"When  the  sun  below  the  line  descends.  Creech. 

8.  Any  thing  extended  in  length,  as  a row  of 
letters  or  words,  a row  or  rank  of  persons  or 
things  ; as,  “ Lines  of  soldiers.” 

We  carved  not  a line , we  raised  not  a stone, 

But  we  left  him  alone  with  his  glory.  Wolfe. 

And  ten  low  words  oft  creep  in  one  dull  line.  Pope. 

9.  A short  letter ; a note.  “ I read  your 
lines.”  Johnson.  “ I send  you  a line.”  Todd. 

10.  One  tenth  or  one  twelfth  of  an  inch. 

Bap  The  French  used  to  divide  their  inch  into 

twelve  lines,  and  tile  line  into  twelve  points,  which 
measures  are  out  of  date.  Some  English  writers  have 


divided  the  inch  into  [ten]  lines.  The  French  line  is 

0.888  of  an  English  inch.  P.  Cyc. 

11.  A succession  of  relations  from  a common 

progenitor ; a family  as  traced  through  succes- 
sive generations  ; a lineage.  “A  line  of  kings.” 
“ The  line  of  John  of  Gaunt.”  Shak. 

Some  lines  were  noted  for  a stern,  rigid  virtue.  Dryden. 

12.  A straight  or  parallel  direction ; as,  “ To 
be  in  a line  with  an  object.” 

13.  A course  pursued  or  followed ; method  ; 
as,  “ Line  of  conduct  “ Line  of  argument.” 

14.  An  occupation,  as  being  pursued  in  one 

course  ; a pursuit.  Smart. 

15.  A number  of  vessels  or  other  conveyances 
plying  regularly  between  two  places  ; as,  “The 
Cunard  line  of  steamers  ” ; “A  line  of  packets.” 

16.  A railway  track.  Simmonds. 

17.  In  the  Scriptures,  a cord  for  measuring  ; 

— rule  ; direction  ; that  which  is  measured  by  a 
line.  “ Thy  land  shall  be  divided  by  line.” 

Amos  v.  11,  17. 

The  lines  are  fallen  unto  me  in  pleasant  places.  Ps.  xvi.  G. 

Their  line  has  gone  out  through  all  the  earth.  Ps.  xix.  4. 

18.  (Geom.)  That  which  has  length  without 
breadth  ; — so  defined  by  Euclid. 

19.  (Mus.)  One  of  the  members  of  a staff  on 
and  between  which  the  notes  are  placed.  Moore. 

20.  pi.  (Her.)  One  of  the  marks  which  divide 

the  shield  into  different  parts,  and  form  differ- 
ent figures.  Rees. 

21.  (Mil.)  The  regular  infantry,  or  the  num- 
bered foot  regiments,  in  the  service,  as  distin- 
guished from  other  corps: — pi.  a connected 
series  of  field  works.  . Glos.  of  Mil.  Terms. 

22.  (Fort.)  Any  extended  defence  ; a trench. 

Line  of  battle,  (Naval.)  the  line  formed  by  vessels  of 

war  in  an  engagement.  Braude.  — Line  of  bearing, 
( Naut .)  the  line  formed  by  t lie  ships  of  the  fleet  when 
ranged  on  a line  six  points  from  the 
wind,  at  equal  distances,  and  close- 

hauled,  or  nearly  so.  Brandc Line 

of  beauty,  a curve  combining  a kind 
of  concave  and  convex  termination. 

Fairholt.  — Line  of  defence,  (Mil.)  the  Hogarth’s  line 
line  of  fire  of  the  flank  of  a bastion  ; or  beauty, 
the  line  of  the  face  of  a bastion  produced  until  it 
meets  the  corner  of  the  curtain  angle. — Line  of  dip, 
(Geol.)  the  line  of  direction  in  which  strata  incline  to 
tile  horizon.  Brandc.  — Line  of  fire,  the  direction  in 
which  the  shot  from  t lie  guns  of  a battery  are  to  he 
projected.  Glos.  of  Mil.  Terms.  — Lines  of  growth , 
(Conch.)  concentric  lines  in  a shell,  formed  of  succes- 
sive layers  of  shelly  matter,  and  marking  its  growth. 
Ogilvie.  — Line  of  life,  in  palmistry,  the  line  on  the 
inside  of  the  hand  near  the  base  of  the  thumb.  Shak. 

— Right  line,  a straight  line.  — Meridian  line,  a merid- 
ian.— Ship  of  the  line,  (Naval.)  a ship  of  war  large 
enough  to  have  a place  in  the  line  of  battle.  Braude. 

LINE,  v.  a.  [Gr.  Vtvov,  flax,  linen  ; L.  linum  ; It. 
lino  ; Sp.  lino,  lienzo  ; Fr.  lin,  linqe.  — Goth. 
lein;  A.  S.  lin,  linen,  linen;  Dut .linneii\  Old 
Ger.  lein ; Ger.  leinen ; W.  ttin ; Scot,  lin,  line, 
lint.]  \i.  lined  ; pp.  lining,  lined.] 

1.  [Perhaps  L.  linum  (Old  Eng.  line),  flax, 
whence  linen,  with  which  garments  were  doubled 
or  strengthened.  Junius .]  To  cover  the  interior 
surface  of ; to  put  an  interior  covering  to ; as, 
“ To  line  a garment.” 

A box  lined  with  paper  to  receive  the  mercury.  Boyle. 

2.  To  put  something  within  in  such  quanti- 
ty as  to  cover  the  interior  surface ; to  fill. 

Pic,  by  a gentle  vow,  divined 

How  well  a cully’s  purse  was  lined.  Swift. 

3.  To  place  something  along  or  by  the  side  of, 
as  for  protection  or  defence. 

They  had  lined  some  hedges  with  musqueteers.  Clarendon. 

4.  To  strengthen  with  something  added. 

I fear  my  brother  Mortimer  doth  stir 
About  his  title,  and  hath  sent  for  you 
To  line  his  enterprise.  Shak. 

5.  [Sp.  linear-,  Fr.  ligner .]  To  draw;  to  de- 
lineate. 

6.  To  impregnate  ; — used  of  beasts.  Creech. 

To  line  bees,  fo  follow  the  line  of  the  flight  of  bees, 

to  discover  their  nest  or  hive.  [U.  S.]  Kendall. 

LIN'E-A^E,  n.  [It.  legnaggio ; linea,  a line  ; Sp. 
linage-,  Fr.  lignage.]  Descendants  in  a direct 
line  ; family  ; race  ; progeny  ; genealogy  ; de- 
scent. “ House  and  lineage  of  Ths\i&..” Luke  ii.  4. 

Syn.  — See  Genealogy,  Race. 

LIN'E-AL,  a.  [L.  lincalis ; linea,  a line;  It.  line- 
ale-,  Sp.  lineal-,  Fr.  lineal .] 

I.  Composed  of  lines  ; delineated.  “ Lineal 
designs.”  Wotton. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  0,  Y,  short;  A,  ?,  (,  O,  IT,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


LINEALITY 


843 


LINSEED-OIL 


2.  In  a direct  line  from  an  ancestor.  “ Lineal 
descent.”  Shak.  “ Lineal  succession.”  Locke. 

3.  Pertaining  to  a direct  line  of  descent ; 

hereditary.  “ Lineal  royalties.”  Shak. 

4.  Allied  by  direct  descent.  “ You  are  lineal 

to  the  throne.”  Dryden. 

5.  In  the  direction  of  a line  ; appertaining  to 

a line  ; linear.  “ Lineal  measure.”  Wright. 

LIN-E-AL'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being  lineal,  or 
in  the  form  of  a line.  Wright. 

LIN'E-AL-LY,  ad.  In  a lineal  manner;  in  a di- 
rect line.  Lineally  descended.”  Shak. 

LIN'E-A-MENT,  n.  [L.  lineamentum ; linea,  a 

line  ; It.  Sp.  lineamento  ; Fr.  lineament .]  One 
of  the  lines  which  mark  or  distinguish  the  form, 
— particularly  one  of  the  delicate  characteris- 
tic lines  of  the  face.  11  The  outward  lineaments 
of  their  bodies.”  Locke. 

Six  wings  he  wore  to  shade 

His  lineaments  divine.  Milton. 

LIN'E-AR,  a.  [L.  linearis  ; linea,  a line  ; It.  line- 
ario  ; Fr.  lineaire. ] 

1.  Pertaining  to,  or  in  the  form  or  the  direc- 
tion of,  a line  ; lineal.  Woodward. 

2.  ( Bot .)  Narrow  and  flat,  with  the  margins 

parallel,  as  a leaf.  Gray. 

Linear  equation , (Algebra.)  an  equation  of  the  first 
degree;  — so  called  because  of  this  degree  are  all 
equations  connected  with  right  lines.  P.  Cyc.  — Lin- 
ear measure , measure  ol  length  ; long  measure.  Da- 
vies.— Linear  perspective.  See  I’ERSI’ECTI VE. — - 
Linear  problem , ( Geom .)  a problem  which  can  be 
solved  only  by  the  use  of  right  lines.  Davies. 

LIN'E-AR-EN'SATE,  a.  (Bot.)  Long-sword- 
shapcd.  Loudon. 

LIN'E-AR— SHAPED  (-shapt),  a.  In  the  form  of  a 
line.  Wright. 

LIN'E-ATE,  a.  [L.  linco,  lineatus,  to  reduce  to  a 
straight  line.]  (Bot.)  Marked  with  parallel 
lines.  Gray. 

LIN'E-At-ED,  a.  Having  lines  on  the  surface. 

LIN-E-A'TION,  n.  [L.  lineatio ; It.  lincazione .] 
Delineation,  [r.]  Woodward. 


LING,  n.  [Ieel.  3;  Scot. ; perhaps  from  A.  S.  lang, 
long.  Skinner .]  A species  of  long,  thin  grass. 
[Scot,  and  North  of  Eng.]  Jamieson.  Grose. 

LIN'GEL  (llng'gel),  n.  [L.  lingula,  dim.  of  lin- 
gua, the  tongue.] 

1.  A little  tongue  or  thong  of  leather.  Crabb. 

2.  f A shoemaker’s  thread.  — See  Lingle. 

Wright. 

f LIN'pENCE,  n.  [L.  lingo,  lingens,  to  lick.]  A 
liquid  confection  or  soft  medicine ; a loch.  Fuller. 

LIN'GER  (llng'ger,  82),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  lengian,  to 
prolong ; lang,  long,  leng,  longer.]  [i.  lin- 
gered ; pp.  lingering,  lingered.]  To  length- 
en in  time  ; to  protract,  [r.] 

He  goes  into  Mauritania,  and  takes  Dcsdemona  with  him, 
unless  his  abode  be  lingered  by  some  accident.  Shak. 

LIN'GER,  v.  n.  1.  To  remain  or  continue  long 
in  any  place  or  state,  as  with  hesitation  or  tedi- 
ousness. 

I would  not  have  thee  linger  in  thy  pain.  Shak. 

2.  To  be  long  in  producing  an  effect.  “ Lin- 
gering poisons.”  Shak. 

Syn.  — To  linger,  loiter,  saunter,  and  lag,  are  all 
used  in  a bad  sense.  He  lingered  in  his  journey 
loitered  on  the  way,  delayed  from  time  to  time,  saun- 
tered about,  and  lagged  behind. 

LlN'GER-ER  (Kng'ger-er),  n.  One  who  lingers. 

LIN'GER-ING,  P-  a • That  lingers  ; remaining  or 
continuing  long;  protracted.  ‘‘Lingering wars.” 
Shak.  “ Lingering  anguish.”  Rambler. 

LIN'GER-ING,  n.  A remaining  or  continuing  long; 
a delaying ; a loitering  ; tardiness.  Milton. 

LiN'GER-lNG-LY,  ad.  With  lingering ; wuth  de- 
lay ; slowly  ; tediously.  Cotton. 

LIN 'GET,  n.  [Fr.  lingot.  — From  L.  lingua,  the 
tongue.  Menage .]  A mass  of  unwrought  metal ; 
an  ingot,  [it.]  Camden. 

f LIN'GLE  (llng'gl),  n.  [Fr.  ligneul.  — From  L. 
linum,  flax.  Landais .]  A shoe-latchet  : — a 
shoemaker’s  thread ; a waxed-end.  Drayton. 

LIN  GO  (ling'ga,  82),  n.  [Port.,  from  L.  lingua.'] 
Language;  speech.  [Vulgar.]  Congreve. 


LINED,  a.  (Bot.)  Marked  with  streaks  or  lines. 

LINED'— GOLD  (lind-),  n.  Gold  lined  with  cop- 
per or  some  other  metal ; gold  leaf  affixed  to  a 
leaf  of  some  other  metal.  Simmonds. 


LIN'EN,  n.  1.  Cloth  made  of  line  or  flax. 

2.  The  under  part  of  dress,  as  being  usually 
of  linen:  — a general  term  for  shirting,  sheet- 
ing, table-cloths,  towels,  cambric,  &c. 

LIN'EN,  a.  1.  Made  of,  or  pertaining  to,  linen.  “A 
linen  stock.”  Shak.  “ Linen  manufacture.”  lire. 

2.  White  like  bleached  linen ; pale  ; cadav- 
erous. “ Linen  cheeks.”  Shak. 

LIN'EN-DRA'PER,  n.  A dealer  in  linen.  B.  Jonson. 

LIN'EN-ER,  l n_  \ dealer  in  linen;  a linen- 

LIN'EN— MAN,  > draper  B.  Jonson. 

LIN'EN-SCROLL,  n.  (Arch.) 

An  ornament  used  to  fill  pan- 
els, in  the  latter  part  of  the 
fifteenth  and  during  the  six- 
' teenth  century  ; — so  called 
from  its  resemblance  to  the 
convolutions  of  a folded  napkin.  Fairholt. 


LIN'E-O-LATE,  a.  [L.  lineola,  dim.  of  linea,  a 
line.]  (Nat.  Hist.)  Marked  with  little  lines  ; 
lineated.  Gray. 


LIN'ER,  n.  1.  A packet  ship  plying  regularly  be- 
tween certain  ports.  Ogilvie. 

2.  A ship  of  war.  Simmonds. 


—LING.  [A.  S.]  A termination  denoting  some- 
times state  or  condition,  as  in  dar  ling,  first  ling ; 
and  sometimes  offspring  or  progeny,  as  in 
duck  ling,  gos  ling. 

LING,  n.  [Dut. 
leng,  linghe, 
from  A.  S. 
lang,  long.] 

(Ich.)  A long,  Ling  ( Lota  molvd). 

slender  fish 

of  the  cod  kind,  found  in  northern  seas  ; Lota 
molva.  Yarrell. 


f LIN-GUA'CIOUS  (-shus),  a.  [L.  linguax,  lin- 
guacis .]  Loquacious.  Bailey. 

LIN-GUA-DEN'TAL  (Hng-gwa-den'tal),  a.  [L.  lin- 
gua, the  tongue,  and  dens,  dentis,  a tooth.]  Ut- 
tered or  pronounced  by  the  cooperation  of  the 
tongue  and  the  teeth.  “ Th  and  dll  are  lingua- 
dental.”  Holder. 

LIN-GUA-DEN'TAL,  n.  A letter  or  sound  pro- 
nounced by  the  cooperation  of  the  tongue  and 
the  teeth.  “ The  linguadentals,  th,  dh.”  Holder. 

LIN'GUAL  (ling'gwal,  82),  a.  [L.  lingua,  the 
tongue;  It.  linguale  ; Sp.  Fr.  lingual .] 

1.  Of,  or  pertaining  to,  the  tongue.  “ Lingual 

nerve.”  “ Lingual  artery.”  Dunglison. 

2.  Pronounced  chiefly  by  the  tongue;  as,  “ A 
lingual  letter.” 

LIN'GUAL,  n.  A letter  or  sound  pronounced 
chiefly  by  the  tongue.  Baxter. 

LlN'GUI-FORM,  a.  [L.  lingua,  the 
tongue,  and  forma,  form ; It.  $ Fr. 
linguiforme .]'  (Bot.  & Zoiil.)  Having 
the  form  of  the  tongue ; lingulate  ; 
tongue-shaped.  Loudon.  Maunder. 

LIN'GUIST,  n.  [It.  linguista ; Fr.  linguiste.)  One 
versed  or  skilled  in  languages.  Addison. 

LIN-GUIS  TIC,  ) Relating  to  linguistics. 

LIN-GUIS'TI-CAL,  ) P.  Cyc. 

LIN-GUIS'TICS,  n.  pi.  [It.  linguistica ; Fr.  lin- 
guistique .]  The  comparative  and  philosophical 
study  of  languages,  their  origin,  descent,  and  re- 
lationship ; the  science  of  languages ; glossolo- 
gy ; glottology.  Bib.  Ency. 

A work  containing  a complete  chronological  account  of  Eng- 
lish lexicography  and  lexicographers  would  be  a most  accept- 
able addition  to  linguistics  and  literary  history.  S.  IV.  Singer. 

LIN'GU-LATE,  a.  [L.  lingulatus ; lingua,  the 
tongue,]  (Bot.)  Linguiform.  Loudon. 

LING'WORT  (-wiirt),  n.  A plant  or  herb.  Johnson. 

LIN'^Y,  a.  Active;  strong;  tall: — idle;  loiter- 
ing:— supple;  flexible.  [Local,  Eng.] 

Ilalliwell. 


LI-NIG'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  liniger-,  linum,  flax,  and 
gero,  to  bear.]  Bearing  or  producing  flax.  Scott. 

LIN'I-MENT,  n.  [L.  linimentum ; Unto,  to  an- 
oint ; It.  Sp.  linimento ; Fr.  liniment .]  A 

semi-fluid  ointment,  usually  containing  lard  or 
oil ; an  embrocation.  Dunglison. 

Ll'NINE,  n.  (Chem.)  The  bitter  principle  of  the 
Linum  catharticum,  or  purging  flax.  Brande. 

LIN'ING,  n.  The  covering  of  the  interior  surface 
of  any  thing  ; that  with  which  any  thing  is  lined. 
Was  I deceived,  or  did  a sable  cloud 
Turn  forth  her  silver  lining  on  the  night?  Milton. 

LINK  (lingk,  82),  n.  [Of  uncertain  origin.  — Ger. 
gelcnck,  a joint,  a swivel ; lenken,  to  bend. 
Skinner.  — A.  S.  lengian,  lencyan,  to  lengthen ; 
leng,  lenc,  longer ; lang,  long.] 

1.  A single  ring  or  division  of  a chain.  Shak. 

2.  Any  thing  doubled  and  closed  together. 

“ A link  of  horsehair.”  Mortimer. 

3.  Any  thing  which  serves  to  connect  one 
thing,  or  one  part  of  a thing,  with  another. 

And,  love,  the  common  link,  the  new  creation  crowned. 

Dryden. 

The  thread  and  train  of  consequences,  in  intellectual  ra- 
tiocination, is  often  long,  and  chained  together  by  divers 
links.  Hale. 

4.  A sausage.  [Local,  Eng.  andU.  S.]  Forby. 

HSF  “ We  call  two  together  a latch  of  links.” Forby. 

5.  (Surveying.)  The  hundredth  part  of  Gun- 

ter’s chain,  or  7.92  inches,  this  chain  being  66 
feet  in  length.  Davies. 

6.  pi.  The  windings  of  a river  : — the  ground 

enclosed  by  the  windings  of  a river:  — sandy, 
flat  ground  on  the  sea-shore  covered  with  bent- 
grass,  furze,  &c.  [Scotland.]  Jamieson. 


LINK,  n.  [Ger.  lencken,  to  bend,  because  the 
pitch  is  folded  in  with  the  tow.  Skinner.  — Gr. 
Uxi'os,  a portable  lamp,  a candlestick  ; L.  lych- 
nus.  Johnson.]  A torch  made  of  tow  or  flax, 
and  pitch.  Dryden. 

LINK  (lingk),  v.  a.  [ i . linked  ; pp.  linking, 
linked.] 

1.  To  join  or  connect,  as  the  links  of  a chain. 

In  notes,  with  many  a winding  bou 

Of  linked  sweetness  long  drawn  out.  Milton. 

2.  To  join  or  connect  by  something  which 
serves  as  a bond  of  connection  ; to  connect;  to 
conjoin  ; to  unite  ; to  bind;  to  tie. 

Link  towns  to  towns  by  avenues  of  oak.  Pope. 

LINK,  v.n.  To  connect  or  unite  one’s  self;  to  be 
connected;  to  be  joined  ; to  unite. 

I were  loath 

To  link  with  him  that  were  not  lawful  chosen.  Shak. 


LINK  BOY,  / n a boy  or  a man  who  carries  a 

LINIv'mAN,  ) link  to  light  passengers.  More.  Gay. 

LINK'— MO'TION,  n.  (Mech.)  Motion  communi- 
cated by  links  ; — a term  applied  particularly  to 
a system  of  gearing  for  reversing  a locomotive 
engine.  Weale. 

LINN,  n.  See  Lin.  Brackett. 

LIN-NzE'AN,  a.  Relating  to  Linnaeus,  the  Swed- 
ish naturalist,  or  to  his  system,  according  to 
which  natural  history  is  divided  into  five 
branches,  viz.,  class,  order,  genus,  species,  and 
varieties ; the  subsequent  division  being,  in 
each  case,  subordinate  to  the  preceding  one. 
“ The  Linnaan  Society  of  London.”  P.  Cyc. 


LIN-NE'ITE,  n.  (Min.)  Native  sulphuret  of  co- 
balt ; — so  named  from  its  having  been  first 
noticed  in  Sweden  by  Linnceus.  Brande. 


LIN'NET,  n.  [Lr.  linotte.— 
Perhaps  so  named  from  its 
feeding  on  the  seeds  of  flax 
(Fr.  lin  ; L.  linum).  Lan- 
dais.] (Ornith.)  A pas- 
serine singing-bird  of  the 
genus  Fringilla  of  Lin- 
naeus, and  family  Fringil- 
lidce,  or  finches,  of  Gray. 


Linuet  ( Fringilla  linota ). 


Li'NOUS,  a.  Relating  to,  or  in,  a line.  J.  Ilerschel. 


LIN'SEED,  n.  The  seed  of  line  or  the  flax-plant; 
— called  also  flaxseed.  Johnson. 


lIn'SEED-6IL,  n.  A pellucid  oil  expressed  from 
flaxseed,  much  used  in  the  arts,  especially  as 
an  ingredient  of  paint.  P.  Cyc. 


MfEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  9,  9,  g,  soft;  G,  G,  £,  |,  hard;  § as  z; 


21  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


LINSEL 


844 


LIQUEFY 


fLIN'SpL,  n.  Linsey-woolsey.  Cornelia,  1594. 

LINSENES,  n.  (Min.)  Octahedral  arseniate  of 
copper ; liroconite.  Dana. 

L1N'S£Y,  n.  [A  corruption  of  linen.)  Linsey- 
woolsey.  Bentley. 

LlN'S$Y— WOOL'SIJY  (Iln'se-wul'se),  a.  1.  Made 
of  linen  and  wool  mixed. 

Moggy ’s  got  no  wool  to  spin 

'Hvr  unsey-woolsey  gown.  Old  Song. 

2.  Of  different  and  unsuitable  parts  ; neither 
one  thing  nor  another ; vile;  mean. 

A lawless  linsey-woolsey  brother, 

Half  of  one  order,  half  another.  JIudibras. 

LIN'SEY— WOOL'S  £Y  (lin'se-wul'se),  n.  1.  A 
kind  of  coarse  cloth  made  of  linen,  or  flax,  and 
wool  mixed.  Bp.  of  Chichester , 15/6. 

2.  Any  thing  mixed  and  mean  ; a motley 
composition  ; a jargon  ; gibberish. 

XVhat  linsey-woolsey  hast  thou  to  speak  to  me  again?  Shak. 

LIN 'STOCK,  n.  [Ger.  luntenstock ; lunte,  lunt, 
and  stock,  stock.]  (Mil.)  Originally,  a pike 
or  statf  having  branches  at  one  end,  to  which 
were  affixed  pieces  of  slow  match,  used  for  fir- 
ing cannon  ; — now  applied  to  a piece  of  slow- 
match  attached  to  a gun,  at  which  to  light  the 
port-fire.  — Written  also  lintstock.  Mil.  Ency. 

LINT,  n.  [A.  S.  linet.  — See  Linen.] 

1.  The  fibres  of  the  flax-plant ; flax.  Johnson. 

2.  A soft,  floeculent  substance  obtained  by 
scraping  or  ravelling  linen,  used  in  surgery 
for  dressing  wounds,  ulcers,  &c.  Dunglison. 

3.  The  match  of  a linstock.  Wright. 


LIN'TpL,  n.  [Sp.  lintel ; Fr.  linteau.  — From  L. 
limen,  a threshold.  Skinner.)  (Arch.)  A hori- 
zontal piece  of  timber  or  of  stone  over  a door, 
window,  or  other  opening,  to  support  the  super- 
incumbent mass ; the  head-piece  of  a door-frame, 
or  a window-frame.  Britton. 

LIN'TER,  n.  [L.  I inter.)  1.  A small  boat.  Jodrell. 

2.  (Anat.)  The  inner  rim  of  the  ear.  Ash. 


LINT'STOCK,  n.  Linstock.  Glos.  of  Mil.  Terms. 


LI  ON,  71.  [Gr.  Xtuv  ; L.  leo,  leonis  ; It.  Hone  ; Sp. 
Icon  ; Fr.  lion. — A.  S.  leo  ; Dut.  leeuw  ; Old  Ger. 
lewe ; Ger.  liiwe ; Dan.  lovc\  Sw.  lejon;  W. 
llew.  — From  Gr.  la  to,  to  see,  alluding  to  the 
sharpness  of  its  sight.  Lucan.  Porphyry.  — 
From  A.  S.  hlowanfhlewan,  to  roar.  Wachter.) 

1.  (Zoiil.)  A large 
and  powerful  carniv- 
orous animal  of  the 
genus  Felis,  inhabit- 
ing Africa  and  the 
warmer  parts  of  Asia, 
distinguished  by  its 
yellow  color,  a tuft  of 
hair  at  the  end  of  the 
tail,  and  the  mane 
covering  the  head  and 
shoulders  of  the  male.  T.  , „ 

Van  Der  Hoeven.  Ll0n  (Fehs  fco>' 


JOSpTlie  bead  of  the  lion  is  very  large,  the  ears 
rounded,  and  the  face  covered  with  short  or  close  hair. 
The  female  is  smaller  than  the  male,  has  no  mane, 
and  is  of  a whiter  cast  beneath.  A variety  of  the  lion 
inhabiting  Guzerat,  in  Hindostan,  is  nearly  destitute 
of  a mane.  From  its  strength  and  generosity  of  dis- 
position, the  lion  is  styled  “ king  of  beasts,”  and  is 
considered  the  emblem  of  majesty  and  might.  It  is  the 
symbol  of  the  British  nation,  and  is  borne  in  the  royal 
arms,  of  which  it  forms  one  of  the  supporters,  and 
which  it  surmounts  as  the  crest.  Baird. 

2.  An  object  of  peculiar  interest  or  curiosity  ; 
as,  “The  lion  of  the  day”  ; “To  see  the  lions.” 

3.  (Astron.)  The  fifth  sign  of  the  zodiac  : — a 

constellation.  — See  Leo.  Creech. 

Hfg^In  heraldry,  the  lion  couchant  represents  sov- 
ereignty ; rampant,  magnanimity  ; passant,  resolution  ; 
guardant,  or  gardant,  prudence  ; saliant,  valor  ; sejant, 
counsel  ; and  regardant,  circumspection.  Fairholt. 

Lion’s  share , the  whole  ora  disproportionate  part  of 
any  advantage,  as  claimed  or  taken  in  consequence 
of  being  the  stronger  party; — in  allusion  to  one  of 
jEsop’s  fables. 

Li'QN-ANT,  n.  (Ent.)  A neuropterous  insect, 
the  larva  of  which  prepares  a kind  of  pitfall  for 
the  capture  of  such  insects  as  serve  for  its  food ; 
ant-lion  ; Myrmeleon  formicaleo.  Westwood. 


Li'ON-CAT,  n.  An  Asiatic  quadruped;  the  cat 
of  Angora.  Goldsmith. 


LI'ONCED  (ll'pnst),  a.  (Her.)  Adorned  with 
lions’  heads,  as  a cross.  Oyilvie. 

LI'ON-CEL,  71.  (Her.)  A young  lion.  Bailey. 

LI'ON-DOG,  71.  A species  of  dog  which  has  a 
flowing  mane.  Booth. 

LI'ON-EL,  n.  A lion’s  whelp.  Phillips. 

Li'ON-ESS,  71.  A female  lion  ; a she-lion.  Shak. 

LI'ON-ET,  n.  A young  or  a little  lion. 

Like  the  young  lionet 

"When  first  he  bathes  Iris  murderous  jaws  in  blood.  Southey. 

LI'ON— EYED  (-Id),  a.  Having  the  eyes  of  a lion  ; 
fierce ; ferocious.  Goldsmith. 

LI'ON— HEART'£D,  a.  Having  the  heart  or  cour- 
age of  a lion  ; brave  ; magnanimous.  Pope. 

Li'ON-LjjM,  n.  The  act  of  attracting  notice,  as  a 
lion  ; the  pursuit  of  objects  of  peculiar  interest 
or  curiosity.  Gent.  Mag. 

LI'ON-IZE,  v.  a.  1.  To  make  a lion  of;  to  cause 
to  be  an  object  of  interest  or  curiosity.  Qu.  Rev. 

2.  To  exhibit  the  objects  of  curiosity  to. 

Mr.  Southey  very  hospitably  takes  an  opportunity  to  lion- 
ize the  ghost  round  the  lakes,  and  directs  his  attention  to  the 
most  beautiful  points  of  view.  Macaulay. 

LI'ON-IZE,  v.  n.  To  visit  the  lions  or  objects  of 
interest  or  curiosity.  Wright. 

LI'ON-LEAF  (-leT),  7i.  See  Lion’s-leaf.  Miller. 

LI'ON— LIKE,  a.  Resembling  a lion;  fearless. 
“ Lion-like  courage.”  Camden. 

f Ll'ON-LY,  a.  Like  a lion.  “ The  lionly  form.” 

Milton. 

LI'ON— MET'TLED,  a.  Courageous  as  a lion.  Shak. 

LI'ON’§— EAR,  71.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the  genus 
Leonotis.  Booth. 

Li'ON’§— FOOT  (-fut),  n.  (Bot.)  The  English  name 
of  a genus  of  plants,  whose  soft,  tufted,  silky 
heads  have  been  compared  to  the  foot  of  such 
an  animal  as  the  lion ; Lcontopodium.  Loudon. 

Lf'ON’§— HEART,  n.  (Bot.)  A smooth,  dark- 
green  plant,  found  in  the  United  States  ; Phy- 
sostegia  Virginiana.  Wood. 

LI'ON-SHlP,  n.  The  quality  of  a lion.  Goldsmith. 

LI'ON’§— LEAF,  71.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the  genus 
Lcontice  (Leontice  leontopctalon) ; — so  called 
because  the  shape  of  the  leaves  was  thought  to 
resemble  the  print  of  a lion’s  foot.  Loudon. 

LI'ON’§— MOUTH,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the  genus 
Aporum ; Aporum  leonis.  Loudon. 

Ll'ON’§— PAW,  71.  (Bot.)  A plant.  Johnson. 

Li'ON’S— TAIL,  71.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the  genus 
Leonurus  ; — so  called  from  the  resemblance  of 
the  spikes  of  flowers  which  it  bears  to  the  tuft 
growing  on  the  end  of  a lion’s  tail.  Loudon. 

Ll'ON’§— TOOTH,  71.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the  genus 
Leontodon,  the  leaves  of  which  have  deep, 
tooth-like  divisions  ; the  dandelion.  Johnson. 

LI'ON-TOOTHED,  a.  Having  teeth  like  those  of 
a lion.  S?nith. 

LIP,  7i.  [A.  S.  lippa-,  Dut.  lip ; Ger.  lippe;  Dan. 

Irebe  ; Sw.  hip.  — L.  labrum  ; It.  labbro  ; Sp.  la- 
bio  ; Fr.  llvre. — Per.  lib.) 

1.  One  of  the  two  muscular  organs  which 
cover  the  teeth  and  form  the  outer  part  of  the 
mouth ; — of  so  much  use  in  speaking  that  the 
name  often  stands  for  all  the  organs  of  speech. 

Lying  lips  are  an  abomination  to  the  Lord;  but  they  that 
deal  truly  are  his  delight.  l’rov.  xii.  22. 

2.  f Language  ; speech  ; tongue. 

And  the  whole  earth  was  of  one  lip.  Gen.  xi.  1 (mar.  read.). 

3.  (Anat.)  One  of  the  membranous  folds  of 
the  genital  organs  of  the  female.  Dunglison. 

4.  (Conch.)  One  of  the  two  sides  of  the  aper- 

ture of  spiral  shells,  that  which  joins  the  colu- 
mella being  called  the  inner,  and  that  part  of 
the  circumference  opposite,  the  outer,  lip:  — 
the  outer  edge  of  the  aperture  of  a univalve 
shell.  Palmer. 

5.  The  edge  or  border  of  any  thing.  “ The 
lip  of  a vessel.”  Bttrnet.  “ The  lip  of  a wound 
or  ulcer.”  Dunglison. 

6.  (Bot.)  One  of  the  two  divisions  of  a mono- 

petalous  corolla.  Brande. 


To  make  a lip,  to  protrude  or  hang  the  lip,  as  in  sul- 
lenness and  contempt. 

A letter  for  me?  It  gives  me  an  estate  of  seven  vears’ 
health,  in  which  time  I will  make  a lip  at  the  physician.  Shak. 

LIP,  v.  a.  To  kiss,  [it.]  Shak. 

LI-PAR'P-CELE,  n.  [Gr.  hnap6;,  fat,  and  Kt'tlr],  a 
tumor.]  (Surg.)  A fatty  tumor.  Brande. 

LIP'— DE-VO'TION  (-shun),  7i.  Devotion  uttered 
by  the  lips,  without  the  concurrence  of  the  heart. 

Lip-devotion  will  not  serve  the  turn;  it  undervalues  the 
very  tiling  it  prays  for.  It  is,  indeed,  tile  begging  of  a denial, 
and  shall  certainly  be  answered  in  what  it  begs.  South. 

LIP'— GOOD  (-gud),  a.  Good  in  talk,  without  prac- 
tice ; good  in  words  only,  [it.]  B.  Jonsoru 

LI'PJC,  a.  [Gr.  linos,  fat.]  (Chem.)  Noting  an 
acid  formed  from  stearic-  and  oleic  acid  by  the 
action  of  nitric  acid.  Bratide. 


LIP'— LA-BOR,  n.  Action  of  the  lips  without  con- 
currence of  the  mind ; w-ords  without  senti- 
ments. “ Much  babbling  and  lip-labor.”  Bale. 

LIP'LIJSS,  a.  Having  no  lip.  Byron. 

LlP'Lf/T,  n.  A little  lip.  Kirby. 

LlP'O-GRAM,  71.  .[Qr.  hints,  to  leave,  and  ypa/ipa, 
a letter.]  A writing  that  leaves  out,  or  dispenses 
with,  one  of  the  letters  of  the  alphabet.  Addison. 

LIP-O-GRAM-MAT'IC,  a.  [It.  lipogrammatico ; 
Fr.  lipogrammatique.)  Applied  to  works  or 
writings  in  which  a particular  letter  is  omitted 
throughout.  Brande. 

LIP-O-GRAM'MA-TlST,  7i.  [Fr.  lipogrammatiste.) 
A composer  of  lipograms.  Addison. 

LI-POTH'Y-MOUS,  a.  Pertaining  to  lipothymy ; 
swooning ; fainting.  Harvey. 

LI-POTH'Y-MY,  n.  [Gr.  hnoBopla  ; hints,  to  leave, 
and  Oopis,  tlie  breath  of  life ; Fr.  lipotliymie .] 
A swoon  ; syncope.  Bp.  Taylor. 


LIPPED  (lipt),  a.  1.  Havinglips;  — usedin  com- 
position ; as,  “ Thick-Spped.”  s 

2.  (Bot.)  Having  a distinct  lip  or 
labellum.  Loudoti. 


LIP'PI-TUDE,  n.  [L.  lippitudo ; lippus,  blear- 
eyed  ; It.  lippitTidine ; Fr.  lippitude.)  A copi- 
ous secretion  of  the  sebaceous  humor  of  the 
eyelids,  which  renders  them  gummy,  red,  tumi- 
fied,  and  painful ; blearedness.  Dunglison. 


LIP'— VVI§-DOM,  n.  Wisdom  in  talk,  without 
practice  ; wisdom  in  evords  only.  Sidney. 


LIP'— WORK  (-vviirk),  71.  Lip-labor.  Milton. 


LIP'— WORK-ING  (-wiirk-),  p.  a.  Laboring  with 
the  lips,  without  practising.  Milton. 

LIQ,'UA-BLE  (lik'w?-bl),  a.  [L . liquabilis ; It.  li- 
quabile.)  That  may  be  melted.  Jo/mson. 


f LI'aUATE,  v.  71.  [L.  liquo,  liquatus.)  To  melt ; 

to  liquefy.  Woodicard. 

LI-auA'TION,  n.  [L.  liqualio ; It.  Uquazione\ 
Fr.  liquation.) 

1.  The  act  of  melting;  liquefaction.  B/ou-ne. 

2.  (Metallurgy .)  The  act  or  the  process  of  sep- 
arating by  fusion  two  metals,  of  which  one  is 
more  fusible  than  the  other;  eliquation.  Hoblyn. 

Lia-UE-FA'CIpNT  (llk-we-fa'slient),  n.  [L.  lique- 
facio,  liquefadens,  to  make  liquid.]  (Med.) 
An  agent  which  seems  to  have  the  power  of 
rendering  solid  depositions  liquid,  as  mercury 
or  iodine  ; a resolvent.  Dunglis07i. 

LTq-UE-FAC'TION  (llk-we-fak'shun),  n.  [Low-  L. 
liquef actio  ; It.  liqucfazione  ; Sp.  liquejacio7i ; 
Fr.  liquefactio7i.) 

1.  The  conversion  of  a substance  into  a liquid 
state,  as  solids  generally  by  the  direct  applica- 
tion of  heat  or  gases,  by  pressure,  or  the  com- 
bined action  of  cold  and  pressure.  Silliman. 

2.  The  state  of  being  melted.  Baco7i. 

Lia'UU-Fl-A-BLE  (llk'we-fi-a-bl),  a.  That  may 

be  converted  into  a liquid  state.  Baco/i. 

Lla'U  E-FY  (lfk'\ve-ft),  v.  a.  [L.  liqucfacio  ; liqui- 
dus,  liquid,  and  facto,  to  make;  It.  liguefare ; 
Fr.  liquef  cr.)  [«.  liquefied  ; pp.  liquefying, 
liquefied.]  To  convert  into  a liquid  state  ; to 
make  liquid  ; to  melt ; to  dissolve.  Bac07i. 

LIG'UE-FY  (lik'u-e-fi),  v.  n.  To  be  converted  into 
a liquid  state  ; to  become  liquid.  Addiso/i. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  l07tg ; A,  E,  I,  6]  U,  Y,  short;  A,  JJ,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; IIEIR,  HER; 


LITERAL 


LIQUESCENCY 

LI-QUES'CEN-CY  (ll-kwes'en-se),  n.  Aptness  to 
melt  or  to  become  liquid.  Phillips. 

LI-QUES'CfiNT  (ll-kwes'ent),  a.  [L.  liquesco,  li- 
quescens,  to  liquefy.]  Becoming  liquid.  Johnson.- 

LI-QUEUR'  (le-kur'),  7i.  [Fr.]  A cordial  com- 

pounded of  alcohol,  water,  and  sugar,  flavored 
with  various  aromatic  substances.  Ure. 

Lla'UID  (llk'wjd),  a.  [L.  liquidus ; liqueo,  to 
melt ; It.  <Sf  Sp.  liquido  ; Fr.  liquide.] 

1.  Neither  solid  nor  gaseous;  flowing  like 

water  ; fluid.  “ Liquid  air.”  Milton. 

The  fields  of  liquid  air,  enclosing  all. 

Surround  the  compass  of  this  earthly  ball.  Dryden. 

2.  Flowing  ; melifluous  ; dulcet ; clear. 

Bathing  in  streams  of  liquid  melody.  Crasliaw. 

3.  Noting  a consonant  which  has  a smooth, 
flowing  sound,  and  is  easily  uttered  after  a mute. 

4.  f Capable  of  being  paid  as  a debt.  Aylijfe. 

LICt'UID  (lik'wjd),  n.  1.  A body  neither  solid  nor 
gaseous  ; a body  in  which  cohesion  is  so  far 
counteracted  by  repulsion  that  the  particles 
move  freely  on  each  other ; a fluid. 

2.  (Gram.)  A consonant  which  has  a smooth, 
flowing  sound,  and  is  easily  uttered  after  a mute. 

.(Kg*  The  liquids  are  l,  m,  n,  r. 

Syn.  — See  Fluid. 

lIQ'UID-AM'BAR,  or  LIQ'UID-AM'Bf  R,  n.  [L. 
liquidus , liquid,  and  Arab,  ambar,  amber.] 

1.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  trees,  allied  to  the  willow 
and  plane  tribes,  of  three  species,  one  of  which 
grows  in  Java,  one  in  the  Levant,  and  one  in  the 
warmer  parts  of  North  America; — so  named 
from  a transparent  balsamic  substance  which 
flows  from  the  stem  when  wounded.  Eng.  Cgc. 

2.  The  balsam  obtained  from  liquidambar; 

styracifua.  Eng.  Cgc. 

HOP  The  species  ( Liquidambar  styraciflua ) occurring 
in  the  United  States  is  called  sweet-gum.  From 
Liquidambar  altingia,  the  species  occurring  in  Java, 
liquid  storax  is  obtained.  Eng.  Cyc. 

LltVUI-DATE  (lik'we-dat),  v.  a.  [LowL.  liquido, 
liquidatus  ; liquidus,  liquid,  clear  ; It.  liquidare  ; 
Sp.  liquidar  ; Fr.  liquider.]  [i.  liquidated  ; 

pp.  LIQUIDATING,  LIQUIDATED.] 

1.  To  clear  away  ; to  clear  or  free  from  com- 
plication, confusion,  or  obscurity. 

A senseless  jumble  soon  liquidated.  Walpole. 

2.  To  dissolve,  clear  away,  or  lessen  as  a 

debt ; to  settle  ; to  pay.  Smart. 

3.  (Law.)  To  ascertain  the  kind  and  precise 
amount  of,  as  of  damages,  or  a debt.  Bouvier. 

LIG-UI-DA'TION  (lik-we-da'shun),  n.  [It.  liqai- 
dazione  ; Sp.  liquidacion ; Fr.  liquidation.)  The 
act  of  liquidating ; the  settlement  or  clearing 
away  of  debts  or  accounts.  Todd. 

lIq/UI-DA-TOR  (llk'we-da-tur),  n.  He  who,  or 
that  which,  liquidates.  Ure. 

LI-QUID'r-TY  (le-kwid'e-te),  n.  [L.  liquiditas ; 

liquidus,  liquid;  It.  liquidity  ; Fr.  liquidity.)  The 
quality  of  being  liquid ; liquidness.  Glanvill. 

LIQ/UID-IZE  (Ilk'wjd-lz),  v.  a.  To  make  liquid; 
to  convert  into  a liquid.  Ure. 

LlU'UjD-LY  (Kk'wjd-le),  ad.  In  a liquid  or  flow- 
ing manner.  Smart. 

LIQ'UID-NESS  (llk'wjd-nes),  71.  The  quality  of 
being  liquid.  Boyle. 

LIQ/UOR  (lik'ur),  «.  [L.  liquor-,  liqueo,  to  be 

liquid;  It.  liquore  ; Sp.  liquor  ; Fr  .liqueur.)  A 
liquid  substance,  — particularly  a spirituous 

liquid.  “ A fermented  liquor.”  A.  Smith. 

Sin  taken  into  the  soul  is  like  a liquor  poured  into  a vessel; 
so  much  of  it  as  it  tills  it  also  seasons.  South. 

In  liquor,  intoxicated,  drunk.  Bartlett.  — Liquor  of 
flints , ( Chem .)  a term  formerly  applied  to  a solution  of 
the  silicate  of  potassa  ; soluble  glass  ; liquor  silicum. 
Silliman.  — Liquor  of  Libavius , bichloride  of  tin,  used 
in  calico-printing,  prepared  by  dissolving  tin  in  nitro- 
hydrochloric  acid.  Ure.  — Fuming  liquor  of  Libavius , 
bichloride  of  tin,  prepared  by  distilling  a mixture  of 
tin  filings  and  corrosive  sublimate.  It  emits  dense 
vapors  on  exposure  to  the  air.  Braude. 

i"  LIQ/UOR  (lik'ur),  v.  a.  To  drench  or  moisten. 

Cart  wheels  squeak  not  when  they  are  liquored.  Bacon. 

LIQ'UOR,  v.  n.  To  take  a dram  ; to  drink.  [Low 
and  colloquial,  U.  S.]  Porter. 

Lla  uoR-ICE  (lik'or-ls),  n.  See  Licorice. 


845 

LIQ'UOR-ISH  (lik'or-lsh),  a.  See  Lickerish. 

Li ' quo R-SI L' I- CUM,  n.  [L.]  (Chem.)  Liquor 
of  flints;  soluble  glass.  — See  Liquor. 

f LIRE,  a.  Empty;  leer. — See  Leer.  Holinshed. 

LIR-I-CON-FAN'CY,  71.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the 
genus  Co/ivallaria  ; lily  of  the  valley.  Johnson. 

LIR-I-O-DEN'DRINE,  71.  (Chem.)  A bitter  crys- 
taliizable  principle  obtained  from  the  bark  of 
the  root  of  the  Liriodendron  tulipifera.  Bra7ide. 

LIR-I-O-DEN'DRON,  71.  -,  pi.  LI  RI  ODEN  DR  A.  [Gr. 
Itioiov , a lily,  and  Serbpov,  a tree.]  (Bot. ) A genus 
of  large  trees,  bearing  bell-shaped  flowers  at 
the  ends  of  the  branches  ; tulip-tree  ; — called 
also  white-wood,  ca7ioe-wood,  and  Virginia  pop- 
lar. Eng.  Cyc. 

f LIR'I-POOP,  7i.  [Old  Fr.  liripipion .] 

1.  One  of  the  long  tails  or  tippets  appended 

to  a hood,  passing  round  the  neck  and  hanging 
down  before.  HallirveU. 

2.  The  hood  of  a graduate.  Henry. 

3.  A fantastic  or  silly  person  or  thing.  Miles. 

4.  A trick  ; a stratagem.  Stanihurst. 

LIR'O-CONE,  7i.  [Gr.  l( ipdj,  pale,  and  xovia,  dust.] 
(Mm.)  Having  the  appearance  of  a whitish 
powder.  Craig. 

LIR'O-CON-lTE,  n.  (Min.)  Octahedral  arseniate 
of  copper.  Da7ia. 

LIS,  tt.  A Chinese  measure.  — See  Li.  Crabb. 

LISBON,  n.  A light  wine  from  Lisbon. 

LISH,  a.  Active  ; strong.  [Local,  Eng.]  Wright. 

f LISNE  (lln),  71.  A cavity;  a hollow.  Hale. 

LISP,  v.  7i.  [A.S.  tulips,  xclisp,  lisping;  Dut.  lis- 

pen ; Ger.  lispeln;  Dan.  latspe  ; Sw.  litspa.)  [i. 

LISPED  ; pp.  LISPING,  LISPED.] 

1.  To  pronounce  the  letters  s and  z,  and  some- 
times other  consonants,  nearly  as  til.  Shak. 

2.  To  articulate  imperfectly,  as  a child. 

As  yet  a child,  nor  yet  a fool  to  fame, 

I lisped  in  numbers,  for  the  numbers  came.  Pope. 

LISP,  v.  a.  To  utter  with  a lisp.  “ To  lisp  a name.” 
Crashaw.  “ To  lisp  the  words.”  Tyndale. 

LISP,  7i.  The  act  of  lisping ; a pronunciation  of 
s or  z nearly  as  th.  Tatler. 

LISP'fR,  n.  One  who  lisps.  Huloet. 

LISP'ING,  7i.  Imperfect  speech  or  pronunciation. 

LISP'ING-LY,  ad.  With  a lisp.  Holder. 

f LISS,  v.  a.  To  loose;  to  relieve.  Chaucer. 

f LISS,  n.  Release  ; remission.  Chaucer. 

LIS'SOME,  a.  Lithesome  ; supple : — strong  ; agile. 
[Local,  Eng.]  Tennyso7i. 

LIST,  n.  [Goth,  lists  ; A.  S.  list ; Dut.  lijst ; Ger. 
liste,  leiste  ; Dan.  liste  ; Sw.  list.  — Low  L.,  It., 
<Sr  Sp.  lista ; Fr.  liste,  lisiere.  — From  A.  S.  Iesa7i, 
lysan,  to  collect  or  assemble.  — Bicha/rlso/i.) 

1.  A collection  or  enumeration  ; as  of  names, 
words,  &c. ; a roll ; a catalogue ; an  inventory  ; 
a register. 

Some  say  the  loadstone  is  poison ; and  therefore  in  the  lists 
of  poisons  we  find  it  in  many  authors.  Browne. 

2.  That  which  encloses  or  surrounds  ; . a 
bound  ; a limit ; a border. 

The  ocean  overpeering  of  his  list.  Shat-. 

3.  [Low  L.  licia ; It.  lizza ; Sp.  liza  ; Fr.  lice.) 
That  which  encloses  a space  for  combats  or  con- 
tests, or  the  space  thus  enclosed  ; — usually  in 
the  plural. 

The  lists  were  set  up,  the  knight,  being  armed  and  mounted 
on  a fair  courser  seemly  trapped,  entered  first  as  appellant. 

Holinshed. 

Paris,  thy  son,  and  Sparta’s  king,  advance, 

In  measured  lists  to  toss  the  weighty  lance.  Pope. 

4.  A strip  of  cloth  ; — particularly  the  border 
or  selvage  of  cloth.  “ A list  of  cotton.”  Boyle. 

5.  (Arch.)  A narrow  moulding;  a fillet;  an 

annulet ; — also  called  liste/.  Britton. 

6.  (Naut.)  The  inclination  of  a vessel  to  one 

side,  as  when  laden  heavier  on  that  side  than 
the  other.  “ A list  to  port,  or  a list  to  star- 
board.” Dana. 

Civil  list.  — See  Civil. 

Syn.  — List,  roll,  catalogue,  register,  and  inventory, 
are  all  used  to  denote  a collection  of  tilings  brought 
into  some  kind  of  order.  A list  of  voters,  of  persons, 


or  subscribers  ; a herald’s  roll ; a muster-roll ; a r.ata- 
logue  of  books  or  of  students  ; a register  of  births  and 
deaths  ; an  inventory  of  the  goods  of  a trader,  or  of 
the  estate  of  a person  deceased  ; schedule,  or  formal 
list  or  inventory  of  goods. 

LIST,  V.  a.  [i.  LISTED  ; pp.  LISTING,  LISTED.] 

1.  To  register  in  a list ; to  enlist;  to  enroll. 

They  list  with  women  each  degenerate  name.  Dryden. 

2.  To  enlist  in  the  army  or  in  military  service. 

The  lords  would,  by  listing  their  own  servants,  persuade 
the  gentlemen  in  the  town  to  do  the  like.  Clarendon. 

3.  To  enclose  for  combats. 

Each  other’s  force  in  camp  or  listed  field.  Milton. 

As  in  a listed  field  to  fight  your  c|use.  Dryden. 

4.  To  sew  together  or  join  as  strips  of  cloth, 

in  such  a manner  as  to  make  a party-colored 
show.  Wotton. 

5.  To  fix  list,  or  a strip  of  cloth,  to ; as,  “ To 
list  a door.” 

6.  To  listen  to;  to  give  ear  to;  — contracted 
from  listen.  “ List  his  discourse  of  war.”  Shak. 

LIST,  v.  7i.  [A.  S.  Iysta7i,  listan.  — See  Lust.] 

1.  To  wish ; to  choose  ; to  desire ; to  be  dis- 
posed. “ Do  as  thou  list.”  Shak. 

Tile  wind  bloweth  where  it  listeth.  John  iii.  8. 

2.  To  listen  ; — contracted  from  liste7i. 

List!  list!  hark  I Music  i’  the  air.  Shak. 

3.  To  enroll  one’s  self  as  a soldier  ; to  enlist. 

[Colloquial  or  vulgar.]  Wright. 

f LIST,  7i.  [A.  S.  lust ; Dan.  lyst.  — See  Lust.] 

Wish  ; choice  ; desire  ; inclination. 

Those  Irish  lords  made  their  list  the  law  to  such  whom 
they  could  overpower.  Fuller. 

LISTED,  a.  Striped;  joined  together  in  stripes 

or  streaks.  “ Three  listed  colors  gay.”  Milton. 

LIS'TpL,  n.  [It.  listella  ; Sp.  listel ; Fr.  listeau.) 
(Arch.)  A moulding. — See  List,  No.  5.  Britton. 

LIS'TEN  (lls'sn),  v.  7i.  [A.  S.  hlystan,  listan ; 

Dut.  luisteren;  Old  Ger.  loze7i,  hsen-,  Ger.  laus- 
chen .]  [i.  listened  ; pp.  listening,  listen- 
ed.] To  hearken;  to  give  ear;  to  give  atten- 
tion with  a view  to  hear ; to  hear. 

Were  we  as  eloquent  as  angels,  yet  we  should  please  some 
men,  some  women,  and  some  children,  much  more  by  listen- 
ing than  by  talking.  Colton. 

Syn.  — See  Hear. 

t LIS'TEN  (lls'sn),  v.  a.  To  hear ; to  attend  to. 
“ Listen  what  I say.”  Shak. 

LIS'TEN-ER  (lis'sn-er),  n.  One  who  listens. 

LIST'FUL,  a.  Attentive  ; heedful,  [r.]  Spc7iser. 

LlST'ING,  7i.  1.  Act  of  one  who  lists.  Davena7it. 

2.  A strip  of  cloth  ; selvage  ; list.  Bosworth. 

3.  (Carp.)  The  act  of  cutting  away  the  sappy 

edge  of  a board.  Francis. 

LlST'LfSS,  a.  Having  no  desire  or  wish;  indif- 
ferent ; inattentive  ; heedless  ; indolent. 

Intemperance  and  sensuality  clog  men’s  spirits,  make  them 
gross,  listless,  and  inactive.  Tillotson. 

Syn.  — See  Indolent. 

LlST'LESS-LY,  ad.  In  a listless  manner  ; with 
indifference  ; heedlessly.  Locke. 

LIST'LESS-NESS,  7i.  The  state  of  being  listless; 
heedlessness  ; indifference.  Taylor. 

LISTS,  n.  pi.  A space  enclosed  for  combats  or 
contests.  — See  List,  No  3. 

LIT,  i.  & p.  from  light.  Lighted.  — See  Light. 

LIT'A-NY,  n.  [Gr.  Ztravcia  ; l.travtboi,  to  pray;  L. 
litania-.  It.  letanie-,  Sp.  letania  ; Fr.  litanie .]  A 
form  of  supplicatory  prayer,  used  in  public  wor- 
ship. Taylor. 

IJtanies  were,  originally,  general  supplications 
to  the  Deity  when  his  wrath  was  supposed  to  lie 
heavy  on  a people.  The  litany  of  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land is  divided  into  four  parts  ; viz.,  the  Invocations, 
the  Deprecations,  the  Intercessions,  and  the  Supplica- 
tions, and  forms  part  of  the  morning  service  on  the 
days  when  it  is  read.  Eden. 

LITCH'I,  n.  A Chinese  fruit  resembling  an  apri- 
cot, the  produce  of  Euphoria  (or  Nephelium) 
litchi ; — also  written  leechee  and  lichi.  Eng.  Cyc. 

LITCII'— oWl,  n.  See  Lich-ow'L.  Drayton. 

t LITE,  a.  Little.  “ He  rested  but  a life.”  Bntnne. 

f LITE,  7i.  A little  ; a small  portion.  Chaucer. 

LIT'ER-AL,  a.  [L.  literalis  ; litcra,  a letter;  It. 
litterale  ; Sp.  literal ; Fr.  littoral .] 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SdN ; BULL,  BUR,  rGlE.  — £,  q,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


LITERAL 


846 


LITHOMANCY 


1.  Pertaining  to,  or  consisting  of,  letters ; as, 
“ Literal  errors  in  a manuscript.” 

The  literal  notation  of  numbers  was  known  to  Europeans 
before  the  ciphers.  Johnson. 

2.  According  to  the  letter  or  to  the  strict  mean- 
ing of  the  words  ; primitive  ; real ; not  figura- 
tive, metaphysical,  or  consequential. 

Through  all  the  writings  of  the  ancient  fathers  we  see  that 
the  words  which  were  do  continue;  the  only  difference  is, 
that,  whereas  before  they  had  a literal,  they  now  have  a met- 
aphorical, use.  Hooker. 

3.  Following  the  letter  or  exact  words  ; ver- 
bal. “ Literal  translations.”  Hooker. 

Literal  contract,  {Civil  lam.)  $ contract,  of  which  the 
whole  evidence  is  reduced  to  writing.  Bouvier.— 
Literal  equation,  {Math.)  an  equation  in  which  some 
of  the  known  quantities  are  expressed  by  letters  ; — 
opposed  to  numerical  equation.  Davies. 

Syn.  — See  Verbal. 

+ L[T'ER-AL,  n.  Literal  meaning.  Browne. 

iJT'pR-AL-ISM,  n.  That  which  accords  with  the 
letter  or  the  exact  words.  Milton. 

LIT'ER-AL-IST,  n.  One  who  adheres  to  the  let- 
ter or  the  exact  words.  Milton. 

LlT-pR-AL'I-TV,  n.  [Fr.  literalitt. ] The  quality 
of  being  literal ; literal  meaning,  [r.]  Browne. 

LIT'f  R-AL-1ZE,  v.  a.  To  render  literal  ; to  con- 
form to  the  letter,  [r.]  Ec.  Rev. 

LlT'UR-AL-LY,  ad.  In  a literal  manner;  accord- 
ing to  the  letter  or  the  exact  words.  Addison. 

LlT'pR- AL-NESS,  71.  The  quality  or  the  state  of 
being  literal.  N.  M.  Mag. 

LIT'JER-A-RY,  a.  [L.  literarius ; litera,  a letter  ; 
It.  letter  an  o ; Sp.  literano;  Fr.  litteraire.\ 

1.  Pertaining  to  letters  or  to  literary  men. 

“ Literary  conversation.”  Johnson. 

2.  Devoted  to,  or  nursed  in,  literature  ; learn- 
ed ; lettered.  “ Literary  men.”  A.  Smith. 

Literary  property,  {Law.)  the  right  which  authors 
have  in  their  works.  Bouvier. 

LtT'pR-ATE,  a.  [L.  literatus ; litera,  a letter,  lite- 
ree,  letters  ; It.  litterato  ; Sp . liter ato.\  Versed 
in  letters  ; learned  ; not  illiterate.  “This  liter- 
ate and  liberal  profession.”  Sir  J.  Reynolds. 

LIT'ER-ATE,  n.  One  who  has  received  an  educa- 
tion out  of  a university  or  college ; a man  edu- 
cated, but  not  graduated.  Ch.  Ob. 

LIT-ER-A ' TI,  7i.pl.  [L.  literatus  (pi.  literati), 
learned ; litera,  a letter  ; litcrce,  letters  ; It.  Ut- 
ter ati.)  The  learned ; learned  men. 

The  singular  is  commonly  supplied  by  the  ex- 
pression, “ one  of  the  literati,”  or,  “ a literary  man.” 

LIT-ER-A'  TIM,  ad.  [Low  L.,  from  I..  litera,  a 
letter.]  Letter  for  letter.  Qu.  Rev. 

LIT’IJR-A-TOR,  n.  [L.]  A teacher  of  letters  or 
literature  ; a schoolmaster.  Burke. 

LlT'pR-  A- T U R E , n.  [L.  literatura ; It.  letteratura ; 
Sp.  literatura-,  Fr.  Utteraturei)  The  results  of 
learning,  knowledge,  and  imagination  preserved 
in  writing ; philological  learning,  as  distin- 
guished from  learning  in  the  physical  sciences  ; 
skill  in  letters ; learning ; letters ; erudition. 

The  history  of  literature  is  a peculiar  and  distinct  subject, 
comprising  several  subdivisions,  such  as  histories  of  the  liter- 
ature of  special  ages  and  countries,  or  histories  of  separate 
branches  of  literature , such  as  poetry.  ^ Brande. 

/£^r*As  distinguished  from  science,  literature  com- 
prehends languages,  particularly  Greek  and  Latin, 
grammar,  etymology,  logic,  rhetoric,  poetry  as  a theo- 
retic science,  with  the  other  branches  of  criticism, 
and  history.  It  is  sometimes  used  in  a more  re- 
stricted sense,  as  synonymous  with  belles-lettres,  or 
polite  literature.  Smart.  Brande. 

Syn.  — Literature  and  letters  signify  knowledge  or 
information  contained  in  books,  or  acquired  through 
the  medium  of  books ; learning  is  the  knowledge  of 
books,  science,  and  literature,  especially  scholastic 
knowledge.  A man  of  learning  is  one  who  excels  in 
what  is  taught  in  the  schools  ; a man  of  literature,  or 
letters , in  what  is  generally  read  ; a man  of  erudition , 
in  recondite  information.  The  terms  men  of  letters, 
men  of  literature,  men  of  learning,  and  the  republic 
of  letters  comprehend  all  who  devote  themselves  to 
the  cultivation  of  their  minds,  often  comprising  also 
men  of  science , who  are  specially  devoted  to  scientific 
knowledge.  The  literature  of  a nation  ; the  learning 
or  erudition  of  an  individual. 

LIT-ER-A'  TUS,  n.  [L.]  A man  of  letters.— See 
Literati,  [it.]  For.  Qu.  Rev. 

f LIT!!,  n.  [A.  S.]  A limb  or  a joint.  Chaucer. 


LFTFl'A-GOGUE,  n.  [Gr.  h !0os,  a stone,  and  ayoi, 
to  drive.]  {Med.)  A medicine  supposed  to  have 
the  power  to  repel  calculi.  lioblyn. 

LITII'AN-THRAx,  7i.  [Gr.  lidos,  a stone,  and 
avOpu{,  coal.]  (Min.)  Stone  or  pit-coal ; — in  dis- 

. tinction  from  xylanthrax,  or  wood-coal.  Wright. 

LITH’ARpE,  71.  [Gr.  hdaoyvpos  ; lidos,  a stone, 
and  cipyopo s,  silver ; L.  lithargyrus  ; It.  litargi- 
ro;  Sp.  litarge;  Fr.  litharge .]  (Che7n.)  The 

fused  yellow  protoxide  of  lead,  which  on  cooling 
passes  into  a mass  consisting  of  small  six-sided 
plates,  of  a reddish-yellow  color.  It  is  obtained 
in  the  process  of  separating  silver  from  lead  by 
cupellation,  and  generally  contains  more  or  less 
red  lead.  Ure. 

LITH'ATE,  7i.  ( Chem .)  A salt  formed  of  litbic 

acid  and  a base.  Du7iglis07i. 

LlT  IF  E,  a.  [Goth,  lit  ha  ; A.  S.  lith ; Ger.  gclindc  ; 
Dan.  lind ; Icel.  linrj] 

1.  f Gentle;  mild  ; agreeable.  “As  lithe  a day 
without  appearance  of  any  tempest.”  IJolmshed. 

2.  Limber  ; supple  ; flexible  ; pliant ; lithe- 

some. “ His  [the  elephant’s]  lithe  probos- 
cis.” Milton. 

f LITHE,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  lithian,  lith,  gentle;  Dut. 
lenige/i ; Ger.  Ii7idc7-n ; Dan.  lindre;  Sw.  lindra.] 

1.  To  soften ; to  mitigate ; to  temper  ; to 

smooth ; to  moderate.  Chaucer. 

2.  To  lend  an  ear  ; to  listen.  Gower. 

LlTHE'N^SS,  n.  Quality  ofbeinglithe  ; suppleness. 

Bailey. 

||  Ll'TFFfR  [ll'ther,  Sm.  Wb. ; llth'er,  P. ; ll'ther 
or  llth'er,  K.],  a.  [See  Lithe.] 

1.  f Soft ; yielding  ; pliant.  Shak. 

2.  f Depraved;  wicked;  dissolute.  Woolton. 

3.  Lazy  ; idle  ; slothful.  [Local,  Eng.]  Wright. 

||  LI'THIJR-LY,  a.  Disposed  to  mischief ; wicked. 

He  [the  dwarf]  was  waspish,  arch,  and  litherly.  JF.  Scott. 

||  fLI'TIllJIt-LY,  1.  Craftily.  Chaucer. 

2.  Slowly  ; lazily.  Barret. 

||  f Li'TH  Elt-NESS,  7i.  Idleness  ; laziness.  Ba7-ret. 

LITHE'SOME  (llth'sum),  a.  1.  Pliant;  supple; 

limber  ; nimble  ; lithe.  Scott. 

2.  Blithesome ; cheerful.  [Local,  Eng.]  Wright. 

LlTH'l-A,  n.  [Gr.  lidetos,  hdcia,  of  stone;  lido s, 
a stone. 1 

1.  (Chem.)  An  alkali  found  inpetalite,lepido- 

lite,  and  some  other  minerals,  resembling  soda 
and  potassa  ; oxide  of  lithium.  P , Cyc. 

2.  (Med.)  The  formation  of  stony  concretions 

in  the  body  : — an  affection  in  which  the  eyelids 
are  edged  with  stony  concretions.  Dmxglison. 

Lithia-mica,  (Min.)  lepidolite.  Dana. 

LI-THl'A-SlS,  71.  [Gr.  hdiatns ; lidos,  a stone.] 
(Med.)  The  formations  of  stony  concretions  in 
the  body,  as  in  the  urinary  passages.  Dunglison. 

LlTH'I-ATE,  71.  (Chc77i.)  A salt  formed  of  litliic 

acid  and  a base ; a lithate.  Vre. 

LITH'JC,  a.  [Gr.  lidos,  a stone.]  Pertaining  to 
a stone  in  the  bladder.  Dunglison. 

Lithic  acid,  (Chem.)  uric  acid.  Silliman. 

LITH'l-UM,  7i.  ( Chem.)  A white  metal,  highly 

oxidable,  and  resembling  sodium  ; the  metallic 
base  of  lithia.  P.  Cyc. 

LITH-O-BIB'LF-ON,  n.  [Gr.  lidos,  a stone,  and 
fiifiliov,  a book.]  Bibliolite  ; lithophyl.  — See 
Lithophyl.  Wz-ight. 

LITH'O-cArp,  n.  [Gr.  lidos,  a stone,  and  sapirds, 
a fruit.]  (Pal.)  A petrified  fruit.  P.  Cyc. 

LITH-O-CHRO'MICS,  n.  [Gr.  lidos,  a stone,  and 
Xpihpa,  color.]  The  art  of  painting  in  oil  upon 
stone  and  of  taking  impressions  on  canvas  of  the 
picture  so  prepared.  Ogilvie. 

LITH-O-COL'LA,  n.  [Gr.  lidos,  a stone,  and  nul- 
la, glue.]  Cement  for  uniting  stones.  Chambers. 

LITH-O-DEN'DRON,  71.  [Gr.  IMScvbpov,  a tree- 
shaped coral ; lidos,  a stone,  and  Itvipov,  a tree.] 
A term  applied  to  branching  corals.  Brande. 

LlXH'O-DERM,  71.  One  of  the  Lithoderma.  Wright. 

LITII-O-DER'MA,  71.  [Gr.  lidos,  a stone,  and 
llppa,  the  skin.]  (ZoOl.)  A genus  of  worm-like 
animals,  covered  with  a calcareous  crust,  and 
classed  by  Cuvier  among  the  apodal  Holuthuria. 


LFTIl'O-DOME,  n.  One  of  the  Lithodomi.  Brande. 

LI-TIIOD ' O-MI,  71.  pi.  [Gr.  lidos,  a stone,  and 
l6f jos,  a house.]  (Zoiil.)  Molluscous  animals 
which  form  holes  in  the  solid  rocks,  in  which 
they  lodge  themselves.  Bnmde. 

UHiy-  One  species  (Lithodomus  lithophagos ) is  es- 
teemed as  an  article  of  food,  and  is  known  by  tho 
name  of  the  sea-date  shell.  Baird. 

LI-TIfOD'O-MOUS,  a.  Relating  to,  or  formed  by, 
the  Lithodomi.  Owc7i. 

LITH-O-FEL'LIC,  a.  [Gr.  lidos,  a stone,  and  L. 
fel,  gall.]  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  obtained  from 
bezoar,  and  identical  with  ellagic  acid.  Bra7ide. 

LITH-O-gEN'E-SY,  71.  [Gr.  lidos,  a stone,  and 
yeuiais,  origin.]  (Nat.  Hist.)  The  science  of  the 
origin  of  minerals,  and  of  the  causes  of  their 
forms,  qualities,  &c.  Smart. 

LI-THO^r'B-NOUS,  a.  [Gr.  lidos,  a stone,  and 
yemaw,  to  produce.]  (Zoi.l.)  Noting  polypes 
which  form  coral.  LyeU. 

LITH'Q-GLYPH,  n.  [Gr.  ltdoylvijtia  ; ItOos,  a stone, 
and  yliipoi,  to  engrave.]  The  art  of  engraving 
on  gems  ; lithoglyptics.  p/-ancis. 

f LJ-THOG'LY-PHJJR,  7i.  A stone-cutter.  Bailey. 

LiTH-O-GLYPII'IC,  a.  Relating  to  carving  or 
cutting  in  stone.  Bailey. 

LI-TFIOG'LY- PIUTE,  7i.  (Geol.)  A fossil  which 
presents  the  appearance  of  being  engraved. 

Smart. 

LFTH-O-GLYP’TICS,  71.  pi.  The  art  of  engraving 
on  gems  ; lithoglyph.  Bucha7ian. 

LITH'O-GRApfi,  v.  a.  [Gr.  lidos,  a stone,  and 
ypaipw,  to  write.]  [i.  LITHOGRAPHED  ; pp.  LITH- 
OGRAPHING, lithographed.]  To  engrave  or 
etch  on  stone.  Lyell. 

LITH'O-GRAPFI,  7i.  A print  from  a drawing  on 
stone  ; a lithographic  engraving.  Phil.  Mag. 

LI-TIlOG'RA-PHpR,  7i.  One  who  practises  lithog- 
raphy ; an  engraver  on  stone.  Qu.  Rev. 

lITII-O-GRAPH  IC,  ? a [Jt.  Sg  Sp.  litografico) 

lItH-O-GRAPH'I-CAL,  ) Fr.  lilhographique.)  Re- 
lating to  lithography.  P.  Cyc. 

Lithographic  stone,  a fine  oolite  or  granular  lime- 
stone, of  a pale  yellowish  color,  and  fine  gram,  used 
in  lithography.  P.  Cyc. 

iAtH-O-GRAPH'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  the  manner  of 
lithography.  Smart. 

LI-THOG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  lidos,  a stone,  and 
ypiiifmi,  to  engrave ; It.  <Sf  Sp.  litografia ; Fr.  li- 
thographic.]  The  art  by  which  impressions  or 
prints  are  obtained  by  a chemical  process  from 
designs  made  with  a greasy  material  on  stone, 
and  which  depends  on  the  mutual  antipathy  of 
oil  and  water,  and  the  power  of  the  stone  to  im- 
bibe either  with  equal  avidity.  P.  Cyc. 

SOP  “ The  stone  being  absorbent  of  water,  the  sur- 
face is  damped,  and  the  ink  with  which  the  design  is 
printed  being  repelled  from  those  portions  so  wetted, 
and  attracted  by  those  with  which  the  design  is  traced, 
a fac-simile  is  yielded,  and  is  capable  of  being  trans- 
ferred and  multiplied  to  an  almost  unlimited  extent.” 
Fairholt. 

LITH'OID,  £ a.  [Gr.  xiQos,  a stone,  and  illos, 

LI-THOID'AL,  ) form;  Fr.  lith  aide.]  Resembling 
stone  ; of  a stony  structure.  Vre.  Lyell. 

LITH'O-LABE,  71.  [Gr.  lidos,  a stone,  and  lap0auu>, 
lafleiv,  to  seize.]  (Surg.)  An  instrument  for 
holding  fast  the  stone  in  the  bladder  while  lith- 
otriptic  instruments  act  upon  it.  Dunglison. 

LITH-O-L&tjr’JC,  ? o.  [It .litologico.]  Relating 

LITH-O-LOp'l-CAL,  ) to  lithology  ; being  of  a 
stony  structure.  Lyell. 

LI-THOL'O-pIST,  n.  One  who  is  versed  in  lithol- 
ogy. Smart. 

LI-THOL'O-pY,  71.  [Gr.  lidos,  a stone,  and  liyos, 
a discourse  ; It.  £,  Sp.  litologia;  Fr.  lithologic .] 

1.  The  natural  history  of  stones.  Smart. 

2.  (Med.)  A treatise  on  concretions.  Palmer. 

LItH'O-MAN-CY  [ITth'o-rnan-se,  W.  J.  F.  Ja. 
Sm.  Wr. ; ll'tho-man-se,  S'.  ; li-thom'jn-se,  P.  Kh\, 
n.  [Gr.  lidos,  a stone,  and  pavreia,  divination ; 
It.  litomanzia  ; Fr.  lithomancie .]  Divination 
or  prediction  by  stones.  Browne. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  lo)ig ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  fAr,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


LITHOMARGE 


LITH'Q-MAR£E,  n.  [Gr.  MOos,  a stone,  anti  L. 
marga,  marl.]  (Min.)  A compact  variety  of 
clay,  found  chiefly  in  Germany,  of  a white,  yellow, 
or  red  color,  and  having  a greasy  feel.  Dana. 

LlTH-ON-THRiP'T!C,  a.  (Med.)  Relating  to 
lithotripsy ; lithontriptic.  Dunglison. 

LITH-ON-THRiP'TJC,  n.  (Med.)  Same  as  Lithon- 
tkiptic.  Dunglison. 

lITH-ON-TRIp'TIC,  a.  [Gr.  lidos,  a stone,  and 
rpi/Sw",  to  grind.  Landais,  Hoblyn,  Palmer.  — 
Gr.  UOos,  a stone,  and  Opbnrm,  to  break  in  pieces. 
Dunglison.  — It.  litontrittico  ; Sp.  litontripico  ; 
Fr.  lithontriptique.]  (Med.)  Dissolving  the  stone 
in  the  bladder ; relating  to  lithotripsy.  Mead. 

LITII-ON-TRIP'TIC,  n.  (Med.)  A medicine  be- 
lieved to  possess  the  power  of  dissolving  stone 
or  calculus  in  the  urinary  organs.  P.  Cyc. 

LITII-ON-TRIP'TIST,  n.  (Med.)  An  operator  in 
lithotripsy  or  lithotrity  ; a lithotritist.  Knowles. 

LITII-ON-TRIP'TOR,  n.  (Med.)  An  instrument 
for  breaking  stones  or  calculi,  in  the  bladder, 
into  small  particles;  a lithotritor.  Brande. 

LI-THOPH'4-ql,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  lidos,  a stone,  and 
tpiya,  to  eat.]  (Zoiil.)  Molluscous  animals  which 
bore  into  rocks  ; lithodomi.  Brande. 

LI-THOPH'A-GOUS,  ci.  That  eats  stones  or  grav- 
el, as  the  ostrich.  Smart. 

LITH-O-PHOS'PHOR,  n.  [Gr.  lidos,  a stone,  and 
(pexMpdpos,  giving  light.]  A stone  which  becomes 
phosphoric  by  heat.  Wriglit. 

LITH-O-PHOS-PHOR'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  litho- 
phosplior ; becoming  phosphoric  by  heat.  Wright. 

LITH-O-PHO-TOG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  lidos,  a stone, 
ipios,  <jioiTos,  light,  and  ypa^oi,  to  engrave.]  The 
art  of  producing  prints  from  lithographic  stones, 
by  means  of  photographic  pictures  developed  on 
their  surface.  Fairholt. 

LITH'O-PHYL,  n.  [Gr.  lidos,  a stone,  and  <pbUov, 
a leaf.]  (Pal.)  A fossil  leaf,  or  the  figure  of  a 
leaf  on  fossils  ; lithobiblion  ; bibliolite.  Wright. 

LITH'O-PHYTE,  n.  [Gr.  liOos,  a stone,  and  ipbror, 
a plant.]  (Zoiil.)  One  of  the  polypes  which 
have  a stony  axis,  as  distinguished  from  kerato- 
phytes.  Brande. 

LITH-O-PHYT'IC,  a.  Lithophytous.  Wright. 

LI-THOPH’ Y-TOUS,  a.  (Geol.)  Pertaining  to 
lithophytes  ; lithophytic.  Brande. 

LITir-O-SPER’MUM,  n.  [Gr.  lidos,  a stone,  and 
eiriopa,  seed.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants,  the 
pericarp  of  whose  seed  contains  nearly  sixty 
per  cent,  of  earthy  matter.  Baird. 

LITII-OS-TRO'TI-ON,  n.  [Gr.  liddorpoiTos,  inlaid 
with  stones  ; lidos,  a stone,  and  orpairds,  spread.] 
(Pal.)  A genus  of  fossil  corals,  of  the  earlier 
geological  periods,  having lnrge  radiating  lamel- 
lae, and  a central  styliform  column.  Pictet. 

LITH-O-THRYP'TIC,  a.  [Gr.  lidos,  a stone,  and 
BpvTTTot,  to  break  in  pieces.]  (Med.)  Same  as 
Lithontriptic.  Scudamore. 

lITH’O-TINT,  n.  [Gr.  lidos,  a stone,  and  Eng. 
tint.) 

1.  A stone  tint,  dye,  or  color.  Hullmandel. 

2.  A process  by  which  the  effect  of  a marked 

or  tinted  drawing  can  be  obtained  on  stone  by 
the  aid  of  lithography.  Fairholt. 

LITH'O-TOME,  n.  [Gr.  hdordpos ; lidos,  a stone, 
and  Topr),  a cutting ; rlpru,  to  cut ; It.  litotomo  ; 
Fr.  lithotome.) 

1.  (Surg.)  An  instrument  used  in  lithotomy, 

to  cut  the  bladder.  Dunglison. 

2.  (Nat.  Ilist.)  A stone  so  formed  naturally 

as  to  have  the  appearance  of  having  been  cut 
artificially.  Wright. 

LITII-O-TOM'I-CAL,  a.  [Gr.  hdoTopusis ; Fr.  li- 
thotomique .]  Relating  to  lithotomy.  Med.  Jour. 

LI-THOT'O-MIST,  n.  [It.  Sf  Sp.  litotomista ; Fr.  li- 
thotomiste .]  One  who  practises  lithotomy. Boyle. 

LI-THOT'O-MY,  n.  [Gr.  liBoropia  ; lidos,  a stone, 
and  rtpvoi,  to  cut ; It.  &s  Sp.  litotomia  ; Fr .litho- 
tomie.]  (Surg.)  The  operation,  act,  or  practice 
of  cutting  into  the  bladder  for  the  purpose  of 
extracting  calculi  or  stones.  P.  Cyc. 

LITH'O-TRIP-SY,  ?t.  The  operation  of  triturating 
the  stone  in  the  bladder  ; lithotrity.  Med.  Jour. 


847 

LITII-O-TRIP'TIC,  a.  Lithontriptic.  Wright. 

LlTH-O-TRlP'TIST,  n.  Lithontriptist.  Wright. 

LI-THOT'RI-TIST,  n.  One  who  is  skilled  in,  or 
practises,  lithotrity.  Knowles. 

lItii'O-TRI-TOR,  n.  Lithontriptor.  Smart. 

LI-THOT'RI-TY,  or  LITH'O-TRi-TY  [le-tliot’re-te, 
Brande,  Dunglison',  litli'o-trl-te,  Sm.  Wb.\ , n. 
[Gr.  lidos,  a stone,  and  rpf/Jw,  to  grind  ; It.  lito- 
tritia-,  Fr.  lithotritie .]  (Med.)  The  operation 
of  breaking  a calculus  or  stone  in  the  bladder 
into  pieces  sufficiently  small  to  be  voided  with 
the  urine ; lithotripsy.  Dunglison. 

LI-THOX'YLE,  n.  [Gr.  lidps,  a stone,  and  (blov, 
wood.]  Petrified  wood.  Smart. 

LITH-U-AN'JC,  a.  (Gcog.)  Relating  to  ancient 
Lithuania,  a country  now  included  in  the  Rus- 
sian empire.  Latham. 

LITH-U-AN'lC,  n.  The  language  spoken  in  Lith- 
uania. Latham. 

T Ll'THY,  a.  [See  Lithe.]  Lithe.  Huloet. 

LlT'I-G  A-BLE,  a.  Subject  to  litigation.  Lyttelton. 

LIT'I-GANT,  a.  [L.  litigo,  litigans,  to  dispute  in 
law;  It.  if  Sp.  litigante-,  Fr.  litigant.']  Contend- 
ing in  a suit  of  law.  “ Parties  litigant.”  Ayliffe. 

LIT'I-GANT,  n.  [L.  litigans,  a disputant.]  One 
engaged  in  a suit  of  law.  Decay  of  Piety. 

LIT'I-gATE,  v.  a.  [L.  litigo,  litigatus  ; lis,  litis, 
a dispute,  a quarrel,  and  ago,  to  carry  on;  It. 
litigare ; Sp.  litigar.]  \i.  litigated  ; pp.  lit- 
igating, litigated.]  To  contest  in  law  ; to 
maintain  or  defend  by  disputation  in  a lawsuit. 
Dar’st  thou  still  litigate  thy  cause. 

Spite  of  these  numerous  awful  witnesses?  Young. 

LIT'I-gATE,  v.  n.  To  be  engaged  in  litigation  ; 
to  dispute  a case  at  law.  Ayliffe. 

LIT'I-GATE,  n.  One  engaged  in  litigation  ; a lit- 
igator ; a litigant,  [it.]  London  Times. 

LlT-I-GA'TION,  n.  [L.  litigatio.)  The  act  of 
litigating  ; judicial  contest;  a suit  at  law. 
Nothing  quells  a spirit  of  litigation  like  despair  of  success. 

Paley. 

LIT'I-GA-TOR,  n.  [L.]  A litigant.  Coleridge. 

LI-TIG-I-OS'I-TY,  n.  (Scottish  Law.)  The  pen- 
dency of  a suit.  Bouvier. 

LI-TiyToyS  (le-tid'jus),  a.  [L.  litigiosus ; litigi- 
um,  a dispute  ; It.  A Sp.  litigioso  ; Fr.  litigieux.] 

1.  Inclined  to  litigation  ; given  to  the  prac- 
tice of  contending  in  lawsuits ; contentious  ; 
quarrelsome.  “ Litigious  families.”  Warner. 

2.  That  may  be  litigated ; disputable  ; con- 
trovertible ; open  to  contention.  Hooker. 

If  two  presentations  be  offered  to  the  bishop  upon  the  same 
avoidance,  the  church  is  then  said  to  become  litigious;  and, 
if  nothing  further  be  done,  the  bishop  may  suspend  the  ad- 
mission of  either,  and  suffer  a lapse  to  incur.  Blackstone. 

Ll-Tiy'ioys-LY  (le-tld'jus-le),  ad.  In  a litigious 
manner.  Johnson. 

LI-TIQf'IOyS-NESS  (le-tTd'.jys-nes),  n.  The  quali- 
ty of  being  litigious  ; a litigious  disposition. 

LIT'MUS,  n.  [Ger.  (ackmus .]  A beautiful,  but 
not  durable,  blue  or  purple  coloring  matter,  pre- 
pared from  certain  species  of  lichen,  and  which 
supplies  a common  chemical  test  for  detecting 
the  presence  of  acids  and  alkalies,  the  former 
changing  its  blue  color  to  red,  the  latter  restor- 
ing the  blue.  P.  Cyc.  SiUitnan. 

Litmus  paper,  paper  stained  with  litmus,  and  used 
for  testing  acids  and  alkalies. 

LIT'ORN,  n.  (Ornith.)  A kind  of  thrush.  Clarke. 

Ll'TO-TE§,  n.  [Gr.  Iit6tps  ; Iit6s,  plain.]  (Rhet.) 
A figure  by  wffiich  a weak  expression  is  used,  as 
through  modesty  or  respect,  for  the  sake  of 
heightening  or  enforcing  the  thought ; a mode 
of  expressing  something  by  denying  the  con- 
trary ; as  in  the  following  lines  : — 

Nor  are  thy  lips  ungraceful,  sire  of  men. 

Nor  tongue  ineloquent;  for  God  on  thee 
Abundantly  liis  gifts  hath  also  poured.  Milton. 

LI-TRAM'E-T£R,  n.  [Gr.  Itrpn,  a measure,  and 
perpov,  a measure.]  An  instrument  to  ascertain 
the  specific  gravity  of  liquids.  Dr.  Hare. 

LI'TRE  (ls'tur),  n.  [Fr.,  from  Gr.  lirpa,  a meas- 
ure for  liquids.]  A French  measure  of  capacity 
in  the  decimal  system,  being  a little  less  than 


LITTLE  GO 

an  English  quart,  or  precisely  .22009687  of  a 
gallon.  Davies. 

LIT'T^N,  n.  [A.  S.  lictun  ; lie,  a corpse,  and  tun, 
a field.]  A burial-ground  ; a grave-yard.  [Local, 
Eng.]  Wright. 

LIT'TpR,  ii.  [L.  lectica;  lectus,  a bed,  a couch; 
It.  lettiera,  lettiga;  Sp.  litera ; Fr.  litiere.] 

1.  A kind  of  carriage  consisting  of  a couch 
or  bed  supported  by  shafts,  which  project  at 
each  end,  and  by  which  it  is  borne.  Dryden. 

2.  Straw,  chaff,  or  other  similar  substance, 
strewn  for  the  beds  of  horses,  &c.,  or  for  other 
purposes,  as  on  plants. 

Take  off  your  litter  from  your  kernel  beds.  Evelyn. 

3.  Things  scattered  about  negligently  or 
slovenly,  as  shreds,  fragments,  or  other  rubbish. 

Strepbon,  who  found  the  room  was  void, 

Stole  in,  and  took  a strict  survey 

Of  all  the  litter  as  it  lay.  Swift. 

4.  The  young  produced  at  a birth  by  quadru- 
peds, especially  by  such  as  produce  a number  at 
a birth,  as  the  sow,  rabbit,  cat,  &c.  Shak.  Paley. 

5.  A birth  or  bringing  forth,  as  of  pigs,  kit- 
tens, rabbits,  &e.  “ Thirty  pigs  at  one  large 

litter  farrowed.”  Dryden. 

LIT'TIJR,  v.  a.  [i.  littered  ; pp.  littering, 

LITTERED.] 

1.  To  scatter  straw,  hay,  or  other  similar  sub- 
stance on  or  over,  for  bedding. 

lie  found  a stall  where  oxen  stood. 

But  for  his  ease  well  Uttered  was  the  floor.  Dryden. 

2.  To  scatter  things  over  or  about  in  a care- 
less or  slovenly  manner. 

lie  found 

The  room  with  volumes  littered  round.  Swift. 

3.  To  strew  or  scatter ; to  make  litter  of. 

“ Old  leaves  or  littered  straw.”  Dodsley. 

4.  To  strew  a bed  for  ; to  supply  with  litter  ; 
as,  “To  litter  a horse.” 

5.  To  be  brought  to  bed  with  ; to  give  birth 
to  ; — used  of  quadrupeds,  especially  of  such  as 
produce  a number  at  a birth,  as  the  sow,  rabbit, 
&c.,  or  of  human  beings  in  contempt.  Browne. 

LIT'TflR,  v.  n.  To  be  supplied  with  litter  for 
bedding  ; to  sleep  in  litter,  [it.]  llabington. 

l!t'T£R-ING§,  n.  pi.  (Weaving.)  Sticks  used  to 
keep  a web  stretched  on  a weaver’s  beam.  Crabb. 

LIT'T^R-Y,  a.  Consisting  of,  or  covered  with, 
litter.  G.  W.  Johnson. 

LIT'TLE  (llt'tl),  a.  [Goth,  leilil;  A.  S.  Igtel, 
lytle  ; Dut.  luttel;  Dan.  lille , liden;  Sw .liten; 
Ieel.  litill ; Scot,  lyte,  life.]  [Comp,  less  (some- 
times lesser. — See  Lesser);  superl.  least.] 

1.  Small  in  size,  extent,  or  number ; not 
large  ; not  great ; diminutive  ; minute- 

A little  .convenient  estate,  a little  cheerful  house,  a little 
company,  and  a very  little  feast.  Cowley. 

2.  Small  in  quantity,  amount,  or  duration ; 
not  much. 

A little  sleep,  a little  slumber,  a little  folding  of  the  hands 
to  sleep.  Prov.  vi.  10. 

A little  learning  is  a dangerous  tiling; 

Drink  deep,  or  taste  not  the  Pierian  spring.  Pope. 

3.  Small  in  degree,  value,  or  importance  ; in- 
considerable ; slight ; petty. 

When  thou  wast  little  in  thine  own  sight,  wast  thou  not 
made  the  head  of  the  tribes  of  Israel?  1 Sam.  xv.  17. 

4.  Mean  ; selfish  ; narrow  ; paltry. 

The  talent  of  turning  men  into  ridicule,  and  exposing  to 
laughter  those  one  converses  with,  is  the  qualification  of 
little,  ungenerous  tempers.  Addison. 

Little  masters , designers  who  worked  for  engravers 
and  booksellers  in  the  sixteentli  and  seventeenth 
centuries,  and  whose  designs  are  generally  on  a small 
scale,  and  reproduced  on  copper  or  wood.  Fairholt. 

Syn.  — Little  is  opposed  to  great,  and  small  to  large  ; 
but  as  applied  to  material  objects,  they  are  used  with- 
out much  discrimination  ; but  little  is  oftener  applied 
metaphorically,  and  is  more  contemptuous.  A mean 
action  is  said  to  be  a little  action,  never  a small  action. 
Diminutive  signifies  less  than  the  proper  size.  A little 
child  ; a small  quantity  ; a diminutive  race  of  men. 

LIT'TLE,  n.  A small  amount,  quantity,  space, 
time,  portion,  degree,  affair,  &c. 

A little  that  a righteous  man  hath  is  better  than  the  riches 
of  many  wicked.  Ps.  xxxvii.  16. 

Much  was  in  little  writ.  Dryden. 

As  if ’t  were  little  from  their  town  to  chase, 

I through  the  seas  pursued  their  exiled  race.  Dryden. 

LlT'TLE,  ad.  In  a small  degree  or  quantity  ; not 
much.  “ This  parallel  is  little  better.”  Dryden. 

LIT'TLE-GO,  n.  A cant  term  in  the  English  uni- 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — <7,  £,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  fi,  5,  g,  hard;  $ as  7. ; X as  gz.  — THIS,  tliis. 


LITTLENESS 


848 


LIVING 


versifies,  for  an  intermediate  examination  which 
is  less  strict  than  the  final  one.  Clarke. 

LIT'TLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state  of 
being  little  ; smallness  ; minuteness.  Donne. 

LIT'TO-R  AL,  a.  [L.  litoralis ; litus,  litoris,  the 
sea-shore  ; It.  litorale ; Sp.  litoral ; Fr.  littoral .] 
Pertaining  to,  or  growing  on,  the  shore,  es- 
pecially of  the  sea.  Johnson. 

LJ-TU'I-FORM,  a.  [L.  lituus,  a lituus,  and  forma, 
form.]  Curved  like  a lituus,  or  clarion.  Smart. 

LIT'U-ITE,  n.  [L.  lituus,  a curved  trumpet.] 
(G'eol.)  A fossil  chambered  shell,  convoluted 
at  the  smaller  end,  and  having  a central  si- 
phon. Buckland. 

LJ-TUR'<?IC,  ? Pertaining  to  a liturgy. 

LJ-TUR'^I-CAL,  ) “ Liturgic  prayer.”  Byrom. 

LI-TUR/G-JCS,  -n.pl.  1.  + A liturgy.  Barrow. 

2.  The  doctrine  or  theory  of  liturgies.  Ec.  Rev. 

LIT'UR-GIST,  n.  One  versed  in  liturgies.  Milton. 

LIT'UR-^Y,  n.  [Gr.  l.eirovyyia ; hiros,  public,  and 
epyov,  work,  service  ; L.,  It.,  Sf  Sp.  liturgia  ; Fr. 
liturgic.]  A formulary  of  public  worship  ; the 
ritual  according  to  which  the  religious  services 
of  a church  are  performed.  Brancle. 

tty  ■ Among  Roman  Catholics,  the  liturgy  is  the 
mass  ; in  the  Church  of  England,  it  is  the  common 
prayer.  Eden. 

LIT’ u- US,  n.  [L.  — Probably  an  Etruscan  word 
signifying  crooked.  M idler.] 

1.  (Rom.  Ant.)  A crooked  staff  resembling  a 
crosier,  with  which,  in  divination,  the  augurs 
quartered  the  heavens  : — a kind  of  trumpet 
slightly  curved  at  the  extremity.  IF.  Smith. 

2.  (Math.)  A spiral,  the  squares  of  any  two 
radii  vectores  of  which  are  reciprocally  propor- 
tional to  the  angles  which  they  respectively 
make  with  a straight  line  given  in  position,  and 
which  is  an  asymptote  to  the  spiral.  Braude. 

LIVE  (llv),  v.  n.  [Goth,  liban ; A.  S.  lybban,  leb- 
ban,  leojian,  lifian ; Dut.  leeven ; Ger.  leben ; 
Dan .leve;  Sw.  lefva ; Icel.  Ufa.  — See  Leave.] 
[i.  LIVED  ; pp.  LIVING,  LIVED.] 

1.  To  be  in  a state  of  animation ; to  have 
life  ; to  be  alive  ; to  have  being ; to  subsist ; to 
exist;  — in  a restrictive  sense,  to  exist  on  earth. 

■While  I . . . live  will  I praise  the  Lord.  Ps.  cxlvi.  2. 

2.  To  pass  life  in  a particular  manner ; to 
conduct  one’s  self  in  life  ; to  regulate  one’s  life. 

We  should  live  soberly,  righteously,  and  godly.  Tit.  ii.  12. 

The  man  who  will  live  above  his  present  circumstances  is 
in  great  danger  of  living,  in  a little  time,  much  beneath  them. 

Addison. 

3.  To  live  emphatically,  or  in  a state  of  hap- 
piness; to  enjoy  life. 

Live  while  you  live,  the  epicure  would  say. 

And  seize  the  pleasures  of  the  present  day; 

Live  while  you  live,  the  sacred  preacher  cries, 

And  give  to  God  each  moment  as  it  (lies. 

Lord,  in  my  view  let  both  united  be; 

I live  to  pleasure  when  I live  to  thee.  Doddridge. 

4.  To  remain ; to  continue ; to  endure. 

Men’s  evil  manners  live  in  brass; 

Their  virtues  we  write  in  water.  Shale. 

5.  To  dwell;  to  reside  ; to  abide. 

Jacob  lived  in  the  land  of  Egypt.  Gen.  xlvii.  28. 

6.  To  feed ; to  be  nourished ; to  subsist ; — 
used  with  on  or  upon. 

Animals  that  lire  upon  other  animals  have  their  flesh  more 
alkalescent  than  those  thut  live  upon  vegetables.  Arbutlinot. 

7.  To  be  maintained  or  supported  ; to  have  or 
gain  a living  or  livelihood. 

Even  so  hath  the  Lord  ordained  that  they  which  preach 
the  gospel  should  live  of  the  gospel.  1 Cor.  ix.  14. 

8.  To  be  in  an  active  state,  as  if  alive. 

Then  on  the  living  coals  red  wine  they  pour.  Dryden. 

9.  To  remain  undestroyed. 

Nor  can  our  shaken  vessel  live  at  sea.  Dryden. 

To  live  with,  to  reside  or  dwell  with  ; to  cohabit 
with.  “ Live  with  me,  and  be  my  love.”  Shale. 

Syn. — See  Exist. 

LIVE,  v.  a.  1.  To  lead;  to  pass;  to  continue; 
as,  “ To  live  a life  of  ease.” 

2.  To  practise  in  life;  to  act  in  conformity 
with.  “ But  the  faithful  minister  lives  ser- 
mons.” Fuller. 

LIVE  (llv),  a.  1.  Having  life  or  existence  ; alive  ; 
not  dead;  living.  “ The  live  ox.”  Ex.  xxi.  35. 

2.  Ignited;  not  extinguished;  burning.  “A 

live  coal.”  Bogle. 


3.  Vivid  ; lively ; bright,  as  color. 

Now  from  the  virgin’s  check  a fresher  bloom 

Shoots,  less  and  less,  the  live  carnation  round.  Thomson. 

t LIVE,  n.  Life.  “ All  her  live.”  Chaucer. 

f LIVE,  ad.  Willingly  ; lief.  Old  Play. 

LIVED  (Ilvd),  a.  Having  life  ; — used  in  compo- 
sition ; as,  long -lived,  short -lived. 

LIVE'— FEATH-jJR§,  n.  pi.  Feathers  taken  from 
a live  bird.  Clarke. 

LIVE'— HAlR,  n.  Hair  from  a live  animal.  Clarke. 

f LIVE'LIJSS,  a.  Lifeless.  Sliak. 

LlVE'LI-HOOD  (llv'le-hfld),  n.  [ lively  and  hood. 
— A.  S.  lifiade  ; If,  life,  and  Iccdan,  to  lead.] 

1.  Means  of  living ; support  of  life ; mainte- 
nance ; living ; subsistence. 

Trade  . . . furnishes  the  poorest  of  our  fellow-subjects  with 
the  opportunities  of  gaining  an  honest  livelihood.  Addison. 

2.  t Appearance  of  life  ; liveliness ; active 
vigor. 

The  remembrance  of  her  father  never  approaches  her  but 
the  tyranny  of  her  sorrows  takes  all  livelihood  from  her 
cheek.  Shak. 

8yn.  — See  Living. 

f LI  VE'LI-LY,  ad.  In  a lively  manner.  South. 

LIVE'LI-NESS,  n.  1.  The  quality  or  the  state  of 
being  lively  ; appearance  of  life.  Dryden. 

2.  Sprightliness  ; vivacity  ; animation.  Locke. 

t LIVE'LODE,  n.  Livelihood.  Spenser. 

LIVE'LONG,  a.  1.  Living  or  enduring  long; 
lasting.  “ A livelong  monument.”  Milton. 

2.  Long  in  passing.  “The  livelong  day.”  Shak. 

LIVE'LONG,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the  genus 
Sedum.  Wright. 

LIVE'LY  (llv'le),  a.  1.  f Having  life;  living. 
“ Lively  creatures,  ...  as  frogs.”  Ilolinshed. 

Had  I but  seen  thy  picture  in  this  plight, 

It  would  have  inadaed  me;  what  shall  I do 

Now  I behold  thy  lively  body  so?  Shah. 

2.  Resembling  or  representing  life. 

Since  a true  knowledge  of  nature  gives  us  pleasure,  a lively 
imitation  of  it  in  poetry  or  painting  must  produce  a much 
greater.  Dryden. 

3.  Active ; brisk  ; agile  ; alert ; nimble  ; stir- 
ring ; energetic  ; vigorous. 

Mine  enemies  are  lively , and  they  are  strong.  Vs.  xxxviii.  10. 

4.  Animated ; sprightly  ; spirited  ; gay  ; airy. 

From  grave  to  gay,  from  lively  to  severe.  Tope. 

5.  Vivid;  bright;  brilliant;  strong;  clear. 

The  colors  of  the  prism  are  manifestly  more  full,  intense, 

and  lively  than  those  of  natural  bodies.  Norton. 

Lively  oracles,  the  revelation  made  to  Moses  of  the 
doctrines  of  life,  or  doctrines  which  entitled  the  Is- 
raelites to  a long  life  upon  earth,  spoke  of  a spiritual 
life,  and  promised  eternal  life.  (Acts  vii.  38.)  Clarke. — 
Lively  stones,  believers  in  Christ,  who,  having  re- 
ceived spiritual  life  from  him,  are  represented  under 
the  figure  of  the  stones  of  a temple,  as  forming  a 
spiritual  or  holy  family  or  household,  Christ  being 
the  chief  corner-stone.  (1  Pet.  ii.  5.)  Clarke. 

Syn.  — See  Cheerful. 

LIVE'LY,  ad.  1.  With  life;  briskly,  [n.]  Dryden. 

2.  In  a life-like  manner,  [r.]  Milton. 

LIVE'— OAK,  n.  (Bot.)  A very  tough  and  hard 
species  of  oak,  native  of  the  southern  portion 
of  the  U.  S.,  and  highly  esteemed  for  ship- 
timber  ; Quercus  virens.  Loudon. 

LIV'BR,  n.  One  who  lives.  Drummond. 

LIV'JJR,  n.  [A.  S.  lifer-,  Dut.  lover-,  Ger.  leber; 
Dan.  lever;  Icel.  lifur ; Sw.  lefwer.]  (Anat.) 
The  organ  which  secretes  the  bile,  being  the 
largest  gland  in  the  body. 

flgy-  It  is  a solid  viscus  of  a reddisli-brown  color, 
situated  immediately  under  the  diaphragm,  in  the 
right  hypochondriac,  and  partly  in  the  epigastric 
region,  and  is  divided  into  three  lobes,  the  large  right 
or  colic  lobe,  the  lower  or  inferior  lobe,  sometimes 
called  lobula,  and  the  middle  or  left  lobe.  Dunglison. 

Liver  of  sulphur,  fused  sulphuret  of  potassium;  so 
called  from  its  brownisli  color.  Brande. 

LIV'pR-COL'OR  (ITv'er-kul'ur),  n.  Sc  a.  The 
color,  or  of  the  color,  of  liver ; reddish-brown. 

Woodward. 

LIV'IJR— cdL'ORED,  a.  Having  the  color  of  the 
liver  ; reddish-brown.  Ash. 

LIV'ERED  (llv'erd),  a.  Having  a liver  ; as,  white- 
livered ; — used  in  composition. 


LIV'BR-GROWN  (-gron),  a.  (Med.)  Having  an 
enlarged  liver.  Dunglison. 

LIV'JpR-IBD,  a.  Having  or  wearing  a livery. 

A thousand  liveried  angels  lackey  her.  Milton. 

LI V'JJR-LEAF,  n.  Same  as  Liverwort.  Gray. 

LI V'£R— STONE,  n.  (Min.)  A native  sulphuret 
of  barium.  Buchanan. 

LIV'BR-WORT  (-wurt),  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the 
genus  liepatica,  a genus  of  the  ranunculaceous 
plants  or  crowfoot  family ; liver-leaf ; — so  named 
from  a fancied  resemblance  of  the  three  lobes  df 
the  leaves  to  the  three  lobes  of  the  liver.  Gray. 

According  to  Gray,  the  Hepaticat  constitute  an 
order  of  cryptogamous  plants ; according  to  the  Eng- 
lish Cyclopaedia,  a family  oimusci,  or  mosses,  a group 
ot  cryptogamous  plants. 

LIV'ER-Y,  n.  [L . Itbero,  to  set  free;  liberus,  free; 
It.  leered  ; Sp .librea;  Fr . livree.] 

1.  (Law.)  Delivery  ; — a writ  which  lay  for  an 

heir  to  obtain  possession  of  lands  : — the  privi- 
lege of  a particular  company.  Burrill. 

2.  Delivery  of  a person  to  his  own  care ; re- 
lease from  wardship.  King  Charles. 

3.  An  allowance  of  food  at  a certain  rate. 

. So,  in  great  houses,  the  liver]/ is  said  to  be  served  up  for  all 
night,  that  is,  their  evening  allowance  of  drink.  Spenser. 

4.  The  distinctive  dress  given  by  noblemen, 
&c.,  to  their  pages,  lackeys,  and  other  servants. 

5.  The  distinctive  dress  of  a class.  P.  Cyc. 

6.  The  body  of  ferrymen  in  London.  Johnson. 

flUT*  What  livery  is,  we  by  common  use  in  England 

know  well  enough,  namely,  that  is,  allowance  of 
horse-meat,  as  to  keep  horses  at  livery , the  which 
word,  I guess,  is  derived  from  livering  or  delivering 
forth  their  nightly  food.  So  in  great  houses  the  livery 
is  said  to  be  served  up  for  all  night.  And  the  livery 
is  also  the  upper  weed  which  a servant  man  weareth, 
so  called,  as  I suppose,  for  that  it  was  delivered  and 
taken  from  him  at  pleasure.  Spenser. 

Livery  of  seisin,  (Law.)  a delivery  of  possession  of 
lands,  tenements,  and  hereditaments,  to  a person  en- 
titled to  the  same.  Bouvier. — To  sue  one,s  livery , to 
institute  a suit  as  an  heir,  to  obtain  possession  of  lands 
that  have  been  seized  by  the  court  of  wards  on  the 
death  of  any  tenant  of  the  crown. 

I am  denied  to  sue  my  liven/  here, 

And  yet  my  letters-patent  give  me  leave.  Shak. 

LlV'JJR-y,  v.  a.  To  clothe  in  a livery.  Shak. 

Llv'BR-Y-GoWN,  n.  The  gown  of  a London 
liveryman.  Smart. 

LIv'BR-Y-MAN,  n. ; pi.  liverymen.  1.  A ser- 
vant who  wears  a livery.  Johnson. 

2.  In  the  city  of  London,  one  of  the  body  of 
freemen  in  each  of  the  different  companies  or 
guilds  which  represent  most  of  the  trades  of  the 
city,  who,  having  paid  certain  fees,  are  entitled, 
on  election,  to  wear  the  livery  of  their  respec- 
tive companies,  and  also  to  enjoy  other  peculiar 
privileges,  as  of  voting  for  certain  of  the  muni- 
cipal officers,  &c.  P.  Cyc. 

LlV'BR-Y— STA'BLE,  n.  A stable  where  horses 
are  kept  and  let  out  for  hire.  Phillips. 

LiVEij  (11 \z),  n. ; pi.  of  life.  See  Life. 

LIVE'-STOCK,  n.  Animals  kept  for  use,  to  be 
vended,  or  for  their  produce.  Simmonds. 

LIV'ID,  a.  [L.  lividus;  It.  &-  Sp.  Uvido;  Fr.  li- 
vide.]  Black  and  blue ; of  a lead  color  ; dis- 
colored, as  by  a bruise.  “ Livid  spots.”  Bacon. 

LI-VID'I-TY,  n.  Same  as  Lividness.  Arbutlinot. 

LI  V'ID-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality  of  be- 
ing livid  or  of  a black  and  blue  color.  Scott. 

LlV'ING,  a.  1.  Having  life  ; that  lives  ; vigor- 
ous ; active;  lively.  “A  living  faith.”  Johnson. 

2.  Permanent ; enduring  ; lasting. 

Living  force,  [L.  vis  viva,]  a term  formerly  used  by 
mathematicians  to  denote  the  force  of  a body  in  mo- 
tion, as  distinguished  from  dead  force,  [L.  vis  mortua,  ] 
or  pressure.  Ogilvie.  — Living  water,  water  that  flows 
from  a never-failing  fountain  ; — opposed  to  stagnant 
water.  “ A well  of  living  waters,  and  streams  from 
Lebanon.”  Cant.  iv.  15. 

LlV'ING,  n.  1.  The  means  by  which  one  lives ; 
sustenance;  support;  livelihood;  maintenance; 
subsistence  ; as,  “To  work  for  a living.” 

She  did  cast  in  all  she  had,  even  all  her  living.  Mark  xii.  44. 

2.  The  benefice  of  a clergyman. 

In  consequence  of  the  pope’s  interference,  the  best  livings 
were  filled  by  Italian  and  other  foreign  clergy.  Blackstone. 


A,  E,  !,  O,  U,  y;  long;  A,  E,  !,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  IIER 


LIVINGLY 


849 


LOATHLY 


3.  Course  of  life.  “ The  younger  son . . . wasted 
his  substance  with  riotous  living.”  Luke  xv.  13. 

4.  He  who  lives,  or  they  who  live. 

The  grave  cannot  praise  thee;  death  cannot  celebrate  thee. 
. . . The  living,  the  living , he  shall  praise  thee.  Isa.  xxxviii.  18. 

Syn. — Living , livelihood , and  subsistence , denote 
the  means  of  supporting  life  gained  Ity  one’s  own 
efforts.  Maintenance , support . and  sustenance  denote 
the  means  of  supporting  life  conferred  by  others.  A 
man  labors  for  a livelihood,  gains  a living  by  trade,  or 
he  may  obtain  a scanty  subsistence  by  begging.  A 
maintenance  and  support  are  granted  by  individuals  or 
by  public  bodies  ; sustenance  is  received  to  sustain  life. 

A benefice  is  an  ecclesiastical  living,  or  that  which 

supports  a clergyman. 

LIV'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a living  state.  Browne. 

LIVRAISOJT  (liiv-ra-zong'),  n.  [Fr.]  Delivery 
of  merchandise  that  has  been  sold  : — a book  or 
work  issued  in  numbers  or  parts.  Gent.  Mag. 

LI'VRE  (ll'vur  or  le'vur)  [ll'vur,  S.  IF.  P.  J.  F. 
Sm.  ; le'vur,  E.  K. ; levr,  Ja.  Wr.],  n.  [Fr.] 
Originally,  a French  money  of  account ; after- 
wards, a coin  which  contained  twenty  sous. 

In  1795,  it  was  superseded  by  the  franc.  P.  Cyc. 

LIX-IV'I-AL  (lik-siv'e-al),  a.  [It.  lissiviale ; Sp. 
lejivial;  Fr.  lixiviel.] 

1.  Noting  salts  obtained  by  lixiviation.  Boyle. 

2.  Relating  to,  or  like,  lixivium.  Arbuthnot. 

LIX-IV'I-ATE,  v.  a.  [It.  lissiviare.]  To  impreg- 
nate with  salts  from  wood-ashes  ; to  convert 
into  lye  by  lixiviation.  ' Ure. 

LIX-IV'I-ATE,  ? a_  Relating  to,  consisting  of, 

LIX-IV'I-AT-JjlD,  > or  containing  lixivium.  “ Lix- 
iviate salts.”  Boyle. 

LIX-I  V-I-A'TION,  n.  [It.  lissiviazionc  ; Fr.  lix- 
iviation.] The  act  or  process  of  washing  wood- 
ashes  in  order  to  extract  alkaline  salts  ; the  act 
or  process  of  making  lye.  Hamilton. 

LIX-IV'I-OUS,  a.  [L.  lixivius ; It.  lissivioso.]  Be- 
longing to  lye  ; lixivial.  Scott. 

LIX-IV’l-im,  n. ; pi.  Lix-rr’T  A.  [L.,  from  lix, 
ashes.]  Lye,  or  alkaline  salt  in  solution ; lix- 
iviated water.  Boyle. 

LlZ'ARD,  n.  [L.  lacerta;  It.  lucertcu,  lucertola; 
Sp,  lagarto  ; Fr.  lizard.  — “ So  called  because 
its  limbs  resemble  the  arms  (L.  lacertus ) of 
man.”  Richardson .]  - 

. 1.  ( Zoiil .) 

A term  ap- 
plied, in  its 
most  general 
sense,  to  a 
saurian  rep- 
tile, as  the 
crocodile,  al- 
li°\Ttor  io-u-  Green  lizard  (Lacerta  viridis). 

ana,  ehamelion,  &c.,  characterized  by  being 
oviparous,  by  having  four  distinct  limbs,  toes 
clawed,  body  elongated,  rounded,  covered  with 
imbricated  or  granular  scales,  ribs  distinct,  mo- 
bile, and  with  a distinct  sternum,  tail  elongate, 
tapering,  rarely  prehensile,  generally  covered 
with  whorls  of  scales,  the  egg  having  a hard 
skin,  and  the  young  not  undergoing  any  meta- 
morphosis ; — in  a more  restricted  sense  an 
animal  of  the  genus  Lacerta.  Eng.  Cyc. 

fS3f  There  are  four  species  of  lizards,  belonging  to 
as  many  genera,  without  any  feet,  and  six  species,  of 
six  different  genera,  without  any  fore-legs.  Agassiz. 

2.  (Astron.)  A northern  constellation,  near 
Cepheus  and  Cassiopea.  — See  Lacerta.  Hind. 

3.  ( Naut .)  A piece  of  rope,  sometimes  with 
two  legs  and  one  or  more  iron  thimbles  spliced 
into  it;  — used  for  various  purposes.  Dana. 

LlZ'ARD— STONE,  n.  A kind  of  stone.  Johnson. 

LlZ'ARD-TAIL,  n.  ( Bot .) 

A water  plant ; Sauru- 
rus  cernuus  ; — so  called 
in  allusion  to  the  shape 
and  scaly  appearance 
of  the  long  spike  of 
flowers.  Gray. 

LLA'MA  (la'ma),ft.  (Zoiil.') 

A wool-bearing  quadru- 
ped of  South  America, 
resembling  the  camel  in 
form  and  structure,  but 
inferior  in  size  ; guan- 


LO AF'IJR,  n.  [Ger.  laufer,  a runner  ; lavfen,  to 
run  ; Sp.  galhfero,  a lazy  fellow  ; gallnfo,  idle, 
lazy.]  An  idle  or  mischievous  person  ; an 
idler  ; an  idle  lounger ; a vagrant.  Stevens. 

A modern  word,  reputed  of  American  origin. 

LOAF'— SU-GAR  (-shug'ftr),  n.  Solid,  refined  su- 
gar, made  in  a mould,  and  freed  from  the  coloring 
matter  and  molasses  by  draining.  Simmonds. 

LOAM  (lom),  n.  [A.  S.  lam.  laam  ; Dut.  leem ; 
Frs.  Hem ; Gcr.  lehm,  leim  ; Dan.  leer ; S w.  ler.  — 
It.  <Sf  Sp.  limo  ; Gr.  l.iipa,  filth  removed  by  wash- 
ing. — See  Lime.]  A dark-colored,  rich  mould, 
principally  composed  of  dissimilar  particles  of 
earthy  matter,  as  sand,  clay,  and  carbonate  of 
lime,  and  vegetable  matter  in  a state  of  decay, 
with  an  occasional  mixture  of  oxide  of  iron,  and 
various  salts.  P.  Cyc.  Farm. 

Clayey  loam,  loam  in  which  clay  predominates. — 
Sandy  loam,  loam  in  which  sand  predominates. 

LOAM  (lom),  v.  a.  To  smear  or  cover  with  loam. 
“The  walls  must  be  loamed.”  Moxon. 

LOAM'Y  (lom'e),  a.  Consisting  of,  or  like,  loam. 
“ Loamy  soils.”  Brande. 

LOAN  (Ion),  n.  [Goth,  laun  ; A.  S.  Iren  ; Dut.  leen  ; 
Ger.  lehen;  Dan.  laan  ; Sw.  Ian.  — See  Lend.] 

1.  That  which  is  lent,  especially  a sum  of 

money  lent  on  interest.  “ Mr.  Pitt  proposed  a 
loan  of  eighteen  millions.”  Belsham. 

2.  The  act  of  lending  ; a lending.  Smart. 

LOAN  (I5n),  v.  a.  [Goth,  leiwan;  A.  S.  leenan,  to 
lend.]  \i.  loaned  ; pp.  loaning,  loaned.] 
To  afford,  or  supply,  on  condition  of  a return  ; 
to  lend. 

This  verb  is  inserted  by  Todd,  in  his  edition  of 
Johnson’s  Dictionary,  on  the  authority  of  Huloet 
(1552)  and  Langley,  (who  says,  “ By  way  of  location 
or  loaning  them  out,”  1664,)  and  noted,  “ Not  now  in 
use.”  It  is,  however,  much  used  in  this  country,  and 
the  use  of  it  is,  in  some  degree,  revived  in  England. 

A gentleman  loaned  him  a manuscript.  Sat.  May.,  Lon.  1839. 
Will  any  one  dare  to  be  a party  to  loan  to  Russia? 

Richard  Cobden,  M.  P.  1849. 

The  practice  of  loaning  money.  West,  Rev.  1849. 

LOAN'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  lent,  [r.]  Gouge. 

LOAN'JgR,  n.  A lender,  [li.]  C.  Green. 

LOAN'— OF-FICE,  n.  An  office  in  which  loans 
are  negotiated.  Simmonds. 

LOATH  (loth)  [loth,  S.  II'.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  Wr. ; 
loth,  C.  IFo.J,  a.  [A.  S.  lath,  hateful,  unpleas- 
ant, loath  ; Dan.  leede ; Sw.  led.)  Unwilling; 
backward ; averse  ; reluctant ; disinclined. 

Though  loath  to  say  farewell,  we  take  our  leaves.  Shall. 

To  pardon  willing,  and  to  punish  loath.  Waller. 

Syn.  — See  Averse. 

LOATHE  (loth),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  lathian;  Sw.  ladas.] 

\i.  LOATHED  ; pp.  LOATHING,  LOATHED.] 

1.  To  feel  nausea  or  disgust  at. 

The  full  soul  loatheth  an  honeycomb.  Pi'ov.  xxvii.  7. 

2.  To  dislike  greatly  ; to  regard  with  ex- 
treme aversion  ; to  abhor  ; to  detest ; to  abom- 
inate ; to  hate. 

Now  am  I caught  with  an  unwary  oath, 

Not  to  reveal  tne  secret  which  I loathe.  Waller. 

3.  +To  cause  to  hate  or  dislike  ; — with_/)w«. 

[They]  loathe  men  from  reading  by  their  covert,  slander- 
ous reproaches  of  the  Scriptures.  Abp.  Parker. 

Syn. — See  Abhor. 

LOATHE,  v.  n.  To  feel  nausea,  disgust,  or  ab- 
horrence. [it.]  Ex.  vii.  18. 

LOATH'JJR  (lotfi'er),  n.  One  who  loathes. 

LOATH'FUL  (loth'ful),  a.  1.  Hating  ; abhorring; 
loathing.  “ Loathful  eyes.”  [-R.j  Spenser- 

2.  Hated ; abhorred;  loathsome.  “ Loathful, 
inful  lust.”  [it.]  Spenser. 

LOATH'ING,  p.  a.  Feeling  disgust ; hating  from 
disgust ; abhorring. 

LOATH'ING  (loth'jng),  n.  1.  Aversion  or  repug- 
nance to  food.  Dunglison. 

2.  Aversion  ; abhorrence  ; disgust.  Shak. 

LOATII'ING-LY,  ad.  With  disgust  or  aversion. 

f LOATH'LI-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  loathly 
or  loathsome ; loathsomeness.  Bp.  Hall. 

f LOATH 'LY,  a.  Disgusting;  loathsome. 

A loathly  toad  out  of  his  hole  did  crawl.  Di'airtcm. 


Llama  ( Auchenia  glama). 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  S6N ; BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — O,  £,  c,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 

107 


LOATHLY 


850 


LOCKET 


LOATH'LY  (loth'le),  acL  With  aversion;  un- 
willingly ; without  liking.  Sidney. 

LOATH 'N£SS  (loth'nes),  n.  The  quality  of  being 
loath  ; reluctance  ; unwillingness.  Shak. 

LOATH'SOME  (loth'sum),  a.  1.  Exciting  nausea 
or  disgust ; disgusting ; sickening ; offensive ; 
foul ; as,  “ Loathsome  food.” 

2.  Hateful ; detestable  ; odious.  “ Loathsome 
sloth.”  Spenser. 

LOATH 'SOME- LY  (lotb'sum-le),  ad.  So  as  to  ex- 
cite disgust  or  loathing.  Shaftesbury . 

LOATH 'SOME-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
loathsome  or  disgusting.  Addison. 


fLOATH'Y,  a.  Loathsome. 

Her  face  most  foul  and  filthy  was  to  see, 

With  squinted  eyes  contrary  ways  intended, 

And  loathy  mouth,  unmeet  a mouth  to  be.  Spenser. 

LOAVE§  (lovz),  n. ; pi.  of  loaf.  See  Loaf. 

LOB,  v.  a.  [From  lap,  or  lappet,  a hanging  part.] 
To  drop  or  let  fall,  inertly,  as  from  weariness 
or  from  laziness.  Shak. 

LOB,  n.  [Icel.  lubha  ; W.  llob.  — “ Lob,  looby,  and 
lubber  appear  to  be  merely  words  of  consequen- 
tial usage  from  the  verb  to  lob."  Richardson.'] 

1.  An  inert,  plumish,  sluggish,  or  stupid 
person.  [Local.]  “ A very  lob  and  fool.”  Holland. 

2.  A very  large  lump.  [Local.]  HalliweU. 

LO  BATE,  I a (A Tat.  Hist.)  [See  Lobe.] 

l6'bAt-£D,  ) Having  lobes;  lobed.  P.  Cyc. 

LOB  BY,  n.  [Low7  L.  labium.  — From  Ger.  laube, 
an  arbor,  a bower  ; laub,  foliage.  Wachter.] 

1.  A hall  or  passage  serving  as  an  ante-room. 

The  lobby  of  the  House  of  Commons.  Burke.  \ 

2.  ( Naut .)  A small  apartment  adjoining  the 

fore-part  of  the  bread-room.  Mar.  Diet. 

3.  (Agri.c.)  A small  enclosure  for  cattle,  ad- 
joining the  farm-yard.  Rees. 

LOB  BY,  v.  n.  To  frequent  the  lobbies  of  a house 
of  legislation,  for  the  purpose  of  influencing 
the  action  of  the  members  or  of  securing  their 
votes  for  some  favorite  bill.  [Low.] 

A committee  has  gone  to  Albany  to  lobby  for  a new  hank 
charter.  JVr.  Y.  Cour.  § Enq. 

LOB  BY— MEM'BER,  n.  One  who  frequents  the 
lobbies  of  a house  of  legislation  in  order  to  in- 
fluence the  action  of  the  members.  Greeley. 

LOB'COCK,  n.  A lob.  [Low.]  Breton,  1577. 

LOBE,  n.  [Gr.  >.o(3ts ; Low  L.  lobus  ; It.,  Sp.,  fy 
Port,  lobo  ; Fr.  lobe.  — From  Gr.  '/.t-u>,  to  peel,  and 
probably  akin  to  Eng.  lap,  to  fold.  Lid.  Sj  Scott.] 

1.  ( Anat .)  A rounded  or  projecting  part  or 
division,  as  of  the  lungs  or  the  brain.  Paley. 

2.  (Bot.)  A projecting  division,  especially  a 

rounded  one.  Gray. 

3.  (Mech.)  The  larger  or  most  prominent 

part  of  a cam-wheel.  Ogilvie. 

Biventral  lobe,  a wedge-shaped  lobe  of  the  cerebel- 
lum, situated  behind  the  tonsil.  — Lobe  of  the.  ear,  the 
lower  soft  part  of  the  car.  punglison. 

LOBE'-FOOT  (-fOt),  n.  (Ornith.)  A foot  of  a 
bird,  as  of  the  coot,  which  has  a lobe  or  mem- 
brane on  each  side  of  the  toes.  Yarrell. 

LOBE'LIJT,  n.  (Bot.)  A lobule.  Loudon. 

LO-BE'LI-A,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants;  — so 
named  in  honor  of  Label,  physician  to  James  I. 

ill,  ’ The  North  American  species,  Lobelia  ivjlata,  or 
Indian  tobacco,  is  used  in  medicine.  Punglison. 

LO-BI-PKD'  I-DJE,  n.  pi.  [Low  L.  lobus,  a lobe, 
and  L.  pas,  pedis,  a foot..]  (Ornith.)  A family 
of  anserine  birds,  including  those  which  have 
lobe-feet,  as  the  coot  and  the  phalarope.  Yarrell. 

LOB'LING,  n.  A large  kind  of  fish.  Ash. 

LOB'LOL-LY ,n.  Burgoo. — See B urgoo  . Afar. Diet. 

LOB'LOL-LY— BAY,  n.  (Bot.)  A showy  shrub 
growing  in  the  southern  portions  of  the  United 
States  ; Gordonia  lasiantliu's.  Gray. 

LOB'LOL-LY— BOY,  n.  (Naut.)  A surgeon’s  at- 
tendant. ’ Mar.  Diet. 

LOB'LOL-LY— TREE,  n.  (Bot.)  A tree  growing 
in  the  West  Indies  ; Varronia  alba.  Wright. 

LO'BO-ITE,  n.  (Mm.)  A k;ml  of  idocrase.  Dana. 

LOB'SCOUSE,  n.  A stew  composed  of  small 
pieces  of  meat  mixed  with  potatoes,  onions, 
&c. ; — also  written  lobscoursc.  [Local.]  Wright. 


LOB’ij!'— PciOND,  n.  A prison  for  beggars.  Addison. 

LOB'STflt,  n.  [A.  S.  loppestre,  hpgstre;  lileapan, 
to  leap.]  (Zoul.)  A long-tailed  crustaceous  ani- 
mal of  the  genus  Astacus  of  Leach,  or  Homa- 
rus  of  Milne-Edwards.  Eng.  Cyc. 

1 8SP  The  lobster  when  alive  is  of  a dull,  pale,  red- 
dish-yellow7, spoiled  with  bluish-black.  When  boiled 
it  becomes  red.  The  lobster,  as  an  article  of  food, 
is  perhaps  the  most  important  of  all  the  Crustacea. 
Baird. 

LOB'ULE,  n.  A little  lobe.  Chambers. 

LOB'WORM  (lob'wurm),  n.  A thick,  sluggish 

worm,  used  in  angling.  Walton. 

LO'CAL,  a.  [L.  localis  ; locus,  a place  ; It.  locale ; 
Sp.  Sj  Fr.  local.] 

1.  Pertaining,  confined,  or  limited  to  a place  ; 
as,  “ Local  customs  ” ; “ Local  knowledge.” 

Truth  is  not  local ; God  alike  pervades 

And  fills  the  world  of  traffic  and  of  shades.  Cowper. 

2.  Having  the  properties  of  place. 

A higher  flight  the  venturous  goddess  tries, 

Leaving  material  world  and  local  skies.  Prior. 

Local  action , (Law.)  an  action  which  must  be  brought 
in  a particular  county.  Burrill.  — Local  affection, 
(Med.)  an  affection  confined  to  a particular  part,  in- 
volving the  general  system,  if  at  all,  only  indirectly. 
Dunglison. — Local  allegiance , (Law.)  allegiance  due 
from  an  alien  or  stranger  as  long  as  he  remains  within 
the  sovereign’s  dominions  and  protection.  Burrill. — 
Local  application , (Med.)  an  external  or  topical  appli- 
cation. Dunglison.  — Local  color , (Paint.)  the  color 
which  belongs  to  an  object,  irrespective  of  all  acci- 
dental influences,  as  reflections,  shadows,  &c.  Fair- 
holt. 

LO-CALE',  n.  [Fr.  local.]  Locality,  [r.]  Mirror. 

LO'CAL-I§M,  n.  1.  The  state  of  being  local. 

2.  A word,  phrase,  or  idiom  peculiar  to  a par- 
ticular place  or  district.  Ed.  Moor. 

3.  A local  community  or  interest.  Ec.  Rev. 

LO-CAL'I-TY,  71.  [L.  healitas  ; locus,  a place  ; It. 
localitii ; Sp . localidad-,  Fr.  locality.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  local ; existence  in 
place  ; situation  in  respect  to  place.  Glanvill. 

2.  Geographical  position  or  place,  as  of  a 

plant  or  a mineral.  Silliman. 

LO-CAL-I-ZA'TION,  71.  The  act  of  making  local ; 
act  of  assigning  a place.  Dr.  Th.  Chal/ners. 

LO'CAL-IZE,  V.  a.  ft.  LOCALIZED  ; pp.  LOCAL- 
IZING, localized.]  To  make  local.  P.  Mag. 

LO'CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a local  manner  ; in  a place. 

LO'CATE,  v.  a.  [L.  loco,  locatus  ; locus,  a place; 
It.  locare.]  [i.  located  ; pp.  locating,  lo- 
cated.] 

1.  To  place  ; to  set,  fix,  or  establish  in  a 
place  or  situation. 

Ilere  he  has  located  some  of  bis  liveliest  scenes. 

R.  Cumberland. 

The  climate  in  which  they  arc  located.  Qu.  Itev. 

2.  To  select,  survey,  and  set  otf,  as  lands. 

A peer,  who  I think  does  not  always  vote  in  the  majority, 
made  a sort  of  proposition  for  an  address  to  the  king  that  ho 
more  lands  be  located  in  America.  Burke , 1774. 

/£g=*This  use  of  locate  has  been  regarded  as  peculiar 
to  America. 

3.  To  designate  and  determine  the  place  of. 

Wright. 

LO'CATE,  v.  n.  To  adopt  or  form  a fixed  resi- 
dence ; to  settle,  [it.]  Boswortli. 

LO-CA'TION,  71.  [L.  locatio-,  loco,  locatus,  to  lo- 

cate ; It.  hcazione  ; Sp.  bcacion  ; Fr.  locatio7i.] 

1.  The  act  of  locating,  or  the  state  of  being 
located  ; situation,  with  respect  to  place  ; place. 

Any  determinate  location  or  position  of  the  body.  Pearson. 

To  say  that  the  world  is  somewhere  means  no  more  than 
that  it  does  exist  — this,  though  a phrase  borrowed  from  place, 
signifying  only  its  existence,  not  location.  Locke. 

2.  ( Laxc.)  A letting  for  hire  : — in  American 

law,  the  ascertaining  and  marking  out  of  the 
bounds  of  a particular  tract  of  land  upon  the 
land  itself  according  to  a description  in  an  en- 
try, grant,  map,  See.  Bux'rill. 

3.  That  which  is  located;  land  set  off  or  sur- 
veyed. [U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

LOjCH  (lok),  w.  [A.  S.  lull ; Gael,  loch  ; Ir.  lough.] 

1.  An  arm  of  the  sea.  [Scotland.] 

Across  one  of  the  lochs  ...  or  arms  of  the  sea.  Bosicell. 

2.  A lake,  as,  “ Loch  Lomond.”  [Scotland.] 

Jamieson. 

LOCH,  n.  [Fr.  looc.h,  loch.  — From  Arab,  laonak, 
a potion.  Landais.]  (Med.)  A medicine  to 


allay  cough  ; a lambative  or  linctus  ; — written 
also  loche,  lohoch,  and  looch.  Dunglison. 

LQ-jCHA'BpR— AXE,  n.  A large-sized  hal- 
bert or  pole-axe,  used  by  the  Scottish 
Highlanders,  having  a strong  hook  on 
the  back  for  laying  hold  on  the  object  as- 
saulted. Jamieson. 

LOjEH'A^rE,  71.  [Gr.  l.o^ayd^  ; }.6%os,  a body 
of  soldiers,  and  ayu>,  to  lead.]  (Gre- 
cian  Axit.)  The  commander  of  a band  of 
foot-soldiers,  called  a lochus,  the  number 
in  which  varied  at  different  periods.  Mitford. 

LO-GI1I  A,  or  LO'L’Hl- A,  ??.  pi.  [Gr.  rd  /.dyaa  ; }.f,- 
X«s,  relating  to  childbirth.]  (Med.)  Serous  and 
sanguineous  discharges  after  delivery. 

Dunglisoxi. 

LO'GII  j-AL,  a.  [Fr.]  Pertaining  to  lochia.  Loudon. 

LOCK,  n.  [A.  S.  he,  an  enclosure,  a lock  ; Dut. 
sht,  a lock  ; Ger.  schhss  ; Dan.  lukke,  an  en- 
closure ; has,  a lock  ; Sw.  las,  a lock ; Icel. 
loka .] 

1.  Any  thing  that  fastens,  — particularly  an 
instrument  having  one  or  more  bolts  moved  by 
a key,  used  for  fastening  doors,  drawers, 
chests,  &c. 

As  there  arc  locks  for  several  purposes,  so  are  there  several 
inventions  in  locks  in  contriving  their  wards  or  guards.  3/oxon. 

2.  That  part  of  a gun  by  means  of  which  fire 

is  communicated  to  the  charge.  Grew. 

3.  A grapple  ; a hug.  “ Locks  and  gripes  of 

wrestling.”  Milton. 

4.  A place  shut  in  ; an  enclosure ; a lock-up. 

Sergesthus,  eager  with  his  beak  to  press 
Betwixt  the  rival  galley  and  the  rock. 

Shuts  up  the  unwieldy  centaur  in  the  lock.  Drydcn. 

5.  A work  erected  to  confine  and  raise  the 
water  of  a river  or  canal ; a dam.  Francis. 

6.  An  enclosure  having  gates  at  each  end  in 

a canal  or  at  a dam,  for  raising  or  low  ering  ves- 
sels from  one  level  to  another.  Braxide. 

LOCK,  7i.  [A.  S.  loce , hca  ; Ger.  locke  ; Dnt.  § 

Dan.  lok ; Sw.  lock  ; Icel.  lockr.]  A quantity 
of  wool,  hair,  or  other  like  substance  hanging 
or  clinging  together  ; a tuft. 

Not  all  the  tresses  that  fair  head  can  boast, 

Shall  draw  such  envy  as  the  lock  you  lost.  Pope. 

LOCK,  v.  a.  [Goth,  lukaxi;  A.  S.  lueaxi ; Dan. 
lukke.)  [i.  LOCKED  ; pp.  LOCKING,  LOCKED.] 

1.  To  fasten  or  close  fast,  as  with  a lock  ; to 
shut ; to  close.  “ Locking  every  door.”  Dryden. 

Death  blasts  his  bloom,  and  locks  his  frozen  eyes.  Gay. 

2.  To  confine  or  exclude,  by  fastening  that 
which  closes  the  opening  or  entrance  ; as,  “ To 
lock  money  in  a box.” 

3.  To  join  or  unite  firmly,  as  by  intertwining 
or  infolding  ; as,  “To  hek  arms.” 

4.  To  encircle  ; to  enclose  ; to  clasp;  as,  “ To 
hek  one  in  the  arms.” 

5.  To  furnish  w7ith  locks,  as  a canal.  Smart. 

To  loch  up,  to  close  or  fasten  with  a lock  ; — to  con- 
fine ; to  restrain. 

LOCK,  v.  7i.  1.  To  become  fast.' 

Doubly  disparted,  it  [door]  did  loch  and  close.  Spenser. 

2.  To  unite  by  mutual  insertion.  “ They 
lock  into  each  other.”  Boyle. 

LOCK'At^E,  71.  1.  The  construction  of,  or  ma- 

terials for  constructing,  locks  in  canals  ; a lock. 

2.  Toll  for  passing  the  locks  of  a carvaX. Clarke. 

3.  The  quantity  of  w7ater  necessary  for  filling 
a lock,  and  passing  a vessel  through  it.  Clarke. 

4.  The  amount  of  elevation  and  descent 

made  by  the  locks  of  a canal.  Maunder. 

LOCK'— CHAM-BpR,  xi.  The  interior  of  a canal- 
lock  ; space  between  two  lock-gates.  Fraxicis. 

LOCKED'— JAW  (lokt'jaw),  71.  (Med.)  Spasmodic 
closure  of  the  lower  jaw;  a form  of  tetanus  con- 
fined to  the  muscles  of  the  jaws ; trismus  ; — 
called  also  lock-jaw.  Duxiglison. 

LOCK'^R,  n.  1.  He  w7ho,  or  that  which,  locks. 

2.  Any  thing  closed  with  a lock,  as  a chest,  a 
drawer,  a cupboard,  &c. 

Boatswain’s  locker,  (Want.)  a chest  in  which  are 
kept  tools  and  small  stuff  for  working  on  rigging. — 
Chain-locker,  a chest  in  which  the  chain  cables  are 
kept.  — Shot-locker,  a frame  of  plank  near  tile  pump- 
well  in  the  hold,  in  which  the  shot  are  kept.  Mar.  Diet. 

LOCK'JJT,  n.  [Fr.  hquet.]. 

1.  A little  lock  ; a catch  or  spring  which  fastens 
a necklace  or  other  small  ornament.  Hudibras. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  V,  short ; 


A,  E,  !.  9.  V,  Y,  obscure ; FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


LOCKIST 


851 


LOG 


2.  A little  case  worn  as  an  ornament,  often 
containing  a lock  of  hair,  or  a miniature.  Smart. 

3.  The  hook  of  a sword  scabbard.  [Local, 

Eng.]  Wright. 

l6ck'1ST,  n.  A follower  of  John. Locke  in  meta- 
physical philosophy.  Stewart. 

LOCIC'jAW,  n.  {Med.)  Spasmodic  closure  of  the 
under  jaw.  — See  Locked-jaw. 

LOCK'— KEEP-JER,  n.  One  who  attends  the  locks 
of  a canal.  Wright. 

LOCK'LBISS,  a.  Destitute  of  locks.  Byron. 

LOCK'-PAD-DLE,  n.  A small  sluice  that  serves 
to  fill  and  empty  the  locks  of  a canal.  Wright. 

LOCK'RAM,  n.  A kind  of  coarse  linen.  Shak. 

LOCK'RAND,  n.  {Masonry.)  A course  of  bond 
stones,  or  a bonding  course.  Weale. 

LOCK'RON,  n.  ( Bot .)  A species  of  Ranunculus-, 
— called  also  golden  knap  or  nap.  Johnson. 

LOCK'-SILL,  n.  An  angular  piece  of  timber, 
against  which  the  gates  shut  at  the  bottom  of  a 
lock.  Wright. 

LOCK' SMITH,  n.  A man  whose  trade  it  is  to 
make  locks.  Fotherby. 

LOCK'-Crp,  n.  A room  or  place  in  which  persons 
under  arrest  are  temporarily  confined.  Hale. 

t LOCK'Y,  a.  Having  locks  or  tufts.  Sherwood. 

LO'CO— CES'SION  (lo'ko-sesh'un),  n.  [L.  locus, 
loco,  a place,  and  cessio,  a yielding.]  {Law.) 
A yielding  or  giving  place.  Crabb. 

LO'CO-DE-SCRIP'TIVE,  a.  [L.  locus,  loco,  a 
place,  and  Eng.  descriptive .]  Descriptive  of 
a particular  place  or  places.  Maunder. 

LO'CO— FO 'CO,  a.  [“Probably  from  L.  loco  foci, 
instead  of  a fire.”  Braude .]  Noting  a kind  of 
match,  — otherwise  called  lueifcr,  — prepared 
with  some  explosiVe  compound,  as  of  phospho- 
rus, sulphur,  and  nitre.  Brande. 

LO'CO— FO'CO,  n.  1.  A lucifer  match.  Brande. 

2.  A cant  term  applied  to  a member  of  the 
democratic  party  in  the  U.  S.  — It  originated 
from  an  incident  which  took  place  in  Tammany 
Hall,  in  the  city  of  N.  York,  in  1835.  Hammond. 

LO-CO-MO'TION,  n.  [L.  locus,  a place,  and  mo- 
tio, ' motion  moveo,  motus,  to  move;  It.  loco- 
mozione ; Sp.  locomocion  ; Fr  .locomotion.)  I he 
act,  or  the  power,  of  moving  from  place  to  place ; 
motion  from  place  to  place.  Browne. 

LO-CO-MO'TIVE,  a.  [It.  locomotivo ; Fr.  loco- 
motif.'] 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  locomotion.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  That  moves  or  has  the  power  to  move  from 
place  to  place  ; as,  “A  locomotive  engine.” 

LO-CO-MO'TIVE,  n.  [It.  locomotiva ; Fr.  loco- 
motif. ] A- steam  engine  supported  on  wheels, 
made  to  draw  or  to  propel  a train  of  railway 
carriages,  and  travelling  with  the  load  which  it 
carries.  “ The  powpr  of  locomotives.”  Brande. 

LO-CO-ftIO'TI VE-NESS,  n.  Locomotivity.  Clarke. 

LO-CO-MO-TIV'I-TY,  n.  Locomotion.  Bryant. 

LOC'U-LA-MENT,  n.  [L.  loculamentum,  a case 
or  box ;’  loculus,  dim.  of  locus,  a place.]  {Bot.) 
The  partition  or  cell  of  a seed-vessel.  Loudon. 

LOC'U-LAR,  a.  [Fr.  loculaire,  from  L.  loculus,  a 
cell’;  locus,,  a place.]  {Bot.)  Pertaining  to  a 
cell,  as  of  an  ovary.  Gray. 

LOC-U-LI-CI'DAL,  a.  [L.  loculus,  a cell,  and 
credo,  to  cut.]  {Bot.)  Noting  a dehiscence 
through  the  middle  of  the  back  of  each  locula- 
ment  or  cell  along  the  dorsal  nerve.  Gray. 

LOC'U-LOSE,  ct.  {Bot.)  Loculous.  Clarke. 

LOC'U-LOUS,  a.  [L.  loculosus ; loculus,  a cell.] 
Having  cells  ; loculose.  Brande. 

LO' CUM  TE  [NEN$.  [L.,  holding  the  place.]  A 
deputy  ; a substitute.  Maodohnel. 

LO'CUS,  n.  [L.,  place.]  {Math.)  A place  to 
which  a point  or  a line  is  confined,  and  in  any 
part  of  which  it  may  lie  under  prescribed  con- 
ditions ; — the  line  generated  by  a point,  or  the 
surface  generated  by  a line,  moving  according 
to  a fixed  law.  Eliot. 

LO'CUST,  n.  [L.  locusta;  locus,  a place,  and  uro, 
vstus,  to  burn.  Vossius  ; — It.  locusta .] 


1.  {Ent.)  The  common  name  of  orthopterous 

insects  of  the  family  Locustidce,  of  several  gen- 
era and  many  species.  Baird. 

HSy  The  most  celebrated  species  is  the  migratory 
locust  ( Locusta  migratoria  of  Linnreus),  which  appears 
periodically  in  vast  numbers  in  Central  Europe,  in 
Egypt,  Syria,  and  the  South  of  Asia,  darkening  the 
air  as  they  fly,  and  soon  destroying  all  the  vegeta- 
tion where  they  alight.  Baird. 

Sfg-  In  America  the  name  locust  is  very  improperly 
given  to  the  cicada  of  the  ancients,  or  the  liarvest-fly 
of  the  English.  Harris. 

2.  {Bot.)  A kind  of  tree ; locust-tree.  Gray. 

Honey  locust,  {Bot.)  a large  leguminous  tree,  with 

strong  thorns;  — so  called  from  the  sweet  pulp  con- 
tained in  its  pods  ; Gleditschia  triacanthus . Gray. 

LO-CUS'TA,  n.  {Bot.)  A spikeletof  a grass.  Gray. 

LO-CUS'TIC,  a.  {Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  obtained 
from  the  locust,  and  differing  little  from  acetic 
acid.  Ogilvie. 

LO-CUS'TI-CAL,  a.  Relating  to  the  locust .Byrom. 

LO'CUST— TREE,  n.  {Bot.)  The  popular  name 
of  certain  leguminous  flowering  trees,  espe- 
cially applied  to  Robinia  pseudacacia,  or  false 
acacia,  a large  North  American  forest-tree,  and 
to  Ceratonia  siliqua,  or  Carob,  or  Algaroba  tree, 
of  Southern  Europe.  Eng.  Cyc. 

LO-CU'TION,  n.  [L.  locutio;  loquor,  locutus,  to 
speak  ; It.  lucuzione  ; Sp.  locucion  ; Fr.  locution .] 
Discourse;  speech.  Bale,  1550.  Gent.  Mag.  1847. 

I cite  an  erroneous  locution.  Breen. 

LOC'U-TO-Ry,  n.  [Low  L.  ’locutorium.]  An 
apartment  in  a monastery,  in  which  monks 
were  allowed  to  converse.  Ogiloie. 

LO'DAM,  n.  A game  at  cards.  Harrington.  Mason. 

LODE,  n.  [A.  S.  lad,  a way ; Iredan,  to  lead.] 

1.  {Mining.)  A metallic  or  mineral  vein  ; — 

also  written  load.  Ure. 

2.  A cut  or  reach  of  water.  Wright. 

LODE'— SHIP,  n.  A kind  of  fishing- vessel.  Wright. 

LODE^'MAN,  n.  A pilot;  a guide.  Wright. 

LODE'STAR,  n.  See  Loadstar. 

LODE'STONE,  n.  See  Loadstone.  Johnson. 

LOD^-E  (loj),  n.  [It.  loggia  ; Sp  .login;  Port,  loga; 
Fr.  loge.  — Dan.,  Scot.,  §01d  Eng.  loge.  — From 
Old  Ger.  laubja  ; laube,  a bower ; laub,  foliage  ; 
Sp.  lonja,  a gallery.  Diez.  — From  A.  S.  logian, 
to  place,  to  put;  leegan,  to  lay.  Richardson. — 
Landais  derives  Fr.  loge  from  Gr.  l.oyeiov,  that 
part  of  the  stage  occupied  by  the  actors,  referring 
the  verb  loger  to  L.  loco,  locare,  to  place.] 

1.  A small  house  or  other  habitation  in  a 
park  or  forest.  “ To  the  sylvan  lodge.”  Milton. 

O for  a lodge  in  some  vast  wilderness!  Cowper. 

2.  The  place  where  a wild  beast  dwells  ; a 

den  ; a lair.  Smart. 

3.  A small  house  or  tenement  connected  with 
a larger.  “ The  porter’s  lodge.”  Johnson. 

4.  An  apartment  or  hall  occupied  by  a secret 

society  ; — also,  the  society  itself.  “ A lodge  of 
freemasons.”  Walpole. 

LODQrE  (loj),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  logian,  to  place  ; Dan. 
logere  ; Old  Eng.  loggc.  — It.  alloggiare  ; Sp. 
atojar-,  Fr.  loger.]  [i.  lodged  ; pp.  lodging, 
LODGED.] 

1.  To  place  ; to  put ; to  deposit ; to  plant. 

All  [the  glands]  are  lodged  in  the  most  convenient  places 
about  the  mouth  and  throat.  Derliam. 

2.  To  fix,  lay  up,  or  reposit,  as  in  the  mind, 
heart,  or  memory.  “A  lodged  hate.”  Shak. 

This  cunning  the  king  would  not  understand,  though  he 
lodged  it,  and  noted  it  in  some  particulars.  Bacon. 

3.  To  afford  place  to  ; to  reposit ; to  store. 

The  memory  can  lodge  a greater  store  of  images  than  all 
the  senses  can  present  at  one  time.  Cheync. 

4.  To  afford  a temporary  habitation,  or  with 
quarters  for  the  night ; to  harbor. 

Then  called  he  them  in  and  lodged  them;  and  on  the  mor- 
row Peter  went  away  with  them.  Acts  x.  23. 

He  means  to  lodge  you  in  the  open  field.  Shak. 

5.  To  drive  into  cover  or  a closed  place. 

“ The  deer  is  lodged.”  Addison. 

6.  To  beat  down  or  lay  flat. 

Summer  corn  by  tempest  lodged.  Slialc. 

Syn.  — See  Harbor. 


LOD(tE  (I6j),  v.  n.  1.  To  be  deposited  or  fixed  ; 
as,  “ A falling  stone  lodged  on  the  roof.” 

2.  To  have  an  abiding  place ; to  inhabit ; to 
live  ; to  dwell ; to  reside. 

Something  holy  lodges  in  that  breast.  Milton. 

And  lodge  such  daring  souls  in  little  men  ? Pope. 

3.  To  stay,  abide,  or  rest  for  a season,  as  for 
the  night ; to  have  temporary  habitation. 

In  the  forest  of  Arabia  6hajl  ye  lodge.  Isa.  xxi.  13. 

He  lodgetli  with  one  Simon,  a tanner.  Acts  x.  6. 

4.  To  be  beaten  down  or  laid  flat,  as  grain. 

Long-cane  wheat  they  reckon  . . . best  for  rank  clays:  and 
its  straw  makes  it  not  subject  to  lodge.  Mortimer. 

f LOD^rE'A-BLE,  a.  Convenient  or  suitable  to 
dwell  in.  “ The  house  is  . . . lodgeable  and 
commodious.”  Smollett. 

LODpE'MIJNT,  n.  [Fr.  logement ; loger,  to  lodge.] 

1.  Act  of  lodging  or  state  of  being  lodged. 

Any  article  which  is  of  size  enough  to  make  a lodgement 

...  in  the  small  arteries.  Baley. 

2.  An  accumulation  ; a collection. 

From  a mere  lodgement  of  extravasated  matter.  Sharp. 

3.  A place  where  any  thing  is  lodged  or  re- 

posited  ; a repository ; a room.  Pope. 

4.  {Mil.)  A work  thrown  up  by  besiegers 

during  their  approaches  in  some  dangerous 

part,  as  in  a captured  outwork  or  breach,  in 
order  to  secure  it  from  being  retaken,  and  to 
shelter  the  troops.  Glos.  of  Mil.  Terms. 

LOD£'£R  (loj'er),  n.  He  who,  or  that  which, 
lodges  or  is  lodged,  — particularly  a person  who 
occupies  a hired  room  in  the  house  of  another. 

LODGING,  n.  1.  The  place  or  apartment  where 
one  lodges  ; temporary  habitation  or  place  of 
rest  for  the  night ; a hired  room  : — residence  ; 
habitation  ; shelter ; harbor. 

He  desired  his  sister  to  bring  her  away  to  the  lodgings  of 
his  friend.  Addison. 

2.  Convenience  to  repose  or  sleep  on. 

Their  feathers  serve  to  stuff  our  beds  and  pillows,  yielding 
us  soft  and  warm  lodging.  Bay. 

LODGING— HOUSE,  n.  A house  in  which  lodg- 
ings are  let.  Smollett. 

LODtJI'JNG— ROOM,  n.  A room  to  lodge  in.  Smollett. 

LO'ESS,  n.  [Ger.  7;ss.]  {Geol.)  A tertiary  allu- 
vial deposit  of  a loamy  nature  in  the  valley  of 
the  Rhine  ; — written  also  loss.  Brande. 

fLOFFE  (lof),  v.  n.  To  laugh.  Shak. 

LOFT,  n.  [Goth.  Sf  Dan.  loft ; W.  lloft ; Gael. 
lobht.  — From  A.  S.  hlifian,  to  lift.  'Cooke. — 
See  Lift.] 

1.  The  highest  floor  or  room  in  a building ; 
the  floor  or  room  immediately  under  the  roof. 

And  ever  drizzling  rain  upon  the  loft.  Spenser. 

2.  A floor  or  room  above  another.  “The  first, 

second,  or  third  loft.”  Smart. 

3.  A platform,*  gallery,  or  chamber  raised 

within  a larger  apartment.  Britton. 

LOF'TI-Ly,  ad.  1.  In  a lofty  manner  ; in  an  ele- 
vated place  ; on  high. 

Did  ever  any  conqueror  loftily  seated  in  his  triumphal 
chariot  yield  a spectacle  so  gallant?  Barrow. 

2.  Proudly  ; haughtily ; arrogantly  ; over- 
weeningly.  “ They  speak  loftily.”  Ps.  lxxiii.  8. 

LOF'TI-NESS,  n.  1.  The  quality  or  the  state  of 
being  lofty  ; height ; elevation.  Johnson. 

2.  Pride  ; haughtiness.  Collier. 

Syn.  — See  Pride. 

LOF'TY,  a.  [From  loft,  with  ig  added.  Tookc.] 

1.  Elevated  in  place,  condition,  character, 
language,  or  sentiment ; of  great  height ; high. 

We  began  to  nsoeud  the  steps  of  the  Bochctta,  the  loftiest 
of  the  maritime  Apennines,  or  rather  Alps.  Eustace. 

2.  Proud  ; haughty  ; arrogant ; magisterial. 

The  lofty  looks  of  man  shall  be  humbled.  Isa.  ii.  11. 

Syn.  — See  Magisterial,  Sublime,  Tall. 

LOG,  n.  [A.  S.  liegan,  liggan,  to  lie,  — because  it 
lies  unmoved  or  inert.  Skinner.] 

1.  A bulky  piece  of  wood  or  timber.  Shak. 

2.  {Maut.)  A part  of  the  apparatus  for  meas- 
uring the  rate  of  a vessel’s  velocity,  consisting 
of  a flat  piece  of  wood,  usually  in  the  form  of  a 
quadrant,  loaded  with  lead  at  its  circular  edge 
to  make  it  float  upright,  and  attached  to  a line. 
On  being  thrown  from  the  stern,  it  rests  on  the 
water,  and  the  length  of  the  line  drawn  from 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  9,  <;,  *,  soft;  fd,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  § as  z ; ^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


852 


LOLL 


LOG 

the  reel,  by  the  vessel,  in  a given  time,  gives 
the  rate  of  speed.  P.  Cyc. 

jOgr*  The  term  is  often  given  to  the  whole  apparatus, 
the  piece  of  wood  being  called  the  log-chip  ; and  also 
to  the  log-book.  — See  Log-Book.  Dana. 

LOG,  n.  [Ileb.  jfc.]  A Hebrew  liquid  measure, 
in  size  27.58  Parisian  cubic  inches,  and  contain- 
ing 10,275  Parisian  grains  of  rain-water  ; the 
quarter  of  a cab,  or  a little  less  than  a pint.  Kitto. 

LOG,  V.  n.  [u  LOGGED  ; pp.  LOGGING,  LOGGED.] 

1.  To  rock  ; to  oscillate.  [Local;  Eng.]  IP  right . 

2.  To  get  logs  for  timber.  [U.  S.]  N.  A.  Rev. 

LOG' AN,  ) A.  stone  naturally  so  balanced  as 

LOG 'GAN,  > easily  to  be  rocked  on  its  foundation ; 
a rocking-stone.  Qu.  Rev. 

jRZjp  It  is  also  used  as  an  adjective.  “ Logan 
stone.”  C/i.  Ob. 

LOG'A-RITIIM,  n.  [Gr.  ?.oyog,  ratio,  and  arnOpdq, 
number;  It.  # Sp.  logaritmo ; Fr.  loyarithme.] 
(Math.)  The  exponent  of  the  power  to  which  a 
.fixed  number,  called  the  base,  must  be  raised 
to  produce  a certain  other  number. 

jGST  Since  any  positive  number  except  1 may  be 
taken  as  a base,  there  may  be  an  infinite  number  of 
systems  ; but  two  only  are  in  use  ; viz.,  the  Nupcrian , 
so  named  from  Napier , a Scottish  baron,  who  invented 
logarithms,  and  constructed  the  system,  in  which  the 
base  is  2.71828,  and  the  common,  constructed  by  Henry 
Briggs,  Prof,  at  Oxford,  Eng.,  the  base  of  which  is  10. 
Every  logarithm  consists  of  an  entire  number,  or  an 
entire  and  a decimal  number,  the  former  being  called 
the  characteristic , the  latter  the  mantissa  ; and  of  two 
factors,  one  depending  on  the  base,  and  constant,  and 
called  the  modulus,  the  other  upon  the  number,  chang- 
ing as  the  number  changes.  If  the  logarithms  increase 
in  arithmetical,  the  corresponding  natural  numbers 
increase-in  geometrical,  progression,  thus  : — 

Logarithms  0.  1.  2.  3.  4.  5. 

Natural  numbers  1,  10,  100,  1000,  10000,  100000. 
Logarithms  are  of  great  use  in  abridging  the  labor  of 
trignometric;il  calculations,  multiplication,  division, 
involution,  and  evolution  of  natural  numbers  being 
performed,  respectively,  by  the  addition,  subtraction, 
multiplication  and  division  of  the  corresponding  log- 
arithms. Davies.  P.  Cyc. 

UST  The  Naperian  logarithms  are  sometimes  termed 
natural  logarithms,  from  the  modulus  of  the  system 
being  unity ; and  sometimes  hyperbolic  logarithms, 
from  their  relation  to  certain  areas  included  between 
the  equilateral  hyperbola  and  its  asymptotes.  Braude. 

LOG-A-RITH-MET'IC,  ) a.  Pertaining  to,  or 

LOG- A-RITH-MET'I-CAL,  ) consisting'  of,  loga- 
rithms ; logarithmio.  Crabb. 

LOG-A-RITH-MET'I-CAL-LY,  acl.  By  the  use  of 
logarithms.  Ash. 

LOG-A-R17  II  MJC,  ? a%  [ft.  <Sr  Sp.  loqaritmi- 

LOG-A-RITH'MI-CAL,  ) co  ; Fr.'  lo gar  it /unique.] 
Relating  to,  or  consisting  of,  logarithms.  P.  Cyc. 

Logarithmic  curve,  a curve  in  which  the  subtangent 
is  the  same  at  every  point.  — Logarithmic  spiral,  a 
curve  of  which  the  tangent  always  makes  the  same 
angle  with  the  radius  vector.  P.  Cyc. 

LftG'— BOARD  (-bord),  n.  ( Naut .)  A board  or 
tablet  in  which  is  noted  the  rate  of  motion  of  a 
vessel,  as  ascertained  by  the  log,  together  with 
the  course  at  the  moment,  the  direction  of  the 
wind,  &c.  P.  Cyc . 

LOG'— BOOK  (-bQk),  n.  (Naut.)  A journal  in 
which  are  recorded  the  contents  of  the  log- 
board,  together  with  such  other  observations 
relating  to  navigation  as  may  be  made  during 
the  day  ; — called  also  the  log.  Dana. 

LOG 'GATS,  n.  pi.  [From  log.']  Wooden  pins 
or  bones  formerly  used  in  playing  a game  of  the 
same  name,  which  consisted  either  in  knocking 
them  down  set  up  like  ninepins,  or  in  throwing 
or  pitching  them  like  quoits  at  a stake.  Hanmer. 

Did  these  bones  cost  no  more  the  breeding  but  to  play  at 
loggats  with  them?  Shak. 

LOG'GpR,  n.  A man  employed  in  procuring  logs 
for  timber ; logman.  [Local,  U.  S.]  Minot. 

LOG'G^R-HEAD  (-bed),  n.  [ log  and  head.] 

1.  A blockhead ; a thickskull ; a dolt.  S/ui/c. 

2.  (Naut.)  A spherical  mass  of  iron  with  a 
long  handle,  used  for  heating  tar.  Mar.  Diet. 

3.  (Zo">l.)  A species  of  turtle  ; Thalassochelis 

caouana.  Agassiz. 

To  fall  or  go  to  loggerheads,  to  come  to  blows,  to 
fall  to  fighting  without  weapons.  L’ Estrange. 

LOG'GER-HEAD'ED,  a.  Stupid  ; doltish.  Shak. 


L6G'-Hot)SE,  n.  A house  constructed  of  logs. 

LO^r'lC  (lod'jjk),  n.  [Gr.  loytKy  (sc.  rl^vrj)  ; Xoyog, 
discourse,  reason  ; L.,  It.,  $ Sp.  logica  ; Fr.  lo- 
giqite.]  The  science,  and  also  the  art,  of  rea- 
soning; dialectics. 

As  a science,  logic  institutes  an  analysis  of  the 
process  of  the  mind  in  reasoning,  and  investigates  the 
principles  on  which  argumentation  is  conducted  ; as 
an  art,  it  furnishes  such  rules  as  may  be  derived  from 
those  principles,  for  guarding  against  erroneous  de- 
ductions. Some  are  disposed  to  view  logic  as  a pecu- 
liar method  of  reasoning,  and  not,  as  it  is,  a method 
of  unfolding  and  analyzing  our  reasoning.  They 
have,  in  short,  considered  logic  as  an  art  of  reasoning, 
whereas  (so  far  as  it  is  an  art)  it  is  the  art  of  reason- 
ing ; the  logician’s  object  being,  not  to  lay  down  prin- 
ciples by  which  one  may  reason,  but  by  which  all  must 
reason,  even  though  they  are  not  distinctly  aware  of 
them, — to  lay  down  rules  not  which  may  be  followed 
with  advantage,  but  which  cannot  possibly  be  devi- 
ated from  in  sound  reasoning.  Whately. 

Syn.  — See  Dialectics. 

LO£'I-CAL,  a.  [Gr.  /.oyiKdg ; L.  logicus ; It.  logi- 
calc;  Sp.  logical',  Fr.  logique.] 

1.  Of,  according  to,  or  pertaining  to,  logic  ; 

dialectical.  Whately. 

A process  of  logical  reasoning  has  been  often  likened  to  a 
chain  supporting  a weight.  Stewart. 

2.  Skilled  in  logic  ; able  in  reasoning. 

A man  who  sets  up  for  a judge  in  criticism  should  have  a 
clear  and  logical  head.  Addison. 

Loy'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  According  to  the  laws  of 
logic.  “ Logically  deducible.”  Stewart. 

LO-£l"OIAN  (Io-jIsh'?n),  n.  [Fr.  logician/} 

1.  A professor  or  teacher  of  logic.  Whately. 

2.  One  skilled  in  logic  ; an  able  reasoner. 

LO-<jrIS  I IO,  ? [Gr.  X.oyioriKos.]  Pertain- 

LO-GIS'TI-CAL,  ) ing  to  logistics;  sexagesimal. 
“ Logistic  logarithms  of  a number.”  Davies. 

Logistic  logarithm , tile  logistic  logarithm  of  a num- 
ber of  seconds  is  the  excess  of  the  logarithm  of  3G00 
over  the  logarithm  of  the  given  number  of  seconds. 

Eliot. 

LO-GIS'TICS,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  Xoyurrtidi,  practical  arith- 
metic ; XoyioTiKhs,  skilled  in  calculating ; It.  if 
Sp.  logist/ca .]  {Math.)  A system  of  arithmetic 
in  which  numbers  are  expressed  in  the  scale  of 
sixty,  used  in  trigonometrical  calculations  for  ex- 
pressing fractional  parts  of  a circumference,  or 
of  a right  angle  ;.  sexagesimal  arithmetic.  Davies. 

LOG'— LINE,  n.  (Naut.)  The  line  attached  to  the 
log.  — See  Log.  Mar.  Diet. 

LOG 'MAN,  n.  A man  employed  in  getting,  car- 
rying, or  piling  logs  ; a logger.  Shak. 

LO-GOC'RA-CY,  n.  [Gr.  X.dyo;,  a discourse,  and 
KftaTto,  to  rule.]  A government  in  which  words 
are  the  ruling  power.  “The  American  logoc- 
racy.”  [it.]  W.  Irving. 

LO-GOG'RA-PIIIJR,  n.  One  who  practises,  or  is 
. skilled  in,  logography.  Smyth. 

LOG-O-GRAPH  IC,  ) [Gr.  Xoyoypru/nsds.] 

LOG-O-GRAPH'I-CAL,  > Pertaining  to  logogra- 
phy. J.  Walter. 

LO-GOG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  Xoyoypacpia  ; X.6yo;.  a dis- 
course, and  ypii<pu),  to  write  ; Fr.  logographic .] 

1.  The  art,  formerly  attempted  in  France,  of 
writing  in  full  the  words  of  an  orator  while  he 
is  speaking,  without  recourse  to  short  hand. 

!;,)■  This  was  done  by  twelve  or  fourteen  reporters, 
the  first  of  whom  wrote  three  or  four  words,  the  sec- 
ond, the  next  three  or  four  words,  &c.  Brande. 

2.  (Printing.)  A method  of  printing  in  which 

types  containing  whole  words  are  used  instead 
of  single  letters.  Brande. 

LOG'O-GRlPH  (Iog'o-grlf),  n.  [Gr.  X./iyo t,  a word, 
and  ypiiPos,  a riddle.]  A sort  of  riddle.  B.Jonson. 

LO-GOM'A-GHXST,  n.  [See  Logomachy.]  One 
who  contends  in,  or  about,  words.  Knowles. 

LO-GOM'A-GHY  (lo-gom'j-ke),  n.  [Gr.  Xoyoyn^ia  ; 
Xtiyoi,  a word,  and  a battle  ; It.  logomo- 

chia;  Fr.  logomachie.]  A war  of  words;  a 
contention  in  or  about  words.  Howell. 

LO-GOM'^-TIJR,  n.  [Gr.  X.oyos,  ratio,  and  ytroov, 
a measure.]  (Chem.)  A scale  for  measuring 
chemical  equivalents.  Gent.  Mag. 

LOG-O-MET'RIC,  ) a_  (Chem.)  Noting,  or  re- 

LOG-O-MET'Rl-CAL,  ) lating  to,  a scale  for  meas- 
uring chemical  equivalents.  Dr.  Black. 


LOG'O-TflETE,  n.  [Gr.  Xoyodlrrj;  ; X6yog,  an  ac- 
count, and  r/Oppi,  to  place.]  One  of  the  receiv- 
ers of  the  finances  in  the  system  of  Constan- 
tine:— the  chancellor  or  supreme  guardian  of 
the  laws  and  revenues  of  the  Byzantine  em- 
pire. Gibbon. 

LOG'O-TYPE,  n.  [Gr.  X.iiyos,  a word,  and  rlntoq, 
an  impression.]  (Printing.)  Two  or  more  let- 
ters cast  in  one  piece  ; as,ff,  ffl,  ce,  &c.  Francis. 

LOG'— ROLL-ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  rolling  logs  ; 
— mutual  assistance  in  rolling  logs  to  the  river 
after  they  are  felled  and  trimmed;  — so  used 
by  the  lumbermen  of'Maine.  Itiman. 

2.  A cant  term  for  a system  of  manoeuvring 
or  mutual  cooperation  in  legislation,  &c.,  to 
carry  favorite  measures.  [U.  S.]  Inman. 

LOG'WOOD  (-wud),  n.  A dye-wood,  much  used 
in  calico-printing,  obtained  from  the  llannatoxy- 
lon  Campechianum,  which  affords  the  most 
durable  red  and  black  dye.  Simmonds. 

tt&f-  So  called  from  being  imported  in  logs.  Holilyn. 

Lo'GY,  a.  [Dut.  log,  heavy,  lazy.]  Slow ; heavy  ; 
dull.  “ A logy  man.”  [Local,  U.  S.]  Bartlett.- 

LO'IIOGH  (lo'hok),  n.  (Med.)  Alambative  or  linc- 
tus  ; loch.  — See  Loch.  Wiseman. 

LOl'MIC,  a.  [Gr.  Xotfitsis]  X.oiyds,  a plague;  Fr. 
lo’tmique.]  Delating  to  the  plague  or  contagious 
disorders  ; pestilential.  Brande. 

LOIN,  n.  [A.  S.  lendenu  ; Dut.  Ger.  lende ; Dan. 
trend  ; Icel.  lend  ; Sw.  bind  ; W.  llwyn  ; Fin. 
landet ; Old  Eng.  lende.  — “ Perhaps  from  the 
A.  S.  verb  hlionian  ( hlinian ),  to  lean,  to  recline.” 
Richardson.  — Skinner  connects  it  with  the  L. 
h/mbus,  from  which  Diez  gives  Low  L.  lumbea ; 
Sp.  longa  ; Old  Fr.  logne  \ Fr.  longed]  One  of 
the  two  parts  of  a beast,  lying  along  the  spine 
directly  over  the  abdomen  : — pi.  in  the  human 
body,  the  posterior  regions  of  the  abdomen,  be- 
tween the  base  of  the  chest  and  the  pelvis ; the 
reins.  Dunglison. 

LOl'TgR,  v.  n.  [Goth,  htyan  ; A.  S.  latian  ; Dut. 
leideren.]  (i.  loitered  ; pp.  loitering,  loi- 
tered.] 

1.  To  move  slowly  or  lazily  ; to  lag. 

If  wc  have  loitered , let  us  quicken  our  pace.  Rogers. 

2.  To  delay,  stay,  or  remain  in  idleness  or  in- 
action ; to  pass  the  time  idly  ; to  linger ; to 
saunter.  “You  loiter  here  too  long.”  Shak. 

Syn. — See  Linger. 

Lol'TfJR,  v.  a.  To  consume  in  idleness,  careless- 
ness, or  inaction.  “ Days  so  loitered.”  Hurdis. 

LOl'Tf.R-BR,  n.  One  who  loiters  ; a lingerer. 

LOi'TJJR-ING,  p.  a.  That  loiters  or  is  inclined  to 
loiter ; dilatory. 

If  thou  hast  a loitering  servant,  send  him  of  thy  errand 
just  before  his  dinner.  Fuller. 

I.Ol'TpR-lNG,  n.  Idleness  ; dilatoriness  ; lazi- 
ness ; inactivity.  Holinshcd. 

LOK,  n.  (Northern  Myth.)  A malevoleiYt  deity, 
the  author  of  all  evil;  — corresponding  to  the 
Ahriman  of  the  ancient  Persians.  — In  the  Ed- 
da,  the  great  Norwegian  poem,  he  is  described 
as  the  great  serpent  which  encompasses  the 
earth.  Brande. 

LORE,  n.  A private  road  or  path;  — the  wicket 
or  hatch  of  a door.  [Local,  Eng.]  Halliwell. 

LO-Ll'GO,  n. ; pi.  lq-lT(?'i-ne$.  [L.]  (Ich.  & 
Geol.)  A genus  of  ccphaiopodous  mollusks  ; the 
ink-fish  ; the  cuttle-fish  ; the  squid.  Eng.  Cyc. 

Dffr  The  cuttle-fishes  of  this  genus  are  known  pop- 
ularly by  the  name  of  squids.  Eng.  Cyc. 

LO'LI-fm,  n.  [L.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  grasseS, 
of  which  the  most  important  species  are  rye- 
grass and  darnel-grass.  P.  Cyc. 

LOLL,  v.  n.  [Of  uncertain  etymology.  — Icel. 
lolla,  to  move  slow  : — loll,  a slow  step.  Sere- 
nius.  — See  Lvll.]  [i.  lolled  ; pp.  lolling, 

LOLLED.]  « 

1.  To  carry  the  body  in  a loose,  hanging,  or 
lounging  manner. 

This  drivelline  love  is  like  a great  natural  that  runs  lolling 
up  and  down  to  hide  his  bawble  in  a hole.  Shak. 

2.  To  lean,  recline,  or  rest  idly  or  listlessly. 

Close  by  a softly-murmuring  stream. 

Where  lovers  used  to  loll  and  dream.  Drydcn. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  ]J,  J,  O,  l.T,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


LOLL 


853 


LONGIPENNATE 


3.  To  hang,  as  the  tongue  from  the  mouth. 

With  lolling  tongue  lay  fawning  at  thy  feet.  Dryden. 

LOLL,  v.  a.  To  put  out,  as  the  tongue.  Dry  dm. 

With  his  lolled  tongue  he  faintly  licks  his  prey.  Dryden. 

LOL'LARD,  n.  [Of  uncertain  origin.  — The  ori- 
gin of  the  term  appears  to  be  from  the  Ger.  lal- 
len,  lollen,  or  lullen,  to  sing  in  a murmuring 
strain,  and  the  common  Ger.  affix  hard, — al- 
luding to  their  habit  of  singing  psalms.  P. 
Cyc.  — Richardson  prefers  Walter  Lolhard,  one 
of  their  number  burnt  at  the  stake  at  Cologne. 
— “But  it  would  seem  that  Walter  rather  re- 
ceived his  name  from  the  sect,  than  gave  a 
name  to  it.”  P.  Cyc.  — “ Some  think  it  was  de- 
rived from  L.  lolium,  cockle;  others  trace  it  to 
Teut.  lollaerd,  a mumbler  of  prayers.”  Jamie- 
son.'] ( Eccl . Hist.)  One  of  a religious  sect  in 
Germany,  in  the  early  part  of  the  14th  century, 
who  differed  from  the  Church  of  Home,  espe- 
cially as  regarded  the  mass,  extreme  unction, 
and  atonement  for  sin:  — a term  of  reproach 
applied  by  partisans  of  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church  to  reformers  and  heretics  in  general,  as 
well  as  to  the  followers  of  Wickliffe.  P.  Cyc. 

More  than  half  the  people  in'  England  in  a few  years  be- 
came Lollards.  . Knighton. 

LOL'LARD-I§M,  n.  [Fr . lollardisme.]  {Eccl.  Hist.) 
The  principles  of  the  Lollards.  Ec.  Rev. 

f LOL'LARD-Y,  n.  {Eccl.  Hist.)  Lollardism.  Gower. 

LOL’Lf.R,  n.  Same  as  Lollard.  [r.]  Chaucer. 

LOL'LI-POP,  n.  A.  kind  of  sweetmeat  easily  dis- 
solved in  the  mouth.  Wright. 


LONE,  n.  A lane.  [Local,  N.  of  Eng.]  Todd. 

LONE'LI-NESS,  n.  1.  The  state  of  being  alone, 
or  without  company  ; solitude  ; seclusion. 

It  is  not  good  for  man  to  be  alone.  Hitherto  all  things  that 
have  been  named  were  approved  of  God  to  be  very  good; 
loneliness  is  the  tirst  thing  which  God’s  eye  named  not  good. 

Mil!  on. 

2.  Love  of  retirement ; disposition  to  solitude. 

Now  I see 

The  mystery  of  your  loneliness.  Shak. 

LONE'LY,  a.  1.  Apart ; retired  ; secluded  ; lone  ; 
solitary ; alone.  “ Lonely  traveller.”  Milton. 

Or  let  my  lamp,  at  midnight  hour, 

Be  seen  m some  high  lonely  tower.  Milton. 

Deep  in  a dell  her  cottage  lonely  stood.  Dryden. 

2.  Addicted  to  solitude  or  retirement. 

When,  fairest  princess, 

* You  lonely  thus  from  the  full  court  retire, 

Love  and  the  Graces  lollow  to  your  solitude.  Rowe. 

Syn.  — That  is  lonely  or  lonesome  which  is  habitu- 
ally unaccompanied  or  secluded  from  society  ; that  is 
alone  or  solitary  which  is  actually  unaccompanied. 
Loneliness  and  lonesomeness  imply  not  merely  being 
alone,  but  rather  tile  solitude  of  the  heart.  — See 
Alone,  Solitary. 

LONE'NpSS,  n.  The  state  of  being  alone  ; soli- 
tude ; seclusion,  [r.]  Fletcher. 

LONE'SCLME  (lon'sum),  a.  Solitary;  secluded; 
lonely ; unhappy  from  being  alone  ; desolate. 
“ These  lonesome  seats.”  Blackmore. 

Syn.  — See  Lonely. 

LONE'SOME-LY,  ad.  In  a lonesome  manner. 

LONE'SOM  E-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality 
of  being  lonesome.  Todd. 


LOM'BARD,  n.  [L.  longa  harha  ; longa,  long,  and 
barba,  beard.] 

1.  {Geog.)  A native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Lom- 
bardy. Gibbon. 

2.  A banker  or  money-lender. 

fjfg=.So  called  from  tile  Longobards  or  Lombards,  a 
company  of  Italian  merchants,  the  great  money- 
changers of  the  13th  century,  who  settled  in  England, 
and  resided  in  a street  in  Loudon  still  called  from  them 
Lombard  Street.  P.  Cyc. 

LOM'BARD,  ? n_  jn  gome  cities  of  Eu- 

LOM'BARD-IldOSE,  ) rope,  a public  institution 
for  lending  money,  especially  to  the  poor,  at  a 
moderate  interest,  upon  articles  deposited  and 
pledged.  Rees's  Cyc. 

LOM-BARD'jC,  a.  Of,  or  relating  to,  Lombardy 
and  the  Lombards. 

Lombardia  alphabet,  an  alphabet  introduced  by  the 
Lombards  into  Italy,  in  the  middle  of  the  ICtli  cen- 
tury, and  used  as  late  as  the  13th.  Johnson. 

LOM-BARD'IC,  n.  A flat  tombstone.  Hook. 


LO'MENT,  n.  [L.  lomentum.] 

1.  The  meal  of  beans  ; bean-meal 

. bread.  Wright. 

2.  (Bot.)  A pod  resembling  a legume, 

divided  into  two  or  more  one-seeded 
joints,  and  falling  in  pieces  at  maturity  ; 
a jointed  legume.  Gray. 


LO-MPN-TA'CEOUS  (-situs),  a.  {Bot.)  Noting 
plants  the  fruit  of  which  is  a loment,  — resem- 
bling, or  pertaining  to,  a loment.  Loudon. 

LO-MEJf ' TUM,  n.  {Bot.)  Loment.  P.  Cyc. 
LOM'O-NITE,  n.  {Min.)  Laumonite.  Dana. 
LUMP  (lump),  n.  A kind  of  roundish  fish.  Johnson. 


LON'DON— CLAY,  n.  (Geol.)  The  principal  terti- 
ary formation  of  Great  Britain  ; — so  called  from 
its  development  in  the  valley  of  the  Thames, 
under  and  around  London.  P.  Cyc. 

LON'DON-IJR,  n.  A native  or  citizen  of  London. 

LON'DON-I^M,  n.  An  idiom,  or  a mode  of  ex- 
pression peculiar  to  London.  Pegge. 

LON'DON-IZE,  v.  a.  & n.  To  conform  to  the 
manners  and  character  of  London.  Smart. 


LON'DON— PRfDE,  n.  {Bot.)  A species  of  sax- 
ifrage ; Saxifraga  umbrosa.  Loudon. 

LONE,  a.  [Contracted  from  'alone.] 

1.  Apart  or  distant  from  others ; solitary. 

“The  kmc  wanderer.”  Shenstone. 

No  lone  house  in  Wales  ...  is  more  contemplative.  Pope. 

2.  Unfrequented  ; deserted ; not  inhabited  or 

occupied.  “ Lone  woods.”  Pope. 

3.  Single  ; unmarried  or  widowed.  Shah. 


LONG,  a.  [Goth,  laggs  ; A.  S.  lanq,  long-,  Dut. 
lung  ; Ger.  lange  ; Dan.  lang  ; Sw.  ling.  — L. 
longus  ; It.  lungo  ; Old  Sp.  luengo  ; Fr.  long.  — 
Tooke  asserts  A.  S.  lang  to  be  the  past  part,  of 
langian,  to  lengthen,  and  that  no  other  deriva- 
tion can  be  found  for  L.  longus.]  [comp,  longer 
(long'fer)  ; sup.  longest  (long'gest).] 

1.  Having  length  ; extended  in  space  or  in 
time  ; distinguished  for  length  ; — opposed  to 
short.  “ My  long  sword.”  “ Long  duration.” 

2.  Dilatory;  slow;  tardy;  slack;  lingering. 

Death  will  not  be  long  in  coining.  Ecclus.  xiv.  12. 

3.  Drawn  out  or  protracted  in  sound.  “ A 

long  note.”  “ A long  syllable.”  Johnson. 

4.  Extensive  ; reaching  far  in  advance  ; far- 
sighted. “ A man  who  has  long  views.”  Burke. 

Long  home,  the  grave  ; death.  “ Because  man  goetli 
to  his  long  home,  and  the  mourners  go  about  the 
streets.”  Eccles.  xii.  5.  — To  have  a long  head,  to  be 
far-seeing,  or  sagacious. 


LONG,  ad.  1.  To  a great  extent  in  space.  “Long- 
extended  rows.”  Prior. 

2.  To  a great  extent  in  time ; for  a long  time. 

Murder  cannot  be  liid  long.  Shak. 

3.  At  a point  of  time  far  distant ; as,  “ Long 
ago”;  “ Long  after  ” ; “ Long  before.” 

4.  All  along;  throughout;  from  the  beginning. 

The  bird  of  dawning  singeth  all  night  long.  Shak. 

5.  [A.  S.  gelang,  langian,  to  draw  out.]  Pro- 

duced or  occasioned  by;  owing  to  ; — with  on 
or  of.  “ If  it  be  long  on  you.”  Gower. 

Mistress,  all  this  evil  is  long  of  you.  Shak. 

/S5P  Long  is  much  used  in  composition,  especially 
with  participles  and  adjectives  formed  from  nouns  by 
the  addition  of  ed-,  as,  long-expected  ; long- continu- 
ing ; long-forgotten  ; long-armed  ; long- legged,  &c. 

The  long  and  the  short,  the  whole  of  a tiling,  em- 
bracing all  its  parts. 

LONG,ra.  [It.  longa.]  {Mus.)  An  old  charac-  □ 
ter,  formed  of  a breve  with  a stem,  equal  in  I 
time  to  two  breves,  or  four  semibreves.  P.  Cyc. 

LONG,  n.  [l.  LONGED  ; pp.  LONGING,  LONGED.] 
To  desire  earnestly  ; to  hanker ; to  wish  with 
continued  eagerness;  — when  not  followed  by 
an  infinitive,  it  is  used  with  for  or  after. 

O tha*  I might  have  my  request,  and  that  God  would  grant 
motile  thing  I Iona  fori  Job  vi.  8. 

I Ion q to  hear  the  story  of  your  life.  Shak. 

Itgp  “ When  we  consider  that  we  express  a mod- 
erate desire  for  any  thing,  by  saying  that  vve  incline 
(i.  e.  bend  ourselves)  to  it,  will  it  surprise  us  that  we 
should  express  an  eager  desire  by  saying  that  we  long, 
i.  e.  make  long,  lengthen,  or  stretch  ourselves  after  it, 
for  it?  especially  when  we  observe,  that  after  the 
verb  to  incline,  we  say  to  or  towards  ; but  after  the 
verb  to  long,  we  must  use  either  the  word  for  or  after , 
in  order  to  convey  our  meaning.”  Tooke. 

f LONG,  v.  n.  To  belong.  Chaucer. 


LONG'AN,  n.  The  pleasant  pulpy  fruit  of  the 
Ncphelium  longan,  an  evergreen-tree  growing 
in  the  East  Indies.  Simmonds. 

LON-GA-NIM'I-TY,  n.  [L.  longus,  long,  and  ani- 
mus, mind ; It.  fonganimith  ; Sp.  longanimidad ; 
Fr.  longanimite.]  Forbearance  ; patience  in 
enduring  offences  ; long-suffering,  [r.]  Woolton. 

LONG'— ARMED  (-iirmd),  a.  Having  long  arms. 

LONG'— BACKED  (-balct),  a.  Having  a long  back. 
“ Long-backed  or  ill-shaped  booby.”  Cotgrave. 

LONG'— BOAT  (-bot),  n.  {Naut.)  The  largest  boat 
belonging  to  a ship.  Mar.  Diet. 

LONG"— BOD-IED  (-id),  a.  Having  a long  body. 

LONG'— BOW,  n.  A large  and  powerful  bow,  for- 
merly used  in  war.  Drayton. 

LONG'— BREATHED  (-bretht),  a.  Not  easily  ex- 
hausted of  breath  ; long-winded.  Ash. 

LONG'— DIJ-SCEND'ED,  a.  Of  honorable  or  an- 
cient descent.  W.  Scott. 

L&NQE  (lunj),  n.  [Fr.]  1.  {Fencing.)  A thrust 

with  a sword  ; allonge.  Smollett. 

2.  A long,  leathern  thong.  Loudon. 

LONtJJE  (lunj),  v.  n.  To  make  a pass  with  a ra- 
pier ; to  thrust ; to  allonge.  Smart. 

LONG'— EARED  (-Srd),  a.  Having  long  ears.  Pope. 

LONG'ER,  n.  One  who  longs;  one  who  desires 
earnestly.  Smart. 

LON'GIJR  (long'ger),  a.  com 2).  See  Long. 

LON'GpR^  (long'gerz ),  n.  pi.  (Xaut.)  The  casks 
stored  next  the  keelson.  Dana. 

LON-(JE'VAL,  a.  Living  long;  long-lived;  lon- 
gevous. Pope. 

LON-9EV'I-TY,  n.  [L . longavitas ; It.  longevity ; 
Sp.  longevidad ; Fr.  longevity.] 

1.  Great  length  of  life  ; long  life. 

The  instances  of  longevity  are  chiefly  among  the  abste- 
mious. Arbuthnot. 

2.  Length  or  duration  of  life. 

By  degrees,  as  the  number  nf  people  increased,  their  lon- 
gevity decreased,  till  it  came  down  at  length  to  seventy  or 
eighty  years:  and  there  it  stood,  and  has  continued  to  stand 
ever  since  the  time  of  Moses.  Rees's  Cyc. 

LON-(IE' VOUS,  a.  [L.  longeerus  ; longus,  long, 
and  atvum,  age.]  Long-lived  ; longeval.  Browne. 

LONG'-HAND-ED,  a.  Having  long  hands.  Johnson. 

LONG'— I1EAD-ED,  a.  Far-seeing  ; sagacious  ; 
clear-sighted ; discerning.  Bailey. 

LONG'— IIORNED  (-hdrnd),  a.  Having  long  horns. 

LON'QJI-CORN,  n.  [L.  longus,  long,  and  cornu,  a 
horn.]  ( Ent .)  One  of  a tribe  of  coleopterous 
bisects,  the  antennae  of  which  are  rarely  shorter, 
and  commonly  longer,  than  the  body  ; a long- 


horned beetle.  Braude. 

LON-^LM'  A-NOUS,  a.  [L.  longus,  long,  and  ma- 
nus,  a hand.]  Having  long  hands.  Browne. 

LON-^rlM'IJ-TRY,  n.  [L.  longus,  long,  and  Gr. 
pirpcoi,  to  measure;  Fr.  longimetrie .]  The  art 
of  measuring  distances  or  lengths.  Cheyne. 

LONG’ING.p.  a.  1.  Having  eager  or  earnest  desire. 

He  gratifieth  the  longing  soul.  Ps.  evii.  9. 

Nor  cast  one  longing , lingering  look  behind.  Gray. 


2.  f Longed  for.  “ My  longing  journey. "Shak. 

LONG'ING,  n.  Earnest  desire  ; continual  wish  ; 
a craving  ; a yearning  ; a hankering. 

Give  me  my  robe;  put  on  my  crown;  I have 
Immortal  longings  in  me.  Shak. 

Syn. — See  Desire. 

LONG'ING-LY,  ad.  With  incessant  desires. 

fLON-t-llN'ClUI-TY,  n.  [L.  longinquitas  ; longus, 
long.]  Great  distance.  Barrow. 

LON '(II- PALP,  n.  [L.  longus,  long,  and  Low  L. 
palpus-,  L.  palpo,  to  touch  softly.]  {Ent.)  One 
of  a family  of  coleopterans,  or  short-winged 
beetles,  remarkable  for  the  length  of  their  max- 
illary feelers.  Brande. 

LON-(H-PEN'NATE,  n.  [L.  longus,  long,  andy?e?t- 
na,  a feather;  pennat,  wings.J  (Ornith.)  One  of 
a family  of  swimming  birds,  with  wings  reach- 
ing as  far  as,  or  beyond,  the  tail,  the  beak  hooked 
or  pointed  at  the  tip,  and  the  hind  toe  free  or 
wanting,  as  the  albatross.  Brande. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 


BULL,  BUR,  ROLE.  — 9,  (I,  9,  £,  soft;  £,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z; 


£ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


LONGIROSTER 

LON-^I-ROS'TJJR,  n.  [L.  longus,  long,  and  ros- 
trum, a beak.]  ( Ornith .)  One'  of  a tribe  of 
Grallce,  or  wading-birds,  having  long,  slender 
beaks,  which  they  thrust  into  the  mud  in  search 
of  food,  as  the  snipe.  Branch. 

LON-£!-ROS'TRAL,  a.  (Ornith.)  Noting  birds 
which  have  long,  slender  beaks,  as  the  snipe. 

LONG'ISII,  a.  Somewhat  long.  Johnson. 

LON'£I-TUDE,  n.  [L . long  it  ado  ■,  longus,  long; 
It.  longitudine ; Sp.  longitud ; Fr.  longitude .] 

1.  Length;  — opposed  to  breadth  or  thickness. 

The  ancients  did  determine  the  longitude  of  all  rooms  which 

were  longer  than  broad  by  the  double  of  their  latitude.  Jr  otton. 

2.  (Geog.)  The  arc  of  the  equator  intercepted 
between  the  meridian  of  a place  and  a meridian 
passing  through  some  other  place,  taken  as  that 
from  which  the  reckoning  is  made.  Davies. 

In  England,  and  usually  in  the  United  States, 
longitude  is  reckoned  from  the  meridian  of  Greenwich  ; 
although  in  the  United  States  sometimes  from  the 
meridian  of  Washington.  In  France  it  is  usually 
reckoned  from  the  meridian  of  Paris.  Many  of  the 
modern  geographers  have  counted  from  the  island  of 
Ferro,  one  of  the  most  westerly  of  the  Canaries. 

3.  (Astron.)  The  distance  of  a heavenly  body 

from  the  vernal  equinox,  reckoned  on  the  eclip- 
tic, being  the  arc  of  the  ecliptic  intercepted  be- 
tween the  first  point  of  Aries  and  the  point  of 
the  ecliptic  to  which  the  body  perpendicularly 
corresponds.  Olmsted. 

Geocentric  longitude,  the. longitude  of  a heavenly 
body,  as  seen  from  the  earth.  — Heliocentric  longitude, 
the  longitude  of  a heavenly  body  as  seen  from  the 
sun.  Brande. 

LON-d-TU'DI-NAL,  a.  [It.  longitudinale ; Sp. 
£$  Fr.  longitudinal .]  Pertaining  to  length,  or 
to  longitude  ; measured  by  the  length  ; running 
in  the  longest  direction.  “ Longitudinal  ex- 
tension.” Stewart. 

LON-GJ-TU'DI-NAL-LY,  ad.  In  a longitudinal 
direction.  P.  Cyc. 

LON-gi-TU'DI-NAT-ED,  a.  Extended  in  length. 
[r.]  Goldsmith. 

LONG'— LEAVED  (-levd),  a.  Having  long  leaves. 

LONG'— LEG-G^D  (or-legd),  a.  Having  long  legs. 

LONG'LEGSJ,  n.  (Ent.)  An  insect  having  long 
legs  ; crane-fly  ; Tipula  sylvestris.  Hamilton. 

LONG'— LIVED  (-livd),  a.  Having  great  length  of 
life.  “The  long-lived  tree.”  Donne. 

+ LONG'LY,  ad.  Tediously:  — longingly.  Shah. 

LONG'— m£a§-URE  (-mezh'ur),  n.  A measure  of 
length ; lineai  measure. 

LONG'— NECKED  (-nekt  or  -nek-ed),  a.  Having  a 
long  neck.  Drayton. 

f LONG'N£SS,  n.  State  of  being  long.  Cotgrave. 

LONG'NOSjE ,n.  ( Ich .)  The  gar-fish  -,  Esoxbclone, 
or  Be/one  vulgaris.  — See  Gar-fish.  Eng.  Cyc. 

LONG'— PAT-f.D,  a.  Long-headed.  Johnson. 

LONG'— PRIM'ER,  n.  (Printing.)  A type  larger 
than  bourgeois,  and  smaller  than  small  pica. 

This  line  is  printed  in  long-primer. 

L6ng'-PRIM'5R,  a.  (Printing.)  Noting  a kind 
of  type  of  a size  intermediate  between  small  pica 
and  bourgeois.  Crabb. 

LONG'— RUN,  n.  The  ultimate  result.  Ec.  Rev. 

LONG'— SHANKED  (-sli&ngkt,  82),  a.  Having  long 
shanks  or  long  legs.  Clarke. 

LONG'— SIGHT  (-sit),  n.  An  affection  of  the  sight, 
in  which  the  vision  is  accurate  only  when  the 
object  is  far  off ; long-sightedness.  Hoblyn. 

LONG'— SiGHT-ED,  a.  1.  Applied  to  a person 
whose  vision  is  accurate  only  when  the  object 
is  at  some  distance  ; far-sighted.  Clarke. 

2.  Far-seeing;  sagacious.  Farrar. 

LONG'— SIGIIT'^D-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
long-sighted ; far-sightedness.  Dunglison. 

fLONG'SOME,  a.  [A.  S.  langsum. ] Wearisome 
by  reason  of  length ; tedious.  “ The  longsome 
plain.”  Prior.  “ His  longsome  treatise.”  Hall. 

LONG'— SPUN,  a.  Carried  to  an  excessive  length  ; 
tedious.  “ Long-spun  allegories.”  Addison. 


854 

LONG'— SUF'FJJR-ANCE,  n.  Long-suffering;  for- 
bearance ; clemency.  “ The  . . . long-sufferance 
of <iod.”  Common  Prayer. 

LONG'-SUF'F^R-ING,  a.  Patient;  not  easily  pro- 
voked ; forbearing. 

The  Lord  God  . . . long-suffering  and  abundant  in  good- 
ness.  Ex.  xxxi  v.  (j. 

LONG'— SUF'FKR-ING,  n.  Patient  endurance  of 
injuries  ; forbearance  ; clemency. 

Reprove,  rebuke,  exhort,  with  all  long-suffering  and  doc- 
trine. 2 Tim.  iv.  2. 

LONG'-TAlL,  n.  An  animal,  particularly  a dog, 
having  an  uncut  tail.  Shak. 

“ A long-tail  was  a gentleman’s  dog,  or  one 
qualified  to  hunt;  other  dogs  being  required  to  have 
their  tails  cut : hence,  cut  and  long  tail  signified  gentle 
folks  and  others  as  they  might  come.”  Smart. 

LONG'— TAIL,  a.  Having  the  tail  uncut,  as  a dog. 

LONG'— TAILED  (-tald),  a.  Having  a long  tail. 

LONG’-TIM-BER§,  n.  pi.  (Naut.)  Timbers  ex- 
tending from  the  dead-wood  to  the  head  of  the 
second  futtocks.  Dana. 

LONG'— TOM,  n.  (Naut.)  Along  cannon  mounted 
on  the  deck  of  war-vessels,  used  for  throwing 
shot  a great  distance.  Clarke. 

LONG'— TONGUED  (-tungd),  a.  Having  a long 
tongue  ; babbling  ; prating.  Shak. 

LONG'— TRIED,  a.  Long  or  often  used. 

LONG'— VI§-ApED  (-ajd),  a.  Having  a long  vis- 
age or  face.  Hawkins. 

LONG'WAYiJ,  ad.  Longwise;  lengthwise.  “A 
vast  mole  which  lies  longways.”  [r.]  Addison. 

LONG'— WIND-^D,  a.  1.  Long-breathed ; not 
easily  exhausted  of  breath  ; as,  “A  long-icindecl 
animal.” 

2.  Tedious;  wearisome.  Swift. 

LONG'— WINGED  (-vvlngd),  a.  Having  long  wings. 

LONG'Wf§E  (-wlz),  ad.  In  the  direction  of  its 
length ; lengthwise,  [r.]  Bacon. 

LONG'WORT  (-wrirt),  n.  A species  of  herb.  Ash. 

LONG'— YEARNED  (-yernd),  a.  Troubled  for  a 
long  time.  “ His  long-yearned  life.”  B.  Jonson. 

LON'JSH,  a.  Somewhat  lonely.  “A  lonish  and 
retired  condition.”  [r.]  Life  of  A.  Wood. 

LOO,  n.  A game  at  cards.  Pope. 

LOO,  v.  a.  To  beat  the  opponents  by  winning 
every  trick  at  the  game.  Shenstone. 

LOO'BI-LY,  a.  Awkward;  clumsy;  lubberly; 
clownish.  “ A loobily  . . . fellow.”  L’ Estrange. 

LOOB§,  n.  pi.  (Mining.)  Tin  slime  or  sludge  con- 
taining ore.  Simmoncls. 

LOO'BY,  n.  [From  lob.  — W.  llabi.)  An  awk- 
ward, clumsy  fellow  ; a lubber,  [is..]  Swift. 

||  LOOF  (luf),  n.  [Fr . lof.  — See  Luff.]  (Naut.) 
The  after  part  of  the  "bow,  or  where  the  planks 
begin  to  be  incurvated  as  they  approach  the 
stern  ; — commonly  written  luff.  Mar.  Diet. 

II  LOOF  (luf  or  16f)  [luf,  S.  W.  P.  J.  ; lof,  Ja.  IC. 
Sm.  C.],  v.  a.  (Naut.)  To  bring  nearer  the 
wind,  as  the  head  of  a ship  ; to  ply  to  wind- 
ward. “ She,  once  being  loofed.”  Shak. 

||  LOOF  (luf),  v.  n.  (Naut.)  To  bring  the  head  of 
a ship  nearer  the  wind  ; — now  commonly  writ- 
ten luff.  “We  . . . loofed  for  another.”  Hackluyt. 

||  LOOK  (luk,  51)  [luk,  S.  P.  J.  Sm.  Wb. ; lok,  W. 
E.  F.  Jo.  K.  Wri],  v.  n.  [A.  S.  locian  ; Ger.  lu- 
gen.  — Sansc.  lokhan .]  [i.  looked  ; pp.  look- 

ing, LOOKED.] 

1.  To  direct  the  eye;  — the  particular  direc- 
tion being  indicated  by  the  adverb  or  preposi- 
tion which  follows. 

As  I bent  flown  to  look,  just  opposite, 

A shape  within  the  watery  gleam  appeared, 

Bending  to  look  on  me.  Milton. 

And  look  before  you  ere  you  leap; 

For  as  you  sow  you  ’re  like  to  reap.  Hudibras. 
u When  the  present  object  is  mentioned,  the 
preposition  after  look  is  either  on  or  at ; if  it  is  absent, 
we  use  for ; if  distant,  after.  To  was  sometimes  used 
anciently  for  at.”  Johnson. 

2.  To  direct  the  intellectual  eye  ; to  direct  or 
apply  the  mind  or  thought. 


LOOM 

We  are  not  only  to  look  at  the  bare  action,  but  at  the  rea- 
son of  it.  Stilllnufleet. 

They  will  not  look  beyond  the  received  notions  of  the 
place  and  age.  Locke. 

3.  To  have  anticipation  of  something  ; to  ex- 
pect. 

Honor,  love,  obedience,  troops  of  friends, 

I must  not  look  to  have.  Shak. 

4.  To  take  heed  or  care  ; to  mind.  “ Look 

that  ye  bind  them  fast.”  Shak. 

5.  To  he  turned  or  directed  ; to  front ; to  face. 

Let  thine  eyes  look  right  on,  and  let  thine  eyelids  look 
straight  before  thee.  lJrov.  iv.  25. 

The  door  that  looketh  towards  the  north.  Ezek.  viii.  3.  . 

6.  To  have  a particular  appearance  ; to  ap- 
pear ; to  seem.  “ How  pale  she  looks  ! ” Shak. 

Observe  how  such  a practice  looks  in  another  person,  and 
remember  that  it  looks  as  ill,  or  worse,  in  yourseli.  H alts. 

7.  To  have  or  assume  any  air,  mien,  or  man- 
ner, with  the  purpose  of  impressing  a beholder. 

Nay,  look  not  big,  nor  stamp,  nor  stare,  nor  fret; 

I will  be  master  of  what  is  mine  own.  Shak. 

To  look  about  one's  self,  to  be  vigilant  or  circum- 
spect; to  be  on  one’s  guard.  Harvey. — To  look  after , 
to  attend  to  ; to  take  care  of.  Locke.  To  expect. 
“ Looking  after  those  things  which  are  coming  on  the 
earth.”  Luke  xxi.  26.  To  seek  ; to  search.  Wood- 
ward.— To  look  black , to  frown.  Shak.  — To  look  dag- 
gers, to  express  hate  or  rancor  by  the  look.  — To  look 
down  upon , to  despise,  to  regard  witli  contempt. — 
To  look  for,  to  expect.  u Look  now  for  no  enchanting 
voice.”  Milton.  To  seek;  to  search  for.  Locke. — 
To  look  into , to  examine ; to  inspect  closely  ; to  ob- 
serve narrowly.  “ Which  things  the  angels  desire  to 
look  into."  1 Pet.  i.  12. — To  look  on,  to  be  merely  a 
spectator.  “ 1 ’ll  be  a candle-holder  and  look  on." 
Shak.  To  regard ; to  esteem  ; to  consider.  “ Her 
friends  would  look  on  her  the  worse.”  Prior.  — To  look 
one  another  in  the  face,  to  meet  for  combat.  2 Kings 
xiv.  8.  — To  look  over,  to  examine  one  by  one.  “ A 
young  child  . . . tired  his  maid  every  day  to  look  them 
[his  play-games]  over."  Locke.  To  cast  the  eye  over, 
as,  “ To  look  over  a lesson.” — To  look  out , to  be  on 
the  watch  ; to  be  on  one’s  guard.  “ Is  a man  bound 
to  look  out  sharp  to  plague  himself?”  Collier.  To 
search  for  and  find  ; to  discover  by  searching.  “ He 
. . . will  look  out  other  company.”  Locke. — To  look 
to,  or  unto,  to  see  to  ; to  take  care  of.  “ Let  my  horses 
be  well  looked  to."  Shak.  To  depend  or  rely  on  ; to 
expect  to  receive  from  ; as,  “ to  look  to  a person  for 
the  payment  of  u debt.” — To  look  up,  to  search  for 
and  find  ; as,  “ To  look  up  a reference  in  a book.”  — 
To  look  7ipon,  to  regard,  to  consider.  — To  look  up  to, 
to  regard  with  veneration  or  respect. 

Syn.  — See  Await,  See. 

||  LOOK  (luk),  v.  a.  1.  To  see  ; to  have  the  sight 
or  view  of ; to  behold.  “ Octavia,  I was  looking 
you,  my  love.”  Dryden . 

Fate  sees  thy  life  lodged  in  a brittle  glass. 

And  looks  it  through,  but  to  it  cannot  pass.  Dryden. 

2.  To  seek  ; to  search  for;  to  hunt. 

Looking  my  love  I go  from  place  to  place.  Spenser. 

3.  To  influence  by  looks. 

A spirit  fit  to  start  into  an  empire, 

And  look  the  world  to  law.  Dryden. 

||  LOOK  (luk),  interj.  See!  lo  ! behold!  Shah. 

||  LOOK  (luk),  n.  1.  The  act  of  looking  ; gaze. 

Nor  cast  one  longing,  lingering  look  behind.  Gray. 

2.  Cast  of  the  countenance  ; air  of  the  face  ; 
appearance  ; mien  ; aspect. 

Give  me  ft  look,  give  me  a face, 

That  makes  simplicity  a grace.  B.  Jonson. 

Her  modest  looks  the  cottage  might  adorn.  Goldsmith. 

Syn.  — See  Air. 

||  LOOK'ER  (luk'er),  n.  One  who  looks. 

Looker  on,  a mere  spectator.  “ A looker  on  here  in 
Vienna.”  Shak. 

||  LOOK'ING  (luk'jng),  p.  a.  Using  the  eye  : — 
having  an  appearance  : — expecting. 

||  LOOK'ING— FOR  (luk'jng-for),  n.  Expectation. 

A certain  fearful  looking-for  of  judgment.  Heh.  x.  27. 

||  LOOK'ING-GLASS  (luk'jng-glis),  n.  A glass  in 
which  a person  may  behold  his  image  reflected ; 
a mirror.  Shak. 

||  LOOK'OUT  (luk'out),  n.  1.  A watching  for 
the  appearance  or  approach  of  any  thing ; ob- 
servation ; watch  ; view.  Qu.  Bev. 

2.  A place  of  observation,  as  a tower,  hill,  &c. 

LOOL,  n.  (Metallurgy.)  A vessel  for  receiving  the 

washings  of  ores.  Buchanan. 

LOOM,  n.  [A.  S.  loma,  geloma,  loom,  utensils.] 

1.  A frame  or  machine  for  weaving  cloth. 

A thousand  maidens  ply  the  purple  loom.  Prior. 

XBJr*  It  originally  signified  any  utensil  or  piece  of 


A,  E,  !,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  £,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


LOOM 


855 


LORD 


furniture,  and  is  still  used  in  this  sense  in  Cheshire, 
England  ; — whence  heir-loom.  . 

2.  ( Naut .)  The  part  of  an  oar  which  is  within 

board  in  rowing.  Dana. 

3.  A chimney  : — the  track  of  a fish.  [Local, 

Eng.]  Wright. 

LOOM,  n.  [Ger.  lohme ; Dan.  lorn,  loom.]  A 
large  bird  resembling  the  wild  duck.  Grew. 

LOOM,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  leoman,  to  shine  ; leoma,  a 
ray  of  light.  Richardson.]  To  appear  larger 
than  reality,  or  raised  above  the  surface  of  the 
water  or  land,  as  a ship  or  other  object  when 
seen  through  a refracting  medium,  as  fog. 

Awful  she  looms , the  terror  of  the  main.  Pye. 

LOOMED,  a.  That  is  woven  in  a loom. 

Or  with  loomed  wool  the  native  robe  supplies.  Savage. 

LOOM'— GALE,  n.  A gentle,  easy  gale.  Mar.  Diet. 

LOOM'ING,  n.  The  indistinct  and  magnified  ap- 
pearance, or  the  apparent  elevation  of  objects 
seen  in  particular  states  of  the  atmosphere  ; a 
kind  of  mirage.-  Brande. 

LOON,  n.  [Scot,  loun,  loion,  loon.  — With  hwn, 
lowt,  and  hut,  the  past  participle  of  the  verb  to 
low,  to  make  low.  Tooke. — -From  A.  S.  lun, 
needy.  Sibbald.  — From  Ir.  Hun,  slothful.  Lye. 
— Dut.  loen.  Nares.] 

1.  A low,  sorry  fellow ; a vagabond ; a lout. 

“ Thou  cream-faced  loon."  Shak. 

2.  ( Ornith .)  A large,  migratory,  aquatic  bird 

of  the  order  Anseres  ; great  northern  diver  ; Co- 
lymbus  glacialis.  — See  Diver.  Wilson. 

LOOP,  n.  [A.  S.  hleapan,  to  run  ; Dut.  loopen, 
because  it  is  easily  slipped  off.  Skinner.] 

1.  A doubling  or  folding  of  a string  or  like 
substance  through  which  a portion  of  the  same 
string  or  another  string  may  be  drawn. 

Bind  our  crooked  legs  in  hoops 

Made  of  shells,  with  silver  loops.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  (Arch.)  A loop-hole.  Britton. 

3.  (Metallurgy.)  Apart  of  a block  of  cast-iron 
melted  off  for  the  forge  or  the  hammer.  Wright. 

4.  The  hinge  of  a door  or  a gate  : — a length 

of  paling.  [Local,  Eng.]  Wright. 

LOOPED  (lopt),  a.  Full  of  holes.  Shak. 

LOOP'IJR,  n.  (Ent.)  A kind  of  caterpillar;  can- 
ker-worm ; geometer  ; span-worm.  Farm.  Ency. 

LOOP'— HOLE,  n.  1.  A small  opening,  as  in  a 
wall ; — particularly,  an  oblong  opening,  wider 
within  than  without,  in  the  walls  of  fortifica- 
tions, through  which  to  discharge  small  arms 
and  other  weapons.  Dryden.  Glos.of  Mil.Tenns. 

2.  A hole  or  way  for  escape  or  evasion. 

Finding  flaws,  loop-holes,  and  evasions.  Addison. 
’Tis  pleasant  through  the  loop-holes  of  retreat 
To  peep  at  such  a world.  Cowper. 

LOOP'— HOLED  (-hold),  a.  Having  loop-holes  ; 
full  of  holes  or  openings.  Hudibras. 

LOOPTIJ,  a.  Deceitful;  crafty;  — written  also 
loopy.  [Scotland.]  Jamieson. 

LOOP'ING,  n.  (Metallurgy .)  The  running  together 
of  the  matter  of  an  ore  into  a mass  when  the 
ore  is  heated  only  for  calcination.  Ure. 

f LOORD,  n.  [Fr.  lourd,  a blockhead.]  An  idle, 
slothful  fellow  ; a drone.  Spenser. 

t LOOj;,  n.  [L.  laus.]  Praise  ; renown.  Chaucer. 

LOOSE,  v.  a.  [Goth,  liusan ; A.  S.  lysan,  leosan-, 
Dut.  lossen,  laozen  ; Ger.  lOsen ; Dan.  lose  ; Sw. 
losa.  — Gr.  Lino.]  [«.  loosed;  pp.  loosing, 
LOOSED.] 

1.  To  free  from  that  which  holds  or  fastens  ; 
to  unbind  ; to  untie. 

Loose  thy  shoes  from  off  thy  feet.  Josh.  v.  15. 

This  is  to  cut  the  knot,  when  we  cannot  loose  it.  Burnet. 

2.  To  relax  ; to  loosen.  “ The  joints  of  his 

loins  were  hosed.”  Dan.  v.  9. 

3.  To  free  from  corporeal  or  mental  bonds  ; 
to  liberate  ; to  release ; to  free. 

The  captive  exile  hasteneth  that  he  may  be  loosed. 

Isa.  xli.  14. 

4.  To  disengage;  to  disconnect.  “They 

hosed  their  hold.”  Dryden. 

5.  To  discharge  or  let  fly  as  an  arrow  or  other 

missile  weapon.  “ Many  arrows  hosed  several 
ways.”  Shak. 

6.  To  solve ; to  explain.  Spenser. 

LOOSE,  v.  n.  1.  To  cast  off  the  rope  or  hawser 


by  which  a vessel  is  made  fast  to  the  shore  : — 
to  leave  a port;  to  set  sail. 

When  Paul  and  his  company  loosed  from  Paphos,  they 
came  to  Perga,  in  Pamphy  lia.  Acts  xiii.  III. 

2.  To  discharge  or  let  fly  an  arrow  or  other 
missile  weapon.  “ You  are  a good  archer,  Mar- 
cus ; . . . loose  when  I bid.”  Shak. 

LOOSE,  a.  [Goth,  laus ; A.  S.  has-,  Dut.  hs, 
hsse  ; Ger.  hs  ; Dan.  los  ; Sw.  las.] 

1.  Not  fastened  or  confined ; untied ; unbound. 

Lo,  I see  four  men  loose , walking  in  the  midst  of  the  fire. 

Dan.  iii.  25. 

2.  Slack ; not  tense ; not  tight ; as,  “ Loose 
reins  ” ; “ A hose  garment  or  bandage.” 

3.  Not  having  its  parts  closely  united  ; not 
compact  or  firm  ; not  dense  or  close. 

With  horse  and  chariot  ranked  in  loose  array.  Milton. 

4.  Easily  removed;  not  fixed;  not  fast;  as, 
“ A hose  tooth.” 

5.  Not  concise;  not  close  ; prolix;  rambling. 

An  author  . . . loose  and  diffuse  in  his  style.  Felton. 

6.  Not  exact  or  precise;  vague;  indetermi- 
nate ; ill-defined  ; indistinct ; indefinite. 

It  is  but  a loose  thing  to  speak  of  possibilities,  without  the 
particular  designs;  so  is  it  to  speak  of  lawfulness,  without  the 
particular  cases.  Bacon. 

7.  Not  strict;  not  rigid  ; lax. 

Conscience,  nnd  the  fear  of  swerving  from  that  which  is 
right,  maketh  them  diligent  observers  of  circumstances,  the 
loose  regard  of  which  is  the  nurse  of  vulgar  lolly.  Hooker. 

8.  Lax  of  bowels  ; not  costive.  Locke. 

9.  Disengaged  ; disconnected  ; detached  ; not 
bound  ; free  ; — with  from,  and  rarely  with  of. 

10.  Lax  in  morals  ; immoral ; dissolute  ; un- 
chaste. “ Loose  and  dissolute.”  Addison. 

To  break  loose,  to  escape  forcibly  from  restraint  or 
confinement. — To  let  loose,  to  free  from  restraint  or 
confinement;  to  set  at  liberty: — to  slacken.  ‘‘Let 
loose  the  reins.”  Milton.  — Jit  loose  ends,  having  no 
regular  employment.  Hunter. 

Syn.  — See  Dissolute,  Slack. 

LOOSE,  n.  1.  f A letting  loose,  as  an  arrow  from 
a bow.  “ The  loose  gave  such  a twang.”  Drayton. 

2.  Freedom  from  restraint  or  confinement. 
“ Come,  give  thy  soul  a hose.”  [it.]  Dryden. 

LOOSE'LY,  ad.  In  a loose  manner  ; not  fast. 

LOOS'EN  (lo'sn),  V.  a.  [from  loose.]  [i.  LOOS- 
ENED ; pp.  LOOSENING,  loosened.] 

1.  To  make  loose  ; to  render  less  tight,  fixed, 
or  compact;  to  relax;  as,  “To  loosen  a bandage.” 

2.  To  free  from  restraint  or  confinement. 

It  loosens  his  hands  and  assists  his  understanding.  Dryden. 

3.  To  separate  from  connection ; to  alienate. 

I had  rather  lose  the  battle  than  that  suitor 

Should  loosen  him  and  me.  Shak. 

4.  To  make  lax,  as  the  bowels.  Bacon. 

LOOS'EN  (16'sn),  v.  n.  To  become  loose  ; to  part. 

LOOSE'NESS,  n.  1.  The  state  of  being  loose  ; — 
opposed  to  tightness , fixedness , or  compactness. 

The  looseness  of  the  skin  or  shell,  that  sticketh  not  close  to 
the  flesh.  Bacon. 

2.  Laxity  ; levity  ; — opposed  to  strictness  or 
rigidness.  “ A looseness  of  principles. ” Atterbury. 

3.  Irregularity  of  life  or  conduct ; neglect  of 

laws.  “ Looseness  of  life.”  Hayward. 

4.  Lewdness  ; unchastity.  Spenser. 

5.  Flux  of  the  bowels;  diarrhoea.  “Taking 

cold  moveth  hoseness.”  ~ Bacon. 

LOOSE 'STRIFE,  n.  (Bot.)  The  name  of  several 
species  of  shrubs  of  the  genera  Lysimachia, 
Lythrum,  Ludwigia,  and  Naumburgia.  Gray. 

LOOS'ISH,  a.  Somewhat  loose.  Earl  of  Pembroke. 

LOO'VJpR,  n.  See  Louver. 

LOP,  V.  a.  [Gr.  (Uiiirrw,  to  pull,  pluck,  strip  off. 
Skinner.  Lye.  — Ger.  laub,  a leaf.  Minsheu.] 
\i.  LOPPED  ; pp.  LOPPING,  LOPPED.] 

1.  To  cut  off',  as  the  branches  of  a tree. 

Oak  or  fir, 

With  branches  lopped , in  wood  or  mountain  felled.  Milton. 

2.  To  cut  off  the  branches  or  extremities  of. 

The  oak.  growing  from  a plant  to  a great  tree,  and  then 

loqipcd,  is  still  the  same  oak.  Locke. 

3.  To  cut  off ; to  sever ; to  dissever  ; to  detach. 

Stern  Hector  waved  his  sword,  and,  standing  near, 

Full  on  the  lance  a stroke  so  justly  sped, 

That  the  broad  falchion  lopped  its  brazen  head.  Pope. 

4.  To  let  fall ; to  drop.  “ A horse  lops  his 

ears.”  Wright. 

4®”  “ This  word  does  not  appear  to  be  of  very 


ancient  use  in  the  language.  To  Ipp  the  bough  in 
Isa.  x.  33,  is  in  preceding  traslations,  to  cut.  Drayton 
and  Spenser  are  the  most  remote  authorities  that  have 
occurred.”  Richardson. 

LOP,  n.  Branches  cut  from  a tree.  “ Lop,  bark 
and  part  of  the  timber.”  Shak. 

LOP,  n.  (Ent.)  [A.  S.  hppe .]  A flea.  Johnson. 

f LOPE,  i.  from  leap.  Leaped.  — See  LiCAr. 

And  laughing,  lope  to  a tiee.  Spenser. 

LOPE,  n.  A stride  ; a leap.  [Local,  U.  S.J  Thorpe. 

LOP'J^R,  n.  A machine  for  laying  lines.  Crcibb. 

LOP H ' I-O-DO N,  or  LO-PIli'O-DON,  n.  [Gr.  Utfnov, 
a little  crest  or  ridge,  and  dbous,  dltvro;,  a tooth.] 
(Geol.)  An  extinct  genus  of  manmiiferous  quad- 
rupeds allied  to  the  tapir  and  rhinoceros  ; — so 
named  from  the  form  of  the  lower  molar  teeth, 
which  terminate  in  transverse  elevations,  more 
or  less  oblique.  Cuvier. 

LOPH-O-BRAN'EHI-ATE  (-brang'ke-fit,  82),  a.  [Gr. 
lotpdi,  a crest,  and  (Ipuy^ta,  gills.]  (Ich.)  Noting 
an  order  of  fishes  distinguished  by  their  gills 
being  in  tufts,  as  in- the  pipe-fish.  Brande. 

LO-PIIOPH-O-RI ' JVJE,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  /.otpoipoods, 
wearing  a crest ; 
hxj>6s,  a crest,  and 
<plp  w,  to  bear.] 

(Ornith.)  A sub- 
family of  birds  of 
the  order  Gallinat 
and  family  Pha- 
sianidee ; monauls. 

Gray. 

LOP'LOL-LY,  n.  See 
Loblolly.  Croker.  Lophophorus  impeyanus. 

LOP'PARD,  n.  A tree  the  top  of  which  is  lopped 
or  cut  off ; a pollard.  Allen. 

LOP'PJJR,  n.  One  who  lops  or  cuts  trees. 

LOP'PpR,  V.  n.  [i.  LOPPERED  ; pp.  LOPPERING, 
loppered.]  To  coagulate  ; to  turn  sour,  as 

milk.  Jamieson.  Forby. 

LOP'PERED  (-perd),  a.  Coagulated  ; curdled  ; 
clotted.  “ Loppered  milk.”  Ainsworth.  “ Lop- 
pered blood.”  llampole.  [Local,  Scotland.] 

LOP'PING,  n.  Branches  cut  off.  Cotgrave. 

LOP'— SID-ED,  a.  Heavier  on  one  side  than  on 
the  other ; leaning  to  one  side.  Wright. 

LO-QUA'CIOyS  (lo-kwa'shns),  a.  [L.  hquax,  h- 
qiiacis  ; hqaor,  to  speak  ; It.  loquace  ; Sp.  locuaz  ; 
Fr.  hquace .] 

1.  Full  of  talk  ; talkative ; garrulous ; blabbing. 

In  council  she  gives  license  to  her  tongue, 

Loquacious , brawling,  ever  in  the  wrong.  Dryden. 

2.  Speaking;  talking,  [r.] 

Loquacious  strings,  whose  solemn  notes 

Provoke  to  harmless  revels.  Phillips. 

Syn.  — See  Talkativeness. 

LO-aUA'CIOUS-LY,  ad.  In  a loquacious  manner. 

LO-GUA'CIOUS-NESS  (Io-kwa'shus-nes),  n.  Talk- 
ativeness ; loquacity. 

LO-auAg'I-TY  (lo-kwas'e-te),  n.  [L.  loquacitas-, 
It.  loquacitd ; Sp.  hcuacidad',  Fr.  hquacite.] 
The  quality  of  being  loquacious ; a propensity 
to  talk  much  ; talkativeness  ; garrulity. 

Why  loquacity  is  to  be  avoided  the  wise  man  gives  us  a 
sufficient  answer,  Prov.  x.  1!):  “In  the  multitude  of  words 
there  wantetli  not  sin":  and  Eccl.  v.  7:  “In  many  words 
there  are  divers  vanities."  Ray. 

Syn. — See  Talkativeness. 

LO-RAn'  THUS,  n.  [Gr.  LSpov,  a thong,  and  avOos, 
a flower.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  evergreen  shrubs 
parasitical  on  trees,  found  principally  in  tropi- 
cal localities  ; — so  named  in  allusion  to  the 
long,  linear  shape  and  leathery  substance  of  the 
petals.  Eng.  Cyc. 

LO'RATE,  a.  [L.  loratus ; lorum,  a thong.]  (Bot.) 
Shaped  like  a thong  or  strap.  Gray. 

LORD,  n.  [Su.  Goth,  laward;  A.  S.  hlaford,  la- 
fiord,  laueord  ; Icel.  lavardur ; Scot,  laird,  larde. 
— Skinner,  whose  opinion  Bosworth  adopts,  de- 
rives A.  S.  hlaford  from  hlafi,  a loaf,  and  ford,  to 
afford,  to  supply,  because  a lord  supplies  many 
with  bread. — Junius  objects  to  fiord,  knowing  no 
such  A.  S.  word,  and  pronounces  hlaford  to  be 
composed  of  hlaf,  a loaf,  and  ord  (L .ortus),  ori- 
gin, source. — Tooke,  whose  opinion  Richard- 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  ROLE.  — <?,  9,  g,  soft;  G,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  X as  gz.  — THIS,  tills. 


LORD 


85G 


LOSEL 


soil  adopts»asserts  it  to  be  composed  of  lilaf, 
past  participle  of  hlifian,  to  lift,  to  raise,  and 
ord  (L.  ortus ),  source,  origin,  and  therefore  to 
mean  high-born,  of  exalted  origin.  Stiemhielm 
derives  it  from  lilaf,  bread,  and  weard,  a host.  — 
Vitellius  derives  1 cel.  lavardur  from  hid,  land, 
soil,  and  vard,  a guardian.] 

1.  A person  of  high  birth,  rank,  or  authority  ; 

a superior  ; a master  ; a ruler  ; a governor.  “ Of 
Athens  he  was  lord.”  Dryden. 

But  now  I was  the  lord 

Of  this  fair  mansion,  master  of  my  servants, 

Queen  of  myself.  Shak. 

2.  A husband.  “ He  shall  be  lord  of  Lady 

Imogen.”  Shak. 

I oft  in  bitterness  of  soul  deplored 

My  absent  daughter  and  my  dearer  lord.  Pope. 

3.  In  Great  Britain,  a peer  of  the  realm,  es- 
pecially a baron,  as  distinguished  from  the  high- 
er orders  of  nobility. 

The  title  is  extended  by  courtesy  to  the  sons  of 
dukes  and  marquises,  and  to  the  eldest  sons  of  earls, 
and,  by  virtue  of  their  office,  to  the  mayors  of  London, 
of  York,  and  of  Dublin  ; to  judges  while  presiding  in 
court,  and  to  certain  other  high  official  personages, 
as,  “ Lord  Chancellor  ” ; “• Lord  of  the  Treasury,” 
&c.  It  is  given  also  to  one  who  has  the  fee  of  a 
manor,  and  consequently  the  homage  of  his  tenants, 
but  if  not  of  noble  birth,  he  is  not  addressed  as  a 
lord.  Smart.  Brande. 

Princes  and  lords  may  flourish  or  may  fade: 

A breath  can  make  them,  as  a breath  has  made.  Goldsmith. 

4.  (Feudal  System.)  The  grantor  or  proprie- 
tor of  the  land,  who  retained  the  dominion  or 
ultimate  property  of  the  feud  or  fee,  the  use 
only  being  granted  to  the  tenant  or  vassal. 

5.  [Gr.  kooAds,  bent  forwards.]  In  a ludicrous 

sense,  a hump-backed  person.  Smart. 

In  the  Scriptures  the  word  Lord  is  used  in 
various  senses,  which  may  be  generally  determined 
from  the  connection. 

1.  The  Supreme  Being;  God;  Jehovah;  — in  this 
sense,  for  discrimination,  printed  in  small  capitals. 

I will  praise  thee,  O Lord,  with  my  whole  heart.  Ps.  ix.  1. 

2.  Jesus  Christ. 

Of  the  Lord  ye  shall  receive  the  reward  of  the  inherit- 
ance; for  ye  serve  the  Lord  Christ.  2 Col.  iii.  24. 

3.  A sovereign;  a king;  a ruler. 

And  [he]  said  unto  the  king,  Let  not  my  lord  impute  in- 
iquity unto  me.  2 Sam.  xix.  It). 

4.  A prince  or  nobleman. 

My  counsellors  and  my  lords  sought  unto  me.  Dan.  iv.  3G. 

5.  A husband.  “ My  lord  being  old.”  Gen.  xviii.  12. 

6.  An  owner  or  a master.  “ The  lord  of  the  vine- 
yard.” Matt.  xx.  8. 

The  disciple  is  not  above  his  master,  nor  the  servant  above 
his  lord.  Matt.  x.  24. 

7.  A title  of  respect,  used  in  addressing  a superior. 

“Drink,  my  lord.”  Gen.  xxiv.  18. 

House  of  Lords , the  upper  house  of  the  English  Par- 
liament, composed  of  lords  temporal  and  lords  spirit- 
ual. — Lord  adrocate  of  Scotland , the  attorney-general, 
or  senior  standing  counsel  for  the  crown  in  Scotland. 
— Lord  chancellor , or  lord  high  chancellor.  See 
Chancellor.  — Lord  keeper , formerly  in  England, 
an  officer  of  the  crown,  who  had  the  custody  of  the 
king’s  great  seal,  with  authority  to  affix  it  to  public 
documents.  The  office  is  now  united  with  that  of 
lord  chancellor. — Lord  lieutenant  of  Ireland , the  vice- 
roy, or  chief  executive  officer  of  Ireland.  — Lord  lieu- 
tenant of  a county , in  England  and  Wales,  an  officer 
intrusted  by  the  crown  with  the  chief  military  affairs 
of  a county.  — Lord  of  misrule,' -formerly,  in  England,  a 
person  chosen  to  direct  the  sports  and  revels  of  a great 
family  during  Christmas;  revel-master;  Christmas 
prince.  “After  1640,  we  hear  nothing  of  the  lord  of 
misrule  in  England.”  P.  Cyc.  — Lords  spiritual , in 
England,  archbishops  and  bishops  who  have  seats  in 
the  House  of  Lords,  comprising  two  archbishops  and* 
twenty-four  bishops  of  the  English  Church,  and  one 
archbishop  and  three  bishops  of  the  Irish  prelacy.— 
Lords  temporal , lay  peers  who  have  seats  in  the  House 
of  Lords,  comprising  all  the  peers  of  England,  sixteen 
representative  peers  of  the  Scottish  peerage,  and 
twenty -eight  representative  peers  of  the  Irish  peerage. 
P.  Cyc.  Brande. 

LORD,  v.  n.  [i.  lorded  ; pp.  lording,  lorded.] 
To  act  as  lord;  to  rule, — particularly  to  rule 
despotically  ; to  domineer  ; — used  with  over  .be- 
fore the  object  ruled,  and  sometimes  followed  by 
it.  “ She  lordeth  in  licentious  bliss.”  Spenser. 

The  afflicted  throne 

Imperial,  which  once  lorded  o'er  the  world.  Philips. 

But  if  thy  passions  lord  it  in  thy  breast, 

Art  thou  not  still  a slave?  Dryden. 

LORD,  v.  a.  To  invest  with  the  dignity  and  priv- 
ileges of  a lord.  “ He  thus  being  lorded.”  Shak. 

LORD'DOM,  n.  The  rule,  jurisdiction,  or  dominion 
of  lords,  [r.]  N.  M.  Mag. 


f LORD'ING,  n.  1.  Sir  ; master  ; an  ancient  mode 
of  address.  “ Listen,  lordings.”  Spenser. 

2.  A little  or  young  lord  ; lordling.  Shak. 

3.  A lord,  in  ridicule  or  contempt. 

To  lordings  proud  I tune  my  lay.  Swift. 

LORD'— LIEU-TEN 'ANT  (-lev-ten'?nt),  n.  The  chief 
executive  officer  or  viceroy  of  Ireland.  Booth. 

LORD'— LIKE,  a.  Like  or  becoming  a lord;  lord- 
ly. “ Lord-like  at  ease.”  Dryden. 

LORD'LI-NESS,  n.  1.  The  quality  of  being  lordly  ; 
dignity  ; high  rank  or  station.  Shak. 

2.  Pride  ; haughtiness.  More. 

LORD'LING,  n.  1.  A little  lord.  Swift. 

2.  A lad,  in  contempt  or  ridicule.  Goldsmith. 

LORD'LY,  a.  I.  Pertaining  to,  or  becoming,  a lord. 

Lordly  sins  require  lordly  estates  to  support  them.  South. 

2.  Proud  ; haughty;  imperious  ; domineering. 

Lords  are  lordliest  in  their  wine.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Magisterial. 

LORD'LY,  ad.  In  the  manner  of  a lord  ; proudly ; 
haughtily  ; imperiously.  Dryden. 

A famished  lion,  issuing  from  the  wood, 

Roars  lordly  tierce,  and  challenges  the  food.  Dryden. 

LOR-DO'SIS,  n.  [Gr.  l.opbos,  bent  forwards.] 
(Anat.)  Curvature  of  the  bones, — particularly 
of  the  spinal  column  forwards.  Dunglison. 

LQRD’§'— DAY,  n.  The  Christian  Sabbath ; the 
first  day  of  the  week ; Sunday.  Rev.  i.  10. 

LORD'SHIP,  n.  1.  ( Old  Eng.  Law.)  Authority 
granted  by  the  crown  to  the  lord  of  a manor  to 
hold  a private  leet,  or  preside  judicially  over  his 
domain  ; — the  domain  itself ; seigniory.  P.  Cyc. 

2.  Authority  ; dominion  ; rule. 

The  kings  of  the  gentiles  exercise  lordship  over  them. 

Luke  xxii.  25. 

3.  The  state  or  the  quality  of  being  a lord. 

4.  A title  of  honor  to  a nobleman  not  a duke  : 
— a titulary  compellation  of  English  judges, 
and  some  other  persons  in  authority.  Johnson. 

flQf  “ This  is  the  meaning  in  the  address,  Your 
lordship,  which,  however  determined  by  the  pronoun, 
is  a noun  in  the  third  person.”  Smart. 

LORD’S^'— SUP 'PER,  n.  The  Christian  sacrament; 
the  eueharist, 

LORE,  n.  [Goth.  Icisan,  to  learn  ; A.  S.  lar,  leer-, 
Dut.  leer ; Ger.  lehre-,  Dan.  fere;  Sw.  lara. — 
See  Learn.] 

1.  Learning;  erudition;  instruction;  knowl- 
edge ; discipline  ; doctrine  ; lesson.  Pope. 

Most  men  admire 

Virtue,  who  follow  not  her  lore.  Milton. 

2.  f Workmanship. 

About  the  which  two  serpents  were  wound, 

Entrailed  mutually  in  lovely  lore.  Spenser. 

3.  [L.  lor  urn.,  a strap.]  ( Ornith .)  The  space 

between  the  bill  and  the  eye.  Brande. 

t LORE,  i.  & p.  [A.  S.  Icoran,  loren,  to  lose.]  Lost ; 
left ; lorn.  — See  Lorn.  Spenser. 

t LOR’IJL,  n.  A wretch  ; a losel.  Chaucer. 

LORGNETTE  (lor-nyet'),  n.  [Fr.]  An  opera- 
glass.  Spiers. 

LO-RI’CA,  n.  [L.,  from  lorum,  a thong.] 

1.  ( Roman  Ant.)  A cuirass  or  coat  of  mail 
made  of  leather  and  set  with  plates  of  metal  or 
horn  in  various  forms,  chiefly  in  rings.  Brande. 

2.  ( Chem .)  A kind  of  lute.  Rees. 

LOR'I-CATE,  v.  a.  [L.  lorico,  loricatus,  to  clothe 
in  mail  ; lorica,  a coat  of  mail.]  [t.  loricated  ; 
pp.  LOllICATINO,  LOP.ICATEI).] 

1.  To  cover  with  a coating ; to  plate.  Ray. 

2.  (Chem.)  To  cover  with  lute.  Rees. 

LOR'I-CATE,  ? Covered  or  plated  over  ; cov- 

LOR'I-CAT-pD,  ) eredwith  a double  series  of  ob- 
lique scales  like  a coat  of  mail.  Maunder. 

LOR-I-oA'TION,  n.  [L.  loricatio.) 

1.  The  act  or  the  process  of  loricating. 

2.  A surface  or  covering  plated  like  mail. 

These  cones  have  the  entire  lorication  smoother.  Evelyn. 

LOR'I-KEET,  n.  (Ornith.)  A bird  of  the  parrot 
tribe,  noted  for  its  extensible  tongue.  Baird. 

f LOR'I-MfR,  l n-  [Fr.  lormier,  from  L.  lorum, 

f LOR'I-NJJR,  ) a strap.]  A maker  of  bits,  spurs, 
and  metal  mountings  for  harnesses  ; a saddler. 

Holinshed.  Chalmers. 


LO-Ri’NJE,  n.  pi. 
birds  of  the  order 
Scansores,  and  the 
family  Psittacidce ; 
lories.  Gray. 

fLOR'lNG,  n.  In- 
struction ; doc- 
trine; lor  e.Spenser. 

LOR'I-OT,  n.  [Fr., 
from  L.  aureolas, 
golden.  Scaliger.] 

oi  a bright  yellow  color ; golden  oriole;  Oriolus 
galbula.  Yarrell. 

LOR  J-PED,  n.  [L.  loripes,  loripedis,  limber-footed  ; 
lorum,  a strap,  and  pes,  pedis,  a foot.]  (Conch.) 
A mollusk  having  the  foot  prolonged  into  a kind 
of  cylindrical  cord.  Kirby. 

LORIS,  n.  (Zodl.)  A genus  of  quadrumanous 
animals  of  the  family  of  lemurs,  found  in  the 
East  Indies.  — See  Lemur.  Eng.  Cyc. 

LO'RIST,  n.  A name  formerly  given  to  a bird 
which  was  supposed  to  cure  the  jaundice.  Crahb. 

1"  LORN,  a.  [A.  S.  Icoran.]  Lost;  forlorn.  Spenser . 

LOR'Ry,  n.  A small  wagon  used  in  constructing 
railways  : — a coal-cart.  Smart. 

LO'RY,n.  1.  (Ornith.)  An  Oriental  bird  of  beau- 
tiful plumage,  of  the  order  Scansores  and  family 
Psittacidce,  or  parrots.  — See  Lorinje.  Gray. 

2.  (Zoiil.)  One  of  the  genus  Loris. Goldsmith. 

LO§'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  lost.  Boyle. 

LO§E  (loz),  v.  a.  [Goth,  liusan  ; A.  S.  leosan,  lo- 
sian,  forlosian,  forlosan;  Dut.  verliezen ; Ger. 
v erlieren  ; Dan.  forlise  ; Sw.  fdrlisa.  — See 
Loose.]  [i.  lost";  pp.  losing,  lost.] 

1.  To  cease  to  have  in  possession,  as  through 
accident;  to  be  deprived  of;  to  possess  no 
longer  ; — opposed  to  keep  or  retain. 

I lost  my  liberty,  and  they  their  lives.  Shah. 

They  have  lost  their  trade  of  woollen  drapery.  Gratiot. 

He  lost  his  right  hand  with  a shot.  Knollen. 

2.  To  forfeit,  as  by  unsuccessful  contest,  or 
as  a penalty  ; — opposed  to  gain  or  win. 

I fought  the  battle  bravely  which  I lost.  Dryden. 

So  hard  to  gain,  so  easy  to  be  lost.  Tope. 

3.  To  make  no  use  of ; not  to  employ  or 
enjoy;  to  throw  away;  to  squander;  to  mis- 
spend ; to  waste. 

The  happy  have  whole  days,  and  these  they  use; 

The  unhappy  have  but  hours,  and  these  they  lose.  Dt'ydcn. 
Think  that  day  lost  whose  [low]  descending  sun 
Views  from  thy  hand  no  noble  action  done.  Bohart. 

4.  To  employ  ineffectually. 

He  has  merit,  good  nature,  and  integrit}',  that  are  too  often 
lost  upon  great  men.  Pope. 

5.  To  fail  to  obtain  or  gain  ; to  miss. 

He  shall  in  no  wise  lose  his  reward.  Matt.  x.  42. 

Thou  ’It  lose  the  flood,  and,  in  losing  the  flood,  lose  thy 
voyage.  . Shak. 

6.  To  be  freed  from;  to  he  rid  of.  “To  lose 

a fever.”  Parncl. 

7.  To  send  to  perdition  ; to  ruin  ; to  destroy. 

In  spite  of  all  the  virtue  we  can  boast. 

The  woman  that  deliberates  is  lost.  Addison. 

8.  To  deprive  or  dispossess  of. 

How  should  you  go  about  to  lose  him  a wife  he  loves  with 
so  much  passion?  Temple. 

9.  To  be  deprived  of  by  death  ; to  have  die. 

Friend  after  friend  departs: 

Who  hath  not  lost  a friend?  J.  Montgomery. 

10.  To  displace  ; to  dislodge  ; to  displant. 

A still  soliciting  eye,  and  such  a tongue 

That  I am  glad  I have  not,  though  not  to  have  it 

Hath  lost  me  in  your  liking.  Shak. 

11.  To  bewilder ; to  confuse.  “ Lost  in  the 

maze  of  words.”  Pope. 

To  lose  ground , to  fall  behind.  — Lost  to , to  he  sepa- 
rated or  alienated  from.  “ Lost  to  shame.”  Swift. 

O,  lost  to  virtue,  lost  to  manly  thought, 

Lost  to  the  noble  sallies  of  the  soul, 

Who  think  it  solitude  to  be  alone.  Young. 

LO§E  (loz),  v.  n.  1.  To  forfeit  any  thing  in  con- 
test ; to  be  defeated ; not  to  win. 

Who  loses , and  who  wins;  who’s  in,  who’s  out.  Shak. 

2.  To  yield ; to  succumb ; to  fail ; to  de- 
cline. 

Wisdom  in  discourse  with  her 
Loses  discountenanced,  and  like  folly  shows.  Milton. 

fLO'^EL  (lo'zl)  [lo'zl,  Ja.  Sm. ; loz'el,  P.  MV.], 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  tf,  short ; A,  J,  0,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  H&IR,  HER; 


LOSENGER 


857  LOVE 


n.  [A.  S.  losian,  to  lose.]  A lost  wretch ; a 
sorry,  worthless  fellow ; a lorel.  Spenser. 

f LOS'^N-^ER,  n.  [A.  S.  leasung,  falseness.  — Fr. 
losangier.]  A deceiver  ; a flatterer.  Chaucer. 

LO§'ER  (lo/.'er),  n.  One  who  loses. 

LO§'ING  (16z'ing),  n.  Loss;  deprivation.  Hume. 

LOSING,  p.  a.  1.  That  loses  ; incurring  loss. 

“ The  losing  gamester.”  Dryden. 

2.  That  brings  loss  ; as,  “ A losing  game.” 

LO^'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a manner  to  lose.  Wright. 

LOSS,  n.  [A.  S.  los .] 

1.  Failure  to  keep  in  possession ; deprivation  ; 

privation  ; forfeiture  ; — opposed  to  gain.  “ With 
loss  of  Eden.”  Milton. 

Great  men  great  losses  should  endure.  Shak. 

2.  Failure  to  win  or  to  gain;  as,  “The  loss 
of  a battle.” 

3.  The  state  of  being  lost. 

For  ever  to  deplore 

Her  loss,  and  other  pleasures  all  abjure.  Milton. 

4.  Destruction;  ruin;  overthrow;  damage; 
detriment. 

Equally  enjoying 

Godlike  fruition,  quitted  all  to  save 
A world  from  utter  loss.  Milton. 

Her  fellow  ships  from  far  he*Zo*s  descried.  Dryden. 

5.  Useless  or  unprofitable  application  ; waste. 

It  would  be  loss  of  time  to  explain  any  farther.  Addison. 

„ To  be  at  a loss , to  be  unable  to  proceed  or  deter- 
mine ; to  be  puzzled.  “ A man  may  sometimes  be  at 
a loss  which  side  to  close  with.”  Baker. 

Syn.  — Loss  is  a general  term  ; damage,  detriment,  I 
waste,  and  forfeiture  are  modes  of  loss.  A person  sus- 
tains loss  of  property,  reputation,  or  influence  ; lie 
suffers  damage  or  deprivation  by  an  accident  or  misfor- 
tune, detriment  by  want  of  prudence,  waste  of  property 
by  negligence,  or  forfeiture  by  neglect  of  duty. 

LOSS,  n.  ( Geol .)  See  Loess.  Eng.  Cyc. 

f LOSS'FUL,  a.  Detrimental.  Bp.  Hall. 

f LOSS'LESS,  a.  Exempt  from  loss ; without 
loss.  “ Lossless  victories.”  Milton. 

LOST,  i.  & p.  from  lose.  See  Lose. 

LOT,  n.  [Goth,  hlauts  ; A.  S.  Mot,  hlyt ; Dut. 
lot;  Ger.  loos;  Dan.  lad;  Sw.  lott ; Icel . hluti. 

— It.  lotto;  Sp.  lote;  Fr.  loti] 

1.  That  which  comes  or  falls  to  one  as  his 
portion  ; allotment ; apportionment ; fate  ; des- 
tiny ; doom. 

Our  own  lot  is  best:  and,  by  aiming  at  what  we  have  not, 
we  lose  what  we  have  already*.  L' Estrange. 

He  was  but  born  to  try 

The  lot  of  man,  to  suffer  and  to  die.  Pope. 

2.  Chance  ; hazard  ; fortune  ; hap. 

The  land  shall  be  divided  by  lot.  Rum.  xxvi.  55. 

3.  A die,  or  any  thing  used  in  determining 
chances. 

Aaron  shall  east  lots  upon  the  two  goats;  one  lot  for  the 
Lord,  and  the  other  lot  for  the  scapegoat.  Lev.  xvi.  8. 

Their  tasks  in  equal  portions  she  divides, 

And  where  unequal,  these  by  lots  decides.  Dryden. 

4.  A distinct  portion  or  parcel ; one  division 
of  an  aggregate. 

"What  lot  of  silks  had  you  at  the  sale?  Johnson. 

5.  A great  quantity  or  number.  “ A lot  of 

people.”  “ Lots  of  folks.”  [Colloquial  and  vul- 
gar, Eng.  and  U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

G.  A proportion  or  share  of  taxes  ; as,  “ To 
pay  scot  and  lot."  Johnson.  Burrill. 

7.  A division  or  portion  of  land  measured  off', 
or  appropriated  to  any  purpose ; as,  “ A town 
lot  ” ; “A  house  lot  ” ; “A  wood  lot.”  [U.  S.] 

This  use  of  lot  is  common  in  this  country  ; it 
is  reputed  to  be  of  American  origin  ; and  if  so,  it  was 
very  early  introduced.  “ It  is  jointly  agreed  and  con- 
cluded that  each  inhabitant  have  a two-acre  lot  to 
plant  trees  upon.”  Charlestown  (Mass.)  Records,  1629. 
— The  word  lias  recently  been  used  in  this  manner  by 
some  English  writers.  “ The  land  [in  Canada]  is  to 
be  surveyed,  subdivided,  and  marked  out  into  lots.” 

— “ The  best  lots.”  P.  Mag.  — “ Lots  of  land.”  Laing. 

Syn. — See  Destiny. 

LOT,  V.  a.  [i.  LOTTED  ; pp.  LOTTING,  LOTTED.] 

1.  To  assign;  to  apportion;  to  allot. 

A just  reward,  such  as  all  times  before 

Have  ever  lotted  to  those  wretched  folks.  Sackville. 

2.  To  distribute  in  lots  ; to  sort.  “ The  goods 

are  lotted.”  Todd. 

LOTE,  n.  1.  A fish  resembling  the  eel.  Cotgrave. 

2.  A loft,  or  floor.  [South  of  Eng.]  Wright. 

3.  Same  as  Lotus,  or  Lote-tuee.  Smart. 


f LOTE'BY,  n.  A companion.  Chaucer. 

LOTE'— TREE,  n.  The  modern  popular  name  of 
those  kinds  of  lotus,  which  are  trees,  — particu- 
larly, of  a large  timber-tree  of  Southern  Europe, 
which  bears  edible  berries,  about  the  size  of 
small  cherries  ; nettle-tree  ; Celtis  australis.  — 
See  Lotos.  P.  Cyc. 

LOTH,  a.  See  Loath.  Todd. 

LO'TION,  n.  [L.  lotio  ; lavo,  lotum,  to  wash  ; It. 
lozione;  Sp.  locion;  Fr.  lotion .]  {Med.)  An 
external  fluid  application  ; a wash.  Dunglison. 

LO’TOS,n.  [Gr.  I.uitos;  L.  lotos,  lotus.']  (Bot.) 
A name  given  by  the  ancients  to  several  dis- 
tinct plants ; as,  to  Lotus  sativa  or  trifolium 
of  Dioseorides,  a kind  of  wild  clover  which  grew 
in  the  meadows  round  Sparta  and  Troy ; to 
Nymphcea  lotus,  a water-lily  in  Egypt  and  In- 
dia, held  sacred  as  the  symbol  of  creation  ; to 
Zizyphus  lotus  of  Wildenow,  or  Rhamnus  lotus 
of  Linnaeus,  a thorny  shrub,  or  small  tree,  bear- 
ing a reddish  fruit,  about  the  size  of  an  olive, 
upon  which  certain  tribes  subsisted  ; to  Celtis 
australis  of  Northern  Africa,  a tree  distin- 
guished by  its  hard,  black  wood ; and  to  a large 
tree  in  Italy,  probably  identical  with  the  mod- 
ern lote-tree  ; — written  also  lotus. 

P.  Cyc.  Liddell  £,  Scott.  Gray. 

LOT'TER-Y,  n.  [It.  lotteria ; Sp.  loteria;  Fr. 
loterie.) 

1.  f That  which  is  allotted  ; allotment. 

Octavia  is  a blessed  lottery  to  him.  Shak . 

2.  A distribution  of  prizes  and  blanks  by 
chance;  a game  of  hazard  in  which  small  sums 
are  ventured  for  the  chance  of  obtaining  a larger 
value  either  in  money  or  in  other  articles. 

,8®“  The  earliest  English  lottery  of  which  there  is 
any  record  was  drawn  in  1569.  Tile  first  state  or 
parliamentary  lottery  occurred  in  1709.  During  this 
century  the  Englisii  government  constantly  availed 
itself  of  this  means  to  raise  money  for  various  public 
works,  of  which  tiie  Britisli  Museum  and  Westminster 
Bridge  are  examples.  Lotteries  have  been  very  com- 
mon in  the  United  States,  and  have  been  sanctioned 
by  several  of  the  states.  The  Congress  of  1776  insti- 
tuted a national  lottery.  Brande.  P.  Cyc. 

LS'TUS,  n.  I.  {Bot.)  See  Lo- 
tos. 

2.  {Arch.)  An  architectural 
ornament  made  to  resemble 
the  Nymphcea  alotus,  or  water- 
lily  of  Egypt.  Francis. 

LOUD,  a.  [A.  S.  hlud;  hlowan,  hlewan,  to  low, 
to  bellow;  Frs.  hlud;  Dut.  liud;  Ger.  laut ; 
Dan.  lyd.  — “ What  we  now  write  loud  was  for- 
merly, and  more  properly,  written  loiod.”  Tooke.] 

1.  Strong  or  powerful  in  sound ; striking  the 
ear  with  great  force;  as,  “ A 'loud  noise.” 

2.  That  makes  a great  noise  ; high-sounding. 

Praise  him  upon  the  loud  cymbals.  Ps.  cl.  5. 

3.  Clamorous  ; noisy  ; boisterous  ; vocifer- 
ous ; turbulent. 

She  is  loud  and  stubborn;  her  feet  abide  not  in  her  house. 

Prov.  vii.  11. 

Syn.  — Loud  is  a general  term,  signifying  high- 
sounding  ; as,  loud  thunder,  loud  voice,  sound,  noise.  — 
Noisy,  vociferous,  turbulent,  and  clamorous  are  com- 
monly used  in  a bad  sense.  Noisy  company  ; clamor- 
ous or  turbulent  multitude. 

LOUD,  ad.  With  loudness ; loudly.  “ Who 
knocks  so  loud  ? ” Shak. 

LOUD'LY,  ad.  With  loudness;  xvith  great  sound. 

LOUD’NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  loud  ; great 
sound  or  noise  : — turbulence.  Johnson. 

LOUD'— VOICED  (-volst),  a.  Flaving  a loud  voice. 

LOUGH  (lok)  [lok,  S.  W.  P.  J.  Ja.  K.  Sm.],  n. 
[Ir.  lough.  — See  Lake,  and  Locii.] 

1.  An  arm  of  the  sea,  or  a lake.  Drayton. 

2.  A hole  in  a rock.  [Local,  Eng.]  Wright. 

f LOUGH  (luf),  i.  from  laugh.  Laughed.  Chaucer. 

LOUIS  D’ OR  (lo'e-dor'),  n.‘  [Fr.,  a Louis  of  gold.) 
A French  gold  coin,  first  struck  in  1641,  in  the 
reign  of  Louis  XIII.,  valued  at  about  20s.  ster- 
ling ($4.84).  Brande. 

LOUNGE  (liifinj),  v.  n.  [Old  Fr.  longis,  a slow 
fellow,  a lingerer  ; L.  longus,  long.  Menage. — 
Old  Eng.  lungis.]  \i.  lounged  ; pp.  lounging, 


lounged.]  To  pass  time  idly;  to  live  lazily  ; 
to  idle  ; to  loll. 

You,  my  good  sir,  who  have  lounged  about.  Lounger. 

LOUNGE,  n.  . 1.  An  idle  gait ; a stroll.  Smart. 

2.  A place  that  idlers  frequent.  Smart. 

3.  A kind  of  couch  or  sofa  for  reclining  upon. 

LOUNGER  .(lbun'jer),  n.  One  who  lounges;  one 
who  loiters  about;  an  idler.  Johnson. 


LOUNQTNG,  p.  a.  1.  That  lounges,  or  is  charac- 
teristic of  a lounger;  as,  “A  lounging  person.” 

2.  Fit  for  lounging;  as,  “ A lounging  place.” 

LOUP,  v.  a.  & n.  To  leap;  to  spring:  — to  run 
or  move  with  celerity.  [Scotland.]  Jamieson. 

LOUP—CERFIER  (lo-sAr've-a'),  n.  [Fr.]  A name 
applied  to  the  Canada  lynx.  Sir  J.  Richardson. 

LOUR,  v.  n.  To  frown. — See  Lower.  Todd. 

f LOIIR'DAN,  n.  A loord.  — See  LuitpAN.  Bailey. 

LOUSE,  n.  ; pi.  lice.  [A.  S.  lus,  pi.  lys  ; Dut.  hits; 
Ger.  laus  ; Dan.  litus  ; Sw.  lus.]  (Ent.)  The 
common  name  of  several  species  of  wingless 
proboscidian,  parasitic  insects  of  the  family 
Pediculidce. 

Xtgp-  Three  species  of  lice  are  said  to  infest  the  hu- 
man subject — tile  Pcdiculus  humanus,  or  body-louse, 
the  Pediculus  cervicalts,  or  Pcdiculus  humanus  capitis, 
which  inhabits  the  iiead  of  man,  particularly  of  chil- 
dren, and  the  Pcdiculus  pubes,  or  crab-louse , which  in- 
habits tiie  eyebrows,  &c.  Eng.  Cyc. 

LOU^E  (louz),  v.  a.  To  clean  from  lice.  Spenser. 

LOUSE 'WORT  (-wiirt),  n.  (Bot.)  The  common 
name  of  herbaceous  plants  of  the  genus  Pe- 
dicularis ; — so  called  because  animals  were 
thought  to  become  lousy  by  eating  it.  Baird. 

Li)U'^I-LY,  ad.  In  a lousy,  mean,  paltry  man- 
ner; scurvily.  [Vulgar.]  Bailey. 

LOU'^I-NESS.tt.  The  state  of  being  lousy.  Bailey. 

LOUS'TJJR,  v.  n.  To  make  a rattling  noise  : — to 
work  hard  : — to  idle.  [Local,  Eng.]  IlalliweU. 

LOU'§Y  (lofi'ze),a.  1.  Infested  xvith  lice.  Dryden. 

2.  ’ Mean  ; low-lived;  contemptible;  dirty; 
scurvy.  [Vulgar.]  Shak. 

LOUT,  n.  [Of  disputed  etymology.  — The  past 
participle  of  to  low.  See  Loon.  Tooke.  — A.  S. 
hlutan ; Su.  Goth.  &■  Icel.  luta,  Dan.  luder,  to 
bend,  to  bow.  Spelman,  Junius.  — A.  S.  lead ; 
Ger.  hute,  the  common  people.  Jamieson ] A 
low,  boorish  fellow ; a loon ; a bumpkin  ; a 
clown  ; — also  formerly  written  lowt.  Shak. 

LOUT,  v.  n.  1.  [A.  S.  hlutan.]  t To  bend  the 
body  ; to  stoop  ; to  bow  ; — written  also  lowt. 

She  ’gan  to  lout 

And  kneel  unto  her  husband.  Gower. 

2.  To  milk  a cow.  [North  of  Eng.]  Wright. 


t Loth’,  v.  a.  To  treat  xvith  contempt  or  indiffer- 
ence, as  a lout ; to  neglect. 

Renowned  Talbot  doth  expect  my  aid, 

And  I am  touted  by  a traitor  villain.  Shak. 


LOUT'ISH,  a.  Cloxvuish  ; axvkxvard.  Sidney. 

LOUT'JSH-LY,  ad.  In  the  manner  of  a lout  or 
clown ; clownishly.  liuloet. 

LOUT'ISH-NESS,  n.  Clownishness.  Todd. 


LOU'VpR  (lo'ver),  n.  [Fr.  Vouvert,  the  opening  ; 
ouvrir,  to  open.] 

1.  An  opening  in  the  roofs  of  ancient  halls 
and  kitchens,  commonly  in  the  form  of  a tur- 
ret or  lantern,  for  the  escape  of  smoke  from  the 
fire,  which  usually  burned  in  the  centre  of  the 
floor;  — also  xvritten  lover  and  loover.  Fairholt. 

2.  An  opening  in  the  top  of  a dove-cot : — also 

a chimney.  [North  of  Eng.]  Wright. 


Louver  windotc,  a window  in 
church  steeples,  left  open  or  crossed 
by  bars  so  placed  as  to  exclude  rain, 
but  admit  air  and  allow  the  passage 
of  sound  from  the  bells.  Britton.  — 
Louver  board,  one  of  the  bars  of 
wood  which  cross  louver  windows. 
Britton. 


LOV'A-BLE  (luv'a-bl),  a.  Worthy 
to  be  loved ; amiable.  Wickliffe. 

LOV'AQfE  (luv'?j),  n.  (Bot.)  The  Louver  window, 
common  name  of  deciduous  herbaceous  plants 
of  the  genus  Ligusticum.  Loudon. 


LOVE  (luv),  v.  a.  [Goth,  liuban  ; A.  S.  Ittfian ; Dut. 


MIEN,  SIR;  M6VE,  NAR,  SON; 
108 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — Q,  $,  9,  g,  soft; 


T,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  3C  as  gz.  — THIS,  ttiis. 


858 


LOW 


LOVE 


lieven ; Ger.  liebeni]  \i.  loved  ; pp.  loving, 
loved.] 

1.  To  regard  with  good  will  or  affection,  as  a 
parent,  a child,  a relative,  or  a friend. 

Thou  shalt  lore  the  Lord  thy  God  with  all  thine  heart,  and 
with  all  thy  soul,  and  with  all  thy  might.  Deut.  vi.  5. 

By  this  we  know  that  we  love  the  children  of  God  when 
we  love  God  and  keep  his  commandments.  John  v.  2. 

2.  To  regard  with  passionate  affection,  as 
that  of  one  sex  to  the  other. 

The  jealous  man  wishes  himself  a kind  of  deity  to  the 
person  he  loves;  he  would  be  the  only  employment  of  her 
thoughts.  . Addison. 

3.  To  be  pleased  with ; to  take  pleasure  or 

delight  in;  to  like; — things  being  the  object. 
“ Arts  which  I loved.”  Cowley. 

How  long,  ye  simple,  will  ye  love  simplicity  ? Prov.  i.  22. 

LOVE  (luv),  v.  n.  To  delight;  to  take  pleasure. 

It  [Greek  literature]  is  a subject  in  which  I love  to  forget 
the  accuracy  of  a judge  in  the  veneration  of  a worshipper 
and  the  gratitude  of  a child.  Macaulay. 

LOVE  (luv),  n.  [A.  S.  hi fu,  lufe ; Dut.  liefde ; 
Ger.  Hebe.  — Sansc.  loab  ; lubh,  to  desire.] 

1.  Good  will ; affectionate  regard  ; charity. 

Greater  love  hath  no  man  than  this,  that  a man  lay  down 

his  life  for  his  friends.  John  xv.  13. 

2.  Passionate  affection,  as  of  a person  of  one 

sex  for  one  of  the  other  ; the  passion  between 
the  sexes  ; the  tender  passion.  “ She  never  told 
her  love.”  Shak. 

Shakspeare  has  portrayed  female  characters,  and  described 
the  passion  of  love , with  greater  perfection  than  any  other 
writer  of  the  known  world,  perhaps  with  the  single  exception 
of  Milton  in  the  delineation  of  Eve.  Coleridge. 

Man’s  love  is  of  man's  life  a thing,  a part; 

’Tis  woman’s  whole  existence.  Byron. 

3.  Feeling  or  passion  excited  by  whatever  is 

pleasing;  a liking;  fondness.  “ The  love  of  sci- 
ence.” Fenton. 

4.  Object  beloved;  a lover  or  a mistress. 

Open  the  temple  gates  unto  my  love.  Spenser. 

IIow  should  I your  true  love  know?  Shah. 

To  live  with  thee  and  be  thy  love.  Raleigh. 

5.  A word  of  endearment. 


’T  is  no  dishonor;  trust  me,  love,  ’t  is  none.  Dryden. 

6.  The  god  of  love  ; Cupid.  Dryden. 

I have  heard  of  reasons  manifold 
Why  Love  must  needs  be  blind; 

But  this  the  best  of  all  I hold; 

His  eyes  are  in  his  mind.  Coleridge. 

Labor  of  love,  a labor  or  service  performed  gratui- 
tously for  another. — Of  or  for  all  lores,  by  all  means. 
“Speak,  of  all  lores',  I swoon  almost  with  fear.” 
Shak.  — To  make  love  to,  to  court ; to  woo. 

Demetrius 

Malle  love  to  Nedar’s  daughter,  Helena.  Shak. 

Syn. — Love  is  a very  general  term,  very  variously 
applied  ; as  love  to  God,  lore  to  man  or  the  neighbor, 
love  of  parents  and  children,  husbands  and  wives, 
&c.  Lore  comprises  affection , attachment , tenderness, 
good  will,  and  benevolence  towards  the  object  beloved. 
Love  is  affection  accompanied  with  desire  ; affection 
is  love  unaccompanied  witli  desire.  Love  is  an  ardent 
passion  ; friendship,  a calm  and  constant  affection. 
Lore  and  charity  are  used  in  the  New  Testament  inter- 
changeably.— “Love  and  hatred,  are  the  two  generic 
or  mother  passions  or  affections  of  mind,  from  which 
all  the  others  take  their  rise.  The  former  is  awakened 
by  the  contemplation  of  something  which  is  regarded 
as  good ; and  the  latter  by  the  contemplation  of  some- 
thing which  is  regarded  as  evil.”  Fleming. — See 
Affection,  Charity. 


LOVE,  a.  Of,  or  relating  to,  love.  “ Lore  af- 
fairs.” Shak. 


LO  VE'— AP-PLE,  n.  A plant  ( Lycopersicum  cscu- 
lentum)  and  its  fruit ; the  tomato.  Eng,  Cyc. 

LOVE'— BED,  n.  A bed  for  lewdness.  Shak. 

LOVE'— BIRD,  n.  ( Ornith .)  One  of  a genus  of 
diminutive  birds  of  the  family  Psittacidce,  noted 
for  their  attachment  to  each  other.  Baird. 


LOVE'— BROK-pR,  n.  A broker  or  negotiator  in 
matters  of  love.  Shak. 

LOVE'— CHILD,  n.  A child  born  out  of  wedlock  ; 
an  illegitimate  child ; a bastard.  Dickens. 

LOVE'— CRACKED  (luv'crakt).  Crazed  with  love. 

LOVE'— DAY,  n.  1.  A day,  in  old  times,  appoint- 
ed for  the  amicable  settlement  of  differences  ; a 
day  of  amity  or  reconciliation.  Chaucer. 

2.  A day"  in  which  one  neighbor  works  for 
another  gratuitously.  [Local.]  Ogilvie. 

L6 VE'— FA-VOR,  n.  Something  given  to  be  worn 
in  token  of  love.  Bp.  ‘Hall. 

LOVE’-FEAST,  n.  (Bccl.  Hist.')  1.  Among  the 


primitive  Christians,  a feast  of  charity,  held  be- 
fore or  after  the  communion,  at  which  food  con- 
tributed by  the  rich  was  consumed  at  a common 
feast;  agapa. — See  Agapa:. 

2.  A species  of  religious  ordinance  held  quar- 
terly by  the  Methodists  in  imitation  of  the 
agapee  of  the  early  Christians.  Brande. 

LOVE'— FEAT,  n.  The  gallant  act  of  a lover.  Shak. 

LOVE'— GRASS,  a.  ( Bot .)  A beautiful  kind  of 
grass ; Erayrostis  megastachya.  Dray. 

LOVE'— HOOD  (hud),  n.  A thill  silk  stuff. 

Ainsworth. 

LOVE'-lN-l'DLE-NESS,  n.  (Bot.)  A kind  of  violet. 

Before  milk-white,  now  purple  with  love’s  wound, 

And  maidens  call  it  love-in-idleness.  Shak. 

LOVE'— KNOT,  (luv'not),  n.  A complicated  knot; 
a sort  of  love-favor,  representing  mutual  attach- 
ment. Johnson. 

LOVE'— LA-BORED,  a.  Labored  through  love. 

The  night-warbling  bird,  that  now  awake 

Tunes  sweetest  his  love-labored  song.  Milton. 

LOVE'— LASS,  n.  A sweetheart.  Mir.  for  Mag. 

LOVE'— LEARNED,  a.  Learned  in  love.  “The 
birds’  love-learned  song.”  Spenser. 

LWVE'LpSS,  a.  Void  of  love  or  affection.  Milton. 

LOVE'-LET-TER,  n.  A letter  of  courtship;  a 
billetdoux.  Shak. 

LOVE'— LlE§— BLEED'ING,  n.  (Bot.)  A species  of 
amaranth  with  long,  pendent  masses  of  crimson 
flowers  ; Amaranthiis  candatus.  Loudon. 

LOVE'LI-LY,  ad.  In  such  a manner  as  to  excite 
love ; amiably,  [it.]  Otway. 

LOVE'LI-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  lovely ; 
amiableness.  Addison. 

Loveliness 

Needs  not  the  foreign  aid  of  ornament. 

But  is,  when  unadorned,  adorned  the  most.  Thomson. 

LoVE'LING,  n.  A small  lover.  Sylvester. 

LOVE'— LINKED  (luv'llngkt),  o.  Linked  or  con- 
nected by  love.  Wright. 

LOVE'LOCK,  n.  A curl  or  lock  of  hair,  hanging 
near  or  over  the  ear,  worn  by  men  of  fashion  in 
the  reigns  of  Elizabeth  and  James  I.  Lily. 

BSr’  “ Sailors  now  form  the  curls  they  wear  on  their 
temples  lovelocks .”  Wright. 

LOVE'— LONG-ING,  n.  The  longing  of  love. 
“She  in  love-longing  fell.”  Drayton. 

LOVE'LORN,  a.  Forsaken  by  one’s  love.  Milton. 

LOVE'LY,  a.  Worthy  of  or  exciting  love  ; hav- 
ing qualities  that  excite  love  ; amiable.  Prior. 

Whatsoever  things  are  pure,  whatsoever  things  are  lovely , 
whatsoever  things  are  of  good  report,  . . . think  on  these 
tilings.  Phil.  iv.  8. 

For  nothing  lovelier  can  be  found 
In  woman,  than  to  study  household  good.  Milton. 

Syn. — See  Amiable. 

LOVE'LY,  ad.  In  such  a manner  as  to  excite 
love.  “ Lovely  fair.”  Shak.  “Earth  lovely 
smiled.”  Milton. 

LOVE'LY-FACED,  a.  Having  a lovely  face. 

LOVE'— MATCH,  n.  A match  formed  for  the  sake 
of  love.  Clarke. 

LOVE'— MON-G1JR  (-mung'ger,  82),  n.  One  who 
deals  in  affairs  of  love ; a love-broker.  Shak. 

LOVE'— PAT,  n.  A pat  given  in  token  of  love. 

LOVE'— PINED,  a.  AVasting  by  love.  Clarke. 

LO VE'OUICK,  a.  Eager  through  love.  “Love- 
quick  eyes.”  Daniel. 

LOV'JJR,  n.  One  who  loves, — particularly  one 
who  has  a tender  passion  for  one  of  the  other 
sex,  and  especially  a male.  “ A lover  of  hospi- 
tality.” Tit.  i.  8. 

I slew  my  best  lover  for  the  good  of  Rome.  Shak. 

And  then  the  lover , 

Sighing  like  furnace,  with  a woful  ballad 

Made  to  his  mistress’  eyebrow.  Shak. 

l6'VJJR,  n.  See  Louver. 

LOV'ERED  (luv'erd),  a.  Having  a lover.  Shak. 

LOV'IJR— LIKE,  a.  Being  in  the  manner  of  a 
lover.  Milton. 

LOVE'— SE-CR^T,  n.  A secret  between  lovers. 

Or  what  love-secret  which  I must  not  hear?  Dryden. 


LOVE'-ShAft,  n.  The  arrow  of  Cupid.  Shak. 

LO  VE'SICK,  a.  1.  Sick  or  languishing  with  love 
or  amorous  desire.  “A  lovesick  mind.”  Granvili. 

2.  Dictated  by,  or  expressive  of,  languishing 
love. 

■Where  nightingales  their  lovesick  ditties  sing.  Dryden. 

LOVE'SICK-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  love- 
sick  ; sickness  caused  by  love.  Wycherley. 

LOVE'SOME,  a.  Lovely,  [u.]  Dryden. 

LOVE'— SONG,  n.  An  amorous  song;  a song  ex- 
pressing love.  Shak. 

LOVE'— SUIT  (liiv'sut),  n.  Courtship.  Shak. 

LOVE'— TALE,  n.  A narrative  of  love.  Milton. 

LOVE'— THOUGHT  (luv'thawt),  ii.  Amorous 
thought  or  fancy.  Shak. 

LOVE'— TO-KEN  (-kn),  n.  A present  given  in 
token  of  love.  Shak. 

LOVE'— TO?  (luv'toi),  n.  A small  or  trifling  love- 
token.  Arbwthnot. 

LOVE'— TRICK,  n.  An  artifice  expressive  of  love. 

Other  love-tricks  than  glancing  with  the  eyes.  Donne. 

LOV'ING,  a.  1.  Feeling  or  entertaining  love;  af- 
fectionate ; fond.  “ Loving  friends.”  Shak. 

2.  Expressing  love.  “ Loving  words.”  Shak. 

LOV'ING-CtlP,  n.  A large  cup  formerly  passed 
round  the  table  after  grace  was  said,  and  par- 
taken of  in  token  of  love ; grace-cup.  Clarke. 

LOV'ING— KIND 'NESS,  n.  Tenderness;  favor; 
mercy.  “ Remember,  O Lord,  thy  tender  mer- 
cies and  thy  loving-kindness.”  Ps.  xxv.  6. 

LOV'ING-LY  (Iuv'jng-le),  ad.  In  a loving  man- 
ner ; with  love  ; affectionately.  Drayton. 

LO  V'ING-NESS,  n.  Love  ; affection.  Sidney. 

LOW  (16),  a.  [Dut.  laag  ; Ger.  lag  ; Dan.  lav  ; 
Sw.  lag.  — From  A.  S.  leegan.  Tookc. ] 

1.  Placed  or  having  place  below  some  other 
thing  or  things  to  which  reference  is  tacitly 
made  ; not  elevated  in  place  or  local  situation  ; 
not  high;  as,  “A  low  cloud”;  “ The  old  red 
sandstone  is  lower  than  the  coal  formation.” 

The  Philistines  also  had  invaded  the  cities  of  the  low 
country.  2 Chron.  xxviii.  18. 

2.  In  perpendicular  dimension  or  extent  less 
than  some  mark  or  standard ; of  small  altitude  ; 
not  tall;  as,  “ A low  house  ” ; “ Low  shrubs.” 

A spreading  vine,  of  low  stature.  Ezek.  xvii.  6. 

3.  Not  rising  much  towards  the  north  or  the 
south  pole  of  the  globe  ; near  the  equator  ; as, 
“ Low  latitudes.” 

4.  Not  rising  into  antiquity;  late  in  time; 

modern.  “ The  lower  empire.”  Johnson. 

5.  Below  the  usual  price  or  rate  ; not  dear  in 
price.  “ Low  price.”  “ Corn  is  low.”  Johnson. 

6.  Depressed  in  the  scale  of  sounds  ; grave  ; 
not  high  or  acute  ; as,  “ A low  note.” 

7.  Not  loud  ; not  noisy  ; soft. 

Nor  are  those  empty -hearted  whose  low  sound 

Reverbs  no  hollowness.  Shak. 

The  lowest  sound  may  be  heard  distinctly  to  the  farthest 
part  of  the  audience.  Addison. 

8.  Dejected ; depressed  ; dispirited  ; cast 
down.  “ His  spirits  are  so  low.”  Dryden. 

9.  Depressed  in  rank,  station,  or  condition  ; 
ignoble ; abject ; servile. 

Both  low  and  high,  rich  and  poor,  together.  Ps.  xlix.  2. 
ne  wooes  both  high  and  low , both  rich  and  poor.  Shak. 

10.  Of  inferior  value  or  importance. 

The  blessings  of  fortune  are  the  lowest:  the  next  are  the 
bodily  advantages  of  strength  and  health;  but  the  superlative 
blessings,  iu  tine,  are  those  of  the  mind.  L' Estrange. 

11.  Base  ; degraded  ; mean  ; vile  ; vulgar  ; as, 

“ Low  companions  ” ; “ Low  propensities.” 

12.  Betokening  meanness  or  baseness  ; dis- 
honorable ; paltry.  “ Low  tricks.”  Johnson. 

13.  Mean  or  inferior  in  sentiment  or  in  lan- 
guage ; not  elevated ; base  ; vile  ; abject ; mean. 

“ Thoughts  that  are  low  and  vulgar.”  Addison. 

In  comparison  of  these  divine  writers,  the  noblest  wits  of 
the  heathen  world  are  low  and  dull.  Felton. 

14.  Submissive  ; reverent ; humble  ; lowly. 

From  the  tree  her  step  she  turned. 

But  first  low  reverence  done,  as  to  the  power 

That  dwelt  within.  Milton. 

15.  Reduced  in  health  or  strength ; weak ; 
exhausted;  as,  “ The  patient  is  very  low." 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  0,  Y,  short; 


A,  E>  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL; 


H£lR,  HER; 


LOW 


LOXODROMIC 


859 


16.  Not  great ; moderate  ; as,  “ Low  temper- 
ature.” 

17.  Plain  ; simple  ; as,  “ A low  diet.” 

Syn.  — See  Humble. 

LOW  (lo),  ad.  1.  Not  high  ; not  on  high. 

2.  Not  at  a great  or  high  rate  or  price  ; as, 
“ He  bought  loiv  and  sold  high.” 

3.  In  times  approaching  near  our  own. 

Even  as  low  down  as  Abraham’s  time,  they  wandered  with 
their  docks  and  herds.  Locke. 

4.  Softly  ; not  loudly  ; in  a low  tone. 

Speak  low , if  you  speak  love.  Shak. 

5.  To  a state  of  subjection,  degradation,  or 
humiliation  ; in  a depressed  state. 

How  comes  it  that,  having  been  once  so  low  brought,  . . . 
they  afterwards  lifted  up  themselves  so  strongly  ? Sjjenser. 

6.  ( Mus .)  With  sound  depressed  in  the  scale  ; 
with  a low  sound  ; not  high. 

They  can  sing  both  high  and  low.  Shak. 

This  word  is  much  used  in  composition. 

LOW  (16),  n.  [A.  S.  lig  ; M.  Goth,  logo, ; Ger. 

lahe ; Dan.  Icel.  loge ; S w.lage.\  Flame; 

blaze  ; fire.  [Scot,  and  North  of  Eng.]  Wright. 

LOW  (lo),  v.  a.  To  make  low;  to  lower.  Swift. 

||  LOW  (lo)  [lo,  S.  J.  E.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  Wb.  Scott,  Bar- 
clay, Wr. ; lou,  P.  Nares,  Kcnrick ; lbu  or  la,  IP.], 
v.  n.  [A.  S.  hlowan,  hlcwan  ; Dut.  loeijen  ; Old 
Ger.  hlojan,  liiegen,  luogen .]  [i.  lowed  ; pp. 

lowing,  lowed.]  To  bellow,  as  a cow  ; to  moo. 

Doth  the  wild  ass  bray  when  he  hath  grass?  or  loweth  the 
ox  over  his  fodder?  Jobvi.5. 

The  lowing  herd  winds  slowly  o’er  the  lea.  Gray. 

/IS”  Mr.  Sheridan,  Mr.  Scott,  Mr.  Buchanan,  W. 
Johnston,  and  Mr.  Barclay  pronounce  this  word  in  the 
last  manner  [161;  but  Dr.  Johnson,  Dr.  Kenrick.  Mr. 
Nares,  and  Mr.  Terry,  in  the  first ; and  that  this  is 
the  true  pronunciation  there  is  little  doubt ; not  only 
as  it  is  the  more  general  sound  of  the  diphthong,  but. 
as  it  is  more  expressive  of  the  thing  signified.  The 
other  sound  is,  in  my  opinion,  a novelty,  and  ought 
to  be  exploded.  Without  laying  much  stress  on  Dry- 
den’s  rhyme,  it  seems  to  confirm  this  opinion  ; — 

“ Fair  lo  graced  his  shield;  but  lo  now 
With  horns  exalted  stands,  and  seems  to  low."  W. 

||  LOW,  n.  The  voice  of  a bovine  animal,  as  of  an 
ox  or  a cow;  moo. 

Bull  Jove,  sir,  had  an  amiable  low.  Shale. 

LOW.  [A.  S.  hlcew,  hlaw,  a heap,  a hill,  a barrow.] 
A termination  of  names  of  places,  as  in  Mar- 
low,  Ludfotw,  &c. ; — anciently  also  written  lowe 
and  foe.  Gibson.' 

LOW,  v.  a.  To  heap  up.  [Local,  Eng.]  Wright. 

t LoW'ANCE,  n.  Allowance;  income.  Rowland. 

LoW'ANCE,  v.  a.  To  put  upon  an  allowance ; to 
allowance.'  [Local,  Eng.]  Halloway. 

LOW'BELL  (lo'bel),  n.  [foto,  flame,  and  bell.\ 

1.  A low-sounding  bell  used  in  bird-catching, 

to  make  the  birds  lie  close,  till,  by  a more  vio- 
lent noise,  and  a light,  they  are  alarmed  and  fly 
into  the  net,  xvhich  is  raised  while  the  bell  is 
ringing.  Nares.  Halliwell. 

As  timorous  larks  amazed  are, 

■With  light  and  with  a lowbell.  Pei’cy's  Pel. 

The  fowler’s  lowbell  robs  the  lark  of  sleep.  Dr.  King. 

2.  A term  of  familiarity.  “ Peace,  gentle 

lowbell.”  Beau,  FI. 

LOW'BELL,  v.  a.  1.  To  scare  as  with  a lowbell. 

To  be  thus  lowbelled  with  panic  frights.  Hammond. 

2.  To  serenade  a man  and  wife  that  quarrel 
xvith  each  other.  [Local,  Eng.]  Wright. 

LOW'— BEND-ED,  a.  Bent  low ; in  a supplicat- 
ing attitude. 

The  crouching  client,  with  low-bended  knee.  Hall. 

LOW'BORN,  a.  Of  mean  or  low  birth.  Shak. 

LOW'BRED,  a.  Bred  or  educated  in  a low  condi- 
tion or  manner  ; vulgar.  Garrick. 

LOW'— CHURCH,  a.  ( Feel .)  Noting  a party  ii^ 
the  Church  of  England  attaching  minor  impor- 
tance to  ecclesiastical  dignities  and  ordinances, 
and  to  episcopacy  ; — opposed  to  high-cliurch.  — 
See  High-church.  Brande. 

LOW'— CHURCH-MAN,  n.  ( Eccl .)  One  of  the  low- 
church  party.  Eden. 

LOWE.  [Goth,  hlaiw,  a heap,  a hill,  a barrow ; 
A.  S.  hlaw,  hlaw. ] A termination  of  local 

names,  as  in  Ludfoio.  — See  Low.  Gibson. 


LOW'f.R  (lo'er),  v.  a.  [i.  lowered  ; pp.  lower- 
ing, LOWERED.] 

1.  To  make  or  bring  down  ; to  cause  to  de- 
scend ; to  take  or  let  down;  as,  “To  lower  a 
flag”  ; “To  lower  a bucket  into  a well.” 

2.  To  bring  down  ; to  reduce  in  condition  or 
character  ; to  humble  ; to  degrade  ; to  debase ; 
as,  “ To  lower  a man  in  public  estimation.” 

3.  To  lessen ; to  diminish ; to  reduce  in 
amount  or  in  value ; as,  “ To  lower  the  price.” 

It  is  for  their  advantage  to  lower  their  interest.  Child. 

LOW'JgR  (lo'er),  v.  n.  To  grow  loxver  or  less  ; to 
fall ; to  sink  ; to  subside  ; to  diminish. 

The  present  pleasure, 

By  revolution  lowering,  does  become 

The  opposite  of  itself.  Shak. 

LoW'IJR  (lou'er),  v.  n.  [l.  LOWERED ; pp.  low- 
ering, LOWERED.] 

1.  To  appear  dark  or  gloomy ; to  darken  ; to 
be  clouded.  “ This  loicering  tempest.”  Shak. 
Whose  favor,  like  the  clouds  of  spring,  might  lower.  Cowper. 

2.  To  draw  down  or  contract  the  broxv,  as  in 
anger  or  sullenness  ; to  look  sullen  ; to  frown. 

Let  banished  Marius,  lowering  by  thy  side, 

Compare  thy  fickle  fortunes  with  his  own.  Slienstone. 

3.  To  raise  the  shoulders ; to  shrug  the 

shoulders.  [Local,  Eng.]  Wright. 

fLoW'lJR  (lou'er),  n.  Cloudiness;  gloominess; 
— a lowering  look.  Sidney. 

LOW'JER— CASE,  n.  (Printing .)  The  case  which 
contains  the  small  letters  ; — so  called  because 
it  is  placed  at  the  bottom  of  the  frame.  Francis. 

LOW'JER— CASE,  a.  (Printing.)  Noting  small 
letters,  as  opposed  to  capitals.  Adams. 

LoW'JER-ING,  a.  Threatening  a storm  ; cloudy  ; 
ovetcast ; as,  “ Loicering  weather.” 

LOW'IJR-ING,  n.  The  act  of  lessening;  diminu- 
tion. “ The  lowering  of  the  rate  of  interest.” 

LoW'JSR-ING-LY,  ad.  With  cloudiness  : — gloom- 
ily ; sullenly.  ’ Sherwood.  Gascoigne. 

LOW'ER-MOST,  a.  Lowest.  Bacon. 

LoW'IlR-Y,  a.  Cloudy  ; overcast ; dark.  Browne. 

LOW'— (JER-MAN,  n.  That  dialect  of  the  German 
language  which  is  spoken  in  the  northern  and 
flat  part  of  Germany.  Bosworth. 

LOW'ING,  n.  The  belloxving  of  cattle  ; low. 

The  lowing  of  cattle  and  the  melody  of  birds.  Stewart. 

LOW'ING,  p.  a.  Belloxving,  as  cattle. 

LOW'LAND,  n.  Land  or  territory  which  is  low 
with  respect  to  the  neighboring  country.  Dry  den. 

LOW'LAND^,  n.  pi.  The  southern  part  of  Scot- 
land, as  distinguished  from  the  northern  and 
xvestern  parts,  xvhich  are  mountainous.  Rees. 

LOW'— LAT-IN,  n.  The  Latin  of  the  middle  ages. 

f LOW'LI-HOOD  (lo'le-hud),  n.  A loxv  or  humble 
state ; humility.  Chaucer. 

LOW'LI-LY,  ad.  In  a lowly  manner  ; humbly. 

LOW'LI-NESS,  n.  1.  Humility;  freedom  from 
pride.  “ Lowliness  and  meekness.”  Eph.  iv.  2. 

2.  Want  of  dignity  ; meanness  ; abject  state. 
“ The  lowliness  of  my  fortune.”  [r.]  Dryden. 

LOW'LY,  a.  1.  Not  elevated  in  place  ; not  high  ; 
loxv.  “ The  lowly  reed.”  Congreve. 

Where  Ufens  glides  along  the  lowly  lands.  Dryden. 

2.  Humble;  meek;  submissive;  resigned. 
“ He  giveth  grace  unto  the  lowly.”  Prov.  iii.  34. 

Take  my  yoke  upon  you,  and  learn  of  me;  for  I am  meek 
and  lowly  in  heart.  Matt.  xi.  29. 

3.  Without  rank  or  dignity  ; low  ; not  great. 
One  common  right  the  great  and  lowly  claim.  Hope. 

4.  Not  lofty  or  sublime ; unpretending ; 
modest. 

For  all  who  read,  and  reading  not  disdain, 

These  rural  poems,  and  their  lowly  strain, 

The  name  of  Varus  oft  inscribed  shall  see.  Dryden. 

Syn,  — See  Humble. 

LOW'LY,  ad.  1.  Humbly ; meekly  ; modestly. 
“ Be  lowly  xvise.”  Milton. 

2.  Meanly  ; not  highly  ; xvithout  grandeur  or 
dignity  ; in  a humble  station. 

’T  is  better  to  be  lowly  horn, 

And  range  with  humble  livers  in  content, 

Than  to  be  perked  up  in  a glistering  grief, 

And  wear  a golden  sorrow.  Shak. 


LOW'— MEN,  n.  pi.  False  dice,  so  constructed  as 
alxvays  to  turn  up  low  numbers.  Harrington, 

LOW'— MIND-JD,  a.  Having  a loxv  and  vulgar 
mind ; mean  ; base.  Thomson. 

LOW'— MUT'TERED  (-mut'terd),  a.  Muttered  in 

a low  tone.  Clarke. 

LOWN  (liiun  or  Ion),  n.  [See  Loon.]  A scoun- 
drel ; a loon  ; — xvritten  also  lovme.  Shak. 

LOWND,  a.  [Scot,  loun,  lown,  from  A.  S.  hleo, 
hleow,  a sheltered  place ; Icel . logn.]  Calm  and 
mild;  sheltered  from  xxdnd.  [N.  of  Eng.]  Brockett. 

LOW'NgSS,  n.  1.  The  state  or  the  quality  of 
being  loxv  in  place,  station,  rank  or  dignity. 

The  lowness  of  the  bough  where  the  fruit  cometh  make  til 
the  fruit  greater,  and  to  ripen  better.  Bacon. 

2.  Want  of  sublimity  in  style  or  sentiment. 
“ If  his  fault  be  too  much  lowness.”  Dryden. 

3.  Submissiveness ; humility.  “ Such  lowness 

of  obedience.”  Bacon. 

4.  Depression  ; dejection  ; low  spirits  ; de- 
jectedness. “ Lowness  of  spirit.”  Swift. 

5.  The  state  of  being  beloxv  the  usual  rate  or 
price  ; as,  “ The  lowness  of  goods.” 

6.  Graveness  or  softness  of  sound.  Wright. 

LOW'— PRESS'lIRE  (-presh'ur),  h.  (Steam  En- 
gines.) A pressure  equal  only  to  that  of  the  at- 
mosphere, or  less.  — See  High-pressure. 

Low-pressure  engines,  steam  engines  which  are  fit- 
ted xvitli  an  apparatus  for  condensing  the  steam  into 
water,  so  that  a vacuum,  nearly  complete,  is  formed 
in  one  part  of  the  cylinder,  just  before  the  stroke  of 
the  piston  into  that  part  takes  place,  the  resistance 
of  tlie  atmosphere  being  thereby  avoided,  and  steam 
of  only  a moderate  pressure  being  required.  Bigelow. 

LOW'— PRICED  (-prist),  a.  Beloxv  the  usual  price 
or  rate  ; loxv ; cheap.  Ed.  Rev. 

LOW'— ROOFED  (-roft),  a.  Having  a loxv  roof. 
“The  low-roofed  house  of  Socrates.”  Milton. 

LOW'— SPIR'IT-ED,  a.  1.  Of  a mean  or  ignoble 
spirit ; base  ; grovelling.  Swift. 

2.  Dejected  ; depressed  ; dispirited.  Locke. 

LOW'-SPIR'IT-ED-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
loxx’-spirited ; loxv-spirits  ; dejection. 

Syn. — See  Dejection. 

LOW'— SPIR-ITS,  n.  Depression  or  dejection  of 
mind ; hypochondriasis.  Dunglison. 

LOW'— SUN-DAY,  n.  The  first  Sunday  after  East- 
er;— so  called  because  celebrated  as  a feast, 
but  of  a loxver  degree  than  Easter-day.  Eden. 

LoWT,  n.  & v.  See  Lout. 

LOW'-TIIOUGHT-BD  (lo'tMwt-ed),  a.  Mean  or 
loxv  of  thought  or  sentiment.  Milton. 

LOW'— VOICED  (-vblst),  a.  Having  a loxv  voice. 

LOW'-WA-TfR,  n.  The  lowest  point  to  xvhich 
the  tide  ebbs.  Crabb. 

LOW’-WA-TfK,  a.  Relating  to  the  loxvest  point 

of  the  ebb  tide.  Pennant. 

• 

LOW'— WINESji,  n.  pi.  (Distilling.)  A xveak  spir- 
it, obtained  from  the  first  distillation  of  the 
xvash,  and  xvhich  is  yet  to  be  rectified  ; the  first 
pun  of  the  still.  Brande. 

I.OW'-WORM  (-xviirm),  71.  (Farriery.)  A disease 
in  horses  like  the  shingles.  Crabb. 

LOX-I-A  'JfJE,  n.  pi. 

[Gr.  cross- 

wise.] (Ornith.)  A 
sub-family  of  coni- 
rostral  birds  of  the 
order  Passeres  and 
family  Fringillidee ; 
cross-bills.  Gray. 

LOX-O-DROM'IC,  a. 
pos,  a course  ; Fr.  loxodromique.]  Pertaining  to 
oblique  sailing  by  the  rhomb  ; as,  “ Loxodromic 
tables.” 

Loxodromic  curve  or  spiral,  (Math.)  a kind  of  spiral 
traced  upon  the  surface  of  a sphere,  by  a point  mov- 
ing in  such  a manner  that  its  path  cuts  all  the  merid- 
ians at  the  same  angle,  continually  approaching  the 
pole,  but  never  reaching  it.  It  is  the  same  as  the 
rhumb  line  in  navigation,  being  the  curve  on  xvhich  a 
ship  sails  when  her  course  is  always  on  one  point  of 
the  compass.  Davies.  P.  Cyc. 


Loxia  pityopsittacus. 


[Gr.  l.otys,  oblique,  and  Sp6- 


MiEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BOLL,  BUR,  RULE.  — Q,  <?,  g,  soft ; G,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  tins. 


LOXODROMICS 


860 


LUCRIFEROUS 


LOX-O-DROM'ICS,  n.  pi.  The  art  of  oblique  sail- 
ing by  the  rhomb.  Harris. 

LOX-OIVRO-MIijM,  n.  The  tracing  of  a loxo- 
dromic  curve.  _ • Ed.  Rev. 

LOX-OD'RO-MY,  n.  [L.  loxodromie. ] Same  as 
Loxodromic’s.  [r.]  Bailer/. 

LOY,  n.  ( Agric .)  A long,  narrow  spade,  used  in 
stony  lands.  Farm.  Ency. 

LOY'AL  (IbT’al),  a.  [L.  legalis ; lex,  legis,  law; 
It.  leale;  Sp.  leal-,  Fr.  loyal-,  toy,  lor,  law.] 

1.  True  to  allegiance  ; faithful  to  a prince  or 
superior.  “ Stout  and  lor/al  subjects.”  Bar-on. 

2.  Faithful  or  true  in  love  ; true  to  plighted 
faith.  “ Your  true  and  loyal  wife.”  Shale. 

There  Laodamia  with  Evadne  moves, 

Unhappy  both,  but  loyal  in  their  loves.  Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Faithful. 

LOY'AL-l^M,  n.  [F r.  loyalisme.\  Loyalty ; fidel- 
ity. [u.]  Ee.  Rev. 

LOY'AL-IST,  n.  One  faithful  to  his  sovereign, — 
particularly,  one  who  adheres  to  his  sovereign 
in  times  of  rebellion  or  revolution.  Belsham. 

LOY'AL-LY,  ad.  In  a loyal  manner  ; with  fidel- 
ity ; faithfully.  Pope. 

LOY'AL- NESS,  n.  Same  as  Loyalty,  [r.]  Stow. 

LOY'AL-TY,  n.  1.  Faithful  adherence  to  alle- 
giance ; fidelity  to  a sovereign ; fealty. 

We,  too,  are  friends  to  loyalty-,  _ we  love 

The  king  who  loves  the  law,  respects  his  bounds. 

And  reigns  content  within  them.  Cowpcr. 

“ The  word  loyalty,  . . . being  derived  from 
[Fr.]  loi,  expresses,  properly,  that  fidelity  which  one 
owes  according  to  law,  and  does  not  necessarily  in- 
clude that  attachment  to  the  royal  person,  which, 
happily,  we  in  England  have  been  able  further  to 
throw  into  the  word.”  Trench. 

2.  Fidelity  to  a husband,  a xvife,  or  a lover. 

For  his  own  love  his  loyalty  he  saved.  Spenser. 

Lo'ZEL  (15'zl),  n.  See  Losel. 

LOZ'pN^JE  (loz'enj'l,  n.  [Fr.  lozange,  or  losange, 
from  Low  L.  laurengia  ; L.  laitrus,  the  laurel,  in 
allusion  to  the  shape  of  its  leaf.  Scaliger. — 

From  Gr.  l.otys,  oblique,  and  L.  angulus,  angle. 
Morin.] 

1.  ( Ocom.)  A figure  with  four 
equal  sides,  and  its  angles  not 
right  angles ; an  oblique-angled 
parallelogram;  a rhomb.  Davies. 

2.  A small  cake  of  preserved  fruit,  or  of 
sugar,  mucilage,  &c.,  sometimes  medicated, 
originally  made  in  the  form  of  a rhomb,  in 
order  to  be  taken  into  the  mouth  at  once,  but 
now  commonly  round. 

3.  (Her.)  A bearing  in  the  form  of  a rhomb. 

Braude. 

LOZ’IJXRED  f-enjd),  a.  Having  the  shape  of  a 
lozenge ; lozenge-shaped. 

LOZ'^N-^Y,  a.  (Her.)  Having  the  field  or 
charge  covered  with  lozenges.  Todd. 

LU,  n.  See  Loo.  * Pope. 

LU 13' BARD,  n.  A lubber.  — See  Lubber.  Swift. 

LUB'BpR,  n.  [See  Lob.]  A lumpish,  sluggish, 
clumsy  fellow ; a sturdy  drone  ; a lout.  Dryden. 

11 V, ' “ Lubbard  is  . . . perhaps  the  more  proper  word 
for  landsmen  to  use,  the  sailors  having  appropriated 
the  other  [lubber]  to  suit  their  own  notions.”  Smart. 

LUB'B^R-LY,  re.  Clumsy;  awkward;  sluggish; 
dull ; lazy.  “ A great  lubberly  boy.”  Shale. 

LtjB'BER-LY,  ad.  Awkwardly;  clumsily.  Dryden. 

LUB'BpR’S— HOLE,  n.  (Naut.)  The  opening  be- 
tween the  head  of  the  lower  mast  and  the  edge 
of  the  top.  Mar.  Diet. 

Lb  BRIC,  ) a lubricus;  It.  $ Sp.  lubrico  ; 

LU'BRI-CAL,  ) Fr.  lubrique.] 

1.  Slippery  ; having  a smooth  surface.  “ Her 

lubric  throat.”  Crashaw. 

2.  Unsteady  ; uncertain.  “ The  deep  and 

lubnc  waves  of  state  and  court.”  Wotton. 

3.  Incontinent ; lewd ; wanton.  “ This  lubric 

and  adulterate  age.”  Dryden. 

LU'BRI-CAN,  n.  A kind  of  spirit ; — “of  his  prop- 
erties we  are  not  fully  informed.”  Nares. 

By  the  Lvbrican's  6ad  moans.  Drayton. 


LU'BRI-CANT,  n.  [L.  lubrico,  lubricans,  to  lubri- 
cate.] Any  thing  which  lubricates.  Knowles. 

LU'BRJ-CATE,  v.  a.  [L.  lubrico,  lubricatus  ; lu- 
bricus, slippery  ; It.  lubricare  ; Sp.  lubricar  ; 
Fr.  lubrijier .]  [i.  lubricated;  pp.  lubri- 

cating, lubricated.]  To  make  to  slip  easily  ; 
to  make  slippery  ; to  smooth. 

The  evils  of  friction  are  perfectly  provided  against  by  the 
peculiarity  of  the  articulating  surfaces  [ot  the  joints  of  the 
animal  frame],  which  are  lubricate c/,  or  as  it  were  oiled,  by  a 
slippery  fluid  termed  synovia.  Brando. 

LU-BRI-CA'TION,  n.  [Sp.  lubrication.]  The  act 
or  the  operation  of  making  slippery.  Palery. 

LU'BRI-CA-TOR,  n.  That  which  lubricates.  Burke. 

f LU-BRIq'I-TAte,  V.  a.  To  lubricate.  Bailey. 

LU-BRlC'l-TY,  n.  [It.  lubricita;  Sp.  lubricidad ; 
F r.  lubricite.] 

1.  Slipperiness  ; smoothness  of  surface. 

Its  constant  lubricity  and  moisture.  Paley. 

2.  The  quality  of  being  fit  for  lubricating,  or 

making  to  slip  ettsily.  “The  mucilage  adds  to 
the  lubricity  of  the  oil.”  Ray. 

3.  Incontinence;  wantonness;  lewdness. 
“ Lubricity  and  debauched  courses.”  Herbert. 

LU'BRI-COUS,  re.  [It.  § Sp.  lubrico.] 

1.  Slippery  ; smooth.  \I  Voodward. 

2.  Uncertain;  lubric.  “ Matters's6*ft/A/vcq«s 

and  uncertain.”  Glanvill. 

LU-BRI-FAc'TION,  n.  [L.  lubricus,  slippery,  and 
facio,  to  make.]  The  act  or  the  process  of  lu- 
bricating ; lubrication.  Bacon. 

LU-BRI-FI-CA'TION,  n.  Lubrifaction.  Ray. 

LU-CA'MA,  n.  (Bot.)  A fruit  of  Chili  resembling 
a peach.  Farm.  Ency. 

LUCE,  n.  [L.  lucius,  from  Gr. I.vkos,  a wolf,  — be- 
cause a wolf,  as  it  were,  among  fishes.  Vossius.] 
A name  applied  to  the  common  pike,  pickerel, 
or  true-jack  ; Esox  lucius  of  Linnaeus.  Yarrell. 

The  mighty  luce  or  pike,  is  taken  to  be  the  tyrant,  as  the 
salmon  is  thekiug,  of  the  fresh  waters.  Walton. 

t LU'CfNT,  re.  [L.  luceo,  lucens,  to  shine.] 
Shining;  bright;  resplendent.  “The  sun’s 
lucent  orb.”  [it.]  Milton. 

LU'CERN,  n.  1.  A sort  of  hunting  dog;  — per- 
haps so  named  as  coming  from  the  canton  of 
Lucerne  in  Switzerland.  Nar$s. 

My  lucerns  too,  or  dogs  inured  to  hunt  . 

Beasts  of  most  rapine.  « Chapman \ 

2.  (Bot.)  A leguminous  plant,  extensively 
cultivated  for  fodder  ; Medicago  sativa.  P.  Cyc. 

LU-CER'NAL,  re.  [L.  lucerna,  a lamp;  luceo,  to 
shine  ; lux,  lucis,  light ; It.  lucernale .]  Relating 
to  a lamp. 

Lucemal  microscope,  a compound  microscope,  used 
with  the  light  of  a lamp,  and  having  a reflector  and  a 
condensing  lens,  by  one  or  the  other  of  which  the 
light  is  concentrated  on  the  object.  Olmsted. 

LU'CII),  re.  [L.  lucidus;  lux,  lucis,  light;  It.  Sj 
Sp.  lucido-,  Fr.  lucide.) 

1.  Shining;  bright;  resplendent;  luminous. 

The  liquid  clouds  and  lucid  firmament.  Sjienser. 

2.  Clear  ; transparent  ; pellucid  ; limpid. 

“ Lucid  streams.”  Milton. 

3.  Bright  with  the  radiance  of  intellect ; not 
darkened  by  madness  or  passion  ; sane. 

A few  sensual  and  voluptuous  persons  may,  for  a season, 
eclipse  this  native  light  of  the  soul,  but  can  never  so  wholly 
smother  and  extinguish  it  but  that,  at  some  lucid  intervals,  It 
will  recover  itself  again,  and  shine  forth  to  the  conviction  of 
their  conscience.  Bentley. 

Syn.  — See  Clear. 

LU-ClD'I-TY,  n.  [It.  lucidita ; Fr.  lucidiUL]  Splen- 
dor; brightness;  lucidness.  “A  brightness  or 
lucidity  in  the  sun.”  [r.]  Cudworth. 

LU'CTD-Ly,  ad.  With  brightness  ; clearly.  Smart. 

LU'CID-NESS,  n.  Brightness ; clearness.  “ Smooth- 
ness and  lucidness  of  glass.”  Mountagu. 

LU'CI-FfR,  n.  [L.  lucifer,  light-bringing;  lux, 
lucis,  light,  and  fero,  to  bring.] 

1.  The  morning  star ; the  name  of  the  planet 
Venus,  when  she  appears  in  the  morning  before 
sunrise. 

2.  The  name  of  Satan  before  his  fall,  and  de- 
rivatively since  his  fall. 

And  when  he  falls,  he  falls,  like  Lucifer , 

Never  to  hope  again.  Shale. 


Of  Pandemonium,  city  and  proud  seat 

Ot'  Lucifer;  so  by  allusion  culled 

Of  that  bright  star  to  Satan  paragoned.  Milton. 

3.  A match,  ignited  by  friction,  commonly 
made  of  a small  splint  of  wood  dipped  in  some 
explosive  compound,  as  a mixture  of  chlorate 
of  potash  and  sulphuret  of  antimony,  or  of 
phosphorus  and  nitre  ; — also  called  lucifer- 
match.  Ure. 

LU-C|-FE'RI-AN,  a.  1.  Relating  to  Lucifer  or 
Satan  ; deviiish.  “ Luciferian  pride.”  Sheldon. 

2.  Noting  a follower  of  Lucifer,  Bishop  of 
Cagliari.  “ Luciferian  heretic.”  Bp.  Barlow. 

LU-CI-FE'RI-AN,  n.  (Eccl.  Hist.)  One  of  the 
followers  of  Lucifer,  Bishop  of  Cagliari,  in  the 
fourth  century,  who  refused  to  hold  communion 
with  the  clergy  who  had  conformed  to  the  Arian 
doctrines,  and  who  believed  the  soul  to  be  of  a 
carnal  nature,  and  to  be  transmitted  from 


father  to  child.  Brande. 

LU'CI-FJJR— MATCH,  n.  A match  ignited  by  fric- 
tion ; a lucifer. — See  Lucifer.  Brewer. 

LU-ClF'BR-OUS,  re.  [It.  & Sp.  lueifero.]  Giving 
light ; affording  means  of  discovery.  Boyle. 

LU-CIF'pR-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  a manner  so  as  to 
give  light ; so  as  to  discover,  [r.]  Browne. 

Ly-CIF'IC,  re.  [L.  lux,  lucis,  light,  and  facio,  to 
■make.]  Producing  light.  Grew. 


LU'CI-FORM,  re.  [L.  lux,  lucis,  light,  and  forma, 
form.]  Having  the  nature  of  light.  Bp.  Berkeley. 

LU-CiM'lJ-TER,  n . [L.  lux,  lucis,  light,  and  Gr. 

fiirpov,  a measure.]  An  apparatus  for  measuring 
the  intensity  of  light ; a photometer.  Hamilton. 

LUCK,  n.  [Dut.  geluk , luk ; Old^Jer.  r/eliike;  Ger. 
gliick;  Dan.  lykke;  Sw.  lycla.  — ■ From  A.  S. 
gehrrean,  leeccan,  to  catch.  Tooke.  Richardson. 

— From  Gr.  Xav^dvoi,  to  obtain  by  lot  or  fate; 
or,  Gr.  -yl.vKbs,  y’/.vKb,  sweet.  Casaubon.  Junius. 

— From  Ger.  gleichen,  to  please.  Wachter.] 

Hap  ; chance  ; fortune  ; casual  event ; casualty. 
“ Good  luck  lies  in  odd  numbers.”  Shak. 

Such,  how  highly  soever  they  may  have  the  luck  to  be 
thought  of,  are  far  from  being  Israelites  indeed.  South. 

Syn.  — Luck)  fortune,  and  hap,  without  an  epithet, 
are  taken  in  a favorable  sense,  like  their  adjectives 
lucky,  fortunate,  and  happy-,  and  they  form  compounds 
to  take  an  ill  sense  ; as  ill-luck , misfortune,  mishap.  — 
Chance,  likewise  takes  the  form  of  mischance.  — An 
even  chance  (either  of  good  or  evil),  good  or  bad  luck  or 
fortune.  — See  Chance. 

LUCK'I-Ly,  ad.  In  a lucky  manner  ; fortunately. 

LUCK'l-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  lucky; 

• good  fortune.  Locke. 

LUCK'LpSS,  a.  Not  having,  or  not  attended  with, 
good  fortune  ; unfortunate  ; unhappy;  unlucky. 

Those  luckless  beings  . . . seem  to  be  set  up  in  society  as 
butts  for  the  arrows  of  raillery  and  ridicule.  Observer. 

LUCKLESS-LY,  ad.  In  a luckless  manner;  un- 
fortunately ; unsuccessfully.  Clarke. 

LUCK’PEN-NY,  n.  A small  sum  given  back  by  a 
person  who  receives  money  in  consequence  of  a 
bargain.  [Scotland.]  Jamieson. 

LUCK’Y,  re.  1.  Having  good  fortune  ; fortunate; 
happy  or  successful  by  chance. 

What  counsel  give  you  in  this  weighty  cause? 

That  Somerset  be  sent  as  regent  thither; 

*T  is  meet  that  lucky  ruler  be  employed; 

Witness  the  fortune  he  hath  had  in  France.  Shdk. 

2.  Favorable;  prosperous;  auspicious.' 
“ Lucky  words.”  Milton.  “ A lucky  day.”  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Auspicious,  Fortunate,  Happy, 
Luck. 

LU’CRA-TIVE,  re.  [L.  lucrativus  ; lucror,  lucra- 
tus,  to  gain  ; lucrum,  gain  ; It.  &;  Sp.  lucrativo ; 
Fr.  lucratif]  Bringing  money,  or  its  equiva- 
lent ; gainful ; profitable  ; as,  “ A lucrative 
trade  or  pursuit  ” ; “A  lucrative  office.” 

LU'CRE  (lu'ker),  n.  [L.  lucrum  ; It.  Sj  Sp.  lucro ; 
Fr.  lucre.]  Pecuniary  gain  or  advantage  ; profit ; 

— almost  always  in  an  ill  sense. 

They  all  the  sacred  mysteries  of  ITeaven 
To  their  own  vile  advantages  shall  turn 
Of  lucre  and  ambition.  Milton. 

t LU'CRE  (lu'ker),  v.  n.  To  desire  pecuniary  gain 
or  advantage.  Anderson. 

f LU-CRIF'BR-OUS,  re.  [L.  lucrum,  gain,  and 
fero,  to  bring.]  Gainful ; profitable.  Boyle. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  £,  I,  O,  tJ,  Y,  short ; A,  5,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


LUCRIFEROUSNESS 


y 


861 


t LU-CRlF'ER-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
lucriferous  or  profitable.  Boyle. 

fLU-CRIFTC,  a.  [L.  lucrum,  gain,  and  facio,  to 
make.]  Producing  gain.  Bailey. 

LU'CROUS,  a.  Pertaining  to  lucre  or  gain.  Cooper. 

f LUC-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  luctatio .]  Struggle  ; 
effort ; contest,  [it.]  Faringdon, 

+ LUCT'U-AL,  a.  [L.  luctus,  mourning.]  Lam- 
entable. “ Turbulent  and  luctual  times.”  Buck. 

LU'CU-BRATE,  v.  n.  [L.  lucubro,  lucubratus ; 
It.  iucubrare  ; Sp.  lucubrar .]  To  work  or  study 
by  lamp  or  candle-light ; to  work  or  study  by 
night.  Cockerarn. 

LU-CU-BRA'TION,  n.  [L.  lucubratio ; It.  lucu- 
brazione  ; Sp.  lucubracion ; Fr.  lucubration.] 

1.  Study  by  candle-light  or  at  night.  * 

By  continual  lucubration , he  diligently  ran  through  all  the 

forms  of  logic  and  philosophy.  Wood. 

2.  A composition  or  writing  prepared,  or  im- 
agined to  have  been  prepared,  by  night. 

Thy  lucubrations  have  been  perused  by  several  of  our 
friends.  " Tatler. 

LIT 'COBRA-TOR,  n.  One  who  makes  ire  ub  ra- 
tions. ‘ < 'Spectator. 

LU'CU-BRA-TQ-RY,  a‘.‘*[L.  lucubratorius .]  Com- 
posed by  candle-light.  Pope. 

LU'CU-LENT,  a.  [L.  luculentus  ; lux,  lucis,  light; 
It.  luculento. ] 

,1.  Luminous;  bright;  clear;  evident, 
ee  if  all  tilings  to  thla-effect  be  not  luculent  and  clear. 

Hooker. 

2.  Clear  ; transparent ; pellucid. 

"t  And  luculent  along 

The  purer  rivSrs  flow.  Thomson. 

SOl'LITE,  n.  [L.  Lucullus,  and  Gr.  lidos,  a 
one.]  (Min.)  A black  limestone,  often  pol- 
ished for  ornamental  purposes  ; — so  called  be- 
cause it  is  said  to  have  been  first  applied  to  this 
use  by  Lucullus,  a Roman  consul.  Braude. 

- A . . 

f LU-DIB'RI-OUS,  a.  [L.  ludibriosus ; ludo,  to 
sport.]  Sportive  ; niocking.  'Looker . 

LU'DI-CROUS,  a.  [L.  ludicer,  or  ludicrus  ; ludo, 
to  play  ; It.  ludicro.\  Sportive  ; exciting  laugh- 
ter ; laughable;  burlesque;  Ridiculous;  droll. 


1.  To  drag,  as  something  heavy  and  difficult 
to  move ; to  pull  or  draw  with  effort  or  force ; 
to  tug  ; to  haul. 

# They  must  divide  the  image  amongst  them,  and  so  lug  off 
every  one  his  share.  Collier. 

2.  To  pull  or  drag  by  the  ears,  as  a bear. 

I ’m  as  melancholy  as  a gibcat  or  a lugged  bear.  Shah. 

LUG,  v.  n.  To  move  or  drag  heavily,  [r.]  Dryclen. 

LUG,  n.  1.  The  ear  or  the  pendent  part  of  the 
ear.  [Scot,  and  North  of  Eng.]  Burns. 

2.  A rod,  twig,  or  pole.  [Local,  Eng.]  Wright. 

3.  t A land  measure  of  a pole  or  rod  square. 

“ Eight  lugs  of  ground.”  Spenser. 

4.  A kind  of  sea-worm  found  on  the  coast  of 
England,  highly  esteemed  for  bait ; Lumbricus 
marinus  ; — also  called  lug-worm.  P.  Cyc. 
^-  5 . Something  difficult  to  be  carried;  a heavy 

* load.  [Colloquial  and  vulgar.]  Wright. 

6.  (Founding .)  A projecting  slip  of  a mould 

or  a flask.  Simmonds. 

7.  (Com.)  A designation  used  in  classifying 

the  kinds  of  American  tobacco.  “ There  are 
factory  lugs  and  planters’  lugs.”  Simmonds. 

LUG'GAyE,  n.  Any  thing  cumbrous  to  be  car- 
ried ; baggage  : — effects  ; stuff. 


- L 


Flutarch  quotes  this  instance  of  Homer’s  judgment,  in 
closing  a ludicrous  scene  with  decency  and  instruction. 

Broome * 

Syn.  — Ludicrous  signifies  belonging  to  sport,  or 
exciting  laughter  or  mirth  ; laughable,  exciting  laugh- 
ter ; ridiculous,  fit  to  excite  ridicule  or  laughter  with 
contempt.  A ludicrous  scene  or  situation  ; a laughable 
joke  ; ridiculous  conduct ; a comical  adventure  ; a droll 
story;  a burlesque  representation;  a sportive  humor 
or  disposition. 

LU'DI-CROUS-LY,  ad.  In  a manner  to  excite 
laughter;  sportively;  in  burlesque.  Burke. 

LU'DI-CROUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  exciting 
laughter  ; sportiveness  ; burlesque.  Warton. 

t LU-DI-FI-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  ludificatio ; ludus, 
sport,  and  facio,  to  make.]  The  act  of  mocking 
or  making  sport.  Bailey. 

f LTJ-DIf'I-CA-TO-RY,  a.  [L.  ludificatorius.] 
Mocking;  making  sport;  exciting  derision. 

Barrow. 

LU'E§,n.  [L.],  (Med.)  A poison  or  pestilence  ; 
a plague.  Brande. 

LUFF,  v.  n.  [Dut.  loeven.\  [i.  luffed;  pp. 
LUFFING,  LUFFED.]  (Naut.)  To  bring  the  head 
of  a ship  nearer  the  wind ; to  loof.  Dana. 

LUFF,  n.  [Dut.  foe/;  Ger.  loof,  luf.;  Fr.  fc/;  Old 
Eng.  loof ; A.  S.  ixjft,  the  air ; hlifian,  to  raise.] 
(Naut.)  The  side  of  a ship  towards  the  wind : 
— the  sailing  of  a ship  close  to  the  wind:  — 
the  forward  leech  of  a fore-and-aft  sail:  — a 
part  of  the  bow  ; loof.  — See  Loof.  Mar.  Diet. 

Luff  upon  luff,  a luff-tackle  attached  to  the  fall  of 
another  luff-tackle.  Dana. 

LUFF,  n.  [M.  Goth,  lofa ; Su.  Goth,  lofwe ; Icel. 
lofi,  loovc ; Scot,  loof,  lufe ; W.  lldw.]  The 
palm  of  the  hand.  [North  of  Eng.]  Johnson. 

LUFF'— TAC-KLE,  n.  (Naut.)  A large  tackle,  or 
purchase  composed  of  a double  and  a single 
block,  used  for  setting  up  rigging,  &c.  Dana. 

LUG,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  yeluggian,  to  drag  by  the 
hair ; Dan.  luge,  to  root  up ; Sw.  lugga. ] [i. 

LUGGED  ; pp.  LUGGING,  LUGGED.] 


I am  gathering  up  my  luggage , and  preparing  for  mj 
journey.  Swift. 

LUG'GER,M.  [Dut.  foyer.]  (Naut.)  A small  ves- 
sel, commonly  with  three  masts,  carrying  lug- 
sails.  Dana. 

LUGG§,  n.  (Ent.)  An  insect  like  an  earth-worm, 
but  having  legs.  Wright. 

UG'— MARK,  n.  A mark  cut  in  the  ear  of  a sheep 
or  a dog  to  identify  it.  Simmonds. 

LUG'— SAIL,  n.  (Naut.)  A square  sail  bent  upon 
a yard  which  hangs  obliquely  to  the  mast ; — 
used  in  boats  and  small  vessels.  Dana. 


LU-GU-BRI-OS'I-TY,  n.  Mournfulness  ; sorrow- 
fulness. [k.]  Qu.  Rev. 

LU-GU'BRI-OUS,  a.  [L.  luguhris ; lugeo,  to 
mourn;  It.,  Sp.,  <$-  Fr.  lugubre.\  Mournful; 
sorrowful  ; doleful  ; sad  ; complaining. 

A lugubrious  look,  a whining  tone,  make  up  the  sum  of 
many  men’s  humiliations.  Dec.  of  Chr.  Piety. 

LU-GU'BRI-OUS-LY,  ad.  Mournfully.  Clarke. 

f LUKE,  a.  [A.  S.  wlcec,  wlaco  ; wlacian,  to  he 
or  make  warm.  — See  Lew.]  Not  fully  hot; 
lukewarm  ; — also  written  leuke.  Prompt.  Parv. 

f LUKE'NESS,  n.  Moderate  warmth  ; lukewarm- 
ness. Ort.  Vocab. 

LUKE'WARM,  a.  [hike  and  warm.  — A modern 
pleonasm.  — See  Luke.  Tooke.] 

1.  Moderately  warm  ; tepid  ; thermal.  “ Luke- 
warm water.”  Wiseman. 

2.  Not  ardent ; not  zealous  ; indifferent. 

Devotion,  when  tukeivarm , is  undevout; 

But  when  it  glows,  its  heat  is  struck  to  heaven.  Young. 

LUKE'wARM-LY,  ad.  In  a lukewarm  manner  or 
state.  Sherwood. 

LUKE'WARM-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality 
of  being  lukewarm.  Swift. 

LUKE 'WARMTH,  n.  Moderate  warmth  ; luke- 
warmness ; indifference.  Addison. 

LULL,  v.  a.  [Gr.  i.aiJe),  to  babble  ; L.  lallo,  to 
sing  lullaby: — Dut.  # Ger.  lullen;  Dan.  lulle; 
S\V.  Julia.]  [i.  LULLED  ; pp.  LULLING,  LULLED.] 

1.  To  sing  to  sleep,  as  a baby ; to  compose  to 

sleep  by  soothing  sounds,  as  of  the  voice.  “ To 
lull  him  soft  asleep.”  * Spenser. 

These,  lulled  by  nightingales,  embracing  slept.  Milton. 

2.  To  put  to  rest  ; to  compose;  to  quiet. 

By  whispering  winds  soon  lulled  to  sleep.  Milton. 

LULL,  n.  1.  The  power  or  the  quality  of  sooth- 
ing. “ Yonder  lull  of  falling  waters.”  Young. 

2.  A season  of  temporary  quiet  after  a storm 
or  confusion ; a calm.  Wright. 

LUL'LA-BY,  n.  A song  to  still  babes.  Fairfax. 

LULL'ER,  n.  One  who  lulls.  Cotgrave. 

LUM,  n.  The  chimney  of  a cottage.  [Local.]  Pegge. 

LU  MA-CHEL,  ) [it.  lumachella ; lumaca, 

LU-MA-CHEL'LA,  > a snail,  from  L.  Umax,  lima- 
cis ; Fr.  lumachelk.]  (Min.)  A dark-brown 
marble,  containing  fossil  shells,  which  reflect 


LUMINOUS 

brilliant  colors  from  within  the  stone ; fire- 
marble.  Dana.  Brande. 

LUM-BA<jr'[-NOUS,  a.  Relatingto  lumbago.  Smart. 

•LUM-BA'GO,  n.  [Low  L.  ; L.  Iambi,  the  loins.] 
(Med.)  Rheumatism  affecting  the  lumbar  re- 
gion. Dunglison. 

LUM'BAL,  a.  Same  as  Lumbar,  [r.]  Todd. 

LUM'BAR,  a.  [Low  L.  lumbaris ; L.  Iambi,  the 
loins.]  (Anat.)  Pertaining  to  the  loins. 

Lumbar  region,  the  posterior  region  of  the  abdomen, 
between  the  base  of  the  chest  and  the  pelvis  ; the 
loins.  * Dunglison. 

LUM'BA-RY,  a.  Same  as  Lumbar.  Phillips. 

LUM'BER,  n.  [From  Lombard.  — “As  the  Lom- 
bards were  the  bankers,  so  also  they  were  the 
pawnbrokers  of  the  middle  ages.  The  ‘ lumber’ 
room  was  originally  the  Lombard  room,  or  room 
where  the  Lombard  banker  and  broker  stored 
his  pledges.”  Dr.  Trench .] 

1.  f The  shop  of  a pawnbroker. 

They  put  all  the  little  plate  they  had  iu  the  lumber,  which 
is  pawning  it.  Lady  Murray. 

2.  f A pledge  ; a pawn.  Butler. 

3.  Articles  of  furniture  thrown  together  in  a 

lump,  or  heap,  as  of  no  use.  Otway. 

4.  Any  thing  useless  or  worthless.  Pope. 

5.  Ribaldry.  [Local,  Eng.]  Wright. 

6.  Harm;  mischief.  [Local,  Eng.]  Pegge. 

7.  Logs  to  be  sawed,  or  timber  sawed  or  split 

for  use,  as  beams,  joists,  planks,  boards,  shin- 
gles, laths,  &c.  [U.  S.]  Pitkin. 

LUM'BIJR,  V.  a.  [f.  LUMBERED  ; pp.  LUMBERING, 
lumbered.]  To  heap  in  disorder.  Rymer. 

LUM'BfR,  v.  n.  1.  To  move  heavily,  as  a person 
burdened  with  his  own  bulk  ; to  trudge.  Dryden. 

2.  To  cut  or  procure  logs  or  timber  in  the  for- 
est, to  be  made  into  lumber  or  timber.  Chandler. 

LUM'BlJR-pR,  n.  One  employed  in  procuring 
logs  or  timber  in  the  forest  for  lumber  or  tim- 
ber ; a lumberman.  [U.  S.]  Chambers. 

LLM  B£R— HOUSE,  } n.  A house  or  room  for  the 

LUM'BER— ROOM,  ; reception  of  lumber  or  use- 
less things.  Pope. 

LUM'BJJR-ING,  p.  a.  Moving  heavily  or  clumsily. 

LUM'Bf.R-lNG,  n.  The  act  or  the  employment  of 
procuring  timber  for  lumber.  [U.  S.]  Chandler. 

LUM'BER-MAn,  n.  A man  employed  in  procur- 
ing timber  for  lumber.  [U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

LUM'BJJR— W’Ag'ON,  n.  A kind  of  wagon  used 
by  farmers  for  carrying  their  produce  to  mar- 


ket. 


Bartlett. 


LUM'BRIC,  n.  [L.  lumbricus .]  A worm.  Clarke. 

LUM'BRI-CAL,  a.  [L.  lumbricus,  a worm.]  (Anat.) 
Noting  small  muscles  in  the  hands  and  feet,  re- 
sembling a worm  in  form.  Dunglison. 

lOm'BRI-CAL,  n.  (Anat.)  A muscle  of  the  hands 
and  feet ; — so  named  from  resembling  a worm 
in  form.  Wright. 

LUM-BRIt/I-FORM,  a.  [L.  lumbricus , a worm, 
and  forma,  form.]  Shaped  like  a worm.  Smart. 

LU'MI-NA-RY,  n.  [L.  laminar ; It.  luminario ; 
Sp.  laminar ; Fr.  luminaire .] 

1.  A body  which  gives  light.  Milton. 

2.  One  who  enlightens  or  instructs.  Bentley. 

f LU'MI-NATE,  v.  a.  [L.  lumino,  luminatus ; lu- 
men, luminis,  light.]  To  illuminate.  Cockerarn. 

f LU-MI-NA'TION,  n.  Illumination.  Bailey. 

f LU'MINE,  v.  a.  To  illumine.  Spenser. 

LU'MINED  (Iu'mjnd),  p.  a.  Illuminated.  Savage. 

LU-MI-NIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  lumen,  luminis,  light, 
and/ero,  to  bear.]  Producing  light ; luminous; 
luciferous.  Whewcll. 

LU-M!-NOS'l-TY,».  [It.  luminosity.]  State  or  qual- 
ity of  being  luminous  ; luminousness.  Brande. 

LU'Ml-NOUS,  a.  [L.  luminosus ; lumen,  luminis, 
light ; It.  Sp.  luminoso  ; Fr.  lumineux.] 

1.  Emitting  light ; shining  ; bright. 

How  enme  the  sun  to  be  luminous ? Not  from  the  necessity 
of  natural  causes.  Bentley. 

cllow 
vton. 


The  most  luminous  of  the  prismatic  colors  arc  the  veil 
and  orange.  Newt 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  s6n  ; BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — <J,  <?,  $,  g,  soft;  P,  6,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


LUMINOUSLY 


862 


LUPINE 


2.  Lucid  ; clear  ; plain  ; perspicuous. 

None  of  lus  critics  lias  refused  him  [Boscovitch]  the  praise 
of  the  most  luminous  perspicuity. 

LU'MI-NOUS-LY,  ad.  In  a luminous  manner  ; 
with  brightness  or  clearness.  Johnson 

LU'MI-NOFS-NliSS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  lu- 
minous. Boyle. 

LUMP,  n.  [Dut.  lompe,  from  A.  S.  liman,  geli- 
man,  to  glue,  or  join  together;  Ger.,  Dan.,  6, 
Sw.  klump.  — Sec  Clump.] 

1.  A shapeless  mass,  especially  a small  shape- 
less mass.  “ A lump  of  common  clay.” 

A little  leaven  leaveneth  the  whole  lump.  I Cor.  v.  6. 

2.  The  whole  ; the  gross ; the  aggregate. 

If  mv  readers  will  not  go  to  the  price  of  buying  my  papers 
by  retail,  they  may  buy  them  in  the  lump.  Addison. 

LUMP,  V.  a.  [(.  lumped  ; pp.  LUMPING,  lumped.] 
To  throw  or  unite  in  the  gross ; to  put  together 
in  one  mass;  to  take  in  the  gross.  “The  ex- 
penses ought  to  be  lumped  together.”  Ayliffe. 

LUMP'JgN,  n.  ( Icli .)  A long,  greenish  fish.  Smart. 

LUMP'pR,  n.  One  wlie  lumps: — a laborer  em- 
ployed to  load  or  to  unload  a ship.  Oyilvie. 

LUMP'— FISH,  n.  ( Ich .)  A large-bodied  fish; 

lump-sucker.  — See  Lumf-suckek.  Yarrell. 

LUMP'ING,  a.  Bulky;  large;  heavy;  lumpish. 
[Low.]  Arbuthnot. 

LUMP'ISH,  a.  Bulky ; heavy ; gross ; dull.  Shak. 

LUMP'ISH-LY,  ad.  With  heaviness  or  stupidity  ; 
stupidly ; doltishly.  Shenoood. 

LUMP'ISH-NESS,  n.  Bulkiness  ; heaviness  ; dul- 
ness ; stupidity.  Harmar. 

LUMP'— SUCK-1JR,  n. 

{Ich.)  A large-bod- 
ied, small-finned  ma- 
rine fish,  having  an 
elevated  crest  or 
ridge  on  the  back, 
and  a powerful 
sucker  under  the  T , 

throat,  formed  of  the  ( Q/cloptcrus  lumpus). 

combined  pectorals 

and  ventrals  ; Cyclopterus  lumpus  ; — called 
also  lump-fish.  Yarrell. 

LUMP'— SUG'AR  (-shug'sr),  n.  White  or  loaf- 
sugar  broken  into  small  pieces.  Simmonds. 

LUMP'Y,  a.  Full  of  lumps  or  compact  masses. 
“ Spades  to  dig  hard,  lumpy  clays.”  Mortimer. 

LU'NA,  n.  [L.]  1.  The  moon.  Phillips. 

2.  f (Chem.)  The  term  by  which  the  old 
chemists  designated  silver;  — because  the  an- 
cients represented  that  metal  by  the  symbol  of 
the  moon.  Brande. 

LU'NA— COR'NE-A,  n.  {Chem.)  Fused  chloride 
of  silver ; — so  called  from  its  horn-like  ap- 
pearance. Brande. 

LU'NA-CY,  n.  [L.  lima,  the  moon.]  Strictly,  the 
condition  of  an  insane  person  who  has  lucid  in- 
tervals, which  formerly  were  supposed  to  depend 
on  the  phases  of  the  moon  ; — in  present  usage, 
madness  or  insanity  in  general.  Brande.  P.Cyc. 

Syn. — See  Insanity. 

LU'NAR,  a.  [L.  lunaris;  luna,  the  moon;  It. 
lunare ; Sp \.  lunar-,  Fr.  lunaire.]  Pertaining  te, 
or  resembling,  the  moon.  “ The  lunar  horns.” 

Lunar  bone,  (Anat.)  one  of  the  bones  of  the  wrist. — 
Lunar  cycle,  ( Astron .)  the  period  of  time  after  which 
the  new  moons  return  on  the  same  days  of  the  year. 
Brande.  — Lunar  distance,  ( Astron . &.  Navigation.)  the 
distance  of  the  moon  from  the  sun,  or  from  a fixed 
star  or  a planet,  — used  in  calculations  of  longitude. 
The  distance,  as  observed  at  any  particular  time,  cor- 
rected for  refraction  and  parallax,  is  compared  with 
the  same  distance  as  given  tn  a nautical  almanac  for 
Greenwich  time,  and  the  difference  of  those  times 
shows  the  longitude — Lunar  observation,  the  obser- 
vation of  the  moon’s  distance  from  a heavenly  body, 
for  the  purpose  of  determining  longitude.  Nichol.  — 
Lunar  method,  the  method  of  determining  longitude 

by  the  observation  of  lunar  distances Lunar  month, 

the  time  in  which  the  moon  completes  a revolution 
about  the  earth,  and  returns  to  the  same  position  rela- 
tively to  some  celestial  body ; — appropriately  the  time 
which  elapses  between  two  consecutive  new  or  full 
rnpens,  or  in  which  the  moon  returns  to  the  same  po- 

/£ition  relatively  to  the  earth  and  sun  ; the  synodic 
month.  — Lunar  year,  the  period  of  twelvo  lunar,  or 


synodic,  months,  or  354  days,  8 hours,  48  minutes, 
and  34  seconds.  Brande. 

LU'NAR-CAUS'TIC,  n.  {Chem.)  Fused  nitrate 
of  silver.  — See  Luna.  > SiUimchi. 

LU-NA'RI-A,  n.  [L.  luna,  the  moon.]  {Bot.)  A 
genus  of  plants  ; moon-wort.  Miller. 

LU-NA'RI-AN,  n.  An  inhabitant  of  the  moon. 

Herschel. 

LU'NA-RY,  a.  Same  as  Lunar,  [it.]  Raleigh. 

LU'NA-RY,  n.  [L.  lunaria.]  {Bot.)  A plant  of  the 
genus  L unarm  ; moon  wort,  or  honesty.  Drayton. 

LU  N^TE,  > a (Bot.)  Formed  like 

LU'NAT-pD,  ) a half  moon. 

Brown.  P.  Cyc. 

LU'NA-TIC,  a.  [L.  lunaticus  ; It.  <Sf  Sp. 
lunatico  ; Fr.  lunatique.]  Affected  with  lunacy; 
insane ; mad  ; crazy.  — See  Lunacy.  Shak. 

LU'NA-TIC,  n.  A person  affected  with  lunacy  ; an 
insane  person  ; a madman.  Shak. 

LU-NA'TION,  n.  [It.  lunazione;  Sp.  lunacion; 
Fr.  lunaison  ; L.  luna.,  the  moon.]  {Astron.)  A 
synodical  revolution  of  the  moon,  or  the  period 
between  two  successive  new  moons.  Holder. 

LUNCH,  n.  A luncheon.  — See  Luncheon. 

LUNCH,  v.  n.  [i.  lunched;  pp.  lunching, 
lunched.]  To  take  or  to  eat  a lunch.  Gent.  Mag. 

LUNCH'EON  (lunch'un),  n.  [Of  uncertain  ety- 
mology.— Minsheu  derives  it  from  Sp.  lonja,  a 
long  piece,  a slice ; Skinner,  from  Ger.  klein- 
ken,  a small  piece  ; Johnson,  from  clutch,  or 
clunch-,  Ford,  front  Sp.  once  (eleven),  as  used 
in  the  phrase,  Hacer  las  once,  to  take  a lunch 
about  noon  ; Richardson  and  Trench  regard  it 
as  a corruption  of  nuncheon,  or  noonshun,  the 
laborer’s  slight  meal,  to  which  he  withdrew  to 
shim  the  heat  of  the  noon.  “ It  is  not  probable 
we  are  indebted  to  the  Spanish  for  the  word. 
The  origin  is  common  to  the  two  languages.” 
Richardson .] 

1.  A lump  or  piece  of  bread ; a slice  ; a little 
food. 

When,  hungry,  thou  stoocUst  staring  like  an  oaf, 

I sliced  the  luncheon  from  the  barley  loaf.  Gay. 

2.  A slight  meal  between  breakfast  and  dinner ; 

— formerly  between  dinner  and  supper.  Todd. 

ffOT  Instead  of  lunchen  [or  lunch ] our  country  people 

in  Hampshire,  as  in  many  other  parts,  always  use  the 
form  nuncheon  or  nuntion  [also  nunchion , nuncli , and 
nunc.  Wright].  In  Howell’s  Vocabulary  [1G59J,  and 
in  Cotgrave’s  French  and  Spanish  Dictionary,  both 
words  occur  ; nuncion  or  nuncheon , the  afternoon’s, 
repast,  and  lunchion,  a big  piece,  i.e.  of  bread,  for  both 
give  the  old  Fr.  caribot  as  the  equivalent  of  luncheon , 
which  word  has  this  meaning.  It  is  clear  that  in  this 
sense  of  lump,  or  big  piece , Gay  uses  luncheon.  Trench. 

LUNE,  n.  [L.  luna , the  moon  ; Fr.  lime.] 

1.  A crescent  or  half-moon.  “ Just  ranks,  or 

wedges,  limes , or  squares.”  Watts. 

2.  (Geom.)  A figure  in  the  form  of  a cres- 
cent, being  the  area  included  between  the  arcs 
of  two  circles  which  intersect  each  other  ; — 
also  called  lunula. 

j VRr’ “ The  lune  of  Hippocrates  is  famous  as  being 
the  first  curvilinear  space  whose  area  was  exactly 
determined.”  Davies. 

3.  pi.  f A fit  of  lunacy ; mad  freaks  ; frenzy  ; 
crotchets  ; whims. 

Your  husband  is  in  his  old  Junes  again.  Shah. 

tISp  “ Lunes  occurs  four  times  in  Shakspearo  ; but 
has  not  been  met  with  elsewhere.’’  Richardson. 

4.  [Goth.  Una,  a cord.]  A leash  ; as,  “ The 
lune  of  a hawk.” 

LU'NET,  n.  A little  moon,  or  satellite.  Bp.  Hall. 

LU-NETTE'  (lu-net'),  n.  [Fr.  dim.  of  lune,  the 
moon.] 

1.  {Fort.)  A field-work  composed  of  two 
faces  and  two  flanks,  parallel  to  the  capital, 
being  similar  to  a ravelin,  or  a demi-lune,  but 
generally  smaller.  Glos.  o f Mil.  Terms.  P.  Cyc. 

2.  {Man.)  A horseshoe  without  a sponge  : 

— a round  piece  of  felt,  to  cover  the  eye  of  a 

vicious  horse.  Rees. 

3.  {Arch.)  An  aperture  for  the  admission  of 

light  in  a concave  ceiling.  Brande. 

4.  {Optics.)  A kind  of  watch-glass  much  flat- 
tened in  the  centre  : — a kind  of  convexo-con- 
cave lens  for  spectacles.  Phillips.  Olmsted. 


LUNG,  n. ; pi.  lOng?  [A.  S.  lunge-,  Dut.  long  • 
Ger.  4f  Dan.  lunge ; Sw.  lunga.~\ 

1.  {Anat.)  One  of  the  two  organs  of  respira- 
tion in  man  and  many  other  animals,  complete- 
ly filling  the  two  cavities  of  the  thorax,  and 
separated  by  the  mediastinum  and  the  heart. 

Itgr  Tlie  lungs  are  composed  essentially  of  prolon- 
gations and  ramifications  of  the  bronchia,  and  of  the 
pulmonary  arteries  and  veins,  the  divisions  being  sup- 
ported by  a fine  areolar  tissue.  The  right  lung 
which  is  shorter  and  broader  than  the  left,  is  divided 
into  three  unequal  lobes.  The  left  has  only  two  lobes. 
Dunglison . 

2.  pi.  F ormerly  a cant  term  for  a strong-voiced 

fellow  : — also  for  an  alchemist’s  attendant  who 
puffed  his  coals.  Coles.  B.  Jonson . 

LUNgE,  n.  A thrust  or  pass.  — See  Longe. 

LUNGED  (lungd),  a.  Having  lungs,  or  drawing 
and  expelling  air  as  the  lungs. 

While  the  lunged  bellows  hissing  fire  provoke.  Dnjden. 

LUN'^E-OUS,  a.  Vindictive;  ill-tempered;  quar- 
relsome ; awkward.  [Local,  Eng.]  Grose. 

LIJNG'— GROWN,  a.  {Med.)  Having  the  lungs 
grown  to  the  pleura,  or  membrane  that  lines 
the  breast.  Harvey. 

f LUN'tgIS,  n.  [Old  Fr.  longis.  — See  Lounge.] 
A slow,  dull,  awkward  fellow.  Beau.  § FI. 

LUNG'LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  lungs.  Good. 

LUNG'WORT  (-wiirt),  n.  A genus  of  herbs  of 
the  order  Boraginacece  ; Pulmonaria.  Gray. 

LU'NI-FORM,  a.  [L.  luna,  the  moon,  and  forma, 
form.]  Shaped  like  the  moon.  Loudon. 

LU-NI-SO'LAR,  a.  [L.  luna,  the  moon,  and  Sola- 
ris, pertaining  to  the  sun  ; sol,  the  sun  ; Sp. 
lunisolar ; Fr . lunisolaire.]  (Astron.  & Chron.) 
Combining  the  revolutions  of  the  sun  and  moon. 

Lunisolar  period,  the  period  after  which  the  eclipses 
again  return  in  the  same  order,  consisting  of  532 
years,  ascertained  by  multiplying  together  the  lunar 
and  solar  cycles  of  19  and  28  years  respectively  ; — 
also  called  lunisolar  year.  Brande. 

LU'NI-STICE,  n.  [L.  luna,  the  moon,  and  sto,  to 
stand.]  (Astron?)  The  farthest  point  of  the 
moon’s  northing  or  southing.  Wright. 

LUNT,  n.  [Dut.  lont  ; Ger.  lunte ; Sw.  lunta. — 
See  Lintstock.]  The  match-cord  with  which 
cannon  are  fired.  Bailey. 

LU'NU-LA,  n.  *[L.  dim.  of  luna,  the  moon.] 
(Anat.)  The  white  semi-lunar  mark'at  the  base 
of  the  nails.  Iloblyn. 

LU'NU-LAR,  a.  [L.  luna,  the  moon.]  (Bot.) 

UU'NU-LATE,  > Shaped  like  a crescent ; cres- 

LU'NIT  lit  ED  J eent-shaped ; lunate.  Loudon. 

LU'NULE,  n.  [Fr.] 

1.  ( Geom.)  A crescent-shaped  figure  ; a lune. 

— See  Lune.  Crabb. 

2.  (Conch.)  A crescent-shaped  spot  on  some 

bivalve  shells.  Wright. 

LU'NU-LET,  n.  ( Ent .)  A crescent-shaped  spot 
in  insects,  of  a different  color  from  the  rest  of 
the  body.  Wright. 

LU'NU-LITE,  n.  (Pal.)  One  of  a genus  of  fossil 
corals.  ' Lyett. 

LU-PER'CAL,  a.  [L.  lupercaUs ; Lupcrcus,  a 
name  of  the  Lycean  Pan  ; lupus,  a wolf.]  Per- 
taining to  the  Lupercalia. 

LU-PER'CAL,  n.  [Fr.]  Same  as  Lupercalia. 

JO&y  Shakspeare  accents  it  incorrectly  Lu'per-c^I. 

LU-PER-CA  ' LI-A,  n.  pi.  [L.  — See  Lupercal.] 
(Roman  Ant.)  A festival  celebrated  in  Febru- 
ary, in  honor  of  Lupcrcus,  or  the  Lycean  Pan, 
the  god  of  fertility,  when  the  priests,  with  their 
faces  painted,  and  only  a girdle  around  their 
loins,  ran  about  the  city,  striking  the  women 
whom  they  met,  who  were  supposed  in  conse- 
quence to  be  rendered  fruitful.  IF.  Smith. 

LU'PI-A,  n.  [Gr.  hmem,  to  pain.]  (Med.)  An 
encysted  tumor ; a wen.  Dunglison. 

LU'PIN-AS-TBR,  n.  [L.  lupinus,  a lupine,  and 
Gr.  aoryo,  a star ; Fr.  lupinaster.]  (Bot.)  The 
bastard  lupine.  Loudon. 

LU'PINE,  n.  [L.  lupinus-,  Fr.  lupin?]  (Bot.)  A 
very  extensive  genus  of  hardy  annual,  perennial, 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  !,  6,  U,  f,  short;  A,  Jp,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


LUPINE 


863 


LUSTRE 


and  half  shrubby  leguminous  plants,  bearing 
showy  flowers.  P.  Cyc. 

LU'PINE,  a.  [L.  lupinus  ; lupus,  a wolf.]  Wolf- 
ish; like  a wolf.  Gauden. 

LU'PIN-lNE,  n.  { Chem .)  A substance  of  gummy 
appearance,  obtained  from  lupines.  Ure. 

LU'PIN-ITE,  n.  {Chem.)  A bitter  substance  ex- 
tracted from  the  leaves  of  Lupinus  albas,  or  white 
lupine.  Brands. 

LU'POUS,  a.  Wolfish  ; like  a wolf,  [it.]  Maunder. 

LU'PU-LlNE,  n.  [Fr.]  {Chem.)  A substance  ex- 
tracted from  the  hop  {Humulus  lupulus),  and 
containing  from  eight  to  twelve  per  cent,  of  lu- 
pulite.  P-  Cyc. 

LU'PU-LITE,  n.  {Chem.)  The  active  principle  of 
Humulus  lupulus,  or  the  hop.  P.  Cyc. 

LU'PU-LUS,  n.  {Bot.)  A genus  of  plants  ; the 
hop.  Miller. 

LU'PUS,  n.  [L.,  a wolf]  1.  {Med.)  A tubercular 
excrescence  with  ragged,  spreading  ulcerations, 
chieffy  about  the  face ; — so  named  from  its 
rapacity.  Dunglison. 

2.  {Astron.)  An  ancient  southern  constella- 
tion on  the  south  of  Scorpio  ; the  Wolf.  Hind. 

LURCH,  n.  1.  A forlorn,  deserted  condition  ; a 

helpless  state  ; difficulty. 

2.  {Naut.)  The  sudden  rolling  of  a vessel  to 
one  side.  Dana. 

To  leave  in  the  lurch,  to  leave  in  a forlorn  or  deserted 
condition,  or  without  help. 

Have  a care  how  you  keep  company  with  those  that,  when 
they  find  themselves  upon  a pinch,  will  leave  their  friends  in 
the  lurch.  I" Estrange. 

Perhaps,  to  leave  on  the  watch,  when  further 
watch  was  useless  [or  dangerous].”  Richardson. 

t To  lie  at  larch , to  lie  in  wait.  — f To  give  a lurch , 
to  deceive.  * Wright. 

LURCH,  v.  n.  [“  There  can  be  no  doubt  that  lurk 
and  lurch  are  the  same  word,  varying  a little  in 
the  application.  It  has  not  been  satisfactorily 
traced  to  its  origin.”  Richardson.  — See  Lurk.] 
[i.  LURCHED  ; pp.  LURCHING,  LURCHED.] 

1.  To  be  or  lie  on  the  watch  or  in  wait ; to  be 
concealed  ; to  lurk,  [r.] 

While  the  one  was  upon  wing,  the  other  stood  birching 
upon  the  ground,  and  flew  away  with  the  fish.  L' Estrange. 

2.  To  act  covertly  or  deceptively  ; to  practise 
subterfuges  ; to  resort  to  shifts  or  expedients. 

I myself,  sometimes,  leaving  goodness  on  my  left  hand, 
and  hiding  mine  honor  iu  my  necessity,  am  fain  to  shuffle, 
to  hedge,  and.to  lurch.  Shah. 

3.  {Naut.)  To  pitch  or  roll  suddenly  to  one 

side,  as  a vessel.  Smart. 

LURCH,  v.  a.  1.  To  anticipate  or  outstrip  in  ac- 
quiring something ; to  deprive  of  by  antici- 
pating. [r.] 

You  have  lurched  your  friends  of  the  better  half  of  tile 
garland  by  concealing  this  part  of  the  plot.  B.  Junson. 

2.  To  take  or  gain  privily  or  secretly  before 
other  competitors,  or  when  others  do  not  or 
cannot,  [r.] 

The  fond  conceit  of  something  like  a Duke  of  Venice  put 
lately  into  many  men’s  heads,  by  some  one  or  other  subtilely 
driving  on  under  this  notion  Ills  own  ambitious  ends,  to  lurch 
a crown.  Milton. 

3.  To  deceive  ; to  disappoint ; to  leave  in  the 
lurch.  “This  is  a sure  rule,  that  will  never  de- 

'ceive  or  lurch  the  communicant.”  [r.]  South. 

4.  [L . lurco.)  fTo  eat  or  swallow  greedily; 
to  swallow  up  ; to  devour. 

Too  far  off  from  great  cities,  which  may  hinder  business; 
or  too  u ear  them,  which  lurcheth  all  provisions,  and  maketh 
every  thing  dear.  Bacon. 

LURCH'IJR,  n.  1.  One  that  lurks  or  lies  in  wait, 
watch,  or  concealment,  as  to  steal. 

Swift  from  his  play  the  scudding  lurcher  flics, 

Whilst  every  honest  tongue  “ Stop  thief!”  resounds.  Gay. 

2.  A hunting  dog  that  watches  for  the  game ; 

— more  used  by  poachers  than  by  sportsmen. 

3.  [L.  lurco.]  f A glutton ; a gormandizer ; 

— also  written  lurcard  and  lurcare.  Wright. 

t LURCH'— LINE,  n.  The  line  of  a fowling  net 
by  which  it  was  pulled  over  to  enclose  the 
birds. 

And  now  my  men  to  the  lurch-line  will  steal.  Mir.  for  Mag. 

t LUR'D  AN,  n.  [Old  Fr.  lourdin.  — See  Loord.] 
A lazy,  lumpish  fellow ; a lubber  ; a clown  ; — • 
also  written  lurden.  Florio. 


+ LljR'DAN,  a.  Lumpish  ; lazy ; stupid.  Cotgrave. 

LUR'DY,  I a_  Sluggish;  lazy.  [Local,  North  of 

LfjR'yy,  ) Eng.]  Wright. 

LURE,  n.  [Fr.  leurre.  — Landais  derives  from  L. 
lorum,  a thong  of  leather  ; Skinner,  from  A.  S. 
leewa,  a betrayer.] 

1.  {Falconry .)  A piece  of  red  leather  in  the 

form  of  a bird,  which,  being  thrown  into  the  air, 
served  to  recall  a hawk.  Somcrvil  e. 

2.  Any  enticement ; any  thing  that  attracts, 
tempts,  or  invites  ; allurement ; attraction. 

The  lure  of  novelty  and  thirst  of  gain.  Brooke. 

LURE,  v.  a.  [Fr.  leurrer .]  [i.  lured  ; pp.  lur- 

ing, lured.] 

1.  {Falconry .)  To  bring  or  entice  to  the  lure, 

as  a hawk.  Chaucer. 

2.  To  tempt,  or  induce  by  some  temptation  ; 
to  entice  ; to  attract ; to  allure. 

Volumes  on  sheltered  stalls  expanded  lie, 

And  various  science  lures  the  learned  eye.  Gay. 

Syn.  — See  Allure. 

LURE,  v.  n.  To  call  hawks.  “These  falconers 
. . . luring  all  along.”  Howell. 

LU'RID,  a.  [L .luridus;  It.  lurido.]  Pale  yellow; 
of  a pale,  dull  color  ; ghastly  ; gloomy.  Thomson. 

LURK,  v.  n.  [Dot.  loeren-,  Ger .lauern;  Dan. 
hirer-,  Sw.  lura.  — W.  llercio,  to  lurk.  — See 
Lurch.]  [i.  lurked  ; pp.  lurking,  lurked.] 

1.  To  lie  in  wait  or  on  the  watch. 

Let  us  lay  wait  for  blood;  let  us  lurk  privily  for  the  inno- 
cent, without  cause.  Trov.  i.  11. 

2.  To  lie  concealed;  to  lie  close  ; to  keep  out 
of  sight  or  out  of  the  way  ; to  skulk. 

Millbrook  lurketh  between-two  hills.  Carew. 

Whilst  Nero  thus  lurked,  the  Senate,  assembled  in  council, 
declared  him  enemy  of  the  state.  Savillc's  Tacitus. 

LURK'£R,  n.  One  that  lurks.  Bp.  Hall. 

LURK'ING,  p.  a.  Lying  in  wait;  skulking. 

LURK'ING— HOLE,  n.  A hole  or  den  in  which  to 
lurk ; a secret  place.  Addison. 

LURK'ING— PLACE,  n.  A place  in  which  one 
lurks  ; a secret  place  ; a hiding-place.  Shak. 

fLUR'RY,  n.  [Belg.  leurc.  Skinner.] 

1.  A confused  heap.  Jodrell. 

2.  A disturbance ; a tumult.  Milton. 

LUS-  CIN ' /-  DJE,  n.  pi.  [L.  luscinia,  the  nightin- 
gale.] {Ornith.)  A family  of  dentirostral  birds 
of  the  order  Passeres,  including  the  sub-families 
Malurince,  Luscininte,  Erythacina-,  Accentorince, 
Parince,  Mniotiltince,  and  Motacillinec  ; war 


Gray. 


biers. 

L Gs-  CI-MI  ' JVtffi,  n.  pi.  [See 
Luscinidte.]  ( Ornith.) 

A sub-family  of  dentiros- 
tral birds  of  the  order 
Passeres  and  family  Lus- 
cinidrn ; warblers.  Gray.  rrmw  f* 

LUS'CIOUS  (lush'us),  a.  [Of  Atdon  galactodcs. 
uncertain  etymology.  — Lye  suspects  it  to  be  a 
corruption  of  delicious  ; Skinner,  of  luxurious. 
— Richardson  and  Todd  derive  it  from  lush.] 

1.  Sweet,  so  as  to  nauseate  ; sweet  to  excess. 
Pert  wit  and  luscious  eloquence  have  lost  their  relish. Burnet. 

2.  Agreeable  to  the  taste ; delicious  ; pal- 
atable ; savory ; grateful. 

The  food  that  to  him  now  is  as  luscious  as  locusts  shall  he 
to  him  shortly  as  bitter  as  coloquintida.  Shak. 

3.  Strong  and  offensive  in  smell.  [Local, 

Leicestershire,  Eng.]  Wright. 

LUS'CIOUS-LY  (lush'us-Ie),  ad.  With  excessive 

sweetness  ; deliciously.  Sherwood. 

LUS'CIOUS- NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  lus- 
cious ; deliciousness.  Drayton. 

LU'SERN,  n.  [L.  lupus  cervarius,  deer-wolf  ; Fr. 
loup-cervier.]  (Zoul.)  The  lynx.  Bailey. 

+ LUSH,  a.  Full  of  juice  or  succulence.  “ How 
lush  and  lusty  the  grass  looks  ! ” Shak. 

LU'SI-AD,  n.  The  Portuguese  epic  poem  written 
by  Camoens  on  the  subject  of  the  establish- 
ment of  the  Portuguese  empire  in  India. Braude. 

f LUSK,  a.  [Of  uncertain  -etymology.  — Minsheu 
derives  from  Fr.  lasche,  lache,  sluggish.  — Jamie- 
son refers  to  Ger.  lauschen,  to  lurk,  to  lounge.] 
Sluggish  ; lazy  ; lubberly.  Sir  T.  More. 


t L&SK,  ii.  A lazy  fellow  ; a lubber. 


Bale . 


fLUSK,  V.  n.  To  be  lazy,  idle,  or  unemployed; 
to  lie  or  bask  at  ease.  Warner. 

fLUSK'ISH,  a.  Inclined  to  laziness.  Marston. 

f LUSK'ISH-LY,  ad.  Lazily  ; indolently.  Johnson. 

f LUSK'ISH-NESS,  ii.  Disposition  to  be  lazy; 
laziness ; indolence.  Spenser. 

fLy-SO'RI-OUS,  ) a [L.  lusorius ; lusor,  a 

fLU'SO-RY,  ) player;  ludo,  lusum,  to  play.] 
Used  in  play  ; sportive.  Burton.  Watts. 

LUST,  n.  [Goth,  lustus ; A.  S.,  Dut.,  § Ger. 
lust ; Dan.  lyst ; Sw.  lust.] 

1.  f Inclination  ; will;  desire. 

Little  lust  had  she  to  talk  of  aught.  Spenser. 

2.  Carnal  desire  ; concupiscence;  carnality. 

Capricious,  wanton,  bold,  and  brutal  lust 

Is  meanly  selfish;  when  resisted,  cruel.  Milton. 

3.  Any  violent,  inordinate  desire  ; cupidity. 

“ The  lust  of  lucre.”  Pope. 

4.  f Vigor;  active  power. 

Trees  will  prow  greater,  ...  if  you  put  salt  or  lees  of  wine 
to  the  root.  The  cause  may  be  the  iucreusing  the  lust  or 
spirit  of  the  root.  Bacon. 

LUST,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  Install ; Dut.  lusten  ; Ger. 
liisten  ; Dan.  lyster  ; Sw.  lysta.]  [*.  lusted  ; 
pp.  LUSTING,  LUSTED.] 

1.  fTo  wish  ; to  desire  ; to  like  ; to  list. 

They  do  even  what  they  lust.  Ps.  lxxiii.  7. 

2.  To  have  vehement  desires. 

We  should  not  lust  after  evil  things,  as  they  also  lusted. 

1 Cor.  x.  6. 

3.  To  have  carnal  desires. 

Whosoever  looketh  on  a woman  to  lust  after  her  hath  com- 
mitted adultery  with  her  already  in  his  heart.  Mutt . v.  28. 

LUST'— Dl-J£T-£D,  a.  Pampered  by  lust,  [it.]  Shak. 

LUST'ER,  n.  One  inflamed  with  lust. 

LUST'FUL,  a.  1.  t Stout;  robust;  vigorous; 
lusty.  “ Lustful  health.”  Sackville. 

2.  Having  lust  or  carnal  desire;  concupis- 
cent ; libidinous  ; lascivious  ; lecherous. 

There  is  no  man  that  is  intemperate  or  lustful,  but,  besides 
the  guilt,  likewise  stains  and  obscures  his  soui.  2’illotson. 

3.  Provoking  sensuality ; inciting  to  lust. 

“ Lustful  orgies.”  Milton. 

LUST'FUL-LY,  ad.  With  lust  or  carnal  desire. 

LUST'FUL-NESS,  n.  Libidinousness.  Sherwood. 

fLUS'TIC,  a.  Lusty;  healthy;  cheerful.  Shak. 
f LUST'I-HEAD  (-lied),  ^ n _ Vigor  of  body  ; lusti- 

Spcnser.  Shak. 


f LUST'I-HOOD  (-hud),  ) ness. 

LUST'J-LY,  ad.  Vigorously;  stoutly;  with  met- 
tle. “ To  fight  lustily.”  Shak. 

LUST'I-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  lusty;  vigor 
of  body  ; stoutness ; sturdiness. 

Cappadocian  slaves  were  famous  for  their  lustiness.  Dryden. 

LUST'ING,  n.  Eager  or  impure  desire  ; lust. 

f LUST'L^SS,  a.  'Without  lust;  not  vigorous; 
weak ; languid.  Spenser. 

LUS'TRAL,  a.  [L.  lustralis ; lustrum,  a lustra- 
tion ; It.  lustrale  ; Sp.  <Sf  Fr.  lust  nil.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  lustration;  as,  “ Lustral 
days  ” ; “ Lustral  sacrifices.” 

2.  Used  in  lustration.  “ Lustral  waters.”  Pope. 

fLUS'TRATE,  v.  a.  [L.  lustro,  lustratus.]  To  pu- 
rify by  means  of  a propitiatory  offering.  Herbert. 

LUS-TRA'TION,  ii.  [L.  lustratio ; It.  lustra- 
zione  ; Sp.  lustracion ; Fr.  lustration.]  Purifica- 
tion by  water  ; a cleansing.  Sandys. 

LUS'TRE  (lus'ter),  n.  [L.  lustro,  to  purify;  lus- 
trum, a lustration  ; It.  lustro  ; Sp.  6$  Fr.  lustre.] 

1.  Brightness ; splendor  ; gloss  ; glitter ; 
brilliancy  ; as,  “The  lustre  of  one’s  eyes.” 

The  scorching  sun  was  mounted  high, 

In  all  its  lustre,  to  the  noonday  sky.  Addison. 

2.  Splendor  of  birth,  deeds,  fame,  &c. ; re- 
nown ; distinction ; eminence. 

I used  to  w'onder  how  a man  of  birth  and  spirit  could  en- 
dure to  be  wholly  insignificant  and  obscure  in  a foreign  coun- 
try, when  he  might  live  with  lustre  in  his  own.  Swift. 

3.  A bright  chandelier  or  hanging  candle- 
stick. Pope. 

4.  The  space  of  five  years.  — See  Lustrum. 

The  fourth  bright  lustre  had  but  just  begun 

To  shade  his  blushing  cheeks  with  doubtful  down.  Garth. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  R(JLE. — <J,  (f,  g,  soft;  £1,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  ^ as  z;  ^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


LUSTRELESS 


864 


LYCIINOSCOPE 


5.  ( Descriptive  Mineralogy.)  A variation  in 
the  nature  of  the  reflecting  surface  of  minerals, 
producing  different  kinds  of  lustre. 

The  kinds  of  lustre  recognized  are  six,  viz.  : 
metallic,  vitreous,  resinous,  pearly,  silky,  adaman- 
tine ; a variation  in  the  quantity  of  light  reflected 
produces  difl'erent  degrees  of  intensity  of  lustre,  de- 
nominated as  follows:  splendent,  shining,  glistening, 
glimmering,  dull.  Duua. 

Syn.  — See  Brightness,  Clearness. 

LUS'TRE-LESS,  a.  Having  no  lustre.  Walsh. 

LUS'TRI-CAL,  a.  [L.  lustricus  ; lustrum , a lus- 
tration.] Relating  to  lustration.  Middleton. 

LUSTRING  (lus'trlng  or  lut'strlng)  [lus'trlng  or 
lut'string,  W.  F.  Ja. ; lut'strlng,  N.  ; lus'trlng,  J. 
Sm.  Wr.;  I u 'string,  K.],  n.  A lustrous  or  shin- 
ing silk  ; — often  corruptly  written  lutestring. 

LUS'TROUS  (Ius’trus),  a.  [It.  lustro  ; Sp.  lustro- 
so.]  Bright ; shining ; luminous.  Collins. 

LUS'TROUS-LY,  ad.  Ill  a lustrous  manner  ; bril- 
liantly ; luminously.  For.  Qu.  Rev. 

LUS'TRUM,  n.  ; pi.  lOs'tra.  [L.]  ( Roman 

Ant.)  A lustration  or  purification,  — particu- 
larly, the  purification  of  the  whole  Roman  peo- 
ple, performed  once  in  five  years,  by  one  of  the 
censors  in  the  Campus  Martius,  after  the  busi- 
ness of  the  census  was  over  : — the  space  of  five 
years.  1 V.  Smith. 

LUST'— STAINED  (-stand),  a.  Defiled  by  lust.  Shak. 

LUST'— WE  A-R I ED,  a.  Satiated  with  lust.  Shak. 


LUST'WORT  (-wurt),  n.  ( Dot .)  A plant  of  the 
genus  Drosera ; sun-dew.  Lee. 

LUST' Y,  a.  1.  Able  of  body  ; stout;  corpulent; 
robust ; vigorous  ; sturdy  ; burly  ; brawny. 

They  slew  of  Moab  at  that  time  about  ten  thousand  men, 
all  lusty,jmi\  all  men  of  valor.  Judy.  iii.  29. 

2.  f Handsome;  beautiful.  Gower. 

3.  f Pleasant ; delightful.  Spenser. 

4.  f Saucy  ; impudent.  Shak. 

fLUS'TY-HEAD,  n.  Wanton  propensity.  Drayton. 

LU'SUS  JTJl-TU'RJE.  [L.]  A freak  of  nature ; 
a deformed  or  unnatural  production.  Qu.  Rev. 

LUT'A-NIST,  n.  One  who  plays  upon  the  lute  ; 
a lutist ; — written  also  lutenist.  Tatlar. 

LU-TA'RI-OUS,  a.  [L.  lutarius  ; latum,  mud.] 

1.  Pertaining  to,  or  living  in,  mud.  Johnson. 

2.  Of  the  color  of  mud.  Grew. 

LU-TA'TION,  71.  [L.  Into,  lutatus,  to  daub  with 

mud;  latum , mud;  Sp.  lutacion ; Fr.  lutation .] 
The  act  or  the  process  of  luting.  Johnson. 

LUTE,  n.  [Dut.  luit ; Ger.  laute  ; Dan.  lilt ; Sw. 
hit  a.  — It.  luito  ; Sp.  laud .]  A musical  stringed 
instrument  of  the  guitar  kind,  much  used  in  the 
sixteenth  and  seventeenth  centuries,  in  form 
resembling  the  horizontal  section  of  along,  bell- 
shaped pear,  with  a back  in  ribs  like  those  of 
some  melons.  Rrande. 

But  musical  as  is  Apollo’s  lute.  Milton. 

LUTE,  n.  [L.  latum,  mud;  Sp.  luten  ; Fr.  lut.\ 

( Chem .)  A composition  of  pipe-clay,  or  other 
tenacious  substance,  used  for  closing  the  junc- 
tures of  vessels,  so  as  to  prevent  the  escape  of 
gases  during  distillation  or  sublimation,  or  for 
coating  vessels  which  are  to  be  subjected  to  a 
great  heat.  P.  Cyc. 

LUTE,  V.  a.  [i.  LUTED  ; pp.  LUTING,  LUTED.] 

1.  To  close  or  coat  with  lute.  Bacon. 

2.  To  play  on  the  lute.  Wright. 

LUTE'— CASE,  n.  A case  for  a lute.  Shak. 

LUTE'-MAs-TF.R,  n.  A lutanist.  Phillips. 

LU-TE-O-LE  INE,  l n (Chem.)  A yellow  color- 

LU'Tp-O-LINE,  J ing  matter  obtained  from  the 
wood  of  Reseda  luteola,  or  weld.  Brande. 

LU'Tp-OUS,  a.  [L.  luteus ; latum,  yellow-weed, 
weld.]  Deep  yellow  with  a tinge  of  red ; hav- 
ing the  color  of  the  yolk  of  an  egg.  Roget. 

LUT'ER,  or  LUT'IST,  n.  A lutanist.  Ilakeicill. 

LUTE'STRING,  n.  1.  The  string  of  a lute.  Donne. 

2.  A kind  of  silk ; — properly  lustring. — See 
Lustring.  Goldsmith. 

LU-TE  ' TI-A  (lu-te'she-a),n.  (Astron.)  An  asteroid 
discovered  by  Goldschmidt  in  1852.  Lovering. 

LU'TH^R-AN,  n.  (Eccl.  Hist.)  A follower  or 


disciple  of  Luther;  one  of  a denomination  of 
Protestants  who  differ  from  other  denominations 
in  affirming  the  doctrine  of  consubstantiation,  in 
encouraging  private  confession  of  sins,  and  in 
using  wafers  in  the  administration  of  the  Lbrd’s 
supper.  Brande. 

LU'THpR-AN,  a.  (Eccl.  Hist.)  Relating  to  Luther 
or  Lutheranism.  “ Lutheran  divines.”  Burnet. 

LU'TIUJR-AN-IiJM,  n.  The  doctrines  of  Luther 
or  the  Lutherans.  Laurence. 

f LU'THUR-I§M,  n.  Lutheranism.  A.  Wood. 

LU'THIJRN,  n.  [L.  lucerna  ; lux,  lucis,  light;  Fr. 
luoarne.]  (Arch.)  A window  on  the  roof,  hav- 
ing its  frame  placed  vertically  on  the  rafters  ; a 
dormer.  — See  Dormer.  Brande. 

LUT'ING,  n.  (Chem.)  The  coating  of  chemical 
vessels,  or  the  materials  for  coating  them.  Ure. 

LU'TOSE  (129),  a.  [L.  lutosus.]  Miry;  covered 
with  clay.  Wright. 

f LUT'U-LENT,  a.  [L.  lutulentus  ; lutum,  mud.] 
Muddy  ; turbid.  Bailey. 

LUX,t>.  a.  [L.  luxo.]  To  disjoint ; to  luxate.  Pope. 

LUX'ATE,  v.  a.  [Gr.  }.o(6w,  to  make  slanting; 
i.ofds,  oblique  ; L.  luxo,  luxatus  ; It.  lussare ; Fr. 
Inzer.]  [/.  LUXATED  ; pp.  LUXATING,  LUXAT- 
ED.] To  put  out  of  joint ; to  dislocate.  Wiseman. 

LUX-A'TION,  n.  [L.  luxatio ; It.  lussazione ; Sp. 
lujacion ; Fr  .luxation.]  The  act  of  putting  out 
of  joint,  or  the  state  of  being  put  out  of  joint ; 
a displacement ; a dislocation.  Dunylison. 

+ LUXE,  n.  [Fr. ; L.  luxus.]  Luxury.  Prior. 

fLUX'lVE,  a.  Luxurious;  voluptuous. 

These  [letters]  often  bathed  she  in  her  luxive  eyes.  Sliak. 

||  LUJC-U'RI-ANCE  (lug-zu're-a.ns),  ) n_  [Fr.  fra- 
il LUX-U'RT- AN-CY  (lug-zu're-fin-se),  ) uriance.] 
The  state  or  the  quality  of  being  luxuriant ; 
rank  or  excessive  growth;  exuberance. 

The  juicy  groves 

Put  forth  their  buds,  unfolding  by  degrees, 

Till  the  whole  leafy  forest  stands  displayed 

In  full  luxuriance  to  the  sighing  gales.  Thomson. 

Flowers  grow  up  in  the  garden  in  the  greatest  luxuriancy 
and  profusion.  Spectator. 

Syn.  — See  Exuberance. 

||  LLX-U'RI-ANT  [lug-zu're-?int,  W.  J.  Ja.  Sm. 
Wr.  ; lugz-u're-ant,  P.  F. ; lug-zho're-ant,  S. ; 
luks-ur'y?nt,  K.\,  a.  [L.  laxurio , luxurious,  to 
grow  rank,  to  wanton  ; luxuria , luxury  ; Sp.  lu- 
juriante\  Fr.  luxariante.  — See  Luxury.]  Of 
rank  or  excessive  growth  ; superfluously  abun- 
dant or  plentiful ; exuberant ; superabundant. 
Grace  abused  brings  forth  the  foulest  deeds, 

As  richest  soil  the  most  luxuriant  weeds.  Cowper. 

Prune  the  luxuriant,  the  uncouth  refine, 

But  show  no  mercy  to  an  empty  line.  Pope. 

Syn.  — See  Exuberant. 

||  LUJf-U'RI- ANT-LY,  ad.  1.  With  rank  or  exces- 
sive growth  ; as,  “ The  grass  grows  luxuriantly.” 

2.  In  abundance  or  profusion. 

In  wild  array  luxuriantly  he  pours 
A crowd  of  words,  and  opens  all  his  stores.  Pitt. 

||  LU^-U'RI-ATE,  v.  n.  [L.  luxurio,  luxuriatus ; 
luxuria,  luxury ; It . lussunare ; Fr.  luxurier. — 
See  Luxury.]  [i.  luxuriated  ; pp.  luxuri- 
ating, LUXURIATED.] 

1.  To  grow  luxuriantly ; to  flourish.  “Corn 

luxuriates  in  a better  mould.”  Burton. 

2.  To  pass  the  time  in  luxury  ; to  live  luxu- 
riously ; to  revel ; to  wanton  ; to  be  given  to  the 
pleasures  which  wealth  and  abundance  afford. 

Alexander  the  Great,  reflecting  on  his  friends  degenerat- 
ing into  sloth  and  luxury,  told  them  that  it  was  a most  slavish 
thing  to  luxuriate,  and  a most  royal  thing  to  labor.  Barrow. 

t LtLS-y-RI'E-TY  (lug-zu-),  n.  Luxuriance. Sterne. 

II  LU^-U'RI-OUS  [lug-zu're-us,  W.  J.  Ja.  Sm.  Wr.  ; 
lugz-u're-fis,  P.  F. ; Iug-zh8're-us,  S. ; lugz-ur'ytis, 
A'.],  a.  [L.  luxuriosus  ; luxuria,  luxury  ; It. 
lussurioso  ; Sp.  lujurioso  ; Fr.  luxurieux.] 

1.  Of  rank  growth;  luxuriant;  exuberant,  [r.] 

Well  may  we  labor  still  to  dress 
This  garden,  still  to  tend  plant,  herb,  and  flower. 

Our  pleasant  task  enjoined;  but,  till  more  hands 

Aid  us,  the  work  under  our  labor  grows 

Luxurious  by  restraint.  Milton. 

2.  Voluptuous;  indulging  or  delighting  in 
luxury  ; given  or  addicted  to  the  pleasures  which 
wealth  and  abundance  afford. 


In  courts  and  palaces  he  rBelial  j also  reigns, 

And  in  luxurious  cities,  where  the  noise 
Of  riot  ascends  above  their  loftiest  towers, 

And  injury,  and  outrage.  Milton. 

3.  Wanton;  lustful;  libidinous.  “Most  in- 
satiate, luxurious  woman.”  [r.]  Shak. 

4.  Administering  to  luxury.  “ In  triumph 

and  luxurious  wealth.”  Milton. 

5.  Disposing  to  wantonness ; softening  by 

pleasure.  “ Luxurious  ease.”  Dryden. 

||  LUJf-U'RI-oCrS-LY,  ad.  In  luxury;  voluptuous- 
ly ; deliciously.  Dryden. 

||  Ly?-U'R[-OUS-NESS,  71.  The  quality  or  the 
state  of  being  luxurious ; freedom  of  indul- 
gence ; voluptuousness  ; luxury.  Raleigh. 

f LUX'Ij-RIST,  n.  One  given  to  luxury.  Tei:iple. 

LUX'U-RY  (luk'sliu-re),  n.  [L.  luxuria ; luxus, 
excess  ; luxus,  dislocated  ; luxo,  to  dislocate  ; 
laxor,  to  live  riotously,  from  Gr.  i.o\6s,  slanting, 
oblique  ; It.  lussuria  ; Sp.  Injuria  ; Fr.  luxure.] 

1.  f Rank  growth;  luxuriance;  exuberance. 

Young  trees,  set  contiguous  in  u fruitful  ground,  with  the 

luxury  of  the  trees  will  incorporate.  Bacon. 

2.  f Lust ; lewdness  ; wantonness. 

Let  not  the  royal  bed  of  Denmark  be 

A couch  for  luxury  and  damned  incest.  Shak. 

3.  Voluptuousness  ; indulgence  in,  or  addict- 
edness to,  the  pleasures  which  wealth  and  abun- 
dance afford;  epicurism;  profuseness. 

Riches  expose  a man  to  pride  and  luxury , and  a foolish  ela- 
tion of  heart.  Addison. 

4.  Any  thing  highly  delightful  or  pleasing; 
great  or  excessive  pleasure. 

He  cut  the  side  of  the  rock  for  n garden,  and,  by  laying  on 
it  earth,  furnished  out  a kind  of  luxury  for  a hermit.ylt/f/i^on. 

And  learn  the  luxury  of  doing  good.  Goldsmith. 

5.  That  which  highly  gratifies  the  appetite  ; 
dainty;  as,  “The  luxuries  of  the  season.” 

LUZ,  7i.  The  name  of  a bone  in  the  human  body, 
celebrated  in  the  Rabbinical  writings,  and  sup- 
posed to  be  indestructible.  Bra7ide. 

According  to  some  it  was  one  of  the  vertebra  ; 
others  regard  it  as  having  been  the  sesamoid  bone  of 
the  great  toe,  and  others  one  of  (lie  triangular  hones 
near  the  lambdoidal  suture  of  the  cranium.  Bninde. 

— LY,  a termination  of  adjectives  and  adverbs,  is  a 
contraction  of  Goth,  leiks ; A.  S.  he,  Dut.  lyk, 
Ger.  lich,  Dan.  lige,  Sw.  lik,  Old  Eng.  lick,  liche, 
like  ; as,  beast  ly,  beast  like  ; carefully,  careful- 

• like.  It  sometimes  blends  into  the  preceding 
syllable ; as,  single,  singled/,  sing  ly.  As  a ter- 
mination of  names  of  places,  it  is  derived  from 
A.  S.  leay,  Eng.  lay,  lea,  or  ley,  a field. 

f LY!AM,  71.  A thong  for  leading  a hound.  — See 
Leam.  Blo/ne. 

LY-CAN'THRO-PY,  n.  [Gr.  I.vkiu Bpionta  ; I.Iikos,  a 
wolf,  and  avOpuxos,  man  ; Fr.  lycanthropie.] 
(Med.)  A kind  of  melancholy,  in  which  the  pa- 
tient imagines  himself  a wolf,  and  imitates  the 
voice  and  habits  of  that  animal.  Dunylison. 

LY-CE'UM,  71. ; pi.  L.  ly-ce'a;  Eng.  ly-ce'vm?. 
[L.,  from  Gr.  /focfiov.] 

1.  (_4nf.)  A gymnasium  with  covered  walks 

in  the  eastern  suburb  of  Athens,  where  Aristotle 
taught ; — so  named  from  the  neighboring  tem- 
ple of  Apollo  Lyceus.  Liddell  § Scott. 

2.  Formerly,  in  Europe,  a preparatory  school 

for  the  universities,  in  which  the  Aristotelian 
philosophy  was  taught.  Bra7ide. 

3.  A school  or  literary  seminary,  between  a 

common  school  and  a college;  an  academy. 
[U.  S.]  B.  Hale. 

4.  An  association  for  literary  improvement, 
lectures  on  science  and  literature.  [U.  S.] 

Holbrook. 

LYCH'NIS,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  ?.v%viq.]  (But.)  A 
Linnaean  genus  of  flowering  herbs,  the  cottony 
leaves  of  some  species  of  which  have  been  used 
as  wicks  to  lamps.  Loudon. 

LYUH'NITE,  n.  [Gr.  Xv^vlrris ; ).lrj(yos,  a lamp  ; L. 
lychnites.]  A name  anciently  given  to  Parian 
marble,  because  quarried  by  lamp-light.  Brande. 

LYUH'NO-P.lTE,  n.  [Gr.  hi^vo/hos ; ).b% vos,  a lamp, 
and  Pios,  life  ; L.  lychnobius.]  One  who  labors 
or  transacts  business  by  night,  and  sleeps  by 
day  ; one  who  lives  by  lamp-light.  Black. 

LYUH'NO-SCOPE,  n.  [Gr.  Ux^oc,  a lamp,  and 
cKOTtfw.'to  see.]  ( Archi)  A narrow  window  near 
the  ground,  commonly  at  the  end  of  the  chancel 
of  a church.  . Hook. 


E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  0,  t,  short ; A,  JJ,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure ; FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


LYCODON 


865 


LYTERIAN 


LY'CO-DON,  re.  [Gr.  kiicos,  a wolf,  and  iHovs,  iSiv- 
ros,  a tooth.]  (IJerp.)  A genus  of  small,  harm- 
less serpents,  found  in  South  Africa.  P.  Cyc. 

LY-CO-PER'DQN,  re.  [Gr.  I.Ckos,  a wolf,  and  wephw, 
wipbapai,  to  break  wind.]  (But.)  A genus  of 
Fungi,  emitting,  when  burst,  a quantity  of  dust- 
like seeds  or  spores  ; the  puff-ball.  P.  Cyc. 

LY-CO-POD-I-A ' CF.-JE,  n.  pi.  [See  Lycopodi- 
um.] (But.)  A natural  family  of  vascular  Acro- 
yens,  chiefly  consisting  of  moss-like  plants, 
abounding  principally  in  hot  and  humid  situ- 
ations,'and  remarkable  for  the  nature  of  their 
spores,  which  are  so  highly  inflammable  as  to 
be  employed  occasionally  in  the  manufacture  of 
fire-works.  P.  Cyc.  Brande. 

LY-CO-POD-I-A'CEOUS  (-a'shus),  a.  (Bot.)  Per- 
taining to,  or  resembling,  plants  of  the  family 
Lycopodiaccce.  Clarke. 

LY-COP'O-DlTE,  re.  (Pal.)  A fossil  plant,  allied 
to  the  Lycopodiaceoe,  found  in  the  coal  deposits 
and  oolitic  formations.  P.  Cyc. 

L Y-  CO-PO  ' DI-  0m,  re.  [Gr.  Uncos,  a wolf,  and  wots, 
wold's,  a foot.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  small,  ever- 
green, moss-like,  herbaceous  plants,  found  in 
various  parts  of  the  world;  club-moss.  Loudon. 

LY-COP  ' SIS,  re.  [L.,  from  Gr.  Ivko  s,  a wolf,  and 
tip,  the  eye.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  weed-like  plants 
with  small,  blue  flowers  ; wild  bugloss.  Loudon. 

LYD'I-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Lydia,  a country  of 
Asia  Minor,  or  to  its  inhabitants, who  were  noted 
for  their  effeminacy  : — soft  ; effeminate,  — par- 
ticularly noting  a soft,  pathetic  mode  or  style  of 
music,  placed  by  the  Greeks  between  the  iEolian 
and  Hyperdorian.  P.  Cyc. 

Lap  rne  in  soft  Lydian  airs 
Married  to  immortal  verse.  Milton. 

Softly  sweet,  in  Lydian  measure, 

Soou  he  soothed  the  soul  to  pleasure.  Dryden. 

LYD'I-AN— STONE,  re.  (Min.)  A black,  silicious 
stone  or  flinty  jasper,  used  by  the  ancients  for 
trying  the  purity  of  the  precious  metals ; touch- 
stone ; basanite.  Dana. 

LYE  (II)  [II,  W.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  Wb.  ; 15, 
£>.],  re.  [A.  S.  leak,  Ireg  \ Dut.  long  ; Ger.  laugc. 
— L.  lixivia,  or  lixivium  ; Sp.  lexia ; Fr.  lessirei] 
Water  impregnated  with  alkaline  salt  imbibed 
from  the  ashes  of  wood. 

LYE,  re.  (Railroads.)  One  of  the  sidings  or  short 
offsets  from  the  main  line  into  which  trucks 
may  be  run  for  the  purpose  of  loading  and  un- 
loading:— also,  one  of  the  sets  of  rails  at  a 
terminus  on  which  trucks  stand  while  being 

loaded  or  unloaded.  Ogilvie. 

LY'ING,  p.  a.  from  lie.  See  Lie. 

1.  Telling  lies  ; addicted  to  falsehood. 

Lying  lips  are  abomination  to  the  Lord.  Pi  ov.  xii.  22. 

2.  Being  prostrate  ; recumbent. 

A lying  panel,  (Arch.)  a panel  in  which  the  fibres  of 
the  wood  lie  in  a horizontal  direction.  Brande. 

LY'ING,  re.  1.  Act  or  practice  of  telling  lies; 
falsehood.  “A  righteous  man  hateth  lying.” 

Prov.  xiii.  5. 

2.  The  state  of  being  prostrate ; recumbence. 

LY'ING-IN,  re.  Childbirth.  Spectator. 

LY'ING-LY,  ad.  Falsely;  without  truth.  Sherwood. 

LY'ING— TO,  re.  (Naut.)  The  state  of  a ship  when 
the  yards  are  so  counter-braced  or  the  sails  so 
arranged  that  she  will  make  little  or  no  head- 
way. Dana. 

f LYKE,  a.  Like.  — See  Like.  Spenser. 

fLYM,  re.  A dog  held  by  a learn  ; a limehound. 

Hound  or  spaniel,  brach  or  lym.  Shak. 

LYMPH  (llmf),  re.  [L.  lympha  ; Fr.  lymphe.  — See 
Lymphatic,  a.] 


1.  f Water,  or  a watery  liquid.  Armstrong. 

2.  (Anat.)  A thin,  opaline,  whitish  fluid,  of  a 

slightly  saline  taste,  contained  in  the  lymphat- 
ic vessels.  P.  Cyc. 

f LYM'I’HAT-ED,  a.  [L.  lympho,  lyinphatus,  to 
distract  with  fear.  — See  Lymphatic,  a.~\  Fright- 
ened to  madness ; mad.  Bailey.  Johnson. 

LYM-PHAT'IC,  a.  [L.  lymphaticus,  mad,  insane; 
Fr.  lymphatique,  pertaining  to  lymph  ; L.  lym- 
pha, water,  also  a Nymph,  which  word  (lympha) 
Vossius  asserts  to  be  nympha,  re  being  changed 
into  l ; Gr.  vtpdm,  a bride,  also  a Nymph,  or  in- 
ferior goddess,  and  later,  water,  but  particularly 
a goddess  of  fertilizing  waters,  and  especially  of 
a spring,  the  water  of  which  was  impregnated 
with  entrancing  fumes.  — “The  Muses  were 
originally  of  like  nature,  and  were  often  called 
Nymphs  by  the  poets  ; hence  all  persons  in  a 
state  of  rapture,  as  seers,  poets,  madmen,  &c., 
were  said  to  be  caught  by  the  Nymphs  — /.vppd- 
I.i/wtoi,  L.  lymphati,  lymphatici.”  Liddell  § 
Scott.) 

1.  Enthusiastic;  raving;  insane;  mad. 

Horace  either  is,  or  feigns  himself,  lymphatic,  and  shows 
what  an  effect  the  vision  of  the  Nymphs  and  Bacchus  had 
on  him.  Shaftesbury. 

2.  (Anat.')  Pertaining  to  lymph.  “ Lymphatic 
glands.”  “The  lymphatic  system.”  Dunglison. 

LYM-PHAT'IC  (ljm-fat'jk),  re.  1.  f A mad  enthusi- 
ast ; a lunatic.  Shaftesbury. 

2.  (Anat.)  One  of  a system  of  vessels  which 
convey  lymph  to  the  subclavian  and  internal 
jugular  veins,  consisting  of  minute  branched 
tubes  of  extremely  delicate  membrane,  whose 
extremities  are  arranged  in  a net-work,  in  every 
part  of  the. body.  P.  Cyc.  Dunglison. 

LYM'PHJp-DUCT,  re.  [L.  lympha,  lymph,  and  duc- 
tus, a leading;  duco,  ductus,  to  lead.]  (Anat.) 
A lymphatic,  [k.]  Blackmore. 

LyM-PHOG'RA-PIiy,  re.  [L.  lympha,  water,  and 
Gr.  ypeipo),  to  describe.]  (Anat.)  A description 
of  the  lymphatic  vessels.  Wright. 

LYM-PHOT'O-MY,  re.  [L.  lympha,  water,  and 
ropy,  a cutting.]  (Anat.)  Dissection  of  the  lym- 
phatics. Dunglison. 

LYM'PHY , a.  Containing,  or  resembling,  lymph, 
or  the  fluid  of  lymphatic  vessels.  Phren.  Jour. 

LYN-CE'AN,  a.  [L.  lynccus ; lynx,  lyncis,  a lynx.] 
Like  a lynx ; sharp-sighted.'  ' Bp.  Hall. 

LYNCH,  V.  a.  \i.  LYNCHED  ; pp.  LYNCHING, 
lynched.]  To  inflict  punishment  upon  with- 
out a legal  trial,  as  by  a mob,  or  by  unauthor- 
ized persons  ; — a word  said  to  be  derived  from 
a Virginian  farmer  named  Lynch,  who,  having 
caught  a thief,  instead  of  delivering  him  to  the 
officers  of  the  law,  tied  him  to  a tree,  and  flogged 
him  with  his  own  hands.  [U.  S.]  Brande. 

LYNCH'ET,  re.  See  Linchet. 

LYNCH'— LAW,  re.  The  will  or  decree  of  a mob 
or  multitude,  as  a substitute  for  the  common  or 
the  civil  law.  — See  Lynch.  [U.  S.]  Brande. 

LYNCH'PIN,  re.  See  Linchpin.  Farm.  Ency. 

LYN'DEN— TREE,  re.  See  Linden.  Johnson. 

LYNX,  re.  [Gr.  ;.6yf  ; L. 
lynx ; It.  ^ Sp.  lince  ; Fr. 
lynx.  — Dut.  lochs  ; Ger. 
luclis .] 

1.  (Zolil.)  A quadruped 
of  the  cat  kind,  or  genus 
Fclis,  having  tufted  ears, 
and-  remarkably  sharp 
sight.  Eng.  Cyc. 

l¥g=  There  does  not  appear  to  be  any  considerable 
difference  between  the  organization  of  the  lynxes  and 


Booted  lynx 
(.Fclis  caligata). 


that  of  the  other  cats  ; but  it  is  extremely  probable 
that  there  is  some  modification  about  tile  bones  of  the 
tongue,  and  the  organ  of  the  voice  generally,  to  pro- 
duce tile  peculiarly  powerful  noise  analogous  to  what 
is  called  “spitting  ” and  “swearing”  in  the  domes- 
tic cat.  Eng.  Cyc. 

2.  (Astron.)  A northern  constellation,  situ- 
ated directly  in  front  of  Ursa  Major.  Eng.  Cyc. 

LYNX'— EYED  (llngks'ld),  a.  Sharp-sighted.  “The 
lynx-eyed  police.”  West.  Rev. 

LY'RA,  re.  [L.,  from  Gr.  l.tpa,  a lyre.] 

1.  (Astron.)  The  Lyre  ; a northern  constella- 
tion west  of  the  Swan,  distinguished  by  a white 
star  (Vega)  of  the  first  magnitude.  Olmsted. 

2.  (Anat.)  A portion  of  the  brain,  the  medul- 
lary fibres  of  which  are  so  arranged  as  to  give 
it  somewhat  the  appearance  of  a lyre.  Brande. 

RATE>  l a.  [L.lyra,  a lyre.]  (Bot.) 

LY'rAt-IJD,  > Noting  a feather-veined 
leaf,  more  or  less  pinnatified,  with  the 
lobes  decreasing  in  size  towards  the 
base.  Gray. 

LYRE,  re.  [Gr.  Itpa  ; L.  lyra\  It.  § Sp.  lira ; Fr. 
lyre.] 

1.  (Mus.)  A stringed  musical  instrument  of 
the  harp  kind,  much  used  by  the  ancients  to 
accompany  the  voice  in  song. 

2.  (Astron.)  A constellation.  — See  Lyra. 


Lyric  poetry,  among  the  ancients,  poetry  sung  to  the 
lyre  ; — in  modern  usage,  commonly,  poetry  composed 
for  musical  recitation,  but  distinctively,  that  class  of 
poetry  which  has  reference  to,  and  is  engaged  in  de- 
lineating, t he  composer’s  own  thoughts  and  feelings, 
as  opposed  to  epic  poetry,  which  details  external  cir- 
cumstances and  events.  P.  Cyc. 

LYR'IC,  n.  1.  A composer  of  lyric  poems.  Addison. 

2.  A lyric  poem.  Colcridyc. 

3.  pi.  Verses  commonly  used  in  lyric  poetry, 
— such  as  those  of  Pindar,  of  Horace’s  odes, 
and  of  the  tragic  and  comic  choruses.  P.  Cyc. 

LYR'I— jCHORD,  re.  (Mus.)  The  name  formerly 
given  to  a vertical  harpsichord.  Moore. 

LYR'I-CI§M,  n.  A lyrical  form  of  language. 

They  must  have  our  lyricisms  at  their  fingers’  ends.  Gray. 

LY'RIST  [ll'rjst,  S.  W.  J.  P.  Ja.  K.  Sm. ; llr'jst, 
P.~\,n.  [Gr.  IvpiaTi/s ; L.  lyristes.)  A player  on 
the  lyre.  Pope. 

L YS-I-MA'CHI-A,  re.  [L.,  from  Gr.  Ivaipn^ia.) 
(Bot.)  A genus  of  plants ; — so  named,  according 
to  Pliny  and  Ambrosinus,  from  Lysimachus,  a 
general  of  Alexander  ; loosestrife.  Gray. 

LYS'SA,  re.  [Gr.  Ivaan,  rage.]  (Med.)  Canine 
madness,  or  madness  communicated  by  the  bite 
of  any  rabid  animal ; hydrophobia.  Wright. 

LY-TE'RI-AN,  a.  [Gr.  l.vrypiog,  loosing;  l.voi,  to 
loosen.]  (Med.)  Noting  signs  which  indicate 
the  solution  or  termination  of  a disease.  Smart. 


LYRE'-BIRD,  «.  (Ornith.)  A 
bird  of  the  genus  Mcenura 
of  Shaw  and  Latham,  pe- 
culiar to  Australia,  and 
placed  by  Cuvier  in  the  or- 
der Passeres  ; — also  called 
lyre-tail  and  lyrc-phcasant. 
It  is  the  only  known  species 
of  this  genus.  Brande. 

LYRE'-SHAPED  (-shapt),  a. 
Shaped  like  a lyre.  Smith. 

L\R  IC,  la.  [Gr.  XvpiKog-, 

LYR'I-CAL,  S l.hpa,  a lyre  ; L. 
lyricus  ; It.  $ Sp.  lirico  ; Fr. 
lyrique.)  Pertaining  to  the 
lyre,  or  to  lyric  poetry. 


Lyre-biril. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  rFlE.  — 9,  9,  9,  g,  soft;  jC,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


M 


8G6 


MACHINE 


M. 


Mthe  thirteenth  letter  of  the  alphabet,  is  a 
. liquid  consonant,  and  has,  in  English,  one 
unvaried  sound,  formed  by  the  compression 
of  the  lips ; as  in  the  words  mine , tame , camp ; 
and  in  proper  English  words,  it  is  never  mute. 
It  is  used  as  a symbol  to  denote  1000. 

MA.  [It.]  (Mils.)  But ; — used  in  the  qualifying 
phrase  of  some  direction,  as,  “ Allegro,  ma  non 
troppo,”  i.  e.  quick  but  not  too  much  so.  Moore. 

MA-ASH'A , n.  An  East-Indian  coin  ; a penny  : 
— a pension.  C.  P.  Brown. 

MAb,  n.  [W.  mdb,  a child,  boy  ; M.  mab,  a child.] 

1.  The  imaginary  queen  of  the  fairies. 

O,  then,  I see,  Queen  Mab  hath  been  with  you.  S/iak. 

2.  A slattern.  [Local.]  Bay. 

MAB,  t).  n.  To  dress  carelessly.  [Local.]  Bay. 
f MAB'BLE,  v.  a.  To  wrap  up.  — See  Moble. 

Their  heads  and  faces  are  mabbled  in  fine  linen.  Sandy s. 

MAC.  [Gael.  A M.  mac,  son.]  A Scotch  term  sig- 
nifying son,  prefixed  to  many  surnames ; as, 
“ Afacdonald.” 

it' ,■  It  is  synonymous  with  Fitz  in  England,  and  O 
in  Ireland.  Braude. 

MAC-AD-AM-I-ZA'TION,  n.  The  act  or  the  art  of 
macadamizing.  Gent.  Mag. 

MAC-AD' A M-IZE,  V.  a.  [i.  MACADAMIZED  ; pp. 
MACADAMIZING,  MACADAMIZED.]  To  COVer,  as 
a road  or  street,  with  stouts  broken  into  small 
pieces; — so  named  from  the  projector,  Mac- 
adam. Qu.  Bev. 

MAC-Ad'AM— ROAD,  n.  A road  prepared  with 
broken  stones  ; a macadamized  road.  Clarke. 
MA-CAG'U-O,  n.  A kind  of  monkey.  Goldsmith. 

MA-CAN'DON,  n.  ( Bot .)  A coniferous  tree  of 
Malabar.  Crabb. 

MA-CA'O,  n.  ( Ornith .)  See  Macaw. 
MAC'A-RlZE,  v.  a.  [Gr.  yarnpi^w.']  To  pronounce 
happy ; to  bless  ; to  congratulate,  [r.] 

The  word  macarize  has  been  adopted  by  Oxford  men  who 
are  familiar  with  Aristotle  to  supply  a word  wanting  in  our 
language.  ...  It  may  be  said  that  men  are  admired  for  what 
they  are,  commended  for  w.liat  they  do,  and  macarized  for 
what  they  have.  W hately. 

MAC- A- II d 'ATI,  n.  1.  [It.  maccheroni ; Sp . ma- 
carrones  ; Fr.  macaroni .]  A paste  formed  chiefly 
of  flour,  and  moulded  into  strings,  of  a tubular 
form,  used  for  food ; — sometimes  termed  Gen- 
oese paste.  It  is  usually  dressed  with  butter, 
cheese,  and  spice,  and  is  a favorite  dish  among 
the  Italians.  Simmoncls. 

2.  A medley;  something  extravagant ; some- 
thing to  please  an  idle  fancy.  Smart. 

3.  [It.  macherone.]  A fool ; a dunce.  Johnson. 

I mean  those  circumforaneous  wits  whom  every  nation 
calls  by  the  name  of  that  meat  which  it  loves  best.  In  Hol- 
land they  are  termed  “ Pickled  Herrings,”  in  France  “Jean 
Pottages,”  in  Italy  "Macaronies”  and  in  Great  Britain  “Jack 
Puddings.”  Addison. 

4.  A spruce  beau  ; a fop  ; an  exquisite. 

You  arc  a delicate  Londoner;  you  are  a macaroni ; you 
can't  ride.  Bosv)cll. 

MAC-A-RO'NJ-AN,  a.  Consisting  of  a confused 
mixture ; macaronic.  Bichardson. 

MAc-A-RON'IC,  a.  [It.  maccheronico ; Sp.  macar- 
ronico;  Fr.  macaroniqwe.]  Applied  to  a kind 
of  burlesque  poetry,  intermixing  several  lan- 
guages, Latinizing  words  of  vulgar  use,  and 
modernizing  Latin  words  ; mixed.  Warton. 

MAC-A-RON'IC,  n.  1.  A confused  heap,  .huddle, 
or  mixture  of  several  things.  Cotgrave. 

2.  A ludicrous  mixture  of  languages.  Ward. 

MAC-A-R06N',  n.  [From  Gr.  yhsao,  happy. 
Menage.  — It.  maccheroni',  Fr.  macaroni] 


1.  A kind  of  sweet  biscuit,  made  of  flour, 

almonds,  eggs,  and  sugar.  Johnson. 

2.  An  affected  busybody ; a pert,  meddling 

fellow  ; a fop  ; a macaroni.  Donne. 

MA-CAU'CO,  n.  ( Zonl .)  A genus  of  quadrumanous 
animals  resembling  the  monkey  tribe.  Maunder. 

MA-CAW',  n.  [Sp.  macaco .] 

(Ornith.)  A large  parrot  of 
the  sub-family  Araince,  hav- 
ing the  upper  mandible  great- 
ly hooked,  and  the  tail  very 
long  and  cuneated;  — a na- 
tive of  the  tropical  parts  of 
South  America.  Written  al- 
so maccaw  and  macao.  — See 
AitAiNJE.  Baird. 

MA-CAw'-TREE,  n.  (Bot.)  A 
species  of  the  palm-tree ; Co- 
cos fusiformis.  Loudon. 

MAC'CA-BEEij,  n.  pi.  The  name  of  two  books  of 
the  Apocrypha;  — so  called  because  they  relate 
to  the  exploits  of  Judas  Maccabanis  and  his 
brothers.  1 look. 

MAC'CO-BOY,  n.  [Fr.  macouba. ] A species  of 
snuff.  Adams. 

M.ACE,  a.  [L.  massa,  a block;  It.  mazza;  Sp. 
maza ; Fr.  masse i] 

1.  t A club ; a staff. 

Some  have  an  axe  unci  some  a marc  of  steel.  Chaucer. 

2.  An  ornamented  staff,  as  an  ensign  of  au- 
thority, carried  before  magistrates.  Brande. 

3.  The  heavier  rod  used  in  billiards.  Smart. 

MACE,  n.  [Gr.  ydno  ; L.  macir,  macis  ; It.  mace ; 
Sp.  macias,  or  macis  ; Fr.  macis.]  A kind  of 
spice;  a tough,  unctuous  membrane,  reticulated 
or  chaped,  of  a yellowish  brown  or  orange  color, 
forming  one  of  the  envelopes  of  the  nutmeg ; 
the  aril  of  the  nutmeg.  Ure. 

MACE'ALE,  n.  Ale  spiced  with  mace.  Wiseman. 

MACE'—  BEAR-]JR,  n.  One  who  carries  the  mace 
in  a procession,  or  before  a magistrate.  Sjjcctator. 

M.Ac-IJ-DO'NI-AN,  n.  1.  (Geog.)  A native  or  an 
inhabitant  of  Macedonia. 

2.  (Eccl.  Hist.)  A follower  of  Macedonius, 
Bishop  of  Constantinople,  who,  in  the  fourth 
century,  denied  the  distinct  existence  and  God- 
head of  the  Holy  Spirit.  Brande. 

MACE'— PROOF,  a.  Secure  against  arrest.  Shirley. 

MA'CpR,  n.  1.  (Med.)  The  hark  of  the  root  of  a 
Malabar  tree  ; — used  for  diarrhoea.  Brande. 

2.  An  officer  of  the  court  in  Scotland,  who 
carries  a mace  before  persons  in  authority  and 
preserves  order  ; a mace-bearer.  Jamieson. 

MAC'IJR-ATE  (mas'er-at),  V.  a.  [L.  macero,  ma- 
ceratus ; maccr,  lean,  thin;  It.  macerare ; Sp. 
macerar ; Fr.  macerer. ] [i.  macerated  ; pp. 

MACERATING,  MACERATED.] 

1.  To  make  lean  ; to  wear  away  ; to  mortify. 

Out  of  an  excess  of  zeal,  they  practise  mortifications;  they 

macerate  their  bodies,  and  impair  their  health.  Fiddes. 

2.  To  steep  almost  to  solution  ; to  make  soft 
by  soaking  in  a liquid. 

Saliva  serves  well  to  macerate  and  temper  our  meat.  Ray. 

MAQ-ER-A'TION,  n.  [L.  maceratio  ; It . macera- 
zione  ; Sp.  maceracion ; Fr  .maceration.) 

1.  The  act  of  macerating  or  making  thin  or 
lean ; mortification. 

Long  fastings  and  macerations  of  the  flesh.  Howell. 

2.  The  process  of  softening  and  almost  dis- 
solving by  steeping.  Gregory. 

MACE'— REED,  n.  (Bot.)  A perennial  plant; 
great  cat’s-tail ; Typha  lati  folia.  Johnson. 


Blue  macaw. 


MA-jCHAI'RO-DUS,  n.  [Gr.  y 6%aipaf  a sabre,  and 
Hobs,  a tooth.]  (Pal.)  An  extinct  mammal 
allied  to  the  bear.  Brande. 


MAjCII-I-A- VEL'IAN  (inak-e-?-v€l'y?in)  [mak-e-a- 
vcl'yan,  K.  Sm.  B.  If  b. ; mak-e-j-vel'yan,  «/«.], 
n.  1.  A follower  of  the  opinions  of  Niccolo 
Machiavel,  or  Machiavelli,  a Florentine  of  the 
fifteenth  century,  who  sanctioned  in  his  writings 
on  government  bad  faith  on  the  part  of  a 
prince.  Bullokar. 

2.  A refined,  artful,  or  unprincipled  politician. 

MACH-I-A-VEL'IAN  (m&k-e-a-vel'yan),  a.  1.  Re- 
lating to  Machiavel,  or  his  doctrines.  Bailey. 

2.  Crafty  ; subtle  ; roguish  ; sly.  Bp.  Morton. 

MAjEH-I-A-VEL'IAN-Ii-jM,  n.  Subtle  policy;  Mach- 
iavelism.  Bailey. 

M A£H'  I- A- V15  L-I§M,  n.  [It.  Macchiavellismo  ; 
Sp.  Maqidavelismo  ; Fr .Machiavelisme.] 

1.  The  principles  of  Machiavel.  Sherwood. 

2.  Cunning;  roguery;  chicanery.  Cotgrave. 


MA-CHIC'O-LAT-JJD,  a.  [Fr.  machicoulis.]  (Arch.) 

1.  Having  apertures  or  open  work,  as  the 

roofs  of  portals  or  the  floors  of  projecting  galle- 
ries, for  purposes  of  defence.-  Brande. 

2.  Having  parapets  projecting  beyond  the 
faces  of  the  walls,  and  supported  by  arches 
springing  from  large  corbels  or  consoles. Brande. 


MAcFI-I-CO-I.A'TION,  n.  [Low  L.  macchicola 
turn,  from  Fr.  meche,  combustible 
matter,  and  colder , to  flow.  P. 

Cyc .] 

1.  An  opening  or  aperture,  for 
the  purpose  of  defence,  in  the 
roof  of  a portal,  or  in  the  project- 
ing parapet  of  a castle,  fortifica- 
tion, nr  fortified  building.  Wcale. 

2.  The  act  of  pouring  down,  in  old  castles, 

heavy  or  burning  substances,  through  aper- 
tures, on  assailants.  P.  Cyc 


Machicolation. 


MAjCII'I-N AIi,  or  MA-^HI'NAL  [m&k’ke-nal,  S.  W. 
J.  F.  Ja.  K.  Wr. ; mash'e-njl  or  mak'e-na],  P. ; 
mj-she'nsd,  Smi],  a.  [L.  machinalis ; machina,  a 
machine ; It.  macchinale  ; Sp.  maquinal. ] Re- 
lating to  machines.  Bailey. 


MAjCII'I-NATE,  v.  n.  [L.  machinor,  machinatus  ; 
It.  macchinare ; Sp.  machinal",  Fr.  machiner. ] 

[i.  MACHINATED  ; pp.  MACHINATING,  MACHI- 
NATED.] To  plan  ; to  contrive  ; to  scheme;  to 
devise,  [r.]  Sandys. 


MAjFII-I-NA'TION,  n.  [L.  machinatio-,  It.  mac- 
chinazionc ; Sp.  maqidnacion ; Fr.  machination .] 
Artifice  ; contrivance  ; a plot ; a trick  ; a strat- 
agem; a malicious  scheme;  a hostile  design. 

Persons  who  want  the  energy  and  vigor  necessary  for  great 
evil  machinations.  Burke. 


MAjEH'I-NA-TOR,  n.  [L.]  One  who  plots  or 
forms  schemes.  Glanvill. 


MA-^HINE'  (nifi-shen'),  n.  [Gr.  yn^am'i,  a con- 
trivance ; ynxoi’  a raeans  > L.  machina ; It. 
macine,  or  macina  ; Sp.  maquina ; Fr.  machine .] 

1.  An  artificial  work  which  serves  to  apply 
or  regulate  moving  power,  or  to  produce  mo- 
tion ; an  engine  ; a piece  of  mechanism. 

tiny  Tlie  word  machine,  in  its  widest  sense,  may  he 
applied  to  every  material  substance  and  system,  and 
to  tiie  material  universe  itself;  but  it  is  usually  re- 
stricted to  works  of  human  art.  ATichol. 

2.  Supernatural  agency  in  a poem ; machinery. 

The  changing  of  tire  Trojan  fleet  into  water-nymphs  is  the 

most  violent  machine  in  the  whole  rEncid.  Addison. 

MA-tJHTNE',  v.  n.  To  be  employed  upon  or  in 
the  machinery  of  a poem,  [r.]  Dryden. 

MA-CIITNE',  V.  a.  To  print  by  means  of  a print- 
ing machine,  [r.]  Ogilvie. 


A, 


I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  o,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  I,  O,  l_T,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; 


HEIR,  HER; 


MACHINEEL 


867 


M A DO QUA 


MAcH'J-NEEIj,  n.  ( Bot .)  A large  West-Indian 
tree  of  the  genus  Hippomctne.  Loudon. 

MA-yiliN'ER-Y  (mj-slien'er-e),  n.  1.  Mechanical 
combinations  of  parts  for  creating  or  for  apply- 
ing power  in  engines  or  machines  ; machines 
collectively  ; the  works  of  a machine  ; enginery. 

2.  The  superhuman  beings  and  their  actions 
introduced  into  a poem  ; as,  “ The  machinery 
of  the  Iliad  or  of  Paradise  Lost.” 

MA-CHIN'ING,  a.  Relating  to  the  machinery  of  a 
poem.  “ Machining  work.”  Dryden. 

MA-<JIliN'JST  [mj-shen'jst,  S.  W.  P.J.  F.  Ja.  Sm. 
It.  Wr.  ; mak'e-nist,  A.],  n.  [It.  macchinista ; 
Sp.  maquinista ; Fr.  machinist  el]  One  who 
constructs  machines,  or  who  is  skilled  in  their 
construction.  Steevens. 

MACIGNO  (ma-chen'yo),  n.  [It.]  (Min.)  A hard, 
silicious  sandstone.  Brande. 

t MA9'I-LEN-CY,  n.  Leanness.  Bailey. 

f MAg'I-LENT,  a.  [L.  macilentus .]  Lean.  Bailey. 

mAjG'JN-TOSH,  n.  See  Mackintosh.  Wright. 

MAC-KAW'-TREE,  n.  See  Macaw-tree. 

mAck'ER-UL,  n.  [L.  macula,  a spot;  — Dut. 
mackereel ; 

Dan.  xna- 
krecl ; Sw. 
makrill ; Fr. 
maquereau.] 

( Ich .)  A Mackerel  (Scomber  scomber). 

small,  well- 

known  sea-fish,  of  the  genus  Scomber,  having  a 
streaked  or  spotted  back.  Yarrell. 

Sooner  shall  cats  disport  in  water  clear. 

And  speckled  mackerels  graze  the  meadows  fair.  Gay. 

f MACK'jpK-jpL,  n.  [Old  Fr.  maquerel.]  A pander  ; 
a pimp.  Bailey. 

MACIv'JJR-EL-GALE,  n.  A strong  breeze.  Dryden. 

MACK'jpU-EL-MINT,  n.  Spearmint.  Booth. 

MAcK'ER-JJL-SKY,  n.  A sky  streaked  or  marked 
like  a mackerel ; cirro-stratus.  Ilooke. 

MAOK'IN-TOSH,  n.  A water-tight  outer  garment 
or  overcoat  made  of  a stuff  prepared  with  a so- 
lution of  India  rubber;  — so  called  from  the 
name  of  the  inventor.  Brexcer. 

mAo'KLE,  v.  a.  To  sell  weavers’  goods  to  shop- 
keepers. Bailey.  To  contrive.  Wright.  [Local.] 

MA'CLE,  n.  (Min.)  1.  A mineral,  called  also 
chiastolite,  found  in  prismatic  crystals,  im- 
bedded in  clay  slate.  Branclc. 

2.  A blotch  or  spot  in  a mineral,  shaped  like 
the  diamond  in  cards,  supposed  to  proceed 
from  some  disturbance  of  the  particles  in  the 
process  of  crystallization.  Francis. 

MAc'LU-RlTE,  n.  (Min.)  A mineral  of  yellow- 
ish or  brown  color,  and  vitreous  lustre  ; — 
called  also  chondrodite.  Dana. 

MAC-RO-RI-OT'IC,  a.  [Gr.  /ucoqxSj,  long,  and  ptos, 
life.]  (Med.)  Living  a long  time.  Dunglison. 

MAC-RO-CEPH'A-LOUS,  a.  [Gr.  paKp6s,  long,  and 
Ktipa?.f),  the  head.]  Having  a large  head.  Hoblyn. 

MA'CRO-CO§M  [ma'kro-kozm,  S.  W.  P.  J.  F.  K. 
Sm. ; mak'ro-kozm,  Ja.  C.  Wr.  Wb.],  n.  [Gr. 
paspos,  long,  and  sdapos,  the  world;  Sp.  macro- 
cosmo.\  The  great  or  whole  world,  or  visible 
system,  in  opposition  to  the  microcosm,  or  little 
world  of  man.  Spxcnser. 

MAC-RO-DAC'TYL,  n.  [Gr.  paeph;,  long,  and  <5d<c- 
rul.us,  a finger.]  (Ornith.)  One  of  a family  of 
wading  birds  having  long  toes.  Smart. 

mAO-RO-dAO'TY-LOUS,  a.  (Ornith.)  Furnished 
with  long  toes  adapted  for  traversing  floating 
leaves  and  aquatic  herbage.  Maunder. 

MAC-RO-DI-AG'O-NAL,  n.  [Gr.  parpds,  long,  and 
diagonal .]  The  longer  of  two  diagonals.  Clarke. 

MA-CROL'O-fjrY,  n.  [Gr.  paspds,  long,  and  Ibyog, 
a discourse  ; L.  mocrologia.]  Long  and  tedious 
talk,  with  little  matter ; a diffuse  style.  Bullokar. 

MA-CROM'IJ-TIJR,  n.  [Gr.  paxois,  long,  and  pirpov, 
a measure.]  An  instrument  for  measuring  the 
distance  of  inaccessible  objects  by  means  of 
two  reflectors.  Hamilton. 


MA'CRON,  n.  [Gr.  paxpts,  long.]  (Gram.)  The 
mark  [ — ] noting  the  long,  open  sound  of  a 
vowel,  as  of  a in  fate,  and  of  o in  tone  ; — called 
also  macrotone.  G.  Brown. 

MAC-RO-PHYL'LOUS,  or  MA-CROPH' YL-LOUS 
(131),  a.  [Gr.  paxp6s,  long,  and  <pl Ul.ov,  a leaf.] 
(Bot.)  Having  long  leaves.  Smart. 

M A-CROP'O-DAL,  n.  [Gr.  paxp6g,  long,  and  nobs, 
nobds,  a foot.]  Having  large  feet.  Hoblyn. 

mAC-RO-PO'DI-AN,  n.  (Zoul.)  One  of  the  Mac- 
ropodida.  P.  Cyc. 

MAC-RO-POD'  I-DJE,  xx.pl.  A tribe  of  brachyu- 
rous,  decapodous  crustaceans,  remarkable  for 
the  length  of  their  feet.  Baird. 

MA-CROP'O-DOOS,  a.  (Bot.)  Noting  an  embryo 
the  radicle  of  which  is  large  in  proportion  to  the 
rest  of  the  body.  llenslow. 

MAC' RO-PUS,  n.  [Gr.  paxpog,  long,  and  nobs,  a 
foot.]  (Zoul.)  The  generic  name  of  the  kanga- 
roo. Waterhouse. 

MA-CROT'Y-POUS,  a.  [Gr.  paxpOg,  long,  and  rh- 
ttos,  sort.]  (Min.)  Having  a long  form.  Wright. 

MA-CROU'RAN,  n.  [Gr.  paxp6s,  long,  and  ovoa, 
the  tail.]  (Zoul.)  One  of  the  decapod  crusta- 
ceans, having  long  tails,  as  the  lobster  Brande. 

MA-CROl)'ROUS,  or  MA-CRU'ROUS,  a.  (Zool.) 
Applied  to  decapod  crustaceans  which  have  long 
tails,  as  the  lobster  and  the  prawn.  Owen. 

f MAC-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  xnactatio,  a slaying.]  The 
act  of  killing  for  sacrifice.  Shuckford. 

MAC ' U-LA,  n.\  pi.  mac ' u-lje.  [L.,  a spot  or 
stain.]  A spot  upon  the  skin  or  upon  the  sun, 
moon,  or  planets.  Burxiet. 

MAC'U-LAtE,  v.  a.  [L.  maculo,  maculatus  ; It. 
macxilarc ; Sp.  xnacular ; Fr.  madder.)  \i.  mac- 
ulated ; pp.  MACULATING,  MACULATED.]  To 
stain  ; to  spot ; to  blotch.  Sir  T.  Elyot. 

Syn.  — See  Stain. 

MAC'U-LATE,  a.  Spotted;  maculated.  Shak. 

MAC-U-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  maculatio  ; It.  xnacula- 
zione .]  The  act  of  maculating ; a spot ; a 

stain.  Shak. 

f MAC'U-LA-TURE,  n.  A blotting  paper.  Phillips. 

MAc'ULE,  n.  A spot ; a stain,  [it.]  Johxison. 

MAC-U-LOSE'  (129), «.  [L.  maculosus.]  Spotted; 
maculated ; blotched.  Bailey. 

mAd,  a.  [Goth,  mod,  anger;  A.  S.  gemad,  ge- 
maad,  mad.  — It.  matto.  ■ — Sansc.  mad,  to  be 
drunk.] 

1.  Disordered  in  the  mind  ; distracted  ; in- 
sane ; crazy. 

Much  learning  doth  make  thee  mad.  Acts  xxvi.  24. 

An  undevout  astronomer  is  mad.  Young. 

2.  Expressing  disorder  of  the  mind ; frantic. 

His  gesture  fierce 

He  marked,  and  mad  demeanor  when  alone.  3filton. 

3.  Raging  with  any  violent  desire ; furious. 

The  world  is  running  mad  after  farce.  Dryden. 

4.  Inflamed  with  anger  ; exasperated  ; angry. 

This  is  a very  common  colloquial  use  of  this 
word  in  this  country;  as,  he  was  very  mad-,  that  is, 
very  angry,  and  in  this  sense  it  is  said  to  he  very 
common  in  conversation  in  England.  According  to 
Halliwell,  mad  is  used  in  the  sense  of  angry  in  vari- 
ous dialects  in  England.  — “Indeed,  my  dear,  you 
make  me  mad  sometimes.”  Spectator,  J\ro.  176. 

MAD,  v.  a.  To  make  mad  ; to  madden.  “ This 
mads  me.”  [r.]  Dryden. 

MAD,  v.  n.  To  be  mad  ; to  be  furious. 

The  madding  wheels 

Of  brazen  chariots  raged.  Milton. 

mAd,  ) n [AT.  Goth,  if  A.  S.  matha ; Dut.  8s 

MADE,  i Ger.  made.]  An  earthworm.  Ray. 

mAd'AM,  n.  [Fr.  madam, e ; ma  (L.  tnea),  my, 
and  dame  (L.  domino),  dame.]  The  term  of 
compliment  used  in  address  to  a gentlewoman  ; 
a title  given  to  a respectable  elderly  lady  ; — 
also  to  ladies  of  every  degree. 

MA- DAME' , xi. ; pi.  mf.sdames  (me-diim').  [Fr.] 
Madam  ; ladyship  ; a title  of  respect  for  a mar- 
ried lady.  Boyer. 

MAD'— Al’-PLE,  xi.  (Bot.)  A plant,  the  fruit  of 
which  is  of  an  oblong  egg-shape,  and  used  for 


soups  and  sauces  ; a species  of  nightshade  ; So- 
lanuni  melongena ; — called  also  egg-plant,  and 
Jews' s-apple.  Eng.  Cyc. 

MAD-A-RG'SIS,  XI.  [Gr.  pabapinaig  ; pabap6<,  bald.] 
(Med.)  Loss  of  the  hair,  particularly  of  the  eye- 
lashes. Dunglison. 

MAD'BRAIN,  n.  A giddy  person  ; one  disordered 
in  mind.  Ash. 

MAD'BRAIN,  a.  Disordered  in  mind  ; mad- 
brained. “ A madbrain  rudesby.”  Shak. 

mAd'BRAINED  (-brand),  a.  Disordered  in  mind  ; 
hot-headed  ; madbrain.  Shak. 

MAd'cAp,  n.  [Eng.  mad  and  cap,  taken  for  the 
head,  or  contracted  from  L.  caput,  the  head.] 
A madman  ; a wild,  hot-brained  feliow. 

The  nimble-footed  madcap  Prince  of  Wales.  Shak. 

MAD'DEN  (-dll),  V.  a.  [f.  MADDENED  ; pp.  MAD- 
DENING, maddened.]  To  make  mad  ; to  en- 
rage ; to  exasperate  ; to  irritate  ; to  inflame. 

Thomson. 

MAD'DEN,  v.  xi.  To  become  mad  ; to  act  as  mad. 

They  rave,  recite,  and  madden  round  the  land.  Dope. 

MAD'DIJR,  n.  [A.  S.  mceddere,  or  tnaddre .] 

1.  (Bot.)  A perennial  plant  having  a root 

composed  of  long  succulent  shoots;  Rxibia  tinc- 
toruxn.  Loudon. 

2.  The  prepared  root  of  the  Rubia  tinctorinn, 

used  as  a red  dye-stuff.  Ure. 

MAd'DING.  p.  a.  1.  Causing  madness. 

2.  Being  mad ; furious ; raving. 

Far  from  the  madding  crowd's  ignoble  strife.  Gray. 

MADE,  i.  & p.  from  make.  See  Make. 

MAd'E-CAsS,  xi.  ; pi.  mXd'e-cXss-e§.  ( Gcog.)  A 
native  of  Madagascar.  Earnshaw. 

t mAd-E-FAC'TION,  n.  [L.  madefacio,  to  make 
wet.]  The  act  of  making  wet.  Bacon. 

f MAD-E-FI-CA'TION,  xi.  Madefaction.  Bailey. 

f mAd'P-FY,  v.a.  [L.  madefacio-,  madco  (Gr. 
paSooi),  to  be  wet,  and  facio,  to  make.]  To 
moisten  ; to  make  wet.  Cockeram. 

M A-DEI'R A [mj-de'r?,  Ja.  K.  Sm.  C.  Wr. ; ma- 
da'ra,  Wb.],  xi.  A rich  wine  made  in  the  island 
of  Madeira. 

MAD-EM- OI-SELLE  ' (m5d-em-wa-zel'),  XI.  [Fr. 
ma,  my,  and  demoiselle,  a young  lady.] 

1.  f The  eldest  daughter  of  the  French  king’s 

brother.  Spiers. 

2.  f A title  formerly  given  to  a married  wo- 
man iHien  not  of  noble  birth.  Spiers. 

3.  A title  given  to  a young  lady  or  to  a young 

girl ; miss.  Fleming  § Tibbins. 

mAd<tE-HO\V'L(;t,  n.  [Fr.  machette.]  An  owl. 
“I’ll  sit  in  a barn  with  madgchoxolet."  B.Jonson. 

mAd'HEAD-F”1,  a.  Hot-headed;  full  of  fancies. 
“ Out,  you  ad-headed  ape.”  Shak. 

MAD'— HOUSE,  n.  A house  for  lunatics  ; an  insane 
hospital;  a lunatic  asylum.  L’Estraxige. 

MA'DI-A,  n.  [Gr.  yaSos,  bald.]  (Bot.)  A genus 
of  composite  plants  of  S.  America  and  Califor- 
nia, useful  as  a source  of  vegetable  oil.  Brande. 

f MAd'ID,  a.  [L.  madidus .]  Wet ; moist ; drenched  ; 
dank;  dropping.  Bailey. 

MAD'LY,  ad.  In  a mad  manner;  with  madness  ; 
insanely  ; furiously  ; wildly.  Dryden. 

MAD'MAN,  n.  ; pi.  mXd'men.  A man  void  of  rea- 
son ; a maniac ; a lunatic. 

Lovers  and  madmen  have  such  seething  brains, 

Sucli  shaping  fantasies.  Shak. 

MAD'NIJSS,  xi.  1.  The  state  of  being  mad  or  in- 


sane ; violent  and  confirmed  insanity  ; want  of 
reason;  frenzy;  lunacy;  distraction. 

There  are  degrees  of  madness  as  of  folly.  Locke. 

2.  Wildness  of  passion;  fury;  rage. 

He  raved  with  all  the  madness  of  despair.  Dryden. 
Syn.  — See  Insanity. 

MA- DON' NA,  xi. ; pi.  ma-dOn' KAtj.  [It.  ma- 
donna, my  lady  ; Sp.  madona.) 

1.  Madame;  — a term  of  compliment.  Shak. 

2.  A picture  of  the  Virgin  Mary.  Bymer. 


(Zool.)  A species  of  antelope, 


MA-DO'aUA,  n. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE. — £,  (J,  c,  soft;  £,  G,  c,  §,  hard;  § as  z ; as  gz.  — THIS,  ibis. 


MADREPORE 


MAGNANIMOUS 


the  smallest  of  all  horned  animals,  being  scarce- 
ly so  large  as  the  English  hare.  Eng.  Cyc. 

MAd'RE-PORE,  n.  [Fr.  madrepore  ; 
madre,  spotted,  and  pore,  a pore.]  A 
genus  of  corals  having  tree-like 
stems,  a terminal  head  larger  than 
the  lateral  ones,  and  twelve  tenta- 
cles. Dana. 

MAD'RE-PO-RITE,  n.  1.  (Min.)  A 
species  of  columnar  carbonate  of 
lime,  found  in  Norway  and  Green-  Madrepore, 
land;  — so  called  on  account  of  its  occurring  in 
radiated  prismatic  concretions  resembling  the 
stars  of  madrepores.  Brande. 

2.  (Pal.)  A fossil  madrepore.  Ogilvie. 

MAd'RI-ER,  or  MA-DRIER'  [mad-rer',  Ja.  II  A. 
Ash  ; mad're-er,  K.  Sm.  C.  1 Vr.],  n.  [Fr.]  (Mil.) 

1.  A thick  plank  armed  with  iron  plates, 

having  a cavity  sufficient  to  receive  the  mouth 
of  a petard  when  charged,  with  which  it  is  ap- 
plied against  a gate  or  any  thing  intended  to  be 
broken  down.  Brande. 

2.  A flat  beam  laid  at  the  bottom  of  a moat 

or  ditch  to  support  a wall.  Brande. 

mAd'RI-gAL,  n.  [It.  madrigale ; Sp.  $ Fr.  ma- 
drigal] 

1.  A little  piece  of  poetry  which  contains  an 

ingenious,  gallant,  and  delicate  thought ; a 
short  amorous  or  pastoral  poem.  Marlow. 

2.  (Mas.)  An  elaborate  vocal  composition, 

commonly  in  the  or  six  parts,  much  in  fashion 
in  Italy  and  England  in  the  16th  and  17th  cen- 
turies. Moore. 

jttjyThe  etymology  of  this  word  is  altogether  lost. 

— Rengifo  says,  corrupted  from  mandrial,  a sheepfold. 
Cardinal  Bembo  agrees  with  Rengifo,  adding,  it  is  of 
I’rov  n^al  origin.  1 1 net  derives  it  from  Martegauz , a 
people  of  Provence.  Covarruvias  derives  it  from  man- 
dra  [a  sheepfold].  Ferrari  derives  it  from  Sp.  ma- 
ll riigar,  to  rise  in  the  morning.  Menage  suggests  it 
had  its  origin  in  a town  called  Madrigal . in  Spain. 
Others,  supposing  the  earliest  specimens  of  this  kind 
of  poetry  were  addressed  to  the  Virgin  (alia  madre), 
have  thence  derived  madrialle  and  madrigale.  Brande. 

— From  It.  Sp-  mandra,  a fold;  Fr.  man  lire  ; L. 
mandra  ; Gr.  ydvipa.  Richardson. 

M Ad'RI-gAL-L^R,  ».  A writer  of  madrigals.  Pope. 

MAD'— WOM-AN  (mad'wum-an),  n.  A woman  de- 
prived of  reason.  Ash. 

MAlVWORT  (mad'wiirt),  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of 
plants,  supposed  by  the  ancients  to  have  the 
power  of  allaying  madness ; Alyssum.  Loudon. 

MJE-NU' ra,  n.  ( Ornith .)  A singular  genus  of 
birds  found  in  New  South  Wales;  the  lyre-bird 
or  lyre-tail.  — See  Lyue-rird.  P.  Cyc. 

MA-ES-TO  '.so  [mii-es-to'so,  K. ; mii-es-to'zo,  Sm. ; 
mes-ta'zo,  .Ja.],  ad.  [It.]  (Mas.)  With  gran- 
deur, strength,  and  firmness. 

f MAF'FLE,  v.  n.  [Dut.  maffelen .]  To  stutter  ; 
to  stammer.  “ Muffling  speech.”  Holland. 

f MAF'FLERj  n.  A stammerer.  Ainsworth. 

MAg-A-ZINE'  (mag-j-zen'),  n.  [Ar.  maghazin,  a 
place  for  holding  valuable  articles.  Landais.  — 
It.  magazzino ; Old  Sp.  ahnagacen ; Sp.  almacen ; 
Fr.  mag  as  in.] 

1.  A receptacle  for  military  stores,  commonly 
for  gunpowder,  ammunition,  or  arms;  — some- 
times for  provisions  ; a warehouse  ; a storehouse. 

2.  In  a ship  of  war,  a close  room  in  the  hold, 

where  gunpowder  is  kept.  Brande. 

3.  A periodical  literary,  scientific,  or  miscel- 
laneous publication  or  pamphlet,  distinct  from 
a newspaper  or  review.  The  earliest  publication 
of  this  kind  in  England  was  the  Gentleman’s 
Magazine,  which  first  appeared  in  London,  in 
1731,  and  which  still  exists  [1858]. 

Dr.  Johnson  was  the  first  to  recognize  the  meaning  of  a 
literary  miscellaneous  publication  as  applied  to  a magazine. 

Gent.  Mag. 

MAG-A-ZIN'UR,  n.  A writer  for  a magazine.  “ If 
a magaziner  be  dull.”  Goldsmith. 

MAG-A-ZIN'ING,  a.  Conducting  a magazine,  [it.] 

Of  magassining  chiefs,  whose  rival  pajje 

With  monthly  medley  courts  the  curious  ape.  Byron . 

MAG- A-ZIN'IST,  n.  A writer  for  a magazine; 
magaziner.  N.  A.  Rev. 

fMAG'HOTR,  n.  [A.  S . mrrrj-hot.  \ meer/,  a kins- 
man, and  bote , compensation.]  ( Law .)  In  an- 


868 

cient  times,  a compensation  for  murdering  one’s 
kinsman.  Whishaw. 

MAG'DA-LENj  n.  An  inmate  of  a female  peni- 
tentiary. For.  Qu.  Rev. 

M AG-DA'Lg-ON,  n.  [Gr.  paylal.ia,  a cylinder.] 
(Med.)  Any  medicine  rolled  into  the  form  of  a 
cylinder,  — particularly  a plaster.  Dunglison. 

f mA£F.  (maj),  n.  [L.  magus-,  Fr.  mage.]  A 
magician  ; a magian.  Spenser. 

MAG-tX-LAN']C,  a.  ( Astron .)  Noting  three  neb- 
ula; or  whitish  appearances  like  clouds,  seen  in 
the  southern  heavens,  but  with  the  apparent 
motions  of  the  stars  ; — named  after  Magellan, 
who  first  discovered  them.  Herschel. 

MA(j-(IIO  ' RF.  (mj-jo're),  a.  [It.]  (Mils.)  Greater 
in  respect  to  scales,  &c. ; major.  Moore. 

MAG'GOT,  n.  [M.  Goth.  § A.  S.  matha ; W. 
macai  ; Dan.  madike  ; Sw  .matt.] 

1.  f A worm  or  grub.  Roy. 

2.  A whim  ; a caprice  ; an  odd  fancy.  Shah. 

3.  (Ent.)  A fly  in  its  larva  state.  Harris. 

mAG'GOT-I-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  maggoty 
or  full  of  maggots.  Johnson. 

MAG'GOT-ISHj  a.  Whimsical ; maggoty.  Bailey. 

mAg'GOT-Y,  a.  1.  Full  of  maggots.  Johnson. 

2.  Capricious;  whimsical;  fidgety.  Norris. 

mAg'GOT-Y— HEAD'ED,  a.  Having  a head  full 
of  fancies.  Life  of  A.  Wood. 

MA'Qi,  n.  pi.  [L.]  Wise  men  of  the  East ; a 
caste  of  priests  among  the  Persians  and  Medes; 
magians.  ’ Fotherby. 

MA'GJ-ANj  a.  Relating  to  the  magi  or  magians. 

The  magian  superstition  of  two  independent  Beings. 

Bp.  Watson. 

MA'GI-AN,  n.  One  of  the  ancient  magi;  one  of 
a caste  of  hereditary  priests  among  the  ancient 
Medes  and  Persians.  Dr.  Campbell. 

The  name  has  been  derived  by  modern  Oriental- 
ists from  mog  or  mag,  signifying  priest  in  the  Pehlevi 
language.  Brande. 

MA'<?!-AN-I§M,  n.  The  doctrines  of  the  ancient 
magi.  Smart. 

mAG'IC,  n.  [Gr.  fiaycia,  yiyos -,  L.  magia,  of  the 
magi,  an  enchanter ; It.  ts  Sp.  magia  ; Fr.  ma- 
gic.) The  art  of  putting  in  action  the  power  of 
spirits,  or  the  occult  powers  of  nature  ; sorcery ; 
necromancy ; enchantment. 

The  arts  of  magic  were  equally  condemned  by  the  public 
opinion  and  by  the  laws  of  Rome.  Gibbon. 

MA1J  IC,  ( a%  [Qr>  payucts ; L.  magicus  ; It.  Sj 

mAc/'I-CAL,  ) Sp.  magico;  Fr.  magique.] 

1.  Relating  to  sorcery  ; necromantic. 

2.  Done  or  produced  by  magic ; proceeding 

from  magic.  “ Magic  structures.”  Milton. 

Magic  lantern.  — Sec  Lantern. 

mA£'!-CAL-LV,  ad.  By  magic  or  enchantment. 

MA-^rP'CIAN  ( ma-jlsh'an’),  n.  [Fr.  mayicien.] 
One  who  practises,  or  is  skilled  in,  magic  ; an 
enchanter ; a necromancer  ; a sorcerer  ; a con- 
jurer. Sha/c. 

MAG'IC-SQUArE,  n.  A term  de- 
noting a series  of  numbers  in 
arithmetical  progression,  ar- 
ranged in  the  equal  cells  of  a 
square  in  such  a manner  that  the 
vertical,  horizontal,  and  diagonal,  Magic  square, 
columns  give  the  same  sum.  Brande. 

MA-GILP'  [ina-fTlp',  Sm.  O. ; mag'ilp,  C.  Wr.],  n. 
A gelatinous  compound  of  linseed  oil  and  mastic 
varnish,  used  by  artists  as  a vehicle  for  colors  ; 
— written  also  magilph  and  megilph.  Brande. 

mA£'!-LUS,m.  ( Zobl .)  A genus  of  gastcropods  the 
mouth  of  whose  shell  is  prolonged  into  a tube. 

MA-GIS’  TER,  n.  [L.,  a master.]  An  appellation 
given,  in  the  middle  ages,  to  persons  of  scien- 
tific or  literary  distinction  ; — equivalent  to  the 
modern  title  of  Doctor.  Brande. 

,8ffi”It  is  contracted  to  Master,  Mister,  or  Mr.,  a ti- 
tle of  power  or  authority. 

mAG-TS-TE'RI-AL,  a.  [L.  magistralis  ; It.  magis- 
terale ; Sp.  At  Fr.  magistral.] 

1.  Pertaining,  or  suitable,  to  a master,  or  a 


/ 

9 

2 

3 

S 

7 

8 

/ 

6 

magistrate;  authoritative;  domineering;  lord- 
ly; imperious;  despotic.  “ Magisterial  au- 
thority.” Dryden. 

2.  Stately  ; majestic  ; august ; lofty  ; proud. 

Pretences  go  a great  way  with  men  that  take  fair  words 
and  magisterial  looks  for  current  payment.  L' Estrange. 

3.  (Alchemy.)  Prepared,  as  a magistery. 

“ The  magisterial  salt.”  Grew. 

Syn. — Magisterial  implies  the  assumption  of  au- 
thority or  greatness,  and  is  often  offensive  ; majestic  is 
natural  and  real.  Magisterial  or  lordly  air  or  tone  ; 
authoritative domineering,  or  imperious  manner  ; des- 
potic authority  ; arrogant,  pretensions  ; majestic  form  ; 
stately  appearance  ; tufty  style  or  pretension. 

MAG-IS-TE'RNAL-LY,  ad.  In  a magisterial  man- 
ner ; authoritatively  ; imperiously.  Bacon. 

MAG-!S-TE'RI-AL-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being 
magisterial ; haughtiness  ; air  of  a master. 

f MA^'jS-TER-Y,  n.  [L.  magisterium.]  (Al- 
chemy.) A powder  or  precipitate,  produced  by 
the  dilution  of  certain  solutions  with  water. 
“Magistery  of  bismuth.”  Brande. 

mAG'IS-TRA-CY,  n.  [L.  magistratus.] 

1.  Office  or  dignity  of  a magistrat e.Blackstone. 

2.  The  body  of  magistrates.  Smart. 

mA^'IS-TRAD,  a.  [Fr.]  1.  Prepared  extempo- 
raneously, as  medicine.  Dunglison. 

2.  f Magisterial ; authoritative.  Cotgrave. 

mA(?'!S-TRAL,  n.  1.  (Med.)  A sovereign  medi- 
cine. “ Receipts  and  magistrals.”  Burton. 

2.  (Fort.)  The  tracing  or  guiding  line  from 

which  the  position  of  the  parts  of  a work  are 
determined.  Stocqueler. 

3.  (Mining.)  The  roasted  and  pulverized 

copper  of  pyrites  added  to  the  ground  ores  of 
silver  for  the  purpose  of  decomposing  the  horn 
silver  present.  V re. 

f MA<?-JS-TRAL'!-TY,  n.  Despotic  authority  in 
opinions.  Bacon. 

+ MA^'IS-TRAL-LY,  ad.  Magisterially.  Horsley. 

MAG'IS-TRATE,  n.  [L.  magistratus ; It.  magis- 
trate ; Sp . magistrado -,  Fr  .magistrat.]  A pub- 
lic civil  officer  invested  with  authority,  as  a 
president,  a governor,  or  a justice  of  the  peace. 

mA<?-JS-TRAt  IC,  ? a.  Relating  to  a magis- 

MA<?-IS-TRAT'I-CAL,  > trate.  [r.]  Bp.  Taylor. 

mAG'IS-TRAT-URE,  n.  [Fr.]  1.  The  office  or 
the  dignity  of  a magistrate;  magistracy.  Wright. 

2.  The  body  of  magistrates,  [u.]  West.  Rev. 

MAG'MA,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  udyya  ; pdoo ei,  to  blend 
together.] 

1.  A crude  mixture  of  mineral  or  organic 

matters  in  a thin  pasty  state.  Ure. 

2.  (Med.)  The  residuum  obtained  after  ex- 

pressing certain  substances  to  extract  the  fluid 
parts  of  them,  or  after  treating  a substance  with 
water,  alcohol,  or  other  menstruum ; a thick 
ointment  or  confection.  Dunglison. 

MAG'NA  CHAR'  TAl  (mag'na-k&r'ta),  n.  [L.,  Great 
Charter .]  (Eng.  Hist.)  The  “Great  Charter  of 
the  Realm,”  signed  by  King  John,  in  1215,  and 
confirmed  by  his  successor,  Henry  III.  P.  Cyc. 

+ MAG-NAL'I-TY,  n.  [L.  magnalia.]  A great 
thing;  something  great.  Browne. 

mAg-NA-NIM’i-TY,  n.  [L.  magnanimitas ; It. 
magnanimita ; Sp.  magnanimidad-,  Fr .magna- 
nimite .]  Greatness  of  mind  ; elevation  of  soul, 
thought,  feeling,  or  sentiment ; — opposed  to 
pusillanimity  or  mean-spiritedness  ; — elevated 
bravery  ; magnanimous  disposition  ; generosity. 

Sir  Thomas  Elyot  (153.5)  speaks  of  the  now  familiar  words 
“ frugality,”  “ temperance,”  **  sobriety,”  and  ” magnanimity  ” 
as  being  not  in  his  day  in  general  use;  " magnanimity,"  how- 
ever, is  in  Chaucer.  Trench. 

Syn. — Magnanimity  is  a quality  of  the  mind,  par- 
takes of  heroism,  and  is  the  virtue  of  power;  gen- 
erosity is  rather  a quality  of  the  heart,  partakes  more 
of  humanity,  and  is  the  virtue  of  opulence. 

MAG-NAn’I-MOUS  (mgg-nan'e-mus),  a.  [L .mag- 
nanhnus  ; magnus,  great,  and  animus,  the  soul; 
It.  A'  Sp.  magnanimo ; Fr.  magnanime.] 

1.  Great  of  mind ; elevated  in  sentiment ; 
exalted;  lofty;  great-souled ; noble;  generous; 
honorable  ; disinterested  ; liberal  ; brave. 

2.  Proceeding  from,  or  showing,  magnanimi- 
ty. “ Magnanimous  thoughts.”  *"  Milton. 


A,  £,  I,  6,  IT,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short; 


A,  ?,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  fAr,  FAST,  FALL ; 


HEIR,  HER  ; 


MAGNANIMOUSLY 


869 


MAGPIE 


M AG-NAn'I-MOUS-LY,  ad.  With  magnanimity  ; 
nobly  ; bravely. 

A complete  and  generous  education  fits  a man  to  perform 
justly,  skilfully,  and  magnanimously  all  the  offices  of  peace 
and  war.  Milton. 

MAG'NASE,  a.  Noting  an  excellent  black  pig- 
ment which  dries  rapidly.  Weale. 

JVIAg'NATE,  n.  ; pi.  mXg'nates.  [L.  magnus, 
great;  Low  L.  pi.  magnates ; Fr.  magnat .] 

1.  A grandee  ; a nobleman  ; a man  of  rank,  opu- 
lence, or  fashion  ; a distinguished  person.  Burke. 

2.  pi.  The  title  of  the  noble  estate  in  the  na- 

tional representation  of  Hungary,  and  formerly 
also  of  Poland.  Brande. 


f MAG  'NE§,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  payvy;.)  Magnet. 
— See  Magnet.  Spenser. 

MAG-NE'§I-A  (mag-ne'zhe-a),  n.  [Fr.  magnesie, 
from  Gr.  pdyvys,  a kind  of  soapstone  found  in 
magnesia.]  ( Chem .)  The  only  known  oxide  of 
magnesium;  a white,  tasteless,  soft,  earthy  sub- 
stance, gently  purgative,  used  in  medicine. 

Brande. 

MAG-NE'^I-AN  (mag-ne'zhe-an),  a.  Relating  to, 
or  containing,  magnesia.  Brande. 

MAG'NIJ-SiTE,  n.  (Min.)  1.  Carbonate  of  mag- 
nesia, or  native  magnesia.  Brande. 

2.  Hydrous  silicate  of  magnesia  ; — called 
also  sea-foam,  and  meerschaum.  Dana. 

MAG-NE'^I-UM  (mjg-ne'zhe-um),  n.  (Chem.)  The 
metallic  base  of  magnesia.  Brande. 

MAg'N]JT,  n.  [Gr.  M liyvr/s,  Mayvyrog,  a dweller  in 
Magnesia,  in  Asia  Minor  ; L.  magnes,  magne- 
tis  ; It.  magnete .]  An  ore,  usually  of  a dark- 
gray  hue,  and  a dull-metallic  lustre,  consisting 
chiefly  of  two  oxides  of  iron,  together  with  a 
small  portion  of  quartz  and  alumina  ; natural 
magnet  ; the  loadstone. 

H3f  The  properties  of  a magnet  are,  1.  It  attracts 
iron  in  all  its  states  except  the  oxides.  2.  If  formed 
into  a bar,  and  suspended  freely  by  a hair,  it  will  turn 
itself  around  and  settle  into  some  one  position.  3.  By 
rubbing  on  a bar  of  steel  it  will  give  the  bar  the  same 
properties.  4.  The  position  of  rest  is  different  at  dif- 
ferent places,  and  different  at  the  same  place  at  distant 
periods  of  time.  Brande. 

Artificial  magnet , a body,  as  a bar  or  mass  of  steel 
or  iron,  to  which  t lie  magnetic  property  has  been  im- 
parted by  the  presence  of  a body  possessing  it,  or  by 
certain  processes. 


MAG-NET  [C,  ) a_  [it  fr  gp.  magnetico;  Fr. 

MAG-NET'I-CAL,  ) magnetique .] 

1.  Relating  to  the  magnet  or  to  magnetism  ; 

containing  magnetism.  Newton. 

2.  Having  power  to  attract ; attractive. 


They,  as  they  move  towards  his  all-cheering  lamp, 

Turn  swift  their  various  motions,  or  arc  turned 

By  his  magnetic  beam.  Hilton. 


Magnetic  amplitude , an  arc  of  the  horizon  intercepted 
between  the  sun  in  his  rising  or  setting  and  the  east 

and  west  points  of  the  compass. Magnetic  azimuth, 

an  arc  of  the  horizon  intercepted  between  the  mag- 
netical  meridian  and  the  sun’s  azimuth  circle.  — Mag- 
netic battery,  a compound  magnet,  or  a series  of  simple 
or  horseshoe  magnets  lying  one  over  the  other  with 
all  their  poles  similarly  disposed,  and  fastened  to- 
gether in  a leathern  or  copper  case,  so  as  to  act  in 
concert.  — Magnetic  compensator,  a contrivance  for 
counteracting  the  effect  of  iron  in  deranging  the  bear- 
ings of  a ship’s  compass. — Magnetic  curves,  the  posi- 
tion in  which  iron  tilings  arrange  themselves  from 
one  pole  to  the  other  of  a powerful  magnet  over  which 
they  are  sprinkled.  — Magnetic  dip , a property  of  the 
magnetic  needle  by  which  one  of  its  poles  inclines 

towards  the  earth Magnetic  equator,  a line  drawn 

through  those  points  of  the  earth’s  surface  where  the 
dipping  needle  is  at  rest  in  a horizontal  position. — 
Magnetic  induction,  the  power  which  a magnet  has  of 
communicating  its  properties  to  a bar  of  steel  placed 
near  to  it,  though  not  touching  it.  — Magnetic  meridi- 
an, a vertical  circle  in  the  heavens  which  intersects 
the  horizon  in  the  magnetic  poles.  — Magnetic  needle, 
an  artificial  magnet,  consisting  of  a slender  piece  of 
steel,  balanced  on  a pivot,  so  that  it  may  settle  in  the 
magnetic  meridian.  — Magnetic  poles,  the  two  points 
on  the  earth’s  surface,  one  in  the  northern  and  the 
other  in  the  southern  hemisphere,  at  which  the  dip- 
ping needle  is  at  rest  in  a horizontal  position.  — Mag- 
netic pyrites,  native  black  sulphuret  of  iron,  — so 
named  from  its  attracting  the  magnetic  needle. — 
Magnetic  telegraph,  an  instrument  employed  for  com- 
municating intelligence  by  means  of  electricity,  or  of 
electro-magnetism  ; electric  telegraph.  Brande. Francis. 


MAG-NET'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  By  the  power  of  mag- 
netism or  attraction.  Burton. 

MAG-NET'J-CAL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
magnetic.  Hist,  of  the  Royal  Society. 


MAG-N$-TI"CIAN,  n.  Magnetist.  Murchison. 

f MAG-NET'IC-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
magnetic  ; magneticalness.  , Waterhouse. 

MAG-NET'ICS,  n.  pi.  The  principles  or  the  sci- 
ence of  magnetism.  Smart. 

MAG-N E-TlF'ipK-OUS,  a.  [Eng.  magnetism,  and 
L.  fero,  to  bear.]  Producing,  or  conducting, 
magnetism.  Craig. 

MAG'NJJT-IfjM,  n.  [It.  § Sp.  magnetism)-,  Fr. 
magnetisme.  — See  Magnet.] 

1.  The  property  of  being  magnetic  ; the  power 

of  the  magnet  to  attract  iron.  Glanvill. 

2.  Power  similar  to  that  of  the  magnet  ; the 

power  of  attraction.  “The  magnetism  of  in- 
terest.” Glanvill. 

3.  The  science  which  investigates  the  phe- 
nomena presented  by  natural  and  artificial  mag- 
nets, and  the  laws  by  which  they  are  connected. 

Terrestrial  magnetism,  the  action  of  the  magnetic 
fluid  in  or  about  the  earth,  — tile  effects  of  that  ac- 
tion being  manifested  in  the  phenomena  presented  by 
magnetized  needles  and  bars.  P.  Cyc. — Animal  mag- 
netism. See  Mesmerism. 

MAg'N^T-IST,  n.  One  versed  in  magnetism; 
magnetician.  Qu.  Rev. 

mAg'N$-TITE,  n.  (Min.)  Magnetic  iron  ore. 

Brande. 

MAG-NET-I-ZA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  magnetiz- 
ing ; mode  by  which  magnetism  can  be  commu- 
nicated to  a bar  or  mass  of  steel  or  iron.  Nichol. 

mAg'N^T-IZE,  v.  a.  [It.  magnetizzare  ; Fr.  mag- 
netiser .]  [ i . magnetized  ; pp.  magnetizing, 

magnetized.]  To  impregnate  or  imbue  with 
magnetism ; to  make  magnetic.  Brande. 

MAg'N^T-IZE,  v.  n.  To  become  imbued  with 
magnetism.  “ Magnetized  bars.”  Nichol. 

mAG-NJJT-I-ZEE',  n.  One  xvho  is  magnetized. 

Brande. 


mAg'NJJT-IZ-ER,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which, 
magnetizes.  P.  Cyc. 

MAg'NJJ-TO— f-LEC'TRJC,  a.  Pertaining  to  mag- 
neto-electricity. Ogilvie. 

MAG'NJJ-TO-E-LlJC-TRig'I-TY,  n.  That  force 
or  fluid  which  is  produced  by  the  action  of  a 
magnet,  and  which  has  certain  principles  in 
common  with  electricity  ; — that  branch  of  nat- 
ural philosophy  which  is  established  on  the  as- 
certained fact  that  magnetism  and  electricity 
have  certain  principles  in  common.  Faraday. 

MAG-NET'O-GRAPH,  n.  [Eng.  magnet,  and  Gr. 
ypiiiptn,  to  write.]  An  instrument  for  taking 
photographic  impressions  to  show  the  variations 
of  the  magnet.  Crabb. 

MAg-NET-OM'S-T^R,  11.  [Eng.  magnet,  and  Gr. 
perpou,  a measure.]  An  instrument  for  measur- 
ing the  intensity  of  magnetism.  Smart. 

MAG-NET-O-MET'RIC,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  mag- 
netometer. Ross. 


MAG-NET-O-MO'TOR,  n.  [L.  magnes,  magnetis, 
a magnet,  and  motor,  a mover.]  A voltaic  se- 
ries of  two  or  more  large  plates,  employed  to 
exhibit  electro-magnetic  phenomena.  Brande. 
mAg'NI-FI-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  magnified: 
— that  may  be  extolled.  Broivne. 

MAG-NIF  IC,  ) a [l_  magnificus’,  magnus, 
MAG-NIF'I-CAL,  ) great,  and  facto,  to  make  ; It. 
ik  Sp.  magnifico ; Fr.  magnifique.)  Great;  no- 
ble; illustrious;  grand;  magnificent;  splendid. 


O Parent!  these  are  thy  magnific  deeds.  Ulilton. 


MAG-NlF'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a magnificent  manner. 


MAG-NIF’  I-CAT,  n.  [L.,  It  magnifies.)  The 
song  or  thanksgiving  of  the  Virgin  Mary. — See 
Luke  i.  46.  Gent.  Mag. 

f MAG-NIf'i-cAte,  v.  a.  [L.  magnifico,  magnifi- 
catus .]  To  praise  highly  ; to  magnify.  Marston. 
mAg-NIF-I-cA'TION,  n.  [L.  magnificatio.)  The 
act  of  magnifying,  [r.]  Coleridge. 

MAG-NiF'I-CENCE,  n.  [L.  magnificentia ; It. 
inagnificenza ; Sp.  magnificencia ; Fr.  magnifi- 
cence.) 

1.  f Generosity;  munificence.  Chaucer. 

2.  The  state  of  being  magnificent ; grandeur 
of  appearance  ; splendor  ; pomp. 

Not  Babylon, 

Nor  great  Alcairo,  such  maf/nificence 

Equalled  in  all  her  glories  to  enshrine 

Belus  or  Serapis,  their  gods.  Milton. 


Syn.  — The  magnificence  of  ancient  Rome  ; mag- 
nificence of  a royal  entertainment ; the  grandeur  of 
the  pyramids  or  of  an  edifice  ; splendor  of  dress  or  of 
scenery  ; military  pomp,  or  the  pomp  of  a triumphal 
procession.  — A magnificent  entertainment;  grand 
show;  splendid  display;  majestic  appearance;  pom- 
pous manner.  — See  Grandeur. 

MAG-NIF'I-CENT,  a.  1.  f Generous;  munificent. 

[He]  becometh  liberal  and  magnificent.  Holland. 

2.  Grand  in  appearance  ; splendid  ; pompous. 

Man  he  made,  and  for  him  built, 

Magnificent,  this  world.  Milton. 

3.  Fond  of  splendor;  showy;  stately.  Sidney. 

Syn.  — See  Sublime. 

MAG-NIF'I-CENT-LY,  ad.  With  magnificence  ; 
splendidly;  nobly.’  Drydcn. 

MAG-NIF'I-CO,  n.  [It.]  A grandee  of  Venice. 

The  duke  himself,  and  the  magnificoes.  Shale. 

MAG'NI-FI-LR,  n.  1.  He  who,  or  that  which, 
magnifies  or  enlarges.  Burton. 

2.  One  who  praises  ; an  extoller.  Broivne. 

mAg'NI-FY,  v.  a.  [L.  magnifico-,  magnus,  great, 
and  facio,  to  make  ; It.  magnificare ; Sp.  ma- 
gnified)- ; Fr.  magnifier .]  [t.  magnified  ; pp. 

MAGNIFYING,  MAGNIFIED.] 

1.  To  make  great;  to  increase  the  bulk  to 
the  eye,  as  by  a convex  glass ; to  exaggerate ; 
to  augment ; to  enlarge  ; to  amplify.  Locke. 

2.  To  praise  greatly  ; to  extol  highly ; to  ex- 

alt ; to  elevate.  “ My  soul  doth  magnify  the 
Lord.”  Lufie  i.  46. 

To  magnify  one's  self,  to  raise  in  pride  or  pretension. 
“ The  king  shall  magnify  himself.”  Dan.  xi.  3G. 

t MAg'NI-FY,  v.  n.  To  have  effect;  to  avail. 
“ This  magnified  but  little  with  my  father.”  [A 
cant  use.]  Spectator. 

MAg'NI-FY-ING,  p.  a.  That  magnifies  ; making 
great;  as,  “A  magnifying  glass.” 

MAG'NI-FY-ING— GLASS,  n.  A glass  that  magni- 
fies; a convexo-convex  lens,  which  increases 
the  apparent  magnitude  of  an  object  seen 
through  it.  Halifax. 

MAG-NIL'0-Q.UENCE,  n.  [L.  magniloquentia ; 
magnus,  great,  and  loquor,  loquens,  to  speak  ; 
It.  magniloquenza.)  Pompous  or  lofty  language  ; 
boasting;  grandiloquence.  Bentley. 

MAG-NI  L'O-QUENT,  a.  Big  in  words;  lofty  in 
speech  ; bombastic  ; grandiloquent.  Blount. 

MAG-NIL'O-aUENT-LY,  ad.  With  pompous  lan- 
guage ; bombastically.  Ec.  Rev. 

MAG-NIL'0-Q.UOUS,  a.  [L.  in agnilo quits.)  Big 
in  words  ; bombastic  ; magniloquent.  Bailey. 

mAg'NT-TUDE,  n.  [L.  magnitudo -,  It.  magnitu- 
dine\  Sp.  magnitude) 

1.  Comparative  size  or  bulk ; extent ; di- 
mension ; as,  “ The  magnitude  of  an  object.” 

2.  Greatness  ; grandeur  ; loftiness.  Milton. 

3.  Consequence;  importance.  Wright. 

4.  (Math.)  A quantity  ; that  which  has  ex- 

tension ; any  thing  that  can  be  increased,  di- 
minished, and  measured,  as  a line,  a surface, 
an  angle,  or  a number.  Eliot. 

Syn.  — See  Size. 

MAG-NO'LI-A,  n.  [L.,  It.,  Sp.,  magnolia-,  Fr. 
magnolicr.  — Named  after  Pierre  Magnol,  Pro- 
fessor of  Botany  at  Montpellier  in  the  17th 
century.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  trees  and  shrubs, 
of  sex’eral  species,  of  great  beauty,  usually  with 
large,  fragrant  flowers.  Loudon. 

MAg'OT,  n.  (Zo/il.)  A species  of  ape  inhabiting 
North  Africa;  Simla  inuus,  or  Simla  sylvanus 
of  Linnaeus.  Eng.  Cyc. 

mAg'OT— PIE,  n.  A magpie.  — See  Magpie.  Shah. 

mAg'PIE  (mafr'pl),  n.  [“  L .pica,  a pie,  or  magpie, 
and  mag,  contracted  from  Margaret,  as  phil  ap- 
plied to  a sparrow,  and  poll  to  a parrot.”  John- 
son. — W.  pia.  — “ Magot 
is  the  original  name  of 
the  bird, being  the  familiar 
appellation  given  to  pies, 
as  we  say  Robin  to  a red- 
breast, Tom  to  a titmouse; 

Philip  to  a sparrow,  &c.” 

Stcevens.  — - “ Abbrevia- 
tion of  magot-pie,  — prob- 
ably from  the  French 
magot,  a monkey,  be- 
cause the  bird  chatters  Magpie  (.Pica  caudata). 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  £,  9,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  ^ as  gz. — THIS,  this. 


MAGPIE-MOTII 


870 


MAIN 


and  plays  droll  tricks  like  a monkey.”  IVtwe.?.] 
( Ornith .)  A bird  of  the  crow  tribe,  having 
black  and  white  feathers,  sometimes  tanght  to 
talk  ; Pica  caudata.  Braude. 

MAg'PIE— MOTH,  n.  (Ent.)  A black  and  white 
moth,  the  larva:  of  which  feed  on  the  currant ; 
Abraxas  grossularia.  Ogilvie. 

MAG'UEY,  n.  ( Bot .)  A species  of  Agave,  culti- 
vated in  Mexico,  chiefly  for  the  spirituous  iiquor, 
called  pulque,  which  is  made  from  it.  Humboldt. 

JUA’GUS,  n. ; pi.  MA'pi.  [L.,  from  Gr.  ydyos.) 

1.  An  ancient  Oriental  philosopher. 

2.  One  versed  in  magic  ; a magician.  Littleton. 

MAGYAR  (mad'jitr),  n.  (Geog.)  One  of  a race  in 
Hungary  and  Transylvania.  P.  Cyc. 

MA£'Y-DARE  (m&j'e-dAr),  n.  [Gr.  yaybSapts  ; L. 
magudaris.)  An  herb.  Ainsworth. 

J\lA-  ll A- BA  RA-  tA,  )n  A great  Indian  epic 

mA-UA-BHA' RA-TAM,  ) poem,  the  subject  of 
which  is  a long  civil  war  between  two  dynasties 
of  ancient  India,  the  Thurus  and  Pandus.  It 
embraces  the  whole  circle  of  Indian  mythology ; 
and  it  is  the  most  celebrated  epic  poem  of  the 
Hindoos  after  the  Romayna.  P.  Cyc. 

mA' BA- DO,  n.  (Eastern  Myth.)  A name  of  one 
of  the  Indian  deities,  from  whom  the  Ganges  is 
fabled  to  spring.  Braude. 

MA'HA-LEB,  n.  (Bot.)  A species  of  cherry,  the 
fruit  of  which  affords  a violet  dye  and  the  fer- 
mented liquor  called  kirschwasser.  Ure. 

mAb-BVB' , n.  A Turkish  gold  coin  answering  to 
the  sequin.  Crabb. 

MA-HOG'A-NIZE,  v.  a.  To  paint  in  imitation  of 
mahogany.  Ogilvie. 

MA-IIOG'A-NY,  n.  (Bot.)  1.  A tree  growing  in  the 
West  Indies  and  Central  America,  and  known 
as  the  Swietenia  mahagoni. 

2.  The  wood  of  the  tree,  which  is  beautiful, 
hard,  of  reddish  color,  and  highly  valued  for 
cabinet  furniture.  Loudon. 

M A- HO  M 'E-DAN,  n.  A Mahometan.  Guthrie. 

MA-HOM'E-TAN,  n.  A follower  or  disciple  of 
Mahomet ; a Mussulman  ; — written  also  Mo- 
hammedan. Addison. 

M A-UOM'E-TAN,  a.  Relating  to  Mahomet  or  to 
Mahometans.  Prideaux. 

MA-HOM'E-TAN-I§M,  n.  The  religion  of  Mahom- 
etans, or  the  religion  taught  by  Mahomet  and 
contained  in  the  Alcoran  ; Mohammedanism  ; 
Islamism  ; Islam.  Bp.  Watson. 

MA-IIOM'E-TAN-IZE,  v.  a.  To  render  conforma- 
ble to  Mahometanism.  Swinburne. 

f M A'HO-MET-HjM,  n.  Mahomet anism.7-ViY/e«M.r. 

f MA-HOM'ET-IST,  n.  A Mahometan.  Ftilke. 

t MA-HOM'ET-RY,  n.  Mahometanism.  Herbert. 

MA-BONE ',  n.  A large  Turkish  ship.  Crabb. 

MA-BO  'MI- A,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  North  Amer- 
ican shrubs ; ash-berberry.  Loudon. 

MA'HOT,  n.  (Bot.)  An  American  tree.  Lee. 

-f-MA'HoUND,  n.  A contemptuous  name  for  Ma- 
homet, — sometimes  also  for  the  devil.  -Skelton. 

MAH-RAT'TAiy  (ma-rat'tjz),  n.  pi.  (Geog.)  Na- 
tives of  Mahratta.  Earnshaw. 

t MA-H(J'M E-TAN,  n.  A Mahometan.  Cole. 

t MA'HV-MET-i§M,  n.  Mahometanism.  Fanshaw. 

MAHAN  (ma'yjn),  n.  [Gr.  yaia,  a large  crab.] 
(Zoul.)  The  spider  crab.  — See  Spider.  P.  Cyc. 

MAID  (mad),  n.  [Goth,  magath,  meden;  A.  S. 
maiden,  or  magden  ; Fr.s.  mageth  ; Hut.  meid,  or 
maagd ; Ger.  rnagrl,  or  mildchen;  Gael . maigh- 
dean  ; M.  moidyn.  — Pers.  madeh.\ 

1.  An  unmarried  woman  ; a virgin  ; a maiden. 

The  maid  who  modestly  conceals 

Ilcr  beauties,  while  she  hides  reveals.  Moore. 

2.  A female  servant.  Shah. 

MAID,  a.  Female;  — used  in  composition;  as, 

“ A mvtYZ-servant  ” ; “A  maid-  child.”  Leviticus. 

MAID,  n.  (Ich.)  The  common  name  of  the  female 
of  the  thornback ; Raia  clavata.  Yarrell. 


MAID'EN  (ma'dn),  n.  [A.  S .mrrden.  — See  Maid.] 

1.  An  unmarried  woman  ; virgin  ; maid.  Shah. 

2.  A kind  of  tub  or  washing-machine.  Johnson. 

3.  A sharp-edged  instrument,  formerly  used 
in  Scotland  for  beheading  criminals.  Jamieson. 

MAID'EN  (ma'dn),  a.  1.  Relating  to,  or  consist- 
ing of,  virgins.  “ The  maiden  throng.”  Addison. 

2.  Fresh;  new;  unused;  unpolluted;  first 
produced  ; as,  “ A maiden  speech.” 

When  I am  dead,  strew  me  o’er 

With  maiden  flowers.  Shak. 

3.  f Strong ; impregnable,  as  a castle.  Warton. 

MAID'EN,  v.  n.  To  act  like  a maiden.  Bp.  Ila/l. 

MAID'EN— AS-SlZE',  n.  (Law.)  An  assize  at 
which  no  capital  conviction  takes  place.  Burrill. 

MAID'EN-HAiR  (ina'dn-har),  n.  A name  applied 
to  ferns  of  the  genus  Adiantum,  found  wild  on 
damp,  shaded  rocks.  Loudon. 

MAID'EN-HEAD,  n.  1.  Maidenhood.  Fairfax. 

2.  Uncontaminated  state  ; freshness.  Shah. 

MAID'EN— IIEAD'ED,  a.  Having  the  device  of  a 
maid  ; as,  “ Maiden-headed  shield.”  Spenser. 

t MAID'EN-IIODE,  n.  Maidenhood.  Gower. 

MAID'EN-IIOOD  (nta'dn-hud),  n.  [A.  S.  mcedcn- 
had.\  The  state  of  a maid  ; virginity  ; virgin 
purity  ; freedom  from  contamination. 

Maidenhood  she  loves,  and  will  be  swift 

To  aid  a virgin.  Milton. 

MAID'EN— LIKE  (ma'dn-llk),  a.  Maidenly.  More. 

MAID'EN-LI-NESS,  n.  The  behavior  of  a maiden  ; 
gentleness ; modesty.  Shencood. 

MAID'EN— LIP  (ma'dn-llp),ra.  An  herb  .Ainsworth. 

M.AID'EN-LY  (ma'dn-le),  a.  Like  a maid;  gentle; 
modest.  “ A maidenly  Christian.”  Hammond. 

MAlD'EN-LY  (ma'dn-le),  ad.  Like  a maid.  Skelton. 

MAlD'EN-PiNK,  n.  A species  of  Dianthus.  Booth. 

MAlD'IIOOD  (inad'hud),  n.  Maidenhood.  Shak. 

MAID-MA'RI-AN  (niad-nia're-an)  [mad-mar'yan,  S. 
W.  K.  ; mad-ma're-an,  Sm.  R. ; mad-mar'e-an, 
Wr.],  n. 

1.  fOne  of  the  characters  in  the  old  Morris 


dance  ; the  queen  of  May.  Todd. 

2.  f A buffoon  or  boy  dressed  in  girls’  clothes 
to  dance  a Morris  dance ; a malkin.  Todd.  \ 

3.  A kind  of  dance.  Temple. 

MAID-PALE,  a.  Pale  like  a sick  virgin.  Shak. 


MAID'— SER-VANT,  n.  A female  servant.  Swift. 

f MAI-EU'TI-CAL  (ma-yu'te-kal), , a.  [Gr.  paunn- 
Kiis ; pnia,  a midwife.]  Obstetrical.  Cudworth. 

MAIGRE— FOOD  (ma'gur-fod),  u.  [Fr.  maigre, 
lean.]  Food  allowed  by  the  Roman  Catholics 
on  fast  days.  Addison. 

mAi'ii EM,  n.  See  Mayhem. 

MAIL  (mal),  n.  1.  [L.  macula , a spot,  a mesh; 
It.  mag/ia;  Sp.  malla  ; Fr.  maille , the  mesh  of 
a net;  Gael,  maile.  — A.  S.  mal,  a spot.]  De- 
fensive armor  formed  of  iron  rings  or  round 
meshes.  Brande. 

2.  Any  armor  or  defensive  covering. 

Wc  stript  the  lobster  of  his  scarlet  mail.  Gay. 

3.  (Naut.)  A machine  composed  of  rings  in- 

terwoven, used  for  rubbing  off  the  loose  hemp 
on  cordage.  Wright. 

4.  [A.  S.  mal.)  A spot ; a mole.  Johnson. 

MAIL,  n.  [Dut.  maele.  — Sg.maleta  ; Fr.  malic. — 
Probably  from  the  same  root  as  Fr.  maille,  be- 
cause the  bag  (malic)  was  first  made  of  meshes 
or  net-work.  Richardson.  P.  Cyc.) 

1.  A bag,  — particularly  a bag  in  which  let- 

ters, newspapers,  &c.,  are  enclosed  for  public 
conveyance.  Johnson. 

2.  The  letters,  papers,  &c.,  sent  in  the  mail- 

bag.  Brande. 

3.  The  person  or  the  carriage  that  conveys 

the  mail-bag.  Johnson. 

MAIL,  n.  [Su.  Goth,  mania-,  A.  S.  mal;  Icel. 
mala  ; Ir.  A Gael.  mal.  — Arm.  nuel,  gain  ; Pers. 
mal,  riches.]  A tribute  paid  to  a superior:  — 
rent.  [Scotland.]  — See  Black-mail.  Jamieson. 

MAIL,  v.  a.  [i.  mailed;  pp.  mailing,  mailed.] 

1.  To  arm  defensively  ; to  cover,  as  with  armor. 

The  mailed  Mars  shall  on  his  altar  sit.  Shak. 

2.  To  bundle  in  a wrapper. 


Methinks  I should  not  thus  be  led  along. 

Mailed  up  in  shame,  with  papers  on  my  back.  Shak. 

3.  f To  pinion  or  to  fasten  down,  as  the  wings 

of  a hawk.  Beau,  it  FI. 

4.  To  send  by  mail,  or  to  put  in  the  mail; 
as,  “ To  mail  a letter.” 

MAlL'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  mailed  or  carried 
in  the  mail.  Merrick. 

Any  written  communication  between  one  individual  and 
another  comes  witlnn  the  terms  of  mailable  matter.  Betts. 

MAIL'— BAG,  n.  A bag  in  which  the  public  mail 
is  carried.  Clarke. 

MAIL'— BOAT,  n.  A boat  which  carries  the  pub- 
lic  mail-  Clarke. 

MAIL'— CLAd,  a.  Clad  with  a coat  of  mail.  Potter. 

MAIL'— COACH,  n.  A coach  which  carries  the 
mail  for  the  post-office.  Smart. 

1"  M.AILE,  n.  An  English  silver  halfpenny  of  the 
time  of  Henry  V.  Crabb. 

f MAILED  (maid),  a.  [A.  S.  mal,  a spot;  Ger. 
malen,  to  paint.]  Spotted  ; speckled.  Sherwood. 

MAIL'— GUARD  (-gird),  n.  An  officer  who  guards 
the  mail.  Clarke. 

MAIL'— mAs-TER,  n.  An  officer  who  has  charge 
of  the  mail.  Clarke. 

MAIL'— SHEATHED,  a.  Sheathed  with  mail,  or  a 
coat  of  mail.  Ogilvie. 

MAIL'— TRAIN,  n.  A railway  train  which  carries 
the  mail.  Clarke. 

MAIM  (mam),  v.  a.  [Old  Fr.  mehaigner.)  [i. 
MAIMED  ; pp.  maiming,  maimed.]  To  deprive 
of  such  part  of  the  body  as  to  render  a person 
less  able  in  fighting  or  defending  himself  than 
he  would  have  otherwise  been  ; to  cripple  by  loss 
of  a limb  ; to  mutilate  ; to  cripple  ; to  disable. 

By  the  ancient  law  of  England,  lie  that  maimed  anv  man, 
whereby  lie  lost  any  part  of  ins  body,  was  sentenced  ‘to  lose 
the  like  part.  Blackslone. 

Syn.  — See  Mutilate. 

MAIM,  n.  1.  A wound  by  which  any  one  is  so 
disabled  as  to  be  less  fit  to  defend  himself  in 
fight ; privation  of  some  essential  part ; lame- 
ness produced  by  a wound  or  amputation. 

Humphry  Duke  of  Gloster  scarce  himself. 

That  nears  so  shrewd  a maim : two  pulls  at  once, 

A lady  banished  and  a limb  lopt  off.  Shak. 

2.  Injury ; mischief ; harm. 

Not  so  deep  a maim 
As  to  be  cast  forth  in  the  common  air 
Have  I deserved.  Shak. 

3.  Essential  defect.  “A  noble  author  esteems 

it  to  be  a great  maim  in  history.  Hayward. 

JBSP  As  a law  term,  written  mayhem.  — See  May- 
hem. 

MAiM'ED-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  maimed 
or  lame.  “ Deformedness,  maimedness.”  Bolton. 

MAIN  (man),  a.  [L.  magmts,  great;  Old  Fr. 
magne.  — A.  S.  mcegn,  meegen,  power,  strength, 
main  ; Icel.  megan.) 

1.  Principal ; chief  ; leading.  “ All  creatures 

look  to  the  main  chance.”  L’ Estrange. 

2.  Important;  essential;  necessary;  requi- 
site ; indispensable ; vital. 

That  which  thou  aright 

Believest  so  main  to  our  success  I bring.  Milton. 

3.  Mighty;  huge;  vast;  enormous. 

And  bid  the  main  flood  bate  his  usual  height.  Shak. 

4.  Directly  and  forcibly  applied ; as,  “ By 
main  strength.” 

Much  used  as  a prefix’,  in  the  sense  of  chief. 

Syn. — See  Chief. 

MAIN,  n.  1.  The  gross  ; the  bulk  ; the  chief  por- 
tion ; the  greater  part. 

The  main  of  them  may  be  reduced  to  language.  Loche. 

2.  The  great  sea,  as  distinguished  from  bays 
and  rivers  ; the  ocean. 

Or  swell  the  curled  waters  above  the  main.  Shat-. 

3.  The  continent,  as  distinguished  from  neigh- 
boring islands ; main-land. 

In  1589,  wc  invaded  the  main  of  Spain.  Bacon . 

4.  A great  duet,  as  distinguished  from  smaller 
ones;  as,  “The  main  of  an  aqueduct.” 

5.  Force;  power;  strength. 

With  might  and  main  they  chased  the  murderous  fox. 

Dryden. 

6.  [Fr.  main,  the  hand.]  A cock-fighting 
match.  “ The  finest  main  of  cocks.”  Warburton. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  short ; A,  F„  I,  Q,  U,  Y,  obscure ; FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  IliiR  ; 


MAIN-BODY 


871  MAKE 


7.  A hamper.  Ainsworth. 

8.  A hand  at  dice.  Shah. 

For  the  main , In  the  main,  for  the  most  part. 

Syn.  — See  Ocean. 

MAIN'— BOD-Y,  n.  (Mil.)  The  principal  body  of 
an  army.-  Burn. 

MAiN'-BOOM,  n.  (Naut.)  The  spar  of  a small  ves- 
sel on  which  the  main-sail  is  extended.  Booth. 

MAIN'— COUP-LE,  n.  (Arch.)  A term  applied  to 
the  principal  truss  in  a roof.  Ogilvie. 

MAIN'— DECK,  n.  (Naut.)  The  principal  deck,  or 
the  deck  below  the  spar-deck.  Clarke. 

MAIN'— HAM-PER,  n.  [Fr.  main,  the  hand,  and 
Eng.  hamper'.]  A hand-basket  to  carry  grapes 
to  the  press.  Simmonds. 

MAIN'— KEEL,  n.  ( Ship-building i.)  The  principal 
keel;  — distinguished  from  the  false  keel.  Wright. 

MAIN'— LAND,  n.  A continent ; — opposed  to  an 
island.  Spenser. 

MAIN'LY,  ad.  1.  Chiefly;  principally. 

2.  Greatly  ; mightily  ; exceedingly.  Bacon. 

MAIN'-mAst,  n.  (Naut.)  The  chief  or  middle 
mast  of  a.  ship ; the  after-mast  of  a brig  or  a 
schooner.  Dryden. 

MAIN'OR,  n.  [L.  mamts ; Fr  .main.]  (Law.)  A 
thing  stolen  found  in  the  hands  of  the  thief  who 
has  stolen  it.  — See  Manner.  Whishaw. 

MAIN'PER-NA-BLE,  a.  (Law.)  Bailable  ; that 
may  be  bailed.  Cowell. 

MAlN'PIJR-NOR,  n.  [Fr.  main,  the  hand,  and 
Law  Fr.  pernour,  a taker.]  (Law.)  One  to 
whom  a man  is  delivered  out  ol  prison  or  cus- 
tody, on  becoming  bound  for  his  appearing. 

A man’s  bail  may  imprison  or  surrender  him 
up  before  the  stipulated  day  of  appearance  ; mainper- 
nors can  do  neither,  but  are  only  sureties  that  the 
party  be  answerable  for  the  special  matter  for  which 
they  stipulate  ; mainpernors  are  bound  to  produce  him 
to  answer  all  charges  whatsoever.  Bouvicr. 

M A IN'PRDjE,  n.  [Fr.  main  (L.  manus),  the  hand  ; 
prendre,  pris  (L.  prehendo,  prehensus),  to  take.] 
(Law.)  Delivery  into  the  custody  of  a friend 
upon  security  given  for  appearance.  — See 
Mainpernor.  Burrill. 

MAIN'PRIIJE,  V.  a.  [i.  MAINPRISED  ; pp.  MAIN- 
PRISING,  mainprised.]  (Law.)  To  take  into 
custody  as  a mainpernor  does ; to  bail.  Johnson. 

MAIN'— RIG-jBING,  n.  (Naut.)  The  shrouds  and 
ratlines  of  the  main-mast.  Dana. 

MAIN'— SAIL,  n.  (Naut.)  The  principal  sail  of  a 
ship  ; the  sail  of  the  main-mast.  Mar.  Diet. 

MAIN'— SHEET,  n.  (Naut.)  The  rope  attached  to 
the  lower  corner  of  the  main-sail.  Dryden. 

MAlN'-STAY,  n.  1.  (Naut.)  The  stay  between 
the  maintop  and  the  foot  of  the  foremast.  Dana. 

2.  Principal  support ; chief  reliance.  Rogct. 

MAIN'SWEAR  (man'swir),  v.  n.  [A.  S.  man- 
swerian ; man,  sin,  and  siverian,  to  swear.] 
(Late.)  To  swear  falsely  ; to  forswear.  Blount. 

MAIN-TAlN'  (nifm-tan'  or  man-tan'),  V.  a.  [L. 
manus,  the  hand,  and  teneo,  to  hold  ; It.  mantc - 
nere ; Sp.  mant.ener ; Fr.  maintenir.]  [«.  main- 
tained ; pp.  MAINTAINING,  MAINTAINED.] 

1.  To  uphold  ; to  sustain  ; to  defend. 

This  place,  these  pledges  of  your  love,  maintain.  Dryden. 

2.  To  keep  from  change  ; to  preserve. 

The  ingredients  being  prescribed  in  their  substance,  main- 
tain the  blood  in  a gentle  fermentation.  Harvey. 

3.  To  keep  up  ; to  continue ; to  carry  on. 

“ Maintain  talk  with  the  duke.”  Shak. 

4.  To  vindicate  ; to  justify  ; to  sanction. 

These  possessions  bein"  unlawfully  gotten,  could  not  be 

maintained,  by  the  just  and  honorable  law  of  England.  Davies. 

5.  To  support  with  the  conveniences  of  life. 

It  was  St.  Paul’s  choice  to  maintain  himself  by  his  own 

labor.  Hooker. 

6.  To  bear  the  expense  of ; to  pay. 

What  concerns  it  you  if  I wear  pearl  and  gold?  I thank 
my  good  father  I am  able  to  maintain  it.  Shak. 

Syn. — See  Allege,  Hold. 

MAIN-TAlN'  (man-tan'),  v.  n.  To  support  an 
opinion  by  argument ; to  assert  any  thing  as  a 
tenet. 

In  tragedy  and  satire,  I maintain  against  some  critics  that 
this  age  and' the  last  have  excelled  the  ancients.  Dryden. 

MAIN-TAIN' A-BLE  (m?n-tan'?-bl),  a.  1.  That 


may  be  maintained  ; defensible  ; tenable.  “The 
walls  scarcely  maintainable.”  Hayward. 

2.  That  may  be  supported  or  defended  by 
argument ; justifiable.  “ If  the  interpretation 
be  maintainable.”  Mede. 

MAIN-TAlN'ER  (m?n-tan'er),  n.  lie  who  main- 
tains or  supports  ; supporter  ; cherisher.  South. 

M AIN-TAIN'OR,  n.  (Law.)  One  who  maintains 
or  seconds  a cause  depending  between  others 
by  furnishing  money,  &c.  Whishaw. 

MAlN'TIJN-ANCE  [man'ten-ans,  P.  J.  E.  F.  Sm. 
R.  IF)-.;  meu'ten-ans,  N.  IF.],  n.  [Fr.] 

1.  The  act  of  maintaining  ; defence  ; protec- 
tion ; support.  Hooker. 

2.  Supply  of  the  necessaries  of  life  ; suste- 
nance ; subsistence ; livelihood ; support  ; as, 
“ He  labors  for  the  maintenance  of  his  family.” 

3.  Means  of  support ; livelihood  ; living. 

Those  of  better  fortune  not  making  learning  their  mainte- 
nance. Swift. 

4.  (Law.)  An  officious  intermeddling  in  a 

suit  by  assisting  either  party  with  money  or 
otherwise.  Burrill. 

Cap  of  maintenance,  a cap  of  dignity  anciently  be- 
longing to  the  rank  of  a duke; — the  fur  cap  of  the 
Lord  Mayor  of  London,  worn  on  days  of  state. 

C.  Macaulay. 

Syn.  — See  Living. 

mAIN'-TOP,  n.  (Naut.)  The  top  of  the  main-mast. 
MAIN’— YARD,  n.  (Naut.)  The  yard  of  the  main- 
mast. Mar.  Diet. 

f MAIS'T$R  (mas'ter),  n.  A master.  Spenser. 
f MAlS'TRESS  (mas'tres),  n.  Mistress.  Chaucer. 

MAIZE  (maz),  n.  [Sp.  maiz  ; Fr.  mais.]  (Bot.) 
A species  of  grass  (Zea  mays ) and  its  fruit ; 
— a native  of  America,  and  much  cultivated 
there  as  well  as  in  most  countries  of  southern 
Europe  ; Indian  corn.  Eng.  Cyc. 

The  Indians  arc  husbandmen  and  plant  maize  and  Guinea 
corn,  and  some  yams  and  potatoes.  Damjiier  (1G81). 

t MAJ-ES-TAT'IC,  I a Having  majesty  ; ma- 
-j-  mAJ-^S-TAT'I-CAL,  ) jestie.  " ' Pococke. 

MA-JES'TIC,  / \ Having  dignity  or  maj- 

MA-JES'TI-CAL,  > esty ; august;  grand;  impe- 
rial ; royal ; regal.  “ Majestic  as  a god.”  Pope. 

2.  Splendid;  magnificent;  pompous;  stately. 
“ A work  so  majestical  and  stately.”  Hooker. 

3.  Sublime;  elevated;  lofty.  “The  expres- 
sion is  so  majestic.”  Seeker. 

Syn.  — See  Magisterial. 

MA-JES'TI-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a majestic  manner; 
with  dignity  ; with  grandeur  ; splendidly.  Swift. 

MA-JES'TI-CAL-NESS,  ) n_  The  state  or  the 

MA-JES'TIC- NESS,  ) quality  of  being  majes- 
tic ; majesty.  Oldenburg. 

mA.I  ' f.H-TY  (mad'jes-te),  n.  [L.  mqjestas ; magnus, 
great ; It.  maestri ; Sp.  magestacl ; Fr.  majeste.] 

1.  August  and  sovereign  grandeur  ; greatness 
of  appearance;  dignity;  stateliness;  magnifi- 
cence. 

The  Lord  reigneth;  he  is  clothed  with  majesty.  Ps.  xxix.  4. 

2.  Power  ; sovereignty  ; honor.  “ He  gave 
Nebuchadnezzar  thy  father  majesty.”  Dan.  v.  8. 

3.  Elevation  of  manner  ; sublimity. 

The  first  in  loftiness  of  thought  surpassed, 

The  next  in  majesty.  Dryden. 

4.  The  style  or  title  of  kings  and  queens ; as, 
“His  majesty,  George  the  Fourth”;  “ Her 
majesty,  Queen  Victoria.” 

MA'JOR,  a.  [L.  major,  greater;  magnus,  great.] 

1.  Greater  in  number,  quantity,  or  extent. 
“ The  major  part  of  a general  assembly.” Hooker. 

2.  Greater  in  dignity  ; more  important. 

Fall  Greek,  fall  fame,  honor  or  go  or  stay, 

My  mqior  vow  lies  here.  Shah. 

Major,  (Mus.)  noting  that  one  of  the  two  modern 
modes  in  which  the  third  is  four  semitones  above  the 
tonic  or  key-note  ; — noting  also  intervals  which  con- 
tain the  greatest  number  of  semitones  under  the  same 
denomination  ; — thus,  a third  consisting  of  four  semi- 
tones instead  of  only  three,  is  termed  a major  third; 
and  a sixth,  containing  nine  semitones  instead  of 
eight,  is  called  a major  sixth.  Moore.  — Major  term, 
(Logic.)  the  predicate  of  the  conclusion  of  a syllo- 
gism. — Major  premise,  (Logic.)  the  premise  or  propo- 
sition which  contains  tile  major  term:  — the  hypo- 
thetical premise  in  a hypothetical  syllogism.  Wliately. 

MA'JOR,  n.  1.  He  who  is  greater,  particularly  in 
years.  • Smart. 


2.  f A mayor  or  chief  officer  of  a town. 

Johnson. 

3.  (Mil.)  A field  officer,  next  in  rank  above  a 
captain  and  below  a lieutenant-colonel.  Brande. 

DSP-  As  an  epithet,  applied  to  several  denominations 
of  men  in  an  army,  major  signifies  the  superior  of  the 
department ; as,  aid  -major,  drum  -major. 

4.  (Logic.)  The  first  proposition  of  a syllo- 
gism, containing  some  generality.  Bogle. 

mA-JO-rAt'  (mi-zho-ra'),  n.  [Fr.] 

1.  (French  Law.)  The  property,  landed  or 

funded,  attached  to  a title  of  honor,  so  as  to  de- 
scend with  it.  Brande. 

2.  The  right  of  succession  to  property  ac- 

cording to  age  ; — a term  so  employed  by  several 
continental  nations.  Brande. 

MA'JOR-ATE,  n.  The  office  of  major.  Booth. 

f MAJ-O-K  A'TION,  n.  Increase;  enlargement. 

Majoration  . . . appeareth  plainly  in  sounds.  Bacon. 

MA-JOR'CAN,  n.  (Geog.)  A native  of  the  Island 
of  Majorca.  . Eamshaw. 

MA'JOR-DO'MO,  n.  [L.  major,  greater,  and  do- 
mus,  a house.]  The  master  of  a house ; one 
who  occasionally  holds  a station  in  a house  next 
to  the  master ; a steward  : — in  the  courts  of 
kings,  in  the  middle  ages,  a great  officer  of  the 
palace.  Brande. 

MA'JOR— pEN'ER-AL,  n.  (Mil.)  A military  officer, 
next  in  rank  below  a lieutenant-general  and 
above  a brigadier-general.  Glos.  of  Mil.  Terms. 

mA'JOR-QEN'ER-AL-SHIP,  n.  The  office  of  a 
major-general.  Qu.  Rev. 

MA-JOR'I-TY,  n.  1.  [L.  major,  greater;  It. 

maggiorita ; Sp.  mayoria  ; Fr.  majoriti.]  The 
state  of  being  greater.  Grew. 

2.  The  greater  number  ; the  part  of  any  num- 
ber which  is  greater  than  the  other  part,  or  than 
the  sum  of  all  the  other  parts  ; more  than  half ; 
as,  “ A majority  of  votes.” 

3.  The  excess  of  the  greater  part  of  a number 
above  the  other  part  or  parts  ; as,  “ By  what 
majority  of  votes  was  he  elected  ? ” 

4.  Full  age,  or  the  state  of  a person  at  full 
age  ; end  of  minority. 

This  prince  [Henry  III.]  was  no  sooner  come  to  his  ma- 
jority, but  the  barons  raised  a cruel  war  against  him.  Davies. 

5.  The  office  of  a major  ; majorate.  Johnson. 

6.  f First  or  chief  rank.  Shak. 

7.  +[L.  majores.]  Ancestors;  ancestry.  “A 
posterity  not  unlike  their  majority .”  Browne. 

Syn.  — A plurality  is  the  greatest  of  the  several 
numbers  or  parts  into  which  any  number  may  be 
divided  ; whereas  a majority  is  a number  greater  than 
the  sum  of  all  the  other  parts. 

MA-JUS'CULE,  n. ; pi.  majuscules.  [L.  majus- 
culte  litera>.]  (In  diplomatics  or  ancient  manu- 
scripts.) A capital  letter,  such  as  was  used  in 
ancient  manuscripts.  Hamilton. 

MAK' A-BLE,  a.  Effeetible  ; feasible,  [r.]  Cotyrave. 

MAKE,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  macian  ; Dut.  tnaaken;  Frs. 
&■  Ger.  machen ; Dan.  mage  ; Sw.  maka. ] [i. 

MADE  ; pp.  MAKING,  MADE.] 

1.  To  bring  into  being  ; to  cause  to  exist ; to 

create.  “ Let  us  make  man.”  Gen.  i.  26. 

2.  To  fashion  of  materials  ; to  form  by  art. 

He  fashioned  it  with  a graving  tool,  after  he  had  made  it 

a molten  calf.  Ex.  xxxii.  4. 

3.  To  bring  into  any  state  or  condition  ; to 
cause  to  become,  or  to  be  in  any  state.  “ He 
made  himself  of  no  reputation.”  Phil.  ii.  7. 

4.  To  produce  or  effect,  as  agent  or  cause ; 

to  be  productive  of.  “Wealth  maketh  many 
friends.”  Prov.  xix.  4. 

5.  To  compose  or  constitute,  as  parts,  mate- 
rials, or  ingredients  ; to  frame  ; to  mould. 

The  heaven,  the  air,  the  earth,  and  boundless  sea, 

Make  hut  one  temple  for  the  Deity.  Waller. 

6.  To  perform  ; to  practise ; to  do  ; to  fabri- 
cate ; as,  “ To  make  haste  ” ; “To  make  excuse.” 

To  what  end  did  Ulysses  make  that  journey?  Dryden. 

7.  To  secure  ; to  establish  ; to  settle  ; to  gain. 

Those  who  are  wise  in  courts 
Make  friendships  with  the  ministers  of  state.  Route. 

8.  To  bring  into  a state  of  prosperity  ; to  save 
from  misfortune  or  distress. 

peg-  Formerly  much  used  in  this  sense  with  mar,  by 
way  of  contrast,  in  the  phrase,  “ To  make  of  mar,” 
i.  e.  to  save  or  destroy. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — (j,  (f,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  <3,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  ^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


MAKE 


MALAR 


872 


This  is  the  night 
That  either  makes  me  or  foredocs  me  quite. 


Shak. 


9.  To  hold ; to  keep  ; to  have. 

Deep  in  a cave  the  Sibyl  makes  abode.  Dryden. 

10.  To  compel ; to  constrain  ; to  force. 

They  should  be  made  to  rise  at  their  early  hour.  Locke. 

11.  To  purpose  to  do;  to  intend  ; — used  only 
in  interrogation.  “ What  make  you  here  ? ” Shak. 

What  makest  thou  in  this  place?  Judy,  xviii.  3. 

12.  To  raise,  as  profit  from  anything;  to 
gain;  to  acquire;  as,  “To  make  money.” 

13.  To  be  subject  to  ; to  incur  ; to  sutler. 

The  loss  was  private  that  I made.  Dryden. 

14.  To  provide,  as  an  entertainment. 

When  thou  makest  a dinner,  call  not  thy  friends,  but  the 
poor.  Luke  xiv.  12. 

15.  To  put ; to  place. 

You  must  make  a great  difference  between  Hercules’  labor 
by  land  and  Jason’s  voyage  by  sea  for  the  golden  fleece.  Bacon. 

16.  To  cause  to  appear ; to  represent;  to  show. 

He  is  not  the  goose  and  ass  that  Valla  would  make  him. 

Baker. 

17.  To  put  into  a proper  state ; to  prepare  for 
use  ; as,  “To  make  a bed.” 

18.  jTo  fasten  ; to  secure  ; to  bar. 

The  doors  are  made  against  you.  Shak. 

4^  Still  so  used  in  some  parts  of  England.  Nares. 

To  make  account , to  reckon;  to  believe. — To  make 
account  of , to  esteem  ; to  regard. — To  make  all  split , 
a phrase  to  express  great  violence.  Shak.  — To  make 
amends,  to  give  reparation  or  compensation.  — To  make 
airaij , to  destroy.  “ What  multitudes  of  infants  have 
been  made  away  ! ” Addison.  To  transfer,  as  property. 
Waller.  — To  make  choice  of,  to  choose  in  preference.  — 
f To  make  danger,  to  try  ; to  venture  ; to  make  experi- 
ment. Beau.  FI.  — t To  make  fair  weather  to,  to 
humor  by  flattery ; to  coax.  “ Ixion  makes  fair 
weather  unto  Jove.”  Marston. — To  make  free  with,  to 
treat  without  ceremony.  — To  make  good,  to  maintain  ; 
to  defend  ; to  justify.  “ As  for  this  other  argument 
...  I wish  any  example  he  could  bring  from  them 
could  make  it  good.”  Dryden:  To  fulfil ; to  accom- 
plish. “ This  letter  doth  make  good  the  friar’s  words.” 
Shak.  — To  make  known,  to  bring  to  light ; to  publish. 

— To  make  law,  (Old  Eng.  Law.)  to  deny  a plaintiff’s 
charge  under  oath  with  compurgators  Burrill. — To 
make  light  of,  to  consider  as  of  no  consequence.  Matt. 
xxii.  5.  — Tb  make  lore,  or  to  make  suit , to  court.  — To 
make  merry , to  partake  of  an  entertainment;  to  feast. 

— To  make  much  of,  to  cherish  ; to  foster.  “ It  is  good 
discretion  not  to  make  too  much  of  any  man  at  the  first.” 
Bacon. — To  make  nice,  to  make  objection  ; to  scruple. 
Shak.  — To  make  no  difference,  or  to  make  no  matter,  to  be 
indifferent.  “ Whatsoever  they  were,  it  maketh  no  mat- 
ter to  me.”  Gal.  ii.  10.  — To  make  no  doubt , to  be  confi- 
dent. — To  make  nothing  for,  to  be  of  no  effect.  Hooker. 

— To  make  of,  to  produce  from  ; to  effect : — to  esteem  ; 
to  consider  ; to  account.  “ Makes  she  no  more  of  me 
than  of  a slave?”  Dryden.  — To  cherish  ; to  foster. 

“ Xaycns  was  wonderfully  beloved,  and  made  of  by 
the  Turkish  merchants.”  KnoUes.—To  make  oner,  to 
put  into  the  hands  of  another;  to  transfer.  —To  make 
out,  to  clear ; to  explain.  “Antiquaries  made  oat  the 
most  ancient  medals  from  a letter.”  Felton.  To 
prove  ; to  evince.  “ Reasonings  which  make  out  both 
my  propositions.”  Atterbury.  — To  make  sure  of,  to 
consider  as  certain  : — to  secure  to  one’s  possession.  — 
To  make  up,  to  get  together ; as,  “ To  make  up  a sum 
of  money.”  To  repair.  “ I sought  a man  that  should 
make  up  the  hedge.”  Ezck.  xxii.  30.  To  reconcile  ; 
to  compose;  as,  “To  make  up  a quarrel.”  Shak. 
To  constitute,  as  ingredients;  to  form.  “An  enemy 
made  up  of  wiles  ami  stratagems.”  South.  To  make 
less  deficient  ; to  supply.  “ So  what  was  wanting  in 
my  proof  might  be  made  up  in  the  example.”  Glan- 
vill.  To  compensate ; to  balance.  “ There  must 
needs  be  another  state  to  make  up  the  inequalities  of 
this.”  Atterbury.  To  settle  ; to  adjust.  “ He  was  to 
make  up  his  accounts  with  his  lord.”  Rogers.  To 
accomplish  ; to  conclude  ; to  complete.  “ The  general 
account  is  made  up  and  printed.”  Graunt.  — To  make 
water , to  void  urine.  — What  to  make  of,  how  to  under- 
stand ; how  to  explain.  “ There  is  another  statue  of 
Apollo,  with  a modern  inscription  on  the  pedestal, 
which  I know  not  what  to  make  of.”  Addison.  —To 
make  way,  to  advance  ; to  proceed.  “ The  wind  came 
about,  so  as  we  could  make  little  or  no  way.”  Bacon. 
To  clear  a passage  ; as,  “ To  make  way  for  a car- 
riage.” To  force  a passage.  “ lie  makes  his  way  o’er 
mountains.”  Dryden.  — (JVaut.)  To  make  a port  or 
harbor,  to  arrive  at  or  reach  a port.  — To  make  the 
land,  to  discover  land. —To  make  sail,  to  spread  the 
sails,  or  to  increase  the  quantity  of  sail.  —To  make 
stern-way,  to  retreat  or  move  with  stern  foremost.— 
To  make  water , to  leak. 

Syn.. — Make  a table,  a pen;  create  a desire,  a 
want ; form  a model,  an  image;  perform  a labor  or 
service  ; compose  a treatise  ; produce  or  cause  a change. 

A tool  or  instrument  is  made  by  a mechanic,  a nestTiy 
a bird  ; the  world  was  created  by  God. 

MAKE,  v.  n.  1.  To  pass  from  one  place  to 


another;  to  travel ; to  journey  ; to  proceed  ; to 
tend ; to  go. 

When  they  set  out  from  Mount  Sinai,  they  made  north 
ward  unto  Rismah.  Browne. 

The  French  king  makes  at  us  directly.  Addison. 

2.  To  have  effect ; to  contribute  ; to  operate. 

Let  us  follow  after  the  things  which  make  for  peace. 

0 rp  . Rum.  xiv.  19. 

o.  l o snow ; to  appear  ; to  seem. 

Joshua  and  all  Israel  made  as  if  they  were  beaten  before 
them,  and  tied.  jos/lm  viii.  1 

4.  f To  compose  poetry  ; to  versify. 

Besides  her  peerless  skill  in  making  well.  Spenser. 

A poet  is  a maker,  as  the  word  signifies:  and  who  cannot 
make,  that  is,  invent,  hath  his  name  for  nothing.  Dryden. 

■860“  A meaning  derived  from  tiiat  of  the  Gr.  icoiioi 
to  make ; to  create. 

To  make  away  with , to  destroy  ; to  kill  ; to  make 
aw  ay . “An  unaccountable  melancholy  which  dis- 
posed several  of  them  to  make  away  with  themselves.” 
Addison.  — To  make  bold,  to  presume  ; to  use  freedom. 
— To  make  for,  to  advantage  ; to  favor.  “ None  deny 
there  is  a God,  but  those  for  whom  it  maketh  tiiat 
there  were  no  God.”  Bacon.  — To  make  out,  to  suc- 
ceed ; as,  “ J made  out  to  accomplish  the  object.” 

To  make  up,  to  become  reconciled  : to  adjust  a differ 
ence.  — To  make  up  to,  to  approach.  “ Seeing  a coun- 
try gentleman  trotting  before  me,  I made  up  to  him.” 
Addison — To  make  up  for,  to  compensate  ; to  lie  in- 
stead of.  Swift To  make  with,  “ Antiquity,  custom, 

and  consent,  in  the  church  of  God,  making  with  tiiat 
which  law  doth  establish.”  Hooker. 

MAKE,  n.  Form  ; structure  ; construction  ; shape  ; 
texture  ; constitution  ; nature  ; kind. 

Is  our  perfection  of  so  frail  a make 

As  every  plot  can  undermine  and  shake?  Dryden. 

t MAKE,  n.  [A.  S.  maca ; Dan.  mage ; Ieel. 
maki.]  A companion  ; a mate  ; a friend.  “ The 
maids  and  their  makes.”  B.  Jonson 

MAKE' BATE,  n.  [make  and  bate. ] A breeder  of 
quarrels.  " Sidney. 

f MAKE'LESS,  a.  1.  Matchless  ; not  to  be 
equalled.  Chaucer. 

2.  Without  a mate  ; deprived  of  a mate. 

The  world  will  wail  thee  like  a makeless  wife.  Shak. 

MAKE'PEACE,  n.  Peacemaker  ; reconciler.  Shak. 

MAK'JJR,  n.  1.  One  who  makes  any  thing;  — ap- 
plied particularly  to  the  Creator. 

Shall  a man  be  more  pure  than  bis  Maker ? Job  iv.  17. 
2.  A poet ; — formerly  so  applied  as  a special 
title-  Sidney. 

Expert  being  grown 

In  music,  and,  besides,  a curious  maker  known.  Drayton. 

MAKE'SIIIFT,  n.  An  expedient  adopted  to  serve 
a present  purpose  or  turn  ; a temporary  substi- 
tute ; a plea.  Ed.  Rev. 

MAKE'WEIGHT  (mak'wat),  n.  That  which  as- 
sists to  make  up  weight,  or  that  contributes  to 
something  not  sufficient  of  itself.  Burke. 

MAK'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  forming,  producing, 
or  constructing  ; formation  ; construction. 
“Wares  of  thy  making.”  Ezek.  xxvii.  16. 

2.  Composition  ; structure ; form ; make. 

She  had  all  the  royal  makings  of  a queen.  Shak. 

3.  t A poem.  The  Churl  and  the  Bird. 

MAK'ING— IR'ON  (-T'urn),  n.  An  instrument  with 
a groove  in  it,  used  by  calkers  to  finish  off  the 
seam  after  the  oakum  is  driven  into  it.  Ogilvic. 

MAK'ING— UP,  n.  Reduction  of  spirits  to  a stand- 
ard of  strength,  or  to  the  proof  point.  Craig. 

MAL.  [L.  male ; Fr.  mal.]  A prefix.  — See  Male. 

MAL-A-BA'THRUM,  n.  The  leaf  of  the  Laurus 
cassia.  Brande. 

MAL'A-CA-TUNEj  n.  A kind  of  peach  ; meloco- 
ton  ; melicotoon.  Kenrick. 

MAL'A-jEHITE  (mSl'j-klt),  n.  [Gr.  paXd^y,  the 
mallow-flower ; paXand;,  soft ; Fr.  malachite. ] 
(Min.)  "Native  carbonate  of  copper,  either  green 
or  blue.  Dana. 

lE-r"  Green  malachite  usually  accompanies  tile  other 
ores  of  copper.  It  admits  of  a high  polish,  and  when 
in  large  masses  is  cut.  into  tables,  snuff-boxes,  vases, 
Sec.  Blue  malachite,  is  a valuable  ore  of  copper,  and 
when  ground  to  an  impalpable  powder,  it  forms  a blue 
pigment  of  a bright  tint,  but  of  little  value  on  account 
of  its  liability  to  turn  green.  Dana. 

f MAL-A  CIS  'SAN  T,  a.  [L.  malacisso,  malacissans, 
to  make  soft.]  Softening  ; mollifying.  I Vats. 

t MAL  A-CJS-SA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  making 
soft  or  supple.  Brecon.  I 


MAL-A-CO-DEN'DRON,  n.  [Gr.  paX.and$,  soft, 
and  ihVtyoi/,  a tree.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  decidu- 
ous shrubs  and  trees.  Craig. 

MAL'A-CO-DERM,  n.  [Gr.  paXands,  soft,  and  r) (ppa, 
the  skin.]  (Ent.)  A serricorn  beetle.  Brande. 

MAL'A-CO-LITE,  n.  [Gr.  paXasde,  soft  (L.  mala - 
cits),  and  XiOos,  a stone  ; It.  malaeolite.]  (Min.) 
A variety  of  pyroxene  or  augite.  Dana. 

MAL-A-COL'O-^IST,  n.  One  versed  in  mala- 
cology  ; one  who  treats  of  the  mollusca.  Wright. 

MAL-A-COL'O-py,  n.  [Gr.  paXdieia , water  ani- 
mals of  soft  substance,  and  Xoyos , a discourse; 
r r.  malacologies]  1 he  natural  history  or  science 
of  mollusks  or  molluscous  animals,  or  of  shells 
and  shell-fish,  including  conchology.  Swainson. 

MAL-A-COP-Tt;-RY9'!-AN,  n.  [Gr.  paXandf,  soft, 
and  nTcpvf,  a wing.]  ( Ich .)  One  of  a class  of 
fishes,  which,  with  an  internal  osseous  skeleton, 
have  the  rays  of  the  fins  soft,  except  the  first  ray 
of  the  dorsal  and  the  pectoral  fins.  Brande. 

MAL-A-COP-Tp-RYQ'I-OUS,  a.  (Ich.)  Belonging 
to,  or  having  the  nature  of,  the  malacopterygi- 
ans-  Wright. 

MAL-A-C6s'TE-ON,  n.  [Gr.  pfiXanSe,  soft,  and 
iorhv,  a bone.]  (Med.)  A diseased  softness  of 
the  bones.  Dunylison. 

MA  L-A-COS'TO-MOITS,  a.  [Gr.  paXasde,  soft,  and 
cropa,  the  mouth.]  Soft-jawed,  as  fish.  Owen. 

MAL-A-COS'TRA-gAn,  n.  [Gr.  paX.nKne,  soft,  and 
oarpciKov,  a shell.]  (Zolil.)  One  of  the  crusta- 
ceans, as  the  crab,  the  lobster,  &c.,  not  included 
among  the  entomostracans.  Brande. 

MAL-A-COS-TR  A-C6l'0-*?Y,  n.  The  science 
which  relates  to  the  malacostracans.  Oyilvie. 

mAl-A-COS'TRA-COUS,  a.  (Zoul.)  Belonging  to 
the  malacostracans.  Wright. 

MAL-AD-jOsT'MENT,  n.  A wrong  adjustment; 
an  improper  adaptation.  Craig. 

mAL-AD-M1N-IS-TRA'TION,  n.  Bad  manage- 
ment.— See  Maleadm’inistiiation.  Todd. 

MAL-A-DROIT',  a.  [Fr.]  Awkward;  unhandy; 
unskilful ; clumsy.  Royet. 

mAL-A-DRoIt'LY,  ad.  In  a maladroit  or  awk- 
ward manner.  Carlyle. 

MAL-A-DROlT'N?SS,  n.  Want  of  dexterity;  awk- 
wardness. Wright. 

MAl'A-DY,  ??.  [L.  mains,  bad;  It.  malattia-,  Sp. 

maloti  a ; Fr.  maladie.]  An  illness;  a deep- 
seated  indisposition;  a sickness;  a disease;  a 
distemper  ; a disorder. 

Physicians  first  require  that  the  malady  be  known.  Spenser. 

Syn.  — See  Disease. 

MA  ' LA  Fi'DE.  [L.,  in  bad  faith.]  With  a de- 
sign to  deceive.  ‘ Macdonnel. 

MAL'A-GA,  n.  A wine  from  Malaga  in  Spain. 

MA-LAG'MA,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  paXnypa  ; paX.drroo i, 
to  soothe.]  (Med.)  An  emollient  cataplasm  ; a 
poultice.  Dunylison. 

MA' LA  /.V  SE.  [L.,  evils  in  themselves.]  Of- 
fences at  common  law.  — See  Malum  in  se. 

MAL' AN-DERS,  n.  pi.  [L.  malandria,  blisters  on 
the  neck ; Fr.  malandres ; It.  malandare,  to 
ruin  one’s  self;  male,  ill,  and  andare,  to  go.] 
Scabs,  or  scurvy  eruptions,  on  the  inside  of  the 
hock  of  a hoi-se.  Dunylison. 

MAL'A-PiiRT,  a.  [L.  male,  bad,  and  Eng.  pert. 
— Old  Fr.  apart,  taught;  malapert,  ill-taught, 
ill-bred.  Talbot.]  Quick,  with  impudence  ; 
sprightly,  without  respect  or  decency  ; saucy ; 
impudent ; rude. 

Peace,  master  marquis,  you  are  malapert ; 

Your  fire-new  stamp  of  honor  is  scarce  current.  Shak. 

mAl'A-PERT-LY,  ad.  In  a malapert  manner; 
impudently ; saucily,  [it.]  Skelton. 

mAl'a-PERT-N^SS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
malapert;  sauciness;  impudence. 

Not  boldness,  but  malapcrtness.  Fothcrby. 

MA L'A P-BO-POS  ' (mal'ap-pro-po),  ad.  [Fr.  mal 
it  propos.]  Unseasonably  ; unsuitably.  Dryden. 

MA'LAR,  a.  [L.  mala,  cheek  ; It.  malare.]  Be- 
longing to  the  cheek.  “ Malar  bone.”  Dunylison. 


E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  l,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  JE,  J,  O,  II,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  I1EIR,  HER; 


MALARIA 


873 


MALIGNER 


MAL-A'RI-A,  n.  [It.  male  and  aria,  bad  air,  from 
L.  malus,  bad,  and  Gr.  Strip,  air.]  An  exhalation 
from  marshy  districts,  producing  intermittent 
fever  or  disease  ; a noxious  exhalation.  Brande. 

MAL-A'RI-OUS,  a.  Relating  to,  or  containing, 
malaria ; insalubrious.  Ed.  liev. 

MA'LATE,  n.  ( Chem .)  A salt  formed  of  malic 
acid  and  a base.  P.  Eye. 

+ mA'LAX,  ? v,  a.  [Gr.  pul.haa 01 ; L.  ma- 

f MA-LAX'ATE,  > laxo,  malaxatus.]  To  blend  or 
beat  together ; to  sotten.  Bailey. 

f MAL-AX-A'TION  (mal-aiks-a'shun),  n.  [L.  mal- 
axatio.)  The  act  of  softening.  Bailey. 

MA-LAY',  n.  ( Geoy .)  A native  of  Malaya  or 
Malacca.  Murray. 

MA-LAY'AN,  a.  ( Geoy .)  Relating  to  Malaya  or 
Malacca.  Murray. 

MAL'BROOK,  n.  A species  of  monkey.  Goldsmith. 

MAl'CON-TENT,  n.  See  Malecontent. 

MAL-dA'NNAN,  n.  (Zoiil.)  One  of  a family  of 
sedentary  annelids.  P.  Cyc. 

MALD'MO-NY,  n.  ( Bot .)  A plant ; beanvort.  Ash. 

MA  LE,  a.  [L.  mascidus ; dim.  of  mas ; It.  inas- 
chio  ; Sp.  macho,  masculino ; Fr.  mule.] 

1.  Of  the  sex  that  begets  young ; not  female. 

2.  (Bot.)  Noting  a flower  which  has  stamens, 

but  no  pistil.  Gray. 

3.  ( Meeh .)  Noting  a screw  with  a spiral  thread 
made  to  fit  into  corresponding  grooves  in  an  or- 
ifice called  th e female  screiv. 

MALE,  n.  1.  The  he  of  any  species. 

The  glowworm  is  a female  caterpillar  the  male  of  which 
is  a fly.  Paley. 

2.  (Bot.)  A plant  which  bears  stamens  but 

no  pistil.  Henslow. 

MALE—,  [mail,  S.  P.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  R.  C.  O.  Scott , 
Kenrick ; mal,  IF.  J.  F.]  [L.  male ; Fr.  mal.] 

A prefix  from  the  Latin,  which,  in  composition, 
signifies  ill  or  evil. 

This  syllable,  as  a prefix,  is  almost  always  pro- 
nounced short  ; and  the  c,  which  is  sunk  in  the  pro- 
nunciation, is  often  omitted  in  t lie  orthography. 
Walker  says,  “ Though  all  our  pronouncing  diction- 
aries adopt  the  short  sound  of  a,  and  some  even  leave 
out  the  e,  yet,  as  analogy  is  so  decidedly  in  favor  of 
the  long  sound,  and  custom  is  not  quite  unanimous, 
the  long  sound  ought  certainly  to  have  the  preference, 
with  all  who  aim  at  correctness  and  consistency.” 

Most  of  the  orthoepists,  however,  since  the  time  of 
Walker,  as  well  as  before,  adopt  the  short  sound  of  a. 
There  are  words  in  which  male  has  the  same  origin 
and  meaning;  hut  the  letters  are  not  so  separable  as 
to  have  the  character  of  a prefix  ; as,  malefactor. 

MALE-AD-MIN-IS-TRA'TION,  n.  Bad  manage- 
ment of  affairs,  or  of  government. 

When  a prince  was  laid  aside  for  maleadminist ration.  Swift. 

The  words  maladministration , malecontent , 
male  practice,  &c.,  arc  often  written  maladministration , 
malcontent, c.,  and  they  are  so  printed  in  the  diction- 
ary of  Webster,  and  also  in  those  of  Craig  and  Ogil- 
vie  ; but  nearly  all  the  other  English  dictionaries 
retain  the  c in  the  prefixed  syllable  male.  Smart  says, 
u Maladministration,  malcontent,  &c.,  conform  to  the 
actual  pronunciation,  yet  are  not  the  forms  adopted 
by  good  writers.” 


wrongly,  and  dico , to  say;  It.  maledizione ; Sp. 
maldicton ; Fr.  malediction.']  A curse ; exe- 
cration ; denunciation  ; imprecation.  Hooker. 

Syn.  — Malediction  and  curse  both  signify  a decla- 
ration of  a wish  of  evil  against  some  person ; impre- 
cation signifies  the  praying  down  of  evil  upon  some 
person  ; denunciation,  a public  censure  or  threatening 
of  ill  ; execration,  an  expression  of  abhorrence  and  re- 
sentment, in  relation  to  some  person  or  thing  ; anath- 
ema,  a curse  or  excommunication  pronounced  by 
ecclesiastical  authority. 

MAL-5-FAc'TION,  n.  [L.  male,  wrongly,  and 
facio,  to  do.]  A crime  ; an  offence,  [it.]  Sha/e. 

mAL-E-FAC'TOR,  n.  [L.]  An  offender  against 
law ; a criminal ; a culprit ; a felon  ; a convict. 

A. jailer  to  bring  forth 

Some  monstrous  malefactor.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Criminal. 

MALE-FEA'§ANCE  [mal-fe'zsms,  K.  Wb. ; in&l-fil'- 
z?ns,  .S/«.],  n.  [Fr.  malfaisance .]  (Law.)  Evil 
doing ; ill  conduct ; the  doing  of  what  one  ought 
not  to  do.  Burrill. 

MALE'FERN,  n.  (Bot.)  A wild  plant  having 
astringent  and  emetic  properties,  used  in  med- 
icine as  an  anthelmintic ; Aspidium  filix-mas. 

Simmonds. 

f MA-LEF'IC,  a.  [L.  maleficus ; It.  <Sp  Sp.  malefico  ; 
Fr.  malejique.]  Mischievous;  hurtful.  Bailey. 

+ MAL'E-FICE  (niSl'e-fis),  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  male- 
ficium.]  An  evil  act  or  deed.  Chaucer. 

MA-LEF'I-CENCE,  n.  [L.  maleficentia  ; It.  ma- 
lefic enza  ; Sp.  maleficencia ; Fr.  malfaisance .] 
Active  ill-will ; injury  ; mischief,  [it.]  Maunder. 

MA-LEF'I-CENT,  a.  [L.  maleficus.]  Wicked ; 
doing  evil;  mischievous.  “A  mischievous  or 
maleficent  nation.”  [r.]  Burke. 

f MAL-E-FI"CI-ATE  (mal-e- fish 'e-at),  V.  a.  To 
affect  with  sorcery ; to  bewitch.  Burton. 

f MAL-E-FI-CI-A'TION  (mal-e-fish-e-a'shun),  11. 
Witchcraft ; sorcery.  Bp.  Hall. 

MAL-E-FF'CIENCE  (-fish'ens),  n.  The  doing  of 
evil ; maleficence,  [r.]  Ogilvie. 

MAL-E-Fl''CIENT  (-fish'ent),  a.  Doing  evil; 
maleficent,  [it.]  Ogilvie. 

mAlE-FOR-MA'TION,  n.  Ill  or  wrong  formation  ; 
defect  of  structure.  Good. 

f MA-LEN'f-rlNE,  n.  [Fr.  malengin.]  Evil  de- 
vice or  contrivance  ; guile  ; deceit.  Milton. 

MALE-O'DOR,  n.  A bad  odor  or  smell.  Qu.  Rev. 

mAlE-PRAC'TICE,  n.  Practice  contrary  to  rules  ; 
evil  practice;  misconduct;  bad  conduct;  — 
written  also  malpractice.  Johnson. 

MALE— SPIR'IT-ED,  a.  Having  the  spirit  of  a 
man.  “ That  male-spirited  dame.”  B.  Jonson. 

f MAL'ET,  n.  [Fr.  inalette.]  A budget ; a port- 
manteau. “ The  owner  of  the  malet.”  Shelton. 

f MAL'E-TENT,  n.  [Old  Fr.  maletolt,  or  maletot .] 
(Law.)  A toll  on  a sack  of  wool.  Whishaw. 

MALE-TREAT',  v.  a.  [i.  maletreated ; pp. 
MALETREATING,  MALETREATED.]  To  treat  ill; 
to  abuse  ; to  injure.  — See  Maltreat.  Todd. 


MALE-CON- FOR- M.l'TION,  n.  An  ill  or  defec- 
tive conformation ; — written  also  malconfor- 
mation.  Smart. 

MALE'eON-TENT,  ii.  One  who  is  dissatisfied ; 
— written  also  malcontent.  Addison. 


MALE'CON-TENT, 
MALE-CON-TENT'ED, 
tented ; dissatisfied. 
tent  and  desperate.” 
contented  multitude.” 


a.  [It.  malcontenfo ; Fr. 
malcontent.]  Discon- 
“ It  makes  me  malecon- 
Fanshaw.  “ The  male- 
Bp.  Hall. 


MALE-CON-TENT'ED-LY,  ad.  With  discontent. 

MALE-CON-TENT' ED-NESS,  n.  Discontented- 
ness. “A  spirit  of  malecontentedness .”  Spectator . 

t MAL-E-DPCEN-CY,  ii.  [L.  maledicentia.]  Re- 
proachful speech.'  Atterbury. 


t MAL-E-DFcent,  a.  [L.  malediccnsfi)  .Speak- 
ing reproachfully  ; slanderous.  Sir  E.  Sandys. 

t MAL-E-DICT'ED,  a.  Accursed.  Bailey. 

MAL-E-DiC'TION,  n.  [L.  maledictio ; male,  ill, 


MALE-TREAT'MENT,  n.  Ill  usage;  abuse;  in- 
jury. — See  Maltreatment.  Ash. 

MA-LEV'O-LENCE,  n.  [L.  malevolentia ; male, 
ill,  and  rolo,  to  wish  ; It.  malevolcnza ; Sp.  ma- 
levolencia-,  Fr.  malveillanee. ] The  quality  of 

being  malevolent ; inclination  to  injure  others  ; 
ill-will ; malignity  ; malice ; envy. 

The  malevolence  towards  those  who  excel.  Spectator. 

Syn. — See  Malice. 

MA-LEV'O-LENT,  a.  [L.  malevolens;  It.  ma- 
levogliente ; Fr.  malveittant.]  Ill-disposed  to- 
wards others  ; inclined  to  injury  ; wishing  ill ; 
malicious  ; malignant ; virulent ; hostile.  Drgden. 

Syn.  — See  Malicious. 

MA-LEV'O-LENT-LY,  ad.  In  a malevolent  man- 
ner ; malignantly  ; with  ill-will.  Howell. 

+ MA-LEV'O-LOUS,  a.  [L.  malevolus.]  Wishing 
ill ; malevolent ; malicious.  “ Those  malevolous 
critics.”  Warburton. 

MAL-EX-E-CU'TION,  n.  Wrong  execution  ; bad 
administration.  Craig. 


MAL-GOO'ZAR,  or  MAL-GU'ZAR,  n.  A head- 
farmer  ; a renter  ; a chief.  [India.]  C.  P.  Brown. 

M AL-GOO'ZA-REE,  n.  Land  subject  to  assess- 
ment. [India.]  Simmonds . 

j"  MAL-GRA'CIOUS  (-gra'shus),  a.  Ungraceful ; 
otiensive.  Gower. 

MA'LJG,  a.  [L.  malum  (Gr.  jirji.ov) , an  apple.] 
(Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  obtained  from  the  apple 
and  several  other  fruits.  Brande. 

MAL'ICE  (mSl'js),  n.  [L.  inalitia;  It.  malizia ; 
Sp.  malicia  ; Fr.  malice .]  A wicked  intention 
to.  do  injury  ; badness  of  design;  deliberate 
mischief ; ill  intention  ; maliciousness ; malev- 
olence ; malignity  ; rancor  ; ill-will ; spite. 

Syn..  — Malice , maliciousness,  malevolence , and  ma- 
lignity are  all  the  essence  of  badness  or  ill  feeling 
lying  in  the  heart ; rancor  is  a deep-seated  hatred  ; 
grudge,  a long-cherislied  ill  feeling  ; spite,  a sudden 
fit  of  ill  will  ; pique,  a slight  anger.  — Virulent  rancor ; 
an  old  grudge  ; a petty  spite  ; personal  pique. 

f MAL'ICE,  v.  a.  To  regard  with  ill-will.  Spenser. 

f MAl'[-CHO,  it.  [Sp.  malhecho;  mal,  bad,  and 
hecho,  deed.]  Mischief ; injustice.  Shak. 

MA-Ll"CIOUS  (ma-llsh'us),  a.  [L.  malitiosus ; 
Sp.  malicioso-,  It.  malizioso ; Fr.  malicieux.] 

1.  Full  of  malice  ; inclined  to  injure  another  ; 

ill-disposed;  intending  ill;  malignant;  malev- 
olent. “ Malicious  censurers.”  Shak. 

2.  Proceeding  from  malice ; as,  “ A mali- 
cious slander.” 

Syn. Malevolent  literally  signifies  wishing  ill  to 

others,  and  is  the  reverse  of  benevolent-,  malicious  sig- 
nifies cherishing  malice  or  intending  ill  ; malignant 
and  malign  include  both  envy  and  malice  ; spiteful 
implies  ill-will  arising  from  some  feeling  of  pique  or 
anger.  A malevolent  heart  ; a malicious  or  malignant 
joy  at  another’s  distress  or  injury  ; spiteful  feeling  or 
remark. 

MA-Ll''GTOyS-LY  (m?-llsli'us-le),  ad.  With  mal- 
ice or  malignity  ; malignly  Swift. 

MA-LI''CIOUS-NESS  (m?-Hsh'us-nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  malicious  ; disposition  to  injure 

another  ; malice  ; malignity.  Herbert. 

Syn. — See  Malice. 

MA-I.IGN'  (tnj-lln'),  a.  [L.  malignus;  It.  § Sp. 
maligno  ; Fr.  malin.\ 

1.  Having  malice  and  envy  ; cherishing  ill- 
will  ; ill-disposed  ; malicious  ; malignant. 

2.  Unfavorable  ; injurious  ; pernicious  ; bad. 

“ Malign  influence.”  South. 

3.  Fatal ; pestilential;  infectious;  malignant. 

“ Malign  ulcers.”  Bacon. 

Syn.  — See  Malicious. 

MA-LIGN'  (mj-lln'),  v.  a.  \i.  maligned  ; pp. 
MALIGNING,  maligned.] 

1.  To  regard  with  envy  or  malice. 

Men  whom  they  malign  by  stealing  their  goods.  Spenser . 

2.  To  defame;  to  vilify;  to  revile;  to  ca- 

lumniate ; to  asperse  ; to  slander ; to  scandal- 
ize ; to  traduce.  South. 

3.  fTo  harm  ; to  hurt;  to  injure. 

Fruit-trees  too  much  maligned  by  the  arsenical  fumes.  Bogle. 

f MA-LlGN'  (ms-lln'),  v.  n.  To  entertain  malice  ; 
to  cherish  ill-will.  Milton. 

MA-LIG'NANCE,  ii.  Malignancy.  Milton. 

MA-LIG'NAN-CY,  ii.  See  Malignity. 

1.  Malevolence  ; malice  ; malignity.  Shak. 

2.  Destructive  tendency  ; malignity.  Wiseman. 

MA-LIG'NANT,  a.  [L.  maligno,  malignans,  to 
do  maliciously.] 

1.  Partaking  of  malice  and  envy;  malign; 

envious  ; invidious  ; malicious.  Shak. 

2.  (Mecl.)  Hostile  to  life  ; threatening  death 
to  the  patient ; fatal ; as,  “ Malignant  fevers.” 

Syn.  — See  Invidious. 

MA-LIG'NANT,  n.  1.  One  who  is  ill-disposed  ; a 
malevolent  person.  Hooker. 

2.  A term  applied  to  Cavaliers  by  the  Puri- 
tans in  the  time  of  Cromwell. 

I7ow  will  dissenting  brethren  relish  it? 

What  will  jnalignants  say  ? lludibras. 

MA-LfG'NANT-LY,  ad.  With  ill  intention  ; ma- 
liciously ; malignly.  Shak. 

MA-LIGN'ER  (ma-lln'er),  n.  One  who  maligns  ; 
a vilifier ; a traducer.  Swift. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 
110 


BULL,  BUR,  R(JLE.  — Q,  if,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  -i ; % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


874 


MAMMALOGY 


MALIGNIFY 


•MA-LIG'NI-FY,  v.  a.  To  make  or  render  malig- 
nant. [».]  Jackson. 

MA-LIG'NI-TY,  n.  [L.  malignitas  ; It.  mal'xjuita  ; 
Sp.  maUgnidad  ; Fr.  malignite.] 

1.  Malice  ; maliciousness  ; malevolence  ; ill- 
will  ; malignancy  ; hatred  ; animosity.  Tickell. 

2.  Contrariety  to  life  ; destructive  tendency ; 

fatality.  “ An  invincible  malignity  in  his  dis- 
ease.” Hayward. 

3.  Evilness  of  nature  ; heinousness.  “ This 
shows  the  high  malignity  of  fraud.”  South. 

Syn.  — See  Animosity,  Malice. 

MA-LIGN'LY  (mj-Iln'le),  ad.  Enviously;  with 
ill-will ; malignantly.  Pope. 

MA-LlN'CER,  v.  n.  [Fr.  malingre,  sickly,  weak- 
ly.] (Mil.)  To  feign,  produce,  or  protract  ill- 
ness in  order  to  avoid  some  duty.  Campbell. 

M A-LLV’9ER-ER,  n.  (Mil.)  A soldier  who  feigns, 
produces,  or  protracts  illness  in  order  to  avoid 
doing  his  duty.  Campbell. 

MA-LlN’9PK--lNG,  a.  (Mil.)  Feigning,  produc- 
ing, or  protracting  illness  in  order  to  avoid 
doing  one’s  duty.  Ed.  Rev. 

MA-LLV£E-HY,  n.  Feigned  sickness.  Craig. 

MA'LIS,  n.  [Gr.  pal is.]  (Med.)  A cutaneous 
disease  produced  by  animalcules.  Dunglison. 

mAl'I-§ON  (mal'e-zn),  n.  [Old  Fr.]  A maledic- 
tion. [r.]  Chaucer.  Ec.  Rev.,  1839. 

MAl'KIN  (miw'kin),  n.  [From  mal,  of  Mary,  and 
kin.  Johnson.  A diminutive  of  Mary,  of  mal 
and  kin.  Nares.  The  old  diminutive  of  Moll. 
Booth.]  A kind  of  mop  made  of  clouts  for 
sweeping  ovens  : — a frightful  figure  of  clouts 
dressed  up:  — a dirty  wench.  — See  Maidma- 
rian.  Shak. 

MALI,  [mil,  P.  J.  E.  Ja.  Wr.  IT'S. ; mal,  .S.  IF.  F. 
Sm.  R.  C.  ; mal  or  miwl,  K.],  n.  [L.  malleus'. 
It.  maglio , malleo ; Sp.  mallo  ; Fr.  mail. ] 

1.  A kind  of  hammer  or  beetle;  a heavy 

wooden  hammer  ; a mallet.  Addison. 

2.  f A stroke  ; a blow.  Spenser. 

“ This  word  is  a whimsical  instance  of  t he 
caprice  of  custom.  Nothing  can  he  more  uniform 
than  tiie  sound  we  give  to  a,  before  double  /,  in  t lie 
same  syllable:  and  yet  this  word,  when  it  signifies  a 
wooden  hammer,  has  not  only'  changed  its  deep  sound 
of  a in  all  into  tile  a in  alley,  but  has  dwindled  into 
the  short  sound  of  e,  in  mall,  a walk  in  St.  James’s 
I’ark,  where  they  formerly  played  with  malls  and 
balls,  and  from  whence  it  had  its  name ; and,  to 
crown  the  absurdity,  a street  parallel  to  this  walk  is 
spelt  Pall  Mall,  and  pronounced  pell-mell,  which  con- 
founds its  origin  with  the  French  adverb,  pele  weir. 
For  Railey  appears  to  derive  the  name  of  the  street 
justly  from  pdlr.re  malleo,  to  strike  with  a mallet. 
That  this  word  was  justly  pronounced  formerly,  we 
can  scarcely  doubt  from  the  rhymes  to  it : 

‘ And  give  that  reverend  head  a mall 
Or  two,  or  three,  against  a wall.’  Hudibfras. 

As  a corroboration  of  this,  we  find  a large  wooden 
club,  used  for  killing  swine,  called  and  spelt  a mall-, 
and  the  verb  signifiying  to  beat  or  bruise  is  spelt  and 
pronounced  in  the  same  manner.  The  word  mallet, 
where  the  latter  l is  separated  from  the  former,  is 
under  a different  predicament,  and  is  pronounced 
regularly.”  Walker. 

MALL  [mal,  .8.  P.  Sin.  C.  B.  I Vb. ; mCl,  IF.  E.  Ja. ; 
mail  or  miwl,  K.],  n.  A public  walk  ; — supposed 
to  be  so  called  from  being  the  place  where  a 
game  was  played  with  malls  and  a ball.  Johnson. 

esp  Pall  Mall,  a street  in  London,  is  pronounced 
pSl  mil.  Walker.  Smart. 

M.ALL,  v.  a.  [W.  malu,  to  bruise.]  [i.  malled  ; 
pp.  malting,  mallei).]  To  beat  or  strike  with 
a mall ; to  bruise  ; to  maul.  Johnson. 

MAL'LARD,  n.  [Fr.  malart.]  1.  The  drake  of 
the  wild  duck.  Shak. 

2.  ( Ornith .)  The  common  wild  duck;  Anas 
boschas.  Yarrell. 

M.AL-LE- A-BIL'i-TY,  n.  [It.  malleabilith ; Sp. 
maleabilidad  ; Fr.  malleabilite.]  The  quality  of 
being  malleable  ; capacity  of  being  beaten  out 
into  thin  plates,  as  some  metals.  Locke. 

MAL'LE-A-BLE,  a.  [It.  malleabile ; Sp.  maleahle  ; 
Fr.  malleable,  from  I,,  malleus,  a hammer.]  Ca- 
pable of  being  spread,  extended,  or  drawn  out 
by  being  beaten  with  a hammer ; as,  “ Mal- 
leable. metals.”  Bacon. 

Syn.  — See  Ductile. 


MAL'LP-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
malleable  ; malleability  ; ductility.  Locke. 

MAl'LE-ATE,  v.  a.  [I,,  malleatus,  hammered; 
malleus,  a hammer.]  [i.  malleated  ; pp.  mal- 
leating, MALLEATED.]  To  beat  with  a ham- 
mer ; to  hammer.  “ The  art  of  melting  and 
malleating  metals.”  Derham. 

mAl-LE-A'TION,  n.  [Old  Fr.]  The  act  of  beat- 
ing or  hammering.  Gayton. 

MAL'LIJ-MOCK,  n.  (Ornith.)  A species  of  petrel; 
Procellaria  glacialis.  Jamieson. 

MAL'LpN-DlJRij,  n.  pi.  A disease  in  the  feet  of 
horses;  malanders  — See MALANDEits.Z,our/o)i. 

MAL'LE-6-LAR,  a.  [L.  malleolus,  the  ankle.] 
Belonging,  or  relating  to,  the  ankle  ; noting  two 
branches  of  the  anterior  tibial  artery  .Dunglison. 

MAi.'LF.T,  n.  [L.  malleus,  a hammer;  It.  ma- 
glietto;  Fr .maillet.]  A wooden  hammer.  Boyle. 

MAl'LI?-US,  n.  [L.  malleus,  a hammer.]  (Anat.) 
The  longest  and  outermost  of  the  four  small 
bones  of  the  ear.  Dunglison. 

MAL-LO'TUS,  n.  [Gr.  paV.Qirds,  fleecy.]  (Ich.) 
The  generic  name  of  the  capelan.  Storcr. 

MAL'LOW,  n.;  pi.  mXl'low?.  [Gr.paUx.y-  V.S; 
It.  malva. — A.  S.  malu,  or  malice.]  (Bot.)  A 
genus  of  mucilaginous  plants  ; Malva  ; — sel- 
dom used  but  in  the  plural  form.  Loudon. 

MALM'— BRICK  (main'-),  n.  A brick  composed  of 
sand,  comminuted  chalk,  and  clay.  Ogilcie. 

MALM'— ROCK  (mini'-),  n.  (Min.)  A variety  of 
fire-stone.  Ogilvie. 

MALMSEY  (mim'ze),  n.  [It.  malvagia,  malvosio  ; 
Sp.  malrasia  ; Fr.  malvoisie.] 

1.  A luscious  white  wine,  prepared  in  various 
places,  particularly  in  the  island  of  Madeira, 
but  originally  from  Malvasia  in  the  Morea .Shak. 

2.  A rich  sort  of  grape.  Johnson. 

MAL'O-PJJ,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  malvaceous 
plants.  P.  Cyc. 

MAL- PIG  ’HI-Jl,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants;  the 
Barbadoes  cherry.  Loudon. 

MAL-PlG-HJ-A'CEOUS,  a.  (Bot.)  Pertaining  to, 
or  like,  plants  of  the  genus  Mulpiyhia.Henslow. 

mAl-PrAc'TICE,  n.  Practice  contrary  to  rules ; 
— written  also  malcpractice.  Blackstone. 

MALT,  n.  [A.  S.  mealt,  or  malt-,  Dot.  mout ; 
Ger.  malz ; Dan.,  Sw.,  <5y  Icel.  malt.]  Grain, 
commonly  barley,  steeped  in  water  and  made  to 
germinate,  then  dried  on  a kiln;  — used  in 
brewing  ale,  porter,  and  beer.  Bacon. 

M.\LT  (milt),  v.  a.  [i.  malted  ; pp.  malting, 
malted.]  To  make  into  malt.  Dodsley. 

MALT,  v.  n.  To  become  malt.  Mortimer. 

MALT,  a.  Made  of,  or  containing,  malt;  as, 
“ Malt  liquors.”  Gent.  Mag. 

f MAl'TAL-ENT,  n.  Ill  humor  ; spleen.  Chaucer. 

MALT'— BARN,  n.  A barn  in  which  malt  is  made 
or  kept.  Ogilvie. 

MALT'— DRINK,  n.  Malt-liquor.  Flayer. 

MALT'— DUST,  n.  The  dust  or  remains  of  malt. 

Malt-dust,  is  an  enricher  of  barren  land.  Mortimer. 

mAl-TE§E',  a.  (Geog.)  Belonging  to  Malta. 

mAl-TE.se',  n.  sing.  & pi.  (Geog.)  A native  or 
natives  of  Malta.  Murray. 

MALT'— FAC-TOR,  n.  A dealer  in  malt.  Simmonds. 

MALT'— FLOOR  (milt'flor),  n.  A floor  on  which 
malt  is  dried.  Mortimer. 

M ALT'— GRIND- pR,  n.  A machine  for  grinding 
malted  barley.  Simmonds. 

MAL'THA,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  p6X0a.]  (Min.)  A 
soft,  glutinous  substance  with  the  smell  of  pitch  ; 
mineral  pitch  ; inspissated  bitumen.  Ure. 

MALT'-HORSE,  n.  1.  A horse  employed  in 
grinding  malt. 

2.  A term  of  reproach  ; a dolt.  Shak. 

MALT'— HOUSE,  n.  A house  in  which  malt  is 
made.  Maunder. 

MAL-THU'SI  AN  (-shfin),  a.  Relating  to  Malthus, 


| or  to  the  principles  promulgated  by  him  in  re- 
gard to  population.  Ogilvie. 

MAL-THU'SIAN,  n.  A follower  of  Malthus  ; one 
who  holds  the  doctrines  of  Malthus.  Ed.  Rev. 

M ALT'ING,  n.  Process  of  making  malt.  Hoblyn. 

MALT'— KILN  (-kll),  n.  A kiln  for  drying  malt. 

MALT'— Lla-UOR  (-Ilk-ur),  n.  Liquor  made  by  an 
infusion  of  malt,  as  aie,  porter,  &c.  Simmonds. 

MALT'MAN,  n.  One  who  makes  malt ; a maltster. 

MALT'— MILL,  n.  A mill  for  grinding  malt.  Perry. 

MAL-TREAT',  V.  a.  [i.  MALTREATED  ; pp.  MAL- 
TREATING, maltreated.]  [It.  maltrattare ; 
Sp.  maltratar ; Fr.  maltraitcr.]  To  treat  ill  or 
unkindly  ; to  use  roughly  ; to  abuse  ; — written 
also  maletreat.  Bp.  Ellys. 

MAL-TREAT'M?NT,  n.  [It .maltrattamento.]  Ill 
usage  ; bad  treatment ; abuse.  Blackstone. 

MALT'-SHOV-EL  (-sliuv'vl),  n.  A large,  flat 
wooden  shovel  for  turning  over  malt.  Simmonds. 

MALT'STpR,  n.  One  who  makes  malt.  Swift. 

MAlT'-VIN-E-G AR,  n.  Vinegar  made  from  an 
infusion  of  malt.  Simmonds. 

MALT'WORM  (mklt'wurm),  n.  1.  A lover  of  ale  ; 
a toper  ; a tippler.  Shak. 

2.  A cancerous  sore  about  the  foot  of  a 
horse.  Bailey. 

MA'LUM  IJV  SE.  ['Ll.,  evil  in  itself.]  (Law.)  A 
thing  that  is  wrong  in  itself ; an  offence  against 
conscience  ; an  act  morally  wrong.  Burrill. 

M A L-U-R I ' N A3 , n.  pi.  (Or- 
nith.) A sub-family  of  den- 
tirostral  birds  of  the  order 
Passeres  and  family  Lus- 
cinidw ; soft-tailed  war- 
blers. Gray . Drymoica  chiniana. 

MAL ' VA,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  paXdxn.]  (Bot.)  A 
genus  of  plants ; mallows.  ' Buchanan. 

MAL-VA'OEOUS  (mal-va'shus,  6G),  a.  [L.  maka- 
ceus  ; malva  (Gr.  palax’i),  mallows  ; It.  malva- 
ceo ; Sp.  malvaee.]  Relating  to  mallows.  Bailey 

MAL-VER-SA'TION,  n.  [L .male,  ill,  and  versor, 
to  be  employed;  It. makersazione  ; Sp . malver- 
sacion ; Fr.  malversation.]  Fraudulent  prac- 
tice in  public  office  ; bad  conduct;  misconduct ; 
mean  artifices. 

A man  turned  out  of  his  emploj'mcnt  tor  malversation  in 
office.  Burke. 

MAM,  n.  [From  mamma.]  Mamma.  Bailey. 

MAM'E-LUKE,  n.  [Ar.  memalik,  a slave.]  A 

name  applied  to  the  male  slaves  who  w'ere  im- 
ported from  Circassia  into  Egypt,  in  the  13th 
century,  by  the  sultan,  who  formed  them  into 
an  armed  body  of  guards.  Brande. 

,8®=  They  subsequently  seized  upon  the  govern- 
ment of  the  country,  and  exercised  their  military  sov- 
ereignty until  it  was  destroyed  by  the  Sultan  Selim  L 
in  1517.  They  afterwards,  however,  had  an  influence 
scarcely  inferior  to  that  of  the  paclias,  until,  in  1811, 
Mohammed  Ali,  having  invited  the  principal  leaders 
of  the  Mamelukes  to  a banquet,  slew  four  hundred 
and  seventy  of  them  by  treachery,  and  compelled  the 
remainder  to  submission.  Brande. 

MAM-MA',  n.  [Gr.  piippa  ; L.  <Sf  It.  mamma  ; Sp. 
mama',  Fr.  maman.  — W.  mam.]  The  fond 
word  for  mother  ; — used  by  young  children. 

mAm'MA,  n. ; pi.  mXm'mjs.  [L.]  (Anat.)  A 
glandular  organ  in  the  female  of  mammals 
which  secretes  milk  ; breast ; udder  ; dug  ; teat. 

Van  Der  Hoeven. 

MAM'MAL,  n.  (Zoiil.)  An  animal  that  suckles 
its  young  ; one  of  the  Mammalia.  Owen. 

MAM-MA  ''LI-A,  n.  pi.  [L.  mammalis,  pertaining 
to  the  breast ; mamma,  the  breast.]  (Zoiil.) 
Vertebrate,  viviparous,  warm-blooded  animals 
that  suckle  their  young  ; mammals.  Cuvier. 

MAM-MA 'LI-AN,  a.  Relating  to  mammalia  or 
mammals.  Kirby. 

MAM-MAL'0-(JlST,  n.  [It.  mammalogista ; Fr. 
mammologiste.]  One  who  is  versed  in  mam- 
malogy. . P.  Cyc. 

MAM-MAL'0-<?Y,  n.  [L.  mamma,  the  breast, 
and  Gr.  U ya;,  a discourse;  It.  mammalogia ; 
Fr.  mammologie.]  The  science  which  has  for 


A,  E,  !,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  1J,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure; 


FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL; 


HEIR,  HER; 


MAMMARY 


875 


MANCIPATION 


its  object  the  study  and  classification  of  animals 
that  suckle  their  young;  mazology.  P.  Cxjc. 

MAM'MA-RY,  a.  Relating  to  the  breast,  or  the 
mammae  ; noting  an  artery  or  gland  which  sup- 
plies the  breast.  Kirby. 

MJIM-ME'Jl,  n.  ( Bot .)  A genus  of  American 
trees  containing  only  one  species  (il Iammea 
Americana)  ; the  mammce-tree.  Loudon. 

MAM'MJJE,  n.  The  fruit  of  the  Mammea  Ameri- 
cana, having  a sweet  taste  and  an  aromatic 
odor.  Simmonds. 

MAM'MJgE— ‘ TREE,  n.  (Bot.)  A tree  of  the  genus 
Mammea  ; Mammea  Americana.  Loudon. 

f MAM'MIJR,  v.  n.  To  be  in  suspense  ; to  hesi- 
tate. Shak.  Drant. 

MAM'M^T,  n.  A puppet;  a figure  dressed  up; 
mawmet.  — See  Mawmet.  Shak. 

f MAM'Mf-TRY,  n.  Mahometanism;  — a con- 
traction of  Mahometry.  Trench. 

MAM'MI-FjlR,  n.  [L.  mamma,  the  breast,  and 
fero,  to  bear.]  (Zolil.)  An  animal  with  breasts 
for  nourishing  its  young ; a mammal.  Brande. 

MAM-MIF'IJR-OUS,  a.  [It.  rnammifero  ; Fr. 
mammifere. ] Having  breasts.  Lyell. 

MAM'MI-FORM,  a.  [L.  mamma,  the  breast,  and 
forma,  form  ; It.  <Sr  Fr.  mamm  forme.]  Having 
the  form  of  breasts,  paps,  or  dugs.  P.  Cyc. 

||  MAM'MIL-LA-RY  [mam'mjl-l?-re,  IF.  J.  F.  Ja. 
Sm.  C.  B.  Wb.  ; mjm-mil'lj-re,  S.  E.  A'.],  a. 
[L.  mamilla , the  breast  or  teat ; It.  mammillare ; 
Sp.  mamilar ; Fr.  mamillaire .] 

1.  Belonging  to  the  breasts,  teats,  nipples, 

paps,  or  dugs.  Chambers. 

2.  Resembling  breasts  or  nipples  ; protuberant. 

The  mammillary  tubercles  of  the  brain.  Dunglison. 

JOES-  “ I have  departed  from  Mr.  Sheridan,  Mr.  Scott, 
Mr.  Perry,  Enlick,  Dr.  Ash,  Dr.  Kenrick,  and  Dr. 
Johnson,  in  the  accentuation  of  this  word,  and  agree 
with  Mr.  Nares  and  Bailey  in  placing  the  stress  upon 
the  first  syllable  of  this  and  similar  words  ; as  Dr. 
Johnson  himself  has  done  on  axillary , maxillary,  pap- 
illary, and  capillary .”  Walker.  — See  CAPILLARY. 

||  MAM'MIL-LA-RY,  n.  ( Geol .)  A surface  studded 
with  rounded  projections.  Lyell. 

MAM' MIL-LATE,  a.  ( Ent .)  Noting  the  palp  of 
an  insect  in  which  the  last  joint  is  smaller  than 
the  preceding  and  retractile  within  it.  Maunder. 

MAM'MIL-LAT-tjD,  a.  1.  (Anat.  & Bot.)  Having 
little  globules  like  nipples,  or  mammae.  Loudon. 

2.  (Conch.)  Noting  the  apex  of  a shell  when 
it  is  rounded  like  a nipple.  Maunder. 

f MAM'MOCK,  n.  A shapeless  piece.  Herbert. 

f MAM'MOCK,  V.  a.  [i.  MAMMOCKED;  pp.  MAM- 
MOCKING, mammocked.]  To  tear  ; to  break  ; 
to  pull  to  pieces.  Milton. 

MAAI'MO-dIS,  n.  A name  applied  to  coarse, 
plain  India  muslins.  Simmonds. 

MAM  'MOM,  n.  [Syriac  ; Gr.  pappinvas,  riches  ; L. 
mammona.]  Riches ; wealth  ; — sometimes  per- 
sonified as  the  god  or  demon  of  riches. 

If,  therefore,  ye  have  not  been  faithful  in  the  unrighteous 
mammon , who  will  commit  to  your  trust  the  true  riches  ? 

Luke  xvi.  11. 

Ye  cannot  serve  God  and  Mammon.  Matt.  vi.  24. 

Mammon,  the  least  erected  spirit  that  fell 
From  heaven;  for  even  in  heaven  his  looks  and  thoughts 
Were  always  downward  bent,  admiring  more 
The  riches  of  heaven’s  pavement,  trodden  gold, 

Than  aught  divine  or  holy,  else  enjoyed 

In  vision  beatifib.  Milton. 

mAm'MON-IST,  n.  One  devoted  to  mammon,  or 
worldly  gain.  Hammond. 

MAM-MON-I-ZA'TION,  n.  Act  or  process  of  in- 
ducing a devotedness  to  mammon.  Math.  Qu.Rev. 

mAm'MOSE,  a.  [L.  mammosus  ; mamma,  a 
breast.]  (Bot.)  Breast-shaped,  [r.]  Gray. 

MAM'MOTH,  n.  [A  word  of  Tartar  origin.  Brande.] 
The  name  originally  given  to  a fossil  elephant 
found  in  Siberia,  having  a thick  covering  of 
reddish  wool,  and  long,  black  hair,  and  a long 
mane  on  the  neck  ; Elephas  primigenius.  Owen. 

tf.y  The  name  mammoth  is  sometimes  erroneously 

- applied  to  the  mastodon.  Eng.  Cyc. 

MAM'MY,  n.  A child’s  name  for  mother.  Brockett. 

MA-MOOL',  n.  Usage  ; custom.  [India.]  Brown. 

MAN,  n. ; pi.  men.  [M.  Goth,  manna-,  A.  S.  man, 


or  mon ; Dut.  St  Sw.  man  ; Ger.  maim  ; Dan. 
marnl;  Icel . madr;  W.manac:  — Sunsc.  man; 
Heb.  a species  or  kind.] 

1.  One  of  the  human  race,  or  of  mankind ; a 
human  being.  In  this  sense  it  is  of  both  genders. 

Man  is  an  animal  as  well  as  a brute,  but  he  is  something 
more.  liaeon. 

How  poor,  how  rich,  how  abject,  how  august, 

How  complicate,  how  wonderful  is  man\  Young. 

Know,  then,  thyself;  presume  not  God  to  scan; 

The  proper  study  of  mankind  is  man.  Pope. 

Man  is  the  only  growth  that  dwindles  there.  Goldsmith. 

Man  is  the  noblest  growth  our  realms  supply.  Barbauld. 

2.  A male  of  the  human  race ; — distinguished 
from  a woman. 

Neither  was  the  man  created  for  the  woman,  but  the 
woman  for  the  man.  1 Cor.  xi.  3. 

3.  An  adult  male ; — distinguished  from  a boy. 

The  nurse’s  legends  are  for  truths  received, 

And  the  man  dreams  but  what  the  boy  believed.  Dr/jden. 

4.  A husband;  as,  “Man  and  wife.” 

5.  One  possessing  the  qualities  of  manhood 
in  an  eminent  degree  ; a manly  person. 

His  life  was  gentle,  and  the  elements 
So  mixed  in  him,  that  Nature  might  stand  up 


And  say  to  all  the  world,  This  was  a man  1 Shak. 

I dare  do  all  that  may  become  a man: 

Who  dares  do  more  is  none.  Shak. 

He  was  a man,  take  him  for  all  in  all, 

I shall  not  look  upon  his  like  again.  Shak. 

6.  An  individual ; a person ; one. 

In  matters  of  equity  between  man  and  man.  Watts. 

7.  A servant ; an  attendant ; a dependant. 

My  brother’s  servants 

Were  then  my  fellows;  now  they  are  my  men.  Shak. 

8.  A familiar  term  of  address. 

We  speak  no  treason,  ntan.  Shak. 

9.  A piece  at  chess,  draughts,  &c. 


Man-of-war , a ship  of  war.  — To  be  one's  own  man, 
to  have  one’s  senses  ; to  be  under  no  one’s  control. 

MAN,  v.  a.  [i.  manned  ; pp.  manning,  manned.] 

1.  To  furnish  with  men  ; to  supply  with  hands. 

Their  ships  are  well  manned.  Raleigh. 

2.  To  guard  or  to  defend  with  men. 

See  how  the  surly  Warwick  mans  the  wall.  Shak. 

3.  To  fortify  ; to  strengthen  ; to  reenforce. 

Theodosius,  having  manned  his  soul  with  proper  reflec- 
tions. Addison. 

4.  f To  attend  ; to  wait  on.  B.  Jonson. 

5.  f To  tame,  as  a hawk.  Shak. 

6.  f To  direct  in  hostility  ; to  point;  to  aim. 

Man  but  ft  rush  against  Othello's  breast, 

And  he  retires.  Shak. 

t MAN'A-BLE,  a.  Fit  for  a husband;  marriage- 
able. “ She’s  manable,  is  she  not  ? ” Beau,  § El. 

MAN'A-CLE  (m&n'a-kl),  n.  ; pi.  man'a-cleij  (miin'- 
a-klz).  [L.  manicre,  from  manus,  a hand;  Fr. 
manic  lea.]  A shackle  or  chain  for  the  hands  ; 
a handcuff ; a hand-fetter.  Milton. 

MAN'A-CLE  (man'a-kl),  V.  a.  \i.  MANACLED  ; pp. 
MANACLING,  MANACLED.] 

1.  To  chain  the  hands  of ; to  handcuff ; to 

shackle.  Shak. 

2.  To  bind,  as  with  manacles ; to  fetter  ; to  tie. 

I ’ll  manacle  thy  neck  and  feet  together.  Shak. 

MAN'AGE,  v.  a.  [L.  manus,  the  hand,  and  ago, 
to  do;  It.  maneggiare ; Sp.  manejar ; Fr.  me- 
nu ger.]  \i.  MANAGED  ; pp.  MANAGING,  MAN- 
AGED.] 

1.  To  conduct ; to  direct ; to  carry  on. 

And  tell  the  nations,  in  no  vulgar  strain, 

What  wars  I manage , and  what  wreaths  I gain.  Pr/or. 

2.  To  control  ; to  govern  ; to  rule  ; to  guide. 

We  will  manage  Bull,  I’ll  warrant  you.  Arbuthnot. 

3.  To  move  or  use  easily  ; to  wield ; to  handle. 

Long  tubes  are  cumbersome,  and  scarce  to  be  easily  man- 
aged. Jfewton. 

4.  To  treat  carefully  or  prudently ; to  econo- 
mize; to  husband. 

Tlie  less  he  had  to  lose,  the  less  he  cared 

To  manage  loathsome  life.  Dryden. 

5.  To  train  to  graceful  action,  as  a horse. 

They  vault  from  hunters  to  the  managed  steed.  Young. 

6.  To  treat  with  caution  or  address.  Ilurd. 

Syn.  — See  Conduct,  Govern,  Negotiate. 

mAn'AGE,  v.  n.  To  superintend  or  conduct  af- 
fairs ; to  contrive  or  concert  measures. 

Leave  them  to  manage  for  thee,  and  to  grant 

What  their  unerring  wisdom  sees  thee  want.  Dryden. 

f MAN'A<?E,  n.  [It.  maneggio  ; Fr.  manage.] 

1.  Conduct ; administration ; management. 


From  the  whole  manage  of  the  late  rebellion.  South. 

2.  Use  ; application  ; instrumentality. 
Quicksilver  will  not  endure  the  manage  of  the  fire.  Bacon. 

3.  Horsemanship;  manege.  — See  Manege. 

I heard  thee  murmur  tales  of  iron  wars. 

Speak  terms  of  manage  to  the  bounding  steed.  Shak. 

mAN-AGE-A-BIL'1-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
manageable  ; manageableness.  L.  Jour.  Set. 

MAN'AGE-A-BLE,  [Fr.  maniable.] 

1.  That  may  be  managed  or  controlled ; govern- 
able; tractable.  “ Manageable  animals. "Skelton. 

2.  That  may  be  easily  wielded  or  handled. 
“ The  glasses  are  readily  manageable."  Neicton. 

mAn'AGE-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
manageable ; manageability.  Boyle. 

MAN'AGE-A-BLY,  ad.  In  a manageable  manner  ; 
so  as  to  be  easily  managed.  Chalmers. 

mAn'AGE-LESS,  a.  Unmanageable,  [r.]  Wilson. 

mAn'AGE-MENT,  n.  [Fr.  management.] 

1.  The  act  of  managing;  superintendence; 
direction  ; charge  ; care  ; conduct ; adminis- 
tration ; superintendence ; economy. 

2.  Prudent  dealing  ; cunning  practice. 

lie  had  great  managements  with  ecclesiastics  in  the  view 
of  being  advanced  to  the  pontificate.  Addison. 

Syn.  — See  Administration,  Care,  Direc- 
tion, Economy. 

MAN'A-GER,n.  1.  One  who  manages  ; a director. 
“ A skilful  manager  of  the  rabble.”  South. 

2.  One  who  is  frugal ; an  economist. 

A manager  of  his  treasure,  and  yet  bountiful.  Temple. 

f MAN'A-OElt-Y,  n.  1.  Conduct;  direction;  ad- 
ministration; management;  manner  of  using. 
“ In  the  managery  of  that  affair.”  Clarendon. 

2.  Husbandry;  frugality.  Decay  of  Piety. 

MAN'A-KIN,  n.  (Omith.)  A bird  of  the  family 
Ampelidte  and  sub-family  Piprincc,  noted  for  the 
rich  tints  of  its  plumage.  It  is  a native  of  the 
warmer  parts  of  America  —See  Piprina;.  Baird. 

MAN'A-KIN,  n.  See  Manikin.  Todd. 

MAN-A-TEE',  n.  (Zolil.)  A marine  animal  of  the 
genus  Mana- 
tus,  closely 
related  to  the 
dugong  ; la-  Manatee  (Manalus  australis). 

mantine  ; sea-cow;  — written  by  some  maniti. 

Brande. 

MAN'A-TIN,  n.  (Zosl.)  The  manatee.  Kirby. 

f HA-NATION,  n.  [L.  manatio.]  The  act  of  is- 
suing from  something  else  ; emanation.  Bailey. 

JLJ-A'i ' TUS,  n. ; pi.  ma-na'tT.  [L.  manus,  the 
hand.]  (Zolil.)  A genus  of  herbivorous  mam- 
mals intermediate  between  the  Cetacea  and  the 
Pachydermata.  Van  Der  Iloeven. 

fMAN'BOTE,  n.  [A.  S.,  from  man,  a man,  and 
bote,  compensation.]  (Law.)  A pecuniary  com- 
pensation paid  to  a lord  for  killing  his  man, 
that  is,  his  vassal  or  tenant.  Wliishaw. 

MANClfF.  (minsh),  n.  [Fr.]  A sleeve;  a maunch. 

mAnche'-PRES-ENT,  n.  [Fr.  manche,  a handle, 
and  Eng.  present.]  A bribe.  [Local.]  Ogilvie. 

fMANCH'ET,  n.  [Fr.  manger,  to  eat;  miche, 
manchet.]  A small  loaf  of  fine  bread.  Bacon. 

MAN'— CHILD,  n.  A male  child.  Congreve. 

mAnch-I-NEEL',  n.  [It.  mancinello;  Sp.  manza- 
nillo  ; Fr.  manceniUier.]  (Bot.)  A tree  of  the 
West  Indies,  used  for  furniture,  and  noted  for 
its  poisonous,  white  juice  ; Hippomane  manci- 
nella.  Loudon. 

MAN'CI-CATE,  a.  (Bot.)  Having  hairs  interwoven 
into  a mass.  P.  Cyc. 

mAN'CI-NITE,  n.  (Min.)  A brown  silicate  of  zinc, 
obtained  from  Mancino,  near  Leghorn.  Dana. 

t mAn'CI-pATE,  v.  a.  [L.  mancipo,  mancipatus .] 
To  ensiave ; to  bind.  Burton. 

mAN-CI-PA'TION,  n.  [L.  mancipatio ; manus, 
the  hand,  and  capio,  to  take.] 

1.  (Roman  Law.)  A kind  of  sale  in  the  pres- 
ence of  five  witnesses,  accompanied  with  deliv- 
ery of  possession,  the  purchaser  taking  the  thing 
sold  in  his  hand : — the  imaginary  sale  of  a son 
in  the  ceremony  of  emancipation.  Burrill. 

2.  f Slavery  ; servitude.  Waterhouse. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  rC'LE.  — 9,  <y>  g,  soft;  C,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


MANCIPLE 


876 


MANGLING 


MAN'CI-PLE  (mSn'se-pl),  n.  [L.  manceps.]  The 
steward  of  a community;  a purveyor,  — particu- 
larly the  purveyor  of  a college.  Milton. 

fMAN'CUS  (mang'kus,  82),  n.  [A.  S.  mancos, 
manes,  or  manctes .]  A Saxon  coin  of  about  the 
size  of  a half-crown.  Spelman. 

MAN-  dA  ' M US,  n.  [L.,  we  command ; mando,  to 
command.]  (Laic.)  A writ  issued  from  a supe- 
rior court,  directed  to  a person,  corporation,  ot- 
to an  inferior  court,  requiring  something  therein 
specified  to  be  done.  Blackstone.  liurrill. 

MAN-DA-RiN',  n.  [It.  mandarine  ; Port,  manda- 
rim,  a commander,  from  L.  mando,  to  com- 
mand ; — first  applied  by  the  Portuguese  to 
Chinese  people  of  distinction.  Todd.  — Fr.  man- 
darin.'] A Chinese  nobleman,  magistrate,  or 
public  officer,  either  civil  or  military.  Temple. 

MAn'DA-TA-RY,  n.  [L.  mandatarius ; It.  § Sp. 
mandatario ; Fr.  mandataire.] 

1.  (Law.)  One  to  whom  a mandate  or  charge 
is  given  : — one  who  is  employed  by  another  to 
do  some  act  for  him  without  reward,  in  regard 
to  personal  property  bailed  to  him.  Burritt. 

2.  (Eccl.)  A priest  who  holds  a mandate  from 

the  pope  for  his  benefice.  Aijliffe. 

mAn'DATE,  n.  [L.  mandatum  ; It.  § Sp.  man- 
dat o ; Fr  .mandat.] 

1.  Command;  precept;  injunction;  order; 

charge  ; commission.  Hooker. 

2.  (Law.)  A bailment  of  personal  property, 

in  regard  to  which  the  bailee  engages  to  do  some 
act  without  reward.  Burrill. 

Syn.  — See  Command. 

MAN- dA'  TOR,  n.  [L.]  (Law.)  One  who  gives 
a thing  in  charge  to  another ; one  who  employs 
another  to  do  some  act  for  him  in  regard  to 
property  bailed.  Burrill. 

MAn'DA-TO-RY,  a.  [L.  mandatories .]  Precep- 
tive ; directory.  A bp.  Usher. 

MAN'DA-TO-RY,  n.  Same  as  Mandatary.  Fell. 

M AN-DEL'IC,  a.  [Ger.  mandeln,  almonds.]  (Chem.) 
Noting  an  acid  obtained  by  the  action  of  hydro- 
chloric acid  on  bitter-almond  oil.  Brande. 

MAN'DfR,  v.  n.  See  Maunder.  Todd. 

mAN'DE-RIL,  n.  A sort  of  shank  belonging  to  a 
turner’s  lathe  ; mandrel.  Crabb. 

MAN'DI-BLE,  n.  [L.  mandibula  ; It.  mandibola  ; 
Sp.  numdibula-,  Fr.  mandibule.] 

1.  The  jaw ; the  instrument  of  manducation 

or  chewing.  - Grew. 

2.  (Zofil.)  The  lower  jaw  of  animals:  — a 
term  applied  to  both  jaws  of  birds,  and  to  the 
upper  or  anterior  pair  of  jaws  of  insects.  Brande. 

MAN-DIB'D-LAR,  a.  [It.  mandibolare ; Sp.  man- 
dibular ; Fr.  mandibulaire.]  Belonging  to  the 
jaw.  Gay  ton. 

MAN-DIB'U-LATE,  n.  [L.  mandibula,  the  jaw.] 
(Ent.)  One  of  a section  of  insects,  including 
those  which  preserve  their  organs  of  mastica- 
tion in  their  last  or  perfect  stage  of  metamor- 
phosis. Brande. 

M AN-dIb'I  -L.yTE,  I Provided  with  mandi- 

M AN-DIB'y-LA-TED,  ) bles  ; using  jaws.  Kirby. 

MAN-DI-BU'LT-FORM,  a.  (Ent.)  Noting  the  un- 
der jaws  of  an  insect  when  they  are  hard  and 
horny  and  shaped  like  the  upper  jaws.  Maunder. 

F MAN'DIL,  n.  [Fr.  mandills.]  A sort  of  mantle. 
“A  sword,  a mandil,  or  the  like.”  Herbert. 

MAN-DIL'ION  (infui-dll'yuu),  n.  [It.  mantiglia ; 
Fr.  mandille,  a mantle.]  A soldier’s  coat;  a 
loose  garment ; a sleeveless  jacket.  Ainsworth. 

MAN-DIN'GO,  n.  ; pi.  man-din'goesj.  ( Geotj .)  A 
native  of  Mandingo.  Earnshaw. 

MAN'DI-OC,  n.  Same  as  MANDISC.  Eng.  Cyc. 

mAN'DISC,  n.  (Bot.)  The  American  name  of  the 
plant  Cassava,  or  Jatropha  manihot.  Brande. 

MAN'DIL!!— STONE,  n.  [Ger .mandelstein.]  (Min.) 
A stone  containing  nodules ; almond-stone ; 
kernel-stone  ; amygdaloid.  Wright. 

t mAXD'MENT,  n.  [Fr.  mandement.]  Command- 
ment ; direction  ; order.  Wieliliffe. 

mAn'DO-LIN,  n.  [It.  mando  la  ; Fr  .mandoline.] 


(Mus.)  An  instrument  resembling  a lute,  hav- 
ing four  strings  and  frets  like  a guitar.  Moore. 

mAn'DORE,  n.  [Gr.  navbovpn.]  A musical  in- 
strument of  four  strings,  of  the  lute  kind.  P.  Cyc. 

MAN-DrAg'O-RA,  n.  [A.  S.  mandr agora.  — Gr. 
pavbpayipas ; L.  mandragoras  ; Fr.  mandragore .] 
(Bot.)  Mandrake. — See  Mandrake.  Shak. 

MAN'DRAkE,  n.  (Bot.)  A deciduous,  herbaceous, 
and  venomous  plant,  the  roots  of  which  are 
supposed  to  resemble  the  human  form.  From 
this  circumstance  it  was  formerly  used  to  sub- 
serve the  purposes  of  medical  quackery. Loudon. 

I- • The  mandrake  mentioned  in  Genesis  is  sup- 
posed, by  some,  to  have  been  an  herb  or  plant  which 
was  used  as  a philter;  but  what  it  was  is  unknown. 
Dr.  Adam  Clarke. 

Wild  mandrake,  (Bot..)  May-apple.  Gray. 

mAn'DREL,  n.  [Fr.  mandrin.] 

1.  The  shank  of  a turner’s  lathe  ; — written 

also  manderil  and  mandril.  Moxon. 

2.  The  iron  rod  upon  which  a gun  barrel  is 

welded.  Brande. 

MAN'DRILL,  n.  [It.  mandriUo ; Fr.  mandrill.] 
(Zolil.)  The  largest  of  the  baboons,  and  readily 
distinguished  from  the  others  by  the  enormous 
protuberance  of  its  cheeks,  and  the  bright  col- 
ors which  mark  them,  as  well  as  by  its  short, 
tail ; Papio  Maimon.  Baird. 

MAN'DU-CA-BLE,  re.  That  may  be  chewed  or 
eaten.  “ Any  manducable  creature.”  Herbert. 

MAn'DIT-CATE,  v.  re.  [L.  manduco,  manducatus.] 
[i.  MANDI  CATED  ; pp.  MANDUCATING,*  MANDU- 
CATED.]  To  chew;  to  eat.  Bp.  Taylor. 

mAN-DU-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  manducatio  ; Sp.  man- 
ducacion  ; Fr.  manducation.]  The  act  of  chew- 
ing or  eating.  Bp.  Taylor. 

mAn'DU-CA-TO-RY,  re.  Relating  to,  or  employed 
in,  chewing.  Ogilvie. 

MAN-DU'  CUS,  n.  [L.]  A grotesque  mask  worn 
by  rustic  characters  in  the  Greek  and  Roman 
drama.  Fairholt. 

MANE,  n.  [Dut.  mane  ; Ger.  miihne  ; Dan.  man.] 
The  long,  coarse  hair  which  hangs  down  on  the 
neck  of  horses  and  some  other  animals. 

And,  like  a dewdrop  from  the  lion’s  mane . Shale. 

MAN'-EAT-ER,  n.  One  who  eats  human  flesh  ; 
one  of  the  anthropophagi ; a cannibal.  Blair. 

MANED  (mind),  re.  Having  a mane.  Johnson. 

MA-NF.GF. ' (ma-nazh'),  n.  [Fr.] 

1.  The  art  of  horsemanship,  or  of  training 

horses.  Brande. 

2.  A place  for  teaching  horsemanship  and 
training  horses  ; a riding-school.  Chesterfield. 

MA-NEGE'  (ma-nazh'),  v.  a.  To  train  for  riding 
or  to  graceful  motion,  as  a horse.  Diet,  of  Arts. 

MA'NIJH,  n.  [Heb.  0D?3.]  A Flebrew  weight  of 
gold  consisting  of  100  shekels  : — a weight  of 
silver  consisting  of  GO  shekels.  Ezek.  xlv.  12. 

MA-NE'RI-AL,  a.  Same  as  Manorial.  Warton. 

AlA  'NE$  (ma'nez),  n.  pi.  [L.,  the  good  ogres.] 

1.  (Roman  Myth.)  The  benevolent  infernal 
deities  ; lares. 

2.  The  souls  of  the  dead  ; ghosts  ; shades. 

Some  sabres  have  thought  it  pious  to  preserve  a certain  rev- 
erence for  the  mutes  of  their  deceased  friends.  Tatter. 

MANE'— SHEET,  n.  A sort  of  covering  for  the 
upper  part  of  a horse’s  head.  P.  Cyc. 

M .AN'FtJL,  re.  Becoming  a man  ; manly  ; noble  ; 
bold  ; stout ; daring. 

Syn.  — See  Manly. 

MAN'FUL-LY,  ad.  As  it  becomes  a man  ; boldly. 

MAN'FUL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  manful ; 
nobleness  ; stoutness  ; boldness.  Bale. 

mAng,  n.  [A.  S.  mengan,  to  mix.  — See  Maxg- 
corn.]  Barley  and  oats  ground  with  husks  for 
swine,  &c.  [Local,  Eng.]  Broekett. 

MAN'GA-BY,  n.  (Zo/ll.)  A kind  of  monkey  found 
in  Africa,  of  the  genus  Cercocebus,  and  con- 
sisting of  three  species  : the  Cercocebus  collaris 
(white-collared  mangaby),  the  Cercocebus  JEtld- 
ops  (the  white-crowned  mangaby),  and  the  Cer- 
cocebus fuliginosus  (sooty  mangaby).  Eng.  Cyc. 


MAN'GA-NATE,  n.  (Chem.)  A substance  com- 
posed of  manganic  acid  and  a base.  Brande. 

MAN-G A-NE'SATE,  n.  (Chem.)  A substance 
composed  of  manganesie  acid  and  a base.  OytVrte. 

MAN-GA-NE§E'  [mSng-gst-nez',  Sm.  R.  Wr. ; 
mang-ga-nes',  K. ; mSng'ga-nes,  Ja.  Wb.],n.  [Low 
L.  manganesia ; It.  manganese  ; Fr .manganese.] 

1.  A name  applied  by  workers  in  glass  to 
different  substances  used  by  them.  Woodward. 

2.  (Chem.)  A grayish-white  metal,  having 

the  appearance  of  hard  cast-iron,  brittle,  very 
difficult  of  fusion,  and  readily  oxidating  in  air, 
falling  down  as  a black  powder.  Graham. 

ttb  ■ 'file  specific  gravity  of  manganese  is  variously 
staled  by  different  chemists;  — by  John  at  8.013;  by 
Berthier  at  7.05;  by  Bergman  at  0.850 ; and  by  Iljelm 
at  7.0.  Tlie  name  of  the  metal,  which  is  not  found  pure 
in  nature,  is  often  applied  to  its  oxides,  of  which  the 
principal  are  the  peroxide,  or  black  oxide,  and  the  hy- 
drated oxide.  Graham.  Ure. 

MAN-GA-NE'§i-AN (man-gj-nS'zhe-an),  a.  (Chem.) 
Relating  to  manganese.  Ure. 

MAN-GA-NE'SJC,  re.  Manganic.  Ogilvie. 

MAN-GA-NE'§I-UM,  n.  (Chem.)  The  metal  ob- 
tained from  oxide  of  manganese  ; manganese ; 
maganium.  Brande. 

MAN-GA-NE'SOLtS,  re.  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid 
formed  by  the  union  of  oxygen  with  manganese, 
and  containing  less  oxygen  than  manganic 
acid.  Ogilvie. 

MAN-gAn'IC,  re.  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  formed 
by  the  union  of  oxygen  with  manganese.  Brande. 

MAN'GA-NITEj  n.  (Min.)  Gray  oxide  of  manga- 
nese, useful  in  the  manufacture  of  glass,  and  in 
bleaching.  Dana. 

MAN-GA'NI-UM,  n.  Manganesium.  Ogilvie. 

mAn'GA-NOUS,  re.  (Chem.)  Noting  an  oxide  of 
manganese,  called  the  protoxide.  Graham. 

MANG'— CORN,  n.  [A.  S.  mengan,  Dut.  & Ger. 
mengen,  Sw.  manga,  to  mix,  and  Eng.  corn.] 
Corn  or  grain  of  several  kinds  mixed.  Aohnson. 

MANGE  (manj),  n.  [Fr . deman geaison.]  An  erup- 
tive disease  which  attacks  several  domestic  ani- 
mals, especially  the  dog ; — said  to  resemble  the 
itch.  — See  Change.  Brande. 

MAN'GEL-WUR'ZEL  (mang'gl-wur'zl),  n.  [Ger., 
from  mangel,  scarcity,  and  wurzel,  a root;  i.  e. 
root  of  scarcity.]  A root  of  the  beet  kind  cul- 
tivated for  feeding  cattle,  and,  in  France,  for 
making  sugar  ; field-beet ; scarcity-root ; Beta 
altissima ; — so  called  because  it  is  used  as  a 
substitute  for  bread  in  times  of  scarcity.  Baird. 

MAN'GER,  n.  [M.  manjoor ; Gael,  main  sear. — 
Fr.  mangeoire ; manger,  to  eat,  from  L.  mando 
(Gr.  fmaaoyai),  to  eat.] 

1.  A trough  in  which  horses  and  cattle  are 

fed  with  grain.  L' Estrange. 

2.  (Naut.)  A sort  of  trough  or  enclosure, 

made  by  a partition,  or  coaming,  across  the  bow 
of  a ship,  to  receive  the  water  that  beats  in  from 
the  hawse-holes.  Brande. 

MANNER— BOARD,  n.  (Naut.)  The  bulkhead,  or 
coaming,  of  a ship’s  deck  that  separates  the 
manger.  Brande. 

MAN'GI-LY,  re.  Vilely;  basely.  Beau.  Sf  FI. 

MAN'GI-NESSj  n.  State  of  being  mangy  ; infec- 
tion with  the  mange  ; scabbiness.  Shcru-ood. 

mAn'GLE  (mang'gl,  82),  v.  re.  [i.  mangled  ; pp. 
MANGLING,  MANGLED.] 

1.  [Dut.  mangelen ; Ger.  mangeln,  to  be  want- 
ing.] To  lacerate  ; to  cut  or  tear  piecemeal ; 
to  maim  ; to  hack  ; to  butcher  ; to  mutilate. 

What  could  swords  or  poisons,  racks  or  flame, 

But  mangle  and  disjoint  this  brittle  frame?  Prior. 

2.  [Dut.  mangelen  ; Ger.  mangeln,  or  man- 

gen.]  To  press  in  order  to  smooth ; to  polish  or 
smooth;  to  calender.  Todd. 

Syn.  — See  Mutilate. 

MAN'GLE  (mang'gl),  n.  [Dut.  mangel-,  Ger. 
mange.]  An  instrument  or  rolling-press  for 
smoothing  linen  ; a sort  of  calender.  F/orio. 

M AN'GLIJR,  n.  One  who  mangles.  Bentley. 

MAN'GLING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  mangling  or  hack- 
ing ; a mutilation.  T.  More. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  ?,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; I1EIR,  HER; 


MANGO 


MANKIND 


877 


2.  The  act  or  the  business  of  pressing  and 
smoothing  linen  with  a mangle.  Ure. 

MAN'GO  (mSng'go),  n.  ( Bot .)  1.  The  fruit  of  the 
Manqifera  Indica,  or  mango-tree;  — imported 
into  Europe  and  the  United  States  in  the  state 
of  a pickle.  Loudon. 

2.  A green  muskmelon,  stuffed  and  pickled. 

MAN'GOLD— WUR'ZJJL,  n.  See  Mangel-wurzel. 

f mAn'GO-NEL  (mang'go-nel),  n.  [Low  L.  manga- 
num ; Fr.  mangoneau.]  An  engine  for  throw- 
ing large  stones,  and  battering  walls.  Chaucer. 

tMAN'GO-NI§M,  n.  [Fr.  mangonisme.\  The  art 
of  polishing  and  rubbing  up  for  sale.  Evelyn. 

fMAN'GO-NlZE  (mang'gp-nlz),  v.  a.  [L.  mango- 
nizo,  from  Gr.  yayyavov,  any  means  for  bewitch- 
ing others.]  To  polish  and  rub  up  for  sale;  to 
give  a fresh  hue  or  appearance  to.  B.  Jonson. 

M \.\-GOO, -jE  , ) U'  sort  0f  monkey.  P.  Cyc. 
mAn-gooz',  ) 

mAN'GO-STAN, n.  {Bot.)  Mangosteen.  W.Ency. 

MAN'GO-STEEN,  n.  {Bot.)  The  fruit  of  the  Gar- 
cinia  mangostana,  growing  in  Java  and  the  Mo- 
lucca Islands.  It  is  about  the  size  of  the  orange, 
and  of  most  delicious  flavor.  Braude. 

MAN'GO— TREE  (mang'go-),  n.  {Bot.)  A very  large 
fruit-tree  found  in  Asia  and  in  the  West  Indies; 
Mangifcra  Indica.  Loudon. 

MAN'GROVE  (mang'grov),  n.  1.  {Bot.)  A tree  of 
the  genus  Rhizophora,  growing  near  the  coasts 
in  the  tropics,  and  bearing  seeds  which  vegetate 
among  the  branches  while  yet  adhering  to  the 
foot-stalk  ; Rhizophora  mangle.  Loudon. 

The  white  mangrove  of  Brazil  is  a species  of 
Avicennia  ; the  Avicennia  tomentosa.  Braiule. 

2.  {Ich.)  A kind  of  fish.  Pennant. 

MAN'^Y  (man'je),  a.  Infected  with  the  mange  ; 
scabby.  “ A mangy  dog.”  Shak. 

mAN-IIA'DIJN,  n.  {Ich.)  A species  of  herring; 
Alosa  menhaden ; — called  also  menhaden,  bony- 
Jish,  mossbanker,  marsbanker,  hardhead,  and 
pauhaugen.  Farm.  Ency. 

MAN'-HAT-ER,  n.  One  who  hates  mankind;  a 
misanthrope.  Milton. 

MAN'— HAT-ING,  n.  Misanthropy.  Clarke. 

MAN'— HOLE,  n.  An  opening  to  a cesspool,  drain, 
steam-boiler,  &c.,  large  enough  to  admit  a man 
to  clean  it  out.  Loudon. 

MAN'HOOD  (-hud),  n.  1.  The  state  or  the  quali- 
ty of  being  a man,  or  of  belonging  to  the  human 
race  ; human  nature. 

From  whom  [Seth]  Christ  descended,  as  touching  his 
manhood.  lialeiyh. 

2.  The  state  or  the  quality  of  being  a male  of 

the  human  species  ; virility  ; — opposed  to 
•womanhood.  Dryden. 

3.  Man’s  estate  ; — opposed  to  childhood. 

And,  starting  into  manhood , scorn  the  boy.  Pope. 

4.  Courage;  bravery;  resolution.  “No  man 
was  spoken  of  but  he  for  manhood.”  Sidney. 

MAN'— HUNT-5 R,  n.  A hunter  of  men.  Clarke. 

MAN'— HUNT-|NG,  n.  The  hunting  of  men.  Clarke. 

MA'NJ-A,m.  [Gr.  u aria  ; L.,  It.,  k Sp.  mania ; Fr. 
manie .] 

1.  Violent  insanity  ; raging  madness.  Mead. 

If  the  raving  be  not  directed  to  a single  object  it  is  mania , 
properly  so  called;  if  to  one  object,  it  constitutes  monomania. 

Duiiyli  son. 

2.  Rage  or  vehement  desire  for  any  thing ; 
as,  “A  mania  for  strong  drink.” 

MA’JYI-A  A PO’TU.  \L.,  madness  from  drinking .] 
{Med.)  Insanity  produced  by  excessive  drinking 
of  ardent  spirits  ; delirium  tremens.  Dunglison. 

+ MAN'(-A-BLE,  a.  [Fr.]  Manageable;  tractable; 
docile ; obedient.  Bacon. 

M \ NI-Ac,  ? a.  [L.  maniacus ; It.  <%•  Sp.  mani- 

MA-NI'A-CAL,  ) a co  ; Fr.  mamiaque.]  Affected 
with  mania ; raging  with  madness.  Coclceram. 

MA'NI-Ac,  n.  A person  affected  with  mania  ; a 
mad  person.  Shenstone. 

MAn'J-CATE,  a.  [L.  manicatus,  furnished  with 
long  sleeves.]  {Bot.)  Having  hairs  or  pubes- 
cence interwoven  into  one  mass.  Ilcnslowc. 


MAN-I-GHE'ANj  a.  Relating  to  the  Manichees,  or 
to  their  doctrine.  Wollaston. 

MAN-I-jEHE'AN  (m&n-e-ke'gn),  ? follower  of 

MAN-I-jCHEE'  (man-e-ke'),  ) Manes,  aPersian 
of  the  3d  century,  who  taught  that  there  were 
two  deities  and  two  principles  of  all  things,  co- 
eternal and  coequal,  the  one  good,  and  the  other 
evil.  Bp.  Hall. 

mAN-I-j0HE'I§M,  n.  [Fr.  manicheisme.]  The  doc- 
trine of  the  Manichees.  Warton. 

mAN-I-jCHE'IST,  n.  Same  asMANiCHEE.  Brande. 

MAN'I-jEHORD  (man'e-keird),  a.  [Fr.  manichor- 
dion,  from  L.  mantis,  the  hand,  and  chorda,  a 
string.]  A musical  instrument  sounded  by  the 
hand,  like  a spinet.  Todd. 

mAn'I-CON,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  pai uk6v.]  {Bot.) 
A kind  of  nightshade.  Hudibras. 

f-  mA'NI5  (ma'ne),  n.  Mania.  Chaucer. 

mAn'I-FEST,  a.  [L.  manifestus ; It.  manifesto ; 
Sp.  manifieslo  ; Fr.  manifesto .] 

1.  Plain;  open;  evident;  not  concealed ; ap- 
parent ; visible  ; obvious. 

Thus  manifest  to  sight  the  god  appeared.  Dryden. 

2.  f Detected;  convicted;  — used  with  of. 

Calistho  there  stood  manifest  of  shame.  Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Apparent,  Clear. 

MAN'I-FEST,  n.  1.  A public  declaration  ; a man- 
ifesto. [r.]  Dryden. 

2.  {Com.)  An  invoice  or  a list  of  the  cargo  of 
a ship,  with  the  mark,  number,  or  description  of 
each  article  or.  package,  to  be  exhibited  at  the 
custom-house.  Simmonds. 

MAN'I-FEST,  v.  a.  [L.  manifesto  ; It.  manifes- 
tare;  Sp.  manifestar ; Fr.  manif ester.)  [/.man- 
ifested ; pp.  MANIFESTING,  MANIFESTED.]  To 
make  appear ; to  make  public  ; to  make  ob- 
vious ; to  exhibit  to  view  ; to  show  plainly  ; to 
discover;  to  declare  ; to  reveal;  to  evince.  “ Ilis 
wisdom  manifested  in  the  creation.”  Ray. 

I will  love  him,  and  manifest  myself  to  him.  John  xiv.  21. 

mAn'I-FES-TA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  manifested 
or  made  evident.  More. 

mAn-i-FJJS-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  manifestatio ; It. 
manifestazione ; Sp . manifestacion  \ Fr.  mani- 
festation.] The  act  of  manifesting,  or  the  state 
of  being  manifested  ; exhibition  ; revelation  ; 
discovery  ; publication  ; show. 

Those  glorious  manifestations  of  himself  in  the  works 
of  creation  and  providence.  Tillotson. 

mAn'I-FEST-5D-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
manifested.  Ec.  Rev. 

mAn'I-FEST-I-BLE,  a.  Manifestable.  Browne. 

MAnT-FEST-LY,  ad.  Clearly;  evidently;  plainly. 

mAn'I-FIJST-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  manifest ; 
perspicuity  ; clear  evidence.  Johnson. 

MAN-I-FES'TO,  n.  ; pi.  mXn-i-fEs't6e§.  [It.] 
(Politics.)  A declaration  of  a sovereign,  or  of  a 
government,  containing  reasons  for  some  pub- 
lic proceeding,  as  the  entering  into  a war ; a 
public  protestation. 

It  was  proposed  to  draw  up  a manifesto  setting  forth  the 
grounds  and  motives  of  our  taking  anils.  Addison. 

MAN'I-FOLD,  a.  [A.  S.  manig-feald. ] 

1.  Of  different  kinds ; many  in  number ; numer- 
ous ; multiplied ; complicated. 

So  very  ample  is  it  [the  mineral  kingdom],  so  various  and 
manifold  its  productions.  Woodward . 

2.  Applied  or  manifested  in  many  ways  ; va- 
rious. “ The  manifold  use  of  friendship.”Raco«. 

f mAn'I-FOLD-ED,  a.  Having  many  folds,  doubles, 
or  complications.  Spenser. 

mAn'J-FOLD-LY,  ad.  In  a manifold  manner.  Ba. 

MAN'I-FOLD-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  mani- 
fold ; multiplicity.  Sherwood. 

MAN'I-FOLD— WRIT'ER,  n.  An  apparatus  for 
producing  duplicate  copies  of  letters  or  other 
documents,  by  a stylus,  upon  thin  tracing-paper, 
interleaved  with  paper  prepared  with  a black 
composition.  Simmonds. 

mAn'I-FORM,  a.  [L.  mantis,  the  hand,  and  forma, 
form.]  (Ent.)  Having  the  form  of  a hand  ; — 
noting  a palp  or  feeler  furnished  with  a finger 
and  thumb.  Maunder. 


MA-NlGL'ION  (mj-nll'yon),  n. ; pi.  MANIGLIONS. 
[it.  maniglio,  the  handle  of  a drawer.]  (Gun- 
nery.) Two  handles  on  the  back  of  a piece  of 
ordnance.  Bailey. 

mAn'I-HOT,  n.  See  Manioc.  Todd. 

mAn'I-kIn,  n.  [Dim.  of  man.  — Fr.  mannequin.] 

1.  A little  man  ; a dwarf.  Shak. 

2.  An  apparatus  or  artificial  preparation,  in 

the  human  form,  used  for  showing  the  anatom- 
ical structure  of  the  body.  Wright. 

MAN'IL,  n.  Same  as  Manilio.  Ogilvie. 

MA-NIL'A— HEMP,  n.  The  fibre  of  the  wild  plan- 
tain, or  Musa  textilis,  brought  from  the  Philip- 
pine Islands,  much  used  for  cordage. 

Simmonds. 

MA-NIL'A— ROPE,  n.  Rope  made  from  Manila- 
hemp. 

MA-NIL'IO  (ma-nTl'yo),  n.  [L.  manus,  the  hand  ; 
It.  maniglio  ; Sp.  manilla  ; Fr.  manille.]  An 
ornament  for  the  hand,  wrist,  or  leg,  worn  in 
Africa  ; manilla.  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

MA-NIL'LA,  n.  1.  Apiece  of  copper,  shaped  like 
a horseshoe,  and  used  as  money  by  the  natives 
on  some  parts  of  the  coast  of  Africa.  Simmonds. 

2.  A metal  ring  worn  in  Africa  as  an  ornament 
on  the  arm  or  the  leg  ; manilio.  Simmonds. 

MA-NILLE'  (m?-nil'),  n.  [Fr.]  Same  as  Manilio. 

MA'NI-OC,  n.  The  Indian  name  of  a starch  ob- 
tained from  the  shrub  called  Jatropha  manihot ; 
cassava  or  tapioca.  Brande. 

mAn'I-PLE  (inan'e-pl),  n.  [L.  manipulus,  or 

maniplus  ; manus,  the  hand,  and  plenus,  full ; 
It.  manipolo  ; Sp.  manipulo-,  Fr.  maniple.] 

1.  A handful.  “Mattiples  of  papers.” B.  Jonson. 

2.  A small  body  or  band,  as  of  soldiers. 

The  very  maniples , forsooth,  are  to  break  ranks  without 
orders.  Bentley. 

3.  A fanon ; a kind  of  ornament  depending 

from  the  hand,  or  worn  about  the  arm  of  an  of- 
ficiating priest.  Sheldon.  Fairholt. 

MA-NI P'U-LAR,  a.  [L.  manipulates ; It .manip- 
olare ; Fr.  manipulaire.]  Relating  to  a man- 
iple. Blount. 

MA-NI  P'U-LATE,  v.  a.  & n.  [It.  manipolare;  Fr. 
manipuler.  — See  Maniple.]  [/.  manipulated  ; 

pp.  MANIPULATING,  MANIPULATED.]  To  op- 
erate or  work  with  the  hands.  Pltren.  Jour. 

MA-NIp-U-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  manipulation , by 
maniples  or  companies  ; It.  manipolazione ; Sp. 
manipulation-,  Fr.  manipulation.] 

1.  A manner  of  digging  silver  ore.  Todd. 

2.  (Chem.)  The  various  manual  and  mechan- 
ical operations  of  the  laboratory.  Brande. 

MA-NlP'U-LA-TlVE,  a.  Relating  to  manipula- 
tion. I.  Taylor. 

MA'NIS,  n.  ; pi.  mXn'i- 
se?.  (Zoiil.)  A genus 
of  edentate  mammals, 
covered  with  hard, 
imbricate  scales  ; the 
pangolin,  or  scaly  ant- 
eater.  Baird. 


Manis  pcntadactyla. 


MAnT-TOU,  n.  The  god  of  some  tribes  of  the 
North  American  Indians  ; an  idol.  Bowler. 

MAN'I-TRUNK,  n.  (Ent.)  The  anterior  segment 
of  the  trunk.  Brande. 

MAN'-KIlL-ER,  n.  One  who  kills  men  ; a mur- 
derer ; a homicide  ; a manslayer.  Dryden. 

MAN'-KILL-ING,  a.  Destroying  men  ; murder- 
ous ; homicidal.  Dryden. 

MAN-KIND'  (111)  [man-kind',  S.  E.  Ja.  Sm.;  m5n- 
kylnd',  W.  J.  F.  ; man'klnd,  C.  Ash,  Wr.],  n. 

1.  The  race  of  man  ; the  human  race ; hu- 
man-kind; men  collectively. 

A man  so  various,  that  he  seemed  to  be 
Not  one,  but  all  mankind's  epitome; 

Stiff  in  opinions,  always  in  the  wrong, 

"Was  every  thing  by  starts,  and  nothing  long.  Dryden. 

2.  f Humanity;  kindness;  benevolence. 

You,  whose  minds  arc  good. 

And  have  not  forced  all  mankind  from  your  breasts.  B.  Jonson. 

tfcfy*  Both  syllables  of  mankind  arc  fully  pronounced  ; 
and  when  it  is  used  in  opposition  to  womankind , the 
accent  is  on  the  first,  syllable. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE. — 9,  (I,  9,  *,  soft ; £,  G,  £,  g,  hard,  as  z;  £ as  gz.  — THIS,  Ibis. 


MANKIND 


MANSLAUGHTER 


878 


•[mAN'KIND,  a.  Resembling  man,  not  woman; 
masculine.  “ A mankind  witch.”  Shak. 

MARKS,  n.  The  language  of  the  Isle  of  Man.  — 
See  Manx.  Ch.  Ub. 

MAN'LESS,  a.  Without  men  ; not  manned.  Bacon. 

t MAN'-LflSS-LY,  ad.  In  a manner  unbecoming 
a man.  “ Hector  . . . manlessly  dragged.” 

Chapman. 

mAn'-LIKE,  a.  1.  Having  the  likeness  or  the  form 
of  a man  ; like  man  ; resembling  man. 

Under  his  forming  hand  a creature  grew, 

Manlike , but  different  sex.  Milton. 

2.  Becoming  a man ; manly.  Hammond. 

MAN'LI-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  manly  ; 
dignity  ; bravery ; nobleness.  Milton. 

f MAN'LING,  n.  A little  man ; a manikin.  B.Jonson. 

MAn'LY,  a.  Becoming  a man;  not  womanish; 
not  childish;  manful;  firm;  brave;  stout;  un- 
daunted ; undismayed ; courageous. 

Serene  and  manly , hardened  to  sustain 

The  load  of  life,  and  exercised  in  pain.  Dryden. 

Syn.  — Manly  signifies  like  a man,  and  is  opposed 
to  womanly  or  to  juvenile;  manful , full  of  manhood, 
or  having  the  spirit  of  a man,  opposed  to  effeminate. 
Manly  disposition,  grace  ; manful  opposition,  courage. 

MAn'LY,  ad.  Like  a man.  [r.]  Todd. 

MAN'-MId'WIFE  [man'mld-wjf,  W.Ja.\  mSn'mld- 
ui f,  K. ; man-mid'wlf,  &m.],  n.  A physician 
who  practises  midwifery ; an  accoucheur.  Tatler. 

MAN'— MID'VVIFE-BY,  n.  Obstetrics.  Roscommon. 

MAN'— MIL'LI-NpR,  «.  A man  who  makes  or 
sells  millinery.  Carlyle. 

mAN'-MOUN'TAIN,  n.  A giant.  Swift. 

MAPJ'NA,  n.  [Ileb.  ; Gr.  yavva  ; L.  manna.] 

1.  (Ant.)  A substance  given  by  God  to  the 
Israelites  for  food  in  the  wilderness.  Ex.  xvi.  15. 

2.  Celestial,  spiritual,  or  mental  food. 

Milton,  whose  genius  had  angelic  wings, 

And  fed  on  manna.  Cowper. 

3.  (Modern.)  A saccharine  substance  which 

exudes  from  the  bark  of  the  Fraxinus  ornus  and 
some  other  species  of  ash,  natives  of  the  south 
of  Europe  ; — used  in  medicine.  Braude. 

MAN'NA— CROUP,  n.  Agranular  preparation  of 

wheat  deprived  of  the  bran,  an  article  of  diet 
for  children  and  invalids ; semolina.  Dunglison. 

MAN'NAED,  a.  Sweetened,  as  with  manna ; hon- 
ied. “ Flattery’s  mannaed  lips.”  Mickle. 

MAN'NER,  n.  [It.  maniera ; Sp.  manera ; Fr. 
maniere,  from  L.  manus,  the  hand.] 

1.  The  mode  in  which  any  thing  is  done ; 
method;  habit;  custom;  fashion;  form;  way. 

The  temptations  of  prosperity  insinuate  themselves  after 
a gentle,  but  very  powerful,  manner.  Atterbury. 

As  a man  is  known  by  his  company,  so  a man’s  company 
may  be  known  by  his  manner  of  expressing  himself.  Swift. 

2.  Certain  degree,  measure,  or  extent. 

It  is,  in  a manner , done-alrcady.  Shak. 

3.  Sort;  kind.  “Ye  shall  do  no  manner  of 

work.”  Lee  it.  xxiii.  31. 

It  was  formerly  used  in  this  sense  without  be- 
ing followed  by  of.  “ A manner  Latin  ” ; “ A manner 
love-drink.”  Chaucer.  — “ Ye  shall  eat  no  manner  fat 
uf  oxen,  of  sheep,  or  of  goat.”  Levit.  xiv.  54  (early 
editions). — It  is  used  as  a plural  for  sorts , without 
the  addition  of  s.  “All  manner  of  men.”  Shale. — 
“ Twelve  manner  of  fruits.”  Rco.  xxii.  2. 

4.  Mien  ; look  ; aspect ; appearance. 

Air  and  manner  are  more  expressive  than  words.  Richardson. 

5.  pi.  Morals;  behavior.  — See  Manners. 

6.  (Fine  Arts.)  The  habitude  of  a painter  or 

artist ; style  ; handling.  Fairliolt. 

7.  (Law.)  [A  corruption  of  Old  Fr.  mainour.] 

A thing  stolen  and  found  in  the  hand  of  the 
thief.  Whishaw. 

Tu  be  taken  with  or  in  the  manner  (or  mainour , mninor , 
manour),  to  be  caught  in  a criminal  act.  Cowell. 

O villain,  thou  stolc-st  a cup  of  sack  eighteen  years  ago.  and 
wert  taken  with  the  manner.  ' Shak. 

Mufti.  I have  taken  you  in  the  manner,  and  will  have  the 
law  upon  you.  Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Way. 

•f-MAN'NpR,  v.  a.  To  instruct  in  morals ; to  form, 
as  respects  manners. 

Beseeching  you 

To  give  her  princely  training,  that  she  may  be 
Mannered  as  she  is  born.  Shak. 

MAN'NERED  (mlu'nerd),  a.  Having  manners; 


— often  used  in  composition  ; as,  “ Ill-man- 
nered.” 

lienee  inspiration  plans  his  mannered  lays.  Grainger. 

mAn'N£R-I100J)  (-hfld),  n.  Condition  with  re- 
spect to  manners.  “The  might  and  manner- 
hood  of  the  kingdom.”  Bacon. 

mAn'NBR-ISM,  n.  Sameness  of  manner;  a pe- 
culiar mode  of  treatment  adopted  by  an  artist 
and  carried  to  excess.  Morgan. 

Fuseli,  whose  “anatomical  coats  and  trousers”  are  man- 
nerisms peculiarly  his  own.  Fairliolt. 

mAn'N£R-Ist,  n.  [It.  manierista ; Fr.  manie- 
riste.]  An  artist  who  adheres  to  one  manner. 

lie  [Ilaymnn]  sometimes  succeeded  well,  though  a strong 
mannerist,  and  easily  distinguishable  by  the  large  noses  and 
shambling  legs  of  his  figures.  Walpole. 

MAN'N$R-LJ-NESS,  n.  Civility;  good  manners  ; 
ceremonious  complaisance.  Hale. 

MAN'NER-LY,  a.  Civil ; ceremonious  ; complai- 
sant. “ Mannerly  forbearance.”  Shak. 

MAn'NER-LY,  ad.  With  civility;  civilly;  cour- 
teously ; without  rudeness.  Shak. 

MAN'NER§,  n.  pi.  1.  General  way  of  life;  cus- 
tomary conduct ; morals  ; habits. 

Ye  shall  not  walk  in  the  manners  of  the  nation  which  I 
cast  out  before  you.  Levit.  xx.  23. 

Manners  change  with  climes, 

Tenets  with  books,  and  principles  with  times.  Pope. 

2.  Carriage  or  behavior,  considered  as  deco- 
rous or  indecorous,  polite  or  impolite,  pleasing 
or  displeasing. 

Good  manners  is  the  art  of  making  those  people  easy  with 
whom  we  converse.  Swift. 

Virtue  itself  offends  when  coupled  with  forbidding  man- 
ners. Middleton. 

Manners  arc  what  vex  or  soothe,  corrupt  or  purify,  exalt  or 
debase,  barbarize  or  refine  us,  by  a constant,  steady,  uniform, 
insensible  operation,  like  that  of  the  air  we  breathe  in.  Burke. 

3.  Ceremonious  behavior  ; studied  civility. 

Fit  for  the  mountains  and  the  barbarous  caves, 

Where  manners  ne’er  were  preached.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Carriage,  Morality. 

MAN'N 
guest 

proached  for  insufficient  preparation.  Hunter. 

mAn'NI-KIN,  n.  See  Manikin.  Beattie. 


ERS— BIT,  n.  A portion  of  a dish  left  by 
, tnat  the  host  may  not  feel  himself  re- 


MAN-O-MET'RIC,  ) a.  [Fr.  manometrique .] 

MAN-O-MET'RJ-CAL,  ) Pertaining  , to  the  ma- 
nometer. Craig. 

MA'NON,  n.  [Gr.  yav/iv,  a soft  sponge;  L.  »»«- 
non.]  (Zoiil.)  A genus  of  zoophytes.  P.  Cgc. 

mAn'OII,  n.  [Low  L.  manerium  ; Old  Fr.  manor, 
or  memoir  ; from  L.  rnuncu,  to  abide  ; because  it 
was  the  permanent  residence  of  the  lord  and  of 
his  tenants.  Spcbnan.  Blackstone. — Coke  sug- 
gests the  same  etymology,  but  prefers  Old  Fr. 
mesner,  to  guide,  the  tenants  being  under  the 
lord’s  guidance.]  (Law.) 

1.  A feudal  estate  of  a noble  kind  ; a district 

or  land  of  a court  baron,  lord,  or  great  person- 
age,  granted  partly  to  tenants  in  consideration 
of  certain  services,  and  partly  reserved  to  the 
lord  for  the  use  of  his  family,  with  a jurisdiction 
over  the  tenants  for  the  lands  granted  them  ; — 
formerly  called  a barony,  and  in  modern  times 
a lordship.  [England.]  Burn'll. 

2.  A franchise  or  right  to  hold  courts  and 
have  suit  and  service  rendered,  or  quitrents 
paid  by  copy-holders  and  others.  [Eng.]  Burrill. 

3.  A tract  of  land  occupied  by  tenants  who 

pay  a fee-farm  rent  to  the  proprietor,  sometimes 
in  kind,  and  who  sometimes  perform  certain 
stipulated  services.  [U.  S.]  Burrill. 

MAn  OR— HOUSE,  > n_  file  house  0f  ]or[(  or 

mAn'OR— SEAT,  ) owner  of  a manor.  Cowley. 

MA-NO'RI-AL,  a.  Belonging  to  a manor.  Todd. 

MAN'O-SCOPE,  n.  [Gr.  yards,  rare,  and  okott(u>,  to 
view.]  An  instrument  for  measuring  the  rarity 
and  density  of  the  air ; a manometer.  Dr.  Black. 

MA-n6'V£R-Y,  n.  (Law.)  A manoeuvre  or  handy- 
work,  to  “catch  game  illegally.  Smart. 

MAN1— I’LEAfJ-ER,  n.  One  who  pleases  men,  or 
who  endeavors  to  gain  their  favor.  1 1 right. 

t mAN'-QUELL-JJR,  n.  A killer  of  men ; a murder- 
er ; a manslayer.  Shak. 

MAN'RED,  ) n_  (Scottish  Law.)  Service  or 

MAN'— RENT,  > homage  rendered  to  a lord  or  a 
superior.  Jamieson. 


MAN'NISII,  a.  1.  Human  ; like  a man.  Gower. 

2.  Partaking  of  the  qualities  of  a man;  not 
womanly  ; masculine  ; bold,  [r.] 

A mannish  countenance,  which  overthrew  the  lovely 
sweetness,  the  noblest  power  of  womankind.  ' Sidney. 

A woman  impudent  and  mannish  grown.  Shak. 

MAN'NISH-LY,  ad.  In  a mannish  manner,  [r.] 

MAN'NITE,  n.  [It.  8c  Fr.  mannite.]  A species  of 
sugar  obtained  from  manna.  P.  Cgc. 

MA-NCEL'VRE  (ma-nu'ver),  n.  [Low  L.  manope- 
ra,  from  L.  manus,  the  hand,  and  opera,  works  ; 
— applied  originally  to  work  done  by  the  hand 
or  manual  labor  ; It.  manovra  ; Sp.  maniobra ; 
Fr.  manoeuvre',  main,  the  hand,  and  oeuvre, 
work.] 

1.  (Naut.  & Mil.)  The  management  or  work- 
ing of  a ship  or  a fleet : — a movement  or  evo- 
lution in  military  tactics. 

The  English  commander  wore  close  round  upon  the  ene- 
my and  actually  separated  their  line.  Tills  bold  and  masterly 
manoeuvre  proved  decisive.  Bcbdiam. 

2.  Dexterous  or  skilful  management ; an 
adroit  procedure ; stratagem  ; plot ; finesse ; 
trick. 

. . . To  make  them  the  principal  theatre  of  their  mance- 
vres  for  securing  a determined  majority  in  Parliament. Burke. 

MA-NCEG'VRE  (ma-nu'ver),  v.  n.  [It.  manovrare ; 
Sp.  maniobrar ; Fr.  manceuvrer .]  [i.  manoeu- 

vred ; pp.  MANOEUVRING,  MANOEUVRED.] 

1.  To  perform  manoeuvres  ; to  manage  mili- 
tary or  naval  tactics  adroitly.  Todd. 

2.  To  manage  skilfully  ; to  employ  stratagem 
in  order  to  effect  an  object ; to  contrive  ; to  plot. 

MA-NCeB'VRER,  n.  One  who  manoeuvres  ; one 
who  manages  adroitly.  West.  Rev. 

MAN'— OF-WAR',  n.  1.  A public  armed  vessel ; 
a ship  of  war.  Mar.  Diet. 

2.  (Ornith.)  The  albatross.  P.  Cgc. 

MA-NOM'B-Tf.R,  n.  [Gr.  yards,  thin,  rare,  and 

yirpov,  a measure  ; Fr.  manomttre.]  An  instru- 
ment for  measuring  the  density  or  the  rarity  of 
gases.  Nichol. 


MAN'— ROPES,  n.  pi.  (Naut.)  Ropes  used  in  going 
up  and  down  a vessel’s  side.  Dana. 

MAN ’SARD— ROOF,  n.  (Arch.)  A curb-roof ; — 
so  called  from  its  inventor.  Braude. 

MANSE,  n.  [L.  mansio  ; Low  L.  mansa,  mansus  ; 
Nor.  Fr.  manse  ; Fr.  maison.] 

1.  (Law.)  A habitation  or  dwelling,  with  land 

attached.  Warton. 

2.  A parsonage  house.  [Scotland.]  Jamieson. 

MAN'— SER-VANT,  n.  A male  servant.  Deut.  v.  14. 

MAN'SION  (-shun),  n.  [L.  mansio  ; maneo,  to 
abide  ; It.  mansione ; Sp.  mansion ; Fr.  maison.] 

1.  The  lord’s  house  in  a manor.  Johnson. 

2.  A dwelling-house  ; a house  of  residence  ; 
a dwelling ; a seat ; particularly  a house  of  some 
magnitude,  Mansion  builded  full  guy.’’ Chaucer. 

3.  A habitation  ; an  abode.  “ In  my  Father’s 

house  are  many  mansions.”  John  xiv.  2. 

Syn.  — Mansion,  dwelling,  and  house,  are  applied 
rather  to  the  habitation  ; seat  and  residence,  to  the 
situation.  A spacious  mansion,  as  of  a man  of  wealth 
or  rank  ; a convenient  or  handsome  house  or  dwelling ; 
a pleasant  residence ; a beautiful  seat. 

f MAN'SION  (man 'shun),  v.  n.  To  dwell,  as  in  a 
mansion.  “ Creatures  mansioning.”  Mode. 

MAN 'SION- A-RY,  a.  Resident  ; residentiary. 
“ Mansionary  canons.”  Wright. 

MAN'SION— HOUSE,  n.  (Law.)  A dwelling-house, 
with  all  out-houses,  as  barn,  dairy-house,  &c., 
on  the  premises,  though  they  be  not  under  the 
same  roof.  Burrill. 

fMAN'SION-RY  (m&n'slmn-re),  p,.  A place  of 
residence  ; a dwelling ; a mansion.  Shak. 

MtAN'SLAUGH-TJpR  (man'sl&w-ter),  n.  1.  The 
killing  of  a man.  Milton. 

2.  (Law.)  The  unlawful  killing  of  a man, 
though  without  malice  or  deliberate  intention, 
— either  voluntarily,  as  in  a sudden  quarrel,  or 
involuntarily,  but  in  the  commission  of  some 
unlawful  act.  Burrill. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  I,  O,  V,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  EAR,  FAST,  FALL;  IIE1R,  IIER; 


MAN-SLAYER 


879 


MANY 


mAn'-SlAy-ER,  re.  One  who  kills  a man;  a 
man-killer ; a homicide. 

Cities  for  refuge  for  the  man-slayer.  Nwn.  xxxv.  C. 

MAN'— STEAL- pR,  re.  One  who  steals  and  sells 
men.  “ For  man-stealers,  for  liars.”  1 Tim.  i.  10. 

MAN'-STEAL-ING,  re.  The  act  of  stealing  men. 

Blackstone. 

MAn'-STEAL-ING,  a.  Stealing  men.  “ Man- 
stealing Tartars.”  Browne. 

f MAN'SUETE  (mhn'swet),  a.  [L.  mansuetus.] 
Mild  ; gentle  ; tame  ; good-natured.  Chaucer. 

f mAn'SU£-TUDE  (-swe-tud),  n.  [L.  mansuetudo.\ 
Mildness ; gentleness  ; tameness.  Bryskett. 

mAn'SWeAr,  v.  n.  See  Mainswear.  Todd. 

mAn'TA,  n.  [Sp.,  a blanket .]  (Ich.)  A flat  fish, 
very  troublesome  to  pearl-fishers.  Ogilvie. 

MAN'  TEAU  (man'to),  n.  ; pi.  manteaux  (man'- 
toz).  [Fr.]  A cloak ; a mantle.  Phillips. 

MAN'TEL  (man'tl),  n.  [Ger.  mantel.']  (Arch.)  A 
beam  or  timber  resting  on  the  jambs  of  a fire- 
place to  support  the  work  above;  — written  also 
mantle.  — See  Mantle.  Wotton. 

MAN-TE-LET'  [man-te-Iet',  S.  IV.  F.  Ja.  ; man'te- 
let,  J.  K.  Sm.  1 Vr. ; mant'let,  P.],n.  [Fr.] 

1.  A short  mantle  or  cloak.  Chaucer. 

2.  (Fort.)  A movable  parapet  constructed  of 

boards,  covered  with  metal  or  leather,  to  serve 
as  a protection  to  miners  in  carrying  a sap  or  a 
trench  towards  a besieged  place.  Braiule. 

MAN'TEL-PIECE  (man'tl-pes),  re.  (Arch.)  A 
beam  across  the  opening  of  a fireplace,  or  the 
shelf  placed  against  the  mantel,  often  called  the 
mantel  simply.  — See  Mantle.  Hunter. 

mAn'TIC,  a.  [Gr.  pavriKhi  ; pavn;,  a prophet,  a 
seer.]  Relating  to  divination. 

This  mantic  fury,  displaying  itself  in  the  eyes  rolling,  the 
lips  foaming,  &c.  Trench. 

MAN'TGGIJR  [man-tl'fer,  S.  IF.  ; man'tl-ger,  Sm.; 
man'te-ger,  I Vb.;  nian'te-jer,  A'.],  n.  [Pers. 
mardkhora ; Gr.  ; L.  niantichora,  a 

fabulous  Indian  beast,  with  a human  face,  a 
lion’s  body,  and  a scorpion’s  tail ; Fr.  mantihore .] 
(Zool.)  A large  monkey  or  baboon.  Arbuthnot. 

MAN-TIL'LA,  n.  [Sp.]  1.  A woman’s  head  cov- 
ering, of  silk  or  other  stuff.  Velasques . 

2.  A light  covering  thrown  over  the  dress  of 
a lady  ; a small  mantle.  Simmonds. 

MAn'TIS,  n. ; pi.  man'tlse^.  [Gr.  y6i /nr,  a kind 
of  locust.]  ( Ent .)  A Linnacan  genus  of  orthop- 
terous insects.  Branclc. 

MAN-TIS'SA,  n.  [L.,  an  addition.]  The  decimal 
part  of  a logarithm.  Brande. 

MAn'TLE  (man'tl),  n.  [L.  mantelum,  or  mantel- 
lum,  a cloak  ; It.  mantello  ; Sp.  § Port,  manto  ; 
Fr.  manteau. — A.  S.  mantel,  or  mentel;  Dut., 
Ger.,  Dan.,  6$  Swed.  mantel;  W.  mantel!.] 

1.  A kind  of  garment  or  cloak  thrown  over 
the  rest  of  the  dress  ; a mantilla. 

Ilis  purple  inanlle  boasts  the  dye  of  Tyre.  Mickle. 

2.  Any  thing  overspreading  ; a covering. 

The  green  mantic  of  the  standing  pool.  Shak. 

Their  actions  were  disguised  with  mantles.  Haywaril. 

3.  (Zool.)  The  external  fold  of  the  skin  of  the 

mollusks.  Brande. 

4 (Arch.)  A beam  resting  on  the  jambs  of  a 
fireplace,  and  supporting  the  wall  or  brick-work 
above  ; — called  also  mantle-piece,  and  mantle- 
shelf  or  mantle-tree,  &c.,  and  often  written 
mantel,  mantel-piece,  &c.  Britton. 

MAn'TLE  (man'tl),  v.  a.  [W . mantellu.]  [i.  MAN- 
TLED ; pp.  mantling,  mantled.]  To  cover 
with  a mantle  or  as  with  a mantle  ; to  cloak ; 
to  overspread. 

The  mantled  meadows  mourn.  Spenser. 

MAN'TLE,  v.  n.  1.  To  spread  the  wings  as  a hawk. 

Nor  is  there  hawk  which  mantleth  on  her  perch.  Spenser. 

2.  To  be  expanded;  to  spread  luxuriantly. 

The  mantling  vine 

Lays  forth  her  purple  grape,  and  gently  creeps 

Luxuriant.  Milton. 

3.  To  gather  any  thing  on  the  surface,  as 
froth  or  other  coating. 

There  arc  a sort  of  men  whose  visages 

Do  cream  and  mantle  like  a standing  pond.  Shak. 


4.  To  be  suffused,  or  to  rush  to  the  face. 

When  mantling  blood 

Flowed  in  his  lovely  cheeks.  Smith. 

5.  To  take  delight ; to  joy  ; to  revel. 

My  frail  fancy,  fed  witli  full  delight. 

Doth  bathe  in  bliss,  and  mantleth  most  at  ease.  Spenser. 

MAn'TLE— SHELF,  n.  The  shelf  or  work  over  a 
fireplace,  in  front  of  the  chimney.  Simmotuls. 

MAN'TLE— PIECE,  I n.  a beam  resting  on  the 

MAn'TLE— TREE,  ) jambs  of  a fireplace,  or  the 
shelf  placed  against  the  mantle.  — See  Mantle. 

mAnt'LJJT,  n.  See  Mantelet.  Stocqueler. 

MAN'TLINGj  n.  (Her.)  The  representation  of  a 
mantle  or  any  drapery  about  a coat  of  arms.7ooW. 

mAn'TO,  n. ; pi.  man'to§.  [It.]  A robe;  a cloak. 
“A  manto,  or  black  cowl.”  Ricaut. 

f M AN-TOL'O-t/iST,  n.  A prophet.  Mackenzie. 

f MAN-TOL'Q-GY,  n.  [Gr.  pavrtia,  prophecy,  and 
X 6yos,  a discourse.]  The  gift  of  prophecy.  Mason. 

MAN'— TRAP,  n.  A trap  for  insnaring  a man 
when  committing  a trespass.  Gent.  Mag. 

MAN'TUA  (man'tu-?  or  man'tu)  [man'tu-a,  .7.  F. 
Ja.  IVr. ; nian't?,  S.  E.  ; man'cliu-?,  IF.;  man'tu, 
K.  Sm.],  n.  [Gr.  yarSbrj ; It.  manto;  Fr.  man- 
teau.]  A woman’s  gown  or  dress.  Pope. 

mAn'TIIA-MAK'IJR  (m5n'tu-mak'er),  n.  One  who 
makes  dresses  for  women  ; a dress-maker. 

MAN'U-AL  (-yu-?l),  a.  [L.  manualis  ; manus,  the 
hand;  It.  manuale ; Sp  .manual;  Fr . manucl.] 

1.  Relating  to  the  hand ; performed  by  the 
hand  ; as,  “ Manual  labor.” 

2.  Made  or  written  with  the  hand,  as  a signa- 
ture. “ His  majesty’s  sign  manual.”  Clarendon. 

MAN'U-AL,  re.  1.  A small  hook,  such  as  may  be 
carried  in  the  hand.  “ Manual  of  laws.”  Hale. 

2.  The  service-book  of  the  Roman  Catholic 

Church.  Stilling  fleet. 

3.  In  church  organs,  a row  of  keys  for  the 
hands,  as  distinguished  from  the  pedal.  Dwight. 

MAN'U-AL-IsT,  n.  An  artificer,  [r.]  Maunder. 

f mAN'U-A-RY,  a.  [L.  manuarius.]  Performed 

by  the  hand ; manual.  Fothevby. 

MA-NU'BI-AL,  a.  [L.  manvbialis,  from  manubice, 
spoils.]  Belonging  to  spoils,  [r.]  Baileg. 

Manubial  column , a column  adorned  with  trophies 
and  spoils.  Ogiloic. 

MA-NU’  BRI-UM,  n.  [L.]  A handle,  [r.]  Bogle. 

f mAN-U-DU'CIJNT,  re.  Manuductor.  Robinson. 

mAN-U-d0c'TION,  n.  [L.  manuductio ; manus, 
the  hand,  and  duco,  to  lead.]  Guidance  by  the 
hand ; a leading ; a guiding.  Browne. 

MAn-U-HUC'TOR,  re.  Conductor;  guide.  Jordan. 

t MAn’U-FACT,  re.  [L.  manvfactus,  made  by  art.] 
Any  thing  made  by  art ; manufacture.  Maydman. 

MAN-U-FAC'TO-RY,  re.  1.  The  process  of  making 
any  thing  ; manufacture.  [r.J  Bolingbroke. 

2.  A building  or  place  where  a manufacture 
is  carried  on.  Locke. 

mAn-U-fAc'TO-RY,  a.  Relating  to  manufact- 
ures ; manufactural.  Sivift. 

MAN-U-FAcT'U-RAL,  a.  Relating  to  manufact- 
ures ; manufactory,  [r.]  Maunder. 

MAN-U-FACT'URE  (mln-u-fakt'yur),  re.  [L.  manus, 
the  hand,  and  facio,  faetus,  to  make  ; It.  mani- 
fattura  ; Sp.  manvfactura  ; Fr.  manufacture.] 

1.  The  process  of  making  any  thing  by  art,  or 
of  reducing  materials  into  a form  fit  for  use  by 
thehand,  or  by  machinery  ; as,  “ An  establish- 
ment for  the  manufacture  of  cloth.” 

2.  Any  thing  made  or  manufactured  by  hand 
or  manual  dexterity,  or  by  machinery. 

The  peasants  are  clothed  in  a coarse  kind  of  canvas,  the 
manufacture  of  the  country.  Addison. 

mAN-U-fAct'URE,  v.  a.  [Sp.  manufacturar ; Fr. 
manufacturer.]  \i.  manufactured  ; pp.  man- 
ufacturing, MANUFACTURED.] 

1.  To  form  by  manufacture  or  workmanship, 
by  the  hand  or  by  machinery ; to  make  by  art 
and  labor  ; as,  “ To  manufacture  cloth.” 

2.  To  use  or  work  up  in  manufactures.  “We 

manufacture  our  wool.”  Johnson. 


MAN-U-FAcT'IIRE,  v.  n.  To  be  engaged  in  man- 
ufacture. “A  manufacturing  village.”  Boswell. 

MAN-U-FACT'UR-ER  (man- u-fakt  yur-ei],  n.  One 
who  manufactures  ; an  artificer.  Walts. 

f MAN'U-MlSE,  v.  a.  [L.  manumitto,  manu- 
missus.]  To  manumit;  to  liberate.  Waller. 

MAN-U-MIS'SION  (mtin-u-mlsh'un),  re.  [L.  man - 
u/nissio  ; It.  manumissione ; Sp . manumision ; 
Fr.  manumission.]  The  act  of  manumitting ; 
liberation  from  slavery ; emancipation  ; en- 
franchisement. 

Slaves  wore  iron  rings  until  their  manumission.  Ilrowne. 

Syn. — See  Emancipation. 

mAN-U-MIT',  v.  a.  [L.  manumitto  ; manus,  the 
hand,  and  mitto,  to  send ; i.  e.  to  dismiss  out  of 
the  hand;  It.  manomettere;  Sp-  manumitir. ] 
[l.  MANUMITTED  ; pp.  MANUMITTING,  MANU- 
MITTED.] To  set  free;  to  release  from  slavery ; 
to  liberate ; to  emancipate.  “ Barons  who  man- 
umitted their  vassals.”  Warton. 

MAN-U-MIT'TOR,  re.  One  who  manumits;  an 
emancipator.  Qu.  Rev. 

mAN-D-MO'TIVE,  a.  [L.  manus,  hand,  and  ino- 
veo,  to  move.]  Movable  by  the  hand.  Ogilvie. 

mAn-IT-MO'TOR,  n.  A small  wheel-carriage, 
made  so  as  to  be  movable  by  the  person  sitting 
in  it ; a carriage  for  exercise.  Wright. 

MA-NUR'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  manured  or 
cultivated.  “ Manurable  lands.”  Hale. 

t MA-NUR'A£E,  re.  Cultivation  ; culture.  Warner. 

f MA-NUR'ANCE,  n.  Cultivation.  Spenser. 

MA-NURE',  v.a.  [Fr.  manoeuvre)'.]  [i.  manured  ; 
pp.  MANURING,  MANURED.] 

1.  fTo  cultivate  by  manual  labor.  Milton. 

2.  To  fertilize  by  manure,  dung,  or  compost; 
to  supply  with  nutritive  matter,  as  the  soil,  or 
plants;  to  enrich. 

Husbandmen,  to  make  their  vines  bear,  manure  them  with 
vine  leaves  or  the  husks  of  expressed  grapes.  Hay. 

MA-NURE',  n.  [From  the  verb.]  Any  thing 
used  for  fertilizing  the  soil,  or  supplying  nutri- 
ment to  plants,  as  dung,  compost,  muck,  &c. 

In  all  farms  too  distant  from  any  town  to  carry  manure 
from  it.  . . . the  quantity  of  well-cultivated  land  must  he  in 
proportion  to  the  quantity  of  manure  which  the  farm  itself 
produces.  A.  Smith. 

t M A-NURE'M^NT,  n.  Cultivation;  improve- 
ment. “ The  manurement  of  wits.”  Wotton. 

MA-NUR'ER,  n.  One  who  manures  or  fertilizes. 

MAN'U-SCRIPT,  re.  [L.  manus,  the  hand,  and 
scriptum,  something  written ; Low  L.  manu- 
scriptum  ; It.  manuscritto  ; Fr.  manuscrit.]  A 
paper  written  ; a writing  of  any  kind,  in  con- 
tradistinction to  printed  matter.  “ A collection 
of  rare  manuscripts.”  Wotton. 

MAN'U-SCRIPT,  a.  AVritten,  not  printed.  Burney. 

f mAN-U-SCRIP'TAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  manu- 
script ; written . Byrom. 

t mAn-U-TEN'EN-CY,  re.  [L.  manutenentia.) 
Maintenance.  Abp.  Sancroft. 

MANX,  re.  The  language  of  the  Isle  of  Man;  — 
written  also  manks.  McCulloch. 

MANX,  a.  (Gcog.)  Relating  to  the  Isle  of  Man, 
or  to  its  language.  IF.  Scott. 

MAN'Y  (men'e),  a.  [Goth,  mangs,  managai ; 
A.  S.  manig,  mani,  &c. ; Dut.  menig;  Dan. 
mange  ; Sw.  miingd ; Frs.  mennig  ; Iced,  mangi.] 
[comp,  more  ; superl.  most.]  Consisting  of  a 
greatnumber ; numerous ; more  than  few ; man- 
ifold ; as,  “ Many  men  of  many  minds.” 

jjfg”  It  is  used  distributively  before  a noun  in  tile 
singular  number ; as,  “Many  a time  ” ; “Many  a day.” 

MAN'Y  (men'e),  re.  1.  Many  persons  or  people; 
the  bulk  of  the  people ; the  multitude. 

The  mutable,  rank-scented  many.  Shak. 

Seeing  a great  many  in  rich  gowns.  Addison. 

2.  A great  number. 

Like  a many  of  these  lisping  hawthorn  buds.  Shak. 

3.  [Old  Fr . magnie.]  A retinue  of  servants; 
a household ; a family. 

The  kings  before  their  many  rode.  Drydcn. 

SBr-Many,  in  our  old  language,  was  a noun  sub- 
stantive, meaning  a multitude.  It  remained  so  in 
Shakspeare’s  time,  and  perhaps  may  be  not  improperly 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  G,  g,  soft ; €,  G,  9,  g,  hard;  § as  z. ; £ <is  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


MANY-ANGLED 


880 


MARCID 


used  so  still.  Tt  is,  however,  mostly  used  as  an  ad- 
jective, but  with  more  than  one  circumstance  indicat- 
ing its  former  rank  ; for  not  the  article  only,  hut  an 
adjective  at  the  same  time,  is  often  joined  with  it,  as 
“A  great  many  S'  (a  great  multitude.)  When  a sub- 
stantive follows,  indeed,  the  particle  of  as  a sign  of  the 
genitive  case,  is  not  admitted  ; we  say  a great  many 
mm.  But  this  seems  merely  an  Anglo-Saxonism  pre- 
served in  familiar  speech.”  Mitford. 

Kir*  Many  is  much  used  in  composition;  as,  many- 
colored,  many-sided,  &c. 

MAN'Y-AN'GLED  (men'e-an'gld),  a . Having 
many  angles  ; multangular.  Grew. 

MAN'Y— CLEFT  (men'e-),  a . Having  many  fis- 
sures ; multifid.  GraV- 

MAN'Y-COL'ORED  (men'e-kul'urd),  a.  Having 
various  colors.  “ Many-colored  robe.  Pope . 

MAN'Y-CtiR'NERED  (men'e-kbr'nerd),  a.  Polyg- 
onal’; having  many  corners.  Dryclen. 

MAN'Y-FLOW'f.RED  (men'e-flou'urd),  a.  Having 
many  flowers.  Pilkinyton. 

MAN'Y— HEAD'ED  (men'e-hed'ed),  a.  Having 
many  heads.  “ Many-headed  beast.”  Spenser. 


MAN'Y— LAN'GUA(,iED  (mSn'e-l&ng'gwjjd),  a. 
Having  many  languages.  Pope. 

MAN'Y— LEAVED  (men'e-Ievd),  o.  Having  many 
leaves.  Smart. 

MAN'Y— LEGGED  (inen'e-legd),  a.  Having  many 
legs.’  Wright. 

MAN'Y— LET'TpRED  (men'e-let'terd),  a.  Having 
many  letters.  Ogilvie. 

MAN'y— mAS'TJSRED  (nien'e-mis'terd),  a.  Having 
many  masters.  Ogilvie. 


MAN'Y— PART'pD  (mcn'e-pUrt'ed),  a.  Divided  into 
many  parts  ; multipartite.  Wright. 

MAN'Y— PEO'PLED  (men'e-pe'pld),  a.  Populous. 
“The  many -peopled  city.”  Sandys. 


MAN'Y— PET' ALLED  (men'e-pet'ald),  a.  Having 
many  petals.  Loudon. 

MAN'Y— Sl'DJgD  (men'e-),  a.  Having  many  sides. 

MAN'Y— SI'DpD-N ESS  (men'e-),  n.  1.  The  quali- 
ty of  having  many  sides. 

2.  T’reedom  from  narrowness  or  bigotry  ; en- 
larged scope. 

The  many-sidedness  of  the  German  mind.  Ec.  Rev. 


MAN'Y— TIM  E§  (men'e-tlmz),  ad.  Often;  fre- 
quently ; repeatedly  ; oftentimes.  Addison. 


MAN'Y— TONED,  a.  Giving  many  tones. 

.MAN'Y— TRlBED,  a.  Consisting  of  many  tribes. 

MAN'Y— T WINK' LING,  a.  Gleaming  or  twinkling 
often  or  variously.  Gray. 

MAN'Y— VALVED  (men'e-valvd),  a.  Multivalvular. 

MAN'Y— VEINED  (-vand),  a.  Having  many  veins. 

MAN'Y— VOICED  (-voxst),  a.  Having  many  voices. 

MAP,  n.  [L.  mappa ; Sp.  mnpa ; Nor.  Fr .mappe, 
a table-cloth.]  A delineation  of  some  portion 
of  the  surface  of  the  sphere  (terrestrial  or  ce- 
lestial) on  a plane  ; a chart. 

i£Jf‘  Terrestrial  maps  are  geographic  or  hydrographic , 
according  as  they  denote  a portion  of  the  land  or  of 
the  sea  ; the  latter,  however,  are  usually  called  charts. 
— A topographical  map  represents  the  minuter  fea- 
tures of  the  surface  of  the  earth.  Davies. 

MAP,  V.  a.  [t.  MAPPED  ; pp.  MAPPING,  MAPPED.] 
To  delineate  geographically  or  in  the  manner 
of  a map ; to  set  down.  Shale. 

MA'PLE  (tna'pl),  n.  [A.  S.  mapulder,  mapeldor.\ 
( Hot .)  A tree  of  the  genus  Acer,  of  many  species. 

Most  of  the  species  yield  a saccharine  juice, 
and  especially  the  Acer  saccliarinum  of  North  Amer- 
ica (called  the  sugar  or  roclc-maple),  from  whose  sap 
sugar  is  produced  in  considerable  quantities.  Loudon. 

MA'PLE,  a.  Relating  to  tfie  maple.  Ash. 

MAP'— MOUNT-gR,  n.  One  who  puts  maps  ttpon 
rollers  after  pasting  them  on  canvas  and  coat- 
ing them  with  varnish.  Simmonds. 


MAR,  v.  a.  [M.  marr,  to  kill.  — A.  S.  myrran,  or 
amyrran,  to  dissipate,  to  consume.]  [i.  marked  ; 
pp.  MARRING,  marred.]  To  injure;  to  spoil ; 
to  hurt ; to  damage  ; to  harm  ; to  impair. 

Striving  to  better,  oft  we  mar  what’s  well.  Shak. 

f MAR,  tt.  1.  A blot ; an  injury.  Ascham. 

2.  A mere,  or  small  lake.  [Local,  Eng.]  Grose. 

MAR-A-BOU',  n.  [Fr.  marabout.]  ( Ornith .)  A 
bird  of  India,  the  feathers  of  which  are  used  as 
decorations  by  ladies;  a species  of  crane.  Baird. 

MAlt-A-BOUT',  n.  [Fr.]  1.  A house  or  edifice 

for  worship  among  the  Mahometans,  contain- 
ing the  tomb  of  a saint.  Jackson. 

2.  A saint ; — so  used  by  the  Moors.  Campbell. 

MAR'A-CAN,  n.  (Ornith.)  A species  of  parrot 
of  a large  size  found  in  Brazil.  Wright. 

MAR'A-COCK,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the  genus 
Passijlora.  Wright. 

MAR-A-JYAtH'A  [mSr-a-niith'fi,  W.  J.  F.  Ja.  C. 
I Vr. ; mar-a-na'tha,  K.  Sm.  ; in a-ra ll  a-t li;t,  S.],W. 
[Hebrew  or  Syriac.]  A curse  or  form  of  anathe- 
matizing among  the  Jews,  signifying  “ the  Lord 
will  come,”  i.  e.  to  take  vengeance.  Merivale. 

MA-RAN'TA,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  evergreen 
herbaceous  plants  growing  in  tropical  countries ; 
Indian  arrow-root.  Loudon. 

mAR-AS-CHI  'JYO,  n.  [It.]  A liquor  distilled  from 
the  cherry.  IF.  Ency. 

MAVRA^'MUS,  n.  [Gr.  pnpaapd;  ; papaivoi,  to  put 
out  or  quench,  as  fire ; fiupaiiopai,  to  waste 
away.]  (Med.)  A wasting  of  the  body  ; emaci- 
ation ; atrophy  ; phthisis  ; tabes.  Dunglison. 
And  moonstruck  madness,  pining  atrophy, 

Marasmus,  and  wide-wasting  pestilence.  Milton. 

mAr-AS-  Q UI  '-VO,  n.  Maraschino.  W.  Ency. 

MA-RAUD',  v.  n.  [Fr.  marauder,  to  play  the 
rogue  ; maraud,  a rogue.]  [(.  marauded  ; pp. 
marauding,  marauded.]  To  rove  as  a free- 
booter or  soldier  in  quest  of  plunder.  Addison. 

MA-RAUD',  n.  [Fr.  maraud,  a rogue.]  The  act 
of  marauding  ; ravage  ; plunder. 

While  it  would  expose  the  whole  extent  of  the  surround- 
ing country  to  maraud  and  ravage.  W.  Irving. 

MA-RAUD'ER  [mj-r&w'der,  .7.  E.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm. 
Wr.  117;. ; mj-ro'der,  W.  P.],  n.  [Sp.  mero- 
deador  ; Fr.  maraud,  a rogue  ; maraudeur  : — 
Dan.  mar  odor.]  A plunderer ; a pillager  ; a 
freebooter.  llarte. 

MA-RAUD'ING,  p.  a.  Roving  about,  as  a soldier 
or  freebooter,  in  quest  of  plunder ; robbing ; 
plundering  ; as,  “ A marauding  party.” 

MA-RAUD'ING,  n.  The  act  of  roving  about  in 
quest  of  plunder.  Maunder. 

MAr-A-VE' DI,  n.  [Arab.]  A small  Spanish  cop- 
per coin,  of  less  value  than  a farthing; — now 
disused.  Todd. 

MAR'BLE  (m'ir'bl),  n.  [Gr.  pappnpo q ; pappaipoi, 
to  sparkle,  to  gleam  ; L.  ma/rmor ; It.  marmo ; 
Sp.  manual-,  Fr.  marbre.] 

1.  A limestone  or  carbonate  of  lime  of  many 
varieties,  having  a granular  and  crystalline  tex- 
ture, and  capable  of  a high  polish. 

2.  That  which  is  made  of  marble  or  stone, — 
particularly  a little  ball  which  boys  play  with. 

Marbles  taught  them  percussion.  Arbuthnot. 

3.  A stone  remarkable  for  some  sculpture  or 
inscription;  as,  “The  Arundelian  marbles.” 

MAR'BLE,  a.  1.  Made  of  marble  ; as  “ A marble 
statue”  ; “ A marble  table.” 

2.  Resembling  marble  ; variegated  like  mar- 
ble. “ Marble  colors.”  Sidney,. 

MAR'BLE  (m'ir'bl),  v.  a.  [Fr.  mar  brer.]  [!.  mar- 
bled ; pp.  MARBLING,  makhi.ed.]  To  varie- 
gate or  vein  like  marble.  “Well-sleeked  mar- 
bled paper.”  Boyle. 

MAR'BLE— BREAST 'ED,  a.  Insensible;  hard- 
hearted. “Marble-breasted  tyrant.”  Shak. 

MAR'BLE— CO N'ST ANT,  a.  Firm  or  unchanging 
as  marble ; immovable.  Shak. 


MAP'PpR-Y,  n.  The  art  of  planning  and  design- 
ing maps ; mapping  ; cartography.  Shak. 

MAP'PING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  maps  ; the  art 
of  delineating  maps.  Arrowsmith. 


MAR'BLE— EDITED  (inUr'bl-edjd),  a.  Having  the 
edges  marbled,  as  the  leaves  of  a book. 

MAR'BLE— HE  ART' jEI)  (niir'bl-harf'ed),  a.  Cruel ; 
hard-hearted.  “ Marble-hearted  fiend.”  Shak. 


MAR'BLING,  n.  The  act  of  variegating  or  veining, 
as  paper,  in  imitation  of  marble.  Goldsmith. 

MAR'BLY,  a.  Containing,  or  having  the  appear- 
ance of,  marble.  • Mrs.  Jameson. 

MARC,  n.  [Fr.]  Matter  which  remains  after  the 
pressure  of  any  fruit,  or  of  any  substance  that 
yields  oil ; pomace.  Farm.  Ency. 

MAR'CA-SITE,  n.  [It.  marcassita ; Sp.  marque- 
sita;  Fr.  marcassite.]  (Min.)  A variety  of  iron 
pyrites,  containing  generally  a little  arsenic  ; — 
called  by  the  Cornish  miners  mundic.  Ere. 

MAIt-C A-SIT'I-C AL,  a.  Relating  to,  or  contain- 
ing, marcasite.  Boyle. 

MAR-CAs'SIN,  n.  (Iler.)  A wild  boar  represent- 
ed in  a coat  of  armor.  Crabb. 

MAR-CES'CJjlNT,  a.  [L.  marcesco,  marcescens,  to 
decay.]  (Bot.)  Fading;  withering,  but  not 
falling.  i Farm.  Ency. 

MAR-CES'CI-BLE,  a.  [It.  marcescibile .]  Liable 
to  fade  or  to  wither,  [u.]  Blount. 

MARCH,  n.  [L.  Martins,  pertaining  to  Mars,  the 
god  of  war.]  The  third  month  of  the  year. 

The  stormy  March  has  come  at  last, 

With  winds,  and  clouds,  aud  changing  skies.  Bryant. 

MARCH,  v.  n.  [It.  marciare ; Sp.  marchar ; Fr.  mar- 
cher.] [t.  MARCHED  ; -pp.  MARCHING,  MARCHED.] 

1.  To  move  by  steps,  or  in  military  form;  as, 
“ The  army  marched  in  battle  array.” 

2.  To  walk  in  a stately  manner ; to  step  ; to  go. 

Doth  York  intend  no  harm  to  us, 

That  thus  he  marcheih  with  thee  arm  in  arm?  Shak. 

3.  [A.  S.  mearc,  a boundary.]  f To  be  con- 
tiguous ; to  border  upon.  Gower. 

MARCH,  v.  a.  1.  To  put  in  military  movement. 

Cyrus,  marching  his  army  over  mountains  of  snow.  Boyle. 

2.  To  bring  in  regular  procession. 

March  them  again  in  fair  array.  Prior. 

MARCH,  n.  [It.  marzo  ; Sp.  marcha ; Fr.  marche. 
— Dut.  Gcr.  marsch .] 

1.  A military  movement ; motion  of  a body 
of  troops  from  one  place  to  another ; journey  of 
soldiers. 

These  troops  came  to  the  army  harassed  with  a long  and 
wearisome  march.  Bacon. 

2.  A stately,  regulated,  or  deliberate  walk. 

We  came  .to  the  roots  of  the  mountain,  and  had  a very 
troublesome  march  to  gain  the  top  of  it.  Addison. 

3.  Movement ; progression  ; advance. 

4.  (Mil.)  The  beat  of  a drum  as  a signal  to 

move.  Knolles. 

5.  (Mas.)  A military  air,  played  to  regulate 

the  steps,  and  to  animate  the  minds  of  sol- 
diers. Brande. 

6.  pi.  Borders. — See  Marches. 

To  make  a march,  in  t lie  game  of  eucre,  to  take  all 
the  tricks  of  a single  deal.  Hoyle. 

MARCII'ER,  n.  1.  One  who  marches. 

2.  In  the  middle  ages,  one  of  the  noblemen 
who  lived  on  the  marches  of  Wales  and  Scot- 
land. Brande. 

MARCHES,  n.  pi.  [Goth,  marka;  A.  S.  mearc-, 
Dan.  iSf  Sw.  markc  ; Nor.  Fr.  marche,  territory, 
neighborhood.  — L.  margo,  a margin.]  Bor- 
ders, limits,  frontiers,  or  confines  of  a country. 

They  of  those  marches  . . . 

Shall  be  a wall  sufficient  to  defend 

Our  inland  from  the  pilfering  borderers.  Shak. 

MAR'CHJET,  n.  A fine  formerly  paid  to  a lord  or 
superior  for  redeeming  a young  woman’s  vir- 
ginity at  the  time  of  her  marriage:  — a badge 
of  feudal  bondage.  [Scotland.]  Jamieson. 

MARCH'ING,  n.  Military  movement ; passage  of 
soldiers ; march.  Campbell. 

MAR'^IIION-ESS  (mUr'shun-es)  [mir'shun-es,  II'. 
Sm.  R.  Wr.  Wb.  Kenrickr,  mir'chun-es,  S’.  J.  E. 
F.  Ja. ; mUr'clnin-es  or  mStr'shun-es,  K.],  n.  The 
wife  of  a marquis ; a lady  of  the  rank  of  marquis. 

US*  Marchioness,  as  it  stands  in  its  alphabetical 
place  in  the  different  editions  of  Walker’s  Dictionary, 
is  pronounced  mar'chun-es ; but  tins  is  doubtless  a 
misprint ; for  in  his  “ Principles,”  No.  288,  lie  spells 
it  for  pronunciation  mar'shun-es  ; and  again,  No.  352, 
for  the  pronunciation  of  ch,  lie  classes  marchioness 
with  chaise , chevalier , machine,  Sec. 

MArCII'PANE,  n.  [Fr.  massepain-,  pain,  bread.] 
A kind  of  sweet  bread  or  biscuit ; a macaroon. 
Good  thou,  save  me  a piece  of  marchpane.  Shak. 

MAR'CID,  a.  [L.  marcidus.]  Lean;  shrunk; 
meagre  ; pining  ; withered.  Harvey. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long  ; 


A,  E,  !,  6,  U,  Y,  short ; 


A,  £,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


MARCIDITY 


881 


MARK 


MAR-CID'I-Ty,  n.  Leanness  ; meagreness.  Perry. 

MAR'CION-ITE  (in&r'sllun-It),  n.  ( Eccl . Hist.)  A 
follower  of  Marcion,'  a heretic  of  the  second 
century,  who  adopted  the  notion  of  two  conflict- 
ing principles,  one  good  and  the  other  evil,  and 
imagined  that  between  them  there  existed  a 
third  power,  or  principle,  neither  wholly  good 
nor  evil,  the  Creator  of  the  world,  and  the  God 
of  the  Jewish  dispensation.  Brancle. 

MAR'UITE,  n.  {Eccl.  Hist.)  A follower  of  Mar- 
cus, an  Egyptian  of  the  second  century  ; one  of 
the  sect  seif-styled  the  Perfecti.  Buck. 

MAR'COR,  n.  [L.]  Leanness,  [u.]  Browne. 

MAR-CO'iJIAN,  n.  {Eccl.  Hist.)  One  of  an  early 
sect  of  Christians,  who  were  a branch  of  the 
Gnostics;  — so  called  from  an  Egyptian  named 
Marcus,  and  reputed  a magician.  Brancle. 

MAR'CUS,  n.  [L.]  A large,  iron-headed  ham- 
mer. Weale. 

WARD,  n.  See  Merd.  Todd. 

mAre,  n.  1.  [A.  S.  mcere,  mere,  or  myre\  Dot. 
tnerrie ; Ger.  mahre ; Dan.  maer ; Sw.  marr.\ 
The  female  of  the  horse. 

2.  [A.  S.  mara,  the  nightmare.]  An  incubus  ; 
the  nightmare,  [k.] — See  Nightmare. 

Mushrooms  cause  the  incubus,  or  the  mare , in  the  stom- 
ach. Bacon. 

MAR'y-KAN-ITE,  n.  {Min.)  A pearl-gray  trans- 
lucent variety  of  obsidian,  from  Marekan,  in 
ICamtchatka.  Dana. 

MA-RE'NA,  n.  {Ich.)  A kind  of  fish  resembling 
a pilchard.  Wright. 

MARE'SyHAL  (milr'sh?!),  n.  [Old  Fr.  mareschal ; 
Fr.  marechal.  — See  Marshal.]  A chief  com- 
mander of  an  army.  — See  Marshal.  Prior. 

mArE’§'— NEST,  n.  Something  ridiculously  ab- 
surd ; a hoax.  [Colloquial.]  For.  Qu.  Rev. 

MARE’§'-TAIL,  n.  1.  {Bot.)  An  aquatic  plant 
of  the  genus  Hippuris.  Loudon. 

2.  A long,  narrow',  dark  cloud.  Halliwell .* 

MAR'G A-RATE,  n.  {Chem.)  A salt  formed  of 
margaric  acid  and  a base.  P.  Cyc. 

MAR-gAr'IC,  a.  [Fr.  margarique.  — See  Mar- 
garite.]  {Chem.)  Noting  a fatty  acid,  of  a 
pearly  lustre,  into  which  the  margarine,  or  con- 
crete portion  of  certain  oils  is  converted  by  the 
action  of  alkalies.  P.  Cyc. 

MAR'GA-RINE,  n.  [Fr.]  A solid,  fatty  matter, 
obtained  from  olive  oil  and  some  other  vegetable 
oils  ; — so  called  from  its  pearly  lustre.  Brancle. 

MAR-GAR-I-TA'CEOUS  (66),  a.  Pearly.  Maunder. 

MAR'GA-RlTE,  n.  [Gr.  papyapirr/s  -,  L.  rnargarita, 
a pearl.] 

1.  t A pearl.  “ Neither  cast  ye  your  marga- 
rites  before  swine.”  Matt.  vii.  6,  Wick.  Trans. 

2.  {Min.)  A mineral  of  a pale,  pearly-gray 

color ; — called  also  pearl  mica.  Dana. 

MAR'GA-RITES,  n.  An  herb  ; a daisy.  Ainsworth. 

MAR-G A-RIT'JC,  a.  {Chem.)  Noting  a fatty  acid 
obtained  from  castor  oil.  Brande. 

MAR-GA-RI-TIF'JJR-OUS,  a.  [L.  margaritifer ; 
rnargarita,  a pearl,  and  fero,  to  bear.]  Con- 
taining or  producing  pearls.  Maunder. 

MAR  GA-RON,  ) n.  {Chem.)  A white,  solid, 

MAR'GA-RONE,  * fatty  matter,  obtained  by  dis- 
tilling margaric  acid  with  quicklime.  P.  Cyc. 

MAR'GA-ROUS,ti.  {Chem.)  Noting  a fatty  acid  con- 
taining less  oxygen  than  margaric  acid.  Brande. 

MAR'GAY,  n.  (Zoiil.)  A species  of  wild  cat,  na- 
tive of  South  America ; Fells  tigrina.  Fischer. 

f MAR(JE,  n.  [Fr.  marge.\  A margin.  Spenser. 

t MAR'yyNT,  n.  A margin.  Shak. 

+ MAR'yiJNT,  x}.  a.  To  note  in  the  margin  of  a 
book.  Mir.  for  Mag. 

margin,  n.  [L.  margo,  marginis  ; It.  margine ; 
Sp.  margen-,  Fr.  marge.] 

1.  A border  ; brink  ; verge  ; edge  ; rim.  “ The 

margin  of  the  fatal  flood.”  Dryden. 

2.  The  blank  space  left  around  the  printed 
page  of  a book  ; as,  “ A note  in  the  margin.” 


3.  {Com.)  An  opportunity  for  profit,  arising 
from  the  difference  in  the  prices  at  which  an  ar- 
ticle may  be  bought  and  sold.  Warrington. 

Margin  of  a course,  (Arch.)  the  upper  side  of  a 
course  of  slates  uncovered  by  the  next  superior  course. 

Syn. — See  Border 

MARGIN,  v.  a.  To  border.  Bourne. 

MAR'QIN-AL,  a.  [It.  margin  ale ; Sp.  iS;  Fr.  mar- 
ginal ] Relating  to,  or  being  on,  the  margin  ; 
as,  “ Marginal  note.”  Addison. 

MAR-qiN-A ' I.I-A,  n.  pi.  Notes  written  on  the 
margin  of  books.  Coleridge. 

MAR'£IN-AL-LY,  ad.  In  the  margin.  Newcome. 

MAR'GJN-ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  margino,  marginatus  ; 
Sp.  margenar ; Fr . marginer.]  To  furnish  with 
a margin.  Cockeram. 

MAR  £IN-ATE,  ) a%  Having  a margin;  mar- 

MAR'<?!N-AT-yD,  ) gined.  Johnson. 

MARGINED,  a.  Having  a margin.  Goldsmith. 

MAR'GODE,  n.  {Min.)  An  extremely  hard  bluish- 
gray  stone.  Wright. 

MAR'GOT,  n.  {Ich.)  An  American  fish  of  the 
perch  kind.  Wright. 

MAR'GRAVE,  n.  [Ger.  markgraf;  mark,  a bound, 
and  graf,  a count ; i.  e.  count  or  keeper  of  the 
marches,  or  borders.]  A title  of  sovereignty  or 
rank  formerly  used  in  Germany,  and  equivalent 
to  the  English  marquis.  Brande. 

MAR-GRA'VI-ATE,  n.  The  territory,  jurisdiction, 
or  dignity  of  a margrave.  Maunder. 

MAR'GRA-VINE,  n.  [Ger.  markgrrifinn.]  The 
wife  of  a margrave,  equivalent  to  the  English 
marchioness.  Maunder. 

MA'RI-AN,  a.  Relating  to  the  Virgin  Mary,  or  to 
Queen  Mary.  Southey. 

MA'RI-ET,  n.  A kind  of  violet.  Bailey. 

MA-rRi'E-NOUS,  a.  [L.  mare,  the  sea,  and  gigno, 
to  produce.]  Produced  in  or  by  the  sea.  Wright. 

MAR'I-GOLD  [mar'e-gold,  IF.  P.J.  E.F.Ja.Sm. 
Wr.;  ma're-gold,  S.  K.],  n.  [ Mary  and  gold.] 
{Bot.)  A genus  of  shrubs  and  herbaceous  plants 
of  several  varieties  ; Calendula.  Loudon. 

Marigold  windows,  (Arch.)  circular  windows  often 
found  in  cathedrals,  called  also  rose  windows  and 
Catharine-whcel  windows.  Craig. 

MART-GRAPH,  n.  [L.  mare,  the  sea,  and  Gr. 
ypai/ioj,  to  describe;  Fr.  marigraphe .]  A ma- 
chine for  registering,  in  a permanent  manner, 
the  height  of  the  tides.  Simmonds. 

mAr'I-NATE,  v.  a.  [Fr.  mariner.]  [i.  marinat- 

ed ; pp.  MARINATING,  MARINATED.]  To  Salt 
and  pickle,  as  fish  ; to  salt  and  preserve.  King. 

MA-RINE'  ( m a- re n ' ) , a.  [L.  marinus  ; mare,  the 
sea  ; It.  <S;  Sp.  marino  ; Fr.  marin.] 

1.  Belonging  to  the  sea.  “ Shells  and  other 

marine  bodies.”  Woodward. 

2.  Maritime  ; naval  ; nautical.  “ Touching 

marine  affairs.”  Hayward. 

Marine  acid,  the  name  formerly  applied  to  muriatic 

or  hydrochloric  acid. — Marine  glue.  See  Glue. — 
Marine  railway,  a railway  on  which  ships  may  be 
drawn  up  from  the  water  to  be  repaired. 

Syn.  — See  Nautical. 

MA-RINE',  n.  I.  Sea  affairs  ; shipping  ; a navy. 

The  first  [factions]  wished  France  diverted  from  the  poli- 
tics of  the  continent,  to  attend  solely  to  her  marine.  Burke. 

2.  A soldier  in  a ship  of  war.  Johnson. 

Royal  marines,  a body  of  English  troops  trained  to 
encounter  an  enemy  either  at  sea  or  on  land. 

MAR'I-NER,  n.  [A.  S.  mariner.  — Fr.  mar  inter.] 
One  whose  business  it  is  to  navigate  the  sea ; a 
seaman ; a sailor. 

Syn.  — See  Sailor. 

MAR-I-NO-RA'MA,  n.  [L.  mare,  the  sea,  and  Gr. 
opaga,  a view.]  A view  of  the  sea.  Wright. 

MA-RI-OL'A-TJfR,  n.  A worshipper  of  the  Vir- 
gin Mary.  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

MA-RJ-OL'A-TRY,  n.  [Mary  and  Gr.  /.arena, 
worship.]  Worship  of  the  Virgin  Mary.  Ch.  Ob. 

MAR'I-PUT,  n.  {Zoiil.)  A kind  of  weasel;  the 
zoril  of  Buffon ; Viverra  zorilla.  Wright. 


fMAR'ISH,  n.  [M.  Goth,  marisaiw , A.S.  morse, 
or  mere ; Ger.  marsch .]  A marsh.  Milton. 

mAr'ISH,  a.  Fenny;  boggy;  swampy.  Bacon. 

MAR'I-TAL  [mar'e-tal,  S.  W.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja  Wr. ; 
ma-iT'tal,  Sin.  ; nifi-rl  t?l  or  mar'e-tal,  A.],  a.  [L. 
maritalis  ; Sp.  <y  Fr.  marital,  pertaining  to  mar- 
riage.] Pertaining  to  a husband;  incident  to  a 
husband.  Ayliffe. 

f mAR'I-TAT-JD,  a.  [L.  maritatus,  married.] 
Having  a husband.  Bailey. 

MA-RIT'I-MAL  [raSL-rlt'e-mjl,  S.  IF.  P.  Ja.  ; m&r'- 
e-ti-mjl,  Sm.],  a.  [See  Maritime.]  Maritime. 
“ A maritimal  voyage.”  [r.]  Raleigh. 

t MA-RIT'I-MATE,  a.  Maritime.  Raleigh. 

MAR'NTIME  (mar'e-tlm),  a.  [L.  maritimus -,  It. 
marittimo;  Sp.  maritinw,  Fr.  maritime.] 

1.  Relating  to  the  sea;  marine;  naval; 
nautical. 

2.  Bordering  on,  or  being  near,  the  sea.  “A 

maritime  town.”  Addison. 

MAR'JO-RAM,  n.  [Lovt~L.majorana-,  It.  maggio- 
rana;  Sp.  mejorana ; Fr.  marjolaine .]  {Bot.) 
A genus  of  aromatic  shrubs  and  herbaceous 
plants  of  several  varieties  ; Origanum.  Loudon. 

ggp  The  species  generally  cultivated  are  the  com- 
mon or  pot  marjoram  ( Origanum  vvlgare ),  and  sweet 
or  summer  marjoram  i Origanum  marjorana ),  and  bas- 
tard or  winter  marjoram  (Origanum  peraclcoticum). 
Farm.  Ency. 

MARK,  n.  1.  [Goth,  marka  ; A.  S.  mearc ; Dut. 
merk\  Ger.  mark-,  Dan.  mcerke-,  Sw.  mcirke ; 
W.  marc.]  A token  by  which  any  thing  is 
known;  a sign;  a note ; a characteristic. 

As  men  that  have  passed  by  a rock  at  sea  set  up  some  mark, 
thereby  to  remember  their  former  danger  and  avoid  it  .Hobbes. 

2.  A line  drawn  or  a point  made,  as  by  the 
hand  or  an  instrument ; a stamp  ; an  impression ; 
a print  ; as,  “ A mark  on  goods.” 

3.  A vestige  ; a track  ; a trace  ; a symptom. 

At  present  there  are  scarce  any  marks  left  of  a subterra- 
nean fire.  • Addison. 

4.  An  evidence  ; a proof ; indication  ; badge. 

As  the  confusion  of  tongues  was  a mark  of  separation,  so 
the  being  of  one  language  is  a mark  of  union.  Bacon. 

5.  Distinction;  eminence;  as,  “A  man  of 
mark.” 

A place  of  great  and  good  mark  and  scope.  Carew. 

6.  Any  thing  at  which  a missile  weapon  is  di- 
rected ; object ; as,  “ To  fire  at  a mark.” 

7.  A cross  or  character  made,  as  a signature, 
by  one  who  cannot  write  his  name. 

The  method  of  the  Saxons  was,  for  such  as  could  write  to 
inscribe  their  names,  and,  whether  they  could  write  or  not, 
to  affix  the  sign  of  the  cross;  which  custom  our  illiterate  vul- 
gar do,  for  the  most  part,  to  this  day  keep  up.  by  signing  a 
cross  for  their  mark  wnen  unable  to  write  their  name. 

Blackstone. 

8.  [Fr.  marc.]  An  old  English  ‘coin,  value 
13s.  4d.  sterling  (about  $’3.22) : — a German  coin, 
value  Is.  4d.  sterling  (about  $ 0.32 ).  Brande. 

9.  A weight  for  gold,  silver,  &c.  Wright. 

10.  [Fr.  marque.)  A license  ; commonly  writ- 
ten marque.  — See  Marque.  Johnson. 

Syn.  — Mark  is  a term  variously  applied,  and  a 
tiling  made  in  different  inodes.  A mark  made  by  ink, 
chalk,  or  by  an  instrument ; a mark  on  goods,  an  ani- 
mal, or  a person  ; a mark  to  he  shot  at  ; a man  of 
mark  or  distinction.  A print  of  the  foot ; a print  on 
paper;  an  impression  on  wax;  stamp  on  a newspa- 
per; a sign  of  a shopkeeper;  sign  of  the  zodiac  ; a 
token  of  friendship  ; a symptom,  of  disease  ; an  indica- 
tion of  wisdom  ; a trace  of  an  ancient  custom  ; a 
vestige  of  an  ancient  landmark  ; the  footsteps  of  those 
who  preceded,  and  the  tracks  which  they  left  behind  ; 
a badge  of  office  or  distinction  ; a stigma  of  reproach. 

MARK,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  mearcian ; Dut.  merken-,  Ger. 
marken;  Dan.  mcerke-,  Sw.  miirka. — It.  mar- 
care-,  Sp.  marcar ; Fr.  marquer.  — See  Mark, 

».]  [i.  MARKED  ; pp.  MARKING,  MARKED.] 

1.  To  impress  with  a token  or  evidence,  or 
with  a stamp  or  brand ; to  trace  a line  or  lines 
upon  ; to  impress ; to  stamp  ; to  brand  ; to  print. 

For  our  quiet  possession  of  things  useful,  they  are  natu- 
rally marked  where  there  is  need.  Grew. 

2.  To  take  notice  of ; to  notice  ; to  note. 

Mark  them  which  cause  divisions  contrary  to  the  doctrine 
which  ye  have  learned,  and  avoid  them.  Rom.  xvi.  17. 

To  mark  out,  to  notify,  as  by  a mark  or  stamp  ; to 
point  out ; to  indicate  ; to  distinguish. 

MARK,  v . n.  To  note  ; to  take  notice  ; to  observe. 

Men  mark  when  they  hit,  and  never  mark  when  they 
miss,  as  they  do  also  of  dreams.  Bacon. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  (?,  9,  g,  soft ; £,  G,  9,  g,  hard ; § as  z;  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


MARKAB 


882 


MARRIAGE-ARTICLES 


MAR'KAB,  n.  ( Astron .)  The  principal  star  in  the 
constellation  Pegasus.  Hind. 

t MARK'A-BLE,  a.  Remarkable.  Sir  E.  Sandys. 

MARKED  (miirkt),  p.  a.  1.  Impressed  with  a mark. 

2.  Noted  ; prominent ; notable  ; conspicuous. 

MAR-KEE',  n.  See  Marquee. 

MARK'fR,  n.  1.  One  who  marks  or  notes. 

2.  (Mil.)  One  who  designates  the  wheeling- 
point,  or  the  change  of  direction,  of  a battalion 
or  company.  Shepard. 

MAR'KpT,  n.  [A.  S .market-,  Dut.  <S;  Ger.  markt ; 
Dan.  marked-,  Sw.  marknad ; Icel.  markadr-, 
W.  march tuid ; M.  margey ; Gael.  S,  Ir.  mar- 
gadli.  — Mod.  L.  mereheta  ; L.  mercatus ; mercor, 
to  traffic  ; max,  mercis,  goods  ; It.  mercato  ; Sp. 
merctdo-,  Fr .march*.] 

1.  A public  place  for  the  sale  of  commodities, 
especially  provisions ; a place  of  public  traffic  ; 
a mart ; an  emporium  ; an  entrepot. 

If  one  bushel  of  wheat  and  two  of  barley  will,  in  the  mar- 
ket, be  taken  one  for  another,  they  are  of  equal  worth.  Locke. 

2.  Purchase  and  sale;  as,  “To  find  a ready 
market  for  merchandise.” 

3.  Rate;  price;  charge;  cost;  valuation. 

So  of  old 

Was  blood  and  life  at  a low  market  sold.  Dri/den. 

4.  A building  in  which  provisions  are  sold  ; a 
market-house. 

5.  (Eng.  Law.)  The  franchise  or  privilege  by 

which  a town  is  enabled  to  keep  a market,  or 
market-houses,  within  its  limits.  Burrill. 

MAR'KET,  V.  n.  [».  MARKETED  ; pp.  MARKETING, 
marketed.]  To  deal  at  a market;  to  buy  or 
sell ; to  make  bargains.  Johnson. 

MAR'KET,  v.  a.  To  sell ; to  dispose  of ; to  vend. 

MAR'KfT-A-BLE,  a.  Current  in,  or  fit  for  sale  in, 
the  market;  such  as  may  be  sold.  “ All  mar- 
ketable commodities.”  Bp.  Hall. 

MAR'KpT-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
marketable.  . Coleridge. 

MAR'KfJT—  BELL,  n.  A bell  to  give  notice  of  the 
time  of  a market.  Shak. 

MAR'KET— CRI'jJR,  n.  A crier  of  the  market.  Lee. 

MAR'KpT— CROSS,  n.  A cross  set  up  where  a 
market  is  held. 

These  things  you  have  articulated, 

Proclaimed  at  market-crosses , read  in  churches.  Shak. 

MAR'KpT— DAY,  n.  The  day  on  which  a market 
is  held.  Dryden. 

MAR'KpT— FOLKS  (m&r'ket-foks),  n.  pi.  [See 
Folk.]  People  who  go  to  the  market. 

Poor  market-folks,  that  come  to  sell  their  corn.  Shak. 

MAR'KpT-ING,  n.  The  act  or  the  business  of 
buying  and  selling,  as  in  a market. 

MAR'KIJT— MAID,  n.  A woman  or  a girl  who  goes 


to  market.  Shak. 

MAR'KfT—  MAN,  n. ; pi.  mak'ket-men.  A man 
who  goes  to  market.  Shak. 

MAR'KIJT— PLACE,  n.  A place  where  a market 
is  held ; market-house. 

Behold  the  marketplace  with  poor  o’erspread: 

The  man  of  Ross  divides  the  weekly  bread.  Pope. 


MAR  Kgr  PRICE,  l n jhp  prjce  at  which  any 

MAR'KIJT— RATE,  > thing  is  currently  sold. 

The  actuul  price  at  which  any  commodity  is  commonly 
sold  is  called  its  market-price.  A.  Smith. 

f MAR'KET-STED,  n.  The  site  of  a market. 

Drayton. 

MAR'KpT— TOWN,  n.  A town  in  which  a stated 
market  is  held.  Spenser. 

MAR'KgT— WOM'AN  (m'ir'ket-wflm'jn),  n.  A 
woman  who  carries  any  thing  to  market  for 
sale.  Ash. 

MARK'ING— INK,  n.  Indelible  ink  for  marking 
cloth,  &c.  Hooker. 

MARK'M  AN,  n.  Same  as  Marksman.  Shak. 

MARKS'M AN,  n.  ; pi.  MARKSMEN.  1.  A man 
skilful  to  hit  a mark.  Shak. 

2.  One  who  cannot  write  his  name,  but  makes 
his  mark  for  it. 

In  the  original  Solemn  Lengue  and  Covenant,  which  is 
now  [1777]  in  the  British  Museum,  there  are  abundance  of 
marksmen.  Nicolson  tf  Burn , Hist,  of  Cumberland. 


MARKS'MAN-SHIP,  n.  Quality  of  being  a marks- 
man ; dexterity  of  a marksman.  Silliman. 

MARL,  n.  [L.  marqa ; It.  & Sp.  marga.  — Dut.  ^ 
Ger.  mergel ; W.  marl.  — Skinner  derives  it 
from  A.  S.  merg,  marrow.]  A fertilizing  earth, 
or  a sort  of  calcareous  earth  compounded  of 
carbonate  of  lime  and  clay  in  various  propor- 
tions and  in  different  degrees  of  compactness 
and  friability.  Brande. 

MARL,  V.  a.  [l.  MARLED  ; pp.  MARLINO,  MARLED.] 

1.  To  manure  with  marl.  Mortimer. 

2.  (Naat.)  To  wind  around,  as  a rope,  with 

marline.  Dana. 

MAR-LA'CEOUS  (66),  a.  Resembling  marl.  Wright. 

MAR'LEON,  n.  See  Merlin.  Todd. 

MAR'LINE  (mar'lin),  n.  (Na.ut.)  A small  line  of 
two  strands,  but  little  twisted,  used  for  winding 
round  ropes  or  cables,  to  prevent  their  being 
fretted  ; a finer  kind  of  spun-yarn.  Dana. 

MAR'LINE— SPIKE,  n.  (Naut.)  An  iron  pin  sharp- 
ened at  one  end,  and  having  a hole  in  the  other 
for  a lanyard  ; — used  in  splicing  ropes.  Dana. 

MAR'LING,  n.  A winding  with  marlines.  Smart. 

MAR'LING— SPIKE,  n.  Marline-spike.  Dana. 

MAR'LITE,  n.  (Min.)  A variety  of  marl.  Ure. 

MAR-LIT'IG,  a.  (Min.)  Relating  to,  or  contain- 
ing, marlite.  Smart. 

MARL'— PIT,  n.  A pit  out  of  which  marl  is  dug. 

MARL'STONE,  n.  (Geol.)  A sandy,  calcareous, 
and  irony  stratum,  which  divides  the  upper 
from  the  lower  lias  clays.  P.  Cyc. 

MARL'Y,  a.  Abounding  with,  or  like,  marl. 

MAR'MA-LADE,  n.  [It.  marmellata ; Sp.  mer- 
melada ; Fr.  marmcladc.\  A confect  made  of 
quinces  or  other  fruit,  boiled  to  a consistence 
with  sugar.  Quincy. 

f MAR'MA-LET,  n.  Marmalade.  Bailey. 

MAR'MA-TlTE,  n.  (Min.)  A black  blende,  con- 
sisting of  sulphurct  of  zinc  and  sulphuret  of 
iron  ; — so  named  from  Marmato,  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Popayan,  where  it  is  found.  Dana. 

MAR'MO-LITE,  n.  [Gr.  in iopapo;,  marble,  and 
i.iOos,  a stone.]  (Min.)  A silicate  of  magnesia, 
occurring  massive,  of  a grayish  and  greenish 
color,  and  a pearly  lustre.  Eng.  Cyc. 

MAR-MO-RA'CEOUS  (-shus,  66),  a.  Pertaining  to, 
or  like,  marble  ; marmorean.  Maunder. 

MAR  MO-RATE,  l (L.  marmoratus .]  Cov- 

MAR'MO-R A T - F. D , ) ered  with  marble.  Wood. 

f MAR-MO-RA'TION,  n.  [L.  marmoratio.]  An 
overlaying  or  incrusting  with  marble.  Blount. 

mAR-MO-rA  ' TVM,  n.  [L.]  A cement  formed 
of  pounded  marble  and  lime.  Brande. 

MAR-MO'RU-AL,  a.  Marmorean.  [r.]  Shelley. 

MAR-MO'R5-AN,  a.  [L.  marmoreus  ; It.  mar- 
moreo ; Fr.  marmoreen .]  Made  of,  or  like, 
marble.  Hamilton. 

MAR'MOSE,  n.  [Fr.]  (Zool.)  A species  of  opos- 
sum, inhabiting  Mexico  and  South  America  ; 
Didelphis  marinus.  Waterhouse. 

MAR-MO-§ET',  n.  [Fr.  marmouset. ] (Zoiil.)  A 
small  monkey.  — See  Jacchus.  Shak. 

MAR'MOT,  or  MAR-MOT' 

[mfir-mot',  .S.  W. ; m'ar'- 
mot,  Ja.  K.  R.  Ash , 

Wr  Wb. ; niar-mBt',  P. 

Sin.),  n.  [It.  marmot- 
ta,  or  marmotto ; Fr. 
marmot .]  (Zoil.)  A ro- 
dent quadruped  of  the  Alarmot  (Arcfomys  Alpinus.) 
genus  Arctnmys,  somewhat  like  the  squirrel,  and 
placed  in  the  same  family  by  Van  Der  Hoeven. 

fiffr-  Tile  marmots,  however,  in  their  general  form, 
are  nearly  the  reverse  of  the  squirrels,  being  heavy, 
with  short  legs,  a middle-sized  or  short  tail,  and  a 
large,  flat  head.  Brande. 

MA-RONE',  n.  [Fr.  marroni]  An  impure  color 
or  pigment,  in  which  red  predominates.  Weale. 

MAR'ON-lTE,  n.  (Eccl.  Hist.)  A follower  of 
Maro,  who  seceded  from  the  Catholic  Church  in 


the  7th  century,  and  established  a sect  in  the 
mountains  of  Libanus  and  Antilibanus  in 
Syria.  Brande. 

MA-ROON',  n.  [Supposed  to  be  derived  from 
a word,  used  in  Spanish  America,  signifying 
hog-hunters.  Brande .]  A free  negro,  or  a run- 
away negro  slave,  in  the  West  Indies,  living  in 
the  mountains.  Ed.  Rev. 

MA-ROON',  V.  a.  [l.  MAROONED  ; pp.  MAROON- 
ING, marooned.]  (Xaut.)  To  leave,  as  sailors, 
on  a desolate  island  ; to  place  in  the  condition 
of  maroons.  Crabb. 

MAR'PLOT,  n.  One  who  defeats  a plot.  Clarke. 

MARQUE  (mark),  n.  [Fr.,  from  Ger.  mark,  a 
boundary.] 

1.  (Laiv.)  A permission  or  license  to  pass  the 

frontier  of  a country,  in  order  to  make  repri- 
sals ; — generally  used  as  synonymous  with  re- 
prisal. Burrill. 

2.  A ship  commissioned  to  make  reprisals. 

Brande. 

Letters  of  marque  and  reprisal,  commissions  or  let- 
ters which  authorize  reprisals  on  a foreign  state,  par- 
ticularly on  the  merchant-vessels  of  an  enemy. 

mAr-  Q UEE  ' (mar-ke'),  n.  [Fr.]  A field-tent, 
or  covering,  made  of  strong  canvas,  to  keep  off 
the  rain.  Crabb. 

MAR'GUF.SS  (m&r'kwes),  n.  [Sp.  marques .]  An 
English  title  of  dignity  next  in  rank  to  that  of 
duke.  — See  Marquis.  Selden. 

/gg=-Ti!l  of  late,  marquis  was  the  usual  and  almost 
only  form  ; hut  marquess  has  now  become  common. 
Smart  says,  “ Marquis,  the  French  orthography,  is 
getting  out  of  use,  except  when  we  refer  to  a foreigner 
bearing  this  title.”  — In  England  this  title  was  first 
conferred  by  Richard  II.,  who,  in  1387,  created  Rob- 
ert de  Vere,  Earl  of  Oxford,  Marquess  of  Dublin. 
Brande. 

MAR'GUIJT-RY  (mhr'ket-re),  n.  [Fr.  marque  trie  ; 
marqueter,  to  speckle,  to  spot.]  (Arch.)  In- 
laid work,  consisting  of  different  pieces  of  di- 
vers colored  woods  of  small  thickness  glued  on 
to  a ground  usually  of  oak  or  fur,  formerly 
much  used  in  cabinet-work,  but  now  chiefly  con- 
fined in  its  use  to  floors ; checkered-work  ; in- 
laid wood-work ; parquetry.  Brande. 

MAR'GUIS  (mar'kwjs),  n.  1.  [Fr.  marquis-,  It. 
marchese ; Sp.  marques.]  A title  of  dignity  in 
England,  France,  and  Germany,  next  in  rank 
below  that  of  duke.  — See  Marquess.  Peacham. 

2.  [Fr.  marquise .]  f A marchioness.  Shak. 

MAR'GUI§-ATE  (m'4r'kwjz-at), n.  [Fr.  marquisat.] 
The  seigniory  of  a marquis.  Wotton. 

MAR 'ClUIS- DOM,  n.  A marquisate.  Holinshed. 

MAR'RIJR,  n.  One  who  mars  or  injures.  Ascham. 

MAR'RI-A-BLE,  a.  [Fr.  mariable.]  That  may 
be  married  ; marriageable,  [r.]  Huloet. 

MAr'RTA^E  (mar'rjj),  n.  [L.  mas,  maris,  a male  ; 
Fr.  mariage  ; mari,  a husband.]  The  act  of 
marrying,  or  uniting  a man  and  woman  for  life 
as  husband  and  wife  ; the  state  of  legal  union 
between  a man  and  a woman ; matrimony ; 
wedlock  ; wedding ; nuptials.  “ Marriage  is 
honorable  in  all.”  Heb.  xiii.  4. 

The  reason  why  so  few  maniar/es  are  happy  is  because 
young  ladies  spend  their  time  in  making  nets,  not  in  making 
cages.  Swift. 

BGf’  It  is  sometimes  used  as  an  adjective,  and  it  is 
often  used  in  composition  ; as,  fnarna^c-articles,  mar- 
riage- bed,  &c. 

Syn.  — Marriage , wedding , and  nuptials , imply 
rather  an  act  than  a state  ; matrimony  and  wedlock  de- 
note a state  ; but  the  term  marriage  is  also  used  to 
denote  both  an  act  and  a state  ; as,  “ Marriage  is  a 
divine  institution. ” A treaty  of  marriage  ; a happy 
or  an  unhappy  m a rriage  ; a splendid  or  an  unostenta- 
tious wedding , or  nuptials ; holy  matrimony  j born  in 
wedlock. 

MAR'RLAeE-A-BLE  (mSr'rij-j-bl),  a.  1.  Fit  for 
wedlock ; of  age  to  be  married. 

A young  heiress  whom  I begin  to  look  upon  os  marriage- 
able. Spectator. 

2.  Capable  of  union.  Milton. 

MAR'RI  A1JJE- A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
marriageable.  Ash. 

MAR'RIAljlE— AR'T!-CLE§,  n.  pi.  A contract  on 
which  a marriage  is  founded.  Wright. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  t,  6,  U,  t,  short;  A,  ?,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


MARRIAGE-PORTION 


883 


MARTIAL 


MAR'RIAtJlE-POR'TION,  n.  A portion  given  to 
a woman  at  her  marriage.  Burrows. 

MAR'RIED  (m&r'rid),;?.  a.  1.  United  in  marriage  ; 
as,  “ Married  persons.” 

2.  Relating  to  marriage;  conjugal;  connu- 
bial. “ The  married  state.”  Dryden. 

MAr'RI-IJR,  n.  One  who  marries.  Ann.  Reg. 

MAR-R  OJV a.  [Fr.]  Of  a chestnut  color.  Hunter. 

MAR-ROON',  n.  [Fr.  marron , a chestnut.]  A 
deep  red  or  chestnut  color.  Smart. 

MAR-ROON',  a.  Of  a deep  red,  claret,  or  chest- 
nut color;  chestnut-colored.  Hunter. 

f MAR'RO-Q.UIN,  n.  [Fr.]'  Spanish  leather; 
morocco.  Chambers. 

MAR'ROT,  n.  ( Ornith .)  The  auk.  Booth. 

MAR'ROW  (mar'ro),  n.  [A.  S.  mearh,  or  mearg ; 
Dut.  merg,  or  rnury ; Ger.  mark ; Dan.  marv ; 
Sw.  merg , or  margi) 

1.  A soft,  oleaginous  substance,  contained  in 
the  bones  of  animals  ; pith ; medulla. 

The  back-bone  hath  a kind  of  marrow  which  hath  an  af- 
finity  with  the  brain.  Bacon. 

2.  The  essence  or  best  part  of  any  thing. 

3.  A companion.  [North  of  Eng.]  Ray. 

f MAR'ROW,  t.  a.  To  fill  as  with  marrow;  to 
glut.  “ Their  mart-owed  mouths.”  Quarles. 

MAR'ROW— BONE,  n.  1.  [marrow  and  bone.\  A 
bone  containing  marrow. 

To  boil  the  chicken  and  file  marrorv-bones.  Chaucer. 

2.  pi.  [Written  marie-bones  by  Chaucer,  and 
marl-bones  by  Sir  T.  More.  — “ Marie,”  says 
Richardson,  “ is  supposed  to  be  Mary,  the 
name  of  the  Virgin,  and  the  compound  to  be 
applied  to  the  knees  from  the  genuflections 
made  to  her.”]  (In  burlesque.)  The  knees. 
“ Down  upon  your  marrow-bones.”  Dryden. 

To  bring  one  down  upon  his  marrow-bones,  to  make 
one  beg  pardon  on  his  knees. 

MAr'ROW-fAT,  n.  A rich  kind  of  pea.  Johnson. 

MAR'ROW-ISH,  a.  Of  the  nature  of  marrow. 
“A  soft,  marrowish  . . . substance.”  Burton. 

MAR'ROW-LESS,  a.  Void  of  marrow.  Shak. 

MAR'ROVF-Y,  a.  Full  of  marrow;  pithy.  Cotgrave. 

MAR-RU ' Bl-TJM,  n.  [L.]  ( Bot .)  A genus  of 

plants  ; hoarhound.  . Ogilvie. 

MAR'RY,  v.  a.  [It.  maritare  ; Sp.  maridar  ; Fr. 
marier.  — See  Marriage.]  [i.  married  ; pp. 

MARRYING,  MARRIED.] 

1.  To  join  or  unite  in  marriage.  Gay. 

2.  To  give  in  marriage. 

Mecamas  took  the  liberty  to  tell  him  [Augustus]  that  he 
must  either  mairy  his  daughter  to  Agrippa  or  take  away  his 
life.  Bacon. 

3.  To  take  for  husband  or  for  wife. 

You ’d  think  it  strange  if  I should  mamj  her.  Shak. 

4.  To  join  together  ; to  unite  ; to  link. 

And  ever,  against  eating  cares, 

Lap  me  in  soft  Lydian  airs 

Married  to  immortal  verse.  Milton. 

MAR'RY,  v.  n.  To  enter  into  the  conjugal  state. 

Never  maiTy  but  for  love,  but  see  that  thou  lovest  what  is 
lovely.  Penn. 

MAR'RY,  interj.  Indeed  ; forsooth  ; — originally, 
By  Mary,  i.  e.  by  the  Virgin  Mary.  Chaucer. 

MaR'RY-ING,  n.  Act  of  one  who  marries.  Stow. 

MAR§,  n.  [L.]  1.  (Roman  Myth.)  The  Latin  name 
of  the  deity  who  was  worshipped  as  the  god  of 
war.  Brande. 

2.  (Astron.)  A planet,  the  next  to  the  earth 
in  the  order  of  distance  from  the  sun.  Hind. 

3.  (Old  Chem.)  A term  applied  to  iron.Todd. 

MAR'SA-LA,  n.  A white  Sicily  wine.  Smart. 

MARSH,  n.  [M.  Goth,  marisaiw ; A.  S.  mersc  ; 
Ger.  marsch.  — Old  Fr.  marche  ; Fr.  marais.) 
A tract  of  low  land  frequently  overflowed  with 
water  ; a watery  tract  of  land  ; a fen  ; a bog  ; a 
quagmire  ; a morass  ; a swamp. 

MAR'SHAL,  n.  [Low  L.  marechallus,  or  mares- 
chalcus,  from  Ger.  marschalk,  or  marschall ; 
mahre,  a horse,  and  schalk,  a servant ; i.  e.  an 
attendant  upon  horses ; It.  maresciallo ; Old 
Fr.  mareschall ; Fr.  marechal.  — Gael.  § Ir.  ma- 


rascal,  or  marasqal.  — “The  word  appears  to 
have  been  extended  from  the  primitive  usage, 
curator,  equorum,  he  that  had  charge  of  horses.” 
Richardson .] 

1.  An  officer  who  regulates  combats  in  the  lists. 

No  marshal  by, 

As  kingly  rites  require,  nor  judge  to  try.  Dryden. 

2.  One  who  regulates  rank  or  order  at  a 
feast,  or  other  assembly ; a master  of  ceremo- 
nies, or  of  a public,  celebration. 

Through  the  \v/I  there  walked  to  and  fro 

A jolly  yeoman,  marshal  of  the  same.  Spenser. 

3.  One  who  goes  before  a prince  to  declare 

his  coming ; a herald ; a harbinger  ; a pursui- 
vant. Sidney. 

4.  A title  of  honor  in  many  European  coun- 

tries, applied  to  various  dignitaries  and  high 
offices,  and  especially  to  a commander-in-chief 
of  military  forces.  Brande. 

5.  A commander  in  chief  of  military  forces. 

6.  The  ministerial  officer  of  the  courts  of  the 

United  States,  with  duties  similar  to  those  of  a 
sheriff.  [U.  S.]  Burrill. 

Earl  marshal , or  lord  marshal , a high  officer  of  state, 

who  presided  in  the  Court  of  Chivalry. Marshal  of 

the  king’s  house,  or  knight  marshal,  an  officer  whose 
especial  authority  is  in  the  king’s  palace,  to  hear  and 
determine  all  pleas  of  the  crown,  to  punish  faults 
committed  within  the  verge,  and  to  hear  and  judge  of 
suits  between  persons  of  the  king’s  household.  — 
Marshal  of  the  King’s  Bench  Prison,  the  officer  who 
had  charge  of  that  prison.  Burrill. 

MAR'SHAL,  V.  a.  [i.  MARSHALLED;  pp.  MAR- 
SHALLING, MARSHALLED.] 

1.  To  rank  in  order;  to  arrange  ; to  dispose. 

As  inconceivable  as  that  a blind  man  should  marshal  an 

army.  Glanvill. 

2.  To  lead,  as  a harbinger  ; to  herald. 

Thou  mar&hal'st  me  the  way  that  I was  going..  Shak. 

MAR'SHAL-Lf.R,  n.  One  who  marshals  or  ar- 
ranges ; one  who  puts  in  order. 

Dryden  was  the  great  refiner  of  English  poetry,  and  the 
best  marshalter  of  words.  Trapp, 

MAR'SHAL-LING,  n.  ( Her .)  The  arrangement 
and  distribution  of  coats  in  a shield  so  as  to 
denote  the  several  matches  and  alliances  of  a 
family.  Brande. 

MAR'SHAL-SEA  (-se),  n.  [Sea<  or  see  of  the  mar- 
shal. Smart.'] 

1.  A prison  in  Southwark,  Eng.,  belonging  to 
the  marshal  of  the  king’s  household.  Johnson. 

2.  (Law.)  The  court  of  the  lord  steward  of 
the  king’s  household,  having  jurisdiction  of 
crimes  committed  within  any  of  the  palaces  or 
houses  of  the  king;  — originally  held  before  the 
marshal  of  the  king’s  house  to  administer  jus- 
tice between  the  king’s  domestic  servants. 

Whishaw. 

mAr'SHAL-SHIP,  n.  The  office  of  a marshal. 

MARSH'— BRED,  a.  Bred  in  a marsh.  Clarke. 

MARSH'— CINCtUE' FOIL  (-sink'-),  n.  (Bot.)  A 
plant  found  in  marshes  and  peaty  hogs  about  a 
foot  high,  having  dark  purple  flowers,  and  five 
exterior  sepals;  Comarum  palustre.  Eng.  Cyc. 

MARSH'— EL'D^R,  n.  (Bot.)  A shrubby,  coarse 
plant,  with  thickish  leaves  ; It: a frutescens  ; — 
called  also  highioater-shrub . Gray. 

MARSH'— HAR-RI-]JR,  n.  (Ornith.)  The  harpy; 
duck-hawk  ; Circus  ceruginosus.  Yarrell. 

MARSH'— LAND,  n.  Marshy  land.  Drayton. 

MARSH'— MAL-LOW,  n.  (Bot.)  A perennial  plant 
having  flowers  of  a pale  rose  color  and  a carrot- 
shaped, white,  fleshy  root,  as  thick  as  the  thumb, 
often  used  as  an  emollient  and  demulcent ; 
Althea  officinalis.  Eng.  Cyc. 

MARSH'-MAR'I-GOLD,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  found 
in  meadows  and  wet  ditches  ; water  caltrops  ; 
Caltha  palustris.  Eng.  Cyc. 

This  well-known  plant  is  used  as  a pot-herb  in 
spring,  when  coming  into  flower,  under  the  name  of 
cowslips.  Cray. 

MARSH'— PEN'NY-WORT  (-wiirt),  n.  (Bot.)  A 
plant  having  slender  stems  creeping  or  rooting 
in  the  mud,  with  its  leaves,  of  the  size  and  form 
of  a piece  of  money,  lying  flat  on  the  ground  ; 
Hydrocotyle  vulgaris ; — called  also  pennywort , 
sheep-killing  pennygrass,  white-rot,  flukewort, 
and  sheep’ s-bane.  Eng.  Cyc. 


MARSH'— ROCK-£T,  n.  (Bot.)  A species  of  water- 
cress. Johnson. 

MARSH'— RO^E-MA-RY,  n.  (Bot.)  A North  Ameri- 
can plant,  the  root  of  which  is  a very  powerful 
astringent ; Statice  Limonium.  Cray. 

MARSH'-SAM-PHIrE,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants 
found  in  moist  salt  districts  ; glasswort ; salt- 
wort ; Salicornia.  Loudon. 

MARSH'— TRE-FOIL,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  found  in 
boggy  soils,  having  a very  bitter  root,  used  as  a 
tonic ; buckbean ; Mcnyanth.es  trifoliata. Loudon. 

MARSH'Y,  a.  1.  Boggy;  wet;  fenny;  swampy. 
“ Marshy  grounds.”  Dryden. 

2.  Produced  in  marshes.  “Delicates  of  leaves 
and  marshy  weed.”  Dryden. 

MAR-SU'PI-AL,  n.  [Gr.  papaimiov ; L.  marsupium. 
See  Marsupium.  — It.  marsupiale-,  Fr.  marsu- 
pial.]  (Zoul.)  One  of  the  Marsupialia,  a mara- 
miferous  quadruped,  the  female  of  which  has  a 
pouch,  which  serves  as  a temporary  abode  for  her 
young,  as  the  kangaroo  and  opossum.  Brande. 

MAR-SU'PJ-AL,  a.  (Zo'Ol.)  Pertaining  to  the 
Marsupialia ; having  a sack  or  pouch  under  the 
belly  for  carrying  the  young.  Owen. 

MAR-SU-PI-A ' LI-A,  n.  pi.  (Zoul.)  An  order  of 
animals,  the  females  of  which  are  furnished 
with  a marsupium,  or  pouch,  for  carrying  their 
young.  — See  Marsupial.  Brande. 

MAR-SU-PI-A 'LI-AN,  a.  (Zobl.)  Belonging  to 
the  class  Marsupialia  ; marsupial.  Maunder 

MAR-SU'PI-A-LOID,  a.  Resembling  the  marsu- 
pials. Hitchcock. 

MAR-SU'PI-AN,  a.  & n.  See  Marsupial.  Kirby. 

MAR-SU-PI-A  ' TA,  n.  pi.  Marsupialia.  Brande. 

MAR-SU'PI-ON,  n.  See  Marsupium.  DungUson. 

mAr'SU-PITE,  n.  (Pal.)  One  of  a genus  of  fos- 
sil echinoderms,  shaped  like  a purse.  Mantell. 

MAR-SU'PI-UM,  n.  [L.  marsupium,  a pouch.] 

1.  (Zohl.)  The  abdominal  pouch  of  the  kan- 
garoo, opossum,  &c.,  for  carrying  their  young. 

Brande. 

2.  A muscle  in  the  eye  of  hawks  which  ena- 

bles them  to  flatten  the  cornea,  so  as  to  see  to  a 
great  distance.  Brewer. 

3.  (Med.)  A sac  or  bag  with  which  any  part 

is  fomented.  Dunglison. 

MART,  n.  [Contraction  of  market.] 

1.  A place  of  public  traffic  ; a market.  “ A 

great  mart  of  the  best  horses.”  Temple. 

2.  f Purchase  and  sale  ; bargain. 

I play  a merchant’s  part. 

And  venture  madly  on  a desperate  mart.  Shak. 

f MART,  v.  a.  To  traffic  ; to  buy  or  sell.  Shak. 

t MART,  v.  n.  To  trade  dishonorably.  Shak. 

MAR'TA-GON,  n.  (Bot.)  A kind  of  lily;  Turk’s 
cap  ; Lilium  martagon.  Loudon. 

f mAr'TJJL,  v.  n.  [It.  martcllare ; Fr . marteller.] 
To  strike  ; to  make  a blow.  Spenser. 

MAR-TEL'LO,  a.  [Supposed  to  be  derived  from 
a fort  in  Martella  Bay,  Corsica.  Brande.)  Ap- 
plied to  a tower,  or  circular  building  of  masonry. 

STy  Martdlo  towers  were  erected  along  the  differ- 
ent parts  of  the  British  coasts,  as  a defence  against 
the  meditated  invasion  of  Bonaparte.  Brande. 

mXr'TEN,  n.  1.  [L.  martes ; It.  martora;  Sp. 
marta-,  Fr.  marte,  or  martre.  — A.  S.  mearth-, 
Dut.  marter ; Ger.  murder .]  (Zool.)  An  ani- 

mal of  the  family  Mustettidw,  or  weasels,  and 
genus  Martes-,  — particularly  the  Martes  foina, 
or  stone-marten,  a large  and  beautiful  animal, 
whose  fur  is  much  valued.  — See  Stone-mar- 
ten. Bell. 

2.  [Fr.  martinet.]  (Ornith.)  A name  applied 
to  a bird  of  the  swallow  tribe ; — written  also 
martin.  Eng.  Cyc. 

f mAr'T£RN,  n.  A marten.  Johnson. 

MAr'TIAL  (mitr'sh?]),  a.  [L  .martialis  \ Mars,  the 
god  of  war  ; It.  marziale ; Sp.  marcial ; Fr. 
martial .] 

1.  Relating  to  Mars  or  to  war ; suited  to  war 

or  battle.  “ Martial  equipage.”  Milton. 

2.  Given  to  war  ; warlike  ; brave. 


MiEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RtlLE. 


— 9>  <?>  S,  sofl  i Pi  6,  £>  h hard;  § as  z;  ^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


MARTIALISM 


884 


MASONIC 


It  is  manifest  that  the  northern  tract  of  the  world  is  the 
more  martial  region.  Bacon. 

3.  Military;  not  civil;  as,  “ Martial  law.” 

“ They  proceeded  in  a kind  of  martial  jus- 
tice.” Bacon. 

4.  f Partaking  of  the  qualities  of  the  planet 

Mars.  Browne. 

5.  {Old  Chem.)  f Having  the  qualities  of  iron. 

Martial  pthiops,  an  old  pharmaceutical  name  of  oxide 

of  iron.  — Martial  law,  an  arbitrary  law  originating  in 
emergencies,  regulated  by  the  expediency  of  the  mo- 

• meat,  and  extending  to  all  the  inhabitants  of  a place 
or  country.  — Martial  regains,  metallic  antimony  ob- 
tained by  decomposing  sulphuret  of  antimony  by 
means  of  iron.  Brande. 

Syn.  — Martial  is  a more  technical  and  more  com- 
prehensive term  than  warlike.  Martial  law,  music, 
equipage;  warlike  spirit,  appearance;  military  disci- 
pline, expedition;  soldier-like  conduct. 

f MAR'TIAL-I§M,  n.  Quality  of  being  martial ; 
bravery  ; warlike  exercises.  Prince. 

f MAR'TIAL-IST,  n.  A warrior.  Browne. 

MAR'TI  AL-LY,  acl.  In  a martial  or  warlike  man- 
ner ; bravely.  II  arner. 

MAR'TIN,  n.  A species  of  swallow  that  builds 
nests  on  the  eaves  of  houses;  — written  also 
■marten.  — See  Marten.  Crabb. 

MAR-TI-NET',  it.  1.  [Fr.  martinet.']  A kind  of 
swallow  ; a martin.  Barret. 

2.  (Mil.)  A very  severe  disciplinarian; — so 

called  from  Colonel  Martinet,  an  officer  in  the 
French  army  under  Louis  XIV.  Voltaire. 

3.  (Xaut.)  A small  rope  or  line  fastened  to 

the  leech  of  a sail ; a martnet.  Bailey. 

MAR'TI-NpT-I§M,  n.  Severe  discipline.  Ed.  Rev. 

M.iR'TlN-GAL,  ? n [It.  d;  Sp.  martingala ; Fr. 

MAR'TjN-GALE,  ) martingale.] 

1.  (Man.)  A strap  passing  between  the  fore 

legs  of  a horse,  from  the  nose-band  to  the  girth, 
to  prevent  his  rearing.  Harris. 

2.  (Xaut.)  A short,  perpendicular  spar,  un- 

der the  bowsprit-end,  used  for  guying  down  the 
head-stays.  Dana. 

MAR'TJN-MAS,  n.  [Martin  and  mass.]  The  feast 
of  St!  Martin  ; the  11th  of  November;  — often 
called  martilmas,  or  martlemas.  Fuller. 

MART'LJJT,  n.  1.  A kind  of  swallow ; a marten. 

The  temple-haunting  martlet.  Shak. 

2.  (Her.)  A fanciful  bird,  depicted  without 
feet,  and  noting  a fourth  son. 

MART'NflT,  n.  (Xaut.)  One  of  the  small  lines 
fastened  to  the  leech  of  the  sail,  to  bring  that 
part  of  the  leech  which  is  next  to  the  yard-arm 
close  up  to  the  yard.  Bailey. 

t MART'— TOWN,  n.  A market-town.  Milton. 

MAR'TYR  (miir'tyr),  n.  [Gr.  pnprvo  • poprupiui,  to 
bear  witness  ; L.  martyr  ; It.  mirtire  ; Sp.  mar- 
tir ; Fr.  martyr. — (loth,  marvtr;  A.  S .martyr.] 

1.  One  who  dies  for  the  truth,  or  who  sutlers 
death  or  persecution  on  account  of  his  belief. 

Stephen  is  generally  called  the  protomartyr,  i.  e.  the  first 
martyr % or  w tness,  as  the  word  y iprn y implies;  the  person 
who,  at  the  evident  risk  and  ultimate  loss  of  his  life,  bears 
testimony  to  the  truth.  Dr.  A.  Clarke. 

2.  One  who  sacrifices  his  life  for  any  cause. 

The  martyrs  to  vice  far  exceed  the  martyrs  to  virtue,  both 

in  endurance  and  in  number.  Colton. 

MAR'TYR  (mSr'tur),  V.  a.  [ i . MARTYRED;  pp. 
M A It  T Y H I N O , MARTYRED.] 

1.  To  make  a martyr  of  by  putting  to  death. 

The  primitive  Christians,  before  the  face  of  their  enemies, 

would  acknowledge  no  other  title  but  that,  though  hated, 
reviled,  tormented,  martyred  for  it.  1‘earson. 

2.  To  torment;  to  persecute;  to  torture;  to 
agonize  ; to  destroy. 

Amoret.  whose  gentle  heart 

Thou  nuirtyrest  with  sorrow  and  with  smart.  Spenser. 

MAR'TYR-DO.M,  n.  The  state  or  condition  of 
being  a martyr  ; the  death  of  a martyr ; testimony 
borne  to  truth  or  to  one’s  belief  by  voluntary 
submission  to  death. 

The  better  fortitude 
Of  patience  and  heroic  martyrdom 
Unsung.  Milton. 

>1  AR'TYR-IZE,  r.a.  [It.  martirizzare  ; Sp.  mar- 
tirizar;  Fr.  m irtyriser ,\  To  offer  as  a sacrifice. 

To  her  my  heart  I nightly  martyrize.  Spenser. 

t MAR'TYR-LY,  a.  Relating  to  martyrs  or  to 
martyrdom.  Bp.  Gauden. 


f MAR'TYR-O-LO^E,  n.  Martyrology.  Bp.  Hall. 

MAR-TYR-Q-LO(jf'lC,  ? a Relating  to  mar- 

MAR-TYR-0-LO(r'!-UAL,  ) tyrology.  Osborne. 

MAR-TYR-OL'O-^rlST,  n.  [Fr.  martyrologiste.] 
A writer  of  martyrology.  “Fox,  the  martyr- 
ologist.”  Warton. 

MAR-TYR-OL'0-<?Y,  n.  [Gr.  piprvp,  a martyr, 
and  >.Jyos,  a discourse.] 

1.  That  department  of  ecclesiastical  history 
which  relates  to  the  acts  and  deaths  of  martyrs  ; 
a register  of  martyrs. 

2.  A calendar  or  register  kept  in  religious 
houses  wherein  are  inserted  the  names  and  do- 
nations of  their  benefactions  and  the  day  of  their 
death.  “ The  martyrology  of  Eusebius.”  Brande. 

MAR'VIJL,  n.  [L.  mirabilis,  wonderful ; miror, 
to  wonder  at;  It.  maraviglia ; Sp.  maravilla ; 
Fr.  merveille.]  A wonder  ; any  thing  marvellous 
or  astonishing;  a prodigy  ; a miracle.  “ Mar- 
vels of  romantic  fiction.”  Warton. 

MAR'VfL,  v.n.  [(.  marvelled;^,  marvel- 
I.ING,  marvelled.]  To  wonder  ; to  be  aston- 
ished ; to  be  surprised ; to  admire.  Shak. 

MAR'  VJJL-LIZE,  v.  a.  To  render  marvellous  ; to 
represent  as  marvellous,  [u.]  For.  Qu.  Rev. 

MAR'VEL-LOUS,  a.  [It.  maraviglioso ; Sp.  tnara- 
villoso;  Fr.  merveilleax.] 

1.  Wonderful;  amazing;  -very  strange;  as- 
tonishing; stupendous;  extraordinary. 

Marvellous  things  did  he  in  sight  of  their  fathers. 

lxxviii.  12. 

2.  Surpassing  credit ; incredible. 

The  marvellous  fable  includes  whatever  is  supernatural. 

Pope. 

DQf  The  marvellous  is  used,  in  works  of  criticism,  to 
express  any  thing  exceeding  natural  power  ; opposed 
to  the  probable. 

f M Alt’ V(1L- LOUS,  ack  Marvellously.  Shak. 

MAR' VpL-LOUS-LY,  ad.  In  a marvellous  man- 
ner; wonderfully;  strangely.  Clarendon. 

MAR'VEL-LOUS-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
marvellous  ; wonderfulness  ; strangeness. 

M AR'Vf.L— OF— PU-UU',  n.  (Rot.)  A fusiform- 
rooted  plant  of  the  genus  Mirabilis.  It  has  a 
fragrant  flower,  and  the  root,  when  dried  and 
powdered,  forms  the  jalap  of  druggists.  Loudon. 

MA'RY-BUD,  n.  The  marigold.  Shak. 

MA-RY-OL'A-TRY,  n.  Mariolatry.  Qu.  Rev. 

MASCAGNIN  (m?s-kan'yjn),  n.  (Min.)  Native 
sulphate  of  ammonia;  — found  in  volcanic  dis- 
tricts, and  so  named  from  Mascagni,  who  dis- 
covered it.  Brande. 

MAS'CLE  (in&s'kl)  [inas'kl,  Sm.  Wr. ; niSs'sl,  A'.], 
n.  (Her.)  A bearing  in  the  form  of  a lozenge 
perforated.  Brande. 

f mAs'CU-I.ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  mascuhts,  dim.  of  mas, 
a male.]  To  make  strong.  Cockeram. 

MAS'CU-LlNE  (19),  a.  [L.  masculinus ; mas,  a 
male  ; It.  § Sp.  masoulino ; Fr.  masculin.] 

1.  Of  the  male  sex  ; male  ; not  female.  “ Thy 

masculine  children.”  Chaucer. 

2.  Resembling  man  ; manly  ; virile  ; hardy  ; 
not  soft ; not  effeminate  ; not  feminine. 

You  find  something  bold  and  masculine  in  the  air  and  pos- 
ture of  the  first  figure,  which  is  that  of  Virtue.  Adtfison. 

3.  (Gram.)  Noting  a class  of  nouns,  which, 
in  English,  are  the  names  of  male  animals,  but 
which,  in  some  other  languages,  include  names 
of  things. 

MAS'CIJ-LINE-LY,  ad.  In  a masculine  manner; 
in  a manner  not  feminine.  B.  Jonson. 

MAS'CU-LINE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state 
of  being  masculine  ; masculinity.  Johnson. 

mAs-CU-LIN'I-TY,  n.  [Fr.  masculinity.]  State 
of  being  masculine  ; masculineness.  Wakley. 

MAS' DEC,  n.  [Fr.]  A French  wine.  W.Ency. 

f M A'lylJR,  n.  A bowl ; a mazer.  Halliwell. 

MASH,  n.  1.  [Old  Fr.  mascher ; Fr.  mhcher,  to 
chew. — A.  S.  miscan;  Dut.  megen;  Ger.  mis- 
chen,  to  mix.  — Gr.  pnafiopm,  to  chew;  L.  mas- 
tico.)  A mixture  of  ingredients  beaten  togeth- 
er ; — applied  particularly  to  a mixture  for  feed- 
ing horses. 


I have  made  a fair  rnnsh  on  *t!  B.  Jonson. 

2.  (Brewing .)  A mixture  of  malt  with  water. 

3.  [Dut.  $ Ger.  masche.  1 A mesh.  “A  net 

knit  with  so  small  mashes.”  Mortimer. 


mAsh,  v.  a.  [/.mashed;  pp.  mashing, mashed.] 

1.  To  mix  or  beat  into  a confused  mass.  Swift. 

2.  (Brewing.)  To  mix  together,  as  malt  and 

water.  Mortimer. 


mAsH'ING-TUB,  n.  A tub  or  vessel  in  which  malt 
and  water  are  mixed ; a mash-tub.  Mortimer. 

MASH'— TUB,  n.  A mashing-tub.  W.  Ency. 

MASH'— VAT,  n.  A mashing-tub.  Maunder. 

MASH'Y,  a.  Of  the  nature  of  a mash.  Thomson. 

MASK  (12),  n.  [It.  maschera ; Sp.  mascara-,  Fr. 
masque : — Ger.  maske.  — According  to  Grotius, 
Iluet,  Wachter,  and  others,  from  Goth,  masca, 
a sorceress,  — because  a mask  resembles  the 
visage  of  a sorceress.  — Landais  favors  the 
derivation  of  the  Fr.  masque,  from  It.  maschera, 
through  Sp.  mascara,  composed  of  mas,  more, 
and  cara,  visage,  i.  e.  a second  visage.  — Menage 
and  Skinner  refer  it  to  Ar.  mascara,  sport,  jest.] 

1.  A cover  to  disguise  the  face  ; a disguise ; 
a visor  ; a cloak  ; a blind. 

Now  Love  pulled  off  his  mask,  and  showed  his  face  unto 
her.  Sidney. 

2.  Any  pretence  or  subterfuge ; trick ; shift. 

Why  dost  thou  strive  the  conscious  shame  to  hide 

By  masks  of  eloquence  and  veils  of  pride?  Prior. 

3.  An  entertainment,  diversion,  or  ball,  in 
which  the  company  is  masked ; a masquerade  ; 
a revel;  a piece  of  mummery. 

After  whom  marched  a jolly  company 
In  manner  of  a mask.  Spenser. 

This  thought  might  lead  me  through  the  world’s  vain  mask , 
Content,  though  Dlind,  had  I no  other  guide.  Milton. 

4.  A species  of  drama,  which,  on  account  of 

the  allegorical  persons  introduced,  required  the 
actors  to  be  masked.  Peacham._ 

5.  (Arch.)  A hideous  face  or  visor  in  sculp- 
ture on  antefixse,  gargoyles,  &c.  Fairholt. 

MASK,  v.  a.  [It.  masclierare  ; Fr.  masquer.]  [/. 
MASKED  ; pp.  MASKING,  MASKED.] 

1.  To  disguise  with  a mask  or  visor. 

I saw  an  antique  statue  masked.  Addison. 

2.  To  cover  ; to  hide  ; to  conceal ; to  cloak  ; 
to  screen  ; to  veil ; to  shroud. 

Masking  the  business  from  the  common  eye.  Shak. 


MASK,  v.  n.  To  revel ; to  play  the  mummer  ; to 
be  disguised.  Shak. 

MASKED  (mSsk'ed  or  m&skt),  p.  a.  Disguised  or 
covered  with  a mask  ; so  covered  as  not  to  create 
suspicion  or  distrust.  Crabb. 

MASK'ER,  n.  One  who  revels  in  a mask.  Shak. 

f MAsK'yR-Y,  n.  The  dress  or  disguise  of  a 
masker.  “ War’s  feigned  maskery.”  Marston. 

mAsK'HOUSE,  n.  A place  where  masks  are  per- 
formed. Bp-  Hall. 

MAsk'ING,  n.  Act  of  one  who  masks  ; a revelling 
in  masks.  Clarke. 

MAs'KI-NONgE,  n.  (Teh.)  A large  black  fish  of 
the  pike  genus,  found  in  the  St.  Lawrence  and 
the  great  American  lakes.  Richardson. 

MAs'LACH,  n.  (Med.)  An  excitant  medicine  con- 
sisting in  part  of  opium  ; — much  used  by  th-e 
Turks.  Dunglison. 

MA^'LIN,  n.  [A.  S.  mceslenn,  maslin,  brass.  — Gael. 
masliin,  mongcorn,  maslin. — Johnson  says, 
“ corrupted  from  miscellane.” — Richardson  re- 
fers to  Old  Fr.  meslinge,  or  meslange,  a medley, 
and  to  Dut.  misschtluyn , a medley.']  A mixture 
of  different  sorts  of  grain,  as  rye  and  wheat; 
mongcorn  ; — written  also  mastlin,  meslin,  and 
mislin.  Tusser. 

MA^'LINj  a.  Composed  of  various  kinds.  “ Mas- 
lin bread,  made  of  wheat  and  rye.”  Johnson. 


MA'SON  (ma'sn),  n.  [Low  L.  machio,  referred  by 
some  etymologists  to  L.  machina,  a scaffold  for 
building ; Fr.  macon.] 

1.  A builder  in  stone  or  brick  ; one  who  pre- 
pares or  cuts  stone.  Wotton. 

2.  One  of  a society  bearing  the  epithet  of 
free  and  accepted , the  insignia  of  which  are 
chiefly  a builder’s  tools  ; a free-mason.  Gray. 


MA-SON’IC,  a. 
masons. 


Relating  to  masons  or  to  free- 
Todd. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  ?,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


MASONITE 


885 


MASTEROUS 


MA'SON-ITE,  n.  (Min.)  A coarsely  foliated  sili- 
cate of  alumina  and  iron.  Dana. 

MA'SON-RY  (ma'sn-re),  n.  [Fr.  ma Conner ie.) 

1.  The  craft  of  a mason  ; the  art  of  building. 

“ The  instruments  of  masonry .”  Ilume. 

2.  The  work  of  a mason  ; a construction  of 

brick  or  of  stone.  “ Huge  pillars  carved  in 
masonry.”  Warner. 

3.  Free-masonry.  Lond.  Ency. 

Mjs'  0-RAH,  n.  [Heb.]  ( Jewish  Theol.)  A crit- 
ical work  containing  remarks  on  the  verses, 
words,  letters,  and  vowel-points  of  the  Hebrew 
text  of  the  Bible,  by  several  learned  rabbins  ; — 
written  also  Massora,  and  Masora.  Mather. 

MAS-O-RET'IC,  ? a [It.  massoretico  ; Sp. 

MAS-O-RET'I-CAL,  > masoretico  ; Fr.  massore- 
tique .]  Belonging  to  the  Masorah,  or  to  the 
authors  of  it.  Mather. 

MAS'O-RfTE,  n.  One  of  those  who  composed  the 
Masorah.  Mather. 

MAsaUE  (mSsk),  n.  A disguise.  — See  Mask. 

||  MAS-aE]JR-ADE'  (mas-ker-ade'),  n.  [It.  mas- 
chcrata  ; Sp.  mascarada;  Fr.  mascarade.  — See 
Mask.] 

1.  A diversion,  amusement,  or  ball,  in  which 
the  company  is  masked. 

In  courtly  balls  and  midnight  masquerades.  Pope. 

2.  A disguise  ; a cover  ; a veil. 

Truth  is  forced  to  court  us  in  masquerade.  Felton. 

3.  A Spanish  diversion  on  horseback. 

The  masquerade  is  an  exercise  they  learned  from  the 
Moors.  Clarendon. 

II  MAS  aUER-ADE',  v.  n.  [i.  MASQUERADED  ; pp. 
MASQUERADING,  MASQUERADED.] 

1.  To  go  in  disguise. 

Masquerading  up  and  down  in  a lion’s  skin.  IS  Estrange. 

2.  To  assemble  in  masks.  Swift. 

||  mAs-QUER-Ade',  v.  a.  [It.  mascherare.]  To 
put  into  disguise.  “ His  next  shift  is  to  mas- 
querade vice.”  Killingbeck. 

||  MAS-ftU^R-AD'^R,  n.  A person  in  a mask  ; a 
buffoon.  L’  Estrange. 

MASS,  n.  [Gr.  a barley-cake  ; /idovu,  to 

knead  ; L.,  It.,  & Sp.  massa,  a lump  ; Fr.  masse.'] 

1.  A concreted  body  ; a jump  ; a heap. 

There  shall  we  find  that,  when  the  world  began, 

One  common  mass  composed  the  mould  of  man.  Dryden. 

2.  Bulk  ; magnitude  ; dimension  ; size. 

This  army  of  such  mass  and  charge.  Shat-. 

3.  An  indistinct  assemblage ; a congeries. 
“Such  a beautiful  mass  of  colors.”  Addison. 

4.  Gross  body  ; the  entire  collection  ; the  ag- 

gregate ; the  whole ; the  general ; the  multi- 
tude. “ The  mass  of  the  people.”  Swift. 

5.  The  whole  quantity  of  matter,  upon  which 
depends  the  weight,  gravity,  or  attractive  force 
of  a body  ; as,  “ The  mass  of  the  moon.” 

6.  A large  quantity  ; a great  deal.  Sha/c. 

MASS,  n.  [Low  L.  missa,  derived,  according  to 
Vossius,  from  L.  mitto,  missus,  to.  send,  — in  allu- 
sion to  the  dismission  of  the  people  at  the  close 
of  the  services;  It.»i<?ssri;  Sp.  misa  ; Fr.  messe. 
— A.  S.  mcese;  Ger.  4 Dan.  messe;  Sw.  4 Icel. 
messa.  — The  term  is  derived  from  the  phrase, 
“ Ite,  missa  est  concio  ” (i.  e.  Go,  the  assembly 
is  dissolved).  Bran.de.] 

1.  The  celebration  of  the  Lord’s  supper  in 
the  Roman  Catholic  Church. 

,8®“  High  mass  is  the  performance  of  this  service 
accompanied  with  music. 

2.  (Mm.)  A composition  of  several  move- 

ments sung  during  the  celebration  of  the  Lord’s 
supper  in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  : — the 
musical  service  of  this  Church.  Dwight. 

+ MASS,  v.  n.  To  celebrate  mass.  Bale. 

f M Ass,  v.  a.  To  thicken ; to  strengthen.  Haytvard. 

MAS'SA-CRE  (m&s'a-ker),  v.  a.  [It.  mazzicare,  to 
beat;  macellare,  to  kill;  Fr.  massacrer .]  [i. 

MASSACRED  ; pp.  MASSACRING,  MASSACRED.] 
To  butcher  ; to  kill  or  slaughter  indiscriminately. 

They  [the  Jews]  were  scattered  into  all  corners,  oppressed 
and  detested,  and  sometimes  massacred.  Alterbury . 

MAS'SA-CRE  (mas'j-lser),  n.  [Low7  L.  mazacri- 
um  ; It.  massacro  ; Fr.  massacre .] 

1.  Butchery;  carnage;  slaughter;  indiscrim- 
inate, wanton  destruction.  Milton. 


2.  Act  of  killing  with  malice  ; murder. 

The  most  arch  deed  of  piteous  massacre.  Shak. 

MAS'SA-CRgR  (masVkrer),  n.  One  who  massa- 
cres. “ Regicides,  assassins,  massacrers.” Burke. 

MAS'SA-CRING,  n.  The  act  of  slaughtering  in- 
discriminately. Month.  Rev. 

MASS'-BOOK  (-buk),  n.  A book  of  divine  service 
among  the  Roman  Catholics.  Milton. 

MASS'JgR,  ?i.  A priest  who  celebrates  mass.  Bale. 

mAS'SE-TER,  n.  [Fr.  masseter,  from  Gr.  itaaado- 
fiai,  to  chew.]  (Anat.)  A muscle  of  the  low7er 
jaw,  that  assists  in  chewing.  Dunglison. 

MAS-SJJ-TER'IC,  ? a Belonging  to  the  masse- 

MAS'SE-TER-INE,  > ter.  Dunglison. 

MASS'— HOUSE,  n.  A house  or  church  in  which 
mass  is  said;  a Roman  Catholic  church.  Hume. 

MAs'SI-COT,  n.  [Fr.]  (Chcm.)  A yellow  pig- 
ment ; the  yellow  protoxide  of  lead.  Ure. 

MAS-SIL'LI-A,  n.  (Astron.)  An  asteroid  discov- 
ered by  De  Gasparis  in  1852.  Lovering. 

MAS'SI-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  massy ; 
ponderousness  ; bulk  ; massiveness.  Warton. 

MAS'SIVE,  a.  [Fr.  massif.]  Having  great  size 
and  weight ; bulky  ; heavy  ; weighty  ; ponder- 
ous ; massy.  “ Massive  weapon.”  Horsley. 

MAs'SIVE-LY,  ad.  In  a mass.  Wright. 

MAS'SIVE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  massive  ; 
massiness ; bulkiness.  Ilakewill. 

MASS'— MEET-ING,  n.  A large  meeting  of  the 
masses  of  the  people,  or  of  the  multitude. 

MASS'— PRIEST,  n.  Anciently  a secular  priest, 
as  distinguished  from  the  regulars  ; — afterwards 
a priest  kept  in  chantries  or  at  particular  altars 
to  say  masses  for  the  dead.  Wright. 

MAS'SY,  a.  Bulky  ; weighty  ; ponderous  ; huge  ; 
immense ; massive. 

Your  swords  are  now  too  massy  for  your  strength.  Shak. 

MAS'SY-PROOF,  a.  Capable  of  sustaining  a 
great  mass.  Milton. 

MAST  (12),  n.  [A.  S.  mmst ; Dut.,  Ger.,  Dan.,  4 Sw7. 
mast ; — Sp.  4 Port,  masto;  Fr.  mast,  or  mat.] 
( Nautf  A spar,  or  round  and  long  piece  of  tim- 
ber, raised,  or  designed  to  be  raised,  nearly  per- 
pendicularly to  the  deck  of  a vessel,  to  support 
the  rigging,  yards,  and  sails.  Braude. 

MAST,  n.  [M.  Goth,  mats;  A.  S.  mceste;  mces- 
tan,  to  fatten  ; Ger.  mast.]  The  fruit  of  the 
beech,  oak,  and  chestnut. 

Trees  that  bear  mast  and  nuts  are  more  lasting  than  those 
that- bear  fruits.  Bacon. 

MAST'ED,  a.  Furnished  with  masts;  — used 
chiefly  in  composition.  Johnson. 

MAs'TER  (12),  7i.  [L.  magister,  from  magis, 

more  ; It.  4'  Sp.  maestro  ; Old  Fr.  maester ; Fr. 
maitre.  — A.  S.  master;  Dut.  meester ; Ger. 
meister;  W.  meistr ; Gael.  4 Ir.  maighister.] 

1.  One  who  has  servants  or  other  persons  in 
subjection  ; one  who  has  any  rule  or  direction 
over  others. 

Servants,  be  obedient  to  them  that  are  your  masters  ae- 
cording  to  the  flesh.  Eph.  vi.  5. 

2.  Lord  ; ruler  ; chief ; head  ; director  ; gov- 
ernor ; manager. 

Wisdom  and  virtue  are  the  proper  qualifications  in  the 
master  of  a house.  Guardian. 

O thou,  my  friend,  my  genius,  come  along. 

Thou  master  of  the  poet  and  the  song.  Pope. 

3.  The  commander  of  a trading  ship  ; — com- 
monly styled  captain. 

An  unhappy  master  is  he  that  is  made  cunning  by  many 
shipwrecks.  Ascham. 

4.  The  navigator  of  a ship  of  war,  next  in 

rank  below  a lieutenant.  Braude. 

5.  One  who  teaches;  a teacher,  — especially 
one  who  has  the  chief  direction  of  a school. 

There,  in  his  noisy  mansion,  skilled  to  rule, 

The  village  master  taught  his  little  school.  Goldsmith. 

6.  The  president  of  an  English  college. 

7.  One  who  has  the  possession  and  the  con- 
trol of  any  thing;  possessor;  owner;  proprietor. 

"When  I have  thus  made  myself  master  of  a hundred  thou- 
sand drachms.  Addison. 

8.  Formerly  a compellation  of  respect,  but 
now  generally  applied  to  an  inferior,  to  a young 
gentleman  in  his  minority,  or  to  a boy ; as, 
“ Master  Henry.”  . 


9.  One  who  has  obtained  superiority  in  some 
art  or  science  ; a proficient ; an  adept. 

Spenser  and  Fairfax,  great  masters  of  our  language.  Dryden. 

10.  A title  of  dignity  in  the  universities ; as, 

“ Master  of  arts.”  Johnson. 

11.  An  official  title  in  the  law  ; as,  “ Master 
of  the  rolls  ” ; “A  master  in  chancery.”  Todd. 

Master  at  arms , a petty  officer  of  the  navy,  who  lias 
charge  of  tile  police  of  the  ship. — Master  attendant , 
the  officer  next  in  rank  to  the  superintendent  of  the 
royal  dockyard.  — Master  in  chancery , an  officer  in  the 
court  of  chancery,  who  acts  as  assistant  to  the  chan- 
cellor or  judge.  — Master  of  ceremonies , one  who  re- 
ceives and  conducts  ambassadors,  &.C.,  to  the  audience 
of  the  king,  &c.  — Master  of  the  horse , the  third  great 
officer  in  the  British  court,  who  has  the  man  tgement 
of  the  royal  stables,  with  authority  over  all  the  equer- 
ries and  pages,  coachmen,  footmen,  grooms,  &c. — 
Master  of  the  mint , an  officer  who  oversees  every 

thing  belonging  to  the  mint. Master  of  ordnance , an 

officer  to  whom  the  care  of  the  ordnance  and  artillery 
is  committed.  — Master  of  the  rolls , an  officer  who 
assists  the  lord-chancellor  in  the  English  high  court 
of  chancery,  and,  in  the  absence  of  the  chancellor, 
hears  causes  there,  and  also  at  the  court  of  the  rolls. 

Whishaio.  Brande. 

jggf^When  this  word  is  only  a compellation  of 
civility,  as,  Mr.  Locke , Mr.  Boyle , &c.,  the  a is  sunk, 
.and  an  i substituted  in  its  stead,  as  if  the  word  were 
written  mister , rhyming  with  sister.  fValker.  — But 
when  applied  to  a boy,  it  is  pronounced  rnas'ter.  — See 
Messieurs. 

MAs'TER,  V.  a.  [ i . MASTERED  ; pp.  MASTERING, 
MASTERED.] 

1.  To  be  a master  over;  to  rule;  to  govern  ; 
to  direct ; to  guide  ; to  control ; to  superintend. 

Ay,  good  faith. 

And  rather  father  thee  than  master  thee.  Shak. 

2.  To  overpower  ; to  conquer  ; to  subdue  ; to 
overcome  ; to  subjugate  ; to  vanquish. 

Obstinacy  and  wilful  neglects  must  be  mastered.  Locke. 

3.  To  execute  with  skill;  to  excel  in. 

I will  not  offer  at  that  I cannot  master.  Bacon. 

MAs'TER,  v.  n.  To  excel  or  be  skilful  in  any 
thing.  “ Mastering  skill.”  B.  Jenson. 

MAs'TER,  a.  Belonging  to  a master  ; chief ; lead- 
ing; main;  cardinal;  principal.  Ash. 

mAs'TER-BUILD'ER,  n.  A chief  builder.  Ash. 

MAs'TER-GHORD,  n.  Theprincipal  chord.  Moore. 

MAS'TER-DOM,  n.  Dominion  ; rule,  [r.]  Shak. 

The  masterdom  of  each  by  force  to  gain.  Spenser. 

MAs'TER-FUL,  a.  1.  Using  the  authority  of  a 
master;  imperious;  domineering;  lordly,  [r.] 

The  hero’s  blood  is  not  to  be  controlled: 

Even  in  a child ’t  is  madly  masterful.  Dryden. 

2.  Having  the  skill  of  a master;  skilful. 

Like  the  masterful  running  over  many  chords.  Milton. 

mAs'TER-FUL-LY,  ad.  In  an  imperious  or  dom- 
ineering manner,  [r.]  Month.  Rev. 

MAS'TER— HAND,  7i.  One  eminently  skilful. 

Music  resembles  poetry;  in  each 

Are  nameless  graces  which  no  methods  teach, 

And  which  a master-hand  alone  can  reach.  Pope. 

MAs'TER— JEST,  71.  A principal  jest.  Hudibras. 

MAs'TER— KEY  (-I<e),  n.  A key  which  opens  many 
locks  : — a clew  out  of  many  difficulties.  Drydeii. 

MAs'TER— LEA V'ER;  n.  One  who  leaves  his 
master.  Shak. 

MAS'TER-LESS,  a.  1.  Wanting  a master  or  owner. 

His  silver  shield  now  idle,  inasterless.  Spenser. 

2.  Ungoverned;  unsubdued.  Jolmson. 

MAs'TER-LI-NESS,  71.  Eminent  skill.  Joh/iso7i. 

MAs'TER-LODE,  n.  A principal  lode  of  ore. 

MAs'TER-LY,  a.  1.  Suitable  to  a master  ; execut- 
ed with  the  skill  of  a master  ; skilful. 

The  masterly  strokes  of  a great  author.  Addison. 

2.  With  the  authority  of  a master ; imperi- 
ous; despotical.  Jolmson. 

MAs'TER-LY,  ad.  With  the  skill  of  a master. 
“ Thou  dost  speak  masterly.”  Shak. 

MAs'TER— MA'SON,  71.  A superior  or  head-mason. 

MAs'TER— MIND,  n.  A predominant  intellect ; a 
master-spirit.  Pope. 

MAs'TER-NOTE,  n.  The  chief  note.  Wright. 

f mAs'TER-OUS,  a.  Masterly;  skilful.  Milton. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RtJLE.  — 9,  <?,  9,  g,  soft ; £,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


MASTER-PASSION 


886 


MATCHABLE 


MAs'T£R-PAS'SION  (-pSsh'un),  n.  A predomi- 
nant passion.  Pope. 

MAs'TPR-PIECE,  n.  1.  An  excellent  perform- 
ance or  piece  of  workmanship  in  any  art ; any 
thing  made  or  done  with  extraordinary  skill. 

Each  is  a masterpiece , designed  so  well 

That  future  times  may  strive  to  parallel.  Pomfrct. 

2.  Chief  excellence  ; strong  side  ; forte.  “Dis- 
simulation was  his  masterpiece.”  Clarendon. 

MAs'T pR-PROOF,  n.  The  principal  proof. Bp. Hall. 

MAS'TIJR-SHIP,  n.  1.  The  office  of  a master  ; 
headship,  as  of  a school,  college,  or  other  insti- 
tution. “ Collegiate  masterships.”  Milton. 

2.  Mastery  ; dominion  ; rule  ; power.  Johnson. 

3.  Superiority;  preeminence;  supremacy. 

For  Python  slain  he  Pythian  games  decreed, 

Where  noble  youths  for  mastership  should  strive.  Dryden. 

4.  Ability  to  do  any  thing  well ; skill ; clev- 
erness ; ability ; talent.  _ Shak. 

5.  f A title  of  respect,  used  ironically. 

What  news  with  your  mastership'!  Shah. 

MAs'TJJR-SIN'EW  (-sin'nu),  n.  A large  sinew 
that  surrounds  the  hough  of  a horse.  Far.  Viet. 

HlAs'TpR— SPIR'IT,  n.  A predominant  mind. 

A good  book  is  the  precious  life-blood  of  a master-spirit. 

Milton. 

MAS'TfR— STRING,  n.  The  principal  string,  or 
the  string  which  sets  in  motion  or  regulates 
the  whole  work  or  machine.  Smart. 

mAs'T £R— STROKE,  n.  A capital  performance 
or  achievement ; a masterpiece.  Blackmore. 

MAs'TER-TOOTII,  n.  ; pi.  MASTER-TEETH.  One 
of  the  principal  teeth.  Bacon. 

MAs'TER-TOUCH  (-tuch),  n.  The  touch  or  finish 
of  a master;  capital  performance.  Tatler. 

mAs'TER— ToW'ER,  n.  A chief  tower.  Chaucer. 

t MAs'TfR— TOWN,  n.  Chief  town.  Chaucer. 

MAs'TJ3R-WORK  (-wiirk),  n.  A chief  work. 

Here  by  degrees  his  master-work  arose.  Thomson. 

mAs'TIJR-VVORK'MAN  (-wiirk'nian),  n.  The  head 
or  chief  workman. 

MAs'TER-VVORT  (-wiirt),  n.  ( Bot .)  An  umbel- 
liferous plant; — a name  applied  to  plants  of 
the  genus  Imperatoria  and  the  genus  sls- 
trantia.  Loudon. 


MAS'TI-CA-DOR,  n.  Mastigador.  Wright. 

MAS'TI-CATE,  v.  a.  [Gr.  paora^ic  ; L.  mastico , 
masticatus  ; It.  masticare  ; Sp.  mast i car .\  j i. 
MASTICATED  ; p/t.  MASTICATING,  MASTICATED.] 
To  crush  with  the  teeth  ; to  chew. 

Averse  to  masticate  the  grain.  Cotton. 

MAS-TI-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  masticatio  ; It.  masti- 
cazione  ; Sp.  masticacion  ; Fr.  mastication .]  The 
act  of  masticating  or  chewing.  Ray. 

MAs'TI-CA-TO-RV,  a.  [It.  &;  Sp.  masticatorio  ; 
Fr.  masticatoire ."]  Pertaining  to  the  process  of 
chewing  or  to  the  organs  employed  in  masti- 
cation. “ The  masticatory  nerve.”  Dunglison. 

MAs'TJ-CA-TO-RY,  n.  (Med.)  A medicine  to  be 
chewed  only,  not  swallowed ; an  acrid  siala- 
gogue.  “ Masticatorics  for  the  mouth.”  Bacon. 

MAs'T[-CINE,  n.  (Cheni.)  A substance  obtained 
from  mastic  ; the  part  of  mastic  which  is  insol- 
uble in  alcohol.  Brande. 


MAS'TI-COT,  n.  See  Massicot.  Dryden. 

MAs'TIC— TREE,  n.  (Bot.)  The  tree  from  which 
mastic  is  procured  ; Pistacia  lentiscus.  Loudon. 


mAs'TIFF,  n.  ; pi. 
properly,  mastiffs, 
Dryden  and  Swift ; 
masitves,  Johnson. 
[It.  mastino  ; Sp. 
mast  in  ; Old  Fr. 
mastin  ; Fr.  mdtin. ] 
(Zoiil.)  A large  va- 
riety of  dog, of great 
strength  and  courage ; 
molossus). 


Mastiff. 

Canis  familiaris  (variety 
Bell. 


mAs'TI-GA-DOR,  n.  [Sp.,  from  masticar,  to 
chew.]  The  slavering  hit  of  a bridle  ; — written 
also  inasticador.  Wright. 


MAS-TI-GOPH'O-ROUS,  a.  [Gr.  pacriyoiplpo;  \ paa- 
nf,  a whip,  and  fipw,  to  bear.]  Carrying  a 
wand,  scourge,  or  whip.  Sydney  Smith. 


MrfS-Ti 1 T1S,  n.  [Gr.  paaris,  the  breast.]  (Med.) 
inflammation  of  the  breast  of  women.  Brande. 


mAst'LESS,  a.  1.  Having  no  mast. 

Like  a mastless  ship  at  sea.  Soliman  and  Perseda. 

2.  Bearing  or  producing  no  mast. 

A crown  of  mastless  oak  adorned  her  head.  Dryden. 


MAs'TER- Y,  n.  [It.  <Sr  Sp.  maestria.) 

1.  Dominion  ; rule  ; sway  ; mastership. 

They  will  fight  for  the  mastery  of  the  passages.  Raleigh. 

2.  Superiority  or  preeminence  in  a contest; 
victory  ; conquest ; ascendency  ; supremacy. 

Good  men  I suppose  to  live  under  a perpetual  conflict 
with  their  bodily  appetites,  struggling  to  get  the  mastery  over 
them.  Atterbury. 

3.  Acquirement ; attainment. 

The  learning  and  master 1/  of  a tongue,  being  unpleasant  in 
itself,  should  not  be  cumbered  with  other  difficulties.  Locke. 

4.  Skill;  dexterity;  cleverness;  ability. 

Chief  mastery  to  dissect, 

With  long  and  tedious  havoc,  fabled  knights, 

In  battles  feigned.  Milton. 

MAST'FUL,  a.  Abounding  in  mast,  or  fruit  of 
beech,  &c.  “ The  ma.stfi.il  chestnut.”  Dryden. 

MAST'— HEAD,  n.  (Naut.)  The  top  of  the  mast 
of  a ship.  “ The  man  at  the  mast-head.”  Wood. 

MAS'TIC,  n.  [Gr.  paari^r/,  from  pnaro^oi,  to  chew, 
because  used  for  chewing  in  the  East;  L.  mas- 
tiche  ; It.  mastice  ; Sp .almastiga;  Fr.  mastic .] 

1.  A resin  which  exudes  from  the  Pistacia 
lentiscus,  or  mastic-tree,  a tree  cultivated  in  the 
Levant,  and  chiefly  in  the  island  of  Chios. 

Tt  is  exported  in  yellow,  brittle,  transparent, 
rounded  tears,  and  has  a bitterisli  taste  and  aromatic 
smell.  Dissolved  in  alcohol,  it  constitutes  a good  var- 
nish. It  is  also  used  to  strengthen  and  preserve  the 
teeth,  and  as  a remedy  for  diarrhoea.  Urc. 

2.  The  tree  from  which  mastic  is  procured 
by  incision  ; Pistacia  lentiscus. 

Knotty  pines,  fragrant  mastics,  kingly  oaks.  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

3.  (Bot.)  An  evergreen  under-shrub  ; T hy- 
mns inastichina.  Loudon. 

4.  (Arch.)  A kind  of  mortar  or  cement  used 

for  plastering  walls.  Brande. 

MAS'TIC,  a.  Gummy  ; adhesive,  as  gum.  Garth. 

MAS'TI-CA-BLE,  nr.  That  can  be  masticated ; 
that  may  be  chewed.  Jour.  Science. 


MA§T'LIN  (maz'ljn),  n.  [A.  S.  mwslenn,  maslin, 
brass.] 

1.  Mixed  corn;  maslin.  — See  Maslin.  Tttsser. 

2.  Mixed  metal ; yellow  metal  or  brass  ; mest- 

ling.  — See  Mestling.  Brewer. 

MAS'TO-DON,  n.  [Gr.  pi ttrros,  a nipple,  and 
dhou;,  dtifvTos,  a tooth;  It.  &;  Fr.  mastodontc .] 
(Zoid.)  A huge,  mammiferous,  pachydermatous, 
extinct  quadruped,  known  only  by  its  fossil  re- 
mains ; allied  to  the  elephant,  and  so  named 
from  the  conical  projections  upon  the  surfaces 
of  the  molar  teeth.  Owen. 

MAS'TO-DON— SAU'RUS,  n.  (Zoiil.)  A gigantic 
extinct  saurian.  . Pictet. 

MAS'TOID,  a.  [Gr.  paoro t,  a nipple,  and  fu5ot, 
form;  It.  mastoideo-,  Fr.  mastoidc .]  (Anat.) 
Noting  a process  situated  at  the  inferior  and 
posterior  part  of  the  temporal  bone  : — relating 
to  the  mastoid  process ; as,  “ The  mastoid 
cells.”  Dunglison. 

mAS-ToTd'E-AL,  a.  (Anat.)  Situated  in,  or  con- 
nected with,  the  mastoid  process.  Wright. 

MAS-TOL'Q-CY,  n.  [Gr.  paartli,  a nipple,  or 
breast,  and  l.6yot,  a discourse  ; It.  mastvlogia. ] 
(Zoiil.)  The  natural  history  of  mammals  or 
mammalia  ; mammalogy  ; mazology.  P.  Cyc. 

fMAS’TR^SS,  n.  [Old  Fr . maistresse.]  A mis- 
tress. Chaucer. 

MAS-Tl  R-BA'TION,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L .masturhor, 
to  practise  onanism.  — Perhaps  from  L.  mantis, 
the  hand,  and  stupro,  to  ravish.  Win.  Smith.) 
Self-pollution ; onanism.  Dunglison. 

f mAsT'Y,  a.  Full  of  mast,  or  the  fruit  of  the 
oak,  beech,  &c. ; stored  with  acorns.  Sherwood. 

MAT,  n.  [A.  S.  meatta  ; Dut.  &;  Bus.  mat ; Ger. 
<Sr  Dan.  matte  ; Sw.  matta.  — L.  § It.  matta  ; Sp. 
mata.) 


1.  A texture  of  sedge,  flags,  rushes,  straw,  or 

other  material,  used  on  a floor  for  wiping  the 
feet,  and  for  other  purposes.  • Carew. 

2.  (Naut.)  A covering  made  of  the  strands 
of  old  rope,  used  to  prevent  chafing.  Dana. 

MAT,  V.  a.  [t.  MATTED  ;pp.  MATTING,  MATTED.] 

1.  To  cover  or  protect  with  mats. 

Keep  the  doors  and  windows  . . . well  matted.  Evelyn. 

2.  To  twist  together  ; to  join  like  a mat. 

Or  on  the  matted  grass  lie  lies.  Dryden. 

MAT,  v.  n.  To  grow  thick  together;  to  become 
matted.  Ash. 

mJt  'A-QH  IJ\T  (mZt'%-Bl\en),  n.  [Fr. ; It.  mattacino  ; 
Sp.  matachin,  a merry-andrew,  and  a grotesque 
dance  ; Fr.  matassin.)  A kind  of  military  dance 
in  the  16th  century.  Sidney. 

MAT'A-CO,  n.  (Zoiil.)  A 
species  of  armadillo  re- 
markable for  its  faculty  of 
rolling  itself  into  a ball 
when  frightened  or  sur- 
prised; Dast/pus  tricinctus 
oi  Linnatus.  Lng.  Oyc.  (Dasypus  tricinctus). 

MAT-A-DORE',  n.  [Sp.  matador,  a murderer.] 

1.  One  who  kills,  — especially  applied  to  one 

whose  business  it  is  to  kill  the  bull  in  bull- 
fights ; a bull-fighter.  Wright. 

2.  One  of  the  three  principal  cards  in  the 

game  of  ombre,  of  which  the  black  aces  are  al- 
ways two,  and  the  other  frequently  a black 
devyte.  Smart. 

Now  move  to  war  her  sable  matadores , 

In  show  like  leaders  of  the  swarthy  Moors.  Pope. 

MAt'A-FUND,  n.  A kind  of  sling.  “ That  mur- 
derous sling,  the  matafund.”  Southey. 

MATCH,  n.  [L.  mico,  to  flash.  Sullivan. — It. 
iniccia ; Sp.  mecha  ; Fr.  meclie .]  Any  thing 
that  catches  fire,  generally  a card,  rope,  or  small 
piece  of  wood,  dipped  in  sulphur,  phosphorus, 
an  explosive  compound,  or  some  unctuous  or 
resinous  substance. 

Slow-match , a match  for  retaining  fire  for  mines, 
&c.  ; a match  prepared  from  twisted  hemp  rope, 
dipped  in  a solution  of  lime-water  and  saltpetre.  — 
Quick-match , a match  formed  of  threads  of  cotton 
prepared  with  a mixture  of  saltpetre,  mealed  powder, 
spirits  of  wine,  and  water.  Olos.  Mil.  Terms. 

MATCH,  n.  [Goth,  megs,  a relative  or  connec- 
tion ; A.  S.  inaca,  a mate  ; Dut.  makker;  Dan. 
mage',  Sw.maka;  Icel.  make.) 

1.  One  equal  to  another ; one  able  to  contest 
or  compete  with  another. 

The  old  man  has  met  with  his  match.  Spectator. 

2.  A person  or  a thing  that  suits  or  tallies 

with  another.  Johnson. 

3.  A union  by  marriage ; a marriage.  Shak. 

4.  One  to  be  married. 

She  was  very  rich  in  a personal  estate,  and  was  looked 
upon  as  the  richest  mutch  of  the  west.  Clarendon. 

MATCH,  n.  [ Johnson  refers  it  to  Gr.  piiyii,  a 
fight,  as  well  as  to  A.  S.  maca,  a mate.]  Any 
thing  in  which  there  is  competition  or  contest ; 
a contest ; a game. 

Where  fair  Ascanius  and  his  youthful  train 

With  horns  and  hounds  a hunting  match  ordain.  Dryden. 

MATCH,  V.  a.  [£.  MATCHED  ; pp.  MATCHING, 
MATCHED.] 

1.  To  be  equal  to  ; to  rival. 

O thou  good  Kent,  how  shall  I live  and  work 
To  match  thy  goodness!  Shak. 

2.  To  show  an  equal  to  ; to  find  a parallel  for. 

No  history  or  antiquity  can  match  his  policies.  South. 

3.  To  suit ; to  proportion  ; to  adapt ; to  fit. 
Let  poets  match  their  subject  to  their  strength.  Roscommon. 

4.  To  give  in  marriage  ; to  marry. 

A senator  of  Rome,  while  Rome  survived. 

Would  not  have  matched  his  daughter  with  a king.  Addison. 

MATCH,  v.  n.  1.  To  be  married  ; to  marry. 

I hold  it  a sin  to  match  in  my  kindred.  Shak. 

2.  To  suit ; to  be  proportionate  ; to  corre- 
spond ; to  tally.  Johnson. 

MATCH' A-BLE,  a.  1.  That  maybe  favorably  or 
not  unequally  matched  dr  compared;  suitable; 
equal ; fit  to  be  joined. 

Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  so  far  as  he  hath  gone  in  the  History 
of  the  World,  is  matchablc  with  the  best  of  the  ancients. 

Hakcwill. 

2.  Of  like  kind  ; correspondent.  Wooilivard. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long  i A,  E,  I,  6,  tj , Y,  short;  A,  ?,  j,  O,  IT,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


MATCHABLENESS 


MATRICIDE 


MATCH'A-BLE-NESS,  il.  The  quality  of  being 
matchable  or  suitable.  B.  Jonson. 

MATCH'-CLOTH,  n.  A coarse  woollen  cloth  for 
the  Indian  trade.  Washington. 

mAtCH'-COAT,  n.  A large,  loose  coat  made  of 
match-cloth.  Washington. 

MATCH'— CORD,  n.  A line  or  cord  prepared  as  a 
match.  Johnson. 

MATCH'pR,  n.  One  who  matches  or  joins.  Todd. 

MATCH'ING,  n.  Act  of  one  who  matches.  Hakewill. 

MAtCH'LI5SS, a.  Having  no  equal;  unmatched; 
unparalleled.  “ A matchless  queen.”  Waller. 

mAtCH'L^SS-LY,  ad.  In  a manner  not  to  be 
matched  or  equalled.  Johnson. 

MATCH'LIJSS-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  match- 
less or  without  an  equal.  Johnson. 

MATCH'l6cK,  n.  The  lock  of  the  musket  in 
former  times,  holding  the  match,  or  piece  of 
twisted  rope,  prepared  to  retain  tire.  Todd. 

MATCH'— MAK-gR,  n.  1:  One  who  makes  matches 
to  burn.  Johnson. 

2.  One  who  contrives  marriages.  Hudibras. 

MATCH'— MAK-ING,  a.  Tending  to  make  matches. 

MATCH'— MAK-ING,  n.  Act  of  making  matches. 

MATCH'-PLANE§,  n.  pi.  Planes  used  in  joining 

^boards  by  grooving  and  tonguing ; one  plane, 

'called  the  plough,  being  used  to  form  the 
groove,  and  the  other  to  form  the  correspond- 
ing tongue.  Ogilvie. 

MATE,  n.  1.  [A.  S.  maca ; Dut.  maat ; Han. 
mage  ; Sw.  make]  A husband  or  a wife.  Spenser. 

2.  The  male  or  female  of  animals.  Milton. 

3.  One  in  fellowship  or  intimacy  with  anoth- 
er ; a companion  ; an  associate  ; a compeer  ; an 
intimate ; a fellow. 

Thus  Satan,  talking  to  his  nearest  mate.  Milton. 

MATE,  n.  [Ger.  maat.]  ( Naut .)  The  second  in 
subordination  in  a merchant  vessel.  The  first 
below  the  captain  is  first  mate ; the  second, 
second  mate,  &c.  — In  a ship  of  war,  an  assistant; 
as,  “ The  surgeon’s  mate.” 

MATE,  n.  [Sp.  mate  ; matar,  to  kill;  Fr.  mat.] 
The  situation  of  the  king  in  the  game  of  chess, 
when  the  game  is  won. 

Like  a stale  at  chess,  where  it  is  no  mate , but  yet  the  game 
cannot  stir.  Bacon. 

MATE,  V.  a.  \i.  MATED;  pp.  MATING,  MATED.] 

1.  To  match  ; to  marry.  Spenser. 

2.  To  be  equal  to  ; to  equal. 

For  thus  the  mastful  chestnut  mates  the  skies.  Dryden. 

3.  To  be  a match  for ; to  oppose. 

I.  in  the  way  of  loyalty  and  truth, 

Dare  mate  a sounder  man  than  Surrey  can  be.  Shale. 

+ MATE,  v.  a.  [It.  mattare\  Sp.  matar ; Fr. 
mater.]  To  subdue  ; to  confound  ; to  crush;  to 
baffle  ; to  puzzle. 

My  sense  she  has  mated , and  amazed  my  sight.  Shah. 

MA  ' TE,  n.  The  Paraguay  name  of  a plant,  whose 
leaves  are  used  extensively  in  South  America  as 
a substitute  for  tea  ; Ilex  Paraguensis.  Braude. 

MATE'HJSS,  a.  Without  a companion  ; wanting 
a mate.  “ Some  mateless  dove.”  Peacham. 

MAT'5-LOTE,  ii.  [Fr.,  from  matelot,  a sailor.] 
A dish  of  food  consisting  of  several  varieties 
of  fish.  Wright-. 

■j-  MAT-JJ-OL'O-IJJY,  n.  [Gr.  pAraio;,  useless,  and 
>.6yo 5,  a discourse  ; Fr.  mateologie.]  Unmeaning 
discourse  ; a vain  inquiry.  Bailey. 

MAT-E-0-TE£H'Ny,  n.  [Gr.  paraios,  useless, 

and  ri^vy,  an  art.]  A vain  or  unprofitable  art 
or  science.  Dr.  Black. 

MB' TER,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  pATVP.]  The  Latin 
word’  for  mother.  — See  Alma  Mater,  Bub, a 
Mater,  Pia  Mater. 

MA-TE'RI-AL,  a.  [L.  materialis  ; materia,  mat- 
ter; It.  materiale  ; Sp.  material-,  Fr.  materiel.] 

1.  Relating  to,  or  consisting  of,  matter  ; cor- 
poreal ; not  spiritual ; bodily ; physical ; as, 
“ Material  substances.” 

2.  Substantial,  as  opposed  to  formal.  Johnson. 

3.  Important ; momentous  ;'  essential. 

Petitions  very  material  in  causes  of  this  nature.  Hooker. 

Syn.  — See  Corporal. 


887 

MA-TE'RI-AL,  n. ; pi.  ma-te'ri-al?.  1.  Any  thing 
composed  of  matter. 

An  accurate  enumeration  of  medical  materials.  Browne. 

2.  The  matter  or  substance  of  which  any 
thing  is  composed  ; that  from  which  any  thing 
is  formed;  as,  “ The  materials  for  a building.” 

Simple  ideas,  the  materials  of  all  our  knowledge.  Locke. 

f MA-TE'RI-AL,  v.  a.  To  form  of  matter. Browne. 

MA-TE'RI-AL-I§M,  n.  [It.  § Sp.  materialismo ; 
Fr.  materialis  me.]  The  theory  that  the  mate- 
rial universe  is  self-existent  and  self-directed, 
and  that  the  functions  of  life,  sensation,  and 
thought,  arise  out  of  modifications  of  matter  ; 
or  the  metaphysical  theory  which  is  founded  on 
the  hypothesis  that  all  existence  may  be  re- 
solved into  a modification  of  matter  ; — opposed 
to  spiritualism,  or  the  doctrine  that  above  the 
universe  there  is  a spirit  sustaining  and  direct- 
ing it.  Price. 

MA-TE'RI-AL-IST,  ii.  [It.  materialista ; Fr.  ma- 
terialist.] One  who  believes  in,  or  adheres  to, 
materialism. 

One  who  denies  spirit  in  man  or  in  the  universe  is  a per- 
fect materialist.  Fleming. 

MA-TE-RI-AL-IS'TIC,  ) a%  Relating  to,  or 

M A-TE-RI-AL-IS'TI-CAL,  ) partaking  of,  materi- 
alism. Qu.  Rev. 

MA-TE-RI-Al'I-TY,  n.  [It.  materiality.;  Sp.  ma- 
terialidad ; Fr.  materiality.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  material ; corporeity ; 

material  existence.  Digby. 

2.  The  state  of  being  important ; importance  ; 

consequence ; moment ; weight.  Wright. 

MA-TE'RI-AL-IZE,  v.  a.  \i.  MATERIALIZED  ; pp. 
materializing,  materialized.]  [It.  ma- 
terializzare ; Fr.  materialise!- .]  To  reduce  to 

a state  of  matter;  to  regard  as  matter  ; to  form 
into  matter  or  substance  ; to  change  to  matter ; 
to  render  material  ; to  substantialize. 

By  this  means  we  materialize  our  ideas.  Guardian. 

MA-TE'RI-AL-LY,  ad.  1.  In  a state  of  matter. 

I do  not  mean  that  any  thing  is  separable  from  a body  by 
fire  that  was  not  materially  preexistent  iu  it.  Boyle. 

2.  In  substance  ; not  in  form  merely. 

An  act  in  itself  materially  good.  South. 

3.  Importantly;  essentially. 

All  this  coneerneth  the  customs  of  the  Irish  very  mate- 
rnally. Spenser. 

MA-TE'RI-AL-NESS,  n.  1.  The  state  of  being 
material,  as  opposed  to  spiritual.  Johnson. 

2.  The  state  of  being  important ; importance ; 
consequence ; materiality.  Todd. 

MA-TE'RI-A  MED'I-CA.  [L.,  medicinal  materi- 
als or  agents.]  (Med.)  That  division  of  medical 
science  which  treats  of  the  knowledge  of  med- 
icines, their  action  on  the  animal  economy,  and 
mode  of  administration,  Dunglison. 

f MA-TE-RI-A'RI-AN,  n.  A materialist.  Cudworth. 

f MA-TE'RI-jjTE,  ) a ||jJ-  materiatus.]  Con- 

f MA-TE'RI-AT-pD,  ) sisting  of  matter;  materi- 
al. “ Ponderous  and  materiate.”  Bacon. 

f MA-TE'RI-ATE,  n.  A thing  formed  of  matter  ; 
a material  substance.  Johnson. 

f MA-TE-RI-A'TION,  n.  [L . materiatio.]  The  act 
of  forming  matter.  Browne. 

MA-TE'RI-EL  (ma-ta're-el),  n.  [Fr.]  The  pro- 
visions, arms,  equipage,  &c.,  of  an  army  or  a 
navy,  in  distinction  from  the  personnel,  or  the 
men  employed.  Preston. 

t MA-TE'RI-OUS,  a.  Material.  Milton. 

MA-TER'NAL,  a.  [L.  materniis  ; It.  mater nale  ; 
Sp.  maternal-,  Fr.  maternal.]  Motherly;  be- 
fitting a mother ; relating  to  a mother  ; as,  “ Ma- 
ternal love.” 

Syn.  — See  Fatherly. 

MA-TER'NAL-LY,  ad.  In  a maternal  or  motherly 
manner.  Wright. 

MA-TER'NI-TY,  n.  [It.  maternita  ; Sp.  materni- 
dad ; Fr.  maternity.]  The  state,  character,  or 
relation  of  a mother.  Bullokar. 

MAT'— FEL-ON,  ii.  [Sp.  matar,  to  kill,  and  Eng. 
felon.]  ( Bot .)  A species  of  knap-weed  growing 
wild.  Johnson. 


MAT'— GRASS,  n.  (Bot.)  An  inferior  sort  of  grass ; 
heath  matweed ; Mardustricta.  Farm.  Enc-y. 

MATH,  n.  [A.  S.  math.]  A mowing; — used  in 
composition;  as,  “ AftermatA.”  Todd. 

MATH-E-MA I IC,  ? et,  [Gr.  yaOtjparcKlg  ; L. 

mAth-5-MAt'I-CAL,  ) mathematicus ; It.  Sj  Sp. 
matematico ; Fr.  matITmatique.] 

1.  Relating  to  mathematics  ; demonstrative  ; 
as,  “ Mathematical  reasoning.” 

2.  According  to  the  doctrine  of  the  mathema- 
ticians ; as,  “ Mathematical  correctness.” 

MATH-p-M.AT'l-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a mathemati- 
cal manner  ; by  mathematics.  Bentley. 

MATH-E-MA-TI''CIAN  (-fisli'jn),  n.  [Fr.  mathe- 
maticien.]  One  who  is  versed  in  the  mathematics. 

MATH-5-MAT'ICS,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  yaOiyjaTtKr} ; pa6y- 
fiara,  things  learnt ; L.  mathematic.a  ; It.  Sg  Sp. 
matematica  ; Fr.  matheinatiques.]  The  sciences 
which  treat  of  position,  form,  quantity,  and 
numbers,  or  whatever  can  be  numbered  or 
measured  ; or  that  science  which  treats  prima- 
rily of  the  relations  and  measurement  of  quan- 
tities, and  secondarily  of  the  operations  and 
processes,  by  means  of  which  these  relations 
are  ascertained.  Eliot.  Davies. 

KSr  It  is  divided  into  two  parts  : — pure,  in  which 
abstract  quantities,  or  geometrical  magnitude  or  num- 
bers, are  the  subject  of  investigation;  and  mixed,  in 
which  tile  deductions  are  made  from  relations  which 
are  obtained  from  observation  and  experiment;  — 
otherwise  called  physics,  or  physical  science. 

Ifij  - “ All  these  words,  mathematics,  physics,  meta- 
physics, politics,  ethics , pneumatics , hydraulics,  hydro - 
statics , mechanics,  dynamics,  statics,  are  plural  in  form; 
in  sense  they  are  either  singular  or  plural.”  Dr.  La- 
tham. — Some  of  these  words  are  sometimes  construed 
as  singular  by  respectable  writers  ; but  generally  all 
of  them  as  plural,  which,  as  Dr.  Cromhie  remarks, 
“ is  the  more  common,  and  more  agreeable  to  anal- 
ogy.” 

MAth'ER,  n.  See  Madder.  Sir  IF.  Petty. 

MATH'5§,  ii.  An  herb.  Ainsworth. 

MA-THE'SIS  [ma-the'sjs,  S.  IF.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Sm. 
C. ; mj-the'sis  or  math'e-sls,  Ja. ; math'e-sls,  K. 
Wb.],  n.  [Gr.  pAtlyai;,  learning ; L.  mathesis.] 
The  doctrine  of  mathematics.  Pope. 

MAth'F-RIN,  n.  One  of  a religious  institution 
founded  by  Pope  Innocent  III.  for  redeeming 
Christians  from  Turkey.  Smart. 

MA-TI'CO,  n.  (Bot.)  A Peruvian  plant,  used  in 
medicine  as  an  astringent.  Dunglison. 

MAT'IN,  a.  Morning;  used  in  the  morning.  “The 
matin  trumpet  sung.”  Milton. 

f MAT'IN,  n.  [L.  matutinum  ; It.  mattino  ; Sp.  ma- 
tutino;  Fr  .matin.]  Morning. 

The  glowwox-m  shows  the  matin  to  be  near.  Shak. 

MAT'IN^,  n.  pi.  [Fr.  matines.]  The  earliest 
hours  of  prayer  in  Catholic  worship  ; — morning 
prayers  or  worship. 

The  winged  choristers  began 

To  chirp  their  matins.  Cltaveland. 

mAt'RASS,  n.  [It.  inatraccio  ; Sp.  matraz ; Fr. 
matras.]  An  egg-shaped  chemical  vessel  with 
a narrow  neck,  employed  in  sublimations,  Ac.  ; 
a cucurbit.  Evelyn. 

kfxj  - Tile  matrass  is  superseded  by  a flask.  Brande. 

MAt'RASS,  n.  A quilted  bed.  — See  Mattress. 

mAT-R[-CA'RI-A,  n.  [L.  matrix,  matricis,  the 
womb.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants  ; feverfew,  or 
motherwort ; — so  called  from  the  reputed  vir- 
tues of  some  of  the  species  in  disorders  of  the 
womb.  Dunglison. 

MA'TRICE  (ma'trjs)  [ma'tris,  S.  IF.  P.  Ja.  Sm.], 
n.  [L.  matrix,  matricis  ; It.  mat-rice ; Sp.  ma- 
trix ; Fr.  mat-rice.]  The  matrix  ; the  womb  ; the 
cavity  where  the  foetus  is  formed.  Bacon. 

MAT'RICE  [mat'rjs,  IF.  P.  Sm.;  ma'tris,  S.  Ja.],  n. 

1.  A mould  ; — a term  applied  particularly  to 
a mould  or  form  in  which  printers’  letters  are 
cast,  and  to  a mould  in  which  coin  is  cast.  Usher. 

2.  A term  in  dyeing,  applied  to  mother  colors, 

or  the  five  simple  colors,  black,  white,  blue,  red, 
and  yellow.  Wright. 

MAT-R[-CI'DAL,  a.  Relating  to  matricide.  Ed. Rev. 

MAT'RI-CIDE  [mat're-sld,  S.  IF.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  IC 
Sm.  R.;  ma'tre-sld,  P.],  n. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE. — 9,  £,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  5,  g,  hard ; § as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


MATBICULA 


888 


MATUTINAL 


1.  \[L.  matrieidium  ; mater , a mother,  and 

credo,  to  kill ; It.  if  Sp.  madricidio  ; Fr.  matri- 
cide.]  The  murder  of  a mother.  Browne. 

2.  [L.,  It.,  § Sp.  matricida ; Fr.  matricide.'] 

The  murderer  of  a mother.  Ainsworth. 

MA-TRIC' U-LA,  n.  [L.]  A roll  or  register-book 
in  which  the  names  of  persons  are  recorded  ; a 
matriculation-book.  “ His  name  occurs  not  in 
the  matricula.”  Wood. 

MA-TRIC'U-LATE,  v.  a.  [L.  matricula,  a regis- 
ter ; It.  matricolare ; Sp.  matricular.]  [t.  ma- 
triculated ; pp.  MATRICULATING,  MATRICU- 
LATED.] To  enter  or  admit  to  a membership  of 
a university,  college,  institution,  or  society  ; to 
enlist ; to  enroll. 

A member  of  some  college  or  hall  in  the  University  of 
Oxford  who  shall  have  been  matriculated  twenty-four  calen- 
dar months  at  least.  Blachstone. 

MA-TRIC'U-LATE,  n.  One  who  is  matriculated. 

The  matriculates  of  that  famous  university.  Arbuihnot. 

MA-TRIC'U-LATE,  a.  [It . matricolato ; Sp.  rna- 
triculado.]  Matriculated ; admitted.  Skelton. 

MA-TRIC-U-LA'TION,  n.  [Sp.  matriculacion.] 
The  act  of  matriculating ; admission  to  member- 
ship in  a college  or  university.  Blachstone. 

MAT-RI-mO'NI-AL,  a.  [L .matrimonialis ; It.  mar 
trimoniale  ; Sp.  $ Fr.  matrimonial.]  Suitable,  or 
relating,  to  marriage  ; connubial ; nuptial ; hy- 
meneal. “ Matrimonial  love.”  Milton. 

MAT-RI-MO'NI-AL-LY,  ad.  In  a matrimonial  or 
nuptial  manner.  " Ayliffe. 

t mAt-RI-MO'NI-OUS,  a.  Matrimonial.  Milton. 

MAT'RI-MO-NY,  n.  [L.  matrimonium ; It.  A:  Sp. 
matrimonio;  Fr.  matrimonie.]  The  state  of 
those  who  are  married  ; the  nuptial  state  ; wed- 
lock ; marriage ; nuptials. 

Though  matrimony  may  have  some  pains,  celibacy  has 
few  pleasures.  Jo/lnson. 

Those  who  enter  the  state  of  matrimony  cast  a die  of  the 
greatest  contingency,  and  yet  of  the  greatest  interest,  next  to 
the  last  throw  tor  eternity.  Bp.  Taylor. 

Syn. — See  Marriage. 

MA ' TRIX,  n.  [L.]  1.  The  womb;  matric  e.  Browne. 

2.  A place  where  any  thing  is  generated  or 

formed  ; mould  ; matrice.  Browne. 

3.  (Min.)  The  stony  substance  in  which  crys- 
talline minerals  are  imbedded ; gangue.  Brande. 

MA  TRON  [ma'trun,  .S'.  W.  P.  J.  E.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  R. 
Wr. ; mit'nm,  Wb.],  n.  [L.  matrona  ; mater,  a 
mother ; It.  & Sp.  matrona  ; Fr.  matrone.] 

1.  A married  woman  ; a mother  of  a family  ; 

a wife.  Com.  Prayer. 

2.  An  old  or  elderly  woman. 

A matron  sage 

Supports  with  homely  food  his  drooping  age.  Pope. 

3.  A female  superintendent  or  chief  nurse  in 

a hospital.  Johnson. 

mAt'RQN-A<?E,  n.  1.  The  state  of  a matron. 

2.  The  body  of  matrons. 

His  exemplary  queen  at  the  head  of  the  malronage  of  this 
land.  Burke. 

MAT'RON-AL,  or  MA'TRON-AL  [ma'trun-?l,  S. 
Ja.  K.  Sm. ; niiit  run-al  or  nia-uonal,  IV.  i\  ; 
ma'trun-al  or  tnat'rtiri-jl,  P. ; mSt'run-al,  R.  C. 

O.  Wb.  Ash,  Scott,  Wr.],  a.  [L.  matronalis ; 
It.  matronale ; Sp.  matronal.]  Relating,  or 
suitable,  to  a matron  ; motherly.  “ Matronal 
years.”  Bacon. 

have  excluded  Mr.  Sheridan’s  pronuncia- 
tion, which  makes  tile  two  first  syllables  of  this  word 
exactly  like  matron,  because  the  word  is  a primitive  in 
our  language,  derived  from  the  Latin  matronalis,  and, 
therefore,  according  to  English  analogy,  when  reduced 
to  three  syllables,  ought  to  have  the  accent  on  the 
antepenultimate;  and  this  accent  lias,  in  simples, 
always  a shortening  power.  The  second  pronuncia- 
tion, though  not  so  strictly  agreeable  to  analogy  as 
the  first,  is  still  preferable  to  Mr.  Sheridan’s.  Mat.mn- 
ish  and  matronly  ought  to  have  the  first  vowel  and  the 
accent  as  in  matron,  because  they  are  compounds  of 
our  own  ; but  we  do  not  subjoin  al  to  words,  as  we  do 
ish  and  Ij,  and  therefore  words  of  that  termination 
are  under  a different  predicament.  Somethin"  like 
this  seems  to  have  struck  Mr.  Sheridan  and  Dr.  John- 
son when  they  accented  the  word  yatronal ; for  though 
this  word  is  exactly  of  the  same  form,  and  is  perfectly 
similar  in  the  quantity  of  the  Latin  vowels,  we  find 
matronal,  marked  with  the  accent  upon  the  first  sylla- 
ble, and  patronal  on  the  second.”  IValker. 

MA'TRON-HOOD  (-hud),  n.  The  state  of  a ma- 
lt'01'1- Jewsbury. 


MAT'RON-IZE,  V.  a.  [*.  MATRONIZED  ; pp.  MAT- 
konizing,  MATRONIZED.]  To  render  matronly 
or  sedate.  S.  Richardson. 

MA'TRON—  LIKE,  a.  Becoming  a matron  ; grave; 
sedate  ; matronly.  Tatler. 

MA'TRON-LY  [ma'trun-le,  S.  W.  P.  Ja.  K.  Sm. 
Wr.;  mat'run-le,  Wb.],a.  Becoming  a wife  or 
matron  ; grave  ; sedate  ; matron-like.  “ A 
matronly  comeliness.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

MA-TROSS',  n. ; pi.  ma-tross'e?.  [But.  matroos, 
a sailor ; Ger.  matrose,  a sailor ; Dan.  Svv. 
matros,  a sailor.]  (Mil.)  An  artillery-man,  or 
sort  of  soldier,  under  a gunner,  who  assists  in 
traversing  the  guns,  and  sponging,  firing,  and 
loading  them.  Bailey. 

MAT'TJgD,  a.  Twisted  together ; entangled.  Clarke. 

mAt'TIJR,  7i.  [L.  materia,  or  materies,  probably 

from  tnater  (Gr.  pi drip),  a mother.  Vossias.  — 
It.  § Sp.  materia  ; Fr.  matiere.  — W.  mater.) 

1.  That  which  is  visible  or  tangible;  that 
which  occupies  space  ; a substance  extended 
and  divisible  ; elementary  substance  perceptible 
by  any  of  the  senses,  usually  divided  into  four 
kinds,  solid,  liquid,  aeriform,  and  imponderable ; 
substance ; body. 

Of  the  ultimate  nature  of  matter  tire  human  faculties  can- 
not take  cognizance;  nor  can  data  be  furnished  by  observa- 
tion or  experiment  on  which  to  found  an  investigation  of  it. 
All  we  know  of  it  is  its  sensible  properties.  Brande. 

Matter  is  that  which  makes  itself  known  by  means  of  the 
bodily  senses.  Fleming. 

2.  That  of  which  anything  is  composed;  raw 
material ; materials  ; stuff. 

The  upper  regions  of  the  air  perceive  the  collection  of  the 
m'atter  of  tempests  before  the  air  here  below.  Bacon. 

3.  That  about  which  one  thinks,  speaks,  or 
writes  ; subject ; topic  ; question  ; as,  “ A mat- 
ter of  astonishment  ” ; “A  matter  of  doubt.” 

Son  of  God!  Saviour  of  men!  Thy  name 

Shall  be  the  copious  matter  of  my  song.  Milton. 

4.  The  very  thing  supposed  ; the  point. 

lie  grants  the  deluge  to  have  come  so  very  near  the  matter 
that  but  very  few  escaped.  Tillotson. 

5.  Any  thing  with  which  one  is  concerned ; 
affair  ; business  ; concern. 

To  help  the  matter , the  alchemists  call  in  many  vanities 
out  of  astrology.  Bacon. 

Matters  succeeded  so  well  with  him.  V Estrange. 

6.  Cause  of  disturbance  or  of  distress  ; trouble. 

Where  art  thou?  What’s  the  matter  with  thee?  Shak. 

7.  Subject  of  suit  or  complaint;  specific 
charge ; accusation. 

If  the  craftsman  have  a matter  against  any  man,  the  law  is 
°Pen*  Acts  xix.  :!8. 

8.  Import ; consequence  ; importance  ; mo- 
ment ; as  in  the  phrase,  “ It  is  no  matter.” 

Pleased  or  displeased,  no  matter  now;  ’tis  past.  Granville.. 

9.  An  indefinite  portion  of  space  or  of  time. 
“A  matter  of  seven  miles  off.”  L'  Estrange. 

I have  thoughts  to  tarry  a small  matter  in  town.  Congreve. 

10.  Substance  excreted  from  a sore  ; purulent 

running;  purulence;  pus.  Wiseman. 

t Upon  the  matter,  considering  the  whole  ; with 
respect  to  tile  main  ; nearly.  “ I desire  to  know, 
whether  this  be  not,  upon  the  matter,  as  satisfactory  to 
a wise  man  as  a demonstration.”  Tillotson. 

Syn.—  Matter  is  opposed  to  spirit.  The  whole 
universe  is  said  to  be  composed  of  matter ; a plant, 
tree,  or  an  animal  body  consists  of  matter.  Materials 
consist  of  tile  particular  parts  of  matter  of  which  any 
structure  is  composed  ; as  a house  or  a carriage  con- 
sists of  materials.  The  subject  of  a discourse  is  the 
topic  or  question  treated  of ; tile  matter  consists  of  the 
words  and  thoughts.  Two  persons,  taking  different 
sides  in  a debate,  treat  of  the  same  subject ; but  the 
matter  of  their  discourse  must  be  different.  A matter 
or  an  affair  of  importance;  a serious  business.  — See 
Business. 

MAT'TER,  v.  n.  1.  To  be  of  importance  or  con- 
sequence ; to  import ; to  signify. 

It  matters  not  how  they  were  called,  so  we  know  who  they 
are.  Locke. 

2.  To  generate  matter  by  suppuration.  Sidney. 

tMAT'TijR,  v.  a.  To  regard  ; not  to  neglect. 

Laws  my  Pindaric  parents  mattered  not.  Bramston. 

MAT'TpR- LESS,  a.  Void  of  matter.  B.  Jonson. 

MAT'TER— OF— FACT,  n.  A reality,  as  distin- 
guished from  what  is  fanciful,  hypothetical,  or 
hyperbolical. 

Let  ns  be  assured  of  the  matter-of-fact  before  we  trouble 
ourselves  with  inquiring  into  the  cause.  Dr.  T.  Fuller. 


MAT'TER— OF— FACT,  a.  Treating  of  facts  or 
realities  ; practical ; sensible ; plain. 

Matter-of-fact  man,  one  who  adheres  strictly  to  fact, 
or  never  wanders  beyond  realities.  Boswell. 

MAt'T£R-Y,  a.  1.  f Important;  grave.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  Generating  pus  or  matter.  Harvey. 

MAT'TING,  n.  1.  Materials  used  for  mats. 

2.  Mats  collectively  ; mat-work.  Clarke. 

3.  A carpet  or  covering  of  mats.  Wright. 

MAt'TOCK,  n.  [A.  S.  mattuc,  a shovel ; W. 
matog .]  A tool  of  husbandry  used  for  digging, 
and  lor  grubbing  up  roots  of  trees  and  weeds  ; 
a kind  of  pick-axe,  having  the  ends  of  the  iron 
part  broad. 

You  must  dig  with  mattock  and  with  spade.  Shak. 

MAT'TRESS  [rn&t'tres,  S.  W.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K. 
Sm.  Wr.  W b.],  n.  [AV.  mattrass  ; Old  Fr.  ma- 
teras.]  A quilted  bed,  stuffed  witli  hair,  wool, 
or  other  soft  material,  instead  of  feathers.  Howell. 
DST  It  is  sometimes  incorrectly  pronounced  ma-tras'. 

MAT'U-RAnT,  n.  (Med.)  A medicine  that  pro- 
motes suppuration ; maturative.  Good. 

MAT'y-RATE  (mat'yu-rat),  v.  a.  [L.  maturo,  ma- 
turatus,  to  ripen  ; It.  maturarc  ; Sp.  madurar .] 

[i.  MATURATED  ; pp.  MATURATING,  MATURATED.] 

1.  To  ripen  ; to  bring  to  perfection ; to  mature. 
Such  is  the  last  product  of  a tree  perfectly  maturated  by- 

time  and  sun.  Berkeley. 

2.  To  bring  to  suppuration  ; to  cause  to  sup- 
purate. 

MAT'y-RATE,  v.n.  To  form  pus,  as  an  abscess  ; 
to  suppurate. 

MAt-U-RA'TION,  n.  [L.  maturatio ; It.  matura- 
zione ; Sp.  maduracion  ; Fr.  maturation .] 

1.  The  act  or  the  process  of  maturating  or 
ripening. 

Heat  sufficient  for  the  maturation  of  fruits.  Bentley. 

2.  The  state  of  being  ripened  ; ripeness. 

They  [grains  and  fruits]  grow  to  maturation.  Bacon. 

3.  Formation  of  pus  ; suppuration.  Dunglison. 

II  MAT'U-RA-TlVE  [mach'u-ra-Hv,  W.  J. ; mat'u- 
ra-tjv,  K.  Sm. ; ma-tu'ra-tlv,  S.  P.],  a.  [It.  ma- 
turativo ; Sp . madurativo  ; Fr.  matwratif.] 

1.  Ripening;  conducive  to  ripeness.  Browne. 

2.  Conducive  to  suppuration.  Wiseman. 

||  MAT'U-RA-TlVE,  7i.  (Med.)  A medicine  that 
promotes  maturation,  or  the  formation  of  pus 
in  a tumor ; maturant.  Dung/iso7i. 

MA-TURE',  a.  [L .matmus;  It.  maturo  ; Sp . ma- 
duro  ; Fr.  mature.] 

1.  Perfected  by  time ; perfect  in  growth,  in 
years,  or  in  condition  ; complete  ; ripe. 

Mature  the  virgin  was  of  Egypt’s  race; 

Grace  shaped  her  limbs,  and  beauty  decked  her  face.  Prior. 

2.  Fit  for  execution  ; well-digested;  well- 
considered ; as,  “A  mature  scheme.” 

Syn. — See  Ripe. 

MA-TURE',  v.  a.  [See  Maturate.]  \i.  ma- 
tured ; pp.  MATURING,  MATURED.] 

1.  To  ripen  ; to  advance  to  ripeness.  Bacon. 

2.  To  advance  towards  perfection. 

Love  indulged  my  labors  past, 

Matures  my  present,  and  shall  bound  my  last.  Pope. 

MA-TURE',  v.  7i.  To  become  ripe ; to  be  perfected. 
It  may  grow  and  mature  where  you  see  it  not.  Xapleton. 

MA-TURE'LY , ad.  1.  Ripely;  completely. 

2.  With  deliberation  ; carefully ; cautiously. 

A prince  ought  maturely  to  consider,  when  he  enters  on  a 
war,  whether  his  coffers  be  full.  Swift. 

MA-TURE 'NESS,  7i.  The  state  of  being  mature; 
ripeness;  maturity.  Knowles. 

MAT-IT-RES'CyNT,  a.  [L.  maturesco,  matures- 
cens,  to  become  ripe.]  Approaching  to  maturi- 
ty ; growing  ripe.  Smart. 

MA-TU'RI-TY,  7i.  [L.  maturitas  ; It.  maturezza  ; 

Sp.  madurez  ; Fr.  matur'd i:.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  mature  ; ripeness  ; com- 
pletion ; matureness. 

The  heat . . . not  sufficient  to  bring  their  fruits  and  grains 
to  maturity.  Ray. 

2.  (Law.)  The  time  when  a bill  of  exchange 
or  a promissory  note  becomes  due.  Bun-ill. 

Syn.  — See  Ripeness. 

MAt'U-TI-NAL  [m5t'u-tl-n?l,  Ja.  Sm.  Wr.  Wb.  ; 


A,  E,  I,  O,  0,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  ft,  Y,  short;  A,  J£,  J,  O,  II,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FAl.L; 


HEIR,  HER; 


MATUTINE 


889 


MAYING 


m?-tu'ti-n?l,  K.],  a.  [L.  matutinalis  ; Sp.  § Fr. 
matutinal.]  Relating  to  the  morning.  Pegge. 

tMAT'U-TlNE,  a.  Matutinal.  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

MAT' WEED,  n.  ( Bot .)  A plant  of  the  genus  Ly- 
geum ; Lygeum  Spartum.  Crabb. 

MAT'-WORK  (-wilrk),  n.  Matiing';  mats.  Clarke. 

MAT'Y,  n.  A servant.  /[India.]  Simmonds. 

MAUD,  n.  A kind  of  shawl,  made  of  undyed 
wool ; — also  a gray  striped  plaid  worn  by  shep- 
herds in  Scotland.  Simmonds. 

f MAu'DLE,  v.  a.  To  put  out  of  order  ; to  besot ; 
to  befoul ; to  infatuate.  Phillips. 

MAUD'LIN,  a.  [Johnson  says,  “ The  corrupt  ap- 
pellation of  Magdalen,  who  is  drawn  by  paint- 
ers with  swollen  eyes  and  disordered  look.”  — 
“ Magdalen  College  at  Oxford  is  usually  pro- 
nounced maud'lin,  which  makes  this  etymolo- 
gy the  more  probable.”  Sullivan.'] 

1.  Drunk  ; fuddled  ; behaving  like  one  fuddled. 

A parson  much  bemused  in  beer, 

A maudlin  poetess,  a rhyming  peer.  Pope. 

2.  Suitable  to  one  fuddled  ; weak  ; silly. 

She  largely  what  she  wants  in  words  supplies 

With  maudlin  eloquence  of  trickling  eyes.  Roscommon. 

MAUD'LIN,  n.  (Bot.)  A perennial  plant;  sweet 
milfoil ; Achillea  ageratum.  Miller. 

M.lU'GRE  (maw'gur ),prep.  [L.  maU  gratum , not 
grateful,  not  agreeable  ; It.  malgrado  ; Old  Fr. 
magre,  or  maugre;  Fr.  malgre. ] In  spite  of; 
notwithstanding;  — now  used  only  in  burlesque. 

This,  maugre  all  the  world,  will  I keep  safe.  Shnk. 

MAU'RIN,  n.  [See  Malkin-.]  1.  A dishclout ; a 
drag  to  sweep  an  oven  ; a malkin.  Cotgrave. 

2.  A figure  made  up  of  clouts  or  patches  ; a 

scarecrow.  [Local,  Eng.]  Todd. 

3.  A coarse  or  dirty  wench  ; a slut ; — called 

also,  vulgarly,  a mawks.  Burton. 

M.AUL,  n.  [L.  malleus.]  A heavy,  wooden  ham- 
mer ; a mall.  — See  Mall.  Prov.  xxv.  18. 

MAUL,  V.  a.  [l.  MAULED  ; pp.  MAULING,  MAULED.] 
To  hurt  with  a maul  or  as  with  a maul ; to  beat ; 
to  bruise  ; to  mall.  “ We  do  maul  and  vex  one 
another.”  — See  Mall.  Burton. 

MAUL'— STICK,  n.  [Ger.  maler-stock ; malen,  to 

paint.]  The  stick  by  which  painters  keep  their 
hand  steady  in  working; — written  also  mos- 
tick.  Brande. 

f MAUNCH  (miinsh),  n.  [Fr . manche.]  A sort  of 
loose  sleeve  ; manche.  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

[|  MAUND  (nVind)  [m'ind,  W.  Ja.  Sm. ;-  rnlwnd,  P. 
E.  J.  K.],  n.  [A.  S.  maud ; Ger.  mand,  or 
mande.]  A hand-basket ; a .hamper.  Shak. 

||  MAUND,  n.  A weight,  in  India,  variable  in  quan- 
tity in  different  provinces,  from  2d  lbs.  (the  Ma- 
dras maund)  to  822  lbs.  (the  ordinary  Indian 
bazaar  maund).  ‘ Simmonds. 

|| f MAUND  (mind  or  mihind),  v.  n.  [L.  mcndico, 
to  beg;  Fr.  mendier,  to  beg.]  To  mutter,  as 
beggars  do  ; to  mumble  ; to  speak  unintelligi- 
bly ; to  maunder  ; — to  beg.  Todd. 

To  maud  upon  the  pe.d  meant,  in  the  cant  language, 
to  beg  on  the  highway.  JYares. 

||f  MAUN'DIJR  (m&n'der)  [man'der,  W.  F.Ja.  Sm. ; 
m&wn'der,  S.  P.  J.  I K.],  v.  n. 

1.  To  speak  lilje  a beggar;  to  mutter;  to 
grumble  ; to  murmur ; — to  beg.  Beau.  § FI. 
Maundering  as  if  I had  (done  him  a discourtesy.  Wiseman. 

2.  To  wander  atfout ; to  be  tedious.  Brockett. 

H + MAUN'DIJR  (man'der),  n.  A beggar.  Broome. 

||  MAUN'DyR-ER,  1.  -f-  A murmurer.  Johnson. 

2.  A tedious  speaker.  [Local.]  Brockett. 

||  f MAUN'DER-INQ  (man'der-ing),  n.  Complaint. 
“ The  maunderiitgs  of  discontent.”  South. 

MAUN'DRTL,  n.  (Coal-mining .)  A pick  with  two 
shanks.  j Brande. 

MAUN'DY-THUR^'DAY  (mWde-thiirz'de),  n. 
'The  Thursday  preceding  Good-Friday  and  East- 
er, on  which  the;  king  of  England  distributes 
alms  to  a certain  number  of  poor  persons  at 
Whitehall ; — so  named  from  maunds,  or  bas- 
kets, in  which  the  gifts  were  contained.  Brande. 


MAU-RESQUE'  (m&w-resk'),  n.  The  Moorish 
style  of  building  ; moresque.  Wright. 

mAU-SO-LE' AN,  a.  Relating  to  a mausoleum; 
monumental.  Burton. 

MAU-SO-LE'  UM  [m&w-so-le'um,  S.  W.P.  J.  E.  F. 
Ja.  K.  Sm.  ITT.  IV b.  ; maLw-so'le-fim,  Barclay], 
n.  ; pi.  L.  mau-so  le' a;  Eng.  mau-so-le'umj. 
[L.,  from  Gr.  MavmMeiov,  the  tomb  of  Mausolus.] 
A sepulchral  building,  or  a magnificent  tomb  or 
monument,  — so  called  from  Mausolus,  King  of 
Caria,  to  whom  such  a monument  was  erected 
by  his  queen,  Artemisia,  about  353  B.  C.  Dryden. 

mAU'THISR,  n.  [Dan.  moer,  a girl.  Spelman.]  A 
foolish  young  girl.  [Local,  Eng.]  B.  Jonson. 

MAUVAISE  HONTE  (mo-vaz'ont').  [Fr.]  False 
modesty  ; bashfulness.  Qu.  Rev. 

MA'VIS,  n.  [Fr.  mauds  J]  ( Ornith .)  A thrush  ; 
— properly  the  song-thrush,  as  distinguished 
from  the  screech-thrush  or  large  missel-thrush  ; 
Turdus  musicus  of  Linnaeus.  Nares. 

When  to  the  mirthful  merle  the  warbling  mavis  sings. 

Drayton. 

MAW,  n.  [A.  S.  mag  a ; Frs.  mage  ; Ger.  magen; 
Dan.  mave  ; Sw.  mage  ; Icel.  magi.] 

1.  The  stomach  of  animals  ; the  craw  of  birds. 

Satisfied  from  hunger  of  her  maw.  Sackrille. 

2.  An  old  game  at  cards.  Brewer. 

MAWK,  n.  1.  A maggot.  Grose. 

2.  A slattern;  a maukin  ; a malkin; — called 
also  a mawks.  [Vulgar  and  local.]  Brockett. 

MAw'KIN,  n.  A slattern.  — See  Maukin.  Todd. 

MAWK'|NG-LY,  a.  In  the  manner  of  a mawk ; 
slatternly  ; slovenly,  [it.]  Bp.  Taylor. 

MAWK'ISH,  a.  Apt  to  give  satiety  ; apt  to  cause 
loathing  ; insipid  ; disgusting. 

The  same  mawkish  joys  in  the  same  track  are  found.  Drj/den. 

mAwk'ISH-LY,  ad.  In  a mawkish  manner. 

MAWK'ISH-n£sS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  mawk- 
ish ; aptness  to  cause  loathing.  Johnson. 

MAWKS,  n.  A large,  awkward,  ill-dressed  girl; 
a mawk;  a slut.  [Vulgar.]  Smart. 

MAw'KY,  a.  Maggoty  ; full  of  maggots.  [Local, 
North  of  Eng.]  Grose. 

fMAW'MIJT,  n.  [Fr.  marmot, , a puppet.  — “It 
is  a corruption  of  Mahomet.”  Todd.]  Originally 
an  effigy  to  represent  Mahomet ; an  idol ; a 
puppet ; — written  also  mammet.  Wickliffe. 

f MAW'MET-RY,  n.  1.  The  religion  of  Mahomet. 

2.  Idolatry.  “ Sin  of  mawmetry.”  Chaucer. 

MAw'MISH,  a.  Provoking  disgust ; nauseous  ; 
sickening;  disgusting;  repulsive.  L’ Estrange. 

MAW'SKIN,  n.  The  stomach  of  a calf  prepared 
for  rennet.  [Local,  Eng.]  Halliwell. 

MAW'— WORM  (mavv'wurm),  n.  A worm  infesting 
the  stomach.  Harvey. 

MAX-IL'  LA,  n.  [L.,  from  mala,  the  jaw.] 

1.  ( Anat .)  The  upper  and  lower  jaws.  Owen. 

2.  (Zo'd.)  The  upper  jaw  in  Vertebrata,  and 

the  inferior  pair  of  horizontal  jaws  in  articulate 
animals.  Agassiz. 

MAX'IL-LAR,  or  MAX-IL'LAR  [maks-IlT?r,  )S.  W. 
Ja. ; maks  jl-lar,  P.  K.  Sm.  U r.  Wb.],  a.  [L. 
maxi liar i s ; It.  mascellare  ; Sp.  maxilar  ; r\. 
maxillaire.]  Maxillary.  Bacon. 

MAX'IL-LA-RY  [maks'jl-D-re,  S.  IV.  P.  J.  F.  Ja. 
K.  Sm. ; maks-1)  la-re,  Ash,  Kenrick.  — See  Cap- 

• illary],  a.  Belonging  to  the  maxilla  or  jaw- 
bone. “ The  maxillary  veins.”  Dunglison. 

MAX-IL'LT-FORM,  a.  [L.  maxillaris,  maxillar, 
and  forma,  form.]  In  the  form  of  a jaw-bone. 

MAX-IL'LI-PED,  n.  [L.  maxilla,  the  jaw,  and  pas, 
pedis,  a foot.]  (Zoul.)  One  of  the  outermost  or 
feet-like  jaws  of  decapod  Crustacea.  Clarke. 

MAX'IM,  n.  [Low  L.  maxima,  from  L.  maximus, 
greatest,  i.  e.  of  the  greatest  authority  ; It.  mas- 
sima  ; Sp.  maxima  ; Fr.  maxime.]  A generally 
admitted  truth  or  principle  ; a leading  truth  ; a 
sententious  saying  ; an  adage  ; an  aphorism  ; 
an  apothegm  ; a proverb  ; a byword  ; a saying. 

Th emasrim  that  “ Honesty  is  the  best  policy  ” is  one  which’ 
perhaps,  no  one  is  ever  habitually  guided  bv  in  practice.  An 
honest  man  is  always  before  it,  and  a knave  is  generally  be- 
hind it.  Whately. 

Syn.  — See  Axiom. 


MAX-I-MIL'IAN  (-mll'yan),  n.  A gold  coin  of 
Bavaria,  worth  about  13s.  6d.  (about  $3.24). 

MAx'IM-IST,  n.  One  who  deals  in  maxims,  or 
sententious  sayings  ; an  apothegmatist.  Qu.  Rev. 

MAX'IM-IZE,  v.  a.  To  increase  to  the  maximum 
or  highest  degree,  [it.]  Qu.  Rev. 

MAX'IM— MON'GER  (-mung'ger),  n.  One  who  deals 
much  in  maxims  ; a maximist.  Clarke. 

MAX' I-MUM,  n.  ; pi.  maxima.  [L.]  The  greatest 
quantity  or  degree  attainable  in  any  given  case, 
as  opposed  to  minimum,  the  smallest. 

MAX'Y,  n.  A degeneracy  in  a vein  of  tin  ore  into 
a substance  of  the  marcasite  kind.  Smart. 

f MAY  (ma),  n.  [Goth,  malits  ; A.  S.  magan,  to  be 
able.]  Power ; might.  Chaucer. 

MAY  (ma),  auxiliary  verb.  [Goth,  mogen,  magan  ; 
A.  S.  magan,  to  be  able  ; Dut.  cSf  Ger.  m gen  ; 
Dan.  maae  ; Sw.  mil.]  [i.  might.] 

1.  To  be  at  liberty;  to  be  permitted  ; to  be 
allowed;  as,  “You  may  do  for  me  all  you  can.” 

2.  To  be  possible  ; as,  “It  may  be.” 

3.  To  be  by  chance. 

Be  the  workmen  what  they  may  be,  let  us  speak  of  the 
work.  Bacon. 

4.  A word  expressing  desire  ; as,  “ May  you 
prosper.” 

4Eg=-  It  was  formerly  used  for  can. 

Their  exceeding  mirth  may  not  he  told.  Spenser. 

MAY  (ma),«,  [I,.  Maius  ; It.  Maggio  ; Sp.  Mayo  ; 
Fr.  Mai.  — From  L.  majores,  -ancestors,  — be- 
cause this  month,  among  the  ancient  Romans, 
was  consecrated  to  old  men,  — or  so  named  in 
honor  of  the  goddess  Mai  a,  mother  of  Mercury. 
Landais.] 

1.  The  fifth  month  of  the  year. 

Hail,  bolinteous  May ! that  dost  inspire 

Mirth,  and  youth,  and  warm  desire.  Milton. 

2.  The  early  or  gay  part  of  life. 

If  now  tile  May  of  my  years  much  decline.  Sidney. 

f MAY,  n.  [Goth,  maxi ; A.  S.  may,  or  mai.]  A 
young  woman  ; a virgin  ; a maid. 

The  fairest  may  she  was  that  ever  went.  Spenser. 

MAY,  V.  n.  To  gather  flowers  on  the  morning  of 
the  first  day  of  May.  Sidney. 

Cupid  with  Aurora  playing, 

As  he  met  her  once  a -Maying.  Milton. 

MA  Y'— AP-PLE,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  with  poisonous, 
drastic  roots  ; wild  mandrake  ; hog-apple  ; Po- 
dophyllum peltatum.  Gray. 

MAy'BIJ,  ad.  Perhaps  ; it  may  be  that.  Spenser. 

MAY'— BEE-TLE,  n.  (Ent.)  The  cockchafer  ; dor- 
bug  ; dor-beetle  ; Melolontha.  Harris. 

MAY'Bl66m  (ma'blfim),  n.  The  hawthorn.  Todd. 

MAY'— BUG,  n.  (Ent.)  The  cockchafer;  dor-bug; 
dor-beetle ; May-beetle.  Harris. 

MAY'— BUSH,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the  genus  Cra- 
taegus. Wright. 

MAY"— DAY  (ma'da),  n.  The  first  day  of  May.  Shak. 

MAY'— DEW  (-du),  n.  The  dew  of  May  ; — sup- 
posed to  have  the  property  of  whitening  linen, 
of  preserving  beauty,  and  of  affording  a red, 
odoriferous  spirit  by  distillation.  Wright. 

MAY'— DUKE,  n.  (Bot.)  A variety  of  cherry. 

MAY'— FLOW-JJR,  n.  A flower  that  blossoms  in 
May.  Bacon. 

MAY'— FLY  (ma'fli),  n.  (Ent.)  One  of  the  Ephem- 
era.— See  Ephemera.  Westwood. 

MAY'-GAME,  n.  A game  fit  for  May-day ; diver- 
sion ; sport.  Bacon. 

Like  early  lovers,  whose  unpractised  hearts 

■Were  long  the  May-game  of  malicious  arts.  Dryden. 

MAY-HAP',  ad.  It  may  happen  ; it  may  be  ; per- 
haps ; perchance,  [it.]  Ed.  Rev. 

MAY'IIEM  (ma'hem  or  mam)  [ma'hem,  Ja.  K.  ; 
mam,  Sm.],  n.  [Low  L.  mahemium,  or  marhe- 
mium;  Old  Fr.  mahem,  or  maheme.]  (Law.) 
The  act  of  depriving  another,  by  violence,  of  the 
use  of  a member  proper  for  his  defence  ; the  act 
of  maiming  ; — written  also  maihem.  Burrill. 

MAY'ING,  n.  The  act  of  gathering  flowers  in 
May,  or  on  May-day.  Cowper. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — g,  <?,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  $ as  z ; % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 
112 


MAY-LADY 


890 


MEAN 


MAY'-LA-DY,  n.  The  queen  of  May,  in  old  May- 
games.  Dryden. 

MAY'— LI L-y,  n.  Lily-of-the-valley.  Johnson. 

MAY'— MORN,  n.  Freshness,  like  that  of  a morn- 
ing in  May ; bloom. 

My  th rice-puissant  liege 

Is  in  the  very  May-morn  of  his  youth.  Shak. 

MAY  OR  (ina'ur)  [ma'ur,  IF.  J.  F.  Ja.  Sin.  Wb.  ; 
mar,"  S.  K.),  n.  [L.  major,  greater;  Old  Fr. 
maeur;  Fr.  maire  : — W.  maer.  — Skinner  and 
Verstegan  derive  it  from  A.  S.  magan,  to  be 
able.]  The  chief  magistrate  of  a city  or  borough. 

MAY'OR-AL-TY  (ma'ur-ril-te),  n.  The  office  of  a 
mayor.  Bacon. 

MAY-OR-Az' 00,11.  [Sp.]  The  right  of  the  eld- 
est born  to  inherit  property  ; majorat.  Brande. 

MAY'OR-ESS  (ma’ur-es),  n.  The  wife  of  a mayor. 

MAY'OR-SHIP,  n.  Mayoralty.  Wright. 

MAY'— POLE,  n.  A high  pole  to  be  danced  round 
on  May-day.  “ The  tall  May-pole.”  Pope. 

MAY'— WEED,  n.  ( Bot .)  A species  of  camomile 
which  grows  wild ; feverfew.  Tusser. 

MAZ'A-gAN,  n.  (Bot.)  A kind  of  bean;  Faba 
rulgaris.  Simmonds. 

MAZ'ARD,  n.  [Usually  derived,  but  with  very 
little  probability,  from  Fr.  machoire,  a jaw. 
Perhaps  from  mazer,  in  allusion  to  the  resem- 
blance of  the  head  to  a goblet.  Wares.] 

1.  The  head  or  skull.  Shak.  Beau.  $ FI. 

2.  A small  dark-colored  cherry.  Simmonds. 

t MAZ'ARD,  v.  a.  To  knock  on  the  mazard,  or 
head.  [Low.]  B.  Jonson. 

MAZ-A-RINE',  n.  1.  A deep-blue  color.  Simmonds. 

2.  A particular  way  of  dressing  fowls.  Wright. 

3.  A little  dish  set  in  a larger.  Crabb. 

MAZE,  n.  [Dut.  missen,  to  mistake,  or  A.  S.  mase, 
a whirlpool.  Skinner.) 

1.  A place  of  perplexity  and  winding  pas- 
sages ; a labyrinth;  a meander. 

Chance  led  mv  travel  from  the  beaten  road 

Through  the  ileep  mazes  of  u tangled  wood.  lloole. 

2.  Confusion  of  thought ; uncertainty  ; per- 
plexity ; embarrassment ; mizmaze. 

They  lose  themselves  in  the  very  maze  of  their  own  dis- 
courses. Hooker. 

MAZE,  v.  a.  To  bewilder  ; to  amaze,  [it.] 

Much  was  I mazed  to  see  this  monster  kind 

In  hundred  ibrms  to  change  his  fearful  hue.  Spenser. 

f MAZE,  v.  n.  To  be  bewildered.  Chaucer. 

f MAZ'pD-NESS,  n..  State  of  being  in  a maze; 
confusion ; astonishment.  Chaucer. 

fMA'ZpR,  n.  [Dut.  maeser,  the  wood  of  the  ma- 
ple ; Old  Fr.  maser,  or  mazer.)  A broad  cup 
or  bowl ; a maple  cup.  Sandys.  Dryden. 

MA'ZJ,  n.  pi.  Galls.  [Turkey.]  Simmonds. 

MA'ZI-LY,  ad.  In  a mazy  or  perplexed  manner. 

MA'ZI-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  mazy.  Dr.  Allen. 

MA-ZO-LOy'I-CAL,  a.  Relating  to’mazology. 

MA-ZOL'O-GlST,  n.  One  who  is  versed  in  ma- 
zology,  or  the  history  of  mammalia.  Wright. 

MA-ZOL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  pa£os,  a breast  or  a nip- 
ple, and  Aoyor,  a discourse.]  (ZoOl.)  The  natural 
history  of  mammalia  ; mammalogy  ; mastology. 

— See  Mammalogy.  Ed.  Ency. 

MA'ZY,  a.  Perplexed  with  windings  ; confused. 
“ The  mazy  thicket.”  Spenser. 

MAZ'ZARD,?!.  A dark  cherry.  — See  Maz  ard.A.s/i. 

ME,  pron.  [Sansc.  me,  ma.  — Goth,  mic  ; A.  S. 
me ; Ger.  mich  ; Dut.  mi) ; Dan.  6t  Sw.  mig. 

— Gr.  ini,  or  pi  ; L.  me-.  It.  § Sp.  mi  ; Fr.  moi, 
me.)  Objective  case  of  I. 

>6Sf*The  pronoun  me  was  formerly  used  expletively. 

Build  me  thy  fortunes  upon  the  basis  of  valor.  Shak. 

They  [the  enemy]  had  planted  me  three  demiculverins 
just  in  the  mouth  of  the  breach.  B.  Jonson. 

+ MEA'COCK  (mg'kokl,  n.  [Of  doubtful  etymology. 
Skinner  suggests  Fr.  mes,  i.  e.  mal,  bad,  arid 
cog,  a cock.  Nares  and  others  prefer  Eng.  meek 
and  cock.)  An  effeminate,  pusillanimous  man  ; 
a coward  ; a dastard  ; a poltroon. 

A meacock  is  he  who  dreads  to  see  bloodshed.  Mir.  for  May. 


f MEA'cOCK,  a.  Tame ; timorous ; cowardly.  Shak. 

MEAD  (med),  n.  [A.  S.  medu,  medo-,  Dut.  mode-, 
Ger.  met,  meth,  or  meht ; Dan.  miod ; Sw.  mjod  ; 
lius.  niecl ; Celt,  mead.) 

1.  A drink  made  of  water  and  honey ; me- 
theglin. 

lie  shears  his  overburdened  sheep, 

Or  mead  for  cooling  drink  prepares.  Dryden. 

2.  A drink  usually  made  of  a decoction  of 
sarsaparilla  and  a sirup  of  sugar,  impregnated 
with  carbonic  acid  gas.  [U.  S.] 

MEAD,  n.  [A.  S .meed;  Frs.  mede ; Ger.  matte.) 
A meadow  ; — chiefly  so  used  in  poetry. 

Nor  is  the  mead  unworthy  of  thy  foot, 

Full  of  fresh  verdure  and  unnumbered  flowers.  Thomson. 

MEAD'OW  (nied'o),  n.  [A.  S.  mcedewe,  medew.) 
Grass  land  annually  mown  for  hay  ; — especially 
grass  land  by  the  side  of  a river  or  a brook. 

The  dewy  paths  of  meadows  we  will  tread.  Dryden. 

^®=-In  tile  New  England  States  it  is  often  applied 
to  mowing  lands  which  are  marshy  or  too  wet  to  be 
ploughed,  and  producing  a coarse  kind  of  hay.  which 
is  called  meadow  hay,  in  distinction  from  that  which 
grows  on  uplands,  which  is  called  English  hay.  Pick- 
ering. 

MEAD'OW,  a.  Belonging  to,  or  obtained  from,  a 
meadow.  Milton. 

MEAD'OW— FOX'TAIL,  a.  (Bot.)  Noting  a spe- 
cies of  grass ; Alopecurus  pratensis.  Farm.  Ency. 

MEAD'OW— GRASS,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  grasses 
growing  in  meadows  ; Poa.  Loudon. 

MEAD'OW— LARK,  n.  (Ornith.)  A beautiful 
species  of  lark  found  in  America ; Alauda 
magna.  Wilson. 

MEAD'OW— ORE,  n.  (Min.)  Conchoidal  bog  iron- 
ore.  Ure. 

MEAD'OW— PINK,  n.  (Bot.)  A species  of  Dian- 
thus.  Booth. 

MEAD'OW— RUE,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants  of 
several  species  ; Thalictrum.  Loudon. 

MEAD'OW— SAF'FRON  (-saf'furn),  n.  (Bot.)  A 
genus  of  bulbous  plants,  some  of  the  species  of 
which  are  used  in  medicine  ; Colchicum.  Loudon. 

MEAD'OW— SAtyE,  n.  (Bot.)  A British  plant  of 
the  genus  Salvia  ; Salvia  pratensis.  Ogilvie. 

MEAD'OW-SAX'!-FRA£E,  n.  (Bot.)  An  umbel- 
liferous plant,  of  the  genus  Seseli.  Loudon. 

MEAD'OW’^— OUEEN,  n.  A flower.  B.  Jonson. 

MEAD'OW-SWEET,  n.  (Bot.)  An  ornamental 
plant,"  with  white  flowers  ; Spircea  ulmaria. 

Loudon. 

MEAD'OW- WORT  (med'o-wurt),  n.  (Bot.)  Mead- 
ow-sweet ; Spircea  ulmaria.  Drayton. 

MEAD'OW-Y,  a.  Containing,  or  resembling, 
meadows.  Smart. 

MEA'GRE  (me'gur),  a.  [A.  S.  mceger ; Frs.,  Dut., 
Ger.,  Dan.,  <5>-  Sw.  mager ; lcel.  magr.  — L.  ma- 
cer-,  It.  (S;  Sp.  magro  ; Fr.  maigre.) 

1.  Lean  ; thin  ; wanting  flesh  ; emaciated. 

Fierce  Famine,  with  her  meagre  face.  Dryden. 

2.  Barren  ; poor  ; wanting  in  fertility,  rich- 
ness, or  strength.  “ Tne  meagre  soil.”  Dryden. 

ftSf-This  word  is  spelt  both  meagre  and  meager.  In 
Johnson’s  Dictionary,  it  is  spelt  meager-,  in  the  Eng- 
lish dictionaries  which  preceded  that  of  Johnson, 
generally  meagre  ; and  in  most  of  those  published 
since,  meager.  Nares  styles  meagre  [1784]  “ the  usual 
spelling.”'  Smart,  in  his  Dictionary,  spells  the  word 
meagre,  and  says,  “ The  other  spelling  of  this  word, 
viz.,  meager,  however  justifiable  and  desirable,  is 
quite  disused.” 

f MEA'GRE  (me'gur),  v.  a.  To  make  lean.  Dryden. 

MEA'GRE-LY  (me'gur-le),  ad.  Poorly;  thinly; 
barrenly.  Sidney. 

MEA'GRE- NESS  (me'gur-nes),  n.  1.  State  of  be- 
ing meagre  ; leanness  ; thinness ; want  of  flesh. 

2.  Scantiness  ; barrenness. 

The  meagreness  of  his  service  in  the  wars.  Bacon. 

f MEAK  (mek),  n.  [A.  S . mece,  a sword,  a dag- 
ger.] A hook  with  a long  handle.  Tusser. 

MEAL  (mel),  n.  [A.  S.  mrel,  a part  or  portion, 
a repast ; Dut.  Dan.  maal ; Ger.  maid-,  Sw. 
mal-,  lcel  .mal.) 


1.  A portion  or  quantity  of  food  taken  at  one 
time;  a repast.  “ Great  meals  of  beef.”  Shak. 

2.  f A part ; a piece  ; a fragment.  Bacon. 

USp-  Still  used  in  the  word  piecemeal. 

MEAL,  n.  [A.  S.  melew,  melo,  or  mclu ; Dut.  ^ 
Dan.  meet ; Ger.  mehl,  or  mahl-,  Sw.  mjul ; W. 
mal.)  The  flour,  or  edible  part,  of  corn  or  grain  ; 
corn  or  grain  ground  to  a powder.  Wotton. 

MEAL  (mel),  v.  a.  [Fr.  meter.) 

1.  f To  mix  ; to  mingle. 

, Wore  he  mealed 

With  that  which  he  corrects,  then  were  lie  tyrannous.  Shak. 

2.  To  sprinkle  or  mix  with  meal.  Wright. 

MEAL'I-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  meal}'.  Ash. 

MEAL'MAN,  n.  ; pi.  mealmen.  One  who  deals 
in  meal ; a meal-monger.  Johnson. 

MEAL'—  MON-GIJR  (-mung'ger,  82),  n.  One  who 
deals  in  meal;  a mealman.  Booth. 

MEAL'— MOTH,  n.  (Ent.)  A species  of  moth 
which  feeds  on  meal ; P gratis  farinalis.  Harris. 

MEAL'— MOUTHED,  a.  Mealy-mouthed.  Marston. 

+ MEAL’§'— MEAT,  n.  Meat  enough  for  a meal. 
“A  meal’s-meat  from  my  table.”  Beau.  Sj  PI. 

MEAL'— TIME,  n.  [A.  S.  meel-tima.)  The  time 
for  eating  a meal.  “At  meal-time  come  thou 
hither.”  Ruth  ii.  14. 

MEAL'— TUB,  n.  A tub  or  barrel  to  hold  meal. 

MEAL'— WORM  (-wiirin),  n.  (Ent.)  The  larva  of 
a beetle  very  destructive  to  meal,  flour,  &c. ; 
Tenebrio  molitor.  Westwood. 

MEAL'Y  (me'Ie),  a.  1.  Having  the  taste  or  qual- 
ity of  meal  ; resembling  meal  ; farinaceous. 

2.  Besprinkled,  as  with  meal.  Browne. 

MEAL'Y-BUG,  n.  (Ent.)  A species  of  cochineal 
insect,  covered  with  a white  powdery  substance  ; 
Coccus  adonidum.  Harris. 

MEAL'Y— MOUTHED  (me'le-mbuthd),  a.  [Applied 
to  one  whose  words  are  as  soft  and  as  fine  as 
meal.  Minsheu.  Todd.  Nares.)  Using  soft 
words  ; not  expressing  the  plain  truth  ; bashful, 
soft,  affected,  or  hypocritically  delicate  of  speech. 
The  truth  is,  Clayton  was  false,  mealy-mouthed , and  poor- 

....  ....  ,fQ(  . 


spirited. 


Life  of  A.  \Voodm 


MEAL'Y— MOUTH 'JJD-NESS  (me'le-moutfi'ed-nes), 
n.  The  quality  of  being  mealy-mouthed  ; bash- 
ful, or  hypocritical  delicacy  of  speech.  Johnson. 

MEAN  (men),  a.  [A.  S.  mcene  ; Frs.  mens,  false  ; 
Dut.  genxeen  ; Old  Ger.  mein,  vile.] 

1.  Wanting  dignity;  of  low  rank  or  birth; 
ignoble ; plebeian  ; coarse  ; ordinary  ; common  ; 
vulgar. 

A young  man  of  mean  parentage,  so  mean  as  that  he  was 
but  tne  son  of  her  nurse.  Sidney. 

True  hope  is  swift,  and  flies  with  swallow-wings; 

Kings  it  makes  gods,  and  meaner  creatures  kings.  Shak. 

2.  Low-minded  ; ungenerous  ; dishonorable  ; 
grovelling;  abject;  base;  vile;  contemptible; 
despicable  ; — sordid  ; penurious  ; niggardly. 

Can  you  imagine  I so  mean  could  prove 

To  save  my  life  by  changing  of  my  love?  Drj/den. 

3.  Low  in  worth ; of  little  estimation  or 
value;  insignificant;  small;  poor;  low. 

Called  from  his  mean  abode  his  sceptre  to  sustain.  Dryden. 

Syn.—  See  Abject,  Base,  Coarse,  Common, 
Contemptible,  Ordinary. 

MEAN,  a.  [Nor.  Fr.  meane-,  Fr.  moyen.) 

1.  Middle  ; moderate  ; without  excess. 

One  of  the  properest  and  best-grnced  men  that  ever  I saw, 
being  of  middle  age  and  a mean  stature.  Sidney. 

2.  Intervening ; intermediate. 

In  tire  mean  while,  the  heaven  was  black  with  clouds  and 
wind.  1 Kings  xviii.  45. 

MEAN,  n. ; pi.  means.  [Low  L.  medianum,  from 
L.  medium,  the  middle;  Old  Fr.  meane-,  Fr. 
moyen.) 

1.  A middle  state  between  two  extremes; 

mediocrity  ; middle  rate  ; medium.  “ The  gold- 
en mean.”  Denham. 

Temperance,  with  golden  square, 

Betwixt  them  both  cun  measure  out  a mean.  Shak. 

2.  That  which  is  used  in  order  to  an  end ; in- 
strument ; measure.  — See  Means. 

I ’ll  devise  a mean  to  draw  the  Moor 

Out  of  the  way.  Shak. 

3.  pi.  Revenue  ; income.  4-  See  Means. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  ?,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure ; FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


MEAN 


891 


MEATUS 


4.  (Mus.)  f The  tenor.  Moore. 

5.  (Math.)  A quantity  having  an  intermediate 
value  between  others  which  are  formed  accord- 
ing to  any  assigned  law  of  succession.  Brande. 

Arithmetical  mean  of  several  numbers,  the  sum  of 
these  numbers  divided  by  their  number. — Geometrical 
mean  of  two  quantities,  the  square  root  of  the  product 
of  these  quantities. 

Syn.  — Mean  is  a term  used  in  all  speculative  mat- 
ters ; as,  a mean  between  two  extremes.  Medium  is 
employed  in  practical  matters,  as  in  things  which  are 
often  erroneous  by  being  too  high  or  too  low  ; as,  a 
proper  medium  ; the  golden  mean ; mediocrity  of  con- 
dition or  talent. 

WEAN,  v.  a.  [M.  Goth,  munan  ; A.  S.mcenan ; 
Frs  .menu;  Dut.  meenen  ; Ger.  meinen  ; Dan. 
mene  ; Sw.  menu.] 

1.  To  purpose  ; to  intend  ; to  design.  Gen.  i.  20. 

2.  To  signify ; to  denote  ; to  imply ; to  im- 
port ; to  purport ; to  indicate  ; to  hint  covertly. 

When  your  children  shall  say.  What  mean  you  by  this 
service?  ye  shall  say,  It  is  the  passover.  Ex.  xii.  2(1. 

MEAN,  V.  n.  [i.  MEANT  ; pp.  MEANING,  MEANT. 
— Meaned,  i.  & p.  is  rarely  used.]  To  have  in 
the  mind ; to  purpose  ; to  intend  ; to  design. 
These  delights  if  thou  canst  give, 

Mirth,  with  thee  I mean  to  live.  Milton. 

MEAN,  v.  n.  To  moan.  [Local.]  Brockett. 

MEAN'— BORN,  a.  Of  low  or  mean  birth.  Shah. 

MIJ-An'DIJR,  n.  [From  Meander,  a river  in  Phry- 
gia, noted  for  its  windings ; It.  meandro  ; Fr. 
meandre.~\  A winding  course  ; maze  ; labyrinth  ; 
flexuous  passage. 

While  lingering  rivers  in  meanders  glide.  Blackmore. 

M£-AN'DER,  V.  a.  \i.  MEANDERED  ; pp.  MEAN- 
DERING, meandered.]  To  wind;  to  turn 
round  ; to  make  flexuous. 

And  in  meandered  gyres  doth  whirl  herself  about.  Drayton. 

MlJ-AN'DpR,  v.  n.  To  run  with  a serpentine 
course  ; to  be  winding  ; tortuous. 

Conducting  them,  as  the  ground  naturally  meanders. 
amidst  a few  forest-trees.  Graves. 

Mg-AN'D^R-lNG,  p.  a.  Running  with  a serpen- 
tine course  ; winding ; tortuous. 

Or  through  meandering  mazes  lead.  Shenstone. 

ME-AN'DRI-AN,  a.  Winding;  flexuous.  King. 

ME-AN-DRI'NA,  n.  A genus  of  madrepores ; 
brain-stone  ; — so  named  from  the  labyrinthine 
form  of  their  cavities  and  ridges.  Lamarck. 

Mg-AN'DROUS,  a.  Winding  ; meandering.  Fuller. 

MJg-AN'DRY,  a.  Winding ; meandering.  Bacon. 

MEA'NJIL,  ii.  A black  or  a red  spot  on  a white 
horse.  Crabb. 

MEAN'ING,  n.  1.  Purpose;  intention;  design. 

I am  no  honest  man,  if  there  be  any  good  meaning  towards 
you.  Shale. 

2.  Sense  ; signification  ; import ; acceptation. 

These  lost  the  sense  their  learning  to  display, 

And  those  explained  the  meaning  quite  away.  Pope. 

Syn.  — See  Acceptance,  Signification. 

MEAN'ING-LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  meaning. 

MEAN'ING-Ly,  ad.  Significantly.  Wright. 

MEAN'LY,  ad.  In  a mean  manner  ; basely  ; un- 
generously ; sordidly  ; contemptibly  ; poorly. 

MEAN'NESS,  n.  1.  The  quality  of  being  mean  ; 
want  of  dignity  or  excellence  ; low  rank. 

Poverty  and  meanness  of  condition  expose  the  wisest  to 
scorn..  • South. 

2.  Lowness  of  mind  ; baseness  ; ungenerous- 
ness; sordidness;  penuriousness. 

MEAN§,  n.  sing.  & pi.  1.  That  which  is  used  in 
order  to  any  end  ; instrument ; method ; mode ; 
way. 

j8®=In  this  sense,  means  is  used  in  the  singular 
number,  with  a singular  verb  or  adjective,  when 
only  one  thing  is  referred  to;  but  if  more  than  one 
thing  is  referred  to,  it  is  used  in  the  plural.  “ He 
by  that  means  preserves  his  superiority.”  Addison. — 
“ There  is  no  means  of  escaping  persecution.”  Young. 
This  use  of  means  in  the  singular  number,  with  an 
adjective  or  verb  singular,  is  sanctioned  by  long  and 
good  usage,  and  by  the  best  English  writers,  as  Bacon, 
Tillotson,  Addison,  Pope,  Swift,  Blackstone,  Paley, 
&c. — “This,”  says  Bishop  Hurd,  “is  one  of  those 
anomalies  which  use  has  introduced  and  established 
in  spite  of  analogy.  VVe  should  not  be  allowed  to 
say,  ‘ Amean  of  making  men  happy.’  ” — “ No  person 


of  taste,”  says  Dr.  Campbell,  in  his  Philosophy  of 
Rhetoric,  “ will,  I presume,  venture  so  far  to  violate 
the  present  usage,  and  consequently  to  shock  the  ears 
of  the  generality  of  readers,  as  to  say,  ‘ By  this  mean, 
by  that  mean.1  ” 

2.  pi.  Revenue  ; income  ; resources. 

Your  means  are  very  slender,  and  your  waste  great.  Shdk. 

By  all  means,  without  doubt  ; certainly.  — By  no 
means,  in  no  way  ; not  at  all.  — By  any  means,  ill  any 
way.  — ■ By  no  manner  of  means,  not  at  all ; not  in  any 
way; — a colloquial  pleonasm,  in  use  for  the  sake  of 
emphasis. 

MEAN'-SPIR-IT-JJD,  a.  Having  a mean  spirit ; 
base.  Shenstone. 

MEANT  (ment),  i.  & p.  from  mean.  See  Mean. 

MEAN'TIME,  ad.  In  the  intervening  time  ; mean- 
while. Dryden. 

MEANWHILE,  ad.  In  the  intervening  time; 
meantime.  Addison. 

MEAR,  n.  1.  + A boundary.  — See  Mere. 

As  it  were,  a common  mear  between  lands.  Ab p.  Usher. 

2.  (Mining.)  Thirty-two  yards  of  ground  in 
a vein  of  ore.  Weale. 

f MEAR,  v.  a.  To  bound.  — See  Mere.  Spenser. 

MEASE  [mes,  S.  W.  Ja.  C.  ; mez,  P.  K.  Sm.],  n. 
[Ger.  mass,  a measure  ; Gael.  8$  Ir.  maois .]  The 
quantity  or  number  of  five  hundred,  applied  to 
herrings  ; as,  “ A mease  of  herrings.” 

f MEA§'JgL-RY,  n.  The  leprosy.  Chaucer. 

f MEA'^LE,  or  MEA'ZIJL  (me'zl),  n.  [Ger.  mase, 
masel,  a spot.]  A leper.  Wicklijf'e.  Shah. 

MEA'^LED  (me'zld ),a.  Infected  with  the  measles. 
“ In  measled  pork.”  Iludibras. 

MEA'^LED-NESS  (me'zld-nes),  n.  The  state  of 
being  measly ; — applied  particularly  to  a dis- 
eased state  of  swine.  Cotgrave. 

MEA'fj5LE§  (me'zlz),  n.  pi.  [Ger.  masel,  a spot; 
Dut.  mazelen. ] 

1.  (Med.)  A contagious,  cutaneous  disease, 
usually  characterized  by  small,  red  spots. 

Arbuthnot. 

2.  A disease  in  sxvine  and  in  trees.  B.  Jonson. 

MEA'^LY,  a.  Infected  with  the  measles.  Sivift. 

MEA§'U-RA-BLE  (mezh'u-ra-bl),  a .,  [Fr.  mesura- 
ble.\ 

1.  That  may  he  measured  ; mensurable. 

God’s  eternal  duration  is  not  measurable  by  time  and 

motion.  Bentley. 

2.  Being  in  small  quantity ; moderate. 

A measurable  mildness  or  mean  in  all  things.  North. 

MEA^'U-RA-BLE-NESS  (mezh'u-rj-bl-nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  measurable.  Johnson. 

MEA§'U-RA-BLY  (mezh'u-ra-ble),  ad.  Moderately. 

MEASURE  (mezh'ur),  n.  [L.  mensura ; metior, 
mensus,  to  measure  ; It.  misura ; Sp.  medida ; 
Fr. mesure. — A.  S.  mceth,  measure  ; Ger. mass; 
Dut.  moat;  Dan.  maade;  Sw  .matt.'] 

1.  That  by  rvhich  any  thing  is  measured;  a 
standard  of  size  or  of  quantity ; as,  “ A yard 
measure  ” ; “A  bushel  measure.” 

2.  A rule  by  which  any  thing  is  adjusted  or 
proportioned ; gauge. 

God’s  goodness  is  the  measure  of  his  providence.  More. 

3.  A stated  quantity  ; a quantity  determined 
by  some  standard;  as,  “ A measure  of  wine.” 

Be  large  in  mirth;  anon  we  ’ll  drink  a measure.  Shak. 

4.  Portion  allotted  ; allotment ; dole. 

Lord,  make  me  to  know  mine  end,  and  the  measure  of  my 
days,  what  it  is.  Ps.  xxxix.  4. 

5.  Degree ; extent. 

The  rains  were  preparatory,  in  some  measure.  Burnet. 

6.  Moderation  ; temperance  ; sobriety. 

In  measure  rein  thy  joy,  scant  this  excess.  Shak. 

7.  pi.  Means  to  an  end ; proceedings ; expedi- 
ents ; methods  ; appliances  ; ways  ; steps. 

His  majesty  found  what  wrong  measures  he  had  taken  . . . 
and  lamented  his  error.  Clarendon. 

8.  (Mits.)  The  rhythmical  division  of  time 

into  short  portions,  equ  T in  length  and  agree- 
ing in  accent  with  a given  number  of  notes  of 
a given  length  ; as,  “A  waltz  in  jj  measure.”  — 
A bar.  Dwight. 

9.  (Poetry.)  The  number  of  syllables  counted 

in  each  verse  ; metre.  Dryden. 


D®-  The  primary  division  of  the  English  measure. 
Is  into  the  dissyllabic  and  the  trisyllabic;  as  in  the 
following  lines  : — 

The  way’  was  long’,  the  wind’  was  cold’.  IF.  Scott. 
At  the  close’ of  the  day’,  when  the  ham'let  is  still’.  Beattie. 

10.  (Dancing.)  The  proportion  of  the  steps 

to  each  other;  motion  adjusted  to  musical  time  ; 
— a term  applied  particularly  to  a grave,  solemn 
dance  with  slow  and  measured  steps  like  the 
minuet.  Nares. 

My  legs  can  keep  no  measure  in  delight 

When  my  poor  heart  no  measure  keeps  in  grief.  Shak. 

“ Now  tread  we  a measure said  young  Lochinvar.  Scott. 

11.  pi.  (Geol.)  Beds  or  strata  ; as,  “The  coal 

measures.”  Brande. 

Lineal  or  long  measure,  the  measure  of  lines  or  of 
length.  — Liquid  measure,  the  measure  of  liquids. — 
Measure  for  measure,  like  for  like.  Shak. — To  have 
hard  measure,  to  be  hardly  or  unjustly  treated. — To 
take  measures,  to  prepare  means.  — In  measure,  in  mod- 
eration. — Without  measure , without  limits. 

MEASURE  (mezh'ur),  v.  a.  [L.  metior;  It.  mi su- 
rare;  Sp.  medir ; Fr .mesurer.\  [j.  MEASURED  ; 
pp.  MEASURING,  MEASURED.] 

1.  To  compute  as  to  quantity  or  extent  by  a 
rule  or  standard;  to  mete;  as,  “To  measure 
grain  ” ; “ To  measure  distances.” 

2.  To  judge  of;  to  estimate;  to  appraise. 

In  all  which  the  king  measured  and  valued  things  amiss, 
as  afterwards  appeared.  Bacon. 

3.  To  pass  or  journey  over,  as  if  to  determine 
the  distance;  to  travel. 

And  therefore  haste  away; 

For  we  must  measure  twenty  miles  to-day.  Shak. 

4.  To  adjust;  to  proportion;  to  gauge. 

To  secure  a contented  spirit, measure  your  desires  by  your 
fortunes,  not  your  fortunes  by  your  desires.  Taylor. 

5.  To  mark  out  in  stated  quantities. 

6.  To  allot ; to  distribute  ; to  mete. 

With  what  measure  ye  mete,  it  shall  be  measured  to  you 
again.  Matt.  vii.  2. 

MEASURE  (mezh'ur),  v.  n.  To  have  a certain 
length,  breadth,  or  thickness. 

MEA^'URE-LESS  (mezh'ur-les),  a.  Immeasura- 
ble ; immense.  “ Measureless  content.”  Shak. 

MEA§'URE-MENT  (mezh'ur-ment),  11.  The  act  of 
measuring ; mensuration.  Burke. 

MEA§'UR-ER  (mezh'ur-er),  n.  One  who  measures. 

MEAfj'HR-ING  (mezli'ur-Ing),  a.  1.  That  meas- 
ures ; as,  “ A measuring  line  or  rod.” 

2.  Requiring  to  be  measured  in  order  to  de- 
termine the  relative  length  or  distance ; — ap- 
plied to  a cast  or  throw,  as  of  a bar,  in  games. 
“A  measuring  cast.”  Waller. 

MEAT,  n.  [M.  Goth,  mats,  food  ; A.  S.  mete, 
matte,  or  mett;  Frs.  mete,  or  meit ; Ger.  mett ; 
Dan.  mad ; Sw.  mat  ; Icel.  matr.\ 

1.  f That  which  is  eaten  ; food  in  general. 

And  his  meat  was  locusts  and  wild  honey.  Matt.  iii.  4. 

Is  not  the  life  more  than  meat ? Matt.  vi.  25. 

What  inches  give  us  let  us  first  inquire: 

Meat , fire,  and  clothes.  What  more?  Meat , clothes,  and  fire. 

Pope. 

2.  Flesh  to  be  eaten  ; flesh-meat. 

Lurking  in  shambles,  where,  with  borrowed  coin, 

They  buy  choice  meats , and  in  cheap  plenty  dine.  Congreve. 

MEAT'— BIS-CUIT  (-bis'kit),  n.  A biscuit  made  of 
meat  mixed  with  meal  and  baked.  Simmonds. 

MEAT'BD,  a.  1.  fFed;  foddered. 

Strong  oxen  and  horses,  well  shod  and  well  clad,  . 

Well  mealed  and  used.  Tusser. 

2.  Having  meat ; — used  in  composition. 

MEATH  (meth),  n.  [A.  S.  medu,  mead.  — See 
Mead.] 

1.  t A drink  like  mead,  or  the  same. 

For  drink  the  grape 

She  crushes,  inoffensive  must,  and  meaths 

From  many  a berry.  Milton. 

2.  Option ; preference.  [Local,  Eng.]  Grose. 

MEAT'LJiSS,  a.  Destitute  of  meat.  Th.  More. 

MEAT'— OF-FER-ING,  n.  An  offering  consisting 
of  meat  or  food.  Ex.  xxix.  41. 

MEAT'— PIE,  n.  A pie  made  of  meat  or  flesh  ; a 
mince-pie.  Ash. 

MEAT'— PUD-DING,  n.  A meat-pie.  Simmonds. 

MEAT'— SCREEN,  7i.  A metal  screen  placed  be- 
hind meat  to  keep  in  the  heat.  Simmonds. 

ME- A'  TUS,  n.  [L.,  from  meo,  meatus,  to  go.] 
(Anat.)  A passage ; a canal.  Dunglison. 


m!eN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE. — 9,  £,  9,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


MEATY 


MEDIATIZATION 


892 


MEAT'Y,  a.  Fleshy.  [Local,  Eng.]  Grose. 

MEAW  (mu),  > v To  cry  as  a caf . (.g  meW; 

MEAWL  (mul) , ) to  mewl.  Sherwood. 

f MEA'ZpL  (m£'zl),  ji.  A leper.  Shak. 

MB-KHAN'IC  (me-k&n'njk),  n.  One  employed  in 
mechanical  labor  ; an  artisan  ; an  artificer. 

Alp-€HAN  [C,  ) et,  [Gr.  pyxavlK^it  pyxav,h  a 

JIE-jEHAn'I-CAL,  S contrivance,  a machine;  ph- 
X°s>  a means  ; L.  mcc/ianicus ; It.  Sj  Sp.  me- 
canico;  Fr . mecanique.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  science  of  mechanics  or 
.to  mechanism  ; as,  “The  mechanical  powers.” 

2.  Skilled  in  mechanics  ; bred  to  manual  la- 
bor. Johnson. 

3.  Mean  ; servile ; base  ; low;  — illiberal.  Shah. 

Base  and  mechanical  niggardise.  Holland. 

Since  employment  was  counted  mechanic.  W hit  lock. 

4.  Noting  those  who  refer  all  changes  in  the 
universe  to  forces  independent  of  a guiding  mind. 

These  mechanic  philosophers  being  no  way  able  to  give 
an  account  thereof  [the  formation  and  organization  of  the 
bodies  of  animals].  Hay. 

5.  Noting  that  which  is  done,  as  if  without 
thought  or  reflection  ; as,  “ The  rapid  fingering 
of  the  musician  is  merely  mechanical .” 

Mechanical  philosophy , the  science  of  mechanics  ap- 
plied to  physical  inquiries.  — Mechanical  powers , the 
lever,  the  balance,  the  wheel  and  axle,  the  pulley, 
the  wedge,  the  screw,  the  inclined  plane,  and  the 
funicular  machine.  Jamieson. 

- “ The  mechanical  changes  of  bodies  are  those  in 
which  they  form  compounds  without  losing  their 
identity  in  the  compound  substance  ; chemical  changes 
are  those  in  which  the  identity  of  the  component 
bodies  is  lost,  the  union  being  among  the  particles  of 
matter,  so  that  the  body  formed  is  altogether  different 
and  distinct  from  those  which  form  it.”  Smart. 

f Mp-£HAN'I-CAL,  n.  A mechanic.  Shah. 

+ MP-jEHAN'I-CAL-1ZE,  v.  a.  To  render  me- 
chanical, mean,  or  low.  Cotgrave. 

M^-IehAN'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  1.  According  to  the 
laws  of  mechanism.  Newton. 

2.  By  forces  independent  of  mind  or  spirit. 

ME-CHAn'I-CAL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
mechanical.  Cotgrave. 

MEEH-A-NTcIAN  (mek-a-nlsh'an),  n.  [Fr.  me- 
canicien .]  A maker  of  machines,  or  one  skilled 
in  mechanism  ; a machinist.  Burton. 

M5-EHAn'I-CO— EHEM'I-CAL,  a.  Noting  sciences 
connected  with  mechanics  and  chemistry,  as 
magnetism,  electricity,  and  galvanism.  Smart. 

ME-EHAN'ICS,  n.  pi.  The  science  of  the  laws  of 
matter  and  motion,  particularly  as  applied  to 
the  construction  of  machines  ; the  science  that 
treats  of  forces  and  powers,  and  their  action  on 
bodies,  either  directly  or  by  the  intervention  of 
machinery. 

tigjr-TIteoretical  mechanics  is  divided  into  two  parts  : 
statics,  which  treats  of  the  equilibrium  of  forces,  and 
dynamics,  which  is  tile  science  of  accelerating  or  re- 
tarding forces,  and  of  tile  actions  they  produce.  When 
tile  bodies  under  consideration  are  in  the  fluid  state, 
these  become,  respectively,  hydrostatics  and  hyiro- 
dynamics,  which  are  comprehended  under  hydraulics. 
Brandt. 

m£eH'AN-I§M  (ntek'an-I/.m),  n.  [L .mechanisma; 
It.  meccanismo ; Sp.  tnecanismo ; Fr.  mecanisme.] 

1.  Action  according  to  mechanic  laws. 

So  that  all  must  be  performed  either  by  mechanism  or  ac- 
cident. Bentley. 

2.  The  construction  of  a machine,  or  the 

parts  of  a machine,  adapted  to  the  intended 
effect.  Stewart. 

MEEH'AN-IST  (mek'an-Ist),  n.  [Sp.  maquinista. ] 

1.  A mechanician  ; a machinist.  Johnson. 

2.  A philosopher  who  refers  all  the  changes 

in  the  universe  to  the  effect  merely  of  mechani- 
cal forces.  Brande. 

MEEH'AN'-IZE  (mek'yn-Iz),  v.  a.  [Fr.  mecaniseri] 
To  form  mechanically,  [r.]  Coleridge. 

MEEH-A-NO-GRApH'IC,  a.  Treating  of  mechan- 
ics. [it.]  Maunder. 

MEEH-A-Ndd'KA-PHIST,  n.  One  who  multiplies 
copies  of  a work  of  art  by  a mechanical  pro- 
cess. Wright. 

MEEH-A-N6g'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  pyxavh,  a ma- 
chine, and  ypaijui,  to  write.]  The  art  of  multi- 


plying copies  of  a work  of  art  by  mechanical 
means.  Wright. 

MEGH'LjN  (mek'ljn),  n.  Lace  made  at  Mechlin, 
a city  of  Belgium.  Smart. 

MEEH'LJN,  a.  Noting  a kind  of  lace  made  at 
Mechlin.  Simmonds. 

MpGII-LO'JC  (mek-lo'jk),  a.  ( Chem .)  Noting  an 
acid  formed  by  passing  chlorine  gas  over  fused 
meconine.  P.  Cgc. 

Mp-jCHO'A-CAN,  or  iVIP-CHO'A-CAN  [me-ko'j-khn, 
J.  K.  Sm.  Wb. ; me-cho'j-k&n,  I Fr.],  n.  The 
root  of  the  Convolvulus  Mechoacan,  or  white 
jalap,  from  Mechoacan  in  Mexico,  a mild  pur- 
gative. Dungltson. 

Mp-COM'p-TpR,  n.  [Fr.  mecometre,  from  Gr. 
prjKos,  length,  and  phpov,  a measure.]  An  in- 
strument for  measuring  the  length  of  new-born 
infants.  Dunglison. 

MEC'O-NATE,  n.  (Chem.)  A salt  formed  of  me- 
conic  acid  and  a base.  Brande. 

M£-CO'NI-A,  n.  ( Chem .)  Meconine.  Brande. 

Mg-CON'IC,  a.  [Gr.  pyiaoviKtii,  belonging  to  the 
poppy ; pyKiov,  the  poppy  ; pyndivtov,  opium  ; Fr. 
meconique.}  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  obtained 
from  opium.  Brande. 

MEC'O-NINE,  n.  [Fr.  meconine .]  (Chem.)  A 
white,  fusible  substance  obtained  from  opium  ; 
meconia.  Brande. 

ME-CO'NI-UM,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  pyxennov.) 

1.  Juice  of  tlie  white  poppy  ; opium.  Johnson. 

2.  The  first  feces  of  children.  Arbuthnot. 

ME-CO-NOP'SIS,  n.  [Gr.  pymhv,  the  poppy,  and 
ojif,  appearance.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants ; 
Welsh  poppy.  Eng.  Cgc. 

MED'AL,  n.  [Gr.  pirai.Xov,  ore,  metal;  L.  metal- 
lum,  a metal ; It.  medaglia,  a medal ; Sp.  me- 
dulla-, Fr.  medaille. — Gael,  meideal .] 

1.  An  ancient  coin. 

The  Roman  medals  were  their  current  coin;  when  an  ac- 
tion deserved  to  be  recorded  on  a coin,  it  was  stamped  and 
issued  out  of  the  mint.  Addison. 

2.  A piece  of  metal,  in  the  shape  of  a coin, 

with  figures  and  devices,  struck  in  memory  of 
some  person  or  event.  Martin. 

MED'AL-LET,  n.  A little  medal.  Pinkerton. 

MIJ-dAl'LIC,  a.  Pertaining  to  medals.  Addison. 

MP-DAL'LION  (me-dal'yun),  n.  [Fr.  medallion ; 
medaille,  a medal.] 

1.  A large  antique  stamp  or  medal. 

Medallions,  in  respect  of  the  other  coins,  were  the  same  as 
modern  medals  in  respect  of  modern  money.  Addison. 

The  modern  medallions  are  generally  cast,  not  struck. 

Fairholt. 

2.  (Arch.)  A circular  tablet  on  which  figures 

are  embossed.  Weale. 

MED'AL-LlST,  n.  [It.  medaqlista ; Fr.  medail- 
liste .] 

1.  One  skilled  or  curious  in  medals.  Addison. 

2.  One  who  gains  a prize-medal.  Ed.  Rev. 

3.  One  skilled  in  making  medals.  Simmonds. 

4.  One  who  deals  in  medals.  Simmonds. 

MED'AL-LUR-<jJY,  n.  [Eng.  medal,  and  Gr.  cpyov, 
a work.]  The  art  of  making  and  striking  med- 
als and  coins.  Brande. 

MED'DLE  (med'dl),  v . n.  [Dut.  middelen,  to  me- 
diate ; Dan.  megle-,  Sw.  bemedla.  — Fr.  mHer, 
to  mix.  — See  Middle.]  [ i . meddled;^. 

MEDDLING,  MEDDLED.] 

1.  To  have  to  do  ; to  intermeddle  ; — followed 

by  with. 

I have,  thus  far,  bean  aa  upright  judge,  not  meddling  with 
the  design  nor  disposition.  Dryden. 

2.  To  act  in  any  thing;  to  take  part  in  any 
affair  ; to  interpose  ; — to  interfere  officiously. 

It  is  an  honor  for  a man  to  cease  from  strife;  but  every 
fool  will  be  meddling.  Prop.  xx.  S. 

t MED'DLE,  v.  a.  To  mix  ; to  mingle. 

They  gave  him  to  drink  wine  meddled  with  gall. 

Matt,  xxvii.  34,  Wickliffps  Tt-ans. 

MED'DLpR,  n.  One  who  meddles  ; intermeddler. 

MED'DLE-SOME,  a.  Intermeddling;  interfering; 
officious.  “ So  meddlesome  a body.”  Barrow. 

Syn. — See  Officious. 

ME D'D LE-SOM E-N ESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  med- 
dlesome ; an  intermeddling  ; officiousness. 


MED'DLING,  n.  Officious  interposition.  South. 

AIED'DLING,  p.  a.  Interfering  importunately ; 
officious. 

Syn.  — See  Officious. 

ME'DJ-A,  n.  pi.  See  Medium. 

MED-I-zE' VAL  (med-e-c'vftl),  a.  [L.  medius,  mid- 
dle, ufid  ovum,  an  age.]  Relating  to  the  mid- 
dle ages  ; — also  written  medieval.  Ec.  Rev. 

MED-I-rE'  VAL,  n.  One  belonging  to  the  middle 
age,  or  to  the  middle  ages.  Ed.  Rev. 

This  view  of  landscape  differs  from  that  of  the  mediarnh. 

Ruskin. 

MED-I-iE'VAL-I§M,  ?i.  Mediaeval  principles  or 
practice.  Dr.  Wordsworth. 

MED-I-A3'VAL-X§T,  n.  A student  or  historian  of 
the  middle  ages  ; — one  who  is  in  sympathy  with 
the  middle  ages.  Ed.  Rev.  Qit.  Rev. 

ME'DI-AL,  a.  [L.  medialis ; Fr.  medial.]  Noting 
a medium  or  average  ; mean.  Scott. 

Medial  alligation,  {Math.)  that  branch  of  arithmetic 
which  teaches  the  method  of  finding  t lie  price  or  the 
quality  of  a mixture  of  several  simple  ingredients, 
tlie  price  or  the  qualities  of  which  are  known. Daubs. 

ME'DJ-AL,  n.  (Gr.  Gram.)  One  of  the  letters, 
II,  y,  t>,  as  being  intermediate  in  sound  between 
the  smooth  letters  and  the  aspirates ; — also 
called  middle-mute. 

ME'DI-AN,  a.  [L.  medio , medians,  to  halve  ; It.  Sy 
Sp .niediano;  Fr.  mdian ] Middle;  situated 
in,  or  belonging  to,  the  middle.  Gray. 

*6®“  The  median  line  is  a vertical  line  supposed  to 
divide  a body  longitudinally  into  two  equal  parts. 
Dunglison . 

MJE'DI-Ant,  n.  [Fr.  mMiante.)  (Mas.)  The  chord 
which  is  a major  or  minor  third  higher  than 
the  key-note,  according  as  the  mode  is  major 
or  minor.  Brande. 

ME-Di-AS'TJNE,  n.  Mediastinum.  Arbuthnot. 

ME-DI- AS-Tl'NUM,  ??.  [Low  L.  mediastinum, 
from  L.  medius,  middle  ; It.  mediastino  ; Fr.  me- 
diastin .]  (Anat.)  A membranous  septum  formed 
by  the  approximation  of  the  pleurae,  extending 
from  tlie  spine  through  the  middle  of  the  chest  to 
the  posterior  surface  of  the  sternum.  Dunglison. 

ME'DI-ATE,  v.  n.  [L.  medio,  mediatus,  to  halve  ; 
It.  mediare  ; Sp.  medlar  ; Fr.  medier.l  [i.  me- 
diated ; pp.  MEDIATING,  MEDIATED.] 

1.  To  interpose,  as  a common  friend,  between 
two  parties ; to  intercede  ; to  arbitrate. 

It  would  become  his  love  to  interpose 
For  my  access,  at  such  n needful  hour, 

And  mediate  for  my  blessing.  Shirley. 

Syn. --See  Interpose. 

2.  To  be  between  two;  — applied  to  things. 

By  being  crowded  they  exclude  all  other  bodies  that  before 
mediated  between  the  parts  of  their  body.  Diyby. 

ME'DI-ATE,  v.  a.  1.  To  effect  by  mediation. 

The  carl  made  many  professions  of  his  desire  to  interpose 
and  mediate  a good  peace  between  the  nations.  Clarendon. 

2.  f To  limit  by  something  in  the  middle. 

The  space  from  the  elevation  of  one  foot  to  the  same  foot 
set  down  again,  mediated  by  a step  of  the  other  foot.  Holder. 

ME'DI-ATE,  a.  [It.  §■  Sp.  mediato;  Fr.  m°diat.~\ 

1.  Being  between  two  extremes  ; middle. 

Anxious  we  hover  in  a mediate  state.  Prior. 

2.  Interposed  ; intervening. 

Soon  the  mediate  clouds  shall  be  dispelled.  Prior. 

3.  Effected  by  some  instrumentality  or  means. 

The  most  important  care  of  a new  king  was  his  marriage, 
for  mediate  establishment  of  the  royal  line.  IVotton. 

ME'DI-ATE-LY,  ad.  By  a secondary  or  interven- 
ing cause.  ’ Sir  W.  Raleigh. 

ME'DI-ATE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  mediate 
or  intervening ; intervention.  Bannister. 

ME-DI-A'TION,  7i.  [It.  mediazione;  Sp.  media-- 
cion  ; Fr.  mediation .] 

1.  The  act  of  mediating  ; intervention,  as  be- 

tween two  parties  by  a common  friend  ; interpo- 
sition ; interference  ; arbitration.  Bacon. 

2.  Agency  interposed  ; intervenient  power. 

The  soul,  during  its  abode  in  the  body,  does  nil  things  by 
the  mediation  of  these  passions.  Sooth. 

3.  Entreaty  or  supplication  for  another ; in- 
tercession. Johnson. 

Syn. — See  Intervention. 

ME-DI-AT-I-ZA'TION,  n.  [Fr.  mediatisation .] 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  ?,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


MEDIATIZE 


893 


MEDLEY 


The  annexation  of  smaller  sovereignties  to 
larger  contiguous  states,  as  in  Germany,  after 
the  dissolution  of  the  German  empire  in  1806 ; 
— originally  applied  in  reference  to  dominions 
annexed  to  the  empire  during  its  continuance, 
and  thus  made  mediately,  instead  of  immedi- 
ately, dependent  on  it.  Brande. 

ME'DI-A-TIZE,  v.  a.  [Fr.  mediatiser.]  [i.  medi- 
atized ; pp.  MEDIATIZING,  MEDIATIZED.]  To 
make  mediately,  instead  of  immediately,  de- 
pendent ; to  annex,  as  a small  state,  governed 
by  a sovereign  prince,  to  a larger  one,  yet  al- 
lowing the  ruler  of  the  small  state  to  retain  his 
princely  rank,  rights,  and  privileges. 

'Flic  dominions  so  annexed  [to  tile  German  empire]  were 
said  to  be  mediatized,  i.  e.  made  mediately,  instead  of  imme- 
diately, dependent  on  the  empire.  Braude. 

ME'DI-A-TOR,  n.  [Lf]  1.  One  who  mediates  or 
intervenes  between  two  parties.  Baron. 

2.  One  of  the  characters  of  our  blessed  Sa- 
viour ; intercessor. 

Jesus,  the  mediator  of  the  new  covenant.  7/eft.  xii.  24. 

ME-DI-A-TO'RI-AL,  a.  Belonging  to  mediation 
or  to  a mediator.  “ Mediatorial  office.”  Fiddcs. 

MF,-DT-A'TOR-SHlP,  n.  The  state  or  the  office  of 
a mediator.  Pearson. 

ME'OI-A-TO-RY,  a.  Pertaining  to  mediation; 
mediatorial,  [it.]  Bp.  Ilopkins. 

ME'DI-A-TRJESS,  n.  A female  mediator;  a me- 
diatrix. [it.]  Sheldon. 

ME'DI-A-TRIX,  n.  [L.]  A female  mediator;  a 
mediatress.  Warton. 

MED'IC,  71.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  leguminous  plants  ; 
Medicago. 

Black  medic , Medicago  lupulina.  — Purple  medic , 
Medicago  saliva , or  luccrn.  — Yellow  medic , Medicago 
falcata.  T.  Cijc. 

MED'IC,  a.  Medical,  [it.]  Pomfret. 

MED'[-CA-BLE,  a.  [L.  mcdicahilis  ; mcdicor,  to 
heal ; It.  mcdicabile  ; Sp.  medicable.'].  That  may 
be  medicated,  healed,  or  cured.  Bailey. 

MED-I-CA'GO,  n.  ( Bot .)  A genus  of  leguminous 
plants,  including  lucern.  Loudon. 

MED'I-CAL,  a.  [L.  mcdicus  ; medeor,  to  heal ; It. 
(j  Sp.  medico  ; Fr.  medical.  — See  Medicine.] 
Relating  to  medicine  or  the  art  of  healing  ; me- 
dicinal ; medicamental ; physical.  Broicne. 

Medical  jurisprudence,  legal  or  forensic  medicine  ; 
the  science  which  treats  of  the  legal  proceedings  in 
reference  to  the  teaching  and  the  practice  of  medi- 
cine. Bouvier. 

MED'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  Physically;  medicinally. 

MED'I-CAL— RUB'BIJR,  n.  A coarse,  unbleached 
towel  made  of  flax,  and  used  for  drying  the 
body  after  bathing.  Simmonds. 

MED'I-CA-MENT  [med'e-ka-ment,  S.  P.  J.  Ja.  Sm. 

I Vb. ; med’e-ka-ment.  or  me-d lk  a-mcnt,  IF.  F.  ; 
me-dlk'a-ment,  K.  Wr.],n.  [L.  medieamentum  ; 

It.  A;  Sp . medicamento ; Fr.  medicament.]  Any 
thing  used  in  healing ; — especially  a topical 
application. 

A cruel  wound  was  cured  by  scalding  medicaments.  Temple. 

MED-I-C A-MENT'AL,  a.  Relating  to  medica- 
ments or  to  medicine,  [r.]  Bailey. 

MED-I-CA-MENT' AL-LY,  ad.  After  the  manner 
of  medicine.  [ii.]  Browne. 

MED'I-CAS-T^R,  n.  [It.  Sg  Sp.  medicastro;  Fr. 
medicastre.]  A pretender  to  medicine ; a quack. 

Whitlock. 

MED'I-CATE,  v.  a.  [L.  medico,  medicatus;  It. 
medicare ; Sp.  medicar.]  [».  medicated  ; pp. 
MEDICATING,  MEDICATED.] 

1.  To  tincture  or  impregnate  with  any  thing 
medicinal. 

To  this  may  be  ascribed  the  great  effects  of  medicated 
waters.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  To  treat  with  medicine  ; to  heal.  Dyer. 

Mfip-I-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  medicatio;  It.  medica- 
zione ; Fr.  medication.] 

1.  The  act  of  medicating  or  tincturing  with 

medicinal  ingredients.  Bacon. 

2.  Use  of  medicine  or  physic.  Browne. 

MED'I-CA-TIVE,  a.  Curing;  medicinal.  Stewart. 

MED-I-CE'AN,  a.  Relating  to  the  Medici,  a cel- 
ebrated family  of  Italy.  Ec.  Rev. 

MIJ-DT^'I-NA-BLE,  a.  Useful  for  healing  ; sana- 
tive ; medicinal,  [r.]  Shah. 


I II  MlJ-Dlg'r-N  AL  [me-dls'e-n®l,  P.  F.  K.  Sm.  R.  C. 

O.  B.  U r.  Wb. ; me-dis'e-iifil  or  nied-e-sl'njl,  S. 
IF.  J.  Ja.],  a.  [L.  medicinalis ; medicina,  a 
medicine;  It.  mcdicinale ; Sp.  medicinal',  Fr. 
medicinal.] 

1.  Having  the  power  of  healing  ; sanative. 

As  sometimes  even  poisons  turn  medicinal.  Bp.  Hall. 

2.  Pertaining  to  medicine. 

Learned  he  was  in  medicinal  lore.  J/udibras. 

jjg=-“Dr.  Johnson  tells  us,  that  this  word  is  now 
commonly  pronounced  medig' inal,  with  the  accent  on 
the  second  syllable,  but  more  properly,  and  more 
agreeably  to  the  best  authorities, mcdici'nal.  lf,  by  the 
best  authorities,  Dr.  Johnson  means  the  poets,  the 
question  is  decided  ; hut  I look  upon  poets  to  be  the 
worst  authorities  in  this  case,  as,  by  the  very  rules  of 
their  art,  a license  is  given  them  to  depart  from  the 
general  pronunciation  ; and  that  they  often  avail 
themselves  of  this  license  cannot  lie  disputed.  But  if, 
by  more  properly,  Dr.  Johnson  alludes  to  the  long  i in 
tile  Latin  mcdiclnus  or  medicinalis,  nothing  can  be 
more  inconclusive.”  Walker. 

||  ME-Diy'I-N  AL-LY,  ad.  In  the  manner  of  med- 
icine ; as  medicine.  Dry  den. 

MED'I-CINE  [med'de-sin,  IF.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  C. 
ll>.  ; med'sjn,  S.  A'.;  lned'e-sln,  colloquially 
med 'sin,  Sm.],  n.  [L.  medicina',  mcdicus,  med- 
ical ; medeor,  to  heal ; It.  Sj  Sp.  medicina ; Fr. 
medecine.] 

1.  A drug  or  other  substance  used  as  a reme- 
dy for  disease ; physic.  Dryden. 

A merry  heart  doth  good  like  a medicine.  Prov.  xvii.  22. 

2.  That  branch  of  physic  which  relates  to  the 

healing  of  diseases.  Dunglison. 

Medicine  is  the  art  of  understanding  diseases,  and  curing 
or  relieving  them  when  possible.  Dr.  J.  Bigelow. 

jtXrr’  All  our  ortlioepists  tell  us  that  this  word  is 
generally  pronounced  in  two  syllables,  as  if  written 
medcine.  That  so  gross  a vulgarism  should  gain 
ground  in  our  language  is  an  imputation  on  our  na- 
tional taste.  Walker. 

f MED'I-ClNE,  n.  [Fr . medecin.]  A physician. 

Shak. 

f MED'I-CINE,  v.  a.  To  cure  by  medicine. 

Great  griefs,  I see,  medicine  the  less.  Shak. 

f MED'ICS ,n.pl.  The  science  of  medicine.  Spenser. 

MF.-  OI ' E-  TBS  LJJY ' O VJE.  [L. , moiety  of  tongue, 
half  tongue.]  ( Laio .)  A jury  consisting  one 
half  of  natives  and  the  other  half  of  foreigners, 
as  when  one  party  in  a suit  is  an  alien.  Whishaw. 

ME-DI'E-TY,  n.  [L.  medietas-.  It.  medieta ; Fr. 
mediate.]  Middle  state ; participation  of  two 
extremes;  half;  moiety,  [it.]  Browne. 

MED-I-E'VAL,  a.  Relating  to  the  middle  ages  : 
more  commonly  niediceval.  — See  Mediaeval. 

ME-DEM'NO,  n.  [Gr.  pihipvoi,  a Greek  bushel; 
L.  medimnus ; Fr.  medimne.]  A corn-measure 
in  the  Levant  equal  to  about  two  bushels.  Crabb. 

ME'DINE,  n.  [Fr .medine.]  An  old  Turkish  coin 
worth  l|d.  sterling  (about  3£  cents).  Simmonds. 

ME-Dt'JVO,  n.  The  Egyptian  para ; the  fortieth 
part  of  a piastre.  Simmonds. 

ME'DI-O-CRAL,  a.  Of  middle  quality ; middling ; 
mediocre.  Addison. 

ME'DI-O-ORE  (me'de-o-Icnr)  [me'de-o-kur,  K.  Sm. 
J.  I Vr.;  me-de-ofcr',  Ja.  Maunder ; ine-dl'o-kur, 
Todd.],  a.  [L.  rnediocris  ; medius,  middle;  It. 
<S,  Sp.  mediocre-,  Fr.  mediocre.]  Of  moderate 
degree;  of  middle  rate  ; middling;  mean. 

A very  mediocre  poet,  one  Drayton.  Pope. 

ME'DI-O-CRE  (me'de-o-kur),  n.  One  of  middling 
quality,  talents,  or  merit ; mediocrist.  Southey. 

ME'DI-O-CRjST  [rne'de-o-krist,  Sm.  Wr.  Wb.  ; 
me-de-o'krist,  K.  ; me-dl'o-krist,  Todd,  Maun- 
der], n.  One  of  middling  abilities.  Swift. 

A very  .lust  distinction  between  a man  of  true  greatness 
and  a mediocrist.  Colton. 

ME-DI-OC'Rj-TY  [mS-de-ok're-te,  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  K. 
Sm.  Wr.',  me-de-ok're-te  or  me-je-ok're-te,  IF.; 
me-jok're-te,  S.],  n.  [L.  medioeritas ; medius, 
middle ; It.  mediocritn ; Sp.  mediocridad ; Fr. 
m diocrite.]  Middle  state,  rate,  degree,  or  quan- 
tity ; moderate  degree. 

Men  of  age  content  themselves  with  a mediocrity  of  suc- 
cess. Bacon. 

f ME-DI-OX'U-MOUS,  a.  [L . medioxurnus .]  Mid- 
dlemost. Henry  More. 

t MED'J-TANCE,  n.  Meditation.  Beau.  § FI. 

MED'I-TATE,  v.  a.  [Gr.  pi  hr  rim  ; L.  meditor,  med- 


itatus ; It.  meditat  e ; Sp.  medilar;  Fr.  mediterA 
[ i . MEDITATED;  pp.  MEDITATING,  MEDITATED.] 

1.  To  plan  ; to  contrive  ; to  scheme. 

Some  affirmed  that  I meditated  a war.  King  Charles. 

2.  To  think  on ; to  revolve  in  the  mind ; to 
dwell  intently  upon  ; to  ccntem plate  ; to  study. 

Alas!  what  boots  it  with  incessant  care 
To  tend  the  homely,  slighted  shepherd’s  trade, 

And  strictly  meditate  the  thankless  Muse.  Jlilton. 

MED'I-TATE,  v.  n.  To  think  ; to  muse  ; to  con- 
template ; to  dwell  intently. 

Ills  delight  is  in  the  law  of  the  Lord;  and  in  his  law  doth 
he  meditate  day  and  night.  Ps.  i.  2. 

Syn.  — See  Contemplate,  Think. 

MED-I-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  meditatio ; It.  medita- 
zione ; Sp.  meclitacion  ; Fr.  meditation.]  The 
act  of  meditating;  deep  thought;  close  atten- 
tion ; contemplation ; study. 

’T  is  most  true 

That  musing  meditation  most  affects 

The  pensive  secrecy  of  desert  cell.  Milton. 

Meditation  here 

May  think  down  hours  to  moments;  here  the  heart 
May  give  a useful  lesson  to  the  head, 

And  Learning  wis.r  grow  without  his  books.  Cowper. 

MED'j-TA-TjST,  n.  One  who  meditates.  Ec.  Rev. 

MED'I-TA-TIVE,  a.  [L.  meditativus ; It.  <Sf  Sp. 
meditativo  ; Fr.  meditatif.] 

1.  Addicted  to  meditation  ; reflecting. 

Berington. 

2.  Expressing  intention  or  design.  Johnson. 

MED'I-TA-TI  VE-LY,  ad.  With  meditation. 

MED'I-TA-TI  VE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 

meditative ; reflection.  Coleridge. 

f MED-j-TER-RANE',  a.  Mediterranean. 

Brerewood. 

MED-I-TER-RA'NE-AN,  a.  [L.  mcditerrancus  ; 
medius,  middle,  and  terra,  land ; It.  4'  Sp.  me- 
diterraneo ; Fr.  mediterrann.]  Encircled  by 
land,  as  a sea  ; lying  between  lands  ; inland  ; 
remote  from  the  ocean  ; mediterraneous  ; — ap- 
plied particularly  to  note  the  sea  lying  between 
Europe,  Africa,  and  Asia. 

MED-I-TER-RA'N FI-OUS,  a.  Mediterranean.  “The 
mediterraneous  mountains.”  Burnet. 

ME'DI-UM  [me'de-iSm,  P.J.  Ja.  Sm.  R.  Wr. ; iue,~ 
d y ii  ill,  S.  E.  F.  K. ; me’de-um  or  me'je-um,  IF.], 
n. ; pi.  L.  me  ’ Dt-yy  ; Eng.  me'di-um?.  [L.,  the 
middle.] 

1.  That  through  which  a body,  not  in  contact 
with  another,  must  pass  to  reach  it ; space  or  sub- 
stance passed  through  ; any  thing  intervening. 

Against  filling  the  heavens  with  fluid  mediums, unless  they 
be  exceeding  rare,  a great  objection  arises  from  the  regular 
and  very  lasting  motions  of  the  planets  and  comets.  JS'ewton. 

2.  The  middle  place  or  degree  ; mediety. 

The  just  medium  of  this  case  lies  betwixt  the  pride  and 
the  objection,  the  two  extremes.  L'Estramje. 

3.  Instrumentality  ; means  ; as,  “ The  circu- 
lating medium  or  currency  ” ; “ Money  is’  the 
medium  of  exchanges.” 

4.  The  designation  of  printing  paper  which  is 
23  inches  long  and  18  inches  wide.  Brande. 

5.  {Logic.)  The  middle  term  in  an  argument. 

This  cannot  be  answered  by  those  mediums  which  have 

been  used.  Dryden. 

6.  (Math.)  The  middle  number  between  two 

extremes  ; a mean.  Crabb. 

7.  (Paint.)  The  menstruum  or  liquid  vehicle 

with  which  dry  pigments  are  ground  and  made 
ready  for  the  artist’s  use.  Fairholt. 

8.  (Mesmerism.)  One  capable  of  being  put 
under  the  influence  of  animal  magnetism ; one 
through  whom  the  phenomena  of  animal  mag- 
netism are  manifested. 

Syn.  — See  Mean. 

MED'LAR,  n.  [A.  S.  maed ; Gael.  <Sr  Ir.  mcidie.] 

1.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  large,  ornamental,  de- 
ciduous fruit-trees ; Mespilus.  Loudon. 

2.  The  fruit  of  trees  of  the  genus  Mespilus. 

fMED'LE  (med'dl),  ) v_  a To 

mingle.  — See 

+ MED'LY  (mSd'dle),  > Meddle.  L.  Addison. 

MED'E^Y  (nied'Ie),  n.  [See  Meddle.]  1.  A min- 
gled,.confused  collection  or  mass  ; a mixture  ; a 
miscellany ; a jumble  ; a hodgepodge. 

This  medley  of-  philosophy  and  war.  Addison. 

2.  A term  applied  to  any  wool-dyed  color, 

excepting  blue  and  black.  Simmonds. 

3.  f A conflict ; a fight ; a melee.  Holland. 

Syn.  — See  Mixture. 

MEDT.gY,  a.  Mingled;  confused.  Chaucer. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — g,  <?,  g,  g,  soft;  B,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  X as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


MEDOC 


894 


MEKHITARIST 


MF.-DOC ',  n.  An  excellent  red  wine  made  in 
Aledoc,  France.  I V.  Ency. 

t MfiD'SYPP,  7i.  A supper  formerly  given,  in  Eng- 
land, to  laborers  at  harvest-home.  Whishato. 

MF.-DUL  'LA,  7i.  [L.,  from  77iedius,  middle.] 

1.  (Anat.)  Marrow.  Dungtison. 

2.  (licit.)  Pith: — perisperm.  Henslow. 

MJ!-DUL'LAR,  a.  Medullary.  Cheyne. 

MEO'PL-LA-RY  [med'al-l?-re,  W.  Ja.  C.  Wr.  Wb. 
Du/iglison;  me-dul'lj-re,  >S.  P.  K.  Sm. — See 
Capillary],  a.  [L . medullaris ; Sp.  modular ; 
Fr.  medullaire .] 

1.  Pertaining  to,  or  resembling,  marrow. 

“ Medullary  substance.”  Dunylisoti. 

2.  (Hot.)  Pertaining  to  pith  ; pithy.  Gray. 

Medullary  rays,  ( Bat .)  silver-grain  of  wood.  Gray. 

ME-DUL'I.INE,  n.  [L.  medulla,  marrow.]  That 
form  of  lignine  which  constitutes  the  pith  of  cer- 
tain plants,  as  of  the  sunflower.  Eng.  Cyc. 

MF.-DC7'  SA,  7i.;  pi.  me-dv's. e.  [L.,  from  Gr. 

yitlovaa.) 

1.  (Myth.)  One  of  the  Gorgons,  whose  head 

was  so  frightful  that  those  who  looked  on  it 
were  changed  to  stone.  I Vm.  Smith. 

2.  ( Zoul .)  A Linnrean  term  for  all  the  jelly- 
fishes ; — now  restricted  to  those  which  have  a 
more  or  less  umbrella-shaped  disk.  Agassiz. 

M£- DU 'SI- I)AN,  n.  One  of  the  Medusa.  Wright. 

MEECH'ING,  a.  Affecting  humility  ; mean  ; vile  ; 
base  ; skulking ; creeping ; miching.  J.  Adams. 

She  has  some  meecliing  rascal  in  her  house.  Beau.  &,•  FI. 

MEED,  n.  [M.  Goth,  mizdo ; A.  S.  med ; Old 
Gcr.  miethe,  a present;  Sw.  Icel.  muta,  a 
gift. — Gr.  inaOos,  pay.  — Sansc.  medha,  a gift; 
Per.  musd,  pay.] 

1.  Reward  ; recompense  ; remuneration. 

Thanks  to  men 

Of  noble  minds  is  honorable  meed.  Shak. 

Ho  must  not  float  upon  his  watery  bier 
Unwept,  and  welter  to  the  parching  wind 
"Without  the  meed  of  some  melodious  tear.  Milton. 

2.  Merit ; desert ; worth ; excellence. 

Young  Colin  Clout,  a lad  of  peerless  meed.  Gag. 

f MEED,  v.  a.  To  merit  ; to  deserve.  Heyioood. 

t MEED'FUI.-LY,  ad.  Suitably.  Chaucer. 

MEEK,  a.  [Dan.  7nyg,  soft,  pliable;  Sw.  mjuJt; 
Icel.  miukr.  — Sp.  mego,  gentle,  meek;  Port. 
meigo.]  Mild  of  temper  ; not  proud  ; not  easily 
provoked;  soft;  gentle;  quiet;  humble;  mod- 
est ; submissive  ; unresenting  ; forbearing. 

Now,  the  man  Moses  was  very  meek.  iTum.  xii.  3. 

Blessed  are  the  meek,  for  they  shall  inherit  the  earth. 

Matt.  v.  5. 

Syn.  — See  Gentle,  Humble. 

f MEEK,  v.  a.  To  humble  ; to  meelcen.  Wickliffe. 

MEEK'EN  (me'kn),  v.  a.  To  make  meek;  to 
soften  ; to  humble.  Browne. 

Where  meekened  sense,  and  amiable  grace, 

And  lively  sweetness  dwell.  Thomson. 

+ MEEK'EN-ING,  n.  Humiliation.  Bible,  1551. 

MEEK'EYED  (-Id),  a.  Having  a mild  aspect. 

“ Meek-eyed  Peace.”  Milton. 

MEEK'LY,  ad.  In  a meek  manner  ; mildly. 

MEEK'N^SS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  meek; 
gentleness ; mildness  ; humility. 

I beseech  you  that  ye  walk  worthy  of  the  vocation  where- 
with ye  are  called,  with  all  lowliness  and  meekness,  with  long- 
suffering,  forbearing  one  another  in  love.  Egh.  iv.  1,  2. 

MEEK'— SPlR-lT-gD,  a.  Having  a meek  spirit. 

MEER,  a.  Simple.  — See  Mere.  Johnson. 

MEER,  n.  A lake : — a boundary.  — See  Mere. 

+ MEERED  (merd),  a.  Relating  to  a meer  or  to 
a boundary.  Shak. 

MEER'SCHAUM  (mer'shoflm),  n.  [Ger.,  from  meer, 
the  sea,  and  schait/n,  foam.] 

1.  (Min.)  A silicated,  light,  and  soft  magne- 
sian mineral,  used  in  Turkey  and  Germany  in 
the  manufacture  of  tobacco-pipes  ; hydrous  sil- 
icate of  magnesia  ; magnesite;  sea-foam.  Dana. 

2.  A tobacco-pipe  made  of  meerschaum ; a 

Turkish  pipe.  Wright. 

MEER'Z  A,  n.  See  Mirza.  Clarke. 

MEET,  a.  [A.  S.  metan,  to  meet.  — See  Meet,  v .] 


Fit ; proper  ; becoming  ; suitable  ; suited  ; be- 
fitting; convenient;  adapted;  qualified. 

It  is  not  pood  that  the  man  should  he  alone;  I will  make 
him  an  help  meet  for  him.  Gen.  ii.  is. 

To  he  meet  with,  to  be  even  with.  “ Yon  tax  Seignior 
Benedick  too  much,  but  he  ’ll  be  meet  with  you.”  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Becoming. 

MEET,  v.  a.  [Goth.  7tiotja7i ; A.  S.  metan  ; Frs. 
meta  ; Dut.  outmoete/i ; Dan.  mode  ; Sw.  mota  ; 
Icel.  mceta.]  [i.  met  ; pp.  meeting,  met.] 

1.  To  come  up  to  or  join,  as  one  person  an- 
other, from  an  opposite  or  different  direction  ; 
to  come  up  to,  face  to  face ; to  encounter. 

Meanwhile  our  primitive  great  sire  to  meet 

llis  godlike  guest  walks  forth.  Milton. 

2.  To  come  upon  suddenly  ; to  burst  upon. 

When  all  the  plain. 

Covered  with  thick  embattled  squadrons  bright, 
Chariots,  and  flaming  arms,  and  liery  steeds, 

Reflecting  blaze  on  blaze,  tirst  met  his  view.  Milton. 

3.  To  find  ; to  be  treated  with  ; to  light  on. 

To  me  no  greater  joy 

Than  that  your  labors  meet  a prosperous  end.  Granville. 

Syn.  — See  Find. 

MEET,  v.  n.  1.  To  encounter ; to  close  face  to 
face ; to  encounter ; as,  “ They  met  in  the  street.” 

2.  To  join  ; to  unite  ; to  converge  ; as,  “When 
two  lines  meet,  they  form  an  angle.” 

3.  To  assemble ; to  come  together ; to  col- 
lect ; to  congregate ; to  muster ; as,  “ Dele- 
gates were  appointed  to  meet  in  convention.” 

To  meet  with,  to  light  on;  to  find.  11  We  met  with 
many  things  worthy  of  observation.”  Bacon.  — To 
join.  “ Falstaff  at  that  oak  shall  meet  with  us.”  Shak. 
— To  suffer  unexpectedly;  as,  “ To  meet  with  a loss.” 
— To  encounter;  to  engage.  Rowe. — f To  obviate. 
“ Before  I proceed  further  it  is  good  to  meet  with  an 
objection.”  Bacon. 

’MEET,  7i.  A place  appointed  for  hunters  and 
hounds  to  assemble.  $immonds. 

MEET'EN  (nie'tn),  v.  a.  To  make  meet  or  fit;  to 
adapt ; to  suit ; to  prepare.  Ash. 

MEET'gR,  n.  One  who  meets. 

MEET'jNG,  7i.  1.  The  act  of  coming  together; 

an  interview ; an  encounter. 

At  the  first  meeting  there  was  a sore  joust,  and  divers  cast 
to  the  earth.  Berners. 

2.  An  assembly  ; a convention  ; a congrega- 
tion ; an  auditory  ; as,  “ A meeting  of  delegates.” 

3.  An  assembly  for  public  worship  ; — partic- 

ularly applied  in  England  to  a congregation  of 
Dissenters.  Johnsoti. 

Syn. — See  Assembly. 

MEETING— HOUSE  (met'jng-hbus),  n.  Ahouse  of 
public  worship  ; — a term  applied  in  England  to 
a house  of  public  worship  for  Dissenters,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  a church. 

Ilis  heart  misgave  him  that  the  churches  were  so  many 
meeting-houses;  but  I soon  made  him  easy.  Addison. 

Syn.  — See  Church. 

MEET'LY,  ad.  Fitly  ; properly;  suitably.  Shak. 

MEET'NJJSS,  71.  Quality  of  being  meet,  or  fit; 
fitness  ; propriety  ; suitableness.  Bp.  Bull. 

AIEG'A-CO^M,  71.  [Gr.  giyas,  great,  and  udago ;, 
the  world.]  The  great  world ; macrocosm. 
“ The  megacosm,  or  great  world.”  Bp.  II.  Croft. 

MEG-A-LE'iJIAN,  a.  [L.  Megalesius,  from  Gr. 
Meyiil.y,  the  Great,  an  epithet  of  Cybele  ; Fr. 
Megalesie7i.~\  Noting  games  celebrated  at  Rome, 
in  April,  in  honor  of  Cybele,  the  great  mother 
of  the  gods.  Bra/ide. 

MEG-A-LTiCH'THYS,  n.  [Gr.  fiiyas,  great,  and 
a fish.]  (Pal.)  An  extinct  genus  of  ganoid 
fishes,  including  species  of  great  size.  Brands. 

MF.G-A-LITH'IC,  a.  [Gr.  giyas,  great,  and  Xi8o;, 
a stone.]  Consisting  of  large  stones,  Herbert. 

MEG-A-LO'DON,  n.  [Gr.  giyas,  gtydl.ri,  great,  and 
ilo'vs,  iSdrros,  a tooth.]  A genus  of  fossil  bi- 
valves having  very  large  teeth.  Woodward. 

MEG-A-LO'NYX,  71.  [Gr.  yiyai,  geyblq,  great,  and 
oru |,  a claw.]  (Pal.)  A gigantic  fossil  quad- 
ruped of  the  order  Edc/itata , first  found  in  cer- 
tain caverns  in  Virginia.  Pictet. 

MEG-A-LOPH'O-NOIJS,  a.  [Gr.  giyas,  giyblri,  great, 
and  0ui<)/,  the  voice.]  Ilavinga  loud  voice.  S7)iart. 

f MEG-A-LOP'O-LIS,  7i..  [Gr.  giyas,  geydl.ri,  great, 
and  rolls,  a city.]  A metropolis.  Herbert. 


f MEG-A-LOP'Sy-GHY,  n.  [Gr.  giyas,  great,  and 
4'UX,/,  the  soul.]  Greatness  of  mind.  Maimder. 

MF.G-A-LO  R'  NIS,  n.  [Gr.  giyas,  great,  and  ogvis, 
a bird.]  (Or/iith.)  A genus  of  birds  ; the  crane. 

Baird. 


MEG-A-LO-SAU'RUS,  n.  [Gr.  giyas,  giy&Iri,  great, 
and  aaboos,  a lizard.]  (Pal.)  The  generic  name 
applied  by  Dr.  Buckland  to  fossil,  gigantic  sau- 
rians  intermediate  between  the  monitor  and 
the  crocodile.  Brande. 

ME-gApH'Y-TON,  n.  [Gr.  giyas,  great,  and  ipvrtv, 
a plant.]  (Pal.)  A genus  of  gigantic  fossil 
plants  allied  to  Sigillaria.  Li/idley. 


MEG'A-PODE,  7i.  (Ornith.)  A bird  of  the  family 
Mcgapodidee.  Gray. 


MEG-A-POD' I-DJE,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  giyas,  great,  and 
robs,  rolris,  a foot.]  (Ornith.)  A family  of  birds 
of  the  order  Galli7i(C,  including  the  sub-families 
Tallegallincc,  and  Megajiodinee  ; megapodes. 


MEG-A-PO-Dp- 
NJE,  7i. pi.  [See 
Meoapodid.e.] 
(Ornith.)  A sub- 
family of  birds 
of  the  order 
Gallmce,  and 
family  Mega- 
podidee;  mound- 
birds.  Gray. 


Gray. 


Megupodius  tumulus. 


fi  Mp-GAP'O-ElS,  71.  [Gr.  giyas,  great,  and  rdhs, 
a city.]  A principal  city  ; metropolis.  Hetbert. 


. F.-GA  RI-AN,  7 a_  Noting  a school  of  Greek 
Mp-GAR'IC,  ) philosophy  founded  at  Megara 
by  the  disciples  of  Socrates,  who  retired  thither 
after  his  death.  Brande. 


MEG'A-SCOPE,  n.  [Gr.  giyas,  great,  and  asoriw, 
to  view;  Fr.  megascope.)  A modification  of  the 
solar  microscope,  for  examining  bodies  of  con- 
siderable magnitude.  Bratide. 

ME-GAsS',  n.  Stalks  of  the  sugar  cane  after  the 
juice  has  been  expressed  ; bagasse.  Sim/notids. 

MEG'A-STOME,  71.  [Gr.  giyas,  great,  and  ariga, 
the  mouth.]  (Conch.)  A univalve  shell  with  a 
large  aperture  or  mouth.  Bra7ide. 

MEG-A-THE'RI-UM,  n.  [Gr.  giyas,  great,  and 
dypiov,  a beast.]  ( Pal.)  A gigantic,  extinct 
mammiferous  quadruped,  allied  to  the  ant- 
eater  and  sloth,  the  bones  of  which  have  been 
found  in  South  America.  Png.  Cyc. 

MJE-GATH'JJ-ROID,  n.  [Gr.  giyas,  great,  drjptov,  a 
beast,  and  ilbos,  form.]  (Pal.)  One  of  a family 
of  extinct  mammiferous  quadrupeds  found  in 
America,  including  the  megatherium  and  the 
megalonyx.  Eng.  Cyc. 

M U-GlLP’,  71.  A vehicle  used  by  oil  painters.  Clarke. 

ME'GRIM,  71.;  pi.  MEGRIMS.  [Gr.  figucpauia  ; i/gt, 
half,  and  upaviov,  the  skull ; L.  hemicranium ; 
It.  emicrania;  Sp.  hemicrania;  Fr.  migrame. ] 

1.  (Med.)  A violent,  intermitting  pain  affect- 
ing one  side  of  the  head.  Dtntglisoti. 

2.  pi.  Whims;  fancies;  low  spirits.  Halliwell. 

MEI-BO'MI-AN,  a.  (Anat.)  Noting  glands,  or 
small  sebaceous  follicles,  situated  in  the  tarsal 
cartilages,  and  at  the  edge  of  the  eyelids  ; — so 
named  from  Henry  Meibomius.  Roget. 

f MEINE  (men),  v.  a.  To  mingle.  Chaucer. 

+ MEIN'Y  (men'e)  [men'e,  Sm. ; me'ne,  P.],n.  [Old 
Fr.  mes7iie,  magnie.]  A family ; a retinue  or 
household  of  servants.  — See  Many.  Shak. 


MEI'O-CENE,  a.  (Geol.)  See  Miocene. 

MEt'O-NlTE,  71.  [Gr.  geiav,  less  ; — in  allusion  to 
the  lowness  of  the  terminating  pyramids  of  its 
crystals.]  (Min.)  A silicate  of  alumina  and 
lime,  occurring  in  grains,  or  small,  shining  crys- 
tals, at  Mount  Somma,  near  Vesuvius.  Bra7ide. 

MEi-O'SIS  (ml-o'sjs,)  [ml-o’sis,  K.  Wr.  Wb.  Crabb  ; 
ml'o-sls,  Sm.  C.j,  n.  [Gr.  getdims ; geiioi,  to  les- 
sen.] (Rhet.)  A figure  of  speech  by  which  a thing 
is  hyperbolically  lessened.  South. 

MEI'WELL,  n.  A small  sort  of  codfish.  Crabb. 


MEK'HJT-A-RIST,  n.  One  of  the  order  of  Arme- 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  ?,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


MELAIN 


895 


MELLIFLUOUS 


nian  monks,  who  live  on  the  island  of  San 
Lazaro,  in  Venice ; — so  called  from  their  founder 
Peter  Mekhitar.  Wright. 

MEL'AIN,  n.  [Gr.  pO.as,  ptlav,  black.]  The 
coloring  matter  in  the  liquid  expelled  by  the 
cuttle-fish.  Wright. 

ME'LAM,  n.  ( Chern .)  A substance  consisting  of 
carbon,  nitrogen,  and  hydrogen,  formed  during 
the  distillation  of  a mixture  of  sal-ammoniac  and 
sulphocyanuret  of  potassium.  Brande. 

MEL' A- MINE,  n (Chem.)  A saline  base  pro- 
duced by  the  decomposition  of  melam  by  alka- 
lies and  dilute  acids.  Wright. 

MEL'AM-PODE,  n.  [Gr.  pelapndSiov  ; L.  melampo- 
dium.]  ( Bot .)  The  black  hellebore.  Spenser. 

MEL-AM-PY'RINE,  n.  [Gr.  pO.ag,  black,  and  nip, 
fire.]  ( Chern .)  A crystallizable  substance  found 
in  the  plant  Melampyrum  nemorosum.  Wright. 

ME-LAN'A-GOGUE  (me-lan'a-gog'),  n.  [Gr.  pikas, 
pihiv,  black,  and  dyw,  to  drive.]  {Med.)  A medi- 
cine formerly  supposed  to  be  useful  in  expelling 
black  bile  or  melancholy.  Dunglison. 

f MgL-AN-GHO'LI-AN,  n.  One  afflicted  with 
melancholy.  Scott. 

MEL' AN-GHOL-JC,  a.  [Gr.  peX.ayxoltKS; ; L. melan- 
choiicus  ; It.  if  Sp.  melancolico ; Fr.  melanco- 
lique.\ 

1.  Disordered  with  melancholy;  hypochon- 
driacal ; dejected  ; dispirited  ; melancholy. 

If  he  be  mad,  or  angry,  or  melancholic.  Dryden. 

2.  Causing  sorrow;  unfortunate;  unlucky. 

Accidents  and  melancholic  perplexities.  Clarendon. 

3.  Suggestive  or  emblematic  of  sorrow  ; dis- 
mal; gloomy;  mournful. 

Like  the  black  and  melancholic  yew-tree.  J.  Webster. 

MEL'AN-GHOL-JC,  n.  1.  A person  diseased  with 
melancholy  ; a mel.  - [:...]  Spenser. 

2.  (•  A gloomy  state  of  mind.  Ld.  Clarendon. 


ME-LAN'JC,  a.  {Med.)  Of,  or  pertaining  to, 
melanosis ; melanotic.  Dunglison. 

MEL'AN-lTE,  n.  [Gr.  ptkaS,  black.]  (Min.)  A 
species  of  garnet,  of  a velvet  black  color.  Dana. 

MEL-AN-IT'JC,  a.  Relating  to  melanite.  Smart. 

MEL-AN-OGH'RO-lTE,  n.  [Gr.  pikas,  /Alai/,  black, 
and  x90l,ii  color.]  Subsesquichromate  of  lead 
found  in  limestone  in  the  Ural.  Dana. 

MEL-A-NO-GAL'LIC,  a.  [Gr.  /AM,  black,  and 
Eng.  gallic .]  ( Chem .J  Noting  a black  acid  ob- 

tained from  gallic  acid  ; metagallic.  Brande. 

MEL-A-MOP' SIS,  n.  [Gr.  pikas,  black,  and  o'M> 
appearance.]  A genus  of  gasteropods  of  the 
melanian  family.  P.  Cyc 

MEL-A-NO'SIS,  n.  [Gr.  pilavoia if,  a becoming 
black.]  {Med.)  An  organic  affection  in  which 
the  tissue  of  the  parts  is  converted  into  a black, 
hard,  homogeneous  substance,  near  which  ul- 
cers or  cavities  form.  Dunglison. 

MEL-AN-OT'IC,  a.  Relating  to  melanosis.  P.  Cyc. 

ME-LAN'TIJR-fTE,  n.  {Min.)  A native  sulphate 
of  iron  of  a greenish  color.  Brande. 

MEL-AN-THA'CEOUS  (-shus,66),  a.  [Gr.  ptkavBijs, 
having  black  blossoms ; /AM,  black,  and  anOos, 
a flower.]  {Bot.)  Noting  an  order  of  plants, 
most  of  which  are  poisonous.  Smart. 

MEL-A-NU'RUS,  n.  {Ich.)  Sea-bream.  Wright. 

MEL'A-PHYSE,  n.  {Min.)  A very  compact  va- 
riety of  pyroxene,  of  a reddish  brown  or  black 
color.  Dana. 

ME  'LAS,  7i.  [L.,  from  Gr.  /AM,  black.]  {Med.) 

An  endemial  disease  of  Arabia,  characterized 
by  dark  or  black  spots  on  the  skin.  Brande. 

MJE-LAs'MA,  n.  [Gr.  pil-aapa.)  {Med.)  A black 
spot,  or  ecchymosis,  occurring  on  the  lower  ex- 
tremities, especially  of  old  persons.  Dunglison. 

MjJ-LAS'SE^,  n.  Molasses.  Wright. 


MEL'AN-GHOL-I-Ly,  ad.  In  a melancholy  man- 
ner ; with  melancholy,  [it.]  Keepe. 

MEL'AN-GHOL-I-NESS,  n.  Melancholy.  Aubrey. 

f MEL-AN-GHO'LI-OUS,  a.  Melancholy.  Gower. 

MEL' AN-GHOL-IST,  n.  A melancholy  person; 
a melancholic,  [r.]  Glanvill. 

f MEL'AN-GHO-LIZE,  v.  n.  To  become  melan- 
choly ; to  be  depressed  in  spirits.  Burton. 

f MEL'AN-GHO-LIZE,  v.  a.  To  make  sad.  More. 

MEL'AN-GHuL-Y  (mel'fin-kol-e),  n.  [Gr.  pc Xav^o- 
ha  ; ptXa;,  pO.nv,  black,  and  ^oL;,  bile  ; L.  melan- 
cholia; It.  melancolia ; Sp .melancolia;  Fr . me- 
lancolie .]  A disease  of  the  mind,  formerly  sup- 
posed to  proceed  from  a redundancy  of  black 
bile,  and  characterized  by  ungrounded  fear  and 
apprehension  of  evil,  generally  with  insanity  on 
some  particular  subject  or  train  of  ideas ; de- 
pression of  spirits  ; dejection  ; gloomy  state  of 
mind  ; gloominess  ; hypochondria.  Dunglison. 

Moonstruck  madness,  moping  melancholy.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Dejection,  Insanity. 

MEL'AN-GHOL-Y,  a.  1.  Diseased  with  melan- 
choly ; habitually  dejected  ; sad  ; depressed ; 
dispirited ; hypochondriac ; melancholic  ; dismal. 

How  now,  sweet  Frank,  art  thou  melancholy ? Shak. 

2.  Causing  sadness;  gloomy;  dismal.  “As 
some  melancholy  dream.”  Denham. 

Syn.  — See  Dismal. 
mel-a-ner-pT- 

NJE,  7i.pl.  [Gr. 
pikas,  pekavos, 
black, and  cpntu>, 
to  creep.]  (Or- 
nith.)  A sub- 
family of  birds 
of  the  order  Melanerpes  torquatus. 

Scansores  and  family  Picidce ; black  wood- 
peckers. Gray. 

ME-LA.YGE ' (rna-lirizh'),  n.  [Fr.]  A mixture  ; a 
medley  ; a farrago  ; a jumble.  Drummond. 

MIJ-LA'NI-  AN,  n.  [Gr.  ptkas,  black.]  One  of  a 
family  of  fluviatile  gasteropods  having  a turreted 
shell.  P.  Cyc. 


MIJ-L'AS'SIC,  a.  {Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  pro- 
duced by  the  combined  action  of  alkalies  and 
heat  on  grape  sugar.  Ogilvie. 

ME-LAS'TO-MA,  n.  [Gr.  /AM,  black,  and  ord/ia, 
the  mouth.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  evergreen 
shrubs,  many  of  the  species  of  which  produce 
black  berries,  similar  to  gooseberries,  which 
stain  the  mouth  black.  Loudon. 


ME-LAS-TQ-MA'CEOUS,  a.  (Bot.)  Partaking  of 
the  nature  or  appearance  of  melastoma.Z/OMtftm. 

MEL-GHI§-jP-Dl"CIAN§  (-klz-e-dlsh'iinz),  n.  pi. 
(Eccl.  Hist.)  Sectarians,  in  the  early  stages  of 
the  church,  who  regarded  Melchisedec  as  a di- 
vine personage.  Wright. 


MEL'GHITES,  n.  pi.  (Eccl.  Hist.)  A name  given 
anciently  to  the  Syrian,  Egyptian,  and  other 
Christians  of  the  Levant.  Hook. 


MEL-E-A-GRI'NrE,  n. 
pi.  [L.  meleagris,  a 
Guinea  fowl.]  (Or- 
nith.)  A sub-family 
of  birds  of  the  order 
Gallince  and  family 
Phasianidce  ; tur- 
keys. Gray. 


Meleagris  gallopavo. 


ME- LEE  ' (ma-la'),  n. 

[Fr.,  from  mSler , to 
mix.]  A confused 
hand-to-hand  fight ; a bloody  conflict  ; a battle  ; 
a contest ; an  affray.  Gent.  Mag. 


MEL'IC,  a.  [Gr.  pehnis ; pilot,  a song ; L.  melicus ; 
It.  melico .]  Relating  to  song  ; lyric  ; tuneful ; 
melodious.  Beck. 


MEL-I-CE1  RIS,  H.  [L. ; Gr.  ptkiKrjpis ; pth,  honey, 
and  KijpPt,  wax.]  (Med.)  An  encysted  tumor 
filled  with  matter  resembling  honey.  Dunglison. 


ME-Liy'ER-OUS,  a.  Noting  a tumor  filled  with 
matter  resembling  honey.  Dunglison. 

MEL'I-CET,  n.  (Ich.)  A species  of  fish.  Crabb. 

MEL'IC— GRASS,  71.  [It.  mclica,  millet,  from  L. 
mel,  honey.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  perennial 
grasses  of  little  value.  Farm . Ency. 

MEL-I-CO-TOON',  71.  A sort  of  peach  ; malaca- 
tune ; melocoton.  Crabb. 


M5-LIC'RA-TO-RY,  n.  [Gr.  pekirparos,  mixed 
with  honey;  pth,  honey,  and  Kepanupt,  to  mix.] 
A kind  of  mead.  Smart. 

MEL'I-LOT,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the  genus  Meli- 
lotus.  Loudon. 


MEL-I-LO'TUS,  71.  [Gr.  pchheros;  pth,  honey, 
and  harts,  lotus  ; L.  melilotos  ; It.  <S,  Sp.  7neliloto  ; 
Fr.  7nelilot.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  leguminous 
plants  resembling  the  lotus.  Loudon. 

|[  MEL'IO-RATE  (mel'yo-rat)  [mu'le-o-rat,  IF.  P. 
J.  Ja.  ; me'lyo-rat,  N.  E.  F.  K.  Sm.  C.  Wr.l,  v.  a. 
[L.  melioro,  mclioratils ; mclior,  better  ; It.  mi- 
gliorarc ; Sp.  mejorar ; Fr.  meliorer.]  [t.  melio- 
rated ; pp.  meliorating,  meliorated.]  To 
make  better  ; to  better  ; to  improve  ; to  amel- 
iorate. “ Grafting  7>ieliorates  the  fruit.”  Bacon. 

||  MEL'IO-RAT-JJR,  71.  One  who  meliorates. 

||  MEL-IO-RA'TION  (mel-yo-ra'shun),  n.  [L.  mel- 
ioratio  ; It.  miylioramciito  ; Sp.  /nejoramiento ; 
Fr.  melioration .]  The  act  of  meliorating ; 
amelioration  ; improvement ; betterment. 

A direct  discouragement  of  melioration , as  directly  as  if 
the  law  said  in  express  terms,  Thou  shalt  not  improve.  Burke. 

Syn. — See  Improvement. 


t MEL-IOR'I-TY  (mel-yor'e-te),  n.  The  state  of 
being  better.  ’ Bentley.  Bacon. 


MEL-I-PHAq'I-DJE,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  pth,  honey,  and 
ipayoi,  to  eat.]  ( Ornith .)  A family  of  tenuirostral 
birds  of  the  order  Passeres,  including  the  ‘Mu- 
families  Mijzomeluice,  Mcliphaginte,  and  Meli- 
threplince ; honey-eaters.  Gray. 


MEL-I-PHA-ql'  MJE,  n.  pi. 

[See  Meliphagidje.] 

(Ornith.)  A 
sub-family  of 
tenuirostral 
birds  of  the 

order  Passe-  , , . 

res  and  fam- 
ily Melipliagidce ; honey-eaters. 


Gray. 


MF.L-I-SU -qV  MJE,  n.  pi.  (Ornith.)  A sub- 
family of 
tenuirostral 
birds  of  the 
order  Pas- 

seres  and  family  Trochilidce  ; straight-billed 
humming  birds.  Gray. 


MEL- 1-  Til  REP-  tI’MJE, 
n.  pi.  [Gr.  pth,  hon- 
ey, and  Bpmrds,  fed.] 

(Ornith.)  A sub-fam- 
ily of  tenuirostral 
birds  of  the  order 
Passeres  and  family  Melithreptus  gulasis. 
Meliphagidar,  honey-feeders.  Gray. 

ME-LIT'TIS,  n.  [Gr.  pikirra,  a bee.]  (Bot.)  A 
genus  of  creeping  plants  ; bastard  balm.  Loudon. 

f MELL,  v.  n.  [Fr.  meler.]  To  mix.  Spenser. 

t MELL,  n.  [L.  mel ; It.  mele.\  Honey.  Warner. 

MEL'LATE,  n.  (Chem.)  A salt  formed  of  mellic 
or  mellitic  acid  and  a base.  Ure. 

MEL'lAy,  n.  A conflict ; a melee.  Tc7inyson . 

MEL'LIC,  a.  Noting  an  acid  obtained  from  mel- 
lite  ; mellitic.  Daiia. 


MpL-LIF'p.R-OUS,  a.  [L.  mcllifcr ; mel,  honey, 
and  fero,  to  bear  ; It.  <Sf  Sp.  melifero  ; Fr.  7tielli- 
f re.]  Producing  honey  ; mellific.  “ Mellifer- 
ous plants.”  Grew. 


MEL-LIF'IC,  a.  [L.  mellificus ; mel,  honey,  and 
facio,  to  make.]  Making  or  producing  honey  ; 
melliferous.  Phillips. 

MEL-LI-FI-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  mellifico,  mellifica- 
tus,  to  make  honey  ; mel,  honey,  and  facio,  to 
make;  Fr.  mcllijicatio?i.\  The  making  or  the 
production  of  honey,  [it.]  Arbuthnot. 

MlJL-LlF'Ly-ENCE,  n.  A honeyed  flow;  a flow 
of  sweetness ; a sweet,  smooth  flow. 

lie  was  rather  struck  with  the  pastoral  mcllijlmncc  of  its 
lyric  measures.  Warton. 

MlJL-LlF'Ly-ENT,  a.  [L.  mellifluens ; mel, 
honey,  and  fluo,  to  flow.]  Flowing  with  honey  ; 
mellifluous ; honeyed.  Cowper. 

M F,L-LiF'Ll  -OUS,  a.  [L.  mellifluiis ; It.  mclli- 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RflLE.  — q,  <?,  9,  g,  soft;  G,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  $ as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


MELLIGENOUS 


896 


MEMENTO 


fiuo\  Sp.  mclijhto  ; Fr.  melliflu.)  Flowing  with 
honey ; sweetly  flowing. 

A mellifluous  voice,  as  I am  a true  knight.  Shak. 

MJfL-Llljr'^-NoOs,  a.  [L.  melligenus',  mel,  honey, 
and  genus,  kind.]  Having  the  qualities  of 
honey ; honey-like.  Bailey. 

MEL'Ll-LITE,  n.  [Gr.  yO.t,  honey,  and  hiOo 5,  a 
stone.]  {Min.) 

1.  A silicate  of  alumina,  lime,  and  magne- 
sia. Dana. 

2.  The  honey-stone ; mellite.  Dana. 

MIJL-LIL'O-CIUENT,  a.  [L.  mel,  honey,  and  lo- 
qnens,  speaking.]  Speaking  sweetly.  Maunder. 

MEL-LlPH'A-GAN,  n.  [Gr.  pcl.i,  honey,  and  ipdyut, 
to  eat.]  ( Ornith. ) A tenuirostral  bird  that  feeds 
on  the  nectar  of  flowers.  Brande. 

M^L-LlPH'A-GOUS,  a.  Feeding  on  honey.  Smart. 

MEL'LIT,  n.  {Farriery.)  A dry  scab  on  the  heel 
of  a horse’s  fore  foot.  Craig. 

MEL'LI-TATE,  n.  {Chem.)  A compound  of  mel- 
litie  acid  and  a base.  Turner. 

MEL'LlTE,  n.  [Gr.  yD.i,  honey,  and  lidos,  a stone  ; 
L.  melites.)  (Min.)  The  honey-stone,  a yellow 
crystallized  mineral  composed  of  mellitic  acid, 
alumina,  and  water.  Dana. 

MpL-LlT'IC,  a.  {Chem.)  Noting  a peculiar  acid 
obtained  from  mellite  ; mellic.  Brande. 

;nT 

MEL'Liyrv,  n.  {Chem.)  A lemon-yellow  substance 
composed  of  larbon  and  nitrogen,  obtained  bv 
heating  dry  bisii']hurct  of  cyanogen.  Brunde. 

MEL'LOVV  (mel'lo),  a.  rLA-  S.  meleto,  or  melo, meal, 
flour;  meant,  or  mertel^gider. — I ..mollis-,  It. 
Sj  Fr.  molle ; Sp.  meloso.  — mecldal .] 

1.  Soft  with  ripeness ; full)  ripe  i mature. 

“ Like  mellow  fruit.”  Dryden. 

2.  Soft  in  sound  ; mellifluous. 

Of  seven  smooth  joints  a mellow  pipe  I have.  DhfttP\ 

3.  Soft  to  the  taste,  to  the  touch,  to  the  tread, 
or  to  the  eye  ; as,  “ Mellow  wine  ” ; “A  mellow 
soil  ” ; “A  mellow  color.” 

4.  Made  silly  by  drink  ; fuddled ; drunk. 

In  nil  thy  humors,  whether  grave  or  mellow, 

Thou’rtsuch  a testy,  touchy,  pleasant  fellow. 

Hast  so  much  wit,  aiul  mirth,  and  spleen  about  thee, 

There  is  no  living  with  thee  nor  without  thee.  Addison. 

MEL'LOVV  (mel'lo),  V.  a.  [t  MELLOWED;  pp. 
MELLOWING,  MELLOWED.] 

1.  To  soften  by  ripeness  or  age;  to  ripen. 

The  royal  tree  hath  left  us  royal  fruit, 

"Which,  mellowed  by  the  stealing  hours  of  time, 

"Will  well  become  the  seat  of  majesty.  Shak. 

2.  To  make  soft  or  friable,  as  soil.  Mortimer. 

3.  To  bring  to  perfection ; to  mature. 

Before  it  [an  episode  in  the  zEneid]  was  mellowed  into  the 
reputation  which  time  has  given  it.  Dryden. 

MEL'LOVV  (mel'lo),  v.  n.  To  become  soft,  ripe, 
or  mature ; to  be  matured  ; to  ripen. 

To  ripe  and  mellow  there.  Donne. 

MEL'LOVV-LY,  ad.  So  as  to  be  mallow  ; with 
mellowness.  Mrs.  Butler. 

MEL'LO W-NESS,  n.  1.  The  state  of  being  mel- 
low, ripe,  or  mature.  Digby. 

2.  Softness  of  sound  ; mellifluousness. 

That  mellowness  and  sweetness  of  speaking.  * Abp.  JJort. 

MEL'LOW-Y  (mel'lp-e),  a.  Soft;  unctuous  ; mel- 
low. 

Whose  mellown  glebe  doth  bear 
The  yellow  ripened  sheaf.  Drayton. 

MEL-O-CA-1  ON  , ( n p,,  malum  cotoneum,  a 

MEL-O-CO-TON',  ) quince-apple  ; It.  melocoto- 
gno,  a quince-tree ; Sp.  melocoton,  a peach-tree 
grafted  in  a quince-tree,  or  the  fruit  of  the 
tree.]  A quince  : — also  a kind  of  peach ; mal- 
acatune.  Bacon. 

Mfl-LO'DE-ON,  or  MEL-O-DE'ON,  n.  (Mus.)  A 
kind  of  organ  with  metallic  reeds. 

!t£tj  ■ Melodron,  seraphinc , hamioneon,  reed-oryan , Sec., 
are  names  for  nearly  the  same  instrument.  Simmonds. 

||  M^-LO'DI-OUS  [me  I5’(le-us,  P.  J.  Ja.  Sm.  Wr.\ 
me-lo  dyus,  S.  E.  /■ . K. ; me-lo'de-us  or  me-16'je-us, 
IF.],  a.  [It.  .Sr  Sp.  melodioso  ; Fr.  melodieux.) 
Having  melody  ; musical ; harmonious. 

Fountains!  and  ye  that  warble,  as  ye  flow, 

MeJodiou s murmurs,  warbling,  tune  his  praise.  Milton. 

||  Mp-LO'Dl-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  a melodious  manner  ; 
musically;  harmoniously.  Skelton. 


II  M^-LO'DI-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
melodious  ; sweetness  of  sound  ; musicalness. 

MEL'O-DIST,  n.  [It.  melodista.)  One  versed  in  mel- 
ody ; a composer  or  a singer  of  melodies.  Moore. 

MEL'O-DlZE,  V.  a.  [l.  MELODIZED  ; pp.  MELO- 
DIZING, melodized.]  To  make  melodious;  to 
reduce  to  the  form  of  melody.  Langhorne. 

MEL'O-DIZE,  v.  n.  To  make  melody;  to  com- 
pose or  to  sing  melodies.  Warner. 


MEL-O-DRA'MA,  n.  Melodrame. 


Dickens. 


| MEL-O-DRA-M  AT'IC,  l fl.  Relating  t0  a mel- 

| MEL-O-DRA-MAT'I-CAL,  ) odrame.  Gent.  Mag. 

||  MEL-O-DRAM'A-TIST,  n.  One  who  is  versed  in 
melodrame.  ‘ Qlt.  Bev. 

||  MEL'O-DRAME  [mel'o-dram,  Ja.  C.  Wr. ; me'lo- 
dratA,  K. ; me'lo-dram,  Sm. ; mel'o-dram,  Wb.],n. 
[Fr.,  from  Gr.  ytl.os,  a song,  and  Spaya,  a drama; 
It.  vielodramma ; Sp.  melodrama ; Fr.  melo- 
drame.]  A dramatic  performance  accompanied 
with  songs  or  music ; a sort  of  pantomime.  Todd. 

MEL'O-DY,  n.  [Gr.  puhnbia,  a tune  to  which  lyric 
poetry  is  set,  a choral  song;  pll.os,  a strain,  and 
wli/,  an  ode  ; L.,  It.,  S:  Sp.  melodia  ; Fr.  melodic. ] 
The  arrangement,  in  succession,  of  diderent* 
sounds  for  a single  voice  or  an  instrument; 
rhythmical  succession  of  musical  sounds ; sweet- 
ness of  sound ; music  ; — distinguished  from  har- 
mony, or  the  concord  of  musical  sounds.  Moore. 

Lend  me  your  songs,  ye  nightingales.  O,  pour 

The  mazy-running  soul  of  melody 

Into  my  varied  verse.  'Thomson. 

Varying  tones  or  accents,  in  pleasing  succession,  equally 
in  music  and  in  language,  constitute  melody.  Milford. 

Syn.  — Melody  is  an  arrangement  in  succession  of 
different  sounds  of  the  same  voice  or  instrument ; 
harmony , Hie  result  of  the  union  of  two  or  more  con- 
cording  musical  sounds  ; music  combines  melody  and 
harmony.  Melody  of  song  or  voice  ; harmony  in  a 
concert,  or  of  many  parts  combined  ; concord  between 
two  or  more  sounds  ; accordance  of  sounds  ; music  of 

— life  spheres;  a taste  tor  music. 

ME'LOE,Vi.  to  probe  a wound;  yi'ib/, 

a probe.]  {Ent.)  A genus  of  beetles  having  a 
large,  stvollen  body,  and  short,  oval  elytra  over- 
lapping each  other  at  the  base  of  the  suture. 
They  may  be  used  for  raising  blisters,  like  the 
Spanish  fly  or  cantharis.  Harris. 

MEL'ON,  n.  [L.  melo,  from  Gr.  pfilov,  an  apple; 
It .m clone  \ Sp.  melon  ; Fr.  melon.)  {Bot.)  A 
deciduous,  trailing  plant,  of  several  varieties ; 
Cucumis  melo  ; — the  fruit  of  the  Cucumis 
melo.  Loudon. 

We  remember  the  fish  which  we  did  eat  in  Egypt  freely, 
the  cucumbers,  and  the  melons.  drum.  xi.  5. 

MEL'ON— THlS'TLE  (-tllls'sl),  n.  {Bot.)  An  ever- 
green under-shrub  resembling  a large,  fleshy, 
green  melon,  set  all  over  with  strong,  sharp 
thorns  ; Cactus  melocactus.  Loudon. 

MEL-O-PCE'IA  (meI-9-pe'yj),  n.  [L.,  from  Gr. 
pclonotia ; pfV.oc,  a strain,  and  troieu),  to  make.] 
The  art  of  melody  : — a melodic  passage.  Burney. 

M^j-LO'SIS,  11.  [Gr.  pr/lwaii ; pr/X6 w,  to  probe.] 
(Surg.) The  act  of  probing.  Dunglison. 

M^L-POM' $-NJS,  71.  [L.,  from  Gr.  dAchroylvy ; 

IAcl.no>,  to  sing.) 

1.  (Myth.)  One  of  the  nine  Muses  ; the  Muse 

who  presided  over  tragedy.  Wm.  Smith. 

2.  (Astron.)  An  asteroid  discovered  by  Hind 

in  1852.  Lovering. 

MEL’ROfjE,  n.  [L.  mel,  honey,  and  Eng.  rose.] 
The  honey  of  roses.  Eordyce. 

MELT,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  meltan  ; Dut.  smelten ; Sw. 
smalta  ; Icel.  melta.  — Gr.  ycX/iin.)  [i.  MELTED  ; 
pp.  melting,  melted. — The  old  preterite  molt 
is  obsolete  ; and  the  old  participle,  molten,  is 
now  used  only  as  an  adjective.] 

1.  To  change  from  a solid  to  a liquid  state  ; to 
make  liquid  ; to  liquefy  ; to  dissolve.  Locke. 

2.  To  soften  to  love,  pity,  or  tenderness. 

For  pity  melts  the  mind  to  love.  Dryden. 

3.  To  waste  away;  to  dissipate.  Shak. 

MELT,  v.  n.  1.  To  become  liquid  ; to  dissolve. 

Whiter  snow  in  minutes  melts  away.  Dryden. 

2.  To  be  softened  to  pity  or  tenderness ; to 
become  mild  or  gentle  ; t&  be  subdued. 


Melting  into  tears,  the  pious  man 
Deplored  so  sad  a sight. 


Dryden. 


3.  To  lose  substance  ; to  be  wasted. 

Whither  are  they  vanished?  » • 

Into  the  air;  and  what  seemed  corporal 
Melted  as  breath  into  the  wind.  Shak. 

MELT,  n.  See  Milt.  Todd. 

MELT'ED,  p.  a.  Dissolved  ; softened  ; made 
liquid  or  tender. 

MELT'ER,  n.  One  who  melts.  Lloyd. 

MELT  ING,  p.  a.  1.  Dissolving  ; softening. 

2.  Making  tender  ; affecting. 

Melting  point,  the  temperature  at  which  a solid  be- 
comes fluid. 

MEL  I ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  dissolving ; fusion. 

2.  llie  act  of  making  tender  ; inteneration. 

And  all  the  social  meltings  of  the  heart.  Hamilton. 

MELT'rNG-LY,  ad.  Like  something  melting ; as 
if  melting.  Sidney. 

MELT'ING-NESS,  n.  Disposition  to  melt  or  be 
softened.  “ Such  a tenderness  and  meltinc/ness 
of  heart.”  Whole  Duty  of  Man. 

MELT  ING— POT,  n.  A crucible.  Simmonds. 

MEL  U-SINE ' , n.  [Fr.]  In  the  mediaeval  my- 
thology of  France,  an  imaginary  beautiful 
nymph  or  fairy.  Brande. 

MEL'VVEL,  n.  (Ich.)  A sort  of  codfish.  Bailey. 

MEM'BER,  n.  [L.  membrum-,  It.  membro ; Sp. 
miembro ; Fr.  membre.] 

1.  A limb  ; a part  appendant  to  the  body  ; a 
subordinate  part  of  the  main  body. 

The  tongue  is  a little  member , and  boasteth  great  things. 

Jam.  lii.  5. 

2.  A part  of  a discourse,  period,  or  sentence  ; 

ahead;  a clause;  a branch.  Watts. 

3.  Any  part  of  an  integral ; a portion. 

In  poetry,  as  in  architecture,  not  only  the  whole,  hut  the 
principal  members,  should  be  great.  Addison. 

4.  One  of  a community,  society,  or  associa- 
tion. “ A member  of  Parliament.”  Paley. 

5.  (Arch  ) A subordinate  part  of  a building, 

Us  a floor,  window,  moulding,  . T)ritton. 

6.  (Math.)  That  part  of  an  equation  v...i'Jn'r_ 
on  either  side  of  the  sign  of  equality.  Eliot. 

Syn. Member  is  a general  term  applied  to  the 

animal  body  or  to  other  bodies.  A limb  is  a member, 
but  members  are  not  always  limbs.  The  body  consists 
of  many  members  ; tile  legs  and  arms  are  limbs:  A 
member  of  the  body,  of  a family,  or  of  society  ; the 
limb  of  a tree  ; a member  or  clause  of  a sentence. 

MEM'BpRED  (mem'berd),  a.  1.  Having  limbs; 
as,  “ Big -membered.”  Cotgrave. 

2.  (Her.)  Applied  to  the  beak  and  legs  of  a 
bird,  when  of  a different  tint  from  the  body.  Todd. 

MEM'BER-SHI  P,  n.  The  state  of  being  a member ; 
union,  as  of  an  individual  with  a society.  South. 

MEM-I1R A-NA'CEOUS  (Tnem-hrj-na'shus,  66),  a. 
[L . men ibra.net ceus  \ It . membranaceo  \ Fr  niem- 
braneux .]  Like  a membrane  ; membranous. 

Birds  of  prey  have  membranaceous  stomachs.  Arbuthnot. 

MEM'BRANE,  n.  [L.,  It.,  <Sf  Sp.  membrana  ; Fr. 
membrane.)  (Anat.)  A thin  organ,  .resembling 
a supple,  elastic  web,  serving  to  secrete  a fluid, 
or  to  separate,  envelop,  and  form  other  organs. 

Dunglison. 

MEM-BRA'Np-OUS,  a.  [L.  membraneus ; It. 

Sp.  membranoso ; Fr.  membraneux.)  Consist- 
ing of  membranes  ; membranous  ; membrana- 
ceous. Boyle. 

MEM-BRA-NlF'ER-OtrS,  a.  [L.  membrana,  a 
membrane,  and  fero,  to  bear.]  Having  or  pro- 
ducing membranes.  Buckland. 

MpM-BRA'NI-FORM,  a.  [L.  membrana,  a mem- 
brane, and  forma,  form.]  Having  the  form  of 
a membrane  or  parchment.  Dunglison. 

MEM-BR  A-NOI/O-fyY,  n.  [L.  membrana,  a mem- 
brane, and  Gr.  l.tyos,  a discourse.]  The  science 
of  the  membranes.  Crabb. 

MEM' BRA-NO  US,  a.  Relating  to,  or  consisting  of, 
membranes  ; formed  as,  or  resembling,  mem- 
branes ; membraneous  ; membranaceous. 

Such  birds  as  are  carnivorous  have  no  gizzard  or  muscu- 
lous,  but  a membranous  stomach.  May. 

ME-MEN'TO,  n. ; pi.  me-men'to?.  [L.,  remem- 
ber.) A memorial ; a notice ; a hint ; a remem- 
brancer; a suggestion. 

Is  not  the  frequent  spectacle  of  other  people’s  deaths  a 
memento  sufficient  to  make  you  think  of  your  own  ? 

L' Estrange. 


A,  E,  I,  5,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  (,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


MEMENTO  MORI 


897 


MEN  GRETIANS 


ME-MEN1  TO  MO' RI.  [L.]  Remember  death. 

Any  tiling  which  reminds  us  of  our  end  is 
called  a memento  mori.  Riley. 

MEM'NON,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  yitymiv.) 

1.  (Gr.  Myth.)  The  beautiful  son  ofTithonus 

and  Eos.  Wm.  Smith. 

2.  (Gr.  Ant.)  A colossal  statue  near  Thebes, 

which  was  said  to  give  forth  a sound  like  the 
snapping  of  a cord  when  struck  by  the  first  rays 
of  the  rising  sun.  Win.  Smith. 

||  ME-MOIR'  (me-molr'  or  raem'wlr)  [me-molr'  or 
mem'wJr,  W.  P.  F.  Ja.  C. ; me-molr'  or  me'- 
mwir,  S. ; mein'war,  /.  K.  Sm.  It.],  n.  ; pi.  me- 
moirs. ‘ [L.,  It.,  Sj  Sp  .memorial,  Fr.  memoire.] 

1.  A notice  of  something  remembered  ; an 
account  of  transactions  or  events  written  famil- 
iarly, or  as  they  are  remembered  by  the  nar- 
rator; — applied  particularly  to  a biographical 
notice.  “ To  write  his  own  memoirs."  Prior. 

2.  A written  account  ; a record  or  register;  a 
journal;  as,  “ The  Memoirs  of  the  Historical 
Society.” 

fl®““  This  word  was  universally,  till  of  late,  pro- 
nounced with  the  accent  on  the  second  syllable,  as 
Ur.  Johnson,  W.  Johnston,  Dr.  Kenrick,  Barclay,  Bai- 
ley, Buchanan,  Fenning,  and  Perry,  have  marked  it. 
Some  speakers  have  endeavored  to  pronounce  it  with 
the  accent  on  the  first,  as  we  find  it  marked  in  Mr. 
Nares,  Dr.  Ash,  Scott,  and  Entick  ; but  this  is  an  in- 
novation unsuitable  to  the  genius  of  our  pronuncia- 
tion ; which,  in  dissyllables  having  a diphthong  in 
the  last,  inclines  us  to  place  the  accent  on  that  sylla- 
ble, as  much  as  in  devoir , which  we  find  accented  on 
the  last  by  all  our  orthoepists,  without  exception.” 
fValkcr. 

Sytt.  — See  History. 

||  MIJ-MOIR'IST,  n.  A writer  of  memoirs.  Carlyle. 

MF.M-O-RA-BIL' I-A,  n.  pi.  [L.]  Things  worthy 
to  be  remembered  or  recorded. 

MEM-O-RA-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being  mem- 
orable ; memorableness.  Craig. 

MEM'O-RA-BLE,  a.  [L.  memorabilis ; meinoro, 
to  bring  to  remembrance  ; memor,  mindful  ; It. 
inemorabile ; Sp.  memorable  ; Fr.  memorable .] 
Worthy  of  remembrance  ; signal  ; extraordi- 
nary ; remarkable  ; as,  “ Memorable  deeds.” 

MEM 'O-RA-BL E-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  the 
state  of  being  memorable.  Ash. 

MEM'O-R A-BLY,  ad.  In  a manner  worthy  of 
memory ; so  as  to  be  remembered.  Johnson. 

MEM-O-RAM'  DUM,  il.. ; pi.  L.  memoranda  ; 
Eng."  memorandums.  [L.,  something  to  be  re- 
membered.) A note  to  help  the  memory  ; a me- 
morial notice  ; a record.  “ Hasty  memoran- 
dums of  passages.”  Nares. 

Syn. — See  Record. 

MEM-O-RAN'DUM— BOOK  (-l)uk),  n.  A book  in 
w hich  matters  are  recorded  to  assist  the  mem- 
ory. Boswell. 

f MEM'O-RATE,  v.  a.  [L.  memoro,  memoratus.) 
To  make  mention  of.  Cocker  am. 

f MEM'O-RA-TIVE,  a.  [It . memorativo ; Fr.  me- 
moratif.)  Tending  to  preserve  the  memory  of 
any  thing.  Hammond. 

MIJ-MO'RI-AL,  n.  1.  A monument ; something 
to  preserve  the  memory  of  any  thing. 

Medals  are  so  many  monuments  consigned  over  to  eter- 
nity, that  may  last  when  all  other  memorials  of  the  same  age 
are  worn  out  or  lost.  Addison. 

2.  A hint  to  assist  the  memory ; a remem- 
brancer ; a memorandum  ; a record. 

Memorials  written  with  King  Edward’s  hand  shall  be  the 
ground  of  this  history.  Hayward. 

3.  An  address  containing  an  exposition  of 

facts  and  circumstances,  and  soliciting  atten- 
tion to  them.  Johnson. 

4.  (Diplomacy.)  A species  of  informal  state 

paper.  Brande. 

Syn. — See  Monument,  Record. 

Mp-MO'lll-AL,  a.  [L.  memorial),  s ; It  .memorials-. 
Sp.  memorial ; Fr.  memorial.) 

1.  Preservative  of  memory  ; commemorative. 

A sign  memorial  and  token  of  Christ’s  death.  T.  More. 

2.  Contained  or  held  in  memory. 

The  memorial  possessions  of  the  greatest  part  of  mankind. 

Watts. 

ME-MO'RI-AL-IST,  n.  [It.  <§■  Sp.  memorialista ; 
Fr.  memorialise.)  One  who  writes,  presents,  or 
signs  a memorial.  Spectator. 


Mfl-MO'RI-AL-IZE,  v.  a.  [t.  memorialized  ; pp. 
memorializing,  MEMORIALIZED.]  To  address 
by  a memorial ; to  petition.  [Modern.]  Ch.  Ob. 

ME-MO'RI-A  TF.€H'Mf-CA.  [L.]  A method  of 
assisting  the  memory  by  certain  artificial  con- 
trivances resting  on  tlie  association  of  ideas ; 
mnemonics.  Scudamore. 

fMEM'O-RIST,  n.  One  who  memorizes  or  causes 
to  be  remembered.  “ Conscience,  the  punctual 
memorist  within  us.”  Browne. 

ME-MOR'  I-TER,  ad.  [L.]  From  memoiy ; by 
heart.  Ec.  Rev. 

MEM'O-RlZE,  V.  a.  [».  MEMORIZED  ; pp.  MEMO- 
RIZING, MEMORIZED.] 

1.  To  commit  to  memory  by  writing;  to  record. 

They  neglect  to  memorize  their  conquest  of  the  Indians. 

Si)e)iscr. 

2.  To  cause  to  be  remembered. 

Except  they  meant  to  bathe  inreeking  wounds, 

Or  memorize  another  Golgotha.  Shak. 

MEM'O-RY,  n.  [L.,  It.,  <S,  Sp.  memorial  Fr.  me- 
moir e.~\ 

1.  The  power  or  the  capacity  of  having  what 
was  once  present  to  the  senses  or  the  under- 
standing suggested  again  to  the  mind,  accom- 
panied by  a distinct  consciousness  that  it  has 
formerly  been  present  to  it ; the  power  of  re- 
taining or  recollecting  past  events  or  ideas  ; re- 
membrance ; reminiscence ; recollection. 

The  word  memory  is  not  employed  uniformly  in 
the  same  precise  sense  ; but  it  always  expresses  some 
modification  of  that  faculty,  which  enables  us  to  treas- 
ure up,  and  preserve  for  future  use,  the  knowledge  we 
acquire.  The  word  memory  is  sometimes  employed 
to  express  the  capacity,  and  sometimes  the  power. 
When  we  speak  of  a retentive  memory , we  use  it  in  the 
former  sense  ; when  of  a ready  memory , in  the  latter. 
Stewart. 

2.  The  state  of  being  remembered ; exemp- 
tion from  oblivion ; presence  in  the  mind. 

That  ever-living  man  of  memory , 

Henry  the  Fifth.  Shak. 

3.  The  period  within  which  things  are  remem- 
bered ; time  of  knowledge. 

Thy  request  think  now  fulfilled  that  asked 
How  first  this  world,  and  face  of  things,  began, 


And  what  before  thy  memory  was  done.  Milton. 

4.  Memorial ; monumental  record.  Shak. 

A swan  in  memory  of  Cycnus  shines.  Addison. 

5.  f Reflection;  attention.  Shak. 


Syn.  — Memory  is  the  faculty  or  capacity  of  retain- 
ing and  recollecting  images  or  ideas  in  the  mind. 
Recollection , reminiscence , and  remembrance  are  opera- 
tions of  the  memory.  Remembrance  is  spontaneous, 
and  is  commonly  applied  to  things  which  have  just 
left  the  mind  ; recollection  and  reminiscence  are  inten- 
tional, and  are  applied  to  such  things  as  have  been 
longer  out  of  mind,  or  not  thought  of.  Retention  is 
literally  the  act  or  power  of  retaining  in  the  mind. — 
See  Conception. 

f MEM'O-RY,  v.  a.  To  remember.  Chaucer. 

MEM'PHI-AN,  a.  (Geog.)  Relating  to  Memphis, 
the  ancient  capital  of  Egypt ; Egyptian. 

Busiris  and  his  Memphian  chivalry.  Milton. 

MEN,  ii.  pi.  of  man.  See  Man. 

MEN' ACE,  v.  a.  [L.  minax,  minacis,  overhanging, 
threatening ; minor,  to  threaten ; It.  minacciare ; 
Sp.  amenazar-,  Fr.  menacer.)  [ i . menaced; 

pp.  menacing,  menaced.]  To  show  a disposi- 
tion to  punish  or  to  injure  ; to  threaten  ; to 
threat ; to  intimidate  ; to  defy. 

Your  eyes  do  menace  me;  why  look  you  pale?  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Threaten. 

MEN' ACE,  n.  [Fr.]  A threat ; a denunciation 
of  ili ; commination  ; intimidation. 

Though  he  and  his  cursed  crow 
Fierce  sign  of  battle  make  and  menace  high.  Milton. 

MEN'ACE-FUL,  a.  Full  of  menaces,  [r.]  Turnbull. 

MEN'A-CIJR,  n.  One  who  menaces;  a threatened 

Mp-NAEH'AN-lTE,  ii.  (Min.)  Ferruginous  oxide 
of  titanium,  found  in  the  Vale  of  Menac.han, 
in  Cornwall.  Brande. 

MEN-A-jEHA-NIT'lC,  a.  Pertaining  to  menach- 
anite.  Wright. 

MEN'A-CING,  n.  The  act  of  threatening.  Taylor. 

MEN'A-ClNG-LY,  ad.  By  the  use  of  threats.  Brooke. 

ME-JVAGE'  (me-n'4zh'),  n.  [Fr.,  a household.) 


1.  A collection  of  animals  ; a menagerie. 

I saw  here  the  largest  menage  that  I ever  met  with.  Addison. 

2.  Horsemanship  ; manege.  Todd. 

Mp-NAGE'  (me-n&zh'),  v.  a.  To  train  horses  ; to 
manege.  — See  Manege.  Spenser. 

MBN-A'OU-RIE  (me-na'zhe-re)-  or  M£N-A'Op-RY 
[men-azh-er-e',  IF.  Ja. ; me-na'zhe-re,  P.  K.  Sni. 
R.  ; me-nazli'e-re,  E.  C.  Wr.  ; men'j-jer-e,  Wb.), 
n.  [Fr.  menagerie.)  A collection  of  foreign  or 
wild  animals,  or  the  place  in  which  they  are 
kept.  Burke. 

MEN'A-GOGUE  (men'a-gog),  ii.  [Gr.  yrjvis,  the 
menses,  and  aye,  to  drive  ; Fr.  menagogue.) 
(Med.)  A medicine  to  promote  the  flux  of  the 
menses  ; an  emmenagogue.  Dunglison. 

fMEN'ALD,  ) -.j  ■ . , „ . 

_ ,■  ’ > a.  V anegated ; spotted.  Cotqrave. 

fMEN'lLD,  ) 6 V J 

MEND,  v.  a.  [L.  emeildo  ; e,  from,  and  menda , a 
fault;  It .mendare;  Sp .emendar;  Fr.  amende r.) 

[t.  MENDED  ; pp.  MENDING,  MENDED.} 

1.  To  repair  from  breach  or  decay. 

They  gave  the  money  to  the  workmen  to  repair  and  mend 
the  house.  2 Chron.  xxxiv.  1(1. 

2.  To  make  better  ; to  meliorate  ; to  correct ; 
to  rectify ; to  reform  ; to  amend ; to  emend. 

Zealous  he  was,  and  would  have  all  things  mended. 

Mir.  for  Mag. 

3.  To  help;  to  advance  ; to  improve. 

Though  in  some  lands  the  grass  is  but  short,  yet  it  mends 
garden  herbs  aud  fruits.  Mortimer. 

4.  To  make  greater  ; to  increase. 

He  saw  the  monster  mend  his  pace.  Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Amend. 

MEND,  v.  n.  To  grow  better;  to  advance  in  any 
good  ; to  be  changed  for  the  better ; to  amend." 
Mend  when  thou  canst;  be  better  at  thy  leisure.  Shak. 

MEND'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  mended.  Sherwood. 

M^N-DA'CIOUS  (men-da'shus,  66),  a.  [L.  mendax, 
mendacis  ; It  .mendace;  Sp.  mendoso.)  False; 
untrue;  lying;  deceitful;  fallacious.  Sheldon. 

MJEN-DAy'l-TY  (men-das'e-te),  n.  [L . inendacitas ; 
It.  mendacia.) 

1.  A disposition  to  tell  falsehoods  ; a habit  of 
lying  ; deceit ; artifice  ; trickery ; imposture. 

And  that  we  shall  not  deny,  if  we  cull  to  mind  the  men- 
dacity of  Greece.  Browne. 

2.  A falsehood  ; an  untruth  ; a lie. 

In  this  delivery  there  were  additional  mendacities.  Browne. 

MEND'fR,  n.  One  who  mends.  Shak. 

MEN'DI-CAN-CY,  ii.  Beggary  ; mendicity.  Burke. 

MEN'DI-cANT,  a.  [L.  mendico,  mcndicans,  to 
beg;  It.  mendicants ; Sp.  mendigante ; Fr  .men- 
diant.) 

1.  Begging  ; poor  to  a state  of  beggary. 

A poor  and  mendicant  state.  Fiddes. 

2.  Practising  beggary ; as,“  Mendicant  friars.” 

MEN'DI-CANT,  n.  1.  One  miserably  poor ; a beg- 
gar ; a pauper ; a starveling. 

Fast  by,  a meagre  mendicant  we  find, 

Whose  russet  rags  hang  fluttering  in  the  wind.  Savage. 

2.  One  of  a begging  fraternity.  “ From  car- 
dinals down  to  mendicants.”  Berkeley. 

f MEN'DI-CATE,  v.  a.  [L.  mendico,  mendicatus.) 
To  beg  ; to  ask  as  alms.  Cockcram. 

MEN-DI-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  inendicatio  ; It.  inendi- 
cazione  ; Sp.  mendicacion.)  The  act  of  begging  ; 
mendicancy.  Browne. 

MfN-Diy'I-TY,  n.  [I.,  mcndicitas ; mentjicus,  a 
beggar;  It.  mendicita ; Fr.  mendicite.)  The 
habit  of  begging  ; the  condition  of  habitual  beg- 
gars ; beggary  ; mendicancy.  Cotgrdve. 

MEND'ING,  n.  Act  of  one  who  mends.  South. 

f MEND'MENT,  n.  Amendment.  Bp.  Gordon. 

M£N-DO'yAN§  (men-do'sjnz),  n.  pi.  (Geog.)  The 

natives  of  the  Marquesas.  Earnshaw. 

fMEND§,  n.  for  amends.  Shak. 

ME  A Chaldaic  word,  which  is  used  in 

Daniel,  and  signifies  numeration.  Dr.  A.  Clarke. 

MEN'OITE,  n.  (Min.)  A mineral  containing  zir- 
conia,  peroxide  of  iron,  and  titanic  acid,  found 
in  the  Ilmen  mountains.  Dana. 

EN-GRE'TIAN^,  ii.pl.  (Eccl.  Hist.)  A sect  of 
Christians  of  the  Greek  church.  Hook. 


mien,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RCLE.  — Q,  Oi  $>  soft;  £,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  ^ as  gz. 
113 


-THIS,  this. 


MENHADEN 


MERCAT 


898 


MJJN-HA'D  JIN,  n.  ( Ich .)  A species  of  herring  ; 
manhaden. — See  Manhaden.  Storer. 

ME'NI-AL,  a.  1.  Belonging  to  a train  of  servants. 

Two  menial  dogs  before  their  master  pressed.  Dryden. 

2.  Pertaining  to  servants;  low;  servile. 

The  women  attendants  perform  only  the  most  menial 
offices.  Swift. 

ME'NI-AL,  n.  [Nor.  Fr.  meynal.  — See  M-einy.] 
One  of  a train  of  servants  ; a domestic  servant ; 
one  who  labors  in  servile  employments.  Bp.  Hall. 

Syn.  — See  Servant. 

MEN'jL-ITE,  n.  ( Min .)  A brown  and  opaque 
variety  of  opal,  found  at  Menil  Montant,  near 
Paris.  Brande. 

ME-NIN'G5-AL,  a.  Relating  to  the  meninges,  or 
membranes  of  the  brain.  Diinylison. 

ME-NlN'tyElJ,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  prjrn y(,  a membrane.] 
(Anat.)  The  three  membranes  that  envelop  the 
brain,  called  dura  mater,  arachnoid,  and  pin 
mater.  Dunglison. 

MEN-IN-GPTIS,  n.  {Med.)  Inflammation  of  the 
meninges.  Dunglison. 

MJJ-NlS'CAL,  a.  Relating  to  a meniscus.  Enfield. 

ME-NIS'COID,  a.  [Gr.  privieicos,  a crescent,  and 
eltos,  form.]  Having  the  form  of  a meniscus ; 
concavo-convex ; crescent-shaped.  Gray. 

Mp-NIS'CTTS,  n.  [Gr.  pr/vfoicos;  pGt],  a crescent.] 
A lens  shaped  like  a crescent,  or  convex  on  one 
side,  and  concave  on  the  other.  Brande. 

MEN-I-SPER'M  ATE,  n.  ( Chem .)  A compound  of 
menispermic  acid  and  a base.  Wright. 

MEN-I-SPER'MIC,  a.  {Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  ob- 
tained from  the  Menispermum  cocculus,  or  Coc- 
culus  Indicas.  Brande. 

MEN-I-SPER'MI-NA,  l n_  {Chem.)  A vegetable 

MEN-I-SPER'MINE,  ) alkali  extracted  from  the 
Cocculus  Indicus.  Wright. 

MEN-J-SPER'MUM,  n.  [Gr.  phrti,  a crescent,  and 
owlppa,  seed.]  {Bot.)  A genus  of  plants,  having 
fruit  of  a crescent-like  form ; moon-seed.  P.  Cgc. 

MEN'I-VgR,  n.  [Old  Fr.  menio-voir ; Fr . xnenu- 
vair,  a grayish  fur ; menu,  small,  and  vair, 
white  fur.]  A small  animal,  with  fine,  white 
fur;  miniver.  — See  Miniver.  Todd. 

MEN'NON-lTE,  n.  One  of  the  followers  of  Meri- 
no, a contemporary  of  Luther,  who  held  opin- 
ions similar  to  those  of  the  Anabaptists.  P.  Cgc. 

MIJ-NOL'O-OY,  n.  [Gr.  pi'/v,  pqv6;,  a month,  and 
Uyos,  a discourse;  It.  menologio;  Fr.  xneno- 
loge .]  A register  of  months.  Stillixig fleet. 

MEN'O-POME,  n.  [Gr.  pivot,  to  remain,  and  iuhpa, 
a lid.]  (Zoul.)  An  amphibious  animal,  with  an 
opercular  aperture,  but  without  gills.  Brande. 

MEN-OS-TA'TION,  n.  [Gr.  p>iv,  pqvi;,  a month, 
and  "orao-if,  stagnation.]  {Med.)  A suppression 
of  the  menses.  Hoblyn. 

MEN'OW,  n.  A fish.  — See  Minnow.  Johnson. 

MEN'— PLEAij-IJR,  n.  One  too  careful  to  please  ; 
a flatterer.  Eph.  vi.  6. 

MEN'— PLEA§-ING,  n.  The  act  of  endeavoring  to 
please  others,  or  to  gain  popular  favor.  Milton. 

MEN'  S.f  ET  THO'RO.  [L.]  {Law.)  From  board 
and  bed. 

If  I;-  A divorce  a mensa  et  thoro  is  when  tile  parties 
are  allowed  to  live  separate,  though  the  marriage  is 
not  dissolved.  Whishaw. 

MEN’SAL,  a.  [L.  mensalis  ; mensis,  a table  ; It. 
mensale;  Fr.  mensuel.]  Belonging  to  the  ta- 
ble ; transacted  at  table.  S.  Richardson. 

MEN'SAL,  a.  Monthly.  Month.  Rev. 

MENSE,  n.  [A.  S.  mennesc,  belonging  to  man  ; 
Dut.  A Ger.  mensch,  man.]  Manners ; pro- 
priety ; decency.  [Local,  Eng.]  Brochett. 

MENSE'FUL,  a.  Graceful ; mannerly  ; well-bred. 
[Local,  Eng.]  Brochett. 

MENSE' LESS,  a.  Indecent;  uncivil ; uncourteous. 
[Local,  Eng.]  Brochett. 

MEN'SE§,  n.pl.  [L.  mensis,  a month,  pi.  menses .] 


{Med.)  The  catamenial  or  monthly  discharges; 
catamenia.  Dunglison. 

MEN'STRU-AL,  a.  [L.  menstrualis ; mensis,  a 
month ; It.  menstruate ; Sp.  menstrual ; Fr. 
menstruel.] 

1.  Monthly  ; happening  once  a month  ; men- 

struous.  “ Menstrual  flux.”  Dunglison. 

2.  Completed  in  a month. 

She  [the  moon]  turns  all  her  globe  to  the  sun,  by  moving 
in  her  vrienstrual  orb.  Bentley. 

3.  [Fr.  menstrueux. ] Pertaining  to  a men- 
struum. Bacon. 

Menstrual  equation,  ( Astron .)  an  apparent  monthly 
displacement  of  the  sun  in  longitude,  of  a parallactic 
kind,  owing  to  the  monthly  orbit  described  by  the 
earth’s  centre  about  the  common  centre  of  gravity, 
being  comprehended  within  a space  less  than  the  size 
of  the  earth  itself.  Herschel. 

MEN'STRIJ-ANT,  a.  Subject  to  monthly  flowings  ; 
menstruous.  Browne. 

MEN 'ST  RU- ATE,  v.n.  [L.menstruo,mcnstruatus ; 
Sp.  menstruar. ] [i.  menstruated  ; pp.  men- 

struating, menstruated.]  {Med.)  To  dis- 
charge the  menses.  Med.  Jour. 

f MEN'STRU-ATE,  a.  Having  the  catamenia; 
menstruous.  Wickliffe. 

MEN-STRU-A'TION,  n.  [It.  mestruazione  ; Sp. 
menstruacion  ; Fr.  menstruation.']  (Med.)  Act 
of  menstruating  ; flow  of  the  menses. Dunglison. 

f MEN'STRtJE,  n.  Menses;  catamenia.  Ball. 

MEN'STRU-OUS,  a.  [L.  menstruus  ; mensis,  a 
month  ; It.  § Sp.  menstruo  ; Fr.  menstrueux.] 

1.  Monthly  ; happening  once  a month,  as  the 

catamenia ; menstrual.  Broxone. 

2.  Having  the  catamenia.  Sandys. 

MEN'STRIJ-UM,  n. ; pi.  men'strv-a.  [L.,  the 
period  of  a month  ; mensis,  a month.  — “ This 
name  probably  was  derived  from  some  notion 
of  the  old  chemists  about  the  influence  of  the 
moon  in  the  preparation  of  dissolvents.”  John- 
son.] A fluid  substance  which  dissolves  a solid 
body ; a solvent. 

Inquire  what  is  the  proper  menstruum  to  dissolve  metal.  . . 
and  what  several  menstrua  will  dissolve  any  metal.  Bacon 

MENS-U-RA-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [Sp.  mensurabilidad 
Fr.  mensurabilite.]  The  capacity  of  being  meas 
ured ; measureableness.  Johnson 

MENS'U-R A-BLE  (mens'yu-r?-bl)  [men'shu-ra-bl,  S 
W.  P.  J.  F.  K.  Sm. ; jnen'sy-ra-bl,  Ja.  IF?'.] , a 
[L.  mensurabilis ; mensura,  a measure ; It.  men 
surabile  ; Sp.  <jf  Fr.  mensurable.]  That  may  be 
measured ; measurable. 

The  solar  month  ...  is  not  easily  mensurable.  Holder. 

MENS'U-R  A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
measurable ; mensurableness.  Ash. 

MENS'll-RAL  (mSns'yu-rjl),  a.  [L.  mensuralis ; 
Sp.  mensural.]  Relating  to  measure.  Johnson. 

f MENS'U-RATE,  v.  a.  [L.  mensuro,  mensuratus ; 
Sp.  mensurar .]  To  measure.  Bailey. 

MENS-U-rA'TION,  n.  [L.  mensuratio.] 

1.  The  act  of  measuring  ; measurement. 

2.  (Geom.)  Act  or  art  of  ascertaining  the  area 
of  surfaces,  and  the  extension,  solidity,  and  capa- 
city of  bodies,  by  measuring  lines  and  angles. 

MEN-TAG'R A,  n.  [L.,  from  mentum,  the  chin, 
and  dypa,  seizure.]  (Med.)  An  eruption  of  in- 
flamed tubercles  on  the  bearded  part  of  the  face 
and  on  the  scalp  ; Sycosis.  Dunglison. 

MEN'TAL,  a.  [I..  mens,  mentis,  the  mind  ; It. 
mentale  ; Sp.  .S,  Fr.  mental.]  Relating  to  the 
mind  ; existing  in  the  mind ; intellectual ; ideal. 

Mental  pleasures  never  cloy ; unlike  those  of  the  body,  they 
are  increased  by  repetition,  approved  of  by  reflection,  and 
strengthened  by  enjoyment.  Lacon. 

Iffy  Mental  alienation,  insanity Mental  arithmetic, 

arithmetical  operations  performed  in  the  mind  with- 
out mechanical  aid. 

Syn.  — See  Ideal. 

MEN'TAL,  a.  [L.  mentum,  the  chin.]  (Anat.) 
Pertaining  to  the  chin.  “ Mental  nerve.” 
“ Mental  region.”  Dunglison. 

MEN'TAL-LY,  ad.  Intellectually;  in  the  mind. 

MEN'THA,  n.  [Gr.  pivOrj ; L.  meilta,  or  mtntha.] 
(Bot.)  A genus  of  plants  ; mint.  Loudon. 


MEN-TI-CULT'U-RAL,  a.  [L.  mens,  mentis,  the 
mind,  and  cultura,  culture.]  Cultivating  or  im- 
proving the  mind,  [r.]  Maunder. 

MEN'TION  (men'shun),  n.  [L.  mentio ; It.  men- 
zione  ; Sp.  mencion  ; Fr.  mention .] 

1.  The  act  of  mentioning ; notice  or  remark 
signified  by  words,  oral  or  written  ; a recital. 

Of  Jupiter  and  of  Juno,  Ovid 

Makcth  in  his  book  mention.  Gower. 

2.  f An  allusion  ; a suggestion  ; a hint. 

Haply  mention  may  arise 

Of  something  not  unseasonable  to  ask.  Milton. 

MEN'TION  (men'shun),  v.  a.  [It.  mentionare ; Sp. 
mcncionar ; Fr.  mentionner.]  [t.  mentioned  ; 
pp.  MENTIONING,  MENTIONED.]  To  notice  Or 
signify  in  words ; to  speak  of ; to  make  known  ; 
to  express  ; to  name  ; to  tell ; to  report ; to 
declare  ; to  disclose  ; to  divulge. 

I will  mention  the  loving-kindness  of  the  Lord.  Isa.  lxiii.  7. 

Syn.  — See  Name. 

MEN'TION-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  mentioned. 

MEN'TOR,  n.  [L. ; Gr.  MfVrwp.] 

1.  A faithful  friend  of  Ulysses,  whose  form 

Minerva  assumed  to  give  instructions  to  Telem- 
achus.  W.  Smith. 

2.  A wise  and  faithful  counsellor.  Fenelon. 

MgN-TO'RI-AL,  a.  Containing  advice;  monito- 
rial ; admonitorial.  Sm  irt. 

MEN'TUM,  n.  [L.]  1.  (Anat.)  The  inferior  and 
middle  part  of  the  face,  below  the  lower  lip  ; the 
chin.  Dunglison. 

2.  (Exit.)  The  anterior  part  of  the  gula,  im- 
mediately adjoining  the  labium.  Maunder. 

MEN-U-RI’  NJE,n.pl.  [Gr. 
ptvbs',  small ; Fr.  menxt.]" 

( Ornith.)  A sub-family  5 

of  tenuirostral  birds,  of 
the  order  Passeres  and 
family  Certhidce ; wrens. 

Gray.  Troglodytes  Europams. 

ME-PI1IT  [0,  1 pr , [L.  mephiticus-,  mephitis, 

M 5-PHI  T'l-CAL,  > a noxious  exhalation  ; It.  $ 
Sp.  mefitico  ; Fr.  mephitique.]  Relating  to  me- 
phitis ; foul ; fetid  ; noxious  ; pestilential. 

Mephitic  air,  or  mephitic  acid,  carbonic  acid  gas. 

Mip-PHl'TlS  [me-fl'tjs,  Ainsworth,  Crabb,  Brande, 
Dxxxiglisoxx,  C.  Cl.  MV.;  meCj-tls,  Sm.  K.  Wb.], 
xx. ; pi.  ME-PIli'TE§.  [L.] 

1.  ( Chem .)  A noxious  exhalation,  particularly 

applied  to  carbonic  acid  gas.  Brande. 

2.  (Zoul.)  A genus  of  short-legged  carnivo- 

rous quadrupeds,  the  .anal  glands  of  which  se- 
crete a fetid  odor  ; skunk.  Audubon. 

MEPH'I-TIijM,  n.  Any  noxious  exhalation  ; me- 
phitis. Dunglison. 

f MIJ-RA'CIOyS  (me-ra'shus,  66),  a.  [L.  meraexts.] 
Pure  ; unmixed.  Baxley. 

tMER'CA-BI.E,  a.  [L.  mcrcabilis  ; mercor,  to  buy 
or  sell.]  That  may  be  sold  or  bought.  Bailey. 

f Mi::  R-  C.S.V-  tAjY  ’ TF.  [mer'kan-tant,  IF.  P. ; iner'- 
k?n-t'4n-ta,  Ja.  ; mer-k?n-tan'ta,  K.  Sm. ; mer- 
cjn-tant'e,  Wr.],n.  [It.  mer  cat  anted]  A foreign 
trader  ; a merchant.  Shah. 

MER'CAN-Tl LE  (18)  [mer'kfin-fil,  W.  J.  F.Ja.  C. 
Wr. ; mer'kan-tll,  S.  E.  K.  Sm.],  a.  [It.  mercan- 
tile, from  mercare  (L.  mercor),  to  traffic  ; Sp.  xner- 
caxxtil ; Fr.  mercantile.]  Relating  to  trade  or 
commerce  ; trading  ; commercial.  “ Mercantile 
life.”  Watts.  “ The  mercantile  term.”  Howell. 

figy  This  word  is  often  incorrectly  pronounced  in 
this  country,  mer-can'tile  and  mer'can-tile' ; hut  these 
modes  have  no  countenance  from  the  orthoepists. 

Syn.  — Mercantile  and  commercial  are  often  used 
indiscriminately,  but  commercial  is  the  more  compre- 
hensive term.  Mercantile  relates  particularly  to  the 
actual  transaction  of  business  ; commercial  compre- 
hends also  the  theory  and  practice  of  commerce. 
Mercantile  house,  business  ; commercial  education, 
people,  town,  or  speculation. 

MpR-CAP'TAN,  xi.  [Low  L.  merextrium,  mercury, 
and  L.  capto,  captans,  to  seize.]  ( Chem .)  A 
liquid  composed  of  sulphur,  carbon,  and  hydro- 
gen ; — so  named  from  its  strong  action  on  mer- 
cury. Brande. 

MER-CAP'TIDE,  xi.  (Chem.)  A compound  formed 
of  mercaptan  and  a metallic  oxide.  Ogiltie. 

fMER’CAT,  xi.  Market;  trade.  Sprat. 


\,  E,  I,  6,  0,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  p,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


ME  RC  ATOR’S-CI-I  ART 


MERE-STONE 


899 


MER-CA'TOR’§— CHART,  n.  A representation  of 
a part  of  the  earth’s  surface  upon  a plane,  in 
which  the  meridians  are  represented  by  equi- 
distant, parallel  straight  lines,  and  the  paral- 
lels of  latitude  by  straight  lines  perpendicular 
to  them  ; — so  called  from  Mercator,  its  inven- 
tor. Davies. 

Mf.R-CA  TOR’iji— SAIL'ING,  n.  The  method  of 
computing  the  cases  of  sailing  according  to  the 
principles  of  Mercator’s-chart.  Davies. 

fMER'CA-TURE,  n.  [L.  mcrcatura.\  Commerce; 
trade ; traffic.  Bailey. 

f MEltCE,  v.  a.  To  fine  ; to  amerce.  Laic  Tricks. 

MER ' C g-N A-RI-LY,  ad.  In  a mercenary  manner. 

MER'Cg-NA-RI-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
mercenary ; venality.  Boyle. 

MER'Cg-NA-RY,  a.  [L.  mercenaries  ; inerces, 
hire  ; It.  <Sp  Sp.  mercenario ; Fr.  mercenaire.] 

1.  Serving  for  pay  ; venal;  hired;  sold  for 
money;  hireling.  “Mercenary  soldiers.”  Raleigh. 

2.  Too  studious  of  profit;  sordid;  avaricious. 

The  appellation  of  servant  imports  a mercenary  temper. 

South. 

Syn. — See  Venal. 

MER'Cg-NA-RY,  «•  One  serving  for  pay;  one 
who  is  hired  ; a hireling. 

He,  a poor  mercenary , serves  for  bread.  Sandys. 

Syn.  — See  Hireling. 

MER'CgR,  n.  [Fr.  mercier,  from  L.  merx , mercis, 
wares,  merchandise.]  A dealer  in  silks  : — a 
dealer  in  silk  and  woollen  cloths.  Smart. 

MER'CgR-SHIP,  n.  The  business  of  a mercer. 

MER'CpR-Y,  n.  [Fr.  mcrccric.\  The  trade,  goods, 
or  wares  of  mercers.  Huloet. 

f MER'CH  AND,  v.  u.  [Fr.  marchandsr.]  To  trade ; 
to  traffic  ; to  carry  on  commerce.  Bacon. 

MER'CHAN-DI§E,  n.  [Fr.  marchandise.] 

1.  Traffic  ; commerce  ; trade  ; barter.  Shale. 

2.  The  objects  of  commerce  ; any  thing  usu- 
ally bought  or  sold ; goods  ; wares  ; commodities. 

As  for  any  merchandise  ye  have  brought,  ye  shall  have 
your  return  in  merchandise  or  in  gold.  Bacon. 

The  fact  that  a thing  is  sometimes  bought  and  sold  is  no 
proof  that  it  is  merchandise.  Storp. 

Syn.  — See  Commodities,  Goods. 

MER'CHAN-DI§E,  v.  n.  To  carry  on  commerce  ; 
to  trade ; to  traffic.  Harmar. 

t MER'CHAN-DRY,  n.  Trade;  traffic.  Sanderson. 

MER'CH  ANT  [mer'cliant,  IF.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm. 
Wr. ; mlr'cliant,  S.],  n.  [L.  mcrcans  ; mercor, 
mercans,  to  traffic;  It.  mercante ; Sp.  merchante ; 
Old  Fr.  merchant ; Fr.  marchand. ] 

1.  One  who  traffics  to  foreign  countries  ; one 

who  carries  on  commerce  ; an  importer ; a 
wholesale  trader.  Addison. 

US*  With  regard  to  this  sense  of  merchant,  Burrill 
remarks:  “It  appears  to  have  grown  out  of  mer 
cantile  usage,  and  it  is  very  properly  said  by  Cowell 
that  mercator,  the  Latin  equivalent,  embraced  all 
sorts  of  traders,  or  buyers  and  sellers,  and  that  the 
Scotch,  in  calling  their  pedlers  merchants,  keep  tile 
primitive  use  of  the  word.”  — In  the  United  States, 
merchant  is  often  used  ill  the  sense  of  a retail-trader. 

2.  t A ship  of  trade.  “ Convoy  ships  accom- 
pany their  merchants.”  Dryden. 

«iP“  Mr.  Sheridan  pronounces  the  e,  in  the  first 
syllable  of  this  word,  like  the  a in  march  ; and  it  is  cer- 
tain that  about  thirty  years  ago  [i.  e.  1770],  this  was 
the  general  pronunciation  ; but  since  that  time  the 
sound  of  a lias  been  gradually  wearing  away  ; and 
tlie  sound  of  c is  so  fully  established,  that  the  former 
is  now  become  gross  and  vulgar,  and  is  only  to  be 
heard  among  the  lower  orders  of  people.  Sermon, 
service,  Sec.,  are  still  prohounced  by  the  vulgar  as  if 
written  sarmon  and  sarvicc  ; hut  this  analogy  is  now 
totally  exploded,  except  with  respect  to  clerk,  sergeant:, 
and  a few  proper  names.”  Walker.  — See  Clerk,  and 
Sergeant. 

MER'CHANT,  a.  Relating  to  trade.  P.  Cyc. 

t MER'CHANT,  v.  n.  To  traffic.  L.  Addison. 

MER'CHANT-A-BLE,  a.  Subject  to  be  bought 
and  sold;  that  may  be  an  article  of  merchan- 
dise ; fit  to  be  bought  or  sold  at  the  market 
price  ; passing  current  in  trade  as  of  the  ordi- 
nary quality;  marketable;  as,  ‘■'Merchantable 
goods.” 

MER'CHANT— LIKE,  a.  Like  a merchant. 


f MER'CH  ANT-LY,  a.  Relating  to  a merchant; 
merchant-like.  Bp.  Gaudcn. 

MER'CHANT— MAN,  n.  ; pi.  MERCHANT-MEN.  A 
merchant-ship  ; a ship  of  trade.  Bp.  Taylor. 

MER'CH ANT-RY, n.  The  business  of  a merchant; 
merchandise.  I Vm.  Taylor. 

MER'CHANT— SER'VICE,  n.  The  mercantile  ma- 
rine of  a country.  Simmonds. 

MER'CHANT— SHIP,  n.  A ship  engaged  in  com- 
merce. Swift. 

MER'CHANT— TAI'LOR,  n.  A tailor  who  fur- 
nishes cloths  and  other  materials  for  the  gar- 
ments which  he  makes.  Simmonds. 

fMEIl'CHgT,  n.  (Eng.  Law.)  A fine  anciently  paid 
by  inferior  tenants  to  lords,  for  liberty  to  dis- 
pose of  their  daughters  in  marriage.  Whishaw. 

f MER'CI-A-BLE  (mer'se-?-bl),  a.  Merciful.  Gower. 

MER'CI-FUL,  a.  [See  Mercy.]  Full  of  mercy  ; 
unwilling  to  punish  ; disposed  to  pity  ; compas- 
sionate ; tender  ; kind  ; gracious  ; benignant. 

Be  merciful , O Lord,  unto  thy  people  thou  hast  redeemed. 

Deut.  xxi.  8. 

MER'CI-FUL-LY,  ad.  In  a merciful  manner  ; with 
pity  ; tenderly  ; leniently.  Atterbury. 

MER'CI-FUL-NESS,  n.  Tenderness  ; willingness 
to  spare  or  to  forbear  punishment.  Sidney. 

f MER'CI-FY,  v.  a.  To  pity.  Spenser. 

MER'CI-LESS,  a.  Void  of  mercy;  unmerciful; 
hard-hearted  ; cruel ; pitiless  ; unfeeling. 

The  foe  is  merciless , and  will  not  pity.  Shak. 

MER'CI-LESS-LY,  ad.  In  a merciless  manner. 

MER'CI-LgSS-NESS,  n.  Want  of  mercy  or  pity. 

MgR-CU'RI-AL,  a.  [L.  mercurialis  ; Mercurius, 
the  messenger  of  the  gods,  and  the  god  of  elo- 
quence, commerce,  travellers,  &c. ; It.  mcrcu- 
riale  ; Sp  .mercurial-,  Fr.  mcrcuriel.] 

1.  Partaking  of  the  qualities  of  Mercury ; 
active  ; sprightly  ; spirited. 

His  foot  mercurial , his  martial  thigh 

The  brawns  of  Hercules.  Shak. 

2.  Giving  intelligence  ; directing. 

As  tlie  traveller  is  directed  by  a mercurial  statue. 

Ch  Illingworth. 

3.  Pertaining  to  trade  ; money-making. 

Whitehead. 

4.  Consisting  of  mercury  or  quicksilver  ; con- 
taining quicksilver;  as,  "Mercurial  medicines.” 

See  Jovial. 

MgR-CU'RI-AL,  n.  1.  f An  active,  gay  person. 

Bacon. 

2.  (Med.)  That  which  contains  mercury  ; a 
preparation  of  mercury.  Dunglison. 

MER-CU'RI-AL-IST,  n.  1.  One  under  the  influ- 
ence of  Mercury ; one  resembling  Mercury  in 
variety  of  character.  Dean  King.  Burke. 

2.  (Med.)  A physician  inordinately  addicted 
to  prescribing  mercury.  Dunglison. 

f MgR-CU'Rl-  AL-IZE,  v.  n.  To  be  humorous, 
gay,  or  spirited.  Cotgrave. 

MER-CU'Rl-AL-IZE,  v.  a.  To  render  mercurial ; 
to  impregnate  or  affect  with  mercury. Dunglison. 

MgR-CU'RI-AL-LY,  ad.  In  a mercurial  or 
sprightly  manner.  Hawkins. 

MgR-CU-RI-FI-CA'TION,  n.  1.  The  act  of  mer- 
curifying  or  mixing  with  mercury.  . Boyle. 

2.  (Metallurgy.)  The  process  of  obtaining 
mercury  from  its  ores.  London  Ency. 

MER-CU'RI-FY,  v.  a.  1.  To  impregnate  or  mix 
with  mercury  ; to  mercurialize.  Boyle. 

2.  (Metallurgy.)  To  obtain  mercury  from  by 
means  of  heat,  as  through  a lens.  Wright. 

f MgR-CU'RI-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  the 
state  of  being  mercurial.  Fuller. 

MER'CU-RY,  n.  [L.  Mercurius.) 

1.  (Myth.)  An  ancient  heathen  deity,  the 

messenger  of  the  gods,  and  the  god  of  eloquence, 
commerce,  travellers,  &c.  IF.  Smith. 

2.  (Astron.)  The  planet  which  is  nearest  to 
the  sun. 

ffftp  Its  mean  distance  from  the  sun  is  about 
36,01)0,000  of  miles,  and  its  angular  distance,  as  seen 
from  tlie  earth,  amounts  only  to  28°  48',  so  that  it  is 
very  seldom  visible  to  the  naked  eye.  Its  mean  si- 


dereal revolution  is  performed  in  87.97  mean  solar 
days.  Braude. 

3.  (Chem.)  A metal  which  is  fluid  at  common 
temperatures  ; quicksilver  ; hydrargyrum. 

tl&r  It  freezes  at  41P  below  zero  of  Fahrenheit.  Its 
specific  gravity  is  13.5.  Brandc. 

4.  Sprightly  qualities  ; sprightliness. 

Thus  the  mercury  of  man  is  fixed. 

Strong  grows  the  virtue  with  his  nature  mixed.  Pope. 

5.  A messenger  ; an  intelligencer  ; a carrier 
of  news. 

Those  who  sell  them  [news-books]  by  wholesale  from  the 
press  are  called  mercuries.  Cowell. 

6.  A newspaper.  Ainsworth. 

7.  (Bot.)  A deciduous,  herbaceous  plant  of 

tlie  genus  Mercurialis.  Loudon. 

f MER'Cl'-RY,  v.  a.  To  wash  with  a preparation 
of  mercury.  B.  Jonson. 

MER'CU-RY’^-FlN'GgR,  n.  Wild  saffron.  Johnson. 

MER  CY,  n.  [Fr.  merci,  contracted  from  L.  mise- 
ricordia,  according  to  many  etymologists.  — 
Skinner  and  Menage  suggest  L.  merces,  a re- 
ward, in  the  sense  of  a fine  accepted  in  commu- 
tation of  life  forfeited  to  the  law.  — Richardson 
deduces  the  word  from  the  same  root,  through 
Low  L.  merciare,  amerciare.  Nor.  Fr.  amercier, 
Eng  .amerce.  “To  grant  mercy,"  he  says,  “that 
is,  to  grant  that  mercy  or  fine  should  be  received 
as  a ransom  for  life  forfeited,  was  benefit  or 
beneficence  to  the  party  to  whom  the  punish- 
ment of  death  was  remitted,  and  was  ascribed 
to  benevolence  or  willingness  to  spare  and  save. 
Further,  to  cry  mercy,  in  our  old  chronicles,  is 
to  cry  ransom .”] 

1.  Tenderness  towards  an  offender;  favor  or 
kindness  to  one  who  deserves  punishment ; will- 
ingness to  spare  and  save ; clemency ; mild- 
ness ; lenity  ; lenience  ; compassion  ; pity. 

The  quality  of  mercy  is  not  strained; 

It  droppeth,  as  the  gentle  rain  from  heaven. 

Upon  the  place  beneath.  It  is  twice  blessed; 

It  blesseth  him  that  gives  and  him  that  takes.  Shak. 

2.  An  act  of  favor  or  kindness.  “ I will  have 

mercy,  and  not  sacrifice.”  Matt.  ix.  13. 

The  Lord  is  good  to  all;  and  his  tender  mercies  are  over 
all  his  works.  Ps.  cxlv.  9. 

3.  Pardon  ; forgiveness.  “ I cry  thee  mercy 

with  all  my  heart.”  Dryden. 

4.  Power  of  acting  at  pleasure  or  discretion, 

in  respect  of  the  treatment  of  another.  “She  is 
at  his  mercy.”  Swift. 

5.  (Law.)  The  arbitrament  or  discretion' of 
the  king,  lord,  or  judge,  in  punishing  any  of- 
fence, not  directly  censured  by  the  law.  Burrill. 

Syn.  — See  Clemency,  Grace,  Mildness. 

MER'CY— SEAT,  n.  The  propitiatory ; the  cov- 
ering of  the  ark  of  the  covenant,  or  of  the  sacred 
chest,  in  which  the  tables  of  the  law  were  de- 
posited: — the  throne  of  God. 

At  each  end  of  the  cover  was  a golden  cherub, 
and  the  two  cherubs  stretching  out  their  wings  to- 
wards each  other,  formed  a kind  of  throne,  upon 
which  tlie  Lord  was  considered  as  sitting.  Ex.  xxy. 
17-22.  Calmet. 

fMERD,  n.  [L.  § It.  merda;  Sp.  mierda ; Fr. 
merde.]  Ordure ; excrement.  Burton. 

MERE,  a.  [A.  S.  mara.  — L.  mcrus  ; It.  & Sp. 
mero.] 

1.  That  or  this  only ; such,  and  nothing  else. 

"What  if  the  head,  the  eye,  or  car  repined 

To  serve  mere  engines  to  the  ruling  mind.  Pope. 

2.  Distinct  from  any  thing  else  ; unmixed ; 
pure  ; sheer  ; bare  ; absolute  ; entire. 

But  now  our  joys  arc  mere  and  unmixed.  Bp.  Taylor. 

Syn.  — See  Bare. 

MERE,  n.  [M.  Goth,  marei,  a sea;  A.  S.  mere,  a 
lake  ; Dut.  If  Ger.  meet' ; Dan.  myre  ; Sw.  Icel. 
mar.  — L.  mare.]  A pool  ; commonly,  a large 
pool,  or  lake  ; as,  “Winander  Mere.”  Johnson. 

Meres  stored  both  with  fish  and  fowl.  Camden. 

MERE,  n.  [A.  S.  meera,  or  qemcere.  — Gr.  /iiipui, 
to  divide.]  A ridge  of  land  ; a boundary.  “ A 
common  mere  between  lands.”  [it.]  Abp.  Usher. 

f MERE,  v.a.  To  limit ; to  bound;  to  divide.  Spenser. 

MERE'LY,  ad.  Simply  ; only  ; solely  ; thus,  and 
no  other  way  ; absolutely  ; entirely  ; barely. 

MERE'— STONE,  n.  A stone  to  mark  a boun- 
dary ; a boundary-stone.  [R.]  Wood. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — <J,  <?,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z ; as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


MERETRICIOUS 


900 


MERRY 


MER-E-TIU"CIOUS  (mer-e-trish'us,  66),  a.  [L. 
meretricius  ; meretrix,  a prostitute  ; It.  § Sp. 
meretricio.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  harlots  ; libidinous.  “ Mer- 
etricious embracements.”  Bacon. 

2.  Alluring  by  false  show,  as  the  finery  and 
complexion  of  a harlot ; fallacious ; false  ; gaudy. 

Not  bv  affected,  meretricious  arts. 

But  strict,  harmonious  symmetry  of  parts.  Roscommon. 

MER-E-TRl"CIOUS-LY  (mer-e-trish'us-le),  ad.  In 
a meretricious  manner ; whorishly.  Burke. 


jMER-y-TRX"C!OyS-NESS  (mer-e-trlsh'us-nes,  66), 
n.  The  quality’ of  being  meretricious  ; false  al- 
lurement, like  that  of  prostitutes.  Johnson. 

MgR-GAN'SyR,  n.  [Sp. 
mergansar,  from  L. 
mergus,  a diver.]  ( Or- 
nith.)  A name  applied 
to  ducks  of  the  genus 
Mergus.  Yarrell. 

MER<?E  (merj),  V.  a,.  [L. 
mergo,  to  sink  ; It. 
mergere,  to  dive.]  [?'. 

MERGED  ; pp.  MERG- 
ING, merged.]  To  immerge  ; to  immerse;  to 
sink  ; to  plunge  ; to  involve. 

The  vulgar,  merged  in  sense  from  their  infancy, . . . imagine 
nothing  to  be  real  but  what  may  be  tasted  or  touched.  Hams. 

"Whenever  a greater  estate  and  a less  coincide  in  one  and 
the  same  person,  the  less  is  annihilated,  or,  in  the  law  phrase, 
is  said  to  be  merged.  Blackstone. 

MERfiE,  v.  n.  To  be  swallowed  up  or  lost ; to  be 
sunk.  “ He  is  to  take  care  that  the  ecclesiastic 
shall  not  merge  in  the  farmer.”  W.  Scott. 


Hooded  merganser 
( Mergus  cucullatus). 


MERGER,  n.  1.  He  who,  or  that  which,  merges. 

2.  ( Late .)  The  absorption  of  one  estate  in 
another ; the  consolidation  of  a greater  estate 
with  a less  : — the  absorption  or  extinguishment 
of  one  contract  in  another.  Burrill. 


MER-qpMJE,  n. pi. 

[L.  mergus,  a 
kind  of  sea-bird ; 
a diver.]  ( Or - 

nith.)  A sub- 
family of  birds 
of  the  order  Anseres  and  fam- 
ily Anatidec ; mergansers. 

Gray. 

MER'GUS,  n.  [L.,  a diver.]  ( Or - 
nith.)  A genus  of  ducks,  in- 
cluding the  merganser.  Yarrell. 


Mergus  castor. 


MERT-CARP,  n.  [Gr.  ptoos,  a part,  and  /oipni;, 
fruit.]  ( Bot .)  One  carpel  of  the  fruit  of  an  um- 
belliferous plant.  Gray. 


ME-RlD'l-AN  [me-rid'e-an,  P.  J.  Ja.  Sm.  l IV.; 
me-rld  ’van,  /,’.  /•'.  A.  ; me-rld'e—yn  or  me-rld'je- 
?n,  IF.;  me-rldzh'un,  S.],  n.  [L.  mcridianus, 
pertaining  to  noon  ; mer idles,  noon ; It.  ^ Sp. 
mericliano;  Fr.  meridian.] 

1.  Noon;  noontide;  midday.  Dryden. 

2.  (Astron.)  An  imaginary  great  circle  of  the 
■ sphere,  passing  through  the  earth’s  axis  and  the 
zenith  of  the  spectator.  When  the  sun  arrives 
at  this  meridian,  it  is  said  to  be  noon.  Brande. 

3.  ( Geog .)  An  imaginary  great  circle  formed 

by  the  intersection  of  the  surface  of  the  earth 
with  a plane  passing  through  the  polos  perpen- 
dicularly to  the  equator,  and  dividing  the  globe 
into  two  equal  divisions,  called  the  eastern  and 
western  hemispheres.  Davies. 

4.  The  highest  place  or  point  of  any  thing ; 
summit ; culmination. 


I’ve  touched  the  highest  point  of  all  my  greatness; 

And,  from  that  full  meridian  of  my  glory, 

I haste  now  to  my  setting.  Shak. 

5.  The  particular  place  or  state  of  any  thing 
as  compared  with  that  of  others. 

All  other  knowledge  merely  serves  the  concerns  of  this 
life,  and  is  fitted  to  the  meridian  thereof.  Hale. 


First  meridian , the  meridian  from  which  longitude 
is  reckoned,  and  the  choice  of  which  is  entirely  arbi- 
trary. In  English  works,  longitude  is  reckoned  from 
Greenwich  ; in  French,  from  Paris  ; in  Russian,  from 
St.  Petersburg  ; and  most  nations  reckon  longitude 
from  their  capitals.  — Magnetic  meridian , a vertical 
circle  in  the  heavens  which  intersects  the  horizon  in 
the  magnetic  poles.  — Meridian  of  a globe,,  ox  brass  me- 
ridian, a graduated  circular  ring  within  which  an 
artificial  globe  is  suspended  and  revolves. 

Francis.  Braiulc. 

M^-RID'I-AN,  a.  1.  Being  at  the  point  of  noon  ; 
midday. 


And  the  full-blazing  sun, 

Which  now  sat  high  in  his  meridian  tower.  Milton. 

2.  Extended  from  north  to  south. 

Compare  the  meridian  line  afforded  by  magnctical  needles 
with  one  mathematically  drawn.  liogle. 

3.  Raised  to  the  highest  point.  Johnson. 

Meridian  altitude,  the  altitude  or  height  above  the 

horizon  in  degrees,  &c.,  of  any  celestial  object,  when 
it  crosses  the  meridian  of  a place.  — Meridian  line,  tile 
terrestrial  meridian,  or  a meridian  as  drawn  on  the 
surface  of  the  earth.  Brande. 

ME-RlD'l-O-NAL  [nie-rid’e-o-nSl,  IF.  P.  J.  Ja.  C. ; 
me-rld'yun-al,  A'.  F.  K.  Sm.],  a.  [L.  meridio- 
nalis  ; It .meridionals-,  Sp.  meridional’,  Yv.  me- 
ridional.] 

1.  Relating  to  the  meridian. 

2.  Having  a southern  aspect ; southerly. 

All  offices  that  require  heat,  as  kitchens,  &c.,  should  be 
meridional.  IVotton. 

Meridional  distance,  distance  from  tile  meridian  east 
or  west.  — Meridional  parts,  parts  of  tile  projected 
meridian,  according  to  Mercator’s  system,  correspond- 
ing to  eacli  minute  ol'  latitude  from  the  equator  up  to 
some  fixed  point,  usually  80°.  Davies. 

ME-RID-I-O-NAL'I-TY,  n.  State  of  being  in  the 
meridian  ; aspect  towards  the  south.  Bailey. 

MJJ-RId'I-O-NAL-LY,  ad.  In  the  direction  of  the 
meridian.  Browne. 

MER'IL§,  n.  pi.  [Fr.  mcreUe.]  A boyish  game, 
called  Jive-penny  morris.  — See  Morris.  Todd. 

MJJ-RI'NC),  a.  [Sp.,  moving  from  pasture  to  pas- 
ture.] Noting  a breed  of  sheep,  originally 
raised  in  Spain,  and  remarkable  for  the  superior 
fineness  of  their  wool ; — so  applied  because,  in 
Spain,  these  sheep  are  kept  in  immense  flocks, 
under  a system  of  shepherds,  with  a chief,  and 
with  a general  right  of  pasturage  all  over  the 
kingdom.  Brande. 

Mp-RI'NO,  n.  Cloth  made  from  the  wool  of  the 
merino  sheep.  Simmonds. 

MER-I-0'NE§,  n.  ( Zoiil .) 

A genus  of  rodent  ani- 
mals of  the  rat  family, 
having  the  fore  legs  very 
short  and  the  hind  legs 
long,  and  differing  from 
the  other  rats  that  have 
long  feet  by  the  form  of 
their  molars,  which  are 
composite.  Eng.  Cgc. 

MER-IS-MAtTC,  a.  [Gr. 
ptpiopa,  a part.]  (Bot.] 

Divided  into  parts  by 
the  formation  of  partitions  within.  Gray. 

MER'JT,  n.  [L.  meritum ; mercor,  to  deserve ; It. 

Sp.  merito  ; Fr.  meritc.] 

1.  Excellence  deserving  honor  or  reward  ; 
desert ; worth ; worthiness. 

Had  they  no  ground  for  hope  but  merit,— that  is  to  say, 
could  they  look  for  nothing  more  than  what  they  . . . de- 
serve,— their  prospect  would  be  very  uncomfortable.  Paley. 

Beauties  in  vain  their  pretty  eyes  may  roll; 

Charms  strike  tire  sight,  but  merit  wins  the  soul.  Pope. 

2.  That  which  is  earned;  reward  deserved. 

Those  laurel  groves,  the  merits  of  thy  youth.  Prior. 

3.  Desert  of  good  or  evil ; claim  or  right  with 
respect  to  any  quality. 

After  a large  survey  of  the  merits  of  the  cause.  Watts. 

1 put  Chaucer’s  merits  to  the  trial  by  turning  some  of  tire 
Canterbury  tales  into  our  language.  Drpden. 

Syn. — See  Desert. 

MER'JT,  v.  a.  [L.  merito-.  It.  mcritarc-,  Sp. 
mereccr;  Fr.  merit er.]  \i.  merited  ; pp.  mer- 
iting, merited.]  To  deserve  ; to  have  a right 
to  claim  any  thing  as  deserved  ; to  earn  ; to  be 
entitled  to  ; — generally  applied  to  good,  but 
sometimes  to  ill. 

Those  best  can  bear  reproof  who  merit  praise.  Pope. 

A man,  at  best,  is  incapable  of  meriting  any  thing  from 
God.  South. 

f MER'IT-A-BLE,  a.  Deserving  of  reward.  “ Any 
meritablc  work.”  B.  Jonson. 

MER'IT-IJD,  p.  a.  Deserved;  condign;  suitable. 

MER'!T-ED-LY,  ad.  Deservedly.  Boyle. 

MER'IT—  MON'GIJR,  n.  One  who  believes  that 
human  merit  is  sufficient  for  salvation.  Latimer. 

MER-T-TO'RI-OUS,  a.  [L.  merit onus ; It.  fy  Sp. 
meritorio;  Fr.  mi-ritoire.]  Having  merit;, 
worthy  ; deserving  of  reward  ; good.  Addison. 


MER-I-TO'RI-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  a meritorious 
manner.  IVotton. 

MER-J-TO'RI-Oys-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
meritorious  ; desert.  South. 

t MER'l-TO-RY,  a.  Meritorious.  Goxeer. 

MER'I-TOT,  n.  A play  used  by  children,  in 
swinging  themselves  on  ropes  or  the  like,  till 
they  are  giddy.  Speght. 

MERK,  n.  An  ancient  Scotch  silver  coin  worth 
13s.  4d.  sterling  (about  $3.22).  Jamieson. 

MER'KIN,  n.  I.  A mop  to  clear  cannon  with.  Crabb. 

2.  Counterfeit  hair  for  a woman.  Bailey. 

MERLE,  n.  [Fr.]  A blackbird.  Drayton. 

MER'LIN,  n.  ( Ornith .)  A 
bird  of  the  family  Falconi- 
dcc ; Falco  cesalon  of  Lin- 
naeus. Yarrell. 

MER'LfNG,  n.  ( Ich .)  A small 
fish  ; the  whiting ; Gadus 
merlangus.  Wright. 

MER'LON,  n.  [Fr.]  (Fort.) 

The  part  of  a parapet,  or 
epaulement,  included  be- 
tween two  embrasures. 

Brande. 

MER'MAID,  n.  [Fr.  mer,  the  sea,  and  Eng. 
maid.]  A sea-woman  ; a fabulous  marine  ani- 
mal represented  as  having  the  head  and  body  of 
a woman,  with  the  tail  of  a fish. 

The  animals,  whose  appearance,  when  seen 
at  a distance,  lias  been  supposed  to  have  originated 
the  idea  of  the  mermaid,  arc  the  cetaceous  dugong  and 
manatee . Brande. 

MER'MAID’§— TRUM'PFT,  n.  A kind  of  fish. 

Ainsworth. 

MER'MAN,  n. ; pi.  mermen.  The  male  of  the 
mermaid.  Chambers. 

ME'RO-CELE,  n.  [Gr.  pi?pi5f,  the  thigh,  and  Kfj/.IJ, 
a tumor.]  (Med.)  Hernia  in  the  thigh ; fem- 
oral or  crural  hernia.  Dunglison. 

Mf-ROP'I-DAN,  n.  (Ornith.)  A bird  of  the  fam- 
ily Meropidce,  or  bee-eaters.  Brande. 

ME-ROP  ' I-DJE,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  pepoj  ; L.  mcrops, 
the  bee-eater.]  ( Ornith.)  A family  of  fissiros- 
tral  birds  of  the  order  Passeres,  including  the 
sub-family  Meropincc  ; bee-eaters.  Gray. 

MER-O-PI ' NJE,  7i.pl.  [See  Meropidje.]  (Or- 
nith.) A sub- 
family of  fis- 
sirostral  birds 
of  the  order 
Passeres  and 
family  Merop- 
idce ; bee-eat- 
ers. Gray. 

ME'ROPS,  n.  Merops  apiaster. 

[L.,  from  Gr.  pfpod/.]  (Ornith.)  A genus  of 
birds  of  the  family  Meropidce.  Gray. 

MIJR-OR-GAN-I-ZA'TION,  n.  [Gr.  plpos,  a part, 
and  Eng’,  organization.]  A partial  organiza- 
tion. Prowt. 

ME'ROS,  n.  [Gr.  pfpot.]  (Arch.)  The  plane  face 
between  the  channels  in  the  triglyphs  of  the 
Doric  order.  Brande. 

MER'RJ-LY,  ad.  Gayly  ; airily;  cheerfully  ; with 
mirth  and  laughter.  Shak. 

MER'RI-MENT,  n.  Noisy  sport;  mirth;  jollity; 
joviality  ; hilarity  ; gayety  ; laughter. 

Where  be  vour  gibes  now?  your  gambols,  your  songs, 
your  flashes  of  merriment , that  were  wont  to  set  the  table  on 
a roar?  Shak. 

3ferriment  is  the  effect  of  a sudden  impression.  Johnson. 

Syn.  — See  Gayety. 

MER'RI-NESS,  n.  Mirth;  merriment,  [r.]  Shak. 

MER'RY,  a.  [A.  S.  mirige,  myrig ; Gael.  Ir. 
meark] 

1.  f Pleasant ; agreeable  ; cheering. 

There  eke  my  feeble  bark  a while  may  stay, 

Till  merry  wind  and  weather  call  her  thence  away.  Spenser. 

2.  Loudly  cheerful ; mirthful ; jovial ; gay  ; 
sportive  ; jocund  ; joyous ; lively ; sprightly. 

They  drank,  and  were  merri/  with  him.  Gen.  xliii.  34. 

3.  Causing  laughter.  “ A merry  jest.”  Shak. 


Labrador  jumping-mouse 
( Merioncs  Labraclorus). 


m 

Merlin  ( Falco  cesalon ). 


A,  E,  T,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  t,  short;  A,  5,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


MERRY 

4.  Lavish  of  ridicule  ; sarcastic.  Atterbury. 

To  make  merry,  to  be  jovial.  “ They  trod  the 
grapes  and  made  merry.”  Judges  it.  27. 

Syn.  — See  Cheerful. 

MER'RY,  n.  The  wild,  red  cherry.  Todd. 

MER'RY— AN' DREW,  n.  A zany;  a buffoon;-— 
so  named  from  Andrew  Borde,  a physician  in 
Henry  VIII. ’s  time,  who  attracted  notice  by 
facetious  speeches  to  the  multitude.  Smart. 

The  first  who  made  the  experiment  was  a merry-andrew. 

Spectator. 

MER'RY-MAKE,  n.  A making  merry  ; a festival ; 
a meeting  of  mirth.  Spenser. 

MER'RY-MAKE,  v.  n.  To  make  merry;  to  feast; 
to  be  jovial.  Gay. 

MER'RY-MAK-ING,  n.  A convivial  entertainment ; 
a merry  bout  or  festival.  Jodrell. 

MER'RY-MEET-ING,  n.  A meeting  for  mirth  ; a 
festival ; a merry-make.  Bp.  Taylor. 

MER'RY— QUILTS,  n.pl.  Cotton  fabrics  made  in 
Assam.  Simmonds. 

MER'RY-TIIOUGHT  (-thfiwt),  n.  A forked  bone 
between  the  neck  and  breast  of  a fowl ; — so 
called  from  being  the  instrument  which  two 
persons  pull  at  in  play,  when  the  one  who  breaks 
off  the  longest  part  has  the  omen  of  being  first 
married.  Echard. 

MER'SION  (mer'shun),  n.  [L.  mersio .]  The  act 
of  merging;  immersion.  Barrow. 

ME-RU ' LI-DJE,  n.  [L.  merulct , a black-bird.] 
(Ornith.)  A family  of  dentirostral  birds  ; 
thrushes.  Yarrell. 

M£-RU'L!-DAN,  n.  (Ornith.)  A bird  of  the  fam- 
ily Merulidce.  Brande. 

ME'RUS,  n.  (Arch.)  Same  as  Meros.  Weale. 

MER-  r-CO-  THE'  RI-  tjM,  n.  [Gr.  to  chew 

the  cud,  and  Oppiov,  a beast.]  (Pal.)  A genus 
of  extinct  fossil  mammals  allied  to  the  camel. 

Pictet. 

MESCH'— EAT,  n.  A mash-vat.  Crabb. 

Mp-SEEM§',  impersonal  verb.  [i.  meseemed.] 
It  seems  to  me  ; methinks.  Sidney. 

Meseems,  methinlcs,  melisteth,  are  the  only  true 
impersonal  verbs  in  the  English  language.  Dr.  Latham. 
— Meseems  and  melisteth  are  now  obsolete  ; methinks, 
obsolescent,  or  less  used  now  than  formerly. 

ME-SEM-BRY-AN'THf.-MUM,  11.  [Gr.  yf eyuBpia, 
midday  ; peoos,  middle,  and  l/pepa,  day.]  (Bot.) 
A genus  of  succulent  plants,  mostly  growing  at 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  the  flowers  of  which 
usually  expand  at  midday.  Loudon. 

MESj-flN-TER'IC,  a.  [It.  § Sp.  mcsenterico ; Fr. 
mesentcrique .]  Relating  to  the  mesentery. 

Cheyne. 

MES-EJ\r-TE-Rl'TIS,  n.  (Med.)  Inflammation 
of  the  mesentery.  Dunylison. 

ME§'JJN-TER-Y  (mez'en-ter-e),  n.  [Gr.  peoerrepiov  ; 
peoos,  middle,  and  cvrepor,  an  entrail ; It.  <Sf  Sp. 
mesenterio  ; Fr.  mesentlre.)  (Anat.)  A dupli- 
cature  of  the  peritoneum,  which  suspends  the 
small  intestine,  and  preserves  it  in  its  place. 

Dunylison. 

MEij-E-RA'IC,  a.  [Gr.  ytodpatov,  the  mesentery; 
ploos,  middle,  and  apaia,  the  belly  ; It.  # Sp.  me- 
seraico .]  Belonging  to  the  mesentery  ; mesen- 
teric ; — written  also  mesaraic.  Browne. 

MESH,  n.  [Dut .mresche-,  Ger.  masche ; Old  Fr. 
mache ; W.  masy.]  The  space  between  the 
threads  of  a net ; interstice  of  a net.  Carew. 

MESH,  v.  a.  [ i . meshed  ; pp.  meshing,  meshed.] 
To  catch  in  a net ; to  insnare  ; to  entangle. 

The  flies  by  chance  meshed  in  her  hair.  Drayton. 

MESH'Y,  a.  Having  meshes  ; reticulated  ; netted. 
Caught  in  the  meshy  snare,  in  vain  they  beat 
Their  idle  wings.  Thomson. 

ME§']-AL,  a.  [Gr.  ploos.)  Middle.  Smart. 

ME'SlTE,  n.  [Gr.  yeoirris,  a mediator.]  (Chcm.) 
A liquid  existing  in  pyroxylic  spirit,  and  pro- 
duced in  the  distillation  of  wood.  Iloblyn. 

ME^'LIN,  n.  [A.  S.  mccslenn.  — See  Maslin.] 


901 

1.  A mixture  of  different  kinds  of  grain,  as 

wheat  and  rye  ; — written  also  maslin,  mastline, 
misselane,  and  misceline.  Hooker. 

2.  A union  of  flocks.  Loudon. 

ME$-MJJR-EE',  71.  The  person  to  whom  mesmer- 
ism is  communicated.  Oyilvie. 

M£§-MER  IC,  7 a ^dating  to  mesmerism  or 

MJJij-MER'I-CAL,  > animal  magnetism.  Chambers. 

ME§'M£R-I§M,  n.  [Fr.  mesmerisme.)  Another 
term  for  animal  magnetism,  magnetic  sleep, 
somnambulism,  or  clairvoyance  ; — so  called 
from  Anthony  Mesmer,  who  first  brought  it  into 
notice  at  Vienna,  about  the  year  1776.  Brande. 

ME§'MER-IST,  n.  A mesmerizer.  Martineau. 

ME§-MER-!-ZA'TION,  n.  Act  of  mesmerizing.  Wr. 

MESj'MJJR-iZE,  v.  a.  [i.  mesmerized  ; pp.  mes- 
merizing, mesmerized.]  To  put  into  a state 
of  mesmeric  or  unnatural  sleep.  Dr.  J.  Elliotson. 

ME^'MER-IZ-fR,  n.  One  who  mesmerizes. 

MESNE  (men),  a.  [Old  Fr.]  (Lotc.)  Middle  ; in- 
tervening ; intermediate  ; as,  “ Mesne  lord,”  i.  e. 
one  between  a tenant  and  his  lord.  Whishaio. 

Mesne  process,  an  intermediate  process,  which  issues 
between  the  beginning  and  the  end  of  a suit.  H'hishauj. 

MES'O-BLAST,  it.  The  so-called  nucleus  of  cells. 
— See  Ectoblast.  Ayassiz. 

MES'O-CARP,  n.  [Gr.  ploos,  middle,  and  aap-ods, 
fruit.]  (Bot.)  The  middle  part  of  a pericarp, 
when  it  is  distinguishable  into  three  layers.  Gray. 

MES-O-CO'LON,  n.  [Gr.  piodKioXov ; ploo ;,  middle, 
and  kl Hoy,  the  colon  ; Fr.  mesocolon .)  (Anat.) 
A name  given  to  the  folds  of  the  peritoneum, 
which  fix  the  different  parts  of  the  colon  to  the 
abdominal  parietes.  Dunylison. 

MES-O-GAS'TRIC,  a.  [Gr.  peoos,  middle,  and  yao- 
rrjp,  the  belly.]  (Anat.)  Noting  the  membrane 
by  which  the  stomach  is  attached  to  the  abdo- 
men. Maunder. 

MES'O-LABE,  n.  [Gr.  peooi.a[5ov ; ploos,  middle, 
and  /.apliavw,  to  take;  L . mesolabiian ; Fr.  rni- 
solabe.)  An  instrument  employed  by  the  an- 
cients to  find  two  mean  proportionals  between 
two  given  straight  lines.  Brande. 

MESOLE,  n.  (Mill.)  A hydrous  silicate  of  alu- 
mina and  lime,  occurring  in  implanted  globules, 
with  a flat,  columnar,  radiate  structure.  Dana. 

f MES-O-LEU'COS,  n.  [Gr.  peadlevKos,  middling 
white  ; ploos,  middle,  and  Loros,  white  ; L.  meso- 
leucos. ] A precious  stone,  black,  with  a streak 
of  white  in  the  middle.  Johnson. 

MES'O-LOBE,  n.  [Fr.,  from  Gr.  pet roc  and  i.ofids, 
a lobe.]  (Anat.)  A white  medullary  band  con- 
necting the  hemispheres  of  the  brain  ; corpus 
callosum.  Dunylison. 

MES'O-LO-BAR,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  mesolobe. 
“ Mesolobar  arteries.”  Dunylison. 

MES-O-LOG'A-RITIIM,  11.  [Gr.  peoos,  middle,  Uyos, 
a discourse,  and  dptdpis,  a number;  Fr.  meso- 
loyarithme.\  A logarithm  of  the  co-sine,  or 
anti-logarithm  ; or  a logarithm  of  the  co-tan- 
gent, or  differential  logarithm.  Harris. 

MES'O-LYTE,  n.  [Gr.  ploo s,  middle,  and  HOo;,  a 
stone.]  (Min.)  A hydrous  silicate  of  alumina, 
lime,  and  soda  ; — called  also  lime  and  soda 
mesotype.  Dana. 

ME-SOM'JJ-LAS  [rne-som 'e-las,  K.  Sm.  1 Vb.;  me- 
sS'ine-las,  Ja. ; nies-o-me'lss,  Ash,  TIP.],  n.  [L., 
from  Gr.  peodpel.as ; ploos,  middle,  and  pile is, 
black.]  (Min.)  A precious  stone,  with  a black 
vein  parting  every  color  in  the  midst.  Bailey. 

MES-OM-PHA'LI-ON,  il.  [Gr.  peaoptyahos,  in  mid- 
navel ; peoos,  middle,  and  dptpahov,  the  little 
navel.]  (Anat.)  The  middle  navel.  Crabb. 

MES-O-PHLCE'UM,  n.  [Gr.  peed;,  middle,  and 
tploids,  bark.]  (Bot.)  The  middle  or  green 
bark.  Gray. 

MES-O-PHYL'LUM,  n.  [Gr.  perns,  middle,  and 
tpOllov,  a leaf.]  (Bot.)  The  parenchymatous 
tissue  forming  the  fleshy  part  of  a leaf,  between 
the  upper  and  lower  integuments.  Braiule. 

MES'O-SPERM,  n.  [Gr.  peoos,  middle,  and  oirfopa, 
a seed.]  (Bot.)  One  of  the  membranes  of  a 


MESSIAD 

seed  ; the  second  membrane  from  the  surface  ; 
the  secundine.  Wright. 

MES-O-THO'RAX,  il.  [Gr.  pious,  middle,  and  Ow- 
p af,  the  thorax.]  (Ent.)  The  middle  segment 
of  the  thorax  in  insects.  Westwood. 

MES'O-TYPE,  ii.  [Gr.  peoos,  middle,  and  tvtios, 
type;  Fr.  mesotype.)  (Min.)  A hydrated  sili- 
cate of  alumina  and  soda,  or  of  alumina  and 
lime.  Dana. 

MES-OX-AL'IC,  a.  [Gr.  peoos,  middle,  and  Eng. 
oxalic .]  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  obtained  from 
alloxanic  acid.  Thomson. 

MES'PI-LUS,  n.  [Gr.prWi7.or;  peoos,  middle,  and 
ttH.os,  a ball ; L .mespilum.)  (Bot.)  A genus  of 
deciduous  trees  bearing  hemispherical  fruit ; 
medlar.  Loudon. 

f MIJS-PRlijE',  ii,  [Old  Fr.  mespris  ; Fr.  mepris. \ 
Contempt;  scorn.  Sqienser. 

MESS,  n.  [Goth,  mes,  a table  ; A.  S.  myse,  mese  ; 
Old  Ger.  mias ; Ger.  mass,  a measure,  a meal 
or  mess;  Nor.  Fr.  mees,  mecse,  a mess.  — L. 
mensa,  a table ; Sp.  mesa.) 

1.  A dish ; a quantity  of  food  sent  to  table 
at  one  time,  or  for  a certain  number. 

Better  is  a mess  of  pottage  with  love,  than  a fat  ox  with  evil 
will.  Proa.  xv.  17,  Trans,  of  1551. 

Herbs,  and  other  country  messes, 

"Which  the  neat-handed  rhillis  dresses.  Hilton. 

2.  The  number  of  persons  who  eat  together  at 
the  same  table,  and  for  whom  a regular  meal,  or 
ordinary,  is  provided  ; a set ; a company  ; a crew. 

A mess  of  Russians  left  us  but  of  late.  Shak. 

3.  A set  of  four. 

You  three  fools  lacked  one  fool  to  make  up  the  mess.  Shak. 

Where  are  your  mess  of  sous  ? (Edward,  George,  Richard, 
and  Edmund.)  Shak. 

,0£g=  As  at  great  dinners  or  feasts  the  company  was 
usually  arranged  into  fours,  which  were  called  messes, 
and  were  served  together,  the  word  came  to  mean  a 
set  of  four,  in  a general  way.  Mares. 

4.  A mixed  mass  ; a medley  ; a hotch-potch. 

[Colloquial.]  Smart. 

5.  A situation  of  distress  and  difficulty  ; as, 
“ To  get  into  a mess.”  [Colloquial.]  Smart. 

6.  (Mil.)  A public  dinner  provided  for  the 

officers  of  a regiment  or  of  different  regiments, 
to  the  support  of  which  they  are  bound  to  con- 
tribute a portion  of  their  pay.  Brande. 

MESS,  v.  ii.  [A.  S.  metsian .]  [i.  messed  ; pp. 

MESSING,  MESSED.] 

1.  To  take  food  ; to  cat;  to  feed.  Johnson. 

2.  To  take  meals  in  common  with  others  ; to 
contribute  to  support  a common  table,  particu- 
larly of  naval  and  military  men. 

An  inn,  where  the  officers  of  a regiment  he  had  served  in 
were  messing.  Rye. 

MES'SAffE,  n.  [L .missio,  a sending,  from  which 
is  made  in  Low  L.  missaticuin,  and  then  mes- 
sagiam.  Landais.  — It.  messagio  ; Sp.  mensaye ; 
Old  Fr.  mes  ; Fr.  message .] 

1.  A verbal  or  written  communication  sent 
from  one  person,  to  another. 

Gently  hast  thou  told 

Thy  message , which  might  else  in  telling  wound.  Milton. 

2.  An  address  or  communication  of  a presi- 
dent, or  a governor,  on  public  affairs,  to  the 
legislature ; also,  a communication  from  one 
branch  of  a legislature  to  another.  [U.  S.] 

Syn.  — A person  is  sent  on  an  errand  to  carry  a 
message.  Go  on  an  errand ; carry  a message. 

MES'SA§rE— CARD,  n.  A written  card.  B.  Jonson. 

f MES  'SJl-QER,  ii.  [Fr.]  A messenger.  Gower. 

t MES'SJJL,  n.  A leper  ; an  outcast.  Chaucer. 

f MES'S|JL-RY,  n.  Leprosy.  Chaucer. 

MES'SEN-CIJR,  n.  [Fr.  messayer .] 

1.  A bearer  of  a message  ; emissary  ; express. 

Came  running  in,  much  like  a man  dismayed, 

A messenger  with  letters.  Spenser, 

2.  A harbinger  ; a forerunner ; a herald. 

Yon  gray  linos 

That  fret  the  clouds  are  messengers  of  day.  Shak. 

3.  (Naat.)  A rope  used  for  heaving  in  a cable 

by  the  capstan.  Dana. 

f MES 'SET,  n.  A kind  of  dog;  a cur.  Hall,  1636. 

MgS-SI'AD,  ii.  The  modern  epic  poem  of  Ger- 
many, written  by  Ivlopstock,  relating  to  the  suf- 
ferings and  triumph  of  the  Messiah.  Brande. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MdVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — £,  q,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  c,  |,  hard;  § as  z;  * as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


MESSIAH 


902 


METAMORPHOSIS 


MJJS-SI'AH,  n.  [Heb.  FPllilD,  anointed.]  The 
Anointed;  the  Christ;  the  Saviour.  John  i.  41. 

M^S-Sl'AH-SHlP,  n.  The  office  of  the  Messiah. 

MES-SI-An'IC,  a.  Relating  to  the  Messiah. Ec.  Rev. 

MESSIF.URS  (mesh'urz  or  mes'yerz)  [mes'surz,  S. ; 
mesll'sh&rz  or  mesh-sliorz',  IF.;  mes'serz,  P.  ; 
mCsh-shorz',  J. ; mes-serz',  if.;  mSsh'urz,  F. ; 
mesh'sllerz,  Ja. ; mes'yerz,  Sm.  C.  I Fr . J , n. 
[Fr. ; pi.  of  monsieur.']  Sirs  ; gentlemen  ; plural 
of  Mr. ; abbreviated  to  Messrs.  — See  Master. 

MESS'. MATE,  n.  One  who  eats  at  the  same  table. 

Messmates,  hear  a brother  sailor 
Sing  the  dangers  of  the  sea.  Stevens. 

MES'SUA^fE  ( mes'swaj),  n.  [Low  L.  messuagium  ; 
Old  Fr.  mese,  meason,  a house.]  (Law.)  The 
dwelling-house,  adjoining  land,  offices,  &c.,  ap- 
propriated to  the  use  of  the  household.  Burrill. 

MgS-TEE',  n.  The  offspring  of  a white  and  a 
quadroon;  — written  also  mustee.  [West  In- 
dies.] P.  Cyc. 

MIJS-TI'NO,  n.  The  offspring  of  a Spaniard  or 
creole  and  a nartive  Indian;  a mestizo.  Brande. 

Mf.S-TI'ZO,  n. ; pi.  mes-ti'zos.  [Sp.,  mongrel.] 
The  offspring  of  a Spaniard  or  a white  person 
and  an  American  Indian ; a mestino.  [Spanish 
America.]  Murray. 

Mg-SjYM'NI-CUM,  n.  [Gr.  pesos,  middle,  and  vpvos, 
a song.]  (Mus.)  A repetition  at  the  end  of  a 
stanza ; refrain.  Walker. 

MET,  i.  & p.  from  meet.  See  Meet. 

MET,  n.  A measure;  a bushel:  — a measure  of 
two  bushels.  [Local,  Eng.]  Hunter. 

M F.  TJl — [Gr.  f<fi-Q.]  A prefix  in  words  of  Greek 
origin,  signifying  beyond,  over,  after,  with,  be- 
tween ; frequently  answering  to  the  Latin  trails. 

MF.-TAB'jI-SIS,  11.  [Gr.  perafiaats  ; perafiaivui,  to 
pass  over.] 

1.  (Rhet.)  A figure  by  which  the  orator  passes 
from  one  thing  to  another;  a transition.  Bailey. 

2.  (Med.)  A change  of  remedy,  practice,  &c. ; 

metabola.  Dunglison. 

Mp-TAB'O-LA,  n.  [Gr.  per afioXh ; pFraflXbi) , to 
change;  It .metabole;  Fr.  mHabolot)  (Med.)  A 
change  of  time,  air,  or  disease.  Bailey. 

MET- A- BO 'LI- AN,  n.  [Gr.  peraftoh),  change.] 
(Ent.)  An  insect  that  undergoes  a metamor- 
phosis. Brande. 

MET- A-C  A It 'PAL,  a.  Belonging  to  the  metacar- 
pus. Dunglison. 

MET-A-CAR'PUS,  11.  [Gr.  peraicnpntov ; peri,  be- 
tween, and  ku;itt6 ;,  the  wrist;  Fr.  m'-tacarpe.] 
(Anat.)  The  part  of  the  hand  comprised  between 
the  carpus,  or  wrist,  and  the  fingers.  Dunglison. 

MIJ-TA^'IJ-TONE,  n.  [Gr.  pera,  with,  and  Eng. 
acetone .]  (Chem.)  A combustible  liquid  obtained 
mixed  with  acetone  in  distilling  sugar  with 
quicklime.  Iloblyn. 

M£-TAjEH'RO-NI§M  (me-tSk'ro-nlzm),  n.  [Gr. 

ra,  after,  and  %p6vo;,  time ; It.  A Sp.  metacro- 
nismo ; Fr.  mHuchronisme.]  (Chron.)  An  er- 
ror in  chronology  which  consists  in  placing  an 
event  after  its  proper  time.  Gregory. 

MET'A-CfsJM,  n.  [Gr.  peraiaopis ; L . metacismus ; 
It.  metacismo ; Fr.  metacisme.]  The  too  fre- 
quent repetition  of  the  letter  m ; a fault  in  pro- 
nouncing the  letter  in.  Maunder. 

MET-A-GAL'LATE,  n.  (Chem.)  A salt  formed 
from  metagallic  acid  and  a base.  P.  Cyc. 

MET- A-GAL'LIC,  a.  [Gr.  pera , with,  and  Eng. 
gallic.]  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  obtained  by  a 
partial  decomposition  of  gallic  acid.  P.  Cyc. 

ME'TAGE,  n.  [See  Mete,  v.] 

1.  Measurement  of  coals.  Todd. 

2.  A charge  for  measuring.  Simmonds. 

MET-A-(jrEN'E-SlS,  n.  [Gr.  pera,  indicating 
change,  and  yhems,  origin,  creation.]  The 
changes  of  form  which  the  representative  of  a 
species  undergoes  in  passing,  by  a series  of 
successively  generated  individuals,  from  the  egg 
to  the  perfect  state.  Brande. 

MET-A-GRAM'MA-TISjM,  n.  [Gr.  peri,  after,  and 


ypdppa,  a letter.]  The  art  or  the  practice  of 
transposing  letters  so  as  to  form  new  words ; 
anagrammatism.  Camden. 

MET'AL  (met'tl  or  met'sil)  [met'tl,  S.  W.  P.  E.  Wr. 
Wb. ; niet'al,  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  C. ; met'ttil,  J.j,  n. 
[Gr.  p eraXXov ; L.  metallum;  It.  met  alio ; Sp. 
metaT,  Fr.  metal.] 

1.  An  undecompounded,  opaque  body,  of  pe- 
culiar lustre,  insoluble  in  water,  fusible  by  heat, 
and  capable  of  combining  with  oxygen. 

ffijy  The  metals  conduct  electricity  and  heat,  and, 
appearing  at  tile  negative  surface  when  their  com- 
pounds are  electrolyzed,  they  are  considered  as  electro- 
positive bodies.  The  metals  known  Jo  the  ancients 
were  seven,  viz. : gold,  silver,  iron,  copper,  mercury, 
lead,  and  tin  ; but  their  number  is  now  reckoned  at 
forty-eight.  They  are  good  conductors  of  heat,  and 
most  of  them  also  of  electrictity.  All  metals  are  capa- 
ble of  combining  with  oxygen,  but  with  affinities  and 
quantities  extremely  different.  Potassium  and  sodium 
have  the  strongest  affinity  for  it,  arsenic  and  ciironium 
the  feeblest.  Many  metals  become  acids  by  a sufficient 
dose  of  oxygen,  while,  with  a smaller  dose,  they  con- 
stitute salifiable  bases.  Many  ot  the  metals  are 
malleable  and  ductile,  and  some,  such  as  bismuth, 
antimony,  and  arsenic  are  brittle.  They  are  all,  with 
the  exception  of  mercury,  solid  at  the  temperature  of 
the  air.  Graham.  Ure. 

2.  Courage;  spirit;  mettle. — See  Mettle. 

Being  glad  to  find  their  companions  had  so  much  metal, 
after  a long  debate  the  major  part  curried  it.  Clarem/on. 

3.  Glass  in  a state  of  fusion.  Simmonds. 

4.  Broken  stone  for  roads.  Simmonds. 

5.  The  effective  power  of  guns  carried  by  a 

vessel  of  war.  Simmonds. 

6.  An  East  Indian  sweetmeat.  Simmonds. 

“ As  the  metaphorical  sense  of  this  word,  cour- 
age and  spirit,  has  passed  into  a different  orthography, 
mettle,  so  the  orthography  of  this  sense  has  corrupted 
the  pronunciation  of  the  original  word,  and  made  it 
perfectly  similar  to  the  metaphorical  one.  It  is  almost 
the  only  instance  in  the  language  where  al  is  pro- 
nounced in  this  manner,  and  the  impropriety  is  so 
striking  as  to  encourage  an  accurate  speaker  to  restore 
the  a to  its  sound  as  heard  in  medal.”  Walker. 

Mg-TAL'DE-HYDE,  n.  [Gr.  pera,  with,  and  Eng. 
aldehyde .]  (Chem.)  A substance  into  which 
aldehyde  is  partially  converted  when  kept  at  the 
ordinary  temperature  in  a close  vessel.  llorsford. 

MET-A-LEP'SJS,  n. ; pi.  met-a-lep's£§.  [Gr. 
perAXri^ts  ; peraXapPdvai,  to  interchange.]  (Rhet.) 
A continuation  of  a trope  in  one  word  through 
several  significations  ; as,  “ The  Rhine  is  in 
arms,”  i.  e.  by  the  Rhine  we  mean  the  country, 
and  by  country  we  mean  the  people.  Smart. 

MET-A-LEP  TIC,  ? a y Relating  to  meta- 

MET-A-LEP'TI-CAL,  S lepsis. 

2.  Transverse  ; transposed.  Smart. 

MET-A-LEP'TI-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a metaleptical 
manner ; transversely.  Bp.  Sanderson. 

MET'ALLED  (met'tald),  a.  See  Mettled.  Todd. 

Mp-TAL'LIC,  a.  [It.  metallico  ; Sp.  mctalico ; 
Fr.  met  alii que.]  Relating  to  metal ; containing 
metal ; consisting  of  metal ; resembling  metal. 
“ Metallic  ore.”  Brooke.  “ Metallic  lustre.”  Dana. 

Metallic  tractors,  metallic  rods,  as  used  by  Dr.  Elisha 
Perkins,  of  Norwich,  Conn.,  in  the  treatment  of  dis- 
ease.— See  Periunism. 

ME-TAl'LJ-CAL,  a.  Metallic,  [r.]  Wotton. 

ME-TAL-LI-FACT'LRE,  n.  [L.  metallum,  a metal, 
and  facio,  to  make.]  The  manufacture  of  met- 
als. [r.]  It.  Park. 

MET-AL-LIF'F,R-OUS,  a.  [L.  metaVum,  a metal, 
and  fero,  to  bear  ; It.  metallife.ro ; Sp.  rnetali- 
fero  ; Fr.  metallifere.]  Producing  metals. 

M F.-T/\  L'LI-FORM,  a.  [L.  metallum,  a metal,  and 
forma,  form ; It.  metaUiforme.]  Having  the 
form  of  a metal.  Smart. 

MET' AI.-LINE  (19)  [mSt'al-lin,  W.  J.  R.  C.  Wb. ; 
met'sd-lTn,  E.  F. ; me-tal'Ijn,  S.  Ash',  me-t&l'lln 
or  mfit'fil-Iln,  Ja.  K. ; met'ftl-lin,  Wr.] , a.  [It. 
metallino .] 

1.  Impregnated  with  metal.  “ Metalline  wa- 
ters.” Bacon. 

2.  Consisting  of  metal ; metallic.  “ A metal- 
line cylinder.”  Boyle. 

Uii' Mr.  Sheridan,  Dr.  Johnson.  Dr.  Ash,  and  Bai- 
ley accent  the  second  syllable  of  this  word  ; but  Dr. 
Kenrick,  W.  Johnston,  Mr.  Scott,  Bnchanan,  Barclay, 


Fenning,  and  Entick,  the  first.  I do  not  hesitate  to 
pronounce  the  latter  mode  the  more  correct.”  Walker. 

MET'AL- LIST,  n.  A worker  in,  or  one  skilled  in, 
metals.  Moxon. 

MET-AL-LJ-ZA'TION,  n.  [Fr.  metallisation.'] 
Act  or  art  of  changing  into  metal.  Francis. 

MET'AL-LlZE,  v.  a.  [Fr.  mitalliser.]  [i.  met- 
allized ; pp.  METALLIZING,  METALLIZED.] 
To  convert  into  a metal ; to  impart  metallic 
qualities  to.  Smart. 

M?  TAL'LO-jCHROME,  ii.  [Gr.  piraUov,  a metal, 
and  ■X'pCipa,  color.]  A prismatic  tint  observed  on 
polished  steel  plates  on  which  have  been  de- 
posited by  electrolytic  action  a thin  film  of  per- 
oxide of  lead.  Nobili. 

MET-AL-LOjEII'RO-MY,  n.  The  art  of  coloring 
metals.  ' Nobili. 

MET-AL-LOG'RA-PIlIST,  n. t A writer  on  metals. 

MET- AL-LOG 'RA-PHY,  11.  [Gr.  plraXXov,  a metal, 
and  ypaipw,  to  w rite ; Sp.  metalografia ; Fr.  me- 
tallographies] An  account  or  description  of 
metals.  Bailey. 

MET' AI.-LOID,  n.  [Gr.  piraXX.ov , a metal,  and 
tibos,  form.]  (Chem.)  A non-metallic,  inflam- 
mable body,  as  sulphur,  phosphorus,  &c. ; — 
applied  also  to  the  metallic  bases  of  the  fixed 
alkalies  and  alkaline  earths.  Brande. 

ME!  AL-LOlD,  P a Reiating  to,  or  resem- 

MET-AL-LOID'AL,  J bling,  a metal  or  a metal- 
loid. Buckland. 

MLI-AL-LUR  (4IC,  I a [It.  mctallurnico ; Sp. 

MET-AL-LUR'G!-CAL,  ) meialurgico ; Fr.  metal- 
lurgique.]  Relating  to  metallurgy.  Ec.  Rev. 

MET'  A I ,-L  j; R-G  1ST,  n.  [Fr.  metallurgists.]  One 
who  is  engaged  in  extracting  metals.  Bailey. 

MET'AI.-LijR-GY  [met'?l-lur-je,  IF.  P.  E.  F.  K. 
Sm.  R.  Ash,  Wares,  Wb. ; me-tal'lur-je,  J.  Ja. 
C.  Johnson,  Wr. ; met-?l-liir'je,  SJ,  n.  [Gr.  piraX- 
i.ov , a metal,  and  egyov,  a work  ; It.  metallurgia  ; 
Sp.  metalurgia  ; Fr.  metallurgies]  The  art  of 
extracting  metals  from  their  ores.  Ure. 

tm-  “ This  word  is  accented  three  different  ways 
by  different  orthoepists.  Dr.  Johnson,  Barclay,  Fen- 
ning, and  Perry  accent  it  on  the  second  syllable  ; 
Sheridan,  Buchanan,  and  Bailey  on  the  third  ; and 
Ash,  Scott,  Nares,  and  Entick  on  the  first;  and  Ken- 
rick on  the  first  and  third.  The  accent  on  the  first 
seems  to  me  the  most  correct.”  Walker. 

MET'AL-MAN,  ii.  A worker  in  metals.  Burton. 

MET-A-MER'IC,  a.  [Gr.  piro,  noting  change,  and 
ptpos,  a part.]  (Chem.)  Noting  bodies  of  the 
same  composition  and  atomic  weight,  but  differ- 
ing remarkably  in  certain  of  their  properties, 
probably  in  consequence  of  dissimilar  molecular 
constitution.  Brande. 

MET-A-MOR'PHIC,  a.  [See  METAMORPHOSE.] 

1.  Noting  change  ; changeable.  Clarice. 

2.  (Min.)  Noting  a class  of  sedimentary 
rocks  which  have  been  changed  by  heat;  — 
called  also  stratified  primary  rocks.  Lyell. 

MET-A-MOR'PHI§M,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality 
of  being  metamorphic.  Clarke. 

MET-A-MOR'PHIST,  n.  (Theol.)  One  who  holds 
that  the  body  of  Christ  was  transformed  into  the 
Deity  at  the  ascension.  Smart. 

MET-A-MOR'PHlZE,  v.  a.  To  transform  ; to  met- 
amorphose. Wollaston. 

MET-A-MOR'PIIOSE  (met-a-mor'fos),  v.  a.  [Gr. 
pirapoptpdopat,  to  be  transformed;  It.  metamor- 
fosare ; Fr.  metamorphoser.]  [i.  metamor- 
phosed ; pp.  metamorphosing,  metamor- 
phosed.] To  change  the  form  or  shape  of;  to 
transform  ; to  transfigure ; to  transmute. 

Thus  men,  my  lord,  be  metamorphosed 

From  seemly  shape  to  birds  and  ugly  beasts.  Gascoigne. 

Syn.  — See  Transfigure. 

MET-A-MOR'PHOSE,  n.  [Fr. ; L.  metamorphosis.] 
A transformation  ; a metamorphosis.  Thompson. 

MET-A-MOR'PHO-SER,  n.  One  who  metamor- 
phoses. Gascoigne. 

MET-A-MOR'PHO-SIO,  a.  Transforming  ; chang- 
ing the  form.  “ Metamoiphosic  fables.”  Pownall. 

MET- A-MOR'PHO-SIS,  n.  ; pi.  mEt-a-mor'pho- 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  ?,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  1IER; 


METAMORPHOSTICAL 


903 


METEOROUS 


se$.  [Gr.  ; f/frd,  prefix  indicating 

change,  and  yifupy,  form.] 

1.  Change  of  form  or  shape  ; transformation. 

"What,  my  noble  colonel  in  metamorphosis]  On  what  oc- 
casion are  you  transformed?  Dryden. 

2.  ( Zoul .)  The  change  of  form  which  some 
insects  and  other  animals  undergo  in  passing 
from  one  stage  of  existence  to  another,  Brande. 

3.  ( Bot .)  The  adaptation  of  one  organ  to  sev- 
eral different  purposes,  connected  with  which 
are  changes  in  form,  size,  color,  &c.  P.  Cyc. 

MET-A-MOR-PHOS'TI-CAL,  a.  Relating  to,  or 
affected  by,  metamorphosis.  Pope. 

MET'A-PHOR,  n.  [Gr.  ptratpopa ; yt ra,  over,  and 
(piput,  to  carry  ; L.  metaphora ; It.  <Sy  Sp.  meta- 
fora-, Fr.  metaphore.]  ( Rhet .)  A figure  of 

speech  founded  on  the  resemblance  which  one 
object  is  supposed  to  bear,  in  some  respect,  to 
another,  or  a figure  by  which  a word  is  trans- 
ferred from  a subject  to  which  it  properly  belongs, 
to  another,  in  such  a manner  that  a comparison 
is  implied,  though  not  formally  expressed ; a 
comparison  or  simile  comprised  in  a word  ; as, 
“ Thy  word  is  a lamp  to  my  feet.”  Ps.  cxix.  105. 

An  epithet  or  metaphor  drawn  from  nature  ennobles  art;  an 
epithet  or  metaphor  drawn  from  art  degrades  nature  .Johnson. 

Of  metaphors , those  generally  conduce  most  to  energy  or 
vivacity  of  style  which  illustrate  an  intellectual  by  a sensible 
object.  I Vhately. 

Syn. — A metaphor  differs  from  a simile  in  being 
expressed  without  any  sign  of  comparison  ; Thus, 
“ The  silver  moon  ” is  a metaphor  ; “ The  moon  is 
bright  as  silver  ” is  a simile.  — See  Figure,  Simile. 

MET-A-PHOR'IC,  ) a.  [It.  <Sp  Sp.  metaforico ; 

MET-A-PHOR'I-CAL,  ) Fr.  mHaphorique .]  Re- 
lating to,  or  partaking  of,  metaphor  ; not  literal ; 
figurative.  “ Mctajihorical  expressions."  Browne. 

MET-A-PHOR'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  Figuratively ; not 
literally  ; by  metaphor.  Stewart. 

MET-A-PHOR'I-CAL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  metaphorical.  Ash. 

MET'A-PHOR-IST  [met'a-for-jst,  Sm.  Tt.  C.  Wr.  ; 
met'a-for-Ist,  K.\  me-taf'o-rlst,  Todd],  n.  A 
maker  of  metaphors.  Arbuthnot. 

MET-A-PHOS'PIIATE,  n.  ( Cheln .)  A salt  formed 
of  metaphosphoric  acid  and  a base.  Wright. 

MET-A-PHOS-PHOR'IC,  a.  { Chem .)  Noting  an 
acid  formed  by  burning  phosphorus  under  a 
bell-glass  filled  with  air  or  with  oxygen.  Brande. 

MET'A-PHRA§E  (met'j-fraz),  n.  [Gr.  pfraippatn;  ; 
pira,  indicating  change,  and  fpai rif,  a speaking, 
a phrase  ; Sp.  metafrasio ; Fr.  metaphrase .] 
A transfer  of  phrases  or  idioms,  without  alter- 
ation, into  another  language ; a mere  verbal 
translation. 

The  translation  is  not  so  loose  as  paraphrase,  nor  so  close 
as  metaphrase..  Dryden. 

M?-TApH'RA-SIs,  n.  [Gr.]  A merely  verbal 
translation  ; a metaphrase.  Crabb. 

MET'A-PHRAST,  n.  [Gr.  yerafpoaorys  ; It.  St  Sp. 
metafraste-,  Fr.  metaphraste .]  A maker  of  a 
metaphrase ; a literal  translator.  Warton. 

MET-A-PHRAS'TIC,  1 a Close  in  interpre- 

MET-A-PHRAS'TI-CAL,  ) tation  ; literal.  “ Met- 
aphrastic  versions.”  Warton. 

MET-A-PHY§'IC,  n.  Metaphysics,  [r.]  Watts. 

The  singular  form  metaphysic  is  sometimes, 
though  not  often,  met  with.  “ Thus  far  we  have  ar- 
gued for  the  sake  of  argument,  and  opposed  metaphysic 
to  metaphysic .”  Beattie. 

See  physic  beg  the  Stagyrite’s  defence; 

See  metaphysic  call  for  aid  on  sense.  Pope. 

MET-A-PHY§  IC,  ) a j-Jt.  ^ gp  metafsico ; 

MET-A-PHY§'I-CAL,  > Fr.  metaphysique.] 

1.  Pertaining  or  according  to  metaphysics. 

“ Metaphysical  speculations.”  Stewart. 

2.  f Preternatural ; supernatural.  Shale. 

3.  Versed  in  metaphysics.  Johnson. 

MET-A-PHY§'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a metaphysical 
manner ; by  metaphysics.  South. 

MET-A-PHY-f->I''CIAN  (met-?i-fe-zisli'jn),  n.  [Fr. 
metaphysician.]  One  versed  in  metaphysics  or 
intellectual  philosophy.  Stewart. 

MET-A-PHY§'I-C6-THE-Q-E6G'I-CAL,  a.  Em- 
bracing metaphysics  and  theology.  Disraeli. 

MET-A-PHY§'JCS  (met-j-fjz'jks),  n.  pi.  [Gr.  prrrt 


ra  tjivaiKi,  after  those  things  which  relate  to  ex- 
ternal nature,  or,  after  physics  ; — an  expres- 
sion used  by  Aristotle  in  the  chapter  of  one  of 
his  works  which  follows  that  relating  to  matters 
of  natural  philosophy.  — “From  this  part  of 
Aristotle’s  logic,  there  is  an  easy  transition  to 
what  has  been  called  his  metaphysics  ; a name 
unknown  to  the  author  himself,  and  given  to 
his  most  abstract  philosophical  works  by  his 
editors,  from  an  opinion  that  those  books  ought 
to  be  studied  immediately  after  his  physics,  or 
treatises  on  natural  philosophy.”  Gilties.  — Low 
L.  metaphysica  ; It.  % Sp.  metafisica  ; Fr.  meta- 
physique.] The  philosophy  of  mind,  as  dis- 
tinguished* from  that  of  matter ; a science  of 
which  the  object  is  to  explain  the  principles  and 
causes  of  all  things  existing : — according  to 
Stetvart,  a science  “ now  understood  as  equally 
applicable  to  all  those  inquiries  which  have  for 
their  object  to  trace  the  various  branches  of 
human  knowledge  to  their  first  principles  in  the 
constitution  of  the  human  mind”: — according 
to  Brande,  “ the  science  which  regards  the  ulti- 
mate grounds  of  being,  as  distinguished  from 
its  phenomenal  modifications  ” : — a speculative 
science  which  soars  beyond  the  bounds  of  ex- 
perience ; intellectual  philosophy  ; mental  phi- 
losophy ; mental  science ; ontology  ; psychology ; 
pneumatology. 

ME-TApH'Y-SIS,  n.  [Gr.  pcratpvopai,  to  become 
'by  a change.]  Change  of  form  or  shape  ; trans- 
formation ; metamorphosis.  Hamilton. 

MET'A-PLA.SM,  n.  [Gr.  ptranlacpis ; pira,  noting 
change,  and  irlaaato,  to  form  ; L.  metaplasmus ; 
It.  metaplasmo-,  Fr.  metaplasme.]  {Gram.)  A 
figure  which  consists  in  alterations  of  the  let- 
ters or  the  syllables  of  a word,  as  by  augmenta- 
tion, diminution,  or  immutation.  Brande. 

MET-AP-TO'SIS,  n.  [Gr.  ptranToiaii,  change  ; 
ptraniirroj,  to  change.]  {Med.)  Any  change  in 
the  form  or  the  seat  of  a disease ; transfor- 
mation. Dunglison. 

ME-TAs'TA-SIS,  n.  ; pi.  me-tXs'ta-ses.  [Gr. 
ptraaraaii ; Fr.  mi-tastase.]  {Med.)  Change  in 
the  seat  of  a disease.  Dunglison. 

MET-A-STAT'IC,  a.  Relating  to  metastasis.  “ A 
metastatic  crisis.”  Dunglison. 

MET-A-TAR'SAL,  a.  Belonging  to  the  metatar- 
sus. Sharj). 

MET-A-TAR'SUS,  n.  [Gr.  ptrd,  after,  and  rapeds, 
the  tarsus  or  heel.]  {Anat.)  The  instep  ; that 
part  of  the  foot  situated  between  the  tarsus  and 
the  toes.  Dunglison. 

ME-TATH'E-SIS,  n. ; pi.  me-t.Xth'e-ses.  [L., 
from  Gr. piraOeaif ; perariOppi,  to  place  differently.] 

1.  {Gram.)  Transposition  of  the  letters  of  a 

word.  Brande. 

2.  {Med.)  An  operation  by  which  a morbific 

agent  is  removed  from  one  place  to  another,  in 
order  to  produce  less  disturbance  in  the  exercise 
of  the  functions.  Dunglison. 

MET-A-THET  |C,  ) a Relating  to,  or  con- 

MET-A-THET'I-CAL,  ) taining,  metathesis  or 
transposition.  Forby. 

MET-A-THO'RAX,  71.  [Gr.  perA,  after,  and  6dipa{, 
the  breast.]  {Ent.)  The  third  or  last  segment 
of  the  thorax  in  insects.  Westwood. 

MET'A-TOME,  n.  [Gr.  peri,  between,  and  ropy, 
a cutting.]  {Arch.)  The  space  between  one 
dentil  and  the  next.  Brande. 

ME-  TA  ’ YF.R,  n.  [Fr. ; It.  mezzainolo.]  A farmer 
holding  land  on  condition  of  yielding  half  the 
produce  to  the  proprietor.  [France.]  Brande. 

METE,  v.  a.  [M.  Goth,  mitan  ; A.  S.  metan ; Dut. 
meten ; Ger.  messen ; Sw.  miita.  — Gr.  ptrpioi ; L. 
metior;  Sp.  medir. ] [i.  meted;  pp.  meting, 

meted.]  To  measure  ; to  reduce  to  measure. 

With  what  measure  ye  mete,  it  shall  be  measured  to  you 
again.  Matt.  vli.  2. 

METE,  n.  [A.  S.  mete,  mitta.  — L.  meta,  a goal, 
a limit.]  Measure  ; limit ; boundary  ; bound. 
“ Metes  and  bounds.”  Burrill. 

METE'CORN,  n.  A certain  measure  or  quantity 
of  corn  formerly  given  by  the  lord  of  a manor 
as  a reward  for  labor.  Wright. 

f METE'LY,  a.  Proportionable.  Chaucer. 


f MP-TEMP'SY-CH6§E,t).o.  [Gr.  p(Tipipvxiu.]  To 
translate  from  body  to  body  us  a soul.  Peacham. 


ME-TEMP-SY-£HO'S!S  (me-temp-se-ko'sjs),  n.  [Gr. 
piT(ippvX(o<ns  ; perth,  noting  change,  and  ipipu^dui, 
to  animate  ; h,  in,  and  fvXy,  life,  soul ; L.  me- 
tempsychosis.] The  transmigration  of  the  soul 
from  one  body  to  another,  or  through  different 
successive  bodies. 

The  sages  of  old  live  again  in  us,  and  in  opinions  there  is 
a metempsychosis.  Glanvill. 

MET-JJMP-TO'SIS,  n.  [Gr.  pirn,  after,  and  tpniir- 
t w,  to  fall  on.]  ( Astron .)  The  solar  equation 
necessary  to  prevent  the  new  moon  from  falling 
a day  too  late,  or  the  suppression  of  the  bissex- 
tile every  134  years.  Brande. 

ME'TJJ-OR  [me'te-ur,  P.  J.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  Wr.  ; ine'- 
tyur,  S.  E.  F. ; me'le-ur  or  me'che-ur,  IF.],  n. 
[Gr.  perhopa,  things  in  the  air ; yiru,  noting  di- 
rection, and  alupa,  a hovering  in  the  air ; It. 
meteora-,  Sp .meteoro-,  Fr .mHeore.] 

1.  Any  natural  phenomenon  in  the  atmos- 
phere or  the  clouds;  — applied-particularly  to  a 
fiery  or  luminous  body  occasionally  seen  mov- 
ing rapidly  through  the  atmosphere,  to  a fire- 
ball, called  also  a falling  star,  and  to  the  phe- 
nomenon otherwise  called  ignis-fatuus. 

2.  Any  thing  that  transiently  dazzles  or 

strikes  with  wonder.  Smart. 

Aerial  meteors,  winds,  whirlwinds,  &c.  ; aqueous 
meteors,  dews,  fogs,  rain,  snow,  Sec.  ; luminous  me- 
teors, halo,  mirage,  rainbow,  Sec.  ; igneous  meteors, 
falling  stars,  lightning,  aurora  borealis,  Sec.  Brande. 


ME-T5-0R  IC,  ) a%  3.  gp  meteorico  ; Fr. 
ME-TE-OR'!-CAL,  ) meteorique.] 

1.  Relating  to  meteors.  Bp.  Hall. 

2.  Bright,  dazzling,  and  transient.  Brande. 
Meteoric  iron,  iron  as  found  mixed  with  nickel  in 

meteoric  stones  or  aerolites. 


ME'TIj-OR-I.sM,  71.  [Fr.  meteorisme].  {Med.) 
Distention  of  the  abdomen  with  wind.  Hoblyn. 

ME'TJJ-OR-lTE,  71.  A meteoric  stone ; a meteor- 
olite.  Ure. 


f ME’TE-OR-IZE,  V.  71.  [Gr.  pereuipi$u>,  to  rise  to 
a height.]  To  ascend  in  evaporation.  Evelyn. 

ME-TE-O-ROG'RA-PIIY,  71.  [Gr.  yiriuipa,  meteors, 
and  Ypdipw,  to  describe.]  A description  of  the 
weather;  meteorology.  Month.  Rev. 

ME-Ty-OR'O-LITE  [me'te-or-o-llt,  Sm. ; me'te-o- 
ro-llt,  K.  Wr.  IF6.J,  n.  [Gr.  piriwya,  meteors, 
and  UBos,  a stone;  It.  meieorolito ; Fr.  rniti-oro- 
lithe .]  {Min.)  A meteoric  stone ; a semi-me- 
talhc  mass  falling  from  the  vatinosphere ; an 
aerolite.  Brande. 


ME-TEi-OR-O-Loy'lC,  ? a_  [It.  Sp.  mete- 

ME-T?-0R-0-L09'I-CAL,  ) orologico;  Fr.  metd- 
orologique .]  Relating  to  the  atmosphere  and 

its  phenomena ; relating  to  meteorology.  Browne. 

ME-TE-O-ROL'O-glST,  n.  One  versed  in  mete- 
orology. Howell. 

ME-TE-0-R0L'0-<?Y,  7i.  [Gr.  ptrcoipa,  meteors, 
and  loyoi,  a discourse  ; It.  § Sp.  meteorologia ; 
TPr.mcteoroloyie.]  The  science  of  meteors  : — the 
science  of  the  atmosphere  and  its  various  phe- 
nomena, particularly  the  state  of  the  weather. 

In  its  extended  sense,  meteorology  comprehends 
climatology,  and  the  greater  part  of  physical  geogra- 
phy ; and  its  object  is  to  determine  the  diversified  and 
incessantly  changing  influences  of  heat,  light,  elec- 
tricity, and  magnetism,  on  land,  in  the  sea,  and  in 
the  atmosphere.  Brande. 

ME-TJ3-0R'0-mAN-CY,  n.  [Gr.  ptrloioa,  meteors, 
and  pavrtia,  prophecy  ; It.  meteoromanzia  ; Fr. 
meteoromancie .]  Divination  by  meteors.  Smart. 

ME-TJJ-OR'O-SCOPE,  or  Mf.-TE'O-RO-SCOPE 
[me-te'o-ro-skop,  IF.;  mS'te-or'o-skdp,  Sm. ; me'- 
te-or-o-skop,  IFr.l,  71.  [Gr.  ptrioipoeudtaov  ; perl- 
topa,  meteors,  and  okouIo,  to  view;  It.  meteoro- 
scopo  ; Fr.  meteoroscope .]  An  instrument  for 
taking  the  magnitude  and  distances  of  heavenly 
bodies  ; an  astrolabe.  Wright. 

ME-Tij-OR-Ss'co-PY,  71.  That  part  of  astrono- 
my which  treats  of  the  differences  of  the  remote 
heavenly  bodies,  their  distances,  &c.  Crabb. 

j-ME-TE'O-ROCS,  a-  Having  the  nature  of  a 
meteor.  Milton. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RtjLE. 


— <?,  9>  £>  sofi  > £>  !>  hard ; § as  z;  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


METER 


METT 


904 


ME'TJRR,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  metes  or 
measures.  Burke. 

METE'— STICK,  n.  ( Naut .)  A staff  to  measure  the 
height  of  the  hold  of  a ship,  and  to  level  the 
ballast.  Crabb. 

fMETE'VVAND  (-vvond),  n.  A mete-yard.  Ascham. 

f METE'— YARD,  n.  A measuring  rod.  Shak. 

ME-THEG'LIN,  n.  [W.  meddyglyni]  A beverage 
made  of  honey  and  water  fermented  ; mead. 

Metheglin , wort,  and  malmsey.  Shak. 

ME-THINKS',  v.  impersonal,  [t.  methought.] 
i think  ; it  seems  to  me.  Spenser.  Addison. 

HSr”  Now  somewhat  obsolescent.  — See  Meseems. 

METH'OD,  n.  [Gr.  yedoSos  ; yera,  after,  and  bhO;, 
a way  ; L.  methodus  ; It.  Sj  Sp.  metodo  ; Fr. 
methode.] 

1.  A suitable  or  convenient  arrangement  with 
a view  to  some  end ; an  orderly  or  regular 
course  ; a regular  order ; regularity  ; disposition. 

2.  Way;  manner;  rule;  mode;  means. 

Notwithstanding  a faculty  be  born  with  us,  there  are  sev- 
eral methods  for  cultivating  and  improving  it.  Addison. 

3.  Classification  ; system  ; as,  “ The  method 
of  Buffon  ” ; “ The  method  of  Linnaeus.” 

Syn.  — See  Disposition,  Regularity,  Se- 
ries, System. 

MJJ-THOD'IC,  ? a_  [L  methodicus  ; It.  Sj  Sp. 

ME-THOD'I-CAL,  > metodico  \ Fr.  methodique .] 
Having  method ; disposed  in  regular  order  ; 
conformed  to  rule;  regular;  orderly;  formal; 
systematic  ; systematical ; exact. 

Syn.  — He  is  methodical  who  does  things  according 
to  method  ; he  is  systematical  who  does  things  accord- 
ing to  system  ; he  is  regular  who  does  things  according 
to  order  or  rule.  Methodical  in  business  ; systematic 
in  the  disposing  of  time  ; regular  in  conduct.  Method- 
ical or  systematic  arrangement ; regular  course  ; or- 
derly proceeding;  exact  account;  formal  manner. — 
SeeFoRMAL. 

ME-THOD'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a methodical  man- 
ner ; orderly  ; regularly ; systematically.  Dry  den. 

METH'OD-liyM,  n.  The  system  or  principles  of 
the  Methodists.  Warburton. 

METH'OD-IST,  n.  [It.  Sj  Sp.  Metodista ; Fr.  Me- 
thodiste .] 

1.  t An  observer  of  method. 

I dance  little  after  method,  because  no  methodist. 

Hermetical  Banquet,  1Go2. 

2.  (Med.)  A physician  who  practises  by 

method  or  rule.  Boyle. 

3.  ( Theol .)  One  of  a religious  denomination, 
who  date  their  rise  from  1729,  at  the  English 
university  of  Oxford.  The  leaders  were  John 
Wesley  and  George  Whitefield. 

S8y  The  ardent  piety  and  rigid  observance  of  sys- 
tem, in  every  tiling  connected  with  the  new  opinions, 
displayed  by  the  Wesleys  [John  Wesley  and  Iris 
brother  Charles,  students  at  Oxford]  and  their  adhe- 
rents, as  well  as  in  their  college  studies,  which  they 
never  neglected,  attracted  the  notice  and  excited  the 
jeers  of  the  various  members  of  tile  university,  and 
gained  for  them  the  appellation  of  Methodists,  in  allu- 
sion to  the  Metliodici,  a class  of  physicians  at  Rome 
who  practised  only  by  theory.  Braude. 

jjSy-  “ A methodist  was  once  a follower  of  a certain 
method  of  philosophical  induction,  now  of  a method 
in  the  fulfilment  of  religious  duties.  But  in  either 
case  method,  or  orderly  progression,  is  the  soul  of  the 
word.”  Trench. 

METH-OD-IST'IC,  } a_  fgp.  metodistico.]  Re- 

METH-OD-IST'I-CAL,  ) lating  to  the  Method- 
ists, or  to  their  principles.  Lavington. 

METH-QD-IST'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a methodistical 
manner.  Ch.  Ob. 

METH-OD-I-ZA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  methodizing 
or  setting  in  order.  J.  Bcntham. 

METH'OD-IZE,  v.  a.  [It.  metodizzare  ; Sp.  meto- 
dizar. ] [i.  methodized;  pp.  methodizing, 

methodized.]  To  regulate ; to  dispose  in 
order  ; to  arrange.  Burke. 

The  man  who  does  not  know  how  to  methodize,  his  thoughts 
has  always  a barren  superfluity  of  words.  Addison. 

METH'OD-IZ-IJR,  n.  One  who  methodizes. 

METH-OD-UL'O-pY,  n.  [Eng.  method  and  Gr. 
).6yo c,  a discourse.]  A discourse  concerning 
method.  Month.  Rev.  Morell. 

ME'THOL,  n.  [Gr.  ylOv,  wine,  and  vl.y,  wood.] 


( Chem .)  A colorless  liquid  produced  in  the  dis- 
tillation of  wood.  Kane. 

M E-TIIOCGHT'  (ino-tlilwt'),  i.  from  methinks.  I 
thought. 

Methought  I saw  my  late  espoused  saint, 

Brought  to  me,  like  Alcestis,  from  the  grave.  Milton. 

METH'DLE,  n.  (Chem.)  The  name  given  to  the 
hypothetical  radical  of  methylic  alcohol  ; 
methyl.  Horsford. 

METH'YL,  n.  (Chem.)  Methule.  Hoblyn. 

METII'Y-LENE,  n.  [Gr.  ytOv,  wine,  and  vXy,  wood.] 
(Chem.)  The  hypothetical  radical  containing 
one  equivalent  less  of  hydrogen  than  methyl. 

Dumas. 

ME-THYL'IC,  a.  (Chem.)  Noting  alcohol  ob- 
tained by  the  distillation  of  wood.  Horsford. 

ME'TIC,  n.  [Gr.  ytroncog,  a resident  alien  ; ytroi- 
Ktoi,  to  change  one’s  abode.]  One  living  with 
others  in  their  dwelling  or  city.  Mitford. 

t Mp-TIC'U-LOUS,  a.  [L.  meticulosus  ; metus, 
fear.]  Fearful;  timid.  Coles. 

f ME-TIC'U-LOUS-LY,  ad.  Timidly.  Browne. 

ME'TIS,  n.  [Gr.  Mijrif,  Metis,  the  first  wife  of 
Jupiter.]  (Astron.)  An  asteroid  discovered  by 
Graham  in  1818.  Lovering. 

MET'LA,  n.  (Bot.)  An  American  plant.  Tate. 

MET'O-GIIE,  n.  [Gr.  ye roXy.]  (Arch.)  The  in- 
terval between  two  dentils  in  the  Ionic  entabla- 
ture. Wcale. 

MET-O-LE'IC,  a.  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  pro- 
duced by  the  action  of  sulphuric  acid  on  oleic 
acid.  Fremy. 

ME-TON'IC,  a.  Noting  a cycle  of  19  years,  or, 
more  accurately,  6940  days,  at  the  end  of  which 
time  the  new  moons  fall  on  the  same  days  of 
the  year  ; — so  named  from  Melon , an  Athe- 
nian. Brande. 

MET-O-NY  M'JC,  P a-  [It.  Sj  Sp.  metonimico.) 

MET-O-NYM'I-C  A L,  ) Relating  to  metonymy  ; 
put  for  something  else.  Ash. 

MET-O-NYM'I-C  A L-LY,  ad.  By  metonymy  ; not 
literally.  bailey. 

MIJ-TON'Y-MY,  or  MET'O-NYM-y  [me-ton'e-me, 
P.  J.  V.  C.  B.  Rees,  Ash,  Wr. ; met'o-nlm-e,  .S'.  E. 
K.  Sm.  R.  O.  Narcs\  me-ton'e-me  or  inet'o- 
nlm-e,  IV.  Ja.\,  n.  [Gr.  ye ruivvyia  ; yera,  noting 
change,  and  Svoya,  a name;  L.  metonymia;  It. 
Sj  Sp.  metonimia ; Fr.  metonymie.\  (Rhet.)  A 
change  of  name  ; — a figure  of  speech  by  which 
the  effect  is  put  for  the  cause,  or  the  cause  for 
the  effect,  the  container  for  the  thing  contained 
the  sign  for  the  thing  signified,  &c.  Thus,  by 
metonymy,  gray  hairs  would  signify  old  age. 

j0Qf*One  very  common  species  of  metonymy  is,  when 
the  badge  is  put  for  the  office.  Thus  we  say,  the 
mitre  for  tile  priesthood  ; the  croton  for  royalty  ; for 
military  occupation  we  say  the  sword  ; and  for  the  liter- 
ary professions,  those  especially  of  theology,  law,  and 
physic,  the  common  expression  is  the  gown.  Campbell. 

05]=“  Authorities  for  the  two  different  ways  of  ac- 
centing this  word  are  so  nearly  balanced,  that  it  is 
hard  to  say  which  preponderates.  Dr.  Johnson,  Dr. 
Kenrick,  Dr.  Ash,  Mr.  Perry,  Buchanan,  and  Bailey 
are  for  the  first  [me-ton'e-me],  and  Mr.  Sheridan,  Mr. 
NareS,  YV.  Johnston,  Mr.  Scott,  Mr.  Barclay,  Entick, 
and  Gibbons,  the  author  of  the  Rhetiyic,  for  the  last. 
In  this  case,  the  ear  and  analogy  ought  to  decide.  I 
have  no  doubt  but  the  accent  on  the  first  syllable  was 
the  ancient  mode  of  pronouncing  this  word,  as  wo 
find  it  so  accented  in  almost  all  the  systems  of  rhetoric 
published  several  years  ago  for  the  use  of  schools  ; 
and  as  these  words  from  the  Greek  were  generally 
pronounced  in  the  Latin  manner,  that  is,  the  accent 
on  the  antepenultimate  in  metonymia , and  not  on  tile 
penultimate,  as  in  yenovvyia,  tiie  secondary  accent 
naturally  fell  on  the  first  syllable,  which  is  naturally 
become  the  principal  of  the  English  metonymy.  But 
that  the  ear  is  pleased  with  the  antepenultimate  ac- 
cent cannot  be  doubted  ; and  that  this  word  has  as 
great  a right  to  that  accent  as  lipothymy , homonymy , 
synonymy,  &cc.,  is  unquestionable.  Besides,  the  enclit- 
ical  accent,  as  this  may  be  called,  is  so  agreeable  to 
the  ear,  that  without  evident  reasons  to  the  contrary, 
it  ought  always  to  be  preferred.”  Walker. 

MET'O-PE,  n.  [Gr.  yerOny  ; yera,  near,  and  dirtj, 
the  hole  in  a frieze  between  the  beam-ends.] 
(Arch.)  A square  space  or  panel  between  trig- 
lyphs in  the  frieze  of  the  Doric  order,  often 
ornamented  with  sculpture.  Warton. 


MET-O-PO-SCOP'I-CAL,  a.  [Fr.  metoposcopique.] 
Relating  to  metoposcopy.  IF.  Scott. 

MET-O-POS'CO-PIST,'  n.  One  versed  in  meto- 
poscopy ; a physiognomist.  Phil.  Let.  1751. 

MET-O-POS'CO-PY,  n.  [Gr.  yiramov,  the  forehead, 
and  GKontai,  to  view  ; It.  Sj  Sp.  metoposcopia  ; Fr. 
metoposcopiei]  The  art  of  divination  by  in- 
specting the  forehead  or  the  face ; the  study  of 
physiognomy.  Burton. 

ME'TRE  (me'ter),  n.  1.  [Gr.  yirnot/;  T,.  Tnetrum  ; 
It.  Sj  Sp.  metro  ; Fr.  metre.)  The  measured  ar- 
rangement of  words  in  verse  ; measure  as  ap- 
plied to  verse ; verse. 

Iiliymc  being  no  necessary  adjunct  or  true  ornament  of 
poem  or  good  verse,  in  longer  works  especially,  but  the  in- 
vention of  a barbarous  age  to  set  off  wretched  matter  and 
lame  metre.  Milton. 

2.  [Fr.]  The  unity  of  the  French  measure  of 
length,  equal  to  39.37  English  inches.  Brande. 

MET'RI-CAL,  a.  [Gr.  ytrpiKoc ; yerpov,  measure; 
L.  metricus',  It.  Sj  Sp.  metrico;  Fr.  mitrique.) 
Pertaining  to  metre  or  numbers  ; having  metre 
or  rhythm  ; measured  ; consisting  of  verse.  A 
metrical  translation.”  Warton. 

MET'RI-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a metrical  manner. 

f MJ5-TRI''CIAN,  n.  A versifier;  a poet.  Hall. 

MET'RI-FI-lyR,  n.  A metrist ; a versifier.  Southey. 

MET'RI-FY,  v.  n.  [L.  metrum,  metre,  andfacio, 
to  make.]  To  write  verses.  Skelton. 

ME'TRLST,  n.  A versifier  ; a poet,  [r.]  Bale. 

MET'RO-tTIROME,  n.  [Gr .yerpov,  a measure,  and 
Xpioya,  color.]  An  instrument  for  measuring 
colors.  Field. 

MET'RO-GRAPII,  n.  [Gr.  yerpov,  a measure,  and 
ypnifioi,  to  write.]  An  apparatus  for  indicating 
the  speed  of  a railway-train,  and  the  hour  of 
arrival  and  departure  at  each  station.  Simmonds. 

MP-TROI.'0-f/Y,  il.  [Gr.  yerpov,  a measure,  and 
liyo ;,  a discourse  ; It.  mctrologia  ; Fr.  metrolo- 
gic .]  A treatise  on,  or  exposition  of,  weights 
and  measures.  Kelly. 

MET-RO-MA'NI-A,  n.  [Gr.  yerpov,  a measure,  and 
yavia,  madness.]  An  inordinate  desire  for  writ- 
ing measures  or  verses.  Craig. 

MET'RO-NOME,  n.  [Gr.  yerpov,  a measure,  and 
voyos,  a law;  It.  metronomo ; Fr.  metronome .] 
(Mus.)  An  instrument  used  for  measuring  the 
quickness  or  slowness  of  musical  compositions. 

UQy*It  is  contrived  on  the  principle  of  a clock,  hav- 
ing a short  pendulum,  capable  of  adjustment  by  mov- 
ing the  bob  up  or  down  upon  tile  rod,  which  is  marked 
with  the  characters  that  indicate  musical  time.  P.  Cyc. 

ME-TRON'O-MY,  n.  The  art  of  measuring  time 
bv  means  of  an  instrument.  Buchanan. 

f MET'RO-POLE,  il.  A metropolis.  Hammond. 

Mlj-TRGP'O-Lls,  n.  [Gr.  yyrpbvoi.i; ; yyryp,  mother, 
and  -rolls,  a city ; i.  e.  originally,  the  mother 
city  in  relation  to  colonies,  as  of  Athens  to  her 
Ionian  colonies  ; L.  metropolis  ; It.  St  Sp.  metro- 
poli  ; Fr.  metropole .]  The  mother  city;  the 
chief  or  principal  city  of  a country  or  a state. 
Pavia,  that  was  once  the  metropolis  of  a kingdom.  Addison. 

||  MET-RO-POL'I-TAN  [inet-ro-pol'e-t?m,  IV.  J.  F. 
Ja.  R.  C.  Wr.  Wb. ; nie-tro-pol 'e-tan,  S.  P.  K. 
Sm.],  n.  A bishop  or  archbishop  who  presides 
over  the  other  bishops  of  a province ; an  arch- 
bishop. 

The  precedency  in  each  province  was  assigned  to  the 
bishop  of  the  metropolis,  who  was  called  the  first  bishop,  the 
metropolitan.  Barrow. 

The  Archbishops  of  Canterbury  and  York,  England,  are 
both  metro] lolitans.  Hook. 

II  MET-RO-POL'I-TAN,  a.  [It.  <Sf  Sp.  metropoli- 
tano  ; Fr.  inetropolitain .]  Belonging  to  a me- 
tropolis, or  to  an  archbishopric.  Raleigh. 

t ME-TROP'O-LlTE,  ii.  1.  A metropolitan. Barrow. 

2.  A resident  in  a metropolis.  Hooker. 

||  f MET-RO-POL'I-tIc,  £ a Chief;  archiepis- 

||  MET-RO-PO-LIT'I-CAL,  ) copal.  Selden. 

MET-RO-SI-DE'ROS,  il.  [Gr.  yyrpa,  the  pith  of 
trees,  and  aiSypoc,  iron.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of 
plants  with  very  hard  wood ; iron-wood.  P.  Cyc. 

f METT,  v.  a.  & n.  [A.  S.  matan .]  To  dream. 

Chaucer. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  !,  O,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  fArE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


METTLE 


905 


MICROSCOPE 


MET'TLE  (met'tl),  n.  [Corrupted  from  metal.'] 

1.  That  of  which  any  thing  is  made  ; sub- 
stance ; metal. — See  Metal.  Shah. 

Every  man  living  shall  assuredly  meet  with  an  hour  of 
temptation,  a certain  critical  hour,  which  shall  more  espe- 
cially try  what  mettle  his  heart  is  made  of.  bouth. 

2.  Temperament  easily  warmed  or  excited ; 
ardor  ; spirit ; sprightliness  ; courage. 

He  had  given  so  frequent  testimony  of  signal  courage,  in 
several  actions,  that  his  mettle  was  never  suspected.  Clarendon. 

MET'TLED  (-rid),  a.  Ardent ; fiery  ; brisk  ; gay  ; 
sprightly;  spirited.  “ Mettled  steeds.”  Addison. 

MET'TLE-SOME  (met'tl-sum),  a.  Ardent ; fiery  ; 
lively  ; gay  ; brisk  ; sprightly  ; courageous. 

Their  force  differs  from  true  spirit  as  much  as  a vicious 
from  a mettlesome  horse.  Tatler. 

MET'TLE-SOME-LY,  ad.  Ardently  ; briskly. 

MET'TLE-SOME-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  the 
state  of  being  mettlesome.  Bailey. 

MET' WAND  (-worn!),  n.  See  Metewand.  Burke. 

ME' UM  ET  TU'UM.  [L.]  (Law.)  Mine  and 
thine  ; — used  in  law  for  the  proper  guides  of 
right.  Whishaw. 

MEW  (mu),  n. ; pi.  mews  (muz).  [A.  S.  mono ; 
Dut.  meeuw;  Ger.  mewe  ; Dan.  maaye.  — Fr. 
monette .]  (Ornith.)  A sea-fowl  of  the  genus 
Larus  ; a gull.  Eng.  Cyc. 

MEW  (mu),  n.  [Fr.  mue,  from  Low  L.  muta, 
change.] 

1.  A cage  for  a bird.  Chaucer. 

2.  A place  of  confinement ; an  enclosure. 

“Chambers,  closets,  secret  mews.”  Fairfax. 

3.  pi.  Stables. — See  Mews.  Smart. 

MEW  (mu),  v.  a.  [i.  mewed  ; pp.  MEWING, 
mewed.]  To  shut  up  ; to  confine  ; to  enclose. 

More  pity  that  the  eagle  should  be  mewedy 

While  kites  and  buzzards  prey  at  liberty.  Shak. 

MEW,  v.  a.  [Fr.  muer,  from  L.  muto , mutare,  to 
change  ; It.  mudare.]  To  shed,  as  feathers  ; to 
moult. 

lie  may  spread  his  feathers  for  a time,  but  he  will  mew 
them  soon  after.  Bacon. 

Mcthinks  I see  her  as  an  eagle  mewing  her  mighty  youth, 
and  kindling  her  undazzled  eyes  at  the  full  midday  beam. 

Milton. 

MEW,  v.  n.  To  put  on  a new  appearance ; to  change. 

The  fowls  about  the  field  do  sing;  now  every  thing  doth 
mew.  Turberville. 

MEW,  v.  n.  [Icel.  miaua\  Fr.  miauler.  — Ger. 
marten-,  W.  mewian.  — See  Mewl.]  To  cry  as 
a cat.  “ The  cat  will  mew.”  Shak. 

MEW'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  moulting.  Walton. 

2.  The  cry  of  a cat. 

MEWL  (mul),  v.  n.  [It.  mioglare ; Sp.  mauler ; 
Fr.  miauler .]  [t.  mewled  ; pp.  mewling, 

mewled.]  To  cry,  as  an  infant;  to  squall;  to 
bawl. 

The  infant. 

Mewling  and  puking  in  the  nurse’s  arms.  Shak. 

MEYVL'JJR,  n.  One  who  squalls  or  mewls.  Cotyrave. 

MEWS  (muz),  n.  pi.  [See  Mew.]  Places  for  en- 
closing horses  ; stables. 

U@»On  tile  north  side  of  Charing  Cross  stand  the 
royal  stables,  called,  from  the  original  use  of  the 
building  on  their  site,  the  Mercs ; having  been  used 
for  keeping  the  king’s  falcons,  at  least  from  the  time 
of  Richard  II.  Pennant. 

MEX'I-CAN,  n.  (Geog.)  A native  of  Mexico. 

MEX'I-CAN,  a.  (Geog.)  Relating  to  Mexico.  Tudor. 

fMEYNT,  a.  Mingled.  — See  Meine. 

M£-ZE'RI?-ON,  n.  [It.  mazzereon  ; Sp.  macereon ; 
Fr.  mezereon.]  (Bot.)  A deciduous  shrub  with 
pink  flowers  ; Daphne  mezereum.  Loudon. 

MEZ'U-ZOTH,  n.  A name  given  to  pieces  of 
parchment  which  were  anciently  fixed  on  the 
door-posts  of  houses.  Weale. 

MEZ'Z A-NINE,  n.  [It.  mezzanino ; mezzo,  half, 
middle;  Fr.  mezzanine.]  (Arch.) 

1.  A story  of  small  height  introduced  between 

two  higher  ones.  Brande. 

2.  A low  window,  less  in  height  than  in 

breadth.  Buchanan. 

MEZZJ1  VOCE  (med'zfi  vo'clia).  [It.]  (Mus.)  With 
, a moderate  strength  of  tone.  Moore. 

U MEZZO  (med'zo  or  met'zo),  n.  [It.]  Middle; 
mean.  Smart. 


II  MEZ'  ZO-RI-LIE'  VO  (med'zo-re-le'vo  or  met'zo- 
re-le'vo),  n.  ’ [It.]  Middle  relief,  or  demi-relief, 
between  bass-relief  and  high-relief.  Maandrcll. 

II  MEZ'ZO-SO-PRA'NO  (med'zo-),  n.  [It.]  (Mas.) 
The  middle  species  of  the  female  voice.  Moore. 

II  MEZ'ZO-TINT  (med'zo-tiut),  n.  Mezzotinto. 

jggy  Mezzotint  is  the  Anglicized  form,  and  is  used 
by  some  respectable  authorities.  Gent . May. 

||  MEZ'ZO-TlNT'UR,  n.  One  who  practises  mezzo- 
tinto. Walpole. 

II  MEZ-ZO-TlN'TO  (med-zo-tln'to  or  met-zo-tln'to) 
[met-so-tln'to,  S.  IF.  P.  J.  F.  ; met-zo-tln'to,  Ja. 
Sm.  C. ; mez-o-tin'to,  E.  K.  Wb.],  n.  [It.,  half- 
tinted ; mezzo,'  middle,  and  tinto,  tint.]  A kind 
of  engraving  on  copper,  resembling,  in  its  ef- 
fects, the  old  style  of  drawings  in  Indian  ink. 

£®=It  consists  in  scratching,  by  means  of  a tool 
called  a cradle,  the  whole  surface  of  the  plate  uni- 
formly, so  that  an  impression  taken  from  it  in  that 
state  would  be  entirely  black  ; then  tracing  the  draw- 
ing, and  scraping  and  burnishing  up  the  strongest 
lights,  until  the  desired  effect  is  produced.  Fuirlwlt. 

II  MEZ-ZO-TIN'TO,  v.  a.  To  engrave  or  repre- 
sent in  mezzotinto.  [r.]  Gent.  Mag. 

||  MEZ'ZO-TINT-PAINT'yR,  n.  One  who  paints 
in  mezzotinto.  Gent.  Mag. 

MHORR  (mor),  n.  (Zool.)  A species  of  antelope. 
— See  Mohr.  Eng.  Cyc. 

MI-AR'(r YR-iTE,  n.  [Gr.  pcitov,  less,  and  apyvpos, 
silver.] ' (Min.)  A rare  black  mineral  containing 
antimony,  silver,  and  sulphur.  Dana. 

M('A§M  [ml'azm,  S.  IF.  K.  Sm.  Wb. ; me'azm, 
Ja.  Wr.],  n. ; pi.  mI'XsjMS.  [Gr.  piaopu,  defile- 
ment; yiaivto,  to  pollute;  It.  miasma ; Sp.  mi- 
asmas ; Fr.  miasme.]  A noxious  exhalation  or 
particle  floating  in  the  air  ; miasma.  Harvey. 

Mi-A§'MA,  n. ; pi.  mI-Xs'ma-ta.  [L.,  from  Gr. 
piaapa.]  A noxious  particle,  substance,  or  ex- 
halation floating  in  the  air ; miasm.  Qu.  Rev. 

Mi-A§'MAL,  a.  Miasmatic.  James  Johnson. 

MI-ASj-MAT'IC,  ? a [It.  miasmatico  ; Fr. 

MI-A§-MAT'!-CAL,  ) miasmatique .]  Relating  to, 
or  containing,  miasma  or  miasms.  Qa.  Re f. 

MI-A§'MA-TTST,  n.  One  versed  in  miasmata  or 
noxious  exhalations.  Barton. 

MI'CA,  n.  [L.,  a little  bit,  a grain  ; mieo,  to  glit- 
ter ; It.,  Sp.,  A Fr.  mica.]  (Min.)  A mineral 
generally  found  in  thin,  smooth,  elastic  lamince, 
of  various  colors  and  degrees  of  transparency. 
It  is  one  of  the  constituents  of  granite.  Brande. 

MI-CA'CEOUS  (ml-ka'shus,  66),  a.  [It.  micaceo  ; 
Fr.  micace.]  Partaking  of,  or  like,  mica  ; glitter- 
ing ; shining.  “ Micaceous  nodules.”  Pennant. 

MI'CA— SCHIST  (-shist),  n.  (Min.)  Mica-slate. — 
See  Mica-slate.  Ure. 

MI'CA— SLATE,  n.  (Min.)  One  of  the  lowest  of 
the  stratified  rocks,  composed  of  quartz  and 
mica  ; mica-schist.  Brande. 

MICE,  n.  pi.  of  mouse.  See  Mouse. 

Ml'CHA-EL-lTE,  n.  (Min.)  A variety  of  opal, 
from  the  island  of  St.  Michael,  Azores.  Dana. 

MIj0H'A$L-MAS  (nnk'el-mas),  n.  [Michael  and 
touss.]  The  feast  of  the  archangel  Michael, 
celebrated  on  the  29th  of  September.  Careio. 

f MICHE,  or  MICH,  v.  n.  1.  To  pilfer  ; to  commit 
secret  theft.  ’ Gower. 

2.  To  lurk  out  of  sight ; to  lie  hid  ; to  skulk  ; 
to  play  truant.  • Spenser. 

-t-MICH'ER  [mlch'er,  S.P.  J.  Sm.  ; ml'cher,  IF.], 
n.  [Old  Fr.  miche.] 

1.  A thief ; a pilferer.  Chaucer. 

2.  One  who  keeps  out  of  sight ; a lazy  loiterer  ; 

a truant ; a skulker.  Sidney. 

t MICH'?R-Y,  n.  Theft;  cheating.  Gower. 

MlCH'ING,  p.  a.  Acting  like  a thief ; lying  hid  ; 
being  concealed  ; skulking ; meeehing.  Shak. 

MIC'KLE  (mik'kl),  a.  [A.  S.  micel,  mucel-,  Icel. 
mikel ; Scot,  mekil,  muckle.  — Gr.  peyaln.] 
Much ; great.  [Obsolete,  colloquial,  or  local.] 
Many  a little  makes  a mickle.  Camden. 


MI'CO,  n.  (Zoiil.)  A species  of  small  monkey 
having  the  face  and  ears  of  a bright  vermilion 
color,  the  body  covered  with  long,  silvery-white 
hair,  and  the  tail  of  a dark-chestnut  color; 
Simia  argentata  of  Linnaeus.  Eng.  Cyc. 

Ml'CRO-COAT,  n.  [Gr.  pis pds,  small,  and  Eng. 
coat.]  A little  coat.  Swift. 

Ml'CRO-C6§M  [ml'kro-kozm,  S.  IF.  P.  J.  E.  F. 
Ja.  K.  Sm.  R.  Wr. ; mik'ro-kozm,  Ash],  n.  [Gr. 
pncpoKocpos  ; pispos,  little,  and  Koopds,  the  world  ; 
L.  microcosmus  ; It.  <8,  Sp.  microcosmo  ; Fr.  mi- 
crocosme.]  The  little  world  ; man  considered 
as  an  epitome  of  the  macrocosm,  or  great  world. 

Philosophers  say  that  man  is  a microcosm,  or  little  world, 
resembling  in  miniature  every  part  of  the  great.  Swift. 

MI-CRO-CO§S'MIC,  } a Pertaining  to  the  mi- 

MI-CRO-CO^'MI-CAL,  ) crocosm.  Brown. 

Microcosmic  salt,  ( Chew .)  phosphate  of  soda  and 
ammonia,  a triplesalt  ; — so  called  in  allusion  to  man 
as  the  microcosm,  tile  salt  having  been  first  extracted 
from  human  urine.  Ure. 

MI-CRO-CO§-MOG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  piKpdKoopos, 
the  microcosm,  and  ypaipio,  to  describe.]  The 
description  of  man  as  a little  world.  Earle,  1628. 

MI-GRO-COUS'TIC,  a.  [Gr.  pucp6s,  small,  and 
aKoveriKos,  belonging  to  the  sense  of  hearing.] 
Noting  instruments  that  increase  the  intensity 
of  sounds.  Dunglison. 

Ml'CRO-DON,  n.  [Gr.  pispds,  small,  and  ibots, 
dborros,  a tooth.]  (Pal.)  A genus  of  extinct 
fishes  of  the  thick-toothed  family.  Brande. 

MI-CRO-GRApII'IC,  a.  [Fr.  micrographique.] 
Pertaining  to  micrography.  Griffith. 

MI-CROG'RA-PHY  [nil-krog'ra-fe,  IF.  P.  J.  F.  Ja. 
Sm.;  ml'kro-graf-e,  S.  K.],  n.  [Gr.  pispis,  small, 
and  ypcol>u>,  to  describe  ; Sp.  micrografia ; Fr. 
micrographie .]  The  description  of  such  objects 
as  are  too  minute  to  be  seen  without  the  help  of 
a microscope.  Grew. 

MI'CRO-LITE,  n.  [Gr.  piKpds,  small,  and  lidos,  a 
stone.]  (Mill.)  A mineral  having  very  small 
crystals  ; pyrochlore.  Dana. 

MI-CROL'O-^Y,  n.  [Gr.  piKpds,  small,  and  lii yog, 
a discourse.]  The  science  or  doctrine  of  micro- 
scopic animals  and  plants.  Craig. 

Ml-CRdM'Il-TER,  n.  [Gr.  pncplg,  small,  and  ptrpov, 
a measure;  It.  A Sp.  micrometro;  Fr.  micro- 
metre.] An  instrument  applied  to  telescopes 
and  microscopes  for  measuring  very  small  dis- 
tances, or  the  diameters  of  objects  which  sub- 
tend very  small  angles.  Brande. 

The  wire  micrometer,  consisting  of  two  fine 
wires  stretched  upon  two  frames  which  move  later- 
ally upon  each  other,  is  much  used  in  delicate  as- 
tronomical observations.  Brande. 

Ml-CRO-MET'RIC,  ) a Belonging  to  the  mi- 

MI-CRO-MET'RI-CAL,  > crometer.  Craig. 

Ml'CRO-PHONE,  n.  [Gr.  pinods,  small,  and  iptivi), 
sound  ; It.  microfonio ; Sp.  microfono  ; Fr. 
microphone.]  (Mus.)  An  instrument  for  in- 
creasing the  intensity  of  low  sounds.  Brande. 

MI-CRO-PHON'ICS,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  pucp6s,  small,  and 
(Jiumi,  sound.]  The  science  or  the  art  of  magni- 
fying low  sounds.  Buchanan. 

Mi-CROPH'O-NOUS,  a.  Increasing  the  intensity 
of  sounds ; microcoustic.  Dunglison. 

Mi-CROPII'O-NY,  n.  [Gr.  pispig,  small,  and  fieri, 
voice.]  Weakness  of  voice.  Wright. 

MI-CROPH'THAL-MY,  n.  [Gr.  piKpds,  small,  and 
ddrOalpds,  the  eye.]  A morbid  smallness  of  the 
eyes.  Smart. 

Ml-CRO-PHYL'LOUS,  or  MI-CROPH'YL-LOIJS 
(131),  a.  [Gr.  putpAs,  small,  and  tfb’/J.uv,  a leaf.] 
(Bot.)  Having  small  leaves.  Smart. 

MI'CRO-PYLE,  n.  [Gr.  pixpis,  small,  and  Ttblrj,  a 
gate.]  (Bot.)  The  closed  orifice  of  a seed.  Gray. 

Ml'CRO-SCOPE  [ml'kro-skop,  S.  W.  P.  J.  E.  F. 
Ja.  K.  Sm.  R.  Wr. ; inlk'ro-skop,  Martin,  Ash],  n. 
[Gr.  pa<p6s,  small,  and  aKoirioi,  to  view ; It.  Sp. 
microstopio;  Fr.  microscope.]  An  optical  in- 
strument, for  seeing  and  examining  objects 
which  are  too  minute  to  be  seen  by  the  naked 
eye.  Brewster. 

Oiyhydroffen  microscope.  See  Oxyiiydrogen.  — 


MIEN,  SIR  ; MOVE,  NOR,  SON  ; BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — C, 

114 


9)  £>  soft ; C,  6,  c,  |,  hard ; i}  as  z;  If  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


MICROSCOPE 


906 


MIDWIFISII 


Solar  microscope,  a microscope  by  which  the  solar 
rays  produce  on  a screen  a magnified  image  of  the 
object. — See  Solar.  Braude. 

Ml'CRO-SC'OPE,  v.  a.  To  examine  with  a micro- 
scope. Month.  Rev. 

f MI-CRO-SCO'PI-AL,  a.  Microscopic.  Berkeley. 

MI-CRO-SCOP'IC,  ) a.  pit.  .Jr  Sp.  microscopi- 

Ml-CRO-SCOP'I-CAL,  ) co  ; Fr.  microscopique .] 

1.  Relating  to,  or  resembling,  a microscope. 

2.  Made  with,  or  aided  by,  a microscope.  “Mi- 
croscopical observations.”  Arbuthnot. 

3.  Very  small  or  minute;  as,  “Microscopic 
animals.” 

MI-CRO-SCOP'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a microscopic 
manner.  Qu.  Rev. 

Ml'CRO-SCO-PIST,  n.  One  versed  in  microscopy. 

MI-CROS'CO-PY,  n.  The  art  by  which  small  ob- 
jects are  made  to  appear  large.  Maunder. 

MIC-TlT-Rl''TION  (mik-tu-rish'un),  n.‘  [L.  mic- 
turio,  micturitus,  to  void  urine.]  The  act,  or 
morbid  frequency,  of  voiding  urine.  Dunglison. 

Min,  a.  [M.  Goth,  midja ; A.  S.  midd.  — See 
Middle.]  Middle;  equally  between  two  ex- 
tremes;— used  in  cotnposition ; as,  “Mid- 
way.” Pope. 

+ MID,  n.  Middle  ; midst.  “Mid  of  n'l-ght.”  Dryden. 

Ml' DA,  n.  [Gr.  pi'iint.]  A worm  or  maggot  from 
which  is  produced  the  bean-fly.  Chambers. 

f MID'— AtyE,  n.  The  middle  age  of  life.  Shah. 

Min'— AlR,  n.  The  middle  of  the  sky.  Milton. 

MI'DAS,  n.  { Zo',1 .)  A sub-genus  of  small  South 
American  monkeys  ; tamarin.  Eng.  Cyc. 

Mf'DAS’§— EAR,  n.  \_Midns,  in  Greek  mythology, 
whose  ears  were  turned  to  ass’s  ears  by  Apollo.] 

( Conch.)  A phytophagous  mollusk,  whose  organs 
of  respiration  are  formed  for  breathing  air,  with 
a shell  somewhat  oval  or  ovate-oblong ; Auricula 
Mi  dee.  " Eng.  Cyc. 

MID'— CHAN-NflL,  n.  The  middle  of  a channel. 

MID'— COURSE  (nud'kors),  n.  Middle  of  the  way. 
“ Ere  day’s  mid-course.”  Milton. 

MID'— DAY  (mid ’da),  a.  Meridional  ; being  at 
noon.  “ The  mid-day  sun.”  Sidney. 

MID'— DAY  (mid'da),  n.  [A.  S.  midday.']  Noon; 
noontide  ; the  meridian.  Donne. 

MlD'DEN  (mld'dn),  n.  [A.  S.  midding .]  A dungt 
hill.  [North  of  Eng.]  Brockctt. 

mTd'DEN-CROW,  n.  A name  given,  in  some 
parts  of  England,  to  the  common  crow.  Booth. 

f MID'DfST,  a.;  superl.  of  mid.  Middlemost. 

“ Amongst  the  middest  crowd.”  Spenser. 

MID'DING,  n.  A dunghill.  — See  Midde s.Phillips. 

MID'DLE  (inTd'dI),  a.  [M.  Goth,  midja ; A.  S. 
midd,  middel,  or  middle ; Dut.  midden-,  Ger. 
mitten-,  Dan.  A-  Sw.  midten;  Iceli  midr.  — Gr. 
ptlos ; L.  medius  ; It.  mezzo  ; Sp.  medio  ; Port. 
mayo ; Fr.  midi.'] 

1.  Equally  distant  from  the  two  extremes  ; 
mean  ; medial.  “ Middle  parts.”  Milton. 

I like  people  of  middle  understanding  and  middle  rank. 

Swift. 

2.  Intermediate ; intervening. 

Will,  seeking  good,  finds  many  middle  ends.  Davies. 

Middle  ages,  a period  comprising  about  seven  hun- 
dred or  a thousand  years,  from  the  5th  or  the  8th  cen- 
tury to  the  loth  century  of  the  Christian  era. Mid- 

dle finger,  the  longest  finger.  — Middle  latitude, (Naut.) 
t lie  half  sum  of  the  two  latitudes  when  both  are  of 
the  same  name,  or  the  half  difference  of  the  latitudes 
when  both  are  not  of  the  same  name Middle  lati- 

tude sailing,  the  method  of  computing  cases  in  sailing 
by  means  of  tile  middle  latitude ; a combination  of 
plane  and  parallel  sailing,  the  difference  of  longitude 
being  reckoned  upon  the  middle  parallel  between  the 
latitude  sailed  from  and  the  latitude  arrived  at.  Da- 
vies. Mar.  Diet. Middle  passage,  or  mid-passage,  tile 

passage  of  a slave-ship  from  Africa  across  the  Atlantic 
Ocean.  — Middle-rail,  (Arch.)  the  rail  of  a door  level 
with  the  hand,  on  which  the  lock  is  nsually  fixed. 

Middle  term,  {Logic.)  that  term  of  a syllogism  with 

which  the  two  extremes  of  the  conclusion  aie  sepa- 
rately compared.  Brunde. 

MID’DLE  (mid'dl),  n. 


ly  distant  from  the  extremities  or  from  the 
verge  ; the  midst ; the  centre. 

The  dead  waste  and  middle  of  the  night.  Shak. 

Syn.  — The  middle  of  a street  is  half-way  between 
the  houses  or  the  fences  on  opposite  sides  ; the  middle 
of  January  is  half-way  between  the  beginning  and 
end  of  the  month.  The  midst  of  a forest  is  a point 
equally  distant  from  all  parts  of  the  outside.  The 
centre  of  a circle,  the  point  equally  distant  from  all 
parts  of  the  circumference.  The  middle  of  a line ; the 
midst  of  trouble  ; the  centre  of  the  earth. 

MID'DLE— A^E,  a.  Belonging  to  the  middle  ages  ; 
mediaeval.  Ilalliwcll. 

MID'DLE— A^E,  n.  Middle  part  of  life.  Addison. 

MlD'DLE-A^ED  (mid'dl-ajd),  a.  Of  the  middle 
period  of  life  ; placed  about  the  middle  of  life. 
“A  middle-aged  man.”  Swift. 

MID'DLE— DECK,  n.  { Naut .)  The  middle  deck 
in  a vessel  with  three  decks.  Wright. 

MID'DIiE— EARTH,  n.  The  earth,  as  considered 
between  heaven  and  hell.  Shak. 

MID'DLE— GROUND,  n.  {Paint.)  The  central  por- 
tion of  a picture.  Fairholt. 

MID'DLE— MAN,  n.  1.  A man  who  has  the  dis- 
posal or  sale  of  goods,  or  the  renting  of  lands 
as  agent  between  two  parties,  the  buyer  and 
seller,  or  the  landlord  and  tenant.  {McCulloch. 

2.  One  in  the  middle  rank ; a commoner.  “ The 
great  parliamentary  middle-man.”  Disraeli. 

3.  {Mil.)  One  who  stands  in  the  middle  of 

the  file.  Crabb. 

MID'DLE-MOST,  a.  superl.  Being  in  the  middle. 

MID'DLE— POST,  n.  {Arch.)  The  king-post. 

f Ml  D'DLpR,  n.  A mediator.  Bible,  1551. 

MID'DLE— SIZED  (-sized),  a.  Being  of  middle  or 
average  size.  Hawkins. 

MID'DLE— TINT,  n.  {Paint.)  A mixed  tint  in 
which  bright  colors  never  predominate.  Fairholt. 

MID'DLE— VOICE,  n.  {Greek  Gram.)  The  voice 
or  category  which  includes  verbs  that  express 
an  action  terminating  in  the  agent,  or  the  verbs 
which  are  called,  in  some  languages,  reflective. 

t*MlD'DLE— VVIT'Tf.D,  a.  Of  moderate  abilities. 
“The  middle-witted  people.”  Walton. 

MID'DLING,  a.  Of  middle  rank,  degree,  or  qual- 
ity ; of  moderate  size,  extent,  or  capacity  ; pas- 
sable ; mediocre  ; average  ; moderate  ; ordinary. 

Longinus  preferred  the  sublime  genius  that  sometimes  errs 
to  the  middling  or  indifferent  one  which  makes  few  faults, 
but  seldom  rises  to  any  excellence.  Dryden. 

MID'DI.ING-LY,  ad.  Passably;  indifferently. 

MID'DLING^,  n.  pi.  The  name  applied  by  millers 
to  the  finest  kind  of  bran.  Simmonds. 

MID'— EARTH,  n.  The  middle  of  the  earth. 

MID'— EARTH,  a.  Inland.  Fairfax. 

MlD'-GAL-LpY,  n.  The  middle  of  a ship.  West. 

MIDpE  (mlj),  n.  [A.  S.  micge,myge ; Put.  mug-, 
Ger.  miicke  ; Dan.  myg  ; Sw.  mygga.]  A gnat. 

"Where  the  midge  dares  not  venture.  Percy's  Pel. 

MIDp'BT,  n.  The  sand-fly.  [Canada.]  Ogilvie. 

MID'-HEAV-EN  (mid'hev-vn),  n.  1.  The  middle 
of  heaven  or  of  the  sky.  Milton. 

2.  The  point  of  the  ecliptic  which  is  at  the 
meridian  at  any  time.  Crabb. 

MID'— HOLlR  (mld'our),  n.  The  middle  part  of  the 
day.  . Milton. 

MlD'LAND,  a.  1.  Remote  from  the  coast  or  sea  ; 
interior.  “ Midland-  towns.”  Howell. 

2.  Surrounded  by  land  ; mediterranean.  “ The 
midland  sea.”  Dryden. 

MID'LEG,  n.  The  middle  of  the  leg.  Bacon. 

MID'LENT,  n.  The  middle  of  lent.  Wheatley. 

MID'LENT-ING,  a.  Visiting  at  midlent.  Wheatley. 

MID'MOST,  a. ; superl.  of  mid.  Middlemost. 

MID'NIGHT  (mid'nlt),  n.  Twelve  o’clock  at  night ; 
the  middle  or  depth  of  night.  Milton. 

MID'NIGHT  (r  id'nlt),  a.  Being  in  the  middle  of 
the  night.  “ Midnight  studies.”  Bacon. 

MID'NOON,  n.  The  middle  of  the  day.  Milton. 


MID'RIB,  n.  {Bot.)  The  middle  or  main  rib  of  a 
leaf.  Gray.  yn 

MlD'RIFF,  n.  [A.  S.  midrif ; mid,  mid-  //nW/ 
die,  and  hrif,  the  bowels.]  {Anat.)  (faff/ 
The  diaphragm.  — See  Diaphragm,  yffl' 
Dunglison.  ' 

MID'— ROOF,  n.  A central  arch.  Savage. 

MID'— SEA,  n.  The  middle  of  the  sea.  Dryden. 

MID'SHIP,  a.  Belonging  to  the  middle  of  the 
ship.  Smart. 

MID'SHIP— BEAM,  n.  {Ship-building.)  The  beam 
on  which  the  extreme  breadth  of  a vessel  is 
formed-  Mar.  Diet. 

MID'SHIP— BEND,  n.  {Ship-building.)  The  broad- 
est frame  in  a vessel.  Mar.  Diet. 

MlD'SHIP-MAN,  n. ; pi.  mid'shTp-men.  {Naut.) 
A kind  of  naval  cadet  on  board  a vessel  of  war 
appointed  as  a junior  officer  from  the  first  class 
of  volunteers.  Mar.  Diet. 

A passed  midshipman  is  one  who  has  passed  an  ex- 
amination in  seamanship,  &c. 

MID'SHIPS,  n.  pi.  {Naut.)  The  timbers  at  the 
broadest  part  of  the  vessel.  Dana. 

MID'SHIPS,  ad.  {Naut.)  In  the  middle  of  the 
ship,  cither  with  reference  to  length  or  breadth  ; 
amidships.  Wilkes. 

MID'SKY,  n.  The  middle  of  the  sky.  Milton. 

MIDST,  n.  The  middle  ; the  central  part. 

In  the  midst  an  altar  as  a landmark  stood.  Milton . 

iffy'  The  phrases  our  midst,  their  midst,  fee.,  arc  of 
recent  introduction,  and  they  have  been  used  by  some 
respectable  writers.  “ A new  element  has  been  in- 
troduced into  their  midst.”  Ec.  Rco. 

So  in  their  midst  his  form  was  seen.  J.  Montgomery. 

MIDST,  a.  Midmost ; being  in  the  middle. 

Ilim  first,  him  last,  him  midst,  and  without  end.  Milton. 

MIDST,  prep.  Poetically  used  for  amidst. 

From  midst  the  golden  cloud.  Milton. 

MID'— STREAM,  n.  The  middle  of  a stream.  Dryden. 

MlD'SUM-MFiR,  n.  The  middle  of  summer;  the 
summer  solstice,  June  21st  or  22d.  Gay. 

Midsummer  day,  June  24tll,  the  festival  of  St.  John 
the  Baptist. 

MlD'TlME,  7i.  The  middle  point  of  time.  Drayton. 

MID'wALD,  n.  A bird  that  eats  bees.  Ash. 

f MID'WARD,  a.  [A.  S.  midde-weard.]  Being 
in  the  middle.  Pro7npt.  Parv. 

MID'WAY,  7i.  The  middle  of  the  way  or  passage. 

MID'WAY,  a.  Being  in  the  middle. 

The  crows  and  choughs  that  wing  the  midway  air.  Shak. 

MID'WAY,  ad.  In  the  middle  of  the  passage. 

MID 'WIFE  [mld'wlf,  S.  IF.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  Sm.  Wr.; 
mld'wif  or  mld'wlf,  A".],  n. ; pi.  m i d' wi v r. s. 
[According  to  Junius  and  Skinner  from  A.  S. 
mod,  meed  or  reward,  and  wif,  a woman  or 
wife;  — Verstegan,  mede-wyf  a woman  of  mode 
or  merit,  deserving  recompense;  — Todd,  A.  S. 
mid,  with,  and  icyf,  wife,  i.  e.  the  wife  or  woman 
attendant  upon  or  with  a woman  in  childbirth.] 
A woman  who  assists  women  in  childbirth ; a 
woman  who  practises  obstetrics.  Dunglison. 

4fg“  The  derivation  of  midwife  is  uncertain,  and 
has  been  the  subject  of  discussion  ; but  when  we  lind 
it  spelt  mcdeioifc  and  mcadwfc  in  Wickliffe’s  Bible, 
this  leaves  hardly  a doubt  that  it  is  the  wife  or  woman 
who  acts  for  a meed  or  reward.  Trench. 

MID'WIFE,  v.  a.  1.  To  perform  the  office  of  a 
midwife  ; to  assist  in  childbirth.  Brevint. 

2.  To  help  into  the  world  ; to  produce. 

An  embryo  ready  to  be  mtdwfed  into  the  world.  Geddcs. 

MID'WIFE,  v.  7i.  To  act  as  a midwife.  Warburton. 

MID'WIFE-RY  [mid'wjf-re,  S.  W.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja. ; 
mld'wlf-re,  A.  Sm.  Wr.;  mid'wlf-re,  Wbj],  n. 

1.  The  art  of  aiding  and  facilitating  child- 
birth ; obstetrics.  Dimglison. 

2.  The  business  of  a midwife.  Johnson. 

3.  Cooperation  in,  or  help  to,  production. 

So  hasty  fruits  and  too  ambitious  flowers. 

Scorning  the  midwifery  of  ripening  showers, 

In  spite  of  frosts,  spring  from  the  unwilling  earth.  Stepney. 

MID'WIF-ISH,  a.  Relating  to  midwifery  ; obstet- 
ric. [It.]  Johnsoti. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; I1EIR,  HER*; 


The  part  or  the  place  equal- 


MIDWINTER 


MILK 


907 


MID'WIN-TIJR,  n.  The  middle  of  winter;  the 
winter  solstice,  December  21st,  22d,  or  23d. 

f MID'WIVE,  v.  a.  To  midwife.  Bp.  H.  King. 

MID' WOOD  (-wuil),  a.  Being  in  the  middle  of  a 
wood.  Thomson. 

Ml'JJ-MITE,  n.  (Min.)  A green  magnesian  car- 
bonate of  lime,  from  Mierno,  in  Tuscany.  Dana. 

MIEN  (men),  n.  [Ger.  miene  ; Dan.  iSf  Sw.  mine  ; 
Gael . moina.  — Fr.  mine.)  Air;  look;  aspect; 
countenance  ; external  appearance  ; manner. 

What  winning  graces!  what  majestic  mienl 

She  moves  a goddess,  and  she  looks  a queen.  Pope. 

Syn.  — See  Air. 

MlFF,  n.  Slight  resentment  or  offence;  slight 
anger ; pique.  [Colloquial.]  Pegge. 

She  is  in  a little  sort  of  miff  about  a ballad.  Arbuthnot. 

MIFF,  v.  a.  [“  Perhaps  from  Dut.  maffelen,  to 
mutter.”  Richardson.']  \i.  miffed;  pp.  miff- 
ing, miffed.]  To  offend  slightly ; to  displease; 
to  affront.  [Colloquial.]  Jennings. 

MIFFED  (mift ),p.a.  Slightly  offended ; displeased. 

MIGHT  (mlt),  i.  from  may . [A.  S.  mihte.]  Could; 
had  power  to  do. 

MIGHT  (mlt),  n.  [M.  Goth,  mahts  ; A.  S.  milit ; 
Dan.  magt;  Frs.  § Ger.  maclit ; Sw.  § Icel. 
makt.]  Power  ; strength  ; force  ; ability. 

Whatsoever  thy  hand  findcth  to  do,  do  it  with  thy  might. 

Keel.  ix.  M). 

With  might  and  main,  with  might  or  utmost  strength. 

mJgiit'FUL,  a.  Mighty  ; powerful.  Chaucer. 

MIGH'TI-LY  (mi'te-le),  ad.  [A.  S.  mihtilice .] 

1.  Powerfully;  forcibly;  efficaciously. 

So  mightily  grew  the  word  of  God  and  prevailed.  Acts  xix.  20. 

2.  Vehemently;  vigorously;  violently. 

Doas  adversaries  do  in  law:  strive  mightily,  but  eat  and 

drink  as  friends.  Shale. 

3.  In  a great  degree  ; very  much. 

I was  mightily  pleased  with  a story  applicable  to  this  piece 
of  philosophy.  Spectator. 

/£g=-“  This  is  a sense  scarcely  to  be  admitted  but  in 
low  language.”  Johnson. 

MIGH'TI-NESS  (ml'te-nes),  n.  [A.  S.  mihtignes .] 

1.  Power  ; greatness  ; height  of  dignity. 

Then  in  a moment  see 

How  soon  this  mightiness  meets  misery.  Shah. 

2.  A title  of  dignity  ; highness,  [n.] 

Will ’t  please  your  mightiness  to  wash  your  hands?  Shak. 

t MIGHT'LpSS,  a.  Weak;  powerless.  Brunne. 

MIGII'TY  (ml'te),  a.  [A.  S.  mihtig  ; milit,  might.] 

1.  Raving  might  or  force  ; strong  ; valiant ; 
valorous  ; courageous  ; powerful ; potent. 

He  is  wise  in  heart  and  mighty  in  strength.  Job  ix.  4. 

He  from  him  will  raise 

A mighty  nation.  Milton. 

2.  Very  great;  vast;  enormous;  huge. 

Giants  of  mighty  bone  and  bold  emprise.  Milton. 

3.  Expressing  or  implying  power.  “ Mighty 

works.”  Matt.  xi.  21. 

4.  Impetuous  ; violent ; vehement  ; tempes- 
tuous. “ Mighty  thunderings  and  hail. "Ex.  ix.28. 

5.  Of  superior  eminence  ; excellent ; high. 

Lydiate  excelled  the  mighty  Scaliger  and  Selden.  £ chard. 

6.  Important ; momentous. 

I ’ll  sing  of  heroes  and  of  kings; 

* In  mighty  numbers  mighty  things.  Cowley. 

Syn.  — See  Powerful. 

MTGH'TY  (ml'te),  ad.  In  a great  degree;  very. 
[Colloquial.]  “ Mighty  good  sort  of  people.” 

Wilberforce. 

MIGN'IARD  (-y?rd),  a.  [Fr.  mignard.]  Soft ; dain- 
ty ; pretty  ; — written  also  milliard.  B.  Jonson. 

f MIG'NON,  v.  a.  [Fr.  mignon,  a favorite.]  To 
flatter.  Daniel. 

MIGN-O-NETTE'  (mln-yo-net'),  n.  [Fr.  mignon- 
nette,  dim.  of  mignon,  a darling.]  ( Rot .)  A plant 
and  flower  prized  for  its  street  scent;  Reseda 
odorata.  Loudon. 

Ml'GRANT,  a.  Migratory,  [rt.]  Pennant. 

Ml'GRANT,  n.  One  who  migrates,  [r.]  Spectator. 

Mj'GRATE,  v.  n.  [L . migro,  migratus ; It.  mi- 
grare ; Sp.  cmigrar  ; Fr.  migrer.]  ft.  migrat- 
ed ; pp.  MIGRATING,  MIGRATED.]  To  pass  to  a 


place  of  residence  in  another  country  or  dis- 
trict ; to  change  residence. 

The  Tuscans  were  a branch  of  the  Pelasgi  that  migrated 
into  Europe.  Langhorne. 

MI-GltA'TION,  n.  [L.  migratio;  It . migrazione  •, 
Sp.  emigracion ; Fr.  mig ration.] 

1.  The  act  of  migrating;  change  of  residence. 

The  migration  of  birds,  ...  I know  not  how  to  give  an  ac- 
count of  it,  it  is  so  strange  and  admirable.  Hay. 

2.  Change  of  place  ; removal ; movement. 

Migrations  of  the  centre  of  gravity.  Woodward. 

Ml'GRA-TO-RY,  a.  Disposed  to  remove  from  one 
place  to  another  ; nomadic  ; wandering. 

This  purpose  is  sometimes  carried  out  by  a sort  of  migra- 
tory instinct.  Burke. 

MIL-AN-E§E',  n.  sing.  & pi.  ( Geog .)  A native  or 
natives  of  Milan.  P.  Cyc. 

MILCH,  a.  [A.  S.  melc.  — See  Milk.] 

1.  Giving  milk.  “ Milch  cows.”  Mortimer. 

2.  f Soft ; tender ; merciful.  Iluloet. 

The  instant  burst  of  clamor  that  she  made 

Would  have  made  milch  the  burning  eye  of  heaven.  Shak. 

MILD,  a.  [A.  S.,  Dut.,  Frs.,  Ger.,  Dan.,  <Sf  Sw. 
mild ; Icel.  mildr.] 

1.  Kind  ; tender ; indulgent ; element ; gentle ; 
compassionate  ; not  severe  ; not  cruel ; pacific. 

To  adore  him  as  a mild  and  merciful  being.  Rogers. 

2.  Indicating  a gentle,  tender,  compassion- 
ate, or  calm  spirit ; as,  “ A mild  look.” 

3.  Not  violent;  pleasant;  soft;  agreeable. 

The  folding  gates  diffused  a silver  light. 

And  with  a milder  gleam  refreshed  the  sight.  Addison. 

4.  Not  acrid  ; not  corrosive;  not  sharp;  as- 

suas’ive  ; mollifying  ; lenitive.  Arbuthnot. 

Syn.  — See  Gentle,  Pacific. 

MIL'DEW  (mil'du),  n.  [A.  S.  mildeaw,  Ger. 
mehlthau.  — Derived  by  Somner  and  Lye  from 
L.  mel,  honey,  and  Eng.  dew.]  A disease  in 
plants ; a rusty  or  mouldy  appearance,  which 
causes  blight,  decay,  or  death  of  plants  ; some- 
times called  rust  and  blight.  It  is  produced  by 
innumerable  minute  fungi.  Brande. 

MIL'DEW  (mil'du),  v.  a.  \i.  MILDEWED ; pp. 
mildewing,  mildewed.]  To  taint  with  mil- 
dew; to  blight;  to  corrupt;  to  spoil.  “He  mil- 
dews the  white  wheat.”  Shak. 

MIL'DEWED  (mll'dud),  p.  a.  Injured  by  mildew. 
“ Like  a mildewed  ear.”  Shak 

MILD'LY,  ad.  In  a mild  manner ; tenderly  ; gently. 

MILD'NESS,  n.  1.  The  quality  of  being  mild  ; 
gentleness  ; tenderness  ; clemency. 

Far  from  the  mildness  of  a Christian  spirit.  Fi'yth. 
2.  Pleasantness  ; softness  ; temperateness  ; 
as,  “ The  mildness  of  the  weather.” 

Syn. Mildness  and  gentleness  are  opposed  to 

harshness  ; clemency  and  lenity,  to  severity  ; mercy,  to 
cruelty.  Mildness  of  manner  ; gentleness  of  dispo- 
sition ; clemency  or  lenity  to  offenders  ; mercy  to  the 
suffering  or  the  guilty  ; tenderness  to  children  or  to  the 
distressed.  — See  Clemency,  Indulgence. 

MILD'-SPIR'IT-ED,  a.  Mild-tempered.  Wright. 

MILD'— TEM-PpRED  (-perd),  a.  Of  a mild  tem- 
per ; mild-spirited.  Fox. 

MILE,  n.  [L.  mille  passuum,  a thousand  paces; 
It.  miglio  ; Sp.  milla  ; Fr.  mille  : — A.  S.  mil ; 
Dut.  myl;  Ger.  meile;  Dan.  mill;  Sw.  mil ; 
Icel.  mila ; Gael,  mile,  or  mil.]  A measure  of 
distance,  being  the  usual  measure  of  roads. 

RS^An  English  statute  mile  is  8 furlongs,  or  320 
rods,  or  1760  yards.  The  ancient  Roman  mile  (mille 
passuum)  was  1000  paces,  or  1600  yards.  The  mod- 
ern Roman  mile  is  1628  yards.  The  German  short 
mile  is  6859  yards.  The  English  geographical  mile  is 
1-G0th  of  a degree  of  latitude,  or  about  2025  yards. 
Brande. 

MlLE'A?E,  n.  Fees  paid  for  travel  by  the  mile. 

Gent.  Mag. 

fi?g=In  the  United  States,  it  is  applied  to  an  allow- 
ance to  members  of  Congress  for  their  expenses  in 
travelling  to  and  from  Washington.  Constructive 
mileage  is  the  same  allowance  for  the  journey  when 
an  extraordinary  session  of  Congress  is  called,  wheth- 
er the  members  have  actually  gone  to  their  homes  or 
not,  after  the  regular  session. 

MILE'— POST,  n.  A post  set  up  to  tjiark  the  miles. 

MI-LE'^TAN,  n.  A descendant  (according  to  Irish 
legendary  history)  of  Milesius,  a king  of  Spain, 


whose  two  sons  conquered  Ireland,  and  estab- 
lished a new  nobility  1300  years  B.  C.  Smart. 

MILE'— STONE,  n.  A stone  or  post  set  to  mark 
the  miles.  Johnson. 

MIL'FOIL,  n.  [L.  millefolium  ; mille,  a thousand 
and  folium,  a leaf;  Fr.  mille-feuille.]  (Rot.)  A 
genus  of  evergreen,  herbaceous  plants  of  many 
species  ; Achillea  ; — particularly  Achillea  mil- 
lefolium. < Loudon.  Gray. 

MIL-I-A'RI-A,  n.  [L.  milium,  millet.]  (Med.)  A 
disease  attended  by  an  eruption  resembling 
millet-seed;  miliary  fever.  Brande. 

MIL'IA-RY  (mil'ya-re),  a.  [L.  milium,  millet ; It. 
miliare;  Sp  .miliar;  Fr.  miliaire.]  Small  gran- 
ulated ; resembling  a millet-seed.  Cheyne. 

Miliary  fever,  (Med.)  a disease  attended  by  an  erup- 
tion resembling  millet-seed  ; miliaria.  Dunglison. 

f MI-LICE’  (me-ies'),  n.  [Fr.]  Militia.  Temple. 

MiL'I-O-LA,  n.  [L.  milium,  millet-seed.]  (Pal.) 
An  extinct  genus  of  Foraminifera.  Brande. 

MlL'I-O-LITE,  n.  [L.  milium,  millet-seed,  and 
Gr.  lidos,  a stone.]  The  shell  of  Foraminifera 
of  the  genus  miliola.  Smart. 

MIL-I-O-LIT'IC,  a.  Relating  to,  or  containing, 
miliolites.  Smart. 

f MlL'{-TAN-CY,  n.  Warfare.  W.  Mountagu. 

MIL'I-TANT,  a.  [L.  milito,  militans,  to  be  a sol- 
dier; miles,  a soldier;  It.  3;  Sp.  militants;  Fr. 
militant .]  Prosecuting  the  business  of  a soldier  ; 
engaged  in  warfare  ; fighting ; contending. 

Against  foul  fiends  they  aid  us  militant.  Spenser. 

The  church  militant.,  the  church  on  earth  engaged  in 
warfare  with  hell  and  the  world,  distinct  from  the 
church  tiiumphant  in  heaven.  Hooker. 

MIL'I-TANT-LY,  ad.  In  a militant  or  warlike 
manner.  Bp.  Hall. 

f mIl'I-TAR,  a.  [L.  militarist]  Military.  Bacon. 

M1L'I-TA-RI-LY,  ad.  In  a military  or  soldierly 
manner.  ’ Trial  of  Regicides,  1660. 

t MIL'I-TA-RIST,  n.  A military  man.  Shak. 

MIL'I-TA-RY,  a.  [L.  militaris;  miles,  militis,  a 
soldier  ; It.  militare  ; Sp.  militar ; Fr.  mi  lit  air  e] 

1.  Belonging  to  the  army  ; professing  arms  ; 

soldierly.  “ Any  military  man.”  Sliak. 

2.  Relating  to  arms  or  war ; pertaining  to  a 
soldier  ; warlike  ; martial. 

Light-armed  troops 

In  coats  of  mail  and  military  pride.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Martial. 

MIL'I-TA-RY,  it.  pi.  The  soldiery;  the  body  of 
soldiers  or  of  military  men  ; the  army.  Todd. 

MIL'I-TATE,  v.  n.  [L.  milito,  militatus ; It.  mi- 
litare ; Sp.  militar  ; Fr.  militer .]  [ i . militated  ; 
pp.  militating,  militated.]  To  war  or  con- 
tend ; to  be  opposed ; to  operate  against. 

This  consideration  would  militate  against  his  hypothesis. 

Blackstone. 

MI-LI"TIA  (me-llsh'yj),  it.  [L.,  from  miles,  mili- 
tis, a soldier;  It.  milizia;  Sp.  milicia ; Fr.  mi- 
lice.]  A body  of  citizens  regularly  enrolled  and 
trained  to  military  exercises,  but  not  perma- 
nently organized  in  time  of  peace,  or,  in  gener- 
al, liable  to  serve  out  of  the  country  in  time  of 
war ; the  enrolled  soldiers  of  a nation  as  dis- 
tinct from  a standing  army;  the  trainbands. 

The  militia  of  England  and  Scotland  now  consists  of  a 
certain  number  of  men  in  every  county,  drawn  by  lot  to  serve 
for  five  years.  Brande. 

MI-LF'TIA— MAN  (me-llsh'a-m&n),  n.  ; pi.  MILI- 
TIAMEN. One  who  serves  in  the  militia;  a pri- 
vate soldier.  Ash. 

MILK,  n.  [A.  S.  meolc,  mile  ; Frs.  meloc ; Ger. 
milch ; Dan.  mcclk,  melk ; Sw.  mjolk ; Icel.  miolk.] 

1.  A fluid  secreted  by  peculiar  glands  in  the 
breasts  or  udders  of  mammiferous  animals,  and 
with  which  such  animals  feed  their  young. 

2.  Emulsion  or  juice  of  plants.  Bacon. 

Milk  of  lime,  a mixture  of  quicklime  and  water,  of 

the  color  and  consistence  of  milk.  — Sugar  of  m ilk,  a 
substance  obtained  by  evaporating  the  whey  of  inilk, 
and  purifying  the  product  by  crystallization.  SiUiman. 

MILK,  V.  a.  [i.  MILKED  ; pp.  MILKING,  MILKED.] 

1.  To  draw  milk  from  by  the  hand. 

Thou  wilt  not  find  my  shepherdesses  idly  piping  on  oaten 
reeds,  but  milking  the  kine.  Gay. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.-?,  ?,  £,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  * as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


MILKEN 


908 


MILL-HEAD 


2.  To  draw  milk  from  by  the  mouth  ; to  suck. 

I have  given  suck,  and  know 
How  tender ’t  is  to  love  the  babe  that  milks  me.  Shak. 

fMILK'EN  (milk'kn),  a.  Consisting  of  milk. 
“ The  milken  diet.”  Temple. 

MILK'JfR,  n.  1.  One  who  milks.  Dryilen. 

2.  A cow  that  gives  milk.  Brockett. 

MILK'— FE-VIJR,  n.  (Med.)  Fever  which  pre- 
cedes or  accompanies  the  secretion  ot  milk  in 
women  recently  delivered.  Dunglison. 

MILK'HEDtgE,  n.  (Bot.)  An  East-Indian  plant, 
containing  a milky  juice.  Hamilton. 

MILK'I-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  milky ; re- 
semblance to  milk  ; softness  ; mildness. 

Would  I could  share  thy  balmy,  even  temper, 

And  milkiness  of  blood.  Dryclen. 

MlLK'-LIV-pRED,  a.  Cowardly.  Shak. 

MiLK'MAlD,  n.  A woman  who  milks  ; a milk- 
woman ; a dairy-maid. 

And  the  milkmaid  singeth  blithe. 

And  the  mower  whets  his  scythe.  Milton. 

MILK'MAN,  n. ; pi.  milkmen.  A man  who  sells 
milk.  Johnson. 

MlLK'MEAT,  n.  A mixture  of  milk  and  meat.  Hall. 

MILK'— PAIL,  n.  A pail  or  vessel  for  receiving 
milk.  Watts. 

MILK'— PAN,  n.  A vessel  in  which  milk  is  kept  in 
the  dairy.  Bacon. 

Ml'LK'-PAP,  n.  The  teat  of  a woman.  Shak. 

MILK'— PARS-LE  Y,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  umbel- 
liferous plants ; Selinum.  Loudon. 

MILK'— POR-RIDQE,  n.  Food  made  by  boiling 
milk  and  water  with  meal  or  flour ; milk-pot- 
tage. Mason. 

MILK'— POT-TAQE,  n.  Food  made  of  milk,  water, 
and  meal  or  flour ; milk-porridge.  Locke. 

MILK'— PUNCH,  n.  A drink  made  by  mixing 
spirit  with  milk.  Simmonds. 

MILK'— SCORE,  n.  An  account  of  milk  supplied 
or  received.  Addison. 

MILK'— SICK-N 1JSS,  n.  A malignant  disease  of  the 
western  portion  of  the  TJ.  S.,  affecting  cattle, 
and  also  persons  who  make  use  of  the  flesh  or 
dairy  products  of  infected  cattle.  Farm.  Ency. 

MlLK'SOP,  n.  [ milk  and  sop .]  1.  A piece  of 
bread  sopped  in  milk. 

2.  A soft,  effeminate,  feeble-minded  man. 

A milksop  or  a coward  ape.  Chaucer. 

MILK'-THlS-TLE  (-this'sl),  n.  (Bot.)  A species 
of  thistle,  the  leaves  of  which  are  distinguished 
by  the  milky  whiteness  of  their  veins ; Carduus 
mariatius  ; — called  also  lady’s  thistle,  and  St. 
Mary’s  thistle.  Eng.  Cyc. 

MILK'— THRUSH,  ii.  (Med.)  A disease  consist- 
ing of  roundish,  pearl-colored  vesicles,  confined 
to  the  lips,  mouth,  and  intestinal  canal,  and 
terminating  in  curd-like  sloughs.  Dunglison. 

MlLK'-TOOTH,  n.  ; pi.  MILK-TEETH.  I.  A small 
fore  tooth  which  a foal  cuts  at  about  three 
months  old,  and  casts  before  he  is  three  years 
old.  Far.  Diet. 

2.  One  of  the  first  teeth  of  a child.  Dunglison. 

MILK'— TREE,  n.  (Bot.)  A tree  that  yields  a 
milky  fluid.  Brande. 

MILK'— TRE-FOIL,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the  ge- 
nus Cytisus.  Johnson. 

MILK'— VES-SfL,  n.  (Bot.)  One  of  the  canals  or 
cavities  formed  between  or  among  the  cells, 
containing  a milky  juice.  Gray. 

MiLK'— VETCH,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  orna- 
mental, leguminous  plants;  Astragalus. London. 

MILK'— WALK  (-wlk),  n.  The  district  served  by 
a milkman.  Simmonds. 

MILK'— WARM,  a.  Warm  as  milk  in  its  natural 
state.  Smollett. 

MILK'— WEED,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the  genera 
Asclepias,  or  Acerates,  abounding  in  a milky 
juice.  Gray. 

MILK'— WHITE,  a.  White  as  milk.  Sidney. 

MILK'— WOM-AN  (mllk'-wfim-jn),  11. ; pi.  MILK- 
WOMEN. A woman  who  sells  milk.  Arbuthnot. 


MILK' WORT  (mllk'WUrt),  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of 
handsome  flowering  plants,  containing  a milky 
juice;  Polygala.  Loudon. 

MILK'Y,  a.  1.  Made  of,  or  containing,  milk. 

2.  Having  the  qualities  of,  or  resembling, 

milk. 

Some  plants  . . . yield  a milky  juice.  Arbuthnot. 

3.  Yielding  or  giving  milk.  “ The  milky 

mothers  of  the  plains.”  Roscommon. 

4.  Soft ; gentle  ; tender ; timorous.  Shak. 

Has  friendship  such  n faint  and  milky  heart, 

It  turns  in  less  than  two  nights?  Shak. 

MILK'Y— WAY  (milk'e-wa),  n.  (Astron.)  Abroad 

and  irregular  zone  that  surrounds  the  heavens, 
of  an  indistinct  whitish  appearance,  supposed 
to  be  the  blended  light  of  innumerable  fixed 
stars  ; the  galaxy.  Ilerschel. 

MILL,  n.  [A.  S.  mylen,  or  miln;  Dut.  molen; 
Ger.  mulile  ; Dan.  mullc ; Sw.  mol ; Icel.  mylna ; 
W.  melin : — Gael,  muileann.  — Gr.  pbXy  ; L. 
mola  ; molo,  to  grind  ; It.  mulino  ; Sp.  molino  ; 
Fr.  moulin.  — See  Mill,  v.\ 

1.  An  engine  for  grinding  corn  or  reducing 
any  substance  to  fine  particles ; a machine  or 
engine  whose  action  depends  chiefly  on  circular 
motion,  used  for  various  purposes  ; as,  “ Abark- 
mi/l,  flour-mf//,  oil -mill,"  &c. 

2.  A building  that  contains  a mill  or  similar 
machinery  for  various  manufactures;  as,  “A 
cotton-mill,  woollen-TOt!/,  saw -mill,”  ike. 

MILL,  n.  [L.  mille,  a thousand;  millesimus, 
thousandth.]  One  thousandth  of  a dollar,  or 
one  tenth  of  a cent.  [U.  S.] 

MILL,  n.  A fight.  [Cant  language.]  Clarke. 

MILL,  v.  a.  [Gr.  pbl.Xuv ; L.  molere  ; Icel.  &; 
Sw.  mala-,  Dan.  male  ; Arm.  mala-,  Goth.  Ind- 
ian ; Ger.  malen  and  mulen ; Heb.  mull  and 
mil,  dust; — all  from  the  ancient  word  mull 
and  mill,  dust,  still  used  by  our  brother  Celts  of 
Bretagne,  in  their  dialect  called  the  Armoric. 
Armstrong's  Gaelic  Dictionary . — Gael,  meil ; 
W.  melin. ] [/. milled  ; pp.  milling,  milled.] 

1.  To  grind  ; to  comminute.  Johnson. 

2.  To  stamp  on  the  edge,  as  coin. 

Wood’s  halfpence  are  not  milled,  and  therefore  more  easily 
counterfeited.  Swijt. 

3.  To  prepare  by  means  of  a mill;  to  full,  as 

cloth.  Wright. 

MILL,  v.  a.  To  beat  with  the  fists.  Clarke. 

MILL,  v.  n.  To  travel  or  move  under  water,  as  a 
whale  or  fish.  Gilman. 

MILL'— BOARD,  n.  A stout  kind  of  pasteboard. 

MILL'— COG,  n.  The  cog  of  a mill- wheel.il/orfmer. 

MILL'— CROFT,  n.  A small  field  or  enclosure 
near  a mill.  Simmonds. 

MlLL'-DAM,  n.  The  mound  by  which  a water- 
course is  obstructed,  and  the  water  raised  to  a 
sufficient  height  or  head  to  turn  the  wheel  of  a 

mill.  Mortimer. 

MILLED  (mild),  p.  a.  Stamped  on  the  edge. 
“ Milled  medals.”  Addison. 

MIL-LE-NA'RI-AN,  a.  [It.  millenario  ; Sp.  mile- 
nario  ; Fr.  milUnaire .]  Relating  to  the  millen- 
nium or  to  millenarians.  Ec.  Rev. 

MIL-LE-NA'RI-AN,  n.  One  who  expects  or  be- 
lieves in  the  millennium.  Bullokar. 

MIL-LIJ-NA'RI-AN-LjSM,  n.  The  doctrine  of  the 
millenarians.  — See  Millennium. 

Millenarianism  is  a peculiar  theory  or  doctrine  re- 
lating to  the  dispensations  of  grace  and  glory,  not  of 
recent  origin,  but  handed  down  from  t lie  first  age  of 
Christianity,  and  clearly  traceable  to  a Jewish  source. 

Ec.  Rev. 

f MIL'LE-NA-RI§M,  n.  Millenarianism.  Bp.  Hall. 

MIL'Lp-NA-RY,  ii.  1.  The  space  of  a thousand 
years.  Bale. 

2.  One  who  expects  the  millennium';  a mille- 
narian.  Hakewill. 

MIL'LIJ-NA-RY,  a.  [L.  millenarivs ; mille , a 
thousand;  It.  millenario-,  Sp .milenario-,  Fr. 
millenaire .]  Consisting  of  a thousand.  Arbuthnot. 

MJL-LEN'!-AN-I§M,  ii.  Millenarianism.  Wood. 

MIL-LEN'I-A-RI§M,  n.  Millenarianism.  Gent. Mag. 


f MIL'Lp-NIST,  n.  A millenarian.  Johnson. 

MJL-LEN'NJ-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  millenni- 
um. “The  millennial  happiness.”  Burnet. 

MIL-LEN'NI- AL-IST,  it.  One  who  believes  in  the 
millennium  ; a millenarian  ; a chiliast.  Wright. 

MIL-LEN'NI-UM,  n.  [Low  L.,  from  L.  mille,  a 
thousand,  and  annus,  a year.]  A thousand 
years  ; particularly  the  reign  of  Christ  with  the 
saints  upon  earth  for  a thousand  years,  an  idea 
supposed,  by  many,  to  be  supported  by  Itev.  xx. 
and  other  passages  of  Scripture.  Buiiiet. 

MlL'Lp-l’ED,  n. ; pi.  mTl'le-ped^.  [L.millepeda  ; 
mille,  a thousand,  and  pcs,  pedis,  a foot ; It. 
millepiedi  ; Fr.  mille-pieds .]  An  insect  having 
a great  many  feet,  as  the  Armadillo  vulgaris, 
the  Porcellio  scaber,  the  Oriscus  ase/lus,  or 
common  wood-louse.  Brande. 

/HP  The  older  English  dictionaries  which  contain 
this  word,  give  it  only  in  the  plural,  and  the  majority 
cf  them  pronounce  it  in  three  syllables  — miVle-peies. 
Of  the  lexicographers  who  give  the  singular  form, 
Smart,  Craig,  and  Ogilvie  spell  it  thus,  mil'le-pede  ; 
Todd,  Jameson,  Knowles.  Reid,  and  Webster  thus,  mil'- 
le-prd. 

The  following  are  the  remarks  of  Walker  on  the 
pronunciation  and  orthography  of  millepedes-. — 

“ Tlie  former  pronunciation  of  this  word  [ntll'le- 
pedesl  is  adopted  by  Dr.  Johnson,  Dr.  Kenrick,  Mr. 
Sheridan.  Mr.  Scott,  and  Entick  ; and  the  latter 
[ntjl-lep'e-des]  by  Mr.  Nares,  W.  Johnston,  Buchan- 
an, and  Perry.  That  the  latter  is  the  more  fashitfn- 
able  cannot  lie  denied  ; but  that  the  former  is  the  more 
correct  is  evident  from  similar  words  which  have 
been  Anglicized ; thus  bipeds  and  quadrupeds  have 
dropped  their  Latin  final  syllable  ; and  why  the  word 
in  question  should  retain  it,  cannot  be  conceived. 
Besides,  though  seldom  used  in  the  singular,  there  is 
no  reason  why  it  should  not  be  so  used  ; and  then  it 
must  necessarily  become  milliprd : centipede , properly 
ccntipcd,  is  adopted  ; and,  by  forming  ccntipeds  in  tire 
plural,  show  us  how  we  ought  to  form  and  pronounce 
tile  word  in  question  ; and  if  antipodes  has  not  yet 
submitted  to  this  analogy,  it  is  because,  like  canthar- 
ides,  caryatides,  manes,  Sec.,  it  is  never  used  in  the 
singular.”  Walker.  — See  Soliped. 

MIL'LE-PORE,  ii.  [L.  mille,  a thousand,  and 
porus,  a pore  ; It.  millepora  ; Sp.  milepora  ; Fr. 
millepore .]  (Zolil.)  One  of  a genus  of  hydroid 
medusae  that  build  a coral  branching  stem  in 
which  are  numerous  pits  or  pores  for  the  retreat 
of  the  heads.  Agassiz. 

MlL'LE-PO-RiTE,  n.  (Pal.)  A fossil  millepore. 

Kirby. 

MILLER,  n.  1.  One  who  tends  a mill.  Shak. 

2.  (Ent.)  A winged  insect  or  moth ; — probably 
so  named  from  the  white,  powdery  substance 
with  which  its  wings  are  covered,  like  that  on  the 
coat  of  one  who  tends  a mill  for  grinding  corn 
or  wheat.  Ainsworth . 

MILL'ER-lTE,  n.  One  of  a religious  sect,  named 

from  William  Miller,  the  founder,  who  predicted 
that  the  end  of  the  world  was  soon  to  take 
place.  Evans. 

MILL'JfR’S— THUMB,  11. 

(Ich.)  A small  fish 
found  in  brooks ; river 
hull-head;  Cottus  go- 
bio.  Eng.  Cyc. 


Miller'll -thumb  (Cottus  gobio). 

[L. 

thousand ; 


MIL-LES'I-MAL,  a.  t 
millesimus-,  mille,  a thousand;  It.  millesimo; 
Sp.  milesimo .]  Thousandth  ; consisting  of  thou- 
sandth parts.  “ Millesimal  fractions.”  Walts. 

MIL'LIJT,  n.  [L.  milium-,  It.  miglio;  Fr.  mil,  or 
millet.  — A.  S.  mil,  millet.']  (Bot.)  A genus  of 
tall  grasses  with  succulent  stems,  native  of  the 
tropical  parts  of  Asia ; Sorghum.  Eng.  Cyc. 

The  species  of  millet  have  been  referred  to 
nolens,  sometimes  to  Jlndropogon.  Sorghum  vulgare 
is  the  largest  of  the  small  cereal  grains,  and  may  he 
considered  the  representative  of  the  Indian  corn  of 
America,  where  it  is  usually  called  Guinea  corn,  and, 
in  some  works,  the  great  or  Indian  millet.  Eng.  Cyc. 

Millet-grass,  a genus  of  grasses,  of  several  species  ; 
Milium.  Loudon. 

MILL'-GEAR-ING,  n.  A term  denoting  all  kinds 
of  wheel-work.  Francis. 

MILL'-HAND,  ii.  A workman  employed  in  a 
mill.  P ■ Cyc. 

MILL'— HEAD,  n.  The  head  of  water  used  to  turn 
the  wheel  of  a mill.  Francis. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


MILL-HORSE 


909 


MIND 


MILL' -HORSE,  re.  A horse  that  turns  a mill. 

MILL'-HOUSE,  re.  A house  containing  a mill.  Ash. 

MILLIARD  (mll'yard),  n.  [Fr.]  A thousand 
millions.  Craig. 

MIL'LI-A-RY,  a.  [It.  miliar e ; Fr.  milliaire.] 
Relating  to,  or  denoting,  a mile.  Smart. 

M1L'L!-A-RY,  re.  A mile-stone.  Wright. 

MIL 'Ll- GRAMME,  re.  [Fr . milli,  contraction  of 
millieme,  thousandth,  and  gramme , the  unit  of 
the  measure  of  weight.]  In  the  decimal  system 
of  France,  the  thousandth  part  of  a gramme, 
or  .0154  English  grains. — See  Gram.  McCulloch. 

MIL  'Ll- LI-  TRE  (nnl'e-le-ter),  re.  [Fr.  millilitre.] 
In  French  measure,  a thousandth  part  of  a litre, 
or  .06103  of  an  English  cubic  inch.  McCulloch. 

MIL  ' LI-ME-TRE  (mll'e-ma-ter),  n.  [Fr.  millime- 
tre.]  " In  French  measure,  a thousandth  part  of 
a metre,  or  .03937  of  an  English  inch.  McCulloch. 

MIL'LI-NpR,  n.  [From  Milaner,  an  inhabitant 
_of  Milan.  Johnson,  Nares.  — “ So  called  from 
Milaner,  one  from  Milan ; or  Mutineer,  from 
Maline ; or  millenarius,  because  he  deals  in  a 
thousand  articles.  It  is  perhaps  mistlener,  from 
mistlen  or  mestlin,  a medley  or  mixture.”  Rich- 
ardson.] One  who  makes  or  sells  head-dresses, 
hats,  or  bonnets  for  women. 

He  was  perfumed  like  a milliner.  Shak. 

•*  A milliner  was  originally  a man,  and,  we  may 

presume,  from  Milan,  whence  lie  imported  female 
finery.  Nares. 

MIL'LT-NER-Y,  n.  1.  The  work  of  a milliner. 

2.  The  goods  made  or  sold  by  milliners.  Burke. 

MlL'Lt-NER-Y,  a.  Relating  to,  or  made  by,  a 
milliner.  Ash. 

MIL-LI-NET',  n.  A sort  of  coarse,  stiff,  thin 
muslin. 

MlLL'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  mills. 

2.  The  process  of  fulling  cloth.  Wright. 

3.  The  process  of  stamping  coin  on  the  edge. 

4.  A beating  ; a drubbing.  [Cant.]  Wright. 

MILL'ION  (mil'yun),  n.  [It.  milione,  from  L. 
mille,  a thousand  ; Sp.  millon;  Fr.  million.] 

1.  A thousand  thousand,  or  ten  hundred  thou- 
sand, — represented  by  a unit  with  six  ciphers 
annexed. 

2.  Any  very  great  indefinite  number. 

There  are  millions  of  truths  that  a man  is  not  concerned 
to  know.  Locke. 

MILL' ION- A-RY,  ce.  Consisting  of  millions.  Smart. 

MILL'IONED  (mil'yund),  a.  Multiplied  by  mil- 
lions. “ Millioned  accidents.”  Shak. 

MILLIONNAIRE  (mil-yun-ar'),  n.  [Fr.]  A person 
possessed  of  property  of  the  value  of  one  or 
more  millions  ; a very  rich  person. 

The  barrier  which  divided  the  aristocrat  from  the  million- 
naire.  Qn.  Rev. 

MILLIONTH  (mTl'yunth),  a.  The  ten  hundred 
thousandth. 

MILL'— MOUN-TAIN§,  n.  An  herb.  Ainsworth. 

MILL'— POND,  n.  A pond  or  head  of  water 
dammed  up  for  a mill.  Smollett. 

MILL'— POOL,  n.  A mill-pond.  Whishaw. 

MILL'— RACE,  rt.  1.  The  water  flowing  through 
a canal,  or  channel,  in  the  dam  of  a mill-pond, 
to  drive  a wheel.  Smart. 

2.  The  canal,  or  channel,  in  which  the  water 
of  a mill-pond  is  conveyed  to  the  wheel.  Clarke. 

MILL  REA,  ) jj.  A Portuguese  gold  coin,  of  the 

MILL 'REE,  > value  of  a thousand  reas,  or  about 

MILL'REIS,  ) 3s.  6d-  sterling.  Smart. 

Sffi-  “The  millreis  of  Portugal  is  valued  in  account 
at  tile  U.  S.  custom-house  at  $1.12  ; that  of  Azores, 
at  83)  cts. ; and  that  of  Madeira,  at  $1.”  Bouvicr. 

MILL'— SlX-P^NCE,  n.  One  of  the  first  milled 
pieces  of  money  used  in  England,  and  coined 
in  1561.  Douce. 

MILL'STONE,  n.  The  stone  of  a mill  which 

crushes  the  substance  to  be  ground.  L’ Estrange. 

MlLL'STONE-GRIT,  n.  ( Geo! .)  A group  of  strata 
of  the  carboniferous  system,  dividing  the  coal  for- 
mation from  the  mountain  limestone.  Eng.  Cyc. 


MILL'— TAIL,  n.  The  current  of  water  as  it 
leaves  the  wheel  of  a water-mill.  Francis. 

MILL'— TOOTH,  ii.  A grinder.  Smart. 

mIll'  wArd,  n.  The  keeper  of  a mill.  Clarke. 

MlLL'WHEEL,  n.  A wheel  used  in  a mill. 

MlLL'-WORK  (-wurk),  n.  The  machinery  of  mills, 
or  the  art  of  constructing  mills.  Ogilcie. 

Ml LL' WRIGHT  (mll'rlt),  n.  A person  who  con- 
structs mill.s.  F.  Cyc. 

MI-LORD'.  Sometimes  used  for  my  lord.  Qu.  Rev. 

MIL'SfSY,  n.  A sieve  for  straining  milk.  [Local, 
Eng.]  Loudon. 

MILT,  n.  [A.  S.,  Dut.,  3,  Dan.  milt ; Frs.  milte ; 
Ger.  milz ; Icel.  milti.] 

1.  (Anat.)  The  spleen.  Dunglison. 

2.  The  sperm  of  the  male  fish.  Walton. 

MlLT,  v.  a.  [i.  milted  ; pp.  milting,  milted.] 
To  impregnate  the  roe  or  spawn  of.  Johnson. 

MILT'LjR,  n.  A male  fish  ; — distinguished  from 
the  female,  which  is  called  spawner.  Walton. 

MIL-TON'JC,  a.  Relating  to  Milton.  Webb. 


Ictinea  plumbea. 


MILT' WORT  (-wiirt),  n.  ( Bot .)  A plant  of  the 
genus  Asplenium ; spleenwort.  Ainsworth. 

MIL'VINE,  n.  [L.  milcinus,  pertaining  to  the 
kite  ; milvus,  a kite.]  One  of  a class  of  raptorial 
birds,  including  the  kite.  Brande. 

MIL-VP MJE,  n.  pi.  [L.  mil- 
vus, a kite.]  ( Ornith .)  A 
sub-family  of  birds  of  the 
order  Accipitres  and  family 
Falconidcc  ; kites.  Gray. 

MIL'VUS,  n.  [L.]  1.  ( Or- 

nith.) A genus  of  raptorial 
birds  of  the  family  Falconidce ; the  kite. 

2.  ( Ich .)  A species  of  dragonet ; Callionymus 
lyra.  Wright. 

MlME,  n.  [Gr.  /il/ios  ; L.  mimus  ; It.  § Sp.  mimo  ; 
Fr.  mime.] 

1.  One  who  mimics;  one  who  amuses  by  ges- 
ticulations ; a buffoon.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  A ludicrous  composition  ; a farce. 

Scaliger  defines  a mime  to  be  a poem  imitating  any  action 
to  stir  up  laughter.  Milton. 

MIME,  v.  n.  To  play  the  mime  ; to  mimic.  Milton. 

mIm'JJR,  n.  A buffoon  ; a mime,  [r.]  Perry. 

MJ-ME'SIS,  n.  [Gr.  pim ais.]  ( Rhet .) 

1.  A figure  of  speech  whereby  the  actions  and 
words  of  others  are  represented  ; mimicry. 

2.  A ludicrous  imitation  of  errors  in  pronun- 

ciation ; as,  “ A werry  good  wessel,”  for  “ A 
very  good  vessel.”  G.  Brown. 


1-JILT  IC,  ( nj.  [Gr.  iii/njTiKds 
I-MET'I-CAL,  ) imitate.]  Prone 


imitate  ; imitative. 


to 

to  mimic  or 
Hurd. 


JllM'p-TINE,  n.  {Min.)  Green  lead  ore  ; arseniate 
of  lead.  Dana. 


MIM  IC,  £ a_  [(Jr.  lupniff  ; n'gos,  an  imitator, 

MlM'I-CAL,  > a mimic;  L.  mimicus  ; It.  &;  Sp. 
mimico  ; Fr.  mimique.]  Relating  to  mimicry  or 
a mimic  ; imitative  ; mimetical. 

In  Reason’s  absence,  mimic  Fancy  wakes.  Milton. 

MlM'TC,  V.  a.  [i.  mimicked  ; pp.  MIMICKING, 
mimicked.]  To  imitate  for  sport;  to  ridicule 
by  a burlesque  imitation  ; to  mock  ; to  ape. 

The  walk,  the  words,  the  gesture,  could  supply, 

The  habit  mimic,  and  the  mien  belie.  Dryden. 

Both  Swift  and  Voltaire  have  been  successfully  mimicked, 
but  no  man  has  yet  been  able  to  mimic  Addison.  Macaiday. 

MIM'IC,  n.  1.  A sportive  or  ludicrous  imitator ; 
a buffoon. 

Jugglers  and  dancers,  antics,  mummers,  mimics.  Milton. 

2.  A mean  or  servile  imitator ; ape. 

Cunning  is  only  the  mimic  of  discretion.  Addison. 

When  full  grown,  it  [vanity]  is  the  worst  of  vices,  and  the 
occasional  mimic  of  them  all.  It  makes  the  whole  man  false. 

Bvrke. 

MlM'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  mimical  manner. 

M|M'JCK-InG,  n.  The  act  of  playing  the  part  of 
a mimic  ; mimicry.  Ash. 

MIM'IC-RY,  n.  The  act  of  mimicking ; playful  or 
burlesque  imitation.  Spectator. 


MT-MOG'R  A-PH^R,  n.  [Gr.  iu/w;,  a mime,  and  yp6- 
ipw,  to  write  ; It.  mimografo  ; Fr.  mimographe.] 
A writer  of  farces  or  mimes.  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

MI-MO'SA,  n.  [It.  S;  Fr.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  le- 
guminous plants,  including  among  other  species 
the  sensitive  plant  ( Mimosa  sensitiva).  Loudon. 

MIM'U-LUS,  n.  [L.,  a mime,  a mimic.]  (Bot.)  A 
genus  of  plants  the  flower  seeds  of  which,  in 
front,  resemble  the  face  of  a grinning  monkey  ; 
monkey-flower.  Loudon. 

Mi’MA,  n.  [L.  mina,  from  Gr.  /iva.] 

1.  An  Attic  silver  weight,  equal  to  100  drach- 
mas or  16  oz.,  and,  as  money  of  account,  equal 
to  about  £4  sterling  ($19.36).  Wm.  Smith. 

2.  A Hebrew  weight,  equal  to  60  shekels  in 
money;  maneh.  — See  Maneh.  Dr.  A. Clarke. 

MI-NA'CIOyS  (me-na'shus,  66),  a.  [L.  minax, 
minacis,  minatory.]  Full  of  threats  ; threaten- 
ing. [r.]  More. 

MI-NAy'I-TY,  n.  [L.  minax,  minacis,  threaten- 
ing.] Disposition  to  use  threats.  Johnson. 

MIN'A-RET,  n.  [Turk,  minar,  from  Arab,  mciia- 
rah,  a lantern  ; It.  minareto  ; Sp .minarete',  Fr. 
minaret .]  (Arch.)  A slender  and  lofty  turret  in 
a Mahometan  mosque,  for  summoning  the  peo- 
ple to  prayers.  Drummond. 

MIN'A-TO-RI-LY,  ad.  With  threatening.  Hacket. 

MIN'A-TO-RY  [imn'a-tur-e,  W.  P.  J.  F.  K.  Sm. 
C.  Wb.;  ml'na-tur-e,  S.  E.  Ja.],  a.  [L.  minor, 
minatus,  to  threaten.]  Threatening;  menacing. 
“ A statute  monitory  and  minatory."  Bacon. 

MINCE,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  minsian.  — Old  Fr.  mincer.  — 
Gr.  fuvvds,  small  ; ptvLOa,  to  diminish  ; L.  minuo, 
minuens,  to  diminish  ; It.  minuzzare,  to  mince, 

— Sw.  minska,  to  make  smaller.]  [?.  minced; 
pp.  mincing,  minced.] 

1.  To  cut  into  very  small  parts  ; to  hash. 

Mince  the  two  capons  as  small  as  ordinary  minced-meat. 

Bacon. 

2.  To  mention  scrupulously,  by  a little  at  a 
time  ; to  diminish,  or  suppress  a part  in  speaking 
of ; to  extenuate  ; to  palliate. 

I know,  Iago, 

Thv  honesty  and  love  doth  mince  this  matter, 

Making  it  light  to  Cassio.  Shak. 

3.  To  speak  with  affected  softness  ; to  clip 
and  half  pronounce. 

Behold  yon  simpering  dame. 

That  minces  virtue,  and  doth  shake  the  head 
To  hear  of  pleasure’s  name.  Shak. 

MINCE,  v.  n.  1.  To  walk  nicely  by  short  steps ; to 
act  with  affectation  or  affected  delicacy. 

I ’ll  turn  two  mincing  steps 
Into  a manly  stride.  Shak. 

2.  To  speak  with  affected  softness  or  nicety. 

The  mincing  lady-prioress  and  the  broad-speaking  wife  of 
Bath.  Dry  den. 

MINCED'-PIe  (minst'pl),  n.  Mince-pie.  Spectator. 

MINCE'— MEAT,  ? n_  Meat  chopped  into  very 

MINCED'— MEAT,  > small  pieces.  Merle. 

MINCE'— PfE  (-pi),  n.  A pie  made  of  mince-meat, 
or  of  meat  cut  into  small  pieces,  with  other  in- 
gredients. Johnson. 

MINTING,  p.  a.  1.  Cutting  into  small  pieces. 

2.  Speaking  or  acting  affectedly. 

Fit  mate  for  such  a mincing  minion.  Spenser. 

MINC'ING-LY,  ad.  1.  In  small  parts  ; not  fully. 

2.  With  affected  delicacy ; affectedly.  Sheldon. 

MINC-TU'RI-IJN-CY,  re.  [L.  mingo,  minctus,  to 
make  water.]  The  act  of  discharging  urine ; 
micturition,  [r.]  Cobbett. 

MIND,  n.  [A.  S.  gemynd ; gemunan,  to  remem- 

ber ; Dan.  mening,  minde ; Sw.  mening,  minne. 

— Gr.  /itvo ; ; L.  mens,  mentis .] 

1.  The  thinking  faculty  in  man,  with  all  its 
powers  and  operations  ; that  by  which  we  re- 
ceive sensations,  understand,  and  are  affected 
with  emotion  or  passion  ; the  soul ; the  spirit. 

The  mind  is  its  own  place,  and  in  itself 

Can  make  a heaven  of  hell,  a hell  of  heaven.  Milton. 

2.  The  intellect,  as  distinguished  from  the 
affections ; the  understanding. 

I am  a very  foolish,  fond  old  man; 

I fear  I am  not  in  my  perfect  mind.  Shak. 

3.  Liking  ; choice  ; inclination  ; affection. 

ne  had  a great  mind  to  do  it.  Clarendon. 


MIEN,  SIR  ; MOVE,  NOR,  SON  ; 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — (J,  QI,  9,  *,  soft ; £,  G,  5,  g,  hard ; § as  z; 


as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


MIND 


910 


MINIM 


4.  Thoughts;  sentiments;  opinion;  belief. 

The  ambiguous  god 

In  these  mysterious  words  his  mind  expressed.  Dryden. 

These  men  are  of  the  mind  that  they  have  clearer  ideas  of 
infinite  duration  than  of  infinite  space.  Locke. 

5.  Memory  ; remembrance  ; recollection. 

“ Call  to  mind  his  covenant. ” Milton. 

A wholesome  law,  time  out  of  mind.  Swift. 

Syn.  — See  Soul. 

MIND,  V.  a.  [*.  MINDED  ; pp.  MINDING,  minded.] 

1.  To  mark;  to  attend  to;  to  heed;  to  re- 
gard ; to  notice  ; to  fix  the  mind  on. 

I content  me. 

And  from  the  sting  of  famine  fear  no  harm, 

Nur  mind  it,  fed  with  better  thoughts.  Dryden. 

2.  To  regard  as  having  authority ; to  obey. 

3.  To  put  in  mind ; to  remind ; to  hint  to. 

And  all  things  now,  retired  to  rest, 

Mind  us  of  like  repose.  Milton. 

4.  f To  intend  ; to  mean  ; to  design. 

As  for  me,  be  sure  I mind  no  harm 

To  thy  grave  person.  Chapman. 

MIND,  v.  n.  To  incline  ; to  be  disposed.  Spenser. 

Belike  she  minds  to  play  the  Amazon.  Shak. 

MIND'pD,  a.  Disposed;  inclined;  affected;  — 
much  used  in  compounds  ; as,  “ High-nttiirferf.” 

MlND'ED-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  minded.  South. 

MIND'FUL,  a.  Bearing  in  mind;  regardful;  ob- 
servant ; attentive ; heedful ; having  memory. 

What  is  man,  that  thou  art  mindful  of  him  ? Ps.  viii.  4. 

Syn. Mindful  of  instructions  or  obligations  ; re- 

gardful of  duties  ; heedful  of  advice  ; observant  of 
rules  ; attentive  to  study  or  to  friends. 

MlND'FUL-LY,  ad.  Attentively;  heedfully. 

MlND'FUL-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  mindful ; 
attention ; regard.  Sherwood. 

MlND'lNG,  n.  The  act  of  taking  heed  ; attention ; 
regard  ; mindfulness.  Me  Knight. 

MIND'LpSS,  a.  1.  Destitute  of  mind  or  of  intel- 
lectual powers.  “Mindless  bodies.”  Davies. 

2.  Inattentive ; regardless  ; careless. 

Cursed  Athens,  mindless  of  thy  worth.  Shak. 

MlND'-STRICK-EN  (-strik'kn),  a.  Affected  in 
mind ; moved. 

He  had  been  so  mind-stricken  by  the  beauty  of  virtue  in 
that  noble  king.  Sidney. 

MINE,  pronoun  possessive  and  pronominal  adjec- 
tivet from/.  [Goth,  meina ; A.  S.  min ; Dut. 
mijn  ; Ger.  mem  ; Dan.  $ Sw.  min ; Icel.  miun. 
— Gr.  ip6s,  pou;  L.  meus;  It.  &;  Sp.  mio ; Fr. 
mon. — Russ.  mot;  Polish  mop.]  (Used  after 
the  noun.)  Of  or  belonging  to  me;  as,  “This 
book  is  mine”  i.  e.  my  book. 

#tr*In  the  solemn  style,  it  is  used  as  a pronominal 
adjective,  before  words  beginning  with  a vowel  or  a 
vowel  sound,  instead  of  m;/;  as,  “Mine  eyes  have 
seen  thy  salvation.”  — “When  this  word  is  used 
adjectively,  before  a word  beginning  witli  a vowel  or 
h mute,  as  in  saying,  ‘ On  mine  honor,’  the  complete 
absence  of  accentual  force,  and  a style  quite  colloquial, 
will  permit  the  shortening  of  the  sound  into  min.” 
Smart. 

JZgY"  The  wrords  mine,  thine , hers,  ours , yours , theirs , 
also  his,  when  standing  alone,  though  commonly 
styled  by  grammarians  possessive  pronouns,  represent, 
not  only  possessors , Imt  also  things  possessed  ; and 
they  are  used  both  in  the  nominative  and  objective 
cases,  and  in  the  singular  and  plural  numbers  ; and 
they  are  used  as  substantives,  or  as  substitutes  for 
substantives. 

“ Mine , thine , his , hers,  yours,  theirs,  must  be  called 
personal  pronouns  possessive.  For  these  words  are 
always  used  substantively,  so  as  to  include  the  mean- 
ing of  some  noun  in  the  third  person  singular  or  plu- 
ral, in  the  nominative  or  objective  case.  Thus,  if  we 
are  speaking  of  books,  and  say,  ‘ Mine  are  here,’  mine 
means  my  books,  and  it  must  he  a personal  pronoun 
possessive,  in  the  third  person  plural,  and  nominative 
to  the  verb  are.  Again,  if  we  are  speaking  of  a gar- 
den, and  say,  ‘ I admire  yours,’  yours  means  your 
garden , and  it  must  be  deemed  a personal  pronoun 
possessive  in  the  third  person  singular,  and  objective 
case.”  Smart. 

“ The  words  mine , thine , hers,  ours,  yours , theirs, 
are  possessive  pronouns  of  the  nominative  or  objective 
case,  as  they  represent,  not  possessors,  but  things 
possessed.  Each  of  them  may  represent  a plural 
as  well  as  a singular  noun.  Thus,  in  the  sentence, 

4 Your  specimens  are  more  numerous,  but  mine  are 
finer,’  — the  word  your  is  a personal  pronoun,  plural 
form,  possessive  case,  or  a possessive  adjective,  de- 
fining the  noun  specimens ; but  mine  is  a possessive 
pronoun,  plural  number,  nominative  case,  as  being 
the  subject  of  the  verb  are.”  J.  Hunter. 


MINE,  n.  [It.  8$  Sp.  mina ; Fr.  mine.  — Dut.  mign ; 
Ger.  mine ; Dan.  mine',  Sw.  mina. — W.  mvon\ 
Gael,  mem.] 

1.  A subterraneous  work  or  excavation  for 

obtaining  metals,  metallic  ores,  or  other  mineral 
substances  ; a pit ; a cavern.  Brande. 

2.  {Mil.)  An  excavation  or  subterraneous 

passage  under  the  wall  of  a rampart  or  fortifi- 
cation for  the  purpose  of  blowing  it  up  by  means 
of  gunpowder.  Campbell. 

3.  {Mining.)  Crude  ore  or  ironstone. Simmonds. 

MINE,  v.  ?i.  [Fr.  miner.]  [i.  mined;  pp.  min- 
ing, mined.] 

1.  To  dig  ores,  mines,  or  burrows. 

To  the  greatest  depth  we  ever  dig  or  mine.  Woodward. 

2.  To  practise  secret  means  of  injury. 

Mining  fraud  shall  find  no  way  to  creep 

Into  their  fenced  ears  with  grave  advice.  Sackville. 

MINE,  v.  a.  1.  To  sap  ; to  ruin  by  mines  ; to 
undermine.  “ They  mined  the  walls.”  llayward. 

2.  To  destroy  slowly,  or  by  secret  means. 

While  rank  corruption,  mining  all  within, 

Iufects  unseen.  Shak. 

MINE, n.  [Fr .mine.']  Mien;  countenance.  Elgot. 

MINE'— CAP-TAIN,  n.  The  overseer  of  a mine. 

MINE'— DI-AL,  n.  A box  and  needle  used  by 
miners.  Ash. 

MINE' MAN,  n.  One  who  works  in  mines.  Bogle. 

MfN'ER,  n.  1.  One  who  mines,  or  digs  for  metals. 

2.  {Mil.)  One  who  is  employed  in  making  ex- 
cavations for  the  purpose  of  blowing  up  military 
works.  Wright. 

MIN'pR-AL,  n.  [It.  minerale ; mina,  a mine ; Sp. 
mineral ; Fr.  mineral .]  A natural  body  desti- 
tute of  organization  or  life  ; a substance  found 
in  or  on  the  earth,  which  is  neither  animal  nor 
vegetable.  Dana. 

KjF  In  the  strictest  sense,  a mineral  is  a natural  in- 
organic body,  witli  a definite  composition,  and  a reg- 
ular determinate  form  or  series  of  forms.  Most  min- 
eral systems,  however,  include  coal,  amber,  and  min- 
eral resins  ; as  also  certain  amorphous  substances  of 
no  precise  chemical  composition,  as  some  kinds  of 
clay.  Minerals  have  been  classified  in  various  ways, 
but  perhaps  the  most  rational  method  is  that  which 
is  based  upon  chemical  composition.  Tomlinson. 

MlN  ER-Ah,  a.  1.  Relating  to,  or  consisting  of, 
minerals.  “ Mineral  ingredients.”  Woodward. 

2.  Impregnated  with,  or  containing,  minerals. 
“ Mineral  waters.”  Brande. 

Mineral  adipocere , a greasy  bitumen  found  in  the 
argillaceous  ores  of  iron. — Mincrul  caoutchouc , tile 
elastic  bitumen  found  at  Castleton,  in  Derbyshire. — 
Mincrul  chamtrlcon,  a manganesate  of  potash,  so  called 
from  the  variety  of  colors  which  its  aqueous  solution 
exhibits.  — Mincrul  charcoal,  fibrous  mineral  coal,  or 
coal  from  which  the  gaseous  particles  have  been 
driven  off  by  partial  burning  so  as  to  leave  it  in  the 
state  of  coke.  — Mineral  green , carbonate  of  copper, 
obtained  by  precipitating  a hot  solution  of  sulphate  of 
copper  by  carbonate  of  soda.  — Mineral  pitch , solid 

bitumen  or  asphaltum. Mineral  tar,  the  same  as 

petroleum.  — Mineral  waters,  waters  or  springs  impreg- 
nated with  mineral  substances.  Brande. 

MlN'BIl-AL-IST,  n.  One  skilled  in  minerals.  Boyle. 

MIN-BR-AL-I-ZA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  mineral- 
izing. Ure. 

MIN'BR-AL-fZE,  v.  a.  [i.  mineralized  ; pp. 
mineralizing,  mineralized.] 

1.  To  convert  into,  or  combine  with,  a min- 
eral; as,  “ Mineralized  waters.” 

2.  To  combine  xvith  a metal  in  forming  an  ore 

or  mineral.  A.  Smith. 

In  treating  of  the  several  metals,  ...  I have  taken  care  to 
describe  their  peculiar  position,  and  the  rocks  which  accom- 
pany or  mineralize  them.  Ure. 

MIN'BR-AL-IZ-IJR,  n.  (Min.)  That  which  min- 
eralizes ; a substance  with  which  minerals  are 
combined  in  their  ores. 

In  the  native  oxides,  oxygen  is  called  the  mineralizer ; sul- 
phur is  also  a very  common  mineralizer , as  in  the  ores  of  cop- 
per, lead,  &c.  Brande. 

MIN-BR-A-LO^'IC,  ) a [”pr-  miner alogique. \ 

MIN-ER-A-LOp'I-CAL,  ) Relating  to  mineralogy. 

MIN-pR-A-LOljr'j-CAL-Ly,  ad.  In  a minernlogi- 
cal  manner.  Ency. 

MT.N-F.R-AL'O-GTpt,  n.  [It.  § Sp.  mineralogista; 
Fr.  mineralogiste. ] One  who  is  versed  in  min- 
eralogy, or  who  discourses  on  minerals.  Browne. 

MIN-PR-AL'O-^Y,  n.  [Eng.  mineral,  and  Gr. 


l.byoi,  a discourse  ; It.  it  Sp.  niineralogia ; Fr. 
mincralogie.]  The  science  of  minerals ; the 
science  which  teaches  the  properties,  composi- 
tion, and  relations  of  mineral  bodies,  and  the  art 
of  distinguishing  and  describing  them.  Brande. 

MIN'B-VIJR,  n.  [Old  Fr.  menio-voir.]  An  ani- 
mal and  its  fur ; the  white  stoat  or  ermine,  and 
its  fine  white  fur  ; — written  also  meniver,  min- 
iver, and  minifer.  — See  Meniver.  Forby. 

A brunette  coat  hung  therewithal, 

Furred  with  no  minever.  Chaucer. 

t MlN£E,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  myngian.]  To  mention. 

Could  never  man  work  thee  a worscr  shame, 

Thun  once  to  minge  thy  father's  odious  name.  Up.  Mall. 

MlN'GLE  (mlng'gl,  82),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  mengan;  Ger. 
mengen ; Dan.  mange ; Sw.  manga  ; Icel.  menga.] 
[*•  MINGLED  ; pp.  MINGLING,  MINGLED.] 

1.  rIo  mix;  to  join;  to  compound;  to  blend; 
to  commix;  to  intermix;  to  commingle;  to  in- 
termingle. 

Sulphurous  and  nitrous  foam 
They  found,  they  mingled.  Milton. 

2.  To  confound;  to  confuse;  to  jumble. 

And  earth  with  hell 

To  mingle  and  involve.  Milton. 

3.  To  debase  by  mixture  ; to  contaminate. 

The  best  of  us  appear  contented  with  a mingled,  imperfect 
Virtue.  lingers. 

Syn.  — See  Mix. 

MlN'GLE,  v.  n.  To  be  mixed  ; to  be  united  with. 
She,  when  she  saw  her  sister  nymphs,  suppressed 
Iler  rising  fears,  and  mingled  with  the  rest.  Addison. 

MlN'GLE  (mlng'gl,  82),  n.  A mixture;  a med- 
ley ; a confused  mass,  [r.]  Shale. 

MIN'GLE-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  mixed.  Boyle. 

MIN'GLED-LY,  ad.  Confusedly.  Barret. 

MlN'GLE—  MAN'GLE  (ming'gl-mang'gl,  82),  11.  A 
medley  ; a hotch-potch,  [it.]  Hooker. 

MIN'GLE-MENT,  n.  Act  of  mingling.  Moore. 

MlN'GLgR  (mlng'gler),  n.  One  who  mingles. 

MIN'IARD  (min’yard),  a.  [Fr.  mignard. ] Soft  ; 
dainty;  migniard.  — See  Migniard.  Todd. 

f MlN'IARD-IZE,  v.  a.  [Fr.  mignardiser.]  To 
render  soft,  delicate,  or  dainty.  Howell. 

MIN 'I- ATE,  v.  a.  [It.  mini-are,  from  L.  minium, 
vermilion.]  To  paint  or  tinge  w ith  vermilion. 

All  the  capitals  in  the  body  of  the  text  are  miniated  with 
a pen.  Warton. 

MlN'I-ATE,  a.  ( Bot .)  Of  the  color  of  vermilion. 

II  MIN'IA-TURE,  or  MlN'I-A-TURE  [mln'e-tur, W. 
J.  F.  Ja.  Sill.  ; min'jt-cliur,  S. ; min'e-?-tur,  P. ; 
nmi'yj-tur,  E.  ; mln'e-a-cliur,  Wr.],  n.  [It.  mi- 
niatarcr,  miniare,  to  paint  with  vermilion,  as 
small  pictures,  from  L.  minium,  vermilion  ; Sp. 
miniatura ; Fr;  miniature.'] 

1.  A representation  of  nature  by  a picture  on 

a very  small  scale  ; a very  small  or  minute  por- 
trait, likeness,  or  picture.  Brande. 

2.  Representation  in  a small  compass  ; rep- 
resentation less  than  the  reality. 

Tragedy  is  the  miniature  of  human  life.  Dryden. 

3.  f Red  letter  ; rubric  distinction. 

If  the  names  of  other  saints  are  distinguished  with  minia- 
ture, hers  [the  blessed  Virgin’s]  ought  to  shine  in  gold.///cfa*s. 

In  miniature,  on  a small  scale.  Sicift. 

||  MIN'IA-TURE,  a.  Representing  nature  on  a 
small  scale  ; diminutive. 

Here  shall  the  pencil  bid  its  colors  flow, 

And  make  a miniature  creation  grow.  Gay. 

||  mIn'IA-TU-RIST,  n.  One  who  makes  minia- 
tures. Bentley. 

MIN'I-BUS,  n.  [L.  minor,  less.]  A light  covered 
vehicle  designed  to  convey  passengers  for  short 
distances.  Craig. 

MIN'IE-BALL,  n.  The  ball  of  a Minie-rifle. 

MlN'ip-RI'FLE,  n.  A species  of  rifle  invented 
by  Captain  Minitf,  of  France,  carrying  a conical 
ball  hollow  at  the  base ; — called  also  culot- 
batt.  Stocqueler. 

MIN'f-KIN,  a.  Small;  diminutive;  little.  Shak. 

MIN'I-KIN,  n.  [A.  S.  minicene,  a nun,  a demure, 
neat  woman.  — Fr.  mignon .] 

1.  A darling  ; a favorite.  Cotgrave. 

2.  A small  sort  of  pin.  Johnson. 

MIN'IM,  n.  [L.  minimus,  the  least ; It.  § Sp. 

minima,  a minim  ; Fr.  minime.] 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  IJ,  J,  O,  V,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


MINIMENT 


MINSTREL 


911 


1.  A small  being  or  thing  ; a dwarf.  Milton. 

2.  A small  fish  ; a minnow.  Brande. 

3.  A little  song  or  poem.  Spenser. 

4.  The  smallest  liquid  measure  ; the  sixtieth 

part  of  a drachm  ; — generally  regarded  as  about 
equal  to  one  drop.  Brande. 

5.  A small  printing  type  ; minion.  Johnson. 

6.  One  of  an  order  of  friars  who  styled  them- 
selves Minimi  [the  least].  Johnson. 

7.  (Mus.)  Anciently,  the  shortest  note  in  use  ; 
half  a semibreve  or  two  crotchets.  ' Warner. 

MIN'I-MENT,  n.  (Law.)  Evidence  or  writings, 
whereby  a man  is  enabled  to  defend  the  title  of 
his  estate;  proof;  muniment.  Whishaw. 

MIN'I-MIZE,  v.  a.  [L.  minimus,  the  least.]  To 
lessen  ; to  diminish,  [it.]  West.  Rev. 

M/N'I-MUM,  n. ; pi.  minima.  [L.]  The  least 
quantity,  or  least  part  of  any  thing ; — opposed 
to  maximum. 

mLy’I-MUS,  n. ; pi.  minimi.  [L.]  A being  of 
the  least  size.  S/iak. 

MIN'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  -who  mines;  the 
art  or  the  employment  of  procuring  metals  or 
other  mineral  substances  from  mines.  P.  Cyc. 

2.  (Mil.)  The  act  or  the  art  of  constructing 
military  mines ; sapping.  Gloss.  Mil.  Terms. 

MIN'ING,  p.  a.  Relating  to  the  working  of 
mines.  “ Mining  operations.”  P.  Cyc. 

MINTON  (mln'yun),  n.  [It.  mignone ; Fr.  mignon .] 

1.  A favorite  or  darling,  in  an  ill  sense ; a 
low,  mean  dependant. 

Fit  mate  for  such  a mincing  minion.  Spenser. 

2.  A small  printing  type  next  below  brevier  ; 
— sometimes  called  minim. 

This  line  is  printed  in  minion. 

3.  (Gunnery.)  A piece  of  ordnance  having 

a bore  31  inches  in  diameter.  Dumpier. 

f MlN'ION  (min'yun),  a.  1.  Trim  ; dainty  ; fine. 

Their  curious  singing  and  minion  dancing.  Fnjth. 

2.  Gentle ; pleasing.  Huloet.  Cotgrave. 

f MINTON,  n.  [L.  minium. \ Vermilion.  Burton. 

f MIN'ION-ING,  n.  Kind  treatment.  Marston. 

MlN'ION— LIKE,  ) ag_  Finely;  daintily;  affeet- 

MIN'ION-LY,  ) edly.  [it.]  Camden. 

f MlN'ION-SHIP  (mln'yun-shlp),  n.  The  state  of 
being  a minion.  Howell. 

f MIN'IOUS  (min'yus),  a.  [L.  minium,  red  oxide 
of  lead,  vermilion.]  Of  the  color  of  red  lead  or 
of  minion.  Browne. 

f MIN'ISH,  v.  a.  [L.  minuo;  minus,  less;  Old 
Fr.  menuiseri]  To  lessen  ; to  diminish.  Fx.v.lS). 

t MIN'ISH-Ing,  n.  A lessening.  Stowe. 

f MIN'ISH-MENT,  n.  A diminution.  More. 

MIN'IS-TIJR, n.  [L.  minister-.  It.  § Sp.  ministro  ; 
Fr.  minis t re .] 

1.  One  who  ministers  or  serves  ; a servant. 

Whosoever  will  be  great  among  you,  let  him  be  your  min- 
ister.  . Matt.  xx.  2G. 

2.  One  who  acts  by  delegated  authority  ; one 
intrusted  with  the  direction  of  any  business ; 
one  who  administers ; an  administrator ; an 
agent ; — especially  an  agent  in  the  administra- 
tion of  the  government. 

The  word  minister  siguificth  one  that  voluntarily  doth  the 
business  of  another  man.  Hobbes. 

Kings  must  be  answerable  to  God,  but  the  ministers  to 
kings,  whose  eyes,  ears,  and  hands  they  are,  must  be  answer- 
able  to  God  and  man.  Bacon. 

3.  An  ambassador  from  one  court  or  govern- 
ment to  another  ; a delegate.  Johnson. 

4.  One  who  serves  at  the  altar,  or  administers 
the  rites  of  religion  ; a clergyman  ; a priest. 

The  ministers  of  the  gospel  are  especially  required  to  shine 
as  lights  in  the  world,  because  the  distinction  of  their  station 
renders  their  conduct  more  observable.  Rogers. 

Syn.  — See  Divine,  Clergyman. 

MIN'IS-TIJR,  v.  a.  [L.  ministro ; It.  ministrare ; 
Sp.  ministrar ; Fr.  ministrer .]  [t.  ministered  ; 
pp.  MINISTERING,  MINISTERED.]  To  give  ; to 
supply ; to  afford. 

Now  lie  that  ministereth  seed  to  the  sower,  both  minister 
bread,  for  your  food  and  multiply  your  seed  sown.  'iCor.  ix.  10. 

MlN'IS-TIJR,  v.  n.  1.  To  attend;  to  serve  in 
some  office.  “ Ministering  spirits.”  Milton. 


2.  To  give  supplies  of  things  needful ; to 
give  assistance. 

Behold,  angels  came  and  ministered  unto  him.  Matt.  iii.  11. 

MlN-IS-TE'RI-AL,  a.  [It.  ministeriale ; Sp.  mi- 
nisterial ; Fr.  rninisteriel.\ 

1.  Acting  at  the  command  of  another;  at- 
tendant ; obsequious ; servile  ; slavish. 

Understanding  is  in  a man;  courage  and  vivacity  in  the 
lion;  service  and  ministerial  olficiousness  in  the  ox.  Browne. 

2.  Acting  as  agent  for  another,  or  under  su- 
perior authority ; subservient;  assistant. 

For  the  ministerial  officers  in  court,  there  must  be  an  eye 
unto  them.  Bacon. 

3.  Pertaining  to  ministers  of  state,  or  to  the 
ministry,  to  ecclesiastics  or  to  the  sacerdotal 
office. 

Very  solid  and  very  brilliant  talents  distinguish  tire  minis- 
terial benches.  Burke. 

Such  ministerial  garments  as  were  then  in  use.  Hooker. 

MIN-IS-TE'RI-AL-LY,  ad.  In  a ministerial  man- 
ner. Waterland. 

f MIN'JS-TER-Y,  n.  Office  ; ministry.  Milton. 

f MIN'IS-TRA-CY,  n.  Ministration.  Wickliffe. 

t MIN'IS-TRAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a minister; 
ministerial.  • Johnson. 

MIN'IS-TRANT,  a.  [L.  ministro,  ministrans,  to 
serve.]  Attendant ; acting  at  command. 

Princedoms  and  dominations  ministrant.  Milton. 

MIN-IS-TRA'TION,  n.  [L.  mimstratio-,  It.  mi- 
nistrazione .] 

1.  The  act  of  ministering;  agency;  adminis- 
tration ; instrumentality. 

I think  they  arc  most  ordinarily  done  by  the  ministration 
of  angels.  Hale. 

2.  Office  or  service  of  a minister ; ecclesias- 
tical function. 

It  [the  profession  of  a clergyman]  is  a ministration  in  holy 
things.  Law. 

MIn'IS-TRA-TIVE,  a.  Affording  service  ; assist- 
ing ; serving ; administrative.  Perry. 

f MIN-IS-TRA-TO'RI-OUS-LY,  ad.  As  a minister 
or  servant.  State  Trials. 

MIN'IS-TRESS,  n.  She  who  ministers  or  supplies. 

The  lovely  ministress  of  truth  and  good.  Akenside. 

f MIN'IS-TIUNG,  n.  Administration.  Sir  T.  More. 

MIN'IS-TRY,  n.  [L.  ministerium ; It.  ministero ; 
Sp.  mi /lister i o ; Fr.  minis tire.\ 

1.  The  office  or  service  of  a minister  or  sub- 
ordinate. 

Agreeable  to  the  will  of  God,  declared  . . . especially  in  all 
the  ministeries  of  his  proper  household,  the  church.  Sjjrut. 

2.  Agency  ; interposition  ; intervention. 

The  poets  introduced  the  ministry  of  tile  gods.  Bentley. 

3.  The  body  of  persons  employed  to  adminis- 
ter the  government ; cabinet;  administration. 

kflf-  Tile  ministry  is,  in  fact,  a committee  of  the 
leading  members  of  the  two  Houses.  It  is  nominated 
by  tile  crown  ; but  it  consists  exclusively  of  states- 
men whose  opinions  on  the  pressing  questions  of  the 
time  agree  in  the  main  with  the  opinions  of  the  ma- 
jority of  the  House  of  Commons.  Macaulay. 

4.  The  office  of  one  who  serves  at  the  altar ; 
ecclesiastical  function. 

St.  Paul  was  miraculously,  called  to  the  ministry  of  the 
gospel.  ‘ Locke. 

MIN'IS-TRY-SIIIP,  n.  The  state  or  the  office  of  a 
minister.  Swift. 

MIN'l-lIM,  or  MIN'IUM  [mln'yum,  S.  W.  J.  K. ; 
mln'e-um,  P.  £/>«.],  n.  [L.]  (Paint.)  Red 
lead  ; a pigment  consisting  of  two  atoms  of  the 
protoxide  of  lead,  and  one  of  the  peroxide. 

IiSg=  As  found  in  commerce,  it  always  contains  a 
little  additional  protoxide  of  lead  or  yellow  massicot. 
Ure. 

MIN'I-VER,  n.  See  Meniver,  and  Minever. 

MlNK  (mingk,  82),  n.  (Zoiil.)  A small  quadruped 
of  the  weasel  tribe,  found  in  the  north  of  Eu- 
rope and  of  America,  esteemed  for  its  fur ; 
minx  ; minx-otter  ; vison-otter  ; Mustela  rison. 

Audubon. 

MIN'NIJ-KIN,  n.  See  Minikin.  Todd. 

MIN'NE-SING-ijR,  n.  [Ger.  minnesinger ; mimic, 
love,  and  singer , a singer.]  A love-singer ; one 
of  the  ancient  German  lyric  poets.  Hallam. 

f MIN'NOCK,  n.  A word  found  in  the  earlier 
editions  of  Shakspeare’s  Midsummer  Night’s 


Dream  (Act  iii.  Sc.  2),  and  supposed  by  Dr. 
Johnson  to  be  genuine,  and  to  have  been  used  in 
the  sense  of  minx. — “ Justly  supposed  by  Ma- 
lone to  be  an  error  of  the  press,  and  that  mimic 
is  the  true  word.”  Todd. 

MlN'NOW,  n.  [Old  Fr.  menuise,  small  fish  ; Fr. 
menu,  small.]  (Ich.)  A very  small  fish  ; a min- 
im ; a pink  ; Ltuciscus  phoxinus.  Yarrell. 

MI'NOR,  a.  [Gr.  pt'rtif,  small ; L.  minor ; It.  mi- 
nore  ; Sp.  menor  ; Fr.  mineur.\ 

1.  Less;  smaller;  as,  “ The  minor  part.” 

2.  Inferior  ; subordinate.  “ The  minor  canons 

of  his  college.”  Warton. 

3.  Of  small  account ; inconsiderable  ; petty. 

“ Petty  errors  and  minor  lapses.”  Browne. 

4.  (Mus.)  Noting  an  interval  half  a tone 
smaller  than  the  major  of  the  same  denomina- 
tion ; less  by  a semitone  ; as,  “ A minor  third  ” : 
— noting  a mode  or  scale  having  its  third  and 
sixth  minor  ; — sad ; mournful ; plaintive. 

Dwight. 

Minor  canon , a clergyman  of  a cathedral,  or  of  a 
chapel,  who  occasionally  assists  in  the  performance 
of  the  service  and  anthem. 

Minor  term , (Logic.)  the  subject  of  the  conclusion 
in  a categorical  syllogism,  or  the  second  proposition 
of  a regular  syllogism.  Parker. 

MI'NOR,  n.  1.  A person  under  a certain  age  : — 
one  not  permitted  by  law  to  act  in  civil  affairs 
independently  of  a parent  or  guardian  : — in 
England  and  the  United  States,  one  under 
twenty-one  years  of  age. 

When  the  brisk  minor  pants  for  twenty-one.  Pope. 

2.  A Franciscan  friar; — called  also  a Mi- 
norite. Todd. 

3.  (Logic.)  The  second  or  particular  propo- 

sition of  a syllogism,  or  that  which  contains  the 
minor  term.  — See  Major.  Parker. 

f MIN'O-RATE,  r.  a.  [L.  minoro,  minoratus .]  To 
lessen ; to  diminish.  Broume. 

f MlN-O-R A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  lessening-, 
diminution.  Walsall. 

MT'NOR-ESSj  n.  A nun  of  the  order  of  St.  Clair. 

MI'NOR-ITE,  n.  A Franciscan  friar.  Milton. 

MI-NOR'I-TY,  n.  [It.  rninorita;  Sp.  minoridad; 
Fr.  minor ite.) 

1.  The  state  of  being  a minor,  or  of  being 

under  age  ; nonage.  Hayward. 

2.  fThe  state  of  being  less.  Browne. 

3.  The  smaller  number,  as  of  a legislative  as- 
sembly ; — opposed  to  majority. 

The  minority  held  for  that  question  in  opposition  to  the 
majority.  / Johnson. 

MIN'O-TAUR  [min'o-ttwr,  W.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  Sm. 
Wr. ; ml'no-tnwr,  S’.  K.),  n.  [Gr.  /uiwravpoi  ; Mi- 
mo?,  husband  of  PasiphaP,  and  raCpo?,  a bull,  the 
monster  being  the  offspring  of  PasiphaP  and  a 
bull.  Liddell  Sf  Scott.  — L.  minotauriis  ; It.  Sp. 
minotauro ; Fr.  minotaure. ] A fabled  monster, 
half  man  and  half  bull.  Shah. 

MIN'STIjR,  n.  [A.  S.  mynster-,  Ger.  minister ; 
Gael.  § Ir.  manaistear.  — Gr.  yovaarypiov ; L. 
monasterium.']  A large  monastic,  collegiate,  or 
cathedral  church  ; — frequently  synonymous 
with  monastery.  Britton. 

Since  the  suppression  of  monasteries  in  Eng- 
land, the  term  minster  is  applied  only  to  churches  for- 
merly connected  with  a few  of  the  most  eminent  of 
them.  Britton. 

MiN'STR  f;', L,  n.  [Low  L.  mcncstrallus,  or  minis- 
trcllus ; Sp.  menestril,  or  ministral ; Fr.  mcncs- 
tral,  menestralier,  or  menestrala tidier.  — The 
various  ways  in  which  this  word  was  written 
have  perplexed  the  etymology.  It  appears, 
however,  to  have  been  no  more  than  a conse- 
quential usage  of  Fr.  ministre,  L.  ministri  (in 
the  dim.  form  of  menestral,  ministrelli),  and 
applied  to  a class  of  persons  who  were  to  ad- 
minister their  skill  in  poetry  and  music  for  the 
amusement  of  their  patrons.  They  are  in  Low 
L.  sometimes  called  plainly  ministri ; by  Chau- 
cer, in  his  Dream,  ministers ; and  in  the  old 
paper  roll  printed  by  Leland,  we  find  “ minis- 
ters,” who  were  appointed  “ to  syng.”  Richard- 
son.— According  to  Junius , minstrel  is  derived 
from  minster,  a cathedral.]  A musician  of  the 
middle  ages,  who  was  also  a poet  and  singer  ; a 
musician  ; a bard  ; a singer. 

The  day  was  long,  the  wind  was  cold, 

The  minstrel  was  infirm  and  old.  Scott. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RpLE.  — <},  g,  soft;  IS,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  7;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


MINSTRELSY 


912 


MIRROR 


mIn'STRPL-SY,  n.  1.  t Instruments  used  by 
minstrels  ; musical  instruments. 

For  sorrow  of  which  he  brake  his  minstrelsy , 

Both  harp  and  lute,  gittern  and  sawtry.  Chaucer. 

2.  Instrumental  harmony  ; music. 

Apollo’s  self  will  envy  at  his  play. 

And  all  the  world  applaud  Ins  minstrelsy.  Davies. 

3.  A band  of  musicians. 

Ministering  spirits,  trained  up  in  feast  and  song, 

Such  hast  thou  armed  the  minstrelsy  of  heaven.  Milton. 

MINT,  n.  [A.  S .mynet\  Dut  .muni-,  Ger.  mttnze; 
Dan.  mynt ; Icel.  mynt,  coin,  money.  — L.  mo- 
ncta  ; It.  moheta  ; Sp.  moneda,  money.] 

1.  A place  where  money  is  coined,  or  where 
the  coin  of  a country  is  manufactured.  Addison. 

2.  The  place  where  any  thing  is  coined, 
forged,  or  invented. 

A man  in  all  the  world’s  new  fashion  planted, 

That  hath  a mint  of  phrases  in  his  brain.  Shak. 

MINT,  n.  [Gr.  ftivOrt ; L.  mentha.  — A.  S.  minta,  or 
minted]  ( Bot .)  A genus  of  herbaceous  aromatic 
plants  of  several  species,  including  spearmint 
{Mentha  riridis),  and  peppermint  ( Mentha  pi- 
perita) ; Mentha.  Loudon. 

MINT,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  mynetian.]  [*.  minted  ; pp. 

MINTING,  MINTED.] 

1.  To  coin;  to  stamp,  as  money.  “Coins  which 

should  then  be  minted.”  Bacon. 

2.  To  invent;  to  forge  ; to  fabricate.  Bacon. 

MINT'ApE,  n.  1.  That  which  is  coined  or 
stamped.  Milton. 

2.  Duty  paid  for  coining.  Ainsworth. 

MINT'pR,  n.  1.  A maker  of  coins.  Camden. 

2.  An  inventor,  [h.]  Gayton. 

MINT'-JU'L^P,  n.  A drink  made  of  brandy,  or 
other  spirit,  sugar,  and  water,  with  an  infusion 
of  leaves  of  mint.  [Local,  U.  S.]  Marryatt. 

MINT'MAn,  n.  One  skilled  in  coinage.  Bacon. 

MINT'-MAs-TIJR,  n.  1.  One  who  presides  in  coin- 
age ; master  of  the  mint.  Boyle. 

2.  One  who  invents  ; minter.  Locke. 

MINT-END,  n.  [L.  minuendus,  to  be  diminished; 
minuo,  to  lessen.]  (Arith.)  The  number  from 
which  another  number  is  to  be  subtracted. 

MIN'U-ET,  n.  [It.  minuetto  ; Sp.  minue,  or  minu- 
ete ; Fr.  menuet.] 

1.  A stately,  regular  dance.  Spectator. 

2.  A tune  to  which  a minuet  is  danced. Craig. 

t MIN'D' M,  n.  1.  A printing  type  ; a minion. 

2.  A song  or  poem ; a minim.  Bailey. 

MI’MUS,  a.  [L.,  less.]  (Algebra.)  Noting  the 
sign  of  subtraction,  thus  ( — ) ; as,  10  — 6 = 4. 

MI-NUS'CULE,  n.  [L.  minwsculum,  rather  small ; 
minus , less.]  A small  or  minute  sort  of  letter 
or  character  used  in  MSS.  in  the  middle  ages. 
— See  Majuscule.  Gent.  Mag. 

MI-NUS'CULE,  a.  Small;  minute; — relating  to 
a kind  of  letter  so  called.  Gent.  Mag. 

t MlN'U-TA-RY,  a.  Consisting  of  minutes.  Fuller. 

MI-NUTE',  or  Ml-NUTE'  [me-nut',  S.  J.  F.  K. ; 
ini-nut',  Ja.  S?«.],  a.  [Gr.  yuvif,  piwdf,  little  ; L. 
minutus;  It.  minuto  ; Sp.  menudo;  Fr  .menu.] 

1.  V ery  small ; little  ; slender  ; small  in  bulk 

or  in  consequence.  South. 

2.  Observant  of  small  things  or  trifles  ; cir- 

cumstantial ; particular  ; critical.  “ These  mi- 
nute philosophers.”  Berkeley. 

If  we  wish  to  be  very  minute,  we  pronounce  the  i in  the 
first  syllabic  long.  Walker. 

Syn.  — See  Circumstantial. 

MIN'UTE  (min'tit  or  mln'jt)  [njln'nut,  J.  Ja.  ; 
mln'jt,  S.  E.  F.  K.  Wr.  ; mln'njt  or  mln'nut,  IV. 
Sm .],  n.  [It.  A Sp.  minuto ; Fr.  minute .] 

1.  t Any  thing  very  small ; a mite.  J.  Taylor. 

2.  The  sixtieth  part  of  an  hour  : — any  small 
space  of  time. 

....  ...  The  speed  of  gods 

Time  counts  not,  though  with  swiftest  minutes  winged.  Milton. 

3.  The  first  draught  of  a writing;  a short 
note  of  any  thing  done  or  to  be  done. 

Ilave  you  made  a minute  of  that  contract?  Johnson. 

4.  A minute  detail  of  things  singly  enu- 
merated ; minutiae.  [r.] 

Prophecies  of  him  which  were  so  clear,  and  descended  to 
minutes  and  circumstances  of  his  passion.  Hammond. 


4.  ( Geom .)  The  sixtieth  part  of  a degree. 

5.  (Arch.)  The  sixtieth  part  of  the  lower  di- 
ameter of  the  shaft  of  a column.  iVeale. 

MIN'UTE,  V.  a.  [i.  MINUTED  ; pp.  MINUTING, 
minuted.]  To  set  down  in  short  hints  or 
notes.  “I  minuted  what  he  had  said.”  Spectator. 

MlN'UTE-BELL,  n.  A bell  sounded  every  min- 
ute. Ash. 

MIN'UTE— BOOK,  n.  A book  of  short  hints. 

MIN'UTE— GLASS,  n.  A glass  constructed  like 
the  hour-glass,  and  of  which  the  sand  measures 
a minute.  — See  Hour-glass.  Johnson. 

MIN'UTE— GUN,  n.  A gun  fired  every  minute. 

MIN'UTE— HAND,  n.  The  hand  of  a clock  or 
watch  that  points  out  the  minutes.  Baxter. 

MlN'UTE— JACK,  n.  A little  figure  that  strikes 
the  quarters  ; Jack  of  the  clock-house. 

You  fools  of  fortune,  trencher  friends,  time’s  flies, 

Cap  and  knee  slaves,  vapors,  and  minute-jacks.  Shak. 

tfJT  “ Minute-jacks,  in  Shakspeare’s  Tim  on,  have 
been  generally  interpreted  to  mean  the  same  as  Jacks 
of  the  clock-house  ; but  how  they  can  be  called  minute- 
jacks , whose  office  is  only  to  strike  hours  or  quarters, 
is  not  easily  explained.  ...  I rather  think  no  more  is 
meant  by  minute-jacks , than  ; fellows  that  watch  their 
minutes  to  make  their  advantage;  time-servers.’” 
JVarcs . 

MIN'UTE- LY,  a.  Happening  every  minute,  [it.] 
•Ilis  minutely  dread  and  expectation.  Ilammoml. 

MIN'UTE-LY,  ad.  Every  minute.  Hammond. 

MI-NUTE'LY  [see  Mi-nute'],  ad.  To  a small 
point;  exactly  to  the  least  part ; nicely. 

At  the  great  day,  it  will  be  inquired  very  minutely , not 
only  what  we  did  know,  but  also  what  we  might  have  known 
had  we  so  pleased.  Horne. 

MIN'UTE-MAN,  n. ; pi.  mTn'i/te-mEn.  A man  en- 
listed as  a soldier,  and  held  bound  to  march  at 
a minute’s  warning.  Dr-.  A.  Holmes. 

MI-NUTE'NIJSS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  minute  ; 
smallness ; inconsiderableness.  Bentley. 

MlN'UTE— WATCH  (-woch),  n.  A watch  for 
measuring  minutes,  or  on  which  minutes  are 
distinctly  marked.  Boyle. 

MI-MU'  TI-JE  (me-nu'she-6),  n.pl.  [L.]  Minute 
or  small  things  or  particulars.  Dr.  Maxwell. 

MlNX  (tnlngks,  82),  n.  1.  [Perhaps  contracted 
from  minikin.  Richardson.']  A pert,  wanton 
girl.  Shak. 

2.  A shc-puppy.  Crabb. 

3.  (Zoiil.)  An  animal  of  the  weasel  kind  ; a 

mink.  — See  Mink.  Audubon. 

MINX'— OT-TJJR,  n.  A mink;  the  vison-weasel. 

Pennant. 

Mi'NY,  a.  Relating  to  mines ; subterraneous. 
“ Miny  caverns.”  Thomson. 

MI'O-CENE,  a.  [Gr.  gfiwv,  less,  and  uatvis,  recent.] 
(Geol.)  Relating  to  the  second  division  of  the 
tertiary  epoch,  succeeding  the  eocene  period,  or 
to  geological  formations  containing  a minority 
of  fossil  shells  of  recent  species.  Brande. 

MIQ/Up-LET  (mlk'we-let),  n.  [Sp.  miquelete .]  A 
mountain  soldier  ; a partisan  soldier.  Smart. 

Ml'RA,  n.  (Astron.)  A remarkable,  variable  star 
in  the  constellation  Cetus.  Hind. 

t MI-RAb'I-LA-RY,  n.  [L.  mirabilis,  wonderful.] 
A writer  or  relater  of  wonders.  Bacon. 

MI-RAB  ’I- IF.  DIC'TU.  [L.]  Wonderful  to  be 
told.  Scudamore. 

MI-rAb'I-LITE,  n.  [L  .mirabilis,  wonderful,  and 
Gr.  i.iGo;,  a stone.]  (Min.)  A sulphate  of  soda; 
glauber  salt.  Dana. 

t Mi'RA-BLE,  a.  Wonderful;  admirable.  Shak. 

Mf'RACH,  n.  (Astron.)  A bright  star  in  the  con- 
stellation Andromeda.  Ilind. 

MIR'A-CLE  (mlr'a-kl)  [mlr'a-kl,  IF.  P.  J.  F.  Ja. 
K.  Sm.  R.  Wb. ; mer'a-kl,  .S.],'rc.  [L.  miraca- 

lum  ; miror,  to  wonder;  It.  miracolo;  Sp.  mi- 
la  gro  ; Fr.  miracle.] 

1.  An  effect  of  which  the  antecedent  cannot 
be  referred  to  any  secondary  cause  ; an  event 
or  occurrence  which  cannot  be  explained  by  any 
known  law  of  nature  ; a deviation  from  the  es- 
tablished laws  of  nature ; something  not  only 


superhuman,  but  preternatural ; a prodigy ; a 
wonder ; a marvel. 

This  beginning  of  miracles  did  Jesus  in  Cana  of  Galilee. 

John  ii.  11. 

If  St.  Paul  did  not  work  actual,  sensible,  public  miracles , 
he  lias  knowingly,  in  these  letters,  borne  his  testimony  to  a 
falsehood.  Talcy. 

2.  A play,  or  theatrical  representation  of  mir- 
acles, or  of  some  legend,  given  at  holiday 
seasons  in  the  middle  ages. 

At  markets  and  miracles  wc  medly  us  never.  P.  Plouhman. 

Syn.  — A miracle  (as  the  raising  of  the  dead  to 
life)  is  supernatural.  Prodigies , wonders , and  marvels 
are  natural,  but  extraordinary  and  uncommon  occur 
rences.  A prodigy  is  an  unusual  effort  of  nature,  as 
the  elevation  of  a volcanic  island  from  the  sea.  Won- 
ders and  marvels  excite  admiration  and  amazement, 
as  the  feats  of  jugglers.  A monster , such  as  a calf 
with  two  heads,  is  regarded  as  unnatural,  that  is, 
contrary  to  the  common  course  of  nature,  and  is  styled 
a lusus  natural. 

f MIR'A-CLE,  v.  a.  To  make  wonderful.  Shak. 

MIR'A-CLE-MON'jG^R  (-mung'ger,  82),  n.  A pre- 
tender to  the  performance  of  miracles  ; an  im- 
postor; a juggler.  Ilallywcll. 

t MI-RAC'U-LiZE,  v.  a.  To  represent  as  a mira- 
cle ; to  make  miraculous.  Shaftesbury. 

MI-RAC'U-LOUS,  a.  [It.  miracoloso ; Sp.  mila- 
yroso\  Fr.  miraculeux .]  Having  the  nature  of 
a miracle  ; supernatural ; very  wonderful. 

At  the  first  planting  of  the  Christian  religion,  God  was 
pleased  to  accompany  it  with  a miraculous  power.  Tillotson. 

MI-RAC'U-LOUS-LY,  ad.  In  a miraculous  man- 
ner; wonderfully.  Dry  den. 

MI-RAC'U-LOUS-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
miraculous.  “ The  miraculousncss  of  such  ap- 
pearances.” West. 


Mi R-A-DOR' , n.  [Sp.,  from  mirar,  to  behold.] 
A balcony  or  gallery.  Dryden. 

MIRAGE  (me-riizh'),  n.  [Fr.,  from  mirer,  to  loom.] 
An  optical  illusion,  caused  by  unequal  refrac- 
tion in  the  lower  strata  of  the  atmosphere,  by 
which  remote  objects  on  the  sea  or  the  land  ap- 
pear to  be  double,  as  if  reflected  in  a mirror,  or 
to  be  suspended  in  the  air.  Brande. 

fig-  When  the  effect  is  confined  to  apparent  eleva- 
tion, it  is  termed  by  mariners  looming ; when  inverted 
images  are  formed,  the  Italians  give  it  the  name  of 
Fata  Morgana.  Brande. 

JURE,  n.  [S w.  myra,  marshy  ground ; Teel,  myri.] 
Soft,  wet  earth  ; mud.  Roscommon. 

f MIRE,  n.  [W.  myr.]  An  ant.  Johnson. 

MIRE,  V.  a.  [t.  MIRED  ; pp.  MIRING,  MIRED.]  To 
whelm  in  the  mud  ; to  soil  with  mud.  Shak. 

MfRE,  v.  n.  To  sink  in  mire  or  mud.  Ash. 

MIRE'— CROW,  n.  (Ornilh.)  The  laughing  gull; 
Xcma  ridibundus.  Eng.  Cyc. 

MiRE'DRUM,  n.  (Ornith.)  The  bittern;  Botau- 
rus  stellaris.  Yarrell. 

MI-RIF  1C,  ) a%  1 Doing  wonders.  Bailey. 

MI-RIF'I-CAL,  ) 2.  Wonderfully  done  ; mar- 
vellous. Blount. 


f MI-RiF'I-CENT,  a.  [L.  mirificus ; mirus,  won- 
derful, and  facio,  to  make.]  Producing  or  caus- 
ing wonder  ; wonderful.  II.  More. 

MIR'I-NESS,  n.  Dirtiness ; fulness  of  mud  or 
mire.  Johnson. 


MIRK,  a.  [A.  S.  mire,  darkness.]  Dark;  ob- 
scure ; murky  ; milky.  Chaucer.  Byron. 

f MIRK'SOME,  a.  Dark  ; murky.  Spenser. 

f MIRK'SOME-NESS,  n.  Obscurity.  Mountagu. 

MIRK'Y,  a.  Dark;  murky. — See  Murky.  Johnson. 

MIR'ROR,  n.  [L.  miror,  to  admire;  Fr.  miroir\ 
se  mirer , to  look  at  one’s  self,  as  in  a glass.] 

1.  A looking-glass,  or  speculum,  or  any  other 
polished  body  that  reflects  the  images  of  objects. 

And  in  his  waters,  which  your  mirror  make, 

Behold  your  faces  as  the  crystal  bright.  Spenser. 

2.  That  in  which,  or  one  in  whom,  a true 
type  may  be  seen  ; a pattern ; an  exemplar  ; an 
example  ; an  archetype  ; a prototype. 

How  farest  thou,  mirror  of  all  martial  men?  Shak. 

3.  (Arch.)  An  oval  ornament  out  into  deep 
mouldings  and  separated  by  wreaths.  Wright. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  )J,  J,  O,  XT,  Y,  obscure; 


fAre,  far,  fAst,  fAll; 


HEIR,  HER; 


MIRROR 


913 


MISCELLANY 


MIR'ROR,  v.  a.  To  represent  or  exhibit  by  means 
of  a mirror,  or  as  in  a mirror.  Talfourd. 

MIR'ROR-STONE,  n.  A stone  which  reflects 
images  like  a mirror.  Ainsworth. 

MIRTH,  n.  [A.  S.  myrth;  myrig,  merry.]  Noisy 
gayety  ; laughter  ; merriment ; jollity  ; festivity  ; 
joviality;  hilarity;  sport;  fun. 

I have  always  preferred  cheerfulness  to  mirth.  The  latter  I 
consider  as  an  act,  the  former  as  a habit,  of  the  mind. Edison. 

Syn.  — See  Cheerfulness,  Gayety,  Joy. 

M'lRTH'FUL,  a.  1.  Merry;  gay;  joyful;  jovial; 
cheerful ; joyous  ; jocund  ; cheery. 

When  round  the  mirthful  board  the  harp  is  borne.  West. 

2.  Provoking  merriment  ; causing  laughter. 

Tell  mirthful  tales  in  course  that  fill  the  room 

W ith  laughter.  Beau.  Sf  FI. 

Syn.  — See  Cheerful. 

MIRTH'FUL-LY,  ad.  In  a mirthful  or  merry 
manner ; jovially.  Herbert. 

MIRTH'FUL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state  of 
being  mirthful ; mirth  ; merriment.  Smart. 

MIRTH'LIJSS,  a.  Joyless  ; cheerless.  Chaucer. 

MIRTH'LJJSS-NESS,  n.  Absence  of  mirth.  Craig. 

MlR'Y,  a.  1.  Full  of  mire;  muddy.  Swift. 

2.  Consisting  of,  or  resembling,  mire.  Shak. 

MIR  'Z.d,  n.  [A  corruption  of  the  Persian  title 
Emir-Zadeli,  sons  of  the  prince.]  The  common 
style  of  honor  in  Persia,  when  it  precedes  the 
surname  of  an  individual ; when  appended  to  a 
surname,  it  signifies  a prince,  and  is  given  to 
the  son  of  the  emperor.  Brands. 

MIS — 1.  [M.  Goth,  missa  ; A.  S.,  Dan.,  $ Icel. 
mis ; A.  S.  missian,  to  err.]  A Saxon  prefix, 
having  the  same  origin  with  the  verb  to  miss,  to 
be  in  error ; and  it  gives  this  signification  to 
the  words  with  which  it  is  compounded ; as, 
judge,  misjudge. 

2.  [Gr.  pit (Ttio,  to  hate.]  An  initial  syllable,  in 
some  words  from  the  Greek,  implying  hatred ; 
as,  misanthrope,  a hater  of  mankind. 

/igy  “ What  is  remarkable  in  the  pronunciation  of 
this  inseparable  preposition  is,  that  the  s,  whether  the 
accent  be  on  it  or  not,  or  whether  it  be  followed  by  a 
sharp  or  flat  consonant,  always  retains  its  sharp,  hiss- 
ing sound,  and  never  goes  into  z,  like  dis  and  ex.  The 
reason  seehis  to  be,  that  the  latter  come  to  us  com- 
pounded, and  have  their  meaning  so  mingled  with  the 
word  as  to  coalesce  with  it,  while  mis  remains  a dis- 
tinct prefix,  and  has  one  uniform  meaning.”  Walker. 

MIS-AC-CEP-TA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  taking  or 
understanding  in  a wrong  sense.  Johnson. 

f MIS-AC-COMPT'  (-ak-kiiunt'),  v.  a.  To  account 
wrongly.  Chaucer. 

MIS-AD-VENT'URE  (mis-ad-vent'yur),  n.  [Fr. 
mesaventure.] 

1.  Mischance  ; misfortune  ; mishap  ; ill  luck  ; 
bad  fortune  ; cross  ; reverse. 

Your  looks  are  pale  and  wild,  and  do  import 
Some  misadventure.  Shak. 

2.  ( Law .)  An  accident  or  casualty  resulting 

in  the  death  of  any  person.  Whishaw. 

MIS- AD- VENT' FRED,  a.  Unfortunate.  Shak. 

MlS-AD-VENT'UR-OUS,  a.  Unfortunate  ; un- 
lucky ; unsuccessful.  / Coleridge. 

MIS-AD-VICE',  n.  Ill  advice  ; bad  counsel.  Ash. 

MIS- AD-VL^E',  v.  a.  To  give  bad  advice  to.  Bailey. 

MlS-AD-VI§ED'  (-vlzd'j,  a.  Wrongly  advised  ; ill 
directed  ; ill-advised.  Johnson. 

t MlS-AD-VISj'JJD-LY,  ad.  Inconsiderately.  Udal. 

t MIS-AF-FECT',  v.  a.  To  dislike.  Milton. 

MIS-AF-FECT'IJD,  a.  Ill-affected;  ill-disposed. 

All  the  members  must  needs  be  misaffected.  Burton. 

f MIS-AF-FEC'TION,  n.  A wrong  affection.  Hall. 

MIS-AF-FIRM',  v.a.  To  affirm  incorrectly.  Milton. 

MIS-AlMED  (-amdj,  a.  Aimed  wrongly.  Spenser. 

MiS-AL-LE-GA'TION,  n.  A false  statement. 

Who  have  charged  me  . . . with  misallcgations.  Bp.  Morton. 

MIS-AL-LEGE'  (-lej  ),  v.  a.  [i.  MISALLEGED  ; pp. 
MISALLEGING,  MISALLEGED.]  To  allege  or  cite 
falsely,  as  a proof  or  argument.  Bp.  Hall. 


MIS-AL-LI'ANCE,  n.  [Fr.  mesalliance.']  Im- 
proper alliance  or  association.  Hurd. 

MIS-AL-LiED'  (-lid'))  a-  Ill-associated.  Burke. 

MIS-AL-LOT'MIJNT,  n.  A wrong  allotment. 

f MIS-Al'TIJR,  v.  a.  To  alter  wrongly.  Bp.  Hall. 

MlS'AN-TlIROPE,  n.  [Gr.  pioardfninros  ; ptoeui,  to 
hate,  and  dVOpwrroc,  a man  ; It.  6$  Sp.  misantropo  ; 
Fr.  misanthrope.]  One  who  hates  mankind  ; a 
misanthropist ; a man-hater.  Swift. 

MlS-AN-THROP'IC,  ) a,  [Sp.  misantropico ; 

Mis-AN-THROP'I-CAL,  ) Fr.  misanthropique .] 
Relating  to  misanthropy  ; hating  mankind. 

What  can  be  more  gloomy  and  misanthropic  than  the  fol- 
lowing strain  of  discontent?  Observer. 

MIS-AN'TIIRO-PIST,  n.  A hater  of  mankind;  a 
man-hater  ; a misanthrope.  Bailey. 

MIS-AN'THRO-PIZE,  v.  a.  To  render  misan- 
thropical. [r.]  - Qtt.  Rev. 

f mIS-An'TIIRO-POS,  n.  A misanthrope.  Shak. 

MIS-AN'THRO-PY,  n.  [Gr.  iuoav0pomia  ; It.  <5f  Sp. 
misantropia ; Fr.  misanthropic.]  Hatred  of 
mankind  ; aversion  to  mankind. 

In  this  last  part  of  his  imaginary  travels,  Swift  has  indulged 
a misanthrope  that  is  intolerable.  Lord  Orrery. 

MTS-AP-PLI-CA'TION,  n.  A wrong  application. 
“ Misapplication  of  the  means  of  life.”  South. 

MIS-AP-PLY',  V.  a.  [i.  MISAPPLIED  ; pp.  MISAP- 
PLYING, misapplied.]  To  apply  incorrectly  or 
to  a wrong  purpose  ; to  misemploy. 

Virtue  itself  turns  vice,  being  misapplied.  Shak. 

MIS-AP-PLY'ING,  n.  Act  of  one  who  misapplies. 

MIS-AP-PRE'CI-AT-IJD  (mls-gp-pre'she-at-ed),  a. 
Not  well  appreciated.  Blackwood. 

MIS-A P-PR  E-HEND',  v.  a.  p.  misapprehended  ; 
pp.  misapprehending,  misapprehended.] 
Not  to  understand  rightly;  to  misunderstand ; 
to  mistake  ; to  misconceive.  Locke. 

MIS-Ap-PR^-HEN'SION,  n.  Misunderstanding; 
mistake  ; misconception.  “ Our  misapprehen- 
sions and  errors.”  Glanvill. 

MlS-AP-PRO-PRI-A'TION,  n.  A wrong  or  im- 
proper appropriation.  Ch.  Ob. 

MIS-AR-RAnOE',  v.  a.  [t.  misarranged;  pp. 
misakranging,  misarranged.]  To  arrange 
wrong ; to  put  in  a wrong  order.  Clarke. 

MfS-AR-RAN^tE'MlJNT,  n.  A wrong  arrangement. 
“Fantastic  misarrangeinent.”  Coivper. 

MIS-AS-CRIBE',  v.  a.  To  ascribe  falsely.  Bogle. 

f MIS-AS-SAY',  v.  a.  To  assay  wrongly.  Browne. 

MIS-AS-SIGN'  (-sin'),  v.  a.  To  assign  falsely  or 
erroneously.  Boyle. 

f MIS-AT-TEND',  v.  a.  To  disregard.  “The  mis- 
attended  words  of  Christ.”  Milton. 

mTs-BeAr',  v.  ii.  To  bear,  carry,  or  conduct  ill 
or  wrongly ; to  misbehave.  Chaucer. 

MIS-BE-COME'  (mls-he-kum'),  V.  a.  [i.  MISBE- 
CAME; pp.  MISBECOMING,  MISBECOME.]  Notto 
become  ; to  be  unseemly  to  ; not  to  suit. 

Thy  father  will  not  act  what  misbecomes  him.  Addison. 

MIS-BIJ-COM'JNG,  a.  Unbecoming;  unseemly. 
“ Misbecoming  and  disingenuous  ways.”  Locke. 

MIS-Bg-COM'ING-LY,  ad.  Unbecomingly. 

MIS-BF.-COM'ING-NESS,  n.  Unbecomingness  ; 
unsuitableness.  Boyle. 

■j"  MIS-BEDE',  v.  a.  [A.  S.  misbeodan.]  [t.  mis- 
bode.]  To  wrong ; to  injure.  Chaucer. 

t MIS-Bp-GET',  v.  a.  To  beget  wrongfully  or  un- 
lawfully. A.  Gloucester. 

MIS-B^-FlT'TJNG,  a.  Unsuitable;  not  befitting. 

MIS-B^-GOT',  a.  Misbegotten.  Shak. 

MIS-BE-GOTTEN  (-tn),  a.  Unlawfully  or  irregu- 
larly begotten ; miscreated.  Dryden. 

mIs-BE-MA YrE',  v.  n.  [f.  misbehaved;  pp.  mis- 
behaving, misbehaved.]  To  act  or  behave  ill 
or  improperly.  Johnson. 

MlS-BE-HAVF/,  v.  a.  To  conduct  ill  or  improp- 
erly;— used  with  the  reflective  pronoun. 

If  any  one  do  offend  or  misbehave  himself.  Hooker. 


MIS-BE-HAvED'  (-liavd'),  a.  Ill-bred;  uncivil. 

MIS-Bp-HAV'IOR  (mis-be-liav'yur),  n.  Ill  con- 
duct ; misconduct ; ill  behavior.  Addison. 

MIS-BIJ-HOLD'EN,  a.  Offensive  ; unkind  ; dis- 
obliging. [North  of  England.]  Holloway. 

4Eg=  According  to  Forby,  mtsbeholding  is  used  with 
tbe  same  meaning  in  the  east  part  of  England,  ap- 
plied only  to  words  ; as,  “ t never  gave  her  one  mis- 
bekolding  word.”  — The  word  misbeholden is  sometimes 
thus  used  colloquially  in  the  United  States. 

MIS-BIJ-LIEF'  (mis-be-lcF),  ii.  Wrong  or  erro- 
neous belief ; false  religion.  Massinger. 

MIS-BE-LIEVE'  (mis-be-lev'),  v.  ii.  To  believe 
erroneously ; to  hold  a false  religion.  “ That 
misbelieving  Moor.”  Shak. 

MIS-B$-LIEV'JJR,  n.  One  who  believes  wrongly  ; 
one  who  holds  a false  religion.  Dryden. 

t MlS-Bf-SEEM',  v.  a.  Not  to  become.  Bp.  Hall. 

MIS-Bp-STOW'  (mls-be-sto'),  v.  a.  To  bestow 
improperly.  “ Misbestowed  wealth.”  Milton. 

MIS-BORN',  a.  Born  to  misfortune  or  evil;  un- 
luckily born.  “ Ah  ! inisboin  elf.”  Spenser. 

MIS-CAL'CU-lAte,  v.  a.  [i.  miscalculated  ; 
pp.  miscalculating,  miscalculated.]  To 
calculate  or  reckon  erroneously.  Arbuthnot. 

MIs-CAL-CU-LA'TION,  n.  Wrong  or  erroneous 
calculation.  Todd. 

MiS-CALL',  V.  a.  [j.  MISCALLED  ; pp.  MISCALL- 
ING, miscalled.]  [Written  also  miscal.] 

1.  To  call  or  name  improperly  ; to  denote  by 
a wrong  name  ; to  misterm  ; to  misname. 

What  you  miscall  their  folly  is  their  care.  Dryden. 

2.  To  abuse  ; to  ill-treat.  [N.  of  Eng.]f?;-oc/ceff. 

MIS-CAR'RIAIjrE  (mls-kar'rij),  n.  1.  The  act  of 
miscarrying  ; failure  ; mischance  ; mishap. 

2.  The  act  of  bringing  forth  young  before  the 

due  time  ; abortion.  Dunglison. 

“ The  expulsion  of  the  foetus  from  tbe  uterus 
within  six  weeks  after  conception,  is  usually  called 
miscarriage ; if  it  occur  between  six  weeks  and  six 
months,  it  is  called  abortion  ; and  if,  during  any  part 
of  the  last  three  months  before  the  completion  of  the 
natural  term , premature  labor.”  Hoblyn. 

3.  Ill  conduct ; misconduct ; wrong  behavior. 

The  tailings  and  miscarriages  of  the  righteous.  Rogers. 

mTs-cAr'RIAGE  A-BLE,  a.  Liable  to  miscarry. 
[R.]  ' Bp.  Hall. 

mIs-cAr'RY,  V.  n.  \i.  MISCARRIED  ; pp.  MIS- 
CARRYING, MISCARRIED.] 

1.  To  fail;  not  to  have  the  intended  event; 
not  to  succeed  ; to  he  unsuccessful. 

Frederick,  the  great  soldier,  who  miscarried  at  sea.  Shak. 

2.  To  fail  in  conveyance;  to  go  wrong;  to 

fail  of  arriving  at  the  place  of  destination,  as  a 
letter.  Addison. 

3.  To  bring  forth  young  before  the  due  time  ; 

to  have  an  abortion.  Pope. 

MlS-CAST',  V.  a.  \i.  MISCAST  ; pp.  MISCASTING, 
miscast.]  To  cast  erroneously  • to  take  a 
wrong  account  of.  Browne. 

MIS-cAST',  n.  An  erroneous  cast.  Wright. 

f MlS-CATH'O-LlC,  a.  Erroneous.  Bp.  Hall. 

MjS-CEL-LA-NA'RI-AN,  n.  A writer  of  miscel- 
lanies ; a miscellanist.  Shaftesbury. 

f MIS'CljL-LANE,  n.  [See  Maslin,  and  Meslin.] 
Mixed  corn  ; maslin;  meslin.  Bacon. 

MlS-Cf L-LA'NE-A,  n.  pi.  [L.]  Miscellaneous 
matters ; a collection  of  miscellanies.  West.  Rev. 

MlS-UEE-LiA'Np-OUS , a.  [L.  m isccllaneus ; tnis- 
ceo,  to  mix ; It.  miscellaneo.]  Composed  of 
various  kinds ; embracing  many  sorts ; mingled; 
diversified;  various;  promiscuous.  Milton. 

MIS-C?L-LA'N5-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  a miscellane- 
ous manner.  ’ Ed.  Rev. 

MIS-C^L-LA'Np-OUS-NESS,  il.  The  state  of  be- 
ing miscellaneous.  Johnson. 

MIS-CEE'LA-NIST,  n.  A writer  of  miscellaneous 
essays  or  treatises ; a miseellarian.  Disraeli. 

MlS'CflL-LA-NY  [mis'sel-l?-ne,  S.  W.  P.  J.  E.  F. 
Ja.  K.  Sm.  R.  Wr.  Wb. ; mjs-sSl'lj-ne,  Kcnriclc], 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 
1 15 


BULL,  BUR,  RflLE.  — y,  (j,  G 


|,  soft ; £,  G,  5,  |,  hard ; § as  z; 


If  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


MISCELLANY 


MISE 


n.  [L.  misceUaneus,  miscellaneous;  It.  miscel- 
lanea; Sp.  miscelanea ; Fr.  miseellanee.] 

1.  Something  mixed  ; a mixture  ; a medley  ; 
a jumble ; a diversity  ; a variety. 

’Tis  but  a bundle  or  miscellany  of  sin.  Heivyt , 10.58. 

2.  A collection  of  short,  literary  compositions 
on  various  subjects,  or  of  various  kinds.  Pope. 

Syn.  — See  Mixture. 

f MlS'C^L-LA-NY,  a.  Miscellaneous.  Bacon. 

f MIS-CEN'TRE  (mls-sen'tcr),  v.  a.  To  concen- 
trate or  place  amiss.  Donne. 

MIS-CHANCE',  v.  n.  To  happen  wrongly  or  un- 
fortunately. Spenser. 

MIS-CHANCE',  n.  Ill  luck  ; misfortune  ; mishap. 

View  these  letters,  full  of  bad  mischance.  Shak. 

MlS-EHAR'AC-TgR-IZE,  i’.  a.  To  characterize 
falsely  or  erroneously.  Smart. 

m!s-CHAR<?E',  v.  a.  To  charge  erroneously. 
“ Particulars  mischarged."  Hale. 

MIS-CII  YR^E',  n.  An  erroneous  charge.  Smart. 

MIS'CHIEF  (mls'chifj,  n.  [Old  Fr.  meschef ; mes, 
a prefix  equivalent  to  the  English  prefix  mis, 
and  chef,  head  or  end;  Fr.  mechef.\ 

1.  Whatever  is  ill  or  injurious ; evil ; ill  ; 

harm  ; hurt ; injury  ; damage  ; calamity.  “ Lest 
some  mischief  befall  him.”  Gen.  xlii.  4. 

It  is  sport  to  a fool  to  do  mischief.  Prov.  x.  2.1. 

2.  Ill  consequence  ; vexatious  affair;  misfor- 
tune; evil;  trouble. 

States  call  in  foreigners  to  assist  them  against  a common 
enemy;  hut  the  mischief  was,  these  allies  would  never  allow 
that  the  common  enemy  was  subdued.  Swift. 

Syn.  — See  Injury. 

f MIS'CHIEF  (ims'clijf),  v.  a.  To  hurt ; to  harm  ; 
to  injure;  to  molest;  to  annoy. 

It  is  in  me  to  plague  and  mischief  you  indeed.  Holland. 

MIS'CHIEF— MAK'JjlR,  n.  One  who  makes  or 
causes  mischief.  Johnson. 

MIS'CHIEF— MAK'ING,  a.  Causing  harm.  “Mis- 
chief-making beauty.”  Roioe. 

II  MlS'CHIEV-OUS  [tms'che-vus,  S.  IF.  J.  E.  F. 
Ja.  K.  Sm. ; mls'clie-vus  or  injs-che'vus,  P.1,  a. 

1.  Making  mischief;  harmful;  hurtful;  de- 
structive ; noxious  ; pernicious  ; injurious. 

This  false,  wily,  doubling  disposition  is  intolerably  mis- 
chievous to  society.  South. 

2.  Inclined  to  do  mischief ; vicious ; sinful  ; 

wicked ; malicious.  Dnjden. 

K3p  “ Old  authors,  and  the  modern  vulgar,  accent 
the  second  syllable  of  mischievous .”  Smart. 

II  MiS'CHIEV-OUS-LY  (mls'che-vus-le),  ad.  In  a 
mischievous  manner.  Dnjden. 

II  MIS'CHIEV-OFS-NESS  (mis'she-vys-nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  mischievous  ; hurtfulness  ; in- 
juriousness ; perniciousness ; wickedness.  South. 

MiStJH'JVA  (inlsh'ntt),  n.  [Heb.  a rep- 

etition ; the  second  law.]  The  text  of  both  the 
Jerusalem  and  the  Babylonish  Talmud,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  the  Gemara,  or  commentary  on 
the  text ; — written  also  mishna.  Calmet. 

MIS-CHOO.jlE',  v.  a.  [i.  MISCUOSE  ; pp.  MISCHOOS- 
ing,  mischosen.]  To  choose  wrongly.  Stow. 

MIS-jCHRIS'TEN  (-kris'sn),  v.  a.  To  christen 
wrong.  Qu.  Rev. 

f MIS-CI-bIl'I-TY,  n.  [Fr.  miscibilite .]  The  ca- 
pacity of  being  mixed.  Maunder. 

t MIS'CI-BLE,  a.  [Fr.  miscible,  from  I.,  mi  seen, 
to  mix.]  That  may  be  mixed.  Arbuthnot. 

MIS-CI-TA'TION,  n.  Incorrect  or  false  citation 
or  quotation  ; misquotation.  Bp.  Ilall. 

MIS-ClTE',  v.  a.  To  cite  or  quote  wrong.  Hall. 

MIS-CLAIM',  n.  Mistaken  claim.  Bacon. 

t MIS-CLEAP',  v.  a.  To  miscall.  Chaucer. 

MIS-COG'NI-ZANT,  a.  (Law.)  Ignorant;  not 
knowing.  Whishaw. 

f MIS-COG’NIZE,  v.  b.To  misunderstand. Z/oWantL 

MIS-COL-LECT',  v.  a.  To  collect  wrongly.  Hooker. 

MIS-COL-LEC'TION,  n.  A wrong  or  deficient 
collection,  [r.]  Bp.  Hall. 


914 

t MTS-COM'FQRT  (-kum'furt),  n.  Trouble;  dis- 
comfort. Chaucer. 

MlS-COM-I’Ry-HEND',  v.  a.  To  comprehend  in- 
correctly or  erroneously.  Hunter. 

MJS-COM-PU-TA'TION,  n.  Incorrect  computa- 
tion ; false  reckoning.  Clarendon. 

Mls-COM-PUTE',  v.  a.  To  compute  erroneously; 
to  miscalculate.  Browne. 

MIS-CON-CEIT'  (mls-kon-set1),  n.  A false  opin- 
ion ; a wrong  notion  ; a misconception.  Hooker. 

MlS-CON-CEIVE'  (mls-fton-sSv'),  v.  a.  [i.  miscon- 
ceived ; pp.  MISCONCEIVING,  MISCONCEIVED.] 
To  misjudge  ; to  have  a false  notion  of ; to  mis- 
apprehend ; to  misunderstand.  Hooker. 

MIS-CON-CEIVE',  v.  n.  To  have  a wrong  idea  ; 
to  entertain  a mistaken  notion.  2 Macc. 

MIS-CON-CEIV'fR,  n.  One  who  misconceives. 

MIS-CON-CEP'TION,  n.  A Wrong  notion  or  idea; 
misapprehension ; mistake.  Burnet. 

MlS-CON'DUCT,  n.  Bad  conduct ; misbehavior  ; 
ill  behavior.  “ Their  past  misconduct.'’  Rogers. 

MlS-CON-DUCT',  v.  a.  \i.  MISCONDUCTED  ; pp. 
misconducting,  misconducted.]  To  conduct 
or  manage  ill  or  amiss.  Johnson. 

MIS-CpN'FJ-DfNT,  a.  Having  or  placing  confi- 
dence wrongly  or  amiss,  [it.]  Bp.  Hall. 

MIS-CQN-JECT'FRE  (-jekt'yur),  n.  A wrong  guess. 

I hope  they  will . . . correct  our  misconjectures.  Browne. 

MIS-CON-jfiCT'URE,  v.  a.  To  conjecture  or  guess 
wrong ; to  form  a wrong  notion  of.  Johnson. 

MIS-CON-JECT'FRE,  v.  n.  To  make  a wrong 
guess  or  conjecture.  Bacon. 

MlS-CON-S^-CRA'TION,  n.  A wrong  or  errone- 
ous consecration.  More. 

MIS-CON'Sp-CtUENCE,  n.  A wrong  or  erroneous 
consequence,  [r.]  Leighton. 

MlS-CON-STRUCT',  v.  a.  To  construct  or  inter- 
pret wrong  or  erroneously.  Fox. 

MlS-CON-STRUC'TION,  n.  A wrong  or  erroneous 
construction  or  interpretation.  Stilling  fleet. 

MlS-CON'STRlJE  (mis-kon'stru),  V.  a.  \i.  MISCON- 
STRUED ; pp.  MISCONSTRUING,  MISCONSTRUED.] 
To  construe  wrong;  to  misinterpret. 

Do  not,  great  sir,  misconstnie  his  intent.  Dryden. 

MIS-CON'STRF-ER,  n.  One  who  misconstrues. 

f MlS-CON-TENT'j  a.  Discontented.  Udal. 

MIS-CON-TIN'U-ANCE,  n.  (Late.)  The  contin- 
uation of  a suit  by  improper  process.  Whishaw. 

f MIS-CQRD',  v.  n.  To  be  discordant.  Chaucer. 

MIS-COR-RECT',  v.  a.  To  mistake  in  correcting; 
to  make  wrong  in  attempting  to  correct.  Smart. 

MIS-COUN'SJJL,  v.  a.  To  advise  wrong.  Spenser. 

MTs-c5UNT',  v : a.  [i.  miscounted  ; pp.  mis- 
countino,  miscounted.]  To  count  wrong ; 
to  reckon  wrong  ; to  miscompute.  Hail. 

In  their  computation  they  had  mistaken  and  miscounted 
...  a hundred  years.  Hall. 

MIS-COUNT',  v.  n.  To  make  a false  reckoning. 

Thus  do  all  men  generally  miscount  in  the  days  of  their 
health.  Bp.  Patrick. 

MIS-COUNT',  n.  An  erroneous  reckoning.  Smart. 

t MIS-c6v'FT,u.  a.  To  covet  wrongfully.  Chaucer. 

t MIS'CRIji-ANCE,  ) n [Old  Fr.  mcscreance.\ 

f MIS'CRp-AN-CY,  i Unbelief;  false  faith;  mis- 
belief ; adherence  to  a false  religion.  Spenser. 

MIS'CRp-ANT,  n.  [Old  Fr.  mescreant ; Fr.  mis- 
creant ; It.  miscrcdente ; miscredenza,  infidel- 
ity.] 

1.  f One  who  holds  a false  faith  ; an  infidel. 

peg-  Miscreant  meant,  at  first,  simply  a misbeliever. 

Trench. 

A wicked  generation  of  miscreants , which  had  forsaken 
the  living  God.  Hooker. 

2.  A vile  wretch  ; a villain  ; a ruffian.  Shak. 

f MIS-CRE-ATE',  a.  Miscreated-  Shak. 

MlS-CRF.-AT'pD,  a.  Created  or  formed  wrong. 
“Thy  miscreated  front.”  Milton. 

MIS-CRf.-A'l’I  VE,  a.  That  creates  amiss.  Shelley. 


t Mis-CRIJ-DU'LI-TY,  n.  Incredulity.  Bp.  Hall. 

MIS'CU,  n.  An  Indian  dentifrice.  Scudamore. 

MIS-DATE',  v.  a.  [i.  misdated;  pp.  misdating, 
misdated.]  To  date  wrongly  or  erroneously. 

In  hoary  .youth  Methusaleins  may  die; 

O,  how  misdated  on  their  fluttering  tombs.  Young. 

MIS-DATE',  n.  An  erroneous  date.  Smart. 

MIS-dAUB',  v.  a.  To  smear  or  cover  wrongly  or 
improperly.  Bp.  Ilall. 

MIS-DEED',  n.  An  evil  deed;  a wicked  action; 
a fault ; a trespass  ; a transgression  ; offence. 
Evils  which  our  own  misdeeds  have  wrought.  Milton . 

Syn.  — See  Offence. 

MIS-DEF.M',  V.  a.  [t.  MISDEEMED  ; pp.  MISDEEM- 
ING, MISDEEMED.]  To  judge  ill ; to  mistake. 

And  of  a wit  that  nothing  could  misdeem.  Davies. 

MIS-DE-MEAN',  v.  a.  To  demean,  conduct,  or 
behave  ill ; — used  with  the  reflective  pronoun. 

You,  that  best  should  teach  us, 

Have  misdeincaued  yourself.  Shak. 

MIS-Dp-MEAN'ANT,  n.  One  who  commits  a mis- 
demeanor. S.  Richardson. 

Mls-DE-MEAN'OR,  n.  1.  An  offence;  ill-beha- 
vior; evil  conduct;  misconduct;  fault.  South. 

2.  f Bad  management ; mismanagement. 

Some  natural  fault  in  the  soil,  or  misdemeanor  of  the 
ow'ners.  Seasonable  Sermon.  1044. 

3.  (Laic.)  A lower  kind  of  crime ; an  indict- 
able otience  not  amounting  to  felony.  Burrill. 

Syn. — See  Crime,  Offence. 

f MIS-DP-PART',  v.  a.  To  part  or  distribute  im- 
properly or  unequally.  Chaucer. 

MIS-DIJ-RIVE',  v.  a.  To  derive  or  divert  improp- 
erly ; to  misdirect. 

Misderiving  the  well-meant  devotions  of  charitable  and 
pious  souls  into  a wrong  channel.  Bp.  Ilall. 

MIS-Dp-SCRlBE',  v.  a.  To  describe  falsely;  to 
give  a wrong  account  of.  West.  Rev. 

f MIS-DE-§ERT',  n.  Ill  desert.  Spenser. 

MIS-DE-VO'TION,  n.  Mistaken  piety.  Milton. 

f MlS-DI'fT,  n.  Improper  diet  or  food.  Spenser. 

t MIS-DiGHT'  (-dlt'),  a.  Prepared  unfitly.  Hall. 

MIS-DI-RECT',  V.  a.  [l.  MISDIRECTED  ; pp.  MIS- 
DIRECTING, misdirected.]  To  direct  or  guide 
wrong.  “ Misdirected  reason.”  Burgess. 

MIS-DI-REC'TION,  n.  A wrong  direction. 

MIS-DlS-PO-§I''TION  (-zTsh'un),  n.  Inclination 
to  evil.  “ His  sinful  misdisposition .”  Bp.  Hall. 

MIS-DIS-TIN'GUISH  (mis-djs-tinfi'gwjsli),  v.  a.  To 
distinguish  wrong  or  erroneously,  [it.]  Hooker. 

MIS-DIS-TRl B'UTE,  V.  a.  To  distribute  wrong ; 
to  misdivide.  Latham. 

MIS-DI-VlDE',  v.  a.  To  divide  wrong.  Latham. 

MIS-D1- VI "§ION  (-de-vlzh'un),  n.  A wrong  or  in- 
correct division.  Latham. 

MIS-DO',  v.  a.  [A.  S.  misdoen,  or  misdon.]  [t. 
misdid  ; pp.  misdoing,  MISDONE.]  To  do  wrong ; 
to  do  amiss ; to  commit,  as  a crime  or  a fault. 
Afford  me  place  to  show  what  recompense 
Towards  thee  I intend  for  what  I have  misdone.  Milton. 

MIS-DO',  v.  n.  To  commit  faults;  to  do  wrong. 

Teach  the  erring  soul, 

Not  wilfully  misdoing,  but  unaware 

Misled.  Milton. 

MIS-DO' pR,  n.  One  who  does  wrong;  an  offend- 
er ; a criminal ; a malefactor.  Spenser. 

MlS-DO'ING,  n.  Offence;  deviation  from  right. 

That  all-seeing  eye  that  observes  all  our  misdoings. 

L'  Estrange. 

t MlS-DOUBT'  (-diifit'),  v.  a.  To  suspect  of  deceit 
or  of  liability  to  err  ; to  suspect.  Dryden. 

f MIS-DOUBT',  v.  n.  To  be  suspicious.  Dryden. 

f MIS-DOUBT'  (-diiut'),  n.  1.  Suspicion.  Shak. 

2.  Irresolution  ; hesitation.  Shak. 

f MIS-DOUBT'FUL,  a.  Misgiving.  Spenser. 

mIS-DRAW'ING,  n.  A wrong  drawing.  Chaucer. 

t MIS-DREAD'  (-dred'),  n.  Dread  of  evil.  Bp.  Hall. 

y JIJSE  (mez),  n.  [Fr.,  from  mettre,  to  put.]  (Law.) 


A,  E,  !,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  IJ,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


MISEASE 

1.  Cost  or  expense;  — commonly  used  in  the 

plural.  Burrill. 

2.  The  issue  in  real  actions,  particularly  in 
writs  of  right ; — so  called  because  the  parties 
put  themselves  upon  the  mere  right.  Burrill. 

f MIS-EA§E'  (mls-ez'),  n.  Uneasiness.  Chaucer. 

+ MIS-EA'£jY  (mls-ez'e),  a.  Uneasy.  Chaucer. 

f MlS-J£-DI''TION,  n.  A spurious  edition  Hall. 

MIS-ED'U-CATE,  v.  a.  To  educate  amiss;  to 
misinstruct.  Month.  Rev. 

MlS-IJM-PLOY',  v.  a.  [ i . misemployed  ; pp. 

MISEMPLOYING,  MISEMPLOYED.]  To  employ 
or  use  to  wrong  purposes;  to  misuse. 

Their  frugal  fathers’  gains  they  misemploy.  Dryden. 

MlS-5 M-PLOY'MENT,  n.  Improper  employment 
or  application  ; misuse  ; abuse.  “ Misemploy- 
ment  of  their  time  and  faculties.”  Hale. 

MlS-EN'TRy,  n.  A wrong  entry,  as  in  an  account. 
“ If  a clerk  had  made  a misentry."  Hale. 

MI'^ER  (nil'zer),  n.  [L.  miser,  wretched;  It.  §- 
Sp.  misero,  wretched,  covetous.] 

1.  f A wretched  person  ; one  in  great  distress. 

The  woful  words  of  a miser  now  despairing.  Sidney. 

2.  One  who  is  wretched  through  covetous- 
ness ; one  who  lives  miserably  through  fear  of 
poverty,  and  hordes  beyond  a prudent  economy ; 
a person  excessively  penurious. 

The  man  who  enslaves  himself  to  his  money  is  proclaimed 
in  our  very  language  to  be  a miser , or  a miserable  man. 

Trench. 

MI^'ER-A-BLE,  a.  [L.  miser abilis ; It.  misera- 
bile  ; Sp.  miserable  ; Fr.  miserable .] 

1.  Full  of  misery  ; unhappy  ; hapless ; 
wretched  ; unlucky  ; ill-starred ; distressed. 

Me,  already  lost;  me,  than  thyself 

More  miserable.  Milton. 

2.  Very  poor  in  quality;  wretched;  worth- 
less ; valueless. 

Miserable  comforters  are  ye  all.  Job  xvi.  2. 

A vagabond,  a useless  tribe  there  eat 
Their  miserable  meal.  Coivper. 

3.  Low;  abject;  despicable;  contemptible. 

“ A miserable  person.”  Johnson. 

4.  Mean  ; stingy  ; parsimonious. 

Our  language,  by  a peculiar  significance  of  dialect,  calls 
the  covetous  man  the  miserable  man.  South. 

Syn.  — See  Unhappy. 

MliJ'ER- A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  mis- 
erable ; wretchedness  ; poorness.  Hammond. 

MI^'JJR- A-BLy,  ad.  Unhappily;  calamitously; 
wretchedly  ; meanly.  Sidney. 

f mT§-5R-A'TION,  n.  Commiseration.  Skelton. 

MIS-1J-RECT',  v.  a.  To  erect  or  raise  wrongly. 
“ Those  miserected  altars.”  [it.]  Bp.  Hall. 

MI  f E-RE' RE,  n.  [L.  miserere,  have  mercy.] 

1.  The  name  of  a Psalm  in  the  Roman  Catho- 
lic Church  service,  taken  from  the  57th  Psalm, 
beginning  in  the  Vulgate,  Miserere  mei,  Homme 
(Have  mercy  on  me,  O Lord).  Load.  Ency. 

2.  A musical  composition  to  the  Psalm  Mis- 
erere mei,  &c. ; as,  “ The  Miserere  of  Allegri, 
sung  in  the  Sistine  Chapel,  at  Rome.” 

3.  ( Arch .)  A small  movable  seat  placed  in  a 
stall  of  the  choir  of  a church  ; a misericordia. 

The  long  services  of  the  Catholic  Church  induced  the  in- 
vention  of  the  seat  called  the  miserere,  for  the  use  of  aged  and 
infirm  ecclesiastics.  Fairholt. 

MI^'JJR-I-CORD,  ?t.  1.  f Compassion.  Chaucer. 

2.  (Arch.)  A misericordia  or  miserere. Britton. 

Ml§-5R  I-CQr'DI-A,  n.  [L.,  mercy.\ 

1.  (Law.)  An  amercement.  Burrill. 

2.  (Armor.)  A small,  straight  dagger,  with  a 

thin  blade,  used  in  inflicting  the  “ mercy 
stroke  ” upon  a wounded  antagonist,  which 
deprived  him  of  life.  Ogilrie. 

3.  (Arch.)  A small  movable  seat  in  a stall  of 
the  choir  of  a church  ; a miserere.  Ogilvie. 

Mi'lJpR-LY,  a.  [L.  miser,  miserable.]  Avari- 

cious in  the  extreme  ; niggardly  ; stingy  ; par- 
simonious ; sordid ; covetous  ; mean.  Perry. 

Syn.  — See  Avaricious. 

MI§'IJR-y,  n.  [L.  miseria  ; Fr . miser e.] 

1.  Great  unhappiness ; distress  ; wretched- 
ness ; tribulation  ; desolation  ; woe.  Locke. 

2.  Calamity;  misfortune;  natural  evils. 

And  mourn  the  miseries  of  human  life.  Dryden. 


915 

3.  f [From  miser.)  Covetousness ; avarice. 

lie  covets  less 

Than  misery  itself  would  give.  Shak. 

MIS-JJS-TEEM',  n.  Disregard ; slight.  Johnson. 

MIS-ES'TI-MATEj  v.  a.  To  estimate  erroneously  ; 
to  miscompute.  Smart. 

mTS-EX-PLA-NA'TION,  n.  A wrong  explanation. 

MlS-EX-PLI-CA'TION,  n.  A wrong  explication. 

MlS-£X-PO-§I''TION,  n.  A wrong  exposition. 

MIS-JJX-PdUND',  v.  a.  To  expound  incorrectly  ; 
to  mistake  in  explaining.  Hooker. 

MlS-JJX-PRES'SION,  n.  An  ill  expression.  Baxter. 

f mIs-fAll',  v.  a.  To  happen  to  unluckily. Spenser. 

LmIs-fAre',  v.  n.  To  fare  or  go  wrong;  to  suc- 
ceed ill ; to  be  in  an  ill  state.  Gower. 

f MIS-fArE',  n.  Ill  fare  ; misfortune.  Spenser. 

f mIS-fAr'ING,  n.  The  act  of  going  wrong  or 
succeeding  ill.  Spenser. 

MIS-FASH'ION,  v.  a.  [7.  misfashioned  ; pp. 
MISFASHIONING,  MISFASHIONED.]  To  fashion 
or  form  wrong;  to  misform.  Hakewell. 

MIS-FAshTONED,  p.  a.  Fashioned,  formed, 
shaped,  or  moulded  wrongly.  Hakewill. 

MIS-FEA'§ANCE,  n.  [Old  Fr.  mesfaisance .] 
(Law.)  A trespass  ; malfeasance.  Burrill. 

f MIS-FEIGN'  (mls-fan'),  v.  n.  To  feign  with  an 
ill  design.  Spenser. 

MIS-FORM7,  V.  a.  [7.  MISFORMED  ; pp.  MISFORM- 
ing,  MISFORMED.]  To  form  ill  or  improperly; 
to  misfashion  ; to  misshape  ; to  misframe. 

And  that  misformed  shape  misshaped  more.  Spenser. 

f MIS-FORT'U-NATE,  a.  Unfortunate.  Locke. 

Mls-FORT'UNE,  n.  Ill  fortune;  ill  luck  ; calam- 
ity ; harm  ; ill ; disaster  ; evil ; injury  ; damage. 

Syn. Misfortune  is  a general  term,  applied  to 

all  untoward  events.  Calamity  is  applied  to  some 
great  public  or  family  misfortune  ; disaster,  to  an  un- 
lucky accident,  causing  tile  failure  of  some  under- 
taking.— See  Adversity,  Evil,  Luck. 

f Mls-FORT'UNE,  v.  n.  To  happen  wrongly  or 
unfortunately.  Stow. 

f MIS-FORT'UNED,  a.  Unfortunate.  Milton. 

MIS-FRAME',  v.  a.  To  frame  amiss,  [r.]  More. 

f MIS-GET',  v.  a.  [ p . misgotten.]  To  get  or 
procure  unlawfully  or  wrongly.  Gower.  Spenser. 

MIS-61  VE',  v.  a.  [7.  misgave  ; pp.  misgiving, 
misgiven.]  To  give  amiss,  [it.]  Abp.  Laud. 

MIS-gIvE',  v.  a.  [With  the  reflective  pronoun.] 

1.  To  give  way,  to  yield,  to  relax,  or  fail, 
through  doubt  or  want  of  courage. 

Yet  oft  his  heart,  divine  of  something  ill. 

Misgave  him.  Milton. 

2.  To  fill  with  doubt  or  distrust  about. 

This  is  strange.  Who  hath  got  the  right  Anne? 

My  heart  misgives  me.  Shak. 

MIS-GIV'ING,  n.  Doubt;  distrust;  hesitation. 

These  unavoidable  misgivings  of  the  human  mind.  Porteus. 

f MIS-GLOZE',  v.  a.  To  gloze  amiss.  Chaucer. 

f MIS-GO',  v.  n.  To  go  amiss  or  astray.  Chaucer. 

f MIS-GOT'TEN,  p.  a.  Unjustly  obtained.  Spenser. 

Mls-GOV'ERN,  v.  a.  [7.  misgoverned  ; pp.  mis- 
governing, misgoverned.]  To  govern  amiss 
or  ill ; to  administer  unfaithfully. 

Solyman  charged  him  bitterly  that  he  had  misgoverned  the 
state.  • Knolles. 

MlS-GOV'f  RN-ANCE,  n.  Bad  government ; ir- 
regularity ; disorderly  management.  Bp.  Hall. 

MIS-GOV'JgRNED,  p.  a.  1.  Badly  governed ; 
wrongly  managed  or  administered. 

2.  Rude ; lawless  ; unrestrained ; ungoverned. 

Rude,  misgoverned  hands,  from  window  tops. 

Threw  dust  and  rubbish  on  King  Richard’s  head.  Shak. 

MIS-GOV'JERN-MENT,  n.  1.  Bad  government; 
ill  administration  ; bad  management. 

If  such  misgovemment  and  unskilfulness  make  them  fall 
into  vicious  company.  Bp.  Taylor. 

2.  Want  of  government  or  restraint;  loose- 
ness ; irregularity ; inordinate  behavior. 

t MIs-GRA'CIOUS,  a.  Ungrateful.  Gower. 

MlS-GRAFT',  v.  a.  To  graft  wrong  or  amiss. 


MISINTREAT 

The  course  of  true  love  never  did  run  smooth; 

But  either  it  was  different  in  blood. 

Or  else  misgrafted  in  respect  of  years.  Shak. 

MIS-GROUND',  v.  a.  To  found  falsely.  Bp.  Hall. 

MIS-GROWTH',  n.  A wrong  growth.  Coleridge. 

MIS-GUESS',  v.  n.  To  guess  or  conjecture 
wrongly,  [r.]  Sir  T.  More. 

MIS-GUlD'ANCE,  n.  Wrong  direction ; false 
guidance  ; guidance  into  error.  South. 

MIS-GUlDE',  v.  a.  [7.  misguided;  pp.  misguid- 
ing, misguided.]  To  guide  wrong  ; to  direct 
ill.  “ Misguide  the  mind.”  Pope. 

MIS-GUID'JJD,  p.  a.  Led  astray ; guided  into 
error.  “ Misguided  prince  ! ” Prior. 

MIS  GUM,  7 n (7cA.)  An  anguilliform  fish  about 

MIS'GURN,  ) as  large  as  the  common  eel.  Wright. 

MIS-HAN'DLE,  v.  a.  [7.  mishandled;  pp.  mis- 
handling, mishandled.]  To  handle  wrongly; 
• — to  treat  injuriously  ; to  maltreat.  Sir  T.  More. 

MIS-HAND'LING,  n.  The  act  of  handling  or  treat- 
ing amiss.  Sir  T.  More. 

MiS-HAP',  n.  Ill  chance  ; ill  luck  ; bad  accident ; 
misadventure  ; calamity  ; misfortune.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Luck. 

+ MIS-HAP'PEN,  v.  n.  To  happen  amiss  or  ill ; to 
come  to  pass  wrongly. 

Afraid  lest  to  themselves  the  like  mishappen  might.  Spenser. 

f Mls-HAP'PY,  a.  Unhappy.  Chaucer. 

f MIS-HAVED',  a.  Misbehaved.  Shak. 

MIS-HEAR',  V.  n.  [7.  MISHEARD  ; pp.  MISHEAR- 
ING, misheard.]  To  hear  erroneously  or  im- 
perfectly ; to  mistake  in  hearing. 

It  is  not  so;  thou  hast  misspoke,  misheard.  Shak. 

MISH'— MASH,  n.  [Su.  Goth,  mi sk-mask  ; Ger. 
misch-masch , from  mischen,  to  mix.]  A mix- 
ture; melange  ; medley  ; confused  mass;  hotch- 
potch ; — gallimatia  ; salmagundi. 

Their  language  . . . [is]  a mish-mash  of  Arabic  and  Portu- 
guese. Sir  T.  Herbert. 

MlSH'NA,  n.  See  Misciina.  Clarke. 

MIS-IM-A(y-I-NA'TION,  n.  Wrong  or  incorrect 
conception,  [r.]  Bp.  Hall. 

MIS-IM-PROVE',  v.  a.  To  use  or  improve  to  a 
bad  purpose  ; to  misuse  ; to  abuse.  South. 

Mis-IM-PROVE'MBNT,  n.  Bad  use  or  employ- 
ment ; abuse.  South. 

MIS-IN-CLiNE',  v.  a.  To  incline  wrongly.  South. 

MlS-IN-FER',  v.  a.  To  infer  wrong.  Hooker. 

M1S-IN-FORM',  v.  a.  [7.  misinformed  ; pp.  mis- 
informing. misinformed.]  To  inform  erro- 
neously ; to  deceive  by  false  accounts.  Bacon. 

MIS-IN-FORM',  v.  n.  To  give  false  information  ; — 
used  with  against.  Mountagu. 

MIS-IN-FORM'ANT,  rt.  One  who  misinforms,  or 
gives  false  information.  Wilberforce. 

MIS-IN-FOR-MA'TION,  n.  Erroneous  informa- 
tion ; false  intelligence.  Bacon. 

Mls-IN-FORM'BR,  n.  One  who  misinforms. 

MIS-IN-STRUCT',  v.  a.  To  instruct  amiss  or  im- 
properly. Hooker. 

MIS-IN-STRUC'TION,  n.  Ill  or  erroneous  in- 
struction. More. 

MIS-IN-TEL'LT-pENCE,  n.  1.  Misinformation  ; 
false  accounts.  Todd. 

2.  Misunderstanding ; disagreement. 

He  lamented  the  misintclligence  he  observed  to  be  between 
their  majesties.  Clarendon. 

f MlS-IN-TEND'ED.yL  a.  Ill  intended.  Spenser. 

Mls-IN-TER'PRIJT,  V.  a.  [7.  MISINTERPRETED  ; 
pp.  MISINTERPRETING,  MISINTERPRETED.]  To 
interpret  or  explain  wrong;  to  understand 
wrong ; to  misconstrue.  Arbulhnot. 

MIS-IN-TER'PRE-TA-BLE,  a.  Liable  to  misin- 
terpretation. Donne. 

MIS-JN-TER-PRp-TA'TION,  n.  Wrong  interpre- 
tation or  explanation.  Bp.  Hall. 

MIS-IN-TER'PRIJT-IJR,  il.  One  who  misinterprets. 

MIS-IN-TREAT',  v.  a.  To  entreat  or  treat  wrong- 
ly or  injuriously  ; to  deal  with  harmfully. 

It  was  not  lawful  for  any  to  misintreat  him.  Grafton. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RIILE.—  £,  £,  g,  soft;  G,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


MISJOIN 


916 


MISREMEMBER 


MIS-JOJN',  V.  a.  [t.  MISJOINED  ; pp.  MISJOINING, 
misjoined.]  To  join  unfitly.  Milton. 

MIS-JOlN'DpR,  n.  (Law.)  Improper  joinder  or 
union  of  parties  in  an  action  ; improper  union 
of  causes  of  action  in  one  suit.  Burrill. 


MlS-JUl)pE',  v.  n.  [i.  misjudged  ; pp.  mis- 
judging, misjudged.]  To  judge  ill  or  errone- 
ously ; to  form  false  opinions.  Dryden. 

Too  long,  misjudging,  have  I thought  thee  wise.  rope. 


MIS-.UJDQE',  v.  a.  To  mistake;  to  judge  wrong- 
ly of.  “ We  misjudge  the  matter.”  L 'Estrange. 

MIS-JUDIjr'MIJNT,  n.  A wrong  judgment.  Burke. 
t MIS-'KEEP'ING,  n.  Wrong  keeping.  Chaucer. 
f MIS-KEN',  v.  a.  To  be  ignorant  of;  to  misun- 
derstand. [North  of  Eng.]  Todd. 

f MIS'KIN,  n.  A little  bagpipe.  Drayton. 

MIS-KIN'DLED,  p.  a.  Rashly  inflamed  ; excited 
to  a bad  purpose. 

Such  is  the  mi  skint  lied  heat  of  some  unruly  spirits.  Bp.  Hall. 
f MIS-KNOW',  v.  a.  To  know  or  understand 
wrongly  ; to  mistake  ; to  misapprehend. 

There  is  nothing  in  the  world  that  they  do  more  misknow 


than  themselves.  Bp.  Hall. 

MIS-KNOWN',  p.  a.  Unknown.  Ed.  Rev. 

MIS-LAY',  V.  a.  [i.  MISLAID;  pp.  MISLAYING, 
MISLAID.] 

1.  To  lay  in  a wrong  place,  or  in  a wrong 

manner  ; to  misplace.  Dryden. 

2.  To  lay  in  a place  which  will  not  be  recol- 
lected ; to  lose. 

Mislay  a spoon  so  as  he  may  never  find  it.  Swift. 

MIS-LAY'ER,  n.  One  who  mislays.  Bacon. 


MI§'LE  (inlz'zl),  v.  n.  [From  mist.  — Dut.  mieselen, 
mislen.]  [t.  misled  ; pp.  mislino,  misled.] 
To  rain  in  imperceptible  drops,  like  a thick 
mist ; — written  also  mistle,  and  mizzle.  Grew. 


Mlij'LE  (mlz'zl),  n.  Amistyrain;  thick  mist.  Todd. 

MIS-LEAD',  V.  a.  [*.  MISLED  ; pp.  MISLEADING, 
misled.]  To  lead  or  guide  astray ; to  lead  into 
mischief  or  mistake  ; to  misguide.  Dryden. 
MIS-LEAD'  1JR,  n.  One  who  misleads.  Shake. 


MIS-LEARN’,  v.  n.  To  learn  amiss.  Wickliffe. 

f MIS-LEARN'5P,  p.  a.  Not  really  or  properly 
learned.  “A  mislearned advocate.”  Bp.  Hall. 

Mls-LED',  p.  [From  mislead.)  Led  astray.  Milton. 

Mlij'LfN,  ra.  Mixed  corn  ; maslin.  Mortimer. 

Ml§'LE-TOE,  n.  See  Mistletoe.  Todd. 

MIS-LIGHT'  (-lit'),  v.  a.  To  light  amiss.  Herrick. 

MIS-LIKE',  v.  a.  To  dislike  ; to  disapprove,  [it.] 

It  was  hard  to  say  whether  he  more  liked  his  doing9  or 
misliked  the  effect  of  nis  doings.  Sidney. 

MIS-LIKE',  v.  n.  Not  to  be  pleased,  [it.] 

They  made  sport,  and  I laughed;  they  mispronounced, 
and  I misliked.  Milton. 


MlS-LlKE', n.  Disapprobation;  dislike,  [it.]  Shah. 

MIS-LIK'pR,  n.  One  who  dislikes,  [it.]  Ascham. 

MIS-LIK'JNG,  7i.  Disapprobation,  [r.]  Stow. 

Mllp'LJNG,  n.  Thick  mist;  misle.  Bible,  1551. 

MIS-LIVE',  v.  n.  To  live  ill.  [u.]  Bp.  Hall. 

MIS-LIV'ING,  n.  The  act  of  living  ill.  Tyndale. 

f MIS-LOOK'  (-Iuk'),  v.  n.  To  look  wrongly.  Gower. 

MIS-LUCK',  n.  Bad  or  ill  luck,  [u.]  Wodroephe. 

Mlsj'LY,  a.  Misty;  raining  in  fine  drops.  Wright. 

MIS-MAKE',  v.  a.  To  make  amiss.  Sir.  T.  More. 

MIS-MAN'A<?E,  V.  a.  [i.  MISMANAGED;  pp.  MIS- 
MANAGING, MISMANAGED.]  To  manage  ill ; to 
conduct  amiss ; to  administer  improperly.  Locke. 

MIS-MAN'APE,  v.  n.  To  manage  ill.  Craig. 

MIS-MAN'A<?E-MENT,  n.  Ill  management;  ill 
conduct ; misconduct ; misrule.  Locke. 

MIS-MAN'A-9PR,  n.  One  who  manages  badly. 

MIS-MARCH',  v.  n.  To  march  wrong.  Maunder. 

MlS-MARK',  v.  a.  To  mark  wrongly.  Collier. 

MIS-MATCH',  V.  a.  [z.  MISMATCHED  ; pp.  MIS- 
MATCHING, MISMATCHED.]  To  match  unsuit- 
ably or  improperly.  Southern. 


MIS-MEA^'URE  (-mSzll'ur),  V.  a.  [t.  MISMEAS- 
URED  ; pp.  MISMEASUlti.NO,  MISME ASU11ED.]  To 
measure  incorrectly  ; to  misreckon,  or  miscal- 
culate. “ With  aim  mismeasured.”  Young. 

MlS-MEA§'l  RE-MENT,  n.  A wrong  measurement. 

t MIS-ME'TRE,  n.  A wrong  metre.  Chaucer. 

MlS-NAME',  V.  a.  [).  MISNAMED  ; pp.  MISNAM- 
ING, misnamed.]  To  call  by  the  wrong  name. 

MlS-NO'MpR,  n.  [Old  Fr.  mes,  amiss,  and  nom- 
mer,  to  name.]  (Law.)  A misnaming;  the  use 
of  a wrong  name,  or  mistaking  the  true  name 
of  a person.  Whishaw. 

MlS-NUM'B^R,  v.  a.  To  count  wrongly.  Raleigh. 

MIS-NUR'TURE  (-nUrt'yur),  v.  a.  To  nurture 
wrongly.  “ Misnurturing  their  children.”  Hall. 

t MlS-O-BE'DI-ENCE,  n.  Erroneous  obedience; 
disobedience.  Milton. 

MlS-OH-^ERVE',  v.  a.  To  observe  inaccurately. 
“ If  I misobserve  not.”  Locke. 

MIS-OB-§ERV'JpR,  n.  One  who  misobserves. 

MI-SOG'A-MIST,  n.  [Gr.  piaiw,  to  hate,  and  y6- 
yos,  marriage.]  A hater  of  marriage.  Johnson. 

Mj-SOG'A-MY,  n.  Hatred  of  marriage.  Blount. 

||  MI-SO^r'Y-NlST  (me-soj'e-nlst),  n.  [Gr. piooyhvys  ; 
yiata,  to  hate,  and  yvi’n,  woman.]  A woman- 
hater.  “ The  erroneous,  obstinate  misogy- 
nist.” Whitlock. 

||  MI-SOQr'Y-NY  [ine-soj 'e-ne,  IF.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  Sm. 
E.  ; me-sog'e-ne,  >.  A'.],  n.  Hatred  of  women. 

f Ml§'ON,  n.  A mixture  ; a medley.  Nashe. 

mTS-O-PIN'ION  (-yun),  n.  An  erroneous  notion 
or  opinion ; an  error,  [r.]  Bp.  Hall. 

f MIS-OR'DIJR,  v.  a.  To  conduct  ill ; to  disorder  ; 
to  derange.  Ascham. 

f MiS-OR'DIJR,  n.  Irregularity  ; disorder.  Camden. 

f MlS-dR'DlJR-Ly,  a.  Irregular  ; disorderly.  “To 
seek  some  misorderly  shift.”  Ascham. 

MiS-dR-DI-NA'TION,  71.  A wrong  or  improper 
ordination.  More. 

f MIS-OWN',  v.  n.  To  own  wrongly.  Stoic. 

f MiS-PAs'SION,  n.  Wrong  passion.  Bp.  Hall. 

MIS-pAy',  v.  a.  To  dissatisfy  ; to  displease. 

Gower. 

MlS-PELL'  (nits-spel'),  V.  a.  See  MISSPELL. 

MIS-PEND',  v.  a.  See  Misspend.  B.  Jonson. 

MiS-P^R-CEP'TION,  n.  A wrong  perception  ; an 
erroneous  view.  Wollaston. 

MlS-PfR-SlMDE'  (-swad'),  v.  a.  To  persuade 
wrong;  to  bring  to  a wrong  notion.  Hooker. 

f MIS-PIJR-SUA'SI-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
not  being  persuasible.  Leighton. 

MiS-PflR-SUA'§ION  (-s wa'zhun),  n.  A wrong 
notion  ; false  opinion.  Bp.  Taylor. 

MlS-PlCK'f.L,  n.  (Mm.)  A mineral  consisting 
chiefly  of  arsenic,  sulphur,  and  iron  ; arsenical 
iron  pyrites.  Eng.  Cyc. 

MIS-PLACE',  V.  a.  \i.  MISPLACED  ; pp.  MISPLAC- 
ING, MISPLACED.]  To  put  in  a wrong  place; 
to  place  wrong  ; to  mislay.  Denham. 

MIS-PLACED’,  p.  a.  Put  in  a wrong  place,  or  on 
a wrong  object ; as,  “ Misplaced  confidence.” 

MIS-PLACE'M f.NT,  7i.  The  act  of  misplacing. 

mTS-PLAc'ING,  n.  Act  of  one  who  misplaces. 

MIS-PLEAD',  v.  7i.  To  err  in  pleading.  Sma7't. 

MIS-PLEAD'ING,  n.  (Laic.)  An  error  or  omis- 
sion in  pleading.  Burrill. 

MlS-POINT',  v.  a.  To  point  incorrectly;  to  con- 
fuse by  a wrong  punctuation.  Johnson. 

MIS-POINT'$D,  p.  p.  Wrongly  punctuated. 

MIS-POL'J-CY,  n.  Bad  policy  ; impolicy.  Qu.  Rev. 

MIS-PRINT',  V.  a.  [f.  MISPRINTED;  pp.  MIS- 
PRINTING, misprinted.]  To  print  wrong.  “ The 
case  is  misprinted.”  Hale. 

MIS-PRiNT',  n.  An  error  in  printing;  an  error 
of  the  press.  Todd. 


t MlS-PRDjE',  v.  a.  [Fr.  mosprendre,  to  mistake  ; 
mepriser,  to  despise.]  To  mistake ; to  misap- 
prehend. 

You  spend  your  passion  on  a misprised  mood; 

I am  not  guilty  of  Lysunder’s  blood.  Shak. 

t MIS-PRf§'JNG,  n.  Act  of  undervaluing.  Shak. 

MIS-PRI§TON  (inis-prlzh'un),  n.  [Fr.  /nip r is, 
contempt ; meprise,  mistake.] 

1.  t Scorn  ; contempt ; neglect.  “ Vile  mis- 
prision.” Shak. 

2.  f Mistake  ; misconception.  Shak. 

3.  (Law.)  Neglect;  oversight;  mistake;  as, 

“ The  misprision  of  a clerk  in  writing  or  keep- 
ing a record.”  — In  criminal  law,  neglect  or 
light  account  made  of  a crime,  or  omission  to 
reveal  it.  Burrill. 

Misprision  of  treason  is  the  bare  knowledge  and 
concealment  of  treason,  without  any  degree  of  assent 
to  it. Misprision  of  felony  is  the  concealment  of  fel- 
ony, which  a man  knows,  but  never  lias  assented  to. 
— Contempts  and  high  misdemeanors  were  formerly 
termed  positive  misprisions.  Burrill. 

MIS-PRIZE',  v.  a.  [i.  misprized;/)/),  mispriz- 
ing, misprized.]  To  slight  or  undervalue. 

O for  those  vanished  hours,  so  much  misprized.  Hillhouse. 

MlS-PRO-CEED'JNG,  n.  A wrong  or  irregular 
proceeding.  Bacon. 

MtS-PRO-FESS',  v.  a.  To  profess  wrong  or  false- 
ly ; to  make  false  professions  of. 

Keep  me  back,  O Lord,  from  them  who  misjjrofess  arts  of 
healing  the  soul  or  the  body.  Donne. 

MIS-PRO-NOUNCE',  V.  71.  [i.  MISPRONOUNCED  ; 

pp.  MISPRONOUNCING,  MISPRONOUNCED.]  To 
pronounce  or  speak  incorrectly.  Milton. 

MlS-PRO-NOUNCE',  v.  a.  To  pronounce  im- 
properly or  incorrectly.  Patrick. 

MIS-PRO-NUN-CI-A'TION  (mis'-pro-nun-she-a'- 
sltun),  7i.  A -wrong  pronunciation.  Maimder. 

MIS-PRO-POR'TION,  v.  a.  To  make  out  of  pro- 
portion to  something  else  ; to  join  without  due 
proportion.  Jolmson. 

MIS-PRO-POR'TION  ED,  p.  a.  Out  of  due  pro- 
portion. 

MIS-PROUD',  a.  Viciously  or  excessively  proud. 

Impairing  Ilenry,  strengthening  misproud  York.  Shak. 

j-  MIS-QUEME',  v.  a.  To  displease.  Chaucer. 

MlS-aUO-TA'TION,  71.  The  act  of  quoting 
wrongly  ; an  erroneous  quotation  ; miscitation. 

MIS-Q.UOTE'  (-kwot'),  V.  a.  \i.  MISQUOTED  ; pp. 
MISQUOTING,  MISQUOTED.]  To  quote  or  cite 
incorrectly.  Arbuthnot. 

f MIS-RAISED',  a.  Raised  falsely.  Bp.  Hall. 

MiS-RATE',  v.  a.  To  rate  or  estimate  wrongly  ; 
to  make  a false  estimate  of.  • Barroto. 

MIS-Rp-CEI  VE',  v.  a.  To  receive  amiss.  Todd. 


MIS-Rp-Cf'TAL,  n.  A wrong  recital.  Hale. 

MIS-Rp-ClTE',  V.  a.  [*.  MISRECITED  ; pp.  MIS- 
reciting,  MISRECITED.]  To  recite  erroneously. 
“ He  7>iisrecites  the  argument.”  Bp.  Bramhall. 

MIS-RECK'ON  (-kn),  V.  a.  [j.  MIS  RECKONED  ; pp. 
misreckoning,  MisitECKONED.]  To  reckon  or 
compute  wrong  ; to  miscalculate.  Swift. 

m!s-RECK'ON-ING,  n.  A wrong  computation. 

MIS-REC-OL-LEC'TION,  n.  Erroneous  recollec- 
tion. Qu.  Rev. 

MIS-RF.-FORM',  v.  a.  To  reform  amiss.  Milton. 

MIS-R E-HEARSE'  (-hers'),  V.  a.  To  rehearse,  re- 
cite, or  quote  wrongly.  Sir  T.  More. 

MIS-RE-LATE',  V.  a.  [t.  MISRELATED  ; pp.  MIS- 
relating,  misrelated.]  To  relate  incorrectly 
or  falsely.  Boyle 

mTs-RF,-LA'TION,  n.  False  relation  ; inaccurate 
narrative.  Bp.  Bramhall. 

MIS-RE-LlG'ION,  n.  Wrong  or  false  religion. 
“ A paganish  misreligion.”  Bp.  Hall. 

MlS-RIJ-MEM'BER,  v.  a.  To  fail  of  remembering 
correctly.  “ Misremembering  one  word.”  Boyle. 

MlS-RE-MEM'BER,  r.  7i.  To  be  mistaken  in  one’s 
recollection  ; to  err  by  failure  of  memory.  Locke. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  V,  short ; A,  ?,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


MISRENDER 


917 


MISSPEND 


MIS-REN'DiJR,  v.  a.  To  render  or  construe 
wrongly ; to  mistranslate. 

They  [the  Psalms]  must  at  least  be  allowed  to  contain  pol- 
ished and  fashionable  expressions  in  their  own  language,  how 
coarsely  soever  they  have  been  misrendered  in  ours.  Boyle. 

MIS-R E-PORT',  v.  a.  [i.  misreported  ; pp.  mis- 
reporting,  misreported.]  To  report  incor- 
rectly ; to  give  a false  account  of. 

A man  that  never  yet 

Did,  as  he  vouches,  misrepdrt  your  grace.  Shak. 

MlS-RE-PORT',  n.  A false  report;  a false  and 
malicious  representation.  South. 

MIS-REP-RP-$ENT',  v.  a.  [i.  misrepresented  ; 
pp.  MISREPRESENTING,  MISREPRESENTED.]  To 
represent  falsely  or  incorrectly;  to  falsify;  to 
misstate,  with  or  without  intent  to  in  jure. Milton. 

MIS-REP-Rp-.spN-TA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  mis- 
representing ; a false  representation. 

They  have  prevailed  by  misrepresentations  and  other  ar- 
tifices. Swift. 

MlS-REP-RI?-§ENT'A-TlVE,  a.  Representing 
wrongly  ; giving  a false  representation.  Swift. 

MIS-REP-Rp-i-iENT'JJR,  n.  One  who  misrepre- 
sents. Bp.  Nicholson. 

Mis-R E-PIJTE',  v.  a.  [i.  MISREPUTED  ; pp.  Mis- 
REPUTING,  misreputed.]  To  repute  wrongly  ; 
to  hold  in  wrong  estimation.  Milton. 

MIS-RULE',  n.  1.  Wrong,  unjust,  or  unwise  rule 
or  government.  S.  Richardson. 

2.  Disorder;  riot;  tumult;  confusion. 

Enormous  riot  and  misrule.  Pope. 

Lord,  of  misrule,  or  Master  of  misrule,  the  chief  of 
a club  or  band  of  revellers.  “ This  lord  of  misrule  in 
their  computations,  or  drunken  meetings,  was  called 
‘ modiperator.’  ” Hakewill. 

f MIS-RU'LY,  £6.  Unruly;  turbulent.  Bp.  Hall. 

MISS,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  mission ; Dut.  <S;  Ger.  missen  ; 
Dan.  miste.  — L.  mitto,  missus .]  [ i . missed  ; 

pp.  MISSING,  MISSED.] 

1.  To  fail  of  hitting  or  reaching  a point  aimed 
at ; as,  “To  miss  the  mark.” 

2.  To  fail  of  finding,  obtaining,  or  securing 
the  right  way  ; to  lose  ; to  forfeit. 

Nor  can  I miss  the  way,  so  strongly  drawn 

By  this  new-felt  attraction.  Milton. 

So  may  I,  blind  Fortune  leading  me. 

Miss  that  which  one  unworthier  may  attain.  Shale. 

3.  f To  do  without ; to  dispense  with. 

We  cannot  miss  him;  he  does  make  our  fire, 

Fetch  in  our  wood.  Shak. 

4.  To  omit ; to  pass  by  ; to  forego  ; to  leave 
out.  “ To  miss  a meal.”  Whole  Duty  of  Man. 

5.  To  perceive  or  feel  the  want  or  absence  of. 

What  by  me  thou  hast  lost  thou  least  shalt  miss.  Milton. 

To  miss  stays , (Naut.)  to  fail  of  going  about  from 
one  tack  to  another.  Dana. 

MISS,  v.  n.  1.  To  fly  wide,  or  fall  short ; not  to  hit. 

Flying  bullets  now, 

To  execute  his  rage,  appear  too  slow; 

They  miss , or  sweep  but  common  souls  away.  Waller. 

2.  To  fail ; to  miscarry  ; not  to  succeed. 

Men  observe  when  things  hit,  and  not  when  they  miss.  Bacon. 

3.  To  make  a false  step  ; to  mistake  ; to  slip ; 
to  fall ; to  lapse  ; to  trip  ; to  err. 

Amongst  the  angels,  a whole  legion 

Of  wicked  sprites  did  fall  from  nappy  bliss; 

What  wonder,  then,  if  one,  of  women  till,  did  miss?  Spenser. 

4.  To  fail  to  obtain,  learn,  or  find  ; — with  of. 
Upon  the  least  reflection,  we  cannot  miss  of  them.  Atterbury. 

MISS,  n.  1.  Sense  of  loss,  absence,  or  want. 

There  will  be  no  great  miss  of  those  which  are  lost.  Locke. 

2.  Mistake  ; omission  ; error  ; failure. 

Without  any  great  miss  in  the  hardest  points  of  grammar. 

. Asc/iam. 

3.  f Hurt,  or  harm  through  accident. 

And  though  one  fall  through  heedless  haste, 

Yet  is  his  miss  not  mickle.  Spenser. 

MISS,  7i. ; pi.  misses.  [Contracted  from  mistress.'] 

1.  A young  girl;  a term  of  respectful  address 
to  an  unmarried  female,  prefixed  to  the  name  ; 
as,  “ Miss  Smith  ”;  “ Miss  Olivia.” 

2.  An  unmarried  female  kept  in  concubinage  ; 
a kept-mistress  ; a concubine  ; a mistress. 

In  this  [the  third  part  of  the  Siege  of  Rhodes]  acted  the  fair 
and  famous  comedian  called  Roxalana,  from  the  part  she 
performed;  and  I think  it  was  the  last,  she  being  taken  to  be 
the  Earl  of  Oxford’s  miss  (as  at  this  time  thev  began  to  call 
lewd  women).  John  Evelyn , 1GG2. 

USf* “ Miss,  at  the  beginning  of  the  last  century, 
was  appropriated  to  the  daughters  of  gentlemen  under 
the  age  of  ten.  Mistress  was  then  the  style  of  grown- 


up unmarried  ladies,  though  the  mother  was  living, 
and,  for  a considerable  part  of  the  century,  main- 
tained its  ground  against  the  infantine  term  of  miss.” 
Todd.  — See  MISTRESS. 

With  respect  to  the  use  of  this  title,  when  two 
or  more  persons  of  the  same  name  are  spoken  of  or 
addressed,  there  is  a good  deal  of  diversity.  Some 
give  the  plural  form  to  the  name ; as,  “The  Miss 
Smiths — others  to  the  title ; as,  “The  Misses 
Smith.”  In  conversation,  the  former  prevails;  in 
written  or  printed  composition,  usage  is  divided  ; and 
in  addressing  letters,  the  latter  is  perhaps  the  more 
common.  The  following  authorities  are  given  in 
favor  of  the  former  mode,  as  used  in  composition  : — 
“ The  Miss  Cotterels.”  James  JYorthcote,  James  Bus- 
well.  “The  Miss  Wilkinsons.”  Ed.  Malone.  “The 
Miss  Flamboroughs.”  Goldsmith.  “ The  Miss  Penns.” 
Richard  Rush.  “ The  Miss  Lees.”  Dr  Quincey.  “ The 
Miss  Mores.”  Wilberforce.  “The  Miss  Porters.”  Ec- 
lectic Review.  “ The  two  Miss  Smiths.”  Chambers’s 
Journal.  — The  following  are  in  favor  of  the  latter 
form: — “The  Misses  More.”  Bp.  Horne.  “The 
two  Misses  Porter.”  Sir  Eg.  Brydges.  “ The  Misses 
Porter.”  Charles  Lamb.  “ The  Misses  Fricker.” 
Sou'hey.  “The  Misses  Gosset.”  Sir  Robert  Peel. — 
Those  grammarians  who  treat  of  the  subject  gen- 
erally favor  the  former  mode,  {Miss  Smiths  ; ) though 
some  make  an  exception  in  addressing  letters, — 
“‘The  Miss  Smiths’  — much  preferable  to  ‘The 
Misses  Smith.’  ” Grant’s  Grammar. 

The  following  remarks  are  quoted  from  Dr.  Croin- 
bie’s  Grammar  : “ Two  or  more  substantives  in  con- 
cordance, and  forming  one  complex  name,  or  a name 
and  title,  have  the  plural  termination  annexed  to  the 
last  only  ; as,  ‘ The  two  Miss  Louisa  Howards ,’  ‘ The 
two  Miss  Thomsons.’  Analogy,  Dr.  Priestley  observes, 
would  plead  in  favor  of  another  construction,  and 
lead  us  to  say,  ‘ The  two  Misses  Thomson ,’  ‘ The  two 
Misses  Louisa  Howard  ; ’ for  if  the  ellipsis  were  sup- 
plied, we  should  say,  ‘ The  two  young  ladies  of  the 
name  of  Thomson  ; ’ and  this  construction,  he  adds, 
he  has  somewhere  met  with.  The  latter  form  of  ex- 
pression, it  is  true,  occasionally  occurs  ; hut  general 
usage,  and,  l am  rather  inclined  to  think,  analogy 
likewise,  decide  in  favor  of  the  former;  for,  with  a 
few  exceptions,  and  these  not  parallel  to  the  examples 
now  given,  we  almost  uniformly,  in  complex  names, 
confine  the  inflection  to  the  last  substantive.  — We 
say,  indeed,  i Messrs.  Thomson  ; ’ hut  we  seldom  or 
never  say,  ‘The  two  Messrs.  Thomson,’  hut  ‘The 
two  Mr.  Thomsons.’  ” In  accordance  with  the  views 
of  Crombie,  T.  K.  Arnold,  in  his  Grammar,  says, 
“ With  respect  to  the  Miss  Thomsons  or  the  Misses 
Thomson , I am  decidedly  for  the  Miss  Thomsons.  No 
one  would  think  of  speaking  as  we  are  told  we  ought 
to  write.” 

Hiley,  in  his  Grammar,  says,  “ In  conversation,  the 
plural  termination  is  annexed  to  the  last  noun  only. 
But  in  composition,  and  in  addressing  letters  to  indi- 
viduals of  the  same  name,  we  pluralize  the  title  ; as, 
‘To  the  Misses  Howard;’  ‘To  Messrs.  Thomson.’ 
But  both  in  conversation  and  in  composition  we  plu- 
ralize only  the  name  of  married  ladies  ; as,  ‘ Mrs. 
IVi'sons  were  there  ; ’ ‘ To  Mrs.  Howards.’  ” — Thus 
also  Dr.  Watts  : — “ May  there  not  be  Sir  Isaac  JSTew- 
tons  in  every  science? — You  must  not  suppose  the 
world  is  made  up  of  Lady  Aurora  Granvilles.” 

Mts'SAL,  n.  [Low  L.  mis  sale,  from  missa , mass  ; 
It.  messalc  ; Sp.  7nisal\  Fr.  7)iissel.]  The  Ro- 
man Catholic  mass-book.  Stillmyjleet. 

MIS'SAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Roman  Catholic 
mass-book.  “ The  missal  sacrifice.”  Hall. 

MIS-SAY'  (mis-sa'),  v.  71.  [i.  MISSAID  ; pp.  MIS- 

saying,  missaid.]  To  speak  incorrectly  or 
falsely.  Hakewill. 

MIS-SAY',  v.  a.  1.  To  speak  ill  of.  Chancer. 

2.  To  say  or  utter  amiss.  Donne. 

MIS-SAY'ING,  7i.  An  incorrect  or  improper  ex* 
pression  ; a bad  word.  Milton. 

f MIS-SEEK',  v.  a.  To  seek  wrongly.  Wyatt. 

f MIS-SEEM',  v.  7i.  1.  To  make  a false  appear- 
ance ; to  appear  falsely.  Spenser. 

2.  To  be  unbecoming ; to  misbecome.  Spenser. 

+ MIS-SEEM'ING,  n.  False  appearance.  Spenser. 

MISSEL-BIRD,  7i.  The  missel-thrush.  Todd. 

t MI§\SEL-DINE,  n.  The  mistletoe.  Ba7'ret. 

MI§S$L-THRUSH,  n.  ( Ornith .)  A large,  Euro- 
pean species  of  thrush,  which  feeds  on  the  fruit 
of  the  mistletoe  ; Turdus  viscivorus.  Eng.  Cyc. 

MISSEL-TOE,  n.  See  Mistletoe.  B)'oiv7ie. 

f MIS-SEM'BLANCE,  7i.  False  resemblance  ; de- 
ceptive appearance.  Spelmaii. 

MIS-SEND',  v.  a.  [i.  missent;  pp.  missendixg, 
missent.]  To  send  amiss  or  incorrectly.  Todd. 

MIS-SERVE',  v . a.  To  serve  unfaithfully.  Bacon . 


MIS-SET',  v.  a.  [i.  misset;  pp.  missetting, 
misset.]  To  set  or  place  wrongly  or  unfitly. 

If  therefore  that  boundary  ...  be  taken  away  or  misset.  Bacon. 

MIS-SHApe',  v.  a.  [i.  misshaped  ; pp.  misshap- 
ing, misshaped  or  misshapen.]  To  shape  ill; 
to  form  or  fashion  ill ; sometimes,  to  direct  ill ; 
as,  “ To  misshape  one’s  course.” 

MIS-SHAPE',  n.  A bad  form.  Wordsworth. 

MlS-SHA'PEN  (-pn),  p.  a.  Ill-shaped;  badly 
formed.  “A  misshapen  figure.”  Pope. 

MIS-SHEATHE',  v.  a.  To  sheathe  amiss,  or  in  a 
wrong  place.  Shak. 

MIS-SHEATHED'  (-shetlid'),  p.  a.  Wrongly 
or  improperly  sheathed.  Shak. 

f mTS-SIE'I-CATE,  v.  n.  [LowL.  missa,  mass,  and 
L .facio,  to  make.]  To  perform  mass.  Milton. 

MlS'SILE,  a.  [L.  missilis  ; mitto,  missus,  to  send  ; 
It.  missile.']  That  may  be  thrown ; that  is  sent 
by  the  hand,  as  a weapon ; missive. 

We  bend  the  bow  or  wing  the  missile  dart.  Pope. 

MlS'SILE,  n.  A weapon  thrown  by  the  hand  or 
by  a machine.  Crahb. 

f MIS— SING',  v.  n.  To  sing  wrong.  Browne. 

MISS'ING,  p.  a.  Absent;  wanting;  not  present. 

MlSS'ING-LY,  ad.  With  omission;  not  con- 
stantly or  continuously.  Shak. 

MIS'SION  (mTsh'un),  n.  [L.  missio  ; mitto,  mis- 
sus, to  send;  It.  missione ; Sp.  mision ; Fr. 
mission.] 

1.  The  act  of  sending,  or  the  state  of  being 
sent ; a commission  ; a being  sent  or  delegated 
by  authority  with  certain  powers  for  certain 
purposes.  “ A mission  of  three.”  Bacon. 

IIow  to  begin,  how  to  accomplish  best, 

Ili  nd  of  being  on  earth  and  mission  high.  Milton. 

2.  A delegation  ; an  embassy ; persons  sent 

to  perform  any  service,  especially  to  propagate 
religion.  Bacon. 

3.  A missionary  station  in  a heathen  country. 

4.  f Dismission  ; discharge  from  service. 

In  Csesar’s  army,  somewhat  the  soldiers  would  have  had, 
yet  only  demanded  a mission  or  discharge.  Bacon. 

5.  ( Theol .)  A power  or  commission  to  preach 

the  gospel ; commission.  Hook. 

MIS'SION,  v.  a.  To  send  on  a mission,  or  with 
a commission,  [r.] 

For  this  was  Risid  missioned  to  the  ships.  Southey. 

MIS'SION-A-RY  (mlsli'un-),  n.  [Fr . missionnaire.] 
One  who  is  sent,  especially  to  propagate  reli- 
gion. “The  Presbyterian  missionary.  Sivift. 

MIS' SION- A-RY,  a.  Relating  to  missions  or  to 
missionaries  ; as,  “ A missionary  fund.” 

MIS'SION-ATE,  v.  n.  To  perform  the  duties  of  a 
missionary.  [Unauthorized.]  Missionary  Mag. 

f MlS'SION-ER,  n.  A missionary.  Drydcn. 

f MIS-SIT',  v.  a.  To  sit  ill  upon.  Chaucer. 

MIS'SIVE,  a.  [It.  missira,  from  L.  mitto,  missus, 
to  send;  Sp.  misivo ; Fr.  missive.] 

1.  Fit  for  sending  ; such  as  is  sent.  “ Letters 

missive.’’  Ayliffe. 

2.  Used  at  a distance  ; thrown  ; missile. 

Ink  is  the  great  missive  weapon  in  all  battles  of  the  learned. 

Swift. 

MIS'SIVE,  n.  1.  A message  ; a letter  sent.  Bacon. 

2.  f A messenger  ; a bearer  of  letters.  Shak. 

f MIS-SOUND',  v.  a.  To  sound  or  utter  incor- 
rectly. Hall. 

MTs'SOY— BARK,  n.  An  aromatic  bark  obtained 
in  the  Eastern  Archipelago.  Simmonds. 

MIS-SPEAK',  v.  a.  To  speak  or  utter  wrong. 

Then  as  a mother  which  delights  to  hear 

Her  early  child  misspeak  hall-uttered  words.  Donne. 

MIS-SPEAK',  v.  n.  To  err,  blunder,  or  mistake 
in  speaking.  Shak. 

fMIS-SPEECH',  n.  A wrong  speech.  Gower. 

MlS-SPELL',  v.  a.  [i.  MISSPELT  or  misspelled  ; 
pp.  misspelling,  misspelt  oj-  misspelled.] 
To  spell  wrong ; to  use  wrong  letters. 

MIS-SPELL'JNG,  n.  A wrong  spelling;  erroneous 
orthography.  Smart. 

MIS-SPEND',  v.  a.  \i.  MISSPENT;  pp.  misspend- 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE. — 9,  9,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  5,  f,  hard;  . j as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


MISSPENDER 


918 


MISTRUST 


ing,  misspent.]  To  spend  or  dispose  of  ill ; to 
waste  ; to  squander  ; to  lavish.  Stil  ling. 

MIS-SPEND'JJR,  n.  One  who  misspends  or  wastes. 

f MIS-SPENSE',  n.  Waste;  ill  use.  Bp.  Hall. 

MIS-STATE',  V.  a.  [i.  MISSTATED  ; pp.  MISSTAT- 
ING, MISSTATED.]  To  state  wrong;  to  falsify; 
to  misrepresent.  Bp.  Sanderson. 

Mis-STATE'M£NTT,  n.  The  act  of  misstating; 
an  erroneous  or  false  statement.  Bp.  Burgess. 

Injustice  both  to  Mr.  Garrick  and  Dr.  Johnson,  I think  it 
necessary  to  rectify  this  misstatement.  ISoswcll. 

MIS-STAYED'  (mls-stacT),  a.  ( Naut .)  Having 
missed  stays.  Mar . Diet. 

MIS-STEP',  v.  n.  To  take  a false  step.  Gower. 

MIS-STEP',  n.  A wrong  or  false  step. 

f Mls-SUC-CESS',  n.  Ill  success.  Bp.  Hall. 

MIS-SUG-(JESTTO.V  (-sug-jest'yun),  n.  A wrong 
or  ill  suggestion  or  intimation.  Bp.  Hall. 

MIS-SU M-M A'TION,  n.  A wrong  summation  ; a 
wrong  aggregate.  Scott. 

MIS-SWEAR',  v.  n.  [*•  misswore  ; grp.  mis- 
S wearing,  MISS  worn.]  To  swear  falsely. 

Smart. 

MIS'SY,  n.  (Min.)  Same  as  Misy.  Smart. 

MIST,  n.  [A.  S.  mist ; Dut.  &:  Sw.  mist ; Icel. 
mistr  ; — L.  misceo,  mixtus,  mistus,  to  mingle.] 

1.  A cloud  that  comes  close  to  the  ground ; a 
small,  thin  rain,  not  perceived  in  single  drops. 

A mist  is  a multitude  of  small,  but  solid,  globules,  which 
therefore  descend.  Grew. 

A cloud  is  nothing  but  a mist  flying  high  in  the  air,  as  a 
mist  is  nothing  but  a cloud  here  below.  Locke. 

2.  Any  thing  that  dims  or  darkens. 

His  passion  cast  a mist  before  his  sense.  Drydcn. 

MIST,  v.  a.  To  cover  with  mist ; to  cloud. 

Lend  me  a looking-glass; 

If  that  her  breath  will  mist  or  stain  the  stone, 

Why  then  she  lives.  Sheik. 

MIST,  v.  n.  To  shed  down  mist ; to  mizzle.  Allen. 

MIS-TA’EN'  (mls-tan'),  p.  A poetical  contraction 
for  mistaken.  “ This  dagger  hath  mista'en.” Shak. 

MIS-TAK'A-BLE,  a.  Liable  to  be  mistaken  or 
misconceived.  Browne. 

MIS-TAKE',  v.  a.  [mis  and  take.  — A.  S.  mistee- 
can,  to  instruct  amiss,  to  misteach,  to  misin- 
form.] [i.  MISTOOK  ; pp.  MISTAKING,  MISTAK- 
EN.] 

1.  To  take,  understand,  or  conceive  wrong ; 
to  misapprehend  ; to  misjudge. 

This  will  make  the  reader  very  much  mistake  and  misun- 
derstand his  meaning.  Locke. 

I am  sorry 

To  hear  this  of  him,  and  could  wish  you  were 
Something  mistaken  in  it.  Shak. 

2.  To  take  one  for  another. 

Fancy  passes  for  knowledge;  and  what  is  prettily  said  is 
mistaken  for  solid.  Locke. 

HGS*  Mistaken,  pj*  to  be  mistaken,  is  often  used  in  a 
peculiar  manner.  In  one  application,  it  signifies 
to  be  in  error , or  to  be  wrong  ; but  in  another  applica- 
tion, it  signifies  to  be  misunderstood  or  misconceived ; 
as,  “ I am  mistaken ,”  **  He  is  mistaken i.  e.  wrong 
in  judgment  or  opinion  : — but,  44  My  opinion,  or  my 
remark,  is  mistaken implies  that  I am  mistaken,  or 
misunderstood,  by  my  hearers.  — Richardson  says, 
44  To  he  mistaken  has  a twofold  application  : — 

“1.  I am  mistaken , — i.  e.  taken,  apprehended, 
wrongly,  erroneously  ; I am  misapprehended,  misun- 
derstood. 

44  2.  I am  mistaken , — i.  e.  taken , led,  drawn  the 
wrong  course  or  path,  astray  : I am  misled,  misguided, 
betrayed  ; and  consequently  I go  wrong  or  astray,  I 
err,  1 misapprehend.  ” 

MIS-TAKE',  v.  n.  To  err  in  judgment  or  opinion ; 
not  to  judge  right ; to  make  a mistake. 

Seldom  any  one  mistakes  in  his  names  of  simple  ideas. 

Locke. 

MtS-TAKE',  n.  1.  A misconception  ; an  error  in 
opinion  ; misapprehension  ; misunderstanding. 

Infallibility  is  an  absolute  security  of  the  understanding 
from  $11  possibility  of  mistake  in  what  it  believes.  Tillotson. 

2.  A slip  ; a blunder  ; a wrong  act  done  un- 
intentionally. 

Thy  sword,  by  a light  mistake , glanced  upon  their  throats. 

Bp.  Hall. 

kCfr*  No  mistake  is  a modern  slang  phrase  to  express 
certainty  or  confidence.  The  Duke  of  Wellington,  in 
a letter  to  Lord  Bathurst,  dated  July  24,  1812,"  wrote, 
44  There  js  no  mistake  ; every  tiling  went  on  as  it 


ought. ” 44  I will  be  there  at  two  o’clock,  and  no  mis- 
take.” That  is,  you  may  depend  upon  it.  Notes 
Queries. 

Syn.  — See  Error. 

MIS-TA'KEN  (mis-ta'kn),  p.  a.  Wrong;  errone- 


ous in  judgment,  view,  or  opinion.  “ Mistaken 
reports.”  ' South. 

MlS-TA'KEN-LY  (mis-ta'kn-le),  acl.  In  a mis- 
taken sense  ; erroneously.  Boyle . 

MIS-TAK'£R,  n.  One  who  mistakes.  Bp.  Hall. 

MIS-TAK'ING,  n.  The  act  of  erring  ; a mistake. 
I have  done  thee  worthy  service. 

Told  thee  no  lies,  made  no  mistakings.  Shak. 

MIS-TAK'JNG-LY,  ad.  Erroneously.  Bogle. 

MIS-TEACH',  v.  a.  [i.  mistauoht ; pp.  Mis- 
teaching,  mistaught.]  and  teach.  — 

A.  S.  mistwean .]  To  teach  wrong.  “ Such 


guides  shall  be  set  over  the  several  congregations 
as  will  be  sure  to  misteach  them.”  Bp.  Sanderson. 

MIS'TpCH,  n.  A bad  habit.  [Local,  North  of 
Eng.]  Halliwcll. 

MIS-TELL',  V.  a.  [».  MISTOLD  ;pp.  MISTELLING, 
mistold.]  To  tell  wrong.  Johnson. 

MIS-TEM'PER,  v.  a.  To  temper  ill;  to  disorder. 

This  inundation  of  mistempered  humor.  Shak. 

MIST— p.Y-CUM'BERED,  p.a.  Loaded  or  burdened 
with  mist.  Smart. 

MIS'TER.  The  pronunciation  of  the  title  Mr., 
the  abbreviation  of  Master. 

Vrc  “ This  form  of  the  word  master  seems  to  have 
been  adopted,  or  at  least  promoted,  for  the  sake  of 
analogy  with  mistress-,  for  mistress,  among  our  old 
writers,  often  had  the  form  of  mastress,  in  order  to 
suit  with  master,  which  was  then  used  where  we  now 
find  mister.’’  Smart.  — See  Master,  Miss,  and  Mis- 
tress. 

f MlS'TJR,  n.  [ Skinner  says,  from  Fr.  mestier, 
It.  mestiero,  the  art  or  business  by  which  any 
one  supports  himself : — both  referred  by  him 
to  L.  mgsterium,  because  every  art  or  craft, 
however  mean,  has  its  own  secrets,  which  it  dis- 
closes only  to  the  initiated.  Richardson .] 

1.  Trade;  occupation;  craft;  skill. 

In  youth  he  learned  a good  mister ; 

He  was  a well  good  wright,  a carpenter.  Chaucer. 

2.  Kind;  sort;  — used  adjectively.  “What 

mister  malady.”  Spenser. 

f MIS'TpR,  v.  n.  To  signify  ; to  import. 

As  for  my  name,  it  mistercth  not  to  tell.  Spenser. 

MIS-TERM',  D.  a.  To  term  erroneously  ; to  miscall. 

f MIS'TJfR-Y,  n.  An  art;  a trade  ; — also  written 
mystery. 

Painting,  sir,  I have  heard  say  is  a mistery.  Shak. 

UCg*  “ The  term  is  still  technical.  An  apprentice 
is  hound  that  ho  may  learn  * The  art  and  mistery  ’ of 
such  a trade.”  Nurcs.  — See  Mister. 

MIST-EX-HAl'ING,  p.  a.  Exhaling  mist.  Scott. 

MIST'FUL,  a.  Clouded,  as  with  mist;  misty. 
“ With  mistful  eyes.”  Shak. 

f MIS-THINK',  v.  n.  \i.  misthought  ; pp.  mis- 
thinking, misthojjght.]  To  think  wrong  or 
erroneously  ; to  err  in  thinking. 

When  they  misthink,  they  lightly  let  it  pass.  Chaucer . 

f MIS-THINK',  v.  a.  To  think  ill  of ; to  have  a 
wrong  or  erroneous  opinion  of. 

How  will  the  country,  for  these  woful  chances, 

Misthink  the  king,  and  not  be  satisfied.  Shak. 

t MIS-THOUGHT'  (-tliftwt'),  n.  A wrong  or  erro- 
neous thought  or  notion.  Spenser. 

MlS-THRiVE',  v.  n.  To  thrive  badly.  Erring. 

MlS-THROW',  v.  a.  To  throw  wrongly.  Gower. 

MIS'TIC,  n.  A kind  of  boat;  mystic.  Cooper. 

f MIS-TIDE',  v.  n.  [A.  S.  mistidan .]  To  betide, 
or  come  to  pass  unfortunately.  Chaucer. 

f MlS-TID'ING,  n.  An  unfortunate  hap.  Chaucer. 

t MlST'I— HEAD,  n.  Mistiness.  Chaucer. 

MlST'I-LY,  ad.  In  a misty  manner;  cloudily; 
obscurely ; unintelligibly.  Chaucer. 

MlS-TIME',  v.  a.  [?‘.  mistimed;  pp.  mistiming, 
mistimed.]  To  time  wrong ; to  do  out  of  time  ; 
not  to  adapt  to  the  time.  “ An  incautious  and 
mistimed  reproof.”  Killingbeck. 


MIS-Tl.ME',  v.  n.  To  neglect  proper  time. 

MlST'1-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  misty; 
cloudiness ; obscurity.  Bacon. 

f MIST'ION  (-yurt), n.  Mixture;  mixtion.  Browne. 

MIS-TI'TLE,  v.  a.  To  call  by  a wrong  title.  Smart. 

Ml^'TLE  (miz'zl),  v.  n.  See  Misle,  and  Mizzle. 

Mlij'TLE-TOE  (mlz'zl-to),  n.  [A.  S.  mistelta ; 
Ger.,  Dan.,  $ Sw.  mistell]  (But.)  A parasitical 
plant  of  the  genus  Viscum,  which  grows  on  fruit 
trees,  and  sometimes  on  the  oak,  thorn,  ash, 
&c.,  forming  a pendent  evergreen  bush,  in  winter 
covered  with  small,  white, very  glutinous  berries ; 
— also  written  misseltoe  and  missletoe.  Loudon. 

The  mistletoe  oftlie  Druids  was  exclusively  that  found  upon 
the  Oakland  was  possibly  so  much  valued  because  of  its  rari- 
ty; for  its  appearance  on  that  tree  is  now  so  rare,  that  many 
persons  have  believed  the  mistletoe  of  the  Druids  either  to 
have  been  some  other  plant  or  to  have  had  no  real  existence. 

Eng-  Cyc. 

MIST'— LIKE,  a.  Resembling  mist.  Shak. 

MIS-TOLD',  i.  & p.  from  mistell.  See  Mistell. 

MIS-TOOK'  (mls-tuk'),  i.  from  mistake. 

MIS-TRAIN',  r.  a.  To  train  or  educate  amiss ; to 
bring  up  wrongly.  Spenser. 

MIS'TRAL,  n.  [It.  maestrale-,  Sp.  maestral;  Fr. 
rnaestral  and  mistral-,  Ger.  mistral .]  A north- 
west wind  in  the  Mediterranean.  Burn. 

MIS-TRANS-LATE',  V.  a.  [i.  MISTRANSLATED  ; 
pp.  MISTRANSLATING,  MISTRANSLATED.]  To 
translate  or  interpret  incorrectly.  Bp.  Hall. 

MIS-TRANS-LA'TION,  n.  An  incorrect  or  errone- 
ous translation.  Leslie. 

MIS-TRANS'PORT,  v.  a.  To  transport  or  carry 
away  wrongly  or  erroneously.  Bp.  Hall. 

MIS-TREAD'ING,  n.  A wrong  treading  or  going  ; 
a misgoing ; a misstep.  Shak. 

MIS-TREAT',  v.  a.  To  treat  ill;  to  maltreat;  to 
abuse,  [r.]  E.  Erring. 

MIS-TREAT'MIJNT,  n.  Ill  treatment;  maltreat- 
ment. Ec.  Ker.  Coleridge. 

MlS'TRESS  (mls'tres  ; — colloquially , in  connection 
with  a proper  name,  nns'sjs ; as,  Mistress,  or 
Mrs.,  (nns'sjs)  Smith),  n.  [L.  magistra  ; magis- 
ter,  a master;  It.  maestra  ; Fr.  mai/resse.] 

1.  A woman  who  governs  ; — correlative  to 
subject,  stare,  or  servant,  and  the  feminine  of 
master.  “ The  mistress  of  the  house.”  Shak. 

2.  She  who  has  something  in  possession. 

While  she  was  mistress  of  herself.  Sidney. 

3.  She  who  has  skill  in  something.  “Mistresses 

of  Wingate’s  Arithmetic.”  Spectator. 

4.  A female  teacher ; an  instructress  of  a 

school.  Swift. 

5.  A woman  beloved  and  courted.  Glaneill. 

6.  A woman  kept  in  concubinage ; a concu- 
bine ; a prostitute ; a strumpet.  Johnson. 

7.  A term  of  contemptuous  address. 

Look  you  pale,  mistress ? 

Do  you  perceive  the  ghastness  of  her  eye?  Shak. 

8.  The  small  ball  in  the  game  of  bowls.  Shak . 

J82T*  It  is  the  proper  style  of  every  lady  who  is  mis- 
tress of  a family,  or  married,  and  not  entitled  by  birth, 
or  in  right  of  her  husband,  to  a higher  style.  — As  a 
prefix  or  title,  it  is,  in  writing,  commonly  abbreviated 
into  Mrs. ; as,  Mrs.  Siddons.  — See  Miss. 

jflgy* 44  The  same  haste  and  necessity  of  despatch 
which  have  corrupted  Master  into  Mister,  have,  when 
it  is  a title  of  civility  only,  contracted  Mistress  into 
Missis. — Thus,  Mrs.  Montague,  Mrs.  Carter,  &c., 
are  pronounced  Missis  Montague,  Missis  Carter,  &c. 
To  pronounce  the  word  as  it  is  written,  would,  in 
these  cases,  appear  quaint  and  pedantic.”  H alker. 

fMIS'TR^SS,  v.  n.  To  court  or  wait  upon  a mis- 
tress ; to  court ; to  woo.  Donne . 

MIS'TR ESS-SHIP,  n.  1.  Female  rule.  Bp.  Hall . 

2.  State  of  a married  woman,  [r.]  Massinger . 

MIS-TRI'AL,  n.  {Law.)  A false  or  erroneous 
trial,  as ’in  a wrong  county.  Whishaw. 

t MIS-TROW',  v.  n.  To  think  amiss.  Goicer. 

MIS-TRUST',  n.  Want  of  confidence  or  trust; 
distrust ; suspicion. 

Not,  then,  mistrust , but  tender  love,  enjoins, 

That  I should  mind  thee  oft.  Milton. 

j MIS-TRUST',  V.  a.  \i.  MISTRUSTED  ; pp.  MIS- 
TRUSTING, MISTRUSTED.] 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short; 


A,  5,  1,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


MISTRUSTER 


919 


MIX 


1.  To  doubt ; to  regard  with  distrust  or  sus- 
picion ; to  distrust ; to  discredit. 

Fate  her  own  book  mistrusted  at  the  sight.  Cowley. 

2.  To  fear ; to  apprehend ; to  suspect  the 
presence  or  approach  of. 

By  a divine  instinct,  men’s  minds  mistrust 

Ensuing  clanger.  Shak. 

MIS-TRUST'£R,  n.  One  who  mistrusts.  Milton. 

MIS-TRUST'FUL,  a.  Suspicious;  distrustful. Shak. 

MlS-TRUST'FUL-LY,  ad.  With  mistrust.  Warner. 

MIS-TRUST'FUL-NESS,  n.  Distrustfulness; 
doubt ; suspicion.  Sidney. 

MIS-TRUST'ING-LY,  ad.  With  mistrust;  with- 
out confidence ; distrustfully. 

MIS-TRUST'LF.SS,  a.  Without  mistrust  or  sus- 
picion ; confident ; unsuspecting.  Goldsmith. 

MlS-TUNE',  v.  a.  [/.  MISTUNED  ; 2}P-  MISTUNINO, 
mistuned.]  To  tune  wrongly  or  falsely ; to  put 
out  of  tune.  Armstrong. 

MIS-TU'RA,  n.  [L. ; misceo,  to  mingle.]  (Med.) 
A mixture  of  different  ingredients  in  a liquid 
state  ; a potion.  Dunglison. 

f MlS-TURN',  v.  a.  To  pervert.  Wickliffe. 

MIS-TU'TOR,  v.  a.  To  instruct  amiss.  Edwards. 

MIST'Y,  a.  1.  Filled  or  overspread  with  mist. 

2.  Resembling  mist.  “ Misty  spray.”  Rowe. 

3.  Obscure;  dim;  not  clear.  Piers  Plouhman. 

MIS-UN-DPR-STAND',  V.  a.  [i.  MISUNDERSTOOD  ; 
pp.  MISUNDERSTANDING,  MISUNDERSTOOD.]  To 
understand  wrong  ; to  misconceive  ; to  mistake. 

MIS-UN-DpR-STAND'ER,  n.  One  who  misun- 
derstands. Dp.  Hall. 

MXS-UN-DER-STAND'ING,  n.  1.  A wrong  under- 
standing; a misconception ; misapprehension. 

2.  Dissension ; disagreement ; difference. 
“ Misunderstandings  among  friends.”  Swift. 

MI  U-RA ' TO.  [It.]  (Mas.)  In  measured  or 
strict  time.  Moore. 

MIS-U§'A<?E  (mls-yuz'aj),  n.  Abuse  ; ill  usage  ; 
ill  use  ; bad  treatment ; misuse.  Spenser. 

MIS-Of-SE'  (mls-yuz'),  v.  a.  [Fr.  mesuseri]  [i. 
MISUSED;  pp.  MISUSING,  MISUSED.] 

1.  To  treat  or  use  improperly  ; to  make  an 
improper  use  of ; to  misapply  ; to  pervert. 

You  misuse  the  reverence  of  your  place.  Shak. 

2.  To  abuse ; to  maltreat.  Wright. 

MIS-USE'  (mls-yus'),  n.  1.  Wrong  or  erroneous 
use,  as  of  words  ; abuse  ; perversion.  Locke. 

2.  Improper  use  ; employment  to  a bad  end. 

“ The  misuse  of  our  mercies.”  Atterbury. 

3.  Abuse ; maltreatment ; evil  or  cruel  usage. 

Upon  whose  dead  corpse  there  was  such  misuse, 

Such  beastly,  shameless  transformation 

By  these  Welshwomen  done.  Shak. 

MIS-USE'MENT,  n.  Wrong  use ; misuse.  Brande. 

MiS-U§'F.R,  n.  1.  One  who  misuses. 

2.  (Law.)  The  abuse  of  any  liberty  or  ben- 
efit. Whishaw. 

MIS-VAL'UE,  v.  a.  To  value  wrongly.  Browne. 

MIS-VOUOH',  V.  a.  [i.  MISVOUCHED  ; pp.  MIS- 
vouching,  misvouched.]  To  vouch,  or  pro- 
duce as  witness,  falsely. 

And  that  very  text  or  saying  ...  is  misvouched.  Bacon. 

\ MIS-WAN'D^R  (inls-won'der),  v.  n.  To  wander 
the  wrong  way.  Chaucer. 

t MIS-WAY',  n.  The  wrong  way.  Chaucer. 

MIS-WEAr'  (mls-wAr'),  v.  n.  To  wear  or  hold  out 
badly ; not  to  wear  well. 

That  which  is  miswrought  will  mis  wear.  Bacon. 

MIS-WED',  v.  a.  & n.  To  wed  or  marry  unfortu- 
nately or  improperly.  Milton. 

f MIS-VVEEN',  v.  n.  To  think  wrongly.  Spenser. 

f MIS-WEND',  v.  n.  To  go  wrong  ; to  misgo. 

Things  miscounselled  must  needs  miswend.  Spenser. 

f MlS-WOM'AN  (-w&m'an),  n.  A bad  or  wicked 
woman.  ’ Chaucer. 

t MIS-WONT',  n.  Omission  of  a wont.  Bp.  Hall. 

t MIS-WOR'SHIP  (mls-wur'shjp),  v.  a.  To  wor- 
ship erroneously  or  improperly.  Bp.  Hall. 


f MIS-WOR'SHIP,  n.  Improper  worship.  Bp.  Hall. 

MIS-WOR'SHIP-P^R  (-wur'shjp-er),  n.  One  who 
worships  improperly  or  erroneously.  Bp.  Halt. 

MIS-WRITE'  (mls-rlt'),  V.  a.  [i.  MISWROTE  ; pp. 
miswriting,  miswritten.]  To  write  improp- 
erly or  incorrectly.  Bp.  Cosin. 

t MIS-WRIT'{NG,  n.  Erroneous  writing.  Baxter. 

MIS-WROUGHT'  (mls-idwt'),  p.  Badly  wrought 
or  worked  Bacon. 

Ml'Sy,  n.  (Min.)  An  impure  sulphate  of  iron  or 
yellow  copperas,  occurring  in  small  crystalline 
scales ; — written  also  missy.  Dana. 

MIS-YOKE',  v.  a.  & n.  To  yoke  or  join  improp- 
erly or  unsuitably.  Milton. 

t MIS-ZEAL'OUS  (mis-zel'us),  a.  Mistakenly 
zealous  ; full  of  false  zeal.  Bp.  Hall. 

MI ' TA,  n.  [Sp.]  A conscription,  or  a division 
made  by  drawing  lots,  among  the  Indians,  for 
any  public  service  or  compulsory  labor  : — trib- 
ute paid  by  the  Indians  to  their  caziques.Sferews. 

t MITCH,  n.  [Fr.  miche. ] A manchet ; a loaf  of 
fine  bread.  Chaucer. 

MlTCH'f.LL,  n.  (Arch.)  A Purbeek  stone,  from 
15  to  24  inches  square,  and  hewn;  — used  in 
building.  Francis. 

MlTE,  n.  [Heb.  USlp,  a little.  — A.  S.  mite ; Dut. 

myter ; Gcr.  miete,  miethe ; Dan.  mid ; Sw. 
mutt.  — Fr.  mite. ] 

1.  (Zo'il.)  A very  minute  animal  of  the  class 

Arachnida,  tribe  Acaridrc , and  genus  Ararus,  of 
which  there  are  various  species,  found  in  water, 
in  the  skin  of  animals,  on  plants,  in  meal, 
cheese,  dried  meat,  &c.  Baird. 

2.  The  smallest  coin  current  among  the  He- 

brews, being  equal  to  one  eighth  of  a Roman 
as,  or  a little  more  than  one  fourth  of  an  Eng- 
lish farthing.  Kitto. 

And  there  came  n certain  poor  widow;  and  she  threw  in 
two  mites , which  make  a farthing.  Mark  xii.  42. 

3.  The  twentieth  part  of  a grain  ; the  small- 
est of  coins.  Cotyrave. 

4.  A minute  particle  ; any  thing  very  small. 

The  ants  thrust  in  their  stings,  and  instil  into  them  a small 

mite  of  their  stinging  liquor.  Ray. 

MI- TEL’ I.  A,  n.  [L.,  a kind  of  turban.'] 

1.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  evergreen,  herbaceous 

plants,  having  the  capsule  in  the  form  of  a 
mitre.  Loudon. 

2.  (Med.)  A scarf  for  suspending  the  arm 

when  hurt ; a sling.  Dunglison. 

Mi ' THRAS,  n.  The  grand  deity  of  the  ancient 
Persians,  supposed  to  be  the  sun,  or  god  of  fire, 
to  which  they  paid  divine  honors.  Brande. 

MITH'RI-DATE,  n.  (Med.)  A compound  electu- 
ary formerly  used,  invented  by  Mithridatcs,  king 
of  Pontus  and  Bithynia.  Dunglison. 

MIT'I-GA-BLE,  a.  [From  L.  mitigo,  to  mitigate.] 
Capable  of  mitigation.  Barrow. 

MIT'I-GANT,  a.  [L.  mitigans.]  Lenient;  leni- 
tive ; mitigating  ; soothing.  Johnson. 

MIT'I-gAtE,  v.  a.  [L.  mitigo,  mitigatus,  from 
mitis,  mild,  soft;  It.  mitigare ; Sp.  mitigar; 
Fr.  mitiger .]  [i.  mitigated  ; pp.  mitigating, 

mitigated.]  To  render  mild,  moderate,  less 
intense,  painful,  or  severe  ; to  alleviate  ; to  mol- 
lify ; to  temper  ; to  assuage ; to  appease. 

Counsel  mitigates  the  greatest  smart.  Spenser. 

To  devise  how  that  which  must  be  endured  may  be  miti- 
gated. Hooker. 

MIT-I-GA'TION,  n.  [L.  mitigatio ; It.  mitigazi- 
one ; Sp.  mitigacion ; Fr.  mitigation.]  The  act 
of  mitigating;  alleviation;  an  assuaging.Bawro. 

mIt'I-GA-TIVE,  a.  [L.  mitigativus ; It.  <Sr  Sp. 
mitigativo ; Fr.  mitigatif]  Having  power  to 
alleviate  or  mitigate  ; lenitive  ; mollifying ; as- 
suaging ; assuasive.  Cotgrare. 

mIt'I-gA-TOR,  n.  One  who  mitigates.  Huloet. 

MIT'I-GA-TO-RY,  a.  Tending  to  mitigate ; soft- 
ening; alleviating.  Mackintosh. 

fMl'TING,  n.  A little  or  tiny  one;  — a term  of 
affection.  Skelton. 

Ml'TRAL,  a.  Resembling  or  pertaining  to  a mitre. 


Mitral  valves,  ( Anat. .)  two  triangular  valves  at  the 
opening  of  communication  between  the  left  auricle  of 
the  heart  anil  the  corresponding  ventricle.  Dunglison. 

Mi'TRE  (ml'tur),  n.  [Gr.  pirpa,  a head-band,  or 
diadem  ; L.  mitra  ; It.  <y  Sp.  mitra;  Fr.  mitre.] 
1.  An  ornament  for  the  head 
worn  by  the  pope  and  cardinals ; 
also,  on  solemn  occasions,  by  Prot- 
estant archbishops  and  bishops  ; a 
kind  of  episcopal  crown,  resem- 
bling a cap  pointed  and  cleft  at 
the  top.  Watts. 

,8®*“  The  two  horns  of  the  mitre  are  genera  ly 
taken  to  bean  allusion  to  the  cloven  tongues,  as  ot  fire, 
which  rested  on  each  of  the  apostles  on  tile  day  of 
Pentecost.”  Hook. 


2.  A head-band  worn  by  Greek  females;  — 

applied  more  particularly  to  the  head-dress  worn 
by  Lydians,  Phrygians,  and  other  natives  of 
Asia  Minor.  P.  Cyc. 

3.  Figuratively,  the  rank  of  bishop  or  abbot. 

4.  (Arch.)  A junction  of 
two  boards,  or  two  pieces 
of  wood,  at  an  angle,  by  a 
diagonal  fitting  ; a line  cut 
straight  across  an  angle, 
where  two  solids  meet;  — 
commonly  applied  when 
the  two  objects  meet  at  a 
right  angle,  in  which  ease 
the  mitre  line,  bisecting 
the  angle,  forms  an  angle 
of  45°  with  both  objects.  Brande. 


Mitre. 


MI'TRE,  v.  a.  1.  To  invest  or  adorn  with  a mitre. 

2.  (Arch.)  To  join  with  a mitre  ; to  unite  at 
an  angle  of  45°.  Wright. 

MI'TRE— BOX  (ml'tiir-hoks),  n.  (Arch.)  A box  or 
trough  for  cutting  mitres,  having  three  sides, 
and  open  at  the  ends.  Francis. 

Ml'TRED  (ml'turd),  a.  1.  Wearing  a mitre; 
adorned  with  a mitre.  “ Mitred  locks.”  Milton. 

2.  (Arch.)  Joined  with  a mitre.  Weale. 

MI'TRE— DRAlN^,  n.  pi.  Drains  laid  under  roads 
to  convey  the  water  to  the  side  drains  ; — called 
also  cross-mitre-drains.  Francis. 


Mi'TRE— JOINT,  n.  (Arch.)  A joint  made  with  a 
mitre.  — See  Mitre. 


MI'TRE— WHEEL,  n.  (Mach.)  Bevel  gear.  — See 
Bevel  Gear.  Weale. 

MlT'RI-FORM,  a.  (Bot.)  Mitre-shaped  ; in  the 
form  of  a peaked  cap.  Gray. 

MIT'TIJN,  n.  [Fr .mitaine;  Sp . mitones.] 

1.  A cover  or  bag  for  the  hand,  differing  from 

the  glove  by  not  having  a separate  cover  for 
each  finger.  Peacham. 

2.  A thin  glove  without  fingers,  for  ladies, 

made  of  silk,  net,  or  lace.  Simmonds. 

To  handle  one  without  mittens,  to  use  one  roughly. 
[Low.] 

f MIT'TIJNT,  a.  [L.  mitto,  mittens,  to  send.] 
Sending  forth ; emitting.  Wiseman. 

MIT'TI-MirS,  n.  [L.,  we  send.]  (Law.) 

1.  A warrant  by  which  a justice  of  the  peace 

commits  an  offender  to  prison.  Burrill. 

2.  In  old  practice,  a writ  for  transferring 
records  from  one  court  to  another.  Whishaw. 

MITTS,  n.  pi.  A colloquial  and  commercial  ab- 
breviation for  mittens.  — See  Mitten.  Hunter. 

MI'TU,  n.  (Ornith.)  A name  applied  to  some 
species  of  curassow.  Eng.  Cyc. 

Mi'TY,  a.  Having  mites.  “ Mity  cheese.”  Smart. 

MIX,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  miscan ; Ger.  mischen  ; Gael. 
&:  Ir.  measg.  — Gr.  pryvioi,  pi(w  ; L.  misceo,  mix- 
tvs  ; It .mischiare;  Sp.  mezclar;  Port,  mexer.] 
\i.  mixed  ; pp.  mixing,  mixed  ; — i.&  p.  some- 
times MIXT.] 

1.  To  unite  or  blend,  as  one  thing  with 
another  ; to  mingle  ; — to  confuse  ; to  confound. 

Yrou  mix  your  sadness  with  some  fear.  Shak . 

2.  To  cause  to  be  joined  or  associated. 

Ephraim  hath  mixed  himself  among  the  people.  Jfos.x ii.8. 

3.  To  form  of  different  substances  or  kinds. 

Argument  mixed  of  religious  and  civil  considerations.  Bacon . 

Mix,  v . n . To  be  blended  or  united  into  one  mass. 
Syn. — To  mix  is  a general  term,  to  denote  the  put- 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  ROLE.  — Q,  <?,  9,  g,  soft;  C,  jG,  5,  g,  hard;  ^ as  z;  £ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


MIXABLE 


920 


MOCKING  • 


tingof  different  things  together.  Different  ingredients 
or  liquids  are  mixed  ; individuals  mix  in  a crowd.  Dif- 
ferent tilings  are  minified  together  ; colors  are  Mended. 
To  confound  is  to  mix  improperly.  To  blend  and  to 
confound  are  mental  operations.  Ideas  and  thoughts 
are  confounded  or  confined-,  events  and  circumstances 
may  be  blended  in  a narrative. 

MIX'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  mixed.  Wright. 

MIXED  (mlkst),  p.  a.  1.  Mingled  together  ; blended 
or  associated  in  one  mass  or  compound. 

2.  Promiscuous  ; composed  of  various  things 
or  various  kinds  ; as,  “ A mixed  company.” 

A mixed  action , (Laic.)  a suit  partaking  of  the  nature 
of  a real  and  of  a personal  action.  Whishaw. — A 
mixed  number,  (Math.)  a number  composed  of  an  in- 
teger and  a fraction. d mixed  angle  or  figure,  ( Oeom.) 

one  contained  by  both  straight  and  curved  lines. — 
Mixed  mathematics,  the  application  of  mathematical 
principles  to  practical  problems,  in  distinction  from 

pure  mathematics.  Daries Mixed  buds,  (Bot.)  buds 

from  which  spring  both  leaves  and  dowers. — Mired 
fecer,  (Med.)  common  continued  fever.  Dunglison. 

MlX'F-D-LY,  or  MIXED'LY,  ad.  In  a mixed  man- 
ner ; confusedly.  Smart. 

+ MIX’EN  (mlk'sn),  n.  [A.  S.  tnixen ; Ger.  mist.] 
A dunghill ; a compost  heap.  Chaucer. 

MiX'gR,  n.  One  who  mixes ; a mingler.  Cotgrave. 

MlX-TI-LIN'E-AL;  a.  [L.  mixtus,  mixed,  and 
linealis,  lineal.]  Consisting  of  a iine,  or  iines, 
part  straight  and  part  curved.  Bp.  Berkeley. 

MiX-TI-LIN'5-AR,  a.  Mixtilineal.  Bp.  Berkeley. 

MIXT'ION  (mlkst'yun),  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  misceo, 
mixtus,  to  mix.]  Act  of  mixing ; mixture. Digby. 

MlXT'LY,  ad.  Mixedly.  Bacon. 

MIXT'IRE  (mikst'yur),  n.  [L.  mixtura ; misceo, 

mixtus,  to  mix ; It.  Sp.  mistura  ; Fr.  mixture .] 

1.  Act  of  mixing,  or  the  state  of  being  mixed. 

2.  A mass  formed  by  mixing  several  things ; 
a compound  of  different  ingredients ; a medley. 

What  if  this  mixture  do  not  work  at  all?  Shah. 

3.  (Med.)  A potion  ; a mistura.  Dunglison. 

4.  (Chcm.)  A mingling  of  different  ingredients 

without  alteration  by  chemical  attraction  be- 
tween their  constituent  elements.  Wright. 

5m(Mus.)  A compound  stop  in  an  organ.  Dw. 

Syn.  — Mixture  is  a general  term  fora  compound 
of  different  ingredients,  or  whatever  things  are  mixed  ; 
a medley  is  a mixture  of  things  not  proper  to  be  mixed  ; 
miscellany  is  a collection  of  different  literary  pieces  or 
essays.  A mixture  of  good  and  evil  , a heterogeneous 
medley  ; a book  of  miscellanies. 

MIZ'MAZE,  n.  Amaze;  a labyrinth.  Locke. 

MIZ'ZEN  (nu/.'zn),  n.  [Tt.  mezzana  ; Sp.  tnesana.] 
(Mailt.)  The  hindmost  of  the  fore  and  aft  sails 
of  a ship  or  a bark;  the  spanker.  Dana. 

MIZ'ZEN,  a.  (Xaut.)  Hindmost;  — pertaining  to 
the  mizzen-mast.  Mar.  Diet. 

MIZ'ZEN— MAST,  n.  The  mast  of  a ship,  nearest 
the  stern  ; hindmost  mast  of  a ship.  Mar.  Diet. 

MIZ'ZEN— RlG'SING,  n.  (Naut.)  The  shrouds  of 
the  mizzen-mast,  with  their  ratlines.  Dana. 

MIZ'ZLE  (mlz'zl),  v.  n.  1.  To  rain  in  imperceptible 
drops  ; to  misle  ; to  mistle;  to  drizzle.  Spenser. 

2.  To  run  away ; to  abscond.  [Low.]  Greeley. 

MlZ'ZLE,  n.  Small  rain  ; mist : misle.  Brockctt. 

MIZ'ZLING,  p.  a.  Falling  in  very  fine  drops. 

MlZ'ZLY,  a.  Misty  ; drizzly.  Palmer. 

MiZ'ZY,  n.  A bog ; a quagmire,  [it.]  Ainsworth. 

MNfl-MON'JC  (ne-mon'jk),  ) a Relating 

MN  E-i\i6n'I-CAL  (ne-mon'e-kal),  ) to  mnemonics; 
assisting  the  memory  ; as,  “ Mnemonic  tables.” 

MNEM-0-Nl"CIAN  (-nlsh'fin),  n.  A teacher  or 
professor  of  mnemonics.  Maunder. 

MNp-MON'ICS  (ne-mon'jks),  n.  pi.  [G  r.  [ivijfjtoviicdj 
from  yufiyy,  memory.]  The  art  of  improving 
and  using  the  memory.  Johnson. 

MNp-MOS'Y-NBi,  n.  [Gr.  M ryyoabvr,.]  (Gr.  Myth.) 
The  mother  of  the  Muses ; the  goddess  Memory. 

MNEM'O-TEjEH-NY  (nSm'o-tck-ne),  n.  [From  Gr. 
ym'i/jy,  memory,  and  rc^vy,  art.]  The  art  of 
memory,  or  an  artificial  method  of  improving 
the  memory.  N.  A.  Rev. 


MJVI- 0-  TIL-  Tl  ’NJE,  n.  pi. 

( Ornith.)  A sub-family 
of  dentirostral  birds  of 
the  order  Passeres  and 
family  Luscinidce ; bush- 
creepers.  Gray. 

MO,  a.  [A.  S .ma. — Gael.  Mniotilta  varia. 

mo.]  More  ; — with  nouns  plural.  “ Calliope 
and  Muses  mo.”  Spenser. 

f MO,  ad.  More  ; longer.  “ Sing  no  mo.”  Shak. 

MO'A (Pal.)  The  New  Zealand  name  for  an 
extinct  bird  of  the  genus  Dinornis.  Owen. 

MO-A-CIli'BO,  n.  A name  for  the  cotton  plant 
in  some  of  the  Pacific  islands.  Simmonds. 

MOAN  (mon),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  mccnan-,  Frs.  mena\ 
Dut.  meenen.]  To  deplore  audibly  ; to  weep  for ; 
to  lament ; to  mourn  ; to  bemoan.  Prior. 

MOAN  (mon),  v.  n.  To  make  lamentation  ; to 
grieve  ; to  mourn.  “ Thus  she  moans.”  Sliak. 

MOAN,  n.  Lamentation  ; audible  sorrow.  Shak. 

MOAN'FUL,  a.  Lamentable  ; expressing  sorrow  ; 
mournful.  Hammond. 

MOAN'FUL-LY,  ad.  With  lamentation.  Barrow. 

MOAN'ING,  n.  An  audible  lamenting.  Smart. 

MOAT  (mot),  tl.  [It.  niota,  mud  ; Sp.  mota-,  Fr. 
motte .]  A ditch  round  a house  or  castle,  filled 
with  water,  for  defence;  a fosse.  Sidney. 

MOAT,  v.  a.  [Fr.  motter.]  To  surround  with  a 
ditch  or  canal,  as  for  the  purpose  of  defence. 

Marianna  of  the  moated  grange.  Shak. 

t MOATE,  v.  n.  [Fr.  mutir .]  To  dung,  as  birds; 
to  mute.  Dryden. 

MOB,  n.  [From  L.  mobilis,  movable.] 

1.  A tumultuous  rout  or  rabble  ; a crowd  ex- 
cited to  some  violent  or  unlawful  act. 

The  rabble  which  attended  the  partisans  of  the  Earl  of 
Shaftesbury,  at  the  latter  end  of  Charles  II. ’s  reign,  arc  said, 
by  Mr.  Toilet,  to  have  been  first  called  “ mobile  vulgus,”  and 
afterwards,  by  contraction,  the  mob-,  and  ever  since  the  word 
mob  has  become  proper  English.  Johnson. 

2.  A kind  of  female  undress  for  the  head  ; — 

called  also  a mob-cap.  Guardian. 

MOB,  v.  a.  [i.  mobbed  ; pp.  mobbing,  mobbed.] 

1.  To  attack  in  a tumultuous  crowd  ; to  har- 
ass by  violence  and  tumult.  Johnson. 

2.  To  wrap  up  in  a mob  or  hood  ; to  moble. 

More. 

MOB'BJSH,  a.  After  the  manner  of  a mob;  tu- 
multuous ; vulgar.  Burke. 

MoB'By,  n.  1.  The  liquid  or  juice  first  expressed 
from  apples  and  peaches,  and  afterwards  distilled 
to  make  apple  or  peach  brandy.  Bowker. 

2.  f A sort  of  drink  made  of  potatoes.  Bailey. 

MOB'— CAP,  tl.  A woman’s  head-dress  ; a mob. 

tMO-BiLE',  or  MOB'II.E  [mo-bel',  IF.  P.  Ja.  K. ; 
mo'bjl,  S.  IVb.  ; mob'jl,  Sm.],  tl.  [L.  tnobilis, 
movable;  It.  mobile-,  Sp.  mobil;  Fr.  mobile.] 
The  populace  ; the  rout ; the  mob.  South. 

f MO-BILE',  or  MOB'lLE,  a.  Movable;  change- 
able ; fickle.  “ The  mobile  people.”  Chaucer \ 

MO-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [L.  mobilitas ; It.  mobilith-,  Fr. 
mobility.] 

1.  Susceptibility  to  motion.  Locke. 

2.  Nimbleness  ; readiness  to  move.  Arbuthnot. 

3.  Fickleness;  inconstancy;  mutability  of 

temper  volatility.  Ainsworth „ 

4.  The  populace  ; the  mob.  [Cant  term.] 

MOB-I-LJ-ZA'TION,  n.  [Fr.  mobilisation.]  Act 

of  mobilizing  ; employment  of  troops  in  active 
service.  Burn. 

MOB'I-LIZE,  v.  a.  [Fr.  tnobiliser.]  (Mil.)  To 
draft  for  active  service,  as  troops  that  are  gen- 
erally stationary.  Burn. 

MOB'— LAW,  n.  Law  or  rule  of  the  mob;  lyneh- 
law ; club-law.  Roget. 

MOB'LE,  or  MO'BLE  [mob'bl,  S.  Ja.  Sm.  Wb. ; 
mo'bl,  W.J.  F.  K .],  v.  a.  To  wrap  up  in  a mob  or 
hood  ; to  mob.  “ The  mobled  queen.”  [ii.]  Shak. 

MOB'— LIKE,  a.  Like  a mob  ; vulgar,  [r.]  Cooke. 

MO-BOC'R  A-CY,  n.  [Eng.  mob,  and  Gr.  n/tartu, 
to  rule.]  The  government  exercised  by  the 
mob  ; the  tyranny  of  the  mob.  Roget. 


f MOB'— O-PIN'ION  (-o-pln'yun),  n.  A vulgar  sen- 
timent or  opinion.  Warburton 

MOB'— READ-fR,  tl.  An  illiterate  reader.  Dryden. 

MOB'— STO-RY,  n.  A vulgar  story  or  tale.  Addison. 

MOC'CA-SON,  n.  1.  An  Indian  shoe  or  sandal, 
made  of  deer  skin  or  other  soft  leather,  without 
a stiff  sole,  and  commonly  ornamented  round 
the  ankle  : — a loose  cover  for  the  foot. Murray. 

Q3T  It  is  an  Indian  word,  and  often  written  mocca- 
sin, and  also  often  written  and  pronounced  moggason. 

2.  (Herp.)  A poisonous  water  serpent,  found 
in  the  Southern  States  of  the  American  Union, 
nearly  allied  to  the  rattlesnake,  but  without  a 
rattle;  Trigonocephalus piscivorus.  Wright. 

MO'FHA  (mo'kj),  n.  A weight  in  Abyssinia, 
equal  to  a troy  grain.  Simmonds. 

MO'GHA-COF'F^E,  n.  [From  Mocha,  in  Arabia.] 
The  best  kind  of  Arabian  coffee.  Simmonds. 

MO'CIIA— STONE  (m5'k?-ston),  n.  (Min.)  A chal- 
cedony containing  within  dendritic  or  moss-like 
delineations  of  an  opaque  brownish-yellow  color, 
which  are  due  to  oxide  of  manganese  or  iron  ; 
moss-agate.  Dana. 

MoqilE  (mosh),  n.  [Fr.]  A bale  or  package  of 
raw  silk,  as  imported.  Simmonds. 

MOCK,  v.  a.  [Gr.  pMxdopat ; Fr.  moquer.  — W. 
mocio .]  [*.  MOCKED;  pp.  MOCKING,  MOCKED.] 

1.  To  imitate  in  derision;  to  mimic  in  con- 
tempt; to  ape. 

Mocking  marriage  with  a dame  of  France.  Shak. 

2.  To  deride;  to  laugh  at;  to  ridicule;  to 
jeer  ; to  gibe;  to  treat  with  ironical  pleasantry. 

There  came  forth  little  children  out  of  the  city,  and  mocked 
him,  saying,  Go  up,  thou  bald  head.  2 Kings  ii.  23. 

3.  To  defeat;  to  elude;  to  balk;  to  disap- 
point. 

And  with  his  spirit  sadly  I survive 

To  mock  the  expectations  of  the  world.  Shak. 

4.  To  fool;  to  tantalize  ; to  banter;  to  rally. 

lie  will  not 

Mock  us  with  his  blest  sight,  then  snatch  him  hence.  Milton. 

Syn. — See  Ridicule,  Scoff. 

MOCK,  v.  n.  To  make  contemptuous  sport ; to 
sneer;  to  scoff.  “To  mock  at  form.”  Shak. 

MOCK,  n.  [W.  moc.]  1.  Ridicule ; derision  ; 
sneer  ; jibe  ; an  expression  of  contempt.  “ Fools 
make  a mock  at  sin.”  Prov.  xiv.  9. 

2.  Imitation  ; mimicry. 

Now  reach  a strain,  my  lute. 

Above  her  mock,  or  be  for  ever  mute.  Crashaiv. 

jyiockes  and  mowes , derisive  insults  by  making 
mouths  or  faces.  Spenser. 

MOCK,  a.  False  ; counterfeit ; feigned  ; not  real ; 
sham ; pretended.  “ Mock  majesty.”  Spectator. 

MOCIv'A-BLE,  a.  Exposed  to  derision,  [r.]  Shak. 

fMOCK'A-DO,  n.  A kind  of  cloth  made  in  imi- 
tation of  velvet ; mock-velvet.  Puttenham. 

f MOCK'A^E,  n.  Mockery.  Burton. 

f MOCK'EL,  or  MOGH'EL,  ti.  Much.  Spenser. 

MOCK'— EP-IC,  a.  Mocking  or  burlesquing  epic 
poetry.  Warburton. 

MOCK'— EP-IC,  tl.  A burlesque  imitation  of  an 
epic  poem.  Savage. 

MOCK'pR,  n.  One  who  mocks;  a scorner ; a 
scoffer ; a derider.  South. 

MOCK'pR-Y,  n.  [Fr.  moquerie .] 

1.  The  act  of  mocking;  derision;  scorn  ; rid- 
icule; sportive  insult ; contemptuous  mimicry. 

The  laughing-stock  of  fortune’s  mockeries.  Spenser. 

2.  Sport ; subject  of  ridicule  or  laughter. 

Of  the  holy  place  they  made  a mocker}/.  2 Mac.  viii.  17. 

3.  Vanity  of  attempt ; fruitless  labor. 

It  is  as  the  air  invulnerable, 

And  our  vain  blows  malicious  mocker}/.  Shak. 

4.  Imitation  ; counterfeit  appearance  ; show. 

And  bear  about  the  mockery  of  woe 
To  midnight  dances.  Pope . 

Syn.  — See  Derision,  Ridicule. 

MOCK'— HE-RO'IC,  a.  Burlesquing  the  heroic, 
in  action,  in  character,  in  poetry,  &c.  Addison. 

MOCK'ING,  n.  Mimicry  ; mockery  : — scorn  ; de- 
rision. 


A,  E,  !,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  JJ,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  fAr,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


MOCKING-BIRD 


921 


MODESTY 


MOCK'ING— BIRD,  n.  ( Or- 
nith.)  A species  of  thrush, 
of  the  order  Passeres  and 
family  Turdidce;  a fine 
American  song-bird  which 
has  the  faculty  of  imitat- 
ing almost  any  sound ; 
Mimus  polyg/ottus. 

Eng.  Cyc. 


MOCK'ING-LY,  ad.  With 
mockery  ; insultingly. 


MOCK'ING— STOCK,  n.  A 
butt  for  merriment. 

Oldham. 


Mocking-bird 
(Minnas  polyg/ottus). 


f MOCK'ISH,  a.  Counterfeit;  sham.  Sir  T.  More. 

MOCK'-LEAD,  n.  A miner’s  name  for  blende,  or 
sulphuret  of  zinc  ; black-jack.  Simmonds. 

MOCK'-NIGHT-IN-GALE,  n.  A bird  ; the  black- 
cap. [Local,  Eng.]’  Pennant. 

MOCK'— ORE,  n.  Mock-lead.  Wright. 

MOCK'— OR-AN<j!E,  n.  ( Bot .)  A deciduous  shrub 
of  the  genus  Philadelphus.  Loudon. 

MOCK'— PRl  V-pT,  n.  (Bot.)  An  evergreen  shrub 
of  the  genus  Phillyrea.  Wright. 

MOCK'— RAIN-BOW,  n.  An  ideal  rainbow.  Pope. 

MOCK'-SUN,  n.  An  image  of  the  sun  ; a par- 
helion. Goldsmith. 

MOCK'— TUR-TLE,  n.  A soup  made  with  calf’s 
head,  veal,  and  condiments.  Simmonds. 

MOCK'— VEL- VET,  n.  An  imitation  of  velvet; 
mockado.  [r.]  Overbury. 

MO'CO,  n.  (Zo'il.)  A South  American  quadru- 
ped, smaller  than  the  guinea-pig,  belonging  to 
the  order  Rodentia  ; Kerodon  moco.  Eng.  Cyc. 

MO-CUD' DUM,  n.  The  Hindostanee  name  for 
the  head  ryot  in  a village  ; a collector  of  gov- 
ernment rents.  Simmonds. 

MO'DAL,  a.  [L.  modalis ; modus,  a measure,  a 
mode;  It.  module ; Sp.  modal ; Fr.  module.) 
Relating  to  the  mode  or  form,  as  distinct  from 
the  essence;  adventitious;  conditional. 

When  we  speak  of  the  faculties  of  the  soul,  we  assert  not, 
with  the  schools,  their  real  distinction  from  it,  but  only  a 
modal  diversity.  Glanvill. 

Modal  proposition , (Logic.)  one  which  asserts  that 
the  predicate  exists  in  the  subject  in  a certain  mode  or 
manner.  W /lately. 

MO'DAL-IST,  n.  ( Tlieol .)  One  who  adheres  to 
modal  form  or  existence.  Jared  Sparks. 

MO-DAL'I-TY,  n.  (Met.)  A modal  form,  state,  or 
accident ; a term  denoting  the  most  general 
points  of  view  under  which  the  different  objects 
of  thought  present  themselves  to  the  mind. 

In  the  philosophy  of  Kant,  our  judgments  are  reduced 
under  the  four  heads  of  quantity,  quality,  relation,  and  mo- 
dality. . . . The  category  of  modality  includes  possibility  and 
impossibility,  existence  and  non-existence,  necessity  or  con- 
tingency. Fleming. 

t MOD'D^R,  n.  A girl.  — See  Mauther.  Huloet. 

MODE,  n.  [Goth,  mods.— Gael.  &;  Ir.  modh.  — L. 
modus-,  It.  A Sp.  modo ; Fr  .mode.] 

1.  A state  or  manner  of  existence;  manner; 
method  ; way  ; process  ; form  ; fashion  ; de- 
gree ; quality;  modification  ; affection  ; accident. 

The  manner  in  which  a thing  exists  is  called  a mode  or  af- 
fection; shape  and  color  are  modes  of  matter;  memory  and 
joy  are  modes  of  mind.  Taylor. 

Modes  or  modifications  of  mind,  in  the  Cartesian  school, 
mean  merely  what  some  recent  philosophers  express  by 
states  of  mind.  Hamilton. 

2.  Fashion;  custom;  prevailing  style. 

If  faith  itself  has  different  dresses  worn, 

What  wonder  modes  in  wit  should  take  their  turn ! Pope. 

3.  (Mus.)  A term  applied  to  the  two  varieties, 
major  and  minor,  of  the  diatonic  scale,  or 
series  of  tones  employed  in  modern  music ; 
more  rarely  used  for  key  ; as,  “ The  twelve  ma- 
jor and  twelve  minor  modes  or  keys.”  — Some- 
times written  mood. 

HOP  In  the  old  Greek  music  each  note  could  be- 
come, as  in  the  modern,  the  key-note  of  a new  key  or 
scale;  but,  as  there  was  no  introduction  of  new  semi- 
tones, this  change  of  key  became  a change  of  mode., 
in  the  same  sense  as  our  major  and  minor  ; hence  the 
Greeks  had  many  modes  ; as,  “ The  Dorian  mode  ” ; 
t£  The  Lydian  mode,”  &,c.  Diciyltt. 

4.  (Gram.)  The  form  of  a verb  showing  the 


manner  in  which  the  being,  action,  or  passion 
is  represented  ; — written  also  mood.  Murray. 

5.  A kind  of  thin  silk.  Johnson. 

Syn.  — See  Way. 

MOD'LL  [mod 'el,  S.  W.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  ; 
mod  fill,  Wb.],  n.  [L-  modulus ; It.  modulo,  mo- 
deUo  ; Sp.  modelo ; Fr.  modile.) 

1.  A pattern  in  reduced  size  of  something  to  be 
made  or  copied  on  a larger  scale  ; archetype  ; pro- 
totype. “ Model  of  Solomon’s  palace.”  Hooker. 

A.  A copy  or  representation  of  something  ac- 
tually existing;  representation  or  structure  in 
miniature.  _ Shah. 

3.  A mould,  as  for  castings  ; any  thing  which 

shows,  or  gives  the  shape  of,  that  which  it  en- 
closes. Sliak. 

4.  A specimen  ; an  example. 

5.  That  by  which  any  thing  is  measured;  a 
standard ; a gauge. 

III!  that  despairs  measures  Providence  by  his  own  little 
contracted  model.  South. 

Syn.  — See  Copy. 

MOD'LL,  V.  a.  [i.  MODELLED  ; pp.  MODELLING, 
modelled.]  To  plan  ; to  shape;  to  mould;  to 
form ; to  fashion  ; to  delineaft.  Milton. 

MOD'IJL-LIJR,  n.  One  who  moulds  or  models  ; a 
planner.  “ Modellers  of  gardens.”  Addison. 

MOD'EL-LING,  n.  The  art  or  the  practice  of 
forming  models,  as  in  statuary,  architecture, 
& c.  Qu.  Rev. 

MO-DE'NA,  n.  A crimson-like  color.  Wright. 

MO'DIJR,  n.  [A.  S.  moder,  mother.]  (Mcch.)  The 
matrix  or  principal  plate  of  an  astrolabe,  into 
which  the  other  parts  are  fixed.  Crabb. 

f MOD'pR,  v.  a.  To  moderate.  Berners. 

f MOD'ER-A-BLE,  a.  [L.  moderabilis .]  Moder- 
ate ; temperate.  Cockeram. 

f MOD'J3R-ANCE,  ii.  Moderation.  Caxton. 

MOD'I5R-AN-t!§M,  n.  [Fr.  modirantisme.]  Mod- 
eration in  politics.  Williams,  1795. 

MOD'ER-ATE,  a.  [L.  moderatus  ; Fr . modere.] 

1.  Temperate;  measured;  not  excessive. 

Sound  sleep  cometh  of  moderate  eating.  Ecclus.  xxxi.  20. 

2.  Not  luxurious;  not  expensive;  cheap; 
frugal ; sparing.  “ A moderate  table.”  Sliak. 

3.  Not  hot  of  temper;  deliberate;  cool; 
mild;  reasonable. 

A number  of  moderate  members  managed  with  so  much 
art  as  to  obtain  a majority.  Swift. 

4.  Placed  between  extremes,  as  in  opinion, 
party,  &c.  ; not  extreme  or  violent.  Hooker. 

MOD'ER-ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  modero,  moderatus ; mo- 
dus, a measure;  It.  moderare ; Sp.  moderar ; 
Fr.  moderer .]  \i.  moderated  ; pp.  moderat- 

ing, moderated.] 

1.  To  regulate  ; to  restrain ; to  still ; to  paci- 
fy ; to  quiet ; to  repress  ; to  subdue  ; to  lessen  ; 
to  mitigate  ; to  make  temperate  ; to  temper. 

Pray,  goody,  please  to  moderate 

The  rancor  of  your  tongue.  Old  Song. 

2.  To  decide  as  a moderator. 

It  passeth  mine  ability  to  moderate  the  question.  Carew. 

MOD'ER-ATE,  v.  71.  1.  To  become  less  violent, 

intense,  or  excessive.  Hudibras. 

2.  To  preside  as  moderator.  Bp.  Barlow. 

MOD'ER-ATE,  a.  Of  middle  rate  or  quality;  me- 
diocre. 

More  moderate  gifts  might  have  prolonged  his  date.  Dri/den. 

MOD'JER-ATE-LY,  ad.  1.  With  moderation ; 
temperately ; mildly.  Johnson. 

2.  In  a middle  degree ; not  extremely. 

Each  nymph  but  moderately  fair.  Waller. 

MOD'JER-ATE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  mod- 
erate; a middle  state  between  extremes;  — used 
rather  of  things  or  qualities,  as  moderation  is  of 
persons.  Johnson. 

MOD'ER-ATES,  n.pl.  (Eccl.  Hist.)  A party  in 
the  Church  of  Scotland  which  arose  early  in  the 
eighteenth  century,  and  claimed  the  character 
of  moderation  in  doctrine,  discipline,  and  church 
government.  Ogilvie. 

MOD-ER-A'TION,  n.  [L .moderatio-.  It . modera- 
zio7ie  ; Sp.  7noderacio7i ; Fr.  moderation .] 

1.  The  state  of  being  moderate,  or  of  keep- 
ing a due  mean  between  extremes;  restraint; 


forbearance  ; temperance  ; sobriety  ; calmness ; 
frugality. 

Let  your  moderation  be  known  unto  all  men.  Fhil.  iv.  5. 

2.  The  act  of  presiding  in  an  ecclesiastical 
assembly.  Jamieson. 

Syn. — See  Modesty. 

MOD'JJR-A-TIljM,  7i.  The  views  and  practices  of 
persons  styled  /noderates ; moderate  principles, 
either  in  religion  or  in  politics.  Dr.  Candlish. 

From  its  long  sleep  of  moderation  tile  Scottish  church 
awoke.  Ec.  Rev. 

MOD-E-rA'TO.  [It.]  (Mus.)  In  a moderate 
time,  neither  quick  nor  slow;  a little  quicker 
than  andante ; — commonly  used  to  qualify 
another  term,  as  allegro  moder ato.  Dwight. 

MOD'ER-A-TOR,  n.  [L.]  1.  He  who,  or  that 

which,  moderates.  Wotton. 

2.  One  who  presides  in  an  assembly  where 
there  is  discussion  ; a president  or  chairman.' 

MOD-IJR-A'TOR-SHIP,  n.  The  office  or  the  state 
of  a moderator.  Craig. 

MOD'f,R-A-TRlX,  n.  [L.]  A woman  who  mod- 
erates or  governs.  Warburton. 

j-  MoD'ERE,  v.  a.  To  moderate.  Berners. 

MOD'ERN,  a.  [L.  modernus,  from  modo,  just 
now;  It.  § Sp . modertio  ; Fr.  modenie.] 

1.  Of  the  present  time ; late  ; recent ; not  an- 
cient ; not  antique  ; novel ; new.  Bacott. 

2.  j-  Trite  ; common  ; vulgar ; mean. 

Full  of  wise  saws  and  modem  instances.  Shah. 

Syn.  — See  New. 

MOD'ERN,  n. ; pi.  moderns.  A person  of  mod- 
ern times  ; not  an  ancient.  Sivift. 

“ Tile  moderns  are  those  of  modern  nations,  or 
of  nations  which  arose  out  of  the  ruins  of  the  empires 
of  Greece  and  Rome.”  Smart. 

MOD' g RN- BRED,  a.  Having  a modern  or  fash- 
ionable education.  Calebs. 

MOD'ERN-I§M,  n.  1.  Something  modern  ; some- 
thing recently  made  or  introduced. 

There  is  to  us  more  of  touching  pathos,  heart-thrilling  ex- 
pression, in  some  of  the  old  psalm  tunes  than  in  a whole 
batch  of  modernisms.  Black  wood. 

2.  A modem  phrase,  idiom,  or  mode  of  ex- 
pression. Swift. 

3.  The  principles  and  practice  of  the  most 

modern  times.  - Swift. 

MOD'ERN-IST,  n.  One  who  admires  the  mod- 
erns or  what  is  modem.  Swift. 

MO-DERN'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being  modern. 

Symptoms  of  modernity  and  imposture.  Dr.  Gilly. 

MOD-ERN-I-ZA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  moderniz- 
ing; act  of  adapting  to  modern  taste.  Southey. 

Dryden’s  most  thankless  task,  his  moderniz  ition  of  Chau- 
cer.  Brit.  Qu.  Rev. 

MOD'gRN-iZE,  v.  a.  [i.  modernized;  pp.  mod- 
ernizing, modernized.]  To  render  modem  ; 
to  adapt  to  modern  taste  or  usage. 

He  modernized  the  more  ancient  narratives.  IVarton. 

MoD'ERN-IZ.-IsR,  7i.  One  who  modernizes.  “Mod- 
ernizer of  the  Latin  satirists.”  Wakefield. 

f MOD'pRN-LY,  ad.  In  modem  times.  Craig. 

MOD'IJRN-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  modern  ; 
recentness ; novelty.  Johnson. 

MOD'IJST,  71.  [L.  modestus-,  modus,  measure; 

It.  Sp.  modesto ; Fr.  7nodeste.] 

1.  Restrained  by  a sense  of  propriety  or  of 
self-distrust;  diffident;  bashful;  reserved;  not 
arrogant;  not  bold  or  impudent;  not  forward; 
meek;  humble.  “A  modest  maid.”  Dryden. 

2.  Not  loose  ; not  lewd  ; not  unchaste  ; decent. 

Mrs.  Ford,  the  honest  woman,  the  modest  wife.  Shah. 

3.  Moderate;  not  excessive;  not  extrava- 
gant. “ A modest  computation.”  Addison. 

Syn.  — See  Humble. 

MOD'IJST-LY,  ad.  In  a modest  manner  ; moder- 
ately ; not  arrogantly  ; not  presumptuously  : — 
not  wantonly;  not  lewdly:  — not  extravagant- 
ly ; with  moderation.  Jolmsoti. 

MOD'EST— SEEM'ING,  a.  Presenting  an  air  of 
modesty.  Thomson. 

MOD'JJS-TY,  n.  [L.  modestia-,  It.  ts  Sp.  modes- 
tia  ; Fr.  modestie .] 

1.  The  quality  or  the  state  of  being  modest ; 
freedom  from  arrogance  or  presumption  ; hum- 


MiEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 
116 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — <^,  £,  g,  soft;  £J,  G,  £,  1,  hard;  § as  z;  ^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


MODESTY-PIECE 


922 


MOIL 


ble  sense  of  one’s  own  importance ; self-dis- 
trust ; diffidence  ; modest  bearing. 

Modestn  is  a kind  of  shame  or  bnshfulness  proceeding  from 
. tire  sense  a man  lias  of  Ins  own  detects  compared  with  the 
perfections  of  him  whom  he  comes  before.  South. 

2.  Decency  ; chastity  ; purity  of  manners. 

Talk  not  to  a lady  in  a way  that  modesty  will  not  permit 
her  to  answer.  A'.  Richardson. 

MOD'iJS-TY-PlECE,  it.  A narrow  lace,  worn  by 
females  along  the  upper  part  of  the  stays  be- 
fore,  Addison. 

t MO-DI-A'TION,  n.  [L.  modiatio,  from  modius. 
a peck.]  A*  measure.  “Custom,  tolls,  and 
modiations  of  wine.”  Tovey. 

f MO-DIQ'I-TY,  n.  [Fr.  modicite.]  Moderate- 
ness ; meanness  ; littleness.  Cotgrace . 

MOD'I-CUM,  n.  [L.]  A small  portion;  mean 
allowance  or  allotment  ; pittance  ; a fragment. 

What  modicums  of  wit  he  utters!  Shale. 

MOD'I-FI-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  bemodified.  “Va- 
riously modifiable  matter.”  Locke. 

MO-DlF-I-CA-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  capability  of  be- 
ing modified,  [n.]  Coleridge. 

fMO-DlF'I-CA-BLE,  a.  Modifiable.  Bailey. 

f MOD'I-FI-CAte,  v.  a.  To  qualify.  Pearson. 

MOD-I-FI-CA'TION,  n.  1.  The  act  or  the  process 
of  modifying ; a bringing  into  a mode  ; altera- 
tion ; variation  ; qualification.  Fleming. 

2.  A form ; a mode  ; a manner  of  being. 

If  it  [the  soul]  be  neither  matter  nor  any  modification  of 
matter.  CUtrke. 

MOD’I-FI-CA-TIVE,  n.  [Fr.  modificatif]  That 
which  modifies  ; a modifying  word,  [it.]  Fuller. 

MOD'j-FIED,  p.  a.  Changed  in  form;  moderat- 
ed ; altered  ; qualified. 

MOD'j-Fl-f  R,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  modi- 
fies. Ihttne. 

MOD'I-FY,  v.  a.  [L.  modificor,  from  modus , a 
measure,  and  facio,  to  make  ; It.  modificare  ; 
Sp.  modificar ; Fr.  modifier.']  [i.  modified; 
pp.  MODIFYING,  MODIFIED.] 

1.  To  impress  any  mode,  accident,  or  outward 

quality  upon ; to  shape;  to  adapt;  to  qualify; 
to  differentiate ; to  make  special  in  form  or 

signification  ; to  bring  into  a mode.  Fleming. 

Yet  there  is  that  property  in  all  letters  of  aptness  to  be 
conjoined  in  syllables  and  words  through  the  voluble  motions 
of  the  organs,  that  they  modify  and  discriminate  the  voice 
without  appearing  to  discontinue  it.  Holder. 

2.  To  alter ; to  vary ; to  bring  into  a new 
mode  or  form;  as,  “To  modify  a law.” 

3.  To  moderate  ; to  qualify  ; to  soften. 

lie  modifies  his  first  severe  decree.  Drydcn. 

Syn.  — See  Qualify. 

MOD'I-FY-ING, p.  a.  Altering;  extenuating. 

MO-DlL'LION  (mo-dil'yun),  n. 

It.  modiglione ; Fr.  modilr 

Ion.]  (Arch.)  An  enriched  block,  or  horizontal 

bracket. 

A series  of  modillions,  ranged  at  regular  distances  apart 
(whence  their  name),  serve  to  support  the  corona  of  the  Co- 
rinthian and  composite  cornices.  Less  ornamented,  they  are 
sometimes  used  in  the  Ionic  entablature.  Britton. 

MO-Dl'O-LAR,  a.  [L.  modius,  a measure.]  ( Ga- 
ol.) Bushel-shaped.  Smart. 

MO-Di'O-LCs,  n.  [L.,  nave  of  a wheel.]  (Anal.)  A 
hollow  cone  in  the  cochlea  of  the  ear.  Dunglison. 

MO'DISH,  a.  Conformed  to  the  mode  ; fashiona- 
ble ; stylish.  “ A modish  feast.”  Drgden. 

MO'DISH-LY,  ad.  In  a modish  manner  ; fashion- 
ably ; stylishly.  Locke. 

MO'DISH-NESS,  n.  1.  Fashionableness.  Bailey. 

2.  Affectation  of  the  fashion.  Johnson. 

MO'DIST,  n.  A follower  of  the  fashion.  Qu.  Rev. 

MO' Dl-Os,  n.  [L.]  (Rom.  Ant.)  A measure  for 
corn,  containing  sixteen  sextarii,  or  about  a 
peck.  Andrews. 

MO' DO  ET  FOR' MJf.  [L.]  (Law.)  In  manner 
and  form  ; — words  used  in  the  old  Latin  forms 
of  pleadings.  Burrill. 

MOD'U-LATE  (mod'yu-lat)  [mod'Q-lat,  J.  F.  Ja. 
Wr. ; mod'u-lat  or  mod'ju-lat,  IF.  ; mod'ju-lat, 


S.],  v.  a.  [L.  modulo,  modulatus ; It.  modu- 
lare ; Sp.  modular ; Fr.  moduler.]  [i.  modu- 
lated ; pp.  MODULATING,  MODULATED.]  To 
inflect  or  adapt,  as  the  voice  or  sounds ; to  vary 
by  some  law  of  unity  or  beauty  ; to  mould  to 
rhythmic  or  melodious  form  ; to  attune  ; to  tune. 

The  nose,  lips,  teeth,  palate,  jaw,  tongue,  wcasand,  lungs, 
all  serve  to  make  or  modulate  the  sound.  (drew. 

The  master’s  hand,  in  modulated  air, 

Bids  the  loud  organ  breathe.  Somerville. 

MOD'U-LATE,  v.  n.  (Mus.)  1.  To  pass  from 

one  key  into  another,  or  from  the  major  into 
the  minor  mode.  Dwight. 

2.  To  sing,  or  play,  or  pass  from  tone  to  tone, 
in  a musical  manner,  with  relation  to  a certain 
key.  Dwight. 

MOD-U-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  modulatio  ; It.  modula- 
zione;  Sp.tnodulacion  ; Fr.  modulation.] 

1.  The  act  of  modulating  or  forming  to  due 

measure  and  proportion.  Woodward. 

2.  The  art  of  inflecting  the  voice  or  any  in- 

strument musically  and  agreeably  ; the  musi- 
cal rising  and  falling  of  the  voice  or  any  thing 
sonorous.  London  Ency. 

3.  Sound  modulated  ; harmony  ; melody. 

Innumerous  songsters,  in  the  freshening  sluide. 

Their  modulations  mix  mellifluous.  Thomson. 

4.  (Mus.)  The  art  or  the  act  of  passing  from 

one  key  into  , a related  key  ; the  science  of 
modes  and  keys  ; a transition  from  one  key  into 
another.  Dwight. 

5.  (Arch.)  The  proportioning  of  a column  or 

of  the  different  parts  of  a whole  building,  ac- 
cording to  modules.  Ogilvie. 

MOD'U-LA-TOR,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  mod- 
ulates or  attunes  ; a tuner.  Whitlock. 

MOD'ULE  (mod'yul)  [inod'jul,  .S.  IF.;  mod'ul,  J. 
F.  ja.  Wr.],  n.  [L  modulus  ; Fr.  module.] 

1.  A model  ; a mould  ; a pattern.  Bacon. 

2.  (Arch.)  A measure  or  unit  of  size,  taken 
from  some  one  part,  for  regulating  the  propor- 
tions of  the  whole  building. 

The  diameter  of  n column  at  the  base  is  usually  taken  as 
the  module’,  this  is  divided  into  sixty  parts  or  minutes,  and 
any  part  of  an  architectural  composition  is  said  to  be  so  many 
modules  and  minutes  in  height  or  breadth.  Britton. 

f MOD'ULE,  v.  a.  [L.modulor.]  To  model;  to 
modulate.  Drayton. 

MOD'U-LUS,  n.  [L.  modulus,  a measure.]  (Math.) 

A constant  factor  of  a variable  function,  which 
serves  to  connect  the  function  with  a particular 
system  or  base.  Davies. 

The  modulus  of  a system  of  logarithms  is  a constant 
factor,  by  which,  if  the  Naperian  logarithm  of  any 
number  be  multiplied,  the  product  will  be  the  loga- 
rithm of  the  same  number  in  tiiat  system.  The  loga- 
rithms of  any  number  in  different  systems  are  to  each 
other  as  the  moduli  of  those  systems  ; the  modulus  of 
Napier’s  system  being  1,  and  that  of  the  common  sys- 
tem, 0. 431294482.  Davies. — Modulus  of  elasticity,  a 
measure  of  elasticity. 

MO 'DUS,  n. ; pi.  L.  mo'di ; Eng.  mo'dijs-e^.  [L.] 
(Law.) 

1.  A mode  or  manner  ; the  arrangement  or 

expression  of  the  terms  of  a contract  or  convey- 
ance. Burrill. 

2.  A consideration  ; the  consideration  of  a 

conveyance.  Burrill. 

3.  Abbreviation  of  modus  decimandi;  a com- 
pensation in  lieu  of  tithes.  Whishaw. 

MO  'DUS  OP-E-RRM'Dl.  [L.]  The  mode  of 
operating  ; the  manner  in  which  a thing  is  done 
or  effected.  Hamilton. 

MOD'WALL,  n.  (Ornith.)  A bird  that  destroys 
bees  ; a species  of  woodpecker.  Huloct. 

t MOE,  a.  More  ; a greater  number  ; mo.  Hooker. 

f MOE,  n.  A distorted  mouth ; mow.  Todd. 

MO'JJL-LINE,  n.  [Gr.  yvtlds,  marrow  ; Fr.  moclle.] 
An  ointment  for  the  hair.  Hall. 

MO'pL-LON,  n.  [Fr.]  Rough  stones  fit  for 
building.  Simmonds. 

MCE'SO— GOTH'JC,  a.  Relating  to  the  Goths  of 
Moesia.  Dr.  Crombie. 

MCE'SO— GOTH'IC,  n.  The  language  of  the  Mne- 
so-Goths.  Bosworth. 

MOFF,  n.  A silk  stuff  from  Caucasia.  Simmonds. 

MOG'GAN§,  n.  pi.  Long  sleeves  for  women’s 
arms,  wrought  like  stockings: — hose  without 
feet,  or  boot-hose.  [Scotland.]  Jamieson. 


MoG'GA-SON,  n.  See  Moccason. 

MO'GO,  n.  An  Indian  tomahawk.  Crabb. 

MO-GRA'BI-ANS,  n.  pi.  A name  formerly  given 
to  a kind  of  Turkish  infantry  composed  of  the 
peasants  of  the  northern  parts  of  Africa. 

Brande. 

MO-GUL',  n.  The  title  of  the  chief  of  the  Mo- 
guls, or  of  the  empire  which  was  founded  in 
Hindostan,  by  Baber,  in  the  15th  century,  and 
which  terminated  in  1806;  — commonly  called 
Great  Mogul. 

MO-GUN'TINE,  a.  Belonging  to  Mentz  (ancient- 
ly Moguntium , or  Moguntia).  Ash. 


MO  'HA,ji.  (Bot.)  German  millet;  Setaria  Ger- 
manica.  Ogilcie. 

MO'hAir  (mo'hir),  n.  [Ger.  mohr.  — Fr.  moire ; 
Sp.  mue,  miter.] 

1.  The  soft,  fine  hair  or  wool  of  the  Angora 

goat,  of  which  camlets  and  other  costly  stuffs 
are  made.  Wright. 

2.  Cloth  made  of  the  wool  dyed.  Pope. 

MO'HAIR— SHELL,  n.  (Conch.)  A species  of 
Voluta,  resembling  on  the  surface  mohair,  or  a 
close  web  of  the  silk-worm.  Wright. 

MO'HAIR-YARN,  n.  Yarn  from  the  wool  of 
the  Angora  goat.  Simmonds. 


MO-IlAM'M  p-DAN,  n.  A follower  of  Mohammed  ; 
a Mahometan. — See  Mahometan.  Todd. 

MQ-HAm'ME-DAN-I§M,  n.  The  system  of  reli- 
gion taught  by  Mohammed  or  Mahomet ; Ma- 
hometanism. — See  Mahometanism.  Ilallam. 


MO-IIAm'ME-DAN-IZE,  v.  a.  To  convert  or  to 
conform  to  Mohammedanism  ; to  Mahometan- 
ize.  — See  Mahometanize.  Reid. 


MO  HAWK,  ) n_  i.  The  name  of  a nation  of 
MO'HOCK,  > North  American  Indians. 

2.  A name  given  to  certain 
ruffians  who  once  infested  the 
streets  of  London.  Spectator. 


MO-HO'LI,  n.  (Zoijl.)  A quad- 
rumanous  animal  of  the  fam- 
ily Lemuridce,  or  lemurs. 


MOHR,  n.  (Zoijl.)  A species 
of  antelope  or  gazelle  inhab- 
iting Africa,  having  the  horns 
annulated  with 
eleven  or  twelve 
prominent 
rings.  Eng.Cyc. 

DS5=-  The  ani- 
mal is  much 
sought  after  by 
the  Arabs  on  account  of 
producing  tile  bezoar- 
stones  so  highly  valued 
in  Eastern  medicine. 

Eng.  Cjc. 


M oh  oil 

( Galayo  moholi). 


MOHS'ITE,  n.  (Min.) 
Titanate  of  iron ; a 
brittle,  black,  rhom- 
boidal  crystal.  Dana. 


Mohr  ( Gazella  mohr'). 


MO'IIUR,  n.  An  East  Indian  gold  coin,  equal  to 
15  rupees  (about  $6.67).  Simmonds. 

MoI'DER,  v.  a.  To  perplex  ; to  puzzle;  to  bewil- 
der ; to  confuse;  to  distract : — to  labor.  [Lo- 
cal, Eng.]  Brockett. 

MOI'DpR,  v.  n.  To  labor  hard.  [Local.]  Wright. 


MOl'DORE  [mbi-dor',  S.  W.J.E.Ja.K.Wr.\  mol'- 
dor , P.  Sm.  Wb.  Johnson,  Ash],n.  [Port,  moeda 
d’oroi]  A Portuguese  gold  coin  of  the  value  of 
27s.  sterling  (about  $6.53).  Wright. 


MOI'p-TY,  n.  [L.  medietas  ; meditts,  middle ; It. 
meta  ; Sp.  mitad-,  Fr .moitie.] 

1.  Half;  one  of  two  equal  parts.  Hooker. 

2.  f Any  indefinite  portion  or  division. 

The  love  I dedicate  to  your  lordship  is  without  end;  where- 
of this  pamphlet,  without  beginning,  is  but  a superfluous 
moiety.  Sltak. 

MOIL,  v.  a.  [Fr.  mouiller.]  To  daub  with  dirt ; 
to  defile  ; to  soil ; to  splash  or  bespatter  with 
mire,  [it.] 

No  more  tug  one  another  thus,  nor  moil  yourselves.  Chapman. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


MOIL 


923 


MOLLUSCUM 


MOIL,  v.  n.  [Gr.  fiuil.io),  to  fight polos,  yCil.os,  strug- 
gle,toilof  war;  L.  molior. — Heb.  .]  To  la- 
bor ; to  toil ; to  drudge. 

They  toil  and  moil  for  . . . their  masters.  V Estrange. 

Now  he  must  moil  aud  drudge  for  oue  lie  loathes.  Dryden. 

+ MOlL,  n.  1.  [A.  S.  maid)  A spot.  Upton. 

2.  A mule  ; a moyle.  Todd. 

fMOlLE,  n.  1.  A dish  of  marrow  and  grated 
bread.  Bailey. 

2.  pi.  High-soled  shoes  anciently  worn  by 
kings  and  great  personages.  Bailey. 

MOl'JfEAU  (mol'no),  n.  [Fr.]  {Fort.)  A small, 
flat  bastion  raised  in  front  of  an  intended  forti- 
fication. Brcmde. 

MOIRE  (imvbr),  n.  [Fr.  moire,  wave  ; — moire de 
soie,  waved  silk.]  Watered  or  clouded  silk  ; mo- 
hair. Simmonds. 

MOIRE'-AJV-TIQUE’  (mwbr'-Sn-tek'),  [Fr.]  A 
species  of  watered  silk.  Simmonds. 

MOIR  'EE— ME  T-AL-LIQ  UE ' (mwbr'a-met-jl-lek'), 
n.  [Fr.]  Crystallized  tin-plate.  Ure. 

f MOl'SON,  n.  [Fr.  moisson,  from  L.  messis.) 
The  harvest.  Chaucer. 

MOIST,  a.  [L.  musteus,  new,  fresh  ; mustum,  new 
wine.  — From  madidus,  moist.  Menage.  Fr. 
moite.\  Wet  in  a small  degree ; not  dry  ; damp  ; 
humid.  Milton. 

f MOIST,  v.  a.  To  moisten;  to  dampen.  Shak. 

MOIS'TEN  (moi'sn),  v.  a.  [t.  moistened  ; pp. 
moistening,  moistened.]  To  make  moist  or 
slightly  wet ; to  damp.  Milton. 

MOIS'TEN-f.R  (moi'sn-er),  n.  He  who,  or  that 
which,  moistens.  Sherwood. 

MOIS'TEN-ING,  n.  Act  of  one  who  moistens. 

MOIST'— EYED  (mblst'ld),  a.  Having  moist  eyes. 

f MOIST'FUL,  a.  Full  of  moisture.  Drayton. 

MOlST'LfSS,  a.  Without  moisture.  Warner. 

MOIST'NpSS,  n.  The  state  of  being  moist; 
dampness;  moderate  wetness.  Bacon. 

MOIST'— STAR,  n.  The  moon,  [r.]  Shak. 

MOIST'I  RE  (molst'yur),  n.  [Fr.  moiture.) 

1.  The  state  of  being  moist ; a moderate  de- 
gree of  wetness;  dampness;  humidity.  Bacon. 

2.  A small  quantity  of  liquid. 

All  my  body’s  moisture 

Scarce  serves  to  quench  my  furnace-burning  heat.  Shak. 

Syn.  — There  is  moisture  in  the  earth  after  rain  j 
humidity  in  the  air  ; dampness  in  a cellar  or  in  linen. 

MOI ST' U RE-LESS,  a.  Without  moisture. 

fMOIS'TY,  a.  Drizzling;  moist.  Mir.  for  Mag. 

t MOK'A-DOUR,  n.  [Fr.  mouchoir.]  A handker- 
chief ; — sometimes  written  mockadottr.  Lydgate. 

MO  ’ KAH,  n.  The  title  of  a doctor  of  laws  in 
Turkey.  Month.  Rev. 

f MOKES,  n.  pi.  The  meshes  of  a net.  Ainsworth. 

t MO'KY,  a.  Dark;  murky;  muggy.  Ainsworth. 

MO'LAR,  a.  [ L.  molaris ; mola,  a mill;  It.  mo- 
lare  ; Sp.  molar  ; Fr.  molaire.\  Having  p (fiver 

_^to  grind;  used  for  grinding.  “ Molar  teeth.” 
“ Molar  glands.”  Dunglison. 

MO'LAR,  n.  A tooth,  generally  having  a flattened, 
triturating  surface,  and  situated  behind  the  in- 
cisors ; a molar  or  grinding  tooth ; a double 
tooth.  Brande. 

MO'LAR— GLAND§,  n.  (Anat.)  Two  small  sali- 
vary glands,  seated  in  the  substance  of  the 
cheeks,  whose  excretory  ducts  open  into  the 
mouth  opposite  the  last  molar  tooth.  Dunglison. 


MO-LA'RIS,  n. ; pi.  mo-la're§.  [L.]  (Anal.) 
A grinder  or  double  tooth;  a molar.  Crabb. 

MO'LA-RY,  a.  Grinding;  molar.  Kirby. 

MO-LASSE',  n.  [Fr.  mollasse.)  (Min.)  A sand- 
stone belonging  to  the  tertiary  strata,  employed 
by  the  Swiss  for  building.  Ure. 

MO-LAS'Sy§  (mo-las'ez),  n.  sing.  [It.  me/assa, 
from  Gr.  yilas,  black,  or  yih,  honey  ; Port,  me- 
lasses ; Sp.  melaza ; Fr.  melasse .)  A sirup 


which  drains  from  sugar ; a brown,  viscid,  un- 
crystallizable  portion  of  sugar  ; treacle  ; — writ- 
ten also  melasses  and  molosses.  Boyle. 

SSs=  Molasses  comes  from  sugar  in  the  process  of 
making  ; treacle,  in  the  process  of  refilling. 

MOLD'WAItP,  n.  See  Mouldwakp.  Todd. 

MOLE,  n.  [L.  moles  ; It  mole;  Sp.  mole,  muelle  ; 
Fr.  mole.)  A mound  ; a dike  ; a pier  ; a massy 
work  of  large  stones  laid  in  the  sea  for  protect- 
ing ships  in  a harbor. 

Bid  the  broad  arcli  the  dangerous  flood  contain, 

The  mole  projected  break  the  roaring  main.  Pope. 

MOLE,  n.  1.  [A.  S.  mal ; Ger.  maal;  Dut.  maal .) 
A natural  spot  or  discoloration  of  the  skin. 

Such,  in  painting,  are  the  warts  and  moles,  which,  adding 
a likeness  to  the  face,  are  not  therefore  to  be  omitted.  Dryden. 

2.  [L.  mola.)  A salted  cake  used  in  sacri- 
fices by  the  Romans.  Surrey. 

3.  (Med.)  A mass  of  fleshy  matter  growing  in 

the  uterus  ; moon-calf.  Dunglison. 

MOLE,  n.  [Dut.  mol ; Ger. 
maulwurf.) 

~ 1.  (Zoiil.)  A small 
quadruped  of  the  genus 
Talpa,  which  works  its 
way  in  the  ground  with  its  broad  and  stout 
paws  ; mouldwarp  ; molewarp.  Bell. 

2.  A name  given  in  America  to  the  draining- 
plough.  Simmonds. 

MOLE,  v.  a.  1.  To  clear  the  ground  from  mole- 
hills. [Local.]  Pegge. 

2.  To  dig  or  form  holes  in  the  earth,  as  a 
mole.  Atlieiueum. 

MOLE'BUT,  n.  (Icli.)  A plectognathous  fish  ; the 
short  sun-fish  ; Orthagoriscus  mola.  Yarrell. 

MOLE'— C.AST,  n.  A hillock  cast  up  by  a mole. 
“ Let  the  mole-casts  be  spread.”  Mortimer. 

MOLE'— CATC II-yR,  n.  One  whose  business  it  is 
to  catch  moles.  Tusser. 

MOLE'— CRICK- pT,  n.  (Ent.)  An  orthopterous 
insect,  of  a brown  color,  with  yellowish  legs, 
which  burrows  like  a mole  ; Gryllotalpa  vulga- 
ris; — also  called  churr-worm,  jarr-ieorm,  eve- 
churr,  and  earth-crab.  Eng.  Cyc.  Farm.  Ency. 

MO-LEC'U-LAR,  a.  Relating  to,  or  resembling, 
molecules  ; consisting  of  minute  particles.  Prout. 

Molecular  attraction,  that  kind  of  attraction  which 
operates  upon  the  molecules  or  particles  of  a body,  as 
distinguished  from  the  attraction  of  gravitation  ; such 
are  the  attraction  of  cohesion  and  chemical  affinity. 

MO-LEC-U-LAR'I-TY,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  molecular.  P.  Cyc. 

MOL'5-CULE  [tnol'e-kul,  IF.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  Wr. ; mol’- 
kfil,  I Vb.),  n.  [Fr.  dim.  from  L.  moles,  mass.] 
A very  minute  particle  of  matter,  or  of  a mass 
or  body  ; an  atom  ; a corpuscle. 

chemistry,  integrant  or  homogeneous  mole- 
cules are  t he  smallest  particles  into  which  a simple 
body  can  he  conceived  to  be  divided  ; constituent  or 
heterogeneous  molecules  are  the  molecules  of  different 
elements  which  go  to  make  up  an  integrant  molecule 
of  a compound  body.  Nichol. 

MOLE'— EYED  (-id),  a.  Having  very  small  eyes  ; 
blind ; short-sighted.  Wright. 

MOLE'— HILL,  n.  A hillock  thrown  up  by  the 
mole  ; a small  hill.  Sidney. 

Whose  liberal  pens  can  as  easily  travel  over  mountains  as 
mole-hills.  Sidney. 

MO-LEN-DI-NA'CEOIJS  (-shus,66),  a.  [L.  molina, 
a mill ; Sp.  molienda.)  ( Bot .)  Shaped  like  the- 
sails  of  a wind-mill;  — applied  to  seeds  with 
many  wings.  Wright. 

MOLE'— RAT,  n.  (Nat.  Hist.)  A small,  rodent 
quadruped  of  the  genus  Spalax,  which  burrows 
in  the  earth  like  a mole.  Eng.  Cyc. 

MO-LEST',  v.  a.  [L.  molesto,  from  moles,  a mass, 
or  heavy  burden  ; It.  molestare  ; Sp.  molestar  ; 
Fr.  molester.)  \i.  molested  ; pp.  molesting, 
molested.]  To  disturb  ; to  trouble  ; to  vex  ; 
to  annoy  ; to  incommode ; to  tease  ; to  make 
uneasy ; to  oppress  ; to  harass  ; to  worry. 

No  man  shall  meddle  with  them  or  molest  them  in  any 
matter.  1 J lacc.  x.  35. 

Syn.  — See  Disturb. 

MOL-IJS-TA'TION,  it.  The  act  of  molesting; 
vexation  ; annoyance ; trouble ; disturbance. 


MO-LEST'ER,  n.  One  who  molests  or  disturbs. 

MO-LEST'FUL,  a.  Vexatious  ; troublesome  ; an- 
noying ; harassing.  Barrow. 

■f  MO-LES'TIf,,  n.  [Fr.]  Trouble.  Chaucer. 

MOLE'— TRACK,  n.  The  course  of  a mole  under 
ground.  Mortimer. 

MOLE'-TREE,  n.  (Bot.)  A biennial  plant ; ca- 
per-spurge; Euphorbia  lathy ris.  Farm.  Ency. 

MOLE'wARP,  n.  A mole  ; mouldwarp.  Drayton. 

f MO-LIM'I-NOUS,  a.  [L.  molimen,  moliminis,  a 
great  effort.]  Very  weighty  or  important. 

Prophecies  of  so  vast  and  moliminous  concernment.  More. 

MO'LIN-I§M,  n.  The  system  of  opinions  on  the 
subject  of  grace  and  predestination  taught  by 
Louis  Molina,  a Spanish  Jesuit;  — opposed  to 
Jansenism.  Brande. 

MO'LIN-IST,  it.  A follower  of  Molina  ; an  ad- 
herent to  Molinism.  Todd. 

Mo'LI-SlTE,  it.  (Min.)  A crystallized  titaniate 
of  iron.  Brande. 

MOLL,  a.  [Ger.,  from  It.  mollc,  soft.]  (Mas.)  Mi- 
nor or  soft,  in  contradistinction  to  dur,  hard  or 
major ; as,  “ The  piece  is  in  the  key  of  C moll 
(C  minor).”  Dwight. 

MOL' LAH,  n.  The  title  of  the  higher  order  of 
judges  in  the  Turkish  empire.  Brande. 

MOL'LF.,  a.  [It.]  (Mus.)  Flat,  or  lower  by  a 
semitone  than  the  sound  to  whose  name  it  is 
appended  ; as,  “ B molle.”  Dwight. 

MoL'Lp-BART,  n.  A kind  of  plough,  used  in 
Flanders,  in  the  form  of  a large  wooden  shovel 
shod  with  iron ; mouldebaert.  Wright. 

MOL'Lg-TON,  n.  [Fr.]  Swanskin ; a kind  of 
blanket  or  flannel.  Simmonds. 

II  MOL'LUJNT,  orMOL'LI-IJNT  [mol'yent,  S.  W.J. 
Ja.  K.  Sm.  ; inol'Ie-ent,  P.  Wr.),  a.  [L.  mol- 
Hens.)  Softening  ; assuaging  ; mitigating  ; 
soothing;  tending  to  mollify  or  soften.  Johnson. 

||  MOL'Ll£NT-LY,  ad.  Soothingly;  assuagingly. 

MOL'LI-Fl-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  mollified  or 
softened.  Johnson. 

MOL-LT-FI-CA'TION,  n.  [Fr.]  1.  The  act  of 

mollifying  or  softening.  Bacon. 

2.  Pacification  ; mitigation  ; assuagement. 

Some  mollification  for  your  giant,  sweet  lady.  Shah. 

MOL'LI-FI-ER,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  molli- 
fies or  softens.  Bacon. 

MOL'LI-FY,  v.  a.  [L.  mollis,  soft,  and  faeio , to 
make;  It.  mol/iftcare,  mollire ; Sp.  molificar; 
Fr.  mollifier.)  [f.  mollified  ; pp.  mollify- 
ing, MOLLIFIED.] 

1.  To  make  soft ; to  soften. 

Thou  vainest  upon  us,  and  yet  dost  not  always  mollify  all 
our  hardness.  Donne. 

2.  To  appease  ; to  pacify  ; to  assuage  ; to  quiet. 

And  with  sweet  science  mollified  their  stubborn  hearts. 

Spenser. 

3.  To  make  less  harsh,  exacting,  or  burden- 

some ; to  moderate ; to  abate  ; to  qualify.  “To 
mollify  their  demands.”  Clarendon. 

MOL'LI-FY-ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  mollifies. 

MOL'LI-NET,  n.  A small  mill.  Ci-abb. 

MOL-LI''TI-Ey  (-lish'e-ez),  n.  [L.]  (Med.)  Pre- 
ternatural softness  of  an  organ  or  part  of  an 
organ,  as  of  the  brain,  or  the  bones.  Dunglison. 

MOL'LI-TUDE,  n.  [L.  mollitudo;  mollis,  soft.] 
Softness ; tenderness  ; effeminacy.  Campbell. 

MOL-L US'  CA,  n. pi.  [L.  molluscits,  from  mollis, 
soft.]  (Zoiil.)  The  second  of  the  four  great 
primary  divisions  of  animals,  having  soft  bodies, 
and  no  internal  skeletons,  as  sheil-fish ; mol- 
lusks.  — See  Mollusk.  Brande. 

MOL-LUS'CAN,  ) Relating  to  the  mollusca 

MOL-LUS'COUS,  > or  mollusks.  Kirby. 

MOL-LUS'CCM,  n.  [L.,  a kind  of  fungus.)  (Med.) 
A cutaneous  affection,  consisting  of  numerous 
tumors  filled  with  an  atheromatous  matter;  — 
so  called  from  its  resemblance  to  certain  mol- 
luscous animals.  Dunglison. 


Mole. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  ROLE.  — y,  £,  9,  g,  soft;  C,  6,  £,  g,  hard ; § as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


MOLLUSK 


924 


MONAS 


MOL'LUSK,  n.  ( Zoiil .)  A molluscous  animal,  or 
an  animal  having  a soft  body,  and  no  internal 
skeleton ; a shell-fish. 

fl£3=-Tlie  term  is  applied  by  Cuvier  to  the  second 
great  primary  division  of  the  animal  kingdom,  which 
includes  all  those  species  having  a gangliated  nervous 
system,  with  the  ganglions  or  medullary  masses  dis- 
persed more  or  less  irregularly  in  different  parts  of  the 
body,  which  is  soft  and  inarticulate.  Braude. 

MO'LOCH,  n.  1.  The  chief  god  of  the  Phoeni- 
cians ; — written  also  Moleoh.  Amos  v.  26. 

2.  (Zoiil.)  A genus  of  lizards  found  in  Aus- 
tralia, covered  with  small,  granular  scales,  and 
having  a convex  tubercle  on  the  back  of  the 
neck.  Eng.  Cgc. 

MOL'O-PEij,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  piol.onp,  pwhmvos,  a wale.] 
(Marl.)  Black  and  blue  spots,  like  the  stripes  of 
blows,  in  certain  malignant  fevers.  Dunglison. 

MO-LOSSE'  (mo-los'),  n.  [Gr.  pokoaab;  ; L.  mo- 
fosstts.]  (Pros.)  A metrical  foot  consisting  of 
three  long  syllables.  Blackwell. 

MO-LOS'Sf§,  n.  See  Molasses.  Seagcr. 

MO-LOS'SUS,  n.  (Pros.)  See  Molosse.  Wright. 

MOL'O-THRUS,  n.  (Ornith.)  A genus  of  birds 
of  the  family  Sturnidce  and  sub-family  Icterince, 
including  the  cow-bunting,  or  Molut lines  pec- 
oris.  Swainson. 

f MOLT,  i.  from  melt.  Melted.  P.  Fletcher. 

f MOLT'A-BLE,  a.  Fusible.  Iluloet. 

MOLT'EN  (mal'tn),  p.  a.  from  melt.  1.  Melted. 

2.  Made  of  melted  metal.  “ Carols  of  praise 
to  his  molten  and  carved  gods.”  Bp.  Hall. 

MO'LY,  n.  [Gr.  pHhi  ; L.  moly ; It.  moli,  molio  ; 
Sp.  Fr.  molg.]  ( Bot .)  A plant  of  the  genus 
Allium  -,  wild  garlic;  Allium  molg.  Mortimer. 

MO-LYB'DATE,  n.  ( Chem .)  A salt  composed  of 
molybdic  acid  and  a base.  Brancle. 

Molybdate  of  lead,  or  yellow  lead  ore,  a crystallized 
and  massive  mineral,  composed  of  oxide  of  lead,  mo- 
lybdic acid,  and  oxide  of  iron.  Dana. 

MO-LYB'Dp.N,  n.  Same  as  Molybdena.  Ure. 

BIOL-YB-DE'NA,  n.  [Gr.  fwi.iSlaira  ; L.molybda;- 
««.]  (Min.)  An  ore  of  molybdenum  ; common 
sulphuret  of  molybdenum.  Ure. 

MO-LYB'Dp-NITE,  n.  (Min.)  Sulphuret  of  mol- 
ybdenum ; molybdena.  Dana. 

MO-LYB'DIJ-NOUS,  a.  Relating  to  molybdena, 
or  to  molybdenum.  Brande. 

MOL-YB-DE'NUM,  n.  [Fr.  molybd'ne  ; Ger . mo- 
lgbdan.\  (Min.)  A brittle  metal  obtained  from 
nrolybdena.  Brande. 

MO-LYB'DOUS,  a.  Relating  to,  or  derived  from, 
molybdenum.  Brande. 

MO-Lf  B'DIC,  a.  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  com- 
posed of  molybdenum  and  oxygen.  Graham. 

fMOME,  n.  [From  Momus-,  or  Old  Fr.  mome,  a 
buffoon.  Nares .] 

1.  A blockhead.  Spenser. 

2.  A butfoon.  Warner. 

MO'MpYT,  n.  [L.  momentum  ; It.  A Sp.  momen- 
ta-, Fr.  moment.) 

1.  A very  small,  or  indefinitely  small,  portion 
of  time  ; a point  of  time  ; an  instant. 

In  a moment , in  the  twinkling  of  an  eye.  1 Cor.  xv.  52. 

2.  Quantity  of  motion  ; momentum,  [it.] 

The  moments  or  quantities  of  motion  in  bodies  are  in  a di- 
rect compounded  reason  [ratio]  of  the  velocities  and  nuan- 
titics  of  matter  contained  in  them.  Berkeley. 

3.  Consequence  ; importance  ; weight;  value  ; 
significance  ; as,  “ A matter  of  little  moment.” 

irif  - 1 n rational  mechanics,  the  moment  of  a force, 
with  respect  to  a plane,  is  the  product  of  the  force  into 
its  distance  from  that  plane.  Michol. — Moment,  of  in- 
ertia, the  sum  of  the  products  of  each  molecule  of  a 
rotating  mass  by  the  square  of  its  distance  from  the 
axis  of  rotation,  thus  indicating  the  exact  energy  of 
rotation.  Euler. — Statical  moment,  the  moment  of 
of  equilibrium  between  opposite  forces.  — Moment,  io 
analytical  mathematics,  is  the  same  as  infinitesimal 
increment  or  decrement.  A.  Jamieson. 

Syn.  — See  Importance,  Instant. 

+ MO-MEN'TAL,  a.  [Old  Fr.]  Very  brief ; for  a 
moment ; for  an  instant. 

Not  one  momentul  minute  doth  she  swerve.  Breton. 


+ MO-MEN'TAL-Ly,  ad.  Momentarily.  Browne. 

+ MO-M1JN-TANE,  a.  Momentary.  Stow. 

+ M6-M£N-TA'Nf-OUS,  a.  [L.  momentaneus.] 
Momentary  ; lasting  but  a moment.  Bailey. 

f MO'M^N-TA-NY,  a.  Momentary.  Shak. 

MO'MpN-TA-RI-LY,  ad.  Every  moment;  mo- 
mently. “ Momentarily  dependent.”  Shenstone. 

MO'MflN-TA-RI-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
momentary.  Scott. 

MO'MEN-TA-RY,  a.  Lasting  for  a moment ; done 
in  a moment.  “ Momentary  as  a sound.”  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Temporary. 

MO'M^NT-LY,  ad.  1.  For  a moment.  Wright. 

2.  Every  moment ; momentarily.  Coleridge. 

MO-MEN'TOUS,  a.  Of  moment;  important; 
weighty  ; of  consequence  ; significant. 

The  more  momentous  concerns  of  life.  Addison. 

MO-MEN'TOUS-LY,  ad.  Weightily  ; importantly. 

MO-MEN'TOITS-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  of 
great  importance  ; importance.  Bailey. 

MO-MEN'TITM,  n.  ; pi.  L.  mo-men'ta  ; Eng.  mq- 
men'tums,  rare.]  [L.]  (Mech.)  The  force  pos- 
sessed by  matter  in  motion  ; the  quantity  of  mo- 
tion in  a moving  body  ; impetus.  Brande. 

MOM'jp-RY,  n.  See  Mummery.  Rowe. 

MOM'1-ER  (mum'e-er),  n.  [From  Fr.  momeric, 
mummery.]  A term  of  reproach  applied  to  a 
Puritan  of  the  Calvinistic  or  Protestant  Church 
of  Switzerland.  Smart. 

MO-MuR'DI-CA,  n.  [L.  mordeo,  momordi,  to  chew.] 
(Bot.)  A genus  of  plants  whose  seeds  have  an 
irregular  rugose  surface,  giving  them  the  ap- 
pearance of  having  been  chewed.  Loudon. 

MO'MOT,  n.  (Ornith.)  A bird  of  the  order  Pas- 
seres-,  motmot.  — See  Motmot. 

-1/6 -a/o-  tI'  mje, 
fi.pl.  (Ornith.) 

A sub  - family 
of  fissirostral 
birds  of  the 
order  Passeres 
and  family  Co-  Momotus  ruficapillus. 

racidcc ; motmots.  Gray. 

MO  MUS,  n.  [Gr.  Muyof.]  (Myth.)  The  god  of 
raillery  and  ridicule;  the  personification  of 
mockery  and  censure.  W.  Smith. 

MON'A-EHAL  (mon'a-kal),  a.  [Gr.  pova%6s,  soli- 
tary ; It.  monacale ; Fr.  monacal .]  Relating 
to  monks,  or  a monastic  life  ; living  alone,  as  a 
monk  ; monastic  ; solitary.  Rogers. 

MQN'A-Elll^M,  n.  [Fr.  monachisme  ; It . mona- 
chismo .]  The  state  of  monks  ; the  monastic 
life ; monkery.  Milton. 

MON' AD  [mon'ad,  S.  P.  J.  F.  Sm.  P.  Wr. ; mon'ad 
or  mo'n^d,  W. ind'nad,  K.],n.  [Gr.  povag,  povabos, 
a unit ; L.  monas  ; It.  A Sp.  monade ; Fr.  mo- 
nade ; Ger.  monade .] 

1,  (Met.)  An  ultimate  atom ; a simple  sub- 

stance without  parts,  indivisible ; a primary 
constituent  of  matter.  « 

A monad  is  not  a mnteriul,  but  a formal,  atom,  it  being  im- 
possible* for  a thing  to  be  at  once  material  and  possessed  of  a 
real  unity  and  indivisibility.  Leibnitz , as  quoted  by  Stewart. 

2.  (Nat.  Hist.)  The  name  given  to  the  small- 
est creature  that  exists  among  the  infusorial 
animalcula. 

Indescribably  minute  as  these  monads  are,  they  present  a 
distinct  organization,  and  are  capable  of  locomotion. Maunder. 

MON'A-DELPH,  n.  [Gr.  povog,  single,  and  aSihp6s, 
brother.]  (Bot.)  A plant  whose  stamens  are 
united  by  their  filaments  into  one  set,  usually 
into  a ring  or  cup  below,  or  into  a tube.  Clarke. 

MOM-A-DEL' PHI-A,  n.  (Bot.)  The  sixteenth 

class  in  the  Linntean  system,  characterized  by 
the  stamens  having  their  filaments  united  in  a 
ring  or  cylinder  around  the  pistil.  Ilenslow. 

MON-A-DEL'PHI-AN,  a.  Monadelphous.  Wright. 

MON-A-DEL'PIION,  it.  A monadelph.  Brande. 

MON-A-DEL'PIIOyS,  a.  (Bot.)  Having  stamens 
united  by  their  filaments  into  one  set.  Gray. 

MO-NAd'IC,  ? a Relating  to,  or  composed 

MO-NAd'I-CAL,  ) of,  monads  ; — having  the  na- 
ture or  character  of  a monad.  Brande. 


m6n-AD-6l'0-5Y,  n.  [Gr.  povag  and  l.byog.J  The 
doctrine  of  monads.  Knapp. 

MO-NAN'DpIl,  n.  [Gr.  p6 no;,  single,  and  an/p,  a 
male.]  (Bot.)  A plant  having  only  one  stamen  ; 
a plant  of  the  class  Monandria.  Ilenslow. 

MO-MAM' DRI-A,  n.  (Bot.)  A class  of  plants  hav- 
ing only  one  stamen  ; the  first  class  in  the  Lin- 
nsean  sexual  system.  Henslow. 

MO-NAn'DRJ-AN,  a.  Monandrous.  Clarke. 

MO-NAN'DROys,  a.  (Bot.)  Belonging  to  the 
class  Monandria  ; having  one  stamen.  Henslow. 

MO-NAN'TIIOI  S,  a.  [Gr.  pbrog,  single,  and  avftog, 
a flower.]  (Bot.)  Noting  a plant  which  nro- 
duces  but  one  flower,  or  of  which  each  peduncle 
bears  but  one  flower.  Gray. 

MON'AREII  (mon'ftrk),  n.  [Gr.  pov&p^yg,  from 
pbvog,  alone,  and  apx.w,  to  rule  ; L.  monarcha ; 
It.  Sp.  monarca  ; Fr.  monurque .] 

1.  One  who  rules  alone  ; one  vested  with  ab- 
solute sovereign  power  ; an  autocrat ; — a sov- 
ereign ; an  emperor  ; a king ; a potentate  ; a 
ruler. 

Your  brother  kings  and  monarch*  of  the  earth.  Shak. 

I am  monarch  of  all  I survej7.  Cowper. 

2.  He  who  or  that  which  is  superior  to  the 

rest  of  the  same  kind.  Dryden. 

3.  One  that  presides;  a presiding  genius. 

Come,  thou  monarch  of  the  vine, 

Piumpy  Bacchus.  Shah. 

Syn.  — Monarch  is  a general  term  for  one  having 
sole  authority,  anil  is  applied  to  the  ruler  of  an  abso- 
lute or  limited  monarchy,  and  he  may  he  styled  a 
sovereign  or  potentate,  and  have  different  titles.  The 

following  are  the  titles  of  the  different  monarclis  of 
Europe:  emperor,  czar , or  sultan,  the  ruler  of  an  em- 
pire ; king  or  queen,  of  a kingdom  ; prince , of  a prin- 
cipality; grand-duke,  of  a grand-duchy;  duke,  of  a 
duchy  ; and  pope,  of  the  popedom. 

MON'ARCH,  a.  Supreme  ; ruling ; superior  to  all. 

The  monarch  oak,  the  patriarch  of  the  trees.  Dryden. 

MO-NAREH'AL,  a.  Relating  to  a monarch; 
princely  ; imperial  ; monarchical,  [u.]  Milton. 

MON'AREH-ESS,  n.  A female  monarch.  Drayton. 

MO-NAREH'I-AL,  a.  Regal ; monarchical.  Burke. 

MO-NAllEH  IC,  £ a ^(Jr  povap-^tKig  ; It.  mo- 

MO-NARjEH’l-CAL,  I narchico  ; Sp.  monarquico  ; 
Fr.  monarclnque. ] Relating  to  monarchy; 
vested  in  a single  ruler  ; regal.  Paley. 

MO-NAREH'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a monarchical 
manner.  Harrington. 

MON'AR£H-I§M,  n.  The  principles  of,  or  partial- 
ity to,  monarchy,  [it.]  Jefferson. 

MON'AREH-IST,  n.  An  advocate  of  monarchy. 
“ The  church  monarchists.”  Barrow. 

MON' AREH-IZE,  v.  n.  To  play  the  king;  to  act 
the  monarch  or  sole  ruler. 

Allowing  him  a breath,  a little  scene 

To  monurchize,  be  feared,  and  kill  with  looks.  Shak. 

MON'ARjEH-IZE,  v.  a.  1.  To  rule  over,  as  king; 
to  govern  ; to  be  monarch  of. 

2.  To  convert  to  a monarchy. 

As  Britain-founding  Brute  first  monarchizcd  the  land. 

Drayton. 

MON'AREH-IZ-ER,  n.  A monarchist.  Hayicood. 

f MO-NARjCH'6,  n.  A fantastical  Englishman 
affecting  the  airs  of  an  Italian.  Shak. 

MON'ARiEH-Y,  n.  [Gr.  povap^ia;  L.  A It.  1110- 
narchia;  Sp.  monarquia-,  Fr.  monarchic.] 

1.  The  government  of  a single  person. 

,6®=-  “Monarchies  are  usually  said  to  he  of  four  kinds 
— absolute,  limited,  hereditary,  and  elective.  The 
only  elective  monarchy  in  Europe  was  Poland.  All 
absolute  and  limited  monarchies  have  adopted  the  he- 
reditary principle.’*  Brande. 

2.  A state  ruled  by  a single  person  ; an  em- 
pire ; a kingdom. 

MO-MAR  'DA,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  herbaceous, 
labiate  plants ; — so  called  in  honor  of  Monardez, 
an  early  Spanish  botanist ; horse-mint.  Gray. 

MOM-AR-DEL’ LA,  n.  [Dim. of  monarda.)  (Bot.) 
A genus  of  labiate,  herbaceous  plants  found  in 
California.  Loudon. 

MON'AS,  n.  [Gr.  pora;,  a unit.]  (Zo/il.)  A genus  of 
extremely  minute  polygastric  infusoria.  Brande. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short ; A,  ?,  I,  O,  U,  Yi  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


MONASTERIAL 


925 


MONKEY-JACKET 


MON-AS-TE'RI-AL,  a.  Relating  to  a monastery  ; 
of  a monastic  or  monkish  character.  Wright. 

MON'AS-TER-Y  [mon'?s-ter-e,  S.  P.E.  Ja.K. 
Sm.  ; mSn'?s-’ter-?  or  mon'as-tre,  W.  F.  Wr.  ; 
mSn'as-tre,  J.\,  n.  [Gr.  /tovaornpiov,  yovos,  alone  ; 
L.  monasterium  ; It.  monastero;  Sp.  monaste- 
rio ; Fr.  monastire.]  A house  appropriated 
to  monks  and  nuns,  especially  the  former ; a 
house  of  religious  retirement ; a convent ; an 
abbey ; a priory  ; a nunnery  ; a cloister.  Pope. 

Syn.  — See  Abbey. 

MO-NAS'TjC,  n.  A monk,  [r.]  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

MO-NAS'TIC,  P a.  [Gr.  /lovaarucos ; L.  monas- 

MO-NAS'TI-CAL,  1 ticus ; It.  monastico  ; Fr.  mo- 
iiastique .)  Relating  to  monks  or  nuns,  or  to 
monasteries  ; monachal ; monkish  ; religiously 
recluse  ; solitary.  “ A life  monastic."  Denham. 

MO-NAS'TI-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  the  manner  of  a 
monk  ; reclusely.  Stvift. 

MO-NAs'TI-CI§M,  n.  Monastic  life.  Smart. 

MO-NAS'TI-CON,  n.  A book  giving  an  account 
of  monasteries.  Maunder. 

MO'NAUL,  n.  ( Ornith .)  A bird  of  the  order  Gal- 
lince  and  sub-family  Lophophorince.  Gray. 

MON'DAY,  n.  [A.  S.  monan-deeg,  the  day  of  the 
moon  ; Ger.  montag  ; Dut.  maandag  \ Dan.  man- 
dag  ; Sw.  mandag  ] ’I he  second  day  of  the  week. 

MOJVDF.  (mond),  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  mundus.] 

1.  The  world  ; a circle  of  people.  Smart. 

2.  A globe,  as  ensign  of  royalty.  Drummond. 

Beau  morale,  tile  fashionable  world. 

MO-NEM'e-RON,  n.  [Gr.  yduos,  alone,  and  Goa, 
a day.]  (Med.)  An  eye-water  formerly  sup- 
posed to  be  capable  of  curing  diseases  of  the 
eye  in  a day.  Dunglison. 

MO-NER'MA,  n.  [Gr.  pivot,  alone,  and  eppa,  a 
support.]  ( Bot .)  A genus  of  grains,  having  a 
single  glume,  which  supports  the  flower  .Loudon. 

MO-NE'SE$,  n.  [Gr.  p6vo;,  alone,  and  Ijms,  desire.] 
(Bot.)  A genus  of  plants,  bearing  a handsome, 
solitary  flower  ; one-flowered  pyrola.  Gray. 

f MO-NEST',  v.  a.  To  advise  ; to  warn.  Chaucer. 

f MO-NEST'ING,  n.  Advice;  warning.  Chaucer. 

MON'fl-TA-RY,  or  m6n'?-TA-RY  [mon'e-ter-e,  K. 
R.  C. ; mun'e-tar-e,  Sm.  Wr.],  a.  Relating  to, 
or  consisting  of,  money.  Hallam. 

MON'IJY  (mun'ne),  n. ; pi.  MONEYS  : — rarely  used 
in  the  plural.  [A.  S.  mynet ; Dut.  munt ; Ger. 
milnze;  Dan.  myndt ; Sw.  niynt.  — W.  mwnai  ; 
Gael,  monadh.  — L.  moneta,  from  moneo,  to  re- 
mind ; It.  moneta  ; Sp.  moneda;  Fr.  monnaie.] 

1.  Stamped  metal,  generally  gold,  silver,  or 
copper,  used  in  traffic,  or  as  the  measure  of 
price;  coin. 

Money  differs  from  uncoined  silver  in  that  the  quantity  of 
silver  in  each  piece  of  money  is  ascertained  by  the  stamp  it 
bears,  which  is  a public  voucher.  Lock  e. 

2.  Cash  generally  ; any  current  token  or  rep- 

resentative of  value,  as  bank-notes  exchangeable 
for  coin,  notes  of  hand,  accepted  bills  on  mer- 
cantile houses,  drafts,  &c.  Wright. 

Syn.  — Money,  originally  stamped  coin,  is  now  ap- 
plied to  whatever  serves  as  a circulating  medium,  in- 
cluding bank-notes  and  drafts,  as  well  as  metallic 
coins;  cash  is  ready  money,  and  is  sometimes  restrict- 
ed to  coin,  or  metallic  money  bearing  a legal  stamp  ; 
but  it  is  commonly  used  to  include  bank-notes,  drafts, 

&.C. 

t .M 6 N ' IJ  Y,  v.  a.  To  supply  with  money.  Tyndale. 

MON'JgY-A^E,  n.  [Fr.  monnayage.]  (Law.)  A 
tax  formerly  paid  in  England,  every  three  years, 
for  preserving  the  coinage  of  the  realm.  Hume. 

MON'pY— BAG,  n.  A bag  for  money  ; a purse. 

For  I did  dream  of  money-bags  to-night.  Shale. 

MON'^Y— BILL,  n.  A bill  for  raising  money.  [A 
parliamentary  phrase.]  Harcourt. 

MON'JJY— BOX,  n.  A till ; a repository  for  money. 

MON'IJY-BRO'KIJR,  n.  A broker  who  deals  in 
money  ; a money-changer.  B.  Jonson. 

MON'IJY— CHANt^'lJR,  n.  A broker  in  money  ; a 
money-broker.  Arbuthnot. 

M6N'l>Y-CORN,  n.  Mixed  corn,  as  wheat  and 
rye ; maslin  ; mong-corn.  Craig. 


MoN'JJY— DfiAL'fJR,  n.  A broker  or  changer  of 
money  ; a money-broker  ; a money-changer. 

MON'JJY— DROP'PIJR,  n.  One  who  drops  money 
for  dishonest  purposes.  Macaulay. 

MONEYED  ( mun'jd),  a.  1.  Rich  in  money;  able 
to  command  money  ; wealthy  ; affluent. 

Invite  moneyed  men  to  lend  to  the  merchants.  Bacon. 

2.  Consisting,  or  in  the  form,  of  money. 

Away  must  your  silver  go  again,  whether  moneyed  or  not 
moneyed.  Locke. 

MON'IJY-pR,  n.  [Fr.  monnayeur .] 

1.  One  who  deals  in  money  ; a banker  ; a mon- 
ey-broker ; a money-changer.  Johnson. 

2.  A coiner  of  money.  Hale. 

MON'EY— LEND'JJR,  n.  One  who  lends  money. 

MON'UY-LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  money;  penni- 
less. Swift. 

m6n'EY-MA'K]JR,  n.  1.  One  who  coins  or  coun- 
terfeits money.  Halliwell. 

2.  One  who  gains  money. 

M 6 N ' Y - M A Iv ' I N G , a . Gaining  money.  Clarke. 

MON'JJY-MAn,  n.  One  attached  to  pecuniary 
traffic,  [k.]  Massinger. 

MON'IJY— MAT'TER,  n.  Something  in  which 
money  is  concerned;  account  of  debtor  and 
creditor. 

What  if  you  and  I,  Nick,  should  inquire  how  money-mat- 
ters stand  between  us?  Arbuthnot. 

MON'flY-OR'OIJR,  n.  An  order  for  money  de- 
posited at  one  post-office  and  payable  at  an- 
other ; — a form  of  transmitting  money  carried 
on  by  the  English  general  post-office.  Simmonds. 

MON'f.Y— SCRl  VE'NER,  n.  One  who  raises  money 
for  others  ; money-broker.  Arbuthnot. 

MON'F.Y— SPIN'NpR,  n.  A small  spider,  vulgar- 
ly so  called  because  supposed  to  prognosticate 
money  to  one  on  whom  it  crawls.  Todd. 

MON'pY’§— WORTH  (mun'ez-wurtli),  n.  Some- 
thing worth  the  cost ; full  value.  L’ Estrange. 

MON'EY-WORT  (-wurt),  n.  (Bot.)  A trailing 
plant  of  the  genus  Lysimachia ; creeping  loose- 
strife ; Lysimachia  nummularia.  Loudon. 

MONG'-CORN  (mung'korn),  n.  Mixed  corn,  as 
wheat  and  rye  ; maslin.  [Local,  Eng.]  Wright. 

MON'GE R (mung'ger,  821,  n.  [A.  S.  mangere ; 
mangian,  to  trade  ; Ger.  monger .] 

1.  A dealer ; a trafficker  ; a seller  ; — seldom 
used  except  in  composition  ; as,  fish  -monger, 
news-monger. 

2.  A small  fishing  vessel.  Simmonds. 

MON'GOL,  n.  (Geog.)  A native  of  Mongolia. 

MON-GOL'FI-IJR— BAL-LOON',  n.  A balloon  filled 
with  atmospheric  air  dilated  by  heat ; a fire- 
balloon  ; — so  called  from  its  inventor.  Brande. 

MON-GO'LI-AN,  a.  (Geog.)  Relating  to  Mongo- 
lia; sprung  from,  or  belonging  to,  the  Mongols. 

MON  GOOSE,  ) (Zo!il.)  A quadrumanous  ani- 

MON-GOOZ',  ) mal  of  the  family  Lcmuriche,  or 
lemurs  ; mangoose  ; Lemur  mongoz.  Eng.  Cyc. 

MON'GUEL  (mung'grel,  82),  a.  [A.  S.  mengan , or 
merngan,  to  mix;  Ger.  men  gen ; Dan.  mange; 
Sw.  manga.]  Of  a mixed  breed  ; hybrid. 

Thou  mongrel , beef-witted  lord.  Shale. 

There  is  a mongrel  dialect,  composed  ofltalian  find  French, 
nnd  some  Spanish  words  are  also  in  it,  which  they  call 
Franco.  Howell. 

MON'GRfL,  n.  Any  thing  of  a mixed  breed. 

Ay,  in  the  catalogue  ye  go  for  men, 

As  hounds  and  greyhounds,  mongrels,  spaniels,  curs.  Shak. 

Tlis  two  faculties  of  serving-man  and  solicitor  should  com- 
pound into  one  mongrel.  Milton. 

f MON'IAL,  n.  A mullion.  Hall. 

MON'IJJD,  a.  Moneyed. — See  Moneyed.  Swift. 

MO-NIL'I-FER,  n.  A species  of  fossil  fish.  Smart. 

MO-NIL'I-FORM,  a.  [L.  monile,  a necklace,  and 
forma,  form.]  (Bot.)  Shaped  like  a necklace  ; 
noting  cylindrical  bodies  contracted  at  inter- 
vals. Gray. 

f MON'I-MENT,  n.  [L.  monimentum .] 

1.  A memorial ; a monument.  Spenser. 

2.  A mark;  superscription;  image.  Spenser. 


MO'NING,  n.  A fine  black  tea.  Simmonds. 

f MON'ISH,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  manian,  monian ; Frs. 
monia.  — L.  moneo.]  To  warn;  to  advise;  to 
admonish.  Chaucer. 

f MON'ISII-IJR,  n.  An  admonisher.  Johnson. 

f MON'JSH-MENT,  n.  Admonition.  Sherwood. 

MO-Ni''TION,  n.  [L.  monitio  ; Fr.  monition.] 

1.  Admonition  ; warning  ; counsel. 

The  counsels  and  monitions  of  reason  itself.  L' Estrange. 

2.  Information  ; hint ; advice. 

We  have  no  visible  monition  of  the  returns  of  any  other 
periods  such  as  we  have  of  the  day,  by  successive  light  and 
darkness.  Holder. 

MON'J-TIVE,  a.  Admonitory;  monitory.  Barrow. 

MON'I-TOR,  n.  [L.,  from  moneo,  to  warn.] 

1.  One  who  warns  or  admonishes. 

You  need  not  be  a monitor  to  the  king.  Bacon. 

2.  A student  in  a school  or  seminary  appoint- 
ed to  instruct  or  observe  others.  Johnson. 

3.  (Zo'ul.)  One  of  a family  of  lizards,  so  called 

from  the  warning  they  are  supposed  to  give  of 
the  vicinity  of  crocodiles.  Eng.  Cyc. 

4.  (Naut.)  A small  fishing  vessel. 

MON-I-TO'RI-AL,  a.  1.  Conveying  admonition 

or  instruction.  Wright. 

2.  Relating  to,  or  taught  by,  a monitor  ; as, 
“ A monitorial  scaool.” 

MON'I-TO-RY,  a.  [L.  monitorius.]  Conveying 
instruction  ; giving  admonition  or  warning;  ad- 
monitory. “ The  monitory  hint.”  Pope. 

MON'I-TO-RY,  n.  An  admonition  ; a warning  ; 
a monition,  [r.]  Bacon. 

MON'I-TRESS,  n.  A female  monitor  ; an  instruc- 
tress. Student. 

MON'I-TRIX,  n.  A monitress.  Somerville. 

MONK  (munglc,  82),  n.  [A.  S.  monec,  mimuc  ; Dan. 
4 Sw.  munk ; — Ger.  miinch.  — Gr.  povn^is,  from 
povog,  alone ; L.  monachus ; It.  monaco ; Sp. 
mange ; Fr.  moine.]  One  of  a religious  com- 
munity, withdrawn  from  general  intercourse 
with  the  world ; one  living  in  a monastery. 
“ All  hoods  make  not  monks.”  Shak. 

Tbe  ancient  monks  were  not,  like  the  modern, 
distinguished  into  orders,  and  denominated  from  the 
founders  of  them  ; hut  they  had  their  names  from  the 
places  where  they  inhabited,  as  the  moults  of  Scethis, 
Mitria,  &c.  All  monks  were  originally  no  more  than 
laymen.  Hook . 

MONK'JJR-Y,  n.  Monasticism.  Bale. 

MON'KIJY  (mung'ke),  n.  [From  manikin , a little 
man.  Johnson. — “ Monicchio,  for  a monkey,  is 
old  in  the  Italian  language.”  Todd.] 

1.  (Zoiil.)  One  of  a group 
of  quadrumanous  animals 
of  the  family  Simiadw. 

Those  of  the  Old  World 
are  characterized  by  having 
cheek-pouches  for  the  tem- 
porary reception  of  their 
food,  a long  tail,  and  cal- 
losities on  each  side  of  it ; 
those  of  the  New  World  by  Grccn  monkcy- 
having  prehensile  tails,  no  cheek-pouches  nor 
callosities,  and  by  the  wide  separation  of  the 
nostrils.  Baird. 

2.  A word  of  contempt,  or  of  slight  kindness. 

Poor  monkey,  how  wilt  thou  do  for  a father?  Shak. 

3.  (Mech.)  An  apparatus  for  disengaging  and 

securing  again  the  ram  of  a pile-driving  ma- 
chine. Simmonds. 

MON'KFIY— BLOCK,  'n.  (Naut.)  A small  single 
block  strapped  with  a swivel.  Dana. 

MON'KEY-BOAT,  n.  (Naut.)  A boat  used  in 
the  docks.  Simmonds. 

MON'KIJY— BREAD,  n.  A name  for  the  large 
fruit  of  the  Adansonia  digitata,  the  slightly 
acid  pulp  of  which  is  used  as  an  article  of  food 
by  the  natives  of  Africa.  Simmonds. 

MON'KEY— FLoW'JJR,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the 
genus  Mimulus.  Gray. 

MON'KEY-r§M,  n.  The  quality  of  a monkey  ; 
resemblance  to  a monkey.  Blackwood. 

MON'KIJY— jAck'IJT,  n.  A short  spencer,  or 
thick  pea-jackct.  Simmonds. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  Rt)LE.  — g,  <?,  g,  soft;  P,  G,  £,  |,  hard;  § as  z ; ^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


MONKEY-WRENCH 


92G 


MONOME 


MoN'KEY— WRENCH,  n.  (Meek.)  A spanner  with 
a movable  jaw.  Simmonds. 

MONK'— FISH,  n.  ( Ich .)  A fish  of  the  shark  fam 
ily  ; angel-fish  ; Squutina  angclus.  Yarrell. 

MONK'HOOD  (munk'liGd),  n.  The  state  of  a monk. 

MONK'ISH,  a.  Like  a monk;  pertaining  to,  or 
taught  by,  monks  ; monastic.  Atterbury. 

MONK'LY,  a.  Relating  to  monks ; monkish.  More. 

MONK-SEAL,  n.  (Zobl.)  A 
Phoca  monachus. 


species  of  seal 
Eng.  Cijc. 


MONK’S'— HOOD  (-bud),  n.  ( Bot .)  A perennial 
plant  of  the  genus  Aconitum  ; aconite  ; wolfs- 
bane ; Aconitum  uncinatum.  Gray. 

MONK’S— R II 0 'BARB  (-ro'bJtrb),  n.  (Bot.)  A plant 
of  the  genus  Rumex;  bastard  rhubarb  ; Rumex 
aljnnus.  Loudon. 

MONK’S'— SEAM,  n.  ( Xaut .)  A seam  made  by 
laying  the  selvages  of  sails  over  one  another, 
and  sewing  them  on  both  sides.  Crabb. 

MON-O-BA'SIC,  a.  [Gr.  pdros,  single,  and  Pacts,  a 
base.]  (Chem.)  Noting  compounds  in  which 
acids  combine  in  the  proportion  of  one  equiva- 
lent of  acid  to  each  equivalent  of  oxygen  in  the 
base  ; as,  “ Monobasic  salts.”  Graham. 

MON-O-CAR'DI-AN,  a.  [Gr.  pdros,  single,  and 
/caplin,  the  heart.]  (7.0  . 1.)  Having  a single  heart, 
as  fishes  and  reptiles.  Clarke. 

MON'O-CARP,  ii.  (Bot.)  Monocarpon.  Smart. 

MON-O-CAR'PON,  n.  [Gr.  pdi  o;,  single,  and  Kan- 
-rij,  fruit.]  (Bot.)  A plant  that  perishes  after 
having  once  borne  fruit ; an  annual.  Brande. 


MfiN'O-CULE,  n.  (Ent.)  One  of  the  crustaceans 
formerly  called  Monoculi.  Smart 

MO-NO C'U-LO US,  a.  Monocular.  Glanvill 

MO-JfOC'U-Ll,  n.  pi.  [L]  (Ent.)  A name  by 
which  all  the  entomostracous  crustaceans  wer 
formerly  known.  Baird. 


(Bot.)  Bearing  fruit  only 
Maunder. 


MON-O-CAR'POUS,  a. 
once. 

MoN-O-CEPII ' A-LOUS,  a.  [Gr.  pdros,  single,  and 
Kitpal.fi,  head.]  (Bot.)  Noting  flowers  disposed 
in  single  heads  or  umbels;  — also  noting  an 
ovary  surmounted  by  a solitary  style.  lien  slow. 

MO-Noy'E-KOS,  n.  [Gr.  pdros,  single,  and  Kepas, 
a horn.] 

X.  t A fabulous  animal ; the  unicorn.  Bailey. 

2.  (Astron.)  One  of  the  constellations.  Hind. 

MO-N6g'e-ROT,  n.  Monoceros.  Burton. 

MON-O-jCHLA-MYD'e-OOs,  a.  [Gr.  pdros,  single, 
and  a cloak.]  (Bot.)  Having  one  floral 

envelope  ; having  a calyx,  but  no  corolla.  Gray. 

MON'O-UHORD  (-kord),  n.  [Gr.  pdros,  single,  and 
a chord.]  (Mas.)  An  instrument,  said  to 
have  been  invented  by  Pythagoras,  consisting 
of  a single  string  stretched'  between  two  bridges 
standing  on  a graduated  rule,  and  used  in  de- 
termining the  ratios  of  musical  tones  and  inter- 
vals- Harris. 

MON-O-eilRO-M AT'IC,  a.  [Gr.  pdros,  single,  and 
Xptiipa,  color.]  Having  but  one  color. 

Monochromatic  lamp 
only  a yellow  light. 


kind  of  lamp  which  gives 
Brande. 


MON'O-UHROME, 
single  color. 


n.  A painting 


executed  in  a 
Brande. 

MON-O-CHRON'JC,  a.  [Gr.  pdros,  single,  and 
Xf>dvo{,.time.]  Existing  at  one  and  the  same 
time  with  something  else.  Smart. 

MON'O-CLE  (mon'o-kl),  n.  [Fr.]  A reading-glass 
for  one  eye.  Simmonds. 

MON-O-CLI'NOys,  a.  [Gr.  plva s,  single,  and  K/.irri, 
a bed.]  (Bot.)  Hermaphrodite  ; having  stamens 
and  pistils  in  the  same  flower.  Henslow. 

MON-O-COT-Y-LE'DON  [mon-o-kot-e-Ie'don,  Sm. 

Brande,  P . Cyc.  7 Vr.  ; mon-o-ko-tll'e-don, 
A.J,  n.  [Gw  fidvoc;,  single,  and  Korvl.rihibv,  a cup- 
shaped  cavity.]  (Bot.)  A plant  having  o nly  one 
cotyledon  or  seed-lobe  ; an  endogen.  P.  Cyc. 

MON-O-COT-Y-LED'O-NOUS,  a.  (Bot.)  Having 
but  one  cotyledon,  or  seed-lobe.  Gray. 

MO-NOC'R A-CY , n.  [Gr.  pdros,  single,  and  Koarlui, 
to  rule.J  Government  by  one  person.  Ed.  Rev. 

MON  O-CRAT,  n.  One  who  rules  alone  ; a mon- 
arch;  [R-l  Jefferson. 

MO-NOC  U-LAR,  a.  [Gr.  pdros,  single,  and  L. 
oculus,  an  eye.]  One-eyed;  having  only  one 
eye ; monoculous.  Howell 


MON-O-DAC'TY-LOUS,  a.  [Gr.  pdros,  single,  and 
daKrui.os,  a finger.]  (Zoiil.)  Having  but  one  fin 
ger  or  toe.  Maunder 

MON'O-DELPH,  n.  [Gr.  pdros,  single,  and  Sehtpbs. 
the  womb.]  (Zoiil.)  A mammal  which  brin 
forth  its  young  in  so  mature  a state  as  not  to 
require  the  protection  of  a pouch.  Brande 

MON'O-DlST,  n.  One  who  writes  or  sings 
monody.  Wright 

MON'O-DON,  n.  [Gr.  portions,  povtlovro;,  one 
toothed.]  (Zoiil.)  A genus  of  Cetacea,  distin- 
guished by  the  long  tusk  of  the  male.  — See 
Narwhal.  Eng.  Cyc, 

MOJf-O-DOAr’TJt,  n.  pi.  (Conch.)  Shells  of  th< 
genus  Trochidcc,  the  columella  of  which  term! 
nates  abruptly  in  a tooth  or  notch.  Eng.  Cyc. 

MUN-O-DRA-MAt'IC,  a.  Relating  to  a mono- 
dram. Smart 

MON'O-DRAME,  n.  [Gr.  pdros,  single,  and  Ipnpa, 
a drama.]  A dramatic  performance  by  only 
one  person.  Smart. 

MON'O-DY,  n.  [Gr.  povtpSla,  from  pdros,  single, 
and  toll/,  a song  ; It.  monodia ; Fr.  monodie.']  A 
poem  or  song,  sung  by  one  person,  to  express 
his  grief. 

It  is  called  a monody,  from  a Greek  word  signifying  a 
mournful  or  funeral  song  sung  by  a single  person.  Bp.Neuiton. 

MO-JfCE' CI-A  (mo-ne'she-a),  n.  pi.  [Gr.  pdros,  sin- 
gle, and  oisia,  house.]  (Bot.)  A class  of  plants 
in  the  Linntean  system,  which  have  the  stamens 
and  pistils  in  separate  flowers  on  the  6ame  in- 
dividual. Gray. 

MO-NCE'CIAN,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the  class 
Moncecia.  Wright. 

MO-NCE'CIAN,  a.  (Bot.)  Belonging  to  the  class 
Moncecia ; monoecious.  Wright. 

MO-NCE'CIOUS  (mo-ne'slius),  a.  (Bot.)  Noting 
a flower  having  stamens  or  pistils  only.  Gray. 

MON'O-GAM,  n.  [Gr.  pdros,  single,  and  yapos,  a 
marriage.]  (Bot.)  A plant  of 'the  order  Mono- 
gamia ; a monogamous  plant.  Smart. 

MON-O-GA'MI-A,  n.pl.  (Bot.)  An  artificial  order 
of  plants  in  the  Linnaean  system,  whose  flowers 
are  not  aggregated  into  heads,  but  whose  an- 
thers are  more  or  less  adhering.  Ilenslow. 

MON-O-GA'MI-AN,  a.  (Bot.)  Belonging  to,  or 
pertaining  to,  the  order  Monogamia.  Wright. 

MO-NOG'A-MIST,  n.  [Gr.  pdvos,  single,  and  yapos , 
marriage.] 

1.  One  who  disallows  second  marriages. 

I valued  myself  upon  being  a strict  monogamist.  Goldsmith. 

2.  One  who  has  but  one  wife,  as  distinguished 
from  a bigamist  or  polygamist.  Richardson. 

MO-NOG'A-MOUS,  a.  1.  Having  one  wife  only, 
and  not  permitted  to  marry  a second.  Wright. 
2.  (Bot.)  Monogamian.  Wright. 

MO-NOG'A-MY,  n.  [Gr.  pdros,  single,  and  yaptai, 
to  marry.] 

1.  The  marriage  of  one  wife  only,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  bigamy  or  polygamy  '.  Blount. 

2.  The  condition  of  not  marrying  a second 
wife  after  the  death  of  the  first.  " Chambers. 

MON-O-GAS'TRIC,  a.  [Gr.  pdros,  single,  and  yatr- 
rf/p,  the  belly.]  (Anat.)  Having  but  one  stom- 
ach. “ Man  is  monogastric.”  Dunglison. 

MON'O-GRAM,  11.  [Gr.  pdros,  single,  and  ypappa, 
a writing ; L.  <Sr  It.  monogramma  ; Sp.  mono- 
grama-,  Fr.  monogramme. ] 

1.  One  character  in  writing.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  An  abbreviation  of  a name  by  means  of  a 

cipher  or  figure  in  which  two  or  more  letters 
are  intertwined.  Gibbon. 

3.  A picture  drawn  in  lines  without  color. 


MON'O-GRAM-MALj  a.  In  the  manner  of  a mon- 
ogram ; monogrammatic.  Fotherby. 

MON-O-GR AM-MAT'JCj  a.  Monogrammal ; mon- 
ogrammous.  Ogilvie. 

m6n'0-GRAM-M01  S,  a.  In  the  manner  of  a 
monogram  ; monogrammatic  ; monogrammal. 

Those  romantic  monoyrummotts  gods  of  Epicurus.  Cudworth. 

MON'O-GRApH,  n.  [Gr.  pdros,  single,  and  ypntpf/, 
delineation.]  A treatise  or  memoir  on  a single 
subject,  of  a brief  kind.  Brande. 


MO-NOG'RA-PIIER,  n. 
graph. 


One  who  writes  a mono- 
For.  Qu.  Rev. 


mon-o-grAph'!c 
mon-o-grAfh 

without  colors. 


'!C,  ? a. 

'I-CAL,  ) ogi 


MON-O-GRApHT-CAL-LY,  ad. 
manner  of  a monograph. 

MO-NOG'RA-PHlST, 


A kind  of  first  draught,  or  ground  colors  only,  and  mono- 
gram of  life.  Hammond. 

MON-P-GRAm'MIC,  a.  Monogrammal.  Clarke. 


Pertaining  to  a mon- 
ograph : — drawn  in  lines 
Maunder. 
In  the  form  or 
Craig. 

A monographer.  Keith. 
MO-NOG'R A-PHOUS,  a.  Monographic.  Dub.  Rev. 

MO-NOG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  pdros,  single,  and  ypa- 
tpto,  to  write.] 

1.  A monograph,  or  description  of  one  thing ; 

a treatise  on  a single  subject.  Clarice. 

2.  A representation  simply  by  lines.  P.  Cyc. 

MON'O-pYN,  n.  [Gr.  pdros,  single,  and  yon/,  a 
female.]  (Bot.)  A plant  having  only  one  style 
or  stigma.  Lindley. 

MON-O-pYN'I- A,  n.  pi.  (Bot.)  An  artificial  order 
of  plants  in  the  Linnaean  system,  including 
those  whose  flowers  have  only  one  style  or 

Henslow. 

MON-O-pYN'I-AN,  a.  (Bot.)  Monogynous.  Wright. 

MO-NOP'Y-NOUS,  a.  (Bot.)  Noting  a flower 
having  but  one  pistil,  or  one  style.  Gray. 

A MON-O-HEM  E-ROLS,  a.  [Gr.  pdros,  single,  and 
l/ptpa,  a day.]  (Med.)  Lasting  but  a day.  Crabb. 

MO-NOL'E-PIS,  1 1.  (Zoiil.)  A genus  of  macrou- 
rous  crustaceans.  pm  Cyc. 

MON'O-LITH,  n.  [Gr.  /idro?,  single,  and  liQost  a 
stone  ] (Arch.)  An  obelisk  or  monument 
formed  of  a single  stone  : — any  thing  sculptured 
from  one  solid  block  of  stone  . — a solid  block  of 
stone  set  up  as  a memorial,  like  the  old  Druidic 
monuments.  ' FairhoU. 

MON'O-LITH-AL,  a.  Formed  of  a single  stone  ; 
monolithic.  Frcincis . 

MON-O-LITH’IC,  a.  Consisting  of  only  one  stone, 
as  a column  or  a statue.  Cathencood. 

MO-NOL'O-pIST,  ix.  One  who  speaks  in  a mon- 
ologue ; one  who  soliloquizes.  Ec.  Rev. 

MON'O-LOGUE  (mon'o-log)  [nion'o-log,  IF.  P.  J. 
E.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  R.  Ur.;  mon'o-log,  &.],  n.  [Gr. 
pdros,  alone,  and  l.oyos,  speech  ; It.  § Sp.  mono- 
logia ; Fr.  monologue.]  That  which  is  spoken 
by  one  person  alone  ; a dramatic  scene  in  which 
a person  appears  alone  upon  the  stage  and 
soliloquizes;  a soliloquy;  — distinguished  from 
dialogue.  Dryden. 

MO-NOM'A-CHIST,  n.  A single  combatant;  a 
duellist.  IV.  A.  Rev. 

MO-NOM'A-GHY  [mo-nom'ft-ke,  IF.  P.  J.  K.  Sm. 
R.  Wr.  ; mon'o-nia-ke,  Johnson],  n.  [Gr.  poro- 
fnXl"  ! 1‘dt’os,  single,  and  pax’i,  a combat ; L.  $ 
It.  monomachia;  Fr.  inononiachie.]  A duel ; a 
single  combat.  Bp.  Hull. 

m6n'0-MANE,  it.  One  afflicted  with  monomania; 
a monomaniac.  Month.  Rev. 

M6N-0-MA'NI-A,  n.  [Gr.  pdros,  single,  and  paria, 
madness;  It.  monomania;  Fr.  mono  manic.] 
(Med.)  Insanity  upon  one  particular  subject, 
the  mind  being  in  a sound  state  with  respect 
to  other  matters.  Brande. 

Syn.  — See  Insanity. 
m6n-o-mA'ni-Ac,  n. 

mania. 


One  affected  with  mono- 
Clissold. 

MON-O-MA'NI-Ac,  a.  Affected  with  monomania, 
or  partial  derangement.  Wright. 

MON'O-ME,  ii.  [Fr.]  (Algebra.)  A single  alge- 
braic expression  ; a monomial.  Brande. 


E>  R V,  \,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  E,  I,  O,  IT,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


MONOMETER  927  MONSOON 


MO-NOM'S-T^R,  n.  [Gr.  iidi’os,  single,  and  plrpov, 
measure.]  (Pros.)  One  metre.  Beck. 

MON-O-MET'RIC,  a.  (Min.)  Noting  crystals  with 
the  axes  equal  or  of  one  kind,  as  the  cube,  oc- 
tahedron, and  dodecahedron.  Clarke. 

MO-NO'MI-AL,  n.  [Gr.  povos,  single,  and  Svopa, 
a name.]  '(Algebra.)  A single  algebraic  expres- 
sion ; an  expression  unconnected  with  any 
other  by  the  signs  of  addition,  subtraction, 
equality,  or  inequality.  Davies. 

MO-NO'MI-AL,  a.  (Algebra.)  Consisting  of  only 
one  term  or  letter.  Francis. 

MON-O-MOR'PHOUS,  a.  [Gr.  /who;,  single,  and 
poo tptj,  form.]  (Ent.)  Of  a single  form;  noting 
certain  neuropterous  insects  which,  in  their 
larva  state,  are  similar  in  form  to  the  perfect 
insect,  though  wingless.  Ogilvie. 

MON-O-MY-A'RI-A,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  pivos,  single,  and 
pis,  a muscle.]  (Conch.)  An  order  of  conchi- 
fers  which  have  but  one  principal  muscular  im- 
pression in  each  valve  of  the  shell.  Eng.  Cyc. 

MO-NO 'MY- A-RY,  n.  (Conch.)  A shell  of  the 
order  Monomgaria.  Brande. 

JtWJV-O-JVEU'RA,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  pivos,  single,  and 
viupov,  a nerve.]  (Zoiil.)  A term  applied  by  Ru- 
dolphi  to  a primary  division  of  animals  having 
only  the  ganglionic  system  of  nerves,  as  the 
mollusks  and.  insects.  Brande. 

MON-O-NEU'RAN,  n.  (Zo'Sl.)  One  of  the  Mono- 
neura.  Brande. 

MON-O-OU'SIAN,  a.  [Gr.  pivos,  single,  and  ovoia, 
nature,  essence.]  Having  identically  the  same 
nature  or  essence.  Cudworth. 

MON-O-OU'SIOUS,  a.  Monoousian.  Clarke. 

MO-NOP'A-TIIY,  n.  [Gr.  povo s,  sole,  and  it  ado;, 
suffering.]  Solitary  sensibility  ; solitary  suffer- 
ing. “ The  body’s  monopathy.”  Whitlock. 

MON-O-PER'SO-NAL,  a.  [Gr.  pivos,  single,  and 
L.  persona.)  Having  but  one  person.  flleadows. 

MON-O-PET'A-LOUS,  a.  [Gr.  povo t,  single,  and 
neralov,  a petal.]  (Bot.)  Having  but  one  petal  : 
— noting  a corolla,  the  petals  of  which  so  co- 
here as  to  form  a tube.  Gray. 

MO-NOPFI'A-NOUS,  a.  [Gr.  pivos,  single,  and 
to  appear.]  Similar  in  appearance  to 
something  else.  Maunder. 

MO-NOPH'THONG,  or  MON'OPII-THONG  [mo- 
nop'thong,  Sin. ; mo-nof'thong,  Cl. ; mon'of-thong, 
C.  If.],  il.  "[Gr.  pivos,  single,  and  ipdoyyi 5,  the 
voice.]  A single  sound  ; a simple  vowel  sound 
of  two  letters,  as  distinguished  from  a proper 
diphthong.  Crombie. 

MON-OPH-THON'GAL  (mon-op-thong'g?l,  82),  a. 
Relating  to  a monophthong,  or  single  sound ; 
having  but  one  sound.  Crombie. 

MON-O-PHYL'LOyS,0r  MO-NOPH'YL-LOUS  (131), 
a.  [Gr.poro?,  single,  and  ipbl.io v,  a leaf.]  (Bot.) 
Having  but  one  leaf ; monosepalous.  llenslow. 

MON-O-PIIY'O-DONT,  n.  [Gr.  pivos,  single,  ipboi, 
to  generate,  and  Hobs,  olivros,  a tooth.]  (Zoiil.) 
A mammal  which  puts  forth  but  one  set  of 
teeth,  as  the  sloth,  or  the  armadillo.  Brande. 

MO-NOPH'Y-STtE,  n.  [Gr.  pivos,  single,  and 
060-15,  nature.]  (Theol.)  One  of  a sect  of  Chris- 
tians who  maintain  that  Christ  has  but  one 
nature.  Hook. 

MO-NOPH-Y-SlT'I-CAL,  a.  (Theol.)  Relating  to 
the  Monophysites  or  to  their  doctrine.  Smart. 

MO-NOP'O-DY,  n.  [Gr.  povos,  single,  and  t ro&s, 
noils,  a foot.]  (Pros.)  A measure  consisting  of 
but  one  foot.  Beck. 

t MO-NOP'O-LER,  n.  A monopolist.  Sherwood. 

MO-NOP'O-LIST,  n.  [It.  ^r  Sp.  monopolista  ; Fr. 
monopoleur .]  One  who  monopolizes  ; an  en- 
grosser, as  of  any  branch  of  trade.  Young. 

MO-NOP'O-LIZE,  v.  a.  [Gr.  pivos,  alone,  and 
it  oil  ho,  to  sell ; Sp.  monopolizar ; Fr.  monopo- 
liser.'] \i.  MONOPOLIZED  ; pp.  MONOPOLIZING, 
MONOPOLIZED.] 

1.  To  buy  up  or  obtain  possession  of  the 
whole  of,  so  as  to  sell  at  one’s  own  price  ; to 


engross  the  whole  of,  as  of  any  branch  of  trade  ; 
to  obtain  a monopoly  of;  to  forestall. 

He  has  such  a prodigious  trade,  that,  if  there  is  not  some 
stop  put,  he  will  monopolize;  nobody  will  sell  ayaid  of  dra- 
pery but  himself.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  To  engross  or  obtain  the  whole  of. 

As  if  this  age  had  monopolized  all  goodness  to  itself.  Fuller. 

MO-NO P'p-LIZ- pit,  n.  A monopolist.  Milton. 

MO-NOP'O-LY,  n.  [Gr.  povonuil.ia  ; L.  ninnopo- 
lium  ; It.  iSf  Sp.  monopolio  ; Fr.  monopole.]  The 
exclusive  possession  of  any  thing,  as  a com- 
modity, or  a market;  the  sole  right  of  buying, 
selling,  or  manufacturing  any  thing.  Shale. 

MON-O-POL'Y-LOGUE,  n.  [Gr.  pivos,  single, 
itol.us,  many,  and  ).6yos,  speech.]  An  entertain- 
ment in  which  a single  actor  sustains  many 
characters.  Brande. 

MO-NOP'TIJ-RAL,  a.  (Arch.)  Having  but  one 
wing  ; — noting  a circular  shrine  or  temple  cov- 
ered by  a dome,  under  which  a statue  or  altar 
might  be  placed.  Fairholt. 

MO-NOP'Ty-RON,  n.  [Gr.  povowripos  ; pivos.  sin- 
gle, and  TiTiodv,  a wing.]  (Arch.)  A temple,  or 
edifice,  consisting  of  a circular  colonnade,  sup- 
porting a dome,  without  any  enclosing  wall,  and 
consequently  without  the  cell  that  there  is  in 
other  temples.  Francis. 

MO-NOP'TfJ-ROS,  n.  (Arch.)  Monopteron.  Ogilvie. 

MO-NOP'Ty-RUS,  n.  [Gr.  pivos,  single,  and  nrlpv^, 
a wing,  or  fin.]  (Ich.)  A genus  of  fishes  hav- 
ing no  pectoral  fins.  Van  Der  Hocven. 

MON 'OP-TOTE  [mon'op-tot,  S.  .7.  E.  F.  Ja.  Sm.  ; 
mon'op-tot  or  mo-nop'tot,  W.  P.),  n.  [Gr.  povos, 
single,  and  nriiois,  case.]  (Gram.)  A noun 
used  only  in  one  case.  Andrews. 

MON-O-PYR'y-NOUS,  a.  [Gr.  pivos,  single,  and 
itvpfiv,  the  stone  of  fruit.]  (Bot.)  Having  but 
one  kernel.  Crabb. 

MON'O-RHYME,  n.  [Gr.  pivos,  single,  and  [ivOpis, 
rhythm.]  A composition  in  verse,  in  which  all 
the  lines  end  with  the  same  rhyme.  Brande. 

MON-O-SEP' A-LOUS,  a.  [Gr.  pivos,  single,  and 
Eng.  sepal,  from  L.  sepio,  to  enclose.]  (Bot.) 
Having  the  calyx  of  one  piece ; i.  e.  with  the 
sepals  united  into  one  body.  Gray. 

MON-O-SPER'MOUS,  a.  [Gr.  pivos,  single,  and 
onippa,  seed.]  (Bot.)  Having  but  one  seed. Gray. 

MON-O-SPHER'J-CAL,  a.  [Gr.  pivos,  single,  and 
aijmipa,  a sphere.]  Consisting  of,  or  having,  a 
single  sphere.  Smart. 

MON'O-STLCII,  n.  [Gr.  povion^ov,  from  pivos, 
single,  and  orthos,  a line,  or  verse.]  A compo- 
sition of  one  verse.  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

MO-NOS'TO-MA,  il.  [Gr.  pivos,  single,  and  irrlpa, 
a mouth.]  (Zoiil.)  The  name  of  a genus  of 
trematode  entozoa,  including  those  which  have 
only  a single  pore.  Brande. 

MON-O-STROPH'IC,  a.  [Gr.  pivos,  single,  and 
oTpotpi/,  a stanza.]  (Pros.)  Having  but  one  sort 
of  stanza ; free  from  the  restraint  of  any  par- 
ticular metre,  or  forming  but  one  great  stanza. 

The  measure  of  verse  used  in  the  chorus  is  of  all  sorts, 
called  by  the  Greeks  monostrojihic.  Milton. 

Mi >N-0-S\  L-lAb  IC,  > i.  Consisting  of 

MON-O-SYL-lAb'I-CAL,  ) only  one  syllable;  as, 

" “ A monosyllabic  word.” 

2.  Consisting  of  monosyllables  ; as,  “ A mon- 
osyllabic verse.”  — See  Monosyllable. 

M0N-0-SYL'LA-BI§M,  n.  A predominance  of 
monosyllables.  Ec.  Rev. 

MON'O-SYL-LA-BLE,  n.  [Gr.  pivos,  single,  and 
<m?.Xai 3ij,  a syllable  ; It.  monosillaba  ; Fr.  mono- 
syllabe .]  A word  of  only  one  syllable.  Swift. 

MON-O-SYL'LA-BLED  (mon-o-sll 'la-bld),  a.  Made 
into  one  syllable. 

Nine  tailors,  if  rightly  spelled. 

Into  one  man  are  monosyllahled.  Cleaveland. 

MON-O-THAL'A-MAN,  n.  [Gr.  pivos,  single,  and 
Ohl.apos,  a chamber.]  (Conch.)  A univalve 
shell,  having  but  one  chamber  or  cell.  Brande. 

MON-O-THAL'A-MOUS,  a.  (Conch.)  Having  but 
one  chamber  or  cell.  Roget. 

M0N'0-TIIE-I§M,  n.  [Gr.  puvos,  single,  and  Oils, 


God.]  The  belief  in,  or  the  doctrine  of,  one 
God  only.  Coleridge. 

MON'O-TIIE-JST,  n.  A believer  in  monotheism. 

MON-O-TIiy-IST'JC,  a.  Relating  to  monotheism. 

MO-NOTH'y-LlTES,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  pivos,  single,  and 
Uil m,  to  will.]  (Eccl.  Hist.)  A sect  of  Christians 
who  took  their  rise  in  the  seventh  century,  and 
who  believed  that  Christ  had  but  one  will.  Hook. 

MO-NOTH'y-LI-T!§M,  n.  (Eccl.  Hist.)  The  doc- 
trine that  Christ  had  but  one  will.  Wright. 

MO-NOT'O-CA,  n.pl.  [Gr.  pivos,  single,  and  tIkos, 
birth.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants,  consisting  of 
small  shrubs,  in  which  the  ovarium  contains 
but  one  ovulum.  Loudon. 

MON'O-TONE,  n.  [Gr.  povos,  single,  and  vivos,  a 
tone  ; Fr.  monotone .] 

1.  (Mus.)  A single  tone  or  key;  a sound 

never  varied.  Dwight. 

2.  (Rhet.)  A sameness  of  tone,  or  unvaried 
pitch  of  the  voice,  in  reading  or  speaking. 

A kind  of  chant  that  frequently  varies  very  little  from  a 
monotone.  Mason. 

MON-O-TON'I-CAL,  a.  Monotonous.  Chesterfield. 

MO-NoT'O-NOUS,  a.  Having  monotony;  want- 
ing variety  in  cadence  or  inflection  ; uniform  in 
sound  ; unvaried.  Warton. 

MO-NOT'O-NOI  S-NESS,  il.  Quality  of  being 
monotonous.  Clarke. 

MO-NOT'O-NOUS-LY,  ad.  In  a monotonous  man- 
ner; with  sameness  of  tone.  Clarke. 

MO-NOT'O-NY,  n.  Uniformity  of  sound ; con- 
tinuousness of  the  same  pitch ; an  irksome 
sameness,  either  in  speaking  or  in  composition. 

MON-O-TREM  A-TA,  l n.pl.  [Gr.  pivos,  single, 

M0N'0-T11EME§,  ) and rptipa,  a hole.]  (Zoiil.) 

Ovoviviparous  mammalia,  which  have  a com- 
mon outlet  for  the  excremental  and  generative 
products;  Ornithorhynchus  and  Echidna. 

MON-O-TRI'GLYPII,  il.  [Gr.  povos,  single,  and 
Tpiylvfo s,  the  triglyph.]  (Arch.)  Such  an  in- 
tercolumniation  in  the  Doric  order  as  brings 
only  one  triglyph  over  it.  Brande. 

MO-NOT'RO-PA,  il.  [Gr.  pivos,  single,  and  rpenui, 
to  turn.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  parasitical  plants; 
— so  called  from  the  flowers  being  turned  one 
way  ; Indian  pipe  ; pine  sap  ; bird’s-nest ; Monot- 
ropa  uniflora.  Gray. 

MO-NOX'Y-LON,  n.  [Gr.  pivos,  single,  and  (blov, 
wood.]  A boat,  or  canoe,  made  of  a single 
piece  of  wood.  Maunder. 

MON'RAD-lTE,  n.  (Min.)  Hydrous  silicate  of 
magnesia  and  iron  ; — of  a pale,  yellow  color. 

Dana. 

MONSEIGNEUR  (mong'seli-yur),  n. ; pi.  MIIS- 
seignei  rs.  [Fr.  moil,  my,  and  seigneur,  lord.] 
A title  given  in  France,  before  the  revolution,  to 
the  dauphin  ; — also  a title  of  courtesy,  which 
was  prefixed  to  the  titles  of  dukes  and  peers, 
archbishops  and  bishops,  and  some  other  ex- 
alted personages.  Brande. 

MONSIEUR  (mos-yiir'  nr  mon-ser')  [mo-seu',  Su- 
renne ; nio'su,  F. ; mong'seor,  K . ; mongs-yor'  or 
mos-yiir',  Sm.  ; mos'ser,  Wbi],  il. ; pi.  mes- 
sieurs. [Fr.] 

1.  The  compellation  of  a French  gentle- 
man ; Sir  ; Mr.  ; — abbreviated,  Mons.,  M. ; pi. 
Messrs.,  MM. 

2.  The  title  of  the  French  king’s  eldest 

brother.  Spiers. 

3.  A term  of  reproach  fora  Frenchman;  — 
so  used  by  early  English  poets. 

A Frenchman  his  companion, 

An  eminent  monsieur.  Sliak. 

MON-SOON',  il.  [Arab,  monsom,  a season.  Thomp- 
son. — Hind,  muosim ; — Fr.  mousson ; Sp.  mon- 
zon .]  A periodical  wind  ; a modification  or  dis- 
turbance of  the  regular  course  of  the  trade 
winds  in  the  Arabian  and  Indian  seas,  blowing 
from  April  to  October  from  the  south-west,  and 
the  other  six  months  of  the  year  from  the 
north-east.  Brande. 

The  south-west  monsoon  is  supposed  to  lie  oc- 
casioned by  the  great  rarefaction  of  the  atmosphere 
over  the  extensive  regions. of  Eastern  Asia  during  the 
summer  months.  Brande. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  R1JLE.  — 9,  9,  ?,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  £,  |,  hard;  § as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


MONSTER 


928 


MOODY 


MON'STpR,  n.  [L.  monstrum  ; monstro,  to  show  ; 
It.  mostro ; Sp.  monstro  ; Fr.  monstre.] 

1.  Something  out  of  the  common  order  of 
nature ; something  extraordinary,  preternatural, 
supernatural,  unnatural,  extravagant, enormous, 
or  excessive  ; a prodigy. 

This  is  some  monster  of  the  isle.  Shak. 

2.  A person  or  thing  horrible  for  deformity, 
wickedness,  cruelty,  or  mischief. 

If  she  live  long. 

And,  in  the  end,  meet  the  old  eourse  of  death, 

Women  will  all  turn  monsters.  Shak. 

3.  (.Vaf.  Hist.)  A term  applied  to  those  indi- 
viduals amongst  plants  an<j,’animals  which  pre- 
sent any  irregularity  in  their  general  form,  or 
in  the  form  of  the  organs  of  which  they  are  com- 


posed. Eng.  Cyc. 

Syn.  — See  Miracle. 

MON'STfR,  v.  a.  To  make  monstrous,  [r.] 

Her  offence 

Must  be  of  such  unnatural  degree 

That  monsters  it.  Shak. 

MON'STpR— LIKE,  a.  Like  a monster.  Shak. 

MON'STgR— TAM-ING,  a.  Subduing  monsters. 
“ That  monster-taming  king.’.’  Fanshaw. 


MON'STRANCE,  n.  [L.  monstro , to 
show.]  ( Eccl. ) A transparent  pyx,  in 
which  the  consecrated  wafer  is  carried 
in  solemn  processions,  and  exposed 
upon  the  altar  ; — sometimes  called 
remonstrance.  Fairholt. 

fMON-STRA'TtON,  ».  [L.  monstra- 

tio .]  A showing;  proof.  Grafton. 

J ^ miMisirunce. 

f MON-STRIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  monstrum , monster, 
and  fero,  to  bear.]  Producing  monsters.  Scott. 

MON-STROS'I-TY,  n.  1.  The  state  or  the  quality 
of  being  monstrous. 

By  the  same  law,  monstrosity  could  not  incapacitate  from 
marriage.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  Any  thing  which  is  monstrous  ; a monster. 

Flying  horses,  black  swans,  hydras,  centaurs,  harpies,  and 
satyrs  . . . arc  monstrosities,  rarities,  or  else  poetical  fancies. 

Browne. 

flftr*  “ The  term  monstrosity  is  often  applied  to  those 
anomalies  only  which  are  apparent  externally,  and 
which  produce  more  or  less  deformity  ; but,  in  scien- 
tific point  of  view,  it  includes  every  variation,  either 
external  or  internal,  in  any  or«*an,  from  its  most  gen- 
eral or  natural  conformation.”  Eng.  Cyc. 

MON'STROI'S,  a.  [L.  monstrosus  ; It.  mostruoso  ; 
Sp.  ?7ionstruoso ; Fr.  monstreux .] 

1.  Deviating  from  the  order  of  nature ; un- 
natural ; preternatural ; abnormal ; prodigious. 

AH  monstrous , all  prodigious  things, 

Hydras,  and  gorgons,  and  chimeras  dire.  Milton. 

2.  Extremely  wonderful ; contrary  to  all  sense 
of  fitness ; strange. 

O.  monstrous!  O,  strange!  We  are  haunted  I Shak. 

3.  Enormous  ; huge  ; — and  the  opposite. 

I ’m  rapt,  and  cannot  cover 
The  monstrous  bulk  of  this  ingratitude.  Shak. 

The  smallest  monstrous  mouse  that  creeps.  Shak. 

4.  Shocking  ; hateful ; horrible  ; dreadful. 

So  bad  a death  argues  a monstrous  life.  Shak. 

5.  Full  of  monsters  or  strange  creatures. 

Where  thou,  perhaps,  under  the  whelming  tide, 

Visit’s!  the  bottom  of  the  monstrous  world.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Enormous. 

MON'STROUS,  ad.  Exceedingly ; very  much. 
“ A monstrous  thick  oil.”  [Vulgar.]  Bacon. 

MON'STROFS-LY,  ad.  1.  In  a monstrous  man- 
ner ; shockingly  ; horribly  ; unnaturally. 

2.  To  an  enormous  degree;  extravagantly. 
Who  with  his  wife  is  monstrously  in  love.  Drydcn. 

MON'STROUS-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality 
of  being  monstrous  ; enormity.  B.  Jonson. 

f MON-STRU-OS'J-TY,  n.  Monstrosity.  Shak. 

MON-TAN'{C,  a.  [L.  montanus,  from  mons,  a 
mountain.]  Relating  to  mountains.  Smart. 

MON'T A-NINE,  n.  ( Chcm .)  The  bitter  principle 
of  the  St.  Lucia  bark.  Hoblyn. 

MON'T A-NISjM,  n.  {Eccl.  Hist.)  The  tenets  of 
Montanus,  a Phrygian  of  the  second  century, 
who  pretended  to  a new  revelation,  claiming 
that  the  Holy  Spirit  made  him  his  organ  lot  de- 
livering a more  perfect  form  of  discipline  than 
that  which  was  delivered  by  the  apostles.  Hook. 


MON'TA-NIST,  n.  {Eccl.  Ilist.)  A follower  of 
Montanus,  a Phrygian  by  birth  ; — called  also, 
a Phrygian,  or  Cataphrygian.  Ilook. 

MON-TA-NIS  ’I  IC,  l f/.  (Eccl.  Hist.)  Belong- 

MON-TA-NIS'TI-CAL,  ) ing  to  Montanus  or  to  the 
Montunists.  Bp.  Hall. 

MON'T  A-NIZE,  v.  n.  (Eccl.)  To  follow  the  opin- 
ions of  Montanus.  Hooker. 

MON'TANT,  n.  [Fr.  montcr,  to  mount.] 

1.  A term  in  fencing.  Shak. 

2.  (Arch.)  An  upright  piece  in  a system  of 

framing.  Brande. 

MOJYT-DE-PIETE  (mong'de-pe'a-ta),  n.  [Fr.] 
Mount  of  piety.  — See  Mount  of  Piety. 

MOJY-TE-FI-AS' CO,n.  An  Italian  wine. Simmonds. 

MON'TgM,  n.  The  name  of  an  ancient  custom, 
still  prevalent  among  the  scholars  of  Eton 
College,  England,  which  consists  in  their  pro- 
ceeding every  third  year,  on  Whit-Tuesday,  to  a 
tumulus  (L.  ad  montem)  near  the  Bath  road, 
and  exacting  money  for  salt,  as  it  is  called,  from 
all  persons  present  or  passers  by.  The  salt 
money  is  given  to  the  captain , or  senior  scholar, 
to  assist  in  defraying  his  expenses  at  the  uni- 
versity. Brande. 

MON-TE'RO,  n.  [Sp.  montcra .]  A horseman’s 
cap.  [it.]  Bacon. 

MON'TETH,  or  MON-TETH'  [mon-teth',  I Vb.  Ken- 
rick,  IVr. ; mon-teth',  K. ; mon'teth,  S/n.}.  n.  A 
vessel  for  washing  or  cooling  wine-glasses  ; — 
so  named  from  the  inventor. 

New  things  produce  new  words,  and  thus  Monteth 

Has  by  one  vessel  saved  his  name  from  death.  King. 

JilONTERS  (mong'turz),  n.  pi.  [Fr.  montcr,  to 
mount.]  A class  of  French  workmen,  who  ar- 
range artificial  flowers  into  wreaths  and  trim- 
mings. Simmonds. 

MON-Ty-ZU'MA,  n.  (Bot.)  A showy  plant.  Loudon. 

MONTH  (munth),  n.  [Goth,  menath  ; A.  S.  mo- 
nath ; mona,  the  moon ; Ger.  monat ; Dut. 
maand ; Dan.  inarmed ; Sw.  monad.  — Gr.  piiv; 
L.  mensis ; It.  mese  ; Sp.  mes  ; Fr.  mois .]  The 
twelfth  part  of  the  calendar  year; — popularly, 
the  space  of  four  weeks. 

The  calendar  month  lias  30  or  31  days,  except 
February,  which  has  28,  and  in  leap-year  29;  the 
solar  month,  nearly  30’-  days  ; the  lunar  month,  or  a 
lunation,  the  time  of  the  revolution  of  the  moon,  about 
291  days. 

MONTH'LING,  n.  Something  which  lasts  a month. 

Yet  hail  to  thee, 

Frail,  feeble  monthlmg.  Wordsworth. 

MONTH'LY  (munth'le),  a.  1.  Continuing  a month, 
or  performed  in  a month. 

Monthly  revolutions  of  the  moon  about  the  earth.  Bentley. 

2.  Happening  every  month;  as,  “ Monthly 
publications”;  “ Monthly  payments.” 

MONTH'LY,  ad.  1.  Once  in  a month;  every 
month.  Shak. 

2.  f As  if  influenced  by  the  moon.  Middleton. 

MONTH'LY,  n.  A magazine  or  periodical  pub- 
lished regularly  once  a month. 

Except  this  chronicle  of  new  publications,  all  the  monthlies 
above  named  had  passed  away  before  Cave  started  “The 
Gentleman’s  Magazine.”  Gent.  Mag. 

f MONTH’S'— MIND,  n.  1.  A celebration,  either  a 
religious  service,  or  a feast,  in  remembrance  of 
a person,  a month  after  his  death.  Bale. 

2.  An  eager  desire  or  longing.  “You  have  a 
month' s-mind  to  them.”  Shak. 

“ Between  these  two  significations  there  is  no 
imaginable  connection;  for,  even  granting  that  the 
funeral  feast  might  be  an  object  of  eager  desire  to 
those  who  were  to  attend  the  celebration,  yet  no  use 
of  language  would  lead  persons  to  say  that  they  had 
a month* s-mind,  when  they  only  meant  to  say,  that 
they  were  desirous  to  he  at  such  a ceremony.  Mr. 
Croft  explains  the  phrase  to  allude  to  ‘ a woman’s 
longing;’  which,  he  says,  ‘ usually  takes  place  (or 
commences,  at  least)  in  the  first  month  of  pregnan- 
cy.’ ” Nares. 

MON'TI-A  (mon'she-?),  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of 
aquatic  plants  ; water  chickweed.  Loudon. 

MON-TJ-CEL'LITE.  n.  (Min.)  A yellowish  min- 
eral ; a variety  of  chrysolite.  Dana. 

MON'TI-CLE,  n.  [L.  monticcllus,  dim.  of  mans, 
amountain.]  Ahillock;  a little  hill,  [r.]  Bailey. 


MON-TIC'U-LATE,  a.  Having  little  projections 
or  elevations.  Smart. 

MON'TJ-CULE,  n.  Monticle.  [r.]  Craig. 

MQN-TIC'IT-LOOS,  a.  Full  of  little  hills;  mon- 
ticulate.  [r.]  Maunder. 

MON-Tl^'U-NOUS,  a.  [L.  mons,  montis,  a moun- 
tain, and"  Gr.  ycuos,  race,  stock.]  Produced  on 
mountains,  [a.]  Scott. 

MONT-MAR'TRLTE,  n.  (Min.)  A compound  of 
the  sulphate  and  carbonate  of  lime,  found  as  a 
mineral  of  a yellowish  color  at  Montmartre, 
near  Paris.  Maunder. 

MON-TOIR'  (mon-twor'),  n.  [Fr. ; montcr,  to 
mount.]  (Man.)  A stone  or  block  used  in 
mounting  a horse  ; a horse-block.  Johnson. 

MON'TON,  n.  [Sp.]  (Mining.)  A term  applied 
to  a heap  of  ore ; a batch  under  the  process  of 
amalgamation.  Simmonds. 

MON-TROSS',  n.  (Mil.)  An  under  gunner  ; a ma- 
tross.  [r.]  Bailey. 

f MON'TURE,  n.  [Fr.]  A saddle  horse.  Fairfax. 

MON'U-MENT,  n.  [L.  monumentum  ; moneo,  to  re- 
mind ; It.  &:  Sp.  monumento;  Fr.  monument.] 

1.  Any  thing  made  or  done  in  memory  of  a 
person  or  an  event;  a memorial;  a remem- 
brancer ; a testimonial ; a record. 

And  pile  up  every  stone 
Of  lustre  from  the  brook  in  ihemory 
Or  monument  to  ages.  Milton. 

2.  A structure  or  device  placed  as  a memo- 
rial of  a person  deceased,  or  of  a remarkable 
event ; as,  “ Pompey’s  monument  ” ; “ London 
monument  ” ; “ Bunker  Hill  monument.” 

3.  A tomb  ; a gravestone  ; a cenotaph.  ‘‘Her 

body  sleeps  in  Capel’s  monument.”  Shak. 

4.  A stone  or  heap  of  stones  or  other  perma- 
ment  mark  of  a limit  or  boundary.  Ogilvie. 

Syn. Monument , memorial , and  remembrancer  are 

applied  to  that  which  was  intended  to  keep  some- 
thing  in  mind.  Tombstones,  gravestones,  cenotaphs, 
pyramids,  and  pillars  are  monuments.  The  Lord’s 
supper  was  instituted  as  a memorial  of  our  Saviour’s 
death.  A remembrancer  is  something  to  remind  one 
of  what  should  he  remembered.  — A cenotaph  is  a 
monument  of  one  whose  body  is  not  buried  under  it. 

MON-U-MEN'TAL,  a.  1.  Relating  to  a monu- 
ment; as,  “A  monumental  inscription.” 

2.  Belonging  to  a tomb  or  a cenotaph. 

Softly  may  he  be  possest 

Of  lus  monumental  rest.  Crashaw. 

3.  Memorial;  commemorative;  preserving 
memory.  “ Pine  or  monumental  oak.”  Milton. 

And  hangs  the  monumental  crown  on  high.  Drydcn. 

MON-y-MEN'TAL-LY,  ad.  By  way  of  memorial; 
memorially.  Gayton. 

MOO,  v.  n.  [Gr.  pi,  an  imitation  of  the  sound 
niade  by  murmuring  with  the  lips  closed.]  To 
make  the  noise  of  a cow;  to  low; — written, 
also  mue.  [A  child’s  word.]  Todd. 

MOO,  n.  1.  The  noise  of  a cow  ; the  act  of  low- 
ing. Jamieson. 

2.  A Burmese  weight,  rather  more  than  half 
an  ounce.  Simmonds. 

MOOD,  n.  [Goth,  mods ; A.  S.  mod,  mind,  dispo- 
sition, passion  ; Ger.  muth,  mind,  spirit,  cour- 
age ; Dut.  moed\  Dan.  Sw.  mod,  mood.  — L. 
modus-,  It.  if  Sp.  modo  ; Fr.  mode .] 

1.  Temper  of  mind  ; state  of  mind  as  affected 

by  any  passion ; disposition;  humor;  frame. 
“To  thwart  me  in  my  mood.”  Shak. 

Albeit  unused  to  the  melting  mood.  Shak. 

2.  Anger  ; rage  ; heat  of  mind  ; temper,  [it.] 
Whom,  in  my  mood , I stabbed  uuto  the  heart.  Shak. 

3.  (Gram.)  The  form  of  a verb,  showing 

the  manner  in  which  the  being,  action,  or  pas- 
sion is  represented;  — written  also  mode.  — See 
Mode.  Murray. 

MOOD'I-LY,  ad.  Sadly;  pensively.  Cotgrave. 

m66d'I-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
moody;  sullenness;  ill-humor.  Todd. 

MOOD'Y,  a.  I.  Subject  to  moods  or  humors. 

Moody  madness  laughing  wild 

Amid  severest  woe.  Gray. 

2.  Out  of  humor  ; angry ; petulant ; peev- 
ish ; fretful;  irritable;  irascible;  passionate. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  IJ,  !,  O,  IT,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


MOODY-MAD 


929 


MOOT-HILL 


Thou  art  as  hot  a Jack  in  thy  mood  as  any  in  Italy,  and  as 
soon  moved  to  be  moody , and  as  soon  moody  to  be  moved.  <S>Aa£. 

3.  Gloomy  ; sad  ; pensive ; saturnine. 

Moody  and  dull  melancholy.  Shak. 

4.  Corresponding,  or  suited,  to  moods. 

Give  me  some  music — music,  moody  food 

Of  us  that  trade  in  love.  Shak. 

MOOD'Y-MAD,  a.  Mad  with  anger.  Shak. 

M&OL'  LAH,  ft.  A Turkish  judge  ; a mollah.Per/au.s. 

MOON,  ra.  [A.  S.  mona ; Ger.  monel ; But.  maan ; 
Dan.  maane  ; Sw.  mane.  — Gr.  , u>)vri.\ 

1.  The  changing  luminary  of  the  night  ; the 
heavenly  orb  which  revolves  round  the  earth  ; 
the  earth’s  satellite. 

I saw  the  new  moon , late  yestreen, 

Wi’  the  old  moon  in  her  arms.  Lady  Wardlaw. 

2.  A satellite  of  a primary  planet ; as,  “ Sat- 
urn and  his  moons.” 

3.  The  period  of  the  revolution  of  the  moon, 
or  the  time  from  one  new  moon  to  another;  a 
lunation;  a month.  “ Not  many  moons.”  Shak. 

4.  (Fort.)  An  outwork  resembling  a crescent 
inform;  a crescent;  a half-moon.  Wright. 

MOON'-BEAM,  n.  A beam  or  ray  of  lunar  light. 

MOON'— BLIND,  a.  Dim-sighted ; purblind.  Scott. 

MOON'-CALF  (-kif),  n.  1.  A monster  ; a preter- 
natural, deformed  creature;  — a term  applied 
to  a false  conception,  supposed  anciently  to  be 
due  to  the  influence  of  the  moon. 

Under  the  dead  mooncalf's  [Caliban’s]  gabardine.  Shak. 

2.  A dolt ; a stupid  fellow.  “ The  sotted 
moon-calf  gapes.”  Dry  den. 

MOON'-CUL'Mt-NAT-ING,  a.  Culminating  with 
the  moon.  Clarke. 

MOON'-DI-AL,  n.  A dial  to  show  the  time  by 
the  moon.  Ash. 

MOON'ED,  a.  Moon-like  ; like  the  new  moon  or  a 
crescent ; lunated.  “ Mooned  horns.”  Milton. 

MOON'gT,  n.  A little  moon.  Bp.  Hall. 

MOON'— EYE,  n.  A disease  in  a horse’s  eye.  Crahh. 

MOON'— EYED  (-id),  a.  1.  Having  eyes  affected 
by  the  revolutions  of  the  moon.  Johnson. 

2.  Dim-eyed  ; purblind.  Dryden. 

MOON'— FERN,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  belonging  to 
the  genus  Hemionitis.  Ainsworth. 

MOON'-FISH,  n.  (Ich.)  A fish  of  a silver  color 
found  in  the  Antilles  ; Ephippus  gigas.  Storer. 

MOONG,  n.  (Bot.)  A variety  of  pulse  cultivated 
in  India  ; Phaseolus  Mungo.  Simmonds. 

MOON'ISH,  a.  Like,  or  variable  as,  the  moon. 

At  which  time  would  I,  being  but  a mnonish  youth,  grieve, 
be  effeminate,  changeable,  longing,  and  liking.  Shak. 

MOON'LIJSS,  a.  Destitute  of  a moon.  “ One 
moonless  night.”  Dryden. 

MOON'LIGHT  (-lit),  n.  The  light  of  the  moon. 

IIow  sweet  the  moonlight  sleeps  upon  this  bank.  Shak. 

MOON'LIGHT  (-lit),  a.  Illuminated  by  the  moon. 

Alone  and  gazing  on  the  moonlight  sea.  Southey. 

f MOON'LING,  n.  A simpleton.  B.Jonson. 

flS5““A  pretty  expression  for  a fool  or  lunatic, 
which  should  not  have  been  suffered  to  grow  obso- 
lete.” Gifford. 

MOON'LIT,  a.  Lighted  by  the  moon  ; moonlight. 

’Tis  sweet  to  hear- 

At  midnight  on  the  blue  and  moonlit  deep, 

The  song  and  oar  of  Adria’s  gondolier. 

By  distance  mellowed,  o’er  the  waters  sweep.  Byron. 

MOON'— LOVED,  a.  Loved  when  the  moon  shines. 

Leaving  their  moon-loved  maze.  Milton. 

MOON'— MAD-NJ5SS,  n.  Lunacy.  Shelley. 

MOON'— RA-K1JR,  n.  ( Naut .)  A small  uppermost 
sail,  occasionally  carried  by  American  vessels 
in  light  winds,  above  the  sky-sail ; — called  also 
moon-sail.  Simmonds. 

m66n'R1§E,  n.  The  rising  of  the  moon.  Byron. 

MOON'— SAIL,  n.  (Naut.)  A small  sail,  some- 
times carried  in  light  winds,  above  a sky-sail ; 
a moon-raker.  Dana. 

MOON'-SEED,  n.  (Bot.)  A climbing  plant,  so 
called  from  the  cresccnt-like  shape  of  its  seeds  ; 
Menispermum  Canadense.  Gray. 


MOON'SHEE,  n.  A Mussulman  linguist,  em- 
ployed as  interpreter  or  scribe.  Simmonds. 

MOON'SHlNE,  n.  1.  The  light  of  the  moon. 

2.  Show  without  substance;  visionary  stuff; 
pretence  ; a trifle  ; something  of  no  value. 

3.  (In  burlesque.)  A month. 

I am  some  twelve  or  fourteen  moonshines 

Lag  of  a brother.  Sha7c. 

MOON'SHlNE,  I a<  Illuminated  by  the  moon  ; 

MOON'SHI-NY,  > moonlight.  Swift. 

You  moonshine  revellers,  and  shades  of  night.  Shak. 

I went  to  see  him  in  a moonshmy  night.  Addison. 

MOOJV’  slFF,n.  A native  judge.  [India.]  Brown. 

MOON'-STONE,  n.  (Min.)  A variety  of  adularia, 
or  resplendent  felspar,  presenting,  when  pol- 
ished, chatoyant  or  pearly  reflections.  Dana. 

MOON'-STRUCK,  a.  Lunatic;  affected  by  the 
moon.  “ Moon-slruck  madness.”  Milton. 

MOON'-TRE'FOIL,  n.  (Bot.)  A species  of  Medi- 
cago,  or  medic  ; Mcdicago  arborea.  Loudon. 

MOON 'WORT  (-wiirt),  n.  (Bot.)  A kind  of  fern 
of  the  genus  Botrychium.  Loudon.  Gray. 

MOON 'Y,  a.  Related  to,  or  like,  the  moon,  or  a 
crescent ; lunated ; having  a crescent  for  the 
standard.  “ Moony  shield.”  Pope. 

MOOR,  n.  [A.  S.  mor,  waste  land,  whether  heath, 
bog,  or  mountain;  Ger.  moor , morast;  Dut. 
moev,  Dan.  mo  rads  ; Sw.  morns.] 

1.  An  extensive  waste,  or  tract  of  low  land, 

covered  with  heath,  and  having  a soil  which 
consists  of  poor,  light  earth,  mixed  with  peat ; 
a heath.  P.  Cyc. 

2.  A marsh  ; a fen  ; a bog ; a swamp.  Spenser. 

To  blow  a moor  [Fr.  d mort ],  to  sound  a horn  at  the 

fall  of  a deer. 

MOOR,  n.  [Gr.  Mavpts ; /lavpts,  dark  ; L.  Maurus  ; 
It.  § Sp.  Moro  ; Fr.  Maare.  — Dut.  Moor.] 

1.  A native  of  Mauritania,  so  called  by  the 
Romans  as  being  the  land  of  dark-skinned 
people.;  — also  of  that  part  of  Africa  now  called 
Barbary,  including  Morocco,  Algiers,  Tunis, 
and  Tripoli. 

2.  A blackamoor  ; a negro. 

That  comes  in  likeness  of  a coal-black  Moor.  Shak. 

MOOR,  v.  a.  [Sp.  amarrar;  Fr.  amarrer ; Dut. 
maaren,  meeren  : — perhaps  allied  to  L.  moror, 
to  delay ; or  to  A.  S.  amerran,  to  hinder.]  [t. 
MOORED  ; pp.  MOORING,  MOORED.]  To  secure 
or  confine,  as  a ship,  in  a station,  by  two  an-’ 
chors  and  cables  or  chains. 

And  to  that  intent  he  both  moored  his  ship,  and  sent  his 
sails  ashore  the  first  day  he  landed.  Oldys. 

MOOR,  v.  n.  To  be  confined  by  anchors  and  ca- 
bles or  chains. 

At  length  on  oozy  ground  his  gallej's  moor.  Di'yden. 

MOOR'AtJfE,  n.  A place  or  station  for  mooring  ; 
moorings.  Todd. 

MOOR'BAND-PAN,  n.  (Gcol.)  A name  given  in 
Scotland  to  an  indurated  combination  of  clay, 
small  stones,  and  iron.  Farm.  Ency. 

MOOR'-BRED,  a.  Produced  in  marshes.  Drayton. 

MOOR'-BUZ-ZARD,  n.  (Ornith.)  A bird  of  the 
order  Aceipitres  and  family  Falconidce ; marsh- 
harrier  ; duck-hawk  ; harpy  ; Circus  ccrugino- 
sus.  YarreU. 

MOOR'-COAL,  n.  (Geol.)  A kind  of  friable  lig- 
nite. Roberts. 

MOOR'— Ct)CK,  n.  (Ornith.)  A fowl  of  the  genus 
Tetrao  ; red  grouse.  — See  Grouse.  Eng.  Cyc. 

The  moor-cock  springs  on  whirring  wings, 

Among  the  blooming  heather.  Btams. 

MOOR' ESS,  >1.  A female  Moor.  Campbell. 

m66r'-FO\Vl,  «.  (Ornith.)  A name  of  the  red 
grouse ; moor-cock.  Eng.  Cyc. 

MOOR'— GAME,  ft.  Red  game  ; grouse.  Johnson. 

MOOR'-GRAsS,  n.  (Bot.)  An  inferior  sort  of 
grass,  of  the  genus  Sestet  ia.  Farm.  Ency. 

MOOR'— IIEN,  ft.  (Ornith.)  A water  fowl  of  the 
genus  Gallinula  and  family  Rallidw,  the  water- 
hen;  Gallinula  cliloropus.  YarreU. 

MOOR'ING,  «.;  pi.  mAor'ing?.  (Naut.)  1.  The 
act  of  securing  a ship  in  a harbor  by  anchors,  &c. 


2.  Weights  or  anchors  and  chains  laid  across 

a river  or  harbor  to  confine  a ship.  Burke. 

3.  pi.  A place  for  securing  a ship  by  an- 
chors. Clarke. 

MOOR'ING— BLOCK,  ft.  (Naut.)  A sort  of  cast- 
iron  anchor.  Mar.  Diet. 

MOOR'ISH,  a.  Fenny;  marshy;  watery.  Burton. 

MOOR'ISH,  a.  [From  L.  Maurus,  a Moor.]  Of 
or  relating  to  the  Moors  ; moresque;  as,  “ Moor- 
ish architecture.”  P.  Cyc. 

MOORLAND,  ft.  1.  A tract  of  watery  ground;  a 
marsh  ; a fen  ; a moor.  Mortimer. 

2.  A waste  land  ; a barren  district.  Brockett. 

>8S“In  Scotland,  moorland,  or  muirland,  is  flat 
ground  covered  with  lieath.  Ogilvie. 

MOOR'— STONE,  w.  A whitish  kind  of  granite, 
found  in  Cornwall,  Devonshire,  and  other  parts 
of  England,  and  much  used  for  steps,  and  the 
coarser  parts  of  buildings.  Francis. 

MOOR'— TIT-LING,  ft.  (Ornith.)  A species  of 
Saxicola ; the  chick-stone  ; stone-chatter ; stone- 
chat  ; stone-smith ; stone-smick ; Saxicola  ru- 
bicola.  Eng.  Cyc. 

MOOR'Y,  a.  Marshy;  fenny;  watery;  moorish. 
“ Moory  vales.”  Fairfax. 

MOOR'Y,  ft.  A brown  cloth  in  India.  Simmonds. 

MOOSE,  ft.  [Indian.]  (Zoiil.)  An  animal  of  the 
genus  Cervus,  and  the  largest  of  the  deer  kind, 
found  in  cold  northern  climates,  as  in  Canada 
and  Maine,  and  in  corresponding  latitudes  of 
Europe  and  Asia ; elk ; moose-deer ; Cervus 
alces,  or  Alces  malchis.  — See  Elk.  Eng.  Cyc. 

MOOSE'-DEER,  n.  The  moose.  Dug.  Cyc. 

MOOSE' VYOOD  (-wud),  m.  (Bot.)  1.  A tree  of  the 
genus  Acer,  or  maple ; striped  maple ; striped 
dogwood  ; Acer  Pennsylvani cum.  Gray. 

2.  A shrub  of  the  genus  Dirca  ; leatherwood  ; 
Dirca  palustris.  Gray. 

MOdS-Tff-BID’ , ft.  A high  priest.  [Turk.]  Perkins. 

MOOT,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  tnotian,  to  meet  for  conver- 
sation, to  discuss  ; mot,  an  assembly  ; Gael.  mod. 

— Crabb  says,  from  L.  movere,  to  move  or  agitate. 

— Johnson  suggests,  from  Fr.  mot,  a word.]  [i. 
mooted  ; pp.  mooting,  mooted.]  To  debate  ; to 
discuss  ; to  argue  for  or  against  ; to  dispute  ; — 
especially  to  argue,  as  a fictitious  case  by  way 
of  exercise  ; to  plead,  as  a mock  cause.  Burrill. 

A bad  habit  to  moot  cases  on  the  supposed  ruin  of  the 
constitution.  Burke. 

MOOT,  v.  w.  (Laic.)  To  argue  .or  plead  upon  a 
supposed  cause  by  way  of  exercise. 

lie  talks  as  freely  as  if  he  had  mooted  seven  years  in  the 
inns  of  court.  Earle. 

MOOT,  ft.  (Law.)  An  argument  of  causes  by 
way  of  exercise ; an  argument  of  fictitious 
causes ; — a debate  ; a dispute.  Bacon. 

Moots  were  a sort  of  exercise  in  the  inns  of  courts,  usually 
performed  by  students  preparatory  to  their  commencing 
practice.  Crabb. 

A constant  attendant  at  moots  and  lectures.  Plowdcn. 

MOOT,  ft.  A piece  of  hard  wood,  hooped  with  iron 
at  each  end,  used  in  making  blocks.  Simmonds. 

MOOT,  a.  Debatable ; disputable  ; unsettled  ; in 
question;  subject  to  argument;  as,  “A  moot 
case”;  “ A moot  point.”  Dryden. 

MOOT'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  mooted  ; that  ad- 
mits of  question.  Dibdin. 

MOOT'— CASE,  ft.  (Law.)-  A case  or  point  to  be 
mooted  or  argued  ; a disputable  case.  Dryden. 

MOOT'-COURT,  n.  (Law.)  A court  held  for  the 
purpose  of  arguing  imaginary  cases.  Story. 

MOOT'ED,  p.  a.  1.  Debated;  controverted. 

2.  (Her.)  Plucked  up  by  the  roots.  Ainsworth. 

MOOT'IJR,  w.  A disputer  of  moot  points.  Todd. 

MOOT'ER,  ft.  A maker  of  tree-nails,  for  fastening 
the  planks  of  a ship.  Simmonds. 

MOOT'-HALL,  n.  1.  A council  chamber;  a town 
hall ; hall  of  judgment. 

Then  they  led  Jesus  to  Caiaphas,  into  the  moot-hall,  and  it 
was  early.  John  xviii.  28,  Wickliffc's  Trans. 

2.  (Law.)  The  place  where  moot  cases  were 
anciently  argued.  Burrill. 

MOOT’— HILL,  ft.  (Law.)  A hill  of  meeting  or 


MiEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RtiLE.  — C,  (},  c,  %,  soft ; C,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  y as  gz.- 
117 


-THIS,  this. 


MOOT-HOUSE 


930 


MORAVIAN 


council;  an  elevated  place  in  the  open  air 
where  public  assemblies  or  courts  were  held  by 
the  Britons.  Burrill. 

MOOT'-HOUSE,  n.  A moot-hall.  Todd. 

MOOTING,  n.  The  exercise  of  pleading  a mock 
cause.  Overbury. 

MOOT'MAN,  n.  (Law.)  One  who  argued  moot 

cases  in  the  inns  of  court.  Burrill. 

MOP,  n.  [W.  mopa,  or  mop  ; Gael,  moipeal,  mob : 
— L.  mappa,  a napkin.] 

1.  A utensil  for  cleaning  floors,  as  pieces  of 
cloth  or  locks  of  wool  fixed  to  a handle.  Swift. 

2.  f A wry  mouth  or  grin  made  in  contempt. 

Each  one,  tripping  on  his  toe. 

Will  be  here  with  mop  and  mow.  Male. 

3.  A meeting  or  country  fair  for  hiring  ser- 
vants. [Local,  Eng.]  Halliwcll. 

MOP,  v.  a.  [i.  mopped;  pp.  mopping,  mopped.] 
To  rub  or  clean  with  a mop.  Johnson. 

f MOP,  v.  n.  To  make  wry  mouths  or  to  grin  in 
contempt.  Shah. 

MOP'-BOARD,  n.  A narrow  board  placed  edge- 
wise on  the  floor  round  the  sides  of  a room ; 
wash-board  ; skirting.  Holyoke. 

MOPE,  v.  n.  [Dut.  moppen,  to  pout.]  To  be 
stupid ; to  drowse  ; to  be  in  a state  of  gloom, 
inattention,  or  stupidity  ; to  be  very  dull  and 
spiritless.  “ Moping  melancholy.”  Milton. 

MOPE,  v.  a.  To  make  spiritless,  gloomy,  or  stupid. 

Manv  men  are  undone  by  this  means,  moped , and  so  de- 
jected that  they  are  never  to  be  recovered.  Burton. 

MOPE,  n.  A spiritless,  inattentive  person. 

No  meagre,  muse-rid  mope , adust  and  thin.  Pope.- 

MOPE'-EYED  (mop'ld),  a.  Short-sighted  ; pur- 
blind ; mopsical.  Bp.  Bramhall. 

MOPE'FUL,  a.  Drowsy;  stupid;  moping.  Brown. 

MOP'ING,  p.  a.  Drowsing ; drowsy  ; sluggish  ; 
dull ; mopish.  Gray. 

MOP'ING,  n.  The  state  of  one  who  mopes;  a 
gloomy  mood.  “ Museful  mopings.”  Drydan. 

MOP'ISH,  a.  Spiritless;  inattentive;  dejected. 

A sort  of  mopish  and  unsociable  creatures.  li allingbeck. 

MOP'JSH-LY,  ad.  In  a mopish  manner.  Bp.  Hall. 

MOP'ISH-NESS,  n.  Dejection  ; dulness  ; gloomy 
listlessness.  Bp.  Hall. 

MOP  ' lAh,  n.  A Mahometan  inhabitant  of  Mal- 
abar. Brande. 

MOP'PJJT,  n.  [From  mop ; L.  mappa,  a napkin.] 

1.  A puppet  made  of  rags  or  cloths.  Johnson. 

2.  A fondling  name  for  a little  girl.  Dryden. 

MOP'SJgY,  n.  1.  A moppet ; a rag-baby.  Johnson. 

2.  A slattern  ; a drab.  Boget. 

3.  A woolly  "variety  of  dog.  Ogilvie. 

MOP'SJ-CAL,  a.  Mope-eyed ; short-sighted ; pur- 
blind; blind  of  one  eye.  Bailey. 


A “positive”  precept  concerns  a thing  that  is  right  he- 
cause  it  is  commanded;  a moral  respects  a thing  commanded 
because  it  is  right.  A Jew  was  bound  to  honor  his  parents, 
and  also  to  worship  nt  Jerusalem;  the  former  was  command- 
ed because  it  was  right,  and  the  latter  was  right  because  it 
.was  commanded.  Whatcly . 

3.  Subject  to  a principle  of  duty ; bound  to 
do  what  is  right ; capable  of  discriminating 
between  right  and  wrong  ; accountable. 

A moral  agent  is  a being  that  is  capable  of  those  actions 
that  have  a moral  quality,  and  which  can  properly  be  de- 
nominated good  or  evil  in  a moral  sense,  virtuous  or  vicious, 
commendable  or  faulty.  Edwards. 

4.  Voluntary;  implying  conscience  and  free 
will ; that  admits  of  a choice  between  doing  or 
not  doing,  in  view  of  the  supposed  right  or 
wrong  quality  of  the  deed. 

Keep,  at  least,  within  the  compass  of  moral  actions,  which 
have  in  them  vice  or  virtue.  Hooker. 

5.  Good,  as  estimated  by  a standard  of  right 
and  wrong;  virtuous;  just;  honest;  — the  op- 
posite of  immoral-,  as,  “ A moral  life.” 

6.  Supported  by  the  customary  course  of 
things  ; probable  ; — opposed  to  demonstrative  ; 
as,  “ Moral  certainty  ” ; “ Moral  evidence.” 

In  reasoning,  the  word  moral  is  opposed  to  “ demonstra- 
tive,” and  means  probable.  Fleming. 

Political  reason  is  a computing  principle  — adding,  sub- 
tracting, multiplying,  and  dividing,  morally,  and  not  meta- 
physically or  mathematically,  true  moral  demonstrations. 

Burke. 

Moral  evidence  is  founded  on  the  principles  we  have  from 
consciousness  and  common  sense,  improved  by  experience. 

Dr.  Campbell. 

7.  Relating  to  mind,  and  not  to  matter;  not 
physical ; as,  “ Moral  science.” 

I wonder  that  thou,  being  born  under  Saturn,  goest  about 
to  apply  a moral  medicine  to  a mortifying  mischief.  S/tak. 

The  moral  law , the  law  of  God,  prescribing  personal 
and  social  duties  and  prohibiting  transgressions  ; the 
law  of  the  ten  commandments,  in  distinction  from 
the  ceremonial  law.  — Moral  faculty,  the  sense  of  right 
and  wrong;  the  moral  sense;  conscience.  — Moral 
precepts  are  things  commanded  because  they  are  right : 
positive  precepts , things  right  because  they  arc  com- 
manded. — Moral  philosophy , moral  science , the  science 
of  human  duty,  based  on  a knowledge  of  human  na- 
ture, its  springs  and  faculties  of  action,  and  of  the 
various  relations  in  which  man,  as  a moral  and  social 
being,  is,  or  may  he,  placed.  See  Ethics. — Moral 
sense,  the  sense  of  right  and  wrong;  conscience. 

MOR'AL,  n.  1.  The  doctrine  or  practical  appli- 
cation of  a fable  or  story  ; the  practical  lesson 
derived  from  any  event,  experience,  or  history; 
as,  “The  moral  of  the  French  revolution.” 

The  moral  is  the  first  business  of  the  poet,  ns  being  the 
groundwork  of  his  instruction;  this  being  formed,  lie  con- 
trives sucli  a design  or  fable  as  may  be  most  suitable  to  the 


moral.  Dryden. 

Mark,  silent  king,  the  moral  of  this  sport.  Shak. 

2.  Morality.  — See  Morals,  [r.] 

Their  moral  and  economy 

Most  perfectly  they  made  agree.  Prior. 

f MOR'AL,  v.  n.  To  moralize. 

When  I did  hear 

The  motley  fool  thus  moral  on  the  time.  Shak. 

MO-RALE',  n.  [Fr.]  1.  That  which  pertains  to 

the  mind  ; morality  ; morals  ; ethics.  Clarke. 

2.  The  men  of  an  army  or  a fleet.  Clarke. 


MO'PUS,  n.  A drone  ; a dreamer;  a mope. 

I ’m  grown  a mere  mopus.  Swift. 

MO-QUETTF. ',  (mo-ket'),  n.  [Fr.]  A tapestry 
Brussels  carpet  of  a fine  quality  . — a species  of 
Wilton  carpet.  Simmonds. 

.1/6 ' RA.  n.  A valuable  South  American  wood, 
used  for  ships’  timbers  and  planks.  Simmonds. 

JWO ' R.1,  n.  [L.]  (Law.)  Culpable  delay  or  de- 
fault ; neglect.  Burrill. 

MO-RAINE',  n.  [Fr.]  (Geol.)  An  accumulation 
of  stones,  gravel,  or  sand,  and  debris,  along  the 
bases  of  glaciers  in  valleys  and  ravines  of 
mountains.  Murchison. 

MOR'AL,  a.  [L.  moralis;  mos,  moris,  manner, 
custom  ; It.  morale-,  Sp.  § Fr.  moral.) 

1.  Relating  to,  or  according  to,  the  received 
and  customary  rule  of  right  and  duty  between 
man  and  man ; relating  to,  or  in  accordance 
with,  morality  or  morals  ; ethical. 

Mankind  is  broken  loose  from  moral  bands.  Dri/den. 

2.  Relating  to  the  private  and  social  duties  of 
men,  as  distinct  from  civil  responsibilities ; re- 
lating to  a law  of  right  and  wrong,  conceived  of 
as  obligatory  in  its  own  nature,  and  not  de- 
pending on  human  laws  ; — opposed  to  positive. 

Moral  duties  arise  out  of  the  nature  of  the  case  itself,  prior 
to  external  command;  “ positive”  duties  do  not  arise  out  of  . 
the  nature  of  the  case,  but  from  external  command.  Butler.  | 


t MOR'AL-pR,  n.  A moralizer.  Shak. 

MOR'AL-IST,  n.  [It.  Sj  Sp.  moralista;  Fr.  mo- 
raliste .] 

1.  One  who  tenches  morality  or  the  duties  of 

life  ; a moral  philosopher.  Wot  ton. 

2.  One  who  practises  morality; — a mere 
moral,  as  distinguished  from  a religious,  man. 
“Another  is  carnal,  and  a mere  moralist.” South. 

MO-RAL'I-TY,  n.  [L.  moralitas;  It.  moralith  ; 
Sp.  moraliclad;  Fr.  moralite .] 

1.  The  doctrine  of  right  and  WTong;  the  doc- 
trine or  practice  of  the  duties  of  human  life; 
morals;  ethics. 

Morality  is  the  rule  which  tenches  us  to  live  sobcrlv  and 
honestly.  Bp.  Home. 

The  system  of  morality  to  be  gathered  out  of  the  writings 
of  ancient  6ages  falls  very  short  of  that  delivered  in  the 
gospel.  Swift. 

2.  The  practice  of  duty ; obedience  to  the 

moral  law  ; virtue  ; goodness.  Coleridge. 

3.  The  quality  of  an  action  as  estimated  by  a 
standard  of  right  and  wrong,  and  which  there- 
fore implies  free  agency. 

The  morality  of  an  action  is  founded  in  the  fVeedom  of 
that  principle  by  virtue  of  which  it  is  in  the  agent’s  power, 
having  all  things  ready  and  requisite  to  the  performance  of 
an  action,  either  to  perform  or  not  perform  it.  South. 

4.  An  old  kind  of  drama  or  theatrical  repre- 
sentation, made  by  monks,  friars,  and  other 
ecclesiastics  of  the  middle  ages,  in  which  the 


characters  were  allegorical  personifications  of 
the  virtues  and  vices.  Warton. 

Syn.  — “ Moral  -philosophy,  morality , ethics,  casuis- 
try, anil  natural  Lam  mean  all  the  same  tiling,  namely, 
that  science  which  teaches  men  their  duty  and  tiic 
reasons  of  it.”  Paley.  Of  these  terms,  the  least  sci- 
entific and  most  popular  is  morality,  which  is  very 
commonly  used  as  synonymous  with  morals,  to  signify 
tile  practice  of  the  duties  of  life.  Manners  respect 
the  minor  forms  of  action  and  intercourse  between 
persons,  and  have  been  denominated  minor  morals.  A 
person  by  tile  practice  of  good  morals  makes  himself 
a good  member  of  society  ; by  attention  to  good  man- 
ners, he  renders  himself  an  agreeable  companion. 

MOR-AL-I-ZA'TION,  n.  [It.  moralizzazione  ; Fr. 
moralisation.) 

1.  The  act  of  moralizing.  Sir  T.  Bigot. 

2.  Explanation  or  interpretation  in  a moral 

sense.  Wright. 

Mt>R'AL-iZE,  v.  a.  [It.  moralizzare ; Sp.  morali- 
zar ; Fr.  moralise ?•.]  \i.  moralized  ; pp.  mor- 

alizing, MORALIZED.] 

1.  To  apply  to  moral  purposes  ; to  explain  in 
a moral  sense. 

Did  he  not  moralize  this  spectacle? 

O,  yes, .into  a thousand  similes.  Shak. 

2.  To  furnish  with  moral  instances  ; to  lend 
a moral  tone  and  meaning  to. 

Fierce  wars  and  faithful  loves  shall  moralize  my  son g.  Spenser. 

And  with  his  prince’s  arras  he  moralized  his  6ong.  Prior. 

3.  To  make  moral  or  virtuous  ; to  correct  the 

morals  of.  Browne. 

It  tends  to  moralize , to  soften,  and  adorn  the  soul  and  life 
of  man.  II.  Chambers. 

MOR'AL-IZE,  v.  n.  To  speak  or  write  on  moral 
subjects ; to  make  moral  reflections  ; to  com- 
ment froni.a  moral  point  of  view.  Tatler. 

MOR'AL-IZ-f.R,  n.  One  who  moralizes  ; a mor- 
alist. S herwood. 

MOR'AL-IZ-ING,  n.  The  act  of  applying  to  a 
moral  purpose;  the  making  of  moral  reflec- 
tions. Clarke. 

MOR'AL-LY,  ad.  1.  In  a moral  or  ethical  sense; 
from  a moral  point  of  view;  ethically;  as, 
“ Morallg  beautiful  ” ; “ Morally  wrong.” 

2.  Virtuously  ; honestly;  in  obedience  to  the 
moral  or  divine  law. 

To  take  away  rewards  and  punishments  is  only  pleasing 
to  a man  who  resolves  not  to  live  morally.  Dryden. 

3.  According  to  the  usual  course  of  things ; 
according  to  common  experience  and  judgment ; 
as,  “ Morally  certain  ” ; “ Morally  impossible.” 

Political  reason  is  a computing  principle  — adding,  sub- 
tracting, multiplying,  and  dividing  morally , and  not  meta- 
physically or  mathematically.  Burke. 

MOR'ALS,  n.  pi.  [See  Moral.]  1.  The  practice 
of  the  duties  of  life ; obedience  to  the  moral  law; 
morality  ; — ethics  ; moral  philosophy. 

"What  can  laws  do  without  morals ? Franklin. 

2.  Course  of  life ; behavior  ; conduct ; man- 
ners. 

As  coiTupt  in  their  morals  as  vice  could  make  them.  South. 

Syn.  — See  Morality. 

MO-RA'JVA,  n.  The  old  Bohemian  goddess  of 
winter  and  of  death  ; — the  Maryana  of  Scan- 
dinavia. 

Hfjf- A grand  yearly  festival  was  celebrated  in  honor 
of  this  goddess  in  the  month  of  March.  Her  image 
was  conveyed  solemnly  to  the  nearest  brook  or  rivu- 
let, and  thrown  into  it  amid  the  rejoicings  of  t he 
people  : thus  symbolizing  the  end  of  winter  and  the 
return  of  spring.  Grimm. 

MO-RASS',  n.  [Norm.  Fr.  maras-,  Fr .marais. — 
Goth,  marisaiw,  A.  S.  mersc ; Ger.  morast ; 
Dut.  moer,  or  moeras ; Sw.  mbras.\  A fen  ; a 
bog  ; a moor  ; a marsh  ; a quagmire ; swamp. 

The  false  morass 

In  quivering  undulations  yields  beneath 

Thy  burden,  in  the  miry  gulf  enclosed.  Shenstvne. 

MO-RASS'— ORE,  n.  Bog  iron-ore.  Buchanan. 

MO-RASS'Y,  a.  Moorish  ; marshy.  Pennant. 

f MO-RATION  (-shunj,  n.  [L.  moratio,  from  mo- 
rari,  to  delay.]  Delay  ; retardation.  Browne. 

MO-RA' VI- AN,  n.  One  of  a religious  sect,  called 
United  Brethren  and  Herrnhuters,  protected  in 
1722  by  Count  Zinzendorf ; — the  earliest  of  them 
belonging  to  Moravia.  Buck. 

MO-RA'VI-AN,  a.  Relating  to  Moravia  or  to  the 
Moravians.  Buck. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short; 


A,  ?,  I,  O,  IT,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  F.AR,  fAst,  FALL ; 


h£[R,  HER; 


MORAVIANISM 


931 


MORMONITE 


MO-RA'VI-AN-I§M,  n.  The  principles  of  the 
Moravians  or  United  Brethren.  Ch.  Ob. 

MOR'BID,  a.  [L.  morbidus;  morbus,  a disease; 
mors',  death  ; Fr.  morbide.)  Diseased  ; sickly  ; 
unsound;  unhealthy;  ill;  as,  “ A morbid  sensi- 
bility ” ; “ Morbid  humors.” 

Of  morbid  hue  his  features,  6unk  and  sad.  Thomson. 

Syn.  — See  Sick. 

MOR-BI-DEZ'  ZA  (inor-be-det'sa),  n.  [It .,  softness, 
niceness.']  {Paint.  & Scidp.)  Softness  and  deli- 
cacy of  style  in  the  coloring  of  flesh.  Fairholt. 

MOR-BID'I-TY,  n.  Morbidness.  Month.  Rev. 

MOR'BID-LY,  ad.  In  a morbid  manner.  Ec.  Rev. 

MOR'BID-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  morbid. 

MOR-BIF'JC,  ? a-  []?r>  morbijique,  from  L. 

MOR-BlF'1-CAL,  > morbus,  disease,  and  facio,  to 
make.]  Causing  disease  ; noxious. 

Nothing  but  the  removal  of  the  feverish  and  morbific  mat- 
ter within,  can  carry  off  the  distemper.  South. 

MOR-BIL'LOUS,  a.  [L.  morbiUi,  measles,  from 
morbus,  a disease.]  {Med.)  Having  the  char- 
acter or  appearance  of  the  measles  ; affected  with 
the  measles  ; measly.  Dunglison. 

MOR-BOSE'  (129),  a.  [L.  morbosus;  morbus,  a 
disease.]  Proceeding  from  disease  ; diseased  ; 
not  healthy;  morbid,  [it.]  Ray. 

f MOR-BOS'J-TY,  n.  [L.  morbositas.]  The  state 
of  being  morbose  or  diseased.  Browne. 

f MOR'BU-LENT,  a.  Full  of  disease.  Bailey. 

MOR-QEAU'  (mor-so'),  n. ; pi . morceaux.  [Fr.] 
A small  piece  ; a bit ; a morsel.  Boiste. 

MOR-CHEL'LA,  n.  {Bot.)  A genus  of  eatable 
fungi ; morel.  Loudon. 

MOR-DA'CIOUS  (-da'shus,  66),  a.  [L.  mordax,  mor- 
dacis  ; It.  mordace ; Sp . mordaz.]  Biting  -r  apt 
to  bite  ; pungent : — sarcastic  ; severe.  Evelyn. 

MOR-DA'CIOUS-LY  (mor-da'shus-le),  ad.  Biting- 
l’y ; sarcastically.  Waterhouse. 

MOR-DAy'I-TY,  n.  [L.  monlacitas ; mordeo,  to 
bite  ; It.  mordacita  ; Sp.  mordacidad ; Fr.  mor- 
dacite.]  Quality  of  being  mordacious.  Bacon. 

MOR'DANT,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  mordeo,  to  bite.] 

1.  A chemical  base  used  in  calico-printing  to 

fix  the  colors  ; a liquid  mixture  used  in  dyeing, 
which  enables  the  color  to  combine  permanent- 
ly with  the  textile  fabric.  Simmonds. 

Alumina  and  oxide  of  iron  are  the  most  important  mor- 
dants. Brande. 

2.  An  adhesive  for  fixing  gold-leaf.  Wright. 

MOR'DANT,  v.  a.  To  imbue  or  supply  with  a 
mordant.  Brandc. 

MOR'DANT,  a.  1.  Biting;  nipping;  sharp;  sar- 
castic ; keen  ; mordacious.  Clarke. 

2.  Tending  to  fix  colors,  as  in  dyeing.  Clarke. 

MOR'DANT-LY,  ad.  In  the  manner  of  a mordant. 

MOR-DEL'LA,  n.  [L.  mordeo,  to  bite.]  {Ent.) 
A Linmean  genus  of  coleopterous  insects,  dis- 
tinguished by  the  general  form  of  the  body, 
which  is  elevated  and  arched,  with  the  head 
low,  and  remarkable  for  their  extreme  agility 
and  their  tenacious  and  painful\bite.  Brande. 

MOR-DEJf'  TE,  n.  [It.]  {Mas.)  A grace  effected 
by  turning  upon  a note,  or  by  alternating  the 
principal  note  several  times  with  the  note  above 
or  below;  — in  the  former  case  called  the  Italian, 


in  the  latter  the  German,  mordent.  W arner. 

f MOR'DI-CAN-CY,  n.  Mordacity.  Evelyn. 

f MOR'DI-CANT,  a.  Biting;  acrid;  corrosive; 
mordacious.  Boyle. 

MOR-DI-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  mordicatio .]  The  act 
of  corroding  or  biting,  [it.]  Bacon. 

fMOR'DI-CA-TjVE,  a.  That  bites.  Holland. 


MORE,  a.  [A.  S.  more,  mara,  maer,  and  mce ; Ger. 
mehr  ; Dut.  nicer  ; Dan.  mccre ; Sw.  mer,  mera. 
— Skinner  suggests  L.  major,  greater.] 

1.  Greater  in  degree,  amount,  intensity,  or 
quality  ; — comparative  of  much  and  some. 

Let  there  more  work  be  laid  upon  the  men.  Exod.  v.  9. 

2.  In  greater  numbers  ; — comparative  of 
many ; as,  “ More  men  ” ; “ More  virtues.” 


They  ore  more  in  number  than  the  sand.  Ps.  cxxxix.  18. 

3.  Greater ; — applied  to  collective  nouns,  [it.] 

The  more  part  advised  to  depart.  Acts  xxvii.  12. 

4.  Added  ; additional ; besides  ; as,  “ Three 
more  men  ” ; “ One  word  more.” 

KEg “More,  when  the  comparative  of  much,  and  de- 
noting a greater  quantity,  degree,  &c.,  is  joined  with 
a noun  in  the  singular  number;  but  when  the  com- 
parative of  many,  and  denoting  a greater  number,  is 
joined  with  a noun  in  the  plural ; as,  “ More  prop- 
erty ” ; “ More  men.” 

MORE,  ad.  1.  To  a greater  degree. 

He  loved  also  Rachel  more  than  Leah.  Gen.  xxix.  30. 

DEg=-It  is  used  before  an  adjective  to  form  the  com- 
parative degree,  being  equivalent  to  the  termination 
er  ; as,  “ More  wise,”  same  as  wiser. 

Happy  here,  and  more  happy  hereafter.  Bacon. 

2.  Again  ; a second,  or  another  time. 

Little  did  I think  that  I should  ever  have  business  of  this 
kind  on  my  hands  more.  Tatter. 

More  and  more,  with  continual  increase  of  degree 
or  quantity.'  “ Feeling  more  and  more  in  himself  the 
weight  of  time.”  Wotton.  — Mo  more , no  longer; 
passed  away  ; gone.  “Cassius  is  no  more.”  Shalt. — 
The  more,  by  as  much  as  ; by  so  much  ; as,  “ The  more 
we  urge  him,  the  more  he  resists.” — The  more,  all  the 
more , more  notwithstanding;  more  in  spite  of,  or  in 
consequence  of.  “ And  they  hated  him  yet  the  more.” 
Gen.  xxxvii.  5. 

MORE,  n.  1.  A greater  quantity  ; greater  degree. 

When  lust  of  getting  more  will  have  no  end.  Drpdcn. 

2.  Greater  thing ; other  thing ; something 
else  or  further  ; as,  “ What  more  could  we  do  ? ” 

f MORE,  v.  a.  To  make  more.  “What  he  will 
make  more,  he  moreth.”  Gower. 

MORE,  n.  [A.  S.  mor.]  A hill.  [Local,  Eng.] 
[Used  in  composition,  as  moreland.]  Upton. 

MORE,  n.  A root.  [Gloucestershire,  Eng.]  Grose. 

MO-REEN',  n.  A kind  of  worsted  stuff  used  for 
curtains,  ladies’  petticoats,  &c.  Todd. 

MO-REL',  n.  [It.  morella  ; Fr . morelle.]  (Bot.) 

1.  A genus  of  eatable  fungi;  Morchella-, — 

a name  applied  particularly  to  Morcliclla  escu- 
lenta.  Loudon. 

2.  Garden  nightshade ; a plant  of  the  genus 

Solatium  ; Solatium  nigrum.  Wright. 

3.  A kind  of  cherry  ; morello.  Simmonds. 

MORE'LAND,  n.  [A.  S.  morland ; mor,  a hill, 
and  land,  land.]  A hilly  country.  Johnson. 

MO-REL'LO,  ii.  (Bot.)  A species  of  acid,  juicy 
cherry.  P.  Cyc. 

MO 'RE  MA-JO  'RUM.  [L.]  After  the  manner 
of  our  ancestors.  Hamilton. 

fMORE'NJpSS,  n.  Greatness.  Wickliffe. 

MORE-O' Vf.R,  conj.  or  ad.  [ more  and  over.] 

Beyond  what  has  been  mentioned  ; further  ; be- 
sides ; likewise;  also;  over  and  above. 

Moreover , by  them  is  thy  servant  warned.  Ps.  xix.  11. 

MO-RESK.',  a.  Moresque.  Cotgrave. 

MO-UESQ.UE'  (mo-resk'),  a.  [Fr.  moresque  ; It. 
moresco,  from  Moro,  a Moor.]  Done  after  the 
manner  of  the  Moors  ; Moorish;  tnorisco  ; ara- 
besque ; — applied  to  fancy  ornaments,  in  paint- 
ing and  sculpture,  of  foliage,  flowers,  fruits,  &c. 

MO-RESQ.UE'  (mo-resk'),  n.  (Paint.  & Sculp.)  A 
style  of  decoration  much  used  by  the  Moors 
or  Arabs,  first  introduced  about  the  tenth  cen- 
tury, in  which  foliage,  fruit,  flowers,  &c.,  with- 
out the  introduction  of  the  figure  of  any  animal, 
are  combined  by  springing  out  of  each  other ; 
arabesque.  — See  Arabesque.  Brande. 

MOR-GA'NA  Fa'TA.  See  Fata  Morgana. 

MOR-GA-NAT'IC,  a.  [A.  S.  morgan-gifu  ; mor- 
gen, morning,  and  gifu,  gift ; Ger.  morgengabe  ; 
Dut.  morgen-gave,  of  gifte ; Dan.  morgen-gave  ; 
Sw.  morgon-gofwa.  — LowL .morgen-qeba,  mor- 
ganatica,  a morning  gift,  a kind  of  dowry  paid 
on  the  morning  before  or  after  marriage  ; — said 
to  be  derived  from  Goth,  morgjan,  to  shorten. 
Brande.]  Applied  to  a marriage,  otherwise 
called  a left-handed  marriage. 

A morganatic  marriage  is  one  between  a man  of 
superior  and  a woman  of  inferior,  rank,  in  which  it 
is  stipulated  that  the  latter  and  her  children  shall  not 


enjoy  the  rank  nor  inherit  tile  possessions  of  her  hus- 
band. Brande. 

A marriage  is  called  morganatic  when  the  morgen-gifl,  nr 
morning-gin  or  dowry,  was  given  and  received  in  lieu  of  all 
other  dowry,  and  also  of  rights  of  inheritance,  that  might  fall 
to  the  issue  of  such  marriage.  Richardson. 

MOR-G A-NAT'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  After  the  manner 
of  a morganatic  alliance.  Ogilvic. 

MOR'GAY,  il.  (Ich.)  The  rough  hound-fish  ; a 
species  of  shark  ; Scyllium  canicula.  Tarrell. 

fMOR'GLAY,  ii.  [Fr.  inort,  death,  and  glaive,  a 
sword.]  A two-handed  broadsword;  a glay- 
more  or  claymore.  Ainsworth. 

MOR'CRAY,  n.  (Ich.)  The  morgay.  Wright. 

MORGUE  (miirg),  n.  [Fr.]  A place,  as  in  many 
French  towns,  where  the  bodies  of  persons 
found  dead  are  exposed,  that  their  friends  may 
claim  them.  Brande. 

MO'RI-A,  n.  [Gr.  ywpla,  folly.]  Idiocy,  [it.]  Hall. 

MOR'I-BUND,  p.  a.  [L.  moribundus;  morior,  to 
die.]  About  to  die  ; dying,  [it.]  Wordsworth. 

MOR'I-BUND,  11.  A dying  person,  [r.]  Wright. 

f MO-RI^r'ER-ATE,  v.  ii.  [L.  morigeror,  inoriger- 
atus .]  To  be  obsequious.  Cockeram. 

f MO-Rlljr-JER-A'TlON,  n.  [L.  morigeratio.]  Obe- 
dience ; obsequiousness. 

Not  that  I can  tax  or  condemn  the  rnorigeration  or  appli- 
cation of  learned  men  to  men  of  fortune.  Bacon. 

f MO-RIp'lJR-OUS,  a.  [L.  morigerus.]  Obedient; 
obsequious ; civil.  Bullokar. 

MOR'IL,  n.  (Bot.)  A mushroom  of  the  size  of  a 
walnut.  — See  Morel.  Smart. 

MO-RIL'LI-FORM,  a.  Having  the  form  of  the 
moril,  or  mushroom.  Maunder. 

MO-RII/LON,  ii.  [Fr.]  ( Ornith .)  The  golden- 

eye, a kind  of  duck ; Clangula  vulgaris.  Yarrell. 

MO'RINE,  n.  (Chem.)  The  coloring  principle  of 
fustic  ; a yellow  coloring  matter  obtained  from 
the  Morus  tinctoria.  Ure. 

MOR'I-NEL,  n.  (Ornith.)  The  golden  plover; 
the  dotterel ; Charadrius  morinellus.  Eng.  Cyc. 

MO-RIN'GA,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants  found 
in  the  East  Indies  and  Arabia,  one  species  of 
which  (Moringa  pterygosperma)  yields  the  ben- 
nut.  Eng.  Cyc. 

MO'RI-ON,  n.  [It.  morione ; Fr.  $ Sp.  morion .] 
(Armor.)  An  iron  head-piece,  or  cap  without 
heaver  or  visor  ; a burganet ; a helmet.  Raleigh. 

M0-RIS'C6,  ii.  [Sp.,  from  Moro,  a Moor;  Old 
Fr.  morisque.] 

1.  The  Moorish  language.  Skelton. 

2.  A Moorish  dance  ; morris-dance.  Blount. 

3.  A dancer  of  the  Moorish  dance.  Shak. 

MO-Rls'CO,  a.  Moresque.  Todd. 

f MOR'KIN,  n.  [Sw.  murken,  putrefied  ; — or  Fr. 
mort,  dead,  and  kin,  kind.]  A wild  beast  dead 
through  sickness  or  mischance. 

Could  he  not  sacrifice  • 

Some  sorry  morkin  that  unbidden  dies.  Bp.  Hall. 

MOR'LING,  n.  [Fr.  mort,  dead.]  Wool  plucked 
from  a dead  sheep  ; mortling.  Ainsicorth. 

t MOR' MAE,  n.  [Low  L.  malnm-mortuum  ; Old 
Fr.  maux-mortz.]  A cancer  or  gangrene. 
“ Mormal  on  his  shin.”  B.  Jonson. 

f MOR'MO,  n.  [Gr.  iiopyib,  a hideous  mask,  a 
spectre.]  A bugbear  ; a false  terror.  Hammond. 

MOR'MON,  n.  [Gr.  yop/ubv,  a mask.]  (Ornith.) 
A short-winged,  web-footed  seabird,  of  the  auk 
family,  and  genus  Fratercula,  the  bill  of  which 
has  the  strange  appearance  of  a mask ; the 
Labrador  auk ; common  puffin  ; colter-neb ; 
Fratercula  arctica.  Yarrell. 

MOR'MON,  n.  (Eccl.  Hist.)  One  of  a religious 
sect,  called  also  Mormonites,  and  Latter-day- 
saints,  that  first  appeared  in  the  United  States 
about  1830,  founded  by  Joseph  Smith,  who 
claimed  to  have  found  a supplemental  revelation 
to  that  contained  in  the  Bible,  written  by  a 
prophet  named  Mormon,  and  called  the  “Book 
of  Mormon,”  first  published  in  1830.  Bartlett. 

MOR'MON-ITE,  n.  A Mormon.  — See  Mormon. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  ROLE.  — 9,  9,  9,  g,  soft ; C,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  $ as  gz.— -THIS,  this. 


MORMYRUS 


932 


MORTAL 


MOR'MY-RUS,  re. 
[Gr.  poppOpos.) 
(Ich.)  A genus 
of  malacopte- 
rygious  fishes, 
allied,  to  the 


Sharp-nosed  Nile  mormyrus 
( Monnyrua  oxyrhynch us). 


pike  family ; found  only  in  Africa.  Braude. 


MORN,  n.  [Goth,  maurgins ; A.  S.  marne,  margene, 
mergen,  merigen,  merien,  morgen ; Ger.,  Dut., 
<Sf  Dan.  morgen',  Sw.  morgon ; Icel.  morgun. — 
“ Tooke’s  researches  are  most  happy.  Morrow, 
morn,  and  morning  were,  in  Old  English,  writ- 
ten morcw,  morewn,  morewende-,  in  A.  S.  as 
above  ; and  he  believes  them  to  be  past  tense  and 
past  part,  of  the  Goth,  and  A.  S.  verb  merjan, 
merrun,  mirran,  myrran,  to  disperse,  to  spread 
abroad,  to  scatter ; morr,  the  regular  past  tense 
of  this  verb,  pronounced  and  W'ritten  tnonce, 
moreio,  and  subsequently  morowe , morrow,  by 
adding  the  participial  termination,  en,  merg- 
en,  merien,  mer’n,  marg-cn,  mar'n,  morg-en, 
morn,  or  morewen,  morew’n,  mor’n.  Morrow 
and  morn,  then,  have  the  same  meaning,  viz., 
dissipated,  dispersed,  as  clouds  or  darkness, 
whose  dispersion,  or  the  time  when  they  are 
dispersed,  these  wrords  express.  Morning,  the 
pres,  part  myrrende.  Old  Eng.  morewende  ( ende , 
as  usual,  converted  into  ing),  as  in  Chaucer, 
morwening  ; thence  moreicing,  morwing,  morn- 
ing." Richardson.)  The  first  part  of  the  day ; 
the  morning.  [Poetic.] 

The  cock  that  is  the  trumpet  to  the  mom.  Shak. 

But  who  the  melodies  of  mom  can  tell?  Beattie. 

The  morn  is  up  again,  the  dewy  mom. 

With  breath  all  incense,  and  with  cheek  all  bloom.  Byron. 

MORJSTE  (mor-na'),  n.  [Fr.,  from  morne,  blunted.] 

1.  The  head  of  the  lance  used  in  tilting,  or 

other  peaceful  encounters  of  arms,  which  was 
curved,  so  that  an  adversary  might  be  unhorsed, 
but  not  wounded,  by  a stroke.  Fairholt. 

2.  (Her.)  A lion  rampant,  when  depicted  with 

no  tongue,  teeth,  or  claws.  Ogilvie. 

MORN'ING,  n.  [Goth,  maurgins  ; A.  S.  marne, 
margene,  morgen,  See.  — See  Morn.] 

1.  The  time  from  dawn  to  the  end  of  the  first 
fourth  part  of  the  sun’s  daily  course  above  the 
horizon  ; the  early  part  of  the  day. 

Be  with  me  betimes  in  the  morning.  Shak. 

Awake!  the  morning  shines,  and  the  fresh  field 
Calls  us;  we  lose  the  prime  to  mark  how  spring 
Our  tender  plants,  how  blows  the  citron  grove.  Milton. 

Is  not  that  the  morning  which  breaks  yonder?  Shak. 

2.  (Astron.)  The  first  half  of  the  day,  from 
twelve  o’clock  at  night  till  twelve  at  noon. 

3.  The  forenoon  ; the  time  before  dinner. 

4.  The  early  part ; the  spring  time  ; as,  “ The 
morning  of  life  ” ; “ The  morning  of  the  year.” 

MORN'ING,  a.  1.  Being  in  the  early  part  of  the 
day  ; pertaining  to  the  early  part  of  the  day. 

She  looks  as  clear 

As  morning  roses  newly  washed  with  dew.  Shak. 

2.  Noting  the  time  before  dinner ; as,  “ Morn- 
ing calls  ” ; “ Morning  receptions.” 

MORN'ING— GLO'RY,  n.  ( Bot .)  A vine  of  the  Con- 
volvulus family,  common  about  dwellings,  which 
has  heart-shaped  leaves,  and  bears  a funnel- 
form  flower,  varying  from  purple  to  white  ; Ipo- 
mrca  purpurea.  Gray. 

MORN'ING— GoWN,  n.  A loose  or  undress  gown 
for  the  morning.  Addison. 

MORN'ING-LAND,  n.  The  East,  the  Orient,  as 

opposed  to  Evening-land,  or  the  West. 

MORN'ING— STAR,  n.  1.  The  planet  Venus, 
when  it  rises  before  the  sun  ; Lucifer. 

Now  the  bright  morning-star,  day’s  harbinger. 

Comes  dancing  from  the  east,  and  leads  with  her 
The  flowery  May.  Milton. 

2.  {Ancient  Armor.)  A weapon  consisting  of 
a staff  from  which  was  suspended,  by  a chain, 
a ball  covered  with  spikes ; — also  called  a 
“ holy  water  sprinkler,”  from  the  way  it. drew 
blood.  Fairholt. 

MO'RO,  n.  [It.,  from  Gr.  phpov;  L.  morus,  the 
mulberry.]  {Med.)  A small  abscess  or  tumor, 
resembling  a mulberry.  Dunglison. 

MO  ROC'CO,  re.  A fine  sort  of  fancy  leather, 
made  from  goats’  skins  tanned  with  sumac  and 
dyed  ; — so  called  from  its  being  first  prepared 
in  Morocco.  Simmonds. 


' MO-ROC'CO,  a.  Relating  to  Morocco,  or  to  a 
kind  of  leather  so  called.  Ash. 

f MO-ROL'0-(?V,  n.  A foolish  speech  ; non- 
sense. ‘ Ash. 

MO 'RON,  n.  (ZoDl.)  An  animal  of  the  salaman- 
der kind.  Goldsmith. 

MO-RONE',  n.  [Gr.  p6pov,  the  mulberry;  L.  mo- 
rus, and  morttm  ; It.  moro.\  The  color  of  the 
unripe  mulberry ; a deep  crimson.  Smart. 

MO-ROSE',  a.  [L.  morosus,  from  mos,  moris,  man- 
ner, habit,  — hence  applied  to  one  excessively 
addicted  to  any  peculiar  way  or  humor  of  his 
own;  It.  4’  Sp.  moroso  ; Fr.  morose.]  Sour  of 
temper  ; severe  ; peevish  ; sullen ; splenetic  ; 
austere  ; gloomy  ; fretful ; self-willed. 

A morose,  ill-conditioned,  ill-natured  person.  South. 

Without  these  precautions,  the  man  degenerates  into  a 
cynic,  the  woman  into  a coquette;  the  man  grows  sullen  and 
morose,  the  womau  impertinent.  Spectator. 

It  is  learning  produced  not  a morose  self-complacency,  but 
a lovely  affability,  and  a desire  to  teach  others  the  glad  tidings 
of  joy.  Horne. 

Syn.  — See  Harsh. 

MO-ROSE'LY,  ad.  In  a morose  manner  ; sourly; 
sullenly  ; peevishly  ; severely.  Johnson. 

MO-ROSE'NpSS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  mo- 
rose; sourness  of  temper;  sullenness. 

Take  care  that  no  sourness  and  moroseness  mingle  with 
our  serious  frame  of  mind.  Kelson. 

MO-RO'SIS,  n.  [Gr.  pupaiots;  pwpos,  foolish.] 
(Med.)  Fatuity;  idiocy.  Dunglison. 

MO-ROS'I-TY,  n.  [L.  morositas;  Fr.  morosite .] 
Moroseness ; sullenness,  [r.]  Shak. 

+ MOR'O-SOPH,  n.  [Gr.  paipiis,  dull,  and  empdf, 

skilful.]  A philosophical  or  learned  fool.  Ozcll. 

t MO-RO'SOIJS,  a.  Morose;  sullen.  Selden. 

M(>R'OX-iTE,  n.  [Gr.  popov,  the  mulberry.]  (Min.) 
A native  phosphate  of  lime;  a greenish-blue 
variety  of  apatite.  Dana. 

MO-ROX'Y-LATE,  n.  ( Chem .)  A salt  formed  of 
moroxylic  acid  and  a base.  Hamilton. 

MOR-OX-YL'IC,  a.  [Fr.  moroxyliquc. ] (Chem.) 
Noting  an  acid,  combined  with  lime,  in  the  bark 
of  the  white  mulberry.  Brantle. 

MOR'PHEUS,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  Mop$ft'c ; poptpti,  a 
form,  an  image,  as  in  dreams.]  (Myth.)  The 
god  of  dreams  ; the  son  of  Somnus,  who  pre- 
sided over  sleep. 

Or  likest  hovering  dreams, 

Tlte  tickle  pensioners  of  Morpheus'  train.  Milton. 

MOR'PIIEW  (mbr'fu),  n.  [Low  L.  morphea',  It. 
morfea ; Fr.  morphee.]  (Med.)  A scurf  or  cu- 
taneous disease  on  the  face.  Bp.  Hall. 

MOR'PIIEW,  v.  a.  To  cover  with  scurf.  Bp.  Hall. 

MOR'PHI-A,  n.  [Gr.  Mop^ttij,  the  god  of  dreams.] 
(Chem.)  The  narcotic  principle  of  opium ; a 
powerful  anodyne  ; morphine.  Brande. 

MOR'PHINE,  n.  [Fr.]  (Chem.)  A narcotic  sub- 
stance derived  from  opium  ; morphia.  Prout. 

MORPII'NHS,  n.  (Ornith.)  A genus  of  birds  of 
the  order  Accipitres  and  family  Falconidce  ; ea- 
gle-hawk. Eng.  Cyc. 

MOR-PHO-LOG  IC,  ) Relating  to  morphol- 

MOR-PHO-LOG'I-CAL,  ) ogy.  Hooker. 

MOR-PIIO-LO^r'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a morphologi- 
cal manner.  Burnet. 

MOR-PIIOL'O-QIST,  n.  One  who  is  versed  in,  or 
who  writes  upon,  morphology.  Ogilvie. 

MOR-PIIOL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  popt/u),  a form,  and 
).6 yos,  a discourse.]  (Bot.)  That  branch  of  sci- 
ence which  treats  of  the  laws  that  regulate  the 
forms  assumed  by  plants  and  animals  ; the  sci- 
ence of  form  in  the  organic  kingdoms.  Eng.  Cyc. 

MOR-PUNK'EE,  n.  A native  pleasure  boat  of  the 
Ganges,  elegantly  decorated,  and  having  numer- 
ous paddles.  Ogilvie. 

MOR'RIIC-A,  n.  (Ich.)  A genus  of  fishes  of  the 
order  Malacopterygii,  of  which  the  common 
cod-fish  (Morrhua  vulgaris)  may  be  regarded  as 
the  type.  Yarrell. 

MOR'RICE,  n.  See  Morris-dance. 

MOR'RIS,  n.  (Ich.)  A remarkable  fish  of  the  eel 


tribe,  of  the  genus  Leplocephaltts,  with  a slen- 
der body  compressed  as  thin  as  tape ; Lepto- 
cephalus  Marrisii.  Yarrell. 

MOR'RIS,  n.  [It . moresca-,  Sp.  morisco  ; Fr.  mo- 
resque .] 

1.  A kind  of  dance;  morris-dance; — written 
also  mortice.  “A  morris  at  May-day.”  Shak. 

2.  A kind  of  game;  — usually  called  nine- 
men’s  morris,  or  five-penny  morris.  Shak. 

Mine-men’s  morris,  a kind  of  play  with  nine-holes 
in  the  ground;  merits  ; — called  also  Jive-penny  mor- 
ris : — also,  a similar  game  played  on  a board.  — See 
Nine-holes. 

The  nine-men’s  morris  is  filled  up  with  mud.  Shak. 

MOR'RIS— DANCE,  n.  [Moorish  or  Morisco  dance.) 
A dance,  in  imitation  of  the  Moors,  practised 
in  the  middle  ages,  the  performers  having  bells 
fixed  to  their  feet.  — Written  also  morrice-dance, 
and  formerly  spelt  moriske-dance. 

No,  with  no  more  than  if  we  heard  that  England 

Were  busied  with  a Whitsun  morris-dance.  Shak. 

MOR'RIS— dAN^-^R,  n.  One  who  dances  the 
inorris-dance.  Shak. 

MOR'RIS— dAn^'JNG,  n.  The  act  of  dancing  the 
morris-dance.  Ash. 

MOR'RIS— PIKE,  n.  A Moorish  pike.  Shak. 

MOR'ROW,  n.  [A.  S.  morgen.  — See  Morn.] 

1.  In  its  original  meaning,  the  approaching 
morning.  “ Good-night,  till  it  be  morrow.”  Shak. 

2.  The  day  after  the  present  day,  or  the  day 
after  a specified  day. 

The  Lord  did  that  thing  on  the  morrow.  ‘ Exod.  ix.  6. 

To-morrow,  n.  and  ad.,  on  the  day  after  this  current 
day;  tile  day  after  this  day. 

To-morrow  shall  this  sign  be.  Exod.  viii.  23. 

Our  yesterday’s  to-morrow  now  is  gone.  Cowley. 

Good  morrow,  good  morning;  — a term  of  salu- 
tation. 

J/ORf,  n.  [L.]  (Roman  Myth.)  The  goddess  of 
Death,  one  of  the  deities  of  the  lower  world, 
born  of  Night,  without  a sire.  Anthon. 

MORSE,  re.  ( Zo'ul .)  A sea-horse,  or  walrus,  found 
in  the  arctic  regions.  — See  Walrus.  Bell. 

MORSE,  n.  [L.  mordco,  to  bite.]  The  clasp  or 
fastening  of  a cape,  frequently  made  of  the  pre- 
cious metals,  and  sometimes  containing  repre- 
sentations of  the  sacred  mysteries.  Fairholt. 

MOR'SJjlL,  n.  [L.  morsus,  a bite  ; mordeo,  to  bite  ; 
Fr.  morceau  ; Old  Fr.  morsel,  or  morcel.) 

1.  A piece  fit  for  the  mouth  ; a mouthful ; a 
bite  ; a small  piece  of  food  ; a small  meal. 

A letter  to  the  keeper  of  the  Hon  requested  that  it  may  be 
the  first  morsel  put  into  his  mouth.  Addison. 

2.  A small  quantity  of  any  thing.  “ Morsels 

of  native  and  pure  gold.”  Boyle. 

fMOR-SI-TA'TION,  re.  [L.  morsus,  a bite.]  The 
act  of  gnawing  ; morsure.  Seagcr. 

MOR'SURE  (mor'shur),  re.  [Fr.,  from  L.  mordeo, 
to  bite.]  The  act  of  biting.  Johnson. 

MORT,  re.  1.  [Fr.  mort,  death,  from  L.  mors,  mor- 
tis.]  A tune  sounded  at  the  death  of  the  game. 

To  sigh  as ’t  were 

The  mort  o’  th’  deer.  Shak. 

2.  [Icel.  morgt.]  A great  quantity.  [Collo- 
quial in  many  parts  of  Eng.]  Johnson. 

3.  A salmon  in  its  third  year;  — so  used  in 

some  parts  of  England.  Todd. 

MOR'TAL,  a.  [L.  mortalis,  from  mors,  death ; 
It.  mortale ; Sp.  mortal-,  Er.  mort  el.) 

1.  Subject  to  death  ; destined  to  die. 

The  day  thou  eat’st  thereof,  my  sole  command 

Transgrest,  inevitably  thou  shalt  die; 

From  that  day  mortal.  Milton. 

2.  Deadly  ; destructive  ; fatal ; causing  death; 
as,  “ A mortal  poison  ” ; “A  mortal  foe.” 

The  fruit 

Of  that  forbidden  tree,  whose  mortal  taste 

Brought  death  into  the  world  and  all  our  woe.  Milton. 

3.  Of,  or  belonging  to,  death  ; final. 

Or  in  the  natal  or  the  mortal  hour.  rope. 

4.  Punishable  by  death  ; as,  “A  mortal  sin.” 

5.  Human,  as  opposed  to  divine  or  immortal. 

They  have  more  in  them  than  mortal  knowledge.  Shak. 

6.  Extreme  ; violent ; as,  “ A mortal  fright.” 

7.  Vexing;  trying  one’s  patience.  [Vulgar.] 

Six  mortal  hours  did  I endure  her  loquacity.  W.  Scott. 

Syn.  — See  Deadly,  Final. 

MOR'TAL,  re.  A man  ; a human  being. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  0,  [,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,-  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


MORTALITY 


933 


MOSCIIATEL 


MOR-TAL'J-TY,  «■  [L.  mortalitas ; It.  mortali- 

ta  ; Sp.  mortalidad ; Fr.  mortalite .] 

1.  The  state  of  being  mortal,  or  of  being  sub- 
ject to  death. 

When  I saw  her  die, 

I then  did  think  on  your  mortality.  Carew. 

2.  Death  ; destruction  ; corruption. 

Wipe  it  first;  it  smells  of  mortality.  Shak. 

3.  Frequency  of  death  ; number  of  deaths  in 

proportion  to  population.  “ The  year  1592  being 
a time  of  great  mortality.”  Graunt. 

4.  Human  nature  ; humanity.  “ These  tears, 

mortality’s  relief.”  [it.]  Pope. 

Syn. — See  Death. 

MOR'TAL-IZE,  v.  a.  To  make  mortal,  [it.]  Brotne. 

MOR'TAL-LY,  ad.  1.  In  a mortal  manner  ; fa- 
tally ; irrecoverably  ; so  as  to  cause  death  ; as, 
“ Mortally  wounded.” 

2.  Extremely  ; to  extremity  ; intensely. 

Adrian  mortally  envied  poets,  painters,  and  artificers,  in 
works  wherein  he  had  a vein  to  excel.  Bacon. 

MOR'TAL-NESS,  n.  Mortality.  Savile. 

MOR'TAR,  n.  [L.  mottarium  ; It.  mortar io  ; Sp. 
mortero  ; Fr.  mortier.  — A.  S.  mortere ; Ger. 
mOrser.) 

1.  A strong  vessel  in  which  substances  are 
pounded  and  pulverized  with  a pestle.  Bacon. 

2.  A short,  wide  piece  of  ordnance  or  cannon 
for  throwing  bombs,  grape-shot,  &c.  Campbell. 

MOR'TAR,  n.  [Dut.  mortal ; Ger.  miirtel.  — Gael. 
mortal.  — Fr.  mortier. ] Cement  for  the  junc- 
tion of  stones  and  bricks,  usually  made  of  lime, 
sand,  and  water.  Mortimer. 

MOR'TAR-PIECE,  n.  A sort  of  short,  thick  can- 
non ; a mortar.  — See  Mortar,  No.  2.  Shak. 

f MOR'TJ5R,  n.  [Fr.  mortier. ] A small  wax 
chamber-light.  Chaucer. 

MORT'GAljiE  (mor'gjj),  n.  [Fr.  mortgage  ; mort, 
dead,  and  gage,  a pledge.]  {Law.) 

1.  A dead  or  unproductive  pledge ; a grant  or 

conveyance  of  an  estate  or  property  to  a creditor, 
for  the  security  of  debt,  and  to  become  void  on 
payment  of  it ; — called  dead,  in  old  English  law, 
because  the  contract  was,  that  the  fruits  or  rents 
arising  from  the  thing  pledged  should  not  go 
towards  paying  off  the  demand  for  which  it  was 
pledged.  Burrill. 

According  to  Littleton,  Coke,  and  others,  a 
mortgage  is  so  called  ( dead  pledge)  because,  in  case  of 
non-payment  of  the  debt  at  the  time  limited,  the  land 
was  forever  dead , and  gone  from  the  mortgageor  ; and 
in  case  of  payment  it  became  dead  as  to  the  mortgagee. 
Burrill. 

2.  The  state  of  being-  pledged. 

The  land  is  given  in  mortgage  onlj-,  with  full  intention 
to  be  redeemed  witliip  one  year.  Bacon. 

MORT'GAGE  (mor'gaj),  v.  a.  [i.  MORTGAGED  ; 
pp.  MORTGAGING,  MORTGAGED.]  ( Law .)  To 
make  over  to  a creditor  as  security  for  the  pay- 
ment of  a debt ; to  pledge  or  make  liable  for  the 
payment  of  a debt  at  the  end  of  a given  time. 
“ His  land  mortgaged.”  Bp.  Hall. 

MORT'GA£E— DEED,  n.  {Law.)  A deed  given  by 
way  of  mortgage.  Story. 

MORT-GA-pEE'  (mor-git-je'),  n.  A person  to 
whom  a mortgage  is  given.  Burrill. 

MORT-GA<?E-OR'  (mor-gfi-jbr',  130),  n.  {Law.)  One 
who  gives  a mortgage  ; — correlative  of  mort- 
gagee. Blackstone. 

HSF*  The  orthography  of  mortgagor,  which  is  gen- 
erally used  in  legal  language,  is  not  found  at  all  in 
the  common  English  dictionaries;  and  Dr.  Webster 
says  it  “ is  an  orthography  that  should  have  no  coun- 
tenance.” Mr.  Smart  says  that  the  word,  when  used 
“ with  reference  to  mortgagee,  is  written  and  pro- 
nounced mortgage-fir1 .”  The  insertion  of  the  r,  how- 
ever uncommon  it  may  be,  seems  necessary,  in  order 
to  avoid  a violation  of  an  invariable  principle  of 
English  pronunciation,  which  requires  g to  be  hard 
when  immediately  followed  by  o. 

MORT'GA-GER  (inor'pa-jer)  [mor'gti-jer,  S.  P.  J. 
Ja.  K.  Sm.  R. ; mbr-ga-jer',  IF.],  n.  One  who 
gives  a mortgage.  — See  Mortgageor. 

MORTIER  (mor'te-a  or  mor'te-er),  n.  [Fr.]  A cap 
of  state  worn  by  the  first  kings  of  France,  the 
form  of  which  is  still  preserved  in  the  cap  worn 
by  the  president  de  la  cour  of  Paris.  Braude. 

MOR-TI  F'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  mortifer;  mors,  death, 


and  Zero,  to  bring ; It.  § Sp.  mortifero ; Fr.  mor- 
tifire.]  Causing  death ; destructive.  Hammond. 

MOR-TI-FI-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  mortificatio ; It. 
mortifieazione ; Sp.  mortificacion ; Fr.  mortifi- 
cation.— See  Mortify.] 

1.  The  act  of  mortifying,  or  the  state  of  being 
mortified. 

2.  {Med.)  Local  death,  or  loss  of  vitality  of 
some  part  of  the  body  ; the  state  of  corrupting; 
gangrene. 

US*  The  incipient  stage  of  mortification,  when  the 
case  is  still  recoverable,  is  called  gangrene  ; when 
totally  destroyed,  sphacelus.  Mortification  of  a bone 
is  called  necrosis.  Dunglison. 

3.  State  of  being  humbled  ; humiliation  ; vex- 
ation ; chagrin ; disappointment. 

We  had  the  mortification  to  lose  the  sight  of  Munich.  Addison. 

4.  A severe  penance  observed  on  a religious 
account ; the  act  of  subduing  the  passions  and 
appetites  by  bodily  hardships  and  macerations  ; 
self-abasement;  self-denial. 

The  mortification  of  our  lusts  has  something  in  it  that  is 
troublesome,  yet  nothing  that  is  unreasonable.  7'ilLotson. 

A diet  of  some  fish  is  more  rich  and  alkalescent  than  that 
of  flesh,  and  therefore  very  improper  for  such  as  practise 
mortification.  Arbutlinot. 

5.  f {Metallurgy  & Chem.)  The  destruction 

of  active  qualities. 

Inquire  what  gives  impediment  to  union  or  restitution, 
which  is  called  moj’tification;  as  when  quicksilver  is  morti- 
fied with  turpentine.  Bacon. 

Syn. Mortification  is  caused  by  a person’s  pride 

or  self-importance  being  hurt ; chagrin , by  disappoint- 
ment in  a matter  in  which  his  feelings  are  much  inter- 
ested ; vexation , by  various  provocations  and  troubles. 
A man  feels  mortification  in  failing  to  obtain  an  office 
which  lie  had  eagerly  sought  ; chagrin , by  the  loss  of 
a lawsuit  j and  vexation  by  his  circumstances  being 
greatly  embarrassed. 

MOR'TI-FIED,  p.  a.  Humbled  ; subdued  ; vexed. 

MOR'TI-Fl-ED-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  mor- 
tified ; humiliation.  Bp.  Taylor. 

MOR'Tl-FI-ER,  n.  One  who  mortifies.  Sherwood. 


MOR'TI-FY,  v.  a.  JX.  mors , death,  and  facio , to 
make ; It.  mortificare ; Sp.  mortiftcar ; Fr. 
mortifier .]  [ i . mortified  ; mortifying, 

MORTIFIED.] 

1.  (Med.)  To  destroy  the  organic  texture  and 
vital  qualities  of ; to  affect  with  gangrene. Evelyn. 

2.  To  humble  ; to  depress  ; to  vex  ; to  chagrin. 

He  is  controlled  by  a nod,  mortified  by  a frown.  Addison. 

How  often  is  the  ambitious  man  mortified  with  the  very 

praises  he  receives!  Addison. 

3.  To  macerate  or  harass,  in  order  to  reduce 
the  body  to  compliance  with  the  mind  ; to  sub- 
due or  destroy,  as  the  passions  and  appetites  by 
severe  discipline,  as  of  abstinence  or  voluntary 
hardships ; to  abase  ; to  restrain  ; to  humble. 

With  fasting  mortified , worn  out  with  tears.  Hartc. 

If  ye  live  after  the  flesh,  ye  shall  (lie;  but  if  ye.  through 
the  spirit,  do  mortify  the  deeds  of  the  body,  ye  shall  live. 

Rom.  viii.  13. 

4.  f {Metallurgy  & Chem.)  To  destroy  the 
active  powers,  or  essential  qualities  of. 

He  mortified  pearls  in  vinegar.  Hakewill. 

MOR'TI-FY,  v.  n.  1.  {Med.)  To  lose  vital  heat 
and  activity ; to  gangrene  ; to  corrupt.  Bacon. 

2.  To  be  subdued  ; to  die  away.  Johnson. 

3.  To  practise  religious  severities. 

This  makes  him  give  alms  of  all  that  he  hath,  watch,  and 
fast,  and  mortify.  Law. 

MOR'TI-FY-ING,  p.  a.  Tending  to  mortify ; hu- 
miliating ; humbling ; abasing. 

MOR'TI-FY-ING-LY,  ad.  In  a mortifying  manner. 


MOR'TISE  (mor'tjs),  n.  [W.  mor- 
tals.— Fr.  mortuise.]  {Arch.) 
A hole  cut  into  a piece  of  wood, 
into  which  a tenon  or  corre- 
spondent portion  of  the  wood  of 
another  piece  is  inserted.  Ray. 


Mortise  and  tenon. 


A mortise  joint  is  the  junction  of  two  pieces  by  mor- 
tise and  tenon. 


MOR'TISE  (mbr'tjs),  v.  a.  [i.  MORTISED ; pp. 
MORTISING,  MORTISED.] 

1.  To  cut  a hole  or  mortise  in.  Weale. 

2.  To  join  with  a mortise.  Shak. 

MOR'TISE— LOCK,  n.  {Arch.)  A lock  made  to  fit 
into  a mortise. 

MORT'LING,  n.  See  Morlino.  Coles. 

MORT'MAIN,  n.  [Fr.  mort , dead,  and  main,  hand  ; 


L.  mortua  manui]  {Law.)  A condition  of  prop- 
erty in  which  it  is  held  without  the  power  of 
change  or  alienation,  or  as  it  were  in  dead 
hands  ; — a term  originally  applied  to  the  pos- 
session of  land  by  ecclesiastical  bodies,  the 
members  of  which  (being  professed)  were  reck- 
oned dead  persons  in  law  ; an  unalienable  pos- 
session. Blackstone.  Burrill. 

What  liberal  revenues,  rich  maintenances,  were  then  put 
into  mortmain,  the  dead  hand  of  the  church.  Bp.  Jlall. 

fMORT'I’AY,  n.  [Fr.  mort,  dead,  and  pay.) 
{Mil.)  Payment  for  services  not  rendered  ; the 
receiving  of  wages  for  more  soldiers  than  served, 
or  for  more  days  than  they  served.  Richardson. 

The  severe  punishing  of  mortpays  and  keeping  back  of 
soldiers’  wages  in  captains.  Bacon. 

fMOR'TRESS,  n.  [From  mortar .]  A dish  of 
meat  of  various  kinds  beaten  together.  Bacon. 

fMOR'TREW,  n.  A mortress.  Chaucer. 

MORT'U-A-RY  (miirt'yu-a-re),  n.  [Law  L.  mortu- 
arium ; It.  <Sf  Sp.  mortuorio.) 

1.  {Laiv.)  A fee  paid  to  the  incumbent  of  a 
parish,  by  custom  peculiar  to  some  places,  on 
the  death  of  a parishioner ; a sort  of  ecclesi- 
astical heriot : — originally,  a voluntary  bequest, 
by  way  of  amends,  for  tithes  and  offerings  not 
duly  paid  in  a parishoner’s  lifetime.  Wins  haw. 

2.  A burial-place  ; a cemetery.  Whitlock. 

MORT'U-A-RY,  a.  [L.  mortuarius  ; Fr.  mortuaire.] 
Belonging  to  the  dead  or  to  the  burial  of  the  dead. 

MO'RUS,  n.  [Gr.  ydpov ; ~L.  morus  \ It . moro  ; Sp. 
moral)  {Bot.)  A genus  of  plants  or  trees-,  of 
which  there  are  many  varieties  ; mulberry-tree. 

Morus  nigra,  the  common  black  mulberry.  - - Morus 
alba,  or  mu.lticuu.lis,  the  white  mulberry,  cultivated  for 
feeding  the  silk  worm.  Eng.  Cyc. 

MOR' VANT,  n.  {Zobl.)  A species  of  sheep.  Smellie. 

MO-SA'IC,  n.  [Gr.  yovaaiKiiv,  or  yovonos  ; L.  mu- 
sivum;  It.  mosaico,  or  musaico ; Sp.  mosaico ; Fr. 
mosaique. ] A species  of  inlaid  or  tessellated  work, 
being  an  imitation  of  painting,  by  minute  pieces 
of  hard  substances,  such  as  marble,  glass,  stones, 
or  gems,  of  various  colors,  carefully  inlaid  and 
cemented  together  by  mastic,  and  which  served 
as  floors,  walls,  and  the  ornamental  coverings 
of  columns.  Fairholt. 

He:  More  correctly  spelt  musaic , the  term  being  a 
corruption  of  L.  opus  musinum.  P.  Cyc. 

The  mosaics  which  we  may  term  modern  were  commenced 
in  the  latter  part  of  the  fifteenth  century,  and  are  attributed 
to  the  two  brothers  Zuccati.  of  Treviza,  who  instructed  Titian 
in  the  elements  of  drawing.  The  Zuccati  executed  these 
mosaics  by  means  of  cartoons,  drawn  by  the  best  artists  of 
the  time,  and  from  copies  furnished  by  Titian  and  Tinto- 
retto. Fairholt. 

MO-§A'IC,  Noting  the  imitation  of  paint- 

MO-§A'l-CAL,  * ing  by  joining  together  small 
stones  or  pebbles,  &c.,  of  different  colors. 

And  behind  the  thickets  again  new  beds  of  flowers,  which, 
being  under  the  trees,  the  trees  were  to  them  a pavilion,  and 
they  to  the  trees  a mosaical  flower.  * 1\  Sidney. 

The  most  remarkable  remnant  of  it  is  a very  beautiful 
mosaic  pavement,  the  finest  I have  over  seen  in  marble:  the 
parts  are  so  well  joined  together,  that  the  whole  piece  looks 
like  a continued  picture.  Addison. 

MO-§A'JC,  ? a.  Relating  to  Moses,  the  He- 

MO-§A'I-CAL,  S brew  lawgiver,  or  to  his  writings 
and  institutions.  More.  Warhurton. 

MO-§A'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  the  manner  of  mosaic 
work.  Sterling. 

MO-§A'lC— GOLD,  n.  A mixture  of  copper  and 
zinc,  used  for  cheap  articles  of  jewellery  and  or- 
namental metal  work,  produced  by  casting  in  a 
mould:  — a bisulphuret  of  tin,  imported  from 
Germany  under  the  name  of  bronze  powder,  used 
for  ornamental  work,  especially  paper-hangings ; 
— also  known  as  or-molu.  Fairholt.  Simmonds. 

MO-SAN'DRJTE,  n.  {Min.)  A grayish-brown  min- 
eral, occurring  massive  and  fibrous.  Dana. 

MO-SA-SAU'RUS,  n.  [L.  Mosa,  the  River  Meuse, 
and  Gr.  o-oPpot.  a lizard.]  {Pal.)  The  name  of 
a gigantic  extinct  aquatic  saurian,  the  head  of 
which  was  found  in  the  calcareous  freestone 
near  Maestricht  on  the  Meuse ; a marine  reptile, 
of  about  twenty-five  feet  in  length,  forming  a 
link  between  the  monitor  and  iguana  ; — some- 
times written  mososaurus.  Pictet. 

M6S'£HA-TEL  (tnos'kj-tel),  n.  {Bot.)  A little 
plant  found  in  woods  in  various  parts  of  Eu- 
rope ; hollow-root ; Adoxa  moschatellina.  Cyc. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RIJLE. — £,  (?,  g,  soft;  jC,  E,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z If.  as  gz.  — THIS,  ibis. 


MOS  CIII  DAE 


934 


MOTHERLAND 


MOS  'eni-DJ£,  n.pl.  [Gr.  poa^lbiov,  dim.  of  pianos, 
musk.]  ( Zoijl .)  A family  of  ruminant  quadru- 
peds, familiarly  known  as  musk-deer.  Eng.  Cyc. 

MOS-eHI'ATA,  n.  ( Zoiil .)  A sub-family  of  rumi- 
nants ; the  musk-deer.  Gray. 

MOS'jCHUS,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  pdtr^os,  musk.] 
( Zool .)  A genus  of  ruminant  quadrupeds  of  the 
family  Moschidee ; the  Thibet  musk  ; — so  called 
from  the  males  being  provided,  on  the  middle 
of  the  abdomen,  with  a large  pouch,  secreting 
musk.  — See  Musk-deer.  Eng.  Cyc. 

MO-§ELLE',  n.  A German  white  wine,  one  of  the 
most  acid  of  the  light  wines  ; — so  named  from 
the  river  Moselle.  Webster's  Horn.  Ency. 

MOS'Lf.M,  n.  A Mussulman.  Ec.  Rev. 

MOS'L£M,  a.  Mahometan.  Clarke. 

MOS'LINGlp,  n.  pi.  Thin,  bibulous  shreds  of 
leather,  shaved  off  in  dressing  skins.  Simmonds. 

MO-SO-SA  U'RUS,  n.  ( Geol .)  The  mosasaurus. — 
See  "Mosasaurus.  % Buckland. 

MOSQUE  (mSsk),  n.  [Arab,  medsched.  — Sp.  mez- 
quita;  Port,  masqueta  ; Fr.  mosquee.]  A Mo- 
hammedan or  Mahometan  temple  or  place  of 
worship,  the  distinctive  marks  of  which  are  gen- 
erally cupolas  and  minarets  ; — sometimes  writ- 
ten mosk.  Maundrel. 

MOS-QUI'TO  (mqs-ke'to),  n. ; pi.  Mps-QUi'TOE$. 
[Sp.  3,  Port,  mosquito , from  mosca  (L.  musca), 
a fly  ; Fr.  moustique. ] ( Ent .)  Avery  trouble- 

some insect,  of  the  genus  Culex  ; a kind  of  gnat. 

Mosquitoes  are  furnished  with  a proboscis 
adapted  for  piercing  the  flesh,  and  at  the  same  time 
forming  a kind  of  siphon  through  which  the  blood 
flows.  This  instrument  injects  into  the  wound  which 
it  makes  a poison  that  causes  inflammation.  The 
male  mosquito  differs  considerably  from  the  female, 
being  smaller  and  of  a darker  color,  seldom  annoying 
man,  and  restricting  itself  to  damp  and  foul  places. 
Eng.  Cijc. 

&£  ■ This  word,  which  is  derived  from  the  Spanish 
or  Portuguese,  has  been  variously  spelled  mosquito , 
musquito , musquetoe , moscheto , inoschetto , viosquetoe , 
mosquetto , muscheto , muschetto , musketoe,  musketo , inus- 
kitto , musqueto,  and  musquitto.  Smart  says,  “ Silos- 
chetto,  musqueto,  and  other  forms,  yield  in  frequent 
occurrence  to  the  one  given  (mosquito),  which  may  be 
considered  as  the  established  ono  in  our  language.” 

MOSS,  n.  [A.  S.  meos ; Gcr.  moos-,  Sw.  mossa ; 
Dan.  mos.  — Gael,  musq  ; W.  mwswg.  — L.  mus- 
cus  ; It.  Si  Sp.  musno  ; Fr.  mousse.] 

1.  ( Bot .)  A family  of  plants,  with  leafy  stems, 

and  narrow,  simple  leaves  ; any  minute,  small- 
leaved, cryptogamie  or  flowerless  plant,  such  as 
grows  on  trees,  rocks,  &e.,  mostly  in  humid 
places  ; a lichen.  Brands. 

2.  A morass  or  boggy  place.  Evelyn. 

MOSS,  v.  a.  To  cover  with  moss. 

An  oak  whose  boughs  were  mussed  with  age.  Shak. 

MOSS'— AG- ATE,  n.  (Min.)  A chalcedony  con- 
taining within  it  moss-like  delineations  of  an 
opaque  brownish  yellow  color,  which  are  due  to 
oxide  of  manganese  or  iron ; mocha-stone.  Dana. 

MOSS'— BANK,  n.  A bank  covered  with  moss  ; a 
mossy  bank.  Collins. 

MOSS'— bAS-KET,  n.  A fancy-basket,  for  a room, 
conservatory,  &c.,  covered  with  moss. Simmonds. 

MOSS'— BUNK-£R,  n.  (IcA.)  A kind  of  herring; 
menhaden.  Storcr. 

MOSS'— CAPPED  (-kapt),  a.  Capped  with  moss. 

MOSS'— CLAD,  a.  Covered  with  moss.  Lyttleton. 

MOSS'— GROWN  (mos'gron),  a.  Overgrown  with 
moss.  “ Steeples  and  moss-grown  towers.”  Shale. 

MOSS'I-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  mossy.  Bacon. 

MOSS'— LAND,  n.  Land  abounding  in  moss  -or 
peat-moss.  "Farm.  Ency. 

MOSS'— PINK,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  with  pink-pur- 
ple flowers,  common  on  dry,  rocky  hills  and 
sandy  banks,  in  the  Middle  States  of  the  U.  S. ; 
ground-pink  ; Phlox  subulata.  Gray. 

MOSS'— ROSjE,  n.  (Bot.)  A beautiful  kind  of  rose, 
so  named  from  its  nross-like  pubescence  ; Rosa 
cerUifolia  muscusa.  Booth. 

MOSS'— RUSH,  n.  (Bot.)  Goose-corn;  Juncus 
squarrosus.  Booth. 


MOSS'— TR60P-FR,  n.  A bandit ; a marauder  ; 
one  of  a rebellious  class  of  people  on  the  bor- 
ders of  England  and  Scotland,  before  the  two 
crowns  were  united,  who  lived  by  rapine  ; — so 
called  from  their  dwelling  in  the  mosses,  and 
riding  in  troops  together.  Tomlins. 

MOSS'V,  a.  Overgrown  or  abounding  with  moss  ; 
surrounded  or  bordered  by  moss. 

Old  trees  are  more  mossy  far  than  young.  Bacon. 
The  mossi / fountains  and.  the  sylvan  shades.  Pope. 

MOST,  a. ; superl.  of  more  (whether  used  as  the 
comparative  of  many  or  of  much).  [Goth,  maists ; 
A.  S.  mast ; Ger.  meist ; Dut.'  incest .] 

1.  Greatest  in  number  ; most  numerous  ; as, 
“ Most  men  ” ; “ Most  kinds.” 

2.  Greatest  in  quantity;  as,  “ The  most  part.” 

3.  + Greatest. 

’Gainst  all,  both  good  and  bad,  both  most  and  least.  Spenser. 

MOST,  ad.  In  the  greatest  degree. 

Xtgy-  It  is  used  to  form  tile  superlative  degree,  in- 
stead of  the  termination  est ; as,  “ Most  lovely ,”  for 
loveliest.  — It  was  often  used  redundantly  by  old 
writers. 

But  that  I love  thee  best,  O most  best  believe  it.  Shak. 

MOST,  n.  1.  The  greatest  part ; the  greatest  num- 
ber ; — in  this  sense  it  is  plural ; as,  “ Most  of 
the  people.” 

2.  Greatest  degree,  quantity,  or  value;  the 
utmost  ; - — in  this  sense  singular,  with  the  defi- 
nite article  ; as,  “ To  make  the  most  of  it  ” ; 
“ He  did  the  most  of  the  work  ” ; “ Three  weeks 
at  the  most." 

MOSTA111BA,  n.  A Brazilian  wood.  — See  Mus- 
taiba.  Simmonds. 

MOS'TICK,  n.  The  stick  with  which  painters 
guide  the  hand  in  working;  — a corruption  of 
maul-stick.  Johnson. 

MOST'LY,  ad.  For  the  greatest  part;  for  the 
most  part ; mainly  ; chiefly. 

Religions  that  arise  in  ages  totally  ignorant  and  barbarous 
consist  mostly  of  traditional  talcs  and  actions.  Hume. 

MOS'TRA,  n.  [It.]  (Mas.)  A mark  ; an  index  : — 
a little  mark  at  the  end  of  a line,  showing  what 
note  the  next  line  begins  with.  Dwight. 

f MOST' WHAT  (most'hwot),  ad.  For  the  most 
part ; generally  ; usually.  Hammond. 

MOT,  n.  [Fr.]  1.  f A word  ; a motto.  Bp.  Hall. 

2.  A note  of  a hunting-horn.  Clarke. 

Mot'A-cIl,  n.  (Omith.)  See  Motacilla. 

MOT-A-CIL ' la,  n.  [L.]  (Omith.)  A genus  of 
passerine  birds  ; the  wagtail.  Yarrell. 

MOT- A- CIL-LI ’MAS,  n. pi. 

(Omith.)  A sub-family 
of  birds  of  the  order 
Passeres  and  family  Lus- 
cinidce ; wagtails.  Gray. 

f MO-TA'TION,  n.  [L. 

rnotatio .]  The  act  of  Motacilla  lugubris. 

moving.  Bailey. 

MOTE,  n.  [A.  S.  mot.  — Sp.  mota .] 

1.  A small  particle  of  matter ; any  thing  very 
little  ; a spot ; a speck  ; a mite. 

And  why  beholdest  thou  the  mote  that  is  in  thy  brother’s 
eye,  but  eousiderest  not  the  beam  that  is  in  thine  own  eye  ? 

Matt.  vii.  3. 

As  thick  as  motes  in  the  sunbeam.  Chaucer. 

2.  An  imperfection  in  wool,  which  has  to  be 

cleansed  of  burrs  and  motes.  Simmonds. 

3.  The  nut  of  the  Carapa  Guineensis,  used 
for  extracting  oil  in  Sierra  Leone.  Simmonds. 

t MOTE,  n.  [A.  S.  mot,  or  gemot.]  A meeting  ; 
an  assembly  ; — commonly  used  in  composition  ; 
as,  burgmoie,  a town-meeting.  Todd. 

f MOTE,  v.  [Goth,  motan  ; Dut.  moet ; Ger. 

m/ichte.)  Must:  — might.  Chaucer.  Spenser. 
f MOTE'— BELL,  n.  The  bell  used  by  the  Saxons 
to  summon  an  assembly.  Bosworth. 

MO-TEL’LA,  n.  (Ich.)  A genus  of  fishes  of  the 
family  Gadidce,  characterized  by  the  long  second 
dorsal  and  anal  fins.  — See  Whistle-eish. 

Yarrell. 

MO-TET',  n.  [It.  mottetto.]  (Mus.)  A sacred  vocal 
composition  or  anthem,  of  an  elaborate  charac- 
ter, in  several  parts,  usually  in  words  from  the 
Psalms,  with  more  or  less  of  fugue,  and  with 
organ  and  sometimes  orchestral  accompaniment. 


nsr  Motets  were  originally  sacred  songs  which  took 
their  text  from  the  Holy  Scriptures,  and  which  laid 
the  foundation  for  the  (so  called)  cantus  firmus,  or  plain 
Singing  of  Pope  Gregory’s  time.  They  have  varied  in 
their  form  in  different  ages  ; but,  taken  in  their  pres- 
ent shape,  they  consist  chiefly  of  these  four  classes  • 
1.  Chorals,  and  other  sacred  songs,  figured  by  vocal 
parts  ; 2.  Chorals,  either  accompanied  or  carried 
through  with  a fugue,  by  vocal  parts;  3.  Vocal  cho- 
ruses (with  or  without  accompaniment),  which  carry 
through  a succession  of  connected  fugue  passages  ; 
4.  Church  songs,  composed,  verse  for  verse,  from  t ho 
fecripture  text,  in  all  these  and  other  forms,  such  as 
chorals,  fugues,  trios,  &c.  Warner. 

MOTH,  n. ; pi.  moth$.  [Goth,  maten,  to  gnaw. 
Hams.  — A.  S.  mogthe,  mohth,  mohtha,  moth  ; 
Dut.  mot ; Ger.  mofte ; Sw.  molt;  Dan  .'mot.] 

1.  (Ent.)  A lepidopterous  insect,  flying  mostly 
by  night,  of  the  section  Phalcena,  which  com- 
prises some  of  the  largest  and  smallest  of  the 
order  ; miller  ; night-butterfly  : — also  the  larva 
of  the  different  species  of  the  genus  Tinea,  noted 
for  destroying  cloths,  furs,  grain,  &c.  Harris. 

2.  A silent  consumer ; an  idler.  Dryden. 

MOTH'— EAT,  v.  a.  To  prey  upon,  as  a moth 
preys  upon  a garment.  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

MOTH'— EAT-EN  (moth'e-tn),  p.  a.  Eaten  of  moths. 

And  he,  as  a rotten  thing,  consumeth  as  a garment  that  is 
moth-eaten.  Job  xiii.  28. 

f MOTH'EN  (moth'n),  a.  Full  of  moths.  Fulke. 

MOTH'JpR  (muth'er),  n.  [A.  S.  moder,  modor, 
modur,  meder,  modlra ; Dut.  moeder,  mocr ; Ger. 
mutter-,  Dan.  A;  Sw.  moder-,  Icel . modir. — Gr. 
fojrrif) ; L.  mater ; It.,  Sp.,  § Port,  madre ; Fr. 
mire.  — Pers . madr,  mader-,  Sans,  mada,  ma- 
dia, meddra,  inata ; Rus.  mat.  — “ Some  derive 
from  the  Gr.  yd-w,  vehementer  cupere  (to  yearn 
for  or  desire  very  earnestly) ; Rudbeckius,  from 
the  Su.  Goth,  moeda,  labor,  a partus  labore  ; 
others  suggest  that  the  first  syllable  is  Ma.  — 
See  Mamma,  &c.”  Richardson.] 

1.  She  that  has  borne  offspring ; a female 
parent ; — correlative  to  son  or  daughter. 

That  rash  humor  which  my  mother  gave  me.  Shak . 

2.  That  which  has  produced  any  thing ; a 
spring;  a cause;  an  origin;  as,  “ Idleness,  the 
mother  of  many  vices.” 

Alas,  poor  country!  It  cannot 
Be  called  our  mother , but  our  grave.  Shak. 

3.  That  which  has  preceded  in  time ; the 
chief ; the  head.  “ A mother  church.”  Johnson. 

4.  A familiar  term  of  address  to  a matron  or 
old  woman  ; as,  “ Mother  Goose.” 

5.  f Hysterical  passion. 

O,  how  this  mother  swells  up  toward  my  heart!  Shak. 

6.  A thick,  slimy  substance  formed  in  liquors, 

especially  in  vinegar.  Tusser. 

.Mother  Carey's  chicken , (Omith.)  a small  oceanic 
bird  belonging  to  the  order  Natutores  and  family  Pro- 
cellaridce  ; stormy  petrel  ; Procellariapelagica.  “ Even 
at  the  present  day  they  are  not  unfrequently  regarded 
as  ominous,  and  many  a hard-a-weatlier  old  quarter- 
master still  looks  upon  Mother  Carey's  chickens  as  the 
harbingers  of  a storm.”  Eng.  Cyc . 

MOTII'ER  (muth'er),  a.  Had  at  the  birth  ; native  ; 
natural ; received  by  birth  ; received  from  par- 
ents or  ancestors ; vernacular. 

The  very  mother  language  which  I learnt, 

A lisping  baby  on  my  mother’s  knees.  Southeij. 

Where  did  you  study  all  this  goodly  speech? 

It  is  extempore,  from  my  mother  wit.  Shak. 

MOTII'f.R  (muth'er),  v.  a.  [i.  mothered  ; pp. 
mothering,  mothered.]  To  adopt  as  a son 
or  daughter.  Howel. 

MOTHER  (muth'er),  v.  n.  To  gather  concretion, 
as  vinegar  or  oil. 

They  oint  their  naked  limbs  with  mothered  oil.  Ph'yden. 

MOTHER— CHURCH,  n.  The  established  church  ; 
the  oldest  church  ; the  church  of  Rome,  — so 
called  by  way  of  eminence  by  its  adherents. 

MOTII'FR-HOOD  (muth'er-hud),  n.  The  state  of  a 
mother  ; maternity  ; maternal  character.  Donne. 

MOTH'f.R-ING  (muth'er-ing),  n.  A rural  cere- 
mony, being  a friendly  visit  to  a parent  on  Mid- 
lent  Sunday ; Midlenting ; — used  in  the  phrase 
to  go  a mothering.  [England.]  Herrick. 

MOTH ' U R— I N-L A W,  n.  The  husband’s  or  the 
wife’s  mother.  Matt.  x.  35. 

MOTII'ER— LAND,  11.  The  land  of  one’s  mother 
or  parents ; fatherland.  Southey. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  0,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  V,  t,  short;  A,  IJ,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


MOTIIEKLESS 


935 


MOTH'IJR-LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  a mother. 

MOTH'ER-LI-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
motherly.  Ash. 

MOTH'JJR-LY  (muth'er-le),  a.  Relating  to,  or 
becoming,  a mother  ; maternal  ; tender  ; affec- 
tionate. 

When  I sec  the  motherly  airs  of  my  little  daughter.  Addison. 

Syn.  — Motherly , from  the  Anglo-Saxon,  is  a more 
familiar  and  a stronger  term  than  maternal,  which  is 
from  the  Latin.  Motherly  tenderness  ; maternal  rela- 
tion or  duties.  — See  F atiierly. 

MOTH'ER-LY,  ad.  In  the  manner  of  a mother. 

MOTH'ER-OF-PEARL'  (muth'er-qv-perl'),  n. 
(Conch.)  The  hard,  silvery,  brilliant  internal 
layer  of  several  kinds  of  shells,  particularly 
oysters,  which  is  often  variegated  with  changing 
purple  and  azure  colors;  nacre; — much  used 
for  ornamental  purposes. 

The  brilliant  hues  of  mother-of-pearl  do  not  depend  upon 
the  nature  of  the  substance,  but  upon  its  structure.  Ure. 

MOTII'pR— OF— THYME  (-tlm),  n.  (Bot.)  Wild 
thyme  ; Thymus  chamcedrgs.  Eng.  Cyc. 

MOTH'ER— CtUEEiV,  n.  The  mother  of  the  reign- 
ing king  ; the  queen-mother.  Shah. 

MOTHER— SPOTS,  n.  pi.  (Med.)  Congenital  spots 
of  the  skin  ; naevus.  — See  N.tsvvs.  Dunglison. 

MOTII  ER-TONGUE  (inutfi'er-tung),  n.  1.  A lan- 
guage to  which  another  language  owes  its  origin. 

2.  One’s  native  language.  Crabh. 

MOTH'IJR— WA'TpR,  n.  (Cheni.)  The  residue  of 
a saline  solution  that  does  not  crystallize.  Ure. 

MOTH 'pR— WIT,  n.  Common  sense  ; natural  or 
native  wit.  Shak.  Qu.  Rev. 

MOTH'ER-WORT  (muth'er-wiirt),  n.  (Bot.)  A 
plant  of  the  genus  Leonurus,  of  the  Eabintte  or 
mint  family,  growing  in  waste  places  ; Leonu- 
rus cardiaca.  Gray. 

MOTH  ER-Y  (mutfi'er-e),  a.  Concreted;  slimy; 
dreggy  ; feculent ; like  the  mother  in  vinegar. 

Is  it  not  enough  to  make  the  clearest  liquid  in  the  world 
both  feculent  ana  moth  cry 't  Sterne. 

MOTH-GNAT  (-n&t),  n.  ( Ent .)  A small  dipte- 
rous insect  of  the  genus  Bychoda,  having  cu- 
riously ciliated  wings.  Ogilvie. 

MOTH'-HUNT-ER,  n.  (Ornith.)  A passerine  bird 
of  the  family  Caprimulgidte  or  goat-suckers. 

Maunder. 

MOTII-MUL'LIJN  (moth-mul'len),  n.  (Bot.)  A 
plant  of  the  figwort  family,  common  by  road- 
sides ; Verbascum  blattaria.  Gray. 

MOTH'WORT  (moth'wiirt),  n.  (Bot.)  An  herb. 

MOTII'Y,  a.  Full  of  moths. 

f MO'TIF,  n.  [Fr.]  A motive.  Chaucer. 

MO-TIF'IC,  a.  [L.  motus,  motion,  and  facto,  to 
make.]  Producing  motion.  Good. 

MO-TIL'I-TY,  n.  [L.  motilitas ; motus,  move- 
ment; Fr.  mot  Hite.)  (Med.)  Power  of  moving  ; 
contractility.  Dunglison. 

MO'TION  (mo'shun),  n.  [L.  motio  ; It.  moto  ; Sp. 
mocion ; Fr.  motion.) 

1.  The  act  or  process  of  moving  or  changing 
place  ; the  continued  change  of  place  of  a body, 
or  of  any  parts  of  a body  ; intestine  action  ; 
change  of  posture  ; passage  ; action  ; activity ; 
movement ; — opposed  to  rest. 

The  atomists,  who  define  motion  to  be  a passage  from  one 
place  to  another,  what  do  they  more  than  put  one  synony- 
mous word  for  another?  For  what  is  passage  other  than 
motion'i  Locke. 

Devoid  of  sense  and  motion.  Milton. 

2.  Impulse  communicated  or  felt ; as,  “ To 
do  a thing  of  one’s  own  motion.” 

Let  a good  man  obey  every  good  motion  rising  in  his  heart, 
knowing  that  every  such  motion  proceeds  from  God.  South. 

3.  A proposition  or  proposal  made,  as  in  a 
public  assembly ; as,  “ A motion  to  adjourn.” 

Yes,  I agree,  and  thank  you  for  your  motion.  Shak. 

4 ..(Mus.)  The  direction  in  which  the  har- 
monic parts  or  voices  move  with  reference  to 
each  other  ; as,  direct  motion,  where  two  parts 
move  in  the  same  direction  ; contrary  motion, 
where  one  part  ascends  while  the  other  de- 
scends ; oblique  motion,  where  one  part  as- 
cends or  descends  while  the  other  keeps  upon 
a level.  Dwight. 

5.  (Paint.  & Sculp.)  The  idea  of  action  or 


change  of  place  conveyed  by  the  attitudes  in 
which  figures  are  represented.  Fairholt. 

6.  (Mech.)  The  moving  part  of  a watch,  or  of 

machinery.  Simmonds. 

7.  f A puppet-show ; a puppet.  Shak. 

Animal  motion,  that  which  is  voluntarily  performed 

by  living  beings. Mechanical  motion,  that  which  is 

imparled  by  one  moving  body  to  another. — Perpetual 
motion,  a motion  sell-supplied,  and  not  dependent  on 
any  external  cause  or  impulse;  a motion  of  which 
the  initial  or  primary  force  shall  be  restored  or  re- 
placed by  the  very  movement  it  produces  ; — hitherto 
found  impossible  by  any  machinery.  Nichol. — Result- 
ant motion,  that  which  results  from  the  union  of  two 
or  more  forces  acting  in  different  directions. 

Motion  in  court,  (Law.)  an  application  made  to  the 
judge  or  judges,  viva  voce  in  open  court,  to  obtain  a 
rule  or  order  directing  some  act  to  be  done  in  favor  of 
the  applicant.  Burrill.  — Quantity  of  motion,  same  as 
Momentum.  — Motion  of  the  bowels,  (Med.)  an  alvine 
discharge. 

Syn.  — See  Movement. 

MO'TION,  v.  a.  To  propose  ; to  move.  “ I want 
friends  to  motion  such  a matter.”  [r.]  Burton. 

MO'TION,  v.  n.  To  make  proposal  ; to  suggest ; 
to  move  ; to  beckon,  [it.]  Milton. 

MO'TION-IjlR,  n.  A mover,  [r.]  Cotgrave. 

MO'TION-IST,  n.  A mover,  [r.]  Milton. 

MO'TION- LESS,  a.  Being  without  motion  ; want- 
ing motion  ; being  at  rest ; still ; torpid  ; numb. 
In  stony  fetters  fixed,  and  motionless.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Numb. 

MO'TIVE  (mo'tiv),  a.  [L.  moveo,  motus,  to  move ; 
It.,  Sp.,  if  Port,  motivo  ; Fr.  motif.) 

1.  Causing  motion  ; as,  “The  main-spring  is 
the  motive  principle  in  a watch.” 

2.  Capable  of  motion  ; tending  to  move. 
Considering  that  cold  is  stationary,  and  heat  motive.  Holland. 

Motive  power,  the  propelling  force  by  which  motion 
is  obtained  ; momentum. 

MO'TIVE  (mo'tiv),  n.  1.  That  which  determines 
the*  choice,  or  moves  the  will ; that  which  in- 
cites the  action;  inducement;  incitement;  in- 
centive ; cause  ; reason  ; principle. 

By  motive  I mean  the  whole  of  that  which  moves,  excites, 
or  invites  the  mind  to  volition,  whether  that  be  one  thing 
singly  or  many  things  conjunctly.  Eduards. 

2.  f A mover  ; that  which  moves. 

Her  wanton  spirits  look  out 
At  every  joint  and  motive  of  her  body.  Shak. 

3.  (il {us.)  A musical  idea,  or  germinal  phrase 
or  passage,  consisting  of  a few  measures,  or  a 
few  notes,  reproduced  and  wrought  into  the  whole 
texture  of  a piece  or  movement ; the  musical 
theme  or  subject  of  a composition.  Dwight. 

Syn.  — See  Cause,  Principle. 

MO-TIV'I-TY,  n.  Power  of  moving;  power  of 
producing  motion. 

If  we  consider  the  active  power  of  moving,  or,  as  I may 
call  it,  motivity , it  is  much  clearer  in  spirit  than  in  body. 

Locke. 

MO-TI' VO,  n.  [It.]  (Mus.)  The  motive  or  subject 
of  a composition.  — See  Motive,  No.  3.  Moore. 

MOT'LEY  (mot'le),  a.  [W.  ysmot,  a spot ; Eng. 
mote.) 

1.  Variegated  in  color  ; dappled. 

O that  I wore  a fool! 

I am  ambitious  for  a motley  coat.  Shak. 

2.  Made  up  of  various  kinds ; heterogeneous; 
ill-mingled;  as,  “A  motley  crew.” 

MOT'LpY— MIND'ED,  a.  Variously  inclined.  Shak. 

MOT'MOT,  n.  (Ornith.)  A curious  and  handsome 
passerine  bird  of  the  family  Coracidte  and  sub- 
family Momotince,  found  in  South  America,  of 
a dark,  rich  green  color,  living  in  pairs  in  the 
woods,  and  recognized-  by  its  note,  mot-mot, 
slowly  repeated.  Gray. 

MO' TO.  [It.]  (Mus.)  Motion,  or  increase  of 
movement  ; — direction  of  movement.  Dicight. 

Andante  con  moto,  somewhat  quicker  than  andante. 

Moto  contrano,  contrary  motion.  — Moto  obliqno, 
oblique  motion.  — Moto  retto,  direct  motion.  — See 
Motion,  No.  4. 

fMO'TON,  n.  (Armor.)  A small  plate  covering 
the  armpits  of  a knight.  Fairholt. 

MO'TOR,  n.  [L.  motor,  from  moveo,  to  move.] 

1.  He  who,  or  that  which,  moves  ; a mover. 

2.  (Anat.)  A moving  muscle  : — one  of  the 

nerves  of  motion.  Dunglison. 


MOULD 


MO'TOR,  a.  (Anat.)  Giving  motion ; motory. 
“ Motor  nerves.”  Dunglisort 

MO-TO'RI-AL,  a.  (Anat.)  Motory.  Hartley. 
MO'TO-RY,  a.  Giving  motion.  Ray. 

MOT-TET'TO,  n.  [It.]  (Mus.)  See  Motet.  Crabh. 


MoT'TLE,  v.  a.  To  spot  in  large  patches.  Clarke. 

JIOT'TLfb,  p.  a.  Having  various  colors  ; of 
mixed  colors  ; speckled  ; spotted  ; variegated  ; 
motley.  “ Mottled  meadows.”  Drayton. 

MoT'TO,  n. ; pi.  mot'toes.  [Gr.  pvOo speech  ; 
L.  mytlius  ; It.  motto  ; Fr.  mot.)  A sentence 
or  a word  added  to  a device  ; a sentence  or  phrase 
prefixed  to  any  thing  written  or  printed. 

An  honorable  motto,  such  as  was  written  upon  the  turban 
of  the  High  Priest,  “ Holiness  to  the  Lord.”  Bp.  Hall. 


MOT'TO— KlSS'5§,  n.  pi.  Sweetmeats  having  po- 
etry, mottoes,  &c.,  rolled  up  in  fancy  papers  ; — 
used  at  parties  for  amusement.  Simmonds. 


MOUCH,  D.  See  Munch. 

MOUF'FLON,  n.  (Zoul.) 

An  animal  of  the 

sheep  kind,  inhabiting 

the  mountainous  parts  ..  M§£Uf 

of  Corsica,  Sardinia,  ’w  Jv 

Greece,  &c.,  extremely 

wild  by  nature ; Capro-  Ml 

vis  Musimon  ; — called  

also  the  musmon.  Baird.  Moufflon  (Caprovis  Musimon). 


A moth. 


T Vickliffe. 


f MOUG11, 
t MOUGHT, 

f MOUGHT,  i.  from  the  old  verb  morve ; — now 
written  might.  Fairfax. 


MOULD  (mold),  n.  [A.  S.  molde ; myl,  earth; 
Frs.  molde ; Ger.  malm,  earth;  moder,  mouldi- 
ness ; Dut.  mul,  molm ; Dan.  mxtltl ; Sw.  mg  Hu  ; 
Icel.  mold.  — Tooke  forms  it  from  the  Fr.  mouilte 
(mouilled,  muill'd,  mould),  pp.  of  mouHler,  to 
wet,  to  moisten.  — Johnson  says,  “ Mould  is  ap- 
plied as  a name  to  the  soil,  which  is  ground, 
i e.  milled,  muled  (Scottish),  crumbled  or  com- 
minuted with  the  implements  of  husbandry.”  — 
Others  suggest  L.  mollis,  soft,  and  an  analogy 
with  mellow,  meal,  and  mill.) 

1.  A mixture  of  humus  with  earthy  matter  ; 
the  upper  stratum  or  surface  soil ; loam  ; ground 
in  whicli  any  thing  grows. 

The  black  earth  every  where  obvious  on  the  surface  of  the 
ground  we  call  mould.  Woodicurd. 

Though  worms  devour  me,  though  I turn  to  mould. 

Yet  in  my  flesh  I shall  his  face  behold.  Sandys . 

2.  A name  applied  to  all  minute  fungi  which 
appear  in  masses  upon  organic  bodies ; a kind 
of  concretion  on  the  top  or  outside  of  things 
kept  motionless  and  damp,  shown  by  the  micro- 
scope to  consist  of  minute  plants  ; a kind  of 
fur  or  discolor;  fustiness;  rust,  or  smut,  as  in 
corn;  mouldiness. 

Another  special  affinity  is  between  plants  and  mould,  or 
putrefaction:  for  all  putrefaction,  if  dissolved  not  iu  nrefac-  # 
tic-i,  will,  in  the  end,  issue  into  plants.  Bacon. 

A hermit,  who  has  been  shut  up  in  his  cell  in  a college,  has 
contracted  a sort  of  mould  and  rust  upon  his  soul.  Watts. 

3.  The  matter  of  which  any  thing  is  made. 

Can  any  mortal  mixture  of  earth’s  mould 

Breathe  such  divine,  enchanting  ravishment?  Milton. 

4.  [A.  S.  Ger.  mill.)  A spot;  as,  “An  iron- 
mould."  [More  correctly,  iron-mole.)  Johnson. 


MOULD  (mold),  n.  [Sp.  molde,  a mould  or  ma- 
trix ; moldar,  amoldar,  to  cast ; Fr.  moule,  mould 
or  matrix.  — W.  mold.) 

1.  The  matrix  in  which  any  thing  is  cast  or 
receives  its  form  ; a model. 

The  liquid  ore  he  drained 

Into  fit  moublfi  prepared;  from  which  he  formed 

First  his  own  tools,  then  what  might  else  be  wrought 

Fusile  or  graven  in  metal.  Milton. 

2.  Cast;  form;  as,  “A  man  of  vulgar  mould." 

3.  (Anat.)  The  anterior  fontanel  or  interstice 

between  the  parietal  and  frontal  bones  of  a 
child’s  head.  Dunglison. 

4.  (Ship-building  & Joiners’  work.)  A thin 

piece  of  wood  used  as  a pattern.  Wright. 

5.  (Gold-beaters.)  Pieces  of  vellum,  or  the 

like,  between  which  the  leaves  of  gold  are  laid 
for  beating.  Wright. 

6.  (Masonry.)  A piece  of  hard  wood  or  iron, 

hollowed  on  the  edge,  to  fit  the  contours  of 

mouldings  or  cornices.  Wright. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RpLE.  — <^,  <?,  5,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  ^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


MOULD 


936 


MOUNTAIN-SOAP 


MOULD  (m51d),  v.  n.  [i.  MOULDED  ; pp.  MOULD- 
ING, moulded.]  To  contract  or  gather  mould; 
to  become  mouldy  ; to  rot ; as,  “ Bread  will 
mould,  if  kept  too  long.” 

MOULD  (mold),  v.  a.  [Sp.  inoldar;  Fr.  mouler. 
— W.  moldio.] 

1.  To  form  ; to  fashion  ; to  shape  ; to  model. 

By  education  we  may  mould  the  minds  and  manners  of 

youth.  Atterbury. 

2.  To  knead,  as  dough  or  bread.  Ainsworth. 

3.  To  cause  to  contract  mould;  to  corrupt  by 
mould;  to  render  mouldy;  as,  “Dampness 
moulds  it”;  “The  cheese  is  moulded.” 

MOULD'A-BLE,  a.  That  maybe  moulded.  Bacon. 

MOULD-BOARD  (mold'bord),  n.  The  part  of  a 
plough  above  the  share,  which  turns  over  the 
earth  or  lays  the  furrow-slice.  Simmonds. 

MOULDEBJ1ERT,  n.  (Agric.)  A farming  imple- 
ment in  Flanders,  drawn  by  horses.  Farm.  Ency. 

MOULD'pR  (mold'er),  n.  One  who  moulds. 

MOULD'pR,  v.  n.  [From  mould.]  [f.  MOULDER- 
ED ; pp.  mouldering,  mouldered.]  To  crum- 
ble into  earth  or  dust ; to  wear  or  waste  away  ; 
to  perish  by  silent  decomposition  into  minute 
particles  ; to  decay. 

When  statues  moulder  and  when  arches  fall.  Prior. 

MOULDER  (mold'er),  v.  a.  To  turn  to  dust ; to 
waste  ; to  crumble.- 

The  natural  histories  of  Switzerland  talk  of  the  fall  of 
those  rocks  when  their  foundations  have  been  mouldered 
with  age.  Addison. 

MOULD'ER-ING,  p.  a.  Crumbling  into  dust; 
wasting  away  ; as,  “ Mouldering  ruins.” 

MOULD' pR-Y,  a.  Partaking  of,  or  resembling, 
mould.  Loudon. 

MOULD'I-NESS  (mdld'e-nes),  n.  1.  The  state  of 
being  mouldy. 

2.  ( Bot .)  A term  applied  to  minute  fungi 
which  gather  upon  organic  bodies,  as  the  blue 
mould  on  bread,  &c.  Loudon. 

MOULDING  (mold'jng),  n.  1.  Any  thing  cast  in 
a mould. 

2.  (Arch.)  The  circular  or  elliptical  contour 

- given  to  the  angles  of  cornices,  capitals,  win- 
dow-jambs, &-c.  ; an  ornamental  line,  either 
projecting  or  depressed ; a small  border  or  edg- 
ing to  a panel  or  a picture-frame.  Fairholt. 

MOULD'ING— MILL,  Ji.  A saw-mill  or  shaping 
mill  for  timber.  Simmonds. 


MOULD'ING— PLANE,  n.  A plane  for  making 
curved  edges  or  mouldings.  Simmonds. 

MOULD'— LOFT,  71.  ( Naut .)  A large  room  in  a 
dockyard,  in  which  the  parts  of  a ship  are  drawn 
out.  , Mar.  Diet. 

MOULD'— TURN-^R,  n.  A maker  of  metal  frames 
or  shapes.  Simmonds. 

MOULD'WArp  (mold'w&rp),  n.  [A.  S.  mold,  earth, 
and  weorpan,  to  turn  over ; Ger.  maulwurf.) 
(F.o:l.)  A mole  ; a small  animal  that  turns  up 
the  ground.  — See  Mole.  Walton. 


MOULD' Y (mold'e),  a.  Covered  or  overgrown 
with  mould.  Shale. 

MOU'LINE  (mo'ISn),  n.  [Fr.]  (Mech.)  The  roller 
of  a capstan,  crane,  &c.,  used  in  heaving  great 
weights  ; — called  also  moulinet.  Crabb. 

MOU'LI-NET,  n.  [Fr.]  A mouline.  Wright. 

MOULT  (molt),  v.  n.  [L.  muto,  to  change;  It. 
mudare  ; Sp.  mudar ; Fr.  muer,  mutir.  — “ In 
Low  L.,  muta  is  applied  to  the  disease  felt  by 
birds  when  changing  their  feathers.”  Richard- 
son.') [i.  MOULTED;  pp.  MOULTING,  MOULTED.] 
To  shed  or  change  the  feathers  or  the  hair  ; to 
lose  feathers  ; to  mew.  Shak. 


MOULT,  v.a.  To  shed  or  change,  as  the  feathers. 

Mute  the  skylark  and  forlorn, 

When  she  moults  the  firstling  plumes.  S.  T.  Coleridge. 
MOULT  (molt),  n.  The  shedding  or  changing  of 
feathers.  Jardine. 


MOULT'ING,  n.  The  fall  of  the  plumage,  or  the 
act  of  changing  feathers  or  hair.  Smart. 

f MOUN.  May  ; must.  — See  Move.  Chaucer. 

1*  MOUNCH,  v.  a.  [Fr.  machcr.)  To  chew ; to 
munch.  — See  Munch.  Chaucer. 

A sailor’s  wife  had  chestnuts  in  her  lap. 

And  mouncht , and  inouncht,  and  niouncht.  Shak. 


MOUND,  n.  [A.  S.  mund,  a defence.  — W. 
inwnt.  — L.  mons,  montis,  a mount;  Fr.  mont.) 
Something  raised  ; a bank  of  earth  ; something 
raised  to  defend,  as  a bank  of  earth  or  stone ; 
a rampart ; a bulwark  ; a defence. 

The  massy  mound 

That  runs  around  the  hill.  Thomson. 

MOUND,  n.  [L.  mttndus,  the  world  ; Fr.  monde.) 
(Her.)  A globe  encircled,  and  bearing  a cross. 

MOUND,  v.  a.  [Nor.  Fr.  moundre,  to  enclose.] 
To  fortify  with  a mound.  Dryden. 

MOUND'— BIRD,  7i.  (Ornith.)  A bird  of  the  order 
Gnllinat  and  sub-family  Megapodinte.  Gray. 

MOUNT,  n.  [L.  mons,  montis  ; It.  Sj  Sp.  monte ; 
Fr.  mont.  — A.  S.  7nunt.) 

1.  A massy  protuberance  of  earth  above  the 
general  level  of  the  surrounding  country ; a 
mountain  ; a hill ; as,  “ The  Mount  of  Olives.” 

2.  An  artificial  hill  or  bulwark  for  offence  or 

defence  ; -a  mound.  Knolles. 

3.  f A public  treasure ; a bank. 

Banks  or  mounts  of  perpetuity,  which  will  not  break.  Bacon. 

4.  The  paper  or  card-board  upon  which  a 
drawing  is  placed,  generally  larger  than  the 
picture,  and  of  a tint  that  aids  its  effect.  Fairholt. 

Syn.  — See  Mountain. 

MOUNT,  v.  7i.  [It.  7nontare\  Sp.  montar-,  Fr. 
7nonter.)  [f.  mounted  ; pp.  mounting,  mount- 
ed.] 

1.  To  arise;  to  rise  on  high:  to  ascend;  to 
go  up ; to  uprise  ; to  soar. 

Mount,  mount , my  soul!  thy  scat  is  up  on  high.  Shak. 

Doth  the  eagle  mount  up  at  thy  command  ? Joh  xxxix.  27. 

2.  To  tower  ; to  rise  ; to  be  built  up  high. 

Though  his  excellency  mount  up  to  the  heavens,  and  his 

head  reach  unto  the  clouds,  yet  he  shall  perish.  Job  xx.  (». 

3.  To  get  on  horseback;  to  get  on  or  upon 
any  thing.  “ He  cried,  O ! and  mounted.”  Shak. 

4.  To  amount;  to  attain  in  value. 

Bring,  then,  these  blessings  to  a strict  account; 

Make  fair  deductions;  see  to  what  they  mount.  “ Pope. 

Syn.  — See  Arise. 

MOUNT,  v.  a.  1.  To  raise  aloft ; to  lift  on  high. 

The  fire  that  mounts  the  liquor  till  it  runs  o’er, 

Seeming  to  augment,  wastes  it.  Shak. 

2.  To  ascend;  to  get  upon;  to  climb;  to 
scale  ; as,  “ To  tnount  a throne.” 

3.  To  place  on  horseback;  to  furnish  with 
horses  ; as,  “ A troop  well  tnounted.” 

4.  To  put  upon  something  ; as,  “ To  mount  a 
picture  or  a map  upon  canvas.” 

5.  To  cover  ; to  embellish  with  ornaments ; 
as,  “ A sword  brilliantly  7nounted.” 

6.  (Naval  Sc  Mil.)  To  carry ; as,  “ The  ship 
mounts  seventy-four  guns  ” ; “ A fort  mountmg 
a hundred  cannon.” 

To  mount  a breach,  to  ascend  a breach  for  tile  pur- 
pose of  an  attack.  — To  mount  a camion,  to  raise  or 
set  it  on  its  frame  or  carriage.  — To  mount  guard,  to 
do  duty  as  sentinel  at  any  post. 

MOUNT'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  ascended  ; ca- 
pable of  being  mounted.  Cotgrave. 

MOUN'TAIN  (miiun'tin),  n.  [L.  77ions,  montis ; 
7nontanus,  mountainous ; It.  montagna ; Sp. 
77iontaha-,  Fr .montagne.) 

1.  A vast  protuberance  of  the  earth ; a very 
large  hill ; a vast  eminence  ; a mount. 

So  large  it  half  deserved  a mountain's  name.  Dryden. 

2.  Any  thing  proverbially  large. 

She  did  corrupt  frail  nature  with  some  bribe 
To  make  an  envious  mountain  on  my  back.  Shak. 

To  bring  Signior  Benedick  and  the  Body  Beatrice  into  a 
mountain  of  affection  the  one  for  the  other.  Shak. 

3.  A kind  of  wine.  Simmonds. 

Syn.  Mountain  is  sometimes  applied  to  a range 

of  mountains  ; mount,  to  a. single  summit.  The  White 
Mountains ; Mount  Washington. 

MOUN'TAIN  (mofin'tjn),  a.  [L.  montanus.)  Per- 
taining to  mountains ; growing  or  found  on 
mountains  ; as,  “ Mountain  scenery.” 

MOUN'TAIN— ASH,  n.  (Bot.)  A beautiful  tree  of 
the  genus  Pyrus,  found  in  swamps  and  moun- 
tain woods  of  New  England,  See.,  which  hears 
clusters  of  red  berries  ; Pyrus  Amcricatia.  Gray. 

The  European  Mountain-Ash,  or  Rowan  Tree,  is 
called  Pyrus  aucuparia.  Gray. 

MOUN'TAIN— BLUE,  n.  (Min.)  Blue  malachite; 
a blue  carbonate  of  copper.  Dana. 


MOUN'TAIN— CAT,  n.  ( Zolil .)  A ferocious  ani- 
mal ; the  catamount.  — See  Catamount.  Booth. 

MOUN'TAIN— COCK,  n.  (Ornith.)  The  wood- 
grouse ; capercailzie  ; capercailye  ; Tetrao  vro- 
gallus  of  Linnteus.  Eng.  Cyc. 

MOUN'TAIN— CORK,  n.  (Alin.)  An  extremely 
light  variety  of  asbestos,  the  fibres  of  which  are 
so  interlaced  that  the  fibrous  structure  is  not 
apparent ; mountain-leather.  Dana. 

MOUN'TAIN-DaM'^ON,  n.  (Bot.)  A tall  tree 
found  in  the  island  of  Jamaica  ; Quassia  sima- 
ruba.  Loudori. 

MOUN'TAIN— DEW,  n.  Scotch  Highland  whiskey 
that  has  paid  no  duty.  [Cant.]  Jamieson. 

MOUN'TAIN—  EB'O-NY,  n.  (Bot.)  A leguminous 
tree  of  the  genus  Bauhinia,  found  in  the  Fast 
Indies  ; Bauhmia  scandens.  Loudon. 

MOUN'TAINED  (moun'tind),  a.  Piled  or  heaped 
up  like  a mountain,  [r.]  Browne. 

MOUN-TAIN-EER',  7i.  1.  An  inhabitant  of  the 

mountains  ; a highlander. 

2.  A savage ; a freebooter ; a rustic. 

No  savage,  fierce  bandit,  or  mountaineer , 

Will  dare  to  soil  her  virgin  purity.  Milton. 

f MOUN'TAJN-ER,  n.  A mountaineer.  Bentley. 

f MOUN'TAIN-ET,  n.  A hillock  ; a small  mount. 

Her  breasts  sweetly  rose  up  like  two  fair  mountainets  in  the 
pleasant  vale  of  Tempe.  p.  Sidney. 

MOUN'TAIN— FLAX,  n.  (Mill.)  A delicate  spe- 
cies  of  asbestos,  with  very  fine  fibres  ; Amian- 
thos.  Dana. 

MOUN'TAIN— GREEN,  7i.  (Min.)  Green  mala- 
chite ; a green  carbonate  of  copper.  Dana. 

MOUN'TAIN— HEATH,  71.  (Bot.)  A low,  heath- 
like, shrubby  plant  with  evergreen  leaves  ; Mcn- 
ziesa  taxifolia.  Wood. 

MOUN'TAIN— HOL'LY,  n.  (Bot.)  A much-branched 
shrub  with  ash-gray  bark  ; Neniopanthes  Cana- 
densis. . Gray. 

MOUN'TAIN-LAU'REL,  n.  (Bot.)  A species  of 
Kalmia,  or  American  laurel ; calico-bush ; 
spoon- wood;  Kalmia  latifolia.  Gray. 

MOUN'TAIN— LEATHER,  n.  (Min.)  A variety  of 
asbestos ; mountain-cork.  Datia. 

MOUN'TAIN-LIC'OR-ICE,  n.  (Bot.)  A species 
of  trefoil;  Trifolium  Alpinum.  Loudon. 

MOUN'TAIN— Ll.ME'STONE,  71.  (Geol.)  A series 
of  marine  limestone  strata,  whose  geological 
position  is  immediately  below  the  coal  meas- 
ures, and  above  the  old  red  sandstone.  Miller. 

MOUN'TAIN— MA-HOG'A-NY,  n.  (Bot.)  A rather 
large  tree,  with  dark  cliestnut-brown  bark; 
black  birch  ; cherry  birch ; sweet  birch ; Betttla 
lenta.  Loudon. 

MOUN'TAIN— MILK,  71.  (Min.)  A very  soft, 
spongy  variety  of  carbonate  of  lime.  Brande. 

MOUN'TAIN— MINT,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the 
Labiates  or  mint  family ; Pycnatithemutn  mon- 
ta7ium.  Gray. 

MOUN'TAIN-OUS  (moun'tjn-us),  a.  I.  Full  of 
mountains  ; hilly  ; as,  “ A tnountainous country.” 

2.  Large  as  mountains  ; huge  ; bulky.  Prior. 

3.  Belonging  to,  or  inhabiting,  mountains  ; 

as,  “ A 77iountai?ious  people.”  Bacon. 

MOUN'TAIN-OUS- NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
mountainous  ; hilliness.  Brerewood. 

MOUN'TAJN— PARS'LEY,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of 
the  genus  Athamanta.  Wright. 

MOUN'TAIN-PEP'P^R,  n.  A name  for  the  seeds 
of  Capparis  smaica.  Simmonds. 

MOUN'TAIN-RlCE,  n.  (Bot.)  1.  An  upland  spe- 
cies of  rice,  grown  on  the  edge  of  the  Himalayan 
range,  in  Cochin-China.  Simmonds. 

2.  The  common  name  of  grasses  of  the  genus 
Oryzopsis,  found  in  some  parts  of  Europe  and 
the  U.  S.  Gray. 

MOUN'TAIN— RO^E  (moun'tin-roz),  n.  (Bot.)  The 
Alpine  rose ; Bosa  Alpina.  Loudon. 

MOUN'TAIN— SOAP,  n.  (Min.)  A soft,  brownish, 
unctuous  chalk.  Francis. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  l,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


MOUNTAIN-SORREL 


937 


MOVABLE 


MOUN'TAIN-SOU'REL,  n.  (Bot.)  A low  Alpine 
perennial  plant,  with  kidney-formed  leaves ; 
Oxyria  digyna.  Gray. 

MOUN'TAIN— SPIN'ACH,  n.  (Bot.)  The  plant 
Atriplex  hortensis.  Loudon. 

MOUN'TAIN-TAl'LOW,  n.  (Min.)  A mineral, 
found  in  Scotland,  crystallized  and  amorphous 
in  thin  laminae  like  wax  or  spermaceti  in  con- 
sistency ; mineral  tallow ; — called  also  hatch - 
etine.  Dana. 

f MOUN'TANCE,  n.  The  amount.  Chaucer. 

MOUNT'ANT,  a.  [Fr.  montant.)  Rising,  [r.]  Shah. 

JVIOUN'TJJ-BANK,  n.  [It.  montambanco,  montim- 
banco,  from  montare,  to  mount,  and  in  banco, 
upon  a bench.] 

1.  A doctor  who  mounts  a bench  in  the  mar- 
ket, and  boasts  his  infallible  remedies  and  cures. 

I bought  an  unction  of  a mountebank.  Shak. 

2.  A quack  ; a charlatan  ; a false  pretender. 

But  os  there  ore  certain  mountebanks  and  quacks  in  physic, 

so  there  are  much  the  same  also  in  divinity.  South. 

Syn.  — See  Quack. 

MOUN'TE-B.Ank,  v.  a.  To  cheat  by  false  boasts 
or  pretences  ; to  gull ; to  humbug,  [it.]  Shah. 

MOUN-TE-BANIv'PR-Y,  n.  Quackery.  “ Mere 
empirical  state  mountebankery .”  Hammond. 

MOUNT' ED,  p.  a.  1.  Seated  on  horseback  ; fur- 
nished with  a horse  ; as,  “ A mounted  troop.” 

2.  Raised  ; lifted  up  ; elevated. 

3.  Finished  with  embellishment  ; embel- 
lished ; set  off  to  advantage. 

4.  Fastened,  as  a print,  map,  or  drawing, 
upon  mounting-paper  or  card-board.  Fairholt. 

5.  (Mil.)  Placed  upon  a frame,  as  a cannon  : 
— furnished  with  guns,  as  a ship  or  a fort. 

f MOUN'Tp-NAITNCE,  n.  The  amount.  Spenser. 

MOUNT'JJR,  n.  One  who  mounts.  Drayton. 

MOUNTING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  rising;  ascent. 

2.  Ornament ; "embellishment ; as,  “ The 
mountings  or  trappings  of  an  equipage.” 

3.  The  act  of  placing  upon  a frame  or  carriage. 

4.  The  fastening  of  a print  or  map  upon  a 
frame  or  canvas. 

MOUNT'ING-LY,  ad.  By  mounting.  Massinger. 

MOUN'T'LKT,  n.  A small  mountain.  P.  Fletcher. 

MOUNT  OF  Pi'E-TY,  n.  [Fr.  mont-dc-piete .]  A 
loan  bank  in  France:  — a sort  of  pawnbroker’s 
shop  in  Italy,  where  money  is  lent  out  to  the 
poor  on  moderate  security.  Hammond. 

t MOUNT— SAINT',  n.  A game  of  cards.  Machin. 

f MOUN'TY,  n.  [Fr.  montpe.)  The  rise  of  a 
hawk.  “ The  mounty  at  a heron.”  Sidney. 

MOURN  (morn),  v.  n.  [Goth,  mailman ; A.  S. 
murnan  ; Old  Ger.  mornen.  — L.  mcereo .]  [i. 
MOURNED  ; pip.  MOURNING,  MOURNED.] 

1.  To  express  grief  or  sorrow;  to  grieve;  to 
lament ; to  be  sorrowful. 

Blessed  are  they  that  mourn,  for  they  shall  be  comforted. 

Matt.  v.  4. 

2.  To  wear  the  habit  of  sorrow;  to  be  dressed 

in  mourning ; to  preserve  the  appearance  of 
grief.  “ Then  mourn  a year.”  Pope. 

We  mourn  in  black;  why  mourn  we  not  in  blood?  Shak. 

Syn. — See  Grieve,  Deplore. 

MOURN  (m5rn),  v.  a.  1.  To  grieve  for;  to  la- 
ment ; to  deplore  ; to  bewail ; to  bemoan. 

Comfortless  as  when  a father  mourns 
His  children#  3Iilton. 

2.  To  utter  in  a sorrowful  manner,  [it.] 

The  love-lorn  nightingale 

Nightly  to  theq  her  sad  song  mourneth  well.  Milton. 

MOURNE  (morn),  n.  [Fr.  morne .]  The  round 
end  of  a staff : — the  part  of  a lance  to  which 
the  steel  part  is  fixed.  Sidney. 

MOURN'ER,  n.  One  that  mourns  ; a lamenter. 

MOURN’FUL,  a.  1.  Causing  sorrow;  afflictive; 
lamentable  ; sad  ; calamitous  ; grievous. 

The  treacherous  manner  of  his  mournful  death.  Shak. 

2.  Feeling  sorrow  or  grief ; sorrowful.  Prior. 

3.  Betokening  sorrow ; having  the  appear- 
ance of  sorrow  ; expressive  of  grief. 

No  funeral  rites,  nor  man  in  mournful  weeds, 

Nor  mournful  bell  shall  ring  her  burial.  Shak.  ! 


MOURN'FUL-I.Y,  ad.  In  a mournful  manner. 

MOURN'FUL-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  show  of 
mourning  ; sorrow ; grief ; mourning. 

MOUItN'JNG,  n.  1.  Grief;  sorrow;  lamentation. 

In  Rama  was  there  a voice  heard,  lamentation,  and  weep- 
ing, and  great  mourning',  Rachel  weeping  for  her  children. 

. Matt.  ii.  18. 

2.  The  dress  of  sorrow;  the  habit  worn  by 
mourners  ; an  external  sign  of  grief. 

And  e’en  the  pavements  were  with  mourning  hid.  Dryden. 

MOURN'ING,  p.  a.  Indicating  sorrow  or  grief. 

MOURN'ING— DOVE  (-duv),  n.  (Ornith.)  A dove 
found  in  the  U.  S. ; Columba  Carolimensis  ; — 
so  named  from  its  note,  and  called  also  Carolina 
turtle-dove.  Peabody 

MOURN'ING-LY,  ad.  With  mourning  or  sorrow. 

MOURN'ING— riECE,  n.  A picture  in  which  a 
grave,  tomb,  or  other  emblem  of  mourning  is 
represented. 

MOURN'ING-PIN,  n.  A pin  used  in  a mourning 
dress. 

MOURN'ING— RING,  n.  A ring  worn  as  a memo- 
rial of  a deceased  friend.  Boswell. 

MOUSE,  n. ; pi.  mice.  [A.  S.  mus,  pi.  mys  ; Ger. 
mans',  Dut.  muis  ; Sw.  mus  ; Dan  .minis;  Ieel. 
miis ; Russ,  mysch;  Boh.  myss ; Pol.  mysz; 
Slavon.  misli.  — Gr.  pD s,  from  /mw,  to  hide  ; L. 
mus.  ■ — Pers.  tnoosh.] 

1.  (Zoiil.)  A small  rodent  quadruped  of  the 
genus  Mus,  well  known  as  infesting  houses  and 
granaries. 

Playing  the  mouse  in  absence  of  the  cat.  Shak. 

Where  mice  and  rats  devoured  poetic  bread.  Dryden. 

2.  (Naut.)  A hump  or  knot  worked  on  a rope, 
to  prevent  a noose  from  slipping.  Brancle. 

MOU§E  (mofiz),  v.  n.  [t.  moused  ; pp.  mousing, 

MOUSED.] 

1.  To  catch  mice  ; to  lie  in  wait  for  mice. 

A falcon,  toweling  in  his  pride  of  place, 

Was  by  a mousing  owl  hawked  at  and  killed.  ,Shak. 

2.  To  search  as  a cat  does  for  mice  ; to  inspect 

officiously  ; to  pry;  to  be  sly  and  insidious  ; to 
watch  for  and  pursue  slyly.  L’ Estrange. 

MoU^E,  v.  a.  To  tear  in  pieces,  as  a cat  tears  a 
mouse. 

And  now  he  feasts,  mousing  the  flesh  of  men.  Shak. 

To  mouse  a hook,  (Naut.)  to  put  turns  of  rope  yarn 
or  spun  yarn  round  the  end  and  standing  part  of  a 
hook,  to  prevent  its  slipping.  Dana. 

MOUSE'— COL-OR,  n.  A color  resembling  that  of 
a mouse.  Pennant. 

MOUSE'— COL-ORED,  a.  Colored  like  a mouse  ; 
having  the  color  of  a mouse.  Pennant. 

MOUSE'EAR,  n.  (Bot.)  An  herb  ; scorpion-grass  ; 
Mgosotis ; — so  called  from  the  leaves,  which  are 
roughish  with  oppressed  hairs.  Gray. 

MOUSE'EAR— CHICK' WEED,  n.  (Bot.)  An  herb 
of  the  pink  family  ; Cerastium  vulgatum.  Gray. 

MOUSE'EAR— H A WK' WEED,  n.  (Bot.)  A Brit- 
ish plant  of  the  genus  Hieracium ; Ilieracium 
pilosella.  Loudon. 

MOUSE'— HAWK,  ii.  (Ornith.)  A species  of  hawk 
that  devours  mice.  Wright. 

MOUSE'— HOLE,  ii.  A hole  for  mice  ; a small  hole. 

He  can  creep  in  at  a mouse-hole.  Siillingfleet. 

MOUSE'— HUNT,  n.  1.  A hunt  for  mice. 

2.  A mouser ; a kind  of  weasel. 

You  have  been  a mouse-hunt  in  your  time, 

But  I will  watch  you  from  such  watching  now.  Shak. 

MOUS'IJR  (inbuz'er),  n.  One  that  catches  mice. 

Leave  the  door  open,  in  pity  to  the  cat,  if  she  be  a good 
mouser.  ' Sunft. 

MOUSE'-SIGIiT,  n.  Short-sightedness  ; near- 
sightedness*; myopia.  Dunglison. 

MOUSE'TAlL,  n.  (Bot.)  An  annual  plant  or  herb 
of  the  genus  Mgosunis,  whose  seeds  stand  upon 
a very  long,  slender  receptacle  resembling  the 
tail  of  a mouse  ; Myosurus  minimus.  Loudon. 

MOUSE'— TRAP,  n.  A trap  for  catching  mice. 

MOUS'ING,  n.  (Naut.)  A puddening,  made  of 
yarns,  and  placed  on  the  outside  of  a rope.  Dana. 

MOUSSF.UNE-DE-LJHNE  (mos'ljn-de-ISn),  n. 
[Fr.]  Muslin,  or  a slight  fabric,  made  of  wool, 


or  of  wool  and  cotton.  — See  Muslin-de- 
laine. Webster’s  Dom.  Ency. 

MOUS-TA^HE',  n.  ; pi.  Mous-TA^n'Eif.  [Fr.  mous- 
tache.) Hair  on  the  upper  lip  of  men  ; mustache. 

— See  Mustache. 

MOUTH,  11. ; pi.  moOtii^.  [Goth,  murdhs  ; A.  S. 
math  ; Old  Ger.  munt ; Ger.  Sj  Dan.  mund ; Dut. 
mond ; Sw.  mun.) 

1.  The  cavity  situated  between  the  jaws,  and 

containing  the  tongue,  teeth,  &c.  : — also  the 
outer  orifice  of  that  cavity.  Dunglison. 

2.  The  opening  of  a vessel,  by  which  it  is 
filled  and  emptied  ; as,  “ The  mouth  of  a jar.” 

3.  The  entrance,  as  of  a cave,  a well,  a gulf. 

4.  The  aperture  or  opening  by  which  any 
thing  discharges  itself;  as,  “The  mouth  of  a 
river  ” ; “ The  mouth  of  a cannon.” 

5.  A principal  speaker ; one  that  speaks  for 
the  rest ; a spokesman. 

Every  coffee-house  has  some  particular  statesman  belong- 
ing to  it,  who  is  the  mouth  of  the  street  where  he  lives. 

Addison. 

6.  A cry ; a voice. 

The  fearful  dogs  divide; 

All  spread  their  mouth  aloft,  but  none  abide.  Dryden. 

7.  A distortion  of  the  mouth  ; a wry  face. 

Make  mouths  upon  me  when  I turn  my  back.  Shak. 

Down  in  the  mouth , deject-  d ; mortified.  L1  Estrange. 

— To  stop  the  mouth , to  silence,  or  to  be  silent  , to  con- 
found ; to  put  to  shame. 

MOUTH,  v.  n.  [i.  MOUTHED  ; pp.  MOUTHING, 
mouthed.]  See  Soothe. 

1.  To  speak  in  a big  or  swelling  manner ; to 
vociferate  ; to  rant.  “ Mouthing  actor.”  Dryden. 

2.  To  join  mouths;  to  kiss.  “He  would 

mouth  with  a beggar.”  Shak. 

MOUTH,  v.  a.  1.  To  utter  with  a voice  affectedly 
big  or  swelling. 

Speak  the  speech,  I pray  you,  as  I pronounced  it  to  you, 
trippingly  on  the  tongue:  but  if  3011  mouth  it  as  many  of  our 
players  do,  I had  as  lief  the  town-crier  spoke  my  lines.  Shak. 

2.  To  grind  in  the  mouth  ; to  chew;  to  eat  ; 
to  devour.  “ Mouthing  the  flesh  of  men.”  Shak. 

3.  To  seize  with,  or  take  into,  the  mouth. 

lie  keeps  them,  like  an  apple,  in  the  corner  of  his  jaw,  first 
mouthed  to  be  last  swallowed.  Shak. 

4.  To  form  or  to  cleanse  by  the  mouth,  as 

the  dam  her  cub.  Browne. 

5.  To  insult ; to  reproach,  [r.]  7?.  Blair. 

MOUTHED  (mouthd),  p.  a.  Furnished  with  a 

mouth; — used  in  composition;  as,  foul- 
mouthed ; hard -mouthed. 

MOUTHER,  n.  One  who  mouths;  an  affected 
speaker.  Smart. 

MOUTH'— FRIEND,  11.  One  who  merely  professes 
friendship.  “ Knot  of  mouth-friends.”  Shak. 

MOUTH'FUL,  11. ; pi.  mo€tth'fOl$.  1.  What  the 
mouth  contains  at  one  time.  Johnson. 

2.  A proverbially  small  quantity. 

To  take  a mouthful  of  sweet  country  air.  Dryden. 

MOUTH'-GLAsS,  n,  A small  hand-mirror  for 
inspecting  the  teeth  and  gums.  Simmonds. 

MOUTH'— IION-OR,  (-on'ur),  n.  Insincere  civility. 

Curses  not  loud  hut  deep,  mouth-honor  breath.  Shak . 

MOUTH'ING,  11.  The  utterance  of  words  with  a 
voice  affectedly  big  or  swelling.  Pope. 

MOUTH 'L1£SS,  a.  Being  without  a mouth. 

MOUTH' — MADE,  p.  a.  Expressed  by  the  mouth  ; 
not  sincere.  “ Mouth-made  vows.”  Shak. 

MOUTH'-PIECE  (-pes),  n.  1.  (Mus.)  The  part 
of  a wind  instrument  to  which  the  mouth  is  ap- 
plied, as  of  a trumpet,  bugle,  &c.  Todd. 

2.  One  who  speaks  in  the  name  of  several 
persons;  as,  “The  mouth-piece  of  a committee.” 

MOU'ZAH,  11.  A village.  [India.]  C.  P.  Brown. 

MOU'ZLE,  v.  a.  To  rumple.  [Vulgar.]  Congreve. 

MOV'A-BLE,  a.  1.  That  may  move  or  be  moved  ; 
not  fixed  ; portable.  Addison. 

2.  Changing  from  one  time  to  another ; 
changeable.  “ The  movable  festivals.”  Holder. 

movable  letter,  in  Hebrew  grammar,  a letter  that 
is  pronounced,  as  opposed  to  one  that  is  quiescent. 

Wright. 

Mdv'A-BLE,  n. ; pi.  mov'A-bles  (mov'ji-hlz).  [Fr. 
meublc.]  Aliy  article  of  personal  goods ; furni- 
ture ; any  property  that  may  be  moved,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  lands,  houses,  &c. 


M?EN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RfJLE.  — 9,  (f,  g,  soft;  j0,  G,  c;  g,  hard;  § as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 
118 


MOVABLENESS 


938 


MUCK-FORK 


MOV'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  movable. 

MOV'A-BLY,  ad.  So  that  it  may  be  moved.  Grew. 

MOVE,  v.  a.  [L.  moveo  ; It.  movers,  muovere  ; 
Sp.  mover;  Old  Fr.  mouver;  Fr.  mouvoir.]  [i. 

MOVED  ; pp.  MOVING,  MOVED.] 

1.  To  put  out  of  one  place  into  another  ; to 
put  in  motion ; to  impel,  as  the  wind  a ship, 
the  horse  a carriage,  &c. 

2.  To  excite  or  prompt  to  action  ; to  actuate ; 
to  incite  ; to  rouse  ; to  give  an  impulse  to. 

Then  feed  on  thoughts  that  voluntary  move 

Harmonious  numbers.  Milton. 

3.  To  persuade  ; to  prevail  on  ; to  induce. 

Thy  plainness  moves  me  more  than  eloquence.  Hhak. 

4.  To  touch  pathetically  ; to  affect. 

"When  he  saw  the  multitudes,  he  was  moved  with  compas- 
sion on  them.  Mutt.  ix.  3G. 

5.  To  make  angry  ; to  irritate  ; to  incense. 

And  hear  the  sentence  of  your  moved  prince.  Shale. 

6.  To  put  into  commotion ; to  excite ; to 
agitate. 

When  they  were  come  to  Bethlehem,  all  the  citv  was 
moved  about  them.  Ruth  i.  19. 

7.  To  propose  ; to  recommend ; to  offer  as  a 
resolution  in  a deliberative  assembly  ; as,  “ To 
move  an  adjournment.” 

Let  me  but  move  one  question  to  your  daughter.  Shale. 

MOVE,  v.  7i.  1.  To  change  place  or  posture  ; to 

stir  ; not  to  be  at  rest. 

The  senses  represent  the  earth  as  immovable;  for,  though 
it  do  move  in  itself,  it  rests  to  us,  who  are  curried  with  it. 

Glanvill. 

2.  To  have  vital  action;  to  act. 

In  him  we  live,  and  move , and  have  our  being.  Acfsxvii.  28. 

3.  To  walk;  to  go;  to  proceed;  to  march. 

“ He  moves  with  manly  grace.”  Dry  den. 

4.  To  change  residence  ; to  remove.  Wright. 

Syn.  — Move  is  a general  term,  denoting  the 

change  of  place  or  of  posture.  To  stir  is  to  be  in  mo- 
tion, or  not  at  rest.  One  moves  in  any  manner.  To 
walk  and  to  march  denote  particular  kinds  of  move-  j 
ment.  'Pilings  animate  and  inanimate  move  ; a man 
walks ; an  ar;ny  marches . To  move  the  passions  ; to 
stir  up  strife. 

MOVE,  7i.  The  act  of  moving;  a movement;  a 
proceeding  from  one  point  to  another,  as  in 
chess. 

An  unseen  hand  makes  all  their  moves.  Cowley. 

MOVE'L£SS,  a.  That  cannot  be  moved ; un- 
moved ; immovable  ; fixed.  Boyle.  Pope. 

MOVE'M^NT,  71.  [Fr.  mouvement. ] 

1.  The  act  or  the  manner  of  moving;  motion. 

The  perusal  of  a history  seems  a calm  entertainment,  but 

would.be  no  entertainment  at  all  did  notour  hearts  beat  with 
correspondent  movements  to  those  which  are  described  by  the 
historian.  Hume. 

2.  (Mas.)  Motion  or  progression  in  time  : — 

a homogeneous  connected  passage  in  any  given 
time  or  measure;  a strain;  as,  “A  symphony 
in  four  movements."  Dwight. 

3.  In  European  politics,  a term  applied  to  the 

action  of  that  party  in  a state  whose  aim  is  to 
obtain  concessions  in  favor  of  popular  rights  ; — 
opposed  to  conservative.  Brando. 

4.  The  train  of  wheel-work  in  a clock  or  a 

watch.  Brande. 

Syn.  — Motion  denotes  the  act  of  moving;  move- 
ment, more  particularly  the  manner  of  moving.  The 
army  is  in  motion  , the  motion  of  the  earth  or  of  tile 
heavenly  bodies  ; the  movement  of  a machine;  move- 
ment or  excitement  of  the  mind  ; the  march  of  an  army. 

MO'Y^NT,  a.  [L.  movens.]  Moving,  [it.]  Grew. 

MO'VFNT,  n.  That  which  moves,  [it.]  Glanvill. 

MOV'FR,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  moves. 

MOV'ING,  p.  a.  1.  That  moves  ; being  in  motion. 

2.  Affecting;  touching;  pathetic.  Blackmore. 

MOV'ING,  re.  Motive;  impulse;  motion.  South. 

MOV'ING-LY,  ad.  So  as  to  move  ; in  an  affecting 
manner  ; touchingly  ; pathetically.  Shade. 

MOV'ING-NESS,  re.  Quality  of  being  pathetic  ; 
power  to  affect  the  passions.  Boyle. 

MOV'ING— PLANT,  re.  (Bot.)  A leguminous  plant, 
the  leaflets  of  which  exhibit  an  automatic  move- 
ment ; Hedysarum  gyrans.  Loudon. 

MCivV  (mou),  re.  [A.  S.  mowe,  muga  ; Icel.  mugr ; 
Scot,  mow,  moue.\ 

1.  A heap,  stack,  or  pile,  as  of  hay.  Mortimer. 


| 2.  A receptacle,  loft,  or  chamber  in  a barn 

where  hay  or  grain  is  laid  up.  Johnson. 

MOVV  (miiu),  v.  a.  \i.  MOWED;  pp.  MOWING, 
mowed.]  To  put  in  a mow.  Johnson. 

MOW  (mo),  v.  a.  [A.  S,  mawan;  Dut.  maaijen, 
maagen ; Ger.  rniihen  ; Dan.  meje  ; Sw.  rneja, 
miija.  — Gr.  npdeo.]  [(.  MOWED;  pp.  MOWING, 
MOWN  or  MOWED.] 

1.  To  cut  down  with  a scythe,  as  grass.  Shah. 

2.  To  cut  grass  or  other  plants  from,  with  a 

scythe.  “ Mow  carpet  walks.”  Evelgn. 

3.  To  cut  sweepingly,  as  with  a scythe  ; — 
often  used  with  down. 

lie  will  mow  down  all  before  him,  and  leave  his  passage 
polled.  Shak. 

MOW  (mo),  v.  re.  To  cut  grass  or  other  plants 
with  the  scythe.  Waller. 

f MovY  (mou),  re.  [Fr.  moue,  corrupted  from  Eng. 
mouth.  Johnson.  — Perhaps  rather  from  Dut. 
midi,  the  mouth  of  a beast.  Jamieson .]  A wry 
mouth ; a distorted  face.  Chaucer. 

t MOYV  (mou),  v.  re.  To  make  wry  mouths.  Shak. 

MOYfy'— BURN,  v.  re.  To  ferment  and  heat  in  the 
mow,  as  hay  not  sufficiently  dry.  Mortimer. 

f MOWE,  v.  n.  [i.  MorcHT.]  To  be  able  ; to 
have  might ; to  have  power  : — may.  — See  May. 

They  shall  not  mowe.  Luke  xiii.  24,  Wickliffe's  Trans. 

Thou  shalt  not  mowe  suffer.  Chaucer. 

MOYV'ijn,  re.  One  who  mows.  Tusser. 

The  early  mower , bending  o’er  his  scythe, 

Lays  low  the  slender  grass.  Dodsley. 

MOW'ING,  re.  1.  The  act  or  operation  of  cutting 
grass  with  a scythe. 

2.  Land  from  which  grass  is  cut.  Wright. 

3.  fGrimace  or  grimacing.  Wickliffe.  Ascham. 

4.  f Ability  ; might.  Chaucer. 

MOX'A,  re.  1.  A cottony  substance,  prepared  in 
Japan  from  the  dried  leaves  of  a species  of 
wormwood  ( Artemisia  Chinensis),  and  used  as 
an  actual  cautery  in.cases  of  gout,  rheumatism, 
&c.,  by  placing  a small  cone  of  it  on  the  skin 
and  setting  fire  to  it  at  the  top.  Brande. 

2.  (BotJ)  A species  of  wormwood;  Artemisia 

Chinensis.  Loudon. 

3.  (Med.)  Any  substance  which,  by  gradual 

combustion  on  or  near  the  skin,  is  employed  as 
a counter-irritant.  Dunglison. 

MOX-I-BUS'TION,  re.  [Eng.  moxa,  and  L.  uro, 
ustus  or  buro,  bustus,  to  burn.]  (Med.)  Cauteri- 
zation by  means  of  a moxa.  Dunglison. 

f MOY,  re.  [Probably  a contraction  of  Port,  moi- 
dore,  or  moedore.  Nares .]  A gold  coin  of  the 
value  of  one  pound  seven  shillings.  Shak. 

MOV'A,  re.  A term  applied  in  S.  America  to  mud 
poured  from  volcanoes  during  eruptions.  Lyell. 

f MOYLE,  re.  A mule.  Carew. 

MOZ'ING,  re.  An  operation  in  preparing  cloth  in 
the  gig-mill.  Simmonds. 

MR.  An  abbreviation  of  master.  — See  Master, 
Mister,  Messieurs,  and  Miss. 

MRS.  An  abbreviation  of  mistress. — See  Mis- 
tress, and  Miss. 

MUB'BLE—  FUB'RLE§,  re.  pi.  A cant  term  for 
a causeless  depression  of  spirits;  the  blue 
devils.  Gayton. 

MU'CATE,  re.  (Chem.)  A salt  composed  of  mueic 
acid  and  a base.  Craig. 

MUCH,  a.  [Sp .mucho,  much.  Skinner.  — A.  S. 
micel,  much.  — “The  dim.  of  mo,  passing 
through  the  gradual  changes  of  mokel,  mykel, 
mochil,  muchel  (still  used  in  Scotland),  moclie, 
much."  Tooke.  — See  More.]  {comp,  more; 
superl.  most.] 

1.  Great  in  quantity  or  amount ; a great  deal 
of ; — opposed  to  little. 

Thou  shnlt  carry  much  seed  out  into  the  field,  and  shalt 
gather  but  little  in.  Deut.  xxviii.  88. 

2.  f Great  in  number  ; many. 

Jesus  went  with  him,  and  much  people  followed  him. 

Mark  v.  24. 

And  carry  back  to  Sicily  much  tall  youth.  Shak. 

MUCH,  ad.  1.  To  a great  degree  or  extent’;  by  far. 

Thou  art  much  mightier  than  we.  Gen.  xxvi.  1(1. 

2.  Often  or  long  ; frequently  or  earnestly. 
“ Think  7nuch ; speak  little.”  Dryden. 


3.  Nearly  ; almost ; about  the  same. 

All  left  the  world  much  as  they  found  it.  Temple, 

MUCH,  7i.  1.  A great  quantity;  a great  sum  or 

amount ; a great  deal. 

Unto  whomsoever  much  is  given,  of  him  shall  much  be  re- 
quired; and  to  whom  men  have  committed  much,  of  him  they 
will  ask  the  more.  Luke  xiii.  48. 

They  have  -much  of  the  poetry  of  Maecenas,  but  little  of 
his  liberality:  Dryden. 

2.  More  than  enough  ; a heavy  burden. 

He  thought  not  much  to  clothe  his  enemies.  Milton. 

Who  thought  it  much  a man  should  die  for  love.  Dryden. 

3.  Something  uncommon  or  strange. 

It  was  much  that  one  that  was  so  great  a lover  of  peace 
should  be  happy  in  war.  JJucon. 

Much  at  one , nearly  of  equal  value  or  influence. 
“ Then  prayers  are  vain  as  curses,  much  at  one.” 
Dryden. — To  make  much  of,  to  treat  with  great  re- 
gard ; to  value  or  esteem  highly.  “ Tiie  king  . . . 
falls  to  take  a pride  in  making  much  o/them,  extolling 
them  with  infinite  praises.”  Sidney. 

J&jf  Much  is  often  used  in  composition. 

MUCH'-BRAnCH-FD,  a.  (Bot.)  Having  numer- 
ous and  subdivided  branches.  Ilcnsloio. 

i'MUCH'FL,  a.  Much.  Spenser. 

MltCH'NFSS,  w.  Quantity.  Wm.  Whateley. 

KS5=  “ It  is  still  used  in  the  vulgar  phrase  much,  of  a 
muchness,  i.  e.  much  of  the  same  kind.”  Smart. 

f MUCH' WIIAT  (-hwot),  ad.  For  the  most  part; 
nearly  ; almost.  Glanvill.  Locke. 

MU'CIC,  a.  [Fr.  mucigue,  from  L.  mucus,  mu- 
cus.] (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  obtained  by  the 
action  of  nitric  acid  on  gums.  V re. 

MU'CID,  a.  [L.  mucidus  ; mucus,  mucus  ; It.  mu- 
cido;  Fr . moise.]  Mouldy  ; musty,  [r.]  Bailey. 

MU'CID- NESS,  re.  The  state  of  being  mucid ; 
mouldiness  ; mustiness.  [r.]  Ainsworth. 

MU-C1F'IC,  a.  [L.  mucus,  mucus,  and  facio,  to 
make.]  (Med.)  Generating  mucus.  Dunglison. 

MU'CI-FORM,  a.  [L.  mucus,  mucus,  and  forma, 
form.]  (Med.)  Resembling  mucus.  Dunglison. 

MU'CJL-AtyE,  re.  [Low  L.  mucilago;  from  L.  mu- 
cus, slime,  mucus;  It . mucilaggine;  Sp.  muci- 
lago ; Fr.  mucilage.'] 

1.  A mixture  of  gum  and  matter  analogous 

to  mucus.  Ure. 

2.  A turbid,  slimy  substance  found  in  some 

vegetables.  Loudon. 

Animal  mucilage,  mucus.  Dunglison. 

MU-CI-LA(y'l-NOUS  (mu-se-laj'e-nus),  a.  [It.  mu- 
cilagginoso;  Sp.  mucilaginoso ; Fr.  mucilagi- 
neux.]  Partaking  of,  or  resembling,  mucilage ; 
slimy  ; viscous  ; mucous.  Ray. 

MU-CI-LA(?'!-NOUS-NESS,  re.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing mucilaginous  ; viscosity  ; sliminess.  Johnson. 

MU 'CINE,  re.  An  albuminous  substance  found  in 
mucus,  of  which  it  is  the  principal  organic  con- 
stituent. Dunglison. 

MU-CIP'A-ROUS,  a.  [L:  mucus,  mucus,  and pario, 
to  bring  forth.]  (Med.)  Producing  or  secreting 
mucus.  “ Muciparous  glands.”  Dunglison. 

MU'CITE,  re.  A substance  in  which  mucic  acid 
is  combined  with  something  else.  Smart. 

MU-CIV' O-RA,  n.pl.  [L.  mucus,  mucus,  and  voro, 
to  devour.]  (But.)  A family  of  dipterous  in- 
sects which  feed  on  the  mucus  and  other  juices 
of  plants,  or  on  dead  animal  bodies.  Brande. 

MUCK,  re.  [A.  S.  meox,  dung;  Dut.  mest , mist ; 
Ger.  mist ; Dan.  rniig  ; Icel.  nwsk  ; Sw.  meek.] 

1.  A substance,  as  dung,  straw,  &c.,  that  is 
moist  or  in  a fermenting  state  ; manure. 

2.  Any  thing  low,  vile,  or  filthy.  SpSnser. 

To  run  a muck,  [Malay  amock,  to  kill.  Smart.]  to  run 

about  frantically  and  attempt  to  kill  all  one  meets  ; — 
more  properly  written,  To  run  amuck.  — See  Amuck. 

MUCK,  v.  a.  To  manure  with  jnuck.  Tusser. 

MUCK,  re.  Damp;  moist;  rank,  [r.]  Mead. 

f MUCK'F.N-DFR,  re.  [Sp.  mocador;  Old  Fr. 
moucadon .]  A handkerchief.  B.  Jonson. 

f MUCK'JJR,  v.  a.  To  hoard.  Chaucer. 

fMUCK'FR-FR,  re.  A miser;  a niggard.  Chaucer. 

MIICK'— FORK,  re.  A dung-fork.  Evans. 


A,  E,  f,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


MUCK-HEAP 


939 


MUGIL 


MUCK'-HEAP,  ?!.  A heap  of  muck.  Favour. 

MUCK'-HILL,  n.  A heap  of  muck;  a muck- 
heap  ; a dunghill.  Burton. 

MUCK'I-NESS,  n.  Nastiness;  filth,  [it.]  Bailey. 

t MUCK'LE  (muk'kl),  a.  [A.  S.  mucel.  — See 
Much.]  Mickle  ; much.  Spenser. 

MUCK'M  ID-DEN  (-dn),  n.  A dunghill.  [Local, 
North  of  England.]  Todd. 

MOCK'-RAKE,  n.  An  implement  for  raking  or 
turning  muck.  Bunyan. 

MUCK'— SWEAT,  n.  Profuse  sweat.  [Low.] 

Johnson. 

MUCK'- WORM  (-wiirm),  n.  1.  A worm  that  lives 
in  muck.  Johnson. 

2.  A miser  ; a curmudgeon.  Swift. 

MOCK'WORT  (-wttrt),  n.  ( Bot .)  A plant.  Ash. 

MUCK'Y,  a.  Nasty;  filthy,  [a.]  Spenser. 

MU'CO-CELE,  n.  [L.  mucus , mucus,  and  Gr.  Ki'/lr), 
rupture.]  (Med.)  Enlargement  or  protrusion 
of  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  lachrymal  pas- 
sages : — dropsy  of  the  lachrymal  sac.  Dunglison. 

MU-CO— PU'Rl;-LENT,  a.  [L.  mucus , mucus,  and 
pas,  puris,  pus.]  (Med.)  Resembling  mucus 
and  pus.  Dunglison. 

MU'COR,  n.  [L.,  from  muceo,  to  be  mouldy.] 

1.  Mouldiness;  mustiness.  Wright. 

2.  (Med.)  Corruption  of  the  humors  : — same 

as  Mucus.  Dunglison. 

3.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  fungi,  to  which  are  ref- 

erable most  of  the  matter  which  forms  the  mould 
on  cheese  and  other  substances.  Loudon. 

MU-COS'I-TY,  n.  [It . mucosita;  Sp.  mucosidad ; 
Fr.  mucosite. ] 

1.  The  quality  of  being  mucous.  Bailey. 

2.  A fluid  resembling  mucus.  Dunglison. 

MU-CO'SO— SAC'jGHA-RINE,  a.  Partaking  of  the 
qualities  of  mucilage  and  sugar.  Wright. 

MU'COUS,  a.  [L.  mucosus ; mucus,  slime,  mucus  ; 
It.  mucoso  ; Sp.  mocoso  ; Fr.  muqueux.] 

1.  Pertaining  to,  or  resembling,  mucus ; slimy  ; 
viscous.  “ A mucous  substance.”  Cheyne. 

2.  Containing  mucus  or  mucilage.  Dunglison. 

3.  Of  the  nature  of  gum.  Hcnslow. 

Mucous  disease,  (Med.)  a disease  having  its  seat  in 

a mucous  membrane.  — Mucous  membranes,  (Anat.) 
membranes  lining  tile  canals,  cavities,  and  hollow 
organs  which  communicate  externally  by  different 
apertures  on  the  skin  ; — so  termed  because  con- 
stantly lubricated  by  the  mucous  fluid.  Dunglison. 

MU'COUS-NESS,  n.  The  state,  or  the  quality,  of 
being  mucous ; sliminess  ; viscosity.  Johnson. 

MU'CRO,n.  [L.]  A sharp  point.  Broxvne. 

MU'CRO-NATE,  7 a [L.  mueronatus ; mucro, 

MU'CRO-NAT-ED,  > mucronis,  a sharp  point.] 
(Bot.  & Zo'ul.)  Tipped  with  an  abrupt  sharp 
point.  Gray. 

MU'CRO-NATE-LY,  ad.  In  a mucronate  manner. 

MU-CRON'U-LATE,  a.  (Bot.)  Tipped  with  a mi- 
nute abrupt  point ; mucronate.  Gray. 

MU'CU-LENT,  a.  [L.  mueulentus  ; mucus,  mucus.] 
Like  mucus  ; viscous  ; slimy.  Bailey. 

MU-CU'NA,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  climbing  herbs 
or  shrubs  bearing  legumes  covered  with  sting- 
ing bristles.  Two  species  (Mucuna  prurita  and 
Mucuna  pruriens)  are  also  called  cowage,  or 
coioitch.  Eng.  Cyc. 

MU'OUS,  n.  [L.]  (Anat.)  A viscid  fluid  found 
at  the  surface  of  the  mucous  membranes,  which 
it  moistens  and  lubricates  ; animal  mucilage. 

A®*  “ Mucus  exudes  through  the  skin,  in  a state  of 
combination  with  a peculiar  oily  matter,  and,  drying, 
forms  the  epidermis.  It  constitutes,  in  part,  the  dif- 
ferent epidermal  productions,  as  the  hair,  nails,  wool, 
and  horns  of  animals,  feathers  of  birds,  and  scales 
of  fish.”  Dunglison. 

MUD,  n.  [Dut.  modder ; Ger.  moder.  — Gr.  pixidw, 
to  be  damp  or  clammy.  Junius.  Skinner.  — 
From  A.  S.  migan , mihan,  to  water.  Richard- 
son.,]  Earth  or  soil  mixed  with  water ; moist 
soft  earth,  such  as  is  found  at  the  bottom  of 
rivers,  ponds,  &c. ; the  slime  and  uliginous 
matter  at  the  bottom  of  still  water ; dirt.. 

MUD,  v.  a.  \i.  mudued  ; pp.  muddino,  mudded.] 


1.  To  bury  in  mud.  Shak. 

2.  To  cover  or  bedaub  with  mud.  Bp.  Hall. 

3.  To  make  turbid,  as  by  stirring  up  the  sed- 
iment. “Waters  . . . already  mudded.”  Glanvill. 

MUD,  a.  Consisting  of  mud  ; muddy.  Wood. 

MU'  DA  R,  n.  A name  given  in  India  to  the  Calo- 
tropis  gigantea,  an  herbaceous  evergreen  plant 
which  yields  a milky  juice,  extensively  used  in 
that  country  as  a medicinal  agent.  Eng.  Cyc. 

MU'DA-RINE,  n.  A substance  obtained  from  the 
bark  of  the  root  of  the  mudar,  possessing  the 
singular  property  of  hardening  by  heat  and  soft- 
ening by  cold.  P.  Cyc. 

MUDDE,  n.  [Dut.]  A Dutch  and  Belgian  meas- 
ure of  grain,  commonly  equal  to  2.7522  imperial 
bushels  ; — also  written  muid.  Simmonds. 

MUD'DIED  (mud'jd),y>.  a.  Made  muddy;  turbid: 
— confused  ; bothered.  Smart. 

MUD'DI-LY,  ad.  In  a muddy  manner ; turbidly  ; 
with  foul  mixture.  Dry  den. 

MUD'Dr-NESS,  n.  The  state,  or  the  quality,  of 
being  muddy  ; turbidness  : — dulness.  Addison. 

MUD  DLE  (mud'dl),  v.  a.  [From  mud.']  [i.  mud- 
dled ; pp.  MUDDLING,  MUDDLED.] 

1.  To  make  muddy  or  turbid.  “ To  muddle 
the  water  and  spoil  the  drink.”  L’ Estrange. 

2.  To  make  half  drunk ; to  cloud  or  stupefy, 
as  with  drink  ; to  fuddle  : — to  confuse. 

I was  for  five  years  often  drunk,  always  muddled.  Arbuthnot. 

MUD'DLE  (mud'dl),  v.  n.  To  become  muddy  or 
foul.  “ He  never  muddles  in  the  dirt.”  Swift. 

MUD'DLE  (mud'dl),  n.  A confused  or  turbid 
state.  [Vulgar.]  Todd. 

MUD'DLED  (mud 'did),  p.  a.  Half  drunk;  fud- 
dled ; tipsy : — confused.  Maunder. 

MUD'DY,  a.  [From  mud.'] 

1.  Having  or  containing  mud  ; turbid.  “The 

muddy  ditch.”  Shak. 

2.  Foul  or  soiled  with  mud ; dirty.  Dryden. 

3.  Consisting  of  mud  or  earth  ; gross ; im- 
pure. “ This  muddy  vesture  of  decay.”  Shak. 

4.  Of  the  color  of  mud ; dark ; not  bright  or 

clear.  “ Her  muddy  cheeks.”  Swift. 

5.  Cloudy  in  mind  ; dull ; stupid. 

Dost  think  I am  so  muddy,  so  unsettled, 

To  appoint  inyself  iu  this  vexation?  Shak. 

MUD'DY,  V.  a.  [t.  MUDDIED;  pp.  MUDDYING, 
muddied.]  To  make  muddy  ; to  cloud  ; to  dis- 
turb. “Excess  . . . muddies  the  best  wit.”  Grew. 

MUD'DY-BRAlNED  (-brand),  a.  Dull  of  appre- 
hension ; stupid  ; fat-witted.  Smart. 

MUD'DY— HEAD'JJD,  a.  Dull  of  apprehension  ; 
muddy-brained ; lean-witted.  Smart. 

MUD'DY— MET'TLED  (-tld),  a.  Dull-spirited  ; 
spiritless.  “ Muddy-mettled  rascal.”  Shak. 

MUD'— FISH,  n.  (Ich.)  A kind  of  fish  which  feeds 
at  the  bottom  of  the  water ; a species  of  Cobitis, 
or  loach.  Crabb. 

MUD'— HEN,  n.  (Ornith.)  The  popular  name  of 
the  clapper-rail,  a bird  inhabiting  streams  and 
marshes  ; Rallus  crepitans.  Nuttall. 

MUD'— SILL,  n.  A sill,  as  of  a bridge,  laid  in  the 
mud,  as  at  the  bottom  of  a river.  Wright. 

MUD'— STONE,  n.  A local  name  for  a part  of  the 
upper  silurian  rocks.  Eng.  Cyc. 

MUD'— SUCK-1JR,  n.  An  aquatic  fowl  which  ob- 
tains its  food  from  the  mud.  Crabb. 

MUD'—1 TUR-TLE,  n.  (IJerp.)  A kind  of  tortoise  ; 
Sternotluerus  odoratus  ; — called  also  marsh- 
tortoise,  and  mud-terrapin.  Holbrook. 

MUD'— WALL,  n.  1.  A wall  composed  of  mud,  or 
of  materials  laid  in  mud  instead  of  mortar. South. 

2.  A kind  of  bird;  the  bee-eater.  Ainsworth. 

MUD'— WALLED  (-w&ld),  a.  Having  a mud  wall. 
“ Mud-walled  tenement.”  Prior. 

MUD'-WORT  (-wiirt),  n.  (Bot.)  The  popular 
name  of  a plant  of  the  genus  Limosella,  which 
grows  in  muddy  places.  Eng.  Cyc. 

MUE,  r.  a.  To  moult ; to  mew.  Turberville. 

MU-EZ' ZIJV,  n.  A clerk  or  officer  of  a mosque, 


in  Mahometan  countries,  whose  duty  it  is  to 
proclaim  the  ezam,  or  summons  to  prayers,  at 
the  five  canonical  hours  ; viz.,  at  dawn,  noon, 
4 o’clock  P.  M.,  sunset,  and  nightfall.  Brandc. 

MUFF,  n.  [Dut.  mof,  a muff;  Ger.  muff-,  Dan. 
muffe ; Sw.  muff.  — Low  L.  mufula,  a furred 
glove  or  mitten  ; Sp.  mafia  ; Fr.  moufie.]  A soft 
cover,  usually  of  fur,  into  which  both  hands  may 
be  thrust  for  keeping  them  warm.  Dryden. 

MUF-F1JT-TEE',  n.  A small  muff  worn  on  the 
wrist.  Brockett. 

MUF'FIN,  n.  A kind  of  light,  spongy  bread  or 
tea-cake,  baked  in  a flat,  circular  form.  Smart. 

MUF-FIN-EER',  n.  A covered  dish  for  keeping 
toasted  muffins  hot.  Simmonds. 

MUF'FIN— RING,  n.  A ring,  usually  of  tinned 
iron,  in  which  muffins  are  cooked;  — called  also 
muffin-tin. 

MUF'FLE  (muf'fl),  v.  a.  [Fr.  moufier,  to  cover  the 
nose  and  cheeks  with  the  hands.  — See  Muff.] 
\i.  MUFFLED  ; pp.  MUFFLING,  MUFFLED.] 

1.  To  wrap  or  cover,  — particularly  the  face  or 
any  part  of  it ; — to  conceal ; to  involve. 

Balbutius  muffled  in  his  sable  cloak.  Young. 

One  muffled  up  in  the  fallibility  of  his  sect.  Locke. 

2.  To  deaden  the  sound  of,  as  by  winding 
something  round. 

Our  hearts,  like  muffled  drums,  are  beating 

Funeral  marches  to  the  grave.  Longfellow. 

3.  (Naut.)  To  put  mats  or  canvas  round  the 

looms  of,  as  oars,  to  prevent  them  from  making 
a noise  in  the  rowlocks.  Dana. 

MUF'FLE,  v.n.  [Dut.  mofifelen  ; Ger . muffeln.] 
To  speak  indistinctly,  as  with  a muffled  voice  ; 
to  speak  inarticulately.  Holder. 

MUF'FLE,  n.  [It  .mufola-,  Sp  .mafia;  Fr.  mou- 
fie.— See  Muff.]  (Assaying.)  An  arched  ves- 
sel with  a flat  bottom,  and  open  at  both  ends, 
for  receiving  cupels,  and  protecting  them  from 
the  fuel.  ‘ I Ire. 

MUF'FLE,  n.  [Fr.  mufie,  according  to  Menage, 
from  Low  L.  mvfiulus,  for  musulius,  dim.  of 
musus,  Gr.  pfirif,  nose.]  The  naked  part  at  the 
end  of  the  nose  of  certain  animals,  particularly 
those  of  the  bovine  and  deer  kind.  Audubon. 

MUF'FLIJR,  n.  1.  One  who  muffles. 

2.  A part  of  female  dress  for  muffling  the 
face.  “A  muffler,  and  a kerchief.”  Shak. 

3.  A wrapper  for  the  throat.  Simmonds. 

MUF'FLON,  n.  [Fr.  movfion.]  (ZoOl.)  A mouf- 
flon; a musmon.  — See  Moufflon.  Wright. 

MUF'TI,  n.  The  Turkish  title  of  a doctor  of  the 
law  of  the  Koran. 

“ The  mufti  of  Constantinople,  or  Sheikh  ul 
Islam,  is  the  chief  functionary  of  the  Turkish  church, 
and  represents  the  sultan  in  spiritual  matters,  as  the 
grand  vizier  does  in  temporal.”  Brande. 

MUG,  n.  [Gael.  <Sr  Ir.  mog,  mugan,  a mug.  — W. 
mwyglo,  to  warm.  Skinner.]  A vessel  with  a 
handle,  to  drink  from.  Gay. 

MUG-GA-DOO'TIEIj,  n.  pi.  In  the  East  Indies,  a 
sort  of  cloth  made  from  wild  silk.  Oyilvie. 

MUG'GARD,  a.  Sullen.  [Local,  Eng.]  Grose. 

MUG'<?ENT,».  (Ornith.)  A kind  of  duck.  Wright. 

MUG'G^T,  n.  The  entrails  of  a calf.  Simmonds. 

MUG'GISH,  a.  Muggy  ; moist.  Mortimer. 

MUG-GLE-TO'NI-AN  (mug-gl-to'ne-an),  n.  (Eccl. 
Hist.)  A follower  of  Lodowick  Mugglcton , an 
English  journeyman  tailor,  who,  about  the  year 
1657,  set  up  for  a prophet.  Grey. 

MUG'GY,  a.  [Corrupted  from  mucky.  Johnson. 
— W.  mwg,  a smoke.] 

1.  Wet ; damp;  moist.  “Cover  with  muggy 

straw  to  keep  it  moist.”  Mortimer. 

2.  Close  or  warm  and  uncomfortable;  — ap- 
plied to  the  weather.  Byron. 

MUG'HOUSE,  n.  An  alehouse.  Tatler. 

t MU'G!-?N-CY,  n.  A bellowing.  Broicne. 

t MU'G!-£nt,  a.  [L.  mugio,mugiens,  to  bellow.] 
Bellowing ; lowing.  Browne. 

MU'GIL,  n.  [L.]  (Ich.)  A genus  of  acanthopte- 
rygious  fishes  ; the  mullet.  Farrell. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — £,  <?,  g,  soft;  E,  G,  £,  |,  hard;  § as  z;  X as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


MUGILIDiE 


940 


MULTIFORMOUS 


MU-QIL'  I-DJE,n.pl.  [L. mugil,  a mullet.]  ( Ich .) 
A family  of  acanthopterygious  fishes  ; mullets. 

Yarrell. 

MU'^IL-OID,  n.  [L.  mugil,  a mullet,  and  Gr. 
ftios,  form.]  (Ich.)  A family  of  acanthopterygi- 
ous fishes,  including  the  mullet.  Brande. 

MUG'WEED,  n.  ( Bot .)  A plant  of  the  genus  Va- 
lantia.  Clarke. 

MUG'WORT  (mug'wUrt),  n.  (Bot.)  A deciduous 
herbaceous  plant,  growing  on  waste  ground  ; 
Artemisia  vulgaris.  Eng.  Cyc. 

MU-LAT'TO,  n.  ; pi.  mu-lXt'toe?.  [Sp.  rnulato  ; 
mulo , a mule;  Fr.  mulitre .]  flhe  offspring  of 
parents  of  whom  one  is  white  and  the  other  a 
negro.  Uitnghson . 

MU-LAT'TRpSS,  n.  A female  mulatto.  Chandler. 

MUL'BpR-RY,  n.  [Gr.  yipov,  yopia  ; L.  morus  ; It. 
moro  ; Sp.  morera,  mora  ; Fr.  murier.  — A.  S. 
moran,  mur ; Dut.  mccrbei;  Ger.  maulbeere ; 
Dan.  morbrer ; Ieel.  niorber ; Sw.  mulbdr.]  (Bot.) 
A tree  of  the  genus  Moms,  the  leaves  of  some 
species  of  which  afford  food  to  silk-worms : — 
the  fruit  of  trees  of  the  genus  Morus.  Eng.  Cyc. 

MUL’BER-RY,  a.  Resembling  or  pertaining  to 
the  fruit  of  the  mulberry-tree. 

Mulberry  calculus,  {Med.)  a species  of  urinary  cal- 
culus, consisting  of  oxalate  of  lime.  - — Mulberry  rash, 
a kind  of  rash  accompanying  typhus  fever.  Dunvlison. 

MUL'BpR-RY— TREE,  n.  (Bot.)  A tree  of  the  ge- 
nus Morus ; mulberry.  Eng.  Cyc. 

MULCH,  n.  [A.  S.  milescian,  to  become  soft. 
Richardson.  — See  Mi  ll,  v.  a.]  Straw  or  litter 
half  rotten  ; — written  also  mulsh.  Bailey. 

MULCH,  V.  a.  [i.  MULCHED;  pp.  MULCHING, 
mulched.]  To  cover  with  half-rotten  straw  or 
litter,  as  the  roots  of  trees.  Loudon. 

MULCT,  n.  [L.  niulcta,  multa  ; It.  § Sp.  multa  ; 
Fr.  mulcte.\ 

1.  (Law.)  A penalty  ; a pecuniary  penalty  or 

punishment ; a fine.  Bacon. 

2.  f A blemish;  a defect.  Massinger. 

MULCT,  v.  a.  [L.  mulcto  ; It.  midtare  ; Fr.  mulc- 
ter.\  To  punish  with  fine.  Bacon. 

MUI.C'T A-RY,  a.  Consisting  in  fines  and  for- 

feitures. “ Mulctary  punishments.”  Temple. 

MULC'TU-A-RY,  a.  Punishing  with,  or  consist- 
ing in,  a fine.  Overbury. 

MULE,  n.  [L.  mulus ; It.  8;  Sp.  mulo  ; Fr.  mulct , 
mule. — A.  S.  mul;  Dut.  muil;  Old  Ger.  maul ; 
Ger.  maulssel ; Dan.  mulcese.l ; Icel.  mulasni ; 
Sw.  mulisna  ; Scot,  mull ; Old  Eng.  moyl.] 

1.  A quadruped  generated  between  an  ass 
and  a mare,  or  between  a she-ass  and  a horse. 

Twelve  young  mules,  a strong,  laborious  race.  Pope. 

2.  The  offspring  of  any  two  animals  of  dis- 
tinct species  ; a hybrid  ; a mongrel.  Eng.  Cyc. 

3.  (Bot.)  A plant  produced  by  impregnating 
the  pistil  of  one  species  with  the  pollen  of  an- 
other. 

Several  mules  have  been  produced  between  the  species  of 
this  genus  [verbaseumj.  London. 

4.  A machine  invented,  in  1775,  by  S.  Cromp- 
ton, for  elongating  fibres  of  cotton,  and  twisting 
or  winding  the  yarn  for  the  shuttles  of  the 
loom  ; — called  also  mule-jenny . Simmonds. 

MULE'— DRAWN,  a.  Drawn  by  mules.  West. 

MULE’— DRlV-JJR,  n.  A driver  of  mules;  a mu- 
leteer. Johnson. 

MULE'— JEN-NY,  n.  A machine  for  spinning  cot- 
ton; a mule.'  McCulloch. 

MULE1— SPlN-NlJR,  n.  One  who  spins  on  the  ma- 
chine called  a mule.  Craig. 

MU-L1J-TEER',  n.  [It.  mulattiere  ; mulo,  a mule  ; 
Sp.  mulatero  ; Fr.  muletier.]  One  who  drives 
mules  ; a mule-driver.  Shah. 

MULE'VVORT  (-wiirt),  n.  An  evergreen  herba- 
ceous plant  of  the  genus  Ilemionitis.  Ogilvie. 

MlJ-Ll-EB'RT-TY,  n.  [L.  muliebritas  ; muliebris, 
pertaining  to  a woman ; mulier,  a woman.]  The 
state  of  being  a woman  ; womanhood ; femi- 
nality  ; — corresponding  to  virility. 

MU' LI-ER,  n.  [L.]  (Law.)  In  the  civil  law,  a 
woman,  a marriageable  virgin,  a woman  not  a 


virgin,  or  a wife  : — in  Old  Eng.  and  Scot,  law, 
the  son  of  a mulier  or  lawful  wife  : — one  born 
after  xvedlock,  though  begotten  before  ; — op- 
posed to  bastardy.  Burrill. 

f MU'LI-ER-LY,  ad.  - In  wedlock.  “To  him,  as 
next  heir,  being  mulierly  born.”  Holinshed. 

f MU-LI-pR-dS'l-TY,  n.  Effeminacy.  II.  More. 

MU'LI-ER-TY,  n.  (Eng.  Law.)  The  state  of  a 
child  bom  in  xvedlock,  or  of  a mulier.  Ash. 

MUL'ISH,  a.  Like  a mule  ; obstinate;  stubborn. 
“ Mulish  mouth  of  headstrong  youth.”  Cowper. 

MUI/ISH-LY,  ad.  In  a mulish  manner;  obsti- 
nately. Booth. 

MUL'ISH-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  mulish; 
obstinacy ; stubbornness.  Booth. 

MULL,  n.  [Su.  Goth,  Sw.  mull.  — W.mivl,a 
lump.]  Dust;  rubbish;  dirt;  crumbs.  [North 
of  Eng.  Brackett.']  Gower. 

MULL,  n.  [Icel.  mule,  a beak.] 

1.  A promontory  ; a cape.  [Scot.]  Jamieson. 

2.  A snutf-box  made  of  the  small  end  of  a 

horn.  [Scot.]  Smart. 

MULL,  n.  A very  thin  and  soft  species  of  mus- 
lin, used  for  dresses,  trimmings,  &c.  ; — called 
also  mulmul.  W.  Ency. 

If®5- “There  are  several  kinds  made,  under  the 
names  of  Swiss  mulls,  India  mulls , starched  mulls, 
&c.”  Simmonds. 

MULL,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  milescian,  to  become  soft  or 
mellow.  — L.  tnollio,  to  soften,  to  render  milder, 
to  moderate.]  \i.  mulled  ; pp.  mulling, 

MULLED.] 

1.  f To  soften  or  reduce  the  strength  of ; to 
dispirit. 

Peace  is  a x'ery  apoplexy,  lethargy 
J [idled,  deaf,  sleepy,  insensible.  Shale. 

2.  To  make  milder  or  xveaker,  as  wine,  by 
heating  and  mixing  with  it  sugar,  spices,  &c. 
“ White  wine  mulled  with  ginger  warm.”  Jenyns. 

MUL' LA,  n.  ; pi.  jiffL'LAS-  A priest,  or  one  of 
sacerdotal  order,  in  Tartary. 

flgy-Tlie  Tartar  multa,  and  the  Turkish  mollah,  are 
of  common  origin,  though  their  offices  are  distinct. 
Braude. 

MUL-LA-GA-TAW'NY,  n.  A kind  of  curry-soup, 
first  made  in  the  East  Indies,  and  literally  sig- 
nifying pepper-water.  Simmonds. 

MUL'LEIN,  n.  (Bot.)  The  name  of  biennial  herbs, 
usually  xvoolly,  of  the  genus  Verbascum,  bearing 
flowers  in  large  terminal  racemes.  Gray. 

MUL'LER,  n,  1.  One  xvho  mulls. 

2.  A vessel  in  which  xvine  or  other  liquor  is 

mulled.  Simmonds. 

3.  [L.  molaris,  a mill-stone  ; mo/a,  a mill.]  A 

sort  of  pestle  for  grinding  pigments  and  other 
substances  on  a stone  slab.  Fairholt. 

MUL'LpT,  n.  [L.  mullus  ; Fr  .mulct.] 

1.  (Ich.)  A ma- 

rine fish  of  the  ge- 
nus Mugil,  having 
large  scales,  minute 
teeth,  and  an  ele- 
vated angular  point 
on  the  middle  of  the  Mullet  ( Mugil  chelo ). 

under  jaw.  Yarrell. 

2.  (Her.)  The  rowel  of  a spur;  — used  to 

distinguish  the  third  son.  Brande. 

MUL'LEY,  n.  A childish  name  for  cow.  [Pro- 
vincial in  Eng.  and  colloquial  in  the  U.  S.]  Tusscr. 

MUL'LI-CITE,  n.  (Min.)  A blue  or  green  phos- 
phate of  iron  ; vivianite.  Dana. 

MUL'LI-GRUB§,  n.  pi.  1.  Twistings  of  the  intes- 
tines; pain  in  the  bowels.  [Vulgar.]  Beau.  § FI. 

2.  Sullenness.  [Vulgar.]  Johnson. 

MflL'LION  (mul'yun),  n.  [Fr.  moulvre,  a mould- 
ing; meneau,  a mullion.]  (Arch.)  The  upright 
post  or  bar,  dividing  txvo  lights  of  a xvindow  ; — 
also  called  munnion  and  monyall.  Britton. 

MUL'LION  (mul'yun),  V.  a.  [/.  MULLIONED  ; pp. 
mullioning,  mullioned.]  To  form  with  mul-. 
lions.  Stukeley. 

fMUL'LOCK,  n.  [Scot.  muloch.—See  Mull.] 
Rubbish  ; dirt ; mull.  Chaucer. 

MUL'MUL,  n.  A thin  muslin  ; mull.  Ogilvie. 


MU'LO,  n.  (ZoBl.)  A quadruped  of  the  genus 
Pseudostoma  ; pouched  rat  ; gopher  ; Pseudos- 
toma bursarius. — See  Gopher.  Audubon. 

MULSE,  n.  [L.  mulsum ; mulsus,  mixed  or  sod- 
den xvith  honey  ; mulceo,  to  .soften.]  Wine 
boiled  and  mingled  with  honey,  [it.]  Bailey. 

MULSH,  n.  & v.  a.  See  Mulch.  Ray. 

MULT-ANG'U-LAR,  a.  [L.  multus,  many,  and 
angulus,  an  angle;  It.  moltangolare ; Fr.  mul- 
tangulaire.]  Having  many  angles ; polygonal. 
“ Multangular  figure.”  Phillips. 

MULT-ANG'U-LAR-LY,  ad.  With  many  angles  ; 
polygonally.  ' Grew. 

MULT-ANG'U-LAR-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the 
quality  of  being  multangular.  Wright. 

MUL-TE'I-TY,  n.  [L.  multus,  many.]  Multi- 
plicity . [b..]  Coleridge. 

MUL-TI-AR-TIC'U-LATE,  a.  [L.  multus,  many, 
and  articulus,  a joint.]  Haxdng  many  joints. 

MUL-TI-CAP'SU-LAR,  a.  [L.  multus,  many,  and 
capsula,  a small  box  or  chest;  Fr.  multicapsu- 
laire.]  Having  many  capsules  or  cells.  Bailey. 

MUL-TI-CAR'I-NATE,  a.  [L.  multus,  many,  and 
carina. , a keel.]  (Conch.)  Having  many  keel- 
like ridges.  Brande. 

MUL-TI-CA' VOUS,  a.  [L.  multus,  many,  and  ca- 
ms, a cavity.]  Having  many  cavities.  Maunder. 

MUL-TI-CIP'J-TAL,  a.  [L.  multus,  many,  and 
caput,  head.]  (Bot.)  Having  many  heads.  Gray. 

MUL'Tj-COL-OR,  a.  Of  many  colors.  Bailey. 

MUL-TI-CUS'PI-DATE,  a.  [L.  multus,  many, 
and  cuspis,  cuspidis,  a point,  a spear.]  An 
epithet  applied  to  the  last  three  molar  teeth, 
from  their  having  several  tubercles.  Wright. 

MUL-TI-DEN'TATE,  a.  [L.  multus,  many,  and 
dens,  dentis,  a tooth.]  Having  many  teeth  or 
tooth-like  processes.  Brande. 

MOl'TI-FACED  (-fast),  a.  [L.  multus,  many,  and 
Eng.  faced.]  Having  many  faces.  Southey. 

MUL-TI-FA'RI-OUS,  a.  [L.  multifarius ; multus, 
many.] 

1.  Having  many  varieties  of  modes  or  rela- 

tions ; having  great  multiplicity  ; various ; di- 
versified ; manifold.  “ The  multifarious  objects 
of  human  knowledge.”  " Stewart. 

2.  (Bot.)  In  many  ranks  or  rows.  Gray. 

MUL-Tj-FA'RI-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  a multifarious 
manner  ; with  variety  of  modes.  Wright. 

MUL-TI-FA'RI-OUS-NESS,  n.  I.  The  state  of 
being  multifarious  ; multiplied  diversity.  Norris. 

2.  (Law.)  The  fault  of  improperly  joining  in 
one  bill  distinct  and  independent  matters,  and 
thereby  confounding  them.  BurriU. 

Ml  L-TJF'f  R-OUS,  a.  [L.  multifer ; multus  and 
fero.]  Bearing  much  or  many,  [r.]  Blount. 

MUL'TI-FlD,  a.  [L.  multifidus ; multus,  many, 
and  findo,  to  split;  It.  multifido ; Fr.  multifide.] 
(Bot.)  Divided  into  many  segments.  Gray. 

MUL-TIF'I-DOUS  [mul-tlf'e-dus,  P.  Sm.  Wb.  Ash, 
Rees,  Wr. ; mul-tj-fl'dus,  Ja.],  a.  [L  .multifidus.] 
Having  many  divisions  or  partitions.  Browne. 

MUL-TI-FLO'ROUS  [mul-te-flo'rus,  K.  Sm.  Wr.; 
mul-tif'lo-rus,  Wb.],  a.  [L.  multus,  many,  and 
fios,  floris,  a flower;  Fr.  multifiore.]  (Bot.) 
Having  many  flowers.  P.  Cyc. 


MUL'TT-FOIL,  n.  [L.  multus, 
many,  and  folium,  a leaf.] 
(Arch.)  A leaf  ornament  of 
more  than  five  divisions ; a 
polyfoil.  Francis. 

MUL'TJ-FOLD,  a.  [L.  multus, 
many,  and  Eng.  fold.]  Man- 
ifold ; diversified.  Coleridge. 


MUL'TI-FORM,  a.  [L.  multiformis  ; multus,  many, 
and  forma,  form;  It.  moltiforme;  Sp.  <S;  Fr. 
multiforme.]  Having  many  forms,  shapes,  or 
appearances;  many-shaped;  diversified.  Milton. 

MUL-TI-FORM'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being  mul- 
tiform ; diversity  of  forms.  Bp.  Hall. 


MUL-TI-FORM'OUS,  a.  Multiform.  Lee. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  k,  E,  !,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  Jp,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure; 


FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  IIEIR,  HER; 


MULTIGENE  ROUS 


941 


MUMBLE 


MUL-TI-<yEN'9R-OUS,  a.  [L.  multigenerus  ; mul- 
tus, many,  and  genus,  race.]  Having,  or  con- 
sisting of,  many  kinds.  Maunder. 

MUL-TI-GRAn'U-LAte,  a.  [L.  multus , many, 
and  granum,  a grain.]  Having  many  grains. 

MUL-TIJ'U-GOUS  [mul-tlj'u-gus,  Sm. ; mul-ti-ju'- 
gus,  K.  Wr.  Wb. ],  a.  [L.  multijugus ; multus, 
many,  and  jugum,  a yoke.]  Having  many  pairs. 

MUL-TI-LAT'pR-AL,  a.  [L.  multus,  many,  and 
lotus,  luteris,  a side;  It.  moltilatcro ; Sp.  mul- 
tilatero ; Fr.  multiUtere.]  Having  many  sides  ; 
many-sided.  Retd. 

MUL-TI-LIN'5-AL,  a.  [L.  multus,  many,  and 
tinea,  a line.]  ’ Having  many  lines.  Steevens. 

MUL-TI-LOC'U-LAR,  a.  [L.  multus,  many,  and 
loculus,  a little  place,  a cell ; Fr.  multiloculnire.\ 
Having  many  cells  ; many-celled.  Bucklaml. 

MUL-Tl  L'O-QUENCE,  n.  Quality  of  being  mul- 
tiloquent ; loquacity  ; talkativeness.  J.  Q. Adams. 

MUL-TlL'0-Q.UENT,  a.  Multiloquous.  Bailey. 

MUL-TIL'0-Q.UOUS,  a.  [L.  multiloquus ; multus, 
many,  and  loquor,  to  speak.]  Loquacious ; 
talkative ; multiloquent.  [u.]  Bailey. 

MUL-TI-NO'DATE,  1 a_  [L.  multinodus  ; multus, 

MUL-TI-NO'DOUS,  ) many,  and  nodus,  a knot.] 
Having  many  knots  ; many-knotted.  Smart. 

MUL-TI-NO'MI-AL,  a.  [L.  multus,  many,  and 
nomen,  no  minis,  a name;  It.  moitinomio ; Sp. 
multinomio  ; Fr . multinome.]  {Algebra.)  Hav- 
ing many  terms  or  names  ; polynomial.  Braude. 

MUL-TI-NO'MI-AL,  n.  {Algebra.)  An  expression 
consisting  of  two  or  more  terms  connected  by 
the  signs  plus  or  minus  ; a polynomial.  Davies. 

Multinomial  theorem,  {Algebra.)  a theorem  which 
has  for  its  object  to  deduce  a formula  for  developing 
any  power  of  a polynomial.  Davies. 

MUL-TI-NOM'I-NAL,  a.  Multinomial,  [r.]  Bailey. 

f MUL-TI-NOM'I-NOUS,  a.  Multinomial.  Donne. 

MUL-TI P'A-ROUS,  a.  [L.  multus,  many,  and 
pArio,  to  bear;  It.  moltiparo-,  Fr.  multipare.] 
Producing  many  at  a birth.  Browne. 

MUL-TIP'  AR-T1TE,  a.  [L.  multipartitus ; multus, 
many,  and  partio,  partitus,  to  divide ; pars, 
partis,  a part  ; It.  moltipartito ; Fr.  multi- 
partite.] Divided  into  many  parts.  P.  Cyc. 

MUL'TI-PED,  n.  [L.  multipeda;  multus,  many, 
and  pcs,  pedis,  a foot ; Fr.  muUipede.]  An  in- 
sect having  many  feet.  Bailey. 

MUL'TI-PED,  a.  Having  many  feet.  Wright. 

MUL'TI-PLE  (mul'te-pl),  n.  ( Arith .)  A number 
which  exactly  contains  another  number  several 
times ; as,  “ 12  is  a multiple  of  3.” 

Common  multiple,  a multiple  of  two  or  more  num- 
bers ; as,  “ 30  is  a common  multiple  of  5 and  6.  ” — Least 
common  multiple,  the  least  number  that  will  contain 
two  or  more  numbers  without  a remainder ; as,  “ 12  is 
the  least  common  multiple  of  3 and  4.”  Davies. 

MUL'TI-PLE,  a.  [L.  multiplex-,  multus,  many, 
and  plico,  to  fold  ; It.  § Sp.  multiplo ; Fr.  mul- 
tiple^] Manifold. 

Multiple  fruits,  { Bot .)  masses  of  fruits,  resulting 
from  several  blossoms,  aggregated  into  one  body,  as 
the  pine-apple;  collective  fruits.  — Multiple  poinding, 

( Scotch  lam.)  a double  distress.  Burrill.  — Multiple 
point  of  a curve,  {Math.)  a point  in  which  two  or  more 
branches  of  a curve  intersect.  Davies. Multiple  val- 

ues, {Algebra.)  symbols  which  fulfil  the  conditions  of 
a problem,  when  different  values  are  assigned  them. 
Braude. 

MUL'TI-PLEX,  a.  [L.]  Having  many  folds; 
manifold.  Smart. 

MUL'TI-PLI- A-BLE,  a.  [Sp.  $ Fr.]  That  may 
be  multiplied.  Bailey. 

MUL-TI-PLI' A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Capacity  of  being 
multiplied.  Johnson. 

f MliL'TI-PLI-CA-BLE,  a.  [L.  multiplica, bilis.] 
Multipliable.  Bp.  Taylor. 

MUL-TI-PLI-CAND',  n.  [L.  multiplicands,  to  be 
multiplied;  It.  moltiplicando ; Sp.  multiplican- 
do  ; Fr.  multiplicande .]  (Arith.)  The  number 
to  be  multiplied.  Davies. 

MUL-TlP'LI-CATE,  or  M&L'TJ-PLI-CATE  [mul- 
MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BU 


t,Ip'Ie-k?t,  S.  P.-,  mul-tip'le-kat,  W.  Ja. ; mul'te- 
ple-kat,  Sm.  C.  Wb.  Ash,  Wr.],  a.  [L.  multiplico, 
mulliplicatus,  to  multiply  ; It.  moltiplicato ; Sp. 
multiplicado .] 

1.  Consisting  of  more  than  one.  Derham. 

2.  (Bot.)  Noting  a double  flower  the  petals 
of  which  arise  from  supernumerary  develop- 
ments of  the  parts  of  floral  whorls.  Wright. 

MUL-TI-PLI-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  multiplication,  mul- 
tiplico, to  multiply;  It.  moltiplicazione ; Sp. 
multiplicacion ; Fr.  multiplication .] 

1.  The  act  of  multiplying,  or  the  state  of  be- 
ing multiplied.  Browne. 

2.  (Arith.)  The  process  of  finding  the  amount 
of  a given  number  or  quantity,  called  the  multi- 
plicand, when  repeated  a certain  number  of 
times,  expressed  by  the  multiplier. 

Multiplication  table,  a small  table  containing  the 
product  of  all  the  simple  digits,  and  onwards  up  to 
some  assumed  limit,  as  to  12  times  12.  Davies. 

MU L'TI-PLI-CA-TIVE,  a.  Tending  to  multiply. 

MUL'TI-PLI-CA-TOR,  n.  The  number  by  which 
another  number  is  multiplied ; multiplier. 

j-  MUL-TI-PLI  "CIO  US  (mul-te-pllsh'us),  a.  Mul- 
tiplied ; manifold.  Browne. 

MUL-TI-PLI^l'I-TV,  n.  [It.  moltiplicita,  from  L: 
multiplex,  manifold  ; Sp.  midtipliciclad  ; Fr. 
multiplicity.]  The  state  of  being  many  ; great 
number.  “The  multiplicity  of  books.”  Drayton. 

MUL'TI-PLf-JJR,  n.  1.  One  who,  or  that  which, 
multiplies.  Decay  of  Chr.  Piety. 

2.  (Arith.)  The  number  by  which  another 
number  is  multiplied  ; — opposed  to  multipli- 
cand. 

MUL'TI-PLY,  v.  a.  [L.  multiplico  ; multus,  many, 
and  plico,  to  fold  ; It.  moltiplicare  ; Sp.  multi- 
plicar-,  Fr.  multiplier .]  [t.  multiplied;  pp. 

MULTIPLYING,  MULTIPLIED.] 

1.  To  make  more  or  many  ; to  increase  in 
number.  “ To  multiply  instances.”  Addison." 

2.  (Arith.)  To  repeat  or  add  to  itself,  as  any 
number,  as  many  times  as  there  are  units  in  an- 
other number  ; as,  “ 7 multiplied  by  8 produces 
the  number  56.” 

MUL'TI-PLY,  v.  n.  To  grow  in  number;  to  in- 
crease. “ Be  fruitful  and  multiply.''  Gen.  i.  28. 

m0l'TI-PLY-ING,  p.  a.  That  multiplies. 

Multiplying  glass  or  lens.  See  Leijs. 

MUL-TIP'O-TENT,  a.  [L.  multipotens ; multus, 
much,  and  potens,  powerful.]  Having  manifold 
power ; having  power  to  do  many  things.  Shah. 

MUL-TI-PRES'?NCE  (mul-te-prez'ens),  n.  [L.  mul- 
tus, many,  and  preesentia,  presence.]  The  pow- 
er or  the  act  of  being  present  in  many  places  at 
once.  Bp.  Hall. 

MUL-TI-rA'DI-ATE,  a.  [L.  multus,  many,  and 
radius,  a ray.]  Having  many  rays.  Smart. 

t MUL-TI "SCIOUS  (mul-tlsh'us),  a.  [L.  multi- 
scius.]  Knowing  much.  Bailey. 

MUL'TI-SECT,  a.  [L.  multus,  many,  and  seco, 
sectus,  to  cut  off.]  ( Ent .)  Noting  an  insect 

which  has  no  distinct  trunk  or  abdomen,  but  is 
divided  into  many  segments.  Maunder. 

MUL-TI-SE'RT-AL,  a.  [L.  multus,  many,  and  se- 
ries, a row.]  (Bot.)  In  many  rows.  Gray. 

MUI.-TI-SIL'I-QUOUS,  a.  [L.  multus,  many,  and 
siliqua,  pod.]  (Bot.)  Having  many  pods.  Bailey. 

MUL-TIS'O-NOUS,  a.  [L.  rnultisonus.]  Having 
many  sounds  ; loud- sounding.  Bailey. 

MUL-TJ-SPl'RAL,  a.  [L.  multus,  many,  and 
spira,  a coil.]  (Conch.)  Noting  opercula  of 
univalve  shells  which  have  numerous  and  nar- 
row spiral  coils  round  a submedian  centre  ; 
having  many  coils,  as  shells.  Brande. 

MUL-TI-STRI'ATE,  a.  [L.  multus,  many,  and 
stria,  a furrow.]  ( Zodl .)  Marked  with  many 
streaks.  Brande. 

MUL-TI-SUL'CATE,  a.  [L.  multus,  many,  and 
sulcus,  a furrow.]  Having  many  furrows.  Smart. 

MUL-TJ-SYI.'LA-BLE,  n.  [L.  multus,  many,  and 
Eng.  syllable .]  A word  of  many  syllables  ; a 
polysyllable,  [it.]  Inst,  for  Orat.,  1682. 


r.L,  BUR,  RULE. — 9,  9,  9,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  £,  g, 


MUL'TI-TUDE,  n.  [L.  multitvdo ; multus,  many ; 
It.  moltitudinc  ; Sp.  multitude  Fr.  multitude.] 

1.  State  of  being  many ; a great  number ; a 
large  collection  or  assemblage ; a great  many. 

It  is  impossible  that  any  multitude  can  be  actually  infinite, 
or  so  great  that  there  cannot  be  a greater.  Hale. 

2.  A large  collection  of  people ; a crowd  ; a 
throng  ; the  populace  ; the  vulgar. 

He  the  vast  hissing  multitude  admires.  Addison. 

Syn.  — A multitude,  is  a large  number  collectively  ; 
a crowd  or  throng  is  a collection  of  persons  or  animals 
pre-sing  upon  each  other:  a rabble,  a tumultuous  as- 
semblage ; and  a mob,  a riotous  assemblage  of  the 
populace  ; the  populace  comprises  the  lower  orders  of 
the  people  collectively,  and  forms  a permanent  portion 
of  the  community.  Swarm  is  a large  collection  of 
persons,  animals,  or  insects. 

MUL-TI-TU'DI-NA-RY,  a.  Multitudinous. Milford. 

MUL-TI-TU 'DI-NOUS,  a.  Consisting  of,  or  be- 
longing to,  a multitude  ; numerous  ; manifold. 

MUL-TJ-TU'DI-NOUS-LY,  ad.  In  a multitudi- 
nous manner.  Wright. 

MUL-TJ-TU'DI-NOUS-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  be- 
ing multitudinous.  Ec.  Rev. 

f MUL-TI V'A-GANT,  ? [L.  multivagus-,  mul- 

f MUL-TlV'A-GOUS,  ) turn,  much,  and  vagus, 
wandering.]  Wandering  abroad  much.  Bailey. 

MUL'TI- VALVE,  n.  (Conch.)  A mollusk  having 
more  than  two  valves.  Roget. 

MUL  TI-VALVE,  ? a multus,  many, 

MUL-TI- VALV'U-LAR,  S and  valvee,  leaves  of  a 
folding-door.]  (Conch.)  Noting  a shell  con- 
sisting of  several  pieces  or  valves,  as  that  of  the 
chiton.  Brande. 

MUL-TI-VER'SANT,  a.  [L.  multus,  many,  and 
rerto,  to  turn,  to  change.]  Changing  many 
times  ; having  many  changes.  Hamilton. 

f MUL-TIV'I-OUS,  a.  [L.  multivius.]  Having 
many  ways  or  roads  ; manifold.  Bailey. 

MUL-TO’ CA,  rt.  The  name  of  the  code  of  laws 
by  which  the  Turkish  empire  is  governed,  con- 
sisting of  the  precepts  contained  in  the  Koran, 
the  oral  injunctions  of  Mahomet,  and  the  de- 
cisions of  the  early  caliphs  and  doctors.  Brande. 

MULT-OC'U-LAR,  a.  [L.  multus,  many,  and  ocu- 
ius,  an  eye.]  Having  many  eyes,  or  more  than 
two.  “ Flies  are  multocular »”  Derham. 

MUL'TUM,  n.  A compound  extract  of  quassia 
and  licorice,  used  by  brewers  for  the  purpose  of 
economizing  malt  and  hops.  Craig. 

Black  multum,  a preparation  made  from  Cocculus 
Indicus,  used  by  brewers  to  impart  an  intoxicating 
quality  to  beer.  Craig. 

MITL’TUM  IN  PAR1  VO.  [L.]  Much  in  little. 

MULT-UN'GU-LATE,  a.  [L.  multus,  many,  and 
ungula,  a hoof.]  ( Zotil .)  Having  the  hoof  di- 
vided into  more  than  two  parts,  as  the  elephant, 
rhinoceros,  &c.  Brande. 

MULT'URE  (mult'yur),  n.  [L.  molitura ; molo, 
to  grind  ; mala,  a mill.]  (Old  Eng.  Law.)  The 
act  of  grinding  grain  in  a mill ; — grain  ground  ; 
grist : — toll  or  fee  for  grinding  grain.  Burrill. 

MUM,  a.  [See  Mumble,  and  Mumm.]  Silent ; 
not  speaking.  “ The  citizens  are  mum.”  Shah. 

MUM , inter/.  Silence!  hush!  Sha7c. 

MUM,  n.  [Dut.  mom  ; Ger.  mnmme.]  A kind  of 
malt  liquor  or  ale,  brewed  in  Germany  with 
wheat,  oat  malt,  and  ground  beans.  Simmonds. 

MUM,  v.  n.  To  mask  one’s  self ; to  mumm.  Todd. 

MUM'BLE  (mum'bl),  v.  n.  [Dut.  mommelen,  mom- 
pelen,  to  speak  like  one  wearing  a mask,  to 
mumble ; mom,  a mask  ; Ger.  mummeln,  to 
mumble  ; mumme,  a mask  ; Dan.  mumle  ; Sw. 
mvmla.  — See  Mumm.]  [t.  mumbled  ; pp.  mum- 
bling, mumbled.] 

1.  To  utter  an  indistinct  or  inarticulate  sound 
or  voice,  as  with  the  lips  or  mouth  partly  closed  ; 
to  mutter.  “ Peace,  you  mumbling  fool ! ” Shah. 

2.  To  chew  or  bite  softly,  or  partly  with  the 
lips,  as  one  who  has  lost  his  teeth. 

The  mnn.  who  laiifrhed  but  once  to  see  an  ass 

Mumbling  to  make  the  cross-grained  thistles  pass.  Dryden. 

MUM'BLE  (mum'bl),  v.  a.  1.  To  utter  indistinct- 
ly or  inarticulately,  as  with  the  lips  partly 
closed.  “ Mumbled  prayers.”  Dryden. 


rd ; § as  z ; as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


MUMBLE-NEWS 


942 


MURDER 


2.  To  mouth  or  bite  gently  or  softly.  Pope. 

3.  To  suppress  or  utter  imperfectly  ; to  slub- 
ber over.  Drydcn. 

MUM'BLE— NEYVS  (mum'bl-nuz),  11.  A tale-bearer. 
“ Some  carry-tale . . . some  mumble-news.” Shak. 

MUM’BLpR,  n.  One  who  mumbles;  a mutterer. 

MUM'BLING,  ft.  Indistinct,  inarticulate,  or  sup- 
pressed utterance  or  speech.  Bp.  Hall. 

MUM'BLING-LY,  ad.  With  indistinct  or  inarticu- 
late utterance.  Johnson. 

f MUM'-BUDG-ET,  interj.  Be  silent  and  secret ; 

— used  in  a ludicrous  sense.  Hudibras. 

MUM'CHAnce,  n.  1.  An  old  game  of  hazard 
with  cards  or  with  dice.  Cavendish. 

2.  One  stupid  and  silent ; a fool.  [Local, 
Eng.]  Grose. 

MUM M,  v.  n.  [Dut.  mommen ; mom.  a mask; 
Ger.  mummen,  mummeln,  vermummen,  ver- 
mummeln,  to  mask;  mumme,  mask;  mummeln, 
to  mumble.  — Referred  by  many  to  Gr.  ywpoi, 
raillery;  Muipot,  the  god  of  raillery  and  ridicule. 

— “The  Gr.  Momos,  the  make-game  even  of 

his  brother  gods,  transmitting  his  name  and 
characteristics  to  all  the  modern  European  lan- 
guages.” Richardson .]  [i.  mummed  ; pp.  hum- 

ming, mummed.]  To  mask  one’s  self ; to  sport 
or  frolic  in  a mask  or  disguise.  Hubberd’s  Tale. 

MUM'M A-CHOG,  )!.  [Indian.]  ( Ieh .)  A small 
fish  ; the  barred  killifish  ; — sometimes  written 
mummy-chog.  Bartlett. 

MUM'MpR,  n.  A masker;  one  who  masks  him- 
self and  performs  frolics  ; a buffoon. 

Jugglers  and  dancers,  antics,  mummers . Milton.  . 

Mf’M'MF.-RV,  n.  [Sp.  momeria ; Fr.  momcrie. — 
Ger.  mummerci.  — See  Mumm.] 

1.  Masking  ; masquerade  ; frolic  or  diversion 
in  masks  ; harlequinade.  “ The  masques,  and 
mummeries,  and  triumphs  of  the  world.”  Bacon. 

2.  Farcical  or  empty  show;  buffoonery. 

The  temple  and  its  holy  rites  profaned 

By  mummeries.  Cowper. 

m0M-MJ-F!-CA'TION,  ft.  The  act  of  making  a 
mummy  or  mummies.  Loudon  Jour. 

MUM'MI-FORM,  a.  \mummy  anil  form.]  Having 
the  form  of  a mummy.  Brando. 

MUM'MI-FY,  v.  a.  [Eng.  mummy,  and  L.  facio, 
to  make.]  [t.  mummified;  pp.  mummifying, 
mummified.]  To  embalm  and  preserve,  as  a 
mummy  ; to  make  a mummy  of.  J.  Ilall. 

MUM'MING,  7i.  The  sports  of  mummers;  mask- 
ing or  masquerade.  Fabyan. 

MUM'MING,  a.  Pertaining  to  masking  or  to  the 
sports  of  mummers.  Clarke. 

MUM' MY,  n.  [Arab,  mumia,  from  mum,  wax. 
Brande. — It.  mummia ; Sp.  momia ; Fr .7/iomie. 

— From  amornum,  a shrub,  because  the  ointment 
made  of  it  was  used  in  embalming.  Salmasius.) 

1.  A dead  body  preserved  in  a dry  state  from 

putrefaction,  by  any  means,  and  especially  by 
the  Egyptian  art  of  embalming.  P.  Cyc. 

It  is  strange  how  long  carcasses  have  continued  uncorrupt, 
as  appesireth  in  the  mummies  of  Egypt  having  lasted,  some  of 
them,  three  thousand  years.  Bacon. 

2.  Liquor  which  runs  from  bodies  newly  em- 
balmed ; a gummy  liquor.  Hill. 

3.  ( Garde7iing.)  A kind  of  wax  used  in  the 

planting  and  grafting  of  trees.  Cha/nbers. 

To  beat  to  a mummy,  to  beat  soundly.  Ainsworth. 

MUM'MY,  v.  a.  To  preserve  in  the  manner  of  a 
mummy  ; to  embalm  ; to  mummify.  Month.  Rev. 

MUMP,  v.  n.  [Dut.  mompelen.  — See  Mumble.] 
[j.  MUMPED  ; pp.  MUMPING,  MUMPED.] 

1.  To  bite  quick;  to  chew  with  continued 
motion;  to  nibble. 

Like  a tame  mumping  squirrel  with  a bell  on.  Otway. 

2.  To  talk  low  and  quick.  Johnson. 

3.  To  beg,  as  a mendicant.  Ainsicoith. 

4.  [Dut.  mompen.)  To  cheat;  to  deceive. 

Wright. 

5.  To  grin  or  chatter  like  an  ape.  Smart. 

6.  To  be  sulky.  [Local,  Eng.]  HaUiwell. 

MUMP,  v.  a.  To  beat.  [N.  of  Eng.]  Brackett. 

MUMP'ER,  n.  One  who  mumps  ; a beggar.  “The 
mumpers,  the  halt,  the  blind.”  Spectator. 


MUMP'JNG,  77,.  Foolish,  or  begging,  tricks  ; mock- 
ery. “ Mumpinys  and  beggarly  tones.”  Bentley. 

mOmp'JSH,  a.  Sullen  ; sulky.  Maunder. 

MUMP'ISH-LY,  ad.  In  a mumpish  manner; 
sullenly;  sulkily;  dully;  wearily.  Wright. 

MUMP'ISH-NESS,  n.  Sullenness.  * . 'Ash. 

M0MPS,  7i. pi.  [See  Mum,  and  Mumble.]  .■ 

1.  State  of  being  sullen  or  sulkj ; sullpn- 

ness ; sulkiness ; silent  anger.  • Skinner^, 

2.  (Med.)  A disease  characterized  by  a pain- 

ful tumor  of  the  parotid  gland,  or  the  largest  of 
the  salivary  glands  seated  under  the  ear,  or  of 
the  cellular  tissue  surrounding  it,  or  of  both, 
not  of  the  suppurative  kind ; Cynanche  paroti- 
deea.  . Du7igliso7i. 

MUN,  v.  Must.  [Local,  Eng.]  Brockett. 

MUN,  n.  [Ger.  mund\  Sw.  mun.)  The  mouth; 
iuuns.  [Local,  Eng.]  Brockett. 

.MUNCH,  v.  a.  [It.  mangiare,  to  eat;  Sp.  manjar, 
food ; Fr.  7)ianger. ] [f.  munched  ; pp.  munch- 

ing, munched.]  To  chew  by  great  mouthfuls  ; 
to  masticate  ; to  mounch.  [Low.]  Shale. 

MUNCH,  v.  7i.  To  chew  eagerly  or  by  great 
mouthfuls.  [Vulgar.]  Dry  den. 

MUNCH'ER,  7i.  One  who  munches.  Johnson. 

f MUND,  n.  [A.  S.  mund.)  Protection  ; defence  ; 
peace  ; — used  in  composition,  as  Ead mimd, 
happy  peace.  Gibso7i. 

MUN'DANE,  a.  [L.  mundanus  ; mundus,  the 
world ; mundus,  neat,  ornamental ; It.  monda- 
7io  ; Sp.  mundano  ; Fr.  » nondain .]  Belonging 
to  the  world  ; earthly  ; terrestrial ; terrene. 

f MUN-DAN'I-TY,  n.  [It.  mo7ida7iith,  from  L. 
mundus,  the  world;  Fr.  7nondanit&.~\  •Worldli- 
ness ; secularity.  IF.  Mountag'u. 

f MUN-DA'TION,  7i.  [L.  mundatio  ; mundo,  to 

make  clean.]  The  act  of  cleansing.  Bailey. 

MUN'DA-TO-RY,  a.  [L.  murndatoruus.)  Having" 
the  power  to  cleanse  ; cleansing. . [it.]  Bailey. 

MUN'DjC,  n.  (Min.)  A Cornish'  name"  for*  iron 
pyrites ; marcasite.  " ••  Dana. 

MUN-DI F'l-CANT,  n.  [L.  mundifico,  muntfifieans, 
to  cleanse  ; mundus,  clean,  and  facia,  to  maker] 
(Old  Pharmacy .)  A cleansing  and  healing  oint- 
ment or  plaster.  Brande. 

MUN-DI-FI-CA'TION,  n.  A cleansing.  " Quincy . 

MUN-DIF'J-CA-tTve,  a.  [It.  mondi/cativo  ; Sp. 
mundificativo ; Fr.  mondificatif.)  Cleansing; 
tending  to  cleanse.  Browne. 

MUN-DIF'I-CA-TlVE,  n.  A medicine  to  cleanse; 
a detergent.  Wiseman. 

f MUN'DI-FY,  v.  a.  [L.  mundifico  ; It.  mondif- 
care;  Sp.  mundficar ; Fr.  mondficr. ] To 
cleanse;  to  make  clean.  Browne. 

MUN'DIL,  n.  An  embroidered  turban  richly  or- 
namented to  imitate  gold  and  silver.  Simmonds. 

f MUN-DI  V'A-G  ANT,  a.  [I,,  mundus  and  vagus.] 
Wandering  through  the  world.  Phillips. 

MUM'  DUL,  n.  A division  of  a country:  — the 
head-man  of  a village.  [East  Indies.]  Ogilvie. 

MUN-DUN'GUS,  n.  Stinking  tobacco.  Phillips. 

f MU'NER-A-RY,  a.  [L.  munus,  muneris,  a gift.] 
Having  the  nature  of  a gift.  Bailey. 

t MU'NF.R-Ate,  v.  a.  [I,,  munero,  muneratus; 
munus,  muneris,  a gift.]  To  remunerate.  Coles. 

f MU-NpR-A'TION,  n.  [L.  muneratio .]  Act  of 
remunerating;  remuneration.  Lemon. 

MUNG'-CORN,  n.  See  Mang-corn.  Todd. 

MUN'GRFL  (mung'grjl),  n.  & a.  See  MONGREL. 

MU-Nin'I-PAL,  a.  [L.  municipalis  ; municipium, 
a municipium  ; It.  municipale  ; Sp.  fy  Fr.  muni- 
cipal.') 

1.  Belonging  to  a corporation  or  a city. 

2.  Belonging  to  a state,  kingdom,  or  nation. 

Municipal  law.  See  Law. 

M U -NI  r - 1 - P A T / 1 - T V , n.  [It.  municipality,;  Fr. 
municipalite .]  A municipal  district.  Burke. 

MU-nTc'I-PAL-IIjM,  n.  Municipal  state  or  con- 
dition. [r.]  Ec.  Bev. 


MU-JTI-CIP' I-tjM,  n.  [L.J  (Roman  Latch,  A 
foreign  town  to  which  the  freedom  of  the  city 
of  Rome  was  granted,  and  whose  inhabitants 
had  the  privilege  of  enjoying  offices  and  honors 

. there  : — in  Old  English  law,  a castle.  Burrill. 

MU-NlF'jO,  a.  Munificent.  Blacklock. 

f MU-NIF'I-CATE,  v.  a.  [L.  munfico,  munfica- 
Jtiis.)  .To  enrich.  Cockeram. 

•MjT-NIF'I-CENCli,  n.  [L.  munificent ia ; munfi- 
•<•(»,  biunificent ; It.  inunijicenza  ; Sp.  munifi- 
epneia-,- Fr.  munificence.)  Liberality;  bounti- 
fulness; bounty;  generosity.  Addison. 

Syn. — "See  Bounty.  * 

F MU-NIF'J-CENCE,  n.  [L.  mttnio,  to  fortify.] 
Preparation  for  defence ; fortification.  Spenser. 

MU-NIF'I-CENT,  a.  [L.  inunificus  ; munus,  a gift, 
and  facio,  to  make  ; It.  munficente.)  Liberal ; 
generous;  bountiful;  beneficent.  Atterbury. 

Mi;-NIF'{-CENT-LY,  ad.  Liberally  ; generously. 

t MU'N[-FY,  V.  a.  To  fortify.  Drayton. 

MU'NI-MENT,  it.  [L.  munimentum  ; munio,  to 
fortify.] 

1.  A fortification  ; a stronghold.  Johnson. 

2.  Support;  defence.  Shak. 

3.  pi.  (Law.)  The  evidences  or  writings 

whereby  a man  is  enabled  to  defend  the  title  of 
his  estate.  Burrill. 

MU'NI-MENT— HOUSE,  n.  (Law.)  A place  for 
the  safe-keeping  of  muniments.  Burrill. 

F MU-NITE',  v.  a.  [L . munio,  munitus.)  To  for- 
tify ; to  strengthen.  Bacon. 

t MU-NIT'ING,  n.  Act  of  fortifying.  Bacon. 

MU-NI''TION  (rnu-msh'un),  n.  [L.  munitio  ; mu- 
nio, to  fortify  ; It.  munizione  ; Sp.  municion  ; 
Fr.  munition .] 

1.  A fortification  ; a stronghold;  a fort. 

Keep  the  munition ; watch  the  way.  Nah.  ii.  1. 

2.  Ammunition  of  every  description,  and  mil- 
itary or  naval  stores.  Burn. 

f MU'NI-TY,  n.  Security ; immunity.  IF.  Mountagu. 

M0N-JEET',  ii.  The  commercial  name  for  the 
root  of  Rubia  munjista,  largely  used  for  the 
same  purposes  as  madder.  Simmonds. 

MUN'NION  (mun'yun),  n.  (Arch.)  The  vertical 

post  or  Bar  dividing  a window  into  separate 
lights  ; a mullion.  Britton. 

MUNS,  n.  pi.  The  mouth  and  chops.  [Vulgar.] 

"We  have  an  old  saying,  Stuff  it  in  your  muns.  Richardson. 

MUN  I IN,  ? ft.  (Arch.)  The  central,  vertical 

MUN'TING,  ; piece  that  divides  the  panels  of  a 
door.  Loudon. 

MUNT'JAC,  m.  ( Zoiil .)  A species  of  deer  inhabit- 
ing Java  ;.  Cervulus  vaginalis.  Eng-  Cyc. 

MUNTZ’S'— MET-AL  (munts'jz-),  ft.  A compound 
metal,  used  for  sheathing  and  for  other  pur- 
poses ; — so  named  from  its  inventor.  Simmonds. 

MU 'RA^E,  n.  [L.  munis,  a wall.]  (Old  Eng.  Law.) 
A toll  or  tribute  levied  for  the  building  or  the 
repairing  of  public  walls.  Whishaw. 

MU'RAL,  a.  [L.  muralis  ; murtis,  a wall ; It. 
mura/e  ; Sp.  e,  Fr.  mural.) 

1.  Pertaining  to,  or  resembling,  a wall.  Wright. 

2.  (Med.)  Applied  to  vesicular  calculi,  when 
rugous  and  covered  with  tubercles  or  asperities. 

if /) ' They  are  composed  of  oxalate  of  iron. Dunfiison. 

Mural  arc,  or  arch,  a sesnnent  of  a large  circle  fixed 
in  the  meridian  against  the  wall  of  an  observatory, 
for  the  measurement  of  the  meridian  altitudes  or 
zenith  distances  of  the  heavenly  bodies. — Mural  cir- 
cle, or  quadrant , an  instrument  attached  to  a stone 
wall  or  pier  of  solid  masonry,  and  fixed  in  the  merid- 
ian for  the  purpose  of  measuring  the  distances  of  stars 
from  the  pole  or  zenith.  — Mural  crown,  (Roman  Ant.) 
a golden  crown  decorated  with  turrets,  presented  by 
a commander  to  the  first  man  who  scaled  the  wall  of 
a besieged  city.  IV.  Smith. 

MU'RALED,  a.  Made  into  a mural  crown. 

Ardent  to  deck  his  brows  with  muraled  gold.  Phillips. 

MURC,  ii.  (Bot.)  LIusks  of  fruit  after  the  juice  is 
expressed  ; murk ; marc.  — See  Marc.  Crabb. 

MUR'DER,  ft.  [A.  S.  morther;  moi-th,  death. — 
“ It  is  Mr.  Tooke’s  opinion  that  the  substantive 
murther  is  A.  S.  morthe , the  third  pers.  sing,  of 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  ?,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


MURDER 


943 


MUSCLE 


A.  S.  verb  myrr-an,  to  mar ; but  it  seems  more 
probable  that  the  Goth,  and  A.  S.  verb  maur- 
thrjan,  myrthian,  were  formed  upon  this  third 
person,  and  the  Eng.  substantive  and  verb  from 
it.”  Richardson.  — “ From  the  Fr.  meurtre,  by 
the  change  of  t into  its  kindred  letter  d.  The  root 
is  the  Latin  mors,  death,  or  rather  the  Gr.  yoyos, 
a division  or  share,  — lot,  destiny,  death.”  Sul- 
livan.]  The  act  of  killing  a human  being  with 
malice  prepense,  or  aforethought.  t 
One  murder  makes  a villain, 

Millions  a hero.  Bp.  Porteus. 

1£^=*  The  malice  prepense  is  the  chief  characteris- 
tic which  distinguishes  murder  from  other  species  of 
homicide;  and  it  is  thereat  office  of  the  jury  to  de- 
termine whether  or  not  such  malice  has  been  shown  ; 
either  express,  as  evinced  by  outward  circumstances, 
or  implied,  as  where  one  deliberately  kills  another 
with  provocation,  the  law  implies  malice.  Braude. 

tc  The  . name  of  murder  ( as  a crime)  was  an- 
ciently applied  only  to  the  secret  killing  of  another 
(which  the  word  mocrda  signifies  in  the  Teutonic  lan- 
guage). ” Blackstone. 


MUR'DER,  V.  a.  \l.  MURDERED  ; pp.  MURDERING, 
MURDERED.] 

1.  To  kill  a person  with  malice  prepense. 

2.  To  destroy  ; to  put  an  end  to  ; to  slay. 
Canst  thou  quake  and  change  thy  color, 

Murder  thy  breath  in  middle  of  a word?  Shak. 

3.  To  abuse  or  violate  grossly  ; to  mar ; as, 
“To  murder  language.” 

Syn.  — See  Kill. 

MUR'DJJR-pR,  n.  1.  One  who  murders. 

2.  ( Naut .)  A small  piece  of  ordnance  in  ships 
of  war  ; a murdering-piece.  Smith,  1627. 


MUR'DgR-ESS,  n.  A woman  who  murders. 

MUR'DpR-ING-PIECE,  n.  A very  destructive 
kind  of  ordnance,  having  a wide  mouth,  and 
discharging  large  stones.  Shak. 

T MUR'DIJR-MENT,  n.  Act  of  murdering. Fairfax. 

MUR'DpR-OUS,  a.  Guilty  of,  or  addicted  to,  mur- 
der ; bloody  ; sanguinary  ; blood-thirsty.  Shak. 

MiiR'DgR-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  a murderous  manner  ; 
bloodily ; cruelly.  Sherwood. 


MUR'DRIJSS,  n.  (Fort.) 
mate  or  loop-hole. 


A small  flanking  case- 
Stocqueler. 


T MURE,  n.  [L.  murus  ; Fr.  mur:] 

1.  A wall. 

2.  A tax  for  repairing  walls. 
fMURE,  v.  a.  To  enclose  in  walls. 


Settle. 
Spelman. 
Bp.  Hall. 


MU'RlJN-ijJER,  n.  An  overseer  of  a wall.  Ainsworth: 

MU'  REX,  n.  [L.]  (Conch.)  A genus  of  mollusks, 
including  many  species,  all  of  which  yield  a dye, 
and  many  of  them  a dye  identical  with  the  Tyr- 
ian purple  of  the  ancients.  Woodward. 

MU'R^X-AN,  n.  (Chem.)  Purpuric  acid.  Brande. 

MU'R?X-IDE,  n.  (Chem.)  Purpurate  of  ammonia. 
“ Crystals  of  murexide  which  are  green.” Brande. 

MU'RI-A-CITE,  n.  (Min.)  An  anhydrous  sulphate 
of  lime,  containing  a little  common  salt.  Brande. 

MU'RKATE,  n.  (Chem.)  A salt  composed  of  mu- 
riatic acid  and  a base; — now  more  commonly 
termed  hydrochlorate.  Brande. 

MU'RI-AT-gD,  a.  [L.  muria,  brine.] 

1.  Put  in  brine  or  salt  water.  Evelyn. 

2.  Combined  with  muriatic  acid.  Craiy. 

MU-RT-AT'IC,  a.  Noting  an  acid  obtained  from 
sea-salt,  by  the  action  of  sulphuric  acid  and 
heat;  — formerly  called  marine  acid,  and  spirit 
of  salt,  but  now  generally  termed  hydrochloric 
acid.  Ure. 


MU-RI-A-TIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [Eng.  muriate,  and  L. 
fero,  to  bear.]  Producing  salt.  Wright. 

MU-RI-CAL'CITE,  n.  (Min.)  Rhomb-spar.  Wright. 

MU  RI-C^TE,  £ a [B.  muricatus  \murex,muri- 

MU'RI-CAT-]JD,  ) cis,  a pointed  rock.]  (Nat. 
Hist.)  Covered  with  short,  thick,  sharp-pointed 
tubercles  or  cones.  P.  Cyc. 

MU-RI-cA'TO-HIS'PID,  a.  [ muricate  and  his- 
pid.) (Bot.)  Covered  with  short,  sharp  points 
and  rigid  hairs  or  bristles.  Loudon. 


MU'RI-CITE,  n.  (Pal.)  A fossil  shell  of  the 
genus  Murex.  Rogct. 


MU'RlDE,  n.  [L.  muria,  brine.]  A name  formerly 
given  to  bromine,  from  its  being  an  ingredient 
of  sea-water.  Iloblyn. 

MU'RI-FORM,  a.  [L.  murus,  a wall,  and  forma, 
form.]  (Bot.)  Resembling  the  bricks  in  the 
wall  of  a house.  P-  Cyc. 

MU'RINE,  n. ; pi.  mu'rines.  [L.  mus,  muris,  a 
mouse.]  (Zoul.)  A tribe  of  rodent  quadrupeds,  of 
yvhich  the  mouse  is  the  type.  Brande. 

MU'RINE,  a.  Relating  to  mice.  Booth. 

MURK,  n.  [Sw.  murker.']  Darkness.  Shak. 

MURK,  n.  Husks  of  fruit;  marc.  Ainsworth. 

MURK'I-LY,  ad.  In  a murky  manner.  Clarke. 

MURK'Y,  a.  [Dan.  § Sw.  murk.]  Dark  ; cloudy  ; 
wanting  light ; dusky  ; hazy  ; obscure.  Milton. 

MUR' MUR,  n.  [L.]  1.  A low,  continuously  re- 

peated sound,  as  that  of  a stream  running  over 
a stony  bottom. 

My  ears  with  hollow  murmurs  rung.  Phillips. 

2.  A complaint,  half  suppressed ; mutter. 
Doth  God  exact  day -labor,  light  denied? 

I fondly  ask.  But  Patience,  to  prevent 
'[’hat  murmur , soon  replies,  God  doth  not  need 
Either  man’s  work  or  his  own  gifts;  who  best 
Bear  his  mild  yoke,  they  serve  him  best.  Milton. 

MUR'MUR,  v.  n.  [Gr.  yopyipm  ; L.  murmuro  ; It. 
mormorare-,  Sp.  murmurar  ; Fr.  murmurer. — 
According  to  Liddell  § Scott,  the  Gr.  yopyupui  is 
formed  by  reduplication  from  yiipo),  to  flow.]  [£. 
MURMURED  ; pp.  MURMURING,  MURMURED.] 

1.  To  make  a low,  continued  sound,  as  of  a 
running  stream,  or  of  flame  agitated  by  the  wind. 

He  murmurs  near  the  running  brooks 
A music  sweeter  than  their  own.  Wordsworth. 

2.  To  utter  secret  and  sullen  discontent ; to 
complain  ; to  repine  ; to  mutter  ; — with  at  be- 
fore things,  and  against  before  persons. 

Murmur  at  nothing.  If  our  ills  are  reparable,  it  is  ungrate- 
ful; if  remediless,  it  is  vain.  Colton. 

MUR-MIT-RA'TION,  n.  [L.  murmuratio  ; It.  mur- 
murazione  ; Sp.  murmuracion.]  The  act  of 
murmuring  ; a low  sound  ; murmur,  [r.]  Skelton. 

MUR'MUR-]JR,  n.  One  who  murmurs  ; a repiner. 

MUR'MUR-ING,  n.  Act  of  one  who  murmurs. 

MUR'MUR-ING,  p.  a.  Making  a murmur. 

MUR'MUR-ING-LY,  ad.  In  a murmuring  manner  ; 
with  a low  sound  ; mutteringly.  Sherwood. 

MUR'MUR-OUS,a.  Exciting  murmur;  murmuring. 

Round  his  swoln  heart  the  murmurous  fury  rolls.  Pope. 

fMUR'NI-vAL,  n.  [Fr.  mornifle .]  (Card-play- 
ing.) Four  cards  of  a sort.  Skinner. 

MURR,  n.  [See  Murrain.]  A disease,  having 
some  resemblance  to  small-pox,  which  affects 
cattle,  especially  sheep,  and  is  said  to  have  been 
transferred  to  man  ; murrain.  Dunglison. 

MUR'RAIN  (mur'rjb),  n.  [It.  moria  ; Sp . morrina. 
— L.  morior,  to  die.  Skinner.  — Gr.  yayaiv w,  to 
waste.  Minsheu.  — A.  S.  myrran,  to  mar,  to  de- 
stroy. Richardson .]  A malignant  epidemic,  or 
influenza,  which  sometimes  makes  terrible  havoc 
among  cattle  ; the  plague  in  cattle  ; murr. 

This  plague  of  murrain  continued  twenty-eight  years  ere 
it  ended,  arid  was  the  first  rot  that  ever  was  in  England. 

Stow,  Edw.  I.,  12 57. 

MUR'RAIN  (mur'rin),  a.  Infected  with  the  murrain. 
“ The  murrain  flock.”  Shak. 

t MURRE  (iniir),  n.  A kind  of  bird ; the  auk.  Carew. 

fMUR'RIJY  (mur're),  a.  [It.  morello  ; Sp .morado; 
Old  Fr.  moree.  — “ So  called  from  the  color  of 
the  Moors,  or  rather  from  the  color  of  the  mul- 
berry.” Skinner .]  Of  a dark  reddish-brown 
color ; — called  by  heralds  sanguine. 

One  had  a murrey  cloth  gown  on.  Greene. 

MUR'RHINE  (mur'rin),  a.  [L.  mitrrhinus ; mur- 
rha,  a kind  of  stone ; It.  mxtrrino ; Fr.  murrhin .] 
Applied  to  vases  used  in  Rome  as  wine-cups, 
and  believed  to  have  the  faculty  of  breaking,  if 
poison  was  mixed  with  the  beverage.  FairhoU. 

MUR'RI-ON,  n.  A helmet ; a morion.  King. 

-f-MURTIl,  n.  Plenty,  as  of  grain.  Ainsworth. 

f MUR'THER,  n.  & v.  a.  See  Murder. 

MUR  ' ZA,  n.  An  hereditary  nobleman  among  the 
Tartars.  Brande. 


SSf  “ The  Tartar  muria  is  evidently  of  the  same 
origin  with  the  Persian  mina,  with  which,  however, 
it  must  not  be  confounded.”  Brande. 

MLTS,n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  p?5.  — See  Mouse.]  (Zoul.) 
A genus  of  animals  ; the  mouse.  Bell. 

MU'SA,n.;  vI.mu'sje.  [L.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of 
endogenous  plants,  indigenous  to  Asia,  and  in- 
cluding the  plantain  and  banana.  Eng.  Cyc. 

MU-SA'CEOUS  (66),  a.  (Bot.)  Relating  to  the  Mu- 
sac  ere,  an  order  of  endogenous  plants.  Eng.  Cyc. 

MU'^AL,  a.  Relating  to  the  Muse;  relating  to 
poetry ; poetical,  [r.]  Ec.  Rev. 

MU' SAPH,  n.  A book  among  the  Turks  which 
contains  their  law.  Crabb. 

fMU'^ARD,  n.  [Fr.  — See  Muse.]  One  who 
muses  ; a dreamer ; a muser.  Chaucer. 

MUS'CA,n.;  pi . mus' cm:.  [L.] 

1.  (Ent.)  A genus  of  dipterous  insects,  con- 

taining such  species  as  have  the  third  joint  of 
the  antennae  twice  or  three  times  as  large  as  the 
second ; a fly.  Eng.  Cyc. 

Keg-  “ The  common  house-fly  affords  a familiar  ex- 
ample of  this  genus.”  Eng.  Cyc. 

2.  (Astron.)  A constellation  of  the  southern 

hemisphere.  Nichol. 

MUS'CA-DEL,  n.  [It.  nioscadello  ; Sp .moscatel; 
Fr.  muscadet .] 

1.  A sort  of  sweet  grape,  and  a sweet  wine 
made  from  it;  muscat;  muscatel.  Johnson. 

2.  A kind  of  sweet  pear.  Johnson. 

MUS'CA-DINE,  or  MUS'CA-DINE  (19)  [mfis'k?- 
din,  S.  W.  J.  F.  K.  R.  C. ; mus'k?-dln,  Ja.  Sw.], 
n.  Muscadel.  — See  Muscadel.  Shak. 

MUS'CAR-DINE,  n.  1.  A disease,  attended  with 
the  development  of  a fungus  belonging  to  the 
genus  Botritis,  which  kills  silk-worms  in  great 
numbers.  Eng.  Cyc. 

2.  (Bot.)  A fungus  (Botritis  bassiana),  which 
is  destructive  to  silk-worms.  Lindley. 

MUS-CA'RJ,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  liliaceous 
plants,  including  the  grape  hyacinth.  Eng.  Cyc. 

MUS-CAR'I-FORM,  a.  [L.  muscarium,  a fly-brush, 
and  forma,  form.]  Shaped  like  a brush.  Smart. 

MUS'CAT,  ) n.  [See  Muscadel.]  A sort  of 

MUS'CA-TEL,  ) sweet  French  wine  and  grape  ; 
muscadel ; muscadine.  Booth. 

/IYU  “ Tile  term  muscat,  applied  to  particular  kinds 
of  grape,  is  not  derived  from  the  perfumed  or  musky 
flavor  of  those  varieties,  but  from  the  berries  attract- 
ing flies  (muscat).”  Loudon. 

MUSCH']JL-KAlK,  n.  [Ger.  muschel,  shell,  and 
kalk,  lime.]  (Geol.)  A limestone  belonging  to 
the  upper  new  red  sandstone  group,  and  occur- 
ring between  the  magnesian  iimestone  and  the 
lias.  Lyell. 

“ This  formation  has  not  yet  been  found  in 
England,  and  the  German  name  is  adopted  by  Eng- 
lish geologists.”  Lyell. 

Mirs'cl,  n.pl.  [L.]  (Bot.)  Mosses  ; a group  of 
cryptogamie  or  flowerless  plants.  Eng.  Cyc. 

MUS'CLE  (mus'sl),  n.  ; pi.  MUSCLES  (mus'slz).  [L. 
musculits;  It.  muscolo  ; Sp.  musculo  ; Fr.  mus- 
cle ■,  Dut.,  Ger.,  Dan.,  § Sw.  muskel.  — Gr.  pits, 
and  yvutv;  pus,  a mouse,  — because,  according  to 
some  etymologists,  the  ancients  compared  the 
muscles  to  flayed  mice.  — “According  to  Die- 
merbroeck,  Douglass,  Ghaussier,  &c.,  yodiv  comes 
rather  from  yviiv,  to  close,  to  move,  &c.,  a func- 
tion proper  to  muscles.  Tins  etymon  is  the 
more  probable.”  Dunglison .] 

1.  An  animal  tissue  composed  of  bundles  of 
soft  and  usually  reddish  fibres,  endowed  with  a 
peculiar  power  of  contracting. 

fsgf  Muscles  consist  of  parallel,  or  nearly  parallel, 
fleshy  bundles  enclosed  in  coverings  of  cellular  tissue, 
and  capable  of  being  indefinitely  divided  into  fila- 
ments or  fibrils  similarly  ensheathed.  Areolar  mem- 
brane, vessels,  and  nerves  are  also  included  in  the 
composition  of  muscles.  The  muscles  are  divided 
into  two  classes  : voluntary  muscles,  which  execute 
movements  under  the  influence  of  the  will,  as  the 
muscles  of  the  limbs,  head,  &c.  ; and  involuntary 
muscles,  over  which  the  will  has  no  immediate  or 
constant  control,  as  the  heart,  the  fleshy  fibres  of  the 
stomach,  &c.  Dunglison. 

2.  A bivalve  mollusk  of  the  genus  Myrtilus ; 

a mussel.  — See  Mussel.  Carew. 


MiEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — (J,  <;,  g,  soft;  C,  6,  g,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


MUSCLEBAND 


944 


MUSK 


MUS'CLE-BAND,  n.  The  name  given  to  a stratum 
of  imperfect  iron-stone  and  indurated  shell, 
found  in  the  Derbyshire  and  Yorkshire  coal- 
fields;— so  called  from  the  resemblance  of  the 
shells  to  fresh-water  muscles,  and  from  their 
abundance.  Wright. 

M US 'OLE— BED,  n.  A repository  for  muscles. 

MUS'CLED  (inus'sld),  a.  Having  muscles.  Gay. 

MUS'CLING  (mijs'ljng),  n.  Exhibition  of  muscles. 

A good  piece,  the  painters  say,  must  have  good  muscling, 
as  well  as  coloring  and  drapery.  ShaJ  tesbury. 

MUS'COID,  a.  [L.  muscus,  moss,  and  Gr.  ilios, 
form.]  ( Bot .)  Having  the  appearance  of  moss  ; 
moss-like.  Wright. 

MUS'COID,  n.  (Bot.)  A moss-like  plant.  Wright. 

MUS-C0L'0-(?Y,  n.  [L.  muscus,  moss,  and  Gr. 
j.oyos,  discourse.]  (Bot.)  The  part  of  descriptive 
botany  which  treats  of  mosses.  Gray. 

MUS-COS'I-TY,  n.  [L.  muscosus,  mossy  ; Sp.  mus- 
cosidad ; Fr.  museo  site.)  Mossiness.  Wright. 

MUS-CO- VA'DO,  a.  [It.  mascavata  ; Sp.  masca- 
bado;  Fr.  moscouade.)  Noting  a kind  of  un- 
refined sugar ; unclayed  brown  sugar.  Edwards. 

MUS-CO- VA'DO,  n.  A kind  of  raw  or  unrefined 
sugar  ; unclayed  brown  sugar.  Simmonds. 

MUS'CO-VlTE,  n.  1.  (Geog.)  A native  of  Mus- 
covy, or  ancient  Russia.  P.  Cyc. 

2.  (Min.)  A name  sometimes  given  to  mica  ; 
Muscovy-glass  ; glimmer.  Dana. 

MUS'CO-VY,  n.  (ZoSl.)  A name  occasionally  ap- 
plied to  the  desman,  or  musk-rat.  Maunder. 

MUS'CO-VY— DUCK,  n.  (Ornith.)  The  musk- 
duck  ; Anas  moschata  of  Linnteus.  Eng.  Cyc. 

MUS'CO-VY— GLASS,  n.  (Min.)  A name  for  mica  ; 
Muscovite ; Muscovy.  Simmonds. 

MUS'CU-LAR,  a.  [It . muscolarc ; Sp  .muscular-, 
Fr.  musculaire.—  See  Muscle.] 

1.  Belonging  or  relating  to  the  muscles  ; mus- 
culous  ; sinewy.  “ Muscular  arteries.” Dunglison. 

2.  Full  of  muscles ; brawny;  stout;  strong. 

The  spreading  shoulders,  muscular  and  broad.  Thomson. 

Muscular  impressions,  the  marks  or  indentations  in 
the  shells  of  acephalous  bivalves,  which  indicate  the 
insertion  of  the  muscles,  by  which  the  animal  is  at- 
tached  to  its  shell.  • Woodward. 

MUS-CU-LAR'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being  mus- 
cular ; brawniness.  Grew. 

MUS'CU-LAR-LY,  ad.  In  a muscular  manner. 

MUS'cr-LlTE,  n.  [L.  musculus,  a sea-muscle, 
and  Gr.  ZiBos,  a stone.]  (Pal.)  A petrified  mus- 
cle or  shell.  Wright. 

MUS'ey-LO— CU-TA'NE-OUS,  a.  (Med.)  Apper- 
taining to  muscles  and  skin.  “ T wo  musculo- 
cutaneous nerves.”  Dunglison. 

MUS'ey-LO— SPI'RAL,  a.  (Med.)  Applied  to  a 
nerve,  called  also  the  radial  nerve.  Dunglison. 

MUS'CU-LOUS,  a.  [L . musculosus  ■,  It . muscolo- 
so;  Sp . muscttloso ; Fr.  musculeux.) 

1.  Pertaining  to  muscles  ; muscular.  Bay. 

2.  F ull  of  muscles  ; brawny  ; muscular. 

They  are  musculous  and  strong  beyond  what  their  size 

gives  reason  for  expecting.  Johnson. 

MUS' CUS,  n. ; pi.  mSs'cI.  [L.]  (Bot.)  Moss. 

MU§E,  n.  [Gr.  povaa, — “probably  from  paw,  to 
seek  out,  to  invent.”  Liddell  § Scott;  L.,  It., 
§ Sp.  musa ; Fr.  muse.) 

1.  Deep  thought;  abstraction;  absence  of 
mind  ; brown  study  ; revery. 

He  was  filled 

With  admiration  and  deep  muse,  to  hear 

Of  things  so  high  and  strange.  Milton. 

2.  The  deity  or  power  of  poetry  or  song. 

T.odona’s  fate,  in  long  oblivion  cast. 

The  Muse  shall  sing;  and  what  she  sings  shall  last.  rope. 

3.  (Greek  Myth.)  One  of  the  inspired  god- 
desses of  song  ; one  of  the  nine  goddesses  who 
presided  over  poetry,  painting,  rhetoric,  music, 
and  the  liberal  arts  in  general. 

I®*  The  names  of  the  nine  Muses  are  Calliope, 
Clio,  Erato,  Euterpe,  Melpomene,  Polyhymnia,  Terp- 
sichore, Thalia,  and  Urania. 

4.  One  who  writes  poetry  ; a poet ; a bard,  [k.] 

So  may  some  gentle  muse 

With  lucky  words  fator  my  destined  urn; 

Ami.  as  he  passes,  turn, 

And  bid  fair  peace  be  to  my  sable  shroud.  Milton. 


ttsy  Upon  this  passage,  Jortin  remarks,  “ Muse,  in 
tile  masculine,  for  poet,  is  very  hold.” 

5.  The  opening  in  a fence  or  thicket  through 
which  a hare,  or  other  beast  of  sport,  is  accus- 
tomed to  pass  ; a muset. 

’Tis  as  hard  to  find  a hare  without  a muse  as  a woman 
without  a scusc.  Greene. 

6.  A loop-hole  ; a means  of  escape,  [it.] 

For  these  words  still  left  a muse  for  the  people  to  escape. 

JV.  IJacon. 

MU§E  (muz),  v.  n.  [It.  musare  ; Fr.  muser.]  \i. 
MUSED  ; p/>.  MUSING,  MUSED.] 

1.  To  think  closely  or  intensely  ; to  study  in 
silence  ; to  ponder ; to  meditate  ; to  contemplate. 

Wc  muse  so  much  on  the  one  that  we  are  apt  to  overlook 
and  forget  the  other.  * Atlerlmry. 

2.  To  be  absent  of  mind  ; to  be  in  a revery 
or  brown-study. 

You  suddenly  arose  and  walked  about, 

Musing  and  sighing,  with  your  arms  across.  Shak. 

3.  +To  be  amazed  ; to  wonder. 

Do  not  muse  at  me,  my  most  worthy  friends; 

I have  a strange  infirmity.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Contemplate,  Think. 

MUSjE  (muz),  v.  a.  To  meditate  ; to  think  on  ; to 
reflect  upon  ; to  consider  ; to  ponder. 

Come,  then,  expressive  Silence!  muse  his  praise.  Thomson. 

MU§E'FUL,  a.  Musing;  silently  thoughtful. 

As  slow  he  winds  in  mUseful  mood.  IVarton. 

MU§E'FUL-LY,  ad.  Thoughtfully.  Wright. 

MU^E'L^SS,  a.  Regardless  of  poetry : — thought- 
less. 

Museless  and  unbookish  they  were,  minding  nothing  but 
the  feats  of  war.  Milton. 

MU-^F.-OG'R A-PHIST,  n.  [Gr.  govaeiou,  haunt  of 
the  Muses,  and  ypAipw,  to  write.]  One  who  de- 
scribes the  articles  in  a museum.  Jodrell. 

MU§'UR,  n.  One  who  muses.  Johnson. 

MU§E'— RID,  a.  Driven  by  poetical  enthusiasm. 

No  meagre,  muse-ricl  mope,  adust  and  thin.  Pope. 

fMU'^pT,  n.  (Hunting.)  A gap  in  a fence  or 
thicket,  through  which  the  hare  passes.  Shak. 

MU-§ETTE',n.  [Fr.]  1.  (Mus.)  The  name  of  an 
air  generally  written  in  common  time,  and  the 
character  of  which  is  always  soft  and  sweet : — 
a small  kind  of  bagpipe  formerly  much  used  in 
most  countries  of  Europe.  Moore. 

2.  f A kind  of  dance.  Moore. 

MU-§E'lTM  [mu-ze'unf,  S.  IF.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K. 
Sm.  C.  Wo.  ; — erroneously  mu'ze-um],  n. ; pi. 
L.  MU-S&  'a  ; Eng.  mv-§e'vm?.  [Gr.  povoeiov, 
a place  dedicated  to  the  Muses,  haunt  of  the 
Muses  ; L.  museum  ; It.  $ Sp.  museo  ; Fr.  mu- 
sec.)  A place,  building,  or  room  devoted  to  the 
collection,  preservation,  and  exhibition  of  cu- 
rious objects  in  nature  and  art ; a repository  of 
curiosities. 

Among  the  most  celebrated  [museums]  may 
be  named,  the  Louvre  at  Paris,  the  Vatican  at  Rome, 
the  Bourbon  at  Naples,  and  the  Britisli  Museum  at 
London.”  Fairliolt. 

MUSH,  n.  1.  The  dust  or  dusty  refuse  of  any  dry 
substance ; any  thing  decayed  or  soft.  Brackett. 

2.  Hasty  pudding  made  of  Indian  meal.  [U.S.] 

MUSII'ROOM,  n.  [Fr.  mousscron.) 

1.  (Bot.)  A fungous  plant  of  the  genus  Agar- 
icus. 

Mushrooms  inhabit  meadows,  heaths,  rocks, 
ami  masses  of  decaying  vegetable  matter,  in  many 
parts  of  the  temperate  regions  of  the  earth.  Among 
them  a large  proportion  are  poisonous,  a few  aro 
wholesome,  blit  by  far  the  greater  number  are  un- 
known in  regard  to  their  action  upon  tile  human  con- 
stitution. The  name  is,  in  popular  use,  often  restrict- 
ed to  the  edible  species.  Eng.  Cyc.  Simmonds. 

2.  An  upstart ; a parvenu  ; one  who  has  sud- 

denly risen  into  notice;  — so  used  in  allusion 
to  the  rapid  growth  of  some  species  of  mush- 
room. Bacon. 

Tally,  the  humble  mushroom,  scarcely  known, 

The  lowly  native  of  a country  town.  Dryden. 

MUSII'ROOM,  a.  Of  sudden  growth  and  decay; 
ephemeral.  “ Mushroom  popularity.”  IF.  Pitt. 

MUSII'ROOM— IIEAD'ED,  a.  (Bot.)  Applied  to  a 
cylindrical  body  capped  by  a convex  head  of 
larger  diameter.  Henslow. 

MUSII'ROOM— SPAWN,  n.  The  seed  of  the  mush- 
room sold  in  mass  by  gardeners.  Simmonds. 


MUSII'ROOM— STONE,  n.  A kind  of  fossil  re- 
sembling a mushroom.  Woodward. 

MU'§jC,  n.  [Gr.  povotKi'i ; L.,  It.,  $ Sp.  musica  ; 
Fr.  musique.) 

1.  The  science  which  teaches  the  properties, 

dependences,  and.relations  of  melodious  sounds  ; 
an  art  over  which  muses  presided,  especially 
music  or  the  art  of  producing  harmony  and  mel- 
ody by.  the  due  combination  and  arrangement 
of  those  sounds ; the  science  of  harmonical 
sounds.  Moore. 

2.  Any  combination  of  sounds  agreeable  to 
the  ear  ; melody  ; harmony  ; symphony. 

The  man  that  hath  no  music  in  himself. 

Nor  is  not  moved  with  concord  of  sweet  sounds, 

Is  fit  for  treasons,  stratagems,  and  spoils.  Shak. 

A good  ear  for  music,  and  a taste  for  music,  are  two  very 
different  things,  which  are  often  confounded.  Grcville. 

Music  hath*  charms  to  soothe  the  savage  breast.  Congreve. 

Music  of  the  spheres , the  harmony  supposed  by  the 
ancient  Platonists  to  be  produced  by  the  revolution  of 
the  crystal  orbs,  in  which  they  considered  that  the 
heavenly  bodies  moved.  This  music  was  so  loud, 
various,  and  sweet,  as  to  exceed  all  aptitude  or  pro- 
portion of  the  human  ear,  and  therefore  could  not  be 
heard  by  men.  T.  Warton. 

Syn. — See  Melody. 

MU'^I-CAL,  a.  [Fr.]  Belonging  to,  producing,  or 
containing  music  ; harmonious  ; melodious  ; 
tuneful ; symphonious  ; sweet-sounding. 

Sweet  bird,  that  shunn’st  the  noise  of  folly, 

Most  musical,  most  melancholy.  Milton. 

Musical  glasses,  a musical  instrument  invented  by 
Benjamin  Franklin,  consisting  of  a number  of  glass 
goblets,  tuned  by  pouring  more  or  less  water  into 
them,  and  played  upon  with  tiie  end  of  a wetted  fin- 
ger ; harmonica.  Moore. 

MU'§I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a musical  manner.  Howell. 

MU'ijI-CAL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  musical. 

MU'SjlC— DRAW-ING,  a.  Producing  melody.  “The 
music-drawing  bow.”-  Cooper. 

MU'^IC— FO'LI-O,  n.  A case  or  hook  for  holding 
loose  music  ; a music-wrapper.  Simmonds. 

MU-§PCIAN  (mu-zish'an),  n.  [Fr.  musicien.) 

1.  One  skilled  in,  or  a teacher  of,  music. 

2.  A performer  on  a musical  instrument. 

The  praise  of  Bacchus  then  the  sweet  musician  sung.  Dryden. 

Q3P  “ Tiie  former  sense  of  this  word  is  scarcely  ex- 
pressed by  it,  afccustomed,  as  we  are,  to  understand  it 
only  in  tiie  latter  ; some  phrase,  as  scientific  musician, 
or  musical  composer,  is  commonly  employed  to  mark 
the  difference.”  Smart. 

MU'^jO— Li'CIJNSE,  n.  A permission  from  the 
magistrates  to  hold  concerts  and  vocal  enter- 
tainments, &c.,  at  a room  or  house.  Simmonds. 

MU'^IC-LOFT,  n.  A raised  balcony  or  gallery 
for  a band  or  choir.  Simmonds. 

MU'^IC— MAs'TER,  n.  A teacher  of  music.  Dryden. 

MU'^IC-MlS'TRESS,  n.  A female  teacher  of  mu- 
sic. Simmonds. 

MU-§T-COG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  povotmi,  music,  and 
ypaipm,  to  write.]  The  symbolical  writing  of 
music  ; the  writing  of  musical  notes.  De  Stains. 

MU'§I-CO— MA'NI-A,  n.  (Med.)  A variety  of 
monomania  in  which  the  passion  for  music  is 
carried  to  such  an  extent  as  to  derange  the  in- 
tellectual faculties ; musomania.  Dunglison. 

MU'§IC-PA'PER,  n.  Lined  paper,  ruled  in  a pe- 
culiar manner  for  copying  music  on.  Simmonds. 

MU'§IC— SLATE,  n.  A slate  for  writing  music  on. 

MU'SjjlC— SMITH,  n.  A workman  who  makes  the 
metal  parts  for  piano-fortes,  &c.  Simmonds. 

MU'§IC— STAND,  n.  A Canterbury,  or  other  light 
frame,  for  holding  music-books.  Simmonds. 

MU'§IC— STOOL,  n.  A stool  for  a player  on  a 
piano-forte,  &c.,  usually  made  with  a screw,  so 
that  it  may  be  raised  or  lowered  at  pleasure. 

MU'§IC— TYPE,  n.  The  symbols  or  notes  of  mu- 
sic, cast  for  printing  from.  Simmonds. 

MU§'1NG,  n.  Meditation  ; contemplation.  Shak. 

MUSK,  n.  [Arab,  mosch.  — Gr.  p6<*xos ; L.  muscus ; 
It.  lx  Sp.  museo  ; Fr.  muse.) 

1.  A peculiar  concrete  substance,  of  a very 
diffusible  odor,  bitter  taste,  enclosed  in  a bag  or 
sac  which  is  attached  and  peculiar  to  the  abdo- 
men of  the  male  musk-deer  (Moschus  mosch  if- 
ertts).  Eng.  Cyc. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long  ; A,  E,  I,  6„U,  Y,  short ; A,  5,  I,  O,  V.  Y>  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


MUSK 


945 


MUSTAKD-SEED 


2.  The  animal  that  produces  musk  ; the  musk- 
deer.  — See  Musk-deer.  H.  Smith. 

MfJSK,  n.  1.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the  genus  Muscari, 
or  grape-hyacinth ; Muscari  moschatum.  Loudon. 

2.  A plant  of  the  genus  Erodium ; Erodium 
moschatum.  Wright. 

Artificial  musk , a substance  obtained  by  the  action 
of  nitric  acid  upon  oil  of  amber,  and  having  an  odor 
thought  to  resemble  that  of  musk.  Braude. 

MUSK,  v.  a.  To  perfume  with  musk.  Cotgrave. 

MUSK'-AP-PLE,  n.  A fragrant  apple.  Ainsworth. 

MUSK'— BAG,  n.  A bag  or  vessel  containing  musk. 


MUSK'-BEE-TLE,  71.  ( Ent .)  A coleopterous  in- 
sect of  the  genus  Cerambxjx.  Eng.  Cyc. 

/£g““This  insect  emits  a very  strong  and  agreeable 
odor,  which  is  not  unlike  attar  of  roses.  It  certainly 
bears  no  resemblance  to  musk,  though  those  who 
gave  it  the  name  of  music-beetle  appear  to  have  thought 
that  it  did.”  Eng.  Cyc. 

MUSK'-CAt,  n.  The  musk-deer.  Johnson. 

MUSK'-CHER-RY,  n.  A sort  of  cherry.  Ainsworth. 


MUSK'— DEER,  n.  sing.  & 
pi.  (Zoul.)  A ruminant 
animal  with  long  canine 
teeth  in  the  upper  jaw, 
and  without  horns,  of 
the  genus  Moschus,  in- 
habiting the  great  ele- 
vated tracts  of  Central 
Asia,  and  producing 
the  well-known  perfume 
called  musk.  Baird. 


Musk-deer 

( Moschus  moschiferus). 


MUSK'-DUCK,  11.  ( Or - 

nith.)  The  muscovy 
duck;  Anas  moschata  ; — so  called  from  its 
musky  odor. 


MUS-KE-LUN'jpH,  n.  ( Ich .)  The  maskinonge. 
— See  Maskinonge.  Blois. 


MUS'KgT,  ii.  [It.  moschetto  ; Sp.  mosquete ; Fr. 
mousquet.  — “The  root  is  the  L.  musca  (Sp. 
mosca),  fly.”  Sullivan.'] 

1.  The  fire-arm  used  by  regiments  of  the  line. 

The  length  of  a musket  is  fixed  at  three  feet  eight  inches 

from  the  muzzle  to  the  pau.  A.  Jamieson. 

“ As  the  invention  of  fire-arms  took  place  at  a 
time  when  hawking  was  in  high  fashion,  some  of  tiie 
new  weapons  were  named  after  those  birds,  probably 
from  the  idea  of  their  fetching  their  prey  from  on 
high.  Musket  has  thus  become  the  established  name 
for  one  sort,  of  gun.”  JYares. 

2.  The  male  young  of  the  sparrow-hawk.  Shah. 

MUS-iCf  T-EER',  n.  A soldier  whose  weapon  is 
his  musket.  Clarendon. 

MUS-K$T-6oN',  n.  [Fr.  mousqueton.] 

1.  A small  portable  musket,  whose  bore  is  the 
thirty-eighth  part  of  its  length.  A.  Jamieson. 

2.  One  whose  weapon  is  a musketoon.  “Guard 
of  archers  and  musketoons.”  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

MUS'K^T— PROOF,  a.  Capable  of  resisting  the 
effects  of  musket-balls.  Stocqueler. 

MUS'KET-RY,  n.  Muskets  collectively.  Smart. 

MUSK' l-N  ESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  musky. 

MUS-Kl'TO  (mus-ke'to),  n.  See  Mosquito. 

MUSK'— MAL-T.OVV,  n.  ( Bot .)  A species  of  Hi- 
biscus, so  named  from  its  musk-scented  seeds  ; 
Hibiscus  abelmoschus.  Dunglison.  Eng.  Cyc. 

MUSK'MEL-ON,  n.  {Bot.)  A variety  of  Cucumis 
melo ; a melon  of  a fragrant,  musky  odor.  Wood. 

mOsk'— OR-FHIS,  n.  {Bot.)  A species  of  ITer- 
minium;  Herminium  monorchis.  Eng.  Cyc. 

MUSK'— OX,  n.  (Zool.) 

A small  ruminant, 
of  the  ox  family, 
which  lives  among 
the  barren  lands 
of  northern  North 
America.  Baird. 

“ The  flesh  of 
the  bulls  is  highly  fla- 
vored, and  both  bulls 
and  cows  when  lean  Musk-ox  (Ovfijbs  moscJ/atus). 
smell  strongly  of  musk.”  Eng.  Cyc. 

MUSK'— PeAr  (musk'pir),  n.  {Bot.)  A fragrant 
kind  of  pear.  Johnson. 


MUSK'— RAT,  it.  {Zoul.)  1.  An  aquatic  mammal 
of  the  genus  Fiber ; the  musquash.  Audubon. 

AST  Its  odor  resembles  musk,  and  is  owing  to  a 
whitish  fluid  deposited  in  certain  glands  near  the  ori- 
gin of  the  tail.  Audubon. 

2.  An  aquatic  insectivorous  animal,  found  in 
Southern  Russia ; the  desman  ; the  muscovy  ; 
My  gale  moschata.  — See  Desman.  Eng.  Cyc. 

SSf  “ Under  the  tail  of  the  desman  are  two  small 
follicles  containing  a kind  of  unctuous  substance  of  a 
strong  musky  odor,  from  which  the  name  of  musk-rat 
is  given  to  it.”  Maunder. 

MUSK'— ROOT,  n.  The  name  of  a root  which  con- 
tains a strongly  odorous  principle  resembling 
that  of  musk; — used  in  medicine  as  an  anti- 
spasmodic  ; sumbul.  Dunglison. 

MUSK'— RO§E,  ii.  A kind  of  rose,  so  called  from 
its  fragrance  ; Rosa  moschata.  Eng.  Cyc. 

MUSK'— SEED,  n.  The  seed  of  the  Hibiscus  abel- 
moschus, made  into  a tincture  by  the  Arabs 
against  serpent-bites.  Simmonds. 

MUSK'— THlS-TLE  (-thls-sl),  11.  (Bot.)  A kind 
of  thistle,  which  emits  a strong  smell  of  musk  ; 

Carduas  mutans.  Eng.  Cyc. 

MUSK'— WOOD  (-wud),  n.  (Bot.)  A West  Indian 
tree,  remarkable  for  its  musky  odor;  Trichilia 
moschata.  Eng.  Cyc. 

MUSK'Y,  a.  Containing,  or  resembling,  musk  ; 
fragrant ; sweet  of  scent.  Milton. 

MUSLIM,  n.  A Moslem  or  Mussulman.  Lane. 

MU^'LIN,  n.  [“The  name  is  derived  from  the 
town  Mosul,  in  Asia,  where  it  was  originally 
manufactured.”  Braiule.  Trench.  — See  Cal- 
ico.— It.  moussolina ; Sp.  moselina  ; Fr.  mous- 
seline ; Ger.  musselin.  — “ Muslin  is  derived  from 
the  word  mousale,  or  mouseln,  a name  given 
to  it  in  India.”  McCulloch.]  A fine,  thin  cot- 
ton fabric,  either  white,  dyed,  or  printed.  Ure. 

Muslin  is  only  distinguished  from  calico  by  its  superior 
fineness.  Simmonds. 

The  first  muslin  was  imported  from  India  into 
England  in  1670.  Braude. 

MU^'EIN,  a.  1.  Made  of,  or  consisting  of,  muslin. 

2.  (Ent.)  Applied  to  moths  of  certain  genera, 
as  Psyche,  Penthophora,  Nudaria,  &c. Maunder. 

MU^'LrN— D p— LAIN E',  n.  [Fr.  mousseline  de 
laine.]  A fabric  of  wool,  or  of  cotton  and  wool, 
of  very  light  texture  ; mousseline-de-laine. 

MU^'LIN-ET,  n.  A kind  of  muslin  of  which  tliere 
are  several  varieties.  Simmonds. 

MU.S  MON,  ? n ' fjobeyav  ; L.  musmo,  or 

MUS'I-MON,  ) musimo.]  (Ant.)  An  animal  said 
to  be  engendered  between  a she-goat  and  a ram, 
but  considered  by  others  to  be  what  is  now 
called  the  mouffle  of  Sardinia  and  Corsica,  the 
original  of  our  sheep,  — or,  according  to  Aldro- 
vandi,  the  Spanish  sheep.  Anthon. 

Mus-jvud',  n.  A throne  ; a chair  of  state.  [East 
Indies.]  Hamilton. 

MU-ijO-MA'NI- A,  n.  (Med.).  A variety  of  mono- 
mania ; musico-mania.  Dunglison. 

MU-SO-Phao  ' I-D.je,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  yoiiaci,  the  ba- 
nana, and  tp&yw,  to  eat.]  ( Ornith .)  A family  of 
conirostral  birds  of  the  order  Passeres,  includ- 
ing the  sub-families  Musophagince  and  Opistho- 
comince ; plaintain-eaters.  Gray. 

M U-SO-P II A -Gi’ AYE , n. 
pi.  (Ornith.)  A sub- 
family of  conirostral 
African  birds  of  the 
order  Passeres  and 
family  Musophagidce, 
distinguished  by  short, 
largely  elevated,  and 
gibbose  bills  ; plain- 

• tain-eaters.  Gray.  Musoplmga  violacea. 

MUS'aUASH  (mus'kwosh),  n.  [“  Musquash  of 
the  Cree  Indians.”  Eng. 

Cyc.]  (Zoul.)  An  Amer- 
ican aquatic  quadruped 
of  the  genus  Fiber-,  the 
musk-rat  of  Canada  ; 

Fiber  zibethicus. 

Audubon.  ( Coito-S/hciis). 


MUS'dUASII— ROOT,  n.  (Bot.)  A tuberous-rooted 
plant ; the  Claytonia  acutifora.  Simmonds. 

MUS'au^T  (mus'ket),  n.  See  Musket.  Ure. 

MIIS-aui'TO,  n.  See  Mosquito. 

MUS'ROL  [muz'rol,  P.  K.  Wr. ; mus'rol,  Sm.],  n. 
[Fr.  muserolle  ; muse.au,  a muzzle.]  The  nose- 
band of  a horse’s  bridle.  Bailey. 

MUSS,  n.  [Old  Fr.  mousche.]  A scramble  ; an 
eager  contest.  “ Like  boys  unto  a muss.”  Shah. 

MUSS,  v.  a.  To  disarrange  ; to  disorder;  to  put 
in  confusion.  [Low,  and  local,  U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

MUS'SEL  (mus'sl),  ii.  [Gr.  ybs ; L.  muscu’us  ; It. 
muscolo  ; Sp.  musculo  ; Fr.  mnule.]  A bivalve  of 
the  family  Mytilida;,  attached  to  rocks  by  means 
of  a byssus  ; — written  also  muscle.  Baird. 

MUS'SEL— BED  (mus'sl-bed),  n.  A bed  or  reposi- 
tory of  mussels.  Goldsmith. 

fMUS-SI-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  mussitatio.]  A mum- 
bling ; murmur;  grumble.  Young. 

MUS'SlTE,  n.  (Min.)  A white,  grayish,  or  gray- 
ish-green variety  of  pyroxene,  from  Mussa,  in 
Piedmont ; — called  also  diopside,  white  ciugite, 
and  white  malacolite.  Dana. 

MUS'SUL-MAN,  n.  ; pi.  mus'sul-mXns.  [Arab.] 
A follower  of  Mahomet  or  Mohammed  ; a Ma- 
hometan or  Mohammedan. 

jfiSr-  “ Tiie  term  signifies  1 resigned  to  God,’  and  is 
the  [Arabic]  dual  number  of  the  singular  moslem,  of 
wliicli  muslimi/n  is  tile  plural.”  Braude. 

MUS'SUL-MAN-IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  Mussulmans  ; 
like  Mussulmans  or  their  customs.  Wright. 

MtJs'SUL-MAN-ISH,  a.  Mahometan.  SirT. Herbert. 

MUS'Sl'L-MAN-I^.Vl,  n.  Mahometanism.  Scott. 

MUS'SUL-MAN-LY,  ad.  In  the  manner  of  Mus- 
sulmans. ' Wriglit. 

MUS'SUL-WOM-AN  (-wum-),  ii.  A female  Ma- 
hometan. [Ludicrous.]  Byron. 

MUST,  v.  (A  defective  verb,  used  as  auxiliary  to 
another  verb,  and  having  no  inflection.)  [Goth. 
inotan ; A.  S.  most,  or  mot ; But.  molten  ; Ger. 
miissen;  Sw.  maste;  Icel.  ind ; Polish  mussze; 
Bohemian  musy.]  To  be  bound  or  obliged  by 
physical  or  moral  necessity  ; to  be  necessitated. 

Order  is  Heaven’s  first  law;  and,  this  confessed, 

Some  are,  and  must  be,  greater  than  the  rest.  Pope. 

MUST,  n.  [A.  S.  must ; Dut.,  Ger.,  4 Dan.  most-, 
Icel.  <Sr  Sw.  must-,  Bohemian  mest\  Polish  mus- 
zeck.  — L.  mustum  ; It.,  Sp.,  4 Port,  mosto  ; Fr. 
motet.  ] 

1.  The  sweet  or  unfermented  juice  of  the 
gi’ape ; new  wine. 

For  drink  the  grape 

She  crushes,  inoffensive  must.  Milton. 

2.  Quality  of  being  musty  ; mustiness  ; mil- 
dew ; mould.  " Roget. 

MUST,  v.  a.  [L.  mvceo ; Fr.  moisir.]  To  mould  ; 
to  make  mouldy  or  musty.  Mortimer. 

MUST,  v.  11.  To  grow  mouldy.  Johnson. 

MUS'TAC,  11.  A small,  tufted  monkey.  Wright. 

MUS-TA<JHE'  (mus-tilsli'  or  mus-tash'),  n.  ; pi. 
MUS-TA'CHE§,  or  MlIS-TA'OHE§  [llius-ta'slljz,  ,S. 

W.  P.  J.  F.  C. ; mus-ta'shiz,  Ja.  K.  Sin.  R.] 
[Gr.  yiiora^  ; It.  mostacchio  ; Sp.  mostacho  ; Fr. 
moustache.]  The  hair,  when  suffered  to  grow, 
on  the  upper  lip  ; — written  also  moustache. 

Johnson. 

MUS-TA'CHIO  (mns-t&'sho),  n.  Mustache.  “On 

' their  upper  lip  large  miistachios.”  Milton. 

MUS-TA'CIII-OED  (mus-t'i'she-od),  a.  Having  or 
wearing  mustaches.  E.  Sidney. 

MUSTAIBA,  11.  A.  close,  heavy  wood,  imported 
from  Brazil,  and  used  in  turnery.  Simmonds. 

MUS'TANG,  n.  The  wild  horse  of  the  American 
pampas  and  prairies.  Thorpe. 

MUS'TARD,  n.  [It .mostarda;  Sp .mostaza;  Fr. 
moutarde.  — Ger.  mustert.  — W.  mwstard.  — 
“From  mustum  ardens,  in  allusion  to  its  hot  and 
biting  character.”  Eng.  Cyc.]  (Bot.)  A plant 
of  the  genus  Sinapis,  and  its  pulverized  seed, 
much  used  as  a condiment.  Eng.  Cyc. 

MUS'TARD— POT,  n.  A vessel  to  hold  mustard.  Ash. 

MUS'TARD— SEED,  n.  The  seed  of  mustard.  Ash. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE, 
119 


NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE. 


— <?>  £>  soft;  G,  G,  5,  I,  hard;  § as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


MUSTEE 


MUTUAL 


MUS-TEE',  n.  See  MeStee. 

MUS-TF.L' I-DJE,  n.  pi.  (ZoUl.)  A family  of  small 
carnivorous  quadrupeds,  of  which  the  genus 
Mustela,  or  weasel,  is  the  type.  Baird. 

MCs'T$-LTNE  (19),  a.  [L.  mustelinus  ; mustela, 
a weasel.]  Pertaining  to  the  weasel.  Maunder. 

MUS'TfR,  t7.  a.  [L.  monstro,  to  show;  It.  mos- 
trare  ; Sp.  mostrar  ; Fr.  montrer.  — Dut.  monste- 
ren ; Ger.  mustern  ; Dan.  mynstre  ; Sw.  mlinstre. 

■ — “Anciently  written  mostre.”  Richardson.'] 
[7.  MUSTERED  ; pp.  MUSTERING,  MUSTERED.] 

1.  (Mil.)  To  assemble  under  arms  for  review, 
parade,  exercise,  and  inspection. 

2.  To  bring  together  ; to  collect ; to  assemble. 

A daw  tricked  himself  up  with  all  the  gay  feathers  he 

could  muster.  L' Estrange. 

Syn. — See  Assemble. 

MUS'TIJR,  v.  n.  To  assemble  as  soldiers  ; to  form 
an  ariny  ; to  meet  together;  to  collect.  Shak. 

MUS'TpR,  n.  (Mil.)  1.  An  assembling  of  troops 
for  a review  ; a review  of  troops  under  arms,  fully 
equipped,  in  order  to  take  an  account  of  their 
numbers,  inspect  their  arms  and  accoutrements, 
and  examine  their  condition.  Mil.  Ency. 

2.  A register  of  forces  mustered. 

Ye  publish  the  mutters  of  your  own  bands,  and  proclaim 
them  to  amount  to  thousands.  Hooker. 

3.  A collection;  an  assemblage.  Johnson. 

To  pass  muster,  to  pass  without  censure,  as  one 

among  a number.  South. 

M US 'TER— BOOK  (-l)uk),  n.  A book  in  which  the 
forces  are  registered.  Shak. 

MUS'TIJR— FILE,  n.  A muster-roll.  Shak. 

MUS'TflR— MAS'TpR,  n.  (Mil.)  One  who  keeps 

an  account  of  the  troops,  or  superintends  the 
muster  to  prevent  frauds. 

MUS'TER— ROLL,  n.  1.  (Mil.)  A nominal  return 
of  the  officers  and  men  of  every  regiment,  troop, 
and  company  in  the  service.  Mil.  Ency. 

2.  (Law.)  A list  or  account  of  a ship’s  com- 
pany, required  to  be  kept  by  the  master  or  other 
person  having  care  of  the  ship,  containing  the 
names,  ages,  national  character,  and  quality  of 
every  person  employed  in  the  ship.  Burrill. 

mOs'TJ-LY,  ad.  In  a musty  state  or  manner. 

MUS'TI-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  musty. 

MUS'TY,  a.  [From  must.] 

1.  llaving  must;  mouldy;  spoiled  with  damp ; 
soured  ; moist  and  fetid.  “ Musty  straw.”  Shak. 

2.  Spoiled  with  age  ; stale.  “ The  proverb  is 

somewhat  musty.”  Shak. 

3.  Dull;  heavy ; wanting  activity  or  practice ; 

rusty.  “ That  he  may  not  grow  musty  and  un- 
fit for  conversation.”  Addison. 

MU-TA-BrL'I-TY,  n.  [L.  mutahilitas  ; It.  muta- 
bility \ Sp . muiabilidad ; Fr.  mutabilitr.] 

1.  The  quality,  or  the  state,  of  being  muta- 
' ble  ; changeableness;  mutableness. 

Plato  confesses  that  the  heavens  and  the  franieof  the  world 
are  corporeal,  and  therefore  subject  to  mutability.  Stillinyflcct. 

2.  Changeablcness  of  mind ; inconstancy  ; 
fickleness  ; vacillation  ; variableness. 

Ambitions,  covetings,  change  of  prides,  disdain, 

Nice  longings,  slanders,  mutability.  Shak. 

MU'TA-BLE,  a.  [L.  mutabilis  ; muto,  to  change  ; 
It.  mutabile ; Sp.  mudable.] 

1.  Subject  to  change  ; alterable  ; changeable. 

Things  of  the  most  accidental  and  mutable  nature,  acci- 
dental in  their  production,  and  mutable  in  their  continuance. 

South. 

2.  Inconstant ; unsettled  ; fickle  ; unstable. 

Syn.  — See  Changeable. 

MU'TA-BI.E- NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  mutable  ; 
changeableness ; instability?  Sherwood. 

MU'TA-BLY,  ad.  Inconstantly;  variably.  Ash. 

MU'TAtjJE,  n.  A process  for  arresting  the  prog- 
ress of  fermentation  in  the  must  of  grapes.  Ure. 

MU-tAat'  DJf,  n.  pi.  [L.]  Things  to  be  changed. 

MU-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  mvtatio  ; muto,  to  change  ; 
It.  mutazione ; Sp.  mutacion ; Fr.  imitation.] 

1.  Change  ; alteration ; variation. 

All  that  moveth  doth  mutation  love.  Spenser. 

2.  (French  Laio.)  Change,  — particularly, 
change  which  takes  place  in  the  property  of  a 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6 


946 

thing  in  its  transmission  from  one  person  to 
another.  Bouvier. 

.Mutation  of  libel,  (Law.)  an  amendment  allowed  to 
a libel,  by  which  there  is  an  alteration  of  the  sub- 
stance of  the  libel.  Bouvier. 

MU-TA’TIS  MU-tAk' DJS.  [L .,  the  necessary 

changes  being  tnadc.]  (Latv.)  Those  things 
being  changed  in  circumstances  which  the  ar- 
gument requires  to  be  changed.  Qu.  Rev. 

Ep ' “ A phrase  of  frequent  practical  occurrence, 
meaning  that  matters  or  things  are  generally  the  same, 
but  to  be  altered  when  necessary,  as  to  names,  offices, 
and  the  like.”  Bouvier. 

MU'TA-TO-Ry,  a.  Changing;  mutable.  Ellis. 

MUTE,  a.  [Gr.  pvrrts,  pibo; ; L.  mutus;  It.  muto-, 
Sp.  rtntdo  ; Fr.  miict.] 

1.  Not  having  power  to  speak  ; dumb. 

To  the  mute 

My  speech  is  lost,  my  reason  to  the  brute.  Dryclen. 

2.  Utte'ring no  sound  or  words  ; not  speaking; 
silent ; speechless  ; taciturn.  “ All  sat  mute." 

Milton. 

3.  (Law.)  Applied  to  a prisoner  who,  upon 

arraignment,  totally  refuses  to  answer,  insists 
on  mere  frivolous  pretences,  or  refuses  to  put 
himself  upon  his  country,  after  pleading  not 
guilty.  Bouvier. 

4.  (Gram.)  Noting  a letter  that  is  silent  or 
unpronounced,  as  the  b in  lamb : — noting  a 
consonant  the  sound  of  which  is  almost  com- 
pletely interrupted  by  a mutual  contact  of  the 
vocal  organs. 

5.  (Min.)  Applied  to  metals  which  do  not  ring 

when  they  are  struck.  Maunder. 

Syn.  — See  Dumb. 

MUTE,  n.  1.  One  who  has  no  power  of  speech; 
a dumb  person.  Dryden. 

lie  that  never  hears  a word  spoken,  no  wonder  if  he  re- 
mains speechless,  as  one  must  do  Who  from  an  infant  should 
be  bred  up  among  mutes.  Holder. 

2.  One  who  does  not  speak  ; a silent  person. 

Your  mute  I ’ll  be; 

"When  my  tongue  blabs,  then  let  my  eyes  not  see.  Shak. 

3.  In  Turkey,  a dumb  officer  of  a seraglio, 

who  acts  as  executioner  of  persons  of  exalted 
rank.  Brande. 

■ 4.  A person  employed  to  stand  before  the 

door  of  a house  in  which  there  is  a corpse,  for 
a short  time  before  the  funeral.  Brande. 

5.  (Mus.)  A piece  of  wood,  brass,  or  ivory 

fixed  on  the  bridge  of  a violin  to  deaden  the 
sound.  Moore. 

6.  (Gram.)  A consonant  the  sound  of  which 
is  almost  completely  interrupted  by  a mutual 
contact  of  the  vocal  organs. 

pEff-  The  mutes  are  b,  c hard,  d,  g hard,  It,  p,  q,  t. 

MUTE,  n.  The  dung  of  birds.  llutM.br as. 

MUTE,  v.  n.  [Fr.  mutir.]  To  dung,  or  void  ex- 
crement, as  birds.  B.  Jonson. 

MUTE'LY,  ad.  In  a mute  manner  ; silently. 

MUTE'NpSS,  n.  Silence ; aversion  to  speak. 
“ The  bashful  muteness  of  a virgin.”  Milton. 

MU'TI-LATE,  v.  a.  [L.  mutilo,  mutilatus ; It. 
mutilare  ; Sp.  mvtilar-,  Fr . mutiler.]  \i.  muti- 
lated ; pp.  MUTILATING,  MUTILATED.]  To  de- 
prive of  some  essential  part ; to  maim. 

Aristotle’s  works  were  corrupted,  from  Strabo’s  account  of 
their  having  been  mutilated  and  consumed  with  moisture. 

Balter. 

I will  not  in  any  word  willingly  mangle  or  muWate  that 
honorable  man’s  works.  Sir  T.  More. 

Syn.  — A person  who  has  lost  a limb  is  mutilated  ; 
one  who  has  a broken  limb  is  maimed-,  one  who  is 
much  and  irregularly  wounded  is  mangled.  A mangled 
body  is  one  slain  by  being  much  wounded. 

MU'TI-LATE,  l a.  i.  Deprived  of  some'part; 

MU'TI-LAT-Jf.D,  5 mutilated. 

Cripples  mutilate  in  their  own  persons.  Browne. 

2.  (Ent.)  Having  base-covers  which  appear 
unnaturally  short  or  curtailed.  Burmeister. 

MU-TI-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  mutilatio-,  It.  mutila- 
zione  ; Sp.  mutilacion;  Fr.  mutilation.] 

1.  The  act  of  mutilating ; deprivation  of  any 

important  or  essential  part.  Pearson. 

2.  (Law.)  The  act  of  depriving  a man  of  the 

use  of  any  of  those  limbs  which  may  be  useful 
to  him  in  fight,  the  loss  of  which  amounts  to 
mayhem.  Bouvier. 

m0'TI-LA-TOR,  n.  One  who  mutilates.  Qu.  Rev. 


I,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE. 


MU'TI-LOUS,  a.  Mutilated  ; defective.  Wright. 

f MU'TINE,  n.  [Fr.  mutin.]  A mutineer.  Shak. 

f MU'TINE,  v.  n.  [Fr.  mutincr.]  To  mutiny  .Burton. 

MU-TJ-NEER',  n.  One  who  joins  in  a mutiny  ; an 
opposer  of  lawful  authority  : — a person  under 
military  or  naval  authority  who  resists  or  refuses 
obedience  to  that  authority.  Addison. 

MU'TING,  n.  The  dung  of  birds  ; mute.  More. 

MU'TI-NOUS,  a.  Exciting,  promoting,  or  rising 
in  mutiny  ; engaged  in  mutiny  ; seditious  ; in- 
surrectionary ; turbulent ; tumultuous. 

Lend  me  your  guards,  that,  if  persuasion  fail, 

Force  may  against  the  mutinous  prevail.  Waller. 

Syn.  — See  Tumultuous. 

MU'TI-NOUS-Ly,  ad.  Seditiously;  turbulently. 

MU'TJ-NOUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  mu- 
tinous ; seditiousness  ; turbulence.  Johnson. 

MU'TI-NY,  v.  n.  [It.  ammutinarsi ; Sp.  amoti- 
narse;  Fr.  mutincr.  — According  to  Menage, 
from  Low  L.  mutinus ; L.  moveo,  motus,  to 
move.]  \i.  mutinied  ; pp.  mutinying,  muti- 
nied.] To  rise,  or  excite  others  to  rise,  against 
authority,  — particularly  against  military  or  na- 
val authority  ; to  move  sedition. 

The  same  soldiers  who,  in  hard  service  and  in  the  battle, 
are  in  perfect  subjection  to  their  leaders,  in  peace  and  luxury 
are  apt  to  mutiny  and  rebel.  South. 

MU'TI-NY,  n.  [Sp.  motin  ; Fr.  mutinerie.]  In- 
surrection, — particularly  against  military  or  na- 
val authority  ; unlawful  resistance  to  a superior 
officer,  or  the  raising  of  commotions  and  dis- 
turbances on  board  of  a ship  against  the  author- 
ity of  its  commander,  or  in  the  army  in  opposi- 
tion to  the  authority  of  the  officers ; a sedition ; 
a revolt.  Bouvier. 

Syn.  — See  Insurrection. 

MU'TI-NY-lNG,?i.  Act  of  one  who  mutinies.  South. 

MUT 'TF.lt,  v.  n.  [L.  mutio,  or  muttio.)  [i.  mut- 
tered; pp.  muttering,  muttered.]  To  speak 
indistinctly  or  with  imperfect  articulation  ; to 
grumble  ; to  murmur.  Burton. 

MUT'TpR,  v.  a.  To  utter  indistinctly  or  with  im- 
perfect articulation  ; to  murmur. 

A kind  of  men  so  loose  of  soul, 

That  in  their  sleep  will  mutter  their  affairs.  Shak. 

MUT'TpR,  n.  Murmur  ; obscure  utterance. 

Without  his  rod  reversed, 

And  backward  mutters  of  dissevering  power, 

We  cannot  free  the  lady.  Milton. 

MUT’TF.R-F,  R,  n.  One  who  mutters;  a nrurmurer. 

MUT'TpR-ING,  n.  The  act  of  speaking  indis- 
tinctly ; murmur  ; utterance  in  a low  voice. 

MUT'TJJR-ING-LY,  ad.  In  a muttering  or  grum- 
bling manner ; murmuringly.  Johnson. 

MUT'TON  (mut'tn),  n.  [Fr.  mouton.] 

1.  fA  sheep.  “ The  flesh  of  muttons.”  Shak. 

2.  fA.  loose  woman.  J.  Webster. 

“ From  what  allusion,  it  is  not  easy  to  say, 
unless  from  being  considered  as  a lost  slteep.”  Narcs. 

3.  The  flesh  of  sheep  used  for  food. 

MUT'TON— BROTH,  n.  Broth  made  from  mutton. 

MUT'TON— CHOP,  n.  A rib  of  mutton  for  broil- 
ing ; a piece  of  mutton  from  the  rib.  Johnson. 

MUT'TON— CUT'LIJT,  n.  A piece  of  flesh  from 
the  leg  of  a sheep.  Simmonds. 

MUT'TON— FIST,  n.  A large,  red,  brawny  fist. 
“The  soldier’s  mutton-fist.”  Dryden. 

MUT'TON— HAM,  n.  A leg  of  mutton  salted. 

MUT'TON— MON'GER  (nmt'tn-inung'ger,  82),  n.  A 
debauched  man ; a debauchee.  Chapman. 

MUT'TON— PIE,  n.  A pie  made  of  mutton.  Booth. 

MUT'TON— SU'^T,  n.  The  fat  from  the  vicinity 
of  the  kidneys  of  a sheep.  Simmonds. 

MUT'U-AI.  (mut'yu-f>l)  [mu 'cllu-al , S.  W.  J. ; mu'- 
tu-?I,  P.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.],  a.  [L.  mutuus-,  It. 
mutuo-,  Sp  .mutual-,  Fr . mutue/.]  Each  acting 
in  return  or  correspondence  to  the  other ; re- 
ceived and  returned ; interchanged;  reciprocal. 

The  sciences  tire  said,  and  they  are  truly  said,  to  have  a 
mutual  connection,  that  any  one  of  them  may  be  the  better 
understood  for  an  insight  into  the  rest.  lip.  Horsley. 

On  mutual  wants  built  mutual  happiness.  Pope. 

jflSr^The  low  vulgarism  of  4 mutual  friend*  for 
4 common  friend.’  ” Macaulay. 

, FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  IIEIR,  HER; 


MUTUALITY 


947 


MYROXYLIC 


Syn.  Mutual  supposes  sameness  of  condition  at 

the  same  time  ; reciprocal  supposes  an  alternation  or 
succession  of  returns.  Mutual  affection,  inclination, 
interest,  or  benefit ; reciprocal  tie,  duties,  or  obligation. 
Mutual  is  usually  and  properly  applied  to  two  persons, 
or  their  intercourse  with  each  other ; common , to  more 
than  two.  Mutual  friends ; common  interest  or  country. 

MUT-U-AL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being  mutual ; 
reciprocation ; interchange.  Shak. 

MUT'U-AL-LY,  ad.  Reciprocally  ; in  return. 

MU'TU-A-RY,  n.  ( Laic .)  A person  who  borrows 
personal  chattels  to  be  consumed  by  him,  and 
returned  to  the  lender  in  kind.  Bouvier. 

+ MUT-U-A'TION,  n.  [L.  mutuatio.]  The  act  of 
borrowing.  Bp.  Hall. 

+ MUT-U-A-TI"TIOyS  (mut-yu-a-tlsh'us),  a.  [L. 
mutuatitius .]  Borrowed.  More. 

MUT'ULE,  n.  [L.  rnutulus ; It .mutulo;  Fr.  mu- 
tule.]  (Arch.)  A rectan- 
gular block,  attached  to 
the  soffit  of  a Doric  coro- 
na, corresponding  to  the  modillion  of  the  Ionic 
and  Corinthian  cornices.  Britton. 

MUX,  n.  [A  corruption  of  muck.~\  Dirt ; muck. 
[Local,  Eng.]  Grose. 

MUX'Y,  a.  Dirty  ; gloomy.  [Local,  Eng.]  Lemon. 

MUZ 'A-RAB,  n.  A Christian  living  under  the 
sway  of  the  Moors  in  Spain. 

“ So  called,  it  is  said,  from  an  Arabic  word 
signifying  imitators  or  followers  of  the  Arabs.”  Brande, 

MUZ-A-RAB'IC,  a.  Relating  to  the  Muzarabs, 
or  to  a liturgy  preserved  by  the  Christians  in 
Spain.  P.  Cyc. 

It  is  said  that  mass  is  still  celebrated  according  to  the 
Huzarabic  ritual  in  one  chapel  at  Toledo.  Brande. 

MUZ'ZI-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  muzzy.  Beckford. 

MUZ'ZLE  (muz'zl),  n.  [It.  muso,  and  musoliera  ; 
Fr.  museau.  — Low  L.  musus,  and  its  dim.  mu- 
settus.  Landais.  — Skinner  thinks  that  the  It.  <S,- 
Fr.may  be  formed  from  the  A.  S.  muth,  mouth.] 

1.  The  nose  and  mouth  of  an  animal. 

And  like  a greyhound  the  muzzle  and  the  head.  Lydgate. 

2.  A fastening  for  the  mouth  to  prevent  bit- 
ing, eating,  or  sucking,  as  for  dogs,  oxen. 

A mvzzle  strong 

Of  surest  iron,  made  with  many  a link.  Spenser. 

3.  The  mouth  or  nose  of  any  thing  ; a nozzle. 

“ The  muzzle  of  the  bellows.”  Swift. 

MUZ'ZLE,  v.  a.  [i.  muzzled;  pp.  muzzling, 

MUZZLED.] 

1.  To  bind  or  confine  the  mouth  of,  in  order 
to  prevent  biting,  eating,  or  sucking  ; to  gag. 

This  butcher’s  cur  is  venom-mouthed;  and  I 

Have  not  the  power  to  muzzle  him.  Shak. 

2.  To  restrain  from  hurting.  “ My  dagger 

muzzled.”  Shak. 

3.  To  fondle  with  the  mouth.  L’ Estrange. 

MUZ'ZLE,  v.  n.  1.  To  bring  the  muzzle  near. 

The  bear  muzzles  and  smells  to  him.  L' Estrange. 

2.  To  loiter  ; to  stroll  about.  [Local.]  Judd. 

MUZ'ZLE— LASH'1  NG§,  n.  pi.  ( Naut .)  Ropes 

to  lash  the  muzzles  of  guns,  so  as  to  confine 
them  to  the  upper  part  of  the  ports.  Mar.  Diet. 

MUZ'ZLE— RING,  n.  ( Naut .)  A ring  which 

strengthens  the  muzzle  of  a gun.  Mar.  Diet. 

MUZ'ZY,  a.  Half-drunk;  stupefied ; bewildered  ; 
bemused.  [Local  and  vulgar,  Eng.]  Holloicay. 

MY,  or  MY  (ml  or  me)  [ml,  Ja.  E.  K.  T Vb.  ; ml  or 
me,  S.  YV.  P.  F.  Sm.],  a possessive  or  an  ad- 
jective jrronoun.  Belonging  to  me.  — See  Mine. 

“ There  is  a puzzling  diversity  to  foreigners  in 
the  pronunciation  of  this  word,  and  sometimes  to  na- 
tives, when  they  read,  which  ought  to  be  explained. 
It  i^  certain  that  the  pronoun  my,  when  it  is  contra- 
distinguished from  any  other  possessive  pronoun,  and 
consequently  emphatical,  is  always  pronounced  with 
its  full,  open  sound,  rhyming  with  fly ; but  when 
there  is  no  such  emphasis,  it  falls  exactly  into  the 
sound  of  me,  the  oblique  case  of  I.  Thus,  if  I were  to 
say,  ‘ My  pen  is  as  bad  as  my  paper,’  I should  neces- 
sarily pronounce  my  like  me,  as  in  this  sentence  pen 
and  paper  are  the  emphatical  words  ; hut  if  I were  to 
say,  ‘ My  pen  is  worse  than  yours,’  here  my  is  in  op- 
position to  yours , and  must,  as  it  is  emphatical,  he 
pronounced  so  as  to  rhyme  with  high,  nigh,  &c.” 
Walker. 

MY-CE ' LI-  UM,  n.  [Gr.  ph Kgs,  a mushroom.]  (Bot.) 


The  spawn  of  fungi ; the  filaments  from  which 
mushrooms,  &c.,  originate.  Gray. 

MY-CO-LUG'IC,  > a.  [(Jr.  pburi;,  a fungus, 

MY-CO-LO(jr'I-CAL,  ) and  hiyos,  a discourse.]  Re- 
lating to  mycology,  or  to  the  fungi.  P.  Cyc. 

MY-COL'O-GY,  n.  A treatise  on,  or  the  science 
of,  the  fungi.  P.  Cyc. 

MY-DRI'a-SIS,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  yiilos,  moisture.] 
(Med.)  A name  given  by  several  writers  to  mor- 
bid dilatation  of  the  pupil  of  the  eye,  and  by 
others  to  weakness  of  sight,  produced  by  hy- 
drophthalmia.  Dunglison. 

MY-E-LI'TIS,  n.  (Med.)  [Gr.  pvel.os,  marrow.] 
Inflammation  of  the  substance  of  the  brain  or 
the  spinal  marrow.  Iioblyn. 

MY -ICO M-JJ-L 1 N ' I C,  a.  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid 
resulting  from  the  mutual  action  of  alloxan  and 
ammonia.  Brande. 

MYL'O-DON,  n.  (Pal.)  A genus  of  gigantic  ex- 
tinct edentate  megatheroids.  Eng.  Cyc. 

MY-LO-HY'OID,  a.  [Gr.  yiily,  the  jaw,  and  boa Srjs, 
hyoid.]  (Med.)  Noting  a muscle  arising  from 
the  lower  jaw  bone,  and  inserted  at  the  fore 
part  of  the  body  of  the  hyoid  bone.  Dunglison. 

f MYN'CHEN,  n.  [A.  S.  mynicen,  mynccen. ] A 
nun  or  veiled  virgin.  Bailey. 

t MYNCH'^R-Y,  n.  A nunnery.  Weale. 

MYN-HEER',  n.  [Dut.]  Sir,  Mr.,  or  my  lord, 
among  the  Dutch  ; in  English  use,  a Dutchman. 

MY-O-DY-NAM'ICS,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  pvs,  yvds,  a muscle, 
and  Eng.  dynamics .]  (Med.)  The  exertion  of 
the  power,  possessed  by  muscles,  of  shortening 
themselves,  or  of  contracting  to  produce  mo- 
tion ; muscular  contraction.  Dunglison. 

MY-O-DY-NAM-I-OM'E-TER,  n.  (Med.)  An  in- 
strument for  measuring  the  comparative  mus- 
cular strength  of  man  and  other  animals  ; a dy- 
namometer. Dunglison. 

MY-O-DYN-A-MOM'B-TBR,  n.  (Med.)  A dyna- 
mometer or  myodynainiometer.  Dunglison. 

MY-O-GRAPH'IC,  ? a Relating  to  myogra- 

MY-O-GRAPH'J-CAL,  ) phy.  Smart. 

MY-OG'RA-PHIST,  n.  One  skilled  in  myography. 

MY-OG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  pvthv,  a muscle,  and 
ypaipto,  to  write.]  An  anatomical  description  of 
the  muscles  ; myology.  Dunglison. 

MY-O-LOO  IC,  I a_  Relating  to  myology,  or 

MY-O-LO0'!-CAL,  ) to  the  muscles.  P.  Cyc. 

MY-OL'O-GY.  n-  [®r-  a muscle,  and  loyos, 
a discourse.]  That  part  of  anatomy  which  treats 
of  the  muscles.  Dunglison. 

MY'O-MAN-CY,  n.  [Gr.  pvs,  a mouse,  and  pavreia, 
divination.]  Divination  with  mice.  Roget. 

MY'OPE,  n. ; pi.  mv'opes.  [Gr.  pOco{p,  pvSiros, 
short-sighted ; pbw,  to  close,  and  djip,  the  eye ; 
L.  myops,  myopis  ; Fr.  myope.]  (Med.)  A short- 
sighted person ; a myops.  Adams. 

MY-OP'JC,  a.  (Med.)  Relating  to  myopy  ; short- 
sighted ; near-sighted  ; purblind.  Dunglison. 

MY-O-POT'A-MUS,  n.  (ZoSl.)  A genus  of  rodent 
quadrupeds  ; the  coypou.  Van  Der  Hoeven. 

MY'OPS,  n.  One  who  is  near-sighted  or  pur- 
blind ; a myope.  Brande. 

MY'OP-SY,  n.  (Med.)  A disease  of  the  eyes  in 
which  dark  spots  are  seen. 

MY'O-PY,  n.  [Gr.pvwma.  — See  Myope.]  Short- 
ness of  sight ; near-sightedness.  Dunglison. 

MY-o'SIS,  n.  [Gr.  pvw,  to  close  the  eyes.]  A 
permanent  contraction  of  the  pupil.  Dunglison. 

MY-O-SIT'IC,  a.  (Med.)  Causing  contraction  of 
the  pupil,  as  opium.  Pereira. 

MY-O-TlL'J-TY,  n.  [Gr.  pvthv,  a muscle.]  (Med.) 
Muscular  contractility.  Dunglison. 

MY-OT'O-MY,  n.  [Gr.  pviiv,  a muscle,  and  ropy, 
a cutting.]  (Anat.)  The  dissection  of  the  mus- 
cles : — also  the  surgical  operation  of  the  divis- 
ion of  muscles  to  remove  deformity.  Dunglison. 

MYR'I-AD  (mlr'e-fd),  n.  [Gr.  pvpias ; popios,  num- 
berless ; It.  miriade  ; Fr.  myriade.  — “ As  the 


original  notion  is  indefinite,  not  numerical,  it  is 
no  doubt  akin  to  L.  multus,  and  still  nearer  to 
Gael,  mohr,  or  mor,  great.”  Liddell  Scott.] 

1.  The  number  of  ten  thousand.  Pearson. 

2.  Any  number  that  cannot  easily  be  counted  ; 
any  immense  or  indefinitely  large  number. 

Myriads  of  rivulets  hurrying  through  the  lawn.  Tennyson. 

MYR'I-AD— MIND'BD,  a.  Having  great  versatility. 
The  myriad-minded  man,  our,  and  all  men’s,  Sliakspeare. 

Coleridge. 

MYR-I-A-ORAMME ' , n.  [Fr.]  A French  weight 
equal  to  26.795  lbs.  Troy,  or  22.0485  lbs.  avoir- 
dupois. McCulloch. 

MYR-I-A-LI ' TRE  (mir-e-a-le'tur),  n.  [Fr.]  A 

French  measure  of  capacity  equal  to  10,000 
litres,  or  to  610,280  cubic  inches.  Brande. 

M YR-I-A-ME ' TRE  (-ma'tur),  n.  [Fr.]  A French 
measure  equivalent  to  10,000  metres,  or  to  6 
miles,  1 furlong,  28£  poles.  Simmomls. 

MYR'I-A-POD,  n.  [Gr.  pvpiAs,  a myriad,  and  nobs, 
voids,  a foot.]  (Zoul.)  One  of  an  order  of  in- 
vertebrate Articulata,  having  an  immense  num- 
ber of  jointed  feet,  and  represented  by  the  cen- 
tiped  and  galley-worm.  Eng.  Cyc. 

MYR'I-ARjCH,  n.  [Gr.  popiap^os  : pvptat,  ten  thou- 
sand, and  apxw>  to  command.]  A commander 
of  ten  thousand  men.  Ash. 

MYR'I-ARE,  n.  [Fr.]  In  the  French  linear 
measure,  100,000  square  metres,  equal  to  246 
acres,  3 roods,  20  poles.  Winslow. 

MY-RI ' CA,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  pvpiurj,  the  tamarisk.] 
(Bot.)  A genus  of  plants,  inoluding  the  wax- 
myrtle,  or  bay-tree.  Eng.  Cyc. 

MYR'I-CINE,  n.  (Chem.)  A solid  grayish-white 
vegetable  principle  which  constitutes  from  20  to 
30  per  cent,  of  the  weight  of  beeswax,  being 
the  residuum  from  the  solvent  action  of  alcohol 
upon  that  substance.  Ure. 

MYR-I-O-PHYL'LOUS,  or  MYR-I-OPH' YL-LOUS 
(131),  a.  [Gr.  pvpias,  a myriad,  and  iphU.pv,  a 
leaf.]  (Bot.)  Having  ten  thousand  leaves,  or  an 
indefinitely  large  number  of  leaves.  Smart : 

MYR-I-O-RA'MA,  n.  [Gr.  pvpias,  a myriad,  and 
opapa,  a view.]  A picture  made  up  of  fragments 
of  buildings,  landscapes,  &c.,  so  as  to  admit  of 
an  infinity  of  combinations.  Brande. 

MY-RIS'TIC,  a.  [Gr.  pvpov,  an  odorous  oil.] 
(Chem.)  Noting  a fatty  acid  contained  in  the 
expressed  oil  of  nutmeg.  Brande. 

MYR-ME 'Lp-ON,  n.  [Gr.  pippyl;,  an  ant,  and  Uov, 
a lion.]  (Edit.)  A genus  of  neuropterous  in- 
sects, including  the  ant-lion.  Westicood. 

MYR'MI-DON  (nii'r'me-don),  n.  [Gr.  MvppiAovts ; 
L.  Myrmidones.] 

1.  One  of  a warlike  people  of  Thessaly,  un- 
der the  sway  of  Achilles.  Liddell  8$  Scott. 

2.  One  of  a ruffianly  number  under  some 
leadership. 

Clodius  and  Curio  at  the  head  of  their  myrmidons.  Swift. 

Myrmidon  (Mup/iidcov)  a son  of  Zeus  and  Eu- 
rynedusa,  whom  Zeus  deceived  in  the  disguise  of  an 
ant.  Her  son  was  for  this  reason  called  Myrmidon 
(from  pvppg(,  an  ant),  and  was  regarded  as  the  an- 
cestor of  tile  Myrmidons  in  Thessaly.  Wm.  Smith. 

MYR-MI-DO'NI-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  resem- 
bling, myrmidons.  Clarke. 

MY-r5b'A-LAN,  n.  [Gr.  pvpopAlams ; L.  myro- 
balanum  ; It.  mirobalano  ; Sp.  mirabolanos  ; Fr. 
myrobalan,  or  myrobolan .]  A dried  fruit  of 
five  different  species  of  the  plum  kind,  brought 
from  India  for  the  use  of  tanners  and  dyers, 
and  formerly  used  in  medicine.  McCulloch. 

MY-RON'IC,  a.  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  existing 
in  black  mustard-seed.  Brande. 

MY-kOP'Q-LIST,  n.  [Gr.  pbpov,  an  ointment,  and 
nujltio,  to  sell.]  One  who  sells  or  deals  in  oint- 
ments or  perfumery.  Johnson. 

MY-RO-SPER  'MUM,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants 
including  the  trees  which  yield  the  balsam  of 
Peru  and  the  balsam  of  tolu.  Brande. 

MY-ROX-YL'IC,  a.  [Gr.  pbpov,  an  odorous  oil, 
and  i^bs,  sharp.]  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  ob- 
tained from  the  Peruvian  balsam,  the  produce 
of  the  Myroxylon  Peruiferum.  Brande. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RlJLE.  — £,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  c,  |,  hard;  § as  z;  Y as  gz-  — THIS,  this. 


MYRRH 


948 


MY  ZOMELINiE 


MYRRH  (m'fr),  n.  [Ar.  murr.  — Gr.  /A/J^a  ; L. 
myrrha ; It.  $;  Sp.  mirra ; Fr.  myrrhe .]  A strong 
aromatic  gum-resin,  the  produce  of  an  unknown 
tree  growing  in  Arabia  and  Abyssinia,  but  sup- 
posed to  be  a species  of  Amyris,  or  Mimosa.  Ure. 

gcg*  “ Good  myrrh  is  translucent,  of  a reddish-yel- 
low color,  brittb,  breaking  with  a resinous  lustre, 
and  easily  pulverized.”  McCulloch. 

MYR'RHIC,  a.  ( Chem .)  Noting  an  acid  obtained 
by  heating  the  resin  of  myrrh.  Brande. 

MYR'RHINE,  a.  [L.  myrrhinus,  or  murrhinus.] 
Made  of  themyrrhine  stone.  Milton. 

MYR'RHINE,  n.  A kind  of  precious  stone  ; mur- 
rhine. — See  Murrhine.  Milton. 

MYR'RHITE,  n.  (Min.)  A precious  stone  having 
the  color  of  myrrh,  and  a fragrant  smell.  Crabb. 

MYR'TI-FORM  (mYr'te-form),  a.  [L.  myrtles,  myr- 
tle, and  forma,  form.]  Having  the  shape  of  a 
leaf  of  myrtle.  Dunglison. 

MYR'TLE  (mir'tl),  n.  [Gr.  ybprog-,  L.  myrtus ; It. 
dt  Sp.  mirto;  Fr.  mxjrte.  — Ger.  myrte-,  Dan. 
myrter ; Sw.  myrten .]  ( Bot .)  The  common 

name  of  plants  or  shrubs  of  the  genus  Myrtus, 
of  which  there  are  many  species. 

tUff-  The  myrtle  is  a native  of  the  south  of  Europe. 
It  has  been  in  all  ages  a great  favorite  in  Europe,  for 
its  elegance  and  its  evergreen,  sweet  leaves.  Among 
the  ancients,  it  was  sacred  to  Venus.  Myrtle  wreaths 
adorned  the  brows  of  bloodless  victors,  and  were  the 
symbols  of  authority  for  magistrates  at  Athens.  Lou- 
don. Eng.  Cyc. 

MYR'TLE— BER'RY,  n.  Fruit  of  the  myrtle-tree. 

MYR'TLE— WAX,  n.  A green  solid  vegetable  fat 
obtained  from  several  species  of  Myrica  or  bay- 
berry,  especially  the  Myrica  cerifera.Simmonds. 

MY'RUS,  n.  (Ick.)  A species  of  conger  eel,  found 
in  the  Mediterranean ; Anguilla  my  rus.Eng.  Cyc. 

MY-SELF'  (ine-self'  or  mi-self')  [me-self',  S.  W.  P. 
J.  F.  Sm. ; mi-self',  Ja.  ; me-self'  or  mx-self', 
/i.],  pron. 

1.  I,  or  me,  with  emphasis. 

I had  as  lief  not  be  ns  live  to  be 

In  awe  of  such  a thing  as  I myself.  Shale. 

2.  The  reciprocal  of  /; — in  the  objective 
case.  “ At  a loss  to  defend  myself.”  Swift. 

gc g=>  The  pronoun  is  sometimes  omitted  to  give  ad- 
ditional force  to  the  sentence.  “ Myself  shall  mount 
the  rostrum  in  his  favor.”  Addison. 

MY-SO'RIN,  n.  (Min.)  An  oxide  of  copper,  found 
at  Mysore.  Dana. 

MYS-T A-GOfy'lC,  ) fl'  Relating  to  the  inter- 

MYS-TA-GOR'I-CAL,  j pretation  of  mysteries. 
“ Mystagogical  illuminations.”  Diyby. 

MfS'TA-GOGUE  (lliis'ta-gog),  n.  [Gr.  pvarayuydg  ; 
yitnyi,  one  initiated,  and  ayoi,  to  lead;  L.  mys- 
tagogus ; It.  mistagogo  ; Fr.  mystagogue.) 

1.  One  who  interprets  mysteries.  Warburton. 

2.  One  who  shows  church  relics.  Bailey. 

MYS'TA-GO-GV,  n.  [Gr.  yvoTaymyia,  initiation 
into  mysteries.]  The  interpretation  of  mys- 
teries. [R.]  Maunder. 

f MYS-TE'RI-AL,  a.  Containing  a mystery ; mys- 
terious. B.  Jonson. 

MYS-TE'RI-AREII  (-irk),  n.  [Gr.  pvorijotov,  mys- 
tery, and  Hpx^<  a chief.]  One  who  presides 
over  mysteries.  Johnson. 

MYS-TE'RI-OUS,  a.  [It.  % Sp.  misterioso ; Fr. 
mysterieux. ] Containing  mystery ; not  made 
known  or  understood;  unexplained;  obscure; 
unknown  ; hidden  ; not  revealed  ; inscrutable. 

By  a silent,  unseen,  mysterious  process,  the  fairest  flower 
of  the  garden  springs  from  a small,  insignificant  seed;  the 
majestic  oak  of  the  forest  from  an  acorn:  the  strongest  and 
wisest  man  from  a wretched,  helpless,  and  senseless  infant; 
the  holy  and  exalted  saint  from  a miserable  sinner.  Horne. 

MYS-TE'R!-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  a mysterious  man- 

’ her ; obscurely ; enigmatically.  Milton. 

MYS-TE'RI-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
mysterious  ; obscurity.  Bp.  Taylor. 


MYS'Tf-RIZE,  v.  a.  To  make  a mystery  of;  to 
treat  as  a mystery,  [r.]  Browne. 

MYS’Tg-RY  (mls'te-re),  n.  [Gr.  pvaryptov,  a mys- 
tery or  revealed  secret;  yviui,  to  initiate;  L. 
mysterium ; It.  mistero ; Sp.  ■misterio ; Fr.  mys- 
tere.] 

1.  Something  secret,  unknown,  or  not  re- 
vealed ; a secret. 

Unto  you  it  is  given  to  know  the  mystery  of  the  kingdom 
of  heaven.  Mark  iv.  11. 

Those  mysteries  which  heaven 
Will  not  have  earth  to  know.  Shak. 

The  gospel  of  Christ  is  a blessing,  the  spirit  of  antichrist 
a curse;  both  are  equally  denominated  mystery  or  secret, 
whilst  they  remain  concealed.  • Hr.  Campbell. 

2.  Something  very  obscure,  incomprehensi- 
ble, or  above  human  intelligence  ; an  enigma. 

This  is  a great  mystery;  but  I speak  concerning  Christ  and 
the  church.  Ej/h.  v.  32. 

Thou  hast  nor  ear  nor  soul  to  apprehend 
The  sublime  notion  and  high  mystery 
That  must  be  uttered  to  unfold  the  sage 
And  serious  doctrine  of  virginity.  Milton. 

3.  The  consecrated  elements  of  the  eucharist. 

In  the  Communion  Office  of  the  Church  of  England,  the 
elements,  after  consecration,  are  sometimes  termed  holy  mys- 
teries. Hr.  Campbell. 

4.  A kind  of  ancient  dramatic  representation 
of  a religious  character ; a miracle.*  Bp.  Percy. 

5.  A trade,  art,  or  occupation.  Shah. 

Masters  frequently  bind  themselves,  in  the  indentures 

witli  their  apprentices,  to  teach  them  their  art,  trade,  and 
mystei'y.  Bouvier.  1 

Mystery,  in  this  sense,  is  said  to  be  derived 
from  the  Fr.  metier  (Old  Fr.  mestier ),  a trade;  and  it 
is  sometimes  written  mistcry. — See  Mistery. 

6.  pi.  Certain  religious  celebrations  among 

the  ancient  Greeks  and  Romans,  supposed  to 
have  been  shows  or  scenic  representations  of 
mythical  legends,  not  unlike  the  religious  mys- 
teries of  the  middle  ages  ; as  the  Eleusinian 
mysteries . Liddell  § Scott. 

“ The  word  mystery  is  often  understood  as 
something,  hidden  from  ms,  and  which  we  are  not  to 
seek  to  know.  It  is  most  important,  therefore,  to  re- 
member that  this  is  the  reverse  of  the  Scrip' ure  sense, 
which  is,  1.  Something  that  was  kept  secret,  and  is 
vow  ‘ made  manifest ‘ The  mystery  of  the  gospel  ’ 
(Eph.  vi.  19),  &c.  ; or,  2.  Something  of  an  emblem , 
whose  signification  is  explained  to  all  disciples.  ‘ This 
[marriage]  is  a great  mystery ; but  I speak  [I  mean] 
concerning  Christ  and  his  church’  (Eph.  v.  32)  ; — 
marriage,  that  is,  is  a mystery  not  in  itself,  but  when 
regarded  as  an  emblem  of  the  union  of  Christ  and  his 
church.  Many  parts,  indeed,  of  the  gospel  scheme 
are  but  very  imperfectly  revealed  ; but  Paul  calls  any 
doctrine  a mystery , not  so  far  forth  as  it  is  hidden,  but, 
on  the  contrary,  so  far  as  it  is  revealed Eden. 

MYS'TIC,  n.  One  of  a class  of  religious  persons 
who  profess  to  have  a direct  intercourse  with 
the  Spirit  of  God ; one  imbued  with  mysticism. 

j “ They  profess  a pure  and  sublime  devotion, 
accompanied  with  a disinterested  love  of  God,  free 
from  all  selfish  considerations  ; and  they  believe  that 
the  Scriptures  have  a mystic  and  hidden  sense  which 
must  be  sought  for,  and  into  which  it  is  necessary 
that  men  be  initiated  in  order  to  understand  their  true 
import.  — The  Mystics  are  not  confined  to  any  partic- 
ular denomination  of  Christians,  but  may  be  found  in 
almost  every  form  of  religious  profession.”  Eden. 

MYS'TIC,  ) a [Gr.  pvariKdg  : L.  mysticus  ; It. 

MYS'TI-C AL,  ) &;  Sp.  mistico\  Fr.  mystique.'] 

1.  Relating  to,  or  containing,  mysticism  ; sa- 
credly obscure  ; secret. 

The  mystical  sense  of  Scripture  is  that  which  is  hidden 
beneath  the  literal;  thus  Jerusalem  is  literally  a city  of  Judea, 
but  mystical  I y the  heavenly  Jerusalem,  the  eternal  habitation 
of  the  saints.  Eden. 

2.  Involving  some  secret  meaning;  emblem- 
atical ; symbolical. 

It  is  plain,  from  the  Apocalypse,  that  mystical  Babylon  is 
to  be  consumed  by  fire.  Burnet M 

Mystic  testament,  (Law.)  a sealed  testament.  Burrill. 

MYS'TI-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a mystical  manner. 

m1?S'TJ-CAL-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  mystical. 

MYS'TI-CI§M,  n.  [It.  Sf  Sp.  misticismo ; Fr.  mys- 
tieisme .]  The  tenets  of  the  Mystics  ; a view  of, 
or  tendency  in,  religion,  which  implies  a direct 
communication  betvveen  man  and  God  through 
the  inward  perception  of  the  mind ; quietism  ; 
enthusiasm. 


Mysticism  in  France  contrasts  strikingly  with  mysticism  in 
Germany.  France  exhibits  the  mysticism  of  sentiment,  Ger- 
many the  mysticism  of  thought.  B.  A.  Vaughan. 

Philosophers  and  monks  alike  employ  the  word  mysticism 
and  its  cognate  terms  as  involving  the  idea,  not  merely  of  in- 
itiation into  something  hidden,  but,  beyond  this,  of  an  inter- 
nal manifestation  of  the  divine  to  the  intuition  or  in  the 
feelings  of  the  hidden  soul.  Atherton, 

MYS-TI-F(-GA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  mystifying. 

MYS'TI-FI-CA-TOR,  n.  One  who  mystifies. 

MYS'TI-FY,  V.  a.  [i.  MYSTIFIED  ; pp.  MYSTIFY- 
ING, MYSTIFIED.]  To  involve  in  mystery  ; to 
treat  in  such  a way  as  purposely  to  perplex. 

When,  in  subsequent  times,  Shaftesbury  became  acquaint- 
ed with  the  good  bishop  [Burnet],  he  took  undue  advantage 
of  his  credulity,  and  mystified  him  exceedingly.  Campbell. 

MYTH,  n.  [Gr.  pvBog.J  A work  of  fiction ; a 
fabuious  story  ; a fable  ; an  invention  ; a para- 
ble ; an  allegory.  Arnold. 

I use  this  term  [mytli\  as  synonymous  with  invention,  hav- 
ing no  historical  basis.  Pococke. 

Syn.  — “ A myth  is  a narrative  framed  for  the  pur- 
pose of  expressing  some  general  truth,  a law  of  nature, 
a moral  phenomenon,  or  a religious  idea,  the  different 
phases  of  which  correspond  to  the  turn  of  the  narra- 
tive. An  allegory  agrees  with  it  in  expressing  some 
general  idea,  but  differs  from  it  in  this,  — that  in  the 
allegory  the  idea  was  developed  before  the  form,  which 
was  invented  and  adapted  to  it.  The  allegory  is  a 
reflective  and  artificial  process,  the  myth  springs  up 
spontaneously  and  by  a kind  of  inspiration.  A symbol 
is  a silent  myth,  which  impresses  the  truths  which  it 
conveys,  not  by  successive  stages,  hut  at  once  throws 
together  {civ  fidWttv)  significant  images  of  some 
truth.”  Fleming.  — See  Fable,  Parable. 

MYTH'— HIS-TO-RY,  n.  [Gr.  yvOiaropia  ; piiOog,  fa- 
ble, and  ioropia,  history;  L.  mythistoria.]  His- 
tory interspersed  with  fable.  Maunder. 

MY  TH  IC,  ) rt.  [Gr.  pvOurfg  ; L.  mythicus.] 

MYTH'J-CAL,  ) Relating  to  fable;  fabulous. 

MY-THOG'RA-PIIER,  n.  [Gr.  plBog,  a fable,  and 
ypdqtiu,  to  write.]  A writer  of  fables.  War  ton. 

MY-THOL'O-tyER,  n.  A mythologist.  P.  Cyc. 

MYTII-0-L0<?'!C,  > [mith-o-iod'je-kal,  W.  J. 

MYTH-O-LOG'I-CAL,  > F.  Sm.  R.  C.  Wr. ; ml-tlio- 
lod'je-k?l,  >N.  P.  Ja.  K.~\ , a.  j Gr.  pvQo).oytK6g ; L. 
mythologicus  ; It.  <Sr  Sp.  mitologico ; Fr.  mytho- 
logique .]  Relating  to  mythology ; fabulous. 

“ Mythological  interpretation.”  Raleigh. 

MYTH-O-LOI-r'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a mythological 
manner ; fabulously.  Shuckford. 

MY-THOL'O-pIST,  n.  One  versed  in  mythology. 


MY-THOL'0-(rIZE,  v.  n.  To  relate  or  explain  the 
fabulous  history  of  the  heathens.  Sandys. 

MYTH'O-LOGUE,  n.  A fable  ; a myth.  Geddes. 

MY-THOL'O-IjrY,  n.  [Gr.  pvBol.oyla  ; piiOog,  a fable, 
and  Liyos,  a discourse  ; L.  mythologia  ; It.  § Sp. 
mitoloyia ; Fr.  mythologie .]  A system  of  fa- 
bles, or  a treatise  upon  fables ; the  collective 
body  of  traditions  of  any  heathen  nation  re- 
specting its  gods;  and  other  fabulous  supernat- 
ural beings. 

The  heathen  mythology  not  only  was  not  true,  but  wns  not 
even  supported  as  true;  it  not  only  deserved  no  faith,  but  it 
demanded  none.  W hately. 

Classical  mythology , the  mythology  of  the  ancient 
Greeks  and  Romans.  Northern  mythology , the  my- 
thology of  the  northern  nations  of  Europe. 

MY'THO-PLA^M,  n.  [Gr.  yuBog,  a fable,  and 
7 Mopn,  any  thing  formed  or  moulded.]  A nar- 
ration of  fable,  [i'-.]  Maunder. 

MYT'I-LITE,  n.  (Pal.)  A petrified  shell  of  the 
genus  Mytilus.  Maunder. 

MYX'INE,  n.  (Ich.)  A genus  of  eel-shaped  fishes, 
of  which  the  hag  (My. vine  glutinosa,  or  Gastro- 
branchus  glutinosus)  is  the  type.  Yarrell. 


MYX'ON,  n.  (Ich.)  A fish  of  the  mullet  kind.  Ash. 


MT-ZOM-E-Lt  'JVY5E,  1l.pl. 
[Gr.  to  suck  in.] 

( Ornith.)  A sub-family  of 
tenuirostral  birds  of  the 
order  Passeres  and  fam- 
ily Mc.liphagidce ; honey- 
creepers.  Gray. 


Myzomela  nigra.  - 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  JJ,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


N 


949 


NAME 


"VT  the  fourteenth  letter,  and  the  eleventh  con- 

-L  ’ » sonant,  of  the  alphabet,  is  a liquid,  a semi- 
vowel, and  a nasal  letter.  It  has  two  sounds, 
one  simple,  as  in  not , fan  ; the  other  com- 
pound, or  nasal,  as  in  anger,  finger  (82  and  83). 

NAB,  v.  a.  [Dut.  Gei\  knappen  ; Dan.  napper  ; 
Sw.  nappa.  — See  Knab.]  [i.  nabbed;  pp. 
nabbing,  nabbed.]  To  catch  or  seize  sudden- 
ly, as  with  a quick  grasp  ; to  seize  unexpectedly 
or  without  warning.  [Colloquial.]  Martin. 

NAB,  n.  [A.  S.  cnmp.  — See  Knap,  and  Knob.] 
The  summit  of  a hill.  [Local,  Eng.]  Ray. 

NA'BIT,  n.  A powdered  sugar-candy.  Crabb. 

NABLUM,  n.  (Mns.)  A Hebrew  musical  instru- 
ment; nebel.  — See  Nebel.  Brande. 

NA'BOB  [na'bob,  F.  ./.  Sm.  Wb.  Ash',  nj-bob',  S. ; 
na'bob  or  na'bob,  K. ; na-bob'  or  na'bob,  I Vr.],  n. 
[Corrupted  from  Hind,  nawab  ; naib,  a baron,  a 
prince.  C.  P.  Brown.'] 

1.  The  governor  of  a province  in  Hindostan, 

under  the  Moguls.  P.  Cyc. 

2.  A European  who  has  enriched  himself  in 
the  East  Indies  : — a man  of  great  wealth.  Todd. 

NAc'A-RAT,  n.  [Fr.  nacarat  ■,  Sp.nacarado  ; na- 
car,  nacre.] 

1.  A pale-red  color,  with  an  orange  cast.  Ure. 

2.  A crape  or  fine  linen  fabric  dyed  fugitively 

of  this  color,  with  which  ladies  rub  their  faces 
to  give  them  a roseate  hue.  Ure. 

nAche.  See  Natch.  Todd. 

NACK'ER,  n.  A collar-maker ; a harness-maker. 
[Local,  Eng.]  • Lemon. 

NACK'ER,  or  NAk'F.R,  n.  See  Nacre.  Johnson. 

nAC-O-DAr' , n.  Captain  of  an  Arab  vessel. 

Maleom. 

nA'CRE  (na'kur),  n.  [Fr.  nacre  ; Sp.  nacar.]  The 
hard,  lustrous,  and  often  iridescent  substance 
which  lines  the  interior  of  some  shells  ; moth- 
er-of-pearl. P.  Cyc. 

NA'CRE-OUS,  a.  Having  a pearly  lustre  like  na- 
cre ; iridescent.  Brande. 

NA'CRITE,  ii.  (Min.)  A white  and  pearly  hydrous 
silicate  of  alumina,  resembling  a soft,  earthy 
talc,  consisting  of  minute  grains  or  scales,  and 
having  a greasy  feel.  Dana. 

nA'dAb,  n.  The  high  priest  of  the  Persians, 
whose  office  and  dignity  are  similar  to  those  of 
the  mufti  of  Turkey.  Benhain. 

NA'DIR,  n.  [Arab.  — It.  § Fr.  nadir.]  (Astron.) 
That  point  of  the  heavens  which  is  diametrically 
opposite  to  the  zenith,  or  directly  under  our 
feet.  Creech. 

Ufjr-  Tile  nadir  and  zenith  are  the  two  poles  of  the 
horizon. 

NA'DLE— STEIN,  n.  [Ger.  nadel,  a needle,  and 
stein,  a stone.]  (Min.)  Needle-stone.  Ure. 

f N/EVE  (nev),  «.  [L.  navies.]  A spot.  Dryden. 

NJE ' VUS,  n. ; pi.  nm  ri.  [L.]  A spot  on  the  skin 
of  children  when  born ; — called,  when  promi- 
nent, a mole.  Dunglison. 

NAFF,  or  NAFT,  n.  A sea-fowl  resembling  the 
duck,  having  a tufted  head  ; Mergus.  Johnson. 

NAG,  n.  [Dut.  negge  ; Scbt.  naig ; A.  S.  hncegan, 
to  neigh.] 

1.  A small  horse.  Johnson. 

2.  A paramour,  — in  contempt.  Shah. 

“ Yon  ribald-rid  nag  of  Egypt.”  — In  recent  edi- 
tions of  Shakspeare,  hag. 

NA'GEL-FLUSI  (nit'gl-fld),  n.  [Ger.]  (Min.)  A 
conglomerate  rock.  _ Smart. 

NAg'GY,  a.  [Dan.  knag,  a knot.]  Ill-tempered  ; 
irritable.  [North  of  Eng.]  Wright. 


NA'GOR,  n.  (Zotil.)  A species  of  antelope  ; the 
gazelle  of  Senegal;  Gazella  redunca.  Fischer. 

NA'IAD  (na'yjd)  [na'yjd,  S.  K. ; nay'fid,  IF.  Ja. 
Sm.  ; nl'gd,  IFr.j , n. ; pi.  Eng.  ka'iad?  ; L.  na'- 
ia-de$  (na'ya-dez).  [Gr.  vaiAs,  vaialo; ; raw,  to 
flow ; L.  naias  ; It.  naiade ; Sp,  nayade  ; Fr. 
naiade .] 

1.  (Myth.)  A female  deity  who  presided  over 
rivers,  brooks,  and  fountains  ; a water-nymph. 

2.  pi.  (Conch.)  A family  of  fresh-water  bi- 
valves, very  abundant  in  the  North  American 
rivers  ; fresh-water  clams  ; Naiada.  P.  Cyc. 

3.  pi.  (Bot.)  A small  natural  order  of  en- 

dogenous, aquatic  plants,  remarkable  for  the 
unusual  simplicity  of  their  organization  ; Naia- 
daceee,  or  Fluviales.  P.  Cyc. 

NA'IANT,  a.  (Her.)  Represented  swimming,  as 
fishes  in  an  escutchon.  Crabb. 

NA'IC,  n.  A native  non-commissioned  officer  in 
the  East  India  Company’s  service,  answering  to 
corporal.  Stocqueler. 

NAIF,  a.  [Fr.  — SeeNAlvE.]  Of  quick,  natural  ap- 
pearance, as  jewels ; — used  by  jewellers. Bailey. 

NAIL  (nal),  n.  [A.  S.  nagel;  Frs.  neil;  Dut.  <S, 
Ger.  nagel ; Dan.  nagle;  Sw.  nagel.  — Sansc. 
nakha.  — Wachter  refers  to  Gr.  vvamo,  to  prick, 
whence  dm(,  L.  unguis,  a nail,  or  claw;,  uncus, 
a hook.] 

1.  The  talon  of  a bird,  or  the  claw  of  a beast. 

2.  The  horny  substance  at  the  ends  of  the 

human  fingers  and  toes.  Shah. 

3.  A piece  of  metal  pointed  at  one  end  and 

formed  into  a head  at  the  other,  used  for  fasten- 
ing things  together,  particularly  the  parts  of 
wood-work,  by  being  driven  through  one  into 
another.  Bacon. 

4.  A stud,  or  boss.  Sivift. 

5.  A measure  of  length,  2j  inches,  or  a 16th 

of  a yard,  as  being  taken  from  the  end  of  the 
thumb-nail  to  the  second  joint.  Johnson. 

6.  Eight  pounds  weight. ‘[Local,  Eng.]  Wright. 

7.  A stamping  instrument.  Simmonds. 

On  ‘he  nail,  into  the  hand  ; immediately  ; without 

delay.  — To  hit  the  nail  on  the  head,  to  hit  or  touch  the 
point  exactly. 

NAIL,  v.  a.  \i.  nailed  ; pp.  NAILING,  nailed.] 

1.  To  fasten  or  stud  with  nails.  Milton. 

2.  To  drive  a nail  or  spike  into  the  vent  of, 

as  of  a cannon  ; to  spike,  [it.]  Bailey. 

NAIL'— BALL,  n.  (Mil.)  A ball  with  a strong  nail 
attached  to  it  in  casting.  Stocqueler. 

NAIL'— BRUSH,  n.  A brush  for  the  nails.  Booth. 

NAlL'JJR,  n.  A maker  of  nails.  Johnson. 

NAlL'JJR-Y,  n.  A manufactory  for  nails.  Pennant. 

NAIL'— HEAD,  n.  (Arch.)  A Norman-Gothic  or- 
nament, resembling  a series  of  square  heads  of 
nails.  Francis. 

NAIL'WORT  (nal'wiirt),  n.  A plant.  Ash. 

NAIN'SOOK,  n.  A species  of  muslin.  IF.  Ency. 

NA'iVE  (na'ev),  a.  [Fr. ; L .nativus;  nascor, 
hatus,  to  be  born.]  Natural ; having  native 
simplicity  ; ingenuous  ; artless.  Dibdin. 


NA'JVE-LY,  or  NAlVE'LY,  ad.  With  native  sim- 
plicity ; ingenuously  ; artlessly.  Pope. 

NA’  IVE-TE'  (n&'ev-ta'),  n.  [Fr.]  Native  simplici- 
ty ; unaffected  plainness  ; ingenuousness  ; art- 
lessness ; naturalness.  ‘ Gray. 

f NAKE,  I v _ a S.  nacan,  benacan.] 

fNA'KEN  (-kn),  ) To  make  naked.  Tourneur. 

NA'KED,  a.  [A.  S.  naced,  nacod ; nacan,  benacan, 
to  make  naked  ; Dut.  naakt ; Old  Ger.  naket ; 
Ger.  nackt ; Dan.  nBgen ; Sw.  naken .] 


1.  Having  no  clothes  on  ; nude  ; uncovered  ; 

bare.  “A  naked,  new-born  babe.”  Shah. 

2.  Unarmed;  defenceless;  unprotected;  ex- 
posed ; unguarded. 

Look  in  upon  me,  then,  and  speak  with  me, 

Or,  naked  as  I am,  I will  assault  thee.  Shake. 

3.  Manifest ; unconcealed  ; open  to  view. 

All  things  are  naked  and  opeaed  unto  the  eyes  of  him  with 

whom  we  have  to  do.  Heh.  iv.  13. 

4.  Mere  ; bare  ; simple ; sheer. 

Not  that  God  doth  require  nothfng  unto  happiness  at  the 
hands  of  men  saving  only  a naked  belief, . . . but  that  without 
belief  all  other  things  are  as  nothing.  Hooker. 

5.  Not  disguised  ; evident ; plain.  “ The 

naked  truth.”  Shah. 

6.  Destitute  ; deprived  ; devoid.  “ Naked  of 

friends.”  Dryden. 

7.  Not  assisted  with  a telescope,  or  with 
glasses  ; as,  “The  naked  eye.” 

8.  (Bot.)  Destitute  of  the  usual  covering  or 

appendage.  Gray. 

Naked  flooring,  (Carp.)  the  timber-work  which  sup- 
ports a floor.  Brande. 

NA'KED-LY,  ad.  1.  Without  covering  or  clothes ; 
with  nakedness  or  exposure. 

2.  Barely ; simply ; merely.  Holder. 

NA'KED-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality  of 
being  naked  ; nudity;  exposure.  Addison. 

f NA'KIJR,  n.  A kind  of  kettle-drum.  Chaucer. 

NA'KIR,  n.  A wandering  pain  passing  from  one 
limb  to  another.  Wright. 

f NAle,  n.  An  ale-house.  Chaucer. 

t nAll,  n.  A nawl,  or  awl.  Tusser. 

NAm'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  named.  Nat.  Rev. 

NA-MA'TION,  n.  [A.  S.  niman,  to  take  away.] 
( Old  Eng.  &;  Scottish  Laic.)  The  act  of  distrain- 
ing or  taking  a distress.  Cowell. 

NA' MAZ,n.  A Turk’s  common  prayer.  Maunder. 

NAM'BY— PAM'BY,  a.  Having  little,  affected 
prettinesses  ; finical.  Ash. 

Another  of  Addison’s  favorite  companions  was  Ambrose 
Phillips,  a good  whig  and  a middling  poet,  who  had  the  hon- 
or of  bringing  into  fashion  a species  of  composition  which  has 
been  called  after  his  name,  Namby-Famby.  Macaulay. 

NAM'BY-PAm'BY,  n.  A finical  person  or  thing. 

Pope. 

NAME,  n.  [A.  S.  nama  ; Frs.  nama  ; Dut.  naam  ; 
Old  Ger.  namo  ; Ger.  name;  Dan.  navn  ; Icel. 
nafin ; Sw.  namn.  — Gr.  oroya  ; L.  nomen  ; It. 
name;  Sp.  nombre;  Port,  nome;  Fr.  nom. — 
Sansc.  Hind,  ndma  ; Pers.  nam,  namah.) 

1.  The  word  by  which  a person  or  thing  is 
known,  or  that  by  which  a person  or  thing  is 
called,  whether  spoken  or  written,  established 
or  imputed;  appellation;  denomination;  title. 

He  called  their  names  after  the  names  by  which  his  father 
had  called  them.  Gen.  xxv'i.  is. 

2.  A person  ; an  individual. 

They  list  with  women  each  degenerate  name 

■Who  dares  not  hazard  life  for  future  fame.  Dryden. 

3.  Reputation  ; character  ; repute  ; credit. 

A good  name  is  to  be  chosen  rather  than  great  riches'. 

Prov.  xxii.  1. 

Good  name  in  man  and  woman,  dear  my  lord, 

Is  the  immediate  jewel  of  their  souls.  Shak. 

4.  Renown  ; celebrity  ; fame  ; honor  ; emi- 
nence ; distinction  ; note. 

What  men  of  name,  resort  to  him?  Shade. 

5.  The  quality,  office,  authority,  or  power  in- 
herent in  the  person  named  ; behalf. 

In  the  name  of  the  people. 

Arid  in  the  power  of  us,  the  tribunes,  we, 

Even  from  this  instant,  banish  him  the  city.  Shak. 

6.  (Gram.)  A noun ; a substantive.  P.  Cyc . 

To  call  names,  to  give  opprobrious  names  to. — 

Christian  name , the  name  given  to  a person,  as  by 
baptism,  to  distinguish  him  from  others  of  the  same 


MlEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RfJLE.— £,  <?,  <;,  g,  soft;  10,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


NAME 


950 


NARD 


family;- — opposd  to  surname  ; — also  called  given  or 
baptismal  name. — Common  name,  a name  common  to 
a class  or  number  of  persons  or  things;  as.,  patriot, 
ocean,  empire,  city,  boy,  girl. — Proper  name,  a name 
by  which  a single  person  or  thing  is  denoted  ; as,  Han- 
cock, Atlantic,  Russia,  London,  Richard,  Anne. 

Syn.  — Name  is  a generic  term  for  that  by  which 
any  person  or  thing  is  called.  Appellation  and  title 
are  specific  names  ; as,  “ A title  ot  office  or  honor  ; 
an  appellation  denoting  something  characteristic.  An 
appellative  is  a common  name,  as  opposed  to  a proper 
one.  The  names  of  Washington  and  Franklin  ; the 
titles  of  General  and  Doctor.  A certain  man  had  the 
name  of  John  [of  England],  the  title  of  King,  and  the 
appellation  of  Lackland.  — Reputation  and  character 
imply  something  more  substantial  than  name.  JSIame 
and  reputation  are  of  a more  extended  nature  than 
repute  and  credit.  It  is  less  difficult  to  get  a name 
than  to  establish  a character  or  reputation.  Repute  and 
credit  are  acquired  within  a narrow  circle,  and  may 
be  either  good  or  bad. 

NAME,  n.  [A.  S.  nimart,  nam,  to  take  away.] 
(Law.)  The  act  of  distraining: — a thing  or 
chattel  distrained.  Burrill. 

NAME,  v.  a.  [Goth,  nammyan-,  A.  S.  nemnan, 
naman ; Dut.  noemen ; Ger.  nennen  ; Dan. 
nrevnc  ; S\v.  namna. — Gr.  doopafa  ; L.  nomiao'. 
It.  nominarc ; Sp.  nominar ; Fr.  nominer.]  [t. 
NAMED  ; pp.  NAMING,  NAMED.] 

1.  To  discriminate  by  giving  a particular  ap- 
pellation to  ; to  set  or  give  a name  to ; to  en- 
title ; to  title ; to  denominate ; to  style  ; to  term. 

Is  he  not  rightly  named  Jacob?  Gen.  xxvii.  3(5. 

Of  them  he  chose  twelve,  whom  also  he  named  apostles. 

Luke  vi.  13. 

2.  To  speak  of,  call,  or  mention  by  name  ; to 
utter  or  pronounce  the  name  of. 

Those  whom  the  fables  name  of  monstrous  size.  Milton. 

3.  To  nominate  ; to  specify  ; to  designate. 

Whom  late  you  have  named  for  consul.  Shak. 

To  name  the  name  of  Christ , to  make  profession  of 
faith  in  Christ.  “ Let  every  one  that  nameth  the  name 
of  Christ  depart  from  iniquity.”  2 Tim.  ii.  19. 

Syn.  — To  name  and  to  call  both  signify  to  utter  an 
appellation.  A person  calls  in  order  to  proclaim,  and 
names  in  order  to  distinguish.  A king  of  England  was 
named  William,  and  called  or  styled  the  Conqueror. 
Persons  and  things  are  named  : persons  only  are  nomi- 
nated ; a man  is  nominated  to  an  office  ; Nero  was  de- 
nominated a tyrant ; a duke  is  styled  his  grace  ; books 
are  entitled ; persons  and  actions  are  characterized  ac- 
cording to  their  qualities.  Persons  and  things  are 
mentioned  generally,  and  designated  and  specified  par- 
ticularly.— See  Call. 

NAME'LESS,  a.  1.  Without  a name  ; not  distin- 
guished by  any  name  or  appellation. 

Beneath  a rude  and  nameless  stone  he  lies.  Pope. 

2.  Not  known  by  name  ; obscure  ; ignoble. 

Nameless  and  birthless  villains  tread  on  the  necks  of  the 
brave  and  long-descended.  IV.  Scott. 

NAME'L^SS-LY,  ad.  In  a nameless  manner. 

NAJME'LY,  ad.  1.  t Above  all;  especially.  More. 

2.  By  name  ; particularly  ; that  is  to  say. 

The  excellency  of  the  soul;  namely , its  power  of  divining 
in  dreams.  Addison. 

NAM'JJR,  n.  One  who  names.  Drayton. 

NAMESAKE,  n.  One  who  is  named  for,  or  has 
the  same  name  with,  another.  Adclison. 

NAN,  inter j.  What  ? how  ? [Local,  Eng.]  Forby. 

NAN-CE'IC,  a.  ( Chem .)  Noting  an  acid  obtained 
from  sour  rice  and  other  acescent  vegetable 
substances  ; — so  named  from  Nancy,  a town 
in  France.  Hoblyn. 

NAN'DU,  n.  [Brazilian  nhandu.]  ( Ornith. ) The 
American  ostrich  ; Rhea  Americana ; — also 
written  nandow.  Brande. 

NAN-KEEN'  [n&n-ken',  Sm.  Wb.  Todd,  Rees,  Wr. ; 
nan'ken,  Ja.],  n.  A yellowish  or  buff-colored 
cotton  cloth,  originally  manufactured  at  Nankin, 
China,  from  cotton  ( Gossypium  religiosum ) of 
•the  same  color ; — also  written  nankin.  Brande. 

fPip  “ Since  the  cultivation  of  the  raw  material  in 
the  United  States,  nankeens  have  been  manufactured 
here,  in  every  respect  equal  to,  and  at  a less  cost  than, 
those  from  China.”  Bartlett. 

NAP,  n.  [A.  S.  ciuep  ; Dut.  knoop.]  A knap  or 
knob  ; a protuberance.  Carew. 

NAP,  n.  [A.  S.  hnoppa  ; Dut.  nob ; Dan.  noppe.] 
Woolly,  villous,  or  downy  substance  on  the  sur- 
face of  any  thing,  as  of  cloth. 

Jack  Cade,  the  clothier,  means  to  dress  the  commonwealth, 
and  set  a new  nap  upon  it.  Shak. 

The  velvet  nap  which  on  his  wings  doth  lie.  Spenser. 


NAP,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  hnceppian.]  [i.  napped  ; pp. 

NAPPING,  NAPPED.] 

1.  To  sleep ; particularly,  to  take  or  have  a 

short  sleep.  L’ Estrange. 

2.  To  be  drowsily  careless  or  secure.  Bentley. 

Syn.  — See  Sleep. 

NAP,  n.  1.  A short  sleep ; a slumber  ; a doze. 

2.  A cant  term  for  ale.  [Scot.]  Jamieson. 

NAP,  v.  a.  To  raise  or  put  a nap  on.  Ash. 

NA-PaE'AN,  n.  [Gr.  vairaios  ; vary,  a woodland 
vale  ; L.  napams.]  Pertaining  to  the  Grecian 
Napocce,  or  nymphs  of  the  dells.  Dryden. 

NAPE,  n.  [Of  uncertain  etymology.  — “So  named 
from  the  downy  softness  of  the  hair  upon  it.” 
Skinner.  — A.  S.  enrep,  a knob  ; Dut.  knoop.] 

1.  The  back  of  the  neck,  or  the  prominent 
part  of  the  neck  behind. 

In  his  right  eye  the  fatal  arrow  drove, 

Through  all  tile  optic  nerves  its  passage  tore. 

And  issued  at  his  nape  besmeared  with  gore.  Hoole. 

2.  A piece  of  wood  for  supporting  the  fore 

• part  of  a loaded  wagon  ; — written  also  neap. 

[North  of  Eng.]  Wright. 

fNA'P^R-y,  n.  [L.  mappa , a napkin,  according 
to  Quintilian,  a Punic  word  ; It.  nappa,  nappa- 
rie  ; Fr.  nappe.  — Old  Scot,  naiprie.]  Linen  ; 
— especially,  table-linen.  Skelton. 

NA'PHEW  (na'fu),  n.  ( Bot .)  Sec  Navew.  Johnson. 

II  NAPH'TIIA  (nap'th?)  [nap'thj,  W.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  Sm. 
K.  ; naf'th’a,  S.  Wr.],  n.  ' [Arab,  nifth  ; Chal.  Sj 
Syr.  naphta.  — Gr.  vafOa  ; L.  naphtha.]  A color- 
less, very  light,  volatile,  and  combustible  liquid, 
consisting  of  carbon  and  hydrogen  in  nearly 
equal  equivalents,  which  exudes  from  rocks,  or 
floats  on  the  surface  of  springs,  in  many  parts 
of  the  world,  especially  in  Persia  and  the  Bir- 
man empire  ; mineral  oil.  Eng.  Cyc. 

Naphtha  hardens  and  changes  to  the  substance 
called  petroleum  on  exposure  to  the  air.  It  may  be 
obtained  from  petroleum  by  heat.  Eng.  Cyc. 

||  NA  P H-THAL'A-MIDE,  n.  [naphtha  and  ammide.] 
(Chem.)  A compound  obtained  by  distilling 
naphthalate  of  ammonia.  Brande. 

II  NAPII'TII  A-LASE,  n.  (Chem.)  A substance  ob- 
tained by"  heating,  in  a retort,  a mixture  of 
naphthaline,  nitric  acid,  and  lime.  P.  Cyc. 

||  nAph'THA-LATE,  n.  (Chem.)  A salt  composed 
of  naphthalic  acid  and  a base.  P.  Cyc. 

||  NAPH-THAI.'IC,  a.  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  ob- 
tained from  naphthaline.  Brande. 

||  NAPH'THA-LINE,  n.  (Chem.)  A solid  carburet 
of  hydrogen,  which  may  be  extracted  by  distilla- 
tion from  coal-tar.  It  is  a volatile,  white,  crys- 
talline substance,  heavier  than  water,  and  of  a 
peculiar  aromatic  odor.  Brande. 

||  NAPH'THA-LIzE,  v.  a.  To  impregnate  or  mix 
with  naphtha  or  with  naphthaline.  W.  II.  Cooper. 

NA'PI-BR  §— BONE1J,  ) pi  set  of  rods  made 

NA'P[-pR’§— ROD§,  ) of  bone,  ivory,  horn,  wood, 
or  silver,  invented  by  Lord  Napier,  for  facili- 
tating the  arithmetical  operations  of  multiplica- 
tion and  division.  Brande. 

Napier's  bones  or  rods  consist  of  small,  squared 
pieces  of  hone  or  ivory,  box  or  silver,  about  three  inches 
long  and  three  tenths  of  an  inch  in  breadth,  the  faces 
of  which  are  divided  into  nine  little  squares  or  cells, 
each  of  which  is  parted  by  a diagonal  into  two  tri- 
angles. On  these  cells  are  engraved  the  successive 
columns  of  the  common  multiplication  table,  in  such 
a manner  that  the  units,  or  right-hand  figures,  are 
found  in  the  right-hand  triangle,  and  the  tens,  or  left- 
hand  figures,  in  the  left-hand  triangle.  Brande. 

NAP'I-FORM,  a.  [L.  napus,  a turnip,  and  forma, 
form.]  Shaped  like  a turnip.  Farm.  Ency. 

NA'PI-UM,  n.  (Bot.)  Nipplewort.  Crabb. 

NAP'KIN,  n.  [Gael,  neapaicin,  a napkin. — L. 
mappa,  a table-cloth.  — It.  nappa  ; Fr.  nappe,  a 
table-cloth;  a.  nap — whence  our  diminutive 
napkin.  Talbot.  — Napkin,  the  diminutive  of 
nappe,  in  its  modern  sense,  was  the  badge  of 
office  of  the  butler  in  great  houses.  Nares.] 

1.  A cloth  for  wiping  the  hands  and  mouth, 

especially  at  table.  Browne. 

2.  A pocket  handkerchief.  Shak. 

NAP'KIN— RING,  n.  A small  ring  of  ivory,  shell, 

wood,  or  metal,  to  enclose  a napkin.  Simmonds. 


NA'PLES-YF.L'LOW,  n.  A yellow  pigment  pre- 
pared in  Italy  by  a secret  process.  lire. 

NAP'LfSS,  a.  Having  no  nap  ; threadbare.  Shak. 

NA-PO'Lp-ON,  n.  A French  gold  coin  of  twenty 
francs  (about  .$3.83).  Simmonds. 

NA-PO'Lp-ON-lTE,  n.  A variety  of  felspar.  Dana. 

NAp'O-LITE,  n.  (Min.)  A blue  mineral  from 
Vesuvius.  Brande. 

NAP'PI-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  nappy. 

NAFTE  (nap),  n.  (Math.)  One  of  the  two  parts  of  a 
conic  surface  which  meet  at  the  vertex.  Davies. 

Nappe  of  an  hyperboloid,  one  of  the  two  branches  of 
which  tile  surface  is  composed.  Eliot. 

NAP'PY,  a.  1.  fThat  makes  one  sleepy.  Martin. 

With  nappy  beer  I to  the  barn  repaired.  Gay. 

MSf"  Serenius  refers  it  to  A.  S.  hncep,  napp,  a cup, 
defining  it  inebriating ; Sherwood  and  Wright  define 
it  strung ; Bailey  and  Martin,  making  sleepy,  as 
strong  ale  ; Johnson  derives  it  from  nup,  downy  sub- 
stance, defining  it  frothy,  spumy ; Richardson  refers  it 
to  nap,  to  sleep,  as  inducing  sleep.  “ Good  ale,  so  nap- 
py for  the  nones.”  Wyatt. 

2.  Tipsy.  [Scotland.]  Jamieson. 

3.  Having  much  nap  or  down  on  the  surface. 

NAP'— TAK-INGj  n.  A taking  by  surprise;  seiz- 
ure on  a sudden  ; unexpected  onset,  like  that 
made  on  men  asleep.  Carew. 

NA'PUS,  n.  [L.]  (Bot.)  A navew  or  turnip  ; the 
French  turnip.  Hamilton. 

t NAR,  n.  Nearer.  Spenser. 

NARAS,  n.  An  excellent  kind  of  fruit.  Alexander. 

NAR-CAPIl'THON,  n.  [Gr.  vop/m^Sov.]  The  aro- 
matic bark  of  a tree  which  grows  in  India,  for- 
merly used  in  fumigations,  in  diseases  of  the 
lungs.  Dunylison. 

NAR-CE'IA  (n?r-se'y?),  71.  [Gr.  iffp/o/,  numbness, 
stupor.]  (Chem.)  A vegeto-alkaloid  contained 
in  small  quantity  in  opium.  Brande. 

NAR-CIS'SINE,  a.  Relating  to  the  narcissus.  Ash. 

NAR-CJS’SUS,  n.  ; pi.  nar-cis'sus-e§.  [L.,  from 
Gr.  mifKioms ; vayny,  numbness,  stupor.] 

1.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  bulbous  plants,  with 
showy  flowers,  growing  upon  a scape,  and  hav- 
ing a cup  at  their  mouth,  the  stamens  opposite 
the  sepals  being  longer  than  the  others ; — so 
named  from  its  narcotic  properties,  and  in- 
cluding among  its  numerous  species  the  daffo- 
dils, the  jonquils,  and  the  tazzettas.  P.  Cyc. 

2.  (Myth.)  'ihe  beautiful  son  of  Cephisus  and 

Liriope,  who,  having  seen  his  own  image  in  a 
fountain,  and  becoming  enamoured  of  it,  pined 
away,  until  he  was  transformed  into  the  flower 
of  the  same  name.  Ovid.  Wm.  Smith. 

NAR- CO’ SIS,  n.  [Gr.  vbpKioaif,  napicdui,  to  benumb.] 
(Med.)  The  effect  of  a narcotic  ; privation  of 
sense ; stupor.  Dunylison. 

NAR-COT'IC,  / a.  [Gr.  vapKioriKbc  ; vapicbu),  tobe- 

NAR-COT'I-CAL,  5 numb  ; mpm 7,  stupor  ; It.  Sg  Sp. 
narcotico  ; Fr.  narcotinue.]  (Med.)  Noting  an 
agent  which  induces  drowsiness,  sleep,  or  stu- 
por ; stupefactive. 

Narcotic  poisons,  poisons  which  act  particularly  on 
the  brain,  but  without  inflaming  the  organ  with  which 
they  come  in  contact ; as  opium,  &c.  Dunglisun. 

NAR-COT'IC,  n.  (Med.)  A medicine  which  in- 
duces drowsiness,  sleep,  or  stupor ; as  opium, 
aconite,  belladonna,  &c. 

HOP  Narcotics  differ  from  sedatives  in  that  their 
first  effect,  particularly  in  small  doses,  is  to  stimu- 
late. P.  Cyc. 

NAR-COT'J-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  the  manner  of  a 
narcotic ; by  inducing  sleep  or  stupor.  Whitlock. 

NAR-COT'IC-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  narcotic. 

NAR-COT'I-CO-AC'RID,  a.  (Med.)  Noting  a sub- 
stance which  is  narcotic  and  acrid.  Wright. 

NAR'CO-TINE  [nSr'ko-tln,  Sm.  Wb. ; nar'ko-tln, 
K.\  nar-ko'tin,  Brande],  n.  (Chem.)  A vegeto- 
alkaloid,  contained  in  considerable  quantity  in 
opium.  It  is  a white,  inodorous,  tasteless,  crys- 
talline solid,  consisting  of  carbon,  oxygen,  hy- 
drogen, and  nitrogen.  Sittiman. 

NAR'CO-TlijM,  n.  (Med.)  Narcosis,  [k.]  P.  Cyc. 

NARD,  n.  [Gr.  vdptos ; L.  nardtts ; It.  & r Sp.  nar- 
do ; Fr.  nard.  — A.  S.  nard.] 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;. A,  $,  I,  O,  IJ,  Y,  obscure; 


FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL; 


HEIR,  HER; 


NARDINE 


951 


NATALITIAL 


1.  An  aromatic  plant,  — also  called,  from  its 

blossom  being  shaped  like  an  ear  of  corn,  spica 
nardi,  or  spikenard.  Milton. 

2.  An  unguent,  or  perfumed  oil,  prepared 

from  the  plant.  Milton. 

jfl£g=*  “ The  spikenard  [iiard]  of  the  ancients,  es- 
teemed as  a stimulant  medicine,  as  well  as  a perfume, 
is  tile  root  of  Nardostachys  Jatamansi,  of  the  mountains 
of  tlie  north  of  India.”  Gray. 

NAR  DINE,  a.  Pertaining  to  nard ; having  the 
qualities  of  spikenard.  Wright. 

NAR'DUS,  n.  [L.]  {Dot.)  A genus  of  grasses  ; 
mat-grass.  Loudon. 

tNARE,  n.  [L.  naris.)  A nostril.  Hudibras. 

JfA  1 RE§,  7i.  pi.  [L.]  The  nostrils.  Dunglison. 

NAR'GlL,  n.  The  cocoanut  tree.  [India.]  Simmonds. 

NAR'GILE,  n.  A Turkish  pipe,  having  a long 
tube,  for  smoking  through  water.  Simmonds. 

f NAR'RA-BLE,  a.  [L.  narrabilis .]  That  may  be 
narrated  or  related.  Cockeram. 

NARRATE,  or  NAR-RATE'  [nar'rat,  W.  ./.  Ja.  R. 
E.  Wb.  ; nar-rat',  S.  P.  F.  K.  Sm.  C.  1 Vr.),v.a. 
[L.  narro,  narratus ; It.  narrare ; Sp.  narrar ; 
Fr.  narrer .]  [i.  narrated  ; pp.  narrating, 

narrated.]  To  give  an  account  of;  to  tell, 
rehearse,  relate,  or  recite,  as  an  incident,  an 
event,  a story,  or  a history  ; to  detail.  “ I may 
aptly  narrate  the  apologue.”  Sir  Ed.  Coke. 
“ A fictitious  story  is  narrated.”  Abp.  Whately. 

The  several  evangelists  narrate  the  same  events  in  divers 
manners.  “ Dr.  Trench. 

Johnson  says  of  this  word  that  it  is  “only  used 
in  Scotland  ; ” and  the  Quarterly  Review,  in  1814, 
thus  spoke  of  it:  “The  abominable  verb  narrate , 
which  must  be  absolutely  proscribed  in  all  good  writ- 
ing.” Yet  this  word  has  since  been  repeatedly  used 
in  the  Quarterly  Review  ; and  it  is  now  much  used 
by  good  writers  both  in  England  and  in  this  country. 

NAR-RA'TION,  n.  [L.  narrotio  ; narro , narra- 
tuSy  to  narrate  ; It.  narrazione  ; Sp.  narration  ; 
Fr.  narration.'] 

1.  The  act  of  narrating;  rehearsal;  recital. 

“The  narration  of  his  dream.”  Joye. 

2.  That  which  is  narrated  ; a story  ; a rela- 
tion ; an  account ; history  ; narrative. 

Ilomer  introduces  the  best  instructions  in  the  midst  of  the 
plainest  narrations.  Broome. 

3.  (Rhet.)  That  division  of  a discourse  in 

which  are  set  forth  the  facts  of  the  case  from 
which  the  orator  intends  to  draw  his  conclu- 
sions. Brande, 

Syn.  — Narration  signifies  the  act  of  narrating,  or 
the  thing  narrated  ; narrative,  the  thing  narrated.  Re- 
lation applies  to  whatever  is  related,  but  is  less  fre- 
quently used  in  this  sense  ; recital  relates  to  some- 
thing that  interests  some  individual ; an  account  is  the 
report  of  some  event.  An  interesting  narration  ; an 
affecting  or  simple  narrative  ; a relation  of  the  circum- 
stances ; the  recital  of  one’s  calamities  ; an  account  of 
a transaction.  — See  Account. 

NAR'RA-TIVE,  a.  [It.  § Sp.  narrativo  ; Fr.  nar- 
ratif.) 

1.  That  narrates  ; narrating;  relating;  giving 

an  account.  Ayliffe. 

2.  Prone  to  narrate  ; story-telling;  garrulous. 

“Age  ...  is  always  narrative.”  Dryden. 

The  poor,  the  rich,  the  valiant,  and  the  sage, 

And  boasting  youth,  and  narrative  old  age.  Tope. 

NAR'RA-TIVE,  n.  That  which  is  related;  a re- 
lation ; an  account ; a story  ; a narration. 

Cynthio  was  much  taken  with  my  narrative.  Tatter. 

Syn.  — See  Narration. 

NAR'RA-TI VE-Ly,  ad.  In  a narrative  manner; 
by  way  of  narration.  Ayliffe. 

NAR-RA'TOR,  n.  One  who  narrates;  a relater. 

NAr'RA-TO-RY,  a.  Giving  an  account  of  events; 
narrative.  “Letters  narratory."  [r.]  Howell. 

fNAR'RI-FY,  v.  a.  To  give  account  of ; to  relate  ; 
to  narrate.  Shak. 

NAR'ROW  (nar'ro),  a.  [A.  S.  nearow,  nearaw, 
ncarwa  ; nearwian,  nyrwian , to  make  narrow.] 

1.  Having  its  sides  near  each  other  ; of  little 
breadth;  not  broad  or  wide;  as,  “A  narrow 
ribbon  ” ; “A  narrow  street.” 

Strait  is  the  gate  and  narrow  is  the  way  which  leadeth 
unto  life,  and  few  there  be  that  find  it.  Matt.  vii.  It. 

2.  Of  small  or  limited  extent ; confined ; cir- 
cumscribed ; contracted.;  limited ; straitened. 


Though  the  Jews  were  hut  a small  nation,  and  confined 
to  a narrow  c.mpass  in  the  world.  Wilkin s. 

The  greatest  understanding  is  narrow.  IIow  much  of  God 
and  nature  is  there  whereof  we  never  had  any  idea!  Grew. 

3.  Contracted  in  mind  or  disposition  ; of  con- 
tracted views  or  sentiments  ; bigoted  ; selfish  ; 
illiberal;  ungenerous;  niggardly;  covetous;  — 
in  this  sense  much  used  in  composition. 
Resentments  are  not  easily  dislodged  from  narrow  minds. 

Cumberland. 

4.  Near;  close;  within  a little;  within  a 
small  distance;  as,  “A  narrow  escape.” 

5.  Close  ; scrutinizing  ; attentive  ; careful. 

Tlie  orb  he  roamed 

With  narrow  search,  and  with  inspection  deep 
Considered  a very  creature.  Milton. 

NAR'ROW,  V.  a.  [*.  NARROWED  ; pp.  NARROW- 
ING, NARROWED.] 

1.  To  lessen  the  breadth  of ; to  make  less  wide. 

At  the  Straits  of  Magellan,  where  the  land  is  narrorved. 

Browne. 

2.  To  bring  or  confine  within  a smaller  com- 
pass ; to  lessen  the  extent  of ; to  contract. 

One  science  is  incomparably  above  all  the  rest,  where  it  is 
not  by  corruption  narrowed  into  a trade  lor  mean  or  ill  ends 
and  secular  interests.  I mean  theology.  Locke. 

Who,  born  for  the  universe,  narrowed  his  mind, 

And  to  party  gave  up  what  was  meuut  for  mankind.  Goldsmith. 

NAR'ROW,  v.  n.  1.  To  become  less  broad;  to 
contract  in  breadth;  as,  “The  road  narrows.” 

2.  (Man.)  To  carry  the  right  legs  too  near  the 
left,  as  a horse  in  his  paee^.  Farrier's  Diet. 

NAR'ROW,  n.  ; pi.  nar'row?.  A strait  or  nar- 
row passage  ; — particularly  the  place  in  a stream 
or  other  body  of  water  where  its  breadth  or  the 
channel  is  much  contracted,  as  in  the  passage 
between  Long  Island  and  Staten  Island,  con- 
necting New  York  with  the  Atlantic;  — com- 
monly used  in  the  plural. 

NAR'ROW-f.R,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  narrows. 

NAR'ROW-InG,  n.  1.  The  act  of  making  narrow. 

2.  A narrow  place  ; particularly  the  part  of  a 
stocking,  or  other  piece  of  knitting,  where  the 
breadth  is  contracted,  — in  which  sense  it  is 
commonly  used  in  the  plural. 

NAR'ROW— LEAVED  (-levd),  a.  Having  narrow 
leaves.  Pennant. 

NAR'ROW-LY,  ad.  1.  With  the  sides  near  each 
other  ; with  little  breadth. 

2.  With  small  extent  or  scope  ; contractedly. 

The  Church  of  England  is  not  so  narrowly  calculated  that 

it  cannot  fall  in  with  any  regular  species  of  government. 

3.  Closely ; attentively ; with  scrutiny.  “Watch 

Bianca’s  steps  so  narrowly.”  Shak. 

A man’s  reputation  draws  eyes  upon  him  that  will  nar- 
rowly inspect  every  part  of  him.  Addison. 

4.  Nearly;  within  a little. 

Some  private  vessels  took  one  of  the  Aquapulca  ships, 
and  very  narrowly  missed  of  the  other.  Sunft. 

. 5.  Sparingly ; avariciously.  Johnson. 

NAR'ROW— MIND'JED,  a.  Of  narrow,  contracted 
views  ; bigoted  ; illiberal.  Blackstone. 

NAR'ROW-ImIND'ED-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being 
narrow-minded  ; bigotry  ; illiberality.  Johnson. 

NAR'ROW-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  narrow; 
want  of  breadth,  extent,  or  comprehension ; 
contractedness  : — meanness  ; poverty. 

NAR'ROW— SIGHT' J3D  (-slt'ed),  a.  Having  a nar- 
row sight ; short-sighted.  Wright. 

NAR'ROW— SOULED  (-sold),  a.  Of  narrow,  con- 
tracted sentiments  ; bigoted  ; illiberal. 

It  is  with  narrow-souled  people  as  with  narrow-necked 
bottles:  the  less  they  have  in  them,  the  more  noise  they  make 
in  pouring  it  out.  Swift. 

NAR'ROW-SRIIERED  (-sferd),  a.  Having  a nar- 
row sphere  of  action.  C.  Lamb. 

NAR'ROW-STERNED  (-sternd),  a.  Having  a nar- 
row stern.  Johnson. 

NAR'THEX,  n.  [Gr.  vapOy(  ; L.  n art  hex.) 

1.  ( Bot .)  A tall,  umbelliferous  plant,  the  pith 

of  which  was  used  by  the  ancients  as  a kind  of 
tinder ; Ferula.  Martyn. 

2.  (Ant.)  A box  or  casket  for  containing  un- 
guent. Wm.  Smith. 

3.  (Med.)  A collection  of  medical  formulce  or 

receipts  ; a formulary,  [it.]  Dunglison. 

4.  (Eccl.)  A name  given  by  ancient  writers 

to  a part  of  a Christian  church.  Hook. 


NAR'WHAL,  n.  [L.  naris,  nostril,  from  the 
size  of  its  nostrils,  and  whale.  — Sp.  £p  Fr.  nar- 
val.  — Ger.  narxoall .]  (Zolil.)  A cetaceous  ani- 
mal inhabiting  the  Northern  Ocean,  having  a 
long  tusk  projecting  from  the  fore  part  of  the 
head;  sea-unicorn;  unicorn-whale;  Monodon 
monoceros ; — written  also  nar  whale,  nar  tea  l, 
and  narval.  Eng.  Cgc.  Brande. 

fNAij.  [Contracted  from  ne  /i«s.]  Has  not.  Spenser. 

NA'§AL  (na'zsd),  a.  [It.  nasale ; Sp.  Sj  Fr.  nasal-, 
L.  nasus,  the  nose.] 

1.  Of,  or  pertaining  to,  the  nose.  “ The  nasal 
artery.”  “ The  nasal  bones.”  Dunglison. 

2.  Uttered  or  sounded  through  the  nose. 

A nasal  pronunciation  is  given, .in  some  languages,  to  par- 
ticular letters,  as,  in  French,  to  the  letters  m and  n in  certain 
positions.  Brande. 

NA'§AL,  n.  I.  A letter  or  sound  uttered  or  pro- 
nounced through  the  nose.  Holder. 

2.  (Med.)  A medicine  to  be  snuffed  up  the 

nose ; an  errhine.  Burton. 

3.  (Armor.)  A defence  for  the  upper  part  of 
the  face,  or  more  properly  for  the  nose.  Fairho/t. 

NA-§AL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being  nasal. 
“ The  nasality  of  the  first  letter.”  Sir  W.  Jones. 

NA-§AL-I-ZA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  uttering  or 
speaking  through  the  nose. 

NA'§AL-IZE,  v.  n.  To  speak  through  the  nose  or 
with  nasal  sounds.  Ch.  Ob. 

NA'^AL-IZE,  v.  a.  To  render  nasal.  Wright. 

NA'§AL-LY,  ad.  In  a nasal  manner;  by  or 
through  the  nose.  Wright. 

NAs'CAL,  n.  A medicated  pessary.  Dunglison. 

NAS'CfN-CY,  n.  The  beginning  of  growth.  Todd. 

NAS'CENT,  a.  [L.  nascor,  nascens,  to  he  born.] 
Beginning  to  exist,  grow,  or  be  formed.  Gray. 

Nascent  state,  ( Client.)  tlie  state  of  a gaseous  body 
at  tlie  moment  of  its  liberation  from  previous  combi- 
nation. Priestley. 

NA^E'BER-RY,  n.  (Bot.)  The  fruit  of  the  South 
American  tree  Achras  zapotilla.  Loudon. 

NASH,  a.  1.  Firm  ; hard.  [Derby,  Eng.]  Wright. 

2.  Chilly:  — nesh.  [Local,  Eng.]  Wright. 

NAi^'I-COR-NOyS  [naz'e-keir-nus,  Sm.  M b. ; na'ze- 
kor-nus,  P.  K.  ; naz-e-kor'nus,  Wr.),  a.  [L.  na- 
sus, the  nose,  and  cornu,  a horn.]  Having  a horn 
on  the  nose.  “ Nasicornous  beetles.”  Browne. 

NA§'!-FORM,  a.  [L.  nasus,  the  nose,  and  forma, 
form.]  Shaped  like  a nose.  Hill. 

NA-SOL'O-tjl Y,  n.  [L.  nasus,  the  nose,  and  Gr. 
l.6yo;,  a discourse.]  A treatise  on  the  nose,  or 
the  science  that  relates  to  the  nose.  E.  Warwick. 

NAS'TI-LY,  ad.  In  a nasty  manner;  filthily; 
dirtily  : — obscenely.  Johnson. 

NAS'TI-NESS,  n.  1.  The  state  of  being  nasty ; 
filthiness  ; dirtiness  ; filth.  Hayward. 

2.  Obscenity  ; smuttiness.  “ The  nastiness  of 
Plautus  and  Aristophanes.”  Dryden. 

NjIS-TUR’  Tl-  CjM,  n.  [L.  ; according  to  Pliny, 
from  nasus,  the  nose,  and  torqueo,  to  twist,  to 
torture.]  (Bot.)  A term  anciently  applied  to 
some  kind  of  pungent  herb,  as  cress; — by 
modern  botanists  applied  to  Tropaiolum  majus, 
an  American  annual  with  pungent  fruit.  P.  Cyc. 

NAs'TY,  a.  [Of  uncertain  etymology.  Skinner 
derives  from  Old  Ger.  natz , Ger.  nass , wet.  — 
Wachter  from  wetzen,  to  wet. — Teut.  nasz,  nas- 
ty. Holloway.  — Goth.  natjan.] 

1.  Disgustingly  dirty;  filthy;  foul;  squalid; 
unclean;  nauseous;  defiled;  polluted.  Shak. 

2.  Obscene  ; lewd  ; smutty  ; gross.  Johnson. 

f NA'SUTE,  a.  [L.  nasutus  ; nasus,  the  nose.] 

1.  Having  a quick  smell.  Evelyn. 

2.  Of  quick  or  nice  discernment. 

Such  as  would  be  accounted  nasute , critical,  and  saga- 
cious. Heap. 

■f  NA'SU’TJJ-NIJSS,  n.  Nice  discernment.  More. 

NfA'TAL,  a.  [L.  natalis ; nascor,  natus,  to  be  born  ; 
It.  natale  ; Sp.  Fr.  natal.)  Pertaining  to  birth 
or  nativity.  “ Natal  places.”  Camden. 

Safe  in  the  hand  of  one  disposing  power, 

Or  in  the  natal  or  the  mortal  hour.  Tope. 

Syn.  — Seo  Native. 

NA-TA-LP'TIAL  (-lTsh'?l),  a.  [L.  natalitius  ; na- 


MiEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RtlLE.  — <J,  <?,  <;,  g,  soft;  jC,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  7. ; $ as  gz.—  THIS,  this. 


NATURE 


NATALITIOUS 


952 


• tails , natal.]  Of,  or  pertaining  to,  one’s  birth  or 
birthday;  consecrated  to  one’s  nativity  ; natal. 

Wo  read  in  the  life  of  Virgil  how  far  his  natalitial  poplar 
had  outstripped  the  rest  of  its  contemporaries.  Evelyn. 

NA-TA-Ll"TIOUS  (-llsh'us),  a.  Relating  to  a 
birthday  ; natal ; natalitial.  Cartwright. 

fNA'TAL!?,  n.  pi.  Time  and  place  of  nativity. 
“ Natals  of  our  heavenly  King.”  Fitzgeffry. 

NA'TANT,  a.  [L.  nato,  natans,  to  swim.]  (Dot.) 
Floating  on  water  ; swimming.  Gray. 

NA-TA'TION,  n.  [L . natatio  ■,  nato,  natatus,  to 
swim.]  Swimming,  [r.]  Browne. 

NA-TA-TO'RJ-AL,  a.  ( Ornith .)  Noting  a bird  that 
swims,  as  swans, geese,  &c. ; swimming.  P.  Cyc. 

NA'TA-TO-RY,  a.  Enabling  to  swim  ; swimming. 
“ Their  [fishes’]  natatory  bladder.”  Brit.  Crit. 

NATCH,  n.  1.  The  part  of  an  ox  near  the  rump, 
between  the  loins.  Marshall. 

2.  A feat.  [Norfolk,  Eng.]  Wright. 

3.  pi.  Battlements  of  a tower.  [Eng.]  Wright. 

NATCH'— BONE,  n.  The  rump-bone  of  an  ox  ; — 
also  called  aitch-bone,  and  edge-bone.  Booth. 

NATCH'IJ-NY,  n.  ( Bot .)  An  East  Indian  plant ; 
Eleusine  corocana.  Hamilton. 

fNATH'LESS,  ad.  Nevertheless.  Spenser. 

tNATH'MORE,  ad.  Not  the  more.  Spenser. 

NATION  (na'slmn),  n.  [L.  natio  ; nascor,  natus, 
to  be  born;  It.  nazione ; Sp.  nacion ; Fr.  nation.] 

1.  A race  of  men  ; a people  born  in  the  same 
country,  and  living  under  the  same  govern- 
ment ; a people  distinct  from  others. 

The  responsibility  of  nations  seems  to  be  separated  from 
that  of  individuals;  the  one  to  be  judged  of  in  this  world,  the 
other  in  the  next.  IV.  Dauby. 

2.  Emphatically,  a great  number.  Young. 

Syn.  — Nation  denotes  a race  of  men,  or  connec- 
tion by  birth  or  descent  ; people,  persons  or  men  of 
common  subordination,  or  those  who  form  a commu- 
nity. The  people  of  Saxony  and  Bavaria  are  a portion 
of  the  German  nation. 

||  NA"TION-AL  (nash'un-al)  [nash'un-al,  IV.  P. 
J.  E.  F.  Ja.  Stn.  R.  C.  II  r. ; na'shun-al  or  nash'- 
un-al, K. ; na'shun-al,  IV b.  — See  Rational],  a. 

1.  Of,  or  pertaining  to,  a nation  ; as,  “ Na- 
tional wealth  ” ; “ National  customs.” 

2.  Common  to  a nation  ; general ; public  ; 
not  local  or  private. 

God,  in  the  execution  of  his  judgments,  never  visits  a 
people  with  public  and  general  calamities  but  where  their 
sins  are  public  and  national  too.  Rogers. 

3.  Strongly  attached  to  one’s  country,  as  dis- 

tinct from  other  countries,  — or  to  the  whole  of 
one’s  country,  as  distinguished  from  a particular 
division  or  section.  It.  Choate. 

||  NA''TION-AL-I§M,  n.  1.  A national  idiom  or 
phrase.  Hamilton. 

2.  Quality  of  being  national ; nationality,  [it.] 

||  NA”TION-AL-IST  (nash'un-?l-Ist),  n.  ( Thcol .) 
One  who  holds  to  the  election  of  nations  in  con- 
tradistinction to  individuals.  Qu.  Rev. 

II  NA-TION-AL'I-TY  (n&sh-un-al'e-te),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  national ; national  character. 

He  could  not  but  see  in  them  that  nationality  which  I be- 
lieve no  liberal  Scotsman  will  deny.  Roswell. 

II  NA-TION-AL-I-ZA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  nation- 
alizing. White. 

||  NA"TION-AL-IZE  (nash'un-al-Iz),  V.  a.  [i.  NA- 
TIONALIZED ; pp.  NATIONALIZING,  NATIONAL- 
IZED.] To  render  national ; to  distinguish  na- 
tionally. Ed.  Rev. 

||  NA''TION-AL-LY  (nash'un-al-le),  ad.  With  re- 
gard to  the  nation  ; as  a nation.  South. 

||  NA”TION-AL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
national ; nationality.  Johnson. 

NA'TIVE  (na’tjv),  a.  [L.  nativus  ; nascor,  natus, 
to  be  born  ; It.  <S;  Sp.  nativo  ; Fr.  natif.\ 

1.  That  gives  birth ; causing  to  be  or  exist; 
— pertaining  to  the  place  of  birth;  natal;  as, 
“ Native  place  ” ; “ Native  soil.” 

While  smooth  Adonis  from  his  native  rock 

Ban  purple  to  the  sea.  Milton. 

2.  Accompanying  or  annexed  to  birth  ; nat- 
ural; original;  genuine  ; real ; intrinsic;  in- 
digenous ; not  acquired  or  artificial. 


And  thus  the  native  hue  of  resolution 

Is  sickbed  o’er  with  tint  pale  cast  of  thought.  Shak. 

The  members,  retired  to  their  homes,  reassume  the  native 
seduteness  of  their  temper.  SwiJ't. 

3.  Of  the  same  birth  or  kind ; kindred ; al- 
lied ; congenial,  [it.] 

The  head  is  not  more  native  to  the  heart. 

The  hand  more  instrumental  to  the  mouth, 

Than  is  the  throne  of  Denmark  to  thy  father.  Shak. 

4.  (Chem.  & Min.)  Noting  a substance,  par- 
ticularly a metal,  which  occurs  in  nature  pure, 
or  uncombined  with  any  foreign  substance. 

Silver  is  common  native , and  also  in  combination  with 
sulphur,  antimony,  or  chlorine.  . . . There  is  one  native  salt, 
the  carbonate.  Dana. 

Syn.  — Native  (from  L.  nascor,  natus),  natal  (L. 
natalis,  from  natus),  and  indigenous  (L.  indigena , from 
in  and  giyno),  all  refer  to  birth  or  origin.  Natural  (L. 
natura)  refers  to  the  nature  of  a thing.  Native  land, 
town,  or  country  ; native  inhabitants  or  language  ; 
natal  day,  hour,  or  star  ; indigenous  animals  or  plants  ; 
natural  productions  ; original  inhabitants.  Natural 
disposition  or  turn  of  mind  ; native  simplicity  ; native 
eloquence;  congenial  disposition  or  character;  gen- 
uine substance.  “ With  us  the  term  nature  is  more 
vaguely  extensive  than  the  terms  physics , physical, 
physiology , physiological , or  even  than  the  adjective 
natural ; whereas,  in  the  philosophy  of  Germany, 
natur  and  its  correlatives,  whether  of  Greek  or  Latin 
derivation,  are,  in  general,  expressive  of  the  world  of 
matter,  in  contrast  to  the  world  of  intelligence.”  Sir 
Wm.  Hamilton.  m 

NA'TIVE,  n.  1.  One  born  in  a place  or  country; 
an  original  inhabitant.  Bacon. 

2.  + Offspring.  _ Shak. 

3.  That  which  grows  in  a country.  Smart. 

NA'TIVE-LY,  ad.  In  birth  or  origin;  originally; 
naturally  ;*  intrinsically ; really.  Lightfoot. 

NA'TIVE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  native. 

NA'TIV-ISM,  n.  Partiality  for  native-born  citi- 
zens. [Modern.] 

NA-TIV'I-TY,  n.  1.  Birth;  a coming  into  life. 

At  thy  nativity , a glorious  quire 

Of  angels  in  the  fields  of  Bethlehem  sung.  Milton. 

2.  Time,  place,  or  manner  ofbirth. 

Thy  birth  and  thy  nativity  is  of  Canaan.  Ezek.  xvi.  3. 

3.  The  state  or  the  place  of  being  produced. 

These,  in  their  dark  nativity , the  deep 

Shall  yield  us.  Milton.  \ 

4.  ( Astrol .)  A representation  of  the  positions 

of  the  heavenly  bodies  at  the  moment  of  one’s 
birth  ; a horoscope.  Brande. 

NAT'K A, n.  (Ornith.)  A kind  of  shrike.  Pennant. 

NA  ' TRI-  IIM,  n.  (Chem.)  Natron.  Crabb. 

NA ' TRIX,  n.  [L.,  a water-serpcnt.\  (Herp.)  A sub- 
genus of  colubers  of  which  the  common  harm- 
less snake  (Coluber  natrix)  is  the  type.  Brande. 

NAT'RO-LfTE,  n,  [natron  and  Gr.  kiflos,  a stone.] 
(Min.)  A white,  yellowish,  or  gray  hydrous  sili- 
cate of  alumina  and  soda,  occurring  in  fibrous 
masses  in  cavities  in  amygdaloidal  trap,  basalt, 
and  similar  rooks.  Dana. 

NA'TRON,  n.  [Low  L.  ; Gr.  virpor.]  (Min.)  A 
native  carbonate  of  soda,  which  occurs  in  Egypt 
and  many  other  parts  of  the  world.  It  is  the 
nitre  of  the  Bible.  Dana. 

NAT'TJJR-JACK,  n.  A small  toad  of  a light 
brownish-yellow  color  clouded  with  dull  olive, 
and  having  a bright-yellow  line  running  along 
the  middle  of  the  back  ; Bufo  calamita  of  Lau- 
rentior;  liana  rubeta  of  Linnseus.  Bell. 

NAt'TJ-LY,  ad.  Sprucely  ; tidily.  [Local.]  Wright. 

NAT'TY, a.  Spruce;  neat.  [Local, Eng.]  Qu.Rev. 

NtAT'U-RAL  (nat'yu-rjl)  [nat'chur-jl,  S.  ; nat'chu- 
ntl,  W.  J.  Wr. ; nat'u-ral,  E.Ja.  ; nat'yur-al,  ID), 
a.  [L . naturalise  nattira,  nature;  It.  naturale  ; 
Sp.  natural ; Fr.  naturel.) 

1.  Of,  or  pertaining  to,  nature;  produced  by, 
or  proceeding  from,  nature  ; not  acquired  ; not 
artificial;  not  assumed;  as,  “Natural  gifts.” 

2.  According  to,  or  consonant  with,  nature ; 
according  to  the  order  or  course  of  nature. 

What  can  he  more  natural  than  the  circumstances  in  the 
behavior  of  those  women  who  had  lost  their  husbands  on 
this  fatal  day  ? Addison. 

3.  Coming  in  the  course  of  nature  ; not  vio- 
lent. “ A natural  death.”  Johnson. 

4.  True  to  nature  or  to  life  ; like  nature  ; as, 
“A  natural  appearance.” 

5.  Connected  by  the  ties  of  consanguinity. 


A secret  and  villanou9  contriver  against  me,  his  natural 
• brother.  Shak. 

6.  Legitimate;  lawful;  legal,  [it.] 

Whom  should  he  follow  but  his  natural  king?  Shak. 

7.  Having  affection  for  one’s  kindred ; not 
unnatural. 

()  England,  model  to  thy  inward  greatness, 

Like  little  body  with  a mighty  heart. 

What  mightst  thou  do  that  honor  would  thee  do, 

Were  all  thy  children  kind  and  naturaU  Shak. 

8.  Born  in  a state  of  nature  ; born  out  of 
wedlock  ; illegitimate  ; as,  “ A natural  son.” 

9.  (Math.)  Noting  a function  taken  in,  or 
referred  to,  some  system  in  which  the  base  is  1. 

flEcf  “ Natural  numbers  are  those  commencing  at 
1,  each  being  equal  lo  tile  preceding,  plus  I.  Nutural 
sines,  tangents,  & c.,  are  sines,  tangents,  &c.,  taken  in 
arcs,  whose  radii  are  1.  Natural  logarithms  ...  are 
those  taken  in  a system  whose  modulus  is  1.”  navies. 


10.  (Mus.)  Noting  an  air  or  modulation  of 

harmony  which  moves  by  smooth  and  easy  tran- 
sitions, deviating  little,  or  gradually,  from  the 
original  key  : — noting  a key  [C  major]  which 
requires  neither  sharp  nor  flat  to  form  the  inter- 
vals:—noting  music,  or  musical  sounds,  pro- 
duced by  the  voice,  as  distinguished  from  instru- 
mental music  or  musical  sounds.  Moore. 

11.  Kind  ; humane.  [Local,  Eng.]  Wright. 

Natural  harmony,  (Mus.)  the  harmony  of  the  triad 

or  common  chord.  — Natural  history,  tile  history  of 
all  that  is  in  nature  ; particularly,  the  history  of  the 
productions  of  the  earth,  comprehending  the  descrip- 
tion and  classification  of  animals,  vegetables,  and 
minerals.  — Natural  key,  (Mas.)  a key  having  neither 
a fiat  nor  a sharp  for  its  signature,  as  the  key  of  C.  — 
Natural  modulation,  a.  modulation  proceeding  from  the 
principal  key  into  the  relative  keys. — Natural  orders, 
(Sot.),  groups  of  genera  which  bear  greater  resem- 
blance to  each  other  than  to  anything  else.  — Natural 
philosophy,  the  science  of  nature,  or  tho  science  which 
treats  of  the  phenomena  and  laws  of  the  material 
world.  In  modern  usage,  the  term  is  restricted  to  that 
branch  of  natural  science  which  considers  the  proper- 
ties of  natural  bodies,  and  their  actions  on  each  other ; 
physics.  — Natural  religion,  or  natural  theology,  evi- 
dences of  the  existence  and  attributes  of  God, 'observ- 
able in  the  constitution  of  nature;  — opposed  to  re- 
vealed religion.  — Natural  sciences.  See  SCIENCES. 

Syn.  — See  Native. 


NAT'U-RAL  (n&t'yu-ral),  n.  1.  A simpleton ; an 
idiot;  a fool.  “ A perfect  natural.”  Locke. 
2.  f A native  ; an  original  inhabitant. 

The  inhabitants  and  naturals  of  the  place.  Abbot. 


4.  (Mus.)  A character  used  to  contradict  u 
some  sharp  or  flat  previously  expressed  or  ™ 
understood.  Moore. 


NAtTI-RAL— BORN,  a.  Native  in  a country  ; not 
alien.  “ Natural-born  subjects.”  Blackstone. 

NAT'U-lt  A L-iijM  (nat'yu-rjl-Izm),  n.  1.  Mere 
state  of  nature.  Laving  ton. 

2.  The  doctrine  which  ascribes  the  phenom- 
ena of  nature  to  a blind  force  acting  necessarily. 

lie  [Bolingbroke]  was  of  that  sect  which,  to  avoid  a more 
odious  name,  chose  to  distinguish  itself  by  that  of  natu- 
ralism. Hurd. 

NAT'U-RAL-IST  (nht'yu-ral-Ist),  n.  1.  One  versed 
in  the  knowledge  of  nature,  or  natural  philos- 
ophy, more  especially  of  natural  history.  More. 

2.  A believer  in  naturalism  ; a deist. 

A naturalist,  two  hundred  years  ago,  was  a denier  of  re- 
vealed truth:  lie  is  now  an  investigator,  and  often  a pious 
one,  of  nature  and  its  laws;  yet  the  word  lias  remained  true 
to  its  etymology  all  the  while.  Trench. 

NAT-U-RAL'I-TY,  n.  Naturalness,  [r.]  Smith. 

NAt-U-RAL-I-ZA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  naturaliz- 
ing, or  the  state  of  being  naturalized.  Bacon. 

NAT'U-RAL-IZE  (nSt'yu-ral-Iz),  V.  a.  [i.  NATU- 
RALIZED ; pp.  NATURALIZING,  NATURALIZED.] 

1.  To  render  natural;  to  make  easy  by  habit. 

Custom  has  naturalized  his  labor  to  him.  South. 

2.  To  receive  or  adopt  as  native  ; to  invest 
with  the  privileges  of  native  subjects  or  citizens. 

The  Irish  might  not  be  naturalized  without  damage  to 
themselves  or  the  crown.  Davies. 

II  NAT'U-RAL-LY  (nSt'yu-r?l-le),  ad.  1.  In  a nat- 
ural manner  ; according  to  nature.  South. 

2.  Spontaneously ; without  cultivation  or  art. 

There  is  no  place  where  wheat  naturally  grows.  Johnson. 

||  NAT'U-RAL-NESS  (nat'yu-ral-nes),  n.  The  state 
or  the  quality  of  being  natural.  South. 

||  NAT'URE  (nat'yur)  [na'chur,  >$.  J.  Wr. ; na'chur, 
W. ; na'tur,  F.  C. ; nat'yur,  Ja.  K. ; na'tyur,  Scott; 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  l,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  I>,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  fAlL; 


HEIR,  HER  ; 


NATURE 


na'tur,  colloquially  na'chor,  Sm.  “There  is  a 
vulgar  pronunciation  of  this  word,  as  if  written 
na-ter,  which  cannot  be  too  carefully  avoided.” 
Walker],  n.  [L.  natura ; nascor,  natus,  to  be 
bom  ; It.  % Sp.  natura ; Fr.  nature.'] 

1.  The  system  of  created  things ; the  creation  ; 
the  world  ; the  universe. 

If  their  dam  may  be  judge,  the  young  apes  are  the  most 
beautiful  things  in  nature.  Glanvill. 

Nature  and  nature's  laws  lay  hid  in  night; 

God  said,  Let  Newton  be;  and  all  was  light.  Pope. 

And  look  through  nature  up  to  nature's  God.  Pope. 

O,  how  canst  thou  renounce  the  boundless  store 

Of  charms  which  nature  to  her  votary  yields!  Beattie. 

“ The  term  nature  is  used  sometimes  in  a wid- 
er, sometimes  in  a narrower  extension.  When  em- 
ployed in-its  most  extensive  meaning,  it  embraces  the 
two  worlds  of  mind  and  matter.  When  employed  in 
its  most  restricted  signification,  it  is  a synonyme  for 
the  latter  only,  and  is  then  used  in  contradistinction 
to  the  former.”  Hamilton. 

jgigp*  “ The  word  nature  has  been  used  in  two  senses  ; 
viz.,  actively  and  passively,  energetic  and  material. 
In  the  first  it  signifies  the  inward  principle  of  what- 
ever is  requisite  for  the  reality  of  a thing  as  existent. 
...  In  the  second  or  material  sense  of  the  word  nature , 
we  mean  by  it  the  sum  total  of  all  things,  so  far  as 
they  are  objects  of  our  senses,  and  consequently  of 
possible  experience,  — the  aggregate  of  phenomena, 
whether  existing  for  our  outward  senses  or  for  our 
inner  sense.”  Coleridge. 

2.  The  state,  properties,  or  essence  of  any 

particular  thing  or  class  of  things,  or  that  which 
constitutes  it  what  it  is.  “The  nature  of 
brutes.’’  Wilkins . 

Why  leaped  the  hills?  why  did  the  mountains  shake? 

What  ailed  them,  their  fixed  natures  to  forsake?  Cowley. 

3.  The  soul  or  active  principle  of  the  universe  ; 
the  creator,  author,  or  producer  of  things. 

Hear,  Nature,  hear  I Dear  goddess,  hear!  Shak. 

When  it  was  said  to  Anaxagoras^  The  Athenians  have 
condemned  you  to  die,  he  said,  And  Nature  them.  Bacon. 

jggr*  “ We  conceive  a power  or  a cause  distinct 
from  the  effects,  and  call  that  power  Nature , which 
at  other  times  we  call  God.”  Smart. 

“ There  is  no. such  thing  as  what  men  com- 
monly call  the  course  of  nature , or  the  power  of  nat- 
ure. The  course  of  nature , truly  and  properly  speak- 
ing, is  nothing  else  hut  the  will  of  God  producing 
certain  effects  in  a continued,  regular,  constant,  and 
uniform  manner,  — which  course  or  manner  of  acting, 
being  in  every  movement  perfectly  arbitrary,  is  as 
easy  to  be  altered  at  any  time  as  to  be  preserved.” 
Clarice. 

4.  The  established  or  regular  course  of  things. 

My  end 

Was  wrought  by  nature,  not  by  vile  offence.  Shak. 

5.  The  constitution,  regular  course,  or  appear- 
ances of  things. 

The  works,  whether  of  poets,  painters,  moralists,  or  histo- 
rians,-which  are  built  upon  general  nature , live  for  ever. 

Reynolds. 

6.  The  constitution  or  aggregate  powers  of  a 
body,  especially  of  a living  one. 

When  physicians  say  that  nature  is  strong.  Boyle. 

7.  Sort;  kind;  species;  particular  character. 

“A  dispute  of  this  nature .”  Dry  den. 

8.  Adaptation  to  nature  ; accordance  with,  or 
conformableness  to,  truth  or  reality. 

Only  nature  can  please  those  tastes  which  are  unprejudiced 
and  refined.  Addison. 

9.  Natural  affection  or  reverence.  Pope. 

10.  Temper;  disposition;  as,  “Good  nature." 

11.  An  intelligent  being. 

That  reverence  which  is  due  to  a superior  nature.  Addison. 

Law  of  nature.  See  Law. 

Syn.  — See  Kind. 

||  fNAT'lIRE,  v.  a.  To  endow  with  natural  qual- 
ities. Gower. 

||  NAT'URED  (nat'yurd),  a.  Disposed  by  nature  ; 
having  a nature  or  disposition  ; — used  in  com- 
position ; as,  good-natured,  ill-natured.  Johnson. 

||  f NAT'URE-LESS,  a.  Not  consonant  with  nat- 
ure ; unnatural.  Milton. 

NAt'UR-I§M,  n.  Naturalism,  [r.]  Dunglison. 

||  f nAt'UR-IST  (nat'yur-ist),  n.  One  who  ascribes 
all  things  to  nature  ; a naturalist.  Boyle. 

tNA-TU'R[-TY,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality  of 
being  produced  by  nature.  Browne. 

fNAu'FRAJ-iE  (naw'fraj),  rt.  [Fr. ; L.  naufragi- 
um.\  Shipwreck.  Bacon. 

f nAu'FRA-GOUS,  a.  [L.  navfragus.]  Causing 
shipwreck.  ' Bp.  Taylor. 


953 


NAVIGATE 


NAUGHT  (n&wt),  n.  [M.  Goth,  niwaiht;  A.  S. 
nawuht,  uaiviht,  nawht,  nauht,  naht,  noht ; tie, 
not,  and  wuht,  wilit,  a wight,  a whit,  any  thing, 
aught ; Old  Ger.  niowiht,  niewet,  niwit,  niuwet, 
nieht,  niht,  nicht,  niet,  nit,  niut ; Ger.  nichts .] 
Nothing;  — often  written  nought,  to  distinguish 
it  from  naught , adj.  “ Naught  but  truth.”  Shak. 

To  set  at  naught,,  to  regard  or  esteem  as  of  no  value  ; 
to  despise.  “ Why  dost  thou  set  at  naught  thy  broth- 
er ? ” . Rom.  xiv.  10. 

NAUGHT  (nawt),  a.  Of  no  value  ; worthless;  bad; 
naughty  ; vile  ; base.  “ It  is  naught,  it  is  naught, 
saith  the  buyer.”  Prov.  xx.  14. 

NAUGHT  (nawt),  ad.  In  no  degree;  not  at  all. 

NAUGH'Tj-Ly  (naw'te-le),  ad.  In  a naughty 
manner  ; wickedly  ; perversely.  Shak. 

NAUGH'TI-NESS  (naw'te-nes), n.  1.  Wickedness; 
badness  ; iniquity  *,  vice. 

Transgressors  shall  be  taken  in  their  own  naughtiness. 

Prov.  xiv.  10. 

2.  Slight  wickedness,  as  of  children  ; per- 
verseness ; forwardness.  Johnson. 

f NAUGHT'LY,  ad.  Naughtily.  Mir.  for  Mag. 

NAUGII'TY  (naw’te),  a.  1.  Worthless;  bad. 
“ Naughty  figs.”  Jer.  xxiv.  2. 

2.  Unfit;  unfavorable.  “ A naughty  night  to 

swim  in.”  Shak. 

3.  Wicked  ; sinful ; corrupt. 

A naughty  person,  a wicked  man,  walketh  with  a froward 
mouth.  Proy.vi.12. 

IIow  far  that  little  candle  throws  his  beams! 

So  shines  a good  deed  in  a naughty  world.  Shak. 

4.  Mischievous ; perverse  ; froward.  Dryden. 

figp-  “ It  is  now  seldom  used  but  in  the  latter  sense 

in  speaking  to  children,  or  in  ludicrous  censure.” 
Smart. 

NAu'LA^E,  n.  [Fr.,  from  Gr.  valh,v  ; vav;,  a ship.] 
Money  paid  for  passage  in  a ship,  [r.]  Bailey. 

NAU'MA-jEIIY  ( navv ’nia-ke),  n.  [Gr.  uavpa^ia  ; 
raus,  a ship,  and  pd%n,  a combat ; L.  naumachia ; 
Fr.  naumachie.] 

1.  A naval  combat;  — generally  applied  to  a 

mock  naval  combat.  Lovelace. 

2.  (Roman  Ant.)  The  representation  of  a sea- 

fight  : — the  place  where  such  engagements  were 
exhibited.  IV.  Smith. 

NAus'CO-PY,  n,  [F r.  nauscopie ; Gr.  vat’s,  a ship, 
and  cKon(ii),  to  look  at.]  The  art  of  discovering 
the  approach  of  ships  at  a distance.  Maty. 

NAU'SE-A  (nHw'she-?),  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  vavts'ta  ; 
mis,  a ship;  It.  nausea-,  Fr.  nausee.]  Seasick- 
ness ; sickness  of  the  stomach  ; inclination  to 
vomit ; qualm ; loathing  ; disgust.  Dodsley. 


nAU'SE-ANT  (naw'she-ant),  n.  (Med.)  A sub- 
stance that  excites  nausea.  Dunglison. 

nAU'SE-ATE  (niw'she-at),  v.  n.  [L.  nauseo,  nau- 
seatus  ; nausea ; It.  nauseare.]  \i.  naitseated  ; 
pp.  nauseating,  nauseated.]  To  feel  incli- 
nation to  vomit ; to  grow  squeamish  ; to  feel 
disgust. 

We  are  apt  to  nauseate  at  very  good  meat,  when  we  know 
that  an  ill  cook  did  dress  it.  Reynolds. 

NAu'SE-ATE  (naw'she-at),  v.  a.  1.  To  loathe; 
to  reject  with  disgust ; to  abhor  ; to  abominate. 

Many  [dishes]  are  cried  up  in  one  age  which  are  decried 
and  nauseated  in  another.  Browne. 

2 To  make  to  vomit ; to  sicken.  Dryden. 

3.  To  affect  with  disgust. 

He  let  go  his  hold  ...  as  if  he  were  nauseated.  Swift. 

nAu'SE-AT-ING  (n9.w'she-at-jng),  p.  a.  Exciting- 
nausea  or  disgust.  • 

NAU-SE-A'TION  (naw-shc-a'shun),  n.  The  act  of 
nauseating  ; a loathing  ; disgust.  Bp.  Hall. 

NAU'SE-A-TIvE  (n&w'she-a-tlv),  a.  Exciting 
nausea ; nauseous,  [r.]  Bailey. 

nAu'SEOUS  (n&w'shus),  a.  [L.  nauseosus ; nausea, 
nausea  ; It.  Sg  Sp.  nauseoso.]  Exciting  or  pro- 
ducing nausea  ; loathsome;  disgusting.  “Nau- 
seous and  unwholesome  weeds.”  Walsh. 

NAU'SEOUS-LY  (nEUv'shus-le),  ad.  Loathsomely; 
disgustingly.  ’ Dryden. 

NAU'SEOUS-NESS  (naw'shus-nes),  n.  The  quality 
of  being  nauseous ; loathsomeness.  Dryden. 

NAU  TIC,  1 a_  [(Jr.  uavrtKd;  ; vairps,  a sailor; 

NAU'TI-CAL,  ) vav;,  a ship  ; L.  nauticus  ; It.  6$ 


Sp.  nautico  ; Fr.  nautique.]  Pertaining  to  sail- 
ors, or  to  navigation  ; naval  ; marine ; maritime. 

Syn.  — Nautical  (L.  nauta,  a sailor)  signifies  be- 
longing to  a sailor,  or  to  navigation  ; maritime  and  ma- 
rine (L . mare,  sea)  signify  belonging  to  the  sea  ; naval 
(L.  navis,  a ship)  signifies  belonging  to  a ship.  Nau- 
tical is  a scientific  term,  relating  to  navigation.  Nau- 
tical instruction,  skill,  calculations,  tables,  almanac; 
maritime  town,  country,  laws  ; marine  stores  ; naval 
officers,  uniform,  force,  tactics. 

NAU'TI-LITE, n.  (Geol.)  A fossil  nautilus.  P.Cye. 

nAu'TI-LUS,  n. ; pi.  L.  na  u'  ti-li  ; Eng.  nau'ti- 
lus-e$.  [L.,  from  Gr.  vuvrilos  ; vain-ps,  a sailor.] 
(Conch.)  A genus  of  tetrabranchiate,  cephalop- 
odous  mollusks,  having  a chambered  shell  with 
simple  septa,  perforated  in  the  centre,  concave 
towards  the  outlet  of  the  shell,  and  with  the  last 
chamber  the  largest,  and  containing  the  body  of 
the  animal.  Brande. 

NA'VAL,  a.  \L.navalis-,  navis  (Gr.  t/aus),  a ship; 
It.  navale  ; Sp.  Sg  Fr.  naval.) 

1.  Of,  or  pertaining  to,  ships.  “The  first 

naval  triumph.”  Raleigh. 

2.  Consisting  of  ships  ; as,  “ A naval  force.” 

Syn.  — See  Nautical. 

f nA'  VAL§,  n.  pi.  Naval  affairs.  Ld.  Clarendon. 

NA'VARjCH,  n.  [Gr.  vavap^os ; vavg,  a ship,  and 
dp%oi,  to  command  ; L.  navarchus.)  The  com- 
mander of  a fleet  in  ancient  Greece.  Mitford. 

NA'VARjGH-Y,  n.  [Gr.  vavap^ta,  the  office  of  a 
navarch.  — See  Navarch.]  The  science  of 
managing  ships  ; navigation.  Sir  W.  Petty. 

NAVE,  n.  [A.  S.  nafu,  nafa;  Dut.  nave-,  Ger. 
nabe  ; Dan.  nav  ; Sw.  naf.) 

1.  The  centre  or  middle  part  of  a wheel,  into 

which  the  end  of  the  axletree  is  inserted,  and 
from  which  the  spokes  radiate.  Shak. 

2.  The  middle  or  body  of  a church,  extending 
from  the  inner  door  from  the  choir,  being  the 
part  between  the  side  aisles  or  wings.  Ayliffe. 

NA'VEL  (na'vl),  n.  [A.  S.  nafela,  netful-,  Ger. 
nabel ; Dan.  nab/e  ; Sw.  nafle  ; Icel.  nabli,  nafli. 
— Gr.  dialog  ; L.  umbilicus.  — Sansc.  nab  hi.) 
(Anat.)  A round  cicatrix  in  the  centre  of  the 
abdomen,  which,  being  an  aperture  in  the  foetus, 
afforded  passage  to  the  umbilical  cord  .Dunglison. 

NA'VEL— GALL,  n.  A gall  or  bruise  on  a horse’s 
back,  over  against  the  navel.  Johnson. 

NA'VELLED  (na'vld),  a.  Having  a navel.  Byron. 

NA'VEL— STRING,  n.  The  umbilical  cord.  Dryden. 

NA'VEL-WORT  (na'vl-wurt),  n.  (Bot.)  A genus 
of  succulent  plants  ; Cotyledon.  Loudon. 

NA'VEW  (na'vu),  n.  [A.  S.  ncepe. — L.  napus  ; It. 
napo-,  Sp.  nabo  ; Old  Fr.  naveau-,  Fr.  navet .] 
A plant  resembling  the  turnip,  but  smaller,  and 
with  a spindle-shaped  root ; Brassica  napus  ; — 
sometimes  called  French  turnip.  Miller. 

NA-VIC'U-LAR,  a.  [L.  navicularis  ; navicula,  dim. 
of  navis,  a ship  ; Fr.  naviculaire.) 

1.  Relating  to  boats.  Bailey. 

2.  (Anat.  & Bot.)  Shaped  like  a 
boat ; cymbiform. 

Navicular  hone,  the  first  bone  of  the  first,  row  of  the 
wrist : — the  hone  at  the  anterior  part  of  the  astragalus 
and  inner  part  of  the  foot ; scaphoid  bone.  Dunglison. 

NAV-I-GA-CIL'I-TY,  n.  Navigableness.  Ed.  Rev. 

NAV'I-GA-BLE,  a.  [L.  navigabiUs  ; navigo,  navi- 
gar  e,  to  sail ; Fr.  navigable.  — See  Navigate.] 
That  may  be  navigated  or  passed  in  vessels. 
“ Navigable  rivers.”  Raleigh. 

NA  V'I-G  A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state 
of  being  navigable.  Bailey. 

NAV'I-GA-BLY,  ad.  In  a navigable  manner;  so 
as  to  be  navigated.  Wright. 

NAV'I-GANT,  n.  A navigator.  Hackluyt. 

NAV'1-gATE,  v.  n.  [L.  navigo,  navigatus ; navis, 
a ship,  and  ago,  to  lead,  to  direct ; It.  navigare ; 
Sp.  navegar ; Fr.  navigucr.)  [i.  navigated; 
pp.  navigating,  navigated.]  To  guide  or 
direct  the  course  of  a vessel  or  vessels  over  the 
water  ; to  pass  by  water ; to  sail. 

The  Phoenicians  navigated  to  the  extremities  of  the  west- 
ern  ocean.  Arbutlinot. 

NAV'I-gATE,  v.  a.  1.  To  pass  on  or  over  in  a 

vessel  or  vessels  ; to  sail  on  or  over. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 

120 


BULL,  BUR,  RiJLE.  — <J,  (jf,  g,  soft;  IS,  jG,  £,  g,  hard;  ^ as  z; 


Jf  as  gz. — THIS,  this. 


NAVIGATION 


954 


NEBULOUSNESS 


Drusus,  the  father  of  the  Emperor  Claudius,  was  the  first 
who  navigated  the  northern  ocean.  Avbuthnot. 

2.  To  steer  or  manage  in  sailing;  to  guide  or 
direct  the  course  of,  as  a vessel.  Wright. 

NA  V-I-GA'TION,  n.  [L.  navigatio ; It.  naviga- 
zione  ; Sp.  nqvigacion  ; Fr . navigation.] 

1.  The  act  or  the  art  of  navigating. 

The  loadstone  is  that  great  help  to  navigation.  Bacon. 

2.  An  art  or  science  by  which  a mariner  is 

taught  to  conduct  his  ship  from  one  place  to 
an  other.  Brands. 

3.  Ships  collectively,  [it.] 

Though  the  yeasty  waves 

Confound  and  swallow  navigation  up.  Shdk. 

NA  V'I-GA-TOR,  n.  1.  One  who  navigates;  a 
sailor  ; a seaman.  Temple. 

2.  A laborer  employed  upon  earth-work  cut- 
tings for  railways,  &c.  ; a navvy.  Sunmonds. 

NA-ViG'ER-OUS,  a-  [L.  navis,  a ship,  and  gero, 
to  bear.]  Capable  of  floating  vessels.  Blount. 

NAV'VY,  n.  [A  corruption  of  navigator .]  A la- 
borer who  works  upon  cuttings  and  embank- 
ments for  railways,  &c. ; a digger.  Wright. 

NA'VY,  n.  [L.  navis,  a ship,  from  Gr.  vaSt.] 

1.  A fleet  of  ships. 

The  navy  of  Hiram  brought  gold  from  Ophir.  1 Kings  x.  11. 

2.  All  the  ships  of  war  belonging  to  a nation. 

The  first  ship,  properly  so  called,  of  the  British  navy,  was 

built  by  Henry  Vll.  Braude. 

3.  The  officers  and  men  belonging  to  the 

ships  of  war  of  a nation.  Smart. 

NA'VY— BOARD,  n.  The  court  of  admiralty;  a 
board  of  navy  commissioners.  Mead. 

+ NAYVL,  n.  An  awl.  Fotherby. 

NAY ',ad.  [A.  S.  na,  ne.  — See  No.] 

1.  A word  of  negation  or  refusal ; no  ; — now 
almost  entirely  superseded  by  no. 

Whilst  one  says  only  yea,  and  t’other  nay.  Denham. 

2.  Not  only  so,  but  more  ; a word  of  amplifi- 
cation ; as,  “ I think,  nag,  I am  sure,  it  is  so.” 

Syn. — Bee  Indeed. 

fNAY,  n.  Denial;  refusal.  liadcliffc. 

t NAY,  v.  a.  To  refuse.  Holinshed. 

fNAY'YVARD,  n.  Tendency  to  denial.  Shah. 

fNAY'WORD  (-wiird),  n.  1.  A proverbial  re- 
proach ; a by-word.  Shah. 

2.  A watch-word.  Shah. 

NAZ-A-RENE',  n.  [Gr.  N a^aoyvis -,  Na£«p/0,  Naz- 
areth.] 

1.  An  inhabitant  of  Nazareth,  or  a follower  of 

Jesus  of  Nazareth  ; a Christian  ; — a term  used 
by  the  Jews  in  contempt.  “ A ringleader  of  the 
sect  of  the  Nazarenes.”  Acts  xxiv.  5. 

2.  ( Theol .)  One  of  those  Christians  who, 

about  A.  D.  66,  at  the  commencement  of  the 
Jewish  war,  are  said  to  have  retired  from  Jeru- 
salem to  Pella,  on  account  of  their  strict  adher- 
ence to  the  Mosaic  law.  Eden. 

NAZ'A-R!tE,  n.  [Heb.  “113,  to  separate  one’s 

self.]  A Jew  who,  by  certain  acts  of  self-denial, 
consecrated  himself,  in  a peculiar  manner,  to 
the  service,  worship,  and  honor  of  God.  Num.  vi. 

NAZ'A-RIT-ISjjM,  n.  The  doctrines  or  the  practice 
of  the  Nazarites.  Wright. 

NAZE,  n.  [A.  S.  lues.  See  Ness.]  A promon- 
tory ; a cliff';  a headland.  Smart. 

+ NE  (ne  or  ne),  ad.  [A.S.]  Neither;  not.  Spenser. 

NE-A-CO'MI-AN,  a.  (Geol.)  Noting  a group  of 
rocks  in  the  cretaceous  system.  St.  John. 

+ NEAF  (nsf),  n.  [Icel.  neft.~\  Afistjncif.  Shah. 

NEAL  (nel),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  anatlan,  to  kindle.]  [ i . 
NEALED  ; pp.  sealing,  nealed.]  To  temper, 
as  glass  or  metals,  by  heat ; to  anneal.  Bogle. 

NEAL  (nel),  v.  n.  To  be  tempered  by  heat;  tb  be 
annealed,  [n.]  Bacon. 

NEAP,  n.  [See  Nape.] 

1.  An  instrument  for  supporting  the  fore  part 
of  a loaded  car  or  wagon  ; a nape.  Holloway. 

2.  Draught-pole  of  a cart  or  wagon;— also 
written  neep.  [Local,  Eng.  and  U.  ST]  Wright. 

NEAP  (nep),  a.  [A.  S.  nep.]  Noting  the  lowest 


tides  in  the  month,  occurring  when  the  attractions 
of  the  sun  and  moon  on  the  waters  of  the  ocean 
are  exerted  in  directions  perpendicular  to  each 
other,  or  about  four  or  five  days  before  the  new 
and  full  moons  ; — opposed  to  spring-tides.  — 
Written  also  neep.  Brande. 

NEAP,  n.  A neap-tide,  [r.]  Hahewill. 

NEAPED  (nept),  a.  (Mant.)  Left  aground  by  the 
tide,  as  a ship  ; — particularly,  left  aground  on 
the  height  of  the  spring-tide,  so  that  she  cannot 
be  floated  till  the  return  of  the  next  spring-tide  ; 
beneaped.  Dana. 

NE-A-POL'J-TAN,  n.  (Geog.)  A native  or  an  in- 
habitant of  the  kingdom  of  Naples.  Shah. 

NE-A-POL'I-TAN,  a.  Of,  or  pertaining  to,  Naples. 
“ Neapolitan  troops.”  P.  Cyc. 

NEAP'-TIDE,  n.  One  of  the  lowest  tides  in  the 
month.  — See  Neap.  Crahh. 

NEAR  (ner),  a.  [A.  S.  neah,  neh  ; comp,  nearra  ; 
sup.  nyghst,  neahst:  — Dut.  ha-,  Ger.  italic, 
Dan.  liar ; Sw.  ntira  ; Icel.  na.] 

1.  Not  far  distant  in  place,  time,  or  degree  ; 
not  far  removed  ; nigh  ; neighboring  ; adjacent. 

2.  Closely  related  or  allied  by  blood.  “ I am 

thy  near  kinsman.”  Ruth  iii.  12. 

3.  Closely  attached ; intimate;  familiar.  “His 

kinsmen  and  near  friends.”  Acts  x.  24. 

4.  Close  ; not  free,  or  rambling. 

Hannibal  Caro’s,  in  the  Italian,  is  the  nearest,  the  most 
poetical,  and.  the  most  sonorous  of  translations  of  the  yEncid. 

Dry  den. 

5.  Short ; direct ; straight.  “ Nearest  way.” 

6.  Affecting  ; touching  ; dear. 

A matter  of  so  great  and  near  concernment.  Locke. 

7.  Close;  parsimonious.  “ A near,  and  hard, 

and  bucking  chapman.”  Hales. 

8.  Next  to  the  rider  about  to  mount,  or  to 
the  driver  afoot;  left;  — opposed  to  off-,  as, 
“ The  near  side  ” ; “ The  near  horse  in  a team.” 

Syn. — Near  is  less  definite  than  close.  Mouses 
may  be  near  to  each  other,  without  being  close.  A 
near  relation  : near  home  ; a near  or  nigh  place  ; a 
dear  or  familiar  friend ; an  intimate  acquaintance  ; a 
close  connection. 

“ Near  (Teutonic  needier)  and  next.  (Teutonic  mechst) 
are  tile  comparative  and  superlative  degrees  of  the 
same  adjective.  Near  has  corruptly  become  positive. 
My  next  neighbor,  my  near  neighbor,  my  nigh  neigh- 
bor, describe  the  superlative,  the  secondary,  and  t he 
less  definite  degree  of  contiguity.”  Will.  Taylor. 

NEAR,  ad.  1.  Almost ; within  a little  ; nearly. 

Near  about  the  yearly  value  of  the  land.  Locke. 

2.  Closely,  as  by  birth  or  alliance. 

The  Earl  of  Armagnac,  near  knit  to  Charles.  Shak. 

NEAR  (tier),  prep.  At  no  great  distance  from  ; 
close  to  ; nigh.  “ He  is  near  the  city.”  Riley. 

NEAR,  v.  a.  [i.  neared  ; pp.  nearing,  neared.] 
To  come  or  draw  near;  to  approach.  “That 
lord  that  nears  you.”  Heywood. 

NEAR,  v.  n.  To  draw  near  ; — a nautical  expres- 
sion ; as,  “The  vessels  neared  fast.” 

NEAR'— COM-JNG,  a.  Coming  soon.  Fairfax. 

NEAR'— LEGGED  (-legd),  a.  Travelling  with  the 
feet  too  near  together  so  as  to  interfere,  as  a 
horse.  Shah. 

NEAR'Ly,  ad.  1.  At  no  great  distance. 

2.  Closely;  intimately;  as,  “ Nearly  related.” 

3.  Parsimoniously  ; penuriously.  Johnson. 

4.  Almost ; within  a little  ; well  nigh. 

NEAR'NESS,  it.  1.  State  of  being  near.;  sipall 
distance;  adjoining;. — opposed  to  remoteness. 

2.  Close  alliance  by  blood  or  affection.  Bacon. 

3.  Parsimony  ; penuriousness. 

It  shows  in  the  king  a nearness,  but  yet  with  a kind  of  just- 
ness. So  these  little  grains  of  gold  and  silver  helped  not  a 
little  to  make  up  the  great  heap.  Bacon. 

NEAR'— SlGHT-^D  (ner'slt-ed),  a,  Seeing  but  a 
short  distance  ; short-sighted.  Goldsmith. 

NEAR'— SIGHT- 1JD-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 

near-sighted.  Sat.  Mag. 

NEAR'— USII-^R-lNG,  a.  Advancing  from  no  great 
distance.  Milton. 

NEAT  (net),  n.  [A.  S.  neat,  nyten,  niten,  cattle; 
Dan. nod;  Icel  .nant;  Sw  .ni'it;  Scot,  nolt,  nowt; 
Old  Eng.  noat.  — Ihrc  derives  it  from  A.  S.  neo- 
tail,  niotan,  nyttian,  to  make  use  of ; Richard- 


son, from  hnitan,  to  butt  or  strike  with  the 
horns.]  Animals  of  the  bovine  genus,  as  cows, 
oxen,  &c. 

The  steer,  the  heifer,  and  the  calf 
Arc  all  called  neat.  Shak. 

His  droves  of  asses,  camels,  herds  of  neat , 

And  flocks  of  sheep.  Sandys. 

ltgj=  Very  seldom  used  for  a single  animal,  except 
in  such  phrases  as,  “ A neat’s  tongue,”  “ A neat’s 
foot,”  &c. 

NEAT  (net),  a.  [L.  nitidus  ; It.  netto ; ~Fr.net. — 
Dut.  net ; Sw.  na-tto.~\ 

1.  Clean ; entirely  free  from  dirt ; tidy ; as, 
“ The  apartments  are  kept  neat.” 

2.  Cleanly  ; scrupulously  avoiding  dirt ; nice 
in  regard  to  cleanliness  ; as,  “ A neat  cook.” 

3.  Pure;  without  adulteration;  unmixed;  net. 

“ Our  old  wine,  neat.”  Chapman. 

4.  Without  extraneous  ornaments  ; in  good 
taste ; chaste  ; trim. 

The  thoughts  are  plain,  . . . tlie  expression  humble,  yet  as 
pure  as  the  language  will  afford;  neat,  but  not  florid:  easy, 
and  yet  lively.  Tope. 

5.  Clever;  cunning;  adroit,  [r.] 

By  thy  leave,  my  neat  scoundrell.  IS.  Jonson. 

6.  Clear ; after  every  deduction ; net ; as, 
“ Neat  weight.”  [In  this  sense  written  net.] 

NEAT'— CAT-TLE,  n.  Cows,  oxen,  &c. 

NEAT'— HERD,  n.  [A.  S.  neathyrde  ; neat,  cattle, 
and  liyrde,  a keeper.]  One  who  has  the  care  of 
cattle.  Tvsser. 

f NEAT— HOUSE,  it.  A house  for  cows.  Massinger. 

f NEAT'I-FY,  v.  a.  To  make  neat.  Chapman. 

NEAT'— LAND,  it.  Land  granted  or  let  to  yeoman- 
ry. Crabb. 

NEAT'LY,  ad.  In  a neat  manner.  Pope. 

NEAT'N-gSS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality  of  being 
neat;  spruceness;  cleanliness.  Bacon. 

NEAT'RIJSS,  n.  A female  who  takes  care  of 
cattle ; a female  neat-herd,  [r.]  Warner. 

NEAT’S'-FOOT  (-fut),  it.  The  foot  of  an  ox,  cow, 
&c.  — See  Neat. 

Neat’s-foot  oil,  oil  obtained  by  boiling  calves’  feet. 

Brande. 

NEB,  ii.  [A.  S.  neh ; Belg.  nebbe  ; Dut.  neb,  sneb  ; 
Ger.  schnabel ; Dan.  neb  ; Icel.  neib,  nef\  Sw. 
niff-,  Scot.  neb.] 

1.  The  nose;  the  mouth.  Shah. 

2.  The  beak  or  bill  of  a bird ; nib.  Jamieson. 

NE'BIJL,  n.  [Lleb.  ^33  ; Gr.  vijlla  ; L.  nablium.\ 

Among  the  Hebrews,  a large  stringed  instru- 
ment of  the  harp  kind.  Kitto. 

NEB'-NEB,  n.  The  East  Indian  name  for  the 
rind  of  the  fruit  of  Mimosa  cineraria ; — also 
called  bablali.  I Ire. 

NEB  ' U-LJi,  it. ; pi.  neb'tj-lje.  [L .,  mist,  fog  ; 
Gr.  vhpos  ; vetpO.y,  a cloud.] 

1.  ( Astron .)  A faint,  misty  appearance  among 
the  stars,  itself  often  resolved  by  the  telescope 
into  innumerable  stars. 

The  Galaxy  or  Milky  Way  presents  a continued  succes- 
sion of  large  nebulae.  Olmsted. 

2.  (Med.)  A slight  speck  on  the  cornea  : — a 
mist  or  cloud  suspended  in  the  urine.  Dunglison. 

NEB'U-LAR,  a.  Pertaining  to  nebulae. 

Nebular  hypothesis,  or  nebular  theory,  a hypothesis 
advanced  by  Laplace,  which  supposes  the  gradual 
formation  of  planets  from  nebulous  matter.  Herschcl. 

NEB'ULE,  n.  1.  f A little  cloud.  Chaucer. 

2.  (Arch.)  An  ornament 
of  a zigzag  form,  but  with- 
out angles,  common  in 
Saxon  and  Norman  build- 
ings. Francis. 

NEB-U-LO&E',  a.  Nebulous,  [r.]  Derham. 

NEB-II-LOS'I-TY,  n.  [L.  nebulositas.\  The  state 
or  the  quality  of  being' nebulous.  Phil.  Mag. 

NEB'U-LOUS,  a.  [L .nebulosus-,  nebula, mist,  fog.] 

1.  Cloudy;  misty;  hazy.  Johnson. 

2.  (Astron.)  Pertaining  to,  or  resembling,  a 
nebula. 

Nebulous  stars,  stars  concentrically  surrounded  by 
a circular  disk  or  atmosphere  of  faint  light.  Herschel. 

NEBTT-LOUS-NESS,  it.  Mistiness;  cloudiness; 
nebulosity.  Bp.  Gauden. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


NECESSARIAN 


955 


NEED 


NEp-gS-SA'RI-AN,  n.  An  advocate  of  the  doctrine 
of  philosophical  necessity  ; a necessitarian  ; — 
opposed  to  libertarian.  Priestley. 

The  only  question  in  dispute  between  the  advocates  of 
philosophical  liberty  and  the  necessarians  is  this;  — whether 
volition  can  take  place  independently  of  motive.  Jlelsham. 

NEq-pS-SA'RI-AN,  a.  Of,  or  pertaining  to,  the 
necessarians.  “ Necessarian  views.”  Brande. 

NEC'jgS-SA-RJE?  (-rjz),  n.  pi.  Things  necessary 
or  indispensable ; things  not  only  convenient, 
but  needful.  % Locke. 

Syn. Necessaries  oflife  ; necessities  of  nature. 

NE^'^S-SA-ill-LY,  ad.  1.  By  necessity  ; so  as 
not  possibly  to  be  otherwise  ; consequently. 

2.  Indispensably  ; -so  as  not  to  be  omitted, 
and  the  end  attained.  Hooker. 

NE^'eS-SA-RI-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality 
of  being  necessary.  Johnson. 

NEiJ'gS-SA-RY,  a.  [L.  neeessarius  ; necesse,  un- 
avoidable; ne,  not,  and  cedo,cessus,  to  go  away  ; 
It.  <5;  Sp.  necessario  ; Fr.  necessaire .] 

1.  That  must  be  ; that  cannot  but  be ; inev- 
itable ; unavoidable. 

Death,  a necessary  end, 

Will  come  when  it  will  come.  Shak. 

2.  That  cannot  be  omitted,  and  the  end  at- 
tained : indispensable  ; requisite ; essential. 

A certain  kind  of  temper  is  necessary  to  the  pleasure  and 
quiet  of  our  minds,  consequently  to  our  happiness;  and  that 
is,  holiness  and.  goodness.  Tillotson. 

3.  Acting  from  necessity  or  compulsion ; — 
opposed  to  free ; as,  “Some  philosophers  sup- 
pose man  to  be  a necessary  agent.” 

4.  Decisive  by  inevitable  consequence ; con- 
clusive. “ By  any  necessary  inference.”  White. 

Syn.  — Necessary  is  a term  of  extensive  applica- 
tion. Tilings  may  he  necessary  in  the  course  of  nature ; 
as  it  is  necessary  for  all  men  once  to  die,  death  being 

. necessary , inevitable , or  unavoidable.  Food  is  neces- 
sary or  essential  for  tile  support  of  life  ; it  is  necessary 
or  requisite  to  obey  the  laws,  or  to  do  one’s  duty.  In 
a matter  of  doubt  or  difficulty,  it  may  be  expedient,  to 
seek  for  wise  counsel.  One  may  manage  to  do  with- 
out wliat  is  needful,  but  what  is  necessary  is  indispen- 
sable, and  cannot  be  dispensed  with  or  omitted. 

NEtTlJS-SA-RY,  n.  ; pi.  NECESSARIES. 

1.  Something  necessary  or  indispensable  ; — 
commonly  used  in  the  plural. 

2.  A necessary  house  ; a privy.  Swinburne. 

Syn.  — See  Necessaries. 

NU-CES-SI-TA'RI-AN,  n.  One  who  maintains  the 
doctrine  of  philosophical  necessity ; a neces- 
sarian.— See  Necessarian.  Smart. 

N^-CES'SI-TATE,  v.  a.  [L.  necessitas,  necessita- 
tis, necessity.]  [i.  necessitated  ; pp.  neces- 
sitating, NECESSIfATED.] 

1.  To  bring  to  the  necessity  of  doing  any 
thing  ; to  compel ; to  force  ; to  oblige. 

The  Marquis  of  Newcastle,  being  pressed  on  both  sides, 
was  necessitated  to  draw  all  his  army  into  York.  Clarendon. 

2.  To  render  necessary  or  indispensable. 

This  renders  his  poems  . . . less  grave  and  majestic,  and 
. . . necessitates  the  frequent  use  of  a lower  style.  Pope. 

NJS-CES-SI-TA'TION,  n.  The  state  of  not  being 
free,  but  subject  to  necessity. 

Free  from  necessitate  n,  I say,  no  man  can  be.  Hobbes. 

fNE-CES'SI-TlED  (-tid),  a.  Necessitous.  Shak. 

NE-CES'SI-TOUS,  a.  [Fr.  necessiteux.)  Being  in 
want  of  necessaries  ; needy  ; poor.  “ Necessi- 
tous heirs  and  penurious  parents.”  Arbuthnot. 

Ng-CES'SI-TOyS-NESS,  n.  Pressing  want ; need; 
poverty  ; necessity.  Burnet. 

fNE-CES'SI-TUDE,  n.  [L.  necessitudo ; necesse, 
necessary.]  Necessitousness.  Hale. 

NI1-CES'SI-TY,  n.  [L .necessitas-.  It.  necessita; 
Sp.  necesidad  ■ Fr.  nfeessiti.) 

1.  Irresistible  force  ; compulsion  ; fatality. 

Necessity  and  chance 

Approach  not  me;  and  what  I will  is  fate.  Milton. 

2.  State  of  being  necessary ; indispensable- 
ness ; indispensability. 

We  see  the  necessity  of  an  augmentation  to  bring  the  ene- 
my to  reason.  Addison. 

3.  Inevitable  consequence. 

Good  nature,  or  beneficence  and  candor,  is  the  product  of 
right  reason,  which  of  necessity  will  give  allowance  to  the 
failings  of  others.  Dryden. 

4.  Pressing  want  or  need;  urgency. 


We  are  first  to  consult  our  own  necessities ; but  then  the 
necessities  of  our  neighbors  have  a Christian  right  to  a part 
of  what  we  have  to  spare.  L' Estrange. 

5.  Something  necessary  or  indispensable  ; — 
commonly  used  in  the  plural. 

These  should  be  hours  for  necessities , 

Not  for  delights.  Shak. 

XiQT  “ Logical  necessity  is  that  which,  according  to 
the  terms  of  the  proposition,  cannot  but  be.  Thus  it 
is  necessary  that  man  be  a rational  animal,  because 
these  are  the  terms  in  which  he  is  defined.  — Moral 
necessity  is  that  without  which  the  effect  cannot  well 
be,  although,  absolutely  speaking,  it  may.  A man 
who  is  lame  is  under  a moral  necessity  to  use  some 
help,  but  absolutely  he  may  not.  — Physical  necessity 
is  when  a thing  is  necessary  according  to  physical 
causes.  — Metaphysical  necessity  is  when  the  contrary 
cannot  be  conceded,  as  that  a whole  is  greater  than  a 
part.”  Fleming. 

Syn.  — Necessity  is  more  pressing  than  need.  Ne- 
cessity forces  us  to  act  for  ourselves  ; in  our  need  we 
require  the  assistance  of  others.  A time  of  need ; a 
case  of  necessity.  “A  friend  in  need  is  a friend  in- 
deed.” “ Necessity  has  no  law.”  The  necessities  of 
our  nature  ; the  necessaries  of  life.  Habit  and  desire 
create  necessities ; but  nature  requires  only  necessaries. 
— See  Destiny,  Occasion. 

NECK,  n.  [A.  S.  hnecca , necca;  Dut.  ne/c  ; Old 
Ger.  nac ; Ger.  nacken  ; Dan.  nakke\  Sw.  nacke.] 

1.  That  part  of  an  animal’s  body  between  the 

head  and  the  trunk.  Browne. 

2.  Any  part  corresponding  to  the  neck  of  an 
animal  in  things  inanimate  ; as,  “ The  neck  of 
a bottle”  ; “ The  neck  of  a violin.” 

The  access  of  the  town  was  only  by  a neck  of  land.  Bacon. 

3.  ( Bot .)  The  point  of  junction  between  the 

root  and  the  stem.  Gray. 

Neck  of  a column  or  capital,  (Jlrch.)  that  part  of  a 
column  between  the  annulet  of  the  capital  and  tile 
astragal  at  the  top  of  the  shaft.  Brande.  — Neck  and 
neck,  ( Horse-racing .)  even  ; one  as  far  advanced  as  the 
other. 1 stiff  neck,  haughtiness  ; arrogance;  obsti- 

nacy. “ Speak  not  with  a stiff  neck.”  Ps.  lxxv.  5. — 
To  harden  or  stiffen  the  neck,  to  grow  haughty,  obsti- 
nate, perverse,  or  rebellious.  Neh.  ix.  29.  — To  tread 
on  the  neck  of,  to  crush  in  subjection ; to  tyrannize 
over  ; to  oppress  ; — alluding  to  Josh.  x.  24.  Scott.  — 
To  break  the  neck  of,  to  kill  ; to  destroy.  Johnson. 

fNECK'A-TEE,  n.  A neckerchief.  Johnson. 

NECK'— BEEF,  n.  The  coarse  flesh  of  the  neck  of 
cattle.  “ Cheap  as  neck-beef.”  Sicift. 

NECK'-CLOTH,  n.  A cloth  or  handkerchief  for 
the  neck  ; a neckerchief.  Gay. 

NECKED  (nek'ed  or  nekt),  a.  Having  a neck  ; — 
used  in  composition.  “ Stiff-necked.”  Denham. 

NECIv'ER-CHlEF  (nek'er-chif),  n.  A kerchief  for 
the  neck  ; a cravat.  Slow. 

NECK'-HAND'KIJR-CHIeF  (-hSng'ker-chif),  n.  A 
handkerchief  worn  on  the  neck ; a cravat.  Ash. 

NECK'LACE,  n.  An  ornamental  chain,  or  string 
of  beads,  &c.,  worn  round  the  neck.  Pope. 

NECK'LACED  (-last),  a.  Wearing  a necklace,  or 
marked  as  with  a necklace.  “ The  hooded  and 
the  necklaced  snake.”  Sir  W.  Jones. 

NECK'— LAND,  n.  A long,  narrow  part  of  land. 

NECK'-MOULD,  n.  {Arch.)  A small,  convex 
moulding.  Weale. 

NECK'— PIECE,  n.  An  ornament  or  defence  for 
the  neck.  Addison. 

NECK'TlE,  n.  A neck-cloth  ; a cravat ; a neck- 
handkerchief  ; a neckerchief. 

NECK'— VERSE,  n.  The  verse  formerly  read  by  a 
criminal,  claiming  benefit  of  clergy,  to  save 
himself  from  being  hanged ; the  first  verse  of 
the  fifty-first  Psalm,  beginning,  “ Miserere  mei.” 

‘Within  forty  foot  of  the  gallows,  conning  his  neck-verse. 

Old  Play. 

NECK'-WEED,  n.  Hemp,  in  ridicule,  — because 
used  in  hanging  criminals.  Johnson. 

NEC'RO-LITE,  n.  {Min.)  Necromite.  Brande. 

NEC-RO-LO^r  IC,  ? a.  Relating  to  necrology. 

NEC-RO-LO^'I-CAL,  ) Gent.  May. 

Ng-CROL'O-IjUST,  n.  One  who  gives  an  account 
of  deaths.  Smart. 

NIJ-CROL'O-pY,  n.  [Gr.  vUoog,  a corpse,  and 
).6yo(,  a discourse.]  A list  or  register  of  deaths, 
or  of  deceased  persons: — a collection  of  bio- 
graphical notices  of  deceased  persons.  Brande. 


a.  Pertaining  to  necro- 
mancy. Warton. 


NfiC'RO-MAN-CER,  n.  One  who  practises  necro- 
mancy ; a sorcerer  ; a conjurer.  Swift. 

NEC'RO-MAN-Cy,  m [Gr.  vfKpopavrtia  ; vtspo ;,  a 
corpse,  and  pavnia,  divination  ; L.  necromantia .] 
The  art  of  foretelling  events,  by  calling  up  the 
dead  and  questioning  them  ; enchantment ; con- 
juration. Drayton. 

nec'ro-mAn-tic, 
nec-ro-mAn'ti-cal, 

NEC-RO-MAn'TI-CAL-LY,  ad.  By  necromancy  ; 
by  conjuration  or  enchantment.  Gregory. 

NEC'RO-NlTE,  n.  [Gr.  iAcpos,  a corpse.]  {Min.) 
A variety  of  felspar,  which,  when  struck,  gives 
off  a fetid  odor  like  that  of  putrid  flesh.  Dana. 

NE-CROPH'A-gAn,  n.  {Ent.)  One  of  a family  of 
clavicorn  beetles,  which  feed  on  dead  and  de- 
composing animal  substances.  Brande. 

NE-CROPII'A-GOUS,  a.  [Gr.  vcspoipayos ; vespos,  a 
corpse,  and  tpdyoi,  to  eat.]  Feeding  on  dead  ani- 
mals, as  carrion-beetles.  Rocjet. 

NF.-CROPH ' O-RUS,  n.  [Gr.  venpos,  a corpse,  and 
tlioptai,  to  bear.]  {Ent.)  A genus  of  coleop- 
terous insects-,  which  bury  the  carcasses  of 
moles,  frogs,  &e.,  in  order  to  lay  their  eggs  in 
them.  Bell. 

NE-CROP'O-LIS,  n.  [Gr.  vfKpSnol.tp ; vlicpos,  a 
corpse,  and  ndh;,  a city.]  A city  of  the  dead  ; 
a cemetery ; a grave-yard.  Smart. 

NEC-RO-SCOP'IC, 


NEC-RO-SCOP'I-CAL, 


a.  [Gr.  vlnpog,  a corpse, 
and  axoTTlui,  to  view.]  Re- 
lating to  post-mortem  examinations.  Scudamore. 

N^i-CRO'SIS,  n.  [Gr.  vlrcptoais  ; vtspoc,  a corpse.] 

1.  {Med.)  Mortification;  — particularly  morti- 
fication or  lifeless  state  of  a bone.  Dunylison. 

2.  {Bot.)  A disease  consisting  of  small,  black 

spots,  below  which  the  substance  of  the  plant 
decays.  Brande. 

NEC'TAR,  n.  [Gr.  vberap  ; L.,  Sp.,  § Fr.  nectar.) 

1.  The  drink  of  the  gods.  Pope. 

2.  Any  very  pleasant  or  delicious  drink.  Shak. 

NpC-TA'RE-AL,  a.  1.  Like  nectar;  nectarean. 

2.  {Bot.)  Pertaining  to  a nectary.  Smart. 

N^C-TA'Rg-AN,  a.  Partaking  of,  or  like,  nectar ; 
very  sweet ; delicious ; nectareal.  Barton. 

NEC'TARED  (-tjrd),  a.  Imbued  with  nectar ; 
mingled  or  abounding  with  nectar.  Milton. 

NJEC-TA'RE-OUS,  a.  Resembling  nectar;  very 
sweet ; delicious  ; nectarean.  Pope. 


NEC-tA'RE-OUS-LY,  ad.  Sweetly. 


Wright. 


NEC-TAR-lF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  nectar,  nectar,  and 
fero,  to  bear.]  Yielding  nectar  or  honey  .Loudon. 

NEC'TAR-INE,  a.  Nectareous.  Milton. 

NEC'TAR-INE,  n.  A fruit  with  a smooth  rind, 
resembling  the  peach ; the  fruit  of  one  vari- 
ety of  the  Amygdalus  Persica,  or  common 
peach.  Loudon. 

f NEC'TAR-IZE,  v.  a.  To  sweeten.  Cockeram. 

NEC'TAR-OUS,  a.  [Gr.  vturapto; ; viurap,  nectar; 
L.  nectareus.)  Nectareous;  nectarean.  Milton. 

NEC'TA-RY,  n.  [Fr.  nectaire,  from  L.  necto,  to 
bind,  to  attach.]  {Bot.)  The  old  name  for  a 
petal  or  other  part  of  a flower,  especially  of  a 
honey-bearing  plant,  as  the  hollow  spur-shaped 
petal  of  columbine,  or  the  long-clawed  petal  of 
monkshood.  Gray. 

NEC-TU' RUS,n.  {Zolil.)  A genus  of  animals  re- 
sembling both  serpents  and  frogs,  found  in  the 
great  North  American  lakes.  P.  Cyc. 

f NED'D^R,  n.  [A.  S.  needdre,  neddre .]  An 
adder.  Chaucer. 

NEED,  n.  [A.  S.  nead,  neod,  nyd,  ned  ; Dut.  nood ; 
Ger.  noth-,  Dan.  Mid  ; Icel.  naud;  Sw  .nod. — 
Bosworth  derives  A.  S.  nead  from  ne,  not,  and 
cad,  happiness,  prosperity ; Serenius,  Tooke,  and 
Richardson,  from  neadan,  to  compel.] 

1.  The  state  of  requiring  relief  or  supply  ; oc- 
casion or  necessity  for  something  ; want ; ne- 
cessity. “ Immediate  are  my  needs.”  Shak. 

What  further  need  was  there  that  another  priest  should 
rise  after  the  order  of  Melchisedec?  Heb.  vii.  11. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  9,  £,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  £,  g,  hard; 


§ as  z ; 


$ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


NEED 


95G 


NEGLECTFUL 


2.  Want  of  the  necessaries  of  life ; indigence ; 
poverty ; penury  ; destitution  ; privation. 

Need  and  oppression  stareth  in  thy  eyes, 

Upon  tliy  baek  hangs  ragged  misery.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Necessity,  Occasion. 

NEED,  V.  a.  [i.  NEEDED  ; pp.  NEEDING,  NEEDED.] 
To  want ; to  lack  ; to  require. 

Tlu*y  that  be  whole  need  not  a physician.  Matt.  ix.  12. 
Allow  not  nature  more  than  nature  wcils.  Shuk. 

“ The  word  need  (though,  as  a principal  verb 
transitive,  it  is  unquestionably,  both  regular  and  com- 
plete, having  all  the  requisite  parts,  need,  needed,  need- 
ing, needed,  and  being  necessarily  inHected  in  the  in- 
dicative present,  as,  I need,  thou  needest,  he  needs  or 
needeth ) is  so  frequently  used  without  inflection,  when 
placed  before  another  verb  to  express  a necessity  of 
the  being,  action,  or  passion,  that  one  may  well  ques- 
tion whether  it  has  not  become,  under  these  circum- 
stances, an  auxiliary  of  the  potential  mood,  and 
therefore  proper  to  he  used,  like  all  the  other  auxilia- 
ries of  this  mood,  without  change  of  termination  ; as, 
‘ He  need  not  go.’  ” Quuld  Brown. 

Grammarians  are  not  agreed  with  respect  to  the  use 
of  need  or  needs  in  such  cases.  Arnold  says,  “The 
verb  need  is  used  without  the  s in  the  third  person 
singular  ; as,  ‘ He  need  not  lie  afraid.’  ” Dr.  Campbell 
says,  “ For  the  sake  of  analogy,  ‘ lie  needs,  he  dares,’ 
are  preferable  to  ‘ lie  need,  lie  dare.’  ” 

Syn.  — See  Lack. 

NEED,  v.  n.  To  be  wanted;  to  be  necessary. 
“ We  have  done  ...  all  that  needs.”  Locke. 

NEED'JfR,  n.  One  who  needs  or  wants.  Shak. 

NEED'FUL,  a.  1.  Having  need;  necessitous; 
needy.  “ In  sucli  a needful  time.”  Shak. 

2.  Necessary  ; requisite  ; essential.  “ Things 
needful  for  defence.”  Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Necessary. 

NEED'FUL-LY,  ad.  Necessarily.  B.  Jonson. 

NEED'FUL-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  needful. 

NEED'I-LY,  ad.  In  want ; necessarily.  Johnson. 

NEED'I-NESS,  n.  Want;  poverty;  need.  Bacon. 

NEE'DLE,  n.  [Gqth.  nethel;  A.  S.  ncedl,  nedl ; 
Frs.  nedle  ; Ger.  nadel\  Icel.  Sj  Sw.  nael.) 

1.  A small  instrument  of  steel,  pointed  at  one 

end,  and  having  an  eye  at  the  other  to  receive 
a thread,  used  in  sewing.  Dryden. 

Needles  were  first  manufactured  in  England,  in  156D,  by 
Grouse,  a German.  Pulleyn. 

2.  A small  magnetised  bar  of  steel,  pointed 
at  each  end,  which,  being  suspended  freely  on 
a pivot,  places  itself  in  the  direction  of  the  pole, 
— used  in  the  compass  ; the  magnetic  needle. 

True  as  the  needle  to  the  pole, 

Or  as  the  dial  to  the  sun.  Booth. 

3.  Any  thing  in  the  form  of  a needle. 

NEE’DLE,  v.  a.  To  form,  as  crystals,  in  the 
shape  of  a needle.  Wright. 

NEE’DLE,  v.  n.  To  shoot  into  crystals  in  the  form 
of  needles.  Wright. 

NEE  DLE— BOOK  (-buk),  n.  Pieces  of  cloth  sewed 
together  in  the  form  of  a book,  for  sticking 
needles  upon.  Cotvper. 

NEE'DLED  (ne'dld),-a.  Made  with,  or  in  the  form 
of,  a needle.  Brookes. 

NEE'DLE— FISH,  n.  A long  and  slender  fish  of  the 
genus  Syngnathus  ; pipe-fish.  Johnson. 

NEE’DLE-FUL,  n. ; pi.  NEEDLEFULS.  As  much 
thread  as  is  put  at  once  in  a needle.  Johnson. 

NEE'DLE— FURZE,  n.  ( Bot .)  A leguminous  plant 
of  the  genus  Genista.  . Booth. 

NEE'DLE— MA'KJJR,  n.  One  who  makes  needles. 

NEE'DLE— MON' JJY,  n.  Money  to  purchase  nee- 
dles, &c. ; pin-money,  [r.']  Addison. 

NEE'DLE— ORE,  n.  (Min.)  Aeicular  bismuth; 
sulphuret  of  bismuth  with  copper  and  lead. Dana. 

NEE'  DLfR,  n.  One  who  makes  or  deals  in  needles. 

NEE'DLE— SHAPED  (-sliapt),  a.  Shaped  like  a 
needle  ; aeicular.  Smith. 

NEE  DLE-SPAR,  n.  (Min.)  Aragonite.  Dana. 

NEED'LpSS,  a.  1.  fNot  in  need  of  any  thing; 
not  wanting.  “The  needless  stream.”  Shak. 

2.  Not  needed ; not  requisite  ; unnecessary. 
“Meedless  jealousy.”  Hooker. 

NEED'L$SS-LY,  ad.  Without  need;  unneces- 
sarily. ' Holder . 


NEED'LfSS-NESS,  n.  Unnecessariness.  Locke. 

NEE'DLE— STONE,  n.  (Min.)  An  aeicular  zeolite 
found  in  Iceland  ; Scolecile.  Dana. 

NEE'DLE— WOM-AN  (wum-an), n.  A seamstress. 

NEE'DLE— WORK  (nE'dl-wiirlc),  n.  1.  The  busi- 
ness of  a seamstress.  Johnson. 

2.  Work  executed  with  the  needle,  particu- 
larly embroidery.  Bacon. 

NEE'DLY,  a.  1.  f Necessarily. 

If  sour  woe  delights  in  fellowship, 

And  need/y  will  be  rauked  with  other  griefs.  Shak. 

2.  Relating  to,  or  like,  a needle.  Sat.  Mag. 

fNEED'MfNT,  n.  Something  needed  or  neces- 
sary ; a necessity.  Spenser. 

NEED§,  ad.  Necessarily;  indispensably;  — com- 
monly used  with  must.  Shak. 

.8®=-  “ JVccds  arises  from  a contraction  of  tile  phrase 
need  is,  used  parenthetically  ; as,  ‘ I must  needs  (i.  e. 
need  is)  do  it.’  ” Smart. 

f NEED§'Ly,  ad.  Unnecessarily.  Drayton. 

NEED'Y,  a.  1.  Necessitous;  indigent;  destitute. 

To  relieve  tile  ne.edu  and  comfort  the  afflicted  are  duties 
that  fall  in  our  way  every  day.  Addison. 

2.  f Needful;  necessary;  requisite.  “Corn, 
to  make  your  needy  bread.”  Shak. 

+ NEELD,  or  f NEELE,  n.  A needle.  Shak. 

NE’ER  (nir)  [liar,  W.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  Wr. ; nir,  P. ; ner, 
S.],  ad.  A contraction  of  never. 

f NEE§E,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  niesen .]  To  sneeze.  Shak. 

NEEijE'WORT  (nez'wiirt),  n.  An  herb.  Sherwood. 

f NEE§'ING,  n.  The  act  of  sneezing.  Job  xli.  18. 

jVK  ex'  E-  At  Reg 'no.  [L.,  Let  him  not  go  from 
the  kingdom .]  (Law.)  A writ  to  restrain  a per- 
son from  going  out  of  the  country.  Whishaw. 

t NEF,  n.  [Fr.]  The  nave  of  a church.  Addison. 

fNE'FAND,  a.  Nefandous.  Sheldon. 

t NIJ-fAN'DOUS,  a.  [L.  nefandus.\  Not  to  be 
named  ; abominable  ; iniquitous.  Green. 

NJJ-FA'RI-OUS,  a.  [L.  nefarius  ; nefas,  impious; 
ne,  not,  andyhs,  divine  law  ; It.  nefario.)  Con- 
trary to  divine  law ; wicked  ; abominable  ; atro- 
cious ; heinous  ; iniquitous ; execrable ; fla- 
grant ; vile.  Butler. 

NJ5-FA'RI-OUS-LY,  ad.  With  wickedness  ; in- 
iquitously  ; abominably  ; atrociously.  Milton. 

NE-FA'RJ-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state 
of  being  nefarious  ; atrocity.  Allen. 

NF-GA'TION,  n.  [L .negatio;  nego,  neyatus,  to 
deny;  ne,  no,  and  aio,  to  say;  It.  negazione ; 
Sp.  negacion ; Fr.  negation.'] 

1.  Denial ; declaration  that  something  is  not, 

or  has  not  been,  or  shall  not  be  ; disavowal ; — 
opposed  to  affirmation  or  assertion.  Boyers. 

2.  (Logic.)  The  absence  of  a quality  in  a 
thing  which,  by  nature,  cannot  have  it;  or  the 
description  of  a thing  by  denying  its  possession 
of  some  quality  which,  by  nature,  it  has  not. 

ti “ A negation  is  tile  absence  of  that  which  does 
not  naturally  belong  to  the  thing  we  are  speaking  of, 
or  which  lias  no  right,  obligation,  or  necessity  to  be 
present  with  it ; as  when  we  say,  1 A stone  is  inani- 
mate,’ that  is,  it  lias  no  life.’’  Watts. 

NEG'A-TIVE,  a.  [L.  neyativus ; nego,  neyatus, 
to  deny  ; It.  Sj  Sp.  negativo  ; Fr.  negatif. ] 

1.  Denying  ; that  denies  or  expresses  nega- 
tion ; withholding  or  restraining,  by  refusing 
assent ; — opposed  to  affirmative  ; as,  “ A neg- 
ative answer  ” ; “ Negative  votes.” 

It  is  understood  to  be  the  rule  fin  the  House  of  Commons] 
that  a member  may  speak  even  after  the  question  is  put,  if 
the  affirmative  voice  only  has  been  giveu,  and  the  vet/a  tire 
not  yet  given.  •Braude. 

2.  (Logic.)  Noting  a proposition  in  which  the 
predicate  is  denied  of  the  subject.  Whately. 

3.  Implying  only  the  absence  of  something  ; 
privative  ; — opposed  to  positive. 

There  is  another  way  of  denying  Christ,  . . . which  is  nerr- 
ative , when  we  do  not  acknowledge  and  confess  him.  South. 

Negative  sign , (Algebra.)  the  sign  of  subtraction 
— ] ; — also  called  minus.  — Negative  quantity , (Alge- 
ra.)  a quantity  preceded  by  the  negative  sign.  — Neg- 
ative electricity , in  the  theory  of  Dr.  Franklin,  the 
electricity  of  a body  which  has  imparted  some  of  the 
electricity  it  naturally  possesses  to  another  body, 


which  is  thereby  rendered  positive  : — same  as  resinous 
electricity  in  the  theory  of  Du  Fay. 

When  glass  is  rubbed  with  silk,  the  equilib- 
rium of  the  electric  fluid  is  disturbed,  the  silk  imparts 
it  to  the  glass  ; and  hence  the  former,  losing  electrici- 
ty, becomes  minus , or  negative , and  the  latter,  acquir- 
ing electricity,  becomes  plus,  or  positive.  Braude. 

NEG'A-TIVE,  n.  1.  A proposition  by  which  some- 
thing is  denied  ; a negative  proposition. 

Of  negatives  we  have  the  least  certainty;  they  are  usually 
hardest,  and  many  times  impossible,  to  be  proved.  Tillotson. 

2.  A word  that  expresses  negation  ; a particle 
of  denial ; as,  not , no,  nay . 

3.  That  side  of  a question  which  denies  or 
refuses  ; — opposed  to  affirmative  ; as,  “ A ma- 
jority voted  in  the  negative.” 

4.  The  power  of  preventing  enactment,  by 
refusing  assent  or  concurrence ; as,  “ Each 
branch  of  the  legislature  has  a negative  on  the 
proceedings  of  the  other.” 

Negative  pregnant , a negative  which  implies  an 
affirmative. 

&3P  “ The  duplication  of  the  negative  did  not  al- 
ways, in  our  earlier  writers,  destroy  its  force,  but 
rather  strengthened  it.  . . . It  was  the  genuine  lan- 
guage of  the  time.”  Nares. 

There  is  no  harm  intended  to  your  person, 

A or  to  no  Roman  else.  Shak. 

By  no  means  be  not  seen.  Beau.  Of  FI. 

NEG'A-TIVE,  V.  a.  \l.  NEGATIVED  ; pp.  NEGA- 
TIVING, NEGATIVED.] 

1.  To  dismiss  by  negation  ; to  reject  by  vote. 

The  proposal  was  negatived _ by  a small  majority.  Andrews. 

2.  To  prove  the  contrary  of.  Paley . 

NEG'A-TIVE-LY,  ad.  1.  With  or  by  denial ; in 
the  negative  ; — opposed  to  affirmatively. 

He  answered  negatively.  Boyle. 

2.  In  form  of  speech,  implying  the  absence 
of  something  ; — opposed  to  positively. 

I shall  show  what  this  image  of  God  in  man  is,  negatively 
by  showing  wherein  it  does  not  consist,  and  positively  by 
showing  wherein  it  does.  South. 

3.  With  negative  electricity;  as,  “A  body 
negatively  electrified.” 

NEG-A-TIV'I-TY,  ji.  The  state  or  the  quality  of 
being  negative  ; negation.  Ec.  Rev. 

+ NEG'A-TO-RY,  a.  Negative.  Cotyrave. 

Nf.G-I.ECT',  v.  a.  [L.  negligo , neglectus ; nec,  not, 
and  lego,  to  pick  up,  to  gather,  to  choose ; It. 
ncgligere  ; Fr.  ncgliger.]  Ii.  neglected  ; pp. 
NEGLECTING,  NEGLECTED.] 

1.  To  omit  by  carelessness  or  design  ; not  to 
do,  perform,  improve,  promote,  or  attend  to  as 
one  ought ; to  leave  out. 

In  heaven. 

Where  honor  due  and  reverence  none  neglects.  Milton. 

2.  Not  to  care  for  or  heed  as  one  ought ; not 
to  treat  with  due  respect ; to  disregard ; to  slight ; 
as,  “ He  neglected  the  precepts  of  his  parents.” 

3.  fTo  cause  to  be  delayed  or  deferred. 

I trust 

Mv  absence  doth  neglect  no  groat  design. 

Which  by  my  presence  might  have  been  concluded.  Shak. 

Syn.  — A person  neglects  that  which  should  he  at- 
tended to.  An  opportunity,  means  of  improvement, 
and  business  are  neglected  ; a word,  sentence,  or  date 
is  omitted  ; an  acquaintance  or  friend  may  be  slighted  ; 
wise  counsel  is  too  often  disregarded.  — See  Disre- 
gard. 

NjpG-LECT',  n.  1.  Culpable  omission,  as  from 
carelessness  or  inattention  ; forbearance  or  fail- 
ure to  do  or  attend  to  something  which  ought 
to  be  done  or  attended  to. 

My  master  charged  me  to  deliver  a ring  to  Madam  Silvia; 
which,  out  of  my  neglect , was  never  done.  Shak. 

2.  Omission  or  lack  of  due  respect  or  at- 
tention ; slight. 

I have  perceived  a most  faint  neglect  of  late,  which  I have 
rather  blamed  as  my  own  jealous  curiosity  than  as  a very 
pretence  and  purpose  of  unkindness.  Shak. 

3.  Negligence  ; habit  of  omitting,  as  from 

carelessness  or  inattention.  “Age  breeds  neg- 
lect  to  all.”  Denham. 

4.  The  state  of  being  neglected  or  disregarded. 

The  duke  hath  put  on  a religious  life. 

And  thrown  into  neglect  the  pompous  court.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Disregard,  Negligent,  Negli- 
gence. 

Nf  G-LECT'fD-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  neglected. 

NfG-LECT'jfR,  n.  One  xvho  neglects.  South. 

NfG-LECT'FUL,  a.  Heedless  ; careless  ; inat- 
tentive ; negligent.  Locke. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  short ; A,  f,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


NEGLECTFULLY 


957 


NEOLOGICAL 


NIJG-LECT'Ft)L-LY,  ad.  With  heedless  inat- 
tention, or  careless  indifference.  Johnson. 

NF.G-LECT'ING-LY,  ad.  Carelessly  ; inattentive- 
ly ; heedlessly  ; negligently.  Shak. 

t N IJG-LEC'TION,  n.  [L.  neglectio.]  The  state 
of  being  negligent ; neglect.  Shak'. 

j- NJJG-LEC'TIVE,  a.  Neglectful.  Fuller. 

t N^G-LECT'I VE-Ly,  ad.  Negligently.  Daniel. 

NE G-LI-  GEE  ' (heg-le-zlia'),  n.  [Fr.  neglige.] 

1.  A plain  gown,  fitting  easily  to  the  shape, 

formerly  worn  by  ladies.  Goldsmith. 

2.  A necklace,  usually  of  coral.  Simmonds. 


NEG'LI-yENCE,  n.  [L.  negligentia ; It.  negli- 
genza  ; Sp.  negligencia  ; Fr.  negligence.]  The 
habit  of  omitting  by  heedlessness,  or  of  acting 
carelessly  ; remissness  ; carelessness  ; heed- 
lessness; thoughtlessness;  neglect. 

lie  lias  this  peculiar  distinction,  that  his  negligence,  is  un- 
affected. Spectator. 

Syn.  — Negligence  denotes  the  habit ; neglect,  the 
act.  Negligence  is  the  habit  of  leaving  undone;  neg- 
lect, the  act  of  leaving  undone.  Negligence  and  re- 
missness consist  in  not  doing  what  ought  to  be  done  ; 
carelessness,  heedlessness , thoughtlessness , and  inatten- 
tion may  he  shown  in  doing  wrong,  as  welt  as  in  do- 
ing nothing. — See  Inadvertence,  Indiffer- 
ence. 

NEG'LI-^ENT,  a.  [L.  neglicjens  ; It.  § Sp.  negli- 
gente;  Fr.  negligent .]  Habitually  omitting; 

careless  ; heedless  ; neglectful ; inattentive  ; 
remiss  ; thoughtless  ; regardless. 

She  is  not  negligent  of  her  devotion.  Law. 

We  have  been  negligent  in  not  hearing  his  voice.  Bainich  i.  19. 

Syn.  — Negligent  is  a stronger  term  than  remiss  ; 
negligent,  in  regard  to  business  ; remiss  in  duty.  Neg- 
ligent is  generally  applied  to  things  ; neglectful,  to 
persons;  as  a person  is  said  to  be  negligent  in  his 
business,  and  neglectful  of  his  friends.  Careless  and 
heedless  denote  want  of  care  or  heed,  and  are  applied 
to  such  things  as  require  care;  thoughtless,  want  of 
thought,  is  applied  to  such  things  as  require  thought; 
inattentive,  want  of  attention,  is  applied  to  such  things 
as  should  be  attended  to.  — See  Slack. 

NEG'LM/ENT-LY,  ad.  In  a negligent  manner  ; 
carelessly  ; heedlessly  ; thoughtlessly.  Bacon. 

t NE'GOCE,  n.  [L.  negotium.~\  Business;  oc- 
cupation ; employment. 

“The  words  in  my  book  which  he  [Boyle]  ex- 
cepts against,  are  commentious , repudiate,  concede, 
alienc,  vernacular,  timid,  negoce,  putid,  and  idiom  : 
every  one  of  which  were  in  print  before  I used  them. 
— Why  may  we  not  say  negoce  from  riegotium,  as  well 
as  commerce  from  commercium , and  palace  from  pala- 
tium  ? 99  Dr.  R.  Bentley. 

Nfl-GO-TI-A-BIL'l-TY  (ne-go-slie-a-bil'e-te),  n. 
The  quality  of  being  negotiable.  II.  Clay.  P.  Cyc. 

N^-GO'TI-A-BLE  (ne-go'she-^-bl),  a.  That  may 
be  negotiated.  Bouvier. 

f NE-GO'TI-ANT  (ne-go'she-ant),  n.  One  who  ne- 

* gotiates  ; a negotiator.  Baleigli. 

N^-GO'TI-ATE  (ne-go'she-at),  v.  n.  [L.  negotior, 
negotiatus ; hegotium,  business  ; ncc,  not,  and 
otmm,  leisure  ; It.  negoziare ; Sp.  negociar ; Fr. 
negocier.']  [?’.  negotiated  ; irp.  negotiating, 

NEGOTIATED.] 

1.  To  do  or  transact  business  ; to  traffic. 

They  that  received  the  talents  to  negotiate  with,  did  all  of 

them,  except  one,  make  profit  of  them.  Hammond . 

2.  To  hold  intercourse  respecting  a treaty  or 
convention ; to  treat. 

A steward  to  embezzle  those  goods  he  undertakes  to  man- 
age, an  ambassador  to  betray  his  prince  for  whom  lie  should 
negotiate,  are  crimes  that  double  their  malignity  from  the 
quality  of  the  actors.  Dec.  of  Chr.  Piet y. 

NJJ-GO'TI-ATE  (ne-go'she-at),  v.  a.  1.  To  pro- 
cure or  settle  by  conference  and  agreement ; to 
arrange  the  terms  of ; to  manage  ; as,  “ To 
negotiate  a loan  ” ; “ To  negotiate  a treaty.” 

An  envoy  of  the  pope  ...  to  negotiate  ecclesiastical  af- 
fairs. liramle. 

2.  To  put  into  circulation;  to  pass  in  the  way 
of  business.  “To  negotiate  a bill.”  Burrill. 

Syn.  — To  negotiate  is  commonly  applied  to  politi- 
cal affairs,  except  in  the  case  of  negotiating  bills  ; to 
treat , transact,  and  manage,  to  domestic  and  private 
concerns.  Negotiate  a peace  : treat  of  or  about  a pur- 
chase ; transact  or  manage  business. 

NE-GO-TI-A'TION  (ne-go-she-a  slmn),  n.  [L.  ne- 
gotiatio  ; It.  negoziazione  ; Sp.  negociacion  ; Fr. 
negociation.]  The  act  of  negotiating.  White. 


NE-GO'TI-A-TOR  (ne-go'she-a-tur)  [ne-go'she-a-tur, 
IF.  P.  Ja.  K.  Sm. ; n§-go-sha'tur,  S’. ; ne-go'sha- 
tur,  Hr.],  n.  [L.]  One  who  negotiates.  Swift. 

Ng-GO'TI-A-TO-RY  (ne-go'slig-?-to-r?),  a.  [L.  ne- 
gotiatorius .]  Relating  to  negotiation.  Maunder. 

NlJ-GO-Tl-A'TRlX,  n.  A female  negotiator.  Ash. 

f NB-GO'TI-OS'I-TY  (ne-go-she-os'e-te),  n.  [L.  ne- 
gotiositas ; negotiosus,  full  of  business.]  The 
state  of  being  engaged  in  business.  Cudworth. 


f NJJ-GO'TIOUS,  a.  [L.  negotiosus.]  Busy;  ac 
tive  ; being  employed.  Rogers. 

f N£-G6'TIOUS-NESS,  n.  Activity.  Rogers. 

NE'GRESS,  n.  A female  negro.  Smart. 

NE'GRO,  ii. ; pi.  ne'groe$.  [It.,  Sp.,  § Port. 
negro,  black,  from  L.  niger  ; Fr.  negre.]  One  of 
the  black,  woolly-headed,  flat-nosed,  and  thick- 
lipped  race  of  men  inhabiting  Africa.  Eng.  Cyc. 
NE'GRO,  a.  Of,  or  pertaining  to,  negroes. 
NE'GRO— CORN,  n.  Indian  millet.  • Simmonds. 


NE'GRO— HEAD,  a.  Noting  a kind  of  tobacco 
(otherwise  called  Cavendish  tobacco)  softened 
with  molasses  and  pressed  into  cakes. Simmonds. 

NE'GRO-LOID,  a.  [ negro  and  Gr.  fHof,  form.] 

Relating  to  men  who  resemble  negroes.  Wright. 

NJE-GUN'DO,  ii.  (Rot.)  A genus  of  timber-trees, 
having  pinnated  leaves,  and  dioecious,  apetalous 
flowers,  found  in  northern  temperate  regions, 
particularly  in  North  America.  Gray. 

NE'GUS,  n.  A beverage  composed  of  wine,  water, 
sugar,  lemon,  and  nutmeg;  — so  named  because 
first  made  by  Colonel  Negus,  in  Queen  Anne’s 
time.  Malone. 

f NEIF  (nef),  n.  [Su.  Goth,  ncafwe;  Icel.  nefi ; 
Dan.  neava  ; Scot,  neire,  neif.]  The  fist.  “Sweet 
knight,  I kiss  thy  neif."  Shak. 

fNElFE,  or  fNEIF  (nef),  n.  [L.  nativus,  native  ; 
nascor,  natus,  to  be  born.]  A female  in  a state 
of  feudal  vassalage.  Rlackstone. 

NEIGII  (na),  v.  n.  [A.  S.  hnagan  ; Dan.  kneeggar ; 
Sw.  gntiggaA  \i.  neighed  ; pp.  neighing, 
neighed.]  To  utter  the  cry  or  voice  of  a horse  ; 
to  whinny.  Shak. 

NEIGH  (na),  n.  The  voice  or  cry  of  a horse.  Shak. 

NEIGH'BOR  (na'bur),  n.  [A.  S.  neahbur,  nchbur  ; 
neah,  near,  and  bur,  a dwelling  ; Dut.  nabuur  ; 
Ger.  nachbar;  Dan.  A Sw.  nabo.] 

1.  One  who  lives  near,  or  in  the  neighborhood. 

Masters,  my  good  friends,  mine  honest  neighbors.  Shak. 

2.  An  intimate  ; a confidant,  [it.] 

Buckingham 

No  more  shall  be  the  neighbor  to  my  counsels.  Shak. 

3.  One  who  is  near  in  nature,  and  therefore 
entitled  to  good  offices  ; a fellow-creature  ; a 
human  being;  one  having  a humane  or  neigh- 
borly disposition. 

The  gospeVallows  no  such  terms  as  a stranger,  makes 
every  man  my  neighbor.  Sprat. 

Which  now  of  these  three,  thinkest  thou,  was  neighbor  to 
him  that  fell  among  thieves?  Luke  x.  3G. 

NEIGH'BOR  (na'bur),  a.  Near  to  another  ; ad- 
joining ; next.  “ The  neighbor  room.”  Shak. 


NEIGH'BOR  (na'bur),  V.  a.  [».  NEIGHBORED  ; 
pp.  NEIGHBORING,  NEIGHBORED.] 

1.  To  adjoin  ; to  border  on.  “ The  . . . hills 

that  neighbor  the  shore.”  [it.]  Sandys. 

2.  f To  acquaint  with ; to  make  near.  Shak. 


NEIGH'BOR  (na'bur),  V.  n.  To  inhabit  the  vicini- 
ty. “ Princes  who  do  neighbor  near.”  [r.]  Davies. 

f NEIGH'BOR-ESS  (na'bur-es),  n.  A female  neigh- 
bor. ' ‘ Wickliffe. 

NEIGH'BOR-HOOD  (na'bur-hud),  n.  1.  Place 
near;  the  adjoining  district;  vicinity;  vicinage  ; 
environs  : — a small  district. 

The  gentle  neighborhood  of  grove  and  spring 

Would  soon  unbosom  nil  their  echoes  mild.  Milton. 

2.  Those  who  live  near  each  other;  neigh- 
bors collectively. 

The  whole  neighborhood 

Secs  his  foul  inside  through  his  whited  skin.  Milton. 

3.  Neighborly  kindness  or  regard,  [r.]  " 

Plant  neighborhood  and  Christian-like  accord 

In  their  sweet  bosoms.  Shak. 

Syn.  — Neighborhood  has  reference  to  the  inhabit- 
ants ; vicinity,  to  so’nietbing  that  is  near.  A pleasant 
or  populous  neighborhood,  in  the  vicinity  of  the  city  or 
metropolis. 


NEIG^l 'BOR-iNG  (na'hur-ing),  a.  Living  or  being 
near.  “ Some  neighboring  nation.”  Shak. 

NEIGH'BOR-LI-NESS  (na'bur-le-nSs),  n.  The  state 
or  the  quality  of  being  neighborly.  Scott. 

NEIGH'BOR-LY  (na'bur-le),  a.  Like  or  becoming 
a neighbor  ; friendly  ; obliging  ; kind  ; civil  ; 
attentive.  SJtak. 

NEIGH'BOR-LY  (na'bur-le),  ad.  With  social  civil- 
ity. “Being  neighborly  admitted.”  Milton. 

NEIGH'BOR-SHIP  (na'bur-shlp),  n.  The  state  of 
being  near  each  other.  [n.j  Miss  Raillie. 

f NEIGH'BOR— STAINED  (na'bur-stand),  a.  Stained 
with  the  blood  of  neighbors.  Shak. 

NEIGH'ING  (na'jng),  ii.  The  voice  or  cry  of  a 
horse  ; a neigh ; a whinnying. 

Shrill  imghings  fill  the  neighboring  plain.  Dryden. 

||  NEI'THf.It  (ne'ther)  [ne'ther,  S.  IF.  P.  J.  E.  F. 
Ja.  Sm.  R.  C.  Wo.;  nl'ther,  Wm.  Johnston ; 
ne'ther  or  nl'ther,  K.  Wr.  — See  Either],  conj. 
[A.  S .nathor,  nauthor,  naiethor ; ne,  not,  and 
athor,  either.]  Not  either. 

j6©»  It  is  commonly  used,  in  the  first  branch  of  a 
sentence,  instead  of  nor,  when  the  latter  branch  or 
brandies  are  to  commence  with  nor  ; as,  “ Eight  nei- 
ther with  small  nor  great.”  1 Kings  xxii.  31.  It  is 
also  often  used  instead  of  nor  in  the  second  branch  of 
a negative,  or  of  a prohibition.  “ Ye  shall  not  eat  of 
it,  neither  shall  ye  touch  it.”  Gen.  iii.  3. 

SSP  “ Sometimes,  at  the  end  of  a sentence,  it  fol- 
lows as  a negative,  and,  though  not  very  grammati- 
cally, yet  emphatically,  after  another  negative.  In  old 
English,  two  negatives  denied.”  Johnson.  “ Men 
come  not  to  the  knowledge  of  which  are  thought  in- 
nate, till  they  come  to  the  use  of  reason,  nor  then  nei- 
ther.”  Locke. 

||  NEI'THfR  (ne'ther),  pron.  & a.  Not  either;  nor 
one  nor  the  other. 

Which  of  them  shall  I take? 

Both?  one?  or  neither?  Shak. 

NEM-A-CAN1  THUS,  n.  (Gcol.)  A genus  of  fossil 
fishes,  from  the  oolitic  and  liassic  strata.  Agassiz. 

NEM'A-LINE,  a.  [Gr.  vrjya,  a thread.]  (Min.) 
Having  the  form  of  threads  ; fibrous.  Wright. 

NEM'A-LlTE,  n.  [Gr.  vrjya,  a thread,  and  lidos,  a 
stone.]  (Min.)  A fibrous  variety  of  brueite. 

NJJ-MAU'SA,  n.  (Astron.)  An  asteroid  discovered 
by  Laurent  in  1858.  Lorering. 

NEM.  CON.  [A  contraction  for  L.  nemine  con- 
tradicente .]  No  one  speaking  against  or  oppos- 
ing ; unanimously.  Todd. 

NEM.  Dls.  [A  contraction  for  L.  nemine  dissen- 
tiente.]  No  one  dissenting.  Rrande. 

NE'MJ-AN,  a.  [L.  Nemeus,  from  Gr.  Ntpfp,  Ne- 
niea.]  Pertaining  to  Nemea,  a city  in  Argolis, 
in  ancient  Greece.  “ Nemean  games.”  Andrews. 

,8gf»  Often  incorrectly  spelt  and  pronounced  Ne- 
eme1 an. 

NEM'E-SIS,  n.  [Gr.]  (Myth.)  The  goddess  of 

retributive  justice  or  vengeance.  Leverctt. 

NEM'O-rAl,  a.  [L.  nemoralis ; nemus,  nemoris, 
a grove.]  Pertaining  to  a grove,  [r.]  Railey. 

NEM'O-ROUS,  a.  [L.  nemorosus  ; nemus,  nemo- 
ris, a grove  ; Sp.  nemoroso.]  Pertaining  to  a 
grove,  or  wood ; woody ; nemoral.  [it.]  Evelyn. 

•f-NEMP'Ny  (nem'ne),  v.  a.  To  name.  Chaucer. 

NEM§,  n.  [Arab.]  ( Zoul .)  The  ichneumon. 

Fischer. 

f NE  'NI-A,  n.  [Gr.]  A funeral  song.  Todd. 

NEN'U-PHAR  (nen'u-fir),  n.  The  water-lily.  P.  Cyc. 

Np-OD'A-MODE,  11.  [Gr.  vtoHaywinis  ; rtos,  new, 
and  Srjyus,  the  people.]  One  newly  made  a citi- 
zen. [Ancient  Greece.]  Mitford. 

Nfl-OG'A-MIST,  n.  [Gr.  vlos,  new,  and  ynytoi,  to 
marry.]  A person  recently  married. 

NE-OG'UA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  vlos,  new,  and 

writing.]  A new  system  of  writing.  Cent.  Mag. 

NE-O-LO'Gt-AN,  n.  Neologist.  Brit.  Crit. 

NE-O-LO'y  1-AN,  a.  Neologie.  Ch.  Ob. 

NE-O-LO'0!-AN-I§M,  n.  Neologism.  Ec.  Rev. 

NE-O-LO0'IC,  ) a Pertaining  to  neology; 

NE-O-LOIjr'l-CAL,  S containing  new  words.  “A 
. . . neologicdl  dictionary.”  ’ Chesterfield. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — Q,  <?,  <;. 


soft ; IS,  G,  £,  hard ; § as  z ; \ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


NEOLOGISM 


958 


NERVOUS 


Np-OL'O-tJrl^M,  n.  1.  A new  word  or  phrase,  or 
the  new  use  of  a word.  Johnson. 

2.  The  invention  or  the  use  of  new  words  or 
phrases  ; neology.  Brit.  Crit. 

NK-0L'0-9!sT,  n.  1.  One  who  introduces  new 
words  or  phrases  into  a language.  Ch.  Ob. 

2.  ( Theol .)  A rationalist.  Buck. 

NIJ-OL-O-^IS'TIC,  l a.  Relating  to  neology  ; 

Nj;-6L-0-<?IS'TJ-CAL,  ) neological.  Eo.  liev. 

Np-OL-O-^fl-ZA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  neologiz- 
ing. [a.]  Jefferson. 

N^-OL'O-^IZE,  V.  n.  To  introduce  or  use  new 
words  or  terms,  [it.]  Jefferson. 

Nf.-OL'O-yy,  n.  [Gr.  trot,  new,  and  ioyos,  a word; 
It.  § Sp.  neologia  ; Fr.  neologie.] 

1.  Invention  or  use  of  new  words  and  phrases. 

They  endeavor,  by  a sort  of  neology  of  their  own,  to  con- 
found all  ideas  of  right  and  wrong.  Boothby. 

2.  ( Theol.)  A name  given  to  a modern  sys- 
tem of  interpretation  of  the  Scriptures,  intro- 
duced, in  the  last  century,  in  Germany;  ra- 
tionalistic interpretation ; rationalism.  Brande. 

NE-O-ME'NI-A,  n.  [Gr.  vtoprjvta  ; vlos,  new,  and 
pnvy,  the  moon ; pyv,  a month ; L.  neomenia ; 
Fr.  neomenie .]  The  time  of  new  moon  ; the  be- 
ginning of  the  month.  Chambers. 

f Np-OM'jp-NY,  n.  Neomenia.  Wickliffe. 

NE'0-Nl§M,  n.  Neologism,  [r.]  Hunter. 

NE-O-NO'MI-AN,  n.  [Gr.  vlos,  new,  and  vdpo;,  a 
law.]  (Theol.)  One  who  believes  the  gospel  to 
be  a new  law.  Buck. 

NE-O-NO'MI-AN,  a.  Of,  or  pertaining  to,  the  Neo- 
nomians.  Buck. 

NE-0-NO'MI-AN-I§M,  n.  (Theol.)  The  doctrine 
of  the  Neonomians.  Ash. 

NE-O-PItJ-EOS'O-PHER,  n.  [Gr.  vlos,  new,  and 
Eng.  philosopher.']  An  innovator  in  philosophy, 
or  a philosopher  having  new  views.  Qu.  Rev. 

NE'O-PHYTE  (ne'o-fit),  n.  [Gr.  vedi pvro;,  newly 
planted ; vlos,  new,  and  i/mto v,  a plant ; 0fcu>,  to 
grow  ; L.  neophytus  ; It.  4'  Sp.  neojito  ; Fr.  neo- 
phyte.] 

1.  A name  given  by  the  early  Christians  to 
one  newly  converted  to  Christianity.  Brande. 

2.  A name  given  in  the  Roman  Catholic 

Church  to  a convert  made  among  the  heathen, 
to  a person  entering  on  the  priestly  office,  to  a 
person  newly  received  into  the  communion  of 
the  church,  and,  though  rarely,  to  a novice  in  a 
monastery.  Brande. 

3.  A beginner  ; a tyro.  B.  Jonson. 

NE'O-PHYTE,  a.  Newly  entered  on  some  state. 
“Your  neophyte  player.”  B.  Jonson. 

NE-O-PLA-TON'JC,  a.  Pertaining  to  Neoplato- 
nism. Hallam. 

NE-O-PLA-TO-NP'CIAN  (-nlsh'an),  n.  [Fr.  n°o- 
platonicien.]  A Neoplatonist.  Brande. 

NE-0-PLA'T0-NI§M,  n.  The  doctrines  of  the 
Neoplatonists. 

NE-O-PLA'TO-NIST,  n.  [Gr.  vlos,  new,  and  TV./i- 
tuiv,  Plato.]  A mystical  philosopher  of  the 
school  of  Ammonius  Saccus  and  Plotinus,  who 
mixed  some  of  the  tenets  of  ancient  Platonism 
with  others  derived  from  a variety  of  sources, 
but  particularly  from  the  demonology  of  the 
East.  Brande. 

NE-O-RA'MA,  n.  [Gr.  veihs,  a temple,  and  'opapa, 
a view  ; bona,  to  see.]  A panorama  represent- 
ing the  interior  of  a large  building  in  which  the 
spectator  appears  to  be  placed.  Sat.  Mag. 

NE-O-  TER  IC,  > a_  [Gr . vewrepiKis  ; veuinpos, 

NE-O-TER'I-CAL,  ) comp,  of  vlos,  young,  new; 
L.  neotericus.]  Recent  in  origin ; modern ; 
new ; late. 

Diverse  ends,  some  being  ancient,  others  neotcricat.  Bacon. 

fNE-O-TER'IC,  n.  One  of  modern  times.  Burton. 

NEP,  n.  [L.  nepeta.]  ( Bot .)  The  herb  catmint  or 
catnip.  Bp.  Hall. 

NEP-AU-LE§E',  n.  (Geog.)  The  natives  of  Nepaul, 
a kingdom  of  Northern  Hindostan.  Eamshaw. 

NEPE,  n.  A square  blanket  used  by  the  Indians, 
to  wrap  the  foot  and  ankle  in.  Simmonds. 


NE-PEN'  THE,  n.  [Gr.  vtjitt vOfjs  ; vtj,  not,  and  7 rev- 
iles, grief.]  Among  the  ancients,  an  Egyptian 
drug,  which  had  an  exhilarating  effect,  and 
which  was  supposed  to  obliterate  all  sorrow 
from  the  memory  of  those  who  partook  of  it;  — 
thought  by  many  to  have  been  opium.  IF.  Smith. 

NEP  ’ E-  TJi,  n.  [L.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  deciduous, 
herbaceous  plants  ; catmint ; catnip.  Loudon. 

NEPH'Jfl-LlNE,  n.  [Gr.  vttplhj,  a cloud.]  (Min.) 
An  anhydrous  silicate  of  alumina  and  soda,  oc- 
curring in  the  older  lavas  of  Vesuvius,  in  trans- 
parent crystals,  which  become  clouded' in  nitric 
acid.  Dana. 

NEPH'EW  (nev'vu  or  nef'fu)  [nev'vu,  £>.  IF.  P.  J. 
E.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  R.  C.  Wr. ; nef'fu,  I FA],  n.  [L. 
nepos  ; It.  nepote,  nipote-,  Sp.  nepote,  nieto  ; Fr. 
neveu.  — A.  S.  nefa,  neaa  ; Icel.  neji ; Old  Ger. 
nero  ; Ger.  neffe  ; Dut.  neef ; Old  Eng.  neve.] 

1.  f A grandchild,  or  other  lineal  descendant. 

Spenser.  Hooker.  Shak.  B.  Jonson. 

But  if  auy  wudow  have  children  or  nephews.  1 Tim.  v.  4. 

2.  The  son  of  a brother  or  a sister.  Locke. 

PSP  This  word  is  uniformly  pronounced  nev'vu  by 

the  English  orthoepists  ; hut  in  t he  United  States  it 
is  often  pronounced  nef'fu.  Smart  remarks  that  “ p 
with  /(,  in  almost  all  cases,  is  pronounced  /.  In  Ste- 
phen, t his  sound  is  vocalized,  that  is,  converted  into 
v ; find  likewise  in  nephew , almost  the  only  word  in 
which  tile  combination  occurs  that  is  not  immediately 
referable  to  a Greek  origin.” 

“ Nephews,  like  the  Latin  nepntes,  meant,  at 
.the  time  when  t lie  common  version  of  the  Bible  was 
made,  grandchildren  and  other  lineal  descendants  ; 
being  so  employed  by  Hooker,  Shakspeare,  and  other 
writers  of  the  Elizabethan  period.”  Trench. 

Np-PI1RAL'(II-A,  n.  [Gr.  vt <ppoi,  the  kidneys,  and 
a/.yos,  pain.]  (Med.)  Neuralgic  pain  in  the  kid- 
neys. Dunglison. 

NEPH'RlTE,  n.  [Gr.  vufipoi,  the  kidneys.]  (Min.) 
A hard,  tough,  translucent  stone,  and  not  a dis- 
tinct mineral,  formerly  worn  as  a remedy  for  dis- 
eases of  the  kidneys  ; jade.  Dana. 

NE-PHRIT  IC,  1 a [ G r.  vttfrpiTticis  ; vetppoi,  the 

NE-PHRIT'I-CAL,  ) kidneys;  It.  ncjritico ; Fr. 
nephretique.] 

1.  Of,  or  pertaining  to,  the  kidneys  ; “ Ne- 
phritic pains.”  Bp.  Berkeley. 

2.  Affected  with  disease  of  the  kidneys.  “Ne- 
phritic persons.”  Arbuthnot. 

3.  Relieving  disorders  of  the  kidneys;  as, 
“ Nephritic  medicines.” 

Nephritic  stone,  nephrite;  jade, — hTcphritic  wood, 
the  wood  of  JHoringa  guilandina,  or  hyperanthcra,  for- 
merly used  to  cure  diseases  of  the  kidneys.  Dunglison. 

NE-PIlRlT'IC,  n.  (Med.)  A medicine  for  diseases 
of  the  kidneys,  particularly  for  the  gravel,  or 
stone  in  the  bladder.  Bailey. 

NE-PHRl'TIS,  n.  [I..,  from  Gr.  ve<Ppirt]s ; vofipoi, 
the  kidneys.]  (Med.)  Inflammation  of  the  kid- 
neys. Dunglison. 

NJJ-PHROG'RA-PH Y,  n.  [Gr.  vu/ipot,  the  kidneys, 
and  ypmpih,  to  describe.]  An  anatomical  de- 
scription of  the  kidneys.  Dunglison. 

NEPH-RO-LITH'IC,  a.  [Gr.  vcsppoi,  the  kidneys, 
and  lidos,  a stone.]  (Med.)  Pertaining  to  the 
stone,  or  calculi  in  the  kidneys.  Dunglison. 

NF-PHROI.'O-^Y,  n.  [Gr.  vetypoi,  the  kidneys,  and 
Ktyos,  a discourse.]  A treatise  on  the  kidneys  ; 

— the  science  relating  to  the  kidneys  .Dunglison. 

NE-PHROT'O-MY,  n.  [Gr.  vuppoi,  the  kidneys,  and 
rlpvio,  to  cut.]  (Med.)  Dissection  of  the  kidney  : 

— the  operation  of  extracting  calculi  from  the 

kidney  by  cutting.  Dunglison. 

NE  PECs  Ol'tra.  [L.]  No  more  beyond; 
the  utmost  reach.  Qu.  Rev. 

NfiP'O-TAL,  a.  [L.  nepotalis  ; nepos,  nepotis,  a 
nephew.]  Pertaining  to  nephews.  Gent.  Mag. 

IlNEP’O-TlijM  [nep'o-tlzin,  IF.  J.  F.  Sm.  C.  Wr.- 
ne'pri-tl/.m,  S.  P.  K.],  n.  [Fr.  nepotisme ; L. 
nepos,  nepotis,  a nephew.] 

1.  Fondness  for  nephews.  Johnson. 

2.  Undue  patronage  bestowed  by  the  popes 

upon  the  members  of  their  family,  as  by  ap- 
pointing them  to  high  offices  in  the  church,  or 
making  them  important  grants.  Addison. 

3.  Favoritism  shown  to  relations  ; patronage 

bestowed  in  consideration  of  family  relation- 
ship, and  not  of  merit.  Ency. 


||  NEP'O-TIST,  n.  One  who  practises  nepotism. 

Qu.  Rev. 

NIJP-TU'NJ-AN,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  the  ocean; 
oceanic.  Smart. 

2.  (Geol.)  Formed  by  water  or  aqueous  solu- 
tion ; as,  “ Neptunian  rocks.” 

Neptunian  theory,  (Geol.)  the  theory  of  Werner, 
which  refers  the  formation  of  all  rocks  and  strata  to 
the  agency  of  water;  — opposed  to  the  Vulcanian  or 
Plutonian  theory.  Cleaceland. 

NJJP-TU  Nj-AN,  > One  who  adopts  the  Nep- 

NEP'TU-NIST,  ) tunian  theory  in  geology.  Lyell. 

NE  QUID  NI  'JillS.  [L.]  Not  a whit  too  much  ; 
— a caution  against  excess. 

NE'Rf-ID,  n. ; pi.  ne're-Id$.  [Gr.  Nbpffj,  N^pff- 
6os  ; Sripils,  a sea-god  ; vap6s,  flowing.] 

1.  (Myth.)  A sea-nymph ; one  of  the  daugh- 
ters of  the  sea-god  Nereus.  IF.  Smith. 

2.  (Zolil.)  A marine  worm  of  the  genus  Ne- 
reis ; sea-centiped.  P.  Cyc. 

NE'Rf-lD,  a.  Pertaining  to  Nereids.  Fawkes. 

NE-RJp-ID'I-AN,  n.  (ZoOl.)  One  of  a family  of 
dorsibranchiate  annellidans,  of  which  the  genus 
Nereis  is  the  type.  Brande. 

Np-RFTA,  n.  [L.]  (Conch.)  A genus  of  marine, 
univalve  shell-fishes,  characterized  by  the  colu- 
mella being  in  a straight  line,  and  the  aperture 
closed  by  an  operculum.  Brande. 

NE'RITE,  n.  (Conch.)  One  of  the  nerita.  Wright. 

NER'I-TlTE,  n.  (Pal.)  A petrified  shell  of  the 
genus  Nerita.  Wright. 

NE'RI-UM,  n.  [Gr.  vyp6s,  wet.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of 
flowering,  evergreen  shrubs  ; oleander.  Loudon. 

NER'O-LI,  n.  The  essential  oil  of  orange  flowers 
obtained  by  distillation.  Ure. 

NERVE  (nerv),  n.  [Gr.  vevpov-,  L.  nervus ; It. 
nervo  ; Sp.  nertio  ; Fr.  nerf.) 

1.  (Anat.)  One  of  the  fine,  filiform  organs  of 
sensation  and  motion,  which,  proceeding  from 
the  brain  and  spinal  cord,  are  distributed  in  the 
substance  of  nearly  all  the  tissues  of  the  body. 

The  nerves  nre  cords  of  the  same  substance  as  that  which 
composes  the  encephalon  and  spinal  marrow.  Dunglison. 

2.  A ligament ; a tendon  ; a sinew.  “ The 

Nemean  lion's  nerve.”  Shak. 

Strong. Tharysmed  discharged  a speeding  blow 

Full  on  his  neck,  and  cut  the  nerves  in  two.  Pope. 

3.  Strength  ; power  ; force  ; might. 

He  led  me  on  to  mightiest  deeds, 

Above  the  nerve  of  mortal  arm.  Milton. 

4.  Power  or  ability  to  remain  unmoved  and 
collected,  as  in  time  of  peril,  alarm,  or  excite- 
ment ; coolness ; courage ; as,  “ It  requires 
nerve  to  walk  on  the  edge  of  a precipice.” 

5.  (Bot.)  A name  given  by  the  old  botanists 

to  one  of  the  parallel  veins  extending  from  the 
base  to  the  apex  of  a leaf.  Gray. 

NERVE  (nerv),  v.  a.  [i.  NESTED  ; pp.  NERVING, 
nerved.]  To  give  or  impart  strength,  power, 
or  vigor  to  ; to  strengthen  ; to  energize. 

Tremendous  goddess,  nerve  this  lifted  arm.  Hill. 

NERVED  (nerv’ed  or  nervd),  a.  (Bot.)  Noting  a 
leaf,  the  veins  of  which  run  parallel  from  the 
base  to  the  apex.  Loudon. 

NERVE'LIJSS,  a.  Without  nerve,  strength,  force, 
or  vigor  ; weak.  Walpole. 

NER-VI-MO'TION,  n.  [L.  nervus,  a nerve,  and 
motio,  motion.]  (Bot.)  The  power  of  self-mo- 
tion in  leaves.  Loudon. 

NER'VINE,  a.  (Med.)  Acting  on  the  nerves  or 
the  nervous  system.  Smart. 

NER'VINE,  n.  (Med.)  A medicine  for  nervous  af- 
fections. Dunglison. 

N^R-VOSE',  a.  (Bot.)  Nerved.  Loudon. 

N^R-VOS'I-TY,  n.  [L.  nervositas .]  The  quality 
of  being  nervous  or  nervose.  [it.]  Hawkins. 

NiiR'VOUS,  a.  [L.  nervosus  ; nervus,  a nerve  ; It. 
§ Sp.  nervoso ; Fr.  nerveux.) 

1.  Full  of  nerves  ; abounding  in  nerves. 

Parts  very  nervous  and  exquisitely  sensible.  Barrow. 

2.  Of,  or  pertaining  to,  the  nerves ; as,  “The 
nervous  system”;  “ Nervous  diseases.” 

, Dunglison. 

3.  Well  strung;  sinewy ; strong;  vigorous. 

“What  nervous  arms  he  boasts  ! ” Pope. 


A,  E,  i,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  ?,  \,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


NERVOUSLY 


NEUTRAL 


959 


4.  Forcible  or  spirited,  as  style. 

The  pleadings  . . . were  then  short,  nervous,  anil  perspic- 
uous. Blackstom. 

5.  Having  weak  or  diseased  nerves ; easily 
agitated  or  excited  ; irritable ; timid  ; fearful. 

“ Poor,  weak,  nervous  creatures.”  Cheyne. 

This  last  sense  Johnson  styles  “ medical  cant  ” ; 
Smart,  “ colloquial 

NER'VOUS-LY,  ad.  1.  In  a nervous  manner; 
with  strength  or  vigor  ; forcibly  ; powerfully. 

He  thus  nervously  describes  the  strength  of  custom.  Warton. 

2.  With  weakness  of  the  nerves.  Smart. 
NER'VOUS-NESS,  n.  1.  The  state  or  the  quality 
of  being  nervous  or  strong ; vigorousness ; 
strength  ; force  ; power.  Warton. 

2.  Weakness  or  agitation  of  nerves.  Smart. 

NER'VURE,  n.  [Fr. ; nerf,  a nerve.] 

1.  (Ent.)  A corneous  tube  for  expanding  the 

wing  and  keeping  it  tense.  . Brande. 

2.  ( Bot .)  A vein  of  a leaf.  Brande. 

fNER'VY,  a.  Sinewy  ; strong  ; nervous.  Shah. 

NES'CI-ENCE  (nesh'e-ens),  n.  [L.  nescientia  ; ncs- 
cio,  nesciens,  to  be  ignorant.]  Ignorance  ; the 
' state  of  not  knowing.  Bp.  Hall. 

NESH,  a.  [A.  S.  hnesc,  nesc.] 

1.  Soft ; tender ; weak  ; delicate  ; easily  hurt. 

[Local,  Eng.]  Crowe. 

2.  Hungry.  [Suffolk,  Eng.]  Wright. 

-NESS.  [A.  S.  ties,  nys,  nis.  — “ The-same  word 
as  ness,  a promontory.”  Richardson.']  A ter- 
mination of  nouns,  denoting  state  or  quality  ; 
as,  goodness,  holiness. 

f NESS,  n.  [A.  S.  nces,  nesse,  nose  ; Scot,  ness, 
nes.  _ “ Perhaps  from  the  (A.  S.)  verb  nesctn, 
neosan,  visere  (to  go  to  see,  to  visit),  meaning 
any  thing  seen,  evident,  conspicuous,  and  hence, 
prominent,  projecting.”  Richardson.  — See 
Nose.]  A promontory  ; a cape;  a headland; 
— written  also  naze.  — See  Naze. 

Wc  weighed  anchor,  and  bare  clear  of  the  ness.  Hackluyt. 
It  is  now  used  as  a termination  of  the  names 
of  promontories  or  headlands  ; as,  Dungeness,  Sheer- 
71  ess. 

NEST,  n.  [A.  S.  nest,  nyst ; Hut.  § Ger.  nest ; 
Sw.  na'ste ; W.nyth.  — L.  nidus  ; It.  § Sp.  nido; 
Fr.  nid.] 

1.  The  bed  or  place  of  retreat  formed  by  a 

bird,  for  laying  her  eggs  and  hatching  and  rear- 
ing her  young.  Cowley. 

2.  A place  where  insects,  and  sometimes 

where  beasts,  are  produced.  Bentley. 

3.  A snug,  well-protected  abode  or  habita- 
tion ; a place  of  retreat  or  residence.  Shak. 

Some  of  our  ministers,  having  livings  offered  unto  them, 
will  neither  for  zeal  of  religion  nor  winning  souls  to  God.  be 
drawn  forth  from  their  warm  nests.  Spenser. 

4.  A number  of  tubs,  boxes,  &c.,  placed  one 

within  another.  Simmonds. 

5.  ( Geol .)  A detached  included  mass  of  a 

particular  mineral  or  rock.  Wright. 

NEST,  v.  a.  [ i . nested  ; pp.  nesting,  nested.] 
To  place  or  house,  as  in  a nest. 

Who  nested  himself  into  the  chief  power  of  Geneva.  South. 
NEST,  v.  n.  To  build  a nest  or  nests. 

Did  she  [the  dove]  not  nest  in  secret  holes?  Ilarmar. 
NEST'-EGG,  n.  An  egg  left  in  the  nest  to  keep 
the  hen  from  forsaking  it. 

Books  and  money  laid  for  show. 

Like  nest-eygs , to  make  clients  lay.  Hudibrcis. 

NES'TLE  (nes'sl),  v.  n.  [A.  S.  nestlian.]  \i. 
NESTEED  ; pp.  NESTLING,  NESTLED.] 

1.  To  make  or  to  occupy  a nest. 

The  kingsfisher  . . . nestles  in  hollow  banks.  L' Estrange. 

2.  To  lie  close,  as  a bird  in  her  nest;  to 
snuggle. 

Their  purpose  was  to  fortify  in  some  strong  place  of  the 
wild  country,  and  there  nestle  till  succors  came.  Bacon. 

3.  To  move  about  uneasily;  to  fidget.  Boag. 

4.  To  trifle.  [Sussex,  Eng.]  Wright. 

NES'TLE  (nes'sl),  v.  a.  1.  To  house  or  shelter,  as 
in  a nest.  South. 

2.  To  cherish,  as  a bird  her  young.  Chapman. 

NEST'LING  (nes'ling),  n.  [A.  S.  nestling.] 

1.  A young  bird,  in  the  nest,  or  just  taken 

from  it.  Barrington. 

2.  A canary-bird  brought  up  by  hand.  Rees. 

3.  f A nest.  Bacon. 


NEST'LING  (nes'ljng),  a.  Newly  hatched.  “ Nest- 
ling linnets.”  Barrington. 

NJJS-TO'RI- AN,  n.  One  of  the  followers  of  Nes- 
torius,  patriarch  of  Constantinople,  in  the  fifth 
century,  who  believed  that  in  Christ  there  were 
not  only  two  natures,  but  also  two  persons,  of 
which  the  one  was  divine,  being  the  eternal 
word,  and  the  other  human,  being  the  man  Je- 
sus, of  which  alone  Mary  was  mother.  Buck. 

NgS-TO'RI-AN,  a.  1.  Of,  or  relating  to,  the  Nes- 
torians.  Buck. 

2.  Old;  experienced; — from  Nestor,  the  aged 
warrior  in  the  Iliad.  Smart. 

N?S-TO'RI-AN-I§M,  n.  ( Eccl . Hist.)  The  doc- 
trine of  the  Nestorians.  Buck. 

NET,  n.  [A.  S.  § Dut.  net ; Ger.  netz ; Dan.  net ; 
Sw.  ncit ; Icel.  net.] 

1.  A texture  of  twine  or  thread,  with  large 

meshes,  commonly  used  as  a snare  for  fish, 
birds,  &c.  _ _ Shak. 

2.  Any  thing  or  work  made  with  interstices 
or  meshes  like  a net. 

Rets  of  checker-work  ...  for  the  chapiters.  1 Kings  vii.  17. 

NET,  V.  a.  [}■  NETTED  ; pp.  NETTING,  NETTED.] 
To  produce  or  yield  as  clear  produce.  Todd. 

NET,  v.  n.  To  knit  a net;  to  knit.  Seward. 

NET,  a.  [It .netto-,  Sp.  net.o  ; Fr.  net.] 

1.  Clear  ; pure  ; without  flaw,  spot,  or  stain. 

“ Net  ivory.”  [r.]  Spenser. 

2.  (Com.)  Noting  merchandise,  as  wine,  cof- 
fee, rice,  &c.,  which  is  pure,  clean,  or  unadul- 
terated : — that  remains  after  the  deduction  of 
all  charges  or  outlay;  as,  “Net  profits”:  — 
clear  of  all  tare  or  tret  or  other  deductions  ; as, 

“ Net  weight.” — Sometimes  written  neat  and 
nett. 

NETH'ER,  a.  [A.  S.  7 lythera,  neothra  \ Dut.  ne- 
der  ; Ger.  nieder ; Dan.  nedrigere ; Sw.  nedre.] 

1.  Lower ; not  upper.  “ The  nether  . . . mill- 
stone.” Deut.  xxiv.  6. 

Upper,  nether,  and  surrounding  fires.  Milton. 

2.  Belonging  to  the  regions  below;  infernal. 

“ This  nether  empire.”  Milton. 

f NETH'ER-MORE,  a.  Lower;  nether.  Wickliffe. 

NETH'^R-MOST,  a. ; swperl.  of  nether.  Lowest. 

“ The  nethermost  abyss.”  Milton. 

f NETH'IJR— STOCKS,  n.  pi.  Stockings,  as  opposed 
to  breeches  or  upper-stocks.  Shak. 

NETH'I-nIm,  n. pi.  [Heb.  the  given,  or 

the  devoted.]  Among  the  Jews,  servants  who 
were  under  the  Levites  in  the  ministry  of  the 
tabernacle  and  the  temple.  Kitto. 

NE'TOP,  n.  [Indian.]  A friend  or  crony.  Pickering. 

NET'TING,  n.  1.  A piece  of  net-work.  Johnson. 

2.  (Naut.)  A net-work  of  robes  or  small  lines, 
used  for  stowing  away  sails  and  hammocks,  and 
also  for  defence  against  boarding.  Dana. 

NET'TING,  n.  Urine.  [Local,  Eng.]  Wright. 

NET'TLE,  n.  [A.  S.  netele,  netle  ; Dut.  netel-,  Ger. 
nessel ; Dan.  nelde ; Sw.  nfissla,  nessla.] 

1.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  juicy  herbs,  having 

stinging  hairs,  or  prickles  ; Urtica.  Gray. 

2.  (Naut.)  The  halves  of  two  adjoining  yarns 

in  a rope,  twisted  together  for  pointing  or  graft- 
ing ; — commonly  written  knittle.  Dana. 

NET'TLE  (net'tl),  v.  a.  [i.  nettled  ; pp.  NET- 
TLING, nettled.]  To  sting  ; to  fret ; to  chafe  ; 
to  irritate  ; to  vex  ; to  harass  ; to  tease.  Shak. 

NET'TLE— CLOTH,  n.  A thick,  tissued  cotton, 
japanned,  and  used  as  a substitute  for  leather 
for  the  peaks  of  caps,  waist-belts,  &c.  Simmonds. 

NET'TLgR,  n.  One  who  nettles  or  irritates.  Milton. 

NET'TLE— RASH,  n.  (Med.)  An  eruption  on  the 
skin,  resembling  the  sting  of  a nettle.  Dunglison. 

NET'TLE— TREE,  n.  (Bot.)  A tree  of  the  genus 
Celtis;  hackberry; — lote-tree.  Gray. 

NET'— TRAP,  n.  A trap  with  a net,  for  catching 
birds.  Barrington. 

NET'TY,  a.  Like  a net ; netted,  [r.]  Browne. 

NET'— WORK  (-wiirk),  n.  Work  having  interstices 
or  meshes  like  those  of  a net ; reticulated  or 
decussated  work.  * Addison.  \ 


NEU'RAL,  a.  [Gr.  venpov,  a nerve.]  (Anat.)  Per- 
taining to  a nerve,  or  to  the  nervous  system. 

Neural  arch,  the  arcli  formed  by  the  posterior  pro- 
jections connected  with  the  body  of  the  vertebra 
which  protect  the  medulla. Neural  axis,  a term  ap- 

plied to  the  encephalon,  including  the  spinal  cord. — 
Neural  spines,  spinous  processes.  Dunglison. 

NEU-RAL'£!-A,  n.  [Gr.  viupov,  a nerve,  and 
a/.yo c,  pain.]  (Med.)  An  obstinate  disease,  of 
which  the  characteristic  symptom  is  a very  acute 
pain,  exacerbating  or  intermittent,  following 
the  course  of  a nerve  in  one  or  more  of  its  ram- 
ifications. Dunglison.  P.  Cyc. 

NEU-rAL'G!C,  a.  Relating  to  neuralgia.  Clarke. 

NEU-RAL'GY,  n.  Neuralgia.  Wright. 

NEU-ROG'R A-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  vcvpov,  a nerve,  and 
ypaipa,  to  write.]  That  part  of  anatomy  which 
describes  the  nerves.  Dunglison. 

NEU-RO-LOG'I-CAL,  a.  Relating  to  neurology. 

NEU-ROL'O-^rlST,  n.  One  who  describes  the 
nerves.  Ash. 

NEU-ROL'O-IyY  (nu-rol'o-je),  n.  [Gr.  viiipov,  a 
nerve,  and  Ifryos,  a discourse.]  That  part  of 
anatomy  which  treats  of  the  nerves.  Dunglison. 

NEU-ROP  TJJR,  ^ l n_  (Rut.)  One  of  the  nen- 

NEU-ROP'TJJ-RAN,  ) roptera.  Brande. 

NEU-ROP ' TE-RA,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  viiipov,  .a  nerve, 
and  nripov,  a wing.]  (Ent.)  An  order  of  insects, 
of  which  the  dragon-fly  and  may-fly  are  exam- 
ples, having  four  membranous,  generally  naked, 
and  more  or  less  transparent  wings,  and  jaws 
for  the  purpose  of  mastication.  Westwood. 

NEU-ROP'TER-AL,  l a_  Belonging  to  the  neu- 

NEU-R6p'T£R-OUS,  ) roptera.  Roget. 

NEU'RO-SPAST,  n.  [Gr.  vtvpianaoTov ; vivpov,  a 
cord,  and  auaoi,  to  draw.]  A figure  put  in  motion 
by  drawing  strings  ; a puppet,  [r,]  More. 

NEU-ROT'IC,  a.  [Gr.  viiipov,  a nerve.]  (Med.) 
Of,  or  pertaining  to,  the  nerves  ; as,  “ Neurotic 
diseases”: — acting  on  the  nerves;  nervine; 
as,  “ Neurotic  medicines.”  Ash. 

NEU-ROT'IC,  n.  (Med.)  A medicine  for  nervous 
affections  ; a nervine.  Crabb. 

NEU-RO-TOM'I-CAL,  a.  Relating  to  neurotomy. 

NEU'RO-TOME,  n.  (Med.)  A long,  narrow,  two- 
edged  scalpel,  for  dissecting  nerves.  Dunglison. 

NEU-ROT'O-MY,  n.  [Gr.  viiipov,  a nerve,  and 
rlpvu),  to  cut.]’  (Med.)  Dissection  of  the  nerves  : 
— an  incised  wound  of  a nerve.  Dunglison. 

NEU-RYP-NOL'O-^IIST,  n.  One  skilled  in  neu- 
rypnology.  Athenceum. 

NEU-RYP-NOL'0-(?Y,  n.  [Gr.  viiipov,  a nerve,  Stt- 
vo s,  sleep,  and 'l.oyos,  a discourse.]  The  philos- 
ophy of  the  sleep  of  the  nerves,  or  animal  mag- 
netism, or  a treatise  on  the  subject.  Braid. 

NEU'TER  (nu'ter),  a.  [L. ; ne,  not,  and  uter, 
either  ; It.  <5f  Sp.  neutro  ; Fr.  neutre.] 

1.  Neither  one  nor  the  other;  specially,  not 

of  either  side  or  party  ; taking  no  part  or  side 
in  a contest  or  controversy  between  others  ; in- 
different ; neutral.  “ Who  stand  neuter  in  the 
dispute.”  Addison. 

2.  (Gram.)  Noting  nouns  which  are  neither 
masculine  nor  feminine  : — noting  verbs  which 
are  neither  active  nor  passive. 

3.  (Bot.)  Noting  flowers  with  neither  stamens 

noi:  pistils  ; neutral.  Loudon. 

NEU'TER  (nu'ter),  n.  1.  One  who  is  not  on  either 
side ; one  indifferent  or  neutral. 

Too  many,  . . . though  Christians  in  name,  appear  so  in- 
different as  to  any  real  belief  of  Christianity,  that  they  are 
rather  neuters  in  regard  to  it.  Pearce. 

2.  An  animal  of  neither  sex  ; — a term  applied 
particularly  to  a working  bee,  before  it  was  dis- 
covered that  working  bees  were  in  reality  un- 
developed females.  Brande. 

NEU'TRAL  (nu'tr?l),  a.  [L.  neutralis,  neuter.] 

1.  Not  engaged  on  either  side  ; taking  no  part 
in  a contest  or  controversy  ; indifferent. 

A neutral  nation  has  the  right  of  furnishing  to  either  of 
the  contending  parties  alt  supplies  which  clo  not  fall  within 
the  description  of  contraband  of  war.  brande. 

2.  Neither  good  nor  bad  ; indifferent. 

Some  things  good  and  some  thing&ill  do  seem. 

And  neutral  some,  in  her  fantastic  eye.  Davies. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  9,  9,  g,  soft ; £,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § «s  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


NEUTRAL 


960 


NEW-STYLE 


3.  ( Bot .)  Noting  flowers  which  have  neither 

stamens  nor  pistils  ; neuter.  Gray. 

4.  ( Chon .)  Noting  salts  in  which  there  are 
as  many  equivalents  of  acid  engaged  as  there 
are  of  oxygen  in  the  base,  or  in  which  the  acid 
is  exactly  neutralised  by  the  base.  Sitlimau. 

Neutral  u.cis,  (Mccli.)  the  axis  in  which  the  tensile 
and  coinpressing  forces  of  a beam  terminate,  and  in 
which  the  stress  is  therefore  nothing.  Ogilvie.  — Neu- 
tral tint,  ( Water-colors .)  a factitious  gray  pigment, 
composed  of  blue,  red,  and  yellow.  Fairholt. 

NEU'TRAL,  n.  One  who  is  not  on  either  side. 

Temple  was  not  a mediator;  he  was  merely  a neutral. 

Macaulay. 

f NEU'TRAL-IST,  n.  A neutral.  Bullokar. 

NEU-TRAL'I-TY  (nu-tral'e-te),  n.  1.  The  state 
of  being  neutral,  or  of  neither  side  or  party  ; 
particularly,  the  state  of  a nation  which  takes 
no  part  in  a war  between  other  nations. 

2.  A state  between  good  and  evil,  [k.] 

There  is  no  health;  physicians  say  that  we 

At  best  enjoy  but  a neutrality.  Donne. 

3.  The  state  of  being  of  the  neuter  gender. 
“ The  neutrality  of  the  noun.”  [r.]  Pearson. 

4 ( Chem .)  The  state  or  the  quality  of  being 
neutral.  “ The  neutrality  of  salts.”  Silliman. 

Armed  neutrality,  the  state  of  a nation  which  holds 
itself  under  arms,  in  order  to  repel  any  aggression  on 
the  part  of  either  of  the  belligerents. 

Syn.  — See  Indifference. 

NEU-TRAL-J-ZA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  neutraliz- 
ing, or  the  state  of  being  neutralized.  Brande. 

NEU'TRAL-IZE,  V.  a.  [».  NEUTRALIZED;  pp. 
NEUTRALIZING,  NEUTRALIZED.] 

1.  To  render  neutral ; to  cause  to  be  of  nei- 
ther side  or  party.  • Johnson. 

2.  (Chem.)  To  destroy  or  render  inert  or  im- 
perceptible the  peculiar  properties  of. 

Acids  and  alkalies  neutralize  each  other  more  or  less  com- 
pletely. Johnston. 

3.  To  destroy  the  peculiar  properties  or  op- 

posite tendencies  of,  as  of  parties  or  other 
things  ; to  render  of  no  effect.  Kirwan. 

NEU'TRAL-IZ-ER,  71.  He  who,  or  that  which, 
neutralizes.  Ency. 

NEU'TR  AL-LY,  ad.  On  neither  side  or  part; 
indifferently.  Johnson. 

NEU-  VAINER pi.  [Fr. ; neuf,  nine.]  In  the 
Roman  Catholic  Church,  prayers  offered  for 
nine  successive  days,  in  order  to  obtain  the 
favor  of  Heaven.  Brande. 

tNE'VlJN,  v.  a.  To  name.  Chaucer. 

NEV'JgR,  ad.  [A.  S.  nrefre ; ne,  not,  and  ref  re,  ever.] 

1.  Not  ever;  not  at  anytime;  at  no  time. 

“ Never  man  spake  like  this  man.”  John  vii.  46. 

He  that  cometh  to  me  shall  never  hunger,  and  he  that  be- 
licveth  ou  me  shall  never  thirst.  John  vi.  35. 

XFzr*  The  phrase  never  a , formerly  used,  is  nearly 
equivalent  to  no,  or  not  any ; but  in  this,  never  retains 
its  literal  meaning  of  not  ever.  “ There  was  never  a 
plain  text.”  Atterbury.  “ There  was  never  a son  left 
him,  save  Jehoahaz.”  2 Chron.  xxi.  17. 

2.  In  no  degree  ; not  at  all. 

"Whosoever  has  a friend  to  guide  him  may  carry  his  eyes 
in  another  man’s  head,  and  yet  see  never  the  worse.  South. 

,635=  Johnson  says  [1755],  never  “ is  used  in  a form 
of  speecli  banded  down  by  tile  best  writers,  hut  lately 
accused,  I think,  with  justice,  of  solecism  ; as,  ‘ He 
is  mistaken,  though  never  so  wised  It  is  now  main- 
tained that  propriety  requires  it  to  he  expressed  thus: 

1 He  is  mistaken,  though  ever  so  wise,’  that  is,  ‘ He 
is  mistaken,  how  wise  soever  lie  may  be.’  ” — Smart 
says  [1837],  “ ‘Charm  he  never  so  wisely,’  i.  e. 1 Charm 
he  not  [merely  wisely,  but]  ever  so  wisely,’  — a gen- 
uine English  mode  of  expression,  though  the  squeam- 
ishness of  grammaticasters  has  rendered  it  obsolete.” 

Jl®=  It  is  much  used  in  composition  ; as,  never- fad- 
ing, never- dying,  &c. 

f NE V' JJIl-THE-LAT'ER,  ad.  Nevertheless. 

Chaucer. 

NEV-pR-TIlE-LESS',  ad.  & cow/,  [never  the  less.] 
Not  ever  the  less  ; not  at  all  the  less  ; not  the 
less  ; notwithstanding  ; however. 

Samuel  came  no  more  to  see  Said  until  the  day  of  his 
death;  nevertheless  Samuel  mourned  for  Saul.  I Sam.  xv.  35. 

. There  will  always  be  somethin;*  that  we  shall  wish  to  have 
finished,  and  he  nevertheless  unwilling  to  begin.  Johnson. 

Syn.  — See  But,  However. 

NEW  (nu),  a.  [Goth,  ninja ; A.  S.  nitre,  niowe, 
sieowe,  niwo ; Dut.  nieuio ; Old  Ger.  niuwe, 
nitre,  nuwe;  Ger.  nett ; Dan.,  Icel.,  Sw.  ny. 


— Gr.  vtof,  originally  vcFos  ; L.  novus  ; It.  nuovo  ; 
Sp.  nuevo ; Fr.  neuf.  — Sansc.  <5;  Hind,  nava  ; 
Per.  nau .] 

1.  Lately  done,  made,  produced,  effected,  or 
come  into  being ; that  has  existed  only  a short 
time  ; of  recent  origin  ; fresh  ; novel ; — opposed 
to  old ; as,  “ A new  garment  ” ; “ A new  book.” 

2.  That  existed  before,  but  was  not  before 
known ; recently  discovered ; as,  “ A new  metal.” 

The  commencement  of  the  present  century  was  rendered 
memorable  in  the  annals  of  astronomy  b}  the  discovery  of 
lour  new  planets  between  Mars  and  Jupiter.  Olmsted. 

3.  Of  the  present  day  ; modern  ; recent. 

"Whoever  converses  much  among  old  books  will  be  some- 
thing hard  to  please  among  new.  Temple. 

4.  Different  from  the  former.  “ Steadfastly 
purposing  to  lead  a new  life.”  Common  Prayer. 

5.  Not  habituated ; not  accustomed  or  famil- 
iar ; unaccustomed ; unused.  Hooker. 

Twelve  mules,  a strong,  laborious  race. 

New  to  the  plough,  unpractised  in  the  race.  Tope. 

6.  Renovated  ; restored  to  the  first  state. 

Men,  after  long  emaciating  diets,  wax  plump,  fat,  and  al- 
most new.  ISacon. 

7.  Fresh  after  any  event  or  thing. 

Nor  dare  we  trust  so  soft  a messenger, 

New  from  her  sickness,  to  that  northern  air.  Dryrlen. 

8.  Not  of  ancient  extraction  ; not  previously 
known  or  distinguished. 

A superior  capacity  for  business,  and  a more  extensive 
knowledge,  are  steps  by  which  a new  man  often  mounts  to 
favor  and  outshines  the  rest  of  his  contemporaries.  Addison. 

tHAt  It  is  used  adverbially  in  composition,  for  new- 
ly ; as,  new-born,  neic-found,  ncio-made. 

New  moon,  a term  applied  to  the  moon  when  she 
begins  to  increase,  or  immediately  after  her  conjunc- 
tion with  tile  sun. Yew  Testament,  that  portion  of 

tlie  Bible  which  comprises  the  writings  of  the  apos- 
tles and  of  their  immediate  disciples.  — New  style. 
See  Style. 

Syn.  — New  is  opposed  to  old;  novel,  to  known; 
modern , to  ancient.  A new  title  or  garment ; a new 
acquaintance  or  customer  ; modern  history  ; a recent 
event ; fresh  news  ; fresh  vegetables  ; a novel  manner 
or  occurrence.  Every  thing  novel  is  new  ; but  a tiling 
may  he  new  and  not  novel.  That  is  novel  the  sight  of 
which  was  either  never  seen  or  very  rarely  seen,  or 
which  is  strange  or  unexpected  ; that  is  a new  sight 
which  is  seen  for  the  first  time. 

f NEW  (nu),  v.  a.  To  make  new.  Gower. 

NEW'— BORN,  a.  Lately  born.  Shah. 

NEW-COME'  (nu-kum'),  a.  Lately  arrived  ; re- 
cently come.  “ His  new-come  guest.”  Spenser. 

NEW— COM'fiR,  7i.  One  who  has  lately  come. 

NEW— CRU-AtE',  v.  a.  To  produce,  as  a new 
thing  ; to  bring  into  existence,  [r.]  Shak. 

NEVV'JgL,  71.  [From  new.] 

1.  f A new  thing  ; a novelty.  Spenser. 

2.  [Fr.  7>oyau,  a part  surrounded  by  a casing. 
Brande.  — See  Noyau.]  (Arch.)  The  column 
or  space  about  which  wind  the  steps  of  a spiral 
staircase;  — formerly  written  nowcl.  Brande. 

NEW-FAB'RI-CAT- JJ  D,  a.  Newly  made.  Wright. 

NEW-fAn'CTED,  a.  Newly  fancied.  Wright. 

f NEW-FAN'GLE,  a.  [new  and /angle.]  Desirous 
of  new  things.  Chaucer. 

f NEW-FAN'GLE,  v.  a.  To  change  by  introduc- 
ing novelties.  “ To  control  and  7iewfa7\qle  the 
Scripture.”  Milton. 

NEW-FAN'GLED  (nu-fing'gld),  a.  Newly  made; 
formed  with  an  affectation  of  novelty; — used 
in  contempt.  “ Newfangled  philosophy.”  Fryth. 

Those  charities  are  not  newfangled  devices  of  yesterday, 
but  are  ...  as  old  as  the  reformation.  Atterbury. 

NEW-FAN'GLED-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
newfangled  ; affected  novelty  of  form.  Carew. 

f NEW-FAn'GLE-NESS,  • n.  Newfangledness. 

“ Constant  without  newfangleness.”  Aseham. 

f NEW-FAN'GLjST,  n.  One  desirous  of  novel- 
ty. Tooker. 

t NEW-FAN'GLY,  ad.  With  a disposition  for 
novelties.  “Newfangly  minded.”  Sir  T.  More. 

NEW— FASH'ION  (nu-fash'un),  a.  New-fashioned. 

“ New-fashion  words.”  [r.]  Swift. 

NEW-FAsH'IONED  (nu-fash'und),  a.  Made  in  a 
new  form,  or  lately  come  iifto  fashion.  Ec.  Bev. 

NEW'ING,  71.  Yeast  or  barm.  [Local.]  Wright. 


NEW'jSH,  a.  Rather  new;  somewhat  new.  Bacon. 

NEW'KIRK-ITE,  71.  (Min.)  A mineral  consisting 
of  the  sesquoxide  of  manganese,  the  peroxide  of 
iron,  and  water,  occurring,  in  small  needles,  at 
Newkirchen,  in  Alsace  : — gray  oxide  of  manga- 
nese ; manganite.  Dana. 

NEW'-LAlD,  a.  Recently  laid.  Cowper. 

NEW'— LEARNED,  a.  Recently  instructed.  Temple. 
NEW— LIGHTED  (-lit'-),  a.  Just  descended. 
NEW'LY,  ad.-  1.  Freshly;  lately;  recently. 

The  Duke  of  York  is  newly  come  from  Ireland.  Shak. 
2.  In  a form  different  from  the  former  ; anew. 

NEW'— MADE,  a.  Newly  made  or  formed.  “The 
new-made  king.”  “ A nvw-ma.de  grave.”  Shak. 

NEW'— MAKE,  V.  a.  [i.  NEYV-MADE  ; pp.  NEW- 
MAKING,  new-made.]  To  make  anew.  Shak. 
NEVA  MOD-IJL  (nu'mod-el),  V.  a.  [i.  new-mod- 
elled ; pp.  ' NEW-MODELLING,  NEW-MOD- 
ELLED.] To  give  a new  form  to.  Ash. 

NEW'— MOD-fLLED  (nu'niod-eld),  p.  a.  Formed 
after  a new  model.  Smart. 

NEW'NESS,  n.  1.  The  state  or  the  quality  of 
being  new  ; recentness  of  origin  ; lateness  ; 
recentness  ; as,  “ The  newness  of  a garment.” 

YVlien  Horace  wrote  his  satires,  the  monarchy  of  his  Ciesar 
was  i.n  its  neiuness.  Dnjden. 

2.  The  state  or  the  quality  of  being  but  lately 
known;  recent  change  ; innovation  ; novelty. 

Newness,  especially  in  great  matters,  was  a worthy  enter- 
tainment for  a searching  mind.  * South. 

3.  Want  of  practice  or  experience. 

His  newness  shamed  most  of  the  others’  long  exercise.  Sidney. 

NEW— RED-SAND'STONE,  n.  ( Gcol .)  The  sand- 
stone  immediately  above  coal-measures.Rramfe. 

NEW§  (nuz),  71.  sing.  & pi.  ; commonly  singular. 
[From  7tcw,  hs  goods  from  good,  odds  froth  odd.] 
Recent  account ; fresh  information,  particularly 
from  a distance  ; tidings  ; intelligence. 
t Jiter-  Grammarians  differ  somewhat  witli  respect  to 
the  number  of  news ; yet  “ the  word  is  now,”  as 
stated  by  Murray,  “almost  universally  considered  as 
belonging  to  the  singular  number.”  And  Crombie 
says,  “ It  is  sometimes  construed  as  a singular , and 
sometimes  as  a plural,  noun  ; the  former  is  far  tile 
more  general.”  “Evil  news  rides  fast,  while  good 
news  baits.”  Milton.  “ This  is  all  the  neics  talked 
of.”  Pope. 

JCEo'  The  word  news  has  been  fancifully  derived 
from  the  initial  letters  of  the  words  denoting  the  four 
cardinal  points,  North,  East.  IVcst,  and  South  ; as  in 
the  following  epigram,  in  “Wit’s  Recreations,”  first 
published  in  1640  : — 

When  news  doth  conic,  if  any  would  discuss 
Tile  letter  of  the  word,  resolve  it  thus: 

News  is  conveyed  by  letter,  word,  or  mouth. 

And  comes  from  North,  East,  West,  or  South. 

Syn.  — News  and  tidings  are  often  used  indiscrim- 
inately. Tidings  arc  expected,  and  may  allay  anxiety  ; 
news,  unexpected,  and  gratify  curiosity.  In  time  of 
war,  the  public  are  eager  for  news  ; and  persons  who 
have  relatives  in  the  army  are  anxious  to  have  tidings 
from  them. 

NEWSBOY,  n.  A boy  who  vends  newspapers. 

NEW§'— LET-TJJR,  7i.  A letter  written  to  commu- 
nicate news  ; — a kind  of  letter  common  before 
newspapers  came  into  vogue.  Qu.  Bev. 

NEWfji'MAN,  n.  One  who  sells  or  delivers  news- 
papers ; a news-vender.  Clarke. 

NEWS)'— MON-GIJR  (nuz'mung-|er,  82),  n.  One 
who  deals  in  news;  one  who  busies  himself  in 
telling  and  hearing  news.  Shak. 

NEW^'PA-PgR,  n.  A sheet  of  paper,  printed  and 
published  at  stated  intervals,  for  conveying  in- 
telligence of  passing  events  ; a public  periodi- 
cal print  that  announces  news. 

The  earliest  periodical  newspaper  published  in  this  eoun- 
trv  [England!  was  the  “Weekly  News,”  which  appeared  in 
1G22.  Ed.  Jlev. 

The  publication  of  regular  newspapers  may  he  referred,  on 
the  whole,  to  the  reign  of  Queen  Anne,  when  they  obtained 
•great  circulation,  and  became  the  accredited  organs  of  differ- 
ent factions.  Hullain. 

See  Journal,  and  Journalism. 

NEW§5-PA-PE'RI-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  newspa- 
pers. [Colloquial.]  Lewis. 

N E WS '— R OOM,  n.  A room  where  newspapers  are 
read.  Morning  Chronicle  [1817]. 

NEW'— STYLE,  n.  {Chron.)  See  Style. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  t,  short;  A,  JJ,  J,  O,  U,  y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HfilR,  HER; 


NEWS-VENDER 


9G1 


NICKING 


NEW§'-VEND-pR,  n.  One  who  sells  newspapers; 
a newsman. . Sat.  Mag 

NEW§'-WRfT-pR,  n.  A writer  of  news.  Ash. 

NEWT  (nut),  n.  [Supposed  by  Junius  to  be  cor- 
rupted from  an  cvet.  — See  Eft.]  An  aquatic 
salamander.  — See  Eft.  Bell. 

fgpp. “ Tlie  terms  eft  and  newt  are  applied  almost 
indiscriminately  to  all  the  species  of  lizards  wliicli 
are  found  in  the  Llritisli  islands.  Eft  seems  to  he 
more  usually  applied  to  the  land  animals.  Newt  is 
more  commonly  applied  to  the  animals  which  inhabit 
ponds,  wet  ditches,  and  other  damp  places.”  Eng.Cyc. 

NEW-TO'NI-AN,  n.  A follower  of  Sir  Isaac  New- 
ton in  philosophy.  P.  Cyc. 

NEW-TO'NI-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  discovered 
by,  Sir  Isaac  Newton. 

Newtonian  philosophy , a term  sometimes  used  to 
denote  the  doctrine  of  the  universe,  as  delivered  by 
Newton  , sometimes  the  corpuscular,  or  modern,  or 
experimental  philosophy,  as  opposed  to  the  theories  of 
Descartes  and  others  ; but  most  frequently,  perhaps, 
the  mathematical  theory  of  gravitation.  Brande. 

NEW'— YEAR,  a.  Relating  to  the  beginning  of 
the  year.  “ Ncw-year  odes.”  Pope. 

NEW'— YEAR’§— DAY,  n.  The  first  day  of  the 
year  ; the  first  day  of  January. 

NEW— YEAR’§— elFT',  n.  A present  made  on 
the  first  day  of  the  year.  Shak. 

NEW-ZEA'L  AND— FLAX,  n.  A fibrous  substance 
prepared  from  Phormium  tenax.  Loudon. 

NEW-ZEA'L  AND— TEA,  n.  ( Bot .)  A plant  of  the 
genus  Leptospermum ; Leptospermum  scopa- 
rium  ; — the  leaves  of  which  have  an  agreeable, 
bitter  flavor,  and  are  used  as  tea.  Loudon. 

f NEX'I-BLE,  a.  [L.  ncxibilisf\  That  may  be 
knit  together.  Blount. 

NEXT  (nekst),  a. ; superl.  of  nigh.  [A.  S.  weak, 
near  ; sup.  nyhst,  neahst,  nexst ; Dut.  naast ; 
Gcr.  ndchst  ■ Dan.  nas;  Sw.  nast.] 

1.  Nearest  in  place ; having  no  other  inter- 
vening ; immediately  succeeding  or  preceding 
in  order  of  place;  as,  “The  next  house.” 

Want  supplieth  itself  of  what  is  next , and  many  times  the 
next  way.  Bacon. 

2.  Nearest  in  time  ; as,  “ Next  summer.” 

3.  Nearest  in  any  gradation;  as  in  degree, 
rank,  quality,  relationship,  &c. 

One  next  himself  in  power,  and  next  in  crime.  Milton. 

NEXT,  ad.  At  the  time  immediately  succeeding. 

Friend,  parent,  neighbor,  first  it  will  embrace; 

Ilis  country  next,  and  next  all  human  race.  Pope. 

Nl'AS,  n.  [Fr.  niais.  — See  Nice.]  A bird  not 
yet  old  enough  to  leave  the  nest ; an  eyas  ■ — 
a novice ; a simpleton.  B.  Jonson. 

NIB,  n.  [A.  S.  neb.  — See  Neil] 

1.  The  bill  nr  beak  of  a bird.  Johnson. 

2.  The  point  of  any  thing,  particularly  of  a 

pen.  Derham. 

3.  The  handle  of  a scythe  : — the  pole  of  a 

wagon.  [Local.]  Wright. 

SSf  Smart  says,  “ Nib,  originally  the  same  word 
as  neb,  seems  now  used  on  different  occasions.  We 
write  the  neb  of  a bird,  but  the  nib  of  a pen.” 

NIBBED  (iiTbd),  a.  Having  a nib.  Johnson. 

NIB'BLE  (nib'bl),  v-  a.  [From  nibf\  [i.  NIBBLED ; 
pp.  nibbling,  nibbled.]  To  bite  by  little  at 
a time ; to  eat  by  small  bites  or  nips. 

The  roving  trout 

Greedily  sucks  in  the  twining  bait, 

And  tugs  and  nibbles  the  fallacious  meat.  Gap. 

NIB'BLE,  v.  n.  1.  To  bite  by  small  nips;  — 
commonly  used  with  at ; as,  “A  fish  nibbling  at 
the  bait.” 

2.  To  carp  ; to  cavil ; to  find  fault ; — -with  at. 

I long  to  be  nilibling  at  your  vases.  ...  I have  really  a great 
itch  of  criticism  upon  me.  rope. 

NIB'BLE,  n.  The  act  of  biting  by  small  nips,  as 
a fish  in  trying  the  bait.  Johnson. 

NIB'BLIJR,  n.  One  that  nibbles.  Wright. 

NIB'BLING,  n.  A biting  by  small  nips  ; a nibble  : 
— a small  quantity.  Harrington. 

NIB'BLING-LY,  ad.  In  a nibbling  manner.  Clarke. 

NIC-A-R A'GUA— WOOD  (-wild),  n.  An  inferior 
kind  of  Brazil-wood,  the  produce  of  Casalpinia 
echinata,  used  to  dye  a bright  red.  Simmonds. 


NICE,  a.  [A.  S.  hnese,  nese,  soft,  tender;  nesh ; 
effeminate  ; Dut.  nesch ; Old  Ger.  naschung ; 
Ger.  nascherie,  the  eating  of  dainties,  a dainty ; 
Su.  Goth,  naska  ; Ger.  naschen,  to  eat  dainties. 
— “ Nice  is  more  various  and  extensive  in  its 
application  than  nesh ; though  they  are  the 
same  word  differently  written  and  spoken.” 
Richardson.  — “Nice  [simple]  is  from  Fr.  niais, 
simple.  . . The  French  word  is  probably  from 
M.  Goth,  hnasquia  ; A.  S.  hnese,  ncsc."  Jamie- 
son.'] 

1.  f Simple;  silly;  foolish.  Chaucer. 

Them  that  be  so  nice , 

And  feignen  them  selffe  to  be  wise.  Goiver. 

2.  Soft;  tender;  delicate;  palatable;  dainty; 
savory  ; delicious  ; luscious ; as,  “ A nice  bit.” 

3.  Delicately  sensitive  ; scrupulous  ; consci- 
entious ; punctilious.  • 

Dear  love,  continue  nice  and  chaste.  Donne. 

4.  Over-scrupulous  or  exact ; very  particular ; 
fastidious  ; difficult ; squeamish. 

Nor  be  so  nice  in  taste  myself  to  know 

If  what  I swallow  be  a thrush  or  no.  Dryden. 

Flowers  worthy  of  Paradise:  which  not  nice  art 

In  beds  and  curious  knots,  but  nature  boon, 

Poured  forth  profuse  on  hill,  aud  dale,  and  plain.  Milton. 

5.  Formed  or  made  with  scrupulous  or  mi- 
nute exactness;  accurate;  exact;  precise;  as, 
“ A nice  calculation  ” ; “ Nice  proportions.” 

Indulge  me  but  in  love:  my  other  passions 

Shall  rise  and  hill  by  virtue’s  nicest  rules.  Addison. 

6.  Requiring  scrupulous  or  minute  exactness. 

“ My  progress  .in  making  this  nice  and  trouble- 
some experiment.”  Newton. 

Supposing  an  injury  done,  it  is  a nice  point  to  proportion 
the  reparation  to  the  degree  of  the  indignity.  L'Estrange. 

7.  Tender  to  excess;  easily  injured;  delicate. 

With  how  much  ease  is  a young  muse  betrayed! 

How  vice  the  reputation  of  the  maid!  Roscommon. 

8.  Minute ; subtile  ; not  prominent,  obvious, 
or  readily  observable  ; as,  “ A nice  distinction.” 

9.  Of  little  importance ; slight;  trivial. 

In  such  a time  as  this,  it  is  not  meet 

That  every  nice  offence  should  bear  his  comment.  Shak. 

10.  Minutely  elegant ; fine  ; as,  “ Nice  text- 
ure ” ; “ A nice  mosaic.” 

11.  Pleasing  or  agreeable  in  general  ; having 
good  qualities  ; good  ; delicious.  [Colloquial.] 

To  malic  nice,  to  be  scrupulous. 

He  that  stands  upon  a slippery  place, 

Makes  nice  of  no  vile  hold  to  stay  him  up.  Shak. 

Xftp  Nice  is  a word  much  used,  especially  in  con- 
versation, often  without  any  well  defined  meaning. 
The  following  remarks,  from  Archdeacon  Hare,  are 
quoted  from  the  “ Philological  Museum  — 

“ That  stupid  vulgarism  by  which  we  use  the  word 
nice  to  denote  almost  every  mode  of  approbation,  for  al- 
most every  variety  of  quality,  aud  from  sheer  poverty 
of  thought,  or  fear  of  saying  any  thing  definite,  wrap 
tip  every  thing  indiscriminately  in  tiiis  characterless 
domino, — speaking  at  the  same  breath  of  a vice  cheese- 
cake, a nice  tragedy,  a nice  oyster,  a vice  child,  a nice 
man,  a nice  tree,  a nice  sermon,  a nice  day,  a nice 
country,  — as  if  a universal  deluge  of  niaiscrie  (for 
nice  seems  originally  to  have  been  only  main)  had 
whelmed  the  whole  island.  This  vulgarism  has  al- 
ready taken  even  in* the  lowest  classes,  and  one  hears 
ploughboys  talking  of  nice  weather,  and  sailors  of  a 
nice  sea.” 

Syn.  — See  Finical. 

NICE'LY,  ad.  1.  In  a nice  manner  ; scrupulous- 
ly ; minutely  ; accurately  ; exactly  ; delicately. 

2.  In  general,  in  a manner  to  please  or  grat- 
ify ; in  the  best  manner  ; well ; finely,  or  with 
minute  elegance.  [Colloquial.] 

NI'CENE  [nl'sen,  Ja.  C.  Wr. ; nl-sen',  P.  K. 

a.  Pertaining  to  Nice  (Nicaea),  an  ancient  city 
of  Asia  Minor. 

JWccwe  creed , a formulary  of  Christian  faith,  com- 
posed by  the  council  of  Nice,  against  Arianism,  A.  L). 
325,  altered  and  confirmed  by  the  council  of  Constan- 
tinople, A.  D.  381.  Brandc. 

ffctp  “ The  council  of  Nice  was  the  first,  and,  ac- 
cording to  most  writers,  the  most  important  general 
council  held  in  the  Christian  church.”  Brande. 

NICE'NflSS,  n.  1.  The  state  or  the  quality  of 
being  nice  ; minute  exactness  ; accuracy. 

Where ’s  now  that  labored  niceness  in  thy  dress, 

And  all  those  arts  that  did  the  spark  express?  Dryclen. 

2.  Delicate  sensitiveness;  delicacy;  consci- 
entiousness ; scrupulousness.  Shak. 

Ni'CE-TY  [nl'se-te,  .S.  IF.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm. 
Wr. ; nls'ie,  1F6.J,  n. 

1.  f Folly;  foolishness;  silliness.  Chaucer. 


2.  Minute  exactness ; accuracy  ; precision. 
“ Ilis  own  nicety  of  observation.”  Johnson. 

3.  Scrupulousness  ; delicacy  ; fastidiousness  ; 
carefulness,  as  of  management ; squeamishness. 

Love  Such  nicety  requires. 

One  blast  will  put  out  all  his  fires.  Sw{ft. 

4.  A nice  or  subtile  point  or  matter;  a mi- 

nute difference  or  distinction  ; subtilty.  “ The 
fineness  and  niceties  of  words.”  Locke. 

The  natural  progress  of  the  works  of  men  is  from  rudeness 
to  convenience,  from  convenience  to  elegance,  and  from  ele- 

‘ gunce  to  nicety.  Johnson. 

5.  A delicacy  for  food;  a dainty  ; — common- 
ly in  the  plural.  Johnson. 

NI'jEHAR  (nl'kjr),  n.  A plant.  Miller. 

NICHE  (nich),  n.  [It.  nicchia ; Sp.  ^-  Port,  nicho ; 
Fr.  niche  \ — according  to  Menage  and  Lan- 
dais,  from  It.  nicchio,  a shell-fish,  a muscle; 
which  Dicz  refers  to  Gr.  pvrilo;,  L.  mytilus. — 
“ Probably  a nick,  or  nook,  from  the  verb  nick, 
to  cut  into.”  Richardson.]  {Arch.)  A hollow 
or  concave  recess  in  a wall,  in  which  to  place  a 
statue,  bust,  or  any  similar  ornament.  Brande. 

NICHED  (nich'ed  or  nlcht),  a.  Placed  or  inserted 
in  a niche.  Ash. 

NICK,  n.  [Dut.  knik,  a nod,  a crack  ; Ger.  nick, 
a nod;  knick,  a crack;  Sw.  nick,  a nod;  Dan. 
nik.] 

1.  The  exact  point,  as  of  time  ; the  critical 

moment  or  occasion.  Howell. 

That  trick, 

Had  it  come  in  the  nick. 

Had  touched  us  to  the  quick.  Denham. 

2.  A notch; — particularly  an  incision  in  the 

shank  of  a printing  type  to  guide  the  compositor 
in  arranging  the  letters  properly  in  his  com- 
posing stick.  Simmonds. 

3.  A score;  a reckoning;  — from  the  old 

practice  of  keeping  reckonings  on  tallies  or 
notched  sticks.  Shak. 

4.  [Fr.  niche,  trick.]  A winning  throw.  Prior. 

Out  of  all  nick,  beyond  all  reckoning  or  calculation  ; 

inexpressibly.  “ He  loved  her  out  of  all  nick.”  Shak. 

NICK,  V.  a.  \i.  NICKED  ; pp.  NICKING,  NICKED.] 

1.  To  hit ; to  touch  luckily. 

The  just  season  of  doing  thhigs  must  be  nicked.  L' Estrange. 

2.  To  cut  nicks  or  notches  in  ; to  notch.  Shak. 

3.  To  break  or  crack  by  throwing  something 
against.  — See  Nicker. 

Breaks  watchmen’s  heads  and  chairmen’s  glasses, 

And  thence  proceeds  to  nicking  sashes.  Prior. 

4.  fTo  suit,  as  one  check-tally  with  another. 

Words,  nicking  and  resembling  one  another,  arc  applicable 

to  different  significations.  Camden. 

5.  To  defeat  or  cozen,  as  at  dice  ; to  cheat ; to 

deceive  ; to  defraud.  Shak. 

To  nick  a horse,  to  make  an  incision  in  a horse’s 
tail  in  order  to  make  him  carry  it  higher.  — See 
Nicking.  Youatt. 

NlCK,  n.  [A.  S.  hncecan,  to  kill;  Dut.  nikken\ 
— Low  Ger.  nikker,  an  executioner  and  the 

devil ; Icel.  nikr,  nykr,  a water  spirit,  the  devil.] 
In  northern  mythology,  an  evil  spirit  of  the 
waters;  — hence  Old  Nick  for  the  devil,  in  vul- 
gar discourse. 

There  is  no  doubt  that  Nick  was  a very  old  name  for  the 
devil.  Nares. 

NICK'f.L  (nik'el),  n.  {Min.)  A white,  very  hard, 
and  comparatively  rare  metal,  occurring  com- 
monly in  combination  with  arsenic  or  with  sul- 
phur, and  sometimes  with  antimony  and  bis- 
muth. It  is  magnetic,  malleable,  ductile,  and 
laminable,  and  is  much  used  in  the  manufacture 
of  German  silver.  Dana.  Ure. 

NIC-KEL'IC,  a.  Relating  to  nickel.  Smart. 

NICK'JJR,  n.  One  who  nicks  ; — particularly  one 
who  watches  for  an  opportunity  to  pilfer,  or  to 
practise  some  knavish  artifice.  [Low.]  Johnson. 

Your  modem  musicians  want  art  to  defend  their  windows 
from  common  nickers.  Arbuthnot. 

His  scattered  ponce  the  flying  nicker  flings, 

And  with  the  copper  shower  the  casement  rings.  Gay. 

Wright  says  nickers  were  “ wild  fellows,  who 
amused  themselves  at  night  with  breaking  people’s 
windows  with  half-pence.” 

NICK'ER— TREE,  n.  (Dot.)  A tree  of  the  genus 
Guilandina.  Loudon. 

NICK'ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  nicks  ; the 
act  or  operation  of  cutting  through  the  depress- 


MiEN,  SIRj^MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — $,  g,  soft ; £,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


NICIvNACK 


962 


NIGHT-FLIER 


or  and  part  of  the  lateral  muscles  of  a horse’s 
tail,  to  make  him  carry  it  higher.  Youatt. 

NICK'NACK,  n.  A trifle.  — See  Knick-knack. 

NlCK-NACK'Jp-RV,  n.  A trifle;  a toy;  a knick- 
knack.  Franklin. 

NICK'NAME,  n.  [Fr.  nom  de  nique,  a name  of 
contempt.  Junius.  Johnson. — “In  Fromptua- 
rium  Parvulorum  we  have  1 neke  name,  or  eke 
name  (agnomen),'  on  which  the  editor  remarks, 
‘There  can  be  little  doubt  that  the  word  is 
formed  simply  by  prothesis,  the  final  n being 
transferred  from  the  article  to  the  substantive.’  ” 
Notes  % Queries.  — Perhaps  from  nick,  to  suit, 
and  name.]  A name  given  in  derision,  con- 
tempt, or  sport;  an  opprobrious  or  a sportive 
appellation;  by-name. 

lie  is  upbraidingly  called  a poet,  as  if  it  were  a contempt- 
ible nickname.  B.  Jonsnn. 

From  nicknames,  or  nursenames,  came  these:  . . . Bill  and 
Will  for  William,  Clem  for  Clement,  Nat  tor  Nathaniel,  Mab 
for  Abraham,  Ac.  Camden. 

NICK'NAME,  V.  a.  \l.  NICKNAMED  ; pp.  NICK- 
NAMING, nicknamed.]  To  give  a name  of 
contempt  or  derision  to ; to  call  by  an  oppro- 
brious name  or  appellation. 

This  jargon,  which  they  nickname  metaphysics.  Whitby. 

You  . . . nickname  God’s  creatures.  You  nickname  virtue 
vice.  Shak. 

NIC-O-lA'I-tAN.  n.  ( Eccl . Tlist.)  One  of  a sect 
of  heretics  in  the  first  century,  mentioned  with 
disapprobation  in  Rev.  ii.  6,  15 ; — so  named, 
according  to  the  early  writers,  from  Nicolas 
of  Antioch,  mentioned  in  Acts  vi.  5.  P.  Cyc. 

NI-CO'TIAN  (ne-ko’sh?n),  n.  [Fr.  nicotiane.]  A 
plant  of  the  genus  Nicotiana ; tobacco.  B.  Jonson. 

NI-CO'TIAN  (ne-k5'sh?n),  a.  Of,  or  pertaining  to, 
tobacco,  [r.] 

This  gourmand  sacrifices  whole  hecatombs  to  his  paunch, 
and  whiffs  himself  away  in  nicotian  incense  to  the  idol  of  his 
vain  intemperance.  Bp.  Hall. 

JYI-CO-TI-A'JVrf,  n.  ( Bot .)  A genus  of  plants  of 
several  species ; tobacco;  — so  named  from  John 
Nicot  of  Nismes,  who  sent  a specimen  of  it  to 
France  about  1560.  Loudon. 

NI-CO'TI-A-NiNE  (ne-ko'slie-j-nrn),  n.  ( Cliem .) 
A crystalline  body,  or  oil,  obtained  from  the 
leaves  of  tobacco.  It  has  the  smell  of  tobacco 
smoke,  and  affords  nicotine.  Silliman. 

NIC'O-TINE,  n.  ( Chem .)  A very  poisonous,  oily 
liquid,  heavier  than  water,  and  of  a very  acrid 
taste,  obtained  from  tobacco ; the  alkaloid  of 
tobacco.  Silliman. 

NIC'TATE,  v.n.  [L.  nicto,  nictatum ; Fr.  nicter.] 
To  wink ; to  nictitate,  [r.]  Ray. 

NIC-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  nictatio.]  The  act  of  wink- 
ing ; nictitation.  Cockeram. 

NIC'TI-TATE,  v.  n.  To  wink;  to  nictate.  Derham. 

NIC'TI-tAt-JNG,  a.  Noting  a thin  membrane, 
with  which  some  animals,  as  the  eagle,  can  pro- 
tect their  eyes,  without  a total  obstruction  of 
vision.  Paley. 

NiC-TI-TA'TION,  n.  Act  of  winking.  Brande. 

NID-A-MENT'AL,  a.  [L.  nidus,  a nest.]  Per- 
taining to  nests  ; noting  the  organs  that  secrete 
the  materials  of  which  many  animals  construct 
their  nests.  Owen. 

NIDE,  n.  [L.  nidus ; It.  A Sp.  nido ; Fr.  nidi]  A 
nest  or  brood.  “ A nide  of  pheasants.”  Johnson. 

NID'fyF.T  (nld'jet),  n.  [Fr . nig  and.  Wright. — 
“ Corrupted  from  nithing  or  niding.”  Johnson. 
— “ It  is  formed,  probably,  from  idiot,  currently 
pronounced  idgeot ; and  a nidget,  or  nigeot , is  no 
more  than  an  idiot,  carelessly  spoken.”  Narcs. 
— See  Niding.]  A worthless  fellow;  a cow- 
ard ; a poltroon  ; a niding  ; — written  also  nig- 
gtt,  and  nigeot.  Camden. 

. NIDT-FJ-cATE,  v.  n.  [L.  nidifico,  nidificatus ; 
nidus,  a nest,  and  facto,  to  make  ; It.  nidifi- 
care ; Sp.  nidificar.]  To  build  or  make  a nest, 
as  a bird.  Brande. 

NlD-I-FI-cA'TION,  n.  [L.  nidificatio.]  The  act 
of  constructing  a nest.  Derham. 

f Nl'DING,  n.  [A.  S.  nithing : T)an.  § Sw.  niding.] 
A low,  base,  worthless  fellow ; a coward ; a 
poltroon  ; an  outlaw ; nidget.  Camden. 


NI'DOR,  n.  [L.]  Steam  or  scent  from  food,  while 
being  cooked,  or  when  cooked.  Bp.  Taylor. 

NI'DOR-OSE,  a.  Nidorous.  Arbuthnot. 

Ni-DOR-OS'I-TY,  n.  Eructation  with  the  taste 
of  burnt  or  roast  meat.  Floyer. 

Nl'DOR-OUS,  a.  [L.  nidorosus ; Fr.  nidoreux.] 
Kesembling  the  smell  or  the  taste  of  burnt  or 
roast  meat.  Bacon. 

NID'U-LAnT,  a.  (Bot.)  Nestling,  or  lying  loose 
in  pulp  or  cotton.  Loudon. 

f nId'U-LATE,  v.  n.  [L.  nidulor,  nidulatus.]  To 
build  a nest ; to  nidificate.  Cockeram. 

nId-U-LA'TION,  n.  Incubation.  Browne. 

Ni' DUS,  n.  [L.]  A nest.  Smart. 

NIECE  (nes),  n.  [Fr.  niece,  from  L.  neptis,  a 
granddaughter.  — A.  S.  nefens;  Old  Dut.  nifte; 
Frs.  4r  Icel.  nift.] 

1.  t A descendant,  male  or  female.  Holland. 

2.  The  daughter  of  a brother  or  of  a sister. 

fNIEF,  n.  [Icel.  nefi.]  A fist ; neaf.  Shah. 

JYI-EL'LO,  n.  [It.  ; Mid.  L.  nigellum,  from  L. 
nigellus,  dim.  of  niger,  black;  Sp.  niel ; Old  Fr. 
neel. ] A black  composition,  consisting  of  sil- 
ver, lead,  copper,  sulphur,  and  borax.  Brande. 

Cg  ‘ Works  in  niello  were  designs  hatched  with  a 
steel  point  upon  gold  or  silver,  then  engraved  with 
the  burin,  and  run  in,  while  hot,  with  a composition 
called  niello.  The  superfluous  part  of  this  niello, 
which  remained  above  the  surface  of  the  plate,  was 
then  rubbed  off  with  scrapers,  and  cleaned  away  with 
pumice-stone,  leaving  the  engraved  design  on  the 
plate  with  all  the  effect  of  a print.  Brande. 

f Ni'FLE  (nl'fl),  n.  [Norm.Fr.]  A trifle.  Chaucer. 

Nl-(fEL' LA,  n.  [L.  niger,  black.]  (Bot.)  A ge- 
nus of  herbaceous,  polypetalous  exogens,  of  the 
order  Ranunculacete ; fennel-flower ; — so  named 
from  its  black  seeds.  Gray. 

NIG'GARD,  n.  [L.  nego,  to  deny.  Skinner.  — L. 
nego,  to  deny,  or  Eng.  near,  or  nigh.  Junius. 
— A.  S.  neod-hyfde,  a niggard.]  A meanly  par- 
simonious person  ; a sordid  wretch  who  stints 
every  needful  expense  ; a curmudgeon  ; a miser. 

There  is  not  in  nature  any  thing  so  remotely  distant  from 
God,  or  so  extremely  opposite  to  him,  as  a greedy  and  griping 
niggard.  Barrow. 

NIG'GARD,  a.  1.  Meanly  close  or  parsimonious ; 
stingy ; miserly  ; niggardly.  Dryden.  Shenstone. 

2.  Sparing  ; chary  ; not  free  or  profuse. 
Niggard  of  question ; but  of  our  demands' 

Most  free  in  his  reply.  Shak. 

NIG'GARD,  v.  a.  To  stint ; to  supply  sparingly. 
The  deep  of  night  is  crept  upon  our  talk, 

And  nature  must  obey  necessity. 

Which  we  will  niggard  with  a little  rest.  Shak. 

f NIG'GARD-f§E,  n.  Niggardliness.  Spenser. 

NIG'GARD-fSH,  a.  Somewhat  niggardly  ; inclined 
to  be  niggardly.  Barret. 

NIG'GARD-LI-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state 
of  being  niggardly  ; parsimony  ; stinginess. 

Devotion  is  counterfeited  by  superstition;  good  thrift  by 
niggardliness ; charity  with  vain-glorious  pride.  Bp.  Hall. 

NIG’GARD-LY,  a.  Meanly  close;  sordidly  par- 
simonious; miserly;  stingy: — sparing  ; chary. 

Tiberius  was  noted  for  his  niggardly  temper.  Arbuthnot. 

Syn.  — See  Avaricious. 

NIG'GARD-LY,  ad.  In  a meanly  close  or  par- 
simonious manner  ; sordidly.  Sir  T.  More. 

t NIG'GARD-NESS,  n.  Niggardliness.  Sidney. 

f NIG'GARD-OUS,  a.  Niggardly.  Sir  T.  More. 

f NIG'GARD-SHIP,  n.  Niggardliness.  Sir  T.  Elyot. 

t NIG'GARD-Y,  n.  Niggardliness.  Gower. 

f NlG'GrSII,  a.  Sparing  ; niggardly.  Udal. 

NIG'GLE  (nig'gl),  v.  a.  [Fr.  niger,  to  trifle.  Cot- 
grave.]  \i.  NIGGLED  ; pp.  ' NIGGLING,  NIG- 
GLED.] To  mock  ; to  play  on  ; to  make  sport 
or  game  of.  [r.]  Beau.  § FI. 

NIG'GLE,  V.  n.  To  trifle  ; to  play.  “ Niggle  not 
with  your  conscience.”  [r.]  Massinger. 

NiG'GLER,  n.  One  who  niggles,  [r.]  Grose. 

fNlG'GOT,  n.  A nugget.  — See  Nugget.  North. 

NiGII  (ni),  a.  [Goth,  nehwa  ; A.  S.  ncah,  neh. — 
See  Near.]  [comp,  nigher  ; superl.  next.] 


Near ; not  remote  in  place  or  time ; not  distant ; 
not  far  off;  adjacent;  closely  allied. 

When  his  [the  fig-tree’s]  branch  is  yet  tender,  and  putteth 
forth  leaves,  ye  know  that  summer  in  nigh.  Matt,  xxiv.32. 

Syn.  — See  Near. 

NIGH  (ill),  prep.  At  no  great  distance  from;  near. 

Nigh  this  recess  with  terror  they  survey 

Where  death  maintains  his  dread,  tyrannic  sway.  Garth. 

<8 “This  word  is  a preposition  in  all  phrases 
where  the  preposition  to  is  no  longer  inserted  between 
it  and  the  following  noun.”  Smart. 

NIGII  (ni),  ad.  1.  Near;  at  a small  distance  in 
place,  or  time,  or  in  the  course  of  events. 

Ah,  gentle  pair,  ye  little  think  how  nigh 

Your  change  approaches.  Milton. 

2.  Nearly  ; within  a little.  “Was  I,  for  this, 
nigh  wrecked  upon  the  sea  ? ” Shak. 

+ NlGH  (ni),  v.  n.  To  draw  near.  Spenser. 

f NIGH  (ni),  v.  a.  To  come  near  to.  Chaucer. 

f NIGHT. Y (nl'le),  ad.  Nearly  ; within  a little. 

A cube  and  a sphere  nighty  of  the  same  bigness.  Molyneux. 

NlGH'N^SS  (nl'nes),  n.  Nearness,  [it.]  A.  Wood. 

NlGIIT  (nit),  n.  [Goth,  nahts  ; A.  S.  niht,  naht ; 
Dut.  nagt ; Ger.  nacht ; Dan.  nat ; Sw.  natt.  — 
Gr.  vii|,  marts ; L.  nox,  noctis  ; It.  notte ; Sp. 
nochc  ; Fr.  nuit.  — Claubergius  and  Wac  liter 
derive  Ger.  nacht  from  neigen,  Goth,  hneiwan, 
A.  S.  hnigan,  to  incline,  to  descend.  Martinius 
derives  Gr.  v6|  from  rtino,  to  incline.  “The  Gr. 
is  probably  from  the  Gothic.”  Richardson.] 

1.  That  part  of  the  natural  day  during  which 
the  sun  is  below  the  horizon  ; the  time  between 
sunset  and  sunrise. 

God  saw  the  light  was  good, 

And  light  from  darkness  by  the  hemisphere 
Divided:  light  the  day,  and  darkness  night , 

He  named.  JUiUon. 

2.  The  time  after  the  close  of  life ; death. 

She  closed  her  life  in  everlasting  night.  Dryden. 

3.  A state  or  a time  of  ignorance,  or  of  intel- 
lectual or  moral  darkness. 

"When  learning,  after  the  long  Gothic  night , 

Fair  o’er  the  western  world  diffused  her  light.  Anon . 

4.  The  state  of  being  unknown  or  not  under- 
stood ; unintelligibleness  ; obscurity. 

Nature  and  nature’s  works  lay  hid  in  night.  Pojje. 

To-night,  this  night. 

It  is  much  used  in  composition. 

nIgHT'-AN-GLING,  n.  The  act  of  fishing  by 
night.  Clarke. 

NIGHT'— BELL,  n.  A door-bell,  as  at  the  house 
of  a physician,  to  be  rung  at  night.  Sirnmonds. 

NIGHT'— BIRD  (nlt'Iiird), n.  A bird  that  flies  only 
in  the  night.  Hammond. 

NIGHT'— BLOOM-ING,  a.  Blooming  at  night. 

NIGIIT'-BORN,  a.  Produced  in  the  night,  or  in 
darkness.  “ Night-born  adjuration.”  Young. 

NIGHT'-BRAWL  (nlt'brlwl),  n.  A riot  or  quar- 
rel in  the  night.  Holiday. 

NIGHT'— BRAWL-pR,  n.  One  who  makes  brawls 
or  disturbances  in  the  night.  Shak. 

NlGIIT'— BREEZE,  n.  A breeze  blowing  in  the 
night.  Mason, 

NIGHT'CAP,  n.  1.  A cap  worn  in  bed.  Swift. 

2.  A dram  before  going  to  bed.  [Local  and 
vulgar.]  Wright. 

NIGHT'— CART,  n.  A cart  for  night-soil.  Clarke. 

NIGHT'— CROW,  n.  A bird  that  cries  in  the  night ; 
a niglit-jar.  Shak. 

NIGHT'— DEW,  n.  Dew  formed  in  the  night. 

NIGHT'— DOG,  n.  A dog  that  hunts  in  the  night ; 
— a term  used  by  deer-stealers.  Shak. 

NIGHT'— DRESS,  n.  A dress  worn  at  night.  Pope. 

NTGHT'FiD,  a.  Darkened;  clouded;  black,  [it.] 

Good  Hnmlet,  cast  thv  nighted  color  off. 

And  let  thine  eye  look  like  a friend  on  Denmark.  Shak. 

NIGHT'FALL  (nlt’f&l),  n.  [ night  and  fall.]  The 
close  of  day  ; evening.  Swift. 

NIGHT'fAr-ING,  n.  Travelling  in  the  night.  Gay. 

NlGHT'FlRE,  n.  Fire  in  the  night ; — especially 
will-with-a-wisp  ; ignis  fatuus.  Herbert. 

NIGHT'— FLI-pII,  n.  An  insect  or  bird  that  flies 
in  the  night.  Kirby. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short ; 


A,  JJ,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


NIGHT-FLY 


963 


NIMBLE 


NIGHT'— FLY,  n.  An  insect  that  flies  in  the  night. 

NIGHT— FOUN'DpRED  (-derd),  a.  Foundered  or 

lost  in  the  night.  Milton. 

NIGHT'-GLAsS,  n.  A telescope  for  use  at  night. 

nIgHT'-GoWN,  n.  A loose  gown  worn  in  bed,  or 
used  for  an  undress.  Shaft. 

NIGHT'-GUARD,  n.  A guard  in  the  night;  a 

nocturnal  watch.  Pope. 

NIGHT'— HAG,  n.  A witch  supposed  to  wander 
in  the  night.  Milton. 

NIGHT'hAwK,  n.  ( Ornith .)  An  American  fissi- 
rostral  bird,  of  the  family  Caprimulgidce,  which 
seeks  its  prey  towards  evening,  and  which  dif- 
fers from  the  night-jar  principally  in  having  the 
tail  slightly  forked,  the  wings  reaching  to  the 
end  of  the  tail,  and  the  beak  without  bristles  ; 
Caprimulgus  Americanus  of  Wilson.  — - See 
Goat-sucker.  P-  Cijc. 

jgcg=  The  name  is  sometimes  given  in  England  to 
the  night-jar.  P.  Cijc. 


NlGHT'-HER-ON,  n.  ( Ornith.') 
A species  of  heron  which 
prefers  secluded  situations 
in  the  daytime,  and  in  the 
evening  resorts  to  the  low 
lands,  marsh,  or  river-side, 
for  its  food,  which  consists 
of  fish,  frogs,  mice,  and  in- 
sects ; Nycticorax  Gardeni. 

Yarrell. 


Night-heron 
(. Nycticorax  Gardeni). 


NIGHT'— HOUSE,  n.  A tavern 

or  public-house  open  at  night.  Simmonds. 


NIGHT'IN-GALE  (nlt'in-gal), 
n.  [A.  S.  nihteyale  ; niht, 
night,  and  galan,  to  sing  ; 
Dut.  nagtegaal  ; Ger. 
nachtigall ; Dan.  natter- 
gal-,  Sw.  nachtergal ; Old 
Eng.  nightgale.  — See 
Gale.]  (Ornith.)  A Eu- 
ropean migratory,  passe- 
rine bird,  which  sings  in 
the  night,  and  is  the  sweet- 
est of  song-birds  ; philo- 
mel ; Philomela  luseinia. 

Yarrell. 


Nightingale 
( Philomela  luseinia). 


O nightingale,  that  on  yon  bloomy  spray 

Warblest  at  ove,  when  all  the  woods  are  still.  Milton. 

f NIGHT'JSH,  a.  Belonging,  or  pertaining,  to  the 
night.  “ The  nightish  owl.”  Turberville. 

NIGHT'-JAR  (nit'jiLr),  n.  (Ornith.)  A British 
fissirostral  bird  of  the  family  Caprimulgidce, 
characterized  by  having  the  tail  rounded  and  a 
little  longer  than  the  wings,  all  the  toes  directed 
forwards,  the  middle  claw  pectinated,  and  the 
beak  armed  with  strong  bristles ; Caprimulgus 
Europceus ; — called  also  goat-sucker,  cliurn-owl, 
and  wheel-bird.  — See  Goat-sucker.  Yarrell 
SSPS”  It  seeks  its  prey  towards  night  and  on  gloomy 
days,  and  is  remarkable  for  the  loud  sound  it  utters, 
resembling  the  hum  or  jarring  of  a spinning-wheel. 


NIGHT'— KEY,  n.  A key  to  be  used  in  unlocking 
a door  at  night. 

NIGHT'— LAMP,  n.  A lamp  to  be  kept  burning 
during  the  night.  Clarke. 

NIGHT'Lpss,  a.  Having  no  night.  Phrcn.  Jour. 

NIGIIT'LY  (nlt'Ie),  a.  Happening  by  night ; 
done  by  night ; nocturnal.  Pope. 

Syn.  — Nightly  is  a more  familiar  term  than  noc- 
turnal. Nightly  watch,  disturbances,  or  sports  ; noc- 
turnal dreams,  darkness,  or  visits. 

NIGIIT'LY  (nlt'Ie),  ad.  1.  By  night ; in  the  night. 
“ The  clamorous  owl,  that  nightly  hoots.”  Shaft. 

2.  Every  night ; night  after  night. 

Soon  as  the  evening  shades  prevail. 

The  moon  takes  up  the  wondrous  tale, 

And  niglif.1i/  to  the  listening  earth 

Repeats  the  story  of  her  birth.  Addison. 

NlGIIT'MAN,  n. ; pi.  nightmen.  One  who  emp- 
ties privies  in  the  night.  Johnson. 

NIGHT'— MARCH,  n.  A march  in  the  night.  “ A 
disastrous  night-march.”  C.  J.  Fox. 

NIGIIT'mAre,  n.  [A.  S.  mara\  Dut.  nacfit- 
rnerrie , Gcr.  narht-mahr .]  A sensation  of  a 
distressing  weight  on  the  chest,  and  of  impossi- 


bility of  motion,  speech,  or  respiration,  — com- 
monly caused  by  indigestion,  or  by  an  uneasy 
posture  of  the  body,  but  sometimes  by  severe 
emotions;  incubus.  Dunglison. 

ttSf  “Mara,  from  whence  our  nightmare  is  derived, 
was,  in  the  Runic  theology,  a spirit  or  spectre  of  the 
night,  winch  seized  men  in  their  sleep,  and  suddenly 
deprived  them  of  speech  and  motion.”  Warton. 

NIGHT'-MAsK,  n.  A mask  or  visor  to  be  worn 
at  night.  Drayton. 

NlGHT'— PIECE  (nlt'pes),  n.  A picture  painted, 
or  so  colored,  as  to  be  seen  to  the  best  advan- 
tage by  candle-light.  Addison. 

f NIGHT'— RAIL,  n.  A loose  robe  worn  over  the 
dress  at  night.  Addison. 

NIGHT'-RA-VEN  (nlt'ra-vn),  n.  A bird  of  ill 
omen  that  cries  in  the  night ; night-heron  ; 
Nycticorax  Gardeni.  Shak. 

NlGHT'— REST,  ii.  Rest  or  repose  at  night.  Shak. 

NlGIIT'-ROB-BpR,  n.  One  who  robs  by  night. 

t NIGHT'— RULE,  n.  [Corrupted  from  night-revel. 
Steevens .]  A frolic  or  revel  at  night.  Shak. 

g£g=  “ Night-rule  may,  I think,  better  he  interpreted 
such  conduct  as  generally  rules  in  the  night.”  Nares. 

NIGHT'— SEASON  (nlt'se-zn),  11.  The  time  of 
night ; night.  Ps.  xxii.  2. 

NIGIIT'SHADE,  n.  1.  t The  darkness  of  night. 
“ The  dark  nightshade.”  Phaer,  1562. 

2.  (Bot.)  A deciduous,  herbaceous  plant  of 
the  genus  Solanum.  Loudon. 

Deadly  nightshade,  a plant,  tile  leaves,  root,  and 
berries  of  which  are  poisonous  ; -dwale  ; Mropa  bella- 
donna. Eng.  Cijc. 

NIgIIT'-SHTN-ING,  a.  Shining  in  the  night. 
“Night-shining  bodies.”  Wilkins. 

NIGHT'— SHIRT,  n.  A plain  loose  shirt  for  sleep- 
ing in.  Simmonds. 

NIGHT'— SHRIEK  (lut'slirek),  n.  A shriek  or  out- 
cry in  the  night.  Shak. 

NIGHT'— SIT-TING,  n.  A session  in  the  night ; a 
nocturnal  assembly.  Milton. 

NIGHT'— SOIL,  n.  The  contents  of  privies  ; — so 
called  because  removed  by  night.  Farm.  Lucy. 

NIGHT'— SPELL,  n.  A charm  against  harms  or 
accidents  at  night.  Chaucer. 

nIgiit'-STEED,  n.  A horse  represented  as  har- 
nessed to  the  chariot  of  Night.  Milton. 

NIGHT'— STRUCK,  a.  Impressed  with  nocturnal 
visions.  “ Night-struck  fancy.”  Thomson. 

NIGHT'— SWEAT,  n.  A sweat  or  perspiration  in 
the  night.  Mead. 

NlGIIT'-TA-PpR,  n.  A taper  that  shines  in  the 
night.  Shak. 

NIGHT'— THOUGHT,  n.  A nocturnal  contempla- 
tion. “ Complaint,  or  Night-thoughts.”  Young. 

NIGHT'— TIME,  n.  The  time  between  the  rising 
and  the  setting  of  the  sun.  Pope. 

NIGHT'— TRIP-PING,  a.  Tripping  about  in  the 
night.  “ Some  night-tripping  fairy.”  Shak. 

NIGHT'— VI''§ION  (nlt'vizh-un),  n.  A vision  in 
the  night.  Dan.  ii.  19. 

NIGHT'— WAK-ING,  a.  Waking  or  watching  dur- 
ing the  night.  Shak. 

NIGHT  -WALK  (nit'wak),  n.  A walk  in  the  night. 

NIGHT'— WALK-ER  (nlt'wkk-er),  n.  1.  One  who 
walks  in  the  night,  particularly  one  who  roves 
about  in  the  night  with  evil  designs.  Aseham. 

2.  One  who  walks  in  his  sleep  ; a somnam- 
bulist. Wright. 

NIGHT'- WALK-ING  (nlt'w&k-ing),  a.  Walking 
at  night,  particularly  with  evil  designs.  “ A 
night-walking  cudgeller.”  Milton. 

NIGHT'— WALK-ING  (nlt'wSlk-ing),  n.  1.  The  act 
of  walking  at  night,  particularly  a roving  about 
at  night  with  evil  designs. 

2.  The  act  of  walking  in  one’s  sleep ; som- 
nambulism. Burton. 

NIGHT'— WAN-DpR-pR  (-won-),  n.  One  who  wan- 
ders or  roves  about  by  night.  Milton. 


NIGHT'-WAN-DPR-ING  (-won-),  a.  Roving  in 
the  night.  “ Night-wandering  sailors.”  Pope. 

NIgHT'-WAR-BLING,  a.  Warbling  or  singing  in 
the  night.  “The  night-warbling  bird.”  Milton. 


NlGHT'WARD,  a.  Near  night  or  the  close  of  the 
day.  “ Their  nightward  studies.”  Milton. 

NIGHT'— WATCH  (nit'wocli),  11.  1.  A period  in 

the  night  during  which  the  men  on  guard  are 
not  changed.  Kitto. 

^Qf-In  the  old  Hebrew  division  of  the  night,  the 
first  night-watcll  extended  from  sunset  to  our  ten 
o’clock,  tile  second  from  ten  at  night  till  two  in  tliu 
morning,  and  from  that  hour  till  sunrise.'  Kitto. 

I remember  thee  upon  my  bed,  and  meditate  on  thee  in 


the  night-watches.  Ps.  lxiii.  (>. 

2.  A watch  or  guard  at  night.  Smart. 

NlGHT'— WATCII-pR  (nlt'wocli-er),  n.  One  who 
watches  in  the  night.  Huloet. 

NIGHT'— WITCH,  n.  A night-hag.  Huloet. 

Nl-GRES'CpNT,  a.  [L.  nigresco,  nigrescens,  to 
grow  black  ; niger,  black.]  Growing  black  ; ap- 
proaching blackness.  Johnson. 


NIG-RI-FI-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  niger,  black,  and 
facio,  to  make.]  Act  of  making  black.  Johnson. 
Nl'GRINE,  n.  (Min.)  A black  ore  of  titanium ; 
a variety  of  rutile.  Dana. 

NIG'RI-TUDE,  n.  Blackness.  Dr.  Whedon. 

Nl'GUA,n.  [Sp.]  (Ent.)  The  chigre  or  chigua. 

— See  Chigre.  R.  H.  Dana. 

Ni'  HIL  Ah'  BUM.  [L.,  white  nothing.  ] (Chem.) 
White  oxide  of  zinc  ; flowers  of  zinc.  Wright. 

NI  HIL  DE  'BF.T,  or  NIL  DE' BF.T.  [L.,  He 
owes  nothing."]  (Law.)  The  general  issue  in 
debt  or  simple  contract.  Bouvier. 


Ni ' lllL  Di'CIT,  or  NIL  Di'CIT.  [L.,  He  says 
nothing .]  (Law.)  The  failure  of  the  defendant 
to  put  in  a plea  or  answer  to  the  plaintiff’s  dec- 
laration by  the  day  assigned.  Bouvier. 

Ni r Hi L HA  'BET,  or  NIL  HA  'BF.T.  [L.,  He  has 
nothing .]  (Law.)  The  name  of  a return  made 
by  a sheriff  to  a scire-facias  or  other  writ,  when 
he  has  not  been  able  to  serve  it  on  the  defend- 
ant. Bouvier. 


Ni'HIL-I§M,  n.  1.  Nothingness;  nihility.  Dwiglit. 
2.  Scepticism  carried  to  the  denial  of  all  ex- 
istence. Fleming. 

Nothing  but  utter  scepticism  and  nihilism  ensues.  Qu.  licv. 

Ni-HIL-IS'TIC,  a.  Relating  to  nihility  or  to  the 
doctrine  of  nihilism.  Ch.  Examiner. 


NI-HlL'I-TY,  n.  [Fr.  nihilite;  L.  nihilum,  nihil, 
nothing;  lie,  not,  and  hilum,  a little  thing.] 
Nothingness  ; the  state  of  being  nothing. 

Not  being  is  considered  as  excluding  all  substance,  and 
then  all  modes  are  necessarily  excluded;  and  this  we  call 
pure  nihility , or  mere  nothing.  Watts. 

NIL,  n.  [L.,  nothing .]  (Com.)  A term  com- 
monly used  in  book-keeping  to  denote  an  entry 
that  is  cancelled.  Simmonds. 

fNlLL,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  nyllan,  nillan;  ne,  not,  and 
willan,  to  will.]  Not  to  will  ; to  refuse  or  re- 
ject. “ I nill  thine  offered  grace.”  Spenser. 

f NILL,  v.  n.  To  be  unwilling. 

And,  will  you,  nill  you,  I will  marry  you.  Shak. 

NILL,  n.  Shining  sparks  that  come  off  brass 
when  melted  in  a furnace.  Bailey. 

NI-LOM'p-TpR,  n.  [Gr.  vu/.oiiltoiov  ; Nri^.ot,  the 
Nile,  and  ylryo v,  a measure.]  A graduated  rod 
or  column  for  measuring  the  rise  and  fall  of 
water  in  the  Nile  ; a niloscope.  Gent.  Mag. 

NI'LO-SCOPE,  11.  [Gr.  viiXocKoTTelov ; NfUof,  the 
Nile,  and  mroirtw,  to  behold.]  Nilometer.  Ogilvie. 

Nl-LOT'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Nile.  Clarke. 

f NIM,  v.  a.  [Goth.  4"  A.  S.  niman ; Dut.  neemen-, 
Old  Ger.  nimen,  nemen ; Ger.  nehmen .]  To 
take  ; to  steal ; to  pilfer  ; to  filch.  Hudibras. 

t dsp  “ Renee  Shakspeare  calls  one  of  Ills  rogues 
JVi/m.”  Nares  — “ It  is  still  a common  word  among 
thieves.”  C.  Richardson. 

NIM-BIF'PR-OUS,  a.  [L.  nimbi fer ; nimbus  and 
fero.\  Bringing  storms  or  clouds.  Ash. 

NIM'BLE,  a.  [Junius  suggests  A.  S.  numol,  ca- 
pable, able  to  take  ; Johnson  and  Richardson 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — (j,  R,  g,  soft ; IS,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  Sj  as  z;  ^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


NIMBLE-FOOTED 


964 


NITROBENZIDE 


refer  to  nim,  to  take.]  Light  and  quick  in  mo- 
tion or  action  ; moving  with  ease  and  celerity  ; 
agile  ; brisk  ; lively  ; expert ; active. 

You  nimble  lightnings,  dart  your  blinding  flames 
Into  her  scornful  eyes.  Slink. 

Through  the  mid  seas  the  nimble  pinnace  sails.  Pope. 

Syn.  — See  Active. 

NI.M'BLE— FOOT-1JD  (nim'bl-fut-ed),  a.  Light  or 
swift  of  foot.  Shak. 

NIM'BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  nimble ; 
agility  ; celerity  ; swiftness.  Sidney . 

NIM'BLE— PIN'IONED,  a.  Swift  in  flight.  Shak. 

f NIM'BL^SS,  n.  Nimbleness.  Spenser. 

NIM'BLE— YVIT'TED,  a.  Ready  or  quick  with  an 
answer  or  question  ; quick-witted.  “ A certain 
nimble-icitted  counsellor  at  the  bar.”  Bacon. 

NlM'BLY,  ad.  With  light,  quick  motion  ; with 
agility  ; briskly ; actively.  Shak. 

NIM'BOR,  n.  A dwarf,  [r.]  Clarke. 

NlM-BOSE',  a.  [L.  nimhosus ; nimbus , a rain- 
storm.] Stormy ; tempestuous,  [it.]  Ash. 

MIM  'BUS,  n.  [L.,  a storm  of  rain.'] 

1.  (Meteor.)  A term  applied  to  a cloud  that 

is  discharging  something,  as  rain,  snow,  or 
hail.  Cleaveland. 

2.  (Paint.  & Sculp.)  A halo  or  circular  disk 
round  the  heads  of  sacred  personages.  Fairholt. 

w;,  ’ “The  nimbus  [is]  peculiar  to  the  head,  the 
aureola  to  the  body  ; and  the  term  alary  is  extended  to 
the  former  and  the  latter  united.”  Fairliolt. 

f Nl-MI'Jg-TY,  n.  [L.  nimietas  ; nimis,  too  much.] 
State  of  being  too  much  ; redundancy.  Bailey. 

tNIM'I-OUS,  a.  [L.  Ki'mts.]  Inordinate;  ex- 
cessive. Mackenzie. 

t NIM'MJJR,  n.  [From  nim.]  A thief.  Hudibras. 

NIN'COM-POOP,  n.  [Corrupted  from  L.  non  com- 
pos Unentis],  not  sound  [of  mind].  Johnson.] 
A fool ; a blockhead;  a dolt.  [Vulgar.]  Addison. 

NINE,  a.  [Goth,  niun  ; A.  S.  nigon,  nigen  ; Dut. 
negen  ; Ger.  ncuu  ; Dan.  ni  ; Sw.  nil ; Icel.  nin. 
— Gr.  ivvia  ; L.  nor  cm  ; It.  note ; Sp.  ncuve ; Fr. 
neuf. — Hind,  now ; Pers.  nuh.]  One  more 
than  eight  or  one  less  than  ten. 

The  Nine  Worthies,  famous  personages  often  alluded 
to  in  old  writers.  They  have  been  counted  up  in  the 
following  manner  : Three  Gentiles, — 1.  Hector,  the 
son  of  Priam  ; 2.  Alexander  the  Great ; 3.  Julius  Cae- 
sar. Three  Jew's, — 1.  Joshua,  conqueror  of  Canaan  ; 

2.  David,  king  of  Israel ; 3.  Judas  Maccabams.  Three 
Christians,  — !.  Arthur,  king  of  Britain;  2.  Charle- 
magne ; 3.  Godfrey  of  Bouillon.  Marcs. 

NINE,  n.  I.  The  number  composed  of  eight  and 
one  ; three  times  three. 

• 2.  A symbol  representing  eight  and  one ; as  9. 

3.  The  nine  Muses.  Campbell. 

NINE'FOLD,  a.  Sen.  Nine  times  repeated.  Milton. 

NlNE'HOLE§,  n.  pi.  A game  in  which  nine  holes 

are  made  in  the  ground  in  the  angles  and  sides 
of  a square,  for  the  purpose  of  bowling  a pellet 
into  them  according  to  certain  rules.  Drayton. 

NINE'— KILL-£R,  n.  ( Ornith.)  The  popular  name 
of  the  northern  butcher-bird.  De  Kay. 

NINE'— MEN’§—  MOR'RIS,  n.  A game  played  with 
nine  holes  in  the  ground.  — See  Morris.  Todd. 

NINE'PIJNCE,  n. ; pi.  nine'pen-ce$.  A silver 
coin  no  longer  current,  of  the  value  of  nine 
pence.  Gay.  Smart. 

NINE'PIN§,  n.  pi.  A game  which  consists  in 
rolling  a bowl  at  nine  pins  or  pieces  of  w'ood 
set  on  end  ; skittles.  Peacham. 

hSP  In  the  United  States,  the  game  is  usually 
played  with  ten  pins,  and  is  often  called  tenpins. 

NINE'SCORE,  a.  & n.  Nine  times  twenty,  or  one 
hundred  and  eighty.  Addison. 

NlNE'TEEN,  a.  Nine  and  ten. 

NiNE'TEEN,  n.  The  sum  of  nine  and  ten  ; — the 
symbol  representing  nine  and  ten  ; .as  19. 

NINE'TEENTH,  a.  Next  after  the  eighteenth;  — 
the  ordinal  of  nineteen  : — noting  one  of  nine- 
teen equal  parts  into  which  a thing  is  divided. 

NINE'TJ-JETH,  a.  Next  after  the  eighty-ninth ; 
the  ordinal  of  ninety: — noting  one  of  ninety 
equal  parts  into  which  a thing  is  divided. 


1 NiNE'TY,  a.  & n.  Nine  times  ten  : — the  symbol 
representing  nine  times  ten  ; as  90. 

NlNE-WOR'THI-NESS  (-wur'-),  n.  Having  worth 
equal  to  that  of  the  celebrated  nine  worthies.  — 
See  Nine.  Hudibras. 

NIN'NY,  n.  [Sp.  niho.  Johnson.  Richardson. — 
Gr.  vi vos,  foolish.  Junius.)  A fool  ; a simple- 
ton ; a blockhead  ; a noodle.  [Vulgar.]  Shak. 

NIN'NY-HAM-MpR,  n.  A fool;  a simpleton;  a 
dunce  ; a dolt ; a ninny.  [Vulgar.]  Arbutlinot. 

NIN'SIN,  n.  A bitter  root  possessing  medicinal 
properties  resembling  those  of  ginseng,  being 
the  root  of  Siam  ninsi.  Dunglison. 

NINTH,  a.  Next  after  the  eighth  ; — the  ordinal 
of  nine  : — noting  one  of  nine  equal  parts  into 
which  a thing  is  divided. 

NINTH,  n.  (Mus.)  A dissonant  interval  contain- 
ing an  octave  and  a tone  or  a semitone  : — the 
chord  consisting  of  the  common  chord  with  the 
eighth  raised  one  note.  Moore. 

NINTH'LY,  ad.  In  the  ninth  place.  Sherwood. 

NIP,  v.  a.  [Dut.  knippen;  Ger.  kneipen ; Dan. 
knibe  ; Sw.  nypa.]  [i.  nipped  ; pp.  nipping, 

NIPPED.] 

1.  To  pinch,  bite,  or  cut,  as  with  nails,  teeth, 

pincers,  &c.  Bacon. 

2.  To  bite  as  frost ; to  blast;  to  destroy. 

The  flrst-born  bloom  of  spring 
Nipped  with  the  lagging  rear  of  winter’s  frost.  Milton. 

3.  To  satirize;  to  taunt  sarcastically. 

Soothing  such  as  be  present,  nipping  any  that  is  absent. 

Ascham. 

To  nip  in  the  bud,  to  destroy  or  kill  in  infancy  or 
the  first  stage.  “ It  is  easy  to  guess  to  what  perfec- 
tion I might  iiave  brought  this  work,  had  it  not  been 
nipped  in  the  bud.”  Arbutlinot. 

NIP,  n.  1.  A pinch,  as  with  the  nails,  teeth,  pin- 
cers, &c.  ; a bite.  Ascham. 

2.  A small  cut ; a cutting  off.  Shak. 

3.  A blast ; a blight.  Stepney. 

4.  A dram  ; a nipper.  [Local.]  Wright. 

5.  (Naut.)  A short  turn  in  a rope.  Dana. 

6.  j-A  satirical  hit;  a taunt.  IF.  Lily. 

7.  fA  thief;  a cutpurse  ; a nipper.  Decker. 

NlP'Pf.R,  n.  1.  He  who,  or  that  which,  nips. 

2.  One  of  the  fore  teeth  of  a horse.  Yoaatt. 

3.  A cutpurse  ; a pickpocket.  Decker. 

4.  A dram  ; a nip.  [Local  and  vulgar.] 

NIP'PER-ING,  n.  (Naut.)  The  act  of  fastening 
two  parts  of  a rope  together  in  order  to  prevent 
it  from  tendering.  Ogilvie. 

NIP'P^R-KIN,  n.  A little  cup  ; a tankard,  [r.]  Lye. 

NlP'PfR  §,  n.  pi.  1.  Small  pincers  ; tweezers  ; — 
instruments  for  cutting  up  loaf  sugar. Simmonds. 

2.  (Naut.)  A number  of  yarns  marled  togeth- 
er, used  for  fastening  the  messenger  to  the 
cable.  Dana. 

NIP'PING,  p.  a.  That  nips;  pinching;  biting. 

NIP'PING-LY,  ad.  Ditingly ; sarcast ically. Jo/msoR. 

t nIP-PI-TA'TO,  n.  Strong  liquor.  Beau.  % FI. 

NIP'PLE  (nlp'pl),  n.  [A.  S.  nypele .] 

1.  A conical  protuberance  on  the  breast  of  a 
female,  by  which  milk  is  drawn  by  the  sucking 
young;  the  teat;  the  dug;  the  pap.  Shak. 

2.  The  orifice  at  which  any  animal  liquor  is 

separated.  ' Derham. 

3.  Any  thing  that  projects  in  the  form  of  a 

nipple,  as  that  part  of  a percussion  lock  on  which 
the  cap  is  placed.  Oyilvie. 

NIP'PLE— SHIELD,  n.  A protection  for  the  breast, 
worn  by  females.  Simmonds. 

NIP'PLE-WORT  (nlp'pl-wurt),  n.  An  herb  former- 
ly used  for  sore  nipples ; Lapsana  communis. 

NXP'TIJR,  n.  [Gr.  vinroi,  to  wash.]  (Eccl.)  The 
ceremony  of  washing  the  feet,  observed  by  mem- 
bers of  the  Greek  Church  on  Good  Friday.  Hook. 

+ NI§.  [A.  S.  ne,  not,  and  is,  is.]  Is  not.  Spenser. 

Nl'SAN  [nl'san,  K.  Sm.Wr. ; nls'an,  Wb.],  n.  [Heb. 
“p11].]  The  name  given,  after  the  captivity, 

to  the  first  month  of  the  Hebrew  civil  year, 
originally  called  Abib.  It  began  with  the  new 
moon  of  April,  or,  according  to  the  Rabbins,  of 
March.  Kitto.  \ N 


MI' SI  PKi'us,  n.  [L.,  unless  before.]  (Law.)  A 
phrase  denoting  the  system  o‘f  trial  of  issues 
of  fact,  in  civil  cases,  before  a jury,  as  distin- 
guished from  the  argument  of  issues  and  ques- 
tions of  law  before  the  court  in  bench.  Burrill. 

U®“  The  original  of  which  name  is  this : all  causes 
commenced  in  the  courts  of  Westminster -llall,  are,  by 
the  course  of  the  courts,  appointed  to  be  tried  on  a 
day  fixed  in  some  Easter  or  Michaelmas  Term,  by  a 
jury  returned  from  the  county  wherein  the  cause  of 
action  arises;  but  with  this  proviso,  “Nisi  Prius  ” 
justiciarii  ad  assisas  capiendas  vencrint  ; that  is,  “ un- 
less before”  the  day  prefixed,  the  judges  of  assize 
come  into  the  county  in  question,  which  they  always 
do  in  the  vacation  preceding  each  Easter  and  Michael- 
mas Term,  and  there  try  the  cause  ; and  then,  upon 
the  return  of  the  verdict  given  by  the  jury  to  the  court 
above,  the  judges  there  give  judgment  for  the  party 
for  whom  the  verdict  is  found.  Whisham. 

NIT,  n.  [A.  S.  linitu ; Dut.  nect ; Ger.  niss  ; Dan. 
gnid ; Sw.  gnet .]  The  egg  of  a louse  or  other 
small  insect.  Derham. 

NI'Tf.N-CY,  n.  1.  [L.  nitor,  nitens,  to  strive.] 
Endeavor;  effort,  [n.]  Boyle. 

2.  [L.  niteo,  nitens , to  shine.]  Brightness; 
lustre,  [r.]  Johnson. 

fNITII'ING,  n.  [A.  S.  nithing.]  A coward;  a 
dastard  ; a poltroon  ; a niding.  Bailey. 

NIT'ID  [nlt'jd,  S.  W.J.F.Ja.Sm.;  nl'tid,  P.K.], 
a.  [L.  nithlus  ; niteo,  to  shine  ; It.  § Sp.  nitido .] 

1.  Shining;  bright;  lustrous.  “A  clean 

and  nitid  color.”  [r.]  Boyle. 

2.  Gay;  spruce ; — used  of  persons,  [r.]  Reeve. 

Nl'TRATE,  n.  (Chem.)  A salt  formed  by  the 
union  of  nitric  acid  with  a base  ; as,  “ Nitrate 
of  silver.”  Silliman. 

Ni'TRAT-ED,  a.  Combined  with  nitre  or  nitric 
acid.  Smart. 

NI'TRA-TINE,  n.  (Chem.)  A nitrate  of  soda 
found  in  crystals  in  Peru.  Simmonds. 

NI'TRE  (nl'ter),  n.  [Gr.  virpov,  native  soda,  na- 
tron ; L.  nitru/n  ; It.  k Sp.  nitro,  nitre  ; Fr. 
nitre.]  A colorless,  crystalline,  anhydrous  salt, 
of  a cooling,  slightly  bitter  taste,  unalterable  in 
the  air,  and  insoluble  in  alcohol ; — used  in  the 
manufacture  of  gunpowder,  in  the  production  of 
nitric  acid,  in  medicine,  as  a manure,  and  for 
preserving  meat,  &c. ; saltpetre  ; nitrate  of  po- 
tassa. 

IPs’' Mitre  is  generated  spontaneously  in  the  soil, 
by  the  gradual  decomposition  of  animal  matters,  and 
crystallizes  on  its  surface,  in  several  parts  of  the 
world,  especially  in  India,  whence  is  derived  nearly 
the  whole  of  this  salt  used  in  Great  Britain.  In  the 
United  States  it  is  obtained  by  decomposing,  by  the 
carbonate  of  potassa  contained  in  wood-ashes,  the 
nitrate  of  lime,  found  abundantly  in  caverns  in  some 
of  the  Western  States.  It  is  sometimes  made  artifi- 
cially, especially  in  Germany  and  France,  by  lixiviat- 
ing with  fermenting  urine  a mixture  of  animal  matter 
and  calcareous  soil.  Mitre  crystallizes  from  the 
juices  of  certain  plants,  and  commonly  exists,  in  small 
quantity,  in  rain-water.  Braude.  Silliman.  Johnston. 

Cubic  nitre,  nitrate  of  soda  ; — so  called  because  it 
crystallizes  in  rhombs.  Brande.  — Sweet  spirits  of  ni- 
tre, In'  pom  trous  ether  mixed  with  alcohol;  — much 
used  in  medicine.  Johnston. 

NI'TRIC,  a.  (Chem.)  Pertaining  to,  or  contain- 
ing, nitre. 

Mitric  acid,  an  intensely  acid  and  corrosive  liquid, 
when  pure,  colorless,  but  commonly  of  a reddish  color, 
consisting  of  one  equivalent  of  nitrogen  and  five  equiv- 
alents of  oxygen,  obtained  by  heating  nitrate  of  po- 
tassa (nitre),  or  nitrate  of  soda,  with  strong  sulphuric 
acid.  It  is  a powerful  solvent  of  the  metals,  and  de- 
composes all  vegetable  substances.  It  is  popularly 
called  aqua  fortis.  — Mitric  oxide,  a colorless,  tasteless, 
inodorous  gas,  consisting  of  one  equivalent  of  nitrogen 
and  two  of  oxygen,  obtained  by  adding  nitric  acid  to 
metallic  copper  ; deutoxide  or  binoxide  of  nitrogen  ; 
— also  called  nitrous  gas , and  nitrous  air. 

Silliman.  Brande. 

NI-TRI-FI-CA'TION,  n.  The  process  of  converting 
into  nitre.  Farm.  Ency. 

NI'TRI-FY,  v.  a.  To  convert  into  nitre.  Ure. 

Ni'TRiTE,  n.  A salt  formed  by  the  union  of 
nitrous  acid  with  a base.  Brande. 

NI'TRO— A-E'RI-AL,  a.  [Gr.  virpov,  natron,  and 
ai'/p,  air.]  Containing,  or  impregnated  with, 
nitre  and  air.  Bay. 

I-TRO-BEN'ZIDE,  n.  (Chem.)  A liquid  of  a 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  V,  long;  A,  E,  1,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  p,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


NITROGEN 


965 


NOCTILUCA 


light  yellow  color,  and  very  sweet  taste,  ob- 
tained by  adding  benzine  to  concentrated,  hot, 
nitric  acid.  P ■ Cyc. 

NI'TRO-^EN,  n.  [Gr.  rirpov,  natron,  and  yivvato, 
to  produce.]  ( Chem .)  A colorless,  tasteless, 
inodorous,  and  uninflammable  gas,  which  con- 
stitutes four  fifths  of  our  atmosphere,  with  the 
oxygen  in  which  it  is  not  chemically  combined, 
but  Inerely  mechanically  mingled ; azote. 

“An  animal  placed  in  nitrogen  dies  from 
want  of  oxygen,  and  not  because  of  any  poisonous 
quality  in  the  gas.”  Silliman. 

Nl-TRO-GE'NE-OUS,  a.  Relating  to  nitrogen  : — 
producing  nitre.  Smart. 

Nl'TRO-GEN-iZE,  v.  a.  To  impregnate  with  ni- 
trogen ; to  azotize.  Hoblyn. 

Ni-TRO-LEU'C ATE,  n.  {Chem.)  A salt  formed 
by  the  union  of  nitroleucic  acid  with  a base. 

NI-TRO-LEU'CIC,  a.  [ nitrogen  and  leucine .] 
{Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  formed  by  heating  leu- 
cine with  nitric  acid.  Wright. 

Nl-TROM'E-T£R,  il.  [Gr.  vtrpov,  natron,  and  yi- 
rpov,  a measure.]  An  instrument  for  ascertain- 
ing the  quality  or  value  of  nitre.  Ure. 

NI'TRO-MU-RI-At'IC,  a.  (Chem.)  Noting  an 
acid  "composed  of  nitric  acid  and  muriatic  (hy- 
drochloric) acid,  used  as  a solvent  for  gold  and 
platinum ; — also  called  aqua  regia.  Silliman. 

“ Aqua  regia  does  not,  strictly  speaking,  ox- 
idize gold  and  platinum  ; it  causes  merely  their  com- 
bination with  chlorine.”  Ure. 

NI-TRO-NAPH'THA-LASE,  11.  (Chem.)  A yellow 
crystalline  substance  obtained  by  boiling  naph- 
thaline in  nitric  acid,  and  consi^ing  of  carbon, 
hydrogen,  oxygen,  and  nitrogen.  P.  Cyc. 

NI-TIIO-N  APII'TH  A-LESE,  it.  (Chem.)  A sub- 
stance obtained  by  boiling  nitronaphthalase  in 
nitric  acid.  P • Cyc. 

Nl'TROSE,  a.  Pertaining  to  nitre;  nitrous; 
nitry.  Mead. 

NI-TROS'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  nitre.  Cotyrave. 

Nr'TRO— SUL-PHU'RE-OUS,  a.  Containing  nitre 
and  sulphur.  Ray. 

NI'TROUS,  a.  Pertaining  to,  partaking  of,  or  re- 
sembling nitre  ; nitry  ; nitrose. 

Nitrous  acid,  a thin,  anhydrous  liquid,  of  a strong, 
disagreeable  odor,  and  pungent,  acrid  taste,  consisting 
of  one  equivalent  of  nitrogen  and  four  equivalents  of 
oxygen.  It  is  a very  powerful  oxidizing  agent.  P.  Cyc. 
— Nitrous  oxide,  a colorless  gas,  of  a sweetisli  taste, 
and  rather  agreeable  odor,  obtained  by  heating  crys- 
tallized nitrate  of  ammonia  ; protoxide  of  nitrogen. 
When  respired,  it  produces,  in  most  persons,  an  ex- 
hilarating effect  somewhat  similar  to  intoxication  ; — 
whence  it  is  sometimes  called  laughing  or  intoxicating 
gas.  Ure.  Braude. 

Nl'TRY,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  partaking  of,  nitre ; 
nitrous  ; nitrose.  [it.]  Gay. 

NITS-CIiAn’  DI,  it.  [Turk.]  A secretary  of 
state  in  Turkey.  Smart. 

NIT'TIJR,  n.  ( Ent .)  The  horse-bee,  that  deposits 
nits  on  horses.  W right. 

NIT'TI-LY,  ad.  Lousily  ; with  nits.  Ilayivard. 

NIT'TY,  a.  1.  [From  nit.]  Abounding xvith  nits, 
or  the  eggs  of  lice.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  f [L.  nitidus.)  Splendid ; gay.  Marston. 

fNI'VAL,  a.  [L.  nivalis  ; nix,  nivis,  snow.]  Per- 
taining to  snow  ; snowy  ; niveous.  Bailey. 

NIV'E-OUS  [nlv'e-us,  W.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  Sm.  Wr. ; 
nlv'yus,  K.),  a.  [L.  niveus  ; nix,  nivis,  snow; 
It.  S;  Sp.  nevoso.)  Snowy  ; resembling  snoxv ; 
nival,  [r.]  “A  pure  and  niveous  white.”  Browne. 

NI-  VE.  TTE  ',n.-  [F  r.]  A kind  of  peach.  Simmonds. 

NIX,  n.  A kind  of  fairy.  IF.  Scott. 

NI-ZAM',  n.  The  title  of  the  native  sovereign  of 
Hyderabad,  in  India,  derived  from  Nizam-ul- 
Mulk,  xvho,  after  the  death  of  Aurungzebe,  ob- 
tained possession  of  the  Mahometan  conquests  in 
the  Deccan,  his  name  being  assumed  as  a title 
by  his  successors  in  the  sovereignty.  P.  Cyc. 

fNl'ZY,  n.  [Old  Fr.  nice,  simple.  — See  Nice.] 
A dunce  ; a simpleton.  Johnson. 

NO,  ad.  [Goth,  ne,  ni ; A.  S.  na,  no,  not;  Old 


Ger.  ni,  ne ; xvhence  Dut.  neen ; ni  and  een, 
one;  Ger.  nein ; ni  and  ein,  one;  Dan.  nai. — 
Gr.  vy,  inseparable  negative  or  privative  prefix  ; 
L.  ne,  a dialectic  variety  of  Gr.  vitj  ; L.  non  ; ne, 
not,  and  unum,  one ; It.  Sf  Sp.  no ; Fr.  non ; 
Sansc.  <Sr  Per.  na.  “ iVo  and  not  have  the  same 
extraction.  The  Dan.  ni'.dig,  Sw.  nbdig,  and 
Dut.  noode,  node,  and  no,  mean,  averse,  unwill- 
ing.” Tooke .] 

1.  The  word  of  negation,  denial,  or  refusal  ; 
— opposed  to  yea,  or  yes  ; as,  “ Is  he  sick  ? No." 

2.  Not  in  any  degree  ; not  at  all ; not ; as,  “ He 
is  no  richer  than  my  friend.” 

j It  is  often  used  for  not,  in  denying  propositions, 
and  opposed  to  concession  or  affirmation,  — particu- 
larly, but  somewhat  pleonastically,  in  indirect  ques- 
tions. “ Whether  a war  for  the  propagation  of  the 
Christian  faith  ...  be  lawful  or  no."  Bacon.  — It  is 
also  used  both  before  and  after  another  negative,  and 
between  two  negatives  ; in  either  case  strengthening 
the  negation. 

No,  not  tile  bow  which  so  adorns  the  skies 
So  glorious  is,  or  boasts  so  many  dyes.  Waller. 

And  no  man  could  bind  him.no,  not  with  chains.  Mark  v.  3. 

“ This  is  one  of  the  words  which  grammarians 
are  puzzled  to  class  properly.  ‘ When  a grammarian 
knows  not  what  to  make  of  a word,’  says  Horne 
Tooke,  < he  calls  it  an  adverb.’  No  stands,  in  many 
of  its  uses,  as  a whole  sentence  ; and  so  is  neither  one 
part  of  speech  nor  another,  but  is  a sentence  ex- 
pressed by  one  word.”  Smart. 

NO,  a.  Not  any;  none. 

No  wit  to  flatter  left  of  all  his  store, 

No  fool  to  laugh  at.  which  he  valued  more.  Pope. 

“ It  is  an  adjective  in  such  phrases  as  no  more, 
no  where,  by  considering  the  other  word  to  be  a sub- 
stantive ; but  the  usual  mode  is  to  consider  both 
words  as  an  adverbial  phrase.”  Smart. 

NO,  n.  1.  A denial ; the  word  of  denial. 

Discourse  may  want  an  animated  no. 

To  brush  the  surface,  and  to  make  it  flow.  Cowpcr. 

2.  A vote,  or  one  who  votes  in  the  negative  ; 
as,  “ The  noes  have  it.”  Hastel. 

NO-ACH'I-AN,  a.  Relating  to  the  patriarch 
Noah,  or  to  his  time.  Coleridge. 

NOB,  n.  [See  Knob.]  1.  The  head.  [Low.]  Todd. 

2.  One  who  during  a strike  holds  out  for 
higher  wages.  De  Quincey. 

f NO-BTl'I-FY,  v.  a.  [L.  nobilis,  noble,  and_/aeto, 
to  make.]  To  make  noble  ; to  ennoble.  Holland. 

t NO-BIl'I-TATE,  v.  a.  To  make  noble  ; to  en- 
noble ; to  dignify  ; to  exalt.  Bullokar. 

f NO-BIL-I-TA'TION,  n.  Act  of  ennobling.  More. 

NO-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [L.  nobilitas  ; nobilis,  noble  ; 
It.  nobilita-,  Sp.  noblezci ; Fr.  noblesse.) 

1.  The  state  of  being  of  noble  rank  ; the  state 
of  enjoying  rank  above  the  gentry  and  common 
people,  whether  by  antiquity  of  family,  or  by 
letters-patent  conferred  by  the  sovereign.  Shah. 

2.  Nobleness;  moral  excellence  ; loftiness  of 
character  ; greatness  ; grandeur ; dignity. 

True  nobility  is  exempt  from  fear.  S/iak. 

Though  she  hated  Ampliialus,  yet  the  nobility  of  her  cour- 
age prevailed  over  it.  Sidney. 

gcg=  “ This  general  sense  is  not  disused,  but  is  not 
common.”  Smart. 

3.  The  persons  collectively  who  are  of  noble 
rank,  or  who  enjoy  rank  above  the  gentry  and 
common  people.  “ The  nobility  of  Rome.”  Shak. 

Lords,  ladies,  captains,  counsellors,  or  priests 
•Their  choice  nobility  and  flower,  not  only 
Of  this,  but  each  Philistian  city  round. 

Met  from  ail  parts  to  solemnize  this  feast.  Milton. 

Lower  nobility,  a name  sometimes  given,  in  Great 
Britain,  to  the  gentry.  Cyc. 

ttSp  A nobility  exists  in  most  civilized  countries. 
In  Great  Britain  there  are  five  orders  of  nobility  ; viz., 
those  of  duke,  marquess,  earl,  viscount,  and  baron. 
Brundc.  Johnson. 

NO'BLE,  a.  [L.  nobilis  ; nosco,  to  know;  It.  no- 
bile-,  Sp.  1$  Fr.  noble.) 

1.  Of  ancient  or  splendid  family  ; pertaining 

to  those  in  the  highest  rank  ; patrician.  “ Noble 
birth.”  2 Macc.  xiv.  42. 

2.  Great;  worthy;  illustrious;  elevated.  “An 
example  of  a noble  courage.”  2 Macc.  vi.  31. 

3.  Free  ; liberal ; ingenuous ; candid. 

These  were  more  nnble  than  those  in  Thessalonica.  in  that 
they  received  the  word  with  all  readiness  ofmind.ylctexvii.  11. 

4.  Magnificent;  stately;  splendid;  grand; 
sublime.  “ A noble  monument,  or  sentiment.” 

5.  Principal;  capital;  chief.  “The  heart  is 
one  of  the  noble  parts  of  the  body.”  Johnson. 


Noble  metals,  metals  whose  oxides  are  reduced  to 
the  metalhc  state  by  heat,  being  mercury,  silver,  and 
gold.  Graham. 

NO'BLE,  ii.  1.  One  of  the  nobility  ; a nobleman. 

In  the  different  countries  of  modern  Europe,  there  are 
nobles  various  in  their  titles  and  various  in  the  privileges  be- 
longing to  them.  p.  Cyc. 

2.  An  English  coin  of  the  fourteenth  century, 
in  value  6s.  8d.  sterling  (about  $1.61);  — so 
called  because  made  of  gold,  one  of  the  noble 
metals.  Brande. 

■f  NO'BLE,  v.  a.  To  ennoble.  Chaucer. 

NO'BLE— lIv'JJR-WORT.  r.  (Bot.)  A plant. 

NO'BLE-MAN,  n.  ; pi.  nohlemen.  One  of  the 
nobility ; a noble  ; a peer.  Shak. 

NO'BLE— MfND'IJD,  a.  Having  a noble  mind; 
magnanimous  ; high-minded.  Milton. 

NO'BLE-NESS  (no'bl-nes),  n.  1.  The  quality  or  the 
state  of  being  noble  ; greatness ; dignity  ; mag- 
nanimity ; moral  excellence  or  splendor. 

You  have  not  only  been  careful  of  my  fortune,  which  was 
the  effect  of  your  nobleness , but  you  have  been  solicitous  of 
my  reputation,  which  is  that  of  your  kindness.  Dryden. 

2.  The  state  of  being  noble  in  rank  ; the  emi- 
nence or  dignity  of  a nobleman  ; nobility.  Shak. 

3.  Stateliness  ; magnificence  ; grandeur. 

For  nobleness  of  structure,  it  [the  Abbey  of  Reading]  was 
equal  to  most  in  England.  Asnmole. 

NO'BLE— SPlR'jT-ED,  a.  Having  an  excellent 
spirit ; high-minded.  Arbuthnot. 

NO-BLESS'  [no-ides',  S.  IF.  J.  F.  Ja.  K.  Wr.y,  no'- 
"bles,  P.  Sm.],  n.  [Fr.  noblesse.  — See  Noble.] 

1.  Persons  collectively  who  are  noble  in  rank  ; 

the  nobility,  [r.]  Spenser.  Burke. 

2.  fNoble  birth  or  condition  ; nobility.  Michell. 

3.  f Greatness  ; dignity.  B.  Jonson. 

NO'BLE-WOM-AN  (no'bl-wum-an),  n.  A female 
of  noble  rank  ; a peeress,  [r.]  Cavendish. 

NO'BLY,  ad.  1.  In  a noble  manner;  grandly; 
splendidly  ; magnificently  ; magnanimously. 

I had  rather  had  eleven  (sons!  die  nobly  for  their  country 
than  one  voluptuously  surfeit  out  of  action.  Shak. 

2.  Of  noble  ancestors.  “ Nobly  born.”  Shak. 

NO'BOD-Y,  n.  No  person  ; no  one  ; not  any  one  ; 
not  any  body.  Shale. 

NO'C^NT,  a.  [L.  noceo,  nocens,  to  hurt ; It.  no- 
cente .] 

1.  Doing  hurt  or  harm  ; hurtful  ; injurious. 

“ Nocent  qualities.”  [r.]  I Vatts. 

2.  f Not  innocent;  guilty.  Pearson. 

f NO'CfNT,  n.  A criminal.  State  Trials,  1606. 

NO'CENT-LY,  ad.  Injuriously,  [r.]  Clarke. 

fNO'ClVE  (no'siv),  a.  [L.  nocivus ; noceo,  to 
hurt ; It.  <S,  Sp.  nocivo.)  Hurtful ; injurious. 
“ Som e.nocice  or  hurtful  thing.”  Hooker. 

fNOCK,  n.  A notch; — used  particularly  of  an 
arrow.  Martin. 

f NOCK,  v.  a.  To  place  upon  the  notch.  Chapman. 

f NOCK'^D,  a.  Notched.  Chaucer. 

NOC-TAM-BU-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  nox,  noctis,  night, 
and  ambulo,  to  walk  about.]  The  act  of  walk- 
ing in  one’s  sleep  ; somnambulation.  Bailey. 

NQC-TAM'BIl-J.fSM,  n.  Somnambulism  ; sleep- 
walking; night-walking,  [r.]  Hoblyn. 

NOC-TAM'BU-LIST,  n.  One  who  walks  in  his 
sleep  ; a sleep-waiker  ; a night-walker.  Ash. 

f NOC-TAM'BU-LO,  n.  [Sp.]  A noctambulist ; a 
sleep-walker.  Arbuthnot. 

NOC'TIIO-RA,  n.  ( Zo'dl .)  A South  American 

quadrumanous  mammal,  of  nocturnal  habits, 
allied  to  the  lemurs,  distinguished  by  having 
the  inside  of  the  hands  and  ears  naked  ana 
flesh-colored,  the  face  naked  and  of  a sooty 
black,  the  fingers  of  the  fore  hands  incapable  of 
extension,  and  the  tail  not  prehensile ; Dou- 
roucouli.  P.  Cyc. 

NOC-TID'I-AL,  a.  [L.  nox,  noctis,  night,  and  dies, 
day.]  Comprising  a night  and  a day.  “ The 
noctidial  day.”  [r.]  Holder. 

f NOC-TIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [I,,  nox,  noctis,  night,  and 
fero,  to  bring.]  Fringing  night.  Bailey. 

NOC-TI-LU'CA,  it.  [L.,  something  that  shines  in 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  s6n  ; BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — g,  soft;  jC,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z ; X as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


NOCTILUCOUS 


966 


NOISOME 


the  night ; nox,  noctis,  night,  and  luceo,  to  shine.] 
A term  applied  by  Boyle  and  some  of  the  older 
chemical  philosophers  to  phosphorus.  Brande. 

NOC-TIL'U-COUS,  a.  Shining  in  the  night.  “Myr- 
iads of  noctilucous  nereids.”  Pennant. 

NOC-TIv'A-GANT,  a.  [L.  nox,  noctis,  night,  and 
vagor,  vagans,  to  wander.]  Wandering  about 
in  the  night ; night-wandering.  Bailey. 

NOC-TIV-A-gA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  wandering 
in  the  night ; night-walking.  Gayton. 

NOC-TI  V'A-GOUS,  a.  [L.  noctivagus  ; nox , night, 
and  vagor,  to  wander.]  Noctivagant ; night- 
wandering. Buckland. 

NOC'TO-GRAph,  n.  A writing-frame  for  the 
blind.  Simmonds. 

NoC'TU-A-RY,  n.  [L .nox,  node,  or  noefu,  night.] 
An  account  of  what  passes  in  the  night ; — op- 
posed to  diary.  Addison. 

NOC'TULE,  n.  [L.  noctu,  by  night.]  (2&"l.)  A 
large  kind  of  bat ; Vespertilis  noctula.  Smart. 

NOC'TURN,  n.  [L.  nocturnus,  by  night ; Fr.  noc- 
turne.] ( Eccl .)  A formulary  of  devotion  for- 

merly used  in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  at 
midnight : — it  now  forms  a part  of  the  service 
of  matins.  Brande. 

NOC-TUR'NAL,  a.  [L.  noctwnus ; noctu,  by 
night ; It.  notturno ; Sp.  nocturno,  nocturnal ; 
Fr.  nocturne .]  Of,  or  pertaining  to,  night ; 
nightly.  “ The  nocturnal  habits  of  certain  ani- 
mals.” Maunder. 

Syn. — See  Nightly. 

NOC-TUR'NAL,  n.  An  instrument  formerly 
used  for  astronomical  observations  in  the  night, 
particularly  for  taking  the  altitude  of  stars  in 
polar  latitudes.  I Vatts. 

NOC-TUR'NAL-  LY,  ad.  Nightly;  by  night.  Clarke. 

t NOC'U-MENT,  n.  [It.  nocumento;  L.  nocuus, 
hurtful ; Sp.  nocimiento.]  Harm  ; injury.  Bale. 

tNOC'y-OUS,  a.  [L.  nocuus-,  noceo,  to  hurt.] 
Hurtful ; noxious ; deleterious.  Bailey. 

NOD,  v.  n.  [Skinner  and  Johnson  refer  to  Gr. 
vtbtD,  L.  nuo,  nuto.  — Tooke  says,  “The  past 
tense  of  the  A.  S.  verb  hnigan,  to  bend,  is  hnah, 
which,  by  the  addition  of  the  participial  termi- 
nation ed,  forms  naked,  nail'd,  nad  ( a broad), 
nod.”  — W.  nodi,  to  mark.]  [i.  nodded  ; pp. 
NODDING,  NODDED.] 

1.  To  bend  down  or  incline  with  a quick  mo- 
tion ; as,  “ Grass  nodding  in  the  wind.” 

2.  To  incline  the  head  with  a quick  motion, 
as  in  assent,  or  by  way  of  salutation. 

Cassius  is 

A wretched  creature,  and  must  bend  his  body 
If  Cazsar  carelessly  but  nod  on  him.  Shah. 

3.  To  incline  the  head  with  a quick  motion 
in  drowsiness  or  sleepiness  ; to  be  drowsy. 

She  shall  watch  all  night; 

And,  if  she  chance  to  nod,  I ’ll  rail  and  brawl. 

And  with  the  clamor  keep  her  still  awake.  Shah. 

Your  two  predecessors  . . . never  pleased  their  readers 
more  than  when  they  were  nodding.  Addison. 

NOD,  v.  a.  1.  To  bend  down  or  incline  with  a 
quick  motion. 

Sec.  how  the  giddy  multitude  do  point, 

And  nod  their  heads,  aud  throw  their  eyes  on  thee.  Shah. 

2.  To  call,  direct,  or  command,  by  a quick 

inclination  of  the  head.  Shah. 

3.  To  signify  by  a quick  inclination  of  the 
head;  as,  “To  nod  approbation.” 

NOD,  n.  [W.  nod,  a token,  a mark.] 

1.  Act  of  one  who  nods  ; a quick  declination  ; 
a bending  down  suddenly. 

Like  a drunken  sailor  on  a mast. 

Ready  with  every  nod  to  tumble  down.  Shah. 

2.  A quick  declination  of  the  head,  as  in 

command. 

A look  or  nod  only  ought  to  correct  them  [children]  when 
they  do  amiss.  Locke . 

3.  A quick  declination  of  the  head  in  drowsi- 
ness. Locke. 

4.  A slight  bow  or  obeisance.  “ Will  he  give 

you  the  nod  ? ” Shah. 

NO'DAL,  a.  [From  node.'] 

1.  ( Mus .)  Noting  points  in  a string  extended 
between  two  fixed  objects,  which,  when  the 
string  is  put  in  vibration,  are  found  to  remain 
at  rest.  Wright. 


2.  Noting  lines  which  remain  at  rest  on  the 
surface  of  an  clastic  body,  usually  a plate,  whose 
parts  are  in  a state  of  vibration.  P.  Cyc. 

NO'dAT-ED,  a.  [L.  nodo,  nodatus,  to  make  knot- 
ty ; nodus,  a knot.] 

1.  Knotted  ; having  knots.  Smart. 

2.  ( Geom .)  Noting  a hyperbola  which  by 

turning  round  crosses  itself.  Wright. 

NO-DA'TION,  n.  [L.  nodatio.]  State  of  being 
knotted,  or  act  of  making  knots,  [it.]  Cockcram. 

fNOD'DEN  (nod'dn),  a.  Bent;  inclined.  Thomson. 

NOD'D^R,  n.  One  who  nods  ; a drowsy  person. 

NOD’DING,  p.  a.  1.  Inclining  the  head  quickly. 

2.  ( Bot .)  Having  a drooping  position.  Loudon. 

NOD'DLE  (nod'dl),  n.  The  head,  in  contempt ; — 
sometimes  contracted  to  noil.  Shak. 

lie  ’ll  lay  on  gifts  with  hands,  and  place 
On  dullest  noddle  light  and  gruce.  Hudibras . 

NOD'DY,  n.  [Norm.  Fr.  naudin.] 

1.  A simpleton  ; a fool ; an  idiot.  Burton. 

2.  An  aquatic  bird  remarkable  for  its  stupid- 
ity ; a booby.  — See  Booby.  P.  Cyc. 

3.  An  old  game  at  cards.  B.  Jonson. 

4.  A kind  of  small  two-wheeled  vehicle  drawn 

usually  by  one  horse.  Wright. 

NODE,  n.  [L.  nodus  ; It.  S$  Sp.  nodo  : Fr.  noeud.] 

1.  A knot ; a knob.  Johnson. 

2.  ( Surg .)  A hard  concretion  or  incrustation 

which  forms  around  joints  affected  with  rheu- 
matism or  gout.  Dunglison. 

jQ~jx=  “Some  include  under  this  name  exostoses,  ar- 
ticular calculi,  ganglions,  and  even  the  chronic  swell- 
ings of  the  joints  known  under  the  name  of  white- 
swellings."  Dunglison. 

3.  ( Astron .)  One  of  the  two  opposite  points 

at  which  the  orbit  of  a planet  or  a comet  inter- 
sects the  plane  of  the  ecliptic,  or  at  which  the 
orbit  of  a satellite  intersects  that  of  its  prima- 
ry. P.  Cyc. 

Ascending  node,  (Astron.)  the  node  which  a planet, 
comet,  or  satellite  crosses  from  south  to  north. — De- 
scending node,  the  node  which  a planet,  comet,  or  sat- 
ellite crosses  from  north  to  south. — Line  of  the  nodes, 
a straight  line  joining  the  two  nodes.  Olmsted.  Brande. 

4.  (Geom.)  A small  oval  figure 
made  by  the  intersection  of  one 
branch  of  a curve  with  another. 

5.  (Dialling.)  A small  hole  in  the 

gnomon  of  a dial  which  indicates 
the  hour  by  its  light.  Francis. 

6.  (Bot.)  The  point  of  a stem  at  which  a leaf 

is  developed.  Gray. 

7.  (Lit.)  A plot,  as  of  a poem.  Rees. 

8.  (Mus.)  A point  of  rest  at  which  a vibrating 

string  divides  itself  in  producing  its  harmonic 

sounds.  Dwight. 

NO-DOSE'  (129),  a.  \Ij.  nodosus  ; nodus,  a knot ; 
It.  <Sf  Sp.  nodoso  ; Fr.  noueux.]  Having  nodes 
or  knots  ; knotty.  “ Nodose  horns.”  Hill. 

NO-DOS'I-TY,  n.  [L  .nodositas;  nodosus,  knotty; 
It.  nodosita  ; Fr.  nodo  site.) 

1.  The  state  or  the  quality  of  being  nodose 

or  knotty  ; knottiness.  Smart. 

2.  A complication  or  knot.  Johnson. 

f NO-DO'SOUS,  a.  Knotty;  nodose.  Cockeram. 

fNO'DOUS,  a.  Nodose;  knotty.  Browne. 

NOD'U-LAR,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  having  the 
form  of,  a nodule.  Smart. 

NOD'ULE  (nod'yul)  [nod'jul,  S.  J. ; nod'jul,  IF.; 
nod'ul,  Ja.  K.  Sm.  Wr.],  n.  [L.  nodulus,  dim.  of 
nodus,  a knot ; It.  nodulo;  Fr  .nodule.]  A little 
knot  or  lump  ; a small  rounded  mass  of  irregu- 
lar shape.  Lyell. 

NOD'ULED  (nod'yuld),  a.  Having  nodules,  or  lit- 
tle knots  or  lumps.  Darwin. 

NOD'U-LOSE,  a.  Having  little  knobs.  Gray. 

NO'IJL,  n.  See  Nowel.  Todd. 

fNO-E-MAT'iC,  1 a_  [Gr. 

votgia,  vorjfietrot;,  the 

t NO-g-MAT'J-CAL,  ) understanding.]  Pertain- 
ing to  the  understanding ; noetic.  Cudworth. 

NO-E'MICS,  n.  [Gr.  rot/fia,  the  understanding.] 
The  science  of  the  understanding ; intellectual 
science  ; metaphysics  ; psychology,  [r.]  Ojilvie. 

NO-E'TIAN§,  n.  pi.  (Eccl.  Hist.)  The  followers 
of  Noeiius,  who,  in  the  third  century,  pretended 


that  he  was  another  Moses  sent  by  God,  and 
that  his  brother  was  another  Aaron.  Hook. 


NQ-FI  IC,  > a [Gr.  vot]tik6s  ; radio,  to  per- 
NO-ET'I-CAL,  ) ceivc.]  Pertaining  to  the  under- 
standing; intellectual. 

All  learning,  whether  noetic  or  manual,  of  book  or  band, 
proceeds  from  God.  Watcrhoiue. 


NOG ,n.  1.  [An  abbreviation  of  noggin.]  A mug; 
a noggin.  Skinner. 

2.  Ale.  “ A quart  of  nog."  Swift. 

3.  A piece  of  wood  inserted  in  a wall,  for 

fastening  window-frames,  &c.  Francis. 

4.  A treenail.  Burn. 

5.  (Mining.)  One  of  the  square  blocks,  of 
wood  piled  up  to  support  the  roof  of  a mine. 

Simmonds. 


Nog  of  a mill,  a little  piece  of  wood,  which,  rubbing 
against  the  hopper,  makes  the  corn  fall  from  it. 

Cotgrace. 

NOG,  v.  a.  1.  (Naut.)  To  fasten  by  a treenail. Burn. 

2.  To  fill  with  brickwork.  Smart. 

fNOG’GfN,  a.  Made  of  hemp.  “A  hard,  coarse, 
noggen- shirt.”  Escape  of  King  Charles. 

NOG'GIN,  n.  1.  A small  mug  or  cup.  Haywood. 

2.  A gill  in  measure.  Simmonds. 

NOG'GING,  n.  (Arch.)  Brickwork  in  panels  car- 
ried up  between  quarters,  or  upright  pieces  of 
timber.  Brande. 

f NOi'ANCE,  n.  See  Noyance,  and  Annoyance. 

f NOIE,  v.  a.  See  Noy,  and  Annoy.  Tusser. 

NOIL§,  n.  pi.  Short  pieces  and  knots  of  wool  left 
after  combing  out  the  tops.  Simmonds. 

tNOINT,  v.  a.  [Fr.  oint.}  To  anoint.  Huloet. 

f NOI'OUS,  a.  See  Noyous.  Spenser. 

NOI^E  (nblz),  n.  [Fr.  noise,  strife,  quarrel,  dis- 
pute : — Arm.  noes  ; — referred  by  Scaliger  and 
Menage  to  L.  noxa,  noxia,  hurt,  strife;  noceo, 
to  hurt.] 

1.  Any  kind  of  sound.  “ A melodious  noise 
of  birds.”  Wisd.  xvii.’  18. 

Great  motions  of  nature  pass  without  sound  or  noise. 

Bacon. 


2.  A loud  sound  or  confusion  of  sounds ; clam- 
or ; outcry  ; din  ; vociferation  ; uproar. 

And  when  Joshua  heard  the  i wise  of  the  people  as  they 
shouted,  he  said  unto  Moses,  There  is  noise  of  war  in  the 
camp.  Ex.  xxxii.  17. 


3.  Loud  boasting  or  importunate  talk;  clam- 
orous or  violent  discussion. 

What  noise  have  we  hnd  about  transplantation  of  diseases 
and  transfusion  of  blood!  Baker. 

4.  Frequent  public  talk  or  conversation. 

Soerates  lived  in  Athens  during  the  great  plague  which 
has  made  so  much  noise  in  all  ages,  and  never  caught  the 
least  infection.  Addison. 

5.  f Music ; a concert. 

Divinely-warbled  voice 

Answering  the  stringed  noise.  Milton . 

Syn.  — See  Sound. 

NOI^E,  v.n.  To  make  a noise  ; to  sound.  Milton. 

NOI§E,  v.  a.  [ i . noised  ; 2]P-  noising,  noised.] 
To  spread  by  rumor  or  report;  to  publish.  “Ail 
these  sayings  were  noised  abroad.”  Luke  i.  65. 

f NOI§E'FUL,  a.  Loud;  noisy.  Feltham. 

NOI^E'LIfSS,  a.  Without  noise  or  sound  ; silent. 
“ The  . . . noiseless  foot  of  time.”  • Shak. 

NOI§E'LIj;SS-LY,  ad.  Without  noise  or  sound; 
silently.  Bryant. 


NOI^E'LJJSS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state 
of  being  noiseless.  Clarke. 


NOIIjE'-MAK-ER,  n.  One  who  makes  a noise  ; a 
clamorer.  Shak. 


NOI'^T-LY,  ad.  In  a noisy  manner;  with  noise. 

Ndl'ST-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state  of  being 
noisy;  loudness  of  sound;  clamorousness. 

NoI'SOME  (nbl'sum),  a.  [L.  nocivus  ; noceo,  to 
hurt ; It.  Sf  Sp.  nocivo  ; Old  Fr.  noisif] 

1.  Hurtful ; injurious  ; pernicious  ; mischiev- 
ous ; detrimental ; baneful ; noxious. 

All  my  plants  I save  from  nightly  ill 

Of  noisome  winds  and  blasting  vapors  chill.  Milton. 

2.  Injurious  to  health  ; unwholesome  ; insa- 
lubrious. “ The  noisome  pestilence.”  Prior. 

Gravisca,  noisome  from  the  neighboring  fens.  Dnjden, 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  fAr,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


NOISOMELY 


967 


NONAG ON 


3.  Offensive  ; fetid ; disgusting.  “ Foul  breath 
is  noisome .”  . Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Noxious. 

NOI'SOME-I-Y  (niii'suin-le),  ad.  So  as  to  be  noi- 
some ; offensively.  Bp.  Hall. 

NOt'SOME-NESS  (nol'sum-iies),  n.  The  quality  or 
the  state  of  being  noisome  ; offensiveness.  South. 

NOl'§Y  (ncil'ze),  a ■ Making  a noise  or  a loud 
sound  ; clamorous  ; turbulent  ; vociferous. 

Syn.  — See  Loud. 

NO-LA'NA,  n.  [L.  nola,  a little  bell.]  ( Bot .)  A 
genus  of  shrubs  found  in  Peru  and  Chili L hav- 
ing a bell-shaped  corolla.  Eng.  Cyc. 

NO  ' LEN§  VO  'LF.N$.  [L.]  Whether  unwilling 

or  willing ; whether  he  will  or  not. 

NO  ' Li— ME—  tAjt ' OF.- RE.  [L.,  Do  not  touch  me.} 

1.  ( Surg .)  A small  cancerous  tumor,  which 

makes  its  appearance  on  the  face,  commonly 
on  the  upper  lip.  Dunglison. 

2.  {Bot.)  A plant  of  the  genus  Impatiens,  or 

balsam;- — so  named  from  the  sudden  bursting 
of  the  pods  when  touched ; and  written  also  no- 
litangere.  Loudon. 

NO-I,I"TION  (no-llsli'un),  n.  [L.  nolo,  to  be  un- 
willing ; non,  not,  and  volo,  to  be  willing.] 
Unwillingness;  — opposed  to  volition,  [r.]  Hale. 
NOLL,  n.  [A.  S.  cnoll,  hnol,  hnoll,  a knoll; 
Ger.  knollen  ; Sw.  knyl,  knul.} 

1.  The  head  ; the  noddle.  Shak. 

2.  Hard  study  ; intense  application.  Ascharn. 

NOL-LE'I-TY,  n.  [L.  nolo,  to  be  unwilling.]  Un- 
willingness ; nolition.  [r.]  Roget. 

NOL  'LE  PROS ' E-QUI.  [L.,  to  be  unwilling  to 
prosecute .]  ( Law .)  A phrase  denoting  the  vol- 

untary withdrawal  of  the  plaintiff,  or  other  ori- 
ginating party  in  a judicial  proceeding  from  the 
further  prosecution  of  his  suit,  being  the  words 
used  in  the  formal  entry  of  such  withdrawal  on 
the  record.  P.  Cyc. 

pppy-  “The  effect  of  a nolle  prosequi,  in  criminal 
cases,  is  to  discharge  the  defendant  for  tile  time  ; hut 
it  does  not  operate  as  an  acquittal.”  P.  Cyc. 

NOM'AD,  or  NOM'ADE,  n.  [Gr.  voyo;,  voyabo; ; 
vfpw,  to  distribute,  to  pasture,  to  feed;  It.,  Sp., 
<Sf  Fr.  nomade.} 

1.  A wandering  tribe,  or  a tribe  having  no 

fixed  home ; particularly  a wandering  pastoral 
tribe.  Sandys. 

The  nomades  of  classical  times  were  generally  tribes  de- 
voted to  pastoral  pursuits;  for  the  ancients  knew  of  no  races 
of  savages  subsisting  wholly  by  the  chase.  Brande. 

2.  One  of  a wandering  tribe.  Todd. 

NOM’AD,  a.  Nomadic.  “This  nomad  tribe.” 

[r.]  Brit.  Crit.  1798. 

NO-MA'D(-AN,  n.  A nomad.  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

NO-MAD'jC,  a.  [Gr.  voyabuals  ; voya;,  voyhbo;,  nom- 
ad.— See  Nomad.]  Pertaining  to  nomads; 
wandering  without  fixed  home,  like  herds  of 
cattle,  or  with  them  ; pastoral. 

The  principal  nomadic  tribes  of  antiquity  Vere  those  of 
Southern  Russia  and  the  interior  of  Asia,  from  whom  sprung, 
in  the  decline  of  the  Ropian  empire,  many  of  the  tribes  which 
overran  Western  Europe*  Brande. 

NOM'AP-I§M,  n.  The  state  of  being  a nomad  ; 
the  state  of  being  nomadic.  For.  Qu.  Rev. 

NOM'AD-fZE,  v.  n.  To  lead  a nomadic  or  wan- 
dering life,  [r.]  Tooke. 

NO'MAN-CV,  n.  [L.  nomen,  a name,  and  Gr. 
yiivrtia,  divination.]  Divinatiqn  by  the  letters  of 
a name  ; onomancy.  [r.]  Johnson. 

NOM'ARjCH,  n.  [Gr.  voyap^'is ; vopdt,  a district,  a 
nome,  and  upxwi  *-°  r"le.]  The  governor  of  an 
ancient  Egyptian  nome  or  province.  Ash. 

NOM'BLE§  (num'blz),  n.  pi.  [Fr.  ncmbles.}  The 
entrails  of  a deer  ; — also  written  numbles , and 
umbles.  Johnson. 

NOM'BRIL,  n.  [Fr.,  the  navel ; L.  umbilicus.} 
{Her.)  The  centre  of  an  escutcheon.  Rees. 

NOM  DE  OUERRE  (nom-de-gAr').  [Fr.,  a name 
during  the  war.}  A name  assumed  for  a time  ; 
an  assumed  travelling  title  ; a fictitious  name  ; 
a sobriquet.  Qu.  Rev. 

NOM  DF.  PLUME  (nom-de-pluin’).  [Fr.,  a pen- 
name.}  An  assumed  name;  — particularly  of 
an  author. 


NOME,  n.  1.  [Gr.  voyt!;.]  The  Greek  name  for  the 
provinces  into  which  Egypt  was  anciently  divid- 
ed ; a province.  Maurice. 

2.  [L.  nomen.]  {Algebra.)  A single  quantity 

affixed  to  some  other  quantity  by  its  proper 
sign.  Todd. 

3.  {Greek  Mas.)  An  air  the  composition  of 

which  was  regulated  by  certain  determined  and 
inviolable  rules.  Moore. 

4.  {Med.)  A phagedenic  ulcer.  Dunglison. 

NO'MfN-CLA-TOR,  n.  [L.  nomen,  a name,  and 
calo  (Gr.  kuUui,  kh'/.Ci),  to  call  ; It.  nomenclatore  ; 
Sp . nomenclator  ; Fr.  nomenclateur.] 

1.  One  who  calls  persons  or  things  by  their 

names ; a nomenclaturist.  [r.]  Swift. 

ttSS*  Among  the  Romans,  the  name  was  given  to  a 
slave  employed  to  accompany  a candidate  for  public 
office  through  the  streets,  and  inform  him  of  the  names 
of  the  persons  they  met,  and  whose  votes  he  wished 
to  solicit,  — to  one  of  a number  of  slaves,  whose  duty 
it  was  to  he  able  to  tell  the  owner  the  names  of  the 
others,  — and  to  a slave  who,  at  festivals,  informed 
the  guests  of  the  name  and  ingredients  of  the  dishes. 
Brande. 

2.  A person  who  gives  names  to  things,  or 

who  arranges  and  settles  the  nomenclature  of 
an  art  or  science.  Smart. 

NO'MpN-CLA-TRJiSS,  n.  A female  nomenclat- 
urist. Addison. 

NO-MEN-CLAT'U-RAL,  a.  Pertaining,  or  ac- 
cording to,  nomenclature.  Wright. 

NU'MpN-CLAT-lRE  (no'men-ltlat-yur)  [no-inen- 
kla'chur,  S. ; nSm-en-kla'chur,  IF.  ; no-men-kla'- 
tur,  J.  ; no-men-klat'yur,  Ja.  K. ; no'men-kla-tur, 
Sm.  R.  TIT-.  Wb.],  n.  [L.,  It.,  &;  Sp.  nomencla- 
tura ; Fr.  nomenclature.  — See  Nomknclator.] 

1.  A list  of  the  more  usual  and  important 

words  in  a language,  designed  for  the  use  of 
those  w-ho  are  to  learn  the  language ; a vocabu- 
lary ; a glossary  ; a dictionary.  Brande. 

2.  The  whole  vocabulary  of  names  and  terms 
peculiar  to  an  art  or  a science  ; as,  “ The  nomen- 
clature of  chemistry.” 

Syn. — See  Dictionary. 

N6-M£N-CLAT'UR-IST,  n.  One  who  forms,  oris 
versed  in,  nomenclatures.  Brande. 

NO'MI-AL,  n.  [L.  nomen,  nominis,  a name.] 
{Algebra.)  A single  term  ; a nome.  Smart. 

NOM'I-NAL,  a.  [L.  nominalis  ; nomen,  nominis, 
a name  ; It.  nominate  ; Sp.  dj  Fr.  nominal .] 

1.  Pertaining  to  a name  or  to  names. 

The  nominal  essence  of  gold  is  that  complex  idea  the  word 
gold  stands  for.  Locke. 

2.  Existing  in  name  only  ; not  real ; titular  ; 

as,  “A  nominal  distinction.”  Addison. 

NOM'I-NAL,  n.  1.  A nominalist,  [r.]  B.  Jonson. 
2.  {Gram.)  A verb  formed  from  a noun. 

D.  A.  Murray. 

NOM'I-NAL-I^iM,  n.  The  doctrine  or  principles 
of  the  nominalists.  Ilallam. 

NOM'I-NAL-IST,  n.  One  of  a sect  of  scholastic 
philosophers,  founded  in  the  eleventh  century 
by  John  Roscelin,  a churchman  of  Compicgne, 
who  maintained  that  universals,  or  general 
terms,  do  not  represent  real  existences,  but  are 
merely  names  ; — opposed  to  realist.  Brande. 
NOM-I-NAL-Ts'TIC,  a.  Pertaining  to  nominal- 
ism, or  to  the  nominalists.  Ec.  Rev. 

NOM'I-NAL-IZE,  v.  a.  To  convert  or  change 
into  a noun,  [r.]  Ins.  for  Oratory. 

NOM'I-NAL-LY,  ad.  By  name  ; only  in  name. 

This  nominally  no  tax,  in  reality,  comprehends  all  taxes. 

Burke. 

NOM'I-NAtE,  v.  a.  [L.  nomino,  nominatus  ; no- 
men, nominis,  a name;  It.  nominare  ; Sp.  no- 
minal- ; Fr.  nommer .]  [i.  nominated  ; pp.  nom- 
inating, NOMINATED.] 

1.  To  name  ; to  mention  by  name. 

One  lady  I may  civilly  spare  to  nominate.  JVotlon. 

2.  To  entitle;  to  denominate;  to  call. 

Whom  all  a fairy’s  son  do  nominate.  Spenser. 

3.  To  appoint  or  designate  by  name;  — es- 
pecially to  designate  by  name  for  some  office  or 
place  ; to  propose  by  name  as  a candidate. 

Never  having  intended,  never  designed  any  heir  in  that 
sense,  wc  cannot  expect  he  should  nominate  or  appoint  any 
person  to  it.  Locke. 

Syn.  — See  Name. 


f NOMT-NATE-LY,  ad.  By  name.  Spelman. 

NOM-J-NA'TION,  n.  1.  The  act  of  nominating, 
especially  to  some  office  or  place. 

After  nomination,  the  king  sends  a conge  d’filire  to  the  dean 
and  chapter  to  elect  the  person  elected  by  him.  AyliJJc. 

2.  The  power  of  nominating  to  some  office  or 

place.  “ In  England  the  king  has  the  nomina- 
tion of  an  archbishop.”  Ayliffe. 

3.  The  state  of  being  nominated;  as,  “ Since 
his  nomination  to  the  presidency.” 

4.  f Name  ; denomination  ; title.  Pearson. 

I will  look  again  on  the  intellect  of  the  letter  for  the  nomi- 
nation of  the  party  writing.  Shak. 

NOM'I-NA-TtVE,  a.  [L.  nominativus ; nomen, 
nominis-,  It.  Sp.  nominativo  ; Fr.  nominatif] 
{Gram.)  That  names  or  designates,  and  nothing 
more  ; as,  “ The  nominative  case.” 

NCJM'l-NA-TIVE,  n.  {Gram.)  The  first  case  of  de- 
clinable nouns  ; the  case  which  indicates  the  re- 
lation of  a subject  to  a finite  verb  ; the  form  of  a 
noun  which  simply  designates  the  person,  thing, 
or  notion,  in  distinction  from  any  form  which 
not  only  designates  it,  but  also  indicates  a cer- 
tain grammatical  construction  in  which  the 
noun  is  to  bear  a part.  Smart. 

NOM'J-NA-TOR,  n.  [L.]  One  who  nominates  ; 
a nominor.  Bentley. 

NOM-J-NEE',  n.  A person  nominated  to  a place 
or  office.  Johnson. 

NOM-J-NOR',  n.  {Law.)  One  who  nominates  or 
appoints  to  an  office  or  place.  Blackstone. 

NO-MOG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  voyoypaibta ; v6yo;,  a 
law,  and  ypai/ito,  to  write ; Sp.  nomografia .]  A 
treatise  on  laws.  Black. 

NO-MOL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  viyos,  a law,  and  l.6yos,  a 
discourse.]  The  science  or  knowledge  of  law, 
legislation,  and  government,  [u.]  R.  Park. 

NOM'O-THETE,  n.  [Gr.  myoBhr,;  ; v6yos,  a law, 
and  ridr/pi,  to  place.]  A lawgiver.  Smart. 

NOM-O-THET  IC,  7 [Gr.  voyoOeriKt;  ; VOflO - 

NOM-O-THET'I-CAL,  ) etrqs,  a nomothete.]  En- 
acting laws  ; legislative.  “ A monarch  who  hatli 
a supreme  nomothetical  power.”  Bp.  Barlow. 

NON,  ad.  [L.]  Not;  — used  only  as  a prefix  giv- 
ing a negative  sense  to  words. 

NON— A-BIL'I-TY,  n.  1.  Want  of  ability.  Crabb. 

2.  {Law.)  Want  of  ability  to  do  an  act,  as  to 
sue  : — a plea  founded  on  such  cause.  Burrill. 

NON— AC-OED'ING,  a.  Not  agreeing.  Wright. 

NON-AC-CEPT'ANCE,  n.  Failure  to  accept,  or  to 
be  accepted. 

N6N-Ac'C£SS,  n.  {Laiv.)  Non-existence  of 
sexual  intercourse.  Burrill. 

NON— AQ'ID,  a.  Not  acid.  Graham. 

NON-AC-auAlNT'ANOE,  n.  Want  of  acquaint- 
ance ; unacquaintance.  Clarke. 

NON— Ac-atJI-ES'CpNCE,  n.  Failure  or  refusal 
to  acquiesce  ; refusal  to  comply.  Clarke. 

NON— AD-MIS'SION  (iion-ad-inish'un),  n.  Failure 
or  refusal  of  admission.  Ayliffe. 

NON— A-DULT',  n.  One  not  arrived  at  adult  age ; 
a youth.  Hawkins. 

NON' Al^E,  n.  The  time  of  life  before  legal  matu- 
rity, or  before  a person  is  of  age ; minority.  Shak. 

NON'AGED  (non'ajd),  a.  Being  in  nonage  ; being 
a minor.  Browne. 

n6n-A-GE-NA'R!-AN,  n.  [L.  nonagenarius , con- 
taining or  consisting  of  ninety  ; nonageni,  nine- 
ty each  ; nonaginta,  ninety ; novem,  nine.]  One 
who  is  ninety  years  old.  Clarke. 

NON-A-GES'I-MAL,  a.  Noting  the  nineteenth 
degree  of  the  ecliptic.  Wright. 

N6N-A-<?ES'!-MAL,  n.  [L.  nonagesimus,  the 
ninetieth.]  {Astron.)  The  ninetieth  degree 
of  the  ecliptic,  reckoned  from  either  of  the 
points  in  which  it  is  intersected  by  the  horizon, 
or  the  highest  point  of  the  ecliptic  at  any  in- 
stant; — used  in  calculating  the  parallaxes  of 
the  moon.  Brande. 

NON'A-GON,  n.  {Geom.)  A polygon  having  nine 
sides  and  nine  angles.  Legendre. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — <],  G>  9>  &>  soft;  C,  B,  j,  g,  hard;  § as  ■/.;  If  as  gz.  — THIS,  tfiis. 


NON-ALIENATION 


0G8 


NONjURORISM 


Nf)N— AL-IIJN-A'TION  (-al-yen-a'shun),  n.  Fail- 
ure or  refusal  to  alienate : — also  the  state  of  not 
being  alienated.  Blackstone. 

NON-AP-PEAR'ANCE,  n.  Failure  to  appear.  Ash. 

NON— AP-POINT'M^NT,  n.  Failure  to  appoint,  or 
to  be  appointed  ; neglect  of  appointment.  Smart. 

NON'  AS-SUMP'SIT,  n.  [L.,  He  (lid  not  under- 
take■•]  ( Law .)  The  general  issue  in  an  action 

of  assumpsit.  Burrill. 

NON-AT-TEND’ANCE,  n.  Want  of  attendance  ; 
failure  to  attend.  Roget. 

NON-AT-TEN'TION,  n.  Want  of  attention.  Ash. 

NON— BI-TU'MI-NOUS,  a.  Not  bituminous. Clarke. 

NONCE,  n.  [Of  uncertain  origin.  — Skinner  im- 
agines it  to  come  from  own  or  once,  or  from  Ger. 
nutz,  use,  advantage. — Tgrwhitt  and  Ititson  sup- 
pose it  to  be  from  L.  pro  nunc  ; and  that  from 
this  came  for  the  nunc,  and  so,  for  the  nonce.  — 
Jamieson,  who  had  been  anticipated  by  Serenius, 
prefers  Su.  Goth,  naenna,  naennas,  Icel.  nenna, 
to  prevail  with  one’s  self  to  do  a thing,  to  have 
a mind  to  do  it.  — Richardson  says,  “ Anciently 
written  nones  or  nanes ; and  once  was  formerly 
written  ones,  anes ; in  the  expression  for  the 
nonce,  nonce  is  corruptly  used  for  once ; for  the 
once,  this  once,  the  or  this  one  thing,  one  occa- 
sion, for  an  especial  purpose.  — Mr.  Gifford  ob- 
serves, ‘ The  aptitude  of  many  of  our  monosyl- 
lables, beginning  with  a vowel,  to  assume  the  n 
is  well  known,  but  the  progress  of  this  expres- 
sion is  distinctly  marked  in  our  early  writers ; a 
ones,  an  anes,  for  the  ones,  for  the  nanes,  for  the 
nones,  for  the  nonce."' — Wright  says,  “The 
phrase  for  the  nones,  corrupted  into  for  the 
nonce,  represents  the  A.  S.  for  than  anes,  i.  e. 
for  the  occasion.”  — Scot,  nanes,  nanys.  — See 
Once.]  The  present  time  or  purpose ; a single 
occasion  or  exigency  ; design. 

I have  cases  of  buckram  for  the  nonce  to  inmask  our  noted 
outward  garments.  Shak. 

Coming  ten  times  for  the  nonce , 

I never  yet  could  see  it  flow  but  once.  Cotton. 

The  muse  of  the  tailor’s  clever  boy  was  ever  ready  for  the 
nonce.  Dr.  Doran% 

NONCHALANCE  (non'slia-lins'),  n.  [Fr.]  Indif- 
ference ; carelessness  ; coolness.  Qu.  Rev. 

NONCHALANT  (non'sha-llng'),  a.  [Fr. ; Old  Fr. 
nonchaloir,  nonchalant,  to  have  little  or  no  care 
for  a thing ; non,  not,  and  chaloir,  to  concern 
one’s  self  for.]  Indifferent ; careless  ; negligent ; 
cool.  Ec.  Rev. 

NON'— CLAIM,  n.  ( Old  Eng.  Law.)  The  omission 

or  neglect  of  one  that  ought  to  challenge  his 
right  within  a time  limited,  by  which  neglect  he 
was  barred  of  his  right  or  of  his  entry.  Burrill. 

NON— CO-HE'f-!ION  (-ko-hs'zhun),  n.  Want  of  co- 
hesion. Wright. 

NON— CO-IN'CI-DENCE,  n.  Want  of  coincidence. 

NON— CO-IN'CI-DENT,  a.  Not  coincident.  Wright. 

NON— COM-MIS'SIONED  (non-kom-mlsh'und),  a. 
Having  no  commission.  ’ Crabb. 

Non-commissioned  officers,  in  the  navy,  officers  below 
the  rank  of  lieutenant ; in  the  army,  those  below  the 
rank  of  ensign  or  cornet.  Brunde. 

NON— COM-MIT'TAL,  a.  Not  committed;  for- 
bearing to  commit  one’s  self.  Channing. 

NON— COM-PLE'TION,  n.  Want  of  completion. 

NON— COM-PLl'ANCE,  n.  Failure  of  compliance. 

NON  COM  POS  MEN’TTS.  [L.]  Not  sound  of 
mind ; demented ; lunatic ; idiotic.  Brande. 

SSf-  Sometimes  used  as  a noun,  for  idiot. 

NON— CON-CLUD'ING,  a.  Not  concluding.  Wright. 

NON— CON-CUR',  v.  n.  To  fail  or  refuse  to  concur. 

NON— CON-CUR',  v.  a.  Not  to  concur  with;  to 
refuse  concurrence  to.  [it.]  Th.  Hutchinson. 

NON— CON-CUR'RIJNCE,  n.  Failure,  or  refusal,  to 
concur.  Ash. 

NON— CON-DLfCT'lNG,  a.  Not  conducting  or 
transmitting;  particularly  noting  substances 
which  conduct  with  comparative  slowness  or 
difficulty  electricity  or  heat. 

NON— CON-DUCT'OR,  n.  A substance  that  does 
not  conduct  or  transmit;  — particularly  a sub- 


stance which  conducts  with  comparative  slow- 
ness or  difficulty  electricity  or  heat. 

Bodies  arc  divided  . . . into  conductors  and  non-conductors 
of  electricity,  or,  more  properly,  into  good  and  bad  con- 
ductors. Sdlimun. 

NON— CON- FORM' ING,  a.  Not  conforming  ; re- 
fusing  to  conform  ; — particularly,  in  England, 
refusing  to  conform  to  the  established  church  ; 
dissenting.  Burke. 

NGN— CON-FORM'IST,  n.  One  who  refuses  to 
conform; — particularly,  in  England,  one  who 
refuses  to  conform  to  the  established  church ; 
a Protestant  dissenter.  Rees. 

HT. 5“  “ It  [tile  term]  belongs,  more  properly,  to  the 
large  body  [said  to  be  2000]  of  clergy,  who,  at  tile 
restoration  [of  Charles  II.],  refused  to  subscribe  to 
tile  act  of  uniformity,  and  were,  in  consequence, 
ejected  from  their  benefices,  on  St.  Bartholomew’s 
day,  1662.”  Brunde. 

Syn.  — See  Heretic. 

NON-CON-FORM'I-TY,  n.  Want  or  failure  of 
conformity, — particularly,  in  England,  the  prin  - 
ciples  or  state  of  non-conformists;  Protestant 
dissent  from  the  Church  of  England.  — See 
Nox-conformist.  P.  Cijc. 

NON—  CON-TA'^rlOUS  (-ta'jus),  a.  Not  contagious. 

NON— CON-TA'(JlOFS-NESS,  71.  The  quality  of 
not  being  contagious.  Wright. 

NON-CON-TEM-PO-RA'NE-OUS,  a.  Not  con- 
temporaneous. Wright. 

NON— CON-TENT',  n.  One  who  votes  in  the  nega- 
tive in  the  British  House  of  Lords.  Hastel. 

NON— CON-TRIB'U-TING,  a.  Not  contributing. 

NON— CON-TRI  B'l'-TO-RY,  a.  That  does  not  con- 
tribute ; not  contributing.  J.  Bailey. 

NON— Dp-LIV'JKR-Y,  n.  The  failure  or  omission 
of  delivery.  Blackstone. 

NON— DEP-0-§I "TION,  11.  A failure  to  deposit. 

Wright. 

NON 'DE-SCRIPT,  a.  Not  yet  described.  Todd. 

NON'DE-SCRIPT,  n.  Any  thing,  as  a plant  or  an 
animal,  not  yet  described  or  classed.  P.  Cyc. 

NON  DET'I-NET.  [L.,  lie  does  not  detain.](Law .) 
The  general  issue  in  an  action  of  detinue. 

NON— DF,- VEL'OP-MENT,  n.  A failure  of  develop- 
ment. Wright. 

NON— DIS-COV'ER-Y,  n.  A failure  to  discover. 
NONE  [nun,  S’.  IF.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  Ii.  Sm.  R.  C. 
Wr. ; non,  Wb.],  a.  & pron.  [A.  S.  nan;  ne, 
not,  and  an,  one.] 

1.  Not  one;  — used  of  persons  and  things. 
Ye  shall  flee  when  none  pursueth  you.  Lev.  xxvi.  17. 

None  of  the  least  advantages.  Addison. 

2.  Not  any;  — anciently  used  instead  of  no 
before  a vowel. 

Six  days  shall  ye  gather  it  [mnnnaj;  but  on  the  seventh 
day,  which  is  the  Sabbath,  in  it  there  shall  be  none.  Bx.xvi.  UG. 
Thou  shajt  liavo  none  assurance  of  thy  life.  Desit.  xxviii.  06. 

Hup  None  of  often  signifies  emphatically  nothing. 
“ My  people  would  not  hearken  to  my  voice  ; and  Is- 
rael would  none  of  me.”  Ps.  lxxxi.  11. 

tftp  “ Through  the  frequent  ellipsis  of  the  substan- 
tive, it  [none]  lias  become  a pronoun  in  many  forms 
of  construction,  and  is,  in  consequence,  used  as  a 
plural  quite  as  frequently  as  a singular.”  Smart. 

In  at  this  gate  none  pass 
The  vigilance  here  placed,  but  such  as  come 
Well  known  from  heaven.  Milton. 

NON—  1J-LECT',  n.  sing.  & pi.  ( Eccl .)  A person 
or  persons  not  elected  to  salvation.  Faber. 

The  creation  of  the  non-elect  is  for  the  display  of  God’s 
justice,  power,  sovereignty,  holiness,  and  truth.  A.  Toplady. 

NON— E-LEC'TION,  n.  Failure  of  an  election. 
NON-P-LEC'TRIC,  > (£/ec.)  Noting  a 

NON—  E-LEC'TRI-C AL,  ) substance  which  is  not 
electric  ; conducting  electricity.  Brande. 

NON— 5-LEC'TRIC,  ii.  (Elec.)  A substance  which 
is  not  an  electric  ; a conductor  of  electricity,  as 
a metal.  Brande. 

NON— fiM-PHAT'lC,  a.  Not  emphatic.  Wright. 
NON-EN'TI-TY)  n.  1.  Non-existence  ; inexistence. 

Nothing  cannot  bring  its  no  self  out  of  nonentity  into 
something.  Bentley. 

2.  Any  thing  not  existing  ; nothing. 

There  wan  ho  such  thing  as  rendering  evil  for  evil,  when 
evil  was  truly  a nonentity.  South. 


NON— E-PIS'CO-PAL,  a.  Not  episcopal.  Wright. 

NON-B-PlS-CO-l’A  LOAN,  n.  One  who  is  not  an 
Episcopalian.  ' Wright. 

NONEfs,  n.  pi.  [L.  nonce;  nonus,  for  novenus, 
ninth ; novcm,  nine.] 

1.  ( Roman  Calendar .)  The  fifth  day  of  every 
month  of  the  year  except  March,  May,  July, 
and  October,  in  which  it  was  the  seventh  ; — so 


named  because  it  was  the  ninth  before  the 
>^s.  IF.  Smith. 

2.  [See  Noon.]  Prayers  formerly  celebrated 
in  the  Catholic  Church  at  noon.  Todd. 

NONE'— SO— PRET'TY  (-prit'te),  n.  (Bot.)  London- 
pride  ; — also  called  Nancy -pretty.  Wright. 

NONE— SpAr'ING,  a.  That  spares  no  one  ; mer- 
ciless. “None-sparing  war.”  Shak. 

NON— IJS-SEN'TIAL,  a.  Not  essential.  Wright. 

NON-PS-SEN'TIAL,  n.  That  which  is  not  essen- 
tial or  necessary.  ' Wright. 


NON  EST  FAC'  TUM.  [L.,  is  not  [his]  deed.] 
(Law.)  A plea  where  an  action  is  brought  upon 
a bond  or  any  other  deed,  and  the  defendant 
denies  that  to  be  his  deed  whereon  he  is  im- 
pleaded. Whishaw. 

NON  EST  IN-VEN'TUS.  [L.,  lie  has  not  been 
found.]  (Law.)  The  return  made  by  the  sher- 
iff when  the  defendant  is  not  to  be  found  in  his 
bailiwick  or  county.  Whishaw. 

NONE'SUCH  (nun'-),  it.  1.  A person  or  a thing 
without  an  equal.  “ The-  very  nonesuch  of  true 
courtesy.”  Rowlands,  1G13. 

2.  A kind  of  apple.  Johnson. 

Black  nonesuch,  trefoil-seed  ; white  nonesuch,  rye- 
grass-seed. [Norfolk,  Eng.]  Wright.  — Nonesuch  dun, 
a kind  of  clay  obtained  in  Worcestershire,  Eng.,  used 
for  making  melting-pots  for  green  glass-making.  Rees. 

NON— EX-COM-MU'NI-CA-BLE,  a.  Not  excom- 
municable.  ’ ' Clarke. 

NON— EX-E-CU'TION,  n.  Non-performance. 

NON-£y-IST'ENCE,  n.  1.  The«tate  or  condition 
of  not  existing  ; want  of  existence.  Baxter. 

2.  A thing  having  no  existence.  “ Not  only 
real  verities,  but  also  non-existences.”  Browne. 

NON-pjC— IST'ENT,  a.  Not  having  existence. 

NON— EX-POR-TA'TION,  n.  Failure  or  suspen- 
sion of  exportation.  Perry. 

NON—  EX-TEN'SILE,  a.  That  cannot  be  extended 
or  stretched.  Wright. 

NON—  FEA'i-iANCE,  n.  (Law.)  An  offence  of  omis- 
sion of  what  ought  to  be  done.  Tomlins. 

NON— FOS-SI-LIF'pR-OUS,  a.  Not  producing  fos- 
sils ; not  converting  into  fossils.  Maunder. 

NON-FUL-FIL'MENT,  n.  Failure  to  fulfil. 

NO-NILL'ION  (no-nll'yun),  n.  [L.  nonus,  ninth, 
and  Eng.  million .]  According  to  the  English 
method  of  numeration,  the  number  obtained  by 
involving  a million  to  the  ninth  power,  repre- 
sented by  a unit  with  fifty-four  ciphers  annexed  ; 
— according  to  the  French  method,  in  general 
use  on  the  continent  of  Europe  and  in  the 
United  States,  the  number  obtained  by  multi- 
plying 1000  into  itself  nine  times,  represented 
by  a unit  with  thirty  ciphers  annexed.  (freenleaf. 

NON— IM-POR-TA'TION,  n.  Failure  or  suspen- 
sion of  importation.  Perry. 

NON— IN-HAB'I-TAnT,  n.  One  who  is  not  an  in- 
habitant. Ld.  StowelL 

NON-JU'RANT,  a.  Nonjuring.  [r.]  Chambers. 

NON-JUR'ING,  a.  [L.  non,  not,  and  juro,  to 
swear.]  Not  swearing  allegiance  ; — applied  to 
those  in  Great  Britain  who  refused  to  swear  al- 
legiance to  the  Hanoverian  family. 

The  nonjuring  prelates  were  Sancroft,  Turner,  Lake,  Ken, 
White,  Lloyd,  Thomas,  and  Frampton.  Snujllett. 

NON'JU-ROR,  or  NON-JU'ROR  [non'ju-rpr,  IF.  F. 
K.  Sm. ; non-ju'ror,  S.  P.  J.  Ja.  Wr.  Wb.],  n. 
(Eng.  Hist.)  One  of  the  party,  composed  chiefly 
of  clergy,  who  at  the  revolution  refused  to  take 
the  oath  of  allegiance  to  the  Hanoverian  family. 

The  original  nonjurors  were  peaceable  and  honest  men, 
for  the  most  part;  but  many  of  $hem  soon  became  implicated 
in  all  the  violence  of  the  Jacobite  faction.  Brande. 

NON-JU'ROR-IlJM,  n.  (Eng.  Hist.)  The  principles 
of  the  nonjurors.  Eng.  Rev. 


A,  E,  I,  6 V,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


NON-MALIGNANT 


969 


NOONTIDE 


NON-MA-LIG'NANT,  a.  Not  malignant.  Clarke. 

NON-MAN-U-FAC'TUR-InG,  a.  Not  manufactur- 
ing ‘ ' Clarke. 

NON— MEM'BJgR,  to.  One  who  is  not  a member. 

NON— MEM'BER-SHIP,  to.  The  state  of  not  being 
a member.  Clarke. 

n6N-ME-TAL'LIC,  a.  Not  metallic.  Clarke. 

NON-NAt'U-RAL,  a.  Not  natural;  not  in  a nat- 
ural, but  in  a figurative,  sense.  Smart. 

•NON— NAT'U-RALfj,  n.  pi.  [L.  non  naturalia; 

non , not,  and  naturalis  (pi.  naturalia),  natural ; 
natura,  nature.]  A term  under  which  the  an- 
cient physicians  comprehended  air,  meat,  and 
drink,  sleep  and  watching,  motion  and  rest,  the 
retentions  and  excretions,  and  the  affections  of 
the  mind,  as  being  necessary  to  life,  but  not 
forming  a part  of  the  living  body.  Dunglison. 

NON'NY,  n.  [See  Ninny.]  A ninny;  a dolt ; a 
numskull ; a simpleton.  Stevens. 

NON-O-BE'DI-ENCE,  n.  Neglect  of  obedience. 

NON-OB-.seRV'ANCE,  n.  Failure  or  omission 
to  observe  ; want  of  observance.  Smart. 

MOM-OB-STJ1M'  TF..  [L.]  (Laiv.)  Notwithstand- 
ing ; notwithstanding  any  thing  to  the  contra- 
ry ; — a clause  in  a patent,  &c.,  licensing  a 
thing  to  be  done,  which  some  former  statute 
would  otherwise  restrain.  Whishaw. 

NON-O-yE-NA'RI-AN,  n.  Nonagenarian.  Baldioin. 

NON-PA-REIL',  n.  [Fr.  non,  not,  and  pareil, 
equal.] 

1.  A person  or  thing  having  no  equal ; a none- 
such. “ The  nonpareil  of  beauty.”  Sha/c. 

2.  A kind  of  apple.  Johnson. 

3.  A small  sugar-plum.  Simmonds. 

4.  A narrow  ribbon.  Simmonds. 

5.  (Printing.)  A kind  of  type,  larger  than 

ruby,  and  smaller  than  emerald,  as  in  the  fol- 
lowing line  : — Adams. 

Thou  shaft  love  thy  neighbor  as  thyself.  Matt.  xix.  19. 

NON-PA-REIL'  (-rel'),  a.  Having  no  equal ; peer^ 
less.  “ The  most  nonpareil  beauty.”  Whitlock. 

NON— PA-RlSHTON-ER,  b.  One  who  is  not  a 
parishioner.  SirJ.  Nichol. 

NON-PAY'MJJNT,  n.  Neglect  of  payment. 

NON-PER-FORM'ANCE,  n.  Failure  or  neglect  to 
perform  ; want  of  performance.  Shak. 

NON'PLUS,  n.  [L.  non,  not,  and  plus,  more.]  A 
state  in  which  one  is  unable  to  do  or  say  more ; 
puzzle  ; complete  perplexity.  “ Their  under- 
standing is  perfectly  at  a nonplus.”  Locke. 

NON'PLUS,  v.  a.  [i.  nonplussed  ; pp.  non- 
plussing, nonplussed.]  To  confound;  to 
puzzle  ; to  put  to  a stand ; to  disconcert. 

The  sin  that  is  a pitch  beyond  all  those  must  needs  be  such 
an  one  as  must  nonplus  the  devil  himself.  South. 

NON-PON-DER-OS'I-JY,  n.  Want  of  weight. 

NON— PON'DER-OUS,  a.  Having  no  weight. 

f noN-PoW'ER,  n.  Want  of  power.  Chaucer. 

NON-PREP- A-RA'TION,  n.  Want  of  preparation. 

NON— PREi-i-EN-TA'TION,  n.  Failure  or  neglect 
of  presentation.  Toller. 

NON— PRO-DUC'TION,  n.  Failure  to  produce. 

NON-PRO-FES'SION-AL,  a.  Not  belonging  to  a 
profession;  not  proceeding  from  professional 
men.  Wright. 

NON— PRO-FI"CIEN-CY,  n.  Want  of  proficiency. 

NON— PRO-FI"CIENT  (-fish'ent),  n.  One  who  has 
made  no  progress  in  an  art  or  study.  Bp.  Hall. 

MOM'— PROS,  n.  [Abbreviation  of  L.  non  prose- 
quitur, he  does  not  prosecute.]  (Law.)  The 
name  of  a judgment  rendered  against  a plain- 
tiff for  neglecting  to  prosecute  his  suit,  accord- 
ing to  law  and  the  rules  of  the  court.  Bouvier. 

“ When  a nonsuit,  or  non  prosequitur,  is  of- 
fered, the  plaintiff  is  said  to  be  non-prossed.”  Whisliaw. 

NON'— PROSSED  (-prost),  a.  (Law.)  Permitted 
to  be  dropped.  Blackstone. 

NON-RE-CUR'RENT,  ) a_  Not 

recurring ; not 

NON— R Fi-CUR' RING,  > coming  a second  time. 


fNON— RE-GARD'  ANCE,  n.  Want  of  regard ; slight. 
“ You  to  non-regardance  cast  my  faith.”  Shak. 

NON— RE' (J ENT,  it.  (Eng.  Universities.)  A mas- 
ter of  arts  whose  regency  has  ceased.  Hall. 

NON— RPN-DP'TION,  n.  Neglect  of  rendition. 

NON-RE-^EM'BLANCE,  11.  Want  of  resem- 
blance ; dissimilarity  ; unlikeness.  Wright. 

NON— REij'I-DENCE,  n.  The  state  of  being  non- 
resident ; particularly  the  state  of  a clergyman 
who  resides  away  from  his  cure. 

The  leases  of  beneliced  clergymen  are  farther  restrained, 
in  case  of  their  non-residence,  by  statute.  Blackstone. 

NON-RE§'I-DENT,  n.  One  not  residing  in  a par- 
ticular place ; one  who  lives  away  or  at  a dis- 
tance ; — particularly  one  who  does  not  reside  at 
the  place  of  his  official  duties,  as  a clergyman 
who  lives  away  from  his  cure. 

I am-eonfident  there  are  not  ten  clergymen  in  the  kingdom 
who,  properly  speaking,  can  be  termed  non-residents.  Swift. 

NON-RE§'I-DENT,  a.  Not  residing  in  a particu- 
lar place  ; living  or  dwelling  away  or  at  a dis- 
tance ; particularly,  not  residing  at  the  place  of 
one’s  official  duties. 

Licensed  pluralists  are  allowed  to  demise  the  living  on 
which  they  are  non-resident  to  their  curates  only.  Blackstone. 

NON— RE-ijilST'ANCE,  ii.  The  state  of  making  no 
resistance ; submission  to  power  or  authority 
without  opposition  ; passive  obedience  ; partic- 
ularly, the  doctrine  which  inculcates  the  unlaw- 
fulness, on  religious  grounds,  of  resistance  by 
force  to  the  commands  of  a prince  or  a magis- 
trate. Brands. 

The  slavish  principles  of  passive  obedience  and  non-resist- 
ance, which  had  skulked,  perhaps,  in  some  old  homily  before 
James  I.,  but  were  talked,  written,  and  preached  into  vogue 
in  that  inglorious  reign,  and  in  those  of  his  three  successors, 
were  renounced  at  the  revolution  by  the  last  of  the  several 
parties  who  declared  lor  them.  Bolingbroke. 

NON— Rip-.SIST'ANT,  a.  Making  no  resistance  ; 
passively  obedient ; submissive ; unopposing. 
“ Non-resistant  principles.”  Arbuthnot. 

NON-R^-^IST'ING,  a.  Making  no  resistance. 

NON'-SANE,  a.  [L.  non,  not,  and  sanus,  sound, 
healthy.]  Unsound  in  mind.  Blackstone. 

NON'SENSE,  n.  .1.  No  sense;  that  which  has  no 
sense  or  meaning,  or  which  is  not  to  be  under- 
stood or  comprehended  ; unmeaningness  ; folly. 

You  may  rest  satisfied  that  what  is  nonsense  upon  a principle 
of  reason  will  never  be  sense  on  a principle  of  religion.  South. 

2.  Words  without  sense  or  meaning;  un- 
meaning or  ungrammatical  language. 

Nonsense  is  that  which  is  neither  true  nor  false.  S.  Butler. 

The  literal  sense  is  hard  to  flesh  and  blood; 

But  nonsense  never  can  be  understood.  Din/den. 

3.  Things  of  no  importance  ; trifles.  Thomson. 

NON'SENSE— VERSE,  n.  Verse  made  of  words 
taken  promiscuously,  without  regard  to  any 
thing  except  measure.  Crabb. 

NON-SEN 'SI- CAL,  a.  Unmeaning;  foolish;  ir- 
rational ; preposterous  ; absurd ; trifling.  Rag. 

NON-SEN'SI-CAL-LY,  ad.  Without  meaning; 
absurdly  ; foolishly.  L’ Estrange. 

NON-SEN'S  I-CAL-NESS,  TO.  The  state  of  being 
nonsensical.  Johnson. 

NON-SEN'SI-TIVE,  n.  One  destitute  of  feeling  or 
sensation,  [r.] 

Whatsoever  we  preach  of  contentedness  in  want,  no  pre- 
cepts can  so  gain  upon  nature  as  to  make  her  a non-sensitive. 

Feltham. 

NON-SEN'SI-TIVE,  a.  Not  sensitive  ; wanting 
sensation,  [r.]  Smart. 

MOM  SEQ. ' UI-TUR  (non-sek'we-tur).  [L.,  It  does 
not  follow ; non,  not,  and  sequor,  to  follow.] 
(Logic.)  An  inference  or  conclusion  not  war- 
ranted by  the  premises.  Qu.  Rev. 

NON-SLAvE'HOLD-ING,  a.  Not  possessing 
slaves.  Wright. 

NON— SO-LU'TION,  to.  Failure  of  solution  or  of 
being  solved.  Broome. 

NON— SOL'VIJN-CY,  n.  Inability  to  pay  debts  ; 
insolvency,  [r.]  Swift. 

NON— SOL'VENT,  a.  Unable  to  pay  debts ; insol- 
vent. [r.]  Johnson. 

NON-SPAR'ING,  a.  Merciless.  Shak. 

NON— SUB- MIS 'SION,  to.  Want  of  submission. 


NON— SUB-MIS'SIVE,  a.  Not  submissive.  Wright. 

NON'SUIT  (-sut),  to.  (Laiv.)  A failure  to  follow 
up  a cause  ; a relinquishment  of  a cause  on  the 
part  of  the  plaintiff  at  the  trial,  either  volunta- 
rily or  by  the  order  of  the  court.  Burrill. 

NON'SUIT,  V.  a.  [i.  NONSUITED  ; pp.  NONSUIT- 
ING, nonsuited.]  To  stop  or  quash  in  legal 
process.  Swift. 

f NON— SURE’TY  (-shur'te),  to.  Want  of  surety; 
insecurity.  Earl  of  Worcester. 

NON— TEN'URE,  n.  (Law.)  A plea  by  a tenant 
in  a real  action,  where  he  is  not  in  fact  the  ten- 
ant of  the  freehold,  denying  that  he  was  the 
tenant  of  the  freehold  of  the  land  or  rent  de- 
manded. Burrill. 

NON'-TERM,  to.  (Law.)  A vacation  between  two 
terms  of  court.  Bouvier. 

NON'TRON-ITE,  to.  (Min.)  A hydrous  silicate 
of  iron  of  a greenish  yellow,  or  pale  greenish 
color,  occurring  in  small  nodules  in  an  ore  of 
manganese,  in  the  arrondissement  of  Noniron, 
France.  P.  Cyc. 

NON— U-NI-FORM'IST,  to.  One  who  believes  that 
the  causes  which  formerly  produced  changes  in 
the  earth  are  not  now  operating  in  the  same 
manner.  ’ Wright. 

NON-U'§ANCE,  w.  Neglect  to  use.  Browne. 

n6N-U'§£R,  to.  (Law.)  Neglect  to  use,  as  a 
franchise.  Burrill. 

NOO  DLE  (no'dt),  to.  [From  noddle,  or  noddy. 
Johnson .]  A simpleton;  a blockhead;  a fool. 

NOO'DLE— JEE§,  n. pi.  [Dut.]  Wheat  dough  or 
paste  prepared  like  macaroni.  [N.Y.]  Bartlett. 

NOOK  (nok  or  nuk,  51),  n.  [Gael,  nine,  a nook  ; 
Scot.  neuk.  — Ger.  nacken. — From  nock,  or 
notch.  Lye.)  A corner ; a retired  place  ; a re- 
cess or  retreat.  Milton. 

Monk  of  land,  in  old  records,  a measure  or  descrip- 
tion of  land  of  uncertain  quantity.  Whishaw. 

NO-O-LCXjJ'I-CAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  noOlogy,  or 
the  science  of  intellectual  facts.  Hamilton. 

N6-0L'0-(IIsT,  to.  One  versed  in  noology.  Kant. 

NO-OL'O-0Y,  to.  [Gr.  van;,  ro6g,  the  mind,  and 
liyog,  a discourse.]  The  science  of  intellectual 
facts,  or  the  facts  of  the  intellect.  Fleming. 

NOON,  to.  [A.  S.  non  ; Dut.  nocn ; Old  Ger.  none. 
— Old  Fr.  none,  nomine. — W.  nawn;  Gael. 
noin ; Soot.  none.  — Supposed  to  be  derived 
from  L.  nona  [ hora ],  the  ninth  hour,  at  which 
the  coena,  or  chief  meal  [of  the  Romans]  was 
eaten  ; whence  the  other  nations  called  the 
time  of  their  dinner  or  chief  meal,  though  ear- 
lier in  the  day,  by  the  same  name.  Johnson. 
— Somner  says  that  A.  S.  non  signified  the 
ninth  hour  of  the  day,  which  was  at  three 
o’clock.  — “ The  word  formerly  signified  three 
o’clock  afternoon,  or  the  ninth  hour,  when  the 
nones  were  said.”  Jamieson.  — “ This  manner 
of  reckoning  is  said  to  be  derived  from  the  Ro- 
mans.” Richardson.  — “ Serenius  says  that  the 
ancient  Icelanders  divided  the  day  into  four 
intervals,  of  which  noon,  so  called,  was  that  from 
twelve  to  three.”  Todd.)  The  middle  of  the 
day  ; the  time  when  the  sun  is  in  the  meridian  ; 
twelve  o’clock  ; midday.  Shak. 

Moon  of  night,  midnight.  [Poetical.]  Dryden. 

NOON,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  middle  of  the  day; 
meridional.  “ The  mooto  ...  bell.”  Young. 

NOON'DAY,  n.  The  time  of  noon  ; midday.  Shak. 

The  dimness  of  our  intellectual  eyes  Aristotle  fitly  com- 
pares to  those  of  an  owl  at  noonday.  Boyle. 

NOON'DAY,  a.  Pertaining  to  midday;  meridi- 
onal. “The  noonday  sky.”  Addison. 

NOON'ING,  to.  1.  Repose  or  rest  at  noon.  Huloet. 

2.  A repast  at  noon.  Addison. 

f NOON'SHUN,  to.  A repast  at  noon ; a luncheon  ; 
a nunchion.  — See  Nunchion.  Broicne. 

f NOON'STEAD  (-sted),  to.  The  station  of  the 
sun  at  noon  ; the  meridian.  Drayton. 

Beyond  the  noonstead  so  far  drove  his  team.  Browne. 

NOON'TIDE,  to.  Time  of  noon  ; midday.  Shak. 

NOON'TIDE,  a.  Pertaining  to  noon  ; meridional. 
“ Noontide  repast.”  Milton. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — q,  Q,  <;,  g,  soft;  C,  0,  c,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  y as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 
122 


NOOSE 


970 


NOSTALGIA 


NOO§E,  or  NOOSE  [noz,  S.  J.  E.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  Wb. ; 
nos,  IV.  F.  Wr. ],  n.  [Of  uncertain  etymology. — 
From  L.  nexilis,  tied  together.  Lye. — “.Skin- 
ner hesitates  between  the  L.  nodus,  a knot,  and 
Dut.  noose,  noxa.  — Perhaps  from  A.  S.  cnylan, 
to  tie.”  Richardson.]  A running  knot,  which 
binds  the  closer  the  more  it  is  drawn.  “The 
knot  of  noose."  Hudibras. 

A rope  and  a noose  are  no  jesting  matters.  Arbuthnot. 

NOO§E  (noz),  v.  a.  [».  noosed;  pp.  noosing, 
noosed.]  To  tie  or  to  catch  in  a noose ; to  in- 
snare ; to  entrap.  I Vilkie. 

NO'PAL,  n.  [Mexican.]  (Bot.)  A Mexican  plant 
upon  which  the  cochineal  insect  breeds ; Indian 
fig;  Cactus  opuntia.  Ure. 

NOl’E,  n.  1.  A bird  ; the  bullfinch  or  redtail.  [Lo- 
cal.] “ The  nope,  the  red-breast.”  Drayton. 

2.  A blow  on  the  head.  [Local,  Eng.]  Hunter. 

NOR,  conj.  [A.  S.  ne.  — ne  and  or.  Skinner .]  A 
negative  particle  marking  the  second  or  subse- 
quent branch  of  a negative  proposition; — cor- 
relative to  neither  and  not.  “ I neither  love  nor 
fear  thee.”  S/utk. 

The  eye  is  not  satisfied  with  seeing,  nor  the  ear  filled  with 
hearing.  F.ccles.  i.  8. 

Neither  is  sometimes  included  in  nor,  and  nor 
is  sometimes  poetically  used  for  neither. 

Thou  hast  nor  ear  nor  soul  to  apprehend 

The  sublime  notion.  Milton. 

ffjy-  “ It  sometimes  begins  a sentence  in  prose,  with 
a reference  to  some  negative  meaning,  expressed  or 
implied,  which  lias  preceded.”  Smart. 

NO'RI-A,  n.  [Sp.]  A machine  or  engine  for 
drawing  water.  Velasquez. 

NORM,  n.  [L.  norma.]  A rule  ; a model ; a pat- 
tern ; a precept,  [r.]  Coleridge. 

NOR'MA,  n.  ( Astron .)  A constellation  between 
Scorpio  and  Lupus.  P.  Cyc. 

NOR'MAL,  a.  [L.  normalis ; norma,  a rule;  It. 
normale  ; Fr.  normal.] 

1.  According  to  rule  or  principle  ; regular. 

2.  ( Geom .)  Perpendicular;  — noting  a per- 
pendicular line  drawn  to  the  tangent  line  of  a 
curve,  or  the  tangent  plane  of  a surface.  P.  Cyc. 

Normal  groups,  ( Oeol .)  groups  of  certain  rocks 
taken  as  a standard.  — Normal  school,  a school  in  which 
the  pupils  are  trained  to  become  teachers.  H.  Mann. 

NOR'MAL,  n.  1.  (Geom.)  A perpendicular  to  the 
tangent  to  a curve  at  the  point  of  contact.  Nichol. 

2.  (Crystallography .)  A line  passing  through 
the  origin  and  perpendicular  to  another  line  or 
to  a plane.  Eliot. 

NOR'MAN,  n.  [ north  and  man.] 

1.  A northman  ; — applied  at  first  to  a Scan- 

dinavian or  Norwegian,  and  then  to  a native  or 
inhabitant  of  Normandy.  Verstegan. 

2.  (Naut.)  A wooden  bar  on  which  the  cable 

is  fastened  to  the  windlass.  Mar.  Diet. 

NOR'MAN,  a.  ( Geog .)  Relating  to  Normandy  or 
to  the  Normans  ; as,  “ Norman  architecture.” 

NOR'ROY,  n.  [Old  Fr.,  north-king-,  Fr.  nord, 
north,  and  roy,  king.]  In  England,  the  title  of 
the  third  of  the  three  kings  at  arms,  whose  juris- 
diction lies  to  the  north  of  the  Trent.  Brande. 

NORSE,  n.  The  language  of  ancient  Scandina- 
via, or  of  the  Scandinavian  Goths;  old  Dan- 
ish. Bosworth. 

NORSE,  a.  Relating  to  the  language  of  ancient 
Scandinavia.  Qu.  Rev. 

NORTH,  n.  [A.  S.  north  ; Dut.  noord ; Ger.,  Dan., 
A Sw.  nord ; Icel.  nordr.  — Mid.  L.  northus  ; It., 
Sp.,  iS;  Port,  norte  ; Fr.  nord.] 

1.  One  of  the  four  cardinal  points,  being  that 
point  of  the  horizon  which  in  northern  latitudes 
is  opposite  to  the  sun  when  in  the  meridian  and 
on  the  left  hand  of  a person  facing  the  east. 

2.  A region,  tract,  or  country,  or  a part  of  a 
region,  tract,  or  country,  situated  nearer  the 
north  point  than  another;  — a somewhat  indefi- 
nite term.  “The  families  of  the  north."  Jer. 
xxv.  9.  “ The  Percies  of  the  north."  Shale. 

He  will  stretch  out  his  hand  against  the  north  and  destroy 
Assyria.  Zcph.  ii.  13. 

3.  The  north-wind.  Shak. 

NORTH,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  being  in  or  towards, 
the  north  ; northern.  “ The  north  parts.” 


NORTH-EAST'  (north  fist')  n.  The  point  of  the 
compass  midway  between  north  and  east.  Prior. 

NORTH-EAST',  a.  Being  midway  between  the 
north  and  east ; pertaining  to,  or  proceeding 
from,  the  point  midway  between  north  and  east ; 
north-eastern.  “ The  north-east  coasts.”  Hey- 
lin.  “ The  north-east  wind.”  Shak. 

NORTH— EAST' gR-LY,  a.  North-east.  Hale. 

NORTH— EASTERN,  a.  Being  in,  or  pertaining 
to,  the  north-east ; north-east.  Jour,  of  Science. 

NORTHER-LI-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  northerly. 

NORTH'^R-LY,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to,  or  being 
in,  the  north ; towards  the  north ; northern. 
“Those  northerly  nations.”  Drayton. 

2.  Proceeding  from  the  north.  “ Northerly 
and  southerly  winds.”  Derham. 

NORTHERN,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to,  or  being  in,  or 
towards,  the  north  ; north  ; northerly. 

When  Agrican  with  all  his  northern  powers 
Besieged  Albracca.  Milton. 

2.  Proceeding  from  the  north.  “ The  angry 

northern  wind.”  Shak. 

3.  Being  north  of  the  equator;  as,  “The 
northern  hemisphere.” 

Northern  lights.  See  AURORA  BOREALIS. 

NORTHERN,  n.  A native  or  inhabitant  of  the 
north  ; a northerner.  Hallam. 

NORTHERNER,  n.  An  inhabitant  of  the  north  ; 
— opposed  to  southerner.  [U.  S.]  Abbott. 

NORTII'^RN-LY,  ad.  Towards  the  north .Hakeioill. 

NORTH'5RN-MOST,  a.  Farthest  to  the  north; 
most  northern.  Ed.  Rev. 

NORTH'— IN-FLATED,  a.  Filled  with  wind  from 
the  north.  “ North-inflated  tempest.”  Thomson. 

NORTH'ING,n.  1.  (Naut.)  The  difference  of  lat- 
itude made  in  sailing  northward.  Brande. 

2.  (Astron.)  The  distance  of  a heavenly  body 
northward  from  the  equinoctial. 

3.  (Surveying.)  The  distance  advanced  to- 

wards the  north  in  running  any  course  ; — op- 
posed to  southing.  Davies. 

NORTH'MAN,  n.  ; pi.  north'mEn.  An  inhabit- 
ant of  the  north  of  Europe  ; an  ancient  Scandi- 
navian. Coleridge. 

NORTH— POLE',  n.  (Geog.)  That  point  of  the 
northern  hemisphere  which  is  ninety  degrees 
from  the  equator ; the  northern  extremity  of 
the  imaginary  axis  of  the  earth.  Francis. 

NORTH— STAR',  n.  A star  very  nearly  vertical  to 
the  north  pole  ; the  polestar  ; the  lodestar.  Shak. 

NORTH-UM'BRI-AN,  a.  (Geog.)  Relating  to 
Northumberland,  England.  Eng.  Ency. 

NORTH 'WARD,  a.  Being  towards  the  north. 

NORTH  WARD,  ) ag  Towards  the  north. — 

NORTH 'WARDiji,  ) See  Backward. 

Fortfnvard  beyond  the  mountains  wc  will  go, 

Where  rocks  lie  covered  with  eternal  snow.  Dryden. 

NORTH'WARD-LY,  a.  Having  a northern  direc- 
tion ; towards  the  north.  E.  Everett. 

NORTH'WARD-LY,  ad.  Towards  the  north  ; in  a 
northern  direction.  Everett. 

NORTH-WEST',  n.  The  point  of  the  compass 
midway  between  north  and  west. 

NORTH— WEST',  a.  North-western  ; north-west- 
erly. 

NORTH-WESTER-Ly,  a.  1.  Towards  the  north- 
west; north-western.  Hildreth. 

2.  Proceeding  from  the  north-west;  as,  “A 
north-westerly  wind.” 

NORTH-WESTERN,  a.  Being  in,  or  pertaining 
to,  the  north-west ; north-westerly.  Drayton. 

NORTH— WIND',  n.  The  wind  from  the  north. 

When  the  fierce  north-wind,  with  his  airy  forces, 

Rears  up  the  Baltic  to  a foaming  fury.  Watts. 

NOR-WE'Gl-AN,  a.  (Geog.)  Belonging  to  Nor- 
way or  to  its  inhabitants. 

NOR-WE'G!-AN,  n.  (Geog.)  A native  of  Norway. 

f NOR-WE'YAN,  a.  Norwegian.  Shak. 

NOfJE  (noz),  n.  [A.  S.  nose,  na-sc  ; Frs.  nose ; Dut. 
neus;  Ger.  nase-,  Dan.  na-sc ; Sw.  niisa ; Icel. 


noos;  Scot,  nease,  neis.  — Slav.  nos. — L.  nasus; 
It.  naso;  Sp . nariz Fr.  ucz.  — Sansc.  nasa. — 
“Undoubtedly  of  the  same  origin  with  A.  S. 
nces,  a naze,  or  ness  ; the  latter  so  common  a 
termination  to  the  names  of  projecting  head- 
lands, e.g.  Dungc/iess,  Shcerwess.”  Richardson. 
— See  Ness.] 

1.  (Anal.)  The  prominent  or  projecting  part 
of  the  face  ; the  organ  of  smell  and  the  emunc- 
tory  of  the  parts  near  it,  having  two  similar 
cavities  through  which  the  air  is  conveyed  to 
and  from  the  lungs  in  respiration.  Dunglison. 

2.  The  end  or  projecting  part  of  any  thing. 

“ The  nose  of  the  bellows.”  Holder. 

3.  Scent ; sagacity. 

We  arc  not  offended  with  a dog  for  a better  nose  than  his 
master.  Collier. 

Nose  of  war,  a proverbial  expression  for  any  thing 
or  any  person  very  mutable  and  accommodating. 
Burton.  — To  hold  the  nose  to  the  grindstone.  See 
Grindstone. — To  lead  by  the  nose,  to  lead  blindly, 
as  a bear  by  tile  ring  in  his  nose.  Sim!:.  — To  put  one’s 
nose  out  of  joint,  to  put  out  or  supplant  one  in  the  af- 
fections of  another. — To  thrust  one’s  nose  into  any 
affair,  to  meddle  impertinently  with  it. 

NO§E,  v.  a.  1.  To  smell;  to  scent.  Holinshed. 

You  shall  nose  him  as  you  go  up  the  stairs.  Shak. 

2.  To  face  ; to  oppose  to  the  face,  or  impu- 
dently ; to  use  insolently.  A.  Wood. 

3.  To  make  to  do  as  one  pleases  ; to  lead  by 
the  nose  ; as,  “ To  nose  one  about.” 

A.  To  utter  or  pronotmee  through  the  nose. 

A budget-priest  that  noses  a long  prayer.  Cowley. 

h NOijE,  v.  n.  To  look  insolent ; to  bluster.  Shak. 

N6§E'BAND,  n.  A strap  passing  over  the  nose, 
as  of  a horse’s  bridle.  Booth. 

NO^ET)LEED,  n.  1.  A bleeding  at  the  nose. 

2.  An  herb  ; milfoil;  yarrow;  Achillea  mille- 
folium-,— so  called  from  its  supposed  efficacy 
in  cases  of  bleeding  at  the  nose.  Johnson. 

NO^ED  (nozd),  a.  Having,  or  furnished  with,  a 
nose;  as,  “ Long-nosed." 

The  slaves  are  nosed  like  vultures. 

How  wild  they  look!  Beau.  Sf  FI. 

NO§E'— FISH,  n.  A fish  having  a flat,  blunt 
snout ; — called  also  broad-snout.  Wright. 

NO§E'GAY,  n.  [ nose  and  gag.  Johnson .]  A 
bunch  of  flowers  for  smell ; a posy.  Shak. 

NO§E'LI5SS,  a.  Having  no  nose. 

My  shanks,  sunk  eyes,  and  noseless  face.  Gay. 

NO^E'— PIECE,  n.  The  nozzle  of  a hose  or  a 
pipe.  Simmonds. 

Nu§E'— RING,  n.  A ring  for  the  nose.  Simmonds. 

NO^E'SMART,  n.  (Bot.)  A pungent  plant  of  the 
genus  Nasturtium. — See  Nasturtium.  Johnson. 

t NO^E'THRIL,  n.  See  Nostril.  Chaucer. 

NOTING,  n.  (Arch.)  The  moulding  or  projecting 
rounded  part  of  the  tread  of  a step.  Brande. 

N0§'LE  (noz'zl),  n.  See  Nozle.  Todd. 

NOS-O-CO'MI-AL,  a.  [L.  nosocomium,  ahospital.] 
Relating  to  a hospital.  Wright. 

NOS-O-CO'MI-  UM,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  voaoKopeiov.] 
(Med.)  A hospital.  Dunglison. 

||  NO-SOG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  vdrro;,  disease,  and 
ypbipio,  to  write.]  A description  of  diseases  ; no- 
sology. Dunglison. 

||  NOS-O-LOG'I-CAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  nosology. 

“ Nosological  systems.”  Dunglison. 

||  NO-SOL'O-pIST,  n.  One  versed  in  nosology  or 
the  doctrine  of  diseases.  P.  Cyc. 

II  NO-SOL'O-0Y,  or  NO-ijlOL'O-OY  [no-sol'o-je,  S. 
J.  K.  Sm.  Wr.  Wb.  ; no-zol'o-je,  W.  P.  Ja. 
ii.],  n.  [Gr.  vims,  disease,  and  iuyo;,  a dis- 
course.] (Med.)  The  doctrine  of  diseases  ; pa- 
thology : — that  branch  of  medical  science  which 
treats  of  the  classification  and  nomenclature 
of  diseases.  Dunglison. 

||  f NO-SO-PO-ET'IC,  a.  [Gr.  v6ao;,  disease,  and 
TunyriKtls,  capable  of  making;  noieui,  to  make.] 
Producing  diseases  ; morbific.  Arbuthnot. 

NOS-TAL'0!-A,  n.  [Gr.  voarnXyiui,  to  be  home- 
sick ; rourog,  a return  home,  and  alyfm,  to  feel 
pain,  to  he  sick.]  (Med.)  A species  of  melan- 
choly7 resulting  from  absence  from  one’s  home 
or  country  ; homesickness.  - Brande. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  V,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


NOTHING 


NOSTALGIC 

NOS-TAL'<jJIC,  a.  Relating  to  nostalgia;  home- 
sick. P • Mag. 

NOS'TAL-pY,  n.  Nostalgia,  [it.]  Buchanan. 

NOS'TRIL,  n.  [A.  S.  noswthyrel ; nosu , the  nose, 
and  thxjrel , thyrl,  a hole,  an  aperture  ; thrylian, 
to  drill,  to  bore.]  One  of  the  two  apertures  of 
the  nose. 

The  nostrils  are  useful  both  for  respiration  and  snfelling, 
but  the  principal  use  is  smelling.  Browne. 

NOS'TRUM,  n. ; pi.  nos'trvm?.  [L.  noster,  nos- 
trum, ours.]  A quack  medicine  retained  for 
profit  in  the  hands  of  the  discoverer,  or  his  as- 
signee; a patent  medicine ; an  arcanum. Brancle. 

NOT,  ad.  [A.  S.  nalit,  noht,  nocht ; ne,  not,  and 
alit,  aulit,  awht , ought ; Dut.  niet ; Ger.  nicht ; 
Scot,  nocht.  — See  Naught.]  The  negative 
particle ; a word  expressing  negation,  denial,  or 
refusal ; as,  “ He  is  not  faithful.” 

Having  eyes,  see  ye  not  ! and,  having  ears,  hear  vc  not! and 
do  ye  not  understand?  Mark  viii.  18. 

In  the  first  member  of  a negative  sentence,  it 
is  correlative  to  nor  or  neither.  “ Not  for  price  nor 
reward.”  Isa.  xlv.  13.  “ I was  not  in  safety,  neither 

had  I rest.”  Job  iii.  26.  — Qualifying  the  substantive 
verb,  it  denotes  extinction  of  being.  “ The  wicked 
are  overthrown,  and  are  not.”  Prov.  xii.  7. 

t NOT,  a.  Shorn.  — See  Nott.  Todd. 

NO ' TA  BE  'NE.  [L.]  “ Mark  well ; ” — used  to 
point  out  something  that  deserves  particular 
notice.  — Commonly  abbreviated  to  N.  B. 

NO-TA-BIL'I-TY,  n.  A notable  thing  or  person  ; 
a person  of  distinction.  Chaucer.  Qu.  Rev. 

NOT' A-BI.E  [not'j-bl,  W.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  Sm. ; not'- 
3-bl,  S.  E.],  a.  [L.  notabilis ; nota,  a mark; 
nnsco,  notus,  to  know;  It . notabile ; Sp.  § Fr. 
notable.] 

1.  Worthy  of  notice;  remarkable;  memora- 
ble ; signal ; distinguished  ; noted. 

That  indeed  a notable  miracle  hath  been  done  by  them  is 
manifest  to  all  them  that  dwell  in  Jerusalem,  and  we  cannot 
deny  it.  Acts  iv.  16. 

Both  armies  lay  still,  without  any  notable  action,  for  the 
space  of  ten  days.  Clarendon. 

2.  Easily  seen  or  observed  observable ; con- 
spicuous ; manifest ; palpable. 

Mark  the  fleers,  and  gibes,  and  notable  scorns, 

That  dwell  in  every,  region  of  his  face.  .Shak. 

3.  Well  or  publicly  known  ; notorious. 

A most  notable  coward,  and  infinite  and  endless  liar.  Shale. 

“ When  this  word  signifies  remarkable,  it  ought 
to  be  pronounced  not'a-ble  ; and  when  it  means  care- 
ful or  bustling,  liot'a-ble.  The  adverb  follows  the 
same  analogy  ; nor  ought  this  distinction  (though  a 
blemish  in  language)  to  be  neglected.”  tValker. 

NOT'A-BLE  [not'3-bl,  S.  W.  P.J.E.F.Ja.  Sm.Wr.], 
a.  Observant  or  attentive,  — especially  to  mat- 
ters of  housewifery  or  domestic  economy;  care- 
ful ; active  ; bustling ; industrious  ; as,  “ A not- 
able woman”;  “ A notable  housekeeper.” 

This  absolute  monarch  was  as  notable  a guardian  of  the 
fortunes  as  of  the  lives  of  his  subjects.  When  any  man  grew 
rich,  to  keep  him  from  being  dangerous  to  the  state,  he  sent 
for  all  his  goods.  Addison. 

NOT'A-BLE,  7i.  1.  A person  or  a thing  worthy  of 
notice,  [it.]  Addison. 

2.  ( French  Ilist.)  One  of  the  men  of  rank,  or 
deputies  of  the  states,  under  the  old  regime  or 
monarchy,  appointed  and  convoked,  on  certain 
occasions,  by  the  king.  Brande. 

NOT'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  state  of 
being  worthy  of  notice,  or  of  being  noted ; re- 
markableness, whether  in  a good  or  a bad  sense. 

NOT'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Bustling  activity  ; indus- 
triousness ; carefulness;  thrift,  [r.]  Johnson. 

NOT'A-BLY,  ad.  1.  In  amanner  worthy  ofnotice; 
remarkably  ; memorably  ; signally  ; manifestly. 

2.  With  show  of  consequence  or  importance. 

Mention  Spain  or  Poland,  and  he  talks  very  jiotably:  but 
if  you  go  out  of  the  gazette,  you  drop  him.  Addison. 

NOT'A-BLY,  ad.  Industriously  ; carefully.  Smart. 

NO'TAL,  a.  [Gr.  v&ros,  the  back.]  Belonging  to 
the  back  ; dorsal.  Dunglison. 

NO-TAN  'DA,  n.  pi.  [L.  noto,  notandus,  to  mark, 
to  note.]  Things  to  be  observed.  Hawkins. 

NO-TA'Rf-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  done  or  taken 
by,  a notary.  “ Any  notarial  act.”  P.  Cyc. 

NO'TA-ry,  n.  [L.  notarius ; nota,  a mark ; It. 
notdro ; Sp.  notario  ; Fr.  notaire.j 


971 

1.  Among  the  Romans,  a stenographic  writer 

employed  to  take  notes  of  contracts,  trials,  and 
public  proceedings.  Wright. 

2.  In  modern  usage,  an  officer  authorized  to 
attest  contracts  or  writings  of  any  kind. 

SST  In  practice,  his  business  is  now  limited  to  t lie 
attestation  of  deeds  and  writings,  to  make  them  au- 
thentic in  foreign  countries,  but  particularly  such  as 
relate  to  commercial  transactions.  He  protests  bills 
of  exchange,  takes  tile  affidavits  of  masters  of  ships, 
in  regard  to  the  damage  their  vessels  have  sustained, 
&c.  P.  Cyc. 

Ecclesiastical  notary,  in  the  early  ages  of  the  church, 
an  officer  employed  to  collect  and  preserve  the  acts  of 
the  martyrs. — Apostolical  and  imperial  notary,  & no- 
tary formerly  appointed  hy  the  pope  or  an  emperor,  to 
exercise  his  function  in  a foreign  country. 

NO'TA-RY-PUB'LIO,  n.  A notary.  P.  Cyc. 

NO'TATE,  a.  { Bot .)  Marked  with  spots  or  lines 
of  a different  color.  Gray. 

NO-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  notatio  ; nota , a mark  ; Sp. 
notacion ; Fr.  notation.] 

1.  The  act  of  noting  ; the  act,  art,  or  prac- 
tice of  signifying  or  representing  any  thing  by 
marks,  symbols,  or  signs  ; — a system  of  signs 
and  symbols,  as  for  representing  direction, 
quantity,  and  magnitude  in  mathematics. 

Mathematical  notation  embraces  two  distinct  subjects, 
namely,  symbols  of  number  and  quantity,  and  symbols  of 
operation.  Brande. 

2.  The  notice  or  knowledge  of  a word,  afford- 
ed by  its  original  use  or  etymology,  [r.] 

Conscience,  according  to  the  very  notation  of  the  word, 
imports  a double  knowledge.  South. 

3.  An  argument  from  etymology.  B.  Jonson. 

NOTCH,  n.  [From  nick,  to  cut  into.  Richardson. 
— Teut.  noche.  Todd.  — Gael,  Sg  Ir.  neng.] 

1.  A hollow  cut  into  any  thing ; a nick  ; an 

indentation.  “ Ten  equal  notches.”  Sivift. 

2.  An  opening  or  pass  through  a range  of 

mountains ; as,  “ The  Notch  of  the  White 
Mountains.”  [U.  S.]  J.  Farmer. 

NOTCH,  V . a.  \l.  NOTCHED  ; pp.  NOTCHING, 
notched.]  To  cut  a hollow  into  ; to  cut  in 
small  hollows.  “ Who  notches  sticks.”  Pope. 

The  middle  claw  of  the  heron  and  cormorant  is  toothed 
and  notched  like  a saw.  Paley. 

NOTCH'BOARD,  n.  {Arch.)  The  board  which  re- 
ceives the  ends  of  the  steps  in  a staircase.Rrancfc. 

NOTCH'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  making  a notch. 

2.  A notch,  as  in  timber  : — an  incision. 

NOTCH 'WEED,  n.  ( Bot .)  An  herbaceous  plant  with 
triangular,  dentate  leaves  ; Orach.  Johnson. 

f N’OTE,  [Contracted  from  ne  wote.]  Know  not, 
or  could  not.  Chaucer.  Spenser. 

NOTE,  n.  [L.  nota ; nosco,  notus,  to  know  ; It.  <Sf 
Sp.  nota  ; Fr.  <Sf  Ger.  note.] 

1.  That  by  which  something  is  known,  or 
which  is  marked  or  observed;  a mark  or  token. 

Whosoever  appertain  to  the  visible  body  of  the  church, 
they  have  also  the  notes  of  external  profession  whereby  the 
world  knoweth  what  they  are.  llooker. 

2.  Symbol ; mark  ; sign  ; character;  as,  “The 
note  of  exclamation  [ ! ] ” 

3.  A comment  or  observation  on  an  author, 
as  in  elucidation  of  some  passage  in  the  text, 
usually  placed  at  the  bottom  of  the  page,  but 
sometimes  contained  in  a separate  book  ; anno- 
tation ; remark.  “ The  history  of  the  notes  [to 
Pope’s  Homer]  has  never  been  traced.”  Johnson. 

4.  A short  writing  or  record  ; a memorandum  ; 
a minute  ; as,  “ To  make  a note  of  an  event.” 

5.  pi.  A writing  used  by  a speaker  in  pro- 
nouncing a discourse,  containing  either  the 
heads  of  the  discourse  or  the  discourse  in  full. 

I cannot  get  over  the  prejudice  of  taking  some  little  offence 
at  the  clergy  for  perpetually  reading  their  sermons:  perhaps 
my  frequent  hearing  of  foreigners,  who  never  make  use  of 
notes,  may  have  added  to  my  disgust.  Swift. 

6.  A short  letter  ; a billet.  Dryden. 

7.  A diplomatic  communication.  Smart. 

8.  A subscribed  paper,  acknowledging  a debt, 
and  promising  payment;  as,  “A  bank-nofe.” 

9.  Notice;  heed;  observation.  “We  take 

no  note  of  time,  but  by  its  loss.”  Young. 

10.  The  state  of  being  observed.  “ Small  mat- 
ters, . , . continually  in  use  and  in  note.”  Bacon. 

11.  Reputation  ; distinction ; consequence. 
“ Andronicus  and  Junia,  my  kinsmen,  who  are 
of  note  among  the  apostles.”  Rom.  xvi.  7. 

12.  A musical  sound  ; tune;  voice. 

The  wakeful  bird  tunes  her  nocturnal  note.  Milton. 


13.  (Mtis.)  A character  which,  by  its  place 
on  the  staff,  represents  a particular  sound,  and, 
by  its  form,  determines  the  time  of  such  sound  : 

. — the  sound  represented  by  a note.  Moore. 

There  are  six  notes  in  ordinary  use,  — the  semi- 
breve, minim,  crotchet,  quaver,  semiquaver,  and  demi - 
semiquaver,  eacli  being  double  the  time  of  the  next 
one  to  tile  right.  To  these  may  be  added  tile  ancient 
breve,  which  is  twice  as  long  as  tile  semibreve,  and 
the  modern  demiquaver,  or  half-demisemiquaver.  P.Cyc. 

14.  {Printing.)  A remark  or  statement  in  the 

margin,  or  at  the  foot  of  the  page,  containing 
the  book,  chapter,  date,  &c.,  in  referring  to  an 
authority ; or  giving  an  abstract  of  some  portion 
of  the  text,  a parallel  passage,  or  a different 
reading.  Brande. 

Note  of  hand,  a note  on  demand. — Shoulder  note, 
(Printing.)  a note  at  the  top  of  the  page  on  the  outer 
margin,  containing  the  book,  chapter,  or  date,  or  all 
of  them. 

Syn.  — See  Remark. 

NOTE,  v.  a.  [L.  noto-,  nota,  a mark,  a note;  It. 
notare-,  Sp.  notar-,  Fr.  notcr.  — See  Note,  n.] 
[i.  NOTED  ; pp.  NOTING,  NOTED.] 

1.  To  mark  ; to  put  a note  or  mark  on ; to 
distinguish  with  a mark. 

Can  we  once  imagine  that  Christ’s  body  . . . was  ever  af- 
flicted with  malady,  or  enfeebled  witli  infirmity,  or  noted 
with  deformity  ? }ValsaU,liil5. 

2.  To  notice;  to  remark;  to  observe. 

The  gravity  and  stillness  of  your  youth 

The  world  hath  noted , and  your  name  is  great 

In  mouths  of  wisest  ceusure.  Shak. 

3.  To  set  down  in  writing;  to  make  a memo- 
randum of.  '‘Note  it  in  a book.”  Isa.  xxx.  8. 

4.  To  designate  ; to  denote.  “The termination 

\ling]  notes  commonly  diminution.”  Johnson. 

5.  (Mtis.)  To  set  down  or  write  in  musical 

characters  ; to  prick,  [r.]  Johnson. 

NOTE,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  hnitan,  hnat .]  To  strike  or 
gore  with  the  horns.  [North  of  Eng.]  Wright. 

NOTE'— BOOK  (not'buk),  n.  1.  A book  in  which 
notes  or  memorandums  are  written.  Shak. 

2.  {Com.)  A book  in  which  notes  of  hand  are 
registered.  Craig. 

NOT'fD,  a.  Much  knoxvn  by  reputation  or  re- 
port ; remarkable ; eminent  ; distinguished  ; 
celebrated.  “A  noted  chemist.”  Bogle. 

Syn.  — Noted  is  used  in  either  a good  or  a had 
sense  ; notorious , almost  always  in  a bad  sense.  Men 
may  be  noted  for  talents  or  eccentricities,  for  virtues 
or  vices  ; notorious,  for  vices.  A noted  character;  a 
notorious  or  a noted  villain. 


NOT'ED-LY,  ad.  With  observation.  Shak. 

NOT'FB-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  noted; 
conspicuousness  ; eminence  ; celebrity.  Bogle. 

fNOTE'FUL,  a.  Tuneful.  Chaucer. 


NOTE'L^SS,  a.  Not  attracting  notice.  Decker. 
NOTE'L^T,  n.  A short  note  or  billet.  C.  Lamb. 


NOTE'— PA-P£R,  n.  Paper  for  writing  notes  upon. 


NOT' pR,  n.  1.  One  who  notes,  or  takes  notice. 

2.  f An  annotator.  Gregory. 

NOTE'WOR-THY  (not'wiir-the),  a.  Deserving 
notice.  “ Some  rare,  noteworthy  object.”  Shak. 

||  NOTH'ING  (nuth'jng)  [nuth’jng,  S.  W.  P.  J.  E. 
F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  Wr.  ; noth' jug,  Wb.],  n.  [ no  and 
thing.] 

1.  No  thing  ; not  any  thing  ; nonentity  ; ni- 
hility ; nton-cxistence  ; inexistence. 

We  say  there  is  nothing  in  the  cup,  in  a vulgar  sense, 
when  we  mean  there  is  no  liquor  in  it;  but  we  cannot  say 
there  is  nothing  in  the  cup,  in  a strict  philosophical  sense, 
while  there  is  air  in  it.  Watts. 

2.  No  quantity,  part,  or  degree.  “ Nothing 

of  courage.”  Clarendon. 

3.  No  importance,  value,  or  use. 

There  is  nothing  in  the  seemly  form  of  the  church.  Spenser. 

4.  No  possession,  estate,  or  fortune. 

A man  that  from  very  nothing  is  grown  into  an  unspeaka- 
ble estate.  Shak. 


5.  A thing  of  no  proportion. 

The  charge  of  making  the  ground  and  otherwise  is  great, 
but  nothing  to  the  profit.  Bacon. 

6.  A thing  of  no  importance ; a trifle. 

’T  is  nothing , says  the  fool.  But,  says  the  friend, 

This  nothing , sir,  will  bring  you  to  your  end.  Dryden. 

To  make  nothing  of. \ to  make  no  difficulty  or  trouble 
of ; to  consider  light,  trifling,  or  unimportant.  “ Wo 
make  nothing  of  suffering  our  souls  to  ho  slaves  to  our 
lusts.”  Ray. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RtJLE.  — 9,  £,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


NOTHING 


972 


NOURISH 


||  n6th'ING,  ad.  In  no  degree;  not  at  all. 
“ Auria,  nothing  dismayed.”  Knollcs. 

Adam,  with  such  counsel  nothing  swayed.  Milton. 

||  NOTH-ING-A'RI-AN,  n.  One  who  is  of  no  par- 
ticular religious  belief  or  denomination.  C’/t.  Ob. 

||  NOTH'ING-I^M,  n.  Nothingness,  [it.]  Coleridge. 

||  NOTH'ING-NESS  (nuth'jng-nes),  n.  1.  Nihility; 
non-existence.  More. 

2.  Nothing  ; a thing  of  no  value.  Hiulibras .. 

NO'TjCE  (no'tjs),  n.  [L.  notitia  ; nosco,  notus,  to 
know;  It.  notizia  ; Sp.  noticia;  Fr  .notice.] 

1.  The  act  of  remarking  or  observing ; cog- 
nizance; observation;  heed;  regard;  — usually 
preceded  by  take. 

The  notice  of  this  fact  will  lead  us  to  some  very  important 
conclusions.  Trench. 

The  state  takes  notice  of  the  private  difference 
Betwixt  you  and  the  cardiual  Shah. 

2.  Information  ; intelligence  ; advice. 

She  will  beshrew  me  much  that  Romeo 

Hath  had  no  notice  of  these  accidents.  Shale. 

3.  Intimation  beforehand;  premonition  ; warn- 
ing; as,  “ He  gave  him  four  days’  notice.” 

This  is  done  with  little  notice.  Locke. 

4.  Respectful  attention  or  treatment;  civility. 

Ilow  ready  is  envy  to  mingle  with  the  notices  which  we 
take  of  other  persons ! Watts. 

5.  A paper  communicating  information. 

No'TICE,  v.  a.  [i.  noticed  ; pp.  noticing,  no- 
ticed.] 

1.  To  note  ; to  take  notice  or  cognizance  of ; 
to  observe  ; to  remark;  to  heed;  to  regard;  to 
attend  to  : — to  remark  upon.  T.  Howard , 1608. 

I shall  only  stop  to  notice  one  principle,  which  he  [Hart- 
ley] makes  of  supreme  importance,  anu  that  is,  the  law  of 
transference.  Morell. 

2.  To  treat  with  attention  or  civility.  Wright. 

Syn.  — See  Remark. 

NO'TICE-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  noticed  ; 
worthy  of  notice  or  observation ; observable. 

[A  modern  word,  in  good  use.]  Wordsworth. 

NO'TICE-A-BLY,  ad.  In  a noticeable  manner ; 
so  as  to  be  noticed.  Blackwood. 

NO'TJCE— BOARD,  n.  A board  on  which  bills  or 
placards  may  be  stuck.  Simmonds. 

NO'TI-CER,  n.  One  who  notices.  Pope. 

NO  TI-FI-CA'TION,  n.  1.  The  act  of  notifying 
or  making  known;  notice  ; information. 

2.  A writing  or  paper  communicating  notice  ; 
an  advertisement.  Smart. 

NO'TI-FY,  v.  a.  [L.  notifico  ; notus,  known,  and 
facio,  to  make ; It.  notificarc  ; Sp.  notificar ; 
Fr.  notifierf]  [t.  notified  ; pp.  notifying, 

NOTIFIED.] 

1.  To  make  known  ; to  declare  ; to  publish; 

— used  with  to.  “ There  are  other  kind  of 
laws  which  notify  the  will  of  God.”  Hooker. 

Such  protest  must  also  be  notified,  within  fourteen  days 
after,  to  the  drawer.  ^ Blackslonc. 

2.  To  give  notice  to  ; to  inform  ; to  apprise  ; 
as,  “ This  is  to  notify  the  public  ” ; or,  “ The 
public  are  hereby  notified.” 

it o ■ This  use  of  notify' is  common  in  this  country, 
though  it  is  not  sanctioned  by  good  English  usage  ; 
and  it  was  long  since  censured  by  Dr.  Witherspoon. 

It  is  common  in  this  country  to  say,  “ I notified  him 
of  this  matter”;  but  in  England,  “I  notified  this 
matter  to  him.” 

3.  To  distinguish  ; to  characterize,  [it.] 

Making  them  throw  light  on  some  great  principle  which 
usually  marked  and  notified  his  hand.  IV.  H-. 

NO'TION  (no'shun),  n.  [L.  notio ; nosco,  notus, 
to  know  ; It.  nozione  ; Sp.  nocion  ; Fr.  notion. ] 

1.  That  rational  notice  or  knowledge  of  a 
thing  which  consists  in  the  perception  of  rela- 
tions which  it  bears  to  other  things,  and  which 
is  of  such  a nature  that  one  man’s  notion  of 
the  same  thing  may  be  very  different  from  an- 
other’s, inasmuch  as  he  may  perceive  different, 
or  more,  relations  ; representation  of  any  thing 
formed  by  the  mind ; idea ; conception. 

KIT  It  is  generally,  and  often  even  by  metaphysi- 
cians, used  interchangeably  with  idea,  or  conception, 
or  as  a general  term  for  mental  apprehension. 

That  notion  of  hunger,  cold,  sound,  color,  thought,  wish,  or 
fear,  which  is  in  the  mind,  is  called  the  idea  of  hunger,  cold, 
sound,  color,  &c.  Watts. 

It  would  be  of  service  to  establish  a distinction  in  the  usage 
of  “ idea  ” and  notion.  Locke  and  Bolingbroke  both  attempt 
it,  but  with  no  effect.  C.  Richardson. 


The  whole  sum  of  our  notions  may  be  reduced  to  two  great 
classes  — those  which  relate  to  being,  and  those  which  relate 
to  power  or  activity.  . . . When  the  sensational  feeding  is  pro- 
duced, by  contact  of  the  object  with  the  nervous  system,  the 
understanding  shapes  the  material  into  a notion,  supplying 
from  its  own  constitution  the  mould  into  whicli  this  notion  is 
to  be  thrown.  Having  done  so,  the  notion  exists  in  the  mind 
as  a part  of  our  experience,  and  can  be  recalled,  by  the  aid  of 
memory,  at  any  future  period,  whenever  the  laws* of  associa- 
tion may  prompt.  Morell. 

2.  Sentiment;  opinion.  “The  extravagant 
notion  they  entertain  of  themselves.”  Addison. 

3.  f Understanding ; intellectual  power. 

So  told,  as  earthly  notion  can  receive.  Milton. 

4.  A small  ware  ; a trifle  ; — commonly  in 
the  plural.  [Colloquial  and  low,  U.  S.]  Pickering. 

Syn.  — “ JYution  is  more  general  in  its  signification 
than  idea.  Idea  is  merely  a conception,  or  at  most  a 
necessary  and  universal  conception.  Notion  implies 
all  this  and  more,  — a judgment  or  series  of  judg- 
ments, and  a certain  degree  of  knowledge  of  the  ob- 
ject. Thus  we  speak  of  having  no  notion  or  knowl- 
edge of  a tiling,  and  of  having  some  notion  or  knowl- 
edge.” Fleming.  — See  Idea,  Opinion,  Percep- 
tion. 

NO'TION-AL,  a.  1.  Existing  in  mind  or  idea 
only  ; ideal ; imaginary  ; not  real. 

Motional  good,  by  fancy  only  made.  Prior. 

2.  Dealing  in  notions  or  ideas,  not  in  reali- 
ties; visionary.  “ Notional  dictators.”  Glanvill. 

Notional  word,  a name  given  by  Dr.  Becker  to  a 
word  which  expresses  notions,  or  abstract  concep- 
tions, .that  is,  tilings  which  are  tile  objects  of  the 
understanding  ; — opposed  to  form-words,  or  relational 
words,  that  is,  words  which  express  only  relations  of 
our  conceptions.  Prof.  J.  W.  Gibbs. 

All  notional  words  denoting  either,  first,  some  real  or  sup- 
posable  existence,  or,  secondly,  some  real  or  supposable 
action.  Morell. 

NO-TION-AL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being  no- 
tional ; empty,  ungrounded  opinion.  Glanvill. 

NO'TION-AL-LY,  ad.  In  idea  or  conception  only  ; 
not  in  reality.  Norris. 

NO'TION-ATE,  a.  Notional,  [u.]  Month.  Rev. 

NO'TION-IST,  n.  One  who  indulges  in  odd  or 
extravagant  notions  or  ideas  on  any  subject;  a 
visionary,  [it.]  Bp.  Hopkins. 

NO-TO-NEC' T.d,  n.  [Gr.  vurot,  the  back,  and 
vr)Krf,  swimming,  from  to  swim.]  ( Ent .) 

A genus  of  hemipterous  insects  that  swim  on 
the  back  ; boat-fly.  Brande. 

NO-TO-Rl'IJ-TY,  n.  [It.  notorieta ; Sp.  notorie- 
dad  ; Fr.  notoriety.  — See  Notorious.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  notorious,  or  publicly  or 
generally  observed  or  known;  as,  “The  noto- 
riety of  the  affair.” 

2.  Public  notice  or  knowledge.  “Subjects 

...  so  exposed  to  notoriety.”  Addison. 

NO-TO'RI-OUS,  a.  [Mid.  L.  notorius,  pointing 
out,  making  known  ; L.  noto,  to  mark,  to  desig- 
nate ; It.  if  Sp.  notorio ; Fr.  notoire .]  Publicly 
or  generally  known  ; manifest  or  evident  to  the 
world  ; apparent ; not  hidden  ; conspicuous ; 
noted  ; — commonly  used  in  a bad  sense  ; as, 
“A  notorious  villain  ” ; “A  notorious  fact.” 

Syn.  — See  Evident,  Noted. 

NO-TO'RI-OUS-LY,  ad.  So  as  to  be  publicly  or 
generally  observed  or  known.  South.  Dryden. 

NO-TO'RI-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  no- 
torious ; notoriety.  Overbury. 

f NOTT,  a.  [A.  S.  knot.']  Shorn.  Chaucer. 

f NOTT,  v.  a.  To  shear.  Stowe. 

f NOTT'— HEAD-ED,  a.  Having  a shorn  head. 
“ Nott-headed  country  gentleman.”  Chapman. 

f NOTT'— PAT-E D,  a.  Having  a shorn  head.  Shak. 

NO  ' TUS,  n.  [L.]  The  south  wind.  Milton. 

NOT'WHEAT  (-hwet),  n.  [A.  S.  knot,  smooth.] 
Smooth,  unbearded  wheat.  Carew. 

n6T-WITH-STAND'ING,  conj.  1.  Although. 

A person  languishing  under  an  ill  habit  of  body  may  lose 
several  ounces  of  blood,  notwithstanding  it  will  weaken  him 
for  a time.  Addison. 

2.  Nevertheless  ; however.  Shak.  Luke  x.  11. 

The  knowledge  is  small  which  we  have  on  earth  concern- 
ing tilings’ that  are  done  in  heaven:  notwithstanding,  this 
much  we  know  even  of  saints  in  heaven,  that  they  pray. 

Hooker. 

Now  little  used,  in  either  of  the  above  senses, 
by  good  writers.  — See  Notwithstanding,  prep. 

Syn.  — See  But,  However. 


NOT-WITH-STAND'ING,  prep . Without  hinder- 
ance  or  obstruction  from ; not  preventing ; in 
despite  or  defiance  of ; in  spite  of. 

Those  on  whom  Christ  bestowed  miraculous  cures  were  so 
transported,  that  their  gratitude  made  them,  not  with  stand  mg 
his  prohibition,  proclaim  the  wonders  he  had  done  for  them. 

Dec.  of  Chr.  Piety. 

In  these  senses,  notwithstanding  has  obviously 
the  force  of  a preposition  ; yet  it  is,  when  thus  used, 
designated  by  Ash  as  an  adverb,  and  by  the  other 
English  lexicographers  it  is  designated,  in  all  the 
forms  in  which  it  is  used,  as  a conjunction.  Dr.  John- 
son remarks  upon  it  as  follows  : “ This  word,  though, 
in  conformity  to  other  writers,  called  here  a conjunc- 
tion^ is  properly  a participial  adjective,  as  it  is  com- 
pounded of  not  and  withstanding , and  answers  exactly 
to  the  Latin  non  obstante.  It  is  most  properly  and 
analogically  used  in  the  ablative  case  absolute,  with 
a noun  ; as,  1 He  is  rich  notwithstanding  his  loss.’  99 
Dr.  Webster  considers  notwithstanding , in  all  cases,  as 
a participle,  “constituting,  either  with  or  without 
this  or  that , the  case  absolute  or  independent.”  It  ob- 
viously has  more  the  nature  of  a participle  than  of  a 
participial  adjective. ; yet  it  cannot  properly  be  called  a 
participle,  for  there  is  no  verb  to  not. withstand.  In  the 
above  example,  “ He  is  rich  notwithstanding  his  loss,” 
notwithstanding  may  be  more  properly  regarded  as  a 
preposition , governing  loss  in  the  objective  case,  than 
construed  as  a participle  in  the  case  absolute  with  loss. 

Syn.  — -Hot withstanding  and  in  spite  of  are  nearly 
synonymous,  but  notwithstanding  is  the  milder  expres- 
sion. Notwithstanding  iiis  youth,  lie  has  made  good 
progress  in  his  studies; — in  spite  of  great  disadvan- 
tages, he  lias  made  great  improvement. 

NOUGAT  (no^a'),  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  nux , mteis , a 
nut.]  A sweetmeat  composed  of  sweet  almonds 
and  sugar.  Merle. 

NOUGHT  (n&wt),  n.  [A.  S.  nawuht , nauht , nolit. 
— See  Naught.]  Nothing. 

This  word  is  often  written  both  nought  and 
naught ; but  as  it  corresponds  to  aught  (any  thing),  it 
is  more  properly  written  naught.  Dr.  Johnson  says, 
“ As  we  write  aught , not  ought. , for  any  thing , we 
should,  according  to  analogy,  write  naught,  not  nought , 
for  nothing ; but  a custom  lias  irreversibly  prevailed 
of  using  naught  for  bad , and  nought  for  nothing ." 
Walker  says,  “Commonly,  though  improperly,  writ- 
ten nought .”  But  Smart  says,  “ Nought  is  the  proper 
spelling  when  the  word  is  used  in  the  sense  of 
nothing .” 

fNOUL,  n.  The  head ; noli.  Spenser. 

f NOULD  (nuld).  [ne  would.]  Would  not.  “The 
goodman  nould  stay.”  Spenser. 

NOU'M^-NON,  n.  [Gr.  vovg,  the  mind.]  In  the 
philosophy  of  Kant,  an  object  in  itself,  not  rela- 
tively to  us ; — opposed  to  phenomenon.  Fleming. 

NOUN,  n.  [L.  nomen , a name. — See  Name.] 
(Gram.)  The  name  of  any  thing,  or  a word 
used  as  a name; — by  some  grammarians,  dis- 
tinguished into  noun-substantive  and  noun-ad- 
jective ; by  others,  restricted  to  the  substantive. 

Common  noun , the  name  of  a sort,  kind,  or  class  ; 
as,  “man,”  “city.” — Proper  noun , a name  appro- 
priated to  an  individual ; as,  “ John,”  “ London.” 

fNOUR'lCE  (nur'rjs),  n.  [L.  nutrix ; Fr.  nour- 
rice.]  A nurse.  Sir  T.  Elyot. 

NOUR'ISII  (nur'ish),  v.  a.  [L.  nutrio  ; It.  nutrire ; 
Sp.  nutrir ; Fr.  nourrir.]  [i.  nourished  ; pp. 

NOURISHING,  NOURISHED.] 

1.  To  feed  and  cause  to  grow  ; to  promote  the 
growth  or  strength  of;  to  supply  with  nutri- 
ment ; to  nurture. 

He  planteth  an  ash,  and  the  rain  doth^no?/mft  it.  Isa.  xliv.14. 

The  food  which  nourishes  the  infant  is  not  sufficient  for 
the  man.  Macaulay. 

2.  To  provide  with  sustenance ; to  support ; 

to  maintain.  “And  Joseph  nourished  his 
father  and  his  brethren.”  Gen.  xlvii.  12. 

3.  To  encourage  ; to  foster  or  foment. 

What  madness  was  it,  with  such  proofs,  to  nourish  their 
contentions!  Hooker. 

4.  To  rear  or  bring  up ; to  train  ; to  educate. 

Pharaoh’s  daughter  took  him  up,  and  nourished  him  for 

her  own  son.  Acts  vii.  21. 

Syn.  — To  nourish  and  nurture  are  both  derived 
from  the  same  Latin  verb,  nutrio , and  are  used  both 
in  a physical  and  moral  sense;  nurture , chiefly  in  a 
moral  sense.  Persons  nurture , cherish , and  foster ; 
persons  and  things  nourish.  A mother  nourishes  her 
infant  with  her  breast,  cherishes  it  in  her  bosom,  and 
nurtures  it  with  care,  while  it  is  dependent  upon  her. 
A child  is  nourished  and  nurtured  ; benevolent  feelings 
are  cherished  ; prejudices  ar e fostered. 

NOUR'ISII  (nur'ish),  v.  n.  To  gain  nourishment. 

Fruit-trees  grow  full  of  moss,  . . . whereby  the  parts  noui'- 
ish  less.  Bacon. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  !,  6,  0,  Y,  short ; A,  £,  j,  O,  V,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


NOURISH 


973 


NUBILITY 


f NOUR'ISII  (nur'jsh),  n.  A nurse.  Lydgate. 

NOUR'rSH-A-BLE  (nur'jsh-?-bl),  a.  l.fThat  nour- 
ishes ; nourishing.  Bp.  Hall. 

2.  That  may  be  nourished.  “ The  nourisha- 
ble  parts  [of  the  body].”  Grew. 

NOURlSH-gR  (nur'jsli-er),  n.  He  who,  or  that 
which,  nourishes.  Shak. 

NOUR'ISH-lNG,  p.  a.  Affording  nourishment; 
promoting  growth  or  strength  ; nutritious. 

NOUR'jSH-ING-LY,  ad.  Nutritively;  cherishingly. 

NOUR'ISII-MENT  (nur'jsh-ment),  n.  That  which 
nourishes;  food;  aliment;  sustenance.  Dry  den. 

fNOUR'I-TURE  (nur'e-tur),  n.  Nurture.  Spenser. 

f NOUR'SI.E  (niir'sl),  v.  a.  To  nuzzle.  Spenser. 

f NOURS'LING  (niirs'ljng),  n.  A nursling.  Spenser. 

NOUS,  n.  [Gr.  mil;.]  Mind ; the  understanding ; 
— used  ludicrously.  Smart. 

t NOU§'EL  l (nuz'zl),  v.  a.  Same  as  Noursle. 

fNOUS'LE  ) —See  Nuzzle. 

1.  To  nurse  up  ; to  nuzzle.  Shak. 

2.  To  insnare  or  entrap.  Wilson. 

NO-VAc'y-LITE,  n.  [L.  novacula,  a sharpened 
knife,  a razor,  and  Gr.  HOos,  a stone.]  (Min.) 
An  argillaceous  slate,  containing  fine  silicious 
particles,  used  for  hones ; razor-stone;  Turkey 
oil-stone.  Brande. 

NO-VA'TIAN  (-slian),  n.  ( Eccl . Hist.)  One  of  a 
sect  founded  in  the  third  century  by  Novation,  a 
presbyter  of  Rome,  who  denied  readmission  into 
the  church  to  all  who  had  once  lapsed.  Brande. 

NO-VA'TIAN-I§M  (-shan-izm),  n.  The  doctrine 
or  opinions  of  the  Novations.  Bp.  Hall. 

f NO-vA'TION, n.  [L .novatio.]  Innovation.  Laud. 

f NO-VA'  TOR,  71.  [L.]  An  innovator.  Bailey. 

NOV'EL  [nov'el,  S.  T V.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.],  a. 
[L.  novellus , dim.  of  novus,  new ; It.  novello  ; 
Sp.  novel ; Fr.  nouveau , nouvcl.] 

1.  New  ; of  recent  origin  or  introduction  ; not 
before  known  or  heard  of ; unusual ; strange. 

Not  to  have  it  supposed  that  I am  setting  up  any  novel 
pretensions  for  the  honor  of  my  own  country.  Walpole. 

2.  (Civil  Law.)  Appendant  to  the  code  and 
of  later  enactment.  “ By  the  novel  constitutions, 
burial  may  not  be  denied  to  any  one.,,  Ayliffe. 

Novel  disseisin.  (Laic.)  the  name  of  an  old  remedy 
given  for  a new  or  recent  disseisin.  When  a tenant 
in  fee  simple,  fee  tail,  or  for  term  of  life,  was  put  out, 
and  disseised  of  his  lands  or  tenements,  rents  and  the 
like,  he  might  sue  out  a writ  of  assize  or  novel  dissei- 
sin. Bouvier . 

JRfgr*  “Walker  says,  ‘Nothing  is  so  vulgar  and 
childish  as  to  hear  swivel  and  heaven  with  the  e dis- 
tinct, and  novel  and  chickenwWh  e suppressed.’  Either 
tlie  remark  is  a little  extravagant,  or  prejudices  are 
grown  a little  more  reasonable  since  it  was  written. ” 
Smart.  — It  is  often  pronounced  nov'vl  in  the  U.  S. 

Syn. — See  New. 

NOV'EL,?!.  1.  f A novelty.  Sylvester , 1621. 

2.  A species  of  fictitious  composition  in 
prose  ; a tale ; a romance  ; a fable  ; a story. 

A comparison  between  the  novel  and  other  imaginative 
compositions,  such  as  narrative,  lyrical,  or  dramatic  poetry, 
will  show  that,  while  the  latter  depend  for  their  effect  on  our 
tastes  ami  sympathies  as  men,  the  former  requires  us  to  be 
interested  in  the  circumstances  of  the  plot,  as  well  as  in  the 
characters  themselves.  P.  Cue. 

3.  (Law.)  A new  ora  supplemental  constitu- 
tion.— See  Novel,  a.  Ayliffe. 

Syn.  — Novel,  romance,  fable,  and  tale  are  all  used 
to  denote  works  of  fiction.  A story  may  be  either  true 
or  false  Novel  is  a term  applied  to  a work  longer 
and  more  elaborate  than  a fable  or  a tale.  A novel  treats 
of  the  occurrences  and  manners  of  recent  times,  and 
brings  into  notice  a great  variety  of  characters.  A 
romance  treats  of  wild  adventures  of  a more  remote 
period,  particularly  of  the  age  of  chivalry.  A wonder- 
ful romance  ; au  interesting  novel ; an  instructive  fa- 
ble ; an  amusing  tale. 

f NOV'JgL-lijiM,  n.  Innovation.  Sir  E.  Dering. 

NOV'^L-IST,  n.  1.  f An  innovator  ; one  who.  in- 
troduces or  upholds  a new  theory.  Bacon. 

2.  f A writer  of  news.  Tatter. 

3.  A writer  of  novels.  Wart  on. 

A novelist,  or  writer  of  new  tales,  in  the  present  day.  is 
very  different  from  a novelist,  or  upholder  of  new  theories  in 
politics  and  religion,  two  luinrlred  years  ago;  yet  the  idea  of 
newness  is  common  to  them  both.  Trench. 


f NoV'pL-lZE,  v.  a.  To  innovate.  Browne. 

NdV'JJL-TY,  n.  1.  A novel  thing;  a new  or 
strange  thing.  Wickliffe.  Chaucer. 

2.  The  state  of  being  novel;  newness;  re- 
centness of  origin  or  introduction.  “ Novelty 
is  the  great  parent  of  pleasure.”  South. 

NO- VEM'BgR,  n.  [L.,  the  ninth  month  of  the 
old  Roman  year,  which  began  in  March  ; novem, 
nine.]  The  eleventh  month  of  the  year. 

|]  NOV'jpm-A-RY  [nov'en-a-re,  W.  P.  Ja.  Sm.  ; no- 
ven'nfi-re,  S. ; no'ven-er-e,  K.  Wr.],  a.  [L . nove- 
narius  ; novem,  nine.]  Pertaining  to  the  num- 
ber nine.  Phillips. 

||  NOV'JgN-A-RY,  n.  The  number  of  nine;  nine 
collectively.  “Nine  quaternions,  four  noven- 
aries."  Holder. 

NO-VEN'NI-AL,  a.  [Mid.  L.  novennis  ; L.  novem, 
nine,  and  annus,  a year.]  Hone  or  happening 
every  ninth  year.  “ Novennial  festival.”  Potter. 

NO-VER'CAL,  a.  [L.  novercalis-,  noverea,  a step- 
mother.] Of,  or  pertaining  to,  a step-mother ; 
in  the  manner  of  a step-mother.  Derham. 

NOV'ICE,  n.  [L.  novitius ; novus,  new;  It.  no- 
vizio ; Sp.  novicio  •,  Fr.  novice.] 

1.  One  who  has  entered  a convent  or  other 
religious  house,  but  who  has  not  yet  taken  the 
vow,  being  on  probation  ; a probationer. 

The  custom  of  giving  novices  the  religious  dress  did  not 
begin  until  the  twelfth  century.  Brande. 

2.  One  who  is  new,  or  inexperienced,  or  un- 

skilled in  any  business  ; one  in  the  rudiments  ; 
a beginner  ; a tyro.  “ I am  young,  a novice  in 
the  trade.”  Dryden. 

3.  One  newly  converted  to  the  Christain  faith. 

Not  a novice,  lest  being  lifted  up  with  pride  he  fall  into 
the  condemnation  of  the  devil.  1 Tim.  iii.  6. 

NOV'ICE-SIIIP,  n.  The  state  of  a novice;  novi- 
tiate. [it.]  Scott. 

NOV'I-L<j-NAR,  a.  [L.  novus,  new,  and  lima,  the 
moon.]  Relating  to  the  new  moon.  Bampjield. 

NO-VI'  TI-ATE  (no-vlsh'e-at),  n.  [It.  noviziato  ; 
Sp.  noviciado ; Fr.  novice.]  The  state  or  the  time 
of  being  a novice  ; the  state  or  the  time  of  learn- 
ing rudiments.  “ A long  and  laborious  no  vi- 
tiate.” * Burlce. 

f NO-VI"TIOUS  (no-vish'us),  a.  [L.  novitius  ; 
novus,  new.]  Newly  invented.  Pearson. 

fNOV'I-TY,  n.  [L.  novitas.]  Novelty.  Browne. 

NOW,  ad.  [Goth,  8$  A.  S.  nu ; Dut.  novw , nu-. 
Old  Ger.  nuo,  nuon,  nuen  ; Ger.  nun ; Dan.  § 
Sw.  nu.  — Gr.  vvv ; L.  nunc.] 

1.  At  the  present  time  ; as,  “ Do  it  now." 

2.  A little  while  ago  ; very  lately  ; recently. 

Rut  vow  the  blood  of  twenty  thousand  men 

Did  triumph  in  my  face,  and  they  are  fled.  Shak. 

3.  At  a particular  past  time ; at  that  time ; 
as,  “ He  had  been  blind  for  years ; now  he  saw.” 

4.  After  this  ; since  things  are  so. 

How  shall  any  man  distinguish  now  betwixt  a parasite  and 
a mail  of  honor,  where  hypocrisy  and  interest  look  so  like 
duty  and  affection?  L' Estrange. 

It  is  sometimes  used  as  a conjunction , and  ex- 
presses a connection  between  two  propositions,  in 
which  case  it  commonly  introduces  an  inference  from, 
or  an  explanation  or  amplification  of,  the  preceding 
proposition. 

Then  cried  they  all  again,  saying,  Not  this  man,  but  Ba- 
rabbas.  Now,  Barabbas  was  a robber.  John  xviii.  40. 

Natural  reason  persuades  man  to  love  his  neighbor,  be- 
cause of  similitude  of  kind,  because  mutual  love  is  necessary 
for  man’s  welfare  and  preservation,  and  every  one  desires 
another  should  love  him.  Now,  it  is  a maxim  of  nature  that 
one  do  to  others  according  as  he  would  himself  be  done  to. 

White. 

Now  and  then , at  one  time  and  another  ; at  irregular 
intervals;  occasionally.  11  Now  and  then  something 
requisite  to  refresh  your  character.”  Dryden.  “ They 
now  and  then  appear.”  Royers.  — Now — , now — , at 
one  time  — at  another  time.  u Now  high,  now  low, 
now  master  up,  now  miss.”  Pope.  — Now  and,  vow , 
again  and  again.  “She  swooned  note  and  now  for 
lack  of  blood.”  Chaucer. 

fNoW,  ci.  Existing  at  the  present  time;  pres- 
ent. “ Our  now  happiness.”  Glanvill. 

NO\V,  n.  The  present  time  or  moment.  [Poet- 
ical.] “ An  eternal  now  does  ever  last.”  Cowley. 

Not  less  even  in  this  despicable  voir 

Than  when  my  name  filled  Afric  with  affrights.  Dryden. 

NoW'A-DAY§  (nou'j-daz),  ad.  In  these  days ; in 
the  present  age. 


No'WAY  (no'wa),  ) ad.  Not  in  any  manner  or 

NO'WAYi-S  (no'waz),  > degree;  nowise. 

Johnson  says  of  nowise,  “ This  is  commonly 
spoken  and  written  by  ignorant  barbarians  noways.” 
— “ These  ignorant  barbarians  ...  are  only  Pope,  and 
Swift,  and  Addison,  and  Eocke,  and  several  others 
of  our  most  eminent  writers.”  Dr.  Campbell. 

NOVV'yD  (no'ed),  a.  [Fr.  nouer,  to  knot,  from  L. 
nodo.]  (Her.)  Knotted ; inwreathed.  Browne. 

f NO  W'JgL  (no'el),  n.  [Fr.  noel.]  A shout  of  joy  ; — 
originally  a shput  of  joy  at  Christmas.  Chaucer. 

NOW'LL,  n.  (Founding.)  The  inner  part  of  a 
large  loam-mould.  Simmonds. 

f NOWE§  (noz),  n.  [Old  Fr.  nou.  — See  Nowed.] 
The  marriage  knot.  Crashaw. 

NO'WHERE  (no'hwAr),  ad.  Not  in  any  place. 

NO'WlijE,  ad.  [no  and  wise.]  Not  in  any  man- 
ner or  in  any  degree.  — See  Noways.  Barrow. 

f NoWl,  n.  See  Noel.  Shak. 

NOX'IOUS  (nok'slius),  a.  [L.  noxius  ; noxa,  harm  ; 
nocco , to  harm.] 

1.  Hurtful  ; harmful ; detrimental ; injurious; 
baneful  ; pernicious  ; destructive  ; unwhole- 
some ; insalubrious  ; as,  “ Noxious  herbs.” 

See,  pale  Orion  sheds  unwholesome  dews: 

Arise,  the  pines  a noxious  shade  diffuse.  Pope. 

The  word  noxious  includes  the  complex  idea  both  of  insa- 
lubrity and  offensiveness.  Denison. 

2.  Guilty  ; obnoxious.  “ Those  who  are  nox- 
ious in  the  eye  of  the  law.”  [k.]  Bramhall. 

Syn.  — Noxious  denotes  the  power  of  hurting  ; per- 
nicious, the  power  of  destroying.  Intoxicating  drinks 
are  noxious-,  the  more  concentrated, pernicious.  Con- 
finement is  hurtful  or  injurious  to  health  ; bad  com- 
pany, pernicious  to  morals.  Noxious  air ; noisome 
vapor  or  pestilence. 

NOX'IOUS-LY  (nok'shtis-le),  ad.  Hurtfully  ; per- 
niciously ; injuriously.  Johnson. 

NOX'IOUS-NESS  (nok'shus-nes),  n.  The  quality 
of  being  noxious  ; hurtfulness  ; perniciousness. 

t NOY,  v.  a.  To  annoy.  Wickliffe. 

Still  used  in  the  North  of  England.”  Brockett. 

t NOY,  n.  Annoyance.  Hist,  of  Sir  Clyomon. 

fNOY'ANCE,  n.  Annoyance.  Spenser. 

NOYAU  (ns'yo),  n.  [Fr.  — Referred  by  Menage  to 
L.  nucella,  dim.  of  mix,  nucis,  a nut.]  A rich 
cordial  flavored  with  bitter  almonds,  or  with  the 
kernels  of  peach-stones.  Brande. 

f NOY'^R,  n.  One  who  annoys;  annoyer.  Tusser. 

fNOY'FUL,  a.  Annoying  ; hurtful.  Bale. 

fNOY'OUS,  a.  Annoying.  Sjienser. 

t NCiY'SANCE,  n.  That  which  annoys;  offence; 
trespass ; — now  written  nuisance.  Chaucer. 

NOZ  LE  l (noz'zl),  n.  [From  nose.]  The  nose  ; 

NOZ'ZLE  S snout : — the  end  or  projecting  part 
of  any  thing,  as  of  a bellows.  Arbuthnot. 

NUB,  v.  a.  [From  hno’).]  To  push  gently,  as 
with  the  elbow  ; to  nudge.  [N.  of  Eng.]  Wright. 

NU'BA,  n.  A species  of  manna  or  dew.  Crabb. 

NUB'BIN,  n.  A small,  imperfectly  formed  ear  of 
corn.  [Local,  U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

f NUB'BLE,  v.  a.  To  beat  with  the  fist.  Ainsxvorth. 

NU-Bl'.C U-LA,  n. ; pi.  nu-bec'  u-lje.  [L.  dim. 
of  nubes,  a cloud.] 

1.  (Astron.)  A nebula; — distinctively,  in  the 

plural,  the  Magellanic  clouds.  Hind. 

2.  (Med.)  A small  speck  on  the  cornea  : — a 

cloud  suspended  in  the  urine.  Dunglison. 

f NU-BIF'ER-OUS,  a [L.  nubifer ; nubes  and  fern.] 
Bringing  or  producing  clouds,  [n.]  liailcy. 

f Ny-BIG'E-NOUS,  a.  [L . nubigena.]  Produced 
by  clouds.  Maunder. 

f NU'BI-LATE,  v.  a.  [L.  nubilo,  nubilatus ; nu- 
bes, a cloud.]  To  cloud.  Bailey. 

NU'BILE,  a.  [L.  nubilis ; nubo,  to  marry;  It.  § 
Fr.  nubile ; Sp.  nubil.]  Marriageable;  of  age 
for  marriage.  Prior. 

NU-BIL'!-TYr,  n.  The  state  of  being  marriage- 
able. [r.]  Month.  Rev. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  Q,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  £,  |,  hard;  § as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


What  men  of  spirit  nowadays 
Come  to  give  sober  judgment  of  new  plays?  Garrick. 


NUBILOSE 


974 


NUMBERS 


NU-BI-LOSE',  I a nubilosus  ; nubes,  a cloud  ; 

NU'BI-LOUS,  ) It.  b;  Sp.  nubiloso  ; Fr.  nubileux.) 
Cloudy  ; abounding  in  clouds,  [k.]  Scott. 

NU-CA-MPN-TA'CEOUS  (-shus,  66),  a.  [L.  nuca- 
men'ta,  catkins  ; mix,  nucis,  a nut.]  (But.)  Re- 
lating to,  or  resembling,  a small  nut ; bearing 
aments,  cones,  or  nuts.  Clarke. 

fJVy-CiF'jpR-OUS,  a.  [L.  mix,  nucis,  a nut,  and 
fero,  to  bear.]  Producing  nuts.  Bailey. 

NU'CLy-AT-yD,  a.  Having  a nucleus.  Maunder. 

NU-CLE'I-FORM,  a.  [L.  nucleus,  nuclei,  a nu- 
cleus, and  forma,  form.]  (Bot.)  Formed  like  a 
nucleus  ; nut-shaped.  P.  Cyc. 

Nl’-CLE'O-LUS,  n.  See  Entoblast. 

NU'CLp-US,  n. ; pi.  L.  l vu'cle-i;  Eng.  nu'cle- 
Cs-e?.  [L.,  from  nux,  nucis,  a nut.] 

1.  The  central  part  of  any  thing,  or  that  about 

which  matter  has  accumulated,  or  to  which  it  is 
affixed.  Johnson. 

2.  (Bot.)  The  kernel  or  central  part  of  a nut 
or  seed  ; — also  a term  applied  to  the  disk  of  the 
shield  of  lichens,  which  contains  the  sporules 
and  their  cases,  and,  by  the  older  botanists,  to 
any  fruit  or  seed  contained  within  a husk  or 
shell,  and  to  the  secondary  bulb  of  a bulbous 
plant,  now  termed  a clove.  P.  Cyc.  Braude. 

3.  (Asti on.)  The  central  and  condensed  part 

of  a comet,  sometimes  called  its  head,  gener- 
ally forming  a bright  point,  and  conveying  the 
idea  of  a solid  portion  of  matter.  P.  Cyc. 

4.  (Phys.)  See  Mesoblast. 

NU'CULE,  n.  [L.  nucula,  dim.  of  nux,  nucis,  a 
nut.]  (Bot.)  A small,  hard,  seed-like  pericarp, 
as  in  the  oak;  glans.  P.  Cyc. 

f NU-DA'TION,  n.  [L.  nudatio .]  The  act  of 
making  bare  or  naked.  Johnson. 

NUDE,  a.  [L.  nudus;  It.  § Sp.  undo;  Fr.  nud.] 

1.  Bare  ; naked  ; uncovered.  IJuloct. 

2.  (Laic.)  Stripped  or  divested  of  force  or 
efficacy  ; void  ; as,  “ A nucle  contract.” 

Any  degree  of  reciprocity  will  prevent  the  pact  from  being 
nude.  Blackstone. 

NUD(JF,  v.  a.  [Belg.  knutchen.]  To  push  or 
touch  gently,  as  with  the  elbow,  in  order  to  call 
attention,  or  to  give  a hint.  Ld.  Eldon. 

NUDtJJE,  n.  A gentle  push.  Jamieson. 

NU-  DI-BRAN-eill-A  ' TA  (-brang-ke-a'tsi,  82),  n. 
pi.  [L.  mulus,  naked;  and  branchial,  gills.]  (Zoill.) 
An  order  of  mollusks,  consisting  of  such  as  are 
without  shells,  and  have  the  branchiae  exposed 
on  some  part  of  the  back.  Brande. 

NU-DI-BRAN'jUHI-ATE,  a.  Pertaining  to  a mol- 
lusk  of  the  order  Nudibranchiata.  Owen. 

NU-DJ-FJ-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  nudus,  naked,  and 
facio,  to  make.]  Act  of  making  naked.  IF.  Rev. 

NU'DI-TY,  n.  [L.  nuditas  ; It.  nuditci  ; Fr.  nudite.] 

1.  Tire  state  of  being  naked  ; nakedness. 

2.  pi.  Naked  parts.  Dryden.  Young. 

3.  pi.  (Paint.  & Sculp.)  Figures,  or  parts  of 
figures,  entirely  divested  of  drapery.  Brande. 

NU'DUM  PAC'TUM.  [I..,  a naked  pact.)  (Law.) 
A contract  made  without  any  consideration, 
and  therefore  nude  or  void.  Tomlins. 

NU'EL,  n.  See  Newel.  Todd. 

Nl  -G Ay'l-TY  (nu-gas'e-te),  n.  [L.  nugacitas ; 
nugee,  trifles.]  Futility;  trifling  talk  or  be- 
havior ; nonsense ; drollery.  , More. 

N(J'(iiJE,n.  pi.  [L.]  Trifles;  silly  speeches  or 
verses;  jokes;  nonsense.  Gent.  Mag. 

NU-GA'TION,  n.  [L.  nugor,  nugatus,  to  trifle  ; 
It.  nugazione .]  The  act  or  the  practice  of  tri- 
fling. [it.]  Bacon. 

NU'G  A-TO-RY,  a.  [L.  nugatorius ; It.  if.  Sp.  nu- 
gatorio .]  Trifling;  of  no  importance  ; trivial; 
futile ; insignificant ; worthless.  Stewart. 

NUG'GgT,  n.  A lump.  “ A glittering  nugget  of 
the  gold  of  Ophir.”  Ec.  Rev.,  1855. 

Kir  “ Nugget  is  used  in  Scotland,  and  means  a 
lump  ; as,  4 A nugget  of  sugar  ’ ; ‘A  nugget  of  bread.’  ” 
Notes  Queries . 

“ Since  the  Californian  and  Australian  discov- 
eries of  gold,  we  hear  often  of  * a nugget  of  gold  ’ ; . . . 
and  there  has  been  some  discussion  whether  the  word 


had  been  born  for  the  present  necessity,  or  whether  it 
be  a recent  malformation  of  ingot.  . . . JY ugget,  very  | 
nearly  in  its  present  form,  occurs  in  our  elder  writers, 
being  spelt  niggot  by  them.  [‘  Niggots  of  gold.’ 
North.]  There  can  be  little  doubt  that  this  is  the 
same  word,  . . . whilst  the  early  form,  niggot,  makes 
more  plausible  their  suggestion  that  nugget  is  only 
ingot  disguised.”  Trench. 

NUG'GfT,  v.  a.  To  search  for  nuggets.  Clarke. 

NU'tyl-FY,  v.  n.  [L.  nugee,  trifles,  and  facio,  to 
make.]  To  trifle,  [it.]  , Coleridge . 

NUISANCE  (nu'sjns),  n.  [Old  Fr.;  Fr.  nuire, 
nuisant,  to  hurt,  to  annoy ; L.  noceo,  to  hurt ; 
Old  Eng.  noyance,  noysance .] 

1.  Something  that  annoys  or  incommodes ; 
something  noxious  or  offensive.  “ He  [the 
liar]  is  accounted  a pest  and  a nuisance.”  South. 

A wise  man  who  does  not  assist  with  his  counsels,  a rich 
man  with  his  charity,  and  a poor  man  with  his  labor,  are  per- 
fect nuisances  in  a commonwealth.  Sivift. 

2.  (Law.)  Any  thing  that  worketh  hurt,  in- 
convenience, or  damage.  Blackstone. 

Common  or  public  nuisance , a nuisance  affecting  the 
public  ; an  annoyance  to  the  community  in  general. 
— Private  nuisance,  any  tiling  done  to  tile  hurt  or  an- 
noyance of  the  lands,  tenements,  or  hereditaments  of 
another.  Burrill. 

NUI'SAN-CpR,  n.  (Law.)  One  who  creates  a 
nuisance.  Blackstone. 

NUL,  a.  [Fr.,  none,  from  L.  nullus.]  (Law.) 
Not  any  ; none.  “ Nul  disseizin.”  Blackstone. 

NULL,  a.  [L.  nullus  ; ne,  not,  and  ullus,  any  ; It. 
nullo;  Sp.  nulo ; Fr.  nul.]  Void;  of  no  legal 
force  ; ineffectual ; invalid  ; useless.  Dryden. 

NULL,  v.  a.  To  annul  ; to  nullify,  [it.]  Milton. 

NULL,  n.  Something  that  has  no  force  or  mean- 
ing ; a cipher.  “ Nulls  or  ciphers.”  Bacon. 

NUL'LAH,  n.  A natural  canal ; a small  branch 
of  a river.  [India.]  Wright. 

f NUL-LJ-Bl'p-TY,  n.  [L.  nullibi,  nowhere.]  The 
state  of  being  nowhere.  Bailey. 

NUL-LI-FI-CA'TION,  ra.  The  act  of  nullifying, 
or  the  state  of  being  nullified.  D.  Webster. 

NUL-LT-FID'I-AN,  a.  [L.  nullus,  not  ajiy,  none, 
and  fides,  faith.]  Having  no  faith  ; not  de- 
pending at  all  on  faith  for  salvation  ; — opposed 
to  solijidian.  “ A nullifidian  pagan.”  Feltham. 

NUL-LI-FlD'I-AN,  n.  One  who  has  no  faith; 
one  not  depending  on  faith  for  salvation.  Ash. 

NUL'LI-Fl-IJR,  n.  One  who  nullifies.  Calhoun. 

NUL'Ll-FY,  v.  a.  [L.  nullus,  none,  and  facio,  to 
make.]  \i.  nullified  ; pp.  nullifying,  nul- 
lified.] To  make  null;  to  annul;  to  invali- 
date ; to  make  void  or  of  no  effect,  as  a law. 

You  will  say  that  this  nullifies  all  exhortations  to  piety. South. 

NUL'LI-FY-ING,  n.  The  act  of  annulling  or  of 
making  void.  Davenport. 

NUL'LI-I’ORE,  n.  [L.  nullus,  none,  and  porus,  a 
pore,  from  Gr.  mJpoj,]  A rigid,  branching,  in- 
articulated,  calcareous,  fueoid  plant,  allied  to 
corallines,  formerly  supposed  to  be  a polype. 

Agassiz. 

NUL'LI-TY,  n.  [It.  nullith,  from  L.  nullus,  none ; 
Sp.  nuliclcul ; Fr.  nullitd .] 

1.  Non-existence;  nonentity  ; nothing. Bueon. 

It  is  not  the  three  headed  h 11-hound  Cerberus,  not  the 

river  of  tears  and  weeping  Cocytus,  which  cause  the  fear  of 
death  to  he  infinite  and  interminable;  but  it  is  that  menacing 
intimation  of  nullity , or  not-being.  Holland's  Plutarch. 

2.  Want  of  force  or  efficacy  ; invalidity. 

“ The  nullity  of  this  argument.”  South. 

nGl'LUM  AR-BIT' RI-t/M.  [L.,  no  award.'] 
(Law.)  The  plea  of  the  defendant  prosecuted 
on  an  arbitration-bond,  for  not  abiding  by  an 
award.  Whishaw. 

NUMB  (num),  a.  [Formerly  written  num. — Skin- 
ner and  Tooke  derive  it  from  Human,  past  parti- 
ciple of  A.  S.  niman,  to  nim,  to  take  away. — 
“ How,  or  why,  or  when  the  b was  added  to  it,  I 
know  not.”  Tooke.] 

1.  Deprived  of  the  power  of  sensation  or  mo- 
tion ; torpid ; as,  “ Fingers  numb  with  the  cold.” 

Leaning  long  upon  any  part  maketh  it  numb.  Bacon. 

2.  Benumbing; — used  by  Shakspeare,  in  the 
expression,  “ The  numb-coli  night.” 


Syn.  — Numb,  benumbed,  ox  chilled  with  cold.  Some 
animals  are  torpid  and  motionless  during  the  winter. 

NUMB  (num),  v.  a.  [i.  NUMBED  ; pp.  NUMBING, 
numbed.]  To  deprive  of  the  power  of  sensa- 
tion or  motion  ; to  make  torpid  ; to  deaden. 

Lazy  winter  numbs  the  laboring  hand.  Dryden. 

f NUMB'Jf  D-NESS,  n.  Numbness.  Wiseman. 

v.  a . [L.  Tiumero  ; nnmci'us , number; 

It .nurnerarc',  Sp . numerar  \ £x.nombrer?\  [i. 
NUMBERED;  pp.  NUMBERING,  NUMBERED.] 

1.  To  count ; to  tell  or  reckon  how  many. 

If  a man  can  number  the  dust  of  the  earth,  then  shall  thy 
seed  also  be  numbered.  Gen.  xiii.  16. 

2.  To  affix  a number  to;  to  designate  by  a 
number;  as,  “To  number  houses.” 

3.  To  reckon  as  one  among  many.  “ He  was 
numbered  with  the  transgressors.”  Isa.  liii.  12. 

NUM'B^R,  7i.  [Gr.  v6pog,  any  thing  assigned  or 
distributed;  L.  numerus;  It.  # Sp.  numero  ; Fr. 
7iombrc.\ 

1.  That  which  may  be  counted  or  told ; an 
aggregate  or  assemblage  of  units ; a collection 
of  things  of  the  same  kind. 

Some  few  of  you  shall  see  the  place;  and  then  you  may 
send  for  your  sick  and  the  rest  of  your  number.  Jiacon. 

XB3T  It  has  been  a question  whether  the  unit  1 is  a 
number.  It  is  not  only  a number,  but  is  also  the  base 
of  all  numbers.  The  term  “collection,”  as  used  in 
the  common  definition  of  number,  is  technical,  and 
by  convention  is  made  to  cover  the  case  of  a single 
thing  of  the  kind  collected.  Davies. 

2.  The  measure  of  the  relation  between 
quantities  or  things  of  the  same  kind.  Davies. 

Number , abstractly  considered,  conveys  merely  the  notion 
of  times  or  repetitions.  Brande. 

3.  A symbol  or  character  that  expresses  how 
many  ; a numeral  character ; a figure.  P.  Cyc. 

4.  A great  assemblage  ; a multitude ; many. 

Water-lily  hath  a root  in  the  ground,  and  so  have  a num- 
ber of  other  herbs  that  grow  in  ponds.  Bacon. 

Number  itself  importeth  not  much  in  armies,  where  the 
people  arc  of  weak  courage.  Bacon. 

5.  pi.  Proportions  calculated  by  number, 

whether  of  times  as  in  ancient  poetry,  or  of 
syllables  as  in  modern  poetry.  Milton. 

6.  pi.  Verses;  poetry;  song. 

I lisped  in  numbers , for  the  numbers  came.  Pope. 

7.  ( Gram .)  The  consideration  of  an  object  as 
one  or  more,  or  the  mode  of  signifying,  by  the 
form  of  a word,  whether  it  designates  one  ob- 
ject or  more  than  one. 

fib  struct  number,  ( frith .)  a number  the  unit  of  which 
is  abstract. — Abundant  number.  ?ee  Abundant. — 
Amicable  numbers , numbers  each  of  which  is  equal  to 

the  sum  of  all  the  divisors  of  the  other. Applicate 

numbers.  See  Applicate. — Cardinal  numbers.  See 
Cardinal. — Composite  number , a number  having  a 
divisor.  — Concrete  number.  See  Concrete. — Cube 
or  cubic  number , the  product  of  a square  number  by 
its  root. — Defective  or  defeient  number.  See  Defi- 
cient.— Even  numbers,  2,  4,  G,  8,  &c.  — Keenly  even 
numbers,  4,  8,  12,  16,  &.C. — Figuratc  numbers.  See 
FlGURATE.  — Fractional  number,  a collection  of  equal 
parts  of  one  ; a fraction.  — Golden  number.  See  G old- 
en-number.— IJeterogeneal  numbers,  numbers  re- 
ferred to  different  units.  — Ilomogencal  numbers,  num- 
bers referred  to  the  same  units.  — Imperfect  number. 
Same  as  Defective  number.  — Irrational  number,  a 
number  incommensurable  with  unity.  — Odd  numbers, 
1,3,  5,  7.  &c. — Oddly  even  numbers,  2,  6,  10,  14,  &c. — 
Oddly  odd  numbers,  3,  7,  11,  15,  &c. — Ordinal  num- 
bers. See  Ordinal. — Perfect  number,  a number  the 
sum  of  all  the  divisors  of  which  equals  the  number. — 
Prime  or  primitive  numbers,  numbers  which  have  no 
divisors. — Polygonal  numbers,  numbers  so  called  be- 
cause of  their  relation  to  polygons  : — thus  1,  3,  6,  10, 
&c.,are  triangular  numbers,  because  they  indicate  the 
number  of  points  that  can  he  arranged  in  triangles; 
and  1,  4,  9,  16,  &c.,  are  square  numbers,  since  the 
corresponding  number  of  points  may  be  arranged  in 
squares.  — Pyramidal  numbers,  numbers  formed  by 
summing  the  polygonal  numbers.  — Quadrangular 
number.  Same  as  Square  NUMBER. — Rational  num- 
ber, a number  commensurable  with  unity. — Redun- 
dant. number , a number  the  sum  of  all  the  divisors  in 
which,  except  itself,  exceeds  the  number.  — Square 
number,  the  product  of  a number  multiplied  by  itself. 
— Surd  number.  Same  as  Irrational  number.  — 
Whole  number,  an  integer.  P.  Cyc.  Davies.  Brande. 

NUM'B£R-ER,  7i.  One  who  numbers. 

f NUM'B^R-FUL,  a.  Numerous.  Watc7'Jiovse . 

NUM'BpR-LESS,  a.  More  than  can  be  counted; 
countless ; innumerable.  Addiso7i. 

f NUM'B^R-OUS,  a.  Many  in  number.  Dra7it. 

NUM'BpR§,  7i.  The  fourth  book  of  the  Old  Tes- 


A,  F,  1,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  F,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  I,  O,  IJ,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  IlFIR,  IliiR  ; 


NUMB-FISH 


975 


NURSE-POND 


lament ; — so  named  because  it  gives  an  ac- 
count of  the  numbering  of  the  people. 

NUMB'-FISH  (num'fish),  n.  The  torpedo.  Perry. 

NUM'BLE§  (num'blz),  n.  pi.  The  entrails  of  a 
deer ; nombles.  Sir  T.  Elyot. 

NUMB'NIJSS  (num'nes),  n.  The  state  of  being 
numb;  torpor;  insensibility.  Shak. 

NU'MIJR-A-BLE,  a.  [L.  numerabilis ; It.  nume- 
rabile ; • Sp.  numerable .]  That  can  be  numbered 
or  counted.  Herbert. 

NU'MpR-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  consisting  of, 
number  ; representing  number. 

Numeral  letters,  the  seven  Roman  capitals,  I,  V,  X, 

L,  C,  D,  M. Numeral  figures , I,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8, 

9,  0. 

Syn.  — Numeral  adjectives  ; numeral  letters  ■,  nu- 
merical difference. 

NU'MIJR-AL,  n.  [L.  numeralis  ; numerus,  num- 
ber; It .' numerate;  Sp.  numeral-,  Fr .numeral.] 

1.  A character  used  to  express  a number. 

2.  {Gram.)  A word  denoting  a number. 

NU'Mf.R-AL-LY,  ad.  According  to  number. 

NU'M pR-A-RY,  a.  Relating,  or  belonging,  to  a 
certain  number.  Aylijfe. 

NU'MpR-ATE,  v.  n.  [L.  numero,  numeratus,  to 
number.]  To  reckon  ; to  enumerate.  Lancaster. 

NU-M(lR-A'TION,ra.  [L . numeratio ; It.  namera- 
zione\  Sp.  name  radon  ; Fr  .numeration.) 

1.  The  act  or  the  art  of  numbering.  Locke. 

2.  (Arith.)  The  act  or  the  art  of  writing  or 
of  reading  numbers. 

“The  term  is  almost  exclusively  applied  to 
the  art  of  reading  numbers  written  in  the  scale  of  tens, 
by  the  Arabic  method.”  Davies. 

NU'MIJR-A-TOR,  n.  [L.]  1.  One  who  numbers  ; 

a numberer.  Johnson. 

2.  (Arith.)  That  term  of  a fraction,  which  shows 
how  many  are  taken  of  the  parts  into  which  a 
unit  is  supposed  to  be  divided  ; — in  vulgar  frac- 
tions, the  number  abov'e  the  line  ; — in  decimals, 
the  number  at  the  right  hand  of  the  point. 

NU-MER'IC,  a.  Numerical,  [r.]  Sivift. 

NU-MER'I-CAL,  a.  [It.  <S,  Sp.  numcrico,  from  L. 
numerus,  number;  Fr.  numerique .] 

1.  Pertaining  to,  or  denoting,  number.  Locke. 

2.  (Algebra.)  Expressed  by  figures  or  num- 

bers ; — opposed  to  literal ; as,  “ A numerical  ex- 
pression ” ; “ Numerical  equations.” -^-Noting 
the  value  of  a quantity,  irrespective  of  its  sign  ; 
— opposed  to  algebraical-,  thus,  “ The  numeri- 
cal value  of  — 5 is  greater  than  that  of  — 3, 
but  its  algebraical  value  is  less.”  Davies. 

Syn.  — See  Numeral. 

NU-MER'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  1.  In  numbers  or  fig- 
ures; as,  “ A quantity  numerically  expressed.” 

2.  With  respect  to  number;  as,  “Things 
numerically  different.”  Boyle. 

f NU'Mf.R-IST,  n.  One  who  deals  in  numbers. 
“ The  doctrine  of  the  numerists.”  Browne. 

NU'ME-RO,  n.  [It.  § Fr.]  1.  -Number. 

2.  (Com.)  The  figure  or  mark  by  which  any 
one  of  a number  of  things  is  distinguished  ; — 
abbreviated  to  No.  Crabb. 

f NU-MpR-OS'I-TY,  n.  [L.  numerositas .] 

1.  The  state  of  being  numerous.  Browne. 

2.  Harmony  ; numerous  flow.  “ The  numer- 
osity  of  the  sentence  pleased  the  ear.”  Parr. 

NU'MIJR-OUS,  a.  [L.  numerosus  ; numerus,  num- 
ber; It.  Sj  Sp.  numeroso .] 

1.  Consisting  of  a great  number  ; being  many. 

Queen  Elizabeth  was  not  so  much  observed  for  having  a 

numerous,  as  a wise  council.  Bacon. 

2.  Consisting  of  poetic  numbers ; harmoni- 
ous ; musical ; melodious  ; flowing.  Dryden. 

Such  prompt  eloquence 

Flowed  from  their  lips  in  prose  or  numerous  verse.  Milton. 

NU'MJpR-OUS-LY,  ad.  In,  or  with,  great  numbers. 

Nlj'MER-OUS-NESS,  n.  1.  The  quality  or  the 
state  of  being  numerous,  or  many.  Glanxill. 

2.  The  quality  of  consisting  of  poetic  num- 
bers ; harmoniousness ; musicalness.  “ The 
numcrousness  of  his  verse.”  Dryden. 

Nu' -ft I- !)./>,  n.  (Ornith.)  A genus  of  birds  of  the 
family  Pavonidce,  found  in  Africa,  including  the 
Guinea  fowl  and  the  crested  pintado.  Eng.  Cyc. 


NU-MI§-MAT'IC,  J [it.  § Sp.  numismati- 

NU-MI§-MAT'J-CAL,  ) co  ; Fr.  numismatique.] 
Pertaining  to  numismatics,  or  the  science  of 
coins  and  medals.  Ruding.  P.  Cyc. 

NU-MI§-MAT'!CS  [nu-mjz-m3Lt'iks,  K.  Sm.  R.  Wb. 
Wr.  Brande  ; nu-mlz'mj-tlks,  Ja.  Todd],  n.  pi. 
[L.  numisma,  nomisma,  a coin,  from  Gr.  vtiptaya  ; 
It.  $ Sp.  numismatica ; Fr.  numismatique .] 
The  science  of  coins  and  medals.  Brande. 

NU-Ml§'MA-TlST,  n.  [Fr.  numismatists .]  One 
versed  in  numismatics.  Gent.  Mag. 

Ny-Ml§-MA-TOL'0-£lST,  n.  Numismatist.  Smart. 

NIj-MI§-MA-T6L'0-<?Y,  n.  [Gr.  v6y toga,  a coin, 
and  >.6yo 5,  a discourse.]  The  science  of  coins 
and  medals  ; numismatics.  Gent.  Mag. 

NUM'MA-RY,  a.  [L.  nummarius ; nummus,  a 
coin.]  Relating  to  coin  or  money.  Arbuthnot. 

NUTU'MU-LAR,  a.  Nummary,  [r.]  Johnson. 

NUM'MU-LA-RY,  a.  [L.  nummularius .]  Relat- 
ing to  money";  nummary;  pecuniary.  P.  Cyc. 

NOm'MU-lITE,  n.  [L.  nummus,  a coin,  and  Gr. 
liBos,  a stone.]  (Pal.)  An  extinct  foraminifer- 
ous  plant,  resembling  a small  coin  in  shape, 
found  chiefly  in  the  chalk  formation.  Lyett. 

NUM-MU-LIT'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  nummulites  ; 
containing  nummulites.  Lyell. 

NUMPS,  n.  [Perhaps  from  numb.  Richardson.]  A 
weak,  silly,  stupid  person.  [Low.]  Bp.  Parker. 

NUM'SKULL,  n.  [ numb  and  skull.] 

1.  A dullard  ; a dunce  ; a dolt ; a blockhead; 
a simpleton  ; a driveller  ; an  idiot.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  The  head,  in  burlesque.  Prior. 

NUM'SKULLED  (-skuld),  a.  Dull  ; stupid  ; dolt- 
ish ; brainless  ; witless ; idiotic.  Swift. 

NUN,  n.  [A.  S.  nun,  nunne;  Dut. non-,  Old  Ger. 
nunne  ; Ger.  nontie  ; Dan.  nunne  ; Sw.  nuniia. 
— Mid.  L.  nonna,  nonnana,  nonnanis  ; Fr.  non- 
nain,  nonne  ; Provencal  nona. — Vossius  consid- 
ers it  an  Egyptian  word,  derived  from  the  He- 
brew, signifying  a virgin  ; others  refer  it  to  It. 
nonno,  a grandfather,  nonna,  a grandmother, — 
applied  by  way  of  honorably  distinguishing  the 
religious  as  fathers  and  mothers-,  others,  again, 
think  that  it  is  moni,  i.  e.  L.  monachi,  monks, 
by  the  change  of  m into  n.  Todd  says,  “The 
L.  nonna  first  denoted  a penitent  woman,  then 
a religious.”]  Among  the  Roman  Catholics,  a 
woman  who,  under  a vow  of  perpetual  chastity, 
devotes  herself  to  a religious  life  in  a convent. 

NUN,  n.  (Ornith.)  The  blue  titmouse,  which  has 
a white  line  surrounding  the  head ; Parus  cw- 
ruleus  \ — a kind  of  pigeon,  having  a white 
hood  ; Columba  vestalis.  Eng.  Cyc. 

White  nun,  a nun  who  wears  a white  veil  : — 
( Ornith.)  an  aquatic  bird  having  a white,  tufted  crest ; 
the  smew  ; Mcrgus  albellus.  — Black  nun,  a nun  who 
wears  a black  veil. 

NUN'— BUOY  (-boy  or  5woy),  n.  A buoy  tapering 
at  each  end.  Simmonds. 

NUN'CIIION  (nun'shun],  n.  A slight  repast,  or 
food  eaten  about  noon,  or  between  meals ; a 
luncheon  ; — also  written  nunchcon , nuntion, 
and  noonshun.  — See  Luncheon.  Browne. 

F NUN'CI-ATE  (nun'she-at),  n.  [L.  nuneius.]  A 
messenger ; a nuncio.  [11.]  IIoolc. 

f NUN'CI-A-TURE  (nurr'she-j-tur),  n.  [Fr.  notl- 
ciature.]  The  office  of  a nuncio.  Clarendon. 

NUN'CI-O  (nun'she-o),  n.  ; pi.  nOn'ci-o?.  [L . nun- 
cius-,  It.  nunzio  ; Sp.  nuncio  ; Fr.  noticed] 

1.  A bearer  of  news  ; a messenger.  Broume. 

2.  The  pope’s  ambassador  at  the  court  of  an 

emperor  or  king.  * Brande. 

f NUN'CU-pAte,  v.  a.  [L.  nuncupo,  nuncupatus.] 
To  name  or  declare  publicly  or  solemnly. Barrow. 

tNUN-CU-PA'TION,  n.  Act  of  naming.  Chaucer. 

NUN-CU'PA-TIVE  [nun-ku'pj-tlv,  S.  IF.  P.  J.  F. 
Ja.  K.  ; nun'ku-pa-tjv,  Sm.  Wr.],  a.  [It.  A Sp. 
nuncupative  ; Fr.  nuncupatif.] 

1.  t Nominal ; existing  only  in  name  ; not  real. 
“ The  nuncupative  duke’s  . . . victory.”  Halt. 

2.  Publicly  or  solemnly  declaratory.  “That 

nuncupative  title.”  Fotherby. 

3.  Verbally  pronounced  or  declared;  not 
written  ; as,  “ A nuncupative  will.” 


Testaments  are  divided  into  two  sorts,  written,  and  verbal 
or  nuncupative ; of  which  tire  former  is  committed  to  writ- 
ing; the  latter  depends  merely  upon  oral  evidence,  being  de- 
clared by  the  testator  in  extremis,  before  a sufficient  number 
of  witnesses,  and  afterwards  reduced  to  writing.  Jllackstone. 

NUN-CU'PA-TO-RY,  a.  Nuncupative.  Swift. 

NUN'DI-NAL,  a.  [L.  nundinalis  ; nundincc,  mar- 
ket-day or  fair  recurring  every  ninth  day.]  Per- 
taining to  a market-day,  or  ninth  day.  Bailey. 

Nundinal  letter,  among  the  Romans,  one  of  the  first 
eight  letters  of  the  alphabet,  which  were  repeated 
successively  from  the  first  to  the  last  day  of  the  year, 
in  such  a manner  that  one  of  them  always  expressed 
the  market-day,  which  returned  every  ninth  day. 

f NUN'DI-NA-RY,  a.  Nundinal.  Bailey. 

f NUN'DI-NATE,  v.  n.  [L.  nundinor,  nundinatus.] 

To  buy  and  sell,  as  at  fairs.  Cockcratn. 

d NUN-DI-nA'TION,  n.  [L.  nundinatio.]  Traffic, 
as  at  fairs  and  markets.  Bramhall. 

NUNC,  n.  A large  package  or  bale,  generally  ap- 
plied to  cloves.  Simmonds. 

NUN'Nyil-Y,  n.  [Fr.  twrniew;  tiottn«,  a nun.]  A 
house  or  convent  of  nuns.  Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Abbey. 

f NUN'NISII,  a.  Of,  or  pertaining  to,  a nun.  J.  Fox. 

t NUN'NISII-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  a nun.  J.Fox. 

f NUP,  n.  A fool.  Old  Play. 

NU'PHAR,  n.  [Arab,  naufar.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of 
elegant  aquatic  plants,  including  the  yellow  wa- 
ter-lily ( Nuphar  lutea),  common  in  Europe  and 
America.  Eng.  Cyc. 

fNUP'SON,  n.  A fool ; a simpleton.  B.  Jonson. 

NUP'TIAL  (-shal),  a.  [L.  nuptial!. a ; nupticc,  nup- 
tials ; nubo,  nuptus,  to  cover,  to  veil,  to  marry, 
as  the  woman,  — because  the  head  of  the  bride 
was  covered  with  a veil ; It.  nuziale  ; Sp.  nttpei- 
al ; Fr.  nuptial.]  Of,  or  pertaining  to,  marriage  ; 
used  or  done  in  marriage  ; constituting  marriage. 

Here,  in  close  recess, 

"With  flowers,  garlands,  and  sweet-smelling  herbs. 

Espoused  Eve  decked  first  her  nuptial  bed; 

And  heavenly  quires  the  hymenean  sung.  Milton. 

Confirm  that  amity 

"With  nuptial  knot.  Shak. 

NUP'TIAL§  (-shalz),  n.  pi.  The  ceremony  or  rites 
of  marriage  ; marriage  ; wedding. 

Fired  with  disdain  for  Turnus  dispossessed. 

And  the  new  nuj>tials  of  the  Trojan  guest.  Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Marriage. 

NUR'LY,  a.  Knurly.  — See  Knurly.  Judd. 

NURSE,  n.  [A.  S.  norice.  — L.  nwtrix ; nutrio,  to 
nourish;  Fr.  nourrice. — Old  Eng.  nouriee, 
nource,  nourse,  norssc,  nor  sc.] 

1.  One  who  nourishes  or  supplies  with  nour- 
ishment, — especially  a woman  who  suckles  in- 
fants, or  who  has  the  care  of  an  infant  or  of  a 
sick  person. 

Shall  I go  and  call  to  thee  a nurse  of  the  Hebrew  women, 
that  she  may  nurse  the  child  for  thee?  Ex.  ii.  7. 

I will  attend  my  husband,  be  his  nurse , diet  his  sickness, 
for  it  is  my  office.  Shak . 

2.  One  who  rears,  brings  up,  or  nurtures, 
trains,  educates,  or  protects. 

Rome,  the  nurse  of  j udgment.  Shak. 

3.  An  old  woman,  in  contempt.  Blackmore. 

4.  The  state  of  being  nursed. 

Can  wedlock  know  so  great  a curse 

As  putting  husbands  out  to  nurse ? Clcaveland. 

NURSE,  v.a.  [i.  nursed;  pp.  nursing,  NURSEl).] 

1.  To  nourish  ; to  supply  with  nourishment ; 
to  give  or  afford  required  food,  care,  attention, 
&c. ; to  take  care  of  or  tend  as  an  infant  or  a 
sick  person. 

Sons  wont  to  nurse  their  fathers  in  old  age; 

Thou,  iu  old  age,  carest  how  to  nurse  thy  son.  Milton. 

2.  To  suckle  ; to  feed  at  the  breast ; as,  “The 
mother  could  not  nurse  her  child.” 

3.  To  rear,  nurture,  or  bring  up. 

We  were  nursed  upon  the  selfsame  hill.  Milton. 

4.  To  encourage  ; to  promote  ; to  foster. 

What  is  strength  but  an  effect  of  youth,  which,  if  time 
nurse , how  can  it  ever  cease?  Davies. 

NURSE'— CHILD,  n.  A nursling,  [r.]  Davies. 

NURSE'— MAID,  n.  A maid-servant  who  has  the 
care  of  young  children.  Clarke. 

NURSE'— NAME,  n.  A nickname.  Camden. 

NURSE'— POND,  n.  A pond  for  feeding  fish.  “A 
nurse-pond,  or  feeding-pond.”  Walton. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — C,  <?,  <;,  g,  soft ; U,  «,  £,  g,  hard;  Ij  as  z ; X as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


NURSER 


976 


NYMPfREA 


NURS'flR,  n.  One  who  nurses  or  promotes.  Shak. 

NURS'JJR-Y,  ra.  1.  fThe  act  of  nursing  ; a nursing. 
I loved  her  most,  and  thought  to  set  my  rest 
On  her  kind  nursery.  Shak. 

2.  f One  that  is  nursed  ; a nursling.  Fuller. 

3.  A place  or  room  where  young  children  are 
taken  care  of  or  brought  up. 

Public  nurseries , where  all  parents  are  obliged  to  send  their 
infants  to  be  educated.  Swift. 

4.  A place  for  propagating  .plants, — particu- 

larly, a place  for  propagating  trees  or  shrubs 
for  transplantation.  Milton.  Bacon. 

5.  The  place  where  any  thing  is  fostered  or 
promoted.  “ Fair  Padua;  nursery  of  arts.  ShaJc. 

6.  That  which  forms  or  educates,  as  a busi- 
ness, employment,  or  way  of  life.  Shak. 

This  keeping  of  cows  is  of  itself  a very  idle  life,  and  a fit 
nursery  for  a thief.  Spenser. 

It  [fishing]  forms  a nursery  for  seamen.  Fisher  Ames. 

NURS'pR-Y— MAN,  n.  A man  employed  in  the 
cultivation  of  a nursery.  Loudon. 

NURS'JNG,  n.  Act  of  one  who  nurses.  Ash. 

NURS'LING,  n.  [From  noursle,  or  nurse.']  One 
that  is  nursed  ; an  infant ; a fondling.  Dryden. 

NURS'TLE  (nUrs'sl),  V.  a.  To  bring  up  ; to  nour- 
sle ; to  nuzzle.  — See  Nuzzle.  Clarke. 

NURT'URE  (nurt’yur),  n.  [Fr.  nourriture  ; nour- 
rir,  to  nourish.  — See  Nourish.] 

1.  Nourishment,  care,  attention  required  by 

a child.  Spenser. 

2.  A rearing  or  bringing  up  ; moral  or  in- 
tellectual training  ; education  ; discipline. 

Bring  them  (young  children]  up  in  the  nurture  nnd  admo- 
nition of  the  Lord.  Eph.  vi.  4. 

NURTTRE  (nurt'yur),  V.  a.  [t.  NURTURED  ; pp. 
nurturing,  nurtured.]  To  Tear  or  bring  up  ; 
to  educate ; to  nourish  ; to  cherish.  Bentley. 

He  was  nurtured  where  he  had  been  born  in  his  first  ru- 
diments. Wotton. 

NUS'TLE  (nus'sl),  v.  a.  To  nuzzle.  Ainsworth. 

NUT,  n.  [A.  S.  hnut ; But.  noot ; Old  Ger.  nutz ; 
Ger.  nusz ; Dan.  niidd  ; Sw.  n'Jt.  — L.  nux  ; It. 
noce;  Sp.  nuez ; Fr.  noix.] 

1.  The  fruit  of  certain  trees  and  shrubs,  con- 
sisting of  a hard  shell  enclosing  a kernel.  Gray. 

2.  ( Mech .)  A piece  of  iron  or  wood  contain- 

ing an  internal  or  female  screw,  principally  used 
for  fastening  parts  together,  by  being  screwed 
on  the  end  of  a shaft,  rod,  or  bolt.  Francis. 

3.  ( Naut .)  A projection  on  the  side  of  the 
shaft  of  an  anchor  foy  securing  the  stock.  Dana. 

NUT,  v.  n.  [i.  nutted  ; pp.  nutting,  nutted.1 
To  gather  nuts.  A.  Wood. 

NU'TANT,  n.  ( Bot .)  Having  the  apex  bent  oyer  ; 
nodding.  Wright. 

NU-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  nutatio,  a nodding ; nuto, 

nutatus,  to  nod.] 

1.  Act  of  nodding.  Pope. 

2.  (Astron.)  A small  and  slow  gyratory  mo- 

tion of  the  earth’s  axis,  producing  a periodical 
fluctuation  of  the  apparent  obliquity  of  the  eclip- 
tic, and  of  the  velocity  of  the  regression  of  the 
equinoctial  points.  Ilerschel. 

NUT’— BREAK-ER,  n.  ( Omith .)  The  nuthatch. 

NUT'-BRoWN,  a.  Brown  like  a nut  kept  long. 

“ The  spicy  nut-brown  ale.”  Milton. 

NUT'— CRACK- ^ R,  n. ; pi.  NUT-CRACKERS. 

1.  An  instrument  for  cracking  nuts.  Addison. 

2.  (Omith.)  An  inses-  — 
sorial  bird  of  Central 
Europe,  rarely  seen  in 
England,  generally  in- 
cluded in  the  crow  fami- 
ly, which  feeds  on  insects, 
berries,  and  nuts,  the  lat- 
ter of  which  it  is  said  to 
crack  in  much  the  same  (.Xucifraga  caryocatactes). 
way  as  the  nuthatch ; Nucifraga  Caryocatactes. 

YarreU. 

NtrT'GALL,  n.  An  excrescence  produced  on 
the  leaf-stalks  and  leaves  of  certain  species  of 
oak,  especially  of  the  Quercus  in  fectoria  of  Asia 
Minor,  by  the  puncture  of  a small  insect,  called 
cynips,  and  consisting  chiefly  of  tannic  acid  and 
gallic  acid.  Ure.  Gray. 

NUT'HATCH,  n.  (Omith.)  A shy,  solitary,  Euro- 
pean scansorial  bird  of  the  genus  Sitta,  which 


Nut-cracker 


feeds  on  insects,  berries,  and  nuts,  the  latter  of 
which  it  cracks  by  fixing  them  in  a chink,  and 
striking  them  with  the  bill ; — also  called  nut- 
breaker,  nutjobber,  and  nutpecker.  P.  Cyc. 

NUT'IIOOK  (-liuk),  n.  1.  A pole  with  ,a  hook  at 
the  end,  to  pull  down  boughs  for  gathering  nuts. 

2.  A cant  term  for  a pilferer.  Shak. 

NUT’JOB-BER,  n.  (Omith.)  The  nuthatch.  P.  Cyc. 

NUT'LET,  n.  A little  nut;  stone  of  a drupe.  Gray. 

NUT'MEG,  n.  [It.  noce  moscada ; noce,  a nut, 
and  moscada,  musk;  Sp.  nuez  moscada-,  Fr. 
noix  musquette,  noix  muscade.  — Old  Eng.  note- 
muge.\  The  kernel  or  seed  of  Myristica  mos- 
chata,  a tree  native  of  the  Molucca  Islands,  es- 
pecially of  Banda,  but  cultivated  in  Java,  Su- 
matra, and  elsewhere  in  the  East,  and  lately  in 
Cayenne  and  some  of  the  West  India  islands. 

jgcg=  The  fruit  is  an  ovoid  drupe  of  the  size  of  a 
peach,  and,  when  ripe,  the  fleshy  part  separates'  into 
two  valves,  exposing  the  kernel  surrounded  by  a tough, 
lacerated  aril,  known  in  commerce  as  mace.  The 
nutmeg  is  highly  aromatic,  and  is  much  used  in  cook- 
ery. P.  Cyc.  Ure. 

NUT'MEGGED  (nut'megd),  a.  Containing,  or 
spiced,  with  nutmeg.  Warton. 

NUT'PECK-ER,  n.  (Omith.)  The  nuthatch. P. Cyc. 

NU'TRI-A,  n.  [Sp.  nutria,  lutrio,  an  otter,  from 
Gr.  liwipt;  ; iu,  in,  and  vSuip,  water  ; L.  lutra  ; It. 
§ Port,  loutra  ; Fr.  loutre.  Diez.]  The  commer- 
cial name  of  the  skins  of  the  Myopotamus  Bo- 
nariensis,  or  coypou,  an  aquatic,  rodent  animal, 
resembling  the  beaver,  but  smaller.  The  fur  is 
largely  used  in  the  hat  manufacture.  Brande. 

f NU-TRI-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  nutricatio,  a suckling.] 
Manner  of  feeding  or  ot  being  fed.  Browne. 

NU 'TRI-ENT,  a.  \h.nutrio,  nutriens,  to  nourish.] 
Affording"  nourishment ; nourishing.  Brande. 

NU'TRI-MENT,  n.  [L.  nutrimcntiim  ; nntrio,  to 
nourish  ; It.  <5f  Sp.  nutrimento  ; Fr.  nutriment .] 
That  which  nourishes  ; food,  or  that  part  of 
food,  which  promotes  the  growth  of  organized 
bodies ; nutritive  matter  ; aliment. 

Plants  absorb  their  nutriment  from  the  air  and  from  the 
soil;  they  assimilate  inorganic  as  well  as  organic  matter;  they 
become  the  food  of  the  graminivorous  tribes,  and  from  these 
man  derives  the  great  bulk  of  his  animal  food.  Brande. 

NU-TRI-MENT'AL,  a.  Having  nutriment ; nutri- 
tious ; nourishing ; alimental.  Arbuthnot. 

NU-TRI"TION  (nu-trish'un),  n.  [Low  L.  nutritio  ; 
It.  nutrizi'one;  Sp.  nutrition;  Fr.  nutrition.’] 

1.  The  act  of  nourishing;  the  process  by 
which  organized  bodies  convert  into  substances 
like  their  own  the  nutritive  matter  in  their  food. 

The  word  is  sometimes  used  to  embrace  the 
whole  series  of  operations  by  which  are  effected  the 
processes  of  composition  and  decomposition  in  organ- 
ized bodies,  comprehending  digestion,  absorption,  res- 
piration, circulation,  and  assimilation.  Dunglison. 

The  material  of  nutrition  is,  in  animals,  obtained  from  the 
arterial  blood;  . . . hut  the  nr<>n*r  act  of  nutrition  is  performed 
not  bv  the  power  of  the  blood-vessels,  . . . but  by  the  cells 
and  the  structures  analogous  to  them,  which  convert  the 
common  nutritive  matter  drawn  from  the  blood  into  their 
own  proper  tissue.  F.  Cyc. 

2.  That  which  nourishes;  nutriment;  ali- 
ment ; support. 


Fixed  like  n plant  on  his  peculiar  spot, 
To  draw  nutrition , propagate,  and  rot. 


rope. 


NlJ-TRl''TIOUS  (nu-trlsh'us),  a.  [L.  nutritius ; 
nutrix,  nutricis,  a nurse.]  That  nourishes ; 
having  or  containing  nutritive  matter  ; nourish- 
ing ; alimental ; as,  “ Nutritious  food.” 

NU-TRI'TIOUS-LY,  ad.  Nourishingly.  Wright. 

NU-TRI''TtOUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
nutritious.  Dr.  Ed.  Jarvis. 

NU'TRI-TlVE,  a.  [It.  nutritivo ; Fr.  nutritif] 

1.  Nourishing  ; that  promotes  the  growth  and 
supplies  the  waste  of  organized  bodies. 

Upon  an  average,  the  nutritive  matter  in  a pound  of  [raw] 
meat  is  not  more  than  four  ounces. . . . The  nutritive  matter 
of  wheat  is  chiefly  starch  and  gluten.  ...  In  the  esculent 
roots,  such  as  eurrots,  &C.,  but  especially  turnips,  sugar  is  the 
leading  nutritive  matter.  Brande. 

2.  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  concerned  in,  nutri- 
tion. “ The  nutritive  functions.”  Dunglison. 

NU'TRI-TI  VE-LY,  ad.  Nourishingly.  Wright 

fNU'TRI-TURE,  n.  Nutrition.  Harvey. 

NUT'SHELL,  n.  1.  The  shell  of  a nut. 

2.  Something  of  little  value.  L’ Estrange. 


NUT'TAL-LlTE,  n.  (Min.)  An  anhydrous  silicate 
of  alumina  and  lime,  occurring  in  prismatic, 
bluish-gray  crystals,  at  Bolton,  Mass.,  and  in 
other  localities  ; common  scapolite  ; — so  named 
from  Thomas  Nuttall.  Dana. 

NUT'TJNG,  n.  The  act  of  gathering  nuts.  Browne. 

NUT'— TREE,  n.  A tree  that  hears  nuts. 

JVUX—VOM ' I-CA,  n.  [L .,  noisome  nut.]  The  seed 
of  a tree  of  the  genus  Strychnos,  growing  in  the 
East  Indies.  It  yields  strychnia  and  brucia, 
and  is  a very  virulent  poison.  Gray.  Brande. 

NUZ'ZLE  (-zl),  v.  a.  [ Skinner  thinks  it  a corrup- 
tion of  nestle.  — Todd  says,  “This  word,  in  its 
original  signification,  seems  corrupted  from 
noursle  ; but  when  its  original  meaning  was  for- 
gotten, writers  supposed  it  to  come  from  nozzle, 
or  nose,  and  in  that  sense  used  it.”  — Richardson 
says,  “ The  application  of  the  verbs  to  nestle,  to 
nurstle,  and  to  mizzle,  border  so  close  upon  each 
other,  that  it  is  difficult,  in  some  instances,  to 
discriminate  the  source  of  corruption.  An  in- 
fant may  be  said  to  nestle,  to  nurstle,  or  to  nuzzle 
in  the  breast  or  bosom  of  its  nurse  or  mother.” 
— Smart  observes,  “There  is  often  a mingled 
sense  in  using  this  word,  which  the  notions  de- 
rived from  the  several  sources  unite  to  form.”] 
[i.  NUZZLED  ; pp.  NUZZLING,  NUZZLED.] 

1.  To  nurse  or  bring  up  ; to  nurstle.  Sidney. 

2.  To  nestle  ; to  house  as  in  a nest.  Stafford. 

NUZ'ZLE,  v.  n.  1.  To  hide  the  head,  as  a child 
in  its  mother’s  bosom  ; to  nestle.  Swift. 

2.  To  go  with  the  nose  or  head  down  like  a 

hog.  “ Sir  Roger nuzzled  along.”  Arbuthnot. 

3.  To  work  its  way  with  the  nozzle  or  nose. 

“The  nuzzling  mole.”  Spenser. 

4.  To  loiter.  [North  of  Eng.]  Wright. 

NYC'TA-LOPS,  n.  [Gr.  vv/cToXunp ; ri(,  yvkt6;, 

night,  and  uiip,  the  eye ; L.  nyctalops.]  One 
afflicted  with  nyctalopy.  Coles. 

NYC'TA-LO-PY,  n.  [Gr.  WKra/.umia  ; vvktqX on),  a 
nyctalops  ; t.  nyctalopia,  and  myctalopa  ; Fr. 
nyctalopie.]  According  to  Galen,  Pliny,  Celsus, 
and  other  ancient  writers,  a disease  of  the  eye, 
which  renders  the  patient  incapable  of  perceiv- 
ing objects  after  sunset:  — according  to  Hip- 
pocrates and  most  modern  writers,  a disease  of 
the  eye  in  which  the  patient  sees  better  by 
night  than  by  day.  Rees.  Dunglison. 

JVYC-TI-CO  'RAX,  11.  [L.,  from  Gr.  WKriKdpn(  ; 
vvkt/js,  night,  and  s6po(,  a raven.]  (Omith.)  A 
genus  of  grallatorial  or  wading  birds,  belonging 
to  the  family  Ardeidw ; night-heron.  YarreU. 


NYE,  n.  A brood,  as  of  pheasants. 

NVL-GHAU'  (nll- 
gkw'),  n.  (Zolil.) 

A large  and  mag- 
nificent animal 
of  the  antelope  family, 
inhabiting  the  forests 
of  India,  having  ears 
long,  broad,  and 
rounded  like  those  of 
the  ox,  the  neck  deep 
and  compressed  like 
that  of  the  horse,  and 
the  tail  broad,  covered 
with  hair  on  the  sides 


Johnson. 


Nylghau. 


and  at  the  root,  terminated  by  a long,  black  tuft, 
and  descending  to  the  houghs  ; Portax  tragoca- 
melus  ; — sometimes  written  nilyhau.  Eng.  Cyc. 

NYMPH  (nTmf),  n.  [Gr.  ; L.  nympha  ; It.  St 
Sp.  ninfa  ; Fr.  nymph c.] 

1.  (Myth.)  One  of  the  beautiful  female  deities 
with  which  the  Greeks  peopled  all  the  regions 
of  earth  and  water  ; as,  the  mountain-nymphs, 
or  Oreadcs ; the  dale-nymphs,  or  Napccc  ; the 
water-nymphs,  or  Naiades  ; the  wood-nymphs, 
or  Dryades,  &c.  The  sea-nymphs  were  called 
Oceanides  and  Nereides. 

2.  (Poetry.)  A young  lady.  Shak. 

3.  (Ent.)  The  pupa  ; nympha.  Brande. 

JYYM'PHA,  n. ; pi.  nymphje.  (Ent.)  An  insect 
in  the  second  stage  of  metamorphosis ; the 
pupa,  chrysalis,  or  aurelia.  Crabb. 

NYM-PHJE  'A,  n.  [L.  nympha,  a nymph.]  (Bot.) 
A genus  of  aquatic  plants,  including  the  white 
water-lily  of  this  country,  and  the  sacred  lotus 
of  the  Egyptians.  Gray. 


A,  E,  I,  0,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure ; FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  11E1R,  HER; 


NYMPHAL 


977 


OBDURATE 


f NYM'PHAL,  n.  An  eclogue  consisting  of,  or 
relating  to,  nymphs.  * Drayton. 

f N? M'PHAL,  a.  Relating  to  a nymph.  Phillips. 

NYM-PHE'AN,  a.  [Gr.  mpipalos.)  Sacred  to  the 
nymphs.  ‘ “ Cool  nymphean  grots.”  Dyer. 

fNYM'PHET,  n.  A little  nymph.  Drayton. 

NYM-PIllP'A-ROUS,  a.  [L.  nympha,  a nymph, 
and  pario,  to  bring  forth.]  (Ent.)  Producing 
nymphae.  Kirby. 


NYMPH'ISH,  a.  Relating  to  nymphs.  Drayton. 

NYMPH'— LIKE,  a.  As  of  a nymph  ; resembling 
a nymph.  “ Nymph-like  step.”  War  ton. 

A thousand  nymph-likc  and  enamoured  graces.  Milton. 

NYMPH'LY,  a.  Nymph-like.  Johnson. 

NYM-PHO-LEP'S Y,  n.  [Gr.  vvytpohppia  ; v'up'-p!:,  a 
nymph,  and  lap(3dmo,  Xtppopat,  to  take.]  The 
state  of  being  caught  by  the  nymphs  ; ecstasy. 

The  nympholepsy  of  some  fond  despair.  Byron . 


NYM-PIIO-MA  NI-A,  J n-  [£}r.  vbp^y,  a bride,  and 
NYM'I’HO-MA-NY,  ) yavin,  madness;  Fr.  nym- 
phomanie.\  {Med.)  A disease  in  females,  at- 
tended with  uncontrollable  and  insatiable  desire 
of  sexual  intercourse.  Dunglison. 

f NY§,  or  NI§.  [ne  and  is.]  Not  is  ; none  is. 

Thou  findest  fault  where  nys  to  be  found.  Spenser. 
NYS'SA,  il.  [The  name  of  a nymph.  Linnarus.) 
( Bot .)  A genus  of  North  American  trees;  tu- 
pelo ; pepperidge  ; sour  gum-tree;  Gray. 


0. 


0(5),  the  fourth  vowel,  and  the  fifteenth  letter 
of  the  alphabet,  has  various  sounds,  as  in 
note , not,  more,  nor,  come.  — Before  Irish  names, 
it  signifies  son,  equivalent  to  Fits  in  England, 
and  "Mac  in  Scotland.  Among  the  ancients  it 
was  used  as  a numeral  for  11,  and  with  a dash 
over  it  ( 6 ) for  11.000,  and,  in  music,  as  the  sign 
of  triple  time,  from  the  idea  that  the  ternary,  or 
number  three,  being  the  most  perfect  of  all 
numbers,  would  be  best  expressed  by  a circle, 
the  most  perfect  of  all  figures. 

O,  inter] . It  is  used  to  denote  a calling  to,  or  ex- 
clamation ; — also  expressive  of  a wish,  emo- 
tion, or  earnestness. 

Hear,  O heavens,  and  give  ear,  O earth!  Isa.  i.  2. 

O and  oh  arc  often  used  indiscriminately  ; but 
oh  is  expressive  of  a wish,  pain,  sorrow,  lamentation, 
or  anxiety. 

Oh  that  I were  as  in  months  past.  Job  xxix.  2. 

O happy  peasant!  Oh  unhappy  bard!  Coivper. 

O,  n.  Something  shaped  like  an  O ; a circle  or 
oval.  “ Within  this  wooden  O.”  Shah. 

f 6 AD  (od),  n.  A plant  used  in  dyeing ; woad. — 
See  Woad.]  B.  Jonson. 

OAF  (of),  ti.  [A  corruption  of  elf.  — See  Elf.] 

1.  A changeling;  a foolish  child  left  by  the 
fairies  in  place  of  one  more  witty  or  bright. 
“The  fairy  left  this  oaf."  Drayton. 

2.  A dolt ; a fool ; a blockhead.  Beau.  § FI. 

OAF'jSH  (of'ish),  a.  Stupid;  dull;  doltish  ; fool- 
ish ; silly ; idiotic,  [it.]  Bailey. 

OAF'ISII-NESS  (of'jsh-nes),  n.  Stupidity  ; dul- 
ness  ; foolishness ; idiocy,  [it.]  Bailey. 

OAK  (ok),  n.  [A.  S.  ac,  cec  ; Dut.  cik,  eikboom  ; 
Ger.  eiche,  eichbaum ; Dan.  ecge-trcee. ] (Bot.) 
The  common  name  of  the  well-known  forest- 
trees  of  the  genus  Quercus,  of  which  there  are 
many  species,  some  of  them  valuable  for  the 
tannin  afforded  by  their  bark,  and  most  of  them 
valuable  for  timber. 

OAK'-AP-PLE  (ok'&p-pl),  n.  A spongy  excrescence 
on  the  leaves  or  tender  branches  of  the  oak, 
produced  by  the  puncture  of  an  insect.  Bacon. 

OAK'— BARK,  ii.  The  bark  of  the  oak-tree,  much 
used  in  tanning.  Booth. 

OAK'-CLEAV-ING,  a.  Cleaving  oaks.  Shale. 
OAIv'EN  (o'kn),  a.  1.  Made,  or  consisting  of, 
oak.  “ A good  tough  oaken  cudgel.”  Arbuthnot. 

2.  Obtained  from  oak.  “ An  oaken  garland 
to  be  worn  on  festivals.”  Addison. 

OAK'EN-PIN,  11.  A sort  of  hard  apple.  Mortimer. 

OAK— EV'ER-GREEN,  n.  (Bot.)  Evergreen  oak 
of  the  south  of  Europe  ; Quercus  ilex.  Miller. 

OAK'LTNG,  n.  A young  oak.  Evelyn. 

OAK'— PA-PpR,  n.  Paper-hangings  stained  like 
oak.  Simmonds. 

OAK'UM  (o'kum),  n.  [A.  S.  cecemba,  aicumba,  tow.] 
Loose  hemp  obtained  by  untwisting  old  ropes  ; 
used  when  mingled  with  pitch,  for  calking  and 
other  purposes.  Raleigh. 

OAK'Y  (o'ke),  a.  Like  oak  ; hard  as  oak.  Bp.  Ilall. 
OAR  (or),  n.  [A.  S.  ar 


Icel.  aar.  — Perhaps  from  A.  S.  crian,  to 
plough.  Richardson .]  A sort  of  long  pole, 
or  a piece  of  timber  with  a broad,  flat  end  or 
blade,  by  which  boats  are  rowed. 

To  boat  the  oars,  (Naut.)  to  cease  rowing  and  lay 
the  oars  in  the  boat.  — To  feather  the  oars,  to  place  tile 
blades  in  a horizontal  position,  so  that  they  shall  not 
hold  the  wind. — To  ship  the  oars,  to  place  them  in 
the  row-locks  ready  for  rowing.  — To  unship  the  oars, 
to  heave  them  out  of  the  row-locks.  Mar.  Diet. 

OAR  (ol),  V.  11.  [l.  OARED  ; pp.  OARIXG,  OARED.] 

To  impel  a boat  or  vessel  with  an  oar;  to  row. 
“ lie  . . . oared  with  laboring  arms.”  Pope. 

OAR  (or),  v.  a.  To  impel  by  rowing.  Sliak. 

OAR'— FOOT-IJD  (or'fut-ed),  a.  Having  feet  used 
as  oars.  Burnet. 

OARfj'MAN  (orz'mSn),  n.  ; pi.  oar^'men.  One  who 
manages  oars  ; one  who  rows.  M.  Noah. 

OAR'Y  (or'e),  a.  Having  the  form  or  the  use  of 
oars.  “ With  oary  feet.”  Milton. 

OASIS  [o'a-sis,  Sm.  O.  P.  Cyc.  Andrews,  Lev- 
er ett,  Lempricre  ; o-a'sjs,  \Vm.  Smith,  Butler, 
Branch),  n. ; pi.  d'4-siiif.  [Gr.  6aas ; L .oasis. — 
Cop.  ouah  ; Arab,  w&h .]  A fertile  spot  surround- 
ed by  an  arid  desert;  — a term  originally  appro- 
priated to  a place  in  the  western  part  of  Egypt, 
but  now  generally  applied  to  those  fertile  spots 
watered  by  springs  and  covered  with  verdure, 
which  are  scattered  about  the  great  sandy  des- 
erts of  Africa. 

Fezzan  may  be  considered  as  a great  oasis  of  the  Sahara. 

r.  Cyc. 

OAST  (ost),  n.  [Perhaps  L.  vro,  ustus,  to  burn. 
Todd.)  A kiln  for  drying  hops,  which  is  heated 
by  flues.  Mortimer. 

OAT,  n. ; pi.  oats.  [A.  S.  ata,  ate ; Frs.  bat.) 

1.  (Bot.)  The  popular  name  of  the  genus  Are- 

na, of  which  the  common  oat  (Arena  satira)  is 
the  species  most  generally  cultivated  ; — the 
coarse  grain  of  the  Arena  satira,  used  chiefly  as 
food  for  horses.  Eng.  Cyc. 

1 835=  It  is  rarely  used  in  the  singular  number,  except 
in  composition  ; as,  oat-straw.  — See  Oats. 

2.  f A pipe  of  an  oaten  straw. 

But  now  my  oat  proceeds.  Milton. 

OAT'CAKE,  n.  Cake  made  of  the  meal  of  oats. 

OAT'EN  (s'tn),  a,.  Made  of  oats. 

When  shepherds  pipe  on  oaten  straws.  Shah. 

OATH  (oth),  n.  ; pi.  oaths.  [Goth,  aiths  ; A.  S. 
ath  ; Dut.  <S,  Dan.  eed  ; Ger.  eid ; Sw.  ed.\  An 
affirmation,  declaration,  or  promise,  made  by 
calling  on  God  to  witness  what  is  said,  with  art 
invoking  of  his  vengeance,  or  a renunciation  of 
his  favor,  in  case  of  falsehood. 

Let  him  ne’er  see  joy  that  breaks  that  oath.  Shah. 

OATII'A-BLE,  a.  Fit  to  be  sworn,  [r.]  Shale. 

OATH'— BREAK-ING,  ii.  Perjury  ; the  violation 
of  an  oath.  Shak. 

OAT'— MALT,  n.  Malt  made  of  oats.  Mortimer. 

OAT'MEAL  (ot'mel)  [at'mel,  S.  P.  E.  .la.  K.  Sm. 
IFr. ; ot'mel  or  ot’mel,  IF.;  ot'mel,  Naves),  n. 

1.  Meal  made  from  oats.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  (Bot.)  Panic-grass;  Panicum.  Ainsworth. 


OATS  (Sts),  n.  pi.  [See  Oat.]  The  seeds  of  sev- 
eral species  of  Arena.  The  seeds  of  Arena 
satira,  the  common  oat,  are  extensively  used  as 
food  for  horses,  and  also  in  Scotland  and  the 
north  of  Eng.  for  bread  and  porridge. Simmonds. 

OAT'— THIS-TLE  (-thls-sl),  n.  A plant  .Ainsworth. 

OB,  a Latin  preposition,  used  in  composition,  and 
signifying  in  the  way,  against,  out  ; as,  oiject, 
to  cast  in  the  way,  or  against ; obsolete,  grown 
out  of  use.  It  is  often  merely  intensive.  In 
the  formation  of  Latin  technical  terms  it  is  used 
to  indicate  that  a thing  is  inverted  ; as,  oiovate, 
inversely  ovate.  It  is  often  changed  into  oc,  of, 
before  the  letters  c and  f respectively,  and  al- 
ways into  op,  before  p. 

f OB-AM'BU-LATE,  v.n.  [L.  obambulo,  abainbu- 
latus.)  To  walk  about.  Cockeram. 

■j-OB-AM-BU-LA'TION,  11.  [L.  obambulatio.)  The 
act  of  walking  about ; ambulation.  Gayton. 

OB-BLI-  Gji ' TO,  a.  [It.]  (Mus.)  Noting  any 
part  or  any  instrument  in  a piece  of  music 
which  cannot  be  omitted ; indispensable ; re- 
quired ; as,  “ Flute  obbligato”  : — the  opposite 
of  ad  libitum.  Warner. 

OB-CLA'VATE,  a.  [L.  ob,  inversely,  and  clava, 
a club.]  (Bot.)  Inversely  clavate.  Ilcnslow. 

OB-COM-PRESSED'  (-p)est'),  a.  (Bot.)  Flattened 
the  opposite  of  the  usual  way.  Gray. 

OB-CON  IC,  I a [I,.  0l)  and  conicus,  coni- 

OB-CON'I-CAL,  S cal.]  (Bot.)  Conical  with  the 
apex  downward  ; inversely  conical.  Smart. 

OB-COR'DATE,  a.  [L.  ob,  inversely,  and  cor,  cor- 
dis, the  heart.]  (Bot.)  Shaped  like  a heart 
placed  inversely  ; inversely  cordate.  Loudon. 

f OB-DOR-mF'TION,  n.  [L.  obclormio,  to  sleep 
soundly.]  Sound  or  continued  sleep.  Bp.  Ilall. 

OB-DUCE',  v.  a.  [L.  obduco;  ob,  over,  and  duco, 
to  draw.]  To  draw  over  as  a covering,  [r.]  Hale. 

fOB-DUCT',  t>.  a.  [L.  obduco,  obductus.)  To  draw 
over  ; to  obduce.  Browne. 

OB-DUC'TION,  n.  [L.  obductio.)  The  act  of  cov- 
ering ; a veiling,  [r.]  Cockeram. 

||  OB'DU-RA-CY,  or  OB-DU'RA-CY  [ob'du-ra-se,  J. 
Sm.  R.  C.  O.  B.  Wr.  Wb. ; ob-du'ra-se,  S’.  P.  Ja. 
A’.;  8b'ju-ra-se  or  ob-du'ra-se,  IF.;  ob'du-ra-se  or 
ob-du'ra-se’,  F.),  11.  [See  Obdurate.]  The  qual- 
ity of  being  obdurate  ; invincible  obstinacy  ; in- 
flexible wickedness;  impenetrable  hardness  of 
heart;  stubborn  impenitence.  “The  absolute 
completion  of  sin  in  final  obduracy.”  South. 

flcg=»  “ W.  Johnston  and  Entick  are  tile  only  orthoe- 
pists  who  adopt  the  first  mode  of  accenting  this  word  ; 
while  Dr.  Johnson,  Dr.  Ash,  Mr.  Sheridan,  Dr.  Kcn- 
rick,  Buchanan,  Perry,  and  Barclay  adopt  the  last. 
Mr.  Scott  adopts  both,  but  seems  to  give  the  latter  the 
preference  by  placing  it  first.  The  accentuation  of 
this  word  must  be  determined  by  that  of  obdurate, 
from  which  it  is  derived.  It  seems,  however,  to  fol- 
low the  example  of  accuracy,  procuracy,  &c.,  in  throw- 
ing the  accent  on  the  first  syllable.”  Walter . 

II  OB'DU-RATE,  or  OB-DU'R ATE  [ob'du-rat,  Sm. 
R.  C.  O.  B.  Wb.  Bailey,  Entick,  Bees;  ob-du'- 
r;tt,  S.  P.  J.  E.  K. ; oh'ju-rat  or  ob-du'rat,  IF. ; 
ob'du-rat  or  ob-du’rat,  F.  ; olj-du'rat,  Ja.),  (1.  [L. 


MIEN,  SIR  ; MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — y,  £,  9,  g,  soft;  jC,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  c ; $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


; Dan.  aare ; Sw.  ara  ; 


OBDURATE 


OBJECT 


978 


obduro,  obduratus,  to  harden  greatly ; ob,  used 
intensively,  and  duro,  to  harden.] 

1.  Hard  of  heart ; inflexibly  obstinate  in  ill ; 
hardened  ; impenitent ; stubborn  ; callous  ; un- 
feeling ; insensible. 

No  such  thought  ever  strikes  his  marble,  obdurate  heart, 
but  it  presently  tiics  otf  and  rebounds  train  it.  South. 

There  is  no  flesh  in  man’s  obdurate  heart.  Cowper. 

2.  Harsh  ; rugged ; rough. 

They  joined  the  most  obdurate  consonants  without  one 
intervening  vowel.  Swift. 

jjjrg,  “This  word  is  pronounced  with  the  accent  on 
tlie  second  syllable  by  Dr.  Johnson,  Mr.  Sheridan,  Dr. 
Kenrick,  Dr.  Ash,  Mr.  Wares,  Mr.  Elphtnston,  Mr. 
Barclay,  Buchanan,  and  Mr.  Perry  ; and  on  the  first  by 
Bailey,  Entick,  and  VV.  Johnston.  Mr.  Scott  accents 
it  either  on  the  first  or  second,  but  seems  to  give  the 
preference  to  the  latter.  The  poets  are  decidedly  in 
favor  of  the  penultimate  accent ; and  when  the  usage 
of  poetry  does  not  contradict  any  plain  analogy  of 
prosaic  pronunciation,  it  certainly  has  a respectable 
authority.  But  the  verb  to  indurate  is  a word  of  ex- 
actly the  same  form,  and  has  the  same  derivation  ; 
and  yet  Dr.  Johnson,  Mr.  Sheridan,  Dr.  Kenrick,  Mr. 
Scott,  \V.  Johnston,  Barclay,  and  Entick  place  the 
accent  on  the  first  syllable  ; and  my  observation  fails 
me  if  there  is  not  a strong  propensity  in  custom  to 
place  the  accent  on  the  first  syllable  of  the  word  in 
question.  This  propensity,  as  there  is  a plain  analogy 
in  favor  of  it,  ought,  in  my  opinion,  to  be  indulged.” 
Walker. 

Sy n.  — See  Hard. 

||  fOB’Dy-RATE,  v.  a.  To  harden;  to  make  ob- 
durate or  stubborn.  Barnes. 

||  OB'DU-RATE-LY,  ad.  In  an  obdurate  manner; 
stubbornly ; inflexibly  ; impenitently. 

||  OB'DIJ-RATE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
obdurate  ; stubbornness  ; obduracy.  Hammond. 

f OB-DU-RA'TION,  n.  [L.  obduratio.]  The  act 
of  making  obdurate ; stubbornness.  Hooker. 

+ OB-DURE',  v.  a.  [L.  obduro.']  To  harden  ; to 
render  inflexible  ; to  make  obdurate.  Bp.  Hall. 

f OB-DUR'lfD-NESS,  n.  Obduracy.  Bp.  Hall. 

f OB-DURE'NESS,  n.  Obduracy.  Bp.  nail. 

O-BE'AH,  n.  A kind  of  witchcraft,  prevalent 
among  the  negroes  of  the  West  Indies,  said  to 
have  been  introduced  from  Africa.  Wright. 

f O-BE'Dj-BLE,  a.  Obedient.  Bp.  Hall. 

II  O-BE'DI-ENCE  [o-be'de-ens,  P.  J.  Ja.  Sm.  C.  B. 
Wr. ; o-be'dyens,  S.E.  F.  K.;  o-bc'je-ens,  IF.],  n. 
[L.  obedientia ; It.  obedienza ; Sp.  obediencia; 
Fr.  obhlience.]  The  act  of  obeying,  or  the  qual- 
ity of  being  obedient ; submission  to  authority  ; 
compliance  with  command  or  prohibition  ; sub- 
missiveness : — obsequiousness. 

To  prayer,  repentance,  nn<l  o'iedience  due, 

Though  but  endeavored  with  sincere  intent. 

Mine  ear  shall  not  be  slow,  mine  eye  not  shut.  Milton. 

Passive' obedience,  unqualified  submission  or  obedi- 
ence to  authority,  however  unreasonable  or  unlawful 
the  commands  may  be. 

“Tlie  doctrine  of  passive  obedience. , or  non- 
resistance,  was  strongly  professed  by  the  Church  of 
England  in  the  time  of  King  James  I.”  Braude. 

Syn.  — Obedience  is  used  in  a good  sense  ; submis- 
sion is  relatively  good,  but  it  may  be  indifferent  or 
bad  ; obsequiousness  is  always  taken  in  a bad  sense. 
Obedience  is  proper  submission  to  authority  ; obsequi- 
ousness, servile  submission  or  compliance. — Passive 
obedience  is  unqualified  submission  to  authority  or 
government,  however  arbitrary  or  oppressive. 

f O-BE'Dl-EN-CJ-A-RY,  n.  One  who  is  obedi- 
ent. John  Fox. 

||  O-BE'DI-ENT,  a.  [L.  obediens  ; It.  <Sf  Sp.  obe- 
diente ; Fr.  obedient.']  Submissive  to  authority  ; 
compliant  with  command  or  prohibition  ; duti- 
ful; deferential: — compliant;  obsequious. 

Religion  hath  a good  influence  upon  the  people  to  make 
them  oljedient  to  government  and  peaceable  one  towards  an- 
other. nilotson. 

Syn.  — Obedient  servant  ; obedient  or  dutiful  child  j 
submissive  to  proper  authority  ; obsequious  in  order  to 
gain  favor  ; obsequious  flatterer. 

||  O-BE-DI-EN'TIAL,  a.  [Fr.  obedienciel.]  Obedi- 
ent ; according  to  the  rule  of  obedience,  [r.] 

_ There  is  no  such  way  of  giving  God  the  glory  of  his  infi- 
nite  knowledge  as  by  an  obediential  practice,  ot  those  duties 
and  commands,  which  seem  most  to  thwart  and  contradict 
our  own.  South. 

||  O-BE'DI-ENT-LY,  ad.  In  an  obedient  manner  ; 
with  obedience  ; submissively.  Tillotson. 

||  O-BEI'SANG’E  (o-l)a'sjns  or  o-be'sans)  [o-ba'sans, 
'IF.  J.  F.  Ja.  K'.  Sm.  R.  C.  B.  Wr. ; o-be's?ns,  S. 


P.  E.  O.  Wb.],  n.  [Fr.  obeissance ; obtir,  to  obey. 
“ Formed  by  corruption  from  abaisance,  an  act 
of  reverence.”  Johnson.]  A token  of  willing- 
ness to  obey  ; an  act  of  civility  or  reverence 
made  by  inclination  of  the  body  or  knee ; a bow 
or  a courtesy. 

The  lords  and  ladies  paid 

Their  homage  with  a low  obeisance  made.  Dryden. 

“ Not  a corruption  of  abaisance  or  a lowering  of 
the  body,  though  it  comes  to  the  same  thing.”  Smart. 

tfjp-  “ I must  retract  my  former  pronunciation  of 
this  word,  which  made  the  diphthong  ci  like  e in  obe- 
dience., and  adopt  the  sound  of  a as  in  the  ey  of  obey. 
For  the  former  sound  we  have  Mr.  Sheridan,  Dr.  Ken- 
rick, and  Mr.  Perry  ; and  for  the  latter,  Mr.  Nares, 
Mr.  Elpliinston,  Mr.  Scott,  and  VV.  Johnston.  But 
if  the  authorities  for  this  pronunciation  were  less 
weighty  than  they  are,  analogy  would  be  clearly  on 
the  side  I have  adopted,  as  ei,  when  under  the  accent, 
is  much  more  frequently  pronounced  like  ey  in  obey 
than  like  ey  in  key  ; the  latter  word  and  ley  being  the 
only  exceptions  to  the  general  rule  of  pronouncing  ey 
when  accented  ; and  these  letters,  we  know,  arc  per- 
fectly equivalent  to  ei.”  Walker. 

||  O-BEI'SAN-CY,  n.  Same  as  Obeisance.  Pollok. 

||  O-BEI'SANT  (o-bi'sant  or  o-bS'sjnt),  a.  Submis- 
sive to  authority ; obedient,  [r.]  Scott. 

OB-E-LIS'CAL,  a.  Having  the  form  of  an  obelisk. 
“ An  obeliscal  stone.”  [r.]  Stukcley. 

OB'P-LtSK,  n.  [Gr.  dffe/.ioKOs ; If  lit;,  a spit,  a 
pointed  pillar  ; o prefixed  for  euphony,  and  (Iti.os, 
a missile ; L.  obeliscus ; It.  6$  Sp.  obclisco  ; Fr. 
obelisque.] 

1.  A lofty,  quadrangular,  monolithic  column, 
the  base  narrow,  and  the  sides  diminishing 
gradually  until  they  terminate  near  the  top,  in 
a pointed  four-sided  pyramid. 

“ It  lias  been  frequently  asserted  that  obelisks 
were  originally  erected  in  honor  of  the  sun,  of  which 
they  were  said  to  be  symbolical,  and  that  they  served 
the  purposes  of  a gnome  or  sun-dial  ; but  this  opinion 
is  now  almost  totally  rejected,  and  it  is  generally  be- 
lieved that  obelisks  were  nothing  more  than  monu- 
mental structures,  serving  as  ornaments  to  the  open 
squares  in  which  they  were  generally  built,  or  in- 
tended to  celebrate  some  important  event,  and  to  per- 
petuate its  remembrance.  They  were  usually  adorned 
with  hieroglyphics.”  Brandc. 

2.  (Printing.)  A mark  of  reference,  thus  [f]  ; 
a dagger ; — sometimes  used  as  a mark  of  cen- 
sure, or  to  denote  that  a word  is  obsolete.  Grew. 

OB'IJ-LISK,  v.  a.  To  mark  with  an  obelisk,  as  in 
writing  or  printing,  [r.]  Ch.  Ob. 

OB'5-LlZE,  v.  a.  To  mark  with  an  obelus;  to 
mark  as  spurious  or  as  suspicious.  Ed.  Rev. 

OB  'E-L&S,  n.  ; pi.  on' E-Z.I.  [L.,  from  Gr.  o/3e Ms, 
a needle.]  (Diplomatics.)  A mark  to  denote  a 
suspected  passage  in  a hook  or  manuscript; 
usually  thus  ( — ),  or  thus  (-[-).  Brande. 

f 0B-EQ.'UJ-TATE  (ob-ek'we  tat),  V.  11.  [L . obe- 
quito,  obequitatus .]  To  ride  about.  Cockeram. 

f OB-EQ-UI-TA'TION,  ii.  A riding.  Cockeram. 

OB'  E-RON,  n.  (Mcdiccval  Myth.)  The  fabled 
king  of  the  fairies. 

“ Elherich  (the  Albrich  of  the  ‘ Niebelungen 
I.ied  ’),  as  we  have  said,  is  Oberon.  From  the  usual 
change  of  l into  a (as  al,  ait;  col,  cow,  &c.),  in  the 
French  language,  Elherich,  or  Albrich,  (derived  from 
Alp,  Alf  [an  elf  or  fairy]),  becomes  Auberich  ; and 
ich  not  being  a French  termination,  the  diminutive  on 
was  substituted,  and  so  it  became  Auberon,  or  Oberon  ; 
a much  more  likely  origin  than  the  usual  one  from 
L'Jlubc  du  jour.”  Keightley . 

f OB-ER-rA'TION,  n.  [L.  oberro,  oberratus,  to 
wander.]  The  act  of  wandering.  Bailey. 

O-BESE',  a.  [L.  obesus  ; ob,  used  intensively,  and 
edo,  to  eat.]  Excessively  fat  or  fleshy ; very 
corpulent ; gross.  Gaytan.  Sydney  Smith. 

O-BESE  NJfSS,  n.  Obesity.  Bp.  Gauden. 

O-BES'I-TY,  n.  [L.  obesitas ; It.  obesita ; Sp. 
obesidad ’;  Fr.  obesite.]  Excessive  fatness  or 
fleshiness  ; inordinate  corpulence.  Grew. 

O-BEY'  (o-ba'),  v.  a.  [L.  obedio ; oh,  used  inten- 
sively, and  audio,  to  hear  ; It.  obedire;  Sp.  obe- 
decer  ; Fr.  obeir.]  [i.  obeyed  ; pp.  OBEYING, 
obeyed.]  To  yield  obedience  or  submission  to  ; 
to  comply  with,  from  reverence  to  authority. 

I.ove  and  obedience  to  her  lord  she  bore; 

She  much  obeyed  him,  tmt  she  loved  him  more.  Dryden. 

Let  them  obey  who  know  not  how  to  rule.  Shuk. 


DSP  Some  of  our  old  writers  used  it  as  a neuter 
verb,  after  the  Latin  and  the  French  idiom,  with  to. 

His  servants  ye  are  to  whom  ye  obey.  Horn.  vi.  16. 

Yet  to  their  general’s  voice  they  soon  obeyed.  Milton. 

Syn. — See  Follow. 

O-BEY'ER  (o-ba'er),  n.  One  who  obeys.  Price. 

O-BEY'ING-LY,  ad.  In  an  obedient  manner. 

f OB-FIRM',  v.  a.  [L.  objirmo.]  To  render  firm, 
obstinate,  or  obdurate.  Bp.  Hall. 

+ OB-FIR'MATE,  v.  a.  [L.  objirmo,  objirmatus.] 
To  harden  in  resolution  ; to  obfirm.  Sheldon. 

OB-FUS'CATE,  v.  a.  [L.  ob,  used  intensively,  and 
Jusco,  fuscatus,  to  obscure  ; It.  ojfuscare ; Sp. 
ofuscar  ; Fr.  obfusqaer.]  [/.  obfuscated  ; pp. 
OBFUSCATING,  obfuscated.]  To  darken  over; 
to  cloud  ; to  obscure.  Waterhouse. 

OB-FUS'CATE,  a.  Darkened  ; obfuscated.  Elyot. 

OB-FUS-CA'TION,  n.  Act  of  darkening.  Burton. 

O'BIT,  or  OB'IT  [o’bjt,  IF.  P.  E.  K.  Sm.  R.  B. 
Wr. ; ob'it,  S.  F.  C.  O.  Wb.],  n.  [A  corruption 
of  the  L.  obiit,  or  obivit,  he  died.] 

1.  A funeral  ceremony  or  office  for  the  dead  ; 

a funeral  rite  ; obsequies.  Drayton. 

2.  Death  ; decease.  Smart. 

3.  The  time  of  a person’s  death.  Wood. 

4.  The  anniversary  of  the  death  of  a benefac- 
tor, as  the  founder  of  a college. 

In  many  of  our  colleges,  the  obit,  or  anniversary  of  the 
death  of  the  founder,  is  piously  observed.  Hook. 

5.  A particular  length  of  slate.  Simmonds. 

Post  obit  (L.  post  obitum),  after  death. 

OB'I-TER,  ad.  [L.]  By  the  way. 

The  law  concerning  it  is  delivered  obiter  only.  Blackstone. 

O-BIT'U-AL,  a.  Relating  to  deaths  or  to  funeral 
ceremonies ; obituary.  Smart. 

O-BIT'U-A-RI-LY,  ad.  In  the  manner  of  an  obit- 
uary. Wright. 

O-BIT'y-A-RY,  n.  [Sp.  obituario;  Fr.  obituaire. ] 
A register  of  deaths ; an  account  of  deceased 
persons  or  of  a deceased  person  ; necrology. 

O-BIT'U-A-RY,  a.  Relating  to  deaths  or  to  funer- 
als ; ceremonious ; obitual.  Gibbs. 

OB-JECT',  v.  a.  [L.  objicio,  objectus ; ob,  in  the 
way,  and  jacio,  to  throw;  It.  obbiettare  ; Sp.  ob- 
jetar  ; Fr.  objccter.]  [t.  objected;  pp.  object- 
ing, OBJECTED.] 

1.  To  cast  or  place  in  front ; to  put  before  ; to 
throw  or  place  in  the  way. 

Pallas  to  their  eyes 

The  mist  objected , and  condensed  the  skies.  rope. 

2.  To  propose  adversely,  as  a reason  or 
charge;  to  state  or  urge,  in  opposition;  — fre- 
quently followed  by  to  or  against. 

Others  object  the  poverty  of  the  nation,  and  difficulties  in 
furnishing  greater  supplies.  Addison. 

It  was  objected  against  a late  painter,  that  he  drew  many 
graceful  pictures,  but  few  of  them  were  like.  Dryden. 

OB-JECT',  v.  n.  To  oppose  in  words  or  argu- 
ments ; — followed  by  to,  formerly  by  against. 

The  king’s  mother  objected  openly  against  his  marriage. 

Sir  T.  More. 

OB'JECT,  n.  [L.  objectus  ; It . oggetto  \ Sp.  objeto  ; 
Fr.  objet.] 

1.  That  which  is  presented  to  the  senses  or  to 
tlie  mind,  and  raises  an  affection  or  emotion. 

Think  on  thy  Proteus  when  thou  Imply  seest 

Some  rare,  noteworthy  object  in  thy  travel.  Shak. 

2.  That  to  which  the  mind  directs  itself ; any 
thing  aimed  at,  or  proposed  to  be  attained ; pur- 
pose ; design  ; intent ; end  ; aim  ; view. 

It  ought  not  to  be  the  leading  object  of  any  one  to  become 
an  eminent  metaphysician,  mathematician,  or  poet,  but  to 
render  himself  happy  as  an  individual,  and  an  agreeable,  a 
respectable,  and  a useful  member  of  society.  Stewart. 

3.  (Gram.)  That  which  is  influenced  or  acted 
on  by  something  else,  as  a noun  or  pronoun 
governed  by  a, verb  or  a preposition.  Clarke. 

Syn.  — Object  and  subject  are  often  used  indiscrim- 
inately, but  improperly.  We  notice  an  object,  and  re- 
flect on  a subject.  Objects  are  sensible  ; subjects,  in- 
tellectual. A subject  of  reflection,  of  a treatise,  a 
poem  ; an  object  of  interest ; a multiplicity  of  objects. 

“ Tile  subject  is  properly,  id  in  quo  [that  in  which] ; 
the  object,  id  circa  quod  [that  about  which].  Hence, 
in  psychological  language,  the  subject,  absolutely  is 
the  mind  that  knows  or  thinks,  i.  e.  the  mind  as  con- 
sidered as  the  subject  of  kpowledge  or  thought ; the 
object,  that  which  is  known  or  thought  about.”  Sir 
Wm.  Hamilton.  — In  the  Middle  Ages,  subject  meant 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  if, 


O,  u,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


OBJECT 


substance , and  has  this  sense  in  Descartes  .and  Spino- 
za ; sometimes  also  in  Reid.  Kant  and  Fichte  have 
inverted  the  meaning:  subject  is  the  mind  which 
knows  ; object,  that  which  is  known  : subjective,  the 
varying  conditions  of  the  knowing  mind  ; objective, 
that  which  is  in  the  constant  nature  of  the  thing 
known.  Fleming.  — See  AIM. 

f OB'JJ^CT,  a.  Opposed;  presented  against. 

His  mercy  is  so  object  even  unto  6ense.  Sanclys. 

f OB-JECT'A-BLE,  a.  That  maybe  objected,  or 
opposed  ; objectionable.  Bp.  Taylor. 

6b'J£CT— GLASS,  n.  The  glass  of  a telescope,  or 
microscope,  which  is  nearest  to  the  object,  and 
farthest  from  the  eye.  Brande. 

OB-JEC'TI-FY,  v.  a.  To  form  into  an  object. 

This  letter  or  sign  is,  in  the  language  of  modern  philoso- 
phers, the  idea  objectified.  Morell. 

OB-JEC'TION,  n.  [L.  objectio-,  It.  obbiezione  ; Sp. 
objecion  ; Fr.  objection .] 

1.  The  act  of  objecting.  Johnson. 

2.  That  which  is,  or  may  be,  objected;  ad- 
verse argument,  reason,  or  charge. 

Their  scholastical  divinity  must  make  objections  against 
every  truth,  be  it  never  so  plain.  Tyndalc. 

OB-JEC'TION-A-BLE,  a.  Liable  to  objection  ; 
that  may  justly  be  objected  to  ; exceptionable. 

OB'J^CT-IST,  n.  One  versed  in  the  objective 
philosophy  or  doctrine,  [n.]  Ec.  Rev. 

OB-JEC'TIVE  [ob-jek'tjv,  IF.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  Sm. 
Wr. ; ob'jek-tjv,  S.].  a.  [L . objectivus  •,  It.  obbiet- 
tivo  ; Sp.  objetivo  ; Fr.  objectif.~\ 

1.  Relating  to  the  object ; contained  in  the 
object ; extrinsic  : — relating  to  the  object  of 
thought,  and  not  to  the  thinker  ; opposed  to 
subjective: — having  the  quality  of  coming  in 
the  way  ; as,  “ Objective  certainty,”  i.  e.  certain- 
ty in  outward  things,  in  distinction  from  subjec- 
tive certainty,  which  lies  in  the  mind  itself.  The 
former  is  called  physical,  the  latter  metaphysi- 
cal, certainty. 

Certainty,  according  to  the  schools,  is  distinguished  into 
objective  and  subjective.  Objective  certainty  is  when  the 
proposition  is  certainly  true  in  itselfi  and  subjective,  when 
we  are  certain  of  the  truth  of  it.  The  one  is  in  things,  and 
the  other  is  in  our  minds.  IVatts. 

ffg=In  the  philosophy  of  the  mind,  subjective  de- 
notes what  is  to  lie  referred  to  the  thinking  subject, 
the  ego  ; objective,  what  belongs  to  the  object  of 
thought,  the  non  ego.  Sir  Wm.  Hamilton.  — See  SUB- 
JECTIVE. 

“ Objective  is  now  used  to  describe  the  absolute 
independent  state  of  a tiling  ; hut  by  the  elder  meta- 
physicians it  was  applied  to  the  aspect  of  tilings  as 
objects  of  sense  or  understanding.  So  Berkeley  : ‘ Nat- 
ural phenomena  are  only  natural  appearances.  They 
are,  therefore,  sucli  as  we  see  and  perceive  them. 
Their  real  and  objective  natures  are,  therefore,  one  and 
tlie  same.’  Sirin,  sect.  292,  where  real  and  objective 
are  expressly  distinguished.”  Fitzgerald. 

2.  (Gram.)  Noting  the  case  which  follows  a 
verb  or  participle  active,  or  a preposition ; ac- 
cusative. 

OB-JEC'TIVE,  n.  (Gram.)  The  objective  case. 

OB-JEC'TIVE-LY,  ad.  In  an  objective  manner  ; 
applied  to  the  manner  or  state  of  an  object,  as 
existing  externally  with  respect  to  the  mind. 

OB-JEC'TI  VE-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality 
of  being  an  object;  objectivity.  Hale. 

OB-JEC-TIV'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state  of 
being  objective  ; objectiveness.  Coleridye. 

OB'JIJCT-LESS,  a.  Having  no  object.  Coleridye. 

OB-JECT'OR,  n.  One  who  offers  objection. 

OlS-.liy'I-ENT,  n.  [L.  objicio,  objiciens.)  An  ob- 
jector ; an  opponent,  [it.]  Cardinal  Wiseman. 

OB-JU-RA'TION,  n.  [L.  objur.0,  objuratus,  to 
bind  by  oath.]  Act  of  binding  by  oath.  Maunder. 

OB-JUR'GATE,  v.  a.  [L.  objttrgo,  objurgatus ; ob, 
against,  and jurgo,  to  strive.]  [i.  objurgated; 
pp.  OBJURGATING,  OBJURGATED.]  To  chide;  to 
reprove ; to  reprehend,  [r.]  Cockeram. 

OB-JUR-GA'TION,  n.  [L.  objurgatio  ; It.  objur- 
gazione ; Fr.  objurgation .]  The  act  of  reprov- 
ing or  rebuking  ; reprehension.  Bramhatt. 

QB-JUR'GA-TO-RY,  a.  [L.  objurgatorius  ; It.  ob- 
jurgatorio .]  Reprehensory ; culpatory.  Poky. 

OB-LAN'CIJ-O-LATE,  a.  (Rot.)  Lance-shaped 
with  the  tapering  point  downwards.  Gray. 


979 

OB-LATE',  a.  [L.  ob,  against,  and  fero,  lotus,  to 
bear.]  (Geom.)  Compressed  or  flattened  at  the 
poles. 

Oblate  spheroid. , the  volume  generated  by  the  revolu- 
tion of  an  ellipse  about  its  conjugate  axis.  The  figure 
of  the  earth  is  that  of  an  oblate  spheroid.  Davies. 

OB-LATE'N$SS,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state  of 
being  oblate.  Wright. 

OB-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  oblatio ; ojfero,  oblatus,  to 
offer;  ob,  before,  and  fero,  to  bring;  It.  obla- 
zione  ; Sp.  oblacion  ; Fr.  oblation .] 

1.  An  offering  ; a sacrifice. 

The  blessed  oblation  of  the  holy  mass.  Sir  T.  More. 
Then  scattered  on  his  tomb  her  hoary  hairs, 

A poor  oblation , mingled  with  her  tears.  Drijden. 

This  oblation  of  a heart  fixed  with  dependence  on,  and  af- 
fection to,  him,  is  the  most  acceptable  tribute  we  can  pay 
him,  tlie  foundation  of  true  devotion  and  life  of  all  religion. 

Locke. 

2.  Alms  given  to  the  poor,  or  for  the  use  of 
the  priesthood. 

The  basin  stands  the  board  upon 

To  take  the  free  oblation.  Herrick. 

f OB-LA'TION-  J5R,  n.  One  who  makes  an  obla- 
tion. “ An  oblationer  before  the  Almighty. ’’More. 

f OB-LA'TRATE,  v.  n.  [L.  oblatro,  oblatratus .] 
To  bark  or  rail  against.  Cockeram. 

f 6b-LA-TRA'TION,  n.  A snarling  at.  Bp.  Hall. 

f OB-LEC'tAte,  v.  a.  [L.  oblecto,  oblectatus .] 
To  delight;  to  please.  Colgrave. 

fOB-LgC-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  oblectatio.]  Delight; 
pleasure  ; delectation.  Feltham. 

OB'LI-GATE,  v.  a.  [L.  obligo,  obligatus .]  [i.  ob- 
ligated ; pp.  OBLIGATING,  OBLIGATED.]  To 
bind  by  contract  or  by  duty  ; to  place  under  ob- 
ligation ; to  oblige.  Bailey.  G.  F.  Clark. 

Xfcjp  Richardson,  in  speaking  of  oblige  and  obligate, 
says,  “ Among  the  common  people  obligate  is  tile 
more  usual  word.”  Tlie  “ British  Critic  ” styles  it 
“ a low,  colloquial  inaccuracy  ” ; and  Smart  says, 
“It  is  a word  never  heard  among  people  who  conform 
to  tlie  modern  idiom  of  tlie  upper  classes,  but  is  other- 
wise in  frequent  use.”  It  is  much  used  in  tlie  U.  S. 

OB-LI-GA'TION,  n.  [L.  obligatio  ; It.  obbliga- 
zione-,  Sp.  obligacion;  Fr.  obligation .] 

1.  That  which  binds  ; the  binding  power  of  an 
oath,  vow,  duty,  promise,  or  contract ; a duty 
imposed  by  law,  human  or  divine,  to  the  fulfil- 
ment of  which  one  party  is  bound  towards 
another. 

Moral  obligation , being  the  obligation  of  a free  agent,  im- 
plies a law:  and  a law  implies  a lawgiver.  The  will  of  God, 
therefore,  is  the  true  ground  of  all  obligation , strictly  and 
properly  so  called.  Fleming. 

This  imperial  realm, 

While  she  exacts  allegiance,  shall  admit 

An  obligation , on  her  part,  to  teaelf 

Them  who  are  born  to  serve  her  and  obey.  Wordsworth. 

2.  An  act  which  binds  a man  to  some  per- 
formance; a contract;  a bond.  Taylor. 

3.  The  binding  power  or  force  of  gratitude  ; 

a favor  by  which  one  is  bound  in  gratitude. 

4.  (Laic.)  A bond  with  condition  and  penalty 

annexed.  Brande. 

Syn. — See  Duty. 

OB-LI-GA ' TO,  a.  (Mus.)  See  Obbligato. Brande. 

OB'LT-GA-TO-RI-LY.  ad.  In  an  obligatory  man- 
ner ; by  obligation.  Johnson. 

OB'LI-GA-TO-RI-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
obligatory  or  binding.  Scott. 

OB'LI-GA-TO-RY  [ob'le-gsi-tur-e,  IF.  .7.  F.  Ja.  R. ; 
ob'le-ga-tur'e,  S.  E. ; ob'le-gat-o-re,  K.  Sm.  1 Fr.], 
a.  [It.  obbligatorio  ; Sp.  obliqatorio  ; Fr.  obligor- 
toirc.]  Imposing  or  implying  an  obligation; 
binding ; coercive  ; — used  with  on  or  upon. 

The  various  duties  which  have  now  been  considered  all 
agree  with  each  other  in  one  common  quality,  that  of  being 
obligatory  on  rational  and  voluntary  agents.  Stewart. 

||  O-BLItJE'  [o-bllj',  Ja.  K.  Sm.  C.  O.  Wb.  ; o-bllj' 
or  o-blej',  f?.  IF.  P.  F.\  o-blej',  J.  7?.],  v.  a.  [L. 
obligo  ; ob,  used  intensively,  and  ligo,  to  bind ; 
It.  obbligare ; Sp.  obligor ; Fr.  obligor.']  [ i . 
OBLIGED  ; pp.  OBLIGING,  OBLIGED.] 

1.  To  bind  or  constrain  by  physical,  moral,  or 
legal  force  ; to  impose  obligations  upon. 

To  be  obliged  is  to  be  urged  by  a violent  motive  resulting 
from  the  command  of  another.  Palcy. 

Religion  obliges  men  to  the  practice  of  those  virtues  which 
conduce  to  the  preservation  of  our  health.  TLUotson. 

2.  To  lay  under  obligations  of  gratitude;  to 
put  into  debt,  or  cause  to  be  indebted. 

To  those  hills  we  are  obliged  for  all  our  metals.  Bentley. 


OBLIQUE 

3.  To  please;  to  gratify;  to  accommodate. 

Some  natures  are  so  sour  and  so  ungrateful,  that  they  are 
never  to  be  obliged.  V Estrange. 

“ When  Lord  Chesterfield  wrote  his  Letters  to 
his  son,  tlie  word  oblige  was,  by  many  polite  speakers, 
pronounced  as  if  written  obleege,  — as  if  to  give  a hint 
of  their  knowledge  of  the  French  language ; nay, 
Pope  has  rhymed  it  to  this  sound  : — 

‘Dreading  even  fools,  by  flatterers  besieged, 

And  so  obliging  that  he  ne’er  obliged 
But  it  was  so  far  from  having  generally  obtained,  that 
Lord  Chesterfield  strictly  enjoins  his  son  to  avoid  this 
pronunciation  as  affected.  In  a few  years,  however, 
it  became  so  general  that  none  but  the  lowest  vulgar 
ever  pronounced  it  in  the  English  manner ; but  upon 
the  publication  of  this  nobleman’s  Letters,  which  was 
about  twenty  years  after  he  wrote  them,  his  authority 
had  so  much  influence  with  the  polite  world  as  to  bid 
fair  for  restoring  the  i in  this  word  to  its  original 
rights  ; and  we  not  unfrequently  hear  it  now  pro- 
nounced with  the  broad  English  i in  those  circles 
where,  a few  years  ago,  it  would  have  been  an  infal- 
lible mark  of  vulgarity.”  Walker. 

Smart  says,  “ The  word  oblige,  which  was  former- 
ly classed  with  marine , &c.,  is  now  pronounced  regu- 
larly.” John  Kemble  is  said  to  have  corrected  the 
Prince  of  Wales  [George  IV.J  for  adhering  to  the  for- 
mer pronunciation,  by  saying,  “ It  will  become  your 
royal  mouth  better  to  say  oblige 

Syn.  — See  Bind. 

| ||  O-BLl^ED', p.  a.  Compelled;  forced:  — bound 
in  gratitude ; favored. 

Syn.  — See  Indebted. 

OB-LI-^EE',  n.  {Law.)  The  person  to  whom 
another,  called  the  obligor , is  hound  by  a con- 
tract. Cowell • 

||  f 0-BLI£E'MENT,  n.  Obligation.  Milton. 

||0-BLI£'£R,  n.  One  who  obliges.  MVotton . 

||  O-BLI^'ING,  a.  Disposed  to  confer  favors ; civ- 
il ; complaisant ; engaging  ; kind  ; friendly. 

To  all  obliging,  yet  reserved  to  all.  Walsh. 

Syn.  — See  Amicable. 

||  0-BLl£'!NG-LY,  ad.  In  an  obliging  manner; 
civilly  ; complaisantly.  Addison. 

||  O-BLItJ'ING-NESS,  n.  1.  The  quality  of  oblig- 
ing or  binding ; force,  [r.]  Decay  of  Piety. 

2.  Civility  ; complaisance.  Sharp. 

OB-LI-GOR'  (130),  n.  (Law.)  One  who  binds  him- 
self by  contract  to  another,  called  the  obligee. 

OB-LIG'U-LATE,  a.  [L.  ob,  inversely,  and  ligula, 
a strap.]  (Bot.)  Applied  to  the  corolla  of  a lig- 
ulate  floret,  when  extended  on  the  inner,  instead 
of  on  the  outer,  side  of  a capitulum.  Ilensloio. 

f OB-LI-QUA'TION,  n.  [L . obliquatio.]  Declina- 
tion from  straightness  ; obliquity.  “The  obli- 
quation  of  the  eyes.”  Clarke. 

||OB-LIQUE'  (ob-lek'  or  ob-llk')  [ob-lek',  J.  E.  Ja. 
Sm.  R.  Wr. ; ob-llk',  S.'W.  F.  C.  O.  B.  Wb. ; ob- 
lek'  or  ob-llk',  P.  ; ob-llk'  orpb-lek',  K.],  a.  [L. 
obliquus  ; It.  obliquo  ; Sp.  oblicuo  ; Fr.  oblique .] 

1.  Deviating  from  the  perpendicular,  or  from 
a right  line  ; not  direct ; indirect ; aslant. 

And,  that  he  might  their  aim  decline. 

Advanced  still  in  an  oblique  line.  ILudibras. 

2.  Deviating  from  rectitude  ; sinister;  bad. 

The  love  we  bear  onr  friends, 

Though  ne’er  so  strongly  grounded. 

Hath  in  it  certain  oblique  ends, 

If  to  the  bottom  sounded.  Drayton. 

3.  (Bot.)  Having  unequal  sides,  as  a leaf; 

unequal-sided.  Gray. 

4.  (Anat.)  Noting  certain  muscles  which  de- 

viate from  the  medial  line  of  the  body.  Palmer. 

5.  (Gram.)  Noting  any  case  in  nouns  except 
the  nominative. 

An  oblique  angle,  ( Geom .)  one  cither  greater  or  loss 
than  a right  angle.  — An  oblique  circle , ( Spherical  Pro- 
jections.) one  whose  plane  is  oblique  to  tlie  axis  of  tlie 
primitive  plane.  — An  oblique  plane,  (Dialling.)  one 

which  is  oblique  to  tlie  horizon. hn  oblique  line, 

(Geom.)  one  which  makes,  with  respect  to  another, 
on  one  side  an  angle  less  than  a right  angle,  and  on 
the  other  side  an  angle  greater  than  a right  angle. — 
An  oblique  system  of  coordinates , (Analysis.)  a system 
in  which  the  coordinate  axes  are  oblique  to  each  other. 
— Oblique  projections,  projections  made  by  lines  oblique 
to  the  plane  of  projection. — An  oblique  cylinder  or 
cone,  one  whose  axis  is  oblique  to  the  plane  of  its 
base.  Davies. — Oblique  sailing,  (Navigation.)  that 
which  includes  the  calculation  of  oblique-angled  tri- 
angles.— Oblique  sphere,  (Gcog.)  that  in  which  t ho 
axis  of  tlie  world  is  inclined  to  the  horizon  of  the 
place.  — Oblique  motion,  (Mils.)  that  wherein  one  of 


illEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — V,  <j,  ?,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  $ as  z ; 'j  as  gz.  -THIS,  this. 


980 


OBSCURITY 


OBLIQUE 


the  parts  in  harmony  proceeds  on  the  same  degree  of 
the  scale,  while  another  ascends  or  descends.  Warner. 

j£g=»  “ When  it  becomes  the  custom  to  write  this 
word  in  the  English  form  obhkc , it  will  he  consistent 
to  give  up  the  French  pronunciation,  but  not  till  then.” 
Smart.  — The  English  ortlioepists,  however,  are  about 
equally  divided. 

|]  OB  LIQUE',  v.a.  (Mil.)  To  move  forward  to 
the  right  or  the  left  at  an  angle  ot  about  2-3°,  by 
stepping  sideways.  Mu.  Lncy. 

II  OB-hiauE'— An'GLED,  a.  Having  oblique  an- 
gles; as,  “ Nn  oblique-angled  triangle.  Clarke. 

II  OB-LiaUE'LV,  or  OB-LiaUE'LY,  ad.  In  an 
oblique  manner ; not  directly  ; not  perpendicu- 
larly. Cell. 

||  OB- LICUJE'NPSS,  or  OB-LfQUE'NngSS,  n.  The 
state  of  being  oblique  ; obliquity.  Johnson. 

OB-LHV  U(-TY  (ob-lik'we-te),  n.  [L.  obliquitas  ; 
It.  obbliquiia ; Sp.  oblicuidad  ; Fr . obi i quite.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  oblique  ; deviation  from 
parallelism  or  from  perpendicularity.  Milton. 

2.  Deviation  from  physical  or  moral  rectitude. 

There  can  be  no  such  thing  in  nature  as  an  honest  and 

lawful  envy;  but  it  is  intrinsically  evil,  and  imports  in  it  an 
essential  obliquity,  not  to  be  taken  oft1  or  separated  from  it. 

South. 

Ob'iquity  of  the  ecliptic,  ( Astron .)  the  inclination  of 
the  plane  of  the  earth’s  equator  to  the  plane  of  the 
ecliptic.  Brandt. 

Oli-LlT'ER-ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  oblitero,  obliteratus  ; 
It.  obliterare ; Sp.  obliterar  ; Fr.  obliterer.\  [t. 
OBLITERATED  ; pp.  OBLITERATING,  OBLITER- 
ATED.] 

1.  To  erase,  as  something  written  ; to  rub  or 

blot  out;  to  efface;  to  expunge.  Johnson. 

2.  To  wear  out;  to  destroy  the  form  or  fig- 

ure of.  “ Wars  and  desolations  obliterate  many 
ancient  monuments.”  Hale. 

Syn.  — See  Abolish,  Efface. 

OB-LIT'^R-ATE,  a.  ( Ent .)  Applied  to  impres- 
sions and  elevations  almost  effaced.  Maunder. 

OB-EIT-pR-A'TION,  «.  [L.  obliteratio  ; It.  obli- 

terazionc ; Fr.  obliteration .]  The  act  of  oblit- 
erating; effacement;  extinction. 

Cause,  from  being  the  name  of  a particular  object,  has  be- 
come, in  consequence  of  the  obliteration  of  that  original  sig- 
nification, a remarkable  abbreviation  in  language.  Beddoes. 

OB-LIT'ER-A-TIVE,  a.  That  obliterates  ; blot- 
ting out ; erasing.  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

OB-Llv'I-AL,  a.  Oblivious,  [u.]  Maunder. 

OB-LI  V'j-ON,  n.  [L . oblivio  ; It.  obblivione ; Fr. 
oblivion .] 

1.  Forgetfulness  ; cessation  of  remembrance. 

Thou  shouldst  have  heard  many  things  of  worthy  memo- 
ry, which  now  shall  die  in  oblivion , and  thou  return  unexpe- 
rienced to  thy  grave.  Shak. 

2.  Amnesty ; a general  pardon  of  crimes. 

By  the  act  of  oblivion^  all  offences  against  the  crown,  and 
all  particular  trespasses  between  subject  and  subject,  were 
pardoned,  remitted,  and  utterly  extinguished.  Davies. 

OB-LI  V'l-OUS,  a.  [L.  oblivio sus  ; It.  obblivioso.'] 

1.  Causing  forgetfulness. 

Down  her  pale  cheeks  new  streaming  sorrow  flows; 

Till  soft,  oblivions  shade  Minerva  spread. 

And  o’er  her  eyes  ambrosial  slumber  shed.  Pope. 

2.  Forgetful;  mindless;  not  remembering. 

Where ’s  your  horn  ? answer  to  me  for  that. 

Gren.  An ’t  like  you,  sir,  I was  oblivious.  Beau.  FI. 

OB-LIV'I-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  obliv- 
ious;  forgetfulness.  Fryth. 

f OS-LOC'U-TOR,  n.  [L.]  A gainsayer.  Bale. 

OB'EONG,  a.  [L .oblongus;  ob,  used  intensively, 
and  tony  us,  long;  It.  § Sp.  oblongo  ; Fr.  oblong.  ] 
Extended  in  length  more  than  in  breadth ; long- 
er than  broad.  Harris. 

OB'EONG,  n.  A rectangle  whose  adjacent  sides 
are  unequal.  Davies. 

DGC  “ In  common  language,  any  figure  approximat- 
ing to  this  form  is  called  an  oblong ; in  fact,  any 
body  which  is  longer  than  it  is  wide,  is  often  called 
an  oblong.  The  prolate  spheroid  is  often  called  an 
oblong  spheroid.”  Davies. 

fjB'LONG- ISH,  a.  Somewhat  oblong.  Wright. 

OB'LONC-LY,  ad.  In  an  oblong  form  ' r manner. 

OB'LONC-NIJSS,  n.  The  state  of  being  oblong. 

OB'LONC— O' V ATE,  a.  ( Bot .)  Between  the  oblong 
and  the  ovate.  Crabb. 


f OB-LO'QUI-OUS,  a.  Reproachful.  Naunton. 

OB'LQ-CIUY,  n.  [L.  obloquium  ; ob,  against,  and 
loquor,  to  speak.] 

1.  Censorious  speech;  blame;  slander;  re- 
proach ; detraction  ; calumny  ; contumely. 

Canst  thou,  with  impious  obloquy,  condemn 

The  just  decree  of  God,  pronounced  and  sworn?  Milton. 

2.  Cause  of  reproach ; disgrace ; shame,  [it.] 

My  chastity ’s  the  jewel  of  our  house, . . . 

Which  were  the  greatest  obloquy  iu  the  world 

In  me  to  lose.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Reproach. 

f OB-LUC-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  obluctatio.]  Opposi- 
tion ; resistance.  Fotherby. 

OB-MlJ-TES'CpNCE,  n.  [L.  obmutesco,  obmutes- 
cens,  to  become  dumb.] 

1.  Loss  of  speech  ; dumbness  ; muteness. 

A vehement  fear  often  produceth  obmutescence.  Browne. 

2.  Observation  of  silence  ; taciturnity. 

The  watchings,  the  midnight  prayers,  the  obmutescence , 
the  gloom  and  mortification  of  religious  orders.  Palcy. 

OB-NOX'IOUS  (ob-nok'shus),  a.  [L.obnoxius \ ob, 
intensive,  and  noxius,  hurtful ; Sp.  obnoxio.] 

1.  Subject,  liable,  or  exposed,  to  punishment. 

All  are  obnoxious ; and  this -faulty  land, 

Tike  fainting  Hester,  does  before  you  stand, 

Watching  your  sceptre.  Waller. 

2.  Subject ; liable ; answerable  ; exposed. 

So  far  indulge;  ’t  is  fit,  besides,  that  man, 

To  change  obnoxious , be  to  change  inured.  Armstrong. 

3.  Faulty  ; reprehensible  ; blameworthy. 
“ Modern,  and  withal  obnoxious  authors.”  Fell. 

4.  Hateful  ; odious  ; offensive  ; unpopular  ; — 
often  with  to.  “ Obnoxious  doctrines.”  Qu.  Rev. 
“ Obnoxious  to  a political  party.”  Abp.  Whately. 

a®-  The  use  of  obnoxious,  in  the  latter  senses,  has 
been  objected  to  ; but  it  is  supported  by  common  usage 
and  good  authority.  “ One  is  popular,  another  obnox- 
ious.”  Blackstone. 

Syn.  — Offenders  are  obnoxious  or  liable  to  punish- 
ment ; all  are  subject  to  death.  A man,  by  offensive 
or  unpopular  manners  or  conduct,  renders  himself 
obnoxious  or  odious  to  the  people.  Persons  only  are 
obnoxious  to  others  ; things,  as  well  as  persons,  arc 
offensive  and  odious.  — See  Subject. 

OB-NOX'IOUS-LY  (ob-nok'shus-le),  ad.  In  an  ob- 
noxious manner  ; hatefully;  offensively. 

OB-NOX'IOUS-NESS  (ob-nok'shus-nes),  n.  1.  The 
state  of  being  obnoxious,  subject,  or  liable. 

2.  Odiousness  ; offensiveness  ; unpopularity. 

f OB-NU'BI-lAte,  v.  a.  [L.  obnubilo,  obnubila- 
tus.\  To  cloud  ; to  obscure.  Burton. 

f OB-NU-BI-LA'TION,  n.  The  actjff  obnubilat- 
ing or  obscuring.  Waterhouse. 

OB-NUN-CI-A'TION,  n.  Denunciation.  Smart. 

O'BO-F.,  n.  [It.  $ Sp.  — Fr.  hautboisi]  A musi- 
cal" instrument  shaped  like  a clarinet,  and 
sounded  through  a reed ; a hautboy.  Brande. 

USD  “ It  only  since  the  beginning  of  the  present 
century  that  the  Italian  form  of  this  word  came  into 
general  use  ; previously  to  that  period  the  French 
name,  liautbois,  was  universally  current.”  Brande. 

OB'OLE,  n.  [L.  obolus.)  (Pharmacy.)  Twelve 
grains,  or,  according  to  some,  ten  grains;  — 
sometimes  written  obol. — See  Obolus.  Johnson. 

OB  ' O-LUS,  n.;  pi.  6b  ' o-jJ.  [L.,  from  Gr.  <J/Jo7.df.] 

1.  A small  Greek  coin,  the  sixth  part  of  a 
dram,  or  somewhat  less  than  three  cents. 

2.  A weight ; the  sixth  of  a dram.  Leverett. 

OB-O'VAL,  a.  (Bot.)  Sec  Obovate.  ITcnsloio. 

OB-O'VATE,  a.  [L.  ob,  inversely,  and  ovatus, 
egg-shaped.]  ( Bot.)  Having  the  shape  of  an 
egg  with  the  smaller  end  downwards ; as,  “ An 
obovate  leaf.”  Gray. 

OB-REP'TION,  n.  [L.  obreptio  ; obrepn,  to  creep 
slyly  ; ob,  used  intensively,  and  repo,  to  creep  ; 
Sp.  obrepcion  ; Fr.  obreption .]  The  act  of  creep- 
ing on  ; the  act  of  coming  oh  suddenly  or  by 
surprise,  [r.]  Cudworth. 

<5b-RIJP-TI  TrOUS  (oh-rep-tishus),  a.  [L.  obrep- 
titius\  It.  orrettizio  ; Sp.  obrcpticio  ; Fr . obrep- 
ticc.)  Obtained  or  done  by  surprise  or  in  se- 
crecy ; surreptitious.  Todd. 

t 6b'RO-GAtE,  v.  a.  [L . obrogo,  obrogatvs.)  To 
annul ; to  abrogate.  Bailey. 

OB-SCENE'  (ob-sen'),  a.  [L.  obsccnus ; It.  osceno', 
Sp.  obsceno  ; Fr.  obsc.nc.\ 


1.  Offensive  to  decency  or  to  chastity  of 
mind  ; immodest ; indecent ; shameless  ; indel- 
icate ; impure  ; filthy  ; causing  lewd  thoughts. 

2.  Dirty  ; foul ; disgusting  ; offensive. 

A girdle  foul  with  grease  binds  his  obscene  attire.  Drydcn. 

3.  Inauspicious  ; ill-omened  ; ill-boding. 

The  guilty  serpents  and  obsccner  beasts 

Creep  conscious  to  their  secret  rests.  Cowley. 

&LP  “ This  word  lkas  three  original  senses  in  Latin  ; 
the  first  is  the  usual  sense  in  English,  though  the 
other  senses  are  found  in  our  poets  who  are  familiar 
with  the  classics.”  Smart. 

OB-SCENE'LY,  ad.  In  an  obscene  manner. 

OB-SCENE'N^SS  (pb-sen'nes) , n.  The  quality  of 
being  obscene  ; obscenity.  Dry  den. 

OB-SCEN'I-TY,  n.  [L.  obscenitas  ; It.  oscenith  ; 
Sp.  obscenidad;  Fr.  obscenite.]  The  quality  of 
being  obscene  ; impurity  of  thought  or  language, 
expression  or  actions;  such  indecency  as  is 
calculated  to  promote  the  general  corruption  of 
morals  ; unchastity  ; lewdness ; immodesty. 

No  pardon  vile  obscenity  should  find, 

Though  wit  and  art  conspire  to  move  your  mind.  Pope. 

OB-SCU'RANT,  n.  One  who  opposes  the  progress 
of  modern  enlightenment  ; — applied  to  a class 
in  Germany.  Brande. 

6b-SCU-RANT'I§M,  n.  The  doctrine  or  influence 
of  obscurants.  Brande. 

OB-Scy-RANT'IST,  n.  An  opposer  of  the  prog- 
ress of  knowledge  ; an  obscurant.  ‘ N.  Brit.  Rev. 

OB-SCU-RA'TION,  n.  [L.  obscuratio  ; It.  oscura- 
zione ; Sp.  obscuration.) 

1.  The  act  of  darkening.  Johnson. 

2.  The  state  of  being  darkened  or  obscure ; 

darkness.  Browne. 

Oil -.SC ERF.',  a.  [L.  obscurus  ; It.  oscuro  ; Sp.  ob- 
settro ; Fr.  obscur.) 

1.  Dark;  unenlightened;  gloomy ; dim.  “In 

the  obscure  grave.”  Shak. 

2.  Living  iu  the  dark. 

The  obscure  bird  clamored  the  livelong  night.  Shak. 

3.  Not  easily  understood;  abstruse;  unintel- 
ligible ; doubtful ; indistinct ; mysterious. 

I explain  some  of  the  most  obscure  passages.  Dryden. 

4.  Little  known  or  noted ; unnoted  ; re- 
nownless ; unknown  ; unnoticed. 

lie  says  that  he  is  an  obscure  person.  Attcrlmry. 

5.  (Nat.  Hist.)  Applied  to  a surface  which 

reflects  the  light  but  little.  Maunder. 

Syn.  — See  Doubtful,  Indistinct. 

OB-SCURE',  v.  a.  [L.  obscuro  ; obscurus,  obscure  ; 
It.  oscurare  ; Sp.  obscurecer  ; Fr.  obscurcir .]  [i. 
OBSCURED;  pp.  OBSCURING,  OBSCURED.] 

1.  To  darken  ; to  make  dark;  to  cloud. 

Sudden  the  thunder  blackens  all  the  skies. 

And  the  winds  whistle,  and  the  surges  roll 

Mountains  on  mountains,  and  obscure  the  poles.  Pope. 

2.  To  make  less  visible,  less  intelligible,  less 
glorious,  less  beautiful,  less  illustrious,  or  less 
known  ; — to  conceal ; to  cover  ; to  hide. 

Thinking  by  this  retirement  to  obscure  himself  from  God, 
he  infringed  the  omnisciency  and  essential  ubiquity  of  his 
Maker.  lirowne. 

I must  be  plain,  then.  Come,  I know  you  are  Maria;  this 
thin,  veil  cannot  obscure  you.  Beau.  8f  FI. 

And  scest  not  sin  obscures  thy  godlike  frame.  Drydcn. 

f OB-SCURE',  n.  Obscurity  ; darkness.  Milton. 

OB-SCURE  LY,  ad.  1.  In  an  obscure  manner; 
not  brightly  ; darkly. 

2.  Out  of  sight;  privately;  without  notice. 

“ Obscurely  bred.”  Dryden. 

3.  Darkly  to  the  mind;  not  clearly  or  plain- 
ly. “ At  first  obscurely  told.”  Milton. 

f OB-SCURE' MpNT,  n.  Obscuration.  Pomfret. 

OB-SCURE'NpSS,  n.  The  state  of  being  obscure  ; 
obscurity;  indistinctness;  darkness. 

Syn.  — See  Darkness. 

OB-SCUR'f.R,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  obscures. 

OB-SCU'RI-TY,  n.  [L.  obscuritas ; It.  oscurita; 
Sp.  oscuridad',  Fr.  obscurite .] 

1.  The  state  of  being  obscure  ; darkness ; 

want  of  light.  Esther  xi.  8. 

2.  An  obscure  place,  state,  or  condition ; 
privacy  ; retirement ; seclusion. 

You  are  not  for  obscurity  designed.  Dryden. 

3.  Darkness  of  meaning;  unintelligibleness. 

That  this  part  of  sacred  Scripture  had  difficulties  in  it, 
many  causes  of  obscurity  did  readily  occur  to  me.  Locke. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  V,  short;  A,  p,  I,  O,  IT,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


OBSECRATE 


OBSTETRICS 


f OB'sp-CRATE,  v.  a.  [L.  obsecro,  obsecratus .] 
To  beseech  ; to  implore.  Cockeram. 

OB-Sp-CRA'TION,  n.  [L.  obsecratio ; It.  obsecra- 
zione;  Sp .obsecration;  Fr.  obsecration.'] 

1.  An  earnest  entreaty  or  supplication. 

Stillingfleet. 

2.  ( Rhet .)  A figure  in  which  the  speaker  im- 
plores the  assistance  of  God  or  man.  Craig. 

fOB'Se-CRA-TO-RY,  a.  Beseeching.  Bp.  Hall. 

fOB'SIJ-aUENT,  n.  [L.  obsequor,  obsequsns,  to 
comply  with.]  Obedient ; dutiful.  Fotherby. 

OB-SE'Q.UI-ENCE,  n.  [L.  obsequentia.]  Obse- 
quiousness; compliance,  [r.]  Qu.  Rev. 

OB'S5-aUIE§  (ob'se-kwlz),  n.  pi.  [L.  obsequium, 
obsequiousness ; obsequor , to  follow ; Sp.  obse- 
quias  ; Fr.  obseques.]  Funeral  rites ; funeral  so- 
lemnities;— rarely  used  in  the  singular. 

That  the  princely  obsequies  might  be 
Performed  according  to  his  high  degree.  Dryden. 

OB-SE'aUI-OUS  (ob-se'kwe-us),  a.  [L.  obsequio- 
sus  ; obsequor,  to  follow ; It.  ossequioso  ; Sp.  ob- 
sequioso  ; Fr.  obsequieux.] 

1.  t Obedient ; compliant ; not  resisting. 

Besides  many  other  fishes  . . . which  are  very  obeisant  and 

obsequious  when  they  be  called  by  their  names.  Holland. 

2.  Meanly  complying ; basely  submissive ; 
servile;  cringing;  fawning. 

Obsequious , artful,  voluble,  and  gay, 

On  Britain’s  fond  credulity  they  play.  Johnson. 

3.  f Pertaining  to  obsequies  or  funeral  rites; 

funereal.  “ Obsequious  sorrow.”  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Obedient. 

OB-SE'aUI-OUS-Ly,  acl.  1.  In  an  obsequious 
manner  ; submissively  ; servilely. 

2.  f With  reverence  for  the  dead.  Shak. 

OB-SE'QUI-OUS-NESS,  n.  1.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing obsequious  ; obedience  ; compliance.  Bacon. 

2.  A fawning  or  cringing;  servility.  South. 

Syn.  — See  Obedience. 

f OB'SE-QUY  (ob'se-kwe),  n.  [L.  obsequium,  com- 
plaisance. — See  Obsequies.] 

1.  Obsequiousness  ; compliance.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  Funeral  ceremony.  Milton. 

■f  OB'syjl-RATE,  v.  a.  [L.  obsero,  obseratns.]  To 
lock  up  ; to  shut  in.  Cockeram. 

OB-§ERV'A-BLE  (ob-zerv'a-bl),  a.  [L.  observabi- 
lis  ; It.  osservabile  ; Fr.  observable.] 

1.  That  may  be  observed  or  noticed. 

2.  Worthy  of  notice  ; remarkable  ; noticeable. 

And  here  was  an  end  of  all  the  troubles  of  this  king  [John]; 
in  whom  it  is  observable  that,  loving  his  case  so  well  as  he  did, 
he  should  run  voluntarily  into  such  troubles,  especially  at 
home,  upon  so  small  occasions  as  he  did.  Baker. 

OB-?ERV'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
observable.  Scott. 

OB-^SERV'A-BLY,  ad.  In  a manner  worthy  of  ob- 
servation or  note  ; remarkably.  Browne. 

OB-§ER  V'ANCE  (ob-zerv'ans),  ii.  [L.  obserrantia  ; 
It.  osservanza ; Sp.  observancia  ; Fr.  observance.] 

1.  The  act  of  observing  or  keeping,  as  a rule, 
rite,  or  law,  by  the  performance  of  the  outward 
ceremonies  which  it  enjoins  : — ceremony  ; rite. 

But  to  my  mind,  — though  I am  native  here, 

And  to  the  manner  born,  — it  is  a custom 

More  honored  in  the  breach  than  the  observance.  Shak. 

2.  Rule  of  practice.  Shak. 

3.  Observation  ; attention,  [it.]  Hale. 

4.  Obedient  regard  ; respectful  attention. 

Havin'?  had  such  experience  of  his  fidelity  and  observance 
abroad,  lie  found  himself  engaged  in  honor  to  support  him. 

iVotton. 

Syn. — See  Observation. 

-)-OB-§ERV'AN-CY,  ii.  Observance.  Shak. 

dB-^F.R-VBN'  DA,  ii.pl.  [L.]  Things  to  be  ob- 
served. 

OB-SJER v'aNT,  a.  [L.  observo,  observans,  to  ob- 
serve.] 

1.  Attentive  ; watchful ; mindful ; taking  no- 
tice ; heedful.  “ Observant  spectators.”  Raleigh. 

Wandering  from  clime  to  clime  observant  strayed, 

Their  manners  noted  and  their  states  surveyed.  Pope. 

2.  Obedient ; attentive  ; — with  of. 

We  are  told  liow  observant  Alexander  was  of  his  master 
Aristotle.  Diyby. 

Syn.  — See  Mindful. 

OB-^erv'ANT,  n.  1.  f A slavish  attendant.  Shak. 

2.  An  observer.  Hooker. 

3.  pi.  {Reel.  Hist.)  A branch  of  the  Fran- 


981 

ciscan  order,  who  professed  a strict  observance 
of  rules.  Brande. 

OB-ijER  V'ANT-LY,  ad.  In  an  observant  manner  ; 
with  observation ; attentively.  Wright. 

OB-§?R-vA'TION,  n.  [L.  observatio  ; It.  osserva- 
zione;  Sp.  observation  ; Fr.  observation.] 

1.  The  act  of  observing,  noting,  or  remark- 
ing; attention  to  objects  or  facts  ; notice. 

Observation  is  better  characterized  by  Sir  John  Herschel  as 
passive  experience.  Fleming. 

Yea,  from  the  table  of  my  memory 
I’ll  wipe  away  all  trivial,  fond  records, 

All  saws  of  books,  all  forms,  all  pressures  past, 

That  youth  and  observation  copied  there.  Shak. 

2.  Notion  gained  by  observing ; note  ; re- 
mark ; animadversion. 

In  my  small  observations  of  mankind,  I have  ever  found 
that  such  as  are  not  rather  too  full  of  spirit  when  they  are 
young,  degenerate  to  duluess  in  their  age.  Dryden. 

3.  Observance  ; a keeping,  as  of  a rite.  “ The 
true  observation  of  the  Sabbath.”  [it.]  Barnes. 

4.  Remark  made  in  speaking  or  in  writing, 

lie  made  some  very  excellent  observations.  Ogilvie. 

5.  ( Astron . & Nav.)  The  act  of  measuring, 
with  some  instrument  proper  for  the  purpose, 
the  angular  distance,  altitude,  &c.,  of  the  sun, 
moon,  or  other  celestial  body. 

Working  an  observation,  (Nav.)  the  process  of  deter- 
mining the  latitude  or  longitude  by  calculation,  from 
an  observation  taken  witli  an  instrument,  of  the  alti- 
tude or  relative  position  of  any  of  the  heavenly  bodies. 

Syn. — Observation  is  the  act  of  observing  objects 
witli  a view  of  making  some  use  of  the  observations  ; 
observance  is  the  fulfilment  of  a religious  or  moral 
duty.  The  observations  of  astronomers  ; the  observ- 
ance of  Sunday.  The  organ  of  observation  is  the  eye  ; 
of  experiment,  tile  hand.  Observations  in  astronomy, 
or  on  the  heavens  ; experiments  in  chemistry,  philoso- 
phy, or  anatomy.  Experiments  are  preceded  and  ac- 
companied by  observation.  — See  Remark. 

OB-§ER-VA'TION-AL,  a.  Relating  to,  or  imply- 
ing, observation  ; observant.  J.  Taylor. 

OB-§ERV'A-TiVE, a.  That  observes  ; observing; 
watchful ; attentive.  IV.  Brit.  Rev. 

OB'^ER-VA-TOR,  n.  [L.]  One  who  observes ; a 
watcher  ; a remarker ; an  observer.  Dryden. 

OB-lJERV'A-TQ-RY,  n.  [It.  osservatorio  ; Sp.  ob- 
servatorio ; Fr.  observatoire.]  A building  ex- 
pressly set  apart  for  the  conduct  of  observations 
concerning  any  great  class  or  series  of  natural 
phenomena.  Nichol. 

1: ,)  • Observatories  are  of  three  kinds,  — astronomi- 
cal, magnetical,  and  meteorological. 

OBSERVE'  (oh-zerv'),  v.  a.  [L.  observo  ; ob,  used 
intensively,  and  servo,  to  heed,  to  keep ; It.  os- 
servare-,  Sp.  observar ; Fr.  observer.]  [i.  ob- 
served ; pp.  observing,  observed.] 

1.  To  see  or  behold  with  purpose  or  atten- 
tion ; to  take  note  of ; to  notice  ; to  remark ; to 
watch  ; to  regard  attentively. 

As  when,  by  night,  the  glass 
Of  Galileo,  less  assured,  observes 


OB-SID'I-AN,  n.  (Min.)  A volcanic  product,  or 
species  of  lava,  resembling  common  green  bot- 
tle glass,  almost  black  in  large  masses,  hut 
semi-transparent  in  thin  fragments  ; — so  called, 
according  to  Pliny,  from  a person  named  Obsid- 
itis,  who  first  found  it  in  Ethiopia.  Eny.  Cyc. 

OB-SID'1-O-NAl  [ob-sid'e-o-nal,  V.  Ja.  IIV. ; ob- 
sid'yun-?!,  S.  K.  Sm.  ; ob-sld'e-o-ntd  or  ob-sld'je- 
o-njl,  IF.],  a.  [L.  obsidionalis  ; obsidio,  a siege  ; 
it.  ossidionale ; Sp.  A;  Fr.  obsidional.]  Relating 
or  belonging  to  a siege.  Sherwood. 

Obsidional  coins,  (Numismatics.)  coins  struck  in  be- 
sieged places,  to  supply  the  place  of  current  money.  — 
Obsidional  crown , (Rinnan  Ant.)  a crown  granted  by 
tile  state  to  the  general  who  raised  the  siege  of  a belea- 
guered place.  It  was  made  of  tile  grass  growing  on 
the  rampart.  Brande. 

OB-Siy-IL-LA'TION,  ii.  [L.  ob,  intensive,  and 
siyilla,  a seal.]  Act  of  sealing  up.  Maunder. 

OB-SIG'NAte,  v.  a.  [L.  obsigno,  obsigiiatus .] 
To  ratify ; to  seal  up.  [r.]  . Barrow. 

OB-SIG-NA'TION,  n.  [L.  obsignatio.]  The  act 
of  sealing;  ratification  by  sealing;  confirma- 
tion. [ii.]  Bp.  Taylor. 

OB-SIG'NA-TO-RY,  a.  Ratifying.  “Merely  ob- 
signatory  signs.’’  Dr.  Ward. 

OB-SO-LES'CIJNCE,  n.  The  state  of  becoming 
obsolete,  or  being  obsolescent.  Smart. 

OB-SO-LES'C^NT,  a.  [L.  obsolescn,  obsolescent, 
to  fall  into  disuse.]  Becoming  obsolete  ; going 
out  of  use. 

All  the  words  compounded  of  “here ’’and  a preposition 
are  obsolete  or  obsolescent.  Johnson. 

II  OB'SO-LETE  [ob'so-let,  IF.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sin. 
I IV. ; ob'so-let,  S.  P.],  a.  [L . obsolcsco,  obsole- 
tus,  to  fall  into  disuse.] 

1.  Worn  out  of  use;  fallen  into  desuetude; 
antiquated;  disused;  unfashionable. 

From  the  writings  of  Sir  Thomas  Browne.  Jeremy  Tay- 
lor, Donne,  and  about  a score  more  of  our  authors  of  tills 
period,  might  probably  be  collected  two  or  three  thousand 
Latin  derivatives,  which  have  since  become  obsolete,  llwjers. 
And  Echo  learns  politely  to  repeat 
Tlie  praise  of  names  for  ages  obsolete.  Cowpcr. 

fSf  Dryden,  who  was  born  in  1631,  thus  speaks  of 
Spenser,  who  died  in  J599  : “ Notwithstanding  his 
obsolete  language,  he  is  still  intelligible.” 

2.  (Nat.  Hist.)  Partially  indistinct ; not  well 

defined;  not  fully  developed,  as  the  stria;  on 
certain  shells.  Maunder. 

Syn.  — See  Ancient,  Old. 

II  OB'SO-LETE-NySS,  n.  The  state  of  being  ob- 
solete or  out  of  use.  Johnson. 

OB'STA-CLE  (ob'st?-kl),  n.  [L.  obstaculum;  obsto, 
to  oppose  ; ob,  against,  and  sto,  to  stand ; It. 
ostacolo  ; Sp . obstaculo  ; Fr.  obstacle.]  Some- 
thing standing  in  the  way  or  hindering;  hin- 
derance  ; obstruction  ; difficulty  ; impediment. 

Disparity  in  age  seems  a greater  obstacle  to  an  intimate 


Ainugmeu  liiiiub  iiuu  legions  in  lug  iiioou,  jHiiion. 

It  was  our  occupation  to  observe 

Such  objects  as  the  waves  had  tossed  ashore.  Wordsworth. 

2.  To  regard,  keep,  or  practise  religiously  or 
strictly  ; to  fulfil. 

A night  to  -be  much  observed  unto  the  Lord  for  bringing 
them  out  of  Egypt.  Ex.  xii.  42. 

3.  To  utter  as  a thing  to  be  noted.  Smart. 

4.  To  obey  ; to  follow.  Johnson. 

Syn.  — See  Behold,  Remark,  See. 

OBSERVE',  v.  n.  1.  To  be  attentive.  Watts. 

2.  To  make  a remark.  Pope. 

OB-ijSERV'JJR,  n.  One  who  observes  ; one  who 
watches  or  regards  attentively  ; a close  remarker. 

OB-SERV'ING,  p.  a.  Making  observation  ; watch- 
ful; attentive. 

OB-§ERV'ING-LY,  ad.  In  an  observing  manner ; 
attentively  ; carefully.  Shak. 

OB-SESS',  v.  a.  [L.  obsideo,  obsessus.]  To  be- 
siege ; to  compass  about.  Sir  T.  Elyot. 

OB-SES'STON  (ob-sesh'itn),  n.  [L.  obsessio ; It. 
ossessione;  Sp.  obsesion;  Fr.  obsession.] 

1.  The  act  of  besieging.  Johnson. 

2.  The  state  of  a person  vexed  or  besieged 

by  an  evil  spirit,  — differing  from  demoniacal 
possession  in  the  patient’s  being  attacked  from 
without  and  not  from  within.  Brande. 

The  devil  [is]  best  able  to  work  upon  them  [melancholy 
persons],  but  whether  by  obsession  or  possession  I will  not 
determine.  Burton. 


friendship  than  inequality  of  fortune. 

Syn.  — See  Impediment. 
f OB'STA-CLE-NESS,  ii.  Obstinacy. 


Udal. 


f OB'STAN-CY,  n.  [L.  obstantia.]  Obstruction; 
a liinderance  ; obstacle.  B.  Jonson. 

OB ‘STB  PRIN-CIP'I-IS.  [L.]  Withstand  the 
beginnings. 

OB-STET  RIC,  ) a |x_  obstetrix,  a midwife  ; 

OB-STET'RI-CAL,  > It.  ostetrico ; Fr . obstetrique.] 
Relating  to  midwifery  or  obstetrics.  Dunghson. 

OB-STET'RI-CATE,  v.  a.  [L.  obstctrico,  obstetri- 
catus  ; It.  osteti'icare .]  To  assist  as  a midwife. 
[r.]  Waterhouse. 

OB-STET'RI-CATE,  v.  ii.  To  perform  the  office  of 
a midwife.  “Nature  does  obstetricate.”  Evelyn. 

OB-STET-Rl-CA'TION,  n.  The  office  of  a mid- 
wife ; midwifery,  [r.]  Bp.  Hall. 

OB-STU-TRp'CIAN  (ob-ste-trish'?n),  11.  One  who 
practises  obstetrics ; a man-midwife  ; a midwife  ; 
an  accoucheur.  Dr.  Blundel. 

OB-STJJ-TRp'CIOyS  (ob-ste-trlsh'us),  a.  [L.  obstc- 
tricius.'f  Obstetric,  [it.]  Cudworth. 

OB-STET'RICS,  n.  pi.  (Med.)  The  art  or  the 
science  of  delivering  women  in  childbirth;  mid- 
wifery ; tocology.  Dunglison. 


MlEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  s6n  ; BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — C,  <?,  g,  soft;  E,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


OBSTETRICY 


982 


OBVIOUS 


OB-STET'R[-CY,  n.  Obstetrics,  [it.]  Dunglison. 

OB'STJ-NA-CY,  n.  [L.  obstinatio ; obstino,  to 
persist  in  ; obsto,  to  stand  before  or  against ; 
It.  ostinazione  ; Sp.  obstinacion ; Fr.  obstina- 
tion.)  The  quality  of  being  obstinate  ; stub- 
bornness ; contumacy  ; pertinacity  ; persistency. 

Obstinacy  is  an  affection  immovable,  fixed  to  will,  aban- 
doning reason,  which  is  engendered  of  pride;  that  is  to  say, 
when  a man  esteemeth  so  much  himself  above  any  other  that 
he  reputeth  his  own  wit  only  to  be  in  perfection,  and  con- 
temneth  all  other  counsel.  Sir  T.  Elyot. 

Syn. — Obstinacy  is  a pertinacious  attachment  to 
one’s  own  course  or  way  of  acting  ; pertinacity  is  an 
intensive  and  unreasonable  degree  of  tenacity  ; contu- 
macy , resistance  to  authority  ; stubbornness , resistance 
tp,  or  disinclination  to  receive,  advice.  A contuma- 
cious soldier  or  servant ; an  obstinate  sovereign,  ruler, 
or  person  ; a stubborn  people  or  child  ; a stubborn  or 
headstrong  temper  j a perverse  disposition  ; an  inflex- 
ible purpose  ; a pertinacious  adherence  to  opinion  ; ob- 
stinate adherence  to  prejudice.  — See  Contumacy. 

OB'STI-NATE,  a.  [L.  obstinatus ; It.  ostinato  ; 
Sp.  obstinado  ; Fr.  obstine.]  Stubborn  ; contu- 
macious ; inflexible  ; perverse  ; pertinacious ; 
headstrong  ; persistent ; self-willed. 

So  war  both  sides  with  obstinate  despite, 

' With  like  revenge;  and  neither  party  bowed.  Daniel. 

OB’STI-NATE-LY,  ad.  In  an  obstinate  manner  ; 
stubbornly  ; inflexibly  ; perversely.  Dryden. 

OB'STI-NATE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  ob- 
stinate ; stubbornness  ; obstinacy.  Bp.  Hall. 

OB-STI-PA'TION,  n.  [L.  obstipo,  obstipatus,  to 
lean  to- one  side.] 

1.  The  act  of  stopping  up  any  passage.  Bailey. 

2.  {Med.)  Costiveness ; tenesmus.  Dunglison. 

OB-STREP'jgR-OUS,  a.  [L . obstreperus ; obstrepo, 
to  clamor  at.]  Loud  ; clamorous  ; noisy  ; tur- 
bulent; vociferous. 

There  are  who,  deaf  to  mad  Ambition’s  call. 

Would  shrink  to  hear  the  oljstrejjeroas  trump  of  fame, 
Supremely  blest  if  to  their  portion  fall 
Health,  competence,  and  peace.  Beattie. 

OB-STREP'JJR-OUS-I.Y,  ad.  In  an  obstreperous 
manner ; loudly  ; clamorously ; noisily.  Johnson. 

OB-STREP 'ER-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing obstreperous  ; loudness  ; clamor  ; noise. 

OB-STRIC'TION,  n.  [L.  obstringo,  obstrictus , to 
bind.]  Act  of  binding  ; obligation ; bond.  Milton. 

OB-STRUCT',  v.  a.  [L.  obstruo,  obstructing'.  It. 
ostruire ; Sp.  obstruir ; Fr.  obstruer.]  [i.  on- 

STRUCTED  ; pp.  OBSTRUCTING,  OBSTRUCTED.] 

1.  To  block  or  stop  up  ; to  close;  to  bar. 

In  their  passage  through  the  glands  in  the  lungs,  they  ob- 
struct and  swell  them  with  little  tumors.  Blackmore. 

2.  To  be  in  the  way  of ; to  prevent ; to  im- 
pede ; to  oppose  ; to  retard  ; to  hinder. 

No  cloud  interposed, 

Or  star,  to  obstruct  his  sight.  Milton. 

Syn. — See  Hinder. 

OB-STRUCT'jER,  n.  One  who  obstructs  or  hin- 
ders ; a liinderer.  Whitlock. 

OB-STRUC'TION,  n.  [X.  obstruction  It.  ostru- 
zione  ; Sp.  obstruccion  ; Fr.  obstruction.'] 

1.  Act  of  obstructing,  or  state  of  being  ob- 
structed. 

2.  That  which  obstructs ; hinderance ; diffi- 
culty ; obstacle  ; impediment ; barrier. 

In  his  winter  quarters,  the  king  expected  to  meet  with  all 
the  obstructions  and  difficulties  his  enraged  enemies  could  lay 
in  his  way.  Clarendon. 

3.  The  state  or  condition  of  having  the  ani- 
mal functions  stopped  or  rendered  motionless. 

Ay,  but  to  die,  and  go  we  know  not  where. 

To  lie  in  cold  obstruction , and  to  rot.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Impediment. 

OB-STRUC'TIVE,  a.  [It.  ostruttivo  ; Sp.  obstruc- 
tive; Fr . obstructif.]  That  obstructs ; causing 
obstruction ; hindering. 

The  North,  impetuous,  rides  upon  the  clouds. 

Dispensing  round  the  heavens  obstructive  gloom.  Glover. 

OB-STRUC'TJ VE,  n.  Something  that  obstructs; 
an  obstruction  ; impediment.  Hammond. 

OB-STRUC'TIVE-LY,  ad.  By  way  of  obstruction. 

OB  STRy-JNT,  a.  [L.  obstruo,  obstruens,  to  pile 
before  or  against;  ob,  against,  and  struo,  to 
pile  up  ; It.  ostruente.]  Obstructing  ; hindering  ; 
blocking  up.  Johnson. 

6B'STRlT-f  NT,  n.  That  which  obstructs  or  blocks 
up ; an  obstruction.  Smart. 


f OB-STtr-PE-FAC'TIQN,  n.  [L.  obstupcfacio,  ob- 
stupcfactus,  to  stupefy.]  Stupefaction.  Bailey. 

tOB-STU-Pjp-FAC'TIVE,  a.  Stupefying.  Abbot. 

OB-TAIN'  (ob-tan'),  v.  a.  [L.  obtineo  ; ob,  used 
intensively,  and  teneo,  to  hold  or  keep ; It.  ot- 
tenere  ; Sp.  obtener;  Fr.  obtenir.]  [i.  obtained  ; 
pp.  obtaining,  obtained.] 

1.  f To  keep  ; to  hold;  to  have  in  possession. 

His  mother  then  is  mortal,  but  his  sire 

He  who  obtains  the  monarchy  of  heaven.  Milton. 

2.  To  get  possession  of ; to  get ; to  gain  ; to 
win  ; to  acquire  ; to  procure  ; to  earn. 

To  love  God,  which  was  a tiling  far  excelling  all  the  cun- 
ning tliut  is  possible  for  us  in  this  life  to  obtain.  Sir  T.  More. 
I come  with  resolution  to  obtain  a suit  of  you.  lieau.  Sf  FI. 

Syn. — See  Acquire,  Get. 

OB-TAIN',  v.  n.  1.  To  continue  in  use  ; to  be  es- 
tablished ; to  subsist  in  nature  or  in  practice. 

The  Theodosian  code,  several  hundred  years  after  Justin- 
ian’s time,  did  obtain  in  the  western  parts  of  Europe.  Baker. 

2.  To  prevail ; to  succeed,  [it.]  Bacon. 

OB-TAIN'A-BLE,  a.  That  maybe  obtained  or  ac- 
quired ; procurable.  Boyle. 

OB-TAIN'JJR,  n.  One  who  obtains.  Johnson. 

OB-TAIN'M^NT,  n.  The  act  of  obtaining.  Milton. 

OB-TECT'^O,  a.  [L.  obteyo,  obtectus,  to  cover ; ob, 
intensive,  and  teyo,  to  cover.]  Covered.  Kirby. 

f OB-TEM'PJER-ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  obtempero,  obtem- 
peratus.]  To  obey.  Bailey. 

OB-TEND',  v.  a.  [L.  obtendo ; ob,  against,  and 
tendo  (Gr.  rfiVw,  to  stretch  out).]  [*.  obtended  ; 
pp.  obtendino,  obtended.] 

1.  To  place  in  opposition  ; to  oppose.  [11.] 

And  for  a man  obtend  an  empty  cloud.  Dryden. 

2.  t To  pretend  ; to  offer  as  a reason.  Dryden. 

f OB-TEN-J3-BRA'TION,  n.  [L.  ob,  used  inten- 
sively, and  tenebree,  darkness.]  The  act  of 
darkening,  or  the  state  of  being  darkened. 

For  in  every  megrim  or  vertigo  there  is  an  oblcncbration, 
joined  with  a semblance  of  turning  round.  Bacon. 

OB-TEN[SION  (ob- ten ’shun),  n.  The  act  of  ob- 
tending.  [r.]  Johnson. 

OB-TEST',  v.  a.  [L.  obtestor;  ob,  used  intensive- 
ly, •''and  testor,  to  witness ; Fr.  obtestcr.]  \i. 
obtested  ; pp.  obtesting,  obtested.] 

1.  To  call  upon  earnestly  ; to  beseech ; to  im- 
plore ; to  supplicate  ; to  invoke  ; to  conjure. 

Obtesting  them  by  all  that  is  sacred  to  reflect  seriously  on 
this  great  trust.  Burnet. 

2.  To  call  upon  to  witness  ; to  attest,  [it.] 

No  penitential  orisons  arise; 

Nay,  he  obtests  the  justice  of  the  skies.  Savage. 

OB-TEST',  v.  n.  To  protest.  Waterhouse. 

OB-TJSS-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  obtestatio";  Sp.  obtes- 
tacion.]  The  act  of  obtesting  ; solemn  entreaty 
or  injunction ; obsecration. 

Let  me  take  up  that  obtestation  of  the  Psalmist,  “ O all  ye 
that  love  the  Lord,  hate  the  thing  which  is  sin.”  Bp.  Hull. 

fOB-TR^C-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  obtrcctatio.]  Sian- 
der ; detraction ; calumny.  Barrow. 

t OB-TRI"TION,  n.  [L.  obtritio.]  A wearing 
away  by  friction.  Maunder. 

OB-TRUDE',  v.  a.  [L.  obtrudo  ; ob,  against,  and 
trudo,  to  thrust.]  [».  obtruded  ; pp.  obtrud- 
ing, obtruded.]  To  thrust  against  or  into; 
to  offer  with  importunity ; to  offer  when  not 
wanted ; to  intrude. 

The  objects  of  our  senses  obtrude  their  particular  ideas 
upon  our  minds,  whether  we  will  or  no.  Locke. 

Syn.  — See  Intrude. 

OB-TRtJD'JRiR,  n.  One  who  obtrudes.  Boyle. 

OB-TRTJN'CATE,  v.  a.  [L.  obtrunco,obtruncatus.] 
To  deprive  of  a limb  ; to  lop  ; to  maim .Cockeram. 

OB-TRUN-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  obtruncatio.)  The 
act  of  lopping  or  cutting,  [r.]  Cockeram. 

OB-TRlj 'ipION  (ob-tru'zhun),  n.  [L.  obtrusio.] 

1.  Act  of  obtruding ; intrusion.  King  Charles. 

2.  That  which  is  obtruded.  Milton. 

OB-TRU'§ION-IST,  n.  One  who  obtrudes,  or  who 

favors  obtrusion.  Gent.  Mag. 

OB-TRO'SIVF.,  a.  Inclined  to  obtrude;  intrusive. 

Not  obvious,  not  obtrusive , but  retired, 

The  more  desirable.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Officious. 


OB-TRU'SIVE-LY,  ad.  In  an  obtrusive  manner. 

OB-TUND',  v.  a.  [L .obtundo-,  ob,  against,  and 
tundo,  to  beat ; It.  obtundere ; Fr.  obtundre.)  [i. 
OBTUNDED  ; pp.  OBTUNDING,  OllTUNDED.]  To 
make  blunt ; to  blunt ; to  dull ; to  quell ; to 
deaden. 

If  by  any  accident  an  opprobrious  clamor  reaches  their  ears, 
flattery  is  always  at  hand  to  pour  in  her  opiates,  to  quiet  con- 
vietion  and  obtund  remorse.  Humbler. 

OB-TUN'DpNT,  n.  {Med.)  A mucilaginous,  oily, 
or  other  bland  medicine,  supposed  to  sheathe 
parts  from  acrimony,  and  to  blunt  that  of  cer- 
tain morbid  secretions.  Brande. 

f OB-Tl -RA'TION,  n.  [L.  obturo,  obturatus,  to 
stop  up.]  ihe  act  of  stopping  up  any  tiling  by 
smearing  something  over  it.  Cotgrave. 

OB'TU-RA-TOR,  n.  {Anat.)  The  name  of  two 
muscles  of  the  thigh,  and  of  a nerve,  lloblyn. 

H3P  “ The  obturator  muscles  serve  to  move  tile 
thigh  backwards,  and  to  roll  it  upon  its  axis.”  Ilubhjn. 

OB-TUS— AN'GU-LAR  (ob-tus-Sng'gu-l^r),  a.  Hav- 
ing an  obtuse  angle,  or  an  angle  larger  than  a 
right  angle ; obtuse-angled.  Johnson. 

OB-TUSE',  a.  [L.  obtundo,  obtusus,  to  blunt ; It. 
ottuso  ; Sp.  obtuso  ; Fr.  obtus .] 

1.  That  is  blunted ; not  pointed  or  acute. 

2.  Dull ; stupid  ; wanting  quick  sensibility. 

Thy  senses  then, 

Obtuse,  all  taste  of  pleasure  must  forego.  Milton. 

3.  Obscure;  dull;  as,  “ An  obtuse  sound.” 

An  obtuse  angle,  ( Grom.)  an  angle  larger  than  a right 

angle,  or  one  containing  more  than  90  degrees. 

OB-TUSE— An'GLED  (-gld),  a.  Having  an  obtuse 
angle ; obtus-angular.  Chambers. 

Obtuse-angled,  triangle,  a triangle  having  an  obtuse 
angle. 

OB-TUSE'LY,  ad.  In  an  obtuse  manner;  dully. 

OB-TUSE'NJPSS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  obtuse  ; 
bluntness; — dulness;  stupidity.  Johnson. 

OB-TU'§ION  (ob-tu'zkun),  n.  [L.  obtusio.]  The 
act  or  the  state  of  being  obtuse  ; dulness.  “ Ob- 
tusion of  the  senses.”  Harvey. 

OB-TU'SI-TY,  n.  Obtuseness  ; dulness.  Qu.  Rev. 

OB-UM'BRANT,  a.  {Ent.)  Overhanging  the  meta- 
thorax ; — applied  to  the  scutum.  Maunder. 

OB-UM' URATE,  r.  a.  [L.  obumbro,  obumbratus .] 
To  shade;  to  adumbrate;  to  cloud,  [r.]  Howell. 

OB-IJM-BRA'TION,  n.  [L.  obumbratio .]  Act  of 
shading ; adumbration,  [r.]  More. 

OB-UN'COUS  (ob-ung'kus,  82),  a.  [L.  obuncus.) 
Very  crooked;  hooked.  Maunder. 

f OB-VEN'TION,  n.  [L.  obventio.]  Income; 

revenue  ; — casual  benefit.  Spenser. 

fOB-VER'SANT,  a.  [L.  obversor,  obversans,  to  be 
conversant.]  Conversant ; familiar.  Bacon. 

OB' VERSE,  n.  {Numismatics.)  The  side  of  a 
coin  or  medal  which  has  the  face  or  head  upon 
it,  the  other  side  being  the  reverse.  Hamilton. 

OB-VERSE',  a.  {Bot.)  Having  the  smaller  end 
turned  to  the  stock,  as  some  leaves.  Smith. 

OB-VERSE'LY,  ad.  In  an  obverse  manner.  Hill. 

OB-VERT',  v.  a.  [L.  obverto  ; ob,  towards,  and 
verto,  to  turn.]  [(.  obverted  ; pp.  obveuting, 
obyertf.d.]  To  turn  towards;  to  place  oppo- 
site. “ The  leaf  . . . obverted  to  the  light.”  Boyle. 

OB' VI-ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  obvio  ; ob,  against,  and  via, 
the  way  ; It.  ovviare  ; Sp.  obviar  ; Fr.  obvier.) 
[i.  obviated  ; pp.  obviating,  obviated.]  To 
meet  in  the  way  ; to  prevent  by  interception ; 
to  remove  in  the  outset ; to  preclude. 

To  lay  down  every  thing  in  its  full  light,  so  as  to  olrviate 
all  exceptions  . . . would  carry  me  out  too  far.  Boyle. 

OB-VI-A'TION,  n.  Tlie  act  of  obviating.  Scott. 

OB'VI-OUS,  a.  [L.  obvius-,  It.  obvio;  Sp.  obvio.) 

1.  Opposed  in  front ; meeting  in  front. 

I to  the  evil  turn 

My  obvious  breast.  Milton. 

2.  Open;  exposed;  subject;  liable.  “ Ob- 
vious to  dispute.”  Milton. 

3.  Plain  ; evident  ; apparent ; visible ; per- 
ceptible ; clear ; manifest ; patent  ; distinct ; 
palpable. 

What  obvious  truths  the  wisest  hands  may  miss!  Coivper. 

Syn.  — See  Apparent,  Evident,  Clear. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


OBVIOUSLY 


983 


OCEAN 


OB'VI-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  an  obvious  manner  ; evi- 
dently ; clearly  ; plainly  ; manifestly.  Selden. 

OB'VI-Ol'S-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  obvious 
or  evident ; plainness  ; clearness.  Boyle. 

OB'VO-LUTE,  a.  ( Bot .)  Alternately  overlapping, 
as  the  margins  of  leaves  in  a bud.  Gray. 

OB'VO-LUT-liD,  a.  (Bot.)  Obvolute.  Wright. 

OC,  n.  An  arrow  used  by  the  Turks.  Crabb. 

OC'CA-MY,  n.  [Corruption  of  alchemy.  Skinner .] 
A compound  metalmeant  to  imitate  silver.Sfeefe. 

OC-C  A'.SION  (ok-ka'zhun),  n.  [L.  occasio  ; ob,  in 
the  way,"  and  cculo , to  fall;  It.  occasions,  Sp. 
ocasion  ; Fr.  occasion .] 

1.  An  occurrence  ; casualty;  incident. 

The  laws  of  Christ  we  find  rather  mentioned  by  occasion 
in  the  writings  of  the  Apostles.  Hooker . 

2.  Opportunity ; a particular  time,  favorable 
or  unfavorable ; concurrence. 

Samson  sought  occasion  against  the  Philistines.  Judg.  xiv.  4. 
How  all  occasions  do  inform  against  me, 

And  spur  my  dull  revenge!  Shak. 

3.  Accidental  cause  ; that  which  gives  rise  to 
something  else. 

Have  you  ever  heard  what  was  the  occasion  and  first  be- 
ginning of  this  custom?  • Spenser. 

4.  Casual  exigency ; necessity ; need. 

God  hath  put  us  into  an  imperfect  state,  where  we  have 
perpetual  occasion  of  each  other’s  assistance.  Swift. 

Syn.  — An  eventful  occurrence  is  an  occasion  ; a 
propitious  occurrence , an  opportunity.  An  occurrence 
or  incident  is  accidental  or  unexpected  ; an  occasion 
presents  itself ; an  opportunity  is  desired.  We  do 
tilings  as  opportunity  offers,  occasion  requires,  or  neces- 
sity compels.  An  unexpected  occurrence ; a special 
occasion  ; a favorable  opportunity  ; a convenient  sea- 
son \ an  unavoidable  exigency  3 a pressing  necessity ; 
a time  of  need.  — See  Case. 

OC-CA'§ION  (ok-ka'zhun),  v.a.  [*.  OCCASIONED  ; 

’ pp.  OCCASIONING,  OCCASIONED.] 

1.  To  cause  incidentally ; to  give  rise  to  ; to 
be  the  cause  of ; to  bring  about ; to  produce. 

That  a reproof  be  not  continued  or  repeated  after  amend- 
ment of  that  which  occasioned  the  reproof.  South. 

2.  To  furnish  with  a reason  or  motive  ; to 
influence ; to  induce ; to  move  ; to  persuade. 

If  we  inquire  what  it  is  that  occasions  men  to  make  sev- 
eral combinations  of  simple  ideas  into  distinct  modes,  and 
neglect  others  which  have  as  much  an  aptness  to  be  com- 
bined, we  shall  find  the  reason  to  be  the  end  of  language. 

Locke. 

t OC-CA'ijION-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  occa- 
sioned. Barrow. 

OC-CA'§ION-AL  (ok-ka'zhun-jl),  a.  [It.  occasio- 
nal \ Sp . ocasional;  Fr.  occasionncl.) 

1.  Happening  by  accident ; incidental ; cas- 
ual ; accidental ; as,  “ Occasional  reflections.” 

2.  That  occasions  ; acting  as  a cause.  “ The 
ground  or  occasional  original  hereof.”  Broimie. 

3.  Produced  on  some  special  occasion. 

Those  letters  were  not  writ  to  alt. 

Nor  first  intended  but  occasional.  Dryden. 

Occasional  causes,  (Met.)  a phrase  employed  by  the 
Cartesians  to  explain  the  inode  of  communicating  be- 
tween mind  and  matter.  Fleming. 

/jgg““The  Cartesians  held  that  the  will  was  not 
the  cause  of  the  action  of  the  body,  but  that,  whenever 
the  will  required  a motion,  God  caused  the  body  to 
move  in  the  required  direction.”  Brande. 

Syn. — An  occasional  discourse;  an  incidental  re- 
mark ; a casual  occurrence  or  expense  ; an  accidental 
circumstance.  Acts  of  charity  may  be  occasional,  but 
they  ought  not  to  be  casual. 

OC-CA'£ION-AL-I§M,  n.  (Met.)  The  system  of 
occasional  causes.  — See  Occasional.  Brande. 

OC-CA-^ION-AL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
occasional.  Qu.  Rev.  Hallam. 

OC-CA'§ION-AL-LY,  ad.  Incidentally  ; casually  ; 
accidentally  ; at  times  ; now  and  then.  Milton. 

t OC-CA'SjION-ATE,  v.  a.  To  occasion.  More. 

OC-CA'SION-ER,  n.  One  who  occasions  ; causer. 

OC-CA'SIVE,  a.  [L.  occasions,  occasus,  a setting.] 
Pertaining  to  the  setting  sun;  falling;  descend- 
ing ; western.  Wright. 

OC-CE-CA'TION,  n.  [L . occcecatio.)  Act  of  blind- 
ing or  state  of  being  blind,  [r.]  Bp.  Hall. 

OC'CI-DENT,  n.  [L.  occido,  occidcns,  to  set,  as 
the  sun  ; It.  $ Sp.  occidente ; Fr.  Occident .]  The 
place  of  the  sun’s  setting;  the  west.  “From 
East  to  Occident.’’  Shak. 


OC-CI-DENT'AL,  a.  1.  .Western; — opposed  to 
oriental.  “ Occidental  climates.”  Browne. 

2.  ( Gem  Sculp.)  Applied  to  precious'  stones 
possessing  an  inferior  degree  of  hardness  and 
beauty.  Brande. 

f OC-ClD'y-OUS,  a.  [L.  occiduus .]  That  goes 
down;  western;  occidental.  Blount. 

OC-ClP'I-TAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  occiput. 

OC' Cl-PVT,  n.  [L.]  The  back  part  of  the  head, 
formed  by  the  occipital  bone.  Dunglison. 

f OC-CI''ijION  (ok-sizh'un),  n.  [L.  occisio. ] The 
act  of  killing.  Hale. 

OC-CLUDE',  v.  a.  [L.  occludo,  occludens .]  To 
shut  or  stop  up  ; to  close,  [u.]  Browne. 

OC-CLtlD'ED,  a.  Shut  up  ; overlapping.  “This 
occluded  bill  [of  the  parrot].”  Raley. 

OC-CLU'DpNT,  a.  That  shuts  up.  [r.]  Sterne. 

OC-CLU'DJJNT,  n.  Any  thing  that  closes,  or 
shuts  up.  [r.]  Sterne. 

OC-CLUSE',  a.  [L.  occlusus .]  Shut  up.  Holder. 

OC-CLU'§ION  (-klu'zhun),  n.  [L.  occlusio.]  (Med.) 

1.  The  transient  approximation  of  the  edges 

of  a natural  opening ; a shutting  up.  “ The 
occlusion  of  the  eyelids.”  Dunglison. 

2.  Imperforation.  Dunglison. 

f OC-CRUS'tAte,  v.  a.  [L.  ob,  used  intensively, 
and  crusto,  to  encrust.]  To  harden;  to  cause 
to  be  obdurate  or  obstinate.  More. 

OC-CULT',  a.  [L.  occulo,  occultus,  to  hide  ; It.  oc- 
culto  ; Sp.  oculto  ; Fr.  occulte .]  Secret ; hidden  ; 
concealed;  unknown;  latent;  abstruse. 

The  Aristotelians  give  the  name  of  occult  qualities  not  to 
manifest  qualities,  but  to  such  qualities  only  as  they  supposed 
to  lie  hid  in  bodies,  and  to  be  the  unknown  causes  of  mani- 
fest effects.  Newton. 

Occult  sciences , the  imaginary  sciences  of  the  middle 
ages,  — magic,  alchemy,  astrology,  especially  the  for- 
mer. Brande. — Occult  line , (Gea/n.)  a dry  or  obscure 
line,  which  is  drawn  as  a necessary  part  of  the  con- 
struction of  a figure  or  problem,  but  which  is  not  in- 
tended to  appear  after  the  plan  is  finished.  A.  Jamieson. 

Syn.  — See  Secret. 

OC-CUL-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  occuUatio  ; It.  occulta- 

’ zione  ; Sp.  ocultacion  ; Fr.  occultation .]  (Astron.) 
The  eclipsing  of  one  heavenly  body  by  another. 

4®=  “ It  is  commonly  used  to  denote  the  eclipses 
of  stars  and  planets  by  the  moon,  during  her  revolu- 
tion about  the  earth.”  Bind. 

f OC-CULT'ED,  a.  Secret ; hidden  ; occult.  Shak. 

OC-CULT'lNG,  n.  Occultation. 

The  occultin'/  or  hiding  of  a star  by  the  moon  is  a phenom- 
enon identical  in  nature  with  a solar  eclipse.  Nichol. 

OC-CULT'N^SS,  n.  The  state  of  being  hid  or 
occult ; concealedness  ; secretness.  Johnson. 

OC'CU-PAN-CY,  n.  1.  The  act  of  taking  posses- 
sion ; occupation  : — possession.  Warburton. 

2.  (Law.)  The  act  of  taking  possession  of  a 
thing  of  which  there  is  no  owner:  — the  right 
acquired  by  taking  such  possession.  Brande. 

Syn.  — See  Occupation. 

OC'CU-PANT,  n.  [L.  occupo,  occupans,  to  occu- 
py ; It.  occupante  ; Sp.  ocupante  ; Fr.  occupant.) 

1.  One  who  has  the  actual  use  or  possession 
of  a thing;  a possessor;  an  occupier.  Bp.  Hall. 

2.  (Late.)  One  who  takes  possession  of  a 

thing  of  which  there  is  no  owner,  or  of  a thing 
which  has  been  abandoned.  Burrill. 

3.  f A prostitute.  — See  Occupy.  Marston. 

f OC'CU-PATE,  v.  a.  [L.  occupo,  occupatus .]  To 
possess  ; to  hold ; to  take  ; to  occupy.  Bacon. 

OC-.CU-PA'TION,  n.  [L.  occupatio  ; It.  occupa- 
zione  ; Sp . ocupacion  ; Fr  .occupation.) 

1.  Act  of  occupying  or  taking  possession. 

2.  Use;  tenure;  possession. 

The  house  is  in  the  occupation  of  A B.  Bouvier. 

3.  The  employment  to  which  a man  chiefly 
devotes  himself ; business  ; trade  ; calling  ; vo- 
cation. “ The  occupation  of  a printer.”  Bouvier. 

He  was  of  the  same  craft  with  them,  and  wrought:  for  bv 
their  occupation  they  were  tent-makers.  Acts  xviii.  5. 

4.  (Law.)  The  act  of  putting  a man  out  of 

his  freehold  in  time  of  war : — usurpation  of  a 
franchise.  Burrill. 

Syn. — Occupation  signifies  possession,  or  the  act 
of  taking  possession  ; occupancy , the  having  possession. 


— Occupation  is  applied  to  whatever  employs  a person 
at  the  moment  or  habitually  ; avocation,  to  that  which 
calls  a person  off  from  his  common  employment.  Reg- 
ular occupation  ; constant  employment ; important  busi- 
ness. The  profession  or  vocation  of  a clergyman  • the 
occupation  of  a farmer  or  a mechanic  ; the  trade  of  a 
carpenter,  mason,  or  shop-keeper;  the  business  of  a 
merchant.  — See  Business. 

6 C-C  U-  P A ' TI ON-B  Rl  D<?  E,  n.  (Engineering.)  A 
bridge  carried  over  or  under  a line  of  railway, 
to  connect  the  parts  of  a farm  or  estate  severed 
by  the  line.  Simmonds. 

OC'CU-PI-IJR,  n.  One  who  occupies;  a possessor. 

OC'CU-PY,  v.a.  [L.  occupo-,  ob  and  capio,  to  lay 
hold;  It.  occvpare ; Sp.  ocupar ; Fr.  occuper.) 
[t.  OCCUPIED  ; pip.  OCCUPYING,  OCCUPIED.] 

1.  To  take  or  to  have  possession  ; to  possess ; 

to  keep  ; to  hold.  “ Constantly  occupying  the 
same  individual  spot.”  Blackstone. 

2.  To  take  up  ; to  fill;  to  cover. 

Powder,  being  suddenly  fired  altogether,  . . . requireth  a 
greater  space  than  before  its  body  occupied.  Browne. 

3.  To  give  employment  to  ; to  employ. 

An  archbishop  may  have  cause  to  occupy  more  chaplains 
than  six.  Act  of  Hen.  VIII. 

4.  To  follow  as  business  or  employment. 

They  that  go  down  to  the  sea  in  ships,  and  occupy  their 
business  in  deep  waters.  Ps.  evii.,  Com.  Prayer. 

5.  f To. use;  to  expend;  to  apply.  Holland. 

Upon  ten  thousand  pounds,  diligently  occupied , they  may 
live  in  great  splendor.  Johnson. 

6.  f To  enjoy;  to  know  carnally.  Shak. 

Syn. — See  Hold. 

f OC'CU-PY,  v.  n.  To  follow  business  ; to  traffic. 

He  called  his  ten  servants,  and  delivered  them  ten  pounds, 
and  said,  Occupy  till  I come.  Luke  xix. 

OC-CUR',  v.  n.  [L.  occurro ; ob,  against,  and 
curro,  to  run ; It.  occorrere  ; Sp.  ocurrir ; Fr. 
occurrer .]  \i.  occurred  ; pp.  occurring,  oc- 

curred.] 

1.  fTo  meet ; to  encounter.  “ The  resistance 

of  the  bodies  they  occur  with.”  Bentley. 

2.  To  come  or  be  presented  to  the  mind  or 
memory  ; to  present  itself ; to  appear. 

The  mind  should  always  be  ready  to  turn  itself  to  the  va- 
riety of  objects  that  occur , and  allow  them  as  much  consid- 
eration as  shall  be  thought  fit.  Locke. 

3.  To  be  met  with  ; to  appear  here  and  there. 

In  Scripture,  though  the  word  “heir”  occur,  yet  there  is 
no  such  thing  as  heir  in  our  author’s  sense.  Locke. 

4.  fTo  obviate;  to  oppose;  — with  to. 

I must  occur  to  one  specious  objection  against  this  propo- 
sition. Bentley. 

5.  To  befall ; to  happen.  Richardson. 

OC-CUR'RpNCE,  n.  [It.  occorrenza ; Sp.  ocur- 
rencia ; Fr.  occurrence .] 

1.  Act  of  occurring  ; occasional  presentation. 

2.  That  which  occurs  or  happens ; an  event ; 
a casualty  ; an  incident ; an  accident. 

In  education,  most  time  is  to  be  bestowed  on  that  which  is 
of  the  greatest  consequence  in  the  ordinar}'  course  and  oc- 
currences of  that  life  the  young  man  is  designed  for.  Locke. 

Syn.  — See  Case,  Event. 

OC-CUR'RENT,  a.  [L.  occurro,  occurrens,  to 
meet.]  incidental  ; coming  in  the  way.  Ash. 

f OC-CUR'RENT,  n.  An  incident;  an  occui'rence. 

All  the  news  and  occurrents  in  every  particular.  Bacon . 

f OC-CURSE',  n.  [L . occursus.]  A meeting. 

A sudden  accident,  occurse,  or  meeting.  Burton. 

f OC-CUR'SION,  n.  [L.  occursio.~\  A clash;  a 
meeting ; a mutual  blow.  Boyle. 

(VCEAN  (o'shan),  n.  [Gr.  wKiavdg ; L.  oceanus ; 
It.  Sp.  oceano  ; Fr.  ocean. — Probably  from 
Gr.  ujkus,  rapid,  and  raw,  to  flow.  Licldcll  8$  Scott. ] 

1.  The  vast  body  of  salt  water  which  surrounds 
the  continents  and  is  the  receptacle  of  their  run- 
ning waters  ; the  main  ; the  great  sea. 

This  vast  body  of  water  is  divided,  by  geog- 
raphers, into  five  great  basins,  also  called  oceans  ; viz., 
the  Pacific  Ocean , the  Atlantic  Ocean , the  Indian 
Ocean , the  Arct  c Ocean , and  the  Antarctic  Ocean. 
The  superficial  extent  of  the  several  great  basins  is  not 
known  with  any  certainty  ; nor,  indeed,  can  their 
limits  be  exactly  defined.  From  the  nearest  estima- 
tion that  can  be  made  of  the  extent  of  the  continents 
and  principal  islands,  it  is  supposed  that  nearly  three 
fourths  of  the  whole  surface  of  the  globe  are  covered 
by  water.  Brande. 

Syn.  — The  Atlantic  or  Pacific  Ocean  ; the  Baltic 
or  Black  Sea  ; the  Spanish  Main  (i.  e.  a part  of  the 
ocean).  — He  crossed  the  ocean  ; he  went  to  sea. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RlJLE.  — £,  £,  $,  g,  soft;  C,  IS,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  JC  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


OCEAN 


984 


OCTROI 


2.  Any  immense  expanse.  “ Those  boundless 
oceans  of  eternity  and  immensity.”  Locke. 

O'CEAN  (5'sh?n),a.  Relating  to  the  ocean.  Milton. 

0-CK-AJY'I-DES,  n.  Jll.  [Gr.  ksfavis  (pi.  uncraWdfs).] 
(Grecian  Myth.)  Nymphs  of  the  ocean,  regarded 
as  the  daughters  of  Oeeanus.  W.  Smith. 

O-Cp-AN'IC  (6-she-Sn'ik),  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
ocean.  “ The  oceanic  birds.”  Cook. 

Oceanic  currents,  certain  progressive  movements  of 
the  water  of  the  ocean,  whose  causes  are  not  fully 
understood.  Of  these  currents,  some  are  constant, 
others  periodical,  others  variable  or  accidental.  JYichol. 

O'CEAN— STEAM-pR,  n.  A large  steamer  for 
navigating  the  ocean. 

O-CEL'LAT-jpD  [o-sel'la-ted,  S.  W.  P.  J.  F.  Ja. 
Sm. ; o'sel-lat-ed,  K.  Wr.  Wb.~],  a.  [L.  ocellatus  ; 
ocellus,  a little  eye.]  (Zo'ul.)  Having,  or  re- 
sembling, little  eyes  ; having  one  spot  of  color 
within  another.  Maunder. 


O'cp-LOT,  n.  (Zofl.)  An 
animal  of  the  feline 
tribe,  smaller  than  the 
ounce,  and  having  a 
skin  most  beautifully 
variegated  ; Leopardus 
pardalis. 

BSp  “ This  animal  is  a 
native  of  Mexico,  Para- 
guay, and  probably  Peru.”  Ocelot  ( Leopardus  Vardans'). 

Eng.  Cyc. 


OjCIIT-MY,  n.  [Corrupted  from  alchemy.']  A 
mixed  base  metal  ; occamy.  Johnson. 

O-CHLE'SIS,  n.  [Gr.  dx*°s,  a crowd.]  (Med.)  A 
morbid  condition  induced  by  the  crowding  to- 
gether of  sick  persons  under  one  roof.  Gregory. 

OEH-I.OC'RA-CY,  n.  [Gr.  d^l.oKparta  ; ny- / 0 C , the 
populace,  and  sparta,  to  govern  ; It.  oclocrazia ; 
Sp.  oclocracia;  Fr . ochlocratie.]  A government 
by  the  mob  ; mobocracy  ; mob-rule.  Warburton. 

OCH-LO-CRAt  IC,  ) a Relating  to  an  och- 

OjCH-LO-CRAT'I-CAL,  S locracy.  Qu.  Rev. 

OjCH-LO-CRAt’I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  an  ochlocrati- 
cal  manner.  ’ Th.  Walker. 


OjCH-LOC'RA-TY,  n.  Ochlocracy.  Downing. 

O'CHRA,  n.  [Gr.  u^pa.]  See  Ochre,  and  Okra. 

p-CHRA'CEOUS  (o-kra'shus,  66),  a.  [It.  ocracco .] 
Ochreous;  ochrey.  Loudon. 

O'jEHRE  (o'ker),  n.  [Gr.  ili^pa  ; o>^p6;,  pale  ; L. 
ochra ; It.  ocra  ; Sp.  ocre  ; Fr.  acre .]  (Min.) 
A native  earthy  mixture  of  silica  and  alumina, 
colored  by  oxide  of  iron,  with  occasionally  a 
little  calcareous  matter  and  magnesia. 

BSP  Ochre  varies  in  color  from  a pale  sandy  yellow 
to  a brownish  red.  Native  red  ochre  is  commonly 
called  red  chalk.  Ochre  is  of  great  value  in  painting, 
as  it  forms  a very  durable  pigment.  Fairholt.  Ure. 

O’  CHRF.-Jl,  n.  ; pi.  d'emtE-sE.  [L.  ochrea,  a 
greave,  a leggin.]  (Bof.)  A union  of  stipules 
round  a stem.  Gray. 

O'jCHRIJ-ATE,  a.  (Bot.)  Furnished  with  ochrete 
or  stipules  in  the  form  of  sheaths.  Gray. 

O'CIIRp-OUS  (o'kre-us),  a.  [It.  ocraceo  ; Fr. 

ocreax.]  Consisting  of,  containing,  or  resem- 
bling, ochre ; ochraceous.  Woodward. 

O 1 1 R F, Y (o'kre),  a.  Ochreous.  Woodward. 

OjEH'RO-lTE,  n.  (Min.)  A silicious  oxide  of  ce- 
rium ; cerite.  Dana. 


O-jCHRp- LEU 'COUS,  a.  [Gr.  <3 %pa,  ochre,  and 
Iivk6(,  white.]  (Bot.)  Yellowish- white  ; of  a 
dull  cream-color.  Gray. 


OCRp-AT-pD,  a.  [L.  ocrca .]  Booted.  Fuller. 

OC'TA-jCHORD,  n.  [Gr.  oxrii^ooSos ; L.  octachor- 
dos.J  (Mas.)  An  instrument  or  a system  of 
eight  sounds.  Burney. 

6C'TA-GON,  n.  [Gr.  oKrdj,  eight,  and  yovla,  an 
angle ; It.  ottagono  ; Sp.  octagono ; 

Fr.  octogone .] 

1.  (Geom.)  A plane  figure  having 
eight  sides  and  eight  angles.  Brande. 

2.  (Fort.)  A place  having  eight 

sides  or  bastions.  Brande. 


Octagon. 


OC-TAg'O-nAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  an  octagon; 
having  eight  sides  and  eight  angles.  Johnson. 

OC-TA-IIE'DRAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  an  octahe- 
dron ; having  eight  sides  or  faces.  Smart. 

OC-TA-HE'DRITE,  n.  (Min.)  An  ore  of  titanium, 
commonly  occurring  in  octahedral  crystals ; 
anatase.  Dana. 

OC-TA-HE'DRON,  n,  [Gr.  <k rth, 
eight,  and  tip  a,  a base;  It.  ottae- 
dro ; Sp.  octaedro  ; Fr.  octaedre.] 

(Geom.)  A solid  figure  bounded 
by  eight  triangular  faces.  Davies. 

J1  regular  octahedron,  an  octahedron  bounded  by 
eight  equal  and  equilateral  triangles.  Davies. 

OC-TAM'U-ROUS,  a.  [Gr.  d*rw,  eight,  and  ptpos, 
a part.]  (Bot.)  Having  its  parts  in  eights. Gray. 

OC-TAN'DR[-A,  n.  [Gr.  Jtra,  eight,  and  avyp,  a 
male.]  (Bot.)  The  eighth  class  of  plants  in  the 
Linntean  system,  characterized  by  hermaphro- 
dite flowers  with  eight  stamens.  Ilenslow. 

OC-TAN'DRI-AN,  a.  (Bot.)  Octandrous.  Smart. 

OC-TAN'DROUS,  a.  (Bot.)  Having  eight  stamens  ; 
octandrian.  P.  Cyc. 

pC-TAN'GU-LAR,  a.  [L.  octo,  eight,  and  angulus, 
an  angle  ; It.  ottangolare ; Sp.  ociangitlar .] 
(Geom.)  Having  eight  angles.  Bailey. 

pC-TAN'GU-LAR-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  having 
eight  angles.  Bailey. 

OC'TANT,  n.  [L.  octans,  octantis  ; octo,  eight ; 
It.  ottante  ; Sp.  octante  ; Fr.  octant .] 

1.  (Geom.)  The  eighth  part  of  a circle ; the 

half  of  a quadrant.  Davies. 

2.  (Astrol.)  An  aspect,  or  an  intermediate 

position,  as  of  the  moon,  when  she  is  between 
her  syzygies  and  quarters.  Brande. 

3.  (Astron.  & Nav.)  A name  sometimes  given 

to  Hadley’s  quadrant,  a form  of  the.  quadrant 
in  which  the  arc  is  one  eighth  of  a circle,  or  4.5 
degrees.  Nichol. 

OC-tA'NUS,  n.  (Med.)  A fever  which  returns 
every  eighth  day.  Brande. 

OC'TA-PLA,  n.  [Gr.  6ktoi  and  a-nhow,  to  unfold.] 
A polyglot  Bible  in  eight  languages.  Crabb. 

OC'TAR-OIIY,  n.  [Gr.  Ssrui,  eight,  and  dp%o>,  to 
rule;  Fr.  octarchie .]  A government  by  eight 
persons.  * Clarke. 

OC'TA-STYLE,  n.  See  Octostyle.  Clarke. 

OC'TA-TEUC H,  n.  [Gr.  6ktiZ,  eight,  and  rtv^os,  a 
work  ; L.  octateuchus  ; "It.  ottateuco  ; Sp.  octa- 
teuco ; Fr.  octateuque.  ] A name  for  the  first 
eight  books  of  the  Old  Testament.  llanmer. 

OC'TAVE,  n.  [L.  octavus-,  octo,  eight;  It. ottavo ; 
Sp.  octavo  ; Fr.  octave.] 

1.  (Eccl.)  The  eighth  day  after  some  ecclesi- 
astical festival,  the  feast  day  itself  included  : — 
the  period  intervening  between  any  of  the  high- 
er festivals,  and  the  eighth  day  thereafter,  the 
festival  itself  being  included.  Brande.  Eden. 

2.  A small  cask  of  wine  ; the  eighth  part  of  a 

pipe.  Simmotuls. 

3.  (Mus.)  An  interval  of  seven  diatonic  de- 
grees, or  twelve  semitones  ; an  eighth  ; as, 
“ From  C to  c is  an  octave  ” ; “A  voice  with  a 
compass  of  two  octaves”-.  — the  seventh  tone 
above  or  below  another  in  the  diatonic  scale  ; as, 
“ C and  its  octaves  ” : — a scale  of  eight  tones. 

flSyTlie  ratio  of  a tone  to  its  octavo  above  is  2 to  1 ; 
i.  e.  if.  the  vibration  of  a string  of  a given  length  pro- 
duce the  note  C,  half  the  length  of  the  string  will 
give  its  octave  c.  Dwight. 

OC'TAVE,  a.  Consisting  of  eight. 

Boccace  . . . particularly,  is  said  to  have  invented  the  oc- 
tave rhyme,  or  stanza  of  eight  lines.  Dryden. 

OC-TA'V6,  71. ; pi.  oc-ta'vo?.  A book  formed  by 
folding  the  sheets  into  eight  leaves  each;  — 
commonly  contracted  into  8 vo. 

OC-TA'VO,  a.  [L.  nctavus,  the  eighth.]  Having 
eight  leaves  to  a sheet.  Dibdin. 

OC-TEN'NI-AL,  a.  [L.  octo,  eight,  and  annus,  a 

' year.] 

1.  Happening  every  eighth  year.  Johnson. 

2.  Lasting  eight  years.  Johtison. 

OC'TILE,  7i.  (Astrol.)  Octant.  Johtison. 

OC-TIL'LION,  7i.  (Arith.)  According  to  the  Eng- 


lish system  of  numeration,  the  number  produced 
by  involving  a million  to  the  eighth  power,  rep- 
resented by  a unit  with  forty-eight  ciphers  an- 
nexed: — according  to  the  French  method,  a 
unit  with  twenty-seven  ciphers.  Greetileaf. 

OC-TO'Bpil,  n.  [L. ; octo,  eight;  being  originally 
the  eighth  month  of  the  Roman  year,  reckoning 
from  March  onward ; — It.  Uttobre  ; Sp.  Octubre  ; 
Fr.  Octobre.]  The  tenth  month  of  the  year. 

OC-TO-DEC'i-MAL,  a.  [L.  octo,  eight,  and  de- 
cern, ten.]  (Mm.)  Applied  to  a crystal  whose 
prisms  exhibit  eight  faces  in  the  middle  part, 
and  with  the  two  summits,  ten  faces.  Smart. 

OC-TO-DEtJ'I-MO,  a.  Having  eighteen  leaves  to 
a sheet ; — commonly  contracted  into  18/«o. 

Clarke. 

OC-TO-DEQ'I-MO,  71.  A book  in  which  each 
sheet  is  folded  so  as  to  make  eighteen  leaves  or 
thirty-six  pages.  Clarke. 

OC-TO-DEN'TATE,  a.  [L.  octo,  eight,  and  den- 
tatus,  toothed  ; dens,  (Gr.  d lobs,  olovrts),  a tooth.] 
Having  eight  teeth.  Smart. 

f OC-TO-ED'RI-CAL,  a.  Octahedral.  Bailey. 

t OC-TO-E'DRITE,  7i.  Octahedrite.  Brande. 

OC'TO-FiD,  a.  [L.  octo,  eight,  and  findo,  to 
cleave.]  Divided  into  eight  parts.  Stnart. 

OC-TOG'A-MY,  71.  [Gr.  dicrw,  and  yayds,  mar- 
riage.] The  marrying  of  eight  wives.  Chaucer. 

OC-TO-£E-NA'RI-AN,  71.  A person  who  is  eighty 
years  of  age.  Todd. 

II  OC-TOG'f.-NA-RY,  orOC'TO-GE-NA-RY  [ok-toj'- 
e-na-re,  W.  P.  K.  Sm. ; ok'to-je-na-re,  Ja.  C.  Wr. 
Wb.],  a.  [L.  octogenarius ; It.  ottogenario  ; Sp. 
octogenario ; Fr.  octogmaire.]  Being  eighty 
years  of  age.  Aubrey. 

OC-TO^r'p-NA-RY,  n.  1.  An  octogenarian.  Wright. 

2.  An  instrument  with  eight  strings.  Wright. 

OC'TO-GILD,  71.  [L.  octo,  eight,  and  A.  S.  gild, 

or  geld,  a payment.]  (Sa.co7i  Late.)  A pecun- 
iary compensation  for  an  injury,  amounting  to 
eight  times  the  value  of  the  thing.  BurriU. 

OC-TOG'O-NAL,  a.  [Gr.  d.ri'i,  eight,  and  yovia, 
an  angle  ; L.  octogouos.]  Octagonal.  Jodi  ell. 

OC-TOG'Y-NOUS,  a.  [Gr.  6ktu>,  eight,  and  yvvfj , 
a female.]  (Bot.)  Having  eight  pistils.  Loudon. 

OC-TO-HE'DRON,  n.  Octahedron.  Brande. 

OC-TO-LOC'U-LAR,  a.  [L.  octo,  eight,  and  hru- 
laris,  kept  in  little  boxes  ; locus,  a place.]  (Bot.) 
Having  eight  cells  for  seeds.  Smart. 

OC'TO-NA-RY,  a.  [L.  octonarius ; It.  ottonario.] 
Of,  or  belonging  to,  the  number  eight.  Bailey. 

OC-TO-NOC'U-LAR,  a.  [L.  octo,  eight,  and  ocu- 
lus,  an  eye.]  Having  eight  eyes. 

Spiders  [are]  for  the  most  part  octonocular.  Der7iam. 

OC-TO-PET'A-LOUS,  a.  [Gr.  6ktu,  eight,  and 
utrahov,  a petal.]  (Bot.)  Having  eight  petals. 

OC'TO-POD,  71.  [Gr.  dsrui,  eight,  and  sous,  ttoS6s,  a 
foot;  It.  ottopodo.]  (Zoiil.)  A name  applied  to 
the  eight-armed  cephalopods,  and  also  to  those 
spiders  which  have  eight  legs.  Brande. 

OC-TO-RA'DI-AT-ED,  a.  [L.  octo,  eight,  and 
Eng.  radiated .]  Having  eight  rays.  Smart. 

OC-TO-SPER'MOUS,  a.  [Gr. Hktoi,  eight,  and  cr.ip- 
yn,  seed.]  (Bot.)  Having  eight  seeds.  Lindley. 

OC'TO-STYLE,  n.  [Gr.  dvrei,  eight,  and  orthos, 
a style;  It.  ottostilo ; Sp.  octostilo ; Fr.  octo- 
style.]  (Arch.)  A temple  or  a portico  having 
eight  columns  in  front. 

BC!p  “ Of  this  kind  is  the  famous  Parthenon  at 
Athens.”  Fairholt. 

OC-TO-SYL-LAB'tC,  ? a Consisting  of  eight 

OC-TO-SYL-LAb'I-CAL,  ) syllables.  Ed.  Rev. 

OC-TO-SYL'LA-BLE,  7i.  [Gr.  dvrid,  eight,  and 
ouXlaPb,  a syllable  ; L.  ortosy llabus.]  A word 
composed  of  eight  syllables.  Clarke. 

OC-TO-SYL'LA-BLE,  a.  Octosyllabic.  Tyrwhitt. 

OCTROI  ( ok-trwa'),  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  auctoritas .] 
A small  fiscal  import  duty  levied  in  French 
towns  on  all  goods  entering  the  gates  or  barriers 
of  the  city.  Simmotuls. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  lotig ; A,  E,  !,  6,  U,  Y,  short ; 


A,  p,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


OCTUPLE 


985 


ODOR 


OC'TU-PLE,  a.  [Gr.  oKTcnr?.ovs ; 3xr(5,  eight,  and 
dnkous,  onefold;  L.  octuplus ; It.  ottuplo  ; Sp. 
octuplo  ; Fr.  octuple .]  Eight-fold.  Bailey. 

OC'U-LAR,  a.  [L.  ocularis-,  oculus,  the  eye  ; It. 
oculare ; Sp.  ocular-,  Fr.  oculairc.\  Relating 
to,  or  depending  on,  the  eye  ; known  by  the 
eye  ; evident.  “ Ocular  proof.”  Shak. 

For  as  Thomas  was  an  ocular  witness  of  Christ’s  death  and 
burial,  so  were  the  other  disciples  of  his  resurrection,  having 
actually  seen  him  after  he  was  risen.  South. 

Ocular  cone,  {Opt.)  the  cone  formed  within  the  eye 
by  a pencil  of  rays  proceeding  from  an  object  ; the 
base  of  the  cone  being  on  the  cornea,  the  apex  on  the 
retina.  Dunglison. 

OC'U-LAR-LY,  ad.  By  means  of  the  eye.  Bp.  Ha.ll. 

OC'U-LATE,  a.  [L.  oculatus ; oculus,  an  eye.] 
Having  eyes  : — knowing  by  the  eye.  Johnson. 

OC'U-LAT-JJD,  a.  Full  of  eyes  or  holes.  Hill. 

OC'U-LI-FORM,  a.  [L.  oculus,  an  eye,  and  forma, 
form.]  Having  the  form  of  an  eye.  Smith. 

OC'y-LlST,  n.  [It.  § Sp.  ocutista-,  Fr.  oculiste .] 
A surgeon  who  occupies  himself  chiefly  with  the 
management  of  diseases  of  the  eye.  Bacon. 

Oy-Y-PO'DI-AN,  n.  [Gr.  (incut,  swift,  and  trout, 
troiU,  a foot.]  ( Zoul .)  One  of  a tribe  of  swift- 
running, short-tailed  crustaceans.  Eng.  Cyc. 

OD,  or  OD,  n.  [Gr.  6<5<5f , way.]  A term  applied  by 
Reichenbach  to  the  fancied  force  which  gives 
rise  to  the  phenomena  of  electro-biology,  or 
mesmerism,  and  which  he  imagined  to  be  de- 
veloped by  magnets,  crystals,  heat,  light,  elec- 
tricity, chemical  action,  vital  action,  the  human 
hand,  and  various  other  agents  ; the  odyllic 
force  ; odyle. 

“Leaving  the  etymological  derivation  to  be 
justified  at  some  other  opportunity,  I will  take  the 
liberty  to  propose  the  short  word  od  for  the  force 
which  we  are  engaged  in  examining.  Every  one  will 
admit  it  to  be  desirable  that  a unisyllabic  word  be- 
ginning with  a vowel  should  be  selected  for  an  object 
which  occurs  universally  in  an  infinity  of  complex 
conditions  of  the  material  world,  for  the  sake  of  con- 
venient conjunction  in  file  manifold  compound  words. 
...  If,  then,  the  term  od  shall  he  found  acceptable  in 
general  use  for  the  force  ...  for  which  we  require  and 
seek  a name,  the  nomenclature  for  all  its  various 
kinds  of  derivation  may  be  easily  formed  by  composi- 
tion,— avoiding  all  circumlocutions  ; instead  of  say- 
ing, ‘the  od  derived  from  crystallization,’  we  may 
name  this  product  crystallod,  that  from  heat,  thennod, 
that  from  electricity,  briefly  as  elod,  from  light,  photod, 
and  so  on,  — magnetod,  chymod , heliod , arternod , trihod, 
and  for  the  material  world  generally,  pantod,  &.c.” 
Reichenbach. 

OJD'A-LISK,  n.  [Turk,  ocla,  a chamber,  because 
odalisks  are  lodged  in  separate  chambers,  or, 
according  to  others,  because  they  lodge  and  live 
in  common  in  two  large  apartments  called  odas. 
Landais.  — Fr.  odalisque. ] A female  slave  em- 
ployed in  domestic  service  about  the  persons  of 
the  wives,  female  relatives,  &c.,  of  the  sultan  ; 

— also  written  odalisque  and  odalik.  Byron. 

ODD,  a.  [Ger.  ode,  solitary  ; Belg.  oed,  ood ; Sw. 

udda,  odd;  W.  od.  — From  oiced,  ow'd.  Fooke. ] 

1.  Not  divisible  into  two  equal  numbers  ; not 
even  ; uneven  ; as  the  numbers  3,  5,  7,  &c. 

2.  Wanting  a match;  unmatched;  as,  “An 
odd  glove”: — having  no  one  associated  or 
united ; left  out  of  a set,  number,  or  account ; 
as,  “ An  odd  volume.” 

3.  Exceeding  a round  number,  or  a specified 
number ; not  taken  in  with  others ; supernu- 
merary ; as,  “ Odd  years,  days,  minutes,”  &c. 

Sixteen  hundred  and  odd  years  after  the  earth  was  made, 
it  was  destroyed  by  a deluge.  Barnet. 

4.  Particular ; peculiar  ; uncommon ; strange  ; 
singular  ; eccentric  ; fantastic  ; whimsical ; as, 
“ An  odd  fancy,  opinion,  person,  or  thing.” 

5.  Noting  the  only  one. 

For  our  time,  the  odd  man  to  perform  all  things  perfectly, 
whatsoever  he  doth,  and  to  know  the  way  to  do  them  skil- 
fully, whensoever  he  list,  is,  in  my  poor  opinion,  Joannes 
Sturmius.  Aschain. 

IfSp  “ Horne  Tooke  appears  to  me  to  have  erred  in 
deriving  odd  from  owed.  If  I say,  ‘ There  are  three 
pairs  and  one  odd  one,’  the  odd  refers  to  the  single  one, 
and  not  to  the  one  which  is  wanting,  yet  Mr.  Tooke 
refers  it  to  the  latter.”  Dr.  Crombie. 

Syn.  — An  odd  glove  ; an  odd  or  uneven  number  ; 
an  odd,  eccentric,  or  singular  person  ; a strange  or  un- 
common occurrence  ; a fantastical  or  whimsical  notion. 

— See  Particular. 

ODD'— FEL-LOW,  71.  A member  of  a charitable 


society  which  affords  assistance  and  relief  to 
distressed  members.  Simmonds. 

ODD'I-TY,  n.  1.  Singularity  ; strangeness  ; — ap- 
plied both  to  persons  and  to  things.  Todd. 

2.  An  odd  or  singular  person  or  thing.  Smart. 

ODD'— LOOK-1  NG  (-luk-),  a.  Having  a singular 
look;  of  unusual  appearance.  Wright. 

ODD'LY,  ad.  1.  In  an  odd  manner;  not  evenly. 

2.  "Strangely  ; singularly  ; unusually. 

An  oddly  odd  number,  {J\Iath.)  a number  which, 
when  divided  by  4,  leaves  3 for  a remainder,  as  7,  11, 
15,  &.C.  Davies. 

ODD'NIJSS,  n.  1.  The  state  of  being  odd,  or  not 
even.  Fotherhy. 

2.  The  quality  or  the  state  of  being  odd  or 
strange  ; strangeness  ; singularity.  Collier. 

5DD§  (odz),  n.  sing.  & pi.  1.  Inequality  ; dispar- 
ity ; excess  of  one  thing  compared  with  another. 

Between  these  two  cases  there  are  great  odds.  Hooker. 

Preeminent  by  so  much  odds.  Milton. 

2.  More  than  an  even  wager ; more  likely 
than  the  contrary. 

Where  a man  neither  loves  nor  likes  the  thing  lie  believes, 
it  is  odds  hut  in  a little  he  may  he  brought  also  to  cast  off  the 
very  belief  itself.  South. 

3.  Advantage  ; superiority  ; supremacy. 

Mother  of  a hundred  gods, 

Juno  dares  not  give  her  odds.  Milton. 

4.  Quarrel ; debate  ; dispute,  [it.]  Shak. 

At  odds,  at  variance.  — Odds  and  ends,  refuse  ; 

scraps;  fragments;  remnants;  oris.  — See  Orts. 

ODE,  71.  [Gr.  w(54;  atlSui,  to  sing;  L.  ode;  It.  §• 
Sp.oda;  Fr.  orfc.]  A short  song  or  poem;  a 
lyric  composition. 

“ Among  the  Greeks  and  Romans  [the  ode] 
was  a short  lyric  composition  usually  intended  to  be 
sung,  and  accompanied  by  some  musical  instrument, 
generally  the  lyre  ; hence  tile  expression  lyric  verse. 
In  the  modern  sense  of  the  word,  the  ode  appears  to 
be  distinguished  from  the  song  by  greater  length  and 
variety,  and  hy  not  being  necessarily  adapted  to  mu- 
sic. It  is  distinguished  also  from  the  ballad,  and 
other  species  of  lyric  poetry,  by  its  being  confined  to 
the  expression  of  sentiment,  or  of  imaginative  thought, 
on  a given  subject  not  admitting  of  narrative,  except 
incidentally.”  Brande. 

ODE'-FAc-TOR,  n.  One  who  traffics  in  odes. 

ODE'— MAk-ER,  n.  A composer  of  odes.  Pope. 

O-DE'  OJV,  n.  [Gr.  wthtior  ; Mfj,  a song;  L.  odeum  ; 
It.  odeon;  Fr.  cdtonk]  {Grecian  Ant.)  A pub- 
lic building  devoted  to  the  contests  of  poets  and 
musicians  for  honorary  prizes,  as  the  theatre 
was  devoted  to  the  drama,  and  the  amphitheatre 
to  gladiatorial  shows  ; odeum.  l'airliolt. 

(fif-  “ Tile  word  odeon  has  been  preserved  in  most 
languages.  Thus  there  is  an  Odeon  in  Paris,  appro- 
priated to  theatrical  and  other  similar  purposes  ; and 
in  Munich  there  is  a concert-room  witli  this  name.” 
Brande. 

RSf"  This  word,  when  applied  to  a modern  build- 
ing, is  often  incorrectly  pronounced  o'de  on. 

OD'ER-lTE,  n.  (Min.)  A mineral  found  in 
Sweden,  and  supposed  to  be  a variety  of  black 
mica.  Eng.  Cyc. 

O-DE  ’ UM,  7i.  [L.,  from  Gr.  wiUtiov.]  {Ant.)  A 

building  in  which  poets  and  musicians  con- 
tended for  prizes,  both  in  vocal  and  instrumen- 
tal music  ; an  odeon.  — See  Odeon.  Brande. 

t O'Dj-BLE,  a.  [L.  odi,  to  hate.]  Hateful.  Bale. 

O'DIC,  a.  [See  Od.]  Pertaining  to  the  force 
called  od ; odyllic.  Reichenbach. 

O'DI-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  an  odic  manner;  by  the 
force  called  od.  Reichenbach. 

O'DIN,  n.  {Northern  Myth.)  The  chief  of  the 
Scandinavian  deities,  regarded  by  the  Romans 
as  the  representative  of  their  Mercury.  Gray. 

O-DIN'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  Odin.  Ferguson. 

|J  O'DIOUS  (od'yus  or  o'de-us)  [o'dyus,  S.  E.  F.  K. ; 
o'de-us,  P.  J.  Ja.  C.  IFr. ; o'de-us  or  5'je-us,  IF.; 
o'de-us  or  od'yus,  Sm.] , a.  [L.  odiosus;  odium, 
hate  ; odi,  to  hate  ; It.  § Sp.  odioso  ; Fr.  odieux.] 

1.  Worthy  of  hate  ; hateful  ; detestable  ; 
abominable  ; execrable  ; offensive ; disgusting. 

For  ever  all  goodness  will  be  most  charming;  for  ever  all 
wickedness  will  be  most  odious.  Sprat. 

2.  Causing  hatred  or  envy ; invidious. 

“Comparisons  are  odious.”  Donne. 

Syn. — See  Abominable,  Obnoxious. 


||  O'DIOIIS-LY,  ad.  In  an  odious  manner;  hate- 
fully ; detestably  ; invidiously.  Milton. 

||  O'DIOUS-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality  of 
being  odious;  hatefulness;  invidiousness.  Wake. 

||  O'DI-UM  (o'de-um  or  od'yum),  n.  [L.]  1.  Ha- 

tred ; hate  ; dislike  ; enmity. 

2.  The  quality  of  provoking  hatred  or  envy; 
invidiousness. 

She  threw  the  odium  of  the  fact  on  me. 

And  publicly  avowed  her  love  to  you.  Dryden. 

Syn.  — Odium  is  great  dislike  or  ill-will,  and  is 
commonly  applied  to  many  ; hatred  is  a stronger  term, 
and  is  applied  to  one  or  many.  A tyrant  may  incur 
the  personal  hatred  of  those  who  know  him,  and  the 
public  odium.  An  odious  public  measure  or  tax  ; a 
hateful  vice  ; an  invidious  task  or  remark. 

O’DI-UM  TIIF.-O-LOO  ' I- CUM.  [L.,  theological 
hatred .]  Hatred  as  exhibited  by  polemical  di- 
vines. Scudamqre. 

O'DIZE,  v.  a.  To  charge  or  impregnate  with  od, 
or  odyle.  “ Odized  water.”  Reichenbach. 

O-DOM'y-TJJR,  n.  [Gr.  dSiiptTpov ; dSo;,  way,  and 
pirpov,  a measure  ; It.  odometro  ; Fr.  odometrek] 
An  instrument  for  measuring  the  distance 
passed  over  in  travelling,  by " registering  the 
number  of  revolutions  of  a carriage-wheel  to 
which  it  is  attached.  Crombie. 

OD-O-MET'RI-CAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  an  odome- 
ter, or  to  the  measurement  accomplished  by  it ; 
relating  to  odometry.  Wright. 

O-DOM'y-TROUS,  a.  Odometrical.  S.  Smith. 

O-DOM'E-TRY,  n.  The  measurement  of  distances 
by  means  of  an  odometer.  Allen. 

||  OD-OjV-  tal  ’Ql-A,  n.  (Med.)  The  toothache  ; 
odontalgy.  — See  Odontalgy.  Brande. 

II  OD-ON-TAL'yiC,  or  6-D0N-TAI/<?IC  [o-don- 
tal'jjk,  P.  Ja.  K.  II  r.  Wb.  ; od-on-tal'jjk,  Sui . J , 
a.  [It.  cSr  Sp.  odontalgico ; Fr."  oclontalgiquc. ] 
Pertaining  to  the  toothache. 

||  6 D-OX-'I’Al/yiC,  71.  {Med.)  A remedy  for  the 
toothache.  Dunglison. 

||  OD'ON-TAL-^rY,  n.  [Gr.  ddovra?.yia,~]  The  tooth- 
ache ; odontalgia.  Smart. 

O-DON'TO,  n.  [Gr.  iSobs,  3(5 6vtoc,  a tooth.]  A 
dentifrice ; a kind  of  vegetable  powder  for  the 
teeth,  prepared  of  oriental  herbs.  Rowland. 

OD-ON-Toy 'E-NY,  n.  [Gr.  3(5 obs,  dddvroe,  a tooth, 
and  ym'du,  to  produce.]  {Med.)  Generation  or 
mode  of  development  of  the  teeth.  Dunglison. 

O-DON'TO-GRApH,  n.  [Gr.  33obs,  dbovro;,  a tooth, 
and  yfxfyw,  to  describe.]  An  instrument  to  ena- 
ble the  millwright  and  engineer  to  measure, 
draw,  and  design  the  teeth  of  wheels.  Wealc. 

OD-ON-TOG'RA-PHY,  71.  [Gr.  ibobs,  33 boro;,  a 
tooth,  and  yputpui,  to  describe.]  {Med.)  A de- 
scription of  the  teeth.  Dunglison. 

O-DON'TOID,  a.  [Gr.  dloiq,  33 Jitoj,  a tooth,  and 
tVios,  form;  Fr.  odontoulek]  {Med.)  Resembling 
a tooth ; tooth-like.  Dunglison. 

0-D0N'T0-L!TE,  71.  [Gr.  dbob;,  ddovros,  a tooth, 
and  i.iOos,  a stone;  It.  oduntoliti. ] {Pal.)  A 
fossil  tooth  or  bone.  Cleaveland. 

OD-ON-TOL'O-lg Y,  n.  [Gr.  dbobs,  oddvrog,  a tooth, 
and  /3yoj,  a discourse ; It.  odontologia ; Fr. 
odontologie. ] {Med.)  An  anatomical  treatise  on 
the  teeth.  Dunglison. 

O D-ON-TO PII-O-RI  ’ JVJE,  71.  pi,  [Gr.  33orro^i3poj, 
bearing  teeth  ; 33oi5j, 
iSdvrof,  a tooth,  and 
<plyot,  to  bear.]  {Or- 
nith.)  A sub-family 
of  birds  of  the  or- 
der Gallinee  and 
family  Tetraonidce ; 

American  partridg- 
es ; quails.  Gray. 

O'DOR,  n.  [L.  A Sp.  odor  ; It.  adore ; Fr.  odour.] 

1.  Scent,  whether  good  or  bad ; smell ; fra- 
grance ; perfume. 

Sabaam  odors  from  the  spicy  shores 

Of  Araby  the  blest.  ' Milton. 

2.  That  which  produces  odor  or  fragrance,  [it.] 

The  good  arc  better  made  hy  ill, 

As  odors  crushed  are  sweeter  still.  Rogers. 

Syn.  — Sec  Smell. 


Ortyx  Virginianus. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE. 

124 


— 9.  <?>  $»  g.  soft; 


£,  G,  j,  |,  hard ; § as  -l; 


as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


ODORAMENT 


OFFENCELESS 


986 


t O'DOR-A-MENT,  n.  [L.  odoramentum.]  Per- 
fume ; strong  scent.  Burton. 

(V  DOR-ANT,  a.  [L._  odoro,  odorans,  to  smell; 
Fr.  odor  ant. 'I  Affording  smell  or  odor  ; sweet- 
smelling; fragrant.  Clarke. 

O'DOll-ATE,  a.  [L.  odoro,  odoratus,  to  smell.] 
Scented ; having  a strong  scent,  whether  fetid 
or  fragrant,  [it.]  Bacon. 

O'DOR-AT-ING,  a.  Diffusing  odor  or  scent  ; fra- 
grant ; odoriferous.  Wright. 

O-DOR-IF'pR-OUS,  a.  [L.  odorifer ; odor,  odor, 
and  fero,  to  bear;  It.  Sp.  odorifero ; Fr.  odo- 
r if  riant.]  Diffusing  odor,  usually  sweet  odor  ; 
sweet-scented;  fragrant;  perfumed;  odorous. 

A grain  of  musk  will  send  forth  odoriferous  particles  for 
scores  of  years,  without  its  being  spent.  Locke. 

O-DOR-IF'fR-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  the  manner  of 
producing  odor  ; fragrantly.  Wright. 

O-nOR-IF'ER-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
odoriferous  ; sweetness  of  scent ; fragrance. 

O’DOR-INE,  n.  ( Chem .)  A product  of  the  redis- 
tillation of  the  volatile  oil  obtained  by  distilling 
bone,  having  a very  concentrated  and  diffusible 
empyreumatic  odor.  Braude. 

O'DOR-LESS,  a.  Having  no  odor.  Miltrian. 

O'DOR-OUS,  a.  [L.  odoras ; odor,  odor;  It.  odo- 
ro ■so.']  Having  odor  ; fragrant ; perfumed  ; 

sweet  of  scent ; odoriferous. 

An  amber  scent  of  odorous  perfume.  Milton. 

It  is  not  a little  strange  that  this  adjective 
should  have  preserved  the  accent  of  the  simple  odor , 
when  the  Latin  udorus  presented  so  fair  an  opportu- 
nity of  altering  it.  Milton  has  seized  this  opportunity  ; 
but,  happily  for  the  analogy  of  our  own  language,  it 
has  not  been  followed.  fValkcr. 

Last  the  bright  consummate  flower 
Spirit*  odorous  breathes;  flowers  and  their  fruit 
Man's  nourishment. 


O'DOR-OUS-LY,  ad.  Fragrantly.  Clarke. 

ODSJ'FISH,  interj.  Noting  surprise.  [Low.]  Prior. 

OD§-PlT'{-KIN§,  interj.  [Corrupted  from  God’s 
pity.  Nares.]  A diminutive  adjuration.  Shah. 

O'DYLE,  n.  [Gr.  bh6i,  way,  and  hif,  principle. 
Ogilvie. — See  On.]  The  odic  force  ; od.  Ogilvie. 

O-DYL'LjC,  a.  Pertaining  to  odyle,  or  od.  Beecher. 

OD'YS-SyY  [od'e-se,  IK.  C.  Wr.  Scott,  Ash,  Mar- 
tin; o-dis'se,  Dgche],  n.  An  epic  poem  of  Ho- 
mer, celebrating  the  adventures  of  Ulysses 
(’OWotuj),  in  his  return  to  Ithaca  after  the  fall 
of  Troy. 

CE.  This  digraph,  found  in  words  adopted  into 
the  English  language  from  the  Greek,  oi, 
through  the  Latin,  is  to  be  esteemed  a mere 
equivalent  to  e. 

CEC-O-NQM'JCS,  n.  pi.  Household  affairs.  — See 
Economics. 

CEC-II-MEN'I-CAL,  a.  [Gr.  owcoti/xfi/ncdj.]  General. 
— See  Ecumenical. 

CEC-O-MEN'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  an  oecumenical 
manner.  Bolingbroke. 

(E-DE'MA  (e-de'mfi),  n.  [Gr.  oilyya ! oil  ho,  to 
swell.]  ’ (Med.)  Swelling  produced  by  the  accu- 
mulation of  a serous  fluid  in  the  interstices  of 
the  areolar  texture.  Dunglison. 

t CED-IJ-MAT'IC,  a.  Edematous.  Harvey. 

f CE-DEM'A-TOUS,  a.  See  Edematous. 

( E-DIC-ME-Mi  .Y./E, 
n.  pi.  [Gr.  oil  to), 
to  swell,  and  Kvi'mi i, 
the  knee.]  ( Or- 
nith.)  A sub-fami- 
ly of  birds  of  the 
order  Grallae  and 
family  Charadria- 
dee;  thick-knees. 

Gray. 

CE-Tl'IAD  (e-Il'yrid  or  Il'yad)  [e-H'yad,  IF.  F.  It.; 
o-e'lyatd,  S.  K.;  al'yjd,  P. ; il'yad,  Sm.],  n.  [Fr. 
arillade ; ceil,  the  eye.]  A glance  ; a wink,  [it.] 
“ t Eiliads  and  most  speaking  looks.”  Shall. 

CE-NAN'TIHJ,  n.  [L. ; Gr.  olvoc,  wine,  and  avOot,  a 
flower.]  ( Bot .)  A genus  of  poisonous,  umbel- 
liferous plants,  the  most  important  species  of 


CEdicnemus  crepitans. 


which  is  (Enanthe  crocata,  or  water  hemlock ; 
water  dropwort.  Loudon. 

CE-NAN'THIC,  a.  [Gr.  olrc;,  wine,  and  avOos,  a 
flower.]  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  obtained  from 
cenanthic  ether. 

Oonantjuc  ether,  an  oily  liquid  which  gives  the  char- 
acteristic odor  to  wine.  Uublyn. 

CE-NAN-THYL'LJC,  a.  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid 

of  a peculiar  aromatic  odor,  obtained  by  the 
action  of  nitric  acid  on  castor  oil.  Brande. 

CE-NOM'y-TyR,  n.  [Gr.  oirog,  wine,  and  yirpov,  a 
measure  ; Fr.  ceno metre.]  A measurer  of  the 
wine  contained  in  any  vinous  liquid.  Hoblyn. 

CEN-O-THE'RA,  n.  [Gr.  olvo;,  wine,  and  Br/pii,  to 
hunt.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants,  including  the 
evening  primrose,  and  growing  chiefly  in  North 
America.  'Eng.  Cyc. 

IISr’The  roots  of  the  species  (Enothera  biennis  are 
eatable,  and  were  formerly  taken  after  dinner  to  flavor 
wine,  as  olives  now  are  : hence  the  name  (Enothera, 
or  wine-trap.  Baird 

O’ER  (or).  A poetical  contraction  of  over. 

CES-O-PHA'Gp-AL,  a.  Pertaining  or  belonging  to 
the  oesophagus.  Roget. 

CE-SOPII- A-GOT'O-MY,  n.  [Gr.  ohrotpayo s,  the  gul- 
let, and  to/xi'i,  a cutting ; Fr.  cesophagotomie.] 
(Sttrg.)  Dissection  of  the  oesophagus,  lloblyn. 

CE-SOPIF  A-GUS  (e-soFa-gus),  n.  ; pi.  (E-sopit'A-iji. 
[Gr.  olaoipayos ; o'iw,  to  carry,  and  ipdyoo,  to  eat ; 
It.  (S;  Sp.  esofago  ; Fr.  cesophagc.]  (Anat.)  A 
cylindrical  canal  extending  from  the  inferior 
extremity  of  the  pharynx  to  the  upper  orifice 
of  the  stomach;  the  gullet.  Dunglison. 

CES’  TR1-DJE,  n.  pi.  ( Eat .)  A family  of  dipterous 
insects  ; bot-flies,  or  breeze-flies.  Baird 

(ES'TRUAI  (es’trum),  n.  [Gr.  oicrrpo;,  the  gadfly, 

— frenzy  ; L.  oestrus.] 

1.  (Zoiil.)  The  gadfly  ; breeze.  Phillips. 

2.  Frenzy  ; inspiration.  “ Some  cestrum  of 

meditation.”  [it.]  J.  A.  St.  John. 

(Es 1 'LRUS,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  oljrpos.]  (Ent.)  A 
Linnacan  genus  of  dipterous  insects.;  the  gad- 
fly. Baird. 

OF  (ov,  71),  prep.  [Goth,  af;  A.  S.  of;  Dut.  of; 
Ger.  ab  ; Dan.,  Icel.,  <S,  Sw.  af.  — W.  ap.  — Gr. 
ant,  af;  L.  ab. — Sansc.  ab.  — “I  imagine  that 
of  is  a fragment  of  the  Goth,  and  A.  S.  afara, 
posteritas  (posterity) ; afora,  proles  (race)  ; 
that  it  is  a noun  substantive,  and  means  always 

— consequence,  offspring,  successor,  follower, 
&c.”  Tooke.  — In  his  Dictionary,  Richardson 
remarks  upon  this  derivation  as  follows  : “ This 
presumes  that  the  composite  noun  af-ar-a  was 
in  use  before  of  was  used  prepositively.”  In 
his  “Study  of  Language,”  he  says,  “The  cor- 
ruption is  slight,  and  the  meaning  clear.”] 

1.  Expressing  the  relation  of  source,  cause, 
origin,  or  motive;  proceeding  from;  from;  as, 
“The  rays  of  the  sun”;  “He  did  it  of  his 
own  choice.” 

2.  Expressing  the  relation  of  consequence, 
effect,  or  result ; as,  “ The  Creator  of  the  world.” 

3.  Expressing  the  relation  of  possession  ; be- 
longing to  ; as,  “ The  palace  of  the  king.” 

4.  Expressing  the  relation  of  quality  or  con- 
dition ; as,  “ A man  of  courage  ” ; “A  man  of 
fortune.” 

5.  Noting  reference  to  an  object  ; concern- 
ing ; relating  to  ; as,  “ I will  think  of  it.” 

6.  Noting  reference  to  material  air  compo- 
nent parts  ; as,  “A  ring  of  gold”;  “A  month 
of  thirty  days.” 

7.  Noting  reference  to  an  aggregate;  among; 
as,  “ Thebest  of  men.” 

8.  Noting  participation  ; out  of ; as,  “ Of 
this  little  he  had  something  to  spare.” 

9.  Noting  reference  to  distance.  “Within  a 

mile  of  my  court.”  Shak. 

10.  Noting  reference  to  time.  “ Them  of  old 

time.”  Matt.  v.  21. 

11.  Noting  a name  or  appellation  ; called  or 
named;  as,  “The  state  of  Virginia”;  “The 
city  of  London.” 

12.  Noting  change  from  one  state  to  another  ; 
from.  “ O,  miserable  of  happy.”  [it.]  Milton. 

In  many  constructions  we  now  use  by  where 
formerly  of  was  used;  as,  “ Trodden  under  foot  of 
1000”;  “Seen  of  men.”  Matt.  “When  thou  art 
bidden  of  any  man  to  a wedding.”  Lake.  “ So  used 
of  every  bearer.”  Shall. 


SSL  Of  was  very  anomalously  used  in  some  ancient 
phrases  ; as,  “0/  bless  beseech,”  for  “ Whom  I pray 
to  bless.” 

I shall  desire  you  of  more  acquaintance.  Shak. 

I humbly  do  desire  your  grace  of  pardon.  Shak. 

— The  phrase  “0/  pardon  you  I pray”  occurs  very 
often  in  Spenser.  Mares. 

SSL  There  is  an  ambiguity  in  the  use  of  the  prepo- 
sition uf  in  such  an  expression  as  “ The  fear  of  the 
enemy,”  which  may  mean  either  the  fear  felt  by  the 
enemy  or  the  fear  felt  towards  the  enemy,  the  preposi- 
tion of  noting  in  the  first  case  the  relation  of  cause  or 
subject,  and  in  tile  second  that  of  object.  Mulligan. 

J®3f"  Participles  used  as  nouns,  and  preceded  by  the, 
are  properly  followed  by  of  before  an  object ; as,  “ The 
reading  of  the  Scriptures.” 

Of  counsel,  (Law.)  a phrase  applied  to  the  counsel 
employed  by  a party  in  a cause,  or  whose  name  ap- 
pears upon  the  papers.  Burrill.  — Of  course,  in  natural 
or  regular  order.  — Of  late,  in  late  times.  — Of  old, 
formerly. 

11  OFF  (of  or  auf)  [of,  S.  IF.  P.  E.  F.  Ja.  Sm.;i uf, 
J.  K.  IF6.  Nares],  ad.  [“This  is  the  same 
word  as  the  last,  altered  in  form,  in  order  to 
suit  some  particular  applications.”  Smart.] 
Noting  separation  or  distance ; front,  in  the 
sense  of  distance  or  of  separation  ; — frequent- 
ly opposed  to  on.  “The  affair  is  off.”  Johnson. 

About  thirty  paces  off  were  placed  harquebusiers.  Knolles. 

Off  and  on , now  remiss  or  away  from  the  matter, 
now  intent  on  it.  (Nuut.)  On  different  tacks  towards 
and  from  the  land. — Offhand , at  once  ; without  study 
or  premeditation  ; promptly.  — Officith , takeoff'.  “ Off 
with  your  boots.”  Shak.  “ Off  with  his  head.”  Cibber. 

— To  come  off,  to  escape  by  some  accident  or  subter- 
fuge : — in  painting  and  sculpture,  it  implies  relief  or 
projection.  — To  get  off,  to  make  escape.  — To  go  off, 
to  desert ; to  abandon  : — applied  to  guns,  to  take  fire 
and  be  discharged.  — To  take  off , to  mimic  or  ridicule 
peculiarities.  — Well  or  ill  off,  fortunate  or  unfortu- 
nate j successful  or  unsuccessful. 

&/T  From  off,  though  a redundant  expression,  is 
sanctioned  by  the  usage  of  good  writers. 

The  waters  were  dried  upfront  off  the  earth.  Gen.  viii.  13. 

The  clergy  kept  this  charge  from  off  us.  Leslie. 

Would  I might  never  stir/row  off  this  place.  Shak. 

Knights  unhorsed  may  rise  from  off  the  plain, 

And  tight  on  foot  their  honor  to  regain.  Dryden. 

Truth,  guide  some  genuine  bard,  and  aid  his  hand 

To  drive  this  pestilence/roi/i  off  the  land.  Byron. 

||  OFF,  interj.  Away  ! begone  ! depart ! 

Off\  or  I fly  for  ever  from  thy  sight.  Smith. 

||  OFF,  prep.  1.  Not  oil.  “ I . . . was  never  off 
my  legs,  nor  kept  my  chamber  a day.”  Temple. 

2.  Distant  from;  along,  but  not  near;  as, 
“ Off  the  coast.” 

||  OFF,  a.  Most  distant ; — opposed  to  near;  as, 
“ The  off  side  ” ; “ The  off  horse.”  Smart. 

OF'FAL,  n.  [Eng.  off  and  fall.  — Dut.  afcal; 
Ger.  abfall;  Dan.  aff'ald;  Sw.  affall.] 

1.  f Any  refuse  ; any  thing  worthless.  Bp.  Hall. 

2.  Waste  meat;  garbage.  Arbuthnot. 

3.  The  refuse  parts  of  animals  killed  for  food. 

In  the  cattle  trade,  applied  to  the  trimmings 
of  tbe  crops,  the  shoulders,  bellies,  shanks,  heads, 
tails,  &c.,  of  carcasses.  SimmoniLs. 

OF-FENCE',  n.  [L.  offensa;  offendo,  to  offend  ; It. 
offesa;  Sp .ofensa;  Fr.  offense.] 

1.  Attack;  assault;  aggression;  onset. 

Equal  skill  in  all  the  weapons  of  offence.  S.  Richardson. 

2.  Displeasure;  anger;  wrath;  indignation. 

He  was  content  to  give  them  just  cause  of  offence , when 

they  had  power  to  make  just  revenge.  Sidney. 

3.  Injury;  injustice;  affront;  wrong. 

I have  given  my  opinion  against  the  authority  of  two  great 
men.  hut  I hope  without  offence  to  their  memories;  for  I 
loved  them  living,  and  rever’enee  them  dead.  Dryden. 

4.  Cause  of  displeasure  or  disgust ; scandal. 

A snare  and  an  offence  unto  tbe  people.  1 Mac.  iv. 

5.  The  transgression  of  a law ; an  act  com- 
mitted against  a law,  or  omitted  where  the  law 
requires  it ; a misdemeanor  ; a trespass  ; a mis- 
deed ; a crime  ; sin. 

O.  my  offence  is  rank,  it  smells  to  heaven; 

It  hath  the  primal,  eldest  curse  upon  it, 

A brother’s  murder.  Shak. 

Syn.  — Offence  is  a very  general  and  indefinite 
term,  and  it  may  be  a crime , or  any  act  fhat  is  offen- 
sive. Trespass  and  transgression  are  violations  of 
some  law  or  rule  of  duty  ; misdemeanor,  an  act  less 
atrocious  than  a crime  ; misdeed,  a private  wrong  or  a 
misconduct  ; an  affront,  a personal  wrong  or  offence. 

— See  Displeasure,  Error. 

f OF-FENCE'FUL,  a.  Injurious  ; giving  displeas- 
ure. “ Your  most  offenceful  act.”  Shak. 

OF-FENCE'LESS,  a.  Not  giving  offence  ; inof- 
fensive ; unoffending;  innocent.  Milton. 


A,  E,  I,  0,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


OFFEND 


987 


OFFSET 


OF-FEND',  v.  a.  [L.  offendo ; oh,  against,  and 

‘ fendo,  to  strike  ; It.  offenders,  Sp.  of aider ; Fr. 
offenser .]  [ i . offended  ; pp.  offending,  OF- 

FENDED.] 

1.  fTo  assault ; to  assail ; to  attack.  Sidney. 

2.  To  make  angry  ; to  affront;  to  displease  ; 
to  irritate;  to  fret;  to  vex  ; to  chafe. 

Let  not  my  words  offend  thee,  heavenly  Power; 

My  Maker,  be  propitious  while  I speak.  Milton. 

3.  To  violate  ; to  transgress  ; to  disobey. 

Marry,  sir,  he  hath  offended  the  law.  Shak. 

4.  To  injure  ; to  hurt;  to  damage. 

Consult  how  we  may  henceforth  most  offend  our  enemy; 
Our  own  loss  how  repair.  Milton. 

5.  To  cause  to  commit  an  offence. 

Whoso  shall  offend  one  of  these  little  ones.  Mutt,  xviii.  6. 

JIST  “ To  offend  originally  signifies  to  impinge,  that 
is,  to  stumble,  or  hit  dangerously  upon  somewhat  ly- 
ing cross  our  way,  so  as  thereby  to  be  cast  down,  or 
atdeast  to  be  disordered  in  our  posture,  and  stopt  in 
our  progress  ; whence  it  is  well  transferred  to  denote 
our  being  through  any  incident  temptation  brought 
into  sin,  whereby  a man  is  thrown  down,  or  bowed 
from  his  upright  estate,  and  interrupted  from  prose- 
cuting a steady  course  of  piety  and  virtue.”  Barrow. 

Syn.  — See  Displease. 

OF-FEND',  v.  n.  1.  To  cause  anger  or  displeasure. 

I shall  offend , if  I detain  or  give  it.  Shak. 

2.  To  sin  ; to  do  wrong  or  injustice;  to  trans- 
gress ; to  commit  any  transgression  or  offence  ; 
— sometimes  used  with  against. 

He  came,  and  with  him  Eve,  more  loath,  though  first 
To  offend-,  discountenanced  both,  and  discomposed.  Milton. 

Our  language  is  extremely  imperfect;  and,  in  many  in- 
stances, it  offends  against  every  part  of  grammar.  Swift. 

OF-FEND'ER,  n.  One  who  offends  ; a guilty  per- 
son ; a transgressor  ; a criminal ; a culprit. 

OF-FEND'ING,  n.  Offence  ; transgression  ; crime. 

This  is  the  head  and  front  of  my  offending.  Shak. 

OF-FEND'RESS,  n.  A woman  who  offends.  Shak. 

t OF-FEN'SI-BLE,  a.  Hurtful.  Cotgmve. 

OF-FEN'SIVE,  a.  [It.  offensivo ; Sp.  ofensivo; 
Fr.  offensif.] 

1.  Making,  or  used  in  making,  the  first  at- 
tack ; aggressive  ; assailant ; — opposed  to  de- 
fensive. “ An  offensive  war.”  Bacon.  “ Offen- 
sive engines.”  Wilkins. 

2.  Causing  anger,  pain,  or  disgust;  disgust- 
ing; detestable;  displeasing;  injurious;  abu- 
sive ; insolent ; rude  ; contumelious  ; reproach- 
ful. 

The  top  is  level;  nn  offensive  seat 

Oftwnr,  and  from  the  war  a safe  retreat.  Dryden. 

Syn.—  Offensive  smell,  manner  ; disgusting  or  dis- 
pleasing appearance  ; abusive  language  ; insolent  or 
rude  manners;  injurious  conduct:  — offensive  war; 
aggressive  measure.  — See  Invidious,  Obnoxious. 

OF-FEN'SIVE,  n.  A state  or  posture  of  aggres- 
sion or  attack ; — opposed  to  defensive  ; as,  “ To 
act  on  the  offensive.”  Clarke. 

OF-FEN'SI  VE-LY,  ad.  In  an  offensive  manner. 

OF-FEN'SIVE- NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality 
of  being  offensive.  Grew. 

OF'FJf  R,  v.  a.  [L.  offero ; oh,  in  the  way  of,  and 
fero,  to  bear;  It.  offrire;  Sp.  ofrecer-,  Fr. 
offrir. ] [i.  OFFERED  \pp.  OFFERING,  OFFEHED.] 

1.  To  present ; to  exhibit  for  acceptance  or 
for  rejection  ; to  propose  ; to  tender  ; to  proffer. 
I dread  the  Greeks,  yea,  when  they  offer  gifts.  Surrey's  Virg. 

2.  To  sacrifice  ; to  immolate. 

And  thereon 

Offers  sweet-smelling  gums,  and  fruits,  and  flowers.  Milton. 

3.  To  bid,  as  a price  or  compensation. 

Nor,  shouldst  thou  offer  all  thy  little  store, 

"Will  rich  Iolas  yield,  but  offer  more.  Dryden. 

4.  To  show  ; to  furnish  ; to  propose  ; to  give. 

“ Our  author  offers  no  reason.”  Locke. 

To  offer  violence,  to  assault;  to  attack  with  hostile 
intentions. 

Syn. — Offer  a premium,  a reward,  a prayer,  or  a 
sacrifice.  Give  familiarly,  -present  respectfully,  and 
offer  religiously.  Offer  a sum  ; propose  terms  ; bid  a 
price ; tender  a payment.  — See  Give. 

OF'FJjlR,  v.  n.  1.  To  be  present ; to  be  at  hand  ; 
to  present  itself. 

The  occasion  offers , and  the  youth  complies.  Dryden. 

2.  To  make  an  attempt  or  trial; — formerly 
sometimes  used  with  at. 

We  came  close  to  the  shore,  and  offered  to  land.  Bacon. 


OF'FER,  n.  [It.  offerta  ; Sp.  oferta  ; Fr.  offre.\ 

1.  A proposal  to  be  accepted  or  rejectee! ; that 
which  is  offered;  proposition;  proffer;  tender. 

I never  liked  thy  talk,  thy  offers  less, 

Now  both  abhor.  Milton. 

2.  The  act  of  bidding,  or  the  price  bid. 

Making  by  second  hand  their  offers.  Swift. 

3.  Effort ; endeavor  ; attempt,  [r.]  Bacon. 

Syn.  — See  Proposition. 

OF'FIJR- A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  offered  ; worthy 
of  being  offered.  W.  Mountagu. 

OF'FER-ER,  n.  One  who  offers  or  makes  an  offer. 

OF'FER-ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  offers; 
presentation;  offer. 

2.  That  which  is  offered,  — particularly  in 
worship  ; an  oblation  ; a sacrifice. 

ggf- 11  Offerings  constituted  a large  portion  of  the 
Jewish  worship.  They  consisted  cbiefiy  of  bread, 
salt,  fruits,  wine,  and  oil,  and  had  different  names, 
according  to  the  purposes  for  which  they  were  em- 
ployed. In  a modern  sense,  the  term  offering  is  ap- 
plied to  certain  dues  payable  by  custom  to  the  church, 
as  the  Easter  offerings,  &c.”  Braude. 

OF'FIJR-TO-RY,  n.  [L.  offertorium ; It.  offerto- 
rio  ; Sp .ofertorio;  Fr.  offfertoire.] 

1.  f The  act  of  offering.  Bacon. 

2.  ( Eccl .)  An  anthem  chanted  in  the  Catho- 
lic service,  being  the  first  part  of  the  mass,  in 
which  the  priest  prepares  the  elements  for  con- 
secration : — in  the  communion  service  of  the 
Church  of  England,  the  sentences  read  while 
the  alms  or  offerings  are  collected.  Brande. 

f OF'FIJR-TURE,  n.  An  offer ; an  overture  ; a 
proposal ; proposition.  King  Charles. 

OFF'— HAND,  a.  Done  promptly,  without  study 
or  hesitation  ; unpremeditated.  Qu.  Rev. 

OFF'— HAND,  ad.  At  the  moment ; without  de- 
liberation or  delay.  Qu.  Rev. 

OF'FICE  (of'fis),  n.  [L.  officium,  or  opificium  ; 
opus,  work,  and  facio,  to  do  ; It.  officio-,  Sp.  ofi- 
cio ; Fr.  ofice.] 

1.  The  station,  condition,  or  employment  of 

an  officer  ; a public  charge  or  employment ; a 
dignity  attended  with  a public  function.  “ The 
insolence  of  office.”  Shak. 

He  hath  forsook  the  court, 

Broken  his  staff  of  office,  and  dispersed 

The  household  of  the  king.  Shak. 

2.  Peculiar  or  appropriate  business,  employ- 
ment, or  function  ; charge  ; duty  ; service. 

The  first  bringer  of  unwelcome  news 
Hath  but  a losing  office;  and  his  tongue 
Sounds  ever  after  as  a sullen  bell 

Remembered  knolling  a departed  friend.  Shak. 

The  sun  was  nearly  set,  and  after  him  the  star 
Of  Hesperus,  whose  office  is  to  bring 
Twilight  upon  earth.  Milton 

3.  An  act ; — usually  a voluntary  act,  and  in 
a good  sense  ; a service. 

I would  I could  do  a good  office  between  you.  Shak. 

4.  Act  of  worship.  “ Morning’s  holy  office.” 

Shak. 

5.  Formulary  of  devotions.  Bp.  Taylor. 

6.  A room,  house,  or  place  of  business  or  con- 
sultation ; as,  “A  lawyer’s  or  a physician’s  office.” 

7.  A name  given  to  the  pantry,  scullery, 
wash-house,  store-rooms,  and  necessary  out- 
houses, conveniences,  and  subordinate  build- 
ings of  a detached  dwelling-house.  Simmonds. 

Office  found,  ( Eng . Law.)  an  inquiry  executed  by 
some  officers  of  the  crown,  when  certain  events  have 
occurred  in  consequence  of  which  the  crown  becomes 
entitled  to  take  possession  of  real  or  personal  property. 
Such  are  the  finding  of  treasure  under  certain  circum- 
stances, the  intestacy  of  a bastard,  &c.  Brande. 

Syn. — An  office  is  held  ; a place,  filled  ; a charge, 
undertaken  ; a function  or  agency,  performed  ; busi- 
ness, transacted.  — See  Business. 

f OF'FICE,  v.  a.  To  perform  ; to  employ.  Shak. 

OF'FICE— BeAr'^R,  n.  One  who  discharges  or 
holds  an  office.  Clarke. 

OF'FI-CJER,  ii.  [Sp.  oficiar;  Fr .officier.]  A per- 
son invested  with  an  office,  either  civil,  mili- 
tary, naval,  or  ecclesiastical ; a magistrate. 

I am  an  officer  of  state,  and  come 

To  speak  with  Coriolanus.  Shak. 

OF'FT-CIJR,  V.  a.  [t.  OFFICERED  ; pp.  OFFICER- 
ING, officered.]  To  furnish  with  officers  ; to 
appoint  officers  over. 

What  could  we  expect  from  an  army  officered  by  Irish 
Papists  and  outlaws?  Addison. 


OF-FI''CIAL  (of-flsh'al),  a.  [L.  officialise  It. 
vfficiale  ; Sp.  official-,  Fr.  off, del.] 

1.  Relating  to  an  officer  or  office; — derived 
from  the  proper  office  or  officer,  or  from  the 
proper  authority  ; authoritative. 

Ifiy-  “ In  some  cases,  the  Latin  phrase  ex  officio  is 
made  to  express  this  meaning,  as  an  ex  officio  informa- 
tion, i.  e.  an  information  by  virtue  of  the  office  which 
the  informer  holds.”  Smart. 

2.  Conducive  by  virtue  of  its  office,  [r.] 

The  stomach , and  other  parts  official  unto  nutriment.  Browne. 

Official  value,  of  merchandise,  in  England,  is  the 
value  settled  as  early  as  1696,  by  which  all  the  articles 
of  export  are  ascertained  without  regard  to  any  sub- 
sequent variation  in  the  market-price  of  tile  articles 
themselves  ; and  it  differs  from  the  declared,  real,  or 
supposed  actual  value  at  the  time  and  place  of  impor- 
tation or  exportation.  T.  Pitkin. 

OF-FI"CIAL  (of-fish'al),  n.  [Fr.]  One  invested 
with  an  office,  particularly  with  authority  to 
take  cognizance  of  causes  in  ecclesiastical  ju- 
risdiction. Camden. 

OF-FI"CIAL-LY  (of-fish'sd-le),  acl.  In  an  official 
manner  ; by  authority  ; by  virtue  of  an  office. 

OF-FI"CIAL-TY  (of-ftsh'?l-te),  n.  [Fr.  officialite.] 
{Law.)  The  court  of  an  official.  Brande. 

OF-FI''CI-A-RY  (of-flsh'e-a-re),  a.  Relating  to  an 
office ; official.  Pilkmgton. 

OF-fF'CI-ATE  (of-fish'e-at),  v.  n.  [It.  officiare  ; 
Sp.  ofeiar ; Fr.  officier.]  [*.  officiated;/)/). 
OFFICIATING,  OFFICIATED.] 

1.  To  act  in  any  office ; to  discharge  the  du- 
ties of  an  office. 

Who  of  the  bishops  or  priests  that  officiate  in  the  church 
can,  with  a good  conscience,  omit  any  part  of  that  which  is 
commanded  by  the  aforesaid  law?  Stilling  fleet. 

2.  To  perform  an  office  for  another.  Johnson. 

f OF-FF'CI-ATE,  v.  a.  To  give  or  furnish  in  con- 
sequence of  office  ; to  dispense.  “ Stars  . . . 
merely  to  officiate  light.”  Milton. 

0F-FI"CI-AT-ING,  p.  a.  Performing  an  office  for 
another;  acting.  “ Officiating  clergy.”  Eustace. 

0F-FI"CI-A-T0R  (of-fish'e-a-tor),  n.  One  who  of- 
ficiates. Wm.  Jay. 

OF-FI-CI'NAL,  or  OF-FIG'I-NAL  [of-fe-sl'nal,  ./. 
F.  Ja.  Sm.  R. ; of-fis'e-nai,  P.  E.  K.  C.  B.  Wr. 
Wb.],  a.  [L.  officina,  a shop  ; It.  officinale ; Sp. 
officinal;  Fr.  officinal.]  Relating  to,  used,  or 
sold  in  a shop  or  place  of  business. 

Officinal  plants  and  drugs  are  those  on  sale  in  shops.  Smart. 

OF-F!"CIOUS  (of-fish'us),  a.  [L.  officiosus  ; It. 
officioso  ; Sp.  oficioso  ; Fr.  officieux.] 

1.  Doing  good  offices  ; active  *0  pprform  ser- 
vices or  benefits. 

Yet  not  to  earth  are  those  bright  luminaries 

Officious , but  to  thee,  earth’s  habitant.  Milton. 

You,  valiant  Cutts,  the  officious  Muses  crown.  Yalden . 

2.  Interposing  in  affairs  without  being  de- 
sired; busy;  meddling;  meddlesome;  inter- 
meddling ; interfering  ; obtrusive ; pragmatical. 

Syn.  — An  officious  person  offers  his  services  or  as- 
sistance when  they  are  not  wanted  ; an  obtrusive  per- 
son obtrudes  his  opinion  or  his  company  when  not 
called  for ; a meddling  or  meddlesome  person  inter- 
meddles with  what  does  not  concern  him. 

OF-Fp'CIOUS-LY  (of-fish'us-le),  ad.  In  an  offi- 
cious manner ; busily ; obtrusively.  Milton. 

OF-Fl"CIOUS-NESS  (of-flsh'us-nes),  n.  The  qual- 
ity of  being  officious  or  pragmatic  ; forwardness. 

OF'FING,  n.  ( Naut .)  That  part  of  the  sea  which 
is  at  a considerable  distance  off  the  shore, 
where  there  is  deep  water.  Rees. 

OFF'SCOUR-ING,  n.  [off  and  scour.]  That  which 
is  scoured  oft';  refuse ; recrement.  Lam.  iii.  45. 

OFF'SCUM,  n.  Refuse ; offscouring.  Smart. 

OFF'SCUM,  a.  Refuse;  vile;  rejected.  Todd. 

OFF'SFT,  n.  [off  and  set.] 

1.  A sprout ; shoot  of  a plant ; a slip  : — a 

part  separated  ; a detachment.  Qu.  Rev. 

Some  plants  are  raised  from  any  part  of  the  root,  others  by 
offsets.  Locke. 

2.  ( Book  keeping.)  A sum  set  off  against  an- 

other sum  as  an  equivalent;  a counterbalance  ; 
a set-off.  Smart.  Ch.  Oh. 

3.  ( Surveying .)  A short  course  measured 

perpendicularly  to  a longer  one.  Davies 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE. — 9,  <?,  9,  g,  soft;  €,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  ^ as  z;  It  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


OFFSET 


988 


OLD 


4.  {Arch.)  The  superior  surface  left  uncov- 
ered where  the  thickness  of  a wall  diminishes, 
forming  a ledge.  Brande. 

OFF'SET,  V.  a.  [L  OFFSET;  pp.  OFFSETTING, 
offset.]  To  cancel  by  a contrary  account  or 
sum  ; to  set  one  thing  against  another.  Headley. 

* OFF  SET-STAFF,  n.  ( Surveying .)  A rod,  usually 
10  links  in  length,  for  measuring  offsets.  Duties. 

OFF'SHOOT,  n.  [ off  and  shoot.)  An  offset  or 
shoot ; a branch.  Ec.  Rev. 

OFF'-SIDE,  n.  The  right,  or  right-hand,  side. 

OFF'SKIP,  n.  That  part  of  a landscape  which  re- 
cedes from  the  spectator  into  distance,  tairholt. 

OFFSPRING,  n.  [ off  and  spring.} 

1.  Propagation  ; production.  Hooker. 

2.  A child  or  children  ; a descendant  or 

descendants;  issue;  progeny.  “Not  our 

offspring,  but  our  brethren.”  South. 

3.  Production  of  any  kind.  Denham. 

4.  t Descent ; origin. 

Nor  was  her  princely  offspring  damnified. 

Or  aught  disparaged  by  tiiese  colors  base.  Fairfax. 

Syn. — Offspring,  progeny,  and  issue  are  all  applied 
to  children  ; offspring  a’tnl  issue  are  used  for  one  or 
more  ; progeny,  a collective  noun,  is  used  for  more 
than  one.  When  children  are  spoken  of,  the  term 
offspring  is  used,  as  a child  is  said  to  he  the  only 
offspring  of  his  parents  ; but  when  parents  are  spoken 
of,  their  children  are  termed  progeny,  and  a parent  is 
said  to  have  a numerous  or  a healthy  progeny.  The 
term  issue  is  used  only  in  relation  to  persons  deceased, 
as  a man  is  said  to  die  with  or  without  issue.  De 
sccndunts  and  posterity  are  terms  never  applied  solely 
to  children,  but  they  are  used  comprehensively  to  in- 
clude children,  grandchildren,  great-grandchildren, 
&c.,  without  limitation;  as  a man  is  said  to  have  a 
numerous  posterity ; and  the  whole  human  race  are 
said  to  be  the  descendants  or  posterity  of  Adam  and 
Eve. 

OF-FUS’CATE,  t’.  a.  [L.  offusco , offuscatus .] 
To  cloud  ; to  obfuscate.  Wodroephe. 

OF-FIS-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  offuscatio .]  The  act 
of  darkening ; obfuscation.  Donne. 

OFF'WARD,  a.  (Naut.)  Inclining  with  the  side 
to  the  water,  as  a ship  when  aground.  Crahh. 

||  OFT  (oft  or  iwft)  [oft,  IV.  P.  E.  F.  Ja.  Sm.  I Vr.  ; 
Stwft,  S.  J.  K.  .Vares] , ad.  [Goth,  uj'ta ; A.  S. 
oft ; Ger.  oft-,  Dan.  ofte ; Sw.  ofta .]  Often; 
frequently.  [Little  used  now  except  in  poetry.] 

In  labors  more  abundant,  in  stripes  above  measure,  in 
prisons  more  frequent,  in  deaths  oft.  2 Cor.  xi.  23. 

||  OFT,  a.  Frequent;  repeated,  [it.] 

Till  oft  converse  with  heavenly  habitants 

Begin  to  cast  a beam  on  the  outward  shape.  Milton. 

||  OF'TEN  (offn  or  iw'fn)  [of’fn,  S.  IV.  P.  E.Ji 
Sm.  Wr. ; ftw'fn,  J.  K.  Naves],  ad.  [comp,  of- 
texf.r  ; superl.  OFTENEST.]  Frequently;  re- 
peatedly; many  times;  not  seldom. 

Whole  houses  of  tlicir  whole  desires  possessed, 

Are  often  ruined  at  their  own  request.  Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Frequently. 

||  OF'TEN  (of’fn),  a.  Frequent,  [it.] 

Use  n little  wine  for  thy  stomach's  sake  and  thine  often 
infirmities.  1 Tim.  \ . 23. 

The  often  copying  of  it  hath  tired  my  pen.  Milton. 

By  often  alliance  with  great  and  princely  families.  Fenton. 

II  OF'TEN-BeAr'ING,  a.  ( Bot .)  Producing  more 
than  twice  in  one  season.  Ilenslow. 

||  OF'TEN-NESS  (of’fn-nes),  n.  Frequency,  [it.] 

The  seldomncss  and  oftenness  of  doing  well.  Hooker. 

||t  OF'TEN— SITU,  ad.  Frequently ; often. Chaucer. 

HfOF'TEN— TIDE,  ad.  Frequently;  often.  Brunne. 

||  OF'TEN-TIME§  (of'fn-tlmz),  ad.  Frequently; 
often.  Hooker. 

||  OFT'TIME^,  ad.  Oftentimes,  [r.]  Milton. 

OG 'DO-AD,  71.  [Gr.  lySoh;,  SylodSosA 

1.  A poem  of  eight  lines.  Mil-man. 

2.  A body  of  eight  persons.  Ec.  Rev. 

OG-DO-AS'TIOff,  71.  [Gr.  Syboo;,  eighth,  and  CT1- 
a verse.]  A poem  of  eight  lines.  Drayton. 

0-<?EE',  n.  (Arch.)  A moulding  consisting  of 
two  members,  the  one  concave  the  other  con- 
vex ; cymatium  ; cyma.  — See  Cyma.  Weak. 

t 0G-GAN-NI"T10N  (og-gan-nlsh'un),  n.  [L.  og- 
gannio,  to  growl.]  The  act  of  snarling  like  a 
dog  ; murmuring  ; grumbling.  Mountagu. 


OG'IIAM,  71.  A kind  of  steganography,  or  secret 
writing,  practised  by  the  ancient  Irish.  Astk. 

O-lyl  VE'  [o-jlv',  Sm. ; o’jiv,  Ja.],  71.  [Fr.]  (Arch.) 
The  rib  which  crosses  a groined  vault  diago- 
nally. Britton. 

O'GLE  (o'gl),  v.  a.  [Dut.  ooghen,  oog,  the  eye.]  [ i . 
ogi.ed  ; pp.  ogling,  OGLED.]  To  view  with  side 
glances,  as  in  fondness ; to  cast  glances  at 
slyly  ; to  gloat  upon. 

Whom  is  he  ogling  yonder?  himself  in  his  looking-glass. 

A rout  knot. 

O'GLE,  n.  A side  glance  ; a look  of  fondness. 

The  watchful  ogle  and  delusive  smiles.  Gay. 

O'GLpR,  7i.  One  who  ogles  ; a sly  gazer.  Addison. 

O'GLING,  n.  The  practice'of  viewing  with  side 

glances ; a sly  glance.  Burke. 

OG'LI-O  (o'le-o),  7i.  [It.]  A medley.  — See  Olio. 

O'GRE  (o'gur),  n.  [Fr.  ogre.]  One  of  a race  of 
imaginary  monsters  of  the  East,  usually  repre- 
sented as  cannibals  of  malignant  dispositions, 
and  as  endowed  with  gigantic  height  and  great 
power. 

tlP§=  “ It  is  probable  that  the  term  ogre  is  derived 
from  Oegir,  one  of  tile  giants’ in  the  Scandinavian 
mythology  ; though  it  lias  been  alleged,  with  perhaps 
more  probability,  that  it  lias  been  borrowed  from  the 
Ogurs  or  Onogurs,  a desperate  and  savage  Asiatic 
horde,  which  overran  part  of  Europe  about  the  mid- 
dle of  the  5th  century.”  Brande. 

O'GRIJSS,  7i.  [Fr.  ogressc.]  A female  ogre  or 
imaginary  monster.  Arabia7i  Nights. 

O'GRESS,  71.  (Her.)  A cannon  ball  of  a black 
color ; gunstone.  Ashrnok. 

O-IyVp'l-AN,  a.  Relating  to  Ogyges,  a king  of 
Attica,  or  to  a great  inundation  said  to  have 
taken  place  during  his  reign.  Lyell. 

OH  (o),  interj.  Denoting  pain,  sorrow,  lamenta- 
tion, anxiety,  or  surprise.  — See  O. 

OIL,  7i.  [A.  S.  a-l-,  Dut.  oly  ; Ger.  ocl;  Dan.  olie ; 

Sw.  olja.  — Gr.  ikmov-,  L.  oleum-,  It.  olio-,  Sp. 
oho  ; Fr.  haile.  — W.  okw.]  A term  applied  to 
two  dissimilar  and  distinct  products  obtained 
from  various  bodies,  both  animal  and  vegetable. 

II There  are  two  great  classes  of  nils,  tile  fat, 
unctuous,  or  fired,  and  the  essential  or  volatile.  The 
former  are  usually  bland  and  mild  to  tile  taste  ; the 
latter,  hot  and  pungent.  The  fat  oils  may  be  liquid  or 
solid,  but  they  are  easily  fusible,  and  when  brought 
in  contact  with  paper  they  make  a greasy  mark,  and 
render  the  paper  translucent ; whereas  the  volatile 
oils  leave  no  stain.  The  fat  oils  occur  both  in  vege- 
tables and  animals  ; the  essential  oils  in  vegetables 
alone.  Tomlinson.  Urc. 

t Oil  of  brick,  or  philosopher's  oil,  an  empyreuinatic 
oil  obtained  by  subjecting  a brick,  which  lias  been 
soaked  in  oil,  to  the  process  of  distillation  at  a high 

temperature.  Braude Oil  of  vitriol,  the  old  name  of 

sulphuric  acid.  Brande. — Oil  of  wine,  a liquid  obtained 
by  continuing  the  distillation  of  alcohol  and  sulphuric 
acid  beyond  the  point  at  which  ether  is  produced. 
Francis.  — Oil  of  talc,  a nostrum  formerly  in  great 
repute  as  a cosmetic.  Narcs. 

OIL,  v.  a.  [i.  oiled;  pp.  oiling,  oiled.]  To 
smear  or  lubricate  with  oil.  Wotton. 

OIL'BAG,  7i.  A bag,  cyst,  or  gland  in  animals, 
containing  oil.  Wright. 

OIL'— BEE-TLE,  71.  An  insect  of  the  genus  Me- 
loe,  from  the  joints  of  the  legs  of  which  exudes 
an  oily  yellowish  liquor,  used  in  rheumatic  com- 
plaints. Baird. 

OIL'— BIRD,  71.  ( Ornith .)  A bird  of  the  order 

Passeres  and  sub-family  Sittince.  Gray. 

OIL'— CAKE,  71.  The  marc,  or  substance  which 
remains  after  the  oil  has  been  expressed  from 
the  seeds  of  flax,  rape,  &c.  ; — used  for  feeding 
cattle,  and  for  manure.  Farm.  Ency. 

OIL'— CLOTII,  7i.  A cloth  or  canvas  having  on 
one  side  a thick  coat  of  oil  paint.  W.  Eiicy. 

OIL'— COL-OR  (-kul-ur),  71.  A pigment  ground 
and  diluted  in  oil.  Boyle. 

OIL'— DRIED,  a.  Exhausted  of  oil.  Shah. 

OIL'ER,  71.  1.  One  who  oils. 

2.  A trader  in  oils  ; an  oilman,  [r.]  JIuloet. 

OIL'f,-RY,  n.  The  goods  of  an  oilman.  Loudon. 

01' LET— HOLE,  n.  See  Eyelet-hole.  Crabb. 


OIL'— gAs,  n.  An  illuminating  gas  obtained  by 
decomposition  of  a fat  oil.  Wright. 

OIL'I-NESS,  7i.  The  quality  of  being  oily;  unc- 
tuousness. Bacon. 

OIL'mAn,  n. ; pi.  oilmen.  One  who  deals  in 
oils,  or  in  both  oils  and  pickles.  Johnson. 

OIL'— NUT,  n.  1.  A name  for  various  butyraceous 
nuts  and  seeds  yielding  oil,  as  the  butter-nut, 
the  ground-nut,  the  cocoa-nut,  &c.  Simmonds. 

2.  (Bot.)  A North  American  shrub;  llamil- 
tonta  oleifera.  Gray. 

OlL'— PAINT-JNG,  71.  Painting  in  which  the  me- 
dium for  using  the  colors  is  oil.  Brai'tde. 

OIL'— PALM  (-pirn),  7i.  A species  of  palm  which 
furnishes  palm-oil ; Elms  Guinee/isis.  Baird. 

OIL'— PRESS,  71.  A mill  or  machine  for  squeezing 
out  oil  from  seeds  or  pulp.  Simmonds. 

OIL'— SEED,  n.  The  seed  of  the  Ricinus  commu- 
nis,  or  castor-oil  plant.  Crabb. 

OIL'— SHOP,  n.  An  oilman’s  shop.  Joh/ison. 

OIL'-SKlN,  n.  Prepared  leather  or  linen  for 
making  water-proof  garments.  Simmonds. 

OIL'— STONE,  7i.  A kind  of  hone  slate,  of  which 
there  are  two  varieties,  the  black  and  the  white, 
imported  from  Turkey.  Simmonds. 

OIL'— TREE,  71.  (Bot.)  1.  A tree  of  the  genus 
Ricinus,  or  Palma-Christi ; the  Ricinus  co7ix- 
7iu mis,  or  castor-oil  plant.  Crabb. 

2.  A species  of  Russia  which  yields  an  oil 
used  by  the  poorer  natives  of  India  for  lamps, 
soap,  and  cookery  ; Russia  lontjifolia.  Eng.  Cyc. 

OIL'Y,  a.  Consisting  of,  containing,  or  resem- 
bling oil.  “ That  viscous  oily  matter.”  Diyby. 

“ Flattery’s  guile  in  oily  words  profuse.”  Glover. 

OIL'Y-GRAIN  (bil'e-gran),  n.  (Bot.)  A plant 
which  produces  the  seeds  called  teel-seeds  ; Scsa- 
mum  orientak.  Miller. 

OIL'Y-PALM  (bll'e-pini),  ii.  A tree  which  fur- 
nishes palm-oil;  Elects  Guineensis.  Milkr. 

OlNT,  v.  a.  [Fr.  oindre,  to  oint.  — See  Anoint.] 
[i.  dinted;  pp.  ointixg,  oixted.]  To  smear 
with  ointment  or  with  something  unctuous;  to 
anoint.  “ Directing  ointed  arrows.”  Dryden. 

They  oint  their  naked  limbs  with  mothered  oil.  Dryden. 

dlNT'M pNT,  n.  Any  soft,  unctuous  substance  or 
compound  used  for  smearing  the  body  or  for 
healing  a diseased  part ; unguent.  * 

Life  and  long  health  that  gracious  ointment  gave.  Spenser. 

OKE,  it.  A Turkish  weight  of  about  2]  pounds. 

Ugf- As  a measure  of  capacity  in  Hungary  and 
Wallacllia  tile  okc  is  about  2.1  pints.  Simmonds. 

O'KpN-ITE,  n.  (Min.)  A fibrous  silicate  of  lime  ; 
a variety  of  dysclasite.  Eng.  Cyc. 

O'KER,  n.  A color.  — See  Ochre.  Sidney. 

O'KRA,  n.  (Bot.)  A tropical  plant,  the  pods  of 
which  are  used  in  the  mucilaginous  soup  called 
gombo ; Hibiscus  esculentus ; — written  also  ochra, 
ocra,  and  okro.  Farm.  Ency. 

OL-A-RYTII'RON,  n.  [Gr.  bio;,  all,  and  aptSpds, 
a number.]  The  universal  calculator  ; — an  in- 
strument invented  by  M.  Laur,  for  the  use  of 
surveyors  and  engineers.  Crabb. 

OLD,  a.  [A.  S.  cold  ; Frs.  aid,  tula,  and  eakl; 
Dut.  oud ; Ger.  alt ; Dan.  alder,  age;  Sw.  aider. 
— See  Eld.]  [Comp,  older,  or  elder;  su- 

perl. OLDEST,  01'  ELDEST.] 

1.  Far  advanced  in  life  ; having  existed  many 
years,  or  for  a long  time  ; aged ; elderly ; not 
young ; as,  “ An  old  man  ” ; “ An  old  tree.” 

Then  Abraham  pave  up  the  ghost,  and  died  in  a pood  old 
age,  an  old  man  and  full  of  years.  Gen.  xxv.  8. 

That  old  man  eloquent.  Milton. 

2.  Decayed  by  time ; having  been  long  worn, 
or  used  ; not  new. 

Thy  raiment  waxed  not  old  upon  thee.  Deut.  viii.  4. 

3.  Having  been  made  or  produced  a long  time. 

No  man,  havinp  drunk  old  wine,  straightway  desireth 

new;  for  he  saith.  The  old  is  better.  'Luke  v.  39. 

4.  Ancient ; that  existed  long  ago  ; antique  ; 
not  modern  ; as,  “The  old  Norman-French. ” 

Thou  shalt  not  remove  thy  neighbor’s  landmark,  which 
they  of  old  time  have  set  in  thine  inheritance.  Deut.  xix.  14. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  t,  short;  A,  1J,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; IlfelR,  HER; 


OLD-AGE 


989 


OLIVE-CROWN 


5.  Of  long  continuance  ; begun  long  ago. 

He  spoke  to  an  old  acquaintance.  Camden . 

6.  Long  practised  ; old  in  practice ; as,  “ He 
is  an  old  transgressor.” 

Hast  thou  marked  the  old  w ay  which  wicked  men  have 
trodden?  Jb6auni.lt>. 

7.  Applied  to  land  that  has  long  been  cleared 
or  cultivated,  in  contradistinction  to  land  newly 
brought  under  cultivation. 

8.  Of  any  specified  duration  ; as,  “ Three 

months  old”-,  “ Two  hours  old.”  Shak. 

How  old  art  thou  ? Not  so  young,  sir,  to  love  a woman  for 
singing,  nor  so  old  to  dote  on  lier  for  any  thing.  bhaL. 

9.  Subsisting  before  something  else;  of  the 
previous  year  ; as,  “ The  old  crop.” 

Thou  need’st  not  make  new  songs,  but  sing  the  old.  Cowley. 

10.  In  burlesque  language,  more  than 

enough  ; abundant ; frequent,  [it.] 

If  a man  were  porter  of  hell-gate,  he  should  have  old  turn- 
ing of  the  key.  Shot. 

Here  will  be  an  old  abusing  of  God’s  patience  and  the 
king’s  English.  Shak. 

An  old  ringing  of  bells.  Tarlton , 151X). 

11.  Shrewd  ; cunning  ; sagacious ; wise. 

Vane,  young  in  years,  but  in  sage  counsel  old.  Milton. 

12.  Applied  as  a term  of  reproach.  [Vulgar.] 

Of  old,  long  ago  ; from  ancient  times.  “ Thy  throne 

is  established  of  old .”  Ps.  xciii.  2.  — Old  red-sand- 
stone, (Gcol.)  a series  of  rocks  winch  separate  the 
youngest  slates  (Transition  Rocks)  from  the  mountain 
limestone  and  coal.  1 1 is  included  in  Murchison's  De- 
vonian system  of  rocks.  Braude. 

Syn .—Old  is  opposed  both  to  new  and  to  young  ; 
ancient  is  opposed  to  modern  ; antiquated,  to  customary 
or  established ; old-fashioned,  to  new-fashioned  ; obsolete., 
to  the  current,  or  what  is  now  in  use.  — An  old  man; 
an  old  house  ; an  ancient  family  ; ancient  history  ; an 
antique  gem  ; an  antiquated  custom ; old-fashioned 
style  of  dress  ; obsolete  words. — Old,  ancient,  and  an- 
tique rise  upon  each  other  in  meaning.  An  old  record  ; 
an  ancient,  record  ; an  antique  record.  — Elderly  is  less 
than  aged  ; and  aged,  less  than  old.  Elderly  and  aged 
are  more  respectful  terms,  as  applied  to  persons,  than 
old.  — See  Ancient,  Elderly. 

OLD'— A^E,  w.  The  advanced  period  of  life ; se- 
nility ; — opposed  to  youth.  Milton. 

OLD'-BAcU-$-LOR,  n.  An  unmarried  man  ad- 
vanced in  life. 

OLD'EN  (ol'dn),  a.  Old;  ancient;  as,  “ Olden 
time.” 

Blood  hath  been  shed  ere  now,  i’  th’  olden  time.  Shah. 

Excommunication  is  naturally  associated  in  our  minds 
with  the  spiritual  thunderbolts  of  the  Innocents  and  Grego- 
rius of  olden  time.  Qu.  Rev.,  1S58. 

jgj=This  word  is  once  used  by  Shakspeare  ; and  it 
does  not  appear  to  iiave  been  much  used  by  writers  of 
his  time,  or  by  writers  who  preceded  him.  — Johnson 
(1755)  says,  “ This  word  is  not  now  in  use.”  It  has, 
however,  been  much  used  of  late,  in  imitation  of 
archaic  language. 

OLD'— FACED,  a.  Having  an  old  aspect.  Shak. 

OLD'— FASH-IONED  (-und),  a.  Formed  according 
to  obsolete  custom  ; out  of  fashion  ; antiquated. 

The  swonls  in  the  arsenal  of  Venioe  are  old-fashioned. 

Addison. 

OLD— (JEN'TLE-MAN-LY,  a.  Relating  to,  or  like, 
an  old  gentleman.  Clarke. 

OLD'ISH,  a.  Somewhat  old.  Sherwood. 

OLD'-LANG-SYNE,  n.  See  Auld-LANG-SYNE. 

OLD'-MAID,  n.  An  unmarried  woman  advanced 
in  life. 

OLD'NIJSS,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state  of  being 
old  ; antiquity  ; — opposed  to  newness. 

We  should  serve  in  newness  of  spirit,  and  not  in  the  old- 
ness of  the  letter.  Rom.  vii.  6. 

OLD'— OIL,  n.  The  name  given  by  watch-makers 
to  olive-oil,  after  it  has  been  purified  and  ren- 
dered limpid.  Offilvie. 

f OLD'— SAID  (-sed),  a.  Long  since  said.  Sqjenser. 

OLD'— STYLE,  n.  See  Style. 

OLD'— TES'TA-MENT,  n.  The  name  given  to  that 
part  of  Scripture  which  contains  the  collected 
works  of  the  inspired  writers  before  the  advent 
of  Christ.  Brande. 

OLD'— WIFE,  Jt. ; pi.  old'-wive§.  1.  A contempt- 

uous name  for  a prating  old  woman. 

Refuse  profane  and  old-wives'  fables.  1 Tim.  iv.  7. 

2.  ( fell .)  A kind  of  fish  ; the  wrasse  ; La- 
brus  maculatus.  Yarrell. 

O’LIJ-A,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  elala,  an  olive.]  ( Bot .) 


A genus  of  plants,  containing  many  species,  the 
best  known  and  most  important  of  which  is  the 
olive-tree  ( Olea  Europica),  which  is  cultivated 
for  its  fruit  and  oil.  Baird. 

6-L5-A(?'I-NOUS,  a.  [L.  oleagineus,  pertaining  to 
the  olive  ; olea  (Gr.  cXaia),  an  olive  ; It.  oligino- 
so  ; Sp.  oleaginoso ; Fr.  oleagineux.]  Possessing 
the  properties  of  oil ; oily  ; unctuous.  Arbuthnot. 

O-Lp-Ay'j-NOyS-NESS,  n.  Oiliness.  Boyle. 

O-LE-A  'MEJV,  n.  [L.]  {Med.)  A liniment  com- 
posed of  oils ; an  oil-ointment.  Crabb. 

6-Lp-AN'DJJR,  n.  [Fr.  oleandre.]  {Bot.)  A 
poisonous  plant,  of  the  genus  Nerium,  native  of 
the  Indies,  but  found  wild  in  southern  Europe 
by  the  side  of  streams  and  the  sea-coast,  having 
large,  bright-red  flowers  ; rose-bay.  Eng.  Cyc. 

O-LE-As'TJJR,  n.  [L.]  A genus  of  apetalous 
exogenous  plants,  having  a soft,  succulent  fruit, 
which  is  sometimes  eaten  ; Elceagnus.  Eng.  Cyc. 

O'LE-ATE,  n.  {Chem.)  A salt  formed  of  oleic 
acid  and  a base.  Ure. 

OL-E-CRA'NON,  or  O-LEC'RA-NON,  n.  [Gr.  loXlvq, 
the  ulna,  and  xpaviov,  the  head.]  {Anat.)  The 
head  or  projection  of  the  elbow;  a large  process 
at  the  upper  extremity  of  the  ulna.  Dunglison. 

O-LEF'I-ANT,  or  O'Lg-FI-ANT  [o-lef'e-smt,  C.  B. 
Cl.  Brande  ; o-le-fi'?nt,  Sm. ; o'le-fl-ant,  I I7j.] , a. 
[L.  oleo,  to  smell,  and  facio,  to  make;  Fr.  ole- 
fiant.'] {Chem.)  Noting  a gas,  which  is  a varie- 
ty of  bicarburetted  hydrogen,  containing  four 
equivalents  of  carbon,  and  four  of  hydrogen, 
discovered  in  1796,  by  certain  associated  Dutch 
chemists  ; — so  named  because  when  mixed 
with  twice  its  volume  of  chlorine  gas  it  is  con- 
densed, and  forms  a liquid  compound  of  an 
oily  consistence. 

J83r»  It  is  usually  prepared  by  heating  together  one 
measure  of  spirits  of  wine  with  three  measures  of  oil 
of  vitriol.  Graham. 

O'LE-Ic,  a.  [Fr.  oleique .]  {Chem.)  Noting  an 
acid  resulting  from  the  action  of  alkalies  upon 
the  elainc,  or  liquid  part  of  oils  and  fats.  Brande. 

O'LIJ-INE,  n.  [Fr.  oleine.]  {Chem.)  The  fluid 
portion  of  fats  and  oils  ; liquid  oil  expressed 
from  fat ; — formerly  called  elain.  P.  Cyc. 

O-Lg-OM'E-TjjR,  [L.  oleum  (Gr.  cX.aiov),  oil, 

and  Gr.  ylrpov,  measure.]  An  instrument  to 
test  the  quality  or  purity  of  oil.  Clarke. 

O'LE-ON,  n.  {Chem.)  A liquid  obtained  by  dis- 
tilling oleic  acid  mixed  with  lime.  P.  Cyc. 

O-LJJ-OP'TENE,  n.  {Chem.)  The  fluid  portion  of 
essential  oils  ; elaopten.  Thomson. 

O-LE-O-PHOS-FHOR'IC,  a.  {Chem.)  Noting  a 
viscid,  yellow,  oily  acid,  or  substance  regarded 
as  an  acid,  consisting  of  oleine  and  phosphoric 
acid.  Thomson. 

6-LE-6-RE§'IN,  n.  A natural  combination  of  a 
resin  with  an  essential  oil,  forming  a balsamic 
and  terebinthinate  substance.  Wright. 

6-LE-O-SAc'j0HA-RUM,  n.  [L.  oleum,  oil,  and 
saccharon,  sugar.]  {Med.)  A medicine  composed 
of  essential  oil  and  sugar  ; — written  also  clcco- 
saccharum.  Dunglison. 

O-LIJ-OSE',  ) a oleosus.]  Oily,  [n.]  “ Ole- 

O'LIjj-OUS,  ) ose  particles.”  Ray. 

OL-(j-RA'CEOIJS  (ol-e-ra'shus,  66),  a.  [L.  olera- 
ccus ; olus,  oleris,  a pot-herb  ; Fr.  olfrace.]  Re- 
lating to,  or  like,  pot-herbs  ; esculent;  eatable. 
“ An  herby  and  oleraceous  vegetable.”  Browne. 

OL-FACT',  v.  a.  [L.  olfaeto ; oleo,  to  smell,  and 
facio,  f actus,  to  make.]  To  smell.  [Burlesque.] 
There  is  a Machiavelian  plot. 

Though  every  nose  olfact  it  not.  Hudibras. 

OL-FAc'TION,  n.  The  sense  by  which  is  per- 
ceived the  impressions  made  on  the  olfactory 
nerves  by  the  odorous  particles  in  the  atmos- 
phere ; the  sense  of  smell.  Dunglison. 

OL-fAc'TO-RY,  a.  [L.  o facio,  olfactus,  to  smell ; 
It.  olfattorio  ; Sp.  olfatorio.]  That  pertains  to 
the  sense  of  smell.  “ Olfactory  nerves.”  Locke. 

O-LIB'A-NUM,  n.  [Gr.  X'faro;,  the  frankincense 
tree  ; L.  libanus.  — It  appears  to  have  been  de- 
rived from  the  Greek  Xt()avos,  or  the  Arabic  loo- 


ban,  olibamim.  P.  Cyc.  — “ The  word  is  proba- 
bly Asiatic.”  Liddell  § Scott.]  A gum  resin 
obtained  from  Boswelha  serrata  and  Boswellia 
thurifera,  imported  from  the  Levant,  in  yellow- 
ish white  and  nearly  opaque  drops  or  tears  ; it 
has  a bitterish  flavor,  and  is  employed  by  the 
Roman  Catholics  in  their  churches,  and  gener- 
ally as  a perfume  in  sick-rooms.  Eng.  Cyc. 

OL'ID,  ? a.  [L.  olidus  ; oleo,  to  smell.]  Stink- 

OL'I-DOUS,  ) ing ; fetid.  “Of  which  olid  and 
despicable  liquor.”  [it.]  Boyle. 

OL'l-GARjEH,  n.  A member  of  an  oligarchy; 
one  of  a few  in  power.  Ec.  Rev. 

OL'I-GARUII-AL,  a.  Oligarchical.  Qu.  Rev. 

OL-I-GARUII  IC,  ) a.  iXiyap-^iKbs  ; It.  oli- 

OL-I-GAPL’M'I-CAL,  ) garchico ; Sp.  oligarquico ; 
Fr.  oligarchique.]  Belonging  to,  or  denoting, 
an  oligarchy  ; aristocratic. 

It  appeared  to  him  [Phryiiicluis]  (which  was  really  the 
case)  that  Alcibiades  cured  as  little  for  an  oligarchical  as 
democratic  government.  Smith. 

OL'I-GAR-jCIIY,  n.  [Gr.  IX.iyapqfia  ; i/.iyo ;,  few, 
and  apxu>>  to  govern  ; It.  oligarchial  Sp.  oligar- 
qtaa  ; Fr.  oligarchic.]  A form  of  government 
which  places  the  supreme  power  in  a small, 
exclusive  class  ; aristocracy.  Swift. 

OL'I-GO  CLASE,  n.  [Gr.  IXiyos,  few,  and  nXam,  to 
break.]  {Min.)  A mineral  occurring  crystal- 
lized, and  consisting  chiefly  of  silica  and  alu- 
mina. Eng  Cyc. 

OL'l-yiST,  n.  [Gr.  dXiyiaros,  fewest.]  {Min.) 
A variety  of  specular  iron  ore.  Baird. 

OL'l-(JlST,  ? a_  [Gr.  ajyicTos,  fewest.]  Re- 

OL-I-glS'TJC,  S lating  to  iron.  Clarke. 

O'LI-O  (o'le-o  or  ol'yo)  [o'le-5,  IF.  P.  J.  Ja.  Sm. 
11 V. ; o'lyo,  S.  E.  /•’.  A'.],  n.  [L.  &•  Sp.  o!la,  a pot.] 
A mixture  ; a medley  ; a hotch-pGtch.  Drydcn. 

Ben  Jonson,  in  his  Sejanus  and  Catiline,  has  given  us  this 
olio  of  a play,  this  unnatural  mixture  of  comedy  and  tragedy. 

Dry  den. 

OL'I-TO-RY,  a.  [L.  olitor,  a kitchen  gardener, 
from  olus,  pot-herbs;  It.  olitorio.]  Belonging 
to  the  kitchen  garden.  “ Olitory  seeds.”  P.  Cyc. 

OL-l-VA'CEOyS  (ol-e-va'shus,  66),  a.  [L.  oliva,  an 
olive.]  Relating  to,  or  partaking  of,  the  color 
of  the  olive.  P.  Cyc. 

OL-I-VAS'TyR,  a.  [Fr.  olivastre.]  Of  the  color 
of  olive ; brown ; tawny  ; olivaceous.  Bacon. 

OL'IVE  (ol'jv),  n.  [Gr.  iXaia;  L.  <Sp  Sp.  oliva ; 
It.  olivea  ; Fr.  olive.] 

1.  {Bot.)  An  evergreen  tree  of  the  genus 

Olea,  native  of  Asia,  and  naturalized  in  the 
south  of  Europe,  the  species  chiefly  cultivated 
in  France  and  Italy  being  the  Olea  Europcea 
longifolia,  and  in  Spain  the  Olea  Europcea  lati- 
folia.  Loudon. 

/Kg=-  The  tree  seldom  exceeds  thirty  feet  in  height, 
and  is  of  so  great  longevity  that  some  plantations  in 
Italy,  as  at  Terni,  are  supposed  to  have  existed  from 
the  time  of  Pliny.  It  lias  hcen  celebrated  in  ali  ages 
as  the  bounteous  gift  of  heaven,  and  as  the  emblem 
of  peace  and  plenty.  Loudon. 

Jtgp  It  differs  from  most  trees,  except  the  Sweet 
Bay  (Laurus  nobilis),  some  species  of  Cornus,  and  a 
very  few  others,  in  yielding  a fixed  oil  from  the  peri- 
carp, the  seed  being  the  source  of  fixed  oils  in  most 
plants.  Eng.  Cyc. 

2.  The  fruit,  or  nut,  covered  with  fleshy  peri- 
carp, of  the  Olea  Europcea,  valuable  for  the  oil 
expressed  from  it,  and  as  a pickle.  Loudon. 

3.  The  color  of  the  olive ; a color  composed 

of  violet  and  green  mixed  in  equal  propor- 
tions. Fairholt. 

OL'IVE,  a.  Relating  to,  or  produced  from,  the 
olive  ; of  the  color'of  the  olive  ; brown  tending 
to  a yellowish  green  ; olivaceous.  Shak. 

JKg=  Olive  oil,  the  oil  expressed  from  the  olive ; 
sweet-oil. 

OL'I  VE-BR  ANCH,  n.  A branch  of  the  olive-tree ; 
an  emblem  of  peace. 

To  tliee  the  Heavens,  in  thy  nativity. 

Adjudged  an  olive-branch  nnd  laurel  crown, 

As  likely  to  be  blest  in  peace  nnd  war.  $hak. 

OL'IVE— COL'ORED  (-kul'lurd),  a.  Having  the 
color  of  an  olive  ; brownish-green.  Goldsmith. 

OL'IVE— CRO\Vn,  n.  A chaplet  of  olive.  West. 


MIEN,  SIR ; MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — y,  <?,  q,  g,  soft ; C,  G,  q,  g,  hard ; ^ as  z;  ^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


OLIVE  D 


990 


OMOGRAPIIY 


uL'JVED  (51'ivd),  a.  Decorated  with  olive-trees. 
“ Bach  olivecl  portal.”  Warton. 

OL'I  VE-GREEN,  a.  Brownish-green  ; olive.  Iioget. 

OL'I-VfN-ITE,  n.  (Min.)  An  arseniate  of  cop- 
per. Jameson. 

OL/JVE— WOOD  (-wQd),  n.  The  yellowish  wood 
of  the  olive-tree,  which  takes  a fine  polish,  and 
is  used  for  ornamental  fancy  articles,  and  as  a 
building  material.  • Simmonds. 

OL'IVE-yArd,  n.  A yard  of  cultivated  olive- 
trees. 

But  the  seventh  year  thou  shalt  let  it  rest. ...  In  like  man- 
ner thou  shalt  deal  with  thy  vineyard  and  with  thy  olive- 
yard.  Ex.  xxiii.  11. 

OL'I-VILE,  n.  ( Chem .)  An  amylaceous  substance 
obtained  from  the  gum  of  the  olive-tree.  Brande. 

OL'UVINE,  n.  (Min.)  An  olive-green  variety  of 
chrysolite,  found  in  basalt  and  lava.  Lyell. 

OL  'LA,  n.  [Sp.]  A mixture  ; an  olio.  B.  Jonson. 

OL'LJi  PO-DRf  DA,  n.  [Sp.]  A favorite  dish 
with  the  Spanish,  composed  of  various  kinds  of 
meats  and  vegetables  boiled  together.  B.  Jonson. 

In  England  the  phrase  olla  jnidrida  is  used  met- 
aphorically for  any  incongruous  mixture.  Brande. 

OL'LITE,  n.  (Min.)  The  potstone.  Hamilton. 

OL'O-GRAph,  n.  (Law.)  See  Holograph. 

O-LYM'PI-AD,  n.  [Gr.  'Ohiymdc,  from  "OJufurdr,  a 
mountain  ; L.  Olympias ; It.  olimpiade ; Sp. 
olimpiada ; Fr.  olympiade. ] A Grecian  epoch 
of  four  years,  being  the  interval  between  the 
celebration  of  the  Olympic  games;  — “which 
were  said  to  have  been  instituted  about  1354 
years  before  the  Christian  era.”  Brande. 

From  the  summer  of  this  year  [3228]  begins  the  first  Olym- 
piad of  the  Greek  chronologcrs.  Usher. 

The  Olympic  games  were  celebrated  every  fifth  year,  and 
the  interval  was  called  an  Olympiad.  Cowley. 

O-LY.M  PI-AN,  ) a [It.  8$  Sp.  olimpico’,  Fr.  olytn- 

O-LYM'PJC,  > pique.]  Relating  to  Olympia; 
noting  public  Grecian  games,  celebrated  during 
five  days  at  Olympia  after  the  completion  of 
every  four  years,  in  honor  of  Jupiter.  “ Olym- 
pian sceptre.”  West. 

Olympic  games,  games  which  constituted  the  chief 
of  the  four  great  national  festivals  of  the  Greeks,  cel- 
ebrated at  Olympia,  a sacred  spot  on  the  banks  of  tile 
Alpheus,  every  fifth  year.  The  exact  interval  at  which 
they  recurred  was  one  of  forty-nine  and  fifty  lunar 
months  alternately,  falling  on  months  corresponding 
to  July  and  August.  The  period  between  the  celebra- 
tions was  called  an  Olympiad.  They  lasted  five 
days.  P.  Cyc. 

O-UYM-PI-ON'IC,  n.  An  ode  on  an  Olympic  vic- 
tory. Johnson. 

OM'A-GRA,  n.  [Gr.  upos,  shoulder,  and  dypa,  seiz- 
ure.] (Med.)  Gout  in  the  shoulder.  Dunylison. 

OM'BRE  (om'bur)  [om'bur,  If  . P.  J.  Ja.  K.  Sm. ; 
om'bur,  S. ; um  bur,  K. ; om'bur,  F.  Wr.  lVb.],n. 
[L.  homo  ; It.  ombre;  Sp.  ambre,  or  hornbre,  a 
man.]  A game  of  cards  played  by  three.  Tatler. 

OM-BROM'lJ-TJgR,  n.  [Gr.  opflpos,  rain,  and  ylrpov, 
a measure.]  A rain-gauge.  Brande. 

O-ME'GA  [o-me'g?,  S.  IF.  P.  J.  E.  F.  I Vb.; 
o-nteg'?,  Ja.  Sm. ; om'e-gj  or  o-me'g?,  K.  ; om'e- 
ga,  C.  Wr. ; o'me-ga,  R.  Taylor’s  Calmet ],  n. 
[Gr.  Uiptya.]  The  last  letter  of  the  Greek  al- 
phabet, as  alpha  is  the  first. 

I uin  Alpha  and  Omega.  Rev.  i.  8. 

OME'LET  (om'let)  [om'let,  S.  IF.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  K. 
C.  IFr. ; om'e-let  or  om'let,  Sm. ; om'e-let,  JF6.], 
n.  [Fr.  omelette,  or  auraelettc ; ceufs  melees, 
broken  or  mixed  eggs.  Diez.  Lahdais.]  A 
fritter,  or  sort  of  pancake,  made  with  eggs  and 
other  ingredients.  Brande. 

O'MpN,  n.  [L.]  A sign  or  token  of  good  or  evil ; 
a boding  or  foreboding  ; prognostic;  presage. 

P0f-  “ The  essentia!  characteristic  of  all  omens  is 
their  happening  by  accident ; and  it  is  this  which  dis- 
tinguishes them  from  all  other  modes  of  divination. 
This  branch  of  superstition  seems  nearly  as  ancient 
as  tile  world  itself ; and  in  none  do  we  find  such  re- 
markable indications  of  sameness  of  origin.  The  Ro- 
mans carried  tile  science  of  omens  to  a very  profound 
depth.”  Brande. 

Syn.  — The  omens  of  the  ancient  heathen  were 
drawn  from  the  flight  of  birds,  the  entrails  of  beasts, 
&c.  Omens  and  prognostics  are  drawn  fr  m external 


objects  ; presages,  from  one’s  own  feelings.  Omens  of 
good  or  bad  events  ; prognostics  of  diseases  or  storms  ; 
presages  of  victory  or  defeat. 

O'MfNED  (o'mend),  a.  Containing  prognostics. 
“ Omened  voice.”  Pope. 

O-MEN ' TUM,  n.  [L.]  (Anat.)  The  caul  or 
adipose  membrane  attached  to  the  stomach, 
and  lying  on  the  anterior  surface  of  the  intes- 
tines ; epiploon.  Brande. 

O'MER,  n.  A Hebrew  measure ; a gomor  ; — ac- 
cording to  Cruden  and  Dr.  A.  Clarke,  three 
quarts.  — See  Homer.  Bailey. 

Now,  an  omcr  is  the  tenth  part  of  an  ephah.  Ex.  xvi.  36. 

fOM-I-LET'I-CAL,  a.  See  Homiletical. 

f OM'I-NATE,  v.  n.  [L.  ominor .]  To  foretoken  ; 
to  show  a prognostic.  Decay  of  Piety. 

f OM'I-NATE,  v.  a.  To  foretoken. 

I take  no  pleasure  to  ominatc  ill.  Seasonable  Sermon. 

t OM-I-NA'TION,  n.  Prognostic.  Browne. 

OM'NNOUS,  a.  [L.  ominosus,  from  omen.] 

1.  Full  of  foreboding ; portentous;  foreshow- 
ing ill : inauspicious. 

Many  external  circumstances  appear  to  be  received  in 
almost  all  countries  as  ominous.  Brande. 

2.  Exhibiting  tokens  or  signs  of  good. 

Though  lie  had  a good,  ominous  name  to  have  made  a 
peace,  nothing  followed.  Bacon. 

OM'UNOUS-LY,  ad.  In  an  ominous  manner. 

OM'I-NOUS-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  ominous. 

O-MlS'SI-RLE,  a.  That  may  be  omitted.  Smart. 

OMIS'SION  (o-mlsh'un),  n.  [L .omissio;  It.  om- 
missione  ; Sp.  omision ; Fr.  omission.]  The  act 
of  omitting,  or  the  state  of  being  omitted;  fail- 
ure ; neglect  of  duty  ; — opposed  to  commission. 

The  most  natural  division  of  all  offences  is  into  those  of 
omission  and  of  commission.  Addison. 

O-MIS'SJVE,  a.  Leaving  out.  Stackhouse. 

O-MlS'SIVE-LY,  ad.  By  omission. 

O-MlT’,  v.  a.  [L.  omitto;  It.  omettcre;  Sp.  onii- 
tir;  Fr.  omettre.] 

1.  To  leave  out  ; not  to  mention. 

These  personal  comparisons  1 omit.  Bacon. 

2.  To  neglect  to  practise  ; to  pass  by. 

Her  father  omitted  nothing  in  her  education.  Addison. 

Syn.— See  Neglect. 

f O-MlT'TANCE,  n.  Omission.  Shak. 

f OM-NE'I-TY,  n.  [L.  ornnis,  all.]  The  universe. 

Omneity  informed  nullity  into  an  essence.  Browne. 

OM'N]-BUS,  n.  ; pi.  om'ni-bus-e?.  [L .,  for  all; 
dative  pi.,  from  omnis,  all.]  A long  public 
carriage  with  side  seats,  and  a door  at  the  back 
end,  chiefly  used  in  and  about  cities. 

IJCiy*  It  originated  in  Paris,  in  1827,  and  derived  its 
name  from  the  last  word  of  the  inscription  placed  upon 
its  sides  : Entreprise  generate  des  Omnibus.  P.  Cyc. 

t OM-NI-COR-PO'RE-AE,  a.  [L.  omnis,  all,  and 
corpus,  body.]  Embracing  all  matter. 

lie  is  both  incorporeal  and  omnicorporcal , for  there  is 
nothing  of  any  body  which  he  is  not.  Cndworth. 

OMNI-FA'RI-OUS,  a.  [L.  omnifarius.]  Of  all 
modes  or  manners,  sorts  or  kinds.  Cudivorth. 

OM-NIF'JJR-OUS,  a.  [L.  omnis,  all,  and  fero,  to 
beart]  Producing  all  things.  Bailey. 

OM-NlF'IC,  a.  [L.  omnis,  all,  and  facto,  to  make.] 
All-creating.  “ The  omnific  word.”  Milton. 

OM'NJ-FORM,  a.  [L.  omnis,  all,  and  forma,  form.] 
Having  every  form,  shape,  or  figure. 

The  divine  ideas,  the  omniform  essence  of  God?  Norris. 

OM  NI-FORM'l-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being  om- 
niform, or  of  possessing  every  shape.  II.  More. 

OM-NTo'P-NOUS,  a.  [I..  omnigenus  \ omnis  and 
genus,  kind.]  Consisting  of  all  kinds.  Bailey. 

OM'NI-GRAPII,  n.  [L.  omnis,  all,  and  Gr.  ypa'lioi, 
to  describe.]  A pentagraph.  Becker. 

6m-N!-PA'RI-FNT.  a.  [L.  omniparens  ; omnis, 
all,  and  pano,  to  bring  forth.]  Bringing'  forth 
or  producing  all  things  ; all-bearing.  Scott. 

6m-N!-PAr'!-TY,  n.  [L.  omnis,  all,  and  par,  pa- 
ris,  equal.]  General  equality.  White. 

OM-NlP' A-ROUS,  a.  All-bearing;  all-producing; 
omniparient.  Perry.  I 


OM-NI-PER-CiP'l-ENCE,  > [L.  omnis>  all> 

OM-NI-I’pR-ClP'I-f.N-CY,  > and  percipio,  percip- 
iens.]  Perception  of  every  thing.  More. 

OM-NI-PER-CfP'I-FNT,  a.  Perceiving  every  thing. 
“ An  omnipercipient  omnipresence.”  More. 

OM-NIP  O- 1 EiYCE,  )n  [L.  omnipotent ia ; om- 

OM-NiP'O-TEN-CY,  ) nis,  all,  and  potens,  power- 
ful; It.  omnipotenza ; Sp.  omnipotencia;  Fr. 
omnipotence.]  Almighty  power  ; unlimited,  in- 
finite power. 

Eternal  Wisdom  >6  their  guide, 

Their  help  Omnipotence.  Addison. 

OM-NI  P'O-TENT,  a.  [L.  omnipotent ; It.  A Sp. 
omnipotente.]  Almighty  ; all-powerful  ; power- 
ful without  limit. 

Tiie  perfect  being  must  needs  he  omnipotent,  botli  as  self- 
existent  and  as  immense.  Grew, 

The  Lord  God  omnipotent  reigneth.  Rev.  xix.  G. 

OM-NIP'O-TENT,  n.  The  Almighty; — one  of 
the  appellations  of  God. 

So  spake  the  Omnipotent;  and  with  his  words 

All  seemed  wrell  pleased.  Milton. 

OM-NIP'O-TENT-LY,  ad.  In  an  all-powerful 
manner;  without  limit. 

And,  to  close  all,  omnipotently  kind.  Young. 

OM-NI-PRES'pNG’E  (om-ne-prez'ens),  n.  [L .omnis, 
all,  and  prasentia,  presence  ; It.  omnipresenza ; 
Fr.  omnipresence.]  The  quality  of  being  pres- 
ent at  all  places  at  the  same  time;  universal 
presence ; ubiquity. 

Adam,  thou  know’st  His  omnipresence  fills 

Land,  sea,  and  air.  Milton. 

f OM-NI-PRE^'J^N-Cy,  n.  Omnipresence.  Broirne. 

OM-NI-PRE^'ENT,  a.  [Fr.  omnipresent.]  Pres- 
ent every  where  at  the  same  time  ; ubiquitary. 
Omniscient  Master,  omnijiresent  Kin", 

To  thee,  to  thee,  my  last  distress  I bring.  Prior. 

||  OM-NI-PRE-^EN'TIAL  (-sh^I),  a.  Omnipres- 
ent; implying  unbounded  presence.  South. 

||  OM-NI"SCI-?NCE  (om-nish'e-ens  or  om-nish'ens) 
[om-nisli'e-ens,  W.  J.  Ja.  Sm. ; om-nlsli'ens,  S. 
P • F.  F.  It.  Wr.] , n.  [L.  omnis , all,  and  scicntia , 
knowledge;  sciof  sciens,  to  know;  It.  omnisei- 
enza\  Sp.  omniciencia  ; Fr.  omniscience.]  The 
power  or  quality  of  knowing  all  things  ; bound- 
less knowledge ; infinite  wisdom. 

To  show  his  omniscience,  he  is  said,  John  ii.  24,  to  know  all 
men  — an  attribute  given  in  Scripture  to  God  only.  Grew. 

An  immense  being  does  strangely  fill  the  soul;  an  onmip- 
otency,  omnisciency,  mul  infinite'goodness  enlarge  the  spirit, 
while  it  fixedly  looks  upon  them.  Burnet. 

||  OM-NI'SCI-gN-CY,  n.  Omniscience.  Browne. 

||  QM-NI ''SCI-f.NT  (om-nTsh'e-ent),  a.  [L.  omnis, 
all,  and  scio,  sciens,  to  know;  It.  omnisciente.] 
Knowing  all  things  ; infinitely  wise.  Milton. 

II  OM-Nl"SCI-PNT-LY,ad.  By  infinite  knowledge. 

OM-Nl"SCIOFS  (om-nlsh'us),  a.  Omniscient;  all- 
knowing ; all-wise,  [r.]  Hakewill. 

OM-NI-SPEC'TI VE,  a.  [L.  omnis,  all,  and  specio, 
to  look  at.]  Able  to  see  all  things. 

Thee,  great,  omniscient,  omnispective  Power! 

Thee,  first  and  last,  thee  only,  I adore.  Boyce. 

OM'NI-UM,  n.  [L.,  of  all.]  (Finance.)  A term 
used  at  the  stock  exchange  to  express  the  ag- 
gregate value  of  the  different  stocks  in  which  a 
ioan  is  now  usually  funded.  McCulloch. 

OM'NI-UM— gATII'ER-UM,  n.  A cant  term  for  a 
miscellaneous  collection  of  things  or  persons ; 
a mixture  or  medley.  Seldcn. 

OM-n!v'A-GANT,  a.  [L.  omnis,  all,  and  vagor, 
vagans,  to  wander.]  Wandering  about  every 
where.  Maunder. 

OM-NIV'O-ROC’S,  a.  [L . omnivorus ; omnis,  all, 
and  voro,  to  eat;  It.  omnivoro ; Fr.  omnivore.] 
Eating  food  of  every  sort  indiscriminately7 ; all- 
devouring. 

He  has  not  observed  on  the  nature  of  vanity  who  does  not 
know  that  it  is  omnivorous.  Burke. 

OM-O-COT'Y-LE,  n.  [Gr.  uiyos,  the  shoulder,  and 
KOTvI.y,  a cavity;  Fr.  omocotyle.]  (Anat.)  The 
glenoid  cavity  of  the  scapula.  Dunglison. 

O-MOG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  hyoc,  one  and  the  same, 
and  ypai/un,  to  describe.]  A new  art  of  repre- 
senting objects,  being  a substitute  for  engrav- 
ing, lithograph)7,  and  painting.  Dr.  Black. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  0,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  I,  O,  U,  y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FA  EE  ; HEIR,  HER; 


OMOPLATE 


991 


ONENESS 


OM'O-PLATE,  11.  [Gr.  agios,  shoulder,  and  itlarvs, 
broad;  Fr.  omoptate .]  ( Anat .)  The  shoulder- 

blade  or  scapula.  Dunglison. 

OM'PH  A-CINE,  n.  [Gr.  dpijiaKivos,  o>0a|,  unripe 
fruit.]  A juice  or  oil  extracted  from  green 
olives,  with  which  ancient  wrestlers  were  an- 
ointed. Smart. 

OM-PHAL'IC,  a.  [Gr.  i/x<l>ahK6s,  iptjiaXos,  the  na- 
’ vel.]  Relating  to  the  navel.  Smart. 

OM'PHA-LO-CELE,  re.  [Gr.  <J/r$ nk.os,  the  navel, 
and  Kr'i'/.y],'  a tumor  ; Fr.  omphalocele.]  {Mccl.) 
A rupture  of  the  navel ; exomphalus.  Crabb. 

OM'PHA-LODE,  re.  [Gr.  ipijiak.di r,  the  navel,  and 
lido;,  form.] 

1.  Omphalos  ; the  navel,  [r.]  Ogilvie. 

2.  ( Bot .)  The  mark  left  in  the  hilum  by  the 
passage  of  the  vessels  of  the  raphe.  Henslow. 

OM-PHAL'O-MAN-CY,  re.  [Gr.  ip<pah if,  the  navel, 
and  pavriia,  divination.]  Divination  by  means 
of  the  number  of  knots  in  the  navel  string  of  a 
child.  Crabb. 

OM-PHA-LOP'SY-JCHITE,  re.  [Gr.  ipt^aUs,  the 
navel,  and  spirit.]  ( Eccl . Hist.)  One  of 

a sect  that  derived  pleasure  from  sitting  with 
their  eyes  fixed  on  the  navel.  Bib.  Rep. 

OM-PIIA-LOP'TpR,  I w_  [Gr.  <J pQaZSs,  the  navel, 

OM-PHA-LOP'TIC,  ) and  &ktik6s,  optic.]  An  op- 
tic glass  that  is  convex  on  both  sides,  commonly 
called  a convex  lens.  Ilutton. 

OM'PHA-LOS,  n.  [Gr.]  {Anat.)  Umbilicus ; the 
navel!  Dunglison. 

OM-PHA-LOT'O-MY,  n.  [L.  djMj>a).6s,  the  navel, 
and  -r'tymi,  to  cut.]  {Anat.)  The  division  of  the 
umbilical  cord  or  navel  string.  Brande. 

OM'PHA-ZlTE,  n.  Leek-green  pyroxene.  Dana. 

OM'RAH,  n.  A Hindoo  nobleman.  Brown. 

O'MY,  a.  Mellow,  as  land.  [Local,  Eng.]  Ray. 

ON,  pi-ep.  [Goth,  ana-,  A.  S.  on ; Dut  .arm;  Ger. 
an.  — Gael.  A,-  Ir.  air ; W.  § Corn,  ar.] 

1.  Expressing  the  relation  of  contact  with 
the  surface  of  a thing,  or  that  which  supports 
a thing ; as,  “He  lies  on  a bed”;  “The  rain 
falls  on  the  just  and  on  the  unjust”  ; “ To  play 
on  a drum.” 

2.  Expressing  the  relation  of  addition  or  ac- 
cumulation. “ Pile  rocks  oil  rocks.”  Rogers. 

Mischiefs  on  mischiefs,  greater  still  and  more.  Dryden. 

3.  Expressing  the  relation  of  nearness  in 
place  ; contiguous  to  ; near  ; at.  “ Their  navy 
. . . oil  your  shores.”  Dryden.  “ On  each  side.” 
Shak.  “ The  town  on  the  lake.”  Bond.  Ency. 

4.  Expressing  the  relation  of  support,  de- 
pendence, or  reliance  ; as,  “ On  his  honor.” 

On  God’s  providence  and  on  your  bounty  all  their  present 
support  and  future  hopes  depend.  Smallridge. 

He  can  be  satisfied  on  more  easy  terms.  Dryden. 

5.  Expressing  the  relation  of  a state  of  pro- 
gression; as,  “ He  is  on  a journey.” 

I see  them  on  their  winding  way.  Heber. 

6.  Expressing  the  relation  of  fixedness  or 
continuance  for  an  indefinite  time ; as,  “ His 
eye  was  on  me”;  “My  attention  was  on  the 
speaker”;  “His  mind  was  on  an  interesting 
subject.” 

7.  Expressing  the  relation  of  influence,  mo- 
tive, or  occasion  ; in  consequence  of ; by  reason 
of ; because  of. 

The  same  prevalence  of  genius,  the  world  cannot  pardon 
your  concealing,  on  the  same  consideration.  Dryden. 

The  ecstasy  of  a harlequin  on  the  receipt  of  a letter.  Dryden.. 

8.  Expressing  the  relation  of  time  at  or  in 
which  any  thing  happens ; at  the  time  of ; as, 
“ On  the  first  of  June  ” ; “ On  the  twentieth 
day  of  the  month.” 

9.  In  reference  to;  as  regards;  respecting; 
concerning.  “ Compassion  on  the  king.”  Shak. 
“ Sorrow  ...  ore  him  is  lost.”  Dryden. 

10.  Noting  imprecation,  denunciation,  or 
threatening.  “Sorrow ore  thee.”  Shak.  “Hence 
on  thy  life.”  Dryden. 

His  blood  be  on  us  and  on  our  children.  Mail,  xxvii.  25. 

11.  Noting  invocation.  “ On  thee,  dear  wife, 

...  he  called.”  Dryden. 

12.  Immediately  or  directly  after;  as,  “ Ore 
the  arrival  of  the  cars  he  departed.” 

On  account  of,  by  reason  of. — On  an  average,  talc 
ing  a medium  of  all  the  cases On  mil,  erect."  “ Each 


particular  hair  to  stand  on  end.'1  Shak.  — On  fire,  in  a 
state  of  conflagration.  “ The  heavens  being  on  fire." 
2 Pet.  iii.  12.—  On  hand,  in  possession  ; ready  ; pre- 
pared.— On  high,  far  above.  “ The  spacious  firma- 
ment on  high."  Addison. — On  oath,  under  oath; 
sworn,  as  in  court. — On  the  alert,  watchful.  — On  the 
watch,  keeping  watch;  vigilant.  — On  the  way,  moving 
forward  ; journeying. 

gag-  “ Upon  is  often  used  synonymously  with  on.  It 
sometimes  shows  a closer  connection  than  on  ; as, 
‘■Upon  the  receipt  of  tile  letter  he  gave  orders  imme- 
diately’; ‘On  the  death  of  the  father  the  son  suc- 
ceeded to  the  estate.’”  Graham.  — “ The  difference 
between  of  and  on,  or  upon,  appears  in  general  to  be 
obvious  enough ; and  yet  there  are  some  phrases  in 
which  it  is  not  easy  to  determine  which  of  these 
words  should  be  preferred.”  G.  Brown. 

ON,  ad.  1.  In  progression  ; forward  ; as,  “ Go  on.” 

So  saying,  on  he  led  his  radiant  files.  Milton. 

2.  In  continuance  ; in  succession  ; without 
cessation  or  interruption. 

If  the  tenant  fail  the  landlord,  he  must  fail  his  creditor, 
and  he  his,  and  so  on.  Locke. 

Sleep  on  now,  and  take  your  rest.  Matt.  xxvi.  45. 

3.  In  a state  of  constancy  ; not  off.  “ He  is 
neither  on  nor  off”  ; i.  e.  irresolute.  Johnson. 

4.  Upon  the  body,  as  part  of  dress.  — See  Off. 
Ilis  clothes  were  neither  on  nor  off;  they  were  disordered. 

Johnson. 

ON,  interj.  [Elliptically  for  go  on.]  A word  of 
incitement : — onward  ; proceed. 

Charge,  Chester,  charge!  On,  Stanley,  on\ 

Were  the  last  words  of  Marmion.  Scott. 

OJr'A-tfER,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  dvaypos.] 

1.  {Zo/il.)  The  wild  ass,  inhabiting  Mesopota- 
mia, Persia,  and  India  ; Equus  asinus.  Eng.Cyc. 

2.  A military  engine  for  discharging  large 

stones.  Ainsworth. 

6'NAN-I§M,  it.  [From  Onan.  — See  Gen.  xxxviii. 
9.]  Self-pollution ; masturbation.  Clarke. 

ONCE  (wuns),  ad.  [From  one  ; — anciently  writ- 
ten an-es,  anis,  anys,  ones,  onys,  the  genitive  of 
anc,  an,  or  one,  ones  (time),  that  one  time,  that 
single  and  same  moment  of  time.  Richardson .] 

1.  One  time  ; a single  time. 

Once  every  morn  he  marched,  and  once  at  night.  Cowley. 
Who  this  heir  is  he  does  not  once  tell  us.  Locke. 

2.  At  a former  time  ; formerly. 

My  soul  had  once  some  foolish  fondness  for  thee.  Addison. 

3.  At  a future  time ; hereafter,  [it.] 

The  wisdom  of  God  thought  fit  to  acquaint  David  with 
that  court  which  we  shall  once  govern.  Bp.  Hall. 

At  once,  at  the  same  time.  “ At,  once  with  him 
they  rose.”  Milton.  — Instantaneously.  “ The  light 
vanishes,  not  gradually,  but  all  at  once."  JVewton. 

BGy  “ Once  seems  lo  be  rather  a noun  than  an  ad- 
verb when  it  has  at  before  it,  and  when  it  is  joined 
with  an  adjective  ; as,  this  once,  that,  once."  Johnson. 
— “ When  words  of  an  adverbial  character  are  used 
after  the  manner  of  nouns,  they  must  be  parsed  as 
nouns,  and  not  as  adverbs.”  G.  Brown.  — “ When- 
ever any  of  those  words  which  are  commonly  used 
adverbially,  are  made  to  relate  directly  lo  nouns  or 
pronouns,  they  must  be  reckoned  adjectives."  G. 
Brown.  — “ The  servant  becomes  the  master  of  his 
once  master.”  ShiUitoe. 

ON-CID ' I-UM,  n.  {Bot.)  A genus  of  plants 
found  in  Mexico,  some  of  the  West  Indian 
islands,  Brazil,  and  Peru,  including  the  butterfly 
plant  {Oncidium  papilio).  Eng.  Cyc. 

ON-COT'O-MY,  re.  [Gr.  oysos,  a tumor,  and  rop-fj, 
an  incision.]  {Med.)  The  opening  of  an  abscess 
with  a cutting  instrument,  or  the  excisipn  of  a 
tumor.  Dunglison. 

ON-D/T  (on'de),  re.  [Fr.,  they  say,  it  is  said.]  A 
flying  report ; a rumor.  Qu.  Rev. 

ONE  (wun),  a.  [Goth,  am;  A.  S.  an,  anc;  Frs. 
fere;  Dut.  cere  ; Ger.  ein ; Dan.  § Sw.  ere;  Icel. 
chin. — Gael.  <Sr  Ir.  aon  ; W.  un.  — Gr.  il ;,  end;; 
L.  units;  It.  &;  Sp.  uno;  Fr.  un.  — Sansc.  ilia!] 

1.  Denoting  a single  thing  or  a unit ; indi- 
vidual ; single  ; not  many  ; as,  “ One  book.” 

2.  Someone;  any, — indefinitely.  “ One  of 

these  days.”  “ One  thing  or  other.”  Shak. 

3.  Denoting  a single  thing  in  contrast  with, 

or  as  different  from,  another. 

Ask  from  one  side  of  heaven  unto  the  other.  Dent.  iv.  32. 

It  is  one  thing  to  think  right,  and  another  thing  to  know 
the  right  way  to  lay  our  thoughts  before  others  with  advan- 
tage and  clearness.  Locke. 

4.  Single  in  respect  to  kind  ; the  same.  “All 
go  to  one  place.”  Eccles.  iii.  20.  <i  One  plague 
was  on  you  all  and  on  your  lords.”  1 Sam.  vi.  4. 

All  one , all  the  same.  — To  be  one , to  he  united. 


ONE  (wun),  pron.  Any  single  person,  often  re- 
ferring to  the  speaker’s  self;  as,  “ One  ought 
to  take  care  of  one's  self.” 

One  another , two  persons  or  things  taken  recipro- 
cally, as  in  the  phrase,  “ They  love  one  another i.  e. 
eacli  person  loves  the  other. 

ONE  (wun)  n. ; pi.  ones.  1.  A single  person  or 
a single  thing  ; — in  an  indefinite  sense. 

Be  not  found  here;  hence  with  your  little  ones.  Shak. 

There  are  many  whose  waking  thoughts  are  wholly  em- 
ployed on  their  sleeping  ones.  Addison. 

2.  A distinct  or  particular  person. 

One  that  loved  not  wisely,  but  too  well.  Shak. 

Edward  I.  was  one  who  very  well  knew  how  to  use  a vic- 
tory, as  well  as  obtain  it.  JIale. 

3.  The  symbol  representing  one;  as,  1. 

Though  one,  in  some  of  its  uses,  is  called  a 
noun  by  Johnson,  and  other  English  lexicographers 
generally,  yet  it  may  perhaps  more  properly,  in  all 
cases,  be  regarded  as  an  adjective  or  a pronoun. 

“ One  is  used  indefinitely,  without  specifying 
any  particular  individual ; hut  when  so  used  it  is  dis- 
tinguished from  the  numeral  one,  and  considered  to 
be  the  Fr.  on,  which  the  etymologists  Menage  and 
Roquefort  derive  from  the  Old  Fr.  hom,  man.  Thus, 
On  dit,  On  fait,  are  Horn  dit,  Horn  fait.  Ascham  observes 
that  formerly  the  English  used  men  where  they  now 
use  one.  But  such  usage  was  established  long  before 
Ascham’s  time.”  Richardson. 

At  one , in  agreement  or  union.  “ The  king  resolved 
to  keep  Ferdinand  andPhilip  at  one  with  themselves.” 
Bacon.  — In  one,  in  a united  body  ; in  union.  “ These 
three  agree  in  one.”  1 John  v.  8. — One  o'clock  is  an 
elliptical  expression  for,  and  contracted  from,  one  of 
the  clock. 

fONE  (wun),  v.  a.  To  gather  or  unite  into  a 
whole.  Chaucer. 

ONE'— ARCHED  (wtin'&rcht),  a.  Having  a single 
arch.  Mrs.  Butler. 

ONE'BER-RY  (wun'ber-re),  re.  {Bot.)  A plant  of 
the  genus  Paris  ; true-love  ; Paris  quadrifolia. 

ONE'— EYED  (wun'ld),  a.  Having  only  one  eye. 

ONE'— HORSE  (wun'hors),  a.  Drawn  by  a single 
horse  ; as,  “ A one-horse  vehicle.”  Seward. 

O-NEI-RO-CRIT'IC,  re.  [Gr.  dveipospiTtKos  ; ovtipos, 
a dream,  and  Kpirtsds,  one  who  can  discern  ; Sp. 
onirodritic.o ; Fr.  onirocritique .]  An  interpreter 
of  dreams. 

The  oneirocritics  borrowed  their  art  of  deciphering  dreams 
from  hieroglyphical  symbols.  Wavburton. 

O-NEl-RO-CRIT  IC,  ) a Interpreting  dreams. 

O-NEI-RO-CRIT'I-CAL,  ) Ash. 

0-NEl-RO-CRIT'I-Cl§M,  re.  Oneirocritics.  Browne. 

O-NEl-RO-CRIT'ICS,  re.  pi.  The  art  or  the  science 
of  interpreting  dreams.  Bentley. 

O-NEI-RO-DYN'I-A,  n.  [Gr.  outipos,  a dream,  and 
<!(5 vvy,  pain.]  (Med.)  Disturbed  imagination 
during  sleep,  including  somnambulism  and 
nightmare.  Hoblyn. 

0-NEI-R6l'0-(^IST,  re.  One  versed  in  oneirol- 
ogy. N.  Brit.  Rev. 

O-NEl-ROL'O-^y,  n.  [Gr.  drupes,  a dream,  and 
kayos,  a discourse.]  The  theory  of  dreams,  or  a 
discourse  upon  them,  Wright. 

O-NEl'RO-MAN-CY,  ii.  [Gr.  outipos,  a dream,  and 
pavriia,  divination  ; Sp.  oniromancia ; Fr.  oni- 
romancie .]  Divination  by  dreams  ; the  inter- 
pretation of  dreams  as  presages  of  coming 
events.  Spenser. 

O-NEl-ROS'CO-PlST,  ii.  An  interpreter  of 
dreams.  Ash. 

O-NEl-ROS'CO-PY,  re.  [Gr.  ovtipos,  a dream,  and 
tnconiu),  to  behold.]  The  art  of  interpreting 
dreams,  [r.]  ’ Maunder. 

f ONE'LI-NESS  (wun'le-nes),  re.  The  state  of 
being  single  or  alone  ; singleness. 

It  evidently  appears  that  there  can  he  but  one  such  being 
[as  Godl.  and  that  ydvajois,  unity,  oncliness  or  singularity  is 
essential  to  it.  Cudiuorth. 

f ONE'MIJNT  (wun'ment),  re.  [From  one.]  The 
state  of  being  one  ; union.  — See  Atonement. 

Which  never  can  be  set  at  oncment  more.  Bp.  Hall. 

ONE'— NERVED  (vvun'nei’vd),  a.  {Bot.)  Furnished 
with  only  a single  nerve.  Gray. 

ONE'NESS  (wun'nes),  re.  The  state  or  the  quality 
of  being  one  ; unity. 

Our  God  is  one,  or  rather  oneness  and  mere  unity.  Hooker. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — , <f,  <;,  g,  soft;  F,  C,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  ■/. ; y as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


ONE R ARY 


OOZY 


992 


ON'E-RA-RY,  a.  [L.  onerarius  ; onus,  a burden.] 
Relating  to,  or  fitted  for,  burdens.  Johnson. 

f ON' p-RATE,  v.  a.  [L.  onero,  oneratus .]  To 
load ; to  burden.  Bailey. 

f ON-5-RA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  loading.  Bailey. 

ONE'— RIBBED  (wun'rlbd),  a.  ( Bot .)  Furnished 
with  only  a single  rib.  Gray. 

ON-5-ROSE',  a.  Burdensome ; onerous,  [it.]  Ash. 

ON'pR-OUS,  a.  [L.  onerosus ; oinis,  a burden; 
It.  $ S|i.  oneroso ; Fr.  onereux.]  Burdensome; 
oppressive  ; heavy  ; weighty.  Burton. 

Syn.  — See  Weighty. 

ONE'-SlD-5D  (wun-sld'ed),  a.  Relating  to  or 
having  but  one  side  ; partial.  Ec.  Rev. 

ONE'-SiD-5D-NESS  (wun'-),  n.  The  state  or  the 
quality  of  being  one-sided  ; patriality.  Latham. 

f ON'Ey-lJR,  n.  A public  accountant.  Shah. 

ON-GO'ING,  n.  Procedure.  Ed.  Rev. 

ON-GO'ING,  a.  Going  forward;  proceeding;  ad- 
vancing. N.  Brit.  Rev. 

ON'rON  (un'yun),  n.  [L.  unio,  a kind  of  single 
onion,  — because  the  bulb  was  formed  of  a sin- 
gle piece.  Menage.  Caseneuee. — Fr.  oignon.] 

1.  [Bot.)  The  name  given  to  several  species 
of  Allium,  one  of  which  (Allium  ccpa)  has  a 
bulbous,  esculent  root  much  used  in  cookery. 

2.  The  name  given  to  the  bulbous  root  of 
several  species  of  Allium. 

ON'ION— EYED  (-id),  a.  Full  of  tears.  “They 
weep  and  I am  . . . onion-eyed."  Shah. 

ON  ION-SHELL,  n.  A species  of  oyster,  of  round- 
ish form.  Booth. 

O-JV/S'  CUS,n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  or  tanas.)  The  wood- 
louse. Baird. 

ON-KOT'O-MY,  n.  See  Oncotomy.  Dunglison. 

fON'LESS,  conj.  Unless.  • Golding. 

ON'— LOOK-fR  (-luk-),  il.  One  who  looks  on  ; a 
spectator.  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

ON'LY,  a.  [A.  S.  anilic. — Old  Eng.  onelg.] 

1.  Single  ; one,  and  no  more  ; sole  ; solitary. 

Of  all  whom  fortune  to  my  sword  did  bring. 

This  only  man  was  worth  the  conquering.  Dryden. 

2.  This  and  no  other. 

The  only  child  of  shadeful  Savernake.  Drayton. 

3.  This,  above  all  other. 

He  is  the  only  man  for  music.  Johnson. 

Syn. — See  Alone,  Solitary. 

ON'LY,  ad.  1.  Simply ; merely ; barely. 

I propose  my  thoughts  only  as  conjectures.  Burnet. 

2.  So,  and  no  otherwise. 

Every  imagination  of  the  thoughts  of  his  heart  was  only 
evil  continually.  Gen.  vi.  5. 

3.  Singly  ;' solely ; without  more.  “He  . . . 
offered  up  his  only  begotten  son.”  ILeb.  xi.  17. 

ON-O-BRY'eillS,  n.  [Gr.  liras,  an  ass,  and 
to  devour.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  leguminous 
plants,  the  most  common  species  of  which  is 
the  common  sainfoin.  Eng.  Cyc. 

O-NOL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  Svos,  an  ass,  and  i.liyos,  a 
discourse.]  A foolish  way  of  talking.  Dr.  Black. 

ON'O-MAN-CY,  n.  [Gr.  ovofia,  a name,  and  yav- 
reia,  divination  ; It.  onomanzia.]  Divination  by 
the  letters  of  a name  ; nomancy.  Camden. 

Many  fancies  of  this  sort  were  current  among 
the  ancients;  such  as,  that  names  in  whicli  the  nu- 
meral letters  amounted  to  the  highest  sum  were  most 
lucky.”  Braude. 

ON-O-MAN'TI-CAL,  a.  Relating  to  onomancy. 

An  onomantical  or  name-wizard  Jew.  Camden. 

ON-O-MAS'TIC,  a.  [Gr.  livoya , a name.]  (Laic.) 
Applied  to  the  signature  of  an  instrument, 
where  the  body  of  it  is  in  the  handwriting  of 
another  person.  Burrill. 

OJV- O-MAs ' T I- COJV,  n. ; pi.  onomastica.  [Gr. 
iuoyaartKi v.]  A dictionary  ; a lexicon.  P.  Cyc. 

The  earliest  lexicographic  work  on  record  is  on  onomaxti- 
con,  of  uncertain  character,  ascribed  to  the  Sicilian  rhetor 
Gorgias  (440  B.  C.):  ononuwticim  denoting  properly  a collec- 
tion of  names  or  nouns,  rather  than  of  miscellaneous  phrases. 

Qu.  liev. 

ON-O-MA-TEjEII'NY,  n.  [Gr.  livoya,  a name,  and 


O-NUM'A-TOPE,  > n% 
ON-Q-MAT'O-PY,  ) res 


T{%vr),  art.]  Divination  by  the  letters  of  a 
name  ; onomancy.  Rowbotham. 

O-NOM-A-TOL'O-^tST,  n.  One  skilled  in  the 
science  of  names.  Clarke. 

O-NOM-A-TOL'O-Gy,  n.  [Gr.  livoya,  a name,  and 
liiyoj,  a discourse.]  The  science  of  names.  Clarke. 

A word  whose  sound  cor- 
responds to  the  sound  of  the 
thing  signified,  as  baa,  the  noise  of  the  sheep ; 
an  onomatopoeia.  Buchanan. 

ON-O-MAT-O-PCETA  (-pe'y?),  11.  [L.,  from  Gr. 

dvoyaToiroi'tu  ; livoya , a word,  and  noitio,  to  make.] 

1.  (Rhet.)  The  use  of  a word  or  phrase,  the 
sound  of  which  corresponds  with  or  resembles 
the  thing  signified,  as  in  the  following  example  : 

Sea-nymphs  hourly  ring  his  knell, 

Hark!  now  I hear  them,  ding-dong-bell.  Shak. 

2.  An  imitative  word.  Sir  John  Stoddart. 

O-NOM- A-TO-PO-ET'jC,  a.  [Gr.  dvoyaToirotririKds.] 
Formed  to  resemble  the  sound  of  the  thing  sig- 
nified. Robinson. 

O-NOiM'O-MAN-CY,  n.  Onomancy.  Brandc. 

O-NO'JVJS,  n.  [Gr.  fivtnvi;-,  0V05,  an  ass,  and  bvtyi, 
to  delight,  some  of  the  species  being  said  to 
be  grateful  to  asses.  Eng.  Cyc.  — L.  ononis.] 
(Bot.)  A genus  of  leguminous  plants,  chiefly 
natives  of  Europe  ; rest-harrow.  Eng.  Cyc. 

ON'SET,  11.  1.  A rushing  or  setting  upon  ; an 

attack  ; a storm ; an  assault ; the  first  brunt. 

As  well  the  soldier  dieth  which  standeth.still,  as  lie  that 
gives  the  bravest  onset.  Sidney. 

2.  A beginning  ; a commencement.  [11.]  Shah. 

Syn.  — See  Attack. 

f ON'SET,  v.  a.  To  set  upon;  to  begin.  Carew. 

ON'SET-TING,  n.  A rushing ; onset.  Clarke. 

ON'SLAUGIIT  (on'sl&wt),  11.  [A.  S.  onslagail .] 

Attack;  charge;  assault;  onset.  Iludibras. 

Niebuhr’s  onslaught  on  the  credibility  of  a portion  of  the 
Latin  historians.  Ch.  Ob. 

Johnson  designates  this  word  as  “ not  in  use  ” ; 
but  since  his  time  its  use  has  been  revived. 

ON'STEAD,  11.  [Probably  a corruption  of  home- 
stead. Siminonds.]  A single  farm-house;  — 
called  also  an  onset.  [Local,  Eng.]  I V right . 

ON'TO,  prep.  Noting  entrance  upon  a place; 
on  ; upon  ; to.  “ They  went  out  onto  the  Mount 
of  Olives.”  Mark  xiv.  26,  Sharpe’s  Trans. 

RCiy  This  word  is  in  provincial  use  in  England, 
and  in  colloquial  use  in  t lie  United  Stales  ; but  it  is 
little  authorized  by  the  use  of  good  writers.  Forby, 
in  his  “ Vocabulary  of  East  Anglia,”  says,  “For  the 
preposition  upon  we  uso  onto,  (why  not  as  good  as 
into?)  Ex.:  ‘Throw  some  coals  onto  tile  tire.’  Into 
is  now  generally,  and  probably  has  always  in  a great 
measure  been,  used  with  respect  to  in,  as  denoting 
motion.  We  use  onto  with  a like  relation  to  on  ; so, 
probably,  do  other  provincials,  and  on  the  same  war- 
rant of  antiquity.  The  analogy  is  certainly  good.” 

“ There  is  an  awkwardness  prevalent  amongst  all 
classes  of  society  in  such  sentences  as  tile  following: 
‘ lie  got  on  to  the  stage  coach  ’ ; ‘ lie  jumped  on  to  the 
floor  ’ ; ‘ I threw  it  on  to  the  floor.’  ” P.  Gvnjnne. 

( >N-  rO-Ld(y  JC,  > [Fr.  ontologique.  — See 

ON-TO-LOG'I-CAL,  > Ontology.]  Relating  to 
ontology.  ’ Lord  Brougham. 

6n-TO-L(J<?'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  Ill  an  ontological 
manner.  Dr.  Allen. 

ON-TOL'O-GIST,  n.  [Sp.  ontologista ; Fr.  onto- 
logiste.]  One  who  is  versed  in  ontology ; a 
metaphysician.  Johnson. 

ON-TOI/O-Oy,  n.  [Gr.  &v,  iivTo:,  being ; liyi,  to 
be,  and  '/.6yos,  a discourse ; It.  $ Sp.  ontologia ; 
Fr.  ontologie.]  The  science  of  existence,  or  of 
being,  in  itself,  or  its  ultimate  grounds  and 
conditions ; metaphysics.  Brande. 

DDp  “ Literally,  the  doctrine  or  the  science  of  be- 
ing ; definitely,  according  to  those  who  have  treated 
it,  the  science  of  the  affections  of  being  in  general ; 
by  some  it  has  been  considered  a department  of  meta- 
physics ; by  others,  as  only  another  word  for  the  same 
tiling.  At  present  the  word  is  disused,  or  understood 
only  in  tile  latter  sense.”  Smart. 

O'JYUS,  n. ; pi.  on'e-ra.  [L.]  A burden;  a 
load ; weight. 

The  onus  of  just  condemnation.  Be.  Rev. 

d'AruS  PBO-bAat'  DT.  [L.,  the  burden  of  prov- 


ing.] (Law.)  The  obligation  of  establishing 
by  evidence ; the  burden  of  proof.  Tomlins. 

ON'WARD,  ) a([  [A.  S.  ondward.]  Towards 

ON'WARD^,  > some  point  before  ; forward;  pro- 
gressively ; in  advance ; straight  forward ; far- 
ther forward See  Backward. 

I argue  not 

Against  Heaven’s  hand  or  will,  nor  bate  a jot 
OF  heart  or  hope,  but  still  bear  up,  and  steer 
Kight  onward.  Milton. 

ON'WARD,  a.  1.  Advanced ; increased;  improved. 

You  are  already  so  far  onward  of  your  way,  that  you  have 
forsaken  the  imitation  of  ordinary  converse.  Dryden. 

Pliiloxenus  came  to  see  how  onward  the  fruits  were  of  his 
friend’s  labor.  Sidney. 

2.  Leading  forward;  conducting  straight. 

ON'Y-CHA  [on'e-ka,  W.  Ja.  \Vr.  Wb. ; o'ne-ka,  S. 
K.  Nto.J,  11.  [Gr.  ivb^iov,  dim.  of  Svu(,  a claw,  a 
nail,  onyx  ; L.  onyx,  onychis .] 

1.  The  odoriferous  shell  of  a kind  of  muscle 

found  in  India.  Ex.  xxx.  31. 

2.  The  stone  otherwise  called  onyx.  Calmet. 

O-NYCH' I-A,  11.  [See  Onycha.]  A whitlow  near 

the  finger-nail ; paronychia.  Dunglison. 

f ON'Y-CIllTE,  n.  A kind  of  marble.  Wright. 

O-NYGH'O-MAN-CY,  n.  [Gr.  Swl-,  Svo^os,  a nail, 
and  yavreia,  divination.]  Divination  by  the 
nails.  Wright. 

O'NYX  (o’nlks),  n.  [Gr.  dVu( ; L.  onyx-,  It.  onice  ; ■ 
Sp.  onix  ; Fr.  onyx.] 

1.  (Min.)  A ehalcedonic  variety  of  quartz, 

resembling  agate,  but  having  the  colors,  usually 
a light  clear  brown  and  an  opaque  white,  ar- 
ranged in  flat  horizontal  planes.  Dana. 

“ Any  stone  exhibiting  layers  of  two  or  more 
colors,  strongly  contrasted,  is  called  an  onyx.’’  Brande. 

2.  (Med.)  An  abscess  of  the  cornea  of  the 

eye  ; — so  called  from  its  resemblance  to  an 
onyx  stone.  Brande. 

O'O-LfTE,  n.  [Gr.  iidv,  an  egg,  and  l.idos,  a stone  ; 
It.  oolite-,  Fr.  oolithe.]  ( Geol .)  A species  of 
limestone  rock  characteristic  of  one  of  the 
great  systems  of  secondary  strata;  roe-stone. 

HSr-  “The  substance  of  oolitic  rocks  consists  prin- 
cipally of  carbonate  of  lime,  sometimes  crystallized, 
at  others  granular,  and  usually  abounding  in  organic 
remains,  as  shells,  &c.  It  consists  of  two  parts,  one 
of  which  forms  the  matrix,  is  mostly  colorless,  often 
crystalline,  and  exhibits  a number  of  rounded  or  oval 
cavities,  eacli  of  which  contains  a nodule,  or  mass,  of 
a corresponding  form.  These  nodules  give  the  stone 
somewhat  the  appearance  of  the  roe  of  a fish  ; lienee 
oolite  is  sometimes  called  roe-stone."  Mic.  Diet. 

• 

O-O-LIT'IC,  a.  Relating  to,  or  resembling,  oolite. 

On  the  continent  of  Europe,  the  oolitic  system  is  known 
as  “Jura  knlk”  and  “ calcaire  Jurassique,”  from  the  conspic- 
uous development  of  the  strata  in  the  Jura  Mountains. 

Tomlinson. 

O-OL'O-^IST,  n.  [Fr.  oiilogiste.]  One  versed  in 
oology.  Palmer. 

O-OL'O-GY,  11.  [Gr.  Hit Iv,  an  egg,  and  Uyos,  a dis- 
course ; Fr.  oiilogie.]  The  science  of,  or  a 
treatise  on,  eggs.  Dr.  T.  M.  Brewer. 

An  interesting  work  on  « olog ;/  by  Dr.  Brewer.  J.  Ilcnry. 

OO-LONG',  11.  A kind  of  black  tea,  possessing 
many  of  the  qualities  of  green  tea.  Siminonds. 

OO'Ml-AC,  11.  A large  Esquimaux  boat.  Maunder. 

OO'PAK,  11.  A species  of  black  tea.  Siminonds. 

OOST ,n.  Oast.  — See  Oast.  Vre. 

OOZE,  11.  [A.  S.  wos,  ooze.  — “Either  from  Fr. 

eaux,  waters,  or  A.  S.  totes,  wetness.”  Johnson.] 

1.  Earth  so  xvet  as  to  flow  gently;  soft  mud  ; 
slime  ; mire.  “ Ooze  or  salt  water  mud.”  Carew. 

Old  Father  Thames  raised  up  his  reverend  head; 

Deep  in  his  ooze  he  sought  his  sedgy  bed.  Dryden. 

2.  A soft  flowing  ; a spring. 

From  his  first  fountain  and  beginning  ooze , 

Down  to  the  sea  each  brook  and  torrent  flows.  Prior. 

3.  The  liquor  of  a tanner’s  vat.  Johnson. 

OOZE,  v.  n.  [£.  oozed  ; pp.  oozing,  oozed.]  To 
flow  gently  ; to  percolate,  as  liquid  through  the 
pores  of  substances,  or  through  small  openings. 

Our  poesy  is  as  a .gum,  which  oozes 

From  whence ’t  is  nourished.  Shak. 

OOZ'INGl?,  n.pl.  Issues  of  a fluid;  ooze.  Wright. 

OOZ'Y , a.  [A.  S.  wosig,  oozy.]  Miry;  muddy; 
slimy. 

From  his  oozy  bed 

Old  Father  Thames  advanced  his  reverend  head.  Tope. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  T,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  {,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


OPACATE 


993 


OPERATE 


fO-PA'CATE,  v.  a.  [L.  opaco , opacatus.\  To 
shade  ; to  cloud  ; to  darken.  Boyle. 

0-pA9'T-TY,  71.  [L.  opacitas;  It.  opacita;  Sp. 

opacidad  ; Fr.  opacite .] 

1.  The  state  or  the  quality  of  being  opaque; 

incapability  of  transmitting  light  ; want  of 

transparency ; opaqueness.  Glanvill. 

2.  Obscurity  ; darkness  ; gloominess. 

No  interior  discourse  could  penetrate  those  opacifies  of 
ignorance.  Cudworth. 

O-PA'COUS,  a.  [L.  opacus .]  Opaque  ; not  trans- 
parent ; obscure  ; dark  ; undiapanous.  Milton. 

O-PA'COUS-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality  of 
being  opaque  ; opacity.  Evelyn. 

O'PAH,  n.  ( Ich .)  A large  fish 
found  chiefly  in  the  Eastern 
seas,  and  remarkable  for  its 
rich  and  showy  colors  ; king- 
fish  ; Lampris  guttatus. 

,8fg=Tlie  back  and  sides  are 
green,  reflecting  both  purple 
and  gold  in  different  lights,  Opah  (Lampris guttatus). 
and  passing  into  yellowish- 

green  below.  Above  and  beneatli  the  lateral  line  are 
numerous  round,  yellowish-white  spots;  and  all  the 
tins  are  bright  vermilion.  Yarrell. 

O-PAKE',  a.  See  Opaque.  Nares. 

O-PAKE'NJpss,  n.  See  Opaqueness.  More. 

O'PAL  [o'pal,  S.  W.P.Ja.  K.  Wr. ; o'pawl,  Sm.], 
7i.  [L.  opnhis,  or  opalum  ; It.  Sp.  opolo  ; Fr. 

opale.~\  (Min.)  A mineral  consisting  of  silica, 
with  from  five  to  twelve  per  cent,  of  water, 
generally  a little  oxide  of  iron,  and  a small 
quantity  of  the  alkaline  earths.  Tomlinson. 

Precious  or  noble  opal  is  white,  bluish  or  yel- 
lowish-white, and  exhibits  a beautiful  variety  or  play 
of  colors,  as  blue,  green,  yellow,  or  red,  caused  proba- 
bly by  tlie  numerous  fissures  which  traverse  it.  Fire 
opal , or  girasolc , exhibits  an  internal  reflection  of  a 
bright  red  color.  Common  opal , or  semi-opal,  has 
sometimes  a milky  opalescence,  but  does  not  reflect  a 
play  of  colors.  Wood  opal  is  wood  petrified  with  a 
hydrated  silica  ; it  is  of  a gray, brown,  or  black  color, 
and  has  the  structure  of  wood.  Tomlinson. 

O-PAL-ESCE',  v.  n.  To  emit  the  lustre  of  opal  ; 
to  have  the  iridescent  tints  of  opal.  Cleaveland. 

O-PAL-ES'CIJNCE,  71.  The  quality  of  an  opal ; 
the  shining  lustre  of  opal.  Hamiltoti. 

O-PAL-ES'CIJNT,  a.  Resembling  opal  in  lustre; 
having  the  iridescent  tints  of  opal.  Fah'holt. 

O'PAL-INE,  a.  Relating  to,  having  the  nature  of, 
or  resembling,  opal.  Hci7nilton. 

O'PAL-iZE,  v.  a.  [i:  OPALIZED  ; pp.  opalizing, 
opalized.]  To  convert  into  opal,  or  into  a 
substance  resembling  opal.  Lyell. 

O'PAL-IZED,  p.  a.  Formed  into  opal,  or  into  a 
substance  resembling  opal. 

Opalized  wood,  wood  petrified  by  silica,  and  acquir- 
ing a structure  resembling  opal ; wood  opal.  Braude. 

O'PAL— JAS'PpR,  7i.  (Min.)  A variety  of  opal, 
resembling  jasper,  but  softer,  and  containing 
iron.  Tomlinson. 

O-PAatJE'  (o-pak'),  a.  [L.  opacus-.  It.  $ Sp.  opa- 
co-, Fr.  opaque. ] 

1.  Impervious  to  rays  of  light ; not  trans- 
parent. “ Metals  are  the  most  opaque.”  Nichol. 

Opaque  bodies  cast  shadows  and  receive  them.  Davies. 

2.  Shady  ; dark  ; gloomy  ; obscure  ; cloudy. 

Syn. — Bodies  not  transparent  are  opaque  ; a place 

having  no  light  is  dark.  A dark  room  ; dark  night ; 
an  opaque  substance  or  body. 

O-PAQUE'  (o-pak'),  n.  Opacity;  opaqueness,  [r.] 


Through  this  opaque  of  nature  and  of  soul, 

This  double  night,  transmit  one  pitying  ray 
To  lighten  and  to  cheer.  * Young. 

O-PACIUE'NRSS  (o-pak'nes),  n.  The  state  or  the 
quality  of  being  opaque  ; opacity.  More. 

OPE  (op),  v.  a.  & n.  To  open.  [Used  only  in 
poetry.]  “ Adam,  now  ope  thine  eyes.”  Milton. 

For  rhetoric,  he  could  not  ope 

His  mouth,  but  out  there  flew  a trope.  Hiulitrras. 

OPE,  a.  Open.  [Obsolete,  or  used  only  in 
poetry.]  “ The  door  was  ope.”  Dryden. 

O'PEN  (o'pn),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  openian ; Dut.  openen; 


Ger.  sjfiien ; Dan.  aabne ; Sw.  opna.\  [i.  opened  ; 

pp.  OPENING,  OPENED.] 

1.  To  separate,  unclose,  uncover,  or  divide, 
so  as  to  afford  an  entrance,  passage,  or  view  ; — 
opposed  to  shut.  “ Open  your  purse.”  “ I will 
not  open  my  lips.”  “ Ho,  open  the  door.”  Shah. 

Clown.  He  has  here  writ  you  a letter. 

Olivia.  Open  it,  and  read  it.  Shak. 

2.  To  expand;  to  extend.  “ Opcnhig  his  free 

arms,  and  weeping.”  Shak. 

3.  To  show  ; to  discover  ; to  disclose. 

The  English  did  adventure  far  for  to  open  the  north  parts 
of  America.  Abbot. 

Wise  to  promote  whatever  end  he  means, 

God  opens  fruitful  nature’s  various  scenes.  Coxoper. 

4.  To  explain  ; to  make  clear  or  manifest. 

Some  things  wisdom  openeth  by  the  sacred  books  of  Scrip- 
ture. Hooker. 

5.  To  make  susceptible  of  impression. 

Lydia, . . . whose  heart  the  Lord  opened , that  she  attended 
unto  the  things  which  were  spoken  of  Paul.  Acts  xvi.  14. 

6.  To  begin ; to  commence  ; to  enter  on. 

Homer  opens  his  poem  with  the  utmost  simplicity  and 
modesty.  Notes  on  the  Odyssey. 

O'PEN  (o'pn),  v.  71.  1.  To  separate,  unclose,  un- 

cover, or  divide  itself ; not  to  continue  closed. 

The  clouds  methought  would  open.  ^iak. 

2.  To  begin  ; to  commence  ; to  break.  Wright. 

3.  (Naut.)  To  begin  to  appear.  Wright. 

4.  (Hunting.)  To  bark  on  scent  or  view. 

Hark!  the  dog  opens’,  take  thy  certain  aim.  Gay. 

O'PEN  (o'pn),  a.  [A.  S.  4 Dut.  open-,  Ger.  offe7i\ 
Dan.  aabe/i ; Sw.  Oppen ; Icel.  opi7m.\ 

1.  Unclosed,  uncovered,  separated,  unob- 

structed, or  divided,  so  as  to  afford  an  entrance, 
passage,  or  view  ; — opposed  to  shut  or  fast. 
“ Her  eyes  are  open.”  “ This  ope?i  air.”  Shak. 

Through  the  gate, 

Wide  open  and  unguarded,  Satan  passed.  Milton. 

Then  sent  Sanballat  his  servant,  with  an  open  letter  in 
Ills  hand.  Nell.  vi.  5. 

2.  Expanded ; extended. 

He,  when  iEncas  on  the  plain  appears, 

Meets  him  with  open  arms  and  falling  tears.  Dryden. 

3.  Plain  ; evident ; apparent.  “Ope7i  shame.” 
Itch.  vi.  6.  “ His  thefts  were  too  open.”  Shak. 

These  lies  are  like  the  father  that  begets  them;  gross  as  a 
mountain,  open,  palpable.  Shak. 

4.  Undisguised  ; sincere  ; unreserved  ; frank  ; 
artless  ; candid  ; ingenuous  ; undissembling  ; 
fair ; unprejudiced. 

Truth  loves  open  dealing.  Shak. 

He  that  is  not  open  to  conviction  is  not  fit  for  discussion. 

Whately. 

5.  Having  an  air  of  ingenuousness ; clear. 

“ His  countenance  is  ope7i.”  Edgeworth. 

6.  Public  ; before  all. 

He  on  a day  in  open  audience.  Chancer. 

So  shall  she  have  a just  and  open  trial.  Shak. 

7.  Free  or  accessible  to  all;  allowed;  unre- 
stricted. “ The  law  is  ope7i.”  Acts  xix.  38. 

8.  Free  for,  or  admitting,  discussion;  not 
decided  ; as,  “An  ope7i  question.” 

9.  Exposed  ; unprotected  ; undefended. 

The  service  that  I truly  did  his  life 

Hath  left  me  open  to  all  injuries.  Shak. 

10.  Liberal ; generous  ; munificent. 

By  my  troth,  thou  hast  an  open  hand.  Shak. 

11.  Not  closed  or  balanced ; unsettled.  “An 

open  account.”  Wright. 

12.  Not  bound  by  frost ; mild. 

An  open  and  warm  winter  portendeth  a hot  and  dry 
summer.  Bacon. 

Did  you  ever  see  so  open  a winter  in  England?  We  have 
not  had  two  frosty  days  but  it  pays  off  in  rain.  Swift. 

KSf"  Johnson,  citing  Bacon,  defines  the  word,  in 
this  application,  to  mean,  “ not  cloudy  ; not  gloomy.” 

— “The  solitary  example  which  Dr.  Johnson  brings 
from  Bacon,  shows  that  not  frosty,  or  mild,  is  the 
meaning  of  the  word  ; and  such  is  the  general  accep- 
tation of  an  open  winter.”  Todd. 

13.  (Mus.)  Applied  to  the  string  of  a violin, 
guitar,  &c.,  when  not  compressed  with  the  fin- 
ger ; that  is,  when,  without  compression,  it 
produces  the  very  note  to  which  it  is  tuned  : — 
applied  also  to  the  note  so  produced.  Moore. 

In  open , openly.  “ To  appear  in  open."  Beau.  S,- FI. 

— Open  flank,  (Fort.)  that  part  of  the  flank  which  is 
covered  by  the  oriilon.  Stocquelcr. — Open  harmony, 
or  dispersed  harmony,  (Mus.)  harmony  of  which  the 
notes  are  separated  by  wide  intervals.  Moore.  — Open 
land,  (Boric.)  land  tilled  every  year.  Wright. 

Syn.  — See  Apparent,  Candid. 

O'PEN-BILL  (o'pn-),  7i.  (Ornith.)  A genus  of 


wading  birds  allied  to 
the  storks,  and  having 
the  hill  gaping  in  the 
middle  and  touching 
only  at  the  base  and 
tips  ; Anastomus. 

Va7i  Der  IIocve7i. 

O'PEN— BREAST'JJD  (o'pn- 
brest'ed),  a.  Having  the 
breast  or  bosom  ex- 
posed. Spectator. 

O'PEN-jfR  (o'pn-gr),  n.  He 
"ho,  orthat  which,  opens.  ('Anastomus  oscitans). 

O'PEN— EYED  (o'pn-Id),  a.  Watchful.  Shak. 

O'PEN— IIAnd'^D,  a.  Generous  ; munificent. 

How  open-handed  Providence  had  been  to  him!  South. 

6 PEN— HEAD'£D  (d'pn-hed'ed),  a.  Having  the 
head  uncovered  ; bare-headed.  Chaucer. 

O'PEN—  HE'ART'JJD,  a.  Candid;  frank;  artless; 
ingenuous ; sincere  ; honest ; generous.  “ He’s 
free  and  open-hearted.”  Drydeti. 

O'PEN— HEART'JpD-LY,  ad.  With  frankness; 
without  reserve.  ’ Wright. 

O'PEN— HE  ART' fD-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being 
open-hearted  ; frankness  ; generosity.  More. 

O'PEN-ING  (o'pn-Tng),  n.  1.  The  act  of  unclosing. 

2.  An  aperture;  a breach  ; a chasm;  a cleft; 
a gap.  “ Openmgs  of  the  earth.”  Woodward. 

Yet  from  an  opening  to  the  right  appeared 
A beam  of  sunshine,  that  the  dwelling  cheered.  Iloole. 

3.  Beginning  ; commencement ; first  appear- 

ance. “ Some  opetiings,  some  dawnings  of  lib- 
erty.” South. 

Opening  of  the  trenches,  (Mil.)  the  commencement 
of  works  of  attack  against  a fortress.  Olos.  Mil.  Terms. 

Syn.  — See  Breach. 

O'PEN-LY  (o'pn-le),  ad.  1.  In  an  open  manner; 
publicly ; not  secretly. 

2.  Plainly;  without  disguise. 

O'PEN— MOUTHED  (o'pn-inouthd),  o.  1.  Having 
the  mouth  open  ; gaping. 

Nor  doth ’t  affect  this  fond  gentility. 

Whereon  the  fool  world  open-mouthed  gazes, 

Thinking  itself  of  great  ability.  Drayton. 

2.  Greedy  ; ravenous  ; clamorous. 

Ringwood,  ...  a fine,  open-mouthed  dog.  Tatlcr. 

O'PEN-NESS  (o'pn-nes),  n.  1.  The  state  of  being 
open  ; freedom  from  obstruction  or  obscurity. 

2.  Freedom  from  disguise  ; plainness. 

The  noble  openness  and  freedom  of  his  reflections.  Felton. 

3.  Mildness,  applied  to  the  weather.  “ Open- 
ness of  weather.”  Sherwood. 

OP'IJ-RA,  n. ; pi.  operas.  [L.  opera,  a work  ; It. 
4 Sp.  opera,  a work,  an  opera;  Fr.  opera,  a 
work,  an  opera.] 

1.  A musical  drama,  consisting  of  airs,  reci- 

tatives, choruses,  &e.,  accompanied  by  instru- 
ments and  enriched  with  magnificent  scenery, 
machinery,  and  other  decorations,  and  repre- 
senting some  passionate  action.  Moore. 

2.  The  building  in  which  such  a drama  is 

represented  ; an  opera-house.  Simmonds. 

3.  The  music  or  words  of  a musical  drama, 

written  or  printed.  Simmotids. 

f OP'pR-A-BLE,  a.  Practicable.  Broxme. 

OP'E-RA— GLASS,  7i.  A short  single  or  double 
telescope  used  in  theatres  ; a lorgnette.  Cowper. 

OP'E-RA-IIAt,  7i.  A folding  hat.  Simmonds. 

OP'U-RA— HOUSE,  7i.  A theatre  for  operas.  Clarke. 

6p-£-rAm']J-TJJR,  7i.  [L.  opus,  operis,  work,  and 

Gr.  ylrriov,  measure.]  An  apparatus  employed 
to  indicate  the  number  of  revolutions  made 
by  the  operating  machine  used  in  the  dressing 
of  cloth.  Ure. 

OP'IJR-ANCE,  > w>  The  act  of  operating;  op- 

OP'JgR-AN-CY,  ) oration,  [r.]  Colei'idge. 

OP'BR-ANT,  a.  [L.  operor,  operans,  to  work.] 
Active  ; operative.  Shak. 

f OP'jpR-ANT,  7i.  An  operator.  Wright. 

OP' F.R-Ate,  v.  7i.  [L.  operor,  operatus-,  opus, 

work  ; It.  operare ; Sp.  operar  ; Fr.  operer.\  [i. 
OPERATED  ; pp.  OPERATING,  OPERATED.]  To 


M}EN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 
125 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  <?,  q,  *,  soft;  C,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  5C  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


OPERATE 


994 


OPERATIVE 


/ 

work;  to  act;  to  have  agency;  to  produce 
effects  ; — with  upon  or  on  before  the  object. 

Gravitation  operates  uniformly  upon  matter.  Jortin. 

A plain,  convincing  reason  operates  on  the  mind  both  of 
a learned  and  ignorant  hearer  as  long  as  they  live.  Swift. 

OP'IJR-ATE,  v.  re.  To  produce  ; to  effect.  Karnes. 

xo*  “ It  [ operate ] is  used  actively  by  some  modern 
writers*;  as,  1 To  operate  a change,’  &.c. ; but  this 
usage  is  scarcely  authorized.”  Smart. 

OI’-f.R-AT'IC,  ) a.  Relating  to,  or  resembling, 

OP-ER-AT'1-CAL,  ^ the  opera.  Gent.  Mag. 

Ol’-F.R-A'TION,  n.  [L .operation  It.  operazione; 
Sp.  operation;  Fr.  operation.] 

1.  The  act  of  operating  ; agency  ; action  ; pro- 
duction of  an  effect,  mechanical,  physical,  or 
moral ; performance  ; procedure  ; process. 

The  operative  strength  of  « thing  may  continue  the  same 
when  the  qualitv  that  should  direct  the  operation  is  changed: 
as  a man  may  have  as  strong  an  arm  and  as  sharp  a sword  to 
fight  with  in  a had  cause  as  in  a good.  South. 

2.  Action  ; effect ; function. 

That  false  fruit 

Far  other  operation  first  displayed.  Milton. 

3.  A manual  process  ; a series  of  actions  per- 

formed by  the  hand,  or  by  the  hand  with  the  as- 
sistance of  instruments,  as  in  chemistry  or  in 
surgery  ; manipulation.  Palmer. 

4.  {Mil.)  The  act  of  carrying  out  precon- 

certed measures  by  regular  movements  ; mo- 
tion ; manoeuvre.  Mil.  Ency. 

5.  {Math.)  Something  to  be  done,  — generally 

some  transformation  to  be  made  upon  quanti- 
ties, which  transformation  is  indicated  either 
by  rules  or  by  symbols.  Davies. 

Syn.  — See  Process. 

OP'JFjR-A-tIve,  re.  [It.  4t  Sp.  operativo .] 

1.  That  operates  ; having  the  power  of  acting. 

It  holds  in  nil  operative  principles,  especially  in  morality, 

in  which  not  to  proceed  is  certainly  to  go  backward.  South. 

2.  Producing  the  desii'cd  effect;  effective; 

efficacious ; serviceable ; effectual. 

Your  lordship  may  perceive  how  effectual  and  operative 
your  lordship’s  last  dealing  with  her  majesty  was.  Bacon. 

3.  Practical.  “ Operative  chemistry.”  Smart. 

In  architecture,  as  in  all  other  operative  arts,  the  end  must 

direct  the  operation.  Rcliquice  Wottonianae. 

OP’ER-A-Tl VE,  n.  A laboring  man;  one  em- 
ployed in  manufactures  ; an  artisan.  Qu.  Rev. 

OP'f.R-A-TIVE-LY,  ad.  In  an  operative  manner. 

OP'ER-A-TOR,  n.  [L.]  One  who  operates  ; one 
who  performs  an  operation.  Addison. 

f OP  ER-A-TO-RY,  »i.  A laboratory.  Cowley. 

O-PER'CF-LAR,  a.  {Hot.)  Covered  with  a lid; 
operculate.  Loudon. 

O-PER'CU-LATE,  £ n_  [X.  opereulo,  opercula- 

O-PER'Cl'-LAT-ED,  ) t us, .to  cover  with  a lid  ; Fr. 
operatic.) 

1.  {Bot.)  Furnished  with  an  operculum  or 

cover,  as  the  capsules  of  mosses.  Gray. 

2.  Furnished  with  an  operculum,  as  the  gills 
of  fishes,  and  the  shells  of  certain  gasteropods. 

OP-ER-CtJ'LT-FORM,  re.  [L.  operculum,  a cover, 
tin  A forma,  form.]  Formed  as  a cover.  Loudon. 

O-PF.R' CU-LGm,  n.\  pi.  OPEKCULA.  [L.,  from 
operio,  to  cover.] 

1.  [Bot.)  The  expansion  at  the  extremity  of  a 

pitcher,  which  closes  its  mouth : — the  lid  or 
cover  of  the  theca  of  mosses.  Henslow. 

2.  {Conch.)  The  horny  or  calcareous  plate 
which  closes  certain  univalve  shells.  Woodward. 

3.  {I eh.)  The  apparatus,  supported  by  four 
bones,  which  protects  the  gills  of  fishes.  Brande. 

QP-E-RET'  T.d,  n.  [It.  dim.  of  opera.)  A short 
musical  drama  of  a light  character.  Buchanan. 

OP-JER-OSE'  (129),  re.  [L.  operosus ; operor,  to 
work  ; It.  6;  Sp.  operoso.)  Laborious ; fuli  of 
labor ; toilsome  ; onerous  ; tedious  ; wearisome. 

All  these  operose.  proceedings  were  adopted  by  one  of  the 
most  decided  tyrants  in  the  rolls  of  history.  Burke. 

OP-ER-OSE'LY,  ad.  Laboriously.  E.  Erring. 

OP-f.R-OSE'NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  operose; 
laboriousness ; onerousness.  More. 

t OP-ER-OS'I-TY,  n.  [L.  operositas.)  Labori- 
ousness ; toilsomeness.  Bp.  Hall. 

t oP'pIt-OUS,  a.  Operose.  Baxter. 


f 6P-pR-TA'N£-OUS,  a.  [L.  opertaneus.)  Con- 
cealed ; secret ; private.  Smart. 

fOPE'TlDE,  n.  The  ancient  time  of  marriage, 
from  Epiphany  to  Ash- Wednesday,  being  the 
time  when  the  flowers  open.  Bp.  Hall. 

OPH-I-CAl'CIC,  n.  [Gr.  Sfis,  a serpent,  and  L. 
calx,  calcis,  lime.]  (Min.)  A rock  composed 
of  marble  and  serpentine.  Hamilton. 

OPH'I-CLElDE,  ?).  [Gr.  Sting,  a serpent,  and  D.tig, 
xlftSis,  a key  ; Fr.  ophicleide.)  (Mas.)  A large 
brass  instrument  of  loud  tone  and  deep  pitch, 
much  used  in  military  music.  P.  Cyc. 

O-PHID'I-AN,  ii.  [Gr.  utpihtov,  dim.  of  o0if,  a ser- 
pent.] {Ht  tp.)  One  of  the  Ophidia,  a genus  of 
reptiles  without  feet ; a serpent.  Eng.  Cyc. 

O-PHID'I-AN,  P a‘  Pertaining  to,  or  resembling, 

O-PHlD'I-OUS,  ) serpents:  — noting  an  animal 
of  the  order  Ophidia.  Lyell. 

O-PIIID' I-OJIT,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  ‘itpiStoy,  a little 
snake.]  A sea-fish  resembling  a serpent.  Hill. 

OPH-I-g-GLOS' SUM,  n.  [Gr.  o0tf,  a serpent, 
and  y/.doaa,  the  tongue.]  {Bot.)  A genus  of 
plants  ; adder’s-tongue.  P.  Cyc. 

OPH-I-O-LOO'IC,  l a.  [Fr.  ophiologigue.) 

OPH-I-O-LOp'I-CAL,  > Relating  to  ophiology. 

OPH-I-OL'O-RIST,  n.  [Fr.  ophiologiste.' ] One 
versed  in  ophiology.  Knoioles. 

OPII-I-OL'O-^Y,  n.  [Gr.  o<jng,  a serpent,  and  Uyog, 
a discourse  ; Fr.  nphiologie.)  That  part  of  nat- 
ural history  which  treats  of  reptiles  or  ser- 
pents. Ed.  Ency. 

OPH'I-O-MAN-Cy,  n.  [Gr.  Sifii;,  a serpent,  and 
fjavrtia,  divination;  Fr.  ophiomancie.)  Divina- 
tion by  means  of  serpents.  Brande. 

OPH-I-Q-MdR'PHlTE,  n.  [Gr.  &ptt,  a serpent, 
and  pomp'),  form  ; Fr.  ophiomorphite.)  (Pal.) 
A fossil  shell  of  a genus  of  mollusks ; ammon- 
ite. Fleming. 

dPH-I-O-MOR'PHOUS,  a.  Having  the  form  of  a 
serpent.  Smart. 

OPH-1-OPH'A-GOUS,  re.  [Gr.  o0i?,  a serpent,  and 
tftayiv,  to  eat.]  Serpent-eating.  “ Ophiophagous 
nations.”  [r.]  Browne. 

QPH-J-SAU'ItUS,  n.  [Gr.  Stfng,  a serpent, _ and 
aavpos,  a lizard.]  (Zolil.)  A footless  lizard  found 
in  the  southern  portion  of  the  U.  S.,  nearly 
allied  to  Amphisbcena.  Van  Der  Hoeven.  Baird. 

O'PIllTE,  re.  Pertaining  to  a serpent.  Wright. 

O'PHlTE,  n.  [Gr.  a serpent.] 

1.  (Min.)  Serpentine,  or  green  porphyry, 
jgfjy-  “ Chromic  iron  is  often  disseminated  through 

it,  giving  it  a mottled  appearance,  somewhat  similar 
to  the  skin  of  a snake,  whence  the  name  serpentine  or 
ophite .”  Dona. 

2.  One  of  a Gnostic  sect  of  the  second  cen- 
tury, who  derived  their  name  from  the  venera- 
tion they  had  for  the  serpent  that  tempted  Eve, 
which  they  pretended  was  Jesus  Christ.  Eden. 

O-Plri'TESj,  n.  [L.]  (Min.)  Serpentine;  green 
porphyry ; ophite.  Woodward. 

OPH-I-U'jCHUS  (Sf-e-u  Metis),  11.  [Gr.  ’Oijitou^of ; Stjng, 
a serpent,  and  c^m,  to  have.]  A constellation 
of  the  northern  hemisphere ; the  Water-bearer. 

Like  a comet  burned, 

That  fires  the  length  of  Ophiuchus  huge 

In  the  arctic  sky.  Milton. 

||  OPH-TllAL' MI-A,  n.  Ophthalmy.  Dunglison. 

||  OPH-THAL'MIC  (op-thal'mjk  or  of-th&l'mjk)  [op- 
thal'mik,  W.  P.  J.  Ja.  Sm.  ; of-thal'mik,  S.  E. 
K.  R.  C.  Wr. — See  Triphthong],  a.  [Gr. 
poctis ; It.  St  Sp.  oftalmico ; Fr.  ophthalmique.) 
Relating  to  the  eye.  Johnson. 

p£}f  “ Two  aspirations  in  succession,  says  Mr.  El- 
phinston,  seem  disagreeable  to  an  English  ear,  and 
therefore  one  of  them  is  generally  sunk.  Thus  diph- 
thong and  triphthong  are  pronounced  dipthong  and 
triptliong.  P is  lost,  as  well  as  h,  in  apophthegm  ; and 
therefore  it  is  no  wonder  we  hear  the  first  h dropped 
in  ophthalmy  and  ophthalmic,  which  is  the  pronuncia- 
tion I have  adopted  as  agreeable  to  analogy.  Nay, 
such  an  aversion  do  we  seem  to  have  to  a succession 
of  aspirates,  that  the  h is  sunk  in  isthmus,  Esther,  and 
Demosthenes,  because  the  s,  which  is  akin  to  the  as- 
piration, immediately  precedes.”  Walker. 


II  OPH-TH  AL-MOG'R  A-PH  Y,  n.  [Gr.  i<p6aXg6s,  an 
eye,  and  yp«'0w,  to  describe.]  That  part  of  anat- 
omy which  gives  a description  of  the  eye  : — an 
anatomical  description  of  the  eye.  Dunglison. 

||  OPII-TH  AL-MOL'O-ylST,  ii.  One  versed  in  oph- 
thalmology. Good. 

II  OPH-TH  AL-MOL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  it/iBalpi is,  an 
eye,  and  i.oyog,  a discourse.]  (Med.)  That  part 
of  anatomy  which  treats  of  the  eye  : — an  an- 
atomical treatise  on  the  eye  : — a description  of 
the  eye  in  health  and  disease.  Dunglison. 

II  OPH-THAL-MOM'y-T?R,  n.  [Gr.  i<pBa).p6g,  an 
eye,  and  perpov,  a measure.]  (Anat.)  An  instru- 
ment for  measuring  the  capacity  of  the  anterior 
and  posterior  chambers  of  the  eye  in  anatomical 
experiments.  Dunglison. 

II  OPH-THAL'MO-SCOPE,  n.  An  instrument  for 
examining  the  state  of  the  eye.  Dunglison. 

II  OPH-TH  AL-MOS'CO-Py,  n.  [Gr.  6tp0a?.phs,  an 
eye,  and  oKorriw,  to  behold.]  That  branch  of 
physiognomy,  which  relates  to  the  observation 
of  the  eyes.  Smart. 

||  OPH-TH  AL-MQ-T6L'Q-9IST,  n.  One  versed  in 
ophthalmotology.  Good. 

II  OPH-TH AL-MQ-TOL'O-GY,  n.  (Med.)  Ophthal- 
mology. Dunglison. 

II  OPH-THAL-MOT'O-MY,  n.  [Gr.  iQBal-pig,  an 
eye,  and  ropy,  a cutting;  Fr.  ophthalmotomie.) 
(Anat.)  That  branch  of  anatomy  which  treats 
of  the  dissection  of  the  eye:  — a term  applied 
also  to  the  extirpation  of  the  eye.  Dunglison. 

||  OPH'THAL-MY  (op'thal-me  or  5f'thjl-me),  n.  [Gr. 
dipdalpia  ’;  it pBalphs,  the  eye;  Fr.  ophthalmic.) 
(Med.)  Inflammation  of  the  eye.  . Brande. 

BPp-  “ Many  persons  now  affectedly  use  ophthalmia 
instead  of  this  word,  which  is  of  considerable  age  in 
our  language.”  Todd.  [Ferrand,  1G40.) 

O'PI-ATE,  n.  [It.  oppiato ; Sp.  opiato;  Fr.  opiat.) 

1.  (Med.)  A medicine  containing  opium,  and 

having  the  power  of  inducing  sleep ; an  ano- 
dyne ; a narcotic  ; a sedative.  Dunglison. 

2.  Any  thing  that  quiets. 

They  chose  atheism  as  an  opiate.  Bentley. 

O'PI-ATE,  re.  Inducing  sleep  ; somniferous  ; nar- 
cotic ; soporific;  sedative;  anodynous. 

Charmed  with  Arcadian  pipe,  the  pastoral  reed 
Of  Hermes,  or  his  opiate  rod.  Milton. 

O'PI-ATE,  v.a.  To  affect  with  an  opiate  ; to  lull 
to  sleep  ; to  cause  to  slumber.  Fenton. 

6'PI-AT-£D,  p.  re.  Affected  by,  or  containing, 
opiates.  Martineau. 

O-PIF'JJR-OUS,  re.  [L.  opifer;  ops,  help,  and 
’ fero,  to  bear.]  Assisting;  bringing  help.  Wright. 

f OP'I-FICE,  n.  [L.  opifeium.)  Workmanship; 

handiwork.  Bailey. 

f O-PIF'I-CIJR,  n.  [L.  opifex.)  One  that  per- 
forms a work  ; an  artist.  Bentley. 

f O-PIN'A-BLE,  re.  [L.  opinabilis;  opin or,  to 
think.]  That  may  be  thought.  Bailey. 

f OP-I-NA'TION,  n.  Opinion  ; notion.  Scott. 

f O-PJN'A-TIvE,  re.  [Sp.  opinativo.)  Opiniona- 
tive ; conceited.  Burton. 

t O-PIN'A-TIVE-LY,  ad.  Conceitedly.  More. 

f O-PIN'A-TOR,  n.  One  who  holds,  or  is  tena- 
cious of,  an  opinion.  Glancill. 

O-PINE',  v.  n.  [L.  opinor.)  \i.  opined  ; pp. 
opining,  oriNED.]  To  think;  to  judge;  to 
suppose  ; to  deem.  [Antiquated.] 

But  I,  who  think  more  highly  of  our  kind. 

Opine  that  nature,  as  in  duty  bound. 

Deep  hid  the  shining  mischief  under  ground.  Pope. 

t O-PIN'LR,  ii.  One  who  opines.  Bp.  Taylor. 
f O-PlN-I-AS'TER,  n.  A dogmatist.  Milton. 
f O-PIN-I-As'TRE  (o-pin-ye-Ss'ter),  ? a.  [Old 
t O-PiN-I-AS'TROCS  (o-pin-ye-as'trus),  > Fr.  opi- 
niastre ; Fr.  opiniatre.)  Opinionative.  Raleigh. 

f 0-PIN'I-ATE  (o-pln'ye-at),  V.  a.  To  maintain 
obstinately.  Barrow. 

O-PlN'i-A-TlVE  (o-pln'ye-a-tiv),  a.  1.  Stiff  in 
opinion  ; positive  ; dogmatical ; obstinate  ; opin- 
ionated ; opinionative  ; pertinacious  ; conceited. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


OPINIATIYELY 


995 


OPPOSE 


Our  author,  Hobbes,  was  esteemed  a man  very  oninia- 
tiue , though  otherwise  very  learned.  Wood. 

2.  Imagined,  not  proved.  “A  mass  of  opin- 
iative  uncertainties.”  Glanvill. 

O-PJN'J-A-TIVE-LY;  ad.  Conceitedly.  Bailey. 

O-PIN'I-A-TIVE-NESS  (9-pIn'ye-a-tjv-nes),  n.  In- 
flexibility of  opinion  ; obstinacy.  Raleigh. 

f O-PiN-I-A'TOR  (o-pln-ye-a'tur),  n.  [Fr.  opinia- 
tre.\  A dogmatizer  ; a dogmatist.  Raleigh. 

f O-PlJf-I-Ji ' TRE  (o-pln-ye-a'tur),  a.  [Fr.]  Opin- 
ionative.  Milton. 

f O-PIn-I-A'TRE,  n.  A dogmatist.  Barrow. 

f O-PIN-I-A'TRE-TY  (o-pln-ye-a'tre-te),  l n.  Ob- 

f P-PIN'I-A-TRY  (o-pln'ye-a-tre).  > stinacy 

in  holding  an  opinion.  Browne. 

jyg-  “ This  word,  though  it  lias  been  tried  in  iliffer- 
ent  forms,  is  not  yet  received,  nor  is  it  wanted.” 
Johnson. 

t O-PlN'ING,  n.  Opinion;  notion.  Bp.  Taylor. 

O-PIN'ION  (o-pln'yun),  n.  [L.  opinio  ; opinor,  to 
think  ; It.  oppinione  ; Sp.  Fr.  opinion.} 

1.  That  which  is  thought,  either  when  there  is 
no  certain  knowledge,  or  when  there  are  no  facts, 
or  none  sufficient  for  a decided  judgment ; per- 
suasion of  the  mind  ; judgment;  notion;  view. 

The  essential  idea  of  opinion  seems  to  be,  that  it  is  a mat- 
ter about  which  doubt  can  reasonably  exist,  ns  to  which  two 
persons  can,  without  absurdity,  think  differently.  Lewis. 

An  opinion  will  be  more  or  less  strong  according  to  the 
facts  on  which  it  rests,  till  it  amounts,  in  some  cases,  to  abso- 
lute belief  or  moral  certainty,  in  others,  which  admit  of  it,  to 
physical  (i.  e.  experimental)  certainty.  To  the  other  kind  of 
certain  tv,  namely,  metaphysical  or  mathematical  certainty, 
which  is  nothing  but  the  recognition  that  certain  truths  are 
contained  in,  or  constituted  by,  those  notions  which  the  mind 
itself  originates,  opinion  can  have  no  proper  relation.  Smart. 

You  think  it  is  a want  of  judgment  that  he  [the  child] 
changes  his  opinion.  Do  you  think  it  a proof  that  your  scales 
are  bad  because  they  vibrate  with  every  additional  weight 
that  is  added  to  either  side?  Edgeworth. 

That  was  excellently  observed,  say  I,  when  I read  a pas- 
sage in  an  author  where  his  opinion  agrees  with  mine.  Swift. 

2.  Favorable  judgment  or  estimate. 

If  a woman  had  no  opinion  of  her  own  person  and  dress, 
she  would  never  be  angry  at  those  who  are  of  the  opinion 
with  herself.  Law. 

3.  f Reputation. 

Thou  hast  redeemed  thy  lost  opinion.  Shah. 

4.  f Obstinacy  in  opinion  ; opinionativeness. 
Your  reasons  have  been  . . . learned  without  opinion.  Shak. 

5.  Sentence;  doom;  judgment.  Richardson . 

6.  ( Law .)  A declaration  by  a counsel  to  his 

client  of  what  the  law  is,  according  to  his 
judgment,  on  a statement  of  facts  submitted 
to  him  : — the  paper  containing  such  a declara- 
tion. * Bouvier . 

Syn.  — Opinion,  notion,  and  thought,  all  imply  what 
is  thought,  and  relate  to  the  thinking  faculty  or  the 
understanding  ; sentiment  lias  relation  to  feelings  as 
well  as  the  understanding.  We  form  opinions , get 
notions,  and  have  sentiments.  A favorable  or  unfavor- 
able opinion  ; a singular  notion  ; a good  thought  ; a 
fine  sentiment ; sound  judgment.  — See  Principle. 

f O-PIN'ION,  v.  a.  To  opine  ; to  think.  Browne. 

O-PIN'ION- ATE,  a.  Opinionated.  Bp.  Bedell. 

O-PIN'ION-AT-ED  (o-pin'yun-at-ed),  a.  Obstinate 
in  opinion  ; unduly  attached  to  one’s  own  opin- 
ion ; dogmatical ; conceited  ; opinionative. 
People  of  clear  heads  are  what  the  world  calls  opinionated. 

Shenstone. 

O-PIN'ION-ATE-LY  (o-pin'yun-at-le),  ad.  Obsti- 
nately ; conceitedly.  Feltham. 

t O-PIN'ION-A-TlST,  n.  One  who  is  obstinate  in 
opinion.  Fenton. 

O-PIN'ION-A-TIVE  (o-pTn'yun-j-tlv),  a.  Fond  of 
preconceived  notions ; stubborn;  dogmatical; 
positive  ; conceited ; opinionated. 

Bold  and  opinionative  enough  to  dare  and  to  dictate.  Walpole. 

O-PIN'ION-  A-TIVE-LY  (o-pin'yun-?-tiv-le),  ad. 
Stubbornly.  ’ ’ ’ Johnson. 

0-PIN'ION- A-TIVE-lVESS  (o-pin'  yun-^-tjv-nes),  n. 
Obstinacy  in  opinion.  Bailey. 

O-PTn'IONED  (o-pln'yund),  a.  Attached  to  par- 
ticular opinions ; conceited;  opinionated.  South. 

O-PINTON-IST  (o-pin'yun-Ist.),  n.  [Fr.  opinio- 
niste .]  One  fond  of  his  own  notions.  Glanvill. 

f O-PIP'A-ROUS,  a.  [L.  opiparus  ; Sp.  opiparo.} 
Sumptuous ; luxurious.  Bailey. 

+ O-PlP'A-ROUS-LY,  ad.  Sumptuously.  Wright. 


OP- IS-  THOC-  O-MI  'JfJE,  n.  pi. 

[Gr.  intoSoKopos,  having  the  hair 
long  behind ; omeOi,  behind, 
and  Kiipri,  the  hair.]  ( Ornith .) 

A sub-family  of  conirostral 
birds  of  the  order  Passeres  and 
family  Musophagidts  ; hoact- 
zins.  Gray. 

O-PJS'TIIO-DOME,  n.  [Gr.  6mo6t,  behind,  and 
6upos,  a house.]  An  apartment,  or  place,  in  the 
back  part  of  a Grecian  house.  Mitford. 

OP-IS-TIIOG'RA-PIIY,  n.  [Gr.  omaOt,  behind,  and 
ypa0w,  to  write.]  The  act  of  writing  on  both 
sides  of  a sheet  or  leaf  of  paper,  the  back  as  well 
as  the  front.  Scudamore. 

OP-IS-TIIOT'O-NOS,  n.  [Gr.  ihnoOe,  backwards, 
rff'i/w,  to  stretch.]  (Med.)  A species  of  tetanus, 
in  which  the  body  is  bent  backwards.  Dunglison. 

f O-PIT-U-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  opitulatio.]  An  aid- 
ing ; a helping.  Bailey. 

O'PI-UM,  n.  [Gr.  Stuov  ; juice;  L.  opium  ; 
It.  oppio  ; Sp.  opio  ; Fr.  opium.]  An  inspissated 
juice  obtained  from  the  capsule  of  the  white 
poppy,  or  Papaver  somniferum.  Tomlinson. 

Opium  is  used  in  medicine,  in  small  doses,  as 
a stimulant ; in  large,  as  a sedative.  Its  peculiar 
properties  are  due  to  the  presence  of  several  alkaloids, 
tile  chief  of  which  are  morphine,  narcotine,  and  code- 
ine. Several  varieties  of  opium  are  known  in  com- 
merce ; but  the  principal  kind  is  that  from  Smyrna, 
known  as  Turkey  or  Levant  opium.  It  is  at  first  soft 
•and  of  a reddish-brown  color,  but  by  keeping  becomes 
hard  and  blackish.  Its  lustre  is  waxy,  its  odor  strong 
and  unpleasant,  its  taste  hitter,  acrid,  nauseous,  and 
persistent.  Tomlinson.  Pereira. 

O'PLE— TREE,  n.  [L.  opulus.]  (Bot.)  The  witch- 
hazel.  Ainsworth. 


Opisthocomus 

cristatus. 


OP-O-BAL/SAMj  n.  [Gr.  dnoP6?.nnpov  ; <37705,  juice, 
and  lial.oapo;,  the  balsa  m-tree  ; L.  opobalsamum  ; 
It.  Sj  Sp.  opobalsamo  ; Fr.  opobalsamum.]  (Med.) 
A resinous  juice  obtained  by  making  incisions 
into  Amyris  opobalsamum  and  Amyris  Gilea- 
densis  of  Linnaeus  ; balsam  of  Mecca  ; balsam 
or  balm  of  Gilead.  Dunglison. 

OP-O-DEL'DOC,  n.  [“  An  unmeaning  term,  fre- 
quently used  by  Paracelsus.”  Dunglison.]  For- 
merly, a plaster  for  all  external  injuries  ; — now 
applied  to  a liniment  made  by  dissolving  soap 
in  alcohol,  with  the  addition  of  camphor  and 
volatile  oils.  Brande. 

O-POP  '.9-JVj IX,  n.  [Gr.  inonava^  ; dirt;,  juice,  and 
iraval;,  a kind  of  plant ; L.  opopanax.]  A gum 
resin  which  exudes  from  the  roots  of  the  Pasti- 
naca  opopanax , when  wounded.  Its  odor  is 
strong  and  peculiar  ; taste,  bitter  and  acrid.  It 
was  formerly  used  in  medicine,  but  is  now  sel- 
dom employed.  Dunglison. 

O-PO'RI-CF. , n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  oiunpa,  autumnal 
fruits.]  (Med.)  A medicine,  composed  of  sev- 
eral autumnal  fruits,  particularly  of  quinces, 
pomegranates,  &c.,  and  wine.  Dunglison. 


O-POS'SUM,  71. ; pi. 

OPOSSUMS.  (Zosl.) 

An  American 
marsupial,  car- 
nivorous quadru- 
ped, of  the  genus 
Didelphis,  char- 
acterized by  its 
prehensile  tail  and  the  abdominal  pouch  of  the 
female.  Waterhouse. 


Opossum  ( Didclplds  azarai). 


ASP*  “ In  some  of  the  smaller  opossums  the  sub-ab- 
dominal tegumentary  folds  are  rudimental,  or  merely 
serve  to  conceal  the  nipples,  and  are  not  developed 
into  a pouch  ; and  in  these,  the  young  adhere  to  the 
mother  by  entwining  their  little  prehensile  tails 
around  hers,  and  clinging  to  the  fur  of  her  back.” 
Eng.  Cyc. 

OP'Pf-DAN,  n.  [L.  oppidanus ; oppidum,  a town.] 

1.  An  inhabitant  of  a town.  A.  Wood. 

2.  At  Eton,  England,  a student  not  on  the 

foundation,  and  who  boards  in  the  town,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  a king’s  scholar.  Smart. 

OP'PI-DAN,  a.  Relating  to  a town.  Howell. 

t OP-pTg'NER-ATE,  v.a.  [L.  oppignero,  oppigne- 
ratus.]  To  pledge  ; to  pawn.  Bacon. 

+ OP'PI-lAte,  v.  a.  [L.  oppilo , oppilatus.]  To 
heap  up  obstruction.  Coc/ccram. 


f OP-PI-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  oppilatio.]  Obstruc- 
tion ; matter  heaped  up.  Burton. 

f OP'PI-LA-TIVE,  a.  [Fr.  oppilatif.]  Obstruc- 
tive. Sherwood. 

t OP-PLETE',  ) a_  [L . oppletus.]  Full;  filled; 

f OP-PLET'ED,  ) crowded.  Bailey. 

f OP-PLE'TION,  n.  Act  of  filling  up  ; fulness.  Ash. 

f OP-PONE',  v.  a.  To  oppose.  B.  Jonson. 

OP-PO'NpN-CY,  n.  The  act  of  opposing;  the 
opening  of  an  academical  disputation: — an  ex- 
ercise for  a degree.  Todd. 

OP-PO'NENT,  a.  [L.  oppono , opponens , to  oppose  ; 
ob,  against,  and^jono,  to  place;  It.  opponente.] 

1.  Opposite  ; placed  in  front.  “ High  on  the 

opponent  bank.”  Thomson. 

2.  Opposing  ; rival ; emulous. 

And  springs  impetuous  with  opponent  speed.  Pope. 

3.  Adverse;  repugnant;  contrary. 

It  was  opponent  to  our  search  ordained, 

That  joy,  still  sought,  should  never  be  attained.  Prior. 

OP-PO'NENT  [op-po'nent,  S.  W.  P.  J.  P.  F.  Ja. 
K.  Sm.  Wb.  — Erroneously  op'po-nent],  n. 

1.  One  who  opposes ; particularly  one  who 

begins  the  controversial  part  of. a disputation 
by  objecting  to  something  proposed,  in  replying 
to  which  the  proponent  becomes  a defendant  or 
respondent.  Smart. 

He  met  with  feeble  opponents , and  such  as  his  nimble  wit 
was  easily  able  to  overturn.  Bp.  Hall. 

2.  An  antagonist ; an  adversary  ; an  enemy. 

Syn.  — See  Enemy. 

OP-POR-TUNE',  a.  [L.  opportunus ; ob,  at  or  be- 
fore, and  partus,  the  harbor  ; It.  opportuno ; Sp. 
oportuno  ; Fr.  opportune]  Seasonable;  con- 
venient ; fit ; well-timed  ; timely. 

There  was  nothing  to  be  added  to  this  great  king’s  felicity, 
being  at  the  top  of  all  worldly  bliss,  and  the  perpetual  con- 
stancy of  his  prosperous  successes,  but  an  opportune  death  to 
withdraw  him  from  any  future  blow  of  fortune.  Bacon . 

f OP-POR-TUNE',  v.  a.  To  suit.  Dr.  Clarke. 

OP-POR-TUNE'Ly,  ad.  Seasonably;  at  the  right 
time  ; conveniently  ; properly.  Bacon. 

OP-POR-TUNE'N]5SS,  n.  The  state  of  being  op- 
portune. Ash. 

OP-POR-TU'NI-TY,  n.  [L.  opportunitas  ; It.  op- 
portunita ; Sp.  oportunidad ; Fr.  opportunity.] 
Fit  time  or  place  ; a particular  occasion  ; suita- 
bleness of  circumstances. 

And  from  that  time  he  sought  opportunity  to  betray  him. 

Matt,  xxv i.  1G. 

Syn.  — See  Occasion,  Time. 

OP-PO§'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  opposed  or  coun- 
teracted. P.  Cyc. 

f OP-PO^'AL,  n.  Opposition.  Sir  T.  Herbert . 

OP-PO^E'  (op-poz'),  v.  a.  [L.  oppono,  oppositus  ; 
It.  opporre  ; Sp.  oponer ; Fr.  opposcr.~\  [ i . op- 
posed ; pp.  OPPOSING,  OPPOSED.] 

1.  To  set  or  place  in  front  or  over  against;  to 
put  in  opposition. 

The  emphatic  speaker  dearly  loves  to  oppose. , 

In  contact  inconvenient,  nose  to  nose.  Cowper. 

Aristotle  has  said  that  one  thing  may  be  opposed  to  another 
in  four  ways — bv  relation,  by  contrariety,  or  as  privation  is 
to  possession,  affirmation  to  negation.  Fleming. 

2.  To  act  or  speak  against;  to  resist;  to 
withstand  ; to  hinder ; to  contravene  ; to  thwart ; 
to  gainsay  ; to  contradict ; to  oppugn  ; to  com- 
bat. 

Night  and  Chaos  wild, 

That,  jealous  of  their  secrets,  fiercely  opposed 

My  journey  strange.  Milton. 

To  take  up  arms  against  a sea  of  troubles, 

And,  by  opposing , end  them.  Shak. 

To  he  opposed  to,  to  oppose  ; to  be  hostile  to.  Qu.Rev. 
Dr.  Franklin,  in  1789,  censured  this  use  of  to 
be  opposed ; but  it  has  long  been  in  good  use.  “To 
which  Mr.  O.  is  as  much  opposed  as  he  is  himself.” 
Ch.  Ob.  “ Me  was  opposed  to  it.”  Sir  Robert  lnglis. 
“ A principle  to  which  I am  totally  opposed .”  Dr.  T. 
•Arnold. 

Syn.  — One  may  oppose  by  argument,  by  words,  or 
by  force.  Persons  and  things  are  opposed  to  each 
other.  Oppose  a bad  measure,  or  an  offensive  person  ; 
resist  an  enemy  ; withstand  temptation  ; thwart  an  ill 
design.  — See  Deny,  Hinder. 

OP-PO.se',  v.  n.  1.  To  act  adversely;  to  be 
opposed  ; — with  against. 

Rage  prompted  them  at  length,  and  found  them  arms 
Against  such  hellish  mischief  lit  to  oppose.  Milton. 

2.  To  object  in  disputation.  Johnson. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RtlLE.  — g,  soft;  C,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


OPPOSED 


996 


OPTIMISM 


OP-PO§ED'  (op-p6zd'),7>.  a.  Being  in  opposition ; 
opposite ; adverse.  Johnson. 

f OP-P6§E'LfSS,  a.  Irresistible;  not  to  be  op- 
posed. Shah. 

OP-PO§'$R,  n.  One  who  opposes  ; an  antagonist. 

OP-PO§'ING,  p.  a.  Acting  against;  conflicting. 

OP-PO§'ING,  n.  Act  of  one  who  opposes.  South. 

OP'PO-§Tte  (op’po-zlt),  a.  [L.  oppositus ; It.  op- 
posto  ; Sp . opuesto;  Fr.  opposite.] 

1.  Placed  in  front;  facing;  on  the  other  side. 

As  I bent  down  to  look,  just  opposite 

A shape  within  the  watery  gleam  appeared, 

Bending  to  look  on  me.  Milton. 

2.  Adverse  ; opposed  ; repugnant ; hostile. 

But  say,  wert  thou  possessed  of  David’s  throne, 

By  free  consent  of  all,  none  opposite , 

Samaritan  or  Jew?  Milton. 

3.  Contrary ; different  in  nature  and  quality  ; 

unlike.  “ Opposite  terms.”  Ti/lotson. 

Particles  of  speech  have  divers,  and  sometimes  almost  op- 
posite, significations.  Locke. 

Syn. — There  is  an  essential  difference  between 

opposite  and  contrary.  Opposite  powers  are  of  the 
same  kind,  as  positive  and  negative  electricity  are 
opposites.  Sweet  and  sour  are  opposites ; sweet  and 
bitter,  contraries.  The  feminine  character  is  opposed 
to  the  masculine  ; but  the  effeminate  is  its  contrary. 
We  say  the  opposite , not  the  contrary , sides  of  the 
street.  — See  Adverse. 

“ How  often  opposite  and  contrary  are  used  as  if 
there  was  no  difference  between  them,  and  yet  there 
is  a most  essential  one,  — one  which  we  may  perhaps 
best  express  by  saying  that  opposites  complete,  while 
contraries  exclude,  one  another.  Thus  the  in  st  op- 
posite moral  and  mental  characteristics  may  meet  in 
one  and  the  same  person,  while  to  say  the  most  con- 
trary did  so,  would  be  manifestly  absurd  ; — for  ex- 
ample, a man  may  be  at  once  prudent  and  bold,  for 
these  are  opposites ; he  cOuld  not  be  at  once  prudent 
and  rash,  for  these  are  contraries . Sweet  and  sour  are 
opposites  ; sweet  and  bitter  are  contraries Trench. — 
See  Adverse. 

OP'PO-^ITE,  n.  lie  who,  or  that  which,  is  ad- 
verse ; an  opponent.  Dry  den, 

OP'PO-§5ITE-LY,  ad.  In  an  opposite  manner ; 
on  the  other  side  ; adversely.  Grew. 

OP'PO-J*5ITE-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  opposite. 

OP-PO§'I-TI— FO'LI-OUS,  a.  [opposite  and  fo- 
lions.]  ( Bot.)  Noting  a peduncle  placed  oppo- 
site to  the  leaf.  Smart. 

OP.-PO-§I"TTON  (op-po-zisb'un),  n.  [L .opposition 
It.  opposizione  ; Sp.  oposicion  ; Fr.  opposition.] 

1.  The  act  of  opposing. 

I mean,  my  lord,  the  opposition  of  your  person  in  trial.  Shak. 

2.  Position  so  as  to  front  something  else  ; the 
state  of  being  opposite. 

Before  mine  eyes  in  opposition  sits 

Grim  Death,  iny  son  and  foe,  who  sets  them  on.  Milton . 

3.  State  of  being  opposed ; state  of  one 
thing  as  compared  or  contrasted  with  another. 

There  is  the  opposition  of  relation  between  the  double  and 
the  lmlf:  of  contrariety  between  good  and  evil;  blindness  and 
seeing  are  opposed  in  the  way  of  privation  nnd  possession; 
the  propositions.  He  sits,  and  He  does  not  sit,  in  the  way  of 
negation  and  affirmation.  Fleming. 

4.  Hostile  resistance;  counteraction;  hos- 
tility. “The  opposition  of  his  enemies.”  Dryden. 

Virtue,  which  breaks  through  all  opposition.  Milton. 

5.  (Politics.)  In  England,  the  collective  body 

of  members  from  both  houses  of  Parliament  who 
oppose  the  ministry,  or  the  measures  of  gov- 
ernment, and  who  usually  succeed  to  power  on 
the  dissolution  of  the  existing  ministry;  — in 
the  United  States,  the  party  that  opposes  the  ad- 
ministration or  the  party  in  power.  “A  mem- 
ber of  the  opposition.’’  Burke. 

The  right  honorable  gentleman  would  be  at  the  head  of 
the  most  violent  and  clamorous  opposition  that  the  country 
ever  witnessed.  Sheridan. 

6.  ( Astron .)  The  situation  of  a heavenly  body 
with  respect  to  the  sun,  when  its  longitude  dif- 
fers 180°,  or  half  the  circumference.  Hind. 

Thus  the  moon  or  a planet  is  said  to  be  in  opposition  with 
the  sun  when  it  passes  the  meridian  at  midnight.  Jirande. 

6P-PO-§I"TION-IST  (op-po-zish'un-Ist),  n.  One 
of  the  opposition,  or  one  of  the  party  that  is 
opposed  to  the  existing  ministry,  administra- 
tion, or  party  in  power.  Byron. 

OP-PO§'I-T!VE,  a.  That  may  be  put  in  opposi- 
tion. Hall. 

OP-PRESS',  v.  a.  [L.  opprimo,  oppresses ; oh, 


against,  and  premo,  to  press  ; It.  oppressare  ; 
Sp.  oprimir ; Fr.  oppressor.']  [i.  oppressed; 

pp.  OPPRESSING,  OPPRESSED.] 

1.  To  crush  by  a heavy  burden,  hardship,  or 
severity ; to  bear  down  ; to  overwhelm. 

This  accident  is  not  unlike  my  dream; 

Belief  of  it  oppresses  me  already.  Shak. 

2.  To  overpower  ; to  subdue. 

In  blazing  height  of  noon, 

The  sun,  oppressed,  is  plunged  in  thickest  gloom.  Thomson. 

OP-PRES'SION  (op-presh'yin),  n.  [L.  oppressio ; 
It.  oppressions  ; Sp . opresion-,  Fr.  oppression.] 

1.  The  act  of  oppressing  ; cruelty  ; severity  ; 
a ruthless  domination  ; tyranny. 

Oppression  makes  wise  men  mad;  but  the  distemper  is  still 
the  madness  of  the  wise,  which  is  better  than  the  sobriety  of 
fools.  Burke. 

2.  The  state  of  being  oppressed;  misery; 
hardship ; calamity. 

Ciesar  himself  has  work;  and  our  oppression 

Exceeds  what  we  expected.  Shak. 

3.  (Med.)  A state  in  which  the  patient  expe- 

riences a sensation  of  weight  in  the  part  affect- 
ed ; — used  abstractedly  for  oppression  of  the 
chest : — that  condition,  at  the  commencement 
of  fevers,  &c.,  in  which  the  system  is  oppressed 
rather  than  debilitated.  Dunglison. 

Syn.  — See  Tyranny. 

OP-PRES'SI  VE,  a.  [It.  oppressivo  ; Sp.  opresivo  ; 
Fr.  oppress//.] 

1.  Causing  or  inflicting  oppression ; cruel ; 
inhuman;  unjustly  severe;  hard;  rigorous; 
tyrannical.  “ Oppressive  taxation.”  Eustace. 

2.  Heavy;  overwhelming;  overpowering. 

To  ease  the  soul  of  one  oppressive  weight, 

This  quits  an  empire,  that  embroils  a state.  Tope. 

Syn.  — See  Hard. 

OP-PRES'SI  VE-LY,  ad.  In  an  oppressive  or  severe 
manner.  Burke. 

OP-PRES'SIVE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
oppressive.  Richardson. 

OP-PRESS'OR,  n.  One  who  oppresses ; a tyrant. 

The  oppressor's  wrong,  the  proud  man’s  contumely.  Shak. 

f OP-PRES'SURE,  n.  Oppression.  B.Jonson. 

OP-PRO'BRI-OUS,  a.  [L.  opprobriosus  ; opprobri- 
um, opprobrium;  It.  obbrobrio;  Sp.  oprobio ; 
Fr.  opprobre.] 

1.  Reproachful  ; disgraceful;  causing  infamy  ; 
scurrilous  ; abusive  ; insolent ; offensive. 

They  see  themselves  unjustly  aspevsed,  and  vindicate 
themselves  in  terms  no  less  opprobrious  than  those  by  which 
they  are  attacked.  Addison. 

2.  Blasted  with  infamy  ; infamous.  “ His 

opprobrious  name.”  Daniel. 

Solomon  he  [Moloch]  led  by  fraud  to  build 

His  temple  right  against  the  temple  of  God, 

On  the  opjirobrious  hill.  Milton. 

OP-PRO'BRI-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  an  opprobrious 
manner  ; reproachfully  ; scurriiously.  Shak. 

OP-PRO'BRI-OITS-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  op- 
probrious ; reproachfulness  ; scurrility. 

OP-I’RO'BRI-UM,  n.  [L.  opprobrium  ; ob,  against, 
and  probrum,  virtue.]  Reproach  with  disdain  ; 
obloquy  ; contumely  ; disgrace  ; infamy. 

All  the  reproach  and  opprobrium  that  the  most  inveterate 
rancor  can  invent.  .Scott. 

Syn.  — See  Reproach. 

OP-PRO'BRy,  or  OP'PRO-BRY.ra.  Reproach  ; op- 
probrium. [r.]  Shcncood. 

Doomed  to  he  the  scene  of  black  guilt, 

Opprobry  more  enduring.  Southey. 

OP-PUGN'  (op-pun'),  v.  a.  [L.  oppugno ; oh, 
against,  and  pugno,  to  fight;  It.  oppugnare;  Sp. 
opugnar.]  [£.  oppugned  ; pp.  oppugning,  op- 
pugned.] To  oppose;  to  attack;  to  assail ; to 
resist ; to  combat.  “ The  open  malice  of  those 
that  furiously  oppugn  their  welfare.”  Barrow. 

Syn.  — See  Conpute. 

OP-PUG'NAN-CY,  n.  Opposition.  Shak.  Qu.Rev. 

OP-PIJG'NANT,  a.  Opposing  ; assailing ; contra- 
ry ; repugnant,  [it.]  Warburton. 

OP-PUG'NANT,  n.  An  opponent,  [r.]  Coleridge. 

6P-PUG-NA'TION,?i.  [L.  oppugnatio,  an  assault.] 
Opposition ; resistance,  [it.]  Bp.  Hall. 

OP-PUGN'gR  (op-pun'er)  [op-pun'er.  IF.  Ja.  K. 
Sm.  JVr.  Wb. ; op-pug'ner,  S. ; op-pun'er,  P-],  n. 
One  who  oppugns  or  opposes.  Milton. 

OP-SlM'A-THY,  n.  [Gr.  ; i^f,  late,  and 


pavOavo),  to  learn.]  Education  begun  late  in 
life  ; late  erudition,  [r.]  Hales. 

6p-SJ-OM'U-TER,  n.  [Gr.  l^ts,  sight,  and  plrpov, 
a measure.]  An  instrument  for  measuring  the 
extent  of  the  limits  of  distinct  vision  in  differ- 
ent individuals,  and  for  determining  the  focal 
lengths  of  lenses  necessary  to  correct  imperfec- 
tions of  the  eye  ; an  optometer.  Brande. 

f OP-SO-NA'TION,  n.  [L.  obsonatio.]  The  act 
of  catering ; a buying  of  provisions.  Bailey. 

f OP'TA-BLE,  a.  Desirable.  Cockeram. 


t OP'TATE,  v.  a.  [L.  opto,  optatus.]  To  choose  ; 
to  wish  for  ; to  desire.  Cotgrave . 

f OP-TA'TION,  n.  Act  of  wishing.  Peacham. 

OP'TA-TlVE  [BpVtiv,  S.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm. 
IVr.  ; up'ut-fiv  or  op-ta'tiv,  W. ; op-ta'tjv,  Kenrick], 
a.  [L.  optativus ; opto,  to  wisli  ; It.  ottativo ; Sp. 
optativo-,  Fr.  optatif.] 

1.  Expressive  of  desire. 

Nothing  reacheth  nearer  God's  actual  infinity  than  this(as 
I may  say)  optative  infinity  in  the  soul  of  man.  Mountagu. 

2.  (Gram.)  Applied  to  a mood  of  the  verb  in 
Greek,  which  serves  to  express  desire  or  wish 
for  something. 

“ Dr.  Johnson,  Mr.  Sheridan,  Dr. Ash,  Mr.  Scott, 
Entick,  Barclay,  and  Buchanan  accent  this  word  on 
the  first  syllable  ; and  Dr.  Kenrick,  Bailey,  W.  John- 
ston, and  Mr.  Perry,  on  the  second.  That  the  last  is 
more  general,  particularly  in  grammar  schools,  will 
be  readily  acknowledged  ; but  that  the  first  is  more 
correct  and  agreeable  to  analogy,  cannot  be  denied  ; 
for  this  word  is  not  so  naturally  derived  from  the 
classical  optatus  as  the  lower  Latin  optativus.”  Walker. 

OP'TA-TIVE,  n.  A mood  of  the  Greek  verb,  ex- 
pressing desire.  Harris. 

45P  “ In  most  languages,  except  the  Greek,  the  op- 
tative is  only  expressed  by  prefixing  to  tile  subjunctive 
an  adverb  of  wishing.”  London  Ency. 

OP'TA-TlVE-LY,  ad.  In  an  optative  manner. 

OP'TIC,  n.  An  instrument  or  organ  of  sight. 

Why  has  not  man  a microscopic  eye? 

For  this  plain  reason,  man  is  not  a'  fly. 

Say  what  the  use,  were  finer  optics  given. 

To  inspect  a mite,  not  comprehend  the  heaven?  Pope. 

OP  TjC,  I a_  Jari/cof  ; o/popai,  to  see  ; wt p, 

OP'TI-CAL,  ) the  eye;  It.  ottico ; Sp.  optico , Fr. 
optique.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  vision  or  sight ; as,  “ The 
optic  nerve.” 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  science  of  optics.  “ Op- 
tical writers.”  Steicart. 

Optic  angle,  tile  visual  angle.  See  Angle. — Op- 
tic or  optical  axis,  the  axis  of  tile  eye.  See  Axis. 

OP'TJ-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  an  optical  manner. 


OP'TI-CAL— SQUARE,  n.  An  instrument  used 
by  surveyors  for  laying  out  perpendicular 
lines.  Simmonds. 


OP-Tp'CIAN  (pp-tTsh'?n,  66),  n.  1.  One  skilled  in 
optics.  ’ ‘ A.  Smith. 

2.  One  who  makes  or  sells  optic  glasses  or 
spectacles.  Adams. 

OP'TICS,  n.  pi.  That  branch  of  physical  science 
which  treats  of  the  phenomena  of  light  and 
vision  ; the  science  which  investigates  the 
causes  of  light,  and  the  changes  which  it  under- 
goes in  given  circumstances.  Newton. 

OP'TI-GRAPH,  n.  [Gr.  dirropni,  to  see,  and  ypenpto, 
to  write.]  A telescope  used  for  copying  land- 
scapes. Clarke. 

OP'TI-MA-CY,  n.  [L.  optimates,  the  aristocrats; 
optimus,  the  best.]  Nobility;  the  body  of  no- 
bles ; men  of  the  highest  rank.  Raleigh. 

OP'TI-MATE,  a.  Noble  ; belonging  to  the  nobil- 
ity. Ec.  Rev. 

OP-  TI-MA  ' TE§,  n.  pi.  [L.  optimas,  optimatis,  an 
aristocrat.] 

1.  The  aristocratic  party  in  ancient  Rome ; 

aristocrats  ; — opposed  to  popularcs,  or  the  peo- 
ple’s party.  Andrews. 

2.  Tlie  best  or  chief  men  in  a state.  Crabb. 

OP  ' TI-ME,  n.  [L.]  A term  applied  in  the  uni- 
versity of  Cambridge,  England,  to  those  who 
hold,  next  after  the  wranglers,  the  highest  rank 
as  mathematical  scholars.  — There  are  two 
classes,  senior  optimes  and  junior  optimes.  Lee. 

OP'TI-MIijM,  n.  [L.  optimus,  the  best;  It.  otti- 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  1J,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


OPTIMIST 


ORANG-OUTANG 


997 


mismo ; Sp.  optimismo.]  The  doctrine  that  the 
universe,  being  the  work  of  an  infinitely  perfect 
being,  is  the  best  that  could  be  created  : — the 
doctrine  that  every  thing  is  ordered  eventually 
for  the  best,  or  the  system  which  regards  phys- 
ical and  moral  evil  as  elements  in  the  universal 
order  of  things  ; so  that  every  thing  is  good  in 
relation  to  the  whole,  — all  being  made  to  pro- 
mote the  general  good. 

flgp  This  doctrine,  under  various  forms,  was  advo- 
cated in  antiquity  and  during  tile  middle  ages,  but 
lias  been  developed,  in  modern  times,  in  its  highest 
form  by  Leibnitz.  Fleming. 

OP'TI-MIST,  il.  A believer  in  optimism ; one 
who  considers  that  every  thing  is  for  the  best. 

D.  Stewart. 

“ According  to  Mr.  Stewart,  under  the  title  of 
optimists  are  comprehended  those  who  admit,  and 
those  who  deny,  t lie  freedom  of  human  actions  and 
the  accountableness  of  man  as  a moral  agent.”  Fleming . 

OP-TIM'I-TY,  n.  [L.  optimitas.]  The  state  of 
being  best ; excellence,  [r.]  Bailey. 

OP'TION  (op'slmn),  n.  [L.  optio ; opto,  optatus, 
to  wish  ; Sp.  opcion  ; Fr.  option .] 

1.  t A wish.  “ I shall  conclude  this  epistle 
with  a pathetic  option.”  Def.  Christianity , 1730. 

2.  Power  or  right  of  election  or  choice ; choice ; 
election ; preference. 

Might  I have  my  option,  O God,  give  me  rather  a little, 
with  peace  and  love.  Bp.  Hall. 

3.  A stock-exchange  term  for  the  liberty  to 

sell  or  buy  stock  in  a time-bargain,  at  an  agreed 
price.  Simmoncls. 

4.  ( Eccl . Law.)  The  privilege  possessed  by 

an  English  archbishop,  when  he  consecrates  or 
confirms  a bishop,  of  making  choice  of  any 
living  in  the  patronage  of  the  said  bishop,  and 
of  presenting  thereto  his  own  chaplain,  or  any 
other  clergyman,  when  it  shall  next  become 
vacant.  Eden.  Hook. 

Syn.  — Option  is  spoken  of  only  as  it  regards  one’s 
freedom  from  external  restraint  in  the  act  of  choosing. 
It  is  left  to  a person’s  option  ; and  lie  may  make  his 
choice. 

OP'TION-AL,  a.  Depending  on  choice  ; leaving- 
something  to  choice  ; discretional ; elective. 
Original  writs  are  either  optional  or  peremptory.  Blackstone. 

OP'TION- A L-LY,  ad.  By  way  of  choice.  Dwight. 

OP-TOM'lJ-TF,R,  11.  [Gr.  bpaio,  S^opat,  to  see,  and 
pfroov,  measure.]  {Optics.)  An  instrument  for 
measuring  the  limits  of  distinct  vision  ; an  opsi- 
ometer.  Hamilton. 

OP'U-LENCE,  n.  [L.  opulentia  ; ops,  opts,  prop- 
erty ; It.  opulenza  ; Sp.  opulencia  ; Fr.  opulence .] 
Wealth;  affluence;  riches;  fortune. 

There,  in  full  opulence , a banker  t^wclt, 

Who  all  the  joys  and  pangs  of  riches  felt.  Swift. 

Syn.  — See  Riches. 

OP'II-LEN-CY,  n.  Same  as  Opulence,  [r.]  Shale. 

OP'U-LENT,  a.  [L.  opvlentus  ; It.  &;  Sp.  opulen- 
to  ; Fr.  opulent.']  Rich;  wealthy;  affluent. 
“ That  opulent  republic  [Florence].”  Hume. 

OP'U-LENT-LY,  ad.  Richly  ; with  affluence. 

O-PITJV'TI-Jl  (o-pun'shq-a),  n.  [ Opus  (OttoSj),  a 
town  in  Locris.]  ( Bot .)  A genus  of  cactaceous 
plants,  the  species  of  which  are  by  gardeners 
called  Indian fiys.  Eng.  Cyc. 

O-PUS'CLE  (o-pus'sl),  n.  A little  work;  an  opus- 
cule or  opusculum.  [r.]  Scott. 

O-PUS'CULE,  n.  A little  work;  an  opuscle  ; an 
opusculum.  [r.]  Blount. 

0-"P  (rs ' C U- L Cm,  n.\  pi.  o-pus'cu-la.  [L.  dim. 
of  opus,  work.]  A little  work  ; opuscle.  Qu.  Rev. 

J)  A - “ A Latin  word  lately  much  in  use.”  Smart. 

O' PUS  OP-E-rA'TUM.  [L.,  the  thing  done.] 
(Theol.)  A phrase  applied  to  the  administra- 
tion of  a religious  rite  or  sacrament,  which 
some  suppose  to  be  always  attended  with  spirit- 
ual effect,  irrespective  of  the  character  of  the 
recipient.  Hook. 

OR.  A termination  of  many  English  words,  ex- 
pressing an  active  signification,  and  usually  de- 
noting the  doer  of  any  act ; as,  aggressor,  one 
who  commits  an  aggression ; translator,  one 
wh’o  translates.  — See  Er. 

-8SP  “ In  many  instances,  and  often  without  much 


or  any  reason  for  the  difference,  the  termination  or  is 
preferred  to  the  common  English  termination  in  er; 
as,  instructor,  collector  ; which  is  an  imitation  of  the 
Latin  idiom,  and  indispensable  in  tile  adoption  of  an 
express  Latin  word  ; as , professor,  oppressor.  Hence 
tlio  Latin  model  is  often  preferred  to  indicate  a specific 
application  of  the  general  term  ; e.  g.  a sailer  is  lie 
or  that  which  sails,  but  a sailor  is  a seaman  ; a di- 
ree'er  is  one  who  directs  generally,  but  a director  is 
tile  manager  of  a trading  company.”  Smart. 

OR,  conj.  [Goth,  aiththau ; A.  S.  oththe;  Dut. 
of ; Ger.  Oder ; Dan.  ellcr ; Icel.  eda  ; Sw.  eller.  — 
A contraction  of  the  A.  S.  and  Old  Eng.  other. 
Barclay.]  A disjunctive  particle  that  marks  an 
alternative,  generally  corresponding  to  either ; 
as,  “ Either  this  or  that.” 

tip,  ’ In  poetry  it  is  of  en  used  for  either. 

Brave  though  we  fall,  and  honored  if  we  live. 

Or  let  us  glory  gain  or  glory  give.  Pope. 

“Or,  in  written  instruments,  is  frequently  con- 
strued to  mean  and,  where  such  construction  is  neces- 
sary to  effectuate  the  intention  of  the  parties.  It  has 
been  said  that  there  is  perhaps  no  word  in  the  lan- 
guage of  more  equivocal  effect  than  or.  Hence  in 
England  it  has  been  excluded  from  indictments, 
though  it  has  been  admitted  in  American  practice.” 
Burrill. 

f OR,  ad.  [A.  S.  (BTf  ere,  before.]  Before. 

Some  speak  or  they  weigh,  and  attempt  or  they  consider. 

Letter  of  Queen  Elizabeth. 

Or  ever , before  ever. 

Or  ever  the  silver  cord  be  loosed.  Eccl.  xii.  6. 

The  shepherds  on  the  lawn, 

Or  e'er  the  point  of  dawn. 

Sat  simply  chatting  in  a rustic  row.  Milton. 

OR,  n.  [Fr.,  gold,  from  L.  aurvm .]  (I Ter.)  One 
of  the  metals  employed  in  blazonry,  equivalent 
to  topaz  among  precious  stones,  and  to  Sol 
among  planets  ; — represented  in  engraving  by  a 
surface  sprinkled  with  equidistant  dots.  Brande. 

O'RA,  71.  A money  of  account  among  the  Anglo- 
Saxons  ; in  Domesday  Book,  valued  at  sixteen 
and  sometimes  twenty  pence.  Bi'ande. 

OR'ACH,  7i.  (Bot.)  The  popular  name  of  several 
plants  of  the  genus  Atriplex.  Loudon. 

OR'A-CLE  (or'?-kl),  n.  [L.  07'aculu7n , or  oraclum ; 
oro , to  speak  ; os,  oris,  the  mouth ; It.  oracolo  ; 
Sp.  oraculo  ; Fr.  oracle.] 

1.  A response  or  revelation  delivered  by  a 
heathen  divinity,  or  by  supernatural  wisdom. 

Henceforth  oracles  are  ceased.  Milton. 

The  Scriptures  are  the  oracles  of  God  himself.  Hooker. 

2.  The  deity  or  god  from  whom  a response 
proceeded,  or  was  imagined  to  proceed.  P.  Ctjc. 

3.  The  place  where  the  responses  were  given. 

The  most  ancient  oracle  is  . . . that  of  Meroc*.  Brande. 

4.  ( Jewish  Ant.)  The  holy  of  holies,  which 
contained  the  ark  of  the  covenant.  “The  ora- 
cle, even  . . . the  most  holy  place.”  1 Kings  vi.  16. 

5.  Any  place  where,  or  any  person  by  whom, 
certain  decisions  are  obtained. 

There  mighty  nations  shall  inquire  their  doom, 

The  world’s  great  oracle  in  times  to  come.  Pope. 

6.  One  famed  for  wisdom,  or  whose  determi- 
nations are  not  to  be  disputed. 

I am  Sir  Oracle ; 

And  when  I ope  my  lips,  let  no  dog  bark.  Shak. 

+Oft'  A-CLE  (or'a-kl),  v.  n.  To  utter  oracles.  Milton. 

O-RAC'U-LAR,  a.  [L.  oracularius .]  Pertaining 
to,  uttering,  or  resembling,  an  oracle ; having 
the  authority  of  an  oracle  ; wise  ; sagacious  ; 
prophetic  ; dogmatical  : — ambiguous  or  author- 
itative ; obscure  or  positive. 

Fables  false  as  hell, 

Yet  deemed  oracular.  Cowper. 

They  have  something  venerable  and  oracular  in  that  una- 
dorned gravity  and  shortness  in  the  expression.  Pope. 

O-RAC'U-LAR-LY,  ad.  In  an  oracular  manner. 

O-RAC'U-LAR-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
oracular.  Scott. 

O-rAc'U-LOUS,  a.  1.  Uttering  oracles  ; oracu- 
lar. “ Oraculous  seer.”  [it.]  Pope. 

Those  oraculous  gems 

On  Aaron’s  breast.  Milton. 

2.  Ambiguous;  like  the  ancient  oracles,  [r.] 

As  for  equivocations,  or  oraculous  speeches,  they  cannot 
hold  out  long.  Bacon. 

O-RAC'U-LOUS-LY,  ad.  Oracularly,  [r.]  Dryden. 

O-RAC'U-LOUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
oracular ; oracularness,  [r.]  Johnson. 


OR'AI-^ON  (or'e-zon),  n.  [Fr.]  An  orison  or 
prayer.  — See  Orison.  Temple. 

O'RAL,  a.  [L.  os,  oris,  the  mouth;  It.  orale  ; Sp. 
§ Fr.  oral.]  Uttered  by  the  mouth;  spoken, 
not  written  ; verbal ; vocal ; parol.  “ Oral  tra- 
dition.” Tillotson.  “ Oral  discourse.”  Locke. 

Syn.  — See  Verbal. 

O'RAL-LY,  ad.  1.  By  mouth;  without  writing. 
“ Delivered  orally.”  Tillotson. 

2.  f In  the  mouth. 

That  which  is  externally  delivered  in  the  sacrament,  and 
orally  received  by  the  communicant.  Abp.  Usher. 

OR'ANtJlE,  n.  [Mod.  L.  aurantia ; Low  L.  aura- 
ta,  aurea,  golden  ; L.  aurum  (Gr.  ntiu,  to  burn), 
gold,  — on  account  of  the  color  of  the  fruit;  It. 
arancio  ; Sp.  naranjo  ; Fr.  orange.  — Dut. 
oraije  ; Ger.  <S;  Dan.  orange.  — Arab,  naming. 
— Sansc.  nagrungan  ( ush , to  burn) ; Hind. 
narungee.] 

1.  A tree  and  its  fruit,  of  the  genus  Citrus. 

JQCtr*  The  common  orange  is  a middle-sized  ever- 
green tree,  witli  a greenish-brown  bark.  The  two 
principal  varieties  are  the  sweet,  or  China,  orange, 
and  tile  hitter,  or  Seville.  The  Maltese  orange,  dis- 
tinguished by  its  red  pulp,  is  also  a noted  and  much- 
esteemed  sort.  Loudon. 

2.  The  color  of  an  orange  ; a secondary  color, 

produced  by  the  mixture  of  the  primaries  red 
and  yellow.  Fairholt. 

OR'AN^E,  a.  1.  Belonging  to,  or  made  of,  or- 
ange. 

2.  Of  the  color  of  orange  ; reddish  yellow. 

OR-ANyE-ADE',  n.  A mixture  of  the  essence  of 
orange-peel  and  lemon  juice  with  water  and 
sugar.  Wright. 

ORAKOF.AT  (or'an-zhat'),  11.  [Fr.]  1.  Candied 

orange  peel.  Surenne. 

2.  A sirup  made  of  almonds  and  orange  flow- 
er water  ; orangeade.  W.  Ency. 

OR'ANtjrE— CdVORED,  a.  Of  the  color  of  an 
orange ; reddish-yellow.  Smith. 

OR'AN^E— GIRL,  n.  A girl  that  sells  oranges. 

OR'ANpE— LIST,  n.  A kind  of  wide  baize.  Booth. 

OR' ANt^E— MAN,  n.  {Hist.)  One  of  a society 
instituted  in  Ireland,  in  1795,  to  uphold  the 
Protestant  religion  and  ascendency,  and  to  op- 
pose the  Catholic  religion  and  influence.  Brande. 

OR'ANGE— MUSK,  n.  A species  of  pear.  Johnson. 

OR'ANt^E— PEEL,  il.  The  peel  of  an  orange. 

OR'ANOE— PIP'PIN,  n.  A kind  of  apple. Simmonds. 

OR'AN-<?ER-Y  /[or'an-jer-e,  P.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  C.  Wr. 
Wb.  Rees’,  o-rawn'zher-e,  S.  IK.  F. ; o-ran  zher-c, 
J.  E.],  n.  [Fr.  orangerie.]  A plantation  of 
orange-trees,  or  a galiery  to  preserve  orange- 
trees  in  the  winter.  Spectator. 

OR'ANpE— SKIN,  n.  {Med.)  Skin  having  an 
orange  hue,  as  that  sometimes  observed  in 
newly-born  infants.  lloblyn. 

OR'AN^E— TAW-NY,  n.  A color  between  yellow 
and  brown.  Bacon. 

OR'AN^E— tAw-NY,  a.  Partaking  of  yellow  and 
brown  in  color.  “ Orange-tawny  beard.”  Shak. 

OR'ANpE— WIFE,  n.  A woman  who  sells  oranges. 
“ An  orange-wife  and  a fosset  seller.”  Shak. 

O-RANG'— 6U-TANG',  or  O'RANG- 

OU'TANG  [o-rang'o-tang',  Sm.  JR, 

Wr. ; 6-ran-o'tang,  P.\  o'rang-o'-  M A 

Ring,  K.  ; 6-rang-bfl'fing,  Wb.],  JR  Y 

n.  [Malay,  man  of  the  woods.  A 

Brande.]  {Zoid.)  A quadruma-  BS 

nous  mammal  inhabiting  Bor-  I In’ 

neo,  Sumatra,  Malacca,  &e. ; a W 

species  of  ape  ; the  Simla  saty-  £ AJ 

rus  of  Limifeus,  or  the  PithecusJr  ' ff\ 

satyrus  of  Geoffroy.  It  is  about®  JsgT  lj 

five  feet  high  when  full  grown,  tfv 
and  its  hair  is  of  a reddish-  ommr-ontnng 
brown  color.  Brande.  ( Simla  satyrus). 

ft@T  In  early  youth  it  is  remarkable  for  its  rotun- 
dity of  cranium  and  height  of  forehead  ; but  these  out- 
ward marks  of  superior  mental  power  disappear  as 
the  animal  advances  in  age.  They  have  arms  so  long 
that  the  tips  of  tile  fingers  can  touch  the  ground  when 
they  stand  upright ; tile  body  is  covered  with  coarse, 


MIEN,  SIR; 


MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  9,  $,  g,  soft;  C,  jG,  £,  g,  hard ; § as  z;  % as  gz.— 


THIS,  this. 


ORANG-UTAN 


998 


ORCIIIL 


reddish  hair,  the  neck  is  short  and  thick,  the  voice 
iias  a peculiarly  shrill  and  hollow  tone,  the  lips  are 
thin  and  protuberant,  the  ears  small,  the  nose  par- 
ticularly flat,  and  the  face  has  a bluish  cast.  J\ launder. 

O-RANG'— U-TAN',  n.  Orang-outang.  P.  Cyc. 

OR'A-RY,  n.  [L.  orarinnu]  A stole,  [r.] 

Not  in  his  alb,  and  cope,  and  orary 

Came  Urban  now.  Southey. 

O-RA'TION,  n.  [L.  oratio\  oro , oratus,  to  speak; 
It.  orazione  ; Sp.  oration  ; Fr.  oration,'] 

1.  A public  speech ; a discourse  or  speech 
delivered  in  public  on  some  special  occasion ; 
an  address  ; an  harangue  ; a declamation. 

After  the  procession,  the  kin"  himself  remaining  seated  in 
the  quire,  . . . made  a long  oration.  Bacon. 

2.  A speech  in  writing  that  has  been  spoken, 

or  is  proposed  to  be  spoken.  Smart. 

Syn.  — See  Speech. 

t O-RA'TION,  v.  n.  To  make  a speech.  Donne. 

OR'A-TOR,  n.  [L.]  1.  A public  speaker  ; one 

who  makes  an  elaborate  speech  or  harangue ; 
— particularly  an  eloquent  public  speaker  • 

g “ In  ancient  Rome,  the  profession  of  the  ora- 
tor, who,  with  reference  to  iiis  undertaking  a client’s 
case,  was  also  called  a patron,  was  quite  distinct  from 
that  of  the  jurisconsult,  and  also  from  that  of  the  ad- 
vocate.” IV.  Smith. 

2.  {Law.)  A petitioner  ; one  who  prays  for 
relief ; — a term  applied  to  the  plaintiff  or  com- 
plainant in  a bill  of  chancery.  Burrill. 

Public  orator,  in  the  English  universities,  the  prin- 
cipal, and  in  many  cases  the  only  ostensible,  agent 
for  tlie  university  in  all  these  matters  or  forms  which 
are  merely  external.  London  Ency. 

OR-A-TO'RI-AL,  a.  Rhetorical ; oratorical.  “This 
sort  of  oratorial  climax.”  [it.]  Blair. 

OR-A-TO'RI-AL-LY,  ad.  Oratorically.  [it.]  Swift. 

OR-A-TOR'I-CAL,  a.  Rhetorical;  pertaining  to, 
or  befitting,  an  orator  ; eloquent.  “ He  speaks 
in  an  . . . oratorical  way.”  Watts. 

QR-A-TOR'l-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  an  oratorical  man- 
ner ; rhetorically.  Campbell. 

OR-A-TO'RI-O,  n. ",  pi.  6r-a-to'ri-6§.  [It.] 

1.  (Mus.)  A sacred  musical  composition,  con- 
sisting of  airs,  recitatives,  duets,  trios,  chorus- 
es, &c.,  the  subject  of  which  is  generally  taken 
from  the  Scriptures. 

“ The  text  is  generally  a dramatic  poem,  as 
Handel’s  Samson  ; sometimes  it  takes  the  form  of  a 
narrative,  as  in  Handel’s  Israel  in  Egypt. ; and  occa- 
sionally it  is  of  a mixed  kind,  as  Haydn’s  Creation 
P.  Cyc. 

2.  A place  of  worship  ; a chapel.  Wright. 

t OR-A-TO'RI-OUS,  a.-  [L.  oratorius .]  Pertain- 
ing to  an  orator ; oratorical.  Bp.  Taylor. 

•f  OR-A-TO'R[-OUS-LY,  ad.  Oratorically.  Taylor. 

The  fathers  ofttimes  speak  oratoriouxly.  Spelman . 

6r'A-TOR-IZE,  v.  n.  To  act  the  orator.  Qu.  Rev. 

OR'A-TO-RY,  n.  [L.  oratorio;  orator,  an  ora- 
tor ; It.  <s>  Sp.  oratorio. ] 

1.  The  art  of  speaking  w'ell  with  the  design 
to  convince  or  persuade  ; rhetoric  ; elocution  ; 
eloquence  ; rhetorical  expression. 

In  oratory,  the  greatest  art  is  to  hide  art.  Swift. 

JiSy-  “ Tile  elements  of  oratory  are  usually  compre- 
hended under  the  four  following  divisions:  invention, 
disposition,  expression  or  language,  and  delivery .”  P. 
Cyc. 

2.  A place  of  religious  worship,  — particular- 
ly applied  to  private  chapels  for  the  convenience 
of  private  families. 

esp  “ In  ecclesiastical  antiquities,  the  term  is  fre- 
quently given  to  churches  in  general.”  Hook. 

SSr  “ Tlie  name  is  applied  by  the  Roman  Catholics 
to  a closet  or  small  apartment,  usually  attached  to 
bed-chambers,  and  intended  for  the  purposes  of  pri- 
vate devotion.”  Eden. 

Priests  of  the  Oratory,  ( Eecl . Hist.)  a congregation 
of  monks  associated  for  tlie  exercise  of  devotion  com- 
bined with  religious  study.  There  are  two  societies 
called  by  this  name,  — one  in  Italy,  the  other  in 
France.  Hook.  Eden. 

Syn.  — See  Eloquence. 

OR  A-TRESS,  I w_  oratrix.]  A female  ora- 

OR Till  X,  > tor.  Cocker  am.  Warner. 

ORB,  n.  [L.  orbis  ; It.,  Sp.,  cSt  Fr.  orbe.\ 

1.  Any  orbicular  or  spherical  body  ; a sphere  ; 


a globe ; — sometimes  applied  to  the  eye,  but 
generally  to  the  mass  of  a planet  or  of  the  sun. 
“This  orb  o’  the  earth.”  Shak. 

The  conquering  orb,,  with  one  bright  ray, 

Broke  through  tlie  gloom,  and  reenthroned  the  day.  Ilur/hes. 

And  her  bright  eyes  (the  orbs  which  beauty  move) 

As  Phoebus  dazzle,  in  his  glorious  race.  Drummond. 

is  tlie  old  name  for  the  supposititious 
crystal  spheres  of  the  ancient  astronomy,  in  winch 
the  planets  were  supposed  to  move.”  Nic/iol, 

2.  Any  circular  body,  as  a wheel ; a circle. 

The  orbs 

Of  his  fierce  chariot.  Milton. 

The  Troian  chief,  who  held  at  bay  from  far, 

On  his  \ ulcanian  orb  sustained  the  war.  Dryden. 

3.  The  path  described  by  a heavenly  body ; 

an  orbit.  Dryden. 

4.  Period  ; revolution  of  time.  Milton. 

5.  (Mil.)  A circular  body  of  troops.  Burn. 

ORB,  V.  a.  [ i . ORIiED  ; pp.  orbing,  orbed.] 

1.  To  surround;  to  encircle.  “The  wheels 

were  orbed  with  gold.”  Addison. 

2.  To  form  into  a sphere.  Milton. 

OR'BATE,  a.  [L.  orbo,  orbatus,  to  bereave.]  Child- 
less ; bereaved  ; destitute.  [».]  Maunder. 

fOR-BA'TION,  n.  [L.  orbatio.]  The  state  of 
being  orbate  ; privation.  Cockeram. 

ORBED  (iir'bed  or  orbd),«.  Surrounded:  — round; 

spherical ; circular  ; orbicular. 

Let  each  . . . 

Fit  well  his  helm,  gripe  fast  his  orbed  shield.  Milton. 

OR  BIC,  ( a [L.  orbicits.]  Circular ; spher- 

OR'BI-CAL,  I ical ; orbicular.  Bacon. 

OR'BI-CLE  (or'be-kl),  n.  A small  sphere,  [r.] 

Such  watery  orbicles  young  boys  do  blow.  G.  Fletcher. 

OR-BIC'U-LAR,  a.  [L .orbicularis;  It .orbicolare; 
Sp.  orbicular  ; Fr.  orbiculaire.']  Shaped  like  an 
orb  ; spherical ; circular  ; globular.  Addison. 

OR-BIC'y-LAR-LY,  ad.  Spherically  ; circularly. 

OR-Bic’y-LAR-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  or- 
bicular or  rounded.  Johnson. 

OR-Blc'y-LATE,  a.  [L.  orbiculatus.']  (Bet.)  Cir- 
cular in  outline,  or  nearly  so.  Gray. 

OR-BlC'U-LATE,  n.  A figure  whose  horizontal 
section  is  circular,  and  vertical  section  oval. 

OR-BIC'y-LAT-ED,  a.  Made  round.  Hill. 

OR-BIG'-U-LA'TION,  n.  Orbicularness.  More. 

OR-BIC'  U-LUS,  n.  (Bot.)  A thick,  solid  mass 
covering  over  the  ovarium  and  adhering  to  the 
stamens.  Lindley. 

OR'BIT,  n.  [L.  orbita;  orbis,  a sphere,  or  a cir- 
cle ; It.  &;  Sp.  orbita  ; Fr.  orbitc.] 

1.  (Astron.)  The  imaginary  line  which  any 
celestial  body  describes,  by  its  proper  motion  or 
revolution ; the  path  in  which  a planet  travels 
round  the  sun,  or  a satellite  round  its  primary. 

J!<ir“The  circular  path,  or  the  elliptic  path,  in  which 
eacli  planet  would  move  were  it  not  for  the  perturba- 
tions from  other  planets,  is  generally  called  tlie  orbit. 
Tile  true  orbit  is  tile  curiously  twisted  spiral  curve 
through  which  the  body  really  passes.  JVichol. 

2.  A small  orb.  [“  Not  proper.”  Johnson .]  , 

Or  roll  the  lucid  orbit  of  an  eye.  Young. 

3.  (Anat.)  The  cavity  under  the  forehead  in 

which  the  eye  is  fixed.  Dunglison. 

4.  (Ornith.)  The  skin,  generally  bare,  which 

surrounds  the  eye  of  a bird.  Baircl. 

OR'BI-TAL,  a.  Relating  to  an  orbit.  P.  Cyc. 

OR'BI-TAR,  a.  Orbital.  Dunglison. 

OR-BIT'O-LlTE,  n.  [L. orbis,  an  orb,  and  Gr.  l.iBos, 
a stone.]  (Zoiil.)  A species  of  millepore.  P.  Cyc. 

OR-BIT'U-AL,  a.  Orbital,  [r.]  Smart. 

OR'BI-TUDE,  n.  [L . orbitudo.]  Loss  or  want  of 
parents  or  children ; privation  ; orbity.  [r.]  Todd. 

OR'BI-TY,  n.  [L.  orbitas.]  Orbitude.  [r.]  Bp.  Hall. 

ORB'— LIKE,  a.  Resembling  an  orb  ; orbicular. 

+ OR'BY,  a.  Resembling  an  orb.  Chapman. 

OR'Crf,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  opu|,  a great  fish.] 
(Zoiil.)  Another  name  for  the  grampus  ; Pho- 
ccena  orca.  Bell. 

ORC,  n.  [Gr.  onuf ; L.,  It.,  St  Spl  orca  ; Fr.  orquc.~\ 

A sea-fish  of  the  genus  Orca.  Drayton. 

The  haunt  of  seals,  and  ores,  and  sea-mews'  clang,  Milton. 


HSr  Poets  have  spoken  of  them  [ores]  as  monsters, 
and  forming  tlie  guard  of  Neptune.  Iiy  Pliny’s  de- 
scription of  one  stranded  in  tlie  Tiber  from  its  bulk,  it 
seems  most  like  tlie  narwhal,  or  Munodon  monoceros  of 
Linnteus.  JYares. 

OR-CA'DJ-AN,  a.  (Geog.)  Relating  to  the  Orkney 
Islands,  anciently  called  Orcadcs.  Maunder. 

OR'jCH  AL,  n.  A whitish  lichen,  and  a dye  prepared 
from  it;  orchil.  McCulloch. 

OR'jCH  A-NET,  n.  An  herb  ; alkanet.  Ainsworth. 

Olt'CHARD,  n.  [M.  Goth . aurtigards;  aurts,  an 
herb,  and  gards  (Gr.  %6pros;  L.  hortus),  yard; 
A.  S.  ortyeard ; Dan.  urtegaard ; Icel.  urta- 
gaardr;  Sw.  Ortcgdrd. ] An  enclosure  devoted 
to  the  cultivation  of  fruit-trees. 

H3T  Apples,  pears,  peaches,  and  cherries  are  tlie 
fruits  principally  cultivated  in  orchards.  Tlie  term 
orchard  is  likewise  used  to  signify  enclosures  ill 
which  filberts  or  walnuts  are  grown.  P.  Cyc. 

OR  CHARD— GRASS,  n.  A plant  of  the  genus 
Dactylis ; cock’s-foot.  Farm.  Ency. 

OR'CHARD-lNG,  n.  The  cultivation  of  orchards. 

Evelyn. 

OR'CHA-RD-IST,  n.  One  who  cultivates  orchards. 

OR'£HAT,?i.  [Gr.  op^nrof.]  An  orchard.  Philips. 

OR'jCHpL,  n.  A lichen.  — See  Orchil.  Crabb. 

OII'JCHP-O-SELE,  n.  See  Orchiosele.  Dunglison. 

OR-jEH  U-SOG'R  A-PHy,  n.  [Gr.  dp^yatt,  a dance, 
and  ypaipio,  to  write;  Fr.  orchesographie .]  A 
treatise  on  dancing.  Dr.  Black. 

OR'jCH yS-TRA,  or  OR-jCHES'TRA  [iir'kes-tra,  P. 
K.  C.  Cl.  Wr.  Wb.  Ash,  Rees,  Brande  ; or-kes'tra, 
W.  Ja.  Sm.  AV/JY'a]  , n.  [Gr.  dppiarpa  ; dpyyoTyp, 
a dancer  ; hp-poyai,  to  dance  ; L.  It.  orches- 
tra; Sp.  orquestra;  Fr . orcliestre.\ 

1.  (Ant.)  That  part  of  an  ancient  theatre 

between  the  stage  and  the  place  assigned  for 
the  audience,  being  the  place  appropriated  by 
the  Greeks  to  the  chorus,  its  evolutions,  and 
dancing,  and  by  the  Romans  to  senators  and 
other  distinguished  persons.  IF.  Smith. 

2.  An  enclosed  place  for  musicians  in  a mod- 
ern theatre,  immediately  in  front  of  the  foot- 
lights of  the  stage  : — also  a balcony  or  gallery 
for  musicians  in  a ball-room  or  a concert-room. 

Warner.  Simmonds. 

3.  The  musicians  that  perform  in,  or  that 

occupy,  an  orchestra.  Todd. 

4.  The  collective  mass  of  instruments  em- 
ployed in  an  orchestra.  Warner. 

JiQf  “Orchestre  is  accented  on  tlie  first  syllable  by 
Dr.  Johnson,  Mr.  Sheridan,  Dr.  Ash,  Mr.  Scott,  Mr. 
Nares,  Buchanan,  Entick,  Perry,  and  Barclay  ; and 
by  Mr.  Bailey  and  W.  Johnston  on  tlie  second  ; and 
by  Dr.  ICenriclc  on  either.  Tlie  first  mode  lias  not  only 
tlie  majority  of  votes  in  its  favor,  but  is  agreeable  to 
tlie  general  analogy  of  words  of  three  syllables,  which, 
when  not  of  our  own  formation,  commonly  adopt  tlie 
antepenultimate  accent.  The  exception  to  this  rule 
will  lie  found  tinder  the  next  word. 

“Orchestra  is  accented  on  the  first  syllable  by  Dr. 
Ash,  Mr.  Scott,  Mr.  Perry,  Entick,  and  Barclay  ; but 
Mr.  Nares  says  it  is  accented  on  tlie  second,  as  I have 
given  it.  For,  notwithstanding  tlie  numbers  against 
me,  tlie  very  general  rule  is  on  my  side ; which  is, 
that,  when  we  adopt  a word  whole  from  tlie  Latin  or 
Greek,  it  ought  to  have  tlie  same  accent  as  in  those 
languages.”  JVulker. 

OR'jEIIES-TRAL,  a.  Relating  to,  or  befitting,  an 
orchestra  ; orchestric.  Smart. 

OR'jEHIJS-TRE  (iir'kes-ter.  — See  Orchestra), 
n.  [Fr.]  A place  for  musicians  ; an  orches- 
tra. Smith. 

OR-jCHES'TRIC,  a.  Relating  to  the  orchestic  or 
to  dancing  ; orchestral.  Gillies. 

OR'jCH  ID,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the  order  Orchi- 
dacecc  ; an  orchidaceous  plant.  Wright. 

OR-jCHI-DA'CEOUS  (or-ke-da'shus,  66); a.  (Bot.) 
Relating  to  the  Orchidacece,  an  order  of  endoge- 
nous plants,  with  the  stamen  and  style  consol- 
idated into  a central  column,  and  with  an  in- 
ferior ovary.  Eng.  Cyc. 

OR-GHID'jg-OfJS,  a.  (Bot.)  Relating  to  the  or- 
chis ; orchidaceous.  Loudon. 

OR'jCHIL,  or  OR-jCHIL'LA,  n.  [It.  oricello,  orcel- 
la;  Sp.  orrhilla  ; Fr.  tt  Ger.  orseille .]  (Bot.)  A 
species  of  whitish  lichen  (• Lichen  orcella)  which 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  ?,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


ORCIIIOCELE 


999 


ORDINANCE 


yields  a beautiful  purple  dye  ; — called  also  ar- 
chil, orchal,  orchel,  and  orchella.  McCulloch. 

CR'GIIf-O-CELE,  n.  [Gr.  Spxis,  the  testicle,  and 
Kr/l.rj,  a * tumor. j (Med.)  A tumor  of  the  testi- 
cle,— a term  applied  to  several  diseases  of  the 
testicle.  Dunglison. 

OR'OHIS,  n.  [Gr.  SpXis ; L.  orchis.]  ( Bot .)  A 
genus  of  plants,  the  root  of  which  affords  the 
preparation  called  salep  ; foolstones.  Loudon. 

OR' CINE,  n.  (Chem.)  A crystallizable  coloring 
principle  obtained  from  a kind  of  lichen. Brande. 

f ORD,  n.  [A.  S.]  An  edge,  or  sharpness.  Gibson. 

4®=-  Ord,  in  old  English,  signified  beginning-, 
whence  probably  the  proverbial  phrase  odds  [ords] 
and  ends,  for  scraps  or  remnants.  Johnson. 

OR-DAIN'  (or-dan'),  v.  a.  [L.  ordino ; ordo,  or- 
der; It.  or  dinar  e ; Sp . or  denar Fr.  ordonner .] 

[■ i . OIIDAINED;  pp.  ORDAINING,  ORDAINED.] 

1.  To  appoint ; to  decree  ; to  set  apart. 

It  is  he  which  was  ordained  of  God  to  be  the  judge  of 
quick  and  dead.  A°,s  xm* 

2.  To  establish ; to  settle ; to  institute ; to 
enact ; to  order  ; to  prescribe  ; to  enjoin. 

God.  from  Sinai  descending,  will  himself . . . 

Ordain  them  laws.  Milton . 

3.  To  invest  or  institute  with  ministerial 
function  or  sacerdotal  power. 

Meletius  was  ordained  by  Arian  bishops,  and  yyt  his  ordi- 
nation was  never  questioned.  Stillingjleet. 

They  [the  apostles]  ordained  the  seven  deacons,  and  con- 
secrated St.  James  Bishop  of  Jerusalem;  and  he  ordained 
presbyters  of  that  church.  llook. 

Syn.  — See  Appoint. 

OR-DAIN'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  ordained  ; that 
may  be  appointed.  Bp.  Hall. 

OR-DAIN'ER  (or-dan'er),  n.  One  who  ordains. 

OR-DAIN'ING,  p.  a.  That  ordains;  instituting; 
appointing. 

OR-DAIN'MENT,  n.  Act  of  ordaining ; a decree  ; 
ordination,  [it.]  Milton.  Ed.  Rev. 

OR-DA'LI-AN,  a.  [Fr.  ordalic,  ordeal.]  Pertain- 
ing to  the  form  of  trial  called  the  ordeal.  “ The 
ordalian  law.”  [it.]  Phillips. 

OR'DE-AL  [or'de-jl,  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  ; br'dyal, 
S.  E.  ; or'de-al  or  or'je-til,  IF.],  n.  [A.  S.  or- 
dael;  Dut . oordeel-,  Frs .ordel;  Ger.  urtheil. — 
Mod.  L.  ordalium-,  Sp.  ordalia;  Fr.  ordial.— 
Spelman  and  Richardson  derive  the  A.  S.  from 
or,  great,  and  duel,  judgment;  Lye  and  Bos- 
worth,  from  or,  priv.,  and  dal,  separation,  dif- 
ference, that  is,  an  impartial  judgment.] 

1.  A form  of  trial  among  the  ancient  rude 
nations  of  Europe,  to  determine,  by  a supposed 
reference  to  the  judgment  of  God,  the  guilt  or 
the  innocence  of  persons  accused,  as  by  ex- 
posing them  to  the  danger  of  drowning  in  cold 
water,  of  being  scalded  in  hot  water,  or  of  being 
burnt  by  fire  or  by  hot  iron. 

11®=-  In  the  trial  by  cold  water,  the  persons  sus- 
pected were  thrown  naked  into  a pond  or  a river ; if 
they  sank,  they  were  acquitted,  but  if  they  floated 
without  attempting  to  swim,  it  was  taken  for  an  evi- 
dence of  guilt.  When  scalding  water  was  the  test, 
they  were  to  plunge  their  arm  in  it  to  the  elbow  ; if 
this  was  done  without  any  signs  of  pain  or  marks  of 
scalding,  they  were  discharged  ; otherwise,  they  were 
adjudged  to  be  guilty.  In  the  ordeal  by  fire,  the  per- 
son accused  was  either  to  hold  a burning  ball  of  ir  m 
m his  hand,  and  move  with  it  to  a certain  distance, 
or  else  to  walk  barefoot  upon  heated  ploughshares, 
placed  about  a yard  from  each  other  ; if,  after  this 
trial,  his  hands  or  feet  were  untouched,  and  lie  dis- 
covered no  signs  of  feeling  any  pain,  he  was  dis- 
charged ; otherwise,  he  was  remitted  to  the  punish- 
ment of  the  law.  Hook. 

2.  Any  severe  trial ; test ; experiment.  Roget. 

OR'DE-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  form  of  trial 
called  the  ordeal.  “ Ordeal  laws.”  Ilakewill. 

OR'DIJL,  n.  The  right  of  adjudging  trial  by  or- 
deal within  a given  liberty  or  precinct.  Wright. 

OR' HER,  n.  [L.  ordo ; It.  ordine;  Sp.  orclen;  Fr. 
orclre.  ] 

1.  Regular  and  methodical  disposition  ; in- 
telligent arrangement ; the  harmonious  relation 
established  between  the  parts  of  any  thing. 

Order  is  Heaven’s  first  law:  and.  this  confessed, 

Some  are,  and  must  be,  greater  than  the  rest.  Pope. 

Order  is  the  adaptation  of  means  to  an  end.  Pale?/. 

Science,  in  all  its  discoveries,  tends  to  the  discovery  of  uni- 
versal order.  Fleming. 


2.  Established  process  ; settled  mode  of  op- 
eration or  proceeding  ; regulation  ; rule. 

The  moderator,  when  either  of  the  disputants  breaks  the 
rules,  may  interpose  to  keep  them  to  order.  Watts. 

3.  Proper  state  or  condition ; regularity. 

Any  of  the  faculties  wanting,  or  out  of  order , produce  suit- 
able defects  in  men’s  understandings.  Locke. 

4.  Mandate;  precept;  command;  injunction; 
bidding ; direction  ; instruction. 

Give  order  to  my  servants  that  they  take 

No  note  of  our  being  absent.  Shah. 

5.  A written  direction  or  demand  addressed 
to  a person,  usually  on  behalf  of  another,  as 
for  the  payment  of  money. 

I have  received  an  order  under  your  hand  for  a thousand 
pounds.  Tatler. 

On  the  first  night  of  a new'piece,  they  always  fill  the  house 
with  orders  to  support  it.  Sheridan. 

6.  Regular  government ; discipline. 

There  is  no  church  where  there  is  no  order.  Pearson. 

7.  Degree ; class ; rank.  “ The  priests  of 

the  second  order.”  2 Kings  xxiii.  4. 

The  Almighty  . . . 

To  those  bright  orders  uttered  thus  his  voice.  Milton. 

8.  A dignified  or  privileged  class. 

Religious  orders  are  of  three  kinds:  1.  Monastic;  2.  Mili- 
tary; 3.  Mendicant.  Brande. 

Of  all  the  orders  of  British  knighthood,  the  most  illustri- 
ous are  the  knights  of  the  garter.  Mil.  Ency. 

9.  Measures  ; care.  “ If  any  of  the  family  be 
distressed,  order  is  taken  for  their  relief ."Bacon. 

10.  {Math.)  A term  of  succession,  arbitrarily 
distinguished  from  degree,  used  in  the  classifi- 
cation of  algebraic  magnitudes. 

^“An  expression  is  of  the  first,  second,  third. 
&c.,  degree,  according  as  its  highest  power  is  the 
first,  second,  third,  &c.,  of  the  principal  letter.  But 
if  another  succession  should  occur,  say  one  of  differen- 
tiations, then  the  number  of  such  successive  opera- 
tions is  the  order  of  the  process.  Tlius  a differential 
equation,  which  contains,  at  the  highest,  the  fifth 
power  of  a differential  coefficient,  is  said  to  he  of  the 
fifth  degree  ; while,  if  the  highest  differential  coeffi- 
cient which  occurs  in  it  is  the  third,  it  is  said  to  be 
of  the  third  order.'1  P.  Cyc. 

11.  ( Rhet .)  The  placing  of  words  and  mem- 
bers in  a sentence,  in  such  a manner  as  to  con- 
tribute to  force  and  beauty  of  expression,  or  to 
the  clear  illustration  of  the  subject.  Wright. 

12.  {Nat.  Hist.)  A group  of  objects  subordi- 

nate to  a class  or  a sub-class.  It  is,  however, 
like  many  other  general  terms,  used  very  loose- 
ly, especially  by  zoologists.  In  botany  it  is 
more  definitely  applied,  and  is  used  synony- 
mously with  family  and  tribe.  Eng.  Cyc. 

13.  {Arch.)  A species  of  columnar  arrange- 
ment, differing  in  its  forms,  proportions,  and 
leading  features,  from  any  other.  Hoskins. 

jQGg*  An  order , or  perfect  columnar  composition, 
comprises  the  basement,  or  stylobate,  with  the  column , 
and  its  entablature  ; but  the  Greeks  sometimes  substi- 
tuted for  the  ordinary  column  the  figure  of  a human 
being  supporting  the  entablature.  See  Caryatides. 

— There  are  five  orders  of  columns,  three  of  which 
are  Greek  ; viz.,  the  Doric,  Ionic,  and  Corinthian  ; 
and  one  Roman,  viz.,  the  Composite,  an  ornamented 
variety  of  the  Corinthian,  to  which  the  Italian  archi- 
tects of  the  15th  century  added  another,  called  the 
Tuscan.  Britton. 

14.  {Eccl.)  The  name  given  in  England  to  an 
old  work  containing  the  ritual  or  religious  cere- 
monies necessary  to  be  performed  before  the 
ordination  of  a priest  ; an  ordinal.  Brande. 

15.  pi.  {Eccl.)  The  position  to  which  minis- 
ters of  the  Christian  religion  are  admitted  at 
the  time  of  their  ordination  ; the  sacred  char- 
acter or  profession  ; — often  called  holy  orders. 

The  great  controversy  between  Episcopalians  and  Presby- 
terians is,  the  authority  by  which  holy  orders  arc  conferred. 

P.  Cyc. 

General  orders,  {Mil.)  orders  issued,  by  the  general 
who  commands,  to  all  the  officers  under  him.  Stogjue- 
ler.  — Orders  of  knighthood , {Her.)  societies  of  knights 
instituted  by  princes,  as  marks  of  distinction  for  such 
as  have  distinguished  themselves  in  war.  The  Brit- 
ish orders  are,  the  order  of  the  Garter , and  the  order 
of  the  Bath , belonging  to  England  ; the  Irish  order  of 
St.  Patrick  ; and  the  Scotch  order  of  the  Thistle.  Davies. 

— Order  of  the  day , in  legislative  proceedings,  a sub- 
ject assigned  by  an  order  of  the  assembly  for  consid- 
eration on  a particular  day.  Cushing.  — In  order  to, 
for  the  purpose  of ; as  means  to.  “The  best  knowl- 
edge is  that  which  is  of  greatest  use  in  order  to  our 
eternal  happiness.”  Tillotson. — Orders  in  council , 
(Pol.)  orders  issued  by  the  kingin  council  for  the  tem- 
porary regulation  of  various  matters  relating  to  trade 
and  international  intercourse.  Brande : — (Trade.)  an 
official  announcement  or  new  regulation  by  the  Privy 


Council  of  the  Board  of  Trade.  Simmonds.  — Pass  or- 
ders,  (Mil.)  written  directions  to  the  sentries,  &c. 
belonging  to  outposts,  &c.,  to  sutfer  the  bearer  to  go 

through  the  camp  or  garrison  unmolested Sailintr 

orders , (Naval.)  final  instructions  given  to  the  couf- 
manding  officers  of  ships  of  war.  — Standing  orders 
(Mil.)  certain  general  rules  and  instructions,  which 
are  to  be  invariably  followed,  and  are  not  subject  to 
the  temporary  intervention  of  rank.  Stocqucler.  — To 
be  in  orders,  ( Church  of  Eng.)  to  be  of  the  clerical  ol- 
der.— To  take  orders,  to  have  a license  to  preach  the 
gospel,  and  perform  other  ministerial  functions. 

Syn.  — See  Class,  Command,  Direction,  Dis- 
position, Kind,  Regularity,  Series. 

OR'DJpR,  v.  a.  [i.  ordered  ; pp.  ordering,  or- 
dered.] 

1.  To  regulate;  to  arrange;  to  adjust;  to 
dispose  ; to  methodize  ; to  systematize. 

So  well  instructed  are  my  tears, 

That  they  would  fitly  fall  in  ordered  characters.  Milton. 

2.  To  manage  ; to  carry  on  ; to  conduct.  “ To 

order  well  the  state.”  Shak. 

Bias,  being  asked  how  a man  should  order  his  life,  an- 
swered;—As  if  a man  should  live  long  or  die  quickly.  Bacon. 

They  order , said  I,  this  matter  better  in  France.  Sterne. 

3.  To  direct  with  authority ; to  give  com- 
mands to  ; to  command  ; to  instruct ; to  appoint. 

Wellington  was  not  informed  of  these  events  till  the  even- 

. ing.  when  he  immediately  ordered  his  troops  to  march  to  the 
left  to  support  the  Prussians.  Mil.  Ency. 

4.  To  ordain  to  sacerdotal  function  ; to  ad- 
mit to  holy  orders.  Whitgift. 

Order  arms,  (Mil.)  a command  directing  that  the 
firelock  be  brought  down  to  the  right  side  of  the  sol- 
dier, the  hut-end  resting  on  the  ground.  Mil.  Ency. 

Syn.  — See  Appoint. 

OR'DER,  v.  n.  To  give  command  ; to  give  direc- 
tion. Milton. 

OR'DER-ER,  n.  One  who  orders  or  regulates. 

OR'DER-ING,  n.  Disposition;  distribution.  “A 
due  ordering  of  our  words.”  South. 

OR'DIJR-LESS,  a.  Disorderly  ; out  of  rule  ; with- 
out regularity.  Shak. 

OR'DjER-LI-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  or- 
derly ; regularity  ; methodicalness.  Johnson. 

OR'DJJR-LY,  a.  I.  Having  order  or  regularity; 
methodical  ; regular  ; systematic. 

The  book  requireth  but  oi'derly  reading.  Hooker. 

2.  Observant  of  order  or  method. 

Men  are  not  good  but  for  necessity; 

Nor  orderly  are  ever  born,  but  bred.  Daniel. 

3.  Conformed  to  military  order ; well-regu- 
lated. “ An  orderly  march.”  Clarendon. 

Orderly  book,  (Mil.)  a book  in  which  the  sergeants 
write  down  both  general  and  regimental  orders  for 
the  specific  information  of  the  officers  and  men.  Mil. 
Ency.  — Orderly  officer,  (Mil.)  the  officer  of  the  day. — 
Orderly  room,  (Mil.)  a room  in  barracks,  used  as  tile 
public  office  ol  a regiment  — Orderly  sergeant,  (Mil.) 
a non-commissioned  officer  who  waits  on  the  general 
and  other  officers.  Mil.  Ency. 

Syn.  — See  Methodical. 

OR'DER-LY,  ad.  According  to  order  ; methodi- 
cally ; regularly  ; systematically.  Hooker. 

OR'DER-LY,  n.  1.  (Mil.)  One  who  does  orderly 
duty  ; an-  orderly  officer.  Gent.  Mag. 

2.  A street-sweeper.  Simmtmcls. 

OR'DER^, n.pl.  The  ecclesiastical  office;  ordina- 
tion or  admission  to  the  priesthood.  Ch.  Ob. 

f OR-DI-NA-BIL'I-TY,  n.  Capability  of  being  or- 
dained or  appointed.  Bp.  Bull. 

f OR'DI-NA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  ordained  or 
appointed.  Hammond. 

OR'DI-NAL,  a.  [L.  ordinalis ; ordo,  order;  It. 
ordinate ; Sp.  &;  Fr.  ordinal.]  Noting  a num- 
ber which  expresses  order  ; as,  second,  third, 
fourth,  &c.  Holder. 

OR'DI-NAL,  n.  1.  A number  denoting  order  ; as, 
second,  third,  fourth,  &c. 

2.  (Eccl.)  A book  containing  the  forms  ob- 
served in  the  English  Church  in  the  ordination 
of  bishops,  priests,  and  deacons  ; order.  Hook. 

OR'DI-NAL-I.SM,  n.  State  of  being  ordinal. Latham. 

OR'DI-NANCE,  n.  [L .ordino,  ordinans,  to  order; 
It.  ordinanza ; Sp.  ordenama  ; Fr.  ordonnance.] 

1.  A decree  ; a law  ; an  authoritative  rule  ; a 
prescript;  a statute.  “The  commandments 
and  ordinances  of  the  Lord.”  Luke  i.  6. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  ROLE.  — 9,  £,  g,  soft;  E,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  ^ as  gz. — THIS,  this. 


OEDINAND 


1000 


ORGANIST 


“ Ordinance  of  Parliament  is  said  to  be  the  same 
with  act  of  Parliament  j but  originally  there  was  this 
difference  between  them,  that  an  ordinance  was  but  a 
temporary  act,  by  way  of  prohibition,  which  the  com- 
mons might  alter  or  amend  at  their  pleasure  ; and  an 
act  of  Parliament  is  a perpetual  law,  not  to  be  altered 
but  by  king,  lords,  and  €0111111003.”  IVhishaw. 

In  American  law,  an  ordinance  is  an  act  or 
regulation  of  Congress  ; such  as  the  ordinance  of  13th 
of  July,  1787,  for  the  government  of  the  north-western 
territory.  Burrill. 

2.  A law  or  regulation  of  a municipal  cor- 
poration. Burrill. 

“ This  word  [ ordinance ] is  more  usually  applied 
to  the»laws  of  a corporation  than  to  the  acts  of  the 
legislature  ; as,  the  ordinances  ot  the  city  of  Philadel- 
phia.” Bouvier. 

3.  Observance  commanded.  Bp.  Taylor. 

4.  f Appointment. 

One  but  of  my  ordinance  stood  up 

To  speak  of  peace  or  war.  Shak. 

5.  f A cannon  ; ordnance.  Shah. 

6.  ( Eccl .)  An  established  rite,  such  as  bap- 
tism, fasting,  and  the  Lord’s  supper.  Hook. 

Syn.  — See  Law. 

OR'DI-NAND,  71.  [L.  ordinandus .]  {Eccl.  Ant.) 

One  about  to  receive  orders.  Brande. 

f OR’DI-NANT,  a.  Ordaining;  decreeing.  Shah. 

OR'DI-nANT,  n.  {Eccl.)  A prelate  conferring 
orders.  Brande. 

||  OR'DI-NA-RI-LY,  ad.  1.  According  to  estab- 
lished rules  ; according  to  settled  method. 
“ That  which  is  judged  ordinarily.”  Hooker. 

2.  Commonly ; usually. 

A form  and  person  more  than  ordinarily  comely.  Observer. 

||  OR'DI-NA-RY  [or'de-na-re,  P.  E.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  Wr. ; 
br'de-nj-re  or  brd'nj-re,  IF.  J.  7’.],  a.  [L.  ordi- 
7iarius ; It.  A Sp.  ordinario  ; Fr.  ordinaire .] 

1.  Established;  settled;  accustomed;  con- 
forming to  the  regular  order. 

Even  then,  my  priests,  you  may  make  holiday. 

And  pray  no  more  but  ordinary  prayers.  Gascoigne. 

2.  Common;  usual;  often  recurring. 

’T  is  a common  tale. 

An  ordinary  sorrow  of  man's  life.  Wordsworth. 

3.  Mean  ; wanting  distinction  ; of  low  rank 

or  merit;  indifferent.  “Men  of  common  ca- 
pacity, and  ordinary  judgment.”  Hooker. 

You  will  wonder  how  such  an  ordinary  fellow  as  Wood 
could  get  his  majesty’s  broad  seal.  Swift. 

4.  Ugly;  not  handsome;  plain.  “She  is  an 

oi'dinary  woman.”  Johnson. 

An  ordinary  seaman,  (Naut.)  one  who  can  make 
himself  useful  on  board  ship,  but  is  not  an  expert  or 
skilful  sailor  ; — opposed  to  able  seaman.  Mar.  Diet. 

Syn. — Successive  repetition  makes  a thing  ordi- 
nary; tlie  frequent  occurrence  of  it  makes  it  common. 
The  ordinary  course  of  nature  ; a common  occurrence 
or  opinion  ; usual  practice  : — ordinary  ox  common  pur- 
suit ; ordinary  talents  ; indifferent  quality  ; mean  at- 
tire ; vulgar  language.  — See  Common. 

||  OR’DI-NA-RY,  n.  1.  {Law.)  In  the  civil  law,  a 
judge  who  had  authority  to  take  cognizance  of 
causes  in  his  own  right,  and  not  by  deputation  : 
— in  English  law,  an  ecclesiastical  judge  who 
has  the  regular,  ordinary  jurisdiction,  inde- 
pendent of  another  : — a bishop,  as  having  ordi- 
nary jurisdiction  in  his  own  diocese  : — in  old 
English  law,  a deputy  of  the  bishop,  appointed 
to  give  malefactors  their  neck-verses  ; also,  to 
perform  divine  services  for  them,  and  assist  in 
preparing  them  for  death ; — still  used  in  the 
latter  application: — in  Scottish  law,  a single 
judge  of  the  Court  of  Session,  who  decides  with 
or  without  a jury,  as  the  case  may  be.  Burrill. 

2.  Settled  establishment.  “ Wars  . . . which 

were  grown  into  an  ordinary.”  Bacon. 

3.  (Her.)  A portion  of  an  escutcheon  con- 

tained between  straight  or  other  lines  ; a charge 
or  figure  represented  on  a shield.  P.  Cyc. 

iff'  They  are  divided  into  two  classes  : honorable 
or  greater  ordinaries , and  subordinate  or  lesser.  The 
honorable  ordinaries  are  the  chief,  tile  pale,  the  bend, 
the  bend  sinister,  the  fess,  the  Aar,  the  chevron,  the 
cross,  and  the  saltier.  The  subordinate  or  lesser  or- 
dinaries are  the  gyron,  the  quarter,  the  canton,  the 
fret,  the  pile,  the  orlc , the  treasure,  the  fla71ch.es , the 
flasques , the  r aiders,  and,  according  to  some  authori- 
ties, the  lozenge,  the  fusil,  tile  muscle,  and  the  rustre. 
P.  Cyc. 

4.  {Naut.)  The  establishment  of  the  shipping 
not  in  actual  service,  including  the  persons  em- 
ployed to  take  charge  of  it.  Mar.  Dirt.  Brande. 


In  ordinary,  in  actual  and  constant  office  or  service. 
“ Chaplain  in  ordinary  to  his  majesty.”  Fell. 

KPP  Two  persons  rose  very  early,  as  was  their 
ordinary  habit.  They  moved  in  respectable  life,  and 
had  their  ordinaries  allowed  them  by  the  Herald’s 
College.  Their  means,  however,  were  only  ordinary. 
So  far  from  being  handsome,  they  were  exceedingly 
ordinary.  They  were  much  shocked  at  tile  spectacle 
of  an  execution  which  they  were  compelled  to  pass, 
just  as  the  ordinary  of  the  jail  was  bidding  farewell 
to  the  prisoners.  The  next  scone  was  more  pleasant, 
for  they  saw  a review  precisely  as  the  regiments  were 
marching  past  the  general  in  ordinary  time.  They 
finished  their  walk  at  an  excellent  ordinary,  where 
was  a very  sumptuous  entertainment. — The  highest 
archbishop  is  an  ordinary  to  his  clergy.  R.  IV.  Hamilton. 

OR'DI-NA-RY,  or  ORD'INA-RY  [iir'de-na-re,  P.  J. 
Ja.  K.  Sm.  R.  ; inti  n :i-re,  IF.  E.  F.  ; or'ner-e, 
S.],  n. 

1.  Regular  price  of  a meal.  Shak. 

2.  A place  of  eating  where  the  prices  are 

settled,  or  a regular  meal  established  at  a cer- 
tain price.  Swift.  Wright. 

fOlt'DI-NATE,  v.  a.  [L.  ordino,  ordinatus .]  To 
appoint ; to  ordain.  Daniel. 

OR'Dj-NATE,  a.  Regular;  methodical;  orderly. 

Ordinate  figures  are  such  as  have  all  their  6i(les  and  all 
their  angles  equal.  Hay. 

OR'DI-NATE,  n.  {Gcom.)  The  distance  of  any 
point  of  a curve  from  the  axis  of  abscisses 
measured  on  another  line  called  the  axis  of  or- 
dinates, or  on  a line  parallel  to  this  axis.  — 
See  Ansciss,  and  Coordinates.  Davies. 

OR'DJ-NATE-LY,  ad.  In  a regular  or  methodical 
manner,  [it.]  Skelton. 

OR-DI-nA’TION,  71.  [L.  ordinatio ; It.  ordina- 
zione ; Sp.  ordenacion  ; Fr.  ordination.'] 

1.  The  act  of  ordaining  or  decreeing. 

2.  Established  order  Or  tendency  consequent 
on  a decree  ; foreordination. 

Virtue  and  vice  have  a natural  ordination  to  the  happiness 
and  misery  of  life  respectively.  Morris. 

3.  {Eccl.)  Act  of  investing  a man  xvith  the 
ministerial  office  or  with  ecclesiastical  authori- 
ty ; — in  the  Episcopal  Church,  it  is  styled  con- 
ferring orders  ; institution. 

Iffr  Di  the  Presbyterian  and  Congregationalist 
Churches,  the  term  ordination  is  applied  to  the  act  by 
which  a licensed  preacher  is  inducted  into  t lie  charge 
of- a particular  parish  or  congregation.  — “ Ordination 
is  a public  consecration  of  a man  to  the  work  of  the 
ministry,  an  admission  of  him  to  the  order  of  elders 
or  bishops,  and  a solemn  putting  of  him  into  his  place 
and  office  as  pastor  of  the  church,  like  the  stalling  of 
a magistrate.”  Congregational  Manual. 

f OR'DI-NA-TIVE,  a.  [L.  ordinativus.]  Direct- 
ing; giving  power.  Cotgrave. 

f oR'DI-nA-TOR,  n.  [L.]  An  ordaincr.  Baxter. 

ORD'NANCE,  n.  [See  Ordinance.]  {Mil.)  Can- 
non ; — a term  applied  to  all  sorts  of  great  guns 
used  in  war,  as  cannons,  mortars,  howitzers, 
carronades,  &e.  Shak.  Brande. 

OR 'DON-NANCE  [or'don-nans,  S.  IF.  F.  J.  K.  B. 
Wr. ; or-don'njns,  P.  Sm.],  n.  [Fr.]  The  proper 
disposition  of  figures  in  a picture,  or  of  the 
parts  of  a building,  or  of  any  work  of  art .Dryden. 

OR'DON-NANT,  a.  Relating  to,  or  implying,  or- 
donnance.  Coleridge. 

ORD'CRE  (hrd'yur)  [or'jur,  S.  TF. ; ord'yur,  Ja.; 
br'dur,  J.  F.  Sm.  IF;-.],  n.  [It.  ordura ; Fr.  or- 
dure.] Dung ; filth  ; excrement.  Shak. 

ORD'IT-ROUS,  a.  Consisting  of  filth  or  dung. 
“ Ordurous  matter.”  Drayton. 

ORE,  71.  [Goth,  aiz  ; A.  S.  ora;  Dut.  ertz ; Ger. 
erz ; Dan.  arts,  erts;  Sw.  erts  ; I cel.  cyr,  copper. 
— L.  as,  arris.] 

1.  A mineral  body  which  is  reduced  to  the 

metallic  state  by  fire  ; a metal  chemically  com- 
bined with  some  mineralizing  substance  xvhich 
completely  disguises  its  usually  recognized  and 
useful  properties.  P.  Cyc. 

Rfg=-  “Tlie  most  important  of  these  mineralizing 
bodies  are  oxygen  and  sulphur  ; the  next  in  rank  are 
chlorine,  and  the  sulphuric,  carbonic,  and  phosphoric 
acids.”  P.  Cyc. 

2.  Metal.  “ The  liquid  ore.”  [r.]  Milton. 

O'Rp-AD,  7%. ; pi.  o're-Xd§.  [Gr.  ’Opfin's,  ’Oynalos ; 
opof,  a mountain.]  A nymph  of  the  moun- 
tains. Milton. 


ORE' WEED,  ) . , • , , , - 

’ > n.  A kind  of  sea-weed.  Care w. 

ORE  WOOD,  ) 

tOItF'filLD,  71.  [A.  S.  orf-gyld;  orf,  property, 

and  gyld,  payment.]  {feng.  Law.)  The  resti- 
tution of  goods  or  money  taken  away  by  a thief 
by  violence,  if  the  robbery  was  committed  in 
the  daytime.  Ainsworth. 

f OR'FRAYS  (or'fraz),  n.  [Old  Fr.  orfrais ; Fr. 
orfroi.]  Fringe  of  gold.  Chaucer. 

OR'GAL,  7i.  Lees  of  wine  ; argal.  Ainsworth . 

OR  GAN,  n.  [Gr.  Syynvov,  an  instrument,  the 
product ; cpyov,  work ; L.  organum  ; It.  Sp. 
organo;  Fr.  organe .] 

1.  A part  of  an  animal  or  a vegetable  body 
fitted  to  perform  a particular  action,  a limb, 
arm,  hand,  eye,  &c.,  the  performance  of  which 
is  denoted  its  function',  as,  “The  eye  is  the 
orgati  of  vision.” 

2.  A medium  of  communication;  as,  “An 
official  gazette  is  the  organ  of  a government.” 

3.  {Mus.)  A large  wind-instrument,  blown  by 
a bellows,  and  containing  a collection  of  pipes 
of  various  kinds  and  dimensions,  and  of  multi- 
farious tones,  under  the  command  of  a per- 
former’s fingers  on  a key-board. 

As,  in  an  organ,  from  one  blast  of  wind, 

To  many  a row  of  pipes  the  sound-board  breathes.  Milton. 

JftfF  There  is  another  sort  of  organ,  generally  port- 
able, called  the  barrel  organ  or  hand  organ , consisting 
of  a movable  cylinder,  or  barrel,  set  with  wires,  pins, 
and  staples,  which,  by  the  revolution  of  the  barrel, 
act  upon  the  keys  within,  and  give  admission  to  the 
Wind  from  tlie  bellows  to  the  pipe.  Moore. 

fi  OR'GAN,  v.  a.  To  form  or  furnish  with  organs  ; 
to  organize.  Manmyngham. 

OR'GAN— BUILD'^R,  71.  One  who  constructs  and 
repairs  organs.  Moore. 

!c,  l a.  [Gr.  ioyaviKo; ; L.  organi- 

OR-gAn'I-CAL,  i cus  ; It.  6j  Sp.  organico ; Fr.  or- 
ganique .] 

1.  Relating  to,  containing,  or  acting  by  means 
of,  organs.  “ The  organical  structure  of  human 
bodies.”  Bentley.  “ An  organic  tissue.”  Palmer. 

2.  {Med.)  Vital,  in  contradistinction  to  phys- 
ical. Dungliso7i. 

3.  Acting  as  instruments  of  nature  or  art  to 
a certain  end  ; instrumental. 

Those  organic  arts  which  enable  man  to  discourse  and 
write  perspicuously.  • Milton. 

Organic  chemistry , that  branch  of  tlie  general  sci- 
ence of  chemistry,  which  treats  of  the  history,  prop- 
erties, and  transformations  of  animal  and  vegetable 
substances.  Johnston . — Organic  attraction , ( Pliys .)  the 
phenomenon  by  which  blood  is  attracted  into  parts 
which  arc  capable  of  erection,  and  are  at  the  same 
time  in  a state  of  excitement.  Hoblyn. — Organic  dis- 
ease, ( Jfcd .)  one  that  concerns  the  organ  itself,  in  con- 
tradistinction to  functional,  which  merely  concerns  the 
function  ; a lesion.  Dunglison.  — Organic  force , ( Phys.) 
that  power  which  resides  in  organized  bodies,  on 
which  tlie  existence  of  each  part  depends,  and  which 
lias  the  property  of  generating  from  organic  matter 
the  individual  organs  necessary  to  the  whole.  Hob  yn. 
— Organic  laws , (Pol.)  laws  directly  concerning  the 
fundamental  parts  of  the  constitution  of  a state. 
Brundc.  — Organic  remains , (Pal.)  remains  of  plants 
and  animals  which  occur  among  the  stratified  rocks. 
Some  of  these  objects  are  obviously  parts  of  ani- 
mals and  plants,  and  retain  their  original  structure, 
more  or  less  altered  by  chemical  agencies  since  their 
sepulture  in  the  earth  ; others  are  earthy,  stony,  or 
metallic  bodies,  moulded  within  or  upon  parts  of  ani- 
mals or  plants,  and  thus  resembling  those  parts  in  ex- 
ternal aspect,  but  having  none  of  their  internal  organic 
structure.  The  footprints  of  reptiles  and  birds  are 
also  included  under  the  term  organic  remains.  Eng. 
Cye.  — Organical  description  of  curves , ( Gcom.)  the  de- 
scription of  curves  on  a plane  by  instruments.  Brande. 

OR-gAN'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  By  means  of  organs  or 
instruments.  Locke . 

OR-GAN'I-CAL-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  organic. 

OR'GAN-I-CT^M,  n.  (Med.)  The  doctrine  of  the 
localization  of  disease.  Dunglison . 

OR-GAN-IF'IC,  a.  [L.  orejanum , an  organ,  and 
facio,  to  make.]  Forming  organs.  Coleridge, 

OR'GAN-I^M,  n.  [It.  organismo  ; Fr.  organisme.'] 
Organical  structure.  “ The  advantageous  or- 
ganism  of  the  eye.”  Greio. 

OR'G  AN-IST,  7i.  1.  One  who  plays  on  the  organ. 

2.  An  old  name  given,  in  the  Roman  Catho- 


E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  1,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  I,  O,  IT,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


ORGANIZABILITY 


1001 


ORIGINABLE 


lie  Church,  to  one  of  those  priests  who  organ- 
ized, or  sung  in  parts.  Brande. 

Organists  of  the  Hallelujah,  (Mas.)  a name  applied, 
in  the  thirteenth  century  to  certain  priests  who  as- 
sisted in  the  performance  of  the  mass.  They  were 
generally  four  in  number,  and  derived  their  name 
from  singing  in  parts,  or  organizing  the  melody  ap- 
propriated to  the  word  hallelujah.  Brande. 

OR-GAN-T-ZA-BIL'I-TY,  n.  Capability  of  being 
organized.  Dunglison. 

OR-GAN-I'ZA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  organized. 

OR-GAN-I-zA'TION,  n.  [It . organizzazione ; Sp. 
organization',  Fr.  organisation .] 

1.  The  act  of  organizing  or  endowing  with  or- 
gans, or  instruments  of  operation.  Cudworth. 

2.  The  condition  of  an  organized  body,  or 
the  totality  of  the  parts  which  constitute,  and 
of  the  laws  which  regulate,  an  organized  body. 

Natural  superiority  of  intellect  can  arise  only  from  a 
happier  organization  of  the  senses.  Beddoes. 

3.  The  act  of  systematizing  or  putting  in 

readiness  for  operation,  as  a society,  a legisla- 
ture, or  public  body.  Dr.  Gregory. 

OR'GAN-IZE,  v.  a.  [It.  organizzare  ; Sp.  organi- 
ze", Fr.  organiser. \ [i.  organized;  pp.  or- 

ganizing, ORGANIZED.] 

1.  To  form  with  suitable  organs  ; to  form  or- 
ganically ; to  endow  with  parts  suitably  ar- 
ranged to  act  together  in  a compound  body. 

It  [the  cause  of  motion]  is  not  the  matter  itself  organized. 

Cudworth. 

2.  To  distribute  into  parts  and  appoint  the 
proper  officers  of,  as  a military  body.  R.  Hall. 

3.  To  establish  and  appoint  the  proper  offi- 
cers of,  as  of  a legislative  body,  &c.  Ramsay. 

4.  ( Mus .)  To  sing  in  parts.  Moore. 

OR'GAN-IZED,  p.  a.  Formed  with  organs  ; com- 
posed of  several  individual  parts  or  organs, 
each  of  which  has  its  proper  function,  and  con- 
duces to  the  existence  of  the  entire  system. 

OR'GAN-LING,  n.  A sea-fish;  orgeis.  Clarke. 

OR'GAN— LOFT,  n.  The  loft  where  the  organ 
stands.  ’ Tatler. 

OR-GAN'O-tJJEN,  n.  [Gr.  opyavov,  a product,  and 
ytvnaw,  to  beget.]  ( Chem .)  A term  applied  to 
the  four  substances,  hydrogen,  oxygen,  nitro- 
gen, and  carbon.  Stiickhardt. 

OR-GAN-O^'JJ-NY,  n.  [Gr.  opyavov,  instrument, 
and  ytwdoi,  to  beget.]  A description  of  the  or- 
gans of  a living  body.  Dunglison. 

OR-GAN-O-GRAPH'IC,  a.  Relating  to  organog- 
raphy. . Knowles. 

OR-GAN-OG'RA-PHIST,  n.  One  who  describes 
the  organs  of  animal  or  vegetable  bodies.  Craig. 

OR-GAN-OG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  dpyavov,  an  organ, 
and  yf>d(/>w,  to  describe.]  A description  of  the 
organs  of  a living  body.  Dunglison. 

OR-GAN-OL'O-tJtY,  n.  [Gr.  opyavov,  an  organ, 
and  iiiyo;,  a discourse.] 

1.  That  branch  of  physiology  which  treats  of 
the  different  organs  of  animals,  but  more  par- 
ticularly those  of  the  human  species.  Maunder. 

2.  The  doctrine  that  particular  parts  of  the 

brain  are  fitted  to  serve  as  instruments  for  par- 
ticular faculties  of  the  mind ; phrenology  ; cra- 
niology.  Fleming. 

OR  ' GA-JVOJV,  n.  [Gr .opyavov;  L.  organum.] 

1.  An  instrument ; method ; rule. 

Orycinotiy  or  Organum , is  the  name  often  applied  to  a col- 
lection of  Aristotle’s  treatises  on  logic,  because,  by  the  Peri- 
patetics, logic  was  regarded  as  the  instrument  of  science 
rather  than  a science,  or  a part  of  science,  in  itself.  Bacon 

fave  the  name  of  Novum  Organum  to  the  second  part  of  his 
nstauratio  Magna.  Fleming. 

2.  A machine  to  facilitate  labor  in  architec- 
ture and  the  arts.  We. ale. 

OR-G  AN-OS'CO-PY,  n.  [Gr.  opyavov,  an  organ, 
and  aKoTteo),  to  behold ; Fr.  organoscopie .]  The 
doctrine  that  the  figure  and  extent  of  the  differ- 
ent parts  of  the  brain  which  serve  as  instru- 
ments for  the  several  faculties  of  the  mind  can 
be  discerned  externally.  Fleming. 

OR'GAN— PIPE,  n.  The  pipe  of  a musical  organ. 
“That  deep  and  dreadful  organ-pipe."  Shale. 

OR'GAN— REST,  n.  ( Her .)  A figure  of  uncertain 
origin.  Smart. 


OR'GAN— STOP,  n.  (Mus.)  A gamut  of  tones  in 
an  organ,  which  are  homogeneous  in  quality,  as 
if  belonging  to  some  one  instrument,  and  which 
the  player  commands  by  a stop  or  knob  at  the 
side  of  the  key-board  ; a register.  Dwight. 

OR'  GA-NUM,  n.  [L.]  See  Organon.  Fleming. 

OR'GA-NY,  n.  [Gr.  ipiyavov ; L.  origanum.  — See 
Origanum.]  An  herb  ; origan.  Gerarde. 

OR'GAN-zlNE,  n.  [Fr.  organsin.\  A kind  of 
silk  which  has  been  twisted  or  thrown  twice,  the 
first  twist  being  like  the  yarns  which  form  a 
strand,  and  , the  second  like  the  strands  which 
form  a rope  ; thus  constituting  a hard  and  com- 
pact thread,  which  is  used  as  the  warp  or  long 
threads  for  the  same  kind  of  goods  as  those 
which  have  tram  in  the  weft.  Simmonds. 

OR'GA§M,  n.  [Gr.  ipyaop6s ; ipyaoi,  to  feel  an  ar- 
dent desire  ; It.  § Sp.  orgasmo  ; Fr.  orgasme .] 

1.  Immoderate  excitement  or  emotion. 

A mental  orgasm  and  bodily  spasm.  H.  Smith. 

2.  (Med.)  A condition  of  excitement  and  tur- 

gescence  in  an  organ,  particularly  the  genera- 
tive organs.  Palmer. 

OR  ' GEAT  (or'zhkt)  [or'zhat,  K.  Sm. ; or'je-at,  Ja. ; 
or'zha,  (!>.],  n.  [Fr.,  from  Gr.  dpyavov,  an  in- 
strument.] A sweetened  emulsion  of  almonds, 
usually  flavored  by  a few  bitter  almonds  and  a 
little  orange-flower  water.  Brande. 

OR'pE-IS,  n.  A sea-fish  ; organling.  Ainsworth. 

BSpOrgeis  and  organling  seem  a corruption  of  Or- 
kenylivg,  as  being  taken  on  the  Orkney  coast.  Johnson. 

OR'(?IE§  (dr'jiz),  n.  pi.  [Gr.  ipyia  ; L.  orgia;  It. 
orgie-,  Sp.  orgias ; Fr.  orgies.  — The  Gr.  dpym 
is  probably  from  cpyov  [work],  as  epbeiv  was  used 
of  performing  sacred  rites.  Liddell  Sj  Scott.] 

1.  A festival,  or  frantic  revels  at  a festival, 

held  by  the  Grecians  and  the  Romans  in  honor 
of  Dionysius  or  Bacchus.  Wm.  Smith. 

2.  Disorderly  or  nocturnal  rites  or  revelry ; 
frantic  revels  ; bacchanals  ; carousal.  B.  Jonson. 

t OR'^IL-LOUS, a.  [Fr.  orgueilleux.]  Conceited; 
proud  ; haughty.  Shah. 

ORGUE§  (orgz),  n.pl.  [Fr.]  (Fort.)  1.  A frame 
of  wood  upon  which  are  placed  several  musket- 
barrels,  which  may  be  fired  simultaneously, 
used  in  defence  of  a breach.  Burn. 

2.  A collection  of  long  thick  pieces  of  wood 
shod  with  iron  and  pointed,  hung  separately 
and  perpendicularly  by  ropes  over  the  gate  of  a 
fortress,  to  be  used  as  a portcullis  in  cases  of 
emergency.  Burn. 

t OR'GU-LOUS,  a.  [Fr.  orgueilleux.]  Proud; 
haughty ; disdainful.  Berners. 

OR'<?Y,  n. ; pi.  orgies.  Revelry.  — See  Orgies. 
[Rarely  used  in  the  singular.]  Ed.  Rev. 

OR-J-jCHAL'CEOUS  (-sluts,  G6),  a.  Having  a splen- 
dor between  that  of  gold  and  of  brass.  Maunder. 

OR'I-CHALGH  (or'e-kalk),  n.  [Gr.  6 pfi%a?.KOs ; dpog, 
a mountain,  and  %al.kbs,  brass  ; L.  orichalcum.] 
Mountain  brass,  a peculiar  kind  of  mixed  metal 
in  general  use  among  the  ancient  Greeks  and 
Romans.  Brande.  Spenser. 

O'RI-EL,  n.  [Of  unsettled  etymology.  — Hamper 
suggests  the  A.  S.  qfer-helan,  to  cover  over.  — 
Some  writers  derive  it  from  L.  aiirum,  the  ear  ; 
Fr.  oreille-,  — Old  Fr.  oriol.  — “Some  have 
supposed  it  to  be  derived  from  oriens,  the 
east.”  P.  Cyc.] 

1.  Anciently,  a sort  of  recess.  Cowell. 

2.  (Arch.)  A large  bay  or  window  which  is 

made  to  project  from  the  upper  story  of  a 
building.  Britton. 

D5j=  “ The  distinction  between  a bay  and  an  oriel 
is  Ibis  : by  the  former  is  understood  a projecting  win- 
dow, or  rather  a projection  pierced  with  window- 
openings  in  its  entire  width,  and  rising  immediately 
from  the  ground,  whether  it  be  confined  to  the  lower 
part  of  the  building,  or  carried  up  through  one  or 
more  stories  above  t he  ground-floor  ; by  tiie  latter,  a 
bay  which  does  not  descend  to  the  ground,  but  is  sus- 
pended over  the  face  of  the  wall  beneath  it.”  P.  Cyc. 

O'RI-JJL— wlN'DOW,  n.  An  oriel.  — See  Oriel. 

O'RI-gN-CY,  n.  Original  freshness  ; brightness 
or  strength  of  color,  [k.]  Evelyn. 

o'RI-ENT,  a.  [L.  orior , oriens,  to  rise  ; It.  Sg  Sp. 
oriente  ; Fr.  orient .] 


1.  Rising,  as  the  sun. 

Moon,  that  now  meet’6t  the  orient  6un,  now  fliest.  Milton. 

2.  Eastern  ; oriental.  Johnson. 

3.  Shining;  biilliant;  bright;  sparkling. 

His  orient  liquor  in  a crystal  glass.  Milton. 

O'RI-ENT,  n.  1.  The  part  of  the  sky  where  the 
sun  first  appears  ; the  east. 

Ami  fiery  Phoebus  riseth  up  so  bright. 

That  all  the  Orient  luugheth  with  the  sight.  Chaucer. 

2.  The  countries  which  lie  east  of  Europe. 

The  respective  tribes  marched  from  the  Orient  to  the  west 
of  Europe.  JSosworth. 

O'RI-ENT,  v.  a.  (Surveying.)  To  mark  the  situ- 
ation or  bearing  of,  as  of  a plan,  with  respect 
to  the  four  cardinal  points.  Brande. 

O-RI-ENT'AL,  a.  [L.  orientalis ; It.  orientate ; 
Sp.  oriental.]  Eastern ; placed  in,  or  proceed- 
ing from,  the  East.  “ Oriental  seas.”  Bacon. 

O-Rt-ENT'AL,  n.  A native  or  an  inhabitant  of 
the  East ; an  orientalist.  Grew. 

6-RI-ENT'AL-I§M,  n.  1.  An  eastern  or  oriental 
idiom  or  mode  of  speech.  Warton. 

2.  The  oriental  race  or  character.  Salisbury. 

O-RI-EN'TAL-IST,  n.  1.  One  versed  in  oriental 
literature.  Teignmouth. 

2.  An  inhabitant  of  the  East.  Peters. 

O-RI-EN-TAL'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being  ori- 
ental, or  eastern,  [n.]  Browne. 

O-RI-EN'TAL-IZE,  v.  a.  To  render  oriental;  to 
conform  to  oriental  idiom,  manners,  or  char- 
acter. For.  Qu.  Rev. 

O-RI-lJN-TA'TION,  n.  1.  An  eastern  direction 
or  aspect. 

2.  The  act  of  placing  a church  so  as  to  have 
its  chancel  point  to  the  east.  Goodwin. 

Festival  orientation,  tile  presumed  pointing  of  a 
church  to  the  place  of  sunrise  on  the  day  of  its  patron 
saint.  Wm.  Airy. 

O'RI-JJN-TA-TOR,  n.  An  instrument  used  for 
placing  a church  so  as  to  have  an  exact  eastern 
direction.  Airy. 

t O'RI-gNT-NESS,  n.  Lustre ; brightness.  Fuller. 

OR'I-FICE  (or'e-fls),  n.  [L.  orifitilim  ; os,  oris,  a 
mouth,  and  facto,  to  make  ; It.  Sg  Sp.  orificio  ; 
Fr.  orifee.]  An  opening  in  the  form  of  a 
mouth  ; a small  hole  ; a perforation ; an  aper- 
ture. “ The  orifice  of  the  wound.”  Bacon. 

Their  mouths 

"With  hideous  orifice  gaped  on  us  wide.  Milton. 

OR  I-FLAMB  > (or'e-flam),  11.  [Fr. 

OR'I-FLAMME  ) orijiamme  (quasi  au- 
ri  fiarnma),  from  L.  aurum,  gold, 
because  borne  on  a gilded  lance, 
and  flamme,  flame,  either  as  being 
made  of  red  cloth,  or  cut  to  resem- 
ble flame.  Landais.  Diez .]  The  an- 
cient royal  standard  of  France. 

The  orifiamme  borne  at  Agincourt  was,  ac- 
cording to  Sir  II.  Nicholas,  an  oblong  red  fia<r, 
split  into  five  points.  Fuirholt. 

OR'I-GAN,  n.  (Bot.)  Origanum.  Spenser. 

O-RIG'A-NUM,  n.  [Gr.  tpiyavov,  opoi,  a moun- 
tain, and  yavog,  beauty  ; L.  origanam.]  (Bot.) 
A genus  of  dicotyledonous,  herbaceous,  or  some- 
what shrubby  plants,  inhabiting  the  regions 
about  the  Mediterranean,  the  central  parts  of 
Europe  and  Asia,  and  some  of  the  mountains 
of  upper  India  ; marjoram.  Baird. 

OR'I-^EN-I^M,  n.  The  doctrines  of  Origen.  Milner. 

OR'I-^JJN-IST,  n.  (Eccl.  Hist.)  A follower  of 
Origen,  a presbyter  of  Alexandria,  and  a learned 
Christian  father  of  the  third  century.  Hook. 

OR'l-fJIN,  n.  [L.  origo,  originis  ; orior,  to  rise  ; 
It.  origine;  Sp.  origen',  Fr.  origine .] 

1.  Rise  ; spring  ; source  ; fountain  ; cause  : — 

beginning  ; first  stage  of  being  ; derivation  ; 
original.  Prior. 

2.  (Math.)  The  fixed  point  in  any  system  of 
coordinates;  the  point  in  which  coordinate  axes 
or  coordinate  planes  intersect  each  other.  Eliot. 

Syn.  — Origin  relates  to  tlie  cause,  beginning  to  the 
period,  of  existence.  The  origin  of  the  earth,  of  evil  ; 
the  beginning  of  the  year,  the  world  ; the  rise  of  an 
empire ; a fountain  of  water ; the  source  of  the  Nile. 

O-RItjr'I-NA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  originated. 


mJeN,  SIR ; MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  ROLE. 
126 


— (J,  9,  g,  soft ; c,  G,  g,  |,  hard;  ^ as  z;  If  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


ORIGINAL 


1002 


ORPHEUS 


O-RII-l'I-NAL,  a.  [L.  originalis;  It.  originate ; 
Sp.  original ; Fr.  original,  and  original. ] 

1.  Primitive;  pristine;  primeval;  first;  pri- 
mary. “ The  original  question.”  Stilling  fleet. 

2.  Having  new  ideas  ; inventive. 

There  are  very  few  original  thinkers  in  the  world.  1).  Stewart. 

Original  sin,  (Theol.)  the  first  sin  that  the  first  man 
committed  ; — also  the  imputation  of  it  to  his  posterity, 
or  that  depravation  of  nature  which  is  its  consequence. 

Syn.  — See  Native,  Primary. 

O-RI^'I-NAL,  n.  1.  Origin;  source  ; cause  ; — 
derivation ; descent. 

If  we  knew  the  original  of  all  the  words  we  meet  with,  we 
should  thereby  he  very  much  helped  to  know  the  ideas  they 
were  first  applied  to  and  made  to  stand  for.  Locke. 

2.  That  from  which  any  thing  is  transcribed 
or  copied  ; first  copy  ; archetype  ; model. 

Compare  this  translation  with  the  original.  Addison. 

O-RIty'I-N  AL-IST,  n.  An  original  thinker  ; a per- 
son of  original  genius.  Month.  Rev. 

0-RI(?-{-NAL'!-TY,  n.  [It.  originality  ; Sp.  origi- 
' nalidad ; Fr!  originalite .]  The  quality  or  the 
state  of  being  original.  " Swinburne. 

O-RH-l'r-NAL-LY,  art.  In  an  original  manner; 
primarily  ; from  the  beginning  ; at  first.  Bacon. 

O-RI^'I-NAL-NESS,  n.  Originality,  [li.]  Johnson. 

0-R!<?'!-NANT,  a.  That  originates.  Coleridge. 

O-Rigi'l-NA-RY,  a.  [L.  originarius ; It.  4-  Sp. 
originario  ; Hr.  originaire.] 

1.  That  originates  ; productive,  [it.]  Cheyne. 

2.  Original ; primitive,  [r.] 

I am  built  of  clay,  anil  must  resolve  to  my  originary 
dust.  Sandys. 

O-RIQr'I-NATE,  v.  a.  [It.  originare  ; Sp.  originar. 
— See  Origin.]  [;.  originated;^/?.  origi- 
nating, ORIGINATED.] 

1.  To  bring  into  existence ; to  create ; to 
cause  to  he  ; to  be  the  origin  ; to  invent. 

Does  man  originate  his  own  actions?  Fleming. 

2.  To  deduce  the  origin  of ; to  derive. 

The  holy  story  originates  skill  and  knowledge  of  arts  from 
God.  Waterhouse. 

0-R19'I-NAtE,  v.  n.  To  have  an  origin ; to  be- 
gin or  take  existence  ; to  arise  ; to  emanate. 

I consider  the  address  ...  as  originating  in  the  principles 
of  the  sermon.  Burke. 

O-RIlJI-T-NA'TION,  n.  [L.  origination  It.  origina- 
zione .] 

1.  The  act  of.  originating  or  creating;  first 
production.  “ The  tradition  of  the  origination 
of  mankind  seems  to  be  universal.”  Hale. 

2.  The  mode  of  bringing  into  existence. 

This  eruca  is  propagated  . . . after  the  common  origination 

of  all  caterpillars.  Bay. 

O-Rlty'l-NA-TIVE.  a.  That  originates.  Atlienatum. 


O-RIi^'I-nA-TOR,  n.  One  who  originates. 

O-RIL'LON,  n.  [Fr.,  little  ear.]  (Fort.)  A pro- 
’ jecting  tower  at  the  shoulder  of  a bastion,  cov- 
ering the  flank  from  exterior  view.  Mil.  Ency. 


O'RI-OLE,  n.  (Ornith.)  A name 
applied  to  birds  of  different 
groups, — the  European  oriole 
being  allied  to  the  thrushes, 
the  American  oriole  to  the 
starlings. 

O-RI-O-U'.XJE,  n.  pi.  (Ornith.) 
A sub-family  of  dentirostral 
birds  of  the  order  Passeres  and 
family  Tnrdida: ; orioles.  Gray. 


Baltimore  oriole. 


O-R/'OJY,  n.  [L.,  from 
Gr.  'llotuiv,  a celebrated 
hunter,  in  the  Grecian 
mythology.]  (Astron.) 

The  largest  and  bright- 
est constellation  in  the 
southern  hemisphere, 
situated  almost  in  the  Oriolus  acrorhynchus. 
path  of  the  equinoctial  line.  Hind. 


Canst  thou  bind  the  sweet  influences  of  Pleiades,  or  loose 
the  bands  of  Orion?  Job  xxxviii.  31. 


OR-TS-MOE'O-pY,  n.  [Gr.  boirry <5?,  a term,  and 
/.ilyot,  a discourse.]  That  branch  of  natural 
history  which  relates  to  the  technical  terms  of 
the  science  ; an  explanation  of  technical  terms  ; 
glossology  ; terminology.  Brande. 

OR'I-SON  (or'e-zun)  [or'e-zun,  S.  W.  P.  J.  F.  Ja. 


K.  5m.],  n.  [Fr.  oraison  (L.  oro,  to  pray). — 
See  Oration.]  A prayer;  a supplication”. 

Lowly  they  bowed,  adoring,  and  began 

Their  orisons,  each  morning  duly  paid.  Milton. 

jdQr*  Some  other  poets,  as  well  as  Cotton,  place  the 
accent  of  orison  on  the  second  syllable. 

So  went  he  on  with  his  orisons 

Which,  ifyon  mark  them  well,  were  wise  ones.  Cotton. 

ORK,  n.  A very  large  sea-fish.  — See  Orc. 

ORLE,  n.  1.  (Her.)  An  ordinary  forming  a bor- 
der within  the  sheld  at  some  distance  from  the 
edges.  W rigid. 

2.  (Arcji.)  A fillet  under  the  ovolo  of  a capi- 
tal ; orlo  ; — written  also  orlet.  Jamieson. 

OR'LE-AN§,  n.  A kind  of  cloth  made  of  worsted 
and  cotton,  used  for  dresses,  &c.  Simmonds. 

OR'LO,  n.  [It.,  a kern.]  (Arch.)  A fillet  under 
the  ovolo  of  a capital  ; orle  : — - a term  also 
sometimes  applied  to  the  plinth  in  the  base  of 
a column  or  a pedestal.  Wright. 

OR'LO,?;.  [Sp.]  (Mtts.)  A kind  of  Spanish  mu- 
sical wind  instrument.  Simmonds. 

OR 'LOP,  n.  [Dut.  overloop .]  (Naut.)  The  lower 
deck  of  a ship  of  the  line,  or  that  on  which  the 
cables  are  stowed.  Dana. 

OR'MO-LCr,  n.  [Fr.  or-moulu\  or,  gold,  and 
moudre,  moulu,  to  grind,  to  mill.]  An  alloy  of 
equal  parts  of  copper  and  zinc,  made  to  resem- 
ble fine  gold  ; mosaic  gold.  Simmonds. 

f ORN,  v.  a.  [L.  onto.]  To  adorn.  Joy. 

OR'NA-MENT,  n.  [L.  ornamentum  ; orno,  to 
adorn  ; It.  4 Sp.  ornamento  ; Fr.  ornement.] 

1.  Embellishment ; decoration  ; that  which 
adorns  or  beautifies. 

I hold  every  man  a debtor  to  his  profession ; from  the  which 
ns  men  of  course  do  seek  to  receive  countenauce  and  profit, 
so  ought  they  of  duty  to  endeavor  themselves,  by  way  of 
amends,  to  be  a help  and  ornament  thereunto.  Bacon. 

2.  (Fine  Arts.)  Any  accessory  part  of  a work 
which  has  the  merit  of  adding  to  its  beauty  or 
effect. 

Pedestals,  pediments;  draperies,  fringes,  garlands,  vases, 
cameos,  utensils  of  elegant  and  picturesque  form,  arc  the 
usual  subjects  of  ornament  in  painting.  Fairholt. 

OR'NA-MENT,  V.  a.  [*.  ORNAMENTED  ; pp.  OR- 
NAMENTING, ornamented.]  To  embellish;  to 
bedeck  ; to  adorn  ; to  decorate.  Warburton. 

OR-NA-MENT'ALJ  a.  [It.  ornamentale .]  Con- 
taining, or  bestowing,  ornament ; serving  for 
decoration  ; giving  embellishment. 

Its  radiant  point  and  ornamental  gold.  King. 

OR-NA-MENT'AL-LY,  ad.  By  means  or  use  of 
ornament ; so  as  to  ornament.  Johnson. 

OR-NA-MEN-TA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  ornament- 
ing ; embellishment.  Buskin. 

OR'NATE,  a.  [L.  orno,  ornatus,  to  adorn.]  Hav- 
ing ornament ; decorated ; fine  ; embellished. 

A graceful  and  ornate  rhetoric,  taught  out  of  the  rule  of 
Plato.  Milton. 


f OR'NATE,  v.  a.  [L.  orno,  ornatus.]  To  adorn; 

to  garnish  ; to  decorate.  Sir  T.  Elyot. 

OR'NATE- LY,  ad.  In  an  ornate  manner ; with 
decoration  ; with  embellishment.  Skelton. 


OIl'NATE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  embel- 
lished ; decoration  ; finery.  Johnson. 


OR'NA-TURE,  n.  [L.  o mat  lira.] 
ornament,  [r.] 

fORN'ING,  n.  Act  of  adorning. 


Decoration  ; 
B.  Jonson. 


Wichliffe. 


OR-NIS-COP'ICS,  n.  [Gr.  opvis,  a bird,  and  CKorriw, 
to  behold.]  Divination  by  fowls.  Craig. 

OR-NIS'CO-PtST,  n.  One  who  observes  and  di- 
vines by  the  observation  of  birds.  Johnson. 

OR-NlTH'IC,  a.  Relating  to  birds.  Hitchcock. 

OR-NI-THICH'NITE,  n.  [Gr.  bo  Vis,  Spvidos,  a bird, 
and  i'^i'Of,  a track.]  (Pal.)  The  foot-mark  of  a 
bird  on  stone.  Dr.  Hitchcock. 


dR-NITH-!€H-NOL'0-<?Y,  n.  [Gr.  Spins,  ooviBos,  a 
bird,  i 'xv°s,  a track,  and  Uyns,  a discourse.]  (Pol.) 
A treatise  on  the  fossil  foot-marks  of  birds  in 
stone.  Dr.  Hitchcock. 

OR-NI-THOl-DlCH'NfTE,  n.  [Gr.  Spvis,  ooviOos,  a 
bird ; elSos,  form,  and  a footstep.]  (Pal.) 

A fossil  foot-mark  like  that  of  a bird ; a mark 
resembling  an  ornitliichnite.  Dr.  Hitchcock. 


OR-NITH'O-LITE,  n.  [Gr.  Spvis,  SpviBos,  a bird,  and 
hOos,  a stone.]  (Geol.)  A fossil  bird.  Hamilton. 

OR-NM-PHO-Loy  IC,  ? a [Sp,  ornitoloaico ; 

OR-NI-THO-LO<y'i-CAL,  ) Er.  ornithologique. .] 
Relating  to  ornithology.  Pennant. 

OR-NI-THOL'O-GlST,  n.  [Fr.  ornithologisie .]  One 
versed  in  ornithology.  Barrington. 

O K-N I-THO I.  O-t/Y,  n.  [Gr.  opvis,  SpviOos,  a bird, 
and  /.6yos,  a discourse ; It.  4 Sp.  omilologia ; 
Fr.  ornithologie .]  The  science  which  teaches 
the  natural  history  and  arrangement  or  classifi- 
cation of  birds.  Eng.  Cyc. 

OR- NITH'O- M A N-CY,  ?;.  [Gr.  Spvis,  SpviOos,  a bird, 
and  pavrtia,  divination  ; It.  ornitomanzia ; Sp. 
ormtomancia  ; Fr.  ornithomancic .]  Divination 
by  the  flight  of  birds.  Brande. 

OR'NI-THON,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  Spvtbwv.]  An 
aviary  : — a poultry-house.  Weale. 


OR-NI-THO-RHYN'OHUS,  n. 

[Gr.  Spvis,  SpviOos,  a bird,  and 
j)vr%i>s,  a beak.]  (Zoiil.)  A 
genus  of  monotrematous, 
ovoviviparous  mammals, 
found  in  Australia  and  V an 
Diemen’s  Land;  the  duck-  Ornithorhynchus. 
hill  or  water-mole.  Waterhouse. 

USpOf  all  the  mammalia  yet  known,  the  ornitho- 
rhynchus  seems  the  most  extraordinary  in  its  confor- 
mation, exhibiting  the  perfect  resemblance  of  the  beak 
Of  a dock  engrafted  on  the  head  of  a quadruped. 
Dr.  Shaw. 


OR-O-GRAPH'IC, 

6r-o-grAph'i-cal, 


a.  [Fr. 
Relating 


descriptive  of  mountains. 


oragraphique .] 
to  orography ; 
Hamilton. 


O-ROG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  opos,  a mountain,  and 
ypaipw,  to  write  ; Fr.  orographic .]  A descrip- 
tion of  mountains.  Greenough. 


OR-0-LO£'I-CAL,  a.  Relating  to  orology.  Smart. 


O-ROL'O-^JY,  n.  [Gr.  opos,  a mountain,  and  1-oySs, 
a discourse.]  A treatise  on,  or  a knowledge  of, 
mountains.  Smart. 

O-RO-TUND',  a.  [L.  os,  oris,  the  mouth,  and  ro- 
tundas, round.]  (Elocution .)  Noting  a manner 
of  uttering  the  elements  of  speech,  which  exhib- 
its them  with  a fulness,  clearness,  strength, 
smoothness,  and  a ringing  or  musical  quality 
rarely  heard  in  ordinary  speech.  P.  Cyc. 

f OR'PIIA-LINE,  n.  An  orphan.  Hall. 


OR'PHAN  (br'fan),  n.  [Gr.  SmfiavSs ; L.  orphanus  ; 
It.  orfano ; Sp.  huerfano  ; Fr  .orphelin.  — “The 
root  is  probably  Sansc.  rab/l ; L.  rapio,  our  reft.” 
Liddell  4 Scoff.]  A child  bereaved  of  both  par- 
ents ; — a term' applied  also  to  a child  who  has 
but  one  parent.  Johnson.  Bouvier. 

And  orphans,  for  their  parents’  timeless  death, 

Shall  rue  the  hour  that  ever  thou  wast  born.  Shak. 


OR'PHAN,  a.  Bereft  of  parents,  or  of  a parent. 

A virgin  tragedy,  an  orphan  muse.  Pope. 

OR'PHAN,  v.  a.  To  reduce  to  the  state  of  an  or- 
phan. “ Orphaned  in  his  birth.”  Young. 

OR'PIIAN-At-JE  (or'fan-aj),  n.  [Fr.  orphelinage.] 
The  state  of  an  orphan  ; orphanism.  Blackstone. 


OR'PIIANED  (or' fluid),  a.  Bereft  of  parents.  “ This 
orphaned  world.”  Warburton. 

OR'PHA-NET,  n.  A young  or  a little  orphan. 

Calling  her  maids  this  orphanet  to  see.  Drayton. 

OR'PHAN-HOOD  (-hud),  ?;.  The  state  or  condi- 
tion of  an  orphan.  Nisbet. 

OR'PHAN-l§M,  n.  Orphanage,  [n.]  Bailey. 

OR-PHAN-OT'RO-PHY,  ?;.  \Gr.  Spipavorpoipelov ; Sp- 
i pavds,  an  orphan,  and  rpoi/n },  food ; L.  orphano- 
trophium .]  A hospital  for  orphans,  [r.]  Bailey. 

OR-PHA'RI-ON,  n.  A kind  of  musical  instru- 
ment in  the  form  of  a lute.  Halliwell. 


OR-PHE'AN  [or-fe'an, K.  Sm.Wr. ; or'fe-an,  C.  Wb. 

’ Ash],  a.  Relating  to  the  ancient  poet  and  mu- 
sician Orpheus  ; musical  and  poetical.  P.  Cyc. 

f OR'PHE-LINE,  n.  An  orphan.  Udal. 

OR  ' PHEUS  (or'fus),  n.  [Gr.  'Opc/itbs.]  (Myth.)  A 
famous  ancient  poet  of  Thrace,  who  is  fabled  to 
have  enchanted  with  the  music  of  his  lyre  not 
only  the  wild  beasts,  but  the  trees  and  rocks 
upon  Olympus.  W.  Smith. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  T,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


ORPHIC 


ORTIVE 


1003 


OR'PHIC,  a.  Relating  to  the  Orphica,  or  to  Or- 
pheus ; mystical ; Orphean.  P ■ Cyc. 

OR' PHl-CA,  n.  pi.  [L.]  Certain  mystic  poems, 
falsely  ascribed  to  Orpheus.  P • Cyc. 

OR'PLMENT,  n.  [L.  auripigmentum ; aurum, 
gold,  and  pigmentum,  pigment;  It.  orpimento  ; 
Sp.  oropimente ; Fr.  orpiment.]  The  yellow 
sulphur et  of  arsenic,  occurring  native  in  small 
crystals,  or  usually  in  foliated  and  fibrous 
masses;  — used  as  a pigment,  for  which  pur- 
pose, however,  it  is  usually  prepared  artificially, 
and  so  called  in  allusion  to  its  color  and  because 
it  was  supposed  to  contain  gold.  Dana. 

OR'PINE,  n.  [Fr.  orpin.\ 

1.  ( Bot .)  A succulent  herbaceous  plant;  tu- 
berous stone-crop  ; Sedum  telephium.  Eng.  Cyc. 

2.  (Paint.)  A yellow  color,  of  various  degrees 
of  intensity,  approaching  also  to  red.  Brande. 

OR'RIJ-RY,  n.  ( Astron .)  A machine  for  repre- 
senting’ the  motions  and  relative  magnitudes 
and  distances  of  the  bodies  composing  the  solar 
system ; a planetarium. 

This  instrument  was  invented  by  Mr.  Geo. 
Graham,  but  derives  its  name  from  one  made  by  Mr. 
Rowley  for  the  Earl  of  Orrery,  which  was  erroneous- 
ly supposed  by  Sir  Richard  Steele,  who  named  it  after 
that  nobleman,  to  be  the  first  ever  constructed.  Jamie- 
son. Nichul. 

OR'RIS,  n.  1.  [L.  iris.']  The  Iris  Florentina,  or 
Florentine  iris,  the  root  of  which  has  an  aromat- 
ic odor,  and  subacrid  taste,  and  is  employed  as 
a dentifrice.  Eng.  Cyc. 

2.  [Fr.  orfroi.]  A gold  or  silver  lace.  Johnson. 

“ If  such  a word  as  orris , in  this  sense,  exists 
(which  I doubt),  it  cau  only  be  a corruption  of  or- 
frais.”  Todd.  - See  ORFRAYS. 

3.  A peculiar  pattern  in  which  gold  and  silver 

lace  is  worked.  Simmonds. 

ORSE'DEVV,  ? n_  An  inferior  sort  of  gold-leaf, 

OR'SE-DUE,  ) made  at  Manheim,  and  sometimes 
called  Manheim  or  Dutch  gold.  McCulloch. 

ORT,  n. ; pi.  orts.  Any  worthless  leaving  or 
refuse,  as  of  fodder. — See  Orts.  Shah. 

OR'TIllTE,  n.  [Gr.  ioOb;,  straight.]  (Min.)  A 
silicate  of  cerium,  iron,  &e.,  occurring  in  minute, 
slender,  columnar,  embedded  masses,  of  a black- 
ish-gray  color,  and  a vitreous  lustre.  Eng.  Cyc. 

OR-TIIO-CER'A-TITE,  n.  [Gr.  ipdd;,  straight, 
and  x/pitf,  a horn.]  (Pal.)  A straight,  con- 
camerated  multilocular  fossil  shell,  with  septa 
regularly  concave  towards  the  mouth,  perforat- 
ed by  a simple,  nearly  cylindrical  siphunele, 
either  in,  or  not  far  removed  from,  the  centre  of 
the  disk.  Eng.  Cyc. 

OR'THO-CLASE,  n.  [Gr.  ipBds,  straight,  and  kUw, 
to  break.]  (Min.)  Felspar.  Brande. 

OR'THO-DOX,  a.  [Gr.  dpBiilo^o; ; inOds,  right,  and 
Id  (a,  opinion;  So/cio,  to  think;  L.  orthodoxus4. 
It.  ortodosso4,  Sp.  orthodoxo;  Fr.  orthodoxe.] 
Sound  in  opinion  or  doctrine  ; not  heterodox, 
— particularly  sound  in  religious  opinions  or 
doctrines ; conforming,  in  matters  of  religion, 
to  what  is  generally  received  as  the  right  faith. 

Do  not  confound  yourself  with  multiplicity  of  authors; 
two  is  enough  upon  any  science,  provided  they  be  plenary 
and  orthodox.  Hoivetl. 

Tf  two  men  take  Scripture  for  their  guide,  and,  professing 
to  have  no  other  guide,  come  to  opposite  conclusions,  it  is 
quite  clear  that  neither  has  a right  to  decide  that  the  other  is 
not  orthodox.  Hook. 

Syn.  — Orthodox  signifies  sound  in  doctrine  ; evan- 
gelical, agreeable  to  tlie  gospel.  The  term  orthodox  is 
differently  applied  in  different  countries.  In  Roman 
Catholic  countries,  Roman  Catholics  only  are  es- 
teemed orthodox.  In  the  established  Church  of  Eng- 
land, High-churchmen,  who  are  generally  anti-Cai- 
Vinistic,  are  commonly  styled  orthodox , and  Low- 
churchmen,  evangelical.  In  the  U.  S.  it  is  customary 
to  style  Calvinists  both  orthodox  and  evangelical. 

+ OR-THO-DOX'AL,  a.  Orthodox.  “The  same 
orthodoxal  verity.”  White. 

f OR-THO-DOX-^L'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being 
orthodox.  Cudworth. 

f OR-THO-DOX'AL- LY,  ad.  In  an  orthodox  man- 
ner ; orthodoxly.  Milton. 

tOR-TIIO-noX-AS'TI-CAL,  a.  Orthodox.  “ Or- 
thodoxastical  Christians.”  John  Fox. 

OR'THO-DOX-LY,  ad.  In  an  orthodox  manner. 
“ So  soundly  and  so  orthodoxly  settled.”  Bacon. 


t OR'THO-DOX-NIJSS,  n.  Orthodoxy.  Killingbcck. 

OR'TIIO-DOX-Y,  n.  [Gr.  6pBoho(la ; It.  ortodos- 
sia  ; Sp . ortodoxia;  Fr . orthodoxie.]  The  state 
of  being  orthodox ; soundness  in  opinion  and 
doctrine,  — particularly  in  matters  of  religion. 

Orthodoxy , which,  strictly  speaking,  means  right  opinion, 
in  popular  language  means  conformity  to  what  is  generally 
received  as  the  right  faith.  Ahp.  IF  /lately. 

It  was  not  only  in  his  [Dr.  Watts’s]  book,  but  in  his  mind, 
•that  orthodoxy  was  united  with  charity.  Johnson. 

OR-THO-DROM'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  orthodrom- 
ics ; sailing  in  a direct  course.  Ash. 

OR-TIIO-DROM'ICS,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  ipBii;,  straight, 
and  ipdyog,  a course.]  (Naut.)  The  art  of  sail- 
ing on  a right  course,  or  on  the  arc  of  a great 
circle,  which  is  the  shortest  distance  between 
any  two  points  on  the  surface  of  the  globe ; 
great-circle  sailing ; ortliodromy.  Harris. 

OR'THO-DROM-Y,  n.  [Gr.  ipOds,  straight,  and 
dpo'pof,  a course ; It.  § Sp.  ortodromia ; Fr.  or- 
thodromic.]  (Naut.)  The  art  of  sailing  on  the 
arc  of  a great  circle  ; orthdromics.  Johnson. 

OR-THO-EP'IC,  ? a.  Relating  to  orthoepy,  or 

OR-THO-EP'J-CAL,  > pronunciation.  Martin. 

OR-THO-EP'I-CAL-Ly,  ad.  In  an  orthoepical 
manner.  Smart. 

OR'TIIO-p-PIST,  n.  One  who  is  skilled  in  ortho- 
epy or  correct  pronunciation.  Walker. 

OR'TIIO-JE-PY  [or'tlio-e-pe,  W.  P.J.  Ja.  Sm.  Wb. 
Bees  ; or-tlio'e-pe  or  or'tho-e-pe,  F. ; or-tho'e-pe, 
K.  C.  Wr.],  n.  [Gr.  ipOoiiuta  ; 6p06;,  right,  and. 
tVof,  a word  ; Fr.  orthoepie.]  That  part  of  pros- 
ody which  treats  of  the  pronunciation  of  words  ; 
correct  pronunciation.  Wilkins. 

Orthoepy  differs  from  orthography  by  determining  how 
words  are  spokeu,  whereas  orthography  decides  how  they 
are  spelt.  Latham. 

jftsr’  “ It  is  not  a little  surprising  that  so  few  of  our 
dictionaries  of  pronunciation  have  inserted  this  word, 
so  peculiarly  appropriated  to  the  subject  they  have 
treated.  It  is  regularly  derived  from  the  Greek  opOu- 
iwcia , and  is  as  necessary  to  our  language  as  ortliog- 
raphy , orthodoxy,  &c.  Mr.  Elphinston  and  Mr.  Nares 
place  the  accent  on  the  first  syllable  of  this  word,  as 
1 have  done.”  Walker. 

OR'THO-GON,  n.  [Gr.  oo06g,  right,  and  yrnna,  an 
angle.]  A rectangled  figure.  Peacham . 

OR-TIIOG'O-NAL,  a.  [Gr.  dpOoyuwtos ; L.  ortho- 
gonius;  It.  ortogonalc\  Sp.  ortogonio",  Fr.  or- 
thogonal.'] Rectangular ; right-angled. 

Orthogonal  projection  of  a magnitude , (Math.)  that 
projection  which  is  made  by  projecting  lines  drawn 
perpendicular  to  the  plane  of  projection.  Davies . 

OR-THOG'O-NAL-LY,  ad.  With  right-angles. 

OR-TIIOG'RA-PHER,  n.  One  who  is  skilled  in 
orthography  or  spelling.  • Shah. 

OR-THO-GRAPII  IC,  ? [It.  Sp.  ortografi- 

OR-TIIO-GRAPIl'l-CAL,  > co  ; Fr.  orthographique.] 

1.  Relating  to  orthography  or  spelling.  “ Some 

little  orthographical  mistakes.”  Addison. 

2.  Delineated  according  to  the  elevation  and 

actual  measurement  without  reference  to  the 
rules  of  perspective.  Mortimer. 

Orthographic  projection,  (Grom.)  that  projection  in 
which  points  are  projected  by  means  of  straight  lines 
drawn  through  them,  perpendicular  to  the  plane  of 
projection. 

,6®=*  “All  the  projections  of  descriptive  geometry 
are  orthographic  ; also  that  particular  kind  of  spheri- 
cal projection  called  t lie  orthographic  projection.  The 
name  is  almost  exclusively  applied  in  tlie  latter  case. 
The  orthographic  projection  of  the  circles  of  the  sphere 
may  he  regarded  as  the  perspectives  of  the  circles,  the 
point  of  sight  being  at  an  infinite  distance  from  the 
principal  plane,  or  plane  of  projection,  which  is,  in 
this  case,  the  perspective  plane.”  Davies. 

OR-THO-GRAPITI-CAL-LY,  ad.  1.  According  to 
the  rules  of  spelling.  Johnson. 

2.  According  to  the  orthographic  projection. 

OR-THOG'RA-PHIST,  n.  One  versed  in  orthog- 
raphy; an  orthographer.  Scott. 

OR-THOG'R  A-PIJIZE,  v.  n.  To  write,  or  to  use 
true  orthography,  [it.]  Blount. 

OR-THOG'R  A-PIIY,  n.  [Gr.  dpQoypa<[)la  ; dpOfig, 
right,  and  ypdipio,  to  write  ; L.  orthographia  ; It. 
§ Sp.  ortografia  ; Fr.  orthogrciphe.] 

1.  The  part  of  grammar  which  teaches  the 


nature  and  power  of  letters,  and  the  proper 
method  of  spelling  words. 

Orthography  determines  tlie  correct  spelling  of  words,  and 
deals  with  language  as  it  is  written.  Latham. 

2.  The  art  or  the  mode  of  spelling  words. 

Many  peculiarities  in  our  present  modes  of  spelling  mav 
be  traced  to  the  printers,  who,  since  the  latter  part  of  the  last 
century,  have  exercised  a general  control  over  English  or- 
thography. j.  rates. 

3.  The  representation  of  the  front  of  a build- 
ing or  other  object  by  lines  which  are  perpen- 
dicular to  each  other,  or  which  make  the  same 
angle  as  the  corresponding  lines  in  the  object 
represented  ; — distinguished  from  perspective. 

Fairholt. 

0R-TH6l'0-£Y,  n.  [Gr.  SpBoloyia  4 ip66s,  right, 
and  l.dyos,  a discourse  ; Sp.  ortologia .]  A right 
naming  or  description  of  things.  Fotherby. 

OR-THO-MET'RIC,  a.  ( Crystallography .)  Noting 
axes  of  crystallization  which  are  at  right  angles 
with  each  other.  Dana. 


OR-THOM'e-TRY,  n.  [Gr.  <ip0<Js,  right,  and  pirpov, 
metre.]  The  art  of  constructing  verses  cor- 
rectly : — the  laws  of  versification.  Johnson. 


OH-  THO-NY-  Cl  'JVJE,  11.  pi. 
[Gr.  doOds,  straight,  and 
a claw.]  (Ornith.)  A 
sub-family  of  tenuirostral 
birds  of  the  order  Fasseres 
and  family  Certliidce,  or 
creepers  ; mohonas.  Gray. 


OR  ’ TIW-JYYX,  n.  ( Ornith.)  Orthonyx  spinicaudus. 
A genus  of  passerine  birds  of  the  family  Cer- 
thulce,  or  creepers.  Gray. 

OR-THO-PED'IC,  1 a_  [Fr.  orthopedique.] 
OR-THO-PED'I-CAL,  S (Med.)  Relating  to  or- 
thopedy, or  the  art  of  curing  natural  deformities 
in  children.  Dr.  J.  B.  Brown. 


OR-THOP'^-DY,  n.  [Gr.  ipOds,  right,  qnd  unit, 
iraifids,  a child;  It.  <Sr  Sp.  ortopedia ; Fr.  orthope- 
dic.]  (Med.)  The  art  of  curing  or  remedying 
deformities  in  the  bodies  of  children,  or,  gener- 
ally, in  the  human  body.  Dr.  Mott. 

OR-THOPH'O-NY,  n.  [Gr.  ipBb;,  straight,  right, 
and  tpoiv/i,  sound  ; Fr.  orthophonie .]  Systematic 
cultivation  of  the  voice.  Wm.  Russell. 


OR-TIIOP-JYCE ' Ji  (iir-thop-ne'si),  n.  [Gr.  UpBottvota  ; 
opOos,  straight,  and  nvlot,  to  break  ; L.  orthopnoea  ; 
Sp.  artopnea  ; Fr.  orthopnee.)  (Med.)  Imprac- 
ticability of  breathing  in  the  horizontal  posi- 
tion ; necessity  of  being  in  the  erect  posture  in 
order  to  respire.  Dunglison. 

OR-  THOP  ' TR-RJi,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  bpdo t,  straight,  and 
TtTipPv,  a wing.]  (Ent.)  An  order  of  insects, 
comprising  cockroaches,  crickets,  grasshoppers, 
&c.  ; — so  called  because  their  inferior  wings, 
when  not  in  use,  are  folded  lengthwise  in  nar- 
row plaits  like  a fan,  and  are  laid  straight  along 
the  top  or  the  sides  of  the  back.  Harris. 

OR-THOP'TE-RAN,  ii.  (Ent.)  One  of  the  orthop- 

tera.  Brande. 


OR-THOP'TE-ROUS,  a.  (Ent.)  Relating  to  the 
orthoptera.  Oicen. 

OR'THO-STADE,  11.  [Gr.  dpOocrralia;,  loose,  un- 
girded,— applied  to  a tunic;  dpOiis,  straight,  and 
'iarryii,  to  stand.]  (Ant.)  A long  and  ample  tunic, 
with  straight  or  upright  folds.  Wright. 


OR'THO-STYLE,  n.  [Gr.  dpOiis,  straight,  and  <r rii- 
i.os,  a column.]  (Arch.)  A straight  range  of 
columns.  Hosking. 

OR-TIIO  T'RO-PAL,  ^ [Gr,  dpBis,  straight,  and 

OR-THOT'RO-POUS,  ) rpinei,  to  turn.]  (Bot.) 
Noting  the  embryo  when  it  is  straight,  and  so 
lies  in  the  seed  that  the  radicle  is  towards  the 
hilum,  owing  to  the  inversion  of  the  nucleus  : — 
also  applied  to  the  entire  ovule  or  seed,  without 
reference  to  this  position  of  the  embryo,  when 
the  nucleus  is  straight,  and  the  chalaza  and 
hilum  correspond.  Ilenslow. 

OR-THOT'Y-POUS,  a.  [Gr.  ipBis,  straight,  and 
tvttos,  a biow.]  (Min.)  Having  a perpendicular 
cleavage.  Clarke. 

OR'TIVE,  a.  [L.  ortivus;  orior,  ortvs,  to  rise; 
Fr.  ortive.]  (Astron.)  Relating  to  the  rising  of 
a planet  or  star  ; eastern.  Brande. 


MIEN,  SIR  j MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — g,  £,  9,  g,  soft;  IS,  6,  2,  |,  hard;  S)  as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


ORTOLAN 


1004 


OSSETIC 


6r'TO-lAN,  n.  [It.  ortulano,  from 
L.  hortulanus , pertaining  to  gar- 
dens ; hortus , a garden,— because 
this  bird  frequents  the  hedges  of 
gardens.  Menage.  — Sp.  liortela- 
no  ; Fr.  ortolan.']  (Ornith.)  A 
species  of  bird  of  the  family 
Fringillidce,  much  esteemed  for 
the  delicacy  of  its  flesh ; Emberi- 
za  hortulana.  Yarrell. 

ORTS,  n.  pi.  [Irish  orda,  a frag- 
ment. Lye.  — Gael,  .v  lx.  Jbrtas, 
orts.  — Past  part.  A.  S.  verb  oret- 
tan,  to  defile.  Tooke.  Richardson.]  Refuse,  as  of 
hay;  things  left  or  thrown  away;  fragments; 
worthless  leavings  or  refuse. 

Let  him  have  time  a beggar’s  orts  to  crave.  Shak. 

OR’TYX , n.  [Gr,  Spn(,  a quail.]  ( Ornith .)  A 
genus  of  partridges  found  in  North  America, 
including  the  American  partridge  or  quail  ( Or - 
tyx  Virginiana).  Audubon. 

OR'VAL,  n.  [Fr.  orvale.]  ( Rot .)  An  odoriferous 
meadow  plant,  of  the  labiate  family  ; Lamium 
orvala.  Loudon. 


OS-CIL-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  osci/latio  ; It.  oscilla- 
zione\  Sp.  oscilacion  ; Fr.  oscillation.]  The  act 
of  oscillating  ; the  alternate  ascent  and  descent 
of  a pendulous  body  ; vibration.  Berkeley. 

Syn.  — See  Vibration. 

OS-CJL-LA-TO  ’RI-A,  n.  pi.  (Bot.)  A genus  of 
confervoid  algae;  composed  of  cylindrical  fila- 
ments, enclosed  singly  in  tubular  cellulose 
sheaths,  open  at  the  ends,  from  which  the  fila- 
ments emerging,  wave  backwards  and  forwards. 

Micrographic  Diet. 

OS'CIL-I.A-TO-RY,  or  OS-ClL'LA-TO-RY  [os'jl- 
a-to-re,  K.  Sm.  C.  ; os-sil'lj-tur-e,  S.  IV.  P.  ; os'- 
se-la-to-re,  if.],  a.  [It . oscillatorio  •,  Sp . oscila- 
torio ; Fr . oscillatoire.]  Moving  alternately  one 
way  and  another,  as,a  pendulum;  swinging; 
vibratory.  “ Oscillatory  motions.”  Arbuthnot. 

OS'CT-TAN-CY,  n.  [L.  oscito,  oscitans,  to  gape ; 
os,  the  mouth  ; Sp.  oscitancia.] 

1.  The  act  of  yawning  or  gaping.  Johnson. 

2.  Unusual  sleepiness,  dulness,  or  careless- 
ness. “ The  oscitancy  of  transcribers.”  South. 

Her  whose  winking  eye 

And  slumbering  oscitancy  mars  the  brood.  Cou'per. 


Ortolan  (Embe- 
nza  hortulana). 


OR-VI-E  TAN,  n.  [It.  orvietano.  — So  called,  ac- 
cording to  some,  because  invented  by  Orvietano, 
a celebrated  charlatan  ; or,  according  to  others, 
from  Orvicto,  a town  in  Italy.]  An  antidote 
for  poison.  Bailey. 

OR'YAL,  n.  [See  Okiel.]  (Ant.)  A cloister  or 
arched  room  in  a monastery.  Wright. 

O-RYO'Tf-ROPE,  or  OR-YC-TER'O-PCS,  n.  [Gr, 
dovKTfip,  a digger, 
and  nous,  a foot.] 

(Zoul.)  A genus 
of  edentate,  in- 
sectivorous mam- 
mals, peculiar  to 

Africa,  and  pro-  — — « ■ 

vided  with  feet  Oryctcrope  (Orycteropus  capemie). 

and  claws  well  adapted  for  digging.  Brande. 

OR-yC-TOG-NOS'TIC,  a.  Relating  to  oryctog- 
nosy.  II  right. 

OR-YC-TOG  NO-SY,  n.  [Gr.  Invrris,  fossil,  and 
yvitatf,  knowledge.]  Oryctology.  Brande. 

OR-YC-TOG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  dponros,  fossil,  and 
■yp’nipui,  to  write.]  jOryctology.  Buchanan. 

OR-YC-TO-LOQ!  I-CAL,  a.  Relating  to  oryctol- 
ogy.  Clarke. 

0R-YC-T6L'0-<?Y,  n.  [Gr.  6ovkt6s,  fossil,  and 
i.oyo s,  a discourse  ; Fr.  oryctologie.) 

1.  (Pal.)  The  branch  of  zoological  science 
which  treats  of  fossil  organic  remains.  Brande. 

2.  (Min.)  The  nomenclature,  classification, 

and  description  of  minerals.  Brande. 


OS'CI-TANT,  a.  1.  Yawning  ; gaping.  Johnson. 

2.  Sleepy  ; sluggish  ; dull ; lazy.  Milton. 

OS'CI-TANT-LY,  ad.  Sluggishly  ; carelessly.il/ore. 

OS'CI-TATE,  v.  ti.  [L .oscitO,  oscitatus.]  Toyawn; 
to  gape.  Johnson. 

OS-Cf-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  oscitatio .]  The  act  of 
yawning;  oscitancy.  “ My  treatise  of  oscitation , 
laughter,  and  ridicule.”  Tatlcr. 

6s'CU-lANT,  a.  [L.  osculo,  oseulans,  to  kiss.] 
Tending  to  embrace  ; adhering  close.  Kirby. 

OS'CU-LATE,  v.  a.  [L.  oseulor,  osculatvs  ; oscu- 
lum,  a little  mouth  ; os,  a mouth  ; It.  osculare.] 

1.  To  salute  with  a kiss  ; to  kiss.  Blount. 

2.  (Gcom.)  To  touch,  as  one  curve  another, 
in  such  a manner  that  the  number  of  points 
common  to  both  is  the  greatest  possible.  Brande. 

OS-CU-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  osculatio ; Sp.  oscula- 
cion ; Fr.  osculation.]  (Gcom.)  The  act  of  os- 
culating ; the  contact  of  one  curve  with  anoth- 
er, at  a given  point,  of  the  highest  order  possi- 
ble. Davies. 

OS'cr-LA-TO-RY,  a.  [Sp . osculatorio ; Fr.  oscu- 
latoire.)  (Gcom.)  Pertaining  to,  or  having  the 
nature  of,  an  osculatrix. 

Osculatary  circle,  a circle  whose  curvature  is  the 
same  as  that  of  a given  curve  at  the  point  of  oscula- 
tion. Davies. 

OS'CU-LA-TO-RY,  n.  A tablet  with  a picture  of 
Christ  and  the  virgin,  which,  in  ancient  church- 
es, was  kissed  by  the  priest  and  people.  Smart. 


OR'  YX,  n.  [L.,  from 
Gr.  6'<w|.]  (Zoiil.)  A 
genus  of  antelopes, 
including  the  gems- 
boc,  or  Oryx  gazella, 
and  the  white  ante- 
lope, algazel,  or  Or- 
yx leworyx.  The  lat- 
ter is  the  most  cele- 
brated of  all  the  an- 
telopes, being  the 
species  which  is  gen- 
erally supposed  to 
have  given  rise  to 
the  fabulous  unicorn 


Oryx  lcucoryx. 

of  the  ancients.  Eng.  Cyc. 


O-RY’ZJt,  n.  [Arab.  oruz. — Gr.  bpv^a;  L.  oryza.] 
(Bot.)  The  rice-plant ; rice.  P.  Cyc. 

OS,  n. ; pi.  os's  a.  [L.]  (Anat.)  A bone.  Dunglison. 


6S-Cr-LA'TRIX,  n.  (Gcom.)  A curve  which  has 
a higher  order  of  contact  with  a given  curve,  at 
a given  point,  than  any  other  curve  of  the  same 
kind.  Davies. 

dS'CULE,  n.  [L.  osculum,  a small  mouth.]  A 

small  bilabiate  aperture.  Ogilvic. 

OSIER  (o'zlier),  n.  [Gr.  olaos,  or  olobn  ; Fr.  oisier; 
Bret,  ciozil.  Dicz.  Landaisj]  A name  given  to 
three  species  of  salix  or  willow,  used  for  various 
kinds  of  basket  work,  bands,  &e. 

ttSy  “ Any  willow',  however,  that  has  long,  pliant, 
twiggy  branches,  and  is  grown  on  this  account,  is 
called  an  osier.”  Erg.  Cyc. 

O'SsIIJR  (o'zlier],  a.  Made  of  osier  or  twigs  ; like 
osier.  “ This  osier  cage.”  Shak. 

d'§IERED  (o'zherd),  a.  Covered  or  decorated 

with  osiers.  Collins, 


OS'CIl p-O-CELE,  n.  [Gr.  Sttvy,  the  scrotum,  and 
KfJ.r],  a tumor ; Fr .oscheocele.]  (Med.)  A scro- 
tal tumor,  hernia,  or  rupture.  Dunglison. 

dS'CIL-LAN-CY,  n.  The  act  of  oscillating;  vi- 
bration ; oscillation.  Scott. 

OS'CIL-lAte,  v.  n.  [L.  oscillo,  osctUatus ; It.  oscil- 
laire  ; Sp.  oscilar  ; Fr.  osciller .]  [i.  oscillat- 

ed; pp.  oscillating,  oscillated.]  To  vi- 
brate as  a pendulum  ; to  move  backward  and 
forward  ; to  swing. 

Move  any  body,  as  a pendulum.  In  one  way,  and  it  will 
continue  to  oscillate  in  an  arch  of  the  same  circle  until  the 
known  causes  make  it  rest.  Burke. 


O'isI F.R— HOLT,  n.  [Eng.  osier,  and  A.  S.  holt,  a 
wood.]  A place  for  cultivating  osiers.  Craig. 

OS' JUAJT-7-I,  n.  In  Turkey,  an  official  functiona- 
ry ; a placeman.  Ogilvic. 

IPS’-  “ The  term  Osman! is  is  often,  but  erroneously, 
applied  to  all  Turks.”  Ogilvic. 

6§'MA-ZOME,  n.  [Gr.  d apt'),  smell,  and  (opds, 
broth.]  ( Chem .)  A name  given  by  Thcnard  to  a 
spirituous  extract  of  meat ; — according  to  Ber- 
zelius, it  is  not  a peculiar  substance,  but  a mix- 
ture of  several  different  bodies,  among  which 
are  lactic  acid  and  lactates.  Eng.  Cyc. 


0§'MgL-fTE,  n.  [Gr.  dept),  smell,  and  l.iOo j,  a 
stone.]  (Min.)  A variety  of  pectolite  ; — so 
named  from  its  clayey  smell.  Dana. 

OS-MI-Am'IC,  n.  (osmium  and  ammonia.]  (Chem.) 
Noting  an  acid  formed  by  the  action  of  ammo- 
nia on  osmic  acid.  Graham. 

6§'MI-ATE,  n.  (Chem.)  A salt  formed  by  the 
union  of  osmic  acid  with  a base.  Graham. 

a.  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  composed  of 
one  equivalent  of  osmium  and  four  equivalents 
of  oxygen.  Graham. 

OS'MJ-OUS,  a.  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  composed 
of  one  equivalent  of  osmium  and  three  equiva- 
lents of  oxygen.  Graham. 

6§'m!tE,  n.  (Chem.)  A combination  of  osmium 
with  some  other  substance.  Graham. 

6§'MI-UM,  n.  (Mm.)  A whitish  metal  occurring 
in  conjunction  with  platinum  ; — so  named  from 
the  extremely  acid  and  penetrating  odor  of 
osmic  acid,  its  volatile  oxide.  Graham. 

O^-MOM'jp-T^R,  n.  [Gr.  werpos,  impulsion,  and 
filrpov,  a measure.]  (Chem.)  An  instrument  or 
apparatus  to  measure  the  velocity  of  the  osmot- 
ic current.  Athenceum. 

6§'MOSE,  n.  [Gr.  wopo?,  impulsion.]  (Chem.) 
That  property  of  animal  membrane,  or  unglazed 
earthen  ware,  by  which  an  uninterrupted  com- 
munication is  produced  between  two  fluids  of 
different  densities,  when  placed  on  opposite 
sides  of  it.  — See  Endosmose,  and  Exosmose. 

Graham. 

RSt  “ This  phenomenon  was  originally  designated 
by  the  correlative  terms  endosmose  and  exosmone ; but 
it  is  better  expressed  by  the  shorter  word  osmose, 
which  includes  the  two  forms.”  Graham. 

QS-MOT'IC,  a.  Relating  to  osmose.  Graham. 

OSMUND,  n.  [A  word  said  to  be  of  northern 
origin,  and  applied  to  this  plant  on  account  of 
its  potential  qualities  in  medicine.  Ostnmtder 
W'as  one  of  the  names  of  Thor,  and  mund,  in 
A.  S.,  is  expressive  of  force  or  power.  Loudon.] 
(Bot.)  A kind  of  fern  ; a plant  of  the  genus  Os- 
munda.  Eng.  Cyc. 

OS'NA-BURG,  n.  A coarse  linen,  made  of  flax 
and  tow,  originally  manufactured  at  Osnaburg, 
in  Germany.  Jamieson. 

OS-PIIRE-SjJ-OL'O-^Y,  n.  [Gr.  betppyots,  smell, 
and  hdyoi,  a discourse  ; Fr.  osphresiologie.)  (Med.) 
A treatise  on  olfaction  and  odors.  Dunglison. 

OS'PREY,  n.  [L.  ossifraga  ; 
os,  a bone,  and  frdngo,  to 
break.]  (Ornith.)  A bird 
of  the  order  Accipitres 
and  family  Falconidce  ; 
the  bald  buzzard,  fishing- 
eagle,  or  fish-hawk,  a 
large  bird  of  prey,  liv- 
ing principally  upon  fish, 
which  it  takes  by  darting 
upon  them  with  great  ra-  osprey  ( Faico  haUcctus). 
pidity  and  undeviating 

aim ; Faico  halicetus  of  Linnaeus,  or  Pandion 
haliictus  of  Savigny.  Eng.  Cyc. 

ttlf  Tile  more  common  orlhography  of  this  word  in 
the  Dictionaries  is  ospray , as  it  is  found  in  tile  Bible ; 
but  the  orthography  of  the  ornithologists  is  osprey. 

ppj  ■ Tlie  name  is  also  sometimes  given  to  the  sea- 
eagle.  Maunder. 

OS'SE-AN  (osh'e-an),  n.  [L.  ossens,  bony.]  (leh.) 
A fish  that  has  a true  bony  skeleton.  Brande. 

OS'SE-LET,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  os,  a hone.]  A hard 
substance,  like  a little  bone,  growing  on  the  in- 
side of  a horse’s  knee.  Farrier's  Diet. 

OS'SJjl-OUS  (os'se-us  or  osh'e-us)  [osh'e-us,  P.  Ja. 
C.  Wr. ; 5s'se-us,  K.  Davis ; os'se-us,  colloquially 
osh'us,  Sm.],  a.  [L.  ossem ; os,  ossis,  a bone ; 
It.  osseo  ; Sp.  osco  ; Fr.  osseuxJ  Bony  ; com- 
posed of,  or  resembling,  bone.  • 

Osseous  breccia,  the  cemented  mass  of  bone  found 
in  certain  caverns  and  fissures  of  rocks.  Brande. 

fOS'SIJ^,  n.  pi.  Words  uttered  unawares,  and 
having  the  character  of  a presage.  Holland. 

OS-SET'IO,  a.  Applied  to  an  insulated  tribe  of 
people  of  Mount  Caueasus,  and  to  the  language 
spoken  by  them.  Latham. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  If,  short;  A,  $,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


OSSICLE 


1005 


OTALGY 


OS'SI-CLE  (os'se-kl),  n.  [L.  ossiculum-,  os,  ossis, 
a bone.]  A small  bone.  Holder. 

OS-SlC'U-LAT-ED,  a.  Furnished  with  small 
bones.  Hill. 

OS-SiF'yR-OUS,  a.  [L.  os,  a bone,  and  fcro,  to 
bear.]  Producing  or  forming  bone.  P.  Cyc. 

OS-Si'F'rC,  a.  [L.  os,  a bone,  and  facio,  to  make  ; 
‘ It.  ossijico  ; Sp.  osifico ; Fr.  ossifiqae.]  Having 
power  to  ossify  or  form  bone.  Wiseman. 

OS-SI-FI-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  ossificatio ; It.  ossifi- 
cazione ; Sp.  osficacion ; Fr.  ossification.'] 
(Med.)  The  act  of  ossifying: — the  formation 
of  bone: — the  development  or  increase  of  the 
osseous  system.  • 

ijgg=  “ Besides  the  natural  ossification,  which  we 
observe  in  the  fcetus  and  in  the  first  periods  of  life, 
there  are  also  accidental  ossifications , such  as  those 
frequently  remarked  after  the  inflammation  of  serous 
membranes,  in  the  parietes  of  arteries,  See.”  Dunglison. 

OS’SI-FRAyE,  n.  [L.  ossifraga ; ossa,  bones, 
and  frango,  to  break  ; It.  ossifrago  ; Sp.  osifra- 
ga ; ‘ Fr.  orfraie.]  ( Ornith.)  A name  given  to 
the  sea-eagle,  or  Halicetus  albicilla,  in  the  ear- 
lier part  of  its  life.  — See  Osprey.  Yarrell. 

j|j£g=-  The  translators  of  the  Bible  regarded  the  os- 
pray  and  the  ossifrage  as  different  birds.  " They  shall 
not  be  eaten,  they  are  an  abomination;  — the  eagle, 
and  the  ossifrage,  and  the  ospray.”  Lev.  xi.  13.  — “ By 
ossifrage,  in  this  passage,  the  lammergeyer  is  supposed 
to  have  been  meant.”  Kitto. 

OS-SI  F'RA-GOUS,  a.  Breaking  the  bones.  Ash. 

OS'SI-FY,  v.  a.  [L.  os,  ossis,  a bone,  and  facio, 
to  make;  It.  ossificarse  ; Sp.  ossificar  ; Fr.  ossi- 
fier.]  \i.  ossified;  pp.  ossifying,  ossified.] 
To  convert  or  change  to  bone  by  the  deposition 
of  calcareous  matter.  Sharp. 

OS'SI-FY,  v.  n.  To  change  to  bone;  to  become 
bone.  Jamieson. 

OS-Sl  V'O-ROUS,  a.  [L.  ossa,  bones,  and  voro,  to 
devour  ; It.  ossivoro.]  Feeding  on  bones.  “ Os- 
sivorous  quadrupeds.”  * Grew. 

OS'SU-A-RY  (osh'u-st-re  or  os'su-a-re)  [osh'u-?-re, 
P.  K. ; os'su-a-re,  C.],  n.  [L.  ossuarium ; ossa, 
bones.]  A charnel-house  ; a place  where  the 
bones  of  dead  people  are  kept.  Browne. 

OST,  n.  A kiln  where  hops  and  malt  are  dried  ; — 
written  also  oast  and  oust.  — See  Oast.  Johnson. 

OS-TEN-SI-BIL'I-T  Y,  ii.  The  quality  or  the  state 
of  being  ostensible.  Wright. 

OS-TEN'SI-BLE,  a.  [L.  ostendo,  to  show;  It.  os- 
tensibile  ; Sp.  § Fr.  ostensible .] 

1.  That  may  be  shown ; — that  is  proper  or 

intended  to  be  shown.  Warton. 

2.  Colorable  ; plausible  ; specious.  “ He  had, 

as  dictator,  an  ostensible  right.”  Pownall. 

3.  Apparent;  exhibited;  shown;  presented; 
as,  “ An  ostensible  design.” 

Syn.  — See  Plausible. 

OS-TEN 'SI-BLY,  ad.  In  an  ostensible  manner. 

OS-TEN 'ST  VE,  a.  [It.  § Sp.  ostensivo ; Fr.  osten- 
sif.]  Showing ; betokening ; exhibiting.  Johnson. 

Ostcnsive  demonstration , a direct  geometrical  dem- 
onstration, in  contradistinction  to  one  that  depends 
upon  a rcductio  ad  absurdum.  A.  Jamieson. 

OS-TEN'SI  VE-LY,  ad.  In  an  ostensive  manner. 
“ Ostensively  exceeding  wise.”  Lloyd. 

OS-TENT',  n.  [L.  ostentum.] 

1.  That  which  is  extended  or  shown  outward, 
or  in  front ; appearance  ; mien  ; show.  Shak. 

2.  A portent ; a prodigy  ; any  thing  ominous. 

Latinus,  frighted  with  this  dire  ostent, 

For  counsel  to  liis  father  Faunus  went.  Dryden. 

t OS-TEN'tAte,  v.  a.  [L.  ostento,  ostentatus.]  To 
display  ostentatiously..  Bp.  Taylor. 

OS-TIJN-tA'TION,  n.  [L . ostentatio It . ostenta- 
zione ; Sp.  ostentacion ; Fr.  ostentation.] 

1.  Outward  show  ; appearance.  Bacon. 

2.  Ambitious  display  ; boast  ; vainglory  ; vain 
show;  parade;  high  pretension. 

He  knew  that  good  and  bountiful  minds  were  sometimes 
inclined  to  ostentation,  and  ready  to  cover  it  with  pretence  of 
inciting  others  by  their  example,  and  therefore  cheeks  this 
vanity.  Take  heed,  says  he,  that  you  do  not  your  alms  be- 
fore men.  Alterbury. 

3.  f A show;  a spectacle.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Show. 


OS-TIJN-TA'TIOyS  (os-ten-ta'slius),  a.  1.  Ambi- 
tious of  display  ; boastful  ; vain ; fond  of  show. 

Your  modesty  is  so  far  from  bein';  ostentatious  of  the  good 
ou  do,  that  it  blushes  even  to  have  it  known;  and  therefore 
must  leave  you  to  the  satisfaction  of  your  own  conscience, 
which,  though  a silent  panegyric,  is  yet  the  best.  Dryden. 

2.  Affectedly  fine  or  showy  ; gaudy;  as,  “Os- 
tentatious appearances.” 

Syn.  — See  Vain. 

dS-TJJN-TA'TIOlTS-LY,  ad.  In  an  ostentatious 
manner ; boastfully  ; vainly.  Johnson. 

OS-TEN- TA'TIoyS-NESS,  n.  Ostentation  ; vanity. 

f 6s'T£N-TA-TOR,  n.  [L.]  One  fond  of  show; 
an  ostentatious  person.  Sherwood. 

f OS-TEN'TIVE,  a.  Ostentatious.  Stirling. 

f OS-TEN'TOUS,  a.  Ostentatious.  Fetiham. 

OS'TE-O-CELE,  n.  [Gr.  oariov,  a hone,  and  rn'ihj, 
a tumor ; Fr.  osteocUe.]  (Med.)  A hernia  in 
which  the  sac  is  cartilaginous  : — osseous  indu- 
ration of  one  or  both  testicles.  Dunglison. 

dS-Tg-O-COL'LA,  n.  [Gr.  oariov,  a bone,  and 
uilla,  glue.] 

1.  A name  given  to  petrified  carbonate  of 

lime  ; — so  called  because  it  has  been  supposed 
to  possess  the  power  of  favoring  the  formation 
of  callous  infractures.  Dunglison. 

2.  An  indifferent  kind  of  glue  obtained  from 

bones.  Ure. 

OS-TE'O-COPE,  or  OS'T5-Q-COPE,  [os-te'o-kop, 
W.  J.  Ja.  ; os'te-o-kop,  Sm.  Wr.  Wb.l,  n.  [Gr. 
iartoKinos  ; iariov,  a bone,  and  ninos,  pain.]  Pain 
in  the  bones,  or  in  the  parts  that  encompass 
them.  Bailey. 

OS-TE-O-DEN'TINE,  n.  [Gr.  dereov,  a bone,  and 
L.  dens,  dentis,  a tooth.]  That  modification  of 
dentine  in  which  the  tissue  is  traversed  by  irreg- 
ularly disposed  and  ramified  vascular  or  medul- 
lary Canals,  and  in  which  some  of  the  branches 
of  the  dentinal  tubes  communicate  with  cells, 
like  the  radiated  cells  of  true  bone.  Brande. 

6S-TE-6<?']J-NY,  n.  [Gr.  iariov,  a bone,  and 
ysvvaio,  to  produce  ; Fr.  osteogenie.]  (Med.)  The 
formation  or  growth  of  bone.  Brande. 

OS-Ty-OG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  iariov,  a bone,  and 
ypaipm,  to  describe  ; Fr.  osteographie.]  (Anat.) 
A description  of  the  bones.  Dunglison. 

OS'TIJ-O-LiTE,  n.  [Gr.  oariov,  a bone,  and  lidos, 
a stone  ; Fr.  osteolithe.]  (Pal.)  A fossil  petri- 
fied bone. 

OS-TE-OL'O-pER,  n.  One  versed  in  osteology  ; 
an  osteologist.  Smith. 

OS-TIJ-O-LOCJJ'IC,  ? a.  [Fr.  osteologique.]  Re- 

dS-TJE-0-LO£'l-CAL,  ) lating  to  osteology.  'Ure. 

6S-TE-0-L6<?'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  an  osteologieal 
manner.  P.  Cyc. 

OS-TJl-OL'O-yilST,  n.  One  versed  in  osteology; 
an  osteologer.  Smart. 

OS-TJv-OL'O-C^Y,  11.  [Gr.  iareoloyia  ; iariov,  a 
bone,  and  Xoyo s,  a discourse  ; Fr.  osteologie.] 
(Med.)  That  part  of  anatomy  which  treats  of 
bones.  Dunglison. 

OS'TIJ-O-MAN-TY,  n.  [Gr.  oariov,  a bone,  and 
yavreia,  prophecy.]  Divination  by  means  of 
bones,  [r.]  Selden. 

ds'Ty-O-PLAS-TY,  n.  [Gr.  iariov,  a bone,  and 
nlaarog,  formed,  nlaaaca,  to  form  ; Fr.  ostiop/as- 
tie.]  (Med.)  An  operation  to  remedy  the  loss 
of  a bone.  Dunglison. 

OS-T?-OP-T5-RYG'I-OUS,  a.  [Gr.  iariov,  a bone, 
and  nripv^,  a fin.]  Having  bones  in  the  fins ; 
acanthopterygious.  Rowbotham. 

OS-Tp-OT'O-M Y,  n.  [Gr.  iariov,  a bone,  and 
to/o'i,  a cutting;  ri/ivio,  to  cut;  Fr.  osteotomie.] 
(Med.)  The  dissection  of  bones.  Dunglison. 

OS-THEX'Y,  n.  [Gr.  iariov,  a bone,  and  e |t{,  a 
habit.]  {Med.)  An  affection  in  which  soft  parts 
become  indurated  by  a deposit  of  ossific  matter. 

OS'TI-A-RY  (os'te-a-re  or  ost'yjr-e)  [os'te-a-re,  P. 
Ja.  R.  Wr. ; ost'yjr-e,  S.  K.  Sm.],  n.  [L.  osti- 
arius,  a door-keeper  ; ostium,  a door,  the  mouth 
of  a river ; os,  a mouth  ; It.  4"  Sp.  ostiario.] 

1.  The  mouth  or  opening  by  which  a river 
discharges  itself ; estuary,  [r.]  Browne. 


2.  (Eccl.)  A door-keeper. 

Lastly  [came]  q stiaries,  which  used  to  ring  the  bells  and 
open  and  shut  the  church  doors.  jy.  jjacon. 

OST'LIJR  (os'ler),  n.  See  Hostler.  Swift. 

OST'LyR-Y  (os'ler-e),  n.  See  Hostelry.  Johnson. 

OST'MIJN,  n.  pi.  Eastmen  ; — a name  given  to 
Danish  settlers  in  Ireland.  Ld.  Lyttelton. 

OS-TRA'G’EAN  (os-tia'shjn),  n.  [L .ostrea,  an  oys- 
ter.] (Ich.)  One  of  a family  of  bivalves  of 
which  the  oyster  is  the  type.  ’ Brande. 

OS-TRA'CION  (os-tra'shun),  n.  [Gr.  iarpaniov,  a 
small  shell ; L.  ostracium.]  (Ich.)  A genus  of 
fishes  having  the  body  clothed  in  an  inflexible 
armor  of  hard  plates,  the  tail-fins,  mouth,  and 
gill-openings  passing,  as  it  were,  through  holes 
in  a coat  of  mail ; trunk-fish.  Brande. 

OS'TRA-CI§M,  n.  [Gr.  oarpaKioyis  ; darpasov,  a 
tile  or  tablet  on  which  the  name  of  the  person 
proposed  to  be  banished  was  written  ; It.  § Sp. 
ostracismo;  Fr.  ostracisme .] 

1.  (Grecian  Ant.)  A form  of  banishment 

which  prevailed  at  Athens  and  in  some  other 
democratical  states,  by  which  persons  who,  from 
their  wealth  or  influence,  were  considered  dan- 
gerous to  the  state,  were  banished  for  ten  years, 
with  leave  to  return  and  enjoy  their  estates  after 
that  period.  P.  Cyc. 

2.  Banishment ; public  censure.  Bacon. 

Virtue  in  courtiers’  hearts 
Suffers  an  ostracism,  and  departs.  Donne. 

OS'TRA-ClTE,  71.  [Gr.  SorpaKiTrig  ; oorpaxov,  a 
shell ; Fr.  ostracite .]  (Pal.)  An  oyster-shell 

in  its  fossil  state,  — or  a stone  formed  in  the 
shell,  the  latter  being  dissolved.  Maunder. 

OS'TR  A-CIZE,  V.  a.  [Gr.  iarpaKi^oi ; oarpanov,  a 
tile.]  [i.  OSTRACIZED  ; pp.  OSTRACIZING,  OS- 
TRACIZED.] To  banish  by  means  of  ostracism  ; 
to  expel;  to  exile.  Marvel. 

OS'TRAN-ITE,  n.  (Min.)  A variety  of  zircon  of 
a grayish-brown  color.  Dana. 

OS-TRF,  A'CEOUS  (-slius),  a.  [L.  ostrea,  an  oys- 
ter.] Having  the  nature  of  an  oyster.  Cudworth. 

OS-TRE-OPH'A-tylST,  n.  [Gr.  oarpeov  (L.  ostrea), 
an  oyster,  and  0dyu,  to  eat.]  One  who  feeds  on 
oysters.  . West  Rev. 

OS'TRICH,  n.  [Gr.  arpovSi if, 
a bird  (6  yiyas  arpovdo 
the  great  bird,  the  os- 
trich) ; L.  struthio,  an 
ostrich ; It.  struzzo  : Sp. 
avestruz  ; Fr.  aut ruche. 

— Dut.  struis  ; Ger. 
strauss  ; Dan.  struds  ; 

Sw.  struss. — The  Fr. 
autruche  is  from  L.  avis 
struthio.  W.  Smith.] 

(Ornith.)  The  popular 
name  of  a large  bird  of 
the  genus  Struthio  ; 

Struthio  camelus.  Ostrich  ( Struthio  camelus). 

J83P  The  ostrich  is  a native  of  Africa,  and  is  scarce- 
ly known  beyond  the  limits  of  tiie  Arabian  deserts. 
Its  usual  height  is  from  seven  to  eight  feet.  Its 
strength  and  speed  are  great.  Its  wings,  furnished 
with  long,  soft,  undulating  plumes,  much  esteemed 
for  ornament,  are  useless  for  flight,  hut  of  great  assist- 
ance in  running.  It  lias  long  been  celebrated  for  its 
propensity  to  devour  minerals  and  other  substances 
with  indiscriminating  voracity.  Eng.  Cijc. 

OS-TRIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  ostrifer.]  Containing 
or  producing  oysters.  Blount. 

OS'TRO-GOTH,  n.  An  Eastern  Goth  ; — opposed 
to  Visigoth,  or  West-Goth.  Bosworlh. 

OT-A-COUS'TIC,  a.  [Gr.  out,  uiri;,  an  ear,  and 
as-oCto,  to  hear.]  Relating  to,  or  assisting,  the 
sense  of  hearing.  -4s/i. 

OT-A-COUS'TIC,  n.  An  instrument  that  assists 
the  hearing  ; an  ear-trumpet.  Hammond. 

OT-A-COUS'TNCON,  n.  Otacoustic.  Tomkins. 

O-TAL'GI-A,  11.  [Gr.  offj,  liras,  an  ear,  and  alyos, 
pain.]  (Med.)  The  earache  ; otalgy.  Dunglison, 

O-TAL'1-tIC,  n.  [Fr .otalgique.]  (Med.)  A reme- 
dy for  the  earache.  Dunglison. 

O-TAL'CY  [o-tal'je,  Dunglison ; 6'tsl-je,  Sw.],  n. 
The  earache ; otalgia. 


MlEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RllLE.  — (J,  <?,  q,  *,  soft;  C,  G,  5,  |,  hard ; § as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


OTARI  A 


OUR 


1006 


O-  TA’RI-H,  n.  [Gr.  iorapds,  large-eared  ; ous,  unit, 
an  ear.]  ( Zo.il .)  A genus  of  seals  that  have 

external  ears.  ling.  Cyc. 

OT'A-Ry,  n.  ( Zoiil .)  One  of  the  otaria.  Wright. 

OTII'F.R  (uth'^r),  pron.  & a.  [Goth,  author ; A.S. 
other ; Out.  cinder  \ Ger.  under ; Dan.  amlen ; 
Icel.  annar;  Sw.  annan.  — “The  root  of  [Gr.] 
irtoof  is  the  same  as  Sansc.  antaras  ; Ger.  und- 
er ; L.  alter,  aut ; Fr.  aut-rui,  our  either,  other.” 
Liddell  8f  Scott. ] 

1.  Not  the  same  ; not  this  or  these ; different. 

Other  foundation  can  no  man  lay  than  is  laid.  1 Cor.  iii.  11. 
lie  will  let  out  his  vineyard  to  other  husbandmen. 

Mutt.  xxi.  11. 

2.  Not  this,  but  the  contrary.  “ On  the  other 

side  of  the  sea.”  John  vi.  2o. 

3.  Some  one  else  ; — correlative  to  each. 

In  lowliness  of  mind,  let  each  esteem  other  better  than 
themselves.  Phil.  ii.  3. 

jKg=-  F.och  and  other  often  come  together,  as  if  a 
compound  word. 

Righteousness  and  peace  have  kissed  each  other.  Vs.  lxxxv.  10. 

Other,  used  substantively  as  a pronoun,  takes 
the  plural  form. 

Of  last  week,  three  days  were  fair,  the  others  rainy.  Johnson. 
It  is  sometimes  put  elliptically  for  other  thing. 
I can  expect  no  other  from  those  that  judge  by  single  sights 
and  rash  measures  than  to  be  thought  fond  or  insolent. 

Glanvill. 

fOTH'^R-GATES,  ad.  [ other  and  gate,  for  way.] 
In  another  manner.  Shak. 

6th'£R-GUT§E  (uth'er-glz),  a.  8z  ad.  [ other  and 
<?!t/se.]  Of  another  kind.  [Vulgar.]  Johnson, 
g ,,  ■ Sometimes  corrupted  into  otherguess.  Johnson. 


t OTH'IJR-WHERE  (Otfi'er-liwir),  ad.  [ other  and 

where.]  Elsewhere.  Hooker. 

f OTH'ER-VVHlLE  (uth'er-hwll),  ) [nthcr 

f OTH'f-R-V’HILE^  (uth'er-hwilz),  > and  while.] 

At  another  time,  or  other  times.  Homilies. 


OTII’ER-VVI^E  (uth'er-wlz)  [uth'er-wlz,  S.  J.  F. 
Ja.  K.  Sm.  Wr. ; uth'er-wlz  or  uth'er-wlz,  IF.], 
ad.  [other  and  wise,  manner.] 

1.  In  a different  manner;  in  another  way. 

Thy  father  was  a worthy  prince. 

And  merited,  alas!  a better  fate; 

But  Heaven  thought  otherwise.  Addison. 

2.  By  other  causes. 

Sir  John  Norris  failed  in  the  attempts  of  Lisbon,  and  re- 
turned, with  the  loss,  by  sickness  aud  otherwise , of  eight 
thousand  men.  Ruleiyh. 

3.  In  other  respects. 

It  is  said  truly  that  the  best  men  otherwise  are  not  always 
the  best  in  regard  of  society.  Hooker. 


6 T-I-  Di ' JVt®,  n.  pi.  [ Gr. 
turff,  irihos  ; L.  Otis,  the 
great  bustard.]  ( Ornith .) 

A sub-family  of  birds  of 
the  order  Strnthioncs 
and  family  Struthioni- 
d(R  ; bustards.  The  type, 

Otis  tarda,  or  great  bus- 
tard, is  abundant  in 
Southern  Russia,  the 
Crimea,  Italy,  and  Spain.  Gray. 

O-TI-OSE'  (o-she-os',  129),  a.  [L.  otiosvs  ; otium, 
ease  ; It.  osiozo.]  Idle  ; indolent ; leisurely. 
“ Nothing  more  than  an  otiose  assent.”  Paley. 


Otis  tarda. 


O'TIS,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  wrt'j.]  [Ornith.)  A genus 
of  birds  ; the  bustard. 


The  species  are  land-birds,  whose  proper  posi- 
tion in  the  ornithological  system  lias  caused  some 
embarrassment  to  zoologists.  It  appears  that  the 
bustards  partake  of  the  organization  of  the  struthious, 
gallinaceous,  and  wading-birds.  Eng.  Cyc. 

O-TI'TIS,  n.  [Gr.  ovs,  oit6s,  the  ear.]  ( Med .)  In- 
flammation of  the  ear.  Brande. 


O ' TJ-  UM  (o'she-um),  n. ; pi.  6 ' ti-a  (o'she-tt).  [L.] 
Rest ; leisure. 

DE2“  Often  used  in  the  phrase  otium  rum  dignitate, 
rest  with  dignity  or  respect ; dignified  leisure.  Clarke. 

O-TOC'O-NlTE,  n.  [Gr.  005,  (Wj,  the  ear,  and 
x6vt(,  dust.]  (Med.)  A calcareous  deposit  found 
in  the  sacs  of  the  vestibule  of  the  ear.  Iloblyn. 

O-TOG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  ovs,  w rig,  the  ear,  and 
yoiitpto,  to  describe  ; T‘  r.  otographie.]  (Med.)  A 
description  of  the  ear.  Dunglison. 

O'TO-LlTE,  n.  [Gr.  ovs,  oiris,  the  ear,  and  7.i0os, 
a stone.]  A calcareous  concretion  found  in  the 


labyrinth,  or  internal  ear,  of  fishes  and  fish-like 
amphibia.  Hoblyn. 

O-ToL'O-Cy,  n.  [Gr.  ovs,  u> ro';,  an  ear,  and  7.6 yos, 
a discourse  ; Fr.  otoloyie.]  (Med.)  A treatise 
on  the  ear.  Dunglison. 

O-TOP'A-TIiy,  n.  [Gr.  ovs , u >r6s,  the  ear,  and 
waUoj,  suffering.]  A diseased  condition  of  the 
ear.  Dunglison. 

OT-O-PLAS' TI-CE,  n.  [Gr.  ovs,  wtos,  the  ear,  and 
Tt/.aoriKos,  forming.]  (Med.)  An  operation  for 
restoring  a lost  ear.  Dunglison. 

O-TOT'O-My,  n.  [Gr.  ovs , lords,  the  ear,  and  -/y- 
m,  to  cut.]  That  part  of  practical  anatomy 
which  teaches  the  mode  of  dissecting  and  pre- 
paring the  ear.  Dunglison. 

OT'TAR,  n.  [Arab,  otr,  quintessence.]  A term 
applied  to  the  oily  aromas  extracted  from  flow- 
ers, especially  to  the  essential  or  volatile  oil  of 
roses  ; — written  also  attar  and  otto.  Braude. 


OT-tA  ' vji—rV mA.  [It.,  octuple  rhyme.]  (Pros.) 
An  Italian  stanza,  or  form  of  versification,  con- 
sisting of  eight  lines,  of  which  the  first  six 
rhyme  alternately,  and  the  last  two  form  a coup- 
let. Byron. 


OT'TER,  n.  [A.  S.  oter ; 

Dut.  <S|-  Ger.  otter ; Dan. 
odder  ; Icel.  otr ; Sw.  ut- 
ter1 — L.  lulra ; It.  lou- 
tra;  Sp.  nutria-,  Fr. 
loutre.]  (Zoiil.)  An  aquat- 
ic quadruped  of  the  fam-  European  river-otter 
ily  Mustclidce  or  weasels,  (Lulra  i-utgaris). 
and  genus  Lutra,  that  feeds  on  fish,  and  is  val- 
ued for  its  fur.  Eng.  Cyc. 


OftF  The  species  are  characterized  by  having  a large, 
flat  head,  a thick  body,  witli  short  legs,  webbed  feet, 
a flat  tail,  and  a peculiar  physiognomy,  that  will  not 
allow  them  to  be  confounded  with  any  other  genus. 
They  aro  essentially  aquatic  animals,  and  can  walk 
only  with  difficulty  upon  land.  The  common  otter 
( Lutra  vulgaris)  passes  the  day  among  the  rocks,  and 
only  sallies  forth  at  night  to  seek  its  food.  Baird. 


OT'TfR,  n.  A colloquial  term  for  annotto. — See 
Annotto.  Cushing. 

OT'TpR-HOUND,  n.  A variety  of  hound  em- 
ployed in  the  chase  of  the  otter.  P.  Cyc. 

OT'TO,  n.  Oil  of  roses;  ottar. — See  Ottar. 

OT'TO-MAN,  n. ; pi.  ot'tq-mXn$.  1.  A native  of 
Turkey;  a Turk;  — so  called  from  Othman,  or 
Osman,  a commander  or  sultan  who  ascended 
the  throne  early  in  the  14th  century. 

2.  A kind  of  couch  or  sofa  much  used  in  Tur- 
key ; a reclining  or  easy  seat.  Brande. 

3.  A sort  of  hassock  or  mat.  Wright. 

OT'TO-MAN,  a.  Relating  to  the  Turks,  or  to 
Turkey;  as,  “The  Ottoman  empire.” 

OT'TO-MITE,  n.  An  Ottoman;  a Turk.  Shak. 

OT'TREL-iTE,  n.  (Min.)  A mineral  of  a grayish 
or  a greenish  color,  occurring  in  small  rounded 
brilliant  plates,  and  composed  of  silica,  alumi- 
na, protoxide  of  iron,  protoxide  of  manganese 
and  water  ; — found  near  Ottrez,  on  the  borders 
of  Luxembourg.  Eng.  Cyc. 

dU'A-RINE,  n.  [Fr.]  (Zoiil.)  A species  of  Bra- 
zilian monkey ; Mycetcs  Beelzebul ; — called  also 
howling  baboon.  Fischer. 

OU'BUT,  n.  A sort  of  caterpillar,  [r.]  Bailey. 

OUBLIETTE  (o'ble-et'),  n.  [Fr.,  from  oublier,  to 
forget.]  A vaulted  dungeon  with  only  one  aper- 
ture in  the  top  for  the  admission  of  air,  in  which 
persons  were  confined  who  were  condemned  to 
perpetual  imprisonment.  Gent.  Mag. 

OUCH,  n.  [Fr.  oche,  or  hoche,  a notch.] 

1.  The  collet  of  a jewel,  or  that  part  of  a ring, 
&c.,  in  which  the  jewel  is  set. 

Onyx  stones  enclosed  in  ouches  of  gold.  Ex.  xxxix.  6. 

2.  An  ornament  of  gold ; a carcanet.  Johnson. 

3.  A brooch  for  fastening  the  dress.  Fairholt. 

4.  f A blow  given  by  a boar’s  tusk.  Ainsworth. 

OUGHT  (kwt).  n.  Anything;  aught.  Milton. 

OUGHT  (kwt),  v.  dcf.  1.  f i.  Was  bound  to  pay  ; 
had  a right  to  ; owed. 

There  was  a certain  lender,  which  ought  him  five  hundred 
pence,  and  the  other  fifty.  Luke  vi i.  41,  1) indole's  Trans. 
This  blood  which  men  by  treason  sought. 

That  followed,  sir,  which  to  myself  I ought.  Dry  den. 


2.  To  be  bound  by  duty;  to  be  owed  or 
obliged;  to  be  fit  or  necessary  ; should. 

I ought  to  write  to  you  means,  I owe  the  performance  of 
writing  to  you,  or,  I should  write  to  you. 

Adiseourse  always  ought  to  begin  with  a clear  proposition. 

Jiluir. 

VPS-  Ought  was  originally  the  preterite  tense  of  the 
verb  to  owe,  and  was  used  as  an  active  verb  ; as  in 
tlie  quotations  above  given  from  Tyndalo  and  Dryden  ; 
but  this  use  of  it  is  now  entirely  obsolete.  It  is  now 
used  as  a neuter  defective  verb,  having  no  other  in- 
flection than  ouglitest  for  the  second  person  singular, 
ily  some  grammarians  it  is  called  an  auxiliary  "verb, 
but  incorrectly  ; tor  it  is  not  followed  by  another  verb 
without  the  particle  to. 

Grammarians  ditlcr  much  respecting  the  tense  of 
ought.  According^!)  Crouibie,  Grant,  Cobbett,  Ar- 
nold, Smart,  &. c.,  ir  is  used  only  in  the  present-,  ac- 
cording to  Hunter,  only  in  the  past ; and  according 
to  Murray,  Webster,  Fowler,  Brown,  &c.,  both  in  the 
present  and  imperfect. 

“ Ought,  under  the  name  of  a defective  verb,  is  now 
generally  thought  to  .be  properly  used,  in  this  one 
form,  m all  the  persons  and  numbers  of  the  present 
and  imperfect  tense  of  the  indicative  and  subjunctive 
moods.  Or,  if  it  is  really  of  one  tense  only,  it  is 
plainly  an  aorist ; and  hence  the  time  must  be  speci- 
fied by  tile  infinitive  that  follows  ; as,  ‘ He  ought  to 
po  ; He  ought  to  have  gone.1  ‘If  thou  ought  to  go; 
If  thou  ought  to  have  gone J Being  originally  a preter- 
ite, it  never  occurs  in  the  infinitive  mood,  and  is  en- 
tirely invariable,  except  in  the  solemn  style,  where 
we  find  ouglitest  in  both  tenses;  as,  ‘How  thou 
oughtest  to  behave  thyself,’  Tim.  iii.  15;  ‘Thou 
ouglitest,  therefore,  to  have  put  my  money  to  the  ex- 
changers,’ Matt.  xxiv.  27.”  Goold  Brown. 

Syn.  — Ought,  according  to  Dr.  Trusler,  implies 
the  obligation  of  duty  ; should,  the  obligation  of  cus- 
tom ; ought  being  the  stronger  term.  We  should  fol- 
low the  fashion,  and  avoid  giving  offence.  We  ought 
to  speak  the  truth,  and  to  serve  those  who  have 
served  us. 

t OUOHT'NIJSS  (Hwt'nes),  n.  The  quality  of  being 
right ; moral  obligation.  Price. 

OUf—  DIRE  (we'der'),  n.  [Fr.]  A hearsay;  a 

rumor.  Roget. 

OU-I.6li.RH A-GY,  n.  [Gr.  oui.a,  the  gums,  and 
pay>),  a breakage ; Fr.  oulorrhagief]  (Med.) 

Hemorrhage  from  the  gums.  Craig. 

OUNCE,  n.  [Gr.  Ivyisia;  L.  uncia;  It.  oncia;  Sp. 
otiza.  — Dut.  once  ; Ger.  A Dan.  nnze ; Sw.  tins.  — 
“The  L. uncia,  which  is  put  for  unica  (sc.  pars), 
i.  c.  one  part  of  any  whole  ; and  hence  an  ounce, 
an  inch  ; which  are  different  forms  and  applica- 
tions of  the  same  word.”  Sullivan.] 

1.  A small  weight : — in  Troy  weight,  the  12th 
part  of  a pound  ; in  avoirdupois,  the  16th  part. 

RTf  “ Tile  Troy  [and  the  Apothecaries]  ounce,  in 
England  [and  in  the  United  States],  weighs  480 
grains,  hut  varies  considerably  in  other  countries. 
The  avoirdupois  ounce  is  4371  grains.”  Simmonds. 

2.  A gold  coin  of  Sicily,  and  a silver  coin  of 

Malta.  Crabb. 

3.  A nominal  money  of  account  in  some 

parts  of  the  west  coast’ of  Africa,  often  repre- 
sented by  16,000  cowries.  Simmonds. 

OUNCE,  n.  [Gr.  7.vyl ; 

L.  lynx ; It.  lonza  ; 

Port,  onfa ; Sp.  onza; 

Fr.  once.  — “ The 
French  word  was 
formerly  written 
lonce,  but  the  l,  hav- 
ing been  mistaken  Ounce  (Felix  uncia). 

for  the  article 

(I'once),  was  subsequently  omitted.”  Sullivan.] 
(Zoiil.)  A digitigrade  carnivorous  quadruped,  of 
the  genus  Fells,  a native  of  India,  and  some- 
times confounded  with  the  leopard  and  with  the 
jaguar  ; Felts  uncia.  Eng.  Cyc. 

It  is  easy  to  distinguish  the  ounce  from  the 
leopard  by  the  indistinctness  of  the  markings,  and 
also  by  the  roughness  of  the  fur  and  the  busliiness  of 
the  tail  towards  the  extremity.  JVood. 

f OUND'p.D,  £ a pj.  unda,  a wave  ; Fr.  ondc .] 

f OUND'ING,  ) Undulating  ; waving.  Chaucer. 

fOUPHE  (of),  n.  [“  Ouphe  is  the  same  as  oaf 
(formerly  spelt  avlf).  It  is  formed  from  elf  by 
the  usual  change  of  l into  u.”  Keightley .]  An 
elf ; a fairy  ; a goblin.  Shak. 

f OU'PHEN  (8'fn),  a.  Elfish.  Shak. 

OUR,  pron.  or  a.  [A.  S.  ure  ; Dan.  vor ; Sw.  r«»\] 
Belonging  to  us.  — See  Quits. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  !,  6,  U,  t,  short;  A,  f.,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  I1ER; 


OURANOGRAPHIST 


1007 


OUT-BRAVE 


OU-RAN-OG'RA-PHIST,  n.  One  who  describes 
the  heavens.  Ash. 

OU-R  AN-OG’R  A-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  ovpav6 ;,  heaven, 
andyod^w,  to  describe.]  A description  of  the 
heavens  ; uranography.  Hist.  Royal  Sot. 

OU-RET'IC,  a.  [Gr.  oiiptw,  to  make  water.]  Per- 
taining to  urine.  Wright. 

OU-ROL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  ovpov,  urine,  and  l6yos, 
a discourse.]  (Mccl.)  The  judgment  of  diseases 
from  the  examination  of  the  urine.  Brande. 

OU-ROS'CO-PY,  n.  [Gr.  ovpov,  urine,  and  no ueia, 
to  behold’.]  Ourology.  Brande. 

OUR.ji,  personal  pronoun  possessive,  from  the  sin- 
gular personal  pronoun  /;  plural,  tee.  It  de- 
notes property  or  possession  ; as,  “These  books 
are  ours.”  — See  Mine. 

OUR-SELVEij'  (bur-selvz'),  recip.  pron.  ; pi.  of 
myself. 

1.  \Ve  ; not  others  ; — added  to  we  by  way  of 
emphasis  or  of  opposition. 

We  ourselves  might  distinctly  number  in  words  a great 
deal  farther  than  we  usually  do,  would  we  find  out  but  some 
fit  denominations  to  signify  them  by.  Locke. 

2.  Us;  not  others,  — in  the  objective  case. 

No  more  be  mentioned,  then,  of  violence 

Against  ourselves.  Milton. 

The  singular  number,  ourself. \ is  used  only  in 
the  regal  style. 

Ourself  will  swiftness  to  your  nerves  impart; 

Ourself  with  rising  spirits  swell  your  heart.  Pope. 

OUfjiE  (oz),  n.  Ooze.  — See  Ooze.  Ainsioorth. 

OTJ'^EL  (o'zl),  n.  A bird.  — See  Ouzel.  Shah. 

OUST,  v.  a.  [Fr.  ouster,  or  oter.]  [i.  ousted  ; 
pp.  OUSTING,  OUSTED.] 

1.  To  vacate  ; to  take  away.  7 Tale. 

2.  (Law.)  To  eject ; to  expel ; to  turn  out. 

It  is  stated  that  Smith,  the  lessee,  entered,  and  that  the 
defendant,  William  Stiles,  . . . ousted  him.  Blackstonc. 

OUST'gR,  n.  (Law.)  Dispossession  ; disseizin. 

Ouster , or  dispossession,  is  a wrong  or  injury  that  carries 
with  it  the  amotion  of  possession.  Blackstonc. 

OUST' jER—L^— MAIN,  n.  [Law  Fr.,  to  take  out  of 
the  hand.)  (Old  Eng.  Law.)  The  delivery  of 
lands  out  of  the  king’s,  or  out  of  a guardian’s, 
hands,  when  the  male  heir  arrived  at  the  age  of 
twenty-one,  or  the  female  at  that  of  sixteen  : — 
the  fine  payable  for  such  delivery.  Bl.rckstone. 

OUT,  ad.  [Goth,  ut,  uta ; A.  S.  § Sw.  ut ; Dut. 
uit ; Ger.  aus  ; Dan.  ud ; Icel.  ut .] 

1.  Exterior  to;  beyond  a limit;  from  the 
interior  ; not  within  ; — opposed  to  in  or  with- 
in ; as,  “ He  went  out  ” ; “ He  remains  out.” 

2.  Away  from  the  place  where  one  commonly 

remains;  not  at  home;  abroad;  away;  forth. 
“ When  you  called  I was  out.”  Johnson. 

Away,  Isnyl  Go  out,  and  cry  — a mutiny ! Shale. 

3.  In  a state  of  disclosure;  not  concealed ; 

as,  “The  pass-word  is  out”  ; “ Leaves  are  out 
and  perfect  in  a month.”  Bacon. 

4.  In  a state  of  extinction.  “Her  candle 

goeth  not  out  by  night.”  Prov.  xxxi.  18. 

Think’st  thou  the  fiery  fever  will  go  out 

With  titles  blown  from  adulation?  Sltak. 

5.  In  a state  of  being  exhausted,  or  in  a state 

of  destitution  or  deprivation  as  regards  some 
particular  thing.  “ When  the  butt  is  out  we 
will  drink  water.”  Shah. 

6.  Not  in  employment;  not  in  office.  “Talk 
of  court  news  . . . who ’s  in,  who ’s  out.”  Shah. 

7.  To  the  end;  till  the  termination.  “Play 

out  the  play.”  Shak. 

The  tale  is  long,  nor  have  I heard  it  out.  Addison. 

8.  Fully;  quite.  “ Thou  wast  not  out  three 

years  old.”  Shah. 

9.  Loudly  ; aloud ; openly  ; without  restraint. 

At  all  I laugh,  he  laughs,  no  doubt; 

The  only  difference  is,  I dare  laugh  out.  Pope. 

10.  Not  in  the  hands  of  the  owner.  “ Those 

lands  were  out  upon  a lease.”  Arubthnot. 

11  In  an  error ; at  fault ; mistaken.  “ Those 
who  ...  . are  much  out  in  this  point.”  Kettlewell. 

As  a musician  that  will  always  play. 

And  yet  is  always  out  at  the  same  note.  Roscommon. 

12.  At  a loss  ; in  a puzzle. 

Like  a dull  actor  now, 

I have  forgot  my  part;  and  I am  out.  Shak. 

13.  With  torn  or  worn  clothes  ; uncovered  or 
exposed  ; as,  “ He  is  out  at  the  elbows.” 


Who  hither  coming  out  at  heels  and  knees.  Dryden. 

14.  Away,  so  as  to  consume  or  to  lose. 

Let  all  persons  avoid  niceness  in  their  clothing  or  diet,  be- 
cause they  dress  and  comb  out  all  their  opportunities  of  morn- 
ing devotion,  and  sleep  out  the  care  for  tlieir  souls.  Bp. Taylor. 

15.  Deficient;  noting  loss;  short  by.  “He 

was  out  fifty  pounds.”  Fell. 

16.  In  a state  of  being  extended ; exposed,  as 
to  view,  to  the  wind,  &c. 

Hang  out  our  banners  on  the  outward  wall.  Shak. 

JQST*  Out  is  used  after  verbs,  when  it  is  meant  to  ex- 
press position  correlative  to  the  exterior  or  surface,  or 
motion  from  within,  motion  beyond,  further  than  de- 
parture or  separation  ; and  frequently  with  a subau- 
dition of  the  verb  expressing  the  position  of  rest,  or 
the  motion  ; or  of  the  noun  correlating  to  the  outness , 
the  externality  or  extremity  ; the  departure  or  separa- 
tion. Richardson . 

Out  end  out , completely  ; thoroughly  ; utterly  ; con- 
summately. 

The  king  was  good  all  about, 

And  6he  was  wicked  out  and  out.  Raxvlinson. 
For  out  and  out,  lie  is  the  worthiest, 

Save  only  Hector.  Chaucer. 

— Complete;  thorough;  consummate;  as,  “ He  is 
an  out  and  out  rascal.” — Out  at  the  heels,  or  the  el- 
bows, exposed  at  the  heels,  or  the  elbows  : — figura- 
tively, destitute  of  income.  Smart. 

Out  of  from  ; — noting  produce.  “ Alders  and  ashes 
. . . grow  out  of  clefts.”  “ Fruits  out  of  which  drink 
is  expressed.”  Bacon.  — From;  proceeding  from, — 
as  a place. 

O,  young  Lochinvar  is  come  out  of  the  west!  Scott. 

Out  of  the  wood  he  starts  in  wonted  shape.  Milton. 

— Not  in;  — noting  exclusion,  dismission,  absence, 
separation,  dereliction,  deviation,  loss,  exhaustion,  or 
change  of  condition  or  state;  “Out  o/Dian’s  favor.” 
Spenser.  u The  time  is  out  o/joint.”  Shak.  “States- 
men out  of  place.”  Pope.  “ Out  of  all  method.”  Swift. 
“ Out  of  your  way.”  Swift.  “ Neither  frighted  nor 
flattered  out  of  duty.”  Decay  of  Piety.  11  Out  of  love 
with  a thing.”  Hooker.  “ When  the  mouth  is  out  of 
taste.”  Bacon. 

And  out  of  mind  as  soon  as  out  of  sight.  Lord  Brooke. 

Now  see  that  noble  and  most  sovereign  reason. 

Like  sweet  bells  jangled,  out  of  tune  and  harsh.  Shak. 

Both  out  of  heart  and  out  of  wind.  Hudihras. 

— Beyond  ; exterior  to  the  limits  of.  “Out  of  their 
hearing.”  “ Out.  of  the  reach  of  the  sun.”  Addison. 
“ Out  of  my  sight.”  Milton. 

Enjoy  the  present  smiling  hour, 

And  put  it  out  of  fortune’s  power.  Dryden. 

— Not  within;  abroad.  “This  rain-water  out  of 
door.”  Shak.  — From; — noting  source  or  origin, 
derivation  or  cause  ; as,  “ To  read  out  of  a book.” 
“Not  out  of  levity.”  Milton.  “ Out  of  the  law  of 
Moses,  and  out  of  the  prophets.”  Acts  xxviii.  23. 

Out  of  our  evil  seek  to  bring  forth  good.  Milton. 

And  out  of  good  still  find  means  of  evil.  Milton. 

— From  ; — noting  rescue,  deliverance,  or  release.  “ I 
will  rid  you  out  of  their  bondage.”  jEx.vi.fi.  — In 
consequence  of;  because  of;  — noting  the  motive, 
source,  reason,  or  cause ; by  means  of.  “ She  is  per- 
suaded I will  marry  her  out  of  her  own  love  and 
flattery,  not  out  of  my  promise.”  Shak.  “ Out  of  pride 
and  humor.”  L' Estrange.  “ Out  of  laziness  and  ig- 
norance.” “ Out  of  necessity.”  Burnet. 

Out  of  that  will  I cause  those  of  Cyprus  to  mutiny.  Shak. 

— Out  of  hand , immediately. 

No  more  ndo, 

But  gather  we  our  forces  out  of  hand, 

And  set  upon  our  boasting  enemy.  Shak. 

— Out  of  one's  time,  having  reached  one’s  majority.  — 
Out  of  print , said  of  a book,  or  an  edition  of  a book, 
no  longer  printed;  no  longer  in  market. — Out  of 
sorts , not  very  well  ; — applied  to  persons  seized  by  a 
fit  of  ill  humor:  — used  by  compositors  to  denote  the 
exhaustion  of  one  or  more  of  the  boxes  of  the  cases 
containing  the  assortment  of  types,  &c.  — Out  of  tem- 
per,, irritated  ; angry;  impatient  ; out  of  humor. — 
Out  of  trim , (Naut.)  not  properly  balanced  for  sailing. 
Mar.  Diet. — Out,  of  tune,  ( Mus .)  not  in  tune  ; — chief- 
ly employed  in  relation  to  music,  hut  colloquially  ap- 
plied to  the  mind  ; as,  “ He  is  out  of  tune,"  meaning 
that  his  temper  is  ruffled. — Out  of  winding,  or  wind, 
a phrase  used  by  artificers  to  denote  that  a surface 
has  been  brought  to  a plane.  [The  Scotch  say  out  of 
twist,  or  out  of  throw.']  Ogilvie.  — Out,  to  out,  (Carp.) 
denoting  the  measurement  from  outside  to  outside  of 
a body  or  figure.  Ogilvie. 

fiGHpOut  of,  by  many  grammarians,  is  considered  a 
preposition.  In  the  phrase  out  of,  “ of  seems  to  be  the 
preposition,  and  out  only  to  modify  the  sense  of  of." 
Johnson.  — “ When  out  precedes  of,  it  is  considered  to 
form  a compound  preposition  ; but  of  is  the  only  real 
preposition,  out  still  retaining  its  original  import, 
which,  though  it  may  sometimes  be  interpreted  by 
from , sometimes  by  not  in,  sometimes  by  beyond,  &c., 
is  still  correspondent  to  the  general  sense  stated.” 
Smart. 

iKfcf*  “ It  [ out ] is  used  emphatically  before  alas.” 
Johnson. 


Out , alas!  no  sea,  I find. 

Is  troubled  like  a lover’s  mind.  Suckling. 

Ha!  let  me  see  her.  Out , alas!  she ’s  dead.  Shak. 

flST-  Out,  in  composition,  generally  signifies  some- 
thing beyond  or  more  than  another  ; hut  sometimes  it 
betokens  emission,  exclusion,  or  something*  external. 
Johnson . 

Out,  prefixed  in  composition,  is  used  with  the 
same  force  that  it  would  have  if  it  followed  the  verb, 
as,  to  outbar.  to  oatbud,  — to  bar  out,  to  bud  out,  or 
forth  (sc.)  from  that  which  holds  or  contains,  ex- 
terior to,  beyond  that  which  holds  or  contains  ; and 
thus  is  equivalent  to  exceeding,  more  than,  in  a 
greater  measure  or  degree  than,  &cc.  Richardson. 

OUT,  interj.  An  expression  of  abhorrence  or  ex- 
pulsion. Johnson . 

Out  of  my  door,  you  witch ! you  hag ! 

Out,  out,  out ! Shak. 

Out,  out , hyena!  these  are  thy  wonted  arts 
To  break  all  faith.  Milton. 

Kap  “ Significant  words,  uttered  independently, 
after  the  manner  of  interjections,  ought,  in  general, 
perhaps,  to  be  referred  to  their  original  classes  ; for  all 
such  expressions  may  be  supposed  elliptical  ; as,  ‘ Out ! 
out ! ’ i.  e.  ‘ Get  out ! ’ ‘ Clear  out ! ’ ” G.  Broicn. 

OUT,  v.  a.  To  put  out ; to  eject  ; to  oust,  [it.] 

The  French  have  been  outed  of  their  holds.  Heylin. 

Salisbury  being  outed  of  his  deanery.  Shak. 

OUT— ACT',  v.  a.  To  do  or  perform  beyond  ; to 
exceed  in  performing,  as  an  actor  who  outdoes 
his  part.  “ Some  minds,  upon  the  sudden  sur- 
prise of  danger,  . . . will  even  out-act  them- 
selves.” South. 

OUT— AR'GUE,  i’.  a.  To  overcome  in  argument ; 
to  surpass  in  arguing.  Johnson. 

OUT— BAB'BLE,  v.  a.  To  surpass  in  idle  prattle; 
to  exceed  in  babbling.  Milton. 

OUT-BAL'ANCE,  v.  a.  To  overweigh  ; to  prepon- 
derate ; to  exceed  in  weight ; to  overbalance. 

Let  dull  Ajax  bear  away  my  right 

"When  all  his  out-balance  this  one  night.  Dryden. 

OUT-BAR',  v.a.  To  bar  out;  to  keep  or  shut  out 
by  bars  or  fortifications. 

Which  to  out-bar  with  painful  pionings.  Spenser. 

OUT— BEG1,  v.a.  To  beg  more  than  ; to  exceed  in 
begging,  craving,  or  petitioning. 

To  the  black  temple  she  her  sorrow  bears. 

Where  she  out-beyyed  the  tardy  beggiug  thief.  Davenant. 

OUT— BEL'LOW,  v.  a.  To  bellow  more  or  louder 
than  ; to  exceed  or  surpass  in  bellowing. 

Thus  Saul  will  lie  out  his  sacrilege  until  the  very  beasts 
out-bleat  and  out-bellow  him.  Bp.  Hall. 

OUT-BID',  V.  a.  [*.  OUTBADE  ; pp.  OUTBIDDING, 
outbidden,  OUTBID.]  To  pass  or  exceed  in 
bidding;  to  bid  or  offer  more  than. 

For  Indian  spices,  Peruvian  gold. 

Prevent  the  greedy  and  outbid  the  bold.  Pope. 

OUT-BID'DIJR,  n.  One  who  outbids.  Johnson. 

OUT— BLAZE',  v.  a.  To  exceed  in  blazing  or  emit- 
ting flame.  “ Out-blazing  other  fires.”  Young. 

OUT— BLEAT',  v.  a.  To  bleat  more  than  ; to  ex- 
ceed in  bleating.  Bp.  Hall. 

OUT— BLOWN',  a.  Swollen  with  wind.  Dryden. 

OUT-BLUSH',  v.  a.  To  blush  more  than  ; to  ex- 
ceed in  redness  or  rosiness. 

Perhaps  not  the  chaste  morn  herself  disclose 

Again  to  out-blush  the  emulous  rose.  Habinyton. 

OUT'BOARD,  n.  (Naut.)  Any  thing  that  is  with- 
out the  ship.  Mar.  Diet. 

OUT'BORN,  a.  Foreign  ; not  natixe.  Johnson. 

OUT'BOUND,  a.  (Naut.)  Bound  or  destined  out 
or  outwards  ; proceeding  from  a port  or  harbor. 
“ Outbound  ships.”  Dryden. 

OUT'BOUND^,  n.  pi.  The  exterior  or  extreme 
bounds,  conflnes,  or  limits,  [it.]  Speaker. 

OUT'— BOWED  (-bod),  a.  Bowed  or  bent  out- 

wards.  Bp.  Hall. 

OUT-BRAG',  v.  a.  To  surpass  in  bragging.  Shak. 

OUT-BRAlD',  a.  Burst  forth.  Richardson. 

The  snake  that  on  his  crest  hot  fire  out-braid 
Wus  quite  cut  off.  Fairfax. 

OUT-RRAVE',  v.  a.  1.  To  exceed  or  excel  in 
braving  or  setting  boastfully  at  defiance,  in  de- 
fying, challenging,  or  by  being  more  daring,  in- 
solent, or  splendid. 

We  see  the  danger,  and  by  fits  take  up  some  faint  resolu- 
tion to  out-brave  and  break  through  it.  L' Estrange. 

A large  waste  which  other  plains  out-brave.  Drayton. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RtJLE.  — Q,  <?,  9,  g,  soft;  €,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z ; % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


OUTBKAZEN 


1008 


OUTLAWRY 


2.  To  exceed  in  height  or  in  appearance. 

The  towers,  as  well  as  men,  out-brave  the  sky.  Cowley. 
ITence  to  yon  mountain  which  out-braves  the  sky.  Churchill. 

oOt-BRA'ZEN  (but-bra'zn),  V.  a.  To  bear  down 
with  impudence.  Johnson. 

OUT'BREAK.  n.  A breaking  forth  ; outburst. 

The  flash  and  outbreak  of  a fiery  mind.  Shak. 

OUT'BREAK-ING,  n.  The  act  of  breaking  forth  ; 
eruption  ; outburst ; outbreak. 

OUT-BREAST',  v.  a.  To  exceed  or  excel  in  the 
power  of  the  breast.  . Beau.  Sj  FI. 

OUT-BREATHE'  (but-breth'),  v.  a.  To  exhaust  of 
breath  ; to  deprive  of  breath. 

Rendering  faint  quittance,  wearied  and  outbreathed.  Shak. 

That  sign  of  last  outbreathed  life  did  seem.  Spenser. 

OUT-BREATIIE',  v.  n.  To  issue  in  the  manner  of 
the  breath  ; to  exhale. 

No  smoke  nor  steam,  outbreathing  from  the  kitchen. 

Beau.  Sf  FI. 

OUT-BRIBE',  v.  a.  To  exceed  in  bribing.  Blair. 

OUT-BRING',  v.  a.  To  bring  out.  Chaucer. 

OUT-BUD',  V.  n.  To  put  forth  buds. 

Whose  many  heads  out-budding  ever  new.  Spenser. 

OUT-BU1ED'  (out-blld'),  v.  a.  [i.  outbuilt  or 
OUTBUILD  ED  ; pp.  OUTBUILDING,  OUTBUILT  Or 
outbuilded.]  To  build  more,  better,  or  strong- 
er than  ; to  exceed  or  excel  in  building. 

Virtue  alone  outbuilds  the  Pyramids.  Young. 

OUT’— BUI  LD-1NG,  n.  A building  subordinate  to, 
or  connected  with,  the  main  building  ; out-house. 

OUT— BURN',  v.  a.  To  exceed  in  burning.  Young. 

OUT'BURST,  n.  An  outbreak.  Qu.  Rev. 

OUT-CANT',  v.  a.  To  surpass  in  canting.  Pope. 

OUT-CA'RpR,  it.  a.  To  surpass  in  capering.Byrom. 

OUT'CAST,  p.  a.  Thrown  away  ; cast  out ; ex- 
pelled ; banished  ; exiled.  Milton. 

OUT'CAST,  n.  An  exile  ; one  rejected  ; one  ex- 
pelled ; one  banished  or  driven  from  home  or 
country  ; a castaway  ; a reprobate.  Shak. 

He  dies,  sad  outcast  of  each  church  and  state.  Pope. 

f OUT'cAST-ING,  n.  An  outcast.  Wickliffe. 

f OUT-CEPT',  conj.  Except.  B.  Jonson. 

OUT-CHEAT',  v.  a.  To  surpass  in  cheating. 

OUT— CLEAR'ANCE,  n.  Clearance  from  a port. 

You  will  find  the  duties  high  at  out-clearance.  Foote. 

OUT-CLIMB'  (but-kllin'),  v.  a.  To  climb  beyond. 

OUT— COM'PASS,  v.  a.  To  exceed  due  bounds; 
to  stretch  or  extend  beyond.  Bacon. 

OUT'— COURT,  n.  The  exterior  or  outer  court. 

In  the  skirts  and  out-courts  of  heaven.  South. 

OUT— CRAFT',  v.  a.  To  excel  in  cunning.  Shak. 

OUT'CRl-pR,  n.  One  who  proclaims  a sale. 

First  cause  the  same  to  be  cried  through  the  city  by  a man 
with  a bell,  and  then  to  be  sold  by  the  common  outcrier  ap- 
pointed for  that  purpose.  Baker. 

OUT'CROP,  n.  ( Gcol .)  The  exposure  of  strata  at 
the  earth’s  surface  ; basseting.  Braiule. 

The  exposure  of  a stratum  at  the  surface  is  called,  in  the 
language  of  miners,  its  outcrop  or  basseting.  Hitchcock. 

OUT-CROP',  v.  a.  ( Geol .)  To  crop  out  above  the 
surface  from  beneath  other  strata.  Roberts. 

OUT'CRV,  n.  1.  A loud  cry  or  noise  ; cry  of  dis- 
tress ; clamor  ; vociferation.  Milton. 

2.  A public  sale  by  auction.  Ainsworth. 

OUT-CRY',  v.  a.  To  surpass  in  outcry. 

When  they  cannot  outrun  the  conscience,  they  will  out- 
cry it.  South. 

OUT— CURSE',  v.  a.  To  surpass  in  cursing. 

OUT-dArE',  v.  a.  To  overcome  by  daring.  Shak. 

And  make  me  outdare  all  my  miseries.  Beau,  6f  FI. 

f OUT-DATE’,  v.  a.  To  antiquate.  Hammond. 

OUT— DAZ'ZLE,  v.  a.  To  surpass  in  dazzling;  to 
exceed  in  brightness. 

Ilis  brighter  glories  should  out-dazzle  thine.  Fawkes. 

OUT-DO',  V.  a.  [i.  OUTDID  ; pp.  OUTDOING,  OUT- 
DONE.] To  excel;  to  surpass  ; to  perform  be- 
yond ; to  exceed. 

Heavenly  ldvc  shall  outdo  hellish  hate.  Hilton. 


OI)t'-DOOR,  a.  Being  out  of  the  house ; in  the 
open  air ; exterior ; as,  "Out-door  amusements.” 

OUT'— DOOR ij',  ad.  In  the  open  air  ; abroad  ; 
out-of-doors.  Black. 

OUT— DRAW',  V.  n.  To  draw  out ; to  extract. 

Of  which  he  must  the  teeth  out-draw.  Gower. 

OUT— DREAM',  V.  n.  To  dream  beyond. 

To  promise  infinitely,  and  out-dream  dangers.  Beau.  !f  FI. 

OUT— DRINK',  v.  a.  To  exceed  in  drinking.  Donne. 

f OUT-DURE',  v.  a.  To  outlast.  Beau.  8$  FI. 

OUT— DWELL',  v.  a.  To  dwell  or  stay  beyond. 
“ He  out-dwells  his  hour.”  Shak. 

OUT'ER,  a.  Being  on  the  outside  ; exterior  ; ex- 
ternal ; that  is  without ; — opposed  to  inner. 

He  brought  me  into  the  outer  court.  Ezek.  lxvi.  21. 

OUT'JJR-LY,  ad.  Towards  or  on  the  outside,  [it.] 
And  secth  himself  not  outerly  deprived.  Wyatt. 

OUT'IJR-MOST,  a. ; super l.  from  outer.  Remotest 
from  the  middle  or  midst ; outmost.  Bacon. 

OUT-FACE',  v.  a.  To  brave  ; to  beaF  down  by 
slioiv  of  magnanimity  : — to  bear  down  with  im- 
pudence ; to  stare  down. 

If  we  seek  to  outface  the  sun,  we  become  blind.  Raleigh. 

OUT'r*ALL,  n.  1.  The  lower  end  of  a water- 
course. Loudon. 

2.  A falling  out ; a quarrel.  JIalliwell. 

fOUT-FANG'THEF,  n.  [A.  S.  utfangenthcfc.) 
(Old  Sax.  8;  Eng.  Law.)  A thief  from  without  or 
from  abroad,  taken  within  a lord’s  fee  or  liberty  : 
— the  privilege  of  trying  such  a thief.  Burrill. 

OUT— FAWN',  v.  a.  To  excel  in  fawning. Iludibras. 

OUT— FEAST',  v.  a.  To  exceed  in  feasting.  “lie 
hath  out-feasted  Anthony.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

OUT— FEAT',  v.  a.  To  surpass  in  feats.  Smart. 

OUT'— FIELD,  n.  A field  at  a distance  from  the 
homestead.  Loudon. 

OUT'FlT,  n.  1.  The  act  of  fitting  out  or  preparing 
for  a voyage  or  expedition  ; equipment ; means 
or  money  furnished  for  an  expedition. 

2.  Allowance  to  a public  minister  of  the 
United  States  on  going  to  a foreign  country, 
which  cannot  exceed  a year’s  salary. 

OUT'FIT-TER,  n.  One  who  fits  out,  or  makes  an 
outfit.  Cons.  Mag. 

OUT-FLANK',  v.  a.  To  surpass  in  the  extent  of 
the  flank,  as  one  army  another.  Smart. 

OUT— FLASH',  v.  a.  To  surpass  in  flashing.  Clarke. 

OUT— FLAT'Tf.R,  v.  a.  To  flatter  more  or  better  ; 
to  exceed  or  excel  in  flattery.  Donne. 

OUT-FLOW',  v.  n.  To  flow  out.  Mackenzie. 

OUT'FLOW,  n.  The  act  of  flowing  out;  efflux. 
The  influx  of  foreigners  and  the  outflow  of  natives.  Observer. 

OUT-FLY',  v.  a.  [i.  OVTFLEW  ; pp.  OUTFLYING, 
outflown.]  To  leave  behind  in  flight.  Shak. 

OUT-FOOL',  v.  a.  To  exceed  in  folly. 

The  second  child  out-fools  the  first.  Young. 

t OUT'-FORM,  n.  The  external  form  or  frame, 
shape,  or  countenance. 

Cupid  took  vain  delight  in  mere  out-forms.  B.  Jonson. 

OUT-FRoWn',  v.  a.  To  overbear  by  frowns. 

Myself  could  else  out-frown  false  Fortune's  frowns.  Shak. 

OUT'— FU-NJIR-AL,  n.  Funerals  out  or  at  a dis- 
tance. “ For  the  convenience  of  .out-funer- 
als." Bp.  Hall. 

OUT'-GATE,  n.  Outlet ; passage  outwards.  “ Con- 
venient out-gates  by  divers  ways.”  Spenser. 

OUT-GAZE’,  v.  a.  To  gaze  beyond ; to  see  fur- 
ther than.  “ Nor  Montesquieu  outgaze  the  sa- 
gacity of  Tacitus.”  Willmott. 

OUT-UEN'IJR-AL,  V.  a.  [i.  OUTGENERALLED  ; pp. 
OUTGENERALLING,  OUTGENERALLED.]  To  ex- 
ceed in  military  skill.  Ld.  Chesterfield. 

OUT-GIVE',  v.  a.  To  surpass  in  giving.  Dryden. 

OUT-GO',  V.  a.  [t.  OUTWENT  ; pp.  OUTGOING, 
OUTGONE.] 

1.  To  go  beyond  ; to  surpass  ; to  excel.  Locke. 

2.  To  circumvent ; to  overreach.  Denham. 


OUT-GO'fR,  n.  One  who  outgoes;  one  who 
leaves  any  place,  territory,  or  land.  Farm.  Ency. 

OUT-GO'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  or  state  of  going  out. 

Thou  makest  the  outgoings  of  the  morning  and  evening  to 
rejoice.  /'*.  Ixv.  8. 

2.  Expenditure  ; outlay.  Frazer's  Mag. 

3.  Extreme  border  or  limit. 

The  coast  of  Manasseh  also  was  on  the  north  side  of  the 
river,  and  the  outgoings  of  it  were  at  the  sea.  Josh.  xvii.  9. 

OUT— GRIN',  v.  a.  To  surpass  in  grinning.  Clarke. 

OUT'-GROUND,  n.  Ground  without,  or  at  a dis- 
tance from,  the  main  ground.  Gent.  Mag. 

OUT-GROW'  (-gro'),  v.  a.  [ i . OUTGREW  ; pp.  out- 
growing, outgrown.]  To  surpass  in  growth; 
to  grow  beyond;  to  grow  too  great  for. 

Much  their  work  outrp’cw 

The  hands’  despatch  of  two  gardening  so  wide.  Milton. 

OUT'GROWTH,  n.  Excessive  growth. 

New  Englander. 

OUT'— GUARD,  n.  (Mil.)  A guard  posted  at  a dis- 
tance from  the  main  body  as  a defence.  Burn. 

OUT— GUS1I',  v.  n.  To  gush  or  flow  out. 

OUT' HAUL,  n.  (Navt.)  A rope  used  for  hauling 
out  the  clew  of  a studding-sail.  Dana. 

OUT-II1SS',  v.  a.  To  excel  in  hissing.  Beau FI. 

OUT-HER'OD,  v.  a.  [t.  outheroded  ; pp.  out- 
HERODING,  outheroded.]  To  overact  or  sur- 
pass in  violence  the  character  of  Herod  as  rep- 
resented in  the  old  miracle  plays.  “ It  out- 
herods  Herod.”  Shak. 

OUT'— HOUSE,  n.  A building  not  included  in  the 
dwelling-house  ; any  building  belonging  to  a 
house,  and  only  a short  distance  from  it,  as  a 
barn,  stable,  coach-house,  &c.  Todd. 

OUT'ING,  n.  A feast  given  to  his  friends  by  an 
apprentice  at  the  end  of  his  apprenticeship, 
when  he  is  out  of  his  time  : — a going  from 
home  ; an  airing.  [Local,  Eng.]  Halliwell. 

OUT-JEST',  v.  a.  To  overpower  by  jesting.  “ To 
out-jest  his  heart-struck  injuries.”  Shak. 

OUT-JILT',  v.  a.  To  surpass  in  jilting.  Congreve. 

OUT-JUG'GLE,  v.  a.  To  surpass  in  juggling  ; to 
exceed  in  the  arts  of  jugglery.  Bp.  Hall. 

OUT— KNAVE'  (-nav'),  V.  a.  To  surpass  in  knavery. 

This  world  calls  it  outwitting  a man  when  he  is  only  out- 
ktiaved.  L'  Estrange. 

OUT-LA 'BOR,  v.a.  To  surpass  in  labor.  Daren  aid. 

OUT-LANCE',  v.  n.  To  throw  out.  Spenser. 

fOUT'LAND,  a.  Foreign;  alien.  Strutt. 

f OUT'LAND-pR,  n.  A foreigner.  A.  Wood. 

OUT-LAND'ISII,  a.  [out  and  land.]  1.  Belonging 
to  a foreign  land  ; not  native  ; foreign  ; strange. 

Upon  the  approach  of  the  king’s  troops  under  General 
■Wills,  who  was  used  to  the  outlandish  way  of  making  war, 
we  put  in  practice  passive  obedience.  Addison. 

Some  seek  so  far  outlandish  English,  that  they  forget  alto- 
gether their  mother’s  language.  Wilson,  1580. 

2.  Vulgar;  rustic;  rude  ; improper.  Wright. 

OUT-LAST',  v.  a.  To  surpass  in  duration. 

Young  Maro,  in  his  boundless  mind, 

A work  to  outlast  immortal  Rome  designed.  Pope. 

OUT-LAUGH'  (bbt-laT),  V.  a.  To  surpass  in 
laughing.  Dryden. 

OUT'LAVY,  n.  [A.  S.  utlaga:  — out  and  law.) 
(Law.)  One  excluded  from  the  benefit,  aid,  or 
protection  of  the  law : — a robber ; bandit.  Shak. 

“ In  modern  law,  the  word  lias  a much  less 
intense  meaning,  — importing,  however,  the  forfeiture 
of  property  and  loss  of  civil  rights.”  Burrill. 

OUT'LAw,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  utlagian : — out  and  law.) 
[i.  outlawed  ; pp.  OUTLAWING,  outlawed.] 
To  deprive  of  the  benefit  and  protection  of  the 
law.  Bacon. 

OUT'lAw-ING,  n.  The  act  of  excluding  from 
the  protection  of  the  law.  North. 

OUT'LAYV-RY,  n.  (Law.)  The  process  of  putting 
a person  out  of  the  protection  of  the  law,  both 
in  regard  to  his  property,  and  to  some  extent 
as  to  his  person.  Burrill. 

flgp  “ Outlawry  has  been  adopted  as  a proceeding  in 
American  practice,  though  the  cases  in  which  it  is 
resorted  to  are  of  comparatively  rare  occurrence.” 
Burrill. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  tr,  Y,  short; 


A,  1J,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


OUTLAY 


1009 


OUTS 


OUT- LAY',  v.  a.  To  expose  ; to  lay  out.  Drayton. 

OUTLAY,  n.  The  act  of  laying  out  or  expending  ; 
expenditure  : — the  sum  expended.  Oil.  Rev. 

OUT-LEAP',  v.  a.  To  pass  by  leaping  ; to  leap 
beyond.  Johnson. 

OUT'-LEAP  (-lep),  n.  Sally  ; flight ; escape.  Locke. 

OUT-LEARN',  v.  a.  1.  To  excel  in  learning.  Ash. 

2.  f To  obtain  knowledge  of.  Spenser. 

OUTLET,  n.  Passage  outwards  ; the  place  or  the 
means  of  egress  ; vent.  “ IViakes  small  outlets 
into  the  open  air.”  Dry  den. 

Colonics  and  foreign  plantations  are  very  necessary  as  out- 
lets  to  a populous  nation.  Lucan. 

OUT-LET',  v.  a.  To  let  forth  ; to  emit.  Daniel. 

OUT'LICK-pR,  n.  (Naut.)  A small  piece  of  tim- 
ber fastened  to  the  top  of  the  poop,  and  stand- 
ing right  out  astern.  Jamieson. 

OUT— LIE'  (-11'),  v.  a.  To  surpass  in  lying.  Bp.Hall. 

OUT'LL ER,  n.  1.  One  who  lies  not,  or  is  not 
resident,  in  the  place  with  which  his  office  or 
duty  connects  him.  Bentley. 

2.  (Min.  & Geol.)  A portion  of  a rock  or  a 
stratum  detached  from  the  principal  mass,  and 
lying  at  some  distance  from  it.  Lyell. 

OUTLINE,  n.  1.  A line  by  which  any  figure  is 
defined ; the  exterior  line  ; contour  : — a sketch  ; 
a delineation  ; a draught. 

lie  only  takes  the  outlines  of  a picture,  and  fills  them  up 
with  masterly  traits  of  his  own  fancy.  Lewis. 

2.  The  general  features  or  prominent  parts. 

IIow  great  soever  the  variety  of  municipal  laws,  it  must  be 

confessed  that  their  chief  outlines  pretty  regularly  concur; 
because  the  purposes  to  which  they  tend  are  every  where 
exactly  similar.  Hume. 

3.  (Bot.)  The  figure  obtained  by  circumscrib- 
ing a surface  in  a continuous  line,  without  ref- 
erence to  marginal  indentations.  Ilenslow. 

Syn.  — See  Sketch. 

OUTLINE,  V.  a.  [t.  OUTLINED  ; pp.  OUTLINING, 
outlined.]  To  form  an  outline  of.  Month.  Rev. 

OUT-LIN'IJ-AR,  a.  Relating  to,  or  forming,  an 
outline.  ■ Trench. 

OUT-LlVE',  v.  a.  To  live  beyond  ; to  survive. 

It  [conscience]  accompanies  man  to  his  grave:  he  never 
outlines  it:  and  that  for  this  cause  only,  because  he  cannot 
outlive  himself.  South. 

Syn.  — To  outlive  is  to  live  longer  than  another; 
to  survive,  to  live  beyond  a given  period.  A person 
cannot  outlive  himself,  though  he  may  survive  his 
honor.  “ He  outlived  his  children,  and,  though  dead, 
his  fame  survives  him.” 

OUT— LIV'IJR,  n.  One  who  outlives  ; a survivor. 

OUT-LOOIv'  (but-luk'),  v.  a.  1.  To  face  down  ; to 
browbeat.  Shah. 

2.  To  look  out;  to  select.  Cotton. 

OUT'LOOK  (out'luk),  n.  A vigilant  watch  ; look- 
out ; vigilance.  “ Man’s  short  outlook.”  Young. 

f OUT'LOOSE,  n.  An  escape  ; an  evasion.  Selden. 

+ OUT'LOPE,  n.  An  excursion.  Florio. 

OUT— LUS'TRE  (-tur),-t>.  a.  To  excel  in  lustre. 

That  diamond  of  yours  out-lustres  many.  Shale. 

OUT'LY-ING,  p.  a.  1.  Lying  on  the  outskirts  or 
frontier.  “ We  have  taken  all  the  outlying  parts 
of  the  Spanish  monarchy.”  Addison. 

2.  Remote  from  the  general  scheme.  Johnson. 

OUT— MA-NCEU' VRE,  v.  a.  To  surpass  or  exceed 
in  manoeuvres.  Roget. 

OUT— MAN'TLE,  v.  a.  To  surpass  in  dress  ; to 
excel  in  ornament. 

And  with  poetic  trappings  grace  thy  prose, 

Till  it  out-mantle  all  the  pride  of  verse.  Cowper. 

OUT— MARCH',  v.  a.  To  surpass  in  marching; 
to  leave  behind  in  the  march.  Clarendon. 

OUT— MEASURE  (but-mczh'ur),  v.  a.  To  exceed 
in  measure!  ’ Browne. 

OUT'MOST,  a.  Remotest  from  the  middle.  Milton. 

OUT— NAME',  v.  a.  Tb  have  a greater  or  a worse 
name  than.  Beau.  $ FI. 

OUTNESS,  n.  Externality.  Berkeley. 

The  word  outness , revived  by  some  of  Kant’s  admirers.  Stewart. 

OUT-NUM'BgR,  v.  a.  To  exceed  in  number. 
“They  outnumbered  the  enemy.”  Addison. 


OUT'— OF-DOOR'  (but'ov-dor'),  a.  Being  out  of 
the  house,  or  in  the  open  air  ; out-door.  Southey. 

OUT'— OF— l)OOR§',  ad.  In  the  open  air  ; abroad  ; 
out-doors. 

OUT'-OF-THE-WAY',  a.  Uncommon;  unusual. 
“ The  most  out-of-the-way  color.”  Addison. 

OUT— OF— TRIM',  a.  (Naut.)  Applied  to  a ship 
when  she  is  not  properly  balanced.  Mar.  Diet. 

OUT— PACE',  v.  a.  To  pace  or  go  beyond  ; to  out- 
go ; to  leave  behind.  Chapman. 

OUT-PAR' A-MO Ull  (-mor),  v.  a.  To  exceed  in 
’keeping  paramours  or  mistresses.  Shak. 

OUT'-pAr-ISH,  n.  A parish  not  lying  within  the 
walls  or  limits.  Pennant. 

OUT'-PART,  n.  A part  remote  from  the  centre 
or  main  body.  “Out-parts  of  awheel.”  Chapman. 

fOUT'PART-ER^,  n.  pi.  (Scottish  Law.)  A sort 
of  freebooters  in  Scotland.  Wriglit. 

OUT'— PA-T1ENT,  n.  A patient  not  in  the  hos- 
pital. . Jodrell. 

OUT— PEER',  v.  a.  To  surpass  in  nobleness.  Shak. 

OUT— PEN'S ION-^lR,  n.  An  invalid  soldier  or 
sailor;  a pensioner  belonging  to  the  hospital  in 
Chelsea  or  in  Greenwich,  who  is  at  liberty  to 
live  where  he  pleases.  Simmonds. 

OUT-POI^E',  v.  a.  To  outweigh  ; to  exceed  in 
weight.  Howell. 

OUT'— PORCH,  n.  An  entrance  ; a porch.  Milton. 

OUT' PORT,  n.  A port  at  some  distance  from  the 
chief  town  or  seat  of  trade  ; a port  away  from 
the  main  custom-house.  Simmonds. 

OUT'POST,  n.  (Mil.)  A post  or  station  without 
the  limits  of  the  camp,  or  at  a distance  from  the 
army  : — troops  placed  at  such  a station.  Todd. 

OUT-POUR'  (out-por'),  v.  a.m  To  pour  out;  to 
effuse ; to  emit.  Milton. 

OUT-POUR'ING,  n.  The  act  of  pouring  out ; effu- 
sion. Ch.  Ob. 

dUT-PRAY',  v.  a.  To  surpass  in  praying. 

Out-weeps  a hermit,  anil  oul-prays  a saint.  Dryden. 

OUT— PREACH',  v.  a.  To  surpass  in  preaching. 

“ Able  to  out-preach  all  the  orators.”  Hammond. 

f OUT-PRIZE',  v.  a.  To  exceed  in  value.  Shak. 

OUT'PRfjWL,  v.  n.  To  look  out;  to  watch. 

I,  ovtprowling  with  my  countenance, 

Beheld  him  coining.  Fanshaw. 

OUT'PU-T,  n.  Quantity  put  out  or  made  ready 
for  sale.  “ Output  of  coal.”  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

OUT-QUENCH',  v.  a.  To  extinguish.  Spenser. 

OI’ T R A (,; E [out ' raj , S.  P.  TIT.;  but'raj,  IF.  J.  Ja. 
K.  R.\,n.  [Low  L.  ultragium,  from  L.  ultra, 
beyond ; It.  oltraggio  ; Sp.  ultraje ; Fr.  outrage. 
— L.  ultra,  beyond,  and  the  termination  age. 
Sullivan. — L.  ultra,  beyond,  and  ago , to  move, 
to  attack.  Du  Cange.'] 

1.  Open  violence ; wanton  abuse  or  mischief ; 
a grave  injury ; an  enormity  ; an  insult ; an 
affront. 

He  doth  himself  in  secret  shroud, 

To  fly  the  vengeance  for  hi9  outrage  due.  Spenser. 

2.  Manifestation  of  rage. 

See  with  whnt  outrage  from  the  frosty  north 

The  early  valiant  Swede  draws  fortli  his  wings 

In  battailous  array.  " Philips. 

US 5=  “ This  is  not  a compound  of  the  English  out 
and  rage,  but  nevertheless  of  words  in  Low  Latin  or 
Middle  French,  which  bad  nearly  the  same  meaning  ; 
hence  the  meaning  of  the  compound  is  so  near  to  that 
which  would  arise  from  the  union  of  the  two  English 
words,  that  Philips  seems  to  have  mistaken  its  ety- 
mology, and  uses  it  in  the  sense  of  rage  broken  forth.” 
Smart. 

Syn.  — See  Affront. 

OUT'RA(}E  [but'raj,  S.  P.  Ja.  R.  ; bfit-raj',  IF. 
K.],  v.  a.  [It.  oltraggiare  ; Sp  .ultrajar-,  Fr. 
outrager.]  \i.  outraged  ; pp.  outraging, 
outraged.]  To  injure  violently  or  shameful- 
ly ; to  abuse  or  insult  roughly  or  indecently ; to 
treat  abusively  ; to  maltreat ; to  shock. 

The  English  ambassadors  were  not  without  peril  to  be 
outraged.  Bacon. 

fOUT'RAljlE,  v.  n.  To  go  beyond  the  bounds  of 
reason  or  of  decency.  Ascham. 


dx)T-RA'^JEOUS  (-jt.is),  a.  [It.  ollraggioso ; Sp. 
ullrajoso ; Fr.  outrageux.) 

1.  Violent;  furious;  raging;  exorbitant;  tu- 
multuous ; turbulent.  “ Outrageous  villanies.” 
Sidney.  “ Outrageous  talk.”  Spenser. 

They  viewed  the  vast,  immeasurable  abyss, 

Outrageous  as  a sea,  dark,  wasteful,  wild.  Milton. 

2.  Excessive;  enormous;  — atrocious.  “ Out- 
rageous panegyric.”  Dryden.  “ Outrageous 
crimes.”  Shak. 

Tile  outrageous  decking  of  temples  and  churches  witli  gold 
and  silver.  Hammoml. 

OUT-RA'9EOUS-LY  (-jus-Ie),  ad.  In  an  outra- 
geous manner;  violently;  furiously.  Spenser. 

OUT-RA '<?EOlJS-NESS  (-jus-nes),  n.  State  of  be- 
ing outrageous  ; fury  ; violence.  Dryden. 

OUT-RAN',  i.  from  outrun.  See  Outrun. 

f OUT-RA'OITS,  a.  Outrageous.  Berners. 

OUT— RAP',  v.  a.  To  surpass  in  rapping.  Pope. 

t OUT'rAy,  v.  a.  To  exceed;  to  excel.  Skelton. 

f OUT'rAy,  v.  n.  To  be  outrageous.  Cliauccr. 

OUT— RAZE',  v.  a.  To  root  out ; to  raze.  Sandys. 

OUTRE  (o-tra'),  a.  [Fr.]  Extravagant ; out  of  the 
common  limits  ; overstrained  ; excessive. 

Although  this  panegyric  be  somewhat  outre , I am  willing 
to  subscribe  to  it.  Dr,  Qi  ddi  S. 

OUT-REACH',  v.  a.  To  reach  beyond  or  further 
than  ; to  go  beyond  ; to  overreach.  Browne. 

OUT— READ’,  v.  a.  To  excel  in  reading.  Cliauccr. 

OUT— REA'fjiON  (but-ru'zn),  v.  a.  To  reason  more 
or  better  than  ; to  excel  in  reasoning.  South. 

OUT— RECK'ON  (-kn),r.rt.  To  exceed  in  reckoning. 
A power  [virtue]  that  can  preserve  us  after  others. 

And  make  the  names  of  men  out-rcckon  ages.  Beau.  Sf  FI. 

OUT-REIGN'  (nut-ran'),  V.  a.  To  exceed  in  the 
duration  of  the  reign  or  rule  ; to  reign  through 
or  beyond  the  whole  of.  Spenser. 

OUT'RICK,  n.  A heap  of  hay  or  of  corn  in  the 
open  air.  Pennant. 

OUT-RIDE',  v.  a.  [i.  outrode  ; pp.  outriding, 
outridden,  outkid.]  To  ride  beyond.  Shak. 

OUT-RIDE',  v.  n.  To  travel  about  on  horseback, 
or  in  a vehicle.  Addison. 

OUT'RlDE,  n.  A place  for  riding. 

Your  province  is  the  town;  leave  me  a small  outride  in 
the  country,  and  I shall  be  content.  Somervdle. 

OUT'IUD-JgR,  n.  1.  One  who  rides  abroad  or 
about.  Maydman. 

2.  A servant  on  horseback  who  precedes  or 

accompanies  a carriage.  Smart. 

3.  A summoner  whose  office  is  to  cite  men 

before  the  sheriff.  Bailey. 

OUT'RIG-GER,  n.  (Naut.)  A spar  rigged  out  to 
windward  from  the  tops  or  cross-trees,  to  spread 
the  breast  backstays.  Dana. 

OUT-RIGHT'  (but-vlt'),  ad.  1.  Immediately  ; at 
once  ; without  delay.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  Completely  ; entirely.  Addison. 

OUT-RING',  v.  a.  To  exceed  in  the  noise  of 
ringing.  Corbet. 

OUT-Ri§E',  v.  a.  To  rise  earlier  than.  Scott. 

OUT— Ri'VAL,  v.  a.  To  excel.  Addison. 

OUT-RIVE',  v.  a.  To  sever  by  violence.  Fairfax. 

f OUT'ROAD,  n.  An  excursion  ; an  outride. 

Outroads  by  the  ways  of  Judea.  1 Macc.  xv.  41. 

OUT-ROAR',  v.  a.  To  exceed  in  roaring.  Shak. 

OUT'-ROOM,  n.  An  duter  room.  Fuller. 

OUT-ROOT',  v.  a.  To  eradicate  ; to  extirpate. 

OUT-RUN',  v.  a.  [*.  outran  ; pp.  outrunning, 
outrun.] 

1.  To  surpass  or  to  leave  behind  in  running. 

Thou  hast 

Outrun  the  constable  at  last.  Butler. 

2.  To  go  beyond;  to  exceed.  “We  outrun 

the  present  income.”  Addison. 

oDt-RUSH',  v.  a.  To  rush  out ; to  run  forcibly 
out.  Garth. 

OUTS,  n.  pi.  Persons  not  holding  office;  — op- 
posed to  ins.  — See  In. 

There  was  then  [1175]  only  two  political  parties,  tile  ins 
and  the  outs.  ■ L Hutton. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 

127 


BULL,  BUR,  ROLE.  — (I,  g,  soft ; £,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  ^ as 


gz.  — THIS,  this. 


OUT-SAIL 


1010 


OUTZANY 


OUT— SAIL',  v.  a.  To  surpass  in  sailing.  Broome. 

fOUT'SCAPE,  n.  Power  of  escaping.  Chapman. 

OUT-SCOLD',  v.  a.  To  surpass  in  scolding.  Shah. 

OUT-SCORN',  v.  a.  To  bear  down  by  contempt  ; 
to  despise.  Shak. 

OUT— SCOUR' I NG,  n.  Any  thing  removed  by 
scouring ; substance  scoured  out.  Smart. 

OUT-SELL',  v.  a.  [i.  outsold  ; pp.  outselling, 

OUTSOLD.] 

1.  To  exceed  in  selling,  or  in  the  prices  ob- 
tained for  things  sold.  Temple. 

2.  To  bring  a higher  price  than.  Shak. 

OUT'-SEN-TRY,  n.  A sentry  to  guard  an  avenue 
or  an  entrance  of  a place.  Chesterfield. 

OUT'SET,  n.  Opening  ; beginning  ; commence- 
ment. “ This  is  no  pleasant  prospect  at  the 
outset  of  a political  journey.”  Burke. 

OUT— SET'TLER,  n.  One  who  settles  at  a dis- 
tance from  the  main  body.  Kirby. 

OUT-SHINE',  v.  n.  To  emit  lustre.  Shak. 

OUT-SHfNE',  v.  a.  To  excel  in  lustre. 

Homer  does  not  only  outshine  all  other  poets  in  the  variety, 
but  also  in  the  novelty,  of  his  characters.  Addison. 

OUT-SHONE',  i.  from  outshine.  See  Outshine. 

OUT-SHOOT',  v.  a.  1.  To  excel  in  shooting;  to 
shoot  better  than.  Dryden. 

2.  To  shoot  beyond  or  further  than.  Norris. 

OUT-SHUT',  v.  a.  To  exclude  ; to  shut  out  .Donne. 

OUT'SIDE,  n.  1.  The  external  part;  the  surface 
or  superficies. 

AVliat  pity  that  so  exquisite  an  outside  of  a head  should 
not  have  one  grain  of  sense  in  itl  L' Estrange. 

2.  Superficial  appearance ; exterior.  “The 

outside  of  fashionable  manners.”  Locke. 

3.  The  utmost.  [A  barbarous  use.  Johnson.'] 

Two  hundred  load  upon  an  acre  they  reckon  the  outside 

of  what  is  to  be  laid.  Mortimer. 

4.  The  person  ; the  external  man.  Milton. 

Fortune  forbid  my  outside  have  not  charmed  her.  Shak. 

5.  A part  lying  without  any  enclosed  place. 

I threw  open  the  door  of  my  chamber,  and  found  the  fam- 
ily standing  on  the  outside.  Spectator. 

Syn.  — See  Surface. 

OUT'SIDE,  a.  Belonging  to  the  superficies  ; ex- 
terior ; being  without ; consisting  in  show.  Ash. 

OUT-SiD'ER,  n.  One  not  belonging  to,  or  inde- 
pendent of,  a party,  or  an  association.  Bartlett. 

OUT— SIN',  v.  a.  To  exceed  in  sinning .Killingbeck. 

OUT— SIT',  v.  a.  To  sit  beyond  the  time  of.  South. 

OUT'SKIN,  n.  The  external  skin.  Beau.  FI. 

OUT-SKIP',  v.  a.  To  avoid  by  flight.  B.  Jonson. 

dUT'SKIRT,  n.  A suburb  ; border  ; outpart ; out- 
post. “ The  outskirts  of  the  town.”  Clarendon. 

OUT— SLEEP',  v.  a.  To  sleep  beyond.  Shak. 

OUT— SOAR'  (-sor'),  v.  a.  To  soar  beyond;  to 
surpass  in  soaring.  Gov.  of  the  Tongue. 

OUT— SOUND',  v.  a.  To  exceed  in  sound  .Hammond. 

OUT— SPAR'KLE,  V.  a.  To  excel  in  sparkling; 
to  sparkle  more  than.  Byron. 

dUT-SPEAK',  v.  a.  To  speak  something  beyond; 
to  exceed. 

Rich  stuffs,  and  ornaments  of  household,  which 
I find  at  such  proud  rate,  that  it  outspeaks 
Possession  of  a subject.  Shak. 

OUT— SPIN',  v.  a.  To  spin  out.  B.  Jonson. 

OUT— SPORT',  v.  a.  To  exceed  in  sport.  Shak. 

OUT-SPREAD'  (-spred'),  v.  a.  To  extend;  to  ex- 
pand ; to  spread  out.  Pope. 

OUT— SPRING',  v.  a.  To  spring  or  cause  to  spring 
out ; to  rise  or  issue  out.  Surrey. 

OUT-STAND',  v.a.  [i.  OUTSTOOD  ; pp.  OUTSTAND- 
ING, OUTSTOOD.] 

1.  To  resist  effectually  ; to  withstand. 

His  own  [work] . . . was  sure  never  to  outstand  the  first 
attack  that  was  made.  Woodward. 

2.  To  stand  out  longer  than  ; to  exceed. 

I have  ovtstood  my  time.  Shak. 

OUT-STAND',  v.  n.  To  stand  out,  or  protuberate 
from  the  main  body.  Johnson. 


OUT-STAND'ING,  a.  Existing  abroad;  unsettled; 
unpaid.  “ Outstanding  debts.”  Ch.  Ob. 

OUT— STARE',  v.  a.  To  surpass  in  staring;  to 
face  down  ; to  browbeat ; to  outface. 

I would  out-stare  the  sternest  eyes  that  look 

To  win  thee,  lady.  Shak. 

OUT— START'JNG,  a.  Rushing  forth.  Craig. 

OUT— STEP',  u.  a.  To  step  or  go  beyond.  Smart. 

OUT-STORM',  v.  a.  To  overbear  by  storming  ; to 
storm  more  than.  ’ Smart. 

OUT'— STREET,  n.  A street  in  the  extremity  of 
a town  or  in  the  suburbs.  Johnson. 

OUT— STRETCH',  v.  a.  To  extend  ; to  spread  out. 

OUT— STRETCHED'  (out-strech'ed  or  out-strecllt'), 
p.  a.  Extended  ; stretched  out. 

Out-strctched  he  lay  upon  the  cold  ground.  Milton. 

OUT-STRIDE',  D.  a.  To  surpass  in  striding. 
“ Outstriding  the  colossus  of  the  sun.”  Jonson. 

OUT-STRlP',  V.  a.  [l.  OUTSTRIPPED  ; pp.  OUT- 
STRIPPING, OUTSTRIPPED.]  To  leave  behind  in 
a race  ; to  go  beyond  ; to  outgo  ; to  outrun. 

A fox  may  be  outwitted,  and  a hare  outstripped.  V Estrange. 

OUT— SUBT'LE  ( sut'tl),  v.  a.  To  surpass  in 

subtlety.  Beau.  § FI. 

OUT— SUF'F^R,  v.  a.  To  suffer  or  endure  more 
than.  Davenant. 

OUT— SWEAR',  v.  a.  To  overpower  by  swearing. 

But  we’ll  outface  them,  nnd  out-swear  them  too.  Shak. 

OUT-SWEAT',  v.  a.  To  sweat  out.  Beau.  § FI. 

OUT-SWEET'EN  (-swet'tn),  V.  a.  To  excel  in 
sweetness.  Shak. 

OUT-SWELL',  v.  a.  To  swell  beyond  or  above; 
to  overflow.  Hewyt. 

f OUT-TAKE',  prep.  Except.  Goioer. 

OUT-TALK'  (-tawki),  V.  a.  To  overpower  by  talk- 

This  gentleman  will  out-talk  us  all.  Shak. 

OUT-TELL',  v.  a.  To  tell  or  count  beyond;  to 
exceed  the  reckoning  of.  Beau,  fy  FI. 

f OUT'TERM,  n.  Outward  figure.  B.  Jonson. 

OUT— THROW',  v.  a.  To  throw  out.  Sjtcnscr. 

OUT-TONGUE'  (-tung'),  v.  a.  To  bear  down  by 
noise.  Shak. 

OUT-TOP’,  v.  a.  To  overtop  ; to  surpass.  Williams. 

fOUT— U'^URE  (out-yu'zhur),  v.  a.  To  surpass 
in  exacting  usury.  Pope. 

OUT— VAL'UE  (-vAl'yu),  v.a.  To  exceed  in  value, 
estimation,  or  price. 

lie  gives  us  in  this  life  an  earnest  of  expected  joys  that 
out-values  and  transcends  all  those  momentary  pleasures  it 
requires  us  to  forsake.  Boyle. 

OUT— VEN'OM,  v.  a.  To  exceed  in  poison.  Shak. 

OUT-VIE'  (-vl'),  v.  a.  To  exceed;  to  excel;  to 
surpass  ; to  outstrip. 

For  folded  flocks  on  fruitful  plains 

Fair  Britain  all  the  world  outvies.  Dryden. 

OUT— VlL'LATN  (-] jn),  v.  a.  To  exceed  in  villany. 
“ lie  hath  out-villained  villany  so  far.”  Shak. 

OUT-VOICE',  v.  a.  To  exceed  in  loudness  of 
voice  or  clamor  ; to  outroar.  Shak. 

OUT— VOTE',  v.  a.  To  conquer  or  exceed  by  vot- 
ing. “ Sense  and  appetite  out-vote  reason. "South. 

t OUT-WAIL',  n.  A subject  for  lamentation  or 
much  moaning.  Chaucer. 

OUT— WALK'  (-wAk'),  v.  a.  To  exceed  in  walking; 
to  walk  further,  faster,  or  longer  than.  B.  Jonson. 

OUT'- WALL,  7i.  1.  The  outward  wall  of  a build- 
ing ; the  external  wall.  Jolmsoti. 

2.  Superficial  appearance.  Shak. 

OUT'WARD,  a.  1.  External;  exterior;  outer; 
— opposed  to  inward. 

O,  whnt  may  man  within  him  hide. 

Though  angel  on  the  outward  6ide!  Shak. 

2.  Extrinsic  ; extraneous  ; adventitious. 

An  oulivard  honor  for  an  inward  toil.  Shak. 

3.  f Foreign;  not  civil  or  intestine.  “An  out- 

ward  war.”  Hayward. 

4.  Tending  to  the  outparts. 

The  fire  will  force  its  outward  way, 

Or,  in  the  prison  pent,  consume  the  prey.  Di'j/den. 


5.  Carnal ; fleshly  ; not  spiritual. 

When,  the  soul  being  inwardly  moved  to  lift  itself  up  by 
prayer,  the  outward  man  is  surprised  in  some  other  posture, 
God  will  rather  look  to  the  inward  motion  of  the  mind  than 
to  the  outward  form  of  the  body.  Duppa. 

Syn.  — See  Exterior. 

OUT'WARD,  n.  External  form ; the  exterior. 
“ So  fair  an  outward."  [k.]  Shak. 

OUT'WARD,  ad.  To  outer  parts ; to  foreign 
parts;  as,  “ A ship  outward  bound.”  Johnson. 

OUT'  WARD—  ROUND,  a.  ( Naut .)  Bound  outward 
or  to  foreign  parts.  Crabb. 

OUT'WARD-Ly,  ad.  Externally;  not  inwardly  , 
— in  appearance ; not  sincerely.  Hooker. 

OUT'WARD-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  out- 
ward. Coleridge. 

OUT'WARDfJ,  ad.  Towards  the  outer  parts  ; out- 
ward. — See  Afterward,  and  Backward. 

Tile  light  falling  on  them  [black  bodies]  is  not  reflected 
outwards , but  enters  the  bodies.  S'ewton. 

OUT-WASH'  (-wosh'),  v.  a.  To  wash  out;  to 
cleanse  from,  [it.]  Wright. 

oOT-WATCH'  (-wocli’),  v.  a.  To  surpass  in 
watchfulness  ; to  watch  longer  than. 

Where  I may  oft  outwatch  the  Bear.  Milton. 

OUT-WAY',  n.  Way,  or  passage,  out.  Fletcher. 

OUT-WEAr'  (-wAr'),  v.  a.  [i.  OUTWORE  ; pp. 
OUTWEARING,  OU TWORN .] 

X.  f To  wear  out. 

Inglorious,  unemployed,  with  age  outworn.  Milton. 

2.  To  pass  or  spend  tediously. 

By  the  stream,  if  I the  night  outwear , 

Thus  spent  already,  how  shall  nature  bear 

The  dews  descending  and  nocturnal  air?  Pope. 

3.  To  last  longer  than  ; to  outlast.  Johnson. 

OUT— WEA'RY,  v.  a.  To  weary  out;  to  fatigue 
greatly.  ‘ Cowley. 

OUT— WEED',  v.  a.  To  extirpate,  as  a weed  ; to 
weed  out.  Spenser. 

OUT— WEEP',  v.  a.  To  exceed  in  weeping.  Dryden. 

OUT— WEIGH'  (but-wa'),  v.  a.  1.  To  exceed  in 
weight;  to  preponderate  ; to  overbalance. 

Wilkins. 

2.  To  excel  in  value,  influence,  or  importance. 

Your  truth  to  him  outweighs  your  love  to  me.  Dryden. 

f OUT- WELL',  v.  a.  To  pour  out.  Spenser. 

f OUT-WELL',  v.  71.  To  spring  or  flow  out. 

nis  marble  heart  such  soft  impression  tries. 

That,  midst  his  wrath,  his  manly  tears  outwcll.  Fairfax. 

OUT- WENT',  i.  from  outgo.  See  Outgo. 

OUT— WHIRL',  v.  a.  To  whirl  faster  than.  Young. 

OUT— WHORE',  v.  a.  To  exceed  in  lewdness.  Pope. 

f OUT— WIN',  v.  a.  To  get  out  of.  Spenser. 

OUT— WIND',  v.  a.  To  extricate ; to  unloose.  More. 

OUT— WING',  v.  a.  To  outstrip  in  flight.  Garth. 

OUT-WIT',  v.  a.  To  overcome  by  stratagem  ; to 
exceed  in  craft  or  subtilty  ; to  cheat. 

After  the  death  of  Crassus,  Pompey  found  himself  out-wit- 
ted  by  Caxsar,  and  broke  with  him.  Dryden. 

OUT-WORK'  (-wiirk'),  v.  a.  \i.  outworked, 
outwrought,  pp.  outworking,  outworked, 
outwrought.]  To  exceed  in  working;  to 
work  more  or  better  than  ; to  outdo.  B.  Jonso7i. 

OUT'WORK  (bfit'wiirk),  71.  ( Fort .)  A term  ap- 

plied to  all  the  works  constructed  beyond  the 
body  of  the  place,  as  ravelines,  tenailles,  cov- 
ered ways,  horn-works,  lunettes,  &c.  Mil.  Ency. 

Syn.  — See  Fortification. 

OUT-WORN', p.  a.  Worn  out;  effete. 

The  outworn  rite,  the  old  abuse.  Whittier. 

f OUT-WORTH’  (-wlirtli'),  t’.  a.  To  excel  in  worth, 
value,  or  price.  Shak. 

OUT-WREST'  (-rest'),  v.  a.  To  extort  by  vio- 
lence ; to  wrest  out.  Spenser. 

OUT— WRITE',  v.  a.  To  surpass  or  excel  in  writ- 
ing; to  write  more  or  better  than.  Addison. 

OUT-WROUGHT'  (-rAwt'),j9.  from  outtvork.  Out- 
done ; exceeded.  B.  Jonso7i. 

OUT— ZA'NY,  u.  a.  To  excel  in  acting  the  zany  or 
simpleton  ; to  exceed  in  buffoonery.  B.  Jo/ison. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short ; A,  £,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


OUZEL 


1011 


OVER-BOLD 


OU’ZEL  (o'zl),  n.  {Or- 
nith.)  A name  com- 
mon to  several  species 
of  the  Linnaean  genus 
Tardus, ax  true  thrush- 
es, as  the  black-ouzel, 
or  black-bird  ; the 
ring-ouzel,  or  ring- 
black-bird  ; and  the 
water-ouzel,  or  com- 
mon dipper.  Eng.  Cyc. 

6 ' VJl,  n. ; pi.  of  ovum.  [L.]  Eggs.  — See  Ovum. 

O'VAL,  a.  [L.  ovum,  an  egg;  It.  ovale  ; Sp.  oval ; 
Fr.  ovale.]  Oblong  and  curvilinear  ; resem- 
bling the  longitudinal  section  of  an  egg  ; ellip- 
tical.— See  Oval,  n. 

Oval  window,  one  of  the  holes  in  the  hollows  of  the 
ear.  Crabb. 

O'VAL,  n.  A popular  name  for  any  curve  figure 
resembling  an  ellipse,  or  the  transverse  section 
of  an  egg. 

Under  this  general  definition  of  an  oval  is 
included  the  ellipse,  which  is  a regular  oval.  All 
other  figures  which  resemble  the  ellipse,  though  with- 
out possessing  its  properties,  are  classed  under  the 
same  general  denomination  ; as  the 
egg-shaped  and  the  pear-shaped 
bodies.  The  three  accompanying 
figures,  A,  B,  C,  are  therefore  ovals, 
hut  only  the  first  of  them  is  an  el- 
lipse. Francis. 


tVater-ouzel. 

( Cinclus  aquaticu?). 


O-VAL-BU'MpN,  n.  [L.  ovum,  an  egg,  and  albu- 
men, albumen.]  The  albumen,  or  white  of  an 
egg  ; — used  in  contradistinction  to  the  albumen 
contained  in  the  scrum  of  the  blood.  Brande. 

O-VAL'I-FORM,  a.  [ oval  and  form.]  Having  the 
longitudinal  section  oval,  and  the  transverse 
circular;  oval-shaped.  Maunder. 

O'VAL-LY,  ad.  In  the  manner  of  an  oval.  Scott. 

O'VAL— SHAPED  (-sliapt),  a.  Having  the  form  or 
shape  of  an  oval ; oval.  Loudon. 

O-VA'RI-AL,  ^ Relating  to  the  ovary  of  fe- 

O-VA'RI-AN,  > males.  Wright. 

O-VA'RI-OUS,  a.  Consisting  of  eggs.  “ Ovari- 
ous  food.”  Thomson. 

O-vA'  RI-UM,  n. ; pi.  o-VA'nr-A.  [L.]  (Anat. 
& Bot.)  An  ovary.  — See  Ovary.  Dunglison. 


O'VA-RY,  n.  [L.  ovum,  an  egg;  It.  ovaja-,  Sp. 
ovdrio  ; Fr.  ovaire .] 

1.  {Anat.)  One  of  the  two  organs  in  which 

the  ova  are  formed  in  oviparous  animals  ; an 
ovarium.  Dunglison. 

2.  {Bot.)  That  part  of  the  pis- 
til which  contains  the  ovules  or 
future  seeds ; an  ovarium.  Gray. 

USX"  In  the  figure,  a is  the  ovary,  d 
the  ovules,  or  rudimentary  seeds,  b 
the  style , c the  stigma. 

O'VATE,  a.  [L.  ovalus ; ovum,  an 
egg ; It.  ovato  ; Sp.  ovado .]  {Bot.)  Shaped  like 
an  egg  with  the  broader  end  downwards,  when 
applied  to  solid  bodies,  but  in  plane  surfaces, 
as  leaves,  like  the  longitudinal  section  of  an 
egg,  broader  at  the  base  than  at  the  apex.  Gray. 

O'vAT-ED,  a.  Of  an  oval  form;  ovate.  Pennant. 

O'VATE— LAN'CE-O-LATE,  a.  {Bot.)  Interme- 
diate between  ovate  and  lanceolate.  Lindley. 

O'VATE— OB'LONG,  a.  Oblong,  as  an  egg  ; in  the 
shape  of  an  egg,  or  with  the  end  lengthened; 
ovato-oblong.  Maunder. 

O'VATE— SU'BU-L ATE,  a.  Having  something  the 
form  of  an  egg  and  an  awl,  but  most  tending 
to  the  latter.  Maunder. 


O-VA'TION,  n.  [L.  ovatio,  which  Freund  derives 
from  ovo,  to  exult,  but  Richardson  and  others 
refer  to  oris,  a sheep ; It.  ovazione ; Sp.  ova- 
cior\  Fr.  oration.)  {Ant.)  A lesser  triumph 
among  the  Romans,  granted  to  distinguished 
military  leaders,  in  which  sheep  were  sacrificed 
instead  of  bullocks.  Hammond.  M 

6-VA'TO-A-CU'MI-NATE,  a.  {Bot.)  Egg-  i[\ 
shaped  and  tapering  to  a point.  Loudon. 

O-VA'TO-CYL-IN-DRA'CEOUS  (-shus,  66),  JS 
a.  {Bot.\  Egg-shaped,  with  a cylindrical  § \ 
figure.  Loudon.  ||  ,l 

O-vA'TO— DEL'TOID,  a.  {Bot.)  Triangu-  \r 
larly  egg-shaped.  Loudon. 


0-VA'T0-0B'l6ng.  a.  Ovatc-oblong.  Smart. 

O-VA'TQ-PQ-TUN'DATE,  a.  {Bot.)  Roundly 
egg-shaped.  Loudon. 

f O V'J^L-T V,  n.  {Law.)  See  Owelty.  Whishaw. 

OV'EN  (uv'vn),  n.  [Goth,  auhn ; A.  S.  ofen  ; Dut. 
oven  ; Ger.  ofen  ; Dan.  ovn  ; Icel.  ofn  ; Sw.  ugn ; 
Fin.  uhni.  — W .jfwrn.)  A cavity,  of  brick  or 
stone  work,  usually  arched,  for  baking  bread, 
or  for  heating  or  drying  various  substances  : — 
a term  applied  also  to  a chamber  in  a stove  or 
range,  and  to  an  apparatus  of  tinned  iron,  used 
for  baking. 

OV'EN-LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  an  oven.  Qu.  Rev. 

O'VJIR,  prep.  [Goth,  afer,  ufar ; A.  S.  § Frs. 
ofer\  Dut.  overt,  Ger.  Uber ; Dan.  over',  Icel.. 
yfr ; Sw.  iifwer.  — Ir.  ar,  formerly  fair  or  fer. 
— Gr.  iurff) ; L.  super.  — Heb.  “03,  to  pass  over.] 

1.  Above,  in  place  ; upon.  “ The  mercy-seat 

that  is  over  the  testimony.”  Ex.  xxx.  6. 

2.  Above,  with  regard  to  excellence,  dignity, 
influence,  authority,  or  value. 

Showing  the  advantages  which  the  Christian  world  has 
over  the  heathen.  Swift. 

We  will  not  have  this  man  to  reign  over  us.  Luke  xix.  14. 

3.  Across ; from  side  to  side. 

To  .jump  over  a stream  . . . implies  to  jump  so  as  to  be 
above  it,  and,  in  the  event,  beyond  it.  Smart. 

4.  Through,  diffusively ; throughout.  “ All 

the  world  over.”  Hammond. 

5.  More  than  ; upwards  of.  Clarke. 

44  Over  night  is  probably  elliptical,  implying  — 
while  I am  yet  over  the  night,  or  the  night  under  me, 
i.  e.  in  my  power  ; hence  it  means  before  night.” 
Smart. 

Over , in  poetry,  is  often  contracted  to  o'er. 

It  has  long  been  more  or  less  the  custom  in 
this  country  to  use  over  instead  of  under , in  the  sense 
of  attested  or  signed  by ; as,  44  over  his  signature,” 
instead  of  “ under  his  signature.”  This  improper  use 
of  over  is  noticed  and  censureTl  by  Mr.  Pickering,  in 
his  44  Vocabulary  of  Americanisms,”  published  in 
1816.  He  says,  44  A few  of  our  writers  still  counte- 
nance this  unwarrantable  innovation  ; but  the  prin- 
ciple on  which  it  is  defended  would  unsettle  the  whole 
language.  The  use  of  the  word  under  in  phrases  like 
these,  — 4 He  wrote  under  (not  over ) the  signature  of 
Junius  * ; 4 He  published  some  papers  under  (not  over) 
his  own  signature,’  — is  as  well  established  as  any 
English  idiom.”  — 44  He  has  left  evidence  under  his 
own  hand.”  Locke. 

This  use  of  over  for  under  is  not  yet  entirely  dis- 
continued. A communication,  which  appeared  in  the 
44  Boston  Traveller,”  in  April,  1857,  thus  begins  : “A 
statement  purporting  to  have  been  made  over  my  sig- 
nature.”— See  Under. 

0'V£R,  ad.  1.  So  as  to  be  above  the  top. 

Good  measure,  pressed  down,  and  shaken  together,  and 
running  over . Luke  vi.  38. 

2.  From  one  to  another  ; from  hand  to  hand. 

This  golden  cluster  the  herald  delivereth  to  the  Tirsan, 
who  delivereth  it  over  to  that'  son  that  he  had  chosen.  Bacon. 

3.  From  side  to  side  ; across;  athwart. 

A circular  rim,  above  a foot  over.  Grew. 

4.  More  than  the  quantity  assigned  ; into  the 
bargain ; besides. 

The  ordinary  soldiers,  having  all  their  pay,  and  a month’s 
pay  over , were  sent  into  their  countries.  Hayward. 

5.  From  a country  beyond  the  sea. 

It  hath  a white  berry,  but  is  not  brought  over  with  the 
coral.  Bacon. 

6.  On  the  surface.  “ Red  all  over,  like  an 

hairy  garment.”  Gen.  xxv.  25. 

7.  Throughout;  from  beginning  to  end;  com- 
pletely. “ Have  you  read  over  the  letters  ? ” Shah. 

Let  them  argue  over  all  the  topics  of  divine  goodness  and 
human  weakness,  yet  how  trifling  must  be  their  plea!  South. 

All  over,  above  or  upon  in  every  place. — Over  and 
above , besides  ; beyond  what  was  first  supposed  or 
immediately  intended. — Over  again,  pnee  more.  44  Do- 
ing that  over  again  which  hath  been  done  already.” 
Attcrbury.  — Over  against,  opposite.  44  Over  against 
this  church  stands  a large  hospital.”  Addison. — Over 
and  over,  with  repetition;  repeatedly.  44  Make  them 
do  it  over  and  over.”  Loclie. 

jtjGr"  llTo  give  over  is  probably  elliptical,  implying 
a giving  up  of  something,  as  attempts  or  hopes,  &c., 
or  of  a person-  to  that  which  seems  inevitable.”  Smart. 

Xfs"  Over  is  much  used  in  composition,  and  with 
various  meanings  ; but  more  commonly  with  the  sig- 
nification of  too,  too  much , more  than  enough,  excess, 
abundance. 

O'VJgR,  a.  1.  Past  or  beyond  ; discontinued. 


Meditate  upon  the  effects  of  anger;  and  the  best  time  to 
do  this  is  to  look  back  upon  anger  when  the  tit  is  over.  Jiacon . 

2.  f Upper.  “ Her  over  lip.”  Chaucer. 

O'VfJR,  v.  a.  To  get  over.  [North  of  Eng.]  Pcyqe. 

O-VER-A-BOUND',  v.  n.  To  abound  more  than 
enough ; to  be  more  than  sufficient ; to  be  in 
excess  ; to  superabound.  Phillips. 

O-V^R-ACT',  v.  a.  To  act  more  than  enough. 

lie  overacted  his  part;  his  passions,  when  once  let  loose, 
were  too  impetuous  to  be  manuged.  Attcrbury. 

O-V^R-ACT',  v.  n.  To  act  more  than  is  requisite. 
You  overact  when  you  should  underdo.  H.  Jonson. 

d-V£R— AF-FECT',  v.  a.  To  love  too  much.  Hall. 

O-Vplt— A^'I-TAtE,  v.  a.  To  agitate,  discuss,  or 
controvert  too  much.  “ A business  so  over- 
agitated.”  Bp.  Ilall. 

0'VJJR-ALL§,  n.  pi.  A kind  of  loose  trousers 
covering  another  pair.  Smart. 

O-VJJR— AN^-I'JE-TY,  n.  Excessive  anxiety.Roi/ef. 

O-VpR— ANX'IOUS  (-angk'slms),  a.  Too  anxious; 
excessively  solicitous.  Maunder. 

0-VER-ANX'IOyS-LY,  ad.  In  a too  anxious 
manner  ; with  excessive  solicitude.  Ash. 

O-VIJR-ARCH',  v.  a.  To  cover  as  with  an  arch. 

A pillared  shade 

nigh  overarched , and  echoing  walks  between.  Milton. 

0-V£R-AWE',  V.  a.  [i.  OVERAWED  ; pp.  OVER- 
AWING, overawed.]  To  keep  in  awe ; to  in- 
timidate ; to  subdue  by  fear. 

An  effeminate  prince, 

Whom  like  a schoolboy  you  may  overawe.  Shak. 

O-Vf.R— Aw'FUL,  a.  Alarming  with  excess  of 
reverence.  “ Over-awful  esteem.”  Milton. 

O-VFR-BAL'ANCE,  v.  a.  To  weigh  down;  to 
overpower  by  weight ; to  preponderate. 

Deeds  always  over-balance , and  downright  practice  sneaks 
more  plainly  than  the  fairest  profession.  South. 

O'VJJR—  bAl-ANCE,  n.  An  excess  ; more  than  an 
equivalent ; preponderant  weight ; overpoise. 

Were  it  [the  judicial  power]  joined  with  the  executive,  this 
union  might  soon  be  an  over-balance  for  the  legislature. 

Blackstone. 

O'VJJR— BAR-R]JN,  a.  Too  barren  ; too  sterile. 

f O-VJER-BAt'TLE,  a.  [See  Battle.]  Too  fruit- 
ful ; exuberant.  Hooker. 

O-VIJR-BEAr'  (-bAr'),  v.  a.  [i.  overbore,  ; pp. 
overbearing,  overborne.]  To  bear  down  by 
power,  severity,  or  pride  ; to  repress  ; to  over- 
power ; to  subdue  ; to  prostrate ; to  overthrow. 
Young  Laertes,  in  a riotous  head, 

Overbears  your  officers.  Shak. 

o-vjjr-beAr'ing,  p.  a.  1.  Bearing  down  ; over- 
powering ; oppressive  ; prostrating.  “ [An]  over- 
bearing multitude  of  documents.”  I Vatts. 

2.  Imperious  ; lordly  ; domineering ; as,  “ An 
overbearing  disposition  or  manner.” 

O-VjpR-BEND',  v.  a.  [?.  overrent;^,  over- 
bending, overbent.]  To  bend  too  much,  or 
too  intensely.  Donne. 

O-VIJR-BlD',  v.  a.  [?.  overbade  ; pp.  overbid- 
ding, overbid.]  To  offer  too  much  for ; to  of- 
fer or  propose  to  give  more  than  the  value  or  fair 
price  of ; to  bid  more  than  another,  or  more 
than  has  already  been  offered  for.  Beau,  fy  FI. 

0-V£R-BLOW',  v.  a.  [i.  overblew  ; pp.  over- 
blowing, overblown.] 

1.  To  blow  or  drive  away. 

Led  with  delight,  they  thus  beguile  the  way, 

Until  the  blustering  storm  is  overblown.  Spenser. 

2.  To  cause  to  blow  excessively. 

If.  -when  I was  new-blossomed,  I did  fear 
Myself  unworthy  of  Miranda's  spring, 

Thus  overblown  and  seeded,  I am  rather 

Fit  to  adorn  his  chimney  than  his  bed.  Beau.  FI. 

O-VpR-BLOW',  v.  n.  {Naut.)  To  blow  so  hard 
that  the  ship  can  bear  no  top-sails;  — used  of 
the  wind.  Mar.  Diet. 

0'VIJR-BOARD,  ad.  [ over  and  board.  — See 

Board.]  Off  the  ship  ; out  of  the  ship. 

The  ship  sprung  aleak,  and  obliged  us  to  throw  the  guns 
overboard.  Mar.  Diet. 

O-VIJR— BOIL',  v.  a.  To  boil  too  much.  Ilarte. 

O-VpR— BOLD',  a.  Too  hold;  impudent;  bare- 
faced; brazen-faced.  Ash. 


MIEN,  SIR ; MOVE,  NOR,  SON  ; BULL,  BUR,  RULE. 


*?)  U soft ; €,  G,  5,  |,  hard ; § as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


OVER-BOLDLY 


1012 


OVER-FREIGHT 


O-VER— BOLD'LY,  ad.  Too  boldly.  Shale. 

O-VER-BORNE',  p.  from  overbear.  See  Overbear. 
O'VSR-BOUN'TJP-Otrs,  a.  Too  bounteous.  Milton. 
0-V5R-BREED',ti.  a.  To  breed  to  excess.  Clarke. 

0-V5R-BRlM',«.  n.  To  flow  over  the  brim  or  edge. 

Till  the  cup  of  rage  o'erbrim.  Coleridge. 

O-VER-BRoW',  v.  a.  To  hang  over;  to  impend. 

Strange  shades  o'erbrow  the  valleys  deep.  Collins. 
O-VER-BUlLD',  v.  a.  To  have  something  built 


’ Terribly  arched  and  aquiline  his  nose. 
And  overbuilt  with  most  impending  brows. 
Disparted  Chaos  overbuilt  exclaimed. 


Cowpcr. 

Milton. 


O-V^R-BUILT',  i.  & p.  from  overbuild. 

1 0-V?R-BULK',  v.  a.  To  oppress  by  bulk.  Shak. 

O-VjpE-BUR'DEN  (-dn),  v.  a.  To  load  with  too 
great  weight ; to  overload.  Sir  T.  More. 

O-VJJR-BiiR'DEN-SOME,  a.  Too  burdensome. 
0-VER-BU§'Y  (-blz'e),  a.  Too  busy.  Smart. 

O-V^R-BUY'  (-bl'),  v.  a.  To  buy  at  too  great  a 
price  ; to  give  too  much  for.  Bp.  Hall. 

O-VER-CAME',  i.  from  overcome.  See  Overcome. 
6-VJJR-CAN'O-PY,  v.  a.  To  cover  as  with  a canopy. 

A bank 

Quite  over-canopied  with  luscious  woodbine.  Shak. 


O'V^R-cARE,  ji.Excessivecare ; anxiety.  Drydcn. 
O-VER-cAre'FUL,  a.  Careful  to  excess.  Smart. 

6-VER-OAR'RY,  v.  a.  To  carry  or  hurry  too  far; 
to  carry  beyond  moderate  bounds.  Hayward. 

O-VJpR-CARVE',  v.  a.  To  cut  across.  Chaucer. 

0-V?R-CAST',  V.  a.  [t.  OVERCAST  ; pp.  OVER- 
CASTING, OVERCAST.] 

1.  To  cloud  ; to  darken  ; to  cover  with  gloom. 
The  dawn  is  overcast,  the  morning  lowers.  Addison. 

2.  To  cast  or  compute  at  too  high  a rate. 

The  king  . . . did  much  overcast  his  fortunes.  Bacon. 

3.  To  sew  over,  as  the  rough  edge  of  a piece 

of  cloth.  Johnson. 


O’VIJR-cAsT,  a.  Clouded  ; obscured.  Maunder. 
6-VER-CAtcH',  v.  a.  To  overtake.  Spenser. 
O-V^R-cAu'TIOUS  (-slius),  a.  Cautious  to  ex- 
cess or  more  than  is  needful.  Smart. 


O'VJfjjR— CHANGE,  n.  Excessive  change  or  muta- 
bility ; fickleness ; inconstancy.  Beau.  § FI. 

O-VpR-CHAR^E',  V.  a.  [t.  OVERCHARGED  ; pp. 
OVERCHARGING,  OVERCHARGED.] 

1.  To  charge  or  load  too  much  ; to  burden ; 
to  surcharge.  “ Guns  o' er charged.”  Denham. 

Our  language  is  overcharged  with  consonants.  Pope. 

An  agreeable  story,  sufficient  to  employ  the  memory  with- 
out overcharging  it.  Addison. 

2.  To  exaggerate;  as,  “To  overcharge  a de- 
scription.” 

3.  To  put  too  great  a debt  upon  ; to  rate  too 
high. 

O'ercharging  your  free  purses  with  large  fines.  Shak. 

O'VIJR-CHARGE,  n.  Too  great  a charge  ; an  ex- 
cessive charge.  Gascoigne. 

O-VER-CLIMB'  (-kllm'),  v.  a.  To  climb  over. 

OVER-CLOUD',  v.  a.  To  cover  with  clouds,  or  as 
with  clouds.  Abp.  Laud. 

O-VER-CLOY',  v.  a.  To  fill  beyond  satiety.  Shak. 

O'VER-COAT,  n.  An  outside  coat ; a great-coat. 

O'VER— COLD,  a.  1.  Too  cold  or  chilling. 

2.  Too  frigid  or  unimpassioned.  “An  over- 
cold praise.”  Hall. 

O'VER— COLD,  w.  Excessive  heat  or  cold.  Bacon. 

O-VER— COL'OR,  ».  a.  To  color  too  much.  Roget. 

O-VER-COME'  (-kum'),  v.  a.  [i.  overcame;  pp. 
OVERCOMING,  OVERCOME.] 

1.  To  subdue  ; to  conquer  ; to  vanquish. 

That  day  he  overcame  the  Nervii.  Shak. 

Courage  never  to  submit  or  yield. 

And,  what  is  else,  not  to  be  overcome.  Milton. 

2.  To  rise  above  ; to  surmount. 

Little  misfortunes  that  happened  to  them,  which  of  them- 
selves they  could  never  be  able  to  overcome.  Law. 

3.  To  overflow;  to  surcharge. 


The  unfallowed  glebe 

Yearly  overcomes  the  granaries  with  stores.  Phillips. 

4.  To  come  over  or  upon  ; to  invade  suddenly. 

Can  such  things  he, 

And  overcome  us  like  a summer’s  cloud, 

■Without  our  special  wonder.'  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Conquer. 

O-VER-COME'  (-kum'),  v.  il.  To  gain  the  supe- 
riority ; to  prevail.  Rom.  iii.  4. 

O-VER-COM'ER  (-kum'er),  n.  One  who  overcomes. 

O-VER-COM'ING,  n.  Act  of  one  who  overcomes; 
conquest.  Bp.  Hall. 

6-VER-COM'ING-LY,  ad.  In  the  manner  of  a 
conqueror  ; with  superiority.  More. 

O-VER— CON'FI-DENCE,  n.  Too  great  confidence  ; 
excessive  confidence.  Ash. 

O-VER— CON'FI-DENT,  a.  Too  confident  ; pre- 
sumptuous ; rash.  Ash. 

O-VER— COST'LY,  a • Too  costly.  Prynne. 

O-VER-COUNT',  v.  a.  To  rate  or  count  too  high ; 
to  reckon  above  the  true  value.  Shak. 

6-VER-COV'ER,  v.  a.  To  cover  completely.  Shak. 

O-VER-CRED'U-LOUS,  a.  Credulous  to  excess  ; 
too  ready  to  believe.  Milton. 

O-VER-CROVV',  v.  a.  To  crow  over  as  in  tri- 
umph ; to  boast  over.  Spenser. 

O’VER-dAre,  v.  a.  To  dare  excessively.  Warner. 

O'VER-dAr-ING,  a.  Too  daring.  Shak. 

O-VER-DARK',  ad.  Till  after  dark,  [r.] 

Whitefield  would  wander  through  Christ-Churcli  mead- 
ows over-dark.  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

O-VER-DAtE',  v.  a.  To  date  beyond  the  proper 
period.  “ His  overdated  minority.”  Milton. 

O-VER— DEL'I-CATE,  tt ■ Delicate  to  excess; 

dainty  ; squeamish  ; nice.  Bp.  Hall. 

f 6-VER-DIGHT'  (-dlt'),  p.  a.  Covered  over. 
“With  darkness  oversight."  Spenser. 

O-vER-dJl'1-GENT,  a.  Excessively  diligent; 
pragmatical.  Ash. 

O-VER-DO',  v.  a.  [ i . overdid  ; pp.  OVERDOING, 
overdone.]  To  do  more  than  enough. 

Any  thing  so  overdone  is  from  the  purpose  of  playing, 
whose  end  ...  is  to  hold  the  mirror  up  to  nature.  Shak. 

0-VER-DO',  v.  n.  To  do  too  much. 

Nature  . . . much  oftener  overdoes  than  underdoes:  you 
shall  find  twenty  eggs  with  two  yolks  for  one  that  has  none. 

Grew. 

O-VER-DOSE',  v.  a.  To  dose  excessively.  Ash. 

O'VER-DOSE,  il.  An  excessive  dose.  Wright. 

6-VER-DRAW',  v.  a.  [i.  overdrew  ; pp.  over- 
drawing, OVERDRAWN.] 

1.  To  draw  for  beyond  the  amount  that  is  due, 

or  that  stands  to  one’s  credit  in  a banker’s  or 
merchant’s  account.  Simmonds. 

2.  To  represent  too  strongly.  Qu.  Rev. 

O-VER-DRAW'ING,  n.  The  act  of  drawing  be- 
yond one’s  credit. 

O-VER-DRESS',  v.  a.  To  dress  too  much.  Pope. 

O-VER-DRINK',  v.  n.  To  drink  too  much.  Todd. 

O-VER-DRIVE',  v.  a.  To  drive  too  hard,  or  be- 
yond strength.  Gen.  xxxiii.  13. 

O-VER-DRoWn',  v.  a.  To  drown  or  drench  ex- 
cessively. “ Her  oterdrowned  eyes.”  Browne. 

O-VER-DRY',  v.  a.  To  dry  too  much.  Burton. 

O-VER-DUE',  a.  Past  the  time  of  payment ; be- 
yond the  date  or  assigned  limit,  as  a bill  of  ex- 
change or  a note.  Simmonds. 

O-VER-DYE',  v.  a.  To  dye  too  much.  Shak. 

O-VER-EA'GER  (-e'i?r),  a.  Too  eager;  too  ve- 
hement in  desire ; excessively  ardent.  Goodman. 

O-VER— EA'GER-ly>  With  too  much  eager- 
ness; too  vehemently.  Milton. 

O-VER-EAR'NEST,  a.  Excessively  earnest.  Shak. 

O-VER-EAT',  v.  n.  To  eat  too  much.  Ash. 

O-VER— EL' E-GANT,  a.  Excessively  elegant  ; 
too  elegant;  finical.  Clarke. 

O-VER— EMP'TV  (-em'te),  V.  a.  To  make  too 
empty  ; to  exhaust,  [it.]  Careio. 


0-VER-E9'TI-MATE,  n.  Too  high  an  estimate  , 
overvaluation.  Norton. 

O-VER— ES'TJ-MATE,  v.  a.  To  estimate  too  high  ; 
to  overvalue.  Scott. 

O-VER— EX-CIT'ED,  a.  Excited  too  much. 

O-VER— EX-ClTE'MENT,ra.  Excessive  excitement. 

O-yER-EX'0,UI§-ITE,  a.  Too  exquisite  ; too 
nice,  careful,  or  anxious. 

Peace,  brother;  be  not  over-eyquisite 

To  cast  the  fashion  of  uncertain  evils.  Milton. 

O-VER-EVE'  (o-ver-l'),  v.  a.  1.  To  superintend; 
to  oversee.  Trag.  of  Soliman and  Perseda,  1599. 

2.  To  observe  ; to  remark.  Shak. 

O'VER-fAlL,  n.  1.  A cataract.  Raleigh. 

2.  ( Naut .)  A shoal  or  bank  lying  near  the 
surface  of  the  sea,  so  as  to  endanger  the  safety 
of  ships  that  approach  it.  Mar.  Diet. 

O-VER-FAR',  ad.  Too  far.  Shak. 

O-VER— FA-TIGUE',  v-  a • To  fatigue  too  much. 

O-VER— FA-TIGUE',  n.  Excessive  fatigue.  Clarke. 

O-VER-FEED',  v.  a.  & n.  To  feed  too  much. 

OWER— FIERCE',  a.  Too  fierce.  Un.  Authors. 

O-VER-FILL',  v.  a.  To  fill  too  full ; to  surcharge. 

O-VER- FLOAT',  v-  a-  To  cover  with  water,  or 
as  with  water  ; to  overflow. 

The  town  is  filled  with  slaughter,  and  o'erfloats 

With  a red  deluge  their  increasing  moats.  Dryden. 

O-VER-FLOUR'ISH,  v.  a.  To  flourish  or  adorn 
superficially.  Shak. 

O-VER-FLOW'  (-flo'),  v.  n.  [*.  overflowed; 
pp.  OVERFLOWING,  OVERFLOWED.] 

1.  To  be  more  than  full;  to  flow  over  the 
brim  or  margin. 

Ere  yet  with  blood  our  ditches  overflow.  Dryden. 

2.  To  exuberate  ; to  abound.  Rogers. 

O-VER-FLOW'.  v.  a.  1.  To  fill  beyond  the  brim 
or  margin  ; to  inundate  ; to  deluge  ; to  flood  ; 
to  submerge  ; to  drown. 

New  milk,  that  all  the  winter  never  fails. 

And,  all  the  summer,  overflows  the  pails.  Dryden. 

2.  To  overrun;  to  overspread. 

Clanius  overflowed  the  unhappy  coast.  Dryden. 

Syn.  — To  overflow  bespeaks  abundance;  to  inun- 
date, still  greater  abundance ; to  deluge,  overwhelm- 
ing abundance  witli  impetuosity.  The  river  overflowed 
its  banks,  inundated  the  plains,  and  even  deluged 
much  of  the  country. 

O'VER-FLOW,  n.  1.  Inundation.  “After  every 
overflow  of  the  Nile.”  Arbuthnct. 

2.  Exuberance  ; superabundance.  “ An  over- 
flow of  gratitude.”  Broome. 

O-VER-FLOW'ING,  n.  Exuberance  ; copiousness. 
“ The  overflowings  of  their  fancy.”  Denham. 

O-VER-FLOW'ING,  p.  a.  1.  Inundating. 

2.  Exuberant ; abundant ; copious  ; plenti- 
ful. “ An  overflowing  plenty.”  Rogers. 

O-VER-FLOW'ING-Ly,  ad.  Exuberantly.  Boyle. 

O-Y’ER-FLOWN',  p.  from  overfly.  See  Overfly. 

O-VER-FLUSII',  v.  a.  To  flush  too  high.  Smart. 

O-v  ER-FLUT'TER,  v.  a.  To  flutter  over.  Donne. 

O-VER-FLY',  v.  a.  [i.  overflew  ; pp.  overfly- 
ing, overflown.]  To  fly  over. 

A sailing  kite 

Can  scarce  o'erjlij  them  in  a day  and  night.  Dryden. 

O-VER— FOND',  a.  Too  fond;  doting.  Milton. 

O-VER— FOND'LY,  ad.  With  too  much  fondness. 

O-VER-FORCE',  it.  Excessive  force.  Dryden. 

O-VER— FOR' WARD,  “•  Forward  to  excess  ; pert ; 
officious.  Strong. 

O-VER-FOR'WARD-NESS,  n.  Too  great  forward- 
ness ; pertness  ; officiousness.  Hale. 

O-VER-FREE',  a.  Too  free  ; too  familiar.  Ash. 

O-VER— FREE'LY,  ad.  Too  freely.  Boyle. 

O-VER-FREIGIIT'  (-fiat'),  V.  a.  [i.  OVERFREIGHT- 
ED; pp.  OVERFREIGHTING,  OVERFREIGHTED, 

t overfraught.]  To  freight  or  load  too  heavi- 
ly. “ A boat  overfreighted  with  people.”  Carew. 

Grief  that  docs  not  speak 

Whispers  the  o'erfraught  heart,  and  bids-it  break.  Shak. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  E.  !,  9,  U>  Y.  obscure;  fAre,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


OVER-FREQUENT 


1013 


OVERLOOK 


O-v^R— FRE'augNT,  a.  Too  frequent.  Beau. % FI. 
O-VSR-FRIEZE',  v.  a.  To  cover  over  with  a 
frieze.  Hall. 

O-V^R-FRUIT'FUL  (-frut'ful),  a.  Too  fruitful; 
too  luxuriant ; rank.  Dryden. 


O'VER-FULL,  a.  Too  full ; surfeited.  Clarke. 
f O-VJJR-GET',  v.  a.  To  overtake.  Sidney. 


O-VER-GlLD',  v.  a.  To  gild  over  ; to  varnish.  More. 


O-VpR-GIRD',  v.  a.  To  bind  too  closely.  Milton. 
O'ViJR-GLAD',  a.  Too  glad  ; very  glad.  Gower. 

O-VER-GlAnCE',  v.  a.  To  glance  or  look  hastily 
over.  “ I have  overglanced  the  articles.”  Shah. 

O-VpR-GLIDE',  V.  a.  To  glide  over.  Wyatt. 


O-VER-GO',  V.  a.  [i.  OVERWENT  ; pp.  OVERGO- 
ING, OVERGONE.] 

1.  To  surpass  ; to  excel ; to  exceed.  Daniel. 

2.  To  go  over  or  cover,  [it.]  Chapman. 

O-VER-GONE',  p.  from  overgo.  Surpassed.  + Op- 
pressed ; weighed  down  ; subdued.  Shah. 

O-VpR— GORtJrE',  v.  a.  To  gorge  too  much  ; to  glut 
even  to  loathing.  Cowper. 

6-VER-GRACE',  v.  a.  To  grace  too  much;  to 
decorate  excessively.  Beau.  Sj  FI. 

f O-VIJR-GRASSED'  (-grist'),  a.  Having  too  much 
grass  ; overgrown  with  grass.  Spenser. 

O-V^R— GREAT'  (-grat'),  a.  Too  great.  “*An 
over-great  shyness  of  difficulties.”  Locke. 

O-VER— GREAT'NgSS,  n.  Excessive  greatness. 

O-VIJR— GREED' V,  a.  Greedy  to  excess.  Milton. 

f o-VER-GREEN',  v.  a.  To  color  favorably. 

For  what  care  I who  calls  me  well  or  ill, 

So  you  o'ergrcen  my  bad,  my  good  allow?  Shak. 

0-VER-GROSS',  a.  Excessively  gross.  Bacon. 


O-VER-GROW',  v.  a.  [ i . overgrew  ; pp.  over- 
growing, OVERGROWN.] 

1.  To  grow  beyond  ; to  rise  above.  Mortimer. 

2.  To  cover  with  growth ; to  overspread. 

Roof,  and  floor,  and  walls  were  all  of  gold, 

But  overgrown  with  dust  and  old  decay.  Spenser. 

O-Vf.R-GROW',  v.  n.  To  grow  beyond  the  nat- 
ural size  ; to  grow  too  large. 

Him  for  a happy  man  I own 

Whose  fortune  is  ndt  overgrown.  Swift. 

O'VER-GROWN,  p.  a.  1.  Grown  too  large  ; grown 
over.  “ A huge,  overgrown  ox.”  L’ Estrange. 

2.  ( Naut .)  Applied  to  the  sea  when  the  bil- 
lows are  unusually  rough.  Mar.  Diet. 

O'VER-GROWTH,  n.  Exuberant  growth;  ex- 
cessive increase.  Milton. 


O-VER-IIAle'  (-hiwl'),  v.  a.  See  Overhaul. 

f O'VER-HAnD,  n.  Superiority;  the  upper-hand. 
“ A great  overhand  on  me.”  Sir  T.  More. 

O-VER— HAN'DLE,  v.  a.  To  handle  or  treat  too 
much  ; to  discourse  of  too  much. 

Nay,  then  quoth  Adon.  you  will  fall  again 

Into  your  idle  over-handlccl  theme.  Shak. 

C-VER-hAng',  v.  a.  [i.  OVERHUNG  ; pp.  OVER- 
HANGING, overhung.]  To  jut  over ; to  im- 
pend over  ; to  be  suspended  above.  Shak. 

O-VIJR-HANG',  v.  n.  To  hang  or  jut  over.  Milton. 

O-VER-HANG'ING,  p.  a.  Inclining  from  the  per- 
pendicular; jutting  or  projecting  over. 

O-VER— IlAP'PY,  a.  Too  happy;  enjoying  too 
much  happiness.  Cotton. 

O-VIJR— HARD',  a.  Excessively  hard.  Ash. 

O-VER— HARD'EN  (-dn),  v.  a.  To  make  too  hard  ; 
to  harden  too  much.  Boyle. 

O-VER— HAR'DY,  a.  Too  hardy  ; excessively  firm, 
bold,  daring,  or  confident.  Gascoigne. 

O'VJJR-IlASTE,  n.  Too  much  haste.  Bacon. 

O-VER— HAs'TI-LY,  ad.  In  too  great  a hurry. 

O-VER— hAs'TI-NESS,  n.  Too  much  haste  ; pre- 
cipitancy ; over-haste.  Reresby. 

O-VER— FI As'TY,  a.  Too  quick;  too  hasty;  pre- 
cipitate ; rash.  Hammond. 

O-VER-hAul',  v.  a.  1.  {Naut.)  To  gain  upon 
rapidly ; to  overtake. 

We  are  overhauling  that  ship  very  fast.  Mar.  Diet. 


2.  To  examine,  as  a vessel,  person,  or  thing. 

“ He  overhauled  my  account.”  Johnson. 

3.  f To  draw  or  spread  over.  Spenser. 

To  overhaul  a tackle,  (Naut.)  to  let  go  the  fall  and 

pull  on  the  leading  parts,  so  as  to  separate  the  blocks. 
— To  overhaul  a rope,  to  pull  a part  through  a block, 
so  as  to  make  slack. 

O-VER-HEAD',  ad.  Above  the  head;  in  the  ze- 
nith or  the  ceiling ; above  ; aloft. 

6-V£R-HEAR',  v.  a.  [i.  overheard  ; pp.  over- 
hearing, overheard.]  To  hear  privately  or 
by  chance,  — particularly  what  was  not  meant 
to  be  heard. 

The  witness,  overhearing  the  word  “pillory”  repeated, 
slunk  away  privately.  Addisoti. 

O-VER-HEAT',  v.  a.  To  heat  too  much.  Addison. 

O-VER-HEAV'Y,  a.  Too  heavy.  Sir  T.  More. 

f O-V^R-IIELE',  v.  a.  To  cover  over.  B.Jonson. 

f O-VER-HEND',  v.  a.  To  overtake.  Spenser. 

O-VER— HIGH'  (‘hi'),  a.  Too  high  ; to  too  great 
an  altitude.  “ Looking  over-high."  Drayton. 

O-VIJR-HIGH'LY  (-hi'-),  ad.  Too  much  ; too 
greatly.  “ Over-highly  commended.”  Raleigh. 

f O-VJJR-HIP',  v.  a.  To  jump  over.  Fryth. 

O-VER-HON'EST-LY  (-on'est-lc),  ad.  With  fas- 
tidious honesty.  Dryden. 

O-VER-HUNG',  a.  Hung  or  covered  over. 

O-VER— IN'FLlj-jENCE,  v.  a.  To  influence  too 
much.  Life  of  Sprat. 

O-VER— IN-FORM',  v.  a.  To  exceed  in  dimension  ; 
to  fill  too  full. 

The  wit  so  exuberant  that  it  over-informs  its  tenement. 

Johnson. 

O-VER— IS'SUE  (-ish'shu),  n.  An  excessive  issue, 
as  of  bank-notes.  D.  Webster. 

O-VER— JEAL'OUS,  a.  Jealous  to  excess.  Shak. 

O-VER-JOY',  v.  a.  1.  To  rejoice  unduly;  to 
please  beyond  measure  ; to  delight  too  much. 

He  that  puts  his  confidence  in  God  only  is  neither  over- 
joyed in  any  great  good  things  of  this  life,  nor  sorrowful  for  a 
little  thing.  Bp.  Taylor. 

2.  To  rejoice  or  please  greatly. 

The  bishop  [was]  partly  astonished  and  partly  overjoyed 
with  these  speeches.  Hayward. 

O'VER-JOV,  n.  Excessive  joy  ; transport.  Shak. 

O-VER-JOYED'  (-jciid'),  p.  a.  Filled  with  joy  or 
transport ; exceedingly  glad. 

O-VER-JUMP',  v.  a.  To  jump  over.  Roget. 

O-VER— JUST',  a.  Scrupulously  just.  Milton. 

O-VER— KIND',  a.  Too  kind;  unnecessarily  or 
excessively  kind.  Shak. 

O-VER-KIND'NESS,  n.  Excessive  kindness. Shak. 

O-VyR— IvNOW'ING  (-no'-),  a.  Too  knowing  or 
cunning.  “ The  understanding  over-knowing , 
misknowing,  dissembling.”  Bp.  Hall. 

6-VER-LA'BOR,  v.  a.  \i.  overlabored;  pp. 
OVERLABORING,  OVERLABORED.] 

1.  To  harass  with  toil.  Dryden. 

2.  To  execute  with  too  much  care.  Johnson. 

6-VER-LADE',  V.  a.  [t.  OVERLADED  ; pp.  OVEll- 
LADING,  overladen.]  To  lade  too  much;  to 
overburden  ; to  overload.  Stickling. 

O'VJER-LAND,  a.  Performed  or  carried  on  by 
land,  not  by  sea.  Ed.  Rev. 

O'VER-LAND-ER,  n.  One  who  travels  over  re- 
gions or  lands.  Tait. 

O-VER-LAP',  v.  a.  To  lap  or  fold  over. 

The  upper  bill  of  the  parrot  overlaps  the  lower.  Paley. 

O-VER-LAP'PING,  n.  The  act  of  lapping  or  fold- 
ing over,  or  the  part  which  overlaps. 

This  hook  anrl  overlapping  of  tlte  hill  coulfl  not  be  spared, 
for  it  forms  the  very  instrument  by  which  the  bird  climbs. 

Paley. 

O-VER— LARIjrE',  a.  Too  large  ; too  great.  Collier. 

O-VER-UARyE'NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
too  large.  Cheyne. 

t O-VER-LASH',  v.  n.  To  proceed  to  extremes; 
to  exaggerate.  Barrow. 

f O-VER-LAsH'ING,  n.  Excess. 

Before  whose  bar  we  shall  once  give  an  account  of  all  our 
overlashings.  Bp.  Hall. 


O-V^R-LASH'ING-LY,  ad.  'With  exaggeration  ; 
extravagantly.  ‘ Brerewood. 

O-VER— LATE',  a.  Delayed  too  long  ; too  late. 

Such  an  act  as  can  scarce  be  expiated  with  floods  of  over- 
latest  tears.  Bp.  Hall. 

O-VER-LAY'  (-la'),  V.  a.  [t.  OVERLAID  ; pp.  OVER- 
LAYING, OVERLAID.] 

1.  To  reach  from  one  to  the  other  side  of;  to 
span ; to  cover. 

And  overlay 

With  this  portentous  bridge  the  dark  abyss.  Milton. 

2.  To  cover  the  surface  of.  “ Cedar,  overlaid 

with  gold.”  Milton. 

3.  To  hide  or  obscure  by  covering.  “ A cloud 

his  beams  doth  overlay.”  Spenser. 

4.  To  oppress  by  something  incumbent ; to 
smother  by  too  close  covering. 

And  this  woman’s  child  died  in  the  night,  because  she 
overlaid  it.  1 Kings  iii.  19. 

The  new-born  babes  by  nurses  overlaid.  Dryden. 

5.  To  crush;  to  overwhelm;  to  overpower. 

The  strong  Emetrius  came  in  Arcite’s  aid, 

And  Palamon  with  odds  was  overlaid.  Dryden. 

In  preaching,  no  men  succeed  better  than  those  who  trust 
to  the  fund  of  their  own  reason,  advanced,  but  not  overlaid , 
by  their  commerce  with  books.  Swift. 

O-VER-LAY'ER,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  over- 
lays. 

O-VER-LAy'ING,  n.  A covering.  Ex.  xxxviii.  17. 

O-VER-EEAP',  v.  a.  To  leap  over;  to  pass  over, 
as  by  a leap  or  jump. 

And,  in  contempt, 

At  one  slight  bound  high  overleaped  all  bound.  Milton. 

O-VER— LEARN'J£D-NESS,  n.  Too  much  learning 
or  knowledge.  Chapman. 

O'A'ER-LEATH-ER,  n.  Upper-leather.  Shak. 

O-VER— LEAV'EN  (-lev'vn),  V.  a.  1.  To  swell  out 
too  much,  as  if  with  leaven.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  To  mix  too  much  with  ; to  corrupt.  Shak. 

O-VER-LIB'ER-AL,  a.  Too  liberal;  too  free; 
abundant  to  excess.  _ Wright. 

O-VER-LIB'ER-AL-LY,  ad.  With  too  much  lib- 
erality ; too  freely.  ’ Milton. 

O-VER-LICK',  v.  a.  To  rub  or  pass  the  tongue 
over  ; to  lick  over.  Turberville. 

O-VER-LIE',  v.  a.  [f.  overlay  ;pp.  OVERLYING, 
overlain.]  To  lie  upon  or  over.  Phillips. 

O-VER— LIGHT'  (-lit'),  n.  Too  strong  light.-Bacon. 

O-VER— LIGHT',  a.  Tootrifling.  “Ever  over-light 
and  merry.”  Ascham. 

f O'VER-LI-NESS,  n.  Carelessness.  Bp.  Hall. 

O-VER-LINKED'  (-llngkt'),  a.  Fastened  by  links 
one  over  the  other.  Hakluyt. 

O-VER-LIVE',  v.  a.  To  survive  ; to  outlive.  Sidney. 

O-VER-LIVE',  v.  n.  To  live  too  long.  Milton. 

O-VER-LIV'ER,  n.  One  who  overlives  another  ; 
a survivor.  Bacon. 

O-VER-LOAD',  v.  a.  \i.  overloaded;  pp.  over- 
loading, overloaded.]  To  load  with  too 
much  ; to  burden  ; to  overlade.  Young. 

O-VER-LOp'l-CAL,  a.  Too  logical.  Milton. 

O-VER-LONG',  a.  Too  long.  Boyle. 

O-VER-LOOK'  (-lulc'),  v.  a.  [: i . overlooked;^, 
overlooking,  overlooked.] 

1.  To  view  from  a higher  place. 

Off'  with  his  head,  and  set  it  on  York  gates, 

So  York  may  overlook  the  town  of  York.  Shak. 

2.  To  be  on  more  elevated  ground  than. 

“ The  pile  o'erlooked  the  town.”  Dryden. 

3.  To  see  from  behind,  or  over  the  shoulder 
of,  another. 

I will  do  it  with  the  same  respect  to  him  ns  if  he  were  alive 
and  overlooking  my  paper  while  I write.  Dryden. 

4.  To  look  over  carefully  ; to  peruse. 

Would  I had  o'erlooked  the  letter.  Shak. 

5.  To  supervise;  to  superintend;  to  oversee. 

He  was  present  in  person  to  overlook  the  magistrates.  Spenser. 

6.  To  look  beyond  or  by  ; to  pretend  not  to 
see  ; to  tolerate  ; to  wink  at ; to  excuse. 

Ill  vain  do  we  hope  that  God  will  overlook  such  high  con- 
tradiction of  sinners.  Hogt  rs • 

7.  To  disregard  ; to  neglect ; to  omit ; to  slight. 

They  overlook  truth  in  the  judgments  they  pnss  nn  adver- 
sity and  prosperity.  Atlcrbury. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — £,  o>  soft S e>  £>  5>  hard ; § as  z; 


JC  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


OVERLOOKER 


1014 


OVERRENT 


8.  f To  bewitch  or  enchant  by  looking  upon  ; 
— a power  supposed  to  be  possessed  by  witches. 
Vile  worm,  thou  wast  overlooked  even  in  thy  birth.  Shak. 


O-VIJR-LOOK'PR  (-luk'er),  n.  One  who  overlooks  ; 
a supervisor  ; a superintendent.  Simmonds. 


O'VER-LOOP,  n.  ( Nant .)  Orlop.  Raleigh. 

6-VJ5R-LOVE',  v.  a.  To  love  too  much. 

By  nature  we  are  as  prone  to  overvalue  as  to  overlove  our- 
selves. South. 

fO-VfiR-LOW',  a.  Too  low.  Chaucer. 


O-VER— LUS'CIOl'S  (lush'us),  a. 
excessively  sweet. 


Too  luscious; 
Bacon. 


O-VpR-LUST'Y,  a.  Too  lusty.  Shah. 

O'VJJR-LY,  a.  [A.  S.  oferlice .] 

1.  + Careless.  Bp • Hall. 

2.  Cursory  ; superficial.  [Scotticism.]  Karnes. 

3.  Excessive ; too  much,  [it.]  Coleridge. 

f O'VER-LY,  ad.  1.  Carelessly  ; slightly.  Bailey. 
2.  Extremely  ; very.  Chambers'  Journal. 


O-VJJR-LYTNG,  p.  a.  Lying  over  or  upon. 

Overlying  rocks,  lOeol.)  rocks  which  appear  lying 
over,  or  interspersed  among,  the  stratified  rocks  ; in- 
terjected rocks.  Ogiloie. 

O-VER— MAG'NI-FY,  v-  a-  To  magnify  too  much  ; 

to  enlarge  excessively.  Bp.  Hall. 

O-VJgR— MAL'A-PERT,  a.  Too  malapert.  Prxjnne. 


fO-VER-MAN'NER,  ad.  Excessively.  Wickliffe. 


O-VJJR-MARCH',  v.  a.  To  march  too  far. 

The  prince’s  horse  were  overmarclied.  Baker. 

6-VER-MAsT'ED,  a.  ( Naut .)  Having  masts  too 
lofty,  or  too  bulky ; top-heavy. 

Cloanthus,  better  manned,  pursued  him  fast. 

But  his  o'er  masted  galley  checked  his  haste.  Dryden. 

O-VER-MAs'TER,  v.  a.  To  overpower ; to  sub- 
due ; to  conquer ; to  master.  Raleigh. 

O-VER-MAtCH',  v.  a.  To  be  too  powerful  for; 
to  conquer  ; to  overpower  ; to  subdue.  Milton. 

O'VEK-MATCH,  n.  One  having  superior  powers  ; 
one  who  is  more  than  a match.  “ Spain  is  rto 
overmatch  for  England.”  Bacon. 

Matches  and  overmatches ! These  terms  are  more  applica- 
ble elsewhere  than  here,  and  fitter  for  other  assemblies  than 
this.  !>•  Webstar. 

O-VER— MEASURE  (-rnezh'ur),  v.  a.  To  measure 

or  estimate  too  largely.  Bacon. 

O'VER-MEAS-URE  (-mSzh-ur),  n.  Something 

given  over  the  due  measure  ; a surplus.  Milton. 


O-VER— MEEK',  a-  Too  meek.  Uncertain  Authors. 
O-VER— MER'IT,  n.  Excessive  merit.  Bacon. 
O-VER— MER'RY,  a.  Excessively  merry.  Shah. 
O-VER— MER'RI-LY,  ad.  Too  merrily.  Chaucer. 

O-VER-MIc'KLE,  a.  [A.  S.  ofcrmicel.\  Over- 
much. [N.  of  Eng.]  . Todd. 

t O-VER-MIGHT'  (-mlt'),  a.  Overmuch.  Wickliffe. 
O-VER-MiX',  v.  a.  To  mix  too  much.  Creech. 

O-VER— MOD'EST,  a.  Too  bashful ; too  diffident. 
“ Over-modest  suitors.”  Hales. 


O-VER-MOD'EST-LY,  ad.  Too  modestly. 
O-VER— MOIST', a-  Too  moist ; too  humid.Bacora. 

O-VER-MOlST'URE,  n.  Too  great  a degree  of 
moisture.  Bacon. 


f O-VER-MORE',  ad.  Moreover.  t Chaucer. 

f O'VER-MOR'ROW,  n.  The  day  beyond  or  fol- 
lowing to-morrow.  Bible,  1551. 

-f-  O'VER-MOST,  ad.  Over  the  rest.  Fabyan. 
O-VER-MOUNT',  v.  a.  To  soar  beyond.  Shah. 

6-VER-M0CI1',  a.  Too  much;  more  than  enough. 
“ Neither  did  he  overmuch  labor.”  Raleigh. 

O-VER-MtfCH',  ad.  In  too  great  a degree. 

Be  not  righteous  overmuch.  Ecclett.  vii.  16. 

O-VER-MOCH',  n.  More  than  enough.  Milton. 
O-VER-MUCH'NESS,  n.  Superabundance. 

Superlation  and  overnruchness  amplifies.  Ji.  Jonson. 

O-VER-MUL'TJ-PLY,  v.  a.  To  multiply  or  repeat 
too  often.  Bp.  Hall. 


f O-VER— MUL'TJ-TUDE,  v-  a-  To  exceed  or  sur- 
pass in  multitude  or  number.  Milton. 

0-VER-nAme',  v.  a.  To  name  over  in  a scries. 
“ I pray  thee  overname  them.”  Shak. 

f o-VER-NAME',  v.  a.  To  overtake.  Chaucer. 

O-VER— NEAT',  a.  Neat  to  an  excessive  degree; 
unnecessarily  neat.  Clarke. 

O-VER— NICE',  a.  Too  nice  ; nice  to  excess.  Gay. 

O-VER— NICE'LY,  ad.  Too  nicely.  Congreve. 

f O-VER-NIGHT'  (-nit'),  n.  Night  before  bed- 
time. “ I had  given  you  this  at  overnight.” Shak. 

O-VER-NIGHT',  ad.  Through  the  night : — in  the 
evening,  or  in  the  evening  before.  Turberville. 

O-VER— NIP'PING,  a • Too  nipping.  Holinshcd. 

O-VER-Nol^E',  v.  a.  To  overpower  by  noise. 

No  mirth  or  music  [would]  overnoise  your  fears.  Cowley. 

o-VER— NU'MER-OUS,  a.  Too  numerous  ; re- 
peated too  often  or  too  frequently.  Grew. 

O-VER— OF-FENL)' ED,  a.  Too  much  offended. 
“ These  over-offended  ladies.”  Spectator. 

f O-V’ER-oF'FICE,  v.  a.  To  lord  or  domineer  by 
virtue  of  office.  Shak. 

0-VER-OF-FI"CIOrS  (-of-flsh'us),  a.  Too  offi- 
cious ; too  importunate.  Collier. 

O-VER-PAINT',  v.  a.  To  paint,  color,  or  describe 
too  strongly. 

Him  whom  no  verse  overpuints.  Hill. 

O-VER-PAm'PER,  v.  a.  1.  To  pamper  too  much. 

2.  f To  clothe  luxuriantly.  Drayton. 

f 0-VER-PART',  v.  a.  To  assign  too  high  a 
part  to.  Shak. 

O-VER-PASS',  V.  a.  [/.  OVERPASSED,  OVERPAST; 
pp.  OVERPASSING,  OVERPASSED,  OVERPAST.] 

1.  To  pass  over  ; to  cross  ; to  traverse. 

A wide  river’s  bank, 

"Which  I must  needs  o'erpass.  Dryden. 

2.  To  pass  through  ; to  experience;  to  suffer. 
“The  perils  that  he  hath  overpassed.”  North. 

3.  To  pass  by  unheeded ; to  neglect ; to  dis- 
regard ; to  overlook. 

It  was  a very  common  word,  though  Dr.  Johnson  has 
wholly  overpassed  it.  Todd. 

O-VER-PAS'SION-ATE,  a.  Too  passionate. 

O-VER-pAsT',  p.  a.  Gone;  past;  discontinued. 

Pause  till  this  heat  be  somewhat  overpast.  Drayton , 

O-VER— PA'TI ENT,  a.  More  patient  than  is  need- 
ful ; too  patient.  Wright. 

O-VER-PAY'  (-pa'),  It.  a.  [t.  OVERPAID  ; pp.  OVER- 
PAYING, overpaid.]  To  pay  too  much  for  ; to 
pay  beyond  the  value. 

You  have  yourself  your  kindness  overpaid.  Dryden. 

t O-VER-PEER',  v.  a.  To  overlook.  Shak. 

O-VER-I’EO'PLE,  v.  a.  To  overstock  with  people 
or  inhabitants.  Wright. 

f o-VER-PERCII',  v.  a.  To  fly  over.  Shak. 

O-VER— PER'EMP-TO-RY,  a.  Too  peremptory. 

6-VER-PER-SUADE',  v.  a.  To  persuade  too  much, 
or  against  inclination. 

Like  him  who,  being  in  good  health,  lodged  himself  in  a 
physician’s  house,  and  was  overpersuaded  by  his  landlord  to 
take  physic,  of  which  he  died.  Dryden. 

O-VER-PES'TER,  v.  a.  .To  pester  or  plague  to 
excess ; to  be  a pest  or  a plague  to.  Raleigh. 

O-VER-PIC'TliRE,  v.  a.  To  exceed  the  repre- 
sentation or  picture  of.  “ She  [Cleopatra]  . . . 
o’ erpicturing  that  Venus.”  Shak. 

O-VER-PLEA^iE',  v.  a.  To  please  too  much;  to 
gratify  to  excess.  Bacon. 

O'VER-PLfJS,  n.  That  which  remains  more  than 
enough  ; excess  ; surplus  ; surplusage. 

A great  deal  too  much  of  it  was  made,  and  the  overplus  re- 
mained still  in  the  mortar.  V Estrange. 

O-VER-PLY',  v.  a.  To  employ  too  laboriously  or 
intently.  Milton. 

O-VER-POIEE',  v.  a.  To  overbalance ; to  outweigh. 

O'VER-POlijE,  n.  Preponderate  weight.  Dryden. 

O-VER-POL'ISH,  v.  a.  To  polish  too  nicely.  “A 
style  overpolished.”  Blackwall. 

O-VER— PON'DER-OUS,  a.  Too  weighty  or  pon- 


derous ; too  burdensome.  “ An  unfit  and  over- 
ponderous  argument.”  Milton. 

O-VER-POST',  V.  a.  To  get  quickly  over.  Shak. 

O-VER— PO'TENT,  a.  Too  potent  or  powerful; 
too  strong.  “ Over-potent  charms.”  Milton. 

6-VER-POVV'ER,  v.  a.  [ i . overpowered;  pp. 

OVERPOWERING,  OVERPOWERED.]  To  be  too 
powerful  or  strong  for ; to  vanquish  by  force ; 
to  bear  down  ; to  suppress ; to  prostrate  ; to  sub- 
due. “ Much  light  overpowers  the  eye.”  Boyle. 

Known  in  arms 

Not  to  be  overpowered.  Milton. 

U-VER-PoW'ER-InG,  p.  a.  Bearing  down  by  su- 
perior power ; subduing.  Watts. 

O-VER-PoW'ER-lNG-LY,  ad.  With  superior  force. 

O-VER-PRAIiy' [NG,  n.  Bestowal  of  too  great 
praise  or  commendation. 

Serpent,  thy  overpraising  leaves  in  doubt 

The  virtue  of  the  fruit,  in  thee  first  proved.  Milton. 

O-VER-PRESS',  v.  a.  1.  To  bear  upon  with  irre- 
sistible force  ; to  overwhelm  ; to  crush.  “ Over- 
pressed  with  nature’s  heavy  load.”  Dryden. 

2.  To  overcome  by  entreaty;  to  press  or  per- 
suade too  much.  Johnson. 

6-Y’ER-PRIZE',  v.  a.  To  value  at  too  high  a price. 

Grant  me,  indulgent  Heaven!  this  sole  request: 

Nor  life  to'overjjrizc,  nor  death  to  fear!  Eoysc. 

O-VJER— PROMPT',  a.  Prompt  to  excess.  Smith. 

O-VER-PROMPT'NESS,  n.  Excessive  promptness 
or  readiness  ; hastiness  ; precipitation.  Hales. 

O-VER-PRQ-POR'TION,  v.  a.  To  make  of  too 
great  a proportion.  Smart. 

O-VER— PRO V'J-DENT,  a.  Excessively  provident. 

An  over-provident  father  makes  a prodigal  son.  Garrick. 

O-VER-PRQ-VOKE',  v.  a.  To  provoke  too  much, 
or  to  too  great  a degree.  Bp.  Hall. 

O-VER-Q-UELL',  v.  a.  To  quell  or  subdue  ; to 
beat  down  ; to  subject.  Bp.  Hall. 

O-VER-CtUi'F.T-NESS,  n.  A too  quiet  state.  “ An 
inquietude  in  over-quietness."  Browne. 

O-VER-RAKE',  v.  a.  ( Naut .)  To  break  in  upon, 
as  waves  over  a vessel’s  head,  when  she  is  at 
anchor  with  her  head  to  the  sea.  Mar.  Diet. 

O-VER-RAN',  i.  from  overrun.  See  Overrun. 

O-VER-RANK'  (-rangk'),  re.  Too  rank  ; too  luxu- 
riant. “ It  produces  overrank  birds.”  Mortimer. 

O-VER-RATE',  V.  a.  [i.  OVERRATED;  pp.  OVER- 
RATING, overrated.]  To  rate  at  too  much ; 
to  estimate  too  highly. 

lie  [Waller]  overrated  his  own  oratory.  Johnson. 

O-VF.R-REACH',  v.  a.  1.  To  reach  beyond  in  any 
direction  ; to  reach  over.  Bcddoes. 

2.  To  gain  a superiority  or  advantage  over, 
by  sagacity  or  craftiness  ; to  surpass  in  extent  of 
foresight ; to  deceive  ; to  circumvent ; to  cheat. 

A man  who  had  been  matchless  held 

In  cunning,  overreached  where  least  he  thought.  Milton. 

3.  To  overtake.  Shak. 

O-VER-REACII',  v.  n.  To  strike  the  hinder  feet 
too  far  forward,  so  that  the  toes  strike  against 
the  fore  shoes ; — applied  to  horses.  Far.  Diet. 

O'VER-REACII,  n.  (Farriery.)  The  act  of  strik- 
ing the  heel  of  the  fore  foot  with  the  toe  of  the 
hind  foot:  — a strain  or  swelling  of  the  master- 
sinew  of  a horse.  Wright. 

O-VER-REACH'ER,  n.  One  that  overreaches;  a 
deceiver  ; a cheat.  Johnson. 

f O-VF.R-READ',  v.  a.  To  peruse.  Shak. 

O-VER— READ'I-LY,  ad-  With  too  much  readi- 
ness ; too  readily.  Wright. 

O-VER— READ'!-NESS,  ji.  The  quality  of  being 
over-ready;  excess  of  readiness.  Wright. 

O-VER— READ  Y,  a ■ Too  ready.  Wright. 

O-VER-RECK'ON  (-rek'lcn),  v.  a.  To  reckon  or 
estimate  too  highly.  Bp.  Hall. 

f O-VER-RED',  v.  a.  To  cover  over  with  red.  Shak. 

O-VER-RENT',  v.  n.  To  rent  for  too  much;  to 
demand  or  exact  too  high  a rent.  Warner. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  1,  5,  fj,  Y,  shorty 


A,  E,  !,  9,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; 


HEIR,  HER  ; 


OVER-RICH 


1015 


OVER-STRONG 


0-V£R-RlCH',  a.  Excessively  rich.  Young. 

O-VJfK-RlDE',  v.  a.  [i.  OVERRODE  ; pp.  OVER- 
RIDING, OVERRIDDEN,  OVERRODE,  OT  OVERRID.] 

1.  To  ride  over. 

The  carter  overridden  with  his  cart.  Chaucer. 

2.  To  ride  too  much,  too  far  or  too^  fast. 
“ The  horse  was  overridden."  _ _ rlodd. 

3.  To  ride  beyond  ; to  pass  in  riding. 

My  lord,  X overrode  him  on  the  way.  Shak. 

O-VER— RIGHT' EO  US  (-rl'cllys),  a.  Righteous 
overmuch.  . Roget. 

O-VJKR— RI^r'lD,  a.  Too  rigid  ; too  strict.  Ash. 

u-VJER-RIG'OR-OUS,  a.  Too  rigorous.  Prynne. 

O-V^R— RIPE',  a.  Too  ripe  ; excessively  ripe. 

Thy  years  are  ripe,  and  over-ripe.  Milton. 

O-VflR-Rl'PEN  (-rx'pn),  v.  a.  To  make  too  ripe. 
“ Like  overripened  corn.”  Shak. 

O-V^R-ROAST'  (-rost'),  v.  a.  To  roast  too  much. 

Then  feed  it  with  such  overroasted  flesh.  Shak. 

O-V^R-RULE',  v.  a.  [i.  overruled  ; pp.  over- 
RULING,  OVERRULED.] 

1.  To  control  or  influence  by  predominant 
power;  to  have  the  control  of;  to  govern. 

He  . . . ordained  thy  will 

By  nature.free,  not  overruled  by  fate 

Inextricable  or  strict  necessity.  Milton. 

2.  To  govern  with  high  authority.  Hayward. 

3.  (Law.)  To  annul;  to  make  void  : — to  de- 
cide against  the  opinion  of  the  minority.  Rouvier. 

O-VEIt-RUI.'ER,  n.  One  who  overrules. 

O-VJJR-RUL'ING,  p.  a.  Governing  with  superior 
power  ; directing  ; controlling  ; prevailing  ; pre- 
dominant ; as,  “ An  overruling  Providence.” 

Syn.  — See  Prevalent. 

O-VIJR-RUN',  v.  a.  [i.  OVERRAN  ; pp.  OVERRUN- 
NING, OVERRUN.] 

1.  To  run  or  spread  over. 

The  chilling  cold  did  overrun  their  bones.-  Surrey . 

2.  To  ravage  by  incursions  ; to  rove  over  in  a 
hostile  manner ; to  occupy  or  take  possession 
of,  as  invading  enemies. 

They  err  who  count  it  glorious  to  subdue 
By  conquest  tar  and  wide,  to  overrun, 

Large  countries,  and  in  field  great  battles  win.  Milton. 

3.  To  cover  in  crowds  or  swarms ; to  run  over 
in  great  numbers. 

Were  it  not  for  the  incessant  labors  of  this  industrious  an- 
imal [the  ichneumon],  Egypt  would  be  overrun  with  croco- 
diles. Addison. 

4.  To  injure  by  treading  down.  Johnson. 

5.  (Printing.)  To  run  beyond  a certain  length 
by  reason  of  insertions  ; to  change  in  position, 
as  types,  by  transferring  them  from  one  line, 
one  column,  or  one  page  to  another.  Adams. 

O-VER-RUN',  v.  n.  To  overflow'.  Smith. 

O-VgR-RUN'NJJR,  n.  One  who  overruns. 

O-VER— SCRU-Py-LOS'l-Ty,  J n.  Excessive 

O-VER— SCRU'PU-LOUS-NESS,  ) scrupulousness. 

O-V^R-SCRU'Py-LOUS,  a.  Too  scrupulous. 
“ Over-scrupulous  attention.”  Armstrong . 

f O'VER-SCUTCIIT,  a.  Much  flogged.  Shah. 

O' VER— SEA,  a.  Foreign;  from  beyond  sea; 
transmarine,  [r.]  Wilson. 

O-VER-SEARCH',  v.  a.  To  look  or  search  over; 
to  search  through  ; to  examine.  “ When  I had 
oversearched  all  my  book.”  Sir  T.  More. 

0-VER-SEA'§0N,  v.  a.  To  season  too  much;  to 
give  too  high  a relish,  savor,  or  taste  to. 

Had  I been  overseasoned  with  base  anger, 

And  suited  all  occasions  to  my  mischiefs.  Beau,  fy  FI. 

O-VER-SEE',  v.  a.  [ i . oversaw  ; pp.  oversee- 
ing, OVERSEEN.] 

1.  To  watch  over  ; to  observe  carefully  ; to 
superintend ; to-supervise  ; to  survey  ; to  inspect. 

She,  without  noise,  will  oversee 

His  children  and  his  family.  Dnjden. 

2.  fTo  overlook;  to  pass  by  unheeded. 

I,  who  resolve  to  oversee 

No  lucky  opportunity.  Hudihras. 

3.  fTo  blind  ; to  deceive  ; to  delude. 

‘ Yet  reason  tells  us  parents  are  o'erseen 

When  with  too  strict  a rein  they  do  hold  in 

Their  child’s  affections.  Taylor. 

O-VER-SE'ER,  n.  One  who  oversees ; a superin- 


tendent; a supervisor  ; an  inspector;  an  officer 
who  has  the  care  or  superintendence  of  any 
matter,  as  a literary  seminary,  the  poor,  &c. 

O-VyR-SE'ER-SHIP,  n.  The  office  or  station  of 
an  overseer.  , Qu.  Rev. 

O-VER-SEETHE',  v.  a.  To  seethe  or  boil  over. 

Your  stately  seas  . . . glow, 

And  overseethe  their  banks  with  springing  tides.  F.  Fletcher. 

o-VER-SELL',  v.  a.  [i.  oversold  ; pp.  over- 
selling, oversold.]  To  sell  at  too  high  a 
price  ; to  sell  for  too  much.  Dryden. 

O-VER-SET',  V.  a.  \i.  OVERSET  ; pp.  OVERSET- 
TING, OVERSET.] 

1.  To  turn  or  throw  from  the  basis  or  founda- 
tion : to  overturn ; to  upset. 

The  tempests  met. 

The  sailors  mastered,  and  the  ship  o'erset.  Dryden. 

2.  To  subvert ; to  overthrow  ; to  destroy. 
We’might . . . overset  the  whole  power  of  France.  Addison. 

O-VER-SET',  v.  n.  To  fall  off  the  basis  ; to  turn 
upside  down  ; to  turn  over.  Mortimer. 

O-VER-SHADE',  v.  a.  To  cover  with  shade  ; to 
overcloud ; to  overshadow. 

Twice  in  the  year  luxuriant  leaves  o'ershade 

The  encumbered  vine.  Dryden. 

O-VER-SI-IAD'OW  (-shad 'do),  V.  a.  1.  To  throw  a 
shadow  over  ; to  overcloud ; to  overshade. 

Weeds  choke  and  overshadow  the  corn.  Bacon. 

2.  To  cover  with  superior  influence  ; to  hover 
over  ; to  protect ; to  shelter. 

The  Holy  Ghost  shall  come  upon  thee,  and  the  power  of 
the  Highest  shall  overshadow  thee.  Luke  i.  35. 

O-VER-SHAD'OW-ER,  n.  One  who  overshadows. 

f O-VER-SHAke',  v.  a.  To  disperse.  Chaucer. 

O-VER-SIllNE',  v.  a.  To  outshine.  Shak. 

O'VER-SHOE,  n.  A shoe  for  wet  weather,  worn 
over  another  shoe  ; a galoche.  Simmonds. 

O-VER-SHOOT',  v.  n.  To  fly  beyond  the  mark. 
“ Often  it  drops  or  overshoots."  Collier. 

O-VER-SIIOOT',  v.  a.  \i.  overshot  ; pp.  over- 
shooting, overshot.] 

1.  To  shoot  beyond ; to  pass  in  shooting. 
“ Overshooting  the  mark  it  aims  at.”  Tillotson. 

2.  To  pass  swiftly  over. 

O'ershoots  the  valley  which  beneath  him  lies.  Harte. 

3.  To  venture  too  far; — with  the  reciprocal 
pronoun. 

For  any  thing  that  I can  learn  of  them,  you  have  overshot 
yourself  in  reckoning.  IV hitgift. 

4.  To  have  water  so  shot  over  that  one  part 
(as  of  a wheel)  is  loaded  and  turns,  while  the 
other  is  empty. 

O' VER-SHOT— WHEEL',  n.  (Hydro- 
dynamics.) A wheel  or  drum,  the 
circumference  of  which  is  occu- 
pied by  a series  of  cavities,  com- 
monly called  buckets , into  which 
the  water  is  delivered  from  one  or 
more  spouts  at  the  top  of  the 
wheel.  Bigelow.  Overshot-wheel. 

Ipp  In  this  case,  the  water  acts  merely  by  its  own 
weight,  and  not  by  the  impulse  of  tiie  stream.  Branda. 

O'VF.R-SIGHT  (-sit),  n.  1.  Superintendence. 

Feed  the  flock  of  God,  taking  the  oversight  thereof,  not  by 
constraint,  hut  willingly . 1 Pet.  v.  2. 

2.  Mistake  ; error  ; fault ; blunder. 

Not  so  his  son:  he  marked  this  oversight. 

And  then  mistook  reverse  of  wrong  for  right.  Pope. 

3.  Inattention  ; inadvertence  ; inadvertency. 

Syn.  — See  Inadvertence. 

O-VER-SIZE',  v.  a.  1.  To  surpass  in  size.  Sanclys. 

2.  To  smear  or  daub  over,  as  with  size  or 
other  glutinous  substance.  Shak. 

O-VER-SKIP',  v.  a.  To  skip  over.  Bp.  Ilall. 

O-VER-SKIP'PER,  n.  One  who  overskips. 

O-VER-SLAUGII'  (-sHw'),  v.  a.  [Dut.  overslaan.] 
(Mil.)  To  pass  over;  to  omit.  James’s  Mil.  Diet. 

O'VER-SLAUGH  (-sl&w),  n.  [Dut.  overslag,  a 
barid.]  A bar  in  a river.  [Local,  N.Y.]  Bartlett. 

O-VER-SLEEP'  (-slep'),  v.  a.  To  sleep  too  long; 
— used  with  the  reflective  pronoun.  Johnson. 

O-VER-SLIDE',  v.  n.  To  glide  or  slip  by.  Lydgate. 


O-VER— SLIGHT'  (-slit'),  a.  Too  slight;  too  un- 
substantial. “ Over-slight  food.”  Bp.  Hall. 

O-VER-SLlP',  v.  a.  To  let  slip  by,  as  an  oppor- 
tunity ; to  neglect.  Carcw. 

f O-VER-SLOW',  v.  a.  To  retard  ; to  curb. 

Hammond. 

O'VER^-MAN,  n.  1.  An  overseer.  [Scottish.] 

Oversmen.  colliers,  &c.,  were  examined.  IV.  Brit.  Rev. 

2.  ( Scottish  Law.)  An  umpire  : — a third 
arbiter,  who  decides  a dispute  when  two  other 
arbiters  have  disagreed.  Jamieson. 

f O-VER-SNOW'  (-sno'),  v.  a.  1.  To  cover  with 
snow  ; to  snow  over.  Shak. 

2.  To  whiten  ; to  render  white  or  hoary. 

Ere  age  unstrung  my  nerves  or  time  o'ersnowed  my  head. 

Dryden. 

O-VER-SOLD',  i.  & p.  from  oversell.  Sold  for  too 
much.  — See  Oversell.  Dryden. 

O-VER-SOON',  ad.  Too  soon.  Sidney. 

f u-VER-SOR'ROW,  v.  a.  To  afflict  too  much. 
“ Oversorrowed  state  of  matrimony.”  Milton. 

O-VER-SPAN',  v.  a.  To  extend  over.  Wright. 

O-VER-SPEAK',  v.  a.  To  say  too  much;  — with 
the  reflective  pronoun.  Hales. 

O-VER-SPENT',  p.  a.  Having  all  the  strength 
gone  ; wearied  ; exhausted ; forespent. 

O'erspent  with  heat,  his  breath  he  faintly  drew.  Eusden. 

O-VER-SPIN',  v.  a.  To  draw  out  to  an  excess  ; to 
protract  to  too  great  a degree.  Cartwright. 

O-VER-SPREAD'  (-spred'),  v.  a.  [i.  OVERSPREAD  ; 
pp.  OVERSPREADING,  OVERSPREAD.]  To  Spread 
over  ; to  cover  over  ; to  scatter  over  ; to  fill. 

These  are  the  three  sons  of  Noah;  and  of  them  was  the 
whole  earth  overspread.  Gen.  ix.  1U. 

O-VER-SPREAD',  v.  n.  To  be  spread  over.  Smart. 

O-VER-SPRING',  v.  a.  To  leap  over.  Chaucer. 

f 6-VER-STAND',  v.  a.  To  lose  by  standing  too 
much  upon  conditions.  Dryden. 

What  madman  would  o'erstand  his  market  twice?  Dryden. 

O-VER-StArE',  v.  n.  To  stare  too  much.  “An 
overstaring  frounced  head.”  Ascham. 

O-VER-STAte',  v.  a.  To  state  too  high  or  too 
strongly  ; to  exaggerate.  Paley. 

O-VER-STAtE'MENT,  n.  Too  strong  a state- 
ment ; exaggeration.  Wilkins. 

6-VER-STAY',  v.  a.  To  stay  over.  “He... 
overstays  the  time.”  Bp.  Hall. 

u-VER-STEP',  v.  a.  To  step  beyond.  “ O’erstep 
not  the  modesty  of  nature.”  — See  Step.  Shak. 

O-VER-STINK',  v.  a.  To  surpass  in  stench.  Shak. 

O-VER-STQcK',  v.  a.  [i.  overstocked  ; pp. 
OVERSTOCKING,  OVERSTOCKED.]  To  fill  too  full  ; 
to  furnish  superabundantly ; to  crowd.  “ A 
work  overstocked  with  wit.”  Hume. 

O'VER-STOCK,  n.  Too  great  a stock;  a super- 
abundance. I^eonard. 

O-VER-STORE',  v.  a.  To  store  with  too  much  ; 
to  overstock  ; to  surcharge  ; to  overfill.  Hale. 

O-VER-STRAIN',  v.  n.  \i.  overstrained  ; pp. 
OVERSTRAINING,  OVERSTRAINED.]  To  make 
too  violent  efforts  ; to  labor  to  excess.  Collier. 

O-VER-STRAIN',  v.  a.  To  strain  or  stretch  too  far. 

Confessors  were  apt  to  overstrain  theft  privileges.  Ayliffe. 

O-VER-STRAIN'ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who 
overstrains  or  who  overdoes  any  thing.  Dryden. 

+ O-VER-STRAIT'LYj  ad.  Too  strictly.  Raleigh. 

t O-VER-STRAW',  v.  a.  To  overstrew.  Shak. 

O-VER-STRETCH',  v.  a.  To  stretch  beyond  meas- 
ure ; to  stretch  excessively.  Wiseman. 

O-VER-STREW'  (-stru'  or  -stro'),  v.  a.  To  strew 
or  spread  over  ; to  overspread.  Fotherby. 

O-VER— STRICT',  «•  Excessively  strict.  Prynne. 

O-VER-STRIDE',  v.  a.  To  stride  over.  Drayton. 

t O-VER- STRIKE',  v.  a.  To  strike  beyond.  Spenser. 

O'VER-STRONG,  a.  Too  powerful;  too  strong. 

O,  lastly  over-strong  against  thyself.  Milton. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  sSn  ; BULL,  BUR,  RpLE.  — Q,  (},  9,  g,  soft;  V,  G,  £,  1,  hard;  § as  z ; as  gz.  — THIS,  tins. 


OVER-STUDIOUSNESS 


1016 


OYER-WOODY 


O-ven-STU'DI-OliS-NESS,  n.  Excess  of  studi- 
ousness. Johnson. 

O-VER— SUBT'LE  (sut'tl),  a.  Too  subtle.  Cook. 

fO'VER-SUM,  n.  The  sum  or  quantity  over. 

0-Vf.R-SU-PER-STl"TIOUS,  a.  Too  supersti-. 
tious.  Hales." 

O'VpR-SfrRE,  a.  Too  confident.  Milton. 

O-VER-SWAY',  v.  a.  To  overbalance  ; to  over- 
rule ; to  bear  down.  Hooker. 

O-VIJR-SWELL',  v.  a.  To  swell  or  rise  above  ; to 
overflow  ; to  overspread.  Shak. 

O-VER-SWlFT',  a.  Too  swift ; too  quick.  Bacon. 

O' VERT,  a.  [Fr.  ouvert-,  ouvrir , to  open  (L.  ape- 
rio,  apertus).] 

1.  Open  ; manifest ; public.  “ Overt  and 

apparent  virtues.”  Bacon. 

2.  (Law.)  Open  ; as,  “ A market  overt.” 

An  overt  act , an  open  act,  capable  of  being  mani- 
festly proved,  and  from  which  criminality  may  be 
implied.  fVkishaw.  Brandc. 

O-VER-TAKE',  v.  a.  [».  overtook;  pp.  over- 
taking, OVERTAKEN.] 

1.  To  come  up  with  after  pursuit  or  following ; 
to  catch  by  pursuit. 

Or  death  will  soon  u'ertake  thee  in  the  chase.  Dry  den. 

2.  To  take  by  surprise.  “ If  a man  be  over- 
taken in  a fault.”  Gal.  vi.  1. 

O-VER-TAsK'j  v.  a.  To  task  too  much.  Milton. 

O-VER-TAX',  v.  a.  To  tax  too  heavily.  Johnson. 

O-VER— TE'DI-OUS,  a.  Very  tedious.  Donne. 

O-VIJR-TEMPT',  v.  a.  To  tempt  too  much.  Milton. 

O-V ISR— TER'RI-BLE,  a.  Too  terrible.  Bp.  Hall. 

O-VER-THROW'  (116),  V.  a.  [i.  OVERTHREW  ; pp. 
OVERTHROWING,  OVERTHROWN.] 

1.  To  throw  or  turn  over  or  upside  down;  to 
overturn  ; to  overset ; to  upset. 

Pittacus  was  a wise  and  valiant  man;  but  his  wife  oi'er- 
tlirew  the  table,  when  he  had  invited  his  friends.  Bp.  Taylor. 

2.  To  demolish  ; to  subvert ; to  level ; to  pros- 
trate ; to  ruin  ; to  destroy. 

When  the  walls  of  Thebes  he  overthrew.  Dnjden. 

3.  To  defeat;  to  conquer;  to  vanquish. 

Himself  alone  dispersed  the  Rhodian  crew. 

The  weak  disdained,  the  valiant  overthrew.  Dryden. 

Syn. — See  Defeat,  Demolish,  Overturn. 

O'VER-THROW  (116),  n.  1.  The  state  of  being 
overthrown  ; subversion  ; ruin  ; destruction. 

“ Who  caused  my  country’s  overthrow.”  Dnjden. 

2.  Discomfiture ; defeat ; rout ; dispersion. 

Too  well  I see  and  rue  the  dire  event, 

That,  with  sad  overthrow  and  foul  defeat, 

Hath  lost  us  heaven.  Milton. 

3.  Degradation  ; deposition,  [r.] 

His  overthrow  heaped  happiness  upmi  him; 

For  then,  and  not  till  then,  he  felt  himself, 

And  found  the  blessedness  of  being  little.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Ruin. 

6-V]JR-TIIROVV'ER,  n.  One  who  overthrows. 

O-VJER-TIIROW'lNG,  n.  Overthrow.  Chaucer. 

O-V  JJR-TII  WART',  a.  1.  Opposite;  being  over 
against.  “ Our  overthwart  neighbors.”  Dnjden. 

2.  Crossing  perpendicularly.  Johnson. 

3.  Perverse  ; adverse  ; contrary  ; cross,  [r.] 

“ That  overthwart  humor.”  Clarendon. 

+ O'VfJR-THWART,  n.  An  adverse  circumstance. 

A heart,  well-stayed,  in  overthwarts  deep 

Hopeth  amends.  Ld.  Sui’rey. 

O-VIJR-THWART',  prep.  Across  ; athwart,  [r.] 
He  laid  a plank  overthwart  the  brook.  Johnson. 

+ O-VER-THwArT',  v.  a.  To  oppose.  Stapleton. 

1*  6-VER-THWART'LY,  ad.  Across  ; transverse- 
ly  : — perversely  ; pervicaciously.  Peacham. 

O-VER-TIIwArT'NESS,  n.  Posture  across:  — 
pervicacity  ; perverseness,  [r.]  Ld.  Herbert. 

■ O-VER-TILT',  v.  a.  To  overturn.  Richardson. 

O-VJJR-TiRE',  v.  a.  To  tire  extremely  ; to  over- 
come with  fatigue.  Milton. 

O-VJJR-TlR'ING,  n.  Fatigue.  Bp.  Hall. 

O-VpR-TI'TLE,  v.  a.  To  give  too  high  a title  to. 

Overtitling  his  own  quarrels  to  be  God’s  cause.  Fuller. 


O'VERT-LY,  ad.  In  an  overt  manner  ; openly. 

o-VfJR-TOIL',  v.  a.  To  overwork.  Drayton. 

O-VpR-TOOK'  (-tfik'),  i.  from  overtake. 

O-VJKR-TOP',  v.  a.  [i.  overtopped  ; pp.  over- 
topping, overtopped.] 

1.  To  rise  above ; to  surpass  in  height. 

To  o'evtop  old  Pclion,  or  the  skyish  head 

Of  old  Olympus.  Shall . 

2.  To  excel ; to  surpass  ; to  exceed;  to  tran- 
scend. “ The  soul  o’ertops. the  body.”  Harvey. 

O-VgR-TOW'^R,  v.  n.  To  soar  too  high.  Fuller. 

O-VER-TRADE',  v.  n.  To  trade  too  much  ; to 
trade  beyond  one’s  capital  or  means.  N.  Biddle. 

6 - V' F, I! - T ItA  D ' F,  R , n.  One  who  overtrades.  Baker. 

O-VER-TRAD'ING,  n.  Act  of  one  who  over- 
trades ; excessive  trading  or  traffic ; trading 
beyond  one’s  capital,  or  available  means.  Bacon. 

f O-VER-TrAV'AIL,  v.  a.  To  overwork.  Golding. 

o-VJJR-TREAD',  v.  a.  To  tread  over.  Bible , 1551. 

t O-V^R-TREAT',  v.  a.  To  prevail  upon.  Surrey. 

O-VJJR-TRlP',  v.  a.  To  trip  or  run  over.  Shak. 

O-VJJR-TROUB'LED,  a.  Much  troubled.  Bp.  Hall. 

f O-VJSR-TROW',  v.  n.  [A.  S.  ofcr-truwian.)  To 
be  over-confident ; to  trust  too  much.  Wickliffe. 

O-VER-TRUST',  v.  a.  To  trust  too  much;  to 
place  too  much  reliance  on. 

Some  there  are  that  do  so  overtrust  their  leaders’  eyes,  that 
they  care  not  to  see  with  their  own.  Bp.  Hall. 

O-VER-TUM'BLE,  v.  a.  To  tumble  over.  Daniel. 

O'vpR-TURE,  n.  [It.  apertura ; Sp.  abertura; 
Fr.  onverture.) 

1.  An  opening  ; an  aperture  ; a hole,  [r.] 

Under  its  base  there  is  an  overture.  Cotton. 

2.  A disclosure  ; a discovery,  [r.]  Shak. 

3.  A proposal;  an  offer;  something  offered 

to  consideration.  “ Overtures  towards  accom- 
modation.” Clarendon. 

/Eg*  “ In  this  sense  it  is  always  used  in  the  Presby- 
terian Church  to  indicate  those  resolutions  proposed 
by  presbyteries  and  synods,  and  afterwards  laid  be- 
fore the  general  assembly,  either  for  ils  sanction  or 
rejection.”  Braude. 

4.  (Mus.)  An  elaborate  orchestral  introduc- 
tion or  symphony  to  an  opera,  oratorio,  &c.  : — 
a term  recently  applied  also  to  independent 
orchestral  compositions  resembling  such  intro- 
ductions ; as,  “ Concert  overtures.”  Dwight. 

O-VER-TUUN'  (116),  v.  a.  \i.  overturned  ; pp. 

OVERTURNING,  OVERTURNED.] 

1.  To  throw  over  or  down  ; to  overthrow;  to 
overset ; to  upset. 

No  storm  shall  overturn  what  we  help  to  build.  Atterbury. 

2.  To  subvert;  to  demolish;  to  destroy;  to 
ruin. 

An  answer  to  this  objection,  but  such  a one  as  overturns 
his  whole  hypothesis.  Locke. 

3.  To  overpower ; to  conquer. 

Pain  excessive  overturns  all  patience.  Milton. 

Syn.  — To  overturn , overthrow , and  subvert  gener- 
ally involve  destructive  and  unallowed  acts.  A ve- 
hicle or  a system  of  economy  may  be  overturned  ; an 
edifice  or  a government,  overthrown  ; an  establish- 
ment ora  principle,  subverted ; natural  or  proper  or- 
der, inverted ; decrees,  reversed. 

O'VpR-TURN  (116),  n.  The  state  of  being  over- 
turned ; a subversion  ; an  overthrow.  Chesterfield. 

O-VER-TURN'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  overturned. 

O-VER-TURN'ER,  ii.  One  who  overturns. 

O-VER-TURN'ING,  n.  Subversion;  revolution. 

O-VPR-VAL-U-A'TION,  n.  Overestimate.  Bp. Hall. 

O-VER-VAL'UE  (o-ver-val'yu),  V.  a.  \i.  OVER- 
VALUED ; pp.  OVERVALUING,  OVERVALUED.] 

To  value,  estimate,  or  rate  too  highly. 

By  humility  I mean  not  the  abjectness  of  a base  mind,  but 
a prudent  care  not  to  overvalue  ourselves  upon  any  account. 

Grew. 

O-V  F.R- VAL'U-IXG,  n.  Overvaluation.  Hakcwill. 

O-VER- VEIL'  (-val'),  v.  a.  To  cover  over;  to  ob- 
scure ; to  cloud ; to  veil.  Shak. 

t o'VER-VIEW,  ii.  An  inspection.  Shak. 

O-VER-VOTE',  v.  a.  To  outvote;  to  exceed  in 
votes.  Prynne. 


O-VER-WAlk',  V.  a.  To  walk  over.  Sir  T.  More. 

o-Vpil— wAN'TON,  a.  Wanton  to  excess.  Jonson. 

+ o-VIJR-wAr',  v.  a.  To  gain  a superiority  over 
in  war  ; to  surpass  in  war.  Warner. 

O-VJpR— WA'RY,  a.  Too  wary,  circumspect,  or 
cautious.  Raleigh. 

6- VER- WASH',  v.  a.  To  overflow.  Holinshed. 

O-VgR-wAST'JJD,  a.  Too  much  wasted.  Drayton. 

0-VJ5R-WATCH',  (6-ver-woch'),  v.  a.  To  subdue 
with  long  want  of  rest.  Milton. 

6- Vf.R- WATCHED'  (-woclit'),  p.  a.  Tired  with  too 
much  watching.  Sidney. 

t O-V^R-WAx',  v.  a.  To  wax  too  much.  R.  Gl. 

O-V^R— WEAK',  a.  Too  weak  ; too  feeble.  Raleigh. 

O-VER-WeAr',  v.  a.  To  wear  too  much.  Dryden. 

O-Vf.R— WEA'RY,  ?;.  a.  To  subdue  with  fatigue. 
“ Over-wearieil  with  watching.”  Dryden. 

O-VfiR-WEATII'ER  (o-ver-weth'er),  v.  a.  To  bat- 
ter or  to  wear  by  exposure  to  the  weather.  Shak. 

O-VER-WEEN',  v.  n.  [ over  and  ween.  — See 
Ween.]  To  think  too  highly  or  with  arro- 
gance: — to  reach  beyond  the  truth  in  thought, 
especially  in  the  opinion  of  a man’s  self;  — lit- 
tle used  except  in  the  participial  form. 

They  that  ovcnvceit. 

And  at  thy  growing  virtues  fret  their  spleen, 

No  anger  find  in  thee.  Milton. 

0-V]5R-WEEN'£R,  n,  A conceited  person.  Hall, 

O-V^R-WEEN'ING,  p.  a.  Thinking  too  highly, 
especially  of  one’s  self;  conceited;  arrogant; 
opinionated.  “ Overweening  pride.”  South. 

O-VyR-VVEEN'ING-LY,  ad.  In  an  overweening 
manner;  conceitedly;  arrogantly.  Milton. 

O - V E R - WE  I G II ' (o-ver-wa'),  v.  a.  To  exceed  in 
weight  ; to  outweigh ; to  preponderate.  Hooker. 

O'VER-WEIGHT  (o'ver-wat),  n-.  1.  Excess  of 

weight ; greater  weight  ; preponderance. 

Sinking  into  water  is  but  an  overweight  of  the  body  in  re- 
spect of  the  water.  Bacon. 

2.  A weight  beyond  the  prescribed  or  legal 
weight.  # Simmonds. 

+ O' VER- WET,  n.  Excessive  wetness  or  moisture. 

Another  ill  accident  is,  overwet  at  sowing  time.  •Bacon. 

O-V^R-WHELM'  (o-ver-hwelm'),  v.  a.  \i,  over- 
whelmed ; pp,  OVERWHELMING,  OVER- 
WHELMED.] 

1.  To  spread  over  and  cover  with  something  of 
crushing  power  or  weight ; to  immerse  and  bear 
down,  as  a fluid ; to  overflow. 

The  belehing  whale 

And  humming  water  must  o'erwhelm  thy  corse.  Shak. 
Death  hastes  amain;  one  hour  o'crwhelms  them  all.  Pope. 

2.  To  subdue;  to  overcome;  to  overpower; 
to  crush. 

To  whom  sad  Eve,  With  shame  nigh  overwhelmed.  Milton. 

3.  f To  overlook  gloomily.  Shak. 

4.  +To  put  or  place  completely  over. 

I overwhelm  a broader  pipe  about  the  first.  Dr.  Papin. 

O' VER- WHELM,  it.  Act  of  overwhelming.  Young. 

O-Vf.R-WHELM'ING,  p.  a.  Covering;  bearing 
down  ; crushing  ; overpowering  ; subduing. 

(1- VER- W HELM  I NG- LY , ad.  In  a manner  to 
overwhelm.  ’ Decay  of  Piety. 

O-V  ER-W  HELM' ING-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  overwhelming.  Coleridge. 

■f  O-V £lt- WHELVE',  v.  a.  To  overwhelm.  Chaucer. 

+ O-Vf.R-WING',  v.  a.  To  surpass  in  the  length 
of  the  wing  or  flank  ; to  outflank.  Milton. 

O-VER-WTPE',  v.  a.  To  wipe  or  rub  over.  More. 

O-VIJR— WI§E',  a.  Wise  to  affectation;  wise  in 
one’s  own  conceit ; conceited. 

Make  not  thyself  over-wise.  Eceles.  vii.  16. 

O-VfJR— WlfpE'NESS,  11.  Quality  of  being  over- 
wise ; pretended  wisdom  ; self-conceit.  Raleigh. 

O-Vf.R-WIT'TF.D,  p.  a.  Overreached  in  wit,  cun- 
ning, or  craftiness.  Swift. 

O-VIJR— WOOD'Y  (o-ver-wud'e),  a.  Abounding  too 
much  in  wood.  “ Fruit-trees  over-woody.”  Milton. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  V,  Jongs  a,  E,  I,  6,  U,  t,  short;  A,  5,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


OVERWORD 


1017 


OWSE 


f O-VJJR-WORD'  (o-ver-wurd'),  v.  a.  To  express 
in  too  many  words.  Hales. 

O-VIJR-WORK'  (o-ver-wiirk'),  V.  a.  & n.  \i.  OVER- 
WORKED or  overwrought;  pp.  overwork- 
ing, OVERWORKED  Or  OVERWROUGHT.]  To 
work  too  much,  or  beyond  the  strength ; to  in- 
jure or  tire  with  work;  to  overtoil. 

Such  a pleasure  as  can  never  cloy  or  overwork  the  mind. 

Soutn. 

O'VIJR-WORK  (o'ver-wiirk),  n.  Excessive  work  : 
— work  beyond  that  agreed  upon.  Ed.  Rev. 

O-VER-WORN',  p.  a.  Worn  out  by  time,  toil,  or 
use.  “ The  ...  o’erworn  widow.”  Shah. 

O-VER-WREST'ED  (-rest'-),  a.  Too  much  wrest- 
ed or  forced  out  of  the  proper  course.  Shak. 

O-VER-WRES'TLE  (o-ver-res'sl),  V.  a.  To  subdue 
by 'wrestling.  Spenser. 

O-VJyR."- WROUGHT'  (o-ver-rawt'),  i.  & p.  from 
overwork. 

1.  Labored  too  much.  “ A work  may  be 
overwrought  as  well  as  undenvrought.”  Druden. 

2.  Worked  all  over.  Hope. 

Of  Gothic  structure  was  the  northern  side, 

O'erwrought  with  ornaments  of  barbarous  pride.  Pope. 

“ In  Shakspeare’s  ‘ Comedy  of  Errors,’  tenth 
line  before  the  conclusion  of  a.  I,  the  editors  have 
properly,  changed  overwrought,  which  makes  little  or 
no  sense  with  the  context,  into  o’erraught,  i.  e.  o’er- 
reached,  — as  being  the  word  which  the  poet,  in  all 
probability,  used.”  Smart. 

j-  O-VpR-YEARED'  (-yerd'),  a.  Too  old.  Fairfax. 

f O-VJJR-ZEALED'  (-zEld'),  a.  Actuated  by  too 
much  zeal ; over-zealous.  Fuller. 

O-VJJR-ZEAL'OUS  (o-ver-zel'us),  a.  Too  zealous. 

O-VI-CAP'SULE,  n.  [L.  ovum , an  egg,  and  cap - 
sula,  a little  chest.]  ( ZoOl .)  An  egg-bag  formed 
by  some  membrane  or  secretion  of  the  animal. 

Owen. 

O-VIC'U-LAR,  a.  [L.  ovum,  an  egg.]  Belonging 
or  relating  to  an  egg.  Craig. 

O'VI-BOS,  n.  [L.  ovis,  a sheep,  and  bos,  an  ox.] 

( ZojI .)  The  generic  name  of  a quadruped  in- 
habiting the  more  northern  parts  of  America, 
which  by  some  naturalists  has  been  considered 
as  intermediate  between  the  sheep  and  the  ox ; 
the  musk-ox.  — See  Musk-ox.  Eng.  Cyc. 

O-VID't-AN,  a.  Relating  to,  or  resembling,  Ovid, 
the  Roman  poet.  Johnson. 

O'VI-DUCT,  n.  [L.  ovum,  an  egg,  and  duco,  due - 
tus,  to  lead;  It.  ovidutto  ; Fr.  oviducte.]  {Anal.) 
The  tube  which  conducts  the  ovum  from  the 
ovary  to  the  uterus  or  to  an  external  outlet ; — 
in  mammals,  termed  the  Fallopian  tube.  Brando. 

O-VlF'yR-OUS,  a.  [L.  ovum,  an  egg,  and  fero, 
to  bear.]  ( Zoul .)  Bearing  or  containing  eggs  ; 
— applied  to  certain  receptacles,  in  which  the 
eggs  are  received  after  their  expulsion  from  the 
organs  in  which  they  are  formed.  Braude. 

O'VI-FORM,  a.  [L.  ovum,  an  egg,  and  forma, 
form ; It.  oviforme.]  Having  the  shape  of  an 
egg ; egg-shaped.  Burnet. 

O-Viy'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  ovum,  an  egg,  and  gero, 
to  bear.]  Bearing  eggs  ; oviferous.  Braude. 

O'VINE,  a.  [L.  ovinus ; ovis,  a sheep;  Fr.  ovineA 
Pertaining  to  sheep.  Maunder. 

O-VIP'A-ROUS,  a.  [L.  ovum,  an  egg,  and  pario, 
to  bring  forth  ; It.  8j  Sp.  oviparo  ; Fr.  ovipare.] 
Bringing  forth  or  producing  young  by  eggs, 
which  are  excluded  from  the  body  and.  after- 
wards hatched  ; — opposed  to  viviparous. 

Birds  and  the  great  majority  of  reptiles  are  oviparous  an- 
imals. Eng.  Ency. 

o-VI-PO§'IT,  v.  a.  To  deposit,  as  eggs.  Kirby. 

0-VI-P0-§I"TI0N,  n.  [L.  ovum,  an  egg,  andy)o- 
sitio,  a placing.]  ( Ent .)  The  act  of  excluding 
eggs  from  the  abdomen.  Baird. 

6-V1-p6§'I-TOR,  n.  [L.  ovum,  an  egg,  and  pono, 
positus,  to  place.]  {Ent.)  The  organ  in  insects 
for  transmitting  the  eggs,  during  exclusion,  to 
their  appropriate  place.  Baird. 

O'VI-SAc,  n.  [L.  ovum,  an  egg,  and  saccus,  a 
sack.]  The  cavity  in  the  ovary  which  contains 
the  ovum  or  egg.  Branch. 


O'VOID,  > [L.  ovum,  an  egg,  and  Gr.  rf&os, 

0-Vdil)'AL,  ) form;  Fr.  ovoide .]  (Bot.)  Ovate 
or  oval  in  a solid  form.  Gray. 

O'VO-LO  [o'vo-Io,  Sm.JVb.  Maunder ; ov'o-lo  ,Ash\ 
o-vo'lo,  Crabb],  n.  [It.  # Sp.]  {Arch.)  A con- 
vex moulding,  whose  profile,  in  the  Ionic  and 
the  Composite  capital,  is  generally  the  quadrant 
of  a circle,  whence  it  is  sometimes  termed  the 
quarter-round  ; — it  is  frequently  decorated  with 
the  egg-and-anchor  moulding.  Fairholt. 

O-YOL'O-ffY,  n.  [L.  ovum,  an  egg,  and  Gr.  Xdyos, 
discourse.]  A treatise  on  eggs  ; oology.  Agassiz. 

O-VO-VI-VIP'A-ROUS,  a.  [L.  ovum,  an  egg,  vi- 
rus, alive,  and  pario,  to  bring  forth  ; Fr.  ovovi- 
vipare .]  Bringing  forth  young  by  an  egg  which 
is  hatched  within  the  body  of  the  mother,  the 
young  one  being  excluded  alive.  Eng.  Cyc. 

jgQf  The  marsupial  animals  among  th e Mammalia, 
and  the  viper  and  salamander  among  reptiles,  are  ex- 
amples of  ovoviviparous  animals.  Braude. 

O-VU-LA'TION,  n.  (Anat.)  The  formation  of  ova 
in  the  ovary,  and  their  discharge.  Dunglison. 

O'VULE,  n.  [L.  ovulum,  a small  egg  ; ovum,  an 
egg;  It.  ovolo ; Fr.  ovule.)  {Bot.)  The  body 
which  is  destined  to  become  a seed  ; a rudimen- 
tary seed.  Gray. 

4®=-“  An  ovule  consists  of  a pulpy  mass  of  tissue, 
the  nucleus  or  kernel,  and  usually  of  one  or  two 
coats.”  Gray. 

O'VU-LlTE,  n.  [L.  ovum,  an  egg,  and  Gr.  XI 60s, 
a stone.]  {Pal.)  A fossil  egg.  Craig. 

O'  VU-LUM,  n.  [L.  dim.  of  ovum,  an  egg.] 

1.  {Phys.)  A small  egg ; — applied  to  the  eggs 
of  mammals  from  their  minute  size.  Brande. 

2.  {Bot.)  An  ovule.  — See  Ovule.  Brande. 

0 ' VUM,  n.  ; pi.  6 ’ v a [L.  ovum,  an  egg.] 

1.  {Anat.)  The  body  formed  by  the  female,  in 

which,  after  impregnation,  the  development  of 
the  foetus  takes  place.  Brande. 

frpy.  The  ovum  is  generally  formed  in  a special  or- 
gan, called  the  ovarium ; hut  in  some  of  the  simplest 
animals,  as  the  polypes,  the  common  cellular  paren- 
chyme  of  the  body  seems  to  have  the  unlimited  faculty 
of  producing  the  ova.  Brande. 

2.  {Arch.)  An  ornament  carved  on  an  ovolo 
resembling  an  egg,  as  in  the  egg-and-tongue.  — 

— See  Egg-and-tongue.  Weale. 

OWE  (5),  v.  a.  [Goth,  aigan;  A.  S.  agan;  Dut. 
eigenen ; Dan.  e/e;  Icel.  § Norse  eiga;  Sw.  eg  a. 

— Gr.  exp-  ~ “ Cwe  is  formed  from  the  A.  S. 
agan,  by  softening  the  guttural  g into  w,  aw, 
owe.”  Richardson.']  [/.  owed  ; pp.  Owing, 
owed.] 

1.  f To  own  ; to  possess  ; to  have. 

Thou  dost  here  ushrp 

The  name  thou  ow'st  not.  Shak. 

2.  To  be  indebted  to  ; to  be  bound  to  pay. 

English  merchants  owe  to  foreigners  £100,000.  Locke. 

3.  To  be  bound  to  ascribe  ; to  be  obliged  for. 

By  me  upheld,  that  he  may  knowhow  frail 

Ilis  fallen  condition  is,  and  to  me  owe 

All  his  deliverance,  and  to  none  but  me.  Milton. 

4.  fTo  be  due,  as  a consequence. 

O,  deem  thy  fall  not  owed  to  man’s  decree; 

Jove  hated  Greece,  and  punished  Greece  in  thee.  Pope. 

See  Ought. 

f OWE  (5),  v.n.  To  be  bound  or  obliged.  Fisher. 

oW'IJL-TV,  n.  [L.  ccqualitas,  equality ; wgualis, 
equal.]  {Late A)  The  difference  which  is  paid, 
or  secured,  by  one  coparcener  to  another,  for  the 
purpose  of  equalizing  a partition.  Bouvier. 

“ A half  French  word,  sometimes  written  ovel- 
ty  and  ovealty .”  Cowell. 

OW'yN-lTE,  n.  A follower  of  Robert  Owen,  who 
attempted  to  reorganize  society.  Smart. ' 

OW'ING,  p.  & a.  1.  Due  as  a debt.  “ The  debt 
owing  from  one  country  to  another.”  Locke. 

2.  Imputable  to,  as  an  agent ; attributable  to. 

The  ruin  of  Greece  was  owing  to  the  former  [the  custom  of 
particular  impeachments].  Swift. 

3.  Ascribable  as  an  effect  or  consequence. 

His  misery  is  owing  to  his  carelessness.  Smart. 

■(Ktr-  “ A practice  has  long  prevailed  among  writers 
to  use  owing,  the  active  participle  of  owe,  in  a passive 
sense,  for  owed  or  due..  Of  this  impropriety  some 
writers  were  aware,  and  having  no  quick  sense  of  the 
force  of  English  words,  have  used  due  in  the  sense  of 
consequence  or  imputation,  which  by  other  writers  is 
only  used  of  debt.”  Johnson.  — Seo  Due. 


6WL,  n.  [A.  S.  ule\  Dut.  nil; 

Ger.  eule ; Dan.  ugle ; Icel. 
ugla;  Sw.  ugla  and  uggla. — 

L.  ulula ; Fr.  liulotte.  — Sanse. 
uluka.  — “ The  name  appears 
to  be  formed  from  the  howl- 
ing cry  of  the  bird.”  Bos- 
worth .] 

1.  ( Ornith .)  A bird  of  the 

order  Accipitres,  family  Stri- 
gides,  or  the  Lmnsean  genus  (Strixflammca). 
Strix.  Gray. 

A falcon,  towering  in  her  pride  of  place, 

Was  by  a mousing  owl  hawked  at  and  killed.  Shale. 
Owls  are  distinguished  by  having  a large  head, 
great,  projecting  eyes,  directed  forwards  and  sur- 
rounded with  a circle  or  disk  of  loose  and  delicate 
feathers,  a strong,  hooked  bill,  crooked  claws,  and  a 
downy  plumage.  Their  sense  of  hearing  is  very  acute. 
They  feed  on  birds  and  quadrupeds,  and  even  fish, 
according  to  the  size  of  the  species.  The  geographical 
distribution  of  owls  is  very  wide,  species  being  found 
in  Europe,  Asia,  Africa,  America,  and  Australia. 
Though  chiefly  nocturnal,  some  species  are  able  to  fly 
and  see  distinctly  in  open  day.  Eng.  Cyc. 

2.  A kind  of  pigeon. 

The  varieties  of  this  bird  [the  pigeon]  produced  under  the 
fostering  hand  of  man,  the  tumblers,  croppers,  jacobins, 
runts,  spots,  turbits,  owls,  nuns,  &c.,  would  till  a volume. 

Eng.  Cyc. 

OWL,  v.  n.  (Law.)  To  carry  on  a contraband  or 
unlawful  trade  ; to  skulk  about  with  contraband 
goods.  Perry . 

OWL'p  [ciul'er,  8.  W.  P.  Ja.  K . ; fil'er,  Sm.],  n. 
(Law.)  One  who  is  guilty  of  the  offence  of 

owling.  Tatler . 

OYVl'ET,  n.  [F.  liulotte.  — See  Owl.]  An  owl. 

Forth  from  his  (lark  and  lonely  hiding-place 
(Portentous  sight!)  the  owlet  Atheism, 

Sailing  on  obscene  wings  athwart  the  noon, 

Drops  his  blue  fringed  lids,  and  holds  them  close, 

And  hooting  at  the  glorious  sun  in  heaven, 

Cries  out,  Where  is  it?  Coleridge. 

Xfcgr’  “ It  is  not  the  diminutive  [of  owl],  but  is  often 
so  understood.”  Smart. 

OWL'ING,  n . (Old  Eng.  Laic.)  The  offence  of 
transporting  wool  or  sheep  out  of  the  kingdom. 

XjQT  “ Blackstone  seems  to  intimate  that  owling  re- 
ceived its  name  from  the  time  when  it  was  usually 
committed,  viz.,  the  night,  when  oivls  fly  ; by  others  it 
is  thought  to  be  a corruption  of  wo  oiling.”  Richardson. 

OWL'ISH,  a.  Resembling  an  owl ; owl-like.  “ Thy 
dull,  oivlish  sight.”  Observer. 

oWL'-LIGHT  (bul'lit),  n.  Glimmering  or  feeble 
light.  Warburton. 

OWL'— LIKE,  a.  Resembling  an  owl;  owlish. 
“ An  owl-like  watchman.”  Donne. 

OWN  (on),  a.  [A.  S.  agen ; Dut.  §■  Ger.  eigen ; 
Dan.  (S,  Sw.  egen. — See  Owe.]  Belonging; 
possessed  ; peculiar ; proper  to  ; belonging  or 
peculiar  to  me  ; as,  “My  own.” 

j It  is  added  by  way  of  emphasis  to  the  posses- 
sive pronouns,  7 ny,  thy , his,  her,  our,  your,  their. 

jjgy-  “ The  noun-substantive,  though  very  frequent- 
ly understood,  is  never  of  necessity  considered  as  in- 
cluded in  the  word  [own],  which  may  therefore  al- 
ways be  deemed  an  adjective.”  Smart. 

OWN  (on),  v.  a.  [See  Owe.]  [i.  owned  ; pp. 

OWNING,  OWNED.] 

1.  To  possess  or  hold  by  right ; to  have  the 
right  to  property  in. 

Of  Cambnll  and  of  Algarsife, 

And  who  had  Canace  to  wife. 

That  owned  the  virtuous  ring  and  glass.  Milton. 

2.  To  acknowledge ; to  avow;  to  recognize; 
to  confess  ; to  allow. 

Others  will  own  their  weakness  of  understanding.  Locke. 

Syn.  — -See  Acknowledge,  Allow,  Recog- 
nize. 

OWN'p  (sn'er),  n.  One  to  whom  any  thing  be- 
longs ; the  rightful  possessor  or  proprietor. 

The  oivner  is  he  who  has  dominion  of  a thing  real  or  per- 
sonal. corporeal  or  incorporeal,  which  he  has  a right  to  enjoy 
and  do  witli  it  what  he  pleases.  Bouvier. 

Syn.  — See  Possessor. 

OWN'ER-SHIP  (on'er-shlp),  n.  Rightful  posses- 
sion or  property  ; the  right  by  which  a thing  be- 
longs to  some  one  in  particular  to  the  exclusion 
of  all  other  persons  ; proprietorship.  Ayliffe. 

f oWRE  (ofir),  n.  [L.  urus.]  {Zord.)  A quadru- 
ped ; — perhaps  aurochs,  or  Bosurus.  Ainsworth. 

oW§E,  n.  The  hark  of  a young  oak  beaten  small, 
and  mixed  with  water ; ooze,  [it.]  Crabb. 


•MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE. 

128 


-<?,  9,  ?>  it  soft; 


G,  £,  I,  hard;  as  z;  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


OWSER 


1018 


OXYMORON 


6\V'§£R,  re.  Same  as  Owse,  or  Ooze.  Crabb. 

OX  (oks),  re. ; pi.  oxen.  [Goth,  auhs  ; A.  S.  oxa ; 
Dut.  us ; Ger.  ochs  ; Dan.  oxe,  and  okse  ; Ieel.  ox  ; 
Sw.  oxe  ; Arm.  os.  — \V.  ych.  — Sansc.  uksha.] 
(Zodl.)  The  general  designation  for  the  differ- 
ent species  and  varieties  of  the  ruminant  quad- 
rupeds belonging  to  the  genus  Bos  ; generically 
distinguished  by  having  smooth,  hollow,  persist- 
ent horns  growing  on  a bony  core,  by  having 
the  body  thick  and  heavy,  the  tail  long,  termi- 
nated by  a tuft  of  hair,  and  by  four  inguinal 
mamma-.  Bell. 

Tile  male  of  this  genus  is  called  a bull ; the 
female,  a cow,  and  the  young,  a calf.  The  name  of 
ox  is  specifically  given  to  the  castrated  male,  and  he 
is  called  an  ox-calf  or  bull-calf  until  he  is  a twelve- 
month  old,  a steer  until  he  is  lour  years  old,  and  after 
that  an  ox  or  bullock.  Maunder. 

OX-A9’!D,  re.  ( Chem .)  An  acid  containing  oxy- 
gen. Thomson. 

OX-Al'A-MIDE,  n.  (Chem.)  Oxamide.  P.  Cyc. 

OX'A-LATE,  n.  [Fr.]  (Chem.)  A salt  formed  by  a 
combination  of  oxalic  acid  with  a base.  Brancle. 

OX-Al/IC,  a.  [Gr.  6(aU;,  sorrel;  L.  oxalis ; Fr. 
oxaliqite,  oxalic.]  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  ob- 
tained from  Oxalis  or  sorrel. 

Ifjj-  Oxalic  acid  exists  in  the  form  of  an  acid  salt  of 
potassa,  in  a great  number  of  plants,  particularly  in 
the  species  of  Oxalis  and  Rumex.  Combined  with 
lime,  it  also  forms  a part  of  several  lichens.  It  is  com- 
posed of  two  equivalents  of  carbon  and  three  of  oxy- 
gen, and  is  usually  prepared  by  the  action  of  diluted 
nitric  acid  upon  sugar.  Grultam. 

OX'A-LIS,  n.  [Gr.  d|aJ.i't,  sorrel  ; l(vc,  sharp;  L. 
oxalis.)  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants  the  leaves  of 
which  have  an  acid  taste  ; sorrel.  Loudon. 

OX'AL-ITE,  n.  (Min.)  A native  oxalate  of  iron  ; 
humboldtine.  Dana. 

OX'A-LYLE,  n.  [Gr.  sharp,  and  v2y,  princi- 
ple.] (Chem.)  The  hypothetical  radical  of  ox- 
alic acid  ; carbonic  oxide.  Graham. 

OX-AM'IC,  a.  [Gr.  d£6s,  sharp,  and  Eng.  ammo- 
nia.] (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  produced  by  the 
destructive  distillation  of  binoxalate  of  ammo- 
nia. Brande. 

OX'A-MIDE,  n [Fr.]  (Chem.)  Oxalate  of  am- 
monia less  two  equivalents  of  water.  Dumas. 

OX'bAne,  n.  A plant  Ainsworth. 

OX'BIRD,  n.  (Ornith.)  The  common  name  of  a 
species  of  sand-piper ; the  dunlin  ; Trinqa  va- 
riabilis.  Yarrell. 

OX'-BOW,  n.  A piece  of  curved  wood  put  round 
the  neck  of  a draught  ox,  and  serving  as  a kind 
of  collar.  Simmonds. 

OX'EYE  (oks'l),  n.  1.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the  genus 
Buphthalmum , so  called  in  allusion  to  the 
broad  open  disk  of  the  flowers:  — a plant  of  the 
genus  Anthemis : — a plant  of  tire  genus  Chrys- 
anthemum, called  also  ox-eye  daisy  : — a plant 
of  the  genus  Ilelenium  ; sneeze-wort;  Ilelenium 
autumnale.  Loudon.  Eng.  Cyc.  Dunylison. 

2.  (Ornith.)  A name  of  the.larger  titmouse; 
Pants  major.  Ray. 

OX'EYED  (oks'ld),  a.  Having  eyes  like  those  of 
an  ox  ; having  large  eyes. 

The  Greek  Is  (hiMirif  ttfirvia  "Him,  which  is  commonly 
translated  the  venerable  ox-eyed  Juno.  Pojie. 

Ilomer  useth  that  epithet  of  ox-eyed , in  describing  Juno, 
because  a round,  black  eye  is  the  best.  Burton. 

OX'FLY,  n.  (Ent.)  A fly  hatched  under  the  skin 
of  cattle ; (Estrus  bovis.  Johnson. 

OX'— G ALE,  n.  The  fluid,  or  bile,  contained  in 
the  gall-bladder  of  the  ox.  Simmonds. 

OX'gAng,  n.  [Ger.  ochs,  an  ox,  and  gang,  a 
walk.]  (Old  Eng.  Law.)  As  much  land  as  one 
ox  can  plough  in  one  season,  varying  in  amount, 
but  commonly  taken  for  15  acres.  Whishaw. 

OX'— GOAD,  n.  A rod  with  a point  or  goad  for 
driving  oxen.  Judges  iii.  31. 

Ox'-hAr-ROVV,  n.  A large  sort  of  harrow;  — 
sometimes  called  a drag.  Farm.  Ency. 

OX'— II EAD,  n.  The  head  of  an  ox.  Shah. 

OX'HEAL  (oks'hel),  n.  (Bot.)  A species  of  helle- 
bore ; bear’s-foot ; TTelleborusfcetidus. Ainsworth. 


OX'— HIDE,  n.  1.  The  hide  of  an  ox  ; the  dried  or 
the  tanned  skin  of  the  ox. 

2.  A measure  of  land,  being  as  much  as  could 
be  encircled  by  narrow  strips  cut  from  a single 
hide.  Gent.  Mag. 

OX'IIOOF,  n.  (Bot.)  The  leaves  of  species  of 
Cauiotrctus  and  Bauhinia,  sometimes  used  as 
mucilaginous  remedies.  Eng.  Cyc. 

OX-J-DA-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [Fr.  oxydabilite.]  Capabil- 
ity of  being  converted  into  an  oxide.  Wright. 

OX'I-DA-BLE,  a.  [It.  ossidabile;  Fr.  oxydable .] 
That  may  be  oxidized  ; oxidizable.  Phil.  Mag. 

OX'I-dATE,  v.  a.  & n.  [It.  ossidare-,  Sp.  oxidar ; 
Fr.  oxyder .]  [i.  oxidated;  pp.  oxidating, 

oxidated.]  To  convert  into  an  oxide;  to  com- 
bine with  oxygen  ; to  oxidize.  Ure. 

6X-|-DA'TION,  n.  [It.  ossidazione;  Sp.  oxida- 
cion  ; Fr.  oxydation.]  The  act  of  oxidizing  or 
combining  with  oxygen  ; the  process  of  con- 
verting metals  or  other  substances  into  oxides, 
by  combining  with  them  a certain  portion  of 
oxygen  ; oxidizement ; oxygenation. 

J5£§=  “ It  differs  from  acidification  in  the  addition  of 
oxygen  not  being  sufficient  to  form  an  acid  with  the 
substance  oxidated.”  Hoblyn. 

OX'I-DA-TOR,  n.  A contrivance  to  throw  an  ex- 
ternal current  of  air  upon  the  flame  of  an  ar- 
gand  lamp  ; an  oxygenator.  IF.  Ency. 

OX'IDE,  n.  [Gr.  6(lj;,  sharp.  — It.  ossido  ; Sp.  ox- 
ido  ; Fr.  oxyde.\  (Chem.)  A substance  com- 
bined with  oxygen  without  being  in  the  state  of 
an  acid ; a combination,  not  acid,  of  a simple 
body  with  oxygen.  Ure. 

/£g=  The  metallic  oxides  are  a most  important  class 
of  bodies.  The  first,  second,  third,  &c.,  oxides  of  one 
base  are  designated  by  the  terms  protoxide,  deutoxide, 
tritoxide , &c.  ; and  when  the  base,  without  becoming 
acid,  is  saturated  with  oxygen,  it  is  termed  a peroxide. 
Brande. 

lEg=  This  word,  and  others  of  the  same  family,  are 
by  some  written  with  a y,  as  oxyde,  or  oxyd,  oxydatc, 
&c.  ; and  this  orthography  is  in  accordance  with  ety- 
mology. Yet  the  orthography  of  oxide,  oxidate,  See., 
is  that  of  the  English  scientific  dictionaries,  encyclo- 
paedias, &c.,  and  seems  to  be  established  by  common 
usage,  especially  in  chemical  and  scientific  works. 
Smart  says,  “Oii/efe  is  etymologically  correct  ; but  the 
other  form  (oxide,  Sec.)  exhibits  the  scientific  termina- 
tion by  which  compounds  are  distinguished  that  pos- 
sess no  sensible  properties  of  acids,  and  are  supporters 
of  combustion.” 

OX-ID-IZ'A-BLE,  a.  That  maybe  oxidized;  ox- 
idable.  Brande. 

OX'ID-IZE,  v.  a.  [i.  oxidized  ; pp.  oxidizing, 
oxidized.]  To  change  to  the  state  of  an  oxide  ; 
to  combine  with  oxygen ; to  oxidate.  Brande. 

OX'ID  IZE-M^NT,  re.  The  act  of  oxidizing;  ox- 
idization ; oxidation.  Henry. 

OX-I-OD'IC,  a.  Relating  to,  or  consisting  of,  a 
compound  of  oxygen  and  iodine.  Brande. 

OX'— LIKE,  a.  Resembling  the  ox.  Booth. 

OX' LIP,  n.  [A.  S.  oxan-slippa .]  (Bot.)  A kind 
of  primrose  ; Primula  clatior. 

I know  a bank  whereon  the  wild  thyme  blows, 

Where  the  oxlip  and  the  nodding  violet  grows.  Sheik. 

IIT, r~  So  called  frotfi  some  likeness  in  the  flowers  to 
the  lips  of  the  ox,  or  from  the  grateful  scent  of  the 
flowers.  Skinner. 

OX-O'NI-AN,  n.  1.  A member,  or  a graduate,  of 
the  University  of  Oxford,  in  England.  Qu.  Rev. 

2.  A kind  of  shoe  worn  by  men.  Simmonds. 

OX'PECK-ER,  n.  (Ornith.)  A bird  of  the  family 
Bxtphayinai,  or  beef-eaters.  Swainson. 

OX'— STALL,  n.  A stand  or  stall  for  oxen. 

OX'Tf.R,  n.  [A.  S.  oxta.  — L.  axilla .]  The  arm- 
pit. [North  of  England.]  Brockett. 

OX'TONGUE  (oks'tung),  re.  (Bot.)  1.  A kind  of 
plant  covered  with  strong  prickles;  Helmin- 
thia  echioides.  Eng.  Cyc. 

2.  A plant  of  the  genus  Pirns.  Loudon. 

3.  A plant  of  the  genus  Anchusa  ; bugloss. 

Wood. 

OX-Y-tEHLO'RIC,  a.  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  ob- 
tained from  chlorate  of  potassa,  and  called  also 
perchloric  and  hyperchloric  acid.  Graham. 

6x'Y-CRATE,  re.  [Gr.  ofsoarov ; d^vs,  sharp,  and 


Kipatn,  to  mix  ; It.  ossicrato  ; Fr.  oxycrat.]  A 
mixture  of  water  and  vinegar.  Wiseman. 

OX'Y-I^EN,  re.  [Gr.  o|£>?,  sharp,  and  '.u>,  to 
generate  ; “ i.  e.  generator  of  acids,  and  such  it 
was  believed  to  be  exclusively,  at  the  period 
when  the  name  was  given  to  it.”  Dunylison. — 
It.  ossigeno  ; Sp.  oxigeno  ; Fr.  oxygine .] 

1.  (Chem.)  A colorless,  inodorous,  tasteless, 
and  non-metallic  elementary  body. 

03“  Oxygen  is  a permanent  gas,  when  uncombined, 
and  forms  one  fifth  part  of  the  air  of  the  atmosphere. 
In  a state  of  combination,  this  element  is  the  most 
extensively  diffused  body  in  nature,  entering  as  a 
constituent  into  water,  into  nearly  all  the  earths  and 
rocks  of  which  the  crust  of  tiie  globe  is  composed, 
and  into  almost  all  organic  products.  Many  of  its 
compounds  are  acids,  — whence  the  name  oxygen, 
given  to  it  by  Lavoisier, — but  it  unites  in  prefer- 
ence with  single  equivalents  of  a large  proportion 
ot  the  metallic  class  of  elements,  and  forms  bodies 
which  are  alkaline,  or  have  the  character  of  bases. 
Some  of  its  compounds  are  neither  acid  nor  alkaline, 
and  are  therefore  called  neutral  bodies.  Oxygen  was 
discovered  by  Dr.  Priestley  in  1774,  and  about  a year 
afterwards  by  Scheele,  in  Sweden,  without  any 
knowledge  of  Priestley’s  experiments.  It  was  at  first 
called  deplilogislicated  air , because  it  is  non-infiauima- 
ble,  empyreal  air,  because  it  supports  combustion,  and 
vital  air,  because  it  is  necessary  to  respiration.  Gra- 
ham. 

02f-  “The  word  oxygen  is  too  deeply  rooted  in  sci- 
entific nomenclature  to  he  safely  removed  ; but  it  may 
he  taken  as  a remarkable  instance  of  an  abiding  word 
which  changed  its  original  meaning  within  a com- 
paratively, short  period  after  its  introduction.”  Tom- 
linson. 

2.  A manufacturing  name  for  bleaching- 

powder.  Simmonds. 

OX'Y-^EN-ATE,  v.  a.  [It.  ossigenare ; Sp.  oxi - 
genar ; Fr.  oxygener.]  To  combine  or  impreg- 
nate with  oxygen  ; to  oxygenize.  Brande. 

(J X ' Y-9KN-AT- 9 D,  p.  a.  Combined  with  oxygen. 

OX-Y-^EN-A'TION,  n.  [It.  ossigenazione ; Sp. 
oxigenacion;  Fr.  oxygenation .]  The  act  of  ox- 
ygenating or  combining  with  oxygen. 

0®“  “ A term  often  used  as  synonymous  with  oxi- 
dation ; it  differs,  however,  from  it  in  being  of  more 
general  import,  every  union  with  oxygen  being  an 
oxygenation  ; whereas  oxidation  takes  place  only  when 
an  oxide  is  formed.”  Hoblyn. 

OX'Y-^EN-A-TOR,  re.  A contrivance  for  throw- 
ing a current  of  air  on  the  flame  of  an  argand 
lamp;  an  oxidator.  Simmonds. 

OX'Y-<?EN-IZ-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  oxygen- 
ized, or  oxygenated.  Wright. 

OX'Y-I^JEN-IZE,  V,  a.  [*.  oxygenized  ; pp.  oxy- 
genizing, oxygenized.]  To  impregnate  or 
combine  with  oxygen  ; to  oxygenate.  P.  Cyc. 

OX'Y-QEN-IZE-MENT,  re.  Oxygenation.  Wright. 

OX-YG'5-NOUS,  a.  Relating  to,  or  containing, 
oxygen.  Brande. 

OX'Y-GON,  re.  [Gr.  <i£uj,  sharp,  and  ywria,  an 
angle;  Sp.  oxigonio  ; Fr.  oxygone.]  (Guam.)  A 
triangle  having  three  acute  angles  ; an  acute- 
angled  triangle.  Davies. 

OX-YG'O-NAL,  a.  Having  three  acute  angles  ; 
acute-angled.  . Francis. 

OX-Y-GO'Nl-AL,  a.  Oxygonal.  Maunder. 

OX-Y-IIY'DRO-tjJEN,  re.  1.  (Chem.)  A name  given 
to  a kind  of  blow-pipe  by  which  a stream  of 
lighted  hydrogen,  as  it  escapes  from  a nozzle,  is 
supplied  with  pure  oxygen,  thus  producing  an 
intense  heat.  Iloblyn. 

2.  (Opt.)  A kind  of  microscope,  which  has 
now  almost  entirely  superseded  the  solar  micro- 
scope ; — so  called  because  the  illumination,  in- 
stead of  being  produced  by  the  sun’s  rays,  is 
produced  by  burning  a small  piece  of  lime  or 
marble  in  a stream  of  oxyhydrogen  gas.  Brande. 

OX'Y-MEL,  re.  [Gr.  itypth;  d|£i,  acid,  and  plh, 
honey;  L.  oxymeli ; It.  ossimele;  Sp.  ojimel\ 
Fr.  oxymeli]  A mixture  of  vinegar  and  honey 
boiled  to  a sirupy  consistence.  Arbuthnot. 

OX-Y-MO'RON,  re.  [Gr.  i(vpwpov;  i(0s,  pointed, 
and  piopi is,  foolish.]  (Rhct.)  A figure  by  which 
words  or  phrases  of  contrary  signification  are 
united,  thus  producing  a seeming  contradic- 
tion; as,  “Cruel  kindness”;  “ Laborious  idle- 
ness.” Andrews. 


FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  E,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE, 


OXYMURIATE 


1019 


PACHA 


OX-Y-MU'RI-ATE,  n.  ( Chem .)  The  name  for- 
merly applied  to  a compound  now  called  a 
chloride.  Brancle. 

Oxymuriate  of  lime , chloride  of  lime,  a valuable 
bleaching  compound. 

OX-Y-MU-RI-AT'JC-AC'ID,  n.  (Chem.)  A name 
formerly  applied  to  chlorine.  Davis. 

OX'Y-O-PY,  n.  [Gr.  6(v s,  sharp,  and  vision.] 
Increased  sensibility  of  the  retina,  by  which  the 
smallest  objects  are  clearly  seen,  for  a few  mo- 
ments, in  the  weakest  light.  Dunglison. 

OX-YPII'O-NY,  n.  [Gr.  o(bs,  sharp,  and  (pun’ll , 
voice.]  Acuteness  or  shrillness  of  voice.  Smart. 

OX-Y-PRUS'SIC,  a.  (Chem.)  A name  formerly 
given  to  the  acid  now  called  chloro-cyanic  or 
chloro-prussic  acid,  from  its  being  supposed 
that  the  hydro-cyanic  acid  had  acquired  oxygen 
on  being  mixed  with  chlorine.  Hoblyn. 

OX-YR'  1-4,  n.  ( Bot .)  A genus  of  plants  contain- 
ing only  one  species,  the  Oxyria  reniformis,  or 
mountain  sorrel.  Eng.  Cyc. 

OX-YR'RHO-DINE  (oks-rr'o-dln),  n.  [Gr.  oHpjiob 1- 
vov;  d(us,  sharp,  and  [>6 lor,  a rose.]  (Med.)  A 
composition  of  vinegar  and  roses.  Dunglison. 

GX'Y-SALT,  n.  (Chem.)  A salt  resulting  from 
the  union  of  an  oxygen  acid  and  a salifiable 
base;  an  oxysel.  — See  Salt.  Hoblyn. 

OX'Y-SEL,  n.  (Chem.)  A salt  formed  from  an 
oxygen  acid  and  a base  ; an  oxysalt.  Vre. 

OX-Y-SUL'PHU-RET,  n.  A combination  of  sul- 
phur with  a metallic  oxide.  Craig. 

OX-Y-TAR'TRATE,  n.  The  former  name  of  ace- 
tate of  potash.  Craig. 

OX'Y-TONE,  n.  [Gr.  o(hovos,  sharp,  having  the 
acute  accent ; d(vs,  sharp,  and  rdro;,  tone.]  A 
word  with  an  acute  sound,  or  having  an  aente 
accent  on  the  last  syllable.  Smart. 

O'YER  [o'yer,  II P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  Sm.  I Vr.\  a.e'y?r, 
K. ; <>y 'er,  S.  IF6.1,  n.  [Norm.  Fr.  oyer,  to  hear  ; 
Fr.  ou'ir.)  (Law.)  Formerly,  the  hearing  a deed 


read,  which  a party  sued  on  a bond,  &c.,  might 
pray  or  demand,  and  it  was  then  read  to  him  by 
the  other  party  : — in  modern  practice,  a copy 
of  a bond  or  specialty  sued  upon,  given  to  the 
opposite  party,  in  lieu  of  the  old  practice  of 
reading  it.  Burrill. 

Oyer  and  terminer , (Eng.  Law.)  the  assizes;  — so 
called  from  the  commission  of  oyer  and  terminer  di- 
rected to  the  judges,  empowering  them  “ to  hear  and 
determine  ” all  treasons,  felonies,  and  misdemeanors  : 

— in  the  U.  S.,  the  highest  criminal  courts.  Burrill. 

6- YES'  [o-yes',  S.  Sm.  B.  ; o-yis',  W.  P.  F. ; o'yes, 
E.  ; o'ya,  Ja.],interj.  [Fr.  oyez,  hear  ye.]  (Law.) 
A call  for  attention,  thrice  repeated  by  a sheriff 
or  crier,  as  an  introduction  to  a proclamation  ; 

— written  also  oyez. 

OY'LET— HOLE,  n.  See  Eyelet.  Prior. 

OYS'TER,  n.  [Gr.  oarpiuv,  L.  ostrea-,  It.  ostrica  ; 
Port.  § Sp.  ostra  ; Fr.  huitre.  — A.  S.  ostre\ 
Dut.  ocster ; Ger.  austcr ; Dan.  aster  ; Icel.  os- 
tra ; Sw.  ostra.  — Bret,  histr.]  ( ZoOl .)  A bival- 
vular  testaceous  mollusk  of  the  genus  Ostrea ; 

— a name  especially  applied  to  the  Ostrea  edu- 
lis,  or  edible  oyster. 

It  is  unseasonable  and  unwholesome,  in  all  months  that 
have  not  an  r in  their  name,  to  eat  an  oyster . Butler.  1599. 

flgy  Oysters  are  distributed  very  widely,  and  prin- 
cipally in  the  seas  of  temperate  and  warm  climates. 
They  are  found  on  gravel  and  sand,  in  estuaries,  and 
on  the  sea  coast,  sometimes  attached  to  rocks,  trees, 
&c.,  at  depths  varying  from  the  surface  to  seventeen 
fathoms.  Eng.  Cijc. 

OYS'TER— BED,  n.  A bed  or  breeding-place  of 
oysters.  Pennant. 

OfS'TER— CATCH-ER,  n.  (Ornith.)  A bird  com- 
mon in  the  north  of  Europe,  which  subsists  up- 
on shell-fish  ; Hcematopus  ostralegus.  Yarrell. 

OYS'TER— DREDGE,  n.  A small  dredge  or  drag- 
net for  bringing  up  oysters  from  the  bottom  of 
the  sea.  Simmonds. 

OYS'TER-PAT'TY,  n.  A patty  made  with  oys- 
ters. Simmonds. 

OYS'TJyR-PLANT,  n.  (Bot.)  A species  of  Tra- 


gopogon ; salsify ; Tragopogon  porrifolius  ; — 
so  called  from  its  taste  when  cooked,  which  is 
somewhat  similar  to  that  of  the  oyster.  Clarke. 

OYS'TER— SHELL,  n.  The  shell  of  an  oyster.  Pope. 


OYS'TER— WENCH, 
OYS'TER-WlFE, 
OYS'TER— WOM' AN, 


n.  A woman  who  sells 
oysters.  Hall.  Hudibras. 


O-ZJE  'NJl  (o-ze'na),  n.  [Gr.  o^ama  ; o£w,  to  smell  ; 
L.  ozeena  ; It.  &■  Sp.  ozena  ; Fr.  ozine.]  (Med.) 
An  ulcer  in  the  nose,  discharging  a fetid,  puru- 
lent matter.  Dunglison. 

OZ'MA-ZOME,  n.  See  Osmazome.  Hamilton. 


OZ'O-CENTE,  n.  A fossil  wax.  Clarke. 

OZ-O-CE'RITE,  n.  [Gr.  o£w,  to  smell,  and  Kypd;, 
wax.]  (Min.)  A mineral  consisting  of  carbon 
and  hydrogen,  and  resembling  resinous  wax. 

It  is  translucent,  of  a yellowish-brown  color, 
and  a bituminous  odor.  It  burns  with  a clear,  bright 
flame  without  residue,  and  is  used  in  Moldavia  for 
fuel.  Eng.  Cyc. 


O'ZONE,  n.  [Gr.  6'£w,  to  smell.]  (Chem.)  A gas- 
eous substance  the  true  nature  of  which  is  not 
fully  understood.  — So  named  from  its  peculiar 
odor,  which  resembles  that  produced  when  re- 
peated electric  sparks,  or  the  electric  discharge 
from  a point,  is  passed  through  the  air. 

4Gg=  “ In  the  opinion  of  Faraday,  oxygen  is  an  allo- 
tropic  substance,  — that  is,  a substance  capable,  like 
carbon,  of  appearing  in  various  physical  states  ; and 
he  considers  ozone  one  of  its  forms.  Dr.  Baumert, 
along  with  others,  on  the  other  hand,  while  allowing 
that  oxygen  is  allotropic,  maintains  that  true  ozone  is 
a super-oxide  of  hydrogen.”  JYichol. 

OZ'O-NIZE,  v.  a.  To  impregnate,  or  combine 
with,  ozone.  " Jour,  of  Science. 

CZ-0-n6m'E-TER,  n.  [Eng.  ozone,  and  Gr.  plrpov, 
a measure.]  (Chem.)  An  instrument  for  de- 
tecting the  presence  and  quantity  of  ozone.  It 
consists  of  slips  of  test-paper,  suitably  sus- 
pended, which  are  colored  by  ozone.  Nichol. 


Pthe  sixteenth  letter  of  the  alphabet,  is  a labial 
s consonant,  formed  by  closely  compressing 
the  anterior  part  of  the  lips  ; as  in  pull,  cap. 
It  forms,  with  h following  it,  a digraph  repre- 
senting the  Gr.  <p,  and  equivalent  to  f,  as  in 
phalanx,  epitaph  (84,  85).  It  is  sometimes  si- 
lent before  another  consonant,  as  in  pneumat- 
ics, psalm.  In  etymologies,  it  is  interchanged 
with  f and  V,  and  especially  with  b,  from  its  ap- 
proximation in  sound  to  that  letter,  with  which, 
also,  it  is  sometimes  confounded  in  pronuncia- 
tion, as  by  the  inhabitants  of  certain  counties 
of  Wales,  and  by  the  people  of  Lower  Saxony. 
As  a Roman  numeral,  it  denotes  100,  and,  with 
a dash  over  it  ( p ),  400,000. 

+ PA'A^E,  n.  A toll  for  passage.  — See  Pedage. 

Paages,  pontages,  and  . . . other  vexatious  imposts.  Burke. 

PA  AS  ,n.  [Dut.  paasch. — See  Pasch.]  The  fes- 
tival of  Easter.  [Local,  New  York.]  Bartlett. 
PAb'U-LAR,  a.  [L.  pabitlaris  ; pabulum,  food.] 
Relating  to,  or  affording,  food.  Johnson. 

PAB-U-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  pabulatio ; pabulum, 
food.]  The  act  of  feeding: — fodder.  Cockeram. 


PAb'U-LOUS,  a.  [L.  pabulosus.)  Affording  food 
or  aliment;  alimental.  [r.] 

We  doubt  the  air  is  the  j labuJous  supply  of  fire.  Browne. 
pAb ' U-LtJM,  n.  [L.]  Food;  aliment. 

A pabulum  or  food  of  that  element  [fire].  Bp.  Berkeley. 


PA'CA.n.  (Zonl.)  A thick- 
set, nocturnal,  rodent 
animal,  found  in  South 
America,  having  short, 
thin,  silky,  blackish- 
brown  fur,  with  rows  of 


Paca  ( Ccelogenys  paca). 


parallel  white  spots  along  the  sides ; spotted 
cavy  ; the  Ccelogenys  paca  of  Reugger,  or  the 
Mas  paca  of  Linnmus.  Eng.  Cyc. 

PA'CAL,  n.  (Bot.)  A tree  of  Peru  having  medici- 
nal qualities.  Crabb. 

fPA'cAT-ED,  a.  [L.  paco,  pacatus,  to  pacify.] 
Pacified;  appeased.  Ash. 

PA-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  pacatio.]  The  act  of  paci- 
fying or  appeasing,  [it.]  Bailey.  Coleridge. 

PACE,  n.  [L.  passus  ; pando,  passus,  to  extend, 
to  open  ; It.  passo;  Sp.  pas') ; Fr.  pas.) 

1.  A single  change  of  the  foot  in  walking  ; a 
step ; a tread. 

Behind  her  [Sin],  Death, 

Close  following,  pace  for  pace,  not  mounted  yet 
On  liis  pale  horse.  Milton. 

2.  A linear  measure,  of  uncertain  extent,  de- 
rived from  the  supposed  length  of  the  natural 
step  of  a man,  and  denoting  a double  as  well  as 
a single  step. 

IKg-  In  the  former  application,  it  is  the  distance 
from  the  place  where  either  foot  is  taken  up  to  that 
where  the  same  foot  is  set  down,  being  5 feet,  or,  ac- 
cording to  some,  4|.  feet,  and  termed  the  geometrical 
pace ; in  the  latter,  it  is  the  space  between  tile  feet  in 
walking,  commonly  estimated  at  1 of  a rod,  or  3-Aj 
feet,  or,  roughly,  3 feet.  The  military  pace  is  2,4  feet. 
Holder.  Braude.  Simmontls. 

3.  Manner  of  walking;  gait.  “In  pace  an- 
other Juno.”  Shah.  “With  heavy  pace.”  Addison. 

4.  A peculiar  gait  of  a horse,  in  which  the 

legs  on  the  same  side  are  lifted  together. 
“ Whether  pace  or  trot.”  Hudibras. 

5.  Degree  of  swiftness  or  speed. 


Nor  her  winged  speed 

The  falcon  gentle  could  for  pace  exceed.  Chapman. 
The  beggar  sings  e’en  when  he  sees  the  place 
Beset  with  thieves,  and  never  mends  his  pace.  Dry  den. 

6.  A movement  in  business.  [A  Gallicism.] 

Tlie  first  pace  necessary  for  his  majesty  to  make  is  to  Jail 

into  confidence  witli  Spain.  Temple. 

7.  A part  of  a floor  slightly  raised  above  the 

rest ; a dais.  [Local.]  Ugilvie. 

To  keep  or  hold  pace,  to  move  or  proceed  with  a 
pace  or  step  corresponding  to  that  of  another. 

PACE,  V.  n.  [/.  PACED  ; pp.  PACING,  PACED.] 

1.  To  move  step  by  step,  or  gradually.  Shak. 

2.  To  move  or  pass  on  ; to  go.  Milton. 

3.  To  move,  as  a horse,  by  lifting  together 

the  two  legs  on  the  same  side.  Bailey. 

PACE,  v.  a.  1.  To  walk  or  tread  over  with  meas- 
ured or  formal  steps. 

Who  is  she  that  bears  thy  train, 

Pacing  light  the  velvet  plain  ? Warfon. 

2.  To  measure  by  paces  or  steps;  as,  “To 
pace  a field.” 

3.  To  move  or  cause  to  move  in  measured  or 
regulated  steps;  to  regulate  in  motion. 

Those  that  tame  wild  horses 
Pace  them  not  in  their  hands  to  make  them’ gentle, 

But  stop  their  mouths  with  stubborn  bits,  and  spur  them. 

Till  they  obey  the  manage.  S/iak. 

4.  fTo  surpass;  to  exeed.  Chaucer. 

PACED  (past),  a.  1.  Having  a particular  gait ; — 
chieflv  used  in  composition  ; as,  “ &\ow-paeed.” 

2.  Trained  in  paces,  as  a horse;  — applied  to 
persons,  generally  in  an  ill  sense.  Shak. 

P.Y'CER,  n.  One  that  paces:  — a pacing  horse. 

I PA-9HA'  [pj-shfi',  K.  Sm.  R.  T Vb. ; pa'slii,  F.  Cyc. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,.  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  <?,  9,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  X as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


PACHACAMAC 


PACKWAX 


Wr.  Brando,  Cathericood],  n.  [Arab,  basha ; 
Turk,  pasha.  Buckton.  — Some  derive  pacha 
from  Per.  pal  shah,  the  foot  of  the  king;  oth- 
ers from  pad,  a guardian,  and  shah,  king.  P. 
Cyc.]  (Turkish  Empire.)  Originally,  the  title 
given  to  a minister,  or  chief  assistant  of  the 
sultan,  whether  military  or  learned: — now  ap- 
plied exclusively  to  the  governor  of  a province  ; 
— sometimes  written  pasha,  pashaw,  and  ba- 
shaw. 

The  well-known  distinction  of  ranks  between  the  two 
classes  of  pachas  consists  in  the  number  of  horse-tails  which 
are  carried  before  them  as  standards,  the  higher  having  three, 
and  the  lower  two.  , Braude. 

PACE- A-  CA  'MAC,  n.  The  divinity  worshipped 
by  the  ancient  Peruvians  as  the  creator  of  the 
universe  ; — so  named  from  the  valley  of  Paeha- 
cama,  where  a magnificent  temple  was  erected 
to  his  honor.  Brande. 

PA-gHA'LIC  [pa-sha'lik,  Sm.  B.  C.  B.  Wb. ; pa- 
shal'ik,  K.  (!>.;  pd'slin-llk,  Maunder'],  n.  The 
province  or  jurisdiction  of  a pacha.  [Turkey.] 

1 Valsh. 

PATH- Y- CF.PH '4-la,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  thick, 

and  Kupa/.t],  the  head.]  (Geol.)  A tribe  of  Ento- 
mostraca,  having  the  head  broad  and  shield- 
shaped. Baird. 

PACE-  Y-  CEPE-A-LI  'JVt®,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  thick, 

and  Ktiftah),  the 

head.]  (Orm’f  A.) 

A sub-family 
of  dentirostral 
birds  of  the 
order  Passeres 
and  family  Am-  Pteruthius  erythropterus. 
pelidee ; thick  heads.  Gray. 

PATH-  Y- C OR  ’ M US,  n.  [Gr.  trn^tit,  thick,  and 
Koppos,  the  trunk  of  a tree.]  (Pal.)  A genus  of 
homocercal,  ganoid,  fossil  fishes  having  a very 
thick  body.  Agassiz. 

PAjCH-Y-DAC'TY-LOUS,  a.  [Gr.  w aXbs,  thick, 
and  idKTvXos,  a finger.]  Thick-toed.  Hitchcock. 

PACII'Y-DERM,  n.  [Gr.  ira^vbtppos,  thick-skinned  ; 

thick,  and  fiippa,  skin.]  (Zoul.)  One  of 
the  Pachydermata.  Kirby. 

PATH-Y-DER  ’MA-TA,  n.  pi.  (Zoill.)  An  order 
of  mammals,  distinguished  for  the  thickness  of 
their  skins,  including  all  the  hoofed  quadrupeds 
which  do  not  ruminate,  as  the  elephant,  rhi- 
noceros, horse,  hog,  &e,  Brande. 

PACII-Y-DER'MA-TOUS,  a.  ( Zool .)  Having  a thick 
skin  ; belonging  to  the  Pachydermata.  Lyell. 

1’ At  II  Y-OTE , n.  [Gr.  Tracts,  thick,  and  ov;,  tank, 
the  ear.]  (Zoiil.)  One  of  a family  of  bats  which 
have  thick  external  ears.  Brande. 

PA-CHYP ' TF.-RIS,  n.  [Gr.  iraj^Cs,  thick,  and  itri - 
p<c,  a fern  with  feathery  leaves ; nnpov,  a feather.] 
(Pal.)  A genus  of  fossil  ferns.  Eng.  Cyc. 

PA-CTF'IC,  a.  [L.  pacificvs  ; pax,  peace,  and  facio, 
to  make ; It.  <S;  Sp.  pacifico  ; Fr.  pacifque.] 

1.  Making  or  promoting  peace  ; conciliatory; 
mild ; appeasing  ; as,  “ Pacific  measures.” 

2.  Peaceful ; peaceable ; gentle  ; tranquil ; 

calm.  “ In  my  long  life  and  pacific  prosper- 
ity.” Hall. 

Syn.  — Pacific  signifies  making,  or  disposed  to 
make,  peace  ; peaceable,  disposed  to  be  at  peace,  and 
free  from  war  or  contest ; peaceful , being  at  peace,  or 
free  from  agitation.  Pacific  measures  ; peaceable  dis- 
position ; peaceful  cottage  ; peaceful  life  ; mild  or  gen- 
tle disposition  ; conciliatory  measure.  — See  Gentle. 

PA-CIF'I-CA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  pacified.  Hall. 

PA-ClF'I-CAL,  a.  Pacific,  [r.]  Wotton. 

PA-CIF'J-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a pacific  manner,  [r.] 

rAy-I-Fj-CA'TION,  or  PA-CIF-I-CA'TIOX  [pas-e- 
fg-ka'shun,  W.  P.  J.  F.  \ pa-slf-e-ka'slmn,  Ja.  K. 
Sm.  R.  I F)\] , n.  [L.  'pacification  It.  pneifica- 
zione;  Sp.  pacification ; Fr.  pacification.']  The 
act  of  pacifying;  reconciliation;  adjustment. 
“An  embassy  of  pacification.”  Bacon.  “A 
pacification  of  wrath.”  Hooker. 

TA^-I-FI-CA'TQR,  or  PA-CIf'I-CA-TOR  [pas-e-fe- 
ka'tur,  W.  P.  J.  E.  C.  B. ; p«-slf  e-ka-t'ur,  S.  Ja.  K. 
Sm.  R.],  n.  [L.  pacifico,  pacificatus,  to  pacify.] 
One  who  makes  or  restores  peace  between  con- 
tending parties  ; a peacemaker.  Warburton. 

PA-CIF'I-CA-TO-RY,  a.  [ h.pacificatorius .]  Tend-! 

A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  0, 


1020 


ing  to  make  peace  ; peace-making.  “ Pacifica- 
tory . . . epistles.”  Barrow. 

PA9'!-Fl-1?R,  n.  One  who  pacifies.  Bailey. 

PAtJI'I-FY,  v.  a.  [L.  pacifico  ; pax,  pads,  peace, 
and  facio,  to  make  ; It.  pacificare ; Sp.  pacifi- 
car\  Fr  .pacifier.]  [i.  pacified;  pp.  paci- 
fying, PACIFIED.] 

1.  To  give  or  restore  peace  to;  to  conciliate. 

lie  went  on  as  for  as  York,  to  pacify  and  settle  those 

countries.  Bacon. 

2.  To  appease;  to  calm;  to  still;  to  quiet; 
to  tranquillize  ; — used  of  persons  and  things. 

Hut  lie  will  not  now  be  pacified ; Fabian  can  scarce  hold 
him  yonder.  Shak. 

Then  was  the  king’s  wrath  pacified.  Esth.  vii.  10. 

Syn.  — See  Appease,  Conciliate. 

PACING,  p.  a.  Moving  with  a pace;  as,  “A 
pacing  horse.” 

PACK,  n.  [Dut.  pale ; Gcr.  pack  ; Han.  pakke  ; 
Sw.  pack,  packe  ; Gael.  pac.  — It.  pacco  ; Sp.  ly 
Port,  paquete,  a packet ; Fr.  paquet,  a packet.] 

1.  A bundle  tied  up  or  lashed  for  carriage  or 
transportation;  as  “ A pedler’s  pack.” 

A pack  of  flour,  or  Indian  corn-meal,  flax,  &c., 
weighs  280  lbs.  ; of  wool,  240  lbs.  net.  Simmoiuls. 

2.  A load;  a burden.  “Heap  on  your  head 
a pack  of  sorrows.”  Shak. 

3.  A great  number;  as,  “ A pack  of  trou- 
bles.” Johnson.  — Vulgarly  corrupted  into  “A 
peck  of  troubles.”  Smart. 


A pack  of  blessings  lights  upon  thy  back.  Shak. 

4.  A complete  assortment  of  playing  cards. 

Shuffling  and  dividing  a pack  of  cards.  Addison. 

5.  A number  of  hounds  kept  together  and 
hunting  in  company. 

The  fury  fires  the  pack',  they  snuff,  they  vent, 

And  feed  their  hungry  nostrils  with  the  scent.  Dryden. 

6.  A number  of  persons  confederated,  as  in 
some  bad  design  or  practice ; a crew  ; a gang. 
“ A pack  of  knaves  and  villains.”  Clarendon. 

I ’ll  be  revenged  on  the  whole  pack  of  you.  Shak. 


7.  t A term  of  reproach;  an  impostor.  “ An 

arrant  naughty  p ick.”  Chapman. 

8.  f An  agreement ; a pact.  North. 

PACK,  v.  a.  [Dut.  pakken;  Ger.  packen;  Dan. 
pakke  ; Sw.  packa.  — From  A.  S.  paean,  to  de- 
ceive. Tooke.  — “ It  is  probable  that  some  verb, 
whence  the  Dut.,  Ger.,  Dan.,  Sw.,  and  Eng.  have 
descended,  existed  in  the  A.  S.,  meaning,  as 
those  [verbs]  do,  to  put  together,  to  bind  or  fasten 
up  together  ; and  that  the  false  appearances 
which  caused  the  deception  were  effected  by  the 
manner  in  which  the  package  was  performed.” 
Richardson.]  [i.  packed  ; pp.  packing, 
packed.] 

1.  To  bind  or  lash  together  in  a pack  ; to 
form  into  a pack ; — often  used  with  up  ; as, 
“ To  pack  wool  ” ; “To  pack  vp  rags.” 

2.  To  put  and  press  tightly,  or  in  close  order, 
in  a receptacle;  as,  “ To  pack  goods  in  a box.” 

We  greatly  doubt  whether  any  human  being  ever  succeed- 
ed in  packing  more  wickedness  into  the  space  of  three  hun- 
dred and  sixty-five  days  [than  Barcre].  Macaulay. 

3.  To  put  and  press  things  into  tightly,  or  in 
close  order;  as,  “ To  pack  a trunk.” 

4.  To  put  a pack  upon;  to  load,  as  with  a 
pack.  “And  yet  our  horse  not  packed.”  Shak. 

5.  To  put  together  or  sort,  as  cards,  fraudu- 
lently, or  so  as  to  secure  the  game  unfairly. 


She,  Eros, 

Packed  cards  with  Ciesar,  and  false  played  my  glory.  Shak. 

6.  To  bring  together  and  unite,  as  persons, 
iniquitously,  in  order  by  their  means  to  secure 
some  partial  or  bad  end".  “ They  have  packed 
a Parliament.”  Hudibras. 


A packed  assembly  of  Italian  bishops.  Atterlmry. 


7.  To  confederate,  as  in  some  had  design;  to 
make  an  accomplice. 

Margaret, 

Who.  I believe,  was  packed  in  all  this  wrong, 

Hired  to  it  by  your  brother.  Shak. 

8.  To  send  in  haste. 


He  cannot  live,  I hope,  and  must  not  die 

Till  George  be  packed  with  post-horse  up  to  heaven.  Shak. 


PACK,  v.  n.  1.  To  tie  up  goods  or  place  them  in 
close  order  in  a receptacle.  Cleavcland. 

2.  To  be  pressed  into  some  receptacle;  as, 

“ The  goods  pack  well.”  Smart. 

3.  To  depart  or  remove  in  haste  ; — common- 

ly with  off  or  away.  “ Poor  Stella  must  pack 
off  to  town.”  Swift. 


That,  sir,  which  serves  and  seeks  for  gain, 

And  follows  but  for  form, 

Will  pack  when  it  begins  to  rain, 

And  leave  thee  in  the  storm.  Shak. 

4.  To  concert  bad  measures;  to  confederate 
in  some  bad  design  ; to  unite  in  collusion. 

Go, pack  with  him,  and  give  the  mother  gold.  Shak. 

PACK' A^E,  n.  1.  A parcel  of  goods  packed;  a 
bundle  ;#a  bale  ; a packet;  a pack. 

2.  The  actor  the  manner  of  packing. 

Another  perfection  of  the  animal  body  is  th e package.  Palcy. 

3.  A charge  made  for  packing  goods.  Smart. 

4.  A duty,  formerly  charged  in  the  port  of 

London,  on  goods  imported  or  exported  by 
aliens,  or  by  the  sons  of  aliens.  Ogilvie. 

PACK'CLOTH,  n.  A coarse  baling  material;  a 
cloth  for  packing  goods  in.  Johnson. 

PACK'DUCK,  n.  A coarse  sort  of  linen  for  pack- 
cloths,  &c.  u.  B.  Com. 

PACK'EIi,  n.  One  who  packs;  — specially  one 
who  makes  a business  of  packing  goods  for  tran- 
sit by  sea  or  land;  — also  a person  appointed  to 
pack  beef,  fish,  &c.  Simmonds.  Smart. 

PACKET,  71.  [Sp.  paquete  ; Fr.  paquet.] 

1.  A small  package,  bundle,  or  parcel ; — 
hence  a mail  of  letters. . Shak.  Bacon.  Denham. 

2.  Originally,  a vessel  employed  by  govern- 

ment to  carry  the  mails  between  countries  or 
ports,  and  called  also  packet-boat ; — now  ap- 
plied to  a vessel  which  conveys  passengers  as 
well  as  freight,  whether  between  countries  or 
coastwise.  Brande. 

3.  The  pannel  of  a pack-horse.  . [Cheshire, 

Eng.]  Wright. 

PACK'ET,  v.  a.  [i.  tacketed  ; pp.  packetino, 
Packeted.]  To  bind  up  in  parcels  ; to  pack. 
“ Letters  well  sealed  and  packeted.”  Swift. 

PACKET— BOAT,  n.  A vessel  employed  to  carry 
the  mails.  — See  Packet.  Maunder. 

PACK'ET— DAY,  n.  The  day  for  packing  letters, 
or  for  the  departure  of  a ship.  Simmonds. 

PACK'ET-SHIP,  n.  A ship  that  sails  at  stated 
times  for  carrying  mails  or  passengers.  Qu.  Rev. 
pAG’K'FONG,  n.  The  Chinese  name  of  the  alloy 
of  nickel  and  copper,  commonly  called  German 
silccr-, — also  written  pakfong.  Brande. 

PACK'— HORSE,  n.  A horse  employed  in  carry- 
ing packs  or  loads  on  his  back.  Locke. 

PACK'— HOUSE,  n.  A warehouse.  Simmonds. 

PACK’— ICE,  n.  An  assemblage  of  large  floating 
pieces  of  ice.  Simmonds. 

PACK'JNG,  n.  1.  The  act  of  placing  in  close  or- 
der, or  of  binding  in  a pack  or  bundle. 

2.  Any  material  uked  for  filling  empty  spaces, 

as  tlie  stuffing  round  the  piston  of  a steam- 
engine,  &c.  ’ Simmonds. 

3.  (Masonry.)  Small  stones  embedded  in  mor- 

tar, employed  to  fill  the  vacant  spaces  in  the 
middle  of  walls.  Ogilvie. 

PACK'ING— PRESS,  n.  A hydraulic  press  used  to 
pack  bales  of  linen,  cotton,  &c.,  and  also  to 
draw  piles,  trees,  &c.  P.  Cyc. 

PACK'— LOAD,  n.  The  load  an  animal  can  carry 
on  its  back.  Simmonds. 

PACK'MAN,  n. ; pi.  pAck'men.  One  who  carries 
a pack  on  his  back ; a pedler.  Todd. 

PACK'— PA-PER,  n.  Paper  used  for  packing 
goods.  HalliwcU. 

PACK'— SAD-DLE,  n.  A saddle  on  which  packs  or 
burdens  are  laid.  More. 

PACK'— SHEET,  7i.  A packcloth.  Simmonds. 

PACK'StAFF,  n.  A staff'  to  support  or  carry  a 
pack  ; a pedler’s  staff’.  Bp.  Hall. 

PACK'THREAD  (pak'tlired),  71.  Strong  thread  or 
twine  used  in  tying  up  parcels.  Bacon. 

PACK'WAX,  n.  [Of  uncertain  origin.  Richardson .] 

A name  given  by  butchers  to  a very  strong  liga- 
ment in  the  neck  of  quadrupeds,  proceeding 
from  one  spinous  process  to  another,  and  insert- 
ed in  the  occipital  bone,  the  office  of  which  ap- 
pears to  be  to  assist  in  supporting  the  weight  of 
the  head  ; — called  also  paxicax,  paxy  waxy .fax- 
wax,fxfax,  and  nucha.  Dunglison.  P'aley. 


tJ,  t,  short;  A,  E,  I,  O,  IT,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


PACO 


1021 


PAGEANT 


PA'CO,  n.  [Peruvian.]  (Zolil.)  A species  of  lla- 
ma ; — called  also  alpaca. — See  Alpaca.  P .Cyc. 

PA 'COS,  n.  The  Peruvian  name  of  an  earthy- 
looking  ore,  consisting  of  brown  oxide  ot  iron, 
with  minute  particles  of  native  silver  dissem- 
inated through  it.  Brande. 

TACT,  n.  [L.  pactum  ; paciscor,  pactus , to  bar- 
gain, to  covenant,  or  pango,  pactus,  to  fix,  to 
drive  in,  to  settle  or  agree  upon  ; from  paco, 
pago,  to  agree  ; It.  pattn ; Sp.  pacto  ; Fr.  pacte .] 
A contract ; a bargain  ; a covenant.  Bacon. 

Nor  oath  nor  pad  Achilles  plights  with  thee.  Pope. 

pAc’TFDN,  n.  [L.  p actio.  — See  Pact.]  A bar- 
gain; a pact,  [u.]  Hayward. 

PAC'TION-AL,  a.  Settled  by  bargain  or  agree- 
ment. “ Pactional  and  conditional.” Sanderson. 

PAC-Tl"TIOUS  (psik-fish'us),  a.  [L.  pactitius.) 
Settled  by  covenant  or  bargain.  Johnson. 

PAC-TO'LI-AN,  a.  Relating  to  the  Pactolus,  a riv- 
er in  Lydia,  famous  for  its  golden  sands.  Craig. 

PAD,  n.  [A.  S.  path,  path,  paad,  a path  ; Dut. 
pad  ; Ger.  pfad ; Scot.  paid.  — See  Path.] 

1.  A footpath  ; a pathway  ; a road.  Prior. 

BSP  Still  used,  in  this  sense,  in  Northamptonshire, 

Eng.  Wright. 

2.  A roadster  or  horse  used  under  the  saddle  ; 
an  easy-paced  saddle-horse.  Addison.  Dryden. 

3.  A robber  that  infests  the  road,  usually  on 

foot ; a highwayman  ; a footpad.  Johnson. 

PAD,  n.  [, Skinner  thinks  it  may  be  contracted 
from  Sp.  pajado  ; p'tja,  straw;  It.  paglia ; Port. 
pallia-,  Ft.  paille  ; from  L.  palca,  chaff,  straw. 
— Richardson  says,  “More  probably  from  A.  S. 
pethian,  to  path,  and,  consequentially,  to  tread 
flat,  to  flatten.”] 

1.  Any  thing  flattened  or  compressed,  — ap- 

plied particularly  to  a cushion,  bolster,  or  sad- 
dle, stuffed  with  straw,  hair,  or  other  soft  sub- 
stance. Camden. 

2.  A pannier.  [Norfolk,  Eng.]  Wright. 

3.  A quire  of  blotting-paper.  Wright. 

4.  A tub  for  brewing.  [Local,  Eng.]  Wright. 

5.  A measure  of  fish.  [Local.]  Simmonds. 

PAD,  v.  n.  1.  To  walk ; to  travel  on  foot.  Johnson. 

2.  To  rob  on  foot,  as  a foot-pad.  Dr.  Pope. 

PAD,  v.a.  \i.  padded;  pp.  padding,  padded.] 

1.  To  walk,  or  go  on  foot  in  or  on. 

Two  toasts,  with  all  their  trinkets,  gone, 

Padding  the  streets  for  half  a crown.  Somerville. 

2.  To  tread  or  trample,  as  a path  or  road  in 

untracked  ground  ; hence,  to  beat  smooth  and 
level,  as  a road.  Johnson.  Wright. 

3.  To  stuff  or  furnish  with  a pad  or  padding. 

4.  (Calico-printing.)  To  impregnate  with  a 

' mordant.  Ure. 

f PAD'AR,  n.  Grout;  coarse  flour'.  Wotton. 

PAD'DIJR,  n.  A robber  that  infests  the  road;  a 
pad ; a foot-pad.  [it.]  Hudibras. 

PAD'DING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  stuffing  with  a soft 
substance,  or  of  filling  out  with  an  inner  lining. 

2.  (Calico-printing.)  The  impregnation  of 
the  cloth  with  a mordant.  Ure. 

■3.  Material  for  stuffing,  — particularly  a kind 
of  thick,  coarse  cloth,  made  of  old  rags,  used  as 
an  inner  lining  of  coat-collars,  &e.  Simmonds. 

PAD'DLE  (pad'dl),  v.  n.  [Fr.  patrouitter,  from 
patte,  a paw.]  [*.  paddled;  pp.  paddling, 
paddled.] 

1.  To  beat  water  with  the  hand  or  the  foot ; 
to  play  in  the  water.  . 

A wolf  lapping  at  the -head  of  a fountain,  spied  a lamb 
paddling  a good  way  off.  L' Estrange. 

2.  To  propel  a boat,  as  with  oars  ; to  row. 

As  the  men  were  paddling  for  the!  lives.  L' Estrange. 

3.  To  finger.  “ Paddling  in  your  neck.”  Shah. 

PAD'DLE  (pad'dl),  V.  a.  1.  To  pat  lightly;  to 
touch  gently.  Shah. 

2.  To  propel  with  a paddle,  ns  a boat. 

3.  To  trample.  [Norfolk,  Eng.]  Wright. 

PAD'DLE,  n.  1.  An  implement  for  propelling  or 

steering  a canoe  or  boat,  resembling  an  oar,  but 
shorter,  and  having  a broader  blade.  Johnson. 

2.  A broad  part  of  any  thing,  resembling  the 
blade  of  a paddle. 

Tliou  shalt  have  a paddle  on  thy  weapon.  Dent.  xxiii.  13. 


3.  One  of  the  broad  boards,  or  floats,  on  the 
circumference  of  the  wheel  of  a steam-vessel  ; 
— commonly  called  paddle-board.  Simmonds. 

4.  A name  sometimes  given  to  the  foot  of  a 
chelonian  reptile  or  marine  saurian.  Wright. 

5.  A pannel  in  a lock-gate,  or  sluice,  for  let- 
ting the  water  in  or  out ; a small  sluice.  Francis. 

6.  (Glass-mahing.)  An  implement  for  stirring 

the  sand  and  ashes  in  the  calcar.  Cyc. 

7.  A spade  for  cleaning  a plough ; — called 
also  paddle-staff.  [West  of  England.]  Wright. 

PAD'DLE— BOA-RD,  n.  One  of  the  floats  on  the 
circumference  of  the  wheel  of  a steam-vessel ; 
a paddle.  Simmonds. 

PAD'DLE— BOX,  n.  The  case  or  cover  of  a paddle- 
wheel.  Simmonds. 

PAD'p>L15R,  n.  One  who  paddles.  Beau.  § FI. 

PAD'DLE— SHAFT,  n.  A shaft  to  the  ends  of  which 
the  paddle-wheels  of  a steam-vessel-are  attached, 
and  which,  being  turned  by  the  engine,  causes 
them  to  revolve.  Brande. 

PAD'DLE— STAFF,  n.  1.  A staff  with  a broad 
iron  blade,  used  by  mole-catchers.  Wright. 

2.  A spade  with  a long  handle,  used  by  plough- 
men to  free  the  share  from  earth,  stubble,  &c. ; 
a paddle.  — See  Paddle,  No.  7.  Cyc. 

fAd'DOCK,  n.  [Corrupted  from  parrock ; A.  S. 
pearroc,  parruc,  a park.  Lye.)  Originally,  an 
enclosure  in  a park,  for  hounds  to  run  matches 
in  ; but  now  chiefly  used  of  a small  enclosure 
under  pasture,  adjoining  the  stables  of  a do- 
main, for  turning  in  a sick  horse,  a mare  and 
foal,  or  any  similar  purpose.  Brande. 

PAD'DOCK,  n.  [A.  S.  pad,  pada  ; Dut.  paddc, 
padder ; Sw.  § Icel.  padda .]  A toad.  Shah. 

PAD'DOCK-PfPE,  n.  A plant ; horsetail.  Booth. 

PAD'DOCK— STONE,  n.  A stone  vulgarly  sup- 
posed to  grow  in  the  head  of  a toad,  and  to  pos- 
sess great  magical  and  medical  virtues.  Mason. 

PAD'DOCK— STOOL,  n.  A mushroom,  or  toad- 
stool. [Scot,  and  North  of  Eng.]  Jamieson. 

PAD  DY,  n.  1.  Rice  in  the  husk.  Simmonds. 

2.  [A  contraction  of  Patrick .]  A cant  term 
for  an  Irishman.  Grose. 

PAD-E-Ll'ON,  n.  [Fr.  pas  de  lion,  lion’s  step.]  A 
plant ; the  lion’s-foot.  Ainsworth. 

pAd'E-SOY,  n.  See  Paduasoy.  Simmonds. 

PA-DI-SHAH' , n.  [Per.  pad,  protector  or  throne, 
and  shah,  prince.]  A title  of  the  Turkish  sul- 
tan and  the  Persian  shah.  Brande. 

PAD'LOCK,  n.  [ Skinner  refers  to  Dut.  padde,  a 
toad,  from  its  shape.  — Thompson  suspects  it 
may  be  a lock  for  a^nrf-gate,  or  a gate  opening 
to  a path.)  A movable  lock,  with  a semicircu- 
lar link  to  be  fastened  through  a staple.  Prior. 

PAD'LOCK,  v.  a.  To  fasten  with  a padlock  : — to 
confine  ; to  fetter.  Milton.  Arbuthnot. 

PAD'— nAg,  n.  A saddle-horse  ; pad.  Dr.  Pope. 

PAD'OW-PiPE,  n.  A-plant ; padelion.  Smart. 

PAD-UA-SOW  (pad-u-so!')  [pad-u-sol',  K.  Sm.; 
pad-u-a-sol',  Ja.  Wr.],  n.  (Padua,  in  Italy, 
and  Fr.  soie,  silk.]  A kind  of  silk  ; — sometimes 
contracted  into  padcsoy.  Sheridan. 

PAJ'AN  (pe'an),  n.  [Gr.  Tlaaiv  ; L.  Pecan.) 

1.  (Gr.  Myth.)  The  physician  of  the  gods  ; — 
after  Homer’s  time,  applied  to  Apollo. 

2.  Among  the  Greeks  a hymn  or  chant  in 
honor  of  Apollo,  in  thanksgiving  for  deliver- 
ance, — especially  a triumphal  song.  Lid, dell. 

3.  A loud  or  joyous  song.  Pope. 

4.  (Pros.)  A kind  of  foot;  paion.  Harris. 

F/E-DO-BAP'Tl§M,  n.  See  Pedobaptism. 

PiE'ON,  n.  [Gr.  nauhv  ;.L-  pa-on.)  (Pros.)  Afoot 
consisting  of  one  long  and  three  short  syllables, 
and  called  first,  second,  third,  or  fourth  paeon, 
accordingly  as  the  long  syllable  occupies  the 
first,  second,  third,  or  fourth  place.  Zumpt. 

PIE-0  ' NI-A,  n.  [Gr.  nauovla.)  ( Bot .)  A genus  of 
plants,  of  which  the  species  Pcconia  Officinalis , 
comprising  numerous  varieties,  is  much  cultivat- 
ed for  its  beautiful  flowers ; the  peeony.  Loudon. 

PA5'0-N.Y,  n.  (Bot.)  The  common  name  of  plants 
of  the  genus  Paionia; — written  also  pioiiy. 


PA-GACK1 , n.  A Russian  wine  measure,  contain- 
ing ten  gallons.  Crabb. 

PA'GAN,  n.  [L.  paganus,  a peasant,  a villager; 
pagus,  a hamlet,  a village  ; It.  6,  Sp .p-igano  ; Fr. 

. paien.)  A heathen  ; a gentile  ; a worshipper  of 
idols  or  false  gods  ; one  not  a Jew,  Christian,  or 
Mahometan  ; — anciently  written  paien,  payen, 
painim,  paynim,  and  panym.  Hooker.  Shah. 

If  If  Pagani,  derived  from  pagus,  a village,  signifies 

properly  dwellers  in  hamlets  and  villages Pagans, 

or  villagers,  came  to  be  applied  to  all  the  remaining 
votaries  of  the  old  and  decaying  superstitions,  inas- 
much as  far  the  greater  number  were  of  this  class. 
Trench.  — See  Heathen. 

Syn.  — See  Gentile. 

PA'GAN,  a.  Relating  to  pagans  ; heathenish. 

B ut  such  they  were  as  pagan  use  required.  Dryden. 

PA-GAN  IC,  £ a Delating  to  pagans  ; pagan. 

PA-GAN'I-CAL,  ) Cadicorth. 

PA'GAN-ISH,  a.  Heathenish  ; pagan.  Bp.  King. 

PA'GAN-I§M,  n.  The  religious  worship  or  opin- 
ions of  pagans ; heathenism.  Hooker. 

f PA-GAN'I-TY,  ii.  Paganism.  Strype. 

PA'GAN-IZE,  v.  a.  To  render  paganish.  “So 
miserably  depraved  and  paganized.”  Hally  well. 

PA'GAN-IZE,  v.  n.  To  behave  like  a pagan.  Milton. 

t PA'GAN-LY,  ft.  Like  a pagan.  More. 

PA<?E,  n.  [L.,  It.,  3;  Sp.  pagina ; Fr.  page.) 

1.  One  side  of  a leaf  of  a book. 

A folio  volume  contains  four  fiagcs  in  every  sheet;  a quar- 
to, eight;  an  octavo,  sixteen;  a duodecimo,  twenty -four. 

Brande. 

2.  (Printing .)  Types  set  up  for  one  side  of  a 

leaf.  “Round  the  pages  of  type.”  Brande. 

Paine  cord,  ( Printing .)  small,  strong  cord  for  tying 
round  pages  of  types,  to  secure  them  from  accidents 
till  they  are  imposed.  — Page  paper,  (Printing.)  a 
piece  of  stout,  smooth  paper,  on  which  a page  of  types 
is  placed  till  a sheet  is  ready  to  be  imposed.  Brande. 

PA£E ,n.  [Low  L.  pagius ; It.  paggio;  Sp.  Ac  Fr. 
page. — Of  uncertain  origin.  — Skinner,  Stephens, 
and  Diez  refer  to  Gr.  rats,  a boy,  a servant.  — 
Caseneuve  and  Turnlbe,  to  L.  padagogium,  a 
place  where  boys  of  servile  birth  were  edu- 
cated for  pages  ; from  Gr.  irudayaiyi iov,  a 
school-room  or  school-house.  — Boxhornius,  to 
bagoes,  among  the  Persians  and  Macedonians, 
an  attendant  on  foot  of  the  king.  — Wachter, 
to  Sw.  poike,  a little  boy. — Tooke  says  that 
pack , patch,  and  page  are  the  same  word ; 
viz.,  the  past  part.,  pac  (differently  pronounced 
and  written  with  k,  ch,  or  ge),  of  A.  S.  paccan, 
to  deceive  by  false  appearances,  to  impose 
upon,  and  adds,  “ As  servants  were  contempt- 
uously called  harlot,  varlet,  valet,  and  knave, 
so  they  were  called  pack,  patch,  and  page.”  To 
show  that  the  office  was  not  originally  one  of  hon- 
or, he  adduces  the  following  passages  : “ The 
kyng  hath  power  and  fredom  of  a page  to  make 
a yoman,  of  a yornan  to  make  a gentylman,  of  a 
gentylman  a knight.”  Dives  and  Pauper.  “ I 
had  rather  be  torne  with  wild  horses,  than  any 
varlet  should  have  wonne  such  lots,  or  any  page 
or  pricker  should  haue  had  the  price  [prize]  of 
me.”  History  of  Prince  Arthur.) 

1.  A boy-child ; a boy.  Chaucer. 

In  cradle  it  lay,  and  was  a proper  page.  Chaucer. 

2.  A boy-servant ; particularly,  a boy  or  youth 

attending  on  a royal  or  noble  personage,  and 
sometimes  called^n^e  of  honor.  “ He  had  two 
pages  of  honor.”  Bacon. 

Philip  of  Maccdon  had  a page  attending  in  his  chamber, 
to  tell  him,  every  morning,  Kemember,  O king,  that  thou  art 
mortal.  Wake. 

3.  A shepherd’s  or  brick-layer’s  servant. 

[East  of  Eng.]  Wright. 

4.  A boy  or  man  attending  on  a legislative 
body ; a messenger.  [U.  S.] 

PA£E,  V.  a.  [».  PAGED  ; pp.  PACING,  paged.] 

1.  To  mark  or  number  the  pages  of.  “To 

page  a book.”  Johnson. 

2.  To  attend  as  a page.  .Shak. 

II  PAG'EANT,  or  PA'GEANT  [paj'ent,  S.  IF.  J.  F. 

K.  Sin.  C.  Wr. ; pa'jent,  P.  E.R.  Wb. ; pa'je-ant 
or  paj'ent,  Ja.),  n.  [Of  uncertain  etymology. — 
Tooke  say's  it  is  merely  the  pres,  part.,  ptvcceand, 
of  A.  S . pceccan,  to  deceive  by  false  appearances, 
or  by  imitation ; and  he  traces  the  changes 
thus  : pceceeand,  pacheand,  pacheant,  pageant.) 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — Cl,  y,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  fi,  c,  g,  hard;  ? as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


PAGEANT 


PAINTED 


1022 


1.  Originally,  a showy  or  splendid  represen- 
tation or  exhibition  in  the  public  streets,  on 
some  festive  occasion,  and  containing,  among 
other  objects,  masked  figures  representing  alle- 
gorical personages,  with  appropriate  scenery  : — 
anjr  show,  or  spectacle  of  entertainment ; pomp. 

I ’ll  play  my  part  in  fortune’s  pageant.  Shak. 

The  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  was  fertile  in  pageants  of  an 
extraordinary  magnificence  and  splendor.  Brande. 

2.  A statue  or  any  pompous  decoration  in  a 
show ; an  allegorical  figure  or  representation. 

The  following  pageant,  ...  a huge  floating  mountain,  that 
was  split  in  the  top,  in  imitation  of  Parnassus.  Addison. 

3.  Any  thing  showy,  but  without  duration  or 
stability.  “ The  . . . pageant  of  a day.”  Pope. 

Speaking-  pageant , a pageant  in  which  speeches  in 
verse  or  prose  were  put  into  the  mouths  of  masked 
figures,  and  sometimes  a kind  of  dramatic  entertain- 
ment performed  between  them. 

The  earliest  speaking  pageant  of  which  we  have  any  ac- 
count was  presented  on  the  triumphal  entry  of  Henry  VI. 
into  London,  in  1432.  Brande. 

“ Mr.  Perry,  Buchanan,  and  Entick  pronounce 
the  a in  the  first  syllable  long,  like  that  in  page  ; but 
Mr.  Sheridan,  Dr.  Kenrick,  Mr.  Scott,  and  Mr.  Nares 
make  it  short,  as  in  pad.  That  the  first  is  more  ana- 
logical is  evident,  as  the  accented  a is  succeeded  by 
th  • diphthong  ea  : but  that  the  last  is  more  agreeable 
to  general  usage,  I have  not  the  least  doubt.  The 
same  reason  holds  good  for  the  first  a in  pageantry  ; 
but  usage  is  still  more  decidedly  for  the  short  sound 
of  the  a in  this  word  than  in  pageant.  Mr.  Sheridan, 
Dr.  Kenrick,  Mr.  Perry,  and  VV.  Johnston  adopt  the 
short  sound,  and  Entick  alone  the  long  one.  Abput 
forty  years  ago  [about  1760],  when  Mr.  Garrick  ex- 
hibited a show  in  honor  of  Shakspeare,  it  was  uni- 
versally called  a padjunt .”  fValker. 

||  PA^'flANT,  a.  Showy ; pompous  ; ostentatious  ; 
superficial.  “ Pageant  pomp.”  Dry  den. 

||  PA£'?ANT,  v.  a.  To  exhibit  in  a pageant  or 
show ; to  represent,  [r.]  Shak. 

PA£']>ANT-Ry,  n.  Show;  pomp  ; display;  osten- 
tatious exhibition  or  spectacle.  Dnjdcn . 

What  pageantry,  what  feats,  what  shows.  Shak. 

PAGE  HOOD  (-hud),  n.  The  state  of  a page.  Scott. 

PAf} ' I- A".i,  n.;  pi.  PAfi'i-N. e.  [L.,  a leaf  or 
page.']  ( Bot .)  The  surface  of  a leaf.  Braude. 

PA<?'J-NAL,  a.  [L.  pagina,  a leaf  or  page.]  Con- 
sisting of  leaves  or  pages.  Browne. 

PAp-J-NA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  paging,  or  marking 
the  pages ; marks  or  numbers  on  pages.  Lowndes. 

PACING,  n.  The  act  of  marking  or  numbering 
the  pages  of  a book.  Ash. 

PA'GOD,  n.  An  East  Indian  idol ; a pagoda.  Pope. 
“ They  worship  idols  called pagods.” Stillingflcet. 

PA-GO'DA,  n.  [Sansc.  bhagavati,  holy  house. 
P.  Cyc.  — Corrupted  from  but kadS.C.P. Brown. 
— Per.  poutghad,  house  of  an  idol.] 

1.  An  East  Indian  temple,  containing  an  idol. 

The  pagoda  is  generally  of  three  subdivisions:  first,  an 

apartment  whose  ceiling  is  a dome  resting  on  columns  of 
stone  or  marble;  this  partis  open  to  all  persons;  second,  an 
apartment  forbidden  to  all  but  Brahmins;  third,  and  last,  the 
cell  which  contains  the  statue  of  the  deity,  enclosed  with  a 
massy  gate.  Brandc. 

2.  The  idol  in  an  Eastern  temple.  Brandc. 

3.  A gold  and  also  a silver  coin  current  in 

India,  in  value  from  8s.  to  9s.  sterling  ($‘1.94  to 
$2.18).  Brandc. 

PAG'OD-ITE,  ii.  (Min.)  A mineral  aggregate  or 
rock,  which  the  Chinese  cut  into  images  ; agal- 
matolite  ; figure-stone ; lardite.  Dana. 

PA-GU'RI-AN,  n.  [L.  pajurus,  a kind  of  crab- 
fish  ; from  Gr.  n hyoupns.]  (Zojl.)  One  of  a fam- 
ily of  macrourous,  decapod  crustaceans,  most  of 
the  species  of  which  inhabit,  parasitically,  the 
deserted  shells  of  univalves.  Brande. 

PAfD  (pad),  i.  & p.  from  pay.  See  Pay. 

PAI'GLE  (pa'gl),  n.  A kind  of  cowslip.  B.Jonson. 

PAIL  (pal),  n.  [Gr.  neXl.a,  irO.ts,  irO.Vf,  a wooden 
bowl,  a milk  pail ; L.  pelus,  a basin  ; Sp.  payla, 
a pan;  Old  Fr.  paele,  paesle ; Fr.  poele.  — W. 
paeol .]  An  open  vessel  of  wood,  tin,  or  other 
material,  with  a bail,  used  for  carrying  liquids, 
as  water,  milk,  &c. 

The  pnih  high-foaming  with  a milky  flood.  Pope. 

PAIL'— BRUSH,  n.  A brush  furnished  with  short, 
stiff  bristles  at  the  end,  to  clean  the  corners  of 
vessels.  Farm.  Ency. 


PAlL'FUL,  n. ; pi.  pailfuls.  The  quantity  that 
a pail  will  hold.  ■ Shak. 

PAII. BASSE  (pal-y&s'),  n.  [Fr.,  from  paille  (L. 
palea),  straw.]  A straw  bed.  Sullivan. 

PAIL-MAIL'  (pel-mel'), n.  See  Pallmall.  Digby. 

PAIN  (pan),  n.  ; pi.  pain.s.  [A.  S.  pin , pain,  pun- 
ishment, torture  ; pinan,  to  punish,  to  torture  ; 
Dut.  pijn  ; Old  Ger .pin,  pinu,  pine  : Ger.  pein  ; 
Dan  .pine;  S w.pina.  — W.pocn;  Gael  .plan. — 
Old  Eng.  peine,  peyne,  payne.  — Gr.  iroivtj,  pen- 
alty, and  jrdrat,  toil,  pain ; L.  poena,  penalty, 
pain;  It.,  Sp.,<5;  FoH.pena;  Fr. peine.  — Sansc. 
pana.  — Skinner  and  others  derive  the  A.  S. 
from  the  L.  poena,  Gr.  notvy ; 1'ooke  derives  the 
L.  and  Gr.  from  the  A.  S.] 

1.  Punishment  denounced  or  suffered;  pen- 
alty ; suffering  or  evil  inflicted  as  a punishment. 

Once  more,  on  pain  of  death,  all  men  depart.  Shak. 

Because  Eusebius  hath  yet  said  nothing,  we  will,  by  way 
of  mulct  or  jjain,  lay  it  on  him.  Jiacon. 

2.  An  uneasy  bodily  sensation,  various  in  de- 
gree from  slight  uneasiness  to  extreme  torture  ; 
suffering ; distress  ; agony  ; anguish  ; torment. 

As  the  pains  of  the  touch  are  greater  than  the  offences  of 
the  other  senses,  so  likewise  are  the  pleasures.  Bacon. 

Pain  is  perfect  misery,  the  worst 
Of  evils,  and,  excessive,  overturns 
All  patience.  Milton. 

3.  Uneasiness  of  mind  ; mental  suffering  ; 
disquietude  ; solicitude  ; anxiety  ; chagrin  ; 
vexation;  sorrow;  grief;  anguish;  pang. 

If  the  church  were  once  thus  settled,  we  need  then  be  in 
less  pain  for  the  religion  of  our  prince.  Locke. 

What  pain  do  you  think  a man  must  feel  when  his  con- 
science lays  this  folly  to  his  charge?  Law. 

4.  Toil;  labor;  effort;  task;  — now  used 
only  in  the  plural  form.  — See  Pains. 

Which  I,  with  more  than  with  a common  pain, 

’Gainst  all  the  world  will  rightfully  maintain.  Shak. 

5.  The  throes  of  childbirth  ; pangs.  Dunglison. 

She  bowed  herself  and  travailed;  for  her  pains  came  upon 
her.  1 Sam.  iv.  19. 

To  take  or  to  try  a pain , ( Midwifery .)  to  make  ail  ex- 
amination during  labor,  to  ascertain  its  progress  and 
character.  Dunglison. 

Syn. — Pain  is  an  indefinite  term  with  respect  to 
the  degree  of  suffering,  whether  of  body  or  of  mind,  ft 
may  bo  very  great  or  very  small.  Pain , distress , and 
agony  are  applied  indiscriminately  to  what  is  physi- 
cal and  mental ; pang  and  anguish,  sometimes  to  what 
is  physical,  but  mostly  in  respect  to  what  is  mental. 
Pang  is  a sudden,  sharp  pain  ; agony , a violent  con- 
tinued pain  ; torture , excruciating  or  extreme  pain  ; 
anguish , an  overwhelming  pain.  — See  Evil. 

PAIN,  v.  a.  [i.  pained;  pp.  paining,  pained.] 

1.  f To  torture  or  inflict  suffering  on  as  a pun- 
ishment ; to  punish. 

To  bring  from  thence  men  bound  unto  Jerusalem  that 
they  should  be  pained.  Wickliffe , Acts  ix.  2. 

2.  To  cause  uneasiness  or  suffering  in,  of  any 
degree  of  intensity  ; to  make  uneasy ; to  dis- 
tress ; to  alllict ; to  hurt ; — applied  to  the  body 
or  the  mind.  “ Excess  of  cold,  as  well  as  heat, 
pains  us.”  Bacon.  “ A doubtful  word  that  pains 
his  mind.”  Drydcn. 

Hast  thou  the  pretty  worm  of  Nilus  there, 

That  kills,  and  pains  not?  Shak. 

So  6hall  they  be  sorely  pained  at  thg  report  of  Tyre. 

Isa.  xxiii.  5. 

3.  f To  put  to  trouble  or  pains. 

O,  give  me  pardon 

That  I,  your  vassal,  have  employed  and  pained 
Your  unknown  sovereignty.  * Shak. 

To  pain  one's  self,  to  labor  ; to  take  pains.  Spenser. 
“ lie  pained  himself  to  raise  his  note.”  Drydcn. 

t PAIN'A-BLE,  a.  Inflicting  pain.  Evelyn. 

PAIN'FUL,  a.  1.  Full  of  pain;  miserable. 

But  is  there  vet  no  other  way,  besides 

These  painful  passages,  how  we  may  come 

To  death,  and  mix  with  our  connatural  dust?  Milton. 

2.  Giving  pain  to  the  body  or  the  mind  ; dis- 
tressing ; distressful ; afflicting ; afflictive ; 
grievous  ; disquieting.  “ Painful  diseases.” 
Milton.  “ Her  painful  penance.’5  Spenser. 

Evils  have  been  more  painful  to  us  in  the  prospect  than  by 
their  actual  pressure.  Addison. 

3.  Full  of  labor  or  difficulty  ; requiring  labor 
or  pains  ; difficult.  “ Painful  marches.”  Drydcn. 

When  I thought  to  know  this,  it  was  too  painful  for  me. 

Ps.  lxxiii.  10. 

Even  I,  though  slow  to  touch  the  painful  string, 

Awake  from  slumber,  and  attempt  to  sing.  Smith. 

4.  Laborious  ; exercising  labor ; industrious; 
careful  ; painstaking.  “ Painful  servants.” 
Swift.  “ The  painful  husbandman.”  Dryden. 


it3r*  “ Fuller,  our  church-historian,  having  occa- 
sion to  speak  of  some  famous  divine  that  had  lately 
died,  exclaims,  ‘ O the  painfulness  of  his  preaching  ! ’ 
. . . The  words  are  a record  not  of  the  pain  which  lie 
caused  to  others,  but  of  the  pains  which  he  bestowed 
himself ; and,  I believe,  if  we  had  more  painful 
preachers  in  the  old  sense  of  the  word,  that  is,  who 
took  pains  themselves,  we  should  have  fewer  painful 
ones  in  the  modern  sense,  who  cause  pain  to  their 
hearers.”  Trench. 

Syn.  — See  Hard. 

PAIN'FUL-LY,  ad.  1.  In  a painful  manner;  with 
suffering  or  distress  of  body  or  of  mind.  Johnson. 

2.  With  labor  or  pains  ; laboriously ; indus- 
triously ; sedulously.  Shak.  Raleigh. 

Robin  Redbreast  painfully 

Lid  cover  them  with  leaves.  Children  in  the  Wood. 

PAlN'FUL-NESS,  n.  1.  The  quality  of  being  pain- 
ful; uneasiness  or  distress  of  body  or  of  mind. 
“ In  weariness  and.  painfulness.”  2 Cor.  xi.  27. 

2.  Laboriousness  ; industry  ; painstaking. 

J-ainf illness,  by  feeble  means,  shall  be  able  to  gain  that 
which,  in  the  plenty  of  more  forcible  instruments,  is  throe  eh 
sloth  and  negligence  lost.  , j looker. 

fPAl'NIM  (pa'nim),  n.  [Fr.  paten;  Norm.  Fr. 
paynim.  — See  Pagan.]  A pagan  ; — written 
also  paynim.  Hooker. 

fPAl'NIM  (pa'nim),  a.  Pagan.  Milton. 

PAlN'ING,  n.  Act  of  causing  pain  ; pain,  [it.] 
To  wipe  his  wounds,  and  ease  their  bitter  paining.  Spenser. 

PAIN'LfSS,  a.  Free  from  pain.  Fell. 

PAIN'LySS-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  pain- 

less. “ Relaxation  and  painlessness.”  Bp.  Hall. 


PAIN§,  n.  Labor  ; careful  toil ; care  ; trouble. 

USD  Pains  is  considered  by  grammarians  either 
singular  or  plural,  and  it  has  been  used  in  botli  num- 
bers by  good  writers  ; but  though  it  lias  the  plural 
form,  yet,  in  these  senses,  according  to  the  best  usage, 
it  is  more  commonly  used  as  singular,  and  joined  with 
a singular  verb ; as,  “All  my  pains  is  sorted  to  no 
proof,”  Shalt. ; “The  pains  they  had  taken  was  very 
great,”  Clarendon;  “No  pains  is  taken,”  Pope; 
“Great  pains  is  taken,”  Priestley;  “ Much  pains,” 
Bolingbrokc. — “Your pains  have,”  &.C.  Dnjdcn. 

PAIN§'tAK-ER,  ii.  One  who  takes  pains  ; a la- 
borious person.  Gay. 

PAlN^'TAK-ING,  a.  Laborious;  industrious; 
sedulous  ; careful. 


PAIN§'TAK-ING,  11. 
care ; careful  toil. 


Great  labor,  industry,  or 
More. 


PAINT  (pant),  v.  a.  [Fr.  peindre,  poignant, pcint, 
from  L.  pingo ; It.  pingere ; Sp.  pintar.]  [i. 
FAINTED;  pp.  FAINTING,  PAINTED.] 

1.  To  form  a figure  or  likeness  of  in  colors; 
to  represent  by  colors  ; as,  “ To  paint  a land- 
scape ” ; “ To  paint  a portrait.” 

Wo  ’ll  have  thee,  as  our  rarer  monsters  are, 

Painted  upon  a pole,  and  under  writ, 

“ Here  you  may  see  the  tyrant.”  Shak. 

2.  To  cover  or  coat  with  paint,  color,  or 
colors  ; to  color  ; as,  “ To  paint  a board.” 

Ceiled  with  cedar,  and  jminted  with  vermilion.  Jer.  xxii.  14. 

3.  To  deck  or  adorn  with  colors. 


Such  is  his  will  that  paints 
The  earth  with  colors  fresh, 

The  darkest  skies  with  store  of  light.  Spenser. 

4.  To  represent  or  describe  to  the  mind;  to 
depict ; to  portray ; to  delineate. 

Disloyal? 

The  word  is  too  good  to  paint  out  her  wickedness.  Shak. 

5.  To  embellish  rhetorically.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Color. 


PAINT,  v.  n.  1.  To  practise  painting. 

2.  To  lay  colors  on  the  face.  “Does  Bridget 
paint  still  ? ” Shak. 

O.  if  to  dance  all  night  and  dress  all  day 
Charmed  the  small-pox  or  chased  old  age  away, 

To  patch,  nay,  ogle,  might  become  a saint, 

Nor  would  it  sure  be  such  a sin  to  paint.  Pope. 

PAINT,  n.  [Fr . peinture. — W .paent.] 

1.  A coloring  substance  used  in  painting ; a 
pigment. 

2.  Colors  representative  of  any  thing. 

"Words  are  the  paint  by  which  their  thoughts  are  shown, 
And  nature  is  their  object  to  be  drawn.  Olanvill. 

3.  A cosmetic  for  coloring  the  face.  Young. 
All  paints  may  be  said  to  be  noxious.  They  injure  the 

skin,  obstruct  perspiration,  and  llius  frequently  lay  tile  foun- 
dation for  cutaneous  affections.  Dunglison. 


PAINT' ED,  p.  a.  1.  Covered  or  coated  with  paint; 
as,  “ A painted  floor.” 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short; 


A,  F,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


PAINTER 


1023 


PALE 


2.  Represented  by  colors. 

’T  is  the  eye  of  childhood 
That  fears  a painted  devil.  Sliak. 

PAINT'JJR,  n.  1.  One  who  practises  painting, — 
particularly  one  who  represents  objects  by  colors. 

^■“Painters  are  divided  into  numerous  classes, 
following  separate  branches,  and  include,  among  oth- 
ers, coach  and  chaise  painters,  house,  sign,  and  fancy 
painters,  herald  painters,  marine  and  ship  painters, 
miniature  and  portrait  painters, ' and  glass  painters.” 
Simmonds. 

2.  ( Naut .)  A rope  attached  to  the  bows  of  a 
boat,  used  to  make  her  fast  to  any  tiling.  Dana. 

3.  A panther.  [Local,  U.  S.]  Judd. 

Painter's  colic,  a species  of  colic,  usually  terminat- 
ing in  palsy,  to  which  painters  and  others  exposed  to 
lead  poisons  are  subject ; — called  also  lead  colic,  metal- 
lic colic,  Devonshire  colic,  dry-bclltjache,  Sec.  Dunglison. 

PAINTER- SHIP,  n.  The  state  or  condition  of 
being  a painter,  [r.]  Bp.  Gardner. 

rAlNT'IJR— STAIN'KR,  n.  A painter  of  coats  of 

arms  belonging  to  heraldry,  &c.  Wright. 

Company  of  Paint, er-stainers,  one  of  the  incorporated 
companies  of  the  city  of  London. 

This  company,  having  the  addition  of  Paintcr- 
stainers  for  their  skill  and  cunning  in  divers  myste- 
rious works,  are  a society  of  great  antiquity,  having 
been  incorporated  in  1580.  Wright. 

PAlNT'ING,  n.  1.  The  act,  art,  or  employment  of 
laying  on  colors,  — particularly  the  art  of  repre- 
senting objects  by  colors. 

True  painting  emulates  the  poet's  lays.  Mason. 

2.  A likeness  or  resemblance  painted;  some- 
thing depicted  ; a picture.  Shah. 

3. "  Colors  laid  on  ; paint.  Shah. 

Syn. — See  Picture. 

rAlNT'LJJSS,  a.  Not  to  be  painted.  Savage. 

PAINT'RjJSS,  n.  A female  painter.  Mackintosh. 

PAINT'-STRAKE,  n.  (Naut.)  The  uppermost 
strake  or  streak,  immediately  below  the  plank- 
sheer  ; — also  called  sheer-stra/ce.  Ogilvie. 

PAlNT'URE  (pant'yur),  n.  [Fr.  pdnture .]  The 
art  of  painting,  [r.]  Dnjden. 

PAIR  (pir),  n 1.  Two  things  of  the  same  kind 
which  go  together,  or  suit  or  mate  each  other ; 
a couple;  a brace  ; as,  “A pair  of  shoes.” 

ijcg*  It  is  also  applied  to  a single  tiling  composed 
essentially  of  two  pieces  suiting  each  oilier,  and  used 
only  in  the  plural  form  ; as,  “ A pair  of  scissors  ” ; 
“ A pair  of  spectacles  ” ; “A  pair  of  pantaloons.” 

2.  A husband  and  wife.  Milton.  Dryden. 

3.  Any  number  of  equal  or  similar  things 
taken  together,  or  forming  a set.  “A  pair  of 
cards,”  i.  e.  a pack  of  cards,  [r.]  Bacon. 

I£g=-  The  phrase,  “ A pair  of  stairs,”  instead  of  the 
more  modern  form,  “A  flight  of  stairs,!’  lias  long 
been,  and  still  is,  in  respectable  use,  though  it  has 
been  censured  by  recent  grammarians.  “They  made 
a pair  of  stairs.”  Shale.  “ Up  two  pair  of  stairs.”  Dr. 
Ch.  Barney.  “ Up  four  pair  of  stairs.”  Charles  Lamb. 
“ Addison  occupied  a garret  up  three  pair  of  stairs.” 
Ed.  Her.  “ A garret  up  four  pair  of  stairs.”  Macaulay. 

Syn. — Pair  signifies  two  things  united  by  nature, 
or  suited  to  each  other  ; as,  a pair  of  gloves,  a pair  of 
chickens,  a pair  or  yoke  of  oxen,  a pair  or  span  of 
horses.  A pair  is  also  a male  and  a female  ; a couple, 
a male  and  a female,  or  two  persons  or  things  ; a 
brace,  two  tilings  tied  together.  A couple  of  hounds  ; 
a brace  of  partridges  ; a loving  couple  ; a happy  pair. 

PAIR,  v.  n.  [i.  paired;  pp.  pairing,  paired.] 

1.  To  be  joined  in  pairs  ; to  couple. 

Your  hand,  my  Perdita;  so  turtles 

That  never  mean  to  part.  Shak. 

2.  To  suit;  to  fit  as  a counterpart. 

Ilad  our  prince  seen  this  hour,  he  had  paired 
Well  with  his  lord;  there  was  not  a full  month 
Between  their  births.  Sliak. 

To  pair  off , in  parliamentary  language,  to  agree,  as 
two  members  of  opposite  parties,  not  to  vote.  Brandc. 

PAIR,  v.  a.  1.  To  join  in  couples;  to  couple. 
“ Minds  . . . paired  by  Heaven.”  Dryden. 

2.  To  unite  as  correspondent;  to  suit. 

Glossy  jet  is  paired  with  shining  white.  Tope. 

3.  fTo  impair.  — See  Impair.  Spenser. 

fPAlR'flR,  n.  One  who  hurts  or  injures.  Wickliffe. 

pAir'ing,  n.  The  practice  by  which  two  mem- 
bers of  a legislative  body,  as  the  House  of  Com- 
mons, Eng.,  or  of  Congress,  U.  S.,  of  opposite 
political  opinions,  agree  not  to  vote.  Brande. 


PAIR'ING— TIME,  n.  Time  when  birds  pair. Coicper. 

tPAlR'MJIJNT,  n.  Loss.  Wickliffe. 

PAIX'H  AN— GUN,  n.  A howitzer  oflong  bore,  for 
throwing  projectiles  to  a great  distance;  — so 
named  from  Paixhan,  its  inventor.  Simmonds. 

pAk'FONG,  n.  See  Packfong.  Hoblyn. 

PAL,  or  pAll,  n.  An  accomplice.  Grose. 

I just  gave  him  [the  thief]  a little  touch  on  the  back  of  his 
hand  as  I knew  his  pal  would;  and  lie  thought  it  was  his 
paly  and  gave  it  [the  breastpin]  to  me.  Dickens. 

PAL'ACE,  n.  [L.  palatium;  from  Palatium,  the 
Palatine  hill,  on  which  Augustus  had  his  resi- 
dence ; It.  palazzo  ; Sp.  palaeio  ; Fr.  palais. ] 

1.  The  house  of  an  emperor,  a king,  or  other 
great  personage. 

2.  A stately  or  magnificent  mansion.  Addison. 

PAL'ACE— COURT,  n.  (Law.)  A court  held  under 
the  steward  of  the  royal  household  of  England, 
with  a jurisdiction  of  twelve  miles  round  the 
palace.  Brande. 

PA-LA'CIOUS  (pa-Ia'shus),  a.  Royal;  noble; 
magnificent,  [it.]  Graunt. 

pAl'A-DIN,  n.  [L.  palatinus,  in  the  Byzantine 
court  an  officer  of  the  palace ; palatium,  a pal- 
ace ; It.  paladino ; Sp.  § Fr.  paladin .]  (Ro- 
mances oj  the  Middle  Ages.)  One  of  the  lords  or 
chieftains  in  Charlemagne’s  army  ; a knight- 
errant. 

t!£3=  In  the  Byzantine  court,  the  officers  of  the  pal- 
ace were  regarded  as  tile  highest  dignitaries  of  the 
country  ; hence  palasin,  or  paladin , in  the  early  Frencli 
romances,  for  a lord  or  chieftain  ; and  the  name  was 
thence  appropriated  hy  the  Italian  romantic  poets  to 
the  heroes  of  their  legends,  the  warriors  of  Charle- 
magne. Brande. 

PA-L/E-6g'RA-PHY,  n.  See  Paleography. 

PA-LAI-O-ZO'IC,  a.  [Gr.  naXaid;,  ancient,  and 
£o>oi',  an  animal.]  (Pal.)  Noting  an  extensive 
group  of  fossiliferous  strata  of  the  earliest  date. 

PA-LJE'MON,  n.  (Zoul.)  A genus  of  crusta- 
ceans ; the  prawn.  Baird. 

PA-LJES'  TRA  (pj-les'tra),  n.  ; pi.  PA-LJES' TRAl. 
[L.,  from  Gr.  itaX.aiarpa ; rah],  wrestling.] 
Among  the  Greeks  and  Romans,  a school  or 
place  for  wrestling;  a public  place  for  perform- 
ing athletic  exercises.  W.  Smith. 

P A- 1. /K-TI-O l/0-[;Y  (pa-lu-she-ol'o-je),  H.  [Gr.  nn- 
Xat6(,  ancient,  and  X.iyos,  a discourse.]  The  sci- 
ence which  explains  the  past  conditions  of  the 
earth  by  the  laws  of  causation.  Smart. 

PAL-A-ME-DE' I-DJE,  n.  pi.  (Ornitli.)  A family 
of  birds  of  the  order  Grallce,  including  the  sub- 
families Parrince,  and  Palamedcinat ; scream- 
ers. Gray. 

PAL-A-MF.-DF.-I' NJE,  n.  pi.  (Ornith.)  A sub- 
family of 
birds  of  the 
order  Gral- 
lce, and 
family  Pal- 
amedeidte, 
which  in- 
cludes the 
genera  Pa-  Chauna  chavaria. 

lamedea  of 

Linnaeus,  and  Chauna  of  Illiger ; screamers. 

Gray. 

PA-T.AN' KAS,  n.  [Sp.  palenque,  a palisade.] 
(Mil.)  A kind  of  permanent  intrenched  camp,  at- 
tached to  Turkish  frontier  fortresses.  Stocqueler. 

PAL-AN-KEEN',  n.  Palanquin.  Maunder. 

PAL-AN-CtUIN'  (piil-?n-k£n'),  n.  [Hind,  palkee. 
Brown.]  A covered  carriage  or  litter  used  in 
the  East  for  carrying  a person,  and  borne  on 
the  shoulders  of  men.  Brande. 

PAL'A-TA-BLE,  a.  Pleasing  to  the  palate  or  taste  ; 
savory  ; gustable  ; flavorous  ; tasteful.  Addison. 

PAL'A-TA-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
palatable  or  savory.  Smart. 

PAL'A-TAL,  n.  A letter  pronounced  chiefly  by 
the  palate  ; — called  also  palatic. 

VLif  The  palatals  are  d,  g,j,  k , l,  n,  and  q.  Brande. 

PAL'A-TAL,  a.  1.  Pronounced  chiefly  by  the 
palate,  as,  certain  letters.  Booth. 


2.  Of,  or  pertaining  to,  the  palate.  “ Palatal 
arteries.”  Dunglison. 

PAL' ATE  (pal'?t),  n.  [L. palatum  ; It.-palato  ; Sp. 
paladar  ; Fr.  jialais. J 

1.  (Anat.)  The  roof  or  upper  part  of  the  cav- 

ity of  the  mouth,  bounded,  before,  by  the  supe- 
rior dental  arch,  and  behind,  by  the  velum  pala- 
ti,  a membranous  curtain  of  muscular  and  cel- 
lular tissue  which  separates  the  mouth  from  the 
pharynx,  and  from  the  middle  of  which  hangs 
the  uvula.  To  this  membranous  organ  the 
name  soft  palate  is  sometimes  given,  the  palate 
proper  being  termed  hard  palate.  Dunglison. 

2.  The  organ  of  taste  ; — popularly  but  errone- 
ously so  considered.  Shak.  Locke. 

The  vulgar  boil,  the  learned  roast,  an  egg; 

Hard  task  to  hit  the  palate  of  such  guests.  Pope. 

3.  Intellectual  taste  ; mental  relish.  Taylor. 

The  men  of  nice  palates  could  not  relish  Aristotle,  as 
dressed  up  by  the  schoolmen.  Laker. 

4.  (Bot.)  The  convex  base  of  the  lower  lip  of 

a personate  corolla.  Brande. 

Syn.  — Palate  is  sometimes  used  for  taste,  but  taste 
is  never  used  for  palate.  A man  who  is  nice  in  what 
lie  cats  and  drinks,  is  said  to  have  a nice  palate  ; hut 
taste  is  applied  to  intellectual  endowments,  as  well  as 
to  matters  of  sense. 

f PAL'ATE,  v.  a.  To  perceive  by  the  taste.  Shak. 

PA-LA'TIAL  (pa-la'shal),  a.  [L.  palatium,  a pal- 
ace.] Pertaining  to,  or  befitting,  a palace  ; mag- 
nificent. Drummond. 

PA-LA'TIAL,  a.  [From  palate.]  Pertaining  to 
the  palate  ; palatal,  [r.]  Barrow. 

f PA-LA'TIAL,  n.  A palatal.  Sir  W.  Jones. 

PA-LAT'IC  [pg-Iat'jk,  S.  IT'.  P.  Ja.\  piil'a-tlk,  K. 
Sm.  It.  Wr.  Wb.],  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  uttered 
by,  the  palate  ; palatal,  [r.]  Holder. 

PA-lAt'IC,  n.  A palatal.  Andrews. 

PA-lAt'I-NATE,  n.  [It.  palatinato  ; Sp.  palati- 
nado  ; Fr.  (y  Ger.  pa/atinat.  — See  Palatine.] 
The  province  or  seigniory  of  a palatine. 

JOST  “ There  were  formerly  two  stares  in  Germany  of 
this  name,  which  till  l(i20  were  under  one  sovereign. 
They  were  not  contiguous,  and  were  called,  by  wav 
of  distinction,  tile  Upper  Palatinate  and  the  Lower 
Palatinate,  which  was  called  also  the  County  Pala- 
tine of  the  Rhine,  or  the  Palatinate  of  the  Rhine.” 
P.  Cyc. 

PA-lAt'I-NAT-IJD,  a.  Made  palatinate.  Fuller. 

PAL'A-TINE,  a.  [L.  palatinus  ; palatium,  a pal- 
ace ; It.  Sj  S’p.palatino  ; Fr.  palatini]  Pertain- 
ing to  a palace,  or  possessing  royal  privileges; 
— applied  originally  to  persons  holding  office  in 
the  palace  of  a sovereign.  P.  Cyc. 

County  palatine,  in  England,  one  of  the  counties 
Chester,  Durham,  or  Lancaster,  over  which  its  earl, 
bishop,  or  duke  had  a royal  jurisdiction.  The  name 
is  still  applied  to  all  of  them.  Smart. 

PAL'A-TINE,  n.  In  the  middle  ages  a high  dig- 
nitary who  originally  held  office  in  the  court  of 
the  sovereign,  being  styled  comes  palatii,  or 
count  of  the  palace,  but  who  afterwards  obtained 
the  privilege  of  exercising  authority  and  juris- 
diction over  a province  or  district ; a count  pal- 
atine. Brande. 

f PAL'A-TFVE,  a.  Pleasing  to  the  taste;  pala- 
table. “ Palative  delights.”  Browne. 

PA-LA'VIJR  [pa-m'ver,  K.  Sm.  R.  TLA],  n.  [Sp. 
palabra,  a word.  Todd.] 

1.  Idle  or  deceitful  talk.  [Low.]  Todd. 

2.  A conference  ; conversation.  Wright. 

PA-LA'VIJR,  v.  a.  & n.  [t.  palavered  ; pp.  pa- 
lavering, palavered.]  To  deceive  by  words  ; 
to  flatter  ; to  talk  idly.  [Low.]  Grose. 

PA-LA'VER-^R,  n.  One  who  palavers.  Mrs. Butler. 

PALE,  a.  [L.  pallidus-,  It.  pallido ; Sp.  palido  ; 
Fr.  pale.] 

1.  Not  ruddy  ; whitish  ; wan  ; ashy  ; pallid. 
“These  cheeks  are  ptale  for  watching.”  Shak. 

The  tufted  crowtoe  and  pale  jessamine.  Jlilton. 

2.  Not  bright ; dim  ; sombre.  Shak. 

Syn. — Pallid  is  more  than  pale  ; wan,  more  than 

pallid.  Paleness  is  absence  of  color  ; pallidness , an  ex- 
cess of  paleness  ; wanness , an  excess  of  pallidness. 
Pale  face  ; pallid  countenance  ; wan  appearance. 

PALE,  n.  [L.  palus  ; It.  <§•  Sp.  palo  ; Fr.  pal,  pica. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — (J,  (Jr,  g,  soft;  j0,  G,  £,  g,  hard ; § as  z;  ^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


PALE 


PALL 


1024 


— A.  S.  pal ; Ger.  pfahl ; Dan.  peel ; Sw.  pale. 
— W.  pawl .] 

1.  A flat  piece  of  wood,  pointed  at  one  end, 
used  in  fencing,  or  making  enclosures,  by  being 
driven  into  the  ground,  and  secured  above,  and 
sometimes  also  below,  to  a rail ; a stake.  Shah. 

Deer  creep  through  when  a pale  tumbles  down.  Mortimer. 

2.  That  which  encloses  or  bounds  ; a fence  ; 
a limit ; a mete  ; a bound. 

Thy  wisdom, 

"Which,  like  a bourn,  a pale,  a shore,  coniines 

Thy  spacious  and  dilated  parts.  Shak. 

3.  Any  thing  that  is  enclosed ; enclosure  : — 
district. 

Within  the  pale  of  the  regicide’s  dominions.  Burke. 

Any  man  born  within  the  pale  of  Christianity.  Atterbury. 

There  is  no  part  but  the  bare  English  pale,  in  which  the 
Irish  have  not  the  greatest  footing.  Spenser. 

4.  An  instrument  for  trying  the  quality  of  a 

cheese.  Simmonds. 

5.  f Paleness;  pallor.  “His  cheek  ...  a 

deadly  pale  o’ercast.”  Mallet. 

6.  (Her.)  The  first  and  simplest  kind  of  or- 

dinary, bounded  by  two  vertical  lines  at  equal 
distances  from  the  sides  of  the  escutcheon,  of 
which  it  encloses  one  third.  Brande. 

The  Pale , (Irish  Hist.)  that  part  of  Ireland  to  which, 
for  some  centuries  after  its  invasion  by  the  English, 
in  1172,  the  dominion  of  the  latter  was  confined. 

The  limits  of  the  pale  seldom  extended  beyond  the  mod- 
ern province  of  Leinster,  and  were  frequently  much  less 
considerable.  Brande. 

PALE,  v.  a.  [*.  rALED  ; pp.  paling,  paled.] 

1.  To  enclose  or  fence  with  pales  or  paling. 

The  diameter  of  the  hill  of  twenty  feet  may  be  paled  in 

with  twenty  deals  of  a foot  broad.  Mortimer. 

2.  To  enclose  ; to  surround  ; to  encompass. 

Whate’er  the  ocean  pales  or  sky  inclips.  Sha/c. 

Will  you  pale  your  head  in  Henry’s  glory, 

And  rob  his  temples  of  the  diadem?  S/iak. 

PALE,  v.  a.  [From  pale,  a.]  To  make  pale  ; to 
diminish  the  brightness  of ; to  darken. 

The  glowworm  shows  the  matin  to  be  near, 

And  ’gins  to  pale  his  ineffectual  tire.  Shak. 

PALE,  v.  n.  To  turn  or  grow  pale.  Ilallam. 

PA  'LE-A,  n. ; pi.  pa  ’ le-je.  [L .,  chaff.]  ( Bot .) 
One  of  the  bracts  stationed  upon  the  receptacle 
of  Composite,  between  the  florets  : — one  of  the 
interior  bracts  of  the  flowers  of  grasses.  Brande. 

PA-Lp-A'CEOUS  (-situs, 66),  a.  (Bot.)  Resembling, 
consisting  of,  or  furnished  with,  paleae  or  chaff; 
chaffy.  P.  Cgc. 

PAL'£D,  a.  Having  a pale  or  stripe.  Spenser. 

PALE'— EYED  (pal'ld),  a.  Having  dim  eyes.  Milton. 

PALE'— FACED  (pal'fast),  a.  Having  a pale  face. 

PALE'— HEART-gD,  a.  Dispirited.  Shak. 

PALE'LY,  ad.  Wanly ; not  freshly.  Johnson. 

f PAL'IJN-DAR,  n.  A kind  of  coasting  vessel. 

Great  palendars  . . . running  all  along  the  sca-coast.  Knolles. 

PALE'NfSS,  n.  The  state  of  being  pale;  white- 
ness of  look  ; want  of  ruddiness. 

The  blood  the  virgin’s  cheek  forsook, 

A livid  paleness  spreads  o’er  all  her  look.  Pope. 

Syn.  — See  Pale. 

PA'LIJ-O-grAph,  n.  [See  Paleography.]  An 
ancient  manuscript.  Ec.  Rev. 

PA-L$-og'RA-PHIJR,  n.  One  versed  in  paleogra- 
phy ; a paleographist.  Wright. 

PA-HJ-O-GRAPH  |C,  ) a Relating  to  paleog- 

PA-HJ-O-GRAPH'I-CALj  I raphy.  Gent.  Mag. 

pA-L^-OG'RA-PHIST,  n.  One  versed  in  paleogra- 
phy. T.  Rood. 

PA-L6-OG'RA-PHY,  11.  [Gr.  yalaidg,  ancient,  and 
yphijio),  to  write  ; It.  § Sp.  paleograjia ; Fr.  pale- 
ographies) 

1.  The  art  or  the  science  of  deciphering  an- 
cient inscriptions,  including  a knowledge  of  the 
various  characters  used  at  different  periods  by 
the  writers  and  sculptors  of  different  nations, 
their  usual  abbreviations,  initials,  &c.  Brande. 

2.  Ancient  writings  collectively.  Smart. 

3.  An  ancient  manner  of  writing.  Ogilvie. 

PA-Lp-OL'O-^IST,  n.  One  versed  in  paleology. 

PA- L E-O L'O-fr Y,  n.  [Gr.  ttaXati 5,  ancient,  and 
J.iiyo;,  a treatise  ; It.  paleologia .]  A treatise  on, 
or  the  science  of,  antiquities.  Smart. 


PA-LE-6N-T0-LO£T-CAL,  a.  Relating  to  pale- 
ontology. Conrad. 

PA-LE-QN-T6L'0-£lST,  n.  One  versed  in  pale- 
ontology. Warburton. 

PA-Lp-ON-TOL'O-GY,  tl.  [Gr.  ttaXaid;,  ancient, 
(lyi,  uiv,  6vt<i,  to  be,  and  1.6-yos,  a discourse ; Fr. 
paleontologic .]  The  science  that  treats  of  fossil 
remains,  both  animal  and  vegetable.  Lyell. 

Paleontology,  or  the  science  of  ancient  organisms,  deals, 
as  its  subject,  with  all  the  plants  and  animals  of  all  geologic 
periods.  Hugh  Jlil&r. 

PA-Lp-O-SAU'RUS,  n.  [Gr.  naXatds,  ancient,  and 
eaii pos,  a lizard.]  (Pal.)  A genus  of  fossil  sau- 
rians  found  near  Bristol,  Eng.  Pictet. 

PA'Lp-O-THERE,  n.  See  Paleotherium.  Lyell. 

PA-Lp-O-THE’RI-AN,  a.  Relating  to  the  palco- 
therium.  Backland. 

PA-H5-0-THE'R{-UM,  n.  [Gr.  nalatos,  ancient, 
and  Ur/pior,  a beast.]  (Pal.)  An  extinct  pachy- 
dermatous quadruped,  of  a very  large  size,  sup- 
posed by  Cuvier  to  have  had,  like  the  tapir,  a 
short,  fleshy  proboscis.  Brande. 

PA'Lfi-OUS,  a.  [L.  pdlea,  chaff.]  Resembling 
chatf;  chaffy.  “ Paleous  bodies.”  [it.]  Browne. 

PA'LE§,  n.  (Astron.)  An  asteroid  discovered  by 
Goldschmidt  in  1857.  Lovering. 

PAL-BS-TlN'B-AN,  a.  Relating  to  Palestine. 

PA-LES  TRIO,  £ a.  [Gr.  TtalanTTpucos ',  ttaXata- 

PA-LES'TRT-CAL,  ) rpa,  paliestra.  — See  Paltes- 
tra.]  Pertaining  to  the  pa  lees  fra.  Bryant. 

f PAL'JyT,  n.  [Fr.  pelotte,  a ball,  from  I,,  pila.] 
The  crown  of  the  head.  Skelton. 

PALETOT  (p51'e-to),  n.  [Fr.]  A kind  of  loose, 
thin  coat.  Ec.  Rev.  Qu.  Rev. 

PAL'PTTE  (pUl'et)  [pSl'et,  .S’,  W.  P.  Ja.  K.  Sm. ; 
p?-let',  Brande ],  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  paletta,  dim. 
of  pa  fa , a spade  or  shovel.  Menage .] 

1.  A little,  thin,  oval  board,  or  slab  of  ivory 
or  porcelain,  on  which  a painter  mixes  his 
colors,  and  holds  them  by  means  of  a thumb- 
hole  at  one  end  ; — written  also  pallet.  Gay. 

2.  (Armor.)  One  of  the  plates  covering  the 

points  of  junction  at  the  bend  of  the  shoulders 
and  elbows.  Fairholt. 

PALETTE-KNIFE,  n.  A long,  thin  knife,  round- 
ed at  the  end,  used  by  painters  to  mix  colors  on 
the  grinding-slab.  . Fairholt. 

pAle'WI^E,  ad.  (Her.)  In  the  manner  of  a 
pale.  Wood. 

PAL'FRJPY,  or  PAL'FREY  [plH'fre,  J.  F.  C.  Wb. 
Scott,  Kenrick  ; pal'fre,  S.P.  E.  K.Sm.  Wr. ; pal '- 
fie  or  pal'fre,  IF.],  n.  [Fr.  palefroi  ; It. palafreno ; 
Sp . palafren;  Port,  palafrem  ; Provencal  pala- 
frei.  — Nicot  derives  it  from  Fr.  par  le  frein,  by 
the  bridle,  — because  horses  of  parade,  and  those 
rode  by  ladies,  were  led  by  the  bridle  by  squires  ; 
— an  etymology  approved  by  Casavbon  and 
Richardson.  — Diez  refers  to  Mid.  L.  parafredus, 
for  L.  paraveredus,  an  extra  post-horse,  from 
Gr.  Tragii.  near,  beside,  beyond,  and  L.  v credits, 
a post-horse  ; whence  Old  Ger.  pferit,  pfert, 
Ger.  pferd,  a horse.] 

1.  A horse  for  the  road,  or  for  state  occa- 
sions ; — opposed  to  steed,  a horse  for  the  battle. 

And  to  the  palace  rode  there  many  a rout 

Of  lords  upon  steeds  and  palfreys.  Chaucer. 

2.  A gentle  horse  for  ladies.  Addison. 

PAL'FRgYED  (-fred),  a.  Riding  on  a palfrey. 
“ Of  palfrey e.d.  dames.”  Tickell. 

PAL-I-FI-CA'TIONj  n.  [I.,  pains,  a stake,  a pale.] 
The  act  or  the  art  of  making  ground  firm  by 
driving  piles  into  it.  Wotton. 

PA-LIL'O-GY,  n-  [Gr.  naXtXX.oyia ; irnl.tv , again, 
and  X.fyta,  to  speak  ; L . palilogia.]  (Rhct.)  The 
repetition  of  a word,  or  part  of  a sentence,  for 
the  sake  of  greater  energy  ; as,  “ The  living, 
the  living,  he  shall  prai  e thee.”  Isa.  xxxviii. 
19.  Brande. 

PAL'IMP-SEST,  n.  [Gr.  -tn/Juf^rrov  ; Ttal.iv,  again, 
and  i].n'(i),  to  rub  ; L.  palimpsestus .]  (Ant.) 
Parchment  from  which  one  writing  has  been 
erased  to  make  room  for  another.  IF.  Smith. 

PAL'IN-DROME,  n.  [Gr.  Tralivlpayos,  running  back ; [ 
tt6X.iv,  again,  and  Upayov,  to  run.]  A word,  I 


verse,  or  sentence,  which  is  the  same  read  back- 
wards or  forwards  ; as,  madam,  Hannah,  or  this 
sentence,  Subi  dura  a rudibus.  Peacham. 

PAL-IN-DROM  IC,  l a Relating  to  palin- 

PAL-JN-DRoM'J-CAL,  ) drome.  Breen. 

PAl'ING,  n.  A fence  made  of  pales.  Blackstone. 

PAL-IN-<fF.-NE'  %I-A  (pai-jn-je-iiG'zlie-?),  n.  [Gr. 
Ttahyycvioiu  ; 7rd7.tr,  again,  and  ylviats,  birth.]  A 
new  or  second  birth  ; regeneration.  Brande. 

pAl-IN-GEN'^-SY,  n.  Palingenesia.  Clarke. 

PAL'IN-ODE,  n.  [Gr.  naXtvtoiia  ; 7rdl.1v,  again,  and 
igbt’i,  contracted  from  aoibg,  a song ; L.  palinodia.) 
A poem  in  which  the  author  retracts  the  invec- 
tives in  a former  satire  ; a recantation.  Jonson. 

f pAl'IN-O-DY,  n.  A palinode.  A.  Wood. 

P AL-I-NU 1 RUS,  n.  ; pi.  fal-i-nv’rI.  [L . Pali- 
nurus,  the  pilot  of  TEneas.]  (Zoiil.)  A genus 
of  crustaceans  ; spiny  lobster.  Bell. 

PAL-I-SADE',  n.  [Fr.  palissade,  from  L.  palus,  a 
stake,  a pale  ; It.  palizzata ; Sp . palizada. — See 
Pale,  n.]  (Fort.)  A strong  stake  set  firmly  in 
the  ground  with  others  : — the  defence  or  barrier 
formed  of  palisades  or  stakes. 

Palisades  are  usually  about  9 feet  long,  from  5 
to  G inches  in  diameter,  and  sharpened  at  the  top. 
They  are  driven  into  the  ground  to  the  depth  of  3 or  4 
feet,  from  2 to  4 inches  apart,  and  arc  placed  at  the 
foot  of  the  counterscarp,  in  the  covered  way,  on  the 
herine,  and  in  the  middle  of  a dry  ditch.  ’ Glos.  of 
Mil.  Terms. 

PAL-I-SADE',  V.  a.  [t.  PALISADED  ; pp.  PALI- 
SADING, palisaded.]  To  enclose  with  pali- 


sades ; to  fence  in.  Johnson. 

PAL-I-SA'DO,  n. ; pi.  PALIS ADOES.  Palisade. 

“ Palisadoes  for  fortifications.”  Mortimer. 

PAL-I-SA'DO,  v.  a.  To  palisade.  Swift. 

pAL'ISII,  a.  Somewhat  pale.  Bp.  Hall. 


PAL’ KEE,  n.  [Hind.]  A palanquin.  C.  P.  Brown. 

PALL,  n.  [L. pallium  ; It.  & Sp.  polio-.  Old  Fr. 
pali , paile.  — A.  S.  pie  If ; Old  Ger.  phellol,  pfcl- 
lel,  pfeller .] 

1.  A cloak  or  mantle  of  state.  Spenser.  ■ 

2.  The  cloak  or  "mantle  of  an  archbishop  : — a 

vestment  sent  from  Rome  .to  all  archbishops  of 
the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  and  to  the  four 
Latin  patriarchs  of  the  East,  on  their  accession. 
It  is  now  a short,  white  cloak  of  lamb’s  wool, 
with  a red  cross  encircling  the  neck  and  shoul- 
ders and  falling  on  the  back.  Brande. 

After  consecration,  he  [the  archbishop]  shall  have  the  pall 
sent  him.  Ayhffe. 

The  trumpet, .shawm,  and  atabal, 

Lay  screened  from  dew  by  cloak  and  pall . G-oly. 

3.  (Her.)  A figure  like  the  Roman  Y,  repre- 
senting the  pall  of  an  archbishop.  Ency. 

4.  A kind  of  fine  cloth,  of  which  cloaks  and 
mantles  of  state  were  formerly  made.  Mares. 

5.  The  covering  thrown  over  a dead  body. 

And  sad  images 

Of  the  stern  agony,  and  shroud,  and  pall, 

And  breathless  darkness,  and  the  narrow  house.  Bryant. 

6.  A piece  which  falls  between  the  teeth  of  a 
ratchet-wheel;  a click.  — See  Pawl.  Francis. 

PALL,  v.  n.  [Perhaps  from  pale.  Johnson.  — I,. 
palleo,  to  be  pale,  to  fade.  Todd. — W.  pallu, 
to  fail,  to  cease.]  [i.  palled  ; pp.  palling, 
palled.]  To  become  vapid  or  insipid  ; to  lose 
strength,  life,  or  spirit. 

Empty  one  bottle  into  another  swiftly,  lest  the  drink  pall. 

Bacon. 

Beauty  soon  grows  familiar  to  the  lover. 

Fades  in  the  eye,  and  palls  upon  the  sense.  Addison. 

PALL,  v.  a.  1.  To  make  vapid  or  insipid. 

Reason  and  reflection  . . . blunt  the  edge  of  his  keenest  de- 
sires, and  pall  all  his  enjoyments.  Atterbury. 

2.  To  make  spiritless ; to  dispirit ; to  depress. 

Base,  barbarous  man  ! the  more  we  raise  our  love. 

The  more  we  pall,  and  cool,  and  kill  his  ardor.  Hryden. 

3.  To  weaken  ; to  impair ; to  damage. 

I ’ll  never  follow  thy  palled  fortunes  more.  Shak. 

4.  To  cloy  ; to  satiate  ; to  surfeit.  “ Palled 

appetite  must  be  gratified  with  sauces  rather  than 
food.”  Tatler. 

5.  [From  pall,  a cloak  or  mantle.]  To  cloak  ; 
to  shroud ; to  invest. 


Come,  thick  night. 
And  pall  thee  in  the  dunnest  smoke  of  hell. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  J,  O,  U,  Y.  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


PALL 


1025 


PALMISTRY 


f PALL,  n.  A nausea  or  nauseating.  Shaftesbury. 

PAL' LA,  it.  [L.]  ( Roman  Ant.)  A long,  wide 

garment,  worn  by  ladies.  Andrews. 

PAL-LA'DI-UM,  n.  ; pi.  L.  palladia  ; Eng.  PAL- 
LADIUMS. [L.,  from  Gr.  n<i)j.a5iov;  n«//.ds,  n«A- 
l.dlog,  Pallas.] 

1.  (Ant.)  A statue  of  Pallas,  m Troy,  said  to 
have  fallen  from  the  skies,  on  the  preservation 
of  which  depended  the  safety  of  the  city. 

2.  Something  that  affords  protection  and  se- 
curity ; bulwark  ; safeguard. 

The  trial  by  jury  and  the  freedom  of  the  press  are  each 
called  the  palladium,  of  the  British  constitution.  Brande. 

3.  (Min.)  A ductile  and  malleable  metal,  of 
a whitish,  steel-gray  color,  found  in  small, 
fibrous  grains  associated  with  gold  and  platinum. 
It  has  the  hardness  of  fine  steel,  and  suffers  no 
change  by  exposure  to  the  air.  Dana.  Sillima.ii. 

PAL'LAH,  n.  (Zo'l.)  A species  of  ante- 
lope; Antilope  mel  unpus.  P.Cyc. 

PAL' LAS,  11.  [Gr.  II  lUR.) 

1.  (Grecian  Myth.)  The 
goddess  of  wisdom  and 
skill,  and  the  tutelary  di- 
vinity of  Athens,  identi- 
fied, at  a later  period  with 
the  Roman  Minerva. 

Brande. 

2.  (Astron.)  A small 

planet,  or  asteroid,  dis- 
covered by  Dr.  Olbers  in 
1802,  revolving  between  Pallah  (.Antilope  melampus). 
the  orbits  of  Mars  and  Jupiter.  Herschel. 

pAll'-BeAk-PR,  n.  A person  who  holds  the 
pall,  or  walks  by  the  side  of  the  corpse,  in  a fu- 
neral procession.  Clarke. 

PAL' LPT,  n.  1.  [Old  Eng.  paillet,  referred  by 
Minsheu  and  Junius  to  Fr.  paille,  straw.  — L. 
palea.\  A small  or  rude  bed.  Shade. 

2.  [Fr.  palette.  — See  Palette.]  A painter’s 
board.  — See  Palette. 

3.  Among  potters,  crucible  makers,  &c.,  a 

wooden  tool  for  forming,  beating,  and  rounding 
their  works.  Rees'  Cyc. 

4.  A tool  to  take  up  the  gold  leaves  from  the 
pillow,  and  to  apply  and  extend  them.  Rees. 

5.  A little,  shallow  dish,  formerly  used  by 

surgeons  to  receive  the  blood  in  bleeding  a pa- 
tient : — hence,  the  quantity  contained  by  such 
dish,  being  three  ounces.  IlakewiU. 

6.  (Clock  and  Watch-work.)  A piece  con- 

nected with  the  pendulum  or  the  balance,  on 
which  strikes  the  swing-wheel,  or  the  balance- 
wheel  ; — also  written  pall  it.  Brande. 

7.  (Her.)  A pale  less  in  breadth  than  the 
third  of  an  escutcheon  ; a narrow  pale.  Brande. 

PALL'— HOLD- fR,  n.  Pall-bearer,  [e.]  Smith. 

PAL'Lf-AL , a.  [L.  pallium,  a mantle.]  (Conch.) 
Pertaining  to  the  mantle. 

Palliat  impression,  the  impression  of  the  muscular 
margin  of  the  mantle,  being  a line  on  the  inner  sur- 
face of  a bivalve  shell,  continued  between  the  impres- 
sions of  the  two  adductor  muscles.  Brande. 

fPAL'LI-A-MENT,  n.  [L.  pallium,  a mantle.]  A 
dress  ; a robe.  Shak. 

f PALL'!,)  RD  (pal'yard),  n.  [Fr.  paillard  ; paille, 
straw,  from  L.  palea.  — See  Pallet.] 

1.  A lecher  ; a fornicator.  Dryden. 

2.  A beggar.  Fraternity  of  Vagabonds,  1575. 

f P,\LL'IARD-IijE,  n.  [Fr.  paillardise .]  Forni- 
cation. Sir  G.  Buck. 

PALL-lASSE'  (pal-yas'),  n.  See  Paillasse. 

FAL'LI-ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  palliatus,  dressed  in  a 
pa 'lium , or  mantle  ; It.  palliare,  to  palliate  ; Sp. 
palicur ; Fr . pallier.)  [i.  palliated;  ^.pal- 
liating, palliated.] 

1.  fTo  cover  with  a mantle  or  cloak;  to 

cloak;  to  clothe.  “ Being  palliated  with  a pil- 
grim’s coat.”  Herbert. 

2.  f To  cover  or  conceal ; to  hide;  to  disguise  ; 
to  gloss  ; to  varnish  ; to  gild. 

She  under  sweet  words  and  saluting  kisses  palliat ir/a  her 
hellish  design.  Selden. 

3.  To  cover  with  excuse;  to  soften  or  lessen 
by  favorable  representations  ; to  extenuate. 

Monsieur  St.  Evremond  has  endeavored  to  palliate  the 
superstitions  of  the  Roman  Catholic  religion.  Addison. 

The  atrocious  crime  of  being  a young  man  ...  I shall 
neither  attempt  to  palliate  nor  deny.  l*itt. 


4.  To  allay  or  lessen,  without  curing ; to 
ease;  as,  “ To  palliate  a disease.”  Johnson. 

Syn.  — See  Extenuate. 

f pAl'LI-ATE,  a.  1.  Cloaked;  disguised.  “In 
habit  palliate  and  dissimuled.”  Ilatl. 

2.  Allaying  disease  without  curing  it.  Fell. 

PAL-LI-A'TION,  n.  1.  fThat  which  cloaks  or 
conceals;  cover;  disguise. 

I saw  clearly  through  the  pious  disguises  and  soft  pallia- 
tions of  some  men.  King  Charles. 

2.  The  act  of  palliating  ; concealment  by  ex- 
cuse ; extenuation  by  favorable  representation. 

Such  bitter  invectives  against  other  men's  faults,  and  in- 
dulgence or  palliation  of  their  own,  shows  their  zeal  lies  in 
their  spleen.  Government  of  the  Tongue. 

3.  Mitigation  or  alleviation  ; a palliative. 

If  the  just  cure  of  a disease  be  full  of  peril,  let  the  physi- 
cian resort  to  palliation.  Bacon. 

PAl'LI-A-TIVE,  a.  [Fr . palliatif.] 

1.  That  palliates  ; extenuating.  Wotton. 

2.  Mitigating  or  alleviating,  not  removing. 

Consumption  pulmonary  seldom  admits  of  other  than  a 
palliative  cure.  Arbuthnot. 

pAl'LI-A-TIVE,  n.  1.  That  which  palliates,  ex- 
cuses, or  extenuates. 

2.  That  which  mitigates  or  alleviates  without 
removing  or  curing.  Swift. 

A whole  system  ought  to  be  produced;  ...  it  ought  to  be 
no  palliative , but  a legislative  provision,  vigorous,  substan- 
tial, and  effective.  Burke . 

PAL'LJ-A-TO-RY,  a.  Palliative.  Gent.  Mag. 

pAl'LU),  a.  [L.  pallidus  ; palleo,  to  be  or  look 
pale;  It.  pallido  ; Sp.  palido  ; Fr.  pule.')  Pale; 
whitish  ; wan  ; not  high-colored.  Spenser. 

Her  spirits  faint, 

Her  cheeks  assume  a pallid  tint.  Addison. 

Syn.  — See  Pale. 

PAL-L1D'I-TY,  n.  Paleness,  [n..]  Bailey. 

PAL'LID-LY,  ad.  Palely;  wanly.  Bp.  Taylor. 

PAL'LID-NESS,  n.  Paleness;  palidity.  Fcltham. 

Syn.  — See  Pale. 

PALL'ING,  p.  a.  Cloying;  satiating;  insipid. MsA. 

PAL'  LI-  UM,  n.  ; pi.  pal'LI-a.  [L.] 

1.  (Ant.)  The  name  given  by  the  Romans, 

who  sometimes  wore  it,  to  the  ipanov,  or  outer 
garment  of  the  Greeks,  which  consisted  of  a 
blanket  or  large  piece  of  cloth  capable  of  envel- 
oping the  entire  person.  Win.  Smith. 

2.  The  mantle  or  scarf  sent  from  Rome  to 

the  archbishops  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church, 
on  their  accession.  — See  Pall.  Brande. 

3.  (Conch.)  The  mantle  of  bivalves.  Owen. 

PALL-MALL'  (pel-mel')  [pel-mel',  S.  IF.  P.  J.  F. 
Ja.  Sm.  Wr.],  n.  [Old  Fr . palemaille  ■,  pale,  a 
ball  (L.  pila),  and  maille,  a mallet  (L.  malleus).'] 

1.  A game  formerly  practised  in  England, 
which  consisted  in  knocking  with  a mallet  a 
wooden  ball  through  an  iron  ring: — also  the 
mallet  with  which  the  ball  was  struck,  and  the 
place  where  the  game  was  played. — Written 
also  pail-mail,  and  pell-mell.  Cot  grave.  Evelyn. 

2.  A street  in  the  west-end  of  London,  named 

from  the  game  of  pill-matt,  which  was  formerly 
much  played  on  the  grounds  which  it  now  oc- 
cupies, and  afterwards  on  the  mall  in  St. 
James’s  Park.  — See  Mall.  Fares. 

PAL'LOR,  n.  [L.]  Paleness.  Bp.  Taylor. 

PALM  (p'4m),  n.  [Gr.  it al.dpp ; L.  palma  ; It.  $ 
Sp.  palma  ; Fr.  palme,  paume.] 

1.  The  inner  part  of  the  hand  from  the  wrist 
to  the  fingers,  excludingthe  thumb.  Bacon.  Shak. 

2.  A handbreath ; a lineal  measure  of  three 

inches.  Bacon. 

Ifip  Among  the  Romans,  there  were  two  different 
palms  ; one  corresponding  to  the  breadth,  and  the 
other  to  tile  length,  of  the  band.  The  former  was 
2.912,  the  latter  8.737,  English  inches.  The  modern 
palm  is  different  in  different  countries  ; being  in  Rus- 
sia 2.698,  in  Naples  10.375,  in  Genoa  9.725,  and  in 
Oporto  8,  English  inches.  JVm.  Smith.  Simmonds. 

3.  The  broad  part  of  a deer’s  horns,  when  full 
grown. 

Nailing  it  up  among  Irish  heads  of  deer,  to  show  the 
mightiness  of  her  palm.  Beau.  Sf  FI. 

4.  (Naut.)  A fluke,  or  broad  triangular  part, 
at  the  end  of  an  arm  of  an  anchor  : — a piece  of 
leather,  with  a plate  of  iron  in  the  middle,  cov- 
ering the  palm,  and  secured  at  the  back  of  the 


hand,  used  instead  of  a thimble  in  sewing  can- 
vas. 'Dana. 

5.  (Bot.)  A name  applied  to  plants  of  many 
genera  and  species,  of  which  the  date-tree,  or 
great  palm  (Phoenix  dactylifera,  the  leaves  of 
which  are  the  palms  of  Scripture),  and  the 
cocoa-nut-tree  (Cocos  nucifera)  are  perhaps  the 
most  important.  Gray. 

6 A branch  or  wreath  of  the  palm,  worn 
among  the  Romans  in  token  of  victory  ; — hence, 
superiority,  preeminence,  victory,  triumph. 

It  doth  amaze  me, 

A man  of  such  a feeble  temper  should 
So  get  the  start  of  the  majestic  world, 

And.  bear  the  palm  alone.  Shak. 

PALM  (p*4m),  V.  a.  [ i . PALMED  ; pp.  PALMING, 
PALMED.] 

1.  To  conceal  in  the  palm,  as  a juggler. 

They  palmed  the  trick  that  lost  the  game.  Prior. 

2.  To  impose  by  fraud  or  trick.  Addison. 

For  you  may  palm  upon  us  old  for  new.  Dryden. 

3.  To  touch  with  the  hand  ; to  handle.  Prior. 

pAL'MA— GHRLS'Ti,  n.  [L.,  palm  of  Christ.]  (Bot.) 
A genus  of  plants,  from  the  seeds  of  one  species 
of  which  (Ricinus  communis)  castor-oil  is  ob- 
tained ; Ricinus.  Loudon.  Waller. 

PAl'MAR,  a.  [L. palmaris  ; palma,  a palm.] 

1.  Of  the  breadth  of  the  hand.  Lee. 

2.  (Anat.)  Of,  or  pertaining  to,  the  palm  of 
the  hand.  “ Palmar  muscles.”  Dunylison. 

PAL'MA-RY  [pal'nift-re,  K.  Wb. ; pim'a-re,  Sm. 
Wr.],a.  [L.  palmaris  ; palma,  the  palm.]  That 
merits  the  palm  or  prize  ; having  superior  ex- 
cellence or  merit ; capital,  [u.] 

Proceeding  from  the  pen  of  “the  first  philosopher  of  the 
age  ” in  his  palmary  and  capital  work!  JJjj.  Horne. 

pAl'MATE,  n.  (Chem.)  A salt  formed  of  palmic 
acid  and  a base.  P.  Cyc. 

PAl  MATE,  ) a [L,  palmatus  ; 

pAl'MAT-ED,  ; palma,  palm.]  (Fit. 

Hist.)  Having  the  shape  of  the 
hand  ; resembling  the  hand  with 
the  fingers  spread;  as ,“  Palmate 
leaves  or  roots  ."Gray.  “ Palmated  stones. ’’-Rees. 

PALM'— COL-OR,  n.  A color  resembling  that  of 
the  palm  ; bay-color.  “ The  horse  was  of  a 

palm-color.”  Bryant. 

PALMED  (p'Atnd),  a.  Having  palms  ; bearing  the 
palms  of  the  horns  aloft,  as  a deer.  “ The  proud 
palmed  deer.”  Drayton. 

PALM'ER  (pi'mur),n.  1.  A pilgrim  returned  from 
the  Holy  Land ; — so  called  from  the  branch  of 
palm  which  he  carried  in  commemoration  of  his 
journey  ; a pilgrim  or  crusader.  Shak. 

2.  One  that  cozens  or  cogs  at  cards  or  dice 
by  keeping  some  of  them  in  his  hands  un- 
seen. * Blount. 

PALM'ER— WORM  (-wurm),  n.  Ahairy  worm.  Joel 
i.  4.  Probably  the  caterpillar.  Dr.  A.  Clarke. 

PAL-MET'TO,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  palms  grow- 
ing in  the  East  and  West  Indies  ; cabbage-tree  ; 
Areca  : — a species  of  palm  growing  along  the 
Atlantic  coast  of  the  U.  S.  from  North  Carolina 
to  Florida;  Chamcerops  palmetto.  Loudon.Gray. 

pAl'MIC,  a.  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  obtained 
from  palmine.  P • Cyc. 

PAL-MIF’ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  palmifer.]  Bearing 
palm-trees,  [it.]  Bailey. 

PAL'MI-GRADE,  a.  [L.  palma,  the  palm,  and 
gradior,  to  walk.]  (Zolil.)  Walking  on  the 
whole  foot.  Hitchcock 

PAL'MINE,  n.  (Chem.)  A white,  waxy  substance 
obtained  from  castor-oil.  P.  Cyc. 

PAL'MI-PED,  a.  [L.  palmipes,  palmiped  is  ; palma, 
the  palm  of  the  hand,  and  pes,  pedis,  a foot.] 
(Ornith.)  Web-footed.  — See'CENTiPED.  Ray. 

PAL'MI-PED,  n.  (Ornith.)  A fowl  that  has  webbed 
feet,  or  the  toes  connected  by  a membrane. 

BCjf  The  palmipeds  form  the  sixtli  order  in  Cuvier’s 
arrangement,  corresponding  to  t he  .nuscrcs  of  Li  nntetis, 
and  the  JYatatorcs  of  Illiger.  Brnmle. 

PAL'MIS-T^R,  n.  [L.  palma,  the  palm  of  the 
hand.]  One  who  deals  in  palmistry.  Bp.  Hall. 

pAl'MIS-TRY,  n.  1.  The  art  or  practice  of 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 
129 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE. — 9,  <?,  9,  g,  soft ; C,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  7.  J Jf  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


PANARY 


PALMITIC 


1026 


telling  fortunes  by  the  lines  in  the  palm  of  the 
hand. 

Palmistry,  or  divination  from  lines  of  our  hands.  Browne. 

2.  A trick  with  the  hand.  Addison. 

PAL-MIT'IC,  a.  ( Chem .)  Noting  an  acid  obtained 
from  palm-oil.  Silliman. 

PALM— OIL'  (pim-bll'),  n.  A reddish-yellow,  solid 
oil,  obtained  chiefly  from  Elens  Guineensis , a 
species  of  palm  growing  on  the  west  coast  of 
Africa.  It  is  used  in  the  manufacture  of  soap 
and  candles.  Brande. 

PALM'— SUN-DAY  (p'4m'sun-d?),  n.  [A.  S.  Palm- 
sunnan-dteg.]  The  Sunday  next  before  Easter  ; 
— so  called  in  commemoration  of  Christ’s  en- 
try into  Jerusalem,  when  the  multitude  strewed 
palm  branches  in  his  way.  Wheatly. 

PALM— WINE'  (pim-wln'),  n.  A beverage  made 
of  the  juice  which  flows  from  the  wounded 
spathes  of  the  cocoa-nut-tree  and  some  other 
species  of  the  palm,  in  India,  where  it  is  called 
toddy.  It  is  also  obtained  from  the  oil-paint 
( Elais  Guineensis).  Gray. 

FALM'-WORM  (pam'wurm),  n.  ( Ent .)  A species 
of  centiped  found  in  America.  Buchanan. 

PALM  Y (pam'e),  a.  1.  Bearing  or  abounding  in 
palms.  “ The  palmy  plains.”  Drgden. 

2.  Flourishing;  prosperous.  Burke. 

In  the  most  high  and  palmy  state  of  Rome.  Shak. 

tt^Nares  suggests  that  the  word  may  be  applied 
in  the  last  sense  “in  allusion  to  the  palms  of  the  stag’s 
horns,  when  they  have  attained  their  utmost  growth.” 

PALP,  n.  [Mod.  L.  palpus,  from  L.  palpo,  to 
stroke,  to  touch  gently  ; Fr . palpe.]  (Ent.)  A 
jointed  sensiferous  organ  attached  in  pairs  to 
the  lower  jaw;  a feeler.  Brande. 

PALP,  v.  a.  [L.  palpo.]  To  feel,  [r.]  Wright. 

PAL-PA-bIl'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being  per- 
ceptible by  the  touch ; palpableness.  Arbuthnot. 

PAI.'PA-BLE,  a.  [L.  palpabilis-,  palpo,  palpare, 
to  stroke,  to  touch  gently  ; It.  p dpabile  ; Sp.  § 
Fr.  palpable.  — See  Palpitate.] 

1.  That  may  be  touched  or  felt ; perceptible 

by  the  touch  ; tangible.  Shak. 

2.  Easily  or  readily  perceived  ; perceptible  ; 
plain  ; manifest;  obvious.  “ Palpable  mistakes.” 
Woodward.  “ A palpable  lie.”  Mickle. 

PAL'PA-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  pal- 
pable ; plainness  ; obviousness.  Johnson. 

PAl'PA-BLY,  ad.  In  a palpable  manner;  percep- 
tibly ; plainly;  obviously.  Bacon. 

PAL-PA'TION,  n.  [L .palpatio.]  The  act  of  touch- 
ing or  feeling.  Glanvill. 

PAL-PA'TOR,  n.  (Ent.)  One  of  a family  of  clav- 
icorn  beetles,  including  those  which  have  very 
long  palps  or  feelers.  Brande. 

pAl'P^-BRAL,  a.  [L.  palpebralis  ; palpebra,  an 
eyelid.]  Of,  or  pertaining  to,  the  eyelids.  Dun. 

pAl'P^-BROUS,  a.  Having  eyelids.  Smart. 

PAL'PI-FORM,  a.  [Mod.  L.  palpus,  a palp,  and 
L.  forma,  form.]  , Having  the  form  of  a palp, 
or  feeler.  Kirby. 

PAL-PIiy'lJR-OOs,  a.  Bearing  or  producing  palps, 
or  feelers.  Kirby. 

PAL'PI-TATE,  v.  n.  [L.  palpito,  palpitatus  ; pal- 
po, to  stroke,  to  touch  gently,  from  Gr.  tr a'/.'/M 
(another  form  of  fhi/.l.oi,  to  hurl,  to  strike,  to 
dash),  to  hurl,  to  shake,  to  quake  or  quiver ; It. 
palpi/are-,  Sp.  pa  ’pi  tar ; Fr.  palp  iter.]  \i.  pal- 
pitated ; pp.  PALPITATING,  PALPITATED.]  To 
move  or  beat  quickly  or  frequently,  as  the  heart ; 
to  pulsate  ; to  throb  ; — particularly,  to  beat,  as 
the  heart,  more  frequently  than  the  natural  pul- 
sation ; to  flutter ; to  go  pit-a-pat.  Martin. 

PAL-PI-TA'TIONj  n.  [L.  palpitatio  ; palpito,  pal- 
pita  tits,  to  palpitate  ; It . palpitazione  ; Sp . pdl- 
pitacion  ; Fr  .palpitation.]  The  act  of  palpitat- 
ing ; a quick  or  frequent  motion  or  beating,  as 
of  the  heart ; a throbbing,  — particularly,  a vio- 
lent or  preternaturally  rapid  motion  of  the 
heart,  occasioned  by  disease,  exhaustion,  ex- 
citement, fright,  or  other  cause.  Dunglison. 

I knew  the  company  too  well  to  feel  any  palpitations  at 
tlieir  approach.  J 'alter. 

Tier  boeom  heaves 

"With  palpitations  wild.  Thomson. 


pAl' PUS,n.\  pi.  pal'pT.  [L.  — See  Palp.]  (Ent.) 
A jointed  sensiferous  organ  ; a goXy.Burmeistir. 

PALiji'GRAVE  (palz'grav),  n.  [Ger . pfalzgraf; 

jifalz,  a palace  (from  L.  palatium),  and  yriif,  a 
count ; Dut.  paltsgraaf.]  ( Ger.  Ilist.)  A count 
of  the  palace  ; a count  palatine.  Bailey. 

PAL.S-GRA-VINE',  n.  [Ger.  pfulzgriifinn.]  The 
wife  of  a palsgrave,  or  a lady  of  the  rank  of  a 
palsgrave  ; a countess  palatine.  Booth. 

pAL'§I-CAL  (pai'ze-k?l),  a.  Palsied,  [u.]  Bailey. 

PAL'i^IED  (pM'zjd),  a.  Affected  with  palsy.  Shak. 

Let  not  old  age  long  stretch  his  palsied  hand.  Gay. 

PAL'STpR,  n.  A pilgrim’s  staff.  Wright. 

PA  L';jY,  n.  [Contracted  from  paralysis .]  Sus- 
pension or  great  diminution  of  voluntary  motion, 
and  sometimes  of  sensation,  in  any  part  of  the 
body,  often  accompanied  with  involuntary  mo- 
tion of  the  part  affected  ; paralysis.  Dunglison. 

pAl'§Y,  v.  a.  [i.  palsied  ; pp.  palsying,  pal- 
sied!] To  affect  with  palsy  ; to  paralyze.  Todd. 

PAl'^Y -WORT  (-wiirt),  n.  A plant  once  thought 
good  for  palsy.  Booth. 

PAL'TER,  v.  n.  [ Johnson , Tooke,  and  others,  re- 
fer to  paltry  ; Smart,  to  falter.  — See  Paltry.1 

[l.  PALTERED  ; pp.  PALTERING,  PALTERED.] 
To  shift ; to  shuffle  ; to  dodge  ; to  play  tricks  ; 
to  haggle  ; to  prevaricate.  Milton. 

Be  these  juggling  fiends  no  more  believed 
That  patter  with  us  in  a double  sense.  Shak. 

t PAL'TER,  v.  a.  To  squander;  to  fritter  away. 
“ He  palters  his  fortune.”  Todd. 

PAL'TpR-yR,  n.  One  who  palters.  Shenvood. 

pAl'TRJ-LY,  ad.  In  a paltry  manner  ; meanly. 

PAL'TRI-NpSS,  n.  State  of  being  paltry.  Johnson. 

PAL'TRY,  a.  [Of  uncertain  origin.  Jamieson 
and  Todd  refer  it  to  Low  Ger.  palt,  a fragment, 
a scrap ; palte,  palter,  a rag,  a tatter  ; palterig, 
mean,  worthless  ; Dan.  pialt,  a rag  ; Sw.  palt  or, 
rags  ; Scot,  paltrie,  peltry,  vile  trash  ; Old  Eng. 
pelter,  a mean,  despicable  fellow;  Local  Eng. 
palt,  rubbish,  refuse.  Johnson,  Tooke,  and 
Richardson,  with  the  older  etymologists,  derive 
it,  with  poltroon,  from  L.  pollice  truncus.  — See 
Poltroon.]  Mean  ; worthless  ; vile  ; sorry  ; 
despicable  ; contemptible  ; insignificant. 

Turn  your  forces  from  this  paltry  siege, 

And  stir  them  up  against  a mightier  task.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Contemptible. 

PA-LU'DAL,  a.  [L.  pains,  paludis,  a marsh.]  Re- 
lating to  marshes  ; marshy.  J.  Johnson. 

PA-LU-DA-MEN'  TUM,n.  [L.]  (Roman  Ant.)  A 
military  cloak  worn  by  the  general  and  principal 
officers.  It  was  open  in  front,  reached  to  the 
knees  or  a little  lower,  and  hung  loosely  from 
the  shoulders,  being  fastened  across  the  chest 
by  a clasp.  W.  Smith. 

pAr.-y-ni'JVA,n.  [L.  palus,  a pool.]  (Conch.)  A 
genus  of  gasteropodous,  operculatcd  mollusks, 
inhabiting  fresh  water.  Eng.  Cyc. 

PA-LU'DI-NOUS,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  palucTina. 

Clarke. 

PAL'Y,  a.  1.  Pale.  [Poetic.]  Shak.  Gay. 

2.  (Her.)  Noting  a shield  divided  into  four  or 
more  equal  parts.  Buchanan. 

PA.M,  n.  [From  palm,  victory,  as  trtimp  from  tri- 
umph. Johnson.]  The  knave  of  clubs.  Pope. 

PAM'PA§,  n.  pi.  Extensive  plains  in  South  Amer- 
ica, particularly  in  the  southern  part  of  Buenos 
Ayres,  covered,  like  the  prairies  of  North  Amer- 
ica, in  their  natural  state,  with  rank  grass,  and 
affording  pasturage  for  numerous  cattle  and 
horses.  Sir  F.  Head. 

PAm'PIJR,  v.  a.  [Old  Fr.  pamprer,  to  fill  or  cover 
with  vine-leaves,  to  train  or  nurse,  as  a vine, 
into  luxuriant  growth  ; pampre , a vine-branch 
with  leaves,  from  L . pampinus.  Junius.  Rich- 
ardson.] [i.  PAMPERED  ; pp.  PAMPERING,  PAM- 
PERED.] To  feed  to  the  full  with  luxuries  or 
delicacies  ; to  feed  luxuriously.  “ To  pamper 
and  strengthen  it  [the  body].”  Spenser. 

Praise  swelled  thee  to  a proportion  ready  to  burst:  it 
brought  thee  to  feed  upon  air,  and  to  starve  thy  soul  only  to 
pamper  thy  imagination.  South. 

PAM'PERED  (pSm'perd),  p.  a.  Fed  high  or  luxu- 
riously. “ Those  pampered  animals.”  Shak. 


PAM'PpR-pD-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  pam- 
pered. “ Pamperedness  and  pride.”  Bp.  Hall. 

pAM'PIJR-ER,  n.  One  who  pampers.  Cowper. 

PAM'P5R-lNG,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  pampers  ; 
luxurious  feeding  ; full  gratification.  Fulke. 

PAM'P^R-IZE,  v.  a.  To  feed  luxuriously;  to 
pamper,  [u.]  Sydney  Smith. 

PAM-PE' RO,  n. ; pi.  pXm-pe  ' ros.  A violent  wind 
from  the  west  or  the  south-west,  which  sweeps 
over  the  pampas  in  the  southern  part  of  Bue- 
nos Ayres.  Sir  W.  Parish. 

PAM'PHLET  (pSm'flet),  n.  [Various  etymologies 
have  been  suggested  for  this  word  ; as,  Fr  .par  tin 
filet,  as  being  held  together  by  a thread;  palme- 
feuillet,  a leaf  to  be  held  in  the  hand,  a book  be- 
ing a thing  of  greater  weight ; L.  payina  Jilnta, 
a threaded  page,  as  being  stitched  with  thread  ; 
Dut.  pumpier,  or  papier,  paper,  as  being  mere 
paper,  uncovered  or  unbound.  Carton  writes 
paunjlet  ; Chaucer,  pamfiet.]  A book  consist- 
ing of  only  one  or  a few  sheets,  stitched  together, 
and  not  bound.  Shak.  Wotton. 

Pamphlets  became  of  common  use  in  political  and  reli- 
gious controversy  about  the  . . . 16th  century.  Brande. 

PAM'PHLET  (pam'flet),  v.  n.  To  write  pamphlets. 
“In  a poor  pamphleting  way.”  Howell. 

PAM-PHLET-EER'  (pam-flet-er'),  n.  A writer  of, 
or  dealer  in,  pamphlets.  Bp.  Hall.  Dnyden. 

PAM-PHUJT-EER'JNG,  n.  The  writing  of  pam- 
phlets. Athena-um. 

PA  M-PHLIJT-EER'ING,  a.  Writing  pamphlets.  Ash. 

fPAM-PIL'ION  (-yon),  n.  1.  Akindof  fur.  Wright. 

2.  A coat  of  different  colors,  formerly  worn  by 
servants.  Hollgband,  1593. 

PAM-PIN'I-FORM,  a.  [L.  pampinus,  a tendril, 
and  forma,  form.]  (Ancit.)  Resembling  a ten- 
dril ; — applied  to  the  spermatic  arteries  and 
veins.  Dunglison. 

PAM'PRE  (pSm'per),  n.  [Fr. — See  Pamper.] 
(Sculp.)  An  ornament  for  columns,  consisting 
of  vine-leaves  and  grapes.  Brande. 

PAN,  n.  [A.  S.  panne-,  Dut.  pan\  Old  Ger. 
phanne  ; Ger.  pfanne ; Sw.  panna.  — W.  pan  ; 
Gael,  panna,  pan.] 

1.  A broad,  shallow  vessel,  used  for  holding 
provisions  and  for  other  domestic  purposes ; as, 
“ A milk-para  ” ; “A  frying-para.” 

That  were  but  to  leap  out  of  the  pan  into  the  fire.  Spenser. 

2.  The  part  of  the  lock  of  a gun  which  holds 

the  priming.  Boyle. 

3.  The  hard  stratum  of  earth  on  which  soil 

or  loam  lies ; — so  called  because  it  retains  rain- 
water. Halliwell. 

4.  That  part  of  the  head  or  skull  which  con- 
tains the  brain  ; the  upper  part  of  the  head. 

Though  he  were  shore  full  high  upon  his  pan.  Chaucer. 

5.  A masticatory  which  takes  the  place  of 

tobacco  and  opium  in  many  Asiatic  countries. 
It  consists  of  slices  of  the  areca-nut  wrapped  in 
the  fresh  leaves  of  the  betel-pepper  vine,  with 
a small  quantity  of  quicklime.  Simmonds. 

6.  A leaf  of  gold  or  silver.  Simmonds. 

fPAN,  v.  a.  To  join  or  close  together.  Ainsworth. 

pAjv,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  IT  A.]  (Grecian  Myth.) 
The  god  of  flocks  and  shepherds.  W.  Smith. 

PAN'A-BASE,  n.  (Min.)  Gray  copper ; tetrahe- 
drite.  Dana. 

pAN-A-CE'A,  n.  ; pi.  L.  pan-a-ce'je  ; Eng.  pan- 
A-c£'a§.  [L.,  from  Gr.  7r«wbcfm  ; tt as,  nav,  all, 

and  oKio/iai,  to  cure  ; Fr.  panacle.] 

1.  A medicine  supposed  to  cure  all  diseases  ; 

a universal  remedy  ; a catholicon.  Wart  on. 

2.  An  herb  ; all-heal.  Spenser. 

PAN-A-CE'AN,  a.  Curing  all  diseases.  Whitehead. 

PA-NA'DA,  n.  [Sp.]  Panado.  Johnson. 

PA-NADE',  n.  [Fr.]  Panado.  Holland. 

PA-NA'DO  [pfi-na'do,  S.  W.  P.  E.  F.  K.  Sm.;  pa- 
n'i'do,  Ja.],n.  [Sp.  panado,  panada  ; pan,  bread, 
from  L.  panis. ] Bread  boiled  in  water  to  the 
consistence  of  pulp.  Wiseman. 

PAN’A-RY,  n.  [L.  panarium,  a bread-basket.] 
A storehouse  for  bread ; a pantry,  [r.]  Halliwell. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  tJ,  Y,  short; 


A,  5,  I,  O,  U,  Y>  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL; 


HEIR,  HER; 


PANCAKE 


1027 


PANG 


PAN'CAKE,  n.  A thin  cake  baked  in  a pan  or  on 
a griddle  ; a flapjack  ; a fritter.  Shak. 

PAN-CARTE',  n.  [Fr.,  from  Gr.  nas,  war,  all,  and 
'^aarr/s,  paper.]  (Diplomatics.)  A royal  charter 
confirming  to  a subject  the  enjoyment  of  all  his 
possessions,  which  are  enumerated  in  the  in- 
strument. Brande. 


PAJT'  C HA— TAN-  TIL?,  n.  A celebrated  collection 
of  fables  in  the  Sanscrit  language.  P.  Cyc. 

PANCH'— WAY,  n.  A Bengal  four-oared  boat  for 
passengers.  Malcom. 

PAN-CRA'TIAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  pancrati- 
um. “ The  stout  pancratian  toil.”  Lee. 


PAN-CRA'TI-AST,  n.  [Gr.  TTayspanaarq;  \ ~L.  pan- 
cratiastes  ; Fr.  pancratiaste.  — See  Pancrati- 
um.] A combatant  in  the  pancratium.  Andrews. 
f PAN-CRA-TJ-AS'TIC,  a.  [Gr.  TrayKpariaoructs.] 
Of,  or  pertaining  to,  the  pancratium.  “The 
great  pancratiastic  crown.”  West. 

f PAN-CRAT'IC,  ) [Gr.  n&s,  it  Sr,  all,  and 
f PAN-CRAtT-CAL,  S Kpdros,  strength,  might.] 
Powerful  in  all  athletic  contests  ; very  strong 
or' powerful.  Hammond. 

[Milo]  was  the  most pancratical  man  in  all  Greece.  Browne. 


pAn'CRA-TIST,  n.  One  skilled  in  gymnastic  ex- 
ercises ; pancratiast.  Ash. 


PAN-CRA'  Tl-UM  (- slie-um),  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  iray- 
Koanov  ; 7r ayKoarfj;,  all-powerful  ; ira;,  ttulv,  all, 
and  Kiaro;,  strength.] 

1.  (Ant.)  An  athletic  contest  practised  in 
Greece,  and  thence  introduced  into  Rome,  which 
combined  boxing  and  wrestling.  Wm.  Smith. 

2.  (But.)  A genus  of  bulbous  plants  of  the 

natural  order  Amaryllidacerc,  having  a funnel- 
shaped  flower  with  a long  tube.  P.  Cyc. 

PAN'ORE-AS  (pang'kre-as),  n.  [Gr.  diysotas ; nds. 
Trap,  all,  and  sola;,  flesh.]  ( Anat .)  A gland  of 
the  abdomen,  lying  transversely  on  the  verte- 
bral column,  between  the  three  curvatures  of 
the  duodenum,  under  and  behind  the  stomach, 
and  at  the  right  of  the  spleen.  It  is  composed 
of  lobes  and  granulated  lobules,  distinct,  and 
united  by  areolar  tissue.  Dunglison. 

tfpp  The  pancreas  of  the  lower  animals  is  common- 
ly called  the  sweet-bread.  Brande. 

PAN-CRp-AT'IC,  a.  Of,  or  pertaining  to,  the 
pancreas.  “ Pancreatic  duct.”  Dunglison. 

Pancreatic  juice,  a fluid,  resembling  saliva,  secreted 
by  the  pancreas,  and  serving  to  modify  or  digest  the 
fatty  matters  of  food,  in  order  to  their  ultimate  ab- 
sorption by  the  lacteals.  M.  Bernard. 

PAN'CRP-A-ToId,  n.  [Gr.  irayspca;,  the  pancreas, 
and  tlhos,  form.]  (Med.)  A tumor  resembling 
the  pancreas  in  structure.  Dunglison. 


PAN'CY.n.  A pansy.  — See  Pansy.  Dnyden. 


pan' da,  n.  ( Zoal .)  A 
quadrupedfoundin  the 
Himalaya  mountains, 
allied  to  the  raccoon  ; 
Ailurus  fulgens.  Baird. 


Panda  (Ailurus  fulgens). 


pAn'DA-RIZE,  v.  n.  To  pander,  [r.]  Cotgrave. 


pAn'DA-ROUS,  a.  PandeVly.  [r.]  Middleton. 


PAn'D^-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Pan.  Moore. 

Pandean  pipes,  a wind  instrument  of  great  antiquity, 
made  of  reeds  fastened  together  and  tuned  to  each 
other,  said  to  have  been  invented  by  Pan.  Moore. 

PAN'DECT,  n.  [Gr.  navSe/cry;  ; -nds,  ttuv,  all,  and 
H^opai,  to  take,  to  receive ; L.  pandecta .] 

1.  A treatise  that  comprehends  the  whole  of 

any  science.  Swift. 

2.  pi.  A digest  or  compilation  of  the  Roman 

or  civil  law,  made  in  the  sixth  century,  by  order 
of  Justinian,  from  the  writings  of  Roman  jurists. 
It  consists  of  fifty  books,  subdivided  into  422 
titles,  or  chapters,  containing  912.3  extracts,  and 
constitutes  the  first  part  of  the  body  of  the  civil 
law.  Wm.  Smith. 

PAN-DEM'IC,  a.  [Gr.  ira;,  niiv,  all,  and  Inyo;,  the 
people.]  Incident  to  a whole  people  ; epidemic. 
“ A pandemic  . . . disease.”  Harvey. 

PAN-DE-MO'NJ-UM,  n. ; pi.  pXn-de-mo'ni-Dm^. 
[Gr.  nils,  nav,  all,  and  laipwv,  a demon.]  The 
great  hall,  council-chamber,  or  palace  of  all  the 
demons  or  infernal  spirits. 

Pandemonium,  the  high  capital 

Of  Satan  and  his  peers.  Milton. 


pAn'D£R,  n.  [From  Pandarus,  a leader  in  the 
Trojan  war,  whom  mediaeval  romances,  and 
Shakspeare  in  Troilus  and  Cressida,  represent 
as  procuring  for  Troilus  the  love  and  good 
graces  of  ChryseYs.  Skinner.  Trench .] 

1.  A man  who  procures  for  another  the  object, 
or  the  gratification,  of  his  lust ; a male  bawd  ; a 
pimp  ; a procurer  ; — formerly  written  pandar. 

A privilege  to  pimps  and  lenders  left.  Dryden. 

2.  One  who  subserves  or  ministers  to  any 
vicious  passion  or  desire  of  another. 

PAn'D^R,  v.  n.  [i.  pandered  ; pp.  pandering, 
pandered.]  To  procure  the  gratification  of 
another’s  lust ; to  pimp.  Milton. 

To  pander  to,  to  subserve  or  minister  to,  as  any 
vicious  passion  or  desire  of  another. 

PAN'DER,  v.  a.  To  be  the  pimp  of.  [r.]  Shak. 

PAN'DpR-I§M,  n.  The  employment  of  a pander 
or  pimp.  Bp.  Hall. 

PAN'DfR-LY,  os.  Pimping,  [it.]  Shak. 

PAN-dIC'U-LAT-IJD,  a.  [L.  pamliculor,  pandicu- 
latus,  to  stretch  one’s  self ; pando,  to  spread  out, 
to  extend.]  Stretched  out ; extended.  Maunder. 

PAN-DIC-U-LA'TION,  n.  (Med.)  A stretching  or 
extension  of  the  body,  as  in  weariness,  or  desire 
to  sleep,  usually  accompanied  with  yawning  ; — 
also  observed  at  the  commencement  of  certain 
paroxysms  of  fevers,  hysteria,  &c.  Dunglison. 

pAn'DIT,  n.  A pundit.  — See  Pundit.  Wright. 

PAN-DOOR',  or  PAN-DOUR',  n.  One  of  a body  of 
light-infantry  soldiers,  in  the  service  of  Aus- 
tria;— so  called  because  originally  raised  from 
the  mountainous  districts  near  the  village  of 
Pandur,  in  Lower  Hungary.  Ency.  Am. 

PAN-DO'RA,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  riardufm  ; nds,  tt&v, 
all,  and  ftinpov,  a gift.] 

1.  (Grecian  Myth.)  The  first  woman  on  earth, 

made  by  Vulcan,  and  who  received  presents 
from  all  the  gods.  W.  Smith. 

2.  (Conch.)  A genus  of  bivalve  mollusks 

having  inequivalve  shells.  Woodward. 

3.  (Astron.)  An  asteroid  discovered  by  G. 

Searle  in  1858.  Lovering. 

Pandora's  box,  ( Grecian  Myth.)  a box  given  by  Ju- 
piter to  Pandora,  from  which,  on  being  opened,  there 
issued  all  the  ills  and  diseases  which  have  since  con- 
tinued to  afflict  the  human  race,  Hope  alone  remain- 
ing. Brande. 

PAN-DORE'  [p&n-dor',  Ja.  K.  Sm.\  pan'dor,  C.  O. 
Wr.J  ,n.  [Gr.  navloupa  ; L .pandora',  It .pandura, 
pandora-,  Sp.  pandero-,  Fr.  pandore,  mandore, 
mandolc .]  An  ancient  musical  instrument, 
somewhat  resembling  the  lute,  having  strings 
of  brass  ; — written  also  pandura,  pandoran, 
and  bandore.  Drayton. 

FAN-DOtV'DY,  n.  Bread  and  apples  baked  to- 
gether. Lang. 

PAn'DR^SS,  n.  A female  who  panders;  a pro- 
curess. Middleton. 


pAn'DU-RAte,  a.  (Bot.)  Panduriform.  Gray. 


PANE,  n.  [L . pannns,  a cloth,  a garment,  a rag, 
a fillet ; Fr.  pan,  the  skirt  of  a garment,  a lap- 
pet ; also  a part  or  piece,  as  of  a wall  ; and  a 
side,  as  of  a table,  a beadstead,  or  a roof ; It. 
panno  ; Sp.  paho  ; Provencal  pan  ; Sp.  apahar, 
to  patch  ; also  to  wrap  up,  to  dress.  Skinner. 
Landais.  Diez.  — A.  S.  pan,  a piece,  as  of 
cloth,  a plait ; Scot,  pane,  cloth,  a piece.] 

1.  t A piece  of  cloth  inserted  in  another  of  a 

different  color  for  ornament.  Hackluyt. 

2.  A distinct  part  or  piece  in  any  surface. 

The  knight  showed  me  a pane  of  the  wall,  and  said,  “ Sir, 
see  you  yonder  part  of  the  wall  which  is  newer  than  all  the 
remnant?”  Berners. 

3.  A square  or  plate  of  glass.  Swift. 

The  face  of  Eleanor  owes  more  to  that  single  pane  than  to 
all  the  glasses  she  ever  consulted.  Pope. 

4.  A subdivision  of  an  irrigated  piece  of  land, 
between  a feeder  and  an  outlet  drain.  Ency. 

5.  (Arch.)  The  side  of  a tower,  spire,  or  build- 
ing. Ogilvie. 

PANED  (pand),  a.  Having,  or  ornamented  with, 


panes,  as  cloth,  or  a garment.  “ Coats  of  purple 
velvet  . . . paned  with  rich  cloth  of  silver.”  Hall. 

Paned  liose,  breeches  ornamented  with  cuts  or  open- 
ings in  the  cloth,  where  other  colors  were  inserted  in 
silk  and  drawn  through. 

Our  diseased  fathers. 

Worried  with  the  sciatica  and  aches, 

Brought  up  your  jjuned  hose  first,  which  ladies  laugh  at. 

Massinger. 

II  PAN-E-(?YR'IC  [ptln-e-jlr'jk,  P.  J.  F.  R. ; pan-e- 
jer'jk,  S.  IF.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  C\] , n.  [Gr.  navrjyvpiKbs ; 
7 rain/yvpt;,  an  assembly  of  all  the  people,  espe- 
cially for  a public  festival  such  as  the  Olympic 
games  ; nas,  nav,  all,  and  uyvpic,  ayopa,  an  assem- 
bly ; L.  panegyricus  ; It.  <y  Sp.  panegirico  ; Fr. 
panegyrique. J An  oration  in  praise  of  some 
person  or  some  achievement ; a laudatory  or  en- 
comiastic oration  or  discourse  ; a eulogy  ; eu- 
logium ; an  encomium. 

The  Athenians  met  at  the  sepulchres  of  those  slain  at 
Marathon,  and  there  made  panegyrics  upon  them.StillingJteet. 

I am  not  inclined  ...  to  make  a panegyric  upon  any  thing 
which  is  a just  and  natural  object  of  censure.  Burke. 

On  me  when  dunces  arc  satiric, 

I take  it  for  a panegyric.  Swift. 

ttjf  Though  Smart  pronounces  squirrel  and  pane- 
gyric squer'rel  and  pan-e-jer'ik,  yet  lie  says,  “ The 
irregular  sound  of  i and  y,  in  squirrel  and  panegyric, 
we  may  hope  in  time  to  hear  reclaimed  ; a corre- 
spondent reformation  having  taken  place  in  spirit  and 
miracle,  which  were  once  pronounced  sper'it  and 
mer'a-cle.” 

Syn.  — See  Encomium. 

||  PAN-G-GYR  1C,  J a Containing,  or  express- 

11  PAN-U-GYR'I-CAL,  ] mg,  praise  0r  eulogy  ; eu- 
logistic ; encomiastic.  Dryden. 

||  pAn-]J-GYR'!-UAL-LY,  acf _ B y way  of  pane- 
gyric or  praise.  ‘ Mackintosh. 

f PA-NEG'Y-Rls,  n.  [Gr.  Traviiyvpt$.  — See  Pane- 
gyric.] An  assembly  of  all  the  people  ; a pub- 
lic assembly  or  festival.  Milton.  Harris. 

||  PAN-G-GYR'IST,  n.  [Gr.  Travr/yvptary;  ; L.  pail- 
egyrista-,  It.  § Sp.  panegirista ; Fr.  pani-gy- 
riste.]  One  who  makes  a panegyric  ; a eulo- 
gist; an  encomiast.  Camden. 

PAN'G-GYR-IZE,  v.a.  [Gr.  iravyyvpifinl]  [i.  PAN- 
EGYRIZED ',pp.  PANEGYRIZING,  PANEGYRIZED.] 
To  make  a panegyric  on  ; to  bestow  great  praise 
on;  to  commend  highly.  Evelyn.  Warton. 

PAN'G-GYR-fZE>  v.n.  To  bestow  praise.  Mitford. 

t pAn'G-GYR-Y,  n.  A panegyric.  Milton. 

PAN'LL,  n.  [Fr .panneau,  from  L.  pannulus,  dim. 
of  pannus,  a cloth.  — See  Pane,  and  Pannel.] 

1.  (Arch.)  An  area  or  compartment  sunk 
from  the  general  face  of  the  surrounding  work, 
as  of  a wainscot  or  a wall,  — particularly,  a piece 
of  wood  the  edges  of  which  are  inserted  in  the 
groove  of  a frame  consisting  of  two  upright 
pieces  called  styles,  and  two  transverse  pieces 
called  rails  ; as,  “ The  panel  of  a door.” 

His  whole  history  is  digested  into  twenty-four  square  pan- 
els of  sculpture  in  bass-relief.  Adaison. 

A bungler  thus,  who  scarce  the  nail  can  hit. 

With  driving  wrong  will  make  the  panel  split.  Swift. 

2.  (Masonry.)  A face  of  a hewn  stone.  Davis. 

3.  (Paint.)  A piece  of  board,  on  which,  in- 
stead of  canvas,  a picture  is  painted. 

The  earliest  paintings  in  oil  were  generally  executed  on 
panels.  Fairliolt. 

4.  (Mining.)  A heap  of  ore,  dressed  and  ready 

for  sale.  Simmonds. 

5.  (Law.)  A schedule  containing  the  names 
of  the  jurors  whom  the  sheriff  returns  to  serve 
on  trials.  Blaekstone.  The  whole  jury.  Wright. 

6.  (Scottish  Law.)  The  prisoner  at  the  bar. 
Brande.  The'bar  of  a court.  Arnot. 

PAN'LL,  v.  a.  [t.  panelled;  pp.  panelling, 
panelled.]  To  form  with  panels:  — to  im- 
panel. “ A bridge  panelled  with  stone.”  Pennant. 

PANE'Lf.SS,  a.  Without  panes  of  glass.  “ His 
paneless  window.”  Shenstonc. 

j-  PAN-EL-LA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  impanelling 
a jury.  A.  Wood. 

pAn'GL-LING,  n.  Work  made  of  panels.  Qu.  Rev. 

PANG,  n.  [A.  S.  pyngan,  to  prick,  to  pierce  ; pi- 
nan,  to  torture  ; pin,  pain  ; Dut.  pynigen  ; Ger. 
peinigen.  — See  Pain.]  A sharp  and  sudden 
pain  ; poignant  pain  or  distress  ; a throe. 

And  the  poor  beetle  that  we  tread  upon. 

In  corporal  sufferance  finds  a puny  as  great 
As  when  a giant  dies.  Shale. 

Syn.  — See  Pain. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  ROLE. 


— 9>  soft;  £,  G,  g,  g,  hard;  ^ as  z;  If  as  gz.  —THIS,  this. 


PANG 


1028 


PANT!  LE 


PANG,  v.  a.  To  give  extreme  pain  to;  to  torture. 

A kind  word  that  would  make  another  lover’s  heart  dance 
for  joy,  /tangs  poor  Will.  Addison. 

PAN'GO-LlN  (pUng'go-lIn),  n.  [Javanese  pangoe- 
ling. ' Saba.-]  (Zobl.)  An  animal  covered  with 
scales  overlapping  each  other  like  tiles,  and 
which,  when  attacked,  rolls  itself  up  in  tha  form 
of  a ball;  the  scaly  ant-eater;  Mam's.  — Sec 
Manis.  Eng.  Cyc. 

PAnTC,  a.  [Gr.  traviKSs;  Tidv,  a rural  god,  and 
the  general  of  Bacchus  in  his  Indian  expedition, 
where,  being  surrounded  by  an  opposing  army 
far  superior  in  numbers,  he  caused  his  men  to 
raise  a simultaneous  shout  in  the  middle  of  the 
night,  which,  favored  by  the  echoes  of  a rocky 
valley,  so  surprised  the  enemy  that  they  fled 
precipitately  from  their  camp.  Potter.  — It.  $ 
Sp.  p'tnico  ; Fr.  panigue.]  Sudden,  violent,  and 
usually  groundless;  — applied  to  fear.  Dryden. 

PANTC,  n.  A sudden  fright,  — especially  without 
real  cause  ; alarm  ; terror.  Shaftesbury. 

pAn'IO,  n.  ( Bot .)  A plant  of  the  genus  Panicum ; 
panic-grass.  Wood. 

f pAN'I-CAL,  a.  Sudden  ; panic.  Camden. 

PANTO-PUL,  a.  Full  of  panic,  [k.]  C.  B.  Brown. 

PAN'IC-GrAsS,  n.  ( Bot .)  A plant  of  the  genus 
Panicum ; panic.  Gray. 

pAn'I-CLE,  n.  [L . panicula,  dim.  of  panus  (Gr. 
t int'oi),  the  thread  wound  on  the  bobbin  in  a shut- 
tle.] (Bot.)  A form  of  inflorescence;  a com- 
pound raceme  ; a raceme  the  branches  of  which 
bear  more  than  one  flower.  Gray.  ^ 

FAN'I-CLED  (pan’e-kld),  a.  (Bot.)  Hay-  jg|,, 
ing  panicles,  as  a plant ; or  arranged  in 
panicles,  as  inflorescence.  Gray. 

PAN'IC-STRCtcK,  a.  Struck  with  a panic  ; | 

seized  with  sudden  fright.  Burke.  •' 

PA-NIC'U-LATE,  £ n.  (Bot.)  Furnished  with 

PA-NlC'U-LAT-jpD,  > panicles  ; panicled.  Crabb. 

PAjY ' I-  C UM,  n.  [L.  — Pliny  says  so  called  from 
its  flowers  being  in  a panicle ; but  others  derive 
the  name  from  panis,  bread,  because  of  its  uses. 
Loudon.']  (Bot.)  A genus  of  grasses  of  many 
species,  the  best  known  of  which  is  Panicum 
miliaceum,  or  millet ; panic-grass.  Loudon. 

PA-NIV'O-ROUS,  a.  [L.  panis,  bread,  and  voro, 
to  devour.]  Subsisting  on  bread.  Maunder. 

PAN-NADE'  [pgn-nad',  K.  Sin.  I I V. ; pstn-nid',  ./a.], 
n.  (Men.)  The  curvet  of  a horse.  Ainsworth. 

PAN'NA<?E,  n.  [Low  L.  pannagium ; I ..penis, 
bread;  Old  Fr.  panage.]  (Old  Eng.  Law.)  The 
food  of  swine  in  the  woods,  as  mast  of  the  oak, 
beech,  &c. ; — called  also  pawns  and  pawnage  : 
— also  the  money  taken  for  pannage.  Cowell. 

pAn'NA<?E,  n.  [L.  pannus,  a cloth.]  A tax  on 
cloth.  Clarke. 

PAN'NA-RY,  a.  [L.  panis,  bread.]  Useful  for 
making  bread,  [it.]  Loudon. 

PAx'NEL,  n.  [Fr . panneau,  from  L.  pannus,  a 
cloth.  — See  Panel.] 

1.  A kind  of  rustic  saddle.  Tusser. 

2.  The  stomach  of  a hawk.  Ainsworth. 

pAn'NI-CLE,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the  millet 
kind ; panic  ; Panicum.  Miller. 

PAN'NIER  ( pa !i  y it r or  pSn'nj-er)  [pan’yer,  S.  IF.  .7. 
F.  Ja.  K.  It.  IVr. ; p&n'e-er,  P.  Sm.],  n.  [L .pana- 
ri.um ; p'inis,  bread;  It.  panic  ra;  Sp.  pattern; 
Fr.  panier.]  Originally  a bread-basket : — now 
applied  to  one  of  two  baskets  suspended  from 
the  back  of  a beast  of  burden,  in  which  fruit 
and  other  things  are  carried.  Dryden. 

l’A.VXIpRED  (pan'yurd),  a.  Having,  or  furnished 
with,  panniers.  Somerville. 

f pA-N'NI-KEL,  n.  The  brain-pan  or  skull.  Spenser. 

PAn'O-PLIED  (pXn'o-plid),  a.  Furnished  with 
panoply ; completely  armed.  For.  Qu.  Rev. 

PAN'O-PLY,  n.  [Gr.  iravonlia  ; it  as,  irav,  all,  and 
Sii/.n,  arms.]  A full  suit  of  armor;  complete 
armor.  “ The  Christian  panoply."  Ray. 

In  arm 8 thc*y  stood 

Of  golden  pano/d//,  refulgent  host.  Milton. 

PA-NOP'TJ-CON,  n.  [Gr.  vug,  -nav,  all,  and  006(0, 


b^oyai,  to  see.]  A prison,  so  constructed  that 
the  inspector  can  see  the  prisoners,  at  all  times, 
without  being  seen  by  them.  J.  Bentham. 

PAN-O-RA'MAj  or  PAN-O-rX'MA  [p&n-o-ra'in?, 
Sm.  R.  C. ; p5n-o-ra'ma,  Ja.  K.  II V.  IVb.],  n. 
[Gr.  jn7{,  irdv,  all,  and  opaya,  a view ; bpaoi,  to 
see.]  A painting  representing  a complete  or 
entire  view,  as  of  a country,  a river,  a city,  &c. 

- Formerly,  the  term  was  restricted  to  a paint- 
ins  so  placed  as  to  form  the  surface  of  a hollow  cylin- 
der or  rotunda,  the  point  of  view  beinc  in  the  centre  ; 
now  extended  to  any  painting  made  to  pass  before  the 
eye  of  the  spectators  by  being  unrolled  from  one  cyl- 
inder and  wound  upon  another.  Wright. 

pAN-O-RAM'IC,  ? a.  Pertaining  to,  or  resem- 

PAiV-O-RAM'J-CAL,  ) bling,  a panorama.  Qu.  Rev. 

PAN-PHAR'MA-CON,  n.  [Gr.  nds,  »«,  all,  and 
ipapiuiKor,  a medicine.]  (Med.)  A universal 
medicine  ; a panacea  ; catholicon.  Sir  IF.  Scott. 

PAn'SIION,  n.  An  earthen  vessel  wider  at  the 
top  than  at  the  bottom.  [Local,  Eng.]  Halliwell. 

PAN-SOPH'I-CAL,  a.  Aiming  or  pretending  to 
know  every  thing,  [r.]  Worthington. 

PAN'SO-PHY.  n.  [Gr.  nhs,  irav,  all,  and  aotpia,  wis- 
dom ; Old  Fr.  pansophie.]  All  wisdom.  Hartlib. 

PAN-STE-RE-O-RA'MA,  n.  [Gr.  irnr,  trhv,  all,  ari- 
poit,  solid,  and  bpa/ia,  a view ; b iaui,  to  see.]  A 
model  of  a town  or  country  cut  in  relief  in  cork, 
wood,  pasteboard,  or  other  substance.  Braude. 

PAN'^Y,  n.  [Fr.  pensee,  thought,  pansy,  from 
penscr,  to  think.  — “It  probably  obtained  the 
name  of  pensee,  thought,  or  fancy,  from  its  fan- 
ciful appearance.”  Nares.]  (Bot.)  A plant  na- 
tive of  cultivated  fields  and  gardens  throughout 
Europe,  Siberia,  and  North  America ; heart’s- 
ease  ; garden  violet ; Viola  tricolor.  Eng.  Cyc. 

Pansies , and  violets,  and  asphodel.  Milton. 

PANT  (12),  v.  n.  [Fr.  puntelcr,  referred  by  Me- 
nage to  L.  palpit.o,  to  palpitate ; by  Junius,  to 
Gr.  TTivllw,  to  mourn.]  [i.  panted;  pp.  pant- 
ing, PANTED.] 

1.  To  beat  as  the  heart  after  violent  exertion  ; 

to  palpitate  ; to  throb.  Crashaw. 

Yet  might  her  piteous  heart  be  seen  to  pant.  Sjienser. 

2.  To  breathe  quickly  and  shortly,  as  after 
violent  exertion  ; to  puff ; to  have  the  breast 
heaving  as  in  short  respiration  ; to  gasp. 

Pluto  jiants  for  breath  from  out  his  cell.  Dryden. 

3.  To  play  with  intermission  or  feeble  efforts. 

The  whispering  breeze 

Pants  on  the  leaves,  and  dies  upon  the  trees.  Pope. 

4.  To  wish  or  desire  earnestly  ; to  long. 

Who  pants  for  glory  finds  but  short  repose.  Pope. 

PANT,  n.  1.  A quick  motion  or  heating,  as  of 
the  heart ; a throbbing;  a palpitation.  Sliak. 

2.  A short  and  quick  breathing  : a puff. 

f PANT'A-BLE,  n.  A shoe;  a slipper.  [Corrup- 
tion of  pantofle.]  • Sandys. 

PAn'TA-CO§M,  n.  ( Astron .)  An  instrument  re- 
sembling the  astrolabe  ; a cosmolabe.  — See 
Cosmolajse.  Davies. 

PAN’TA-GRAPH,  n.  [Gr.  zras,  iraura,  all,  ana 
ypdijibi,  to  write  ; Old  Eng.  paunce.]  An  instru- 
ment for  copying,  reducing,  or  enlarging  plans, 
maps,  and  other  drawings  ; pantograph.  Brande. 

pAN-TA-LET',  n.  [Dim.  of  pantaloon.] 

1.  Loose  drawers  worn  by  women  and  chil- 
dren ; — often  restricted  to  a separate  part  ex- 
tending from  the  knee  to  the  ankle. 

2.  Trousers  xvorn  by  Indian  women.  Catlin. 

pAN-TA-LOON',  n. ; pi.  pantaloons.  [It . pan- 
talone,  pi.  pantaloni ; Fr.  pantalon. — A word 
originating  among  the  Venetians,  who  xvore  the 
garment,  calling  it  pantaloni,  from  Pantaleon, 
formerly  the  patron  saint  of  Venice.  Menage.  — 
“ Originally,  a baptismal  name  very  frequent 
among  the  Venetians,  and  hence  applied  to 
them,  by  the  other  states,  as  a common  name ; 
afterwards  a name  of  derision,  as  referring  to 
a part  of  their  dress  that  then  distinguished  the 
Venetians,  namely,  breeches  and  stockings  that 
xvere  all  of  a piece.”  Smart.  “ His  [Pantaloon’s] 
name  is  said  by  antiquaries  to  be  derived  from 
the  Italian  xvords  ‘ Pianta  leone,’  as  it  xvere  the 


‘ Lion  planter,’ in  allusion  to  the  boastful  lan- 
guage of  the  Venetians.”  Brande.] 

1.  t A man’s  garment  in  which  breeches  and 

stockings  are  all  of  a piece.  Grey. 

2.  A man’s  garment,  extending  from  the  xvaist 

to  the  feet,  xvith  a separate  covering  for  each 
leg  ; long,  close  trousers.  Smart. 

3.  A character  in  the  Italian  comedy  or  a buf- 
foon in  pantomimes  ; — so  called  from  being 
usually  dressed  in  pantaloons. 

The  sixth  age  shifts 

Into  the  lean  and  slippered  pantaloon.  Shale. 

pAN'TA-MORPH,  n.  [Gr.  -dr,  all,  and  yogipt/, 
form.]  That  which  has  all  shapes.  Scudamore. 

pAN-TA-MOR'PIIIC,  a.  Having  all  forms;  as- 
suming all  shapes.  Smart. 

PAN-TECH-NIJ-THE'CA,  n.  [Gr.  traf,  Iran,  all, 
rixyri,  an  art,  and  Qi'lKrj,  a chest,  a repository.] 
A pantechnicon.  M’Gec. 

PAN-TEjKH'NJ-CON,  n.  [Gr.  wivre^vos,  skilled  in 
all  arts  ; uds,  ttuv,  all,  and  Ti^vr],  an  art.]  A place 
iu  which  every  species  of  xvorkmanship  is  col- 
lected and  exposed  for  sale.  Brande. 

pAnT'FR,  n.  One  xvho  pants.  Congreve. 

pAnt’JJR,  n.  + [Gr.  TTarOi/por,  a snare ; L.  panther ; 
It.  pantera ; Er.  pantiere.  — Ir.  painter,  a snare. 
Lye.]  A snare  or  net.  Chaucer. 

PANT'ESS,  n.  [from  pantj]  The  difficulty  of 
breathing  in  a hawk.  Ainsworth. 

PAN'THE-I§M,  n.  [Gr.  jt«s,  irav,  all,  and  Blot, 
God.]  The  doctrine  or  theory  xvhich  identifies 
nature  or  the  universe,  in  its  totality,  xvith  God. 

Pantheism,  when  explained  to  mean  the  absorption  of  the 
infinite  in  the  finite,  of  God  in  nature,  is  atheism;  and  the 
doctrine  of  Spinosa  lias  been  so  regarded  by  many.  IVhen 
explained  to  mean  tile  absorption  of  nature  in  God.  of  the 
finite  in  the  infinite,  it  amounts  to  an  exaggeration  of  athe- 
• ism.  Fleming. 

PAN'TIIB-IST  [pan'the-Ist,  Sm.  Wb.  Wr. ; pan- 
the'jst,  Ja.  Todd],  n.  A believer  in  pantheism  ; 
one  xvho  identifies  the  universe  xvith  God. 

The  most  ancient  Greek  philosophers  were  pantheists. 

Brande. 

pAN-TIIB-Is  TIC,  ) a [Fr. pantheistique.] 

PAN-THB-IS'TI-CAL,  > 1.  Relating  to  panthe- 

ism ; confounding  God  xvith  the  universe. 

2.  (Sculp.)  Noting  statues  and  figures  xxhich 
bear  the  symbols  of  sex-eral  deities.  Brande. 

pAN-THE-OL'O-gIST,  n.  One  versed  in  panthe- 
ology. Scott. 

PAN-THE-OL'O-PY,  n.  [Gr.  zzae,  n av,  all,  Bios, 
God,  and  l.6yos,  a discourse.]  An  entire  system 
of  divinity.  Cole. 

PAN-THE'ON  [pjn-the'on,  IF.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  K. 
Sm.  R.  Wb.,  as  an  English  word ; as  a classical 
word,  pan'the-on,  IF.  Sm. ; pan-tliG'on  or  pan'tlie- 
611,  Carr  and  others],  n.  [Gr.  ttqvQuov;  t zavOtov; 
7 rdf,  ttuv,  all,  and  Bias,  God  ; L.  pantheon.] 

X.  A temple  dedicated  to  all  the  gods. 

Hail,  learning’s  Pantheon ! Hail,  the  sacred  ark 

Where  all  the  world  of  science  does  embark.  Cowley. 

Mark  bow  the  dread  Pantheon  stands, 

Amid  the  toys  of  modern  hands, 

IIow  simply,  how  severely,  great!  Akenside. 

UQP  There  were  two  magnificent  pantheons  in  an- 
tiquity j one  at  Athens,  the  other  at  Rome.  The  lat- 
ter, now  comparatively  in  ruins,  is  one  of  the  most 
splendid  remains  of  the  ancients.  It  now  forms  a 
Christian  church,  dedicated  to  the  Virgin  Mary  and  All 
Saints,  and  is  generally  called  the  Rotunda.  Brande. 

2.  A work  containing  a view  of  all  the  gods 
of  the  ancients  ; as,  “ Tooke’s  Pantheon 

3.  A place  of  public  exhibition  in  which  is 

found  every  variety  of  amusement.  Brande . 

PAN'TH^R,  n.  [Gr.  -rruvOnp  ; L.  panther  a ; It.  $ 
Sp.  pantera;  Fr.  p anther e.]  (Zonl.)  A fero- 
cious, carnivorous  animal,  found  in  Africa  and 
Asia,  of  a yellow  color,  marked  with  several 
rows  of  black  spots,  and  belonging  to  the  fam- 
ily Felidce  or  genus  Felis ; Fells  pardus  of  Lin- 
naeus.— See  Leopard.  Eng.  Cyc. 

It  has  been  a question  whether  the  leopard  and 
panther  are  distinct  species,  or  only  varieties.  Cuvier 
separates  the  panther  from  the  leopard  specifically. 
The  panther  he  makes  the  Frlis  pardus  of  Linnams, 
and  the  Pardalis  (fj  napSaXig)  of  the  ancients.  Eng. Cyc. 

American  panther , the  jaguar.  — See  JAGUAR. 

pAn'THJJR-INE,  a.  [L.  pantherinns.\  Pertain- 
ing to,  or  resembling,  the  panther.  Cole. 

PAN'TILE,  n.  A tile  with  a hollow  or  incurvated 
surface;  — written  also  pentlle.  Bryant. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  JJ,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; IIEIR,  HER; 


PANTING 


1029 


PAPILLARY 


PANT'ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  pants.  Tatler. 
pAnT'ING-LY,  ad.  With  palpitation  or  rapid 
breathing.  S/tak. 

PANT'  l.pli,  n.  [Fr.  panetier ; pain,  bread,  (L. 
panis).]  Formerly  an  officer,  in  a great  family, 
who  had  the  charge  of  the  bread.  Shah. 


PAN-TO-jCH RO-NOM'p-TJJR,  n.  [Or.  iras,  rarro;, 
all,  ^poVo;,  time,  and  pirpor,  a measure.]  An 
astronomical  instrument  combining  the  com- 
pass, the  sun-dial,  and  the  universal  time-dial, 
and  performing  the  offices  of  all  three.  Brande. 

PAN-TO'FLE  (pfin-to'fl),  n.  [It.  pantofola,  pantu- 
fo’a  ; Sp.  pantuflo  ; Fr.  pantouffc.  — Ger.  pan- 
tojfcl.]  A slipper.  Ascham.  Sidney. 

I’AN'TO-GRApH,  n.  [Fr.  pantographc.]  A math- 
ematical instrument  for  copying  ; — written  also 
pantograph,  and  less  correctly  pentagraph. 

pAN-TO-GRAPH'IC,  ? a.  [ Fr. pantographique .] 

PAN-TO-GRAPH'I-CAL,  ) Relating  to  pantogra- 
phy.  Knowles. 

PAN'-TOG'R A-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  xd;,  iravros,  all,  and 
yahi/iio,  to  write  ; Fr.  pantographic.]  A complete 
description ; an  entire  view  of  a thing.  Smart. 

PAN-TO-LO£'!C,  1 a Relating  to  pantol- 

PAN-TO-LO<?'!-CAL,  ‘ ogy.  Qa.  Rev. 

PAN-TOL'O-^rlST,  n.  One  who  treats  of,  or  is 
versed  in,  pantology.  For.  Qu.  Rev. 

P AN-TO L'O-0 Y,  71.  [Gr.  xd;,  x avrd;,  all.  and  l.oyo;, 
a discourse.]  A work  on  universal  science  ; a 
work  containing  information  on  all  subjects  ; 
an  encyclopedia.  Wright. 

PAN-TOM’p-TER,  n.  [Gr.  n as,  xavrd;,  all,  and 
ftlrpav,  a measure  ; Fr.  pantom-tre.]  An  instru- 
ment for  measuring  all  sorts  of  angles,  eleva- 
tions, and  distances,  [r.]  Bailey. 

PAN-TOM'JJ-TRY,  n.  The  art  of  measuring  all 
things  ; universal  measurement.  Cole. 

PAN'TO-MlME,  n.  [Gr.  xarroplpo;  ; x a;,  xavrds,  all, 
and  pipiopai,  to  mimic;  L.  pantomimus  ; It.  $ Sp. 
pantomimo ; F r.  pantomime .] 

1.  An  actor  who  expresses  his  meaning  by 
gestures  and  action,  without  speaking;  one 
skilled  in  mimicry  ; a mimic  ; a buffoon.  Butler. 

2.  A species  of  theatrical  entertainment,  in 

which  the  whole  action  of  the  piece  is  repre- 
sented by  gesticulation,  without  the  use  of 
words  ; a dumb  show.  Arbuthnot. 

3.  A kind  of  musical  entertainment  con- 
nected with  a dumb  show.  Wright. 

PAN'TO-MIME,  a.  Representing  by  gesticula- 
tion or  mute  action;  pantomimic.  A.  Smith. 


PAN-TO-MIm'IC, 

pAn-to-mim'i-cal, 


a.  Representing  only  by 
gesture  or  dumb  show. 


Pantomimic  acting,  accompanied  by  music,  has  been  in 
use  among  the  Chinese,  Persians,  and  other  oriental  people, 
from  the  oldest  times.  F.  Cyc. 


PAN-TO-MIiMT-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  the  manner  of 
pantomime.  Wright. 


pAN'TO-MI-MIST,  n.  An  actor  or  a writer  of 
pantomimes.  Gent.  Mag. 

PAN'  TON,  ^ In.  (Farriery.)  A horseshoe 
PAN 'TON— SHOE,  ) contrived  to  recover  a narrow 
and  hoof-bound  heel ; — called  also  pantable- 
slioe.  Farrier’s  Diet. 


PAN-TOPII'A-t^lST,  n.  An  animal  that  eats  all 
kinds  of  food.  Craig. 

PAN-TOPH'A-GOtiS,  a.  [Gr.  xavro^Ayos  ; ra(, 
xdvra,  all,  and  caUiio,  cipayor,  to  eat.]  Eating  all 
kinds  of  food  ; omnivorous.  Wright. 


PAN-TOPH' A-<j?Y,  n.  [Gr.  xavroiltayia.]  Indis- 
criminate eating  of  all  things.  Wright. 

pAn'TRY.  n.  [L. panarium,  a bread-basket ; panis, 
bread  ; It.  panattiera,  a bread-basket,  a pantry  ; 
Fr.  paneti  re,  a bag  in  which  shepherds  keep 
their  bread.]  A room  or  closet  in  which  pro- 
visions are  kept ; a panary.  Wotton. 

1"  PAN'UR-<?Y,  n.  [Gr.  xavovpyia  ; xd;,xdr,  all,  and 
epyw,  epbev,  to  do,  to  work.]  Skill  in  all  kinds  of 
work  or  business  ; general  skill  or  craft.  Bailey. 


PAP,  n.  [L.  papilla,  a nipple  ; Low  L.  papa  ; It. 
pappa,  pap  ; Sp.  <Sr  Port.  papa.  — Dut.  pap  ; Ger. 
papp,  pappe  ; Dan.  pap  ; Sw.  papp.] 

1.  A nipple  ; a teat ; a dug.  Spenser. 

In  weaning  young  creatures,  the  best  way  is,  never  to  let 
them  suek  the  paps.  Hay. 

2.  A soft  food  for  infants  made  with  bread 

boiled  or  softened  with  water.  Donne. 

3.  The  pulp  of  fruit.  Ainsworth. 

PAP,  v.  a.  To  feed  with  pap.  Beau.  8j  FI. 

PA-PA',  n.  [Gr.  xaxxag,  xaxa;,  commonly  used  in 
the  vocative  ; xaxxa,  xaxa  ; L.,  It.,  Sp.,  Fr.,  Dut., 
Ger.,  $ Dan  .papa;  Sw.  pappa.  — See  Pap.] 

1.  A childish  name  for  father. 

While  the  children  of  the  higher  classes  always  call  their 
parents  “papa”  and  “mamma,”  the  children  of  the  peasan- 
try usually  call  them  “father”  and  “mother.”  W hatehj. 

2.  A spiritual  father.  — See  Pape.  Ricaut. 

PA'PA-CY,  n.  [It. papato  ; papa,  the  pope;  Fr. 
papaute .] 

1.  The  office,  dignity  or  authority  of  the  pope  ; 
popedom.  “ The  chair  of  the  papacy.”  Bacon. 

2.  The  succession  of  popes  in  the  see  of 

Rome ; the  popes  collectively.  Brande. 

PAP'A-gAy,  n.  [Sp.  & Port,  papagayo.]  ( Ornith .) 
A popinjay.  — See  Popinjay.  Hamilton. 

PA'PAL,  a.  [It.  papale;  papa,  the  pope  ; Sp.  § 
Fr.  papal.]  Of,  or  pertaining  to,  the  pope  ; as, 
“ The  papal  chair  ” ; “ Papal  indulgence.” 

Papal  crown.  See  Triple  Crown. 

f pA'PA-LIN,  n.  [Old  Fr.]  A papist.  Herbert. 

t PA'PAL-IST,  n.  A papist.  Baxter. 

f PA-PAl'I-TY,  n.  The  papacy.  Berners. 

PA'PAL-iZE,  v.  a.  & n.  To  cause  to  conform,  or 
to  conform,  to  the  papacy,  [r.]  Cowper. 

PA'PAL-LY,  ad.  Popishly.  Wright. 

f PA'PAL-TY,  n.  The  papacy.  Milton. 

PA-PA-PHO'BI-A,  n.  [Low  L.  It  .papa,  the  pope, 
and  Gr.  c fi6(3os,  fear.]  A dread  of  the  pope.  Bisset. 

PA'PAR-CHY,  n.  [Low  L.  papa,  the  pope,  and 
Gr.  apxb,  rule.]  Papal  rule.  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

PA-pA' VER,  n.  [L.]  ( Bot .)  A genus  of  herba- 

ceous plants  abounding  in  milky  juice ; the 
poppy.  P.  Cyc. 

PA-PA V-E-RA'CEOUS  (-shus,  66),  a.  Relating  or 
belonging  to  the  poppy.  P.  Cyc. 

PA-PAv'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  papavereus ; papaver, 
papaveris,  the  poppy.]  Having  the  quality  of 
popies  ; resembling  poppies.  Browne. 

PA-PAW',  n.  [Fr.  papayer .]  (Bot.)  A tree  of 
the  genus  Carica,  which  grows  in  tropical 
America  to  the  height  of  eighteen  or  twenty 
feet,  with  a thick,  soft,  herbaceous  stem,  naked 
till  within  about  two  feet  of  the  top,  and  abound- 
ing in  an  acrid,  milky  juice ; Carica  papaya  : 

— also  the  fruit  of  the  Carica  papaya,  which  is 
of  the  size  of  a melon,  and  is  cooked  for  food. 

— Written  also  pawpaw.  Loudon.  Gray. 

AST  The  papaw  of  North  America  is  a species  of 

Asinuna.  Gray. 

f PAPE,  n.  [A.  S.  papa  ; Fr.  pape.  — See  Pope.] 
A spiritual  father;  distinctively,  the  pope. Carr. 

I’A'PER,  n.  [Fr.,  Dut.,  &;  Ger.  papier,  from  Gr. 
xeixupos  (L.  papyrus),  an  Egyptian  rush  or  flag, 
of  the  liber  of  which  writing-paper  was  made  ; 
It.  papiro-,  Sp .papel-,  Dan .pap'ir;  Sw.  popper.] 

1.  A thin,  flexible  substance  used  for  writing 
and  printing  on,  and  for  various  other  purposes. 

BHP  Paper  is  manufactured  of  fibrous  vegetable 
matter,  chiefly  linen  and  cotton  rags,  reduced  to  a 
pulp  by  means  of  water  and  grinding,  and  is  distin- 
guished as  to  its  use  into  writing,  printing,  drawing, 
tracing,  wrapping,  blotting,  cartridge,  and  chancery 
paper,  &c.  ; and  as  to  its  size,  into  foolscap,  post, 
crown,  demy,  and  pot  paper,  &c.  Braiulc.  Simmonds. 

2.  A piece  or  sheet  of  paper. 

3.  Any  written  paper  or  instrument ; a writing. 

They  brought  a paper  to  me  to  be  signed.  Dryden. 

4.  A printed  sheet ; — a newspaper.  Johnson. 

5.  (Com.)  Bills  of  exchange,  promissory 

notes,  &c. ; paper-money.  Clarke. 


PA'NYM, n.  Aheathen.  — See  Painim.  Halliwell.  PA'PER,  a.  Made  or  consisting  of  paper ; slight. 

P A 'o-LO,  n.  An  Italian  silver  coin  of  the  value  PA'PIJR,  v.  a.  [i.  papered  ; pp.  papering,  pa- 
of  about  5d.  (10  cents).  Simmonds.  pered.] 


1.  To  cover  with  paper  ; to  furnish  with  paper- 
hangings  ; as,  “ To  paper  a wall  or  a room.” 

2.  To  fold  or  enclose  in  paper.  Johnson. 

PA'PIJR- CASE,  n.  A case  for  holding  writing 
and  note  paper,  &c.  Simmonds. 

PA'PpR— CRED'IT,  n.  (Com.)  Any  transfer  made 
to  the  credit  of  another  by  means  of  a written 
paper,  containing  evidence  of  debt,  as  bills  of 
exchange,  promissory  notes,  &c.  ; written  evi- 
dences of  debt.  Smart. 

PA'PpR-CUR'REN-CY,  n.  Bank-notes  or  bank- 
bills  ; paper-money.  Crabb. 

PA'PER-CUT'TER,  n.  Paper-knife.  Simmonds. 

PA'PER— FACED  (-fast),  a.  Plaving  a face  as  white 
as  paper.  “ Thou  paper-faced  villain.”  Shale. 

PA'PpR-FOLD'ER,  n.  An  instrument  for  folding 
sheets  ; a folder.  Simmonds. 

PA'PER— IIANG'JgR,  n.  One  who  covers  rooms 
with  paper.  Simmonds. 

PA'PER— HANG'ING§,  n.  pi.  Stained,  colored,  or 
stamped  paper,  for  covering  the  walls  of  rooms 
by  being  pasted  on  them.  Ure. 

PA  'PpR—  HOLDER,  n.  A frame  to  stretch  a news- 
paper for  reading.  Simmonds. 

PA'PIJR— KITE,  n.  A kite  made  of  paper.  Warton. 

PA'PER— KNIFE,  n.  A knife  for  folding  paper, 
and  for  cutting  the  leaves  of  books.  Simmonds. 

pA'PER-MAk'ER,  n.  One  who  makes  paper. 

PA'PJJIt— MAK'ING,  n.  The  art  or  business  of 
making  paper.  Ure. 

PA'PgR— MAR'BLIJR,  n.  One  who  veins  or  mar- 
bles paper  for  book-binding,  &c.  Simmonds. 

PA'PlJR-MlLL,  n.  A mill  in  which  paper  is  made. 

PA'I’pR— MON'EY  (-mfln'e),  n.  Written  evidences 
of  debt;  bills  of  exchange  ; bank-notes. 

PA'PER-STAlN'ER,  n.  One  who  stains  or  stamps 
paper  for  paper-hangings.  Simmonds. 

PA'PER— WEIGHT  (-wat),  n.  A small  weight  for 
keeping  loose  papers  in  their  place.  Simmonds. 

PA-PES'CfNT,  a.  [From  pap.]  Containing  or 
resembling  pap.  “ Papescent  plants  ."Arbuthnot. 

PA'P^SS,  n.  A female  pope,  [r.]  Bp.  Hall. 

PA'PHI-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Paphos,  a city  of 
Cyprus,  or  to  Venus,  who  was  worshipped  there. 

PA'PHI-AN,  n.  (Geog.)  An  inhabitant  of  Pa- 
phos ; a Cyprian.  Ency. 

PAPIER-MACHE  (pap'ya-m’i'sha),  n.  [Fr.,  mashed 
paper.]  A composition  much  used  in  the  man- 
ufacture of  tea-trays,  snuff-boxes,  and  various 
other  fancy  or  ornamental  articles,  consisting  of 
cuttings  of  paper  boiled  in  water,  and  beaten  in 
a mortar  to  a pulp  which  is  boiled  in  a solution 
of  gum-arabic,  or  of  size,  to  give  it  tenacity  : — 
articles  manufactured  of  this  substance.  P.  Cyc. 

PA-PIL  'id  (pa-pll'yfi),  n.  [L.]  (Ent.)  A genus  of 
lepidopterous  insects  ; the  butterfly.  Eng.  Cyc. 

PA-PIL-IO-NA'CEOUS  (psi-pTl-yo-na'shus,  66),  a. 
[L.  papilio,  papilionis,  a butterfly.] 

1.  (Ent.)  Relating  to,  or  like,  the  butterfly. 

2.  (Bot.)  Butterfly-shaped; — applied 

to  such  a corolla  as  that  of  the  pea  and 
that  of  the  locust-tree.  Gray 

PA-PIL  'LA,  n.  ; pi.  rA-rIP lje.  [L.] 

1.  (Anat.)  A nipple: — a name  applied  also 

to  minute  projecting  filaments  at  the  surface  of 
several  parts,  — particularly  of  the  skin  and 
mucous  membranes,  and  which  appear  to  be 
formed  by  the  ultimate  expansion  of  the  vessels 
and  nerves.  Dunglison. 

2.  (Bot.)  A small,  elongated,  or  nipple-shaped 

protuberance.  Gray. 

PAP'rL-LA-RY  [pap'il-Ij-re,  IF.  J.  F.  Ja.  Sm.  C. 
Wr.  Wh.  ; pj-pll'la-re,  >.  P.  E.  K.],  a. 

1.  Having,  or  covered  with,  papilla;  or  nip- 
ples. “ Papillary  parts.”  Derhatn. 

2.  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  resembling,  the  nip- 
ple or  the  papillae.  Dunglison. 

Itf3=-  “ There  is  a set  of  words,  of  similar  derivation 
and  termination,  which  must  he  necessarily  accented 
in'the  same  way  ; tilese  aro  axillary,  maxillary , capil- 
lary, papillary , pupillary , armillary,  mammillary , and 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  R(5lE.  — 9,  9,  9,  g,  soft ; C,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  ^ as  z;  ^ as  gz.  w-THIS,  this. 


PAPILLOSE 


1030 


PARADE 


medullary.  All  these,  except  the  last,  which  was  not 
inserted,  I had  accented  on  the  first  syllable  in  a 
Rhyming  and  Pronouncing  Dictionary  published  thirty 
years  ago  [in  1775].  This  accentuation  I still  think 
the  most  agreeable  to  analogy.”  Walker.  — See  Cap- 
illary. 

PAP-IL-LOSE'  (129),  a.  Papillary  ; papillous.  Hill. 

pa-pil'lous,  or  pAp'il-lous  [pa-pii'ius,  S.  W. 
P.  Ja.  K.'\  pap'e-lus,  Sm.  Wr.  U b.],a.  Having, 
or  pertaining  to,  papillae  ; papillary.  Arbuthnot. 

PA  PISM  (pa'pizm),  n.  [It.  papismo ; Fr.  pa- 
pisme.  — See  Pope.]  Popery,  [it.]  Bp.  Bedell. 

PA'PIST,  re.  [It.  % Sp.  papista  ; pupa,  the  pope  ; 
Fr. papiste.  — See  Pope.]  One  who  holds  to 
the  supremacy  of  the  pope  ; a Roman  Catholic  : 
— a term  used  by  Protestants.  Clarendon. 

PA-PIS'TjC,  Of,  or  pertaining  to,  popery  ; 

PA-PlS'Tl-CAL,  ) popish.  Wllitgift.  Warton. 

PA'PIS-TRY,  re.  Popery;  the  doctrine,  ceremo- 
nies, and"  authority  of  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church  : — a term  used  by  Protestants.  Ascham. 

t PA'PIZED  (-plzd),  a.  Adhering  to  popery.  “Pa- 
pized  writers  of  that  age.”  Fuller. 

PAP-POOSE',  n.  A word  used  by  the  North  Amer- 
ican Indians  for  a child  ; — written  also  pa- 
poose. Carver. 

PAP-POSE  , I a [It.  papposo  ; Fr.  pappeuxf] 

PAP'POliS,  ) Having,  or  consisting  of,  pappus; 
downy.  “ Pappous  plumage.”  Ray. 

PAP  PUS,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  voireo?.]  (Bot.)  The 
down  borne  on  the  achenium,  and  representing 
the  calyx,  of  the  thistle,  dandelion,  and  other 
plants  of  the  order  Composite.  Gray. 

PAP'PY,  a.  Resembling  pap;  soft;  succulent. 
“ Tender  and  pappy  flesh.”  Burnet. 

PAP'— SPOON,  n.  A spoon  for  feeding  an  infant. 

PAP'U-A,  re.  ; pi.  pJp'ij-a$.  [Malay,  frizzled  hair. 
P.  Cyc. ] A negro  of  the  western  part  of  Papua, 
or  New  Guinea.  P.  Cyc. 

PAP'U-LA,  n.;  pi.  pap' u-lm.  [L.]  {Med.)  A 
small,  acuminated  elevation  of  the  cuticle,  with 
an  inflamed  base,  very  seldom  containing  a fluid 
or  suppurating,  and  commonly  terminating  in 
scurf  or  desquamation  ; a pimple.  Dunglison. 

PAP-U-LOSE'  (129),  a.  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  cov- 
ered with,  papulic  or  pimples ; pimply.  Dunglison. 

PAp'U-LOUS,  a.  Papulose;  pimply.  Johnson. 

PAP-Y-RA'CEOUS  (-situs,  66),  a.  [L.  p tpyraceus  ; 
papyrus,  the  papyrus.]  Of,  or  resembling,  papy- 
rus or  paper ; papery.  Hallj.m. 

PA-PYR'y-AN,  a.  Made  of  the  papyrus;  papy- 
raceous. “ The  papyrean  leaf.”  Dodsley. 

PA-PfR'O-DITE,  n.  [L . papyrus.']  (Min.)  A min- 
eral in  thin  flakes,  resembling  white  paper. 

H.  Wurtz. 

PAP-Y-ROG'RA-PHY,  re.  [Gr.  it anvpos,  papyrus, 
and  yfxtyw,  to  write.]  A method  of  taking 
impressions  from  a sort  of  pasteboard  covered 
with  a calcareous  substance.  Sennefelder. 

PA-PY' PUS,  re.;  pi.  pa-py'rI.  [L.,  from  Gr. 
na-upoi.] 

1.  (Bot.)  A rush  or  flag  found  in  many  trop- 

ical countries,  but  especially  in  the  valley  of  the 
Nile,  of  which  writing  paper  was  made  by  the 
ancients  by  cutting  its  inner  bark  into  strips, 
and  gluing  them  transversely ; paper-plant ; 
Cyperus  papyrus.  P.  Cyc.  Gray. 

The  manufacture  of  paper  from  the  papyrus.  continued  in 
general  use  down  to  the  end  of  the  seventh  century,  when  it 
was  superseded  by  parchment.  j Braude. 

2.  The  material  for  writing  made  from  the 

plant  Cyperus  papyrus  ; — also  the  scroll  con- 
taining the  manuscript  written  upon  that  mate- 
rial. P.  Cyc. 

PAR,  n.  [L.,  equal.)  A state  of  equality  ; equal 
value ; equivalence  without  discount  or  pre- 
mium ; the  original  nominal  price  or  full  value, 
as  of  stocks  ; — used  chiefly  as  a term  of  traffic. 

“ It  [par]  is  used  to  denote  a state  of  equality 
or  equal  value.  Bills  of  exchange,  stocks,  and  the 
like,  are  at  par  when  they  sell  for  their  nominal 
value  ; above  par,  or  below  par,  when  they  sell  for 
more  or  less.”  Bouvir.r. 

Par  of  exchange,  the  equivalence  of  a certain  amount 
of  the  currency  of  one  country  in  the  currency  of  an- 
other, on  the  supposition  that  the  currencies  of  both 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  0; 


are  of  the  precise  weight  and  purity  fixed  by  their  re- 
spective mints.  Thus,  according  to  the  mint  regula- 
latioils  of  Great  Britain  and  France,  £1  sterling  is 
equal  to  25.20  francs,  which  is  said  to  be  the  par  be- 
tween London  and  Paris.  McCulloch. 

PAR,  n.  [“  Evidently  a dim.  from  Ieel.  branda, 
trutta  minima  (smallest  trout).”  Jamieson .] 
( Ich .)  A small  fish,  supposed  to  be  the  young 
of  salmon;  — written  also  parr.  [Scot,  and 
North  of  Eng.]  Jamieson.  Wright. 

PA-RA',  n.  A small  Turkish  copper  coin. 

In  Constantinople  and  Alexandria  40  paras  go 
to  the  piastre  of  2Jd.  sterling  ; in  Greece,  the  para 
passes  for  about  £d.  Stmmonds. 

PAR'A-BLE,  n.  [Gr.  tt apaPol.y ; 7tapapa?.l.to,  to 
throw  beside  or  by  ; to  compare  ; napa,  beside, 
and  (ia/Aw,  to  throw ; L.,  It.,  Sj  Sp.  parabola  ; 
Fr.  parabole.]  A short  tale  or  fable  founded  on 
something  real  in  nature  or  life,  from  which  a 
moral  is  drawn  by  comparing  it  with  something 
of  more  immediate  concern  ; a similitude. 

Hear  ye,  therefore,  the  parable  of  the  sower.  Matt.  xiii.  18. 
And  he  began  to  speak  unto  them  by  parables.  Markxii.  1. 

In  the  partible  of  the  talents,  our  Saviour  plainly  teaches 
us  that  lueu  are  rewarded  according  to  the  improvements 
they  make.  Nelson. 

Syn.  — “ Parable  is  a fictitious  but  probable  narra- 
tive, taken  from  the  affairs  of  ordinary  life,  (o  illus- 
trate some  higher  and  less  known  truth.  It  differs 
from  the  fable,  moving,  as  it  does,  in  a spiritual  world, 
and  never  transgressing  the  actual  order  of  things 
natural  ; from  the  myth,  there  being  in  the  latter  an 
unconscious  blending  of  the  deeper  meaning  with  the 
outward  symbol,  the  two  remaining  separate,  and 
separable  in  the  parable  ; from  the  proverb,  inasmuch 
as  it  is  longer  carried  out,  and  not  merely  accidentally 
and  occasionally,  but  necessarily,  figurative  ; from 
the  allegory,  comparing,  as  it  does,  one  thing  with  an- 
other, at  the  same  time  preserving  them  apart  as  an 
inner  and  an  outer,  not  transferring,  as  does  the  alle- 
gory, the  properties,  and  qualities,  and  relations  of 
one  to  the  other.”  Trench.  — See  Fable. 

PAR'A-BLE,  v.  a.  To  represent  by  a parable,  [r.] 

Which  by  the  ancient  sages  was  thus  parabletl.  Milton. 

f PAR'A-BLE,  a.  [L.  parabilis  ; paro,  parare,  to 
prepare.]  Easily  procured.  Browne. 

PA-RAB'O-LA,  re. ; pi.  pa-rXb'q-la§.  [L.,  from 
Gr.  ltapallol.y.  — See  Parable.] 

1.  (Geom.)  One  of  the  conic  sections  formed 
by  the  intersection  of  the  cone  with  a plane  par- 
allel to  one  of  its  sides,  being  a curve  of  the  sec- 
ond order,  having  one  or  more  infinite  branches 
■without  rectilineal  asymptotes.  Brando.  Davies. 

A point  F,  and  a 
straight  line  B B',  being  giv- 
en by  position  in  a plane, 
let  another  point  D be  sup- 
posed to  move  in  such  a 
maimer  that  its  distance  D 
F from  the  given  point  is  al- 
ways equal  to  its  distance 
D H from  the  given  straight 
line,  the  point  D will  trace  out  the  parabola.  B B'  is 
called  the  directrix  of  tile  parabola  ; F,  the  focus  ; F C, 
drawn  through  F perpendicular  to  the  directrix,  the 
axis-,  any  Straight  line  parallel  to  C F,  a diameter  ; the 
point  in  which  the  diameter  meets  the  curve,  the  ver- 
tex of  the  diameter  ; and  a straight  line  quadruple 
the  distance  between  the  vertex  of  a diameter  and  the 
directrix,  the  latus  rectum,  or  parameter  of  that  diam- 
eter. Braude. 

2.  (Rhct.)  A comparison;  a simile.  Andrews. 

PAR-A-BOL  JC,  )a.  Gr.  irapa[3ol.iKis  ; It.  &;  Sp. 

pAR-A-BOL'I-CAL,  ) parabolico ; F r.  parabolique.] 

1.  Pertaining  to,  or  expressed  by,  parable  or 

similitude;  figurative.  “ A parabolical  descrip- 
tion.” South. 

2.  (Math.)  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  resembling, 
the  parabola. 

Parabolic  conoid,  the  solid  generated  by  the  rotation 
of  a parabola  about  its  axis  ; paraboloid. — Parabolic 
spintllc,  the  solid  generated  by  the  rotation  of  a parab- 
ola about  its  base  or  double  ordinate.  — Parabolic 
spiral.  See  Helicoid.  Brande.  Davies. 

PAR-A-BOL'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  1.  In  the  manner  of 
a parable  ; by  way  of  parable.  Browne. 

2.  In  the  form  of  a parabola.  Johnson. 

PAR-A-BOL'I-FORM,  a.  [L.  parabola,  a parabola, 
and  forma,  form.]  Having  the  form  or  shape 
of  a parabola.  Ash. 

t PA-RA B’O-LI^M,  re.  (Algebra.)  A reduction  to 
an  equivalent  state,  as  when  the  terms  of  an 
equation  are  divided  by  a known  quantity,  that 
is  involved  or  multiplied  in  the  first  term.  Bailey. 


I,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE, 


PA-RAB'O-LIsT,  re.  One  who  deals  in  parables; 
a writer  of  parables.  Boothroid. 

PA-RAb'O-LoId,  re.  [Gr.  napal3ol.rj,  a parabola, 
and  ilioc,  form.]  (Geom.)  The  solid  generated 
by  the  rotation  of  a parabola  about  its  axis  : — 
a higher  order  of  parabola.  Davies.  Brande. 

PAR-A-CEL'SIAN  (-sli?n),  re.  A follower  of  Para- 
celsus, a Swiss  physician  and  alchemist,  who 

died  in  1541  ; a Paracelsist.  Bullokar. 

PAR-A-CEL'SIAN,  a.  Of,  or  pertaining  to,  Para- 
celsus, a Swiss  physician.  IlaheweU. 

PAR-A-CEL'SIST,  re.  A Paracclsian.  Brande. 

PAR-A-CEJV-TE ' SIS,  re.  [L.,  from  Gr.  xuna el irt]- 
a's  ; tea  pa,  beside,  at  the  side,  and  Kirrho,  to 
prick.]  (Med.)  The  act  or  the  operation  of  tap- 
ping to  evacuate  the  collected  fluid  in  ascites, 
ovarial  dropsy,  &c.  Dunylison. 

PAR-A-OEN'TRIC,  ) B.  [Gr.  beside) 

PAR-A-CEN'TRI-CAL,  ) near,  towards,  beyond, 
and  Kivrpor,  centre.]  Deviating  from  circularity. 

Paracentric  curve,  ( Geom.)  a curve  having  the  prop- 
erty that  a heavy  body,  descending  along  it  by  the 
force  of  gravity,  will  approach  to,  or  recede  from,  a 
fixed  point,  or  centre,  by  equal  distances  in  equal 
times  ; — called  also  the  paracentric.  — Paracentric 
motion,  (Astron.)  the  rate  at  which  a planet  approaches 
nearer  to,  or  recedes  further  from,  the  sun  or  centre  of 
attraction,  in  a given  interval.  Davies.  Brande. 

PA-RAjCH'RO-NRJM,  re.  [Gr.  irapd,  beside,  beyond, 
against,  and  ^pdoos,  time;  Fr.  parachronismei] 
An  error  in  chronology,  by  which  an  event  is 
placed  later  than  it  should  be.  Dr.  Black. 

PAR-A-CHUTE'  [pSr-j-shut',  Sm.  C.  Wr. ; p&r-?- 
sltut',  K.],  re.  [Fr.  parachute,  from  Gr.  irapd, 
against,  or  Fr.  purer,  to  ward  off,  and  Fr.  chute,  a 
fall.]  A machine,  resembling  an  umbrella,  hut 
much  larger,  designed  to  enable  an  aeronaut  to 
descend  safely  from  his  balloon.  Brande. 

PAR'A-CLETE,  re.  [Gr.  rrapaitl.rjTOs ; xapaKaXtto,  to 
call,  to  summon  ; L.  paracletus  ; Fr.  paraclet .] 
An  advocate;  an  intercessor;  — applied  espe- 
cially to  the  Holy  Spirit,  as  an  advocate,  inter- 
cessor, or  comforter  of  mankind.  Bale.  Dryden. 

pAr'A-CLOSE,  re.  See  Parclose.  Clarice. 

PAR- AC-MAS'TIC,  a.  [Gr.  rrapaKyaariKbg  ; i xapatc- 
pA^oi,  to  be  past  or  gone  by.]  (Med.)  Gradually 
decreasing,  as  a distemper.  Dunglison. 

PAR-A-CRoS'TIC,  re.  A poetical  composition,  in 
which  the  first  verse  contains,  in  order,  all  the 
letters  which  commence  the  remaining  verses 
of  the  poem  or  division. 

According  to  Cicero,  the  original  Sibylline  verses  were 
paracrostics.  Brande. 

PAR- A-0Y-An'0-(JEN,  re.  [Gr.  irapd,  near,  beside, 
and  Eng.  cyanogen .]  ( Chem .)  A black  sub- 

stance resembling  carbon,  formed  by  the  decom- 
position of  cyanide  of  mercury  by  heat,  and  hav- 
ing the  same  composition  as  cyanogen.  SiUiman. 

PA-RADE',  re.  [Fr.,  from  L.  paro,  paratus,  to  pre- 
pare ; It.  parata  ; Sp.  parada.) 

1.  Ostentatious  show  ; ostentation  ; display. 

He  is  not  led  forth  as  to  a review,  but  as  to  a battle;  not 

adorned  for  parade , but  execution.  Glanvill. 

Be  rich;  but  of  your  wealth  make  no  parade.  Swift. 

2.  Pompous  procession  or  assemblage. 

The  rites  performed,  the  parson  paid, 

In  state  returned  the  grand  parade.  Swift. 

3.  Military  order ; array. 

The  cherubim, 

Forth  issuing  at  the  accustomed  hour,  stood  armed 

To  their  night-watches  in  warlike  parade.  Milton. 

4.  A place  or  ground  where  troops  assemble 
for  duty  or  exercise  ; a drill-ground.  Warburton. 

5.  A public  walk  or  promenade.  Johnson. 

6.  The  act  of  parrying  a thrust.  Clarke. 

Syn.  — See  Show. 

PA-RADE',  V.  re.  [t.  PARADED  ; pp.  PARADING, 
PARADED.] 

1.  To  assemble  and  be  marshalled  in  military 

order,  as  troops.  Johnson. 

2.  To  go  about  in  military  procession.  Scott. 

3.  To  walk  about ; to  make  a show.  Clarke. 

PA-RADE',  v.  a.  1.  To  exhibit  in  a showy  or  os- 
tentatious manner  ; to  display.  Johnson. 

2.  To  assemble  and  marshal  in  military  order, 
as  troops.  Campbell. 


, FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


PARADIGM 


1031 


PARALLEL 


PAR'A-DIGM  (-dim),  n.  [Gr.  irapdteiypa ; irapa- 
SeiKrupt,  to  show  by  the  side  of,  to  exhibit  as  an 
example  ; napd,  beside,  near,  and  fiiii cwpt,  to 
show;  L.  paradiyma  ; Fr . paradigme.] 

1.  An  example  ; a model ; a pattern;  archetype. 

The  archetypal  paradigm , the  idea  of  ideas,  or  form  of 

forms.  More. 

2.  (Gram.)  An  example  of  a word,  exhibit- 

ing the  changes  in  root  or  termination,  or  both, 
peculiar  to  words  of  the  class  to  which  it  be- 
longs. Andrews. 

3.  ( Rliet .)  A general  term  used  by  Greek 
writers  in  the  sense  of  example  or  illustration, 
of  which  parable  and  fable  are  species.  Brande. 

PAR-A-DIG-MAT'IC,  «.  [Gr.  7rapndfi ypaTixdf.]  Ex- 
emplary ; paradigmatical.  Wright. 

PAR-A-DIG-MAT'IC,  n.  ( Eccl . Hist.)  A writer  of 
the  lives  of  religious  persons  by  way  of  exam- 
ples of  Christian  holiness.  Brande. 

PAr-A-DIG-MAT'I-CAL,  a.  Exemplary.  More. 

PAR-A-DIG-MAT'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  the  way  of 
example  or  model.  Arnot. 

h PAR- A-DIG'MA-TfZE,  V.  a.  [Gr.  napa6etypnrt(oj.\ 
To  set  forth  as  a model  or  example.  Hammond. 

f PAR-A-dIg-RAM-MAT'I-C?,  n.  The  art  of  form- 
ing figures  in  plaster.  Francis. 

PARADIS  (par'a-de),  n.  [Fr.]  The  basin  of  a 
dock  ; an  inner  harbor  ; — the  upper  gallery  in 
a play-house.  Simmonds. 

pAr'A-D[-SAL,  a.  Of,  or  pertaining  to,  paradise; 
paradisiacal,  [r.]  S.  Reed. 

pAr'A-DISE,  n.  [Heb.  ClIQ  ; Arab,  firdaus ; 
Arm.  pardes ; Sansc.  p tradcsa.  — Gr.  irapafnians ; 
L.  paradisus  ; It.  paradiso  ; Sp.  paraiso  ; Fr. 
paradis.\ 

1.  Originally,  in  Persia,  a park  or  pleasure- 

ground  well  watered  and  planted,  and  stocked 
with  animals  for  the  chase.  P.  Cgc. 

2.  The  garden  in  which  Adam  and  Eve  were 
placed  immediately  after  their  creation  ; the 
garden  of  Eden.  “ Paradise  Lost.”  Milton. 

3.  A place  of  bliss,  particularly  the  blissful 
abode  of  souls  after  death  ; heaven. 

Then  the  earth 

Shall  all  be  paradise , far  happier  place 

Than  this  of  Eden.  Milton. 

To-day  shalt  thou  be  with  me  in  paradise.  Luke  xxiii.  43. 

PAR-A-DIs'P-A,  n.  ( Ornith .)  A genus  of  passe- 
rine birds  of  the  order  Pica; ; the  bird  of  para- 
dise.— See  Bird  of  Paradise.  Eng.  Gyc. 

f PAR-A-DL=>'EAN  (p&r-a-dTzli'yan),  a.  Pertaining 
to  paradise  ; paradisiacal.  J.  Hall , 1646. 

PAR'A-DISED  (-dlst),  a.  Having  the  delights  of 
paradise.  " Old  Song,  1610. 

PAR-A-DI-SE  ' I-  DJE,  71.  pi.  [Gr.  rrn not)* ! (To;  ; L. 
paradisus,  a park  or  pleasure-ground.]  (Or- 
nith.) A family  of  conirostral  birds  of  the  order 
Pusseres,  including  the  sub-family  Paradiseinee  ; 
birds  of  paradise.  Gray. 

PAR-a-dIs-E-I'  NJE,  n.  pi.  [See  P aradiseidje.] 
(Ornith.)  A 
sub-family  of 
conirostral 
birds  of  the  or- 
der Passeres 
and  family 
Paradiseida; ; 
birds  of  para- 
dise. Gray.  Fregulus  grnculus. 

PAr-A-DI-SI'AC,  a.  [L.  paradisiaevsd)  Relating 
to  paradise  ; paradisiacal.  For.  Qu.  Rev. 

A state  of  paradisiac  childishness.  If.  James. 

PAR-A-DI-SI'A-CAL,  a.  1.  Of,  or  pertaining  to, 
paradise,  or  the  garden  of  Eden. 

The  ancients  express  the  situation  of  paradisiacal  earth 
in  reference  to  the  sea.  Burnet. 

2.  Befitting,  or  resembling,  paradise  ; heaven- 
ly ; celestial  ; blissful.  Pope. 

PAr-A-dIs-s'IAL  (-yal),  a.  Relating  to  paradise; 
paradisiacal,  [u.]  Hoyt. 

+ PAR-A-Dr^'lAN,  a.  Paradisiacal.  Evelyn. 

PAR-A-DIS  IC,  ? a_  Relating  to  paradise; 

PAR-A-DtS'I-CAL,  ) paradisiacal,  [it.]  Wm.  Law. 

pAr'A-DOS,  7i.  [It.  para,  a defence,  and  dosso 


(L.  dorsum),  the  back.]  (Mil.)  An  elevation  of 
earth  behind  a fortified  place,  to  protect  it  from 
attack  in  reverse.  Stocqueler. 

PArA-DOX,  n.  [Gr.  Trnohloiov ; rrapa,  against, 
contrary  to,  and  lb(a,  opinion;  L .paradoxum; 
It.  paradosso  ; Sp.  paradoja ; Fr.  paradoxe .] 

1.  A proposition  or  assertion  which  seems  to 
be  absurd,  or  at  variance  with  common  sense, 
or  to  contradict  some  previously  ascertained 
truth,  but  which  is  nevertheless  true  in  fact ; a 
seeming  contradiction. 

In  their  love  of  God.  men  can  never  be  too  affectionate;  it 
is  as  true,  though  it  may  seem  a paradox , that  in  their  ha- 
tred of  sin  men  may  be  sometimes  too  pussiouate.  Sprat. 

2.  Any  thing  which  seems  to  contradict 
known  principles  or  received  opinions. 

Hydrostatic  paradox.  See  HYDROSTATIC.  — Me- 
chanical paradox.  See  Mechanic al. 

pAR-A-DOX'AL,  a.  Paradoxical.  Bp.  Hall. 

PAR-A-DOX'I-CAL,  a.  1.  Having  the  nature  of 
a paradox  ; apparently  absurd,  yet  true ; con- 
trary to  received  opinions. 

An  intellect  to  which  nothing  should  be  paradoxical 
would  be  infinite.  Horsley. 

2.  Inclined  to  tenets  or  notions  contrary  to  re- 
ceived opinions; — applied  to  persons.  Jolmson. 

Syn. — Paradoxical  and  absurd  are  applied  to  opin- 
ion or  doctrine  ; incredible,  to  fact.  A paradoxical  hy- 
pothesis ; an  absurd  opinion  ; an  incredible  story. 

PAR-A-D6x'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a paradoxical 
manner.  ’ Collier. 

pAR-A-DOX'I-CAL-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
paradoxical.  Jolmson. 

pAR-A-D0X-0L'0-<?Y,  71.  [Gr.  7r aph&o^ov,  a para- 
dox, and  1-uyos,  a discourse.]  The  use  of  para- 
doxes. [it.]  Browne. 

PAR'A-DOX-Y,  n.  [Gr.  lrapaSofyad]  The  state  of 
being  paradoxical,  [it.]  Coleiidge. 

PAR'A-DROME,  n.  [Gr.  napaSpopij,  a running  be- 
side.] An  uncovered  gallery  or  space  in  which 
wrestlers  exercised.  Bailey. 

PAR'AF-FINE,  n.  [L.  parum,  little,  and  affinis, 
akin.]  (Chem.)  A white,  tasteless,  inodorous, 
crystalline  substance,  soluble  in  alcohol  and 
ether,  obtained  from  the  less  volatile  portions  of 
wood-tar,  and  by  the  dry  distillation  of  bees- 
wax ; — so  named  from  its  little  affinity  for  other 
substances.  Silli/na7i.  Brande. 

PAr'A^E,  7i.  [Fr.,  from  Low  L.  paragium;  par, 

equal.]  (Old  E7ig.  Law.)  Equality  of  condi- 
tion, blood,  or  dignity  : — equality  of  lands  in 
the  partition  of  an  inheritance.  — ( Feudal  Laic .)» 
equality  of  condition  between  persons  holding 
unequal  portions  of  a fee.  Whishaw.  Burrill. 

PAR-A-GO'Gp,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  Trapayoiyy  ; uapa, 
beside,  beyond,  and  ayw,  to  lead.] 

1.  (Gram.)  The  addition  of  a syllable  or  let- 

ter to  the  end  of  a word  ; as,  L.  claudier  for 
claitdi ; Eng.  deary  for  dear.  Brande. 

2.  (Sure/.)  The  act  or  the  operation  of  fitting 

together  the  two  extremities  of  a fractured  bone, 
or  of  restoring  a luxated  bone  to  its  place ; co- 
aptation. Dunglison. 

PAR-A-GOG'IC,  ? a_  Pertaining  to  a para- 

PAR-A-GOG'I-CAL,  S goge  ; lengthening  a word 
by  the  addition  of  a letter  or  a syllable  at  the  end. 

Paragogic  letters , in  the  Semitic  languages,  letters 
which,  by  their  addition  to  the  ordinary  form  of  the 
word,  give  additional  emphasis  or  some  peculiar  in- 
flection into  the  sense.  Brande. 

PAr'A-CION,  n.  [It.  paragone ; Sp. paragon ; Fr. 
parangon.  — “Perhaps  from  Gr.  naonyio,  to  go 
beyond.”  Richardson.  — Diez  gives  the  Span- 
ish as  the  original  word,  and  derives  it  from 
para  eon,  in  comparison  with.] 

1.  Something  supremely  excellent ; a model; 
a pattern. 

This  prince  was  ...  a very  paragon.  Hall. 

2.  f A companion  ; an  associate  ; a fellow. 

Alone  he  rode  without  his  paragon.  Spenser. 

3.  t Trial  for  superiority;  rivalry;  competi- 
tion. 

But  deigned  with  her  the  paragon  to  make.  Spenser. 

pAr'A-GON,  v.  a.  [Old  Fr.  paragonner. ] [i.  par- 
agoned ; pp.  PARAGONING,  PARAGONED.]  To 
compare  ; to  equal,  [r.]  Shah. 


PAr'A-GON,  v.  n.  To  pretend  equality.  Shelton. 

PAr-A-GOR'IC,  n.  See  Paregoric.  Crahb. 

PAR  A-GRAM,  71.  [Gr.  irapaypappa ; napd,  near, 
against,  and  yaAppu,  a letter,  a writing.]  A play 
on  words ; a pun.  Addison. 

PAR-A-GRAM' M A-TIST,  n.  A punster.  Spectator. 

PAR-4-GRAJf' DI-NE,  71.  [It.,  from  Gr.  uapa, 

against,  and  L.  grando,  grandinis,  hail.]  An 
instrument  for  defending  fields  from  hail,  con- 
sisting of  numerous  metallic  points  and  straw 
ropes  bound  together  by  threads.  Buchanan. 

PAR'A-GRAPH  (par'ft-graf),  n.  [Gr.  napaypaipii, 
something  written  beside,  a marginal  note  ; 
napaypaipui,  to  write  beside,  to  subjoin,  as  a 
clause  ; nupa,  near,  beside,  and  ypaiput.  to  write  ; 
It.  paragrafo  ; Sp.  paragrafo,  parrafo  ; Fr. 
paragraphed] 

_ 1.  Originally,  some  mark  written  in  the  mar- 
gin to  point  out  a portion  or  division  of  the  text 
relating  to  a particular  subject;  — now  re- 
stricted to  this  sign  [H  ],  which  is  placed  in  the 
text,  and  used  as  a mark  of  reference. 

Hip  'i'lie  paragraph  [IT]  is  nothing  more  titan  a 
capital  P reversed,  the  white  part  being  made  black, 
and  the  black  part  white,  for  the  sake  of  greater  dis- 
tinction. 

2.  A distinct  part  or  section  of  a discourse  or 
chapter,  relating  to  a particular  subject,  some- 
times indicated  by  the  sign  [H  ],  as  in  the  com- 
mon editions  of  the  Bible,  but  commonly  only 
by  a break  in  the  composition  or  lines.  Swift. 

Force  yourself  to  reflect  on  what  you  read,  paragraph  by 
paragraph.  Coleridge. 

3.  An  item  or  notice  in  a newspaper  Clarke. 

PAR'A-GRAPH,  v.  a.  1.  To  form  into  paragraphs. 
“ Paragraphed  in  parchment.”  Evelyn. 

2.  To  notice  by  a paragraph  or  paragraphs. 
Warburton  paragraphed  bim  in  tbe  Dunciad.  Blackwood. 

par-a-graph'ic,  ) [G 

r.  7ranayoa(piK<iq.~\ 

pAR-A-GRAPH'I-CAL,  j Pertaining  to,  or  consist- 
ing  of,  paragraphs.  Crutwell. 

pAR-A-GRApH'I-UAL-LY,  ad.  By  paragraphs; 
with  distinct  breaks  or  divisions.  Johnson. 

fPAR'AIL,  n.  Apparel.  Chaucer. 

f PAR'AIL,  v.  a.  To  apparel.  Piers  Plouhman. 

PAR-A-LEIP'SIS,  n.  [Gr.  rapd/.trfi;,  an  omission  ; 
TTapaltlnoj,  to  leave  on  one  side,  to  omit ; napd, 
beside,  and  hiirai,  to  leave.]  (Rhet.)  A figure 
by  which  a speaker  pretends  to  omit  what  in 
reality  he  mentions  ; — written  also  paralipsis, 
paralepsis,  and  paralepsy.  Brande. 

PA-RA'LI-AN,  n.  [Gr.  irapal.os,  near  the  sea.]  A 
dweller  near  the  sea.  Smai't. 

PAR-A-LI-POM'  E-NA,  n.  pi.  [L.,  from  Gr.  napa- 
l.irnbptiu,  things  left  out.  — See  Paraleipsis.] 
(Bibliography .)  Supplementary  works.  Brande. 

PAR-AL-LAe  J |C,  J a Pertaining  to  a par- 

pAR-AL-LAc'TI-CAL,  ) allax.  Ilerschel. 

PAR'AL-LAX,  n.  [Gr.  napiilla^t;  ; itapnl.l.aaaoi,  to 
change  or  alter,  to  go  beyond  ; it no6,  beyond, 
and  a/.ldaoui,  to  change  or  alter;  It.  parallasse ; 
Sp.  paralajis,  pai-alaje ; Fr.  parallared] 

1.  (Astron.)  An  apparent  angular  variation 
in  the  position  of  a body,  arising  from  a change 
of  theT°'nt  of  view,  being  the  angle  subtended 
at  the  object,  by  a line  joining  the  two  points  of 
view;  the  apparent  displacement  of  an  object 
as  seen  from  two  different  stations.  Niehol. 

2.  The  longitudinal  displacement  of  the  wires 

in  a telescope  or  a microscope.  P.  Cijc. 

Annual  or  heliocentric  parallax,  the  difference  in  the 
place  of  a body  as  seen  from  the  earth  and  from  the 
sun. — Binocular  parallax,  the  angular  difference  of 
position  of  an  object  as  seen  by  the  two  eyes  of  an  ob- 
server, the  head  being  kept  at  rest.  — Diurnal  or  geo- 
centric parallax,  the  difference  between  the  place  of 
a body  as  seen  from  the  surface  and  from  the  centre 
of  the  earth  at  the  same  instant. — Horizontal  par- 
allax, the  change  of  position  which  a body,  appearing 
in  the  horizon  as  seen  from  the  surface  of  the  earth, 
would  assume  if  viewed  from  the  earth’s  centre. 

Nicliol.  Ilerschel.  Olmsted. 

PAR'AL-LEL,  a.  [Gr.  ragdi./.rjo;  ; ttapd,  beside, 
near,  and  il.h)hov,  of  one  another  ; L.  paralle- 
lus;  It.  parale/lo ; Sp .ptralelo\  Fr.  paralleled] 

1.  ( Geom .)  Lying  in  the  same  direction,  and 


MIEN.  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — (JJ,  If,  q,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  ^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


PARALLEL 


1032 


PARAPHERNAL 


in  all  parts  equally  distant ; as,  “ Parallel 
lines  ” ; “ Parallel  circles.” 

2.  Having  the  same  direction  or  tendency  ; 
not  counter  or  contrary  to. 

When  honor  runs  parallel  to  the  laws  of  God  and  our 
country,  it  cannot  be  too  much  cherished.  Addison. 

3.  Continuing  a resemblance  through  many 
particulars;  like;  similar;  equal;  as,  “A par- 
allel case  ” ; “ Parallel  passages  or  readings.” 

Parallels  of  latitude,  (Astron.)  small  circles  of  tile  ce- 
lestial sphere  parallel  to  the  ecliptic.  — ( Geog.)  small 
circles  of  the  terrestrial  sphere  parallel  to  the  equator. 
— Parallel  sailing,  (JTaut.)  sailing  on  a parallel  ol  lati- 
tude. — Parallel  sphere,  ( Spherical  projections.)  that 
position  of  the  sphere  in  which  the  circles  of  latitude 
are  parallel  to  the  horizon.  — Parallel  ruler,  an  instru- 
ment consisting  of  two  equal  rulers  connected  by  two 
cross-bars  movable  about  joints,  so  that,  while  the 
distance  between  the  two  rulers  is  increased  or  dimin- 
ished, their  edges  always  remain  parallel.  Brande. 

PAR'AL-LEL,  n.  1.  A line  which  throughout  its 
whole  extent  is  equally  distant  from  another 
line  ; a parallel  line.  Mason. 

Who  made  the  spider  parallels  design 
Sure  as  De  Aloivre,  without  rule  or  line?  Pope. 

2.  ( Navigation .)  One  of  the  circles  of  the 
spheres,  which  have  their  planes  parallel  to 
that  of  the  equator,  and  mark  the  latitude. 

3.  Direction  conformable  to  that  of  another 
line ; state  of  being  equally  distant  throughout 
the  whole  extent. 

lanes  that  from  their  parallel  decline. 

More  they  proceed,  the  more  they  still  disjoin.  Garth. 

4.  Conformity  continued  through  many  par- 
ticulars ; resemblance  ; similarity  ; likeness. 

’Twixt  earthly  females  and  the  moon 

All  parallels  exactly  run.  Swift. 

5.  Act  of  tracing  resemblances  ; comparison. 

Areader  cannot  be  more  rationally  entertained  than  by  . . . 
drawling  a parallel  between  his  own  private  character  and 
that  of  other  persons.  Addison. 

6.  Any  thing  resembling  or  equal  to  another  ; 

mate  ; match  ; fellow.  Shalt. 

None  but  himself  can  be  his  parallel.  Theobald. 

7.  pi.  (Printing.)  The  sign  || , used  as  a mark 
of  reference. 

8.  (Mil.)  A trench  affording  cover  to  besieg- 
ers and  communication  with  their  batteries, 
running  parallel  with  the  outline  of  a fortress. 

Glos.  of  Mil.  Terms. 

Parallels  of  altitude,  (Geag.)  small  circles  of  the 
sphere  parallel  to  the  horizon . — Parallels  of  declina- 
tion, (Astron.)  small  circles  of  the  sphere  parallel  to 
the  equator.  — Parallels  of  latitude , on  the  terrestrial 
sphere,  small  circles  parallel  to  the  equator;  on  the 
celestial  sphere,  small  circles  parallel  to  the  ecliptic. 

Brande. 


PAR'AL-LEL,  V.  a.  \i.  PARALLELED  ; pp.  PAR- 
ALLELING, PARALLELED.] 

1.  To  place  so  as  to  be  parallel. 

The  needle  . . . doth  parallel  and  place  itself  upon  the 
true  meridian.  Browne. 

2.  To  keep  level  or  even  ; to  level ; to  make 
to  correspond  ; to  conform  ; to  adjust. 

Ilis  life  is  jtarallclerl 

Even  with  the  stroke  and  line  of  his  great  justice.  Shak. 

3.  To  correspond,  or  be  equal,  to ; to  resem- 
ble ; to  match.  “ He  parallels  Nessus.”  Shak. 

In  the  fire,  the  destruction  was  so  swift,  sudden,  vast,  and 
miserable,  as  nothing  can  parallel  in  story.  Dryden. 

4.  To  show  or  furnish  an  equal ; to  equal. 

Well  may  we  fight  for  her  whom  we  know  well 

The  world’s  large  spaces  cannot  parallel.  Shak . 

5.  To  compare  as  similar. 

I /tarallclerf  more  than  once  our  idea  of  substance  witli 
the  Indian  philosopher’s  lie-kncw-not-what,  which  supported 
the  tortoise.  Locke. 

PAR'AL-LEL,  v.  n.  To  be  like  or  equal.  Bacon. 

f PAR'AL-LEL- A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  equalled 
or  paralleled.  Bp.  Hall. 

PAR-AL-LEL-E-Pf'PflD,  n.  \Gv.itapaX).yl.(nlTcsbov.] 
(Geom.)  See  Parallelopiped.  Brande. 


PAR'AL-LEL-I^.U,  n.  [Fr . paralFlisme.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  parallel.  “ The  paral- 
lelism of  the  axis  of  the  earth.”  Rag. 

2.  Resemblance  ; comparison.  Warton. 

f PAR'AL-LEL-LESS,  a.  Not  to  he  paralleled 
or  equalled  ; matchless,  [r.]  Beau.  8;  FI. 


PAR'AL-LEL-LY.  ad.  In  the  manner  of  paral 
lels  ; with  parallelism.  Scott 

PAR-AL-LEL'O-GRAM,  n.  [Gr.  w anal-  , 

).tj).6ypappov  ; napdi.i.pj.ot,  parallel,  and  \ \ 

■ypappa,  a writing,  a drawing,  from 


ypatfioj,  to  write ; It.  parallelogrammo  ; Sp.  para- 
lelogratno ; Fr.  parallelogramme.]  ( Geom .)  A 
right-lined,  quadrilateral  figure,  whose  opposite 
sides  are  parallel.  Davies. 

Hfjg-  “ In  common  language  it  is  sometimes  limited 
to  a rectangle  longer  than  broad.”  Smart. 

Parallelogram  offerees,  a parallelogram  illustrating 
the  principle  that  if  the  lines  which  each  of  two 
forces,  acting  singly,  would  have  caused  a body  to 
describe  in  a given  time  make  any  angle  whatever 
with  one  another,  the  line  which  the  body  will  de- 
scribe in  that  time,  when  both  the  forces  act  upon  it 
at  the  same  instant,  is  the  diagonal  of  the  parallelo- 
gram under  the  two  first-mentioned  lines.  Brande. 

PAR-AL-LEL-O-GRAM'MIC,  ) a_  Relating  to 

pAr-AL-LEL-O-GRAm'MI-CAL,  ) or  resembling  a 
parallelogram.  Crabb. 

pAR-AL-LEL-O-GRAM-MAt'JC,  a.  Relating  to  or 
like  a parallelogram ; parallelogramic.  Brande. 

PAR-AL-LEL-O-Pl'PED  [pSr-sd-lel-n-pl'ped,  IF.  Ja. 
K.  R.  C.  O.  I I V.  Wb. ; par-sd-lel-o-plp'ed,  Sm.],n. 
[Gr.  a- apaV.r/i.os,  parallel,  emmSos,  on  the  ground, 
flat,  plane  ; hi,  on,  and  nibor,  the  ground  ; It. 
parallelipipedo  ; Sp.  paralelipipedo  ; Fr.  paral- 
lelipip'de.]  (Geom.)  A solid  having  six  quadri- 
lateral faces,  of  which  the  opposite  ones  are 
equal  and  parallel ; a prism  whose  base  is  a 
parallelogram.  Davies. 

PAR-A L- LEL-p- PIP' 5-no N [par-jl-lel-o-pip'e-don, 
P.  Ash],  n.  A parallelopiped.  Grier. 

PA-RAL'0-£l§M  [pa-ral'o-jizm,  IF.  P.  J.  F.  Ja. 
Sm.  1 Fr. ; par'j-lo-jizm,  S’.  K.  Ash],  n.  [Gr.  napa- 
l.oyiopds ; napaloyi^opat,  to  reason  falsely  ; It.  8$ 
Sp . paralogismo  •,  Fr.  paralogisme.  — See  Pa- 
ralogize.] (Logic  & Rhet. ) A reasoning  in 
which  a conclusion  is  drawn  from  premises 
which  do  not  logically  warrant  it ; — opposed  to 
syllogism.  Brande. 

Syn.  — An  argument  unintentionally  fallacious  is 
a paralogism  ; one  intentionally  fallacious,  or  known 
by  the  person  who  uses  it  to  he  fallacious,  a sophism. 
Sophistry  is  fallacious  reasoning  : sophism,  a fallacious 
argument. 

PA-RAL'O-GIZE,  V.  n.  [Gr.  Tiapnf.oyl(oyai  ; napn, 
beyond,  against,  and  loyos,  a discourse,  reason.] 
To  reason  falsely.  Walker. 

PA-RAl'0-<?Y,  n.  [Gr.  jt tapakoyta.]  False  rea- 
soning ; paralogism.  Browne. 


PA-RAL'Y-SIS,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  nnoal.vat;  ; TTapal.vto, 
to  loosen,  relax,  or  disable  at  the  side ; nnpa, 
beside,  and  hut,  to  loosen.]  (Med.)  Abolition 
or  great  diminution  of  voluntary  motion,  and 
sometimes  of  sensation,  in  any  part  of  the  body, 
often  accompanied  with  involuntary  motion  of 
the  part  affected  ; palsy.  Dung/ison. 

pAR-A-L\  I IC,  ) <x.  [Gr.  irapahiTiKhi ; L.  par- 

PAR-A-LYT'I-CAL,  ) alyticus.]  Relating  to,  in- 
clined to,  or  affected  with  paralysis ; palsied. 
'‘Paralytic  stroke.”  Dunglison. 

PAR-A-LYT'IC,  n.  One  affected  with  palsy.  Hall. 


pAR-AL-Y-ZA'TION,  n.  Act  of  paralyzing.  Qtt.  Rev. 

pAr'A-LYZE,  v.  a.  [Fr.  paralyser.]  [«.  para- 
lyzed ; pp.  PARALYZING,  PARALYZED.]  To 
strike  or  affect  with  paralysis ; to  benumb ; to 
render  torpid  ; to  palsy  ; to  deaden. 

PAR-A-jilAT’ , n.  A Birman  dissenter  from 
Buddhism.  Malcom. 

PAR'A-MENT,  n.  [It.  <Sf  Sp.  paramento.]  Fur- 
niture, ornaments,  and  hangings  for  a room  of 
state  Weale. 

PA-RAm'E-TJJR,  n.  [Fr.  parametre,  from  Gr. 
a upn,  beside,  and  ptrpor,  a measure.] 

1.  (Geom.)  A constant  quantity  entering  into 
the  equation  of  a curve  ; latus-rectum. 

BSf  In  the  parabola,  the  parameter  of  any  diameter 
is  a third  proportional  to  the  abscissa  and  ordinate  of 
any  point  of  the  curve;  in  the  ellipse  and  hyperbola, 
it  is  a third  proportional  to  the  diameter  anil  its  con- 
jugate. Davies. 

2.  (Crystallography .)  The  distance  from  the 
origin  at  which  a line  or  a plane  cuts  the  axes. 

Eliot. 

PA-RA’MO,n  [Sp.]  In  South  America,  a moun- 
tainous district,  covered  with  stunted  trees,  and 
exposed  to  damp,  cold  winds.  Brande. 

||  PAR'A-MOUNT  [par'a-mount,  S.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  R. 
Wr.  Wb. ; par-a-mdunt',  W.P.J.\,a.  [F r.  par, 


intensive  prefix  (L.  per),  and  monter,  to  mount, 
to  ascend.  Minsheu.]  Superior ; above  all 
others;  of  the  highest  rank  or  order  ; supreme; 
preeminent ; chief ; principal ; — used  with  to. 

Every  man  has  some  prime,  paramount  object,  which  em- 
ploys his  head  and  tills  ilis  heart,  . . . and  is  to  him  above 
and  instead  of  all  other  enjoyments  whatsoever.  South. 

All  tile  land  in  the  kingdom  is  supposed  to  be  hoiden,  me- 
diately or  immediately,  of  the  kiug,  who  is  styled  the  lord 
paramount,  or  above  all.  Blackstone. 

tKA=  A term  applied  to  the  supreme  lord  of  a fee, 
between  whom  and  the  tenant,  or  tenant  paracail , 
there  was  an  intermediate  or  mesne  lord.  Burrill. 

||  PAR'A-MOUNT,  n.  The  highest  in  rank  or 
order ; the  chief. 

||  PAr'A-MOUNT-LY,  ad.  In  a paramount  man- 
ner; supremely.  ' Coleridge. 

PAr'A-MOUR  (parVmor),  n.  [Fr.  par,  by,  from, 
and  amour,  love.  — “ Par  amour  (with  love)  I 
loved  her.”  Tyrwhitt’s  Chaucer.  — ‘‘A  gen- 
uine old  expression.”  Tyrwhitt.  — Old  Fr. 
paraimer,  to  love  greatly  ] 

1.  t Love  ; gallantry.  Chaucer. 

2.  f A mistress.  Shak. 

3.  A lover;  a wooer.  Spenser.  — Formerly 

. used  by  Spenser  and  others  in  a good  sense ; 

now  used  for  a lover  or  a wooer  only  in  an  ill 
sense. 

PAR-A-NAPH'TH  A-LINE,  n.  [Gr.  napd,  near,  and 
Eng.  naphthaline.]  (Chem.)  A solid  carburet 
of  hydrogen,  obtained  from  coal-tar,  closely  re- 
sembling naphthaline.  Silliman. 

PA-rAn'GON,  n.  [Fr.  — See  Paragon.]  A va- 
riety of  black  marble  which  the  ancients  ob- 
tained from  Egypt  and  Greece.  Buchanan. 

PA-RAN'THINE,  n.  (Min.)  A name  given  to  cer- 
tain compact  varieties  and  crystals  of  scapolite, 
of  white  and  pale  blue  colors.  Dana. 

I’Ar'A-NUT,  n.  The  Brazil-nut.  Simmonds. 

PAR'A-NYMPH  (nlmf),  n.  [Gr.  trapawpipos  ; napd, 
near,  and  ripipy,  a bride;  L.  paranymphus  ; It. 
8j  Sp.  paraninfo ; Fr.  paranymphe.] 

1.  (Ant.)  A near  friend  or  relative  of  the 

bridegroom,  who  attended  the  bride  to  her  mar- 
riage ; a brideman.  Milton. 

2.  An  assistant ; an  encourager. 

Sin  hath  got  a paranymph  and  a solicitor,  a warrant  and 
an  advocate.  Bp.  Taylor. 

PAR'A-PEGM  (-pem),  n. ; pi.  FARAPEGMS.  [Gr. 
tTupfciryypa  ; Ttapaitnyvvpi,  to  fix  beside;  napa,  be- 
side, and  nriyrvpt,  to  fix  ; L.  parapegma  ; Fr. 
parapegme.]  (Ant.)  A brazen  table  fixed  to  a 
pillar,  on  which  laws  and  proclamations  were 
engraved:  — a table  containing  an  account  of 
the  rising  and  setting  of  the  stars,  eclipses  of 
the  sun  and  moon,  the  seasons,  &c.  Phillips. 

PA R-A-PEG ' Jil A,  n. ; pi.  par  a-peg  ’ma-ta.  [L.] 
A parapegm.  . Crabb. 

PAR'A-PET,  n.  [It.  parapetto  ; parare,  to  defend, 
and  petto  (L.  pectus),  the  breast ; Sp.  parapeto  ; 
Fr.  parapet .] 

1.  (Fort.)  An  elevation  of  earth  raised  on  the 

terrcplcin  of  the  rampart,  for  covering  troops 
and  guns  from  the  enemy’s  observation  and 
fire  ; a breast-work.  Glos.  o f Mil.  Terms. 

2.  A breast-wall  raised  on  the  edge  of  a 

bridge,  a quay,  &c.,  to  prevent  people  from  fall- 
ing over.  Brande. 

PAR'A-PET-ED,  a.  Having  a parapet.  Qu.  Rev. 

pAr'APII,  n.  [Fr.  paraphe.  — A corruption  of 
paragraphe.  Lanclais — Gr.  n apcmrui,  to  fasten 
or  join  near ; napa,  near,  and  orra,  to  fasten,  to 
join.  Brande.]  ( Diplomatics  or  Manuscripts.) 
The  figure  formed  by  the  flourish  of  the  pen  at 
the  end  of  a signature,  formerly  used  as  a pro- 
vision against  forgery. 

In  some  countries  (as  in  Spain),  the  jiaraph  is  still  a usual 
addition  to  a signature.  Brande. 

PAR' APn,  v.  a.  To  affix  a paraph  to  : — to  attach 
the  initials  of  names  to. 

The  meaning  of  the  diplomatic  expression  paraphed  is, 
that  the  initials  of  the  parties  concerned  are  attached  to  a 
document.  Loud.  Times. 

A kind  of  protocol  of  what  had  occurred  was  drawn  up  at 
St.  Petersburg,  and  signed  or  paraphed  by  Count  Nesselrode 
for  Russia,  and  Count  Valentine  Esterhazy  for  Austria. 

Correspondent  of  the  Times. 

PAR-A-PIIER'NAL,  a.  [Fr.]  Relating  to  or  con- 
sisting in  paraphernalia.  Bouvier. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  E,  I,  O,  IT,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  I1EIR,  HER; 


PARAPHERNALIA 


1033 


PARCHMENT 


PAR-A-PH^R-NA'LI-A,  n.  pi.  [Law  L.,  from  Gr. 
TTupatpeova ; mi  pa,  beside,  beyond,  and  ipipvi),  a 
dowry.] 

1.  ( Roman  Law.)  The  goods  which  a woman 
brought  to  her  husband  besides  her  dowry. — 
(Eng.  Law.)  the  goods  which  a woman  is  al- 
lowed to  have  after  the  death  of  her  husband, 
besides  her  dower,  consisting  of  her  apparel 
and  ornaments,  suitable  to  her  rank.  Ban-ill. 

2.  Ornaments  ; appendages  ; trappings.  “ The 

'paraphernalia  of  genteel  life.”  J.  Foster. 

PAR-A-PHLMO'SIS,  n.  [Gr.  irapaiplpoais ; itapd,  be- 
yond, and  <pin')ui,  to  muzzle.]  (Med.)  Strangu- 
lation of  the  glans  penis.  Dunglison. 

PAR-A-PHO'NI- A,  n.  [Gr.  7 rapaipovta  ; Trapa^iovog, 
sounding  with,  harmonious ; irapa,  beside,  and 
a sound,  voice.] 

1.  (Mas.)  A melodic  progression  by  the  only 

consonances  recognized  in  the  Greek  music,  i.  e. 
fifths  and  fourths.  Warner. 

2.  (Med.)  An  affection  of  the  voice.  Dunglison. 

PAR'A-PH RA§E  (parVfraz),  n.  [Gr.  mrpwpoaan;  ; 

7 rupii,  beside,  and  tppaaif,  phrase  ; ippatyo,  to  speak  ; 
L .paraphrasis;  It.  parafrasi ; Sp.  parafrasis; 
Fr.  paraphrase .] 

1.  An  explanation  or  exposition  of  some  text, 
or  portion  of  a text,  in  which  the  sense  of  the 
original  is  expressed  in  a more  ample  manner. 

The  paraphrase  of  Erasmus  upon  the  gospel.  Udal. 

2.  A loose  or  free  translation  ; — opposed  to 
metaphrase. 

In  paraphrase , or  translation  with  latitude,  the  author’s 
words  are  not  so  strictly  followed  as  his  sense.  Dryden. 

3.  A sacred  song  or  hymn  on  a selected  por- 
tion of  Scripture. 

The  paraphrases  appended  to  the  metrical  version  of  the 
Psalms  in  tlu*  Scottish  Bibles.  Oyilvie. 

PAR'A-PHRA^E,  v.  a.  [t.  paraphrased;  pp. 
PARAPHRASING,  PARAPHRASED.]  To  explain, 
interpret,  or  translate  with  latitude  ; to  make  a 
paraphrase  on.  Hammond. 

PAR'A-PHRAijE,  v.  n.  To  make  a paraphrase. 

t PAU-A-PHRA'§IAN,  n.  A paraphrast.  Bp.  Hall. 

PAR'A-PHRAST,  n.  [Gr.  napaipprurr/is  ; L.  para- 
phrastes  ; It.  Af  Sp.  parafraste  ; F r. paraphraste.]. 
One  who  makes  a paraphrase.  Hooker. 

PAR-A-PHRAs  TIC,  ? Pertaining  to,  or  re- 

PAr-A-PHRAs'TI-CAL,  ) sembling,  a paraphrase ; 
ample  in  explanation  ; free  ; diffuse  ; not  liter- 
al ; not  verbal ; as,  “ A paraphrastic  transla- 
tion.” 

PAR-A-PHRAS'TI-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a paraphras- 
tical  manner  ; by  paraphrase.  Howell. 

PAR-A-PHRF.-NI'TIS,  n.  [Gr.  iraoa,  near,  and 
ippnr,  </>pfw5j,  the  diaphragm.]  (Med.)  Inflamma- 
tion of  the  diaphragm  ; diaphragmitis  : — deliri- 
um accompanying  that  affection.  Arbuthnot . 

PAR-A-PLE'£I-A,n.  [Gr.  napanhiyla,  palsy  ; naon- 
7tL;o-(7w,  to  strike  near  or  beside.]  (Med.)  Pal- 
sy of  the  lower  half  of  the  body.  Dunglison. 

pAr'A-PLE^-Y,  n.  Paraplegia.  Smart. 

PAR-AP'O-PLEX-Y,  n.  [Gr.  napi,  near,  and  77770- 
7rff|fa,  apoplexy (]  (Med.)  A soporose  or  sleepy 
state  resembling  apoplexy.  Dunglison. 

PAR-A-Clui'TO  (par-a-ke'to),  n.  A paroquet.  Sliak. 

PAR'A-SANG,  n.  [Gr.  7raptitTdyyttt.]  An  ancient 
Persian  measure  of  length,  reckoned  differently 
by  different  authors.  According  to  Herodotus 
it  was  equal  to  30  stadia,  or  about  3|  English 
miles  ; according  to  some,  60  stadia.  Brande. 

K5P  “ Parasang  is  a Persian  word,  and  is  derived 
from  the  ancient  farsang,  \yhich  is  pronounced  in 
modern  Persian  ferseng.  It  has  been  changed  in 
Arabic  into  fursalch."  P.  Cyc. 

PAR-4-SCE  'JVI-  UM,  n.  [Gr.  TrapaffKnvtov  ; irapn, 
beside,  and  HKtjvfi,  a scene.]  (Ant.)  The  part  of 
a theatre  behind  the  scenes,  used  by  the  actors 
as  a dressing-room,  and  answering  to  the  mod- 
ern green-room ; postscenium.  Brande. 

f PAR-A-SCEU-AS'TIC  (-su-as'tik),  a.  [Gr.  Trapa- 
CKeva<rriK/>s ; miimcK(vd(w,  to  prepare.  — See  Par- 
asceve.]  Preparatory.  Corah’s  Doom , 1672. 

f PAR-jq-SCF.'  VE,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  wnpaaKev// ; 
77 apa,  beside,  beyond,  and  tr/c fin;,  equipment.] 

1.  A preparation.  Donne. 


2.  Among  the  Jews,  the  evening  before  the 
Sabbath  ; — so  called  because  they  then  pre- 
pared the  things  necessary  for  the  following 
day.  Mark  xv.  42  (Rhemish  Trans). 

PAR-A-Sp-LE'Np,  n.  [Gr.  mipd,  beside,  and  crtXtjvr/, 
the  moon.]  (Astron.)  A luminous  ring  near 
the  moon  ; a mock  moon.  Nichol. 

PAlt'A-SlTE,  n.  [Gr.  napaatro;;  -n nod,  beside,  and 
aireio,  to  feed  ; turps,  "heat,  food  ; L.  j>arasitus  ; 
It.  parassito ; Sp.  parasito ; Fr  .parasite.] 

1.  One  who  frequents  the  tables  of  the  rich 
and  earns  his  welcome  by  flattery  ; a sycophant. 

Diogenes,  when  mice  came  about  him  as  he  was  eating, 
said,  1 see  that  even  Diogenes  nourisheth  parasites.  Bacon. 

2.  (Bot.)  A plant  which  grows  upon  the  liv- 

ing parts  of  other  plants,  from  the  juices  of 
which  it  derives  its  nutriment.  Eng.  Cyc. 

3.  (Zoiil.)  An  animal  which  lives  upon  the 

bodies  of  other  animals  ; — applied  by  Lamarck 
to  a family  of  antennated  araehnidans  ; by  Cu- 
vier, Latreille,  and  Kirby  to  an  order  of  apter- 
ous insects  ; and  by  Straus  to  an  order  of  crus- 
taceans. Brande. 

Syn.  — See  Flatterer. 

PAR-A-sIt'IC,  ? a.  1.  Of,  or  pertaining  to, 

PAR-A-SIt'I-CAL,  ) a parasite  ; partaking  of  the 
character  or  habits  of  a parasite;  flattering; 
wheedling ; fawning.  Bp.  Hall. 

2.  (Bot.)  Growing  on,  and  deriving  nutriment 

from,  other  plants.  Eng.  Cyc. 

3.  (Zoiil.)  Growing  or  living  on  the  bodies  of 

other  animals.  Wright. 

pAr-A-SIT'J-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a parasitical  manner. 

pAR-A-SIt'I-CAL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
parasitical.  Scott. 

PAR'A-SIT-T§M,  n.  [F r.  parasitisme.]  The  char- 
acter or  behavior  of  a parasite  ; flattery.  Milton. 

PAR'A-SOL,  or  PAR'A-SOL  [par'a-sol,  W.  Ja.  C. 
Wr. ; par'a-sol,  S.  J.  E.  F. ; par-a-sol',  Sin.) , n.  [It. 
parasole ; parare,  to  ward  off,  and  sole  (L.  sol), 
the  sun  ; Sp.  <S;  Fr.  parasol.]  A small  umbrella, 
used  by  ladies  to  screen  their  faces  from  the  sun. 

PAr-A-SO-LETTE',  n.  A small  parasol.  Lyon. 

PAR-A-SY-NAX'ISj  n.  [Gr.  rapaervva(tc  ; 77 apet, 
against,  and  ninnies,  an  assembly.]  ( Civil  Law.) 
An  unlawful  meeting  ; a conventicle.  Bailey. 

PAR-A-TAX'IS,  n.  [Gr.  77 ap6ra(tg,  a placing  be- 
side others;  Tropriroww,  to  place  beside.]  (Gram.) 
The  mere  ranging  of  propositions,  one  after 
another,  without  marking  their  connection  or 
dependence ; — opposed  to  syntax.  Brande. 

PAR-A-THER'MIC,  a.  [Gr.  7777(177',  beside,  and  Oippr), 
heat.]  Noting  certain  rays  in  the  solar  spec- 
trum, which  abound  in  the  red  and  the  orange 
bands.  J.  Herschel. 

PA-RAtFI'E-SIS,  n.  [Gr.  irapdOnris,  a putting  be- 
side ; naparidiyu,  to  put  beside  ; 77 apa,  beside, 
and  TiOppi,  to  put  or  place.] 

1.  (Gram.)  A figure  wherein  two  or  more  nouns 
are  put  in  the  same  case ; apposition.  Bailey. 

2.  ( Rhet .)  A parenthetical  notice,  generally 
of  something  to  be  expanded,  [r.]  Crabb. 

3.  (Printing.)  The  matter  contained  between 

two  brackets,  marked  thus,  [ ].  [r.]  Crabb. 

4.  ( Greek  Church.)  A prayer  which  the  bishop 

rehearses  over  the  catechumens,  stretching  his 
hands  over  them  to  give  them  benediction, 
which  they  receive  bowing  their  heads  under 
his  hands.  Wright. 

PAr-J]-  TON-NERRE ' (-nir'),  n.  [Fr.,  from  Gr. 
77np(;,  near,  against,  and  Fr.  tonnerre  (L.  toni- 
trus),  thunder.]  A lightning-rod.  Surcnne. 

pAr-A-vAil',  a.  [Old  Fr.  paraval,  below,  at  the 
bottom  ; par  (L.  per),  an  intensive  prefix,  and 
avaler,  to  let  down.  Johnson,  Richardson,  Bur- 
rill.  — Old  Fr.  par,  by,  and  availe , avail,  profit. 
Coke.]  Below;  at  the  bottom;  lowest;  — the 
correlative  of  paramount. 

Let  him  [the  pope]  no  longer  count  himself  lord  para- 
mount over  the  princes  of  the  world;  no  longer  hold  kings 
as  his  servants  paravail.  Hooker. 

Tenant  paravail , ( Feudal  Lair.)  the  lowest  tenant  of 
land,  holding  of  a mesne  lord  who  himself  held  of  a 
lord  paramount.  Bur  All. 

The  king,  therefore,  was  styled  lord  paramount;  A was 
both  tenant  and  lord,  or  was  a mesne  lord;  and  B was  called 
tenant  paravail , or  the  lowest  tenant,  being  he  who  was  sup- 
posed to  make  avail,  or  profit,  of  the  laud.  Blackstonc. 


t PAR'A-VAUNT,  ad.  [Old  Fr.]  Before,  either 
in  place  or  in  time.  Spenser. 

PAR' BOIL,  v.  a.  [Old  Fr.  parboullir.  — “ From  L. 
pars  [a  part]  and  bullio,  to  boil.”  Sullivan.] 
[7.  PARBOILED;  pp.  PARBOILING,  PARBOILED.] 
To  boil_  partially  ; to  heat  in  water  to  a certain 
degree,  without  boiling.  Bacon. 

f PAR'BREAK,  v.  a.  [See  Break.]  To  break  or 
throw  forth  ; to  eject ; to  utter. 

When  he  hath  parbreaked  his  grieved  inind.  Bp.  Hall. 

f PAR'BREAK  (pir'brak),  v.  n.  To  vomit.  Skelton. 

t PAR'BREAK  (pir'brak),  n.  Vomit.  Spenser. 

PAIt'BUC-KLE,  n.  (Naut.)  A contrivance  for 
hoisting  or  lowering  a cask,  &c.,  without  tackle, 
as  on  an  inclined  plane.  Falconer. 

PAR'BUC-KLE,  v.  a.  (Naut.)  To  hoist  or  lower 
by  means  of  a parbuckle.  Dana. 

PAR'CIJL  [pdr'sel,  S.  W.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  C. 
B.  — Sometimes  pronounced  par's!],  n.  [Fr. 
parcelle,  a contraction  of  L.  particula,  dim.  of 
pars,  partis,  a part.] 

1.  A part  or  portion  taken  separately.  “ Two 
parcels  of  the  white  of  an  egg.”  Arbuthnot. 

That  I would  all  my  pilgrimage  dilate. 

Whereof  by  parcels  she  had  something  heard.  Shak. 

2.  A number  or  quantity  taken  separately. 

This  usefid  parcel 

Of  noble  bachelors  stand  at  my  bestowing.  Sliak. 

3.  A small  bundle  or  package.  Johnson. 

4.  A good  deal.  [Local.]  Wright. 

5.  (Law.)  A part;  a piece.  “All  that  cer- 
tain lot,  piece,  ox  parcel  of  land.”  Burrill. 

JUS*  Parcel,  formerly  much  used  in  composition, 
usually  implied  being  partly  one  tiling,  partly  another ; 
as,  parcel-poet,  parcel- priest. 

PAR'CpL,  V.  a.  [ i . PARCELLED  ; pp.  PARCELLING, 
•PARCELLED.] 

1.  To  divide  into  portions  ; to  apportion. 

Those  ghostly  kings  would  parcel  out  my  power.  Dniden. 

2.  To  make  up  into  a mass,  [it.]  Shak. 

To  parcel  a rope  or  a seam,  (Naut.)  to  bind  over  it 

canvas  daubed  with  tar.  Mar.  Diet. 

f PAR'C^L-BAwd,  n.  A half-bawd.  Shak. 

PAR'CpL-BOOK  (-buk),  n.  (Com.)  A register  of 
the  despatch  of  parcels.  Simmonds. 

PAR'C£L— GlLT,  a.  Partly  gilt.  Skak. 

PAR'CflL-LING,  n.  (Naut.)  Narrow  strips  of 
tarred  canvas,  used  to  cover  ropes  by  being 
wound  around  them,  and  also  to  raise  a mouse 
on  the  stays,  &c.  Mar.  Diet. 

PAR'C£-NA-RY  [par'se-nsi-re,  K.  Sm.  ; p;lr'sn-a-re, 
Ja.],  n.  [See  Parcener.]  (Law.)  The  state 
or  condition  of  holding  title  to  lands  jointly  by 
parceners,  before  the  common  inheritance  has 
been  divided ; coparcenary;  — written  also  par- 
cenery.  Bouvier. 

PAR'Cf-NER,  11.  [Old  Fr.  parsonnier. — Scot. 
parsenere,  a partner.]  (Law.)  A co-hcir ; a co- 
parcener. Blackstonc. 

“ Parceners  are  so  called,  according  to  Little- 
ton, because  they  may  be  constrained  to  make  parti- 
tion. Cowell  makes  the  word  to  be  quasi  parccllers.” 
Burrill. 

PARCH,  v.  a.  [Of  uncertain  etymology.  — Gr. 
rtpuciiUo,  to  burn  round  about.  Junius.  — Per- 
haps L.  percoquo,  to  burn,  to  heat.  Skinner.  — 
It  is,  perhaps,  nothing  more  than  a contraction 
of  perische,  the  old  English  way  of  writing  our 
perish,  restricted  in  its  application  to  the  effects 
of  heat.  Richardson.  — Wickliffe  writes  the 
word  perish,  persh.]  [i.  parched  ; pp.  parch- 
ing, p .arched.]  To  burn  partially;  to  scorch; 
to  dry  up  or  shrivel;  to  roast;  as,  “To  parch 
corn.” 

Torrid  heat 

And  vapor  as  the  Libyan  air  adust 

Began  to  parch  that  temperate  clime.  Milton. 

PARCH,  v.  n.  To  be  scorched.  Shak. 

PARCHED  (parch'ed  or  piicht),  p.  a.  Burned 
partially  ; scorched  ; dried  up. 

PARCH'IJD-NESS,  11.  State  of  being  parched.  More. 

PARCH'ING-LY,  ad.  Scorchingly.  Wright. 

PARCH'MIJNT,  n.  [L.  pergamena,  so  called,  ac- 
cording to  Isidore,  Varro,  and  others,  because 
invented  by  Eumenes,  king  of  Pergamus ; It. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RtJLE. 

130 


— <?>  9.  G i,  soft; 


c,  e,  s, 


hard;  § as  z;  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


PAUCITY 


1034 


PARIETAL 


pergamena ; Sp.  pergamina ; Port,  parguamina ; 
Old  Fr .parcamin;  Fr.  parchemin.]  The  skin 
of  an  animal,  — especially  of  a sheep  or  a goat, 
— prepared  for  writing  on.  P.  Cyc. 

In  the  beginning  of  the  eighth  century,  the  use  of  papyrus 
was  almost  entirely  superseded  by  parchment.  Jit-unde. 

f PAR'CI-TY,  n.  [L.  parcitas  ; parcus,  sparing; 
Old  Fr.  parcite.]  Sparingness.  Cot j race. 

PARD,  n.  [Gr.  ttooHo;  ; L .pardus  ; It.  $ Sp.  par- 
do.  — A.  S.  pard.]  The  leopard  or  the  panther : — 
in  poetry,  any  spotted  beast.  Shak.  Dryden. 

f PAR'DALE,  n.  [Gr.  -aobalu, ; L .pardalis.]  Apard. 
“ Pardale  swift  and  the  tiger  cruel.”  Spenser. 

PAR  'DO,  n.  1.  A Chinese  vessel  resembling,  but 
not  so  large  as,  a junk.  Mar.  Diet. 

2.  A silver  coin  at  Goa,  in  the  East  Indies, 
worth  about  2s.  6d.  sterling  ($0.60).  Simmonds. 

PAR'DON  (pSr'dn),  v.  a.  [Low  L.  perdono  ; per, 
used  intensively,  and  dono,  to  give ; It.  per- 
donare\  Sp.  perdonar  ; Fr.  pardonner.\  [i.  par- 
doned ; pp.  PARDONING,  PARDONED.] 

1.  To  remit  thoroughly,  as  a fault,  offence, 

or  crime,  or  a penalty.  Jer.  xxxiii.  8. 

I pardon  thee  thy  life  before  thou  ask  it.  Shak. 

2.  To  release  from  a fault  or  crime,  or  from 
its  penalty  ; to  forgive  ; to  excuse ; to  acquit ; 
to  absolve  ; to  discharge  ; to  release  ; to  clear. 

Ilezekiuh  prayed  for  them,  saying,  The  good  Lord  pardon 
every  one.  2 Chron.  xxx.  18. 

Pardon  me,  a phrase  of  civil  denial  or  slight  apology. 

Sir,  pardon  me,  it  is  a letter  for  my  brother.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Forgive,  Excuse. 

PAR'DON  (phr'dii),  n.  [It  .perdono-,  Sp.  per  don  ; 
Fr.  pardon .] 

1.  Remission  of  a fault  or  crime,  or  of  a pen- 
alty ; forgiveness ; absolution  ; acquittal. 

What  better  can  we  do  than  . . . prostrate  fall 
Before  him  reverent,  and  there  confess 
Humbly  our  faults,  and  pardon  beg,  with  tears 
Watering  the  ground?  Milton. 

2.  An  official  warrant  of  penalty  remitted. 

Will  you  needs  be  hanged  with  your  pardons  about  your 
necks9  Shak. 

Syn. — Pardon  and  forgiveness  are  both  used  in  a 
religious  sense  ; but  in  ordinary  life,  pardon  is  applied 
to  more  trifling  matters  than  forgiveness.  We  leg  a 
person’s  pardon  for  a slight  or  an  unintentional  offence, 
and  ask  his  forgiveness  for  a more  serious  injury. 
Pardon  for  a crime  ; forgiveness  of  sin  ; remission  of 
punishment;  absolution  from  sin  or  guilt.  — See 
Grace. 

PAR'DON-A-BLE  (phr'dn-a-bl),  a.  That  may  be 
pardoned  ; excusable  ; venial.  Hooker. 

Syn.  — See  Venial. 

PAR'DON-A-BL  E-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
pardonable  ; venialness.  Bp.  Hall. 

PAR'DON- A-BLY,  ad.  In  a manner  so  as  to  be 
pardoned  ; venially  ; excusably.  Dryden. 

PAR'DON-pR  (par'dn-er),  n.  1.  One  who  pardons. 

2.  One  who  was  formerly  licensed  to  sell  in- 
dulgences granted  by  the  pope.  Cowell. 

PARE,  v.  a.  [Fr.  parer.]  [t.  pared  ; pp.  par- 
ing, pared.] 

1.  To  cut  off  the  superficial  substance,  or  the 
extremities,  of ; to  scrape  off ; to  shorten ; to 
clip. 

She  shall  shave  her  head  and  pare  her  nails.  Dent.  xxi.  12. 
He  pares  his  apple  that  will  cleanly  feed.  Herbert. 

2.  To  diminish  or  lessen  by  little  and  little. 

The  king  began  to  pare  a little  the  privilege  of  clergy.  Bacon. 

Syn.  — To  pare  is  to  remove  tire  outside  or  surface 
by  a knife  or  other  instrument ; to  peel  is  to  pull  off 
tile  rind  or  bark.  Pare  an  apple;  peel  an  orange; 
peel  tile  bark  from  a tree. 

PA-REG'M E-NoN,  n.  [Gr.  miodyir},  Traptfyytvov,  to 
derive  from.]  ( Rhet .)  The  use  of  several  words 
of  the  same  origin  in  the  same  sentence. 

PAR-E-GOR'IC,  n.  (Med.)  A medicine  that  soothes 
or  assuages;  an  anodyne  ; — especially  an  ar- 
omatized dilute  tincture  of  opium.  Dunglison. 

PAR-^-GOR'IC,  a.  [Gr.  napyyoptKbs  ; Trapyyoptu,  to 
exhort,  to  soothe ; napa,  beside,  and  uyootinn,  to 
speak  ; L.  paregoricus  ; It.  <5f  Sp.  piregorico  ; 
Fr. parigorique.]  (Med.)  Soothing ; assuaging. 

Paregoric  elixir,  a camphorated  tincture  of  opium 
flavored  with  oil  of  anise-seed.  Brande. 

PA-REL'CON,  n.  [Gr.  nnaihan,  to  draw  to  the 
side;  trapu,  beside,  and  c/.koi,  to  draw.]  (Gram.) 


The  addition  of  an  unnecessary  syllable  or  parti- 
cle to  pronouns,  verbs,  and  adverbs.  Andrews. 

PA-REL'LA,  or  PA-RELLE',  n.  [Fr.]  (Bot.)  A 
name  applied  to  several  species  of  crustaceous 
lichens  which  yield  litmus ; — applied  especially 
to  Lecanora  parella.  Buy.  Cyc. 

PA-RF.M.'  BO-LF.,  n.  [Gr.  napepflol.r),  an  insertion 
beside  ; napa,  beside,  and  ipiloh'i,  insertion.] 
(llhet.)  A figure  by  which  a paragraph  immedi- 
ately relating  to  the  subject  is  inserted  in  the 
middle  of  a sentence  with  which  it  does  not 
grammatically  cohere  ; — called  also  parempto- 
sis.  Brande.  Maunder. 

PAR-EMP-TO  ' SIS,  n.  [Gr.  irapepirruiais,  a coming 
in  besides.]  Parembole.  Wright. 

PA-REN'£H Y-M A [pa-ren'ke-mj,  IF.  K.  Sm.  Wb. 
Johnson ; par-en-kl'nifi,  Ja.  Ash,  Crabb,  Brande, 
IF/'.],  n.  [Gr.  Ttapiy^ypa  ; napiy^ioi,  to  pour  in 
besides ; napo,  beside,  and  ey^tm,  to  pour  in.] 

1.  (Anat.)  The  substance  of  glandular  and  oth- 

er organs,  consisting  of  agglomerated  globules 
united  by  areolar  tissue,  as  of  the  liver  or  the  kid- 
neys ; — so  called  because  it  was  formerly  be- 
lieved that  this  tissue  consisted  of  effused  blood 
or  other  fluid.  Dunglison. 

2.  (Bot.)  Soft  cellular  tissue,  like  the  green 

pulp  of  leaves.  Gray. 

PAR-p-GHYM'A-TOUS,  ) a.  Relating 

to  paren- 

PA-REN'jCHV-MOUS,  ) chyma  ; spongy;  po- 
rous ; pithy.  Grew . 

PA-REN'E-SrS  [pa-ren'e-sis,  W.  K.  C.  O.  Wr. ; p$- 
re'ne-sls,  *S.  Sm.],  n.  [Gr.  ‘nopaivcoig ; napaiviu), 
to  advise.]  Persuasion  ; exhortation,  [r.] 

“ Dr.  Johnson,  in  the  folio  edition  of  his  Dic- 
tionary, places  the  accent  on  the  penultimate  syllable 
of  this  word,  and  Mr.  Sheridan  and  Mr.  Nares  on  the 
antepenultimate  ; and  the  latter  make  the  e long.  Dr. 
Johnson  has  several  words  of  a similar  termination 
for  Ins  accentuation  ; but  analogy  is  clearer  for  Mr. 
Sheridan  and  Mr.  Nares  with  respect  to  accent,  and 
directly  against  them  with  respect  to  quantity  ; for  it 
is  not  the  long  quantity  of  the  original  that  can  resist 
the  shortening  power  of  the  English  antepenultimate 
accent  in  this  word,  any  more  than  in  diwresis , ephem- 
eris,  &c.,  which  see.”  Walker. 

PAR-E-NET  IC,  ? a.  [Gr.  rr apaivirucdg.  — See 

PAR-E-NET'I-CAL,  ) Parenesis.]  Containing 
exhortations  ; hortatory  ; encouraging.  Potter. 

PAR  ENT  (pAr'ent,  11),  n.  [L.  parens,  parentis ; 
pario,  parens , to  bring  forth,  or  to  beget ; It. 
pa  rente  ; Sp.  pariente ; Fr  .parent.] 

1.  He  that  begets  or  she  that  bears  young ; 
a father  or  a mother. 

The  duty  of  parents  to  provide  for  the  maintenance  of 
their  children  is  a principle  of  natural  law.  Blackstonc. 

Children,  obey  vour  parents  in  all  things;  for  this  is  well- 
pleasing unto  the  Lord.  Col.  iii.  20. 

2.  That  which  produces  ; cause  ; source. 

pAr'ENT-AQE,  or  PAR'fNT-AQE  [par’ent-aj,  S. 
IF.  P. E.  E.  ; pa'rent-aj,  Ja.  C.  ; pa'rent-?j,  K. 
Sm.  Wr.],n.  [Fr. ; parent,  a parent.]  Extraction; 
birth  ; descent ; condition  with  respect  to  the 
rank  of  parents.  “ Of  noble  parentage.”  Shak. 

Though  man  esteem  thee  low  of  parentage.  Milton. 

PA-RENT' AL,  a.  [I..  parentalis  ; parens,  paren- 
tis, a parent ; Sp.  parental .] 

1.  Of,  or  pertaining  to,  parents.  “ Parental 

control.”  S’.  Richardson. 

2.  Becoming  parents  ; affectionate  ; kind  ; 
tender  ; cherishing.  “ Parental  care.”  Derham. 

PA-RENT' AL-Ly,  ad.  In  a parental  manner; 
affectionately;  kindly;  tenderly.  Wright. 

f PAR-F.N-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  parentatio.]  Funeral 
rites ; obsequies.  May.  Potter. 

PA-REN'THp-SIS,  n. ; pi.  pa-rEn'the-se?.  [Gr. 
irapivOfou; ; nttpa,  beside,  and  IvTidryu,  to  place  in.] 

1.  (Rhet.)  An  incidental  or  explanatory  re- 
mark or  expression  inserted  in  a sentence  with 
which  it  has  no  connection  in  sense  or  in  con- 
struction, as  in  the  following  lines. 

Know,  then,  this  truth  ( enough  for  man  to  know), 

Virtue  alone  is  happiness  below.  Pope. 

2.  Curved  lines,  thus  ( ),  including  the  words 

inserted.  Wilson. 

PAR-EN-THET'IC,  ) l.  Pertaining  to,  or 

PAIt-lJN-THET'I-CAL,  ) expressed  in,  a paren- 
thesis. “ A parenthetical  observation.”  Hales. 


In  ancient  authors,  a parenthetical  form  of  writing  is  even 
more  common  than  among  moderns.  Brande. 

2.  Using  parentheses.  Tyers. 

PAR- pN-THET'J-C AL-LY,  ad.  In,  or  by,  a paren- 
thesis. ’ Bryant. 

PA-REN'TJ-CIDE,  n.  [L.  parenticida ; parens, 
parentis,  a parent,  and  ccedo,  to  kill.]  The 
murderer,  or  the  murder,  of  a parent;  a par- 
ricide. Scott. 

PAR' ENT-LESS,  a.  Deprived  of  parents.  Smart. 

I’Ar'ER,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  pares.  Tusser. 

f PAr'ER-<?Y,  n.  [Gr.  irapipyor  ; tt apa,  beside,  and 
epyov,  a work  ; L.  parergon.]  Something  unim- 
portant ; a needless  work  ; a superfluity.  Browne. 

PA'REQ,  n.  pi.  [L.,  pi.  of  par,  equal.]  (Old 
Eng.  Law.)  Peers  ; equals.  I Vhishaw. 

PA-REX'  US,  n.  (Geol.)  A genus  of  placoid  fossil 
fishes.  Agassiz. 

PAR'G AS-ITE,  n.  [From  Pargas,  in  Finland. 
Brande .]  (Min.)  A crystallized  variety  of  horn- 
blende, of  a high  lustre  and  rather  a dark  shade 
of  green.  Dana. 

PARCEL  n.  [Etymology  uncertain.  — L.  paries, 
parietis,  a wall.  Skinner. — Sp.  parch e,  a plas- 
ter.— “ The  word  at  first  was  written  pariet.” 
Todd.] 

1.  Plaster  for  the  ceilings  and  walls  of  rooms, 

or  for  chimney  flues.  Spe?iser.  Brande. 

2.  Paint  for  the  face.  , Drayton. 

3.  Plaster-stone  ; gypsum.  Francis. 

fPAR'^ET,  v.  a.  & //.  To  cover  with  plaster  : — 

to  paint  the  face.  Bp.  Hall.  B.  Jonson. 

f PAR'9?T-ER,  n.  A plasterer.  Barret. 

PAR'9Et-InG,  n.  (Arch.)  A kind  of  finished 
plaster-work  for  external  and  internal  walls, 
with  raised  or  indented  patterns.  Britton. 

f PAR'pE-TQ-RY,  n.  A plastered  object.  Milton. 

PAR'EII-OT,  n.  (Geog.)  A native  of  Parga,  in  Al- 
bania. Ed.  Rev. 

PAR-HEL'IC,  a.  Relating  to  parhelia.  Sutherland. 

PAR-HE'LI-ON,  or  PAR-HEL'ION  [par-he'le-un, 
IF.  P.  j.  F.  Ja.  Sm.  ; par-he'lyun,  S.  E.  K. 
Wb.],  n. ; pi.  par -he'd!  a ; Eng.,  rarely,  par- 
helion's. [Gr.  irapijiivs;  tt  apa,  near,  and  f/hos, 
the  sun.]  A meteor,  appearing  as  a very  bright 
light  near  the  sun  ; a mock  sun.  Brande. 

PAU-HE'LI-UM,  n.  A parhelion,  [r.]  Francis. 

PA  ' R I- AH,  n.  [A  corruption  of  the  Tamul  name 
Parriar,  in  the  Deccan.  P.  Cyc.] 

1.  One  of  the  lowest  class  of  the  inhabitants 
in  some  parts  of  Hindostan,  who  are  not,  proper- 
ly speaking,  included  in  any  caste;  — written 
also  pariar  and  pciria.  — See  Caste.  P.  Cyc. 

/jcjfThe  Pariahs  form  probably  nine  tenths  of  tile 
whole  population,  exclusive  of  the  Mussulmans. 
Braude . 

2.  One  rejected  ; an  outcast.  Wright. 

3.  (Zoul.)  A species  of  dog  found  in  India. 

PA-RI'AL  [pa-rl'al,  Sm.  Wb.  Todd,  Wr. ; pa're-al, 
Ja.],  n.  A term  applied  to  three  cards  of  a sort 
in  certain  games;  — a corruption  of  pair-royal ; 
— also  written  prial.  Johnson.  Wright. 

PA'RI-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  island  of  Paros. 

•Parian  marble,  a fine  white  marble  abundant  in 
Paros,  much  used  by  the  ancient  sculptors.  — Parian 
chronicle,  a slab  of  marble  found  in  Paros,  and  im- 
ported, witli  tire  other  Arundelian  marbles,  into  Eng- 
land, in  1627,  which,  in  its  perfect  state,  contained  a 
chronological  account  of  the  principal  events  in  Greek 
history,  from  Cecrops,  B.  C.  1 is:’,  to  the  archonship 
of  Diognetus,  B.  C.  2G4.  Tlte  record  of  die  last  ninety 
years  is  now  nearly  obliterated.  P.  Cyc.  Brande. 

PA'RI-AN,  n.  A fine  kind  of  clay  used  for  mak- 
ing statuettes.  Fairholt. 

PA-Rl'E-TAL  [pj-rl'e-tjl,  S.  IF.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja. 
K.  Sm.  Wr. ; par-e-e'tjl,  As7t],  a.  [L.  parietalis  ; 
paries,  parietis,  a wall ; It.  parietale  ; Sp.  pari- 
etal ; Fr.  parietal.] 

1.  Of,  or  pertaining  to,  a wall. 

2.  (Anat.)  Noting  two  arched  and  irregularly 

square  bones,  occupying  the  lateral  and  upper 
parts  of  the  skull,  and  united  by  the  sagittal 
suture.  Dunglison. 

3.  (Bot.)  Belonging  to,  or  borne  on,  the  walls 

of  the  ovary  or  pericarp.  Gray. 


A,  E,  i,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  E,  1,  Q,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


PARIETARY 


1055 


PAROL 


PA-RI'E-TA-RY,  n.  [L.  parietaria  ; paries,  pctri- 
'etis,  a wall ; Fr.  parietaire.]  ( Bot .)  A small,  Eu- 
ropean shrub,  which  grows  on  old  walls,  &c.,  for- 
merly used  in  medicine  ; wall-pellitory  ; Parie- 
taria officinalis.  Chaucer. 

PA-RI'E-TES,  n.  pi.  [L.  paries,  parietis,  a wall.] 
(Anat.)  Parts  which  enclose  or  bound  the  dif- 
ferent cavities  of  the  body.  “ The  parietes  of 
the  cranium,  chest,  &c.”  Dunglison. 


f PA-Rl'p-TINE,  n.  [L.  parietince,  old  fallen-down 
walls.]  A piece  or  fragment  of  a wall.  Burton. 

PAR  IM'pAr,  n.  [L.,  even  odd.]  Among  the 
Homans,  the  game  of  even  or  odd.  Braude. 


Prf-Rl'JVJE,  n.  pi.  [L.  pa- 
nts, a titmouse.]  (Or- 
nith.)  A sub-family  of 
dentirostral  birds  of  the 
order  Passeres  and  fam- 
ily Luscinidce ; titmice. 

Gray. 

pAr’ING,  n.  A cutting; 
that  which  is  pared  off  ; 


Parus  palustris. 

the  rind.  Shah. 


pAr'ING-1  R-ON,  n.  {Farriery.)  An  iron  for 
paring  a horse’s  hoof.  Halliwell. 

pA’RI  pAs'SU.  [L.]  With  equal  step  or  pace ; 

by  similar  gradation.  Macdonnel. 

pAr' IS,  n.  {Bot.)  A genus  of  plants  distinguished 
by  the  regularity  of  all  the  parts,  and  consisting 
of  one  species  (Paris  quadrifolia) ; true-love  ; 
one-berry  ; — formerly  considered  a powerful 
philter.  Loudon.  Dunglison. 

PAR'ISH,  il.  [Gr.  Ttnoouda  ; aaooiKoi;,  dwelling  be- 
side or  near;  L . paroecia,  parochia  ; It.  parroc- 
chia  ; Sp.  parroquia  ; Fr.  paroisse.] 

X.  An  ecclesiastical  division  of  a town  or  a dis- 
trict, subject  to  the  ministry  of  one  pastor  ; the 
territorial  jurisdiction  of  a secular  priest. 

The  size  of  English  parishes  varies  much  in  different  dis- 
tricts. In  the  northern  counties  they  are  extremely  large, 
forty  square  miles  being  no  unusual  area  for  a jiarish.  P.  CV/c. 

2.  The  persons  composing  the  charge  of  a 
particular  priest,  clergyman,  or  Christian  min- 
ister. [Local,  U.  S.]  Upham. 

“ In  American  law,  parishes  are  recognized, 
and  in  some  of  the  states  they  constitute  civil  divis- 
ions, corresponding  to  counties .”  Burrill. 


PARTSII,  a.  Of,  or  pertaining  to,  a parish  ; paro- 
chial. “ A parish  priest.”  Dryden. 

The  parish  allowance  to  poor  people  is  very  seldom  a com- 
fortable maintenance.  Law. 

PAR'ISH— CLERK  ( klark  or  -klerk.  — See  Clerk), 
it.  One  of  the  lowest  officers  in  the  English 
Church,  who  leads  the  responses.  Gay. 

tpg-  “ In  former  times,  parish-clerks  were  frequently 
in  orders,  and  even  at  present  this  is  sometimes  the 
case.  They  are  generally  appointed  by  the  incumbent, 
Imt  by  custom  may  be  chosen  by  the  inhabitants.” 
Brande. 

PA-RISH'ION-AL  (pa-rlsh'un-al),  a.  Belonging  to 
a parish  ; parochial,  [r.]  Bp.  Hall. 

PA-RISH'ION-pR  (py-rlsh'itn-er),  n.  One  who  be- 
longs to  a parish.  Spenser.  Addison. 

PA-RI'§I-AN  (-rizh'e-an),  n.  \Fr. parisien,  of  Par- 
is.] (Geog.)  A native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Paris. 

PAR-I-SOL'O-Q  Y,  n.  [Gr.  uaptaoc  (it apa,  near,  and 
laos,  equal),  almost  equal,  and  hlyo;,  a dis- 
course.] The  use  of  equivocal  words.  Campbell. 

PAR-J-SYL-LAB  IC,  l a [L.p"rr,  paris,  equal, 

PAR-I-SYL-LAB'I-CAL,  ) and  syllaba,  a syllable.] 
Having  an  equal  number  of  syllables.  Scott. 

PAR'I-TOR,  n.  [L.  — See  Apparitor.]  A bea- 
dle ; a summoner  ; an  apparitor.  Dryden. 

PART-TY,  n.  [L.  pari t as  ; par,  parts,  equal ; It. 
parita;  Sp.  par  id.  ad ; Pr.  parite.]  Equality; 
likeness.  “ An  exact  parity  of  reason.”  South. 
That  man  that  is  of  a perfect  parity  with  Socrates.  Ilale. 

The  phrase  parity  of  reasoning  is  commonly 
employed  to  denote  analogical  reasoning.  Abp.  Whatcly. 


PARK,  n.  [A.  S. peorroc,  parruc  ; Dut.perk  ; Gcr., 
Dan.,  Sw.  park-,  Icel.  parrak. — W.  pairc ; 
Scot,  parrok.  — Low  L.  parcus  ; It.parco;  Sp. 
<x  Port,  parque  ; Fr.  pare.  — Junius  refers  to 
Gr.  n(pt%,  round  about ; Skinner,  to  Gr.  I'pK-oj, 
an  enclosure  ; and  Wachter  and  Screnius,  to 
Su.  Goth,  berga,  Ger.  bergen,  to  protect.] 


1.  An  enclosure  of  pasture  and  woodland 

connected  with  a country  residence,  and  used 
for  purposes  of  recreation,  but  chiefly  for  the 
support  of  a herd  of  deer,  though  sometimes  of 
cattle  or  of  sheep.  Brande. 

2.  A piece  of  ground  enclosed  for  public  rec- 
reation or  amusement ; as,  “ Hyde  Park,  Re- 
gent’s Park,  Victoria  Park,  in  London.” 

Park  of  artillery , or  artillery  park,  tlie  place  in  an 
encampment  assigned  to  the  artillery,  usually  in  the 
rear  of  the  lines  : — the  whole  collection  of  ordnance 
belonging  to  an  army  in  the  field,  with  its  carriages, 
ammunition,  wagons,  and  stores.  — Engineer  park, 
the  whole  collection  of  tools,  &.C.,  belonging  to  the 
engineer  department  of  the  army : — also,  the  place  as- 
signed to  them  in  an  encampment.  — Park  of  provis- 
ions, the  place  occupied  by  the  sutlers  attached  to  an 
army.  Mil.  Ency.  Glos.  of  Mil.  Terms. 

Syn.  — See  Forest. 

PARK,  v.  a.  To  enclose,  as  in  a park.  Shak. 

PARK'JJR,  il.  The  keeper  of  a park.  Skelton. 

PARK'ISH,  a.  Relating  to,  or  resembling,  a park  ; 
somewhat  like  a park.  Southey. 

PARK'— KEEP- £R,  n.  One  who  has  the  care  of  a 
park.  Johnson. 

PARK'LEAVE§  (pirk'levz), n.pl.  A popular  name 
for  plants  of  the  genus  Hypericum.  Ainsworth. 

PAR'LANCE,  n.  [Nor.  Fr.  ; Fr.  parler,  parlant, 
to  speak.]  Conversation  ; talk  ; discourse. 

To  drown  his  voice  that  doth  for  parlance  come.  lleywood. 

t PARLE  (pari),  v.  n.  [Fr.  parler .]  To  converse  ; 
to  talk  : — to  hold  a conference  ; to  treat  orally. 

Their  purpose  is  to  parle,  to  court,  and  dance.  Shak. 

t PARLE,  n.  Conversation;  a parley.  Shak. 

PAR'LpY  (par'le),  v.  n.  [Low  L.  parabolo,  para- 
bolare,  to  speak;  It . parlare -,  Sp.  parlar  ; Old 
Fr . parole r -,  Fr.  purler.  — See  Parahola.]  [i. 
PARLEYED  ; pp.  PARLEYING,  PARLEYED.]  To 

converse  ; to  discourse  ; to  talk  ; — especially, 
to  hold  a conference  with  an  enemy;  to  treat 
by  words  ; — followed  by  with. 

PAR  LEY,  n . Conversation  ; discourse  ; talk  ; 

particularly  a conference  between  enemies  ; oral 
treaty. 

Seek  rather  by  parley  to  recover  them  than  by  the  sword. 

Sidney. 

To  heat  or  sound  a parley,  (Mil.)  to  beat  a drum,  or 
sound  a trumpet,  as  a signal  for  holding  a conference 
with  tile  enemy.  Shak. 

PAR'LIA-MENT  (p'ir'le-inent),  n.  [Low  L.  parin- 
mentum  ; It.  § Sp.  parlnnento  ; Fr.  parlement ; 
parler,  to  speak.  — See  Parley,  d.]  Originally, 
a meeting  or  assembly  of  persons  for  conference 
or  deliberation;  — now  applied  distinctively  to 
the  supreme  legislative  assembly  of  Great  Britain 
and  Ireland,  consisting  of  the  Sovereign,  the 
House  of  Lords,  and  the  House  of  Commons  : 
— but  it  is  commonly  used  for  the  two  houses, 
without  including  the  Sovereign. 

The  great  councils  were  first  called  Parliaments  in  the  be- 
ginning of  tlie  reign  of  Henry  111.  JIunie. 

jgfg*  “ It  was  ...  an  ancient  custom,  in  several  of 
the  western  kingdoms  of  Europe,  for  such  potentates 
[sovereigns  and  great  feudatories]  to  hold  assemblies 
of  their  barons  at  the  great  festivals  of  the  year 
termed  cours  plcni&res  and  parlemens ; principally, 
however,  if  not  entirely,  for  the  mere  purpose  of  show 
and  magnificence.  But  occasionally  such  special  as- 
semblies were  summoned  for  more  important  pur- 
poses ; and  tlie  meeting  in  1X46,  at  which  the  crusade 
of  St.  Louis  was  undertaken,  is  said  to  furnish  the 
first  occasion  on  which  the  word  parliament  is  used 
for  a deliberative  assembly.  In  France,  however,  the 
word  was  afterwards  transferred  to  signify  the  prin- 
cipal judicial  courts  in  that  country.  The  only  realms 
in  which  it  appears  to  have  become  appropriated  to 
the  great  legislative  assemblies  are  England,  Scot- 
land, and  the  Norman  kingdom  in  Sicily,  [and  Ire- 
land, Canada,  and  Sweden,  in  which  latter  country 
the  assembly  is  also  called  diet].”  Brande. 

Parliament  heel,  (JVaut.)  the  situation  of  a vessel 
when  made  to  careen  for  the  purpose  of  cleaning  the 
upper  part  of  her  bottom,  and  covering  it  with  a fresh 
composition.  JUar.  Diet. 

Syn.  — See  Assembly. 

f PAR-LTA-MEN'TAL,  a.  Parliamentary.  J.  Fox. 

PAR-LIA-MEN-TA'RI-AN,  a.  Siding  with  the 
Parliament  against  Charles  I.  A.  Wood. 

PAR-LIA-MEN-TA'RI-AN,  n.  One  who  sided  with 
the  Parliament  against  Charles  I.  Aubrey. 

PAR-LIA-MEN'TA-RY  (par-le-incn'ta-re),  a. 


1.  Of,  or  pertaining  to,  Parliament.  Bacon. 

2.  Enacted  or  done  by  Parliament.  Hale. 

3.  Conformed  to  the  rules  and  usages  of  Par- 
liament, or  of  legislative  bodies.  R.  King. 

f PAR-LIA-MpN-TEER',  n.  A parliamentarian. 
” Parliament eers  and  rebels.”  A.  Wood. 

PAR' LOR,  n.  [It.  bj  Sp.  parlalorio  ; Fr.  parloir ; 
parler,  to  speak.] 

1.  A room  in  a convent  in  which  the  monks 
or  nuns  converse  with  their  friends  from  with- 
out, or  in  which  novices  converse  with  each 
other  during  the  hours  of  recreation.  Brande. 

2.  A room  in  a house  appropriated  to  the 
common  meeting  and  intercourse  of  the  family  ; 
a living-room,  or  sitting-room  ; — a term  often 
restricted  to  a room  furnished  for  the  reception 
of  visitors  ; a drawing-room.  Spenser.  South. 

Syn.  — Room  is  a general  term  ; parlor  and  cham- 
ber, particular  terms.  Parlor  is  a room  for  sitting, 
conversation,  &.c. ; chamber , a room  for  sleeping. 

f PAR'LOUS,  a.  [A  corruption  of  perilous.] 

1.  Perilous  ; dangerous.  Bale. 

2.  Venturesome;  fearless;  daring.  Dryden. 

■ Written  also  perloas  and  parlish  ; and  still 

used  in  the  north  of  England.  Wright. 

f PAR'LOUS-NESS,  n.  Perilousness  : — venture- 
someness ; daring.  Golding. 

fPAR-MA-CIT'Y,  n.  Corruption  of  spermaceti. 

Parmacity  for  an  inward  bruise.”  Shak. 

PAR-Mp-§AN',  a.  [Fr.]  Relating  to  Parma,  in 
Italy  ; — applied  particularly  to  a delicate  sort 
of  cheese  made  at  Parma.  Cotgrave. 

PjIR-mAs'SI-A,  n.  [L .Parnassus.]  (Bot.)  A ge- 
nus of  herbs  having  white  flowers  striped  with 
green  ; grass  of  Parnassus.  Eng.  Cgc. 

PAR-NAS'SJ-AN  (par-nash'e-an),  a.  Relating  to 
Parnassus,  a mountain  in  Greece,  sacred  to 
Apollo  and  the  Muses  : — hence,  poetical.  Pope. 

fPAR'N^L,  n.  [Dim.  of  It.  puttanella.]  A loose 
girl  ; a punk  ; a slut.  Skinner. 

PA-RO'jEIII-AL,  a.  [L.  parochia,  a parish.  — See 
Parish.]  Belonging  to  a parish.  Blackstone. 

f PA-RO-jEHI-AL'I-TY,  il.  The  state  of  being  pa- 
rochial. ' Dr.  Mariot. 

PA-RO'jCHI-AL-IZE,  v.  a.  To  render  parochial; 
to  form  into  a parish  or  parishes.  Brit.  Crit. 

PA-RO'jEIII-AL-LY,  ad.  Parish  by  parish. 

The  bishop  was  to  visit  his  whole  diocese,  parochially, 
every  year.  StiUingJtcet . 

t PA-RO'jEHI-AN,  a.  Parochial.  Bacon. 

t PA-RO'jEHI-AN,  n.  A parishioner.  Ld.  Burleigh. 

PA-ROD'IC,  ^ a.  [Gr.  Trapo>l)iK6i.]  Relating 

PA-ROD’I-GAL,  ) to,  consisting  of,  or  resembling, 
parody.  Warton. 

Parodical  degrees,  ( Algebra .)  a term  formerly  used  to 
denote  the  several  powers  of  tlie  unknown  quantity, 
when  their  indices  descend  or  ascend  in  an  arithmeti- 
cal progression.  Crabb. 

pAR'O-DIsT,  n.  [Fr.  parodiste.]  One  who  makes 
or  uses  parodies.  Fitzosborne.  Ch.  Ob. 

PAR'O-DY,  11.  [Gr.  Trapinbia  ; it aoh,  beside,  and 
inSyj  an  ode  ; L.,  It.,  A Sp.  parodia  ; Fr.  parodie .] 

1.  A poetical  or  other  composition,  in  which 
the  words  of  an  author  are  so  imitated  as  to 
render  his  production  ludicrous,  or  adapted  to 
a new  purpose  ; the  turning  of  what  is  serious 
into  burlesque  ; burlesque  ; travesty. 

Parody  is  a species  of  burlesque;  but  the  imitation  is  more 
close  and  exact  than  in  ordinary  burlesque  composition. 

Jimmie. 

2.  f An  adage  ; a proverb.  Wright. 

pAr'O-DY,  v.  a.  [ i . parodied  ; pp.  parodying, 
parodied.]  To  imitate  in  parody  ; to  write  a 
parody  on  ; to  burlesque  ; to  travesty. 

I have  translated  or  rather  itarodied  a poem  of  Ilorace.  Pope. 

PAR'OL  [par'd,  Sm.  B.  ; pSr'51,  Jet.  K.~\,  a.  [See 
Parole,  n.]  ( Law .)  By  word  of  mouth  ; ver- 

bal; oral;  not  written.  “Either  written  or 
parol”  Blackstone. 

Parol  contract , any  contract  not  of  record,  nor  under 
seal,  whether  written  or  verbal.  — Parol  demurrer , 
a suspension  of  the  proceedings  in  an  action  during 
the  non-age  of  an  infant.  Burrill. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RtlLE.  — 9,  £,  9,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


PAROL 


1036 


PART 


PAR'OL,  n.  [Fr.  parole,  a word  spoken.  — See 
Parole,  m.J  (Late.)  A word  spoken  ; word  of 
mouth  : — a plea  or  pleading  : — the  pleadings 
in  a cause  : — a suit.  Burr  ill. 

PA-ROLE',  n.  [Fr.,  from  Low  L.  parabola-,  It. 
parola.  — See  Pauley,  ?■■] 

1.  Word  of  promise  or  assurance.  Beau.  Ig  FI. 

2.  (Mil.)  The  promise,  on  honor,  given  by  a 

prisoner  of  war  when  allowed  to  go  at  large, 
that  he  will  reappear  when  required,  or  at  an 
appointed  time,  unless  discharged  : — the  pass- 
word given  out  daily  by  the  commanding  officer, 
in  camp  or  garrison,  by  which  to  distinguish 
friends  from  foes.  Glos.  of  Mil.  Terms. 

PA-ROLE',  a.  Parol.  — See  Parol.  Perry. 

PAR-0-M0L'0-<?Y,  n.  [Gr.  tt apoyol.oyia  ; irapa,  be- 
side, and  b io/.oy'ia,  admission  ; Fr.  paromo/ogic.] 
( Ii/iet .)  A figure  by  which  an  orator  concedes 
something  to  an  adversary,  in  order  to  strength- 
en his  own  argument.  Crabb. 

PAR-  O-JYO-MA  ' §I-A  (par-o-no-ma'zhe-?),  n.  [L., 
from  Gr.  it aooroyacla  ; n noa,  beside,  and  orofinaia, 
a naming  ; omya,  a name.]  ( Rhct .)  A figure  by 
which  the  same  word  is  used  in  different  senses, 
or  words  of  similar  sound  are  set  in  opposition 
to  each  other,  so  as  to  give  an  antithetical  force 
to  the  expression  ; a play  upon  words.  Brande. 

PAR-O-NO-MAS'TIC,  £ a.  Of,  or  pertaining  to, 

PAR-O-NO-MAS'TJ-CAL,  > paronomasia.  More. 

PAR-O-NOM' A-SY,  n.  Paronomasia.  B.  Jonson. 

PAR-O-NYCH' I-A  (par-o-nlk'e-ft),  n.  [L.,  from 
Gr.  Tuipun’tt^ia  ; napa,  beside,  and  oVu£,  orv^os,  a 
nail.]  (Med.)  A phlegmonous  tumor  of  the  fin- 
gers or  the  toes,  especially  of  the  first  phalanx  ; 
a whitlow  or  felon.  Dunglison. 

PAR'O-.XYME,  n.  [Fr.,  from  Gr.  napa,  near,  and 
ovapa,  a name.]  A paronymous  word.  Smart. 

PA-RON’Y-MOUS,  a.  [Gr.  Trapwruyos  ; tt apd,  near, 
and  dvopa,  a name.] 

1.  Noting  words  which  are  alike  in  sound,  but 
differing  in  orthography  and  signification  ; as 
air  and  heir,  all  and  awl,  nay  and  neigh. 

It  may  be  said  that  there  arc  few  or  no  synonymous  words 
in  a language,  but  many  that  are  paronymous.  Smart. 

2.  Noting  words  which  have  the  same  deriva- 
tion ; conjugate.  . W hately. 

Words  of  the  same  stock  or  kindred,  as  wise,  to  be  wise, 
wisely,  are  called  conjugate  or paroiiymous  words.  Fleming. 

PA-RUN'Y-MY,  n.  The  quality  of  being  parony- 
mous. Smart. 

PAR'O-aUET  (piir'o-ket),  n.  [It. 
parrucchetto ; Sp.  periquito ; 

Fr.  perroquet.  — See  Parrot.] 

( Ornith .)  One  of  a group  or 
genus  ( Palccomis ) of  the  Psit- 
tac'ulce  or  parrot-tribe,  smaller 
than  the  common  parrots,  and 
having  longer  tails  ; — written 
also  parrakeet.  Grew. 

PA-ROT'in  [pa-rot'jd,  S.  W.  J.  E. 

F.Ja.  K.  Sm.  I Fr.  IV  b. ; pj-ro'- 
tid,  F.  )t  n.  [Gr.  Trapotris,  nupio- 
Tilog ; 7 Tapit,  near,  and  ols,  wn5s, 
the  ear  ; Fr.  parotide .]  ( A nat.) 

The  largest  of  the  salivary  glands,  situated  un- 
der the  ear  and  near  the  angle  of  the  lower  jaw ; 
parotid  gland.  Dunglison. 

PA-ROT'JD,  a.  (Anat.)  1.  Noting  a gland  which 
secretes  saliva.  P.  Cye. 

2.  Of,  or  pertaining  to,  the  parotid.  “ Parot- 
id arteries.”  Dunglison. 

PA-RO'TjS,  n. ; pi.  pa-rot'i-de«j.  [L.,  from  Gr. 
TTapwrii,  xapijjTilos.  — See  Parotid,  n.] 

1.  (Anat.)  The  parotid  gland,  [r.]  Dunglison. 

2.  ( Med.)  A hard,  reddish  tumor,  seated  un- 
der the  ear.  Dunglison. 

PAR-O-TI'TJS,  n.  (Med.)  Inflammation  of  the 
parotid  ; the  mumps.  Dunglison. 

PAR'OX-'fijM  (pir'oks-I/.m),  n.  [Gr.  tt noo^vapp; ; 
Trnpo^i’vui,  to  sharpen,  to  irritate  ; rrap6,  near,  be- 
yond, and  d£bs,  sharp  ; Low  L.  paroxysmus  ; It. 
parossismo;  Sp.  paroxismo  ; Fr.  paroxysme .] 
(Med.)  A periodical  exacerbation  or  fit  of  a dis- 
ease ; a fit ; a convulsion.  Dunglison. 


( Palaiomis  Alex- 
andri). 


PAR-OX-Y§'MAL,  a.  Of,  or  pertaining  to,  a par- 
oxysm ; convulsive.  Qu.  Rev.  Dunglison. 
PAR-QUET'  (par-ka'),  n.  [Fr.]  An  enclosure  in 
a theatre  between  the  orchestra  and  the  pit  : — 
a name  now  commonly  applied  to  the  whole 
lower  floor  of  a theatre  behind  the  orchestra  ; 
pit.  Landais. 

PAR'aUJglT-RY,  n.  [Fr .parquet,  dim.  of  pare,  an 
enclosure.]  (Arch.)  Marquetry.  — See  Mar- 
quetry. Britton. 

PARR,  n.  1.  A small  fish,  supposed  to  be  the 
young  of  the  salmon.  — See  Par.  Brande. 

2.  A small  leveret.  [Local,  Eng.]  Wright. 
pAr'RA-KF.ET,  n.  (Ornith.)  A paroquet.  Eng.Cyc. 
PAR'RAL,  or  PAR'RJJL,  n.  [Fr.  appareil,  appa- 
ratus. Skinner .]  (Naut.)  The  collar  by  which 
the  yard  is  confined  to  the  mast.  Dana. 

PAR-RIIE  ' §I-A,  n-  [Gr.  Tvapfirjeia  ; tt apn,  beyond, 
and  pijms,  a speaking.]  (Rhet.)  Boldness  or 
freedom  of  speech  ; rebuke.  Wright. 

pAR-RI-C1  DAL,  a.  [L.  parricidalis  ; parricida, 
a parricide  ; It.  parrici diale. ] Of,  pertaining 
to,  or  committing,  parricide.  May. 

PAr'RI-GTDE,  n.  [L.  parricida ; pater,  a father, 
and  ccedo,  to  kill  ; It.  <Sf  Sp.  parricida  ; Fr.  par- 
ricide.] 

1.  The  murderer  of  one’s  own  father,  mother, 
child,  or  other  near  relative,  patron,  or  of  one 
to  whom  particular  reverence  is  due.  Blackstone. 

2.  The  murder  of  one’s  father,  mother,  or 

child,  &c.  Johnson. 


f pAr-RJ-CIDT-OUS,  a.  Parricidal.  Browne. 


PA  R-Rl ' JYJE,  n.  pi.  [L. 
pirra,  a bird  of  ill 
omen.]  (Ornith.)  A 
sub-family  of  birds  of 
the  order  Grallie  and 
family  Palamcdcidcc  ; 
jacanas.  Gray. 

PAR'ROCK,  n.  [A.  S. 
See  Paddock. 


Parra  jacana. 

rruc.]  A paddock.  — 
Wright. 


PAR'ROT,  n.  [Fr.  perro- 
quet,  from  perrot,  dim. 
of  Pierre,  Peter,  — the 
man’s  name  given  to 
the  bird.  Landais.  — 

Gael.  piorraid.)  (Or- 
nith.) One  of  a family 
of  scansorial  birds 
(Psittacida),  remarka- 
ble for  their  beautiful  colors,  powerful  bill, 
fleshy  tongue,  and  their  power  of  imitat- 
ing the  human  voice.  Eng.  Cye. 


Carolina  parrot 
( Psittacu a Caroli- 
nensis). 


KS=  Parrots  are  found  in  great  numbers  in  warm 
climates,  and  principally  in  tile  torrid  zone.  Their 
food  consists  of  fruits  of  almost  every  kind,  and  their 
natural  voice  is  loud  and  harsh.  Eng.  Cye. 


pAr'ROT-FISII,  n.  (Ich.)  A fish  of  the  Linnacan 
genus  Scams,  chiefly  inhabiting  tropical  seas  ; 
— so  called  from  its  very  brilliant  colors,  and 
from  a fancied  resemblance  between  its  mouth 
and  the  beak  of  a parrot.  Eng.  Cyc. 


PAR'ROT-RY,  n.  The  habit  of  imitation,  as  of  a 
parrot,  [it.]  Coleridge. 

PAR'RY,  V.  a.  [L.  paro,  to  prepare  ; It.  parare ; 
Sp  .parar;  Fr  .paver.]  [i.  PARRIED  ; pp.  par- 
rying, parried.]  To  ward  off';  to  put  or  turn 
aside,  as  a blow  or  thrust.  Cowper. 


PAR'RY,  v.  n.  To  ward  off  thrusts  or  blows.  Locke. 


PARSE,  v.  a.  [L.  pars,  a part.]  [i.  parsed  ; pp. 
PARSING,  parsed.]  (Gram.)  To  resolve  into 
the  grammatical  elements  or  parts  of  speech  ; 
to  resolve  or  explain,  as  a sentence,  or  some 
related  word  or  words,  according  to  the  defini- 
tions and  rules  of  grammar.  Ascliam. 


PAR  ’SEE,  n.  [Per.  parsi .]  One  of  the  Persian 
refugees,  Guebres,  or  fire-worshippers,  driven 
from  Persia  by  the  persecutions  of  the  Mahome- 
tans, now  inhabiting  parts  of  India.  Brande. 

PARS'lJR,  n.  One  who  parses.  Brown. 

PAR-SJ-MO'NI-OUS,  a.  [From  parsimony!)  Very 
sparing  in  expenditure  ; saving  ; close  ; stingy. 

A prodigal  king  is  nearer  a tyrant  than  a parsimonious. 

Bacon. 

Syn.  — See  Avaricious,  Frugal. 


PAR-SJ-MO'NI-OUS-LY,  ad.  With  parsimony  ; 
sparingly  ; frugally.  Swift. 

PAR-SJ-MO'NJ-Ol  S-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing parsimonious.  L.  Addison. 

PAR'SI-MO-NY,  n.  [L.  parsimonia  and  parcimo- 
nia  ; parco,  to  spare  ; it.  Sp.  parsimonia  ; Fr. 
parsimonie.)  Sparingness  in  expenditure  ; sav- 
ingness ; closeness  ; frugality.  Bacon. 

These  people,  by  their  extreme  parsimony,  soon  grow  into 
wealtli  from  the  smallest  beginnings.  Swift. 

Syn.  — See  Economy. 

pArs'ING,  n.  (Gram.)  The  act  or  the  art  of  re- 
solving or  explaining  a sentence,  or  some  re- 
lated word  or  words,  according  to  the  definitions 
and  rules  of  grammar.  Goo/d  Brown. 


PARS'LJfY  (pars'le),  n.  [Gr.  virpooD.tvov,  rock- 
parsley  ; 7r trpos,  a rock,  and  aiBvov,  parsley  ; L. 
petrosclinum  ; It.  petroscllo,  petrosemolo  ; Sp. 
pcrejil;  Fr.  persil.  — A.  S.  peterscliye  ; Dut. 
pieterselie ; Ger . peterstlie--,  Dan .persilie;  Sw. 
persilja. — W.  pcrllys,  persli  ; Ir.  peirsili]  (Bot.) 
A garden  plant  of  the  genus  Petrosclinum, 
which  is  extensively  cultivated ; Pctroselinum 
sativum.  Eng.  Cyc. 

PARS'NJP,  n.  [Corrupted  from  L.  pastinaca. 
Skinner.  — It.  <Sr  Sp.  pastinaca  ; Fr.  panais. ] 
(Bot.)  A plant  of  the  genus  Pastinaca,  and  its 
white,  aromatic,  mucilaginous,  spindle-shaped, 
esculent  root ; — also  written  parsnep.  Eng.Cyc. 

PAR'SON  (pir'sn),  ?(.  [Law  I,,  ecclesice  persona  ; 
Norm.  Fr . persone.) 

1.  One  who  has  full  possession  of  all  the 
rights  of  a parochial  church  ; a parish  priest. 

A parson , “persona  ecclesia?,”  is  one  that  hath  full  posses- 
sion of  nil  the  rights  of  a parochial  church.  lie  is  called  //ar- 
son, “ persona,”  because  by  his  person  the  church,  which  is 
an  invisible  body,  is  represented.  Blackstone. 

2.  A clergyman  ; a priest ; a Christian  min- 
ister. 

Syn.  — See  Clergyman. 

PAR'SON-A<?E  (par'sn  aj),  n.  1.  A spiritual  or 
ecclesiastical  living  ; a benefice.  Addison. 

2.  The  dwelling-house  of  a parish  priest,  a 
clergyman,  or  minister.  Gray. 


PAR'SONED  (pir'snd),  a.  Having,  pertaining  to, 
or  done  by,  a parson,  [r.]  Young. 

PAR-SON'IC,  / G Relating  to  a parson  ; 
PAR-SON'J-CAL,  ) clerical,  [r.]  Chesterfield. 


PAR'SON-ISH,  a.  Relating  to,  or  somewhat  like, 
a parson  or  clergyman.  Cli.  Lamb. 

PART,  n.  [L . pars,  partis -,  It.  § Sp.  parte  ; Fr. 
part.) 

1.  Something  less  than  the  whole  ; a quantity 
helping  to  form  a larger  quantity  ; a piece  ; a 
portion  ; a section  ; division  ; subdivision. 

They  stood  at  the  nether  part  of  the  mount.  Ex.  xix.  17. 
Of  heavenly  part,  and  part  of  earthly  blood; 

A mortal  woman  mixing  with  a god.  Dryden. 

2.  A member.  “ All  the  parts  were  formed 

. . . into  one  harmonious  body.”  Locke. 

3.  Particular  division  ; distinct  species  or 

sort.  “ Sewing,  knitting,  spinning,  and  all 
other  parts  of  housewifery.”  Law. 

4.  An  ingredient  in  a mingled  mass. 

Many  irregular  and  degenerate  parts  . . . continue  compli- 
cated with  the  blood.  Jilackmore. 

5.  That  which,  in  division,  falls  to  each ; 
dividend ; apportionment ; allotment ; share. 

lie  shall  have  the  right  shoulder  for  his  part.  Lev.  vii.  33. 

6.  Proportional  quantity. 

The  sixth  part  of  an  ephah.  Ezck.  xiv.  13. 

7.  Side  ; party ; interest  ; concern. 

A brand  preserved  to  warm  some  prince’s  heart. 

And  make  w’hole  kingdoms  take  her  brother’s  part.  Waller. 

8.  Particular  office  ; business ; charge  ; duty. 

To  think  her  part  was  done.  Milton. 

9.  Character  assigned  to  an  actor  in  a play. 

All  the  world’s  a stage. 

And  all  the  men  and  women  merely  players; 

They  have  their  exits  and  their  entrances; 

And  one  man,  in  his  time,  plays  many  parts. 

His  acts  being  seven  ages.  S/iak. 

10.  Action  ; conduct ; behavior. 

Chide  him  hither  straight;  this  part  of  his 
Conjoins  with  my  disease.  "Shak . 

11.  That  which  is  assigned  to  a student  to  be 
performed  at  an  exhibition  or  commencement. 

12.  pi.  Powers  ; faculties  ; talents  ; abilities. 


A,  E,  1,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  $,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


PART 


1037 


PARTICLE 


I am  told  lie  was  a man  of  great  parts . Johnson. 

If  parts  allure  thee,  think  how  Bacon  shined, 

The  wisest,  brightest,  meanest  of  mankind.  l*ope. 

13.  pi.  Quarters  ; regions  ; districts. 

When  he  had  gone  over  those  parts , and  hud  given  them 
much  exhortation,  lie  came  into  Greece.  Acts  xx.  2. 

14.  (MMh.)  A quantity  contained  in  a whole 

a certain  number  of  times  : — any  particular 
element  of  a figure.  Crabb.  Davies. 

15.  (Mas.)  One  set  of  the  succession  of 
sounds  which  constitute  harmony.  Braude . 

Four  is  the  fewest  number  of  parts  with  which  the  chords 
necessary  to  elaborate  harmony  can  be  completely  filled. 

Moore. 

16.  {Logic.)  A division  of  any  whole. 

What  are  to  be  regarded  as  wholes,  and  what  as  parts,  is 
detei  mined  by  the  choice  of  the  mind  from  which  they  em- 
anate. Wilson. 

Logically,  species  are  called  parts  of  the  genus 
they  come  under,  and  individuals,  parts  ot  the  spe- 
cies ; really,  the  genus  is  a part  of  the  species,  and 
the  species,  of  the  individual.  W liatcly. 

17.  {Anat.)  The  genital  organs.  Dunglison. 

In  good  part.,  as  well  done;  favorably  ; acceptably. 

— In  ill  part , as  ill  done  ; unfavorably.  — For  the  most 
part,  commonly  ; oftener  than  otherwise.  — In  part , 
partly  ; in  some  measure  or  degree.  — Parts  of  speech , 
(Gram.)  the  several  kinds,  or  principal  classes,  into 
which  words  are  divided  by  grammarians.  Brown. 

Syn. — Part,  is  a general  term,  and  is  opposed  to 
the  whole , and  may  be  formed  by  accident  or  by  de- 
sign : division  is  a part  of  the  whole,  made  by  design  ; 
portion  respects  individuals  ; share  respects  individuals 
specifically  referred  to  ; piece  is  a part  detached  from 
the  whole  ; a section  is  a part  cut  oft’  or  divided  from 
the  rest.  A small  or  a large  part  ; divisions  of  the 
globe  ; division  of  property  ; portion  of  an  estate  ; to 
each  his  share  ; part  of  a loaf ; piece  of  bread.  — See 
Abilities. 

PART,  a.  Partly  ; in  some  measure,  [r.]  Shah,  j 

PART,  v.  a.  [L.  prirtio  ; pars , partis , a part ; It. 
par  tire ; Sp.  &;  Fr.  partir.]  [*.  parted;  pp. 

PARTING,  PARTED.] 

1.  To  separate  into  parts ; to  divide ; to  sever. 

Thou  shalt  part  it  in  pieces,  and  pour  oil  thereon:  it  is  a 

meat-offering.  ^ Levit.  ii.  6.  j 

2.  To  divide  or  separate  into  shares  ; to  dis- 
tribute ; to  apportion  ; to  allot ; to  share. 

AH  that  believed  . . . sold  their  possessions  and  goods,  and 
parted  them  to  all  men,  as  every  man  had  need.  Acts  ii.  44. 

3.  To  separate ; to  disunite  ; to  dissever  ; to 
disjoin  ; to  keep  apart. 

The  stumbling  night  did  jjart  our  weary  powers.  Shak. 

4.  To  strain  out ; to  secrete. 

The  liver  minds  his  own  affair. 

And  parts  and  strains  the  vital  juices.  Prior. 

5.  To  separate  or  refine,  as  metals.  Ure. 

6 (Naut.)  To  break,  as  a rope  or  cable.  Dana. 

Syn. — See  Divide,  Separate. 

PART,  v.  n.  1.  To  have  part;  to  share.  “ They 
shall  part  alike.”  1 Sam.  xxx.  24. 

2.  To  give  or  bestow  parts  ; to  make  a dis- 
tribution or  apportionment. 

The  lot  causeth  contentions  to  cease,  and  parteth  between 
the  mighty.  Prov.  xviii.  18. 

3.  To  separate;  to  depart;  to  remove;  — 
followed  by  from. 

Powerful  hands  will  not  part 

Easily  from  possessions  won  with  arms.  Milton. 

4.  To  quit  or  withdraw,  as  one  from  another. 

He  wrung  Bassanio’s,  and  so  they  parted.  Shak. 

5.  To  go  away  ; to  depart ; to  leave. 

Thy  father 

Embraced  me,  parting  for  the  Etrurian  land.  Dryden. 

6.  To  take  or  bid  farewell ; to  take  leave. 

Upon  his  removal,  they  parted  with  him  with  tears  in 
their  eyes.  SwiJ't. 

To  part  with , to  resign  ; to  lose. 

Wc  shall  part  with  neither.  Shak. 

PART'A-BLE,  a.  See  Partible.  Camden. 

FART'AC^E,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L .pirtitio.  — See  Par- 
tition.] The  act  of  dividing  or  sharing ; di- 
vision. “ This  partage  of  things.”  Locke. 

PAR-TAKE',  v.  n.  [ part  and  take.\  [f.  partook  ; 
pp.  PARTAKING,  PARTAKEN.] 

1.  To  take  a part  with  others;  to  have  a 
share  ; to  participate  ; to  share  ; — commonly 
used  with  of,  but  sometimes  with  in. 

In  the  rustic  cot  well  pleased  partook 

Of  labor’s  mean  repast.  Lloyd. 

2.  To  have  something  of  the  property  or  na- 
ture. 

The  attorney  of  the  Duchy  of  Lancaster  partakes  partly 
of  a judge  and  partly  of  an  attorney -general.  Bacon. 


Syn.  — We  partake  of  that  which  pleases  our- 
selves ; we  participate  in  that  which  pleases  or  affects 
others,  as  well  as  ourselves.  Partake  of  a meal  or  of 
an  entertainment ; participate  in  joys  and  sorrows, 
pleasures  and  trials  ; share  the  burden  or  the  spoil. 

PAR-TAKE',  v.  a.  1.  To  have  a part  in  ; to  share. 

Let  every  one  partake  the  general  joy.  Dryden. 

2.  f To  give  a part  to  with  others.  Spenser. 

3.  + To  give  a part  of.  Shak. 

PAR-TAk'EN  (p?r-ta'kn),  p.  from  partake. 

PAR-TAK'pR,  n.  One  who  partakes;  a sharer; 
a partner  ; a participator.  Hooker. 

PAR-TAK'ING,  n.  The  act  of  taking  part;  a 
participating ; participation. 

PARTED,  a.  1.  f Possessing  parts  or  accom- 
plishments. B.  Jonson. 

2.  Separated ; divided. 

3.  ( Bot .)  Noting  leaves  cleft  or  divided  near- 
ly to  the  base.  Gray. 

PART' jJR,  n.  One  who  parts.  Sidney. 

PAR-TERRE'  (pir-tir'),  n.  [Fr.]  1.  ( Hort .)  A sys- 
tem of  beds,  of  different  shapes  and  sizes,  in 
which  flowers  are  cultivated,  with  intervening 
spaces  of  gravel  or  turf  for  walking  on.  Brande. 

2.  The  pit  in  a French  theatre.  Landais. 

f PAR-THE'NI-AD,  n.  [Or.  aapflei/os,  a virgin.]  A 
poem  in  honor  of  a virgin.  Harrington. 

PAR'THp-NIC,  a.  [Gr.  aapOeviaos  ; napGtvoc,  a vir- 
gin.] Pertaining  to  the  Spartan  Parthenia.’,  a 
class  of  persons  who  were  the  offspring  of  un- 
married women.  Wright. 

PAR  ' THK-NON,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  TtapOtvuiv  ; rap- 
Uei'os,  a virgin,  Minerva.]  The  magnificent  tem- 
ple of  Minerva  (’a0j pa,  Athena)  on  the  Acropo- 
lis of  Athens.  Brande. 

PAR-THEN'O-PE,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  ItapOentirri.] 

1.  {Myth.)  One  of  the  Sirens,  who,  being 
unable  to  charm  Ulysses,  threw  herself,  in  de- 
spair, into  the  sea. 

2.  ( Astron .)  An  asteroid  discovered  by  De 

Gasparis  in  1850.  Herschel. 

PAR-THE-NO'PI-AN,  n.  ( Zoiil .)  One  of  a tribe  of 
Crustacea,  species  of  which  are  found  in  the 
English  Channel,  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  and 
in  the  Indian  Ocean.  Eng.  Cyc. 

PAR'TIAL  (pir'shjl),  a.  [L.  pars,  partis,  a part ; 
It.  parziaL  ; Sp.  partial-,  Fr.  partial.) 

1.  Inclined,  without  examination  or  reason, 
to  favor  one  more  than  another,  as  one  party  in 
a cause,  or  one  side  of  a question  ; biassed  ; in- 
fluenced ; not  unprejudiced ; prejudiced. 

Self-love  will  make  men  partial  to  themselves  and  friends. 

Locke. 

2.  Regarding  with  special  favor ; inclined  to 

favor  or  to  like.  [Colloquial.]  Wright. 

3.  Comprising,  or  affecting,  a part  only  ; not 
total,  general,  or  universal;  not  entire;  as,  “A 
partial  eclipse.” 

The  weakening  of  a thing  is  only  a partial  destruction 
of  it.  South. 

4.  {Bot.)  Noting  parts  which  are  subdivisions 

of  something  similar  ; subordinate.  Gray. 

Partial  differential,  (Math.)  a differential  of  a func- 
tion of  two  or  more  variables,  obtained  by  differen- 
tiating with  respect  to  one  of  the  variables  oidy.  Da- 
* vies . — Partial  involucre,  (Bot.)  an  involucel.  — Partial 
petiole,  a division  of  a main  leaf-stalk  or  the  stalk  of 
a leaflet.  — Partial  peduncle , a branch  of  a peduncle. 
— Partial  umbel,  an  umbellet.  Gray. 

PAR'TI AL-I§M,  n.  The  system  of  partialists  : — 
the  doctrine  that  only  a part  of  the  human  race 
will  be  saved.  Ch.  Exam. 

PAR'TI AL-IST,  n.  1.  One  who  is  partial.  Morton. 

2.  One  who  believes  the  atonement  to  have 
been  made  only  for  a part  of  mankind.  Ogilvie. 

PAR-TI-AL'I-TY  (p&r-she-kl'e-te),  n.  [It.  parzia- 
litli ; Sp.  parcialidad  ; Fr.  partialite .] 

1.  The  state  or  the  quality  of  being  partial ; 
inclination  or  disposition  to  favor  one  more 
than  another,  irrespective  of  the  merits  of  the 
case  ; undue  bias  of  the  judgment.  Spenser. 

Partiality  is  such  an  excess  of  personal  attachment  as  ob- 
scures the  judgment  or  corrupts  the  heart.  Coyan. 

2.  A strong  inclination  ; predilection.  Roget. 

f PAR'TIAL-IZE,  v.  a.  To  make  partial.  Shak. 

PAR'TIAL-LY,  ad.  1.  With  partiality.  Fox. 

2.  In  part;  partly;  not  totally.  Browne. 


PA R-TI-HI  L'1-TV,  n.  The  quality  of  being  parti- 
ble ; divisibility  ; separability.  Robinson. 

PART'I-BLE,  a.  [L.  partibilis  ; It.  partibile ; Sp. 
<Sf  Fr.  partible.']  That  may  be  parted  or  divid- 
ed ; divisible  ; separable.  Bacon. 

PAR ' TI-  CEPS  CRlM'I-JVIS.  [L.]  {Law.)  A 
partner  in  a crime  ; an  accomplice  ; — applied  to 
parties  both  to  contracts  and  to  offences.  Bun-ill. 

PAR-TI<J'1-PA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  participated 
or  shared,  [it.]  Norris. 

PA  R - TI  (j ' I - P A \ T , a.  [L.  participo,  participans, 
to  have  a part.  — See  Participate.]  Having 
a part  or  share;  partaking;  sharing; — used 
with  of.  “ Participant  of  more  than  monkish 
speculations.”  Wotton. 

PAR-tI^'I-pAnt,  n.  A participator.  Warburton. 

PAR-Tl^'l-PATE,  v.  n.  [L.  participo, participa- 
te ; pars,  partis,  a part,  and  capio,  to  take  ; 
It  .participate;  Sp.  purticipar ; Fr.  participo-. ] 
[*.  PARTICIPATED  ; pp.  PARTICIPATING,  PAR- 
TICIPATED.] To  partake;  to  have  part  or 
share  ; to  take  part ; — commonly  followed  by 
in,  sometimes  by  of. 

His  delivery,  and  thy  joy  thereon 
Conceived,  agreeable  to  a father’s  love, 

In  both  which  we,  as  next,  participate.  Hilton. 

Few  creatures  participate  of  the  natures  of  plants  and 
metals  both.  Bacon. 

Syn.  — See  Partake. 

PAR-Tl(J'I-PATE,  v.  a.  To  partake  ; to  have  part 
of ; to  have  in  common  ; to  share.  Hooker. 

PAR-TIqj-I-PA'TION,  n.  [L.  partitipatio  ; It .par- 
ticipazione ; Sp.  participation  ; Fr.  participa- 
tion.] 

1.  The  act  or  the  state  of  participating,  or 
sharing  with  others ; a partaking. 

Of  all  this  I have  not  only  had  knowledge,  hut  great  par- 
ticijxition  in  your  joys.  Dighy. 

2.  Distribution;  division  into  shares.  Raleigh. 

PAR-TIQ’t-PA-Tl VE,  a.  That  participates;  ca- 
pable of  partaking.  Johnson. 

PAR-Tl9'I-PA-TOR,  n.  One  who  participates  ; a 
partaker.  Smith. 

PAR-TI-CIP'I-AL,  a.  [!,.  participialis  ; participi- 
um,  a participle.]  Having  the  nature  of,  or 
formed  from,  a participle.  South. 

PAR-TI-CIP'I-AL,  n.  A word  formed  from  a verb 
and  having  the  nature  of  a participle. 

The  new  philology  embraces  the  participle,  the  infinitive, 
the  gerund,  and  the  supine,  all  under  the  general  name  of 
participials.  Dr.  J.  JV.  Gibbs. 

PAR-TI-CIP'I-AL-IZE,  v.  a.  To  form  into  a par- 
ticiple. Richardson. 

PAR-TI-ClP'I-AL-LY,  ad.  In  the  manner  or  the 
sense  of  a participle.  Johnson. 

PAR'TI-Cl  P-LF.  (pir'te-sTp-pl),  n.  [L.  participium  ; 
particcps,  sharing  ; pars,  partis,  a part,  and  ca- 
pio, to  take  ; It.  <k  Sp.  participio  ; Fr.  partitive.] 

1.  Any  thing  that  partakes  of  the  nature  of 

different  things.  Bacon. 

2.  {Gram.)  A word,  or  part  of  speech,  par- 
taking of  the  nature  both  of  a verb  and  of  a 
noun  or  an  adjective,  derived  from  a verb  with 
which  it  agrees  in  denoting  action,  being,  or 
suffering,  but  from  which  it  differs  in  implying 
no  affirmative. 

“ Engl ish  verbs  have  two  participles,  the  first 
formed  by  adding  via  to  the  simple  infinitive  ; the 
second,  when  the  verb  is  regular,  by  adding  ed.” 
Smart. 

PAR'TI-CLE  (p&r'te-kl),  n.  [L.  particula,,  dim.  of 
pars,  partis,  a part;  It.  particclla,  parlicola; 
Sp.  particula ; Fr.  particule .] 

1.  A small  part  Or  portion  ; a little  bit ; an 
atom  ; a corpuscle  ; a molecule ; a mote  ; a j’ot. 

There  is  not  one  grain  in  the  universe  ...  to  he  spared, 
nor  so  much  as  any  one  jjarticJe  of  it  that  mankind  may  not 
be  the  better  or  the  worse  for,  according  as  ’tis  applied. 

L'  Estrange. 

2.  {Latin  Church.)  A crumb  or  little  piece  of 

consecrated  bread.  Wright. 

3.  {Gram.)  An  indeclinable  word,  as  the 

article,  adverb,  preposition,  conjunction,  or  in- 
terjection. Locke. 

Syn. — A particle  is  a very  small  constituent  part 
of  a whole,  and  similar  to  it ; an  atom  is  that  which 
cannot  be  nit  or  divided  ; a corpuscle  is  a little  body 
(carpus),  or  a particle  of  matter  ; “ a molecule  is  the 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RpLE.  — 9,  (?,  9,  £,  soft;  £,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  % as  z;  ? as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


PARTICULAR 


1038 


PARTY 


smallest  portion  of  matter  cognizable  by  any  of  our 
senses,  — it  is  something  real,  and  thus  differs  from 
atom  which  is  not  perceived,  but  conceived,  — it  is  the 
smallest  portion  of  matter  which  we  can  reach  by  our 
means  of  dividing,  while  atom  is  the  last  possible  term 
of  all  division.”  Fleming . 

PAR-TlC'U-LAR,  a.  [L.  particulars  ; particula , 
a small  part;  It.  particulare ; Sp.  $ Port. par- 
ticular ; Fr.  particulier.) 

1.  Belonging  or  pertaining  to  a single  person 
or  thing  ; singular  ; peculiar  ; not  general. 

As  well  for  particular  application  to  special  occasions,  as 
also  in  other  manifold  respects,  infinite  treasures  of  wisdom 
arc  abundantly  to  be  found  in  the  Holy  Scriptures.  Hooker. 

2.  One  distinct  from  others  ; individual  ; spe- 
cific ; special.  “ A particular  person.”  Dryden. 

[Make]  each  particular  hair  to  stand  on  end.  Shale. 

3.  Relating  to  what  is  special  or  peculiar. 

This  is  a geography  particular  to  the  medallist.  Adclison. 

4.  Attentive  to  minute  points,  or  to  things 
single  and  distinct ; practising  extreme  care  ; 
minute  ; exact ; precise  ; nice  ; sciupulous. 

I have  been  particular  in  examining  the  reason  of  chil- 
dren's inheriting  the  property  of  their  fathers.  Locke. 

5.  Distinct  from  the  whole ; having  some- 

thing that  eminently  distinguishes  one  from 
others  ; peculiar  ; singular  ; odd  ; strange  ; — 
often  used  in  contempt.  Johnson . 

Particular  average,  ( Lam  of  insurance .)  a loss  borne 
wholly  by  the  party  upon  whose  property  it  takes 
place  ; — so  called  in  distinction  from  a general  aver- 
age, for  which  different  parties  contribute.  — Particu- 
lar estate,  (Laic.)  an  estate  precedent  to  an  estate  in 
remainder. — Particular  lien,  a right  to  retain  a certain 
chattel  from  the  owner,  until  a certain  claim  upon  it 
— growing  out  of  some  labor  bestowed  upon  such 
chattel,  or  act  done  in  relation  to  it  — be  satisfied.  — 
Particular  tenant,  the  tenant  of  a particular  estate. 
Burril . — Particular  Baptists,  that  branch  of  the  Bap- 
tists attached  to  high-Calvinistic  opinions.  Braude. 

Syn. — Pa rt.icular  qualities  that  which  belongs  to 
one  kind  only;  peculiar  and  singular  qualify  that 
which  belongs  to  the  individual.  Me  is  particular 
whose  way  is  that  of  but  a small  part  of  the  commu- 
nity ; he  is  peculiar  who  follows  a way  of  his  own  ; 
he  is  singular  whose  way  is  that  of  himself  only. 
That  is  eccentric  which  is  not  conformed  to  any  rule  ; 
that  is  odd  which  has  nothing  like  it  or  suited  to 
it : that  is  strange  which  one  is  not  accustomed  to 
see. 

Particular  is  often  used  to  specify  an  individual  ; 
peculiar,  some  quality  of  an  individual ; as  a particu- 
lar person  ; a particular  day  ; a peculiar  style  or  man- 
ner. A peculiar , or  singular , or  eccentric  person  de- 
notes a person  distinguished  for  some  peculiarity , 
singularity,  or  eccentricity.  — Particularity , peculiarity, 
and  singularity  are  not  always  taken  in  a had  sense  ; 
eccentricity , oddness,  and  strangeness  are  never  taken 
in  a good  sense.  — See  Circumstantial,  Spe- 
cial. 

PAR-TIC'lT-LAR,  n.  1.  A single  instance,  point, 
or  matter. 

He  was  giving  me  the  particulars  of  this  story.  Addison. 

Vespasian  he  resembled  in  many  particulars.  Swift. 

2.  An  individual ; a private  person,  [r.] 

Tt  is  the  greatest  interest  of  particulars  to  advance  the  good 
of  the  community.  L'Estranyc. 

3.  f Private  interest ; individual  concern. 

They  apply  their  minds  . . . unto  those  branches  of  public 

prayer  wherein  their  own  particular  is  moved.  Hooker. 

4.  f Private  character  ; single  self.  S/iak. 

5.  f A minute  detail  of  things.  Milton. 

In  particular,  especially  ; peculiarly  ; distinctly. 

“This  in  particular  happens  to  the  lungs.”  Blackmore. 

PAR-tIc'U-LAR-T^M,  n.  ( Eccl .)  The  doctrine  of 
particular  eiection.  Wright. 

PAR-Tlc'u-LAR-IST,  n.  ( Tlieol.)  One  who  holds 
the  doctrine  of  God’s  particular  decrees  of  sal- 
vation and  reprobation.  Brande. 

PAR-TIC-U-LAR'I-TY,  n.  [It.  particolarita  ; Sp. 
particularidad ; F r.  particularity.) 

1.  The  state  or  the  quality  of  being  particu- 

lar ; accuracy  or  completeness  to  minuteness ; 
exactness  as  to  particulars  or  details;  minute 
exactness.  Burnet. 

The  particularity  of  the  miracle  will  give  occasion  to  him 
to  suspect  the  truth  of  what  it  discovers.  Sharp. 

2.  Something  particular  ; a particular  circum- 
stance ; a single  or  minute  point,  incident,  or 
matter  ; a detail ; a specialty  ; a particular. 

To  see  the  titles  that  were  most  agreeable  to  such  an  em- 
peror. the  flatteries  he  lay  most  open  to,  with  the  like  par- 
ticularities only  to  be  met  with  on  medals.  Addition. 

3.  Singleness  ; individuality ; single  act  or 

case,  [it.]  Hooker. 


4.  Something  peculiar  ; peculiarity  ; oddity. 

I saw  an  old  heathen  altar  with  this  particularity,  that  it 
was  hollowed  like  a dish  at  one  end,  but  uot  the  end  on  which 
the  sacrifice  wus  laid.  Addison. 

Syn.  — See  Particular. 

PAR-TIC-y-LAR-|-ZA"nON,  n.  The  act  of  par- 
ticularizing. [r.]  Coleridge. 

PAR-TlC'U-LAR-IZE,  v.  a.  [i.  particularized  ; 
pp.  PARTICULARIZING,  PARTICULARIZED.]  To 
mention  distinctly  or  in  detail ; to  state  by  par- 
ticulars ; to  show  minutely  ; to  specify, 
lie  . . .particularizes  his  descent  from  Benjamin.  Atterbury. 

PAR-TlC'U-LAR-iZE,  v.  n.  To  be  particular  ; to 
be  attentive  to  single  or  small  matters.  Herbert. 

PAR-TIC'y-LAR-LY,  ad.  In  a particular  man- 
ner ; distinctly  ; singly  : — especially  ; chiefly. 

Providence,  that  universally  casts  its  eye  over  all  the  cre- 
ation, is  yet  pleased  more  particularly  to  fasten  it  upon 
some.  South. 

tPAR-TIC'U-LAR-MENT,  n.  A particular.  More. 

f PAR-TIC'y-LATE,  v.  n.  To  make  mention  sin- 
gly or  one  by  one  ; to  particularize.  Camden. 

PART'ING,  n.  1.  Division  ; separation.  Ezelc. 

2.  ( Metallurgy .)  The  operation  or  process  of 
separating  gold  and  silver  from  each  other.  Ure. 

PAR'TI-iJAN  (par'te-zan)  [p'ir'te-zan,  S.  W.  P.  J. 
F.  Ja.  Stn.Wr.i  p&r-te-zan',  A'.],  n.  [Fr.  parti, 
a party  ; It.  partigiana.) 

1.  An  adherent  to  a party  ; a party  man. 

John  Locke  hated  tyranny  and  persecution  as  a philoso- 
pher: but  his  intellect  preserved  him  from  the  violence  of  a 
partisan.  Macaulay. 

2.  (Mil.)  One  skilful  in  the  command  of  de- 
tached troops,  who,  being  well  acquainted  with 
the  country,  is  employed  to  gain  intelligence,  to 
surprise  the  enemy’s  convoys,  and  to  perform 
other  duties  of  desultory  warfare.  Campbell. 

Syn.  — See  Follower. 

PAR'TI-^AN,  n.  [It.  partignano  ; Sp.  partesana ; 
Fr.  pertuisane,  referred  by  Menage  to  L.  per- 
tundo .] 

1.  A kind  of  ancient  halberd  or  pike.  Shah. 

2.  A commander’s  leading  staff ; a trun- 
cheon. Ainsworth. 

PAR'TI-SAN,  a.  1.  Adhering  to  a party  or  fac- 
tion ; factionary  ; biassed.  Dr.  Arnold. 

2.  (Mil.)  Performing  desultory  warfare. 

PAR'TI-§AN-SHIP,  n.  The  state  of  being  a parti- 
san or  partisans  ; faction.  Qu.  Rev. 

PAR'TITE,  a.  [L .partio,  partitas,  to  divide  ; pars, 
partis,  a part.]  ( Bot .)  Divided  nearly  to  the 

base ; parted.  Henslow. 

PAR-Tl"TION  (pjr-tlsh'un),  n.  [L.  partitio ; It. 
partizione ; Sp.  parti  cion ; Fr.  partition.) 

1.  The  act  of  dividing,  or  the  state  of  being 
divided  ; division  ; separation. 

Who  hath  made  both  one,  and  hath  broken  down  the  mid- 
dle wall  of  partition  between  us.  Ej/h.  ii.  14. 

2.  Part  divided  from  the  rest ; a separate  part. 

“ Lodged  in  a small  partition."  Milton. 

3.  That  by  which  different  parts  are  sepa- 
rated ; division-wall.  Bacon. 

4.  (Law.)  The  dividing  of  an  estate  in  which 

several  are  jointly  interested.  Burrill. 

5.  (Politics.)  The  division  of  the  states  of  a 
sovereign  or  prince,  after  his  decease,  among 
his  heirs  or  among  other  powers. 

The  most  celebrated  partitions  in  history  . . . were  those  of 
Poland  by  Russia,  Prussia,  and  Austria.  Brande. 

6.  (Mas.)  The  entire  draught  of  a composi- 
tion in  parts  ; a score.  Moore. 

7.  (Bot.)  One  of  the  segments  of  a parted 

leaf.  Henslow. 

PAR-TI''TION  (p;ir-tlsh'un),  v.  a.  \i.  PARTI- 

TIONED ; pp.  PARTITIONING,  PARTITIONED.] 

1.  To  divide  by  a partition  or  partitions. 

These  sides  I understand  to  be  uniform  without  though 

severally  partitioned  within.  Bacon. 

2.  To  divide  into  portions  or  shares,  as  an 

estate  or  a country  ; to  apportion.  Wright. 

PAR-TI"TION-AL,  a.  Having  partitions  or  com- 
partments ; divided.  Grainger. 

PAR-TP'TION-MF.NT,  n.  The  act  of  partitioning 
or  dividing  ; division.  J.  Taylor. 

PAR'TI-TIVE,  a.  [L.  pars,  partis,  a part;  It.  <5,- 
Sp. partitivo  ; Fr . partitif.]  (Gram.)  Denoting 

a part ; distributive.  ' Adam. 


PAR'TJ-TIVE,  n.  (Gram.)  A word  denoting  a 
part;  a distributive.  Adam. 

PAR'TJ-TI VE-LY,  ad.  Distributively.  Adam. 

PART'LIJT,  n.  [Dim.  of  part.  Minsheu.  Skinner. 
— “So  called  because  it  was  the  parting  between 
the  head-dress  and  body-dress.”  Smart.) 

1.  A ruff  or  band  for  the  neck,  formerly  worn 

by  women.  Sidney. 

2.  A name  for  a hen,  from  th£  ruff  or  ring  of 

feathers  about  her  neck.  Dryden. 

PART'LY,  ad.  In  part;  in  some  measure  or  de- 
gree ; hot  wholly.  Newton. 

PART'N^R,  n.  [From  part.] 

1.  One  who  partakes  or  shares  with  another  ; 
a partaker;  a sharer;  an  associate;  colleague. 

Those  of  the  race  of  Shem  were  no  yartners  in  the  unbe- 
lieving work  of  the  tower.  Raleigh. 

2.  An  associate  in  business  ; a member  of  a 

partnership.  Brande. 

3.  One  who  dances  with  another.  Shah. 

4.  A husband  or  a wife.  Wright. 

5.  pi.  (Naut.)  A framework  fitted  around  a 

mast,  capstan,  or  pump,  at  the  dock,  to  sup- 
port the  deck  against  the  pressure.  Brande. 

Dormant,  silent , or  stepping  partner.  See  DORMANT. 

Syn.  — See  Associate,  Colleague. 

t PART'N£R,  v.  a.  To  join  as  a partner.  Shak. 

PART'NfR-PHlP,  n.  1.  Joint  possession  or  inter- 
est ; participation  ; copartnership.  Drayton. 

2.  (Law.)  A contract  of  two  or  more  compe- 
tent persons  to  place  their  money,  effects,  labor, 
and  skill,  or  some  or  all  of  them,  in  lawful  com- 
merce or  business,  and  to  divide  the  profit  and 
bear  the  loss  in  certain  proportions.  Burrill. 

A community  of  profit  between  the  parties  is  the  true  cri- 
terion  of  a purtnersfiip.  Brande. 

Syn. — See  Association,  Society. 

PAR-TOOK’  (pjr-tuk'),  p.  from  partake. 

PAR’TRIDOE,  n.  [Gr. 

; L.  perdix  ; It. 
perdice ; Sp.  perdiz  ; 

Fr.  perdrix.  — Dut. 
patrijs  ; Old  Scot. 
partrik ; Scot,  pa- 
trick  ; Ir.  patrisg.) 

1.  (Ornith.)  A bird 
of  the  order  Gallince, 
family  Tetraonida, 
and  sub-family  Per- 
dicincc,  or  of  the  ge- 
nus Perdix  of  Kay,  or 
Tetrao  of  Linnaeus.  Gray. 

2.  A large  bombard  formerly  used.  Crabb. 

PAR’TRIDOE-WOOD  (-wud),  n.  A tropical  wood, 
much  esteemed  for  cabinet  work,  on  account 
of  its  variegated  and  patched  appearance;  — so 
called  because  the  wild  pigeons  are  fond  of  its 
berries.  Eng.  Cyc. 

PARTS,  n.pl.  1.  Faculties;  talents. — See  Part, 12. 

2.  Quarters  ; regions.  — See  Part,  13. 

f PART'llRE  (part'yur),  n.  Departure.  Spenser. 

PAR-TU'RI-ATE,  V.  n.  [L.  parturio , parturiatus .] 
To  bring  forth  young,  [r.]  Wright. 

PAR-TU'RT-EN-CY,  n.  Parturition,  [r.]  Grant. 

PAR-TU'RI-ENT,  a.  [L.  parturio,  parturiens,  to 
bring  forth  ; partus,  birth  ; It.  <Sf  Sp.  parturiente.) 
Bringing  forth,  or  about  to  bring  forth,  young. 

f PAR-TU'RI-OUS,  a.  Parturient.  Drayton. 

PAR-TU-Rp'TION  (piir-tu-nsli'un),  n.  [L.  partu- 
ritio  ; parturio,  to  bring  forth  ; Fr  .parturition.) 

1.  The  act  of  bringing  forth  young ; child- 
birth ; delivery.  Browne. 

2.  f That  which  is  brought  forth. 

The  ardency  of  love  which  we  have  to  any  new  j torturi- 
tion  is  by  some  space  of  time  abated.  Jnstruct.for  Oral.,  1082. 

PAK'TY,  n.  [L.  pars,  partis  ; It.  § Sp. parte  ; Fr. 
parti,  partic.  — Dut.  party  ^ Ger.partie-,  Dan. 
§ Sw.  parti.  — See  Part.] 

1.  f A part ; a portion.  Wickliffc.  Chaucer. 

2.  A number  of  persons  in  a community,  unit- 
ed in  opinion  or  design,  in  opposition  to  others,  — 
especially  in  politics  ; a faction. 

The  worst  effect  of  parti / is  its  tendency  to  generate  nar- 
row, false,  and  illiberal  prejudices,  by  teaching  the  adherents 
of  one  parff/  to  regard  those  that  belong  to  an  opposing  party 
as  unworthy  of  confidence.  Brande . 


Common  partridge. 
( Perdix  cinerea). 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HiiR ; 


PARTY 


1039 


PASS 


Who,  born  for  the  universe,  narrowed  his  mind, 

And  to  party  gave  up  what  was  meant  for  mankind. 

Goldsmith. 

3.  A number  of  persons  met  or  assembled  for 
one  purpose  ; a company  ; as,  “ A riding  party. 

4.  A select  assembly  of  invited  guests. 

I ’ll  have  a party  at  the  Bedford  Head.  Pope. 

5.  Side  ; cause,  [r.] 

JEgle  came  in  to  make  their  party  good.  Dryden. 

6.  A person  concerned  or  having  part  in  any 
affair  or  transaction. 

Gentlemen  all,  I do  suspect  this  trash 

To  be  a party  in  this  injury.  Shale. 

7.  One  engaged  in  a lawsuit  ; a litigant.  Shah. 

For  all  manner  of  trespass  . . . the  cause  of  both  parties 
shall  come  before  the  judges.  Ex.  xxii.  D. 

8.  A particular  person  ; a person  distinct 
from  or  opposed  to  another.  Shak.  Bacon. 

Though  there  is  a real  difference  between  one  man  and 
another,  yet  the  party  who  has  the  advantage  magnifies  the 
inequality.  Collier. 

9.  (Mil.)  A small  detachment  employed  in 

any  kind  of  duty.  Campbell. 

Syn.  — See  Faction. 

PAR'TY,  a.  1.  Of,  or  pertaining  to,  a party.  “ A 
party  measure.”  C/t.  Ob. 

2.  [Fr.  parti ; p'irtir,  to  divide.]  (Her.)  Part- 
ed or  divided; — applied  to  all  divisions  of  the 
field  or  of  charges.  Crabb. 

PAR'TY— COL  ORED  (-kul'urd),  a.  Having  diver- 
sity of  colors.  Shak.  “ Party-colored  skin.” 
L’  Estrange. 

PAR'TY— FENCE— WALL,  n.  A wall  separating 
the  ground  belonging  to  one  house  or  occupa- 
tion from  that  of  another.  Clarke. 

PAR'TY-I^M,  n.  The  quality  of  a party;  party- 
spirit.  If  right. 

PAR'TY-JC-RY,  n.  (Law.)  A jury  composed  half 
of  natives  and  half  of  foreigners  or  aliens ; 
half-tongue.  Bouvier. 

PAR  TY-MAN,  n. ; pi.  PARTY-MEN.  A man  devot- 
ed to  the  interests  of  a party  ; a factious  man  ; 
an  abettor  of  a party  ; a partisan.  Swift. 

PAR'TY— SPlR  IT,  n.  The  spirit  of  partisans; 
prejudice  or  favor  for  one’s  own  party  Coleridge. 

Part //-spirit  enlists  a man’s  virtues  in  the  cause  of  his 
vices.  He  who  would  desire  to  have  an  accurate  description 
of  party-spirit  need  only  go  through  Paul’s  description  of 
charity,  reversing  every  point  in  the  detail.  Whalely. 

PAR'TY— SPlR'IT-pn,  a.  Having  the  party-spirit ; 

strongly  favoring  one’s  own  party.  Ch.  Ob. 

PAR'TY— WALL,  n.  A wall  that  separates  two 
houses,  as  in  a block.  Moxon. 

PJI-RU’LIS,  n.  [Gr.  irapoulf ; itapa,  near,  and 
ol/.on,  a gum.]  (Med.)  A small  abscess  in  the 
gum ; a gum-boil.  Dunglison. 

pA  RUS,  n.  (Ornith.)  A Linnaean  genus  of 
birds  ; the  tit  or  titmouse.  Eng.  Cyc. 

PAR 1 VE-NU ',  n.  [Fr.  parvenir,  parvenu , to  ar- 

rive at  the  end.]  One  who  has  recently  come 
into  notice  ; an  upstart.  Brit.  Crit. 

PAR' VIS,  ) n_  [Fr.  parvis,  from  L.  pervius, 

PAR'VISE,  ) that  may  be  passed  through;  per, 
through,  and  via,  a way.  Landais.\ 

1.  The  porch  or  vestibule  of  a church.  Chaucer. 

tfcpp  “The  parvis  at  St.  Paul’s  [London]  was  a 

common  place  of  meeting  for  lawyers  for  consulta- 
tion.” Wright. 

2.  A room  over  the  porch  of  a church.  Hook. 

3.  A law  dispute  among  young  students  ; a 

moot-court.  Whishaw. 

f PAR' VI-TUDE,  n.  Littleness.  Glanvill. 

fPAR'VI-TY,  n.  [L.  partitas ; It.  parvita ; Old 
Fr.  parvite.]  Littleness ; minuteness.  Ray. 

P.flS  (pit),  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  posstts.]  1.  A step. 

2.  Right  of  going  before  ; precedence. 

Arbuthnot. 

fPASCH  (pask),  n.  [Heb.  HOB  ; Gr.  ; L. 

pascha;  It .pasqua  ; Sp.  pascua  ; Old  Fr.  pasque  ; 
Fr.  paque.  — A.  S.  pasche ; Dut.  paasch  ; Ger. 
pascha-,  Dtm.paaske-,  Sw.^)«s/r.]  The  passover; 
the  feast  of  Easter.  Wickliffe. 

PAS'CHAL  (pKs'ktd),  a.  [L . paschalis  ; pascha, 
the  passover;  It.  pasquale ; Sp.  pascuale ; Fr. 
pascal .]  Of,  or  pertaining  to,  the  passover,  or 
to  Easter.  “ The  paschal  lamb.”  Pearson. 


Paschal  cycle,  the  cycle  which  serves  to  ascertain 
when  Easter  occurs,  formed  by  multiplying  by  eacli 
other  the  cycle  of  the  sun,  which  consists  of  26,  and 
the  cycle  of  the  moon,  consisting  of  19  years.  Braude. 

PAS£H'-EGG  (paak'eg),  n.  A hard-boiled  egg, 
presented  to  young  persons  at  Easter ; easter- 
egg ; — written  also  pace-egg.  [Eng.]  Mares. 

PASUH'-FLoW-pR  (pask'-),  n.  Pasque-flower. 

f PASI1,  v.  a.  [Gr.  iraiu,  naiooi,  to  strike.  Skinner. 

— From  push.  Todd.]  To  push  violently  against ; 

to  strike  ; to  dash  ; to  crush.  Shak. 

PASH,  n.  1.  f A head.  Shak. 

2.  f A blow;  a stroke.  Sherwood. 

3.  A fall  of  rain  or  snow  ; — a great  number  : 

— any  thing  decayed.  [Local,  Eng.]  Wright. 

PA-SHA',  n.  A Turkish  governor.  — See  Pacha. 

pAS-I-GRAPI1'IC,  ( a.  Relating  to  pasigraphy. 

PAS-J-GRAPH'J-CAL,  ) Classical  Journal. 

PA-SlG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  tras, -tract,  all,  and  ypa</iw, 
to  write!]  A- manner  or  system  of  writing  that 
may  be  understood  by  all  nations  without  trans- 
lation ; a universal  language  ; pasilaly.  Brande. 

PAs'!-LA-LY,  n.  [Gr.  nciai,  for  all  fas,  all),  and 
kd/.y,  a form  of  speech;  Fr.  pasilalie.]  A uni- 
versal language  ; pasigraphy.  Ency.  Am. 

PAsaUE'-FLOW-ER  (pask'flbu-er),  n.  (Bot.)  A 
deciduous,  herbaceous  plant,  having  large,  pur- 
ple flowers,  and  finely-cut  hairy  leaves  ; Anem- 
one pvlsatilla  ; — so  called  because  it  flowers 
about  Easter.  Eng.  Cyc. 

f PAS'QUIL  (pas’kwjl),  n.  [It.  pasquillo.]  A pas- 
quinade. Tatler. 

f PAS'GUIL,  v.  a.  To  pasquinade.  Barton. 

pAs'QUI-LAnt,  n.  A lampooner,  [r.]  Coleridge. 

f PAS'QUIL-Lf  R,  n.  A lampooner.  Burton. 

PAS'aiJIN,  n.  [Fr.]  A pasquinade.  Dryden. 

PAs'aUIN,  v.  a.  To  pasquinade,  [r.]  Swift. 

pAs-CIUIN-Ade',  n.  [It.  pasquinata  ; Sp.  pasqui- 
nitda-,  Fr.  pasquinade.]  A satirical  writing  ; a 
placard  containing  sarcasm  or  invective ; a 
lampoon  ; a personal  satire. 

A mutilated  statue  of  an  ancient  gladiator,  dug 
up  at  Rome,  about  300  years  ago,  and  now  lying  in 
the  court  of  the  Capitol,  was  popularly  called  by  the 
Romans  Pasquino,  or  Pasquin , from  the  name  of  a 
barber  or  cobbler,  remarkable  for  his  sneers  and  gibes, 
opposite  to  whose  house  it  was  originally  set  up.  To 
this  statue  it  was  the  custom  to  affix  satirical  pla- 
cards reflecting  on  the  court  and  church  of  Rome; 
and  it  is  still  the  occasional  receptacle  of  jocose  com- 
ments on  private  matters.  Hence  pasquinata  and  pus- 
quillo  have  become,  in  Italy,  conventional  words  to 
signify  satirical  writings,  and  have  been  naturalized 
in  other  languages.  In  French  and  German  they  hare 
been  used  in  the  legal  vocabulary  for  libel.  Brande. 

Syn.  — See  Satire. 

pAs-CLUIN-Ade',  v.  a.  To  abuse  by  a pasquinade ; 
to  lampoon  ; to  satirize.  Smart. 

PASS  (12),  v.  n.  [Low  L.  passo  ; L.  passus,  a step ; 
lX.passare ; Sp.pasar ; Port. passar ; Fr. passer.] 
\i.  PASSED  ; pp.  PASSING,  PASSED,  OT  PAST.  — 
Pass  is  a regular  verb  ; and  past,  for  passed,  is 
a correct  pronunciation,  but  a wrong  orthogra- 
phy for  the  proper  participle,  though  a correct 
orthography  for  the  adjective,  preposition,  and 
noun.  Smart.  — See  Past.] 

1.  To  move  in  space  ; to  go  ; to  proceed.  “ Pass 

no  further.”  Shak. 

God  made  a wind  to  pass  over  the  earth,  and  the  waters 
were  assuaged.  Gen.  viii.  1. 

Avoid  it  [the  path  of  the  wicked],  pass  not  by  it,  turn  from 
it,  and  pass  away.  Prov.  iv.  15. 

2.  To  go  away  progressively ; to  elapse;  to 
lapse  ; to  be  spent.  “Ere  three  days  pass." Shak. 

The  time  when  the  thing  existed  is  the  idea  of  that  space 
of  duration  which  passed  between  some  fixed  period  and  the 
being  of  that  thing.  ' Locke. 

3.  To  move  or  proceed  from  one  state  or  con- 
dition to  another. 

• Others,  dissatisfied  with  what  they  have,  . . . pass  from 
just  to  unjust.  Temple. 

4.  To  depart  from  life  ; to  die.  [r.] 

O,  let  him  pass.  He  hates  him 
That  would  upon  the  rack  of  this  tough  world 
Stretch  him  out  longer.  Shak. 

5.  To  vanish ; to  be  lost ; to  disappear ; to  cease. 
“ A decree  which  shall  not  prm.”  Ps.  cxlviii.  6. 

Beauty ’s  a charm,  but  soon  the  charm  will  pass.  Dryden. 


6.  To  take  place  ; to  occur  ; to  happen. 

If  we  would  judge  of  the  nature  of  spirits,  we  must  have 
recourse  to  our  own  consciousness  of  what  pusses  within  our 
own  inmd.  H'utts. 

7.  f To  go  beyond  bounds. 

Why,  this  passes ! Master  Ford,  you  are  not  to  go  loose 
any  longer;  you  must  he  pinioned.  JShak. 

8.  f To  give  or  bestow  a regard  or  thought. 

As  for  these  silken-coated  slaves,  I pass  not.  Shak. 

9.  To  gain  reception  or  currency  ; to  be  cur- 
rent. “ This  money  will  not  pass."  Johnson . 

False  eloquence  passeth  only  where  true  is  not  under- 
stood Felton. 

10.  To  receive  the  sanction  of  a legislative 

body,  or  a majority  of  votes.  “ Among  the  laws 
that  passed .”  Dryden . • 

11.  To  omit  one’s  turn,  as  in  playing. 

She  would  not  play,  yet  must  not  pass.  Prior . 

12.  To  make  a thrust  or  push,  as  in  fencing. 

They  lash,  they  foin,  they  pass , they  strive  to  bore 

Their  corselets.  Dryden . 

13.  To  go  through  the  alimentary  canal. 

Substances  hard  cannot  be  dissolved,  hut  they  will  pass ; 

hut  such  whose  tenacity  exceeds  the  powers  of  digestion  will 
neither  jsciss  nor  be  converted  into  aliment.  Arbuthnot. 

14.  {Laic.)  To  proceed ; to  be  entered.  BurrilL 

To  bring  to  pass , to  cause  to  exist,  or  to  be  effected. 

“God  will  shortly  bring  it  [the  dream]  to  pass.”  Gen. 
xli.  32. — To  come  to  pass , to  take  place;  to  occur; 
to  happen.  “ Things  which  must  shortly  come  to 
pass.”  Rev.  i.  1.  — To  let  pass , to  allow  or  suffer  to  go 
unnoticed  or  disregarded.  “ Did  I let  pass  the  abuse 
done  to  my  niece  t ” Shak.  — To  pass  for , {Law.)  to  be 
delivered  in  one’s  favor,  as  a verdict  or  a judgment. 
Burrill.  — To  pass  on  or  upon,  to  come  upon  or  to  ; to 
reach  or  affect.  “ Death  passed  upon  all  men.”  Rom. 
v.  12.  — To  give  judgment  or  sentence.  “ We  may  not 
pass  upon  his  life.”  Shak.  — To  practise,  impose,  or 
put  upon.  “ An  thou  pass  upon  me,  I ’ll  no  more  with 
thee.”  Shak.  — Well  to  pass , rich  ; well  to  do.  Wright. 

PASS,  v.  a.  1.  To  cause  to  move,  go,  or  proceed. 
“ Pass  that  beggar  to  his  own  parish.”  Johnson. 

Dr.  Thurston  thinks  the  principal  use  of  inspiration  to  be. 
to  . . . pass  the  blood  from  the  right  to  the  left  ventricle  of 
the  heart.  Derham. 

Waller  passed  over  five  thousand  horse  and  foot  by  New- 
bridge. Clarendon. 

2.  To  deliver  to  another  ; to  transfer  ; to  give. 
41  I have  ])assed  my  word  and  promise.”  Shak. 

3.  To  utter;  to  pronounce;  to  deliver.  “To 
pass  censures.”  “ To  pass  sentence.”  Hammond . 

4.  To  go  beyond  ; to  overstep ; to  overpass. 

“ They  did^ass  those  bounds.”  Burnet. 

5.  To  surpass;  to  exceed;  to  excel.  Spenser. 

The  peace  of  God,  which  passeth  nil  understanding,  shall 
keep  your  hearts  and  minds  through  Jesus  Christ.  Phil.  iv.  7. 

6.  To  go  through  or  over  ; to  go  across  or 
along.  “ The  horse  passed  the  river.”  Johnson. 

To  see  great  Pompey  pass  the  streets  of  Rome.  Shak. 

7.  To  spend,  as  time.  “ The  king  . . . passed 

the  night  fasting.”  Dan.  vi.  18. 

A lady  who  had  passed  the  winter  at  London.  Addison. 

8.  To  live  through ; to  make  trial  of;  to  un- 
dergo ; to  experience ; as,  “ To  pass  the  ordeal.” 

Still  questioned  me  the  story  of  my  life. 

From  year  to  year;  the  battles,  sieges,  fortunes, 

That  1 have  passed.  Shak. 

9.  To  put  an  end  to ; to  finish  ; to  accomplish. 

This  night 

We  ’ll  pass  the  business  privately  and  well.  Shak. 

10.  To  omit;  to  neglect;  to  disregard.  “If 

you  pass  our  proffered  offer.”  Shak. 

I pass  their  warlike  pomp,  their  proud  array.  Dryden. 

11.  To  admit;  to  allow;  to  approve.  “Every 
one  that  passeth  the  account.”  2 Kings  xii.  4. 

12.  To  receive  a majority  of  the  votes  of,  as 
of  a legislative  body. 

Neither  of  those  bills  has  yet  passed  the  House  of  Com- 
mons. - Swift. 

13.  To  enact;  to  sanction.  “The  decree  may 

he  already  passed.”  South. 

14.  To  thrust ; to  make  a thrust  or  push  with, 

as  in  fencing.  ' Shak. 

15.  To  impose  or  put,  as  a trick.  B.  Jonson. 

16.  To  impose  fraudulently  ; to  palm  off. 

The  indulgent  mother  did  her  care  employ, 

And  passed  it  on  her  husband  tor  a boy.  Dryden. 

17.  To  put  into  circulation;  as,  “To  pass 
counterfeit  money.” 

To  pass  away,  to  elapse.  — To  pass  by,  to  go  by,  with- 
out noticing  or  heeding  : to  pay  no  attention  or  heed 
to;  to  omit;  to  disregard.  “If  we  pass  by  lliose 
things  which  happen  to  our  trouble.”  Bp.  Taylor.  — 
To  pass  off ; to  impose  by  fraud  ; to  palm.  “ Whether, 
in  the  17th  century,  an  impostor  . . . might  not  have 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RllLE.  — (j,  9,  g,  soft ; E,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


PASS 


1040 


PASSIONATE 


passed  himself  off  as  a bishop,  on  a rude  tribe  of 
Scots. ” Macaulay. — To  /mss  over,  to  omit  ; to  let  go 
unnoticed  or  unregarded  ; to  overlook  ; to  disregard. 
“ It  is  his  glory  to  pass  of  CO  a transgression.”  Pruo. 
xix.  11. 

,tjy  Most  of  the  senses  attributed  to  the  verb  pass 
are  senses,  not  of  the  verb,  but  of  the  context ; or  they 
arise  out  of  ellipses  of  words  formerly  used  with  the 
verb.  Among  the  particles  used  with  the  verb  are  out, 
by,  oner,  away,  from,  in,  to,  through.  Sec.,  with  each  of 
which  a correspondent  meaning  is  formed.  By  the 
omission  of  the  particle,  or  of  some  word  formerly 
employed,  the  verb  often  acquires  the  meaning  of  the 
whole  context.  Thus  to  pass  simply  has  come  to  sig. 
nify  to  pass  away,  to  pass  bounds,  to  pass  a sentence, 

&.c.  So,  to  pass  a place  is  to  pass  by  a place  ; to  pass 
a riser  is  to  pass  over  a river,  — the  neuter  veib  in 
this  manner  frequently  becoming,  or  appeal  ing,  active  j 
to  pass  life  is  to  pass  on  in  life,  or  through  it  ; to  pass 
in  fencing  is  to  make  the  sword  pass  the  adversary’s  ; 
to  pass  an  account  is  to  place  it  from  undei  examina- 
tion as  being  correct.  In  old  authors,  to  pass  is  some- 
times used  for  to  surpass,  which  is,  literally,  to  be 
above  or  superior  while  in  progress.  Ill  saying,  an 
event  comes  to  pass,  we  mean  that  it  comes  to  us  in  the 
order  of  time,  and  then  passes  by  as  an  event  com- 
pleted. Smart. 


PASS  (12),  n.  1.  A passage  ; a road. 

The  Tyrians  hucl  no  pass  to  the  Ked  Sea  but  through  the 
territory  of  Solomon.  Raleigh. 

2.  A narrow  entrance  or  avenue.  “ The 

passes  of  the  German  Rhine.”  Rowe. 

It  would  be  easy  to  defend  the  passes  into  the  whole 
country.  Clarendon. 

3.  Permission  or  license  to  pass,  or,  to  go  or 

to  come.  “ Their  safe  conduct  or  pass.”  Spenser. 


A gentleman  had  a pass  to  go  beyond  the  seas.  Clarendon. 

4.  An  order  by  which  a person  is  passed  to 
some  destination,  as  an  order  for  passing  a va- 
grant or  impotent  person  to  his  own  parish  or 
place ; a free  ticket  on  a railway ; a free  ticket 
of  admission  to  a place  of  amusement.  Johnson. 

5.  (Mil.)  A certificate  of  leave  of  absence  for 

a short  period  only.  Campbell. 

6.  A thrust  or  push,  as  in  fencing.  Dryclen. 

7.  A manipulation  of  a mesmerizer.  Clarke. 

8.  State ; condition. 


To  what  a pass  are  our  minds  brought  I Sidney. 

9.  A jest;  a joke.  Shak. 

10.  A name  for  the  third  classification  or 

quality  of  Russian  hemp.  Simmonds. 

Pass  of  arms,  (Rodent  Chivalry.)  a bridge,  or  other 
passage,  which  a knight  undertook  to  defend,  and 
which  was  not  to  be  pissed  without  fighting  him  who 
kept  it.  Wright. 


PASS'A-BLE,  a.  [It.  passabile  ; passare,  to  pass  ; 
Sp.  pasab'e-,  Fr.  passable.] 

1.  That  may  be  passed  or  travelled  over  or 

through.  2 Mace.  v.  21. 

2.  That  may  pass  or  be  received  without  ob- 
jection ; current ; receivable  ; well-received. 

In  counterfeits,  it  is  with  men  as  with  false  money;  one 
piece  is  more  or  less  passage  than  another.  V Estrange. 

3.  Tolerable  ; moderate ; being  of  a medium 
degree  ; admissible  ; middling  ; pretty  good. 
They  are  ...  of  a passable  reach  of  understanding.  Howell. 


PASS'A-BLY, ltd.  Tolerably;  moderately.  “Pass- 
ably rich.”  Howell. 

PAS-SADE',  n.  [Fr.]  (Man.)  The  course  of  a 
horse  when  made  to  go  back  and  forth  many 
times  over  the  game  piece  of  ground.  Wright. 


PAS-SA'DO  [psts-sa'do,  S.  W.  P. ./.  E.  F.  ; p?s-s'i'- 
<16,  J t.  K.  Sm.  I Vr.],  n.  [It.  passata,  passage ; 
passare,  to  pass  ; Sp . pasada  ; Fr . jiassade.)  A 
pass  in  fencing.  Shak. 

PAS'SA(?E,  n.  [It.  passaggio-,  Sp.  pasaje-,  Fr. 
passage .] 

1.  The  act  of  passing  from  one  place  to  another. 

His  [the  sun’s]  bright  passage  to  the  Occident.  Shak. 

So  shall  thou  best  prepared  endure 

Thy  mortal  passage,  when  it  comes.  Milton. 

2.  A place  for  passing  ; a way  ; a road ; a path. 

Direct  against  which  opened  from  beneath 

A passage  down  to  the  earth,  a passage  wide.  Milton. 

I have  often  stopped  all  the  passages,  to  prevent  the  ants 
going  to  their  own  nests.  Addison. 

3.  A passing  from  one  country  or  place  to 

another  by  water.  Simmonds. 

4.  Sum  paid  for  being  transported  over  the 

sea  or  other  water  ; fare.  Con-ell. 

5.  Right  or  liberty  of  passing.  Wright. 

6.  The  state  of  passing  away. 

Would  some  part  of  my  young  years 

Might  but  redeem  the  passage  of  your  age!  Shak. 


7.  That  which  comes  to  pass;  occurrence; 

event ; incident ; transaction,  [it.]  “ Thy  pas- 
sages of  life.”  Shak. 

8.  Manner  of  being  conducted  ; management. 
“ The  conduct  and  passage  of  attairs.”  Danes. 

9.  Unsettled  state;  aptness,  by  condition  or 
by  nature,  to  change  the  place  of  residence. 

[An  ill  opinion  of  security]  entices  the  poorer  traders, 
young  beginners,  or  those  oi  passage.  Temple. 

10.  [Fr . passage  d’armes.)  An  encounter;  a 
contest ; a combat.  “A passage  at  arms.”  Ogilvie. 

11.  A part  of  a book  or  a writing;  a single 
clause  or  place ; a text. 

How  commentators  each  dark  jiassage  shun, 

And  hold  their  farthing  candle  to  the  sun!  Young. 

12.  (Her.)  The  reception  of  a knight  of  Malta 

into  the  order.  Wright. 

13.  (Arch.)  A part  of  a building  which  gives 

access  to  the  different  apartments.  Braude. 

14.  (Mas.)  Any  phrase  or  short  portion  of  an 

air  or  other  composition ; a member  of  a strain 
or  movement.  Moore. 

15.  ( Legislation .)  The  passing  or  enactment, 
as  of  a law  or  bill,  by  a legislative  body.  Marshall. 

Bird  of  passage,  a bird  that  passes  at  certain  sea- 
sons from  one  climate  to  another;  a migratory  bird. 
— In  passage,  in  passing  ; cursorily.  “These  funda- 
mental knowledges  have  been  studied  hut  in  passage." 
Bacon.  — Passage  round  the  traverse , (Fort.)  an  open- 
ing cut  in  the  parapet  of  the  covered  way  close  to  the 
traverses,  in  order  to  continue  the  communication 
thrtmgh  all  parts  of  the  covered  way.  Campbell. — 
Middle  passage,  see  Middle.  — North-west  passage,  a 
passage  by  water  supposed  to  exist  between  the  north- 
ern Atlantic  and  Ihe  northern  Pacific  Oceans. 

Syn.  — See  Path,  Race. 

f PAS'SA-G£R,  n.  [Fr.]  A passenger.  Berners. 

PAS'SANT,  a.  [Fr.  passer,  to  pass.] 

1.  t Surpassing  ; excelling.  Chaucer. 

2.  Cursory  ; careless.  “ Passant  view.”  Scott. 

3.  (Her.)  Walking.  “ Lion  passant.”  Spenser. 

En  passant  (ang'piis-slng').  [Fr.]  In  passing  ; by 

the  way  ; slightly. 

PASS'— BOOK  (-buk),  n.  A book  in  which  a mer- 
chant, &c.,  enters  the  items  of  an  account,  and 
then  passes  it  to  the  customer.  Bouvier. 

PRSSE  (pas-sa'),  a.  [Fr.]  Past : — out  of  use.  Smith. 

PASSED  (p4st),  i.  & p.  from  pass.  See  Pass. 

Passed  midshipman,  a midshipman  who,  having 
sustained  an  examination,  is  advanced  to  higher  rank. 

PAS'SgN-G?R,  n.  One  who  passes,  or  is  on  his 
way  ; a traveller  ; a wayfarer.  Milton.  Sidney. 

Passenger  pigeon,  one  of  a species  of  pigeons  which 
fly  in  flocks  from  place  to  place  in  quest  of  food  ; Co- 
l a i n Ini  mtgratana,  or  Kctopist.es  migratoria.  Wilson. — 
Passenger  falcon,  a migratory. hawk.  Rinsworth. 

PRSSK-PRR-  TOUT  (p4s-p?r-to'),  n.  [Fr.,  from 
passer,  to  pass,  and  par-tout,  every  where.] 

1.  A master-key  ; a pass-key.  Landais. 

2.  (Engraving.)  A plate  or  a block  of  wood, 

having  its  centre  entirely  cut  out,  and  a border 
or  ornamental  design  engraved  round  the  outer 
part,  which  serves  as  a frame  to  what  may  he 
placed  in  the  centre.  Brande. 

PASS'ER,  n.  One  who  passes. 

PAss'pR— BY,  n.  One  who  passes  by.  Coleridge. 

PRS ' SF.-RF.^,  n.  pi.  [L.,  sparrows .]  ( Ornith .) 

An  order  of  birds  including  the  classes  Fissi- 
rostres,  Tenuirostres,  Dcntirostres,  and  Coni- 
rostres. 

tfif ■ The  class  Fissirostres  includes  the  families 
Capri inulgidir , Hirundinidai,  Coronado:,  Trogomdtc,Rl- 
ccdinidtB,  and  Mrropulo ; the  class  Tcnuirostrcs  in- 
cludes I lie  families  Upupidat,  Promeropido,  Trochilidce, 
Meliphagidce , and  Certhidte  ; the  class  Dcntirostres  in- 
cludes the  families  Luscinidee , Turdidce,  Mnscicnpidcr, 
Rmpelidm,  and  Laniitlat ; the  class  Conirastres  includes 
the  families  Corrida:,  Puradiscido,  Stumidce,  Fringilli- 
.i do , Colido,  Musophugido,  and  Bucerotidce.  dray. 

PAS'Sp-RINE,  a..  [L.  passerinus ; passer,  a spar- 

row ; Fr.  passerine.)  (Ornith.)  Of,  or  pertain- 
ing to,  sparrows,  or  the  Passeres.  P.  Cyc. 

PAS'SlJ-RlNE,  n.  (Ornith.)  A bird  of  the  order 
Passeres  ; a passerine  bird.  Brande. 

PAS-SI-RIL'I-TY,  n.  [I,,  passibilitas ; It.  passi- 
bilita;  Sp.  pa'sibilidad ; Fr.  passibilite.)  Quality 
of  being  passible  ; passibleness.  Hakewell. 

PAS'SI-BLE,  a.  [I,,  pnssibilis  ; potior,  passvs,  to 
suffer  ; It.  passibile ; Sp.  pasible  ; Fr.  passible.] 


That  may  feel  or  suffer  ; susceptible  of  suffering 
or  of  impressions  from  external  agents. 

Apolliuarius  . . . held  even  deity  itself  passible.  Booker. 

PA9'S|-BLE-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  passible  ; 
susceptibility  of  impressions  ; passibility. 

PRS-SI-FLO ' RR,  n.  [L.  passio,  passion,  and  flos, 
fores,  a flower.]  (But.)  A genus  of  twining 
plants,  with  beautiful  flowers  ; — so  named  from 
a fancied  resemblance  between  the  parts  of  the 
flower  and  the  emblems  of  our  Saviour’s  cruci- 
fixion ; passion-flower.  Gray. 

PRS  SIM,  ad.  [L.]  Here  and  there ; every  where. 

PASSING,  p.  a.  Going  by  ; proceeding:  — elaps- 
ln§  : expiring:  — surpassing;  exceeding;  ex- 
celling. “ A passing  shame.”  Shak. 

PASS'ING,  ad.  Surpassingly;  exceedingly.  “Pass- 
ing strange.”  Shak.  “ Passing  fair.”  Milton. 

We  learned  our  liege  was  passing  well.  Gay. 

PASS'ING,  n.  The  act  of  passing,  or  of  going  by. 

PASS'ING— BELL,  n.  The  bell  that  was  formerly 
rung  or  tolled  at  the  hour  of  death,  to  obtain 
prayers  for  the  passing  soul ; — now  used  of  the 
bell  that  is  tolled  at  the  death  of  a person. 

Prayers  ascend 

To  heaven  in  troops  at  a good  man’s  passing-bell.  Donne. 

t PASS'JNG-LY,  ad.  Surpassingly;  exceedingly. 
“ And  did  passingly  please  himself.”  Camden. 

PASS'JNG— NOTE,  n.  (Mas.)  A note  introduced 
between  two  other  notes,  to  soften  a distance  or 
melodize  a passage.  Moore. 

PAS'SION  (p&sh'un),  n.  [L.  passio  (Gr.  raOos)  ; 
patior,  passits,  to  suffer  ; It.  passione  ; Sp.  pa- 
sion4,  Fr.  passion.) 

1.  An  impression  or  effect  caused  by  an  ex- 
ternal agent  ; that  which  is  suffered  or  received  ; 
— opposed  to  action. 

When  [a  body  is]  set  in  motion,  it  is  rather  a passion  than 
an  action  in  it.  Locke. 

2.  Susceptibility  of  impressions  from  external 

agents  ; passibleness,  [n.]  Bacon. 

3.  Suffering;  — emphatically,  the  last  suffer- 
ing of  Christ. 

To  whom  nlso  he  showed  himself  alive,  after  his  passion, 
by  many  infallible  proofs.  Acts  i.  .3. 

4.  Mental  feeling  accompanied  with  desire 
prompting  to  action  ; sensible  effect  of  mental 
impression,  distinguished  from  mere  emotion  in 
seeking  relief  or  gratification  beyond  the  emo- 
tion itself;  active  emotion. 

Passion , and  apathy,  and* glory,  and  shame.  Milton. 

Take  heed  lest  jiassion  sway 
Thy  judgment  to  do  aught  which  else  free  will 
"Would  not  admit.  Milton. 

5.  Any  mental  feeling  accompanied  with  de- 
sire prompting  to  action  ; any  active  emotion 
or  affection  of  the  mind,  as  love,  hatred,  joy, 
grief,  &c. : — resentment;  anger. 

Of  all  base  passions,  fear  is  most  accursed.  Shak. 

Thus  while  he  spake,  each  passion  dimmed  his  face. 

I will  appeal  to  any  man  whether  lie  finds  not  the  natural 
emotion  of  the  same  passion  in  himself  which  the  poet  de- 
scribes in  his  feigned  persons.  Hidden. 

6.  Eager  or  vehement  desire  ; ardor  ; zeal. 

"Where  statesmen  arc  ruled  by  faction  and  interest,  they 

can  have  no  jiassion  for  the  glory  of  their  country.  Addison. 

7.  Love;  attachment;  affection.  Dnjdcn. 

He  . . . owned  his  passion  for  Amestris.  Rowe. 

Syn.  — See  Affection. 

f PAS'SION  (pash'un),  v.  n.  To  be  extremely  agi- 
tated, as  with  anger.  Shak. 

PAS'SION-AL  (pash'un-?!),  a.  [L.  passionalis ; 

passto,  passion  ; Fr.  passionncl .]  Relating  to 
the  passions  : — influenced  by  passion  ; pas- 
sionate. [r.]  West.  Bcv. 

PAS'S  ION- A-RY  (p&sli'un-a-re),  n.  [Low  L.  pas- 
sionarivs ; L.  passio,  suffering;  Sp.  pasionario  ; 
Old  Fr.  passionnaire.]  A book  describing  the 
sufferings  of  saints  and  martyrs.  Wart  on. 

PAS 'SION- ATE  (pash'un-?t),  a.  [It.  passionato  ; 
Sp.  apasionado-,  Fr.  passionne.) 

1.  Moved  by  passion;  feeling  or  expressing 
great  commotion  of  mind  ; highly  excited  ; ve- 
hement; warm.  “ Passionate  affection.’’  Hooker. 

Good  angels  looked  upon  this  ship  of  Noah’s  with  a pas- 
sionate concern  for  its  safety.  Burnet , 

2.  Easily  moved  to  anger  ; irascible  ; choler- 
ic ; hot-tempered  ; quick-tempered  ; angry. 

It  is  a very  common  expression,  that  such  a one  is  very 


A,  F.,  I,  6,  0,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  f,  short ; 


A,  ?,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  IIER; 


PASSIONATE 


1041 


PASTRY-COOK 


good-natured,  but  very  passionate.  The  expression,  indeed, 
is  very  good-natured  to  allow  passionate  people  so  much 
quarter;  but  I think  a passionate  man  deserves  the  least  in- 
dulgence imaginable.  oteele. 

Syn.  — See  Angry,  Violent. 

f PAS'S ION-ATE,  v.  a.  1.  To  affect  with  passion. 

Great  pleasure,  mixed  with  pitiful  regard, 

That  godly  king  and  queen  did  passionate , Spenser. 

2.  To  express  passionately.  Shak. 

PAS'S  ION- ATE-LY  (pash'un-at-le),  ad.  In  a pas- 
sionate manner  ; vehemently  ; — angrily. 

PAS'SION-ATE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  pas- 
sionate ; irascibility.  Boyle. 

f PAS'SIONED  (pasli'und),  a.  1.  Moved  by  pas- 
sion ; violently  affected.  _ Spenser. 

2.  Expressing  passion  ; impassioned.  Spenser. 

PAS'SION-FLoW-pR  (pash'un-flbu-er),  n.  ( Bot .) 
A twining  plant,  with  sliowy  flowers;  Passi- 
fiora.  — See  Passiflora.  Gray. 

PAS'SION-LESS,  a.  Not  easily  affected  by  pas- 
sion ; not  easily  moved  to  anger  ; cool.  Bp.  llall. 

PAS'S  ION— WEEK,  n.  The  week  immediately  pre- 
ceding Easter ; — so  called  because  in  that  week 
occurred  the  passion  of  our  Saviour.  Brande. 

PAS'SIVE  (pas'sjv),  a.  [L.  passivus  ; patior,  pas- 
sus,  to  suffer;  It.  passivo ; Sp.  pasivo ; Fr. 
passif.] 

1.  Receiving  impression  from  external  agents; 
suffering  ; not  acting  ; — opposed  to  active. 

The  mind  is  wholly  passive  in  the  reception  of  all  its  sim- 
ple ideas.  Locke. 

Passive  virtues  are  of  all  others  the  severest  and  most 
sublime.  Pa  lev. 

2.  Suffering  without  resistance  ; unresisting  ; 
not  opposing.  “ Passive  compliance.”  Johnson. 

I know  that  we  are  supposed  [by  the  French  revolution- 
ists] a (lull,  sluggish  race,  rendered  passive  by  finding  our 
situation  tolerable.  Burke. 

3.  (Gram.)  Noting  a verb  that  represents  its 

subject,  or  what  the  nominative  expresses,  as 
acted  upon;  as,  “I  am  compelled”  ; “ Catsar 
ions  shin”  : — of,  or  pertaining  to,  a passive 
verb.  “ Passive  participle.”  G.  Brown. 

Passive  commerce. , commerce  carried  on  hy  foreign- 
ers in  their  own  ships.  See  ACTIVE  COMMERCE. 
— Passive  obedience..  (Civil  polity.)  quiet,  unresisting 
submission  to  power,  implying  the  denial  of  the  right 
of  resistance,  or  the  recognition  of  the  duty  to  submit, 
in  all  cases,  to  the  existing  government. — Passive 
prayer,  among  mystic  divines,  a suspension  of  t lie 
activity  of  tile  soul  or  intellectual  faculties,  and  yield- 
ing only  to  t lie  impulses  of  grace.  — Passive  principles, 
(diem.)  eartli  and  water;  — so  called  because  their 
parts  are  not  so  swiftly  moved  as  those  of  spirits,  oil, 
and  salt.  Buck.  Maunder. 

PAS'S]  VE-LY  (pas'sjv-le),  ad.  1.  In  a passive 
manner  ; unresistingly  ; inactively.  Dryden. 

2.  (Gram.)  In  the  form  of  a passive  verb. 

PAS'SI VE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  pas- 
sive ; passibility.  Bp.  Taylor.  Wollaston. 

PAS-SIV' j-TY,  n.  [L.  passivitas,  want  of  distinc- 
tion ; It.  passivita ; Fr.  passivete.] 

1.  Passiveness;  passibility.  [it.]  Hammond. 

2.  The  tendency  of  a body  to  continue  in  a 

given  state,  whether  of  motion  or  of  rest,  till 
disturbed  by  another  body.  Wright. 

PASS'— KEY,  n.  A key  that  opens  several  locks;  a 
master-key.  Simmonds. 

PASS'LESS,  a.  Having  no  pass  or  passage.  Cowley. 

pAss'MAN,  n. ; pi.  pitss'MEN.  A student  who 
merely  obtains  a degree,  without  any  distinc- 
tion. [Oxford  Univ.,  Eng.]  A.  A.  Rev. 

pAsS'O-VJJR,  n.  [pass  and  over.] 

1.  A festival  of  the  Jews,  instituted  in  com- 
memoration of  their  providential  deliverance 
on  the  night  before  their  departure  from  Egypt, 
W'hen  the  destroying  angel,  who  put  to  death 
the  first-born  of  the  Egyptians,  passed  over  the 
houses  of  the  Hebrews,  which  had  been  pre- 
viously marked  with  the  blood  of  the  paschal 
lamb  ; the  feast  of  unleavened  bread.  Ex.  xii. 

2.  The  sacrifice  offered  at  the  feast  of  the 
passover  ; the  paschal  lamb.  2 Chron.  xxx.  17. 

PASS— PA-ROLE',  n.  [Fr.  passe-parole.)  (Mil.) 
A command  given  at  the  head  of  an  army,  and 
passed  from  mouth  to  mouth  to  the  rear.  Smart. 

PAss'PORT,  n.  [Fr.  passe-port ; passer,  to  pass, 
and  port,  a harbor,  i.  e.  a permission  to  leave  a 


harbor.  Burrill. — It.  passaporto  ; Sp.  pasa- 
porte .]  (Law.)  (International  law),  a document 
or  paper  carried  by  a merchant-vessel  in  time  of 
war,  to  prove  her  nationality,  and  protect  her 
from  the  belligerents  ; a sea-pass  ; a sea-letter. 
— (American  law),  a special  instrument,  in- 
tended for  the  protection  of  American  vessels 
against  the  Barbary  powers  ; — commonly  called 
a Mediterranean  pass  : — a permission,  granted 
in  time  of  war,  for  the  removal  of  persons  or 
effects  from  a hostile  country.  — (European 
law),  a warrant  of  protection  and  authority  to 
pass  from  one  country  or  place  to  another, 
granted  to  a person  by  the  competent  officer. 

Burrill.  Brande. 

A foreigner  who  wishes  to  leave  the  country  where  he  has 
been  residing  generally  obtains  his  passport  from  the  minis- 
ter, or  agent,  or  consul  of  his  own  state.  . . . The  only  civil- 
ized countries  in  which  passports  are  not  required  are  the 
British  Islands  and  the  United  States  of  N.  America.  P.  Cyc. 

pAsS'VYORD  (p&s'wiird),  n.  A secret  word  to  be 
given  before  a person  is  permitted  to  pass,  as 
through  military  stations,  in  a secret  society, 
&c. ; a watchword  ; a countersign.  Qu.  Rev. 

PASS'WORT  (pis'wiirt),  n.  (Bot.)  A plant ; palsy- 
wort.  Booth. 

f PAS’SY-MEA§'VRE  (p&s'se-mezli'ur),  n.  [It.  pas- 
samezzo  ; passo,  a step,  and  mezzo,  middle.]  An 
old,  slow,  and  stately  dance.  Shak. 

PAST  (12),/;.  a.  & a.  [From  puss. — See  Pass,  and 
PASSED.]  Having  formerly  been  ; neither  pres- 
ent nor  future  ; not  to  come  ; spent  ; gone  hy  ; 
ended.  “ For  several  months  past.”  Swift. 

PAST,  n.  1,  The  time  gone  by ; past  time. 

The  past  is  all  by  death  possessed.  Fenton. 

2.  Any  thing  that  is  past,  or  that  portion  of  a 
thing  that  is  past. 

One  sufficient  reason  why  we  should  occupy  ourselves 
with  the  past  of  our  language  is,  because  the  present  is  only 
intelligible  in  the  light  of  the  past,  often  a very  remote  past 
indeed.  1'rcnch. 

PAST,  prep.  1.  Beyond  ; further  than  the  extent 
or  reach  of.  “ Past  cure.”  Shak. 

What’s  gone,  and  what’s  past  help, 

Should  be  past  grief.  Shah. 

2.  Above;  more  than  ; exceeding,  [r.]  Bacon. 

Bows  not  past  three  quarters  of  a yard  long.  Spenser. 

j8®=  It  is  sometimes  incorrectly  used  for  by.  “To 
go  past.”  Mrs.  Hemans. 

PASTE  (past),  n.  [Gr.  nuaTy  ; waar6;,  besprinkled, 
salted  ; luiaew,  to  sprinkle  ; L.,  It.,  <5f  Sp.  pasta  ; 
Old  Fr.  paste  ; Fr.  pate.] 

1.  A viscous  and  tenacious  mixture,  as  dough 
for  bread,  or  earthy  substances  mixed  to  the  con- 
sistence of  dough,  for  pottery  and  porcelain. 

lie  . . . raises  paste  better  than  any  woman.  Addison. 

2.  Any  cement  having  the  power  of  holding 
the  particles  together,  as  gum,  boiled  flour,  &c. 

3.  A substance  composed  chiefly  of  silex, 

potash,  borax,  and  oxide  of  lead,  used  in  mak- 
ing artificial  gems  ; strass.  Ure. 

4.  (Min.)  The  mineral  substance  in  which 

other  substances  are  embedded.  Maunder. 

5.  (Com.)  An  inspissated  juice  of  licorice, 

or  of  other  vegetables.  Simmonds. 

PASTE,  v.  a.  [i.  pasted  ; pp.  pasting,  pasted.] 
To  cement  or  fasten  with  paste.  Locke. 

PASTE' BO  ARD  (past'hord),  n.  1.  A kind  of  thick, 
stiff  paper,  made  of  several  sheets  of  paper 
pasted  one  on  another,  or  by  macerating  paper 
and  casting  it  in  moulds.  Addison. 

2.  A board  on  which  dough  is  rolled  out  for 
pastry.  Simmonds. 

PASTE'BOARD,  a.  Made  of  pasteboard. 

PAS'TIJL,  n.  [Fr.,  from  Old  Fr.  paste,  paste.] 

1.  A crayon  made  of  a paste  composed  of 

coloring  matter  and  gum  water; — sometimes 
(incorrectly)  written  pastil.  Brande. 

2.  A blue  dye-stuff  obtained  frsm  woad,  or 

Isatis  tinctoria.  Ure. 

3.  (Bot.)  The  plant  Isatis  tinctoria. Dunglison. 

PAS'TERN,  n.  [Old  Fr.  pasturon  ; Fr.  p&turon.] 

1.  The  part  of  a horse’s  leg  between  the  lower 

joint  and  the  coronet.  Farm.  Ency. 

2.  f A kind  of  shoe  ; a patten.  Dryden. 

PAS'TERN— JOINT,  n.  Lower  joint  of  a horse’s  leg. 

PASTICCIO  (pjs-tlch'yo),  n.  [It.] 


1.  An  olio  ; a medley.  Warton. 

2.  (Paint.)  A picture  painted  by  a master  in 

a style  dissimilar  to  that  in  which  he  generally 
painted.  Brande. 

3.  (Mus.)  An  opera  the  music  of  which  is  se- 
lected from  different  composers.  Moore. 

PAS'TIL,  v.  a.  To  fumigate  with  pastils.  Qu.  Rev. 

PAS'TjL,  n.  [L.  pastillus  ; It.  pastillo  ; Sp.  pas- 
tilla ; Fr.  pastille.] 

1.  (Pharmacy.  ) A kind  of  lozenge.  Brande. 

2.  A composition  of  aromatic  substances, 
used  in  fumigation.  — See  Pastel.  Dunglison. 

pAS-TILLE’  ,n.  [Fr.]  A composition  used  in  fumi- 
gation : — a lozenge;  pastil.  — See  Pastil.  Ure. 

PAs'TlME,  n.  [pass  and  time.  — It.  passatempo ; 
Sp.  pasatiernpo  ; Fr.  passe-temps.]  That  which 
serves  to  make  time  pass  agreeably;  amuse- 
ment ; entertainment ; sport ; diversion  ; play. 
“Luxury,  recreation,  and  pastime.”  J!  atts. 

XlSf  “ To  what  grand  moral  purposes  Bishop  Butler 
turns  the  word  pastime,  . . . obliging  it,  [the  world]  to 
own  that  its  amusements  and  pleasures  do  not  really 
satisfy  tire  mind,  and  fill  it  as  with  the  sense  of  abid- 
ing and  satisfying  joy.  They  are  only  pastimes;  they 
serve  only,  as  this  word  confesses,  to  pass  away  tile 
time,  to  prevent  it  from  weighing  an  intolerable  bur- 
den on  men’s  hands.”  Trench. 

Syn.  — See  Amusement. 

f pAs'TIME,  v.  n.  To  sport ; to  recreate.  Iluloct. 

pAS-TI-NA’  CA,  n.  [L.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  bi- 
ennial plants,  with  spindle-shaped  roots  ; the 
parsnip.  Gray. 

pAS'TOR,  n.  [L. ; pasro,  pastas,  to  feed  ; It. 
pasture  ; Sp.  pastor ; Fr.  pasteur.] 

1.  A shepherd. 

The  pastor  shears  their  hoary  beards. 

And  eases  of  their  hair  the  loaden  herds.  Dryden. 

2.  A minister  who  has  the  charge  of  a parish, 

or  flock  ; a clergyman.  Hooker. 

Syn.  — See  Clergyman. 

pAs'TOR-AOE,  n.  The  office  or  jurisdiction  of  a 
pastor  ; pastorate.  Month.  Rev. 

PAs'TO-RAL,  a.  [L.  past  oralis  ; pastor,  pastoris, 
a shepherd  ; It.  pastorale  ; Sp.  jf  Fr.  pastoral.] 

1.  Of,  or  pertaining  to,  shepherds  ; rural ; rus- 
tic. “ Pastoral  manners.”  Gibbon. 

2.  Describing  the  life  of  shepherds,  or  rural 
life.  “ The  pastoral  poems  of  Virgil.”  Brande. 

3.  Of,  or  pertaining  to,  a pastor;  relating  to 
the  care  of  souls.  “ Pastoral  care.”  Burnet. 

Pastoral  staff,  the  official  staff  of  a bishop,  arch- 
bishop, abbot,  &c.  Fairhott. 

Syn.  — See  Rural. 

pAs'TO-RAL,  n.  1.  A poem  descriptive  of  shep- 
herds and  their  occupations,  or  of  a country 
life  ; an  idyl ; a bucolic. 

There  oupht  to  he  the  same  difference  between  nastorats 
and  elef'ica,  a?  between  the  life  of  the  country  and  tlie  court. 

Walsh. 

2.  A book  relating  to  the  care  of  souls.  Herbert. 

PAS-TO-RA  ’LE,  n.  [It.] 

1.  (Mus.)  A soft,  rural  air  or  movement,  gen- 

erally in  or  in  l-g2  measure,  and  proceeding 
much  by  alternate  crotchets  and  quavers,  like 
the  Siciliano.  Dwight. 

2.  A kind  of  dance  or  figure  in  a dance.  Smart. 

PAS'TO-RAL-LY,  ad.  1.  As  living  in,  or  belong- 
ing to,  the  country.  “ Pastorally  sweet.”  Smart. 

2.  In  the  manner  of  a pastor.  Milton. 

pAs'TOR-ATE,  n.  1.  The  state,  office,  or  juris- 
diction of  a pastor  ; pastorship.  Tooke. 

2.  The  body  of  pastors  in  a place.  Ec.  Rev. 

pAs'TOR-LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  a pastor.  Allen. 

pAs'TOR— LIKE,  a.  Becoming  a pastor.  Milton. 

PAS'TOR- LING,  n.  An  inferior  pastor.  Bp.  Hall. 

PAs'TOR-LY,  a.  Becoming  a pastor.  Milton. 

PAS'TQR-SHIP,  n.  The  state,  office,  or  rank  of  a 
pastor  ; pastorate.  Bp.  Bull. 

PAS'TRY,  n.  [It.  pasticceria ; pasta,  dough  or 
paste  ; Old  Fr.  pastisserie ; Fr.  patisserie .] 

1.  Food  made  of  paste  or  dough,  as  pies, 
puddings,  tarts,  &c. 

2.  f The  room  where  pastry  is  made.  Shak. 

PAS'TRY— COOK  (pas'tre-kuk),  n.  One  who  makes 
and  sells  pastry.  Arbuthnot. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  R1JLE.  — Q,  £,  9,  *,  soft;  C,  G,  5.  !»  hard,  § as  z, 

131 


X as  gz. — THIS,  this. 


PATH 


PASTRY-MAN 

PAS'TRy— MAN,  n.  One  who  sells  articles  of 
pastry'.  * Addison. 

PAST'F-RA-BLE  (p&st'yu-ra-bl),  a.  Fit  for  past- 
ure, or  that  may  be  used  for  pasture.  Blackstonc. 

PAST'U-RAtjrE,  n.  X.  The  business  or  the  act  of 
pasturing  cattle.  Spenser.  North. 

2.  Land  appropriated  to  pasture  ; grazing  or 

pasture-land ; pasture.  Addison. 

3.  Grass  for  feed.  Arhuthnot. 

PAstTRE  (pSst'yur,  24),  n.  [Low  L.,  It.,  & f Sp. 
past  rim,  from  L.  pasco,  pastas,  to  feed;  Old 
Fr .pasture ; Fr.  piiture.] 

1.  Food  of  cattle,  taken  by  grazing;  grass,  as 

eaten  by  cattle  ; pasturage.  Milton. 

2.  Land  grazed  by  cattle  ; pasturage.  Milton. 

3.  f Human  culture  ; education.  “ The  first 

pastures  of  our  infant  age.”  Dry  den. 

PAST'URE  (pist'yur),  v.  a.  [t.  pastured  ; pp. 
pasturing,  PASTURED.]  To  supply  with  past- 
urage ; to  turn  out  to  pasture  ; to  graze.  Fuller. 

pAst'URE,  v.  n.  To  eat  grass  from  the  ground; 
to  graze.  “ His  pasturing  herds.”  Milton. 

fAsT'URE-LAND,  n.  Land  appropriated  to  past- 
ure ; pasture.  Congreve.  P.  Cyc. 

||  pAs'T Y,  or  PAS'TY  [pas'te,  S.  IF.  E.  F.  Ja.  K. 
Wr. ; pas'te,  P.  Sin.  IF/;.],  n.  [Old  Fr.  paste  ; 
Fr.  pate,  paste,  dough.]  Venison  or  other 
meat  beaten  to  a pulp,  highly  seasoned,  en- 
closed in  paste,  and  baked  without  a dish.  Shah. 

PAS'TY,  a.  Resembling  paste.  Maunder. 

PAT,  a.  [Dut.  pas;  Ger.  pass;  — referred  by 
Wachter  to  Fr.  propos  (L.  proposition),  pur- 
pose.] Fit ; apt ; pertinent ; exactly  suiting. 

Zuinglius  dreamed  of  a text  which  he  found  very  pat  to 
his  doctrine  of  the  eucharist.  Atterbvry, 

PAT,  ad.  Fitly ; aptly ; in  a manner  exactly 
suitable.  “ Now  might  I do  it  pat.”  Shak. 

lie  could  find  no  word  to  come  pat  [in  his  verse].  Swift. 

PAT,  n.  [Old  Fr.  bat,  a blow.  Skinner.  — Fr. 
putte,  a foot.  Johnson.  — It  may  by  a metath- 
esis be  no  other  than  the  word  tap,  a gentle 
blow.  Todd.] 

1.  A light,  quick  blow  ; a tap  ; a rap ; a dab. 

lie  would  not  for  the  world  rebuke 

Beyond  a pat  the  school-boy  duke.  Lloyd. 

2.  A small  lump  or  mass ; a dab.  Johnson. 

PAT,  V.  a.  [t.  TATTED  ; pp.  PATTING,  PATTED.] 
To  strike  lightly  ; to  tap ; to  dab  ; to  rap.  Bacon. 

Ga y pats  myshoulder,  and  you  vanish  quite.  Pope. 

PA-  TA ' CA,  n.  [Sp.]  See  Patacoon.  Velazquez. 

PA-  TAtf.HE  ' (pj-tish'),  n.  [Fr.,from  It.  patascia.] 

1.  A small  vessel  used  for  conveying  men, 

stores,  or  orders,  from  one  ship  or  one  place  to 
another.  Ainsworth. 

2.  A kind  of  stage-coach.  Simmonds. 

PAtA-COO.V,  n.  [Sp.  pat  aeon  ; Fr.  patagon.] 

1.  A Spanish  silver  coin  of  the  value  of  4s. 
8d.  sterling;  the  Spanish  dollar.  Ainsworth. 

2.  The  Algerine  name  for  the  piastre,  valued 
at  Is.  6d.  sterling  (about  $0.36).  Simmonds. 

PAT-A-GO'Nt-AN,  n.  ( Gcog .)  A native  or  an  in- 
habitant of  Patagonia.  Murray. 

PAT-A-RE'MO,  n.  (Mil.)  A small  swivel  with  a 
movable  chamber.  Slocqueler. 

PAT-A-vIn'I-TY,  n.  [L.  patavinitas ; Patavium; 
It.  patavinita  ; Fr.  patavinite.]  A term  used  by 
critics  to  denote  a peculiarity  of  the  diction  of 
Livy,  the  Roman  historian,  a native  of  Pata- 
vium, or  Padua;  — hence  applied  to  the  use  of 
local  words  in  speaking  and  writing.  Brands. 

PATCH,  n.  [Of  uncertain  etymology.  — It.  pezzo  ; 
Fr.  piece,  a.  piece.  Johnson.  — Tooke  refers  to 
A.  S.  pceccan,  to  deceive  by  false  appearances, 
or  by  imitation,  and  says,  “ They  who  put 
patches  on  a little  breach,  to  hide  it,  are  careful 
that  the  color  shall  nearly  as  possible  resemble 
that  upon  which  they  put  it.”] 

1.  A piece  sewed  on  to  cover  a hole. 

Patches  set  upon  a little  breach.  Shale. 

If  the  shoo  be  ripped,  or  patches  put, 
lie  wounded;  see  the  plaster  on  his  foot.  Drydert. 

2.  A piece  of  any  thing  used  to  cover  or  re- 
pair a breach.  Wright. 

A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6 


1042 

3.  A piece  inserted  in  mosaic  or  variegated 

work  ; a part.  Locke. 

4.  A small  or  distinct  piece,  as  of  land.  “ A 

little  patch  of  ground.”  Shak. 

Near  to  this  dome  is  found  a catch  of  green, 

On  which  the  tribe  their  gambols  do  display.  Shenstone. 

5.  A small  piece  of  black  silk,  formerly  worn 
on  the  face  by  ladies,  for  ornament.  Addison. 

6.  A kind  of  printed  and  glazed  cotton  cloth 
used  for  curtains,  covering  furniture,  See.  ; cop- 
perplate. 

7.  A rogue;  a knave;  a paltry  or  beggarly 

fellow.  “ Thou  scurvy  patch  ! ” [r.]  Shak. 

8.  An  ill-natured,  disobliging  person:  — a 

fool.  [Local,  Eng.]  Wright. 

9.  A child’s  clout.  [West  of  Eng.]  Wright. 

PATCH,  V.  a.  [i.  PATCHED  ; pp.  PATCHING, 
PATCHED.] 

1.  To  sew  on  a piece  or  pieces  to  cover  a hole  ; 
to  mend  by  sewing  on  a piece  or  pieces.  Locke. 

2.  To  repair  by  fastening  on  a piece  or  pieces  ; 
to  mend  clumsily  or  hastily. 

J*atch  an  old  building,  not  a new  create.  Drydcn. 

3.  To  serve  as  a patch. 

O,  that  the  earth  which  held  the  world  in  awe 

Should  patch  a wall  to  expel  the  winter’s  flaw.  Shak. 

4.  To  decorate,  as  the  face,  with  a piece  or 

pieces  of  black  silk.  Swift. 

Several  ladies,  who  patched  both  sides  of  their  faces.  Addison. 

5.  To  make  or  construct  with  pieces  or  shreds  ; 
— often  followed  by  up. 

We  shall  but;)a*c^  up  the  story.  ltaleigh. 

6.  To  dress  in  a party-colored  coat. 

To  patch  upon,  to  blame.  [East  of  Eng.]  Wright. 

PATCH' JJD-LY,  ad.  With  patches.  Vdal. 

PATCH'ER,  n.  One  who  patches  or  botches. 

PATCH  p-Ry,  n.  Bungling  work  ; botchery  ; 
knavery,  [r.]  Shak. 

PATCH'— ICE,  n.  Pieces  of  ice,  in  the  sea,  over- 
lapping or  nearly  joining  each  other.  Simmonds. 

PATCH'ING-Ly,  ad.  In  the  manner  of  a patch  ; 
so  as  to  dissemble.  Fox. 

PATCH-OU'LY,  n.  A perfume  obtained  from 
Podostcma  patchouli,  an  Indian  herb.  Clarke. 

PATCH 'WORK  (pach'wurk),  n.  1.  Work  com- 
posed of  various  pieces  sewed  together.  Pope. 

My  clothes  . . . looked  like  th e patchwork.  Swift. 

2.  Any  thing  made  of  pieces  clumsily  put  to- 
gether ; any  thing  patched  up.  Swift. 

PATCH'Y,  a.  Full  of  patches.  Athenccum. 

PATE,  n.  [Of  uncertain  etymology.  — L.  testa, 
the  head,  or  L.  patina,  a pan  ; Fr.  tete.  Skin- 
ner.— Perhaps  Old  Fr.  paste  (ft.  pate),  paste, 
or  dough.  Richardson  — Perhaps  corrupted 
from  L.  caput,  the  head.  Todd.] 

1.  The  head  ; — now  used  only  in  contempt  or 

ridicule.  Spenser.  Shak.  Voting. 

2.  The  skin  of  a calf’s  head.  Wright. 

PATE  (pi-ta'),  it.  [Fr.]  (Fort.)  A kind  of  plat- 
form surrounded  by  a parapet,  and  having  noth- 
ing to  flank  it.  Brande. 

PAT'IJD,  a.  Having  a pate  ; — used  only  in  com- 
position ; as,  “ Long -pated."  Johnson. 

PAT-E-FAC'TION,  n.  [L.  patefactio ; pateo,  to 
open,  and  facio,  to  make.]  The  act  of  laying 
open  or  manifesting;  a disclosing  or  making 
known  ; declaration  ; revelation,  [it.]  Pearson. 

PA-  TEL  'LA,  n.;  pi.  L.  PA  tRl'lai;  Eng.  pa- 
tel'las.  [L.,  dim.  of  patina,  a pan.] 

1.  (An at. ) A small,  rounded  bone  in  the  fore 
part  of  the  knee  ; the  knee-pan.  Dunglison. 

2.  (Conch.)  A genus  of  gasteropodous  mol- 
lusks,  having  a conical  shell ; the  limpet. 

Eng.  Cyc. 

3.  A little  vase.  Wright. 

PA-TEL'LI-FORM,  a.  [L.  patella,  a small  pan, 
and  forma,  form.]  Having  the  form  of  a pan 
or  dish,  or  like  the  knee-pan.  Smith. 

PAT'EL-LITE,  11.  [L.  patella,  (rrarhvr/,  a plate), 

and  Gr.  l.iflo 5,  a stone.]  (Pal.)  The  fossil  re- 
mains of  the  patella  or  limpet.  Tire. 

PAT'EN,  n.  [L.  patina,  or  patella  (Gr.  w ardvti)  ; 
It.  Is  Sp.  patena  ; Fr.  pathie.] 

1.  A plate.  “ Patens  of  bright  gold.”  Shak. 


I,  O',  Y,  short;  A,  5,  J,  O,  V,  Y,  obscure ; FARE, 


2.  (Eccl.)  In  the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  a 
vase  which  serves  to  cover  the  chalice  : — in 
the  English  Church,  the  vessel  for  the  conse- 
crated bread.  — Written  also  patin.  Brande. 

PAT'PN-C'Y,  11.  The  quality  or  the  state  of  being 
patent ; openness.  Osborne,  1608. 

II  pAT’JJNT,  or  PA'T^NT  [pat'ent,  S.  P.  J.  E.  F. 
K.  Sm.  It.  <).  Wb.  ; pat'ent  or  pa'tent,  W.  Ja.  C. 
IF;-.],  a.  [L.  pateo,  patens,  to  be  open  ; It.,  Sp. 
cy  Fr.  patented] 

1.  Open  ; apparent ; plain  ; obvious  ; mani- 

fest ; conspicuous.  “ Proofs  . . . only  patent  to 
Almighty  God.”  Salkcld,  1613. 

2.  Open  to  the  perusal  of  all,  and  conferring 
some  exclusive  right  or  privilege  ; as,  “ Letters 
patent."  — See  Letter. 

Letters  patent . that  is,  “ open  letters  " (“  liter*  patentes”) 
— so  called  because  they  are  not  sealed  up,  but  exposed  to 
open  view,  with  the  great  seal  pendent  at  the  bottom,  and  are 
usually  directed  or  addressee!  by  the  king  to  all  his  subjects 
at  large.  Blackstonc. 

3.  Appropriated  by  letters  patent.  “ A pat- 
ent commodity.”  Mortimer. 

4.  Noting  any  thing  patented  ; as,  “ A patent 
medicine  ” ; “A patent  lock.” 

5.  (Bot.)  Open,  or  spreading,  as  a leaf.  Gray. 

“ This  word,  when  an  adjective,  is  by  Dr. 
Kenrick,  W.  Johnston,  and  Buchanan  pronounced 
with  the  a long,  as  in  paper ; but  by  Mr.  Sheridan,  Mr. 
Scott,  Dr.  Ash,  Mr.  Perry,  and  Entick,  short,  as  in 
pat.  But  when  the  word  is  a substantive,  it  is  pro 
nouneed  with  the  a short  bv  Mr.  Nares  and  all  those 
orthoepists,  except  Buchanan.  That  the  adjective 
should  by  some  be  pronounced  with  the  a long,  is  a 
remnant  of  that  analogy  which  ought  to  prevail  in  all 
words  of  tins  kind  ; but  the  uniformity  with  which 
the  substantive  is  pronounced  with  the  a short,  pre- 
cludes all  hope  of  alteration.”  Walker. 

||  pAt'IJNT,  n.  [It.,  Sp.,  <5f  Fr. patente.]  A grant 
made  by  the  government  or  the  sovereign  of  a 
country,  to  some  person  or  persons,  of  some 
privilege,  property,  or  authority,  or  of  the  ex- 
clusive right  to  some  new  invention,  discovery, 
or  improvement.  Burrill.  Brande. 

II  PATENT,  V.  a.  [t.  PATENTED  ; pp.  PATENTING, 
patented.]  To  grant  or  secure  by  patent. 

The  thing  patented  must  be  a new  and  useful  invention, 
discovery,  or  improvement.  Bourier. 

||  pAt'ENT-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  patented. 

Dr.  Flagg.  Judge  Craneh. 

||  PAT-£N-TEE',  11.  One  to  whom  a patent  is 
granted.  Bouvier. 

||  PAT'IJN'T— OF-FJCE,  n.  An  office  for  the  grant- 
ing of  patents.  Simmonds. 

||  PAT  ENT— RIGHT,  11.  A right  granted  or  con- 
ferred by  a patent.  Burrill. 

||  PAT'5NT-ROLL§,  n.  pi.  (Eng.  Law.)  Rolls 
containing  the  records  of  letters  patent.  Burrill. 

PAT' E-RA,  n. ; pi.  pat' e-rje.  [L.,  from  pateo, 
to  be  open.] 

1.  A goblet ; a broad  bowl.  Crabb. 

2.  (Arch.)  A circular  flat  ornament.  Weale. 

PA-TER'NAL,  a.  [L.  paternus  ; pater,  a father  ; 
It  .paternale;  Sp  .paternal;  Fr . paternel.] 

1.  Of,  or  pertaining  to,  a father;  fatherly ; kind. 

“ Paternal  care.”  Shak. 

2.  Derived  from  one’s  father ; hereditary. 

“ His  paternal  estate.”  . Drydcn. 

Syn.  — Fatherly,  from  the  Anglo-Saxon,  is  a more 
familiar  and  stronger  term  than  paternal,  winch  is 
from  tile  Latin.  Paternal  government  ; fatherly  kind- 
ness ; kind  treatment  or  feeling;  hereditary  title. — 
See  Fatherly. 

PA-TER’NAL-LY,  ad.  In  a paternal  manner. 

PA-TER'NI-TY,  11.  [L.  paternitas  ; paternus,  pa- 

ternal; it.  paternita;  Sp.  pateniidad ; Fr.  pa- 
ternite.]  The  quality,  state,  or  relation  of  a 
father;  fathership  ; fatherhood.  “The  divine 
paternity Watcrland. 

PA ' TER-JVOS ' TER,  n.  [L.,  our  Father.] 

1.  The  Lord’s  prayer.  Donne. 

2.  An  ornament  in  the  shape  of  beads,  used 

on  bands,  astragals,  &c. ; — so  called  from  its 
resemblance  to  a rosary.  Francis. 

PATH  (97),  n.  ; pi.  path?.  [A.  S.  peeth,  patha ; 
Dut.  pad  ; Mid.  Ger.  pfat,  phad ; Ger.  pfad.  — 
Sansc.  patha.  — Richardson  derives  it  from  A.  S. 
pcethian,  to  tread;  Liddell  § Scott  from  Gr. 
nartui,  to  tread ; rraros,  a path.] 


;,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


PATH 


1043 


PATRIOTIC 


1.  A road  or  way  trodden,  or  made  by  treading. 

The  undergrowth 

Of  shrubs  and  tangling  bushes  had  perplexed 

All  i>atk  of  man  or  beast  that  passed  that  way.  Milton. 

2.  A way  ; a track  ; a course  ; a passage. 

On  the  glad  earth  the  golden  age  renew, 

And  thy  great  father’s  path  to  heaven  pursue.  Drytlen. 

The  paths  of  glory  lead  but  to  the  grave.  Gray. 

Syn. — Path  a beaten  track , or  foot-way,  less 
travelled  than  a public  road  ; a track  is  a new  path,  or 
less  than  a path  ; a icay  is  a comprehensive  term  for 
any  line  of  travel  or  conveyance.  A foot  path  ; a pub- 
lic or  a private  way  ; a public  or  turnpike  road ; a 
narrow  passage  $ the  track  of  a horse.  — See  Way. 

PATH,  v.  a.  [i.  pathed  ; pp.  pathing,  pathed.] 
To  make  a path  for,  or  to  conduct  in  a path. 
From  thy  neighboring  hills  her  passage 
Way  dotli^a^.  Drayton. 

PATH,  v.  n.  To  go  or  walk  in  a path  ; to  go  abroad. 

PATII-E  MAT'IC,  a.  [Gr.  ~a()r]urtT! KGi ; troflitpn,  suf- 
fering, disease.]  Of,  or  pertaining  to,  disease  or 
suffering.  [R.]  Chalmers. 

PA-THET  IU,  / a.  [Gr.  naByriKog ; n60o pas- 

PA-THET'I-CAL,  > sion  ; L . patheticus  ; It.  § Sp. 
patetico;  Fr.  pathetique.] 

1.  f Showing  passion  ; passionate.’  Fuller. 

2.  Affecting  or  exciting  the  passions  or  feel- 
ings,— particularly  sorrow,  pity,  compassion, 
or  sympathy;  touching;  moving;  affecting: 
melting;  tender.  “ Job’s  pathetic  plaint.”  Burns. 

Pathetic  muscle , ( Anat .)  the  oblique  superior  muscle 
of  the  eye.  — Pathetic  nerve,  the  smallest  encephalic 
nerve.  Dunglison . 

PA-THET'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a pathetic  manner. 

PA-THET'I-CAL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
pathetic.  Blackwall. 

pAtH'FLY,  n.  A fly  found  in  footpaths. 

PATH'IC,  n.  [Gr.  nafhKds ; L . pathicus.\  A cata- 
mite. Drayton. 

PATH'L^SS,  a.  Having  no  path;  untrodden. 
“ Citizens  of  pathless  woods.”  Sandys. 

PA-TIIOtjJ'IJ-NY,  n.  [Gr.  naOo;,  suffering,  and 
yivtaiq,  origin ; Fr.  pathogenie .]  (Med.)  That 
branch  of  pathology  which  relates  to  the  pro- 
duction and  development  of  disease.  Dunglison. 

PA-THOG-NO-MON'IC,  a.  [Gr.  ■naBoymnyoviKbi, 
skilled  in  judging  of  diseases ; -naOo t,  suffering, 
and  ymo/joviKos,  skilled;  yiyvoioKoi,  to  know;  It. 
patognomonico ; Sp.  patognomico  ; Fr.  patlio- 
gnomonique.\  (Med.)  Noting  symptoms  which 
are  peculiar  to,  or  characteristic  of,  certain  dis- 
eases. Dunglison. 

PA-THOG'NO-MY,  n.  [Gr.  irados.  passion,  and 
ymnpy,  a token  or  sign.]  The  expression  of  the 
passions ; the  science  of  the  signs  by  which  the 
passions  are  indicated.  Combe. 

PAT  II-O-LOI-r  1C,  I a.  [Gr.  naBoloytKos,  able 

PATH-O-LO^'I-CAL,  > to  treat  of  diseases;  It.  $ 
Sp.  patologico ; Fr.  pathologique.  — See  Pa- 
thology.] Pertaining  to  pathology.  Dunglison. 

PA-THOL'O-tjHST,  n.  [It.  Si  Sp.  patologista ; Fr. 
pathologiste.\  One  versed  in  pathology,  or  the 
doctrine  of  diseases.  Dunglison. 

PA-THOL'O-Gy,  n.  [Gr.  miOo s,  suffering,  and 
i.byos,  a discourse  ; It.  A Sp.  patologia  ; Fr.  pa- 
thologic.'] (Med.)  That  branch  of  medicine 
which  treats  of  the  nature  and  differences  of 
diseases,  their  causes,  symptoms,  and  effects  ; 
the  doctrine  of  diseases.  Dunglison. 

BAtH-O-PCE  ' IA  (path-o-pe'ya),  n.  [Gr.  naOo-notia  ; 
to0os,  passion,  and  noiew,  to  make.]  (Rhet.)  A 
figure  by  which  the  passions  are  moved.  Crabb. 

PA'THOS,  n.  [Gr.  nado; ; htaOov,  to  suffer.] 

That  which  excites  emotions, — especially  tender 
emotions,  as  pity,  compassion,  or  sympathy  ; 
vehemence  or  warmth  of  feeling  ; passion. 

Where  did  we  ever  find  sorrow  flowing  forth  in  such  a 
natural,  prevailing  pathos,  as  in  the  Lamentations  of  Jer- 
emy? South. 

PATH'WAY,  n.  A path;  a narrow  way  to  be 
passed  on  foot.  Shah. 

t PAT'I-BLE,  a.  [L.  patibilis.]  That  may  be  suf- 
fered; tolerable;  endurable.  Bailey. 

PA-TIB’U-LA-RY,  a.  [Fr.  patibulairc,  from  L. 
patibuium,  a gibbet.]  Of,  or  pertaining  to,  a 
gibbet  or  gallows,  [r.]  Bailey. 


PA'TipNCE  (pa'shens),  n.  [L.  patientia  ; patior, 
patiens  (Gr.  ettuBov),  to  suffer;  It.  pazi- 

enza ; Sp.  § Port,  paciencia  ; F r.  patience.] 

1.  The  quality  of  being  patient ; the  power  or 
the  act  of  suffering  or  bearing  quietly,  or  with 
equanimity,  any  evil,  as  toil,  pain,  affliction,  or 
provocation ; calm  endurance. 

The  king-becoming  graces, 

Devotion,  patience , eourage,  fortitude.  Shak. 

Let  us  run  witli  patience  the  race  that  is  set  before  us. 

Heh.  xii.  1. 

He  surely  is  most  in  want  of  another’s  patience  who  has 
none  of  his  own.  Lavater. 

2.  Perseverance  ; constancy  or  persistence  in 
labor  or  exertion  ; diligence. 

He  learnt  with  patience  and  with  meekness  taught.  Harte. 

3.  The  quality,  or  the  act,  of  expecting  long, 
without  complaint,  anger,  or  discontent. 

The  husbandman  waiteth  for  the  precious  fruit  of  the 
earth,  and  hath  long  patience  for  it.  Jam.  v.  7. 

Have  patience  with  me,  and  I will  pay  thee  all.  Malt,  xviii.  20. 

4.  (Bet.)  A species  of  dock  ; Rumex  patien- 

tia ; — so  called  from  the  slowness  of  its  opera- 
tion as  a medicine.  Loudon. 

Patience  dock,  (Bat.)  a local  name,  in  England,  for 
Polygonum  bisturta,  the  young  shoots  of  which  are 
used  for  greens.  Loudon. 

Syn. — Patience  lies  in  the  manner  and  temper  in 
bearing  pain  and  suffering  ; endurance,  in  the  act. 
Fortitude  is  allied  to  courage  on  the  one  hand,  and  to 
patience  and  resignation  on  tiie  other,  being  a resist- 
ance to  evil,  rather  than  submission  to  it.  Resigna- 
tion implies  religious  submission.  Patience  under  suf- 
fering ; endurance  of  pain  ; fortitude  to  sustain  severe 
trials  ; perseverance  in  a virtuous  course  ; resignation 
to  the  dispensations  of  Providence. 

PA'TIIJNT  (pa'shent),  a.  [L.  patiens  ; patior,  to 
suffer  ; It . paziente  ; Sp.  paciente  ; Fr.  patient.] 

1.  Suffering  or  enduring  calmly  or  with  equa- 

nimity any  evil,  as  toil,  pain,  affliction,  or  provo- 
cation ; calm  ; submissive  ; quiet ; unresisting. 
“ Patient  in  tribulation.”  Rom.  xii.  12. 

Comfort  tlie  feeble-minded,  support  the  weak,  he  patient 
towards  all  men.  1 These,  v.  If. 

2.  Persevering;  persistent;  constant  in  ex- 
ertion ; diligent ; continued. 

Whatever  I have  done  is  due  to  patient  thought.  Newton. 

3.  Waiting  or  expecting  long  without  com- 
plaint or  discontent ; not  hasty,  impetuous,  or 
over  eager  ; resigned  ; unrepining. 

Not  patient  to  expect  the  turns  of  fate.  Prior. 

PA'TIENT,  n.  1.  That  which  receives  impressions 
from  external  agents  ; — opposed  to  agent. 

When  a smith  with  a hammer  strikes  a piece  of  iron,  the 
hammer  and  the  smith  are  both  agents  or  subjects  of  action; 

. . . the  iron  is  the  patient , or  the  subject  oi‘  passion,  in  a 
philosophical  sense,  because  it  receives  the  operation  of  the 
agent.  Watts. 

Malice  is  a passion  so  impetuous  and  precipitate. that  it 
often  involves  the  agent  and  the  patient.  Gov.  of  the  Tongue. 

2.  A person  suffering  under  disease  ; — com- 
monly used  as  a correlative  to  physician.  Shak. 

A physcian  uses  various  methods  for  the  recovery  of  sick 
persons;  and.  though  all  of  them  are  disagreeable,  his  pa- 
1 fonts  are  never  angry.  Addison. 

f PA'TIENT  (pa'slient),  v.  a.  To  compose  to  pa- 
tience. “ Patient  yourself.”  Shah.  T.  More. 

PA'THJNT-LY,  ad.  In  a patient  manner;  with 
patience,  calmness,  equanimity,  or  constancy. 

PAT'IN,  n.  ( Eccl .)  A vessel  used  in  the  eucha- 
rist;  a paten.  — See  Paten.  Bp.  Taylor. 

pAt' I-NA,  n.  [It.,  from  L.  patina  (Gr.  irdtTavrj), 
a dish.]  (Numismatics.)  The  fine  rust  with 
which  coins  become  covered  by  lying  in  certain 
soils,  and  which,  like  varnish,  is  preservative 
and  ornamental ; — also  written  patin.  Brande. 

PAt'LY,  ad.  Fitly  ; aptly  ; suitably.  Barrow. 

PAT'NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  pat ; fitness  ; apt- 
ness ; suitableness  ; appropriateness.  Barrow. 

PATOIS  (pat- wd'),  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  patrius,  of  a 
father.  Menage.]  A dialect  peculiar  to  the 
peasantry  or  lower  classes  ; a rustic  or  provin- 
cial dialect.  Brande. 

pj]  ' I' RES  CON- SCRIP'  Ti,  pi.  [L.,  Conscript 
Fathers  ; patres,  fathers,  i.  e.  the  original  sen- 
ators, and  conscripti,  the  enrolled.]  The  sena- 
tors of  ancient  Rome.  Wm.  Smith. 

PA'TRI-AL,  a.  [L. patria,  one’s  country.]  (Gram.) 
Denoting  a family  or  race  ; gentile.  Andrews. 

PA'TRI-AL,  n.  (Gram.)  A noun  derived  from 
the  name  of  a country,  and  denoting  an  inhab- 


itant of  that  country;  as,  L.  Troas,  a Trojan 
woman  ; L.  Macedo,  a Macedonian.  Andrews. 

PA'TRI-ARjCII  (pa'tre-ark),  n.  [Gr.  t. arpi<Sp^-,;{ ; 
narpid ; TTarijp,  a father,  a race,  a family,  and 
aptf,  supreme  power  ; L.  patriarclia  ; It.  6,  Sp. 
patriarca  ; Fr . patriarche.] 

1.  The  father  and  ruler  of  a family  ; one  who 

governs  by  paternal  right ; — applied  particu- 
larly to  the  heads  of  families  in  the  early  his- 
tory of  the  human  race,  and  especially  to  the 
ancestors  of  the  people  of  Israel  down  to  the 
time  of  Moses.  P.  Cyc. 

2.  (Eccl.)  A dignitary  superior  to  an  arch- 
bishop ; the  ecclesiastical  chief  of  a diocese  in- 
cluding several  provinces. 

The  Greek  church  is  at  present  governed  by  four  patri- 
archs, namely,  those  of  Constantinople,  Jerusalem,  Antioch, 
and  Alexandria.  J\  Cyc. 

3.  A dignitary  among  the  Jews,  whose  chief 
business  was  to  instruct  the  people.  Loud.  Ency. 

pA-TRI-AR'jEHAL  (pa-tre-ir'kjl),  a.  [It.  patri- 
arcalc ; patriarca,  a patriarch  ; Sp.  patriarcal ; 
F r.  patriarchal.]  Pertaining  or  belonging  to  a 
patriarch.  “ Patriarchal  power.”  Locke. 

Patriarchal  cross,  (Her.)  a cross  the  shaft  of  which 
is  twice  crossed,  the  lower  arms  being  longer  than 
the  upper  ones.  London  Ency. 

PA-TRI-AR'GHATE  (pa-tre-'Ar'kat),  n.  • [It.  patri- 
arcato  ; Sp.  patriarcaclo  ; Fr.  patriarchate.] 
The  office,  dignity,  rank,  or  jurisdiction  of  a 
patriarch;  patriarchship.  Seldcn. 

+ PA'TRI-ARjCH-DOM,  n.  Patriarchate.  Milton. 

PA-TRI-ARjCII'IC,  a..  [Gr.  ttarpiaps^iKd;  ; L.  patri- 
archies ; patriarclia,  a patriarch.]  Pertaining 
to  a patriarch  ; patriarchal.  Bryant. 

PA'TRI-ARjCH-I§M,  n.  Patriarchal  state  or  re- 
ligion. Ch.  Ob. 

PA'TRI-ARjEH-SHIP,  n.  Patriarchate.  Ayliffc. 

PA'TRI-AR-iCHY,  n.  [Gr.  Trarpiap^ia.]  Patriar- 
chate. Brerewood. 

PA-TR1''CIAN  (pa-trTsh'an,  66),  a.  [I.,  palricius  ; 
patres,  fathers,  or  senators;  It.  § Sp.  patricio ; 
Fr.  patrician.]  Of,  or  pertaining  to,  the  patri- 
cians ; noble  ; senatorial;  not  plebeian. Addison. 

PA-TRp’CIAN  (pa-trish'an),  n.  1.  (Roman  Ant.) 
One  of  the  nobility  ; a descendant  of  the  first 
senators  of  Rome  : — a nobleman.  Brande. 

2.  One  who  is  versed  in,  or  who  adheres  to, 
patristic  theology,  [r.]  Coleridge. 

PA-TItP'CI AN-IfjM  (66),  n.  The  state  of  being  a 
patrician  ; the  rank  of  patricians.  Ec.  Rev. 

PAt-RI-CI'DAL,  a.  [L.  pater,  patris,  a father, 
and  credo,  to  kill.]  Pertaining  to  parricide ; 
parricidal.  — See  Parricidal.  Booth. 

PAT'RI-ClDE,  n.  [L.  patricida ; pater,  patris,  a 
father,  and  credo,  to  kill ; Old  Fr.  patricide .] 
The  murderer  or  the  murder  of  one’s  own 
father;  a parricide.  — See  Parricide.  Booth. 

PAT-RI-MO'NI-AL,  a.  [L.  patrimonialis ; patri- 
mnnium,  patrimony ; It.  patrimoniale\  Sp.  Fr. 
patrimonial.]  Pertaining  to  a patrimony  ; pos- 
sessed by  inheritance.  Dryden. 

PAT-RI-MO'NI-AL-LY,  ad.  By  way  of  patrimo- 
ny ; by  inheritance.  Davenant. 

pAt'RI-MO-NY,  n.  [L.  patrimonium ; It.  Sp. 
patrimonio ; Fr.  patrimoine.] 

1.  A paternal  or  hereditary  right  or  estate  ; a 
right  or  an  estate  inherited  from  one’s  ancestors. 

Their  ships  like  wasted  patrimonies  show.  Dryden. 

2.  Formerly,  a church  estate.  Land.  Ency. 

II  PA'TRI-OT  [pa'tre-ot,  S.  IV.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K. 
Sm.  R. ; pat're-qt,  tVb.  Rees  ; pa'tre-ot  or  pat're- 
qt,  I Vr.],n.  [Gr.  7rarpiuri?t,  a fellow-countryman  ; 
L.  patria,  one’s  native  country  ; pater , patris , a 
father;  It.  % Sp.  pat  riot  a ; Fr.  patriate.]  One 
who  loves  and  faithfully  serves  his  country  ; one 
who  is  patriotic. 

O,  once  attain  to  freedom’s  cause  return 

' The  patriot  Tell,  the  Bruce  of  Bannockburn.  Campbell. 
Patriots  have  toiled,  and  in  their  country’s  cause 
Bled  nobly;  and  their  deeds,  as  they  deserve, 

Receive  proud  recompense.  Cowper. 

||  PA'TRI-OT,  a.  Actuated  by  the  love  of  one’s 
country ; patriotic.  Shenstone. 

II  PA-TRI-OT'IC,  or  PAT-RI-OT'!C  [pa-tre-ot'ik,  E. 


MIEN,  SIR,  MOVE,  NOR,  fcON  ; BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — G,  <jr,  *,  soft;  £!,  G,  c,  Sj  hard;  ij  as  /;  X as  gz.  — Tills, 


PATRIOTICAL 


1044 


PAUPERISM 


Ja  K.  Sm.;  pSt-re-ot'ik,  J.  F.  R.  IT’6.],  a.  [Gr. 
TuiTpiioTiKds  ; It.  patriottico ; Sp.  patriotico  ; Fr. 
patriotique. ] Pertaining  to,  or  full  of,  patriot- 
ism ; actuated  by  the  love  of  one’s  country  ; as, 
“ A patriotic  citizen  ” ; “ Patriotic  sentiments.” 

Dennis  . . . declares,  with  great  patriotic  vehemence,  that 
lie  who  allows  Shakspeare  learning,  and  a learning  with  the 
ancients,  ought  to  he  looked  upon  us  a detractor  from  the 
glory  of  Great  Britain.  Fanner. 

PA-TRJ-OT'J-CAL,  a.  Patriotic,  [it.]  Clarke. 

||  rA-TRI-OT'I-CAL-LY,  acl.  In  a patriotic  man- 
ner; with  patriotism.  Burke. 

II  PA'TKI-OT-ISM  [pa'tre-ot-izm,  S.  IF.  P.  J.  E.  F. 
Ja.  K.  Sm.il.',  pat're-ot-izm,  116.],  n.  [It.  pa- 
triot tiamo  ; Sp.  patriotismo ; Fr.  patriotisme .] 
The  quality  of  being  patriotic ; love  of  one’s 
country  ; nationality  ; civism. 

Patriotism  must  be  founded  in  great  principles,  and  sup- 
ported by  great  virtues.  Bolmybroke. 

Patriotism  is  the  last  refuge  of  a scoundrel.  Johnson. 

PA-TRI-PAs'SIAN  (pa-tre-pash'?n),  n.  [L.  pater, 
patris,  a father,  and  passio,  passionis,  passion  ; 
Fr.  patripassien .]  ( Ecc.l.  Hist.)  One  of  a sect 

that  arose  near  the  close  of  the  second  century, 
who  held  that  God  the  Father  himself  suffered 
on  the  cross.  Buck. 

PA-TRI-PAS'SIAN-I§M,  n.  The  tenets  or  doctrines 
of  the  Patripassians.  Clissold. 

PA-TRlS'TIC,  / a-  [L.  pater,  patris,  a father; 

PA-TRlS'TI-CAL,  ) Fr.  patristique.)  Of,  or  per- 
taining to,  the  ancient  fathers  of  the  Christian 
church.  Hallam. 

f PA-TROIjl'I-NATE,  v.  a.  [L.  patrocinor,  patro- 
cinatus  ; Fr.  patrociner .]  To  patronize  ; to  de- 
fend ; to  support.  Cotgrave. 

f PA-TRO^-I-NA'TION,  n.  Patronage.  Bp.  Hall. 

f PAT'RO-CIN-Y,  n.  [L.  patrocinium  ; patronu. s.] 
Patronage  ; protection  ; support.  Waterhouse. 

PA-TROL',  v.  n.  [Sp.  patrullar,  patullar ; Fr. 
patrouiller,  to  paw  about,  to  paddle,  as  with  the 
feet,  to  patrol ; patte,  a paw.  Diez .]  [<’.  pa- 

trolled; pp.  PATROLLING,  PATROLLED.] 

1.  (Mil.)  To  go  the  rounds,  as  a body  of  sol- 
diers, in  a camp  or  garrison,  to  check  disorder 
or  irregularities  among  the  troops.  Blackmore. 

2.  To  go  the  rounds  in  a city,  as  a body  of 

police.  Wright. 

PA-TROL',  v.  a.  To  go  or  pass  through.  Ash. 

PA-TROL',  n.  [It.  pattuglia ; Sp.  patrulla  ; Port. 
patrulha;  Old  Fr.  patouilla  ; Fr . patrouille.] 

X.  ( Mil.)  The  act  of  patrolling  or  going  the 
rounds  in  a camp  or  garrison  . — a detachment 
whose  duty  consists  in  going  the  rounds,  in  order 
to  check  disorder  or  irregularities  among  the 
troops.  Glos.  of  Mil.  Terms. 

2.  A body  of  police  who  go  the  rounds  in  a 

city,  to  see  that  the  watchmen  are  on  their  sta- 
tions and  attending  to  their  duty.  Wright. 

3.  A mounted  policeman  who  patrols  during 

the  night  without  and  in  the  immediate  vicinity 
of  a city.  Wright. 

||  PA'TRO.Y  [pa'trun,  S.  IF.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm. 
II.',  pa'trun  or  pat'run,  Wr. ; pat'run,  If  ?•],  »• 
[L.  patronus ; pater,  patris,  a father ; It.  pa- 
trone ; Sp.  *■  Fr.  patron.) 

1.  One  who  protects,  supports,  countenances, 

or  encourages ; a defender ; a supporter  ; a fa- 
vorer ; a guardian ; an  advocate.  Shak. 

On  man’s  behalf 

Patron  or  intercessor  none  appeared.  Milton. 

2.  A guardian  saint ; a saint  regarded  as  the 
protector  of  a country,  community,  profession, 
or  of  an  individual ; — called  also  patron  saint. 

There  amongst  those  saints  whom  thou  (lost  sec 
Shall  be  a saint,  and  thine  own  nation’s  friend 
And  patron.  Spenser. 

St.  Michael  is  mentioned  as  the  patron  of  the  Jews.  Dnjden. 

3.  (Canon  Law.)  A person  who  has  the  ad- 
vowson,  or  disposition  of  a benefice.  Wesley. 

4.  (Naut.)  Aname  given,  in  the  Mediterrane- 
an, to  the  master  of  a small  vessel,  and  to  the 
man  who  steers  a ship’s  long-boat.  Mar.  Diet. 

||  PA'TRON,  a.  Affording  tutelary  aid.  “A  pa- 
tron saint.”  Warburton. 

PAT'RON-AfJE  [pSt'run-sij,  S.  IF.  P.  J.  E.  F.  K. 
It.  C.  IF;*. ; pa'trun-aj,  Ja.  Sm.),  n.  [It.  patlro- 
naggio,  padronato ; Sp.  patronazgo  ; Fr.  patro- 
nage.) 


1.  The  act  of  patronizing ; protection  ; sup- 
port ; countenance  ; favor ; encouragement. 

Nor  any  thing  dotli  add  more  estimation  to  true  nobility 
than  patronage  of  learning.  Drant. 

2.  Guardianship,  as  of  a saint. 

Among  the  Roman  Catholics,  every  vessel  is  recommended 
to  the patronage  of  some  particular  saint.  Addison. 

3.  ( Canon  Law.)  The  right  of  presentation  to 

a benefice  ; advowson.  Johnson. 

Jlrins  of  patronajre.  (Her.)  arms  on  the  top  of  which 
are  some  marks  of  subjection  and  dependence. L.Ency. 

Syn.  — See  Countenance. 
t PAT'RON-A<?E,  v.  a.  To  patronize.  Shale. 

PAT'RON-AL  [pat'ron-?il,  W.P.J.  E.  F.  R.  C.  Wr 
pgt-tro 'nsjd,  S.  Ja . ; pa'trun-al,  K.  a.  [L. 

patronalis  ; Fr.  patronal.]  Relating  to,  or  acting 
as,  a patron  ; protecting  ; supporting  ; favoring  ; 
guarding.  “ Patronal  gods.”  [r.]  Browne. 

“This  word,  like  matronal , has  a diversity  of 
pronunciation  in  our  dictionaries,  which  shows  the 
necessity  of  recurring  to  principles,  in  order  to  fix  Us 
true  sound.”  Walker. 


PA'TRON-ESS  [pa'trun-es,  IV.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  Sm.  R. 
C.  ; pat'run-es,  <S.  K.  Wb. ; pa'trun-es  or  pat'run- 
es,  IF/\],  n. 

1.  A female  patron  ; a female  who  protects, 
supports,  favors,  or  countenances.  Milton. 

All  things  should  he  guided  by  her  direction,  as  the  sover- 
eign patroness  and  protectress  of  the  enterprise.  Iiacun. 

2.  A female  guardian  saint.  Dryden. 

3.  (Canon  Law.)  A female  who  has  the  right 
of  advowson  or  presentation  to  a benefice. 

Johnson. 


H3P  “ I am  well  aware  of  the  shortening  power  of 
the  antepenultimate  accent  m patronage,  patronize, 
&c.>  but  cannot,  as  Mr.  Sheridan,  Mr.  Scott,  W.  John- 
ston, lie.  Kenrick,  and  Mr.  Perry, have  done,  allow  it 
that  power  in  patroness  ; because  the  feminine  termi- 
nation css  is  as  much  a subjunctive  of  our  own  as  t lie 
participial  termination  ing  or  cd,  or  the  plural  num- 
ber, and  therefore  never  ought  to  alter  the  accent  or 
quantity  of  the  original  word.”  Walker. 

PAT-RON-I-ZA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  patronizing  ; 
patronage,  [it.]  Dr.  J.  G.  Millengen. 

II  PAt'RON-IzE  [pat'run-Iz,  S.  IF.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  K. 
11.  Wr. ;"  pa'tmn-iz,  Sm.],  v.  a.  [/.  patronized  ; 
pp.  PATRONIZING,  PATRONIZED.]  To  act  as 
patron  of ; to  protect ; to  support ; to  favor ; 
to  countenance  ; to  encourage ; to  assist. 

I have  been  patronized  by  the  grandfather,  the  father,  and 
tlie  son.  Dryden. 

||  PAt'RON-IZ-JJR,  n.  One  who  patronizes.  Skelton. 

PA'TRON-LESS,  a.  Having  no  patron.  Shaftsbury . 


PAT-RO-NYM'IC, 

pAt-ro-nym'i-cal, 


j a: 

1 7-no 


[Gr.  TtarpwvvptKos  ; 7ta- 
rfitf,  a father,  and  ovoya,  a 
name ; L.  patronymicus ; It.  patronimicale  ; Sp. 
patronimico  ; Fr . patronymique.)  Derived  from, 
or  expressing,  the  name  of  one’s  father  or  other- 
ancestor,  as  certain  words.  Robertson. 


PAt-RO-NYM'IC,  n.  A name  of  a person,  derived 
from  that  of  his  father  or  other  ancestor,  or  of 
the  founder  of  his  nation ; as,  Pelides,  the  son 
of  Peletts  ; Fitzjames,  the  son  of  James. 


Patronr/mics  were  chiefly  employed  by  the  classical  poets 
of  antiquity.  Brundc. 


PA-TROON',  n.  [Dut.  patroon,  a patron.  — See 
Patron.]  A grantee  of  land  to  be  settled 
under  the  original  Dutch  governments  of  New 
York  and  New  Jersey.  Bartlett. 


PAT-TEE',  n.  [Fr.  pntte ; patte,  a paw  or  foot.] 
(Her.)  A cross,  small  at  the  centre  and  widen- 
ing at  the  ends,  which  are  very  broad  ; — writ- 
ten also  patce.  Brands. 


PAT'TIJN,  n.  [Fr.  patin,  from  Gr.  ttaTo;,  a step; 
it artm,  to  tread.  Borel.  Diez.) 

1.  A wooden  shoe  with  an  iron  ring  formerly 
worn  by  women  under  the  Common  shoe.  Gay. 

2.  The  foot  or  base  of  a column.  Ainsworth. 

3.  pi.  Stilt?.  [Norfolk,  Eng.]  Wright. 

PAT'TIJN— MAK-fR,  n.  One  who  makes  pattens. 


PAT'TER,  v.  n.  [Fr.  patte,  a paw,  a foot.  Johnson. 
— A frequentative  of  pat.  Richardson.)  [/.pat- 
tered; pp.  PATTERING,  PATTERED.]  To  Strike 
with  a quick  succession  of  small  sounds. 

IIark!  while  we  talk,  a distant paltering  rain 
Resounds.  See!  lip  the  broad,  ethereal  plain 
Shoots  the  bright  bow.  Salvage. 

tl’AT'Tf.R,  v.  n.  [From  the  very  frequent  repe- 


tition of  the  Lord’s  Prayer,  Pater  noster  (our 
Father).  Junius.  — S w.paetra;  Arm.  puttcrcn. 
Screnius.)  To  repeat  hastily  pater-nosters  ; to 
mumble.  “ The  people  patter  and  pray.” Chaucer. 

+ PAT'TfJR,  v.  a.  To  repeat  hastily,  as  pater-nos- 
ters ; to  repeat  in  a muttering  way  ; to  mumble. 

Sing,  and  say,  and  patter  all  day  with  lips  only  that  which 
the  heart  undcrstandctli  not.  Tyndale. 

pAt'TEUN,  n.  [Fr.  patron  ; Dut.  patroon.) 

1.  The  original  proposed  for  imitation  ; that 
which  is  to  be  copied,  imitated,  or  followed; 
model ; archetype  ; prototype  ; antitype  ; exem- 
plar. 

David  pave  to  Solomon,  his  son,  the  pattern  of  the  porch 
and  of  tile  houses  thereof.  1 Chron.  xxviii.  11. 

A housewife  in  bed,  at  table  a slattern. 

For  all  an  example,  for  no  one  a pattern.  Swift. 

2.  A part  exhibiting  the  character  or  quality 
of  the  whole  ; a specimen ; a sample. 

A gentleman  sends  to  my  shop  for  a pattern  of  stuff:  if  lie 
like  it,  lie  compares  the  pattern  witlt  the  whole  piece,  and 
probably  we  bargain.  Swift. 

3.  An  instance  ; an  example  ; a case.  Hooker. 

4.  A sufficient  quantity  of  cloth  for  a gar- 
ment; as,  “A  dress  -pattern." 

5.  A design  or  figure  cut  in  paper  to  direct 
the  cutting  of  cloth  ; a figure. 

Syn. — See  Copv,  Example,  Model. 

pAt'TIJRN,  v.  a.  1.  To  make  in  imitation  of 
something  ; to  model ; to  copy.  Herbert. 

2.  To  serve  as  a pattern  for ; to  match.  Shak. 

To  pattern  after,  to  imitate  ; to  copy. 

pAt'TY,  n.  [Fr.  pate.)  A pasty.  Johnson. 

PAT'TY-PAN,  n.  1.  A pan  to  bake  patties  or 
meat  pies  in.  Johnson. 

2.  A patty,  [r.]  Queen’s  Royal  Cookery,  1713. 

pAt'U-LOUS,  a.  [L.  patuhis  ; pateo,  to  be  open.] 
Slightly  spreading ; expanded.  Gray. 

f pAU-CIL'O-QUENT,  a.  Using  few  words.  Ash. 

pAU-CII/O-QUY,  n.  [L.  pauciloquium.)  The 
speaking  or  utterance  of  few  words,  [it.]  Bailey. 

PAU'CI-TY,  -n.  [L . paucitas ; pauevs,  few;  It. 

paucith;  Sp.  pauquedad  ; Fr . paucite.) 

1.  Fewness;  smallness  of  number.  Hooker. 

2.  Smallness  of  quantity.  “ This  paucity  of 
blood  is  agreeable  to  many  . . . animals.”iiroR)Jte. 

pAu'GIjp,  n.  A fish  ; the  pauhaugen. 

pAu-HAU'C^N,  n.  A kind  of  herring;  man- 
haden.  [Indian  name.]  Farm.  Ency. 

PAUL,  n.  [It.  paolo  ; Fr . paule.) 

1.  An  Italian  silver  coin  of  the  value  of  about 
5d.  sterling,  or  10  cents  ; a paolo.  Simmonds. 

2.  A pawl.  — See  Pawl.  Clarke. 

PA  U 'LI- AN- 1ST,  n.  ( Eccl . Hist.)  One  of  the  fol- 
lowers of  Paulus  of  Samosata,  bishop  of  Antioch, 
in  the  third  century.  Brande. 

PAU-LI ''CI-AN  (piw-llsh'e-an),  n.  (Eccl.  Hist.) 
One  of  a branch  of  Manicheans,  supposed  to  have 
appeared,  in  the  seventh  century,  in  Armenia, 
and  to  have  derived  their  name  from  Paulus, 
one  of  their  leaders.  P.  Cyc. 

PAu'LlNE,  a.  Relating  to  St.  Paul.  Coleridge. 

f PAUM  (pirn),  v.  a.  To  palm.  — See  Palm.  Swift. 

f PAUNCE  (pins),  n.  A pansy.  Spenser. 

PAUNCH  (pinch  or  plwncli)  [pinch,  IF.  P.  J.  F. 
Ja.  Sm.-,  piwiich,  S.  E.  K.  Wr.),  n.  [L.  pantex ; 
It.  panda ; Sp.  panza,  pancho : Fr .pansc.  — Dut. 
pens  ; Ger.  panzen.) 

1.  The  first  stomach  of  a ruminant: — the 

belly  ; the  abdomen.  Dryden. 

2.  (Naut.)  A thick  mat  of  rope-yarn  placed 

at  the  slings  of  a yard,  or  elsewhere,  to  prevent 
chafing  ; — called  also  paunch-mat.  Dana. 

PAUNCH,  v.  a.  To  pierce  or  rip  the  belly  of ; to 
eviscerate.  “ Paunch  him  with  a stake.”  Shak. 

PAUNE,  n.  An  Indian  word  for  dough  made  of 
Indian  meal,  and  baked  for  bread  ; — written 
also  pone.  Boucher. 

pAU'PIJR,  n.  [L. ; It.  povero  ; Sp.  pobre  ; Fr. 
pauvre.)  A poor  person,  — particularly,  one  who 
is  supported  by  alms,  or  by  public  provision. 

PAu'PpR-lfjM,  n.  The  state  of  being  a pauper ; 


A,  E,  f,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,'  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  fi,  1,  O,  tj,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


PAYMASTER 


PAUPERIZE 


1045 


the  state  of  indigent  persons  supported  by  pub- 
lic provision.  Johnson. 

Syn.  — See  Poverty. 

pAu'PpR-IZE,  v.  a.  \i.  pauperized  ; pp.  pau- 
perizing, pauperized.]  To  reduce  to  pau- 
perism. Ch.  Ob.  Hook. 

f pAu-§A'TION,  n.  Stay;  stop  ; pause.  Chaucer. 

PAII^E  (pawz),  n.  [Gr.  navots ; naoio,  to  cease  ; L., 
It.,’ Sp.  paasa  ; Ft.. pause.  — Dut. poos-,  Ger. 
^ I)an.  pause-,  8w  .pans.] 

1.  A cessation  ; a stop  ; a suspension  or  in- 
termission. “ An  instant’s  pause.”  Cow  per. 

2.  Suspense  ; doubt ; hesitation  ; uncertainty. 

I stand  in  pause  where  I shall  first  begin.  Shak. 

3.  A break  in  writing  ; separation  of  the 

parts  of  a discourse.  Locke. 

4.  A temporary  suspension  of  the  voice  in 

reading;  a short  stop.  Wilson. 

5.  A mark  indicating  a temporary  suspension 
of  the  voice  in  reading  ; a pause-mark.  Smart. 

6.  (Mas.)  The  prolongation  of  a note  or  a rest 
beyond  the  regular  time  of  the  composition  ; — 
a character,  thus  [o],  placed  over  a note  or  a 
rest,  to  show  that  it  may  be  prolonged  at  the 
pleasure  of  the  performer  ; a hold.  Moore. 

PAU§E,  V.  n.  [t.  PAUSED  ; pp.  PAUSING,  PAUSED.] 

1.  To  cease,  stop,  or  forbear  for  a time  ; to 
intermit  speaking  or  action  ; to  delay.  Shak. 

Give  me  leave  to  read  philosophy; 

And,  while  I pause,  serve  in  your  harmony.  S/ink. 

2.  To  stay  judgment;  to  deliberate;  to  de- 
mur ; to  hesitate  ; — with  upon. 

Syn.  — See  Hesitate. 

pAu^'PR,  n.  One  who  pauses.  Shak. 

PAU§'ING-LY,  ad.  After,  or  with,  pauses.  Shak. 

pAut,  n.  ( Bot .)  A plant  of  the  genus  Corchorus, 
found  in  the  East  indies.  Hamilton. 

f PA-VADE',  n.  A sort  of  weapon.  Chaucer. 

PAv'AN,  n.  [It.  iS,  Sp.  pavana;  Fr.  pavane  ; — 
from  Pavia,  or  Padua,  where  it  originated. 
Menage.  Skinner .]  A grave  and  stately  dance, 
originally  practised  in  Italy  and  Spain,  and  for- 
merly in  England,  and  now  in  France;  — writ- 
ten also  pavane , paven,  pavian.  Branded 

PAVE,  v.  a.  [Fr.  paver,  from  L.  pavio,  to  heat,  to 
ram  or  tread  down.]  [i.  paved  ; pp.  paving, 
paved.]  To  lay  or  floor  with  stone,  brick,  or 
other  solid  material. 

The  streets  are  paved  with  brick  or  freestone.  Addison. 

The  device  of  paved  floors  arose  from  the  Greeks.  Holland. 

To  pave  the  icaij  for , to  prepare  the  way  for  ; to  fa- 
cilitate the  introduction  or  attainment  of.  Bacon. 

PA  VE'MENT,  n.  [L.  pavimentum  ; It.  § Sp.  pavi- 
mento;  Fr . pavement. A floor  or  covering  of 
stone,  brick,  or  other  solid  material.  Milton. 

f PA  VE'MENT,  v.  a.  To  pave  ; to  floor  with  stone, 
or  other  solid  material.  Bp.  Hall. 

PAV'IJR,  n.  One  who  paves  ; a pavier.  Gay. 

Written  paver,  pavier,  and  pavior. 

PA V-IJ-SADE',  n.  [Fr.  pavois  (It.  pavese),  a pav- 
ese.]  Canvas  extended  along  the  side  of  a ves- 
sel in  an  engagement,  to  prevent  the  enemy 
from  observing  the  operations  on  board. Landais. 

f PAV'ESE,  n.  [It. pavese;  Fr.  pavois. \ A shield, 
used  in  the  middle  ages,  to  cover  assailants  ad- 
vancing to  the  walls  of  a fortress.  Brande. 

f 1’Av'ESE,  v.  a.  To  cover  with  a pavese.  Berners. 

PA'VI-AtjJE,  n.  [From  pave.']  (Law.)  A tax  for 
paving  the  streets  or  highways.  Bouvier. 

PAV'IIJR  (pav'yur),  n.  A paver.  Johnson. 

PA-VIL'ION  (pa-vil'yun),  n.  [L.  papilio,  a butter- 
fly, a pavilion  ; It.  padiglionc ; Sp.  pabellon ; Fr. 
pavilion.  — W.  pabell;  Old  Ir.  pupall. ] 

1.  A tent.  “ The  royal  pavilion.”  Addison. 

He  shall  hide  me  in  his  pavilion.  Ps.  xxvii.  5. 

2.  (Arch.)  A small,  insulated  building;  — a 

projecting  apartment  on  the  flank  of  a building, 
usually  higher  than  the  rest  of  it: — a name 
sometimes,  but  improperly,  given  to  a summer- 
house in  a garden.  Britton.  Brande. 

3.  (Her.)  A covering  like  a tent,  investing 

the  armory  of  a sovereign.  London  Ency. 


4.  ( Anat .)  The  ala  or  greater  part  of  the  ex- 
ternal ear.  Lhtnglison. 

5.  Among  lapidaries,  the  under  side  and 

corner  of  a brilliant,  between  the  girdle  and 

the  collet.  Wright. 


PA-VILTON  (-yun),  v.  a.  1.  To  furnish  with  tents. 
“ The  field  pavilioned.”  Milton. 

2.  To  shelter  with  a tent.  Pope. 

t PAV'JN,  n.  A pavan.  — See  Pavan.  B.  Jonson. 

pAv'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  making  a pavement. 

2.  A pavement.  Johnson. 

PAV'IOR  (-yur),  n.  A paver  or  pavier.  Simmonds. 

pA ' VO,  n.  [L.,  a peacock ; It.  pavone  ; Fr.  paon.] 

1.  (Ornith.)  A genus  of  gallinaceous  birds  of 
the  family  Phasianidee  ; the  peacock.  Gray. 

2.  ( Astron .)  A southern  constellation  between 

Sagittarius  and  the  south  pole.  Nichol. 

f PA-VONE',  n.  [It.]  A peacock.  Spenser. 

PA-VO'  ii.  1.  (Conch.)  A genus  of  corals 

allied  to’  Fungia,  composed  of  thin,  flat 
branches.  Dana. 

2.  ( Bot.)  A genus  of  evergreen  shrubs  ; — so 
named  from  Pavon,  a Peruvian  botanist. Loudon. 


pav-  O-JVI  'JVJE,  11.  pi. 
[L.  pavo,  a peacock.] 
(Ornith.)  A sub-fam- 
ily of  birds  of  the  or- 
der Gallina,  and  fam- 
ily Phasianidee  ; pea- 
cocks. Gray. 


PAv'O-NINE,  a.  [L. 
pavoninus  ; pavo,  pa- 
ronis,  a peacock.]  Re- 
sembling in  colors  a 
peacock’s  tail ; iridescent. 


Polyplectron  Hardwickii. 

Cleaveland. 


pAv'O-NINE,  n.  Peacock’s-tail  tarnish.  Clarke. 
PAW,  11.  [Sansc.  pad,  a foot.  — Gr.  iroOt,  nofc; ; 
L.  pcs,  pedis ; It.  piede,  pie ; Sp.  pata  ; Fr.  patte. 
— W.  pawen  ; Arm.  pawf\ 

1.  The  foot  of  a quadruped  that  has  toes. 

The  bee  and  the  serpent  know  their  stings,  and  the  bear 

the  use  of  his  jiaws.  More. 

Whatsoever  goeth  upon  his  paws,  those  are  unclean  to 
you.  ' Lev.  xi.  27. 

2.  The  hand,  in  contempt.  Drydcn. 

PAW,  V.  11.  [A  PAWED  ; pp.  PAWING,  PAWED.] 

To  draw  the  fore  foot  along  any  surface,  as  the 
ground ; to  scrape  with  the  fore  foot.  JDryden. 
PAW,  v.  a.  1.  To  draw  the  fore  foot  along;  to 
scrape  with  the  fore  foot.  Tie/cell. 

The  courser  pawed  the  ground  with  restless  feet.  Dri/dcn . 

2.  To  handle  roughly,  as  with  paws.  Johnson. 

3.  To  fawn  upon,  as  a dog.  Ainsworth. 

PAWED  (pawd),  a.  1.  Having  paws.  Johnson. 

2.  Broad-footed.  Sherwood. 

PAW'ING,  n.  Act  of  one  who  paws.  . Jcnyns. 
pAwk,  n.  A lobster  of  small  size.  Eng.  Gye. 
PAWK'Y,  a.  [A.  S.ptrcan,  to  deceive.  Jamieson.] 
Sly;  artful;  arch;  cunning.  [Scot,  and  North 
of  Eng.]  Jamieson.  Grose. 

PAWL,  n.  [W.  pawl,  a stake.] 

1.  A piece  which  falls  between  the  teeth  of  a 

ratchet-wheel ; a click  or  detent ; a short  bar  of 
iron  or  wood  which  prevents  a windlass  or  a 
capstan  from  recoiling ; — written  also  pall  and 
paul.  Dana. 

2.  A small  coin  in  Guinea,  equivalent  to  about 

three  farthings  sterling.  Crabb. 


PAWN,  n.  [L.  pignus  ; It.  pegno  ; Sp.  enipeno. — 
Dut.  paud  ; Old  Ger.  pfaut,  phaut ; Ger.  pfaud ; 
Dan.  <$;  Sw.panf.] 

1.  Something  given  as  security  for  repay- 
ment of  money  borrowed,  or  for  the  fulfilment 
of  a promise  ; a pledge  ; a deposit. 

As  for  mortgaging  and  pawning,  men  will  not  take  part  ms 
without  use,  or  tlicy  will  look  for  the  forfeiture.  Bacon. 

2.  The  state  of  being  pledged.  “My  honor 

is  at  pawn.”  Shak. 

3.  In  Africa,  one  who  has  temporarily  sold 

himself  as  a slave  for  debt.  Simmonds. 

Syn.  — See  Deposit. 

PAWN,  n.  [Sp.  peon  ; Fr.  pion.]  A piece  or 
man  of  the  lowest  rank  in  chess.  Cowley. 

PAWN,  v.  a.  [i.  pawned  ; pp.  pawning, 


pawned.]  To  put  in  pawn;  to  give  in  pledge; 
to  pledge  ; to  impawn.  Shak. 

She  who  before  had  mortgaged  her  estate, 

And  2i<Jivned  the  last  remaining  piece  of  plate.  Dryden, 

PAWN'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  pawned.  Qu.  Rev. 

PAWN'BROK-fR,  n.  One  who  lends  money  upon 
pledge  ; a sort  of  banker  who  advances  money, 
at  a certain  rate  of  interest,  upon  the  security 
of  goods  deposited  in  his  hands.  Arbuthnot. 

PAWN'BROK-ING,  n.  The  business  of  a pawn- 
broker. Ld.  Glenelg. 

pAwN-EE',  n.  (Laic.)  One  who  receives  a pawn ; 
a person  to  whom  goods  are  delivered  by  an- 
other in  pledge  ; a pledgee.  Burrill. 

PAWN'ER,  n.  One  who  pawns.  Smart. 

PAWN-OR'  (130),  n.  (Law.)  A person  who  pawns 
goods;  a pledger.  Burrill. 

pAw-PAw',  n.  (Bot.)  A tree  of  the  genus  Carica ; 
papaw.  — See  Pat  aw.  Flint. 

PAX,  it.  [L.,  peace.]  A little  image  of  Christ, 

or  a metallic  plate  with  a crucifix  engraved  on  it, 
which,  formerly,  the  people  used  to  kiss  before 
leaving  church,  the  ceremony  being  considered 
as  the  kiss  of  peace.  Brande. 

mr  “ Tlie  word  has  been  often  confounded  with 
pzr.”  Todd. 

PAX'IL-LOSE,  a.  [Gr.  raairaloq ; L.  paxillus,  a 
stake.]  (Gcol.)  Resembling  a little  stake.. Smart. 

pAx'WAX,  n.  See  Packwax.  Todd. 

PA  Y (pa),  v.  a.  [It.  payare,  from  L.  paeo,  pacare, 
to  pacate,  to  pacify;  Sp.  pai/ar ; Fr.  payer.]  \i. 
paid  ; pp.  paying,  paid.] 

1.  To  discharge,  as  a debt;  to  satisfy  by  giv- 
ing an  equivalent  for  something  received  or 
bargained  for ; to  give,  render,  or  deliver  to, 
that  which  is  due. 

Go,  sell  the  oil,  and^ay  thjT  debt.  2 Kings  iv.  7. 

2.  To  compensate  ; to  remunerate ; to  rec- 
ompense ; to  reward. 

3-  To  give  a deserved  beating  or  chastisement 
to  ; to  punish,  as  with  blows.  B.  Jonson. 

I have  peppered  two  of  them;  two,  I am  sure,  I have  paid, 
— two  rogues  in  buckram  suits.  Shak. 

4.  (Xaut.)  To  cover  or  smear  with  tar  or 
pitch,  as  a seam  on  a vessel’s  bottom.  Dana. 

To  pay  for,  to  give  an  equivalent  for : — to  atone  or 
make  amends  for.  “ If  this  prove  true,  they  ’ll  pay 
for  ’I.”  Shall.  — To  pay  off,  to  pay  and  discharge  from 
employment.  —To  pay  on,  to  keep  or  continue  paying ; 
to  go  on  in  discharging.  “ Let  me  . . . pay  on  my 
punishment.”  Milton.  — To  pay  out.  (J Yaut.)  to  make 
or  cause  to  run  out,  as  a cable.  “ The  mode  of  paying 
out  tlie  Atlantic  cable.”  London  Times , 1858. 

PAY,  v.  n.  I.  To  make  compensation  or  recom- 
pense. “Base  is  the  slave  that  pays.”  Shak. 

2.  To  be  remunerative;  as,  “ Paying  stock.” 

To  pay  doirn,  to  pay  on  delivery,  or  on  tlie  spot. — 
To  pay  iff,  (Moot..)  to  fall  off  from  the  wind,  as  tlie 
head  of  a vessel  ; to  fall  off.  Dana.  — To  pay  up,  to 
pay  arrears  ; to  settle  an  account. 

PAY,  n.  An  equivalent  for  something  received ; 
compensation  ; recompense  ; wages  ; salary ; 
hire. 

Here  only  merit  constant  pay  receives.  Tope. 

PAY'A-BLE,  a.  1.  That  may  or  can  be  paid. 

Thanks  are  a tribute  payable  by  the  poorest.  South. 

2.  That  is  to  be  paid ; due. 

The  marriage-money  the  princess  brought . . . was  paya- 
ble ten  days  after  the  solemnization.  Jiacun. 

PAY'-BiLL,  n.  A list  of  persons  to  be  paid;  a 
pay-roll.  Simmonds. 

pAy'-DAY,  n.  The  day  of  payment.  Locke. 

PAY-EE',  ii.  A person  to  whom,  or  to  whose 
order,  a bill  or  note  is  made  payable.  Burrill. 

PAY'Jf.R,  tl.  One  who  pays.  Beau.  &;  FI. 

PAY'— LIST,  il.  (Mil.)  The  quarterly  account  ren- 
dered to  the  war-office  by  a paymaster.  Campbell. 

pAy'mAs-TER,  n.  1.  One  who  pays  or  makes 
payment.  Bp.  Taylor. 

2.  (Mil.)  An  officer  intrusted  with  tlie  pay- 
ment of  a regiment.  Campbell. 

Paymaster-general  of  the  forces,  in  England,  an  offi- 
cer of  the  crown,  intrusted  with  tlie  funds  for  the  pay- 
ment. of  all  tile  forces  of  tile  kingdom.  — Paymaster  of 
the  household,  ill  England,  an  officer  in  tlie  lord  stew- 


wiEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUK,  RULE.  — 9,  9,  9,  g,  soft;  E,  E,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  7. ; £ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


PAYMENT 


1046 


PEARL 


aril's  department,  intrusted  witlt  the  payment  of  the 
expenses  ofjhe  sovereign’s  household.  Bramle. 

PAY'MIJNT,  n.  1.  The  act  of  paying.  Bacon. 

2.  That  which  is  paid;  recompense  ; remuner- 
ation ; requital  ; compensation. 

Too  little  payment  for  so  great  a debt.  Shak. 

3.  f Chastisement ; a beating.  Ainsworth. 

FAY'— MIS-TRflSS,  n.  A woman  who  pays. 

PAY'NIM,  n.  [Norm.  Fr.]  See  Painim.  Todd. 

rAY'-OF-FICE,  n.  An  office  where  payment  of 
public  debts  is  made.  Braiule. 

PAY-OR'  (130),  it.  (Law.)  One  who  pays,  as  a bill, 
note,  or  check  ; — correlative  of  payee.  Bouvier. 


PEACE'A-BLY,  ad.  In  a peaceable  manner; 
without  war,  tumult,  or  commotion  ; quietly. 

PEACE'— BREA  K-fR,  il.  One  who  breaks  or  dis- 
turbs the  peace.  llolyday. 

l’EACE'FUL,  a.  1.  Free  from  war,  tumult,  or 
commotion;  undisturbed;  quiet;  still. 

That  roused  the  Tyrrhene  realm  with  loud  alarms. 

And  peaceful  Italy  involved  in  arms.  Dryden. 

2.  Pacific  ; mild ; gentle ; kindly  ; placid. 

Syn.  — See  Pacific. 

PEACE'FUL-LY,  ad.  In  a peaceful  manner; 
quietly  ; undisturbedly.  Dryden. 

PEACE'FUL-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  peace- 
ful ; freedom  from  disturbance  ; quiet.  Johnson. 


PAY'-R6lL,  it.  A roll  or  register  containing  the 
names  of  persons  to  be  paid. 

t P.\Y§E  (pa/.),  v.  n.  To  poise.  Spenser. 

t PAY'§ER  (pa'zur),  n.  One  who  poises.  Carew. 

PAZ-A-REE',  n.  ( Naut .)  A rope  attached  to  the 
clew  of  the  foresail,  and  rove  through  a block 
on  the  swinging  boom,  used  for  guying  the 
clews  out  when  before  the  wind.  Dana. 

PEA  (pc),  n. ; pi.  teas  or  pease.  [L.  pisum.] 

1.  ( Bot .)  The  common  name  of  leguminous 

plants  of  the  genus  Piston,  some  of  the  species 
of  which  are  the  Piston  sativum,  or  common 
pea,  the  Piston  arvense,  or  gray  pea,  and  the 
Pisum  maritiimon,  or  sea-pea  : — the  fruit  of 
these  plants.  Baird. 

B3P  Iii  the  plural,  peas  is  used  when  number  is  re- 
ferred to  ; as,  “ 'Pen  peas  ; ” and  pease,  when  species 
or  quantity  is  denoted  ; as,  “ A bushel  of  pease.” 

2.  An  oblong  weight  Which  moves  on  the 
beam  of  scales. 

PEA'— BUG,  it.  ( Ent .)  A small  insect  or  beetle 
that  breeds  in  peas ; pea-weevil.  Harris. 

PEACE  (pes),  it.  [L  .pax,  pacis\  It  .pace-,  Sp.  (v 
PtJrt.  paz  ; Fr.  paix.  — A.  S.  pais.] 

1.  A state  of  freedom  from  agitation,  commo- 
tion, or  disturbance  ; tranquillity  ; quiet;  calm. 

Mark  the  perfect  man,  and  behold  the  upright;  for  the  end 
of  that  man  is  peace.  Ps.  xxxvii.  37. 

Religion  directs  us  rather  to  secure  inward  peace  than  out- 
ward ease.  Tillotson. 

2.  Freedom  or  exemption  from  war. 

Gentlemen  may  cry,  peace , peace  1 But  there  is  no  peace ; 
the  war  is  actually  begun.  Patrick  Henry. 

l>eace  hath  her  victories 

No  less  renowned  than  war.  Milton. 

3.  Reconciliation  of  differences ; renewal  of 
friendship;  harmony;  concord.  Isa.  xxvii.  5. 

4.  (Law.)  Quiet  ; orderly  behavior  of  the  citi- 
zens or  subjects  of  a community  towards  each 
other,  and  towards  the  government ; public  j 
tranquillity  ; as,  “To  keep  the  peace.*'  Burrill.  I 

Peace  of  God  and  the  church , ( Old  Eng.  Law.)  rest  | 
and  cessation  which  the  king’s  subjects  »?rt ;1  from 
trouble  and  suit  of  law,  between  the  terms  and  on 
Sundays  and  holidays,  fi'hishaw.  — To  hold  one's  jiracc, 
to  he  silent ; not  to  speak.  “ She  said,  and  held  her 
peace."  Dryden . 

Syn. — Peace , a comprehensive  term,  means  cessa 
tion  of  trouble,  or  freedom  from  every  tiling  that  dis- 
turbs. and  it  is  especially  opposed  to  war ; tranquillity  j 
is  opposed  to  agitation  ; calm , to  a storm  ; quiet , to 
disturbance  ; rest,  to  action  or  weariness.  Individuals, 
families,  and  neighborhoods  may  have  both  peace  and 
quiet.  Nations  are  said  to  have  peace. , but  not  quirt. 
There  may  be  tranquillity  of  the  state,  of  the  public 
mind,  or  of  the  mind  of  an  individual.  “ A good  man 
enjoys  tranquillity  in  himself,  peace,  with  others,  quiet 
in  his  family,  and  culm  after  a storm.”  Blair. 

PEACE  (pes),  interj.  A word  commanding  silence  ; 
silence ! hist ! 

Pcace\  good  reader,  do  not  weep; 

Peace!  the  lovers  are  asleep.  Crashaw. 

PEACE' A-BLE,  a.  1.  Free  from  war,  tumult,  or 
commotion ; pacific  ; peaceful.  “ His  peaceable 
reign.”  Shah. 

The  reformation  of  England  was  introduced  in  a peacea- 
ble manner  by  the  supreme  power  in  Parliament.  Swift. 

2.  Quiet;  undisturbed;  tranquil.  Spenser. 

3.  Not  quarrelsome  ; amicable  ; mild  ; gentle. 

These  men  are  peaceable  with  us:  therefore  let  them  dwell 
in  the  land.  Gen.  xxxiv.  21. 

Syn.  — See  Amicable,  Gentle,  Pacific. 

PEACE' A-BLE-NSSS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality 
of  being  peaceable  ; quietness  ; disposition  to 
peace.  “ Charity  and  peaceableness.”  Hammond. 


PEACE'I.gSS,  a.  Without  peace  or  quiet;  dis- 
turbed. “ Affright  our  peaceless  souls.”  Sandys. 

PEACE'— MAK-^R,  n.  One  who  makes  or  pro- 
motes peace. 

Blessed  are  the  peace-makers ; for  they  shall  be  called  the 
children  of  God.  Jlutt.  v.  y. 

PEACE'— MAK-JNG,  it.  The  act  of  making  peace  ; 
reconciliation  of  differences.  Milton. 


PEACE'— MAK-JNG,  a.  Making  or  bringing  about 
peace  ; reconciling  differences.  Ch.  Ob. 


PEACE'— OF-FJJR-JNG,  n.  1.  Among  the  Israel- 
ites, an  atoning  sacrifice.  Lev.  iii.  1. 

2.  An  offering  to  procure  peace. 

PEACE’— OF-FI-CpR,  n.  A justice  of  the  peace, 
constable,  or  other  civil  officer,  whose  duty  it  is 
to  preserve  the  peace.  Ash. 

PEACE'— PART-fD,  a.  Dismissed  or  separated  in 
peace.  “ Peace-parted  souls.”  Shak. 

PEACH  (peek),  11.  [Gr.  XttpaiK6;,  or  F Upancov ; L. 
Persicus,  Persian ; Persicum  malum,  the  Per- 
sian apple,  the  peach  ; It.  persica,  pesca ; Sp. 
persigo,  prisco  ; Port,  pesego  ; Fr.  peche.  — Ger. 
pjirsche  ; Dan.  fersken  ; Stv.  persica.] 

1.  (Bot.)  A fruit-tree  introduced  into  Europe 
from  Persia;  Amygdalus  Persica ; — formerly 
called  Persian  apple. 

2.  The  fruit  of  Amygdalus  Persica.  Eng.  Cyc. 

IC'D"  There  are  several  varieties  of  the  ■peach,  which 

are  commonly  classed  under  tile  two  heads  of  / teaches 
and  nectarines , according  as  their  fruit  is  smooth  or 
downy.  Eng.  Cyc. 

PEACH,  v.  n.  [Corrupted  from  impeach.]  To 
impute  guilt ; to  accuse  one  of  a crime ; to  in- 
form against  one.  [Obsolete  or  vulgar.] 

If  you  talk  of  peac/iing,  I ’ll  peach  first,  and  see  whose  oath 
will  he  believed.  Dryden. 

PEACH,  r.a.  To  inform  against;  to  accuse.  “To 
peach  him  by  letters.”  John  Fox. 

PEACH'-COL-OR,  n.  The  color  of  the  peach- 
blossom  ; a rich  pink.  Royet. 

PEACH'— CO L-OR ED  (-kul-nrd),  a.  Of  the  color  of 
the  peach-blossom  ; of  a rich  pink  color.  Shak. 

f PEACII'ER,  n.  An  impeacher.  J.  Fox. 

PEA'CHICK  (pe'clnk),  it.  The  chick  or  young  of 
a peacock.  Southern. 

PEACH'-STONE,  n.  1.  The  stone  of  a peach. 

2.  (Min.)  A bluish-green  soft  stone.  Weale. 

PEACH'— TREE,  n.  (Bot.)  The  tree  that  bears 
peaches  ; a tree  of  the  genus  Persica.  Wood. 

J&jp-  Loudon  includes  the  peacii-tree  in  the  genus 
Amygdalus,  or  almond,  the  common  peach-tree  being 
the  Amygdalus  Persica. 


PEACH'Y,  a.  Containing,  or  like,  peaches.  Barry. 


PEA'COCK  (pe'kok),  n.  [L.  pnvo 
(Gr.  rams),  peacock,  and  Eng. 
cock,  a male  bird;  It. pavone; 
Sp .pavon;  Yr.paon ; — A.  S. 
pawa-,  Dut.  paauw,  Ger. 
pfau ; Dan.  paafugl ; 

S w.  pafagel.] (Ornith.) 

A bird  of  the  .order 
Galli nee,  family  Phasi- 
anidee,  sub-family  Pav- 
oitince,  and  genus  Fa- 
ro ; peafowl.  — See 
Pa  vox  ix  a:.  Gray. 


Javanese  peacock 
( I’avo  Javianus). 


The  head  of  the  peacock  is  surmounted  by  an 
aigret  of  twenty-four  upright  feathers.  Tka  tail  cov- 
erts of  the  male  consist  of  fe  tliers  with  loose  barbs, 
and  of  unequal  size,  the  upper  one  shortest,  each  ter 
initiated.  by  numerous  eyes  or  circlets  of  a metallic, 


iridescent  brilliancy.  The  bird  has  the  power  of  erect- 
ing them  into  a circle  or  wheel,  which,  when  the 
sun  shines  on  it,  presents  a most  beautiful  display  of 
colors.  Eng.  Cyc. 

PEA'FovVL,  n.  Peacock.  Wm.  Smith. 

t PE'A$E,  n.  [Sp.  peaje ; Fr.  peaye.]  A toll ; — 
written  also  paaye  and  padye.  J.  Pox. 

PEA'HEN,  n.  The  lien  or  female  of  the  peacock. 

PEA  — JACK-f  T,  n.  A loose,  coarse  jacket,  worn 
by  mariners,  fishermen,  &c.  Brockett. 

PEAK,  n.  [A.  S.  peac.  — W.  pig  ; Gael.  beic. — 
It.  ptcco;  Sp.  if  Port,  pico  ; Fr.  pic ; It.  becco, 
a beak  ; Sp.  pico-,  Fr  .bee.  — “ The  A.  S . pycan, 
to  peck,  seems  to  be  the  root  of  all.”  Richard- 
son.— See  Beak,  and  Pike.] 

1.  The  pointed  top  of  a hill,  mountain,  or 
other  eminence  ; as,  “ A peak  of  the  Andes.” 

From  jwak  to  peak,  the  rattling  crags  among, 

Leaps  the  live  thunder.  Byron. 

2.  Any  thing  pointed;  a point.  Beau,  if  FI. 

3.  f A kind  of  lace.  Simmonds. 

4.  (Naut.)  The  upper  outer  corner  of  a sail 

extended  by  a gaff : — the  upper  extremity  of  a 
yard  or  a gaff.  Mar.  Diet. 

PEAK,  v.  n.  1.  To  be  or  to  become  emaciated. 

Weary  sc’nnights  nine  times  nine 

Shall  he  dwindle,  jieak,  and  pine.  Shak. 

2.  To  be  or  to  become  mean  or  spiritless;  to 
make  a.mean  figure  ; to  sneak. 

I,  a dull  and  muddy-mettled  rascal,  peak 
Like  John-a-dreams,  unpregnant  of  my  cause.  Shak. 

PEAK,  v.  a.  (Naut.)  To  raise  more  obliquely  to 

the  mast,  as  a yard  or  a gaff.  Falconer. 

FEAK'pD,  a.  Having  a peak  or  point;  pointed. 
“ His  peaked  beard.”  Macaulay. 

PEAK'ISH,  a.  1.  Having  a peak  or  peaks  ; hilly. 
“Snow  on  peakish  Hull.”  Drayton. 

2.  Having  features  thin  or  sharp,  as  from 
sickness;  emaciated.  Smart. 

PEAL  (pel),  n.  A loud  continued  sound,  as  of 
bells,  thunder,  or  cannon ; a loud  noise. 

And  the  deep  thunder,  peal  on  peal,  afar.  Byron. 

“ In  Shakspeare,  the  expression  ‘ Night’s  yawn- 
ing peal  9 ( Macbeth,  act  3,  sc.  2)  is  an  allusion  to 
evening  bells,  to  which  a beetle’s  hum  is  compared 
only  with  regard  to  the  sleep  which  follows.”  Smart. 

PEAL  (pel),  v.  n.  [L.  pello , to  beat  or  strike,  as 
drums.  Johnson.  — A.  S.  bellan , to  bellow.  Rich- 
ardson.'] [i.  PEALED  ; pp.  PEALING,  PEALED.] 
To  utter  loud  and  solemn  sounds;  to  resound. 
Where  through  the  long-drawn  oisle  and  fretted  vault 
The  peahufj  anthem  swells  the  note  of  praise.  Gray. 

PEAL,  v.  a.  1.  To  assail  with  noise  ; to  din.  [k.] 

Nor  was  his  ear  less  pealed.  Milton , 

2.  To  cause  to  ring  or  sound.  Wright. 

3.  To  stir  or  agitate  . — to  pour  out . — to  cool. 

[Local,  Eng.]  Wright. 

PEAL'ING,  il.  A kind  of  cider-apple.  Ilalliwell. 

I’E'AN,  n.  [Gr.  irmdr.]  A ptean.  Smart. 

PE'AN-I§M,  11.  [Gr.  irtuaviaydi.]  A triumphal 
song;  a pecan.  — See  Ptean.  Mitford. 

PEA'— NUT,  n.  The  American  plant  Arachis  hy- 
pogcca,  and  its  fruit  or  nut;  earth-nut;  ground- 
nut.— See  Ground-nut.  Bartlett. 

PEA'—  POD,  n.  The  pod  or  pericarp  of  the  pea. 

PEAR  (pir),  n.  [Celt,  pereu.  Loudon.  — A.S.pe- 
ra ; Dut.  peer-,  Ger.  birn;  Dan.  pcere-,  Sw. 
paron  ; Icel.  per  a.  — L.  pirns,  pyrus,  a pear- 
tree;  It.  pero  ; Sp.  pera;  Ft.  poire.  — AY.  pc- 
ran , the  pear,  from  per,  sweet,  mellow.  Rich- 
ards.] (Bot.)  A species  of  trees  or  shrubs  of 
many  varieties  ; pear-tree  ; Pyrus  communis  : — 
the  fruit  of  the  Pyrus  communis,  or  pear-tree. 

Eng.  Cyc. 

PEAR,  v.  it.  To  peer.  — See  Peer. 

PEARCII  (perch),  it.  S,ee  Perch. 

PEARCII'— STONE,  n.  A sort  of  stone.  Johnson. 

PEAR  — GAffJE,  n.  An  instrument  for  measuring 
the  exhaustion  of  a receiver.  Smeaton. 

PEARL  (perl),  n.  [Mid.  L.  perla  ; It.  S;  Sp.  pcrla  ; 
Port,  perola,  perla-,  Fr.  per/e.  — A.  S.  pert!, 
pearl ; Dut.  parrel ; Old  Ger.  perala,  berala ; 
Ger.  iSr  Dan.  perlc  ; Sw.  perla.] 

1.  A small,  silvery-white,  hard,  smooth,  lus- 


A,  E,  I,  0,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  f,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


PEARL 


1047 


PECUL 


trous  substance,  globular,  oval,  or  pear-shaped, 
found  in  the  interior  of  the  shells  of  many  spe- 
cies of  mollusks,  particularly  of  the  pearl  oyster, 
apparently  resulting  from  the  deposit  of  the  na- 
creous substance  around  some  nucleus  ; a pre- 
cious substance  ; a gem  ; a jewel.  Eng.  Cyc. 
When  he  had  found  one  pearl  of  great  price.  Matt.  xiii.  40. 

2.  Any  thing  round  and  clear,  as  a drop  of 

water,  or  a tear.  Drayton. 

3.  A white  speck  or  film  growing  on  the  eye; 

leucoma ; albugo.  Ainsworth. 

4.  The  seam-stitch  in  a knitted  stocking. 

5.  (Printing.)  A kind  of  type  intermediate 
between  ruby  and  diamond. 

This  line  is  printed  in  pearl. 

PEARL  (perl),  v.  a.  To  adorn  with  pearls.  Smart. 

PEARL,  v.  n.  To  resemble  pearls.  Spenser. 

PEARL,  a.  Relating  to,  or  made  of,  pearls. 

PEARL'ASH,  n.  Purified  potash.  Eng.  Cyc. 

PEARL'— BAR-LEY,  n.  A variety  of  pot-barley, 
produced  by  grinding  oil'  the  husks.  Loudon. 

PEARL'— DlV-ER,  n.  One  who  dives  for  pearls. 

PEARLED  (perld),  a.  1.  Adorned  with,  or  resem- 
bling, pearls.  Milton. 

2.  Having  a border  of  lace.  Simmonds. 

PEARL'— EYED  (perl'ld),  a.  Having  a white  speck 
or  film  in  the  eye.  Johnson. 

PEARL'— GRASS,  n.  Pearwort.  Ainsworth. 

PEARL'— OYS-TpR,  n.  ( Zoul .)  A marine  bivalve, 
from  which  the  most  precious  pearls  are  ob- 
tained ; Avicula  margaritifera.  Eng.  Cyc. 

PEARL'-PLANT,  n.  Pearlwort.  Ainsworth. 

PEARL'— SIN-TpR,  n.  (Min.)  A variety  of  opal, 
of  a pearly  lustre,  occurring  in  globular  and 
botryoidal  masses  in  volcanic  tufa ; fiorite.Z)rt«a. 

PEARL'SPAR,  n.  (Min.)  A variety  of  dolomite 
with  a pearly  lustre.  Dana. 

PEARL'STONE,  n.  (Min.)  A variety  of  obsidian 
with  a pearly  lustre.  Dana. 

PEARL'WHITE,  n.  (Chon.)  A light  and  very 
white  powder  ; submuriate  of  bismuth.  Ure. 

PEARL'WORT  (-wiirt),  n.  (Rot.)  A genus  of  little 
matted  herbs,  with  thread-like  or  awl-shaped 
leaves,  and  small  flowers  ; Sagina.  Gray. 

PEARL'Y,  a.  1.  Containing,  or  abounding  with, 
pearls.  “ Pearly  shells.”  Milton. 

2.  Resembling  pearls  ; clear ; pure  ; trans- 
parent ; nacreous.  “ Pearly  dew.”  Dryden. 

PEAr-MAIN',  n.  A variety  of  the  apple. 

The  pearmain  is  an  excellent . . . fruit.  Mortimer. 

PEAR'— SHAPED  (-shapt),  a.  Shaped  like  a pear. 

PeAr'— TREE,  n.  (Bot.)  The  tree  that  bears 
pears;  Pyrus  communis. — See  Pear.  Bacon. 

PEAS'ANT  (pez'jnt),  n.  [L.  pay  anus  ; pagus,  a 
village;  It.  paesano  ; Sp.  &;  Port,  paisano  ; Fr. 
pay  sail.]  One  whose  occupation  is  rural  labor  ; 
a countryman  ; a rustic  ; a swain  ; a hind.  Shah. 

PEASANT,  a.  Rustic;  rural;  country.  Spenser. 

PEAS'ANT— LIKE  (pez'jnt-llk),  a.  Like  a peasant ; 
rude  ; clownish.  Milton. 

f PEAS’ ANT-LY, n-  Rustic ; peasant-like.  Spenser. 

PEAS'ANT-RY  (pez'?nt-re),  n.  1.  A body  of  peas- 
ants. “ The  peasantry  in  France.”  Locke. 

But  a bold  peasant)'! /,  their  country’s  pride. 

When  once  destroyed,  can  never  he  supplied.  Goldsmith. 

2.  f Rudeness  ; coarseness ; rusticity.  “Peas- 
antry of  language.”  Butler. 

PEASj'COI),  or  PEAS'COD  [pez'kod,  S.  P.  E.  K. 
Sin.  Wr. ; pes'kod,  IF. ./.  F.  Ja.],  n.  The  cod  or 
husk  of  the  pea  ; a pea-pod.  Shak. 

PEA§E  (pez),  n.  pi.  of  pea.  Peas  collectively,  used 
for  food,  or  spoken  of  in  quantity.  — See  Pea. 

Pease  are  much  in  the  nature  of  beans.  Elyot. 

PEA'— SHELL,  n.  The  shell  or  husk  of  the  pea  ; a 
pea-pod.  Johnson. 


black  or  dark  brown  color,  occurring  more  or 
less  saturated  with  water,  as  in  a bog  or  moss. 
When  dried  it  is  used  for  fuel.  Bacon.  Eng. Cyc. 

f PEAT  (pet),  n.  [Fr.  petit.]  A small,  delicate 
person;  a pet.  “ A pretty  peat.”  Shak. 

PEAT'— BOG,  n.  1.  A bog  or  marsh  containing 
peat.  Gent.  Mag. 

2.  Peat  in  its  natural  state.  Brande. 

PEAT'— MOSS,  n.  A bog  which  has  become  con- 
solidated or  compressed.  Eng.  Cyc. 

PEAT'Y,  a.  Containing,  or  like,  peat.  Brande. 

I’E A’— WEE' VI L,  n.  (Ent.)  A small  beetle  that 
breeds  in  peas ; pea-bug.  Harris. 

PE'BA,  n.  (Zool.)  A species 
of  armadillo  found  in  Gui- 
ana, Brazil,  and  Paraguay ; 

— called  also  iatouhou,  tatu, 
and  tatu-peba.  Eng.  Cyc. 

PEB'BLE,  n.  [A.  S.  pabob,pa- 

Peba  ( Dasypus  f>eha'). 

1.  A small,  roundish  stone  ; — strictly,  a stone 

distinct  from  flints,  by  having  veins,  clouds,  and 
other  like  variations,  formed  by  incrustation 
round  a central  nucleus,  but  sometimes  the 
effect  of  simple  concretion.  Johnson. 

2.  Among  opticians,  transparent  and  colorless 

quartz.  Brande. 

Scotch  pebble,  agate.  — See  Agate.  Png-  Cyc. 

PEB'BLE— CRYS'TAL,  il.  A crystal  in  the  form  of 
nodules.  Woodward. 

PEB'BLED  (peb'bld),  a.  Abounding  with  pebbles. 
And  lobbied  brook  that  winds  along  the  dale.  Gay. 

PEB'BLE— STONE,  n.  A small  stone.  Sidney. 

PEB'BLY,  a.  Full  of  pebbles;  having  pebbles. 
“A  pebbly  shore.”  Thomson. 

PE'CAL,  n.  See  Pecul.  Crabb. 

PE-CAN'  ) n'  (B°C)  A species  of  Amer- 

- ’ ( ican  hickory,  and  its  fruit  or 

I’p-CAN  A,  f nut,  which  resembles  the  wal- 

Pp-cAN'— NUT,  ' nut;  Carya  olives formis.  E.Cyc. 

PEC-CA-BIL'I-TY,  n.  State  of  being  peccable. 
“ Peccability  of  mankind.”  Decay  of  Chr.  Piety. 

PEC'CA-BLE,  a.  [It.  peccabile , from  L.  pccco, 
peccare,  to  sin  ; Sp.  pecable  ; Fr.  peccable .]  That 
may  sin  ; liable  to  sin  ; imperfect.  Barrow. 

PEC-CA-DIL'LO,  11.  ; pi.  PECCADILLOES.  [Low  L. 
peccatillum,  dim.  of  L.  peccatum,  a sin  ; It.  pec- 
cadiglio ; Sp.  pecadillo  ; Fr.  peccadi lie.) 

1.  A petty  fault ; a slight  crime ; a venial 

offence.  Bp.  Hall.  Dryden. 

2.  fA  kind  of  stiff  ruff;  piccadilly.  Butler. 

PEC'CAN-CY,  n.  \L.  peccautia.) 

1.  Sin  ; offence.  IF.  Montagu. 

2.  State  of  being  bad  ; bad  quality.  “ The 

peccancy  of  the  humors.”  Wiseman. 

PEC'CANT,  a.  [L.  peccrtns;  pecco,  to  sin;  It. 
peccante\  Sp .pecanle\  Fr.  peccant.) 

1.  Sinning;  guilty;  criminal.  “Peccant  an- 
gles.” Milton.  “ A peccant  creature.”  South. 

2.  Injurious  to  the  body  ; corrupting  ; morbid. 

“ Peccant  humors.”  Dryden. 

3.  Wrong;  defective;  informal,  [r.] 

Nor  is  the  party  cited  bound  to  appear,  if  the  citation  be 
peccant  in  form  or  answer.  Ayliffc. 

t PEC'CANT,  n.  An  offender.  Whitlock. 

PEC'CA-RY,  n.  (Zotil.)  A 
gregarious,  pachyder- 
matous quadruped,  re- 
sembling the  hog, inhab- 
iting Mexico  and  South 
America,  having  at  the 
lower  part  of  the  back 
a gland  which  secretes  Peccary, 

a strong-smelling  fluid;  Mexican  hog ; taja9u  ; 

— Dicotyles  tajapu.  Gray. 

PF.C-CA  ' VI.  [L.]  “ I have  sinned  ” ; — a colloquial 
word  expressing  confession  or  acknowledgment 
of  a sin  or  an  offence.  Aubrey. 

PEC'CO,  n.  A kind  of  black  tea  ; , pekoe.  Adams. 

See  Pitchblende.  Brande. 

PECK,  n.  [A.  S.  pocca,  a poke.  — Fr.  picotin.) 

1.  The  fourth  part  of  a bushel ; eight  quarts. 


PEA'STONE,  n.  (Min.)  A kind  of  limestone, 

composed  of  globular  concretions  of  the  size  of;  PECH'BLENDE,  il. 
a pea  ; pisolite.  Dana. 

PEAT  (pet),  n.  A kind  of  turf,  commonly  of  a 


2.  A great  deal;  a quantity  ; a pack.  — See 
Pack. 

In  o peck  of  uncertainties.  Milton . 

Her  finger  was  so  small,  the  ring 
Would  not  stay  on  which  they  did  bring; 

It  was  too  wide  a peck.  Suckling. 

PECK,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  pycan ; It.  beccare  ; Sp.  picar  ; 
Fr.  bequeter.  — See  Pick.]  [i.  pecked;  pp. 
PECKING,  PECKED.] 

1.  To  strike  with  the  beak,  as  a bird. 

So  doves  do  peck  the  falcon’s  piercing  talons.  Shak. 

2.  To  strike  with  a pointed  instrument,  as  a 

pick-axe  ; to  pick.  Smart. 

3.  To  make  by  striking  with  the  beak,  or  a 
pointed  instrument;  as,  “To  peck  a hole.” 

4.  To  take  up  with  the  beak.  Shak. 

The  chickens  pecked  the  grains  of  corn.  Addison. 

PECK,  v.  n.  1.  To  strike  with  the  beak.  North. 

2.  To  strike  with  a pointed  instrument.  Carew. 

3.  To  take  up  food  with  the  beak.  Dryden. 

4.  To  strike  at,  as  with  the  beak  ; to  carp  at. 

Mankind  lie  pecking  at  one  another.  I' Estrange. 

PECK'EI!,  n.  I.  One  who,  or  that  which,  pecks. 

2.  A woodpecker.  Dryden. 

f PEC'KLED  (-kid),  a.  Speckled.  Walton. 

PEC'T ATE,  n.  (Chcm.)  A salt  composed  of  pec- 
tic  acid  and  a base.  Phil.  Mag. 

PEC'TpN,  n.  [L.,  a comb.] 

1.  (Ornith.)  A vascular  membrane  in  the 

eyes  of  birds  plicated  with  parallel  folds  resem- 
bling the  teeth  of  a comb.  Brande. 

2.  (Conch.)  A genus  of  marine  bivalves  with 
ribs  radiating  from  the  summit  of  each  valve  to 
the  circumference  ; the  scallop.  Eng.  Cyc. 

PEC'TIC,  a.  [Gr.  vj/xrjit,  curdled.]  (Chcm.)  Not- 
ing an  acid  found  in  many  fruits,  which  has  the 
property  of  forming  a jelly.  Silliman. 

PEC'TI-NAL,  a.  [L.  pecten,  pectinis,  a comb.] 
Resembling,  or  pertaining  to,  a comb.  Ash. 

PEC'TI-NAL,  ii.  (Ich.)  A fish  whose  bond?  re- 
semble the  teeth  of  a comb.  Browne. 


c a.  [L . pectmatus  •,  pec-  .A 

PEC'TI-NA-TpD,  ) ten,  pectinis,  a comb.] 

(Bot.  & Anat.)  Resembling  in  form  the 
teeth  of  a comb;  having  narrow  and 
close  divisions.  “A  pectinate  leaf.” 

Gray.  “Pectinated  muscles.”  Dunglison. 


PEC-TI-NA'TION,  il.  [L.  pcctino,  pectinutus,  to 
comb;  pecten,  pectinis,  a comb.] 

1.  The  act  of  combing.  Wright. 

2.  The  state  of  being  pectinated.  Browne. 

PEC'TINE,  n.  [Gr.  ioikt6(,  curdled.]  (Chcm.) 
The  gelatinizing  principle  of  certain  vegetables, 
such  as  currants,  apples,  &c.  Brande. 

PF.C'TO-LJTE,  ii.  [L.  pecten,  a comb,  and  Gr. 
/.iOot,’  a stone.]  (Min.)  A tough,  whitish  or 
grayish,  hydrous  silicate  of  alumina  and  soda, 
occurring  in  aggregated  acicular  crystals,  or 
fibrous  masses,  radiated  or  stellar.  Dana. 


PEC'TO-RAL,  a.  [I.,  pectoralis  ; pectus,  pectoris, 
the  breast ; It.  pettorale ; Sp.  Sy  Fr.  pectoral.] 

1.  Of,  or  pertaining  to,  the  breast.  “ Pecto- 
ral muscles.’.’  Derham. 

2.  Good  for  affections  of  the  chest.  Dunglison. 

PEC'TO-RAL,  n.  1.  (Mctl.)  A medicine  for  reliev- 
ing or  removing  affections  of  the  chest.  Wisem an. 

2.  A breastplate,  as  of  the  Jewish  high- 

priest.  Hammond. 

3.  (Ich.)  A pectoral  fin.  Brande. 

PEC'TO-RAL-LY,  ad.  In  a pectoral  manner. 

PEC-TO-Rl-LO'UUI-AL,  ) a.  Relating  to  pccto- 

PEC-TO-RIL'O-QUOUS,  ) riloquy.  Dunglison. 

PEC-TO-RlL  O-QUHjM,  ) n [L . pectus,  pectoris, 

PEC-TO-RIL'O-QUY,  > the  breast,  and  loqaor, 
to  speak  ; Fr.  pectoriloquie.]  Speech  or  voice 
coming  from  the  chest  on  applying  the  stetho- 
scope. 

fUTF  This  phenomenon  is  often  presented  by  con- 
sumptive persons,  and  is  owing  to  the  voire  resound- 
ing in  tlie  anfractuous  cavities  produced  in  the  lungs 
by  the  suppuration  or  breaking  down  of  tubercles. 
Dunglison. 

I’E'CIL,  ii.  (Com.)  A weight,  varying  in  differ- 
ent countries ; — written  also  pccid,  and  picul. 


MIEN,  Silt  ; 


MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  ROLE.  — Q,  <Jf,  9,  g,  soft;  G,  G,  9,  g,  hard;  ij  as  1 ; 


% as  gz.  — TIHS,  this. 


PECULATE 


1048 


PEDIMANE 


OS*  In  China,  it  is  about  133  lbs.  5 oz.  avoirdupois ; 
in  Japan,  131  lbs.  ; in  Manilla,  110  lbs. ; in  llatavia, 
135  lbs-  10  oz.  At  Macao,  there  are  three  pecuts;  one 
of  about  133  lhs.  5 oz.,  another  of  148.2  lbs.,  and  a 
third  of  200  lbs.  Simmonds. 

PEC'U-LATE,  v.  n.  [L.  peculor,  peculatus ; pecu- 
liitm,  property  in  cattle,  private  property  ; pecus, 
cattle.]  [f.  PECULATED  ; pp.  PECULATING,  PEC- 
ULATED.] To  embezzle  the  public  money  or 
goods  ; to  rob  or  defraud  the  public.  Burke. 

f PEC'U-LATE,  n.  Peculation.  Burnet. 

PEC-U-LA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  peculating  ; em- 
bezzlement of  public  money  or  goods.  Burke. 

PEC'U-LA-TOR,  n.  [L.]  One  who  peculates  ; an 
embezzler  of  public  money  or  goods.  Johnson. 

||  Pp-CUL'IAR,  or  PE-CU'LI-AR  [pe-ku'lyar,  S.  E. 
E.  A. ; pe-ku'le-ar,  IF.  P.  J.  Ja.  Sm.],  a.  [L. 
pecnliaris;  peculium,  private  property;  It.  pc- 
culiare ; Sp.  peculiar ; Fr.  pec  idler.] 

1.  Belonging  or  pertaining  to  only  one ; not 

common  to  many ; appropriate.  Shak. 

The  word  “ humor"  is  peculiar  to  our  English  tongue.  Swift. 

2.  Unlike  any  thing  else  ; singular ; particular. 

Ideas  Mint  have  somethin"  very  abstruse  and  peculiar  in 

their  nature.  Locke. 

k&r*  To  join  most  with  peculiar  is  improper. 

Syn.  — See  Appropriate,  Particular. 

||  PIJ-CUL'IAR,  n.  1.  One’s  own  property;  ex- 
clusive property.  Milton. 

2.  (Eng.  Eccl.  Law.)  A parish  which  is  ex- 
empt from  the  jurisdiction  of  the  ordinary  of 
the  diocese,  being  subject  to  the  metropolitan 
only.  Burrill. 

||  PE-CU-LI-AR'I-TY  (pe-kul-ye-ar'e-te),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  peculiar ; something  found 
only  in  one  ; particularity.  Swift. 

II  Pg-CUL'IAR-IZE  (pe-kul'yar-Iz),  V.  a.  [A  PE- 
CUI.IARIZED  ; pp.  PEC ULI ARIZING,  PECULIAR- 

ized.]  To  appropriate  ; to  make  peculiar.  Nelson. 

||  PE-CULT AR-LV,  ad.  In  a peculiar  manner; 
particularly  ; singly.  Drayton. 

||  PJJ-CUL'IAR-NESS,  n.  Peculiarity,  [it.]  Mede. 

PE-CU' LI- &M,  7i.  [L.]  ( Roman  Law.)  One’s 

own  property  ; peculiar  or  exclusive  property  ; — 
particularly  money  or  property  which  a son  or  a 
servant  was  allowed  to  have  independent  of  the 
control  of  his  father  or  master.  Burrill. 

t PE-CU'NI-AL,  a.  [L.  pecunialis .]  Relating  to 
money ; pecuniary.  Chaucer. 

||  Pp-CEN'IA-RI-LY,  ad.  In  a pecuniary  manner. 

||  PIJ-CUNT  A-RY,  or  PE-CU'NI-A-RY  (pe-kun'ya-re 
or  pe-ku'ne-a-re)  [pe-ku'nyar-e,  S.  E.  E.  I\. ; pe- 
ku’ne-a-re,  IV.  P.  J.  Ja.  Sot.],  a.  [L.  pecunia- 
rius,  pecuniaris ; pecunia , money  ; pecus , cattle ; 
It.  A Sp.  pecuniario  ; Fr.  p-cuniaire .]  Of,  or 
pertaining  to,  money ; monetary.  “ A pecunairy 
legacy.”  Blackstone. 

t Plji-CLl'NI-OUS,  a.  [L.  pecuniosus  ; pecunia, 
money;  It . pecunioso ; Fr . pecunicvx.]  That 
has  much  money ; full  of  money.  Sherwood. 

PED,  n.  1.  A small  pack-saddle  ; a pad.  Tusser. 

2.  A basket;  a hamper.  [Local,  Eng.]  Wright. 

f PED'AtjrE,  n.  [Low  L.  pedagium,  from  L.  pes, 
pedis,  a foot;  It  .pedaggio;  Sp.  pcc/age,  pc  age  ; 
Fr.  peaye.]  (Feudal  Law.)  Toll  for  passing 
through  a country  ; peage.  J Vhishaw. 

||  PED-A-G(j(jJ'{C,  a.  Pedagogical.  Warton. 

||  PED-A-GO^r'I-CAL  [pSd-a-goj'e-kjl,  Sm.  B.  I Vr. 
Wb. ; ped-ft-go 'je-kal,  Ja. ; ped-a-gojj'e-kal,  if,], 
«.  [Or.  nailayioytKij; ; It.  5,  Sp.  pedagogico  ; 
Fr.  p’dagogique.]  Pertaining  to,  suiting,  or  re- 
sembling, a pedagogue,  or  schoolmaster.  South. 

||  PED'A-GO-^rlljM  [pgd'a-go-jlzm,  if.  Wb.  ; ped'a- 
gog-Izm,  Sm.  K. ; ped-a-goj'izm,  I Vr.],  n.  The 
state,  office,  or  character  of  a pedagogue.  Milton. 

PED'A-GOGUE  (ped'g-goji),  n.  [Gr.  itaibayojyds ; 

7 raif,  ituibis,  a child,  and  iiyto,  to  lead  ; L . pceda- 
gogus  ; It.  $ Sp.  pedagogo  ; Fr.  pedagogue.']  A 
teacher  of  children;  a schoolmaster;  — now 
commonly  used  in  disparagement.  Dryden. 

•(•PED'A-GOGUE  (pfid'a-gog),  r.  a.  To  teach  as  a 
pedagogue.  Prior.  Somerville. 

||  PED’A-GO^-Y,  n.  [Gr.  it mbayuyia  ; It.  &;  Sp. 


pedagogia ; Fr.  pedagogie.]  The  art  or  the  em-  1 
ployment  of  a pedagogue  ; pedagogism.  South. 

PE'DAL  [pedal,  S.  IF.  P.  Ja.  C.  ; ped'al,  K.  Sot.], 
a.  [L.  pedalis.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  a foot.  Bailey. 

2.  ( Mus .)  Pertaining  to  a pedal.  Moore. 

Pnltil  buss,  (Mus.)  a fixed  or  stationary  bass  during 

which  tile  upper  parts  proceed  through  various  har- 
monics, independently  of  the  pedal  note.  — Pedal  mite, 
a note  which  is  sustained  or  continued  while  others 
are  in  motion  ; a holding-note.  Moore. 

PED' AL  [ped'fll,  J.  F.  IC.  Sm.  if.  C.  Wr. ; pe'dal,  S. 
P.;  ped'al  or  pe'dal,  IF.  Ja.],  n .;  pi.  ped'al$. 
[It.  6,  Sp.  pedale  ; Fr.  pidale.]  (Mus.)  One  of  a 
set  of  keys  in  an  instrument,  as  an  organ,  piano- 
forte, or  harp,  moved  by  the  foot : — a rest  for 
the  foot,  by  which  a damper  is  raised.  Dwight. 

p “ I have  no  doubt  that  Mr.  Nares  and  Entick, 
who  adopt  the  first  pronunciation,  have  the  best  usage 
on  their  side  ; but  am  persuaded  that  Mr.  Sheridan, 
Mr.  Scott,  Buchanan,  and  Perry,  who  adopt  the  last, 
are  more  analogical.”  Walker. 

PE-DA'LI-ANj  a.  Relating  to  the  feet.  Maunder. 

Pp-DAL'I-TY,  n.  Measurement  by  paces.  Ash. 

f Pp-DA'Np-OUS,  a.  [L.  pcdancus;  pes,  pedis,  a 
foot.]  (Homan  Law.)  Going  on  foot;  as,  “A 
pedaneous  pidge.”  Bailey. 

PED'ANT,  n.  [It.  cSf  Sp.  pedante,  from  Gr.  iraij, 
■naifids,  a child  ; Fr.  pedant.] 

1.  A pedagogue  ; a schoolmaster.  Shak. 

The  hoy  who  scarce  has  paid  his  entrance  down 

To  his  proud  pedant , or. declined  a noun.  Dryden. 

2.  One  full  of  pedantry  ; a vain  pretender  to 
learning  ; one  awkwardly  or  vainly  ostentatious 
of  learning. 

Pursuit  of  fame  with  pedants  fills  our  schools, 

And  into  coxcombs  burnishes  our  fools.  Young. 


PE-DAN'TJC,  ) 
Pfl-DAN'TI-CAL,  ) 
tious  of  learning. 


a.  Pertaining  to  a pedant  or 
to  pedantry  ; vain  or  ostenta- 


When  we  see  any  thing  in  on  old  satirist  that  looks  forced 
or  pedantic,  we  ought  to  consider  how  it  appeared  in  the  time 
the  poet  writ.  Addison. 

How  prdantical  and  absurd  an  affectation  it  is,  in  the  in- 
terpretation of  an  author  (much  more  of  Homer)  to  turn  him 
word  for  wordl  Chapman. 


PJFj-DAN'TI-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a pedantic  manner; 

with  pedantry.  Dryden. 

PE-DAN'TJC-LY,  ad.  Pedantically.  More. 


f PED'ANT-j^M,  n.  [It.  pedantesimo  ; Sp.pcdan- 
tismo ; Fr.  pedantisme.] 

1.  The  state  or  the  employment  of  a pedant, 

or  pedagogue.  Bailey. 

2.  Pedantry  ; ostentation  of  learning.  “ Men 

ought  to  fly  all  pedantism.”  Ed.  Phillips. 

f PED'ANT-IZE,  v,  n.  [Fr.  pedant iser.]  To  act 
or  play  the  pedant.  Cotgrave. 

PED'AN-TRY,  n.  [It.  8j  Sp.  pedanteria  ; pedante, 
a pedant ; Fr.  pedanterie.]  The  manners,  qual- 
ity, or  character  of  a pedant ; vain  or  awkward 
ostentation  of  learning  ; obstinate  addiction  to 
a particular  profession  qr  line  of  life,  with  con- 
tempt of  other  or  common  forms. 

A practice  that  savors  much  of  pedantry.  Browne. 

Pedantry  consists  in  tile  use  of  words  unsuitable  to  the 
time,  place,  and.  company.  Coleridge. 

t PED'AN-TY,  71.  An  assembly  of  pedants.  Milton. 

PE-DA'RI-ANj  n.  [L.  pedarius  ; pes,  pedis,  a foot.] 
(Homan  Ant.)  One  of  that  class  of  Roman  sen- 
ators, who,  having  no  right  to  vote,  were  allowed, 
after  the  other  senators  had  voted,  to  express 
their  preference,  by  walking  over  to  one  or  the 
other  party.  Smart. 

PED'ATE,  a.  [L.  pes,  pedis,  a foot.]  (Hot.)  Like 
a bird’s  foot  in  form  ; palmate,  or  palmately 
cleft,  with  the  side  divisions  also  cleft.  Gray. 


PE-DAT'I-fJd,  a.  [L.  pcs,  pedis,  a 
foot,  and  findo,  fidi,  to  cleave.]  .. 
(Bot.)  Cut  into  lobes  irregularly, 


as  some  leaves. 
PED  DLE  (ped'dl) 


Loudon. 


v.  n.  \ Peddle 
and  piddle  are  probably  from  the 
same  source.  — See  Pedi.eii.]  [j. 
pp.  peddling,  peddled.] 
die. 


peddled ; 
f To  trifle ; to  pid- 
-1  ins  worth. 


PED'DLE,  v.  a.  To  carry  about  and  sell;  to  re- 
tail, as  a peddler.  Burke. 


PED'DLpR,  n.  One  who  peddles  ; — written  also 
pedler  and  pedlar.  — See  Pedler. 

PED'DLf.R-ESS,  71.  A female  peddler  ; pedleress. 

PED'DLpIl-Y,  n.  The  wares  or  the  business  of 
peddlers;  pedlery.  — See  Pedlery. 

PED'IILING,  n.  The  act  of  selling  goods,  as  a 
peddler  ; employment  of  a peddler.  P.  Mag. 

PED'DLING,  p.  a.  1.  Petty  ; trifling.  Bp.  Taylor. 

2.  That  peddles,  or  sells,  as  a peddler.  Burke. 

PEd'IJ-RAST,  n.  [Gr.  natbipiiorfis ; i -n/s,  traibb;,  a 
boy,  and  f’pdw,  to  love;  Fr . pederaste.]  One 
who  practises  pederasty  ; a sodomite.  Burney. 

PED'5-RAS-TY,  71.  [Gr.  naiiepaoria ; Fr.  prde- 
rastie. j Unnatural  love  for  boys  ; sodomy.  Ash. 

PED-p-RE’RO,  71.  [Sp.  pedrero ; piedra  (Gr.  rtrpn, 
L.  petra),  a stone.]  A kind  of  swivel-gun  ; — 
so  called  because  stones  were  used  in  the  charge, 
before  the  invention  of  iron  balls.  — Written 
also  peterero.  Crabb. 

PED'£S-TAL,  n4  [It.  piedestallo ; piede 
(L.  pcs),  a foot,  and  Ger.  stall  (A.  S. 
steal,  stal),  a stand,  a stall;  Sp.  pe- 
destal-, Fr.  piedestal.]  (Arch.)  The 
base  or  support  of  a column,  pillar, 
statue,  vase,  &c.  Britton. 

JfJT  A pedestal  consists  of  three  parts  : the  base,  the 
die  or  dado , and  the  cornice.  Braude. 

Pp-DES'TRI-AL,  a.  Relating  to  the  foot.  Moseley. 

P{1-DES'TR!-AN,  a.  [L.  pedestris ; pes,  pedis,  a 
foot ; It.  <Sf  Sp.  pedestre ; Fr.  pedestre.] 

1.  On  foot ; going  on  foot.  JoJmsoti. 

2.  Not  elevated  or  soaring;  prosy.  “A  pe- 
destrian . . . style.”  Roscoe. 

PIJ-DES'TRI-AN,  71.  1.  One  who  goes,  travels,  or 
journeys  on  foot ; a foot-traveller.  Johnson. 

2.  One  noted  for  his  powers  of  walking. Smart. 

PE-DES'TRI-AN-I§M,  7i.  The  act  of  travelling  on 
foot.  Browne. 

Pp-DES'TRI-AN-fZE,  v.  71.  To  travel  on  foot  ; to 
journey  on  foot.  Ec.  Rev. 

PE-DES'TRI-OUS,  a.  Going  on  foot ; pedestrian. 
“ Pedestrious  animals.”  Browne. 

PED'I-CEL,  7i.  [L.  peclicellus  ; pcs,  pedis,  a foot ; 

It.  pedicciuolo  ; F r. pedicelle.]  (But.)  The  stalk 
of  a single  flower  of  a cluster.  Gray. 

PED'I-CEL-LATE,  a.  (Bot.)  Furnished  with,  or 
having,  a pedicel ; pedicelled.  Gray. 

PE-DIc'EL-LATE,  n.  (Zo/il.)  One  of  an  order  of 
echinoderms  having  vesicular  organs,  called 
feet,  projecting  from  various  parts  of  the  sur- 
face of  the  body  ; the  sea-urchin,  &c.  Bra7ide. 

PED'I-CELLED  (-seld),  a.  (Bot.)  Furnished  with 
a pedicel ; pedicellate.  Gray. 

PED'I-CLE  (ped'e-kl),  71.  [L.  pcdiculus,  dim.  of 

pes,  pedis,  a foot ; It.  pcdiciuolo  ; Sp.  pediculo  ; 
Fr.  prdicule.]  (Bot.)  The  stalk  of  a single 
flower  of  a cluster  ; a pedicel.  Bacoii. 

PE-DlC'U-LAR,  a.  [L.  pedicularis  ; pediculus,  a 
louse;  It.  pediculare  ; Sp.  pedicular  ; Fr.  pedi- 
culaire.]  Lousy;  having  the  phtheiriasis,  or 
lousy  disease.  Ainswoith. 

PlJ-Dle-LT-LA'TIQN,  n.  [L.  pediculatio.]  (Med.) 
A disease  in  which  the  body  is  infested  with 
liqe  ; lousy  disease  ; phtheiriasis.  Hoblyn. 

PE-Dl(ji']JR-OUS,  a.  [L.  pcs,  pedis,  a foot,  and 
gero,  to  bear.]  Having  feet.  Kirby. 

PED'I-GREE,  n.  [Fr.  pere,  father,  and  deg  re,  a 
stair.  Booth. — Fr.  grds,  or  degres  des  p res; 
i.  e.  gradus  patrum,  or  a pedendo  gradus.  Rich- 
ardson. — L.  pes,  pedis,  Fr.  pied,  a foot ; and  L. 
gradus,  Fr.  degre,  a degree.  — Pedigree  then  is 
equivalent  to  pied-de-gres,  i.  e.  a stem  of  lin- 
eage. Th.  Roys.  — Formerly  spelt  pedegru,  pe- 
tygru,  pedygru,  pedeyrewe,  &c.]  Line  of  an- 
cestors ; ancestry  ; lineage ; genealogy. 

I am  no  herald  to  inquire  into  men’s  pedigrees;  it  suffieeth 
me  if  I know  their  virtues.  Bitlne!/. 

Syn.  — See  Genealogy. 

PED'I-MAi\E.  71.  [L.  pes,  pedis,  a foot,  and  7na- 

7ius,  a hand.]  (Zo’il.)  One  of  a family  of  mar- 
supial animals,  of  which  the  opossum  is  the 
type,  having  a thumb  on  the  hind  feet.  Rrande. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  lony ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; I1EIR,  HER; 


PEDIMENT 


1049 


PEG-STRIKER 


PED'J-MENT,  n.  [L.  pcs,  pedis,  a foot.]  (Arch.) 
The  triangular  or  circular  part  of  a portico 
bounded  by  the  top  of  the  entablature  and  the 
edges  of  the  roof : — an  ornament,  resembling  a 
pediment,  placed  over  doors,  .the.  Brande. 

PED'I-PALP,  n.  [L.  pcs,  pedis,  a foot,  and  palpo, 
to  feel.]  (Zoiil.) 

1.  A pulmonary  arachnidan  having  feelers  in 

the  form  of  pincers,  or  a didactyl  claw,  as  the 
scorpion.  Brande. 

2.  One  of  the  three  outermost  pairs  of  jaws 

in  certain  crustaceans.  Bell. 

PED'LIJR,  n.  [Of  uncertain  etymology.  — Minsheu 
derives  this  word  from  Fr.  alter  ii  pied,  to  go  on 
foot;  Skinner,  from  Teut.  kctteler,  a beggar; 
Johnson,  from  petty  dealer  ; others,  from  Fr.  pied 
poudreux,  dusty  foot.  — L.  pedester,  going  on 
foot.  — Cotgravc  defines  pedlar  (porte-panier),  a 
basket-carrier.  The  Scotch  for  pedlcr  is  pedder, 
one  who  carries  a ped,  or  basket ; a travelling 
merchant.  — See  Peddle.]  One  who  peddles  ; 
one  who  travels  about  the  country  carrying 
commodities  for  sale;  — written  also  peddler, 
and  pedlar. 

A pedlar's,  pack  that  bows  the  bearer  down.  Cowprr. 

ft gf  Tliis  word  is  spelt  pedlar  in  the  old  English 
dictionaries  of  Ootgrave,  Coles,  Martin,  and  Dyche  ; 
and  pedter  in  almost  all  the  other  Engli-h  dictionaries. 
If  regularly  formed  as  a verbal  noun  from  the  verb  to 
peddle,  the  proper  orthography  would  he  peddler  -,  but 
the  noun  pedlcr  or  pedlar  appears  to  have  been  in  use 
much  longer  than  the  verb  to  peddle,  and  this  fact 
accounts  for  the  apparent  inconsistency  in  the  orthog- 
raphy ; — peddle  not  being  found  in  the  English  dic- 
tionaries which  were  published  before  that  of  John- 
son ; and  Johnson  gives  it  only  as  another  orthogra- 
phy of  the  verb  to  piddle. 

PED'LIJR-ESS,  n.  A female  pedler.  Overbury. 

PED'LpR-Y,  n.  The  employment  of,  or  wares 
sold  iiy,  pedlers  ; peddlery.  Milton. 

PED'LpR-Y,  a.  Sold  by  peddlers.  Swift. 

PE-DO-BAP'T!§M  [pe-do-bap'tizm,  .S.  P.  E.  K.  Sm. 

I Vr.  Wb. ; ped-o-hap'tfzm,  IF.],  n.  [Gr.  iroi;, 
nniids,  a child,  and  0ai:riap6(,  a dipping.]  The 
baptism  of  infants  or  children.  Featley. 

PE-DO-BAP'TIST,  n.  One  that  holds  to,  or  prac- 
tises, infant  baptism.  Johnson. 

PED'O-MAN-CY,  n.  [L.  pcs,  pedis,  a foot,  and  Gr. 
puvTtla,  prophesying.]  Divination  by  the  soles 
of  the  feet.  Smart. 

PJJ-DOM'p-TER,  n.  [It.  $ Sp.  pedometro,  from  L. 
pes,  pedis  (Gr.  nobs,  mxhij),  a foot,  and  Gr.  ptrpov, 
a measure ; Fr.  pedomitre.)  An  instrument  for 
registering  the  number  of  paces  taken  in  walk- 
ing, and  thereby  ascertaining  the  distance 
passed  over.  Brande. 

ftSp  It  is  usually  in  the  form  of  a watch,  and  re- 
ceives its  movement  from  the  motion  of  the  body.  It 
is  sometimes  applied  to  a carriage.  P.  Cyc. 

PED-O-MET'RIC,  ? a.  Pertaining  to  a pedom- 

PED-O-MET'RI-CAL,  ) eter.  Wright. 

PE-DUN'CLE  (pe-dung'kl,  82)  [pe-dun'kl,  K.  Sm. 

I Vr.  tVb. ; ped'un-kl,  Ash,  Dunglison],  n.  [L. 
pediculus,  pedunculus ; pes,  pedis,  a foot;  It.  § 
Sp.  pedunculo  ; Fr.  pedoncule.) 

1.  ( Bot .)  The  stalk  of  a flower  or  of  a flower- 

cluster  ; a foot-stalk.  Gray. 

2.  (Anat.)  A term  which  has  been  applied  to 

different  prolongations  or  appendices  of  the  en- 
cephalon. Dunglison. 

3.  (Zoiil.)  A hollow,  fleshy  tube,  by  which 
Lepadites  are  attached : — a stalk  or  stem.  Owen. 

PE-DUN'CLED  (pe-dung'kld,  82),  a.  (Bot.)  Hav- 
ing a peduncle  ; pedunculate.  Gray. 

PE-DUN'CU-LAR,  a.  [It.  pedunculare ; Fr.  pe- 
donculaire .]  (Bot.)  Pertaining  to,  or  resem- 
bling, a peduncle.  P.  Cyc. 

PE-DUN'CU-LA  TE,  I a # § gp_  pcduncula- 

Pf.-DfjN'CU-LAT-ED,  > do  ; Fr. pedoncule.)  (Bot.) 
Having,  or  growing  on,  a peduncle.  Gray. 

PEE,  v.  n.  To  look  with  one  eye.  [Local.]  Wright. 

PEED,  a.  Blind  of  one  eye.  [Local,  Eng.]  Ray. 

PEEK,  v.  n.  To  peep;  to  look  slyly.  [Obsolete 
or  colloquial.]  Gascoigne.  Palgrave. 

PEEK'Y,  a.  Showing  signs  of  decay,  as  timber. 
[Local.]  Dickerson. 


PEEL,  v.  a.  [L.  pilo,  to  deprive  of  hair ; pilus, 
hair  ; Sp.  polar,  to  deprive  of  hair,  to  peel  ; Fr. 
peler.)  [;.  peeled  ; pp.  peeEing,  peeled.] 
To  strip  off,  as  skin,  bark,  rind,  &c. ; to  decor- 
ticate ; to  bark  ; to  pare  ; to  flay. 

The  skilful  shepherd  peeled  me  certain  wands.  Shaft. 

Syn.  — See  Pare. 

PEEL,  v.  a.  [Fr.  piller.  — See  PlLt.]  To  pillage  ; 
to  plunder  ; to  pill.  Milton. 

A nation  scattered  and  peeled.  Isa.  xviii.  2. 

PEEL,  n.  [L.  pellis  ; It.  pelle  ; Sp.  peleja  ; Fr. 
peau.  — A.  S.  fell-,  Dut.  vet-,  Ger.  fell.)  The 
skin  or  rind  of  any  thing.  Coivper. 

Syn.  — See  Siun. 

PEEL,  7i.  [L.,  It.,  &;  Sp .pala;  F r.  pelle.) 

1.  A kind  of  wooden  shovel  with  a long  han- 

dle used  by  bakers  to  put  bread  in  and  out  of 
the  oven  ; — written  also  peal.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  A large  fire-shovel.  [Local.]  Wright. 

3.  (Printing.)  A tool  for  hanging  damp 
printed  sheets  on  a line  to  dry.  Simmonds. 

PEEL,  n.  A fortified  place  ; a pell,  [it.] 

Beneath  the  peel's  rude  battlement.  Scott. 

PEEL,  v.  n.  1.  To  be  separated,  or  come  off,  as 
skin  or  rind.  Swift. 

2.  To  lose  the  skin,  bark,  or  rind.  Smart. 

PEELED  (peld),  p.  a.  Naked  or  unprotected  ; 
bald ; bare  ; — also  written  pieled.  Shah. 

PEELER,  w.  1.  One  who  peels.  Johnson. 

2.  A plunderer  ; a robber.  Tusser. 

PEEL'— HOUSE,  7i.  A small,  square  tower.  Scott. 

PEEL'ING,  7i.  Peel ; skin  ; hide.  Forby. 

PEEP,  v.  7i.  [Gr.  irnrsi^oi ; L.  pipio  ; It.  pipilare ; 
Sp.  pipiar  ; Fr.  pepier.  — Dut.  piepen  ; Ger. 
pfeifen  ; Dan.  pippe  ; Sw.  pipri.)  \i.  peeped  ; 
pp. "peeping,  peeped.]  To  cry  as  a chicken  or 
young  bird  ; to  chirp  ; to  pule  ; to  pip.  B.  Jonson. 

There  wns  none  that  moved  the  wing,  or  opened  the 
mouth,  or  peeped.  Isa.  x.  14. 

PEEP,  v.  7i.  [Of  uncertain  etymology. — Dut. 
ophessen,  to  lift  up.  Skinner.  — Gr.  dirntivTfis,  a 
spy  ; dmicTiboi,  to  look  around  after.  Casaubon. 
— Perhaps  from  peep,  to  cry  as  a chicken,  trans- 
ferred from  the  sound  which  chickens  make  on 
the  first  breaking  of  the  shell  to  the  look  ac- 
companying it.  Jolmson.  Richardson.)  To  look 
curiously  or  slyly,  as  from  a hiding-place. 

Who  is  the  same  which  at  my  window  peeps'!  Spenser. 

PEEP,  n.  1.  A look  as  from  a hiding-place  ; a 
sly,  quick  look. 

To  take  t’  other  peep  at  the  stars.  Swift. 

2.  The  cry  of  a young  bird  or  a chicken. 

Peep  of  day,  dawn  or  break  of  day.  Johnson. 

PEEP'E  R,  7i.  1.  One  who  peeps.  Killegrew. 

2.  A young  bird,  or  a chicken.  Bramston. 

3.  A cant  term  for  a looking-glass,  and  also 

for  the  eye.  Todd. 

PEEP  —HOLE,  ) A hole  to  peep  through. 

PEEP'ING— HOLE,  ) Prior.  L’ Estrange. 

PEE'PU L— TREE,  7i.  The  Ficus  religiosa,  or  sacred 
fig  of  the  East  Indies.  Wright. 

PEER,?;.  [L.  par ; It.  pari ; Sp.  par-,  Old  Fr. 
pair ; Fr.  pair.) 

1.  An  equal  ; one  of  the  same  rank. 

Amongst  a man’s  peers,  n man  shall  be  sure  of  familiarity; 
and  therefore  it  is  good  a little  to  keep  state.  Bacon. 

O.  what  is  man,  great  Maker  of  mankind. 

That  thou  to  him  such  great  respect  dost  bear. 

That  thou  ndorn’st  him  with  so  bright  a mind, 

Mak’st  him  a king,  and  even  an  angel’s  peer'i  Davies. 

2.  One  equal  in  excellence  ; a match  ; a mate. 

In  song  he  never  had  his  peer.  Dn/den. 

3.  A companion  ; an  associate ; a fellow. 

He  all  his  peers  in  beauty  did  surpass.  Spenser. 

4.  A nobleman;  a lord  ; — so  called  because 
men  of  distinguished  birth  were  alone  consid- 
ered fit  companions  for  the  king. 

The  first  peer  created  by  patent  was  Lord  Beauchamp,  of 
Holt,  in  Richard  II. ’s  reign.  J.  Seager. 

fifjp  At  present,  the  word  is  limited  to  the  members 
of  the  upper  house  of  Parliament,  and  to  Scottish  and 
Irish  noblemen  of  correspondent  rank,  qualified,  on 
election,  to  sit  in  the  upper  house.  Smurt. 

PEER,  v.  7i.  [L.  pareo  ; Old  Fr.  perer ; Fr.  parat- 

tre.)  [i.  peered  ; pp.  peering,  peered.] 


1.  To  appear;  to  come  just  in  sight. [r.]SA«&. 

See  how  his  gorget  peers  above  his  gown.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  To  peep;  to  look  narrowly.  “Peering  in 

maps  for  ports.”  Shah. 

PEER,  v.  a.  To  constitute  a peer,  [u.]  Ilcylin. 

PEER' A^JE,  7i.  1.  The  dignity,  rank,  or  state  of 

a peer  or  nobleman.  Swift. 

2.  The  body  of  peers.  Drycten. 

No  one  venerates  the  peerage  more  than  I do;  but,  my 
lords,  I must  say,  the  peerage  solicited  me,  not  I the  itcerar/e. 

T/iurlow. 

f PEER'DOM,  n.  Peerage.  Bailey. 

PEEIt'lJSS,  n.  The  wife  of  a peer.  Pope. 

PEER'LIJSS,  a.  Without  a peer  or  equal ; un- 
equalled ; matchless. 

With  such  a peerless  majesty  she  stands.  Drj/den. 

PEER'LIjlSS-LY,  ad.  In  a peerless  manner  ; with- 
out an  equal ; matchlessly.  B.  Jonson. 

PEER 'L^SS-N  ESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  peer- 
less or  matchless.  Bailey. 

PEERT,  a.  Perk  ; brisk.  [Local,  U.  S.]  Hoffman. 

f PEER' Y,  a.  Fearful: — inquisitive.  Fielding. 

PEET'SEE,  n.  A species  of  chestnut  which  grows 
in  rivers  and  ponds  in  China.  Farm.  Ency. 

PEE'VISH,  a.  [Etymology  uncertain.  — A con- 
traction of  perverse.  Junius.  — From  bceish,  i.  e. 
waspish.  Skinner.  — From  Sw.  pipa,  to  pipe, 
to  whine.  Serenius.  — From  Scot,  pew,  to  utter 
a mournful  sound,  as  a bird.  Todd.  — Scot. 
penis,  pevess  ; Old  Eng.  peuisse,  pevysse.) 

1.  f Self-willed  ; obstinate.  Burton. 

No,  trust  me;  she  is  peevish,  sullen,  froward.  Shak. 

2.  Apt  to  complain  ; querulous  ; fretful ; petu- 
lant ; waspish  ; irritable  ; snappish  ; captious. 

A peevish  fellow  is  one  who  has  some  reason  in  himself  for 
being  out  of  humor.  Spectator. 

3.  Expressing  querulousness,  fretfulness,  pet- 
ulaney,  or  disrespect.  “ Peevish  tokens.”  Shak. 

4.  Witty  ; subtle.  [Local,  Eng.]  Wright. 

Syn. — See  Captious,  Harsh. 

PEE'VISH-LY,  ad.  In  a peevish  manner  ; queru- 
lously ; fretfully.  Hayward. 

PEE'VISH-NESS,  ?i.  The  quality  or  the  state  of 
being  peevish  ; querulousness  ; fretfulness. 

PEE'VIT,  7i.  A bird.  — See  Pewit.  Hill. 

PEG,  71.  [Gr.  Tt/yiv g i , to  stick  or  fix  in.  Junius. 
— A.  S.  pile,  a little  needle  or  pin;  pycan,  to 
peck  or  pick.  Skinner.  Richardson.) 

1.  A small  pointed  piece  of  wood  serving  as 

a nail ; a small  wooden  pin.  Addison. 

2.  One  of  the  pins  of  a musical  instrument, 

on  which  the  strings  are  strained.  Shak. 

3.  A nickname  for  Margaret.  Johnson. 

7 'o  take  down  a peg,  to  depress  ; to  lower  ; to  hum- 
ble. “ And  took  your  grandees  duum  a peg.”  /huh liras. 

PEG,  V.  a.  [l.  PEGGED  ; pp.  PEGGING,  PEGGED.] 
To  fasten  with  a peg  or  pegs.  Shak. 

Pf.-GA'SE-AN,  a.  [L.  Pcgaseus.) 

1.  Of,  or  belonging  to,  Pegasus  ; swift  ; 

speedy.  Feltham. 

2.  Relating  to  poetry  ; poetic.  Andrews. 

PEG'A-SUS,  71.  [L.,  from  Gr.  rtiiyaao;.) 

1.  (Grecian  Myth.)  A winged  horse,  the  off- 
spring of  Neptune  and  Medusa.  IF.  Smith. 

2.  (Asti-on.)  A northern  constellation  near 

Cygnus  ; the  Horse.  P.  Cyc. 

3.  (Ich.)  A genus  of  lophobranchiate  fishes, 

with  large  pectoral  fins,  by  means  of  which 
they  are  enabled  to  take  short  saltatory  flights 
through  the  air.  Brande. 

PEG'GER,  il.  One  who  pegs.  Shei-tcood. 

f PEGM  (pSm),  n.  [Gr.  ngypa,  something  fastened 

or  joined  together  ; L.  pegma.)  A board  or  ma- 
chine for  a placard,  or  the  placard  itself,  used 
in  pageants. 

In  the  centre  or  midst  of  the  pepm  there  was  an  aback  or 
square  wherein  this  eulogy  was  written.  B.  Jonson. 

PEG'MA-TITE,  n.  (Min.)  Graphic  granite.  Dana. 

PEG'O-MAN-CY,  n.  [Gr.  -rnyf),  a fountain,  and 
pavnla,  a prophesying.]  Divination  by  means 
of  fountains.  Rogct. 

PEG'— STRIK-KR,  n.  One  who  catches  turtles  by 
striking  them  with  an  iron  peg  having  a string 
attached  to  it.  Holbrook. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RfiLE.  — 9,  9,  $,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  £,  |,  hard;  % as  z;  ^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 

132 


PEG-TANKARD 


1050 


PELTRY 


PEG'— TANK-ARID,  n.  Formerly  a tankard  marked 
inside  by  graduated  pegs  for  the  purpose,  it  i 
said,  of  equally  dividing  the  liquor.  Wright. 

Pp-GU'pR,  n.  A native  of  Pegu.  Earnshaw. 

rEI-RAM'E-TlJR,  n.  [Gr.  wtipa,  proof,  test,  and 
ptrpov,  a measure.]  An  instrument  for  indicatin 
the  amount  of  resistance  to  wheel-carriages  on 
roads  of  different  construction.  Francis. 

PEl-RAS'TIC,  a.  [Gr.  nupaortnds ; napaio,  to  try.] 
Attempting  ; making  trial.  Smart. 

t PEl§E  (plz),  n.  A weight;  poise.  Spenser. 

t PEI§E  (plz),  v.  a.  To  poise.  Sidney. 

PF.ISH  ' WA,  n.  The  title  of  the  military  governor 
of  the  Mahrattas.  Stocgueler. 

PE'KAN,  n.  (Zolil.)  A North  American  species 
of  marten  ; Mustela  Canadensis.  Audubon. 

PE' KF.-Jl , n.  ( Bot .)  A genus  of  plants  found  in 
Guiana,  which  furnish  the  saouari  or  sawarra 
nuts  of  the  shops.  Eng.  Cyc. 

PE'KOE,  or  PEK'OE,  w.  A fine  kind  of  black- 
tea  ; — written  also  pecco.  Simmonds. 

PEL'A^E,  n.  [Sp.  <Sf  Fr.  pelage , the  color  of  the 
hair  of  a beast,  from  L.  pi/us,  the  hair.]  The 
covering  of  a wild  beast,  consisting  of  hair,  fur, 
or  wool.  Thompson. 

Pfi-LA'tjrl-AN,  n.  (Eccl.  Hist.)  A follower  of  Pe- 
lagius,  a British  monk  who  lived  early  in  the 
fifth  century,  and  who  denied  the  doctrine  of 
original  sin,  and  maintained  free-will,  as  well  as 
the  merit  of  good  works.  Bp.  Hall. 

Pp-L,\'G!-AN,  a.  Relating  to  Pelagius,  a British 
monk,  or  to  his  doctrine.  South. 

PE-LA'tJB-AN,  a.  [L.  pelagus  (Gr.  irtlayoi),  the 
sea.]  Pertaining  to  the  sea  ; pelagic.  Lyell. 

Pp-LA'G!-AN-I§M,  n.  The  doctrines  of  Pelagius, 
a monk  of  the  fifth  century.  South. 

P£-LA(r'IC,  a.  [Gl*.*  nfi.aytKhs  ; nO.ayoc,  sea;  L. 
pelagians.]  Belonging  to  the  sea  ; marine.  Lyell. 

PEL-AR-GON'JC,  a.  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  ob- 
tained from  the  distilled  water  of  Pelargonium 
roseum,  or  rose-geranium.  Silliman. 

PE L-JiR-Q O' ATI- UM,  n.  [Gr.  ntlapyhs,  a stork.] 
(Bot.)  A genus  of  plants  allied  to  the  geranium  ; 
stork’s-bill.  Loudon. 

PEL'JE-CAN,  n.  A bird.  — See  Pelican. 

PEL-E-CAn1  I-DJE,  n.  pi.  ( Ornith .)  A family  of 
birds  of  the  order  Anseres,  including  the  sub- 
families PliaHoninoe,  Plotince,  and  Pclccaninre ; 
pelicans.  Gray. 

PE !.-  E-  C.g-A~I ' JWE,  n.  pi.  [See  Pelecanidje.] 
(Ornith'.)  A 
sub-family  of 
birds  of  the 
order  Anse- 
res and  fam- 
ily Pelecani- 
dee;  pelicans. 

Gray.  Cormorant  (Graculus  carbo). 

PEL/l£-CdtD,  n.  [Gr.  n0.tK\ is, 
an  axe  or  hatchet,  and  Bios, 
form.]  (Geom.)  A curve 

somewhat  resembling  the 
head  of  a hatchet,  consisting 
of  two  inverted  quadrantal 
arcs  (A  B and  A D)  and  a 
semicircle  (B  C D).  Francis. 

+ PEL'IJ-GRINE,  a.  Peregrine. 

PEL'P-RlNE,  n.  A lady’s  long  cape,  with  ends 
hanging  down  before.  Simmonds. 

PEI.F,  n.  [Old  Eng.  pelf  ray,  pel  fry.  — Of  the 
same  origin  as  paltry.  ' Todd.  — Perhaps  from 
pilfer.  Richardson.]  Money  ; riches  ; mam- 

mon; — commonly  used  in  a bad  sense. 

To  the  poor  if  lie  refused  his  pelf. 

He  used  them  full  as  kindly  as  himself.  Swift. 

PEI.F'fSn,  a.  Pertaining  to  riches.  Stanihurst. 

t PEL'FRY,  or  PEL'FRAY,  n.  Pelf.  Cranmcr. 

PEL'I-CAN,  n.  [Gr.  thI.ik&v,  the  woodpecker;  — 
also  a water  bird  ; iteliKato,  to  hew  with  an  axe  ; 
nrl.tKVf,  an  axe;  L.  pelecanus  and  pelicanus ; It. 
pclltcano-,  Sp.  pclicano ; Fr.  pelican.] 


Common  pelican 
( Pelecanus  onoc/  utalus). 


1.  ( Ornith.)  A 

large,  heavy,  aquat- 
ic bird  of  the  fam- 
ily Pelecanidce , and 
sub-family  Pelecanince  hav- 
ing a long,  straight,  wide, 
and  very  much  depressed 
bill.  Lng.  Cyc. 

USD  Fish  is  the  food  of  the 
pelican,  which  it  captures  with 
great  adroitness,  generally  in 
shallow  inlets.  The  upper 
mandible  of  its  hill  is  flattened, 
and  terminated  by  a very  strong 
hook  or  nail,  which  is  com- 
pressed and  very  much  bent. 

The  lower  mandible  is  formed  by  two  osseous  branch- 
es, which  are  depressed,  flexible,  and  united  at  the 
point ; and  from  it  is  suspended  a naked  skin,  in 
the  form  of  an  expansive  pouch  or  bag,  which  will 
hold  a considerable  number  of  fish.  Eng.  Cyc. 

2.  (Chon.)  An  alembic  from  which  two  op- 

posite beaks  or  tubes  pass  out  and  reenter  at 
the  belly  of  the  cucurbit.  Jamieson. 

3.  (Surg.)  An  instrument  for  extracting 

teeth,  curved, at  the  end  like  the  beak  of  a peli- 
can. Dunglison. 

PEL'I-OM,  91.  [Gr.  irrhis,  livid.]  (Min.)  A smoky- 
blue  variety  of  iolite.  Dana. 

PEL-I-0  ’ J\[J,  91.  [Gr.  vti.ttnpn  ; itO.ihs,  livid.] 

1.  (Med.)  A livid  spot  or  bruise.  Dimglison. 

2.  (Mm.)  Peliom. — See  Peliom.  Braude. 

Pf.-LISSE'  (pe-lfis'),  9i.  [Fr.,  from  L.  pcllis,  the 

skin  or  hide  of  a beast.  — See  Pilch.] 

1.  A furred  cloak  or  robe.  Guthlie. 

2.  A robe  or  cloak  of  silk  or  other  cloth  worn 

by  ladies.  Smart. 

PELL,  9i.  [L.  pellis  ; It.  pclle ; Sp.  pelleja  ; Fr. 

peau.]  f The  hide  of  an  animal;  a pelt.  Bailey. 

Clerk  of  the  pells,  in  England,  an  officer  of  tile  ex- 
chequer who  enters  every  teller’s  bill  on  a parchment 
roll,  called  pellis  acceplorum , or  roll  of  receipts  ; and 
also  makes  another  roll,  called  pellis  ezitium,  or  roll 
of  disbursements.  Bailey.  Todd. 

t PELL,  n.  [L.  pellis,  a bide,  because  in  early 
times  houses  were  made  of  hides.  Skinner.  — 
“ It  seems  highly  probable  that  the  origin  is  L. 
phala,  oval  towers,  from  fala,  phala-,  the  pillars 
erected  in  the  Roman  circus.”  Jamieson.] 

1.  A house.  Speght.  Skmner. 

God  save  the  lady  of  this  pell.  Chaucer. 

2.  A strong  or  fortified  place.  Jamiesoti. 

XifT  Written  also  paile,  peel.,  pei.ll , pcle,  and  peyll. 

PflL-LA'GRA,  91.  [L.  pellis,  skin,  and  Gr.  aypa,  a 
catching,  seizure.]  (Med.)  A disease  in  which 
the  skin  becomes  covered  with  wrinkles,  and 
assumes  a scaly  appearance,  especially  in  the 
parts  exposed  to  the  air.  Dunglison. 

flfjy  It  lias  been  supposed  to  follow  every  where  the 
introduction  of  Indian  corn.  Dunglison. 

I’EL'LpT,  n.  [It.  palla,  pallottolo,  from  L.  pila, 
a ball  ; Sp.  pella  ; Fr.  pelotte.] 

1.  A little  ball.  “ A . . . pellet  of  yellow  wax.” 
Bacon.  “ Pellets  of  lint.”  Wiseman. 

2.  A bullet,  [it.]  Bacon.  Ray. 

3.  (Arch.)  A Gothic  ornament  consisting  of 

plain,  flat,  circular  pieces  arranged  along  a 
fuscia  or  band.  Francis. 

Shah. 

“ This 
Shah. 


PEL'LpT,  v.  a.  To  form  into  pellets. 

PEL'LF.T-F.D,  a.  Consisting 
pelleted  storm.” 


of  bullets. 


PEL'LT-CLE,  n.  [L.  pellicula,  dim.  of  pcllis,  skin  ; 
It.  pellieola  ; Sp.  pelicula ; Fr.  pellicule.] 

1.  A thin  skin  or  membrane  ; a film.  Sharp. 

2.  (Chem.)  A film  of  salt  or  other  substance 

which  forms  on  the  surface  of  solutions  during 
evaporation.  Brands. 

PEL'LI-TO-RY,  n.  [Sp.  petit  re.] 

1.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  weeds,  commonly  grow- 

ing on  old  walls  or  on  heaps  of  rubbish  ; Pari- 
etaria.  Loudon. 

2.  The  root  of  the  Spanish  camomile  (An- 
themis  pyrethrum),  used  in  medicine.  Davis. 

PeUitory  of  Spain,  Jinthemis  pyrethrum.  London. 

PELL-MELL',  ad.  [Fr.  pHe-mfle.]  Mixed  or 
mingled  together  ; confusedly  ; disorderly.  Shah. 

The  battle  was  a confused  heap;  the  ground  unequal; 
men,  horses,  chariots  crowded  pell-mell.  Milton. 


rj.L-LU'CID,  a.  [L.  pellucidus ; perluceo,  to  shine 
through,  to  be  transparent ; per,  through,  and 
lueeo,  to  shine  ; It.  pelluciclo ; Fr.  pellucide.] 
Translucent ; transparent ; diaphanous  ; limpid. 

Syn.  — That  is  pellucid  or  translucent  which  is  per- 
vious to  light ; that  is  transparent  through  which  ob- 
jects may  be  distinctly  seen.  Water  and  ground  glass 
are  pellucid  or  translucent ; unground  glass,  trans- 
parent. 

PpL-LU'CID-LY,  ad.  In  a pellucid  manner; 
clearly  ; transparently.  Wright. 

PEL-LU-CID'J-TY,  n.  [L.  pclluciditas ; pclluridus, 
pellucid.]  Pellucidness.  Locke. 

P^L-LU'CID-NESS,  9i.  The  state  or  the  quality 
of  being  pellucid ; pellucidity.  Keil. 

PEL-O-PQN-NE'SJ-AN,  a.  [L.  Pcloponnesius , from 
Gr.  XU'/.onbvvriaoi  (L.  Peloponnesus),  the  Pelopon- 
nesus; YW.oip,  nO.onot:,  Pelops,  and  vl)aos,  an 
island.]  (Geog.)  Pertaining  to  the  Peloponne- 
sus, a peninsula  comprehending  the  southern 
part  of  Greece,  now  called  the  Morea.  “The. 
Peloponnesian  war.”  p.  Cyc. 

PEL-O-PON-NE'SI-AN,  n.  A native  or  inhabitant 
of  the  Peloponnesus. 

The  next  year  tB.  C.  429).  instead  of  invading  Attica,  the 
Peloponnesians  laid  siege  to  Plutjca.  p.  Cue. 

PEL'O-SINE,  91.  (Che9n.)  A bitter,  colorless  sub- 
stance extracted  from  the  roots  of  the  Cissam- 
pelos  Pareira.  Brande. 

PEL'O-TAtgE,  9i.  [Sp.  pelote,  goats’  hair.]  Packs 
or  bales  of  Spanish  wool.  Simmotids. 

PELT,  9i.  [Gr.  lUlla  ; L.  pellis ; It.  pclle ; Sp. 
pelleja-,  Fr  .peau.  — A.  S.feil ; But.  pels  ; Ger. 
pelz.  — See  Fell.] 

1.  The  skin  or  hide  of  a beast,  [it.] 

A scabby  tetter  on  their  pelts  will  stick.  Dryden. 

2.  The  raw  or  undressed  skin  or  hide  of  a 

beast  with  the  wool  or  hair  on  it.  Browtie. 

■85T  Tile  term  is  now  restricted  to  the  skins  of 
sheep,  and  of  those  animals  found  in  high  latitudes, 
as  tlie  beaver,  bear,  moose-deer,  marten,  minx,  sable, 
wolverine,  &c.  Davis. 

3.  The  quarry  of  a hawk  all  torn.  Amsworth. 

PELT,  v.  a.  [Formed  by  syncope  from  pellet. 
Lye.]  [i.  pelted  ; pp.  pelting,  pelted.] 

1.  To  strike  or  assail  with  something  thrown. 

The  chiding  billows  seem  to  pelt  the  clouds.  Shak. 

I might  easily  with  stones  pelt  the  metropolis  to  pieces. 

m Swift. 

2.  To  throw;  to  cast;  to  hurl. 

My  Phillis  me  with  pelted  apples  plies.  Dnjden. 

PELT,  n.  A blow  or  stroke  from  something 
thrown  ; a knock  ; a kick.  Percy,  Relics. 

PELT,  9i.  [L.  pelta  ; Fr . pelte.]  A light  shield; 

a pelta.  — Sec  Pelta.  Old  Play,  1G33. 

PEL'TJJ , 91.  [L.,  from  Gr.  irO.Ttj.] 

1.  (Ant.)  A small,  light  shield,  consisting  of  a 
frame  of  wood  or  wicker-work,  covered  with 
skin  or  leather,  and  without  a rim.  IF.  Smith. 

2.  (Bot.)  A flat  apothecium  without  a rim. 

lien  slow. 

I’M.  r^TE,  > a (Bot.)  Noting  a leaf 

PEL'TAT-PD,  ) the  petiole  of  which  is 
attached  at  the  lower  side,  within  the 
margin ; shield-shaped.  Gray. 

PEI/TATE-LY,  ad.  (Bot.)  In  a peltate  manner ; 
so  as  to  resemble  a shield.  C'9-aig. 

PELT'f.R,  91.  1.  One  who  pelts. 

2.  f A sordid  wretch  ; a pinch-penny.  Huloct. 

PEL'TI-NER  VED,  a.  [L.  pelta,  a shield,  and  Eng. 
nerved.]  (Bot.)  Noting  a leaf  having  nerves 
diverging  from  the  summit  of  the  petiole,  and 
spread  on  all  sides  in  a plane  much  inclined 
to  it.  Ile9islow. 

f PELT'ING,  a.  1.  Mean  ; paltry  ; pitiful.  Shah. 

2.  Bustling  ; hurrying.  Baker. 

PELT'ING,  n.  An  assault  or  striking  with  some- 
thing thrown  ; a striking  against ; a battering. 

The  pelting  of  this  pitiless  storm.  Shak. 

PELT'— MON-Gf.R  (-mung-ger),  n.  A dealer  in 
pelts  ; a fell-monger.  Richa9-dso)i. 

PELT'— ROT,  n.  A disease  of  sheep  in  which  the 
wool  comes  off ; the  naked  disease.  Ogilvie. 

PEL'TRY,  9i,  [Dut.  pelteriien ; Old  Fr.  pettrie.  — 
See  Pelt.] 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  l09ig;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  p,  1,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


PELTRY-WARE 


1051 


PENETRAIL 


1.  Pelts  collectively  ; skins  in  their  raw  state, 

with  the  wool,  hair,  or  fur  on  them.  Smollett. 

2.  Something  as  common  as  the  wool  or  the 

hair  of  a skin  or  hide  ; something  common  or 
worthless.  Bale. 

+ PEL'TRY— WARE,  n.  Peltry.  ■ Berners. 

PELT’-WOOL  (pelt'wul),  n.  Wool  from  the  skin 
of  a dead  sheep.  Whishaw. 

PEL' VIC,  a.  Belonging  to  the  pelvis.  Dunglison. 

PEL-VIM'E-TER,  n.  [Eng.  pelvis,  and  Gr. yerpov, 
a measure.]  ’ An  instrument  for  measuring  the 
diameters  of  the  pelvis.  Dunglison. 

PEL' VIS,  n.  [L.  (Gr.  irt7.it),  a basin.]  (Anat.) 

The  part  of  the  trunk  which  bounds  the  abdo- 
men below.  Dunglison. 

It  is  a large,  bony,  irregular,  conoiclal  cavity, 
open  above  and  below,  supporting  and  containing  a 
part  of  tlie  intestines,  and  the  urinary  and  genital  or- 
gans, and  serving  as  a fixed’ point  for  the  articulation 
of  the  lower  limbs,  for  the  attachment  of  their  mus- 
cles, and  the  execution  of  their  movements.  Dunglison. 

PEM'I-CAN,  £ 1,  Among  the  American  In- 

PEM'Mj-CAN,  ) dians,  meat  of  the  deer  or  the 
buffalo  dried  and  pounded.  Schoolcraft. 

Then  on  pemmican  they  feasted, 

Femrnican  and  buffalo-marrow.  Longfellow. 

2.  Dried  and  pounded  meat,  prepared  with 
fat  and  raisins  in  a concentrated  form,  for  long 
journeys  and  voyages,  as  Arctic  voyages.  Kane. 

PEN,  n.  [L.  penna,  a feather  ; It.  penna,  a feath- 
er, a pen  ; Fr.  penne,  a feather.  — A.  S.  plan,  a 
pen;  Dut.  Dan.  pen  ; Icel . penni.] 

1.  f A feather.  Spenser. 

The  proud  peacock,  overcharged  with  pens.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  A pointed  instrument  for  writing,  made  of 

a quill  or  of  a metallic  substance.  Shak. 

Bow,  drawing,  or  ruling  pen,  a metallic  pen,  the 
part  holding  the  ink  being  formed  of  two  cheeks 
bowed  out  in  the  middle,  and  regulated  by  a screw.  — 
Dulling  pen,  a pen  for  writing  music,  consisting  of  a 
metallic  cylinder,  in  which  a metal  pin  works  verti- 
cally by  means  of  a spiral  spring. — Fountain  ox  hy- 
draulic pen,  a pen  so  constructed  as  to  hold  a quantity 
of  ink,  that  it  may  serve  both  for  pen  and  inkstand. 
— Music  pen,  a pen  having  five  points  for  drawing  the 
five  lines  of  the  musical  stall'.  Francis. 

PEN,  v.  a.  [ i . penned;  pp.  penning,  penned.] 
To  write ; to  compose,  as  an  author ; to  indite. 
“Petitions  fairly  penned.”  Swift. 

PEN,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  pyndan.)  [i.  pent  or  penned  ; 
pp.  PENNING,  PENT  01'  PENNED.]  To  shut  Up 
or  confine  ; to  incage  ; to  coop. 

Where  shepherds  pen  their  flocks  at  eve.  Milton. 

PEN,  n.  A small  enclosure,  as  for  sheep,  hogs, 
fowls,  &c. ; a coop.  Shak. 

PE'NAL,  a.  [L.  pocnalis  ; poena,  punishment;  It. 
penale  ; Sp  .penal-,  Fr  .penal.] 

1.  Relating  to,  or  inflicting,  punishment ; pu- 
nitive. “ Penal  statutes.”  Bouvier. 

2.  Subjecting  or  rendering  liable  to  punish- 
ment; as,  “ A penal  act.”  Bouvier. 

Penal  action,  {Law.)  an  action  for  the  recovery  of  a 
penalty  ; an  action  on  a penal  statute.  Barrill. 

PE'NAL— CODE,  ii.  {Law.)  A code  of  laws  relat- 
ing to  the  punishment  of  crimes.  Ed.  Rev. 

t PE-NAL'I-TY,  n.  [Fr.  penalite  ; penal,  penal.] 
The  quality  of  being  penal.  Browne. 

PE'NAL-LY,  ad.  In  a penal  manner  ; by  penalty. 

PEN'AL-TY,  n.  [It.  penalita ; Sp.  penalulad.) 

1.  Punishment,  whether  in  property  or  in 
person,  imposed  by  law  or  by  judicial  decision. 

Political  power  is  a right  of  making  laws  with  penalties  of 
death,  and,  consequently,  all  our  penalties  for  preserving 
property  and  employing  the  force  of  the  community  in  the 
execution  of  laws.  Locke. 

2.  Forfeiture,  or  sum  to  be  forfeited,  for  non- 
compliance  with  an  agreement  ; a fine.  Shak. 

Fir'  In  law,  the  term  penalty  is  mostly  applied  to  a 
pecuniary  punishment.  Bouuier. 

Syn.  — See  Fine. 

PEN'ANCE,  n.  [It.  penanza  ; Fr.  penance,  peni- 
tence.] 

1.  Repentance.  Wickliffe. 

To  bring  forth  worthy  fruits  of  penance.  Com.  Prayer. 

2.  Punishment,  either  voluntary  or  imposed 

by  ecclesiastical  authority,  for  faults,  or  as  an 
expression  of  penitence.  Bacon. 


Penanceis  only  the  punishment  inflicted; . . . a man  comes 
not  to  do  j>enance  because  he  repents  him  of  his  sin,  but  be- 
cause he  is  compelled  to  it;  curses  him,  and  would  kill  him, 
that  sends  him  thither.  The  old  canons  wisely  enjoin  three 
years’  penance , sometimes  more,  because  in  that  time  a man 
got  a habit  of  virtue,  and  so  committed  that  sin  no  more  for 
which  he  did  penance.  Seldcn. 

PEN'ANCED,  a.  Having  undergone,  or  having 
been  sentenced  to  suffer,  penance.  Southey. 

PEN'ANCE-LESS,  a.  Not  having  undergone  pen- 
ance. Piers  Plouhman. 

PE-NANG'-LAW'YJJR§,  il.pl.  {Com.)  Walking- 
sticks  made  from  the  stems  of  a small  palm  (Li- 
cuala  acutifida),  in  the  East  Indies.  Simmonds. 

PF.-JVA ' TE§,  n.  pi.  [L.]  {Roman  Ant.)  House- 
hold gods,  whether  of  a private  family,  or  of  the 
state  as  the  great  family  of  citizens.  IF.  Smith. 

Ijgy  The  Lares  were  included  among  the  Penates  ; 
and  both  names  are  often  used  synonymously.  The 
Lures  however,  though  included  in  the  Penates,  were 
not  the  only  Penates  ; for  each  family  had  usually  no 
more  than  one  Lar,  whereas  the  Penates  are  always 
spoken  of  in  the  plural.  JV.  Smith. 

PEN'— CASE,  n.  A case  to  carry  pens  in.  Johnson. 

PENCE,  n. ; pi.  of  penny.  See  Penny. 

PEN'CEL,  n.  [Old  Fr.  pennoneel,  dim.  of  pennon.') 
A little  streamer  at  the  head  of  a lance ; penno- 
cel ; — also  written  pensell,  and  pensil.  Chaucer. 

PEJVCHBJVT  (pan-shiing'),  it.  [Fr.]  Propension  ; 
strong  inclination  ; bent.  Ec.  Rev. 

PEN'CIL,  ii.  [L.  penicillum  ; penis,  a tail ; It. 
pennello  ; Sp . pincel ; Fr . pinccau.) 

1.  A small  brush  of  hair,  used  by  painters. 

The  kindred  arts  shall  in  their  praise  conspire, 

One  dip  the  pencil , and  one  string  the  lyre.  Pope. 

2.  Figuratively,  the  art  of  painting.  Smart. 

3.  An  instrument  for  marking,  drawing,  or 
writing,  consisting  of  a prism  or  cylinder  of 
plumbago,  or  some  pigment,  or  a case  of  wood 
or  metal  holding  it. 

Mark  with  a pen  or  pencil  the  most  considerable  things  in 
the  books  you  desire  to  remember.  traits. 

4.  {Optics.)  A number  of  rays,  converging  to, 

or  diverging  from,  a point.  Nichol. 

PEN'CIL,  V.  a.  \i.  PENCILLED  ; pp.  PENCILLING, 
PENCILLED.] 

1.  To  paint.  “ Pencilled  figures.”  Shak. 

2.  To  mark,  draw,  or  write  with  a pencil  or 

as  with  a pencil.  Smart. 

PENCILLED  (-slid),  p.  a.  1.  Painted, 
marked,  drawn, or  written  with  a pencil. 

2.  Having  pencils  of  rays.  Wright. 

3.  {Bot.)  Marked  in  lines,  as  with  a 

pencil.  Loudon. 

PEN'CIL-LING,  n.  The  act  of  painting  or  sketch- 
ing : — a sketch.  Qu.  Rev. 

PEN'CIL— SHAPED,  a.  Shaped  like  a pencil. 

PEN'CRAFT,  ii.  1.  Penmanship.  Bruce. 

2.  The  art  of  an  author.  Charles  Reade. 

PEN'— CUT-TER,  ii.  He  who,  or  that  which,  cuts 
or  makes  pens.  Sir  J.  Haivkins. 

PEND.n.  Oil-cake;  penock.  [Oriental.]  Simmonds. 

PEN'DANT,  n.  [L.  pendeo  ; Fr.  pendre,  to  hang.] 

1.  Any  thing  hanging,  as  by  way  of  ornament. 

Unripe  fruit,  whose  verdant  stalks  do  cleave 

Close  to  the  tree,  which  grieves  no  less  to  leave 

The  smiling  pendant  which  adorns  her  so.  Waller. 

2.  A jewel  or  ornament  hanging  at  the  ear  ; 

an  ear-ring.  Pope. 

3.  f A pendulum.  Dighy. 

4.  (Arch.)  The  springer  of  an 
arch  which  rests  on  a shaft  or  a cor- 
bel : — an  ornamental  polygonal 
piece  of  stone  or  timber  hanging 
from  a vault  or  roof ; — much  used 
in  Gothic  architecture.  Braude. 

5.  (Her.)  A part  hanging  from  Pendant, 
the  label,  resembling  a drop  in  the  Doric  frieze. 

London  Ency. 

6.  A gas-pipe,  with  a burner  or  burners, 

which  hangs  from  another  pipe,  to  which  it  is 
fastened  by  a screw.  Simmonds. 

7.  (Fine  Arts.)  A picture  or  print,  which, 
from  uniformity  of  size  and  subject,  seems  to 
hang  as  a comparison  to  another.  Brande. 

8.  (Naut.)  A long,  narrow  piece  of  bunting 
carried  at  the  mast-head  ; a pennant.  Dana. 

PEN'DENCE,  n.  [L.  pendeo,  pendens,  to  hang  ; It. 
pendenza.)  Slopeness ; inclination.  Wotton. 


PEN'DIJN-CY,  n.  1.  State  of  being  suspended; 
an  impending  or  hanging.  Rogct. 

2.  The  state  of  pending  ; suspense.  Bum-ill. 

Nor  can  the  appellant  allege  pendency  of  suit.  Ayliffe. 

PEN'DENT,  a.  [L. pendens  ; pendeo,  to  hang;  It. 
pendente  ; Sp.  pendiente  ; Fr.  pendant .) 

1.  Hanging  ; pendulous  ; suspended.  Shak. 

2.  Jutting  over  ; projecting ; overhanging. 

“ A pendent  rock.”  Sha/c. 

PEJV-DEJV'TE  I.i’TE.  [L.]  (Law.)  While  the 
suit  is  pending  ; during  litigation.  Burrill 

P£N-DEN'TI VE,  n.  [Fr. pendentif,  from  L. pen- 
deo, pendens,  to  hang.]  (Arch.)  The  part  of  a 
vault  between  the  arches  or  arch-headed  walls 
supporting  a dome.  Brande. 

PEN'DENT-LY,  ad.  In  a pendent  manner.  Wright. 

f PEN'DICE,  n.  [It.,  a declivity,  a flank  or  side.) 

1.  A penthouse.  Fairfax. 

2.  A sloping  roof ; pentice.  Todd. 

PEN'DI-CLE,  n.  An  appendage;  one  thing  at- 
tached to  another;  a pendant.  [Scot.]  Jamieson. 

PEN'DI-CLER,  n.  An  inferior  tenant.  Simmonds. 

PEND'jNG,  a.  Depending;  remaining  undecided. 

At  the  period  when  the  treaty  was  pending.  Brit.  Grit. 

PEND'ING,  prep.  For  the  time  of  the  continuance 
of;  during.  “ Pending  suit.”  Ayliffe. 

Bending  the  discussion  of  this  subject,  a memorial  was 
presented.  _E.  Everett. 

PEN'DRO,  ii.  A disease  iu  sheep.  Loudon. 

I PEN'DULE,  ii.  [Fr.]  A pendulum.  Evelyn. 

PEN-DIJ-LOS'I-TY,  n.  Pendulousness.  Browne. 

PEN ' Dlj-  LOUS  [pen'du-lus,  S.  P.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm. 
IFr. ; pen'jy-lus,  IF.],  a.  [L.  pendulits ; pendeo,  to 
hang  ; It.  spenzolato  ; Sp.  pendulo.) 

1.  Hanging;  pendent.  “ The  pendulous  air.” 
Shak.  “ The  pendulous,  round  earth.”  MiUon. 

2.  In  suspense  ; doubtful ; unsettled.  Browne. 

In  a pendulous  frame  of  mind.  Atterbury. 

PEN'DU-LOUS-LY,  ad.  In  the  manner  of  some- 
thing hanging  ; so  as  to  be  easily  swayed. 

Penclulously  propense  to  vicious  examples.  Prynne. 

PEN'Dll-LOUS-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  pen- 
dulous. Johnson. 

PEN'DU-LUM,  n.  ; pi.  PENDULUMS.  [It.  pendulo, 
from  L.  pendulus,  pendulous,  swinging ; Sp. 
pendola  ; Fr.  pendule.)  An  instrument  consist- 
ing of  a weight  suspended  from  a fixed  point, 
so  as,  having  been  once  set  in  motion,  to  swing 
freely  to  and  fro,  by  the  alternate  force  of  momen- 
tum and  gravity  ; as,  “ The  pendulum  of  a clock.” 

Ballistic  ■pendulum.  See  BALLISTIC.  — Compensa- 
tion pendulum,  a pendulum  so  constructed  as  to  coun- 
teract the  expansion  and  contraction  of  the  rod  by 
heat  and  cold. — Gridiron  pendulum,  a compensation 
pendulum  constructed  with  parallel  bars  of  different 
metals. Mercurial  pendulum , a compensation  pendu- 

lum the  bob  or  weight  of  which  consists  of  a glass 
vessel  partially  filled  with  mercury.  Francis.  Brande. 

PE-NEL'O-PE,  n.  ( Ornith .)  A genus  of  birds  of 
the  sub-family  Penelopincc.  Eng.  Cyc. 

PE-MEL-O-Pl'JVJE,  n.  pi. 

[Gr.  nT]vil.o\p  ; L.  pene- 
lops,  a kind  of  duck.] 

(Ornith.)  A sub-family 
of  birds  of  the  order 
Gallium  and  family  Cra- 
cidcs ; guans.  Gray. 

PEN-1J-TR  A-BIL'I-TY,  ii. 

[It.  penetrability  ; Sp. 
penetrabilidad ; Fr  .penetrability)  The  quality 
of  being  penetrable ; susceptibility  of  being 
penetrated ; penetrableness.  Clieyne. 

PEN'E-TRA-BLE,  a.  [L.  penetrabilis ; It . pene- 
trabile ; Sp.  <Sf  Fr.  penetrable.) 

1.  That  may  he  penetrated,  pierced,  or  entered. 

Let  him  try  thy  dart. 

And  pierce  his  only  penetrable  part.  Dryden. 

2.  Susceptive  of  mental  impression. 

Let  me  wring  your  heart;  for  so  I shall, 

If  it  be  made  of  penetrable  stuff.  Shah. 

PEN'E-TR  A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
penetrable  ; penetrability.  Ash. 

PEN'E-TRA-BLy,  ad.  In  a penetrable  manner. 

f PEN'IJ-TRAIL,  n.  [L.  penetral.)  The  inner 
part;  the  interior.  Harvey. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 


BULL,  BUR,  R1JLE.  — 9,  <J,  9,  g,  soft ; 


J0,  C,  5,  g,  hard ; § as  z;  y as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


/ 


PENETEALE 


1052 


PENNY-A-LINER 


PF.M'-K-TRA' LF.,  n. ; pi.  p&n-e-tra  [L.] 

{Homan  Ant.)  An  inner  or  interior  part,  as  of  a 
building  : — a sanctuary ; especially  the  sanctu- 
ary of  the  Penates.  Andrews. 

PEN1  ^-TRANCE,  n.  Penetrancy.  [li.]  More. 

PEN'5-TRAN-CY,  n.  The  power  of  penetrating. 

“ Penetrancy  of  judgment.”  Hay. 

PfiN'5-TRANT,  a.  [L.  penetrans  ; It.  <y  Sp.  pene- 
trante  ; Fr.  penetrant.]  Having  power  to  pene- 
trate, pierce,  or  enter.  Boyle. 

PEN'p-TRATE,  v.  a.  [L.  penctro,  penetratus ; It. 
penetrare  j Sp .penetrar-,  Fr.  ptiutrcr.]  [t.  pene- 
trated *,  pp.  PENETRATING,  PENETRATED.] 

1.  To  make  way  into ; to  pierce  ; to  enter;  to 
perforate  ; to  bore  ; to  transfix. 

\Ve  have  penetrated  the  ample  region  — of  Wales.  Hall. 

2.  To  pass  into  or  affect,  as  the  mind.  Johnson. 

3.  To  understand;  to  comprehend;  to  discern. 
Things  which  . . . were  too  subtile  for  us  to  penetrate.  Ray. 

Syn.  — To  penetrate  is  to  make  an  entrance  into 
something ; to  pierce,  to  penetrate  deeply,  or  pass 
through  ; to  perforate  anil  bore,  to  make  a hole  through 
with  an  instrument.  Water  penetrates  leather,  the 
earth,  & c.  ; the  body  is  pierced  by  an  arrow  ; wood  is 
perforated  l>y  worms  or  by  an  instrument,  and  bored 
by  an  auger. — Penetrate  and  pierce  are  often  used  in 
a moral  or  improper  sense  ; as,  “ The  mind  pene- 
trates ” ; “ The  eye  pierces.” 

PEN'5-TRATE,  v.  7i.  1.  To  make  way  ; to  pass. 

Born  where  Heaven's  influence  scarce  can  jjenetrate.  Pope. 

2.  To  make  way  intellectually. 

We  have  not  yet  penetrated  into  the  inside  and  reality  of 
the  thing.  Locke. 

PEN'E-TRAT-ING,  p.  a.  1.  That  penetrates  ; 
piercing ; permeating.  “ Marrow  is  of  all  . . . 
oily  substances  the  most  penetrating .”  Arbuthnot. 

2.  Having  penetration  ; discerning ; saga- 
cious ; keen  ; acute ; as,  “ A penetrating  mind.” 

Penetrating  wound,  {Sura.)  a wound  which  pene- . 
tratespno  of  the  great  splanchnic  cavities.  DunyUson. 

Syn.  — See  Keen. 

FEN'5-TRAT-JNG-LY,  ad.  In  a penetrating  man- 
ner; piercingly;  discerningly.  Wright. 

PEN-E-TR A'TION,  n.  [L .penetratin',  It.  pene- 
trazione  ; Sp.  penetration  ; Fr.  penetration .} 

1.  The  act  of  penetrating  or  entering.  Milton. 

2.  Act  of  comprehending ; acuteness  ; dis- 
cernment ; sagacity ; insight.  Watts. 

Syn.  — See  Discernment,  Sagacity. 

PEX'E-TR  A-TJ  VE,  a.  [It.  <y  Sp.  penetration  ; Fr. 
penetratif.] 

1.  That  penetrates  ; penetrating  ; piercing. 

2.  Acute  ; keen  ; discerning  ; sagacious. 

“ Penetrative  wisdom.”  Swift. 

PEN 'p-TRA-T J V E-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
penetrative ; penetration.  Bailey. 

PEN'FISH,  n.  ( Ich .)  A kind  of  eelpout,  having  a 
rough  skin.  , Wright. 

PEN'FOLD,  7i.  See  Pinfold. 

PEN'GUIN  (pen'gtvjn),  71.  [W. 

pen,  head,  and  gwin,  white. 

Johnson.  — L.  ping  ids,  fat. 

Grew.] 

1.  ( Ornith .)  A bird  of  the 
order  Anseres,  family  Attidee, 
and  sub-family  Sphenisci/ice. 

It  has  short  legs,  very  small 
wings,  which  are  useful  only 
in  swimming,  and  stands  per- 
pendicularly. Gray. 

2.  A fruit  common  in  the 

West  Indies.  Miller.  

^ ( Spheniscu x demersus). 

PEN  — HOLD-1JR,  n.  An  instru- 
ment or  ease  for  holding  a pen.  Sim7nonds. 

PEN'I-ClL,  7i.  [L . penicillus,  a painter’s  brush.] 

1.  {Zo  J.)  A small  tuft  of  diverging  hairs. 

2.  (Surg.)  A penicillus.  Wright. 

PEN-I-CIL'LATE,  ) a.  (Zo,L)  Supporting  one 

PEN-I-ClL'LAT-ED,  ) or  more  small  bundles  of 
diverging  hairs  : — shaped  like  a pencil.  Kirby. 

PEN-I-CIl'LFS,  n.  [L.,  a painter's  brush.] 

1.  {Surg.)  A small  compress  or  roll  of  lint; 

a tent ; a pledget.  Dimglison. 

2.  ( Zool .)  A genus  of  corallines  consisting  of 
jointed,  calcareous,  thread-like  stems .Blainnlle. 


|]  P5N-lN'SlT-LA  [pen-In'shu-l?,  S.  W.  J.  F. ; pen- 
in'su-1?,  P-  Ja.  K.  Sm.],  n.  ; pi.  PENINSULAS. 
[L.  peninsula  ; pane,  almost,  and  insula,  an 
island.]  A piece  of  land  almost  surrounded  by 
water,  but  joined  by  a narrow  neck  to  the  con- 
tinent or  main-land.  Carew. 

||  P^N-IN'SI  '-I.AR,  a.  Relating  to,  or  like,  a 
peninsula.  Napier. 

Peninsular  war,  {Hist.)  the  war  between  Spain  and 
Portugal,  at  the  commencement  of  the  present  cen- 
tury, aided  by  the  British  and  the  French.  Brandc. 

||  PJJN-lN'SU-LATE,  v,  a.  To  form  into,  or  to 
cause  to  become,  a peninsula.  Uolmshed. 

II  P5N-lN'SU-LAT-5D,  a.  Almost  surrounded  by 
water;  formed  into  a peninsula.  Wyndham. 

||  PpN-IN'SU-LAT-ING,  p.  a.  Almost  surrounding 
with  water.  Ogilvie. 

PE'NIS,  n.  [L.]  (Atiat.)  The  male  organ  of  gen- 
eration. Dung  li  son. 

PEN'I-TENCE,  71.  [L.  pcenitentia  ; It.  pcnitc7iza  ; 

Sp.  penitencia ; Fr.  penitence.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  penitent ; sorrow  for  sin 
or  offences  ; repentance  ; contrition. 

Death  is  deferred,  and  penitence  has  room 
To  mitigate,  if  not  reverse,  the  doom.  Dryden. 

2.  {Ho7ii.  Cath.  Ch.)  Penance.  Brandc. 

Syn.  — See  Repentance. 

PEN'I-TEN-CY,  n.  Penitence.  Taylor. 

f PEN'I-TEN-S^R,  7i.  One  who  receives  the  con- 
fessions of  a penitent ; a penitentiary.  Berners. 

PEN'J-TENT,  a.  [I..  pa-nitens ; It.  A,-  Sp . penitetite; 
Fr  .penitent.]  Suffering  pain  or  sorrow  of  heart 
on  account  of  sin  ; repentant ; contrite.  Milton. 

PEN'I-TENT,  71.  1.  One  who  is  penitent  or  sor- 
rowful for  sin  ; a repentant.  Bacoti. 

2.  One  under  censures  of  the  church,  but  ad- 
mitted to  penance.  Stillingficet. 

3.  One  under  the  direction  of  a confessor. 

Johnson. 

4.  pi.  In  Roman  Catholic  countries,  particu- 

larly in  Italy,  certain  religious  fraternities,  dis- 
tinguished by  the  different  shape  and  color  of 
their  habits ; as,  “ The  white  penitents  ” ; “The 
black  penitents,"  &c.  Hook. 

Order  of  Penitents  of  St.  Magdalen,  a religious  order 
established  in  the  thirteenth  century  at  Marseilles,  for 
the  reception  of  reformed  courtesans. — Congregation 
of  Penitents,  an  order  established  at  Paris,  with  a sim- 
ilar view.  Wright. 

PEN-I-TEN'TIAL  (pen-e-ten'shal),  a.  [It . peniten- 
ziale ; Sp.  penitential.] 

1.  Proceeding  from,  or  expressing,  penitence. 
“ Penitential  tears.”  “ Penitential  Psalms.” 

2.  Pertaining  to  penitence  ; enjoined  as  pen- 
itence. “ A penitential  rule.”  IIowcll. 

PEN-I-TEN'TIAL,  71.  [Fr.  penitential.] 

1.  (Eccl.)  A collection  of  canons  used  in  the 

Roman  Catholic  Church,  prescribing  the  time 
and  manner  of  penance,  the  forms  of  prayer  to 
be  used  for  the  reception  of  those  who  entered 
into  penance,  and  for  reconciling  penitents  by 
solemn  absolution.  Hook. 

2.  f A penitent.  Hudibras. 

PEN-I-TEN'TI  A L-Ly,  ad.  In  a penitential  man- 
ner ; contritely.  Wright. 

PEN-I-TEN'TI-A-RI-SIIIP,  71.  The  office  of  a peni- 
tentiary. Wood. 

PEN-I-TEN'TI  A-RY  (pen-e-ten'slij-re),  n.  [It. 
penitenziario,  penitenziere ; Sp.  penitenciario.] 

1.  In  the  ancient  Christian  Church,  a pres- 
byter or  priest  in  every  church  who  received 
the  private  confessions  of  the  people.  Hook. 

2.  One  who  does  penance  ; a penitent.  Carew. 

3.  In  the  court  of  Rome,  an  office  in  which 

are  examined  and  delivered  secret  bulls,  dispen- 
sations, &c.  Buck. 

4.  An  officer  in  some  cathedrals,  vested  with 

power  from  the  bishop  to  absolve  in  cases  re- 
ferred to  him.  Buck. 

5.  A place  for  penance.  Amstoorth. 

6.  A prison  in  which  convicted  offenders  are 
subjected  to  a course  of  discipline  and  instruc- 
tion, with  a view  to  their  reformation  ; a work- 
house  ; a house  of  correction. 

The  chief  object  in  penitentiaries,  besides  conferring  moral 
and  religious  instruction  on  the  prisoners,  is  to  employ  them 
in  some  useful  labor.  Brandc. 


PEN-I-TEN'TI  A-RY  (pen-e-tcn'slij-re),  a.  [Fr. 
pmitentiaire. J Relating  to  penance,  or  to  the 
rules  and  measures  of  penance.  Bp.  Branihall. 

Penitentiary  house,  a penitentiary.  Blaclcslonc. 

PEN'I-TENT-LY,  ad.  In  a penitent  manner; 
with  penitence  ; repentantly.  Bp.  Hall. 

PEN'KNlFE  (pen'nlf),  n.  A small'knife  for  mak- 
ing or  mending  pens.  Bacon. 

PEN 'MAN,  n.  ; pi.  penmen.  1.  One  who  writes 
or  professes  the  art  of  writing  ; a chirographer ; 
a writer.  “ A dexterous  penman.”  Massey. 

2.  An  author.  “The  holy  penmen.”  Atterbury. 

PEN'MAN-SHIP,  7i.  The  use  of  the  pen  ; the  art 
of  writing.  Massey. 

PEN'NAyilED  (pen'nasht),  a.  [Fr.  panache  ; pa- 
7iache,  a plume.]  {Bot.)  Diversified  with  natu- 
ral stripes  of  various  colors,  as  flowers.  Evelyn. 

f PEN'NAQE,  7i.  Plumage.  Holland. 

PEN'NANT,  7i.  [See  Pendant,  and  Pennon.] 
{Naut. ) A rope  to  which  a purchase  is  hooked: 
— a long  strap  fitted  at  one  end  to  a yard  or 
mast-head,  with  a hook  or  block  at  the  other 
end,  for  a brace  to  reeve  through,  or  to  hook  a 
tackle  to  : — a long,  narrow  piece  of  bunting, 


carried  at  the  mast-head  ; a pendant.  Dana. 

Broad  pennant,  a square  piece  of  bunting,  carried  at 
the  mast-head  of  a commodore’s  vessel.  Dana. 

PEN'NATE,  a.  {Bot.)  Pinnate.  Henslow. 

PEN'NAT-ED,  a.  [L . petinatus  ; peima , a wing.] 

1.  Having  wings  ; winged.  Johnson. 

2.  {Bot.)  Pinnate.  Quincy. 

PEN'N^D,  a.  Winged;  plumed.  lluloet. 

PENNED  (pend),  p.  from  pc7i.  Written  : — pent. 


PEN'NER,  71.  1.  One  who  pens  or  writes.  North. 

2.  A case  to  put  pens  in ; a pen-case.  Phillips. 

PEN'NI-FORM,  a.  [L.  penna,  a feather,  and  /or- 
7tia,  form  ; Fr.  ptivniforme.]  Resembling  in 
form  a pen  or  a feather.  lioget. 

PyN-Nly'IjiR-OUS,  a.  [L.  penna,  a feather,  and 
gero,  to  bear.]  Bearing  feathers.  Kirby. 

PEN'NI-I.ESS,  a.  Without  a penny  ; moneyless  ; 
destitute  of  money.  Warton. 

PEN'NI-LF.SS-NESS,  71.  The  state  of  being  pen- 
niless or  moneyless.  Wright. 

PEN'NI— NERVED,  a.  [L.  pe7ina,  a feather,  and 
Eng.  nerved f {Bot.)  Having  straight  primary 
nerves,  diverging  from  the  midrib  in  a pinnate 
manner.  Henslow. 

PEN'NING,  ??.  1.  Act  or  manner  of  writing.  Shak. 

2.  Writing;  composition.  B.Jonson. 

PEN 'NON,  7i.  [It.  pennone,  from  L.  pannus,  a 
cloth  ; Sp.  pe7ido7i ; Fr.  pennon.  — W.  penwn. ] 

1.  A banner  ; a streamer  ; a standard.  Shak. 

2.  In  the  middle  ages,  the  banner  of  a knight, 

baronet,  or  esquire.  Brande. 

PEN'NON,  n.  [L.  pe7ma.]  A wing;  a pinion. 
“Fluttering  his  pennons.”  Milton. 

On  iron  pennons  borne,  the  blood-stained  vulture  cleaves 
the  storm.  Sheridan. 

PEN'NON-CEL,  7t.  [Old  Fr. ; dim.  of  pe7mo7i,  a 
pennon.]  A small  flag  at  the  head  of  a lance  ; 
a peneel.  Fairho/t. 

PEN'NY,  71.  ; pi.  pence,  or  pennies.  [A.  S. 
peneg,  penig,  pening  ; Dut.  penning ; Ger.  pfen- 
nig, pfenning  \ Dan.  penge,  money;  Sw.  pen- 
ning, a penny  ; Icel.  peningr,  cattle,  money.] 

1.  An  English  copper  coin  of  the  value  of 
four  farthings,  or  one  twelfth  of  a shilling,  equal 
to  about  two  cents. 

.#35=  “The  penny  w as  formerly  a silver  coin,  first 
struck  in  England  by  the  Saxons,  containing  one 
240th  part  of  their  pound.  Till  the  time  of  Edward  I., 
the  English  penny  was  struck  with  a cross  so  deeply 
sunk  in  it  that  if  might  be  easily  parted  into  halves, 
thence  called  half-pennies,  or  into  four  parts,  thence 
called  fourtliinys,  or  farthings.”  Brande. 

2.  Proverbially,  a small  sum.  Shak. 

3.  Money  in  general.  Swift. 

The  plural  form,  pennies,  is  used  only  when 
tile  pieces  of  coin  are  meant. 

PEN'NY— A— LIN' pR,  71.  A writer  or  author  who 
furnishes  contributions  to  a newspaper  for  a 
penny  a line.  Qa.  Ilev. 


Simmonds. 


Penguin 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  \,  long;  A,  £,  I,  0,  Oj  H,  short;  A,  5,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


PENNY-CORD 

PEN 'NY— CORD,  n.  A small  cord  or  rope.  Shak. 

PEN'NY-CRF.SS,  n.  ( Dot .)  A plant  of  the  genus 
Thla'spi,  or  shepherd’s  purse,  found  in  cultivated 
stony  fields ; Thlaspi  arvense.  ’ Wood. 

f PEN'NY-FA'THIJR,  n.  A penurious  person. 

“ To  be  such  niggish  penny-fathers.”  More. 

PEN'NY-GRASS,  n.  ( Bot .)  Pennyroyal,  [r.]  Dyer. 

PEN'NY-MAIL,  n.  [Eng.  penny  and  A.  S.  mol, 
tribute,  rent ; Scot,  mail.']  Rent  paid  in  money. 
[Scotland.]  Jamieson. 

PEN 'NY— POST,  n.  An  agency,  subordinate  to  the 
general  post-office,  for  distributing  letters,  at  a 
penny,  or  other  small  sum,  for  each.  Gent.  Mag. 

PEN'NY-POST'A<?E,  ii.  Postage  of  one  penny. 

PEN-NY-ROY'AL,  ii.  (Bot.)  A .European,  decid- 
uous,’ herbaceous  plant,  having  an  aromatic, 
pungent  taste  ; Mentha  P uleyium.  Loudon. 

1 American  pennyroyal , an  aromatic  plant  resembling 
the  true  pennyroyal  ; Hcdeoma  pulegioides.  Gray. 

PEN'NY— STONE,  n.  A kind  of  coarse  woollen 
cloth.’  City  Match,  1539. 

PEN'NY-WEIGHT  (-Wat),  11.  A weight  equal  to 
twenty-four  grains,  or  the  twentieth  part  of  an 
ounce  troy,  being  the  weight  of  a silver  penny 
in  the  time  of  Edward  I.  of  Eng.  Brande. 

PEN'NY— WlijE,  a.  Saving  small  sums  at  the 
hazard  of  larger ; saving,  or  niggardly,  on  im- 
proper occasions.  Bacon. 

Penny-wise  and  pound-foolish , saving  or  careful  in 
small  matters,  and  extravagant  in  great  ones. 

PEN'NY- WORTH  (pen'ne-wUrth)  [pen'ne-wiirth,  S. 
P.  E.  Ja.  K.  C.  Wr.  ; pen'ne-wiirth  or  pen'nurth, 
W.  J.  F.\  pen'ne-wUrth,  colloquially  pen'nurth, 
S/».],  n. 

1.  As  much  as  is  bought  for  a penny.  Johnson. 

2.  Any  thing  bought  or  sold  for  money  ; a 
purchase.  “The  cheapest  pennyworths.”  Smith. 

3.  Something  advantageously  bought.  Dryden. 

4.  A small  quantity  or  amount.  Swift. 

PEN'OCK,  n.  Oil-cake.  [Oriental.]  Simmonds. 

PEN-0-LO(r'I-CAL,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  descrip- 
tive of,  public  punishments.  Wright. 

Pg-NOL'O-tyY,  ii.  [L.  pama  (Gr.  mm;),  punish- 
ment, and  Gr.  l.dyo a discourse.]  The  science 
of  public  punishments  ; — more  properly  writ- 
ten posnology.  — See  Pcenology.  Wright. 

PEN'-RACK,  n.  A rack  for  pens  ; pen-holder. 

f PEN'SA-TIVE,  a.  Pensive.  Shelton. 

f PENSE'FUL,  a.  Pensive.  Sir  T.  Elyot. 

fPEN'Sl-BLE,  a.  Hanging;  pensile.  Bacon. 

PEN'SILE  (pen'sjl),  a.  [L.  pensilis  ; pendeo,  to 
hang;  It.  pensile ; Sp.  pensil.]  Hanging;  pen- 
dent; suspended.  “ The  pensile  ball.”  Prior. 

PEN'STLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  pensile. 

“ The  pensileness  of  the  earth.”  Bacon. 

PlJN-SlL'I-TY,  ii.  The  state  of  hanging  or  being 
loose  ; pensileness,  [r.]  Bacon. 

PEN'SION  (pen'slnin),  n.  [L.  pensio\  pendo,  to 
weigh,  to  pay  ; It.  pensione  ; Sp.  &;  Fr.  pension.] 

1.  A payment  of  money  ; a rent.  “ Pensions 

and  wages.”  1 Esdras  iv.  56. 

2.  A sum  of  money  paid  to  some  churches  in 

lieu  of  tithes.  Smart. 

3.  An  allowance  or  annual  sum  paid  on  any 
account ; — particularly  an  allowance  from  a 
government  for  services  rendered.  Addison. 

4.  An  assembly  of  the  members  of  the  soci- 

ety of  Gray’s  Inn,  to  consult  on  their  affairs. 
[Eng.]  Whishaw. 

5.  A French  boarding-house  or  boarding- 

school.  Simmonds. 

PflN'SION  (pen'slnin),  V.  a.  [i.  PENSIONED  ; pp. 
pensioning,  pensioned.]  To  grant  a pension 
or  an  allowance  to.  Addison. 

PEN' SION- A-RY,  a.  [Sp.  pensionado ; Fr.  pen- 
sionnaire .] 

1.  Pertaining  to,  or  consisting  of,  pensions. 

“ Pensionary  obligations.”  Howell. 

2.  Maintained  by  pensions.  “ Pensionary 

spies.”  Donne. 

Grand  pensionary,  formerly,  the  prime  minister  of 
tlto  states  of  Holland.  Brande. 


1053 

PEN'SION-A-RY,  ii.  [It.  pctisionario ; Fr.  pen- 
sionnaire'.]  One  receiving  a pension.  Edw.HaU. 

PEN'SION-JpR  (pen'shun-er),  11.  1.  One  who  re- 
ceives a pension.  Camden.  Pope. 

2.  A dependant.  Collier. 

3.  At  the  university  of  Cambridge,  and  at 

that  of  Dublin,  a student  who  lives  at  his  own 
expense,  or  who  pays  for  his  commons  out  of 
his  own  income  ; — corresponding  to  commoner 
at  Oxford,  Eng.  Brande. 

4.  One  of  an  honorable  band  of  forty  gentle- 

men, instituted  by  Henry  VII.,  who  form  a sort 
of  guard  to  the  king’s  person,  receiving  a pen- 
sion of  £100  per  annum.  Loud.  Ency. 

PEN'SIVE  (pen'sjv),  a.  [L.  pcnso,  to  weigh,  to 
ponder;  It.pensivo ; Sp.  pensativo ; Fr.pensatif.] 

1.  Thoughtful  ; employed  in  serious  or  mel- 
ancholy reflection  ; meditative  ; reflective  ; sad. 

Anxious  cares  the  pensive  nymph  oppressed.  Pope. 

2.  Expressing  sad  thoughtfulness.  “These 

pensive  numbers.”  Prior. 

f PEN'SI  VED  (-sjvd),  a.  Thought  on,  or  brooded 
over.  “ Pensived  and  subdued  desires.”  Shak. 

PKN'SIVE-LY,  ad.  In  a pensive  manner ; sadly; 
with  pensiveness.  Spenser. 

PEN'SI  VE-N ESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  pensive  ; 
thoughtfulness  with  sadness  ; melancholy. 

PEN'— SLIDER  (-slldz),  ii.  An  instrument  for  draw- 
ing maps  or  plans.  Simmonds. 

PEN'STOCK,  n.  [ pen  and  stock.] 

1.  A trough  or  confined  place  for  supplying 

water  to  a mill  or  water-wheel ; a sluice  ; a pen- 
trough.  Todd. 

2.  The  barrel  of  a pump.  Clarke. 

3.  The  handle  of  a pen.  Clarke. 

PENT,  i.  & p.  from  pen.  Shut  up.  — See  Pen. 

PENT,  it.  A confined  accumulation.  Milton. 

PEN-TA-CAP'SU-LAR,  a.  [Gr.  nhri,  five,  and  L. 
capsula.]  Having  five  capsules  or  cells.  Bailey. 

PEN'TA-EHORD,  n.  [Gr.  nivTA-^opbo;,  five-stringed  ; 
^rf,’ five,  and  % opdA,  a chord;  L.  pentachordas, 
five-stringed ; It.  pentacordo  ; Sp.  pcntacordio  ; 
Fr.  pentacorde.] 

1.  A five-stringed  musical  instrument.  Bailey. 

2.  A system  or  scale  of  five  sounds.  Wright. 

PEN'TA-CLF.  (-kl),  n.  A figure  whose  basis  is  a 
double  triangle,  used  by  the  astrologers  and 
mystics  of  the  middle  ages,  and  not  unfrequent 
in  early  ornamental  art.  Fairholt. 

PEN-TA-eoC'COUS,  a.  [Gr.  revn,  five,  and  kokko s, 
a kernel,  a berry.]  (Bot.)  Having,  or  consisting 
of,  five  united  cells  with  one  seed  in  each ; five- 
seeded.  Crabb. 

PgN-TAC'RI-NITE,  n.  [Gr.  nevrc,  five,  and  npivov, 
a lily.]  (Pal.)  One  of  a genus  of  nearly  extinct 
pedunculated,  fjve-armed  star-fishes,  allied  to 
the  enerinite.  Van  Der  Hoeven. 

PEN'TA-CROS-TIC,  n.  [Gr.  nhre,  five,  and  Eng. 
acrostic.]  Aset  of  verses  so  disposed  as  to  have 
five  acrostics  of  the  same  name  in  five  divisions 
of  each  verse.  London  Ency. 

PEN'TA-CROS-TIC,  a.  Noting  the  kind  of  verses 
called  pentacrostic.  Wright. 

PEN'T A-DAC-TYL,  n.  [Gr.  mvraSaKTvl.os,  five- 
fingered; irevre,  five,  and  bnnrvlo;,  a finger;  L. 
pentadactylus,  a kind  of  shell-fish.] 

1.  (Ich.)  A fish  of  the  East  Indian  seas,  hav- 

ing five  black  streaks  on  each  side  resembling 
the  prints  of  five  fingers ; — also  called  five- 
fingered  fish.  Wright'. 

2.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the  genus  Ricinus  ; — 

also  called  five-fingers.  Smart. 

PEN'TA-GON,  n.  [Gr.  trerTayuirov  ; tcvt(,  five,  and 
yioria,  an  angle  ; L.  pentagonium  ; It.  & Sp.  pen- 
tagono  ; Fr.  pentagone .] 

1.  (Geom.)  A plane  figure  having  five  angles  ; 

a five-sided  polygon.  Davies. 

2.  (Fort.)  A fort  with  five  bastions.  Wright. 

PEN-TAg'O-NAL,  a.  [It.  pentagonals .]  Having 
five  angles  ; five-angled ; five-cornered.  Martin. 

PEN-TAg'O-NAL-LY,  ad.  In  a pentagonal  man- 
ner. " Browne. 

PIJN-TAG'O-NOtrs,  a.  Pentagonal.  Wright. 


PENTASTYLE 

PEN'TA-GRAph,  n.  A pantograph. — See  Pan- 
tograph. Francis. 

PEN-TA-GRAph'IC,  a.  See  Pantogkaphic. 

PF.N-TJl-Q  YN'  1-A,  n. pi.  [Gr.  nivn,  five,  and  yom'i, 
a female.]  (Bot.)  A Linnsean  order  of  plants, 
having  flowers  with  five  pistils.  Henslow. 

PEN-TA-t'JYN'I-AN,  a.  Having  five  pistils  or  five 
styles  ; pentagynous.  P.  Cyc. 

P£N-TA(t'Y-NOUS,  a.  (Bot.)  Having  five  pistils 
or  five  styles.  Loudon. 

PEN-TA-HE'DRAL,  a.  Having  five  sides  ; pen- 
tahedrous.  Smart. 

PEN-TA-HED'RI-CAL,  a.  Having  five  sides.  Ash. 

PEN-TA-IIE'DRON,  n. ; pi.  pen-ta-iie'dra.  [Gr. 
nlvTi,  five,  and  eloa,  a base.]  (Geom.)  A solid 
bounded  by  five  faces.  Smart. 

PEN-TA-HE'DROIJS,  a.  Having  five  sides  ; pen- 
tahedral. Woodward. 

PEN-TA-IIEX-A-IIE'DRAL,  a.  [Gr.  jreVrf,  five,  t'(, 
six,  and  ttpa,  a base.]  (Crystallography .)  Ex- 
hibiting five  ranges  of  faces,  one  above  another, 
each  range  containing  six  faces.  Cleaveland. 

PEN-TA-ME'RAN,  n.  [Gr.  niurc,  five,  and  impd;, 
the  ham,  the  hip-joint.]  (Ent.)  A coleopterous 
insect,  having  five  joints  on  the  tarsus  of  each 
leg.  Brande. 

PyN-TAlM'y-ROUS,  a.  [Gr.  nlvrc,  five,  and  yipm, 
a part.]  (Bot.)  Consisting  of  five  parts  or  or- 
gans, as  a flower  ; quinary.  Gray. 

PJJN-TAM'JJ-TER,  11.  [Gr.  nivTAperpo;  ; ntvre,  five, 
and  ylrpov,  a measure  ; L.  pentameter  ; It.  S;  Sp. 
pentametro  ; Fr.  pentametre.]  (Greek  & Latin 
Pros.)  A verse  containing  five  feet.  Addison. 

PyN-TAM'y-TyR,  a.  Having  five  metrical  feet. 

PJJN-tAm'Y-RON,  n.  [Gr.  tIvti,  five,  and  yipov, 
an  ointment.]  (Med.)  An  ancient  ointment 
containing  five  ingredients,  which  are  said  to 
have  been  storax,  mastic,  wax,  opobalsum,  and 
spikenard.  Dunglison. 

PyN-TAN'DER,  ii.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the  order 
Pentandria.  Craig. 

PJ5N-TAN'I)RI-A,  n.  [Gr.  nivn,  five,  and  avi'/p,  a 
man.]  (Bot.)  A Linneean  class  of  plants,  char- 
acterized by  hermaphrodite  flowers  with  five 
•stamens.  Henslow. 

P£N-TAN'DRI-AN,  a.  Pentandrous.  Smart. 

PEN-TAN'DROUS,  a.  (Bot.)  Having  five  sta- 
mens. Henslow. 

PENT-AN'GLE,  n.  [Gr.  tIvtc,  five,  and  L.  anga- 
lus,  an  angle.]  (Geom.)  A figure  having  five 
angles  ; a pentagon.  Browne. 

PENT-AN'Gy-LAR,  a.  Having  five  angles.  Grew. 

PEN-TA-PET'A-LOUS,  a.  [Gr.  mvrt,  five,  and 
TTETal.ov,  a leaf  of  metal.]  (Bot.)  Noting  flowers 
having  five  petals.  Loudon. 

PEN-TA-PH AR'M A-CON,  n.  [Gr.  ntvrt,  five,  and 
t/xipimKov,  a drug.]  (Med.)  A medicine  com- 
posed of  five  ingredients.  Dunglison. 

PEN-TA-PHYL'LOUS,  or  P]JN-TAPH'YL-LOUS 
(131)i  a.  [Gr.  nlvrt,  five,  and  ipbV.ov,  a leaf.] 
(Bot.)  Having  five  leaves.  Smart. 

PyN-TAP'O-DY,  n.  [Gr.  irevTt,  five,  and  no vg,  7 -oS6;, 
a foot.]  ’ (Pros.)  A measure  or  series  of  five 
feet.  Beck. 

PEN'TAP-TOTE,  11.  [Gr.  nivne,  five,  and  nTiuois,  a 
case.]  (Gram.)  A noun  having  five  cases.  Smart. 

PEN'TARjCH-Y,  n.  [Gr.  ncvrnpfa  ; nivn,  five,  and 
ap-fi,  dominion,  a magistracy;  Fr . pentar chief] 
A government  exercised  by  five  persons.  Brewer. 

PEN'TA-SPAST,  11.  [Gr.  Ttevre,  five,  and  <rnao>,  to 
draw.’]  An  engine  with  five  pulleys.  Johnson. 

PEN-TA-SPER'MOITS,  a.  [Gr.  nevre,  five,  and 
enripya,  a seed.]  ( Bot.)  Having  five  seeds.  Smart. 

PEN'T A-STIiEH  [pen't?-stlk,  Ja.  Sm.  Wr.  Wb. ; 
pen-tjs'tik,  Johnson,  Ash,  Crabb],  n.  [Gr.  j m-rd- 
o n%of,  having  five  lines;  nevn,  five,  and 
a line.]  A poem,  poetical  passage,  or  stanza, 
consisting  of  five  verses  or  lines.  Bailey. 

PEN'TA-STYLE,  11.  [Gr.  wIvti,  five,  and  criuloi,  a 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RtlLE.—  g,  <?,  q,  g,  soft;  C,  £5,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  £ as  gz.  — 


THIS,  this. 


PENTATEUCH 


1054 


PEPSIN 


pillar;  It.  <S;  Sp.  pentaslilo;  Fr.  pentastyle.] 
(Arch.)  A portico  or  a building  having  five  col- 
umns in  front.  Britton. 

PEN'TA-TECjGH  (pen'ta-tuk),  n.  [Gr.  irtvrareii^os ; 
Trevrf,  five,  and  rtu^o;,  a book  ; L.  pentatcuch  as ; 
It.  <Sf  Sp.  pentateuco  ; Fr . petitateuqne.]  (Bible.) 
The  five  books  of  Moses,  being  the  first  five 
books  of  the  Old  Testament.  Bentley. 

PEN-TA-TEU'CIIAL,  a.  Relating  to  the  Penta- 
teuch. Williams. 

PEN'Tjp-CON-TgR,  n.  [Gr.  TrfVTyicdvTopos irevrrj- 
Kovra]  fifty.]  (Grecian  Ant.)  A vessel  of  bur- 
den with  fifty  oars.  Mitford. 

PEiV'TE-COST  [pen'te-kost,  P.  E.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  I IT. 
IVb. ; pen'te-kost,  S.  IF.  J.  F.  C.],  n.  [Gr.  ttiv- 
TtiKoarfi,  fiftieth  ; L.  $ It.  pentecoste  ; Sp.  pe/ite- 
costes  ; Fr.  pentcc ite. — A.  S.  pentecoste .]  A 
feast  among  the  Jews,  so  called  because  it  was 
celebrated  on  the  fiftieth  day  after  the  feast  of 
unleavened  bread,  being  the  loth  of  the  month 
Nisan,  and  the  next  day  after  the  feast  of  the 
Passover;  — called  also  the  feast  of  weeks,  or 
ingathering  : — Whitsuntide  ; Whit-Sunday. 

Calmet. 

PEN'Tp-COS-TAL,  a.  Belonging  to  Pentecost,  or 
to  Whitsuntide.  tSandcrson. 

PEN'T$-C6s-TAL§,  n.  pi.  Oblations  formerly 
made  at  Pentecost  or  Whitsuntide,  by  parish- 
ioners to  their  parish-priest,  and  sometimes  by 
inferior  churches  to  the  mother  church.  Cowell. 

PEN'TE-COS-TIJIl,  rt.  [Gr.  iifvrr)KO<7Tiip mvrfKovra, 
fifty.]  (Gr.  Ant.)  In  the  Spartan  army,  a com- 
mander of  fifty  men.  Milford. 

PEN’TE-COS-TYS,  n.  [Gr.  nevryitooTvi  ; rfiT/voiT!i, 
fifty.]  (Gr.  Ant.)  A division  of  the  Spartan 
army  consisting  of  fifty  men.  Mitford. 

PgN-TEL'f-CAN,  a.  Noting  a fine  marble  from 
Mount  Pentelicus,  near  Athens.  Gray. 

PENT'HOUSE,  7i.  [Fr.  petite,  inclination,  slope, 
and  Eng.  house.]  A shed  standing  aslope  from 
a main  wall ; a lean-to.  Shak. 

PEN'TjCE,  n.  [It.  pendice,  the  side  of  a hill.]  A 
sloping  roof,  [n.]  H olton. 

fPEN'Tj-CLE,  71.  A pentice.  F ah  fax. 

PEN'TlLE,  n.  A tile  with  a hollow  or  curved  sur- 
face ; a pantile.  Moron. 

PEN'TRF.-.MlTE,  7i.  (Gnol.)  One  of  a genus  of 
encrinites  or  stone-lilies,  having  a columnar 
support.  Eng.  Cyc. 

PENT'— ROOF,  7i.  [Fr.  pente,  a slope,  and  Eng. 
roof 1]  A roof  formed  like  an  inclined  plane, 
the  slope  being  all  on  one  side  ; — called  also 
shed-roof.  Buchanan. 

PEN  'TROUGH  (-trof),  n.  A penstock.  Francis. 

PE'NtJLT , «.  A penultima  or  penultimate;  — a 
contraction  of  penultima.  Brande. 

PF.-NU L'Tj-M A,  71.  [L.  ; prone,  almost,  and  nlti- 

mus,  last.]  (Grant.  & Pros.)  The  last  syllable 
but  one  of  a word  ; a penultimate.  Walker. 

Pp-NFL'Tt-MA'PE,  a.  Noting  the  penultima,  or 
last  syllable  but  one  of  a word.  Johnson. 

Pp-NUL'TI-M ATE,  n.  The  last  syllable  but  one 
of  a word  ; a penultima  ; a penult.  Carr. 

Pp-NFM’BR.V,  71.  [L.  pane,  almost,  and  umbra, 

a shade  ; It.  penombra ; Sp.  penumbra  ; Fr.  pb- 
nombi'e.] 

1.  (Astron.)  That  portion 
of  space  which  in  an  eclipse 
is  partly,  but  not  entirely, 
deprived  of  light.  P.  Cyc. 

tGP  In  the  figure,  let  S be  tile  sun  and  M the  moon  ; 
then  it  is  obvious  that,  since  luminous  rays  proceed 
from  every  part  of  the  sun’s  disc,  there  will  be  no 
part  of  the  shadow  in  which  the  light  will  he  totally 
intercepted,  except  that  included  within  the  rays 
which  proceed  from  the  extreme  edges  of  the  sun  and 
moon,  A B C and  B D C ; the  other  part  of  the  shad- 
ow, namely,  from  C to  II,  or  the  penumbra,  being  only 
partially  obscured. 

2.  (Paint.)  The  boundary  of  shade  and  light, 
where  the  one  blends  with  the  other.  Brande. 

P§-NUM'BRAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a penumbra. 

Pp-NU'Rl-OUS,  a.  [It.  penurioso.  — See  Penury.] 


1.  Too  saving  or  sparing;  parsimonious; 
niggardly  ; miserly  ; avaricious  ; illiberal. 

w.  Not  plentiful  or  bountiful ; scanty  ; afford- 
ing little.  “ My  pc/iurious  hand.”  [it.]  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Avaricious. 

PE-NU'RI-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  a penurious  manner; 
parsimoniously  ; illiberally.  B.  Jonson. 

PJ5-NU'R!-Oi;S-NESS,  71.  1.  State  of  being  penu- 

rious ; parsimoniousness ; niggardliness. 

2.  Scantiness  ; not  plenty,  [it.]  Johnson. 

PEN'U-RY,  71.  [Gr.  nui/a,  hunger  ; L.,  It.,  Sj  Sp. 
penuria,  penury;  Fr.  phiurie.\ 

1.  Extreme  poverty  or  want ; indigence  ; des- 
titution. Hooker. 

They  were  exposed  to  hardship  and  penury.  Sprat. 

2.  f Penuriousness  ; parsimony.  Bp.  Taylor. 

Syn. — See  Poverty. 

PEN'— Wl-PER,  71.  Something  to  wipe  pens  with. 

PEN ' WO M- AN  (-wum'stn),  n.  A female  writer. 

PE'ON,  71.  [Sp.  peo7t,  a foot-soldier.] 

1.  In  India,  a policeman:  — a revenue  offi- 
cer : — a servant  or  attendant.  C.  P.  Brow7i. 

2.  In  France,  a pawn  in  chess.  Todd. 

3.  In  Mexico,  a day  laborer;  — usually  a la- 

borer held  in  servitude  until  a debt  is  dis- 
charged ; a bondman  for  debt.  Whipple. 

4.  A hive  of  bees.  Simmonds. 

PE'ON-AGE,  n.  [Sp.  peonaje .]  The  state  of  pe- 
ons ; slavery  as  it  exists  in  Mexico.  Houston. 

Pf.-O'NI-A,  7i.  [Sp.  — See  Peon.]  (Spatiish 
Atnericast  Law.)  A portion  of  land  granted  to 
a soldier  in  a conquered  country:  — a lot  of 
land  of  50  feet  front  and  100  feet  deep.  Burrill. 

PE'O-NY,  n.  [Gr.  vaum-ta  ; Tlahov,  Pa'on,  accord- 
ing to  Pliny,  its  discoverer  ; L.  paonia  ; It.  Sp. 
peonia.\  (Bot.)  A ranunculaceous  plant  of  the 
genus  Paonia,  having  large,  showy  flowers  ; — 
also  written  preony,  and  piony.  Fmg.  Cyc. 

PEO'PLE  (pe'pl),  71. ; pi.  PEOPLE,  or  PEOPLES.  [L. 
populus,  poplus ; It.  popolo  ; Sp.  pueblo;  Yr.  peo- 
ple. — Ger.  p'ubel ; W.  poll .] 

1.  A nation  ; — sometimes  used  in  the  plural. 

Thou  must  prophesy  before  many  peoples.  Rev.  x.  11. 

2.  Those  who  compose  a community  ; persons 
or  men  in  general  ; folks  ; population. 

l'enplc  have  lived  twenty-four  hours  upon  nothing  but 
water.  Arbuthnot. 

3.  The  commonalty,  as  opposed  to  persons 
of  rank  : — the  populace  ; the  vulgar. 

Myself  shall  mount  the  rostrum  in  his  favor, 

And  strive  to  gain  his  pardon  from  th e ]jco/jI<z.  Addison. 

4.  Ancestors  ; fathers  ; kindred. 

Abraham  gave  up  the  ghost,  and  died  in  a pood  old  age,  an 
old  man,  and  full  or  years,  and  was  gathered  to  bis  peojile. 

Gen.  xxv.  8. 

USP  The  plural  form,  peoples,  is  rarely  used  ; and 
people  is  sometimes,  though  now  very  rarely,  used 
with  a singular  verb  ; as,  “ My  people  doth  not  con- 
sider.” Isaiah  i.  3. 

Syn.  — See  Nation. 

PEO'PLE  (pe'pl),  V.  a.  [».  PEOPLED  ; pp.  PEO- 
PLING, peopled.]  To  stock  with  inhabitants. 
“The  world  must  be  peopled.”  Shak. 

PEO'PLING  (pe'pljng),  71.  The  act  of  stocking, 
or  the  state  of  being  stocked,  with  inhabitants. 

f PEO'PLISH  (pe'phsh),  a.  Vulgar.  Chaucer. 

PE'OR,  n.  [Ileb.  T15Q.]  The  idol  of  the  Moab- 
ites ; — called  BaaLpcor.  Josh.  xxii.  17. 

PE-PA.S'TIC,  71.  [Gr.  vfnahto,  to  ripen.]  (Med.) 

A medicine  supposed  to  promote  the  concoc- 
tion of  diseases  ; a maturative.  Dimyliso/i. 

PEP'JJ-RINE,  71.  (Gcol.)  Peperino.  Hobhouse. 

PEP-F.-RI'JiTO,  7i.  [It.]  A volcanic  rock,  formed 

by  cementing  togetlier  sand,  cinders,  Sec. Brande. 

PEP' I. IS,  71.  [L.,  from  Gr.  ni-hf]  (Bot.)  A ge- 

nus of  aquatic  plants  ; water  purslain.  Loudoii. 

Pit'Po,7i.  [L.,  from  Gr.  rr/rriuv.]  (Bot.)  A fruit 
of  the  gourd  family,  as  a pumpkin,  melon,  cu- 
cumber, &c.  Gray. 

PEP'PER,  n.  [An  Indian  word.  IF.  Smith.  — Sanse. 
kippali ; Gr.  nenipt  ; L.  piper ; It.  pepe  ; Fr. 
poivre. — A.  S.  peppor,  pipor ; Dut.  paper  ; Ger. 
pf offer-,  Dan.  peber-,  Sw.  peppar-,  Icel . pipar.\ 


(Bot.)  A plant,  and  its  aromatic  pungent  seed, 
of  the  genus  Piper,  of  which  there  are  many 
species: — also  a name  given  to  plants,  and 
their  fruit,  of  the  genus  Capsicum,  used  for 
pickles.  Eng.  Cyc. 

Bird  pepper,  a name  applied  to  the  species  of  Capsi- 
cum, particularly  to  Capsicum  baccutam,  or  Cayenne 
pepper.  — Black  pepper,  a climbing  plant  of  tile  East 
Indies;  Piper  nigru  wj : — also  the  dried  berry  in  ifs 
natural  state. — Cayenne  pepper , Capsicum  baccatum. — 
Cherry  pepper,  Capsicum  cerasifurme.  — Gout  pepper, 
an  East  Indian  shrub,  witli  small,  but  very  pungent, 
fruit ; Capsicum  fridicusum. — Guinea  pepper,  a plant 
and  its  fruit,  native  of  Africa;  Capsicum  amiuam. — 
Jamaica  pepper,  a tree,  and  its  berry,  native  of  South 
America  and  the  West  Indies,  especially'  of  Jamaica  ; 
allspice;  allspice  pimento  ; Eugenia  punenta. — Long 
pepper,  a plant,  native  of  the  East  Indies,  the  berries 
of  which  resemble  in  quality  black  pepper;  Piper  Ion- 
gum — Red  pepper,  a plant,  and  its  fruit,  native  of  tile 
West  Indies;  Piper  rubcllum. — White  pepper,  berries 
of  the  black  pepper,  deprived  of  the  skin  by  steeping 
in  water,  and  drying  in  the  sun.  It  is  less  pungent 
than  black  pepper.  Eng.  Cyc.  Loudon.  Brande. 

PEP  PER,  v.  a.  [i.  peppered  ; pp.  peppering, 

PEPPERED.] 

1.  To  sprinkle  with  pepper.  Davies. 

2.  To  pelt  as  with  pepper-corns  ; to  hit  often  ; 

to  mangle  with  shot  or  with  blows.  Shak. 

PEP'PER— BIRD,  7i.  A bird  fond  of  pepper.  Hill. 

PEP'PER— BOX,  7i.  A box  for  holding  pepper, — 
particularly  a box  or  caster  for  sprinkling  the 
powder  of  pepper.  Shak. 

PEP'P£R— BRAND,  71.  A disease  in  grain  ; a kind 
of  mildew;  Credo  caries.  Farm.  Ency. 

PEP 'PER— CAKE,  7t.  Pepper-gingerbread.  Todd. 

PEP' PE  It— CORN,  n.  1.  The  berry  or  fruit  of  the 
pepper.  Richardson. 

2.  Something  of  inconsiderable  value.  Prior. 

f PEP'PER-Er,  n.  A grocer.  Nares. 

PEP'PER-CIN'GER-BREAD,  n.  Hot  spiced  gin- 
gerbread. Shak. 

PEP'PER-GRASS,  n.  (Bot.)  1.  An  evergreen 
trailing  plant  found  near  ponds  or  swamps  ; Pi- 
lularia  ylobulficra  ; pillwort.  Loudon. 

2.  A plant  of  the  mustard  family  and  genus 
Lepidium,  one  species  of  which  (Lepidium  sati- 
vum, or  common  garden  cress)  is  cultivated  for 
the  table  ; pepperwort.  Gray. 

PEP’PF.R-lDGE,  7i.  (lint.)  1.  A tree,  found  in  the 
United  States,  of  the  genus  Nyssrt,  — particu- 
larly the  Nyssa  multifiora ; tupelo ; black  or 
sour  gum.  Gray. 

2.  The  barberry;  Berberis  vulgaris. 

Farm.  Ency. 

PEP'PER-ING,  a.  Hot;  fiery;  angry.  Swift. 

PEP'PER-ING,  n.  A beating.  [Low.]  S/na>-t. 

PEP'PER-MINT,  n.  1.  (Bot.)  An  aromatic  and 
pungent,  deciduous,  herbaceous  plant,  growing 
in  wet  soils  ; Mentha  piperita.  Eoudo7i. 

2.  A liquor  distilled  from  the  plant.  Smart. 

PEP'PER-MINT— TREE,  n.  (Bot.)  A lofty  tree 
which  grows  in  New  Holland  ; Eucalyptus  pipe- 
rita. Loudon. 

PEPT’ER-MoTII,  77.  (Enl.)  A moth  of  the  genus 
Biston  ; — so  called  from  the  little,  irregular 
dots  like  grains  of  pepper  on  its  wings.  Oyiliie. 

f PEP'PER-NEL,  7i.  A lump  or  swelling. Beau.  § FI. 

FEP'PER-POT,  n.  A mucilaginous  soup  or  stew 
used  in  the  West  Indies.  Simmonds. 

PEP'PER— SAUCE  (-saws),  71.  A sauce  made  by 
steeping  red  peppers  in  vinegar.  Underwood. 

PEP'PE-R— PAX'I-FRAGE,  n.  (Bot.)  Anlierbaceous 
plant,  of  the  genus  Cnidum.  Farm.  Ency. 

PEP'PER— wA'TER,  77.  A liquid  prepared  from 
powdered  black  pepper,  used  in  microscopic  ob- 
servations. Lo/ulo/i  Ency. 

PEP' PER- WORT  (-wurt),  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of 
the  genus  Lepidium  ; peppergrass.  Gray. 

PEP'PER-Y.  a-  !■  Relating  to,  containing,  or 
resembling,  pepper.  Athenannn. 

2 Irritable  ; passionate  ; warm.  Halliwell. 

PEP'SIN,  71.  [Gr.  nlipK,  digestion.]  A substance 
found  in  the  gastric  juice  of  man  and  the  lower 
animals.  Eng.  Cyc. 


, U,  Y,  short;  A,  E,  j,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6 


PEPTIC 


1055 


PERCUSSION-POWDER 


i’KT  TI (',  a.  [Gr.  irenmcd; ; icegaoi,  to  soften,  to 
make  to  ferment ; L.  pepticus  ; Fr.  peplique.] 
(Med.)  That  promotes  digestion ; dietetic  : — 

easy  of  digestion.  (Dunglison . 

PEP'TIC,  n.  (Med.)  A substance  that  promotes 

digestion.  • JDunglison. 

PER,  prep.  [L.]  By;  for;  through.  — This  Latin 
preposition  is  often  used  in  certain  forms  or 
phrases,  and  sometimes  precedes  an  English 
word  ; as,  per  dag,  per  force,  per  man.  “ A loaf 
per  man  ” ; i.  e.  a loaf  for  each  man  : — some- 
times it  precedes  a Latin  word ; as,  per  annum, 
per  cent,  or  centum.  “ A man  per  se  ” ; i.  e.,  a 
man  who,  for  excellence,  stands  by  himself,  or 
alone. — As  a prefix,  especially  in  chemistry, 
per  is  often  used  to  amplify  the  meaning ; as, 
“ Peroxide  is  a substance  containing  a maxi- 
mum of  oxygen.”  Smart. 

+ PIJR-ACT',  v.  n.  [L.  perago,  peractus  ; per,  in- 
tensive, and  ago,  to  act.]  To  perform ; to 
enact.  Summary  of  Du  Bart.  1621. 


It.  percipere  ; Sp .percibir;  F r.  appcrccvoirJ]  [f. 
PERCEIVED  ; pp.  PERCEIVING,  PERCEIVED.] 

1.  To  have  impressions  and  consequent  cog- 
nizance of  through  the  instrumentality  of  the 
senses  or  bodily  organs;  to  discover  by  some 
sensible  effects  ; to  see  ; to  discern. 

When  you  above  perceive  me  like  a crow.  Shak. 

2.  To  receive  into  the  mind  without  the  in- 
tervention of  the  senses  ; to  understand ; to 
know  ; to  observe. 

IIow  do  they  come  to  know  that  themselves  think,  when 
they  themselves  do  not  perceive  it?  Locke. 

3.  To  be  affected  by,  or  to  receive  impressions 
from,  [r.] 

The  upper  regions  of  the  air  perceive  the  collection  of  the 
matter  of  tempests  before  the  air  here  below.  Bacon. 

Syn.  — To  perceive  is  to  discover  by  the  senses  or 
by  the  mind.  Both  sensible  and  intellectual  or  spirit- 
ual objects  are  perceived  ; characters,  motives,  &c., 
are  discerned ; differences,  colors,  &c.,  are  distin- 
guished ; external  objects  are  seen  by  the  eyes  ; the 
truth  or  the  falsehood  of  a proposition  is  seen  or  per- 
ceived by  the  mind.  — See  See. 


PER-A-CUTE',  a.  [L.  pcracutus ; per,  used  in- 
tensively, and  acutus,  sharp.]  Very  sharp; 
very  violent.  “ Peracute  fevers.”  Harvey. 

PER- AD- VENT' LIRE  (per-rul-vent'yur),  ad.  [Fr. 
par,  by,  and  aventure,  adventure.]  By  chance  ; 
perchance;  perhaps;  it  may  be.  [it.]  Shak. 

t PER- A D-VENT'URE,  n.  Question;  doubt.  ‘‘With- 
out all  peradventure.”  ' South. 

f PER'A-GRATE,  v.  a.  [L.  peragro,  peragratus  ; 
per,  through,  and  ager,  a field.]  To  wander  or 
travel  over  or  through.  Bailey. 

t PER-A-GRA'TION,  n.  [L.  peragratio;  Fr.  pt- 
ragration.]  The  act  of  passing  through  any 
state  or  space.  Browne. 

PpR-AM'Bll-LATE,  v.  a.  [L.  perambulo,  peram- 
bvlatus  ; per,  through,  and  ambulo,  to  go.]  [i. 
PERAMBULATED  ; pp.  PERAMBULATING,  PER- 
AMBULATED.] 

1.  To  go  or  walk  through  or  over.  Johnson. 

2.  To  survey  by  passing  through. 

To  view  and  perambulate  Irish  territories.  Davies. 

3.  To  survey  the  boundaries  of.  Johnson. 

PgR-AM-BU-LA'TION,  n.  [Fr.  perambulation .] 

1.  The  act  of  passing  through  or  over.  Bacon. 

2.  A travelling  survey.  Howell. 

3.  A district  within  which  one  has  the  right 

of  survey  ; limit  of  jurisdiction.  Holyday. 

4.  A survey  of  boundaries.  Wliishaw. 

PPR-AM'BU-LA-TOR,  n.  1.  One  who  perambu- 
lates. 

2.  An  instrument  to  measure  distances  on 
roads,  consisting  chiefly  of  a wheel,  and  an 
index  showing  the  number  of  turns  of  the 
wheel,  reduced  to  miles,  furlongs,  rods,  and 
yards.  P.  Cgc. 

PER  Am' MUM.  [L.]  By  the  year ; annually. 

PER'BEND,  n.  (Masonry.)  A perpent  stone;  a 
bond-stone.  Wright. 

PER-Bt-SflL'PHATE,  n.  [L.  per,  used  intensive- 
ly, bis,  twice,  and  Eng.  sulphate .]  (Chem.)  A 
sulphate  with  two  proportions  of  sulphuric  acid 
combined  with  an  oxide  at  the  maximum  of  ox- 
idation. Smart. 

PER'CA,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  irtpioj.]  (Ich.)  genus 
of  acanthopterygious  fishes,  inhabiting  both 
salt  and  fresh  water  ; the  perch.  Eng.  Cgc. 

PER  CAP'l-TJt.  [L.]  By  heads  or  polls  ; accord- 
ing to  the  number  of  persons.  Burrill. 

PJJR-CAR'BU-RET-TED,  a.  (Chem.)  Combined 
with  a maximum  of  carbon.  Ure. 

t PpR-CASE',  ad.  [L.  per,  by,  and  casus,  accident.] 
Perchance ; perhaps.  Chaucer. 

t PER'CE-ANT,  a.  [Fr.  per  Cant ; percer,  to 
pierce.]  Piercing ; penetrating.  Spenser. 

P^IR-CEIV'A-BLE  (per-sev'j-bl),  a.  That  may  be 
perceived ; perceptible.  Locke. 

PER-CEIV'A-BLY  (per-sev'?-hle),  ad.  In  a manner 
to  be  perceived ; perceptibly.  Johnson. 

t PIJR-CEIV'ANCE,  n.  Perception.  Milton. 

PJJR-CEIVE'  (per-sev'),  v.  a.  [L . percipio  ; per, 
used  intensively,  and  capio,  to  take,  to  receive ; 


PER-CEIV'pR  (per-sev'er),  n.  One  who  perceives. 

P^R-CENT' A(yE,  n.  A rate,  allowance,  or  esti- 
mate by  the  hundred.  Tweddell. 

PER  CEM'TUM.  [L.]  By  the  hundred ; — com- 
monly abbreviated  per  cent. 

PER'CEPT,  n.  That  which  is  perceived.  Sir  IF.  H. 

PJJR-CEP-Tl-BlL'I-TV,  n.  1.  The  state  or  the 
quality  of  being  perceptible.  Cudworth. 

2.  Perception,  [r.]  More. 

P£R-CEP'TI-BLE,  a.  [L.  percipio,  pcrceptus,  to 
perceive  ;■  It.  jierceltibilc  ; Sp.  Fr.  perceptible.] 

1.  That  may  be  perceived  ; cognoscible  by 
the  senses  or- bodily  organs ; sensible.  Bacon. 

2.  That  may  be  perceived  by  the  mind,  or 

known  mentally  ; discernible.  Smart. 

3.  Capable  of  perceiving,  [r.]  Bp.  Greene. 

Syn.  — See  Sensible. 

PER-CEP'TI-BLY,  ad.  In  a perceptible  manner. 

PJER-CEP'TION,  n.  [L.  percept io  ; It.  percezione ; 
Sp.  percepcion-,  Fr.  perception.] 

1.  The  act  of  perceiving ; the  act  or  the  pro- 

cess of  receiving  knowledge  of  external  objects 
through  the  instrumentality  of  the  senses  or 
bodily  organs  ; perceptivity.  Watts. 

USD  “Dr.  Reid  thought  that  ‘perception  is  most 
properly  applied  to  the  evidence  which  we  have  of 
external  objects  by  our  senses.’  The  restriction  thus 
imposed  upon  the  word  by  Reid  is  to  be  found  in  the 
philosophy  of  Kant,  and,  as  convenient,  has  been  gen- 
erally acquiesced  in.”  Fleming. 

2.  The  faculty  or  the  power  of  perceiving. 

Matter  hath  no  life  nor  perception.  Bentley. 

3.  Intellectual  apprehension  or  discernment; 
comprehension  ; understanding  ; notion  ; idea  ; 
as,  “ The  perception  of  one’s  meaning.” 

4.  The  state  or  the  susceptibility  of  being 
affected  by  something  external ; sensation. 

This  experiment  discovereth  perception  in  plants.  Bacon. 

Syn.  — Tile  impression  of  an  object  that  is  present 
to  us,  or  perceived  by  us,  is  a perception  ; tile  revival 
of  that  impression,  when  the  object  is  removed,  is  an 
idea  ; a combination  of  ideas  by  which  tile  image  is 
presented  to  the  mind,  a conception.  A clear  or  con- 
fused perception  ; distinct  or  indistinct  ideas  ; right  or 
wrong  conception  ; true  or  false  notions.  — See  Dis- 
cernment, Idea,  Sensation. 

PBR-CEP'TIVE,  a.  [Fr . perreptif]  Having  the 
power  of  perceiving ; perceiving.  Brooke. 


PER-G’JJP-TfV'I-TY,  n.  The  power  of  perception. 
The  difference  of  life  and  perceptivity  between  the  animal 
and  the  plant.  l*aley. 


PERCH,  n.  [Gr.  rlpup  ; ittpKog,  dark-colored,  dus- 
ky ; L.perca-,  It.  pesce; 

Sp.  percha ; Fr . pcrche.] 

(Teh.)  An  acanthopte- 
rygious fish,  of  the  genus 
Perea,  inhabiting  both 
fresh  and  salt  water.  It 
is  much  esteemed  as  an 
article  of  food.  Eng.  Cyc. 


Common  perch 
( Perea  fluviatilis) . 


PERCH,  n.  [L.,  It.,  <Sr  Sp.  pertica ; Fr.  perche.] 

1.  A pole ; — particularly  a pole  or  stick  on 
which  fowls  roost  or  sit ; a roost.  Drgden. 

2.  A measure  of  length,  consisting  of  five 

yards  and  a half ; a pole  ; a rod.  Brande. 


3.  In  land  measure,  a square  rod,  or  the  160th 

part  of  an  acre.  Davies. 

4.  A bracket.  Ogilvie. 

PERCH,  v.  n.  [*.  perched  ; pp.  perching, 
perched.]  To  sit  or  roost,  as  a bird.  Spenser. 

PERCH,  v.  a.  To  place  on  a perch.  More. 

PJJK-CHAnCE',  ad.  [L .per,  by,  and  Eng.  chance.] 
By  chance ; perhaps ; peradventure.  Shak. 

PER-CHAnT',  n.  [Fr.  percher,  to  perch.]  Among 
sportsmen,  a bird  tied  by  the  foot,  which,  by  its 
fluttering,  decoys  other  birds  to  itself.  Wright. 

PERCH’JjjR,  n.  1.  He  who,  or  that  which,  perches. 

2.  A perching  bird.  Braude. 

3.  f A Paris  candle;  — also,  a kind  of  wax 
candle  usually  set  upon  the  altar.  [England.] 

Bailey. 

PER-£HLO'R  ATE,  n.  (Chem.)  A salt  composed 
of  perchloric  acid  and  a base.  P.  Cyc. 

PER-jCIILO'RlC,  a.  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid 
consisting  of  one  equivalent  of  chlorine  and 
seven  equivalents  of  oxygen.  Horsford. 

PER-jCHLO'RIDE,  n.  (Chem.)  A compound  of  an 
excess  of  chlorine  with  a base.  Brande. 

PERCH'— PEST,  n.  A small  crustacean  which  at- 
taches itself  to  the  mouth  of  a perch.  Wright. 

PER-CI  P'I-]JNCE,  n.  The  act  of  perceiving  ; per- 
ception. Haslam. 

P£R-CIP'!-ENT,  a.  [L.  percipio,  percipiens,  to 
perceive.]  That  perceives  ; having  the  power 
of  perception.  “ A percipient  creature.”  Bentley. 

PER-ClP'I-gNT,  n.  One  who  perceives.  More. 

f PIJR-CLOljE',  n.  1.  Conclusion.  (Raleigh. 

2.  An  enclosed  or  confined  place.  Berners. 

PER'COID,  a.  [L . perca,  a perch,  and  Gr.  BSo;, 
form.]  Noting,  or  pertaining  to,  the  Percidcc, 
a family  of  fishes,  including  the  perch.  Eng. Cgc. 

PER'CO-LATE,  v.  a.  [L.  pcrcolo , percolatus ; per, 
through,  and  colo,  to  strain.]  [/.  percolated  ; 
pp.  PERCOLATING,  PERCOLATED.]  To  Strain 
through  ; to  filter.  Hale. 

PER'CO-LATE,  v.  n.  To  pass  through  by  filtra- 
tion. Swift. 

PER'CO-LAT-IJD,  p.  a.  Passed  through  small  in- 
terstices ; filtered.  Maunder. 

PER-CO-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  pcrcolatio.]  The  act  of 
percolating  or  straining  ; filtration.  Bacon. 

PER'CO-LA-TOR,  n.  A filtering  machin e.Francis. 

PKIt-CUSS',  v.  a.  [L.  percutio,  percussus.]  To 
force  through  ; to  strike  against,  [it.]  Bacon. 

PJJR-CUS'SION  (per-kush'yn),  n.  [L . percitssio ; 
It.  pereussione  ; Sp.  percusion ; Fr.  percussion.] 

1.  The  act  of  striking ; the  striking  of  one 

body  against  another.  Bacon. 

2.  The  shock  produced  by  the  collision  of 

bodies.  Brande. 

3.  The  effect  of  sound  on  the  ear. 

In  double  rhymes,  the  percussion  is  stronger.  Rynier. 

4.  (Med.)  The  act  of  striking  or  tapping  on 
any  part  of  the  surface  of  the  body,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  ascertaining  the  condition  of  the  subja- 
cent part  by  the  sound  thus  produced.  Dunglison. 

Jins cultatory  percussion , (Med.)  a mode  of  ausculta- 
tion by  placing  the  ear  on  t lie  chest  and  analyzing  tile 
sound  produced  by  percussion.  Dunglison. — Centre 
of  percussion,  (Meek.)  that  point  of  a moving  body  at 
which  its  impetus  is  supposed  to  be  concentrated. 
Mir  hoi.  — Mediate  percussion,  (Med.)  a mode  of  per- 
cussion which  consists  in  interposing  between  the 
point  of  the  fingers  and  the  chest  a linger  of  the  other 
hand,  or  a pleximeter,  and  striking  that  instead  of  the 
chest.  Dunglison. 

PER-CUS'SION— CA P (per-kush'un-),  n.  A small 
detonating  copper  cap,  used  with  a percussion- 
lock,  for  exploding  the  charge  of  a fire-arm.  Ure. 

PJJR-CUS'SION-GUN,  n.  A gun  discharged  by  a 
percussion-lock.  Clarke. 

PBR-CUS'SION— LOCK,  n.  A lock  of  a gun  in 
which  fire  is  communicated  to  the  charge  by  the 
explosion  of  detonating  powder  in  a percussion- 
cap.  Wright. 

P)JR-Otrs'sroN-Potf!'DER,  n.  Detonating  pow- 
der. — See  Detonating.  Francis. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  rCLE.  — £,  <?,  9,  £,  soft;  £,  G,  £, 


I,  hard;  as  z ; X as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


PERCUSSION-STOP 


PERFORATE 


105G 


Bacon. 


Cacabis  rufa. 


PUR-CUS’SION— STOP,  n.  A piano-forte  stop  in 
a melodeon,  which  rentiers  the  touch  like  that 
of  the  piano-forte.  Simmonds. 

PpR-COs'SJVE.  a.  Striking;  striking  against. Ash. 
P^R-CU'TIfNT  (per-ku'shent),  a.  [L.  percutio, 
percutiens , to  strike.]  Striking,  or  having  pow 
er  to  strike,  [it.] 

PER- 1)1-  Cl  'AYE,  n.pl. 

[Gr.  ntolA ; L .perdix, 
a partridge.]  (Or- 
nith.)  A sub-family 
of  birds  of  the  order 
Galihuc  and  family 
Tetraonidce ; par- 
tridges. Gray. 

PER  Dl  'EM.  [L.]  By 
the  day. 

PER'DI-FOIL,  n.  [L.  perdo,  to  lose,  and  folium, 
a leaf.]  ( Bot .)  A tree  or  plant  whieh  periodi- 
cally loses  its  leaves  ; a deciduous  tree  or  plant ; 
— opposed  to  evergreen.  Bramhall. 

PER-I)I"TION  (per-dlsh'un),  n.  [L .perditio;  per- 
do, perditus,  to  lose  ; It . perdizione;  Sp.  perdi- 
tion ; Fr.  perdition.'] 

1.  The  state  of  being  utterly  lost ; entire 

loss : utter  ruin  or  destruction.  “ The  mere 
perdition  of  the  Turkish  fleet.”  Shak. 

2.  Eternal  death.  “ Some  men’s  endless  per- 
dition." Hooker. 

PpR-DI''TION-A-BLE  (per-dish'un-a-bl),  a.  Fitted 
for,  or  worthy  of,  perdition,  [u.]  PoUolc. 

f PER-DU',  or  f PUR-DUE1  [per-du',  S.  IF.  J.  Ja. 
]i>. ; per'du,  P.  K.  Sin.],  a.  [Ft.  perdu,  lost.] 

1.  Lost  to  view;  in  concealment.  Hudibras. 

2.  Abandoned;  desperate.  “ A perdue  cap- 
tain.” Beau.  § PI. 

fPUR-DU',  n.  [Fr.  perdre,  perdu,  to  lose.] 

1.  One  who  is  placed  in  ambush.  Davenant. 

2.  A soldier  sent  on  a forlorn  hope  ; one  in  a 

desperate  state.  Halliwell. 

f Pf.R-DU',  ad.  In  concealment;  in  ambush. 
“The  sentinel  stands  perdu.”  A bp.-  Saner  oft. 

f PER'DU-LOUS,  a.  Lost;  thrown  away.  “Some 
wandering  perdulous  wishes.”  Bramhall. 

f PER'Dl-R  A-BLE,  a.  [It.  perdurabile.]  'Being 
durable;  lasting;  long-continued.  Shak. 

f PER-DU-RA-BIL'J-TY,  n.  Durableness. Chaucer. 
t PER'DU-RA-BLY,  ad.  Very  durably.  Shak. 
f PER'Dl’-RANCE,  it.  Duration.  Fisher. 

f PER-DU-RA'TION,  n.  Long  duration.  Ainsworth. 

f Pf.R-DY1  (per-de’l,  ad.  [A  corruption  of  the 
French  oath  par  Dieu,  by  God.]  Certainly  ; 
verily  ; in  truth  ; — also  written  pardy.  Spenser. 

f PER'E-GAL,  a.  Equal  in  all  respects.  Spenser. 
f PER-f.-GR  A’TION,  n.  See  Peragration. 

PER'U-GRI-NATE,  ti.it.  [L.  peregrinor,  peregri- 
natus ; peregre,  abroad;  It.  peregrinare;  Sp. 
peregrinar ; Fr.  peregriner.]  [t.  peregrinat- 
ed { pp.  PEREGRINATING,  PEREGRINATED.]  To 
travel ; to  go  or  live  abroad,  [r.]  Bailey. 

t PER’U-GRI-NATE,  a.  That  has  travelled.  Shak. 

PEit-U-GRI-NA'TION,  n.  [L.  peregrinatio  ; It. 
peregrinazione  ; Sp.  peregrination  ; Fr.  peregri- 
nation.] Travel,  as  from  one  country  to  anoth- 
er, or  abode  in  foreign  countries.  Bacon. 

PER'U-GRI-NA-TOR,  it.  A traveller.  Casaubon. 

PER'E-GRlXE,  a.  [L.  peregrinus ; It.  % Sp.  pere- 
grino  ; Old  Fr.  peregrin.]  Foreign;  not  native 
or  domestic,  [r.]  Bacon. 

Peregrine  falcon , ( Ornith .)  a bird  of  the  family  Fal- 
conidte  j Falco  peregrinus.  ’ Eng.  Cijc. 

PER'U-GRlNE,  it.  A peregrine  falcon.  Scldcn. 

t PER-p-GRiN'i-TY,  it.  [L.  peregrinitas ; Ft.pe- 
regrinite.]  Strangeness.  Cockeram. 

+ PUR-EMPT'  (per-eint'),  t;.  a.  [L.  perimo,  per- 
emptus.]  [Laic.)  To  kill ; to  quash.  Ayliffe. 

t PpR-EMP'TION,  it.  [L.  peremptio ; Fr.  peremp- 
tion f\  (Law.)  The  act  of  destroying  or  quash- 
ing ; extinction.  Ayliffe. 

||  PER'UiMP-TO-RI-LY,  ad.  In  a peremptory  man- 


ner ; absolutely;  positively;  decisively;  con- 
clusively. Daniel. 

||  PER'f.MP-TO-RI-NESS,  it.  The  quality  of  being 
peremptory  ; positivcncss  ; absolute  decision  ; 
dogmatism.  Tillolson. 

II  PER'JEMP-TO-RY  [per'em-tur-e,  S.  J.  E.  F.  K.  Sm. 
R.C.  fVr.Wb.;  per'em-tur-e  or  pe-rem'to-re,  IV. 
P.  Ja.],  a.  [L.  peremptorius  ; It.  <5f  Sp.  perento- 
rio  ; Fr.  peremptoire. ] That  precludes,  or  puts 
an  end  to,  all  debate  ; decisive  ; positive ; dog- 
matical ; absolute  ; express ; authoritative  ; im- 
perative ; final. 

Peremptory  challenge , (Law.)  a kind  of  challenge 
allowed  to  a prisoner,  against  a certain  number  of 
jurors,  without  showing  any  cause. 

“ If  we  consult  our  orthoepists,  there  can 
scarcely  be  any  two  pronunciations  more  equally  bal- 
anced than  those  that  are  given  to  this  word.  Mr. 
Sheridan,  Mr.  Nares,  Mr.  Smith,  Dr.  Ash,  W.  John- 
ston, Mr.  Scott,  and  Enticlc  are  for  the  first ; and  Dr. 
Johnson,  Dr.  Kenrick,  Bailey,  Buchanan,  Barclay, 
Feinting,  and  Perry,  for  the  last.  But,  notwithstand- 
ing the  last  has  these  authorities  to  support  it,  I am 
much  mistaken  if  the  first  has  not  obtained  a complete 
victory.  The  poets  incline  to  the  side  1 have  adopted.” 
Walker. 

Syn. — See  Absolute. 

PpR-EN’NI-AL,  a.  [L.  perennis ; per,  through, 
and  annus,  a year ; Fr.  perennial.] 

1.  Lasting  through  the  year.  “ In  those  per- 
ennial fountains.”  Cheyne. 

2.  Perpetual  ; unceasing ; lasting.  Harvey. 

3.  (Bot.)  Living  from  year  to  year.  Gray. 

Pf.R-EN'NI-AL,  it.  (Bot.)  A plant  that  lives  more 

than  two  years  ; — opposed  to  annual  and  bien- 
nial. Brande. 

PUR-EN'NI-AL-LY,  ad.  Without  ceasing.  Wright, 

PpR-EN'NI— BRANFH'I-ATE,  it.  [L.  perennis,  per- 
ennial, and  branchiee,  gills.]  One  of  a division  of 
batrachian  reptiles,  including  the  species  which 
preserve  the  external  branchiae  throughout  life, 
as  the  Siren,  Proteus,  and  Menopome.  Brande. 

f PUR-EN'NJ-TY,  n.  [L. perennitas.]  The  qual- 
ity or  the  state  of  being  perennial  ; perpetuity. 

f PER-f.R-RA'TION,  it.  [L.  pererro,  pererratus, 
to  wander  through.]  The  act  of  wandering  or 
rambling  through  many  places.  Howell. 

PER  fAs  ET  JTF.'fAS.  [L.]  Through  or  by 
right  and  wrong. 

PER'FECT,  a.  [L.  perficio,  perfectus,  to  finish,  to 
perfect;  It.peifeUo  ; Sp.  perfecto  ; Old  Fr.  per- 
fect ; Ft.  par  fait  f\ 

1.  That  is  perfected  ; having  perfection  ; not 
defective  ; complete  ; flnished  ; consummate. 


l*ope, 


Whoever  thinks  a perfect  work  to  see 
Thinks  what  ne'er  was,  nor  is,  nor  e’er  shall  be. 


2.  Fully  informed,  skilful,  or  accomplished ; 
expert.  “ Perfect  in  the  use  of  arms.”  Shak. 

3.  Possessing  moral  perfection  ; pure  ; blame- 
less ; faultless  ; — a sense  chiefly  theological. 
Thou  shalt  be  perfect  with  the  Lord  thy  God.  Dent,  xviii.  13. 

4.  f Certain,  or  confident,  as  to  a fact. 

Thou  art  perfect , then,  our  ship  hath  touched  upon 

The  deserts  of  Bohemia.  Shale. 

Perfect  cadence,  (Mus.)  a cadence  in  which  the  chord 
of  the  dominant,  or  fifth,  passes  into  the  chord  of  the 
tonic  or  key-note  to  conclude  a strain.  — Perfect  chord , 
a chord,  or  union  of  notes,  which  is  perfectly  agreeable 
to  the  ear  ; — also  called  perfect  concord  or  consonance. 
Dwight. — Perfect  flower , (Bot.)  a flower  having  both 
stamens  and  pistils.  Gray.  — Perfect  number , (Math.) 
a number  equal  to  the  sum  of  all  its  divisors,  as  G 
Davies. — Perfect  tense , (Gram.)  a tense  which  ex 
presses  an  act  completed  ; the  preterite  tense. 

Syn.  — See  Accomplished,  Complete. 

II  PER'FJJCT  [per'fekt,  S.  IF.  P.  J.  E.  F.  K.  Sm..  Tt. 
C.  IFr.  IF6.  ; per'fekt  or  per-fekt ',Ja.\,v.  a.  [L. 
perficio,  perfectus  ; per,  through,  and  facto,  to 
make ; It.  perfettare  ; Sp.  perficionar . j [i.  ter 

FECTED  ; pp.  PERFECTING,  PERFECTED.] 

1.  To  make  perfect ; to  render  complete ; to 
finish ; to  complete ; to  consummate. 

If  we  love  one  another,  God  dwelleth  in  us,  and  his  love  is 
perfected  in  us.  1 John  iv.  12. 

2.  To  instruct  fully,  or  make  fully  skilful. 

“ I’ll  perfect  him  withal.”  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Complete. 

||  PER'FiECT-UR,  ii.  One  who  perfects.  Barrow. 

PJKR-FEC-TI-BIL'l- AN,  ii.  An  adherent  to,  or  be- 
liever in,  perfectibility,  [it.]  Ed.  Rev. 


PUR-FEC-TI-BlL'I-TY,  n.  [It.  perfettibilita ; Fr. 
perfeetibiiite .]  Capability  of  arriving  at  perfec- 
tion ; capacity  of  being  made  perfect.  Drake. 

PUR-FEC'Tl-BLE,  a.  [It.  perfettiblc  ; Ft.  perfec- 
tible.] Capable  of  becoming  perfect.  F.  flay. 

PER'FjpCT-lNG,  n.  Act  of  one  who  perfects; 
completion.  Fabyan. 

PJgR-FEC'TION,  n.  [L.  perfect io  ; It.  perfezione ; 
Sp.  perfection-.  Ft  perfection.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  perfect;  perfectness. 

Many  things,  impossible  to  thought, 

Have  been  by  need  to  full  perfection  brought.  Drydcn. 

2.  A perfect  or  supremely  excellent  quality, 
trait,  or  endowment ; a divine  attribute. 

If  God  be  infinitely  holy,  just,  and  good,  he  most  take  de- 
light in  those  creatures  that  resemble  liim  most  in  these  per- 
fections. Atterbury. 


fPER-FEC'TION,  V.  a. 
feet. 


To  make  perfect ; to  per- 
Foote. 


PIJU-FEC'TION-AL,  a.  1.  Relating  to  perfection. 

2.  f Made  complete.  Pearson. 

PUR-FEC'TION-ATE,  v.  a.  [Fr.  pcrfectionncr.] 
To  perfect ; to  make  perfect,  [it.]  Fox.  Drydcn. 

PER-FEC'TION-AT-ING,  II.  Perfecting.  Drydcn. 

PUR-FEC-TION-A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  making 
perfect,  [it.]  For.  Qu.  Rev. 

PER-FEC'TION-I§M,  n.  The  principles  or  the  doc- 
trine of  perfectionists.  Ch.  Ob. 

PJJR-FEC'TION-IST,  n.  1.  One  pretending  to 
perfection  ; a Puritan,  in  contempt.  South. 

2.  One  who  believes  in  the  possibility  of  at- 
taining moral  perfection  in  this  life.  Willard. 

PIJR-FEC'TION-MENT,  ii.  The  act  of  making 
perfect,  or  the  state  of  being  perfect.  Henry. 


That  perfects  ; conducing  to 
Mortimer. 


PUR-FEC'TIVE,  a. 
perfection. 

PF.R-FEC'TI VE-L-Y,  ad.  So  as  to  perfect.  Grew. 

PER'FECT-LY,  ad.  In  a perfect  manner  ; com- 
pletely ; entirely  ; fully.  Hume. 

PER'FpCT-NESS,  ii.  1.  The  state  of  being  per- 
fect ; perfection  ; completeness.  Spenser. 

2.  Highest  goodness  or  virtue. 

Put  on  charity,  which  is  the  bond  of ijerfcctness.  Col.  iii.  14. 

PpiR-FER'VID,  a.  [L.  perferxidus  ; per,  used  in- 
tensively, and  fervidus,  fervid.]  Very  fervid; 
very  hot  or  ardent.  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

PUR-IT"CIf.NT,  a.  [L.  perficio, perficiens,  to  per- 
form.] Effectual ; performing.  Blackslone. 

PUR-Fl''CIUNT  (per-flsh'ent),  n.  One  who  per- 
forms a work  : — a term  applied  to  one  who 
endows  a charity.  Smart. 

II  PUR-FID' NOUS,  or  PER-FID'IOUS  [per-ftd'e-us, 
J.  Ja.  Wb. ; per-Od'yus,  S.  IF.  E.  F.  K.  Sin.], 
a.  [L.  perfidus  ; It.  & Sp.  perfido  ; Fr.  pcrfidc.] 

1.  Guilty  of  perfidy  ; breaking  or  violating 
good  faith  ; treacherous  ; faithless  ; unfaithful. 

2.  Expressing,  or  proceeding  from,  treachery. 

“ This  perfidious  fraud.”  Milton. 

Syn.  — Sec  Faithless. 

II  PUR-FID'J-Ofts-LY,  ad.  By  breach  of  faith; 
treacherously;  traitorously.  Shak. 

II  PUR-FID'I-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
perfit^ous  ; breach  of  faith  ; treachery.  Tillotson. 

PER'FI-DY,  n.  [L .‘perfidia  ; per,  through,  and 

fides,  faith  ; It.  § Sp.  perfidia ; Fr.  perfidie. ] The 
breach  or  violation  of  faith  or  trust ; treachery. 

PJJR-FIX',  v.  a.  To  fix,  settle,  or  agree  on.  “Sleep 
till  the  hour  perfixedJ’  [r.]  Beau.  $ FI. 


f PER'FLA-BLE,  a.  [L.  perflabilis.] 
he  blown  through. 


That  may 
Bailey. 


fPUR-FLATE',  v.  a. 
blow  through. 


[L.  perfo,  perflatus.]  To 
Haney. 


f PER-FLA'TION,  II.  [L.  perfatio.]  The  act  of 
blowing  through.  Woodward. 

PUR-FO'LI-ATE,  a.  [L.  per,  through,  and 
folium,  a’  leaf.]  (Bot.)  Noting  a leaf  [%/ 
which  surrounds  its  stem,  and  is,  as  it 
were,  perforated  by  it.  Gray. 

PUR-FO'LT-AT-UD,  a.  Resembling  leaves.  Hill. 

PiiR'FO-RATE,  v.  a.  [L.  perforo,  perforatus  ; per, 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  JJ,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


PERFORATE 


1057 


PERIGRAPH 


through,  and  foro,  to  bore ; It.  pcrforare  ; Sp. 
perform",  F r.  perforer.]  [i.  perforated  ; pp. 
perforating,  perforated.]  To  bore  through; 
to  pierce  with  a pointed  instrument ; to  pass 
through  ; to  penetrate  ; to  transfix.  Boyle. 

Syn.  — See  Penetrate. 

PER'FO-RATE,  l a . ( Bot .)  Pierced  with  holes, 

PER'FO-rAT-ED,  > or  with  transparent  dots  re- 
sembling holes,  as  an  orange  leaf.  Gray. 

PER-FO-RA'TION,  n.  [It.  perforazione  ; Sp.  per- 
foration ; Fr.'  perforation.]  The  act  of  perfo- 
rating : — a hole ; an  orifice.  Bacon. 

PER'FO-RA-TIVE,  a.  [Fr.  perforatif. ] Having 
power  to  perforate  or  pierce.  Todd. 

PER'FO-RA-TOR,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  per- 
forates : — a borer.  Sharp. 

PIJR-FORCE',  ad.  [L.  per,  by,  and  Eng.  force.] 
By  force  ; by  violence  or  compulsion.  Spenser. 

f PAR-FORCE',  v.  a.  To  compel.  Mir.  for  Mag. 

Ppit-FO RM'  [per-frirm',  S.  P.J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm. 
R.\  per-fbnn'  or  per-form',  IV.],  v.  a.  [L . pcr- 
formo ; per,  used  intensively,  and  formo,  to 
‘form.]  [«.  PERFORMED  ; pp.  PERFORMING,  PER- 
FORMED.] To  do;  to  execute;  to  accomplish; 
to  effect ; to  act ; to  discharge  ; to  achieve. 

To  perform  what  they  did  attempt.  Sidney. 

Syn.  — tee  Accomplish,  Exert,  Make. 

P^R-FORM'.  v.  n.  To  succeed  in  an  attempt;  to 
act,  or  go  through  with,  a part. 

When  a poet  has  performed  admirably.  Watts. 

PJgR-FORM'A-BLE,  a.  That  maybe  performed; 
practicable.  Browne. 

PiJft-FORM'ANCE,  n.  I.  Act  of  performing;  op- 
eration ; execution  ; completion  ; accomplish- 
ment. 

His  promises  were,  as  he  then  was,  mighty,  j 
But  his  performance,  as  he  now  is,  nothing.  ^ Shale. 

2.  Action  ; thing  done  ; deed ; work  ; pro- 
duction ; achievement.  “ Her  walking  and  other 
actual  performances.”  Shak. 

Few  of  our  comic  performances  give  good  examples. 

S.  llicharilson. 

Syn.  — See  Production,  Work. 

PiJR-FORM'IJR,  ?t.  One  who  performs  ; actor. Shak. 

PER-FORM'ING,  n.  The  act  of  doing  or  execut- 
ing ; deed.  Swift. 

-j-  PER'FRl-CATE,  v.  n.  [L.  perfrico,  perfricatus.] 
To  rub  over.  Bailey. 

PJf  R-FU'MA-TO-RY,  a.  That  perfumes.  Leigh. 

PER'FUME,  or  TpR-FUME'  (114)  [per'fuin,  S.  IF. 
J.  F.  Ja.  R.  C.  i t V.;  per-fum',  E.  A.  Sm. ; per-ffim' 
or  per'fuin,  P.],  n.  [It.  perfumo  ; Sp.  perfume  ; 
Fr.  parfum.  — From  L.  per,  used  intensively, 
and  fumus,  smoke.] 

1.  Sweet  odor ; pleasant  scent  or  smell ; fra- 
grance ; incense. 

Pinks  and  roses  bloom, 

And  every  bramble  sheds  perfume.  Gay. 

2.  A substance  that  emits  a sweet  ordor. 

The  room  where  a perfume  is  burnt.  Digby. 

jRry  “ Fenning,  Perry,  Entick,  Dr.  Johnson,  Bu- 
chanan, W.  Johnston,  and  Kenrick  place  the  accent 
on  the  last  syllable  of  this  word,  either  when  a sub- 
stantive or  a verb.  As  a substantive,  Scott  places  the 
accent  either  on  the  first  or  last,  and  Sheridan  on  the 
first.  Mr.  Nares  has  shown  at  large  that  the  poets 
accent  the  substantive  both  ways.  But  the  analogy 
.of  dissyllable  nouns  and  verbs  seems  now  to  have 
fixed  the  accent  of  the  substantive  on  the  first,  and 
that  of  the  verb  on  the  last.”  Walker. 

Smart  says,“  The  present  colloquial  use  is  in  favor 
of  accenting  the  second  syllable.” 

Syn.  — See  Smell. 

P^R-FUME',  v.  a.  [It.  profumare  ; Sp .•perfumar  \ 
Fr.  parf timer. \ [i.  perfumed  ; pp.  perfuming, 
perfumed.]  To  fill  or  impregnate  with  a sweet 
odor  or  scent;  to  scent. 

See  spicy  clouds  from  lowly  Sharon  rise, 

And  Carmel’s  flowery  top  perfumes  the  skies.  Pope. 

PER-FUM'ER,  n.  1.  He  who,  or  that  which,  per- 
fumes. 

2.  One  who  sells  perfumes. 

First  issued  from  perfumers'  shops.  Swift. 

P$R-FTTM'IJ-RY,  n.  1.  Perfumes  in  general. 

2.  The  art  of  making  perfumes.  Ure. 


||  PJJR-FUNC'TO-RI-LY,  ad.  In  a perfunctory 
manner  ; carelessly  ; negligently.  Baker. 

II  PJpR-FUNC'TO-RI-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  per- 
functory ; negligence;  carelessness.  Whitlock. 

II  PpR-FUNC'TO-RY,  or  PER'FUNC-TO-RY  [per- 
funk'to-re,  IF.  P.  J.  F.  C.  Wr.  ; per'funk-to-re, 
A.  K.  Sm.],  a.  [L.  peifunctorins ; perfungor, 
pcrfunctus , to  despatch;  It . perfuntorio  •,  Sp. 
perfunctorio .] 

1.  Done  only  for  the  sake  of  getting  through, 

regardless  how  done.  Bp.  Hall. 

2.  Pertaining  to  a work  done  with  the  sole 

purpose  of  getting  through  it.  Bentley. 

3.  Slight ; careless  ; negligent ; indifferent. 

A slight  and  perfunctory  examination  of  things  leads  men 

into  considerable  mistakes.  Woodward. 

“ I have  differed  from  Mr.  Sheridan  ami  W. 
Johnston,  who  accent  this  word  on  the  first  syllable; 
but  have  Dr.  Johnson,  Dr.  Ash,  Mr.  Nares,  Barclay, 
Fencing,  Bailey,  Buchanan,  and  Entick  on  my  side 
for  accenting  the  second  ; and  this  pronunciation, 
without  any  authority,  would  be  more  eligible  than 
the  other,  from  the  difficulty  of  pronouncing  the  un- 
combinable  consonants  in  the  last  syllables  without 
tlie  assistance  of  accent,  especially  when  we  consider 
that  tlie  adverb  perfunctorily  and  tile  possible  abstract 
noun  perfunctoriness  must  necessarily  have  the  same 
accent  as  the  adjective.”  Walker. 

PUR-FUNC'TU-RATE,  v.  a.  To  perform  perfunc- 
torily or  in  an  indifferent  manner.  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

PER-FU§E',  v.  a.  [L.  perfundo,  perfusus ; per, 
through,  and  fundo,  to  pour.l  To  pour  through  ; 
to  permeate  ; to  tincture,  [r.]  Ilarvey. 

PpR-Ffl'^ION  (per-fu'zhun),  n.  [L.  perfusio.]  The 
act  of  perfusing  or  pouring  over,  [r.]  Maunder. 

PfiR-FU'SIVE,  a.  Diffusive,  [r.]  Coleridge. 

PER-GA-ME'Np-OUS,  a.  [L.  pergamena,  parch- 
ment.] ( Ent .)  Consisting  of  a thin,  semi-trans- 
parent substance ; like  parchment.  Brande. 

f PERyE,  v.  n.  [L.  pergo.]  To  go  on  ; to  pro- 
ceed. Old  Play. 

PER  ' QO-LJl,  n.  [It.]  Same  as  Pergula.  Finett. 

PER  ' G U-LJi,  «.[ L.  pergo,  to  go  on.]  (Roman  Ant.') 
A kind  of  booth  or  small  house,  which  afforded 
scarcely'  any  protection  except  by  its  roof,  so 
that  passers-by  could  easily  look  into  it. 

It  is  used  by  Plautus  to  signify  a balcony  on 
the  outside  of  a house.  By  Winckelmann  it  is  thought 
to  have  been  an  arbor,  or  a terrace  overhanging  an 
arbor.  Brande. 

PpR-IlAPS',  ad.  [L.  per,  by,  and  Eng.  hap.]  By 
hap  or  chance  ; peradventure  ; it  may  be.  South. 

PER  A prefix  in  words  of  Greek  origin,  signi- 
fying around,  near,  about. 

PE  ’ RI,  n. ; pi.  pe’ris.  (Persian  Myth .)  One  of  a 
class  of  beings  closely  allied  to  eives  or  fairies, 
supposed  to  he  the  descendants  of  the  fallen  an- 
gels, and  to  be  excluded  from  paradise  until  they 
have  made  atonement  for  their  sins.  Brande. 

But  naught  can  charm  the  luckless  Peri ; 

Her  soul  is  sad,  her  wings  are  weary.  T.  Moore. 

PER-I-A'GO,  PER-I-A'GUA,  or  PER-I-AU'G^R,  n. 
A kind  of  boat ; a pirogue.  Ligon. 

PERT-ANTI!,  n.  [Gr.  ntpi,  around,  and  avdo;,  a 
flower;  It.  perianzio ; Sp.  periantio  ; Fr.  peri- 
anthe.]  (Bot.)  The  leaves  of  a flower  generally, 
but  especially  when  they  cannot  be  readily  dis- 
tinguished into  calyx  and  corolla.  Gray. 

PER-I-An'THI-UM,  n.  (Bot.)  Perianth.  IJenslow. 

PERT-APT,  n.  [Gr.  ntpianrov,  ntptanro),  to  tie 
about;  It .periapto;  Fr.  piriapte.]  A bandage 
tied  on  for  magical  purposes  ; a charm  worn 
as  preservative  against  diseases  or  harm ; an 
amulet.  Shak. 

PER-I-BLEP'SIS,  n.  [Gr.  nepiPle^ts,  a looking 
about ; ntpi,  about,  and  (D.lttw,  to  look.]  (Med.) 
The  wild  look  accompanyingdelirium.jDR7i_(7&on. 

PlJ-RlB'O-LOS,  n.  [Gr.  nipiPoio;  ; ntpi,  about,  and 
fW.Xui,  to  throw.]  (Arch.)  A wall  surrounding 
the  precincts  of  a temple  : — an  enclosure  ; a 
court.  Britton. 

PER-I-CAR'DI-Ao,  a.  Pericardie.  Dnnglison. 

PER-I-CAR'Dr-AL,  a.  Relating  to  the  pericardium  ; 
pericardie ; pericardiac.  Dunglison. 

PER-I-CAR  DI-An,  ) a Belonging  to  the  pericar- 

PER-I-CAR'DIC,  ) dium.  Phillips. 


PER-I-CAR-DI'TIS,  n.  (Med.)  Inflammation  of 
the  pericardium.  Dunglison. 

PER-J-CAR'DI-UM,  71.  [Gr.  ntpncctplnov  ; ntpi,  about, 
and  naphta,  the  heart ; It.  A Sp.  pericardia  ; Fr. 
pericarde. j (Anat.)  A membranous  sack  envel- 
oping the  heart  and  the  arterial  and  venous 
trunks  which  pass  from  or  into  it.  Dunglison. 

PER'I-CARP,  n.  [Gr.  nepiitdpniov ; ntpi,  about,  and 
napm fs,  a fruit ; L.  pericarpum ; It.  Sp.  peri- 
carpi  o ; Fr.  pericarpe.]  (Bot.)  A seed  vessel; 
the  covering  of  a fruit ; the  ripened  ovary.  Gray. 

PER-I-CAR'PI-AL,  a.  Pericarpic.  Wright. 

PER-I-CARP'IC,  a.  (Bot.)  Pertaining  to  a peri- 
carp. Gray. 

PER-I-CAR'PI-UM,  n.  (Bot.)  A pericarp.  Ray. 

PER'I-GHAITII,  n.  [Gr.  ntpi,  around,  and  kA|M1 
X'dry,  foliage.]  (Bot.)  The  cluster  of  pe-  BJIJ 
culiar  leaves  at  tlie  base  of  the  fruit-stalk  Will 
of  mosses.  Gray, 

PER-I-jEH  JE'TI  AL,  a.  (Bot.)  Pertaining  to  a peri- 
chacth.  . Brande. 

PER-I-CHiE'TI-UM  (per-e-ke'she-um),  n.  (Bot.) 
A perichaeth.  P.  Cyc. 

PER'J-CHETE,  n.  (Bot.)  Perichaeth.  Smart. 

PKR-I-jCHO-RE'SIS,  n.  [Gr.  ntpixtitorjatf  ; ntpi, 
about,  and  xtepiei,  to  go.]  A rotation.  Bp.  Kaye. 

PER'I-CLAsE,  n.  [Gr.  ntpi,  around,  and  tJ.dtns, 
fracture.]  (Min.)  A grayish  or  dark-green 
mineral  consisting  of  magnesia  and  the  prot- 
oxide of  iron.  Dana. 

f PF-RiC'Ll-TATE,  v.  a.  [L.  periclitor ; pericli- 
tatus .]  To  endanger  ; to  hazard.  Cockeram. 

f PJE-RIC-EI-TA'TTON,  n.  [L.  periclitatio.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  in  danger.  Cockeram. 

2.  Trial ; experiment.  Johnson. 

Py-RIC'O-Py  [pe-rlk'o-pe,  Sm.;  pe-rl'ko-pe,  O. ; 
per'e-kop,  C.  Wr.],  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  ntptnony  ; ntpt- 
KonTto,  to  clip  ; ntpi,  around,  and  niinnui,  to  cut.] 
A passage  or  extract  from  a book,  — particu- 
larly, a passage  extracted  from  the  Bible  to  be 
read  in  the  communion  service,  or  other  por- 
tions of  the  ritual,  or  as  a text  for  a sermon  or 
homily.  Smart.  Brande. 

PER-I-CRA'NI-UM,  n.  [Gr.  ntptKphvtov  ; ntpi, 
around,  and  npivtov,  the  skull ; It.  pericranio  ; 
Sp.  pericraneo;  Fr.  pericrane.]  (Anat.)  The 
periosteum  that  covers  the  skull.  Dunglison. 

f Pg-RlC'U-LOUS,  a.  [L.  periculosus.]  Danger- 
ous ; hazardous  ; perilous.  Browne. 

PER-I-DO-DEO-A-HE'DRAL,  a.  [Gr.  ittpi,  around, 
iuhiKti,  twelve,  and  chpa,  a hase.]  (Crystallogra- 
phy.) Noting  a crystal  whose  primitive  form  is 
a four-sided  prism,  but  whose  secondary  form 
is  a dodecahedral  prism.  Cleaveland. 

PER'I-DOT,  n.  [Fr.]  (Min.)  Chrysolite.  Dana. 

PER'I-DROME,  n.  [Gr.  nepthpopo;;  ntpi,  around, 
and  rpt^o),  chpayov,  to  run  ; It.  R Sp.  peridromo  ; 
Fr.  peridrome.)  (Arch.)  The  space  in  an  an- 
cient peripteral  temple,  between  the  walls  of  the 
cell  and  the  columns  ; — a gallery  of  communi- 
cation around  an  edifice.  Brande. 

PER-I-E'CTAN  (per-e-E'shjii),  n-  One  of  th e peri- 
oeci.  — See  Periceci.  Smart. 

PER-I-ER'GY,  n.  [Gr.  ntpttpyia ; nipt,  denoting 
excess,  and  'tpyo v,  a work.] 

1.  f Needless  caution  or  diligence.  Bailey. 

2.  (Rhet.)  A bombastic  style,  [r.]  Crahb. 

PER'I-GEE,  n.  [It.  4'  Sp.  perigeo  ; Fr.  perigee.  — 
Gr.  ntpi,  near,  and  yy,  the  earth.]  (Ast.ron.)  The 
point  in  the  orbit  of  a heavenly  hodv  at  which 
it  is  nearest  the  earth  ; — used  particularly  of 
the  moon  : — opposed  to  apogee.  Ilerschel. 

PER-I-GE'UM,  n.  Perigee.  Brotone. 

PER-T-GLfjT'TIS,  n.  [Gr.  ntpi,  near,  and  yhsmis, 
the  glottis.]  (Anat.)  A mucous  membrane  form- 
ing the  framum  beneath  the  tongue.  Dunglison. 

PER'I-GONE,  n.  [Fr.,  from  Gr.  ntpi,  around,  and 
yovi),  a seed.]  (Bot.)  A perianth.  Gray. 

PER-I-GO'NI-UM,  n.  (Bot.)  A perigone.  Brande. 

PER'I-GRApH,  n.  Pftr.  ntptypatfu'i ; mat,  around, 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,.  SON  ; BUEL,  BUR,  ROLE.  — 9,  G,  9,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


PERIGYNIUM 


1058 


PERISCIAN 


and  yp6<l> w,  to  write  ; Fr.  pdiigraphe.]  A care- 
less or  imperfect  delineation.  London  Ency. 

PER-I-fJYN'I-UM,  71.  [Gr.  -rripl,  about,  and  yovi),  a 
female.]  ( Bot .)  The  bodies  around  the  pistil : 
— a term  applied  to  the"  closed  cup  or  bottle- 
shaped body  enclosing  the  ovary  of  sedges,  and 
to  one  of  the  bristles,  little  scales,  &c.,  of  the 
flowers  of  some  other  Cyperacecc.  Gray. 

P£-RI£'Y-NOUS,  a.  (Bot.)  Not- 
ing petals  and  stamens  borne 
on  the  calyx.  Gray. 

PER-I-HE' LI-ON,  71. ; pi.  PERIHE- 
LIA. [Gr.  n epi,  near,  and  i)ho;,  the  sun  ; It.  § Sp. 
perielio  ; Fr.  perihelie.\  ( Astron .)  The  point  in 
the  orbit  of  a planet  or  comet  which  is  nearest 
the  sun ; — opposed  to  aphelio/i.  Iierschel. 

PER-J-IIE'LJ-UM,  7i.  Perihelion.  Cheyne. 

PER-I-IIEX-A-IIE'DRAL,  a.  [Gr.  rrpi,  around,  r£, 
six,  and  than,  a base.]  (Crystallography.)  Not- 
ing a crystal  whose  primitive  form  has  four 
sides,  and  its  secondary  six.  Clcaveland. 

PER'IL,  7i.  [L.  pet'iculum ; perior,  peritus , to  try  ; 
It.  pericolo,  pe7'iylio ; Sp.  peliyro ; Fr.  piiril.~\ 

1.  Exposure  to  injury,  loss,  or  destruction ; 
danger;  risk;  hazard;  jeopardy;  venture. 

How  many  perils  do  infold 

The  righteous  man,  to  make  him  daily  fall!  Spenser. 

2.  ( Laiv .)  The  accident  by  which  a thing  is 

lost.  Bouvier: 

M one’s  peril,  under  liability  to  danger;  with  risk. 

Syn.  — See  Danger. 

PER'IL,  v.  a.  To  put  in  danger;  to  expose  to 
danger;  to  endanger;  to  imperil.  Qa.  Itev. 

f PER'|L,  v.  n.  To  be  in  danger.  Milton. 

PER’IL-OUS,  a.  [L.  periculosus  ; It.  periculoso-, 
Sp . peliyroso  ; Fr.  perilleux.\ 

1.  Full  of  peril  ; dangerous  ; hazardous. 

“ Perilous  wilds.”  Milton. 

2.  f V enturesome  ; daring.  Chaucer. 

PER'!  L-OUS,  ad.  Very.  [Vulgar.]  “With  gifts 
and  knowledge  perilous  shrewd.”  Hudibras. 

PER'IL-OUS-LY,  ad.  With  peril ; dangerously. 

PER'IL-OljS-NESS,  7i.  Dangerousness  ; hazard. 

PER'I-LYMPH,  71.  [Gr.  itipi,  around,  and  L. 
lympha,  water.]  (Anat.)  A transparent,  slightly 
viscid  fluid,  in  the  cavities  of  the  internal  ear  ; — 
also  called  liquor  of  Cotunnius.  Dunyliso7i. 

P$-RlM'£-TpR,  n.  [Gr.  nepipirpo; ; mpi,  around, 
and  pirpov,  a measure  ; L.  peri  metros  ; It.  &;  Sp. 
perhnetro  ; Fr.  perimetre.\  ( Geom .)  The  line 
which  bounds  a plane  figure.  Davies. 

PER-|-MY"§I-UM,  7i.  [Gr.  repi,  around,  and  pE{,  a 
muscle.]  (Anat.)  The  areolar  membrane  sur- 
rounding a muscle  or  its  fasciculi.  Dunglison. 

P E It  - [ - N .'E ' I]  M , 71.  [Gr.  ntpivutov , ntpiveov  ; nijotv, 
the  scrotum ; L.  perinceoni]  (Anat.)  The  part 
of  the  inferior  region  of  the  trunk,  between  the 
ischiatic  tuberosities,  the  anus,  and  the  genital 
organs.  Du/iylison. 

PER-I-NE'AL,  a.  (A7iat.)  Pertaining  or  belong- 
ing to  the  perinaeum.  Dimglison. 

PER-I-OC-TA-HE'DRAL,  a.  [Gr.  nipt,  around, 
IntTii,  eight,  and  c/pa,  a base.]  ( Crystallography.) 
Noting  a prism  whose  primitive  form  has  four 
sides,  and  its  secondary  eight.  Cleavela/id. 

PE'RI-OD,  n.  [Gr.  nepio/os  ; rent,  about,  and  M<5s, 
a ray;  L.  periodus ; It.  Sp.  periodo-,  Fr.  pe- 
riode .] 

1.  (Astro7i.)  The  time  in  which  a heavenly 

body  performs  a revolution  in  its  orbit.  “ The 
period  of  a planet.”  Iierschel. 

2.  (Chron.)  The  revolution  of  a certain  por- 

tion or  interval  of  time  within  which  the  same 
facts  and  events  recur  regularly  and  perpetually 
in  the  same  order ; a circle,  round,  or  revolu- 
tion of  time  ; a cycle.  Holder. 

3.  Any  specified  interval  of  time.  Bolingbroke. 

4.  A course  of  events  memorably  terminated. 

“ The  periods  of  an  empire.”  Johnson. 

5.  The  state  or  time  at  which  any  thing  ter- 
minates ; time  ; date  ; epoch  ; era  ; age  : — 
limit ; bound. 


8.  Length  of  duration.  “To  make  plants 
more  lasting  than  their  ordinary  period.”  Bacon. 

7.  End  ; termination  ; conclusion.  “ The 

period  of  their  tyranny.”  Shah. 

So  spake  the  Archangel  Michael,  then  paused 

As  at  the  world’s  great  period . Milton. 

8.  (Rhct.)  A sentence  so  constructed  as  to 
have  all  the  parts  mutually  dependent,  resolva- 
ble primarily  into  the  protasis  and  apodosis  ; — 
and,  according  to  Dr.  Campbell,  it  differs  from 
a loose,  sentence  in  not  making  complete  sense 
till  we  come  to  the  close. 

Periods  arc  beautiful  when  they  are  not  too  long.  B.  Jonson. 

A period  is  a sentence,  whether  simple  or  complex,  which 
is  so  framed  that  the  grammatical  construction  will  not  admit 
of  a close  before  the  end  of  it.  Whately. 

The  period  belongs  exclusively  to  the  more  elevated  or 
solemn  discourse  ; and  when  used  should  be  mingled  with 
shorter  sentences.  Dr.  J.  W.  Gibbs. 

“ Sentences  made  up  of  parts  loosely  connected, 
so  as  to  have  a completed  construction  once  or  twice, 
or  oftener,  before  they  end,  are  less  properly,  but  very 
commonly,  called  periods.”  Smart. 

9.  (Gram.)  In  punctuation,  a mark  or  dot, 
thus  [ . ],  placed  at  the  end  of  a sentence,  &c. ; 
a full  stop. 

10.  (Math.)  In  extraction  of  roots,  a number 
of  figures  considered  together  : — - the  recurring 
part  of  a circulating  decimal.  Davies.  P.  Cyc. 

11.  (Med.)  One  of  the  phases  of  a disease,  of 

which  three  are  commonly  enumerated;  viz., 
the  augmentation,  increase,  or  progress,  the 
acme,  or  height,  and  the  decline  : — a term 
sometimes  used  in  describing  an  intermittent, 
for  the  time  between  the  commencement  of  one 
paroxysm  and  that  of  the  next,  including  the 
fit  as  well  as  the  interval.  Dimglisoti. 

12.  (Mus.)  A musical  sentence  composed  of 
several  members  : — a final  cadence.  Dwight. 

Julian  period.  See  JULIAN. — Monthly  periods , (Med.) 
the  menses.  Dunglison. 

Syn.  — See  Time. 

f PE'RI-OD,  v.  a.  To  put  an  end  to.  Shah. 

f PE'Rj-OD,  v.  7i.  To  end;  to  cease.  Bai-ton. 

PE-RJ-OD  [C,  1 a [Gr.  ncpioiiKds ; L . periodi- 

PE-RI-OD'I-CAL,  ) cus ; It.  § Sp.  periodico  ; Fr. 
pmodique.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  a period  or  to  periods.  Brow7ie. 

2.  Performed  in  a period  or  circuit. 

nis  [Jupiter’s]  periodical  circuit  round  tlic  sun.  Watts. 

3.  Happening  by  revolution,  or  regularly  in  a 

certain  period  of  time.  Be7itley. 

4.  (Gram.)  Constructed  with  complete  gram- 
matical dependence.  - S/nart. 

Periodic  acid,  ( Client .)  an  acid  consisting  of  one 
equivalent  of  iodine  and  seven  equivalents  of  oxygen. 
— Periodic  function,  (Math.)  a function  in  which  equal 
values  recur  in  the  same  order,  when  the  value  of  the 
variable  is  uniformly  increased  or  diminished.  Davies. 

PE-RI-6d'(-CAL,  n.  A publication  issued  peri- 
odically, as  a review,  a magazine,  &c.  Ed.  Rev. 

PE-RI-OD'I-CAE-IST,  n.  One  who  publishes,  or 
who  writes  for,  a periodical.  N.  M.  Mag. 

PE-RI-OD' J-CAL-LY,  ad.  At  regular  or  stated 
periods  ; regularly.  Broome. 

PE-RI-OD'I-CAL-NESS,  71.  The  state  of  being 
periodical ; periodicity.  Ash. 

PE-RJ-O-Dlg'l-TY,  n.  [Fr.  pmodicitef)  The  state 
or  the  quality  of  being  periodical.  Ld.  Brougham. 

PER-I-CE' Ci,  77.  pi.  [Gr.  TrtpioiKoi ; nepi,  about, 
and  oikIio,  to  dwell.]  (Geog.)  Inhabitants  of  the 
earth  who  live  on  the  same  parallels  of  latitude, 
but  on  opposite  meridians.  B/'ande. 

PER-I-CE'CI-AN,  7i.  One  of  the  Pericecii.  Bra7ide. 

PER-I-OS'TE-UM,  71.  [Gr.  ireptionov ; iripi,  around, 
and  darlou,  a bone  ; It.  Sf  Sp.  periosteo  ; Fr.  pe- 
rioste .]  (Anat.)  A white,  fibrous  substance 
which  invests  the  bones.  Dunglison. 

Internal  periosteum,  a term  sometimes  applied  to  the 
medullary  membrane.  Dunglison. 

PER-I-OS-Tf'TIS,  n.  (Med.)  Inflammation  of  the 
periosteum.  Dunglison. 

PER-I-OS'TRA-CUM,  n.  [Gr.  mpi,  around,  and 
darpaKov,  a shell.]  The  epidermis  of  shells.  Gray. 

t PER-I-PA-TE'CIAN,  n.  A peripatetic.  Bp.  nail. 

PER- I-PA-TET'fC,  n.  [Gr.  ntpi7rarr/riK6s J rtpirariui, 


to  walk  about ; ntpi,  about,  and  irartw,  to  walk  ; 
L.  peripateticus  ; It.  <Sy  Sp.  peripatetico .] 

1.  A disciple  of  Aristotle,  in  philosophy  ; — so 

called  because  Aristotle  delivered  his  doctrine  to 
his  disciples  while  walking  with  them  in  the  Ly- 
ceum, in  the  suburbs  of  Athens.  P.  Cyc. 

2.  Ludicrously,  one  who  is  obliged  to  walk,  or 
cannot  afford  to  ride  ; a pedestrian.  Tatler. 

PER-I-PA-TEI  IC,  i a Pertaining  to  the  Peri- 

PER-I-PA-TET'I-CAL,  ) patetics,  or  to  the  philos- 
ophy of  Aristotle  ; Aristotelian.  Howell. 

PER-|-PA-TET'|-CI§M,  71.  [It.  peripateticis7no ; 
Sp.  peripatetismo  ; Fr.  peripatetisme.\  The  no- 
tions or  system  of  philosophy  of  Aristotle  and 
his  followers  ; Aristotelianism.  Barrow. 

PER-I-PET' A L-OUS,  a.  [Gr.  irrpi , around,  and 
ncralor,  a leaf.]  (Bot.)  Noting  nectaries  sur- 
rounding the  corolla.  Henslow. 

\ PE-RlP'IJ-TIE,  7i.  [Gr.  irtpmiriin ; itipminTio,  to 
fall  upon.]  A sudden  change  of  fortune. 

Adventurer. 

PJJ-RIPH'E-RAL,  a.  Peripheric.  Smart. 

PER-j-PIIER  1C,  ? a.  1.  Relating  to,  or  consti- 

PER-I-PHER'J-CAL,  ) tuting,  a periphery.  Sma/t. 

2.  (Bot.)  Situated  around  the  outside  or  pe- 
riphery of  an  organ.  Gray. 

PE-RIPH'p-R  Y,  71.  [Gr.  nepupeptia ; irrpi,  around, 
and  ipipu,  to  carry;  L.  peripheria  ; It.  &;  Sp.  pc- 
riferia  ; Fr.  peripheric.]  (Geom.)  The  circum- 
ference of  a circle,  ellipse,  or  other  curvilinear 
figure.  Bra7ide. 

PER'l-PHRASE,  v.  a.  [It.  perifrasarc  ; Sp.  peri- 
frascar  ; Fr.  periphrastic I\  To  express  by  cir- 
cumlocution. Bailpy. 

PER'I-I’IIRAijE,  71.  Periphrasis.  Smart. 

PJg-RIPH'RA-SlS,  n. ; pi.  pe-r!ph'ra-se$.  [L., 
from  Gr.  irrpi  f pacts  ; irrpi,  around,  and  0pd£w,  to 
speak  ; It.  perifrasi  ; Sp.  perifrasis  ; Fr.  peri' 
phrase.')  (Rhct.)  The  employment  of  more 
words  than  are  necessary  to  express  the  idea  ; 
circumlocution ; as,  for  death,  we  may  say,  the 
loss  of  life. 

PER-I-PHRAS  TIC,  ) [Gr.  ctpuppaGTiKo;.) 

PER-I-PIIRAS'TI-CAL,  > Using  periphrasis  or  cir- 
cumlocution ; expressing,  or  expressed  by,  more 
words  than  are  necessary  ; circumlocutory.  Scott. 

Periphrastic  conjugation,  conjugation  with  the  auxil- 
iary verb  ; as,  I was  going,  instead  of,  I went. 

PER-I-PIIRAS'TI-CAL-LY,  ad.  With  periphrasis 
or  circumlocution.  Bostcell. 

PER'I-PLUS,  71.  [L.,  from  Gr.  runs  cot ; ; nept, 

around,  and  nXoos,  a voyage.]  A voyage  round  ; 
circumnavigation.  Vi7icc7it. 

PEH-IP-MEU-MO  ’ MI-A,  71.  [L.]  Inflammation 

of  the  lungs  ; peripneumony.  Harvey. 

PER-IP-NEU-MON'JC,  I a.  rGr.  ^ptnvrvpout- 

PER-I  P-NEU-MON'l-C  A L,  > xdt ; L . pe7'ip7ieumo7ii- 
cus.\  Relating  to,  or  afflicted  with,  peripneu- 
mony. 

PER-IP-NEU'MO-NY,  n.  [Gr.  TTfpinvevpovia  ; nepi, 
around,  and  ■nviupiov,  a lung;  L.,  It.,  and  Sp.  pe- 
ripneumonia ; Fr.  pcripneumo7iie.]  (Med.)  In- 
flammation of  the  substance  of  the  lungs  ; per- 
ipneumonia. Dunglison. 

PER-I-PO-LYG'O-NAL,  a.  [Gr.  Trrpi,  around,  noXiis, 
many,  and  ytovia,  an  angle.]  Having  very  many 
angles  or  sides,  as  a crystal.  Scudamore. 

Pp-RIP'Tp-RAL,  a.  (Arch.)  Surrounded  by  a sin- 
gle row  of  columns  ; peripterous.  Britto/i. 

PE-RlP'TERE,  n.  [Fr.]  (Arch.)  Periptery.  Francis. 

PE-RIP'TU-ROUS,  a.  [Gr.  ntpinrepos ; irrpi,  around, 
and  rreodv,  a wing ; L.  peripteros  ; It.  perittero. ] 

1.  (Arch.)  Peripteral.  Crabb. 

2.  Feathered  on  all  sides.  Wright. 

P£-RIP'Tjj)-RY,  7i.  [It.  perittero-,  Fr.  piripfirc.] 

(Arch.)  A building  surrounded  by  a single  row 
of  columns.  Bra7ide. 

PIJ-RIS'CIAN  (pe-rish'yan),  a.  Having  shadows 
all  around.  Broume. 

PIJ-RlS'CIAN  (pe-rlsh'yqn),  n.  pi.  PERISCIANS. 
[Fr.  periscie7i.]  One  of  the  periscii.  Browne. 


Beauty’s  empires,  like  to  greater  states, 

Have  certain  periods  set  and  hidden  fates.  Suckling. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  lo7ig ; A,  E,  I,  5,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  |,  O,  I.J,  Y,  obscure ; FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


PERISCII 


1059 


PERMISSIBILITY 


PP.-RIS'CI-i  (pe-rlsh'e-l),  n.  pi.  [Gr.  -rttfiCKioi ; 
7 repi,  around,  and  mod,  a shadow.]  ( Gcog .)  The 
inhabitants  within  the  polar  circles  ; — so  called 
because,  as  the  sun  in  the  summer  does  not  set 
to  them  in  the  course  of  his  diurnal  revolution, 
their  shadows  describe  a circle.  Brande. 

PER'I-SCOPE,  n.  [Gr.  ttcoi,  around,  and  aaott/tn,  to 
look.]  A view  all  round ; a general  view.  Smart. 

PER-I-SCOP'IC,  l a.  [Fr. periscbpique.)  Look- 

PER-I-SCOP'I-CAL,  > ing  or  viewing  all  around;  — 
applied  to  spectacles  with  concavo-convex 
glasses,  for  assisting  oblique  vision.  Wollaston. 

PER'ISH,  v.n.  [L.  pereo ; per,  through,  and  eo, 
to  go  ; It.  perire  ; Sp.  perecer  ; Fr.  pirir.)  [i. 
PERISHED  ; pp.  PERISHING,  PERISHED.] 

1.  To  die  ; to  expire ; to  lose  life. 

They  that  take  the  sword  shall  perish  with  the  sword. 

Matt.  xxvi.  52. 

2.  To  be  utterly  destroyed,  ruined,  or  lost ; 
to  come  to  nought. 

The  new  wine  will  burst  the  bottles,  and  be  spilled,  and 
the  bottles  shall  perish.  Luke  v.  37. 

3.  To  decay  ; to  waste  ; to  wither.  Wright. 

Syn.  — To  perish  expresses  more  than  to  die.  What- 
ever dies,  perishes  to  a certain  extent.  Every  temporal 
thing  that  has  life  must  die ; all  things  decay,  dead 
bodies  perish. 

f PER'ISH,  v.  a.  To  destroy  ; to  bring  to  decay. 

And  miseries  have  perished  his  good  face.  Beau.  Bf  FI. 

PER-ISH-A-BIL'I-TV,  n.  Perishableness. Sylvester. 

PER'ISH- A-BLE,  a.  Liable  to  perish;  subject  to 
decay ; mortal. 

This  frail  and  perishable  composition  of  flesh.  Roget'S. 

Perishable  goods , (Law.)  goods  which  are  lessened 
in  value,  and  become  worse,  by  being  kept.  Bouvie.r. 

PER'(SH-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
perishable  ; liableness  to  decay.  Locke. 

PER'[SH- A-BLY,  ad.  In  a perishing  manner. 

PER'ISH-MENT,  n.  Act  of  perishing.  Ld.  Stowell. 


PER'I-SPERM,  n.  [Gr.  repi,  around,  and  ait  to  pa, 
a seed.]  ( Bot .)  The  albumen  of  a seed.  Gray. 


PER-I-SPHER  IC,  £ [Gr.  ttfpt,  around,  and 

PER-I-SPHER'I-CAL,  ) mpaioa,  a sphere.]  Spher- 
ical ; round.  Smart. 

PER-IS-SO-Loy'l-C/tL,  a.  Redundant  in  words; 
wordy ; verbose.  Wright. 

PER-IS-SOL'O-^rY,  n.  [Gr.  ttepicrool.oyia  ; ttfpiooos, 
superfluous,  and  l.oyos,  a discourse;  L.  & It . pc- 
rissologia  ; Fr.  perissologie.)  ( Rhet .)  Redun- 
dancy of  words ; wordiness  ; verbosity ; ma- 
crology.  Campbell. 

PER-I-STAL'TIC,  a.  [Gr.  wepiaralrtKos  ; ttipitrrO.Xto, 
to  surround,  to  wrap  up  ; It.  <S,  Sp.  peristaltico  ; 
Fr.  peristaltique .]  ( Med .)  Noting  a peculiar 

vermicular  motion  of  the  intestine,  in  which  the 
circular  fibres  of  the  muscular  membrane  con- 
tract successively,  from  above  downwards,  pro- 
pelling the  chyme  from  one  end  of  the  aliment- 
ary canal  to  the  other ; spiral.  Dunglison. 

PER-IS-TE'RI-ON,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  trepterepetbv.) 
A plant  of  the  genus  Verbena,  or  vervain.  Bailey. 

Pp-UIS'TIJ-RiTE,  n.  (Min.)  A variety  of  felspar 
having  a small  percentage  of  magnesia.  Dana. 

PER'I-STOME,  n.  [Gr.  ttipi,  around,  and  aBa, 
or 6 pa,  the-mouth  ] (Bot.)  The  fringe  of  jKiSj 
teeth,  &c.,  around  the  orifice  of  the  cap- 
sule  of  mosses.  Gray. 

PER-I-STO  'MI-  UM,  n.  (Bot.)  A peristome.  P.Cyc. 

PER-I-STREPH'JC,  a.  [Gr.  mpiarpigut,  to  turn 
round;  mpi,  around,  and  arpiftn,  to  turn.]  Not- 
ing panoramic  paintings  which  revolve  or  turn 
on  cylinders.  Black. 


PER'I-STYLE,  n.  [Gr.  ttfptanil.o; ; 
tttpi,  about,  and  arul.os,  a pillar ; 

L.  peristylum  ; It.  peristilio ; 

Sp.  peristilo  ; Fr.  peristyle .] 

(Arch.)  A range  of  columns 
surrounding  an  edifice  : — any 
range  of  columns  not  formin' 
building  surrounded  on  the  inside  by  a row  of 
columns.  Britton.  Francis. 

PER-I-STYL' I-i/M,  n. ; pi.  peristylia.  [L.] 


portico  : — a 


(Arch.)  A court,  square,  or  cloister,  with  col- 
umns on  three  or  four  sides.  Brande. 

PER-I-SYS'TO-Lp,  n.  [Gr.  ittpi,  around,  and  ava- 
roh'i,  contraction ; trim,  with,  and  <srO.hu,  to  con- 
tract ; It.  <Sr  Sp.  perisistole ; Fr.  perisy stole. ] 
(Med.)  The  interval  between  the  systole  or  con- 
traction and  the  diastole  or  dilatation  of  the 
heart,  only  observed  in  the  dying.  Dunglison. 

f PIJ-RlTE',  a.  [L.  peritus.)  Skilful.  Whitaker. 

PER-I-THE'CI-UM,  n.  [Gr.  trept,  around,  and  Brjari, 
a box,  a case.]  (Bot.)  The'  envelope  surround- 
ing the  masses  of  fructification  in  certain  fungi 
and  lichens.  . . Henslow. 

Pf-RIT'O-MOUS,  a.  [Gr.  tripi,  around,  and  ripvoi, 
to  cut.]  (Min.)  Cleaving  in  more  directions 
than  one  parallel  to  the  axis.  Wright. 

PER-I-TO-NE'AL,  a.  [Fr.  peritoneal .]  Relating 

to  the  peritonamm.  P.  Cyc. 

PER- 1-  TO-JYJE ' UM,  71.  [L-,  from  Gr.  ttfpirdvaiov ; 

ttfpt,  about,  and  rtivui,  to  stretch.]  (Anat.)  A 
serous  membrane  lining  the  abdominal  cavity, 
and  extending  over  and  enveloping  most  of  the 
organs  in  it.  Dunglison. 

PER-I-TO-Nl'TIS,  n.  (Med.)  Inflammation  of  the 
peritonamm.  Dunglison. 

PER-I-  PRO  'CHI-  UM,  71.  [Gr.  nfpirpd^tov  ; 777.01 , 
around,  and  rpo%i if,  a wheel.]  (Mech.)  One  of 
the  mechanical  powers  ; the  wheel  and  axle ; 
axis  in  peritrochio.  Brande. 

PE-RIT'RO-PAL,  a.  [Gr.  ttepirpottos  ; ttepl,  around, 
and  rpinot,  to  turn  ; Fr.  plritrope .] 

1.  Turning  around  ; rotary.  Hooker. 

2.  (Bot.)  Noting  a seed  the  axis  of  which  is 
perpendicular  to  that  of  the  pericarp.  Hc7islow. 

PER'I-WIG,  7i.  [Fr.  pen'ukc ; Old  Eng . perwicke, 
perewake.  — See  Peruke.]  A covering  of  false 
hair  for  the  head  ; a wig  ; a peruke.  Shak. 

PER'I-WIG,  v.  a.  To  dress  in  false  hair.  Sylvester. 

PER'I-WIG— MAK'JJR,  n.  One  whose  business  it 
is  to  make  periwigs.  Booth. 

f PER'I-WlNK,  7i.  A periwinkle.  Chaucer. 

PER'f-WIN-KLE  (per'e-wlng-kl),  n.  [L.  pervinca, 
vinca-.  It.  per  vinca  ; Fr.  pervenche.  — A.  S .per- 
uince,  pinewincle. ] (Bot.)  A small  flowering 
shrub  of  the  genus  Vi/ica.  Loudon. 

PER'I-WIN-KLE,  n.  [A.  S.  vehicle,  a shell-fish. 

— Said  to  be  a corruption  of  petty  and  winkle. 
Ena.  Cyc.)  (Ich.)  A gasteropodous  mollusk, 
with  a turbinate  shell,  of  the  sub-family  Litto- 
rince,  especially  Littorina  littorea.  E)ig.  Cyc. 

PER'I-WINK-LjNG,  a.  Having,  or  flowered  with, 
periwinkles.  Brewer. 

PER'JURE,  v.  a.  [L.  pc7-juro,  pejero ; per,  by,  be- 
yond, and  jvro,  to  swear;  It.  spergiurare ; Sp. 
perjurar;  Fr.  parjurer .]  [i.  perjured;  pp. 

PERJURING,  PERJURED.] 

1.  To  take  a false  oath;  to  be  guilty  of  false 
swearing;  to  taint  with  perjury;  to  forswear; 

— used  with  the  reflexive  pronoun.  “ He  per- 
jured himself.”  JoJmson. 

2.  To  take  or  make  falsely.  “ Their  perjured 

oath.”  Spenser. 

Syn. — Perjure,  from  the  Latin,  is  the  more  tech- 
nical term  ; forswear,  from  the  Anglo-Saxon,  the  more 
general.  A person  perjures  himself,  or  commits  per- 
jury, by  swearing  falsely,  when  an  oath  is  lawfully 
administered  ; a person  forswears  himself  by  violating 
any  kind  of  oath  that  he  lias  taken. 

f PER'JHRE,  n.  [L.  pe7-jurus.]  A perjured  or 
forsworn  person.  Shak. 

PER'JURED  (per'jurd),  p.  a.  Guilty  of  perjury  ; 
falsely  sworn. 

PER’JUR  ED-LY,  ad.  With  perjury.  Bp.  Gardner. 

PER'JTR-IJR,  n.  One  who  commits  perjury. 

f PyR-JU'RI-OUS,  a.  [L . perjuriosus.)  Guilty  of 
perjury.  Sir  E.  Coke. 

f PER'JU-ROUS,  a.  Perjured.  Middleton. 

PER'JU-RY,  n.  [L.  perjvrivm ; It.  spergiuro ; Sp. 
perjurio-,  Fr.  parjure.)  False  swearing;  the 
act  of  taking  a false  oath  ; the  crime  committed 
when  a lawful  oath  is  administered,  in  some 
judicial  proceeding,  to  a person  who  swears  wil-  I 


fully,  absolutely,  and  falsely,  in  a matter  mate- 
rial to  the  issue  or  point  in  question.  Whishaw. 

PERK,  v.  7i.  To  hold  up  the  head  with  an  affected 
smartness ; to  be  perk  or  proud. 

A tit  bishop  of  Pergamus,  that  perks  thus  above  all  kincs 
and  emperors,  and  princes  of  the  earth.  Morel 

PERK,  v.  a.  [From  perch,  ch  changed  to  k.  Rich- 
ardson.) To  set  or  put  up  ; to  hold  up  ; to  perch. 
“ To  be  perked  up  in  a glistering  grief.”  Shak. 

PERK,  a.  Pert;  brisk  ; airy;  lively;  proud. 
"Perk  as  a peacock.”  Spenser. 

PERK'JgD,  p.  a.  Dressed  up  ; proud ; perk.  Roget. 

PER'KIN,  71.  Ciderkin  ; water-cider.  Wright. 

PER'KIN-I§M,  n.  (Med.)  A therapeutical  treat- 
ment by  the  use  of  metallic  tractors,  invented 
by  Dr.  Elisha  Perkhis,  of  Norwich,  Conn. — 
See  Tractor.  Du7igliso7i. 

PER'KIN-IST,  7i.  A believer  in,  or  practiser  of, 
Perkinism.  Dungliso7i. 

PER-KIN-IS'TIC,  a.  Pertaining  to  Perkinism. 

PERK'Y,  a.  Proud;  perk.  “ Amid  perky  larches 
and  pines.”  Te7inyson. 

PER-LA'CEOTS  (per-la'slius,  66),  a.  [From  pearl.) 
Resembling  a pearl ; pearly.  Pemiant. 

PER'LATE,  a.  [From  pearl.)  (Chem.)  Noting 
the  acidulous  phosphate  of  soda,  which  was 
formerly  termed  perlate  acid.  Jamieso7i. 

PER'LITE,  77.  [Fr.  pcrle,  pearl,  and  Gr.  UQos,  a 
stone.]  (Min.)  A variety  of  felspar  with  a 
pearly  lustre  ; pearlstone.  Beuda7it. 

f PER'LOUS,  a.  Perilous.  Spenser. 

PER-LUS-TRA'TJON,  71.  [L.  pcrlustro,  perlustra- 
tus,  to  wander  through ; per,  through,  and  bistro, 
to  wander  over.]  The  act  of  viewing  all  over ; 
survey,  [r.]  . Howell. 

PER'MA-yy,  71.  A little  Turkish  boat.  Btomit. 

PER  MA-NENOE,  ?n  [It.  per7nanc7iza ; Sp.  per- 

PER'MA-NEN-CY,  > 7na7iencia  ; Fr.  permanetice..) 
State  of  being  permanent;  continuance  in  the 
same  state  ; lastingness  ; duration  ; durability. 

Syn.  — See  Continuance,  Durability. 

PER'MA-NENT,  a.  [L.  permanco,  permanens,  to 
stay  or  remain  to  the  end  ; per,  through,  and 
maneo,  to  remain  ; It.  &j  Sp.  perma7iente ; Fr. 
per77ia7ie7it.)  Continuing  in  the  same  state ; 
lasting;  abiding;  enduring;  durable;  fixed. 

Eternity  stands  permanent  and  fixed.  Dt-yden. 

Permanent  white , sulphate  of  barytes,  a coloring 
matter  ; — also  called  constant  white.  Francis. 

Syn.  — See  Lasting. 

PER'MA-NENT-LY,  ad.  Durably ; lastingly.  Boyle. 

PER'MA-NENT— WAY,  71.  The  finished,  ballasted 
road  of  a railway.  Shni7nonds. 

PER-MAN-GAN'IC,  a.  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid 
composed  of  two  equivalents  of  manganese  and 
seven  equivalents  of  oxygen.  Graham. 

f PpR-MAN'SION,  7i.  Permanence.  Brow7ie. 

PER-ME-A-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state 
of  being  permeable.  Dr.  Ritchie. 

PER'ME- A-BI.E,  a.  [I.,  peryneabilis ; It.  per/nea- 
bile-,  Sp.  permeable  ; Fr . permiable.)  That  may 
be  permeated  ; pervious.  Boyle. 

PER'My-A-llLY,  ad.  In  a permeable  manner. 

f PER'ME-ANT,  a.  Permeating.  Browne. 

PER 'ME- ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  per7neo,  permeatus ; per, 
through,  and  ?neo,  to  go  ; It.  per/neare.)  \i. 
permeated  ; pp.  permeating,  permeated.] 
To  pass  through,  as  the  pores  or  interstices  of ; 
— applied  particularly  to  fluids.  Woodward. 

PER-ME-A'TION,  n.  Act  of  permeating.il/).  Hall. 

PER'MI-AN,  a.  (Ceol.)  Pertaining  to  the  rocks 
immediately  underlying  those  of  the  new  red- 
sandstone  series. 

Permian  system,  magnesian  limestone.  Eng.  Cyc. 

f PER-MIS'CI-BLE,  a.  [L.  pcrmisceo,  to  mingle.] 
That  may  be  mixed.  Blount. 

f PpR-MISS',  n.  Permission.  Milton. 

PyR-MIS-SI-BlL'I-TY,  71.  The  quality  of  being 
permissible.  Ec.  Rev. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 


BULL,  BUR,  ROLE.  — 9,  (},  9,  g,  soft;  E,  G,  £,  hard;  % as  z; 


y as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


10G0 


PERPLEX 


PERMISSIBLE 

PJjiR-MlS'SI-BLE,  a.  That  may  bo  permitted; 
allowable.  •'  Johnson. 

P^H-AIIS  SI-BLY,  ad.  By  permission.  Allen. 

P^R-MiS’SION  ( per-mlsh'un),  n.  [L.  permissio'; 
It.  pernussione  ; Sp.  permision  ; Fr.  permission.] 
The  act  of  permitting  ; liberty  or  license  granted  ; 
grant  of  authority  to  do  something ; allowance  ; 
leave  ; license  ; liberty  ; toleration. 

I spenk  this  by  permission , not  by  commandment.  1 Cor.  vii.  6. 

Syn.  — See  Leave,  Tolerate. 

PpR-MiS'SJVE,  a.  1.  That  permits  ; granting  per- 
mission or  liberty  ; giving  authority  ; allowing. 
“ By  his  [God’s]  permissive  will.”  Milton. 

2.  Granted  ; suffered  without  hinderance. 
“ Permissive  glory.”  Milton. 

Permissive  waste,  waste  which  is  a matter  of  omis- 
sion only,  as  by  suffering  a house  to  fall  lor  want  of 
necessary  reparations.  BurrilL. 

PUR-MIS'SIVE-LY,  ad.  By  permission  ; without 
hinderance.  Bacon. 

t PIJR-MiST'ioN  (per-mrst'yun),  re.  [L.  permis- 
tio.\  The  act  of  mixing  ; permixtion.  Bailey. 

PIJR-M  IT',  v.  a.  [L.  permitto;  per,  through,  and 
mitto,  to  send;  It.  permettere  ; Sp.  permitir ; 
Fr.  permettre .]  [£.  permitted  ; pp.  permit- 

ting, PERMITTED.] 

1.  To  give  up;  to  give  in  charge;  to  resign; 
to  commit;  to  leave  ; to  refer,  [it.] 

Live  well;  how  long  or  short,  permit  to  Heaven.  Milton. 

2.  To  grant  permission,  liberty,  or  leave  ; to 
allow  ; to  suffer  ; to  tolerate  ; to  empower  ; to 
license  ; to  authorize. 

Thou  art  permitted  to  speak  for  thyself.  Acts  xxvi.  1. 

Syn.  — See  Admit,  Allow,  Tolerate. 

PER'MIT,  or  PRR-MlT'  (114)  [per'mjt,  .S.  IV.  J.  E. 
F.  K.  ism.  C. ; per-inlt',  P.  Ja.  J Vb.  llees],  n. 

1.  {Law.)  A license  granted  to  remove  goods 
subject  to  custom  duties,  or  excise.  Whishaio. 

2.  Permission  ; leave  ; liberty. 

PpR-MIT'TANCE,  n.  Permission,  [it.]  Dcrham. 

PER-MjT-TEE',  n.  One  to  whom  permission  or 
a permit  is  granted.  Ritchie. 

PlJR-AllT'TpR,  n.  One  who  permits.  Edwards. 

f PER'MIX,  v.  a.  [L.  permisceo,  permixtus.]  To 
mix  ; to  mingle.  Phaer. 

PJJR-AUXT'ION  (per-mlltst'yiiu),  n.  [L . permixtio ; 
It.  permissione ; Sp.  perinistion;  Fr.  permix- 
tion.] The  act  of  mixing,  or  the  state  of  being 
mixed.  “ Permixtion  of  substance.”  Brerewood. 

PpR-Alfj'TA-BLE,  a.  [It.  permutabile ; Fr ..per- 
mutable .]  Exchangeable,  [r.]  Buckingham. 

PJJR-AlCr'TA-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the 
quality  of  being  permutable.  [it.]  Wright. 

P£R-MLT'TA-BLY,  ad.  By  permutation.  Wright. 

PER-MU-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  permutatio;  It.  per- 
mutazione  ; Sp.  permutacion ; Fr.  permutation.] 

1.  Exchange  of  one  thing  for  another.  Bacon. 

2.  {Arith.Sz  Algebra.)  An  order  of  succession, 
when  several  things  are  placed  in  every  possi- 
ble order  of  succession,  so  that  each  shall  enter 
every  result,  and  enter  it  but  once.  Eaton. 

Pf,R-MUTE',  v.  a.  [L.  permuto ; per,  through, 
and  muto,  to  change ; It.  permutare ; Sp.  per- 
m nt.ar ; Fr.  permuter  ] To  exchange.  Hackluyt. 

PJgR-MUT'lJR,  n.  An  exchanger,  [r.]  llnloet. 

+ PERN,  v.a.  [Probably  from  pernor,  or  pernancy. 
Nares.]  {Law.)  To  turn  to  profit.  Sylvester. 

PER'NA,  n.  [L .,  a sea-muscle.]  {Conch.)  A ge- 
nus of  marine,  conchiferous  mollusks  found  in 
warm  climates,  having  the  shell  gaping  in  front, 
and  on  each  side  of  the  hinge  a row  of  small 
parallel  transverse  furrows.  Eng.  Cyc. 

PER'NAN-CY,  n.  [Old  Fr.  perner,  parner,  to 
take.]  {Law.)  A taking  or  receiving,  as  of  the 
profits  of  an  estate. 

Tithes  in  pernancy,  tithes  taken,  or  that  may  be 
taken,  in  kind.  Whishaio. 

PER'NEL,  n.  {Bot.)  Pimpernel.  Pilkington. 

t PER-Nl"CION,  n.  Destruction.  Iludibras. 

PJJR-Np'CIOrS  (per-nlsh'us),  a.  [L.  pemiciosus  ; 
pernicies,  destruction ; per,  used  intensively,  and 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  o, 


neco,  to  kill;  ncx,  necis,  death;  It.  pernizioso  ; 
Sp.  pernicioso ; Fr.  pernicieux.]  Mischievous 
or  injurious  in  the  highest  degree ; very  hurt- 
ful ; destructive  ; ruinous  ; baleful ; fatal ; mis- 
chievous ; noxious.  “ A pernicious  doctrine.” 

Syn.  — See  Noxious.  South. 

f PpR-N(''Cloi'S,  a.  [L.  per  nix,  pernicis.]  Nim- 
ble ; brisk  ; quick.  Milton. 

P£R-Nl"CIOrS-Ly  (per-nlsh'us-le),  ad.  In  a per- 
nicious manner  ; destructively  ; mischievously. 

PpR-NP'CIOLS-NpSS  (per-nlsh'us-nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  pernicious.  Bailey. 

f PpR-NI^'J-TY,  n.  [L.  pernicitas  ; pernix,  per- 
nicis, nimble.]  Swiftness ; celerity.  Ray. 

PER'NJ-O,  n.  [L.]  {Med.)  A chilblain.  Dunglison. 

PER'NIS,  n.  {Ornith.)  A genus  of  birds  of  the 
family  Falconidce,  distinguished  by  having  the 
space  between  the  eye  and  the  bill  covered  with 
small,  scale-like  feathers  ; honey-buzzards. 

Yarrett. 

PER-NOC-TA'LT-AN,  n.  One  who  watches  all 
night.  Hook. 

PER-NOC-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  pernoetatio ; per, 
through,  and  nox,  noctis,  night ; It.  pernotta- 
mento  ; Sp.  pernoctacion.]  The  act  of  watching 
or  tarrying  through  the  night.  Bp.  Taylor. 

PER'NOR,  n.  [Old  Fr.  parnour  ; parner,  to  take.] 
{Law.)  A taker  or  receiver,  as  of  the  profits  of 
an  estate.  Jacob. 

PER'O-NATE,  a.  [L.  peronatus,  having  rough 
boots  ; pero,  peronis,  a kind  of  rough  boot.] 
{Rot.)  Thickly  covered  with  woolly  matter,  be- 
coming powdery,  as  the  stipes  of  fungi.  P.  Cyc. 

PER'O-NE,  n.  [Gr.  neporri ; Fr . pc  rone.]  {Anat.) 
The  outer  bone  of  the  leg  ; fibula.  Dunglison. 

PER-O-NE'AL,  a.  {Anat.)  Pertaining  to  the  per  - 
one  or  fibula.  Dunglison. 

PER-O-RA'TION,  n.  [L.  peroratio;  peroro,  to 
plead  or  argue  throughout;  It  .perorazione ; Sp. 
peroracion  ; Fr.  p roraison.] 

1.  The  conclusion  of  an  oration.  Shah. 

2.  (Rhet.)  The  concluding  part  of  an  oration, 

in  which  either  the  arguments  are  recapitulated, 
or  a short  and  comprehensive  conclusion  de- 
duced from  them,  or  a brief  appeal  made  to  the 
audience.  Brande. 

PEROVSKITE,  n.  {Min.)  A mineral  consisting 
chiefly  of  titanic  acid  and  lime; — so  named 
from  Perovski,  of  St.  Petersburg.  — Written 
also  perofskite  and  perowskite.  Rose. 

PER-OX'lDE,  n.  ( Chem .)  A substance  having  a 
maximum  of  oxygen.  Ure. 

PER-OX'I-DIZE,  v.  a.  To  unite  with  a maximum 
of  oxygen  ; to  oxidize  to  the  highest  degree.  Ure. 

PER  PM  IS.  [Fr.]  {Law.)  By  the  country  or 
jury.  Burrill. 

PER  pA'RE§.  [L.]  {Law.)  By  one’s  equals  Or 
peers.  Wright. 

PJJR-PEND',  v.  a.  [L.  perpendo;  per,  used  in- 
tensively, and  pendo,  to  weigh.]  To  weigh  care- 
fully in  the  mind  ; to  ponder,  [r.]  Shah. 

PJF.R-PEND'iJR,  n.  [Fr.  parpaing .]  A perpent- 
stone.  Johnson. 

PIJR-PEN'DI-CLE,  n.  [L.  perpcndiculum ; Fr. 
perpendicule.]  Something  hanging  down  in  a 
straight  line  ; a plumb-line,  [r.]  Blount. 

PiiR-PEN-DlC'li-LAR,  a.  [L.  penpendicularis ; 
perpcndiculum,  a plumb-line  ; perpendo,  to 
weigh  carefully  ; It.  pcrpendicolare  ; Sp.  perpen- 
dicular-, Fr.  perpendiculaire.] 

1.  Hanging,  falling,  or  being,  at  right  angles 

to  the  plane  of  the  horizon.  Chaucer. 

2.  { Geom.)  Noting  a line  or  a surface  at  right 

angles  to  another  line  or  surface.  Davies. 

3.  {Gunnery.)  A small  instrument  for  finding 

the  centre  line  of  a piece  in  the  operation  of 
pointing  it  at  any  object.  Davis. 

PER-P$N-d!c'U‘LAR,  n.  1.  A line  falling  on  the 
plane  of  the  horizon  at  right  angles.  Woodward. 

2.  {Geom.)  A line  falling  upon  or  intersecting 
another  line  or  a plane  at  light  angles.  Davies. 

I’ER-PEX-nlC-r-LAR'I-Ty,  n.  The  state  of  being 
perpendicular.  Watts. 


U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE, 


PER-PPN-DIC'IJ-LAR-LY,  ad.  In  a perpendicular 
manner  ; at  right  angles.  Wotton. 

PElt'PpND— STONE,  n.  A perpent-stone.  Bailey. 

t PIJR-PEN'SION  (-shun),  n.  [L . perpenso,  to  pon- 
der.] Consideration.  Browne. 

t PJJK-PEN'Sl-Ty,  n.  A pondering.  Swift. 

PER'Pp.NT— STONE,  n.  A stone  extending  through 
the  thickness  of  a wall,  with  both  ends  exposed 
and  smoothly  wrought ; a bond-stone  ; — also 
written  perpend-stone.  Britton. 

f I’f.R-PES'SlON  (pf r-pesli'un),  n.  [L.  perpessio.] 
Suffering;  endurance.  Pearson. 

PER'PE-TRAtE,  v.  a.  [L . perpetro,  perpetratus  ; 
per,  used  intensively,  and  patro,  to  perform  ; 
It.  perpetrare ; Sp.  perpetrar ; Fr.  perpetrer.] 
[t.  PERPETRATED  ; pp.  PERPETRATING,  PERPE- 
TUATED.]. To  do;  to  perform;  to  commit ; to 
execute.  “ Perpetrated  crimes.”  Dryden. 

Syn. — To  perpetrate  is  always  used  in  a had 
sense,  and  is  a stronger  term  than  to  commit.  Crimes 
are  perpetrated  ; crimes,  offences,  and  errors  are  com' 
nutted. 

PER-PE-TrA'TION,  n.  [L.  perpetratio  ; It . per- 
petrazione  ; Sp.  perpctracion  ; Fr.  perpetration.] 
The  act  of  perpetrating ; commission,  as  of  a 
crime.  Wotton. 

PER'Pp-TRA-TOR,  n.  [L.]  One  who  perpetrates 
or  commits  a crime.  Blackstone. 

PJJR-PET'l  -AL  (per-pel(yu-al),  a.  [L .perpetuus-, 
It.  Sp.  perpetuo  ; Fr.  perpetuel.] 

1.  Never  ceasing  or  ending  ; everlasting  ; 
endless;  lasting;  interminable;  eternal. 

Let  us  join  in  the  Lord  in  a perpetual  covenant.  Jer.  1.  5. 

2.  Continuing  without  intermission ; contin- 
ual ; uninterrupted  ; incessant ; unceasing  ; per- 
ennial. 

Perpetual  curacy,  (Eng.  Eccl.  Law.)  a place  of  divine 
worship  having  parochial  rights,  particularly  of  bap- 
tism and  sepulture,  of  which  the  incumbent  is  not  re- 
movable at  pleasure  by  the  rector  or  vicar  of  any  sup- 
posed mother  church.  Burrill.  — Perpetual  motion, 
that  which  possesses  within  itself  the  principle  of 
motion,  or  motion  which  continues  without  the  inter- 
vention of  any  external  cause  or  force.  Braude. — Per- 
petual screw,  a screw  which  acts  against  the  teetli  of 
a wheel,  continuing  its  action  unceasingly.  Wilkins. 

Syn. — See  Continual,  Lasting. 

PER-PET'll-AL-LY,  ad.  Constantly;  continually; 
incessantly.  Dryden. 

f Pf.R-PET'L-AL-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being  per- 
petual. Chaucer. 

PJJR-PET'IJ-ATE  (per-pet’yu-at),  V.  a.  [L.  per- 
petuo, perpetuatus ; It.  perpetuare ; Sp.  perpetu- 
ar;  Fr.  perpetuer.]  [i.  perpetuated;  pp. 
PERPETUATING,  PERPETUATED.] 

1.  To  make  perpetual ; to  eternize.  Forbes. 

2.  To  make  or  cause  to  continue  or  endure 

without  extinction  or  cessation.  Hammond. 

To  perpetuate  testimony , ( Laic .)  to  take  testimony 
in  order  to  preserve  it  for  future  use.  Burrill . 

Pf.R-PET-U-A'T10N,  n.  [It.  perpetuazione  ; Sp. 
perpetuacion ; Fr.  perpetuation.]  The  act  of 
perpetuating  or  making  perpetual.  Browne. 

PER-PE-TU'I-TY,  n.  [L.  perpetuitas  ; It . perpe- 
tuith  \ Sp.  perpetuidad ; Fr . perpituite .] 

1.  Endless  duration  ; continuance  to  eternity. 
Laws  which  God  for  perpetuiti/  hath  established.  Hooker. 

2.  Continued  duration  or  existence  ; exemp- 

tion from  intermission  or  cessation.  “ A perpe- 
tuity of  exercise  and  action.”  Nelson. 

3.  Something  of  which  there  is  no  end.  South. 

4.  In  the  doctrine  of  annuities,  the  sum  of 

money  which  will  purchase  a certain  annuity  to 
continue  for  ever,  being  the  product  of  the  an- 
nuity into  the  number  of  years  in  which  the 
simple  interest  of  any  sum  will  equal  the  prin- 
cipal. Brande. 

5.  {Law.)  The  quality  by  which  an  estate  be- 

comes inalienable,  either  perpetually  or  for  a 
very  long  period  : — the  estate  itself  so  modified 
or  perpetuated.  Burrill. 

PER-PHOS'PHATE,  n.  {Chem.)  A salt  in  which 
phosphoric  acid  is  combined  with  an  oxide,  at 
the  maximum  of  oxidation.  Ure. 

P$R-PLEX',  v.  a.  [L.  perplexus,  perplexed  ; per, 
used  intensively,  and  plecto,  plexus  (Gr.  ti/.i'koi), 


FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  11EIR,  HER; 


PERPLEX 


1061 


PERSON 


to  interweave.]  [i.  perplexed  ; pp.  perplex- 
ing, PERPLEXED.] 

1.  To  entangle  ; to  involve  ; to  complicate  ; 
to  make  intricate  ; to  confuse. 

What  was  thought  obscure,  perplexed,  and  too  hard  for 
our  weak  parts,  will  lie  open  to  the  understanding  in  a fair 
view.  Locke. 

2.  To  embarrass  ; to  distract ; to  puzzle  ; to 

bewilder  ; to  disturb  ; to  distress.  Locke. 

We  are  perplexed,  but  not  in  despair.  2 Cor.  iv.  8. 

3.  To  plague  ; to  torment ; to  vex. 

How  might  such  killing  eyes  perplex.  Granville. 

Syn.  — See  Amaze,  Distress,  Disturb. 

fP^R-PLEX',  a.  Intricate  ; perplexed.  Glanvill. 

PpR-PLEXED',  p.  a.  Embarrassed ; intricate ; 
difficult. 

PgR-I'LEX'pD-LY,  ad.  Intricately.  Bp.  Bull. 

PER-PI.EX'^D-NESS,  n.  Intricacy;  difficulty;  per- 
plexity ; embarrassment.  Locke. 

PpR-PLEX'lNG,  p.  a.  Intricate;  embarrassing; 
puzzling  ; difficult ; troublesome. 

Syn.  — See  Troublesome. 

P(JR-PLE.X'r-TY,  n.  [L.  perplexitas  ; It.  perplcs- 
sith ; Sp . perplejidad  \ Fr.  perplexite.] 

1.  Entanglement ; intricacy.  “ The  perplex- 
ity of  his  own  thoughts.”  Stilling  fleet. 

2.  Embarrassment  or  distraction  of  mind  ; 
disturbance  ; confusion  ; irresolution.  Sidney. 

f PER-PLEX'IVE-NESS,  n.  Tendency  to  perplex. 
“ The  perplexiveness  of  imagination.”  More. 

t PpR-PLEX'LY,  ad.  Perplexedly.  Milton. 

t PER-PLEXT'LY,  ad.  Perplexedly.  Gardiner. 

f PER-PO-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  perpotatio.]  The  act 
of  drinking  largely.  Bailey. 

PER'dUI-fjlTE  (pgr'kwe-zlt),  n.  [L.  perquiro, 
perquisitus,  to  ask  for  diligently  ; per,  used  in- 
tensively, and  qiuero,  to  seek.] 

1.  Something  obtained  by  industry  or  pur- 

chased with  money,  different  from  that  obtained 
by  inheritance.  Bouvier. 

2.  Something  obtained  in  addition  to,  or  in 
lieu  of,  regular  wages  or  salary. 

To  an  honest  mind,  the  best  perquisites  of  a place  are  the 
advantages  it  gives  a man  of  doing  good.  Addison. 

f PER'aUI-SIT-ED,  a.  Supplied  with  perquisites. 
“ Perquisited  varlets.”  Savage. 

PER-OUI-§I''TION  (per-kwe-zlsh'un),  n.  [It.  per- 
quisizione ; Fr.  perquisition.]  A careful  or 
diligent  inquiry  or  search,  [n.]  Bp.  Berkeley. 

fPERRlE,  n.  [Fr.  pierrerie;  pierre,  a stone.] 
Jewels  ; precious  stones.  Chaucer. 

PER'RppR,  n.  [Fr.  perrier  • pierre,  a stone.]  An 
engine  for  throwing  stones,  [r.]  Hackluyt. 

PER'RON,  n.  [Fr.]  (Arch.]  An  open  or  uncov- 
ered staircase  outside  of  a building.  Wright. 

PER'RO-aUET  (-ket),  n.  [Fr.]  See  Paroquet. 

Perroquet  auk,  (Ornith.)  a small  species  of  auk; 
Phaleris  psittacula  of  Temmiuck,  or  A lea  psittacula  of 
Pallas.  Ena.  Cijc. 

PF.R-RU' QUJ-ER  (per-ru'ke-er),  n.  [Fr . perruque, 
a peruke.]  A wig-maker.  Brit.  Crit. 

PER'RY,  n.  [Fr.  poire  ; poire  (L.pirum),  a pear.] 
A drink  made  of  pears.  Mortimer. 

PER'RY,  n.  A sudden  gust  of  wind ; a whirl- 
wind ; — written  also  pirry.  [Local.]  Hackluyt. 

PER  SAL'  TUM.  [L.]  By  a leap  or  jump. 

PER-SCRIJ-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  perscrutatio  ; per- 
secutor, to  search  through  ; per,  through,  and 
scrutor,  to  search  ; Fr . perscrutation.]  A thor- 
ough or  diligent  search.  Smart. 

PER  SE.  [L.]  1.  By  himself,  herself,  itself,  or 

themselves  ; apart  from  others. 

2.  (Logic.)  Abstractly.  Crabb. 

PER'Sp-CUTE,  v.  a.  [L.  persequor,  persecutus ; 
per,  used  intensively,  and  sequor,  to  follow  after ; 
It . persequitare  \ Sp . perseguir;  Fr  .persecute)-.] 
[i.  persecuted  ; pp.  persecuting,  perse- 
cuted.] 

1.  To  pursue  with  malignity  or  enmity ; to 
harass  with  penalties  ; to  afflict ; to  distress  ; to 
oppress  ; — generally  on  account  of  opinions. 

The  wicked  in  his  pride  doth  persecute  the  poor.  Ps.  x.  2. 


Blessed  are  ye  when  men  shall  revile  you,  and  persecute 
you,  and  shall  say  all  manner  of  evil  against  you  falsely,  for 
my  sake.  Mutt.  v.  10. 

2.  To  importune  or  vex  much.  Johnson. 

PER-Sf-CU'TION;  n.  [L .persecution  It.  perse- 
cuzione  ; Sp.  persecudon  ; Fr  .persecution.] 

1.  The  act  or  the  practice  of  persecuting. 

The  Jews  raised  persecution  against  Paul.  Acts  xiii.  20. 

2.  The  state  of  being  persecuted.  “Our 

necks  are  under  persecution."  Lam.  v.  5. 

PER'Sg-Ct>TIVE,  a.  Persecuting,  [it.]  Scott. 

PER'sp-OUT-OR,  n.  [L.]  One  who  persecutes; 
one  who  malignantly  harasses.  Milton. 

PER'Sp-CU-TRlX,  n.  [L.]  A female  who  perse- 
cutes, or  malignantly  harasses.  Ec.  llev. 

PER-SE-PUL'1-TAiV,  a.  Pertaining  to  Persepolis. 
“ Persepolitan  architecture.”  P.  Cyc. 

PER'SEUS,  11.  [L.,  from  Gr.  TUp/rtCs.] 

1.  (Grecian  Myth.)  A son  of  Jupiter  and 

DanaC,  who  slew  Medusa.  W.  Smith. 

2.  (Astron.)  A northern  constellation  near 

Taurus  and  Cassiopea.  P.  Cyc. 

f PpR-SEV'gR,  v.  n.  To  persevere  ; — so  spelt  and 
accented  frequently  by  Shakespeare  as  well  as 
by  Spenser.  — See  Persevere. 

Be  lusty,  free,  persever  in  thy  service.  Chaucer. 

PER-.Sf-VER'  ANCE,  n.  [L.  persererantia  ; It.  pur- 
ser crania  ; Sp.  pcrseuerancia  ; Fr  .perseverance] 

1.  The  act  of  persevering ; persistence  in  a 
design  or  an  undertaking ; continuance  in  ac- 
tion ; steadiness  in  pursuit ; constancy. 

Patience  and  perseverance  overcome  the  greatest  difficul- 
ties. S.  Richardson. 

2.  f Power  to  distinguish  ; perception. 

Harrington. 

3.  (Theol.)  Continuance  in  a state  of  grace;  — 
sometimes  termed final  perseverance.  Hammond. 

Syn.—  Perseverance,  constancy,  and  steadiness  are 
used  in  a good  sense  ; persistence  may  he  used  in  a 
good  sense  when  it  means  steadiness.  Perseverance  in 
a right  course  ; constancy  of  a flection  ; steadiness  in 

the  pursuit  of  an  object  ; persistence  in  a demand 

See  Continue,  Patience. 

PER-SIJ-VER'ANT,  a.  [Fr.  persever  ant.]  Perse- 
vering. [r.]  Whitby. 

f PER-Sp- VER'ANT-LY,  ad.  Perseveringly  ; with 
constancy.  Spiritual  Conquest. 

PER-Sp-VERE',  v.  n.  [L.  persevero,  perseveration ; 
perseverus,  very  strict ; per,  used  intensively, 
and  severus,  strict ; It.  perseverare ; Sp.  perse- 
rerar;  Fr.  per  severer.]  [i.  persevered  ; pp. 
persevering,  persevered.]  To  persist  or 
continue  rigidly  or  steadily  in  any  business  or 
undertaking  ; to  pursue  steadfastly  any  design 
or  attempt ; not  to  give  up  or  abandon  any 
thing  begun  or  undertaken  ; to  go  on  ; to  pursue. 

To  persevere  in  any  evil  course  makes  you  unhappy  in 
this  life.  Wake. 

BSf  “ Mr.  Nares  observes  that  this  word  was  an- 
ciently written  persever,  and  accented  on  the  second 
syllable  ; 

* Say  thou  art  mine. 

My  love,  as  it  begins,  so  shall  persever.' 

All ’s  Well.  & c.,  Act  iv. 

1 Persever  not,  but  hear  me,  mighty  kings.’A'/ng  John.  Act  ii. 

‘ But  in  her  pride  she  doth  persever  still.’  Spenser. 
But  before  the  time  of  Milton,  the  spelling  and  accen- 
tuation had  been  changed. 

* Whence  henvy  persecution  shall  arise 
Of  all  who  in  the  worship  persevere 
Of  spirit  and  truth.’  Par.  Lost , xii.  v.  532. 

As  this  word  is  written  at  present,  there  can  he  no 
doubt  of  its  pronunciation  ; and  that  it  is  very  prop- 
erly written  so,  appears  from  other  words  of  the  same 
form  — declare,  respire,  explore,  procure,  &.c.,  from 
declaro , respiro,  explore , procure,  &.C.  ; and  conse- 
quently from  persevero  ought  to  he  formed  persevere. 
Not  one  of  our  orthoepists  places  the  accent  on  the 
second  syllable;  yet,  such  is  the  force  of  prescription, 
that  the  old  pronunciation  is  not  entirely  rooted  out, 
especially  in  Ireland,  where  this  pronunciation  is  still 
prevalent.”  Wa'ker. 

PER-SIJ-VER'ING,  p.  a.  Persisting;  constant. 

PER-S1J- VER'{NG-LY,  ad.  With  perseverance. 

PER'SIAN  (per'shan),  n.  1.  (Geog.)  A native  or 
an  inhabitant  of  Persia.  Morier. 

2.  (Arch.)  A male  figure  used  instead  of  a 
column  to  support  an  entablature.  Weale. 

PER'SIAN,  a.  Relating  to  Persia  ; Persic.  Britton. 

PER'SIAN— BER'RY,  n.  The  berry  of  the  plant 


Rhamnus  tinctoria,  used  as  a yellow  coloring 
matter  in  calico-printing  and  dyeing.  Brande. 

PER'SIAN— WHEEL,  n.  A machine  for  raising 
water  above  the  level  of  a stream,  consisting  of 
a wheel  with  buckets  attached  to  its  rim.  It  is 
made  to  revolve  by  the  current.  Brande. 

PER'SIC,  a.  1.  Relating  to  Persia  ; Persian. 

2.  (Arch.)  Noting  an  order  of  architecture  in 
which  air  entablature  is  supported  by  the  statues 
of  men  instead  of  columns.  Scott. 

PER'SIC,  n.  The  Persian  language.  Wright. 

PERSICOT  (pAr'se-ko'),  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  persi- 
cum  malum,  a peach.]  A cordial  made  of  alco- 
hol and  the  meat  of  peach-stones.  W.  Entry. 

PERSIFLAGE  (pAr-se-flazh'),  n.  [Fr. ; persifler , 
to  quiz  ; sifler,  to  hiss,  to  sing,  from  L.  sibilo.) 
Idle  talk,  in  which  all  the  subjects  are  treated 
with  levity  or  banter  ; mockery  ; jeer.  Qu.  Rev. 

PJJR-SIM'MON,  n.  ( Bot .)  A tree  and  its  fruit,  of 
the  genus  Diospgros , or  date-plum  ; — particu- 
larly Diospyrus  Virginiana,  a small  tree,  of  the 
middle  and  southern  parts  of  the  United  States, 
bearing  a plum-like  fruit  which  is  sweet  and 
edible  after  exposure  to  frost.  Eng.  Cyc.  Gray. 

PER'SJS,  n.  A coloring  matter  obtained  from 
lichens.  Simmonds. 

PER'SI^M,  n.  A Persian  idiom.  Clarke. 

P^.R-SIST',  v.  n.  [L . persisto-,  per,  used  inten- 

sively, and  sisto,  to  stand  ; It.  persistere  ; Sp. 
persistir ; Fr.  persistcr.]  [i.  persisted  ; pp. 
PERSISTING,  PERSISTED.] 

1.  To  continue  fixed;  to  remain  ; to  abide. 

But  for  thee 

I had  persisted  happy.  Hfilfon. 

2.  To  continue  firm,  steadfast,  or  inflexible  ; 
to  pursue  steadily  any  design  ; to  persevere. 

If  they  persist  in  pointing  their  batteries  against  particular 
persons,  no  laws  of  war  forbid  the  making  reprisals.  Addison. 

Syn.  — See  Continue. 

PJR-SlSI  ENCE,  j [It . persistenza  •,  Sp . per- 

P^R-SIST'f.N-CY,  ) sistencia  ; Fr . persi stance.] 

1.  The  state  of  persisting;  steadiness;  con- 
stancy; perseverance. 

The  love  of  God  better  can  consist  yah  the  indeliberate 
commission  of  many  sins  than  with  an  allowed  persistence  in 
any  one.  Gor.  of  Tonijue. 

2.  Obstinacy  : contumacy  ; obduracy.  Shale. 

3.  (Optics.)  The  duration  of  the  impression 

of  light  on  the  retina  after  the  luminous  object 
has  disappeared.  Brande. 

P£R-SIST'ENT,  a.  1.  That  persists;  steady; 
constant ; persevering  ; persistive.  Ror/ct. 

2.  (Bot.)  Remaining  beyond  the  period  when 
such  parts  commonly  fall,  as  the  leaves  of  ever- 
greens. Gray. 

PER-SlST'lNG-LY,  ad.  With  persistence  ; per- 
severingly; steadily.  Wright. 

PIJR-SIS'Tj  VE,  a.  That  persists;  steady;  firm; 
constant ; persevering  ; persistent.  Shah. 

f PJJR-SOLVE',  v.  a.  [L.  persolvo.]  To  pay  wholly 
or  completely.  Bale. 

PER'SON  (per'sn)  [per'sn,  IF.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.;  peV- 
sun,  S.  K.  Wr.;  per'sun,  colloquially  por'sn,  Sm.], 
n.  [L.  persona,  a mask,  a personage  or  charac- 
ter, a person  ; It.  <S,-  Sp.  persona  ; Fr.  per sonne.] 

1.  f Character;  personage;  part.  Shah. 

He  hath  put  on  the  person , not  of  a robber  and  murderer, 

but  of  a traitor  to  the  state.  Huyiuurd. 

2.  f The  parson  or  rector  of  a parish.  Holinshed. 

3.  A being  possessed  of  personality ; an  in- 
telligent being;  a man,  a woman,  or  a child. 

We  must  consider  what  person  stands  for;  which,  I think, 
is  a thinking,  intelligent  being.  Loc.kc. 

4.  A human  being ; an  individual ; a man  ; one. 

Be  a pci'son's  attainments  ever  so  great,  he  should  always 
remember  that  he  is  God’s  creature.  S.  Richardson. 

5.  The  body  ; bodily  or  corporal  substance. 

’T  is  in  her  heart  alone  that  you  must  reign ; 

You'll  find  her  person  difficult  to  gain.  Idrydcn. 

6.  (Gram.)  The  character  which  a noun  ora 
pronoun  bears,  as  denoting  the  speaker,  the  per- 
son spoken  to,  or  the  person  spoken  of. 

Artificial  person,  (Law.)  a corporation.  Bouvier. — 

In  person,  tint  by  a representative;  himself  or  one’s 
self  with  bodily  presence.  “ The  king  in  person  visils 
all  around.”  Dryden. 

“ As  the  o in  person  is  sunk,  as  in  season. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 


BULL,  BUR,  R(JLE.  — 9, 


9)  9>  it  soft>  £,  e>  S>  l>  hard;  § as  z ; as  gz. — 


THIS,  this. 


PERSON 


1062 


PERSPIRE 


treason , so  this  word,  being  a compound  of  our 
own,  and  personage  coming  to  us  from  the  French, 
we  generally  suppress  the  o ; but,  as  personal,  person- 
ate, &.C.,  come  to  us  from  the  Latin,  we  generally  pre- 
serve the  o.  This  is  the  best  reason  I can  give  for  the 
slight  difference  we  find  in  the  pronunciation  of  these 
words ; and,  if  any  one  is  inclined  to  think  we  ought 
to  preserve  the  o distinctly  in  all  of  them  except  per- 
son, and  even  in  this  on  solemn  occasions,  I have  not 
the  least  objection.”  Walker. 

t PER'SON,  v.  a.  To  personate.  Milton. 

PER'SON-A-BLE,  a.  1.  Having  a beautiful  person 
or  body  ; handsome  ; graceful.  “ Semiramis, 
who  was  very  personable."  Raleigh. 

2.  ( Old  Eng.  Law.)  Able  to  maintain  a plea 
in  court : — having  the  capacity  to  take  a thing 
granted  or  given.  Whishaw.  Burrill. 

PERSON-AQE,  n.  [It.  personaggio ; Sp.  per- 
sonage ; Fr.  personnage .] 

1.  Character  assumed  or  represented. 

The  actors  and  personages  of  this  fable.  Broome. 

2.  A great  or  considerable  person  ; a tnan  or 

woman  of  eminence  or  distinction.  Sidney. 

3.  Exterior  appearance  ; stature  ; air.  “ In 

personage  stately.”  [it.]  Hayward. 

Syn.  — See  Character. 

PER'SON-AL  [per'sun-al,  S.  IF.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  K. 
Aim.],  a.  [L  .personalis-.  It.  personate  ; Sp.  per- 
sonal ; Fr.  personnel .] 

1.  Relating  or  belonging  to  persons,  or  men 
or  women,  not  to  things. 

Every  man,  so  termed  by  way  of  personal  difference  only. 

» Hooker. 

2.  Relating  to,  or  affecting,  a person  ; proper 
or  peculiar  to  a person  ; individual. 

I know  no  personal  cause  to  spurn  at  him.  SJiak. 

3.  Pertaining  to  the  person  or  body ; corpo- 
ral; exterior.  “ Personal  charms.”  Addison . 

4.  In  person  ; not  by  representative. 

Tlii s immediate  and  personal  speaking  of  God  Almighty 
to  Abraham,  Job,  and  Moses.  White. 

5.  (Gram.)  Having  the  modifications  of  the 
three  persons.  “ A. personal  verb.”  Johnson. 

tefr*  The  personal  pronouns  are,  /,  thou  or  you,  he , 
she,  and  it,  and  their  plurals. 

Perron.  1 action,  {Law.)  an  action  brought  for  the 
’ and  chattels,  or  for  damages,  or  other 
...  - -act,  or  for  other  injury,  the  specific 

recovery  of  • uements,  and  hereditaments  only 
excepted;  — op,  ' real  action.  — Personal  con- 
tract, a contract  Cc  •• ig  personal  property  ; — op- 
posed to  real  contract.  'sonal  estate  or  property , 

property  consisting  usua.  hings  temporary  and 

movable,  but  including  all  s.  ^f  prop&ty  not  of 

a freehold  nature,  nor  descendible  ? heirs  at  law  ; 

— opposed  to  real  estate  or  properly.  °r.  Burrill. 

+ PER'SON-AL,  n.  A movable.  Todd. 

PER'SON- AL-J§M,  n.  The  quality  of  being  per- 
sonal; personality.  Qu.  Rev. 

PER-SON-AL'I-TV,  n.  [It . personality  ; Sp . per- 
sonalidad ; Fr.  personnalite.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  a person  ; individuality. 

That  which  can  contrive,  which  can  design,  must  be  a 
person.  These  capacities  constitute  personality,  for  they  im- 
ply cousciousuess  of  thought.  Palsy. 

2.  A reflection  or  remark  directly  or  offen- 
sively applied  to  a person.  Todd. 

There  is  yet  another  topic  which  he  has  been  no  less  stu- 
dious  to  avoid,  w hich  is  personality.  Observer. 

3.  (Law.)  That  quality  of  a law  which  con- 

cerns the  condition,  state,  and  capacity  of  per- 
sons. Burrill. 

PER'SON-AL-IZE,  v.  a.  To  render  personal ; to 
personate.  Warburton. 

PER’SON-AL-LY,  ad.  In  a personal  manner;  as 
to  person ; individually  : — in  person  ; not  by 
representative. 

PER'SON-A E-TY,  n.  (Law.)  Personal  property  ; 

— state  of  being  a person.  Burrill. 

PER'SON-ATE,  V.  a.  [ i . PERSONATED  ; pp.  PER- 
SONATING, PERSONATED.] 

1.  To  represent  by  a fictitious  or  assumed 
character  ; to  act. the  part  of ; to  imitate. 

This  lad  was  not  to  personate  one  that  had  been  long  be- 
fore taken  out  of  his  cradle.  Bacon. 

2.  To  counterfeit;  to  feign.  “ Personated 

devotion.”  [r.]  Hammond. 

3.  To  resemble;  to  be  like.  “ The  lofty  cedar 

personates  thee.”  Shale. 

4.  f To  describe  the  person  of.  “He  shall  find 

himself  most  feelingly  personated."  Shale. 


t PER'SON-ATE,  v.  a.  [H.  persona ; per,  used  in- 
tensively, and  sono,  to  sound.]  To  celebrate 
loudly.  “ So  personating  their  gods.”  Milton. 

PER'SON-ATE,  v.  n.  To  play  a fictitious  charac- 
ter. “ Personating  with  the  actors.”  Buck. 

PER'SON-ATE,  a.  [L.  personatus  ; persona,  a 
mark.]  (Bot.)  Noting  a monopetalous,  bilabi- 
ate corolla,  having  the  orifice  of  the  tube  closed 
by  an  inflated  projection  of  the  throat,  llenslow. 

PER'SON-AT-JNG,  n.  Personation.  Prynne. 

PER-SON-A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  personating  or 
counterfeiting.  Bacon. 

PER'SON-A- TOR,  n.  One  who  personates.  “ Per- 
sonators  of  those  actions.”  B.  Jonson. 

PER-SON-E'(-TY,  n.  Personality,  [it.]  Coleridge. 

PgR-SON-I-FI-cA'TION,  n.  [It.  pcrsonificazione ; 
Fr.  personnijication .] 

1.  The  act  of  personifying. 

2.  (Rhet.)  A figure  by  which  inanimate  ob- 
jects, or  abstract  ideas,  are  represented  as  endued 
with  life  and  action  ; prosopopoeia.  Brande. 

P^R-SON'I-EY,  v.  a.  [It . personificare  ■,  Sp . per- 
sonificar-,  Fr . personnifier. — From  L.  persona, 
a person,  and  facio,  to  make.]  [*.  personified  ; 
pp.  personifying,  personified.]  To  change 
from  a thing  to  a person  ; to  represent  with  the 
attributes  of  a person ; to  ascribe  to,  or  invest 
with,  the  qualities  of  an.  animate  being. 

The  poets  take  the  liberty  of  personifying  inanimate 
things.  Chesterfield. 

t PER'SON-IZE,  v.  a.  To  personify.  S. Richardson. 

PERSONNEL  (pir'so-nel'),  n.  [Fr.]  The  persons 
belonging  to  the  army  or  the  navy,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  the  materiel.  McCulloch. 

PgR-SPEC'TIVE  [per-spek'tjv,  S.  IF.  P.  J.  F.  Ja. 
K.  Sm.  R.  C.\  per'spek-tlv,  Johnson ],  n.  [It. 
prospettiva  ; Sp . perspectiva-,  Fr.  perspective. — 
From  L.  perspicio,  perspectus,  to  look  through  ; 
per,  through,  and  specio,  to  look.] 

1.  f A glass  through  which  things  are  viewed  ; 
a telescope  or  a microscope.  Sir  T.  Brotone. 

2.  A view  through  ; a vista  ; a prospect. 

Lofty  trees  with  sacred  shades, 

And  perspectives  of  pleasant  glades.  Dryden. 

3.  (Fine  Arts.)  The  art  of  representing  or 

delineating  on  a plane  surface  near  and  distant 
objects,  as  they  appear  to  the  eye  from  any 
given  distance  or  situation.  Brande. 

l£*r-  In  the  figure,  II  II 
represents  the  horizon.  The 
point  O,  exactly  opposite 
the  eye,  is  the  centre  of  the 
picture.  To  this  point  all 
the  horizontal  lines,  E O, 

G O,  II  O,  I O,  J O,  A O, 

B O,  &c.,  tend,  and  are 
called  vanishing  lines.  The 
line  connecting  the  centre 
of  the  picture  and  the  eye  is 
called  the  principal  visual  ray  ; and  its  length  is  the 
distance  of  the  picture.  The  surface  upon  which  the 
objects  in  the  picture  stand  is  called  the  ground  plane, 
and  the  surface  on  which  they  are  delineated  is  called 
the  perspective  plane. 

4.  A representation  or  picture  of  objects  in 

perspective.  Wright. 

dJerial  perspective,  the  faintness  of  outlines  and 
blending  of  colors  produced  by  the  thicker  or  thinner 
stratum  of  air  which  pervades  the  optical  image 
viewed.  Fairholt.  — fso- 
rnctrical  perspective,  a kind 
of  orthographic  projection 
in  whicli  but  a single  plane 
of  projection  is  used  ; iso- 
metrical  projection.  In 
this  kind  of  perspective, 
the  objects  are  represented 
at  a particular  angle,  so  as 
to  show  at  the  same  time  three  contigu-  - 

ous  sides,  as  is  seen  in  the  figures  repre- 
sented  by  isoinetrical  perspective  in  the  /||||w 
margin.  — See  IsOMFTRlCAL.  Dames.  / 

— Linear  perspective,  the  art  of  deliue- 
ating  solid  bodies  on  a plane  surface,  as 
they  appear  to  the  eye  from  any  point. 

Fairholt. — Oblique  perspective,  perspective  in  which 
the  perspective  plane  is  taken  obliquely  to  the  princi- 
pal face  of  the  object. — Parallel  perspective,  perspective 
in  which  the  perspective  plane  is  taken  parallel  to  the 
principal  face  of  the  object.  Davies. 

tfjf*  “ This  word,  as  may  be  seen  in  Johnson,  was 
generally  accented  by  the  poets  on  the  first  syllable  ; 
but  the  harshness  of  this  pronunciation  has  prevented 
it  from  gaining  any  ground  in  prose.”  Walker. 


P^B-SPEC'TIVE,  a.  1.  Relating  to  the  science 
of  vision  ; optical.  Bacon. 

2.  Pertaining  to,  or  made  by,  perspective. 

“ Perspective  drawings.”  Nichol. 

PJJR-SPEC'TI VE-Ly,  ad.  Optically;  through  a 
glass  ; according  to  perspective.  Shah. 

PER-SPEC'TO-GRAPH,  n.  [Eng.  perspective  and 
Gr.  ypaipu,  to  describe.]  An  instrument  for  tak- 
ing the  points  and  outlines  of  objects.  Bigelow. 

PER-SPJglC-TOG'RA-PHY,  n.  The  science  or  the- 
ory of  perspective.  * Wright. 

f PER'SPI-CA-BLE,  a.  Discernible.  Herbert. 

PER-SP]-CA'CiOUS  (per-spe-ka'shus,  G6),  a.  [L. 
perspicax , perspicacis  ; perspicio , to  look 
through  ; It.  perspicace ; Sp.  perspicaz ; Fr. 
perspicace.~\  Quick-sighted  ; sharp  of  sight ; 
discerning  ; acute  ; keen.  South. 

PER-SPJ-GA'ClOUS-LY,  ad.  In  a perspicacious 
manner ; discerningly.  Johnson. 

PER-SPI-CA'CIOUS-NESS  (per-spe-ka'shus-nes),  n. 
Sharpness  of  sight ; perspicacity.  Johnson. 

PER-SPI-CA^'l-Ty,  n.  [L.  perspxcacitas ; It.  &$ 
Sp.  perspicacia ; Fr.  perspicacity.']  The  state  or 
the  quality  of  being  perspicacious;  acuteness  of 
sight  or  discernment.  Burton. 

f PER'SPI-CA-CY,  n.  Perspicacity.  B.  Jonson. 

f PER-SPI"CI-ENCE  (-spish'e-ens),  n.  [L.  pcrspici- 

ent\a.\  Clear  perception  or  discernment.  Bailey. 

f PER'SPI-CIL,  n.  A telescope.  Crashaw. 

PER-SPI-CU'I-TY,  n.  [L.  perspicuitas ; It.  per - 
spicuita  ; Sp . perspicuidad  \ Fr.  perspicuiteJ] 

1.  Transparency ; translucency.  [r .]  Browne. 

2.  Quality  of  being  perspicuous  ; easiness  to 

be  perceived  or  understood ; freedom  from  ob- 
scurity or  ambiguity ; clearness.  Locke. 

The  first  requisite  of  style,  not  only  in  rhetorical  but  in  all 
compositions,  is  perspicuity.  Abp.  Whatelu. 

Syn. — Clearness  relates  to  ideas  or  thoughts  ; per- 
spicuity, to  the  mode  of  expressing  them.  Perspicuity 
of  style  or  language  ; clearness  of  conception.  Per- 
spicuous style  or  language  ; clear  ideas.  — See  Clear. 

PpR-SPlC'V-OUS,  a.  [L.  perspicuus  ; perspicio, 
to  see  through  ; It.  1$  Sp.  pcrspicuo.] 

1.  That  may  be  seen  through  ; transparent ; ’ 

diaphanous,  [k.]  Penchant. 

2.  Clear  to  the  mind  or  understanding ; easily 
understood  ; not  obscure  or  ambiguous. 

All  this  is  so  perspicuous,  so  undeniable,  that  I need  not 
be  over-industrious  in  the  proof  of  it.  Sprat. 

PpR-SPIC'U-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  a perspicuous  man- 
ner; clearly;  plainly;  not  obscurely.  Bacon. 

PlJR-SPlC'l'-OI.JS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
perspicuous ; freedom  from  obscurity ; clear- 
ness ; perspicuity.  Bailey. 

P^R-SPIR-A-BlE'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
perspirable.  Wright. 

PIJR-SPIR'A-BLE  [per-spir’a-bl,  S.  IF.  P.  Ja.  K. 
Aim.],  a.  [It.  perspirabile ; Fr.  perspirable.] 

1.  That  perspires  ; emitting  perspiration,  [r.] 
Their  [children’s]  skins  are  most  perspirable.  Bacon. 

2.  That  may  be  perspired  or  emitted  by  per- 
spiration. Arbuthnot. 

PER-SPI-rA'TION,  n.  [It.  perspirazione ; Fr.  per- 
spiration.) 

1.  The  act  of  perspiring ; excretion  by  the 
pores  of  the  skin  ; exudation. 

Insensible  perspiration  is  the  last  and  most  perfect  action 
of  animal  digestion.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  Matter  perspired  ; sweat.  P.  Cyc. 

According  to  Lavoisier  and  Seguin,  the  greatest  amount 
of  perspiration  fin  man]  exceeds  six  pounds  in  twenty-four 
hours,  and  the  smallest  two  pounds.  Brande. 

Sensible  j)erspiration  is  called  sweat.  Dunglison. 

PER-SPiR'A-TI  VE,  a.  That  perspires  ; performing 
perspiration.  Johnson. 

PJJR-SPlR'A-TO-RY,  a.  Performing,  or  pertaining 
to,  perspiration.  Dunglison. 

PlJR-SPlRE',  v.  n.  [L.  perspiro,  to  breathe  every 
where  ; per,  used  intensively,  and  spiro,  to 
breathe.]  [i.  perspired  ; pp.  perspiring, 

PERSPIRED.] 

1.  To  exude  by,  or  through,  the  skin  ; to  be 
excreted  by  the  pores  of  the  skin.  Browne. 

Water,  milk,  whey,  taken  without  much  exercise  so  as  to 
make  them  perspire.  Arbuthnot. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short ; 


A,  5,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


PERSPIRE 


1063 


PERVERSE 


2.  To  perform  excretion  through  the  pores  of 
the  skin  ; to  sweat. 

Animals  prevented  from  perspiring  die  of  suffocation  as 
certainly,  thougli  not  so  rapidly , 'as  when  their  respiration  is 
obstructed.  P.  Ojc. 

Syn. — A person  perspires  naturally,  as  in  sleep; 
heat  and  exercise  make  him  sweat.  The  moisture 
that  passes  invisibly  through  the  pores  of  the  skin  is 
called  perspiration  ; that  which  passes  visibly  through 
the  pores  of  the  skin  is  called  sweat. 

P^R-SPiRE',  v.  a.  To  emit  by  the  pores  of  the 
skin.  Smollett. 

The  substances  perspired  are  water,  carbonic  acid,  saline 
substances,  lactic  acid,  and  some  organic  matter.  Brande. 

PER-STRlN^E',  v.  a.  [L.  pc r string o ; per,  by, 
and  stringo,  to  bind,  to  touch.]  To  touch  or 
glance  on  ; to  graze,  [n.]  Burton. 

fPER'SUA-BLE  (per'swj-bl),  a.  That  persuades; 
persuading ; convincing.  Wickliffe. 

PIJR-SIJAU'A-BLE  (per-swadVbl),  a.  That  may 
be  persuaded ; persuasible.  [it.]  Johnson. 

f l’ER-SUAD'A-BLY,  ad.  So  as  to  be  persuaded  ; 
by  persuasion.  ’ Sherwood. 

PpR-SUADE'  (per-swad'),  v.  a.  [L.  persuadco  ; 
per,  used  intensively,  and  suadeo,  to  advise  ; It. 
persuadere ; Sp.  persuadir ; Fr.  persuader.']  [*. 
PERSUADED  ; pp.  PERSUADING,  PERSUADED.] 

1.  To  counsel  or  advise  with  effect;  to  draw 
or  incline  the  will  of ; to  influence,  or  prevail 
upon,  by  argument,  advice,  expostulation,  or 
reasons  ; to  induce  ; to  incite  ; to  convince. 

Then  Agrippa  said  unto  Paul,  Almost  thou  persuadest  me 
to  be  a Christian;  Acts  xxxi.  28. 

2.  To  inculcate;  to  teach.  “We  persuade 

confidence.”  [r.]  Bp.  Taylor. 

Syn.  — Men  are  persuaded  by  argument  or  elo- 
quence, prevailed  upon  by  entreaty,  influenced  by  ex- 
ample or  interest,  enticed  by  art,  and  convinced  by  ar- 
gument or  evidence.  — See  Exhort. 

PF.R-SUAdE',  v.  91.  To  use  persuasion. 

Twenty  merchants  have  all  persuuded  with  him.  Shah. 

f PIJR-SUADE',  n.  Persuasion.  Sol.  and  Perscda. 

PER-SUAD'ED-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  per- 
suaded ; conviction,  [r.]  Bogle. 

Pfilt-SUAn'ER,  91.  One  who  persuades.  Barrg. 

II  PER-SUA-SI-BIL'I-TY,  n.  Capability  of  being 
persuaded ; persuasibleness.  Hallyioell. 

||  PpR-SUA'SI-BLE  [per-swa'se-bl,  S.  P.  F.  Sm. 

I Vt\  I Vh.-,  per-swa'ze-bl,  W.  J.Ja.  K.  R.\,  a.  [L. 
persuasibilis  ; It.  suasibile  ; Sp.  &;  Fr.  persua- 
sible.\  That  may ’ce  persuaded.  “It  makes  us 
tractable  and  persuasible.”  Gov.  of  the  To9igue. 

||  PfjlR-SUA'SI-BLE-NESS,  91.  The  quality  of  being 
persuasible ; persuasibility.  Johnson. 

PflR-SUA'^ION  (per-swa'/.hun),  9t.  [L.  persuasio ; 

It.  persuasioxie  ; Sp.  % Fr.  persuasion.] 

1.  The  act  or  the  power  of  persuading. 

Thou  hast  all  the  arts  of  tine  persuasion.  Otway. 

2.  The  state  of  being  persuaded  ; settled 
opinion  or  conviction  : — creed  ; belief ; doc- 
trine. “ Clergy  of  her  persuasion.”  Blackstoxie. 

The  most  certain  token  of  evident  goodness  is,  if  the  gen- 
eral  persuasion  of  all  men  does  so  account  it.  Hooker. 

Syn.  — See  Conviction. 

PIJR-SUA'SIVE,  a.  [It.  (Sf  Sp . persuasive -,  Fr . per- 
suasif.]  That  persuades  or  has  power  to  per- 
suade ; inducing.  “ Persuasive  evidence.”  South. 

PIJR-SUA'SJ VE,  91.  That  which  persuades;  an 
exhortation.  South. 

F^R-SUA'S] VE-LY,  ad.  In  such  a manner  as  to 
persuade.  Locke. 

PER-SUA'S| VE-NESS,  9i.  The  quality  of  being 
persuasive;  exhortation.  Hammond. 

PEit-SiTA'sn-ity.  a.  Having  power  to  persuade  ; 

• Brow9ie. 

i EK-taoij  f Hath,  > . . , t ,*  od 

of  sulphuric  acid  and  a peroxide. 

PER-SUL-TA'TION,  9i.  [L.  persulto,  to  leap 

through ; per,  through,  and  salto,  to  leap.] 
(Med.)  Exudation,  as  of  blood,  in  the  form  of 
dew,  at  the  surface  of  the  skin,  or  of  a mem- 
brane ; diapedesis.  Scott.  Dunglison. 

fPpR-SVVAY',  v.  a.  To  mitigate.  B.  J091S091. 


PERT,  a.  1.  [W.  pex-t.]  Brisk ; smart ; lively ; 
perk.  “ The  pert  fairies.”  Milton. 

2.  Saucy  ; froward  ; bold  ; impudent.  Addison. 

All  servants  might  challenge  the  same  liberty,  and  grow 
pert  upon  their  masters.  Collier. 

1 SlP'  As  some  word  is  plainly  wanting  not  so  strong 
as  insolent,  we  have  been  led  to  employ  pert  exclusive- 
ly in  an  unfavorable  sense,  while  yet  it  was  free  of 
old  to  use  it  also  in  a good,  even  as  among  our  south- 
ern poor  it  still  retains  the  meaning  of  sprightly  or 
lively-,  a child  recovering  from  illness,  a cage-bird 
after  moulting,  are  said  to  look  quite  pert  again. 
Trench. 

-f-  PERT,  a.  [L.  apertus.\  Open  ; apert.  Chaucer. 

PERT,  n.  A pert  person,  [it.]  Goldsmith. 

t PERT,  v.  91.  To  behave  pertly.  Bp.  Gaude9i. 

P^R-TAlN',  v.  91.  [L.  pertinco  ; per,  through,  and 
texieo,  to  hold,  to  keep  ; It.  appax'tenere ; Sp.  per- 
tenecer ; Fr.  appartenir.]  [i.  pertained  ; pp. 

PERTAINING,  PERTAINED.] 

1.  To  belong ; to  be  the  property  or  duty  ; to 

appertain  ; — used  with  to.  “ The  cities  which 
pertained  to  Judah.”  2 Chro9i.  xii.  4. 

2.  To  relate ; to  concern  ; to  regard.  Peachan 1. 

t PJJR-TER-E-BRA'TION,  n.  [L.  perterebro,  to 
bore  through.]  Act  of  boring  through.  Bailey. 

PERTH'ITE,  91.  (Mm.)  A variety  of  felspar,  from 
Perth,  in  Upper  Canada.  Thomson. 

PER-TI-NA'CIOUS  (pgr-te-na'shus,  66),  a.  [L .pcr- 
tinax,  pertinacis ; per,  used  intensively,  and  te- 
9 tax,  holding  fast ; It.  pe9-tinace  ; Sp.  pertinaz .] 

1.  Adhering  with  obstinacy ; obstinate ; in- 
flexible ; stubborn  ; dogged  ; perverse.  Walto9i. 

2.  Resolute  ; constant ; steady.  South. 

PER-TI-NA'CIOUS-LY  (per-te-na'shus-le),  ad.  In 
a pertinacious  manner  ; obstinately  ; stubborn- 
ly ; — resolutely;  steadily.  Tillotso9i. 

PER-TJ-NA'CIOUS-NESS,  n.  Pertinacity.  Taylor. 

PER-TI-NAc'I-TY,  n.  [L.,  It.,  4 Sp.  pex'tinacia  ; 
Fr.  pertixiacite.) 

1.  The  quality  of  being  pertinacious  ; stub- 
bornness ; obstinacy  ; doggedness.  Browxie. 

2.  Resolution;  constancy;  steadiness.  Tag  lor. 

Syn. — See  Obstinacy. 

f PER'TI-NA-CY;  n.  1.  [L.  pertinacia.]  Perti- 
nacity. Bp.  Taylor. 

2.  [L.  pcx'tineo,  to  pertain.]  The  quality  of 
pertaining ; aptitude.  Chaucer. 

f PER'TI-NATE,  a.  Pertinacious.  Joye. 

f PER'TI-NATE-LY,  ad.  Pertinaciously.  Joye. 

PER  ri-NENCE,  I n_  [It.  pertmenzia  ; Sp.  per- 

rER'TI-NEN-CY,  ) tixiencia ; Fr.  pertinence.]  The 
state  of  being  pertinent ; fitness  to  the  pur- 
pose ; appropriateness ; relevancy  ; appositeness. 
“ Pertinence  and  brevity  of  expression.”  South. 

PER'TJ-NENT,  a.  [L.  pertineo,  pertinens,  to  per- 
tain; It.  4 Sp . pei'tinente ; Fr.  pertinent.] 

1.  Relating;  concerning;  pertaining.  “Any 

thing  pertinent  unto  faith.”  [r.]  Hooker . 

2.  Related  to  the  matter  in  hand  ; just  to  the 
purpose  ; apposite  ; relevant ; appropriate. 

What  I thought  pertinent  to  this  business.  Bacon. 

FER'TI-NENT-LY,  ad.  Appositely ; to  the  pur- 
pose. Bp.  Taylor. 

PER'TI-NJ$NT-NESS,  91.  Quality  of  being  per- 
tinent ; appositeness  ; pertinence,  [r.]  Bailey. 

PER'TI-NENTS,  n.  (Scottish  Law.)  Appurte- 
nances. Burrill. 

f PJRlR-TlN'lJUJNT,  a.  [L.  pertingo,  to  extend  to.] 
Reaching  to  ; touching.  Bailey. 

PERT'LY,  ad.  In  a pert  manner  ; saucily.  Pope. 

PERT'NFSS,  n.  Quality  of  being  pert ; sauciness. 

f PlJR-TRAN'SliJNT,  am  pertranseo,  to  pass 
through.]  Passing  through.  Bailey. 

P^R-TURB',  v.  a.  [L.  pertux-bo  ; per,  used  inten- 
sively, and  turbo,  to  disturb  ; It.  perturbare  ; 

, ' ' s-bar.)  [A  perturbed;  pp.  pekturb- 

1.  lop.,  1 '"U  or  disorder;  to  con- 
fuse: to  disordi  v _ Browne. 

2.  To  disquiet;  to  C s.  'w  of  tran- 
quillity. “ Rest,  rest,  pex'L,  ■ Shah.  . 

PgR-TURB'ANCE,  91.  Perturbation. 


f PpR-TUR'BATE  [per-tiir'bat,  S.  IV.  P.  J.  F.  Ja. 
K.  Sm.Wr. ; pSr'tur-bat,  1 Vb.],v.a.  [ L.perturbo , 
perturbatus .]  To  disquiet ; to  disturb  ; to  per- 
turb.— See  Contemplate.  Mord. 

PER-TUR-BA'TION,  91.  [L.  perturbatio  ; It . per- 

turbazione ; Sp.  perturbacion ; Fr .perturbation.] 

1.  Disturbance  ; disorder  ; confusion  ; com- 
motion ; — particularly  commotion  of  the  pas- 
sions ; disquiet  of  mind  ; mental  uneasiness. 

I have  lived  to  see  this  world  is  made  up  of  perturbations. 

Hooker. 

Restore  yourselves  unto  your  temper,  fathers, 

And,  without  perturbation,  hear  me  speak.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  Cause  of  disquiet. 

O,  polished  perturbation , golden  care ! Shak. 

3.  (Astron.)  An  irregularity  or  inequality  in 
the  motion  of  a body  in  its  orbit.  Herschel. 

PER'TUR-BA-TOR,  91.  [L.]  One  who  disturbs. 

PfR-TURB'^R,  91.  A disturber.  Sir  G.  Paul. 

PER-TUSE',  a.  [L.  pertim d o , pertusus , to  make 
a hole  through]  Punched  ; pierced  with  holes; 
perforated ; pertused.  [n.]  Bailey. 

PpR-TU§ED'  (per-tQzd'),  a.  Bored;  pierced  with 
holes  ; pertuse.  Scott. 

P]JR-TU'§ION  (per-tu'zliun),  n.  Act  of  piercing 
or  perforating ; a perforation.  Arbuthnot. 

PpR-TUS'SIS,  91.  [L.  per,  used  intensively,  and 

tvssis,  a cough.]  (Med.)  A violent  convulsive 
cough  ; the  whooping-cough.  Dxmglison. 

PER'tJKE,  91.  [It.  parucca  ; Sp.  pchica  ; Fr . per- 
ruque.  — Dut.  paxruik  ; Ger.  perrheke ; Dan. 
paryk  ; Sw.  peruk.  — From  Gr.  TrvjjpiKof,  red,  be- 
cause originally  made  of  that  color.  Wachter.] 
A cap  of  false  hair ; a periwig.  Wisemaxi. 

PER'OKE,  v.  a.  To  furnish  or  dress  with  perukes, 
or  wigs,  [r.]  Todd. 

PER'C’KE-MAk'ER,  9i.  A maker  of  perukes  ; a 
wig-maker.  Johxisoxi. 

PER'C'LE,  91.  [ L.pex-xda , dim.  of  pera,  a wallet.] 

(Bot.)  The  cover  of  a seed.  Haxniltoxi. 

PE-Rtf'fAL,  n.  1.  Examination.  “ A short  peru- 
sal of  the  staff.”  [it.]  Tatler. 

2.  The  act  of  reading. 

This  treatise  requires  *>  n- — 

Ftf-RU^E',  v.  a. 

through  or  t>  ...j , and  atm , ust.s,  lu  . 
Minsheu.  — ears  to  be  from  the  Fr.  pour 

voir,  to  lc  1.  ough.  Richardsoxi.]  [i.  pe- 
rused ; 1 musing,  peri  sed.] 

1.  To  _t  or  examine  carefully.  “ I have 

peruse  ■ : well.”  ' ' Shak. 

2.  jd.  “Peruse  this  writing.”  Shak. 

Pp.-P  .,  re.  One  who  peruses  ; a reader. 

PF  1 1 'Pertaining  to  Peru. 

btained  from  the  tree 
•ozyiun  i'eruij . iving  in  tropical  South 

America  ; — also  called  balsam  of  Peru .■ — Peruvian 
barh,  tile  bark  of  a tree,  found  111  Peru,  of  tile  genus 
Cinchona,  used  in  medicine.  Brande.  — Peruviaxi  cin- 
namon, (But.)  cinnamon  from  the  plant  Laurus  quixos. 
Loudon. 

PERT  -VINE,  re.  (Chem.)  A colorless,  oily  fluid, 
distilled  from  the  balsam  of  Peru.  Wright. 

PFR-VAdE',  v.  a.  | L.  per  carlo  ; per,  through,  and 
vado,  to  go.]  [?.  pervaded;  pp.  pervading, 

PERVADED.] 

1.  To  pass  through,  as  an  aperture  or  inter 
stice  ; to  permeate. 

The  labored  chyle  pervades  the  pores.  Blackmorc. 

2.  To  pass  through  the  whole  extent  of;  to 
be  diffused  through. 

Whnt  but  God 

Pervades , adjusts,- and  agitates  the  whole. 

PFR-VAn'ING,  p.  a.  That  perva<’ 
through  ; penetrating. 

PIJR-VA',s;[ON,  re.  [I,,  per- 
vading, or  state  of  bed 

PFR-VA'SIVE,  a.  'r' 

PIJR-VERSE',  a 
round  ; It. 

1.  Tuv 

Pe 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RpLE.  — 9,  9,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  5. 


PERYERSED 


1064 


PETEREL 


3.  Cross  ; petulant ; captious  ; spiteful. 

I ’ll  frown,  anil  be  perverse , and  say  thee  nay.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Captious,  Obstinacy. 

t P{1R-VERSED'  (-vcrsd'),  a.  Turned.  Phaer. 

t Pyit-VERS'yD-LY,  ad.  Perversely.  Ascham. 

P$R-VERSE'Ly,  ad.  In  a perverse  manner  ; 
crossly ; peevishly.  Locke. 

PfR-VERSE'NESS,  n.  1.  The  quality  of  being 
perverse  ; petulance  ; peevishness.  Milton. 

2.  f Perversion.  Bacon. 

PIJR-VER'SION  (per-ver'shun),  n.  [L.  perversio  ; 
It.  perversi'one  ; Sp.  § Fi\  perversion.']  The  act 
of  perverting,  or  the  state  of  being  perverted ; 
change  to  something  worse.  “ Perversion  of 
the  laws  of  nature.”  Bacon. 

PER-VER'SI-TY,  n.  [L . perversitas ; It.  per  rev- 
's ith  ; Sp.  pe'rversidad ; Fr.  perversite.]  Per- 
verseness ; crossness  ; petulance  ; frowardness. 

“ What  strange  perversity ! ” Norris. 

Syn.  — See  Contumacy. 

PER-VER'SIVE,  a.  Tending  to  pervert.  Todd. 

P1JR-VERT',  v.  a.  [L.  perverto ; per,  used  inten- 
sively, and  verto,  to  turn ; It.  pervertire ; Sp. 
or  Fr.  pervertir. ] [i.  perverted  ; pp.  pervert- 
ing, PERVERTED.] 

1.  To  turn  or  distort  from  the  true  end  or 

purpose.  “ Pervert  justice  to  extreme  injus- 
tice.*’ Spenser. 

lie  has  perverted  my  meaning  by  his  glosses.  Dryden. 

2.  To  turn  from  the  right;  to  entice  to  evil; 
to  corrupt. 

He  in  the  serpent  had  perverted  Eve.  Milton. 

f PER-VERT',  v.n.  To  turn  to  the  wrong  ; to 
become  a pervert.  Chaucer. 

PER' VERT  (114),  n.  One  who  is  perverted  or 
turned  from  the  right.  Qu.  Rev.  Trench. 

An  ingenious  pervert  drew  some  attention.  Ctl.  Ob. 

Syn.  — See  Convert. 

Pf.R-VERT'ED,  p.  a.  Turned  aside  from  right ; 
corrupted. 

PER-VERT'ER,  n.  One  who  perverts.  South. 

PpR-VERT'I-nT  P,  „.  That  may  be  perverted; 
liable  'to  perversion.  Mountagu. 

T PpR-VES'TI-GATE,  v.  a.  [L.  pcrccstigo,  per- 
vestigatus  ; per,  used  intensively,  and  vestigo,  to 
trace.]  To  find  out  by  searching.  Cockeram. 

f Pf.R-VES-TT-GA'TION,  n.  [L.  pervrstigatio.]  A 
thorough  or  diligent  search.  Chilli ngworth. 

t PER' VJ-AL,  a.  Pervious.  Chapman. 

f PER' VFAL-LY,  ad.  In  a pervious  planner. 
“To  see  pervially  through  them.”  Chapman. 

f PER-VT-CA'CIOFS  (per-ve-ka'shus),  a.  [L .pervi- 
cax,  pervicacis.]  Very  obstinate.  Denham. 

t PER-VI-CA'CIOUS-LY,  ad.  Stubbornly.  Ash. 

t PER-VI-CA'CIOUS-AESS,  ) n Stubbornness  ; 

t PER-VJ-CAC'J-TY,  > contumacy. Bentley. 

f PER'VI-CA-CY,  n.  Pervicacity.  Bailey. 

f Pyit-Viy-l-LA'TIOiV,  n.  [L.pervigihtio ; pcrvigil, 
ever  watchful.]  A careful  watching.  Bailey. 

FER'VI-OUS,  a.  [L.  pervitin  ; per,  through,  and 
via,  a way.] 

1.  That  may  be  passed  through ; admitting 
passage;  penetrable;  permeable. 

I£e  to  thickets  fled, 

Concealed  from  aiming  spears,  not perviom  to  the  steed. 

Dryden. 

2.  Pervading ; permeating.  “ This  little, 

agile,  pervious  fire.”  [r.]  Prior. 

'VJ-OIJS-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  pervious. 
«!,  n.  See  Parvis.  Todd. 

•c-sid',  Ja . ; pe-zad',  Sw.],  n.  [Fr.] 
-hioh  a horse  makes  in  raising  his 
’ mt  advancing.  Far  tier's  Diet. 

the  Syriac  version  of  the 
Dr.  Murdock. 

lpted  from  pesti- 
— great;  much: 
'• nith . “ Pes- 
ir,  V.  S.] 

f,  o 


PE’ SO,  7i.  [Sp.]  A Spanish  coin  weighing  an 

ounce  ; the  dollar  of  exchange.  Simmonds. 

PES'SA-RY,  71.  [Gr.  ucaai is ; L.  pcssus,  pessarium  ; 
It.  pessdrio  ; Sp.  pesatio  ; Fr.  pessaire .]  (Med.) 
A solid  instrument,  made  of  cork,  ivory,  or  clas- 
tic gum,  introduced  into  the  vagina,  to  support 
the  uterus,  in  cases  of  prolapsus  or  relaxation 
of  that  organ.  Dunglison. 

PES'S}-MI§M,  n.  [L.  pessimus,  worst.]  The  doc- 
trine that  maintains  the  most  unfavorable  view 
of  things ; — opposed  to  optimism. Sydney  Smith. 

PES'SI-MIST,  n.  A universal  complainer  ; — op- 
posed to  optimist.  Sma/t. 

PES'SO-MAN-CY,  n.  [Gr.  ire  turds,  a small,  oval- 
shaped stone,  and  pavTiia,  divination.]  Divina- 
tion by  means  of  pebbles.  Smart. 

PEST,  n.  [L .pestis;  It.,  Sp.,  $ Fr.  peste.J 

1.  A deadly,  or  infectious  disease  ; a plague ; 
a pestilence. 

Let  fierce  Achilles 

The  god  propitiate,  and  the  pest  assuage.  Pope. 

2.  Any  thing  noxious,  mischievous,  or  de- 
structive ; scourge ; bane  ; curse. 

Of  all  virtues,  justice  is  the  best; 

Valor,  without  it,  is  a common  pesl.  Waller. 

PES'TER,  v.  a.  [It.  impestare,  to  infect ; Fr.  em- 
pester.]  [i.  pestered  ; pp.  pestering,  pes- 
tered.] 

1.  To  disturb ; to  harass ; to  annoy ; to  dis- 
quiet ; to  provoke  ; to  nettle  ; to  trouble. 

Wc  are  pestered  with  mice  and  rats.  More. 

2.  f To  embarrass  ; to  encumber.  Milton. 

PES'TpR-yR,  n.  One  who  pesters.  Johnson. 

t PES'TER-OUS,  a.  Encumbering.  Bacon. 

PEST'— HOUSE,  7i.  A house  or  hospital  for  per- 
sons infected  with  a pestilential  disease.  South. 

PES'Tj-DljCT,  71.  [L.  pestis,  a pest,  and  ductus, 

a duct.]  That  which  conveys  contagion.  Dotme. 

PJJS-TIf'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  pestifer,  pestiferis  ; pcs- 
tis,  a pest,  and  fero,  to  bear  ; It.  % Sp . pestifero  ; 
Fr.  pestiferc.) 

1.  Bringing  or  communicating  plague  ; pesti- 
lential ; malignant ; infectious  ; contagious. 

The  steams  of  pestiferous  bodies  taint  the  air.  Arbuthuot. 

2.  Destructive  ; mischievous  ; injurious. 

Thy  lewd,  pestiferous,  and  dissentious  pranks.  Shak. 

pyS-TIF'F.R-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  a pestiferous  man- 
ner; pestilentially;  noxiously.  Wright. 

PES'TI-LENCE,  n.  [L.  pestilentia ; It.  pestilence  ; 
Sp.  pestilencia  ; Fr.  pestilence.)  A contagious 
or  infectious  disease,  which  is  epidemic,  or  en- 
demic, and  mortal ; a plague  ; a pest ; a conta- 
gious distemper.  Shak. 

PES'TI-LENT,  a.  [L.  pestilens ; pestis,  a pest; 
It.  $ Sp . pestilente;  F r . pestilent .] 

1.  Producing  plague  ; noxious  ; pestilential ; 
malignant;  contagious;  infectious.  Bacon. 

2.  Mischievous  ; troublesome  ; vexatious  ; 
pernicious.  “ A pestilent  fellow.”  Acts  xxiv.  5. 

PES-Tj-LEN'TTAL  (pes-te-len'shal),  a.  [It.  pesti- 
lenziale;  Sp.  pestilential;  Fr.  pestilentiel.] 

1.  Partaking  of  the  nature  of  pestilence  or 

plague;  contagious;  infectious.  “The  foun- 
dation of  pestilential  fevers.”  Woodward. 

2.  Mischievous  ; destructive ; pernicious. 

“ The  pestilential  design.”  South. 

Syn.  — See  Contagious. 

PES-TJ-LEN'TIAL-Ly,  ad.  By  means  of  pesti- 
lence. Qu.  Rev. 

PES-TI-LEN'TIOyS,  a.  Pestilential,  [it.]  Sidney. 

PES'TI-LfiNT-LY,  ad.  In  a pestilent  manner  ; 
mischievously;  destructively.  . Echard. 

f PpS-TI  Ljl-TY,  7i.  Pestilence.  John  Fox. 

f PES-TIL-LA'TION,  71.  The  act  of  pounding  in 
a mortar.  Browne. 

||  PES'TLE  (pes'sl  or  pes'tl)  [pes'tl,  S.  W.  P.  J.  F. 
K. ; pes'sl,  Sen.  Wr.  Wb.~],  n.  [L.  mstilb;;n.t 
pinso,  piso,  pistus,  to  pound  ;;r  oruise';  It.  if  Sp. 
pestclh  \ Fr.  pcsteil.  — W 'pestl.\ 

1.  An  instrument  for  breaking  substances  in 

a mortar.  Locke. 

2.  A inbrt  staff  carried  by  a bailiff  or  a eon- 

s£*We.  Chapman. 


3.  The  leg,  or  the  bone  of  the  leg,  of  an  ani- 
mal. “ A pestle  of  pork.”  Old  Play. 

||  PES'TLE  (pes'sl),  v.  n.  To  use  a pestle.  “It 
will  be  a pestling  device.”  [it.]  Is.  Jonson. 

PES'TLE,  v.  a.  To  bruise  with  a pestle.  Smart. 

PET,  n.  [Old  Eng.  peat.  — Of  uncertain  origin. 
From  L.  impetus,  violence,  or  Old  Fr.  despit, 
Fr.  depit,  despite,  spite.  Skinner.  — From  petty. 
Junius.  — From  Su.  Goth,  pett,  an  interjection 
expressing  dislike  or  contempt.  Serenius.  — Per- 
haps from  It.  petto,  the  breast.  Jamieson.) 

1.  A little  favorite  ; a fondling ; a darling. 

“ Cronies,  pets,  and  favorites.”  Tatter. 

2.  A slight  lit  of  peevishness  or  anger;  miff. 

Life,  given  for  noble  purposes,  must  not  be  thrown  up  in 
a pet,  or  whined  away  in  love.  Collier. 

PET,  v.  a.  [*.  petted  ; pp.  petting,  petted.] 
To  treat  as  a pet ; to  fondle  ; to  indulge.  “A 
petted  child.”  Todd. 

PET,  v.  71.  To  be  in  a pet;  to  take  offence  ; to  be 
in  a slight  passion.  Feltham. 

PET'AL,  or  PE'TAI.  [pet'al,  S.  P.  E.  Sm.  Wr.  ; 
pe'tail  or  pet'll,  W.  J.  F.  ; pe'tal,  Ja.  K.  C.\,  n. 
[Gr.  ntral.ov,  a leaf ; L.  petalum  ; It.  A Sp.  petalo, 
a petal ; Fr.  petale .]  ( Bot .)  A leaf  of  a corolla ; 
a flower  leaf.  Gray. 

PET'ALED  (pet'ald),  a.  ( Bot .)  Having  a petal 
or  petals  ; petalous.  Barret. 

Py-TAL’l-FORM,  a.  (Bot.)  Shaped  like  a petal ; 
petalcid;  petal-shaped.  Smart. 

PET'A-LINE,  a.  (Bot.)  Like  a petal.  Smith. 

PET'AL-I§M,  7i.  (Grecian  A7it.)  Aform  of  banish- 
ment among  the  Syracusans,  for  five  years,  by 
writing  the  name  of  the  obnoxious  person  on  a 
leaf.  IF.  S77iith. 

PET'AL-lTE,  71.  [Gr.  nlralov,  a leaf,  and  i.iOo;,  a 
stone.]  ( Min.)  A silicate  of  alumina  and  lithia, 
having  a foliated  structure.  Dana. 

PET'AL— LIKE,  a.  (Bot.)  Resembling  a petal; 
petal-shaped ; petaloid.  Henslow. 

PET'A-LOlD,  a.  [Gr.  vira/.ov,  a leaf,  and  do;,  a 
form.]  (Bot.)  Resembling  a petal.  Henslow. 

PET'A-LOUS,  a.  Having  petals.  Johnson. 

PET'AL— SllAPED  (-shapt),  a.  Shaped  like  a petal. 

fPp-TAR',  n.  A petard.  — See  Petard.  Shak. 

Py-TARD',  71.  [It.  iSf  Sp.  petardo ; Fr.  petard. — 
From  Fr.  peter,  to  crack.  Richardson .]  (Mil.) 
A kind  of  bell-shaped  mortar,  filled  with  gun- 
powder, formerly  used  for  breaking  gates,  draw- 
bridges, barricades,  &c.,  to  which  it  w’as  fixed 
by  screws.  Glos.  of  Mil.  Terms. 

PET-ARD-EER',  n.  One  who  manages  a petard. 

PET'A-SITE,  n.  [Gr.  rdraaoi,  a broad,  umbellat- 
ed  leaf.]  (Bot.)  One  of  a genus  of  plants 
which  includes  the  butter-bur,  and  the  fragrant 
coltsfoot.  Eng.  Cyc. 

PET'Jt-SUS,  71.  [L.,  from  Gr.  vlraeos ; neravvvyi, 

to  spread.] 

1.  (A7it.)  A hat  with  a broad  brim.  IF.  Smith. 

2.  (Arch.)  A cupola  in  the  form  of  a broad- 

brimmed  hat.  Crabb. 

PETATE,  71.  [Sp.  petate,  a mat  made  of  palm.] 
Dried  palm-leaves  or  grass,  used  for  making 
hats,  mats,  &c.  Sinvnonds. 

Py-TAU'RIST",  71.  [Gr.  ireravpiaTm,  a rope-dancer.] 
(Zo  'ul.)  An  animal  of  the  genus  Petaurus.  Brande. 

Py-TAU'RUS,  n.  [Gr.  mravpiaT/js,  a rope-dancer.] 
(Zool.)  A genus  of  marsupial  animals  which 
leap  to  a considerable  distance,  being  sustained 
in  the  air,  like  the  flying  squirrel,  by  means  of 
a tegumentary  membrane  connecting  the  fore 
and  the  hind  legs  ; flying  phalanger.  Eng.  Cyc. 

PE-TE'CIII-JE  (pe-te'ke-e),  n.  pi.  [It.  petecchic; 
Sp petequias  ; Fr. peticKies.\  (Med.)  Small 
spots,  resembling  flea-bites  j;,  forts,  and  color, 
occurring  on  tfc“  skin  A'i  the  course  of  severe 
Ac.  Dunglison. 

P1J-TE'£HI-AL  [pe-te'ke-?l,  TF.  J.F.  Ja.;  pe-l£k'- 
e-al,  P.  Stti.  ; pe-tek'yfil,  S.  A'.],  a.  [It.  petec- 
chiale ; Sp . peterpiial;  Fr.  petechial],  a.  (Med.) 
Spotted.  “ Petechial  scurvy.”  Dunglison. 

rE'TIJR— BOAT,  71.  A fishing-boat  used  on  the 
Thames.  Simmonds. 

'PET'IJ-REL,  7i.  See  Petrel.  Ilawksworth. 


, V,  ?,  short;  A,  B,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


PETEKERO 


1065 


PETULANCY 


PET-5-RE'RO,  n.  See  Pederero.  Falconer. 
PE'TER  FUNK,  n.  A person  employed  to  bid  on 
articles  put  up  for  sale  at  petty  auctions,  in  order 
to  raise  their  price.  [Cant,  U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

t PE'TER-MAN,  n.  A fisherman  ; — so  called  from 
the  occupation  of  St.  Peter.  [Local, Eng.]  Howell.- 
PE'TER— PENCE,  n.  pi.  A tax  of  a penny  for  every 
house,  formerly  paid  annually  at  Lammas-day  by 
* the  English  people  to  the  pope  ; — called  also 
fee  of  Rome,  and  Romescot.  Bp.  Hall. 

PE'TER.s-hAM,  n.  A kind  of  rough,  woollen 
cloth  used  for  over-coats.  Simmonds. 

PE'TER- WORT  (-wurt),  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the 
genus  Lymphoria;  St.  Peter’s  wort.  Johnson. 
PET' l-O-LAR,  a.  {Bot.)  Of,  or  belonging  to,  a 
petiole.  P.  Cyc. 

PET'I-O-LA-RY,  a.  {Bot.)  Pertaining  to  a peti- 
ole ; petiolar.  Wright. 

PET  I-O-LATE,  I a (Bot.)  Having  a petiole; 
PET'l-O-LAT-pD,  ) petioled.  Henslow. 

PET'I-OLE,  n.  [L.  pHiolus , dim.  of  pes,  pedis, 
a foot;  It.  peziolo-,  Sp . peciolo  ■,  Fr.  petiole .] 
(Bot.)  The  foot-stalk  of  a leaf ; a leaf-stalk. — 
See  Leaf.  Gray. 

PET'I-OLED  (-old),  a.  {Bot.)  Having  a petiole  ; 

petiolate  ; petiolated.  Gray. 

PET-T-OL'U-LATE,  a.  (Bot.)  Noting  a leaflet 

raised  on  its  own  partial  leaf-stalk.  Gray. 

PET'J-O-EULE,  n.  A foot-stalk  of  a leaflet.  Gray. 

PETIT  (pet'e  orpet'jt)  [pe-let'  or  pet'e,  Sm.  ; pet'it 
or  pe-t8t',  Ja. ; pe-tet'  or  pe-te',  K.  ; pet'e,  R. 
C.  B.  Wb.~\,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L . petilus,  slender, 
delicate.  Landais. ] Small ; little  ; inconsider- 
able ; petty.  “ Petit  matters.”  Harmar. 

Do  but  view  what  petit  things  swell  men  up.  Whitlock. 
Petit  jury,  (Law.)  See  Jury. — Petit  larceny.  See 
Larceny. — Petit  sergeantry,  (Eng.  Law.)  the  tenure 
of  lands  of  the  king  by  the  service  of  rendering  to  him 
annually  some  small  implement  of  war,  as  a sword, 
a how,  or  a lance.  — Petit  treason , (Eng.  Law.)  the 
offence  of  killing  a master  or  a husband.  Burrill. 

“ In  the  sense  of  petty , as  opposed  to  important , 
grant/,  or  high , it  is  generally  pronounced  petty , even 
when  the  spelling  is  petit ; as,  petit  or  petty  larceny , 
petit  or  petty  treason .”  Smart. 

P£_TI"TlON  (-tlsh'un),  n.  [L.  petitio;  peto , to 
beg;  Itrpetizione  ; Sp.  petition ; Fr.  petition.] 

1.  A request ; an  entreaty  ; a supplication  ; a 
prayer.  “Let  my  life  be  given  at  my  petition, 
and  my  people  at  my  request.”  Esther  vii.  3. 

2.  A \\iiuen  or  printed  instrument,  contain- 

ing a supplication  or  prayer  addressed  to  a'por- 
son,  or  to  a body  of  persons,  for  the  redress  of 
some  wrong,  or  the  grant  of  some  favor,  which 
the  latter  has  the  right  to  give.  Bouvier. 

Petition  of  right , (Eng.  Law.)  a form  of  proceeding 
to  obtain  restitution  from  the  crown  of  property,  in 
which  the  petitioner  suggests  such  a right  as  control 
verts  the  title  of  the  crown  : — (Eng.  Hist.)  a parlia- 
mentary declaration  of  the  liberties  of  the  people,  as- 
sented to  by  Charles  I.  in  the  beginning  of  his  reign. 
Syn.  — See  Prayer.  Blaekstone,. 

PE-T^TION  (pe-tish'un),  v.  a.  [i.  petitioned  ; 

pp.  PETITIONING,  PETITIONED.] 

1.  To  make  a request  to  ; to  solicit ; to  crave  ; 
to  entreat ; to  supplicate. 

You  have  petitioned  all  the  gods 

For  my  prosperity.  Sliak. 

2.  To  address  a written  or  printed  prayer  or 
supplication  to ; to  prefer  a petition  to.  “ The 
right  of  petitioning  the  king.”  Blaekstone. 

To  petition  the  government  for  the  redress  of  grievances. 

Constitution  of  U.  S. 

Pf.-TP'TION-A-RI-LY,  ad.  By  way  of  petition  or 
of  begging  the  question,  [it.]  Browne. 

Pg-Tp'TION-A-RY  (pe-titsh'un-a-re),  a.  1.  That 
petitions ; supplicatory.  “ Thy  petitionary 
countrymen.”  Shah. 

2.  Containing  a petition.  “Petitionary  prayer.” 
Hooker.  “ Petitionary  epistles.”  Sivift. 

PE-Tl-TION-EE',  n. 
against  a petition. 

rjJ-Tp'TION-^R,  n.  One  who  petitions.  Bacon. 

Pf,-TI''T10N-tNG,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  peti- 
tions; the  act  of  asking  or  soliciting.  Wriffit. 


(Law.)  One  cited  to  defend 
Wright. 


PE-Tl"TI-0  PRIJY-CI P ' 1-i  (pe-tlsh'e-o-).  [L.,  a 
begging  of  the  principal  thing.)  (Logic.)  A beg- 
ging of  the  question  ; the  taking  for  granted  the 
point  which  is  really  in  dispute.  Fleming. 

PET1T-MAITRE  (pgt'e-ma'tr),  n.  [Fr.]  A cox- 
comb ; a fop  ; a dandy.  Chesterfield. 

PET'I-TO-R Y,  a.  [L . petitorius.]  Petitioning; 
petitionary.  Brewer. 

Petitory  action  or  suit,  {Law.)  a suit  in  which  tile 
mere  title  to  property  is  litigated  and  sought  to  be 
enforced  : — (Scotch  Law.)  an  action  in  which  the 
plaintiff  claims  something  as  due  to  him  hy  the  de- 
fendant. Burrill. 

PET'mAn,  n.  The  smallest  pig  of  a litter.  [Local, 
Eng.]  Forby. 

PJE-TONG',  n.  Chinese  white  copper,  an  alloy  of 
copper  and  nicker.  Braude. 

PJJ-TRA'RY,  n.  [Sp.  petraria,  from  L.  petra 
(Gr.  Trlrpi i),  a stone.]  An  ancient  machine  for 
throwing  stones.  Southey. 

PE'TRE  (pe'ter),  n.  Saltpetre  ; nitre.  Boyle. 

PE-TRE  A N,  a.  [Gr.  mrpaloi  ; ttlrpa,  a rock;  L. 
petreeus .]  Relating  to  a rock  or  stone.  Ure. 

PET'REL,  or  PE'TRgL, 
n.  [Fr.  petrel,  per- 
haps from  St.  Peter, 
in  allusion  to  his 
walking  on  the  sea.] 

(Ornith.)  An  oceanic 
bird  of  the  order  An- 
seres  and  family  Pro- 
cellaridcp,  and  sub- 
family Pr  ocellar  ince. 

Gray. 

Black  stormy  petrel,  a petrel  found  off  the  coasts  of 
California  ; Thalassidroma  mclania  of  Bonaparte.  — 
Black  and  white  stormy  petrel,  a petrel  found  off  the 
coast  of  Florida  ; Frcgetta  Lawrencii  of  Bonaparte. — 
Blue  petrel,  a bird  found  along  the  coast  of  'Peru  ; 
Pelecanoides  urmatrix  of  Gray.  — Cinereous  petrel,  a 
petrel  found  off  Cape  'lorn  and  the  Pacific  coasts; 
Puffinus  cinereus  of  Gmelin — Fulmar  petrel,  a petrel 
found  ill  the  Northern  Atlantic  Procellaria  glactalis 
of  Einmeus.  — Great  bUtck  petrel,  ProciParia  ipquinoc- 
tiahs  of  Emmons. — ■ Stormy  petrel,  the  nauu.  - von 
several  species  of  petrels,  especially  to  the  Thalassr 
drama  pclagica  of  Vigors,  or  the  Procellaria  pclagica  of 
Liiinauis,  and  the  Thalassidroma  JVilsonii ; Mother 
Carey’s  chicken.  S.  F.  Baird.  Eng.  Cyc. 

+ PET  REL,  n.  See  Poitrel.  Harrington. 

PD-TRES'CENCE,  n.  The  process  of  converting 


Stormy  petrel 
( Procellaria  pelagica). 


PJE'TROL,  or  P®-TROL'  [pe'trol,  S.  W.  Wb. ; pe- 
trol', Ja.  Sm.],  n.  Petroleum.  Woodward. 

PJJ-TRU'LJJ-UM,  n.  [Gr.  7rf'rpa,  a rock,  and  eXatov, 
oil;  It.  % Sp.  petroleo ; Pr.  pet  role.]  A brown 
bitumen  found  in  several  parts  of  the  world,  es- 
pecially in  Persia,  Birmah,  and  the  West  Indies  ; 
— called  also  rock-oil  and  Barbaeloes  tar.  It  is 
naphtha  hardened  and  changed  by  exposure  to 
the  air.  — See  Naphtha.  Eng.  Cyc. 

PET'RO-LiNE,w.  A substance  obtained  by  distil- 
ling the  petroleum  of  Rangoon.  Brande. 

PE-TROL'O-fjJY,  n.  [Gr.  itlrpof,  a stone,  and  16-yo;, 
a discourse.]  A discourse  or  treatise  concern- 
ing rocks.  PMl . May. 

fPET'RO-NEL,  n.  [Old  Fr.  petronal.]  A large 
horse-pistol.  Beau.  A PI. 

PE-TROS-E-Ll'NUM,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  TTirpoaO.i- 
uov ; utrpa,  a rock,  and  at). iron,  parsley.]  (Bot.) 
A genus  of  herbs,  one  species  of  which  ( Petros - 
ehuum  sativum)  grows  wild  on  rocks  and  old 
walls;  parsley.  Eng.  Cyc. 

PET-RO-Sl'LEX,  or  PE-TRO-Sl'LEX,  n.  [Gr.  ni- 
rpos,  a rock,  and  L.  silex,  a flint.]  (Min.)  An 
impure  compact  felspar.  Cleaveland. 

PET-RO-SI-LP'CTOTS  (-llsh'ns,  66),  a.  Relating 

to,  or  consisting  of,  petrosilex.  Wright. 

PE'TROUS,  a.  [Gr.  -nerpof,  a stone.]  Relating 
to,  or  resembling,  stone  ; stony.  Dunglison. 

PET'  TAH,  n.  Town  : — the  outer  part  of  a for- 
tified ttfwn  ; suburb.  [India.]  Brown. 

PET'TJ-COAT,  n.  [ petty  and  coat.)  A woman’s 
under  garment  extending  from  the  waist  dowm- 
wards ; a skirt. 

It  is  a great  compliment  to  the  sex  that  the  virtues  are  gen- 
erally shown  in  petticoats.  Addison . 

PET'TI-COAT,  a.  Belonging  to  a petticoat,  or 
to  one  that  wears  a petticoat ; female.  Ash. 

PETTI-FoG,  v.  n.  [From  petty  and  fog,  to  prac- 
tise.] [1.  .PETTIFOGGED  ; pp.  PETTIFOGGING, 
pettifogged.]  To  play  the  pettifogger.  Milton. 

PET'TI-FOG-G ER,  n.  A petty  or  inferior  lawyer. 

“ Least  cliented  pettifoggers .”  Carew. 


to  stone  ; petrifaction. 


Maunder. 


PE-TRES'CJJNT,  a.  [Gr.  nirpa,  a rock.]  Becom- 
ing stone ; petrifying.  Boyle. 


The  practice  of  a petti- 
,.  Barrow. 


PE  i . -/’'iG-GER-Y,  n. 

fogger;  trick|;  qTf.ii.k 
PET'TI-LY,  ad.  In  a netty  manner.  Oytlvic. 

PET'TI-N  ESS,  n.  Th 
smallness  ; littleness 


quality  of  being  petty; 

Shah. 


'PET-RI-FAC'TION,  n.  [It.  petrificazione ; 
pelrificacion  ; Fr.  petrification .] 

1.  The  act  of  petrifying;  conversii 

stone  or  a stony  suusi.tni'te.-  Br< 

2.  That  which  is  converted  into  stq 
stony  substance  ; something  petrifnu. 

PET-RI-FAC'TIVE,  a.  1.  Having  power 
fy  or  turn  to  stone  ; petrifie. 

2.  Pertaining  to  petrifaction. 

P$-TR1F'IC,  a.  [L . petrificus.)  Having’ 
petrify  ; petrifactive. 

f PP-TRIF  I-CATE,  v.  a.  To  petrify. 

PET-RI-Ff-CA'TION,  n.  1.  Petrifaction. 

2.  Obduracy  ; callousness.  Ilallywell. 

PET'RI-FY,  V.  a.  [Gr.  ir trpa,  a stone,  and  facto, 
to  make;  It . petrificare  ; Sp.  petrificar  ; 1 r.  pe- 
trifier .]  [i.  petrified;  pp\r  petrifying,  pet- 

rified.]  * , ‘ £ 

1.  To  change  to  stone  or  tio  a stony  substance. 

“ Petrified  wood.”  ^ oodwara. 

2.  To  make  callous  or  olodurate. 

Though  their  souls  he  not  yet  wholly  petrified,  yet  every 
act  of  sin  makes^radiml  approacl  ics  to  it.  Dec.  Oj  C/ir.  i ie  j. 

3.  To  fix,  as  with  astoniishment.  Goldsmith. 

to 


Sp. 


li  to 
i me. 
>i  "i  a 

'L,  T0. 

ti- 

le. 

Smart, 
w • to 
■>der. 
(all. 
Boyle. 


beco  me  stone  or  a stony 
Dryden. 


PET’RI-FY,  v.  n. 
substance. 

PE  TRINE,  a.  Relating  to  St.P'tcr.  Pc.  Rev. 
PET-RO-GRAPH'lC,  ( prtaining  to  pe- 

PET-RO-GRAPH'I-GAL,  \ trrVfej*-  4y‘  J]tu,r,uson- 
TGr.  biroa,  a stone,  and 
Lar'T  of  writing  on  [stone. 


1.  i. 

for  food. 


PET'TISII,  a.  In  a pet  ; fretful  ; peevish  ; pet’ 
lant.  “Testy, pctlfiih,  peevish.”  Burt > 

PET'TISH - LY,  ad.  In  a pettish  manner; 
pet ; petulantly  ; fretfully.  Beau 

PET'TISH-, NFS'S,  r ■ State  of  being  pettisl 
ft  -ishntss ; petulance. 

(pStTe-fov.).-'  -Xpeity  and  tot s., 
s or  fee  ’ a y°'-nS  P'g>  <>"en  used 
Beau.  is.  El. 

2.  Toes  or  feet,  aidicrousb  . Shah. 

PET 'TO,  it.  [It-,  from  L.  pectus.]  The  breast. 

In  petto,  in  reservSor  secrecy. 

PET'T%EB,  n.  S e PdTTRF.L. 

PET  TY,  a.  [Fr. petit.  — See  PtT.T.] 

1.  Small;  little;  trifling;  trivial; 
futile.  “ Some  petty  alteration.” 

2.  Inferior.  “Petty  princes.” 

Petlv  overage,  (Maritime  Law.)  a contriliulion  by 

the  owners  of  a vessel,  frei»ht,  and  aoocls,  for  losses 
sustained  by  the  vessel  and  cargo,  which  consists  of 
small  charges.  — Petty  constable,  the  constable  ol  a 
town  or  a parish..  Bouvier. 

gyn.  — See  TRIFLING. 

PET  TY-CHAPS  (-chSps),  n.  (Ornith.)  A small 
insessorial  singing  bird  of  the  family  Lvscinidee 
and  sub-family  MotaciWnce  of  Gray  ; becafico 
of  the  Italians  ; Cvrucca  hortensis,  Sylvia  hor- 
tensis,  or  Motacilla  hortensis-,  — called  also 
greater  pettychaps  and  garden  warbler.  Eng.  Cyc. 

PET'TY-Cdy,  n.  An  herb.  Ainsworth. 

PET-TY-WIKN,  n.  (Bot.)  Aii  evergreen ^shrub  ; 
Genista  Anglica. 


Chesterfield. 

Sidney. 

frivoh  us  ; 

Bacon. 

Denham. 


Loudon. 


PJJ-TROG'RA-PHY, 
ypatpw,  to  write.]  The  ar'. 


PET'V-EANCE,  [L.  pclulantia  ; U.jpetulan- 

PLt'U-I,AN-GY,  ) za;  Sp. 


petulancia ; Pr.  pGn- 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR 
134 


, SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — S’  t>  'sofi  > <C'  C 


IT 


hard;  § as  z;  ^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


PETULANT 

lance.\  The  quality  of  being  petulant ; freak- 
ish passion  ; peevishness  ; ill-temper  ; fretful- 
ness ; fro.rvardness  ; sauciness.  Watts. 

PET'l’-LANT  (pet'yu-l?nt),  a.  [L.  petulans ; It. 

Sp.  petulante  ; Fir.  petulant.] 

1.  Saucy  ; pert ; froward  ; peevish  ; fretful  ; 
perverse  ; captious  ; snappish  ; irascible  ; wasp- 
ish. 

2.  Wanton;  licentious,  [it.]  Spectator. 

Syn.  — See  Captious. 

PET'F-LANT-LY,  ad.  In  a petulant  manner; 
with  petulance;  peevishly.  Barrow. 

t Pp-T0L’COUS,  a.  [L.  petulcus,  butting,  wan- 
ton.] Wanton ; frisky.  Cane. 

PE-TpNSE',  n.  Petuntse.  Ure. 

PE-TONTSE',  ) (pe-tuns'),  n.  (Min.)  The  Chi- 

PE-TUNTZE',  ) nese  name  of  a quartzose,  fel- 
spathic  rock,  used  in  the  manufacture  of  por- 
celain. Dana. 

PET' WORTH  (-wurth),  a.  (Gcol.)  Noting  a vari- 
ety of  marble  (also  called  Sussex  marble),  com- 
posed of  the  remains  of  fresh-water  shells,  oc- 
curring in  the  weald-clay.  Braude. 

PET'ZITE,  n.  (Min.)  An  ore  of  silver,  contain- 
ing tellurium ; — analyzed  by  Petz.  Brande. 

PEU-CED'A-NINE,  n.  ( Chcm .)  A crystallizable 
principle  obtained  from  the  plant  Peucedanum 
officinale,  or  sulpliur-wort.  P.  Cyc. 

PEC'CILE,  n.  [Gr.  TtiiW,  a fir-tree.]  (Chem.)  A 
liquid  obtained  by  the  action  of  lime  on  the 
hydrochlorate  of  oil  of  turpentine.  Brande. 

PEUR' MI-CAN,  n.  See  Pemmican.  Maunder. 

PEVV  (pu),  n.  [L.  podium,  a projecting  part  of 
the  amphitheatre;  Tlut.piiye,  a raised  place  or 
platform.  Skinner.]  An  enclosure  with  seats, 
or  an  enclosed  seat,  in  a church.  Addison. 


PEVV,  v.  a.  To  furnish  with  pew's, 
is  to  be  pewed.” 


‘ The  church 
Bum. 


PEVV'— DOOR  (pu'dor),  n.  The  door  of  a pew. 


■ , . ,i  ..ewter. 

■ i ’s  l.i  . . ' Shak. 

PEVV'TpR-V,  a.  Pert%nmg  iu  pewter.  Clarke. 

PEVV  "— WO.vr-AN  (pu'wum-jn),  n.  A woman  who 
conducts  strangers  to  pews  in  a church.  J id.  Rev. 

PEX'l-TV,  w.  [L.  pexitas  ; pecto,  pexus,  to'comb.] 
The  nap  of  cloth.  Colas. 

PF.Z'I-ZOI  D,  a.  [Pcziza  and  Gr.  ellos,  fortn.] 
( Bot .)  Resembling  a peziza,  a kind  of  fungus 
resembling  a cup  in  figure.  Loudon. 

PF.-ZQP-O-Ri'JVJE,  n.  pi. 

[Gr.  m'(o-6pos,  going  on 
loot ; Tf(oj,  on  foot,  and 
ror>:{ ojin>,  to  go.]  ( Or- 
nith . ) A sub-family  of 
birds  of  the  order  Scan- 
sores  and  family  rsitta- 
cidce ; ground-parrakeets. 

Gray.  Platycercus  adelaidaj. 

PFEX'NjX'G  (leii'ning),  n.  A small  German  cop- 


1066 

per  coin,  of  the  value  of  only  about  one  twelfth 
of  a farthing.  Simmonds. 

PIlA'CA,  n.  [Gr.  <pni<ri,  a lentil.]  (Bot.)  A genus 
of  leguminous  plants ; bastard-vetch.  Loudon. 

PIIAC'O-LiTE,  n.  [Gr.  iptiso;,  a bean,  and  /.iOo;,  a 
stone.]  (Min.)  A hydrous  silicate  of  alumina, 
lime,  and  soda.  Dana. 

PHzE-NOG'A-MOUS,  a.  [Gr.  ipniva,  to  appear,  and 
ya/jof,  marriage.]  (Bot.)  Noting  plants  having 
stamens  and  pistils  distinctly  developed ; flow- 
ering ; phanerogamous.  llenslow. 

PHZE-NOM'E-NON,  n.  See  Phenomenon. 

PHA'$-TON,  n.  [Gr.  QaeOuv;  tfiaidoi,  iptiw,  to  shine  ; 
<p&os,  light ; L.  Phaethon;  Fr.  Phaethon.] 

1.  (Grecian  Myth.)  One  of  the  light-bringing 

steeds  of  Aurora  : — a son  of  Aurora  and  Cepha- 
lus,  carried  off  by  Venus  : — a son  of  Helius  or 
Apollo  and  Climene,  who,  having  prevailed  on 
his  father  to  permit  him  to  guide  the  chariot  of 
the  sun  for  a day,  and  being  unable  to  manage 
the  fiery  steeds,  was  dashed  to  the  ground  by 
Jupiter,  to  prevent  his  consuming  the  heavens 
and  the  earth.  Liddell.  W.  Smith. 

2.  A four  wheeled  open  chaise.  Young. 

PH.v'E-TON,  n.  ( Ornith .)  A genus  of  oceanic 
birds,  of  the  order  Anseres,  family  Pelecanulce, 
and  sub-family  PhaUtonince.  They  are  generally 
seen  far  out  at  sea,  flying  very  high,  and  with 
great  rapidity.  Gray. 

PHA -F.-TO -ATI  'A'JE, 
n.  pi.  [Gr.  tpafOiov, 
shining,  , radiant.] 

(Ornith.)  A sub- 
family of  birds  of 
the  order  Anseres 
and  family  Pclccan- 
idee ; tropic  birds. 

Gray. 

PIlA9-E-DE'NA,  n.  [Gr 

L.  phayedeena.  1 ' M-i 

ly  eats  and  . 

phaged 

a.  [Gr.  (pay/iatviKo;  ; L.  phage- 
, , It.  4f  Sp.  phagedenico ; Fr.  pliaqedi- 
■>.]  (Med.)  Eating;  corroding.  Sharp, 
aedmic  mater,  a mixture  of  lime-water  and  cor- 
* sublimate.  Bailey. 

P-DEN'JC,  n.  (Med.)  A substance  that  de- 
s fungous  granulations  in  ulcers,  &c. 

Dunglison. 

p-DE'NOl  S,  a.  Phagedenic.  Wiseman. 

A-CRO'S!S,  n.  [Gr.  tjm).aitpit,  bald-head 
(Med.)  Baldness  of  the  head.  P i 

3"  Vi- 

llaining to  a 


, ifiayui,  to  eat ; 
nicer  which  rapid- 
neighboring parts ; a 
Dunglison. 


AN 'GAL,  a.  [Gr. 
9{,  a phalanx  1 


mx^yr  f gos.  Dunglison. 

,i.  Phalangal.  Ogilvie. 

a.  [Fr.  phalangien ; phalange, 
tat.)  Pertaining  to  a pha- 
alanges  ; phalangal.  Low. 


' , Wt? 

nalaftN  ] 
jnx  or  to  tl 
i'll  A-LAN'pf  f 
[Fr.,  from  G 
A«vi,  a phal 
(Zool.)  A m 
pi  ll  animal  o 

fa.iily  Macro} 
or  kangaroos, 
genus  Phalat.  ■ 
in,  having  the 
hind  foot  cne 
ten  nearly  to 
'PIIA-LAN'<?[-AN 

RHA-tAN'pi-o  T 
Ver!|  cf  the  genu 

PI  (A-  LANffilTE,  j. 

•Lf.)  A xpl.’it  e i 
I’HAJ.-AN-SVE  M-/ 
ansterianisrrN 

PHAltAN-STE'KV  _ 
steilanism. 

AN-ST&-. 
stem  of  >. 
socialism 


PHA!|A> 
thirsys 
cia(iit ; 


iand  third  toes  of  each 
1 in  la  common  integument 
extremity.  Waterhouse. 
Phalangal.  Dunglison. 

(Zoiil.)  Pertaining  to  spi- 
> halangium.  Smart. 

Gr.  ifiuhiyyirris.]  (Grecian 
phalanx.  Mitford. 

n.  An  advocate  of  phal- 
P.  Cgc. 

. Pertaining  to  phalan- 
P.  Cyc. 

yM,  n.  The  principles  or 
Fourier,  the  French  so- 
■ 'crism.  Wright. 


PHANTASMAGORIA 

PHA-LAN'STpR-I§M,  n.  Fourierism;  phalan- 
sterianism.  — See  Socialism.  Fleming, 

PIIA-LAn'ST^R-V,  n.  [Gr.  pO."y(,  a phalanx, 
and  aripids,  solid  ; Fr.  phalanstere.] 

1.  A community  of  Fourierites  or  phalanste- 
rians,  or  the  edifice  occupied  by  it.  Wright. 

2.  Phalansterianism.  [r.]  Porter. 

PHA'LANXj  or  PHAL'ANX  [fa'lanks,  S.  E.  Ja.  K. ; 

fa'lanks  or  fal'jnks,  IF.  P.  J.  P.  ; fal'anks,  Sm. 
Wr.],  n. ; pi.  L.  pha -La N' p Etf ; Eng.  pha'lAnx- 
E!j,  or  piiAl'anx-e$.  [L.,  from  Gr.  <pai.ay£;  It. 
4r  Sp.falange;  Fr  .phalange.]  (Grecian  Ant.) 

1.  A close  body  of  infantry  drawn  up  in  files, 
a division  of  the  army  used  especially  by  the 
Thebans  and  the  Macedonians,  among  the  latter 
of  whom  it  consisted  of  a compact  parallelogram 
of  fifty  men  abreast  and  sixteen  deep.  IF.  Smith. 

2.  A close,  compact  body  of  men.  Milton. 

3.  (Anat.)  One  of  the  rows  of  small  bones 
which  form  the  fingers  and  toes.  Dunglison. 

“ The  pronunciation  plial'anx  is  tile  more  gen- 
eral ; but  pba'lanx  is  the  more  analogical.”  Walker. 

PHAL  'A-RIS,  h.  [L.,  from  Gr.  fal.apis.]  (Bot.) 
A genus  of  grasses,  onospecies  of  which  (Phala- 
ris  canariensis)  furnishes  canary  seed.  Eng.  Cyc. 

PHAl'A-ROPE,  n.  [Gr.  <j>alapi<,  having  patches, 
and  -ouq,  a-oilet,  a foot.]  (Ornith.)  A grallatori- 
al  bird  of  the  sub-family  Plialaropodincc  and 
genus  Phalaropus,  having  toes  with  scalloped 
or  lobated  membranes.  Gray. 

PHAL-Jl-ROP-O-Dl ' NJE,  n.pl.  [Gr.  (jiahipii,  hav- 
ing patches 
of  white, 
and  rrobs, 

<W{,  a foot.] 

( Ornith .)  A | 
sub  - family 
of  birds  of  1 "X  Phalaropus  hyperboreus. 

the  order  Grallce  and  family  Scolopacidce ; pha- 
laropes.  Gray. 

PHA-LE  CIAN  (-le'sh?n),  a.  (Pros.)  Noting  a verse 
consisting  of  a spondee,  a dactyl,  and  three 
trochees  ; — also  written  PhaLecian.  Crabb. 

PHA-LF.  R-I-Dl ' NJE,  n. 
pi.  (Ornith.)  A sub- 
family of  birds  of  the 
order  Anseres  and 
family  Alcidce ; stari- 
kis.  Gray. 

PJ/Al'  /,  US,  n.  [L.,  from 
Gr.  ipai.i.Of,  the  penis.] 

(Bot.)  A genus  of 

'Lag.  Cyc. 

+ PHANE,  n.  A vane.  Joye. 

PHAN-E-RO-GA'MI-AN,  a.  Phanerogamic.  Wright. 

PHAN-E-RQ-GAM  l.c,  I a (Gr.  (pavtp6g,  appar- 

PHAN-P-R0g'A-MOUS,  ) ent,  and  yaitoe,  mar- 
riage.] (Bot.)  Noting  plants  in  which  the  sta- 
mens and  pistils  are  distinctly  developed,  or 
which  bear  flowers  and  produce  seeds  ; phamag- 
amous.  Llenslow.  Gray. 

PHANTAGIN,  n.  (Zoiil.)  A quadruped  covered 
with  scales.  Goldsmith. 

PHAN'TA-SCOPE,  n.  [Gr.  tpdvTacpa,  an  image, 
and  cKoniio.  to  see.]  An  instrument  or  appara- 
tus for  enabling  persons  to  converge  the  optical 
axes  of  the  eyes,  or  to  look  cross-eyed,  and  there- 
by to  observe  certain  phenomena  of  binocular 
vision  ; — also  called  phantasmascope.  Brande. 

PHAN'TA^M,  n.  [Gr.  (jxivTaapa  ; tpavraoiA,  to  show  ; 
L.  phantasma  ; It.  $ Sp . fantasma.]  An  appear- 
ance ; an  image,  — especiall)',  a vain  or  airy 
appearance ; something  appearing  only  to  the 
imagination  ; a vision  ; a spectre  ; a phantom. 
“ Phantasms  and  dreams.”  Milton. 

PHAN-TA^'MA,  n.  [L.]  A phantasm,  [it.]  Shak. 

PHAN-TA^rMA-GO'RI-A,  n.  [Gr.  Qavnwpa,  a 
phantasm,  and  ayupaopai,  to  assemble  ; It.  iSf  Sp. 
fantasmagoria ; F r.  fantasmagorie .] 

1.  An  optical  apparatus  by  means  of  which 
the  images  of  objects  are  magnified  or  dimin- 
ished at  pleasure,  and  motion  given  to  them, 
whereby  a strong  illusion  is  produced ; a magic 
lantern.  Brande. 


A,  E,  f,  6,  U,  X,  long;  A,  E,  I,  (A  U,  t,  short;  A,  5,  1 ■ y>  0bscure  ; FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


PHANTASMAGORIA 

2.  Representations  or  illusions  m 
phantasmagoria,  or  magic  lantern. 

PHAN-TA§-MA-GO'RI-AL,  a.  Relating 
tasmagoria  ; phantasmagoric.  iVj 

PHAN-TA§-MA-GOR'lC,  a.  Relating  to 
magoria. 

PH  AN-TA§'M  A-GO-RY, 
phantasmagoria.  t 

PHAN-TA§'MAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a phi 
spectral.  Gent.  Mar/.  Bulwer 

PHAN-TA§'MA-SCOPE,  n.  Phantascope. 

f PHAN-TA§-MAT'I-CAL,  a.  Pertaining 
phantasm  ; fantastical.  Cur 

PHAN-TA§-MA-T6G'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  <pai 
and  y(>di/>w,  to  describe.]  A description  of 
tial  appearances,  as  the  rainbow,  &c.  C 
PHAN-TAS'TIC,  a.  See  Fantastic. 
f PHAN'TAS-TRY,  n.  A fancy.  Cudwo 

PHAN'TA-SY,  ra.  See  Fantasy.  To 

PHAN'TOM,  n.  [Gr.  tp/hrac/ia;  tpairoi,  to  bring  in 
sight;  L.  phantasma ; It.  fy  Sp.fantasmci)  Fr 
phantbme,  'fantbme.\  An  appearance  ; an  appa- 
rition ; a spectre;  a phantasm;  a fancied  vis- 
ion ; an  illusion. 

Strange  phantoms  rising  as  the  mists  arise.  Pope. 

Syn.  — See  Apparition.. 

PHAN-TOM-AT'IC,  a.  Relating  to,  or  like,  a 
phantom ; fantastic,  [e.]  Coleridge. 

PHAN'TOM— CORN,  n.  Lank  or  light  corn.  Clarke. 

f PHAN-TOM-NA'TION,  n.  Illusion.  Pope. 

PIIA  RAOH,  l n [Fr.  pharaon. ] A game  of 
PIIA'RA-ON,  ) hazard  with  cards  ; faro.  Clarke. 

PhAr-A-ON'TC,  a.  Relating  to  the  Pharaohs,  or 
kings  of  Egypt.  Niebuhr. 

t PHARE,  n.  [Fr.]  A pharos.  Howell 

PHAR-I-SA  IC,  P a_  Relating  to,  or  like,  1 
PHAR-I-SA'I-CAL,  ) Pharisees  ; attentive  ( 
to  external  forms  and  cei’emonies  ; sanctum 
ous  ; externally  religious  ; hypocritical, 
cess  of  outward  andpAam«ic«Pholiness.”i?: 

PHAr-I-sA'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a Pharisaical 
ner ; hypocritically. 

PHAR-I-SA'J-CAL-NESS,  n.  The  qua.viy 
pharisaic  ; external  observance  of  forms. 

PHAR'I-SA-I§M  [ fa  r'e-sa-izni,  Sin.  B.  IV 
e-za'izm,  Ja.  A’. ] , n.  The  notions,  doctri 
conduct  of  the  Pharisees  : — external  obse 
of  forms  and  ceremonies ; hypocrisy.  Ham 

f PHAR-I-SE'AN,  a.  Pharisaic.  3 

PHAR'I-SPE  (far'e-se)  [far'e-se,  W.  Sm.  B. 
far'e-ze,  Ja.  K.],  n.  [Heb.  S“i5,  to  separ 

One  of  a sect  among  the  Jews,  whose  reli; 
consisted  chiefly  in  ceremonies,  and  whos 
tended  holiness  led  them  to  separate 
selves  from  the  rest  of  the  Jews.  M, 

PHAr'i-SEE-I^M,  n.  The  doctrines 
of  a Pharisee  ; pharisaism. 

II  PHAR-MA-9EU'TJC,  P 
||  PHAR-MA-CEU'TJ-CAL,  > Ja.  S 
kfl'tjk,  N.  fl.],  a.  [Gr.  <papnaK; 
medicine  ; It.  .Sf  Sp.  far  mace 
ceutique.']  (Med.)  Relatin 
ical.  “ Pharmaceutical  pr 

PHAR-MA-C^EU'TI-CAL- 
of  pharmacy. 

||  PHAR-MA-QEU'TJC 
of  preparing  medic’ 

PHAR-MA-^EU'TIS 
icines ; an  apoth 

PHAR'MA-CIST,  n 

PII AR-  MAC'O-LIT 
poison,  ani  Wo 
arseniate  of  li 
cobalt  and  sil 

Magnesian  ). 
magnesia,  arse 
ganese. 

MIEN 


* 

PHILOSOPHY 


of  cop- 
an hy- 
sium ; 
na. 


ME'LA,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  <hXofnfjXa,  the 
ter  of  Pandion,  a nightingale.] 

'he  nightingale ; philomel.  “When  philo- 
:ings.”  Pope. 

Ornith.)  A genus  of  birds,  the  most  noted 
es  of  which  is  the  nightingale.  Eng.  Cyc. 

O-MENE,  n.  The  nightingale.  Gascoigne. 

)-MOT.  a.  [Fr.  feui/le  morte,  a dead  leaf.] 
red  like  a dead  leaf.  “ Another  yellow, 
her  philomot.”  — See  Filomot.  Addison. 
>MU'§j-CAE,  a.  [Gr.  Qii.os,  a lover,  a friend, 
fiovoiKrj,  music.]  Loving  music.  Wright. 

O-PE'NA,  n.  [Ger.  vielliebchen .]  A species 
orfeit ; fillipeen.  Clarke. 

IT  It  originated  in  the  following  custom  : Each 
wo  persons, ‘usually  of  opposite  sexes,  eats  one  of 
kernels  of  an  almond  which  is  double.  When 
;y  again  meet,  the  one  who  is  first  to  exclaim  “ Fil- 
peen,”  or  “ Philopena,”  is  entitled  to  a present  from 
le  other.  This  custom  is  said  to  have  originated  in 
Germany,  where  such  presents  are  termed  vielliebcliens. 
Ji  Bout  with  the  Burschens.  — Some  derive  the  word 
from  Gr.  0i Ao$,  a friend,  and  L.  piena,  a penalty. 

’HT-LO-PO-LEM'ICj  a.  [Gr.  </>ih>s,  a friend,  and 
noli/nicd;,  warlike.]  Ruling  over  opposite  or 
contending  natures ; — an  epithet  applied  to 
Minerva.  Wright. 

PHI-LO-PO-LEM'J-CAL;  a.  Fond  of  polemics  or 
controversy.  Sydney  Smith. 

PHi-LQ-PRO-GEN'I-TIVE-NESS,  n.  [Gr.  ipil.ito, 
to  love,  and  L.  progenies,  offspring.]  ( Phren .) 
The  love  of  offspring.  Combe. 

PIM-LoS'O-PHAs-TER,  n.  [L.]  A pretender  to 
philosophy.  H.  More. 

f PIH-LGs'O-PHATE,  v.  n.  [L.  philosophor,  phi- 
losophatus.]  To  philosophize.  Barrow. 

f PHJ-L0S-O-PHA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  philoso- 
phizing. Sir  W.  Petty. 

PH l-HOS’O-PH  EM E,  n.  [Gr.  <f)i?.<j<ro<pryia  ; tpil.ooo- 
ip eu>,  to  discuss.]  A principle  of  reasoning ; a 
theorem,  [r.]  Watts.  Ec.  Rev. 

-LOS'O-PHER,  n.  [Gr.  <l>tl.6oo(pos ; Qll.of,  a lover, 
id  aoipia,  wisdom;  L.  philosophies  ; It.  <Sr  Sp .fi- 
sofo;  Fr.  philosophe.]  A person  versed  in 
ilosophy  ; one  profound  in  knowledge,  wlieth- 
natural  or  moral.  . Hooker. 

Iiitosojihfr's  stone,  a substance  which  was  fancied 
he  alchemists  to  have  the  power  of  converting 
metals  into  gold. 

rO-§OPH'IC,  or  PHLL-O-SOPII'IC  P [ni-o- 
O-SOPH'I-CAL  ) zofik, 

V.  J . F.  Ja.  K.  Sm. ; fil-p-sof'jk,  P.  C.  B. 
Wb.],  a.  [Gr.  il>:?.o<io(piKil! ; L.  philosophicus ; 
St  Sp . filosojico  ; Fr.  pliilosophiquc. ] 
Pertaining  or  suitable  to  philosophy  or  to  a 
ilosopher.  “ Philosophical  systems.”  P.  Cyc. 

2.  Formed  by,  or  proceeding  front,  philosophy. 

Philosophic  pride.”  Milton. 

3.  Skilled  in  philosophy.  “ We  have  our phtlo- 

thical  persons.”  Shah. 

Regulated  by  philosophy ; frugal ; abste- 
“ Philosophic  fare.”  Dryden. 

ational  ; temperate  ; cool ; calm.  Roget. 
Iiic  wool , oxide  of  zinc  formed  during  the 
f the  metal,  when  it  floats  about  in  white 
Bramle. 

'I-CAL-LV,  ad.  In  a philosophical 
tally ; wisely.  Dryden. 


AL-NESS,  n. 
it 


The  qualitv  of 
Ch.  Ob. 


[Fr.  phikisophisme,  from 
ltd  ooipiopit,  a sophism.] 
ophy.  Carlyle. 

philosophiste .]  A pre- 
ophist.  Eustace. 

Pertaining  to  plii- 
sophism.  Wright. 

Hilosophized  ; pp. 
3hized.]  To  act 
ike  a philosopher ; 
reason  of  things ; 
rects. 

losojihizing  upon  the 
Features.  L'  Estrange. 

[Gr.  <ptAo(ro(J)ia  ; 


PHILOSfrORGY 

L.  philosophia  ; It.  $ Sp.  filosofia  ; Fr.  philoso- 
phic.—See  Philosopher.] 

1.  The  science  of  causes  and  principles ; the 
investigation  of  the  principles  on  which  all 
knowledge  and  all  being  ultimately  rest. 

“ Philosophy  is  the  science  of  first  principles, 
that,  namely,  which  investigates  tire  primary  grounds, 
and  determines  tile  fundamental  certainty,  ot  human 
knowledge  generally.”  Morell. 

flog-  “ Man  first  examines  phenomena,  hut  he  is  not 
satisfied  till  he  has  reduced  them  to  their  causes,  and 
when  he  has  done  so,  he  asks  to  determine  the  value 
of  the  knowledge  he  has  attained.  This  is  philosophy, 
properly  so  called,  the  mother  and  governing  science, 
the  science  of  sciences.”  Fleming. 

2.  The  principles  and  laws  of  any  depart- 
ment of  knowledge  ; as,  “ Mental  philosophy  ” ; 
“ Moral  philosophy  ” ; “ Philosophy  of  history.” 

In  philosophy , the  contemplations  of  man  do  either  pene- 
trate unto  God,  or  are  circumferred  to  nature,  or  are  reflected 
or  reverted  upon  himself.  Out  of  which  several  inquiries 
ttiere  do  arise  three  knowledges:  divine  philosophy,  natural 
philosophy,  and  human  philosophy,  or  humanity.  Bacon. 

3.  An  hypothesis  or  system  for  explaining 
natural  effects  ; a philosophical  system. 

The  notions  of  our  philosophy , and  the  doctrines  in  our 
schools.  Locke. 

4.  Reasoning;  argumentation.  Rogovs. 

5.  Course  of  sciences  read  or  taught  in  the 

schools.  Johnson. 

PIHL-0-STOR'<?Y,  n-  [®r-  <P‘l°aT0[>yia ; tpD.os,  a 
lover,  and  ortpyio,  to  love.]  Affection  for  off- 
spring ; philoprogenitiveness.  Crabb. 

PHlL-O-TECIl'NIC,  > [Gr.  a lover, 

PHIL-O-TEUH'NI-CAL,  > and  ri^vy,  an  art;  Fr. 
philotechnique .]  Fond  of  the  arts  ; friendly  to 
the  arts.  Maundev . 

PIHL'TJJR,  n.  [Gr.  tfiilrpov ; ipO.lw,  to  love;  L. 
philtrum  ; It.  $ Sp.  filtro  ; Fr.  philtre.']  A po- 
tion or  charm  to  excite  love.  Addison. 

PHIL'Tf.R,  v.  a.  To  charm  to  love.  Broo/ce. 

PtllZ  (fiz),  n.  [Contracted  from  physiognomy.'] 
The  face,  ludicrously,  or  in  contempt.  Swift. 

PHLIJ-BI'TIS,  n.  [Gr.  iph fits,  a vein.]  (Med.) 
Inflammation  of  the  inner  membrane  of  a vein 
that  is  punctured  or  ruptured.  Dunglison. 

PHLg-Buu'RA-  ■ rr‘  ' G'  L, $Xi/36s,  a vein, 
and  ypai/iui,  to  write.]  . -y  aesenntion  of 

the  veins.  Dunglison. 

PHLEB'O-LITE,  n.  [Gr.  }Uf,  ipfoPds,  a vein,  and 
tidos,  a stone.]  (Med.)  A loose  concretion  in 
the  veins.  Dunglison. 

PHLp-BOL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  <pXi06;,  a vein, 

and  Zoyos,  a discourse.]  The  anatomy  of  the 
veins.  Dunglison. 

PHLU-BOP'TE-RIS,  n.  [Gr.  <pXt a vein, 
and  TTrtpis,  a kind  of  fern  with  feathery  leaves ; 
itTiySv,  a feather.]  (Geol.)  A genus  of  ferns 
from  the  oolite  formation.  Eng.  Cyc. 

PHLEB'OR-RHA£E,  ? [Gr.  ifXif,  <t>Ze06s,  a 

PHLEB-OR-RHA'G!-A,  > vein,  and  'pi'iyvvpi,  to 
break.]  (Med.)  Rupture  of  the  veins. 

Smart.  Dunglison. 

PHLJjJ-BOT'O-MIST,  n.  One  who  practises  phle- 
botomy or  "lets  blood  ; a blood-letter.  Dunglison. 

PHLfl-BOT'O-MlZE,  v.  a.  To  let  blood.  Howell. 

PIIE^-BOT'p-MY,  n.  [Gr.ilili(loTopia;  <pXi<f,  ijiX.tffos, 
a vein,  and  ropy,  a cutting.]  (Surg.)  The  opera- 
tion of  opening  a vein  for  the  purpose  of  taking 
away  blood ; blood-letting ; venesection.  Harvey. 

PHLEGM  (flem),  n.  [Gr.  0 Uyya  ; ipXiyoi,  to  burn; 
L.  phlegma ; It.  flemma ; Fr . plilegine,  flegme] 

1.  (Anat.  & Med.)  One  of  the  four  natural 

humors  of  which  the  ancients  supposed  the 
blood  to  be  composed,  and  which,  according  to 
them,  was  cold  and  moist : — any  aqueous  or 
excrementitious  humor,  as  the  saliva,  nasal 
mucus,  serum,  &c.  Dunglison. 

2.  A stringy  mucus  expectorated  or  thrown  off 

by  vomiting.  [Colloquial.]  Dunglison. 

3.  Dulness;  sluggishness;  coldness;  indif- 
ference ; apathy.  Swift.  Warburton. 

4.  (Chem.)  Water  of  distillation,  [r.]  Boyle. 

PIILEG'MA-GOGUE  (fleg'm^-gog),  n.  [Gr.  ipXtypa, 
phlegm,  and  dyu>,  to  drive.]  A medicine  for- 
merly believed  to  remove  phlegm.  Dunglison. 

PHLEG-MAT'IC,  or  PIILEG'MA-TIC  [fleg-mat'ik, 


1069 

P.  F.K.  Sm.  C.  Wr.  J Vb.  Ash,  Rees ; fleg'm?-tlk, 
S.  \V.  J.  Ja. ; flc'ma-tik,  E],  a.  [Gr.  ipZiyyariKosj 
tpl.iypa,  phlegm  ; L.  phlegmaticus ; It.  Jtemmati- 
co  ; Sp.  fiematico  ; Fr.  phlegmatique .] 

1.  Abounding  in  phlegm.  “ The  phlegmatic 

humors  of  the  body.”  Harvey. 

2.  Generating  phlegifi. 

A neat’s  foot,  I fear,  is  too  phlegmatic  a meat.  Shale. 

3.  Dull;  sluggish;  cold;  frigid;  unfeeling. 

“ A heavy  phlegmatic  temper.”  Addison. 

“ Phlegmatic,  though  more  frequently  heard 
with  the  accent  on  the  antepenultimate,  ought,  if  pos 
sible,  to  be  reduced  to  regularity.”  Walker. 

PHLEG-MAT'I-CAL,  a.  Phlegmatic.  Ash. 

PHLIJG-MAT'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a phlegmatic 
manner;  sluggishly;  coldly.  Lee. 

PHLJJG-MAT'IC-LY,  'ad.  With  phlegm  ; coolly. 

PHLEG'MON,  n.  [Gr.  ipleypovf],  inflammation ; 
ij'Hyw,  to  burn;  L.  phlegmone-,  It.  Jlemmone; 
Fr.  phlegmon,  flegmon]  (Med.)  Inflammation 
of  the  areolar  texture,  attended  with  redness, 
circumscribed  swelling,  and  increased  heat  and 
pain.  Dunglison. 

PH  LEG' MON-O  ID,  a.  [Gr.  <f>hypov>h  phlegmon, 
and  iti o]  form.]  (Med.)  Resembling  phlegmon  ; 
phlegmonous.  Wright. 

PH  LEG 'MO-NOUS,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  resem- 
bling, phlegmon.  Harvey. 

PHLp-GR/E'AN,  a.  [Gr.  <Id.fyp«ios ; L.  Phlegroeus] 
Noting,  or  pertaining  to  Phlegm,  a volcanic  re- 
gion near  Naples.  Andrews. 

PHLEME  (flem),  n.  A fleam.  Johnson. 

PHLE'UM,  n.  [Gr.  <pZ.£e>s,  a marsh  or  water  plant.] 
(Bot.)  A genus  of  grasses,  one  species  of  which 
(Phleum  pratense,  or  timothy-grass),  is  culti- 
vated for  hay  ; cat’s-tail  grass.  Eng.  Cyc. 

PHLO-<?IS'TIC  (flo-jls'tjk),  a.  [Fr.  plilogistique] 

1.  (Chem.)  Partaking  of  phlogiston.  Adams. 

2.  (Med.)  Inflammatory.  Dunglison. 

PHLQ-GlS'TI-CATE,  V.  a.  [i.  PHLOGISTICATED  ; 
pp.  FHLOd&STICATING,  PHLOGISTICATED.]  To 
combine  with  phlogiston.  Henry. 

PHLO-GlS-TI-CA'TION,  n.  The  act  or  the  pro- 
cess of  combining  with  phlogiston.  Wright. 

PHLn-GIS'TON  [flo-jls'ton  or  flo-gls'ton,  W.  P.  J. 
E.  j .;  flo-jls'ton,  5.  K*  C.  Wr.  Wb.;  fig- 
gis'ton,  tS.j,  n.  [Gr.  tyZoyioTos,  Ln-ot  : iblw yoi,  to 
burn.]  (Cheni.)  The  matter  or  principle  of  fire 
fixed  in  combustible  bodies,  — an  imaginary  prin- 
ciple by  which  Stahl  and  his  followers  account- 
ed for  the  phenomena  of  combustion.  Brande. 

PHLO-RET'IC,  a.  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  ob- 
tained from  phloridzine.  Iloblyn. 

PHLOR' E-TINE,  n.  (Chem.)  A crystalline,  in- 
soluble substance  obtained  by  boiling  phlorid- 
zine in  dilute  acids.  Silliman. 

PHLO-RID'ZINE,  n.  [Gr.  tpZoids,  bark,  and  ffa,  a 
root  ] (Chem.)  A slightly  bitter  substance 
contained  in  the  bark  of  the  roots  of  the  apple, 
pear,  cherry,  and  some  other  trees.  Silliman. 

PHLORIZEINE,  n.  (Chem.)  A dark-blue  sub- 
stance obtained  by  exposing  phloridzine  to  moist 
air  and  ammoniacal  vapors.  Silliman. 

PHLOR'l-zlNE,  n.  Phloridzine.  E.  Cyc. 

PHLOX,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.0iiS|,  flame.]  (Bot.)  A ge- 
nus of  plants,  mostly  natives  of  North  America, 
having  generally  purple  or  pink  flowers.  Gray. 

PHO'CA,  n. ; pi.  pnd'CJE.  [L.,  from  Gr.  ipiiKy] 
(Zoiil.)  A genus  of  marine,  amphibious,  car- 
nivorous mammalia ; seals.  Eng.  Cyc. 

PHO-CA'CEAN  (fo-ka’shsm),  n.  (Zoiil.)  An  ani- 
mal of  the  genus  Phoca  ; a seal.  Brande. 

PHO-CiE'A,  n.  (Astron.)  An  asteroid  discovered 
by  Chacornac  in  1853.  Lovering. 

PHO-CEN'IC,  a.  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  ob- 
tained by  saponification  from  phocenine.Rramfe. 

PHO-CE'NINE,  n.  (Chem.)  A peculiar  fatty  mat- 
ter contained  in  the  oil  of  the  porpoise.  Brande. 

PHO'CINE,  a.  Relating  to  the  phoca.  P.  Cyc. 

PHCE'BUS,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  <I>o?/?os.]  (Myth.) 
Apollo:  — the  sun.  W.  Smith. 

PHCE-Nl"CEOUS  (-nish'us,  6G/i,  a.  [Gr.  <poivlKtos  ; 


PHONOGRAPHIC  ALLY 

Qoivf,  purple-red;  L.  phceniceus .]  (Bot.)  Red 
very  slightly  tinged  with  gray.  llenslow. 

PIICE'NI-ClNE,  n.  [Gr.  0oAi|,  purple-red.]  (Chem.) 
A purple  substance  obtained  by  the  action  of 
sulphuric  acid  on  indigo.  Brande. 

PHCE-JYI-COP-  TF.-RI'- 
JVJE,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  0o<- 
viKoxrtpos,  the  flamin- 
go ; tpoirf,  crimson, 
and  irriyoi',  a feather  ; 

L.  phoenicopterus] 

(Ornith.)  A sub-fam- 
ily of  birds  of  the  or- 
der Anseres  and  fam- 
ily Anatidce ; flamin- 
goes. Gray. 

PHCE'NIX  (ie'niks),  n.  Phcenicopterus  antiquorum. 
[L.,  from  Gr.  0oi«|.]  [AYritten  also  plienix] 

1.  (Grecian  Myth.)  A fabled  bird  supposed  to 

live  for  a long  period,  to  exist  single,  and  to 
rise  again  from  its  own  ashes.  IF.  Smith. 

2.  (Astron.)  A southern  constellation  near 

Aehernar.  Nichol. 

3.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  palms  common  in  India 
and  the  north  of  Africa,  including  the  date-tree, 
or  date-palm  (Phoenix  flact ylif era).  Eng.  Cyc. 

PHO-LA'DJJ-AN,  n.  (Conch.)  A mollusk  of  the 
genus  Pholas.  Brande. 

PHO'LA-DITE,  n.  (Pal.)  A fossil  shell  of  the 
genus  Pholas.  Wright. 

PHO'LAR-ITE,  n.  (Min.)  A hydrous  silicate  of 
alumina,  occurring  in  soft,  white,  nacreous 
scales  ; — also  written  pholerite.  Eng.  Cyc. 

PHO'LAS,  n.  [Gr.  <puXas ; <pui?./6s,  a lurking-hole.] 
(Conch.)  A genus  of  conehiferous  mollusks, 
with  a milky-white,  translucent  shell,  inhabit- 
ing stones,  madrepores,  wood,  and  sometimes 
mud  or  sand  into  which  they  bore.  Eng.  Cyc. 

PHOL-l-DOPIl ' O-R  [JS,  n.  [Gr.  ipoXis,  tpo/.lcog,  a 
scale,  and  <pi, pm,  to  bear.]  (Pal.)  A genus  of 
homocercal  ganoid  fishes  clearly  related  to  Lep- 
idotus.  Agassiz. 

PHON-AS-CET'ICS,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  tpoivaoKcu),  to  prac- 
tise one’s  voice;  the  voice,  and  ianeoi,  to 

practise.]  The  art  or  the  method  of  restoring 
the  voice.  Load.  Athenceum. 

PHO-NA'TION,  n.  [Gr.  ifxovy,  a sound,  the  voice.] 
The  pi.rymlogy  of  the  voice.  Dunglison. 

PHO-NET  * u..'  . tpovrjTiKot,  portal. 

PHO-NET'I-CAL,  ) to  sound  or  speaking.] 

1.  Pertaining  to,  or  representing,  articulate 
sounds  ; — opposed  to  ideographic.  Brande. 

2.  Relating  to  phonetics  ; expressed  by  char- 
acters representing  articulate  sounds. 

The  attempt  to  introduce  ‘phonetic  spelling,  or  jihonngra- 
nhy , . . . has  been  several  times  made,  once  m the  sixteenth 
eenhiry.nnd  airom  some  twenty  years  ago  in  France.  Trench. 

PHO-NET'J-CAL-Ly,  ad.  In  a phonetic  manner. 

PHO-NET'ICS.  n.  The  doctrine  or  science  of  ar- 

• ticulate  sounds  and  their  modifications.  Latham 

PHO-NET-I-ZA  'TION,  n.  The  act  or  the  art 
representing  sounds  by  phonetic  charactci 
[r.]  Land.  Atheruem 

PHON'IC,  ? Relating  to  phonics,  or  tl 

PHON'I-CAL,  ) doctrine  of  sounds;  phoncti 
acoustic.  Ch.  O 

PHON'ICS  [fon'iks,  P.  J.  F.  Sm.  Wr.  ; lo'njks,  .]< 
A'.],  7i.  pi.  [Gr.  tponiij,  a sound.]  The  doctrin 
of  sounds;  acoustics;  phonetics.  Brande 

PHO-NO-CAMP'TIO,  a.  [Gr.  ijxovi'i,  a sound,  and 
Kaitnrl),  to  bend.]  Able  to  turn  or  inflect  sound. 
“ Phonocamptk  objects.”  Durham. 

PHO 'NO-GRAPH,  n.  [See  Phonography.]  A 
type  or  character  for  expressing  a sound  ; a 
character  used  in  phonography.  Pitman. 

PHO'NO-GRA PH,  v.  a.  To  represent,  print,  or 
express  by  phonography.  Gent.  Mag. 

PHO-NOG'RA-PHIJR,  n.  One  versed  in  phonog- 
raphy ; a filionographist. 

PHO- 

PHO- 

PHO-NO-GRA  PH’J-CAL-LY,  ad.  Accord' 
phon  ography. 


Pitman. 


3-NO-GR/VPII'IC,  ) a Relating  to  phonog- 
3-NO-GBA PH'J-CAL,  ' rapliy.  Andre- 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RlJLE.  — 'A  $>  i sofl  I G e>  £>  1>  hard  i § as  z;  % as  gz.  — TH» 


PHONOGRAPIIIST 


PIIRENETICALLY 


1070 


PHO-NOG'RA-PHIST,  n.  One  who  is  versed  in 
phonography  ; a phonographer.  Craig. 

PlIO-NOG'RA-PHy,  n.  [Gr.  fun),  a sound,  and 
ypenpa,  to  write.] 

1.  The  art  of  expressing  the  sounds  of  a lan- 
guage by  characters  or  symbols,  one  character 
being  appropriated  exclusively  to  each  sound ; 
— particularly  a brief  system  of  short-hand 
writing,  used  instead  of  stenography,  and  so 
called  in  distinction  from  phonotgpy.  Pitman. 

The  system  of  writing  called  phonography  has  acquired 
some  interest  for  the  public  from  its  singular  success  us  ap- 
plied to  verbatim  reporting,  for  which  purpose  it  is  rapidly 
supplanting  all  former  methods  of  short-hand.  It.  Patterson. 

2.  The  art  of  expressing  ideas  harmoniously 

and  musically.  Swire. 

PHO'NO-LlTE,  n.  [Gr.  tpinv/j,  a sound,  and  7.i0o?, 
a stone.]  A grayish,  compact,  felspathic  rock, 
yielding  a metallic  sound  under  the  hammer ; 
clinkstone.  Dana. 

Phonologist.  Athenceum. 


Same  as  Phonological. 


PHO-NOL'O-GER.  n 

rno-NO-LoG'ic,  a. 

PHO-NO-LOG'I-CAL  [fo-no-loj'e-kfil,  K.  Sm.  ; fon- 
o-loj V-kjl,  Wb.\,  a.  Reiating  to  phonology,  or 
the  doctrine  of  sounds.  Brande. 

ritO-NOL'O-GlST,  «.  One  versed  in  phonology. 

PIIO-NOL'O-Oy,  n.  [Gr.  tpoivi'i,  a sound,  the  voice, 
and  /.i fyos,  a discourse.]  A treatise  on,  or  the 
science  of,  articulate  sounds,  and  their  various 
modifications.  Brande. 

PHO'NO-TYPE,  n.  A type  or  character,  indicat- 
ing a sound,  or  modification  of  sound,  used  in 
phonotypic  printing.  Pitman. 

PHO-NO-TYP'IC,  7 re_  Relating  to  phonot- 

FHO-NO-TYP'I-CAL,  ) ypy.  ' Pitman. 

PHO-NOT'Y-PlST,  n.  One  who  practises  phonot- 
ypy. ’ Land.  Athenceum. 

PHO-NOT'Y-PY,  n-  [Gr.  tpov/j,  a sound,  and  Timos, 
a print,  a type.]  The  act  or  the  art  of  printing 
by  sound,  or  by  types  or  characters  representing 
the  sounds  of  the  voice.  Pitman. 


[Gr.  ttiuvrj,  a sound, 


PHO-NYG-4-MI'  NJE,  n.  pi. 
and  ynpiw,  to 
marry.]  (Or-  $ 

>•  h.)  A sub- 
iily  of  coni- 
tral  birds  of 
ordpr  P"- 


ng-crows. 

Gray.  Phonyyama  viridis. 

PH  OR' MINX,  n.  [Gr.  <pSpiuy%.~\  (Grecian  Ant.) 
A lyre  or  cithara.  W.  Smith. 

PHOR'.MI-UM,  n.  [Gr.  0oppo'?,  any  thing  plaited 
with  rushes.]  (But.)  A gepjlS^at- esw*green, 
herbaceous  plants,  the  leaves  of  which  yield  a 
very  beautiful  and  very  strong  fibre,  which  has 
been  imported  under  the  name  of  New  Zealand 
flax.  Eng.  Cyc. 

PHOR-O-NO'MI-A,  n.  Phoronomies.  Brande. 

PHOR-O-NOM'ICS,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  taptoi,  to  hear  along, 
and  vd pos,  a law.]  The  science  of  motion  ; me- 
chanics. [».]  Brande. 

PHOS’GENE,  a.  [Gr.  0<5o?,  05?,  ligh  , and  yivrite, 
to  produce!]  (Chem.)  Noting  a colorless  gas 
generated  bv  the  action  of  chlorine  on  carbonic 
acid,  in  the  daylight ; chloro-carbonic.  Brande. 

PHOS'9?N-lTE,  n.  (Min.)  Chloro-carbonate  of 
lead.  Dana: 

PHOS'PHATE,  n.  [Fr.]  (Chem.)  A salt  formed 
of  phosphoric  acid  and  a base.  Brande. 


Pertaining  to,  or  containing, 
Murchison. 


PIIOS-PHAT  JC,  a. 
phosphate. 

PHOS'PHlTE,  n.  [Fr.]  (Chem.)  A salt  formed 
of  phosphorous  acid  and  a base.  Brande. 

PHOS'PHO-LITE,  n.  [Eng.  phosphorus  and  Gr. 
7.100?,  a stone.]  (Min.)  An  earth  united  with 
phosphoric  acid.  Wright. 

PHOS'PHOR,  n.  Phosphorus,  [r.]  Addison. 
PHOS'PHO-R.YTE,  V.  a.  [i.  PHOSPHdR  YTED  ; pp. 


PIIOS'PIIO-RAT-5D,  p.  a.  Impregnated  with 
phosphorus.  Kirwan. 

PHOS-PHO'Rp-oCS,  a.  Having  a luminous  quality. 

The  mollusca  ...  by  their phosphoreous  quality  illuminate 
the  dark  abyss.  • Pennant. 

PHOS-PIIO-RESCE'  (-res'),  v.  n.  [t.  phospho- 
resced ; pp.  PHOSPHORESCING,  PHOSPHO- 
RESCED.] To  emit  a phosphoric  light,  or  light 
without  heat ; to  shine  as  phosphorus.  Brande. 

PHOS-PHO-RES'CENCE,  n.  [Fr.]  Light  or  lu- 
minousness, like  that  of  phosphorus,  presented 
in  the  dark  by  many  substances,  as  stale  fish, 
the  jelly-fish,  &c.  Thomson. 

PHOS-PHO-RES'CENT,  a.  [Fr.]  Emitting  phos- 
phoric light ; emitting  light  without  heat.  Ure. 

PHOS-PIIOR'IC,  7 a [Ri\  phosphorique.]  Per- 

PHOS-PHOR'I-CAL,  ) tabling  to,  containing,  re- 
sembling, or  obtained  from,  phosphorus. 

Phosphoric  acid , (Chem.)  an  acid  containing  one 
equivalent  of  phosphorus  and  five  equivalents  of  oxy- 
gen. Silliman. 

PHOS'PHO-RITE,  n.  (Min.)  Native  phosphate  of 
lime  ; a variety  of  apatite.  Dana. 

PHOS-PHO-RIT'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  resem- 
bling, phosphorite.  Wright. 

PHOS'PHO-ROUS,  a.  1.  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid 
consisting  of  one  equivalent  of  phosphorus,  and 
three  equivalents  of  oxygen.  Thomson. 

2.  Having  a luminous  quality.  Pennant'. 

PHOS'PHO-RUS,  n.  [Gr.  0aw0f5po? ; 05?,  light,  and 
iptpw,  to  bring  ; L.  phosphorus .] 

1.  The  morning-star.  Pope. 

2.  (Chem.)  A colorless,  inflammable,  poison- 

ous substance,  insoluble  in  water,  formerly  ob- 
tained from  urine,  but  now  chiefly  from  bones. 
It  shines  in  the  dark,  and  in  the  air  yields  the 
odor  of  garlic.  Thomson. 

PHOS'PHU-RET,  n.  A compound  of  phosphorus 
with  some  other  substance.  Brande. 

PHOS'PIIU-RET-TED,  a.  Combined  with  phos- 
phorus. “ Phosphurctted  hydrogen.”  Buchanan. 

PHOS-PII YT'TRlTE,  n.  [phosphorus  and  yttria .] 
(Min.)'  Phosphate  of  yttria.  Ogilvie. 

PHO'TpL,  n.  (Bot.)  A tree  resembling  the  ba- 
nana-tree. Cv  '•!' 


ganca 


me  of  man- 
Dana. 


PHO-TO-CHEM'I-CAL,  a.  [Gr.  05c,  0«n5 ?,  light, 
and  Eng.  chemical.]  (Chem.)  Pertaining  to,  or 
caused  by,  the  chemical  action  of  light.  Brande. 

Photo-chemical  induction,  the  peculiar  action  by 
which  light  increases  the  attraction  between  chemi- 
cally active  molecules,  or  overcomes  the  resistances 

to  their  combination.  Graham. 

PIl0'TO-(iENE,  n.  [Gr.  0do?,  05?,  0wrii?,  light,  and 
ycvraui,  to  produce.]  A photograph.  Crabb. 

PHO-TO-CEN'JO,  a.  [Gr.  05?,  0wri5?,  light,  and 

y/rrino,  to  produce.]  Noting  a kind  of  drawing 
or  picture  made  by  the  action  of  light  on  a pre- 
pared surface.  Brande. 

PIIO-TOty'E-NY,  n.  The  art  or  the  act  of  pro- 
ducing photogenic  drawings  or  pictures.  P.  Cyc. 

PHO'TO-GRApH,  n.  A picture  produced  by  pho- 
tography. Month,  liev. 

PIIO'TO-GRAPH,  v.  a.  To  produce  by  photogra- 
phy, as  a picture.  Month.  Iiev. 

PHO-TOG'RA-PH  ER,  n.  A photographist.  Clarke. 

photogra- 
Rclating  to 
Marsh. 


£ a ' . 

) nhin 


[Fr. 


PHO-TO-GRAPH'JC, 

PHO-TCMSRAPH'I-CAL,  ) phique .] 
photography. 

FHO-TOG'RA-PHIST,  n.  One  who  practises  pho- 
tography ; a photographer.  Wright. 

PHO-TOG-R A-PHO.M'p-TER,  n.  [Gr.  05?,  0wr<5?, 
light,  yph'tno,  to  write,  and  phpov,  a measure.]  An 
instrument  for  determining  the  sensibility  of  the 
tablets  employed  in  the  photographic  process, 
relatively  to  the  amount  of  radiation,  luminous 
and  cliemical.  Ogilvie. 

PHO-TOG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  05?,  0wri5?,  light,  and 


sentations  of  objects  by  the  action  of  light  on  a 
prepared  surface  ; pliotogeriy  ; — a term  applied 
restrictedly  to  the  art  or  the  practice  of  pro- 
ducing pictures  by  the  action  of  light  on  pre- 
pared paper.  • Brande. 

PHO-iO-LOG  IC,  7 a Pertaining  to  photol- 

PHO-TO-LOG'J-CAL,  ) ogy.  Clarke. 

PH0-T6l'0-GY,  n'  [Gr.  05?,  0wr< S?,  light,  and 
koyos,  a discourse  ; Fr.  photologie.]  The  science 
or  doctrine  of  light.  • Brande. 

PHO-TOM'5-TJJR,  n.  [Gr.  05?, ‘0a>rd?,  light,  and 
pirpov,  a measure  ; Fr.  photometre.)  An  instru- 
ment to  measure  the  intensity  of  light.  P.  Cyc. 

PHO-TO-MET'RJC,  7 8-  [Fr.  pholometrique.) 

PHO-TO-MET'RI-CAL,  > Relating  to,  or  produced 
by,  photometry,  or  a photometer.  Brande. 

PHO-TOM' E-TRY,  n.  [Fr.  photometric .]  The 
science  or  the  act  of  measuring  light.  Nichol. 

PHO-TO-PHO'BJ-A,  n.  [Gr.  05?,  0wrd?,  light,  and 
<f>opcopai,  to  fear.]  (Med.)  Aversion  to  light ; 
nyctalopy.  Dunylison. 

FHO-TOP'SI-  A,  n.  [Gr.  05?,  0oiri5?,  light,  and  o<0i?, 
sight ; Fr.  pliotopsie. ] A morbid  affection  of 
the  eyes,  in  which  coruscations  of  light  seem  to 
play  before  them.  Dunylison. 

PHO-TOP'SY,  n.  Photopsia.  Clarke. 

PIIO'TO-SPIIERE,  n.  [Gr.  0j Z>?,  0car(5?,  light,  and 
tmaipa,  a sphere.]  The  sphere  of  light.  Arago. 

FHRAG-Ml'TE§,  n.  [Gr.  tfipaypirri;,  growing  in 
hedges;  ppAypa,  a fence.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of 
plants,  including  the  reed.  Eng.  Cyc. 

PHRASE  (friz),  n . [Gr.  0pcm? ; <ppa$w,  to  speak; 
L.  phrasis ; It.  Sy.frase ; Fr.  phrase.'] 

1.  An  expression  consisting  of  two  or  more 
words,  and  forming  in  general  a part  of  a sen- 
tence. 

To  fear  the  Lord,  and  depart  from  evil,  arc  phrases  which 
the  Scripture  useth  to  express  the  sum  of  religion.  Tillotson. 

2.  A mode  of  speech  peculiar  to  a language  ; 

an  idiom.  Johnson. 

3.  Manner  of  expression  ; phraseology  ; style. 

“Thou  speakest  in  better  phrase.”  Shah 

4.  (MUS.)  A COnnoo*- . 1 

of  sever- 1 i nui 

r penoa.  Dicight. 

_ xx.  — See  Style. 

PHRASE  (fraz),  v.  a.  [ i . PHRASED  ; pp.  PHRAS- 
ING, phrased.]  To  express  in  words  ; to  style  ; 
to  call ; to  term.  Shah. 

PHRASE  (fraz),  v.n.  To  employ  phrases.  Prynne. 

PHRASE— BOOK  (-buk),  n.  A small  book  in  which 
the  peculiar  phrases  or  idioms  of  a language 
are  explained.  Ash. 

PHRAfJE'Lf.SS,  a.  Speechless.  Shah. 

PHRA§E'MAN,  n.  A maker  of  phrases.  Coleridge. 

PHRA-SG-O-LOR'IC,  7 Pertaining  to,  or 

PHRA-ijiE-O-LOG'I-CAL,  > consisting  of,  a phrase. 

PHRA-§P-6l'0-GIsT,  n.  A stickler  for  a partic- 
ular phraseology.  More. 

PHRA-SE-OL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  0p«0i'?,  phrase,  and 
7.6yos,  a discourse ; It.  4'  Sp.  fruscologia ; Fr. 
phrasiologie .] 

1.  Manner  of  expression  ; diction  ; style. 

Phraseology  formal  and  unfashionable.  Johnson. 

2.  A phrase-book.  Ainsworth. 

Syn.  — See  Style. 

PHRAS'ING,  n.  1.  Expression  ; phrase. 

We  have  not  tied  ourselves  to  an  uniformity  of  phrasing. 

Iranslators  oj  the  Bible. 

2.  (Mas.)  The  art  or  the  manner  of  grouping 
together  notes  or  syllables  in  singing  or  in  play- 
ing. Dwight. 

PHRA'TRY,  n.  [Gr.  ipparpa.']  (Ant.)  A subdivis- 
ion of  a phyle  or  tribe  in  Athens.  Smart. 

PHRG-NET'JC  [fie-net'ik,  IF.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Jo,.  K. 
Sm.  Wr. ; fren'e-tik,  S.],  a.  [Gr.  (ppnariKdc ; L. 
phreneticus ; It.  4 Sp.  frenetico  ; Fr.  phrene- 
tique.\  Disordered  in  the  brain  ; mad ; frantic  ; 
frenetic.  — See  Frenetic,  [r.]  Hudibras. 

PHRG-NET'JC,  n.  A frantic  person,  [r.]  Selden. 

PHR IJ-NET' [-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a frantic  or  deliri- 


bine  or  impregnate  with  phosphorus.  Brande. 

the  practice  of  producing  fac-similes  or  repre- 

ous  manner,  [r.] 

Wright. 

A,  E,  !,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; \,  E,  I,  O, 

U,  Y,  short ; A,  Jp 

I,  O,  U,  Y>  obscure ; FARE, 

FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 

PHRENIC 


1071 


PHYSIOGNOMER 


HIREN'IC,  a.  [Fr. phrenique.]  (Anat.)  Belonging 
to  the  diaphragm ; diaphragmatic.  Dunghson. 

PHREN'ICS,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  <pf>rjn,  the  mind.]  Mental 
philosophy  ; metaphysics,  [it.]  Park. 

PHRE-Ni'TIS,  11.  [L.,  from  Gr.  (Iipeviri;  ; </>f tt/v, 

(/iprrof,  the  mind.]  (Med.)  Inflammation  of  the 
brain,  or  of  the  membranes  of  the  brain  ; deliri- 
um ; phrensy  ; frenzy.  Dunglison. 

PHRlJ-NOL/O-GpR,  n.  A phrenologist.  Phr.Jour. 

PHREN-O-LOG'IC, 


PHREN-O-L09T-CAL, 


a.  [Fr.  plirenologique .] 
Relating  to  phrenology. 

Combe. 


PHREN-O-L69T-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a phrenologi- 
cal manner  ; according  to  phrenology.  Combe. 

PIIRP-NOL'O-GIST,  n.  [Fr.  phrenologiste.]  One 
who  is  versed  in  phrenology.  Ch.  Ob. 

PIIRE-NOL'O-GV,  11.  [Gr.  tppyv,  ipyivi;,  the  mind, 
and  l.dyos,  a discourse  ; It .frenologia  ; Fr .phri- 
nologie.\  A science  the  end  of  which  is  to  de- 
termine the  functions  of  the  brain  in  general, 
and  of  its  different  parts  in  particular,  and  to 
prove  that  different  faculties  and  propensities 
have  their  special  organs,  and  that  they  may  be 
recognized  by  the  protuberances,  or  by  the  con- 
formation, of  the  cranium  ; craniology. 

Gall.  Spurzhcim.  Combe. 
AQ5=  “ This  word  ought  to  mean  psychology,  or 
mental  philosophy,  but  has  been  appropriated  by  cra- 
niologists  on  account  of  the  light.which  their  obser- 
vations of  the  convolutions  of  the  brain  and  corre- 
spondingelevatious  of  the  skull  are  supposed  to  throw 
on  tlie  nature  and  province  of  our  different  faculties.” 
Fleming. 

PHREN-O-MAg'N^T-I^M,  it.  [Gr.  ippyv,  the  mind, 
and  Eng.  magnetism.']  The  power  of  exciting 
the  brain  by  magnetic  influence.  Wright. 

PIIREN'^Y,  v.  a.  To  infuriate,  [it.]  Byron. 

PI1REN'§Y  (fren'ze),  n.  [L.  phrenesis  ; It.  frene- 
sia ; Sp.  frenesi ; Fr.  phrenesie,  frenisiei]  In- 
flammation or  disorder  of  the  brain  ; delirium ; 
madness;  phrenitis  ; frenzy.  — See  Frenzy. 

Dfcmoniac  phrensy,  moping  melancholy.  Milton. 

t PIIREN'TIC,  a.  Phrenetic.  Jenks,  1689. 

f PHREN'TIC,  n.  A madman  ; a phrenetic. 
“ Phrentics,  or  bedlams.”  Woodward. 

f PHRON'TIS-TER-Y,  n.  [Gr.  ippovrurrypiov  ; ippo- 
u,  to  think.]  A school ; a seminary  of  learn- 
ing. ..  Corah's  Doom,  S;c.,  1672. 

PMRYG'I-AN  (frlj'e-an),  a.  1.  ( Geog .)  Relating 
to  Phrygia,  an  ancient  province  of  Asia  Minor. 

2.  ( Mus .)  Denoting,  among  the  ancients,  a 
sprightly  animating  kind  of  music,  particularly 
adapted  to  martial  instruments.  Arbuthnot. 

Phrygian  stone,  a kind  of  pumice-stone,  used  by  file 
ancients  as  an  astringent.  Wright. 

PlITHI-RI'A-SIS  (the-rl'j-sls),  n.  [L.,  from  Gr. 
tpSupiaais  ; tpBtip,  a louse.]  (Med.)  A disoase 
which  consists  in  the  excessive  multiplication 
of  lice  on  the  body  ; the  lousy  disease. Dmigllson% 

PHTHIS  IC  (tlz'jk),  n.  (Med.)  Phthisis;  — a term 
applied  popularly  to  a disease  resembling  asth- 
ma-  Harvey. 

PIITHIg'J-CAL  (tlz'e-kal),  n.  [Gr.  ; L. 

phthisicus ; It.  § Sp.  tisico  ; Fr . phthisique.]  Hav- 
ing, or  pertaining  to,  phthisis  or  phthisic  ; wast- 
ing. “ Phthisical  consumption.”  Harvey. 

PHTHlij'ICK-Y  (tlz'e-ke),  a.  Having,  or  pertain- 
ing to,  phthisic  or  phthisis  ; phthisical. Maunder. 

PHTHls-I-OL'O-gJY ; (tTz-),\i.  [Gr.  00,V,5,  phthi- 
(Med.)  A treatise 


I EU-MO'NI-A,  ) 
EU'MO-NY,  ) 


Dunglison. 

n.  [Gr.  tpdiais,  phthi- 
sis, and  TTviupa,  the 


sis,  and  Liyos,  a discourse;] 
on  phthisis. 

PIlTin§-IP-NEU- 
PHTHIS-IP-NEU 

breath.]  (Med.)  Pulmonary Vonsumption. 

Dunglison. 

PHTIH'SIS  (thi'sjs  or  tl'sjs)  [tliiVjs,  S.  W.  F.  Ja. 
K.  Wr. ; tl'sjs,  Sm.  ; thls'js,  P.]Si.  [L.,  from  Gr." 
ipOims,  ipBiut,  to  waste  away.]  \[ed.)  Progres- 

sive emaciation  of  every  part  of  the  body;  — 
pulmonary  consumption.  , Dunglison. 

PHTIION-GOM'IJ-TER  (thong-gom'eVer),  n.  [Gr. 
ipOoyyrj,  the  voice,  and  pirpov,  a measure.]  A 
measure  of  vocal  sounds.  \ Smart. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NO 


PIIY'CQ-MA-TIJR,  n.  [Gr.  4>vkos,  sea-weed,  and 
pfjryp,  mother.]  (Bot.)  The  gelatinous  sub- 
stance in  which  the  sporules  of  algaceous  plants 
first  vegetate.  Brande. 

PIIY-lAc'TJJ-R,  n.  A. phylactery.  Sandys. 

PHY-LAC'T^REP  (fe-iak'terd),  a.  Wearing  phy- 
lacteries ; dressed  like  the  Pharisees.  Green. 

Pin  L-AC-TEll'jC,  ? Relating  to  phylac- 

PHYL-AC-TER'J-CAL,  ) teries.  [r.]  L.  Addison. 

PIiy-J.AC'T^lR-Y,  11.  [Gr.  tpviriKTyptov ; (f>y?.arraw , 
to  guard  ; L.  phylacterium ; It.  filateria ; Sp. 
Jilacteria  ; Fr . phylactere.] 

1.  (Ant.)  An  amulet ; a charm.  Andreics. 

2.  Among  the  Jews,  a strip  of  parchment  in- 
scribed with  some  passage  of  Scripture,  worn  on 
the  forehead,  nearly  between  the  eyes,  or  on  the 
left  arm  near  the  heart,  to  remind  the  wearer  to 
fulfil  the  law  with  the  head  and  the  heart.  Kitto. 

3.  A case  in  which  the  early  Christians  en- 
closed the  relics  of  their  dead.  Land.  Ency. 

PMY'LARCH,  n.  [Gr.  ijibl-ap-^os ; c Jmh'i,  a tribe,  a 
division  of  the  Grecian  army,  and  1°  com- 

mand; L . phylarchus ; Fr .phylarquei]  (Grecian 
Ant.)  The  prefect  of  a tribe  : — a commander 
of  cavalry.  W.  Smith. 

PIIY'LARiCH-Y,  11.  [Gr.  ipvl.ap^ia.]  The  state  or 
the  office  of  a phylarch.  Wright. 

PIIYLE,  n.  [Gr.  ipvh'/.]  A tribe  in  Athens.  Smart. 

PHYL-lAn'  THUS,  n.  [Gr.  <ptV.ov,  a leaf,  and  avBos, 
a flower.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants  having  flow- 
ers growing  on  the  edges  of  the  leaves.  Loudon. 

PIIYL'LIS,  v.  a.  [ Phyllis , a mistress  in  Virgil’s 
Eclogues.]  To  celebrate  or  court  by  amatory 
verses.  “ Phyllising  the  fair.”  [it.]  Garth. 

PIIYL'LITE,  ii.  [Gr.  tpW.ov,  a leaf,  and  UBoS,  a 
stone.]  (Min.)  A mineral  occurring  in  small 
shining  scales  or  plates  ; ottrelite.  Dana. 

PHYL-LO ' DI-tjJ\I,  n.  ; pi.  PHYJ.LODIA.  [Gr.  ipb?.- 
hov,  a leaf,  and  tibos,  form.]  (Bot.)  A leaf  con- 
sisting of  a dilated  petiole  which  takes  the 
place  of  a true  blade.  Gray. 

PIIYL'LODE,  n.  See  Phyllodium.  Smart. 

PIIYL-l6pH'A-GAN,  n.  [Gr.  ipfdJ.ov,  a leaf,  and 
ipayoi,  to  eat.]  (Zo'il.)  One  of  a tribe  of  marsu- 
pial animals  which  includes  the  phalangers  : — 
one  of  the  family  of  beetles  which  feed  on  the 
leaves  of  plants  ; a chafer.  Brande. 

PHYL-LOPH'O-ROUS,  a.  [Gr.  <pbV.ov,  a leaf,  and 

no,  to  bear.]  Bearing  leaves.  P.  Cye. 

PHYL-LOP  ' O-DJi,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  iptllov,  a leaf,  and 
nobs,  nob 6s , a foot.]  (Zoiil.)  An  order  of  crusta- 
ceans having  feet  of  a flattened  leai-like  form. 

PHYL'LO-POD,  n.  (Zoiil.)  One  of  the  F 

PHYL-LO-SO'MA,  11.  [G]'.  +m°v- 

adpa,  the  body.]  (Zoiil.)  A famil)  „ 
ceans,  noted  for  their  rounded  shape,  the  trim, 
parency  of  their  teguments,  and  for  having  the 
carapace  large,  lamellar,  and  extended  like  a 
leaf  horizontally  above  the  base  of  the  antenna; 
and  a part  of  the  thorax  ; glass-crab.  Eng.  Cyc. 

PHYL  LO-.STOME,  ii.  [Gr.  t/ibllov,  a leaf,  and 
ordpa,  the  mouth ; Fr.  phyllostome .]  (Zoiil.) 
One  of  a family  of  bats,  found  in  warm  cli- 
mates, having  the  nasal  disk  expanded  into  a 
distinct  leaf ; leaf-nosed  bat.  Brande. 

PHYL-LO- TAX'IS,  7 [Gr.  ^pj0v,  a ]paf_  antl 

PHYL-LO-TAx'Y,  ) t6(is,  an  arranging.] 

The  arrangement  of  leaves  on  the  stem. 


P1IYS-CO  ' Jri-Jt,  n.  [Gr.  fiery,  the  stomach  and 
large  intestine.]  (Med.)  A large  tumor  in  the 
abdomen,  that  is  neither  fluctuating  nor  sono- 
rous. Dunglison. 

PIIY-SE'T£R,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  Ipioyn'jp ; 0utrdw,  to 
swell.] 

1.  (Zoi/l.)  The  cachelot,  or  sperm  whale. Baird. 

2.  A kind  of  filtering  machine.  Francis. 

PHY§-!-AN'TIIRO-PY,  n.  [Gr.  06tr(f,  nature,  and 

avOpw nos,  man.]  The  philosophy  of  human  life, 
or  the  doctrine  of  the  constitution  and  diseases 
of  man,  and  the  remedies.  Wright. 

PHY§'ic  (fiz’jk),  n.  [See  Physics.] 

1.  The  art  of  healing  diseases  and  preserving 

health  ; the  science  of  medicine.  Locke. 

2.  A medicine  or  medicines  ; a drug.  Dryden. 

Physic,  for  the  most  part,  is  nothing  else  but  the  substitute  - 

for  exercise  and  temperance.  Aildison. 

3.  A purging  medicine  ; a cathartic.  Abbot. 

PIIYip'IC  (fiz'jlc),  v.  a.  [i.  physicked  ; pp.  PHYS- 
ICKING, physicked.]  To  give  physic  to;  to 
purge  : — to  cure  ; to  heal.  Shak. 

PHY§'!-CAL  (flz'e-kjl),  a.  [Gr.  (jivaacos  ; L . physi- 
cus  ; It.  Sg.fisico  ; Fr .phisique.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  physics,  to  nature,  to  natural 
productions,  or  to  natural  philosophy  ; natural ; 
•bodily  ; corporeal  ; — opposed  to  moral. 

As  to  physical  causes,  I am  inclined  to  doubt  altogether  of 
their  operation  in  this  particular;  nor  do  I think  that  men 
owe  any  tiling  of  their  temper  or  genius  to  the  air,  food,  or 
climate.  Bacon. 

I call  that  physical  certainty  which  doth  depend  upon  the 
evidence  of  sense.  Wilkins. 

2.  External; — opposed  to  chemical.  “The 
physical  characters  of  a mineral.”  Wright. 

3.  Pertaining  to  physic,  or  the  art  of  healing; 
medical.  “ A physical  treatise.”  Johnson. 

4.  Used  as  medicine;  medicinal: — cathar- 
tic ; purgative. _ “ Physical  herbs.”  North. 

5.  Like  physic.  “ A physical  taste.”  Johnson. 

Physical  education , education  for  giving  strength, 

health,  and  vigor  to  tile  bodily  organs  and  powers 

Physical  geography.  See  Geography.  — Physical 
lever,  a real  or  actual  lever  ; a lever  having  size, 
thickness,  and  weight  ; — opposed  to  mathematical 
lever.  — Physical  science,  a term  applied  to  tile  science 
of  inorganic  bodies.  Brande. 

PIIY^’l-CAL-LY,  ad.  1.  In  a physical  manner; 
by  natural  operation  ; naturally.  Locke. 

2.  By  means  of  medicine,  [it.]  Chcyne. 

PIIY^'I-CAL-NESS,  ii.  State  of  being  physical. 

Scott. 

PHY-§i''OIAN  (fe-zlsh'rm),  n.  One  who  professes 
or  practises  medicine,  or  the  healing  art ; a 
doctor. 

Syn.  — In  this  country,  the  professions  or  duties 
of  a physician  and  surgeon  are  commonly  united  ip 
tlie  same  person  ; but  in  England  they  are  commonly 
separate  ; and  in  that  com; ‘wy  a rgeon  does  not 
— “ 'ilk  of  or-  '.or.  ‘ , •uohy  ary 


(Bot.) 
Gray. 

PIIYS'A-LLS,  n.  [Gr.  tpvaalis.] 

1.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants  having  the  fruit 


enclosed  in  a calyx  ; winter  cherry. 

2.  (Zoiil.)  A floating,  compound, 
heterogeneous  Aealephan  ; Portu- 
guese man-of-war.  Agassiz. 

PH'Yij'A-LlTE,  n.  [Gr.  <pvaAio,  to 
blow,  to  swell,  and  H0oS,  a stone.] 
(Min.)  A coarse  and  nearly  opaque 
variety  of  topaz  which  intumesces 
when  heated  ; — called  also  pyro- 
physalite.  Dana. 


Loudon. 


i n v 

Jatropha,  i . 

and  drastic,  aim  m -urge  doses  energe p, 
soi^s  ; Jatropha  curcas.  Fn£.  Cyc. 

PHY§'J-CO— LOG'IC,  ii.  Logic  illustrated  byphys- 
*cs-  Sjnart. 

PHYS-1-CO-fl.OG'l-CAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  physi- 
co-togic-  Swift. 

PHY^'I-CO-MATII-E-MAt'ICS,  n.  pi.  Mixed 
mathematics.  Crabb. 

PHYij'j-CO— Til  E-OI/O-yy,  n.  Natural  theology, 
or  theology  enforced  or  illustrated  by  natural 
philosophy.  Denham. 

PHY§'JCS,  11.  pi.  [Gr.  ijiuaiKy  ; ipbais,  nature  ; t/ibio, 
to  bring  forth  ; L.  physica  ; It.  A Sp  fisica-,  'pr. 
physique .]  The  science  of  nature  ; natural  phi- 
losophy ; — that  department  of  science  which 
has  for  its  subject  ail  things  that  exist  inde- 
pendently of  the  mind’s  conception  of  them,  and 
thus  standing  distinct  from  metaphysics,  or  the 
science  which  has  for  its  subject  the  notions 
that  exist  in  the  mind  only.  1 Carton. 

PHYS-I-OG'NO-Mpit,  n.  One  skilled  in  physiog- 
nomy ; a physiognomist,  [u.]  Peacham. 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  9,  9,  9,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  q,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


PHYSIOGNOMIC 


1072 


PICA 


PH\  §-J-OG-N()M  IC,  ? a ' [Gr.  ipuotoyvwpovtKds ; 

PHY§-I-OG-n6M'1-CAL,  > It.  <Sf  Sp.  fisonomico  ; 
Fr.  physiognomoniquc.]  Pertaining  to  physiog- 
nomy or  physiognomies.  Browne. 

PHY^-J-OG-NOJTlCS,  n.  pi.  1.  Physiognomy. 

Chambers. 

2.  (Med.)  Signs  in  the  countenance  by  which 
physicians  judge  of  the  state  of  a patient.  Smart. 

PIJY§-I-6g'NO-mIsT,  n.  [Fr.  physioynomoniste .] 
One  who  is  versed  in  physiognomy.  Dryden. 

PHY^-I-OG'NO-iUlZE,  v.  a.  To  practise  physiog- 
nomy upon.  Southey. 

f PHYS-I-OG-NO-MON'JC,  a.  Physiognomic.  Ash. 

PHY§-I-OG'NO-MY  [fiz-e-og'no-me,  S.  P.  J.  E.  F. 
K.  Sm.  R.  C.-,  fizh'e-og-no-me,  IF.;  flz-e-og'no- 
me  or  fiz-e-on'o-me,  Ja.],  n.  [Gr.  ipvaioyviopovia  ; 
<pb<rts,  nature,  and  ymhpiov,  an  examiner,  a judge  ; 
yiyvuiaKui,  to  know;  It.  <S,  Sp . fso/iomia  ; Fr. 
physiog  no  monte.] 

1.  The  art  of  discovering  the  temper  and 

character  by  the  outward  appearance,  especially 
by  the  features  of  the  face.  Bacon. 

2.  Particular  cast  or  expression  of  the  face; 
appearance  ; countenance  ; face. 

The  end  of  portraits  consists  in  expressing  the  true  tem- 
per of  those  persons  which  it  represents,  and  to  make  known 
their  physiognomy.  JJri/tlcn. 

“There  is  a prevailing  mispronunciation  of 
this  word,  by  leaving  out  the  g,  as  if  the  word  were 
French.  If  this  arises  from  ignorance  of  the  common 
rules  of  spelling,  it  may  be  observed  that  g is  always 
pronounced  before  n when  it  is  not  in  the  same  syl- 
lable ; as,  sig-nify , indig-nity,  &c.  ; but  if  affectation 
be  the  cause  of  this  error,  Dr.  Young’s  1 Love  of 
Fame  ’ will  be  the  best  cure  for  it.”  Walker. 

PHYfj-I-OG 'NO-TYPE,  71.  [Gr.  ipvaioyviopovia,  phys- 
iognomy, and  tv-os,  a print,  a sketch.]  A ma- 
chine for  taking  casts  and  imprints  of  human 
faces  or  countenances.  Obsen'er. 

PHY^-I-OG’O-NY,  n.  [Gr.  tf/bats,  nature,  and  ydvos, 
yivos,  birth.]  The  birth  of  nature.  Coleridge. 

PHY§-!-0-GRAph'I-CAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  phys- 
iography. Wright. 

PHY§-I-OG'RA-FHY,  n.  [Gr.  pi-ait,  nature,  and 
ypipu),  to  write,  to  draw;  Fr.  physiographic.]  A 
description  of  nature.  Coleridge. 

||  PHY^-I-OL’O-GpR,  n.  A physiologist.  Aubrey. 

||  PHYljS-5-O-LO^r'lC,  ? a.  [L.  physiologicus ; 

||  PHY§-!-0-L0£'!-CAL,  ) It.  &Sp .Jisiologico ; Fr. 
phgsiologique.]  Pertaining  to  physiology. Stewart. 

Physiological  botany,  a science  the  object  of  which 
is  to  explain  the  way  in  which  plants  live,  grow,  and 
perform  their  various  operations,  as  well  as  the  form 
and  structure  of  the  organs  of  plants,  by  which  their 
operations  are  performed. 

||  PHfS-l-f'  1 1.  Tu  i . : : 


+ PHY§'Y,  n.  A fusee.  Locke. 

PHY-TEL'U-PHAs,  n ■ [Gr.  tpvrSv,  a plant,  and 
iifQas,  an  elephant,  ivory.]  (But.)  A genus  of 
trees  found  in  South  America,  bearing  hard, 
white  seeds,  about  as  large  as  a pigeon’s  egg, 
and  of  an  oblong,  ovate,  triangular  shape, 
which,  under  the  name  of  vegetable  ivory,  are 
manufactured  into  buttons,  knobs,  toys,  &c. 

Eng.  Cyc. 

PHY-TEU’ MJ1,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  (plrevpa,  a plant 
used  as  an  aphrodisiac.]  ( Bot .)  A genus  of  de- 
ciduous, herbaceous  plants  ; sampion.  Eng.  Cyc. 

PHY-TIPH'A-gAn,  n.  A cetacean.  Smart. 

PH  Y-Tl  V'O-ROUS,  a.  [Gr.  ipvrdv,  a plant,  and  L. 
voro,  to  devour.]  Feeding  on  plants  ; phytopha- 
gous ; gramnivorous.  Ray. 

PHY-TO— JCHEM' jS-TRY,  77.  [Gr.  ipvrdv,  a plant, 
and  Eng.  chemistry .]  The  chemistry  of  plants  ; 
vegetable  chemistry.  Philos.  Mag. 

PHY-TujCH'l-M  Y,  n.  [Gr.  007-de,  a plant,  and  Fr. 
chimie,  chemistry.]  Phyto-chemistry.  Wright. 

PHY-TOG'p-NY,  71.  [Gr.  ipvrdv,  a plant,  and 
yivos,  race.]  The  doctrine  of  the  generation  of 
plants.  . Wright. 

PHY-TO— <?E-6g'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  ipvrdv,  a plant, 
and  Eng.  geography .]  The  geography  of  plants. 

PHY-TO-GRAPH'I-CAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  phy- 
tography.  Wright. 

PHY-TOG'R  A-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  ipvrov,  a plant,  and 
ypatpui,  to  write;  It.  &;  Sp.  fitografa ; Fr.  phy- 
tographie .]  That  department  of  botany  which 
includes  the  description  of  plants.  Ilenslow. 

PHY-TO-LAc'CA,  7i.  [Gr.  i pvrdv,  a plant,  and  It. 
lacca,  lac.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  herbaceous 
plants,  the  fruit  of  which  yields  a red  color  like 
lac.  — See  Poke.  Loudo7i. 

PH Y'TO-LITE,  n.  [Gr.  pvrdv,  a plant,  and  klbog, 
a stone  ; Fr . phytolithe.]  (Nat.  Hist.)  A petri- 
fied plant ; a fossil  vegetable.  Scudamore. 

PHY-TQ-LI-THOL'O-tjfST,  71.  One  who  is  skilled 
in,  or  who  treats  of,  fossil  plants.  Craig. 

PHY-TO-LI-THOL'O-GY,  77.  [Gr.  ifivrdv,  a plant, 
l.iOos,  a stone,  and  i.byo s,  a discourse.]  Atreatise 
on  fossil  plants.  . Craig. 

PHY-TO-LO(?'!-CAL,  a.  [Fr.  phytologiguc.]  Re- 
lating to  phytology,  or  to  plants.  Lyell. 

PHY-TOL'O-GiST,  7i.  [Fr.  phytologiste.)  One 
versed  in  phytology  ; a botanist.  Evelyn. 

PHY-T0L'0-<?y,  n.  [Gr.  ipvrdv,  a plant,  and  I.oyos, 
- ; Fr.  phytologie.]  The  doctrine  or 
plants,  or  a treatise  on  plants; 

Browne. 

-.  ipvrdv,  a plant.]  (Bot.)  A name 
ate  the  pieces  which 
etically  1 T 


PI,  n.  (Printing.)  A confused  mass  of  types. — 
See  Pie.  Adams. 

PI-A'BA,  n.  (Ich.)  A fresh-water  Brazilian  fish, 
about  the  size  of  the  minnow.  Lond.  Ency. 

f Pi'ACHE,  n.  A piazza  or  arcade.  Coles. 

t PI'A-CLE,  n.  [L.  piaculitm  ; pio,j)iare,  to  expi- 
ate.] An  enormous  crime.  Bp.  King. 

Pi-AC'U-LAR,  a.  [L.  pi  ocularis  ; Fr . piaculaire.] 

1.  That  atones  ; expiatory.  Johnson. 

2.  Requiring  expiation.  Bp.  Story. 

3.  Atrociously  bad  ; criminal.  Bp.  Hull. 

f Pl-Ac'U-I.OUS,  a.  Very  bad ; piacular.  Browne. 

PV a MA’  TER,  7i.  [L .,  tender  mother.]  (Anat.) 
A very  delicate  membrane  which  covers  the 
brain,  penetrates  into  its  sinuous  depressions, 
and  envelops  the  cerebellum,  the  s'pinal  prolon- 
gation, &c.  Dunglison. 

l’i'A-NET,  n.  I.  The  lesser  woodpecker.  Bailey. 

2.  The  magpie.  [Scot,  and  N.  Eng.]  Johnson. 

PI-A'NlST  [pe-a'nTst,  K.  Sm.  Wr.  Mau7ider ; pl'j- 
nlst,  Wb.],  7i.  [It.  pianista-,  Fr . pianist e.)  A 
performer  on  the  piano-forte.  Gc7it.  Mag. 

PI- A 'JYG.  [It.]  (Mus.)  Soft.  Moore. 

PI-A'NO,  or  PI-An'O,  71.  [Fr.]  A piano-forte. 

PI-A'NO— FOR'Tg,  or  PI-AN'O— FOR 'Tly  (often 
pe-an'o-fort)  [pe-a'no-for'ie,  E.  Ja.  R.  ; pe-a'no- 
for'tj,  K.  Wr. ; pe-an'o-for'te,  Sm.  C.),  71. ; pi. 
piano-fortes.  [It.  piano,  soft,  from  L .planus, 
even,  and  forte,  strong,  from  L . fortisi]  A mu- 
sical  stringed  instrument  with  keys.  Todd. 

BSf  “In  the  piano-forte  the  strings  are  put  in  vibra- 
tion by  means  of  small  hammers  connected  by  levers 
with  the  key  or  finger-board.”  Brande. 

Pl'A-RIST,  n.  [L.  pins,  pious.]  (Eccl.  Hist.)  One. 
of  a religious  order  founded  at  Rome  in  the  17th 
century,  bound  by  a special  vow  to  devote  them- 
selves to  education.  Brande. 

PI-AS'SA-VA,  n.  The  footstalks  of  a species  of 
South  American  palm  (Attalca  fitnifera),  ex- 
ported from  Brazil,  for  making  brushes,  and 
brooms  ; — also  called  piacaba.  Sim/nonds. 

PI-As'TIJR,  n.  [It.  <5f  Sp.  piastra  ; Fr.  piastre.]  A 
silver  coin  of  variable  value,  current  in  several 
countries. 

H£g=  “The  Italian  and  Spanish  piasters  are  the 
Italian  and  Spanish  dollars.”  Brande. 

fPI-A'TION,  n.  [L.  piatio.]  Expiation.  Cocker. 

PI-AZ'ZA,  7i.  ; pi.  piazzas.  [It.  piazza,  a square  ; 
Sp.  plaza\  Fr.  place.]  (Arch.)  An  open  place 
or  square  surrounded  by  buildings  : — a covered 
walk,  or  ambulatory,  supported  on  one  side  by 
pillars  or  arches.  Britton.  P.  Cyc. 

PIB'BLE— PAB'BLE,  7i.  A cant  word  for  idle  talk  ; 
tattle.  “ No  tittle-tattle  nor  pibble-pabble.”  Shah. 

’CORN,  7i.  [W.  pip,  pib,  a pipe,  and  corn,  a 

.]  In  Wales,  a musical  pipe  with  a horn 
ni  u °nd.  Smart . 

Pl'Bi.  • - A pib-'  * T " 

Pl'BROEH 

[Gael.  Sf  Ir.  piobaircachd ; ptob,  a pipe.j  In  Scot- 
land, a Highland  air,  suited  to  the  particu- 
lar passion  which  the  musician  would  excite  or 
assuage,  but  especially,  an  air  played  on  the 
bagpipe  before  the  Highlanders,  when  they  go 
out  to  battle.  Jamieson. 

PIC,  n.  A Turkish  cloth  measure,  varying  from 
eighteen  to  twenty-eight  inches.  Simmo7ids. 

Pl'CA,  n.  [L.]  1.  (Or/tith.)  A genus  of  passe- 

rine birds  of  the  family  Corrida >,  including  the 
magpie.  Yarrell. 

2.  (Med.)  An  appetite  for  what  is  unfit  for 

food.  Hally  well. 

3.  (Printing.)  A kind  of  type,  larger  than 
long  primer,  as  in  the  following  line  : — 

A merry  heart  goes  all  the  clay. 

Small  pica,  a lond  of  type  smaller  than  pica,  as  in 
the  following  line  : — 

Sweet  arc  the  uses  of  adversity. 

Double  picn , tiro -hues  pica,  tiro  lines  double  pica, 
kinds  of  type  used  for  titles,  beads,  &c.  Mams. 

4.  (Eccl.)  Formerly  a table  or  directory  of 
devotional  services  ; an  ordinal.  Lond.  Ency. 


^.ic-nomena 
oi  natural  organizations : 
-me  science  which  treats  of  the  functions  of 
animals  and  vegetables.  Hr.  D.  Oliver. 

Vegetable  physiology,  that  department  of  physiologi- 
cal botany  which  treats  of  the  way  in  which  plants 
live,  grow,  and  perforin  their  various  operations.  Gray. 

nt.  ■ Physiology  and  physics  were  formerly  consid- 
ered as  synonymous.  The  former  now  denotes  the 
laws  of  organized  bodies,  the  latter  of  unorganized. 
The  former  is  distinguished  into  animal  and  vegeta- 
ble. Both  imply  the  necessity  of  nature  as  opposed 
to  liberty  of  intelligence,  and  neither  can  be  properly 
applied  to  mind.  Fleming. 

f PHY§'NO-MY,  n.  Physiognomy.  Spenser. 

PHY§'0-CELE,  n.  [Gr.  iPvaiiio,  to  blow  or  puff, 
and  x(//.ij,  a tumor.]  (Med.)  An  emphysematous 
tumor  of  the  scrotum;  probably  a case  of  intes- 
tinal hernia,  containing  much  flatus.  Dunglison. 

PI1  Yfj'O-GRADE,  n.  [Gr.  ipvoaia,  to  blow  or  puff, 
and  L.  gradior,  to  go.]  (Zo.il.)  One  of  a tribe 
of  Acalephans  which  swim  by  means  of  air-  | 
bladders  ; physalis,  &c.  Brande.  I 


Gray. 

. A pythoness.  Todd. 

7i.  [Gr.  ipvrdv,  a plant,  and  vtpos, 
.getable  physiology.  Park. 

PIIY-TOPH' A-GOOs,  a.  [Gr.  (pvrdv,  a plant,  and 
fnym,  to  eat.]  Eating,  or  subsisting  on,  plants ; 
phytivorous.  Brande. 

PHY-  TO  T-  O-MI  ’NJE,  n.  pi. 

[6r.  ipvr6v]  a plant,  and  ropy, 
a cutting  ; ripvco,  to  cut.] 

( Ornith.)  A sub- family  of 
conirostral  birds  of  the  order 
Passeres  and  family  Frvigil- 
lidce  ; plant-cutters.  G7-uy.  phytotornn  nngusti- 
Kgy  Birds  of  this  family  live  rostns. 

upon  vegetable  food,  and  cut  off  the  plants  which 
they  select  close  to  the  root  with  their  beak,  which  is 
provided  with  a kind  of  tooth  at  its  base.  Baird. 

PHY-TOT'O-MIST,  n.  One  skilled  in  phytotomy. 

PHY-TOT'O-MY,  n.  [Gr.  <pvr6v,  a plant,  and  rlyvio, 
to  cut.]  The  dissection  of  plants.  Wright. 

PHY-TOZ'O-dN,  n. ; pi.  Piiy-Toz'o  A.  [Gr.  pvrdv, 
a' plant,  and  (dov,  an  animal.]  (Zo.il.)  A term 
used  by  some  naturalists  as  synonymous  with 

zoephyte.  Bra7idc, 

PHYZ,  7i.  See  Phiz.  Todd. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short; 


A,  E,  I,  Q,  IT,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAS!’,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


PICADOR 


1073 


PICRIS 


PI  C-A-DOR  ',  n.  [Sp.  pica,  a pike,  a lance.]  A 
riding-master,  or  a breaker  of  horses  : — in  a 
bull-light,  a horseman  who  expects  to  be  the 
first  to  be  attacked  by  the  bull,  and  is  armed 
with  appear  to  resist  him.  [Spain.]  Qu.  Rev. 

PIC'A-MAR,  n.  [L.  pix,picis,  pitch,  and  amarus, 
bitter.]  The  bitter  principle  of  tar.  Brande. 

PIC'ARD,Jt.  ( Eccl . Hist.)  One  of  a sect  of  the  fif- 
teenth century,  who  believed  in  the  community 
of  women,  and  went  stark  naked  ; — so  named 
from  Picard , a native  of  Flanders.  Hook. 

PIC-A-ROON',  n.  [Sp.  picaron,  a rogue,  a villain  ; 
picaro,  knavish ; Fr.  picorer,  to  go  marauding.] 
A robber  or  plunderer  on  the  sea ; a pirate ; a 
privateer ; — also  written  pickeroon. 

Corsica  and  Majorca,  in  all  wars,  have  been  the  nests  of 
picaroons.  Temple. 

PIC-A-YUNE',  n.  [From  the  Carib.  Schoolcraft.] 
The  name  of  the  Spanish  half  real,  a silver  coin 
of  the  value  of  six  and  a quarter  cents.  [South- 
ern, U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

f PIC'CA-DIL,  n.  A piccadilly.  Bp.  Corbet. 

PlC'CA-DlL-Ly,  n.  [A  dim.  of  It.  picca,  a pike. 
Richardson.  — Old  Fr.  peccadilles.  Cotgrave.] 

1.  A ruff  or  collar  of  points  like  spear-heads, 

worn  in  the  time  of  James  I.  Watson. 

2.  A street  in  London;  — so  called  from  the 

article  of  dress  of  this  name.  Blount. 

PlC'CAt^E,  n.  [Low  L.  piccagium  ; Fr.  piquer, 
to  prick,  to  perforate.]  (Old  Eng.  Law.)  Mon- 
ey paid  at  fairs  for  leave  to  break  the  ground,  to 
set  up  booths  or  stalls.  Ainsworth. 

PIC'  CO-LO,  n.  [It.,  little .]  (Mus.)  A small, 
shrill  kind  of  flute  ; an  octave  flute.  Dwight. 

PICE,  n.  An  E.  Indian  copper  coin.  C.  P.  Brown. 

PlCH'U-RlM— BEAN,  n.  An  oblong,  heavy  seed 
obtained  from  a species  of  Lauras  in  Brazil, 
and  other  parts  of  South  America  ; — also  called 
sassafras-nut.  Brande.  Simmonds. 

PIQ' I-DJE,  n.  pi.  [L.  pious,  a woodpecker.] 
(Ornith.)  A family  of  birds  of  the  order  Scan- 
sores,  including  the  sub-families  Capitonince, 
Picumnincc,  Picince,  Gecinince,  Melanerpince, 
Colaptince,  and  Yuncince ; woodpeckers.  Gray. 

PI-CI'NJE,  n. 

'pi.  [See  Pi- 
cidje.]  (Or- 
nish.) A sub- 
family of  birds 
of  the  order 
Scansor.es  and 
family  Pici-  P>cus  ma.,or. 

dm  ; woodpeck  ers.  Gray. 

PICK,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  pycan\  Dut . pikken;  Ger. 

• picken,  bicken;  Dan.  pikke  ; Sw.  picka.  — W. 
pigaw.  — It.  piccare,  to  prick  ; Sp.  picar,  to 
prick,  to  pick;  Fr.  piquer .]  [?.  picked;  pp. 

PICKING,  PICKED.] 

1.  To  strike  with  a pointed  instrument ; to 
pierce.  “ Pick  an  apple  with  a pin.”  Bacon. 

2.  To  strike  with  a bill  or  beak ; to  peck. 

The  eye  that  mocketh  at  his  father,  and  despiseth  to  obey 
his  mother,  the  ravens  of  the  valley  shall  pick  it  out. 

Prov.  xxx.  17. 

3.  To  open  with  a pointed  instrument. 

Did  you  ever  find 

That  any  art  could  pick  the  lock?  Denham. 

4.  To  pull  off  or  pluck  with  the  fingers,  or  a 
pointed  instrument ; as,  “ To  pick  berries.” 

5.  To  clean  by  separating  that  which  adheres, 
by  the  teeth,  fingers,  or  a pointed  instrument. 

Hope  is  a pleasant  premeditation  of  enjoyment;  as  when 
a dog  expects  till  his  master  has  done  picking  a bone.  More. 

6.  To  choose ; to  select ; to  cull. 

This  much  he  may  be  able  to  pick  out  and  willing  to  trans- 
fer  into  his  new  history.  Swift. 

Deep  through  a miry  lane  she  picked  her  way.  Gay. 

7.  To  take  with  the  fingers  or  a pointed  in- 
strument ; — followed  by  vp. 

The  acorns  he  picked  vp  under  an  oak.  Locke. 

8.  To  seek  industriously  ; to  take  up  ; to  be- 
gin. “ To  pick  a quarrel.”  Bacon. 

9.  To  take  something  out  of,  with  the  fingers, 
or  with  a pointed  instrument. 

The  other  night  I fell  asleep  here,  and  had  my  pocket 
picked.  Shak. 

10.  fTopitch.  “ I could  pick  my  lance.  "Shak. 

To  pick  a hole  in  one’s  coat,  to  find  fault  with  one. 


Johnson.  — To  pick  a thank,  to  do  some  mean  or  servile 
act  for  the  sake  of  gaining  favor.  Harrington. — To 
pick  in,  (Paint.)  to  restore  any  unevenness  in  a picture 
by  marking  with  streaks  or  dots  with  a point  or  a 
pointed  brush. 

PICK,  v.  n.  1.  To  eat  slowly  or  by  morsels ; to 
nibble.  • Dryden. 

2.  To  do  any  thing  nicely,  or  with  great  at- 
tention to  small  matters.  Dryden. 

PICK,  n.  [Dut.  pik. — Fr.  pique.] 

1.  A sharp-pointed  tool  for  digging  or  remov- 
ing any  thing  in  small  quantities. 

What  the  miners  call  chert  and  wlierm  ...  is  so  hard  that 
the  picks  will  not  touch  it.  Woodward. 

2.  A fork.  “ He  eats  with  picks.”  Beau.  Sy  FI. 

3.  The  sharp  point,  or  pike,  in  the  centre  of  a 

buckler.  Beau.  Sy  FI. 

4.  f A grudge ; a pique.  Todd. 

5.  Choice;  selection;  as,  “To  have  one’s 
pick.’  ’ 

6.  A spot  on  cards.  “ The  diamonds  are  cer- 
tainly called  picks  in  the  North  of  Eng.”  Todd. 

7-  (Printing.)  Foul  matter  collected  on  types 
so  as  to  clog  up  the  face  of  them.  Adams. 

PlCK'A-NIN-Ny,  n.  [Probably  from  picade  niho, 
pequeno  niho,  little  infant.  Boucher.  — Proba- 
bly of  African  origin.  Bartlett.  — From  the  Ca- 
rib. Schoolcraft.]  A half-caste  child  ; — a negro 
or  colored  infant.  [Southern,  U.  S.]  Schoolcraft. 

PICK'A-PACK,  ad.  In  the  manner  of  a pack  ; 
pickback.  [Low.]  L’  Estrange. 

f pIck'AR-DIL,  n.  A piccadilly.  B.Jonson. 

PICK'AXE  (plk'aks),  n.  A tool  with  a sharp 
point  and  a handle  like  that  of  an  axe,  for  dig- 
ging or  breaking  hard  earth,  stones,  &c.  Milton. 

PICK'BACK,  ad.  Pickapack.  [Low.]  Hudibras. 

PlCK'lJD,  a.  1.  Pointed;  sharp;  peaked.  Mortimer. 

2.  Spruce;  smartly  or  foppishly  dressed.  Shak. 

PICKED  (plkt),  p.  a.  Selected  ; culled  ; collected. 

Piclied-up  dinner,  a dinner  made  up  of  tile  fragments 
remaining  from  former  meals.  [Colloquial.]  Bartlett. 

PICK'ISD-NESS,  n.  1.  The  state  of  being  pointed. 

2.  Spruceness  ; foppery.  B.  Jonson. 

f PIC-KEER',  v.  n.  [Fr.  picorer .] 

1.  To  pillage  ; to  rob.  Ainsworth. 

2.  To  skirmish,  as  soldiers.  Lovelace. 

fPIC-KEER'ER,  n.  One  who  pillages.  Clcavcland. 

PfCiv'ER,  n.  1.  One  who  picks.  Mortimer. 

2.  An  instrument  tG  pick  with  ; a pickaxe. 

With  an  iron  picker  clear  the  carte  Mortimer. 

PICK'IJR— BEND,n.  Apiece  of  buffalo  hide,  lined, 
but  not  tanned  or  otherwise  dressed,  used  by 
weavers.  Simmonds. 

PICK'ER-EL,  n.  [Dim.  of  pike.]  (Ich.)  A fresh- 
water pike  ; Esox  lucius.  Yarrett. 

PlCK'JJR-IJL— WEED,  n.  An  aquatic  plant,  fan- 
cied to  breed  pickerels.  Walton. 

PICK'ER-lD(JE,  n.  A tumor  on  the  back  of  cattle; 
a wornal.  Loudon. 

PlCK-JJ-ROON',  n.  See  Picaroon.  Crabb. 

PICK-B-ROON',  v.  n.  (Mil.)  To  skirmish  before 
the  main  battle  begins  ; to  pickeer.  Crabb. 

PICK'ER-Y,  or  PIK'A-RY,  n.  [Fr.  picorer,  to  rob.] 
Rapine  : — petty  theft.  [Scotland.]  Jamieson. 

PICKET,  n.  [It.  picchetto  ; Sp.  piquete  ; Fr.  pi- 
quet.] 

1.  (Fort.)  A stake  used  in  laying  out  ground, 

to  mark  the  bounds  and  angles.  Brande. 

2.  A narrow,  pointed  board,  used  in  making 

fences.  Wright. 

3.  (Mil.)  A detachment  of  troops  forming  a 

chain  of  outposts  to  secure  the  camp  from  any 
surprise  from  the  enemy,  and  to  keep  recon- 
noitring parties  at  a distance  ;— also  called 
outlying  picket.  Glos.  of  Mil.  Terms. 

4.  A game  at  cards.  — See  Piquet.  Wright. 

5.  A punishment  which  consists  in  making 

the  offender  stand  with  one  foot  on  a pointed 
stake.  London  Ency. 

Inlying  picket,  (Mil.)  a detachment  remaining  in 
camp  fully  equipped,  ready  to  turn  out  on  any  alarm. 

Glos.  of  Mil.  Terms. 

PICKET,  v.  a.  [i.  picketed;  picketing, 
picketed.] 


1.  To  fortify  or  enclose  with  pickets.  Wright. 

2.  To  fasten  to  a picket.  Moore. 

3.  To  punish  by  compelling  to  stand  with 

one  foot  on  a pointed  stake.  Wright. 

PICK'  pT— FENCE,  n.  A fence  made  of  narrow 
pointed  boards.  Chamberlain. 

PICK-pT-TEE',  n.  (Bot.)  A fine,  variegated  spe- 
cies of  carn'ation  ; picotee.  Crabb. 

PICK'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  picks  ; the 
act  of  culling  ; selection  ; a gleaning. 

2.  pi.  That  which  is  left ; refuse.  . Clarke. 

3.  pi.  Pounded  oyster-shells  used  for  making 

walks.  Simmonds. 

PIC'KLE  (plk'kl),  n.  [Dut.  pekcl ; Gcx.pukcl. — 
Gael,  piccal-,  Ir.  pieil. — From  Benkelen,  who 
invented  the  art  of  pickling  herrings.  Pennant. 
— Perhaps  from  Fr.  piquer,  to  pierce,  to  be 
pungent.  Skinner.] 

1.  Any  kind  of  salt  or  acid  liquor  in  which 

flesh  or  vegetables  are  preserved.  “ The  best 
pickle  for  a walnut.”  Addison. 

Some  fish  are  . . . split,  and  kept  in  pickle.  Carew. 

2.  A vegetable  or  substance  pickled  : — any 

thing  preserved  in  pickle.  Johnson. 

3.  Sorry  plight  or  condition.  “ Plow  cam’st 

thou  in  this  pickle  ? ” Shak. 

4.  An  enclosure.  [Local,  Eng.]  See  Picle. 

To  have  a rod  in  pickle,  to  have  a flogging  prepared 

for  one.  Bartlett. 

PIC'KLE,  v.  a.  [i.  pickled  ; pp.  pickling,  pic- 
kled.] 

1.  To  preserve  in  pickle.  Dryden. 

2.  To  season  or  imbue  highly  with  any  tiring 

bad.  “ A pickled  rogue.”  Johnson. 

PlC'KLE,  a.  Malicious  ; spiteful.  “ Superlative- 
ly pickle  and  unruly.”  [it.]  Capt.  Gray  don. 

PIC'KLE— HER'RING,  n.  A merry-andrew;  a 
zany  ; a buffoon.  Shak. 

PICK 'LOCK,  n.  1.  An  instrument  for  picking 
locks.  “ The  very  picklock  that  opens  the  way 
into  all  cabinets.”  L’ Estrange. 

2.  A person  who  picks  locks.  Bp.  Taylor. 

t PICK'PEN-NY,  n.  A sharper;  a skinflint.  Afore. 

PICK'— POOK-IJT,  n.  One  who  picks,  or  steals 
from,  the  pocket  of  another.  ‘ Bentley. 

PICK'— POCK-^T,  a.  Privately  stealing.  South. 

PlCK'PURSE,  n.  One  who  steals  from  the  purse, 
or  the  purse  itself,  of  another.  Sicift.  Shah. 

(-YCK'SY,  n.  A fairy;  a pixy.  Gent.  Mag. 

PICK-THANK,  n.  An  officious  person  studious  to 
gain  favoi',  or  occasions  for  obtaining  thanks  ; a 
flatterer;  pardsite-  “ Smiling pickthanks." Shak. 

PICK'TOOTH,  n.  A toothpick,  [a.]  Swift. 

PICK-WIcJK  PAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Pickwick,  one 
of  the  characters  in  the  “ Pickwick  Papers  ” by 
Charles  Dickens.  [Colloquial  or  ludicrous.] 

Pickwickian  sense,  a merely  technical  or  constructive 
sense.  “ Lawyers  and  politicians  daily  abuse  each 
other  in  a Pickwickian  sense.”  Bowditch. 

PIC'LE  (plk'kl),  n.  [From  It.  piccolo,  little.  Cow- 
ell.— From  L.  pictatium,  a scrap.  Spelman.] 
(Old  Eng.  Law.)  A small  parcel  of  land  en- 
closed with  a hedge  ; a little  close  ; — also  writ- 
ten pycle,  pightel,  pingle,  and  pickle.  Cowell. 

PIC'NlC,  n.  [Fr.  pique-nique.] 

1.  An  assembly  or  entertainment  in  which  the 
table  is  supplied  from  the  contributions  of  those 
who  attend  ; — commonly  held  in  the  open  air. 

Picnic , an  assembly  of  young  people  of  both  sexes  at  a 
tavern,  where  every  one  pays  his  club.  Wideyren,  1788. 

2.  A small,  sweet,  fancy  biscuit.  Simmonds. 

Pi’ CO  (pe'ko),  n.  [Sp.]  Peak;  point.  Bentley. 

PIC-O-TEE',  n.  (Bot.)  A carnation  having  petals 
notched  at  the  edges  and  spotted.  Smart. 

PIC-O-TIJTE ' , n.  [Fr.  pi  cotin.]  A peck . Surcnnc. 

PlC'RINE,  n.  (Chem.)  A bitter  substance  pro- 
cured from  Digitalis  purpurea,  and  said  to  be 
identical  with  aigitaline.  Hoblyn. 

PIC'RIS,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  irncpt't,  a bitter  plant 
resembling  lettuce;  nixpis,  bitter.]  (Bot.)  A 
genus  of  plants  of  the  order  Composite ; ox- 
tongue. Eng.  Cyc. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOV®,  NOR,  SON; 

135 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  <?,  9,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § res  z; 


y as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


PICROLICHENINE 


1074 


PIEDNESS 


PiC-RO-LLCH'lf-NTNE,  n.  [Gr.  niKpds,  bitter,  and 
Urxfiv,  a lichen.]  ( Chem .)  A bitter  principle 
contained  in  a species  of  lichen  ( Variolaria 
amara) ; variolarine.  Thomson. 

PlC'ROL-ITE,  n.  [Gr.  ttik(>6s,  bitter,  and  lidos,  a 
stone.]  (Min.)  A dark-green  fibrous  variety  of 
serpentine.  Dana. 

PIC'RO-MEL,  n.  [Gr.  wikoo;,  bitter,  and plh,  honey.]" 
( Chem .)  A colorless,  soft,  sweetish-bitter  sub- 
stance, forming  part  of  the  bile.  Dunglison. 

riC-RO-PHAR'MA-CO-LlTE,  n.  [Gr.  itiupd;,  bit- 
ter, ipippaKor,  poison,  and  liOo;,  a stone.]  (it 1 in.') 
A native  arseniate  of  lime  and  magnesia,  from 
Riechelsdorf,  in  Hessia.  Brande. 

PIC'RO-PHYLL,  n.  [Gr.  nncpis,  bitter,  and  (jibllov, 
aleaf.]  (Min.)  A greenish-gray,  foliated,  fibrous 
variety  of  serpentine.  Dana. 

PIC-RO-PHYL'LlTE,  or  PIC-RQPH'YL-LITE  (131) 
n.  [Gr.  im<p6;,  bitter,  and  ipiillon,  a leaf.]  (Min.) 
A species  of  serpentine,  in  dark-green  foliated 
masses.  Brande. 

PlC'ROS-MINE,  n.  [Gr.  jn/tpds,  bitter,  and  bcpy, 
an  odor.]  (Min.)  A greenish-white  variety  of 
serpentine.  Dana. 

PlC-RO-TOX'INE,  n.  [Gr.  -ikoos,  bitter,  and  rof<- 
kov, poison.]  (Chem.)  The  bitter  and  poisonous 
principle  of  the  East  Indian  plant  Cocculus  In- 
dicus,  or  Plunkenetii.  Hoblyn. 

PICT,  n.  [L.  pictus  ; pingo,  pictus,  to  paint.]  A 
painted  person  ; — particularly  one  of  a tribe  of 
Scythians  or  Germans,  who  anciently  settled  in 
Scotland,  and  who  painted  their  bodies.  Lee. 

PICT'ISII,  a.  Relating  to  the  Piets.  Ed.  Rev. 

PlC'TOR,  n.  [L.,  a painter.]  (Astron.)  A south- 
ern constellation.  Hind. 

PIC-TO'RI-AL,  a.  [L.  pictorius  ; pictor,  a paint- 
er.] Pertaining  to  pictures  or  to  painters ; 
illustrated  by  pictures. . Browne. 

PIC-TO'RI-AL- LY,  ad.  In  a pictorial  manner; 
by  pictures.  Observer. 

PIC-TOR  IC,  ( 0 Illustrated  by  pictures;  pic- 

PIC-TOR'J-CAL,  ) torial.  [s.]  Maunder. 

PICT'U-RA-BLE  (i«kt'yu-r?-bl),  a.  That  may  be 
pictured  or  painted.  Coleridge. 

PICT'U-RAL  (plkt'yu-rjl),  a.  Relating  to,  or  rep- 
resented by,  pictures.  For.  Qu.  Rev. 

PICT'U-RAL,  n.  A representation,  [it.]  Spenser. 

PICT'URE  (plkt'yur,  24),  n.  [L.  pictura  ; pingo 
pictus,  to  paint;  It.  pittura ; Sp . pinturr  ; , 
peinture.] 

1.  A representation  e-  r - a 

paintin-- 

-g..i  Titian’s  hand, 

Wordsworth. 

2.  The  science  or  the  art  of  painting,  [it.] 

Whosoever  loves  not  picture  is  injurious  to  truth  and  all 
the  wisdom  of  poetry.  B.  Jonson. 

3.  Any  representation,  resemblance,  or  like- 
ness ; a semblance. 

Vouchsafe  this  ])icture  of  thy  soul  to  see.  Dry  den. 

Syn. — Picture  is  any  drawing,  or  a likeness,  made 
by  an  artist  in  painting,  in  tapestry,  mosaic,  &c.  ; a 
painting  is  that  which  is  produced  hy  a painter;  a 
print,  a copy  of  a painting  printed  ; an  engraving,  that 
which  is  produced  by  an  engraver.  A beautiful  pict- 
ure ; an  excellent  likeness  ; a good  painting ; an  en- 
graving on  copper,  from  which  a number  of  prints 
were  taken.  — See  Model. 

PICT'URE  (plkt'yur),  v.  a.  [i.  PICTURED ; pp. 
PICTURING,  PICTURED.] 

1.  To  represent  by  painting;  to  form  an 
image  or  likeness  of ; to  paint ; to  delineate. 

I have  not  seen  him  so  pictured.  Shak. 

2.  To  cover  or  adorn  with  pictures. 

Bright-eyed  Fancy,  hovering  o’er, 

Scatters  from  her  pictured  urn 

Thoughts  that  breathe  and  words  that  burn.  Gray. 

PICT'URE— BOOK  (-buk),  n.  A book  for  children, 
containing  pictures.  Simmonds. 

PICT'URE— CLEAN-ER,  n.  A restorer  of  the 
brightness  of  colors,  &c.,  in  oil  paintings  ; pict- 
ure-restorer. Simmonds. 

PICT'URE— FRAME,  n.  A frame  for  a picture. 

The  old  Italian  picture-frames  are  models  of  taste  and 
propriety.  Fairhult. 


PICT'URE— GAL'LJ£R-Y,  n.  A place  for  hanging 
or  exhibiting  picture’s.  Simmonds. 

PICT'URE-LiKE,  a.  Like  a picture.  Shak. 

PICT'UR-JgR,  n.  A painter  ; a maker  of  pictures. 

PICT'URE— RIJ-STOR'jEUt,  ii.  Picture-cleaner. 

PICT'URE— ROD,  n.  A kind  of  brass  tubing,  for 
affixing  to  the  tops  of  walls  in  a room,  to  sus- 
pend pictures  from.  Simmonds. 

PICT-U-RESQUE'  (plkt-yu-resk'),  a.  [Pt .pittores- 
co  ; pittura,  a picture;  Sp.  pintoresco  ; Fr . pit- 
toresque.]  Having  that  kind  of  beauty  which 
is  agreeable  in  a picture  ; striking  the  mind  witli 
great  power  or  pleasure,  by  the  grouping  or 
disposition  of  objects  of  vision,  or  by  painting 
to  the  imagination  any  circumstance  or  event 
with  the  liveliness  of  nature ; giving  vivid  im- 
pressions of  nature  or  reality  ; graphic.  “ A 
picturesque  representation.”  Johnson.  “ Pict- 
uresque personifications.”  Warton. 

Anglesey,  a tract  of  plain  country,  . . .picturesque  only 
from  tile  view  it  has  of  Caernarvonshire.  Gray.  1750. 

“ Picturesque  is  a word  applied  to  every  object, 
and  every  kind  of  scenery,  which  lias  been,  or  might 
bo,  represented  with  good  effect  in  painting.  . . . .The 
two  qualities  of  roughness  and  of  sudden  variation, 
joined  to  that  of  irregularity,  are  the  most  efficient 
causes  of  the  picturesque.”  Price. 

PICT-U-RESQ.UE',  n.  A picturesque  assemblage, 
in  general ; picturesqueness.  Brande. 

PICT-U-RESCIUE'LY  (plkt-u-rcsk'le),  ad.  In  a 
picturesque  manner.  Hamilton. 

PlCT-y-RESaUE'NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  qual- 
ify of  being  picturesque.  Price. 

PICT'U-RlNG,  n.  Act  of  one  who  pictures  ; — a 
picture.  South. 

PlCT'U-RlZE,  v.  a.  To  adorn  or  to  represent  by 
pictures,  [r.]  Ec.  Rev. 

PIC'ITL,  n.  A weight  varying  in  different  Orien- 
tal countries.  — See  Pecul.  Malcom. 


PIO'U-LET,  n.  (Ornith.)  A bird  of  the  sub-fam- 


ily Picumincc. 


Gray. 


Picumus  minutiP! 


PIC-U-Ml'JVJE,  n.  pi. 

[See  Picidje.]  (Or- 
nith.) A sub-family  of 
birds  of  the  order 
Scansorcs  and  family 
Picidce;  picul ets.  Gray. 

PlD'DLE  (pid'dl),  v.  n. 

| Prom  l 

Si  -E.j  l«.  piddled  ; 

L .uni. Ed.] 

1.  To  attend  to  small  parts  rather  than  the 

main  ; to  trifle,  [r.]  Beau.  § FI. 

2.  To  pick  at  table ; to  feed  squeamishly,  [r.] 

Content  with  little,  I can  piddle  hevc 

On  broccoli  and  mutton  round  the  year.  Pope. 

3.  To  make  water ; to  urinate.  Smart. 

PID'DLER,  n.  One  who  piddles.  Johnson. 

PID'DLING,  p.  a.  Busy  about  trifles  ; trifling. 


ui..  Lye. — 
pp.  PIDDLING, 


PIE  (pi),  n.  [From  A.  S.  byegan,  to  build,  as  of 
paste.  Skinner.  — Perhaps  from  paste,  Fr.  pate. 
Richardson.  — W.  pi,  pioq.] ' 

1.  Crust  or  paste  baked  with  something  in  it. 

2.  (Printing.)  A confused  mass  of  types; 

types  mingled ; — also  written  pi.  Smart. 


PIE,  V.  a.  (Printing.)  To  mingle  indiscriminate- 
ly, as  types  ; — also  written  pi.  Deake. 

PlE,  n.  [L.  pica.]  1.  ( Ornith.)  A party-colored 
bird  of  the  genus  Pica',  a magpie. 

And  chattering  pies  in  dismal  discords  sung.  S/iak. 

2.  A chattering  tell-tale.  Chaucer. 


PIE,  n.  [Supposed  to  be  from  Gr.  mva\,  a tablet, 
an  index  or  register,  or  to  be  so  called  because 
pied  or  of  various  colors,  red,  white,  and  black. 
Nares.]  A Roman  Catholic  book  in  which  was 
ordained  the  manner  of  saying  and  solemnizing 
the  offices  of  the  church  ; — written  also pye.  Fox. 

By  cock  and  pie,  by  God  and  the  pie,  or  Roman 
Catholic  service-book.  Shak. 


PIE'BALD,  a.  [From  pie,  a bird.]  Of  various 
colors;  diversified  in  color.  “ A piebald  horse.” 
Spectator.  “ A piebald  livery  of  coarse  patches.” 
Locke. 


PIECE  (pes),  n.  [It.  pezzo  ; Sp.  picza;  Fr.  pilce.] 

1.  Apart;  a portion  ; a fragment.  “ Apiece 
of  bread.”  Prov.  vi.  26.  “ A piece  of  new  cloth.” 
Matt.  ix.  16.  “A  piece  of  ground.”  Luke  \ iv.  18. 

2.  A coin  ; a bit  of  money.  Gen.  xxxvii.  28. 

And  Boileau,  for  eight  hundred  pieces, 

Makes  Louis  take  tne  will  of  Jove.  Prior. 

3.  A general  term  for  any  kind  of  ordnance 

or  fire-arm.  Stocqueler. 

Many  of  the  ships  have  brass  pieces.  Raleigh. 

4.  A picture  or  painting. 

Each  heavenly  piece  unwearied  we  compare, 

Match  Raphael  s grace  with  thy  loved  Guido’s  air.  Pope. 

5.  A literary  or  a musical  composition;  a 
writing.  “ He  wrote  several  pieces.”  Addison. 

6.  A passage  in  a literary  composition. 

A man  that  is  in  Rome  can  scarce  see  an  object  that  docs 
not  call  to  mind  a piece  of  a Latin  poet  or  historian.  Addx-on. 

7.  (Her.)  An  ordinary  or  charge.  Lond.  Ency. 

8.  A definite  quantity  of  cloth,  according  to  ‘ 
its  kind. 

JSCS"  “ A piece  of  muslin  is  ten  yards  ; of  calico, 
twenty-eight  yards  ; of  Irish  linen,  twenty-five  yards  ; 
of  Hanoverian  linen,  one  hundred  double  ells,  or  one 
hundred  and  twenty-eight  yards.”  Simmonds. 

9.  f A woman,  as  being  a piece  of  beauty. 

I had  a wife,  a passing  princely  piece. 

Which  far  did  pass  that  gallant  girl  of  Greece.  Mir.  for  Mag. 

10.  A woman,  in  contempt ; a bad  woman. 

I low  doth  he,  though  a better  Pharisee,  look  away,  to  sec 
such  a piece  in  his  house!  Bp.  Hall. 

11.  A term  of  contempt  or  ridicule.  “ A piece 

of  a lawyer.”  Johnson. 

12.  A little  while;  a short  time.  ‘‘Stay  a 

piece."  [Local,  Eng.]  Todd. 

13.  ’A  short  distance  ; a little  way ; as,  “ To 
go  a piece  with  one.”  [Local  and  vulgar,  U.  S.] 

Apiece,  to  each.  “ Only  one  eye  and  one  ear  apiece.” 
JMore. — Of  a piece,  the  same  with  the  rest ; of  the 
same  sort ; like.  “ A poet  must  be  of  apiece  witli  the 
spectators,  to  gain  a reputation.”  Drydcn. 

Syn.  — See  Part. 

PIECE  (pes),  V.  a.  \i.  PIECED  ; pp.  piecing, 
PIECED.] 

1.  To  mend;  to  patch;  as,  “ To  piece  a gar- 
ment.” 

2.  To  enlarge  by  adding  a piece. 

I speak  too  long;  but ’t  is  to  jiicce  the  time.  Shak. 

3.  To  join;  to  unite  ; to  add.  Johnson. 

To  piece  out,  to  enlarge  or  increase  hy  adding  a 

piece  or  pieces.  ‘7  i. 

'■  [Sp-iJWBa,  a room']  v 

- a t .i  1 ■ Spenser. 

PIECE,  v.  n.  To  join  ; to  coalesce.  Bacon. 

PIECE'— BRO-KJJR,  n.  A person  who  buys  shreds 
and  remnants  of  cloth  from  tailors,  to  sell  again 
to  others  who  want  them  for  mending,  or  for 
other  purposes.  Simmonds.  ■ 

PIECE'— GOOD§  (-gudz),  n.  pi.  Cloths  of  various 
kinds  made  up  into  pieces  of  certain  lengths,  as 
drills,  mulls,  jaconets,  shirtings,  &c.  Simmonds. 

PIECE'LESS,  a.  Not  composed  or  made  of  pieces  ; 
entire ; whole.  Donne. 

f PIECE'LY,  ad.  In  pieces.  Huloct. 

PIECE'MEAL  (pes'mel),  ad.  In  or  by  pieces  or 
fragments.  “ I’ll  be  torn  piecemeal."  Shak. 

riccemeal  they  win  this  sere  first,  then  that.  Pope. 

PIECE'MEAL  (pes'mel),  a.  Single  ; separate  ; 
divided.  “ Piecemeal  parts.”  Pope. 

PIECE'MEAL,  n.  A fragment ; a morsel.  Udal. 

t PIECE'MEAL,  v.  a.  To  divide  into  pieces  or 
parts.  “ He  took  it  piecemealing Johnson. 

PIECE' MEALED  (pes'meld),  p.  a.  Divided  into 
pieces.  Cotgrave. 

PIECE'NfR,  n.  (Manufactures.)  One  who  sup- 
plies the  rolls  of  wool  to  the  slubber.  P.  Mag. 

PIEQ'flR,  n.  One  who  pieces  ; a patcher.  Ash. 

PIECE'-WORK  (-wiirk),  n.  Work  done  or  paid 
for  by  the  piece  or  job.  Farm.  Ency.  Simmonds. 

PIED  (pld),  a.  Of  different  colors,  like  the  pie, 
or  magpie  ; party-colored  ; variegated. 

Meadows  trim  with  daisies  pied.  Milton. 

PIED'NIJSS  (pld'nes),  n.  The  state  of  being  pied  ; 
variegation  ; diversity  of  color.  Shak. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  T,  6,  0,  Y,  short; 


A,  I,  9,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; I1EIR,  HER; 


PIE  DOUCHE 


PIGTAIL 


PIE-DOUyHE',  n.  [Fr.  pied,  a foot,  and  adoucir, 
to  soften.]  {Arch.)  A little  pedestal  for  sup- 
porting a bust,  &c.  Landais. 

PIE-DROIT'  (pe-drwSf),  n.  [Fr.]  (Arch.)  A pile  or 
short  pillar  partly  inserted  in  a wall.  Brande. 

PIEL,  n.  A wedge  for  boring  stones.  Simmonds. 

f PIELED  (peld),  a.  Peeled ; bare  ; bald.  Shah. 

PIENO  (pe-a'no),  a.  [It.]  {Mils.)  Full;  all  the 
instruments  performing.  Moore. 

PIEP  (pep),  v.  n.  To  peep. — See  Peep,  lluloet. 

PlE'POVA-DER-COURT,  or  PIE'POU-DRE- 
COURT,  n.  [Fr.  pied,  a foot,  and  poudreux, 
dusty,  i.  e.  dusty-footed  dealers  ; poudre,  pow- 
der. Spelman.  Skinner .]  ( Old  Eng.  Law.)  A 

court  established  to  decide,  on  the  spot,  disputes 
arising  at  fairs  and  markets.  Brande. 

PIER  (pur),  n.  [Fr.  pierre,  a stone,  from  Gr.  ulrpa  ; 
L.  petra.  — A.  S.  per,  pere,  a pier;  Dut.  beer.'] 

1.  (Arcli.)  One  of  the  solid  spaces  between  a 

series  of  openings  in  a wall,  whether  windows 
or  arches, — more  particularly  the  pillar-like 
masses  of  masonry  from  which  arches  spring ; — 
a wall  or  mass  of  stone-work  supporting  an 
arch  of  a bridge.  P.  Cgc. 

2.  A mole  or  jetty  carried  out  into  the  sea  to 

break  the  force  of  the  waves,  to  form  a harbor, 
landing-place,  &c.  Brande. 

PIER'A^E,  n.  Toll  paid  by  vessels  for  the  use  of 
a pier  or  wharf ; wharfage  : — toll  for  landing 
or  walking  on  a pier  or  wharf.  Simmonds. 

II  PIERCE,  or  PIERCE  [purs,  P.  E.  Ja.  K.  Sm. 
Wr. ; purs  or  pers,  IF.  J.  F.  ; pers,  S.],  v.a.  [Fr. 
percer.  — From  L.  pert  undo,  pertusus,  to  beat, 
push,  or  thrust  through.  Caseimive.]  [i. 
PIERCED  ; pp.  PIERCING,  PIERCED.] 

1.  To  thrust  a pointed  instrument  into. 

With  this  fatal  sword,  on  which  I died, 

I pierce  her  opened  back  or  tender  side.  Dryilen . 

2.  To  penetrate ; to  enter  ; to  force  a way  into. 

This  bruised  reed, ...  on  which  if  a man  lean,  it  will  go 

into  his  hand  and  pierce  it.  2 Kings  xviii.  21. 

3.  To  affect;  to  move;  to  touch. 

Did  your  letters ])iercc  the  queen?  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Penetrate. 

||  PIERCE,  v.  n.  1.  To  enter  or  penetrate,  as  a 
pointed  instrument ; to  force  a way. 

Shot  arrows  . . . would  pierce  through  the  sides  of  a ship, 
where  a bullet  would  not  pierce.  Bacon. 

A sword  shall  pierce  through  thy  own  soul.  Luke  ii.  35. 

2.  To  dive  or  penetrate,  as  into  a secret. 

She  would  not  pierce  further  into  his  meaning.  Sidney. 

3.  To  affect  one  ; to  move  the  passions. 

And  say  she  uttereth  piercing  eloquence.  Shak. 

||  PIERCE'A-BLE,  a.  Thatmay  be  pierced.  Spenser. 

PIER'CIJL,  n.  A kind  of  awl  or  gimlet  for  giving 
vent  to  casks  of  liquor.  Simmonds. 

||  PIERQ'JjjR,  n.  1.  He  who,  or  that  which,  pierces. 

2.  An  eyeleteer  ; a stiletto.  Simmonds. 

||  PIERy'lNG,  p.  a.  Penetrating ; affecting  ; sharp  ; 
keen  ; severe  ; as,  ‘‘  A piercing  glance.” 

||  PIERy'ING,  n.  The  act  of  penetrating  ; penetra- 
tion. “ The  piercings  of  a sword.”  Prov.  xii.18. 

||  PIERtp'ING-LV,  ad.  In  a piercing  manner; 
sharply.  Sherwood. 

||  PIERy'ING-NESS,  n.  The  power  of  piercing; 
sharpness  ; keenness.  Derham. 

PIER'— GLASS,  n.  A large  looking-glass  placed 
between  windows.  Simmonds. 

Pl-E'RI-AN,  a.  [Gr.  rhf'ptoc.]  Relating  to  the 
Muses,  who  were  called  Pierides,  from  Pieria, 
near  Mount  Olympus,  where  they  were  first  wor- 
shipped among  the  Thracians. 

A little  learning  is  a dangerous  thing; 

Drink  deep,  or  taste  not  the  Pierian  spring.  Pope. 

t PIERS'  ANT,  a.  Piercing.  Chaucer. 

PIER'— TA-BLE,  n.  A table  placed  between  win- 
dows. * Smart. 

Pi'ET ,n.  A pie  or  magpie.  [Local,  Eng.]  Todd. 

Pl'5-TlijM,  n.  The  principles  or  the  practice  of 
the  Pietists.  Frey. 

Pl'E-TlST,  n.  [From  piety.]  {Eccl.  Hist.)  One 
of  a sect  that  sprung  up  in  Germany  in  the  17th 


1075 


century,  noted  for  strict  devotion  and  great  pu- 
rity of  life.  Hook. 

Pl-E-Tls'TIC,  ? a_  Relating  to,  or  partaking 

Pi-E-TiS'TI-CAJ,,  > of,  pietism.  For.  Qu.  llev. 

Pl'5-TY,  n.  [L.  pietas  ; pius,  pious;  It.  pictii ; 
Sp.  piedad ; Fr.  piete.] 

1.  The  filial  sentiment  felt  by  man  to  God, 
the  Father  of  all ; a sense  of  dependence  on  the 
Supreme  Being,  producing  habitual  reverence, 
and  a disposition  to  know  and  obey  his  laws  ; 
godliness;  devotion;  religion. 

2.  Reverence  or  duty  to  parents  or  to  those 

in  superior  relation.  Swift. 

Syn.  — See  Holy,  Religion. 

PI-p-ZOM'E-TIJR,  n.  [Gr.  me^ui,  to  press,  and  p(- 
rpov,  a measure.]  An  instrument  for  ascertain- 
ing the  compressibility  of  liquids.  Nichol. 

PIF‘FE-RO,n.  [It.]  (Mas.)  A fife.  Moore. 


PIG,  n.  [Dut.  bigghe,  big.] 

1.  The  young  of  swine  ; a young  boar  or  sow. 

2.  A mass  of  unforged  metal,  weighing  from 
fifty  to  two  hundred  and  fifty  pounds. 

A nodding  beam  or  pig  of  lead, 

May  hurt  the  very  ablest  head.  Pope. 

3.  Any  piece  of  earthen  ware,  as  a pitcher, 

a chimney-pot,  &c.  Jamieson. 

PIG,  v.  n.  1.  To  bring  forth  pigs.  Johnson. 

2.  To  lie,  or  to  act,  like  pigs.  C.  Richardson. 


Passenger  pigeon 
(Stai'na.'uas  cyano- 
cephala ). 


Pl^'EON  (pij'un  or  pij'jn)  [pld'- 
jun,  S.  Ja.  Sm. ; pul 'jin,  IV.  *7.], 
n.  [L.  pipio , pipionis,  a young  t 
pipping  bird;  pipio , to  pip  or  , 
peep  ; It.  piccione  ; Sp.  pin- 
chon  \Yx.  pigeon.]  ( Ornith .)  A 
bird  of  the  order  Columbce  and 
family  Columbidce , some  species 
of  which  are  bred  in  boxes  or 
dove-cots  attached  to  a build- 
ing ; a dove.  Gray. 

Band-tailed  -pigeon,  a pigeon  in- 
habiting from  the  Rocky  Mountains 
to  the  Pacific  Ocean  and  Mexico  ; 

Columba  fasciata  of  Gay.  — Btuc- 
hraded  pigeon,  a pigeon  found  chief- 
ly in  the  West  Indies  ; Starnamas 
cyanocephala  of  Linnaeus. — Car- 
rier-pigeon, a variety  of  Columba 
lioia,  which  has  been  employed  to 
carry  messages. — Green  pigeon,  a pigeon  found  in  In- 
dia, Java,  and  some  adjacent  islands,  having  the  mid- 
dle tail-feathers  green,  and  brilliant  red  eyes  ; Vinago 
aromatica  of  Cuvier.  — Ground  pigeon,  a pigeon  of  the 
sub-family  Gourinte,  which  nests  on  the  ground.  — 
Nutmeg  pigeon , a large  pigeon  found  in  India,  the 
Moluccas,  Celebes,  Australia,  and  the  Pacific  islands, 
which  feeds  on  fruits,  especially  the  nutmeg  ; the 
Carpophaga  amea  of  Selby.  — Oceanic  fruit-pigeon , 
a pigeon  ; Carpophaga  oceanica.  — Passenger  pigeon,  a 
migratory  pigeon  found  in  North  America;  wild 
pigeon;  Ectopistes  viigrutoria  of  Swainson.  — Ring- 
pitreun,  ring-dove  ; Columba  palumbus  of  Linmeus. — 
Tree-pigeon , a pigeon  of  the  sub-family  Turonince, 
which  nests  on  trees.  — Tooth-billed  pigeon,  a pigeon 
of  the  sub  family  Didunculincc. — W hite -headed  pigeon, 
a pigCon  found  in  the  West  Indies  and  Florida  keys; 
Columba  leucocephala  of  Linmeus.  — fVood  pigeon, 
stock-dove  ; Columba  anas  of  Linmeus. 

Eng.  Cijc.  Gray.  S.  F.  Baird. 

PI^'EON  (pij'un),  v.  a.  To  strip  of  money  ; to 
fleece.  [Yuigar.]  Observer. 

PI£'EON-FOOT  (pij'un-fut),  n.  (Bot.)  An  herb; 
Geranium  molle.  Ainsworth. 


PI^'EON—  HEART'flD,  a.  Timid;  frightened. 

I never  saw  such  pigeon-hearted  people.  Beau.  Sf  FI. 

PIGEON-HOLE,  n.  1.  A hole  in  a pigeon-house 
or  dove-cot.  Smart. 

2.  A small  division  or  compartment  in  a case, 

for  the  reception  of  papers,  &c.  Burke. 

3.  (pi.)  An  old  English  game,  in  which  balls 
were  rolled  through  small  arches.  Steevens. 

PIG'F.ON— HOUSE,  n.  A house  for  pigeons  ; a 
dove-cot.  Hackluyt. 

PIG'EON-LlV'jjREn  (-erd),  a.  Mild;  soft;  gen- 
tle : — timid ; pigeon-hearted.  Shak. 

PlG'EON— MATCH,  n.  A competitive  trial  of  skill 
among  sportsmen,  in  shooting  at  pigeons  let 
loose  from  a trap.  Simmonds. 

PIGEON— PEA,  n.  A kind  of  pulse  highly  es- 


teemed by  all  classes  of  the  natives  of  India ; 
the  seed  of  the  Cytisus  cajan.  Eng.  Cgc. 

PH?'EON-RY  (plj'un-re),  n.  A house  or  cage  for 
pigeons ; a dove-cot.  Loudon. 

PlG'EON-TOED,  a.  Putting  the  foot  straight 
forward,  without  turning  out  the  toes.  Ogilcie. 

Pl^J'EON— WOOD  (-wud),  n.  Another  name  for 
zebra-wood ; — used  for  furniture.  Simmonds. 

PIG'— EYED  (-Id),  a.  Having  small,  sunken  eyes, 
like  those  of  swine.  Booth. 

PIG'GER-Y,  n.  A house  or  an  enclosure  for  pigs ; 
a pigsty’;  a hogsty.  Loudon. 

PIG'GIN,  n.  [Scot.,  a milk-pail.]  A small  wooden 
vessel  made  in  the  manner  of  a half-barrel,  and 
having  one  stave  longer  than  the  others  for  a 
handle.  [Local.]  llalliwell. 

PIG'GISH,  a.  Relating  to,  or  like,  pigs  ; swinish  ; 
hoggish ; greedy.  Qu.  Rev. 

PlG'— HEAD-ED,  a.  1.  Having  a head  like  a pig, 
or  a large  head.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  Stupid;  obstinate.  [Vulgar.]  Todd. 

t PlGHT  (pit),  i.  &p.  from/M<c/j.  Pitched;  trans- 
fixed ; pierced.  Spenser. 

t PIGHT  (pit),  v.  a.  To  pierce.  Wickliffe. 

f PlGH'TjgL  (pi'-),  n.  Alittleclose  ; a pi  cl  c. Cowell. 

PIG'— IR'ON  (-l-urn),  n.  Iron  in  pigs.  — See  Iron. 

PIG'— LEAD,  n.  Lead  in  pigs.  Booth. 

PIG-ME'AN,  a.  See  Pygmean. 

PIG'MENT,  n.  [L.  pigmentum  ; pingo,  to  paint.] 

1.  A colored  substance  or  material  used  in 

painting  ; a paint  ; a color.  Fairholt. 

2.  {Anat.)  A definite  and  well-marked  colora- 

tion found  in  certain  parts  of  the  animal  organ- 
ism. Eng.  Cyc. 

PIG-MENT'AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  pigments ; pig- 
mentary ; pigmentous.  Burnet. 

PIG'MJJN-TA-RY,  a.  [L.  pigmentarius.]  Per- 
taining to,  or  consisting  of,  pigments  ; pigmen- 
tal ; pigmentous.  Ed.  Rev. 

PIG-MEN 'Toys,  a.  Pigmentary.  Walker. 

PIG'MY,  n.  A dwarf.  — See  Pygmy.  Popp. 

f PIG'NER-Ate,  v.  a.  [L.  pignero,  pigneratus.] 

1.  To  pledge  ; to  pawn  ; to  mortgage.  Blount. 

2.  To  take  in  pawn,  as  a pawnbroker.  Blount. 

PIG-NO-RA'TION,  n.  [L.  pigncrati.o  ; pignus,  a 

pledge ; Fr.  pignoration.] 

1.  {Old  Civil  Law.)  A pledge  of  property  and 

an  engagement  of  person.  Bouvier. 

2.  {Modern  Civil  Laic.)  The  taking'"  J -"attic 

doing  damage,  by  way  of  pledge  till  satisfaction 
is  made.  Burrill. 

PIG'NO-RA-TIVE,  a.  [Fr.  pignoratif.]  {Law.) 
Pledging ; pawning.  Bouvier. 

PIG'NUT,  n.  {Bot.)  1.  A genus  of  umbellifer- 
ous, perennial  herbs,  having  a nearly  globular, 
aromatic,  sweet  root,  of  which  swine  are  very 
fond  ; earth-nut ; Bimittm.  Loudon.  Eng.  Cgc. 

2.  A small  North  American  walnut;  hog- 
nut  ; Carya  glabra,  or  Jugans  glabra.  Gray. 

PIG'OT-lTE,  n.  (Min.)  A substance  from  the 
walls  of  a granite  cave  in  Cornwall,  consisting  of 
an  organic  acid  combined  with  alumina.  Dana. 

PIG 'PEN,  n.  A pen  for  pigs  ; a pigsty;  piggery. 

PIG’S'— FRY,  n-  Entrails  of  a pig.  Simmonds. 

f PIGS'NfY  (plgz'ne),  n.  [A.  S.  piga,  a virgin  ; 
Dan .pige;  S w.piga;  Icel .pika.  Lye.  — “The 
Romans  used  oculus  [the  eye]  as  a term  of  en- 
dearment, and  perhaps  piggesnie,  in  vulgar  lan- 
guage, only  means  ocellus  [little  eye],  the  eyes 
of  a pig  being  remarkably  small.”  Tyrwhitt.  — 
A diminutive  of  pig.  Nares.]  A word  of  en- 
dearment to  a girl.  Chaucer. 

PIG'STY,  n.  A place  or  enclosure  where  pigs  arc 
kept ; a piggery  ; a hogsty  ; a pigpen.  Booth. 

PIG'TAIL,  n.  1.  The  hair  tied  behind  in  a ribbon, 
so  as  to  resemble  a pig’s  tail.  [Low.]  Todd. 

2.  Tobacco  twisted  in  the  form  of  a long  rope 
or  cord,  'which  is  afterwards  wound  into  a ball. 

The  tobacco  he  usually  cheweth  called  pigtail.  Sicift. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — y,  G g,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  g,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  X as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


PIGWIDGEON 


1076 


PILLAR 


PlG'WID-GEON,  re.  [pig  and  icidgcon.)  A fairy  : 
— any  thing  petty  or  small.  Cleavcland. 

PIKE,  re.  [It.  picca  ; Sp.  pica  ; Fr . pigue. — Dut. 
pick  ; Ger.  pickc  ; Dan.  $ Sw.  pik.) 

1.  (Mil.)  A weapon,  formerly  much  used,  con- 

sisting of  a wooden  shaft  from  ten  to  fourteen 
feet  long,  with  a flat,  pointed  steel  head,  called 
the  spear.  Stocqueler. 

2.  A fork  used  in  husbandry.  Tusser. 

3.  A peak  ; a point.  Bryant. 

4.  An  iron  spring  for  fastening  work  to  a 

lathe.  Moxon. 

5.  The  gate  of  a turnpike.  Simmonds. 

G.  A large  cock  of  hay.  [Local,  Eng.]  Todd. 

7.  '(Ich.)  A very  voracious  malacopterygious 

fresh, water  fish, 
having  the  head 
oblong,  obtuse, 
depressed,  and 
large  in  propor- 
tion to  the  body ; Fike- 

Esox  lucius  of  Linnaeus.  It  is  the  longest-lived 
and  largest  of  the  fresh-water  fishes.  Yarrell. 

PIK'IJD  (pik'ed)  [pik'ed,  S.  W.  P.  J.  F.  Ja. ; pe'- 
ked,  A'.;  pekt  or  pik'ed,  Sm. ; plkt,  )Vr.],  a. 
Ending  in  a point ; picked  ; peaked.  Camden. 

f PIKE— DEVANT,  n.  The  beard  cut  to  a sharp 
point  in  the  middle,  below  the  chin.  Heywood. 

DSP  “ It  is  seen  in  most  of  the  portraits  of  Charles 
the  First.”  JVores. 

PiKE’— HEAD-1JD,  a.  Having  a sharp-pointed 
head  like  that  of  a pike.  Pennant. 

A light  cake  ; a kind  of  muffin. 
[Local,  Eng.]  Todd. 

FIKE'MAN,  n.  A soldier  armed  with  a pike. 

Three  great  squadrons  of  pikemen.  Knolles. 

pIKE'STAff,  re.  The  staff  or  shaft  of  a pike. 

To  me  it  is  as  plain  as  a pikestaff.  Tatler. 

PIK'RO-LITE,  n.  (Min.)  See  Picrolite.  Dana. 

f PI'LApE,  n.  The  natural  coat  or  hair  on  ani- 
mals. — See  Pelage.  Bacon. 


PIKE'LET,  ) 
PIKE'LIN,  ) 


PI-LAS'TER,  n.  [L.  pila,  a pillar;  It.  pilastro  ; 
Sp.  pilastra;  Fr.  pilastre. ] (Arch.)  A square 
pillar,  usually  inserted  in  a wall,  and  projecting 
a little  from  its  surface.  Britton. 

PI-LAS'TpRED  (pe-las'terd),  a.  1.  Furnished  with 
pilasters.  For.  Qu.  Rev. 

2.  In  the  form  of,  or  serving  as,  a pilaster. 

Pilastered  jasmines  ’twixt  the  windows  grew.  Harte. 

PI- LAO' , n.  A Turkish  dish.  — See  Pillau. 

PILCH,  n.  [A.  S.  pylca,  pylce  ; Dut.  pels  ; Ger. 
pels;  Dan.  A Sw.  pels.  — L.  pcllicium  ; pellis,  a 
skin  , \iV.  pellicia ; Sp.  pclleja  ; Fr.  pelisse .] 

1.  A garment  of  skins,  with  or  without  the 

fur  ; a furred  gown.  Chaucer.  Decker. 

2.  A kind  of  petticoat  open  before,  worn  by 

infants  : — an  apron  or  protection  for  the  thighs, 
worn  by  men  digging  peat : — any  thing  thick  or 
gross.  [Scotland.]  Jamieson. 

PILCIl'ARD,  n.  (Ich.)  A fish  resembling  the  her- 
ring in  size  and  form,  but  thicker ; Clupea  pil- 
chardus.  Yarrell. 

PXLCH'yR,  n.  1.  A garment  of  skins,  usually 
furred  ; a pilch.  Hanmer. 

2.  A scabbard ; a sheath.  Shak. 

3.  (Ich.)  A pilchard.  Milton. 

f PIL'CROW,  re.  A technical  word  with  printers, 
for  the  mark  of  a paragraph.  Tusser. 

PILE,  re.  [Gr.  -i/.o;,  a ball,  a globe  ; L.  pila  ; Sp. 
pila,  a pile  ; Fr.  pile.  — A.  S.  pil.) 

1.  An  aggregation  or  collection  in  a roundish 
or  elevated  form  ; a heap  ; an  accumulation  ; a 
mass.  “ Piles  of  wealth.”  “ Piles  of  ruin.” 
Shak.  “Dio  pile  of  burning  wood.”  Dryden. 

2.  A building,  or  a mass  of  buildings ; an 
edifice  ; a fabric  ; a structure. 

The  pile  o’erlooked  the  town,  and  drew  the  sight.  Dryden. 

3.  (Mil.)  A heap  of  shot  or  shells  piled  up  by 

horizontal  courses  in  a pyramidal  or  wedge-like 
form.  Brande. 

Galvanic  or  Voltaic  pile.  See  Voltaic. 

PILE,  re.  [L.  pila,  a pillar  ; pains,  a stake  ; It.  A 
Sp.  pila,  a pile.  — A.  S.  pil;  Dut.  paal;  Old 
Ger.  pal ; Ger  .pfahl;  Dan  .peel;  Sw.  pale.] 


1.  A pale  ; a stake,  — particularly  one  of  the 
large  stakes  driven  into  the  ground  to  support 
a superstructure. 

The*  foundation  of  thechureh  of  Harlem  is  supported  by 
wooden  piles , as  the  houses  in  Amsterdam  are.  Locke. 

2.  A kind  of  puncheon  which,  in  the  ancient 

method  of  coining  with  a hammer,  contained 
the  arms,  or  other  figure,  and  inscription,  to  be 
struck  on  a coin  : — the  side  of  a coin  contain- 
ing the  arms.  Lond.  Ency.  Locke. 

3.  (Her.)  A wedge-shaped  ordinary.  Brande. 

4.  [L.  pilum,  a javelin.  — Dan.  ty  Sw.  pil,  an 
arrow.]  The  head  or  point  of  an  arrow  or  spear. 

Into  Ills  forehead  . . . stuck  the  steel  pile.  Chapman. 

To  sheet  pile,  to  drive  a piling  of  planks,  edge  to 
edge.  Wright. 

PILE,  re.  [L.  pilus.]  1.  f A hair.  Shak. 

2.  A hairy  or  a woolly  surface  ; nap.  “ The 
pile  of  velvet.”  Grew. 

PILE,  v.  a.  [t.  piled  ; pp.  PILING,  PILED.] 

1.  To  put  or  collect  in  a pile  or  heap  ; to 

heap  ; to  accumulate ; to  coacervate  ; to  amass. 
’‘Hills  piled  on  hills.”  Dryden. 

2.  To  fill  with  something  heaped.  “ A great 

house  piled  upon  the  sides  with  great  wedges  of 
gold.”  Abbot. 

3.  To  fill  above  the  brim  or  top.  Wright. 

To  pile  arms,  (.Mil.)  to  plant  three  guns  together, 

uniting  the  ramrods  so  that  the  guns  may  remain 
steady  and  upright.  Stocqueler.  — To  pile  barley,  to 
break  off  the  awns  of  threshed  barley. 

PILE,  v.  re.  To  drive  piles.  Wright. 

PIL'p-ATE,  a.  [L.  pilcatus,  wearing 
a felt  cap ; pileus,  a felt  cap.]  (Bot.) 

Having  a cap  or  lid  like  that  of  a 
mushroom.  Loudon. 

PiL'E-AT-JED,  o.  Pileate.  Woodward. 

PILE'— DRIV-JR,  re.  An  engine  for  driving  piles 
into  the  ground,  consisting  chiefly  of  a heavy 
rammer  or  block  of  iron,  which  is  dropped  from 
a height  on  the  head  of  the  piles.  Brande. 

PILE'— EN-pINE,  re.  An  engine  for  driving  piles  ; 
a pile-driver.  P.  Cyc. 

f PlLE'MJJNT,  re.  Accumulation.  Bp.  Ilall. 

PJ-LEN'TUM,  re.  A light  vehicle,  being  a com- 
bination of  the  cab  and  carriage.  Simmonds. 

Pl-Lp-OP'SIS,  re.  [Gr.  itihiog,  a pileus  or  cap,  and 
oi pis,  appearance.]  (Conch.)  A genus  of  marine 
mollusks,  having  an  irregular  conical  shell  with 
the  apex  spirally  recurved  ; — called  also  bonnit- 
limpet.  Woodward. 

PI'Lp-OUS,  a.  [L.  pilosus  ; pilus,  a hair.]  Per- 
taining to  the  hair  ; hairy  ; pilose.  Dunglison. 

PILE'— PLANKS,  re.  pi.  Planks  about  nine  inches 
broad,  and  from  two  to  four  inches  thick,  sharp- 
ened at  their  lower  end,  and  driven  with  their 
edges  close  together  into  the  ground.  Ogilvie. 

PIL'f  R,  re.  One  who  piles  or  accumulates. 

PlLE§,  re.  pi.  [L.  pila,  a ball.]  (Med.)  A disease 
characterized  by  round,  livid,  and  painful  tu- 
bercles or  tumors  round  the  margin  of,  or  with- 
in, the  anus;  hemorrhoids.  Dunglison. 

PJ-LE'TUS,  re.  An  arrow,  used  in  the  middle 
ages,  with  a knob  a little  above  the  head,  to 
prevent  its  going  far  into  a mark.  Stocqueler. 

Pl'LF.-tJS,  re.  [L.,  from  Gr.  vH.eo; ; niloc;,  felt.] 

1.  (Rom.  Ant.)  A kind  of  felt  hat  fitting 

closely  to  the  head.  W.  Smith. 

2.  (Bot.)  The  cap  of  a mushroom.  P.  Cyc. 

PILE'— WORM  (-wurm),  re.  A worm  that  destroys 

piles  or  pales.  Clarke. 

PlLE'WORN,  a.  Having  the  pile  or  nap  worn 
off.  “ Your  pileworn  coat.”  Massinger. 

PlLE'WORT  (-wurt),  re.  (Bot.)  A ranunculaceous 
plant  of  the  genus  Ficaria,  the  grumous  roots 
of  which  bear  tubercles  like  little  figs.  Loudon. 

PIL'FER,  v.  a.  [Fr . pi ller.  — See  Pill.]  [i.  pil- 
fered ; pp.  pilfering,  pilfered.]  To  steal 
or  gain  by  petty  theft;  to  filch.  “Pilfer  cloth 
or  bread.”  Pope. 

PIL'FER,  v.  re.  To  practise  petty  theft;  to  steal 
in  small  quantities ; to  thieve.  Shak. 

I’lL'FER-ER,  re.  One  who  pilfers.  Young. 


PlL'FER-ING,  re.  The  act  or  the  practice  of  one 
who  pilfers  ; petty  theft.  Shak. 

PlL'FER-lNG-LY,  ad.  With  petty  theft;  filch- 

ingly.  Johnson. 

PIL'FIJR-Y,  re.  Petty  theft,  [r.]  L’ Estrange. 

PIL-GAR'LJC,  re.  [ pilled , peeled,  and  garlic.']  One 
whose  hair  has  fallen  off  by  disease  : — a poor, 
forsaken  wretch  ; a pilled-garlic.  Steevens. 

PlL'GRIM,  re.  [L.  peregrinus,  one  who  comes 
from  abroad;  peregre,  abroad;  It.  pellegrino; 
Sp.  pelcgrino  ; Fr .pilerin.  — Dut.  pelgrim ; Ger. 
pilger\  Dan.  pilgrim-,  Sw.  pelegrim.]  A wan- 
derer ; a traveller,  — particularly  one  who  trav- 
els on  a religious  account,  or  to  hallowed  places. 

Like  pilgrims  to  the  appointed  place  we  tend; 

lhe  world’s  an  inn,  and  death  the  journey’s  end.  Dryden. 

A palmer,  opposed  to  a pilgrim,  was  one  who  made  it  his 
sole  business  to  visit  different  holy  shrines,  travelling  inces- 
santly, and  subsisting  by  charity;  whereas  the  pilgrim  retired 
to  ins  usual  home  and  occupations  when  he  had  paid  his 
devotions  at  the  particular  spot  which  was  the  object  of  his 
pilgrimage.  sir  IV.  Scott. 

f PlL'GRIM,  v.  re.  To  wander  ; to  ramble.  Grew. 

PlL'GRIM,  re.  Relating  to  pilgrims  ; travelling. 

A parish  priest  was  of  the  pilgrim  train.  Cowley. 

PlL'GRIM- AfJE,  re.  [Fr.  pelerinage.] 

1.  A long  journey.  — particularly  a journey 

undertaken  to  some  hallowed  place,  or  for  de- 
votional purposes  : — the  journey  of  life.  “ A 
long  and  weary  pilgrimage.”  Shak. 

The  days  of  the  years  of  my  pilgrimage  are  a hundred  and 
thirty  years.  Gen.  xlvii.  9. 

2.  Time  irksomely  spent,  [r.]  Shak. 

In  prison  thou  hast  spent  a pilgrimage.  Shak. 

f PIL'GRIM-iZE,  v.  re.  To  journey  like  a pilgrim ; 
— used  with  it. 

Pilgrimage  it  along  with  me  to  the  land  of  Utopia.  B.  Jonson. 

PI-LIF'JER-OUS,  a.  [L .pilus,  a hair,  and  fern,  to 
bear.]  Bearing  hairs.  Loudon. 

pIl'I-FORM,  a.  [L.  pilus,  a hair,  and  forma,  a 
form.]  (Bot.)  Having  the  form  of  hairs  or 
down.  Loudon. 

PI-LIp'yR-OUS,  a.  [L .pilus,  a hair,  and  gero,  to 
bear.]  Bearing  or  producing  hair.  Kirby. 

PlL'lNG— IR-ON  (-I-urn),  re.  A tool  for  breaking 

off  the  awns  of  barley.  Farm.  Ency. 

PlLL,  re.  [L.  pilula  ; pila,  a ball ; It.  pillora  ; Sp. 
pildora ; Fr.  pilule.) 

1.  Medicine  in  the  form  of  a little  ball  or 
globular  mass. 

When  I was  sick,  you  gave  me  bitter  pills.  Shak. 

2.  Any  thing  nauseous  ; a doge.  Young. 

PILL,  v.  a.  [L.  pilo  ; It.  pigliare  ; Sp.  pillar  ; Fr. 
piller.  — See  Peel.]  [i.  pilled  ; pp.  tilling, 
pilled.] 

1.  +To  take  or  strip  off;  to  peel.  South. 

2.  To  strip  ; to  rob  ; to  pillage,  [r.] 

So  did  he  all  the  kingdom  rob  and  pill.  Spenser. 

PILL,  it.  re.  1.  To  be  peeled  or  stripped  off;  to 
come  off  in  flakes,  [r.]  Tobit  xi.  13. 

2.  To  rob  ; to  thieve,  [r.]  L' Estrange. 

PIL'LA^E,  re.  [Fr.  pillage-,  piller,  to  plunder. 
— Sec  Pill.] 

1.  The  act  of  plundering  ; devastation.  Shak. 

2.  Plunder;  spoil;  booty;  rapine;  — partic- 
ularly private  property  taken  by  a victorious 
army  from  the  citizens  or  subjects  of  an  enemy. 

Syn.  — See  Booty,  Rapine. 

PIL'LApE,  V.  a.  [i.  PILLAGED  ; pp.  PILLAGING, 
pillaged.]  To  strip  or  deprive  of  property  by 
violence;  to  plunder;  to  spoil;  to  despoil;  to 
sack. 

The  consul  Mummius,  after  having  beaten  their  army, 
took,  pillaged , and  burnt  the  city.  Arbuthnot. 

PIL'LAp-J$R,  re.  One  who  pillages  ; a plunderer; 
a spoiler.  Dryden. 

PlL'LAR,  re.  [L  .pila-.  It.  piliere  ; Sp.  pilar ; Fr. 

. pilier.  — Dut.  pijlaar;  Ger.  pfeilev,  Dan.  pillar ; 
Sw.  pelare.  — W.  piler.) 

1.  (Arch.)  A columnar  or  vertical  support  in 
a building,  — particularly  when  formed  of  two 
or  more  pieces.  Britton. 

The  palace  built  by  Pieus,  vast  and  proud, 

Supported  by  a hundred  pillars  stood.  Dryden. 

j RSf*  “ The  word  lias,  by  writers,  been  applied  in- 
discriminately to  an  assemblage  of  slender,  clustered 
shafts,  to  a single  column,  and  to  a massive  pier.” 
Britton. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  V,  short;  A,  5,  I,  p,  U,  Y,  obscure ; FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  Il£lR,  HER; 


PILLARED 


1077 


PINCH 


2.  That  which  sustains  or  upholds,  or  on 
which  any  thing  rests  for  support ; a supporter  ; 
a maintainer.  “ A pillar  of  state.”  Milton. 

Syn.  — Pillar  is  a general  term  for  that  which  is 
used  for  a permanent  prop  or  support , of  whatever 
shape,  or  whether  its  construction  is  rude  or  other- 
wise ; a column  is  a round  ornamental  pillar,  as  the 
Grecian  order  of  columns. 

PIL'LARED  (-lard),  a.  1.  Supported  by  pillars  or 
columns.  “ The  pillared  firmament.”  Milton. 

2.  Having  the  form  of  a pillar  or  column. 
“ The  pillared  flame.”  Thomson. 

PlL'LAR-IST,  n.  (Eccl.  Hist.)  One  of  an  ancient 
sect  of  Christians,  who  stood  on  a pillar,  by  way 
of  mortification,  or  for  a trial  of  their  patience  ; 
a stylite.  Wright. 

PIL-LAU' , n.  A Turkish  dish  consisting  of  rice, 
fowl  or  mutton,  raisins,  almonds,  chillies,  and 
cardamoms,  boiled  together.  Simmonds. 

PILLED'— GAR'LIC  (plld'-),  n.  One  whose  hair  is 
fallen  oft'  by  disease  ; a pilgarlic.  Steepens. 

f PIL'LJJR,  n.  One  who  pills  or  plunders.  Chaucer. 

f PIL'LIJ-RY,  n.  Plunder  ; robbery.  Huloet. 

PIL'LfZ,  n.  A kind  of  naked  barley.  [Corn- 
wall, Eng.]  T.  Cyc. 

PIL'LION  (pll'yun),  n.  [Or.  rV.oq,  wool  or  hair 

wrought  into  felt ; L.  pilus,  hair.  — Ir.  pittin,  a 
pillion  ; Gael,  pillean .] 

1.  A cushion  or  soft  saddle  for  a woman  to 
ride  on,  behind  a person  on  horseback.  Swift. 

2.  A pad  for  a horse’s  back.  Johnson. 

3.  A pannel ; a low  saddle.  Spenser. 

PlL'LO-RIED,  a.  Put  in  a pillory.  Wright. 

FIL'LO-RIZE , v.  a.  To  put  in  the  pillory.  Wood. 

PIL'LO-RY,  n.  [Low  L.  pillorium  ; Fr. pilori. — 
From  L.  pilar,  a pillar.  Skinner.  — From  Fr. 
pillcur,  a piller  or  plunderer.  Spelman .]  A 
frame,  erected  on  posts,  with  holes  and  movable 
boards  through  which  the  head  and  hands  of  a 
criminal  are  put  for  punishment.  Shak. 

There  is  a statute  of  the  pillory,  41  Henry  III.,  1250.  It  was 
totally  abolished  by  Act  I Victoria,  June,  1837.  Haydn. 

PlL'LO-RY,  v.  a.  [F r.  pilorier.]  To  punish  with 
the  pillory.  Gov.  of  the  Tongue. 

PIL'LOW  (pli'lo),  n.  [A.  S . pyle,  pile  ; Thit.peu- 
luw  ; Ger.  pfiihl.  — L.  pulvmum  ; pilous , a felt 
hat ; Gr.  mi.'os,  wool  or  hair  wrought  into  felt.] 

1.  A bag  or  cushion  of  feathers,  or  other  soft 

substance,  to  lay  the  head  on  while  sleeping,  or 
reposing  on  a bed.  Bacon. 

2.  In  machinery,  the  bearing  of  a gudgeon  or 

journal.  Brande. 

3.  ( Naut .)  A block  supporting  the  inner  end 

of  the  bowsprit.  Dana. 

4.  A cross-piece  of  wood  serving  to  raise  and 

lower  the  beam  of  a plough.  Wright. 

5.  A name  for  plain  fustian.  Simmonds. 

PIL'LOW,  v.  a.  To  rest  or  lay  for  support  or  re- 
pose, as  on  a pillow.  Milton. 

PIL'LOW—  BEER,  n.  A pillow-case.  Johnson. 
— Written  also  pillow-bear,  pillow-bier,  and 
pillow-bere  : — now  commonly  styled  and  writ- 
ten pillow-case. 

PIL'LOW— BLOCK,  n.  A cast-iron  block  or  stand- 
ard for  supporting  the  end  of  a shaft ; a plumber- 
block.  Brande. 

D®*  “ More  correctly  termed  plumber-block.”  Ogil- 
vie.  — “ Sometimes,  corruptly,  plumber-block.”  Brande. 

PlL'LOW— CASE,  n.  A covering  or  case  drawn 
over  a pillow.  — See  Pillow-beer.  Swift. 

PlL'LOW— LACE,  n.  Lace  worked  by  hand  on  a 
small  cushion  or  pillow.  Simmonds. 

PlL'LOW-SLIP,  n.  A pillow-case.  Simmonds. 

PIL'LOW- Y,  a.  Like  a pillow.  Wordsworth. 

PiLI.'-TlLE,  n.  A corrugated  metal  plate  used 
in  making  pills.  Simmonds. 

PILL'WORT  (-wart),  n.  ( Bot .)  An  evergreen 
trailing  plant  of  the  genus  Pilularia ; pepper- 
grass.  Loudon. 

PJ-LOSE'  (129),  a.  [L.  pilosus  ; pilus,  hair ; It. 
peloso  ; Sp . piloso  ; Fr.  poilu.]  ( Zool . & Bot.) 
Covered  with  hair ; hairy  ; pilous.  Brande. 


PI-LOS'I-TY  (pe-lSs'e-te),  n.  Hairiness.  Bacon. 

PI'LOT,  n.  [It.,  Sp.,  <5c  Port,  piloto  ; Fr.  pilote.  — 
Dut.  piloot.  — From  Old  Fr.  pile,  a ship.  Me- 
nage. — From  Dut.  piil,  a plummet-line,  and 
loot,  lead.  Skinner.  Junius.] 

1.  One  who  steers  a vessel ; a steersman,  — 

particularly  one  whose  office  or  business  it  is  to 
steer  or  conduct  vessels  in  and  out  of  harbors, 
or  wherever  the  navigation  requires  local 
knowledge.  Drydcn. 

2.  A guide  ; conductor.  [Colloquial.]  lloget. 

PI'LOT,  v.  a.  [i.  piloted  ; pp.  piloting,  pi- 
loted.] To  direct  in  the  course  ; to  steer. 

Where  the  people  arc  well  educated,  the  art  of  piloting  a 
state  is  best  learned  from  the  writings  of  Plato.  Bp.  Berkeley. 

Pl'LOT-ACE,  n.  [Fr.]  1.  A pilot’s  skill  or  knowl- 
edge of  channels  and  coasts.  Raleigh. 

2.  The  navigation  of  a vessel  by  a pilot ; the 

duty  of  a pilot.  Story. 

3.  The  charge  or  compensation  of  a pilot  for 

conducting  a vessel.  Bouvier. 

Pl'LOT-BAL-LOON',  n.  A small  balloon  sent  up 
to  try  the  wind.  Simmonds. 

PI'LOT— BIRD,  n.  ( Ornith .)  A bird  found  about 
the  Caribbee  Islands.  Crabb. 

PI'LOT— BOAT,  n.  ( Naut .)  A small,  strongly- 
built  cutter,  belonging  to  a pilot,  employed  in 
beating  about  the  coasts  and  approaches  to 
ports,  awaiting  vessels  requiring  the  service  of 
a pilot.  Simmonds. 

PI'LOT— BREAD,  n.  A name  sometimes  given  to 
hard  biscuit ; ship  biscuit.  Simmonds. 

PI'LOT— CLOTH,  n.  An  indigo-blue  woollen 
cloth,  used  for  great-coats,  and  for  the  clothing 
of  mariners  and  others.  Simmonds. 

PI'LOT— ENGINE,  n.  ( Railroads .)  An  engine 
sent  before  to  clear  the  line,  or  to  attend  on  a 
railway  train.  Simmonds. 

PI'LOT— FISH,  n.  fch.)  A fish  marked  with  con- 
spicuous transverse 
bands,  which  follows 
vessels  to  a consid- 
able  distance,  in 
order  to  feed  upon 
what  is  thrown  over- 
board ; Naucrates  ductor.  Yarrell. 

PI'LOT-ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  pilots. 

f PI'LOT-I§M,  n.  The  duty  of  a pilot.  Blount. 

PI'LOT— JACK,  n.  (Naut.)  A union  or  ether  flag 
hoisted  by  a vessel  for  a pilot.  Simmonds. 

f Pl'LOT-RY,  n.  Pilotage.  Harris. 

Pl'LOUS,  a.  Hairy  ; pilose.  Robinson. 

PIL'SF.R,  n.  (Ent.)  A moth  or  fly  that  runs  into 
a flame  ; the  candle  moth.  Ainsworths 

PIL'U-LAR,  a.  Relating  to  pills.  “ Pilvlar  mass  ” ; 
“ Pilular  form.”  Dunglison. 

Pl’LUM,  n.  [L.]  (Ant.)  A heavy  javelin  used 
by  the  Roman  infantry.  W.  Smith. 

PI-MEL'IC,  a.  [Gr.  mpih'i,  fat.]  (Chem.)  Noting 
an  acid  obtained  by  the  action  of  nitric  acid  on 
fatty  bodies.  Brande. 

PLM'EL-lTE,  n.  [Gr.  TupeXrj,  fat,  and  lido;,  a stone.] 
(Min.)  An  apple-green  mineral,  consisting  of 
silica,  protoxide  of  nickel,  magnesia,  peroxide 
of  iron,  alumina,  and  water.  Dana. 

f PI'MIJNT,  n.  Wine  mixed  with  spice  or  honey. 

He  Bent  her  piment,  methe,  and  spiced  ale.  Chaucer. 

PI-MEN  T,y,  ) n [jt.  pimento  ; Sp . pimienta  ; Fr. 

PI-MEN'TO,  ) piment.']  (Bot.)  A tree,  and  its 
berry,  native  of  South  America  and  the  West 
Indies,  especially  of  Jamaica;  allspice;  Jamai- 
ca-pepper  ; Eugenia  pimenta.  Eng.  Cyc. 

t PIM'G^-NET,  n.  A small  red  pimple.  Halliivell. 

PIMP,  n.  One  who  provides  gratifications  for  the 
lust  of  others  ; a procurer  ; a pander.  Addison. 

PIMP,  V.  n.  [l.  PIMPED  ; pp.  PIMPING,  PIMPED.] 
To  act  the  pimp  ; to  procure  gratifications  for 
the  lust  of  others  ; to  pander.  Swift. 

PIM'PIJR-NEL,  n.  [Fr.  pimprenelle .]  (Bot.)  A 
small,  deciduous,  trailing  or  herbaceous  plant, 
of  the  genus  Anagallis,  one  species  of  which 


(Anagallis  arvensis,  or  common  pimpernel)  bears 

' brick-red  or  scarlet  flowers.  Eng.  Cyc. 

PlM'PIL-LO,  n.  (Bot.)  A species  of  cactus;  a 
variety  of  the  Indian  fig.  Wright. 

PIM'PI-NEL,  n.  Pimpinella.  Dunglison. 

PI M-PI-NEL'LA,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  umbel- 
liferous plants,  principally  inhabiting  the  mead- 
ows and  mountains  of  Europe,  and  comprehend- 
ing among  its  species  the  anise.  Eng.  Cyc. 

f PIMP'ING,  a.  Little  ; petty.  Skinner. 

PIM'PLE  (-pi),  n.  [A.  S . pimpel.  — L.  papula.] 

1.  (Med.)  A small,  acuminated  (deration  of  the 

cuticle  with  an  inflamed  base,  seldom  contain- 
ing a fluid,  or  suppurating  ; a small  red  pustule  ; 
a blotch.  Dunglison. 

2.  Calcined  copper.  Simmonds. 

PIM'PLED  (plm'pld),  a.  Having  pimples  ; full  of 

pimples.  Johnson. 

PIMP'— LIKE,  a.  Like  a pimp  ; vile.  Wright. 

PLM'PLY,  a.  Full  of  pimples  ; pimpled.  Pennant. 

f PIMP'SHlP,  n.  The  office  of  a pimp.  Oldham. 

PIN,  n.  [L.  spina,  spinula,  a prickle,  a thorn ; 
Old  Fr.  espingle,  epingle.  — Hut.  pen,  a pin; 
Ger.  pinne;  Dan.  pin'd-,  Sw.  pinne.  — W.pin-, 
Gael,  pinne ; Ir.  pion .] 

1.  A short,  pointed  piece  of  wire  with  a head, 

used  in  fastening  clothes.  Shak. 

Pins  are  first  mentioned  in  the  statutes  A.  D.  1183.  They 
were  made  in  England  in  1513.  Haydn. 

2.  A pointed  piece  of  wood  or  of  metal,  used 
for  fastening  parts  together;  a peg;  a bolt. 

With  pins  of  adamant, 

And  chains,  they  made  all  fast.  Milton. 

3.  A piece  of  wood  or  of  metal  to  lock  a wheel 

to  the  axle  ; a linchpin.  Johnson. 

4.  A peg  used  in  musical  instruments  for 
straining  and  relaxing  the  strings.  Johnson. 

5.  f A note  ; a strain.  [Low.]  L’ Estrange. 

6.  Any  thing  inconsiderable  or  of  little  value. 

Who  not  a pin 

Does  care  for  look  of  living  creature’s  eye.  Spenser. 

7.  The  middle  point  of  a butt,  or  mark  set  up 

to  shoot  at  with  arrows.  Shak. 

8.  Mood  ; humor  ; — from  the  custom  of 

drinking  in  mugs  in  which  a pin  was  fixed  as  a 
measure  of  the  quantity  drunk.  “In  a merry 
pin,  i.  c.  in  merry  humor.”  Wright. 

The  calender,  right  glad  to  find 
Ilis  friend  in  merry  pin. 

Returned  him  not  a single  word, 

Rut  to  the  house  went  in.  Cowpcr. 

9.  A horny  induration  of  the  membranes  of 

the  eye.  Ilanmer. 

10.  A humor  in  a hawk’s  foot.  Ainsworth. 

11.  A vulgar  name  for  the  half  of  a tub  or 

anker  of  smuggled  spirits.  Simmonds. 

PIN,  v.  a.  [Gael,  pin.]  [ i . pinned  ; pp.  pen- 
ning, PINNED.] 

1.  To  fasten  with  a pin  or  pins.  “ A paper 

pinned  upon  the  breast.”  Pope. 

2.  To  fasten  ; to  make  fast;  to  join  ; to  fix. 

She  lifted  the  princess  from  the  earth,  and  so  locks  her  in 
embracing  as  if  she  would  pin  her  to  her  heart.  Shak. 

3.  [A.  S.  pyndan.]  To  shut  up ; to  confine ; 
to  pen. 

To  pin  the  word  of  God  in  so  narrow  room.  Hooker. 

PIN-A-CO-THE'CA,  n.  [Gr.  rival],  rivasos,  a pic- 
ture, and  di'/uri,  a repository.]  A repository  for 
pictures  ; a picture-gallery.  Ogilvie. 

PIN'A-FORE,  n.  An  apron  for  the  front  par!  of 
the  body ; a child’s  apron.  P.  Mag.  D.  Coleridge. 

PI-NAS'TpR,  n.  [L.,  from  pinus  (Gr.  ki'roj),  the 
pine.]  A species  of  pine  inhabiting  the  most 
sterile  sandy  plains  of  France  and  southern  Eu- 
rope ; the  cluster  pine  ; Pinus  pinaster.  Eng. Cyc. 

tt gy=  Pinaster  is  Pliny’s  name  for  the  wild  or  Scotch 
pine  ( Pinus  sylvestris ).  Loudon. 

f PINBOUKE,  n.  A sort  of  vessel.  Drayton. 

PIN'-CASE,  n.  A case  for  holding  pins.  Skelton. 

PIN'CER§  [pln'serz,  S.  W.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.],  n.  [Fr. 
pincette-,  pincer,  to  pinch.]  An  instrument  for 
drawing  nails,  or  griping  any  thing  to  be  held 
fast ; pinchers.  Spenser. 

Kip  “ This  word  is  frequently  pronounced  pinch- 
ers.” Walker See  PINCHERS. 

PlNCH,  v.  a.  [It.  pizzicare  ; Sp.  pellizcar,  pizcar ; 
Old  Fr.  pinser ; Fr.  pincer.  — Dut.  pijnigen; 


Pilot-fish. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE. — £,  £,  g,  soft;  IS,  G,  j,  g,  hard;  ^ as  7. ; JC  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


pincii 


1078 


PINK 


Ger.  pfetzen.  — From  L.  pungo,  to  prick,  to 
puncture.  Menage.  — From  L.  pinso,  to  knead, 
to  pack.  Sullivan .]  [ i . pinched  ; pp.  pinch- 

ing, PINCHED.] 

1.  To  press  or  squeeze  between  two  sharp 
points  or  hard  substances,  as  between  the  fin- 
gers, the  teeth,  or  the  ends  of  some  instrument ; 
to  nip. 

He  would  pinch  the  children,  in  the  dark,  so  hard,  that  he 
left  the  print  in  black  and  blue.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  To  fret ; to  gall ; to  irritate  ; to  vex. 

As  they  pinch  one  another  by  the  disposition,  he  cries  out, 
No  more.  bnak. 

3.  To  gripe  ; to  oppress  ; to  straiten  ; to  dis- 

tress ; to  pain.  “ Pinching  cold  and  scorching 
heat.”  Milton. 

Want  of  room  upon  the  earth  pinching  a whole  nation. 

llaleigh. 

4.  To  press  ; to  drive  to  difficulties. 

The  respondent  is  pinched  with  a strong  objection.  Watts. 

5.  To  try  or  test  thoroughly.  “ This  is  the 

way  to  pinch  the  question.”  Collier. 

PINCH,  v.  «.  1.  To  act  with  a griping  force  ; to 

bear  hard.  “ Thou  . . . seest  where  the  reasons 
pinch."  Dryden. 

A difficulty  pincheth.  nor  will  it  easily  be  resolved.  Glanvill. 

2.  To  be  sparing  or  frugal. 

The  poor,  that  scarce  have  wherewithal  to  eat, 

Will  pinch,  and  make  the  singing-boy  a treat.  Dryden. 

PINCH,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who,  or  that  which, 
pinches  ; a painful  squeeze  or  close  compres- 
sion, as  between  the  ends  of  the  fingers,  or  of 
an  instrument ; a gripe  ; a nip.  Dryden. 

2.  That  which  is  pinched,  as  between  the  ends 
of  the  fingers;  as,  “ A pinch  of  snuff.” 

3.  Oppression;  distress;  pressure.  “Neces- 
sity’s hard  pinch.”  _ Shah. 

4.  Time  of  distress  or  difficulty  ; a strait. 

They,  at  a pinch,  can  bribe  avote.  Swift. 

Pl.NCH'GECK,  n.  [So  named  from  the  inventor. 
Brande.]  A reddish-yellow  alloy  of  copper  and 
zinc,  containing  more  of  the  former  and  less  of 
the  latter  than  brass  contains  ; red  brass.  Ure. 

PINCH'ER,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  pinches.  Ash. 

PINCH'jpRiJ,  n.  pi.  An  instrument  for  drawing 
nails,  or  for  griping  any  thing  ; pincers. 

i; ■ “ Pmchcrs  is  correctly  written,  from  the  verb 
to  pinch,  and  accurately  represents  the  vulgar  pronun- 
ciation of  the  other  word  ; yet  the  form  pincers  pre- 
vails in  writing.”  Smart. 

PINCH'— FlsT,  £ n.  A sordid  person;  a nig- 

PINCH'-PEN-NY,  > gard  ; a miser.  Iluloet. 

PINCII'ING,  p.  a.  Griping;  oppressing;  covetous. 

PINCH'ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  pinches.  Clarke. 

PINCH'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a pinching  manner.  Clarke. 

. INCH'— SPOT-TIJD,  a.  Discolored  or  livid  by 

having  been  pinched.  Shah. 

PlN'-CUSII-ION  (-kush'un),  n.  A cushion  or  bag 
stuffed  with  cotton  or  other  soft  substance,  for 
sticking  pins  in.  Addison. 

PIN  DAL,  ; n.  Names  given  to  the  ground-nut; 

PlN'DAR,  ) Arachis  hypogeea.  Simmonds. 

PIN-DAR'IC,  n.  An  ode  in  imitation  of  the  odes 
of  Pindar,  the  celebrated  lyric  poet  of  ancient 
Greece  ; an  irregular  ode.  Addison. 

PIN-DAR'IC,  l a [Gr.  WnAapof,  Pindar;  L. 

PJN-DAR'l-CAL,  ) Pindarus  ; It.  bj  Sp.  Pindar ico  ; 
Fr.  Pindarique.]  Relating  to,  or  resembling, 
Pindar  or  his  poetry.  Johnson. 

PlN'DAR-I§M,  n.  An  imitation  of  Pindar.  Johnson. 

PIN'DAR-lST,  n.  An  imitator  of  Pindar.  Johnson. 

t PIN' HER,  n.  [A.  S.  pyndan,  to  shut  up.]  Apet- 
ty  officer  of  an  English  manor,  whose  duty  it 
was  to  impound  stray  cattle ; pounder.  Wright. 

PlN'-DUST,  n.  Small  particles  of  metal  made  in 
pointing  pins.  Digby. 

PINE,  n.  [Gr.  -iVu;  (according  to  Hemsterhuis 
there  is  an  old  word  ?nVos)  ; L.  pinus  ; It.  Sp. 
pi-no  ; Fr.  pin.  — A.  S.  pinn,  pinntreow,  Dut. 
pijnboom ; Ger.  pin.  — From  Celtic  pin  or  pen , 
a rock  or  mountain.  Loudon.']  ( Bot .) 

1.  An  evergreen  tree,  of  the  genus  Pinus,  in- 
habiting northern  temperate  regions,  having 


needle-shaped  leaves,  growing  in  pairs,  threes, 
fours,  and  fives,  surrounded  by  a membranous 
sheath  at  their  base.  Eng.  Cyc. 

■ There  are  many  species  of  pine,  most  of  which 
are  large  timber-trees.  Hit".  Cyc. 

2.  A pineapple.  Loudon. 

PINE,  ii.  n.  [A.  S.  pinan,  to  pain,  to  pine  ; Dut. 
pynan;  Ger.  peinen.]  [i.  pined  ; pp.  pining, 
pined.]  To  waste  away  with  pain,  grief,  or 
distress  of  mind;  to  languish  ; to  droop  ; to  flag. 

The  wicked,  with  anxiety  of  mind. 

Shall  jniie  away,  in  sighs  consume  their  breath.  Sandy 8. 

Your  new  commander  need  not  pine  for  action.  Phillips. 

PlNE,  v.  a.  1.  To  wear  out ; to  make  to  languish 
or  waste  away.  “ One  is  pined  in  prison.”  Hall. 

2.  To  grieve  for;  to  bemoan;  to  lament. 
“The  devil  . . . saw,  and  pined  his  loss.”  Milton. 

+ PINE,  n.  [A.  S.  pin-,  Dut.  pyn;  Ger.  pein.] 
Pain  or  suffering  ; woe  ; misery.  Spenser. 

PiN'E-AL  [pln'e-;il,  IF.  P.J.  Ja.  Wr.  Wb.\  pln'- 
yal,  .S’.  K.  ; pi ' n o-al , Swi.],  a.  [Fr.  pine  ale,  from 
L.  pinea,  a cone  of  a pine  ; pinus,  a pine.]  Re- 
sembling in  form  a cone  of  a pine.  Johnson. 

Pineal  gland,  (A nut.)  a small  conical  hotly,  of  a pale 
red  or  grayish  color,  and  soft  consistence,  between 
the  fornix  and  the  tuberCula  quadrigemina,  or  four 
medullary  tubercles  of  the  brain.  Dunglison. 

PINE'AP-PLE,  n.  (Bot.)  A tropical  plant  and  its 
fruit,  which  resembles  in  form  the  cone  of  a 
pine  ; ananas  ; Ananassa  sativa.  Eng.  Cyc. 

“ It  is  distinguished  from  the  Bromelia,  to 
which  it  was  once  referred,  by  its  succulent  fruit  col- 
lected in  a compact  head.”  Eng.  Cyc. 

PlNE'-AS-TI5R,  n.  (Bot.)  See  Pinaster. 

PINE'— BAR'RENly,  n.  pi.  A term  applied  to  level, 
sandy  tracts  covered  with  pines,  in  the  southern 
portion  of  the  United  States.  Darby. 

PINE'— CLAD,  a.  Clad  with  pines.  Clarke. 

PINE'— CROWNED,  a.  Crowned  with  pines.  Clarke. 

fPINE'FUL,  a.  Full  of  woe;  sorrowful.  Bp. Hall. 

PINE'-HOUSE,  n.  A liot-house  or  stove  for  grow- 
ing pineapples  ; a pinery.  Simmonds. 

l’iNE'— KER-NEL!-!,  n.  pi.  The  seeds  of  the  stone- 
pine  (Pinus  pinea),  which  are  sometimes  used 
as  an  article  of  dessert.  Simmonds. 

PlNE'-MAR-TEN,  n.  (Zolil.)  A species  of  mar- 
ten found  in  Europe, 
closely  allied  to  the 
sable,  and  perhaps 
identical  with  it ; Mat- 
tes abietum.  — See  Sa- 
ble. Bell. 

PlNE— NEE'DLE— WOOL 
(-wul),  n.  A fibrous 
vegetable  substance  obtained  by  treating  the 
buds  and  leaves  of  coniferous  trees  with  a 
strong  solution  of  carbonate  of  soda;  — used 
for  various  manufacturing  purposes,  and  called 
also  pine-ivood-wool.  Simmonds. 

PlN'lJ-RY,  n.  A place  or  field  where  pineapples 
are  raised.  Todd. 

PIN'^Y,  a.  Piny.  — See  Piny.  Ure. 

PlN'UY,  n.  A kind  of  resin  obtained  from  the 
Vateria  Indica,  a tree  which  grows  on  the  coast 
of  Malabar.  Simmonds. 

PlN'JjlY— TAL'LOW,  n.  " A fatty  substance  ob- 
tained from  the  Vateria  Indica  ; — called  also 
vegetable  tallow.  Eng.  Cyc. 

PlN'JpY— THlS'TLE,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the  ge- 
nus Atractylis,  abounding  with  a gummy  matter, 
which  exudes  when  it  is  wounded ; Atractylis 
gummifera.  Ogilvie. 

PIN'EY— VAR'NLSH,  n.  A fluid  resin  obtained 
from  the  Vateria  Indica ; liquid  copal ; pun- 
dum.  Eng.  Cyc. 

PiN'FEATH-ER,  n.  A feather,  from  its  size,  as- 
similated to  a pin  ; a feather  beginning  to  shoot, 
or  not  fully  grown.  Smart. 

PlN'FEATH-ERED  (-erd),  a.  Having  pinfeathers  ; 
not  fledged.  Dryden. 

PIN'FOLD,  ti.  [A.  S.  pyndan,  to  shut  up,  and 
Eng.  fold.]  A place  for  confining  beasts  ; a 
pound.  Spenser. 


Pine-marten 
(31  to<t  cl  a martes). 


PIN'FOOT-ED  (pln'fut-ed),  a.  Having  the  toes  or 
feet  bordered  by  a membrane.  Kirby. 

fl’IN'GLE  (plng'gl),  n.  A small  enclosure.  “A 
little  pinglc,  or  plot  of  ground.”  Holland. 

PlJTO'STF.R,  n.  [Dut.]  See  Pinxter. 

PIN-GUED'I-NOUS,  a.  [It.  &j  Sp.  pinguedinoso .] 
Fat;  adipose,  [it.]  Dr.  Cogaii. 

PLY-  O UK  'DO,  n.  [L.]  (Anat.)  Fat.  Dunglison. 

f PIN'GUID  (plng'gwjd),  a.  [L.  pinguis.]  Fat; 

adipose ; unctuous.  Mortimer. 

f PIN'GUI-FY,  v.  a.  [L.  pinguis,  fat,  and  facio, 
to  make.]  To  fatten  ; to  make  fat.  Cudivorth. 

PIN'GUITE,  n.  [L.  pinguis.]  (Min.)  A hydrous 
silicate  of  iron,  having  a greasy  feel.  Dana. 

PIN'GUI-TUDE,  n.  [L.  pinguitudo  ; pinguis,  fat.] 
Fatness;  obesity,  [it.]  Sir  W.  Scott. 

PlN'HULD,  n.  A place  at  which  a pin  holds  or 
makes  fast.  Smart. 


PlN'HOLE,  n.  A hole  or  perforation,  such  as  is 
made  by  a pin.  Wiseman. 

PI'NIC,  a.  [L.  pinus,  the  fir-tree.]  (Chem.)  Not- 
ing an  acid  which  is  the  principal  resinous  con- 
stituent of  common  resin  or  colophony.  Brande. 


Pope . 


PIN'ING,  n.  The  act  or  the  state  of  languishing; 
a wearing  away.  Clarke. 

PIN'ION  (pln'yun),  n.  [Sp.  pihon  ; Fr . pignon. — 
L.  pinna,  a wing.  Richardson.  — Celt,  pen,  the 
summit  of  a mountain.  Iluet.  — L.  tignum,  a 
beam,  by  the  change  of  t into  p.  Bochart.] 

1.  The  joint  of  the  wing  remotest  from  the 

body.  Johnson. 

2.  A-feather  or  quill.  “ So  poor  a pinion  of 

his  wing.”  Shak. 

3.  Awing.  "Pinions  like  the  wind.”  Swift. 
The  god  who  mounts  the  winged  winds 
Fast  to  Ills  feet  the  golden  pinions  binds. 

4.  A fetter  or  .bond  for  the 

arm.  Ainsworth. 

5.  (Mech.)  Any  small,  toothed 

wheel  working  in  the  teeth  of  a 
larger  wheel.  Grier. 

PIN'ION  (pln'yun),  v.  a.  [i.  pin- 
ioned ; pp.  PINIONING,  PIN-  "Wheel  and  pinion. 
IONED.] 

1.  To  bind,  as  the  wings  or  pinions.  Bacon. 

2.  To  disable  or  maim,  as  a bird,  by  cutting 

off  a part  of  the  wing.  Johnson. 

3.  To  confine  by  binding  the  arms  or  elbows 
to  the  sides  ; — to  bind  ; to  fasten  ; to  shackle. 

I will  not  wait  pinioned  at  your  master’s  court.  Shak . 

PIN'IONED  (pln'yund),  a.  Having  pinions. 


PIN'ION-ING,  n.  Something  that  pinions  or  con- 
fines. “ Elbow  pinioning  s."  Bp.  Hall. 

fPlN'ION-IST  (pln'yim-Ist),  n.  A bird.  “The 
flitting pinionists  of  air.”  Browne. 

PlN'iTE,  n.  [From  the  mine  Pini  at  Sclmeeberg, 
in  Saxony.  Brande .]  (Min.).  A name  given  to 

the  alkaline  varieties  of  altered  iolite.  Dana. 


PINIC  (pingk,  82),  n.  [Dut.  pinkest,  to  twinkle 
with  the  eyes.  — “Probably  connected  with 
winken,  A.  S.  winc-ian,  be-winc-ian,  corrupted 
into  binc-ian,  and  thus  (by  the  common  change 
of  b into  p)  the  Dut.  pinken.”  Richardson.  — VV. 
pine,  gay.] 

1.  An  eye  that  is  small,  or  narrow  and  long ; 
an  eye  with  contracted  lids ; a small  eye  ; — 
used  chiefly  in  composition  ; as,  “ Pink- eyed.” 

2.  An  eyelet ; a loop-liole.  C.  Richardson. 

3.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the  genus  Dianthus  ; — 
especially  applied  to  the  Dianthus  caryophyllus, 
of  which  species  there  arc  many  varieties. 

Gay  motleyed  pints  and  sweet  jonquils  she  chose.  Collins. 

- So  called,  according  to  Smart,  because  some 
of  the  species  are  marked  with  little  spots  resembling 
eyes.  Richardson  notices  the  fact  that  the  Fr.  millet 
(from  L.  oculus,  an  eye)  is  also  applied  both  in  the 
sense  of  an  eyelet,  and  of  pink,  a flower. 

4.  Red  reduced  to  a tint  by  the  admixture  of 
white  ; a color  resembling  that  of  the  common 
garden  pink ; rose-color. 

The  tints  of  pure  red  are  all  pale  or  deep  pinks , or  rose 
colors;  and  their  varieties  are  simply  pale  or  deep,  until  they 
lose  their  distinction  in  pinkish  white  on  the  one  hand,  or 
light  red  on  the  other.  D.  It.  Hay . 

5.  One  of  a class  of  pigments  of  a yellow  or  a 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  fj,  Y,  short; 


A,  I?,  1,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; 


HEIR,  HER; 


PINK 


1079 


PIPE 


greenish-yellow  color,  prepared  by  precipitating 
vegetable  juices  on  a white  earth,  such  as  chalk, 
alumina,  &c.  1' air  holt . 

These  pigments  are  known  as  Dutch  pink,  Eng- 
lish pink,  and  Italian  pinlc.  They  are  prepared  in  a 
manner  similar  to  that  of  rose-pink,  whence  they  de- 
rive their  names,  notwithstanding  tiieir  difference  of 
color.  Field. 

6.  The  summit  of  excellence  ; perfection. 

I am  the  very  pink  of  courtesy.  Shah. 

7.  [It.  pinco  ; Fr.  pinque. — Rus.  pinnka.) 

(Naut.)  A vessel  with  a narrow  stern  and  fiat 
floor.  Burn. 

For  other  craft  our  prouder  river  shows 

Hoys,  pinks,  aud  sloops.  Crabbe. 

jjj£g=  So  called  as  being  a ship  for  searching,  look- 
ing, or  spying,  &c.  Kilian.  Richardson.  — “ Fr.  pinque  ; 
Dut.  pink,  that  is,  pilccd,  n being  casual.”  Webster. — 
Perhaps  so  called  in  allusion  to  its  shape.  — See  No.  1. 

8.  .(Ich.)  A little  fish  ; the  minnow.  Cotton. 

Brown  pink,  a vegetal  lake,  of  a citrine  color,  pre- 
cipitated from  decoctions  of  French  berries,  &c.  — 
Rose  pink,  a coarse  kind  of  lake,  produced  by  dyeing 
chalk  or  whitening  with  decoction  of  Brazil-wood, 
&c.  Field. 

PINK,  n.  [W.  pine.]  The  chaffinch.  Wright. 

PlNK  (plngk,  82),  v.  a.  [i.  pinked  ; pp.  pinking, 
PINKED.] 

1.  To  work  in  eyelet-holes  ; to  pierce  with 

small  holes.  Middleton. 

2.  To  pierce  ; to  stab,  [r.] 

One  of  them  pinked  the  other  in  a duel.  Addison. 

3.  f To  select ; to  choose  ; to  cull ; to  take. 

When  thou  dost  tell  another’s  jest,  therein 

Omit  the  oaths,  which  true  wit  cannot  need; 

Pink  out  of  talcs  the  mirth,  but  not  the  sin.  Herbert. 

PINK,  v.  n.  [Dut.  pinhen.)  To  make  the  eye 
small,  or  narrow  and  long  ; to  contract  the  eyes. 

A hungry  fox  lay  winking  and  pinking.  L' Estrange. 

To  wink  and  pink  with  the  eyes,  still  means  to  contract 
them,  and  peep  out  of  the  lids.  Hares. 

PlNK,  a.  Resembling  the  most  usual  color  of  the 
pink ; rose-red.  Smart. 

PINK'— COL-ORED  (-urd),  a.  Having  the  color  of 
the  pink.  Moore. 

PINK'fJIt,  n.  One  who  cuts  out  flounces,  &c., 
with  a machine,  for  ladies’  dresses.  Simmonds. 

PINK'-EYED  (-Id),  a.  Having  little  eyes,  or  eyes 
that  are  narrow  and  long.  Bp.  Wilkins. 

PlNK'ING-lR-ON,  n.  A cutting  instrument  for 
scolloping  the  edges  of  ribbons,  &c.  Simmonds. 

PINK'— NEE-DLE,  n.  A shepherd’s  bodkin. 

Sherwood. 

PINK'— ROOT,  n.  ( Bot .)  A name  for  the  worm- 
grass  ( Spigelia  maril indica),  a poisonous  nar- 
cotic and  purgative,  and  a very  powerful  vermi- 
fuge ; Carolina  root.  Simmonds. 

PINK'— SAU-CER,  n.  A little  saucer  containing 
safflower  prepared  with  a small  portion  of  soda, 
and  used  for  giving  a flesh  tint  to  silk  stock- 
ings, &c.  Simmonds. 

PlNK'STJER,  n.  [Dut.  pingster. ] Whitsunday  ; 
— written  also  pingster,  and  pinxter.  "■Pink- 
ster frolics.”  [Local,  N.  Y.]  Cooper. 

PINK'— STERN,  n.  (Naut.)  A ship  with  a high, 
narrow  stern,  like  that  of  a pink.  Simmonds. 

PINK'— STERNED  (-sterml),  a.  (Naut.)  Having  a 
narrow  stern,  like  that  of  a pink.  Todd. 

PlN'-MAK-lJR,  n.  One  who  makes  pins. 

PIN'— MON-EY  (-mun-e),  n.  Money  settled  upon, 
or  allowed  to,  a wife,  for  the  purpose  of  defray- 
ing her  private  expenses. 

Hcg“It  lias  been  conjectured  that  the  term  pin-mon- 
ey has  been  applied  in  this  sense  because  anciently 
there  was  a tax  laid  for  providing  the  English  queen 
with  pms.  Bouoier. 

PlN'NA,  n.  [L.,  a feather .]  (Bot.)  A primary 
branch  of  the  petiole  of  a bipennate  or  tripennate 
leaf.  Simmonds. 

PIN'NACE,  n.  [L.  pinus,  a pine-tree,  a ship; 
It .pinazza;  Sp.  pinaza ; Fr.  pinasse.)  (Naut.) 

1.  A small,  light  vessel,  navigated  with  oars 

and  sails,  and  having  generally  two  masts,  rigged 
like  those  of  a schooner.  Mar.  Diet. 

2.  A ship’s  ■ barge,  intermediate  in  size  be- 

tween a launch  and  a cutter,  and  never  man- 
aged with  more  than  eight  oars.  Simmonds. 


PIN'NA-CLE  (pln'n?-kl),  n.  [L.  pinna,  a feather, 
or  Celt,  pen,  a summit,  an  apex ; It. 
pjnacolo  ; fSp.  pinaculo ; Fr.  pinacle.) 

1.  (Arch.)  A small,  square  or  polyg- 

onal pillar  generally  applied  at  the 
angles  of  a building,  terminating  up- 
wards pyramidally,  and  embellished 
with  foliage  at  the  angles  of  the  py- 
ramidal part.  Braude. 

“ The  word  was  sometimes  applied 
to  a turret  and  a spire,  and,  indeed,  to  any 
tall  perpendicular  member  on  the  summit 
of  a- building.”  Britton. 

2.  The  highest  point ; summit;  top.  Cowley. 

PIN'NA-CLE,  v.  a.  To  furnish  with  pinnacles. 

“ The  pe'diment  . . . is  pinnacled."  Warton. 

PIN'NA-CLED  (-kid),  a.  Having  a pinnacle.  Mason. 


Todd. 


f PiN'NA^E,  n.  Poundage  of  cattle.  Huloet. 
PIN'NATE,  a.  [L . pinnatus,  feathered; 
pinna , a feather.]  (Bot.)  Divided 
into  a number  of  pairs  of  leaflets  ar- 
ranged along  the  sides  of  a common 
petiole.  Gray. 

PIN'NAT-IJD,  a.  (Bot.)  Pinnate. 

PIN'NATE-LY,  ad.  (Bot.)  In  a pinnate  manner. 
pin-nAt'i-fid,  or  PlN'NA-TI-FlD,  a. 

[L.  pinnatus,  feathered,  and  findo.\ 

(Bot.)  Divided  in  a pinnated  man- 
ner,  nearly  down  to  the  midrib.  ) ' 

Eng.  Cyc.  1 

PIN-NAT-I-LO'BATE,  a.  (Bot.)  Pinnately  lobed. 

• Ilenslow. 


PIN-NAT'I-PED,  or  PIN'N A-TI-PED,  a.  [L.  pinna, 
a fin,  and  pes,  pedis,  a foot.]  Fin-footed  ; hav- 
ing the  toes  bordered  by  membranes.  Maunder. 

PIN-NAT'I-PED,  n.  A fin-footed  bird.  Brando. 

PIN'NfR,  n.  1.  One  who  pins  or  fastens. 

2.  f A pounder  of  cattle.  Warton. 

3.  A maker  of  pins  ; pin-maker.  Huloet. 

4.  The  lappet  of  a head-dress  requiring  to  be 
pinned : — a head-dress. 

Her  goodly  countenance  I’ve  seen 

Set  off  with  kereniefs  starched  and  pinners  clean.  Gay. 

PiN'NIJT,  n.  A pinnacle.  Scott. 

PlN'NI-FORM,  a.  [L.  pinna,  a wing,  a fin,  and 
forma,  a form.]  Having  the  form  of  a fin.  Hill. 

PIN'NING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  pins. 

2.  Underpinning,  [it,.]  Forby. 

PIN'NI-PED,  n.  [L.  pinna,  a fin,  and  pes, pedis, 
a foot.]  (Zoul.)  A crab  having  the  last  pair  of 
feet,  if  not  more,  terminated  by  a flattened  joint 
fitted  for  swimming.  Brande. 

PIN'NOCK,  n.  1.  ( Ornith.)  The  tomtit.  Ainsworth. 

2.  A tunnel  under  a road  to  carry  off  the  wa- 
ter ; a culvert.  [Local,  Eng.]  Holloway. 

PIN'NON-ADE,  n.  A confection  made  chiefly  of 
almonds  and  pines.  Halliwell. 


PlN-'NE-LA,  n.  [L.  dim.  of,  pinna,  a feather.] 
(Pal.)  A genus  of  fossil  plants.  Lindlcy. 

PIN'NU-LATE,  a.  (Bot.)  Subdivided  into  leaflets. 
PlN'NULE,  n.  [L.  pinnula,  dim.  of  pinna,  a wing.] 

1.  (Bot.)  A secondary  branch  of  the  petiole 

of  a bipinnate  or  tripinnate  leaf.  Gray. 

2.  (Ich.)  A small  fin.  Hill. 

PIN-O-NA'TA,  n.  A conserve  or  paste  made  of 

the  kernels  of  the  cones  of  the  piiie.  Simmonds. 
PIN'— STICK- ER,  n.  A person  or  a machine  that 
fixes  pins  in  paper.  Simmonds. 

PINT,  n.  [A.  S.  pynt ; Dut. pint.  — W .point. — 
Sp.  pinta  ; Pr.  pinte.  — Perhaps  from  A.  S.  pyn- 
dan,  to  shut  in,  to  pen.  Richardson.  — From 
Gr.  ttIvio,  to  drink.  Budee .]  Four  gills,  half  a 
quart,  or  one  eighth  of  a gallon.  Dryden. 


PIN-TA'DO,  n.  [Sp.  pintado,  painted  ; pintar,  to 
paint.]  (Ornith.)  A rasorial  bird  of  the  family 
Pavonidce,  or  peacocks;  pearl-lien;  Guinea- 
hen,  or  Guinea-fowl.  Eng.  Cyc. 

PIN'TAlL,  n.  (Ornith.)  A species  of  duck  found 
in  the  north  of  Europe  and  America,  with  a 
long,  wedge-shaped  tail ; Anas  acuta  ; — also 
called  pintail-duclc.  Yarrell. 

PIN'TLE,  n.  1.  (Mil.)  A long,  iron  pin  for  pre- 
venting a cannon  from  recoiling.  Crabb. 

2.  (Naut.)  A metal  bolt  or  pin  upon  which 
the  rudder  of  a ship  is  hung.  Dana. 

PINT'— POT,  n.  A pot  or  vessel  containing  a pint. 


PINT'— STOUP,  n.  A vessel  or  measure  contain- 
ing nearly  three  English  pints.  Simmonds. 

PIN'ULE,  n.  A sight  of  an  astrolabe.  Bailey. 

Pi'NY,  a.  Abounding  with,  or  resembling,  pines. 
They  had  their  haunts  in  dale  or  piny  mountain.  Coleridge. 

PI-O-NEER',  n.  [Fr.  pionnier.  — From  L.  pcs, 
peditis,  a foot-soldier.  Menage .] 

1.  (Mil.)  A soldier  employed  to  clear  a road 

before  an  army,  to  work  on  intrenchinents  and 
fortified  works,  and  to  make  mines  and  ap- 
proaches. Bacon. 

2.  One  who  goes  before  to  remove  obstruc- 
tions or  prepare  the  way  for  others.  Milton. 

The  writer  of  dictionaries  . . . the  pioneer  of  literature, 
doomed  only  to  remove  rubbish  and  clear  obstructions. 

Johnson. 

PI-O-NEER',  V.  n.  [i.  PIONEERED  ; pp.  PIONEER- 
ING, pioneered.]  To  act  as  pioneer;  to  clear 
the  way;  to  remove  obstructions.  Qu.  Rev. 

PI-O-NEER',  v.  a.  To  remove  obstacles  from  ; to 
clear  for  passage.  More. 

PI'O-NIED  (pl'o-nid),  a.  Furnished  with  pionies. 

Thy  banks  with  pionied  and  lilied  brims.  Shak. 

fPl'O-NlNG,  n.  The  work  of  pioneers.  Spenser , 

Pl'O-NY,  n.  (Bot.)  A ranunculaceous  plant,  with 
showy  flowers  ; peony.  — See  Peony.  Todd. 

Pl'OT,  n.  The  magpie.  [Local,  Eng.]  Todd. 

Pi'OUS,  a.  [L  .plus-,  It.  Sp.  pio  ; Fr.  pieux.) 

1.  Having  reverence  for  God,  or  for  religious 
duties  ; godly  ; religious  ; devout ; holy.  Milton. 

2.  Dutiful  or  having  respect  or  affection  for 
parents  or  other  near  relatives  ; careful  of  du- 
ties owing  to  parents  or  near  relatives  ; filial. 

"Where  was  the  martial  brother’s  pious  care?  Pope . 

3.  Practised  under  the  appearance  or  pretence 
of  religion.  “ l’ious  frauds.”  King  Charles. 

The  giving  or  not  correcting  false  reasons 
for  right  conclusions,  false  grounds  for  right  belief, 
false  principles  for  right  practice,  the  holding  forth  or 
fostering  false  consolations,  false  encouragements,  or 
false  sanctions,  or  conniving  at  their  being  held  forth 
or  believed,  — are  called  pious  frauds.”  Abp.  Whately. 

Syn.  — See  Holy. 

PPorS-LY,  ad.  In  a pious  manner;  with  piety ; 
religiously.  Addison. 

PI'OFS— MIND-ED,  a.  Of  a pious  mind.  Wright. 

PIP,  n.  [Dut.  pip  \ Ger  .pips.  — It.  pipita  ; Sp. 
pepita-,  Fr .pepie.) 

1.  A disease  in  fowls,  consisting  of  a horny 
pellicle  growing  on  the  tip  of  the  tongue. 

And  chickens  languish  of’  the  pip.  Iludibras. 

2.  A spot  on  a card.  ylddison. 

3.  A seed  of  an  apple  or  other  fruit.  Mortimer. 

4.  One  of  the  rhomboidal  spaces  into  which 
the  surface  of  a pineapple  is  divided.  Eng.  Cyc. 

PIP,  v.  n.  [L.  pipio  ; Dut.  piper.)  To  chirp  or 
cry  as  a chicken  ; to  peep.  Boyle. 

PIPE,  n.  [A.  S.  pip,  pipe ; Dut.  pyp  ; Ger.  pfeife ; 
Dan.  pibe  ; Sw.  Sf  Icel.  pi  pa.  — Gael,  piob,  pib  ; 
Ir.  pib,  piob  ; W.  pib.  — It.  pica,  pippa  , Sp. 
pipa;  l?r.  pipe.au,  pipe.) 

1.  A wind-instrument  of  music,  in  the  form 

of  a tube.  “ The  solemn  pipe."  Milton. 

2.  A long,  cylindrical,  hollow  body  or  tube 
of  metal,  glass,  or  other  material,  for  conduct- 
ing any  thing,  as  water  or  other  fluid.  Addison. 

3.  A tube,  of  baked  clay  or  other  material, 
for  smoking  tobacco  or  other  substance.  Bacon. 

4.  One  of  the  organs  of  voice  and  respiration. 

The  exercise  of  singing  opencth  the  breast  and  jiipes. 

Eeacli  am. 

5.  The  key  or  sound  of  the  voice.  Shak. 

6.  A cask  for  liquids,  varying  in  different 
countries  and  localities  from  sixty-eight  to  one 
hundred  and  fifty-six  gallons  ; — usually  estima- 
ted at  one  hundred  and  five  gallons.  Simmonds. 

7.  A roll  kept  in  the  English  exchequer ; 

pipe-roll.  — See  Pipe-roll.  Bacon. 

8.  (Mining.)  Ore  running  endwise  into  a hole, 
and  not  sinking  downwards  or  in  a vein.  Crabb. 

PIPE,  v.  n.  [».  piped  ; pp.  PIPING,  PIPED.] 

1.  To  play  on  the  pipe. 

We  ha piped  unto  you,  and  ye  have  not  danced. 

Matt.  xi.  17. 

2.  To  emit  a shrill  sound ; to  whistle.  Milton. 

Within  my  limits  lone  and  still. 

The  blackbird jiipes  in  artless  trill.  Warton. 

PIPE,  v.  a.  To  play  upon  a pipe.  Cartwright. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — £,  (},  q,  g,  soft;  £,  £,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


PIPE-CHAMBER 


1080 


PISTACITE 


PI  PE'— CHAM-B5R,w.  A reservoir  of  water.  Tanner. 

PIPE'— CLAY, n.  A kind  of  clay  used  for  making 
tobacco-pipes,  earthen  ware,  &c.  Thomson. 

PIPED  (plpt),  a.  Formed  with  a pipe  or  tube; 
tubular.  Cyc. 

pIpE'-FISH,  n.  ( Ich .)  A marine  fish  of  many  spe- 
cies, of  the  family  Syngnathidce , having  a long, 
slender,  linear  or  angulated  body,  and  a greatly 
prolonged  snout.  Yarrell. 

PiPE'-LAY-fTR,  n.  A workman  who  lays  gas 
mains,  and  water,  or  draining  pipes.  Simmonds. 

PIPE'— L.AY-ING,  n.  A cant  term  for  the  act  of 
procuring  fraudulent  votes.  [U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

PIPE'-OF-FICE,  n.  The  office  of  the  clerk  of  the 
pipe,  an  ancient  office  in  the  English  Court  of 
Exchequer.  Pol.  Diet. 

PIP'ER,  n.  1.  One  who  plays  on  the  pipe. 

2.  A pipe-fish.  [Local,  Eng.]  Todd. 

PIP'EK-ID^rE,  n.  (Bot.)  Pepperidge.  Johnson. 

PiP'pR-lNE,  n.  [L.  piper,  pepper.]  ( Chcm .)  A 
white,  tasteless,  crystallizable  substance,  ob- 
tained from  black-pepper.  Brande. 

PlPE'-ROLL,  n.  (Law.)  A great  roll  kept  in  the 
English  exchequer,  said  to  be  named  from  its  re- 
semblance to  a pipe  ; — called  also  pipe.  Burrill. 

PIPE'— TREE,  n.  The  lilac.  Johnson. 

PI-PETT-E',  n.  [Fr.]  A small  glass  pipe  used  by 
chemists.  Landais. 

PI PE'WORT  (-wiirt),  n.  (Bot.)  An  endogenous 
plant  of  the  genus  Eriocaulon.  Eng.  Cyc. 

PIP'ING,  a.  1.  Weak,  feeble,  or  sickly,  as  the 
voice  of  a sick  person.  “ This  weak,  piping 
time  of  peace.”  Shah. 

2'.  Very  hot  ; boiling;  — from  the  sound  of  a 
fluid  when  boiling.  “ Piping  hot.”  Goldsmith. 

PIP'ING,  n.  1.  A kind  of  cord-trimming  for  la- 
dies’ dresses.  Simmonds. 

2.  pi.  (Bot.)  Pieces  cut  off ; cuttings.  Loudon. 

PJ-Pls'TREL,  n.  A species  of  bat.  Craig. 

PlP'IT,  n.  (Ornith.)  A small,  passerine  bird  of  the 
genus  Anthus,  resembling  the  lark.  Eng.  Cyc. 

PlP'KIN,  ii.  [Dim.  of  pipe , a vessel.  Sullivan.'] 
A small,  earthen  boiler.  Pope. 

PIP'PIN,  n.  A kind  of  tart  apple;  — so  named 
from  the  pips  or  spots  on  its  skin.  Mortimer. 

Pl-PRI’jYJE,  n.  pi. 

[L.  pipio,  to  chirp.] 

(Ornith.)  A sub- 
family of  dentiros- 
tral  birds  of  the  or- 
der Passeres  and 
family  Ampclidce  ; 
manakins.  Gray.  Pipra  crythroccphala. 

PIP-SIS' SE-WA,  n.  (Bot.)  An  American  plant  of 
the  genus  Pyrola ; wintergreen ; Pyrola  um- 
bellata.  Dunglison. 

||  PIQ'UAN-CY  (plk'an-se),  il.  The  state  or  the 
quality  of  being  piquant;  pungency;  sharp- 
ness ; tartness  ; severity.  Barrow. 

II  PlQ'UANT  (pik'smt)  [plk'ant,  W.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  ; 
pe'kant,  S.  Sm.],  a.  [Fr.  ; piquer,  to  prick.] 

1.  Pricking ; pungent ; stimulating  to  the 

taste.  “ As  piquant ...  as  salt.”  Addison. 

2.  Sharp;  tart;  severe;  keen;  pointed;  cut- 
ting. “ Railleries  so  piquant.”  Gov.  of  Tongue. 

||  I’lQ'UANT-LY  (plk'fmt-le),  ad.'  In  a piquant 
manner  ; sharply  ; pungently.  Locke. 

PIQUE  (pek),  n.  [Fr.]  1.  An  offence  taken; 

slight  anger  or  displeasure  ; petty  malevolence  ; 
umbrage  ; grudge.  “A  personal  pique.”  Addison. 

lie  had  never  any  the  least  pique%  difference,  or  jealousy 
with  the  king  his  father.  Bacon. 

2.  Point ; punctilio  ; nicety. 

Add  long  prescription  of  established  laws, 

And  pique  of  honor  to  maintain  a cause.  Dryden. 

3.  f A depraved  appetite.  Hudibras. 

Syn.  — See  Malice. 

PIQUE  (p5k),  v.  a.  [Fr. piquer.  — See  Pick.]  [i. 
PIQUED  ; pp.  PIQUING,  PIQUED.] 

1.  To  stimulate  ; to  excite  to  action  ; to  kin- 
dle to  emulation. 


Piqued  by  Protogenes’s  fame, 

From  Cos  to  llhodts  Apelles  came.  Prior. 

2.  To  offend;  to  irritate;  to  nettle;  to  sting; 

to  provoke  ; to  exasperate.  • 

The  lady  was  piqued  by  her  indifferences.  Female  Quixote. 

3.  To  pride  or  value  ; to  glory  in;  to  plume  ; 
— used  with  the  reflexive  pronoun. 

Men  apply  themselves  to  two  or  three  . . . languages,  and 
jnque  themselves  on  their  skill  in  them.  Locke. 

PIQUE  (pek),  v.  n.  To  cause  irritation.  Tatler. 

f PJQU-EER',  v.  n.  See  Pickeer.  Johnson. 

f PjQU-EER'ER  (pjk-er'er),  n.  A plunderer;  a 

, robber.  — See  Pickeerer.  Swift. 

PI-QUET'  (pe-ket'),  n.  [Fr .piquet.]  A game  at 
cards  played  by  two  persons,  with  only  thirty- 
two  cards,  the  deuces,  threes,  fours,  fives,  and 
sixes  being  set  aside  ; — written  also  picquet, 
and  picket.  Prior. 

PIQUETTE  (pe-ket'),  n.  [Fr.]  Acid  wine,— a 
dfink  made  by  pouring  water  on  the  husks  of 
grapes.  Simmonds. 

PI'RA-CY,  n.  [Gr.  nupaTcia  ; L.  piratica  ; It.  & 
Sp.  pirateria  ; Fr.  piraterie.] 

1.  The  act,  practice,  or  crime  of  a pirate ; 
robbery  on  the  sea ; forcible  depredation  on  the 
high  seas,  without  lawful  authority,  in  the  spirit 
and  intention  of  universal  hostility.  Bouvier. 

2.  Any  robbery ; — literary  theft,  or  the  in- 
fringement of  the  law  of  copyright.  Johnson. 

PI-RA ' QUA,  n.  [Sp.]  A pirogue.  — See  Pirogue. 

PI-RAm'E-TER,  n.  [Gr.  irslpa,  a tri,4k  and  plrpov, 
a measure.]  An  instrument  for  ascertain- 
ing the  power  required  to  draw  carriages  over 
roads.  Simmonds. 

Pl'RATE  (pl'rat),  it.  [Gr.  lUipartq ; vicpdm,  to  at- 
tempt; L.,  It.,  § Sp.  pirata  ; Fr.  pirate.] 

1.  ( Old  Saxon  Law.)  A sea-soldier.  Cowell. 

2.  One  who  robs  cn  the  high  seas  ; one  who 
practises  piracy  ; a sea-robber  ; a corsair. 

Pirates  all  nations  are  to  prosecute.  Bacon. 

3.  Any  robber  ; — particularly  one  who  steals, 

or  infringes  upon,  a copyright.  Johnson. 

Pl'RATE,  V.  a.  [/.  PIRATED  ; pp.  PIRATING,  PI- 
RATED.] To  take  by  piracy.  Pope. 

Pl'RATE,  v.  n.  [Gr.  irfipa rivai.]  To  practise  pi- 
racy ; to  be  a pirate.  Arbuthnot. 

Pi'RAT-ED,  p.  a.  Taken  by  piracy  or  robbery. 

1 ' ’ la.  [Gr.  rfipariKO! ; L.  piraticus ; 

Pl-RAT'I-CAL,  > It.  <5y  Sp.  piratieo.] 

1.  Pertaining  to,  or  consisting  in,  piracy ; 

robbing;  predatory.  “A  kind  of  piratical 
trade.”  Bacon. 

2.  Practising  piracy.  Pope. 

PI-RAT'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a piratical  manner; 
by  piracy  ; by  robbery.  Bryant. 

PIRL,  v.  a.  To  twist  or  twine,  as  in  forming 
horse-hair  into  a fishing-line.  Simmonds. 

PIRN,  n.  [Perhaps  from  Su.  Goth,  pren,  any 
sharp-pointed  thing.  Jamieson.]  A quill  'or 
reed  on  which  yarn  is  wound  : — the  bobbin  of 
a spinning-wheel  : — yarn  wound  on  the  bobbin. 
[Scot,  and  Local,  Eng.]  Jamieson.  Francis. 

PI-ROGUE'  (pe-rog'),  n.  [It.  piroga ; Sp.  piragua  ; 
Fr.  pirogue.]  [Also  written  piragua  and  peri- 
ago .] 

1.  A canoe  formed  of  a hollowed  tree.  Flint. 

2.  A narrow  ferry-boat  with  two  masts  and  a 

leeboard.  [Local,  U.  S.]  Wright. 

PIR-OU-ETTF.' , n.  [Fr .pirouette.]  (Dancing.) 
A step  in  which  the  body  is  turned  round  on 
one  foot,  or  on  both  feet,  as  on  a pivot.  Smart. 

PIR-OU-ETTE',  v.  n.  [Fr.  pirouetter,  from  L.  gy- 
ro, to  turn  round.]  (Dancing.)  To  make  a pir- 
ouette ; to  turn  round  on  one  foot,  or  on  both 
feet.  Maunder. 

tPIR'RY,  n.  [Scot,  pirr,  a gentle  breeze,  from 
Icel.  liyr,  bir,  a favorable  wind.  Jamieson.]  A 
sudden  gale  or  storm  at  sea  ; a squall  or  hurri- 
cane ; — also  written  pirrie.  Sir  T.  Elyot. 

PI'SAN,  n.  (Geog.)  An  inhabitant  or  a native  of 
Pisa,  a city  of  Tuscany.  Earnshaw. 

PIS-AS-PHAl'TUM,  ii.  Mineral  pitch;  pissas- 
phalt.  — See  Pissasphalt.  Brande. 


PIS'CA-RY,  it.  [L.  piscarius,  piscatory;  piscis,  a 
fish.]  (Law.)  The  right  of  fishing  in  the  waters 
of  another'.  Bouvier. 

fPJS-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  piscatio.]  The  act  or  the 
practice  of  fishing.  Browne. 

PIS- CM ' TOR,  n.  [L.]  A fisherman.  Gent.  Mag. 

PIS-CA-TO'RI-AL,  a.  Relating  to  fishes  or  to 
fishing  ; piscatory.  Gent.  Mag. 

PIS'CA-TO-RY,  a.  [L . piscatorius  ; It.  Y Sp.  pis- 
catorio  ; Fr.  piscatoirc .]  Relating  to  fishes  or 
to  fishing  ; piscatorial.  Addison. 

PlS'CES  (pTs'scz),  n.  pi.  [L.,  fishes .] 

1.  The  fourth  class  of  animals  of  the  order 
T ertebrata  of  Cuvier  ; fishes.  — See  Animal. 

2.  (Astron.)  The  twelfth  sign  or  constellation 

of  the  zodiac.  Ilerschel. 

PIS'CI-CULT-URE,  n.  [L.  piscis,  a fish,  and  out- 
turn, culture.]  The  raising  of  fish.  Phil.  Press. 

PIS'CI-FORM,  a.  [L.  piscis,  a fish,  and  forma, 
form.]  Having  the  shape  of  a fish.  Simmonds. 

PIS-Cl'NA,  71.  [L.,  a fish-pond  ; piscis,  a fish.] 

(Eccl.)  A water-drain  near  the  altar,  usually 
accompanied  with  decorative  features.  Hook. 

PIS'CI-NAL,  a.  [L  .piscina,  a fish-pond;  piscis, 
a fish.]  Belonging  to  a fish-pond,  [it.]  Ash. 

PIS'CINE,  a.  [L.  piscis,  a fish.]  Relating  to  fish 
or  to  fishes.  Smart. 

PIS-CIV'O-ROUS,  a.  [L.  piscis,  a fish,  and  two, 
to  devour.]  Feeding  or  subsisting  on  fishes. 
“ Piscivorous  birds.”  Ray. 

PISE  (pe'za),  n.  [Fr.  pise.]  (Arch.)  A wall  con- 
structed of  stiff  earth  or  clay,  rammed  in  be- 
tween moulds  as  the  work  is  carried  up.  Brande. 

PISH,  inteif.  A word  or  exclamation  expressing 
contempt ; pshaw.  Shah. 

PISH,  v.  n.  To  express  contempt.  Beau.  § FI. 

PlSH'-PASH,  ii.  A medley.  [Low.]  Ec.  Rev. 

Pl'SI-FORM  [pl'se-form,  Sm.  ; pls'e-forni,  Wb. ; 
piz'e-fdrm,  Hr.],  a.  [L.  pisum,  a pea,  and 
forma,  form  ; Fr.  pisiforme .]  Formed  like 
a pea.  Loudon. 

PISMIRE,  or  PlS'MlRE  [plz'mlr,  W.  J.  F.  Ja. 
Sm. ; pls'mlr,  .S’.  P.  E.  K.],  n.  [Dut.  mier ; 
Dan.  myre  ; Sw.  myra .] 

1.  (Ent.)  A small  insect  of  the  genus  Formi- 
ca ; an  ant  or  emmet.  Mortimer. 

2.  The  steel-yard.  [Orkneys.]  Simmonds. 

Pl'SO-LITE  [px'so-llt,  Sm. ; pls'o-llt,  C.],  n.  [L. 
pisum,  a pea,  and  Gr.  I.iOos,  a stone  ; Fr.  piso- 
lithe .]  (Min.)  A variety  of  calcareous  spar, 
consisting  of  an  agglutination  of  small,  globular 
concretions  like  peas  ; the  pea-stone.  Dana. 

PISS,  v.  n.  [Dut.  if  Ger.  pissen ; Dan.  pisscr ; 
Sw . pissa.  — It . pisciare  ; Fr.  pisscr.]  To  make 
water  ; to  urinate.  ' Dryden. 

PISS,  n.  Urine;  animal  water.  ' Pope. 

PISS'A-BED,  il.  A small  plant,  growing  in  the 
grass,  bearing  a yellowish-white  flower.  Johnson. 

PiS'SAS-PIlAl.T,  il.  [Gr.  nieedaipnl.rog ; irieatt, 
pitch,  and  ampui.Tos,  asphaltum  ; L.  pissasphal- 
tus  ; It.  pissasfalto  ; Sp . pisasfalto  ; Fr . pissas- 
phalte.]  A viscid  variety  of  bitumen  ; mineral 
pitch  ; pisasphaltum.  Greenhill. 

PISS'— BURNT,  a.  Stained  with  urine.  Johnson. 

PIs'SO-PIIANE,  ii.  [Gr.  xieaa,  pitch,  and  ipatvu), 
ipaiuo/tai,  to  seem.]  (Min.)  A substance  resem- 
bling pitch  in  fracture  and  color,  chiefly  com- 
posed of  sulphate  of  alumina  and  iron,  found" 
in  the  decomposing  alum  slate  of  Saafeld  and 
Reichenbach  in  Saxony.  Brande. 

PIS-TA'9HIO  [pis-ta'sho,  >S.  W.  E.  Ja.  K.  R. ; pjs- 
ta'cho,  J.  Sm.  ; pjs-ta'chS  or  pis-ta'sho,  F.],  n. 
[Gr.  7 uuTciKia  ; L.  pistachiunx ; It.  pistacchio  ; 
Sp  .pistachio-,  Fr . pistaclie.]  An  oblong  nut  of 
a sweetish,  unctuous  taste,  the  fruit  of  Pistacia 
vera,  a small,  dicotyledonous  tree  found  near 
the  Mediterranean  ; — usually  called  pistachio- 
nut.  Bacon.  Eng.  Cyc. 

pIs'TA-CITE,  n.  (Min.)  A green  silicate  of  alu- 
mina, iron,  and  lime  ; a variety  of  epidote.  Dana. 


A,  E,  f,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  £,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  I,  O,  IT,  y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  IIEIR,  HER; 


PISTAREEN 


PITCH-PLASTER 


1081 


PIS-TA-REEN',  n.  A small  Spanish  silver  coin, 
of  the  value  of  8d.  or  9d.  sterling  ($0.16  to 
$0.18).  Bouvier.  Simmonds. 

PISTE  (pest),  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  pinso,  pi  stum,  to 
pound,  to  beat.]  ( Man .)  The  track  or  foot- 
print of  a horse  when  mounted.  Johnson. 

f PtS'TIC,  a.  [Gr.  ttiotik6s  ; zciards,  faithful.]  Pure; 
genuine.  Sir  Th.  Browne. 

P1S'T[L,  n.  [L.  pistillum,  a pestle  ; pinso,  pinsus, 
to  pound  ; It.  pistillo,  a pistil ; Sp.  pistilo  ; Fr. 
pistil.\  ( Bot .)  The  seed-bearing  organ  of  a 

flower,  essentially  composed  of  the  ovary  and 
the  stigma,  with  sometimes  an  intervening 
style.  It  is  the  female  organ  of  the  flower.  — 
See  Ovary.  Henslow.  Brande. 

PIS-TIL-LA'CEOUS  (pls-tjl-la'shus,  66),  a.  {Bot.) 
Growing  on  a pistil.  Maunder. 

PIS'TIL-LATE,  a.  (Bot.)  Having,  or  consisting 
of,  a pistil.  Loudon. 

f Pls-TIL-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  pistillum , a pestle.] 
The  act  of  pounding  in  a mortar.  Browne. 

Pls-TIL-LID'I-UJYI,  n.  [Dim.  of  pistillum,  a pes- 
tle.] {Bot.)  The  body  which  in  mosses,  liver- 
worts, &e.,  answers  to  the  pistil.  Gray. 

PIS-TIL-LIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [Eng.  pistil  and  L .fero, 
to  bear.]  {Bot.)  Having  a pistil.  Smith. 

f PIS'TLE,  n.  An  epistle  : — a short  lecture  or 
lesson.  Wickliffe.  Chaucer. 

PlS'TOL,  n.  [It.  § Sp.  pistola-,  Fr.  pistolet. — 
From  Pistole,  a village  in  Italy,  where  small 
poniards  were  made.  Landais.  — Gael,  piostal .] 
A small  fire-arm  for  the  hand,  first  introduced 
from  Italy  in  1521.  Fairholt. 

PlS'TOL,  v.  a.  [Fr.  pistoler .]  To  shoot  with  a 
pistol.  “ I’ll  pistol  thee.”  Beau.  8$  FI. 

PIS-TO-LADE',  n.  [Fr.]  The  shot  or  discharge 
of  a pistol.  Crabb. 

PIS-TOLE',  n.  [It.  pistola  ; Fr . pistole. \ A Eu- 
ropean gold  coin,  varying  in  value  in  different 
countries. 

/Eg*  The  Spanish  pistole  is  the  fourth  of  a doubloon. 
Tile  French  pistole  is  a money  of  account  of  the  value 
of  ten  livres.  On  the  average,  the  pistole  may  be  val- 
ued at  sixteen  shillings  sterling.  Simmonds.  Landais. 

PlS-TO-LET',  n.  1.  A little  pistol;  a pocket- 
pistol.  “ A gun  ox  pistolet.”  Casaubon. 

2.  A pistole.  Beau.  8;  FI. 

PIS- TOM' E-SITE,  n.  {Min.)  A crystallized  car- 
bonate of  iron  and  magnesia.  Brande. 

PlS'TON,  n.  [It.  pistone  ; Sp.  § Fr.  piston.  — 
From  L.  pinso,  pistus,  to  beat  or  pound.]  A 
short  cylinder  exactly  fitting  the  cavity  or  bore 
of  a pump  or  barrel,  and  working  up  and  down 
in  it  alternately,  causing  suction.  Brande. 

PlS'TON— ROD,  n.  The  rod  by  which  a piston  is 
forced  down  and  drawn  up.  Simmonds. 

PlT,  n.  [A.  S.pyt,  or  pit ; Dut.  put,  a well ; Frs. 
pet,  a plash,  a puddle  ; Ger.  pfiitze,  a plash,  a 
puddle,  — in  earlier  times  it  signified  also  a 
well,  a pit;  Dan.  pus,  a puddle  ; Sw.  puss  ; Icel. 
pittr,  a well.  — W .pidciv,  a well  or  pit ; Ir.  pit.  — 
Sansc.  put,  putta. — L .puteus,  a well;  It.  poz- 

zo  ; Sp.yro.co;  Fr . puits. — Heb.  nri5(  to  open.] 

1.  A hole  made  in  the  ground  ; excavation. 

Which  of  you  shall  have  an  ass  or  an  ox  fallen  into  a pit, 

and  ’will  not  straightway  pull  him  out  on  the  Sabbath-day 't 

Luke  xiv.  5. 

2.  An  abyss  ; an  immeasurable  gulf. 

This  infernal  pit  shall  never  hold 

Celestial  spirits  in  bondage.  Milton. 

3.  The  grave  ; Hades. 

()  Lord,  think  no  scorn  of  me,  lest  I become  like  them  that 
go  down  into  the  pit.  l*s.  xxviii.  1. 

4.  The  sunken  shaft  of  a mine.  Simmonds. 

5.  The  area  on  which  cocks  fight ; — hence 

the  phrase,  to  fly  the  pit.  Locke. 

6.  That  part  of  a theatre  or  play-house  which 
is  somewhat  below,  or  on  a level  with,  the 
stage,  and  behind  the  orchestra  ; parquet. 

7.  Any  cavity,  depression,  or  dint ; as,  “ The 
arm-pifs  ” ; “ The  pit  of  the  stomach  ” ; “ The 
pits  produced  by  the  pustules  of  the  small-pox.” 

No  dimpled  chin,  no  pit  in  cheek,  presented  to  my  view. 

Gascoigne. 


8.  The  stone  of  a fruit,  as  of  a cherry,  plum, 
&c.  [Local,  U.  S.]  Downing. 

PlT,  v.  a.  [i.  pitted;  pp.  pitting,  pitted.] 

1.  Today  in  a pit.  Granger. 

2.  To  mark  with,  or  press  into,  hollows  or 
depressions;  to  indent.  “ A gentlewoman  whose 
nose  was  pitted  with  the  small-pox.”  Feltham. 

3.  To  set  in  opposition  or  competition,  as  cocks 
in  a pit ; to  set  against  one  another.  Roget. 

PI'TA,  n.  [Sp.]  The  fibre,  obtained  from  the 
leaves  of  the  Agave  Americana,  which  is  made 
into  a strong  and  white  cordage,  and  also  man- 
ufactured into  paper  in  Mexico.  Simmonds. 

PIT-A-HA'Y A,  n.  {Bot.)  A shrub  of  tropical 
America,  which  yields  a delicious  fruit ; the 
Cactus  Pitajaya  of  Jacquin,  or  Cereus  Pitajaya 
of  De  Candolle.  Wright. 

PIT'A-PAT,  n.  [An  onomatopoeia  formed  from 
pat.  Richardson .]  A quick  and  gentle  move- 
ment or  sound,  as  of  the  heart  or  the  foot. 
“ The  pitapat  of  a pretty  foot.”  Dryden. 

’T  is  but  the  pitapat  of  two  young  hearts.  Dr//den. 

PIT-A-PAT',  ad.  With  a fluttering  palpitation. 

The  fox’s  heart  went  pitapat.  L Estrange. 

PITCH,  n.  [Gr.  Tricon,  or  7r/rra,  pitch,  — also  tur- 
pentine ; L.  pix ; It.  pece ; Sp . pez  ; Fr.  poix.  — 
A.  S.  pic  ; Dut.  pik  ; Ger .pech  ; Dan.  beg ; Icel. 
bik  ; Sw.  beck.  — Ir.  pic  ; W.  pygk\  The  resid- 
uum obtained  by  boiling  tar  in  an  open  iron 
pot,  or  in  a still,  till  the  volatile  matters  be  driv- 
en off ; — called  also  common  or  black  pitch.  Ure. 

The  term  is  often,  but  less  properly,  applied  to 
turpentine,  or  the  tenacious  oily  substance  which  ex- 
udes spontaneously  from  pines  and  firs.  London  Ency. 

Canada  or  hemlock  pitch , pitch  obtained  from  Pinus 
Canadensis  ; — called  also  hemlock  gum.  — Mineral 
pitch , a viscid  variety  of  bitumen;  maltha;  pissas- 
phalt.  Dana. — White  pitch , the  resinous  juice  which 
exudes  from  the  Pinus  abies  ; Burgundy  pitch.  Dun- 
glison . 

PITCH,  n.  1.  Any  degree  of  elevation  or  height. 

Between  two  hawks,  which  flies  the  higher  pitch 

I have,  perhaps,  some  shallow  judgment.  Shak. 

To  lowest  pitch  of  abject  fortune  thou  art  fallen.  Milton. 

2.  f Highest  rise  ; height.  “The  pitch  . . . 

of  all  his  thoughts.”  Shak. 

3.  Stature  ; tallness. 

It  turned  itself  to  Ralpho’s  shape, 

So  like  in  person,  garb,  and  pitch , 

’T  was  hard  to  interpret  which  was  which.  Hudibras. 

4.  {Arch.)  The  angle  formed 
by  the  sides  of  a roof  ; the  pro- 
portion between  the  height  and 
the  span  of  a roof.  Britton. 

,0®““lf  the  rafters  exceed  in 
length  the  width  of  the  building,  the 
roof  is  said  to  be  of  tile  Elizabethan 
or  knife-edge  fitch,  as  A 15  C ; if  they 
are  equal  to  tile  width,  the  pitch  is 
Gothic,  as  A D C ; if  of  two  thirds  the  width,  the  roof 
is  said  to  be  of  a true  pitch,  or  of  the  Roman  pitch,  as 
A E C ; a roof  still  flatter  than  this  is  tile  Grecian 
pitch,  as  A F C.”  Francis. 

5.  {Mining.)  The  limit  of  ground  set  to  those 

who  work  on  tribute.  Simmonds. 

6.  {Naut.)  The  rising  or  falling  of  a vessel  in 

a heavy  sea.  Simmonds. 

7.  {Mus.)  The  degree  of  acuteness  or  of 

gravity  of  any  particular  sound,  or  of  the  tun- 
ing of  any  instrument.  Moore. 

8.  {Wheel-work.)  The  distance  between  the 

centres  of  two  contiguous  wheels.  Brande. 

Pitch-line,  {Wheel-work.)  tile  circle,  concentric  with 
the  circumference,  which  passes  through  all  the  cen- 
tres of  the  teeth.  Brande. 

PITCH,  v.  a.  [W . piciaw,  picio,  to  throw. — “To 
pitch  . . . has  not  with  any  probability  been 
traced  to  its  origin.”  Richardson .]  [i.  pitched, 
fPIGHT;  pp.  PITCHING,  PITCHED,  + PIGHT.] 

1.  To  throw  ; to  cast ; to  fling. 

They  would  wrestle  and  pitch  the  bar.  Spectator. 

2.  To  set ; to  fix  ; to  plant ; to  settle ; to  or- 
der ; to  arrange. 

Ki 11  ? 1 Lory  [IV.]  . . . came  to  Hounslow  Ileath,  and  there 
pitched  tils  camp.  Grafton. 

3.  (Mus.)  To  set  to  a key-note.  Smart. 

4.  To  pave  with  stones.  Simmonds. 

PITCH,  v.  d.  [L.  pico\  pix,  pitch.] 

1.  To  smear  with  pitch. 


2.  To  darken  ; to  blacken. 

Soon  he  found 

The  welkin  pitched  with  sullen  cloud.  Addison. 

PITCH,  v.  n.  1.  To  alight ; to  drop  ; to  settle. 

A branch  of  the  tree  whereon  they  [bees]  pitch.  Mortimer. 

2.  To  throw  one’s  self ; to'  fall ; to  plunge. 

Forward  he  flew,  and,  pitc/linr/  on  his  head, 

He  quivered  witli  his  feet,  and  lay  for  dead.  Dryden. 

3.  To  fix  choice  ; — with  on  or  upon. 

I translated  Chaucer,  and,  amongst  the  rest,  pitched  on  the 
Wife  of  Bath’s  Tale.  Dryden. 

4.  To  fix  a tent  or  a temporary  habitation ; 
to  encamp. 

They  pitched  by  Emmaus,  in  the  plain.  1 Macc.  iii.  40. 

t Pitch  and  pay,  throw  down  the  money  and  pay  ; 
pay  ready  money. 

The  word  is  pitch  and  pay  — trust  none.  Shak. 

PITCH'— BLACK,  a.  Black  as  pitch.  Allen. 

PITCH'BLENDE,  n.  (Min.)  An  ore  of  uranium 
of  a grayish  or  iron-black  color,  and  an  imper- 
fect metallic  lustre.  Thomson. 

PITCII'CoAL,  n.  (Min.)  A kind  of  bituminous 
coal ; caking  coal.  Dana. 

PITCH'fR,  n.  [From  pitch , v.  a .] 

1.  He  who,  or  that  which,  pitches. 

2.  An  instrument,  like  a crow  or  crowbar,  for 

piercing  the  ground.  Mortimer. 

PITCH'ER,  n.  [W-piser.  — Sp.  pichel.  — “ The  It. 
bicchiere,  a beaker,  a beaked  or  peaked  cup,  a 
cup  or  mug  with  a peaked  spout,  seems  to  lead 
to  the  true  etymology.”  Richardson.'] 

1.  A vessel  for  holding  and  for  pouring  out 
water  and  other  liquors. 

Or  ever  the  silver  cord  be  loosed,  or  the  golden  howl  he 
broken,  or  the  pitcher  be  broken  at  the  fountain.  lire!,  xn.  (i. 

2.  (Bot.)  A peculiar  form  of  leaf,  in 

which  the  petiole  expands  into  a hoi-  ifm 
low  vessel,  crowned  by  the  limb,  IlijlljK 
which,  in  some  cases,  assumes  the  lljj 
appearance  of  a lid.  Henslow. 

PITCH'ER— PLANT,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the 
genus  Nepenthes. 

“ The  famous  pitcher-plants  of  China  and  the 
East  Indies  . . . bear  leaves  the  extremities  of  which 
are  hollowed  out  into  cup  like  appendages,  which  are 
generally  filled  with  water,  which  seems  as  if  con- 
fined within  them  by  a little  lid,  by  which  the  pitch- 
ers are  surmounted.”  Loudon. 

PITCH'— FAR-THING,  n.  A play  in  which  copper 
money  is  pitched  into  a round  hole  ; — called 
also  chuck-farthing.  Ld.  Chesterfield. 

PlTCH'FORK,  n.  [W.  picfforch.]  A fork  with 
which  hay  or  grain  is  pitched.  Swift. 

PITCH'I-NESS,  n.  Blackness;  darkness. 

PlTCH'jNG,  n.  1.  The  rising  and  falling  of  the 
head  and  stern  of  a ship.  Mar.  Diet. 

2.  The  act  of  throwing,  as  with  a pitchfork. 

3.  A marking  term  for  unloading,  and  for  the 

small  charge  paid  to  the  carrier  for  looking 
after  the  empty  packages  and  cloths,  and  re- 
turning them  correctly.  Simmonds. 

4.  A kind  of  paving  with  small  stones.  Ogilvie. 

PITCH'ING,  a.  Descending  abruptly  ; declivous. 

PITCH'ING-STA'BLE§,  n.  pi.  A kind  of  shaped 
Cornish  granite,  four  or  six  inches  long,  for 
paving.  Simmonds. 

PITCH'-LA-DLE,  n.  An  iron  ladle  for  lifting 
pitch  out  of  a boiler.  Simmonds. 

PITCH'— ORE,  n.  (Min.)  Pitchblende.  Wright. 

PITCH'— PlNE,  n.  (Bot.)  The  Pinus  picea  of  Lin- 
naeus, so  called  from  its  abounding  in  resinous 
matter  which  yields  pitch.  G.  B.  Emerson. 

flSf-The  same  name  is  also  given  to  the  Pinus  rigi- 
da,  Pinus  palustris,  and  other  species  of  the  United 
States.  Gray. 

PITCH'— PIPE,  n.  (Mus.)  An  instrument  used  by 
vocal  practitioners  to  ascertain  the  pitch  of  the 
key  in  which  they  are  about  to  sing. 

,8®=  The  pitch-pipe  is  blown  at  one  end,  like  a com- 
mon flute,  and  being  shortened  or  lengthened  by  a 
graduated  scale,  is  capable  of  producing,  witli  me- 
chanical exactness,  all  the  semitonic  degrees  within 
its  compass.  Moore. 

PITCH'— PLAs-TER,  n.  A plaster  of  Burgundy 
pitch.  Simmonds. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — (!,  (j , g,  soft;  £,  jG,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  7.;  X.  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 

136 


Some  pitch  the  ends  of  the  timber  in  the  walls,  to  preserve 
them  from  the  mortar.  Moxon. 


PITCH-STONE 


1082 


PLACATE 


PITCH1— STONE,  n.  1.  (Min.)  A mineral  of  va- 
rious colors,  occurring  massive,  and  consisting 
chiefly  of  silica  and  alumina.  Eng.  Cyc. 

2.  (Geol.)  A silicious  rock  of  igneous  origin, 
occurring  in  dikes  which  cross  the  strata,  or  in 
overlying  columnar  masses.  Eng.  Cyc. 

PITCH'— WHEELij,  n.  pi.  (Mech.)  Toothed  wheels 
which  work  together.  Simmonds. 

PITCH'— WORK,  n.  Work  done  in  a coal  mine 
by  those  working  on  tribute.  Simmonds. 

I’lTCH'Y,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to,  resembling,  con- 
sisting of,  or  smeared  with,  pitch. 

The  planks,  their  pitchy  coverings  washed  away.  Dryden. 

2.  Black;  dark;  dismal. 

Night  is  fled, 

Whose  pitchy  mantle  overveiled  the  earth.  Shak. 

PIT'-COAL  (pit'kol),  n.  (Min.)  Mineral  coal  in 
general,  as  distinguished  from  charcoal ; — so 
called  because  it  is  obtained  by  sinking  pits  into 
the  earth.  Mortimer. 

II  PIT'E-OUS  [plt'e-us,  P.  J.  Ja.  Sm.  IF/.;  plt'yus, 
S.  E.  F.  K.  ; pltch'e-us,  IF.],  a.  [From  pity.) 

1.  That  may  cause  pity  ; oxciting  compas- 
sion ; sorrowful ; mournful ; sad. 

Which,  when  Deucalion,  with  a piteous  look, 

Beheld,  he  wept.  Dryden. 

2.  Deserving  pity  or  compassion ; woful ; dole- 
ful ; pitiable.  “ Piteous  predicament ! ” Shak. 

3.  Feeling  pity  or  compassion  ; compassion- 
ate. “ Piteous  of  her  woes.”  [r.]  Milton. 

4.  f Pitiful ; wretched  ; paltry. 

Part  of  our  sentence,  that  thy  seed  shall  bruise 

The  serpent’s  head:  piteous  amends!  Milton. 

||  PlT'E-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  a piteous  manner. 

||  PIT'JE-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  pite- 
ous ; sorrowfulness  ; tenderness.  Johnson. 

PIT'fAll,  n.  A covered  or  concealed  pit ; a sort 
of  gin  or  trap  for  catching  wild  beasts. 

These  hidden  pitfalls  were  set  thick  at  the  entrance  of  the 
bridge,  so  that  throngs  of  people  fell  into  tlymi.  Addison. 

t PIT'FALL,  v.  n.  To  lead  into  a pitfall.  Milton. 

PlT'FALL-ING,  a.  Leading  into  a pitfall.  Milton. 

PIT'— FISH,  n.  (Ich.)  A small  fish,  a native  of 
the  Indian  seas,  which  has  the  power  of  retract- 
ing or  protruding  its  eyes  at  pleasure.  Craig. 

PITH,  n.  [A.  S.  pith  a ; Dut.  pit.) 

1.  (Bot.)  A central  column  of  cellular  tissue, 
in  the  stems  and  branches  of  exogenous  plants. 

“ Tile  term  is  applied  more  generally  to  cellu- 
lar parts,  which  are  either  called  piths,  or  said  to  be 
pithy.”  Hensluw. 

2.  Marrow.  “ The  spinal  . . . pith."  Bay. 

3.  Strength ; force  ; power.  “ Not  arrived  to 

pith  and  puissance.”  Shah. 

4.  Energy;  cogency;  closeness  and  vigor  of 

thought  and  style.  Mir.  for  Mag. 

5.  Importance;  weight;  moment.  “Enter- 
prises of  great  pith  and  moment.”  Shah. 

6.  The  essence  or  quintessence;  the  chief 

part.  “ The  pith  of  life.”  Shah. 

PITH,  v.  a.  To  sever,  as  the  spinal  cord.  Ogilvie. 

PlTII’l-LY,  ad.  With  strength  ; with  force. 

PITH'J-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  pithy  ; energy. 

PITH'LESS,  a.  Wanting  pith,  strength,  or  force. 

Men  who,  dry  and  pithless , are  debarred 

F rom  man’s  best  joys.  Church  ill. 

FIT'— HOLE,  n.  A mark  or  cavity  made  by  dis- 
ease ; a pit ; a dimple*  Beau.  &;  FI. 

PITH'Y,  a.  1.  Consisting  of,  or  containing,  pith; 
abounding  in  pith.  “ Pithy  fibres.’'  Grew. 

2.  Containing,  or  expressing,  concentrated 
energy  or  force. 

The  concise  and  pithy  style  of  his  [Macchiavclli’s]  narra- 
t,on*  Eustace. 

In  all  these,  Goodman  Fact  was  very  short,  but  pithy,  for 
he  was  a plain,  homespun  man.  Addison. 

PITI-A-BLE,  a.  [Fr.  pitoyable.~\  That  may  be 
pitied  ; deserving  pity  or  compassion  ; pitiful. 

Samson  possesses  all  the  terrific  majesty  of  Prometheus 
chained,  the  mysterious  distress  of  (Edi'pus,  and  the  pitiable 
wretchedness  of  Philoctetes.  Ot>server. 

PIT'I-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  pitia- 
hie  or  deserving  pity.  Kettlewell. 

PIT'I-A-BLY,  ad.  In  a pitiable  manner. 

f PIT'I  ED-LY,  ad.  So  as  to  ho  pitied.  Feltham .. 


PlT'I-ER,  n.  One  who  pities.  Bp.  Gauden. 

PIT'I-FUL,  a.  {pity  and  full.) 

1.  Full  of  pity  ; tender  ; compassionate. 

2.  Moving,  or  worthy  of  moving,  compassion  ; 
pitiable. 

In  faith,  ’t  was  strange,  ’t  was  passing  strange; 

’T  was  pitiful,  ’t  was  wondrous  pitiful.  Shak. 

3.  Moving  contemptuous  pity  ; paltry  ; con- 

temptible ; despicable  ; sorry  ; mean  ; insignifi- 
cant ; base  ; worthless.  South.  Dryden. 

Pitiful  was  formerly  used  in  a good  sense  ; 
as,  “ Be  pitiful,  be  courteous  ” (1  Peter  iii.  8) ; and  it 
is  still  sometimes  so  used  ; but  it  is  now  used  chiefly 
in  an  ill  sense  ; as,  “A  pitiful  (i.  e.  a base,  mean,  or 
paltry)  trick  or  artifice.”. — See  Contemptible. 

PlT'I-FUL-LY,  ad.  In  a pitiful  manner.  Shak. 

rlT'l-FUL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  pitiful. 

PIT'I-LfiSS,  a.  Wanting  pity  or  ’compassion  ; 
merciless  ; unmerciful ; hard-hearted. 

Fair  be  ye  sure,  but  proud  and  pitiless.  Spenser. 

PlT'I-LESS-LY,  ad.  Without  pity.  Sherwood. 

PIT'I-LPSS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  piti- 
less ; unmercifulness.  Johnson. 

PIT'MAN,  n. ; pi.  pitmen.  1.  One  who,  in  saw- 
ing timber,  stands  in  a pit.  Moxon. 

2.  A man  who  works  in  a coal-pit.  Simmonds. 

3.  One  employed  in  mines  to  look  after  the 

pumps  and  the  drainage.  Weale. 

4.  The  piece  of  timber  which  connects  the 

saw  of  a saw-mill  with  the  wheel  that  moves 
it.  Wright. 

PlT'PAN,  n.  A very  long,  narrow  canoe,  with 
thin  and  flat  projecting  ends.  [W.  I.]  Bartlett. 

PIT'sAW,  n.  A large  saw  used  by  two  men,  of 
whom  one  is  in  a pit.  Moxon. 

I’ll  I A-CAL,  ) [Gr.  ttItto,  pitch,  and  kD.os, 

PIT'TA-cAll,  > beautiful.]  One  of  the  six  cu- 
rious principles  found  in  wood-tar  ; a dark-blue 
solid  substance,  somewhat  like  indigo.  Ure. 

I’lT'TANCE,  n.  [It.  pietanza  ; Sp.  pitanza ; Fr. 
pitance.  — “Many  etymologies  have  been  pro- 
posed for  this  word.  That  of  Vossius,  preferred 
by  Skinner,  seems  the  most  deserving  of  adop- 
tion ; viz.  from  [L.]  pietas,  the  dole  of  real  or 
pretended  piety.”  Richardson.)  A small  allow- 
ance ; a little  portion,  or  quantity  ; a trifle. 

The  ass  saved  a miserable  pittance  for  himself.  I' Estrange. 

Half  his  earned  pittance  to  poor  neighbors  went.  Hart. 

PIT'T£D,  p.  a.  Marked  with  pits  : — set  against. 

f PIT'T£R,  v.  n.  To  patter;  to  murmur.  Herrick. 

PIT'TI-clTE,  n.  (Min.)  A hydrous  sulphate  of 
iron;  vitriol  ochre: — a name  given  also  lo  a 
hydrous  sulphate  of  arsenic  and  iron.  Dana.. 

PI-TU'I-TA-RY,  a.  (Med.)  Pertaining  to  the 
secretion  of  mucus  or  phlegm.  . Reid. 

Pituitary  body,  a small,  round  body,  of  unknown 
functions,  lodged  in  a depression  on  the  cerebral  sur- 
face of  the  sphenoid  bone,  and  supposed  by  the  an- 
cients to  secrete  the  mucus  of  the  nostrils  formerly 
called  also  pituitary  gland,  though  it  is  not  glandular. 

Dunglison.  Hoblyn. 

PIT'U-fTE  (plt'yu-lt),  n.  [L.  pituita ; Fr.  pituite.) 
Phlegm  ; viscid  mucus  ; serosity.  Arbuthfnot. 

PI-TU'I-TOUS,  a.  [L.  pituitosus  ; pituita,  phlegm ; 
It.  <Sr  Sp.  pituitoso  ; Fr.  pituiteux.)  Consisting 
of  phlegm.  “ Pituitous  humors.”  Browne. 

PIT’Y,  n.  [L.  pietas,  dutiful  conduct,  pity  ; It. 
pieta  ; Sp.  piedad  ; Fr.  pitie.  — Old  Eng.  pietie.) 

1.  The  feeling  of  a humane  person  excited  by 
the  distress  of  another  ; commiseration  ; com- 
passion ; sympathy  with  suffering  or  misery. 

Careless  their  merits  or  their  faults  to  scan, 

Ilis  pity  gave  ere  charity  began.  Goldsmith. 

2.  A ground  or  a subject  of  pity  or  of  regret. 

fftr’  In  the  last  sense  it  has,  colloquially,  a plural. 

“ ’Tis  a thousand  pities.”  L’ Estrange. 

Julius  Caesar  writ  a collection  of  apophthegms;  it  is  a pity 
his  hook  is  lost.  Paeon. 

Syn.  — Pity  and  compassion  are  nearly  synony- 
mous ; but  compassion  has  more  of  tenderness,  and 
pity  sometimes  implies  an  approach  to  contempt.  Pit.y 
and  compassion  are  to  he  felt  for  persons  in  distress, 
whether  they  deserve  well  or  ill  ; as  a family  in  want, 
or  a man  in  disgrace,  is  to  be  pitied.  Commiseration 
is  fellow-suffering;  sympathy,  fellow-feeling;  condo- 
lence, a participation  in  the  grief  or  sorrows  of  others 
for  tlie  loss  of  friends. 


PlT'Y,  v.  a.  [Old  Fr . pitoyer.)  {i.  pitied  ; pp. 
pitying,  pitied.]  To  have  compassion  for; 
to  compassionate  ; to  regard  with  pity ; fo  com- 
miserate. 

The  man  is  to  he  pitied  who,  in  matters  of  moment,  has  to 
(lo  with  a stanch  metaphysician.  Peultie. 

PIT'Y,  v.  n.  To  be  compassionate. 

I will  not  pity,  nor  spare,  nor  have  mercy.  Jer.  xiii.  14. 

PiT'Y-ING-LY,  ad.  In  a pitying  manner.  Clarke. 

PlT-Y-RI 'A-SlS,  n.  [Gr.  irirvpa,  bran.]  (Med.)  A 
superficial  affection  characterized  by  Irregular 
patches  of  thin  scales,  which  repeatedly  exfoli- 
ate and  recur  ; dandruff;  scurf.  Dunglison. 

PlT'Y-RolD,  a.  [Gr.  nirvpa,  bran,  and  ZtSos,  form.] 
Resembling  bran.  Smart. 

Pi' U.  [It.]  (Mus.)  More; — prefixed  to  other 
terms  ; as,  piu  allegro,  a little  brisker.  Warner. 

PIUMA,  n.  A mixed  fabric,  of  light  texture,  used 
for  men’s  coats.  Simmonds. 

Plv'OT,  n.  [Fr.  pivot.  — According  to  Huet,  pivot 
is  a contraction  of  pieuvot,  a dim.  of  pieu , a 
stake.  Landais.) 

1.  A pin  or  short  shaft  on  which  any  thing 

turns.  Dryden. 

2.  (Mil.)  The  officer  or  soldier  around  whom 
the  wheelings,  in  evolutions,  are  made.  Brande. 

Plv'OT— GUN,  n.  (Mil.)  A piece  of  ordnance 
turning  freely  on  a pivot,  to  alter  the  direc- 
tion. Simmonds. 

ITX,  n.  [Gr.  m((s,  a small  box  ; L. pyxis;  It.  pis- 
side\  Sp.  pixide.) 

1.  A little  box.  — See  Pyx. 

2.  A box  kept  at  the  English  mint  to  hold 

samples  of  coins.  Simmonds. 

PIX'ING,  n.  [See  Pix.]  In  coinage,  the  process 
of  determining  the  weight  and  fineness  of  the 
gold  and  silver  coins  before  they  are  issued 
from  the  mint.  Ogilvie. 

PIX'Y,  n.  [“  Pixy  is  evidently  Pucksy,  the  en- 
dearing diminutive  sy  being  added  to  Puck, 
like  Betsy,  Nancy,  Dixie.”  Keiglitley.  — See 
Puck.]  A fairy.  [South-west  of  Eng.]  Jennings. 

PIX'Y— LED,  a • Led  out  of  the  way  by  pixies ; 
bewildered.  Keightley. 

PiX'Y-RING,  n.  The  fairy-circle.  Halliwell. 

PIX'Y— STOOL,  n-  The  toad-stool.  Hattiicell- 

PIZ'ZLE,  n.  [Dut.  pees,  peesrik.)  The  male  or- 
gan in  quadrupeds.  Browne. 

[|  PlA-CA-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [L.  placahilitas ; It  pla- 
cability ; Sp.  placabilidad ; Fr . placabilite.)  The 
quality  of  being  placable  ; placableness. 

Far  he  it  from  me  to  possess  so  little  spirit  as  not  to  be  able 
without  difficulty,  to  despise  the  revilers  of  my  blindness,  or 
so  little  placability  as  not  to  he  able,  with  still  less  difficulty, 
to  forgive  them.  Milton. 

II  PLA'CA-BLE  [pla'ka-bl,  S.  IF.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm. 
Wr.  Wb. ; plak'a-bl,  P.  Kenrick),  a.  [L . placab- 
ilis  ; placeo,  to  please;  It.  placabile  ; Sp.  Sf  Fr. 
placable.)  That  may  be  appeased  or  pacified ; 
appeasable ; reconcilable.  Hale. 

||  PLA'CA-BLE-NESS,  n.  Placability.  Cudworth. 

PLA-CARD',  n.  [Sp.  placarte ; Fr. placard.  — Dut. 
plakkaat ; Ger.  placat,  or  plackat ; Dan.  placat ; 
Sw.  plakat.  — Menage  derives  the  Fr.  placard 
from  plaque,  a plate,  a tablet,  and  plaque  from 
Gr.  flai,,  nl.aKbs,  any  thing  flat  and  broad.] 

1.  f A license  ; permission.  Tusser.  Fuller. 

2.  A written  or  a printed  paper  posted  up  in 
some  place  of  public  resort ; a card  ; — formerly 
used  as  a mode  of  publishing  edicts  and  procla- 
mations, but  now  generally  used  to  contain  a 
public  notification,  a public  censure,  or  a libel. 

At  Rome,  placards  against  the  pope  are  frequently  fixed, 
in  the  night  time,  to  the’ statue  of  Pasquin.  dices. 

PLA-CARD',  v.  a.  [Fr . placard er.)  [/.placard- 
ed ; pp.  PLACARDING,  PLACARDED.] 

1.  To  advertise  or  give  notice  of  by  placards ; 

to  publish  by  posting  up.  Todd. 

2.  To  post ; to  expose  to  opprobrium.  Todd. 

PLA-CART',  n.  A placard,  [r.]  Ifoicell. 

PLA'CATE,  v.  a.  [L.  placo,placatus  ; It .placare  ; 
Sp.  aplacar.)  To  appease  ; to  reconcile.  [A 
word  used  in  Scotland.]  Forbes - Ch.  Ob. 

Therefore  is  he  always  propitiated  and  placated , both  first 
and  last.  Cudworth. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long  ; A,  E,  I,  6,  ti,  Y,  short;  A,  15,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


PLACATED 


1083 


PLAICE-MOUTH 


PLA'cAt-PD,  p.  a.  Appeased  ; reconciled. 

The  protection  and  beneficence  of  a placated  deity  is  not 
dcducible  from  nature.  Forbes. 

PLAC'CATE,  n.  [Fr.]  (Armor.)  A metal  plate 
placed  in  front  of  the  shoulder.  Fairholt. 

PLACE,  it.  [It. piazza-,  Sp .plaza-,  Fr. place. — 
From  Gr.  it  laris,  itlartia,  Hat,  broad  ; L.  platea, 
a street,  an  area.  Diez.] 

X.  A particular  portion  of  space ; a locality ; 
station  ; situation  ; position  ; post ; site  ; spot. 

See  the  place  where  the  Lord  lay.  Matt,  xxviii.  G. 

2.  Local  relation  ; ubiety.  Locke. 

3.  Space  in  general,  [it.] 

All  bodies  are  confined  within  some  place; 

But  she  all  place  within  herself  confines.  Davies. 

4.  A dwelling ; a seat ; a residence  ; abode  ; 
a mansion. 

Live  she  for  ever,  and  her  royal  places 

Be  filled  with  praises  of  divinest  wits.  Spenser. 

5.  A passage  in  writing,  or  in  a printed  book. 

Hosea  saith  of  the  Jews,  They  have  reigned,  but  not  by 

me;  which  place  proveth  that  there  are  governments  which 
God  doth  not  avow.  Bacon. 

6.  Order  of  priority  or  precedence ; rank. 

By  place  or  choice  the  worthiest.  Milton. 

The  heavens  themselves,  the  planets,  and  this  centre, 
Observe  degree,  priority,  and  place.  Shak. 

7.  Office  ; charge  ; public  employment  or  post. 

Pensions  in  private  were  the  senate’s  aim, 

And  patriots  for  a place  abandoned  fame.  Garth. 

8.  Ground  ; room  ; reason. 

There  is  no  place  of  doubting  but  that  it  was  the  very 
same.  Hammond. 

9.  A public  square  in  a city.  Simmonds. 

10.  (Mil.)  A fortified  town  or  post;  a for- 
tress; a fort.  Glos.  of  Mil.  Terms. 

Place  of  arms , (Mil.)  an  enlargement  of  the  covered 
way,  where  bodies  of  troops  can  he  formed,  to  act  on 
the  defensive  by  flanking  the  covered  way,  ami  on 
the  offensive  by  sorties.  The  reentering  place  of 
arms  is  situated  at  the  salient  angle  of  the  covered 
way.  Glos.  of  Mil.  Terms.  — High  place , (Bible.)  a 
natural  or  artificial  eminence,  where  worship  by  sac- 
rifice or  offering  was  made.  Kitto.  — ^ In  place , in 
company  ; present.  Spenser.  — In  the  place  of  in  the 
room  of ; instead  of.  — To  give  place , to  make  or  give 
room  or  way  ; to  yield.  — To  have  place , to  have  ex- 
istence. “ Mixed  government  . . . hath  place  in  nature 
and  reason.”  Swift.  — To  have  room  or  reception. 
“ My  word  hath  no  place  in  you.”  John  viii.  37. — To 
take  place , to  happen  ; to  occur  ; to  fall  out  ; to  come 
to  pass  ; to  come  into  a state  of  actual  operation. — 
To  take  place  of  or  before , to  take  precedence  of.  “ As 
a British  freeholder,  I should  not  scruple  taking  place 
of  a French  marquis.”  Addison. 

Syn.  — See  Office,  Situation. 

PLACE,  v.  a.  [Fr. placer.']  [i.  placed;  pp.  plac- 
ing, placed.] 

1.  To  put  in  any  place,  rank,  condition,  or 
office  ; to  put ; to  set;  to  lay  ; to  station. 

He  placed  forces  in  all  the  fenced  cities.  2 Chron.  xxvii.  2. 

2.  To  fix;  to  settle;  to  establish. 

Those  accusations  had  been  more  reasonable,  if  placed  on 
inferior  persons.  Dryden. 

3.  To  put  at  interest;  to  invest. 

’Twas  his  care 

To  place  on  good  security  his  gold.  Chapman. 

PLA-CE'bo , n.  [L .,  I will  please.) 

1.  (Eccl.)  In  the  lioman  Catholic  Church,  the 

vesper  hymn  for  the  dead,  beginning  Placebo 
Domino.  ~ Du  Cange. 

2.  (Med.)  A medicine  prescribed  rather  to 

satisfy  the  patient  than  with  any  expectation  of 
its  effecting  a cure.  Dunglison. 

To  sing  placebo,  to  endeavor  to  curry  favor. 

Sir  J.  Harrington. 

PLACE'— BRICK,  n.  A builder’s  term  for  an  infe- 
rior kind  of  brick,  which,  from  being  on  the 
outside  of  a clamp  or  kiln,  is  only  imperfectly 
burned.  Simmonds. 

f l’LACE'FUL,  a.  Filling  a place.  Chapman. 

. PLACE'LESS,  a.  Without  a place.  Ed.  Rev. 

PLACE'MAN,  n. ; pi.  placemen.  One  who  has  a 
place  or  office  under  a government. 

The  dear-bought  placeman  and  the  cheap  buffoon.  Coutper. 

PLA-CEN'  TA,  n. ; pi.  r la-cRn'  tjf..  [L.  placen- 
ta, a cake,  from  Gr.  irLuKods,  a cake.] 

1.  (Anat.)  A soft,  spongy,  vascular  body,  ad- 
herent to  the  uterus,  and  connected  with  the 
foetus  by  the  umbilical  cord.  Dunglison. 

JBSP  “ The  main  function  of  the  placenta  appears  to 


be  like  that  of  the  lungs  in  the  adult.  It  may  also  be 
an  organ  for  nutritive  absorption.”  Dunglison. 

2.  ( Bot .)  The  surface  or  part  of  the  ovary  to 
which  the  ovules  are  attached.  Gray. 

PLA-CEN'TAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  placenta; 
having  a placenta.  Dunglison. 

PLA^-EN-TA'TION,  n.  (Bot.)  The  arrangement 
of  the  seeds  in  the  pericarp.  Henslow. 

PLAc-EN-TIF'IJR-OUS,  a.  [L.  placenta,  a cake, 
and  fero,  to  bear.]  (Bot.)  Bearing  the  pla- 
centa. Gray. 

PLA'CER,  n.  One  who  places.  Spenser. 

PLACER,  n.  [Sp.]  A place  where  gold  dust  is 
found  ; a gold-field.  Clarke. 

PLAq'ID,  a.  [L.  placidus  ; placeo,  to  please  ; It. 
1$  Sp.  placido  ; Fr.  placidc .]  Undisturbed  ; com- 
posed ; unmoved  ; serene  ; tranquil ; calm. 

Zeal  alone  his  placid  bosom  fires.  Brooke. 

f PLA-CID'I-OUS,  a.  Gentle  ; placid.  Topsett. 

PLA-CID'T-TY,  n.  [L.  pla.ciditas  ; placidus,  plac- 
id; It . placidith  ; Fr  .placidity.]  The  state  or 
the  quality  of  being  placid  ; mildness  ; gentle- 
ness ; tranquillity  ; serenity.  Chandler. 

PLAg'ID-NESS,  n.  Placidity.  Johnson. 

PLAg'ID-LY,  ad.  In  a placid  manner;  mildly; 
gently ; with  quietness  ; quietly.  Boyle. 

PI.Ay'IT,  n.  [L.  placitum-,  placeo,  to  please.] 
(Law.)  Decree  or  decision  of  some  court  or  gov- 
ernment. Glanvill. 

PLAQ' I-TA,  n.  pi.  [L.]  1.  Public  courts  and  as- 
semblies in  the  middle  ages,  in  which  the  sover- 
eign presided,  when  consultations  were  held 
upon  the  affairs  of  the  state.  Brande. 

2.  (Law.)  A decree;  a decision: — pleas; 
pleadings.  Whishaw. 

PLA^'I-TO-RY,  a.  (Law.)  Relating  to  the  act  or 
the  form  of  pleading  in  courts  of  law.  Clayton. 

f PLACK'JJT,  n.  [Fr.  plaquer,  to  lay  on.]  A pet- 
ticoat ; an  under-petticoat.  Shak. 

/(&=•  “ Mr.  Steevens  quotes  an  author  who  makes  it 
the  opening  of  the  petticoat  (on  Lear,  iii.  4) ; Bailey 
says  it  was  the  fore-part  of  the  shift  or  petticoat ; but 
it  is  neither.”  Narcs. 

PLAC  OlD,  ) a [Gr.  it Xd|.  rtl.aKog,  a plate, 

PLA-COID'I-AN,  ) and  Elios,  form.]  (Pal.)  Per- 
taining to  the  placoidians.  Agassiz. 

PLA-COID'I-AN,  n.  (Pal.)  One  of  an  order  of 
fishes,  many  of  which  are  fossil,  so  called  on 
account  of  the  nature  of  the  scales,  which  are 
in  the  form  of  plates  or  spines,  and  composed 
of  dentine,  as  in  the  sharks  and  skates.  Agassiz. 

PLA-FOND',  n.  [Fr.]  (Arch.)  A ceiling  of  a 
room  ; a soffit.  Francis. 

PLA'GAL,  a.  [Gr.  nXhyios,  oblique.]  (Mus.)  Ap- 
plied to  those  tunes  or  scales  whose  notes  lie 
between  the  fifth  and  its  octave  ; — opposed  to 
authentic.  Dwight. 

Plagal  cadence,  a final  cadence,  in  which  the  chord 
of  the  tonic  is  preceded  by  that  of  the  sub-dominant. 

f PLA'^E^l,  n.pl.  {L.plageF]  Regions  ; countries. 

The  plat/es  of  the  north,  by  land  and  sea.  Chaucer. 

||  PLA'<?I-A-RI§M,  n.  The  act  of  appropriating 
the  ideas  or  the  language  of  another,  and  pass- 
ing them  for  one’s  own  ; literary  theft.  Walpole. 

||  PLA'^I-A-RlST,  n.  One  who  commits  plagia- 
rism ; a plagiary.  “ Plagiarists  are  always  sus- 
picious of  being  stolen  from.”  Coleridge. 

||  PLA'QI-A-RIZE,p.  n.  To  commit  literary  theft ; 
to  steal  literary  property.  Qu.  Rev. 

||  PLA'G[-A-RlZE,  v.  a.  To  steal  and  appropriate 
to  one’s  self,  as  the  writings,  sayings,  or  ideas 
of  another.  Qu.  Rev. 

||  PLA'^I-A-RY,  or  PLA'<?IA-RY  [pla'je-a-re,  P.  J. 
E.  F.Ja.R.Wr. ; pli'je-re,  S.‘  W.  K.  Smi  C.],  n. 
[L.  plagiarius,  a kidnapper ; plagium,  kidnap- 
ping ; It.  Sg  Sp.  plagiario  ; Fr.  plagiaire .] 

1.  One  who  commits  plagiarism. 

Without  invention  a painter  is  but  a copier,  and  n poet 
but  a plagiary  of  others.  Dryden. 

2.  f Plagiarism  ; literary  theft  or  piracy. 

Such  kind  of  borrowin'?  ns  this,  if  it  be  not  bettered  by  the 

borrower,  among  good  authors  is  accounted  plagiary.  Milton. 


“ Mr.  Elphinston  and  some  respectable  speak- 
ers pronounce  this  word  with  the  first  vowel  short  as 
if  written  jtl&d-jary  ; but  Mr.  Sheridan,  Mr.  Scott,  Mr. 
Perry,  Mr.  Buchanan,  Dr.  Kenrick,  W.  Johnston,  ami 
Entick  mark  it  with  the  a long,  as  if  written  pluy- 
jary.  And  to  know  which  is  the  true  pronunciation 
we  need  only  recur  to  analogy,  which  tells  us  that 
every  vowel,  except  i,  having  the  accent,  and  being 
followed  by  a diphthong,  is  long.”  Walker. 

||  PLA'GI-A-RY,  a.  1.  t Stealing  men.  Browne. 

2.  Relating  to  plagiarism  or  literarv  theft. 

“ A plagiary  sonnet-wright.”  Bp.  Hall. 

PLA-GI-HE'DRAL,  a.  [Gr.  ttlciytos,  oblique,  and 
etjpa,  a base.]  Having  oblique  sides.  Smart. 

PLA'GI-QN-lTE,  n.  (Min.)  A sulphuret  of  lead 
and  antimony.  Brande. 

PLA'G!-OS-TOME,  n.  [Gr.  ltldytos,  oblique,  and 
ordya,  a mouth.]  (Zoiil.)  One  of  a tribe  of  car- 
tilaginous fishes,  comprehending  all  those  which 
have  the  mouth  situated  transversely  beneath 
the  snout : — one  of  a genus  of  univalve  mol- 
lusks.  Brande. 

PLAGUE  (plag),  n.  [Gr.  irl.yyy,  a blow;  trl.yttttoj, 
to  smite  ; L.  phga  ; It.  piaga  ; Sp.  plaga  ; Fr. 
plate.  — Dut.  plaag,  plague  ; Ger.  ,y  Dan  .plage  ; 
Sw.  plaga.  — \V.pla ; Gael . plaigh  ; Ir . plaig.l 

1.  A malignant  fever  of  the  most  aggravated 

kind,  with  affection  of  the  lymphatic  glands  of 
the  groin  or  the  armpit,  and  carbuncles ; the 
pest;  pestilence.  Dunglison. 

SST  The  plague  is  endemic  in  the  Levant;  fre- 
quently epidemic,  and  destroying  at  least -two  thirds 
of  those  persons  whom  it  attacks.  Dunglison. 

2.  A state  of  misery ; pain.  1 Kings  viii.  38. 

3.  Any  thing  troublesome  or  vexatious. 

I am  not  mad;  too  well  I feel 
The  plague  of  each  calamity.  Shak. 

Sometimes  my  plague , sometimes  my  darling, 

Kissing  to-day,  to-morrow  snarling.  Prior. 

Cold  plague , a severe  form  of  congestive  fever,  seen 
in  the  Southern  U.  S.  Bilious  pneumonia,  in  which 
there  is  no  reaction,  has  been  so  called.  Dunglison. 

PLAGUE  (plag),  v.  a.  [Sp.  plar/ar ; Ger. plagen ; 
Dan.  plaqe\  Sw.  plana.]  \i.  plagued;  pp. 
PLAGUING,  PLAGUED.] 

1.  To  afflict  with  pestilence,  disease,  or  ca- 
lamity. 

Thus  were  they  plagued , 

And  worn  with  famine.  Milton. 

2.  To  trouble;  to  tease  ; to  vex  ; to  harrass ; 
to  torment ; to  annoy  ; to  molest ; — in  this 
sense  often  used  ludicrously. 

To  see  if  he  cun  start  a lawsuit,  and  plague  anv  of  bis 
neighbors.  Addison. 

t PLAGUE'FUL  (plag'ful),  a.  Infecting  with 
plague;  abounding  with  plagues.  Mir. for  Mag. 

PLAgue'LIJSS,  a.  Free  from  plagues  or  from 
the  plague.  Wright. 

PLAGUE'— MARK,  n.  A plague-token.  Dunglison. 

PLA'GUgR  (plag'er),  n.  One  who  plagues  or  vex- 
es. “ Our  plagues  and  our  plaguers.”  Browne. 

PLAGUE'— SPOT,  n.  A plague-token.  Dunglison. 

PLAGUE'— TO-KEN,  n.  A mark  by  which  one 
struck  with  the  plague  was  known ; a plague- 
mark  ; a plague-spot. 

ttSy  “ It  is  described  as  a small  tubercle, somewhat 
resembling  a wart,  callous,  and  more  or  less  deficient 
in  sensibility,  varying  in  size  from  that  of  a millet- 
seed  to  that  of  a bean.”  Dunglison. 

PLA'GUr-LY  (plag'e-le),  ad.  Vexatiously  ; troub- 
lesomely ; extremely.  [Low.]  Dryden. 

PLA'GUY  (plag'e),  a.  1.  Infected  with  the  plague; 
pestilential,  [r.] 

Yea,  whilst  in  plaints  they  spend  their  plaguy  hreath. 

Of  all  things  that  are  feared,  the  least  is  death.  Stirling. 

2.  Vexatious  ; troublesome.  [Low.]  Hudibras. 

PLAICE  (pi  as),  n. 

[L  .platessa.  — Dut. 
platdijs,  flat-fish ; 

Ger .plateiszc ; Dan. 
platfsk .]  (Ich.)  A 
species  of  flat-fish ; 

Platessa  communis. 

— See  FLAT-FISH.  Plaice  (Platessa  communis). 

Baird. 

His  mouth  shrinks  sideways  like  a scornful  plaice.  Pp.  Hall. 

PLAICE'— MOUTH,  n.  A w'ry  mouth.  — Roe 
Plaice.  B.  Jonson. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — £,  £,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  j,  g,  hard;  § ns  z; 


? as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


PLAID 


1084 


PLANE 


PLAID  (plad)  [plad,  S. W.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja . Sm.  R.  C. 
Wr. ; plad  or  plad,  A'.],  n.  [M.  Goth,  plat . — W. 
plaid , part  or  party  ; pleth , a fold ; Gael,  plaide.] 
A striped  or  variegated  cloth,  much  worn  by  the 
Highlanders  of  Scotland,  forming  a predomi- 
nant part  of  the  national  costume,  and  indicat- 
ing, by  the  variety  of  its  patterns,  the  different 
Scottish  clans.  It  is  worn  by  both  sexes,  and 
by  others  besides  the  Highlanders. 

Their  brechnn.  or  plair /,  consists  of  twelve  or  thirteen 
yards  of  narrow  stuff,  wrapt  round  the  middle,  and  reaches 
to  the  knees.  Pennant. 

The  women  also  wear  a plaid,  but  it  is  so  narrow  as  seldom 
to  come  beiow  the  waist.  Jamieson. 

“ It  seems  doubtful, ” says  Dr.  Jamieson,  “ if 
this  be  properly  a Gaelic  word,  as  it  does  not  occur  in 
the  other  Celtic  dialects ; unless  we  view  it  as  the 
same  with  the  Welsh  pleth,  plica , a fold.  The  ingen- 
ious editor  of  ‘Popular  Ballads’  says  (in  Glossary), 
‘The  word  in  the  Gaelic  and  in  every  other  language 
of  which  I have  any  knowledge,  means  any  thing 
broad  and  flat ; and  when  applied  to  a plaid  or  blanket , 
signifies  simply  a broad,  plain,  unformed  piece  of 
cloth.’” — In  the  Gaelic  dictionaries  of  Shaw  and  of 
Armstrong,  plaide  is  given  as  a Gaelic  word,  and  is 
thus  defined,  “ a blanket,  a plaid.” 

With  respect  to  the  pronunciation  of  this  word, 
Ogilvie  says,  “ Plaid  is  usually  pronounced,  and  often 
written,  plad  [plad]  in  England  ” ; and  it  is  so  pro- 
nounced by  the  English  orthoepists.  Lord  Byron, 
however,  makes  it  rhyme  with  glade,  and  he  says, 
“ This  word  is  erroneously  pronounced  plad  [plad]  ; 
the  proper  pronunciation  (according  to  the  Scotch)  is 
known  by  the  orthography.” 

My  cap  was  the  bonnet,  my  cloak  was  the  plaid. 

As  daily  I strode  through  the  pine-covered  glade.  Byron. 

PLAid'ING,  n.  [“Probably  from  plaid”  Ogilvie.] 

1.  A coarse  woollen  cloth,  differing  from  flan- 
nel in  being  twilled.  [Scotland.]  Ogilvie. 

2.  [Old  Fr.]  ( European  Laic.)  An  assembly 

of  the  kings  and  great  men  of  the  realm:  — a 
court  of  justice.  BurrilL 

PLAIN  (plan),  a.  [L.  planus  ; It.  piano  ; Sp. 
piano ; Fr.  plain.  — “ Probably  connected  with 
Sansc.  prithu , broad;  Gr.  it Aarbg  ; Ger.  platt  ; 
Eng. flat”  Win.  Smith. \ 

1.  Smooth  ; level ; flat ; even  ; free  from  ele- 
vations or  depressions  ; plane.  — See  Plane. 

Hilly  countries  afford  the  most  entertaining  prospects, 
though  a man  would  choose  to  travel  through  a plain  one. 

Addison. 

2.  Free  from  obstacle  or  difficulty;  open; 
clear.  “ In  plain  fight  and  open  field.”  Felton. 

3.  Evident ; manifest ; apparent',  not  obscure  ; 
visible  ; obvious  ; distinct ; clear  ; certain. 

Express  thyself  in  plain,  not  doubtful  words, 

That  ground  for  quarrels  or  disputes  affords.  Dryden. 

4.  Void  of  ornament ; unembellished;  simple. 

A crown  of  ruddy  gold  enclosed  her  brow. 

Plain  without  pomp,  and  rich  without  a show.  Dryden. 

5.  Free  from  disguise ; artless;  honest;  sin- 
cere ; direct ; candid  ; frank.  Pope. 

In  choice  of  instruments,  it  is  better  to  choose  men  of  a 
plainer  sort,  that  are  like  to  do  that  that  is  committed  to  them, 
and  to  report  faithfully  the  success,  than  those  that  arc  cun- 
ning to  contrive  somewhat  to  grace  themselves.  Bacon. 

6.  Mere  ; bare  ; downright. 

Some  have  at  first  for  wits,  then  poets,  passed, 

Turned  critics  next,  and  proved  plain  fools  at  last.  rope. 

Plain  chant  or  song , a name  given  to  the  old  ecclesi- 
astical chant,  characterized  by  its  plain,  simple  style, 
in  distinction  from  prick  song,  or  variegated  music  ; 
canto  fermo.  JVarton.  JUoorc. — Plain  chart.  (JVaut.) 
See  PLANE. — Plain  sailing.  ( JVaut .)  See  Plane. 

Syn.  — See  Apparent,  Bare,  Candid,  Clear, 
Evident,  Level,  Simple. 

PLAIN,  ad.  In  a plain  manner  ; not  obscurely  ; 
distinctly  ; frankly  ; plainly.  Addison. 

PLAIN,  n.  [Fr.  plaine .]  Level  ground;  open, 
level  field  ; flat  expanse ; — often,  a field  of  battle. 

While  here  the  ocean  gains. 

In  other  parts  it  leaves  wide,  sandy  j/lains.  Pope. 

Plain  and  plane  are  often  used  indiscriminate- 
ly. In  science  and  the  arts,  tile  word  is  generally 
written  plane ; but  for  a level,  open  field,  plain. 

PLAIN,  v.  a.  1.  To  level;  to  smooth;  to  plane. 

Upon  one  wing  the  artillery  was  drawn,  every  piece  hav- 
ing his  guard  of  pioneers  to  plain  the  ways.  Hayward. 

2.  t To  explain  ; to  make  plain  or  clear. 

What ’s  dumb  in  show  I ’ll  plain  with  speech.  Shak. 

f PLAIN,  v.  n.  [Fr.  plaindre .]  To  lament;  to 
wail ; to  complain. 

He  to  himself  thus  plained.  Milton. 

f PLAIN,  v.  a.  To  lament.  Spenser. 

t PLAIN'ANT,  n.  A plaintiff.  Butler. 


PLAIN'BACKS,  n.  pi.  A term  in  the  weaving 
trade  for  bombazettes.  Simmonds. 

PLAIN'— CHANT,  n.  A plain-song.  Moore. 

PLAIN'— DEAL-JgR,  n.  One  who  deals  plainly  or 
frankly.  Lechford. 

PLAIN'— DEAL-ING,  a.  Dealing  frankly;  honest; 
open  ; acting  without  art. 

It  must  not  be  domed  but  I am  a plain-dealing  villain.  Shak. 

PLAIN'— DEAL-ING,  n.  Management  void  of  art ; 
sincerity ; frankness.  Dryden. 

PLAIN'JpIt,  n.  One  who  plains.  Chapman. 

PLAIN'— HEART-ED,  a.  Having  a sincere,  hon- 
est heart ; frank  ; candid  ; straightforward. 

Free-spoken  and  plain-hearted  men,  that  are  the  eyes  of 
their  country.  Milton. 

PLAIN'— HEART-^D-NESS  (plan'h’Art-ed-nes),  n. 
Frankness  ; sincerity.  Hallywell. 

f PLAIN'ING,  7i.  Complaint.  Shak. 

PLAIN'LY,  ad.  In  a plain  manner:  — frankly; 
sincerely ; evidently  ; clearly  ; not  obscurely. 

PI.AIN'NIJSS,  7i.  1.  The  quality  of  being  plain  ; 

flatness  ; levelness  ; evenness.  Johnson. 

2.  Want  of  ornament ; simplicity. 

The  excess  of  plainness  in  our  cathedral  disappoints  the 
spectator,  after  so  rich  an  approach.  Walpole. 

3.  Frankness  ; sincerity  ; artlessness. 

To  plainness  honor 

Is  bound,  when  majesty  to  folly  flies.  Shak. 

PLAIN'— SONG,  n.  The  plain,  unvaried  chant  in 
church  service,  in  distinction  from  prick-song, 
or  variegated  music  sung  by  note.  Shak. 

PLAIN'— SPEAK-ING,  n.  Plainness  or  frankness 
of  speech.  Boijet. 

PLAIN'— SPO-KEN  (plan'spo-kn),  a.  Speaking 
frankly  ; free-spoken  ; frank ; candid  ; blunt. 

PLAINT  (plant),  n.  [Fr.  plaintc.) 

1.  Lamentation  ; lament ; complaint ; expres- 
sion of  sorrow ; a cry  ; a moan  ; a wail. 

Bootless  are  jilaints,  and  cureless  are  my  wounds.  Shak. 

2.  A charge  or  accusation  of  injury. 

There  are  three  .just  grounds  of  war  with  Spain;  one  of 
plaint,  two  upon  defence.  Macon. 

3.  (Eng.  Law.)  A private  memorial  tendered 
in  open  court  to  the  judge,  wherein  the  party 
injured  sets  forth  his  cause  of  action  : — a pro- 
ceeding in  inferior  courts  by  which  an  action  is 
commenced  without  original  writ.  Blctc/cstOnc. 

f PLAINT'FUL,  a.  Complaining;  plaintive. 

But,  alas!  to  what  a sea  of  miseries  my  plaintful  tongue 
doth  lead  me!  Sidney. 

PLAIN'TjFF  [plan'tjf,  W.  B.  J.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  R.  C. 

I Fr. ; plan'tjf,  Kcnrick,  Scott),  n.  [Old  Fr  .plegn- 
tyf ; Fr.  plaintif,  complaining ; plaindre,  to 
complain.]  (Law.)  One  who,  in  a personal  ac- 
tion, commences  a suit,  or  seeks  a remedy  for 
an  injury  to  his  rights ; — opposed  to  defendant. 

Plaintiff  in  error,  a party  who  sues  out  a writ  of 
error,  and  this  whether  in  the  court  below  lie  was 
plaintiff  or  defendant.  Bouvier. 

BSP  “ The  word  was  universally,  till  of  late  years, 
pronounced  with  tiie  first  syllable  like  -plan,  as  appears 
by  its  being  adopted  by  Mr.  Scott,  .Mr.  Elphinston, 
Mr.  Perry,  W.  Johnston,  and  Dr.  Kenrick  ; but  a 
laudable  desire  of  reforming  tile  language  lias  restored 
the  diphthong  to  its  true  sound  ; and  the  first  syllable 
of  this  word,  like  plane,  is  now  the  current  pronunci- 
ation of  all  our  courts  of  justice.  Mr.  Sheridan  and 
Eutick  agree  in  this  pronunciation.”  Wallccr. 

t PLAIN'TIFF,  a.  Complaining;  plaintive.  Prior. 

PLAIN'TI  VE,  a.  [Fr.  plaintif',  plaindre,  to  com- 
plain.] Complaining;  querulous;  lamenting; 
expressive  of  sorrow;  sorrowful;  mournful;  sad. 
“ A softer  and  more  plaintive  tone.”  Eustace. 

Syn.  — See  Querulous. 

PLAIN'TI  VE-LY,  ad.  In  a manner  expressing 
grief  or  sorrow ; sorrowfully.  Smart. 

PLAIN'TI  VE-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  plaintive. 

PLAINT'LESS,  a.  Without  plaint  or  complaint ; 
unrepining,  [h.]  Savage. 

PLA  IN'— WORK  (plan'wiirk),  n.  Work  not  diffi- 
cult:— common  needle  work,  as  distinguished 
from  embroidery. 

PLAIT  (plat),  7i.  [W.  pleth  ; Gael,  pile  at.) 


1.  A fold  ; a double,  as  of  cloth ; a plicature. 

That  attire 

E’en  as  it  sits  on  thee,  not  a plait  altered.  Middleton. 

2.  A braid,  as  of  hair.  Craig. 

PLAIT,  v.  a.  [Gr.  t.I.Ikw  ; L.  plico  ; It.  piegare ; 
Sp.  plegar ; Fr.  plier.  — Dan . fetta ; S vr.fatta. 
— \V.  plethu .]  [i.  plaited;  pp.  PLAITING, 

PLAITED.] 

1.  To  fold;  to  double. 

Will  she,  Oil  Sunday  morn,  thy  neckcloth  plait ? Gag. 

2.  To  weave;  to  braid;  to  plat;  to  mat. 

I ’ll  weave  her  garlands,  and  I ’ll  plait  her  hair.  Prior. 

3.  To  entangle  ; to  involve,  [r.]  Shak. 

US'-  “ There  is  a corrupt  pronunciation  of  this 

word,  as  if  written  plcte,  which  must  carefully  he 
avoided.”  Walker.  — “Often  wrongly  pronounced 
plet.  Smart.  — A vulgar  pronunciation  in  the  U.  S. 

PLA  11  £R,  n.  One  who  plaits.  Johnson. 

PL.AK  O-DINE,  71.  [Gr.  7 D.q£,  tt /.metis,  a plate.] 
(Min.)  A native  arseniate  of  nickel  found  near 
MUsen  in  Siegen,  in  tabular  crystals.  Brande. 

PLAN,  n.  [L.  planus,  flat ; It.  piano,  a plan  ; Sp. 
piano  ; Tr.plan.  — Dut.,  Ger.,  Dan.,  b S w.plan.] 

1.  The  representation  of  any  thing  drawn  on 

paper,  or  on  a flat  surface  ; a draught ; a sketch ; 
a plot;  — particularly,  a drawing  exhibiting  a 
horizontal  section  of  a building.  Weale. 

Artists  and  plans  relieved  my  solemn  hours; 

I founded  palaces  and  planted  bowers.  Prior. 

2.  A scheme ; a project ; a contrivance  ; a 
device ; a design  ; method  ; system. 

Expatiate  free  o’er  all  this  scene  of  man; 

A mighty  maze,  but  not  without  a plan.  Pope. 

Syn. — See  Design,  System. 

PLAN,  V.  a.  \i.  PLANNED  ; pp.  PLANNING, 
PLANNED.] 

1.  To  form  a plan  or  draught  of ; to  delineate 

or  represent  On  a plane.  Wright. 

2.  To  devise ; to  scheme ; to  form  in  design. 

Vouchsafe  the  means  of  vengeanee  to  debate, 

And  plan  with  all  thy  arts  the  scene  of  fate.  Pope. 

t PLA'NA-RY,  a.  Pertaining  to  a plane.  Bailey. 

f PLANCH, ,n.  A plank.  Sir  R.  Fanshaw. 

PLANCH,  v.  a.  [Fr. 'planch  tier  ; planche,  a board. 
[*.  I’LANCHED  ; pp.  PLANCHINO,  PLANCHED.’ 
To  plank  ; to  cover  with  boards  or  planks.  [it.‘ 
Planch  on  a piece  as  broad  ns  thjr  cap. 

Gammer  Gurton's  Keedle,  1551. 

f PLAnch'ED,  a.  Made  of  boards.  “ A planched 
gate.”  Shak.  “ The  phmehed  floor.”  Gorges. 

f PLANCII'ER,  n.  [Fr.]  1.  A plank.  Drayton. 

2.  A floor  of  wood.  Bacon. 

PLAnCH'FR,  v.  n.  To  make  a floor  of  planehers  ; 
to  make  a wooden  floor,  [it.]  Sancroft. 

PLAn'CIIET,  7i.  [Fr.  planch ette,  a small  board.] 
(Coming.)  A piece  of  metal  intended  for  a coin, 
with  a smooth,  flat  surface,  to  be  placed  in  the 
mill  for  receiving  the  die  impression.  Simmonds. 

PLJn-CIIETTE  1 , n.  [Fr.]  1.  A small  plank  or 

board.  Simmonds. 

2.  A circumferentor.  Situmonds. 

PLANCH'ING,  7i.  1.  (Carp.)  The  act  of  one  who 

planches;  the  laying  of  floors,  [p,.]  Bailey. 

2.  A wooden  flooring.  “ The  pla7ichi7igs  rotr 
ten,  the  walls  fallen  down.”  Carew. 

PLANE,  7i.  [J>.  pla7iits,  even,  flat.] 

1.  (Gcom.)  A surface  such  that,  if  any  two 

points  in  it  be  taken  at  pleasure  and  joined  by  a 
straight  line,  that  line  will  lie  wholly  in  the  sur- 
face ; a level  superficies.  Davies. 

tBap  “ Planes  are  also  frequently  used  for  imaginary 
surfaces,  supposed  to  cut  and  pass  through  solid  bod- 
ies ; and  on  this  construction  is  founded  the  whole 
doctrine  of  conic  sections.  In  astronomy,  the  same 
term  is  used  for  an  ideal  plane  passing  through  certain 
parts  or  points  of  the  heavens,  as  t he  plane  of  tiie  ho- 
rizon, of  the  ecliptic,  equator,  &c.  ; by  which  are 
to  be  understood  certain  ideal  planes  passing  through 
those  circles  of  the  sphere,  or  on  which  they  are  sup- 
posed to  be  described.”  Francis. 

2.  (Carp.)  A carpenter’s  or  joiner’s  tool,  of 

many  varieties,  used  to  produce  straight,  flat, 
and  even  surfaces  upon  wood.  Moxon. 

Objective  plane,  (Surveying.)  the  horizontal  plane 
upon  which  the  object  to  lie  delineated  is  supposed  to 
stand  ; — usually  taken  as  the  horizontal  plane  of  pro- 
jection. — Plane  of  a dial,  the  plane  upon  which  tho 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  0,  Y,  short;  A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


PLANT 


PLA^E 

hour-lines  of  the  dial  are  constructed.  — Plane  of  pro- 
jection, one  of  the  planes  to  which  points  are  referred 
in  descriptive  geometry  for  determining  their  relative 
position  in  space. — Plane  of  rays,  (Shades  and  Shad- 
ows.) a plane  parallel  to  a ray  of  light. — Perspective 
plane,  the  plane  upon  which  the  perspective  of  an  ob- 
ject is  drawn. — Principal  plane,  ( Spherical  Projec- 
tions) the  plane  upon  which  the  different  circles  of 
tile  sphere  are  projected.  Davies. 

PLANE,  n.  [Gr.  nX&ravo;  ■,  nlarbs,  broad;  L.  pla- 
tanus  ; It.  # Sp.  platano  ; Fr.  platane,  plane  ; so 
named  on  account  of  its  broad  leaves  and  spread- 
ing form.]  ( Bot .)  A tree  of  the  genus  Plata- 
nus;  the  plane-tree  ; the  platane;  sycamore. 

The  beech,  the  swimming  alder,  and  the  plane.  Dryclen. 

PLANE,  v.  a.  [L.  piano  ; It.  pianare ; Fr.  platter.] 

[i.  PLANED  ; pp.  PLANING,  PLANED.] 

1.  To  make  smooth  with  a plane.  Moxon. 

2.  To  level ; to  free  from  inequalities. 

Upon  this  was  laid  another  layer  of  small  stones  and  ccm- 
ent,  to  plane  the  inequalities  of  rough  stone  in  which  the 
stones  of  the  upper  pavement  were  fixed.  Arbut/inot. 

PLANE,  a.  [L.  planus  ; It.  piano  ; Sp.  piano ; Fr. 
plan.]  ( Geo  in .)  Level ; even  ; flat ; — noting,  or 
pertaining  to,  a surface,  real  or  imaginary,  such 
that  if  a right  line  touch  it  in  two  points,  it  will 
touch  throughout  its  whole  extent. 

Plane  angle,  ( Gcom.)  the  angle  between  two  straight 
lines  in  a plane. — Plane  chart,  a chart  constructed  so 
that  the  parallels  of  latitude  and  longitude  are  repre- 
sented by  straight  lines  parallel  to  each  other,  and  at 
the  same  distance  from  each  other,  in  every  latitude. 
— Plane  curve,  a curve  all  of  whose  points  lie  in  the 
same  plane.  — Plane  director,  a plane  parallel  to  every 
element  of  a warped  surface  of  tile  first  class. — Plane 
figure,  a -portion  of  a plane  limited  by  lines  either 
straight  or  curved.  — Plane  geometry,  that  part  of  ge- 
ometry which  treats  of  the  relations  and  properties  of 
plane  figures.  — Plane  problem , a problem  which  can 
be  solved  geometrically,  by  the  aid  of  the  right  line 
and  circle  only.  — Plane  sailing , (J\fav.)  the  method 
of  computing  the  position  of  a ship  and  her  path, 
under  the  supposition  that  the  surface  of  the  earth  is 
a plane.  — Plane  surreying,  that  branch  of  surveying 
in  which  the  earth’s  surface  is  regarded  as  a plane. — 
Plane  table,  ( Surveying .)  an  instrument  used  for  plot- 
ting in  the  field.  — Plane  triangle,  a triangle  lying 
entirely  in  the  same  plane. — Plane  trigonometry,  that 
part  of  trigonometry  which  treats  of  the  relations 
and  properties  of  the  sides  and  angles  of  plane  trian- 
gles. Davies. 

PLANE'— CHART,  n.  ( Naut .)  A chart  laid  down 
on  Mercator’s  projection.  Simmonds. 

PLANE'— IR-ON§,  n.  pi.  Cutting  irons,  either  sin- 
gle or  double,  to  insert  in  a plane.  Simmonds. 

PLAN'JgR,  n.  1.  One  who  planes.  Sherwood. 

2.  (Printing.)  A flat  piece  of  wood,  used  by 
the  compositor  for  forcing  down  the  type  in 
the  form,  and  making  the  surface  perfectly 
even.  Simmonds. 

PLA'NljiR— TREE,  n.  (Bot.)  A North  American 
tree  of  the  genus  Planera ; — so  named  for  J.  S. 
Planer,  a German  botanist.  Gray. 

PLANE'— SCALE,  n.  A scale  upon  which  are 
graduated  chords,  sines,  tangents,  secants, 
rhombs,  geographical  miles,  &c. ; — used  prin- 
cipally by  navigators.  Davies. 

PLAN'JJT,  n.  [Gr.  uXavyry;  ; irl.avaui,  to  wander; 
■nhivy,  a wandering  ; L.  planeta ; It.  pianeta  ; 
Sp.plcmeta-,  Fr.  pianette.]  (Astron.)  An  opaque 
celestial  body,  receiving  its  light  from  the  sun, 
about  which  it  revolves  as  a centre,  in  an  orbit 
not  very  widely  differing  from  a circle. 

flgy*  Five  of  the  planets,  Mercury,  Venus,  Mars,  Ju- 
piter, and  Saturn,  have  been  known  from  the  earliest 
ages.  Uranus  was  discovered  by  Sir  William  Iler- 
schel  on  tire  13th  of  March,  1781  ; and  Neptune  was 
found  on  Sept.  23,  1846,  by  Dr.  Galle,  of  Berlin,  in 
consequence  of  calculations  made  independently  and 
simultaneously  by  M.  Le  Verricr,  of  Paris,  and  Mr. 
Adams,  of  London.  Between  Mars  and  Jupiter,  a 
group  of  minor  planets,  or  asteroids,  lias  been  detected 
since  the  commencement  of  the  present  century.  Tho 
name  planet  was  given  to  this  class  of  heavenly  bodies 
because  they  constantly  change  their  relative  situation 
in  tiie  heavens,  and  thus  appear  to  wander  among  the 
constellations.  Hind.  Herschel. 

Inferior  planets,  Mercury  and  Venus,  which  revolve 
in  orbits  interior  to  the  earth’s  path.  — Superior  plan- 
ets, those  planets  wiiose  orbits  are  exterior  to  that,  of 
the  earth.  I-Iind.  — Primary  planets,  those  planets 
which  revolve  only  about  the  sun,  in*  distinction 
from  secondary  planets,  satellites,  or  moons,  which 
revolve  also  about  their  primaries. 

PLANE'— TA-BLE,  n.  (Surveying.)  An  instru- 


1085 

ment  used  for  plotting  in  the  field  without  the 
necessity  of  taking  field  notes.  Davies. 

PLAN-IJT-A'RI-UM,  n.  (Astron.)  An  astronomi- 
cal machine  for  exhibiting  the  relative  motions 
of  the  planets,  and  their  positions  in  respect  of 
the  sun  ; an  orrery.  Brande. 

PLAN'JgT-A-RY,  a.  [It.  Sy  Sp.  planetario ; Fr. 
planetaire .]  . 

1.  Pertaining  to,  or  consisting  of,  planets. 
“ Their  planetary  motions  and  aspects.”  Milton. 

2.  Under  the  dominion  of  a planet. 

I was  born  in  the  planetary  hour  of  Saturn;  and  I think  I 
have  a piece  of  that  leaden  planet  in  me;  I am  no  way  fa- 
cetious. Addison. 

3.  Produced  by  the  planets,  or  by  a planet. 

“ Planetary  influence.”  Shak. 

4.  Having,  or  resembling,  the  nature  of  a 

planet ; erratic  ; wandering.  “ Bright  planetary 
Jove.”  Blackmore. 

Planetary  days , the  days  of  the  week  as  shared 
among  the  seven  planets  known  to  the  ancients,  each 
having  its  day;  and  hence,  in  most  European  lan- 
guages, the  days  of  the  week  are  still  denominated 
from  the  planets,  as  Sunday,  Monday,  &c.  Wright. 

PLAN'JgT-pD,  a.  Belonging  to,  or  having,  plan- 
ets. “ Planeted  inhabitants.”  [n.]  Young. 

+ PLA-NET'|-CAL,  a.  Planetary.  Browne. 

PLAN'ET-LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  planets. 

A shoreless  sea,  a sky  sunless  and  planetless.  Shelley. 

PLAn'ET-OID,  n.  [Gr.  -rtXavyTdg,  wandering, ' and 
ftfios,  form.]  (Astron.)  One  of  the  minor  plan- 
ets revolving  between  the  orbits  of  Mars  and 

• Jupiter  ; an  asteroid. 

The  discovery  of  jdancioids  was  commenced  in  the  pres- 
ent century.  Ec.  Rev. 

PLANE'-TREE,  n.  [Fr.  plane.  — See  Plane.] 
(Bot.)  A plant  or  tree  of  the  genus  Platanus. 

■ The  Oriental  plane-tree  has  palmated  leaves 
resembling  those  of  the  common  sycamore.  The  Pla- 
tanus occidentalism  or  American  plane-tree , is  also  called, 
in  the  United  States,  by  the  names  of  button-wood , 
water-beech , and  sycamore  ; in  Canada  it  is  called  cot- 
ton-tree. The  plane-tree  of  Scotland  is  the  Acer  pseudo  - 
platanus , or  sycamore  maple.  Eng.  Cijc.  Loudon. 

PL  An' ET-STRUCK,  a.  Affected  by  the  malig- 
nant influence  of  a planet ; blasted.  Suckling. 

Xfefy*  “ The  word  is  by  no  means  disused,  though 
the  superstition  is  discarded.”  Narcs. 

* 

PLAN'E-TULE,  n.  A little  planet.  Conybeare. 

PLAN'UT— WHEELf-i,  n.  pi.  ( Mech .)  A mechani- 
cal contrivance  for  producing  a variable  angular 
motion,  such  as  that  of  the  radius  vector  of  a 
planet  in  its  orbit. 

“ The  common  contrivance  for  this  purpose 
consists  of  two  elliptical  wheels  connected  by  tcetli 
running  into  each  otiicr,  and  revolving  on  their  foci. 
While  tiie  driving  wheel  moves  uniformly,  the  radius 
vector  of  the  other  has  tiie  required  motion.”  Ogilvie. 

PLAN'tJHJNT,  a.  [L.  pl'tngo,  plangens,  to  beat.] 
Beating  in  the  manner  of  a wave  ; dashing. 

The  seaman,  who  sleeps  sound  upon  the  deck, 

Nor  hears  the  loud  lamenting  of  the  blast. 

Nor  heeds  the  weltering  of  tiie  plangent  wave.  11.  Taylor. 

PI.AN-I-FO'LI-OUS,  a.  [L.  planus,  plain,  and 
folium,  a ieaf.]  (Bot.)  Consisting  of  plain 
leaves,  in  circular  rows  round  the  centre.  Martin. 

1’L  A-NIM'E-TER,  n.  [L.  planus,  level,  and  plrpov, 
a measure.]  An  instrument  designed  to  meas- 
ure, by  mechanical  means  and  at  once,  the  area 
of  any  plane  figure  drawn  on  paper.  Nichol. 

PLAN-I-MET'RIC,  ) a Relating  to  planime- 

PLAN-I-MET'RI-CAL,  ) try.  Johnson. 

PLA-NlM'jF,-TRY,  n.  [L.  planus,  plain,  and  Gr. 
pirpioi,  to  measure  ; It.  planimetria  ; Sp.  plano- 
metria  ; Fr.  planimetrie .]  That  branch  of  ap- 
plied geometry  which  treats  of  the  measurement 
of  plane  areas;  — op*posed  to  stereotomy. Davies. 

PLAn'ING-MA-CHINE',  n.  (Mech.)  An  instru- 
ment for  reducing  the  surface  to  a true  and 
smooth  face,  by  means  of  planes,  or  instru- 
ments of  a similar  nature,  which  are  actuated 
by  the  power  of  machinery.  Weale. 

PLAN-I-PEN'NATE,  n.  (Ent.)  One  of  a tribe  of 
neuropterous  insects,  which  have  four  flat  wings 
of  nearly  equal  size,  as  the  ant-lion.  Braude. 

PLAN-I-PET'A-LOUS,  a.  [L.  planus,  flat,  and  Gr. 


alov,  a leaf.]  (Bot.)  Having  flat  petals  or 
leaves  ; flat-leaved.  Bailey. 

PLAn'JSH,  v.  a.  [f.  planished  ; pp.  planish- 
ing, planished.]  To  polish  ; to  smooth  ; to 
make  plain,  as  silversmiths.  Martin. 

PLAN'ISH-ER,  n.  A tool  used  by  turners  for 
smoothing  brass-work.  Weale. 

PLAn'I-SPIIERE,  n.  [L.  planus,  plane,  and  sphee- 
ra,  a sphere ; It.  § Sp.  planisferio  ; Fr.  plani- 
sphere.] A projection  of  the  various  circles  of 
the  sphere  upon  a plane.  Davies. 

PLANK  (plangk,  82),  n.  [L .planed;  Fr .planche. — 
Dut.  plank  ; Ger.  8r  Dan.  planke  ; Sw.  phinka.  — 
W.  plane  ; Gael,  plane,  plang.  — From  Gr. 
uXauds,  any  thing  flat  and  broad.  Buttmann.] 

1.  A broad  piece  of  timber  thicker  than  a 
board,  — usually  from  to  4 inches  thick. 

Some  Turkish  bows  are  of  that  strength  as  to  pierce  a plank 
of  six  inches.  Wilkins. 

2.  Any  thing  resembling  a plank  ; a slab. 

Over  his  grave  was  soon  after  erected  ...  a monument  of 

freestone,  with  a plank  of  marble  thereon.  Wood. 

PLANK  (plangk,  82),  v.  a.  [i.  PLANKED ; pp. 
planking,  PLANKED.]  To  cover  or  lay  with 
planks. 

The  sides  were  planked  with  pine.  Dryden. 

PLANK'-ROADj  n.  A road  formed  upon  planks 
laid  transversely.  Simmonds. 

PLANK' Y,  a.  Constructed  of  planks.  “Before 
the  pldnky  gates.”  Chapman. 

PLAn'LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  a plan. 

Now  every  planless  measure,  chance  event, 

Will  they  connect.  Coleridge. 

PLAN'NER,  n.  One  who  forms  a- plan  or  design. 

PLA'NO-COM-PRPSSED'  (-prest'),  a.  [L.  planus, 
plane,  and  Eng.  compressed.]  (Bot.)  Com- 
pressed down  to  a flattish  surface.  Loudon. 

PLA'NO— CON'CAVE,  < i . [L.  planus,  plain,  and 

Eng.  concave. ] Flat  on  one  side,  and  concave 
on  the  other.  — See  Lens.  Francis. 

PLA'NO— CON'I-CAL,  a.  [L.  planus,  plain,  and 
Eng.  conical.]  Level  on  one  side,  and  conical 
on  the  other.  Grew. 

PLA'NO— CON'VEX,  a.  [L.  planus,  plain,  and 
Eng.  convex.]  Flat  on  the  one  side,  and  con- 
vex on  the  other.  — See  Lens.  Stewart. 

PLA'NO— HOR-I-Z6n'TAL,  a.  [L.  planus,  plain, 
and  Eng.  horizontal.]  Having  a level,  horizon- 
tal surface  or  position.  Smart. 

PLA'NO-OR-bIc'U-LAR,  a.  Flat  and  circular. 

PLA-NOR'BIS,  n.  [L.  planus,  flat,  and  orbis,  an 
orb.]  (Zoiil.)  A genus  of  fresh-water  mollusks. 

gray-  “ The  species  arc  numerous,  and  distinguished 
by  tiie  shells  being  fiat,  discoidal,  and  many-wliirled, 
all  the  whirls  being  visible  equally  above  or  below.” 
Baird. 

PLA'NO-SU'BU-LATE,  a.  [L.  planus,  plain, 
and  Eng.  subulate.]  (Bot.)  Smooth,  and  awl- 
shaped.  Browne. 

PLANT,  n.  [L.  planta ; It.  pianta  ; Sp.  planta  ; 
Fr.  plant e.  — A.  S.  by  Dut.  plant ; Gcr .pfianze, 
Dan.  plante  ; Icel.  plantr-,  Sw.  planta. — Ir. 
plaunda;  Bret,  planteil,  plants;  Gael,  plannt ; 
W.  plant.  — “The  original  idea  seems  to  be 
what  is  produced  or  shot  forth.”  Bosworth.] 

1.  (Bot.)  An  organized  being  destitute  of  a 
nervous  system,  and  nourished  exclusively  by 
the  mineral  kingdom;  a body  originating  in  a 
seed  and  producing  seeds  in  its  turn  ; any  vege- 
table production  ; a vegetable. 

“ Tiie  differences  between  plants  and  animals 
seem  at  first  sight  so  obvious  and  so  great,  that  it 
would  appear  more  natural  to  inquire  how  they  re- 
semble, rather  than  how  they  differ  from,  each  other. 
All  these  distinctions,  however,  gradually  disappear 
as  we  come  to  the  lower  kinds  of  plants  and  tile  lower 
animals.  Many  animals  (sucli  as  barnacles,  coral 
animals,  and  polypes)  arc  fixed  to  some  support  as 
completely  as  the  plant  is  to  tiie  soil ; while  many 
plants  are  not  fixed,  and  some  move  from  place  to 
place  by  powers  of  their  own.  All  animals  move 
some  of  their  parts  freely  ; yet  in  the  extent  and  ra- 
pidity of  tiie  motion,  many  of  them  are  surpassed  by 
the  common  sensitive  plant,  by  tiie  Venus’s  tly-trap, 
and  by  some  other  vegetables  ; while  whole  tribes  of 
aquatic  plants  are  so  freely  and  briskly  locomotive, 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — (J,  (?,  9,  g,  soft;  IS,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


PLANT 


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that  they  have  until  lately  been  taken  for  animals.  It 
is  among  these  microscopic  tribes  that  the  animal  and 
vegetable  kingdoms  most  nearly  approach  each  other, 
— so  nearly,  that  it  is  still  uncertain  where  to  draw 
the  line  between  them.”  Gray. 

2.  A sapling  ; a young  tree,  [r.] 

Take  a plant  of  stubborn  oak, 

And  labor  him  with  many  a stubborn  stroke.  Dryden. 

3.  [L.  planta.]  + The  sole  of  the  foot.  Jonson. 

4.  The  machinery,  apparatus,  or  fixtures  by 

which  a business  or  manufacture  is  carried  on. 
“ The  plant  of  a brewery.”  Simmonds. 

“ There  is  a coarse  pronunciation  of  this  word, 
chiefly  among  the  vulgar,  which  rhymes  it  with  aunt. 
This  pronunciation*eeins  a romnant  of  that  broad 
sound  which  was  probably  given  to  the  a before  two 
consonants  in  all  words,  but  which  has  been  gradu- 
ally wearing  away,  and  which  is  now,  except  in  a 
few  words,  become  a mark  of  vulgarity.”  Walker. 

PLANT,  v.  a.  [L.  planto  ; It.  plantare  ; Sp.  plan- 
tar ; Fr.  planter. — A.  S . plantian.\  [i.  plant- 
ed ; pp.  PLANTING,  PLANTED.] 

1.  To  put  into  the  ground  in  order  to  grow,  as 
seeds  or  bulbs  ; to  set ; to  insert ; to  root. 

There  are  many  edicts  of  the  French  king  . . . ordering 
all  those  [vineyards]  which  are  lately  planted  to  be  grubbed 
up.  '‘Hume. 

2.  To  settle  ; to  fix  ; to  establish.  “ To  plant 

a colony.”  Johnson. 

I will  advise  you  where  to  plant  yourselves.  Siiak. 

3.  To  fill  or  adorn  with  plants.  “To  plaht 

a walk  in  undulating  curves.”  Johnson. 

4.  To  lay  the  first  course  of  stone  in  building. 

5.  To  direct  or  point,  as  a cannon.  Johnson. 

PLANT,  v.  n.  To  perform  the  act  of  planting. 

To  build,  t o plant,  whatever  you  intend, 

In  all,  let  nature  never  be  forgot.  Pope. 

PLANT'A-BLE,  a.  Th  at.  in  ay  be  planted.  Clarke. 

fPLANT'A^E)  n.  [L.  plantago , a plantain  ; Fr. 
plantage.]  An  herb,  or  herbs  in  general.  Shak. 

PLAN'TAIN  (pl&n'tin),  n.  [L.  plantago  ; It . plan- 
taggine ; Fr  .plantain.]  ( Bot .) 

1.  A plant  of  the  genus  Plantago. 

DSF  The  species  of  this  genus  are  numerous  and 
herbaceous,  and  are  found  in  almost  all  parrs  of  the 
world,  but  chiefly  in  temperate  and  cool  regions. 
Baird. 

2.  A plant  or  tree  and  its  fruit,  of  the  genus 
Musa,  found  in  the  countries  of  the  torrid  zone. 

$£0*  The  plantain  attains  a height  of  fifteen  or  twen- 
ty feet,  with  leaves  often  more  than  six  feet  long,  and 
nearly  two  feet  broad.  Its  fruit  is  extensively  used  by 
the  inhabitants  of  the  torrid  zone  as  an  article  of  food. 
Gerarde  and  other  old  authors  name  it  A dam's  apple, 
from  a notion  that  it  was  the  forbidden  fruit  of  Eden  ; 
whilst  others  supposed  it  to  be  the  grapes  brought  out 
of  the  promised  land  by  the  spies  of  Moses.  The  ba- 
nana is  a variety  of  the  plantain.  Loudon.  Eng.  Cyc. 

PLAN'TAIN— EAT'PR,  ».  ( Ornith .)  A bird  of 
the  family  Musophagidee  and  sub-family  Muso- 
phagince.  — See  Musophaginje.  Grag. 

+ PLAN'TAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  plants.  Glanvill. 

PLAN'TAR,  a.  [L.  plantar  is  ; planta,  the  sole  of 
the  foot.]  (Anat.)  Relating,  or  belonging  to, 
the  sole  of  the  foot.  Dunglison. 

PLAN-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  plantation  planto,  to 
plant ; planta,  a plant ; It.  piantazione ; Sp. 
plantacion;  Fr.  plantation .) 

1.  The  act  or  the  practice  of  planting. 

In  bower  and  field  he  sought  where  any  tuft 

Of  grove  or  garden  plot  more  pleasant  lay. 

Their  tendance  or  plantation  for  delight.  Milton. 

2.  The  place  planted  ; — in  Great  Britain,  ex- 

clusively applied  to  a piece  of  ground  planted 
with  trees  for  the  purpose  of  producing  timber 
or  coppice  w'ood  ; but  in  new  countries  not  gen- 
erally cultivated,  and  more  especially  in  warm 
climates,  to  land  appropriated  to  the  production 
of  important  crops,  as  the  sugar-cane,  cotton, 
rice,  tobacco,  coffee,  &c.  Brande. 

Let  his  plantations  stretch  from  down  to  down, 

First  shade  a country,  and  then  raise  a town.  Pope. 

3.  f A colony ; a dependency.  Bacon. 

Towns  here  are  few,  either  of  the  old  or  new  plantations. 

Hej/lin. 

it ij ' In  England,  this  word  was  formerly  applied  to 
the  British  colonies  in  the  West  Indies  and  America, 
hut  never  to  any  of  the  British  dominions  in  Europe. 
Tlie  term  colony  is-  the  one  now  more  generally  used. 
Bouoier.  Simmonds. 

4.  The  act  of  bringing  into  a country  ; intro- 


duction ; establishment.  “ The  first  plantation 
of  Christianity  in  this  island.”  K.  Charles. 

Syn.  — Plantation  is  a term,  applied  to  an  estate 
usually  larger  than  a farm  ; as  a plantation  for  raising 
tobacco,  cotton,  rice,  sugar,  coffee,  &c.  A farm  con- 
sists of  lands  in  a state  of  pasturage  and  tillage,  for 
raising  the  different  products  of  agriculture. 

PLANT'— CANE,  n.  The  first  crop  of  sugar-canes 
raised  from  cuttings.  Simmonds. 

PLANT'— CUT-TgR,  n.  (Ornith.)  A bird  of  the 
family  Bring illida  and  sub-family  Phgtotomince. 
— See  Phytotominje.  Eng.  Cyc. 

PLANT'— EAT-1NG,  a.  Eating  plants  ; phytopha- 
gous. Eng.  Cyc. 

PLANTED,  p.  a.  Settled;  well-grounded.  Shak. 

PLANTER,  n.  1.  One  who  plants  ; one  who  sows, 
sets,  introduces,  or  establishes.  Dryden. 

2.  A proprietor  and  cultivator,  as  in  the 
Southern  U.  S.  or  the  West  Indies.  Locke. 

3.  The  naked  trunk  of  a tree,  one  end  of 
which  is  firmly  planted  in  the  bed  of  a liver, 
while  the  other  rises  near  the  surface  of  the 
water.  It  is  more  dangerous  to  navigation  than 
a common  snag  or  sawyer.  [U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

PLANT'ER-SIIIp,  n.  The  business  of  a planter. 

flgp  “ In  tile  West  Indies,  plantersliip  denotes  the 
management  of  a sugar-plantation,  including  not  only 
the  cultivation  of  the  cane,  hut  the  care  of  the  various 
processes  for  the  extraction  of  sugar,  and  the  making 
of  sugar-spirits.”  Craig. 

PLAn'TI-CLE,  n.  1.  A small,  young  plant.  Darwin. 

2.  A plant  in  embryo  ; a plantule.  Smart. 

PLAn'TI-GRAdE,  n.  [L.  planta,  the  sole  of  the 
foot,  and  gradior,  to  walk.]  An  animal  that 
walks  on  the  whole  foot,  as  the  bear.  Kirby. 

PLAN'TI-GRADE,  a.  Having  the  whole  or  a part 
of  the  sole  of  the  foot  placed  flat  on  the  ground 
in  walking,  as  is  the  ease  with  certain  carnivo- 
rous animals.  Baird. 

PLANTING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  plants. 

2.  A plantation.  Isa.  lxi.  3. 

PL.ANT'LIJSS,  a.  Destitute  of  plants.  Ed.  Rev. 

PLANT'LET,  n.  (Bot.)  A small,  undeveloped,  or 
rudimentary  plant.  Gray. 

There  is  hardly  an  exception  to  the  fact  that  the  plantlct 
exists  ready  formed  in  the  seed  in  some  shape  or  other.  Gray. 

PLANT'— LIKE,  a.  Resembling  plants.  Kirby. 

PLANT'— LOUSE,  n.  ( Ent .)  An  insect  that  in- 
fests plants  ; an  hemipterous  insect  of  the  fam- 
ily Apliidec,  or  genus  Aphis,  having  a very  soft, 
and  usually  oval,  body.  Harris. 

PLAN-TOC'RA-CY,  n.  [Eng.  planter  and  Gr. 
Koartoi,  to  rule.]  A body  of  planters.  Ec.  Rev. 

PLAN'TULE,  n.  A little  plant;  a planticle.  Palcg. 

PLANX'TY,  n.  An  Irish  dance.  Smart. 

PLAd'upT,  n.  A petticoat.  — See  Placket. 

PLASH,  n.  [Dut.  p/as.]  1.  A pond ; a puddle. 
“ A shallow  plash.”  Shak. 

2.  [See  the  verb.]  A branch  partly  cut  off  and 
bound  to  other  branches.  Miller. 

PLASH,  v.  a.  [Dut.  plassen ; Ger.  plfitschern ; 
Dan . plaske-,  Sw.  plaska. — “Formed  from  the 
sound,  say  the  etymologists.”  Richardson .]  [i. 

PLASHED  ; pp.  PLASHING,  PLASHED.]  To  dash  ; 
to  disturb  ; to  splash. 

Plashing  the  water  in  magic  order.  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

PLASH,  v.  a.  [Fr.  plisser.]  To  bind  and  inter- 
weave the  branches  of.  Evelyn. 

Woe  to  the  gardener’s  pale,  the  farmer’s  hedge 

Plashed  neatly,  and  secured  with  driven  stakes.  Cowpcr. 

PLAsH'ING,  n.  Act  of  binding  and  interweaving 

branches  of  trees  for  fences.  Simmonds. 

PLASH'OOT,  n.  A pool ; a plash,  [r.] 

Woodcocks  arrive  first  on  the  north  const,  where  almost 
every  hedge  serveth  for  a road,  and  every  2^lashoot  for  sprin- 
gles  to  catch  them.  Carexv. 

PLASH'Y,  a.  Filled  with  puddles  ; watery  ; splashy. 

He  filled  up  unsound  and  plashii  fens.  Milton. 

PLA§M,  n.  [Gr.  tr/.&opn ; n l.aomo,  to  form ; L. 
plasma.] 

1.  A mould  ; a matrix  in  which  any  thing  is 

cast  or  formed.  Woodward. 

2.  (Phgs.)  The  fluid  of  the  blood  in  which 


the  red  particles  are  suspended,  to  which  its 
color  is  due,  consisting  of  serum  holding  fibrine 
in  solution.  Brande. 

PLA§'MA,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  ir'/.dapa,  a counter- 
feit.] (Min.)  A faintly  translucent  chalcedony, 
approaching  jasper,  having  a greenish  color 
sprinkled  with  yellow  and  whitish  dots,  and  a 
glistening  lustre.  Dana. 

PLA§-MAl  IC,  ? [Gr.  TrlaoyaTtKos.]  Giving 

PLA§-MAt'!-CAL,  ) form  ; plastic,  [it.]  More. 

PLAs'TIJR  (12),  n.  [Gr.  ipttkatrrpov,  a plaster  or 
salve ; (pnlaaou,  to  plaster  up ; ip,  upon,  and 
■nUumoi,  to  form  ; L.  emplastrum  ; It.  empiastro, 
piastra  ; Sp.  ernplasto  ; Fr.  pldtre.  — Dut.  plcis- 
ter ; Ger.  pflaster ; Dan.  plaster ; Sw.  plaster.  — 
Gael,  plascl ; W.  plaster.) 

1.  (Arch.)  A composition  of  lime,  sand,  hair 

or  straw,  and  water,  employed  in  overlaying  the 
interior  and  exterior  faces  of  walls  ; mortar ; 
stucco  ; cement  : — a substance,  generally  gyp- 
sum, for  casting  figures  and  ornaments  ; — the 
material  with  which  the  fine  stuff'  or  gauge  for 
mouldings  and  other  parts  is  mixed,  when  quick 
setting  is  required.  Britton.  Brande. 

2.  (Med.)  A solid  and  tenacious  compound, 

adhesive  at  the  ordinary  heat  of  the  human 
body,  spread  on  linen,  leather,  or  paper,  and 
used  as  an  external  application.  Dunglison. 

Plaster  of  Paris,  sulphate  of  lime  ; calcined  gyp 
sum  ; a powder  extensively  employed  in  making  casts 
of  statuary  ; — so  called  from  having  been  originally 
obtained  from  Montmartre,  in  the  environs  of  Paris. 

PLAS'TER,  V.  a.  \i.  PLASTERED  ; pp.  PLASTER- 
ING, PLASTERED.] 

1.  To  overlay  or  cover  with  plaster  or  mortar, 

or  as  with  plaster.  Dryden. 

2.  To  cover  with  a medicated  plaster. 

A sore  that  must  be  jilasterecl.  Beau.  8f  FI. 

3.  To  smooth  over ; to  palliate.  Smart. 

PLAs'TER-BR,  n.  One  who  plasters  : — one  who 
forms  figures  in  plaster.  (Cotton. 

PLAs'TF.R-lNG,  n.  1.  The  act  of  covering  walls, 
ceilings,  &c.,  with  plaster. 

2.  Work  done  in  plaster.  Ecclus.  xxii.  17. 

PLAs'TjRR— STONE,  n.  Gypsum  used  for  making 
plaster.  Urc. 

PLAS'TIC,  a.  [Gr.  nl.aariKds ; vl.aaaui,  to  form;  L. 
plasticus;  It.  S;  Sp.  plastico ; Fr.  plastique.) 

1.  Having  the  power  to  give  form  ; formative. 

“ The  plastic  chisel.”  Cooper. 

Benign  Creator,  let  thy  plastic  hand 

Dispose  thy  own  effect.  Prior. 

2.  Capable  of  being  moulded,  modelled,  or 
fashioned  to  the  purpose,  as  clay  ; soft ; fictile. 

gff  “ In  the  arts  it  [plastic]  has  a more  extended 
signification,  and  signifies  tliose  materials  and  circum- 
stances which  are  susceptible  of  being  formed  and 
fashioned  to  the  purpose  wanted.”  Brande. 

The  plastic  art,  sculpture,  as  opposed  to  tile  graphic 
art,  or  design.  Fairholt.  — Plastic  clay,  ( Gcal.)  one  of 
the  beds  of  the  eoceno  tertiary  formation.  Bcch. — ■ 
Plastic  clement,  (Med.)  an  element  which  bears  with- 
in it  the  geftns  of  a higher  form.  — Plastic  force,  the 
generative  or  formative  power  in  organized  bodies; 
plasticity.  — Plastic  lymph,  plasma.  Dunglison. 

PLAS'TI-CAL,  a.  Plastic,  [r.]  More. 

PLAS-Tlg'I-TY,  n.  [Fr.  plasticity ] 

1.  The  quality  of  being  plastic.  Brande. 

2.  (Med.)  The  plastic  force.  Dunglison. 

PLAS-TOG'R  A-PIIY,  n.  [Gr.  nXaaris,  formed, 
arid  ypa<pw,  to  write ; Sp.  plastografia.) 

1.  The  art  of  forming  figures  in  plaster. 

2.  Counterfeit  writing.  Maunder. 

PLAs'TRON,  n.  [Fr.,  from  Gr.  tyrlaarnap.] 

1.  A piece  of  leather  stuffed,  forming  a text- 

ure for  the  breast,  which  a fencing-master  uses 
for  protection  while  teaching.  Dryden. 

2.  (Zn/il.)  The  under  part  of  the  shell  of  the 

crab  and  the  tortoise.  Owen. 

PLAT,  v.  a.  [See  Plait.]  [i.  platted  ; pp. 
platting,  platted.]  To  plait ; to  weave  ; to 
form  by  texture  ; to  braid;  to  net ; to  mat. 

My  mistress’s  hair  is  platted  in  a kind  of  true  lover’s  knot. 

Spectator. 

PLAT,  n.  1.  A flat  or  level  piece  of  ground  ; a 
plot.  “ This  flowery  plat.”  Milton. 

2.  A map  of  a piece  of  ground  or  the  plan  of 
a building.  ’ Bouvier.  Britton. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  I.  Q,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


PLAT 


1087 


PLAUDIT 


3.  Work  made  by  platting.  Wright. 

4.  (Newt.)  A braid  of  foxes.  Dana. 

f PL.AT,  a.  [Gr.  nXarvs,  broad  ; L.  latus  ; Fr.  plat ; 
It.  piatto.  — Dut.  Dan.  plat ; Ger .'platt-,  S\v. 
platt.]  Flat  ; level ; plain.  Chaucer. 

f PLAT,  ad.  Plainly  ; flatly ; evenly.  Chaucer. 

PL.\T'ANE,  n.  [Gr.  nXaravos',  nXarbs,  broad;  L. 
platanus ; It.  § Sp.  platano;  Fr.  platane.)  A 
tree  of  the  genus  Platanus  ; the  plane-tree.  “I 
espied  thee  . . . under^a  platane.”  Milton. 

PLAT'A-NIST,  n.  [Gr.  nXaraviOTijs  ; L . plataiusta  ; 
Fr.  plataniste .]  ( Ich .)  A species  of  dolphin 

found  in  the  river  Ganges ; Delphinus  gangeti- 
cus  of  Cuvier.  . Brande. 

PLAT'A-J\TUS,n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  iD-drnro;  ; nX.arvs, 
broad.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  trees  ; the  plane- 
tree  ; platane  ; — so  called  in  allusion  to  its 
broad  leaves  and  spreading  form.  Loudon. 

FLAT'bAnd,  n.  [Fr.  plate-bande.\ 

1.  (Arch.)  A plain  band  or  fillet  having  a 

small  projection.  Britton. 

2.  (Gardening .)  A parterre.  Wright. 

PLATE,  n.  [Gr.  nXarus;  L.  latus,  broad;  — It. 
piatto,  a plate;  Sp.  plata  ; Fr.  plat.  — Dut. 
plaat ; Ger  .plattc,  Y)nn.  plade  \ Sw  .plat.) 

1.  A flat  or  extended  piece  of  metal.  Dnjden. 

2.  Armor  composed  of  flat  pieces  of  metal ; — 

distinguished  from  mail.  Spenser. 

3.  A dish  or  vessel  nearly  flat,  from  which 

provisions  are  eaten  at  table.  “ The  plates  on 
which  we  fed.”  Dryden. 

4.  Gold  and  silver  wrought  into  articles  of 

household  furniture.  Cowley. 

At  your  dessert  bright  pewter  comes  too  late, 

When  your  first  course  was  all  served  up  in  plate.  King. 

5.  (Engraving.)  An  impression  from  an  en- 
graved piece  of  copper  or  of  steel.  ‘ Fairholt. 

6.  (Arch.)  A piece  of  timbey  placed  horizon- 

tally in  a wall,  to  receive  the  ends  of  girders, 
rafters,  &c.  Brande. 

7.  (Printing.)  In  stereotyping  or  in  electro- 
typing, a solid  sheet  of  metal  on  one  side  of 
which  are  the  types  for  printing  a single  page. 

8.  A term  used  by  sportsmen  for  the  reward 
given  to  the  victorious  horse  at  a race.  For- 
merly it  was  usually  a piece  of  silver  plate,  but 
is  now  almost  universally  a purse.  London  Ency. 

PLATE,  v.  a.  [i.  plated  ; pp.  plating,  plated.] 

1.  To  cover  or  overlay  with  a plate  or  coating 
of  metal,  as  of  silver.  “ Plated  ware.”  Ure. 

A marble  doorcase  . . . plated  with  gold.  Arbutlmot. 

2.  To  arm  with  plate-armor. 

Old  warriors  turned 

Their  plated  backs  under  his  heel.  Milton. 

3.  To  beat  into  lamince,  or  thin,  flat  pieces. 

“ Adorned  with  plated  brass.”  Dryden. 

PLATE'— AR-MOR,  n.  Armor  consisting  entirely 
of  plates  of  metal.  Fairholt. 

PLATEAU  (pla- to')  [pla.-to',  K.  Sm.\  plat's,  Maun- 
der], n. ; pi.  Fr.  plateaux',  Eng.  plateaux 
or  PLATEAUS  (pla-toz'). 

1.  A large,  ornamental  dish,  for  the  centre  of 

a table.  Smart. 

2.  An  elevated  plain  ; a table-land.  P.  Cyc. 

PLATE'— bAS-KET,  n.  A basket  for  removing 
plates  from  a dinner-table.  Simmonds. 

PLATE'-CAR-RI-ER,  n.  1.  A tray  for  bringing 
plates  to  table.  Simmonds. 

2.  A moving  apparatus  in  the  wall,  with  a 
series  of  shelves,  to  convey  plates,  &c.,  to  and 
from  the  kitchen.  Simmonds. 

PLAT'JED,  p.  a.  Covered  with  a coating  of  metal, 
as  of  silver  : — beaten  into  plates.  Francis. 

PLATE'FUL,  n.  ; pi.  platefuls.  As  much  as  a 
plate  will  hold.  Boswell. 

PLATE'— GLASS,  n.  A fine  kind  of  glass,  cast  in 
plates,  used  for  looking-glasses,  &c.  Bigelow. 

PLA'TJgL,  n.  [Fr.]  A small  dish.  Simmonds. 

PLATE'— LA  Y-1JR,  n.  A workman  who  lays  down 
the  iron  rails,  and  fixes  them  to  the  sleepers  of 
a railway.  Simmonds. 

PLATE'— LEATII-ER,  n.  A kind  of  wash-leather, 
used  for  rubbing  and  cleaning  silver  or  plated 
articles.  Simmonds. 


PLATE'— MARK,  n.  A special  mark  or  represen- 
tation stamped  on  gold  or  silver  plate. 

DfSr"  “ For  London,  the  local  mark  is  a lion  ; Bir- 
mingham, an  anchor;  Sheffield,  a crown  and  lion; 
Newcastle,  three  castles;  Exeter,  king’s  head,  lion, 
and  castle  ; Edinburgh,  castle,  thistle,  and  king’s 
head  ; Glasgow,  a tree,  with  a bell  and  salmon  ; Ire- 
land, a harp  and  the  figure  of  Britannia.  There  are 
also  certain  letters,  to  distinguish  the  date  of  manu- 
facture.” Simmonds. 

PLAt'JJN,  n.  The  plate  or  flat  part  of  a printing 
press,  by  which  the  impression  is  made.  Brande. 

PLATE'— PA -PER,  n.  A heavy,  spongy  paper, 
manufactured  expressly  for  printing  from  en- 
graved plates.  Fairholt. 

PLATE'— POL-ISH-ER,  n.  1.  A workman  who 
smooths  copper  or  stee]  plates  for  engraving, 
&c.,  or  who  polishes  plate-glass.  Simmonds. 

2.  A brush  for  cleaning  plate.  Simmonds. 

PLATE'— PoW-DgR,  n.  A polishing  powder  for 

• brightening  plate.  Simmonds. 

PLATE'— PRINT- £R,  n.  A workman  who  prints 
from  engraved  plates. 

PLATE'— PRINT-ING,  n.  The  process  of  taking 
impressions  from  an  engraved  plate.  Fairholt. 

PLAt'^R,  n.  One  who  coats  metal  articles  with 
-silver  or  with  gold.  Simmonds. 

PLATE'— RACK,  n.  A wooden  frame  fixed  in  a 
' scullery  to  stand  plates  and  dishes  in  to  drain 
after  they  are  washed.  Simmonds. 

PLAT-JER-ESCIUE',  a.  [Sp.  platerisco  ; plata,  sil- 
ver.] Applied  to  architectural  enrichments  re- 
sembling silver  work.  Ford. 

PLATE'— VVARM-F.R,  n.  A japanncd-metal  or 
tinned  case  with  shelves,  for  holding  plates  that 
are  to  be  warmed  before  a fire.  Simmonds. 

f PLATE'Y,  a.  Like  a plate  ; flat.  Sir  T.  Elyot. 

PLAT'FORM,  n.  [Sp.  plata-forma ; Fr.  plate- 
forme.) 

1.  A plan  or  sketch  horizontally  delineated, 
as  of  an  intended  building  ; a plot.  Sandys. 

Grove  nods  at  grove,  each  alley  has  a brother, 

And  half  the  xuatform  just  reflects  the  other.  rope. 

2.  A plan  ; a design  ; a scheme.  Bacon. 

The  whole  platform  of  the  conspiracy.  Disc,  of  New  World. 

3.  A formal  statement  of  principles,  as  of  a 
church,  or  of  a political  party;  as,  “The  Say- 
brook  platform.”  Dr.  E.  Stiles.  “ The  Cincin- 
nati platform.”  J.  Buchanan. 

4.  (Arch.)  A plane,  level  surface,  for  re- 

ceiving the  foundations  of  a building,  for  the 
piers  of  a bridge,  or  for  other  purposes  ; — a 
raised  floor  ; a stage  or  scaffold.  Brande. 

5.  (Mil.)  An  elevated  flooring,  commonly  of 
timber,  on  which  cannons  are  placed.  Campbell. 

6.  (Naut.)  The  orlop.  Burn. 

f PLA'TIC,  a.  (Astrol.)  Noting  an  aspect  con- 
sisting of  a ray  cast  from  one  planet  to  an- 
other, not  exactly,  but  within  the  orbit  of  its 
own  light.  Bailey. 

PLAt'I-NA  [plat'e-n?,  W.  Ja.  K.  Sm.),  n.  [Sp.] 

1.  A metal ; platinum.  — See  Platinum.  Todd. 

2.  Twisted  silver  wire.  ' Simmonds. 

3.  An  iron  plate  for  glazing  stuff.  Simmonds. 

PLAT'I-NA— MOHR,  n.  Black  platina.  Smart. 

PLAT'I-NA— YEL'LOW,  n.  A pigment  of  a pale 
yellow  color,  compounded  of  earth  and  an  oxide. 

PLAT'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  or  the  process  of  cov- 
ering any  thing  with  plate.  Brande. 

2.  A plate  or  coating  of  metal,  as  of  silver. 

PLA-TIN'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  platinum.  Graham. 

PLAT-I-NIF'JJR-OUS,  a.  [Eng .platinum,  and  L. 
fero,  to  bear.]  Containing  platina.  Colchester. 

PLAT'I-NIZE,  v.  «„  To  coat  or  to  combine  with 
platina.  Graham. 

PLAT'I-NIZED,  p.  a.  1.  Coated  or  combined  with 
platinum.  “ Platinized  charcoal.”  Miller. 

2.  Containing  platinum.  “ A platinizedba.se.” 

Gregory. 

PLAT'I-NODE,  n.  [Eng.  platinum,  and  Sr5o s,  a 
way.]  (Galvanism.)  The  cathode  or  negative 
pole  of  a galvanic  battery.  Graham. 

PLAT'I-NOUS,  a.  Containing  platina.  Graham. 

PLAT'T-NUM,  n.  [Mod.  L.,  from  Sp.  platina ; 
plata,  silver.]  A grayish- white,  very  hard,  duc- 


tile, and  malleable  metal,  found  in  Brazil,  the 
Ural  Mountains,  St.  Domingo,  Borneo,  Cali- 
fornia, and  other  localities.  Of  all  metals,  it  is 
the  heaviest,  the  least  expansible,  and,  except 
iron  and  copper,  the  most  tenacious.  Eng.  Cyc. 

Black  platinum,  a black  powder,  precipitated  from 
solutions  of  platinum  by  zinc,  sugar,  &c. — Platinum 
sponge,  or  spongn  platinum,  platinum  in  a loosely  co- 
herent mass,  obtained  by  igniting  the  double  clfforido 
of  platinum  and  ammonium.  It  is  instantly  ignited 
by  a jet  of  hydrogen,  and  kindles  the  gas.  Qraham. 

PLAT'I-TUDE,  n.  [Gr.  nXariis,  broad;  Fr.  plati- 
tude.] 

1.  Broadness  ; flatness  ; fulness  ; insipidity. 
Platitudes  of  expression  are  peculiarly  unwelcome.  Ec.  Rev. 

2.  A flat  or  dull  remark  or  expression  ; twad- 
dle. “ Or  repeat  such  platitudes.”  Ed.  Rev. 

Satire,  at  once  so  genial  and  good-humored,  and  yet  so 
fatal,  as  that  of  Ezekiel  Biglow.  is.  indeed,  a relief  after  the 
weary  platitudes  which  have  recently  appeared,  under  the 
name  of  satire,  in  England.  N.  Brit . Rev. 

PLA-TON'IC,  i a £or>  uXaraiviKd; ; W.nruw, 

PLA-TON'I-CAL,  ) Plato,  an  Athenian  philoso- 
pher ; L.  Platonicus ; It.  § Sp.  Platonico ; Fr. 
Platonique .]  Relating  to  Plato,  to  Platonism, 
or  to  the  philosophy  of  Plato.  Addison. 

Platonic  bodies,  the  five  regular  geometrical  solids, 
viz.,  the  tetrahedron,  the  hexahedron,  the  octahedron, 
the  dodecahedron,  and  the  icosahedron.  Davies.  — Pla- 
tonic love,  a love  between  the  sexes  wholly  spiritual 
or  unmixed  with  carnal  desires.  — Platonic  year,  the 
period  of  time  determined  by  tile  revolution  of  the 
equinoxes,  or  the  period  in  which  the  stars  and  con- 
stellations return  to  their  former  places  in  respect  to 
the  equinoxes,  equal  to  about  26,000  years ; tile  great 
year.  Wright. 

PLA-TON'IC,  n.  A Platonist.  Pope. 

PLA-TON'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  After  the  manner  of 
Plato,  or  the  Platonists.  Wotton. 

||  PlA'TO-NI^M,  n.  The  philosophy  of  Plato.  More. 

JQGP  “ The  leading  doctrine  of  Platonism  is  the  in- 
dependence of  God,  or  spirit,  and  matter,  as  the  two 
distinct  and  eternal  principles  by  which  all  things  ex- 
ist, the  one  operating  formatively  on  the  other,  but 
not  creatively.”  Smart. 

II  PLA'TO-NlST  [pla'to-nlst,  Ja.  K.  Sm.  Wr.  Wb. ; 
plat'o-nlst,  IF.  Pi),  n.  One  who  adheres  to 
Platonism  ; a Platonizer.  Enfield. 

||  PLA'TO-nIze,  v.  n.  \i.  Platonized  ; pp.  Pla- 
tonizing,  Platonized.]  To  reason  or  think 
like  Plato  ; to  follow  Platonism.  Enfield. 

||  PLA'TO-NlZ-JER,  n.  A Platonist.  Young. 

PLA-TOON',  n.  [Fr.  peloton,  a ball,  a platoon.] 
(Mil.)  Two  files  forming  a subdivision  of  a 
company  : — formerly  a small  body  of  soldiers 
drawn  from  a battalion  to  strengthen  the  angles 
of  a square.  Glos.  of  Mil.  Terms. 

PLAT'TER,  n.  1.  One  who  plats  or  weaves. 

2.  A large  dish  for  holding  provisions  for  the 
tabic.  “ Wash  the  platter.”  Dryden. 

PLAT'TJJR-FACED  (-fast),  a.  Having  a broad, 
flat  face.  Clarke. 

PLAT'TING,  n.  Slips  of  cane,  straw,  &e.,  woven 
or  plaited  for  making  hats.  McCulloch. 

PLA-TU'RUS,  n.  [Gr.  nX.nrls,  broad,  and  ovpa,  a 
tail.]  (ZoSl.)  A genus  of  marine  snakes.  Baird. 

PLAT-Y-CEPH' A-LOUS,  a.  [Gr.  t sXarCs,  broad  and 
flat,  and  KapaXi/,  the  head.]  Broad-headed. Swart. 

PLAT-Y-CRI'NITE,  n.  [Gr.  nXarbs,  broad  and 
flat,  and  spivov,  a lily.]  (Pal.)  One  of  a genus 
of  enerinites  in  which  the  body  supporting  the 
arms  is  composed  of  a few  large  plates.  Pictet. 

PLAT'Y-POD,  n.  [Gr.  i -Xarus,  broad,  and  nous, 
voSi};,  a foot.]  A broad-footed  animal.  Smart. 

PLA-TYP'TER,  n.  [Gr.  nX.arvs,  broad,  and  nnpdv, 
a wing.]  A species  of  star-fish.  Smart. 

PLAT'Y-PUS,  n.  [Gr.  n XarCs,  broad  and  flat,  and 
nobs,  a foot.]  (Zoiil.)  A flat-footed  quadruped 
of  Australia,  with  a mouth  like  a duck’s  bill ; 
— now  called  omithorhynclius.  — See  Oiini- 
thokhynchus.  Eng.  Cyc . 

PLAT'Y-RIllNE,  n.  [Gr.  nXarvs,  flat  and  broad, 
and  pis,  lnv6s,  a nose.]  (ZoSl.)  The  name  of  a 
section  of  the  Linntean  genus  Simia,  including 
those  species  which  have  the  nostrils  separated 
by  a wide  interspace.  Brande. 

PLAU'DIT^ji.  [L.  plaudo,  to  praise  ; plaudite,  “ do 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — C,  £,  g,  soft ; G,  G,  5,  ®,  hard;  § as  z;  Y as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


PLAUDITORY 


1088 


PLEASANT 


ye  praise,”  —the  demand  of  applause  made  by  the 
player,  when  he  left  the  stage.]  Applause  ; ac- 
clamation ; a shout  of  applause  or  approbation. 

Our  poet,  could  he  find  forgiveness  here, 

Would  wish  it  rather  than  a plaudit  there.  Dryden. 

PLAU'DI-TO-RY,  a.  Giving  applause  ; applausive ; 
laudatory.  Ch.  Ob. 

PLAU-^I-BIL'J-TY,  n.  [It.  plausibilita  ; Sp . plau- 
sibilidad ; Fr.  plausibility.]  The  quality  of  being 
plausible  ; specious  appearance  ; plausibleness. 

The  want  of  plausibility  implies  an  internal  improbability. 

Dr.  Campbell. 

PLAU'SI-BLE  (pisuv'ze-hl),  a.  [L.  plausibilis ; 
playdo,  to  applaud;  It.  plausibile\  Sp.  <Sj  Fr. 
plausible .] 

1.  f Worthy  of  applause.  Hackct. 

2.  Having  a fair  appearance ; apparently 
right;  superficially  pleasing;  colorable  ; spe- 
cious ; ostensible. 

Fiction  may  be  as  plausible  as  truth.  Dr.  Campbell. 

All  popular  errors  are  ]ilausiblc ; indeed,  if  they  were  not 
so,  they  would  not  be  popular.  Whately. 

Syn.  — Plausible , specious , ostensible , and  colorable 
are  all  used  to  indicate  some  appearance  of  right,  but 
are  commonly  taken  in  a bad  sense.  Plausible,  is 
drawn  from  what  pleases  the  ear;  the  other  terms, 
from  what  pleases  the  eye.  A plausible  speech  or  ar- 
gument; specious  appearance;  ostensible  motive;  col- 
orable pretext. 

PLAu'§I-BLE-NESS,  n.  Plausibility. 

PLAU'§I-BLY,  ad.  In  a plausible  manner. 

PLAU'SIVE,  a.  1.  Applauding.  Young . 

2.  f Plausible.  “ Plausive  words.’*  Shak. 

PLAY  (pla).  v.  7i.  [A.  S.  plegan,  plegian\  plrgat 

play.  — Written  by  Robert  of  Gloucester,  plcy.\ 
[/.  FLAYED  ; pp.  PLAYING,  PLAYED.] 

1.  To  do  something,  not  as  a task,  but  for 
pleasure  ; to  sport ; to  frolic. 

The  people  sat  down  to  eat  and  to  drink,  and  rose  up  to 
play.  Kxod.  xxxii.  0. 

Boys  and  girls,  come  out  to  play ; 

Moon  shines  as  bright  as  day.  Old  Sony. 

2.  To  trifle;  to  toy;  to  act  wantonly  or 
thoughtlessly. 

Men  are  apt  to  play  with  their  healths  and  their  lives  ns 
they  do  with  their  clothes.  Temple. 

3.  To  move,  act,  or  operate  with  the  easy 
effect  of  nature,  of  skill,  or  of  contrivance. 

The  heart  beats,  the  blood  circulates,  the  lungs  play.  Cheync. 

My  wife  cried  out  fire,  and  you  brought  out  your  buckets, 
and  called  for  engines  to  play  against  it.  Dryden . 

4.  To  move  irregularly  ; to  wanton. 

The  waving  sedges  play  with  wind.  Shak. 

The  setting  sun 

Plays  on  their  shining  arms  and  burnished  helmets. Addison. 

5.  To  do;  to  act;  to  behave.  “ Thou  plat/' dst 

most  foully.”  Shak. 

6.  To  do  something  fanciful.  “Every  fool 

can  play  upon  the  word.”  Shak. 

7-  To  practise  merriment  or  illusion. ; to  make 
sport ; to  impose. 

I would  make  use  of  it  rather  to  play  upon  those  I despised, 
than  to  trifle  with  those  I loved.  Pope. 

S.  To  contend  in  a game  ; to  game. 

Charles.  I will  play  no  more  to-night; 

My  mind’s  not  on’t;  you  are  too  hard  for  me.  Shak. 

9.  To  perform  on  a musical  instrument. 

Take  thy  harp,  and  melt  the  maid; 

1 ’lay.  my  friend,  and  charm  the  charmer.  Granville. 

10.  To  personate  a character  in  a drama ; to 

act  a part  on  the  stage ; to  act.  “ A lord  will 
hear  you  play  to-night.”  Shak. 

PLAY,  v.  a.  1.  To  put  in  action,  motion,  or 
operation.  “ The  engines  are  played  at  a fire.” 

2.  To  use  or  perform  on,  as  a musical  instru- 
ment. “ He  plays  the  organ.”  Todd. 

3.  To  perform  on  a musical  instrument. 

By  playing  it  [a  composition]  in  a taste  and  style  so  ex- 
actly corresponding  with  the  intention  of  the  composer  as  to 
preserve  and  illustrate  ail  the  beauties  of  his  work.  Avison. 

4.  To  exhibit  dramatically  ; to  act  or  perform 
on  the  stage.  “ To  play  a . . . comedy.”  Shak. 

5.  To  engage  in  ; to  take  a part  in,  as  a game. 

“ To  play  games.”  C.  Richardson. 

6.  To  act ; to  perform ; to  execute. 

Doubt  would  fain  have  played  his  part  in  her  mind.  Sidney. 

7.  To  act  the  part  or  character  of.  “ We  play 

the  fool.”  “ To  play  the  woman.”  Shak. 

’T  is  possible  these  Turks  may  play  the  villains.  Denham. 

’ To  play  off,  to  show  or  display  ; to  exhibit. 

PLAY  (pla),  n.  {A.  S.  plega.\ 


1.  Action,  exercise,  or  occupation  for  pleas- 
ure or  delight ; pastime  ; amusement ; sport. 

2.  A dramatic  composition  ; a drama  ; a 
tragedy,  comedy,  or  farce ; a composition  in 
which  characters  are  represented  by  dialogue 
and  action. 

A play  ought  to  be  a just  image  of  human  nature.  Dryden. 

3.  A dramatic  performance.  Mrs.  Butler. 

4.  Game  or  gaming  ; the  act  or  the  practice 
of  contending  at  a game. 

I never  did  win  of  you. 

Nor  shall  not  when  my  fancy's  on  my  play.  Shade. 

5.  Practice  in  any  contest. 

lie  was  resolved  not  to  speak  distinctly,  knowing  his  best 
play  to  be  in  the  dark.  Tillotsun. 

6.  Action;  employment;  office.  “ The  next 

who  comes  in  play."  Dryden. 

7.  Manner  of  acting;  action;  practice.  “To 

prevent  any  foul  play."  Sidney. 

8.  Motion ; movement,  — particularly  irregu- 
lar motion.  Johnson. 

9.  Performance  on  a musical  instrument. 

10.  State  of  agitation  or  discussion. 

Who  never  heard  this  question  brought  in  ])lay.  Dryden. 

11.  Room  for  motion  or  action. 

The  joints  are  let  exactly  into  one  another,  that  they  have 
no  play  between  them.  Moxon. 

12.  Liberty  of  acting ; scope  ; saving. 

Should  a writer  give  the  full  play  to  his  mirth.  Addison. 

Syn. — Play  and  game  both  include  exercise,  cor- 
poreal or  mental,  or  both  ; but  play  is  the  more  indefi- 
nite term,  and  applied  to  any  kind  of  game  or  sport. 
Children’s  play  ; a play  or  drama  (tragedy  or  comedy) 
for  tile  stage  ; game  of  whist,  cricket,  or  Olympic 
games  ; sports  of  the  field  ; rural  sports  ; innocent 
amusement. 

PLA  Y'— ACT-OR,  n.  Qne  who  performs  a part  in 
a drama  or  play  ; a player.  Simmonds. 

PLAY'— BILL,  n.  A bill  or  advertisement  of  a play 
or  dramatic  performance.  Johnson. 

PLAY'— BOOK  (pla'buk),  n.  A book  containing 
plays  or  dramatic  compositions.  Swift. 

PLAY'— DAY,  n.  A day  devoted  to  play  or  sport ; 
a day  exempt  from  tasks  or  work.  Swift. 

PLAY'— DEBT  (pla'det),  il.  A debt  contracted  by 
gaming.  Arbuthnot. 

PLAY'pR  (pla’er),  n.  One  who  plays  : — an  actor  : 
— a gamester.  Johnson.  Bacon. 

PLAY'FEL-LOW,  n.  A companion  in  play.  Sidney. 

f PLAY'FREE,  n.  A playfellow.  Goicer. 

PLAY'FUL,  a.  Full  of  play  ; gay;  merry;  sport- 
ive ; lively  ; jocose ; jolly.  Addison. 

PLAY'FUL-LY,  ad.  In  a playful  manner.  Boswell. 

PLA  Y'FUL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  play- 
ful ; sportiveness.  Clarke. 

PLAY'— GAME,  n.  Amusement  or  game  of  chil- 
dren. Locke. 

PLAY”— GO-pR,  n.  A frequenter  of  plays,  or 
dramatic  performances.  Mrs.  Butler. 

PLAY'— GO-TNG,  a.  Frequenting  dramatic  per- 
formances. Davies. 

PLAY' HOUSE,  n.  A house  for  dramatic  per- 
formances ; a theatre.  Shak. 

PLAY'ING— CARD,  n.  One  of  the  pieces  of  card- 
board which  are  made  in  four  suits  of  thirteen 
each,  with  painted  figures  and  devices  on  them, 
for  playing  games  with.  Simmonds. 

PLAY'mATE,  n.  A companion  in  play  or  amuse- 
ment ; a playfellow.  More. 

f PLAY'-PLEAp-URE  (pla'plezh-ur),  n.  Idle 
amusement.  Bacon. 

t PLAYSE'MOUTH,  n.  A mouth  like  that  of  a 
plaice  ; a small,  demure  mouth.  B.  Jonson. 

PLAY'SOME  (pla'sum),  a.  Wanton ; playful. 

Th eplaysome  whimsies  of  monkeys.  Hume. 

PL  A Y" 'SOM  E-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  play- 
some  ; wantonness  ; playfulness.  B.  Jonson. 

PLAy'TIIING,  n.  A thing  to  play  with  ; a toy. 

PLAY'— TIME,  n.  A time  for  amusement  or  play. 
“Upon  festivals  and  play-time.”  Cowley. 

PLA Y'WRIGHT  (pla'rit),  n.  A maker  or  writer 
of  plays  or  dramatic  compositions.  Pope. 


PLAY'WRIT-JJR,  n.  A writer  of  plays  ; a play- 
wright. Chambers. 

PLEA  (pis),  n.  [L.  placitum,  an  opinion  ; placeo, 
to  please ; Law  L.  placitum,  a lawsuit ; It.  piato ; 
Sp.  plcito  ; Fr.  jiluid,  a plea.  — A.  S.  plco,  dan- 
ger, a debate.  — See  Plead  ] 

1.  ( Law .)  A suit;  an  action  : — an  allegation 

made  by  a party  in  a cause  : — an  allegation  of 
fact  in  a cause,  as  distinguished  from  a demur- 
rer : — in  modern  practice,  an  answer  or  allega- 
tion, which,  in  an  action,  a defendant,  or  his 
lawyer,  opposes  to  the  plaintiff’s  declaration  : — 
in  equity  practice,  a special  answer,  showing  or 
relying  upon  one  or  more  things,  as  a cause 
why  the  suit  should  be  either  dismissed,  de- 
layed, or  debarred.  Burrill. 

2.  That  which  is  offered  in  defence  or  justifi- 
cation ; a defence  ; an  excuse  ; an  apology. 

"When  such  occasions  are. 

No  plea  must  serve;  *t  is  cruelty  to  spare.  Denham. 

A plea  to  the  action,  (Lair.)  an  answer  to  the  merits 
of  the  cause  or  action.  — Common  plea,  a plea  agitated 
between  common  persons  in  civil  cases.  — Dilatory 
plea.  See  Dilatory.  — Plea  of  the  croicn,  a suit  in 
the  king’s  name,  for  an  offence  committed  against  his 
crown  or  dignity.  Whishaw. 

f PLEACH,  v.  a.  [Fr.  plisser,  to  be  plaited.  — See 
Ply.]  To  bend;  to  interweave;  to  entwine. 
“ Steal  into  the  pleached  bower.”  Shak. 

PLEAD  (pled),  v.  n.  [Low  L.  placito  ; It.  piatire  ; 
Sp.  pleitear ; Old  Fr.  pledicr  ; Fr .plaider.  — See 
Plea.]  [?.  Pleaded ; pp.  pleading,  pleaded.] 

1.  (Laic.)  To  carry  on  a plea  or  suit: — to 

conduct  that  part  of  an  action  which  consists 
in  the  allegations  of  the  respective  parties;  to 
make  allegation  in  a cause,  especially  an  alle- 
gation of  fact  in  a cause  : — to  make  that  alle- 
gation of  fact,  on  the  part  of  a defendant,  which 
follows,  and  is  opposed  to,  the  plaintiff’s  decla- 
ration : — to  argue  at  the  bar.  Burrill. 

jj®-  “ It  is  a general  rule  of  pleading,  that  a party, 
at  each  successive  stage  of  tile  process,  must  demur 
or  plead  to  the  allegation  of  his  adversary.  In  prac- 
tice, the  plaintiff  is  said  to  declare,  the  defendant  to 
plead,  tlie  plaintiff  to  reply.”  Burrill. 

2.  To  offer  allegations  or  arguments;  to  rea- 
son ; to  argue. 

Many  grave  persons  that  against  her  plead.  Spenser. 

To  plead  for  that  which  I would  not  obtain. 

3.  To  be  offered  as  a plea  ; to  apologize. 

Since  you  can  love,  and  yet  your  error  see. 

The  same  resistless  power  may  plead  for  me.  Dryden. 

D®“  It  is  a regular  verb;  yet  t lie  Scotch  use  pled, 
or  plead,  for  the  imperfect  tense  and  past  participle, 
instead  of  pleaded ; as  also  do  many  Americans,  espe- 
cially in  conversation. 

PLEAD,  v.  a.  1.  To  allege  in  pleading  or  argu- 
ment ; to  use  as  a plea. 

They  could  not  justly  plead  law  of  nations.  Spenser. 

If  they  will  plead  agninst  me  my  reproach.  Job  xix.  8. 

2.  To  discuss  ; to  argue  ; to  defend. 

Will  you  we  show  our  title  to  tiic  crown  ? 

If  not,  our  sword  shall  plead  it  in  the  field.  Shak. 

3.  To  offer  as  an  excuse. 

I will  neither  plead  my  age  nor  sickness.  Dryden. 

PLEAD'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  pleaded  ; that 
may  be  alleged  in  plea.  Howell. 

PLEAD'pR,  n.  One  who  pleads;  — especially  one 
who  argues  in  a court  of  justice.  Swift. 

PLEAD'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  pleads. 

2.  (Law.)  In  an  action  at  common  law,  an 
allegation  of  the  plaintiff,  or  of  the  defendant : 
— in  equity,  a formal,  written  allegation  or 
statement  of  either  party  in  a suit,  to  maintain 
or  to  deffat  it.  Burrill. 

Special  pleading,  the  allegation  of  special  or  new 
matter,  as  distinguished  from  a direct  denial  of  mat- 
ter previously  alleged  on  the  opposite  side.  Bouvicr. 

PLEAD'ING-Ly,  ad.  In  a pleading  manner. 

+ PLEA§'ANCE,  or  PLEA^'ANCE,  n.  [Fr.  plni- 
sance .]  Pleasantness;  pleasure;  gayety. Spenser. 

PLEASANT  (plez'ant),  a.  [Fr.  plaisant.] 

1.  That  pleases  ; giving  pleasure  ; pleasing ; 
agreeable  ; gratifying ; delightful  ; grateful. 

How  good  and  how  pleasant  it  is  for  brethren  to  dwell 
together  in  unity  I Ps.  cxxxiii.  1. 

2.  Good-humored;  cheerful;  gay;  lively; 
merry.  “ Your  pleasant  fellow.”  Addison. 

3.  Fitted  to  raise  mirth  ; amusing  ; facetious  ; 

trifling.  “ A pleasant  argument.”  Locke. 

Syn.  — See  Agreeable. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  p,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


PLEASANT 


1089 


PLEISTOCENE 


f PLEASANT,  n.  A buffoon  ; a humorist.  Taylor. 

PLEA§'ANT-LY  (plez'gnt-le),  ad-  In  a pleasant 
manner;  agreeably: — in  good  humor;  gayly; 
merrily  : — lightly  ; ludicrously. 

PLEA§'ANT-NESS,  n.  1.  The  state  or  the  qual- 
ity of" being  pleasant;  agreeableness.  “The 
pleasantness  of  the  place.”  Sidney. 

2.  Cheerfulness  ; merriment ; gayety. 

Like  the  pleasantness  of  youth.  South. 

PLEA.f  ANT-EY  (plez'?n-tre),  n.  [Fr. plaisanterie.] 

1.  Gayety  ; merriment  ; humor.  Addison. 

2.  Sprightly  saying ; lively  talk  ; facetious- 
ness. 

The  crave  abound  in  2>leasantries. 

The  dull  in  repartees  and  points  of  wit.  Addison. 

PLEA§'ANT-TONGUED  (-tungd),  a.  Having 
pleasing  speech.  Wright. 

PLEASE  (plez),  v.  a.  [L . plaeeo ; It.  piacere ; Sp. 
placer ; Fr.  plaisir.]  [i.  pleased  ; pp.  pleas- 
ing, PLEASED.] 

1.  To  be  agreeable  or  gratifying  to  ; to  grati- 
fy; to  delight.  “Whom  follies  please.”  Tope. 

lie  had  this  testimony,  that  he  pleased  God.  licit,  xi.  5. 

2.  To  content ; to  satisfy. 

I will  please  you  what  you  will  demand.  Shat-. 

To  be  pleased , to  choose  ; to  like.  11  Many  of  our 
most  skilful  painters  were  pleased  to  recommend  this 
author  to  me.”  Dryden.  — To  be  pleased  with,  to  ap- 
prove. 

Syn.  — See  Gratify,  Satisfy. 

PLEASE  (plez),  v.  n.  1.  To  be  agreeable  ; to  give 
or  afford  gratification. 

What  pleasing  seemed,  for  her  now  pleases  more.  Milton. 

2.  To  be  pleased;  to  like;  to  choose;  to 
prefer. 

Spirits;  freed  from  mortal  laws,  with  ease 

Assume  what  sexes  and  what  shapes  they  please.  Tope. 

3.  To  condescend ; to  comply.  [A  word  of 
ceremony.] 

To  express  my  desire  that  he  would  please  to  give  me  my 
liberty.-  Sutift. 

PLEA§'ED-LY,  ad.  In  a way  to  be  pleased. 

PLEA^'IJD-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  pleased. 

+ PLEA§E'MAN,  n.  One  who  servilely  pleases  ; a 
pickthank.  Shah. 

rLEA.^'f.R,  n.  One  who  pleases.  Bp.  Taylor. 

PLEADING,  p.  a.  That  pleases  or  gratifies  ; giv- 
ing pleasure  ; gratifying  ; agreeable  ; delightful. 

Syn.  — See  Agreeable,  Amiable,  Delight- 
ful. 

PLEADING,  n.  The  act  of  gratifying.  Shak. 

PLEA§'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a pleasing  manner. 

PLEA§'!NG-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  giving  or 
affording  pleasure.  Feltham. 

PLEA§'UR-A-BLE  (plezh'ur-ft-bl),  a.  Affording 
pleasure  ; pleasing  ; agreeable.  Bacon. 

PLEA§'UR-A-BLE-NESS  (plezh'nr-a-bl-nes), n.  The 
quality  of  pleasing.  Hammond. 

PLEAS-lUR- A-BLY,  ad.  With  pleasure.  Harris. 

TLEA^'liRE  (plezh'ur),  n.  [It.  piacere ; Sp.  placer ; 
Fr.  plaisir.  — See  Please.] 

1.  That  which  pleases  ; gratification  of  the 
senses  or  of  the  mind  ; enjoyment ; delight. 

He  that  would  have  the  perfection  of  pleasure,  must  he 
moderate  in  the  use  of  it.  Dr.  Wlnchcote. 

Pleasure,  or  wrong  or  rightly  understood, 

Our  greatest  evil  or  our  greatest  good.  Pope. 

2.  Carnal  or  sensual  gratification.  Shak. 

3.  What  the  will  dictates  ; will ; choice  ; pref- 
erence ; purpose.  Dryden.  “ He  will  do  his 
pleasure  on  Babylon.”  Isa.  xlviii.  14. 

Jll  pleasure , according  to  desire  or  choice  ;•  as  one 
pleases.  “ We  can  at  pleasure  move  several  parts  of 
our  bodies.”  Locke. 

Syn. — Pleasure  is  enjoymeril  derived  commonly 
through  the  senses  ; delight  is  . high  degree  of  satis 
faction,  or  a lively  sensation  of  pleasure;  joy,  an  in- 
ward, though  transient,  feeling  of  enjoyment  ; happi- 
ness is  a more  permanent  feeliilg,  and  is  seated  in  the 
mind — See  Comfort. 

PLEASURE  (plezh'ur),  v.  a.  To  give  pleasure  to  ; 
to  please  ; to  gratify,  [r.]  Shak. 

PLEASURE,  v.  n.  To  pursue  pleasure.  C.  Lamb. 

PLEASURE— BOAT  (plezh'ur-bot),  n.  A boat  used 
for  excursions  of  pleasure.  Hume. 


PLEA§'URE-CAr'RIA9E  (plezh'ur-k&r'jj),  n.  A 
carriage  used  for  pleasure.  Adams. 

f PLEA§'IJRE-FUL  (plezh'ur-ful),  a.  Pleasant; 
delightful.  “ Pleasureful  country.”  Abbot. 

PLEAS-S'CRE— GROUND,  n.  An  ornamental  piece 
of  ground  devoted  to  pleasure  or  recreation. 

Any  very  pleasing  place  or  pleasure-grounds.  Holdsworth. 

PLEA  fp'lMtE— HOUSE,  n.  A rural  mansion  taste- 
fully adorned.  Blackmore. 

PLEA§'URE-TRAlN,  n.  A railway  excursion- 
train.  Simmonds. 

PLEAS'lTRE— WALK  (plezh'ttr-wak),  n.  A walk 
or  place  for  walking,  adorned  by  art.  Smollet. 

PLEA§'UR-lST,  n.  One  devoted  to  pleasure,  [r.] 
The  delights  wherein  mere  pleasurists  place  their  para- 
dise. Browne. 

PLEAT,  v.  a.  To  crimp,  as  linen  or  lace,  in  nar- 
row folds.  Simmonds. 


PLE-BE'IAN  (ple-be'y?n,  44),  a.  \L.  plebeius  \ plebs, 
plcbis,  the  common  people  ; It.  plebeo  ; Sp.  ple- 
beyo  ; Fr.  plebeien. ] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  common  people  ; vulgar  ; 

mean;  low.  “ Plebeian  notions.”  Bacon. 

A queen ! and  own  a base  plebeian  mind ! Dryden. 

2.  Consisting  of  the  common  people.  “ Ple- 
beian concourses.”  Kiny  Charles. 

PLE-BE'IAN  (ple-be'yan,  44),  n.  1.  ( Roman  Ant.) 
One  of  the  common  people,  as  distinguished 
from  the  patricians,  senators,  and  knights. 

IF.  Smith. 

2.  One  of  the  common  people  or  lower  rank 
of  citizens  ; one  of  the  populace. 

The  nobles  have  the  monopoly  of  honor,  the  plebeians  a 
monopoly  of  all  the  means  of  acquiring  wealth.  Burke. 

f PLE-BE'IANCE  (-yjns),  n.  The  common  people  ; 
the  commonalty.  Du  Bartas,  1621. 

PLP-BE'IAN-1§M  (ple-be'ysm-Izm),  n.  The  con- 
duct or  the  character  of  plebeians.  Foster. 

PLE-BE'IAN-IZE  (ple-be'yan-Iz),  V.  a.  To  render 
plebeian  or  common.  Ch.  Ob. 

PLEB-I-FJ-CA’TION,  n.  [L.  plebs,  plehis,  the  com- 
mon people,  and  facio,  to  make.]  Act  of  making 
plebeian,  common,  or  vulgar,  [r.]  Coleridge. 

PLE-BIS'CrP,  n.  [L.  plebiscitum  ; plebs,  plehis, 
the  common  people,  and  scitum , an  ordinance  ; 
Fr.  plebiscite.']  A law  or  ordinance  made  by 
the  Roman  plebeians  or  commonalty,  on  the 
requisition  of  a tribune,  without  the  concur- 
rence of  the  senate  or  patricians.  Bouvier. 

PLEC-TOG-mA  ' Till,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  t/Jsw,  to  con- 
nect, and  y 10605,  a jaw.]  (7c A.)  An  order  of 
fishes,  including  those  which  have  the  maxillary 
bones  anchylosed  to  the  sides  of  the  intermax- 
illaries,  which  alone  form  the  jaws.  Brande. 

PLEC'TOG-NAthe,  n.  One  of  the  Plcctognathi. 

Brande. 

PLEC-TOG-NATH'ICj  a.  { Ich .)  Pertaining  to  the 
Plectognathi.  Scudamore. 


PLEC-TOG'NA-THOUS,  a.  {Ich.)  Pertaining  to 
the  Plcctognathi  ; plectognathic.  Eng.  Cyc. 

PLEC'TRO-POME,  n.  [Gr.  nlijKTpor,  a spur,  and 
Tribpa,  a iid.]  A genus  of  percoid  fishes.  Brande. 


PLEC-  TR  OP-TE-Rl  'A*JE, 
n.  pi.  [Gr.  TT/rftcrpoc,  a 
spur,  and  nrepor,  a wing.] 

( Ornith .)  A sub-family 
of  birds  of  the  order 
Anseres  and  family 
Anatidce  ; spur-winged 
geese.  Gray 

barkidiomis  regia. 

PLEC'TRUM,  n.  [L., 
from  Gr.  jtliptrpoi/;  nbiatrui,  to  strike.] 

1.  ( Grecian  & Roman  Ant,)  A little  staff  or 
wand  for  striking  the  strings  of  the  lyre. 

W.  Smith. 

2.  ( Anat .)  The  styloid  process  of  the  tempo- 
ral bone  : — the  uvula  : — the  tongue.  Dunglison. 

PLED,  i.  & p.  from  plead.  [Erroneously  used  for 
pleaded.]  See  Plead.  Sir  D.  Brewster. 


PLEDGE  (plej),  n.  [Mid.  L.  plegium ; Old  Fr. 
pleige.  — A.  S.  plihtan,  to  plight.  Ilickes.] 

1.  Something  put  in  pawn  ; something  given 
or  deposited  as  security  for  the  repayment  of 


money  or  the  fulfilment  of  a promise  ; a depos- 
it ; a pawn  ; a gage. 

If  a pawnbroker  receives  plate  or  jewels  as  a pledge. 

Black  st  one. 

But  threw  his  gauntlet  as  n sacred  pledge 

llis  cause  in  combat  the  next  day  to  try.  Spenser. 

The  great  humility,  zeal,  and  devotion,  which  appeared  to 
be  in  them,  was,  in  all  men’s  opinion,  a pledge  of  their  harm- 
less meaning.  Hooker. 

In  law,  the  term  pledge  is  confined  to  personal 
property  ; and  it  is  essential  to  the  contract  that  there 
should  he  an  actual  delivery  of  the  tiling,  as  security 
for  some  debt  or  engagement.  Kent.  Story. 

2.  ( Old  Eng.  Law.)  A person  who  becomes 

security  for  another ; a surety.  Wlnshaw. 

3.  A hostage.  Raleigh.  Dryden. 

4.  A drinking  of  one’s  health  ; a health  in 

drinking.  — See  Pledge,  v.  Shah. 

Dead  pledge , (Law.)  an  old  term  for  a mortgage. — 
Living  pledge,  an  estate  granted  to  another,  for  a sum 
of  money  borrowed,  to  be  held  by  him  until  the  rents 
and  profits  of  it  shall  repay  the  same.  If  his  haw. — To 
hold  in  pledge , to  keep  as  security.  — To  put  in  pledge , 
to  pawn. 

Syn.  — See  Deposit. 

PLEDGE  (plej), • v.  a.  [Mid.  L .plegio\  Old  Fr. 
plciqcr. — Ger.  pflcdqen.  1 f i.  pledged;  np. 
PLEDGING,  PLEDGED.] 

1.  To  put  or  deposit  in  pawn  ; to  give  or  de- 
posit as  security  for  repayment  of  money  or  the 
fulfilment  of  a promise  ; to  pawn  ; to  plight. 

An  honest  factor  stole  a gem  away; 

He  pledged  it  to  the  knight.  Pope. 

2.  To  secure  by  a pledge.  “To  pledge  my 

vow,  I give  my  hand.”  Shak. 

3.  To  invite  to  drink  by  drinking  first  of  the 
cup  ; to  drink  the  health  of. 

Pledge  me,  my  friend,  and  drink  till  thou  be’st  wise.  Cowley. 

tfff"  “ The  expression  ‘I’ll  pledge  yon,’  in  drink- 
ing, is  deduced  by  some  of  our  writers  on  popular  an- 
tiquities from  the  times  when  The  Danes  were  in  pos- 
session of  England.  It  is  said  to  have  been  I lie  cus- 
tom of  that  people  to  seize  the  moment  when  a native 
of  t lie  island  was  in  the  act  of  drinking,  to  stall  linn 
with  a knife  or  dagger;  whence  people  could  not 
drink  in  company  unless  some  one  present  would  he 
their  pledge  ox  surety  that  they  should  receive  no  harm. 
Others  state  the  custom  to  have  taken  rise  from  the 
death  of  King  Edward  the  Martyr,  son  to  Edgar,  who, 
by  the  contrivance  of  his  step-mother  Elfrida,  was 
stabbed  in  the  back  as  he  was  drinking.  Brand 
thought  the  expression  meant  no  more  than  that,  if 
you  took  your  cup  or  glass,  I pledged  myself  lo  you 
that  I would  follow  your  example.”  P.  Cyc. 

PLEDfJJ-EE',  n.  {Law.)  The  person  to  whom  a 
pledge  is  given  ; a pawnee.  Burrill. 

PLEDpE'Lf.SS,  a.  Having  no  pledge.  Qu.  Rev. 

PLEDGE-OR'  (130),  n.  {Law.)  One  who  gives  a 
pledge ; a pledger.  Blackstone. 

PLEDGER,  n.  One  who  pledges  or  offers  a pledge. 

PLEDfJFjg-RY,  n.  {Law.)  Suretyship.  Whishaw. 

PLED^'ET,  n.  {Sttry.)  A compress  of  lint,  with 
the  filaments  arranged  parallel  to  each  other, 
applied  over  wounds,  ulcers,  &c.  Dunglison. 

||  PLE'IAD  (ple'yad),  n.  One  of  the  Pleiades. 
“ The  lost  Pleiad."  Mrs.  Hcmans. 

II  PLE'IA-DE§  (ple'ya-dez)  [ple'ya-dez,  IF.  P.  F. 
Sm.  R. ; pll'a-dez,  S.  K. ; pla'ya-dez,  Ja.],  n.  pi. 
[L.,  from  Gr.  W.nali(.] 

1.  {Grecian  & Roman  Myth.)  The  seven 

daughters  of  Atlas  and  Plelone,  placed  by  Ju- 
piter among  the  stars.  IF.  Smith. 

2.  {Astron.)  A cluster  of  seven  stars  -in  the 
neck  of  Taurus,  assigned  by  Madler  as  the  cen- 
tral point  of  the  sidereal  system.  Herschcl. 

pgy  “ I have  preferred  those  orthoepists  who  mark 
these  words  as  I have  done  to  Mr.  Sheridan,  who 
makes  the  first  syllable  like  the  verb  to  ply.  Dr.  Ken- 
rick,  Mr.  Scott,  and  Perry,  the  only  orthoepists  from 
whom  we  can  know  the  sound  of  tiie  diphthong  ei , 
give  it  as  I have  done  ; and  Johnson,  by  placing  Hie 
accent  after  the  e,  seems  to  have  done  the  same ; hut 
the  sound  we  invariably  give  to  these  vowels  in  ple- 
beian is  a sufficient  proof  of  English  analogy,  and 
that  pronouncing  them  like  eye  is  an  affectation  of 
adhering  to  the  Greek,  from  which  Pleiades  is  derived.” 
IValkcr. 

||  PLE'IAD^  (ple'yadz)  [ple'yadz,  IF.  P.  F.  Sm.  R. 
Wb.\  pla'adz,  E.  Ja.-,  pli'gdz,  S.  K.],  n.  pi. 
{Astron.)  The  Pleiades.  Dryden. 

PLEl'O-CENE,  n.  {Geol.)  Pliocene.  Eng.  Cyc. 

PLElS'TO-CENE,  n.  [Gr.  n?.i coro;,  most,  and  xai- 


MIEN,  SIR?  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 

i37 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — £,  Q,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z; 


% as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


PLEISTO-MAGNETIC 


1090 


PLIABLENESS 


v6s,  new.]  ( Gcol .)  The  newest  of  the  tertiary 
strata,  which  contains  the  largest  proportion  of 
living  species  of  shells.  Maunder. 

PLElS'TO— MAG-NET' JC,  a.  [Gr.  irXrtros,  very 
much,  and  pnyvilrijj,  magnetic.]  (Min.)  Noting 
minerals,  as  magnetite,  which  are  highly  mag- 
netic ; — used  in  contradistinction  to  oligisto- 
magnetic,  noting  minerals,  as  some  varieties  of 
hematite,  which  are  slightly  magnetic.  Alger. 

fPLE'NAL,  a.  [L.  plains.]  Full;  complete; 
plenary.  “ Fair  and  plena!  view.”  Beaumont. 

II  PLEN'A-RI-LY,  ad.  In  a plenary  manner ; fully; 
completely  ; entirely.  Aglijfe. 

||  PLEN'A-RJ-NESS,  n.  Fulness  ; completeness  ; 
plenitude.  Johnson. 

PLEN'AR-TY,  n.  [L.  plenus,  full.]  (Reel.  Law.) 
The  state  of  an  occupied  benefice.  Blackstone. 

||  PLEN'A-RY,  or  PLE'NA-RY  [plen'?-r?,  S.  P.  J. 
E.  F.  K.  II. ; ple'na-re,  Ja.  Sm.  C.  IVr.  IVb.  ; 
plen'j-re  or  ple'na-re,  IF.],  a.  [L.  plenus ; It. 
plenario  ; Sp.  plena  ; Fr . plenUre.]  Full;  com- 
plete ; entire.  A plenary  right.”  South. 

Plenary  inspiration,  (The.ol.)  that  kind  or  degree  of 
inspiration  which  excludes  all  mixture  of  error. 

tpjf  “Some  very  respectable  speakers  make  the 
vowel  e in  the  first  syllable  of  this  word  long  ; hut 
analogy  and  the  best  usage  seem  to  shorten  the  e-  as 
they  do  the  a in  aranary.  Mr.  Nares,  VV.  Johnston, 
Buchanan,  and  Entick  adopt  the  second  pronuncia- 
tion ; and  Mr.  Sheridan,  l)r.  Kenrick,  Dr.  Ash,  Mr. 
Scott,  and  Mr.  Perry,  the  first.  Nor  do  I see  any  rea- 
son that  the  e should  not  he  short  in  this  word  as  well 
as  in  plenitude,  ill  which  all  our  orthoepists,  except 
Buchanan,  pronounce  the  e as  in  plenty."  Walker. 

||  + PLEN'A-RY,  or  PLE'NA-RY,  n.  Decisive  pro- 
cedure. Ayliffe. 

f PLEN  E,  a.  [L.  plenus ; It.  pie  no  ; Sp.  plena ; 
Fr.  pleine.\  Full ; plenary.  Brunne. 

PL EN '1-CORN,  n.  [L.  plenus,  full,  and  cornu,  a 
liorn.J  (Zoiil.)  A ruminant  quadruped  having 
solid  horns,  as  the  deer,  &c.  Brande. 

PLEN-I-LLI'NAR,  a.  Relating  to  the  full  moon  ; 
plenilunary.  Campbell. 

PLEN-I-LU'N A-RY,  a.  Plenilunar.  Browne. 

+ PLEN'I-LUNE,  n.  [L.  plenilunium  ; It.  <Sf  Sp. 
plenilunio .]  The  full  moon.  B.  Jonson. 

PLE-NlP'O-TENCE,  ? )lm  [L.  plenus,  full,  and 

PLe-NIP’O-TEN-CY,  > potentia,  power;  It.  pie- 
nipotenza;  Sp.  plcniyotencia.]  Fulness  of  pow- 
er ; absolute  poxver.  [it.]  Milton. 

PLE-NIP'O-TENT,  a.  [L.  plenus,  full,  and  potens, 
able.]  Possessing  full  power.  Milton. 

PLEN-l-PO-TEN'Tj- A-RY  (plen-e-pp-tSn'slie-j-re), 
n.  [It.  plenipotenziario  ; Sp.  plenipotenciario  ; 
Fr.  plenipotentiaire.]  A person  invested  with 
full  power  to  negotiate,  — particularly  an  am- 
bassador or  minister  having  full  powers  to  settle 
matters  connected  with  his  mission,  subject, 
however,  to  the  ratification  of  the  government 
by  which  he  is  authorized.  Swift. 

Syn.  — See  Ambassador. 

PLEN-I-PO-TEN'T]- A-Ry  (plen-e-po-tcn 'she-a-re) , 
a.  Invested  with  full  powers.  “ Plenipoten- 
tiary ministers.”  Howell. 

PLEN'ISU,  v.  a.  1.  f To  replenish.  Reeve. 

2.  To  supply  with  furniture,  as  a house;  to 
furnish.  [Scotland.]  Rudd. 

PLEN'ISH-ING,  n.  The  furnishing  of  a house; 
household  furniture.  [Scotland.]  Rudd. 

PLEN'ISH-ING— NAIL,  n.  A large  nail  for  fasten- 
ing planks  or  floor-boards  to  joists.  Simmonds. 

PLE  NIST,  n.  [Fr . pleniste,  from  L.  plenus,  full.] 
One  who  holds  all  space  to  be  full  of  matter ; a 
plenitudinarian ; — opposed  to  vacuist.  Boyle. 

PLEN'I-TUDE,  n.  [L.  plenitwlo  ; plenus,  full;  It. 
plenitudine  ; Sp.  plemtud ; Fr.  plenitude.'] 

1.  The  state  of  being  full;  fulness;  complete- 
ness ; abundance.  Bentley.  Bacon. 

2.  Animal  fulness  ; repletion  ; plethorv. 

Relaxation  from  plenitude  is  cured  by  spare  diet.  Arbuthnot. 

PLEN-1-TU-DI-NA'RI-AN,  n.  One  who  holds  that 
there  is  no  vacuum  ; a plenist.  Shaftesbury. 

PLEN-I-TU'Df-NA-RY,  a.  Full;  complete;  en- 
tire ; unrestricted  ; plenary. 

A strange  kind  of  government  must  that  needs  he  wherein 
a subject  shall  have  a plemtud mury  power  beyond  that  which 
his  lord  and  king’s  was.  A’.  Bacon. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6. 


II  PLtiN'TIJ-OUS  [pISn'te-Hs,  P.  J.  Ja.  Sm.  IVr. ; 
pleii'tyus,  E.  P.  A'.;  plen'clms,  S. ; plen'che-us, 
IF.],  a.  [From  plenty.] 

1.  Abundant ; copious  ; plentiful  ; ample. 

The  king  made  silver  and  gold  at  Jerusalem  as  plenteous 

as  stones.  2 Chron.  i.  15. 

Thou,  Lord,  art  good,  and  ready  to  forgive,  and  jdcnteom 
in  mercy  unto  all  them  that  cull  upon  thee.  Ps.  lxxxvi.  5. 

2.  Yielding  plenty  or  abundance  ; fruitful ; 
productive.  “ The  seven  plenteous  years.” 

Gen.  xli.  34. 

Syn.  — See  Ample,  Fertile. 

||  PLEN'TE-OUS-LY,  ad.  Copiously;  abundantly; 
plentifully.  ’ Shak. 

II  PLEN'Tp-OUS-NESS,  n.  Abundance  ; copious- 
ness ; plenty.  Spenser. 

PLEN’TI-FUL,  a.  Yielding  plenty  ; ample  ; abun- 
dant ; copious  ; plenteous  ; exuberant ; produc- 
tive ; fruitful.  “A  plentiful  harvest .” L’ Estrange. 

Syn. — See  Ample,  Exuberant. 

PLEN'TI-FUL-LY,  ad.  Copiously;  abundantly; 
plenteously  ; exuberantly.  Addison. 

I’LEN'TI-FUL-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  plen- 
tiful ; abundance  ; copiousness.  Wotton. 

PLEN'TI-NESS,  7i.  Plentifulness,  [it.]  Raymond. 

PLEN'TY,  7i.  [Old  Fr . plcnte  (Old  Eng.  plentee), 
from  L.  plenus,  full.] 

1.  Abundance  ; an  adequate  supply  ; as  much 
as  is  required  or  desired  ; enough. 

Our  land  shall  forth  in  plenty  throw 

Her  fruits  to  be  our  food.  Milton. 

2.  Fruitfulness;  exuberance;  profusion. 

The  teeming  clouds 

Descend  in  gladsome  plenty  o’er  the  world.  Thomson. 

Syn. — Plenty  is  fulness,  and  is  as  much  as  is  re- 
quired ; abundance  is  overflow,  and  more  than  is 
wanted  ; exuberance  and  profusion  are  more  than 
abundance. 

PLEN'TY,  a.  Abundant;  plentiful.  “AVater  is 
plenty?’  Tusser.  “ If  reasons  were  as  plenty 
as  blackberries.”  Shak. 

Where  shrubs  nre  plenty  and  water  scarce.  Goldsmith. 

The  way  to  make  money  plenty  in  every  man’s  pocket. 

Franklin. 

tVJT*  Plenty  is  much  used  colloquially  as  an  adjec- 
tive, in  the  sense  of  plentiful , both  in  this  country 
and  in  England  ; and  this  use  is  supported  by  respec- 
table authorities,  though  it  is  condemned  by  various 
critics.  Johnson  says,  “It  is  used  barbarously,  I 
think,  for  plentiful  ” ; and  Dr.  Campbell,  in  his  “ Phi- 
losophy ol  Rhetoric, ” says,  “ Plenty  for  plentiful  ap- 
pears to  me  so  gross  a vulgarism  that  I should  not 
iiave  thought  it  worthy  of  a place  here,  if  I had  not 
sometimes  found  it  in  works  of  considerable  merit. ” 

PLE ' NUJtf,  n.  [L.  plenus,  plenum  t full.]  Fulness 
of  matter  in  space  ; — opposed  to  vacuum. 

There  are  objections  against  a plenum,  and  objections 
against  a vacuum;  but  one  of  them  must  certainly  be  true. 

Johnson. 

t PLE'NY-TIDE,  7i.  [L.  plenus,  full,  and  Eng. 

tide.]  A full  tide.  Greene. 

PLE-OEH’RO-I^M,  n.  [Gr.  irXiov,  more,  and  \pola, 
color.]  (Opt.)  The  exhibition  of  several  shades 
of  color,  as  when  a mixture  of  polarized  and 
non-polarized  light  passes  through  a double- 
refracting  crystal.  Nichol. 

PLE'O-NAIJM  (ple'q-iiSzm),  n.  [Gr.  rrhovnapi j; 
irXidv,  more  ; L.  pleonasmus  ; It.  § Sp.  pleonas- 
7no\  Fr.  pleonasmc.]  (Rhet.)  A redundant 
phrase  or  expression  ; the  use  of  more  words 
than  are  necessary;  redundancy;  as,  “I  saw 
it  with  these  eyes.”  Mason. 

PLE'O-NASTE,  7i.  [Fr.,  from  Gr.  nXedvaa-roq,  abun- 
dant.] (Min.)  A black  variety  of  spinel ; can- 
dite.  Dana. 

PLE-O-NAS  TIC,  J [Gr.  7r Xfovaartrii;.]  Per- 

PLE-O-NAS'TJ-CAL,  ) taining  to,  or  partaking  of, 
pleonasm ; redundant.  Blackmail. 

I flic  had  said.  “ A female  i riven  tress,"  the  expression  would 
have  been  pleonastic.  Crombic. 

PLE-O-NAS'TI-CAL-LY,  ad.  Redundantly. 

t PLE-ROI’H'O-RY,  n.  [Gr.  irbipotpopla.]  Full 
persuasion  or  conviction  ; certainty.  Bp.  Hall. 

f PLESH,  n.  A plash  ; a puddle.  Spenser. 

PLE-SI-O-MOR'PHlfJM,  71.  [Gr.  abjolos,  near,  and 
yopipH,  a form.]  The  state  of  crystallized  sub- 
stances which  closely  resemble,  but  are  not  iden- 
tical with,  each  other  in  form.  Brande. 


, U,  Y,  short;  A,  p,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE, 


PLE-SI-O-MOR'PHOrS,  a.  Having  a similar  form, 
as  crystals.  Brande. 

I’LE'Sj-O-SACR,  7i.  (ZoSl.)  An  animal  of  the 
genus  Plesiosaurus.  Brande. 

PLE-SI-O-sAu'  RUS,n.  ; pi.  r i.EsiosAVRi.  [Gr. 
nXyalos,  near,  and  aaipof,  a lizard.]  (Pal.)  A 
genus  of  extinct  marine  saurians,  having  a very 
long  neck.  Brande. 

PLETH'O-RA  [pleth'o-ra,  S.  IF.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  K. 
Sm.  C.  ; ple-tlio'rj,  R.],  n.  [Gr.  nhiQutpy ; u/.i;0m, 
to  be  full.]  (Med.)  Fulness  of  blood  ; super- 
abundance or  excess  of  blood  ; redundant  ful- 
ness of  the  blood-vessels  ; repletion.  Dunglison. 

PLETH-O-RET'IC,  a.  Plethoric.  Johnson. 

PL(I-THUR'|C,  or  PLETH'O-RIC  [ple-tlior'jk,  S. 
IF.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  R.  C. ; pletli'o-rik,  IVb. 
Ash,  Crabb ],  a.  [Gr.  7 -XyOiopiKu;  ; It.  8;  Sp.  ple- 
torico  ; Fr.  plethorique.]  Affected  with,  or  hav- 
ing, plethora  ; having  a full  habit  of  body. 

J8SP  Although  all  the  principal  English  orthoepists 
place  the  accent  of  Ibis  word  on  the  second  syllable, 
yet  Mr.  Todd  says,  “ It  is  now  usually  placed  on  tile 
first.” 

PLE-THOR'I-CAL,  a.  Plethoric.  C.  Lamb. 

PLp-THOR'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  the  manner  of  one 
who  is  plethoric.  C.  Lamb. 

PLETH'O-Ry,  n.  Repletion  ; plethora.  Bp.Taylor. 

PLETH'ROJT,  71.  [Gr . -UOpor.]  (Grecian  Ant.)  A 
measure  of  length  equal  to  100  English  feet : — 
also  a square  measure  equal  to  10,000  English 
feet.  Liddell  £,  Scott. 

PLETII ' RUM,  n.  Same  as  Plethuox.  Smart. 

PLEU'RJi,n.  [Gr.7rJ.repd.]  (Anut.)  One  of  two 
thin,  diaphanous,  perspirable  membranes  which 
line  the  sides  of  the  chest.  Dunglison. 

PLEU'RI-SY  (plu're-se).  It.  [Gr.  TtXevplrt;  ; vi.typa, 
the  side;  L.  pleurttis,  pleurisis;  It.  pleui'isia ; 
Sp.  pleuresia;  Fr.  p/euresie.]  (Med.)  Inflam- 
mation of  the  pleura]  commonly  accompanied 
by  lancinating  pain  in  one  side  of  the  chest, 
difficulty  of  breathing,  and  cough.  Dunglison. 

PLEU'RI-SY-Ro6t,  n.  (Rot.)  A plant,  called 
also  butterfly-weed  ; Asclepias  tuberusa.  Gray. 

I LEI  -RI  I (C,  J a [Gr.  Trl.ivptTiKos ; L.  plcu- 

PLEU-RIT'I-CAL,  S ritievs  ; It.  # Sp.  pleuritico ; 
Fr.  pleuretique .]  Pertaining  to,  or  diseased 
with,  pleurisy.  Aibuthnot. 

PLEU-RI'TIS,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  TrJrupin;.]  (jl/r?rf.) 
Pleurisy.  — See  Pleurisy.  Dunglison. 

PLE U-RO-NEC'  TI- DJE,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  TtJ.ruprf,  the 
side,  and  l-pxrd?,  swimming.]  ( Ich .)  A family  of 
fishes  which  swim  on  their  side  ; flat-fishes. 

Brande. 

PLEU-RO-PER-IP-NE&'MO-NY,  71.  [Gr.  77 Jrupd, 
the  pleura,  and  7rrpnrwcpoi'ia,  inflammation  of  the 
lungs ; ttcpl,  around,  and  ■netupovla,  a lung  dis- 
ease ; 771/r  Lytov,  a lung,  and  ltvita,  to  breathe.] 
(Med.)  Inflammation  occupying  the  pleura  and 
the  lung  at  the  same  time.  Dunglison. 

fPLEV'IN,  n.  [Law  Fr.  plcvine.]  (Law.)  Se- 
curity by  pledge,  or  by  pledging.  Burrill. 

PLEX'l-FORM,  a.  [L.  plexus,  a twining,  and  for- 
ma, form.]  In  the  form  of  net-work  ; compli- 
cated ; intricate.  Maunder. 

PL^X-I M'p-TER,  J ?i-  [Gr.  a stroke,  per- 

PLE.X-OM'E-TF.R,  > cussion,  and  yirpov,  a meas- 
ure.] (Med.)  An  ivory  plate  used  in  examina- 
tions of  the  chest  by  percussion.  Dunglison. 

PLEX'llRE,  n.  A11  interweaving  ; a texture. 

Their  social  branch  the  wedded  plcxurcs  rear.  Brooke. 

PLEX'US,  n.  [L.,  a braiding,  a twining ; plecto, 
to  braid  or  twit  -'.]  (Anal.)  A network  of 
blood-vessels  or  1 f nerves.  Dunglison. 

PLEYT,  n.  (Naut.\  A kind  of  ship.  Simmonds. 

PLI-A-BI  L'l-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being  pliable  ; 
pliableness.  Todd. 

PLf'A-BLE,  a.  [FrJ;  plicr,  to  bend,  from  L . pli- 
co  (Gr.  TtJixw),  to  twist,  to  twine.] 

1.  Easy  to  be  bent ; flexible  ; pliant.  Addison. 

2.  Flexible  of  di  iposition  ; easily  persuaded  ; 
compliant.  “ Pliabte  she  promised  to  be.”  More. 

Syn.  — See  Ductile. 

PLT'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  plia- 
ble ; pliability  ; flexibility.  Hammond. 


FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


PLIABLY 


1091 


PLOUGHLAND 


FLf'A-BLY,  ad.  In  a pliable  manner.  Wood. 

PLl'AN-CY,  n.  Easiness  to  be  bent ; pliableness; 

flexibility.  Addison. 

PLI' ANT,  a.  [Fr. ; plier,  pliant,  to  bend.] 

1.  Easy  to  be  bent ; bending ; flexile  ; flexi- 

ble ; limber;  pliable;  supple;  yielding;  lithe. 
“A  finer  and  more  pliant  thread.”  Addison. 

2.  Easy  to  take  any  form  ; easily  moulded. 

As  the  wax  melts  that  to  the  flame  1 hold, 

Rlianl  and  warm  may  still  her  heart  remain.  Granville. 

3.  Easy  to  be  persuaded  ; compliant. 

The  will  was  then  more  ductile  and  pliant  to  right  reason. 

South. 

Syn.  — See  Flexible. 

PLI'ANT-LY,  ad.  In  a pliant  manner.  Clarke. 


PLI'ANT-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  pliant ; flex- 
ibility ; pliableness.  Bacon. 

PLi'CA,n.  [L.  plico,  to  fold.]  ( Med .)  A disease 
endemic  in  Poland,  Lithuania,  and  other  parts 
of  Northern  Europe,  characterized  by  the  inter- 
lacing and  matting  of  the  hair.  Dunglison. 

PLI ' CJE,  n.  pi.  [L.]  Folds.  Maunder. 

PLI'CATE,  £ a [L. plico,  plicatus,  to 

PLl'CAT-ED,  > fold.]  ( Bot .)  Plaited  or 
folded  like  a fan,  as  a leaf.  Loudon. 

t PLI-CA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  folding, 

or  a fold.  S.  Richardson. 

PLIC'A-TURE  [pllk'?-tur,  Ja.  Sm.  Wb.;  pllk'a- 
c 1 1 u r,  IV.  Wr. ; pll'ka-chor,  S. ; pll'ka-tur,  P.],n. 
[L.  plicatwa  ; It.  piegatura ; Sp.  plegadura.] 
A fold ; a double,  [it.]  • More. 

PLl(M-DEN'TINE,  n.  [L.  plica,  a fold,  and  dens, 
dentis,  a tooth.]  (Anal.)  A modification  of  den- 
tine, in  which  the  substance  is  folded,  as  it  were, 
on  a series  of  vertical  vascular  plates,  which 
radiate  from  the  central  axis  of  the  pulp,  and 
which  is  accompanied  by  a fluted  character  of 
the  exterior  of  the  tooth.  Brande. 

The  basal  part  of  the  teeth  of  the  wolf-fish  . . . affords  ex- 
amples of  plicidentine.  Brande. 


JGQr*  “ There  are,  in  his  [Lyell’s]  view,  older  and 
newer  pliocene  formations.”  Ling.  Cijc. 

PLi'O-CENE,  n.  (Gcol.)  The  pliocene  formation  ; 
— written  also  pleiocene.  Lyell. 

PLITT,  n.  An  instrument  used  in  Russia,  resem- 
bling the  knout.  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

PLOC,  n.  [Fr.]  A mixture  of  hair  and  tar  for 

covering  a ship’s  bottom.  Simmonds. 

PLO'CE,  n.  [Gr.  zI.ok rj,  complication.]  ( Rliet .) 
A figure  by  which  a word  is  repeated  emphati- 
cally, and  so  as  not  only  to  express  the  subject, 
but  also  some  quality  of  it;  as,  “In  that  great 
victory  Caesar  was  Caesar  ” ; i.  e.  a mighty  con- 
queror. Bailey.  Martin. 

PLO-  CE-i  'j\-JE,n.pl. 

[Gr.  -i.oKi),  a weav- 
ing.] ( Ornith .)  A 
sub-family  of  co- 
nirostral  birds  of 
the  order  Passeres 
and  family  Frin- 
gillidce ; weavers. 

Gray.  Textor  alecto. 

PLOD,  v.  n.  [The  origin  is  quite  obscure.  Jamie- 
son. — From  the  same  root  as  plough,  or  ply . 
Richardson.']  [i.  plodded  ; pp.  plodding, 
PLODDED.] 

1.  To  travel  laboriously,  wearisomely,  or 
heavily  ; to  walk  sluggishly. 

Ambitious  love  hath  so  in  me  offended, 

That  barefoot  plod  1 the  cold  ground  upon.  Shak. 

2.  To  study  heavily;  to  meditate. 

She  reasoned  without  plodding  long.  Swift. 

3.  To  toil ; to  drudge  ; to  moil.  Young. 

PLOD'DER,  n.  One  who  plods  ; a dull,  laborious  per- 
son. “ Precisians  and  plain  plodders.”  Warner. 

PLOD'DING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  plods  ; slow, 
laborious  movement  or  study.  Shah. 

PLOD'DING-LY,  ad.  In  a plodding  manner.  Clarke. 

PLONljrE,  n.  (Mil.)  Same  asPLONGEE.  Stocqueler. 


¥\A'$Vl§,n.pl.  [Fromyj/y.]  [Also  written  plyers.] 

1.  Pincers  for  bending  wire,  &c.  Wiseman. 

2.  (Fort.)  A kind  of  balance,  in  the  form  of 

a St.  Andrew’s  cross,  used  in  raising  and  letting 
down  a draw-bridge.  London  Ency. 

PLi'FORM,  a.  [Fr.  pli,  a fold,  and  Eng.  form.] 
In  the  form  of  a fold  or  doubling.  Wright. 

PLIGHT  (pllt),  v.  a.  [A.  S . plilitan,  to  expose  to 
danger,  to  pledge  ; Dut.  verpligten , to  oblige  ; 
Gev.verpflichten  ; Dan.  forpligte ; Sw.forplikta. 
— Mid.  L.  plegio.]  [i.  flighted  ; pp.  plight- 
ing, plighted.]  To  pledge  ; to  give  as  secu- 
rity or  surety.  “ Plighted  faith.”  Shah. 

New  loves  you  seek, 

New  vows  to  plight,  and  plighted  vows  to  break.  Dri/dcn. 

t PLIGHT,  v.  a.  [See  Ply.]  To  plait.  Milton. 

PLIGHT  (pllt),  n.  [A.  S.  pliht , plight,  danger; 
Dut.  pligt,  duty,  obligation  ; Ger.  pflicht,  duty, 
a pledge  ; Dan.  pligt ; Sw.  plickt ; Scot . plycht, 
duty,  punishment.  — Mid.  L.  plegium,  a pledge.] 

1.  Pledge;  gage.  “That  lord,  whose  hand 

must  take  my  plight.”  Shale. 

2.  Condition  ; state.  “ Painful  plight.”  Spen- 
ser. “This  . . . loathsome  plight."  Milton. 

3.  Good  case.  “ Cattle  in  plight.”  [it.]  Tusscr. 

4.  t [Fr.  plier,  to  bend.  — See  Ply.]  A plait ; 
a double.  “ Many  a folded  plight.”  Spenser. 

5.  f A garment  of  some  kind.  Johnson.  Todd. 

I-Te  let  not  lack 

My  plight,  or  coat,  or  cloak.  Chapman's  Odyssey. 

BSP  “ I have  no  doubt  it  has  there  [in  this  pas- 
sage] the  common  meaning  of  condition.”  Narcs. 

PLIGHT'IJR  (pllt'er),  n.  He  who,  or  that  which, 
plights;  a pledger.  Shah. 

PLIM,  v.  n.  To  swell.  [Local,  Eng.]  Grose. 

PLINTH,  n.  [Gr.  itllvOoc,  a brick  or  tile,  a plinth  ; 
L.  plinthus ; It.  <Sr  Sp.  plinto ; Fr.  plinthe.] 
(Arch.)  A projecting,  vertical-faced  member, 
forming  the  lowest  part  of  the  basement  of  a 
column,  pillar,  wall,  or  tomb.  Britton. 

PLTN'THItE,  n.  (Min.)  A hydrated  silicate  of 
alumina  and  iron,  from  Antrim,  Ireland.  Brande. 

PLI'O-CENE,  a.  [Gr.  nl.iiiov,  more,  and  Kaivdc, 
new.].  (Gcol.)  Noting  the  most  modern  tertiary 
deposit  or  formation,  or  the  upper  part  of  the 
tertiary  strata ; — also  written  pleiocene.  Lyell. 


PI.OJYGEE  (plon-zha'),  n.  [Fr.]  (Mil.)  The  su- 
perior slope  given  to  the  parapet.  Campbell. 

PLON'K^T,  n.  A coarse  woollen  cloth.  Simmonds. 

PLOT,  n.  [Fr.  plat. — See  Plat.] 

1.  A small  extent  of  ground  ; a plat.  “ A 

chosen  plot  of  fertile  land.”  Spenser. 

A pretty  plot,  well  chose  to  build  upon.  Shale. 

2.  A plantation  laid  out.  Sidney. 

3.  (Surveying.)  A plan  or  draught  of  a piece 

of  land.  Davies. 

PLOT,  n.  [Evidently  contracted  from  Fr.  corn- 
plot,  a plot.  Johnson.  — From  plight,  to  pledge. 
Tooke.  Richardson .] 

1.  A secret  plan,  scheme,  or  design,  — particu- 
larly for  a bad  purpose  ; a conspiracy  ; a strata- 
gem ; a scheme.  “ Our  plots  and  wiles.”  Milton. 

2.  A complication  of  affairs  or  incidents,  as 
in  a play,  or  a story  ; an  intrigue  or  knot. 

Nothing  must  be  sung  between  the  nets 

But  what  some  way  conduces  to  the  plot.  Roscommon. 

3.  Deep  reach  of  thought ; contrivance.  “A 

man  of  much  plot.”  [it.]  Denham. 

PLOT,  V.  n.  [i.  PLOTTED  ; pp.  PLOTTING,  PLOT- 
TED.] 

1.  To  form  a plot  or  scheme  of  mischief.  “ The 
wicked  plotteth  against  the  just.”  Ps.  xxxvii.  12. 

She  had  plotted  to  destroy  them  there.  Ri  ai/ton. 

2.  To  plan  ; to  scheme  ; to  contrive.  “ The 
prince  didyjfoi  to  be  secretly  gone.” 

PLOT,  v.  a.  1.  To  plan  ; to  devise  ; to  contrive. 
“ Plotting  an  unprofitable  crime.”  Dryden. 

2.  To  make  a plot  or  plan  of. 

This  treatise  plotteth  down  Cornwall.  Carew. 

PLOT'FUL,  a.  Abounding  with  plots.  1 V right. 

PLO-Tl'JVJE,  n.  pi. 

[Gr.  ithhrys,  a 
swimmer.  ( Or- 
nith.) A sub-fam- 
ily of  birds  of  the 
order  Anscres  and 
family  Pelecanidtc ; darters.  Gray. 

PLOT'I-NIST,  n.  (Eccl.  Hist.)  A 
disciple  of  Plotinus,  a celebrated 
Platonic  philosopher,  who,  in  the 

fw-;v.aTcs  of  Chr>stianity>  taught  Phaoton  xthc. 
that  the  human  soul  emanates  from  mis. 


the  divine  Being,  to  whom  it  is  reunited  at 
death.  Craig. 

PLOT'-PRo6f,  a.  Proof  against  plots.  Shale. 

PLOT'TpR,  n.  One  who  plots.  Shah.  Dryden. 

PLOT'TING,  n.  1.  Act  of  forming  schemes. 

2.  (Surveying .)  The  act  of  delineating  upon 
paper  the  lines  of  a survey,  drawn  to  a scale, 
and  in  their  true  relative  position.  Eliot. 

PLOT'TING— SCALE,  n.  (Surveying.)  An  instru- 
ment consisting  of  two  ivory  scales  at  right 
angles  to  each  other,  used  in  plotting.  Davits. 

PLOUGH  (plbu),  n.  [Dut.  ploeg  ; Ger.  pflug  ; Dan. 
ploug  ; Sw.  plog  ; Scot,  plench.  — Some  derive 
this  term  from  Syr.  pelak,  he  ploughed.] 

1.  An  agricultural  implement  for  turning  up 
the  soil. 

We  might  exercise  our  imagination  in  supposing  a proba- 
ble origin  of  a plough  in  the  branch  of  a tree  dragged  along 
the  ground,  in  which  the  stump  of  a smaller  branch  made 
furrows  as  it  went  on.  V.  Cyc. 

He  that  by  the  plough  would  thrive, 

Himself  must  either  hold  or  drive.  Franklin. 

2.  Tillage  ; agriculture.  Johnson. 

3.  A kind  of  plane  for  grooving.  Ainsu-orth. 

4.  A bookbinder’s  instrument  used  for  cut- 
ting the  edges  of  books.  Davis. 

The  only  word  we  find  used  in  the  Anglo-Saxon 
writers  for  a plough  is  sulh  ; yet  we  are  certain  that 
some  such  word  as  ploh  or  plug,  with  this  meaning, 
did  exist  in  that  language,  not  only  because  we  know 
that  plough  is  not  an  Anglo-Norman  word,  but  because 
we  find  t lie  word  ploh  used  once  in  the  Anglo-Saxon 
laws  to  signify  what  was  afterwards  called  a plough- 
land,  because  an  Anglo-Saxon  ecclesiastical  document 
speaks  of  a tax  levied  by  the  church  on  tiic  agricultu- 
rists under  the  title  of  plou-telmesse,  for  which  another 
document  gives  the  synonyme  sulli-telmcsse,  and  be- 
cause, further,  we  find  the  representative  nf  t he  word 
in  tlie  modern  German  pflug.  Thos.  Wright. 

PLOUGH  (plod),  V.  n.  [t.  PLOUGHED  ; pp.  PLOUGH- 
ING, ploeghed.]  To  turn  up  the  soil  with  a 
plough  ; to  use  a plough.  Shak. 

PLOUGH  (plou),  V.  a.  1.  To  turn  up  with  a 
plough ; — sometimes  followed  by  up. 

Let  the  Volscians 

Plough  Rome  and  harrow  Italy.  Shak. 

2.  To  furrow  or  divide,  as  in  sailing. 

He  ploughed  the  Tyrrhene  seas  with  ‘sails  displayed. Addison. 

We  launch  a bark  to  plough  the  watery  plains.  Cope. 

Tit  plough  in,  to  cover  by  ploughing. — To  plough  on 
the  hack,  cruelly  to  torment,  wound,  or  mangle.  Ps. 
cxxix.  3.  • — To  plough  with  another's  heifer,  to  obtain 
something  from,  or  against,  a husband,  by  means  of 
his  wife.  See  Judg.  xiv.  18. — To  plough  out,  to  turn 
out  of  the  ground  with  a plough. 

PLOUGH' A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  ploughed  ; sus- 
ceptible of  tillage;  arable.  E.  Johnson. 

PLOUGH'— ALM§  (plou'amz),  n.  (Eng.  Ant.)  A 
contribution  to  the  church  for  every  ploughland 
or  carucate.  — See  Carucate.  Cowell. 

PLOUGH'BEAM  (plou'bem),  n.  The  beam  of  a 
plough.  Farm.  Ency. 

PLOUGH 'BOTE,  n.  [ plough  and  bole.]  (Eng. 
Law.)  Wood  allowed  to  a rural  tenant  for  the 
repair  of  instruments  of  husbandry.  Whisliaw. 

PLOUGH'BOY  (plbu'hol),  n.  A boy  who  follows 
the  plough,  or  is  employed  in  ploughing  : — a 
rude,  ignorant  boy.  Watts. 

PLOUGII'ER  (plbu'er),  n.  One  who  ploughs. 

PLOUGH 'FOOT  (plbu'fut),  n.  The  bottom  of  a 
plough.  Baxter. 

PLOUGH 'GANG,  n.  Ploughgate.  Simmonds. 

PLOUGH 'GATE  (plbfi'gat),  n.  A quantity  of  land, 
computed  at  about  30  acres.  [Eng.]  Qu.  Rev. 

PLOUGH'HEAD  (plou'hed),  n.  The  draught-iron 
or  clevis  at  the  end  of  a ploughbeam. 

Farm.  Ency. 

PLOUGHING  (plou'jng),  n.  The  act  or  the  opera- 
tion of  one  who  ploughs.  Sheridan. 

PLOUGH 'lit- ON  (plbu'l-urn),  n.  A piece  of  iron 
forming  part  of  a plough.  Shak. 

PLOUG II 'LAND  (plbu 'land),  n.  1.  (Old  Eng.  Law.) 
As  much  land  as  one  team  can  plough  in  a 
year;  a carucate.  — See  Carucate.  Ilale. 

2.  Land  for  tillage.  Donne. 


mien,  SIR ; MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  q,  g,  soft ; £,  «,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  % 


- iin»,  ims. 


PLOUGHMAN 


1092 


PLUMOSE 


FLOUGIl'MAN,  n.  ; pi.  PLOUGHMEN. 

1.  A man  who  ploughs  or  holds  a plough  ; a 

cultivator  of  the  soil.  Milton. 

2.  An  ignorant  rustic  ; a boor.  Shak. 

3.  A strong,  laborious  man.  Arbuthnot. 

PLOUGH7— MON-DA Y (plbfi'-rnSn-d»),W.  The  Mon- 
day after  Twelftli-day,  or  the  termination  of  the 
Christmas  holidays.  ^ usser. 

Plouah-Mnndau  next,  after  the  twelfth-tide  is  past 
Bids  out  with  the  plough,  the  worst  husband  is  last. 


The  point  of  a plough- 
Nourse. 


PLOUGH 'POINT, 
share. 

PLOUGIi'-SER-VICE  (pliiu-),  n.  An  ancient  ten- 
ure of  land  ; socage.  Jllackstoue. 

PLOUGH'SIiArE  (pliiu'shAr),  n.  .[Eng . plough, 
and  A.  S.  seer  an,  to  shear,  to  split.]  lhe  point 
affixed  to  the  fore  part  of  the  sole  or  bottom  of 
a plough ; a share. 

They  shall  beat  their  swords  into  ploughshares,  and  their 
spears  into  pruning-hooks.  -"iC* 1V* 

PLOUGH'-SHOE  (pliiu'sho),  n.  A block  of  wood 
fitted  to  a ploughshare  to  keep  it  out  of  the  soil. 

PLOUGH-STAFF  (pliiu-stftf),  n.  A kind  of  pad- 
dle, to  clear  the  colter  and  share  of  a plough 
when  choked  up  with  earth  or  weeds.  Ogilvie. 

PLOUGH'— TAIL  (plou'tal),  n.  The  handle,  or  the 
hind  part,  of  a plough.  Dryden. 

PLOUGH'-WRIGHT  (plou'rlt),  n.  A workman 
who  repairs  ploughs.  Simmonds. 

PLOUT'-NET,  n.  A small  river-fishing  net  shaped 
like  a stocking.  Simmonds. 

PLOV'yR  (pluv'er),  n.  [Fr.  pluvier,  from  L.  plu- 
vialis,  pluvia,  rain.] 

1.  ( Ornith .)  A bird  of  the  order  GraUce,  fam- 

ily Charadriadce,  and  sub-family  Charadrints ; 
the  lapwing.  Gray. 

2.  A courtesan.  [Cant.]  B.  Jonson. 

Black-bellied  plover,  a species  of  plover  found  in 

North  America,  and  on  tire  sea-coasts  of  nearly  all 
countries  in  the  world  ; Syuatalora  Helvetica  of  Lin- 
naeus.— Field  plover,  a species  of  plover  found  in 
Eastern  North  America,  in  South  America,  and  in 
Europe  ; Actiturus  partramius  of  Wilson.  — Golden 
plover,  a species  of  plover,  with  the  top  of  the  head, 
and  the  upper  parts  of  the  body,  wings,  and  tail  of  a 
sooty  black,  marked  with  large  spots  of  golden  yellow 
on  the  borders  of  the  barbs  of  the  feathers  ; Cliaradri- 
us  pluviatilis  of  Linnaeus,  or  Cliamdrius  Virginicus  of 
Borck.  It  is  found  in  Europe,  Northern  Asia,  North 
America,  and  South  America. — Gray  plover,  a spa- 
des of  plover  found  in  North  America  and  in  all  the 
temperate  countries  of  Europe  ; bastard  plover ; gray 
lapwing  ; Syuatalora  cinerea  of  Cuvier,  or  Tringa  syua- 
talora  of  Linmeus.  — Great  plover , a large  species  of 
plover  found  in  Europe,  Asia,  and  Africa,  highly  es- 
teemed for  the  table  ; (Edicnemus  crepitans  of  Gray. 

S.  F.  Baird.  Eng.  Cyc. 

PLOVV,  n.  An  agricultural  implement,  for  turning 
up  the  soil ; a plough.  — See  Plough.  South. 

PLUCK,  v. a.  [A.  S.  pluccian ; Dut.  plukken ; Ger. 
pflllcken ; Dan.  plultke ; Sw.  $ Icel.  plocka. — 
W.  plicio.  — Fr.  eplucher,  to  pick.]  [*.  plucked  ; 
pp.  PLUCKING,  PLUCKED.] 

1.  To  pull  with  quick  motion  or  action ; to 

pull  with  a twitch.  “ I will  pluck  them  up  by 
the  roots.”  2 Chron.  vii.  20. 

From  the  buck 

Of  herds  and  flocks  a thousand  tugging  bills 
Pluck  hair  and  wool.  Thomson. 

2.  To  strip  by  pulling  something  off,  as  feath- 
ers. “Since  I plucked  geese.”  Shah. 

To  pluck  up,  or  to  pluck  up  heart,  spirit,  or  courage, 
to  rouse  or  resume  courage  ; to  take  courage.  Knollcs. 

PLUCK,  n.  1.  Act  of  plucking;  a sudden  pull.  Ray. 

2.  The  heart,  liver,  and  lights  of  an  animal. 

Johnson. 

3.  Courage  ; spirit.  “ Pluck  and  force  of  will.” 
Ch.  Ob.  “ Show  your  pluck."  Richardson. 

It  appears  to  me  that  what  is  least  forgiven  in  a man  of  any 
mark  or  likelihood  is  want  of  that  article  blackguardly  called 
pluck.  Scott. 

PLUCK'ER,  n.  X.  One  who  plucks.  Mortimer. 

2.  ( Worsted  Manufacture .)  A machine  con- 

sisting of  a pair  of  spiked  rollers  fed  by  an  end- 
less apron,  for  cleansing  and  straightening  the 
fibres  of  wool.  Simmonds. 

PLUG,  n.  [Dut.  plug  ; Ger.  pflock  ; Dan.  ploy  ; 
Sw.  plugg.  — W.  ploe.] 

1.  A piece  of  wood,  or  other  substance,  to 

stop  a hole ; a stopple.  Boyle. 

2.  (Arch.)  A piece  of  wood  inserted  in  a 


wall,  cut  off  so  as  to  be  flush  with  the  wall,  and 
affording  a holding  surface  for  fixtures.  Craig. 

A plug  of  tobacco,  a cake  of  pressed  tobacco.  Swift. 

PLUG,  V.  a.  \i.  PLUGGED ; pp.  PLUGGING, 
plugged.]  To  stop  with  a plug.  Sharp. 

PLUG'— CEN-TRE— BIT,  n.  A modified  form  of 
the  ordinary  centre-bit,  in  which  the  centre- 
point  or  pin  is  enlarged  into  a stout  cylindrical 
plug,  which  may  exactly  fill  a hole  previously 
bored,  and  guide  the  tool  in  the  process  of  cut- 
ting out  a cylindrical  counter-sink  around  the 
same,  as,  for  example,  to  receive  the  head  of  a 
screw-bolt.  Ogilvie. 

PLUG'— ROD,  n.  An  air-pump  rod.  Simmonds. 

PLUM , n.  [A.  S. plume-,  Dut. pruim ; Ger. pflaume ; 
Dan .blomme;  Sw.  plommon ; Icel . ploma,  plum- 
ma.  — See  Prune.] 

1.  ( Bot .)  A deciduous  tree  or  shrub,  and  its 

fruit,  of  the  genus  Primus,  of  which  there  are 
several  species  and  many  varieties.  Gray. 

2.  A grape  dried  in  the  sun  ; a raisin.  Shak. 

3.  In  cant  language,  now  obsolescent,  the 
sum  of  one  hundred  thousand  pounds  sterling  : 
— also,  a person  possessing  that  sum.  Addison. 

4.  An  old  kind  of  play.  Ainsworth. 

f PLUM,  a.  Plump.  Florio. 

PUJ'MA^E,  n.  [L.  pluma,  a feather;  Fr.  plume.'] 
The  feathers  of  a bird.  Pope. 

PLU-MAS-SIER',  n.  [Fr.]  One  who  prepares 
feathers  for  ornamental  purposes.  Loudon. 

PLUMB  (plum),  n.  [L.  plumbum  (Gr.  pdl.vPhof), 
lead,  a ball  of  lead  ; It.piombo-,  Sp.  plomada; 
Fr.  plomb. ] A heavy  body,  usually  of  lead,  sus- 
pended at  the  end  of  a line,  by  which  perpen- 
dicularity is  ascertained  ; a plummet.  Cotton. 

PLUMB  (plum),  ad.  Perpendicularly  to  the  hori- 
zon. “ Plumb  down  he  falls.”  Milton. 

tgjf  “ Often  ignorantly  written  plump."  Smart. 

PLUMB,  a.  Perpendicular  to  the  horizon.  Reid. 

PLUMB  (plum),  v.  a.  [i.  PLUMBED  ; pp.  PLUMB- 
ING, PLUMBED.] 

1.  To  find  the  depth  of  with  a plummet ; to 

sound,  [r.]  Swift. 

2.  To  adjust  by  a plumb-line.  Johnson. 

PLUM-BA'9(NE,  n.  (Chem.)  A crystallizable 
principle  existing  in  the  root  of  the  Plumbago 
Europcea,  or  leatherwort.  P.  Cyc. 

PLUM-BA(?'!-NOUS,  a.  Pertaining  to,  consisting 
of,  or  resembling,  plumbago.  Wright. 

PLUM-BA'GO,  n.  [L.  plumbum,  lead.]  (Min.) 
Carburet  of  iron,  used  for  pencils,  crucibles,  and 
for  diminishing  friction  in  heavy  machinery ; 
graphite  ; black-lead.  Dana. 

PLUM 'HE- AN,  ? a%  [L.  plumbeus ; plumbum, 

PLUM'Bg-OUS,  > lead;  It.  § Sp.  plnmbeo.] 

1.  Consisting  of,  or  like,  lead  ; leaden.  Ellis. 

To  make  wisdom  to  be  regulated  by  such  a plumbean  and 
flexible  rule  as  that  [the  will]  is,  is  quite  to  destroy  the  nature 
of  it.  Cudworth. 

2.  Heavy;  dull;  stupid.  Smart. 

PLUMB'pR  (plum'er),  n.  [L.  plumbarius;  Fr. 
plombier  ; plomb  (L.  plumbum),  lead.]  One  who 
works  in  lead.  Johnson. 

PLUM  B'lJR— BLOCK,  n.  A standard  for  support- 
ing the  end  of  a shaft;  a pillow-block.  Ogilvie. 

PLUMB'pR-Y  (plum'er-e),  n.  [Fr.  plomberie.] 

1.  The  manufactures  of  a plumber;  manu- 
factures in  lead  ; lead-work.  Bp.  Ilall. 

2.  The  art  of  working  in  lead.  Clarke. 

PLUM'BIC,  a.  Pertaining  to  lead  ; leaden. 

Plumbic  acid,  (Cliem.)  a term  applied  to  tho  peroxide 
of  lead.  Brundc. 

PLUM-BIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  plumbum,  lead,  and 
fero,  to  bear.]  Producing  lead.  Smart. 

PLOMB'ING  (plum'jng),  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who 
plumbs. 

2.  (Mining.)  The  act  or  the  operation  of 
sounding  or  searching  among  mines.  Ure. 

PLUMB'— LINE  (plum'lln),  n.  1.  A line  perpen- 
dicular to  the  plane  of  the  horizon.  Hamilton. 

2.  A line  with  a weight  or  plummet  attached, 
used  for  determining  perpendicularity.  Brande. 


PLUM-BO— CAL'ClTE,  n.  [L.  plumbum,  lead,  and 
calx , calcis,  chalk.]  (Mm.)  A mixed  carbonate 
of  lime  and  lead.  Brande. 

PLUM'— BROTH,  n.  Broth  containing  plums  or 
raisins.  Pope. 

PLUMB'— RULE,  n.  A narrow  board  with  parallel 
edges,  having  a line  drawn  up  and  down  the 
middle,  to  the  upper  end  of  which  a string  is  at- 
tached, bearing  a plummet  at  the  lower  extremi- 
ty ; — used  by  masons,  bricklayers,  and  carpen- 
ters to  determine  a perpendicular.  Simmonds. 

PLUM'— CAKE,  n.  Cake  containing  plums  or 
raisins.  Iludibras. 

PLUME,  n.  [L. pluma  \ It.  piuma;  Sp.  pluma; 
Fr.  plume.'] 

1.  A feather.  “ Wings  he  wore  of  many  a 

colored  plume."  - Milton. 

2.  A feather,  or  a collection  of  feathers,  worn 
as  an  ornament. 

Your  enemies  with  nodding  of  their  plume* 

Fan  you  into  despair.  Shak. 

His  high  plume  that  nodded  o’er  his  head.  Dryden. 

3.  Pride  ; towering  mien.  Shak. 

4.  Token  of  honor  ; prize  of  contest. 

Ambitious  to  win  from  me  some  plume.  Milton. 


5.  (Bot.)  f A plumule. 


Quincy. 


PLUME,  V.  a.  [t.  PLUMED  ; pp.  PLUMING,  PLUMED.] 

1.  To  pick  and  adjust,  as  a bird  its  feathers. 

“ She  plumes  her  feathers.”  Milton. 

2.  To  pick  and  adjust  the  feathers  of. 

Swans  must  be  kept  in  some  enclosed  pond,  where  they 
may  have  room  to  come  ashore  and  plume  themselves. 

Mortimer. 

3.  To  strip  of  feathers  or  plumage.  Bacon. 

The  falcon  from  above 
Trusses  in  middle  air  the  trembling  dove, 

Then  plumes  the  prey.  Dryden. 

4.  To  strip  ; to  rob  ; to  plunder. 

The  king  cared  not  to  plume  the  nobility  and  people.  Bacon. 

5.  To  supply  with  feathers  ; to  feather.  “ Her 

lofty,  plumed  crest.’’  Shak. 

6.  To  place  as  a plume. 

Ilis  stature  reached  the  sky,  and  on  his  crest 

Sat  horror  plumed.  Milton. 

7.  To  adorn  with  plumes.  “His  plumed 

crest.”  Chaucer.  “ The  plumed  troop.”  Shak. 

8.  To  pride  ; to  boast ; to  value.  “ He  plumes 

himself.”  Johnson. 

PLUME— AL'UM,  n.  (Min.)  A kind  of  asbestos; 
feathery  alum  ; plumose  alum.  Wilkins. 

PLUME'LESS,  a.  Having  no  plume.  Eusdcn. 

PLUME'LKT,  n.  1.  A small  plume.  Wright. 

2.  (Bot.)  A plumule.  Keith. 

PLU'MP-RY,  n.  A collection  of  plumes. 

Helms  or  shields 

Glittering  with  gold  and  scarlet  plumery.  Southey. 

PLU-MIty'FiR-OUS,  a.  [L.  plumiger ; pluma,  a 
feather,  and  gcro,  to  bear.]  Having  feathers  ; 
feather-bearing ; feathered.  Bailey. 

PLU-MIL'I-FORM,  a.  [L.  plumella,  a little  plume, 
and  forma,  a form.]  Featlicr-sliaped.  Clarke. 

PLUM'ING,  n.  Act  of  one  who  plumes.  Cook. 

PLU'MI-PED,  a.  [L . plumipes,  plumipcdis;  plu- 
ma, a feather,  and  pcs,  pedis,  a foot.]  Having 
the  feet  covered  with  feathers.  Smart. 

PLU'MI-PED,  n.  A plumiped  fowl.  Bailey. 

PLUM'MIJT,  n.  [Sp . plomada ; plomo  (L.  plum- 
bum), lead;  Fr.  plomet .] 

1.  A mass  of  lead  attached  to  a line,  used  for 

sounding.  Shak. 

2.  A mass  of  lead  attached  to  a plumb-lmc, 

for  ascertaining  perpendicularity..  Brande. 

3.  Any  weight.  Duppa.  Wilkins. 

4.  A plummet-line.  “ Ignorance  itself  is  a 
plummet  o’er  me.” 

5.  A pencil  wholly  of  lead. 

PLUM'MET-LINE,  n.  A line  with  a plummet  at- 
tached, used  for  sounding.  Tyrwhitt. 

PLUM'MING,  n.  (Mining.)  The  operation  of  find- 
ing, by  a mine-dial,  the  place  where  to  sink  an 
air-shaft,  or  to  bring  an  adit  to  the  work,  or  to 
find  which  way  the  lode  inclines.  Ogilvie. 

fLU-MOSE'  (129),  a.  [L .plumosus ; pluma,  a feath- 
er ; It.  piumoso  ; Sp.  plumoso  ; Fr.  plumeux.] 


Shak. 
Simmonds. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  !,  6,  U,  Y,  short ; A,  £,  },  O,  y,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


PLUMOSITE 


1093 


PLY 


1.  Having,  or  resembling,  feathers; 
feathery. 

2.  ( Bot .)  Noting  any  slender  body  as 

a bristle  of  a pappus,  which  has  hairs 
along  its  sides,  like  the  beard  on  a 
feather.  Gray. 

Plumose  alum,  a name  formerly  given  to  the  silky, 
amianthine  crystals  sometimes  found  on  alum-slate. 
It  is  a sulphate  of  alumina  and  iron.  Brande. 

PLU'MO-SfTE,  n.  (Min.)  Capillary  or  plumose 
sulph’uret  of  antimony.  Brande. 

f PLy-MoS'I-TV’,  n.  The  state  of  being  plumose 
or  having  feathers.  Bailey. 

PLU'MOUS,  a.  Feathery ; plumose.  Woodward. 

PLUMP,  a.  [Of  uncertain  etymology. — From  Dan., 
Sw.,  4 Ger.  plump , rude,  coarse,  clumsy,  un- 
wieldy. Serenius.  — Radically  the  same  word  as 
clump  and  lump.  Richardson .] 

1.  Full  or  distended  with  substance  or  flesh  ; 

fat  and  round  ; fleshy.  L’ Estrange. 

The  famished  cow 

Grows  plump,  and  round,  and  full  of  mettle.  Swift. 

2.  Blunt  or  direct,  as  a lie ; downright.  Wright. 

f PLUMP,  n.  A cluster  ; a clump;  an  aggregate 
or  collection.  “ A plump  of  trees.”  Dryden. 

PLUMP,  v.  a.  To  make  plump;  to  swell;  to  fat- 
ten; to  fill  out;  to  dilate.  “ Plumped  with 
bloating  dropsy.”  Armstrong . 

A wedding  at  our  house  will  plump  me  up  with  good 
cheer.  V Estrange. 

To  plump  a vote.  See  Plumper,  No.  3. 

PLUMP,  v.  n.  [Dut.  plompen ; Ger.  plumpen ; 
Dan.  plampe  ; Sw.  plump'i .] 

1.  To  fall  or  sink  down  as  a heavy  or  solid 

body  ; to  fall  suddenly  or  with  violence.  “ How 
Dulcissa  plumps  into  a chair.”  Spectator. 

2.  To  grow  plump  ; to  be  swelled.  Ainsworth. 

PLUMP,  ad.  [Dut.  plomp .]  With  a sudden  or 
heavy  fall ; suddenly  and  heavily.  B.  Jonson. 

PLUMPER,  n.  1.  He  who,  or  that  which,  plumps. 

2.  Something  worn  in  the  mouth  to  swell  out 

the  cheeks.  Swift. 

3.  A vote  given  to  one  candidate  only,  in 

English  elections,  when  more  than  one  are  to  be 
elected,  which  might  have  been  divided  among 
all  the  candidates.  He  who  does  this  is  said  to 
plump  his  vote.  Smart. 

4.  An  unqualified  or  downright  lie.  Smart. 

PLUMP'-FACED  (-fast),  a.  Having  a plump  face; 
full-faced.  Spectator. 

PLUM'— PIE,  n.  A pie  containing  plums.  Maunder. 

PLUMP'LY , ad.  Fully;  roundly;  unreservedly. 

PLUMP'NfiSS,  n.  The  state  of  being  plump  ; ful- 
ness to  distention.  Newton. 

PLUM'-POR-RIDGE,  n.  Porridge  containing 
plums  or  raisins.  Addison. 

PLUM'-PUD-DING,  n.  Pudding  containing  plums 
or  raisins.  Tatler. 

PLUMP'Y,  a.  Plump;  fat.  [Low.]  Shak. 

PLUM'— TREE,  n.  (Bot.)  A tree  of  the  genus 
Prunus.  — See  Plum.  Loudon. 

PI.U' MU-LA,  n.  (Bot.)  A plumule.  Brande. 

PLU'MULE,  n.  [L.  plumula,  dim.  of  pluma,  a 
feather;  Fr.  plumule .]  (Bot.)  The  little  bud 
or  first  shoot  of  a germinating  plantlet,  above 

_ the  cotyledons.  Gray. 

PLU'MU-LOSE,  a.  Noting  a part  having  hairs 
which  branch  out  laterally.  Maunder. 

PLU'MY,  a.  Having  plumes  or  feathers.  Milton. 

PLU'MY— CREST-ED,  a.  Having  a crest  com- 
posed of  plumes.  Pope. 

PI.UN'DER,  v.  a.  [Dut.  plunderen ; Ger.  pliindern ; 
Dan.  plyndre ; Sw.  plundra.  — Gael,  plundra- 
inn.\  [t.  plundered  ; pp.  plundering,  plun- 
dered.] 

1.  To  take  the  goods  or  property  of  by  pillage 
or  open  force  ; to  pillage  ; to  spoil ; to  sack. 

Nebuchadnezzar  plunders  the  temple  of  God.  South. 
Ships  the  fruits  of  their  reaction  brought, 

Which  made  in  peace  a treasure  richer  tar 

Than  what  is  plundered  in  the  rage  of  war.  Pope. 

2.  To  rob,  as  a thief.  Pope. 

“ Plunder  is  a word  first  heard  of  in  England 


in  the  period  immediately  preceding  our  civil  wars, 
between  1630  and  1640.”  Trench.  — “Fuller  tells  us 
that  tile  word  plunder  w as  first  introduced  by  the  sol- 
diers who  had  been  sent  to  the  assistance  of  Gustavus 
Adolphus.”  West.  Rev. 

PLUN'DJfR,  n.  1.  That  which  is  taken  from  an 
enemy  by  force  ; spoil ; rapine  ; booty  ; pillage. 

2.  That  which  is  taken  by  theft. 

3.  Luggage  or  baggage  ; — soused,  in  cant  lan- 

guage, in  the  southern  and  south-western  parts 
of  the  United  States.  Hoffman. 

Syn.  — See  Booty,  Rapine,  Robber. 

PLUN'D£R-A<5rE,  n.  (Marine  Law.)  The  embez- 
zlement of  goods  on  board  a ship.  Bouvier. 

PLUN'DER-JJR,  n.  One  who  plunders  ; a spoiler  ; 
a pillager  ; a robber.  Dryden. 

PLUN'DIJR— FED,  a.  Fed  by  pillage.  Campbell. 

PLUNGE  (piunj),  v,  a.  [Fr.  plonger. — According 
to  Menage,  from  Low  L.  plumbio,  from  L.  plum- 
bum, lead.]  [ i . plunged;  pp.  plunging, 

PLUNGED.] 

1.  To  throw,  thrust,  drive,  or  cast  into  water, 

or  any  substance  which  closes  around ; to  im- 
merse ; to  submerge.  “ Plunge  us  in  the 
flames.”  Milton. 

In  proud  Plexippus’  bosom  plunged  the  sword.  Dryden. 

2.  To  thrust  or  cast  into  any  state.  Watts. 

But  Jove  forbids,  who  jrfunges  those  he  hates 

In  fierce  contention  and  in  vain  debates.  Tope. 

PLUNGE,  v.  n.  X.  To  thrust  or  cast  one’s  self,  as 
into  water;  to  pitch;  to  dive.  “To  plunge 
naked  in  the  raging  sea.”  Dryden. 

2.  To  throw  the  body  forward,  and  the  hind 
legs  up,  as  a horse. 

His  courser  plunged,  and  threw  him  off.  Dryden. 

PLUNGE,  n.  1.  The  act  of  plunging ; a sudden 
throw  or  thrust ; a pitch. 

2.  Difficulty  ; strait ; distress.  [ii.] 

She  was  weary  of  life  since  she  was  brought  to  that 
plunge , to  conceal  her  husband’s  murder,  or  accuse  her  son. 

Sidney. 

PLUN'GEON  (plun'jun),  n.  A sea-bird  ; a kind  of 
duck  ; the  diver.  Ainsworth. 

PLUNG'ER,  n.  1.  One  who  plunges;  a diver. 

2.  The  piston  of  a force-pump.  Simmonds. 

PLUNG'ING— BATH,  n.  A bath  where  a person 
can  dive  ; — also  called  plunge-bath.  Simmonds. 

fPLUN'GY,  a.  Wet.  Chaucer. 

PLUN'KET,  n.  A kind  of  blue  color.  Ainsworth. 

PLU'PER-FECT,  a.  [L.  plus,  more,  and  Eng.  per- 
fect.]  (Gram.)  Noting  the  tense  of  a verb  which 
expresses  what  had  taken  place  previously  to 
some  past  time,  specified  or  implied;  as,  “I 
had  seen  him  before  I saw  you.”  Murray. 

PLU'RAL,  a.  [L.  phtralis ; plus,  pluris,  more  ; It. 
plurale  ; Sp.  plural ; Fr.  pluriel .] 

1.  More  than  one.  “ He  was  the  first  made 
the  number  of  the  Saxon  kings  plural.” Drayton. 

2.  (Gram.)  Noting  the  number  which  ex- 
presses or  designates  more  than  one  ; — opposed 
to  singular'.  — in  some  languages,  as  in  the 
Greek,  noting  the  number  which  expresses 
more  than  two. 

iJQf  In  law,  the  plural  form  of  a noun  may  some- 
times he  taken  to  mean  only  one  ; as  supposing  a man 
were  to  devise  to  another  all  his  property,  providing 
he  [tile  testator]  died  without  children,  and  lie  died 
leaving  one  child,  tile  devise  would  not  take  effect. 
Bouvier. 

PLU'RAL,  n.  (Gram.)  The  plural  number.  Harris. 

PLU'RAL-lijM,  n.  1.  The  state  or  the  quality  of 
being  plural. 

2.  The  state  or  condition  of  a pluralist.  Ch.Ob. 

PLU'RAL-IST,  n.  (Eccl.)  A clergyman,  or  eccle- 
siastic, who  holds  more  than  one  benefice,  with 
cure  of  souls.  Collier. 

PLU-RAl'I-TY,  n.  [L.  pluralitas  ; phtralis,  plu- 
ral ; It  .plurality, ; Sp . pluralidad  ; Fr.  plurality.) 

1.  The  state  of  being  plural.  Bacon. 

2.  A number  more  than  one.  “ Heretics  had 

introduced  a plurality  of  gods.”  Hammond. 

3.  The  greater  number. 

Take  the  plurality  of  the  world,  and  they  are  neither  wise 
nor  good.  L' Estrange. 

4.  (Eccl.)  More  benefices  than  one,  occupied 

by  the  same  clergyman:  — a clergyman  who 
holds  mere  benefices  than  one.  Whishaw. 


if/;'  A candidate,  in  an  election,  receives  a plurality 
of  votes  when  he  receives  more  than  any  other  can- 
didate ; arid  lie  receives  a majority  of  votes  when  he 
receives  more  than  all  others.  — See  Majority. 

PLU'RAL- IZE,  v.  a.  \i.  PLURALIZED  ; pp.  n,u- 
RALIZIN G,  pluralized.]  To  make  plural ; to 
express  in  the  plural  form.  Hilcy. 

PLU'R  AL-LY,  ad.  In  a sense  implying  more 
than  one.  ’ Cudvsorth. 

PLU'R !-E§,  n.  [L.,  frequently.']  (Law.)  A writ 
issued  subsequently  to  an  alias  of  the  same 
kind.  Bouvier. 

PLU-RI-FA'RI-OUS,  a.  [L.  plurifarius.]  Of  di- 
vers fashions.  ' Blount. 

PLU-RI-LIT'ER-AL,  a.  [L.  plus,  pluris,  more,  and 
litera,  a letter.]  Containing  more  letters  than 
three.  Wright. 

PLU-RI-LlT'JJR-AL,  n.  A word  consisting  of 
more  than  three  letters.  Wright. 

PLU-RI-LOC'IT-LAR,  a.  [L.  plus,  pluris, 
more,  and  loculus,  a cell.]  (Bot.) 

Having  many  cells  ; many-celled  ; mul- 
tilocular.  Loudon.  i wr 

PLU-RI-PRE^'gNCE,  n.  [L.  plus,  pluris,  more, 
and  prresentia,  presence.]  Presence  in  more 
places  than  one.  Johnson. 

f PLU'RI-SY,  n.  [L.  plus,  pluris,  more.] 

1.  Superabundance  ; excess.  “ Thy  plurisy 

of  goodness.”  Massinger. 

2.  Superabundance  ofblood  ; plethora..l/(fsea£. 

PL  ITS,  n.  [L.  more.]  (Algebra.)  A character 
thus  [+],  noting  addition.  Davies. 

PLUSH,  n.  [Fr.  peluche,  pluche.  — Dut.  pluis  ; 
Ger . plii sch\  Dan .plyds\  Sw.  plys.  — From  L. 
pilus,  hair.  Richardson.  — From  L.  pellis,  a 
skin.  Sullivan.]  A kind  of  cloth,  having  a sort 
of  velvet  nap  or  shag  on  one  side.  Ure. 

PLUSII'ER,  n.  (Ich.)  A kind  of  dog-fish.  Carew. 

PLUS-tlUAM-PER'FECT,  a.  [L.  plus,  more, 
quam,  than,  and  Eng.  perfect  (Gram.)  Plu- 
perfect. [it.]  Ash. 

PLU'  TO,n.  [Gr.  W.obrcov  ; L.  Pluto,  or  Pluton.] 
(Gr.  <Sf  Rom.  Myth.)  The  king  of  the  lower 
world,  or  region  of  departed  spirits.  W.  Smith. 

PLU-TO'NI-AN,  I a%  y Pertaining  to  Pluto  or  to 

PLU-TON'IC,  i the  regions  of  fire  : — infernal. 

2.  (Geol.)  Pertaining  to  Plutonism. 

Plutonian  or  Plutonic  action,  (Geol.)  tile  influence  of 
volcanic  beat  and  other  subterranean  causes  under 
pressure.  — Plutonian  or  Plutonic  rocks,  rocks  of  igne- 
ous formation  and  ancient  geological  date.  — Plutonian 
or  Plutonic  theory,  the  theory  which  maintains  that 
tile  unstratified  crystalline  rocks  were  formed  by  ig- 
neous fusion  ; Huttonian  theory  ; Vulcanian  theory  ; 
— pposed  to  Neptunian  or  Wernerian  theory.  — See 
Vulcanic.  Bug.  Cyc.  Lyell.  Brande.. 

PLU-TO'NI-AN,  ? n One  who  adopts  or  main- 

PLU'TO-NIST,  ) tains  the  Plutonian  theory  in 
geology;  a Huttonian  ; a Vulcanian.  P.Cyc. 

PLU'TO-NI^M,  n.  (Geol.)  The  Plutonian  theory. 

PLU'TO-NLST,  n.  (Geol.)  An  advocate  of,  or  a 
believer  in,  the  Huttonian  or  Plutonian  theory 
of  the  earth.  Dr.  Hitchcock. 

PLU'VI-AL,  a.  '[L.  plurialis ; pluvia,  rain;  It. 
pluvia/e;  Sp.  Is  Fr.  pluvial.]  Pertaining  to 
rain  ; rainy  ; pluvious,  [it.]  Bailey. 

f PLU'VI-AL,  n.  [Fr .pluvial.]  A priest's  cope  or 
cloak  for  protection  against  rain.  Ainsworth. 

PLU-VI-Am'G-T£R,  n.  [L.  pluvia,  rain,  and  me- 
trum,  a measure.]  An  instrument  for  measur- 
ing the  quantity  of  water  that  /alls  in  rain  ; a 
rain-gauge  ; — written  also  pluviometer.  Brande. 

PLU-VI-A-MET'RIC,  > a Pertaining  to,  or 

PLU-VI-A-MET'RI-CAL,  ) ascertained  by,  a plu- 
viameter.  Wright. 

PLU-VI-OM'G-TER,  n.  A pluviameter.  Nichol. 

PLU'VI-OUS,  a.  [L.  pluvius;  It.  8$  Sp.  pluvioso ; 
Fr.  pluvieux.]  Relating  to  rain;  rainy;  plu- 
vial. (1  A moist  a.wd.  pluvious  air.”  [r.]  Browne. 

PLY  (pll),  v.  a.  [Gr.  ttUkui,  to  twine,  to  weave  ; L. 
plico,  to  fold,  to  bend;  It.  piegare ; Sp.  plcgar ; 
Fr.  plier.  — A.  S.  plegan,  to  play;  Dut.  plegen, 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RIJLE.  — G>  G.  G soft;  £,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  >C  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


PLY 


1094 


PODAGERINJE 


to  use,  to  be  accustomed  ; Ban.  pleie  ; Gcr.  pfle- 
gen , to  take  care  of,  to  apply.]  [/.  plied;  pp. 
PLYING,  PLIED.] 

1.  + To  bend;  to  fold;  to  sway  ; to  incline. 

As  men  may  warm  wax  with  hands  ply.  Chaucer. 

2.  To  work  at  closely  or  vigorously. 

The  hero  from  afar 

Plies  him  with  darts  and  stones.  Dnjden . 

3.  To  employ  with  diligence  ; to  apply  close- 
ly or  with  repetition  ; to  keep  busy.  Spenser. 

The  weary  Trojans  ply  their  shattered  oars.  Dry  den. 

I have  plied  my  needle  there  fifty  years.  Spectator. 

4.  To  practise  or  perform  diligently.  “ He 
sternly  bade  him  other  business  ply."  Spenser. 

5.  To  solicit  importunately. 

lie  plies  the  duke  at  morning  and  at  night.  Sliak. 

PLY,  v.n.  1.  f To  bend.  “The  willow  plied, 
and  gave  way  to  the  gust.”  L’ Estrange. 

2.  To  work  closely  or  steadily  ; to  busy  one’s 

self.  “ He  was  forced  to  ply  in  the  streets  as  a 
porter  for  his  livelihood.”  Addison. 

3.  To  go  in  haste ; to  hasten.  “ Thither  he 

plies  undaunted.”  Milton. 

4.  (Naut.)  To  make  headway  against  the 

direction  of  the  wind.  Mur.  Diet. 

PLY,  n.  1.  A fold ; a plait,  [it.]  Arbuthnot. 

2.  Bent ; turn  ; bias  ; cast,  [it.] 

The  late  learners  cannot  so  well  take  the  ply.  Bacon. 

PLY'f.R§,  n.  pi.  See  Pliers. 

PLY'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  plies. 

2.  ( Naut .)  The  act  of  working  against  the 
wind.  Mar.  Diet. 

PNEU-MAT'IC  (nu-mit'jk),  )a  [Gr.  irvru- 

PNEU-MAT'l-CAL  (nu-miit'e-kal),  ) yarned ;,  nvebya, 
wind,  air  ; irrtw,  to  blow  ; L.  pneumaticus ; It. 
pneumatico  ; Sp.  neumatico-,  Fr.  pneumatique.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  air  or  to  pneumatics.  “ Made 
by  Boyle  in  his  pneumatic  engine.”  Locke. 

2.  Consisting  of  air;  spirituous;  vaporous; 
airy.  “ The  pneumatical  substance.”  Bacon. 

Pneumatic  paradox , a name  applied  to  the  phenome- 
non of  two  disks  resisting  the  forces  tending  to  sepa- 
rate them,  when  a current  of  air  or  of  water  is  strong- 
ly urged  through  a tube  affixed  to  the  centre  of  one  of 
tile  disks  against  the  other,  the  latter  being  prevented 
from  sliding  laterally  out  of  place  by  a short  pin  pro- 
jecting into  the  tube.  When  a current  of  water  is 
used,  the  disks  may  be  immersed  in  wa  er.  This  phe- 
nomenon is  also  called  adhesion  of  disks.  J.  H.  Abbot. 

f PNEU-MAT'J-CAL,  n.  A vaporous  substance. 

Bacon. 

PNEU-MAT'ICS  (nit-),  ii.pl.  1.  The  science  which 
treats  of  the  mechanical  properties,  as  the 
weight,  pressure,  elasticity,  &c.,  of  elastic  fluids, 
and  particularly  of  atmospheric  air.  Braude. 

2.  (In  the  Schools.)  f Pu climatology. /’’/em/itt/. 

FNEU-MAT'O-CELE,  n.  [Gr.  n i/tvya,  ityibyaro;,  air, 
and  Kt/l.r),  a tumor.]  (Med.)  An  emphysematous 
tumor  of  the  scrotum ; physocele.  Dunylison. 

PNEU-M  A-TO-LOtjl'I-CAL,  a.  [Fr.  pneumatolo- 
giqne .]  Relating  to  pneumatology.  Doddridge. 

PNEU-MA-TOL'O-pIST,  n.  One  versed  in  pneu- 
matology. Bailey. 

PNEU-MA-TOL'0-<?Y  (nu-ma-tol'o-je),  n.  [Gr. 
-vtupa,  TivtOparos,  air,  spirit,  and  j.dyoj,  a dis- 
course ; It.  pneumatologia ; Sp.'  neumatologia ; 
Fr.  pneumatologie.)  The  doctrine  of  spiritual 
substances,  or  the  science  of  mind  or  spirit, 
treating  of  the  divine  mind,  the  angelic  mind, 
and  the  human  mind.  Reid.  Hamilton. 

PNEU-MA-TOM'JJ-TER,  n.  [Gr.  irnuya,  nvibyaros, 
air,  and  ytrpov,  measure.]  A gasometer  con- 
structed for  the  purpose  of  measuring  the  quan- 
tity of  air  taken  into  the  lungs  and  .again  given 
out  at  each  inspiration  and  expiration.  Brande. 

PNEU-MO-GAS'TRIC,  a.  [Gr.  wuebyor,  the  lung, 
and  yuan]/),  the  stomach.]  [Med.)  Pertaining 
to  the  lungs  and  stomach.  Dunylison. 

PNEU-MOG'RA-PHY,  re.  [Gr.  nvebyuv,  a lung,  and 
ypiupoi,  to  write.]  [Med.)  An  anatomical  descrip- 
tion of  the  lungs.  Dunylison. 

PNEU-MOL'O-fgY,  re.  [Gr.  -nebyav,  a lung,  and 
l.byos,  a discourse.]  [Med.)  A treatise  on,  or 
an  anatomical  description  of,  the  lungs  ; pneu- 
mography. Dunylison. 

PNE0-M£).M'E-T£R,  re.  [Gr.  uviuya,  air,  and  yt- 
rpov.]  [Med.)  A spirometer.  Dunylison. 


PNEU-M6M'E-TRY,  re.  [Med.)  Measurement  of 
the  capacity  of  the  lungs  for  air.  Dunylison. 

PNEU-MO'NI-A,  re.  [Gr.  nvtuyuir,  a lung.]  [Med.) 
Inflammation  of  the  lungs.  Dunylison. 

PNEU-MON'jC  (nu-mon'jk),  a.  [Gr.  uvivyovueos ; 
Fr .pneumonique.\  Relating  to  the  lungs  ; pul- 
monic. Dunylison. 

PNEU-MON'IC  (nu-mon'jk),  re.  [Med.)  A medi- 
cine for  the  lungs ; a pulmonic.  Todd. 

PNEU-MO-NIT'IC,  a.  [Med.)  Pertaining  to  pneu- 
monitis, or  inflammation  of  the  lungs.  Dunylison. 

PNEU-MO-Ni'TIS,  re.  [Med.)  Inflammation  of  the 
lungs ; pneumonia.  Dunylison. 

PNEU'MO-NY,  re.  [Med.)  Pneumonia.  Crabb. 

PNI-GA'LI-ON,  re.  [Gr.  -rlyia,  to  suffocate.] 
[Med.)  The  incubus,  or  nightmare.  Dunglison. 

PJYYX  (inks),  re.  [Grecian  Ant.)  A place  in  which 
assemblies  of  the  Athenian  people  were  held. 

1)®=  “ It  was  semicircular  in  form,  witli  a boundary 
wall,  part  rock  and  part  masonry,  and  an  area  of 
about  12,000  square  yards.”  Wm.  Smith. 

PO'A,  re.  [Gr.  mfa,  grass.]  ( Bot .)  A genus  of 
grasses,  including  many  species  ; meadow-grass ; 
spear-grass.  Gray. 

POACH  (pocli),  v.  a.  [Fr.  pocher,  according  to 
Menage,  from  L.  pungo,  to  pierce ; poche , a 
pocket,  a pouch. — See  Poke.]  [ i . poached; 
pp.  POACHING,  POACHED.] 

1.  + To  stab  ; to  pierce  ; to  spear. 

Country  people  poach  them  [fish]  with  an  instrument 
somewhat  like  a salmon-spear.  Carew. 

2.  Originally  to  cook,  as  eggs,  by  boiling  them 
slightly,  when  removed  from  the  shell,  — in 
present  use,  to  cook  as  eggs,  by  breaking  them 
into  a saucepan,  and  stirring  them  together.  “ So 
they  [eggs]  b e poached  or  rare  boiled.”  Bacon. 

3.  To  begin,  and  not  complete.  Bacon. 

4.  To  steal;  to  plunder  by  stealth.  “They 

poach  Parnassus.”  Garth. 

POACH  (pocli),  v.  re.  1.  fTo  invade  ; to  intrude. 

Bacon. 

2.  To  steal  game  ; to  carry  off  game  privately, 

as  in  a bag.  Oldham. 

3.  To  be  damp  or  swampy,  as  ground;  to  be 
in  such  a state  of  moisture,  on  ground,  as  to  be 
pierced  by  the  tread  of  cattle. 

Chalky  and  clay  lands  . . .poach  in  winter.  Mortimer. 

POACH'ARD,  re.  See  Pochard.  Johnson. 

POACH'JJR,  re.  One  who  poaches  or  steals  game. 

Ken,  an  old  poacher  after  game.  Yalden. 

POACH'l-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  poachy; 
marshiness ; wetness.  Mortimer. 

POACH'jNG,  re.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  poaches. 

2.  [Eng.  Law.)  The  unlawful  entry  upon  land 
for  the  purpose  of  taking  game.  Burrill. 

POACH'Y  (poch'e),  a.  Easily  penetrated  by  the 
feet,  as  marshy  ground  ; damp  ; marshy. 

Except  your  marshes  be  very  poachy.  Mortimer. 

POAK,  re.  Waste  from  the  preparation  of  skins. 

Simmonds. 

PO'CAN— RUSH,  n.  (Bot.)  Poke;  garget;  Phy- 
tolacca decandra.  Simmonds. 

PO'CARD,  re.  ( Ornith .)  See  Pochard.  Bailey. 

POC-COON',  n.  A name  for  the  Sanguinaria  Can- 
adensis, or  blood-root.  Simmonds. 

POCII'ARD,  ii.  [From poach.)  (Ornith.)  A spe- 
cies of  duck  inhabiting  the  sea,  and  its  bays 
and  estuaries,  allied  to  the  canvas-back  duck  ; 
the  Fidigula  ferina  of  Ray.  Eng.  Cyc. 

POCK,  re.  [A.  S.  poc\  But .pok;  Ger.  poche-, 
Ban.  kobbe  ; Sw.  pockor.] 

1.  A pustule  of  the  small-pox,  or  of  an  erup- 
tive distemper.  Dunglison. 

2.  +The  small-pox.  Bale. 

POCK'ARED  (pok'ard),  a.  Pitted  with  the  small- 
pox ; pock-fretten.  • Craig. 

POCK'— BRO-KEN,  a.  Marked  with  the  small- 
pox ; pock-fretten.  Forby. 

PoCK'F.T,  re.  [A.  S.  pocca.  — Fr.  poche,  pochette. 
— See  Poke,  and  Porcu.] 

1.  A small  bag  or  pouch  inserted  in  a gar- 
ment. “ Medals  in  his  pocket.”  Addison. 


2.  In  a billiard  table,  a pouch  at  the  corners  or 

sides,  to  receive  the  balls.  Wright. 

3.  A large  bag  for  holding  ginger,  cowry 

shells,  hops,.  &c.  Simmonds. 

KSf  In  the  wool  and  hop  trade,  a pocket  contains 
half  a sack,  or  twelve  stone,  of  fourteen  pounds  each  ; 
hut  it  is  a variable  quantity,  the  articles  being  sold  by 
their  actual  weight.  Simmonds. 

POCKET,  V.  a.  \i.  POCKETED;  pp.  POCKETING, 
POCKETED.] 

1.  To  put  in  the  pocket.  Pope. 

2.  To  take  clandestinely; — used  with  up. 

“ To  pocket  up  the  game.”  Prior. 

To  pocket  an  insult,  to  receive  an  insult  without  re- 
senting it. 

POCKET— BOOK  (-buk),  re.  A book,  or  note-case, 
for  the  pocket.  Arbuthnot. 

POCK' pT— COMB  (-kom),  re.  A small  hair-comb 
for  the  pocket.  Simmonds. 

POCKET— COM'PASS,  n.  A small  compass,  such 
as  may  be  carried  in  the  pocket.  Simmonds. 

POCK'?T-e-Di"TION,  11.  An  edition  of  a book, 
suitable  for  carrying  in  the  pocket.  Simmonds. 

POCK'ET— FLAP,  n.  The  piece  that  covers  the 
pocket-hole.  Ash. 

POCK'ET-FUL,  n. ; pi.  pock'et-f0l$.  As  much 
as  a pocket  will  hold.  Jodrell. 

POCK'JET-GLAsS,  re.  A glass  carried  in  the  pocket. 

POCK'ET— HAND' KER-C  HI  EF  (-hang-),  re.  A 
handkerchief  for  wiping  the  face,  carried  in  the 
pocket.  Simmonds. 

POCKET-HOLE,  re.  An  aperture  or  opening  to 
a pocket.  Johnson. 

POCKET— MONEY,  re.  Money  for  the  pocket, 
or  for  casual  or  incidental  expenses.  Wyman. 

POCKET— PICK'ING,  re.  Act  of  picking  the  pock- 
et. “ Pocket-picking  and  shop-lifting.”  Sterne. 

POCKET— PIS'TOL,  ii.  A pistol  to  be  carried  in 
the  pocket.  Booth. 

POCKET-SHER'IFF,  re.  (Eng.  Law.)  A sheriff 
appointed  by  the  crown,  and  not  nominated  by 
the  judges  in  the  exchequer.  Whishaw. 

POCK'ET— VOL 'U ME,  re.  A volume  that  may  be 
carried  in  the  pocket.  Jodrell. 

POCK'-FRET-TEN  (pok'fret-tn),  a.  Marked  or 
pitted  with  the  small-pox.  Todd. 

POCK'— HOLE,  n.  A mark  or  pit  made  by  the 
small-pox  ?#a  pock-mark.  Donne. 

POCK'J-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  pocky.  Bailey. 

POCK'jSH,  a.  Affected  with  small-pox. 

lie  [the  king]  is  called  a pockish  man  in  the  queen’s  letter. 

llobertson. 

POCK'— MARK,  re.  A mark  or  pit  made  by  the 


small-pox.  Todd. 

POCK'— PIT-TED,  a.  Marked  with  the  small-pox  ; 

having  pock-marks.  Booth. 

POCK'— WOOD  (-wud),  re.  (Bot.)  A plant;  the 
Guaiacum  officinale  of  Linmcus.  Craig. 

POCK' Y,  a.  Full  of  pocks.  Denham. 

PO  r CO.  [It.]  (Mus.)  Little.  “ Poco  piu,”  a little 
more.  Warner. 


PO-CO-CU'R ANT-I§M,  re.  [It.  poco,  little,  and 
cura,  care.]  Indifference,  [r.]  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

PO-Co'SON,  re.  A little  swamp,  marsh,  or  fen. 
[A  word  used  in  Virginia  and  other  Southern 
States  of  the  U.  S.]  Washington. 

+ POC'U-LENT,  <7.  [L.  poculcntus  ; poculum,  a 

drinking-vessel.]  Fit  to  be  drunk.  Bacon. 

POC'U-LI-FORM,  a.  [L.  poculum,  a cup,  and 
forma,  form.]  Cup-shaped.  Clarke. 

POD,  v.  n.  1.  To  swell.  Clarke. 

2.  To  yield  or  produce  pods.  Clarke. 

POD,  re.  [But.  bode.  Skinner.  — W.  cod,  a pouch.] 
(Bot.)  A legume  : — any  sort  of  capsule.  Gray. 

PO-  DA(? -F.-Rl ’JTJE, 

11.  pi.  [Gr.  itobaypos, 
one  who  has  the 
gout ; t roSj,  TtoSds,  a 
foot,  and  ay  pa,  a 
seizure ; L .podager.) 

Ornith.)  A sub- 

amily  of  fissirostral  Podager  natteri. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  IIEIR,  HER; 


PODAGRA 


1095 


POINT 


birds  of  the  order  Passeres  and  family  Capri- 
mulgidtB ; podagers.  Gray. 

POD'A-GRA,  or  PO-DAG'RA  [po-dag'r?,  Ash, 
Graiib  ; pod'^-grgi,  Brande,  Dunglison),  n.  [L., 
from  Gr.  tt olayya ',  tt oii;,  ttoIos,  a foot,  and  dyoa, 
seizure.]  (Med.)  Gout  in  the  articulations  of  the 
foot ; — also  used  for  gout  generally. Dunglison. 

POD'A-GRAL,  a.  Suffering  from  gout.  Craig. 

PO-DAG'RICJ  l [Gr.  irolaypucos  ; L.  podag- 

PO-DAG'Rl-CAL,  J ricus .]  Relating  to  the  gout  ; 
gouty  ; podagra!.  Howell. 

POD'A-GROUS,  a.  Afflicted  with  the  gout  in  the 
feet ; podagral.  C.  R.  Cockerell. 

POD'-AU-GER,  n.  A kind  of  auger  formed  with  a 
straight  channel  or  groove.  Ogilvie. 

POD'DER,  n.  A gatherer  of  pods.  Bailey. 

PUD' DI-SOY,  n.  A kind  of  rich  silk.  Simmonds. 

PODE,  n.  A tadpole.  [Local,  Eng.]  Halliwell. 

PO-DES'  TA,  n.  [It.]  One  of  the  chief  magis- 
trates of  Genoa  and  Venice.  Braude. 


PODpE,  n.  1.  t A puddle  ; a splash.  Skinner. 


2.  Porridge.  [Local,  Eng.] 
PO-DlC-J-Pi' NJE,  n.  pi.  ( Or - 
nith.)  A sub-family  of  web- 
footed birds  of  the  order 
Anseres  and  family  Colymbi- 
da: ; grebes.  Gray. 

PO'DI-ilM,  n.  [L.]  (Arch.) 

A low  wall,  generally  with 
a plinth  and  cornice,  placed 
in  front  of  a building  : — a 
projecting  basement  round 
the  interior  of  a building,  as 


Halliwell. 


Podiceps  cristatus. 


shelf  or  seat; 
and  round  the  exterior  for  ornamental  adjuncts, 
such  as  statues,  vases,  & c.  Pairholt. 

ttcfp  Sometimes  the  podium  was  surmounted  by 
rails,  and  used  as  the  basement  for  the  columns  of  a 
portico.  Fuirholt. 

POD'O-pfN,  £ 

, ) 


PdD-O-GYJY'l-  tjM, 


support  to  the  ovary  ; gynophose. 


n.  [Gr.  uoiis,  rolls,  foot,  and 
yon/,  a female.]  ( Bot .)  A 


lienslow. 


PO-DOL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  rocs,  rolls,  a foot,  and 
kayos,  a discourse.]  (Med.)  A description  of,  or 
a treatise  on,  the  foot.  Dunglison. 

POD’O-SPERM,  n.  [Gr.  ttovs , rolds,  a foot,  and 
crip  pa,  seed.]  (Bot.)  The  stalk  of  a seed.  Gray. 

PO-DRl'  DA,  n.  [Sp.]  See  Olla  Podrida. 

PO'p-BIRD,  n.  (Ornith.)  A bird  of  the  family 
Melophagidre,  inhabiting  New  Zealand,  and  re- 
markable for  its  power  of  imitating  different 
sounds  ; Prosthemadara  cincinnata.  Baird. 

PCEp-I-LlT'IC,  a.  (Pal.)  See  Poikilitic. 

PGl-CIL'O-POD,  n.  [Gr.  izouctl.ls,  varied,  and  trout, 
rolls,  a foot.]  (Zo'il.)  One  of  a group  of  crus- 
taceans having  feet  formed  partly  for  walking, 
or  for  prehension,  and  partly  branchiferous,  and 
fitted  for  swimming.  Baird. 

PO'lJlf,  n.  [Gr.  noir/pa  ; rroiiio,  to  make  ; L.,  It.,  <Sp 
Sp.  poema\  Fr.  po'me.]  The  work  or  produc- 
tion of  a poet ; a poetical  or  metrical  composi- 
tion ; a piece  of  poetry.  Drgden. 

He  [Milton]  was  born  for  whatever  is  arduous,  and  his 
work  is  not  the  greatest  of  heroic  poems  only  because  jt  is  not 
the  first.  Johnson. 

Even  one  aloDe  verse  sometimes  makes  a perfect  poem. 

B.  Jonson. 

PO-EM-AT'IC,  a.  Relating  to  a poem.  Coleridge. 

PO-EN'A-MU,  n.  A variety  of  jade,  or  nephite  ; 
— used  in  New  Zealand  for  the  manufacture  of 
axes  and  other  weapons.  Brande. 


PG3-M0L'0-GY,  n.  [Gr.  rain/,  punishment,  and 
kayo;,  a discourse.]  The  science  of,  or  a trea- 
tise on,  punishment. 

A chair  devoted  to  the  science  or  art  of  punishment,  or  to 
pomology.  F.  Lieber. 


pce-phAg'o-mys, 

n.  (Zoiil.)  A name 
given  by  F.  Cu- 
vier to  a genus 
of  rodent  quad- 
rupeds found  in 
South  America, 


Pccphagomys  ater. 


having  claws  adapted  for  burrowing  ; Spalaco- 
pus  of  Wagler.  Waterhouse. 


Po'P-SYi  n ■ [Gr.  roir/ais ; roiho,  to  make  ; L.  poe- 
sis  ; It.  is  Sp.  poesia  ; Fr.  poesie.] 

1.  The  art  of  composing  poems.  Sidney. 

2.  Metrical  composition  ; poetry.  Shak. 

3.  A short  conceit  engraved  on  a ring,  box, 

&c. ; a posy.  Shak. 

PO'jpT,  71.  [Gr.  ro  r/rr/s  ; L , It.,  If  Sp . pocta  ■,  Fr. 
ported]  A person  who,  by  extraordinary  powers 
of  imagination,  so  combines  the  materials  of  the 
natural  and  the  moral  world  as  to  present  them 
in  new  shapes,  or  unaccustomed  and  affecting 
points  of  view,  employing  for  his  means  metri- 
cal language  ; an  author  of  poems  or  poetry. 

A poet  soaring  in  the  high  regions  of  his  fancy,  with  his 
garland  and  singing  robes  about  him.  Milton. 

Three  poets , in  three  distant  ages  born, 

Greece,  Italy,  and  England  did  adorn; 

The  first  in  loftiness  of  thought  surpassed, 

The  next  in  majesty,  in  both  the  last. 

The  force  of  nature  could  no  farther  go; 

To  make  a third  she  joined  the  other  two.  Dryden. 

ro'ET-AP-TJJK,  n.  A petty  poet ; a rhymester. 

Horace  hath  exposed  those  trifling  poetasters.  Felton. 

PO'f.T-AS-TItY,  n.  Mean  poetry.  Ec.  Rev. 

PO'gT-ESS,  71.  A female  poet.  Bp.  Hall. 

PO-ET'IC,  )a  [Gr.  roir/TuPis ; L.  poeticus ; It. 

PO-ET'I-CAL,  S <y  Sp.  poetico  ; Fr . poetiqued] 

1.  Pertaining,  or  suitable,  to  poetry.  “ Mat- 
ters historical  and  poetical.”  Hackluyt. 

2.  Expressed  in  poetry.  “ The  moral  of  that 

poetical  fiction.”  Hale. 

PO-ET'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a poetical  manner  ; with 
the  qualities  of  poetry  ; by  poetry.  Drgden. 

PO-ET'ICS,  71.  pi.  That  branch  of  criticism  which 
treats  of  the  nature  and  laws  of  poetry  ; the 
doctrine  of  poetry.  Wartoti. 

PO'ET-IZE,  v.n.  [Fr.  poetiserd]  To  write  poe- 
try ; to  compose  verses ; to  versify.  Dontic. 

PO'f.T— LAU'RE-ATE,  n.  The  court-poet  of  Eng- 
land.— See  Laureate.  Southey. 

PO-IJT— MU-^P'CIAN,  n.  One  who  is  both  poet 
and  musician.  Clarke. 

f PO'pT-RESS,  n.  [L.  poetrisd]  A poetess. 

“ Most  peerless  poetress.”  Spenser. 

PO'IJ-TRY,  n.  [OldFr . poetcrie.) 

1.  A composition  in  metrical  language,  pro- 
duced or  embellished,  more  or  less,  by  a crea- 
tive imagination,  the  end  of  which  is  to  afford  in- 
tellectual pleasure,  by  exciting  elevated,  agree- 
able, or  pathetic  emotions  ; composition  uniting 
fiction  and  metre  ; verse  ; metrical  composition. 

The  end  of  poetry  is  to  please;  and  the  name,  we  think,  is 
strictly  applicable  to  every  metrical  composition  from  whieh 
we  derive  pleasure  without  any  laborious  exercise  of  the  un- 
derstanding. Jeffrey. 

Poetry  is  not  the  proper  antithesis  to  prose,  but  to  science. 
Poetry  is  opposed  to  science,  and  prose  to  metre.  . . . The 
proper  and  immediate  objeet  of  science  is  the  acquirement  or 
communication  of  truth;  the  proper  and  immediate  object  of 
poetry  is  the  communication  of  pleasure.  Coleridge. 

The  art  of  poetry  is  to  touch  the  passions,  and  its  duty  to 
lead  them  on  the  side  of  virtue.  Cowper. 

2.  The  art  or  the  practice  of  writing  verse. 

H£g=-  As  respects  the  subject,  ■poetry  is  divided  into 

pastorals , satires,  elegies,  epigrams,  Air.  ; as  respects 
tlie  manner  or  form  of  representation,  into  epic,  lyric, 
and  dramatic  poetry,  &c.  ; as  respects  the  verse,  into 
blank  verse  and  rhyme.  Davis. 

PO'ET-SIlIP,  n.  The  state  of  a poet.  Cowper. 

f PO'IJT-SUCK'ER,  n.  A sucking  or  immature 
poet.  [A  ludicrous  word.]  B.  Jonsoti. 

POG'GY,  n.  A marine  fish.  — See  Porgy.  Ilale. 


POH,  inter y.  An  exclamation  of  contempt  or 

aversion  ; pshaw  ; pish.  Johnson. 

PO-HA'GIJN.-m.  (Ich.)  See  Pauhagen.  Bartlett. 

||  POIG'NAN-CY  (pol'nan-se),  n.  1.  The  quality 
of  being  poignant ; sharpness  ; keenness  ; sever- 
ity. “ Delicate  poignaticy  of  . . . wit.”  Byrom. 

2.  Power  of  stimulating  the  palate.  Swift. 

||  POIG'NANT  (poi'nant)  [pih'nant,  IF.  P.  E.  Ja. 
Sm.  R.  C.  ; pwbi'njnt,  S.  J.  F.],  a.  [Fr.  poi- 
gnatit,  from  L.  pungo,  pungens,  to  prick.] 

1.  Sharp  ; piercing ; penetrating  ; severe  ; in- 
tense. “ Poignant  pain.”  Norris. 

2.  Keen;  pointed;  irritating;  satirical. 

There  are  to  whom  too  poignant  I appear, 

Beyond  the  laws  of  satire  too  severe.  Francis. 

3.  Stimulating  to  the  organs  of  taste  ; acrid  ; 

pungent.  “ Poignant  sauces.”  Locke. 


||  POIG'NANT-LY  (pbi'nanr-le),  ad.  In  a poignant 
manner  ; sharply  ; keenly  ; satirically.  Todd. 

POI'KI-LlTE,  71.  [Gr.  -oikUos,  variegated.]  (Geol.) 
The  new  red-sandstone.  Clarke. 

POI-KI-LIT'IC,  a.  (Geol.)  Applied  to  the  new 
red-sandstone  formation.  Braude. 

POIND'ING,  7i.  [Scot,  poind,  to  distrain.]  ( Scot- 
tish Law.)  A diligence  or  process  by  which  the 
property  of  a debtor’s  movables  is  transferred  to 
a creditor.  Erskine. 

POINT,  n.  [L.  punctum;  pungo,  punctus,  to 
prick  ; It.  tf  Sp.  punta,  punto  ; Fr.  pointed) 

1.  The  sharp  end  of  any  thing. 

Doubts  if  he  wielded  not  a wooden  spear, 

Without  a point;  he  looked,  the  point  was  there.  Dryden. 

A pyramid  reversed  may  stand  for  a while  upon  its  point , 
if  balanced  by  admirable  skill.  Temple. 

2.  Any  thing,  part,  or  figure  gradually  dimin- 
ishing in  breadth  or  diameter  to  a sharp  end ; 
as,  “The  points  of  a backgammon  board.” 

3.  An  ornamental  tag  affixed  to  the  end  of  a 

ribbon  used  in  the  fifteenth  and  sixteenth  cen- 
turies for  tying  an  article  of  dress  upon  the 
person.  Shak.  Fairholt. 

4.  A steel  instrument  used  by  engravers  for 

tracing  their  designs.  Brande. 

5.  A piece  of  land,  narrow  at  the  end,  extend- 

ing into  the  sea  or  other  body  of  water  ; a small 
cape.  Addison. 

6.  A small  space.  “ Point  of  land.”  Prior. 

7.  The  switch  of  a railway.  Simmonds. 

8.  An  indivisible  part  of  time  ; a moment. 
“When  time’s  first  point  begun.”  Davies. 

9.  Part  of  time  next  or  nearest ; exact  mo- 
ment. “ At  the  point  of  death.”  Shak. 

10.  Exact  place  ; station  ; stage. 

They  follow  Nature  in  their  desires,  carrying  them  no  far- 
ther than  she  directs,  and  leaving  off  at  the  point  at  which 
excess  would  grow  troublesome.  Addison. 

11.  Punctilio;  nicety.  “ Helps  to  their  stud- 
ies of  poitits  of  precedence.”  Selden. 

Shalt  thou  dispute 
With  God  the  points  of  liberty,  who  made 
Thee  what  thou  art.  Milton. 

12.  Degree  or  state  ; grade  ; measure. 

Few  are  placed  in  extraordinary  points  of  splendor.  Addison. 

The  highest  jioint  outward  things  can  bring  one  unto  is 
the  contentment  of  the  mind.  Sidyey. 

13.  A sentence  or  turn  of  expression  which 
awakens  attention  or  wounds  ; the  sting  of  an 
epigram. 

With  periods,  points , and  tropes  he  slurs  his  crimes.  Dryden. 

14.  A spot.  “ The  ace  or  sise point.”  Johnson. 

15.  f A note  or  tune. 

Turning  your  tongue  divine 
To  a loud  trumpet  and  a point  of  war.  Shak. 

16.  A term  formerly  applied  to  lace  wrought 

with  the  needle; — now  sometimes  applied  to 
lace  woven  with  bobbins.  London  Eticy, 

17.  The  particular  place  to  which  any  thing 
is  directed,  or  the  particular  direction  in  which 
any  thing  is  viewed. 

The  poet  intended  to  set  the  character  of  Arete  in  a fair 
point  of  light.  Broome , 

18.  Particular  respect  ; single  thing  or  sub- 
ject. “ In  point  of  fact.”  Swift. 

With  the  history  of  Moses  no  book  in  the  world,  in  point 
of  antiquity,  can  contend.  Tillotson. 

This  letter  is.  in  every  point,  an  admirable  pattern  of  the 
present  polite  way  of  writing.  Swift, 

19.  The  art  of  aiming  or  striking.  “What  a 

point  your  falcon  made  ! ” Shak. 

20.  Aim  ; purpose  ; thing  desired  or.  required. 

“You  gain  your  point.”  Roscommon. 

21.  A single  position  or  assertion  ; a single 
part  of  a complicated  question  ; question.- 

Strange  point  and  new ! 

Doctrine  which  we  would  know  whence  learned.  Milton. 

The  gloss  produccth  instances  that  are  neither  pertinent 
nor  prove  the  point.  Baker. 

22.  Condition  of  body. 

A lord  full  fat  and  in  good  point , Chaucer. 

23.  One  of  the  qualities  or  properties  in  re- 

gard to  shape,  symmetry,  color,  appearance,  &c., 
on  which  the  excellence  of  horses  or  cattle  de- 
pends. Farm.  Eticy. 

24.  (Naut.)  A flat  piece  of  cordage  tapering 

from  the  middle  towards  each  end,  passed 
through  the  sail  in  a horizontal  row  with  others, 
for  the  purpose  of  reefing  it.  Mar.  Diet. 

25.  (Her.)  An  ordinary  somewhat  resembling 

the  pile,  but  issuing  from  "the  base  of  the  escutch- 
eon instead  of  from  the  chief.  Brande. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RllLE.  — g,  <?,  9,  g,  soft;  i C,  G,  j,  g,  hard ; § as  z;  JC  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


POINT 


109G 


POIZE 


26.  (Gram.)  A character  used  to  mark  the 

divisions  of  a discourse  or  writing,  as  the  com- 
ma (,),  the  semicolon  (;),  the  colon  (:),  the  pe- 
riod (.),  the  note  of  admiration  (!),  the  note  of 
interrogation  (?)  ; a stop;  a mark  of  punctua- 
tion : — a name  applied  also  to  a character  used 
to  denote  a vowel  sound,  as  the  vowel  -points  un- 
der Hebrew  letters.  Pope. 

27.  (Mus.)  A dot  or  mark  anciently  used  to 
distinguish  tones  or  sounds  : — a dot  placed 
after  a note  to  prolong  its  time  one  half.  Moore. 

28.  (Geom.)  That  which  has  position  without 
length,  breadth,  or  thickness. 

The  extremities  of  a limited  line  are  points.  Davies. 

29.  (Astron.)  A certain  place  marked  in  the 
heavens. 

points  where  the  equator  and  ecliptic 
intersect  are  called  the  equinoctial  points  ; that  where 
the  sun  ascends  towards  the  north  pole  is  called  the 
vernal  point',  and  that  where  he  descends  towards  the 
south,  the  autumnal  point.  The  highest  and  lowest 
points  of  the  ecliptic  are  called  solstitial  points.”  Alar. 
Diet. 

30.  (Geog.  & Aav.)  One  of  the  thirty-two 

parts  into  which  the  great  circle  of  the  horizon 
and  the  compass  are  divided.  Mar.  Diet. 

X&r* “ Each  has  a particular  name  indicating  its 
place  with  reference  to  the  four  principal  or  cardinal 
points , viz.,  the  north,  south,  east,  and  west  points.” 
Brande. 

31.  (Persp.)  A particular  pole  or  place  with 
reference  to  the  perspective  plane.  Loncl.  Ency. 

32.  (Laio.)  A proposition  or  a question  in  a 

case.  Bouvier. 

Acting  point , (Physics.)  the  exact  spot  at  which  any 
impulse  is  given.  — Conjugate  pointy  (Alath.)  a point 
of  a curve  which  has  no  consecutive  points. — Point 
of  contact,  the  point  of  a given  line  at  which  tangency 
takes  place. — Point  of  concurrence,  a point  common 
to  two  lines,  but  not  a point  of  tangency  or  of  inter- 
section. — Point  of  contrary  flexure,  or  point  of  inflec- 
tion, a point  at  which  a curve,  from  being  convex  to- 
wards a line  not  passing  through  it,  becomes  concave 
towards  the  same  line,  or  the  reverse. — Point  of  in- 
tersection, a point  in  which  two  lines  cross  each  other. 
Dories. — Point  of  horse,  (Alining.)  the  spot  where  a 
vein  is  divided  into  one  branch  or  more,  ft'ealc. — 
The  melting  ox  fusing  points  of  solids,  and  the  boiling 
and  freezing  points  of  liquids,  are  those  degrees  of  heat 
at  which  melting,  boiling,  and  freezing  respectively 
commence.  — Point  of  incidence,  the  place  where,  by 
striking  a resisting  or  refracting  surface,  the  motion 
is  changed  in  direction.  — Point  of  sight,  or  point  of 
view , (Perspective.)  the  point  at  which  if  the  eye  be 
placed,  the  picture  will  present  the  same  appearance 
as  the  object  itself  would  wore  the  picture  removed, 
or  the  point  from  which  the  object  is  actually  viewed, 
to  have  the  appearance  of  the  picture.  Davies. — Points 
of  support,  the  collected  areas  on  the  plan  of  the  piers, 
walls,  columns,  &c.,  on  which  an  edifice  rests.  Brande. 

Syn.  — See  Aim,  Show. 

POINT,  v.  a.  [It.  puntarc  ; Sp.  apuntar,  puntuar\ 
Old  Fr.  poincter ; Fr.  pointer, "]  [i,  pointed  ; 

pp.  POINTING,  POINTED.] 

1.  To  sharpen  to  a point ; to  make  pointed. 

When  to  my  breast  I lift  the  pointed  sword.  Dryden. 
Part  new  grind  the  blunted  axe  and  point  the  dart.  Dryden. 

2.  To  place  with  the  point  or  end  towards 

any  thing,  as  an  indication  or  aim  ; to  direct 
towards  any  thing  ; to  level.  “The  cannon  were 
pointed  against  the  fort.”  Johnson. 

A fixed  figure  for  the  time  of  scorn 

To  point  his  slow,  unmoving  finger  at.  Shah. 

3.  To  indicate  or  show  ; to  direct. ' 

Either  led  or  driven,  as  we  point  the  way.  Shah. 

4.  To  direct  the  eye,  notice,  or  attention  of. 

Whoever  should  be  guided  through  his  battles  by  Miner- 
va, and  pointed  to  every  scene  of  them,  would  see  nothing 
but  subjects  of  surprise.  Pope. 

5.  To  mark  or  distinguish  by  points  of  punc- 
tuation ; to  punctuate.  Knatchbull. 

6.  To  put  mortar  with  a trowel  in  the  joints 
or  crevices  of,  as  a stone  wall.  Simmonds. 

7-  To  give  a point  or  epigrammatic  force  to. 

lie  left  a name  at  which  the  world  grew  pale 

To  point  a moral  or  adorn  a tale.  Johnson. 

8.  f To  appoint.  Spenser. 

To  point  a rope,  (Want.)  to  work  the  end  of  a rope 
over  with  knittles. — To  point  a sail,  to  put  points 
through  the  eyelet  holes  of  the  reefs.  — To  point  a yard, 
to  hrace  a yard  sharp  up.  Mar.  Diet. 

POINT,  v.  n.  1.  To  direct  the  finger  for  designat- 
ing or  calling  attention  to  any  thing  ; — com- 
monly followed  by  at. 

Now  must  the  world  point  at  poor  Catherine, 

And  say,  Lo!  there  is  mad  Petruchio‘s  wife.  Shah. 


2.  To  indicate,  as  a sporting-dog. 

He  treads  with  caution,  and  he  points  with  fear.  Gay. 

3.  To  show  any  thing  distinctly  ; — with  at. 

To  point  at  what  time  the  balance  of  power  was  most 

equally  held  between  their  lords  and  commons,  in  Koine, 
would,  perhaps,  admit  a controversy.  Sivijt. 

4.  To  distinguish  or  divide  sentences  by 

points  ; to  punctuate.  Forbes. 

POINT'AL,  n.  ( Bot .)  A pistil,  [it,.]  Crabb. 

POINT-BLANK',  n.  [Fr.,  white  point.'] 

1.  The  white  or  central  point  of  a target. 

An  arrow  is  shot  to  the  point-blank,  or  white  mark.  Johnson. 

2.  (Gunnery.)  The  position  of  a cannon  or 

fire-arm  when  the  axis  of  the  bore  and  the  ob- 
ject arrived  at  are  in  the  same  plane,  which 
may  be  either  parallel  or  inclined  to  the  hori- 
zon. Glos.  of  Mil.  Terms. 

POINT'— BLANK,  a.  1.  In  a direct  line  with  the 
object  aimed  at.  Brande. 

Point-blank  range,  the  distance  at  which  a hall  from 
a gun,  fixed  at  point-blank,  will  hit  the  object  aimed 
at.  Gloss.  Mil.  Terms. 

2.  Direct.  Stilling  fleet. 

POINT'— BLANK,  ad.  In  a direct  line  with  the 

object ; directly.  L’ Estrange. 

POINT  D'APPUI  (pwSng'dSp'pwe),  n.  [Fr.,  point 

of  support.]  A rallving-point. 

f POlN  T — D£-\  ICE,  ) a Precise  or  nice  to  ex- 

f POINT'— DE-VI§E,  ) cess.  “ Such  insociable  and 
point-devise  companions.”  Shah. 

“ It  is  difficult  to  ascertain  the  origin  of  this 
phrase;  it  appears  like  French,  but  1 can  find  no  au- 
thority in  that  language  for  d point  devise,  though  it  is 
perfectly  analogous  to  a point  nomine,  which  is  a very 
current  form.  Mr.  Douce  refers  it  to  needle  work,  and 
mentions  point  lace  as  similar;  Mr.  Gifford  thinks  it 
must  have  been  a mathematical  phrase.”  Wares. 

POlNT’ED,  a.  1.  Having  a sharp  point ; peaked. 
“ A pointed,  flinty  rock.”  Dryden. 

2.  Directed  with  personality ; personal. Smart. 

3.  Having  epigrammatic  force  ; epigrammat- 

ical ; poignant.  “ Pointed  wit.”  Pope. 

POINT'fD-LY,  ad.  In  a pointed  manner.  Dryden. 

POINT ' p D-N fiSS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  pointed ; 
sharpness.  Dryden. 

POIN'TgL,  n.  [Fr.  pointilh  ; pointc,  a point.] 

X.  Something  on  a point.  Derham. 

2.  A kind  of  pencil  or  style,  — the  writing  im- 
plement of  the  middle  ages.  Fairholt. 

POlNT'ER,  n.  1.  One  who,  or  that  which,  points. 

2.  The  index-hand  of  a clock  or  a watch. 

3.  A graving-tool.  Simmonds. 

4.  (Zoul.)  A variety  of  sporting-dog,  trained 

to  stop  and  point  with  His  nose  to  the  place 
of  the  game  ; the  Cams  familiaris  avicularis  of 
Linnaeus.  Eng.  Cyc. 

5.  pi.  (Astron.)  The  two  stars  in  the  side  of 

the  Dipper  in  the  constellation  Ursa  Major ; — 
so  called  because  they  always  point  nearly  in  a 
right  line  with  the  pole-star.  Olmsted. 

POINTING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  points,  or 
the  state  of  being  pointed ; a sharpening.  Brande. 

2.  Punctuation. 

3.  (Masonry.)  The  act  of  filling  with  mortar 

the  crevices  of  a stone  wall : — mortar  used  to 
point  a wall.  Harris. 

PolNT'lNG— STOCK,  n.  An  object  of  ridicule  or 
scorn.  “ A wonder  and  a pointing -stock.”  Shale. 

POINT'— LACE,  n.  Fine  lace  wrought  with  the 
needle  instead  of  bobbins.  Simmonds. 

PolNT'LpSS,  a.  Having  no  point ; blunt ; not 
sharp ; obtuse.  Dryden. 

PolNT'LET-lJD,  a.  (Bot.)  Apiculate.  Hensloto. 

POINT’S'M  AN,  n.  A railway  officer  whose  duty 
it  is  to  shift  the  switches  or  movable  guiding- 
rails  on  the  approach  or  departure  of  trains, 
near  junction-lines  and  stations.  Simmonds. 

POI^E  (piilz),  n.  [Fr.  poids.  — W.  pwys.] 

1.  Weight,  gravity;  heaviness.  Spenser. 

2.  The  weight  or  mass  of  metal  used  in  weigh- 
ing with  the  steelyard.  Wright. 

3.  Balance;  equilibrium;  equipoise.  Bentley. 

4.  That  which  balances  ; a regulating  power. 

Men  of  an  unbounded  imagination  often  want  the  poise  of 
judgment.  Dryden.  I 


Pol§E  (piilz),  v.  a.  [L.  penso-,  It.  pesare ; Sp. 
pesar  ; Fr . peser.  — W . pwysan.]  [i.  poised  ; 
pp.  POISING,  POISED.] 

1.  To  balance ; to  hold  or  to  place  in  equilibri- 
um or  equiponderance. 

Nor  yet  was  earth  suspended  in  the  sky. 

Nor  poised  did  on  her  own  foundation  lie.  Dryden. 

2.  To  examine  or  ascertain,  as  by  the  balance  ; 

to  weigh.  South. 

3.  To  oppress  with  weight ; to  weigh  down. 

Lest  leaden  slumber  poise  me  down  to-morrow, 

When  I should  mount  with  wings  of  victory.  Shah. 

POISON  (piii'zn),  n.  [Sp.  ponzoha  ; Fr  .poison. — 
From  L.  potio,  a potion,  a drink.  Menage.) 

1.  Any  substance  which,  if  introduced  into 
the  animal  economy,  disturbs,  suspends,  or  de- 
stroys some  or  all  of  the  vital  functions;  ven- 
om ; virus.  “ Vegetable  poisons."  Dunglison. 

Like  him  that  knew  not  jioison's  power  to  kill, 

Until,  by  tasting  it,  himself  was  slain.  Davies. 

2.  Any  thing  infectious  or  malignant.  “ The 

poison  of  sin.”  Whole  Duty  of  Man. 

Syn.  — Poison  is  a general  term  ; and  it  may  he 
deadly  or  otherwise,  quick  or  slow,  in  its  operation  ; 
venom  is  an  active  and  malignant  poison. 

POl'^ON  (piii'zn),  v.  a.  [i.  POISONED  ; pp.  poi- 
soning, POISONED.] 

1.  To  infect  with  poison. 

Quivers,  and  bows,  and  poisoned  darts.  Roscommon. 

2.  To  attack,  injure,  or  kill  by  poison.  “ He 
poisoned  himself  and  died.”  2 Mace.  x.  13. 

3.  To  taint ; to  corrupt ; to  canker. 

Hast  thou  not 

With  thy  false  arts  poisoned  his  people's  loyalty?  Rowe. 

roI'tjON-A-BLE  (piil’zn-a-bl),  a.  That  may  be 
poisoned.  • Todd. 

POI'$ON-BULB  (piii'zn-),  n.  (Bot.)  A poisonous 
bulbous  plant ; Brunsvigia  toxicaria.  Loudon. 

POI'§ON-ER  (pbl'zn-er),  n.  One  who  poisons. 
POI'§ON-ER-ESS,  n.  A female  who  poisons. 

POI'SsON— FANG  (piii'zn-),  n.  One  of  the  superior, 
maxillary  teeth  of  certain  serpents,  which  con- 
vey venom  in  the  wounds  they  inflict.  Eng.  Cyc. 

f POI'SjON-FUL,  a.  Poisonous.  Dr.  White. 

POl'§ON— HEM'LOCK  (piii’zn-),  n.  (Bot.)  A bien- 
nial, poisonous  herb  of  the  genus  Conium,  with 
large  leaves  and  white  flowers;  Conium  macu- 
latum.  Gray. 

POI'^ON-ING  (piii'zn-Ing),  n.  The  act  of  giving 
poison.  “ Assassinations,  poisonings.”  Gray. 

POI'§ON-i'VY,  n.  (Bot.)  Poison-oak.  Gray. 

P01'§ON— NUT  (pbl'z.n-),  n.  (Bot.)  An  evergreen 
tree  bearing  poisonous  seeds  ; Strychnos  nux- 
vomica.  Loudon. 

Poi'^ON— OAK  (piii'zn-),?!.  (Bot.)  A poisonous, 
deciduous,  trailing  plant;  poison-ivy;  Rhus 
toxicodendron.  Gray. 

POI'ijON-OUS  (piil'zn-us),  a.  Containing  poison  ; 
having  the  qualities  of  poison.  Shah. 

POI'ljiON-OUS-EV  (pbl'zn-us-le),  ad.  As  with  poi- 
son ; venomously.  South. 

P01'§ON-OUS-NESS  (poi'zn-ns-nes),  n.  The  qual- 
ity of  being  poisonous.  Johnson. 

POF'$ON— SU'MAC  (-shu'mak),  n.  (Bot.)  A poi- 
sonous shrub  ; dogwood  ; Rhus  venenata.  Gray. 

POI'.jiON—  TAINT'pD,  a.  Tainted  or  infected  with 
poison.  “ Poison-tainted  air.”  Somerville. 

POI'§ON— TREE  (pol'zn-tre),  n.  (Bot.)  A poison- 
ous tree  or  plant.  Miller. 

f POISJ'HRE,  n.  Weight.  “ The  mere  quality  and 
poisure  of  goodness.”  Beau.  § FI. 

POl'TREL,  n.  [L.  peetorale  ; pectus,  pectoris,  the 
breast;  It.  pettorale  ; Fr.  poitrail.] 

1.  A breast-plate,  as  for  a horse  ; — also  writ- 
ten petrel,  and  pettrcl.  Skinner. 

2.  f A graving  tool,  or  pointel.  Ainsworth. 

POITRINE  (pwd'trln),  n.  [Fr.]  (Armor.)  The 
breastplate  of  a knight : — the  overlapping 
scales  or  sheets  of  metal  which  covered  the 
breast  of  a war-horse.  • Fairholt. 

POIZE,  7i.  See  Poise. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  0,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  0,  Y,  short,  A,  5,  I,  O,  V,  y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  II&IR,  HER; 


POKAL 


1097 


POLE 


PO-kAl'  , n.  [Ger.]  A tall  drinking-cup. 

“ The  term  is  probably  derived  from  the  Latin 
poculum .”  Fairliolt. 

POKE,  n.  [A.  S.  pocca,  poha  ; Dut.  pak,  a bun- 
dle; Icel.  poki,  a bag. — Mid.  L.  pochia;  Fr. 
poche.\  A pouch  ; a pocket ; a bag  ; a sack. 
“Two  pigs  in  a poke.”  Chaucer. 

POKE,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  pokes  ; a thrust 
or  push. 

2.  A lazy,  dawdling  person.  [Low.]  Bartlett. 
. 3.  ( Bot .)  An  herbaceous  plant  with  greenish- 
white  flowers  and  round,  dark-purple  berries  ; 
garget ; Phytolacca  decandra  : — a name  some- 
times applied  also  to  a perennial  herb,  with 
large  leaves,  growing  in  meadows  and  swamps  ; 
white  hellebore  ; Veratrum  viride.  Gray.  Wood. 

4.  A yoke  with  a pole  inserted,  put  on  the 
necks  of  unruly  animals.  [Local,  U.  S.] 

Bartlett. 

POKE,  v.  a.  [Of  uncertain  origin. — From  Fr. 

* pocher,  to  bruise,  as  the  eyes.  Richardson .]  [ i . 
POKED;  pp.  POKING,  POKED.] 

1.  To  push  or  thrust  forward,  as  the  hand,  a 

stick,  or  the  horns.  C.  Richardson. 

2.  To  feel  or  search  for,  as  in  the  dark  or  in 

a hole.  Browne. 

3.  To  put  a poke  on.  [Local, U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

To  poke  fun,  to  joke;  to  make  fun.  [Vulgar.]  Judd. 

— To  poke  fun  at,  to  joke  ; to  ridicule.  [Vulgar.]  J\Teul. 

POKE,  v.  n.  To  grope,  or  feel  or  push  one’s  way, 
as  in  the  dark. 

Hang  Homer  and  "Virgil;  their  meaning  to  seek, 

A man  must  have  poked,  into  Latin  and  Greek.  Prior. 

POKE'— BON-NJJT,  n.  A long,  straight  bonnet, 
much  worn  by  Quakers  and  Methodists.  Bartlett. 

POKE  —IiOV,  ) n a person  engaged  in  bag- 

POKE'— PULL-ER,  ) ging  hops.  Simmonds. 

POK'JgR,  n.  1.  He  who,  or  that  which,  pokes. 

2.  An  iron  bar  for  stirring  the  fire.  Swift. 

3.  A long  iron  bar  used  for  driving  hoops  on 

masts  ; — also  called  driver.  Mar.  Diet. 

PoK'ER,  n.  [Dan.  pokker,  the  devil.  — W.  pivea, 
a hobgoblin.] 

1.  A frightful  object;  a bugbear.  [Vulgar, 
U.  S.] 

2.  A game  at  cards,  much  practised  in  the 

southern  parts  of  the  U.  S.  Bartlett. 

POK'ER-ISII,  a.  Frightful ; causing  fear,  espe- 
cially to  childrefl.  [Colloquial,  U.  S.]  Dr.  Mott. 

PO'KfR-PICT'URE,  n.  An  imitation  of  a bistre- 
washed  drawing,  executed  by  singeing  the  sur- 
face of  white  wood  with  a heated  poker. 

POKE'WEED,  n.  {Bot.)  The  common  name  of 
plants  of  the  genus  Phytolacca.  Gray. 

rOK'ING,  a.  Drudging;  servile.  [Low.]  Gray. 

POK'ING— STICK,  n.  An  instrument  anciently 

used  to  adjust  the  plaits  of  ruffs.  Middleton. 

PO-LAC ' CA, n.  [It.]  1.  A polacre.  Brande. 

2.  A Polish  air  and  dance  ; polonaise.  Dwight. 

t PO'LACK,  n.  A Pole  ; a Polander.  Shah. 

PO-LA  ' CRE  (po-li'ker)  [po-la'ker,  K.  Sm.;  po'la- 
ker,  Ja.  Todd,  Rees ; pn-Ia'ker,  Wb.  Barclay ],  n. 
[It .polacca  ; Sp.  polacre  ; Fr.  polacre,  polaque. ~) 
{Naut.)  A vessel,  common  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean, with  three  masts,  each  usually  formed  of 
one  piece,  and  having  square  sails  on  the  main- 
mast, and  lateen  sails  on  the  fore  and  mizzen  ; — 
also  written  polacca,  and  polaque.  Mar.  Diet. 

PO'LAND-JJR,  n.  ( Geog .)  A Pole.  Narcs. 

PO-lAque  ' (po-lik'),  n.  [Fr.]  A polacre.  Bower. 

PO'LAR,  a.  [It.  polar e ; Sp.  polar  ; Fr.  polaire.} 

1.  Pertaining  to,  or  near,  the  pole  or  poles. 

2.  Issuing,  or  proceeding  from,  the  regions 

near  the  pole.  “ Polar  winds.”  Milton. 

Polar  circles,  ( Astron .)  two  parallels  of  latitude 
whose  planes  pass  through  the  poles  of  the  ecliptic  at 
the  distance  of  23’  28'  from  the  pole  of  the  earth. — 
Polar  clock,  an  optical  apparatus  for  ascertaining  the 
hour  of  the  day  from  tiie  polarization  of  solar  light. 
— Polar  coordinates,  {Math.)  a system  of  coordinates 
for  determining  the  position  of  any  point  in  a plane, 
or  in  space,  by  reference  to  a fixed  point  and  a fixed 
direction.  They  consist  of  a variable  distance  called 
the  radius  vector,  and  one  variable  angle  in  a plane, 
or  two  variable  angles  in  space.  Eliot.  — Polar  dis- 
tance, the  distance  of  any  circle  of  a sphere  from  its 


pole,  measured  on  a great  circle  passing  through  the 
pole  of  the  circle  ; also  the  distance  of  a point  on  the 
surface  of  a sphere  from  the  pole  of  the  sphere,  meas- 
ured on  a great  circle  passing  through  the  point  and 
the  polo.  Davies.  — Polar  projection , a representation 
of  the  earth  or  the  heavens  projected  on  the  plane  of 
a polar  circle.  Brande.  Olmsted. 

PO  LAR— BeAr,  n.  {Zoi/l.)  A species  of  bear  in- 
habiting the  arctic  regions  ; Thalarctos  mariti- 
mus  — See  Beak.  " Baird. 

Pol'AR-jL'HY,  n.  See  Polyarchy.  Evanson. 

f PO'LA-RI-LY,  ad.  Towards  a pole.  Browne. 

PO-LAR-I  M'£-T£R,  n.  [Eng.  polar  and  Gr . pirpon, 
a measure.]  {Physics.)  A polariscope.  JS'ic/tol. 

PO-LA  R'l-SCOPE,  n.  [Eng.  polar  and  Gr.  okouIui, 
to  view.]  {Opt.)  An  instrument  variously  con- 
structed for  polarizing  light  and  testing  or  ana- 
lyzing its  properties.  Its  essential  parts  are 
the  polarizer  and  the  analyzer.  Brewster. 

“ Every  such  instrument  consists  of  a polarizer 
and  an  analyzer ; the  former  polarizes  the  ray,  the  lat- 
ter discerns  that  it  is  polarized,  and  enables  us  to  trace 
its  characteristics.”  JYtcliol. 

PO-LAR'j-TY,  n.  [It.  polarith ; Fr . polaritef] 

1.  {Physics.)  A term  used  to  designate  oppo- 
site or  dissimilar  properties  or  powers  simulta- 
neously developed  by  a common  cause  in  oppo- 
site or  contrasted  parts,  as  in  the  extremities  of 
a magnet,  or  in  the  sides  of  a polarized  ray  of 
light,  situated  respectively  in  the  plane  of  polar- 
ization and  the  plane  perpendicular  to  it. 

2.  The  tension  or  state  of  tension  of  the 
electrolytic  and  metallic  conductors  of  a voltaic 
or  other  electric  circuit,  in  virtue  of  which  the 
compound  molecules  of  the  electrolyte  are  ar- 
ranged in  alternations  of  dissimilar  elements  or 
components,  and  the  molecules  of  the  metallic 
conductors  assume  a new  condition  and  acquire 
new  properties,  as  a transverse  power  of  attrac- 
tion and  repulsion,  magnetizing  power,  power 
of  inducing  electric  currents,  &c.  ■ Faraday. 

PSF  An  iron  bar  acquires  polarity  by  magnetism, 
and,  when  freely  suspended  from  its  centre  of  gravity, 
arranges  itself  in  the  magnetic  meridian,  and  points 
to  the  magnetic  poles  of  the  earth.  When  light  is 
supposed  to  consist  of  material  particles  from  the  sun, 
it  is  necessary,  in  order  to  explain  certain  phenomena 
of  optics,  to  assume  that  the  particles  are  endowed 
with  polarity , which  merely  signifies  that  different 
sides  of  a particle  have  different  physical  properties. 
Brande.  — See  POLARIZATION. 

PO-LAR-IZ'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  polarized; 
susceptible  of  polarization.  Phil.  May. 

PO-LAR-I-ZA'TION,  n.  [It.  polarizzazione  ; Fr. 
polarisation .]  {Optics.)  The  influence  or  ac- 
tion by  which  a ray  of  light,  when  reflected 
from  a polished  plate  of  any  transparent  sub- 
stance at  a certain  angle,  or  when  transmitted 
through  a thin  plate  of  tourmaline,  cut  parallel 
to  the  crystallographic  axis,  in  a plane  perpen- 
dicular to  that  axis,  or  when  transmitted 
through  a doubly  refracting  crystal,  or  when 
submitted  to  various  other  influences,  becomes 
endowed  with  opposite  or  dissimilar  properties 
in  two  planes,  perpendicular  to  each  other,  — in 
virtue  of  which  difference  it  is  said  to  have 
sides,  to  possess  polarity,  to  be  polarized;  — a 
term  used  to  designate  the  peculiar  properties 
of  polarized  light ; — a branch  of  optics  which 
treats  of  the  phenomena  of  polarized  light.  — 
See  Polarized.  Lloyd. 

Angle  of  polarization.  See  Polarizing  Angle. 
— Plane  of  polarization,  the  plane  of  primitive  inci- 
dence or  reflection  of  a ray  of  light  polarized  by  sim- 
ple reflection  ; the  plane  in  which  a polarized  ray  is 
susceptible  of  complete  reflection  ; the  plane  perpen- 
dicular to  the  tourmaline  plate  which,  when  the  plate 
extinguishes  the  polarized  ray,  is  parallel  to  the  axis 
of  the  plate,  and  which,  when  the  plate  transmits  the 
polarized  ray  with  maximum  intensity,  is  perpendic- 
ular to  that  axis.  Powell.  — Circular  polarization  and 
elliptical  polarization,  modifications  acquired  by  plane 
polarized  light  incident  perpendicularly  on  Fresnel’s 
rhomb  (see  Rhomb),  internally  reflected  by  two  op- 
posite sides  in  succession,  and  perpendicularly  emer- 
gent at  the  other  end  ; the  light  beiv.g  circularly  po- 
larized when  the  inclination  of  the  plane  of  polari- 
zation of  the  incident  ray  to  the  plane  of  reflection  is 
45°,  and  elliptically  polarized  when  the  inclination  is 
greater  or  less  than  45°.  These  modifications  are  ac- 
quired also  in  several  other  ways.  Light  circularly 
or  elliptically  polarized  is  reconverted  into  plane  po- 
larized light  by  being  transmitted,  as  before,  through 
Fresnel’s  rhomb.  Lloyd.  — Magnetic  circular  polari- 
zation, circular  polarization  impressed  on  plane  polar- 


ized light  by  certain  transparent  solids  and  liquids 
under  the  influence  of  a powerful  electro-magnet  or 
of  a helix  traversed  by  a powerful  electric  current. 
Faraday. — Rotatory  polarization,  a modification  ac- 
quired by  plane  polarized  light  on  being  transmitted 
perpendicularly  through  a plale  of  rock  crystal  cut  at 
riglit  angles  to  the  optical  axis,  in  virtue  of  which  tiie 
plane  of  polarization  is  turned  or  deviated  thromdi  a 
certain  angle  proportional  to  the  thickness  of  the  plate, 
and  becomes,  as  it  were,  a twisted  surface  of  double 
curvature  ; acquired  also  by  transmission  through 
certain  liquids.  Powell. — Colored  polarization,  a term 
used  to  designate  tiie  chromatic  phenomena  developed 
by  the  interferences  of  polarized  light.  Pereira. 

PO'LAR-IZE,  v.  a.  [Fr.  polariscr.]  \i.  polar- 
ized; pp.  polarizing,  POLARIZED.]  To  de- 
velop polarity  in ; to  endow  with  opposite  or 
dissimilar  properties  in  opposite  or  contrasted 
parts. 

All  reflecting  substances  arc  capable  of  j olarizing  light,  if 
incident  at  proper  angles.  Braude. 

Pu'LAR-IZED. p.  a.  Having  opposite  or  dissimi- 
lar powers  or  properties  in  opposite  or  in  con- 
trasted parts ; having  polarity.  — See  Polarity. 

Polarized  light,  or  plane  polarized  light,  light,  having, 
among  others,  the  three  following  characteristic  prop- 
erties : 1.  If  it  is  incident  on  a piate  of  glass,  or  other 
transparent  substance,  at  the  polarizing  angle,  and 
the  plane  of  incidence  coincides  with  the  plane  of  po- 
larization, it  is  wholly  reflected  ; but  if  the  plane  of 
incidence  is  perpendicular  to  the  plane  of  polarization, 
it  is  wholly  transmitted-  In  intermediate  planes  and 
at  other  angles  of  incidence,  it  is  partially  reflected 
and  partially  transmitted.  2.  If  the  polarized  ray  is 
incident  perpendicularly  on  a thin  plate  of  tourmaline 
cut  parallel  to  the  crystallographic  axis,  and  that  axis 
is  coincident  with  or  parallel  to  the  plane  of  polari- 
zation, the  ray  is  wholly  intercepted  ; but  if  the  axis 
is  perpendicular  to  the  plane  of  polarization,  the  ray 
is  transmitted  witli  maximum  intensity.  3.  The  po- 
larized ray  gives,  on  being  transmitted  through  a 
doubly  refracting  crystal,  only  one  image,  when  the 
principal  section  (see  Section)  of  the  crystal  is  par- 
allel or  perpendicular  to  the  plane  of  polarization, 
while  it  gives  two  images  of  inferior  and  varying  in- 
tensity in  all  other  positions.  Powell.  Pouillet. 

jBST  According  to  the  undulatory  theory,  plane  po- 
larized light  consists  in  a rapid  succession  of  waves 
of  ethereal  molecules,  in  which  the  vibrations  are 
rectilinear  and  transverse  to  the  direction  of  propaga- 
tion, and  are  performed  in  one  and  the  same  plane, 
while  in  common  light  the  vibrations  are  performed 
in  different  planes.  All  these  planes  are  parallel  to 
the  direction  of  propagation.  In  the  circularly  polar- 
ized ray,  the  ethereal  molecules  vibrate  or  revolve  in 
circles  whose  planes  are  perpendicular  to  the  direction 
of  propagation  ; and,  in  the  elliptically  polarized  ray, 
in  ellipses  whose  major  axes  are  perpendicular  to  the 
direction  of  propagation,  and  all  in  the  same  plane. 

Oppositely  or  rectangularly  polarized,  applied  to  two 
rays  or  portions  of  polarized  light  whose  planes  of 
polarization  are  at  right  angles  to  each  other. 

PO'LAR-IZ-f  R,  n.  {Opt.)  The  part  of  the  polar- 
iscope by  which  light  is  polarized  ; — distin- 
guished from  analyzer,  the  part  by  which  the 
properties  of  the  polarized  light  are  analyzed. 

PO'LAR-fZ-lNG,  a.  Developing  polarity  in  ; ca- 
pable of  endowing  with  polarity. 

Polarizing  angle,  (Opt.)  tiie  angle  of  incidence,  dif- 
ferent for  different  transparent  substances,  at  which 
light  acquires  maximum  polarity  by  simple  reflection  ; 
angle  of  polarization.  The  polarizing  angle  for  glass 
is  5G°  45',  and  for  every  transparent  substance  its  tan- 
gent is  equal  to  the  index  of  refraction. 

PO'LA-RY,  a.  Tending  to,  or  having  direction 
towards,  a pole.  Broivne. 

POL'llER,  n.  [Dut.]  In  Flanders,  a very  fertile 
tract  of  land  reclaimed  from  the  sea  by  embank- 
ments. P.  Cyc. 

POLD'WAY,  n.  A kind  of  coarse  sacking.  Wealc. 

POLE,  7i.  [Gr.  nul.os,  a pivot,  an  axis,  a pole  ; no- 
Uio,  to  turn  round  ; L.  polits  ; It.  St  Sp.  polo  ; 
Fr.  pole.  — Dut.  pool ; Ger.,  Dan.,  S;  Sw.  po /.] 

1.  One  of  the  extremities  of  an  axis  of  rota- 
tion of  a sphere  or  a spheroid.  Brande. 

2.  {Geog.)  One  of  the  extremities  of  the  axis 

of  the  earth ; a point  ninety  degrees  from  the 
equator.  Milton. 

3.  {Astron.)  One  of  the  extremities  of  the 

axis  of  the  celestial  sphere.  Herschel. 

4.  The  heavens  ; the  sky. 

Befriend  me.  Night,  best  patroness  of  grief; 

Over  the  jtole  thy  thickest  mantle  throw.  Milton. 

5.  {Physics.)  One  of  the  opposite  extremities 
or  contrasted  parts  in  which  opposite  or  dissim- 


MiEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RlJLE. 
138 


■<?>  (?>  ?>  &>  soft;  E,  G,  c,  1,  hard;  ^ as  z;  JC  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


POLE 


1098 


POLISH-POWDER 


ilar  properties  are  simultaneously  developed  by 
a common  cause,  or  which  possess  polarity. 

The  pole a of  a magnet  are  the  opposite  points  in  which  the 
magnetic  force  is  collected.  Brande. 

Magnetic  pole,  one  of  the  points  on  the  earth  towards 
which  the  magnetic  needle  points,  or  where  the  in- 
tensity of  the  magnetic  force  is  a maximum,  and 
above  which  the  dipping  needle  is  vertical.  Sabine. 
Mrs.  Somerville.  — Pole  of  a circle  of  a sphere,  one  of 
the  points  in  which  a diameter  of  the  sphere,  perpen- 
dicular to  the  plane  of  the  circle,  pierces  the  surface  of 
the  sphere.  P.  Cyc.  Davies.  — Pule  of  a glass,  ( Opt.) 
the  thickest  part  of  a convex  lens,  or  the  thinnest  part 
of  a concave  lens,  which,  when  the  lens  is  truly 
ground,  is  exactly  in  the  middle  of  its  surface.  Hatton. 

Poles  of  maximum  cold,  two  points  on  the  surface  of 

the  earth,  in  each  hemisphere,  of  the  least  mean  annual 
temperature,  the  two  in  the  northern  hemisphere 
being  situated,  one  in  west  longitude  from  Green- 
wich 100°,  and  in  80’  north  latitude,  with  a mean 
temperature  of  — 3^°  Fahrenheit, — and  the  other 
being  situated  in  east  longitude  95’,  and  in  80°  north 
latitude,  with  a mean  temperature  of  P Fahrenheit, 
and  each  surrounded  by  isothermal  lines  in  returning 
curve  lines.  Brewster. — Poles  of  the  voltaic  battery. 
See  Voltaic.  — Poles  of  the  ecliptic,  (Bstron.)  two 
opposite  points  in  the  celestial  sphere  90’  distant  from 
the  plane  of  the  ecliptic. 

POLE,  n.  [Gr.< l>A).ns,  or  <palijs',  L.  palus  ; It.  &:  Sp. 
p di ; Fr.  pale. — A.  S.  pil ; Dot.  pact!.-,  Ger. 
pfahl;  Dan.  peel ; S w.  pale. — W.  pawl ; Gael. 
poll.  — See  Pale.] 

1.  A long  staff  or  stake  ; a long,  slender  piece 

of  wood.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  A staff  to  measure  with.  Bacon. 

3.  A measure  of  length  equal  to  sixteen  and 

one  half  feet;  a rod  ; a perch.  Mortimer. 

4.  The  shaft  of  a cart  or  wagon  ; thill. 

Bare  poles,  (Naut.)  poles  or  masts  having  the  sails 
all  furled.  Mar.  Diet. 


POLE,  n.  (Geog.)  A native  or  an  inhabitant  of 
Poland ; a Polander. 

POLE,  V.  a.  [».  POLED  ; pp.  POLING,  POLED.] 

1.  To  furnish  with  poles  for  support.  “To 

pol;  your  hops.”  Mortimer. 

2.  To  carry  on  or  with  poles,  as  hay.  Smart. 

3.  To  push  along  by  a pole  or  poles,  as  a boat. 


POLE'— AXE,  n.  A weapon  combining  a hatchet, 
pike,  and  serrated  hammer,  much  used  bv  cav- 
alry in  the  fifteenth  century.  Fairholt. 

One  hung  a pole-axe  at  his  saddle  bow.  Dri/dcn. 


POLE'CAT,  n.  [Supposed  to  be  a corruption  of 
Polish  cat ; but  this  seems  to  be  not  much  bet- 
ter than  a guess.  Eng.  Cyc.]  ( Zoiil .)  A digiti- 
grade,  carnivo- 
rous quadruped 
of  the  family 
Miiitelidee,  or 
weasels,  of  which 
there  are  several 

species  in  va-  Polecat  Wmel*  putorPo). 

rious  countries, 

all  of  which  diffuse  a most  disagreeable  odor. 


European  polecat,  Miistela  putorius  of  Linmeus,  the 
fur  nf  which  is  known  under  the  name  of  (itch  ; the 
filcliet,  or  fitchet  weasel.  — Nnrtli-American  polecat, 
the  minx  ; Mastela  oison  of  Gmeliu.  “ The  polecat  of 
the  North  American  rivers,  to  which  the  name  of 
mine  has  been  transferred.”  Eng.  Cyc. 


POLE'— CLTpT,  a.  Clipt  on  a pole,  as  a vine. 
“ Pole-clipt  vineyards.”  Shah. 


fPOLE'DA-VY,  n.  A coarse  cloth  or  canvas. 

Your  poledavy  wares  will  not  do  for  me.  Bowel. 

POLE'— E-VJL,  n.  See  Poll-evil. 


POLE'— LATHE,  n.  A lathe  turned  by  passing  a 
cord  round  the  substance  to  be  turned,  and 
fastening  one  end  to  the  treadle,  and  the  other 
end  to  an  elastic  pole  fixed  above.  Francis. 

POL'  5-M‘ilt£H,  n.  [Gr.  izolepao^oc  ',  TtbXtpoe,  war, 
and  apxm,  to  command  ; Fr.  polemarche .]  (Gr. 
Ant.)  Originally,  an  officer  intrusted  either  with 
the  command  of  an  army  abroad,  or  the  super- 
intendence of  the  war  department  at  home,  and 
sometimes  with  both,  — at  a later  period,  an 
officer  on  whom  devolved  the  protection  and 
superintendence  of  resident  aliens.  IF.  Smith. 

POLE'— MAST,  n.  ( Naut .)  A mast  formed  of  a 
single  tree.  Crabb. 

PO-LEM'IC,  n.  A disputant ; a controversialist. 

Each  stanch  2>olemic,  stubborn  as  a rock.  Pope. 


PO-LEM'IC,  ? [Gr.  ttoZ{iaik6$,  warlike  ; no- 

PO-LEM'I-CAL,  ) war  ; It.  Sp.  polemico  ; 

Fr.  poUmique .]  Controversial  ; disputative  ; 

disputatious.  “ Polemic  discourses.”  Fell. 

Polemic,  at  present,  according  to  the  popular  usage,  has 
some  tuutustic,  inalienable  connection  with  controversial 
theology.  be  Quince!/. 

PO-LfiM'ICS,  n.  jjI.  Controversy  or  disputation, 
especially  on  theological  subjects.  Fc.  llev. 

POL'f-MlST,  n.  [Gr.  Ttoltpiarris,  a warrior.]  A 
controversialist ; a polemic.  Nichols.  Qu.  Rev. 

PO-LEM'O-SCOPE,  n.  [Gr.  ndl.ipo ;,  war,  and  <jko- 
rtw,  to  view.]  (Opt.)  A kind  of  oblique  per- 
spective glass  for  seeing  objects  which  cannot 
be  seen  by  direct  vision.  Brande. 

fPOL'p-MY,  n.  [Gr.  Wf^ia.]  Contention;  op- 
position ; warfare.  Sir  E.  Dering. 

PO-LEAT' TA,  n.  [It.]  1.  In  Italy,  a sort  of  pud- 
ding made  of  Indian  corn-meal.  IF.  Ency. 

2.  In  France,  porridge  made  of  ground  chest- 
nuts and  milk.  Simmonds. 

POLE'STAR,  n.  1.  A star  near  the  celestial  pole, 
or  nearly  vertical  to  the  pole  of  the  earth  ; the 
polar  star  ; the  load  star  ; the  north  star. 

If  a pilot,  at  son,  cannot  see  the  polestar,  let  him  steer  his 
course  by  such  stars  ns  best  appear  to  him.  King  Charles. 

2.  A guide  ; a conductor  ; a director.  Mede. 

PO'LEY— GRASS,  n.  (Dot.)  A plant  of  the  genus 
Lythrum.  London  Ency. 

PO'LEY— MOUN'T AIN,  n.  [L.  polium  (Gr.  ir6hov), 
a strong-smelling  plant,  and  Eng.  mountain .] 
(Bot.)  A plant  of  the  genus  Teucrium,  or  ger- 
mander ; — also  written  holy-mountain.  Miller. 

PO'LI-AN-lTE,  n.  (Min.)  A crystallized  perox- 
ide of  manganese.  Branclc. 

PO-LICE'  (po-les'),  n.  [Gr.  itohirfla  ; vt5 he,  a city  ; 
L .politia;  It.  polizia;  Sp.  policia  ; Fr.  police.] 

1.  The  regulation  and  government  of  a city, 
town,  or  country,  so  far  as  regards  the  inhabit- 
ants, or  so  far  as  relates  to  the  maintenance  of 
good  order,  cleanliness,  health,  &c.  Bouvier. 

2.  A body  of  civil  officers  by  which  a city, 

town,  or  country  is  regulated.  Bouvier. 

PO-LICE'— CON'STA-BLE,  n.  An  ordinary  police- 
man. Simmonds. 

PO  LICED'  (pp-lest'),  a.  Policied.  [n.]  Bacon. 

PO-LICE'—  IN-SPECT'OR,  n.  An  inspector  or  su- 
perintendent of  police.  Simmonds. 

PO-LICE'— JU-RY,  n.  (Law.)  A name  given  to 
certain  officers  who  collectively  exercise  juris- 
diction in  certain  cases  of  police,  as  levying 
taxes,  &c.  [Louisiana,  U.  S.]  Bouvier. 

PO-LICE'— MA(J'IS-TRATE,  n.  A stipendiary  law- 
officer  who  presides  at  a police  court,  and  tries 
and  sentences  offenders  brought  before  him, 
upon  charges  preferred  by  the  police.  Simmonds. 

PO-LICE'MAN,  n. ; pi.  policemen.  One  of  the 
ordinary  police  ; a police-officer.  Ec.  Rev. 

PO-LICE'— OF'FI-Cf.R,  n.  An  officer  of  the  civil 
government ; a policeman.  Lewis. 

PO-LICE'— SER '([IE  ANT  (sir-  or  ser-),  n.  A supe- 
rior police-officer.  Simmonds. 

PO-LICE'— STA-TION,  n.  A station  for  the  po- 
lice ; the  place  where  the  police  assemble  for  or- 
ders, or  to  which  they  take  offenders.  Simmonds. 

PO-L[''CI  AL  (po-llsh'al),  a.  Relating  to  the  po- 
lice. [is..]  E.  A.  Poe. 

POL'r-ClED  (-sld],  a.  Regulated  by  laws;  hav- 
ing a system  of  laws  and  administration.  Young. 

POL'I-CY,  n.  [It.  A Sp.  politica ; Fr.  politique, 
police.  — See  Police,  and  Polity.] 

1.  The  management  of  public  affairs,  wheth- 

er with  respect  to  foreign  powers  or  internal 
arrangement;  administration  of  public  affairs, 
foreign  or  domestic ; the  art  of  government ; 
government;  rule.  Johnson. 

2.  Management  of  common  affairs ; prudent 
conduct;  discretion:  — art;  skill;  address. 

Sound  policy  is  nevor  at  variance  with  substantial  justice. 

Dr.  Parr. 

Syn. — Policy  and  polity  are  both  derived  from  the 
Greek  word  irYircia,  the  former  signifying  t lie  art  of 
government,  the  latter  the  form  of  government,  and 
is  chiefly  applied  to  ecclesiastical  government ; as, 


11  Hooker’s  Ecclesiastical  Polity .”  Policy  is  also  often 
used  in  the  senses  of  prudence,  or  the  management  of 
any  business  ; as,  “ Honesty  is  tile  best  policy.” 

POL'I-CY,  n.  [It.  polizza,  a note  ; Sp.  poliza.] 

1.  A ticket  or  warrant  for  money  in  the  pub- 
lic funds. 

2.  A writing  or  instrument  containing  a con- 

tract of  insurance ; an  instrument  by  which  one 
party,  in  consideration  of  a premium,  engages 
to  indemnify  another  against  a contingent  loss, 
by  making  him  a payment  in  compensation 
whenever  the  event  shall  happen  by  which  the 
loss  is  to  accrue.  Burrill. 

3.  A pleasure-ground  about  a gentleman’s 

estate  : — alterations  made  in  a town  for  the 
purpose  of  improving  its  appearance.  [Scot- 
land.] Jamieson. 

Interest  policy,  a policy  in  which  the  insured  has  a 
real,  substantial,  assignable  interest  in  the  tiling  in- 
sured.— Open  policy,  a policy  in  which  tiie  amount  of 
the  interest  insured  is  not  fixed,  but  is  left  to  be  as- 
certained ill  case  of  loss. — Valued  policy , a policy  in 
which  a value  lias  been  set  on  the  goods  insured,  and 
inserted  in  the  nature  of  liquidated  damages,  to  save 
tiie  necessity  of  proving  it  in  case  of  loss. — Wager 
policy,  a pretended  insurance,  founded  on  an  ideal  risk, 
where  tiie  insured  has  no  risk  in  the  thing  insured. 

Bouvier . 

fPtlL'f-CY,  v.  a.  To  reduce  to  order,  or  to  regu- 
late by  laws.  Bacon. 

POL'I-CY-BOOK  (-bilk),  n.  A hook  kept  at  an 
insurance-office  for  making  entries  of  policies 
granted.  Simmonds. 

POL'l-CY— IIOLD'ER,  it.  One  who  has  a policy  or 
contract  of  insurance.  Simmonds. 

l’OL'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  poles. 

2.  One  of  the  boards  used  for  supporting  the 
earth  during  the  formation  of  a tunnel.  Francis. 

3.  (Gardening.)  The  act  of  dispersing  worm- 

casts  over  walks  with  poles.  Wright. 

POL'ISH,  v.  a.  [L.  polio  ; It.  polire,  pulire ; Sp. 
pulir ; Fr.  polir.  — Dan.  polere ; Sw.  polera.] 
[i.  polished  ; pp.  polishing,  polished.] 

1.  To  smooth  or  brighten,  as  by  friction  or 

attrition;  to  burnish  ; to  furbish.  Chaucer. 

2.  To  refine  ; to  civilize  ; to  make  elegant  or 

polite.  “ Parts  that  polish  life.”  Milton. 

POL'ISH,  v.  n.  To  become  smooth,  bright,  or 
glossy;  to  receive  a gloss.  Bacon. 

POL'ISH,  n.  1.  Gloss  or  brightness  produced  by 
friction  or  attrition  ; lustre.  Addison. 

2.  Elegance  of  manners  ; refinement. 

This  ltoman polish  and  this  smooth  behavior.  Addison. 

PO'LLSII,  a.  Relating  to  Poland,  or  to  its  inhab- 
itants. Murray. 

POL'ISH-A-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  polished. 

POL'ISIIED  (pol'jsht),  p.  a.  1.  Made  smooth  and 
bright ; rendered  glossy. 

2.  Refined  or  elegant  in  manners  ; polite. 

Syn.  — See  Elegant,  Genteel,  Polite. 

PoL'ISII-pD-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  pol- 
ished. “ Polishedness  of  manners.”  Coventry. 

PflL'ISII-pR,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  polishes. 

PoL'lSII-ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  giving  a polish. 

2.  Act  of  refining ; refinement. 

To  give  lier  girls  a single  winter’s  polishing.  Goldsmith. 

Polishing  slate,  a light,  slaty  substance  found  in 
Bohemia.  Brande. 

POL'ISH-ING-BRUSH,  n.  A hand-brush  for  pol- 
ishing stoves,  grates,  &c.  Simmonds. 

POL'ISH-ING— IR'ON  (-l'urn),  n.  A smoothing- 
iron  ; a fiat-iron.  Simmonds. 

POL'ISH-ING-PASTE,  n.  1.  A kind  of  paste  or 
blacking  for  harness  and  leather.  Simmonds. 

2.  A substance  compounded  of  oil,  beeswax, 
and  spirit  varnish,  for  giving  a polish  to  articles 
of  household  furniture.  Simmonds. 

POL'ISH-lNG-SLATE,  n.  A hone,  slate,  or  whet- 
stone. Simmonds. 

POL'ISH-ING— SNAKE,  n.  A tool  used  by  lithog- 
raphers. Simmonds. 

POL'ISH-ING— TIN,  n.  A bookbinder’s  tool. 

POL'ISH-MENT,  n.  Polish,  [it.]  Waterhouse. 

POL'ISH— POVV'DpR,  n.  A powder  used  for  pol- 
ishing articles  of  metal.  Simmonds. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short; 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; I1EIR,  HER; 


POLITE 


1099 


POLONOISE 


PO-LlTE',  a.  [L.  politus  \ polio , politus,  to  pol- 
ish ; It . pulito  •,  Sp  .pulido;  Fr .poll.) 

1.  f Polished;  smooth;  glossy.  “ The  polite 
surface  of  any  pellucid  medium.”  Noivton. 

2.  Polished  in  manners  ; courteous  ; genteel  ; 
refined  : well-bred  ; accomplished  ; complaisant. 

He  marries,  bows  low,  and  grows  polite.  Pope. 

Syn. — Polite  (L.  politus , polished)  person  or  cir- 
cle : polished  society  or  manners  ; refined  manners  or 
taste  ; well-bred  people  ; courteous  (Fr.  cour , court) 
behavior  ; genteel  appearance  ; elegant  style  ; civil  lan- 
guage or  treatment.  Refinement  is  more  than  polite- 
ness, and  relates  as  much  to  the  mind  as  to  the  man- 
ners. Civility  is  less  than  politeness , courtesy , or 
urbanity.  A man  of  civility  may  not  be  so  courteous 
to  Ins  superiors  as  a man  of  politeness , nor  so  affable 
to  Ins  inferiors  as  a man  of  urbanity.  — See  Genteel. 

t PO-LITE',  v.  a.  To  make  polite.  Ray. 

PO-LITE'LY,  ad.  In  a polite  manner;  genteelly. 

PO-LITE'N^SS,  n.  Quality  or  state  of  being  po- 
lite ; polish  or  elegance  of  manners ; refine- 
ment ; gentility  ; courteousness  ; complaisance. 

True  politeness  consists  in  being  easy  one's  self,  and  in 
making  every  body  about  one  as  easy  as  one  can.  Pope. 

Ceremonies  are  different  in  every  country;  but  true  polite- 
ness is  every  where  the  same.  Goldsmith. 

As  charity  covers  a multitude  of  sins  before  God,  so  docs 
politeness  before  men.  Oreville . 

Syn.  — See  Polite,  Genteel. 

POL-I-TESSE'  ,n.  [Fr.]  Politeness,  — especially, 
over-acted  politeness.  Smart. 

POE’  !-T[C,  a.  [Gr.  irol.iTtKds ; mWif,  a city  ; L.  po- 
liticly \ It.  <S;  Sp.  politico  ; Fr.  politique. ] 

1.  Civil ; political.  “ Body  politic.”  Ilooker. 

2.  Wise  ; prudent  ; judicious  ; sagacious. 

“ Politic,  grave  counsel.”  Sha/e. 

3.  Artful ; cunning.  “ I have  been  politic 
with  my  friend,  smooth  with  mine  enemy. "Shah. 

Syn.  — See  Political. 

f POL'I-TIC,  n.  A politician.  Bacon. 

PO-LIT'I-CAL,  a.  [See  Politic.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  government,  policy,  polity, 

or  politics.  “ Political  wisdom.”  Rogers. 

2.  Pertaining  to  a nation  or  state  ; national ; 
public;  civil.  “ Political  happiness.”  Milton. 
“ The  political  state  of  Europe.”  Paley. 

Political  arithmetic , the  art  of  making  arithmetical 
calculations  on  the  extent  and  value  of  lands,  number 
of  people,  amount  of  taxes,  &c.,  of  a nation  or  com- 
monwealth.— Political  economy.  See  ECONOMY. 

Syn.  — Political  partakes  of  the  meaning  of  the 
nouns  polity  and  politics,  and  politic  of  tile  noun  policy. 
Political  government ; political  or  public  measures  ; pol- 
itic (i.  e.  wise  or  prudent)  conduct. 

PO-LlT'!-CAL-I§M,  n.  Political  zeal  or  partisan- 
ship. [it.]  Ch.  Ob. 

PO-LIT'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  1.  With  relation  to  gov- 
ernment or  polities.  Mede. 

2.  f In  a politic  manner  ; artfully.  Knolles. 

PO-LIT-j-CAS'TER,  n.  A petty  politician.  “Law- 
jobbers  and  politicasters.”  [it.]  L’ Estrange. 

I’OL-I-Tp'ClAN  (pol-e-tlsh'an),  n.  [Pr.  politician.] 

1.  One  versed  in  the  science  of  government ; 
a person  skilled  in,  or  devoted  to,  polities. 

The  man  who  can  make  two  ears  of  corn,  or  two  blades  of 
grass,  grow  on  the  spot  where  only  one  grew  before,  would 
deserve  better  of  mankind,  and  render  more  essential  service 
to  the  country,  than  the  whole  race  of  politicians  put  to- 
gether. Swift. 

2.  A man  of  artifice  or  deep  contrivance. 

His  success  shall  vouch  him  a politician . South. 

f p6Ij-I-TI"CI  AN  (pol-e-tish'an),  a.  Politic;  cun- 
ning ; artful.  Milton. 

POL'I-TIC-LY,  ad.  In  a politic  manner  ; artfully. 

POL'!-TlCS,  n.  pi.  1.  The  science  or  the  art  of 
government,  or  the  administration  of  national 
or  public  affairs  ; that  part  of  ethics  which  con- 
sists in  the  knowledge  or  the  practice  of  conduct- 
ing the  various  aflairs  of  a state  or  nation ; po- 
litical science  ; political  economy.  Addison. 

2.  Political  or  public  affairs,  or  the  conduct 
and  contentions  of  political  parties. 

Of  crooked  counsels  and  dark  politics.  Pope. 

Syn.  — See  Political. 

fPOL'I-TIZE,  v.n.  To  play  the  politician.  Milton. 

t POL'I-TURE,  n.  [L . politura.]  Polish.  Donne. 

POL'I-TY,  n.  [Gr.  irol.iTtia  ; ~L.  politia.] 


1.  The  form  of  government  or  civil  constitu- 
tion of  a state  or  nation. 

The  polity  of  some  of  our  neighbors  hath  not  thought  it 
beneath  the  public  care  to  promote  and  reward  the  improve- 
ment of  their  own  language.  Locke. 

2.  Form  of  government ; constitution.  “Church 

government  or  church  polity.”  Hooker. 

3.  f Policy  ; art ; management.  B.  Jonson. 

Syn.  — See  Policy,  Political. 

POL'KA,  n.  A dance  of  Polish  origin.  Pierce. 

POL'KA— JACK-1JT,  n.  A jacket  for  females, 
knit  by  hand.  Simmonds. 

POLL,  n.  [Dut.  bol,  a ball,  a bulb  ; Ger.  bolle.] 

1.  The  head.  “ All  flaxen  was  his  poll."  Shale. 

2.  A person  ; an  individual.  Burrill. 

3.  A list  or  register  of  heads  or  persons. 

“We  are  the  greater  poll.”  Sliak. 

4.  An  election,  or  the  place  of  an  electiou  ; 
— often  used  in  the  plural ; as,  “ At  the  open- 
ing of  the  polls  ” ; “ To  go  to  the  polls.” 

5.  At  Cambridge  university,  Eng.,  one  who 
obtains  no  honors,  but  merely  receives  a degree. 

6.  ( lch .)  A chub  ; a pollard.  Johnson. 

POLL,  V.  a.  \i.  POLLED  ; pp.  POLLING,  POLLED.] 

1.  To  lop,  cut,  or  clip  off  the  top  of.  “Thy 

woods  oft  polled.”  Donne. 

2.  To  cut  off  the  hair  of ; to  shear.  “ He 

polled  his  head.”  2 Sam.  xiv.  26. 

3.  f To  tax  ; to  impose  a tax  on.  “ [Richard] 
subverted  the  laws,  polled  the  people.”  Halt. 

4.  fTo  plunder  ; to  strip  ; to  pill.  Spenser. 

5.  To  take  a list  or  register  of,  as  persons  ; 

to  enter  in  a list.  Johnson. 

6.  To  pay,  as  poll-tax. 

The  man  that  polled  but  twelve  pence  for  his  head.  Dryden. 

7.  To  register  or  give,  as  a vote. 

And  poll  for  points  of  faith  his  trusty  vote.  Tickell. 

8.  {Law.)  To  shave  or  cut  even,  without  in- 

denting it,  as  a deed  executed  by  one  party 
only.  Blackstone. 

To  poll  a jury,  {Law.)  to  examine  each  juror  sepa- 
rately, after  a verdict  lias  been  given,  as  to  It  s con- 
currence in  it.  Burrill. — Polled  sheep , sheep  without 
horns.  Mortimer. 

POLL,  a.  (Law.)  Cut  or  shaved  even,  as  a deed 
executed  by  one  party  only  ; polled.  — See 
Poll,  v.  a.  8.  Blackstone. 

POLL,  n.  The  familiar  name  for  a parrot. 

Sweet  poll',  his  doting  mistress  cries, 

Sweet  poll\  the  mimic  bird  replies.  Cowper. 

POL'LACK,  n.  (Teh.)  A marine  fish  found  near 
rocky  coasts,  and  sometimes  mistaken  for  the 
whiting  ; Merlangus  pollachius.  Yarrell. 

+ POLL'A^E , n.  Taxation;  oppression.  J.  Fox. 

POL'LARD,  n.  1.  Any  thing  polled,  or  having 
the  top  cut  or  lopped  off : — a tree  having  its  top 
cut  off,  that  it  may  put  forth  branches.  Bacon. 

2.  A stag  that  has  cast  his  horns.  Beau.  1$  FI. 

3.  A clipped  coin.  Camden. 

4.  A coarse  product  of  wheat  from  the  mill, 

but  finer  than  bran.  Simmonds. 

5.  (Ieh.)  The  chub  ; the  poll.  Ainsworth. 

POL'LARD,  v.  a.  To  lop  off ; to  poll,  [it.]  Evelyn. 

POLL'— BOOK  (-buk),  n.  A register  of  voters  ex- 
ercising their  franchise.  Simmonds. 

POLL'— CLERK  (klslrk  or  klerlc),  n.  A clerk  who 
enters  the  names  of  voters  at  elections  as  they 
appear  and  vote.  Simmonds. 

POL'LEN,  n.  [Gr.  -dl.rj ; : -aV.oi,  to  sift ; L.  pollen .] 

1.  A fine  bran  or  flower.  Bailey. 

2.  ( Bot .)  A pulverulent  substance  produced 

in  the  anthers,  and  discharged  from  them  when 
ripe,  in  order  to  fertilize  the  ovules.  Gray. 

Ifs*  Pollen,  when  examined  by  the  microscope,  ap- 
pears in  the  form  of  granules.  Baird. 

3.  A fresh-water  herring.  [Local.]  Simmonds. 

POL-LEN-A'RI-OUS,  a.  Consisting  of  pollen  or 

meal,  [it.]  Maunder. 

f POL'LEN-RER,  n.  Brushwood.  Tusser. 

POL'LEN-INE.  n.  ( Chem .)  A substance  obtained 
from  the  pollen  of  plants.  Brande. 

POL'LEN—  MASS,  n.  (Bot.)  A term  applied  to 
pollen  when  the  grains  all  cohere  into  a mass, 
as  in  milkweed  and  orchis.  Gray. 

POL'LEN— TUBE,  n.  (Bot.)  A tube  of  extreme 


tenuity  emitted  by  the  contact  of  pollen  with 
the  stigma,  supposed  to  conduct  the  impregnat- 
ing  matter  into  the  ovules.  Brande. 

PoLL'pR,  n.  1.  One  who  polls,  lops,  or  clips. 

2.  A plunderer  ; a robber  ; a piller.  Burton. 

3.  One  who  registers  a vote  or  a voter. 

POLL'— E-VIL  (poi'S-vl),  n.  An  inflamed,  tender, 
and  painful  swelling  in  the  nape  of  a horse’s 
neck,  between  the  ligament  and  first  bone  of 
the  neck  ; — also  written  pole-evil.  Youatt. 

POL-Lf^-I-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  pollicitatio  ; pollici- 
tor,  to  promise;  Fr.  pollicitation.) 

1.  A spontaneous  expression  of  intention  to 

do  something  in  favor  of  another  ; a voluntary 
promise.  Fleming. 

2.  ( Civil  Law.)  A promise  not  yet  accepted 
by  the  person  to  whom  it  is  made.  Bouvier. 

P OL-LINC ' TO R,  n.  [L.]  (Roman  Ant.)  One 
who  washed  corpses,  and  anointed  them  with 
oil  and  perfumes.  IV.  Smith. 

t POLL'ING,  n.  Act  of  taxing.  Hall. 

PoL-LI-NIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [Eng.  pollen  and  L .fero, 
to  bear.]  (Bot.)  Producing  pollen.  Maunder. 

P(JL'Li-NOSE,  a.  Covered  with  a loose,  mealy  pow- 
der, resembling  the  pollen  of  flowers.  Maunder. 

POL'LI-WIG,  n.  A tadpole.  Forby.  Wright. 

,655=-  Polliwig  and  purwiggy  are  provincial  in  Eng- 
land ; — written  by  Sir  T.  Browne  porwigle , — and 
vulgarly  called,  in  T lie  U.  S.,  polliwog.  Forby  says  of 
purwiggy,  “It  is  from  periwig,  and  polliwig  is  a cor- 
ruption of  it.” 

PoL'LOCK,  n.  (Ieh.)  A fish.  — See  Pollack. 

POLL'— TAX,  n.  A tax  assessed  by  the  head  or 
poll ; a capitation  tax.  Burrill.  Crabb. 

POL-LUTE',  v.  a.  [L.  polluo,  pollutus ; Fr.  pol- 
luer.\  [i.  polluted  ; pp.  polluting,  pol- 
luted.] 

1.  To  make  foul  or  unclean  ; to  defile  ; to  soil. 

Neither  shall  yc  pollute  the  holy  tilings  of  the  children  of 

Israel.  Hum.  xxiii.  32. 

2.  To  profane;  to  desecrate.  “ My  Sabbaths 

they  greatly  polluted.”  Ezek.  xx.  13. 

3.  To  taint  with  guilt ; to  make  guilty. 

Ye  pollute  yourselves  with  all  your  idols.  Ezek.  xx.  31. 

To  leave  them  to  their  own  polluted  ways.  Milton. 

4.  To  corrupt  by  mixture  of  ill,  physical  or 
moral  ; to  contaminate  ; to  vitiate  ; to  pervert. 

Envy  you  my  praise,  and  would  destroy 

"With  grief  my  pleasures,  and  pollute  my  joy.  Dryden. 

5.  To  violate  ; to  deflower.  Wright. 

Syn.  — See  Contaminate. 

t POL-LUTE',  a.  Polluted.  Milton. 

POL-LUT'IJD,  p.  a.  Defiled;  corrupted;  unclean. 

POL-LUT'ED-LY,  ad.  With,  or  in,  pollution. 

POL-LUT' JJD-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  pol- 
luted ; defilement ; pollution.  Johnson. 

POL-LUT'ER,  n.  One  who  pollutes.  Dryden. 

POL-LUT'lNG,  p.  a.  Making  unclean  ; defiling. 

FOL-LU'TION,  n.  [L.  pollutio  ; It.  polluzione  ; 
Sp.  polucion  ; Fr.  pollution .] 

1.  The  act  of  polluting.  Ayliffe. 

2.  The  state  of  being  polluted  ; defilement  ; 

contamination  ; impurity.  Milton. 

3.  (Med.)  The  emission  of  semen  at  other 

times  than  during  coition.  Dunglison. 

POL' LUX,  n.  1.  (Gr.  & Bom.  Myth  ) A son  of 
Jupiter  by  Leda,  the  wife  of  Tyndarus ; the 
twin-brothe»  of  Castor.  IF.  Smith. 

2.  ( Astron .)  A star  of  the  second  magnitude, 

near  Castor,  in  the  constellation  Gemini  or 
Twins.  Brande. 

3.  (Min.)  A variety  of  felspar,  resembling 

quartz,  found  at  Elba.  Dana. 

PO-LO-MAl^ E ' (po-lq-naz'),  n.  [Fr.]  1.  A kind 

of  woman’s  robe  or  dress,  adopted  from  the 
fashion  of  the  Poles.  Guthrie. 

2.  (Mas.)  A Polish  air  and  dance  ; polacca. 

PO-LO-NE§E',  n.  The  Polish  language.  Wriyht. 

PO-LO-NESE',  a.  ( Geog .)  Pertaining  to  Poland  ; 
Polish.  P.  Cyc. 

PO-LO-NOliJE'  (po-Io-naz'),  n.  (Musi)  A move- 
ment of  three  crotchets  in  a bar,  with  the  rhyth- 
mical caesura  on  the  last.  Moore. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RpLE.  — $,  5,  g;  soft;  C,  G,  c,  |,  hard ; § as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


POLONY 


1100 


POLYGRAPHICAL 


POL'O-NY,  n.  A dried  sausage. 


fPoL'RON,  n.  [Fr.  epaitle,  the  shoulder.]  Armor 
for  the  neck  and  shoulders.  North. 

POLT,  n.  [Sw.  bulta,  to  beat.]  A blow  ; a stroke  ; 
a push.  [Colloquial.]  Scott. 

POLT'— FOOT  (polt'fut),  n.  A crooked  or  distorted 
foot ; a club-foot ; kyllosis.  Dunglison. 

POLT'— FOOT  (pdlt'fut),  J a.  Having  distorted 

POLT'— FOOT- 5 D (-fut-ed),  > feet.  B.  Jonsoil. 

POL'TIN,  n.  A. Russian  silver  coin  of  the  value 
of  about  19d.  sterling  (about  $0.38).  Simmonds. 

POL-TROON',  n.  [It . poltrone;  Sp.  Fr.  poltron. 
— From  L.  polticc  truncato,  it  being  once  a prac- 
tice of  cowards  to  cut  off  the  thumbs,  that  they 
might  not  be  compelled  to  serve  in  war.  Salma- 
sins,  Vossius,  Tooke,  Richardson,  Landais,  and 
others.  — From  It.  paltro,  a bed,  as  cowards  | 
feign  themselves  sick.  Menage.']  A coward  ; a 
mean,  dastardly  wretch  ; a dastard.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Coward. 

f POL-TROON',  a.  Base;  cowardly.  Hammond. 

POL-TROON'ER-Y,  n.  [It.  poltroncria  ; Fr.  pol- 
tronnerie.]  Cowardice  ; baseness.  B.  Jonsoil. 

POL-TROON'ISH,  a.  Resembling  a poltroon  ; 
cowardly.  II.  R.  Hamilton. 

POL'Vf  R-IXE,  n.  [It.  polcerino,  from  L.  pulvis,  \ 
dust.]  Calcined  ashes  of  a plant  of  the  Levant  1 
that  have  the  nature  of  pearl-ashes  ; — used  in 
the  manufacture  of  glass.  Ure. 

PO’LY,  n.  [Gr.  nihov  ; L.  polium.]  An  evergreen 
under-shrub;  Teucrium  polium.  Loudon. 

POLY—.  [Gr.  nolb.]  A prefix  in  words  of  Greek 
origin,  signifying  many,  multiplication, plural-  , 
ity,  &c. 

I’OL-Y-A-COUS'TIC,  a.  [Gr.  nolbs,  many,  and  l 
okoIoi,  to  hear.]  That  multiplies  sounds  ; in- 
creasing sounds.  Bailey. 

POL-Y-A-COUS'TICS,  n.  pi.  The  art  of  multiply-  1 
ing  sounds  : — also  instruments  for  multiplying  J 
sounds.  Maunder. 

POL-Y-Ji-DEL' PHI-J),  n.  [Gr.  nolbs,  many,  and 
aSelipts,  a brother.]  ( Bot.)  A Linmean  class  of 
plants,  including  those  the  stamens  of  which 
are  united  by  their  filaments  into  several  bun- 
dles or  parcels.  Eng.  Cyc.  i 

POL-Y-A-DEL'PHI-AN,  n.  One  of  the  Polydelphia.  \ 

POL-Y-A-DEL'PHITE,  n.  (Min.)  A brownish- 
yellow  variety  of  garnet.  Dana . j 

POL-Y-A-DEL'PHOUS,  a.  (Bot.)  Having  stamens  • 
united  by  their  filaments  into  several  bundles  or  ! 
parcels  ; polyadelphian.  Gray.  I 


Milvago  chimachima. 


Simmonds.  \ PO-LYB'  A-SITE,  n.  [Gr.  iro?.ig,  many,  much,  and 
foots,  a base.]  (Min.)  An  iron-black  sulphuret 
of  silver,  copper,  arsenic,  and  antimony,  occur- 
ring in  thin,  tabular  crystals  ; — so  named  in  al- 
lusion to  the  comparatively  large  amount  of  the 
base,  sulphuret  of  silver.  Dana. 

PO-LYB-O-liP JVJE,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  nolufdpos,  much- 
devouring  ; 7 solus,  much,  and  fopos,  devouring, 
gluttonous  ; fopa, 1 
food.]  (Ornith.)  A 
sub-family  of  birds 
of  the  order  Accipi- 
tres  and  family  Fal- 
conidee ; caracaras. 

Gray. 

POL-Y-CAR'PON,  n.  [Gr.  nolbs,  much,  many,  and 
Kno-d;,  a fruit.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  annual  plants 
including  two  species  ; all-seed.  Eng.  Cyc. 

POL-Y-CAR'POUS,  a.  [Gr.  nolbs,  many,  and  uap- 
ircis,  fruit.]  (Bot.)  Producing  several  pistils  in 
the  same  flower.  Gray. 

1*  POL-Y-jCHCER' A-NY,  n.  [Gr.  nolvicoipavirj  ; nolbs, 
many,  and  notpaviio,  to  rule.]  A government 
by  many  chiefs  or  princes.  Cudworth. 

POL'Y-GHORD,  n.  [Gr.  nolbs  and  xopby,  a string.] 

1.  (Mas.)  An  ancient  instrument  having  ten 

strings.  Iloget. 

2.  An  apparatus  for  coupling  two  octave-notes 
of  a piano-forte  or  like  instrument.  Simmonds. 

POL'Y-GHORD,  a.  Having  many  strings.  Clarke. 

POL'Y-GHREST,  n.  [Gr.  n olbxoyoros ; nolus,  many, 
and  xprjaTPs,  useful;  xpaofun,  to  use.]  (Chcm. 
& Med.)  A substance  of  multifarious  virtues,  or 
having  various  uses.  Evelyn. 

Polychrest  salt,  a term  formerly  applied  to  the  sul- 
phate of  potassa.  Brandc. 

POL'Y-GHRO-ITE,  n.  [Gr.  nolbs,  many,  and  \pot6, 
color;  Fr.  poly  ch  rot  te.]  (Chcm.)  The  coloring- 
matter  of  saffron.  Brandc. 

FO L-Y-GHRO- MAT'IC,  a.  [Gr.  nolbs,  many,  and 
Xptipa,  color.] 

1.  (Chcm.)  Noting  an  acid  produced  by  the 

action  of  nitric  acid  upon  aloes.  Brandc. 

2.  Having  many  colors  ; exhibiting  a play  of 

colors.  Rogct. 

POL'Y-GHRO-MY,  n.  [Gr.  nol.es,  many,  and  xpfipn, 
color.]  The  ancient  art  or  practice  of  coloring 
statuary  to  imitate  nature,  or  buildings  in  har- 
monious prismatic  or  compound  tints.  Fair  holt. 

POL-Y-GHRO'NI-OUS,  a.  [Gr.  nolbs,  much,  and 
XP<ivos,  time.]  Long-enduring ; chronic.  Smart. 

POL-y-COT-Y-LE'DON,  n.  [Gr.  nolbs,  many,  and 
k orvlySihv,  a cavity.]  (Bot.)  A plant  that  has 
many,  or  more  than  two,  cotyledons.  Wright. 


POL-Y-AN' DRI-A,  n.  [Gr.  nolbs,  many,  and  iirnp, 
a man,  a male.]  (Bot.)  A Linnaean  class  of 
plants,  comprehending  those  which  have  many, 
or  more  than  twenty,  stamens  inserted  on  the 
receptacle.  Eng.  Eye. 

POL-Y-An'DRI-AN,  n.  One  of  the  Polyandria. 

POL-Y-AN'DROUS,  a.  (Bot.)  Having  many  sta- 
mens on  the  receptacle.  Gray. 

POL-Y-AN'DRY,  n.  The  state  or  practice  of  hav- 
ing more  husbands  than  one  at  the  same  time. 

Polyandry  is  legalized  only  in  Thibet.  Lotcvier. 

POL-Y- AN 'TUI’S  [po-le-Sn'thus,  S.  W.  P.  J.  F. 
K.  ; pol-e-dn'thus, Ja.  Sm.  R.  \Vr.  Wb.],  n.  ; pi. 
polyanthuses.  [Gr.  nolbs,  many,  and  arOos,  a 
flower.]  (Bot.)  • 

1.  A variety  of  the  oxlip  primrose  (Primula 

elatior),  with  brown  flowers.  Eng.  Cyc. 

2.  A bulbous  plant;  Narcissus  tazetta  ; — al- 
so called  Narcissus  polyanthus.  Loudon. 

POL'Y-AR-GHIST,  n.  An  advocate  for  polyarchy. 
“ He  was  no  polyarchist."  Cuclworth. 

POL'Y-AR-GHY,  n.  [Gr.  nolbs,  many,  and  dpy<?, 
rule,  government ; Fr.  poly  archie.]  A govern- 
ment by  many  persons.  Cudworth. 

POL-Y-AR'ylTE,  n.  (Min.)  A red  or  brownish 
variety  of  felspar.  Dana. 

POL-Y-AU-TOG'RA-PIIY,  n.  [Gr.  nolbs,  many, 
av-6s,  one’s  self,  and  ypai/ae,  to  write.]  The  art 
or  the  practice  of  multiplying  copies  of  one’s 
own  hand-writing  by  lithography.  Gent.  Mag. 


POL-Y-COT-Y-LED'O-NOUS,  a.  (Bot.)  Having 
more  than  two  cotyledons.  Gray. 

PO-LYC'RA-CY,  n.  [Gr.  nolbs,  many,  and  Konrltn, 
to  rule.]  A government  by  many.  Smart. 

POL-Y-DIP'SI-A,  n.  [Gr.  nolbs,  much,  and  Shpir, 
thirst.]  (Med.)  Excessive  thirst.  Dunglison. 

POL-Y-E'DRON,  n.  See  Polyhedron.  Reid. 

POL-Y-pi-BRY'O-NATE,  a.  (Bot.)  Pertaining 
to  polyembryony.  Eng.  Cyc. 

POL-Y-EM'BRY-O-NY,  n.  [Gr.  noils,  many,  and 
Eng.  embryo.]  (Rot.)  The  impregnation  and 
development  of  more  than  one  embryo  in  the 
same  seed.  Gray. 

In  most  cases,  all  but  one  become  subse- 
quently obliterated  ; but  in  the  orange  this  is  not  the 
case,  and  ripe  seeds  are  met  with  containing  more 
than  one  embryo.”  Micrographic  Diet. 

POL-Y-ER’  GUS,  n.  (Zoul.)  A genus  of  ants  ; the 
Amazon  ant.  Baird. 

POL'Y-FOIL,  n.  [Gr.  nolbs,  many,  and  L.  folium, 
a leaf.]  (Arch.)  An  ornament  consisting  of  a 
moulding  composed  of  a number  of  segments 
of  circles.  Britton. 

POL-Y-GA  'MI-Jl,  n.  [Gr.  noils,  many,  and  yipos, 
marriage.]  (Bot.)  A class  of  plants  in  the 
Linnatan  system,  including  those  which  bear 
hermaphrodite  flowers,  as  well  as  male  or  fe- 
male flowers,  or  both.  Gray. 

POL-Y-GA'MI-AN,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  belonging 
to  the  class  Polygamia.  Wright. 


PO-LYG' A- MIST,  n.  [Fr.  polygarniste.] 

1.  An  advocate  of  polygamy.  Hammond. 

2.  One  who  has  more  than  one  wife  ; one 

who  practises  polygamy.  Johnson. 

PO-LYG' A-MOUS,  a.  1.  Relating  to  polygamy. 

,2.  (Bot.)  Having  male  and  hermaphrodite,  or 
female  and  hermaphrodite,  or  male,  female,  and 
hermaphrodite  flowers  on  the  same  or  different 
individuals.  Eng.  Cyc. 

PO-LYG  A-IViy,  n.  [Gr.  nolvyapia-,  nolbs,  many, 
and  yufiioi,  to  marry  ; It.  <y  Sp.  poligamia ; Fr. 
polygamic.]  Plurality  of  wives  or  husbands ; 
the  state  or  the  custom  of  having  more  than 
one  wife  or  husband  at  the  same  time.  Bacon. 

Polygamy  lias  existed  in  Asia  from  time  immemorial,  un- 
iler  the  ola  religions,  and  Mohammedanism  adopted  and 
confirmed  the  custom.  . . . The  Romans  did  not  practise  po- 
lytjamu,  nor  did  the  Greeks.  (jyc. 

POL'Y-GAR,  n.  A petty  baron.  [India.]  Brown. 

POL'Y-GAR-GHY,  n.  [Gr.  nolbs,  many,  and  ap^b, 
rule.]  Government  by  several  persons.  Bouvier. 

POL-  y-gAs  ' tri-4,  n.  See  Polygastrica. 

POL-Y-GAS'TRIC,  a.  [Gr.  nolbs,  many,  and  yaa- 
ti'io,  a stomach.]  Pertaining  to  the  Polygastri- 
ca ; having  many  stomachs.'  “ A genuine  poly- 
gastric  animalcule.”  Agassiz. 

POL-Y-GAS'TRic,  n.  One  of  the  Polygastrica. 

POL-Y-gAs'TRI-C4,  n.  pi.  (Zoul.)  In  Ehren- 
berg’s  classification,  a subdivision  of  the  Infu- 
soria-,— so  called  because  they  were  supposed 
to  possess  a number  of  stomachs.  Eng.  Cyc. 

11®- The  Polygastrica  include  all  the  animals  now 
left  among  the  Infusoria.  — See  INFUSORIA.  Baird. 

PO-LY(J'E-NOUS,  a.  [Gr.  nolbs,  many,  and  ytv- 
raui,  to  produce.]  Of  many  kinds.  Maunder. 

POL'Y-GLOT,  n.  1.  One  who  understands  many 
languages.  Howell. 

2.  A book  containing  many  languages,  or  in 
which  are  comprised  versions  in  many  languages. 

The  biblical  apparatus  has  been  much  enriched  by  the 
publication  of  polyglots.  Atni.  Xewcome. 

POL'Y-GLOT,  a.  [Gr.  n olbylutrros nolbs,  many, 
and  ylioTTii,  a tongue  ; It.  poliylolto  ; Sp.  poli- 
yloto ; Fr.  polyylotte .]  Having  or  containing 
many  languages.  “ Pohfg lot  Bibles.” Knatchbull. 

POL'Y-GON,  n.  [It.  b;  Sp.  poligono,  from  Gr. 
nolbs,  many,  and  yuvia,  an  angle  ; Fr.  polygonc.] 

1.  (Gcom.)  A plane  figure  having  many 

angles  and  many  sides.  Davies. 

2.  A range  of  buildings  with  several  corners 

or  divisions.  Smart. 

PO-LYG'O-NAL,  a.  1.  Having  many  angles  and 
many  sides.  Johnson. 

2.  Pertaining  to  a polygon.  Davies. 

Polygonal  numbers,  series  of  numbers,  each  term  of 
which  is  formed  from  the  preceding  by  adding  to  it 
tile  corresponding  term  of  an  arithmetical  progres- 
sion. Davies. 

PO L-Y-GO-NOM'U-TRY,  n.  [Eng.  polygon  and 
Gr.  ptrpov,  a measure.]  The  doctrine  or  science 
of  polygons  ; — an  extension  of  trigonometry. 

PO-LYG'O-NOUS,  a.  Polygonal.  Clarke. 

PO-LYG  ' O-JYITM,  n.  [Gr.  nolbs,  many,  and  yivv, 
a knee,  or  a joint.  Loudon.  — Gr.  nolbyorov  ; 

7r olbyovos,  very  productive ; nolbs,  much,  and 
ydvos,  offspring.  Eng.  Cyc.]  (Bot.)  A very  ex- 
tensive genus  of  herbaceous  plants,  including 
the  various  kinds  of  knotgrasses,  bistorts,  per- 
sicarias,  and  buckwheats.  Eng.  Cyc. 

PO-LYG'O-NY,  n.  [Gr.  nolbyovov ; nolbs,  much, 
and  ytvraio,  to  produce,  or  ybini,  a knee  ; L.  polyg- 
onum ; Fr.  polygonon .]  (Bot.)  A weed  of  the 
genus  Polygonum,  having  numerous  joints ; 
knotgrass  or  knotweed.  Rpcnser. 

POL'Y-GRAM,  n.  [Gr.  nolbs,  many,  and  ypappy, 
a line  ; Fr.  polygrame.]  A figure  consisting  of 
many  lines.  Bailey. 

POL'Y-GRAPII,  n.  [Gr.  nolbs,  many,  anrd  yp&tjm, 
to  write  ; It.  & Sp.  poligrafia  ; Fr.  polygraphed] 

1.  An  instrument  for  multiplying  copies  of  a 

writing  ; a manifold-writer.  Smart. 

2.  (Bibliography.)  A collection  of  different 
works  either  by  one  or  several  authors.  Brande. 

POL-Y-GRAPH  IC,  > a Relating  to  polygra- 

P6L-Y-GRAPH'I-CAL,  ) phy  or  to  polygraphs. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  !,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  I1ER; 


POLYGRAPHY 


1101 


POLYSYNDETON 


PO-LYG'RA-PHY,  n.  The  art  of  writing  in  vari- 
ous ciphers,  and  of  deciphering  them.  Bailey. 

POL'Y-<?V  N,  n.  ( Bot.)  A plant  having  many  pis- 
tils,’ or  -of  the  order  Polygynia.  P.  Cyc. 

POL-Y-GYJY'  1-4,  n.  [Gr. nohvs,  many,  and  yuuij,  a 
female.]  ( Bot .)  An  artificial  order  under  the 
Linnuean  system,  containing  plants  which  have 
many  pistils,  or,  at  least,  many  distinct  styles, 
if  the  ovary  is  compound.  Henslow. 

POL-Y-£YN'I-AN,  a.  (Bot.)  Polygynous.  Clarke. 

PO-LYG'Y-NOUS,  a.  (Bot.)  Having  many  styles ; 
polygynian.  Loudon. 

PO-L'TG'Y-NY,  11.  [Gr.  nohb;,  many,  and  yvvrj i,  a 
female.]  Plurality  of  wives  ; polygamy.  Smart. 

PO-LY'HAL-ITE,  n.  [Gr.  n ohbs,  many,  and  ahs, 
salt.]  (Min.)  A yellowish-red  mineral  contain- 
ing chiefly  sulphates  of  lime,  magnesia,  and 
potassa.  Dana. 

POL-Y-HE'DRAL,  a.  Having  many  faces  ; poly- 
hedrous.  Turner. 

Polyhedral  angle,  an  angle  formed  by  three  or  more 
plane  angles  having  a common  vertex.  Davies. 

POL-Y-HED  RJ-CAL,  P l.  Having  many  faces. 

POL-Y-HE'DROUS,  ) 2.  Pertaining  to  a pol- 
yhedron. Davies. 

POL-Y-IIE'DRON,  il. ; pi.  rotYHtDRA.  [Gr.  miffs, 
many,  and  eipu,  a seat ; It.  Sy  Sp.  poUedro  ; Fr. 
potyedre.] 

1.  (Gcotn.)  A solid  having  many'  faces;  a 

solid  bounded  by  polygons.  Davies. 

2.  (Opt.)  A polyscope.  Brande. 

POL-Y-IIY'DRITE,  n.  [Gr.  nohbs,  many,  and  vSivp, 

water.]  (Min.)  A black  hydrous  silicate  of 
iron  ; hisingerite.  Dana. 

POL-Y-HYM'NI-A,  n.  1.  (Myth.)  One  of  the  nine 
muses  ; the  muse  who  presides  over  lyric  poetry. 

2.  (Astron.)  An  asteroid  discovered  by  Cha- 
cornac  in  1854.  • Lovering. 

POL'Y-LITE,  n.  (Min.)  Hudsonite.  Dana. 

f PQ-LYL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  nohbs,  much,  and  hoyd s, 
discourse.]  Talkativeness  ; garrulity.  Granger. 

f PO-LYL'O-QUENT,  a.  [Gr.  irolh;,  and  L.  loqnor, 
to  speak.]  Talking  much ; talkative.  Bailey. 

POL-Y-MATH'JC,  a.  Relating  to  polymathy.  Sin. 

t PO-LYM'A-THIST-,  n.  A man  of  various  learn- 
ing. Howell. 

PO-LYM'A-THY,  n.  [Gr.  nohbs,  many,  and  yavBa- 
vw,  to  learn  ; Fr.  polymathie.]  The  knowledge 
of  many  things  ; various  learning.  Ilartlib. 

PO-LYM'JJ-RlijM,  n.  (Nat.  Hist.)  The  state  of 
having  many  parts.  Wright. 

PO-LYM'JJ-ROUS,  a.  [Gr.  nohbs,  many,  and  ylpos, 
a part.]  (Bot.)  Formed  of  many  parts.  Gray. 

POL-Y-MIG'NlTE,  n.  [Gr.  mlis,  many,  and  yiy- 
vv/u,  to  mix.]  (Min.)  A black  mineral  of  me- 
tallic lustre,  containing  titanic  acid,  zirconia, 
lime,  yttria,  oxides  of  iron,  cerium,  and  man- 
ganese, with  a trace  of  magnesia,  potassa,  sili- 
ca, and  oxide  of  tin.  Dana. 

PO-LYM'NI-A,  n.  (Myth.)  See  Polyhymnia. 

POL'YM-NITE,  n.  [Gr.  nohbgvios,  full  of  moss; 
nohbs,  many,  and  yviov,  moss.]  A stone  marked 
with  dendrites  and  black  lines,  so  disposed  as  to 
represent  rivers,  marshes,  and  ponds.  Wright. 

PO'LY— MOUN'TAJN,  il.  See  Poley-mountain. 

POL'Y-MORPH,  n.  [Gr.  nohvs,  many,  and  yopiPn, 
form.]  (Conch.)  One  of  a tribe  of  small  and 
irregular  shells  not  referred  to  any  known  ge- 
nus ; — so  named  by  Soldani.  Wright. 

POL-Y-MOR'PIIOUS,  a.  Of  many  forms.  Ec.  Rev. 

POL'Y-MOR-PHY,  n.  The  state  of  having  many 
forms.  Ec.  Rev. 

POL'Y-NEME,  n.  (Ich.)  One  of  a group  of  ab- 
dominal fishes,  distinguished  by  having  the 
ventral  fins  inserted  farther  back  than  the  pec- 
torals ; a fish  of  the  genus  Polynemus.  Smart. 

POL-Y-NE'§r-A  (poI-e-nS'zhe-a),  n.  [Gr.  nohbs, 
many,  and  vljroj,  an  island.]  (Geog.)  The  islands 
of  the  Pacific  Ocean; — particularly  those  to 
the  east  of  the  Philippines,  the  Moluccas,  and 
Australia.  P.  Cyc. 


POL-Y-NE'fjI- AN  (pSl  ?-nS'zIi?-?n),  a.  (Geog.) 
Relating  to  Polynesia.  Cyc. 

POL-Y-NO'MJ-AL,  il.  [Gr.  nohbs,  many,  and  dvoya, 
a name.]  (Algebra.)  An  expression  composed 
of  two  or  more  terms  connected  by  the  signs 
plus  or  minus.  Davies. 

POL-Y-NO'MJ-AL,  a.  (Algebra.)  Having  many 
terms ; multinomial. 

Polynomial  formula,  a formula  for  developing  any 
power  of  a polynomial  without  performing  tile  suc- 
cessive multiplications.  — Polynomial  theorem,  a theo- 
rem by  which  a polynomial  expression  is  raised  to  its 
several  powers.  P.  Cyc.  Davies. 

POL-Y-OM'MA-TOUS,  a.  [Gr.  n ohus,  many,  and 
OfifiClj  OHJACLTOS , the  eye.]  Many-eyed.  Smart. 

POL-Y-ON'O-MOUS,  a.  Having  many  names. 

The  supreme  God  amongst  the  pagans  was ijolyonomous. 

Cud  worth. 

POL-Y-ON'O-MY,  n.  A multiplicity  or  variety  of 
names.  Cudworth. 

POL-Y-OP'TRON,  n.  [Gr.  nohvs,  many,  and  opaui, 
Sipoftm,  to  see.]  (Opt.)  A glass  through  which 
objects  appear  multiplied,  but  smaller.  Brande. 

POL-Y-OP'TRUM,  il.  Polyoptron.  Crabb. 

POL-Y-O-RA'MA,  n.  [Gr.  nohbs,  many,  and  opapa, 
a view.]  A view  of  many  objects.  Hale. 

POL'YP,  it.  (Zo'jI.)  A polype.  Baird. 

PO-LYP'A-ROUS,  a.  [Gr.  nohbs,  many,  and  L.  pa- 
rio,  to  bring  forth.]  Producing  many.  Smart. 

PO-LYP'A-RY,  ii.  The  habitation  constructed  by 
polypes,  as  coral,  sponges,  &c.  Wright. 

POL'Y-PE,  or  POL'YPE  [pol'e-pe,  K.  Sm.C.  B.  Wr. ; 
pol'ip,  I Vb.],  n.  [Gr.  nohbnovs  ; nohvs,  many,  and 
nobs,  a foot  ; L.  polypus  ; It.  <5r  Sp.  polipo  ; Fr. 
polype .]  (Zoiil.)  A radiate  animal,  having  no 
locomotive  organs,  provided  with  a circle  of  re- 
tractile tentacula  round  the  mouth,  and  a cen- 
tral gastric  cavity,  not  communicating  with  an 
anus,  and  containing  the  reproductive  organs. 
It  is  in  general  fissiparous,  or  multiplying  by 
buds,  as  well  as  by  ovules.  — Written  also  poly- 
pus and  polyp.  Eng.  Cyc. 

POL-Y-PE'AN,  a.  Relating  to  polypes.  P.  Cyc. 

POL-Y-PET'A-LOtlS,  a.  [Gr.  noli;,  many,  and 
nirahov,  a leaf ; Fr . polypetale.]  (Bot.)  Having 
distinct  petals.  Gray. 

PO-LYPH'A-GOUS,  a.  [Gr.  noUs,  many,  and 
ipayoi,  to  eat.]  Feeding  or  subsisting  on  many 
things.  Kirby. 

POL-Y-PH AR'MA-CY,  n.  [Gr.  nohbs,  many,  and 
ipappancia,  use  of  medicine.]  (Med.)  The  pre- 
scribing of  too  many  medicines,  or  a prescrip- 
tion consisting  of  many  medicines.  Dunglison. 

POL-Y-PHON'IC,  a.  [Gr.  nohbs,  and  ifiovy,  a sound.] 

1.  Having  many  sounds.  Smart. 

2.  (Mas.)  Noting  composition  in  several 

parts,  each  part  moving  melodiously  ; — opposed 
to  homophonous.  Dwight. 

PO-LYPH'O-Nl^M,  ii.  Multiplicity  of  sounds; 
polyphony.  Derhatn. 

PO-LYPII'O-NIST,  n.  One  who  produces  many 
sounds ; a ventriloquist.  Black. 

PO-LYPH'O-NOUS,  a.  Having  many  sounds; 
polyphonic.  Dr.  Black. 

rO-LYPH'O-NY,  n.  1.  Polyphonism.  Smart. 

2.  (Mus.)  Composition  in  several  parts  or 
voices  ; counterpoint.  Dwight. 

POL'Y-PIIORE,  n.  [Gr.  nohbs,  many,  and  to 
bear.]  (Bot.)  The  common  receptacle  of  many 
distinct  carpels.  Gray. 

POL-Y-PHYL'LOIJS,  or  PO-LYPH'YL-LOUS  (131), 
a.  [Gr.  nohbs,  many,  and  ipbhhor,  a’leaf.]  Having 
many  leaves  ; many-leaved.  Gray. 

POL'Y-PIDE,  n.  (Zoiil.)  The  soft  or  retractile 
portion  of  a polyzobn.  Eng.  Cyc. 

PO-LYP'J-DOM,  n.  [L.  polypus,  a polype,  and 
domiis,  a house.]  (Zoiil.)  A name  applied  to 
the  stems  or  permanent  fabrics  of  zoophytes, 
upon  which  are  placed  the  little  cup-like  cells 
containing  the  polypes  or  animals  which  con- 
struct the  mass.  Baird. 

PO-LYP'I-ER,  ii.  [Fr.]  A polypary.  Wright. 


POL-Y-PIF'IJR-OUS,  a.  [L.  polypus,  polype,  and 
fero,  to  bear.]  Producing  polypes.  Phillips. 

POL'YP-ITE,  n.  (Pal.)  A fossil  polype.  Smart. 

POL-Y-PLEC'  TRUM,  n.  [Gr.  nohbs,  many,  and 
nl.riKTpov,  an  instrument  for  striking  the  lyre.] 
A kind  of  ancient  spinet,  said  to  have  been  in- 
vented by  Guido  ; — so  called  from  its  string 
being  agitated  by  a number  of  quills.  Moore. 

POL'Y-l’ODE,  n.  [Gr.  nohbs,  many,  and  nobs,  noSds, 
a foot.] 

1.  (Zoiil.)  An  animal  having  many  feet ; a 

milliped.  Crabb. 

2.  (Bot.)  Polypody.  Drayton. 

PO-LYP'O-DY,  il.  [Gr.  nohvndbiov  ; nohvs,  many, 
and  nobs,  nolis,  a foot ; 1..  polypodium ; It.  $ Sp. 
polipodio  ; Fr . polypode.]  (Bot.)  A fern  of  the 
genus  Polypodium,  having  the  theca;  in  clus- 
ters on  the  back  of  the  frond.  Eng.  Cyc. 

PO-LYP'O-RITE,  n.  (Geol.)  A fossil  plant  hav- 
ing many  pores.  Smart. 

PO-LYP'O-ROUS,  a.  [Gr.  nohbs,  many,  and  ndoos, 
a pore.]  Having  many  pores.  Arbuthnot. 

POL'Y-POUS,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  resembling,  a 
polypus.  “ Polypous  concretions.”  Arbuthnot. 

POL-Y-PRAG-MAT  JC,  ^ a j-Qr>  nohbs,  much, 

POL-Y-PRAG-MAT'J-CAL,  > and  Eng.  pragmati- 
cal,.]  Over-busy  ; forward  ; officious.  Clarke. 

POL-Y-PR Ljj-MAT'IC,  a.  [Gr.  nohbs,  man}',  and 
Eng.  prismatic.]  (Min.)  Having  crystals  pre- 
senting many  prisms  in  a single  form.  Wright. 

PO-LYP'TO-TON,  11.  [L.,  from  Gr.  nohbnruirov ; 

nohbs,  much,  many,  and  nrlbms,  a case.]  (Rhct.) 
The  repetition  of  the  same  word  in  different 
cases,  numbers,  genders,  &c.  Crosby. 

IlSr-The  following  presents  an  example  of  polyp- 
toton  : — 

My  own  heart’s  heart,  and  ownest  own,  farewell.  Tennyson. 

POL'Y-PUS,  it. ; pi.  L.  puL'y-ri-,  Eng.  pol'y-pus- 
e§.  [L.,  from  Gr.  nohbnovs ; nohvs,  many,  and 

nobs,  a foot.] 

1.  (Zoiil.)  A radiate  animal ; a polype.  Pope. 

2.  (Med.)  A tumor  occurring  in  mucous  mem- 

branes, especially  in  the  nasal  fossae,  the  phar- 
ynx, and  the  uterus.  Dunglison. 

POL-Y-SjEIIE'M A-TIST,  a.  [Gr.  nohbs,  many,  and 
a^fiya,  a form.]  Having  many  forms.  Beck. 

POL'Y-SCOPE,  n.  [Gr.  nohbs,  many,  and  cKonim, 
to  see  ; Fr.  polyscope.]  (Opt.)  A lens  or  glass 
having  one  side  plane  and  the  other  convex, 
and  formed  of  a number  of  plane  surfaces,  or 
facets,  so  that  an  object  seen  through  it  ap- 
pears multiplied  ; a multiplying  glass.  Brande. 

POL-Y-SEP'A-LOUS,  a.  [Gr.  nohbs,  many,  and 
Eng.  sepal.]  (Bot.)  Noting  a calyx  having 
separate  sepals.  Gray. 

POL'Y-SPAST,  n.  [Gr.  nohiananrov  ; nohbs,  many, 
and  annul,  to  draw;  L.  polyspaston  ; It.  poli- 
spasto-,  Fr.  polyspaste.]  A machine  having 
many  pulleys,  used  by  surgeons  for  reducing 
luxations.  Bailey. 

POL'Y-SPERM,  n.  [Gr.  nohbs,  many,  and  anlyya, 
a seed.]  A tree  with  fruit  of  many  seeds. 

POL-Y-SPER'MOIJS,  a.  (Bot.)  Having 
many  seeds.  Quincy. 

POL'Y-STYLE,  il.  [Fr.,  from  Gr.  nohbs, 
many,  and  orthos,  a column.]  (Arch.) 

An  edifice  having  many  columns.  Britton. 

( a.  [Fr.  polysyUabiquc.] 

POL-Y-SYL-LAb'I-CAL,  ) Consisting  of  many 
syllables,  or  pertaining  to  a polysyllable.  Warton. 

POL-Y-SYL-LAB'{-CI§M,  11.  The  state  or  the 
quality  of  being  polysyllabic.  Annual  Register. 

POL-Y-SYL'LA-BrSM,  n.  The  state  of  being  poly- 
syllabic ; polysyllabicism.  Prof.  Whitney. 

POL'Y-SYL-LA-BLE,  n.  [Gr.  nohts,  many,  and 
avhha/lfi,  a syllable  ; It.  pnlisillabo  ; Sp.  polisila- 
bo  ; Fr.  polysyllabe .]  A word  of  many  syllables 
or  of  more  than  three  syllables.  Addison. 

POL'Y-SYL-LA-BLE,  a.  Polysyllabic,  [r.]  Holder. 

POL-Y-SYN'D^-TON,  n.  [Gr.  mhvoivllTov  ; nohbs, 
many,  and  ovvSerds,  bound  together.]  (Rhct.) 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  S6N  ; BULL,  BUR,  RtlLE.  — <J,  <?,  ?,  g,  soft ; £,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


POLYSYNTHETIC 


1102 


PONDEROUS 


A figure  by  which  conjunctions  are  often  re- 
peated ; as,  “ I came,  and  saw,  and  overcame.” 


POL-Y-SYN-THET'IC, 

POL-Y-SYN-THET'I-CAL,  , „ 

Omu\  to  place.]  Forming  a manifold  compound 
or  composition.  Ec.  Rev. 


I a.  [Gr.  ttoMs,  many, 
) air, 


together,  and 


POLY-TECH'NIO,  a.  [Gr.  TtoUi,  many,  and  Ttxw, 
an  art;  It.  politecnico ; Fr.  polytechnique.]  Per- 
taining to,  or  comprehending,  many  arts  or 
sciences. 

Polytechnic  school , a school  or  institution  in  which 
are  taught  many  branches  of  science  or  art.  Blaclt. 

POL-Y-TECH'NI-CAL,  a.  Polytechnic.  Clarke. 

POL-Y-THAL'A-MOITS,  a.  [Gr.  nol.bs,  many,  and 
Oal.iiyog,  a chamber.]  Divided  into  several 
chambers.  Maunder. 


POL'y-THE-IijM  [pSl’e-the-izm,  IF.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  Sm. 
IF//.;  pol-e-tbe'lzin,  S.  P.  C.  i Vr. ; po-lS'the-Izm, 
it.],  n.  [Gr.  no/.bs,  many,  and  did,,  a god  ; It.  <Sj 
Sp.  politeismo  ; Fr.  polytheisms .]  The  doctrine 
of,  or  belief  in,  a plurality  of  gods,  as  those  of 
the  ancient  heathen  mythology.  Stillingjleet. 

POL'Y-THE-IST  [pol'e-the-jst,  IF.  Ja.  Sm.  I Vr. 
JF6". ; pol-e-the'jst,  S.  P.  Ash  ; po-lG'tlie-ist,  A'.],  n. 
[It.  Sp.  politeista  ; Fr.  poiytheiste.]  A be- 
liever in  polytheism.  Hume. 

POL-Y-THg-IS'TIC,  ? er.  Pertaining  to,  or 

POL-Y-THp-IS'TI-CAL,  ) believing  in,  polythe- 
ism. Burke. 

POL-Y-TIIIJ-Ts'TI-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a polytheis- 
tical  manner.  Clarke. 


POL'Y-THE-IZE,  v.  n.  To  adhere  to  polytheism, 
or  the  belief  in  a plurality  of  gods.  Milman. 

POL-Y-THI-ON'IC,  a.  [Gr.  W.it,  many,  and  Belov, 
sulphur.]  ( Cliem .)  Applied  to  acids  containing 
five  atoms  of  oxygen,  united  with  varying  quan- 
tities of  sulphur.  Thomson. 

PO-LYT'O-MOUS,  a.  [Gr.  ttoI.vs,  many,  and  Top), 
a cutting;  reyvio,  to  cut.]  ( But .)  Applied  to  the 
limb,  of  a leaf  when  it  is  distinctly  subdivided 
into  many  subordinate  parts,  which,  however, 
are  not  jointed  to  the  petiole,  and  therefore  are 
not  true  leaflets.  Henslow. 

POL-Y-ZO ' A,n.  pi.  [Gr.  7 ro.U't,  many,  and  Ipiov, 
an  animal.]  ( Zo'il .)  Compound  molluscous  ani- 
mals. the  nervous  system  of  which  consists  of  a 
single  ganglion,  situated  between  the  mouth 
and  the  anns.  They  have  a distinct  mouth, 
surrounded  by  a row  of  ciliated  tentacles,  are 
commonly  hermaphrodite,  and  propagated  by 
buds  or  ova.  In  the  mature  state  they  are 

• mostly  fixed,  though  some  have  the  power  of 
locomotion.  Eng.  Cyc. 

POL-Y-ZO 'A-RY,  n.  The  compound  structure 
formed  by  polyzoa.  Eng.  Cyc. 

POL-Y-ZO'NAL,  a.  [Gr.  nokbs,  many,  and  l, thvrj , a 
belt.]  Consisting  of  many  zones  or  belts. — 
See  Lens.  Brewster. 

POL-Y-ZO ' OJV,  n.  One  of  the  polyzoa.  Eng.  Cyc. 

POM' ACE  (pum'?s),  n.  [L.  pomnm,  an  apple.] 

1.  The  substance  of  ground  apples  after  the 

cider  is  expressed.  Bailey. 

2.  A term  for  pumice-stone.  Simmonds. 

PO-MA'CEOUS  (po-ma'shus,  66),  a.  1.  Consisting 
of  apples.  “ Pom  iceous  harvests.”  Philips. 

2.  Pertaining  to,  or  like,  apples.  Smart. 

PO-MADE'  [pp-mad',  S’.  IF.  P.  .7.  F.  Sm.  1 Vr. ; po- 
inid',  Ja.],  ft.  [It.  pomata,  from  L.  pomum,  an 
apple,  in  allusion  to  the  form  in  which  it  was 
made  ; Sp.  pomada  ; Fr.  pommade.]  Perfumed 
ointment  for  the  hair  ; pomatum.  Simmonds. 

PO-MAN'DflR  [po-m&n'der,  IF.  J.  Sm.  R.;  porn'an- 
der,  S.  F.\  po'maii-der,  P.  K.  JF4.],  n.  [Fr. 
pomme  d’ambre,  an  apple  of  amber.]  A ball 
composed  of,  or  a small  box  containing,  per- 
fumes, formerly  worn  in  the  pocket  or  suspend- 
ed from  the  neck  or  the  girdle.  Shak. 

PO-MA'TUM,  n.  [See  Pomade.]  A perfumed 
ointment  for  the  hair  ; pomade.  Tatler. 

PO-MA'TUM,  v.  a.  To  apply  pomatum  to.  Todd. 

PO  ME,  n.  [L.  pomum,  a fruit,  an  apple  ; It.  pome ; 
Sp.  pnmo  ; Fr . pomme 7]  ( Bot .)  A fleshy,  mul- 

tilocular  fruit,  as  the  apple,  pear,  &c.  Henslow. 


f POME,  v.  n.  [Fr.  pommer.\  To  grow  to  a round 
head,  like  an  apple,  or  a cabbage.  Bailey. 

POME-ClT'RON  (pum-slt'ron),  n.  A fruit  resem- 
bling a lemon,  but  larger ; citron  apple.  Herbert. 

p6mE-GRAN'ATE  (pum-gr&n'at),  n.  [L.  pomum, 
a fruit,  an  apple,  and  granatum,  grained;  It. 
pomugranato  ; Fr.  pomme  de  granade .] 

1.  (Bot.)  A tropical,  deciduous  shrub,  of  the 

genus  Punica,  and  its  fruit,  which  is  red,  large, 
and  filled  with  juicy,  pleasant-flavored  pulp  and 
numerous  seeds.  Eng.  Cyc. 

2.  (Bib.)  An  ornament  resembling  a pome- 

granate on  the  robes  of  the  Jewish  priests,  and 
in  the  temple.  Kitto. 

PO-MEL'ION  (po-mel'yun,  45),  n.  [Fr . pommeau. 
— See  Pommel.]  The  pommel  or  knob  on  the 
breech  of  a cannon  ; a cascabel.  Crabb. 


PO-MEL'LOE§,  n.  pi.  A name  under  which  for- 
bidden fruit  is  sometimes  sold  by  fruiterers. 
[England.]  Simmonds. 

POME'ROY  (pum'rbi),  J A.  sort  of  apple. 

POME-ROY'AL  (puin-rol'sd),  > Ainsworth. 

POME'WA-TfR,  n.  A large,  juicy  apple.  Shak. 


POM'EY,  n.  (Her.)  The  figure  of  an  apple  or  a 
roundel,  always  of  a green  color.  Craig. 


POM'FRIJT,  n.  ( Ich .)  A 
genus  of  acanthopte- 
rygious  fishes,  resem- 
bling the  dory,  found  in 
the  Mediterranean,  the 
Indian  Ocean,  and  the 
Pacific ; Stromateus. 


POM'FRET-CAKE,  n.  A 
licorice-cake. 

Simmonds. 


Black  pomfret 
( St  row  ate  its  nitjer'). 


PO-MIF'ISR-OUS,  a.  [L.  pomum , an  apple,  and 
fero,  to  bear.]  Bearing  apples  or  the  larger 
fruits,  including  gourds,  &c.  Arbuthhot. 


POM'MA^rE.  n.  [L.  pomum , a fruit,  an  apple.] 
The  substance  of  apples  ground,  before  or  after 
the  cider  is  expressed ; pomace.  Loudon. 


POMME  (pum),  n.  [Fr.,  an  apple.)  (Her.)  A 
device,  or  part  of  a device,  like  an  apple.  Crabb. 


POM'MEL  (pum'inel),  n.  [Fr.  pommeau,  from  L. 
pomum,  an  apple.]  [Also  written  pummel .] 

1.  A globular  mass  or  body  : a ball ; a knob. 
“ The  pommel  of  a long  sword.”  Iludibras. 

Like  pommels  round  of  marble  clear.  Sidney. 

2.  The  protuberant  part  of  a saddle-bow. 

The  starting  steed  was  seized  with  sudden  fright, 

And,  bounding,  o’er  the  pommel  cast  the  knight.  Dryden. 

POM'MEL  (pum'mel),  V.  a.  [t.  POMMELLED  ; pp. 
POMMELLING,  POMMELLED.]  To  beat,  as  with 
a pommel  or  any  thing  thick  or  bulky  ; to  bruise  ; 
— also  written  pummel.  Observer. 

POM'MELLED  (pum'meld),  a.  (Her.)  Having  a 
pommel,  as  a sword  or  a dagger.  Todd. 

P0M-0-L0G'!-CAL,  a.  Relating  to  pomology  or 

to  fruit.  Downing. 

PO-MOL'O-GlST,  n.  One  who  is  versed,  or  inter- 
ested, in  pomology.  Wright.  Wilder. 

PO-MOL'O-GY,  n.  [L.  pomum,  a fruit,  and  Gr. 
l.dyof,  a discourse.]  The  art  or  the  science  of 
raising  fruit : — a treatise  on  fruit.  Ilenslow. 


PO-MO'NA,  n.  [L.,  from  pomum,  a fruit.] 

1.  (Rom.  Myth.)  The  goddess  of  the  fruits  of 

trees.  IF.  Smith. 

2.  (Astron.)  An  asteroid  discovered  by  Gold- 
schmidt in  1854.  Lovering. 

POMP,  n.  [Gr.  rourtj ; rf/uroi,  to  send;  L.,  It., 
Sp .pompa;  Fr . pompe.] 

1.  A showy,  ostentatious  procession  ; a pro- 

cession of  parade  and  splendor.  “The  pomps 
of  a Roman  triumph.”  Addison. 

The  bright  pomp  ascended  .jubilant.  Milton. 

2.  Splendor;  parade;  display;  show;  pom- 
posity ; pageantry  ; grandeur  ; magnificence. 

Vain  pomp  and  glory  of  tile  world,  I hate  ye.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Grandeur,  Magnificence. 

fPOM-PAT'IC,  a.  [L.  pompaticus.]  Pompous; 
splendid  ; ostentatious.  Barrow. 


POM'PgL-MOUS,  n. ; pi.  pom'pel-mous-eij.  (Bot.) 
A full-grown  shaddock  ; Citrus  der.umana ; — 
called  also  pompoleon.  Eng.  Cyc. 

POM'P^T,  n.  A printer’s  blacking-ball.  Cotyrave. 

POM'PHO-LYX,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  a bub- 

ble, the  slag  or  scoria:  on  the  surface  of  smelted 
ore  ; rr oytpis,  a bubble,  a blister.]  White  oxide 
of  zinc,  which  sublimes  during  the  combustion 
of  the  metal;  flowers  of  zinc.  Hill.  Thomson. 

POM'PJ-ON,  n.  A pumpkin.  Goodman. 

PQM'PlRE  (pum'plr),  n.  [L.  pomum,  a fruit,  an 
apple,  and  pirum,  a pear.]  An  apple  ; a sort  of 
pearmaln.  Ainsworth. 

POlI-PO'Lp-ON,  n.  (Bot.)  Pompelmous.  Eng.  Cyc. 

POM-POS'J-TY,  n.  Pompousness;  ostentatious 
display  ; ostentation  ; parade  ; boasting.  Aiken. 

POM'POUS,  a.  [L.  pomposus  ; pompa,  pomp  ; It. 

Sp.  pomposo  ; Fr.  pompeux.] 

1.  Showy  ; ostentatious  ; splendid  ; magnifi- 
cent; grand;  stately;  majestic.  Pope. 

2.  Inflated  ; swelling  ; bombastic  ; turgid  ; 

high-flown.  “ Pompous  style.”  Roget. 

Syn. — See  Magnificence,  Turgid. 

POM'POUS-LY,  ad.  In  a pompous  manner  ; os- 
tentatiously ; splendidly.  Dryden. 

POM'POl'S-NESS,  ft.  State  of  being  pompous; 
ostentatiousness  ; display  ; parade.  Addison. 

POMP'TINE,  a.  [L . Pomptitius.]  Noting,  or  per- 
taining to,  a marshy  district  between  Naples  and 
Rome  ; Pontine.  Andrews. 

f PON,  ft.  A pond.  . Drayton. 

PON'CHO,  ft.  [Sp.,  soft.) 

1.  A sort  of  cloak,  or  loose  garment,  worn  by 
the  Indians,  and  also  by  many  of  the  Spanish 
inhabitants,  of  South  America.  Sir  I\  Head. 

2.  Stout  worsted  cloth  ; camlet.  Simmonds. 

t POND,  v.  a.  To  ponder  ; to  consider. 

O my  liege  Lord,  the  God  of  my  life, 

Plcasefch  you  i>ond  your  suppliant’s  plaint.  Spenser. 

POND,  ft.  [A.  S.  pyndan,  to  shut  in,  to  confine.] 

A collection  or  body  of  water  smaller  than  a 
lake  ; a small  lake  ; a pool : — a mill-pond. 

PON'DpR,  v.  a.  [L.  pondero ; pondus,  a weight; 
It.  pondcrare  ; Sp.  ponder ar  ; Fr.  ponderer.)  [/. 
PONDERED  ; pp.  PONDERING,  PONDERED.]  To 
weigh  in  the  mind ; to  think  upon  ; to  consider. 

“ Not  fully  pondering  the  matter.”  Bacon. 

Mary  kept  all  these  things,  and  pondered  them  in  her 
heart.  Luke  ii.  19. 

Syn.  — See  Think. 

PON'DER,  v.  ft.  To  think;  to  muse;  — with  on. 
[An  improper  use  of  the  word.  Johnson.]  Smart. 

While  pondering  thus  on  human  miseries.  Dryden. 

PON-DgR-A-BIL'I-TY,  ft.  The  quality  or  the  state 
of  being  ponderable  ; ponderableness.  Coleridge. 

PON'DpR-A-BLE,  a.  [L.  ponderabilis ; pondero, 
to  weigh;  It.  ponderabile  ; Sp.  ponderable-,  Fr. 
ponderable.]  That  may  be  weighed.  Browne. 

PON'DIJR-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Ponderability.  • 

PON'Df.R-AL,  a.  Estimated  by  weight,  not  by 
number.  • ' Arhuthnot. 

PON'DIJR-ANCE,  ft.  Weight ; heaviness.  Smart. 

-f  PON'DER-ATE,  V.  a.  To  ponder.  Wright. 

f PON-DER-A'TION,  ra.  [L.  ponder atio.)  The  act 
of  weighing.  Bp.  Hall. 

PON'DJJR-IJR,  ft.  One  who  ponders.  II  hitlock. 

PON'DpR-ING-LY,  ad.  With  consideration. 

t PON'DpR-MENT,  ft.  Act  of  pondering.  Byrom. 

PON-DER-OS'I-TY,  ft.  [It.  ponderosita ; Sp . pon- 
derosidad.]  ' Ponderousness  ; weight ; gravity  ; 
heaviness.  Bay. 

PON'Df.R-OUS,  a.  [L.  ponderosus ; pondus,  a 
weight ; It.  A Sp.  pondcroso.) 

1.  Heavy  ;‘ weighty.  “ Metals  less  ponderous.”  ~ 
Bacon.  “ His  ponderous  shield.”  Milton. 

2.  Of  consequence  ; momentous  ; important. 
“Your.  . . ponderous  and  settled  project. ”SA«A. 

3.  Strongly  impulsive ; forcible. 

Pressed  with  the  ponderous  blow, 

Down  sinks  the  ship  within  the  abyss  below.  Dryden. 


E,  I,  G,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  0,  Y,  short ; A,  5,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure ; FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


PONDEROUSLY 


1103 


POP 


Ponderous  spar , any  natural  combination  of  barytes, 
especially  the  carbonate  or  the  sulphate.  Francis. 

Syn. — See  Heavy. 

PON'D^R-OUS-LY,  ad.  With  great  weight. 

PON'DIJR-OUS-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  ponder- 
ous ; heaviness  ; weight  ; gravity.  Bp.  Taylor. 

POND'-LIL-Y,  n.  ( Bot .)  An  aquatic  plant  of  the 
genus  Nymphcea  ; water-lily.  (1  ood. 

POND'WEED,  n.  {Bot.)  An  aquatic  herb,  of  the 
genus  Potamogetan.  Gray. 

Horned  pondweed,  an  aquatic  herb  of  tile  genus  Zun- 
nichellia . Gray. 

PONE,  n.  [An  Indian  word.]  A paune.  — See 
Paune.  “ A pone  of  corn  bread.”  Smith. 

PONE,  n.  A thin  turf.  [Scotland.]  Jamieson. 

PONE,  n.  [L.  pono,  to  put.]  {Eng.  Law.) 

1.  A writ  whereby  a cause  depending  in  the 

county  or  other  inferior  court  is  removed  into 
the  Common  Pleas,  and  sometimes  into  the 
King’s  Bench.  Whishaw. 

2.  The  name  given  to  the  writ  of  attachment 

which  formerly  issued  on  the  non-appearance  of 
a defendant  at  the  return  of  the  original  writ,  to 
compel  his  appearance.  Burrill. 

Tile  term,  in  both  its  applications,  is  the  ini- 
tial word  of  the  mandate  of  the  writ.  Burrill. 


PO'NENT,  a.  [It.  ponente,  the  west,  from  L.  pono, 
pollens,  to  place,  to  set.]  Western.  “The  le- 
vant and  the  ponent  winds.”  Milton. 

PuN-yEE',  n.  A coarse  kind  of  silk.  Simmonds. 

POJV-GHEE  ' (pon-ge'),  n.  A Birman  priest  of  the 
higher  order.  Malcom. 


PCJN'GO  (pong'go,  82),  n.  ( Zoiil .)  A name  given 
to  the  largest  of  all  known  quadrumana,  the 
'Troglodytes  gorilla,  characterized  by  the  great 
size  of  its  canine  teeth.  It  inhabits  the  western 
shores  of  Africa.  Owen. 


PON'IARD  (pon'yard,  44),  n.  [L.  pugio  ; pungo,  to 
pierce;  It . pugnalc  \ Sp.  puhal ; Fr . poi guard.] 
A small  pointed  weapon  for  stabbing ; a small 
dagger.  Dryden. 

PON'IARD  (pon’yjrd),  v.  a.  To  stab  with  a pon- 
iard. Cotgrave. 

t PO-NI-BIL'I-TY,??.  [L.  pono,  to  place.]  Capa- 
bility of  being  placed.  Barrow. 

t PONK,  n.  A merry  fairy.  — See  Puck.  Shah. 

PO.VV-Js-I-jYO  'REM,  n.  [L .,  asses’  bridge.)  A 
cant  term  in  universities  and  colleges,  for  the 
fifth  proposition  of  the  first  hook  of  Euclid, 
from  the  difficulty  with  which  many  get  over  it ; 
the  asses’  bridge. 

I don’t  believe  he  passed  the  Pons~A$inorum  without  many 
a halt  and  a stumble.  Alma  Mater. 


PONTAC,  n.  A kind  of  sweet  wine  made  in  Cape 
Colony.  Simmonds. 

PON’TAtJtE,  n.  [L.  pontagiurn,  from  L.  pons, 
pontis,  a bridge.  — W . pout,  a bridge.]  {Okl 
Eng.  Law.)  A tax  or  contribution  for  the  main- 
tenance or  repair  of  a bridge  : — a toll  for  pass- 
ing a bridge.  Whishaw. 

I’ON'TEE,  n.  {Glass  Manufacture.)  An  iron  in- 
strument by  which  the  hot  glass  is  taken  out  of 
the  glass-pot.  Braude. 

PON'TIC,  a.  [Gr.  novriKo; ; ttovtos,  the  sea,  es- 
pecially the  Black  Sea;  L . Ponticus.]  {Geog.) 
Pertaining  to  the  Euxine,  or  Black  Sea.  Smith. 


PON'TIFF,  n.  [L.  pontifex,  according  to  Varro 
and  Vossius,  from  pons,  pontis,  a bridge,  and 
facio,  to  make,  because  the  first  bridge  over  the 
Tiber  was  constructed  and  consecrated  by  the 
chief  priest;  It.  pontefice;  Sp.  pontiJi.ce ; Fr. 
pontfef] 

1.  A priest ; a high  priest.  Bacon. 

2.  The  pope.  Blackstone. 


I ON-TIF  IC,  ? a.  [L.  pontificalis  ; It . pontifi- 
PON-TlF'l-CAL,  ; cale  ; Sp.  <S,-  Fr.  pontifical.) 

1.  Belonging  to  a high  priest,  pontiff,  or 
pope;  popish.  “ Pontifical  jurisdiction.”  Fulke. 
* 2.  f [See  Pontiff.]  Bridge-building.  “By 

wondrous  art  pontifical.”  Milton. 

PON-Tl  F'[-CAL,  n.  ( Eccl .)  1.  A book  contain- 

ing the  offices  used  by  a bishop,  at  consecration 
of  churches,  Ac. 

By  the  pontifical,  no  altar  is  to  be  consecrated  without 
relics.  Stilliwj fleet. 


2.  pi.  The  ensigns  or  dress  of  a bishop  or 
priest.  “ Robed  in  his  pontificals.”  Lowth. 

f PON-tIf-I-CAL'I-TY,  n.  The  papacy.  Ahp.  Usher. 

PON-TI F'J-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a pontifical  manner. 

PON-TlF'l-CATE,  n.  [L.  pooitificatus ; It.  ponti- 
Jicato;  Sp.  pontijicado ; Fr.  pontijicat .]  The 
state  or  the  office  of  a pontiff  or  high  priest ; 
the  papacy  ; popedom.  Addison. 

PON'Tl-FlCE,  n.  [L .pons,  pontis,  a bridge,  and 
facio,  to  make.]  Bridge-work ; the  structure 
or  edifice  of  a bridge.  [It.]  Milton. 

tPON-TI-Fp'CIAL  (-fish'll),  a.  Pontifical.  Burton. 

{ PON-TI-FI"CIAN  (-fisli'sn),  a.  Pontifical.  Hall. 

f PON-TI-fF'CIAN,  n.  A papist.  Mountagu. 

PON'TINE,  n.  [L.  Pomptinus,  or  Pontinus-,  It. 
pontine  ; Fr.  pontin.]  Noting,  or  pertaining  to, 
a marshy  district  between  Naples  and  Home ; 
— written  also  Pomptine.  Andrews. 

PONT'LIJ-Vls,  n.  {Horsemanship.)  The  action  of 
a horse  that  rears  so  as  to  be  in  danger  of  com- 
ing over  backwards.  Bailey. 

POJY-TOJY' , n.  [Fr.]  A pontoon.  — See  Pon- 
toon. 

PON-TO-NIER',  n.  [Fr.]  A soldier  who  con- 
structs pontoon-bridges.  Maunder. 

PON-TOON',  n.  [Sp.  <Sf  Fr.  ponton,  from  L.  pons, 
pontis,  a bridge.] 

1.  {Mil.)  A portable  floating  vessel,  or  any 

buoyant  body,  used  for  supporting  the  platform 
of  a bridge.  G/os.  of  Mil.  Terms. 

2.  (Naut.)  A kind  of  barge,  furnished  with 

cranes,  capstans,  tackles,  and  other  machinery, 
for  careening  vessels,  used  chiefly  in  the  Med- 
iterranean ; a lighter.  Mar.  Diet. 

PON-TOON'— BRIDGE,  n.  A bridge  made  with 
pontoons.  Brandc. 

PON-TOON'— CAIt'RIAGE,  n.  A carriage  made 
with  two  wheels  and  two  side-pieces,  whose  fore 
ends  are  supported  by  timbers.  Wright. 

PONT— VO-LANT',  n.  (Mil.)  A flying-bridge;  a 
light  bridge  used  in  sieges  for  surprising  a post 
or  outwork  which  has  a narrow  moat.  Buchanan. 

PO'NY,  n.  [Perhaps  from  puny.  Johnson.'] 

1.  A small  horse ; a horse  less  than  fourteen 

hands  high.  Cowper. 

2.  A translation  of  a classical  text-book.  [A 
cant  term  in  colleges.] 

In  the  way  of  pony,  or  translation  to  the  Greek  of  Father 
Griesbach,  the  New  Testament  was  wonderfully  convenient. 

N.  E.  Magazine. 

POOD,  n.  A Russian  weight  of  about  thirty-six 
pounds  avoirdupois.  Simmonds. 

POO'DLE,  n.  A small  dog  with  long,  fine,  curly 
hair.  Booth. 

POOII,  interj.  An  exclamation  of  contempt  or  of 
slight  aversion  ; poh  ; pshaw.  Ec.  Rev. 

POOL,  n.  [A.  S . pol,  pal;  Dut.  pool-,  Ger.  pfuhl; 
Dan.  <f;-  Sw.  pi,  l ; Icel . pollr.  — Gael,  poll.',  W. 
pwll.  — From  L.  palus,  a marsh,  a pool.  Skin- 
ner. — A contraction  of  puddle.  Too/ce.]  A 
collection  of  water  smaller  than  a lake ; a 
pond.  Bacon. 

POOL,  n.  [Fr.  poule,  a chicken,  a pool.]  The 
stakes  played  for  in  certain  games  ; — also  writ- 
ten poule.  Mason. 

POOL'— BALL§,  n.  pi.  Ivory  balls,  for  playing  a 
kind  of  billiards.  Simmonds. 

POOLER,  n.  A tanner’s  instrument  for  stirring 
vats.  Simmonds. 

POOL'ING,  n.  The  hollowing  out  of  any  place, 
by  the  action  of  a fall  of  water.  Ogilvie. 

POOL'SNiPE,  n.  ( Ornith .)  A bird  of  the  family 
Scolopacidce  and  genus  Totanus  ; the  red- 
shank. Pennant. 

POO'N AII-LlTE,  n.  [ Poonah , in  Ilindostan,  and 
Gr.  4/00?,  a stone.]  (Min.)  A variety  of  zeolite 
from  Poonah,  in  Hindostan.  Dana. 

POOP,  n.  [L.  puppis  ; It.  poppa-,  Sp.  popa;  Fr. 
poupe.) 

1.  ( STaut.)  The  highest  and  aftermost  deck ; 

a deck  raised  over  the  after  part  of  the  spar 
deck.  Mar.  Diet.  Dana. 

2.  (Arch.)  The  apex  of  a vertical  board  at  the 
end  of  a seat  or  a desk  ; a poppy-head.  Britton. 


P6oP,  v.  a.  \i.  pooped  ; pp.  pooping,  pooped.] 
(Naut.)  To  run  into  the  poop  or  stern  of,  as 
the  bow  of  one  vessel  into  the  stern  of  another. 
Mar.  Diet.  — To  break  over  the  stern  of,  as  a 
sea.  “ A large,  swelling  sea  threatened  to  poop 
us.”  Anson. 

POOP,  v.  n.  [Dut.  pcepen.  — Sec  Pop.]  To  make 
a noise  : — to  break  wind.  Chaucer. 

POOPED  (pop'ed  or  popt),  a.  (Naut.)  Having  a 
poop  : — struck  on  the  poop  by  the  shock  of  a 
heavy  sea.  Dana. 

POOP'ING,  n.  (Naut.)  A breaking  of  the  sea 

over  the  talfrail  on  the  poop.  Mar.  Diet. 

POOR , a.  [L.  pauper  ; It . povero ; Sp.  pohre  ; Fr. 
pauvre.] 

1.  Indigent ; needy  ; necessitous  ; destitute  ; 
in  want ; — opposed  to  rich.  Prov.  xix.  22. 

I wrong  him  to  call  him  poor;  they  say  he  hath  masses  of 
money.  ■ tfitak. 

2.  Lean  ; thin  ; emaciated  ; not  fat ; meagre. 

Seven  other  kine  came  up  after  them,  poor  and  very  ill 
favored.  Gen.  xii.  ID. 

3.  Barren;  sterile.  “ A poor  soil.”  Johnson. 

4.  Of  little  force,  value,  or  dignity  ; trifling. 

That  I have  wronged  no  man  will  be  a poor  plea  or  apol- 
ogy at  the  last  day.  Calami/. 

Rich  gifts  wax  poor  when  givers  prove  unkind.  Stiak. 

5.  Paltry  ; mean  ; shabby  ; contemptible. 

A poor  number  it  was  to  conquer  Ireland.  Bacon. 

6.  Wanting  good,  valuable,  or  desirable  qual- 
ities ; not  good,  excellent,  proper,  or  desirable ; 
as,  “ A poor  garment  ” ; “ A poor  picture.” 

The  marquis  . . . embarked  in  a poor  vessel.  Clarendon. 

7.  Wretched;  unfortunate;  ill-starred;  ill- 
fated  ; luckless ; unhappy  ; miserable. 

O,  how  wretched 

Is  that  poor  man  that  hangs  on  prince’s  favors!  Skak. 

8.  A word  of  tenderness  ; dear.  “ Poor,  little, 

pretty,  fluttering  thing.”  Prior. 

Poor  in  spirit,  humble.  “ Blessed  are  the  poor  in 
spirit .“  Mall.  v.  3. 

Syn.  — See  Bare,  Poverty. 

POOR,  n.  pi.  Indigent  people  ; that  portion  of 
the  population  of  a country,  or  those  persons, 
who  are  destitute  of  wealth  or  property,  and  are 
often  assisted  by  charity;  — the  opposite  of  the 
rich.  “ The  rich  and  the  poor  meet  togeth- 
er.” Proverbs. 

POOR'— BOX,  n.  A box  to  receive  money  for  the 
poor.  Pope. 

POOR'— HOUSE,  n.  A house  for  the  poor  ; an 
almshouse.  Qu.  Rev. 

POOR-JOIIN'  (por-jon'),  n.  ( Ich .)  A marine  fish 
of  the  cod  family  ; the  hake  ; Gadus  merhtcius 
of  Linnaeus.  Burton. 

POOR'— LAW,  n.  A law  relating  to  the  poor,  or 
providing  for  the  support  of  the  poor.  Qu.  Rev. 

POOR'LI-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  poorly  ; feeble- 
ness ; ill-health,  [it.]  Mrs.  Gore. 

POOR'LY,  ad.  In  a poor  manner;  in  indigence 
or  poverty  ; without  wealth: — not  prosperous- 
ly : — meanly  ; basely  ; vilely  : without  excel- 
lence or  dignity. 

POOR'LY,  a.  Somewhat  ill;  feeble;  indisposed. 

I have,  for  a long  time,  been  very  poorly . Johnson. 

POOR'NgSS,  n.  1.  The  state  or  the  quality  of 
being  poor  ; indigence;  want;  poverty.  “The 
poorness  of  his  exchequer.”  Burnet. 

2.  Want  of  dignity  ; lowness  ; meanness. 
“ Poorness  and  degeneracy  of  spirit.”  Addison. 

3.  Want  of  capacity;  narrowness.  “The 

poorness  of  our  conceptions.”  Spectator. 

4.  Want  of  fertility  ; barrenness  ; sterility. 

“ The  poorness  of  the  earth.”  Bacon. 

POOR'-RATE,  n.  A tax  for  the  support  of  the 
poor.  Qu.  Rev. 

POOR-SPlR'IT-ED,  a.  Mean;  cowardly;  base; 
mean-spirited.  “ Poor-spirited  wretch.”  Dennis. 

POOR-SPlR'lT-ED-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being 
poor-spirited  ; meanness  ; cowardice.  South. 

POP,  n.  [Gr.  rSmroiTiia,  a whistling,  a smack ; L. 
poppgsma  ; Old  Fr.  poppgsme.  — “ All,  without 
doubt,  from  the  sound.”  Skinner.  — Dut.  poep, 
a fart.]  A small,  smart,  quick  sound  or  report. 
“ A pop  loud  enough  to  be  heard.”  Addison. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 


BULL,  BUR,  RtJLE.  — 9,  (/,  9,  g,  soft;  ft,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  ij  as  z; 


21  as  gz. — THIS,  this. 


POP 


1104 


PORCUPINE-WOOD 


Pol’,  v.  n.  [i.  POPPED;  pp.  POPPING,  popped.] 
To  move  or  act  with  a quick,  sudden  motion. 
“ Popping  upon  me  unexpectedly.”  Addison. 

As  he  scratched  to  fetch  up  thought, 

Forth  popped  the  sprite  so  thiu.  Swift. 

POP,  v.  a.  To  offer,  present,  or  to  put  out  or  in 
suddenly  with  a quick  motion.  “ He  popped  a 
paper  into  his  hand.”  MiUon. 

Didst  thou  never  pop 

Thy  head  into  a tinman’s  shop?  Prior. 

To  pop  off,  to  put  or  shift  off.  “ Did  you  pop  me  off 
with  this  slight  answer?”  Beau.  FI. 

POP,  ad.  Suddenly  ; unexpectedly.  Beau.  <Sj  FI. 

POP-CORN,  n.  Corn  or  maize  for  parching. 

POPE,  n.  [Gr.  naurcas,  tratr a,  a father  ; L.  papa , a 
father,  a bishop;  It.  S;  Sp.  papa,  a pope;  Fr. 
pape.\  The  title  of  the  bishop  of  liome,  the 
supreme  head  of  the  lloman  Catholic  Church  ; 
the  sovereign  pontiff.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Monarch. 

POPE,  n.  ( Ich .)  A fresh-water  fish  closely  allied  to 
the  perch  ; the  ruff' ; Acerina  vulgaris.  Yarrell. 

POPE 'DOM,  n.  The  office,  jurisdiction,  or  terri- 
tory of  the  pope  ; papal  dig'nity  ; papacy.  Shak. 

POPE'-JOAN'  (pop'jon1),  n.  A game  at  cards. 

In  friendly  sets  of  loo  or  cheap  pope-joan.  Jenner. 

fPOPE'LING,  n.  1.  One  who  adheres  to  the  pope. 

2.  An  inferior  pope.  Bp.  Hall. 

POP'yR-Y,  n.  The  religion,  or  the  doctrine  and 
discipline,  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church. Swift. 

POPE’S— EYE  (pops'l),  n.  A gland  surrounded 
with  fat  in  the  middle  of  the  thigh.  Johnson. 

POPE’S'— HEAD,  n.  A long-handled  broom  for 
sweeping  ceilings.  Wright. 

POP'— GUN,  n.  A small  tube  used  by  children  for 
shooting  pellets  ; a child’s  air-gun.  Cheyne. 

POP'IN-JAY,  n.  [Sp.  papagayo  ; papa,  a pope,  a 
father,  and  gayo,  a jay.] 

1.  ( Omith .)  A parrot.  Aseham.  — A bird  of 

the  family  PicidcB,  or  woodpeckers  ; — green 
woodpecker;  Picas  viridis.  Eng.  Cyc. 

2.  A fop  ; a coxcomb  ; a dandy.  Shak. 

POP'Isn,  a.  Relating  to  the  pope  or  to  popery. 

POP'ISH-LY.  ad.  In  a popish  manner  ; with  ten- 
dency to  Roman  Catholicism.  Addison. 

FOP'LAR,  n.  [L.  populus ; It.  pioppo-,  Fr.  peu- 
plicr.  — Dut  .populier  ; Ger.  poppet.  — W.  poply- 
sen.~\  ( Bot .)  A deciduous  tree  of  the  genus  Pop- 
ulus, of  rapid  growth  and  having  soft  wood  : — a 
name  erroneously  applied  also  to  the  Lirioden- 
dron  tulipifera ; tulip-tree  or  whitewood.  Gray. 

Lombardy  poplar,  a species  of  poplar,  native  of  Ita- 
ly, Persia,  and  the  Himalaya,  having  a conical,  cy- 
press-like  form,  and  no  horizontal  branches  ; Populus 
fastigiata. — Silver  poplar,  ox  silver-leaf  poplar,  an  or- 
namental tree,  native  of  Europe,  having  leaves  dark 
green  and  smooth  above,  and  very  white  and  downy 
beneath;  abele-tree  ; white  poplar;  Populus  alba. — 
White  poplar,  the  silver  poplar,  or  silver-leaf  poplar  ; 
Populus  alba-, — a name  sometimes  applied  also  to 
American  aspen,  or  Populus  tremuloides . Fog.  Cyc. 

POP'LAR,  a.  Belonging  to,  or  made  of,  poplar. 

POP’LARED  (-l?rd),  a.  Covered  with,  or  contain- 
ing, poplars.  Jones. 

POP'LIN,  n.  A silk  and  worsted  stuff,  of  which 
there  are  many  varieties,  as  watered,  figured, 
brocaded,  tissued,  &c.  Simmonds. 

POP-LIT'E-AL,  a.  [L.  poples,  poplitis,  the  ham  ; 
It.  poplites  ; Fr . poplitairei]  (Anal.)  Pertain- 
ing to  the  ham  or  posterior  part  of  the  knee- 
joint.  “ Popliteal  artery.”  Dunglison. 

POP-LIT'IC,  a.  Same  as  Popliteal.  Crabb. 

POP'PIJT,  n.  1.  A puppet. — See  Puppet.  Todd. 

2.  ( Naut .)  A perpendicular  piece  of  timber 
fixed  to  the  fore-and-aft  part  of  bilgeways,  to 
support  a vessel  in  launching.  Dana. 

POP'PLE,  n.  Poplar.  [Local  and  vulgar.]  Forby. 

POP'PY,  n.  (Bot.)  A herbaceous  plant  of  sev- 
eral species,  belonging  to  the  genus  Papaver, 
and  bearing  large,  showy,  but  fugacious  flow- 
ers. Eng.  Cyc. 

But  pleasures  are  like  poppies  spread ; 

You  seize  the  flower,  its  bloom  is  sired.  Burns. 


tFfr-  One  species  of  t lie  poppy,  Papaver  somniferum, 
is  extensively  cultivated  in  warm  climates  on  account 
of  its  milky  juice,  which,  when  inspissated,  forms 
the  opium  of  commerce,  and  also  for  the  sake  of  tiie 
bland  oil  obtained  from  the  seeds.  Loudon. 

POP'PY— HEAD,  n.  [“  From  L.  puppis,  the  stern 
of  a ship.”  Britton.  — Fr.  poup/ici]  (Arch.)  The 
apex  of  a vertical  board  at  the  end  of  a seat  or 
desk,  carved  into  an  ornamental  finial,  pommel, 
or  crest;  — called  also  poop,  and  poppy . Britton. 

POP'U-LACE,  n.  [L.  populus  ; It.  popolaccio  ; Sp. 
populacho  ; Fr.  populace .]  The  common  peo- 
ple ; commonalty  ; the  multitude  ; the  vulgar. 

Now  swarms  the/ lopulace,  a countless  throng; 

Youtli  and  hoar  age  tumultuous  pour  along.  Pope. 

tPOP'U-LA-CY,  n.  The  populace.  King  Charles. 

POP'U-LAR,  a.  [L.  popularis  ; popidus,  a people  ; 
It.  popolare ; Sp  .popular',  Fr.  populaire.) 

1.  Pertaining  to,  or  derived  from,  the  common 
people.  “ So  the  popular  vote  inclines.”  Milton. 

Where  I have  the  honor  to  sit  as  Judge,  neither  royal  nor 
popular  appiause  shall  ever  protect  the  guilty.  Mansfield. 

2.  Suitable  to  the  common  people  ; familiar ; 
plain  ; easy  to  be  understood. 

Homilies  are  plain  and  jiopulur  instructions.  Hooker. 

3.  Beloved  by,  or  pleasing  to,  the  people;  ac- 
ceptable to  the  people. 

Such  as  were  popular 

And  well-deserving  were  advanced  by  grace.  Daniel. 

The  old  general  was  set  aside,  and  Prince  Rupert  put  into 
the  command,  which  was  no  popular  change.  Clarendon. 

4.  f Studious  of  the  favor  of  the  people  ; seek- 
ing popularity.  Holland. 

5.  Prevailing  among  the  people  ; prevalent. 

“ A popular  distemper.”  Johnson. 

Popular  action , (Law.)  an  action  given  by  statute  to 
any  person  who  will  sue  for  the  penalty.  Bouvicr. 

POP-y-LAR'I-TY,  n.  [L . popularitas  \ It.  popo- 
laritt)  -,  Sp.  popularidad ; Fr.  popularite.) 

1.  The  state  of  being  popular ; the  state  of 

being  beloved  or  esteemed  by,  or  acceptable  to, 
the  people  ; favor  of  the  people.  Bacon. 

It  has  been  imputed  to  me,  by  the  noble  earl  on  my  left, 
that  I too  am  running  the  race  of  popularity.  If  the  noble 
earl  means  by  popularity  that  applause  bestowed  by  after 
ages  on  good  and  virtuous  actions,  I have  long  been  strug- 
gling in  the  race.  . . . But  if  he  means  that  mushroom  popu- 
larity which  is  raised  without  merit  and  lost  without  a crime, 
he  is  much  mistaken  in  his  opinion.  Mansfield. 

2.  That  which  is  popular. 

Popularities  and  circumstances  which  sway  the  ordinary 
judgment.  Bacon. 

POP-U-LAR-I-ZA'TION,  n.  Act  of  popularizing, 
or  state  of  being  popularized.  Qu.  Rev. 

POP'U-LAR-IZE,  v.  a.  [i.  popularized  ; pp. 
popularizing,  popularized.]  To  render 
popular ; to  make  common  or  easy  ; to  spread 
among  the  people.  [Modern.]  Coleridge. 

Philosophy  has  been  completely  popularized , and  mingles 
with  every  order  of  society  from  the  palace  to  the  cottage. 

Robert  Hall. 

POP'y-LAR-Iz  yR,  n.  One  who  popularizes. 

POP'U-LAR-LY,  ad.  1.  In  a popular  manner  ; so 
as  to  please  the  common  people.  Dryden. 

2.  According  to  the  conceptions  or  apprehen- 
sions of  the  common  people.  Browne. 

FOP'y-LATE,  v.  n.  [It.  popolare,  from  L.  popu- 
lus, a people.]  [i.  populated  ; pp.  populat- 
ing, populated.]  To  people;  to  furnish  with 
inhabitants.  Gent.  Mag. 

Nearly  the  whole  peninsula  fChersonesus]  was  before  pop- 
ulated by  a race  different  to  the  Danes  and  similar  to  the 
Angles.  Bosworth. 

POP'U-LATE,  v.  n.  To  breed  people.  Bacon. 

POP-U-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  population  It.  popola- 
zione  ; Sp.  poblacion ; Fr.  population.) 

1.  The  inhabitants  of  a town,  district,  country, 

&c. ; number  of  people.  “ The  population  of  a 
kingdom.”  Bacon. 

2.  The  act  of  populating  or  peopling.  Smart. 

Law  or  principle  of  papulation,  the  law  or  rule  ac- 
cording to  which  population  increases.  Brande. 

POP'y-LI-ClDE,  n.  [L.  populus,  a people,  and 
credo,  to  kill.]  The  killing  of  the  people.  Ec.Rcv. 

POP'U-LINE-,  n.  [L.  populus,  a poplar.]  (Chem.) 

■ A crystallizable  substance,  separated  from  the 
bark  of  the  aspen,  or  Populus  tremula.  Brande. 

tPOP-y-LOS'I-TY,  n.  [L.  populositas.]  Popu- 
lousness ; number  of  people.  Bromic. 

POP'y-LOUS,  a.  [L,  populosus  ; popidus,  people ; 


It . popoloso  ■,  Sp .populoso-,  Fr.  populevx.]  Full 
of  people  or  inhabitants;  numerously  inhabit- 
ed ; thickly  settled  ; crowded.  Milton. 

POP'y-LoCrS-LY,  ad.  With  much  population  or 
people.  Johnson. 

POP'y-LOyS-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  popu- 
lous or  abounding  with  people.  Howell. 

POR'BEA-GLE,  n.  A species  of  shark.  Pennant. 

POR'CATE,  a.  [L.  porca,  a ridge  between  two 
furrows.]  (Ent.)  Noting  a surface  having  paral- 
lel elevated  longitudinal  ridges.  Brande. 

POR'CA-TyD,  a.  Having  ridges  ; porcate.  Smart. 

II  POR'ey-LAIN,  or  POR'Cf-LAIN  [por'se-lan,  S. 
IF.  J.  P.  C.  ; pdr'se-lan,  E.  Ja.  ; pors'ljn,  K. ; 
pdrs'lftn,  .Sot.;  pbr'se-lfin,  R.],n.  [It . porcellana \ 
Sp.  porcelana  ; Fr.  porcelaine. ] 

1.  A fine,  translucent  species  of  earthen- 
ware or  pottery,  originally  made  in  China  and 
Japan,  but  now  in  Europe  ; china-ware;  china. 

Some  of  the  French  and  English  porcelain,  especially  that 
made  at  Sevres  and  Worcester,  is  extremely  white  and  duly 
translucent,  but  is  more  apt  to  crack  by  sudden  changes  of 
temperature,  more  brittle,  . . . and  more  fusible,  than  the 
finest  porcelains  of  Japan  and  China.  Brande. 

2.  [L .portulaca.~\  (Bot.)  Purslain.  Ainsworth. 

Porcelain  spar,  (Min.)  a variety  of  garnet ; scapo- 

lite.  Dana. 

||  POR'Cf.-LAIN,  a.  Belonging  to,  or  consisting 
of,  porcelain.  Dryden. 

||  POR'Cf.-LAIN— CLAY,  n.  A species  of  clay  con- 
sisting of  alumina  and  silica  in  nearly  equal 
proportions  ; kaoline  ; China  clay.  tire. 

||  POR'CE-LAIN-ITE,  n.  (Min.)  An  opaque,  brit- 
tle variety  of  jasper  ; porcelain-jasper.  Brande. 

II  POR'CJJ-LAIN-JAS'Pf,R,  n.  (Min.)  Clay  which 
has  been  rendered  semi-vitreous  by  contact  with 
trap-rocks ; porcelainite.  Thomson. 

||  POR-Cy-LA'NlJ-OUS,  a.  Relating  to,  or  contain- 
ing, porcelain.  Brande. 

POR'CE-LA-NlTE,  n.  (Min.)  Porcelainite. — 
See  Porcelainite.  Wright. 

PORCH,  n.  [L.  portions ; porta,  a gate  ; It.  Sp. 
portico-,  Fr.  poix-he..] 

1.  (Arch.)  An  exterior  appendage  to  a build- 

ing, forming  a covered  approach  to  a door  or 
entrance  ; an  arched  vestibule.  Spenser. 

The  west  front  of  Peterborough  Minster  presents  the  most 
magnificent  porch,  or  portico,  in  England,  if  not  in  Europe. 

Britton. 

2.  A covered  walk  ; a portico. 

Repair  to  Pompe}'^  Porch , where  you  shall  find  us.  Shak. 

3.  A public  portico  in  Athens,  where  Zeno 

taught : — the  stoic  philosophy.  Smart. 

4.  f The  Turkish  court;  the  Porte.  Hackluyt. 

Syn.  — Parch  is  a covered  station,  and  portico  a 

covered  walk,  on  tile  outside  of  a buildijig.  A vesti- 
bule is  a fore-room,  and  a hall  is  the  first  large  room, 
within  a building,  both  serving  as  an  entrance. 

POR'CINE,  a.  [L.  porcinus. ; pnreus,  a swine.] 
Pertaining  to,  or  resembling,  swine.  Smart. 

t PORC'— PISCE,  n.  A porcupine.  B.  Jonson. 

POR'CU-PINE,  n.  [It. 
porco-spino,  from  L. 
porcus,  a hog,  and 
spina,  a thorn,  a 
spine  ; Sp.  pucrco- 
espin  ; Fr.  porc- 
epic.\  (ZoOl.)  A noc- 
turnal rodent  quad- 
ruped, about  two 
feet  long,  having  the  Porcupine  ( Hystrix  cristata). 
head  and  neck  furnished  with  a crest  of  long 
hairs,  very  short  hair  on  tlje  legs  and  muzzle, 
and  the  other  parts  covered  with  spines  or 
quills,  which  are  longest  on  the  back,  and  which, 
when  excited,  the  animal  raises  almost  at  right 
angles  with  the  body ; Hystrix  cristata  of  Lin- 
naeus. Eng.  Cyc. 

Like  quills  upon  the  fretful  porcupine.  Shak. 

POR'CU-PINE-FlSH,  n.  (Ich.)  A tropical  fish 
covered  with  spines  or  prickles  ; Diodon  hystrix. 
— See  Diodon,  and  Globe-fish.  Baird, 

POR'CU-PlNE-WOOD  (-wud),  n.  A species  of 
palm,  so  named  because,  when  cut  horizontally, 
the  markings  of  the  w’ood  resemble  the  quills  of 
the  porcupine.  Stmmonds. 


A E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  V,  Y,  short; 


A,  y,  !,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE, 


FAR,  FAST,  FALL; 


HEIR,  HER  ; 


PORE 


1105 


PORT-CRAYON 


PORE,  n.  [Gr.  TTifpo;,  a passage,  a pore  ; L.porus; 
It.  4'  Sp.  poro  ; Fr.  pore.] 

1.  (Anat.)  A minute  opening  at  the  extremi- 

ty of  a vessel,  at  the  surface  of  a membrane. 
“ The  pores  of  the  skin.”  Dunglison. 

The  sweat  came  gushing  out  of  ever y pore.  Chapman. 

2.  A small  opening  between  the  constituent 

particles  of  bodies  ; a small  spiracle  or  passage. 
“ The  metals  have  but  few  pores."  Nfah.nl. 


Any  substance  of  the  specific  gravity  of  water  must  have 
more  pores  than  solid  parts.  Brande. 

PORE,  v.  n.  [Of  uncertain  etymology.  — Perhaps 
same  as  peer.  Richardson.]  \i.  poked  \pp.  por- 
ing, pored.]  To  look  earnestly  ; to  examine 
any  thing  with  steady  or  continued  attention. 
Ilis  listless  length  at  noontide  would  he  stretch, 

And  pore  upon  the  brook  that  babbles  by.  Gray. 

"With  sharpened  sight  pale  antiquaries  pore.  Pope. 

To  pore  on  or  upon,  to  read  or  examine  with  steady 
or  continued  attention.  “ Poring  upon  old,  unfash- 
ionable books.”  Swift. 

f PORE'BLIND,  a.  [Gr.  tuopdg,  blind.  Todd.]  Short- 
sighted ; purblind.  Bacon. 

PoR'IJR,  n.  One  who  pores  ; hard  student.  Temple. 

POR'GY,  n.  [Fr.]  ( Ich .)  A species  of  Sparus  ; — 
called  also  paugie,pogy,  and  scuppaug.  Bartlett. 

PO'RI-FORM,  a.  [L.  poms,  a pore,  and  fero,  to 
bear.]  (Nat.  Hist.)  Having  the  form  or  ap- 
pearance of  a pore.  Wright. 

PO'RIME,  n.  ( Geom .)  A theorem  or  proposition 
in  geometry,  so  easy  to  be  demonstrated  as  to 
be  almost  self-evident.  Crabb. 

POR'I-NESS,  n.  Fulness  of  pores.  Wiseman. 

i’O  R ISj.M,  n.  [Gr.  nopor/ia  ; ir opinio,  to  bring  ; It.  S; 
Sp . porisma;  Fr.  porismeAf  (Geom.)  Among 
the  ancient  geometricians,  a proposition  affirm- 
ing the  possibility  of  finding  such  conditions  as 
will  render  a certain  problem  indeterminate,  or 
capable  of  innumerable  solutions.  Playfair.  — 
A term  used  by  the  Grecian  geometricians  for  a 
corollary.  Brande. 


po-ri§-mAttc, 

PO-RI§-MAT'J-CAL, 


\ a I 


Relating 
ristic. 


to  porism  ; po- 
Clarke. 


PO-RIS'  TIC,  I a_  (Math.)  Pertaining  to  a po- 

PO-RIS'TI-CAL,  ) rism  ; porismatic.  Bailey. 

PO'RITE,  n.  [Fr.]  A madrepore  with  the  polypi- 
dom  diversiform,  porous,  and  echinated. 

Eng.  Cyc. 

PORK,  n.  [L.  porous  ; It .porco;  Sp.  pnerco  ; Fr. 
pore.  — Gael,  pork  ; W.  porch.] 

1.  t A swine  ; a hog  or  a pig.  Milton. 

2.  The  flesh  of  swine,  used  as  food. 

In  converting  Jews  to  Christians,  you  raise  the  price  of 
pork.  Shak. 

PORK'— EAT-1JR,  n.  One  who  feeds  on  pork.  Shak. 

PORK'ER,  n.  A hog  or  a pig.  “ Fat  porkers.”  Pope. 

PORK'JiT,  n.  A young  hog  ; a pig.  Dryden. 

PORIv'LING,  n.  A young  hog  ; a pig.  Tusser. 

POR-NOG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  iropvoypdi/ios,  painting 
harlots ; Trdpvy,  a harlot,  and  ypa^oi,  to  write.] 
Licentious  painting  used  to  adorn  the  walls  of 
rooms  sacred  to  bacchanalian  orgies.  Fairholt. 

POR'O-CELE,  n.  [Gr.  -rrcTipor,  callus,  and  Kt/i.ri,  a 
tumor.]  (Med.)  A hard  tumor  of  the  testicle 
or  its  envelopes.  Dunglison. 

PO-ROS'I-TY,  n.  [It.  porositd;  Sp.  porosidad ; 
Fr.  porosite.]  The  state  or  the  quality  of  being 
porous ; porousness. 

Some  bodies,  such  as  sponges,  possess  great  porosity.  Nicliol. 

PO-ROT'IC,  n.  [Gr.  rChfto t,  callus.]  (Med.)  A 
remedy  for  assisting  the  formation  of  callus. 

Dunglison. 

PO'ROUS,  a.  [It.  &;  Sp.  poroso  ; Pv.poreux.]  Hav- 
ing pores ; having  small  spiracles  or  passages. 
“ Flis  porous  skin.”  Chapman. 

PO'ROUS-LY,  ad.  In  a porous  manner.  Clarke. 

PO'ROUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state  of 
having  pores  ; porosity.  South. 

t POR'PEN-TlNE,  n.  A porcupine.  Howell. 

POR'Pyss,  n.  The  porpoise.  Eng.  Cyc. 


POR-PHY-RA'CEOUS,  a.  Porphyritic.  Clarke. 
t POR'PIIYRE  (-f?r),  n.  [Fr.]  Porphyry.  Locke. 


por-phy-rIt'ic, 

POR-PHY-RIT'I-CAL 


a.  Relating  to,  or  con- 
taining, porphyry. 

Eng.  Cyc. 

Porphyritic  granite,  (Min.)  granite  having  distinct 
crystals  of  felspar  scattered  through  it.  Dana. 

POR'PIIY-RlZE,  v.  a.  To  convert  into,  or  cause 
to  resemble,  porphyry.  Clarke. 

POR-PHY-ROX'INE,  n.  (Chem.)  A neutral  sub- 
stance found  in  Bengal  opium.  Thomson. 

POR'PHy-RY  (por'fe-re),  n.  [Gr.  nooifixipa,  purple  ; 
L.  porphyrites  ; It.  porfiro,  porjido  ; Sp.  porfi- 
do  ; Fr.  porphyre .]  (Min.)  A very  hard  stone 
or  rock,  having  a compact  felspathic  base,  with 
crystals  of  felspar  embedded  in  it.  Eng.  Cyc. 

Porphyry  may  be  green  with  blotches  of  paler 
green  or  white,  or  red  with  white  blotches  or  specks, 
besides  other  shades  of  color.  The  blotches  of  a pol- 
ished surface  are  the  felspar  crystals.  Dana. 

POR'PHY-RY— SHELL,  n.  (Conch.)  A species  of 
murex,  affording  the  Tyrian  purple.  Buchanan. 

POR'POISE  (pdr'pus),  n.  [L.  porcus,  a hog,  and 
piscis,  a fish ; It.  porco-pcsce  ; Fr.  porc-pois- 
son.]  (Zobl.)  A cetaceous  mammal  of  the  ge- 
nus Phoccena  of  Cuvier,  or  Delphinus  of  Lin- 
nteus  ; — also  written  porpess,  porpesse,  porpice, 
and  porpus. 

ISSf  “ Porpoises  swim  in  shoals,  and  drive  the 
mackerel,  herrings,  and  salmon  before  them.  . . They 
not  only  seek  for  prey  near  the  surface,  but  often  de- 
scend to  the  bottom  in  search  of  sand-eels  and  sea- 
worms,  which  they  root  out  of  the  sand  with  their 
noses,  in  the  same  manner  as  the  hogs  do  in  the  field 
for  their  food.”  F.ng.  Cyc. 

POR-PO-RI 'NO,  n.  [It.]  A composition  of  quick- 
silver, tin,  and  sulphur,  which  produced  a yellow 
metallic  powder,  that  was  sometimes  employed 
instead  of  gold  by  mediaeval  artists.  Fairholt. 

POR'PUS,  n.  A porpoise.  Swift. 

POR-RA'CEOUS  (-situs,  66),  a.  [L.  porraceus  ; por- 
rum,  a leek.]  Green  like  a leek.  Wiseman. 

POR-RECT',  a.  [L.  porrigo,  porrectus,  to  reach 
out.]  (Bot.  & Zoiil.)  Extended  forward.  Loudon. 

POR-RECT 'ED,  a.  Having  the  head  prominent 
and  elongate.  Maunder , 

f POR-REC'TION,  n.  [L.  porrectio .]  The  act  of 
reaching  forth.  Johnson. 

PGR'RET,  n.  [L.  porrum ; It.  porro,  porretta.] 
A leek  ; a small  onion  ; a scallion.  Broivne. 

POR'RIDyE,  n.  [Old  Fr.  porree,  pottage,  from  L. 
porrum,  a leek.  Skinner.] 

1.  Food  made  by  boiling  meat  in  water  ; broth ; 

soup.  Johnson. 

2.  Food  made  by  boiling  flour,  meal,  or  other 

similar  substance  in  water,  or  in  milk  and  wa- 
ter. “ Some  rice  porridge."  Cartwright. 

POR'RIDtJrE— POT,  n.  [From  porridge.]  A pot 
for  boiling  porridge  in.  Butler. 

POR-RI ' CO,  n.  [L.]  (Med.)  Scurf  or  scall  in 
the  head ; scald-head.  Dunglison. 

POR'RIN-yyR,  n.  1.  A vessel  or  bowl  in  which 
porridge,  broth,  milk,  &c.,  are  eaten.  Bacon. 

2.  A kind  of  head-dress.  [Ludicrous.]  Shak. 

PORT,  n.  [L.  portus,  a harbor,  porta,  a gate  ; 
porto,  to  carry ; It.  porto,  a harbor,  porta,  a 
gate ; Sp.  puerto,  a harbor,  puerta,  a gate  ; Fr. 
port,  a harbor,  porte , a gate.  — A.  S.  port,  a har- 
bor, a gate ; Ger.  pf'orte,  a gate ; Dan.,  Swr., 
8$  Ieel.  port.  — W.  porth.] 

1.  A place  or  station  for  ships  to  ride  at  an- 
chor ; a harbor  ; a haven.  Shak. 

A weather-beaten  vessel  holds 

Gladly  the  port.  Milton. 

2.  A place  for  the  lading  and  unlading  of  the 
cargoes  of  vessels,  and  the  collection  of  duties 
or  customs  on  imports  and  exports.  Burrill. 

3.  A gate.  “ The  city  ports.”  [r.]  Shak. 

From  their  ivory  port  the  cherubim 

Forth  issued.  Milton. 

4.  (Naut.)  An  embrasure  or  hole  in  the  side 

of  a vessel,  through  which  a cannon  is  pointed  ; 
a port-hole  : — the  left  side  of  a ship  ; larboard. 
“ The  ship  heels  to  port.”  Mar.  Diet. 


5.  Carriage  ; bearing  ; mien  ; demeanor.  “ His 

stately  port.”  Fairfax. 

Their  port  was  more  than  human,  as  they  stood.  Milton . 

6.  f State  ; attendance. 

Thou  shalt  be  master,  Francis,  in  my  stead, 

Keep  house,  and  port , and  servants,  as  I should.  Shale . 

7.  The  Ottoman  court ; the  Porte.  Shaw. 

8.  A red  wine  exported  from  Oporto.  Prior. 

Port  of  the  voice , (J\Tus.)  the  faculty  or  the  habit  of 

making  the  shakes,  passages,  and  diminutions,  in 
which  the  beauty  of  a song  or  piece  of  music  con- 
sists. Land.  Ency . 

PORT,  v.  a.  [L.  porto  ; It.  portare  ; Sp.  portar ; 
Fr.  porter.  — W.  porthi.~\ 

1.  f To  bear  ; to  carry  ; to  convey.  Milton. 

They  are  easily  ported  by  boat  into  other  shires.  Fuller. 

2.  (Naut.)  To  turn  or  put  to  port  or  larboard. 

“ To  port  the  helm.”  Dana. 

POR'TA,  n.  [L.,  a gate.]  (Anat.)  The  part  of 
the  liver  where  its  vessels  enter  as  by  a gate  : — 
the  vulva.  Dunglison. 

POR-TA-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being  port- 
able ; portableness.  Ec.  Bev. 

PORT'A-BLE,  a.  [L.  portabilis  ; It.  portabile ; Sp. 
portatil ; Fr.  portable.] 

1.  That  may  be  carried  or  transported.  ‘‘Port- 
able commodities.”  Locke. 

2.  Manageable  by  the  hand.  Johnson. 

3.  That  may  be  borne  or  suffered  ; supporta- 

ble ; endurable.  “ How  light  and  portable  my 
pains  seem  ! ” Shak. 

4.  f That  may  carry  or  transport ; navigable. 

“ Any  portable  river.”  Hackluyt. 

PORT'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  port- 
able ; portability.  Johnson. 

PORT'-AD'MI-RAL,  n.  (Naut.)  The  officer  hav- 
ing charge  of  a naval  port,  and  the  vessels  of 
war  resorting  thither.  Simmonds. 

PORT' A(?E,  n.  [Fr.]  1.  The  act  of  carrying; 

carriage  ; transportation.  Todd. 

2.  Burden,  as  of  a vessel.  Hackluyt. 

3.  The  price  of  transportation.  Fell. 

4.  Sailors’  wages  in  port : — also  the  amount 

of  a sailor’s  wages  for  a voyage.  Simmonds. 

5.  f A port-hole.  Shak. 

6.  A carrying-place  round  waterfalls  or  rap- 

ids, or  from  one  navigable  river,  or  water,  to 
another.  Qu.  Rev. 

POR'TAL,  n.  [It.  portella ; Sp.  portal-,  Fr . por- 
tail .] 

1.  A gate  or  gateway  ; an  entrance. 

King  Richard  doth  appear 
As  doth  the  blushing,  discontented  sun 
From  out  the  fiery  portal  of  the  east.  Shak. 

2.  (Arch.)  The  arch  over  a door  or  gateway  : 

— the  framework  of  a gateway  : — a lesser  gate 
where  there  are  two  gates  of  different  dimen- 
sions. Britton. 

3.  f A prayer-book  ; a portass.  Nares. 

PORT'AL,  a.  (Anat.)  Pertaining  to  the  porta  of 
the  liver.  “ Portal  system.”  Dunglison. 

SSp  “ By  extension  the  term  has  been  applied  to  an 
analogous  system  of  vessels  in  the  kidney.  ’’’  Dunglison. 

fPORT'ANCE,  n.  Carriage;  mien;  port;  de- 
meanor. Spenser. 

f POR'TASS,  n.  A prayer  book  ; a breviary  ; — also 
written  portesse,  portise,  and  porthose.  Chaucer. 

POR'TATE,  a.  (Her.)  Noting  a cross  placed 
athwart,  as  if  borne  on  a man’s  shoulders. Smart. 

f PORT'A-TIVE,  a.  [Fr.  portatif.]  Portable. 
“ Portative  houses,  or  tents.”  Gedde. 

PORT'— BAR,  n.  (Naut.)  The  bar  of  a harbor  : — 
a boom  made  of  strong  beams  connected  by 
chains  : 1 — a gun-port  bar.  Burn. 

f PORT— CAN'NON,  n.  An  ornament  for  the 
knees,  resembling  stiff  top-boots.  Hudibras. 

PORT'— CHARG-E§,  n.  pi.  Charges  to  which  a 
vessel  or  its  cargo  is  subjected  in  a harbor,  for 
wharfage,  &c.  Crabb. 

f PORT'CLUSE,  n.  Portcul- 
lis. Johnson. 

PORT'— CRAY-ON,  n.  A case 
for  holding  a crayon. 

Fairholt. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  £,  9,  £,  soft;  C,  G,  £,  1,  hard;  § as  z;  ? as  gz.  — THIS,  lids. 
139 


PORTCULLIS 


1106 


POSE 


PORT-CfTL'LIS,  n.  [Fr .poi-te,  a gate,  and  coulisse, 
a groove,  a slide ; coulcr,  to 
flow,  to  slip.] 

1.  A frame-work  consisting 

of  timbers  crossing  each  other 
in  the  form  of  a harrow,  and  , 

pointed  with  iron,  hung  inSvv’v’w 
grooves  within  the  chief  gate-  Portcullis, 
way  of  a fortress  or  town,  and  let  down  to  stop 
passage,  in  case  of  assault  or  surprise,  when 
there  is  not  time  to  shut  the  gate.  Britton. 

2.  An  ancient  English  coin  with  the  figure  of 

a portcullis  on  the  reverse.  Pinkerton. 

PORT-CUL'LIS,  r.  a.  To  bar  ; to  shut.  Shak. 


PORT-CUL'LISED  (-list),  a. 
“ Portcullised  gate.” 


Having  a portcullis. 

Shenstone. 


PORTE,  n.  [Fr.  poi-te,  a gate.]  The  Turkish 
court  or  government,  so  called  from  the  gat? 
of  the  sultan’s  palace,  where  justice  was  ad- 
ministered ; — termed  Sublime  Porte.  Brande. 


fPORT'pD,  a.  Having  gates.  B.  Jonson. 

POR  TF.— SEVILLE  (port'ful'ye),  n.  [Fr.]  1.  A 

portfolio  ; a case  for  holding  papers,  drawings, 
& c.  Simmonds. 

2.  The  office  or  department  of  a minister  of 
state.  Boiste. 


POR  TF. ' — M OW-JYA IF. ' , 7).  [Fr.]  A kind  of  leath- 
ern purse  for  the  pocket.  Simmonds. 

POR-TEND',  v.  a.  [L.  portendo ; protendo,  to 
stretch  forth  ; pro,  forward,  and  te/ido,  to 
stretch.]  [i.  portended  ; pp.  portending, 

PORTENDED.] 

1.  To  foreshow ; to  foretoken ; to  forbode  ; 
to  presage.  “ Portended  calamities.”  Hooker. 
A moist  and  a cool  summer  port*  ndeth  a hard  winter.  Bacon. 

2.  To  stretch  forward.  “ Idomeneus’s  por- 
tended steel.”  [r.]  Pope. 

Syn.  — See  Augur,  Foretell. 
f POR- TEN' SION,  n.  Act  of  foreshowing.  Browne. 
POR-TENT',  n.  [L.  portentum  ; It.  <Sf  Sp.  porten- 
to.\  An  omen  of  ill  ; an  ill-boding  prodigy. 

A strange  portent  and  prodigious  token  from  heaven.  J.  Fox. 

t POR-TEN'TjVE,  a.  Portentous.  Browne. 

POR-TEN'TOUS,  a.  [L.  portentOsus  ; It.  &j  Sp. 
portentoso  ; Fr.  portenteux. ] 

1.  Foretokening  ill ; ill-boding  ; ominous. 

This  portentous  figure 

Comes  armed  through  our  watch,  so  like  the  king 
That  was.  Shak. 

2.  Wonderful,  in  an  ill  sense  ; monstrous  ; 

prodigious.  “ Portentous  animals.”  South. 

POR-TEN'TOUS-Ey,  ad.  In  a portentous  man- 
ner ; ominously.  Clarke. 


POR'TfR,  71.  [L.  portitor  ; porto,  to  carry;  It. 

portatore ; Sp  .portador;  F r.  port  cur.  — W.por- 
thor.] 

1.  A person  who  carries  burdens  for  hire ; a 

carrier.  Howell. 

2.  [It.  portiero,  from  L.  porta,  a gate  ; Sp. 

portcro  ; Fr.  portier.\  One  who  has  charge  of  a 
gate  or  door  ; a door-keeper.  Shak. 

3.  An  ancient  English  officer  who  bore  a rod 

before  justices.  j Bouvicr. 

4.  A fermented  malt  liquor,  distinguished 

from  ale  or  beer  by  its  darker  color,  which  arises 
from  an  incipient  charring  of  the  malt,  and  the 
introduction  of  burned  sugar  ; — first  made  in 
1722.  Brande. 


POR'TpR-ApE,  n.  The  pay,  or  the  business,  of  a 
porter.  Simmonds. 

POR'TER-LY,  a.  Like  a porter  ; coarse;  vulgar. 
“ The  porterltj  language  of  swearing.”  Bray. 

POR'TJSR’§-L6d<?E,  n.  The  lodge  or  tenement 
Occupied  by  a porter.  Heywood. 

Sfg=-  It  was  the  usual  place  of  summary  punish- 
ment for  the  servants  and  dependants  of  the  great, 
while  they  claimed  and  exercised  the  privilege  of  in- 
flicting corporal  punishment.  Wares. 


t POR'TESSE  (por'tes),  n.  A breviary.  Spenser. 
PORT'— FIRE,  n.  (Gunnery.)  A paper  tube  filled 
with  saltpetre,  sulphur,  and  mealed  powder, 
used  instead  of  a slow-match  to  discharge  ord- 
nance. Stocqueler. 

PORT-FO'LI-O,  or  PORT-FOL'IO  (-yo),  71. ; pi. 
portfolios.  [Fr.  portefeuille ; porter  (L. porto), 
to  carry,  andfeuille  (L.  folium),  a leaf.]  A case, 


of  the  size  and  form  of  a large  book,  to  keep 
loose  papers  or  prints  in.  Todd. 

PORT-GLAVE,  71.  [Fr.  porter,  to  carry,  and  W. 
glaif,  sword.]  A sword-bearer.  Ainsworth. 

t PORI’  GRAVE,  ) n [A.  S.  port,  a harbor,  and 

t PORT'GREVE,  ) gcrefa , a reeve,  a bailiff.] 
(Law.)  The  principal  magistrate  of  a port  town  ; 
a portreeve.  Spelman. 

PORT'— HOLE,  n.  (Naut.)  An  embrasure  or  hole 
in  the  side  of  a vessel,  for  pointing  a cannon 
through ; a port.  Dana. 

POUT'— HOOK  (-huk),  n.  (Naut.)  A hook  in  the 
side  of  a vessel  to  which  the  hinges  of  a port-lid 
are  hooked.  Mar.  Diet. 

POR'TI-CO  [por'te-ko,  P.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  R.  C.  Wr. 
)Vb. ; pbr'te-ko,  S.  W.  J.  /•’.],  n. ; pi.  p6r'ti-co§. 
[L.  porticus ; porta,  a gate;  It.  «Sy  Sp.  portico  ; 
Fr . portique.)  (Arch.) 

1.  A walk  covered  with  a roof,  supported  by 

columns,  at  least  on  one  side  ; a place  for  walk- 
ing under  shelter.  IF.  Smith. 

Most  Grecian  towns  had  independent  porticos.  ...  In  the 
public  porticos  of  Koine,  which  were  exceedingly  numerous 
and  very  extensive,  a variety  of  business  was  occasionally 
transacted.  IV.  Smith. 

2.  A covered  space,  appendage,  or  projection, 

surrounded  by  columns,  at  the  entrance  of  a 
building.  Bra7ide. 

Syn.  — See  Porch. 

f POR' TI-CUS,  7i.  [L.]  A portico.  B.Jonson. 

f p6r'TIN-GAL,  71.  (Geog.)  Portugal: — a Port- 
uguese. Fanshaw.  Byron. 

POR'TIN-GAL,  a.  (Geog.)  Pertaining  to  Portu- 
gal or  to  its  inhabitants  ; Portuguese.  Fanshaw. 

POR  TION  (por'shun),  7i.  [L.  portio ; It.  porzione  ; 
Sp.  porcion ; Fr.  portion .] 

1.  A part ; piece  ; share  ; division. 

These  great  portions  or  fragments  fell  into  the  abyss.  Burnet. 

2.  A part  assigned  ; an  allotment;  a dividend. 

Here ’s  their  prison  ordained  and  portion  set.  Milton. 

I will  divide  him  a portion  with  the  great.  Isa.  liii.  12. 

3.  (Law.)  The  part  of  a parent’s  estate,  or  of 
the  estate  of  one  standing  in  the  place  of  a 
parent,  which  is  given  to  a child.  Bouvier. 

4.  A wife’s  fortune.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Part. 

POR'TION,  v.  a.  [i.  portioned  ; pp.  portion- 
ing, PORTIONED.] 

1.  To  divide  ; to  parcel. 

And  portion  to  his  tribes  the  wide  domain.  Pope. 

2.  To  endow  with  a fortune  or  inheritance. 

Him  portioned  maids,  apprenticed  orphans  blessed, 

The  young  who  labor,  and  the  old  who  rest.  rope. 

POR'TION-ER,  n.  One  who  portions  or  divides. 

POR'TION- 1ST,  n.  [Fr.  portionistei] 

1.  In  Merton  College,  Oxford  University, 
Eng.,  a student  who  has  a certain  academical 
allowance  or  portion  ; a postmaster.  Wood. 

2.  The  incumbent  of  a benefice  that  has  more 

rectors  or  vicars  than  one.  Smart. 

POR' T I ON-LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  a portion. 

PORT'LAND— STONE,  71.  (Geol.)  A granular  lime- 
stone, of  the  upper  part  of  the  o&lite  formation, 
abounding  in  the  island  of  Portland,  upon  the 
coast  of  Dorsetshire,  Eng.  It  is  much  used  for 
building.  Bra7tde. 

PORT'LAST,  n.  A gunwale ; a portoise.  Mar. Diet. 

PORT'— LID,  n.  (Naut.)  The  lid  or  little  door 
which  closes  a port-hole.  Mar.  Diet. 

PORT'LI-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  portly ; cor- 
pulence ; dignity  of  mien  arising  from  largeness 
of  person.  Spenser. 

PORT'LY,  a.  1.  Grand  of  mien  ; stately. 

A portly  prince,  and  goodly  to  the  sight, 

He  seemed  a son  of  Anak  for  his  height.  Dryden. 

2.  Bulky;  swelling;  corpulent;  stout.  Shak. 

PORT'MAN,  n.  An  inhabitant  or  burgess  of  a 
port-town,  or  of  one  of  the  English  Cinque 
Ports.  Phillips.  Bailey. 

PORT-MAN'TEAU  (port-man 'to),  71. ; pi.  Fr.  rORTE- 
MANTEAUX-,  Eng.  PORT'MX N-TE au$  (-toz).  [Fr. 
porte-manteau  ; porter,  to  carry,  and  matiteau,  a 
cloak,  a mantle.]  A case  or  bag  for  carrying 
clothes  and  other  things  necessary  in  travel- 
ling ; a valise.  Spectator. 


p6RT'MAN-TLE,  7i.  A portmanteau. 

fSGF  “ This  seems  to  be  (lie  old  English  orthogra- 
phy. ” Curr’s  Cracen  Dialect. — Portinantle  is  coun- 
tenanced by  tile  Dictionaries  of  Bailey,  Dyclte,  Ash, 
and  Martin,  and  somewhat  also  by  vulgar,  though 
not  by  good,  use. 

PORT'MOTE,  n.  [A.  S.  poi-t,  a port,  and  mot,  ge- 
mot,  an  assembly.]  A court  held  in  a port-town, 
and  sometimes  in  an  inland  town.  Cowell. 

PuR'TOlijE,  n.  (Naut.)  The  gunwale.  Mar.  Diet. 

H®*  ’ ‘ Tlie  yards  are  a portoise  when  they  rest  on 
the  gunwale.”  Dana. 

POR'TOR,  n.  (Min.)  A kind  of  marble  having 
deep  yellow  veins.  Simmonds. 

POR'TRAIT  (por'trat),  n.  [Old  Fr . port  raid  ■,  Fr. 
portrait ; portraire,  to  portray. — See  Portray.] 
A picture  or  representation  of  a person  or  of  a 
face  ; a picture  drawn  from  life  ; a likeness. 

In  portraits,  the  grace,  and.  we  may  add.  the  likeness, 
consists  more  in  taking  the  general  air  than  in  observing  the 
exact  similitude  of  every  feature.  Sir  J.  Reynolds. 

f POR'TRAIT,  v.  a.  To  portray  ; to  draw.  Spenser. 

POR'TRAIT— PAINT'ER,  n.  A painter  of  por- 
traits. Tweddell. 

POR'TRAIT— PAINT '( NG,  n.  The  art  or  the  prac- 
tice of  painting  portraits.  Boswell. 

POR'TRAI-TURE,  7i.  [Fr.]  1.  A painted  resem- 

blance; a portrait.  “ The  portraiture  of  a per- 
fect orator.”  Baker. 

2.  Portrait-painting,  [r.]  Walpole. 

+ POR'TRAI-TURE,  v.  a.  To  portray.  Shaftesbury. 

POR-TRAY'  (por-tra'),  v.  a.  [Fr.  portraire,  from 
L.  protraho,  to  draw  or  bring  out.]  [i.  por- 
trayed ; pp.  portraying,  portrayed.] 

1.  To  describe  by  picture  ; to  paint ; to  delin- 
eate; to  depict;  to  draw;  to  sketch;  to  rep- 
resent. 

Our  Phoenix  queen  was  there  portrayed  too  bright.  Dryden. 

2.  To  adorn  with  pictures. 

Shields 

Various  with  boastful  argument  portrayed.  Milton. 

POR-TRAY'AL,  n.  The  act  of  portraying;  repre- 
sentation. Monthly  Mag. 

POR-TKAY'ER,  n.  One  who  portrays.  Richardson. 

PORT'REEVE,  71.  [A.  S.  port,  a port,  and  gcrefa, 
a reeve,  a bailiff.]  (Old  Eng.  Law.)  The  chief 
officer  of  a port-town  ; a portgreve.  Wart  on. 

POR'TRESS,  7i.  A female  porter.  MiUon. 

PORT'— ROPE,  7i.  (Naut.)  A rope  lashed  to  the 
inner  ring  of  a port-lid,  to  draw  it  up.  Bum. 

PORT'RULE,  n.  An  instrument  which  regulates 
the  motion  of  a rule  in  a machine.  Morse. 

f PORT'— SALE,  n.  A public  sale  of  goods  to  the 
highest  bidder  ; an  auction.  Whishaw. 

U /;  ■ “ .So  called  because  they  took  place  in  ports.” 
Bouvier. 

POUT'SO-KEN,  >1.  (Law.)  The  suburbs  of  a city 
or  any  place  within  its  jurisdiction.  Whishaw. 

PORT'— TOLL,  7i.  (Late.)  Money  paid  for  the 
privilege  of  bringing  goods  into  a port.  Bouvier. 

PORT'— TOWN,  n.  A town  where  there  is  a port. 

PORT'U-GUE§E,  a.  (Geog.)  Relating  to  Portugal. 

PORT'U-GUE^E,  n.  sing.  & pi.  A native,  or  the 
natives,  of  Portugal.  Lardner. 

POR-TU-LA'  Cdl,  n.  [L  .portulaca;  porto,  to  car- 
ry, and  lac,  milk.]  ( Rot.)  A genus  of  polypcta- 
lous,  exogenous  plants  ; purslain.  Fug-  Cyc. 

PORT'-WAR-DEN,  n.  An  officer  in  a port  whose 
business  it  is  to  inspect  the  stowage  and  con- 
dition of  merchandise  on  board  of  ships  while 
in  process  of  delivery,  and,  in  event  of  damage, 
to  note  its  extent  and  cause,  to  give  testimony 
in  respect  to  it  when  requested,  and  to  serve  as 
arbitrator  between  ship-master,  consignee,  and 
underwriter.  Soule. 

PORT'— WlNE,  n.  A red  wine  from  Oporto  ; port. 

f POR'WlG-GLE  (por'wlg-gl),  n.  A tadpole;  a 
polliwig.  — See  Polliwig.  Browne. 

PO’RY  (pfi're),  a.  Having  pores;  porous.  Dryden. 

f PO§E,  n.  [A.  S.  gepose. ] A cold  in  the  head, 
accompanied  with  discharge  of  mucus.  Chaucer. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short ; 


A,  E>  J,  O,  U,  Y, ‘obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL; 


HEIR,  HER; 


POSE 


1107 


POST 


PO§E  (poz),  v.  a.  [L.  pono,  posui,  to  put  or  place ; 
It.  posare  ; Sp.  posar  ; Fr.  poser,  to  put  or  place, 
to  state,  to  put,  as  a question.  — W.  posio,  to 
pose.]  [i.  POSED  ; pp.  POSING,  POSED.] 

1.  To  put  to  a stand  or  stop ; to  puzzle. 

“Learning  was  posed.”  Herbert. 

Then  by  what  name  the  unwelcome  guest  to  call 

Was  loug  a queslion,  and  it  poncel  them  all.  Crdbbe. 

2.  To  embarrass  or  perplex  with  questions ; 
“ She  . . . posed  him  and  sifted  him.”  Bacon. 

POSE  (po-za'),  n.  [Fr.,  placed.]  {Her.)  Noting 
a lion,  horse,  or  other  beast,  standing  still,  with 
all  his  feet  on  the  ground  Wright. 

PO^’IJR,  n.  One  who,  or  that  which,  poses.  Bacon. 

POKING,  p.  a.  Puzzling;  perplexing  ; confound- 
ing. 

PO§'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a posing  manner.  Clarke. 

POS’lT-ED,  a.  [L. pono, positus,  to  place.]  Placed; 
put;  set.  Hale. 

PO-§I“TION  (po-zish'un),  n.  [L.  positio  ; pono, 
positus,  to  place  ; It.  posizione  ; Sp.  posicion ; 
Fr.  position.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  placed,  or  of  having 

place  ; situation ; station.  “ The  position  of 
mountains.”  Temple. 

Place  ourselves  in  such  a position  towards  the  object,  or 
place  the  object  in  such  a position  towards  our  eye,  as  may 
give  us  the  clearest  representation  of  it;  for  a different  posi- 
tion greatly  alters  the  appearance  of  bodies.  watts. 

2.  Principle  or  proposition  laid  down. 

Let  not  the  proof  of  any  position  depend  on  the  positions 
which  follow,  but  always  on  those  which  go  before.  Watts. 

3.  The  advancing  or  advancement  of  a princi- 
ple. Browne. 

4.  (Pros.)  The  state  of  a vowel  placed  before 
two  consonants,  as  the  first  o in  pompous,  or  be- 
fore a double  consonant  as  the  a in  axle.  Johnson. 

5.  {Arith.)  A method  of  solving  a problem 

by  one  or  two  suppositions;  — also  called  false 
position,  false  supposition,  ride  of  false,  and 
rule  of  trial  and  error.  Davies.  Brande. 

Muffle,  of  position , ( Mstron .)  the  angle  which  the  line 
between  two  stars  makes  with  any  fixed  line,  usually 
with  a circle  of  declination.  Nichol.  — Single  position, 

( Mritli .)  tile  method  of  solving  problems  in  which  the 
result  obtained  is  to  the  result  given  as  the  assumed 
number  to  tile  required  number.  — Double  position,  the 
method  of  solving  problems  by  assuming  two  num- 
bers and  working  with  each  as  though  it  were  t he 
true  answer.  Eliot. 

Syn.  — See  Circumstance. 

PO-§I"TION-AL  (po-zish'un-?l),  a.  Relating  to 
position,  [r.]  Browne.  Edwards. 

PO^'I-TIVE  (poz'e-tlv),  a.  [L.  positions;  It.  § 
Sp . posit ivo  ; Fr.  positif] 

1.  Laid  down  ; express  ; direct ; explicit ; une- 
quivocal; not  implied.  “Positive  words.”  Bacon. 

2.  Absolute  ; real ; true  ; actual ; existing  in 
fact;  not  negative.  “ A positive  good.”  Bacon. 

3.  Confident;  assured  ; certain  ; not  doubtful. 

“ He  was  positive  as  to  the  fact.”  Johnson. 

4.  Over-confident;  dogmatic;  obstinate;  per- 
emptory ; stubborn  in  opinion. 

Some  positive , persisting  fops  we  know. 

That,  if  once  wrong,  must  needs  be  always  so.  Pope. 

5.  Having  power  to  act  directly.  “ A.  positive 

voice  [in  legislation].”  Swift. 

Positive  degree,  ( Oram .)  tile  simple  form  of  an  ad- 
jective, or  tile  first  degree  of  any  quality  expressed  by 
an  adjective  ; as,  “ good,”  11  strong.”  — Positive  elec- 
tricity, according  to  Or.  Franklin’s  theory,  the  elec- 
tricity of  a body  above  its  natural  quantity.  —Positive 
law.  See  Law.  — Positive  quantity,  {Algebra.)  a quan- 
tity affected  by  tile  sign  plus  [-j-]  ; an  affirmative 
quantity.  — Positive  sign,  the  sign  plus  [-]-]. 

PO§'I-TiVE,  n.  1.  That  which  is  capable  of  being 
affirmed  ; reality.  • South. 

2.  That  which  settles  by  absolute  appoint- 
ment. Waterland. 

3.  {Gram.)  A word  that  affirms  or  denies  ex- 
istence. Craig. 

PO§  I-TlVE-LY,  ad.  In  a positive  manner  ; ab- 
solutely : — really  ; actually  ; not  negatively  : — 
certainly  ; indubitably  ; assuredly  : — peremp- 
torily ; in  strong  terms  ; dogmatically. 

PO^'I-TIVE-NESS,  n.  1.  The  state  of  being  posi- 
tive ; actualness  ; reality.  Norris. 

2.  Confidence  ; assurance  ; peremptoriness. 

P6§'!-TIV-I§M,  n.  1.  Positiveness.  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

2.  The  testimony  of  the  senses  considered  as 
the  principle  of  all  certitude.  Morell. 


3.  The  positive  philosophy,  or  the  system  of 
philosophy,  taught  by  M.  Auguste  Comte. 

This  is  the  mission  of  positivism,  to  generalize  science  and 
to  systematize  sociality;  in  other  words,  it  aims  at  creating  a 
philosophy  of  the  sciences,  as  a basis  for  u new  social  faith. 

G.  11.  Lewes. 

PO§'!-Tl  V-IST,  n.  A believer  in  positivism. Ch.  Ob. 

POJjj-I-TlV'l-TY,  n.  Positiveness,  [it.]  Watts. 

tPO§'I-TURE,  n.  Position;  posture.  Bramhall. 

POij'NfT,  n.  [W.posned.]  A little  basin,  skillet, 
or  sauce-pan.  Bacon. 

POS-0-LO<?dC,  ( a.  Pertaining  to  posology. 

POS  0-L6<?'l-CAL,  > Wright. 

PO-SOL'O-y  Y,  n.  [Gr.  mloos,  how  much,  and  Idyog, 
a discourse  ; Fr.  posologie.]  {Med.)  That  part 
of  medicine  which  relates  to  the  doses  or  quan- 
tities in  which  medicines  should  be  adminis- 
tered. Dunglison. 

POS'PO-LlTE,  n.  A kind  of  militia  in  Poland, 
consisting  of  the  gentry,  who,  in  case  of  inva- 
sion, are  summoned  to  arms  for  the  defence  of 
the  country.  Ed.  Ency. 

POSS,  v.  a.  To  dash;  to  splash.  [Local.]  Brockett. 

POS' SE,  n.  [L.,  to  be  able.] 

1.  Possibility.  — See  In  posse.  Fleming. 

2.  {Law.)  A posse-comitatus.  Locke. 

POS  'SE-COM-I-TM  1 TUS,  n.  [Law  L.,  power  of 

the  county,  from  L.  possum,  posse,  to  be  able, 
and  Law  L.  comitatus,  a county,  from  L.  comes, 
comitis,  a count.]  {Law.)  The  whole  male 
population  of  a county  above  the  age  of  fifteen 
years,  which  a sherift  may  summon  to  his  as- 
sistance in  certain  cases,  as  to  aid  him  in  keep- 
ing the  peace,  in  arresting  felons,  &c.  Burrill. 

PO§-§ESS'  (poz-zes')  [poz-zes',  S.  W.  P.  J.  F.  Ja. 
K.  Sm.  R.  C.  Wr. ; pos-ses',  Wb.],  v.  a.  [L.  pos- 
sideo,  possessus ; po,  an  inseparable  prep.,  de- 
noting power  or  possession,  and  sedeo,  to  sit ; 
It .ptTssedere;  Sp.  poseer  ; Fr.  posseder.]  [i.  pos- 
sessed ; pp.  POSSESSING,  POSSESSED.] 

1.  To  have  as  an  owner  ; to  have  the  owner- 
ship of ; to  be  the  real  owner,  master,  or  pro- 
prietor of ; to  own. 

I give  tithes  of  all  that  I possess.  Luke  xviii.  12. 

2.  To  have  ; to  hold  ; to  occupy. 

Neither  said  any  of  them  that  aught  of  the  things  which 
he  possessed  was  his  own;  but  they  had  all  things  common. 

Acts  iv.  32. 

3.  To  seize;  to  take  possession  of ; to  obtain. 

The  English  marched  towards  the  River  Eske,  intending 
to  possess  a hill  called.Under-Eske.  Hayward. 

4.  To  get  possession  or  command  of ; to  be 
master  of ; — commonly  followed  by  of. 

We  possessed  ourselves  of  the  kingdom  of  Naples.  Addison. 

5.  To  make  master  of  in  point  of  knowledge; 
to  inform  precisely. 

Possess  us,  possess  us;  tell  us  something  of  him.  Shak. 

6.  To  have  influence  over,  as  a spirit. 

Those  which  were  possessed  with  devils.  Matt.  iv.  24. 

To  be  possessed,  to  be  under  some  influence,  as  of  a 
spirit.  “ The  man  is  possessed .”  Swift. 

Syn.  — See  Have,  Hold. 

PO§-§ES'SION  (poz-zesh'un),  n.  [L .possession  It. 
possessions  ; Sp.  posesion  ; Fr.  possession.] 

1.  The  state  of  possessing  or  owning ; owner- 
ship : — occupation  ; occupancy ; retention. 

He  [Isaac]  had  possession  of  flocks,  and  possession  of  herds, 
and  great  store  of  servants.  Gen.  xxvi.  14. 

U®-In  law,  possession  is  defined  as  the  state  of 
having  a corporeal  tiling  in  one’s  bands  or  power,  or 
under  one’s  control ; or,  the  detention  or  enjoyment 
of  a thing  which  a man  holds  or  exercises  by  himself, 
or  by  another  who  keeps  or  exercises  it  in  iiis  name. 
In  the  common  law.  possession  has  always  been  con- 
fined in  its  application  to  goods  or  chattels;  seizin 
being  the  term  invariably  used  to  denote  the  possession 
of  a freehold  estate.  Bnuvier.  Burrill. 

2.  Any  thing  possessed  ; property ; estate. 
“ He  had  great  possessions.”  Matt.  xix.  22. 

3.  Madness  caused  by  the  internal  operation 

of  an  unclean  spirit ; the  state  of  being  pos- 
sessed by  a demon  or  spirit.  Johnson. 

4.  ( Internal  Law.)  A country  held  by  no 

other  title  than  mere  conquest.  Bouvier. 

Syn.  — See  Occupation. 

tPO.=!-§ES'SION,  v.  a.  To  invest  with  posses- 
sions, or  property.  Carew. 

POfj-§ES'SION-A-RY,  a.  Relating  to,  or  implying, 
possession.  Blomeficld. 


tPO§-§ES'SION-]JR,  n.  A possessor.  Sidney. 

PO§-§ES'SIVE,  a.  [L.  possessivus  ; It. possessivo ; 
Sp.  posesico  ; Fr.  possess  f.] 

1.  Relating  to,  or  having,  possession.  Martin. 

2.  {Gram.)  Noting  a case  of  nouns  and  pro- 

nouns which  expresses  possession,  answering  to 
the  genitive  in  Latin.  Loivth. 

PO§-§ES'SIVE,  n.  A pronoun  denoting  posses- 
sion. Ash. 

PO§-§ES'S{VE-LY,  ad.  In  a possessive  manner. 

PO§-§ESS'OR,  n.  [L.]  One  who  possesses  ; an 
owner  ; an  occupant ; a proprietor.  “ Possess- 
ors of  lands  or  houses.”  Acts  iv.  34. 

Syn. — Possessor  is  one  who  has  actual  possession 
of  a tiling ; owner  or  proprietor,  one  who  lias  a legal 
title  to  it,  or  to  whom  it  belongs,  though  it  may  not 
be  in  ills  actual  possession  ; master,  one  who  lias  tile 
control  of  it. 

POij-§ES'SO-RY,  or  PO§'§ES-SO-RY  [poz-zes'sur-e, 
J.  A.  Sen.  R.  Wr.  11  b.  ; poz’zes-sur-e,  S.  W.  P. 
E.F.Ja.\,a.  [L . possessorius  ; It . possessorio ; 
Sp.  posesorio  ; Fr . posscssoire.] 

1.  Having  possession.  “ The  true  possessory 

lord.”  Howell. 

2.  Pertaining  to  possession.  “ A possessory 

feeling  in  the  heart.”  Chalmers. 

Possessory  action,  {Law.)  an  action  in  which  the 
right  of  possession  is  contested.  Blackstone. 

POS'SIJT,  n.  [L.  posca,  a drink  composed  of  vin- 
egar and  water.  Johnson.  — From  L.  potio,  a 
drink.  Minsheu.  — From  Fr.  poser,  to  place,  to 
settle.  Skinner.  — W.  poset.]  Milk  curdled  with 
wine  or  other  liquor.  Shak. 

fPOS'SpT,  v.  a.  To  curdle,  as  milk  with  acids; 
to  turn.  Shak. 

POS-SI-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [L.  possibilitas  ; It  .possibi- 
lity; Sp . posibilidad ; Fr  .possibility] 

1.  State  of  being  possible  ; power  of  being 
or  of  happening.  “ Possibility  of  error.”  Hooker. 

A bare  possOnlity  that  a thing  may  be  or  not  be  is  no  just 
cause  of  doubting  whether  a thing  be  or  not.  Tilloison. 

2.  Any  thing  that  is  possible.  “ Possibilities 

are  as  infinite  as  God’s  power.”  South. 

3.  (Law.)  An  event  or  thing  which  may  or 
may  not  happen  ; a contingency.  Whishaw. 

POS'SI-BLE  (pos^se-bl),  a.  [L.  possibilis  ; posse, 
to  be  able  ; potis,  able,  and  esse,  to  be  ; It.  pos- 
sibile  ; Sp.  posible;  Fr.  possible .]  That  may 
exist,  be,  or  be  done ; not  contrary  to  the  nature 
of  things  ; practicable  ; feasible. 

lie  must  not  stay  within  doors  for  fear  the  house  should 
fall  upon  him.  for  that  is  possible ; nor  must  lie  go  out,  lest  the 
next  man  that  meets  him  should  kill  him,  for  that  is  also 
possible.  Wilkins. 

Firm  we  subsist,  but ^JossiWe  to  swerve.  Milton. 

Syn.  — Some  tilings  are  possible  which  cannot  be 
called  practicable  : but  every  thing  that  is  practicable 
must,  in  its  nature,  be  possible.  The  possible  depends 
on  the  power  of  the  agent  ; the  practicable , on  circum- 
stances. “ With  God  all  things  are  possible .”  A 
practicable  scheme.  Possible  is  opposed  to  impossible  ; 
practicable  to  impracticable ; practical  to  speculative 
or  theoretical.  “ Possible  relates  sometimes  to  con- 
tingency, sometimes  to  power  or  liberty,  and  these 
senses  arc  frequently  confounded.  I11  the  first  sense, 
we  say,  e.  g..  ‘ It  is  possible  this  patient  may  recover,’ 
not  meaning  that  it  depends  on  his  choice,  hut  that 
we  are  not  sure  whether  the  event  will  not  be  such. 
Ifi  the  other  sense,  it  is  possible  to  the  best  man  to  vio- 
late every  rule  of  morality,  since,  if  it  were  out  of  his 
power  to  act  so  if  he  chose  it,  there  would  be  no  moral 
goodness  in  the  case,  though  we  arc  quite  sure  that 
such  never  will  be  his  choice.”  JVhately. 

POS'SI-BLY,  acl.  1.  By  any  power  really  existing. 
“Can  we  possibly  his  love  desert.”  Milton . 

2.  Without  impossibility  or  absurdity ; per- 
haps; perchance. 

POS'SUM,  n.  A colloquial  contraction  for  opos- 
sum. [S.  and  W.  portion  of  the  U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

To  play  possum,  to  practise  deception,  in  the  man- 
ner of  the  opossum,  who  pretends  to  be  dead  when  he 
is  attacked  by  a dog'.  Bartlett. 

POST,  n.  [L . postis  ; pono,  positus,  to  place  ; It. 
posta  ; Sp.  poste\  Fr.  poteau.  — A.  S.  Dut. 
post ; Ger.  pfosten  ; Dan.,  Sw.,  «$>  W.  post.] 

1.  A piece  of  timber  or  of  stone  fixed  or  set 
upright ; a pillar  ; a column  ; a support. 

The  two  side  posts  and  upper  post  of  the  house.  Ex.  xii.  7. 

Eir-treca,  cypresses,  and  cedars  being,  by  :i  kind  of  natural 
rigor,  inflexible  downwards,  are  thereby  fittest  lor  jiosfs  or 
pillars.  Wotton. 

2.  [It.  posto,  posta  ; Sp.  posta  ; Fr.  poste.]  A 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BtiLL,  BUR,  ROLE.—  <?,  9,  g,  soft ; £,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  1;  \ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


POST 


1108 


military  station  ; a place  where  a soldier  or  a 
number  of  troops  are  stationed  ; position  ; seat. 

What  stalking  ghost 

Commands  the  guard,  what  sentries  keep  the  post.  Dryden. 

To  guard  this  post,  lie  cries,  that  art  employ, 

And  here  detain  the  scattered  youth  ot  Troy.  Tope. 

3.  Office  ; employment ; place  ; situation  ; 
station.  “ Posts  of  profit  or  of  trust.’’  Pope. 

Upon  the  accession  of  Charles,  he  ( Inigo]  was  continued 
in  his  posts  under  both  king  and  queen.  W aljjolc. 

4.  One  who  comes  and  goes  between  station 

and  station,  or  at  stated  times  ; a messenger ; 
particularly,  a public  letter-carrier.  “ My  days 
are  swifter  than  a.  post.”  Job  ix.  25. 

The  posts  went  with  the  letters  from  the  king  and  his 
princes  throughout  all  Israel.  2 C /iron.  xxx.  G. 

5.  Speed;  haste;  hurry. 

The  mayor  towards  Guildhall  hies  him  in  all  post.  Shak. 

6.  A European  continental  itinerary  measure, 
generally  calculated  in  France  and  Germany  at 
two  leagues,  but  in  Italy  at  two  miles.Smmon<fo. 

7.  A kind  of  letter-paper.  Wright. 

To  ride  or  travel  post,  to  ride  or  travel  as  a post ; to 

ride  or  travel  expeditiously  or  swiftly.  Dryden. 

^ » How  various  are  the  senses  in  which  the 
word  post  is  employed! — post-office ; post-haste;  a 
post  standing  in  the  ground  ; a military  post ; an  offi- 
cial post ; to  post  a ledger.  Might  one  not  at  first  pre- 
sume it  impossible  to  bring  all  these  uses  of  post  to  a 
common  centre?  Yet,  indeed,  when  once  on  the  right 
track,  nothing  is  easier.  Post  is  the  Latin  posit  ns,  that 
which  is  placed  ; the  piece  of  timber  is  placed  in  the 
ground,  and  so  a post ; a military  station  is  a post , for 
a man  is  placed  in  it,  and  must  not  quit  it  without 
orders  ; to  travel  post  is  to  have  certain  relays  of  horses 
placed 'at  intervals,  so  that  on  the  road  no  delay  may 
occur;  the  posf-office  is  that  which  avails  itself  of 
this  mode  of  communication  ; to  post  a ledger  is  to 
place  or  register  its  several  items.”  Trench. 

Syn.  — See  Situation. 

POST,  a.  1.  Used  in  travelling  quickly  or  from 
station  to  station,  as  horses  or  chaises. 

2.  f [Fr.  aposter,  to  suborn.]  Suborned. 

Sandys. 

POST,  v.  a.  [i.  posted;  pp.  posting,  posted.] 

1.  To  place  ; to  put ; to  set ; to  fix  ; to  station. 

The  conscious  priest,  who  was  suborned  before, 

Stood  ready  posted  at  the  postern  door.  Dryden. 

lie  sent  forth  scouts  to  reconnoitre  the  enemy,  . . . and 
posted  himself  to  the  best  advantage.  Jortin. 

2.  To  fix  on  a post,  as  a notice  or  an  adver- 
tisement ; to  placard. 

Those  pretences  to  infallible  cures  which  we  daily  see 
posted  in  every  corner  of  the  streets.  South. 

3.  To  fix  the  name  of  on  a post;  to  advertise, 

with  opprobrious  mention.  “ On  pain  of  being 
posted.”  Granville. 

4.  ( Book-keeping .)  To  transfer  into  the  led- 

ger, as  from  the  journal  ; as,  “ To  post  an  ac- 
count ” : — to  transfer  the  accounts  of  into  the 
ledger.  “You  have  not  posted  your  books  these 
ten  years.”  Arbuthnot. 

f To  post  off,  to  put  off ; to  send  away  . Shak. 

POST,  v.  n.  To  travel  with  post-horses ; to  travel 
with  speed. 

I posted  night  and  day  to  meet  you.  Shak. 

POST,  ad.  Hastily  or  swiftly,  as  a post. 

Sent  from  Media  post  to  Egypt.  Milton. 

POST.  A Latin  adverb  and  preposition,  signifying 
after , behind , subsequent , since,  &c.,  which  en- 
ters into  the  composition  of  many  English  words. 

POST'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  he  posted.  Mountagu. 

POST'— Act,  n.  An  after-act ; an  act  done  after- 
wards. Burrill. 

POST'AQE,  n.  An  official  charge  for  the  trans- 
mission of  letters,  or  other  mailable  matter,  in 
the  mail.  Dryden. 

POST'  At-JE-STAMP,  n.  An  adhesive  govern- 
ment stamp  of  different  values,  for  affixing  to 
letters  to  pay  the  postal  charge.  Simmonds. 

POST  AL,  a.  [Fr.]  Pertaining  to  the  post,  post- 
office,  or  mails.  London  Times. 

POST'— AND-PAlR',  n.  An  old  game  at  cards, 
played  with  three  cards  each.  B.  Jonson. 

POST'— BAG,  n.  A mail-bag.  Simmonds. 

POST'— BILL,  n.  A post-office  way-bill  placed  in 
the  mail-bag,  or  given  in  charge  of  the  guard  or 
driver.  Simmonds. 

POST'— BOY,  n.  A boy  who  rides  as  post,  or 
drives  a post-chaise.  Tatler. 


POST'— CAP-TAIN,  n.  A common,  unofficial  title 
given  to  a captain  of  the  royal  navy,  to  distin- 
guish him  from  a commander,  who  is  often 
styled,  by  courtesy,  a captain.  Simmonds. 

POST'— CHAl§E  (post'shaz),  n.  A carriage,  usu- 
ally with  four  wheels,  for  travelling  with  post- 
horses  ; a stage-coach.  Gray. 

POST'— COACH,  n.  A post-chaise.  Boswell. 

POST'DATE,  v.  a.  [L.  post,  after,  and  Eng.  t late.'] 
[l.  POSTDATED  ; pp.  POSTDATING,  POSTDATED.] 
To  date  later  than  the  real  time.  Donne. 

POST'— DATE,  n.  A date  put  to  a bill  of  exchange 
later  than  the  time  at  which  it  is  drawn.  Crabb. 

POST'-DAY,  n.  A day  on  which  the  mail  arrives 
or  departs.  Johnson. 

POST  VI’ EM.  [L.,  after  the  day.]  (Law.)  The 
return  of  a writ  after  the  day  assigned  : — also 
a fee  paid  in  such  a case.  Cowell. 

POST— DI-LU'VJ-AL,  a.  After  the  flood;  post- 
diluvian. Smart. 

POST— DI-LU'VI-AN,  a.  [L.  post,  after,  and  dilu- 
vium, a flood.]  After  the  deluge  or  flood  in 
Noah’s  time.  Woodward. 

POST— DI-LU'VI-AN,  n.  A person  living  since  the 
deluge.  Grew. 

POST— DIS-SEI§'£R,  n.  One  who  disseises  a sec- 
ond time.  Clarke. 

POST— DIS-SEI'§IN,  n.  (Old  Eng.  Late.)  A writ 
that  lies  for  him  who,  having  recovered  lands  or 
tenements  by  force  of  novel  disseisin,  is  again 
disseised  by  the  former  disseisor.  Whishaw. 

POS'TE-4,  n.  [L.,  afterward.]  (Law.)  A record 
of  what  is  done  in  a cause  subsequent  to  the 
joining  of  issue  and  awarding  of  trial.  Whishaw. 

POST'JJD,  a.  1.  Placed;  stationed: — transferred. 

2.  Well-informed;  instructed;  — sometimes 
used  with  up.  [Colloquial,  U.  S.] 

POST'— EN-TRY,  n.  1.  (Law.)  An  entry  made 
by  a merchant,  at  the  custom-house,  after  the 
goods  have  been  weighed,  measured,  or  gauged, 
in  order  to  make  up  a deficiency  of  the  original 
or  prime  entry.  Bouvier. 

2.  (Book-keeping.)  An  additional  or  subse- 
quent entry.  Wright. 

POST'pR,  n.  1.  One  who  posts  ; a courier.  Shak. 

2.  A printed  hand-bill  or  placard.  Simmonds. 

POS-TE'RI-OR,  a.  [L.,  comp,  of  posterns,  coming 
after.] 

1.  Coming  after  in  time  ; later ; subsequent. 
“ Hesiod  was  posterior  to  Homer.”  Broome. 

2.  Coming  after  in  place  ; hinder.  Bacon. 

POS-TE'RI-OR§,  n.  pi.  The  hinder  parts  in  man 
and  other  animals.  Howell. 

POS-TE-RI-OR'I-TY,  n.  [Fr.  posteriority']  State 
of  being  posterior  ; — opposed  to  priority.  Hale. 

POS-TE'RI-OR-LY,  ad.  In  a posterior  manner; 
subsequently.  Dunylison. 

POS-TER'I-TY,  n.  [L.  postcritas  ; It.  posterith  ; 
Sp.  poster idad ; Fr.  posterity]  Succeeding  gen- 
erations; descendants;  — opposed  to  ancestors. 

Long,  long,  shall  Greece  the  woes  we  caused  bewail, 

And  sad  posterity  repeat  the  tale.  Pope. 

Nor  do  we  intend  that  those  who  come  after  us  shall  be 
denied  the  same  high  fruition.  We  will  not  filch  from  pos- 
terity the  treasure  placed  in  our  hands  to  be  transmitted  to 
other  generations.  D.  Webster. 

Syn.  — See  Offspring. 

POS'Tf.RN,  n.  [Fr.  peterne,  from  L.  post,  behind.] 

1.  (Arch.)  A small  door  or  gate  at  the  back 
of  a building : — any  small  door  or  gate,  par- 
ticularly by  the  side  of  a larger  one.  Britton. 

2.  (Fort.)  A passage  under  the  rampart,  af- 

fording communication  from  the  fort  into  the 
ditch,  &c.  Stocqueler. 

POS'TJJRN,  a.  Being  behind  ; back.  Dryden. 

f POST—  pX-IST',  v.  n.  [L.  post,  after,  and  Eng. 
exist. ] To  exist  or  live  after.  Cmlworth. 

POST—  IjlX-IST'ENCE,  n.  Subsequent  or  future 
existence.  • Addison. 

POST— IJJf-IST'lJNT,  a.  Existing  after.  Cudworth. 

f POST'— FACT,  n.  [L.  post,  after,  and  factum,  a 
deed.]  The  representation  of  a fact  after  it  has 
occurred.  Proceedings  of  some  Divines,  1641. 


POSTING 

POST  fAc’TO.  [L.]  After  the  fact.  — See  Ex 
post  facto.  . Bouvier. 

POST'— FINE,  n.  (English  Law.)  A duty  to  the 
king  for  a fine  acknowledged  in  his  court,  paid 
by  the  cognizee  after  the  fine  is  fully  passed;  — 
also  called  king's  silver.  Whishaio. 

POST' FIX,  n.  [L  .post,  after,  and  Eng.  fix  ; Fr. 
postfixe. ] (Gram.)  A syllable,  or  a termination, 
added  to  the  end  of  a word,  or  to  the  root  of  a 
word,  to  modify  its  meaning  ; an  affix  ; a suffix. 

POST'FIX,  v.a.  To  add  or  annex  a postfix  to  ; to 
modify  by  a postfix.  Wright. 

POST— hACK'NL  Y,  n.  A hired  post-horse.  Wotton. 

POST— HASTE',  n.  Haste  like  that  of  a post  or 
courier.  Shak. 

POST-HASTE',  ad.  With  the  haste  or  speed  like 
that  of  a post  or  courier.  Ash. 

POS-THET'O-MIST,  n.  [Gr.  x6oCv,  the  foreskin, 
and  Toyb,  a cutting.]  (Med.)  One  who  performs 
the  operation  of  circumcision.  Dunylison. 

POS-THET'O-MY,  n.  Circumcision.  Dunylison. 

POS-THI-O-PLAs'TIC,  a.  [Gr.  v ficOiov,  dim.  of 
■KoaOrj,  the  foreskin,  and  ir/.aoow,  to  form.]  (il/ccf.) 
Restoring  the  prepuce.  Dunylison. 

POST'— HORN,  n.  A horn  or  tin  tube  bloivn  by 
a mail-carrier  or  a coachman.  Simmonds. 

POST'— HORSE,  re.  A horse  for  the  use  of  couriers. 

POST'— HOUSE,  re.  Post-office  ; a house  where 
letters  are  taken  and  despatched.  Watts. 

f POST'HUME,  a.  Posthumous.  Purchas. 

t PoST'HUMED,  a.  Posthumous.  Fuller. 

POST'HU-MOUS  [post'liu-mus,  S.  W.  J.  E.  F.  Ja. 
K.  Sm.  Wr.  Wb.;  post'liu-mus,  P.],  a.  [ L.  post- 
humus  ; It.  Sj  Sp.  postumo  ; Fr.  posthume.  — L. 
post,  after,  and  humus,  the  ground;  humatus, 
buried.  Richardson.  — L.  postumus,  last,  — 
sometimes  incorrectly  written  posthumus,  in 
consequence  of  an  erroneous  derivation  from 
post,  after,  and  humus,  the  ground.  IE.  Smith.  — 
“ How  could  the  h have  ever  found  its  way  into 
posthumous,  but  for  the  erroneous  assumption 
that  it  had  something  to  do  with  post  humum, 
instead  of  being  the  superlative  of  posterns':  ” 
Trench.] 

1.  Being,  remaining,  or  occurring  after  death. 

“ This  posthumous  character.”  Addison. 

2.  Published  after  the  death  of  the  author. 

The  posthumous  discourses  [of  Dr.  South]  published  in 
1744.  Sarin. 

3.  Born  after  the  death  of  the  father,  or  when 
the  cesarean  operation  is  performed,  after  that 
of  the  mother.  “ A posthumous  child.”  Bouvier. 

POST' HI  1-MO US-LY,  ad.  After  one’s  death. 

fPOS'TIC,  a.  [L.  posticus.]  Backward.  Browne. 

POS'TIL,  n.  [L.  postilla,  afterwards  ; It.  postilla, 
a short  note  ; Sp .postila;  Fr . postille.] 

1.  A marginal  note  ; — a name  anciently  given 

to  a note  in  the  margin  of  a Bible,  and,  subse- 
quently, to  any  note  which  came  after  the  text : 
— in  the  middle  ages,  a short  explanation  upon 
the  Gospel  and  Epistle  of  the  day.  Eden. 

2.  A name  anciently  given  to  a sermon  or 

homily,  usually  delivered  immediately  after  the 
reading  of  the  Gospel.  Hook. 

f POS'TIL,  v.  re.  To  comment ; to  add  notes.  Shelton. 

f POS'TIL,  v.  a.  [It.  postil/are  ; Sp.  postilar.]  To 
illustrate  with  marginal  notes.  “ Postilled  in 
the  margent  with  the  king’s  hand.”  Bacon. 

POS-TIL'ION  [pos-til'yun,  .S.  J.  P.  Ja.  S/n.  ; pos- 
til'yun,  IE.  E.  K.],  n.  [Fr.  postilion.]  One  who 
rides  on  and  guides  one  of  the  leaders  or  horses 
in  a coach,  post-chaise,  or  other  carriage. 

f POS'TIL-LATE,  v.  a.  or  re.  [It.  postillare.]  To 
preach  by  expounding  Scripture,  verse  by 
verse.  • Wright. 

fPOS-TIL-LA'TION,  re.  An  exposition.  Wright. 

f POS-TIL-LA'TOR,  re.  An  expositor.  Wright. 

fPOS'TIL-LlJR,  re.  One  who  writes  marginal 
notes;  one  who  glosses  or  comments.  “ Pos- 
tillers  and  commentators.”  Browne. 

POST'ING,  re.  1.  Act  of  travelling  by  post : — the 
business  of  furnishing  post-horses.  McCulloch. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long  ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short; 


A,  5,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


POSTING-HOUSE 


1109 


POTASH 


2.  The  act  of  transferring  an  account  from 
one  book  to  another,  — particularly  from  the 
journal  and  waste-book  to  the  ledger. 

POST' I NG— HOUSE,  n.  A house  or  station  where 
post-horses  are  furnished.  Clarke. 

POS-TiaUE'  (pos-tek'),  n.  [Fr.  postiche.)  (Arch.) 
An  ornament  of  sculpture  when  it  is  superadded 
after  the  work  itself  is  done.  Wright. 

fPOS'TLE  (pos'sl),  n.  1.  An  apostle.  Fisher. 

2.  A comment  or  short  gloss.  Wright. 

POST-LI-MIN'I-AR,  } a_  [See  POSTLIMINIUM.] 

POST-LI-MlN'I-OUS,  ) Existing,  done,  or  con- 
trived subsequently.  “ Postliminious  after-ap- 
plications.” South. 

POST- LI-MIJV ' I-  i/M,  n.  [L.,  from  post,  after,  be- 
yond, and  limen , the  threshold.]  (Civil  Law.) 
The  right  by  virtue  of  which  persons  and  things 
taken  by  the  enemy  are  restored  to  their  former 
state,  when  coming  again  under  the  power  of 
the  nation  to  which  they  belong.  Bouvier. 

POST-LlM'I-NY,  n.  (Law.)  Postliminium.  Burrill. 

POST'MAN,  n. ; pi.  postmen.  X.  A courier  ; a 
letter-carrier.  Granger. 

2.  (Eng.  Law.)  One  of  the  two  most  experi- 
enced barristers  in  the  Court  of  Exchequer  (the 
other  being  called  the  tubman),  who  have  a pre- 
cedence in  motions  ; — so  called  from  the  place 
in  which  he  sits.  Whishaw. 

POST'-MARK,  n.  A stamp  or  mark  put  on  letters 
in  the  post-office.  Bouvier. 

POST'MARK,  V.  a.  [i.  POSTMARKED  ; pp.  POST- 
MARKING, postmarked.]  To  put  the  stamp  or 
mark  of  the  post-office  on.  Gardiner. 

POST'mAs-TER,  n.  1.  An  officer  who  has  charge 
of  a post-office.  Bouvier. 

2.  One  who  has  a certain  academical  allow- 
ance or  portion  ; a portionist.  Todd. 

3.  One  who  has  charge  of  a posting-house. 

POST'MAS-TER-pfiN'ER-AL,  n.  The  chief  offi- 
cer of  the  post-office  department  of  a country 
or  nation.  Bouvier. 

POST—  ME-RlD'I-AN,  a.  [L.  postmeridianus  ; post, 
after,  and  meridianus,  pertaining  to  midday.] 
Relating  to,  or  being  in,  the  afternoon. 

Over-hasty  digestion  is  the  inconvenience  of  post-meridian 
sleep.  Bacon. 

POST'— MILL,  n.  A wind-mill  made  to  turn  on  a 
strong  vertical  post.  Bigelow. 

POST—MOR ' TF.M.  [L.,  after  death.]  Made,  or 
happening,  after  death  ; as,  “ A post-mortem 
examination  ” ; “ Post-mortem  rigidity.” 

POST'NATE,  a.  [L .post,  after,  and  natus,  born.] 
Born  after  ; subsequent,  [r.]  Bp.  Taylor. 

POST'— NOTE,  n.  (Com.)  A bank-note  payable 
at  a distant  period  and  not  on  demand  ; a kind 
of  bank-note  intended  to  be  transmitted  at  a 
distance  by  post.  Bouvier. 

Kif-  A post-note  differs  from  a common  bank-note 
in  being  payable  to  order,  the  latter  being  payable  to 
bearer.  Craig. 

POST— NUP'TIAL  (-shal),  a.  Being,  or  taking 
place,  after  marriage. 

Post-nuptial  settlement,  (Law.)  a conveyance  gen- 
erally made  by  the  husband  for  the  benefit  of  the 
wife.  Bouvier. 

POST— O 'BIT,  n.  [L.  post,  after,  and  obitus,  death.] 

1.  (Law.)  A bond,  or  an  agreement,  by  which 

the  obligor  borrows  a certain  sum  of  money, 
and  promises  to  repay  it  with  more  than  the 
lawful  interest  upon  the  death  of  a person  from 
whom  he  has  expectation,  if  the  obligor  be  then 
living.  Bouvier. 

2.  (Med.)  Post-mortem.  Dunglison. 

POST— O'BIT,  a.  After  death ; posthumous.  Smart. 

POST'— OF-FICE,  n.  A place  for  the  reception 
and  distribution  of  the  letters  and  despatches 
that  are  to  be,  or  that  have  been,  carried  by  the 
post.  Brande. 

POST-OR'BI-TAL,  a.  [L.  post,  after,  behind,  and 
orbis,  a circle.]  Pertaining  to  whatever  is  situ- 
ated behind  the  orbits.  Maunder. 

POST'— PAID,  a.  Having  the  postage  paid.  Greene. 

POST-PONE',  v.  a.  [L.  postpono  ; post,  after,  and 


pono,  to  place  ; It.  postponere  ; Sp.  posponer .] 
[ i . POSTPONED  ; pp.  POSTPONING,  POSTPONED.] 

1.  To  put  off;  to  defer  till  some  future  time  ; 
to  delay  ; to  adjourn  ; to  procrastinate. 

The  most  trifling  amusement  is  suffered  to  postpone  the 
one  thing  necessary.  Rogers. 

2.  To  put  or  set  aside  as  of  less  value  or  im- 
portance ; to  esteem  less. 

It  seems  the  prince  postponed  the  love  he  bore  to  this 
woman  and  children  to  that  which  he  bore  to  his  brother 
Henry.  Howell. 

POST- PONE' ME  NT,  n.  The  act  of  postponing;  a 
deferring  till  a future  time  ; delay.  Todd. 

f POST-PO'NENCE,  n.  Dislike.  Johnson. 

POST- PON' 5 R,  n.  One  who  postpones.  Paley. 

POST— PO-§I''TION  (post-po-zisli'un),  n.  [L .post, 
after,  and  positio,  a placing.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  put  back  ; a back  posi- 
tion. Mede. 

2.  (Mus.)  An  interruption  of  the  harmony 

effected  by  putting  a discord  upon  the  accented 
part  of  a bar,  followed  by  a concord  on  the  next 
unaccented  part,  but  not  prepared  and  resolved 
according  to  the  rules  for  discords.  Moore. 

POST-PO§'I-TIvE,  a.  Being  placed  after.  Tooke. 

POST-PRAN'DI-AL,  a.  [L.  post,  after,  and  pran- 
dium,  lunch.]  Happening  after  dinner.  Bidwer. 

POST— RE-MOTE',  a.  [L.  post,  and  remote.)  More 
remote  in  subsequent  time  or  order.  Wright. 

POST'— ROAD,  n.  A road  on  which  the  post  or 
mail  is  conveyed;  a post-route.  Sterne. 

POST'— ROUTE  (-rot  or  -rout),  n.  A post-road. 

POST-SCE  'MI-  UM,  n.  [L.,  from  post,  behind,  and 
scena,  a scene.]  (Arch.)  The  back  part  of  the 
theatre  behind  the  scenes.  Brande. 

POST’ 'SCRIPT,  n.  [L.  post,  after,  and  scriptum, 
something  written  ; It.  postscripta ; Fr.  post- 
scriptum .]  An  addition  made  to  a letter  after 
it  is  concluded  and  signed  by  the  writer  ; — also 
any  addition  of  something  omitted,  made  to  a 
literary  performance  after  it  had  been  supposed 
to  be  finished ; an  appendix.  Maunder. 

POST'SCRIPT-ED,  a.  Having  a postscript ; writ- 
ten afterwards,  [r.]  J.  Q.  Adams. 

POST'— TO  Wn,  n.  A towrn  in  which  there  is  a 
post-office  : — a town  in  which  post-horses  are 
kept.  Johnson. 

POS'TU-LANT, n.  One  who  requests  or  demands; 
a canvasser ; a candidate,  [it.]  Chesterfield. 

POST'U-LATE  (post'yu-lat),  V.  a.  [L . postulo,  pos- 
tulatus  ; posco,  to  ask  urgently;  It.  postulare  j 
Sp.  postular ; Fr.  postuler.) 

1.  To  beg  or  assume  without  proof. 

Not  from  postulated  and  precarious  inferences.  Browne . 

2.  To  invite  ; to  require  by  entreaty.  Burnet. 

3.  To  assume  or  claim  as  an  authority.  Tooke. 

POST'U-LATE,  n.  [L.  postulatum,  a demand  ; It. 
postulato-,  Sp.  postulado  ; Fr.  postulat.) 

1.  A position  or  a proposition  of  which  the 
truth  is  demanded  or  assumed  for  the  purpose 
of  future  reasoning  ; a supposition.  Brande. 

2.  (Math.)  A self-evident  problem,  being  less 

general  than  an  axiom,  which  is  a self-evident 
proposition.  Davies. 

POST-U-LA'TION,  n.  [L  .postulado;  It.  postula- 
zione  ; S-p.  postulation-,  Fr.  postulation.) 

1.  The  act  of  postulating  or  supposing  with- 
out proof ; gratuitous  assumption  ; supposition. 

2.  Supplication  ; intercession  ; request,  [r.] 
Presenting  his  postulations  at  the  throne  of  God.  Pearson. 

3.  Suit ; cause,  [r.]  Burnet. 

POST'U-LA-TO-RY,  a.  [L.  postulatorius .] 

1.  Assuming  without  proof.  Johnson. 

2.  Assumed  without  proof.  Browne. 

POST-  U-lA  ' TUM,  n.  ; pi.  L.  postulata  ; Eng. 
postulatums".  [L.]  A position  assumed  with- 
out proof ; a postulate.  Dryden. 

POST'U-MOUS,  a.  [L.  postumus,  last.]  Posthu- 
mous. — See  Posthumous,  [r.]  W.  Smith. 

POST' UR  E (post'yyr,  24),  n.  [L.  positura  ; pono, 
positus,  to  place;  It.  § Sp.  positura-,  Fr.  pos- 
ture.) 

1.  Place ; situation  ; position  ; disposition 


with  regard  to  something  else.  “ His  noblest 
posture  and  station  in  this  world.”  Hale. 

2.  Disposition  of  the  parts  of  the  body  with 
respect  to  each  other  ; position  of  the  body  ; 
attitude.  “ In  an  abject  posture.”  Milton. 

That  posture,  and  the  look  of  filial  love.  Wordsworth. 

3.  State  ; condition  ; disposition. 

The  Lord  Ilopton  left  Arundel  Castle  before  he  had  put  it 
into  the  good  posture  he  intended.  Clarendon. 

The  several  postures  of  liis  devout  soul.  Atterbury. 

POSTURE  (post'yur),  v.  a.  To  put  or  place  in  a 
particular  posture. 

He  was  raw  with  posturing  himself  according  to  the  direc- 
tion of  the  cllirurgeons.  Brook. 

POST'URE— MAK'^R,  n.  One  who  make  postures 
or  contortions.  Spectator. 

POST'URE— MAs'TER  (post'yur-mis'ter),  n.  One 
who  teaches,  or  practises,  postures  or  attitudes. 
“ A kind  of  posture-master Spectator. 

POST'— WOOD  (-wud),  n.  Wood  suited  for  gate- 
posts and  for  similar  purposes.  Simmonds. 

PO'§Y  (po'ze),  ?t.  [Contracted  from  poesy.] 

1.  A motto,  or  a verse,  as  upon  a ring. 

And  the  tent  was  replenished,  and  decked  with  this  post/, 
“ After  busy  labor  cometh  victorious  rest.”  Hall. 

2.  A nosegay  or  bunch  of  flowers. 

Posy  originally  meant  verses  presented  witli  a nosegay  or 
bunch  of  flowers,  and  hence  the  term  came  to  be  applied  to 
the  flowers  themselves.  Sullivan. 

POT,  n.  [Dut.  pot  ; Dan.  potte-,  Sw.  potta. — W. 
pot ; Gael.  poit.  — Fr.  pot.  — Low  L.  potus,  from 
L.  potus  (drink),  — a metonymy  by  which  the 
thing  containing  is  taken  for  the  thing  con- 
tained. Du  Cange.  — From  pit.  Tooke.) 

1.  A hollow  vessel,  of  any  substance  or  mate- 

rial, commonly  of  earth  or  metal,  used  for  boil- 
ing meat,  holding  liquids,  &c.  “ Huge  pots  of 

boiling  pulse.”  “ Earthen  pots.”  Golding. 

2.  A mug  ; a cup.  Simmonds. 

3.  The  quantity  contained  in  a pot. 

The  soldier  drinks  his  pot,  and  then  offers  payment.  Swift. 

4.  A general  vulgar  name  for  the  imperial 

quart  measure.  Simmonds. 

5.  A term  applied  to  a kind  of  paper  ; — some- 
times writtenpoM.  Simmonds. 

To  go  to  pot,  to  go  to  destruction  or  ruin.  [Low.] 
Now  and  then  a farm  went  to  pot.  Arbuthnot. 

POT,  v.  a.  [*.  potted  ; pp.  potting,  potted.] 

1.  To  preserve  seasoned  in  a pot  or  pots. 

“ Potted  fowl  and  fish.”  Dryden. 

2.  To  put  or  place  in  a pot.  “ Pot  them  in 

natural,  not  forced,  earth.”  Evelyn. 

3.  To  put  into  a hogshead  for  draining,  or 
into  a mould  for  claying,  as  sugar.  Edwards. 

fPOT,  v.  n.  To  tipple  ; to  drink.  Shak. 

PO'TA-BLE,  a.  [L.  potabilis  ; poto  (Gr.  tti'voj, 
ckoO'cv),  to  drink ; It.  potabile  ; Sp.  &;  Fr.  potable.) 
That  may  be  drunk  ; drinkable.  Bacon. 

PO'TA-BLE,  n.  Something  which  may  be  drunk. 
“ Useful  in  potables.”  Philips. 

PO'TA-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  potable; 
drinkableness.  Johnson. 

POT'A-^ER,  n.  [Fr.]  A porringer,  [r.]  Grew. 

POT'ALE,  n.  A local  name  for  the  refuse  of  a 
grain  distillery,  used  to  fatten  swine.  Wright. 

POT-A-MOG'RA-PHY,  7i.  [Gr.  norapds,  a river, 
and  ypm/jw,  to  describe ; Fr.  potamographic.) 
A description  of  rivers  ; potamology.  Ogilvie. 

P0T-A-M0L'0-(rY,  n.  [Gr.  iroTapi;,  a river,  and 
J.dyos,  a discourse  ; Fr . potamologie.)  A descrip- 
tion of  rivers  and  other  streams.  Wright. 

PO'TANCE,  n.  The  stud  in  which  the  lower  pivot 
of  the  verge  of  a watch  is  placed.  Crabb. 

PO-TAR'GO,  n.  A sauce  or  pickle  made  in  the 
West  Indies.  King. 

POT' ASH,  n.  [Ger.  pottasche  ; Dut.  potasch  ; Dan. 
potaske-,  Sw.  pottaska.  — It .potassa-,  Sp. potasa-, 
Fr.  potasse.  — Eng.  pot  and  ash.)  ( Chein .)  A 
fixed  alkali,  composed  of  one  equivalent  of  oxy- 
gen and  one  of  potassium;  protoxide  of  potas- 
sium. 

Kg-  Anhydrous  potash  is  white,  very  deliquescent 
and  caustic  ; moistened  with  water,  it  becomes  incan- 
descent ; and  it  is  volatilized  at  a high  temperature. 
— See  Alkali.  Miller. 

KiT  Potash  was  so  named  from  being  prepared  for 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE. — 9,  y,  |,  soft;  D,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  ^ as  z;  ^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


POTASSA 


1110 


POTTING 


commercial  purposes  by  evaporating  in  iron  pots  the 
lixivium  of  the  ashes  of  wood.  In  the  crude  state  it 
consists  of  such  constituents  of  burned  vegetables  as 
are  very  soluble  in  water,  and  fixed  in  the  tire.  Ure. 

Hydrate  of  potash , ( Client .1  an  alkaline  compound, of 
one  equivalent  of  water  and  one  of  anhydrous  potash, 
popularly  known  under  the  name  of  potash.  It  has 
very  powerful  affinities,  destroying  all  animal  tex- 
tures, and  acting  on  silica  and  even  platinum,  and  is 
extensively  used  in  the  arts,  as  in  the  manufacture  of 
soft  soap,  of  glass,  and,  combined  with  nitric  acid,  of 
gunpowder.  This  alkali  is  present  in  all  fertile  soils, 
being  derived  from  the  disintegration  of  felspar  and 
some  kinds  of  mica,  and,  being  soluble,  is  taken  up 
and  assimilated  by  plants,  from  the  ashes  of  which  it 
may  be  procured.  Miller. 

PO-tAs'SA,  n.  ( Chem .)  Same  as  Potash.  Miller. 

PO-TAS'SI-CfM  (po-ffish'e-um),  n.  (Chem.)  A sil- 
ver-white, crystallizabie  metal,  lighter  than  wa- 
ter, brittle  at  32°  Fahrenheit,  malleable  at  a 
little  higher  temperature,  soft,  and  capable  of 
being  welded  at  60Q,  liquid  at  130°,  and  distilla- 
ble at  a red  heat,  forming  a green  vapor. 

IfXr  P has  a very  strong  affinity  for  oxygen,  taking 
fire  when  thrown  upon  water  or  ice,  and  can  be  kept 
in  a metallic  state  only  in  certain  substances,  as  naph- 
tha, which  contain  no  oxygen.  By  combination  with 
this  gas,  potassium  is  converted  into  potash.  Miller. 

PO-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  potalio.] 

1.  Act  of  drinking;  a drinking-bout.  Johnson. 

2.  A draught.  “ Potations  pottle  deep.”  Shak. 

3.  A species  of  drink.  “ Thin  potations.” Shak. 

PO-TA'TO,  n. ; pi.  po-ta'toe?.  [Sp.  <Sf  Port,  bata- 
ta ; It.  patata  ; Fr.  patate.  — “ The  inhabitants 
of  the  mountains  of  Quito  called  it  [potato]  pa- 
pas, xvhich  the  Spaniards  corrupted  into  battata ; 
this  again  their  neighbors  in  Portugal  softened 
into  batata  (da  terra).”  P.  Cyc.~\  A plant,  Sola- 
rium tuberosum,  and  its  esculent  tubers. 

flgy  The  potato  was  introduced  into  Great  Britain, 
from  America,  by  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  in  the  sixteenth 
century.  There  are  very  many  varieties  of  the  potato, 
differing  in  earliness,  form,  size,  color,  and  quality  ; 
and  new  varieties  may  readily  be  procured  by  sowing 
the  seeds.  The  farina,  too]  is  often  granulated  and 
dried,  to  serve  as  a substitute  for  tapioca  or  arrow- 
root; and  it  is  much  used  in  the  manufacture  of 
starch.  P.  Cyc. 

PO'TA-TO-RY,  a.  [L.  potatorius .]  Relating  to 
drink  or  to  drinking,  [k.]  Dulwer. 

POT'— BEL-LIED  (-1  jd),  a.  Having  a belly  protu- 
berant like  a pot ; having  a prominent  belly. 
“ Pot-bellied  and  thick-shouldered.”  Gray. 

POT'-BEL-LY,  n.  A belly  protuberant  like  a 
pot.  Arbuthnot. 

POT'— BOY,  n.  A menial  in  a public-house  ; — 
especially  one  who  carries  beer-pots.  Simmonds. 

+ POTCH,  v.  n.  [Fr.  pocher.  — “Perhaps  more 
nearly  allied  to  poke.”  Nares.\  To  thrust  ; to 
push.  “ I ’ll  potcli  at  him  some  way.”  Shak. 

POTCH,  v.  a.  [Fr  .pocher.]  To  poach.  “ A patched 
egg.”  — See  Poach.  Wiseman. 

POT'— COM-PAN'ION,  n.  A felloxv-drinker.  “Best 
pot-companion  in  Switzerland.”  L' Estrange. 

PO-TEEN',  n.  [Ir.]  Irish  whiskey.  Gent.  Mag. 

PO'TJE-LOT,  n.  [Dut.  potlood,  black  lead.  — Fr. 
potclot .]  Sulphuret  of  molybdenum.  Clarke. 

PO'TfiNCE,  n.  (Her.)  A cross  the  ends  of  which 
are  like  the  head  of  a crutch  ; potent.  Crabb. 

PO'TpX-CY,  n.  [L.  potentia;  potens,  potent; 
possum,  to  be  able  ; potis,  able,  and  sum,  to  be  ; 
It.  potenza  ; Sp.  potentia.'] 

1.  Physical  or  moral  poxver;  might;  force; 

sxvay  ; authority  ; influence.  Raleigh. 

2.  Efficacy ; strength. 

Use  can  master  the  devil,  or  throw  him  out, 

With  wondrous  potency,  Shak. 

PO'TIJNT,  a. ' [L.  potens  ; It.  % Sp.  potente .] 

1.  Having  power;  powerful;  puissant; 
mighty  ; forcible  ; strong ; efficacious. 

Moses  once  more  his  potent  rod  extends 

Over  the  sea;  the  sea  his  rod  obeys.  Milton. 

2.  Having  great  authority  or  dominion.  “ Po- 
tent monarchs.”  Johnson. 

Syn.  — See  Powerful. 

fPO'TJENT,  n.  1.  A potentate.  Shak. 

2.  A crutch  or  a staff ; — so  called  because  by 
it  the  lame  are  enabled  to  xvalk. 


A,  E,  i,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6, 


So  old  she  was,  that  she  never  went 

Afoot  but  it  were  by  jrotent.  Chaucer. 

3.  (Tier.)  See  Potence.  Crabb. 

f PO'TIJN-TA-cy,  n.  Sovereignty.  Barrow. 

PO'TJpN-TATE  [po'ten-tat,  S.  W.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja. 
K.  Sm.],  n.  [It . potentate  •,  Sp . potentado  ■,  Fr. 
potentate]  One  having  great  power,  sxvay,  or 
dominion  ; a monarch ; a prince ; a sovereign. 

Kings  and  mightiest  potentates  must  die.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Monarch. 

PO-TEN'TIAL  (po-ten'shjl),  a.  [L.  potentia,  pow- 
er ; It.  potenziale  ; Sp.  potential;  Fr.  potentiel.] 

1.  f Efficacious ; poxverful ; potent.  Shak. 

2.  Being  or  existing  in  possibility,  not  in  act 
or  in  reality  ; possible. 

Ice  doth  not  only  submit  unto  actual  heat,  but  endureth 
not  the  jiotential  calidity  of  many  waters.  Browne. 

This  jiotential  and  imaginary  materia  prima  cannot  exist 
without  fortn.  Raleigh. 

3.  (Eng.  Gram.)  Noting  a mood  or  mode  of 
the  verb,  which  implies  possibility  or  liberty, 
power,  will,  or  obligation ; as,  “ I may,  can, 
must,  might,  could,  would,  or  should  read.” 

4.  (Med.)  Noting  remedies  which,  although 

energetic,  do  not  act  till  some  time  after  their 
application.  Dunglison. 

Potential  cautery,  (Sura.)  a cautery,  as  a caustic  al- 
kali, &.C.,  which  is  potential,  in  contradistinction  to 
the  hot  iron,  which  is  termed  actual.  Dunglison. 

PO-TEN-TI-AL'I-TY  (po-ten-she-51'e-te),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  potential  ; possibility ; not 
actuality.  “ There  will  he  a futurity  and  poten- 
tiality of  more  for  ever  and  ever.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

PO-TEN’TIAL-LY,  ad.  1.  In  poxver  or  possibili- 
ty ; not  in  act,  or  positively. 

The  duration  of  human  souls  is  only  potentially  infinite. 

Bentley. 

2.  In  efficacy,  not  in  actuality. 

Both  actually  and  potentially  cold.  Boyle. 

PO-TEN'TI-ATE  (po-ten'she-at),  v.  a.  To  give 
poxver  to.  [r.]  Coleridge. 

PO'TJJNT-LY,  ad.  Poxverfully  ; forcibly.  Bacon. 

PO'TIJNT-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  potent ; 
powerfulness  ; might ; poxver.  Johnson. 

f i'd'TES-TATE,  n\  A potentate.  Wickliffe. 

t PO-TES'TA-TIVE,  a.  [Loxv  L.  potestativus .] 
Authoritative.  Pearson. 

POT'GUN,  n.  1.  f A popgun.  Bp.  Ilall. 

2.  A kind  of  small  gun  ; a mortar.  “Txvelve 
potguns  of  brass  that  shot  upxvard.”  Hackluyt. 

POT'hANG-IJR,  n.  A hook  to  hang  a pot  on  ; a 
pothook.  Johnson. 

t POTH'Jg-OA-Ry,  n.  [Sp.  boticario .]  The  old 
xvord  for  apothecary . 

Forth  he  goeth,  — no  longer  would  he  tarry, — 

Unto  the  town,  unto  a pothecary.  Chaucer. 

tfcjp  There  can  be  no  doubt  that  apothecary  and  poth- 
ecary  are  the  same  word,  whether  the  omission  of  the 
initial  a was  originally  made  in  the  latter  here  [in 
England]  or  abroad.  Richardson. 

||  POTH'ER  [potfi'er,  E.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  Wr.Wb. ; puth'- 
er,  S.  IV.  P.  J.  F.],  n.  [To  'pother  or  pudder  is 
to  make  a pudder  (powder,  Fr.  poudre,  dust),  to 
raise  a dust,  as  a horse  running.  Skinner.'] 

1.  Bustle  ; tumult ; turmoil ; flutter. 

Didst  thou  not  hear  the  pother  o’er  thy  head 

When  the  great  Persian  conqueror.  Cambyses, 

Marched  armies  o’er  thy  tomb  with  thundering  tread.  Smith. 

2.  A suffocating  cloud.  Drayton 

||  POTH'ER,  v.  n.  To  make  a blustering,  inef- 
fectual effort.  Johnson. 

II  POTH'ER,  v.  a.  [i.  pothered  ; pp.  pother- 
ing, pothered.]  To  perplex;  to  confuse;  to 
confound;  to  puzzle;  to  bother.  — See  Both- 
er. Locke. 

POT'HERB  (pot'erb),  n.  An  herb  fit  for  the  pot; 
any  culinary  vegetable  suited  for  soups  or 
stexvs,  &c.  Tatter. 

POT'HOOK  (pot'hfik),  n.  1.  A hook  or  branch  on 
xvhich  a pot  or  kettle  is  hung  over  the  fire. 
“ Pothooks  and  andirons.”  Beau.  &;  FI. 

2.  Any  thing  shaped  like  a pothook,  as  a 
scraxvled  or  ill-formed  letter. 

Let  me  see  her  Arabian  pothooks,  Dryden. 

POT'HOUSE,  n.  An  ale-house.  Warton. 

PO'TION,  n.  [L  .potto;  It.  pozione ; Sp.  potion; 


, U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  I,  O,  U,  y,  obscure;  FARE, 


Fr.  potion .]  A dose ; a draught,  — commonly  of 
medicine.  “ Soon  as  the  potion  xvorks.”  Milton. 

POT'LID,  n.  A lid  or  cover  of  a pot.  Derham. 

POT'LUCK,  n.  Such  food  as  may  by  chance  have 
been  provided  for  the  dinner  ; food  from  the  pot. 

To  take  potluck , to  partake  of  the  family  dinner. 
[Colloquial.]  Carr. 

POT'  MAN,  ».  I.  Pot-companion.  Life  of  Wood. 

2.  A servant  at  a public-house, — especially 
a man  who  takes  out  beer  from  public-houses, 
and  collects  the  pots  and  cans  again.  Simmonds. 

POT'— mAr-J-GOLD,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  used  in 
broths  and  soups.  W.  Ency. 

POT'— MET-AL,  n.  1.  An  alloy  of  lead  and  copper 
for  making  pots.  Brande. 

2.  A kind  of  stained  glass.  Simmonds. 

POT'— PIE,  n.  A kind  of  food  made  of  pastry 
and  meat,  boiled  in  a pot. 

f POT'— PIECE,  n.  The  old  name  for  that  piece 
of  ordnance  called  a mortar  ; — so  called  from 
its  resemblance  to  a pot.  Jamieson. 

POT'— PLANT,  n.  (Bot.)  A name  given  to  the 
Lecythis  ollaria,  xvhich  bears  a hard,  xvoody 
fruit  as  large  as  a child’s  head,  and  opening  by  a 
lid  like  that  of  a jar.  Simmonds. 

POT— POUR'RI,  n.  [Fr.]  1.  A kind  of  pie  con- 

sisting of  several  kinds  of  meat  cut  up  and 
stexved  together  ; — a mixture  ; a hotchpotch  ; 
a medley;  — a mixture  of  floxvers,  &c.,  salted, 
and  kept  in  a china  jar.  Merle. 

2.  (Mus.)  A caprieeio  or  fantasia  in  xvhich 
various  melodies  and  fragments  of  musical 
pieces  are  oddly  contrasted.  Moore, 

t POT'SHARD,  n.  A potsherd.  Spenser. 

POT'SHERD,  n.  [Eng.  pot,  and  A.  S.  sceard,  a 
fragment.]  A fragment  of  a broken  pot. 

He  took  a potsherd  to  6crapc  himself  withal.  Job  ii.  8. 

lie  on  the  ashes  sits,  his  fate  deplores. 

And  with  a jmtsherd  scrapes  the  swelling  sores.  Sandys. 

POT'STONE,  n.  (Min.)  A magnesian  mineral, 
allied  to  serpentine  and  steatite,  susceptible  of 
a high  polish;  — used  in  the  manufacture  of 
cooking-utensils,  &c.,  in  a poxvder,  for  dimin- 
ishing friction  in  machinery,  and  for  removing 
oil  stains  in  cloth.  Simmonds. 

PuT'T AQE,  n-  [R-  potaggio  ; Sp.  § Fr.  potage.\ 
Any  thing  boiled  or  decocted  for  food;  food 
boiled  in  a pot ; broth  xvith  vegetables  in  it.  Gen. 

POT'TiJD— MEATS,  n.  pi.  Viands  preserved  in 
small  jars,  tin  cases,  &c.,  so  closed  as  to  pre- 
vent the  entrance  of  air.  Simmonds. 

POT- TEEN',  n.  Irish  xvhiskey  ; poteen.  W.  Ency. 

POT'TER,  n.  One  xvhose  business  it  is  to  make 
earthen  pots  or  vessels. 

Hath  not  the  potter  power  over  the  clay?  Rom.  ix.  21. 

POT'TIJR,  V.  n.  [i.  TOTTERED  ; pp.  POTTERING, 
pottered.]  To  busy  or  perplex  one’s  self 
about  trifles ; to  trifle  ; to  pudder.  Qu.  Rev. 

The  verb  to  putter  is  used  colloquially  in  the 
United  States  in  the  same  sense. 

POT'TfR,  v.  a.  To  poke;  to  push;  to  disturb; 
to  pother.  [Local,  Eng.]  Wilbraham. 

POT'T£RN— ORE,  n.  Ore  xvith  xvhich  potters 
glaze  earthen  vessels.  Boyle. 

POT 'Tf,R§’— CLAY,  n.  (Min.)  A kind  of  clay, 
compact,  soft,  or  even  unctuous  to  the  touch, 
used  in  the  manufacture  of  coarse,  red  earthen- 
ware ; — called  also  plastic  clay.  Ure. 

roT'TE-RY,  n.  [Fr.  poteric.  — See  Pot.] 

1.  The  vessels  of  baked  earth  made  by  pot- 
ters ; earthen-xvare  ; clay-xvare. 

The  better  kind  o f pottery  called  Staffordshire  ware. Brande. 

fiSr*  The  term  pottery  is  applied  to  all  ware  of  the 
opaque  kind,  while  porcelain  applies  to  that  which  is 
translucent.  Tomlinson. 

2.  The  manufacture  of  earthen-ware.  “ The 

act  of  pottery.”  _ Ure. 

3.  A place  xvhere  earthen-xvare  is  made  ; the 

manufactory  of  a potter.  Johnson. 

POT'T|NG,  n.  1.  tThe  act  or  the  practice  of 
drinking.  _ Shak. 

2.  The  act  of  putting  or  of  preserving  in  pots. 


, FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


POTTLE 


1111 


POUR 


3.  The  act  of  pouring  new-made  sugar  into 
casks  to  cure  it  or  drain  off  the  molasses  : — 
the  operation  of  pouring  soft  sugar  into  earth- 
en moulds,  to  clay  it.  Simmonds. 

POT'TLE  (pot'tl),  n.  • [W.  potel.] 

1.  A measure  of  two  quarts; — sometimes 
used  for  a tankard  or  pot,  without  reference  to 
the  measure,  out  .of  which  glasses  are  filled. 

He  drinks  you  with  facility  your  Dane  dead  drunk  ore  the 
next  pottle  can  be  filled.  Shak. 

2.  A small  cone-shaped  basket  for  holding 

strawberries  and  other  fruit.  Simmonds. 

POT'TLE-DRAUGHT  (-drift),  n.  The  taking  of 
a pottle  of  liquor  at  one  draught.  Ilalliwell. 

t POT'U-LENT,  a.  [L.  potulentus .] 

1.  intoxicated  ; somewhat  inebriated.  Bailey. 

2.  That  may  be  drunk  ; drinkable.  Johnson. 

POT—  VAL'IANT  (pot-val'yfmt),  a.  Courageous 
from  the  effects  of  liquor  only  ; rendered  valiant 
by  strong  drink.  Addison. 

POT-WAL'Lpit  (-wol'-),  ? n.  [Eng.  p0t, 

POT-WAL'LO-PJjlR  (-wol'lo-per),  ) and  A.  S .wcal- 
lan,  to  boil.]  A name  given  prior  to  the  pass- 
ing of  the  Reform  Bill  [1832]  to  a voter  at  elec- 
tions of  members  of  Parliament,  in  certain 
boroughs,  in  England. 

It  included,  theoretically,  all  inhabitants  pro- 
curing their  own  diet,  that  is,  put-boilers  (wallopers), 
or  in  other  words  all  male  inhabitants  not  chargeable 
to  a parish  as  paupers.  Wright. 

POUCH,  n.  [Low  L . pochia,  a bag;  Fr.  poche. — 
A.  S.  pocca,  a bag  ; Ger.  bauch,  belly  ; Dan. 
buy,  belly.] 

1.  A small  bag ; a sack,  — commonly  a leath- 
ern sack  ; a pocket.  Swift. 

2.  A pot-belly  ; a big  belly  or  paunch.  Johnson. 

3.  ( Ornith .)  The  sac  attached  to  the  bills  of 

certain  birds,  as  the  pelican.  Wright. 

4.  (Mil.)  A case  of  leather  lined  with  tin, 
used  by  soldiers  to  carry  ammunition.  Campbell. 

5.  (Bot.)  A silicle  or  short  pod.  Gray. 

6.  (Zoul.)  A sac  for  the  food  or  the  young; 

— a marsupium.  Brande. 

POUCH,  v.  a.  1.  To  put  in  a pouch  ; to  pocket. 

In  January,  husband  that  pouch eth  the  groats, 

Will  break  up  his  lay.  or  be  sowing  of  oats.  Tusser. 

2.  To  swallow.  “ Throat  to  pouch  it  [prey].” 

3.  f To  pout.  'Ainsworth. 

POUCH'— LIKE,  a.  Resembling  a pouch. 

t POUCH'— MOUTH,  n.  A mouth  with  blubbered 
or  swelled  lips.  Ash. 

f POUCH'— MOUTHED  (-mofitfid),  a.  Having  blub- 
ber lips ; blubber-lipped.  Ainsworth. 

POU-(fHONG',  n.  A black  tea;  a superior  kind 
of  souchong.  Simmonds. 

POU-DRETTE'  (po-dret'),  n.  [Fr.]  An  artificial 
manure,  consisting  of  human  excrement  dried 
in  the  air,  and  mixed  with  copperas,  gypsum, 
and  charcoal ; dried  night-soil.  Farm.  Ency. 

t POUL'DA-VIS,  n.  A kind  of  sail-cloth.  — See 
Pole-davy.  Ainsworth. 

POUL'DER,  v.  a.  See  Powder.  Todd. 

I’OUL'DRON,  n.  That  part  of  armor  which  covers 
the  shoulders.  — See  Powldron.  Todd. 

Comrade,  lifting  high  the  deadly  battle-axe, 

Through  pouldrou  and  through  shoulder  deeply  driven. 
Buried  it  in  his  bosom.  Southey. 

POULE  (pol),  ?t.  [Fr.]  The  stakes  in  some  games 
of  cards  ; — written  also  pool.  Southerne. 

POULP,  n.  [L.  pulpa.  a fleshy  part ; Fr.  ponlpe.\ 

1.  (Zoul.)  The  soft  or  animal  part  of  one  of 
the  testaceous  varieties  of  the  Octopoda,  a fam- 
ily of  cephalopodous  mollusks. 

At  this  moment  the  shell  [of  the  argonaut]  was  moved, 
and  the  poulp  separated  itself  from  it.  Eng.  Cyc. 

2.  One  of  the  molluscous  animals  of  the  fam- 

ily Octopoda,  which  are  without  a shell ; Octo- 
pus vulgaris.  Eng.  Cyc. 

POULT  (polt),  n.  [L.  pullus,  a young  fowl;  Fr. 
poulct  ; — according  to  Wm.  Smith  a contrac- 
tion of  purlins,  a boy  ; puer,  a boy  ; — according 
to  Liddell  & Scott,  the  same  as  Gr.  , a 
young  animal.]  A chicken  ; a pullet.  King. 

t POUL'TpR  (pol'fer),  n.  Poulterer.  Shah. 


POUL'TIJR-IJR,  n.  1.  A dealer  in  poultry. 

2.  Formerly  an  officer  in  the  household  of 
the  English  sovereign  who  had  charge  of  the 
poultry.  Wright. 

POUL'TICE  (pol'tjs),  n.  [Gr.  nol-ros,  porridge  ; L. 
puls,  pultis,  a thick  pap ; It.  polta,  pap.]  A 
medicine,  composed  of  various  ingredients,  as 
of  mealy,  fatty  substances,  of  leaves  of  plants, 
of  certain  fruits,  of  crumbs  of  bread,  &c.,  ap- 
plied externally,  to  remove  inflammation,  under 
the  form  of  a thick  pap  ; a cataplasm.  Dunglison. 

POUL'TICE  (pol'tjs),  V.  a.  [i.  POULTICED  ; pp. 

poulticing,  poulticed.]  To  apply  a poul- 
tice to.  Johnson. 

f POUL'TIVE,  n.  A poultice.  “ Poultices  allayed 
pains  but  drew  down  the  humors.”  Temple. 

POUL'TRY  (pol'tre),  n.  [Fr.  poulct,  a young  fowl ; 
poule,  a hen.  — See  Pullet.]  Different  kinds 
of  birds,  as  the  cock  and  hen,  the  turkey,  the 
duck,  the  goose,  &c.,  reared  for  the  production 
of  eggs,  feathers,  and  for  the  use  of  their  bodies 
as  food  ; domestic  fowls.  Brande. 

POUL'TRY— HOUSE,  n.  A structure  in  which 
poultry  are  kept  in  the  night-time.  Brande. 

POUL'TRY— YARD,  n.  A yard  in  which  poultry 
are  kept.  Clarke. 

POUNCE,  n.  [L.  pungo,  punctus,  to  prick,  to 
pierce,  to  penetrate ; It.  punzone,  a blow,  a 
punch;  Sp .punzon,  a punch.] 

1.  The  claw  or  talon  of  a bird  of  prey. 

’T  was  a mean  prey  for  a bird  of  his  pounces.  Atterbury. 

2.  Cloth  worked  in  eyelet-holes. 

Homily  against  Excess  of  Apparel. 

POUNCE,  v.  n.  To  seize  something  with  the 
pounces  or  talons  ; — used  with  on  or  upon. 

So  when  a falcon  skims  the  airy  way, 

Stoops  from  the  clouds,  and  pounces  on  his  prey.  Whitehead. 

POUNCE,  n.  [Fr.  ponce,  pumice.  — See  Pumice.] 

1.  A powder,  as  that  made  from  sandarach,  or 
that  made  from  the  bone  of  the  cuttle-fish,  used 
to  prevent  ink  from  spreading  on  paper.  Brande. 

2.  Colored  powders  used  by  pattern  drawers 
for  sprinkling  over  pricked  papers.  Brande. 

POUNCE,  v.  a.  ,[i.  pounced  ; pp.  pouncing, 
pounced.]  1.  To  pierce;  to  perforate: — to 
work  in  eyelet-holes.  Bacon. 

A short  coat  guarded  and  pounced.  Sir  T.  Elyot. 

2.  To  sprinkle  through  small  holes.  Bacon. 

3.  To  sprinkle  with  pounce.  Smart. 

POUNCE'-BOX,  n.  A receptacle  with  a perfo- 
rated cover  for  sprinkling  pounce.  Simmonds. 

POUNCED  (pbunst),  a.  1.  Having  talons.  Thomson. 

2.  Ornamented  with  a continuous  series  of 
dots  over  the  entire  surface.  Fairholt. 

POUN'Cf.T— BOX,  n.  A small  perforated  box, 
used  for  holding  perfume  or  powder.  Shah. 

f POUN'CING.^,  n.  pi.  Holes  stamped  in  clothes 
by  way  of  ornament.  Beau.  <y  H. 

POUND,  n.  [Goth.  §-  A.  S.  panel ; Dut.  pond ; 
Ger.  pfund ; Dan.  Sw.  pund. — W.  punt-, 
Gael,  punnd.  — L.  pondus  ; pendo,  to  weigh  ; It. 
pondo.] 

1.  A weight  of  different  kinds,  consisting  of 
twelve  ounces  troy,  or  sixteen  avoirdupois. 

The  troy  pound  is  equal  to  5760  grains  ; the 
avoirdupois  pound  is  equal  to  7000  troy  grains;  — 
therefore  the  troy  pound  is  to  the  avoirdupois  pound 
as  114  is  to  175.  Danes. 

2.  A money  of  account  consisting  of  twenty 
shillings,  the  value  of  which  varies  in  diTercrit 
countries. — See  Shilling. 

/K5“  The  exchange  value  in  United  States  money 
of  the  pound  sterling  of  Great  Britain  is  that  of  its 
former  value,  $4.44  4-9,  which  is  considerably  below 
cither  its  intrinsic  or  its  commercial  value.  The  com- 
mercial value  is  generally  about  9 per  cent,  more  than 
this  exchange  or  nominal  par  value,  or  about  $4.84. 
Oreenleaf. 

JWS=-  Anciently,  240  pence  were  equivalent  to  a 
pound  [weight]  of  silver;  hence  the  origin  of  the 
term  as  applied  to  money  of  account.  Brande. 

POUND,  n.  [A.  S .pund,  a fold;  pyndan,  to  shut 
up.]  An  enclosed  place  set  apart  by  authority 
for  the  confinement  of  beasts  ; pinfold.  Swift. 

POUND,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  punian. ] [i.  pounded  ; pp. 
POUNDING,  pounded.] 


1.  To  beat  with  a pestle  or  as  with  a pestle  ; 
to  strike  repeatedly  and  heavily. 

With  cruel  blows  she  pounds  her  blubbered  cheeks.  Dryden. 

2.  To  grind  with  a pestle  ; to  bray  ; to  heat 
into  small  particles  ; to  pulverize  by  beating. 

Lifted  pestles  brandished  in  the  air. 

Loud  strokes  with  pounding  spice  the  fabric  rend.  Garth. 

POUND,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  pyndan,  to  shot  tip.]  To 
shut  up  in  a pound  ; to  imprison,  as  in  a pound. 

I ordered  John  to  let  out  the  good  man’s  sheep  that  were 
pounded  by  night.  Spectator. 

POUND'A£E,  n,  1.  a certain  sum  deducted  from 
a pound  ; a certain  sum  paid  out  of  each  pound. 

In  poundage  and  drawbacks  I lose  half  my  rent  Swift. 

2.  (Late.)  An  allowance  made  to  a sheriff 
upon  the  amount  levied  under  an  execution  ; — 
estimated  in  England,  and  formerly  in  the 
United  States,  at  so  much  on  the  pound  : — (Old 
Eng.  Law.)  a subsidy  of  twelve  pence  in  the 
pound  granted  to  the  king,  of  all  manner  of 
merchandise  of  every  merchant,  as  well  denizen 
as  alien,  either  exported  or  imported.  Burrill. 

3.  t The  impounding  of  cattle.  Iiuloct. 

4.  A charge  for  impounding  cattle.  Simmonds. 

POUND'— BREACH,  n.  (Law.)  The  act  or  the  of- 
fence of  breaking  a pound,  for  the  purpose  of 
taking  out  the  cattle  impounded.  Burrill. 

POUND'— CAKE,  n.  A rich  sweet-cake;  — so 
named  because  the  principal  ingredients  are 
used  pound  for  pound.  Simmonds. 

POUND'— CO V-pRT,  n.  [Eng.  pound  and  covert.] 
(Laic.)  A pound  which  is  close  or  covered  over, 
such  as  a stable  or  other  building.  Blac/cstonc. 

POUND'JJR,  n.  1.  He  who,  or  that  which,  pounds  ; 
an  instrument  used  for  pounding ; a pestle. 

2.  A person  or  a thing  denominated  from  a 

certain  number  of  pounds,  as  a gun  is  called  a 
six,  twelve,  twenty-four  pounder,  from  the 
weight  of  the  ball  it  carries  : — a man  having  a 
yearly  income  of  ten  pounds,  a ten  pounder : — a 
note,  a ten,  twenty,  &c.,  pounder,  from  the  sum 
it  bears.  Davis.  Swift. 

3.  A kind  of  large,  heavy  pear.  Dryden. 

POUND'— FOOL'ISH,  a.  Neglecting  the  care  of 
large  sums  in  attending  to  little  ones.  “ Penny- 
wise and  pound-foolish."  Burton. 

POUND'-KEEP-ER,  n.  One  who  has  charge  of  a 
pound  for  cattle.  Simmonds. 

POUND'— O-VERT',  n.  [Eng.  pound  and  overt.] 
(Law.)  A pound  for  cattle,  that  is  open  over- 
head. Blackstone. 

POUND'— RATE,  n.  (Law.)  A rate  or  payment 
by  the  pound.  Toller. 

POUNX'A,  n.  (Min.)  Borate  of  soda;  borax.  Dana. 

POU'PE-TON  (po'pe-ton),  n.  [Fr.  poupee,  a doll.] 

1.  A puppet ; a baby  ; a doll.  Johnson. 

2.  [Fr . poupeton.]  Hashed  meat.  Simmonds. 

POU'PICS  (po'pjks),  n.  pi.  (Cookery.)  Veal  steaks 
and  slices  of  bacon.  Bailey. 

||  POUR  (por)  [por,  E.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  R.  I Vb.  Fares-, 
por,  S.  P.  J.  ; pour,  IF. ; por,  por,  or  pour,  F.],  v.  a. 
[Supposed  from  W.  bwrw,  to  cast.  Johnson.  — 
Minsheu  derives  it  from  Dut.  boron,  to  tilt  (a 
vessel) ; Skinner,  either  from  the  sound  of  fall- 
ing water,  or  from  the  L.  purus  [free  from  dirt]. 
The  rush  of  the  tide  is  sometimes  called  the 
bore,  which  word  may  be  traced  to  the  A.  S. 
borian,  to  bore,  to  pierce,  to  make  an  opening  : 
to  pour  (by  the  change  of  p into  b)  may  be  the 
same  word.  Richardson .]  \i.  poured  ; pp. 

POURING,  POURED.] 

1.  To  let,  as  a liquid,  out  of  a vessel,  or  into 
some  place  or  receptacle ; to  throw  or  cast 
forth,  as  a liquid,  sand,  &c.,  from  an  opening, 
in  large  quantities,  not  as  rain,  in  drops,  but  in 
a stream,  as  from  a waterspout ; to  shed  ; to  spill. 

But,  since  this  message  came,  you  sink  and  settle. 

As  if  cold  water  had  been  poured  upon  you.  Dryden. 

2.  To  send  forth  in  a stream,  or  in  large 
quantities  ; to  emit  in  a continued  course  or 
current,  or  in  constant  succession  ; to  give  vent 
to ; to  let  out. 

A multitude  like  that  which  the  populous  north 

Poured  never  from  her  frozen  loins.  Milton. 

The  devotion  of  the  heart . . . pours  itself  forth  in  suppli- 
cations and  prayers.  Dujij/a. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 


BULL,  BUR,  RllLE.  — £,  (i>  9,  g,  soft;  IS,  <3,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  % as  gz. — THIS,  this. 


POUR 


1112 


POWWOW 


||  POUR  (|>or),  v.  n.  1.  To  issue  in  a stream  or 
continued  current ; to  stream  ; to  flow. 

It  cannot  rain  but  it  pours.  Proverb. 

2.  To  rush  tumultuously  or  in  a crowd. 

If  the  rude  throug  pour  on  with  furious  pace.  Gay. 

II  POUR'j&R  (por'er),  n.  One  that  pours.  Todd. 

POUR'LIEU  (pur'lu),  n.  See  Purlieu.  Todd. 

POUR— PAR'TY,  n.  [Fr.  pour,  for,  and  parti, 
party.]  (Law.)  A division  or  share  of  lands 
which,  before  the  partition,  were  held  jointly  by 
parceners.  I Vhishaw. 

POUR'POINT,  n.  [Fr.]  The  quilted  doublet  worn 
by  soldiers  and  civilians  in  the  fourteenth  and 
fifteenth  centuries.  Fairholt. 

POUR— PREST'URE  (por-prest'yur),  M.  [Law  Fr. 
pour  pris,  an  enclosure.]  (Law.)  The  act  of 
wrongfully  taking  and  appropriating  to  one’s 
self  any  thing,  whether  it  be  jurisdiction,  land, 
or  franchise.  Bratule. 

POUR'SUI-VANT,  n.  See  Pursuivant.  Bouvier. 

POUR-TRAY'  (por-tra1),  v.  a.  See  Portray.  Todd. 

POUR'VEY-ANCE,  n.  See  Purveyance. 

f POUSSE  (pous),  n.  Pulse  ; pease.  Spenser. 

POUT,  n.  1.  A sullen  look  made  by  thrusting  out 
the  lips ; a fit  of  sullenness. 

A frown,  a pout,  a tear,  a kiss.  Lloyd. 

2.  (Ich.)  A malacopterygious  fish,  common 

on  the  English  coast,  having  the  power  of  in- 
flating a membrane  which  covers  the  eyes  and 
other  parts  about  the  head  ; Morrhua  htsca  ; — 
called  also  bib-pout,  and  whiting-pout : — a 
fresh-water  fish  of  the  family  Siluridee,  found 
in  the  rivers  of  America ; catfish ; horn-pout ; 
Pilmclodus  cattus.  Yarrell.  Storer. 

3.  (Ornith.)  A species  of  bird.  Carew. 

POUT,  v.  n.  [ Skinner  suggests  Fr.  bouter,  to  put 

or  push  forward.  Richardson.']  [1.  ROUTED  ; pp. 
POUTING,  POUTED.] 

1.  To  look  sullen  by  thrusting  out  the  lips. 

The  nurse  remained  pouting , nor  would  she  touch  a bit 
during  the  whole  dinner.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  To  hang  prominent,  as  the  lips  in  pouting ; 
to  project.  “ His  pouting  cheeks.”  Bp.  llall. 

A human  head,  hooked  nose,  and  pouting  lips.  Dryden. 

POUT'ER,  n.  1.  One  who  pouts.  Clarke. 

2.  A kind  of  pigeon.  — See  Powter.  Todd. 

POUT'ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  pouts ; a fit  of 
sullenness.  Beau.  § FI. 

POUT'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a pouting  manner. 

POV'J3R-TY,  n.  [L.  paupertas ; It.  poverta-,  Sp. 
pobreza;  Fr . pauvrete.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  poor  ; destitution  ; want 
of  means  ; penury  ; indigence  ; necessity  ; want. 

Every  man  endeavors  with  his  utmost  care  to  hide  his 
poverty  from  others  and  his  idleness  trom  himself!  Johnson. 

2.  Meanness  ; defect ; barrenness  ; poorness. 

There  is  in  all  excellences  of  composition  a kind  of  pov- 
erty or  a casualty  or  jeopardy.  Bacon. 

Syn. — Poverty  implies  scanty  means  of  support, 
and  is  opposed  to  riches  ; indigence  implies  a nearer 
approach  to  entire  destitution  than  poverty  ; -penury 
is  great  scarcity  or  want ; pauperism  implies  main- 
tenance by  public  charity.  A poor  man,  and  even  an 
indigent  man,  may  maintain  his  independence  of  char- 
acter and  self-respect  ; hut  a pauper  is  degraded  both 
in  his  own  eyes  and  in  the  eyes  of  others. 

PoW,  interj.  An  exclamation  of  contempt.  Shah. 

POVV'DER,  n.  [L.  pulvis  ; It.  polvere  ; Sp.  polvo ; 
Old  Fr.  pouldre  ; Fr.  poudre.] 

1.  Dust  of  the  earth  or  as  of  the  earth  ; mi- 
nute dry  particles  ; any  substance  or  body  com- 
minuted or  pulverized. 

We  wipe  off  against  you  the  powder  that  cleaved  to  us  of 
your  city.  Luke  x.  11,  Wwklific's  Trans. 

He  took  rhe  calf  which  they  had  made  and  burnt  it  in  the 
fire,  and  ground  it  to  powder.  Ex.  xxxii.  20. 

2.  A combination  of  nitre,  sulphur,  and  char- 
coal granulated ; gunpowder.  Ure. 

3.  Perfumed  dust  or  flour  for  the  hair.  Pope. 

POVV'D^R,  v.  a.  [Fr .poudrer.]  [i.  powdered  ; 
pp.  POWDERING,  POWDERED.] 

1.  lo  reduce  to  powder  or  to  dust;  to  pound; 

to  comminute,  or  to  grind  to  particles ; to  pul- 
verize. Spenser. 

2.  To  sprinkle  with  powder,  or  as  with  pow- 
der or  dust.  “ Powder  thy  radiant  hair.”  Donne. 

That  milky  -way  powdered  with  stars.  Milton. 


3.  To  sprinkle  with  salt ; to  salt,  [r.] 

Salting  of  oysters,  and  powdering  of  meat,  keepeth  them 
from  putrefaction.  Bacon. 

POW'D^R,  v.  n.  1.  To  fall  to  dust. 

2.  -f  To  come  with  violence  or  tumult. 

Down  comes  a kit c ])owdcring  upon  them.  L' Estrange. 

PoW'DER— BOX,  n.  A box  for  keeping  powder 
for  the  hair.  * Gag. 

POW'DpR— CART,  n.  A carriage  for  conveying 
gunpowder  and  shot  for  artillery.  Simmonds. 

PoW'DER-CHEST,  n.  (Naut.)  1.  A chest  on 
board  a vessel  for  holding  the  gunpowder.  Davis. 

2.  A chest  or  box  filled  with  gunpowder,  peb- 
ble-stones, and  such  like  materials,  set  on  fire 
when  a ship  is  boarded  by  an  enemy.  Wright. 

PoW'DER— FLASK,  n.  A flask  for  gunpowder  ; a 
powder-horn.  Simmonds. 

POW'DJJR— HORN,  n.  A horn  or  a ease  used  by 
sportsmen  for  carrying  gunpowder.  Simmonds. 

POVV'DER-ING-TUB,  n.  1.  A vessel  in  which 
meat  is  salted.  More. 

2.  The  place  in  which  a person  infected  with 
a venereal  disease  is  cured.  Shak. 

POW'DER— MAG-A-ZINE',  n.  A bomb-proof 
building,  for  holding  gunpowder,  in  fortified 
places.  Davis. 

POlV'DER— MILL,  n.  A mill  in  which  gunpowder 
is  made.  Arbuthnot. 

POW'DER— MINE,  n.  A cavern  in  which  powder 
is  placed,  so  as  to  be  fired.  Rowley. 

POW'DER— MON'K  E Y,  n.  A boy  who  carries  pow- 
der from  the  magazine  to  the  gunner.  Simmonds. 

POtV'DER— ROOM,  n.  (Naut.)  A room  in  a ship 
in  which  gunpowder  is  kept.  Waller. 

PoW'DER-Y,  a.  [Fr.  poudreux.]  Pertaining  to, 
or  resembling,  powder;  dusty;  friable.  “A 
brown,  powdery  spar.”  Woodward. 

PO\V'-DlKE,  n.  A sort  of  dike  in  a marsh  or  fen. 

The  pow-dike  in  the  lens  of  Norfolk.  Blackstone. 

POW'ER,  n.  [L.  posse , to  be  able;  potis,  able,, 
and  sum,  esse,  to  be  ; It.  poterc , power ; Sp. 
poder  ; Fr.  pouvoir.’] 

1.  The  faculty  or  the  ability  to  do  something ; 
a virtue,  efficacy,  or  force  in  one  thing  to  origi- 
nate or  produce  another  ; ableness. 

To  every  thing  we  call  a cause  we  ascribe  power  to  produce 
the  effect.  In  intelligent  causes,  the  power  may  be  without 
being?  exerted;  so  I have  power  to  run  when  I sit  still  or  walk. 
Butin  inanimate  causes  we  conceive  no  power  but  what  is 
exerted,  and  therefore  measure  the  power  of  the  cause  by 
the  effect  which  it  actually  produces.  The  -power  of  an  acid  to 
dissolve  iron  is  measured  by  what  it  actually  dissolves,  lieid. 

Active  power  is  the  principle  of  action,  whether  imminent 
or  transient.  Passive  power  is  the  principle  of  bearing  or 
receiving.  Fleming. 

2.  Liability  of  a thing  to  be  influenced  by  a 
cause  ; capacity  to  be  acted  upon  in  some  par- 
ticular manner ; susceptibility. 

It  is  usual  to  speak  of  a power  of  resistance  in  matter,  and 
of  a power  of  endurance  in  mind.  Fleming. 

Ice  has  the  power  of  being  melted.  Day. 

3.  The  origin  of  force  ; force ; might ; as, 

“ The  power  of  water,  or  of  wind  ” ; “The  pow- 
er of  steam  ” ; “ The  power  of  a machine.” 

4.  Animal  strength ; muscular  force. 

The  power  both  of  hand  and  foot.  Gower. 

The  supposed  power  of  one  horse  is  the  unit.  Loomis. 

5.  Mental  ability  or  force  ; faculty  of  the  mind. 

The  sudden  surprise  of  my  powers.  Shak. 

6.  Command;  authority;  dominion;  sover- 
eignty; sway;  rule;  control;  influence. 

Armies,  . . . the  support  and  tools  of  absolute  power. 

Chesterfield. 

Dejected!  No,  it  never  shall  be  said 

That  fate  had  power  upon  a Spartan  soul.  Drydcn. 

7.  One  invested  with  dominion  or  authority  ; 
a sovereign  ; a potentate. 

These  two  powers  have  contested  their  title  to  the  kingdom 
of  Cyprus  that  is  in  the  hands  of  the  Turk.  Addison. 

Powers  and  dominions,  deities  of  heaven.  Milton. 

8.  Military  force  ; national  strength  ; an 
army  ; a host.  “ Gazellus  . . . issued  forth  with 
all  his  power,  and  gave  him  battle.”  Knottes. 

9.  A divinity  ; a superhuman  being  ; an  an- 
gel, good  or  bad. 

With  indignation  thus  he  broke 

His  awful  silence,  and  the  powers  bespoke.  Dryden. 

10.  (Mech.)  A force  which,  being  applied  to  a 


machine,  produces,  or  tends  to  produce,  motion ; 
— opposed  to  the  weight  or  load. 

11.  (Law.)  An  authority  which  one  gives  to 

another  to  act  for  him  : — an  authority  enabling 
a person  to  dispose,  through  the  medium  of  the 
statutes  of  uses,  of  an  interest  vested  either  in 
himself  or  in  another  person.  Burrill. 

12.  (Optics.)  Capability  of  producing  certain 

optical  effects,  as  that  of  lenses  and  mirrors,  sim- 
ply or  in  combination,  to  magnify  the  apparent 
linear  or  superficial  dimensions  of  objects,  or  to 
assist  vision.  Young* 

13.  (Arith.  & Algebra.)  The  result  obtained 

by  taking  a quantity  a certain  number  of  times 
as  a factor  ; as,  “ aa  (a  x a)  is  the  second  power 
of  a” ; “ 5s  (5  X 5 X 5),  or  125,  is  the  third 
power  of  5.”  Davies. 

14.  A great  quantity  or  number  ; a good  deal. 
[Low.]  “ A power  of  good  things.”  Johnson. 

The  vessel  hanging  prone,  a power  of  water  scoops  up  from 
the  sea.  Fanshuw. 

Power  of  attorney,  (Law.)  a written  instrument  un- 
der seal  by  which  one  party  appoints  another  to  be 
his  attorney,  and  empowers  such  attorney  to  act  for 
him.  Burrill.  — Power  of  an  hyperbola,  (Geom.)  the 
rhombus  described  upon  the  abscissa  and  ordinate  of 
the  vertex  of  the  curve  when  referred  to  its  asymp- 
totes. Davies.  — Conducting  power,  power  to  transmit 
electricity  or  heat.  — Dispersive  power,  (Opt.}  the 
power  of  transparent  substances  to  separate  light  into 
its  component  colors.  — Magnifying  powers,  (Opt.)  the 
number  of  times  the  apparent  linear  or  superficial  di- 
mensions of  an  object  are  enlarged  or  multiplied. — 
Mechanical  powers,  (Mccli.)*  the  six  simple  machines 
called  the  lever,  the  wheel  and-azlc , \l\e  pulley,  the  in- 
clined plane , the  screw,  and  the  wedge.  Loomis.  — Re- 
fractive power , ( Opt.)  the  power  of  transparent  sub- 
stances to  cause  light,  transmitted  througirthem,  to 
deviate  from  its  direction.  — The  great  powers  of  Eu- 
rope, (Mod.  Diplomacy.)  England,  France,  Austria, 
Russia,  Prussia.  Braude. 

Syn.  — The  distinction  between  the  powers  and 
the  faculties  of  the  mind  is,  that  faculty  is  more  prop- 
erly applied  to  what  is  natural  and  original,  in  oppo- 
sition to  what  is  acquired  ; as,  the  faculty  of  judging, 
the  power  of  habit;  the  capacity  of  acquiring  habits, 
knowledge,  &c.  Powers  are  active  or  passive,  natural 
or  acquired.  Powers  natural  and  active  are  called 
faculties  ; powers  natural  and  psssive  are  called  capaci- 
ties and  receptivities.  Habits  are  acquired  powers.  Mr. 
Locke  says,  “ The  power  of  thinking  is  called  the  un- 
derstanding, and  the  power  of  volition  the  will , and 
these  two  powers  or  abilities  of  the  mind  are  called 
faculties — See  Ability,  Strength. 

f PoW'ER-^-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  performing. 
“ How  poiverctble  time  is  ! ” Camden. 

POW'JJR-FUL,  a.  1.  Having  power  ; strong  ; po- 
tent ; forcible  ; mighty ; efficacious  ; cogent ; con- 
clusive ; valid.  “ Powerful  opposition.”  Ayliffe. 

2.  Great ; much.  [Low.]  Carlton.  'Bartlett. 

Syn.  — Powerful  and  potent  signify  having  power  ; 
strong,  having  strength;  mighty , having  might.  A 
powerful  prince,  man,  or  argument  ; a potent  drug  or 
medicine;  a mighty  sovereign  or  genius;  a strong 
man,  rope,  mind,  argument,  or  attachment  ; forcible 
expression,  reasoning  ; vigorous  effort  ; efficacious 
remedy. 

PoW'l?R-FUL-LY,  ad.  In  a powerful  manner; 
potently  ; mightily  ; forcibly.  Locke. 

POW'F.R-FUL-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  pow- 
erful ; force  ; potency  ; power  ; might.  Hakcwell. 

POW'ER-LESS,  a.  Having  no  power  ; impotent ; 
weak  ; helpless.  “ Powerless  to  speak.”  Pope. 

POW'flR-LESS-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  pow- 
erless ; impotence  ; weakness.  Chalmers. 

POW'ER— LOOM,  n.  A loom  worked  by  steam, 
water,  or  other  power.  McCulloch. 

POW'ER— PRESS,  n.  A printing-press  worked  by 
steam,  by  water,  or  by  other  power.  Ency. 

POWL'DRON,  n.  ( Her .)  That  part  of  armor 

which  covers  the  shoulders; — written  also 
pouldron.  Sandys. 

POW'T^R,  n.  (Ornith.')  A variety  of  domestic 
pigeon  .which  has  the  power  of  inflating  the 
crop;  the  cropper;  — written  also  pouter.  Todd. 

POW'WOW,  n.  1.  Among  the  American  Indians, 
a kind  of  conjurer,  sorcerer,  or  diviner:  — an 
incantation  preliminary  to  a grand  hunt,  a coun* 
cil,  a warlike  expedition,  &c.,  accompanied  with 
dancing  and  great  noise  and  confusion.  Brainerd. 

2.  A noisy  meeting.  [Vulgar,  U.  S.]  Inman. 

POW'WOYV,  v.  7i.  To  use  magical  arts  ; to  prac- 
tise sorcery  ; to  conjure.  Boucher. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


POX 


1113 


PRAISE 


POX  (poks),  n.  [A  contraction  of  pocks .] 

X.  A disease  characterize”!!  by  pustules ; an 
eruptive  distemper.  Burton. 

2.  t The  small  pox.  Farmer . 

3.  The  venereal  disease  ; syphilis.  Wiseman. 

POX,  v.  a.  To  communicate  the  pox,  or  venereal 
disease,  to. 

POY,  n.  [Sp.  apoyo,  a prop,  a stay  ; Fr.  appui.) 

1.  A rope-dancer’s  pole.  Johnson. 

2.  A pole  to  impel  or  steer  a boat.  [Local, 

Eng.]  Pegye. 

POY'AL,  n.  A kind  of  striped  cloth  for  covering 
seais.  Simmonds. 

POY'— BIRD,  n.  A bird  of  New  Zealand.  Cook. 

POY-NA'DO,  n.  A poniard,  [it.]  Lily. 

POY-NETTE',  n.  A small  bodkin.  Old  Play. 

POY'OU,  n.  ( Zo'il .)  A species  i 

of  armadillo  very  common 
in  Paraguay ; yellow-footed 
armadillo  ; Dasypus  Encou- 

POZE,  v.  a.  To  puzzle.  — See  ” Poyou 

Pose.  Shak.  (Dasypus  Encoubert). 

POZ-Zy-O-LA'NA,  n.  A light,  porous,  friable 
mineral,  various  in  color,  of  volcanic  origin, 
and  chiefly  composed  of  silica,  alumina,  and 
iron  ; — written  also  pozzolana,  and  so  called 
from  Pozzuoli,  in  Italy.  Cleaveland.  Bigelow. 

fftgy  Pozzuolana  is  the  basis  of  water  cement  or 
hydraulic  cements,  otherwise  called  Roman  cements, 
which  have  the  property  of  hardening  in  a few  min- 
utes after  being  mixed  with  lime  or  mortar,  even  un- 
der water.  Bigelow. 

PRAAM  (pram),  n.  [Dut.]  ( Naut .)  A sort  of 
lighter  used  in  Holland  and  in  the  Baltic ; — 
written  also  pram,  prame,  and  prahme.  Braiule. 

f PRAC'TIC,  a.  1.  Practical.  South. 

2.  Sly ; artful ; treacherous.  Spenser. 

f PRAC'TIC,  n.  Practice  ; — opposed  to  theory. 

Of  great  practic  with  strangers.  Wotton. 

PRAC-TI-C  A-BIL'l-TY,  n.  The  quality  or  the 
state  of  being  practicable  ; capability  of  being 
done  ; feasibility  ; practicableness.-  Stewart. 

PRAC'TI-C  A-BLE,  a.  [It.  practicable ; Sp.  $ Fr. 
practicable .] 

1.  That  may  be  done,  practised,  or  accom- 
plished; performable ; feasible;  possible. 

2.  {Mil.)  Noting  a breach  which  is  easy  to  be 
entered  or  ascended  by  assailants.  Stocqucler. 

Syn.  — See  Possible. 

PRAc'TI-C  A- BE  E-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  the 
state  of  being  practicable  ; practicability.  Locke. 

PRAc'TI-CA-BLY,  ad.  In  a practicable  manner. 

PRAC'TI-CAL,  a.  [Gr.  irpaKTiKis  ; npamrui,  to  do  ; 
L.  practicus ; It.  pratico ; Sp .practico;  Yx.  pra- 
tique.) 

1.  Pertaining  to  practice,  action,  or  use  ; — 
opposed  to  speculative  or  theoretical.  South. 

The  doctrines  of  the  Bible  are  all  practical , and  are  in- 
tended for  practical  purposes.  Ch.  Ob. 

Religion  comprehends  the  knowledge  of  its  principles,  and 
a suitable  life  and  practice;  the  first,  being  speculative,  may 
be  called  knowledge,  and  the  latter,  because  it  is  practical , 
wisdom.  Tillotson. 

2.  Capable  of,  or  skilled  in,  action  or  practice. 

Tooth-drawers  are  practical  philosophers,  that  go  upon  a 

very  rational  hypothesis,  not  to  cure,  but  to  take  away,  the 
part  affected.  Steele. 

PRAC-TI-cAl'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being  prac- 
tical; practicalness.  For.  Qu.  Rev. 

PRAC'TI-CAE-LY,  ad.  In  a practical  manner  ; by 
practice  ; actually.  Howell. 

PRAc'TI-CAL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
practical ; practicability.  Johnson. 

PRAC'TICE  (prak'tjs),  n.  [Gr.  irpaKTiio'i  ; tti oaaaui,  to 
do;  It.  pratica-,  Sp.  practica ; Old  Fr.  prac- 
tique-,  Fr.  pratique.) 

1.  Frequent  repetition  of  the  same  act  or 

acts ; custom ; habit ; as,  “ The  practice  of 
speaking  in  public.”  Chesterfield. 

2.  Customary  use ; such  use  as  begets  a habit. 

Obsolete  words  may  be  laudably  revived  when  they  are 

more  sounding  or  more  significant  than  those  in  practice. 

Dnjden. 

3.  Actual  performance,  as  distinguished  from 

theory  or  speculation.  Shak. 

There  are  two  functions  of  the  soul,  contemplation  and 
practice , according  to  that  general  division  of  objects,  some 
of  which  only  entertain  our  speculations,  others  also  employ 
our  actions.  South. 


4.  Dexterity  acquired  by  habit ; manner. 

Despite  his  nice  fence  anil  his  active  practice.  Shak. 

5.  Act;  conduct;  proceeding;  dealing;  ac- 
tion ; — commonly  in  the  plural,  and  in  a bad 
sense.  “ Covetous  practices.”  2 Pet.  xi.  14. 

6.  Exercise  of  any  profession,  as  of  medicine. 

After  one  or  more  ulcers  formed  in  the  lungs,  I never,  as  I 

remember,  in  the  course  of  above  forty  years  'practice,  saw 
more  than  two  recover.  Blackmorc. 

7.  Artifice ; stratagem,  [r.]  . Shak. 

With  suspicion  of practice,  the  king  was  suddenly  turned. 

Sidney. 

8.  (Laic.)  The  form  and  manner  of  conduct- 

ing suits,  actions,  and  other  judicial  proceed- 
ings at  law  or  in  equity,  civil  or  criminal,  ac- 
cording to  the  principles  and  regulations  pre- 
scribed by  law,  or  by  the  rules  and  decisions  of 
the  courts.  Bvrrill. 

9.  (Arith.)  A rule  or  method  for  expeditious- 
ly solving  questions  in  proportion.  Davies. 

Syn.  — See  Custom. 

f PRAC'TI-§ANT,  n.  An  agent  or  confederate  in 
treachery.  Shak. 

PRAC'X'ISE  (prak'tis),  V.  a.  [i.  PRACTISED  ; pp. 
PRACTISING,  PRACTISED.] 

1.  To  do,  perform,  or  transact  repeatedly, 

customarily,  or  habitually.  Shak. 

Incline  not  my  heart  to  practise  wicked  words  with  men 
that  work  iniquity.  Fs.  cxli.  4. 

2.  To  put  into  action  or  practice ; to  do,  per- 
form, or  perpetrate,  as  a.  trick.  Shak. 

3.  To  use  or  exercise,  as  a profession.  “ A 

woman  that  practised  physic.”  Tatler. 

4.  To  use  or  exercise  for  discipline  or  dex- 
terity. “ At  practised  distances.’'’  Milton. 

5.  f To  influence  by  artifice  ; to  cheat. 

To  practise  the  city  into  an  address  to  the  queen.  Swift. 

Syn.  — See  Exert. 

PRACTISE,  v.  n.  1.  To  endeavor  to  acquire  pro- 
ficiency or  skill  by  practice  ; as,  To  practise 
on  the  organ  ” ; “ To  practise  with  the  rifle.” 

2.  To  do  any  thing  repeatedly  so  as  to  form 
a habit. 

And  practise  first  over  yourself  to  reign.  Waller. 

3.  To  use  or  exercise  a profession,  as  that  of 

medicine.  Tatler. 

4.  To  transact  or  negotiate  privily. 

I have  practised  with  him, 

And  found  means  to  let  the  victor  know 

That  Syphax  and  Sempronius  are  his  friends.  Addison. 

5.  To  try  or  use  artifices  or  stratagems.  Shak. 

Others,  by  guilty  artifice,  and  arts 

Of  promised  kindness,  practise  on  our  hearts.  Granville. 

PRAC'TIS-$R,  n.  One  who  practises ; a practi- 
tioner. “ A practise)-  of  new  devices.”  Golding. 

PRAc'TIS-ING,  p.  a.  Exercising  a profession; 
engaged  in  practice. 

PRAO-Tp'TION-ER  (prak-tish'un-er),  n.  1.  One 
who  does  any  thing  habitually,  [r.]  South. 

2.  One  who  uses  artifice,  [r.]  Whitgift. 

3.  One  actually  engaged  in  the  exercise  of 
any  art  or  profession,  as  that  of  medicine. 

f PRAC'TI  VE-LY,  ad.  By  practice.  Warner. 

PRJE-  (pre).  [L.,  before.)  A prefix  occurring 
in  compound  words  adopted  from  the  Latin, 
and  denoting  priority.  — See  Pre. 

PRrEQ'l-PE  (pres'e-pe),  n.  [L.,  command  ye.) 

1.  (Law.)  An  original  writ,  commanding  a 

defendant  to  do  the  thing  required,  or  to  show 
a reason  for  not  doing  it.  Whishaiv. 

2.  Written  instructions  given  by  an  attorney 

or  plaintiff  to  the  clerk  of  a court,  for  making 
out  a writ.  Bouvier. 

PRJE-COG'JVI-TA,  n.  pi-  [L.  pree,  before,  and 
cognosco,  cognitus,  to  know.]  Things  previous- 
ly known,  in  order  to  understanding  something 
else.  Locke. 

t PR.E-COM-MEND',  v.  a.  To  praise  by  anticipa- 
tion. Sicift. 

PRJE-COR  n.  pi.  [L .pree,  before,  and  cor, 

cordis,  the  heart.]  ( Anat .)  The  diaphragm  : — 
also  the  thoracic  viscera,  and  the  epigastrium, 
or  belly.  Dunglison. 

PR7E-COR'DI-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  prrecor- 
dia.  Holland. 

PRATDI-AL,  n.  [L.  prtedium,  land.]  What 
arises  immediately  from  the  ground,  as  grain, 
hay,  wood,  fruits,  &c.  Bouvier. 

PR.EF-LO-RA'TION  (prSf-lo-rfi'shun),  n.  [L.  pree, 


before,  and  fios, /lores,  a flower.]  ( Bot .)  JEsti- 
vation.  — See  ZEstivation.  Gray. 

PR.E-FO-LI-A'TION,  n.  [L.  pree,  before,  and  fo- 
lium, a leaf.]  (Bot.)  The  arrangement  of  the 
leaves  in  a bud ; vernation.  Gray. 

PRTEL-I-OG'RA-PHY,  n.  [L.  prtelium,  preelium,  a 
battle,  and  ypcupoi,  to  write.]  A description  of 
battles.  Harris. 

PR.'E'MORSE,  a.  [L.  prwmordeo,  preemorsum,  to 
bite  off  the  end.]  (Bot.)  Ending  abruptly  as 
if  bitten  off.  Gray. 

PR.EM-U-Nl'RlJ  (prem-u-nl're),  n.  [A  corruption 
of  L.  prarnonere,  to  forewarn.] 

1.  (Eng.  Law.)  A species  of  offence  in  the 

nature  of  a contempt  against  the  king  and  his 
government,  or  a writ  granted  for  such  of- 
fence. Whishaw. 

JOUf"  The  statutes  establishing  this  offence  were 
framed  to  encounter  the  papal  usurpations  in  Eng- 
land, its  original  meaning  being  the  introduction  of  a 
foreign  power  into  the  kingdom,  and  creating  iniperi - 
urn  in  imperio,  by  paying  to  papal  process  that  obedi- 
ence which  constitutionally  belonged  to  the  sovereign 
alone.  Burrill. 

2.  Penalty  incurred  by  an  offence  against  the 

king  and  his  government.  South. 

3.  Difficulty ; distress.  [Low.]  Johnson. 

PRJE-NO  'MEAT,  n.  [L.  pree,  before,  and  nomen, 

a name.]  ( Roman  Ant.)  The  first  name  of  a per- 
son which  stood  before  the  general  family  name, 
and  distinguished  the  individual.  Andrews. 

PRJE-  TEX ' TJi,  n.  [L.  pratego,  to  border  ; pree, 
before,  and  tego,  to  cover.]  '(Rom.  Ant.)  A 
white  robe,  with  a broad  purple  border,  worn  by 
magistrates,  by  priests,  by  boys  until  the  age  of 
fourteen,  and  by  girls  until  marriage.  W.  Smith. 

PR.E'TOR,  n.  [L.]  See  Pretor. 

PRJE-TO  1 R.I-UM,n.  ; pi.  prje  toria.  [L. ; prcc- 
tor,  a pretor.]  (Rom.  Ant.)  The  general’s  tent 
in  a camp  : — the  residence  of  the  governor  of  a 
province  : — a large  house  ; a palace.  IF.  Smith. 

PRAG-MAx  !C,  ? [Gr.  zrpaypaTucds,  busy, 

PRAG-MAT'I-CAL,  ) skilled  in  business;  npaypa, 
something  done  ; L.  pragmaticus ; It.  pram- 
matico ; Fr.  pragmatique.) 

1.  f Skilled  in  business  ; practical.  Milton. 

2.  Assuming  airs  of  business  ; impertinently 
busy  or  officious  ; intermeddling  ; conceited. 

The  fellow  grew  so  pragmatical,  that  he  took  upon  him 
the  government  of  my  whole  family.  Arhuthnot. 

Pragmatic  sanction,  a rescript  or  decree  of  a sov- 
ereign on  weighty  matters.  In  European  history, 
several  important  ordinances  or  treaties  are  called  by 
this  napie.  Two  of  the  most  noted  are  the  ordinance 
of  Charles  VIE,  of  France,  in  1438,  which  established 
the  liberties  of  the  Gallican  Church,  and  the  Prag- 
matic sanction  issued,  in  1724,  by  Charles  VI.,  Em- 
peror of  Germany,  which  secured  the  throne  to  his 
daughter  Maria  Theresa.  P.  Cijc.  Brande. 

PRAG-MAt'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a pragmatical  man- 
ner ; meddlingly  ; impertinently.  Barrow. 

PRAG-MAT'I-C AL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
pragmatical.  More. 

f PRAg'MA-TIST,  n.  A meddler.  Bp.  Reynolds. 

PRAHME  (pram),  n.  See  Pram.  Todd. 

PRAl'RIE  (pra're),M.  [Fr.  prairie,  a meadow.]  A 
large  natural  meadow,  or  tract  of  country,  bare 
of  trees,  and  covered  with  grass,  as  in  many 
parts  of  the  Mississippi  valley.  Flint. 

PRAl'RIE— DOG  (pra're-),  n.  A small  rodent  ani- 
mal, of  the  squirrel  kind,  found  on  the  prairies 
west  of  the  Missouri  river  ; Spermophilus  ludo- 
vicianus ; — also  called^ratVie  squirrel.Rinnicut. 

The  prairie-dogs  live  together  in  great  congre- 
gations, their  numerous  burrows,  situated  close  to- 
gether, being  called  prairie-dog  towns.  Kinnicut. 

PRAis'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  praised.  Wickliffe. 

PRAI$'A-BLY,  ad.  In  a manner  so  as  to  deserve 
praise.  Oxford  Lat.  Gram. 

PRAi§E  (praz),  n.  [Dut.  prijs,  price,  praise  ; Ger. 
preis  ; Dan.  priis  ; Sw.  pris.  — Sp.  pres,  glory.] 

1.  Commendation ; approval ; admiration  ; 
approbation.  “ Love  of  praise.”  A.  Smith. 

2.  Fame;  renown;  celebrity;  distinction. 

I will  get  them  praise  and  fame  in  every  land.  Zeph.  ill,  19. 

3.  Tribute  of  gratitude ; laud  ; glorification. 

He  hath  put  a new  song  In  my  mouth,  even  praise  unto 

our  God.  Fs.  xl.  8. 

Praise  to  God,  immortal  praise. 

For  the  love  that  crowns  our  days.  Barbauld . 


MtEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  R1JLE.  — q,  <?,  q,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  q,  1,  hard;  § as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 

140 


PRAISE 


1114 


PREACH 


4.  Ground  or  reason  of  praise.  Dryden.  i 
He  is  thy  praise,  and  lie  is  thy  God.  Deut.  x.  21. 

Syn.  — Pruise  and  commendation  are  bestowed  on 
persons  by  their  superiors  ; honor  and  applause,  com-  i 
monly  by  their  inferiors.  A person  is  praised,  com - | 
mended,  and  applauded  for  what  he  does  ; he  is  admired  ! 
for  what  he  is.  Praise  and  commendation  are  verbal  ; 
applause  is  both  verbal  and  manual.  A public  per- 
formance, or  a great  orator,  is  applauded  ; a public 
benefactor,  or  an  heroic  action,  is  extolled.  — See 
Glory. 


PRAISE  (priiz),  v.  a.  [Dut.  prijzcn ; Ger.  preisen;, 
Dan.  prise-,  Sw.  prisa. — See  Prize.]  [i. 
PRAISED  ; pp.  PRAISING,  PRAISED.] 

1.  To  express  commendation  or  approbation 

of ; to  commend  ; to  applaud.  Milton. 

We  praise  not  Hector,  though  his  name  we  know 
Is  great  in  arms;  'tis  hard  t o praise  a toe.  Dryden. 

2.  To  extol ; to  magnify  ; to  do  honor  to;  to 
glorify  ; to  exalt ; to  bless. 

Praise  ye  the  Lord.  Praise  ye  tire  Lord  from  the  heavens; 
praise  him  in  the  heights.  Praise  ye  him,  all  iris  angels; 
praise  ye  him.  all  his  hosts.  Ps.  cxlviii.  I,  2. 

Praise  God,  from  whom  ail  blessings  flow.  Bp.  Ken. 

Syn.  — See  Commend. 

f PRAISE  (praz),  v.  a.  To  appraise.  Chaucer. 

t PRAI^E’FUL,  a.  Laudable.  Sidney. 

I’R  AItjE’LESS,  a.  Without  praise.  Sidney. 


f PRAItJE'MgNT,  n.  Appraisement.  Fab y an. 


PRAIij'^R,  n.  1.  One  who  praises.  Donne. 

2.  f An  appraiser.  North. 

PRAIiJE'WOR-THI-I.Y,  ad.  In  a manner  worthy 
of  praise  ; laudably.  Spenser. 

PR  A IijE'YVOR-THI-NESS  (praz’wiir-tfte-nes),  n. 
The  state  or  the  quality  of  being  praiseworthy. 

PRAI^E'WOR-THY  (praz'wUr-the),  a.  Worthy  of 
praise  ; deserving  commendation  ; commenda- 
ble ; laudable.  “ Praiseworthy  things.”  B.Jonson. 

Syn. — See  Laudable. 


PRAM,  ) rT,  . T . , 

> n.  Dut.  praam  ; leel.  pram.) 

PRAME,  ) L * ’ Pi 

1.  ( Naut .)  A sort  of  lighter,  formerly  used  in 

Holland  and  in  the  Baltic  ; — written  also  praam 
and  prahme.  Mar.  Diet. 

2.  (Mil.)  A kind  of  flat-bottomed  vessel, 

mounting  several  guns,  used  for  covering  the 
disembarkation  of  troops.  London  Ency. 

PRANCE  (12),  v.  n.  [Dut.  pronken,  to  shine,  to 
strut ; prank,  show,  ornament ; Ger.  prangen  ; 
Dan .prangc-,  Sw.  prenka.]  [i.  pranced;  pp. 

PRANCING,  PRANCED.] 

1.  To  spring  or  bound,  as  a mettlesome  horse. 
“ Thy  prancing  steeds.”  Gray.  “Our  kids  that 
frisk  and  prance.”  Wotton. 

2.  To  ride  with  bounding  movement  or  osten- 
tatiously ; to  move  in  a warlike  or  showy  manner. 

The  insulting  tyrant  prancing  o’er  the  field.  Addison. 

PRANKING,  n.  The  act  of  bounding  or  springing, 
as  of  a high-spirited  horse.  Judy.  v.  22. 

PRAN'GOS,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  umbelliferous, 
perennial  plants,  found  in  Tartary.  Eng.  Cyc. 


PRANK  (prfingk,  82),  v.  a.  [Dut.  pranken. — See 
Prance.]  [i.  pranked  ; pp.  pranking, 
pranked.]  To  adorn  in  a showy  manner  ; to 
dress  to  ostentation  ; to  decorate  ; to  prink. 

In  sumptuous  tire  she  joyed  herself  to  prank.  Spenser. 

PRANK  (prSngk),  n.  [Dut . pronk,  show,  ostenta- 
tion ; Dan.  prang,  a jockey’s  trade  ; Sw.  pmnk, 
show.]  A sportive  or  capricious  action  ; a ludi- 
crous or  merry  trick  ; a caper ; a frolic.  Raleigh. 

They  . . . played  all  those  pranks.  Addison. 

PRANK  (prangk),  a.  Frolicsome;  full  of  pranks 
or  tricks ; prankish.  Brewer. 

PRANK'IjlR,  n.  One  who  pranks  or  prinks.  Burton. 

PRANK'TNG,  n.  Ostentatious  decoration  or  dress  ; 
prinking.  “ Frankings  and  adornings.”  More. 

PR.ANK'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a pranking  manner.  Hall. 

PRANK'ISH,  a.  Inclined  to  play  pranks;  mis- 
chievous ; sportive  ; playful.  Gent.  Mag. 

PRArjE,  re.  [Gr.  crpaaivos,  of  a leek -green  ; xpiiaov, 
a leek  ; L.  pr  a sinus.]  (Min.)  A leek-green  va- 
riety of  massive  quartz.  Dana. 

PRAS'jp-O-LITE,  re.  [Gr.  npioiros,  leek-green,  and 


lidos,  a stone.]  (Min.)  A green  prismatic,  al- 
tered variety  of  iolite.  Dana. 

PRAS'I-LlTE,  re.  [Gr.  npaoon,  a leek,  and  lidos,  a 
stone.]  (Min.)  A dark  leek-green,  soft,  fibrous 
mineral,  found  massive  in  Scotland.  Eng.  Cyc. 

PKA§'!-NOUS,  a.  [Gr.  npaoivos  ; rancor,  a leek  ; 
L.  prasinus  ; It.  prassino.]  Of  the  color  of  a 
leek  ; leek-green ; grass-green.  Clarke. 

PRA-SI'TE§,  re.  [Gr.  v paairqs ; irpaoiov,  hoarhound.] 
(Med.)  Wine  in  which  the  leaves  of  hoarhound 
have  been  infused.  Dunylison. 

PRA'SON  (pra'sn),  M.  [Gr.  n pitrov.]  A leek  : — 
also  a sea-weed  as  green  as  a leek.  Bailey. 

PRATE,  v.  re.  [Dut.  praten  ; Dan.  prate ; Sw. 
prata.\  [i.  prated  ; pp.  prating,  prated.] 
To  talk  much  and  without  weight ; to  be  loqua- 
cious ; to  babble  ; to  prattle  ; to  chat ; to  gabble. 

And  make  a fool  presume  to  prate  of  love.  Dryden. 

PRATE,  re.  [Dut.  praat.]  Continued  and  idle 
talk  ; unmeaning  loquacity  ; prattle  ; gabble. 

If  I talk  to  him,  with  his  innocent  prate 

lie  will  awake  my  mercy,  which  lies  dead.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Prattle. 

PRATE,  v.  a.  To  utter  foolishly  ; to  babble. 

What  nonsense  would  the  fool,  thy  master, prate.  Dryden. 

PRAT'JJR,  re.  One  who  prates.  Shak. 

PRAT'IC,  re.  [It.  pratica  ; Sp.  practica  ; Fr. 
pratique.  — See  Practice.]  A term  used  in 
the  European  ports  of  the  Mediterranean  to 
denote  a permission  to  trade  and  communicate 
with  the  inhabitants  of  a place,  after  having  per- 
formed quarantine,  or  upon  a certificate  that 
the  vessel  did  not  come  from  an  infected  place  ; 
— also  written  pratique.  Mar.  Diet. 

PRA'TIN-COLE,  re.  (Ornith.)  Abirdof  the  fami- 
ly Charadriada,  or  plovers,  and  genus  Glareola 
of  Brisson,  or  Hirundo  of  Linnaius,  found  only 
in  the  old  world.  Eng.  Cyc. 

PRAT'JNG,  re.  Idle  talk  ; prate;  prattle.  Bacon. 

PRAT'ING-COLE,  re.  A pratincole.  Crabb. 

PRAT'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a prating  manner ; with 
idle  talk  ; with  loquacity.  Johnson. 

PRAT'IGIUE  (-jk),  re.  [Fr.]  Pratic.  Bailey. 

PRAT'TLE  (prat'd),  v.  re.  [Dim.  of  prate.]  [i. 
PRATTLED  ; pp.  PRATTLING,  PRATTLED.]  To 
talk  lightly  or  thoughtlessly,  as  a child  ; to  talk 
childishly ; to  chatter ; to  chat  or  gabble.  Addison. 

PRAT'TLE,  re.  Childish,  puerile,  or  trifling  talk  ; 
chatter  ; chat ; tattle  ; prate.  Glanvill. 

Syn.  — Prattle , chatter,  chat , babble,  blab , prate,  gab- 
ble, and  tattle,  are  all  used  to  denote  an  improper,  super- 
tiuous,  or  childish  use  of  speech.  Prattle,  chatter,  and 
cliat  are  chiefly  used  in  an -indifferent  sense,  as  the 
innocent  prattle,  of  children,  the  chattering  of  children 
or  of  birds,  familiar  or  idlo  chat ; hut  babble. , blab, 
prate,  gabble,  and  tattle  are  used  only  in  a bad  sense, 
to  denote  the  speaking  or  telling  that  which  ought 
not  to  be  spoken  or  told. 

PRAT'TLE-MENT,  re.  Prattle.  ILayley. 

PRAT'TLIJR,  re.  One  who  prattles.  Shak. 

PRAt'TLING,  re.  Act  of  one  who  prattles. 

The  prattling  about  the  rights  of  man  will  not  be  accepted 
in  payment  of  a biscuit  or  u pound  of  gunpowder.  Burke. 

f PRAv'ANT,  a.  Supplied  from  military  stores  ; 
provant.  Haywood. 

PRAV'I-TY,  re.  [L.  praritas ; pravus,  crooked, 
perverse  ; It.  pravith  ; Sp.  pravidad.]  Perver- 
sion ; wickedness ; depravity,  [it.]  Milton. 

PRAWN,  m.  (7.0- 
ol.)  A macru- 
rous,  decapo- 
dous,  crusta- 
eeous  animal, 
of  the  family 
Falemonida,  or 
shrimps,  and 
genus  Pale- 
mon,  generally 
inhabiting  sandy  Prawn  ( Paten,on  serratus). 
bottoms  near  coasts,  and  used  for  food.  Eng.  Cyc. 

PRAX'IS,  n.  [Gr.  rrpd(ts ; Trpaoao),  to  do.] 

1.  Use  ; practice.  Coventry. 

2.  The  subject  or  matter  of  exercise;  a form 

or  an  example  for  practice.  Clarke. 


PRAY,  v.  re.  [L .precor;  prex,  precis,  a prayer; 
It  .prepare-,  Old  Fr.  prater;  Fr.  prier.]  [f. 
PRAYED  ; pp.  PRAYING,  PRAYED.] 

1.  To  ask  for  any  thing  with  earnestness  or 

zeal ; to  entreat ; to  supplicate.  Dryden. 

2.  To  make  a petition  to  God. 

Pray  that  ye  enter  not  into  temptation.  Lake  xxii.  40. 

Men  ought  always  to  pray,  and  not  to  faint.  Luke  xviii.  1. 

/8ST  / pray,  or  pray,  that  is,  / pray  you  to  tell  me,  or 
pray  tell  me,  is  a sort  of  adverbial  or  expletive  phrase, 
or  a slightly  ceremonious  form  of  introducing  a ques- 
tion. 

PRAY  (pra),  v.  a.  To  ask  for  earnestly;  to  peti- 
tion ; to  entreat ; to  supplicate ; to  implore ; 
to  beseech  ; to  ask.  “They  began  to  pray  him 
to  depart  out  of  their  coasts.”  Mark  v.  15. 

T°  pray  in  aid , ( Old  Eng.  Law.)  to  call  in  for  help 
one  who  lias  an  interest  in  the  cause.  Shak. 

PRAYER  (pri'er  or  prir)  [pra'er,  W.  J.  F.  Ja. 
Sin.  R.  II  r. ; pri'er,  F.;  prar,  <S.  If.],  re.  [L. 
prex,  precis;  It.  preghiera ; Fr.  prior  e.] 

1.  Tile  act  of  asking  with  earnestness  or  zeal; 
entreaty  ; supplication  ; request ; petition  ; suit. 

Prayer,  among  men.  is  supposed  a means  to  change  the 
person  to  whom  we  pray.  Stilliagfleet. 

2.  A petition  or  supplication  to  God  ; orison. 

He  continued  all  night  in  proper  to  God.  Luke  vi.  12. 

3.  A form  or  formula  of  petition  or  supplica- 
tion. “ Two  excellent  prayers.”  Fell. 

No  man  can  always  have  the  same  spiritual  pleasure  in  his 
prayers.  Bp.  Taylor. 

4.  Practice  of  supplication  ; devotion. 

He  is  famed  for  mildness,  peace,  and  prayer.  Shak. 

pa  - It  may  he  doubted,  with  respect  to  prayer , 
whether  it  should  he  regarded  as  a dissyllable  or  a 
monosyllable.  By  most  orrlioepists  it  is  noted  as  a 
dissyllable  ; hut  in  poetry  it  is  commonly  used  as  a 
monosyllable;  and  it  rhymes  exactly  with  care,  fair, 
pair,  tec.  There  is  a similar  difficulty  in  regard  to  va- 
rious other  words  ending  in  er;  as,  for  example,  the 
dissyllables  go'er  and  lilgh'er  are  pronounced  exact- 
ly, or  nearly,  like  tire  monosyllables  gore  and  hire. 

Syn. — Prayer,  in  its  highest  sense,  is  addressed 
to  God,  though  tire  term  is  often  used  with  reference 
to  man,  as  tire  prayer  of  a petition.  A petition  is  a 
public  solicitation  made  to  a sovereign  or  government, 
relating  to  some  grievance.  A request  is  a private 
petition,  as  a request  to  a friend  ; an  entreaty,  an  ur- 
gent request  for  something  much  desired.  An  earnest 
entreaty  ; a civil  suit. 

PRAYER,  re.  One  who  prays.  Smart. 

PRAy'ER-BOOK  (pri'er-hfik),  re.  A book  of  pub- 
lic or  private  devotion,  containing  forms  of 
prayer.  Shak. 

PRAY'JJR-FUL,  a.  Much  inclined  to  prayer ; us- 
ing prayer  ; praying  ; devout.  Ch.  Ob. 

PrAy'JJR-FUL-LY,  ad.  With  much  prayer;  in 
a devout  manner ; devoutly.  Ec.  Rev. 

PrAy'ER-FUL-NESS,  re.  The  state  of  being 
prayerful.  McKean. 

PrAy'IJR-LESS,  a.  Not  praying  or  using  prayer; 
undevout.  Wilson,  1643. 

PrAy'ER-LESS-LY,  ad.  Without  prayer.  Wright. 

I’RAY'pR-LlJSS-NESS,  re.  The  state  of  being 
prayerless.  Clarke. 

PRAY'f  R— MEET-ING,  re.  A meeting  or  assembly 
for  prayer.  Ec.  Rev. 

f PRAy'JNG,  re.  The  act  of  one  who  prays  ; a 
prayer.  “ Prayings  for  the  dead.”  Bale. 

PRAY'ING-LY  (pra'jng-le),  ad.  With  prayer  or 
supplication.  Milton. 

PRE— . [L.  pra.]  A prefix  denoting  priority  in 

time,  place,  or  rank.  The  Latin  form  pra  is 
still  retained  in  some  words  scarcely  natural- 
ized. 

PRE-AC-CU-$A'TION,  n.  Previous  accusation. 

PREACH  (pruch),  v.  a.  [L.  pradico,  to  proclaim  ; 
pra,  before,  and  dico,  to  say;  It. predicare,  to 
preach;  Sp  .predicar;  Fr . precher.  — Dut.  pre- 
diken  ; Ger.  predigen  ; Dan.  pradike ; Sw. 
predika.]  [i.  preached  ; pp.  preaching, 
PREACHED.] 

1.  To  proclaim,  declare,  or  publish,  as  in  re- 
ligious discourses  or  sermons. 

And  they  departed,  and  went  through  the  towns,  Drench- 
ing the  gospel.  • Luke  ix.  <3. 

The  Lord  hath  anointed  me  to  preach  good  tidings  unto 
the  meek.  ha.  Ixi.  1. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  1,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  $,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


PREACH 


1115 


PKECEPTORY 


2.  To  inculcate  or  teach,  as  in  a discourse. 
“ While  peace  he  preached  in  vain.”  Dryden. 

PREACH,  v.  n.  To  pronounce  a public  discourse 
on  a religious  subject  or  on  a text  of  Scripture. 

Philip  was  found  at  Azotus:  and.  passing  through,  he 
preached  in  all  the  cities  till  he  came  to  Cesareu.  Actsxviu.  4U. 

I preached  as  never  sure  to  preach  again, 

As  a dying  man  to  dying  men.  Baxter. 

f PREACH,  n.  [Fr.  preche.]  A religious  dis- 
course ; a sermon.  Hooker. 

PREACH'pR,  n.  One  who  preaches.  Bacon. 

Syn.  — See  CLERGYMAN. 

PREACH'ER-SHIP,  n.  The  state  or  the  office  of 
a preacher.  Ao.  Hall. 

PREACH'ING,  n.  The  act  or  the  employment  of 
one  who  preaches  ; a sermon.  Drummond. 

PREACH'MAN,  n.  A preacher,  in  contempt. 

Our  preachmen  are  grown  dog-mad.  Howell. 

PREACH'MIJNT,  n.  A sermon,  in  contempt.  Shah. 

PRE- AC-QUAINT',  v.  a.  To  acquaint  or  inform 
previously,  [it.]  Wright. 

Leave  the  care  of  Lady  Sharlot  to  me:  I’ll  preacr/uaint 
her.  Steele. 

PRE-AC-QUAINT'ANCE,  n.  Previous  acquaint- 
ance or  knowledge.  Harris. 

PRE-AC'TION,  n.  Previous  action.  Browne. 

PRE-AD-AM'JC,  a.  Preadamitic.  I.  Taylor. 

PRE-AD'AM-ITE,  n.  One  supposed  to  have  lived 
before  Adam  : — also  one  who  holds  there  were 
persons  existing  before  Adam.  Crabb. 

PRE-AD- A M-IT'JC,  a.  Existing  before  Adam  ; 
anterior  to  Adam  ; preadamie.  Clarke. 

PRE-AD-MIN-IS-TRA'TION,  n.  Previous  admin- 
istration. Pearson. 

PRE-AD-MON'ISH,  v.  a.  [i.  preadmonished  ; 
pp.  PRE  ADMONISHING,  PREADMONISHED.]  To 
caution  or  admonish  beforehand.  Milton. 

PRE-AD-MO-NP'TION,  n.  A previous  warning  or 
admonition.  Smart. 

PRE-AD'vpit-Tl^E,  v.  a.  To  inform  beforehand. 

PRE'AiVI-BLE,  n.  [L.  prceambulo,  to  walk  before  ; 
It.  preambolo  ; Sp.  preambulo  ; Fr.  preambule.\ 

1.  Something  previous ; an  introduction  or 
preface.  “ Preamble  to  that  history.”  Clarendon. 

I will  not  detain  you  with  a long  preamble.  Dryden. 

2.  The  introduction  of  a statute,  bill,  or  act, 

setting  forth  its  intent,  and  the  circumstances 
which  occasioned  its  passage.  Burrill. 

PRE'AM-BLE,  v.  a.  [Fr.  preambuler.  ] To  preface; 
to  introduce,  [r.]  Feltham. 

f PRE'AM-BLE,  v.  n.  To  go  before  or  precede 
something.  “ A preambling  boast.”  Milton. 

f PRE-AM'BU-LA-RY,  a.  Introductory.  Pearson. 

PRE-AM'BU-LATE,  v.  n.  [L.  prceambulo,  prrrarn- 
bulatum  ; pree,  before,  and  ambulo,  to  walk,  to 
go.]  To  walk  or  go  before,  [r.]  Jordan. 

f PRE-AM-BU-LA'TION,  n.  1.  A going  before. 

2.  A preamble.  Chaucer. 

PRE-AM'BU-LA-TO-RY,  a.  Going  before ; pre- 
ceding. [r.]  Bp.  Taylor. 

f PRE-AM'BU-LOUS,  a.  [L.  prwambulus.]  In- 
troductory ; preambulatory.  Browne. 

PRE-AN-NOUNCE',  v.  a.  To  announce  before  ; to 
give  notice  of  beforehand.  Coleridge. 

PRE-AN-TF.-PP-NUL'TI-MATE,  a.  Noting  the 
fourth  syllable  from  the  end  of  a word.  Walker. 

PRE-AP-POINT',  v.  a.  To  appoint  beforehand  ; to 
fix  or  constitute  previously.  Clarke. 

PRE-AP-PRE-HEN'SION,  n.  A previous  appre- 
hension; an  opinion  formed  before  examination. 

In  shapes  conformable  to  preapprehension.  Browne. 

f PREA§E  (prez),  n.  Press  ; crowd.  Chapman. 

f PREA^'ING,  a.  Crowding.  Spenser. 

PRE-AS-SIJR'ANCE  (-shur'ans),  n.  Previous  as- 
surance. Clarke. 

PRE-AU'DI-ENCE,  n.  {Eng.  Law.)  The  right  of 
being  heard  at  the  bar  before  another  on  ac- 
count of  superior  rank.  Blackstone. 


PREB'END,  n.  [Low  L.,  It.,  # Sp.  prebenda,  from 
L.  preebeo , pratbendus,  to  otter  ; Fr.  prebende.] 

1.  A stipend  granted  to  a prebendary  out  of 
the  estate  of  a cathedral  or  collegiate  church. 
“ A prebend  in  St.  Patrick’s  cathedral.”  Swift. 

2.  A prebendary.  [Improper.  Johnson .] 
Deans  and  canons  or  prebends  of  cathedral  churches.  Bacon. 

Simple  prebend,  a prebend  restricted  to  the  revenue. 
— Dignitary  prebend,  a prebend  to  which  a jurisdic- 
tion is  annexed.  P.  Cyc. 

Syn.  — See  CLERGYMAN. 

PRJJ-BEND'AL,  a.  Of,  or  belonging  to,  a prebend. 

His  prebendal  house  at  Windsor.  Cheelerjield. 

PREB'JEN-DA-RY,  n.  [Low  L . prebendarius ; It. 
prebendar to  ; Sp . prebendado  \ Fr.  prebendier.] 
A clergyman  of  a cathedral  or  collegiate  church, 
who  enjoys  a prebend  in  consideration  of  his 
officiating  at  stated  times  in  the  church.  Hook. 

PREB'pN-DA-RY-SHIP,  n.  The  office  of  a preb- 
endary. Wotton. 

f PREB'13N-DATE,  v.  a.  To  make  a prebendary. 
“ He  was  prebendated  at  Paris.”  Grafton. 

f PREB'JJND-SHIP,  n.  Prebendaryship.  Fox. 

PRE-CA'RI-OUS,  a.  [L.  precarius  ; precor,  to 
beg,  to  request ; It.  § Sp.  prccario  ; Fr .precaire.\ 

1.  Uncertain  because  depending  on  the  will 
of  another  ; held  by  courtesy. 

Those  who  live  under  an  arbitrary,  tyrannic  power  have 
no  other  law  but  the  will  of  their  prince,  and  consequently 
no  privileges  but  what  are  precarious.  Addison. 

2.  Uncertain ; unsettled;  doubtful;  dubious. 

The  present  precarious  state  of  things.  Eustace. 

Syn.  — See  Doubtful. 

PRE-CA'RI-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  a precarious  manner  ; 
at  the  will  of  others  ; dependently  ; uncertainly. 

PRjp-CA'R[-OyS-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
precarious ; uncertainty.  Sharp. 

f PRy-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  precatio.]  Supplication; 
entreaty ; prayer.  Cotton. 

PREC'A-TIVE,  a.  Precatory,  [r.]  Harris. 

PREC'A-TO-RY,  a.  [L.  prccatorius  ; precor,  pre- 
catus,  to  beg,  to  ask.]  Suppliant ; beseeching. 

Precatory  words,  (Law.)  words  of  entreaty,  request, 
desire,  or  recommendation,  employed  in  wills,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  direct  and  imperative  terms.  Burrill. 

PRE-cAU'TION,  n.  [L.  precautio ; It.  precau- 
zione-,  Sp.  precaucion ; Fr.  precaution .1  Cau- 
tion or  care  beforehand.  Addison. 

PRIJ-CAU’TION,  v.  a.  [Fr.  prtcautionner .]  \i. 

PRECAUTIONED  ; pp.  PRECAUTIONING,  PRE- 
CAUTIONED.] To  caution  or  warn  beforehand. 
“ Fie  may  be  precautioned.”  Locke. 

PRE-CAU’TION-AL,  a.  Using,  or  proceeding  from, 
precaution ; precautionary,  [r.]  W.  Mountagu. 

PRE-cAU'TION- A-RY,  o.  Using,  containing,  or 
proceeding  from,  precaution  ; preservative  ; pre- 
ventive. Coleridge. 

PRS-CAU'TIOUS,  a.  Relating  to,  or  using,  pre- 
caution ; precautionary.  Guardian. 

PR]J-CAU'TIOLTS-LY,  ad.  With  precaution. 

fPRE-cy-DA'Np-OUS,  a.  Previous.  Hammond. 

PRE-CEDE',  v.  a.  [L.  prcrcedo  ; pree,  before,  and 
cedo,  to  go  ; It.  precedere  ; Sp.  precede)- ; Fr. 
precede rJ]  \i.  preceded  ; pp.  preceding,  pre- 
ceded.] 

1.  To  go  before  in  order  of  time.  Milton. 

The  ruin  of  a state  is  generally  preceded  by  an  universal 
degeneracy  of  manners  and  contempt  for  religion.  Swift. 

2.  To  go  before  in  order  of  place  or  rank. 

Rome  . . . ought  to  precede  Carthage.  Bai'row. 

3.  To  cause  to  be  preceded,  [it.]  Wright. 

PRE-CE'DENCE,  )n  [It.  precedenza ; Sp . pre- 

PRE-CE'I)EN-CY,  ) cedencia.) 

1.  The  state  or  the  act  of  going  or  being  be- 
fore ; foremost  place  or  rank;  priority. 

None  sure  will  claim  in  hell 
Precedence.  Milton. 

2.  Superiority;  superior  influence,  [r.] 

Being  distracted  with  different  desires,  the  next  inquiry 
will  be,  which  of  them  has  the  jireccd/incy  in  determining 
the  will  to  the  next  action.  Locke. 

3.  t Something  going  before ; a precedent. 

“ Some  obscure  precedence.”  Shah. 

HSf-  These  words  are  sometimes  erroneously  pro- 


nounced witli  the  accent  on  the  first  syllable,  — a 
mode  not  countenanced  by  any  of  the  orthoepists. 

Syn.  — See  Priority. 

PRp-CE'DyNT,  a.  [It.  Sj  Sp.  precedente  ; Fr.  pre- 
cedent.] That  precedes  ; going  before  ; antece- 
dent ; previous  ; preceding ; anterior.  Shak. 

The  world,  or  any  part  thereof,  could  not  be  precedent  to 
the  creation  of  man.  Halt. 

Condition  precedent,  (Law.)  in  the  law  of  contracts, 
a condition  preceding  the  accruing  of  a right  or  a lia- 
bility. Burrill. 

PRE<J' E-DENT,  n.  1.  That  which,  done  or  said 
before,  is  an  example  or  rule  for  following  times 
or  for  subsequent  practice  ; an  example. 

God,  in  the  administration  of  his  justice,  is  not  tied  to 
precedents.  Tillotson. 

Such  precedents  are  numberless:  wc  draw 
Our  right  from  custom;  custom  is  u law.  Granville. 

2.  f A prognostic  or  indication.  Shak. 

3.  f A copy  or  rough  draft.  Shak. 

4.  {Law.)  An  authority  to  be  followed  in  a 

court  of  justice;  — a term  applied  particularly 
to  judicial  decisions  upon  points  of  law  arising 
in  any  given  case.  Burrill. 

Syn. — See  Example. 

TREQ'E-DENT-IJD,  a.  Having,  or  authorized  by, 
a precedent.  Walpole. 

TREy-E-DEN'TIAL  (-sh?l),  a.  Being  of  the  na- 
ture of  a precedent.  Fuller. 

PR p-CE'DENT-LY,  ad.  Beforehand  ; antecedent- 
ly. Johnson. 

PRE-CED'ING,  p.  a.  That  precedes  ; going  be- 
fore ; antecedent ; previous. 

Syn.  — See  Antecedent,  Previous. 

f PRE-CEL',  v.  n.  [L.  prcecello.]  To  be  superior  ; 
to  surpass  another  ; to  excel.  Vdal. 

+ PRE-CEL'LIJNCE,  ) n [Fr . precellence.\  Ex- 

t PRE-CEL'LEN-CY,  > ceilence.  Sheldon. 

+ PRE-CEL'LJJNT,  p.  a.  Excelling;  surpassing. 
“ Precc/lent  knowledge  of  the  truth.”  Holland. 

f PRE-CEL'LING,  n.  Excellence.  Chaucer. 

PRJJ-CEN'TOR,  n.  [L.  prcccentor ; prre,  before, 
and  cantor,  a singer.] 

1.  The  leader  of  a choir  ; a chanter.  Fotherby. 

2.  The  leader  of  the  congregation  in  the 
psalmody  of  the  Scottish  Church.  Buchanan. 

PRE-CEN'TOR-SHlP,  «.  The  office  or  the  rank 
of  a precentor.  Roscoe. 

PRE'CEPT  [pre'sept,  S.  W.  P.  E.  F.  Ja.  IT.  Sm.  Wr. 
Wb.  ; pre'sept  or  pres'ept,  J.  ; prSs'ept,  ITenrick], 
n.  [L.  prceceptum  ; preccipio,  to  admonish,  to 
instruct;  pree,  previously,  and  capio,  ccptus,  to 
take;  It . precetto-,  Sp.  precepto;  Er . precepte.] 

1.  A rule  authoritatively  given  ; an  order  ; a 
command  ; an  injunction  ; a commandment. 

A precept  or  coirmuimlment  consists  in,  and  has  respect  to, 
some  moral  point  of  doctrine.  Aylijje. 

2.  A rule ; a direction ; a principle ; a doc- 
trine. 

3.  {Law.)  A written  order.  Burrill. 

Syn.  — See  Command,  Doctrine. 

PRE'CEPT,  v.  a.  To  give  in  the  form  of  rules  or 
precepts ; to  teach. 

The  axioms  of  science  are  precepted  to  be  niade  converti- 
ble. Bacon. 

tPRE-CEP'TIAL  (-sh?l),  a.  Preceptive.  Shak. 

t PRE-CEP'TION,  n.  [L.  prceceptio .]  A precept. 

Leo  calls  these  words  a preception.  Bp.  Hall. 

PRE-CEP'TI  VE,  a.  [L. preceptivus  ; It.  prccettiro  ; 
Sp.  precept  fro;  Fr.  pricept.  if.]  Giving  or  con- 
taining precepts  ; preceptory  ; instructive. 

PRE-CEP'TOR,  n.  [L.  prccceptor  ; pracipio,pra;- 
ccptus,  to  order,  to  teach.] 

1.  A teacher  ; an  instructor.  Locke. 

2.  The  principal  instructor  of  an  academy  or 
other  seminary  ; a principal.  M.  Neicman. 

PRE-CEP-TO'RI-AL,  a.  [Fr.  preceptoral. ] Re- 
lating to  a preceptor.  Smart. 

PRE<J'EP-TO-RY  [pres'ep-tur-e,  IF.  ; prS'sep-tur-e, 
Ja.  Sm.\  pre-sep'tur-e,  K.  Wr.  Wb.],  a.  Giving 
precepts  ; preceptive.  Anderson. 

f PRE9'EP-TO-RY,  n.  In  the  middle  ages,  a kind 
of  benefice  possessed  by  a principal  knight- 
templar.  Brande. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — Q,  <?,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  Y as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


PRECEPTRESS 


1116 


PRECONCERTEDLY 


PR5-CEP'TR|JS?S,  n.  A female  who  teaches;  — 
especially  a female  at  the  head  of  an  academy 
or  other  seminary  ; a female  principal.  Clarke. 


PRIJ-CES'SION  (pre-sesh'un),  n.  [L. preecedo,  prce- 
cessus,  to  go  before  ; It.  precessione  ; Sp.  prece- 
sion;  Fr.  precession.]  The  act  of  going  before 
or  preceding.  Johnson. 

Precession  of  the  equinoxes , t lie  slow  shifting  of  t lie 
equinoxes  towards  the  west,  at  the  annual  rate  of  50' 
10'',  in  consequence  of  the  earth’s  rotation  on  its  axis 
confined  with  the  disturbing  action  of  the  sun  and 
moon  on  the  protuberant  matter  accumulated  on  its 
equator  by  which  its  figure  is  rendered  spheroidal ; — 
so  called  because  the  place  of  the  equinox  among  the 
stars,  at  every  subsequent  moment,  precedes,  with  ref- 
erence to  the  diurnal  motion,  that  which  it  occupied 
the  moment  before.  Hcrschel. 

fPRE-CI-DA'Np-OUS,  a.  [L.  pree,  before,  and 
carlo,  to  cut,  to  kill.]  Cut  or  killed  before.  Ash. 

PRE'CINCT  (82),  [pre'slngkt,  S.  P.  E.  K.  Sm.  Wr. 
Wb.  ; pre-slngkt',  IV,  Ja. ; pre'slngkt  or  pre- 
slngkt',  J.  !•’.],  n.  [L.  pr  teeing  o,  prereinctus,  to 
encircle  ; pm,  before,  and  cingo,  to  gird  ; It. pre- 
cinto .] 

X.  A limit ; a bound ; a boundary ; a border  ; 
confine.  “ The  precincts  of  Paradise.”  Ghnvill. 

2.  A territorial  division  ; a district.  Bouvicr. 


-f-  PRE-CI-OS'J-TV  (pre-she-os'e-te),  n.  1.  Precious- 
ness ; worth  ; value.  Fabyan. 

2.  Something  of  high  price  or  value.  More. 

PRE''CIOUS  (presh'us,  66),  a.  [L.  pretiosus  ; pre- 
tium,  price,  worth,  value;  It.  prezioso  ; Sp.  pre- 
cioso\  Fr . precieux.) 

1.  Of  great  price;  costly.  “ A precious  stone.” 
Johnson.  “Precious  ointment.”  Matt.  xxvi.  7. 

2.  Of  great  worth  or  value  ; very  valuable. 

How i>recious , also,  are  thy  thoughts  to  me.  I*s.  cxxxix.  17. 

3.  Worthless  ; contemptible  ; — used  in  irony 
and  contempt.  •“  These  precious  saints.”  Burke. 

4.  f Overnice  ; fastidious.  Chaucer. 

Precious  metals , gold  and  silver.  A.  Smith. 

Syn.  — See  Valuable. 


PRE"CIOUS-LY  (presh'us-le),  ad.  1.  To  a great 
price;  valuably.  Dryden. 

2.  Worthlessly,  in  irony.  Johnson. 

PRE"CIOUS-NESS  (presh'us-nes),  n.  The  quality 
of  being  precious  ; great  price  or  value  ; valua- 
bleness. Wilkins. 

PREy'I-Py,  n.  (Law.)  See  Piuecipe. 

PREC'i-PICE  (pres'e-pTs),  n.  [L. prrecipitium  ; pree- 
ceps,  prreeipitis  (old  form  prtecipis),  headlong; 
pree,  before,  and  caput,  the  head  ; It.  precipi- 
zio  ; Sp.  precipicio  ; Fr.  precipice .]  A headlong 
steep  ; an  abrupt  or  steep  descent  or  declivity  ; 
a fall  nearly  perpendicular  ; a cliff.  Shak. 

PI! F.-Cl [’’I  ENT,  a.  [L.  prrecipio,  prcecipiens,  to 
order.]  Directing;  commanding.  Clarke. 

PRp-CIP-I-TA-BiL'I-Ty,  n.  The  quality  or  the 
state  of  being  preeipitable ; precipitance.  Wright. 


PRp-ClP'I-TA-BLE,  a.  ( Chern .)  That  may  be  pre- 
cipitated, as  a substance  from  a solution.  Braude. 

PRp-ClP  I-PANCE,  )n  Headlong  hurry  ; rash- 
PRp-CfP’I-TAN-CY,  ) ness;  hurry;  precipitation. 
Thither  they  haste  with  precipitancy.  Jlilton. 
Syn.  — See  Rashness. 


PRJJ-ClPT-TAiNT,  a.  [It.  precipitante;  Sp . pre- 
cipitado .] 

1.  Falling  or  rushing  headlong  ; precipitate. 

Without  longer  pause, 

Downriuht  into  the  world's  first  region  throws 

His  flight  precipitant.  Milton. 

2.  Urged  with  violent  haste  ; hurried ; hasty. 

Should  he  return,  that  troop,  so  blithe  and  bold, 
Precipitant  in  fear  would  wing  their  flight.  Pope. 

PRf-CIP'I-T  ANT-LY,  ad.  In  a precipitant  man- 
ner ; in  headlong  haste  or  hurry.  . Milton. 

PRIJ-ClP'I-TANT-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
precipitant ; precipitance.  Maunder. 

PRF.-ClP'I-TATE,  V.  a.  [L.  prrccipito,  preecipita- 
tus;  It.  precipitare  ; Sp.  precipitar  ; Fr.  precipi- 
ter. — See  Precipice.]  [i.  precipitated  ; pp. 

PRECIPITATING,  PRECIPITATED.] 

1.  To  throw  headlong.  “ To  precipitate  a man 
from  some  high  cliff  into  the  sea.”  Wilkins. 

2.  To  urge  on  violently,  to  hasten;  to  hurry. 

If  they  be  daring.  It  may  precipitate  their  designs,  and 
prove  dangerous.  Bacon. 


3.  (Client.)  To  cause  to  be  thrown  down  or  to 
subside,  as  a substance  from  its  solution.  Grew. 

PR$-cIp'!-TATE,  v.  n.  1.  To  fall  headlong.  Shak. 

2.  To  hasten  rashly  ; to  hurry.  Bacon. 

3.  (Chem.)  To  be  thrown  down  or  to  subside, 

as  a substance  from  its  solution.  Grew. 

By  strong  water  every  metal  will  precipitate.  Bacon. 

PRE-Cl  P'i-TATE,  a.  [It.  preeijntato  ; Sp . prcci- 
pitado  ; Fr.  precipite .] 

1.  Falling  or  rushing  with  steep  descent.  Prior. 

2.  Steep  ; precipitous,  [r.]  Brooke. 

3.  Hasty;  rash;  headlong;  reckless;  indis- 
creet. Clarendon. 

4.  Violent ; sudden  ; abrupt. 

Mr.  Gay  died  of  a mortification  of  the  bowels:  it  was  the 
most  precipitate  case  I ever  knew,  having  cut  him  off  in  three 
days.  Arbuthnot. 

PRg-ClP'I-TATE, n.  (Chem.)  A substance  thrown 
down  by  decomposition  in  a solid,  and  general- 
ly a pulverulent  state,  from  a liquid.  Braude. 

PR F.-CI P'(-T A TE-LY , ad.  In  a precipitate  man- 
ner ; headlong  ; hastily  ; rashly.  Swift. 

PRE-CIP-f-TA'TlON,  n.  [L.  pratcipitatio  ; It.  pre- 
cipitazione ; Sp.  precipitation  ; Fr.  precipitation.) 

1.  The  act  of  throwing  headlong.  Shak. 

2.  Violent  or  rapid  motion  downwards.  “ Pre- 
cipitation ...  of  the  water.”  Woodward. 

3.  Blind  haste  ; rashness  ; hurry.  Rambler. 

4.  (Chem.)  The  subsidence  of  a substance  in 

a solid  state  from  a liquid  state.  Bacon. 

PRy-CIP'I-TA-TOR,  n.  One  who  precipitates. 

tPREC-I-PP'TXOyS,  a.  Precipitous.  Herbert. 

f PRE^-I-PE'TIOyS-LY  (pres-e-pish'us-le),  ad. 
Precipitously.  Decay  of  Christian  Piety. 

PR  E-C  IP 'I- TO  US,  a.  [L.  prcrceps,  preecipitis  ; 
prec,  before,  and  caput,  the  head;  It.  § Sp.jtve- 
cipitoso  ; Fr  .precipite.) 

1.  Having  a steep  descent;  steep;  headlong; 
precipitate.  “ A precipitous  fall.”  King  Charles. 

2.  Hasty  ; rash  ; inconsiderate.  “ Advice 

unsafe,  precipitous,  and  bold.”  Dryden. 

PRp-CIP'I-TOUS-LY,  ad.  In  a precipitous  man- 
ner; with  blind  or  inconsiderate  haste.  Browne. 

PRB-GTP'l-TOyS-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quali- 
ty of  being  precipitous.  Hammond. 

I’R  E-C  IS F/,  a.  [It.  $ Sp.  pretiso,  from  L.  preeci- 
do,  prcecisus,  to  cut  off  in  front,  to  cut  off ; pree, 
before,  and  credo,  to  cut;  Fr.  precis.) 

1.  Limited  determinately  ; exact;  nice; 
scrupulous  ; strict ; definite  ; accurate  ; correct. 

The  precise  difference  between  a compound  and  collective 
idea.  Watts. 

2.  Formal;  punctilious;  prim;  starch;  stiff. 

Syn.  — See  Accurate,  Formal. 

PRIJ-CTSE'LY,  ad.  1.  In  a precise  manner  ; ex- 
actly ; nicely  ; accurately.  Hooker. 

2.  With  excessive  formality  ; with  too  much 
scrupulosity ; punctiliously.  Johnson. 

PRy-ClSE'Nyss,  n.  The  quality  of  being  pre- 
cise ; exactness  ; rigid  nicety  or  formality. 

A text,  1 Tim.  ii.  9,  which  our  English  ladies  have  long 
since  forgotten,  if  not  rejected,  us  savoring  of  Puritanism  and 
preciseness,  Brynnc. 

rR(J-CP'§[AN  (pre-slzh'jn),  n.  1.  One  who  limits 
or  restrains. 

Though  Love  use  Reason  for  liis  precisian,  lie  admits  him 
not  for  his  counsellor.  Shah. 

2.  One  who  is  precise,  very  exact,  or  super- 
stitiously  rigorous. 

A profane  person  calls  a man  of  piety  a precisian.  Waits. 

PR?-Cl"§lAN-ISj>M  (pre-sizh'rtn-Izm),  n.  The  state 
of  being  a precisian ; superstitious  rigor ; fini- 
cal or  unreasonable  exactness.  Milton. 

PR(J-CI''§IAN-IST,  n.  One  very  precise;  a pre- 
cisian. Ec.  Rev. 

PRP-Cl"§[ON  (pre-sizli'un),  n.  [It.  precisionc  ; Sp. 
precision',  Fr.  precision.)  The  state  of  being 
precise  ; exactness  ; accuracy  ; preciseness. 

The  more  power  we  have  of  discriminating  the  nicer 
shades  of  meaning,  the  greater  facility  we  possess  of  giving 
fbree  and  precision  to  our  expressions.  IV /lately. 

Syn.  — See  Justness. 

f PRFi-CI'Si  VE,  a.  [It.  &;  Sp.  precisivo.)  Cutting 
off;  exactly  limiting.  Puller. 

PRIJ-CLUDE',  v.  a.  [L.  preecludo  ; pree,  before, 


and  claudo,  to  close  ; It.  precludere.)  [t.  pre- 
cluded; pp.  precluding,  precluded.] 

1.  To  shut  out  or  hinder  beforehand  ; to  hin- 
der ; to  prevent ; to  obviate. 

In  them  I do  not  find  one  word  to  preclude  his  majesty 
from  consenting  to  any  arrangement  which  Parliament  may- 
make  with  regard  to  the  civil  privileges  of  any  pan  of  his 
subjects.  Burke. 

2.  To  shut;  to  stop.  [A  Latinism.]  [r.] 

. Preclude  your  ears  not  against  humble  and  honest  peti- 
tions, but  against  all  rash,  rude,  irrational,  innovating  im- 
portuners.  Waterhouse. 

PKIy  CLU'SJIOX  (pre-klu'zhun),  n.  [L . prcBclusio.) 
I lie  act  of  precluding,  or  the  state  of  being  pre- 
cluded ; hinderance  by  some  anticipation.  Todd. 

PRy-CLU'SI VE,  a.  Hindering  by  anticipation; 
shutting  out.  “ Every  act  of  France  bespoke  an 
intention  preclusive  of  accommodation.”  Burke. 

PR£-CLU'SIVE-LY,  ad.  With  hinderance  by  an- 
ticipation. Smart. 

t PRiJ-COCE',  a.  [Fr.]  Precocious.  Evelyn. 

PRE-CO'CIOUS  (pre-ko'shus),  a.  [L.  preecox,  pree- 
cocis  ; pree,  before,  and  coquo,  to  cook  ; It.  pre- 
coce ; Sp . precoz  ■,  Fr . pricoce.) 

1.  Kipe  before  the  natural  time  ; early  ripe,  as 

plants.  “ Precocious  trees.”  Browne. 

2.  Too  forward ; premature  ; — applied  to  the 
mental  or  the  bodily  powers. 

To  be  precocious 

“Was  in  her  eyes  a thing  the  most  atrocious.  Byron. 

PRE-CO'CIOl'S-LY  (pre-ko'shus-le),  ad.  In  a pre- 
cocious manner.  Qu.  Rev. 

PRE-CO 'Cl  OUS-NESS,  n.  Precocity.  Smart. 

PRE-COt^'I-TY,  n.  [It.  precocitii ; Sp.  precocidad ; 
Fr.  precocith.  — See  Precocious.! 

1.  The  state  of  being  precocious ; ripeness 
before  the  natural  time;  early  ripeness. 

2.  Prematureness  of  mind  or  of  body.  Howell. 

f PRJJ-CO-E-TA'NE-AN,  n.  [L .pree,  before,  con, 
with,  and  retas,  age.]  One  who  lived  in  an  age 
prior  to  that  of  another. 

Petrarcli  the precoetanean  of  our  Chancer.  Fuller. 

PRE-COti 'I-T ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  prrecogito,  prcecogi- 
tatus  ; pra,  before,  and  cogito,  to  think  ; It. pre- 
cogitare.)  To  consider  or  scheme  beforehand; 
to  think  upon  previously.  Sherwood. 

PRE-c6(?-r-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  preccogitatio.)  Pre- 
vious cogitation.  Maunder. 

PRE-COG-NI  "TION  (prS-kog-nlsh'un),  n.  [L .prdt- 
cognitio  ; It.  precognizione ; Sp  .precognition.) 

1.  Previous  knowledge  or  antecedent  exami- 
nation ; foreknowledge ; foresight.  Bp.  Taylor. 

2.  (Scottish  Law.)  The  examination  of  wit- 

nesses who  were  present  at  the  commission  of 
a criminal  act,  upon  the  special  circumstances 
attending  it,  in  order  to  know  whether  there  is 
ground  for  trial,  and  to  serve  for  direction  to 
the  prosecutor.  Bouvicr. 

PRE-COL-LEC'TION,  n.  A collection  made  pre- 
viously. Clarke. 

PRE-COM-PO§E',  v.  a.  To  compose  beforehand. 
He  did  not  precompose  Ills  cursory  sermons.  Johnson. 

PRE-CON-CEIT'  (-set'),  n.  [L.  pree,  before,  and 
Eng.  conceit.)  An  opinion  previously  formed ; 
a previous  conceit.  Hooker. 

PRE-CON-CEI  VE'  (-sev'),  v.  a.  [L.  pree,  before, 
and  Eng.  conceive.)  [i.  preconceived  ; pp. 
preconceiving,  preconceived.]  To  con- 
ceive or  form  an  opinion  of  beforehand ; to 
imagine  previously ; to  anticipate  in  thought. 
“ Preconceived  opinions.”  Glanvill. 

In  a dead  plain,  the  way  seemeth  the  longer  because  the 
e3Tc  hath  preconceived  it  shorter  than  the  truth.  Bacon. 

PRE-CON-CEP'TION,  n.  A previous  conception  ; 
an  opinion  previously  formed.  Hakewill. 

PRE-CON-CERT',  v.  a.  [L.  pree,  before,  and  Eng. 
concert.)  [i.  preconcerted  ; pp.  preconcert- 
ing, preconcerted.]  To  concert  beforehand  ; 
to  contrive  or  to  settle  previously.  Qu.  Rev. 

PR^-CON'CERT,  n.  A previous  agreement ; a 
preconcerted  plan.  Wright. 

PRE-CON-CERT' ED,  p.  a.  Concerted  or  settled 
beforehand.  11  Preconcerted  plans.”  Cogan. 

PRE-CON-CERT'jpD-LY,  ad.  In  a preconcerted 
manner.  Dr.  Allen. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  short; 


A,  ?,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; 


IIF.IR,  HER; 


PRECONCERTEDNESS 


1117 


PREDILECT 


rRE-CON-Ci£RT'lJD-NESS,  n.  The  state  ofbeing 
preconcerted.  Coleridge. 

PRE-CON-CER'TION,  n.  The  act  of  preconcert- 
ing. ’ [it.]  ‘ Dwight. 

PRE-CON-DEMN'  (pre-kon-dem'),  v.  a.  [L.  prec, 
before,  and  Eng.  condemn.]  To  condemn  be- 
forehand. Prynne. 

PRE-CON-npM-NA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  con- 
demning beforehand.  Clarke. 

PRE-CON-FORM'J-TY,  n.  Antecedent  conformity; 
previous  resemblance  or  agreement.  Coleridge. 

f PRE-c6N'I-ZATE,  v.  a.  To  call;  to  cite;  to 
summon.  Burnet. 

f PRE-CON-I-ZA'TION,  n.  [L.  prceconium  ; praco, 
a crier.]  Proclamation.  Bp.  Hall. 

PRE-CON'UUpR  (-kong'ker,  82),  v.  a.  To  conquer 
previously.  “This  kingdom  . . . they  had.  pie- 
conquered  in  their  hopes.”  F uller. 

PRE-CON-SIGN'  (pre-kon-sln'),  v.  a.  To  make 
over,  or  consign,  beforehand.  Ash. 

PRE-CON-SOL'I-DAT-ED,  a.  Consolidated  pre- 
viously. Phillips. 

PRE-CON'STI-TUTE,  v.  a.  [L.  pros,  before,  and 
Eng.  constitute.]  To  constitute  or  establish  be- 
forehand. Wright. 

PRE-CON'TR  ACT,  n.  A contract  made  before 
another  contract;  a previous  contract; — par- 
ticularly used  in  relation  to  marriages.  Burrill. 

PRE-CON-TRACT',  v.  a.  [i.  PRECONTRACTED  ; 
pp.  PRECONTRACTING,  PRECONTRACTED.]  To 
contract  or  bargain  beforehand.  Ayliffe. 

PRE-CON-TRiVE',  v.  a.  To  contrive  or  plan  pre- 
viously. [r.]  Warburton. 

PRE-COR'DI-AL,  a.  [Fr.  precordial.]  ( Anat .) 
See  PrvEcordial.  Dunglison. 

f PRE-CUR'RER,  n.  A forerunner  ; a precursor. 

Foul  precurrer  of  the  fiend.  Shak. 

f PRE-CURSE',  n.  [L.  prtecursus. J A forerun- 
ning. “ Precurse  of  fierce  events.”  Shak. 

PRE-CUR'SIVE,  a.  Preceding.  Milman. 

PRE-CUR'SOR,  n.  [L .prepcursor;  jn  acurro,  pr ex- 
cursus, to  forerun  ; pres,  before,  and  curro,  to 
run.]  A predecessor ; a forerunner;  a harbin- 
ger; a messenger  ; a herald. 

Jove’s  lightnings,  the  precursors 
Of  dreadful  thunder-claps.  Shak. 

PRf-CUR'SO-RY,  a.  [L.  preecursorius.]  Pre- 
ceding ; introductory  ; previous.  Bacon. 

f PRE-CUR'SO-RY,  n.  An  introduction. 

Virtue  is  the  way  to  truth;  purity  of  affections,  a neces- 
sary precursory  to  depth  of  knowledge.  JIammond. 


PRE-DA'CEAN  (pre-da'shan,  66),  tt. 
of  prey  ; a carnivorous  animal. 


An  animal 
Kirby. 

PRf-DA'CEOllS  (-slms),  a.  [L.  preeda,  prey;  It. 
predace.]  Living  by  prey  ; rapacious.  Derhami 

PRE'DAL,  a.  Robbing;  predatory,  [li.]  Boyse. 

t PRE-DA'TION,  n.  [L.  preedatio.]  The  act  of 
preying  or  pillaging.  Hall. 

PRED'A-TO-RI-LY,  ad.  In  a predatory  manner. 

PRED'A-TO-RY,  a.  [L. prerdatorius  ; prceela,  prey  ; 
It.  predatorio.] 

1.  Plundering  ; practising  rapine. 

The  king  called  his  Parliament,  where  he  exaggerated  the 
malice  and  the  cruel  predatory  war  made  by  Scotland.  Bacon. 

2.  Hungry;  preying;  rapacious;  ravenous. 
The  predatory  districts  of  Blackheath  or  lIounslow.Tiifs^ace. 

PRE-Df-CAY',  n.  Premature  decay.  Browne. 
PRE-D1J-CEASE',  v.  a.  To  die  before.  Shak. 


PRE-Dp-CEASE',  n.  The  decease  of  one  before 
another.  Brougham. 

PRE-DF.-CEASED'  (-sest'),  a.  Dead  before.  Shak. 

PRED-F-CES'SOR  [pred-e-ses'sur,  S.  W.  J.  F.  K. 
Sm.Wr.;  pre-de-ses'sur,  P.Jiz.  C.],n.  [It . prede- 
cessore;  Sp.  predecesor  ; Fr.  prirlticesscur ; — 
from  L.  pres,  before,  and  L.  decedo,  decessum, 
to  depart.]  One  who  precedes  ; one  who,  dying 
first,  leaves  another  in  his  place  ; an  ancestor  ; 
a forefather  ; — correlative  of  successor. 

When  the  cause  of  God  and  the  common  interest  of  our 
Christian  brethren  do  require  it,  we  should  then  as  freely 
part  with  all  we  have  as  our  predecessors  in  Christianity  did. 

Shat]/. 


,8®=*  The  word  predecessor  is  applied  to  a body  pol- 
itic or  corporate  in  the  same  sense  as  ancestor  is  ap- 
plied to  a natural  person.  Bnrrdl. 

Syn.  — See  Forefather. 

PRE-U£-CLArED'  (-klird'),  a.  Declared  before- 
hand or  previously.  Burke. 

PRE-Dp-FfNE',  v.  a.  To  define  or  limit  before- 
hand ; to  set  a limit  to  previously.  Bp.  Hall. 

PRE-DIJ-LlB-pR-A'TION,  n.  Previous  delibera- 
tion. Roget. 

PRE-Df-LIN-JJ-A'TION,  n.  A previous  delinea- 
tion. Annot.  on  Glanvill,  1682. 

PRE-DJJ-SIGN',  v.  a.  To  design  beforehand.  Clarke. 

PRE-DES-TI-NA'RI-AN,  a.  Of,  or  belonging  to, 
predestination.  Walton. 

PRP-d£S-TI-NA'RI-AN,  n.  One  who  believes  in 
predestination.  Decay  of  Piety. 

PRp-DES'TI-NATE,  v.  a.  [L.  pradestino,  pra-des- 
tinatus  ; pres,  before,  and  destmo,  to  determine  ; 
It . predestinare ; Sp.  predestinar  ; Fr.  predesti- 
ne)-.] [l.  PREDESTINATED  ; pp.  PREDESTINAT- 

ING, predestinated.]  To  predetermine;  to 
foreordain ; to  predestine  ; to  appoint  before- 
hand by  an  irreversible  decree. 

For  whom  he  did  foreknow,  lie  also  did  predestinate  to  be 
conformed  to  the  image  of  his  son.  liom.  viii.  2 U. 

PR  E-DES’TI-nAte,  v.  n.  To  hold  predestination. 
“ Pricks  up  his  predestinating  ears.”  Dryden. 

PRE-DES'TI-NATE,  «.  Predestinated.  “ A pre- 
destinate scratched  face.”  Shak. 

PRE-DES-TI-NA'TION,  ra.  [L.  pra-destinatio ; It. 
predestmazione ; Sp.  predestinacion ; Fr.  pri des- 
tination.] The  act  of  predestinating;  the  doc- 
trine or  belief  that  God  has  from  all  eternity 
decreed  whatever  comes  to  pass  ; predetermina- 
tion ; foreordination. 

In  theology,  the  term  is  often  used  to  signify  a 
predetermination  of  God  with  regard  to  the  salvation 
or  damnation  of  some  and  not  of  others.  Smart. 

PRE-DES'TI-NA-TIVE,  a.  That  predestinates; 
foreordaining.  Coleridge. 

PRE-DES'TI-NA-TOR,  n.  1.  One  who  predesti- 
nates, or  foreordains. 

2.  One  who  holds  the  doctrine  of  predestina- 
tion ; a predestinarian.  Cowley. 

PRIJ-DES'TINE  (pre-des'tin),  V.  a.  [Fr.  predesti- 
ner.]  [i.  predestined;  pp.  predestining, 
predestined.]  To  decree  beforehand  ; to  pre- 
destinate ; to  preordain.  Drayton 

f PRIJ-DES'TI-NY,  n.  Predestination.  Chaucer. 

PRE-DE-TER'MI-NA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  pre- 
determined. Coleridge. 

PRE-DE-TER'MI-NATE,  a.  Before  determined. 

God’s  . . . predeterminate  purpose.  Bp.  Richardson. 

PRE-DF.-TER-MI-nA'TION,  n.  [It.  predetermina- 
zione\  Sp.  predeterminacion  ; Fr.  predetermina- 
tion.— See  Determine.] 

1.  Previous  determination  ; determination 
made  beforehand  ; predestination.  Hammond. 

2.  ( Scholastic  Philosophy .)  That  concurrence 
of  God  which  determines  men  in  the  perform- 
ance of  their  actions,  good  or  evil ; promotion  ; 
— called  also  physical  predetermination.  Wriglit. 

PRE-Dp-TiiR'MINE,  v.  a.  [L.  prcc,  before,  and 
Eng.  determine.]  [i.  predetermined  ; pp.  pre- 
determining, predetermined.]  To  deter- 
mine beforehand  ; to  predefine.  Hale. 

PRE-DE-TER'MINE,  v.  n.  To  determine  some- 
thing beforehand.  Smart. 

PRE'DI-AL,  a.  [L.  preedium,  a farm  ; It.  prediale-, 
Sp.  predial]  Consisting  of,  belonging  to,  or 
proceeding  from,  farms;  agrarian  ; rural.  “ Pre- 
dial estates.”  Ayliffe. 

PRED-I-CA-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state 
of  being  predicable. 

Their  existence  is  nothing  but  predicability , or  the  capa- 
city of  being  attributed  to  a subject.  Reid. 

PRED'I-CA-BLE,  a.  [L . prrrdicabilis  ; It.  prerdi- 
cabiie ; Sp.  predicable  ; Fr.  predicable.]  That 
may  be  predicated ; that  may  be  affirmed  of 
something. 

The  property  just  now  mentioned  is  no  way  prcdicable 
concerning  the  existence  of  matter.  Baxter. 


PRED'I-CA-BLE  (pred'e-k?-bl),  n.  {Logic.)  A 
term  that  may  be  affirmatively  predicated  of  any 
or  all  the  individuals  of  a class ; a universal 
term.  Whatcly. 

Genus,  species,  difference,  property,  and  accident  might, 
with  more  propriety,  perhaps,  have  been  called  the  five  classes 
ol  predicates;  hut  use  has  determined  them  to  be  called  the 
five  predicables.  Jteid. 

PRp-I)IC'A-MENT,  n.  [L.  precdicamcntum  ; pree- 
dico,  to  affirm  ; prre,  before,  and  dico,  to  say  ; It. 
$ Sp.  predicamcnto  ; Fr.  predicament.] 

1.  Definite  situation  ; position  ; posture  ; 
plight ; attitude  ; — class  ; kind. 

I shew  the  line  and  the  predicament 

"Wherein  you  range  under  this  subtle  king.  Shak. 

2.  A bad  position  ; pass.  [Colloquial.]  Smart. 

3.  {Logic.)  A category ; one  of  the  Aristote- 
lian divisions,  which  include  all  possible  varie- 
ties or  modes  of  being,  and  therefore  all  that 
can  be  the  subject  or  the  matter  of  predication; 
viz.,  substance, quantity,  quality, relation,  space, 
time,  situation,  possession,  action,  suffering. 

These  most  comprehensive  signs  of  tilings  are  called  . . . 
the  predicaments,  because  they  can  be  said  or  predicated  m 
the  same  sense  of  all  other  terms,  as  well  ns  of  all  the  objects 
denoted  by  them;  whereas  no  other  term  can  be  correctly 
said  of  them,  because  no  other  is  employed  to  express  the  full 
extent  of  their  meaning.  Gillies. 

PRp.-DIC-A-MEN'TAL,  a.  Relating  to  predica- 
ments. Bp.  Hall. 

PRED'I-cANT,  n.  \L.  pradico,  pradicans,  to  af- 
firm.] 

1.  f One  who  affirms  something.  Hooker. 

. 2.  A preaching  friar ; a dominican.  Maunder. 

PRED'I-CATE,  v.  a.  [L.  prrcdico,  pra-dicatus  ; 
prcc,  before,  and  dico,  to  say ; It.  prcdicare,  to 
preach;  Sp.  prcdicar,  to  predicate.]  [;.  predi- 
cated ; pp.  PREDICATING,  PREDICATED.] 

1.  To  assert  or  affirm  of  something  ; as,  “To 
predicate  happiness  of  contentment.” 

2.  To  found.  [Incorrect,  U.  S.  Pickering .] 

Being  predicated  on  no  previous  proceedings  of  the  legis- 
lature. John  Marshall. 

It  ought  surely  to  be  predicated  upon  a full  and  impartial 
consideration  of  the  whole  subject.  J.  Q.  Adams. 

PRED'I-CATE,  v.  n.  To  affirm  something  of  an- 
other thing  ; to  make  an  affirmation.  Hale. 

PRED'I-CATE,  n.  {Logic.)  That  which  is  af- 
firmed or  denied  of  the  subject ; as  in  the  propo- 
sition, “Man  is  rational,”  where  man  is  the 
subject,  is  the  copula,  and  rational  the  predicate. 

PRED'I-CATE,  a.  Predicated,  [n.]  J.  Marshall. 

PRED-I-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  pradicatio  ; It.  predica- 
zionc.]  Affirmation  concerning  any  thing;  dec- 
laration of  any  position.  Locke. 

PRE-DlC'A-TIVE,  a.  That  predicates  or  affirms  ; 
predicatory.  Gibbs. 

PRED'I-CA-TO-RY,  a.  Affirmative  ; decisive. 

In  the  schools,  in  a mere  grammatical  way;  or  in  the 
church,  in  a predicatory.  Bit.  JIall. 

PRE-DICT',  v.  a.  [L.  pradico,  prccdictus ; prer, 
before,  and  dico,  to  say  ; It.  predire ; Sp.  prcdc- 
cir;  Fr.  predire]  [f.  predicted;  pp.  pre- 
dicting, predicted.]  To  tell  beforehand  ; to 
foretell ; to  foreshow ; to  prophesy  ; to  prognos- 
ticate ; to  presage  ; to  augur. 

We  saw  all  those  things  done  by,  and  accomplished  in, 
him  I Christ],  which  were  long  before  predict'd  to  us  by  the 
prophets.  Cudworth. 

Syn.  — See  Foretell. 

f PRE-DICT',  n.  Prediction.  Shak. 

PRE-DIC'TION,  n.  [L.  pra-dictio  ; It.  predizione ; 
Sp.  prediccion  ; Fr.  prediction.]  The  act  of  pre- 
dicting, or  the  thing  predicted ; declaration  of 
something  future  ; prophecy. 

How  soon  hath  thy  prediction,  seer  blest! 

Measured  this  transient  world,  the  race  of  time.  Milton. 

Syn. — See  Prophecy. 

PRE-DIC'TI  VE,  a.  [L.  pradictivns.']  That  pre- 
dicts; prophetic;  foretelling;  presaging. 

A pause  ensued;  and  then  she  slowly  rose. 

With  bitter  smile  jtredictivc  of  my  woes.  Crabbe. 

PRE-DIC'TjVE-LY,  ad.  By  way  of  prediction. 

PRIJ-DICT'OR,  n.  One  who  predicts  ; a foreteller. 

PRE-DI-pES'TION,  n.  [L.  pro-,  before,  and  Eng. 
digestion.]  Digestion  too  soon  performed. 

Predipestion , or  hasty  digestion,  fills  the  body  full  of  cru- 
dities and  seeds  of  diseases.  Bacon. 

PRE-DNLECT',  v.  a.  [L.  pree  and  diligo,  dilec- 
tus,  to  choose.]  To  choose  beforehand,  llarte. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — Q, 


9>  {=>  sofi  > C,  a,  g,  |,  hard;  Sj  as  z;  as  gz.  — THIS,  tfiis. 


PREDILECTION 


1118 


PREFER 


PRE-DI-LEC'TION,  n.  [L.  pra,  before,  and  diligo, 
dilectus,  to  love  ; It.  predilezione  ; Sp.  predilec- 
cion ; Fr . predilection. \ A preference  or  liking 
beforehand  ; inclination  to  favor  ; prepossession 
in  favor  of;  partiality;  preference.  iVarton. 

It  is  nlmost  impossible  not  to  feel  a predilection  for  that 
which  suits  our  particular  turn  and  disposition.  Hume. 

PRE-DIS-COV'ER,  V.  a.  [L.  pra,  before,  and  Eng. 
discover.']  To  discover  previously.  Dr.  T.  Duller. 

PRE-DIS-CO V'JjjR-Y,  n.  Frevious  discovery. 

PRE-DIS-PO'NPN-CY,  n.  [L.  pra,  before,  and 
dispono,  to  dispose’.]  A prior  disposition.  Perry. 

PRE-DJS-PO'NgNT,  a.  Predisposing.  Smart. 

Pre&ispone.nt  causes,  (Med.)  causes  which  render 
tile  body  liable  to  disease.  Dunglison. 

PRE-DIS-PO'NfiNT,  n.  That  which  predisposes. 

PRE-DIS-POSE',  v.  a.  [L.  pra,  before,  and  Eng. 
dispose .]  (i.  predisposed  : pp.  predisposing, 
predisposed.]  To  incline  beforehand  ; to 
adapt  previously.  “ Unless  nature  be  predis- 
posed to  friendship.”  South. 

PRE-D!S-PC)ij'|NG,  p.  a.  That  predisposes. 

PRE-DI^-PO-^F'TION  (-zlsb'un),  n.  [It. predispo- 
sizione  ; Sp.  predisposition  ; Fr.  predisposition.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  predisposed ; previous 
adaptation  or  inclination  ; propensity.  Paeon. 

2.  (Med.)  That  constitution  or  condition  of 
the  body  which  disposes  it  to  the  action  of  dis- 
ease under  the  application  of  an  exciting  cause. 

fifjy-  “ When  tile  disease  arises  solely  from  the  pre- 
disposition, or  under  the  additional  influence  of  an 
extremely  slight  exciting  cause,  it  is,  by  some,  termed 
a disposition .”  Dunglison. 

PRIJ-DOM'I-NANCE,  l [p r.  predominance.] 

PRP-DOM'I-NAN-CY,  > The  state  of  being  pre- 
dominant ; prevalence  ; superiority  ; ascenden- 
cy ; sovereignty  ; superior  influence. 

The  true  cause  of  the  Pharisees’  disbelief  of  Christ’s  doc- 
trine was  the  predominance  of  their  covetousness  and  ambi- 
tion over  their  will.  South. 

In  human  bodies,  there  is  an  incessant  warfare  amongst 
the  humors  for  predominancy.  Howell. 

PRE-DOM'I-NANT,  a.  [It.  <Sf  Sp.  predominate ; 
Fr.  predominant.] 

1.  Prevalent ; prevailing  ; supreme  ; superior 
in  influence;  ascendant. 

Almost  every  one  has  a predominant  inclination,  to  which 
his  other  desires  and  affections  submit,  and  which  governs 
him,  though  perhaps  with  some  intervals,  through  the  whole 
course  of  his  life.  Hume. 

2.  (Her.)  Noting  that  the  field  is  but  of  one 

tincture.  Crahb. 

Syn.  -r-See  Prevalent. 

PRg-DOM'l-NANT-LY,  ad.  In  a predominant 
manner  ; with  superior  influence.  Browne. 

PRF,-Dni\l'!-NATE,  v.  n.  [L.  prat,  before,  and 
dominor,  dominatus,  to  rule;  It.  prcdominarc\ 
Sp.  predominar ; Fr.  predomincr.]  [t.  predomi- 
nated \ pp.  PREDOMINATING,  PREDOMINATED.] 
To  be  first  or  superior  in  rule  or  power  ; to  have 
rule  or  sway  ; to  prevail ; to  be  ascendent. 

The  style  that  had  predominated , both  in  painting  and 
architecture,  in  the  two  preceding  reigns,  still  existed  during 
the  first  years  of  the  late  king  [George  IJ.  Walpole. 

PRE-DOM’I-NATE,  v.  a.  To  rule  over,  [n.]  Davies. 

PRIJ-DOM'I-NAT-jNG,  p.  a.  Prevailing. 

PRE-DO M-I-NA'TION,  n.  Superior  influence;  as- 
cendency; predominance.  Browne. 

PRE-DOOM', T.  a.  [L.  pra,  before,  and  Eng.  doom.] 
To  doom  beforehand.  Coleridge. 

Her  ways 

"Were  ways  of  darkness,  and  her  death  predoomed 
To  the  black  hour  of  midnight.  Southey. 

PRE-DOR’SAL,  a.  [L.  pra,  before,  and  dorsum, 
the  back.]  (Anat.)  Before  the  back.  Dunglison. 

PRE'DY,  a.  (Naut.)  Applied  to  a ship  xvhen 
cleared  and  ready  for  an  engagement.  Smart. 

PRE-F.-LECT',  v.  a.  [L.  prat,  before,  and  Eng. 
elect.]  [t.  PREELECTED  ; pp.  PRE ELECTING, 
preelected.]  To  elect  beforehand.  J.  Fox. 

PRE-IJ-LEC'TION,  n.  Previous  choice  or  elec- 
tion. Bp.  Taylor. 

PRE-EM'J-NENCE,  n.  [It.  preeminenza ; Sp . pre- 
emineneia ; Fr.  preeminence.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  preeminent ; superior- 
ity of  excellence,  power,  or  influence. 

I plead  for  the  preeminence  of  epic  poetry.  Dryden. 


That  which  standeth  on  record  hath  preeminence  above 
that  which  passeth  from  hand  to  hand,  and  hath  no  pen  but 
the  tongues,  no  book  but  the  ears,  of  men.  Hooker. 

2.  Precedence  ; priority  of  place. 

Painful  preeminence ! yourself  to  view 

Above  life’s  weakness  and  its  comforts  too.  Pope. 

Syn.  — See  Priority. 

PRE-EM 'LNENT,  a.  [Fr.  preeminent .]  Having 
preeminence ; eminent  or  excellent  above  others. 

Preeminent  by  so  much  odds.  Milton. 

PRE-EM'I-NENT-LY,  ad.  In  a preeminent  manner. 

PRE-(1M-PL0Y',  v.  a.  To  employ  previously.  Shak. 

PRE-EMP'TION,  n.  [L.  pra,  before,  and  emptio, 
a purchasing  ; Fr.  preemption .] 

1.  The  first  buying  of  a thing.  Bouvier. 

2.  The  right  or  privilege  of  purchasing  before 

others.  “ Every  man  should  have  the  offer  and 
preemption  of  his  own.”  Temple. 

SSfr  By  the  laws  of  the  United  States,  this  right  is 
given  to  settlers  of  public  lands.  Bouvier. 

3.  A privilege  formerly  enjoyed  by  the  crown, 

of  buying  up  provisions  and  other  necessaries, 
by  the  intervention  of  the  king’s  purveyors,  for 
the  use  of  his  royal  household,  at  an  appraised 
valuation,  in  preference  to  all  others,  aud  even 
xvithout  consent  of  the  owner.  Blacks/one. 

4.  (International  Law.)  The  right  of  a nation 

to  detain  the  merchandise  of  strangers  passing 
through  her  territories  or  seas,  in  order  to  af- 
ford to  her  subjects  the  preference  of  pur- 
chase. Bouvier. 

PRE-EMP'TIVE,  a.  Implying  preemption.  Ency. 

PRE-EMP'TOR  (pre-em'tor),  n.  One  who  practises 
preemption  ; first  purchaser.  Judge  Story. 

PREEN,  n.  [A.  S.  preon,  a bodkin  ; Dut.  priem  ; 
Ger.  pfrieme  ; Dan.  preen ; Icel.  pridn,  a nee- 
dle.] A forked  instrument  used  by  clothiers  in 
dressing  cloth.  Wright. 

PREEN,  v.  a.  [See  Prune.]  [i.  preened;  pp. 
preening,  preened.]  To  clean,  as  with  a 
preen  ; — said  of  birds  that  dress  and  oil  their 
feathers  xvith  their  beak. 

To  which  purpose  [protection  from  the  weather],  as  also 
for  the  more  easy  and  nimble  gliding  of  the  body  through  the 
air,  thp  provision  nature  hath  made,  and  the  instinct  of 
these  animals  to  preen  and  dress  their  feathers,  is  admirable. 

Derham. 

PRE-EN-GA<?E',  v.  a.  [L.  pra,  before,  and  Eng. 
engage.]  \i.  fueengaged;  pp.  preexg aging, 
preengaged.]  To  engage  beforehand  ; to  at- 
tach or  bind  previously  ; to  place  under  prece- 
dent obligation  ; to  preoccupy. 

The  world  has  the  unhappy  advantage  of preengaging  our 
passions  at  a time  when  we  have  not  reflection  enough  to 
look  beyond  the  instrument  to  the  hand  whose  direction  it 
obeys.  Jlogers. 

PRE-EN-GA(rE'MENT,  n.  A previous  engage- 
ment ; precedent  obligation.  Collier. 

PRE-p-RECT',  v.  a.  [L.  pra,  before,  and  Eng. 
erect.]  To  set  up ; to  raise  up  or  elevate  before 
or  precedently.  Prynnc. 

PR E-jES-TAB'LISII,  v.  a.  [L.  pra,  before,  and 
Eng.  establish.]  [t.  preestablished  ; pp.  pre- 
establisiiino,  pre  established.]  To  estab- 
lish or  settle  beforehand.  “ The  laws  they  had 
pree  stab  lished.”  Prynnc. 

PRE-PS-TAB'LISIIED  (-Ijsht),  a.  Previously  es- 
tablished or  settled. 

Pre'Cstablished  harmony,  a correspondence  or  paral- 
lelism, according  to  the  theory  of  Leibnitz,  between 
the  movements  of  the  body  and  the  modifications  of 
the  mind.  Fleming. 

PRE-ES-TAB'LISH-MENT,  n.  A previous  estab- 
lishment; settlement  beforehand.  Johnson. 

PRE-U-TER'NI-TY,  n.  , Time  without  beginning. 

To  maintain  the  world’s preetemity.  Cudworth. 

PRE-pA: -AM-I-nA'TION,  n.  A previous  search 
or  examination.  Wotton. 

PRE-B?-Am'{NE,  a.  To  examine  first.  Chitty. 

PRE-pX-IST'  (pre-egz-ist'),  v.  n.  [L .pra,  before, 
and  Eng.  exist.]  [i.  preexisted  ; pp.  preex- 
isting, preexisted.]  To  exist  beforehand. 

General  testimonies  there  arc  to  prove  that  God  is  the 
father  and  creator  of  souls,  which  is  equally  true  whether  we 
suppose  it  made  just  as  it  is  united  to  these  bodies,  or  did  pre- 
exist, and  was  before  them.  Glanvill. 

PRE-IJX-IST'JJNCE,  n.  1.  The  existence  of  a 
thing  before  another  ; previous  existence. 


Wisdom  declares  her  antiquity  and  preexistence  to  all  the 
works  of  this  earth.  Burnet. 

2.  ( Philosophy .)  The  existence  of  the  soul 

before  its  union  with  the  body.  Glanvill. 

3.  (Theol.)  The  existence  of  Christ  before  his 

human  birth.  Horne. 

f PRE-E.Y-IST'BN-CY,  n.  Preexistence.  More. 

PRE-pX-IST'JJNT,  a.  Existing  beforehand ; pre- 
ceding. “ His  preexistent  state.”  Pope. 

f PRE-EJC-Is-TI-MA'TION,  n.  [L.  pra,  before, 
and  cxistimatio,  esteem.]  Esteem  beforehand. 

Let  not  mere  acquests  in  minor  parts  of  learning  pain  thy 
preexistimation.  Browne. 

PRE-EX-PjpC-TA'TION,  n.  A previous  expecta- 
tion. Smart. 

PliEF'ACE  ( pref'as),  n,  [L.  prafatio  ; pra,  before, 
and  fan',  to  speak ; It.  prafazio  ; Sp.  prefacio  ; 
Fr.  preface.]  Something  said  or  written  intro- 
ductory to  something  else  ; observations  pre- 
fixed to  a literary  work  intended  to  inform  the 
reader  respecting  its  design,  plan,  &c. ; intro- 
duction ; prelude  ; proem. 

Heaven’s  high  behest  no  preface  needs.  Milton. 

Syn.  — Preface,  prelude,  prologue,  and  exordium, 
all  signify  something  introductory  to  what  is  to  fol- 
low ; but  they  are  differently  applied.  Thus  we  say 
a preface  to  a hook,  a prelude  to  a piece  of  music,  a 
pro'ogue  to  a play  or  drama,  an  exordium  to  a public 
discourse.  Proem,  another  term  for  preface,  is  not 
much  used.  An  introduction  is  a preliminary  disser- 
tation on  the  matters  treated  of  in  a book,  commonly 
longer  than  a preface. 

PREF’ACE,  v.  a.  [i.  PREFACED  ; pp.  PREFACING, 
PREFACED.] 

1.  To  introduce  by  preliminary  remarks. 

"Wheresoever  he  gave  an  admonition,  he  prefaced  it  al- 
ways with  such  demonstrations  of  tenderness.  Fell. 

2.  To  face;  to  cover.  [Ludicrous.] 

I love  to  wear  clothes  that  are  flush, 

Not  prefacing  old  rags  with  plush.  Clcavelond. 

UCjp  “ Cleveland  puns  on  the  word  when  lie  uses  it 
to  signify  to  put  a face  or  covering  before  or  upon 
something.”  Smart. 

PREF'ACE,  v.  n.  To  say  or  to  do  something  in- 
troductory ; to  remark  beforehand ; to  premise. 

It  is  necessary  to  preface  that  she  is  the  only  child  of  a 
decrepit  father.  Spectator. 

PREF'A-CER,  n.  One  who  prefaces,  or  writes  a 
preface.  “ The  prefacer  to  these  satires.”  Wood. 

PREF-A-TO'RI-AL,  a.  Introductory;  prefatory. 
“ Much  prefatorial  matter.”  [r.]  Gilpin. 

PREF'A-TO-RY,  a.  Pertaining  to  a preface ; serv- 
ing to  introduce  ; introductory. 

lie  had  reason  to  usher  this  in  with  a prefatory  caution 
against  philosophy  and  vain  deceit.  Waterland. 

PRF.T'ECT,  n.  [L.  prafectus  ; praficio,  prafectus, 
to  set  over ; pra,  before,  and  facio,  to  make  ; 
It . prefetto  ; Sp . prefccto  \ Fr . prefet.] 

1.  (Roman  Ant.)' A title  of  particular  civil  or 
military  officers. 

jlJSr-  The  pra’torian  prefect  was  the  commander  of 
the  troops  who  guarded  the  emperor’s  person.  The 
prefect  of  the  city  exercised  authority  during  (be  con- 
sul’s absence.  Under  the  emperors  bis  office  became 
a permanent  one.  IV.  Smith. 

2.  An  officer  who  has  the  direction  of  the  po- 
lice in  a department  in  France.  Brande. 

PRE'FECT-SIIIP,  n.  The  office  of  a prefect,  chief 
magistrate,  or  commander  ; prefecture.  Wood. 

PREF'EC-TURE  [pref'ek-tfir,  W.  P.J.F.  ; pre'fek- 
tur,  E.  Ja.  Stn.  It.  Wr.  Wb. ; pre'fek-chur,  S.],  n. 
[L.  prefecture,  It.  prefettura;  Sp.  prefectura ; 
Fr.  prefecture.]  The  office,  state,  or  ’jurisdic- 
tion of  a prefect,  chief  magistrate,  or  com- 
mander ; prefectship.  Johnson. 

/jrg»“  Though  I have  agreed  with  ail  our  ortlioe- 
pists  in  making  the  first  syllable  of  prefect  long,  I can- 
not follow  them  so  implicitly  in  the  accent  and  quan- 
tity of  this  word.  All  [i.  e.  who  preceded  Walker] 
but  Mr.  Sheridan,  W.  Johnston,  and  Mr.  Perry  place 
the  accent  on  the  second  syllable  ; and  tile  two  first 
of  these  writers  make  the  first  syllable  long,  as  in 
prefect.  Mr.  Perry  alone  has,  in  my  opinion,  given 
this  word  its  true  pronunciation,  by  placing  the  accent 
on  the  first  syllable,  and  making  that  syllable  short. 
This  is  agreeable  to  that  general  tendency  of  our 
language  to  an  antepenultimate  accentuation,  with  a 
short  quantity  on  every  vowel  but  u.”  Walker. 

PRU-FER',  v.  a.  [L.  prafero  ; pra,  before,  and 
fero,  to  bear;  It.  preferire ; Sp.  preferir ; Fr. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  fr,  Y,  short;  A,  1,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure i FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  1IER; 


PREFERABLE 


1119 


PRELATE 


preftlrer.]  [£.  preferred  ; pp.  preferring, 

PREFERRED.] 

1.  To  bring  or  put  forward  or  before  ; to  offer  ; 
to  present ; to  address. 

My  vows  and  prayers  to  thee  preferred.  Sandys. 

Prefer  a bill  against  all  kings  and  Parliaments.  Collier. 

2.  To  advance  ; to  promote  ; to  exalt. 

lie  was  preferred  to  the  bishopric  of  Coventry  and  Litch- 
. field.  Clarendon. 

3.  To  esteem,  regard,  or  value  more  highly 
than  something  else;  to  have  rather  ; to  choose. 
“ In  honor  preferring  one  another.”I?o»i.  xii.  10. 
If  I prefer  not  Jerusalem  above  my  chief  joy.  Ps.  cxxxvii.  G. 

And  chiefly  thou,  O Spirit,  that  dost  prefer 

Before  all  temples  the  upright  heart  and  pure.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Choose,  Promote. 

PREF'pR-A-BLE,  a.  [It.  preferibile  ; Sp.  preferi- 
ble  ; Fr. preferable.']  That  is  to  be  preferred; 
deserving  preference  ; eligible  before  something 
else  ; more  desirable.  Addison. 

PREFER- A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  the 
state  of  being  preferable.  Mountagu. 

PREFER- A-BLY,  ad.  In  preference;  by  choice. 

PREF'ER-ENCE,  n.  [It.  preferenza  ; Sp.  preferen- 
cia  ; Fr.  preference. ] The  act  of  preferring ; 
estimation,  choice,  or  election  of  one  thing  be- 
fore another ; precedence  ; priority.  Drtjdcn. 

Syn.  — See  Priority. 

PREF-PR-EN'TIAL,  a.  Implying  preference  ; that 
implies  choice,  [r.]  J.  Story. 

PRJp-FER'MGNT,  n.  1.  f Preference.  Browne. 

2.  Advancement  in  station  ; promotion. 

If  you  hear  of  that  blind  traitor, 

Preferment  falls  oil  him  that  cuts  him  off.  Shak. 

3.  Superior  place,  office,  or  honor. 

All  preferments  should  be  placed  upon  fit  men.  If  Estrange. 

Syn.  — See  Advancement. 

PRIJ-FER'RIJR,  n.  One  who  prefers.  Bp.  Bancroft. 

f PREF'I-DENCE,  n.  Previous  confidence.  Baxter. 

f PREF'l-DENT,  a.  [L.  pree,  before,  and  fido , to 
confide.]  Confident  beforehand.  Baxter. 

+ PRp-FIG'U-RATE,  v.  a.  To  prefigure.  Grafton. 

PRE-FIG-U-RA'TION,  n.  [L.  preefiauratio ; It. 
prefiguramento ; Sp.  prefiguracion.]  The  act  of 
prefiguring,  or  the  state  of  being  prefigured : 
antecedent  representation  by  similitude.  Burnet. 

PRE-FIG'U-R  A-Tl V E,  a.  Foreshowing  by  ante- 
cedent representations.  Barroio. 

PRJJ-FlG'URE  (pre-ftg'yur),  v.  a.  [L.  preefiguro ; 
prtB,  before,  and  fguro,  to  form,  to  fashion ; 
Fr . prefigurer.]  [/.  prefigured  ; pp.  prefig- 
uring, prefigured.]  To  exhibit  by  antece- 
dent representation;  to  foreshow;  to  foreshadow. 

Things  there  [in  the  Old  Testament]  prefigured,  are  here 
[in  the  New  Testament]  performed.  Hooker. 

PRE-FIG'URE-MENT,  n.  The  act  of  prefiguring  ; 
prefiguration.  Ch.  Ob. 

f PRIJ-FfNE’,  v.  a.  [L . preefinio.]  To  limit  be- 
forehand. [r.]  Knolles. 

f PREF-[-Nl"TION  (pref-e-nish'un),  n.  [L.  pree- 
fnitio.\  Previous  limitation.  Fotherby. 

PRE-FIX',  v.  a.  [L.  preefigo,  preefixus  ; pree,  be- 
fore, and  figo , to  fix  ; It.  prefiggere ; Sp.  prefi- 
gar .]  [i.  prefixed  ; pp.  prefixing,  prefixed.] 

1.  To  fix,  place,  or  put  before,  or  at  the  begin- 

ning of,  something  else.  “ He  prefixed  an  ad- 
vertisement to  his  hook.”  Johnson. 

2.  To  appoint  beforehand.  “The  prefixed 

hour  of  her  awaking.”  Shak. 

3.  To  settle  ; to  establish  ; to  lay  down.  Locke. 

I would  prefix  some  certain  boundary  between  them.  Hall. 

PRE'FlX  (114),  n.  A letter,  syllable,  or  word  placed 
at  the  beginning  of  a word  to  make  with  it  a 
new  word  or  to  vary  its  signification.  Browne. 

f PRIJ-FlX'ION,  n.  The  act  of  prefixing.  Bailey. 

PRE-FLO-RA'TION,  n.  ( Bot .)  Prsefloration.  Gray. 

PRIJ-FOOL',  v.  a.  To  play  the  fool  before. 
“ Wherein  no  courtier  prefooled  you.”  Shirley. 

t PRE-FORM',  v.  a.  [L.  pree,  before,  and  for  mo, 
to  form.]  To  form  beforehand.  Shak. 

PRE-FORM'A-TIVE,  n.  A formative  letter  at  the 
beginning  of  a word.  Wright. 


PRE-FUL'(J1?N-CY,  n.  [L.  prafulgeo,  prtefulgens, 
to  shine  greatly  ; pree,  before,  and  fulgeo,  to 
shine.]  Superior  brightness  or  etfulgency. 

The  prejultjencu  of  his  excellent  worth.  Barrow. 

f PREG'NA-BLE,  a.  [Fr.  pr enable ; prendre,  to 
take.]  That  may  be  taken  by  force ; that  may 
be  overcome  ; expugnable.  Colgrave. 

PREG'NANCE,  n.  1.  Pregnancy,  [r.]  Young. 

2.  Inventive  power,  [it.]  Milton. 

PREG'NAN-CY,  n.  1.  The  state  of  being  preg- 
nant or  with  young.  Rag. 

2.  Fertility  ; fruitfulness  ; inventive  power. 

Swift. 

PREG'NANT,  a.  [L . preegnans.] 

1.  With  child ; big  with  young ; teeming  ; 

breeding.  Milton. 

2.  Fruitful ; fertile  ; impregnating  ; prolific. 

All  these  in  their  pregnant  causes  mixt.  Milton. 

3.  Full  of  consequence  ; important.  Woodward. 

4.  f Evident ; plain  ; full ; clear.  “ A most 

pregnant  and  unforced  position.”  Shak. 

5.  Easy  to  produce  or  admit ; apprehensive. 

“ Am  pregnant  to  good  pity.”  Shak. 

6.  Keady  ; dexterous  ; witty  ; apt.  “ How 
pregnant  sometimes  his  replies  are  ! ” Shak. 

Pregnant  pleading,  {Lato.)  a fulness  in  the  pleading 
which  admits  or  involves  a matter  favorable  to  tbo 
opposite  party.  Bouvier. 

Negative  pregnant,  a negative  that  implies  an  af- 
firmative  See  Negative. 

PREG'NANT,  n.  One  in  a state  of  pregnancy; 
one  with  child.  Dunglison. 

PREG'NANT-LY,  ad.  In  a pregnant  manner ; 
fruitfully  : — fully.  South. 

f PREG'RA-VATE,  v.  a.  [L.  pratgravo,  to  weigh 
down  greatly.]  To  weigh  down  greatly  ; to  press 
heavily  ; to  depress.  Bp.  Hall. 

PRE-GRAV'I-TATE,  v.  n.  [L.  pree,  before,  and 
Eng.  gravitate.']  To  be  previously  affected  by 
gravitation  ; to  descend  by  gravity.  Bogle. 

PRE-GUS'TANT,  a.  [L.  preegusto,  preegustans,  to 
taste  beforehand  ; pree,  before,  and  gusto,  gtts- 
tans,  to  taste.]  Tasting  beforehand.  S.  Smith. 

PRE-GUS-TA'TION,  n.  [It.  pregustazione ; Sp. 
pregustacion ; Fr.  pregustation.]  The  act  of 
tasting  beforehand  ; foretaste.  Dr.  Walker. 

f PRg -FIEND',  v.  a.  [L.  prehendo,  prehensus,  to 
seize.]  To  take,  seize,  or  catch.  Middleton. 

PRE-HEN'SI-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  taken  or  caught 
hold  of.  Lawrence. 

PRE-HEN'SILE,  a.  [Fr .prehensile.]  Adapted  to 
seize  or  grasp  : — taking  hold.  P.  Cgc. 

PRIJ-HEN'SION,  n.  [L.  prehensio.]  The  act  of 
taking  hold  ; a grasp  ; seizure.  Roget. 

PRIJ-HEN'SO-RY,  a.  Prehensile.  Kirby. 

PRE-HIS-TOR'IC,  a.  [I,,  pree,  before,  and  Eng. 
historic.]  Preceding  history.  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

PREHN'lTE  (pren'lt),  n.  (Min.)  A mineral  which 
occurs  crystallized  and  massive,  of  a light-green 
color,  passing  into  white  and  gray,  and  of  a vit- 
reous lustre.  It  scratches  glass  easily,  becomes 
electric,  and  is  composed  of  silica,  alumina, 
lime,  oxide  of  iron,  potash,  soda,  and  water;  — 
first  found  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  by  Colo- 
nel Prehn.  Eng.  Cyc. 

PRE-lN-DIS-PO§E',  v.  a.  To  indispose  before- 
hand. Milman. 

PRE-IN-STRUCT',  v.  a.  [L.  pree,  before,  and  Eng. 
instruct..]  [i.  preinstructed  ; pp.  prein- 
structing, freinstructed.]  To  instruct  be- 
fore or  precedently.  More. 

PRE-JUDGE',  v.  a.  [L.  pree,  before,  and  Eng. 
judge ; Fr.  prejuger.  — See  Phejudicate.] 

1.  To  judge  or  decide  beforehand  ; to  sentence 
or  determine  before  or  precedently. 

Yet  I will  not  anticipate  and  prejudge  mine  own  mi  simps. 

Wotton. 

2.  To  condemn  beforehand;  to  judge  unfa- 
vorably. 

The  cause  is  not  to  he  defended  or  patronized  by  names, 
but  arguments,  much  less  to  be  prejudged  or  blasted  by 
them.  Hammond. 

PRE-JUDG'MENT,  n.  Previous  judgment;  judg- 
ment without  examination.  Bp.  of  Killabe. 


f PRg-JU'DI-C  A-CY,  n.  Previous  judgment ; pre- 
possession ; prejudice.  Blount. 

f PRp-JU'Dj-CANT,  a.  Judging  or  deciding  be- 
forehand. Milton. 

PRIJ-JU'Di-cATE,  v.  a.  [L.  prcejudico,  prerjudi- 
catus , to  judge  beforehand  ; pree,  before,  aud^tt- 
dico,  to  judge  ; It.  pregiudicare ; Sp.  prejudicar.] 
To  prejudge;  to  prejudge  to  disadvantage. 

Are  you,  in  favor  of  his  person,  bent 

Thus  to  prejudicate  the  innoeenti’  Sandy 8. 

PRIJ-JU'DI-CATE,  v.  n.  To  form  a judgment  be- 
forehand, or  without  previous  examination.  “ A 
prejudicating  humor.”  Sidney. 

PRp-JU'DI-CATE,  a.  [L. prcejudicatus.] 

1.  Formed  before  examination.  “Such  a 

number  of  prejudicate  opinions.”  Bacon. 

2.  Prejudiced ; prepossessed.  Bp.  Hall. 

PRIJ-JU'DI-CATE-LY,  ad.  By  prejudication  ; with 
prejudice.  Derham. 

PRU-JU-DI-CA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  prejudging; 
a judging  beforehand.  Sherwood. 

PR  F.-.J U'DI-CA-TI V E,  a.  [It.  prcgiudicativo.] 
Judging  without  examination.  “Hasty  preju- 
dicative  sentence.”  More. 

PREJ'U-DlCE  (pred'ju-dTs),  n.  [L.  preejvdicium', 
pree,  before,  and  judicium,  judgment ; It .pregiu- 
dicio  ; Sp.  perjutcio  ; Fr.  prejudice.] 

1.  A previous  judgment  or  a bias,  favorable 
or  unfavorable,  without  reason  ; a leaning  in 
favor  of  one  side  of  a cause  for  some  reason 
other  than  its  justice  ; prepossession. 

2.  Mischief;  detriment;  hurt;  injury;  tort. 

England  and  France  might,  through  that  andty. 

Breed  him  some  prejudice.  Shak. 

K3T  “ This  word  of  itself  means  plainly  no  more 
than  ‘ a judgment  formed  beforehand,’ without  affirm- 
ing any  thing  as  to  whether  that  judgment  be  favora- 
ble or  unfavorable  about  whom  it  is  formed.  Yet  so 
predominantly  do  we  form  harsh,  unfavorable  judg- 
mentsof  others  before  knowledge  and  experience,  that 
a ‘ prejudice,’  or  judgment  before  knowledge,  and  not 
grounded  on  evidence,  is  almost  always  taken  !o  sig- 
nify an  unfavorable  anticipation  about  one.”  Trench. 

PREJ'U-DlCE  (pred'ju-dls),  v.  a.  [Fr . prejudicier.] 
[i.  prejudiced;  pp.  PREJUDICING,  pkeju- 

* DICED.] 

1.  To  prepossess  with  unexamined  opinions; 
to  make  to  lean  in  favor  of  one  side  of  a cause 
for  some  reason  other  than  its  justice ; to  fill 
with  prejudice  ; to  bias. 

Suffer  not  any  beloved  study  to  prejudice  your  mind  so 
far  as  to  despise  all  other  learning.  H'atts. 

2.  To  obstruct  or  injur  by  prejudice;  to  in- 
jure, hurt,  or  impair ; to  be  detrimental  to ; to 
injure  ; to  damage ; to  diminish. 

I am  not  to  prejin  lice  the  cause  of  my  fellow-poets,  though 
I abandon  my  own  defence.  Dnjden. 

PREJ'U-DICED  (pred'ju-dlst),  p.  a.  Influenced  by 
prejudice;  biassed. 

PREJ-U-Dl"CIAL  (pred-ju-dTsh'al),  a.  [It.  pregiu- 
diziale  ; Sp  .prejudicial-,  Fr.  prejudicial.] 

1.  Obstructed  or  influenced  by  prejudice,  [r.] 

To  look  upon  the  actions  of  princes  with  a prejudicial  eye. 

llohj day. 

That  which,  in  the  first  instance,  is  prejiulicial , may  be 
excellent  in  its  remote  operation.  Burke. 

2.  Mischievous ; hurtful ; injurious  ; detri- 
mental; pernicious;  deleterious. 

One  of  the  young  ladies  reads,  while  the  others  are  at  work; 
so  that  the  learning  of  the  family  is  not  at  all  prejudicial  to 
its  manufactures..  Addison. 

PREJ-U-Dl"CIAL-LY  (pred-ju-dlsh'al-le),  ad.  In 
a prejudicial  manner.  Jackson. 

PREJ-U-DI"CIAL-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
prejudicial ; hurtfulness.  Johnson. 

PRE-KNO WL'pDOE,  n.  [L.  pree,  before,  and  Eng. 
knowledge.]  Foreknowledge,  [u.]  Coleridge. 

PREL'A-CY,  n.  1.  Office  or  dignity  of  a prelate. 

2.  Episcopacy  ; the  order  of  bishops.  Swift. 

3.  Bishops  collectively.  Hooker. 

PREL'ATE  [prei'jt,  S.  IF.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm. 
Wr. ; pre'lstt,  Wb.],  n.  [Low  L.  pree/atus,  from 
preefero,  preelatus,  to  prefer ; pree,  before  or 
over,  and  latus,  set;  It.  prclato  ; Sp.  prelado; 
Fr.  prelat .]  (Eccl.  Hist.)  An  ecclesiastic  hav- 
ing jurisdiction  over  other  ecclesiastics; — a 
term  commonly  applied  to  bishops,  archbishops, 
and  patriarchs  in  Christian  churches. 

Anciently  mitred  abbots  seem  also  to  have 
been  called  prelates.  Brande. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  R0LE.  — 9,  (j,  9,  g,  soft;  C,  £,  £, 


hard ; ^ as  z;  £ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


PRELATE 


1120 


PREMONSTRATOR 


f PREL'ATE,  v.  n.  To  prelatize.  Bale. 

f PREL-A-TE'J-TY,  re.  Prelacy.  Milton. 

PREL'ATE-SIIIP,  n.  The  office  of  a prelate.  “Su- 
periorities and  prelateships.”  Harmar. 

PREL'AT-ESS,  re.  A female  prelate.  Milton. 

PRP-EAt'IC,  > a.  Relating  to  prelates  or  to 

PRp-LAT'J-CAL,  > prelacy:  — haughty.  Milton. 

PRp-LAT'J-CAL-LY,  ad.  With  reference  to  prel- 
ates or  to  prelacy.  Milton. 

t PR£-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  preelatio.]  Preference  ; 
the  setting  of  one  above  another.  More. 

t PREI/A-TIij.M,  n.  Prelacy.  Milton. 

PREL'A-TIST,  n.  One  who  supports,  or  believes 
in,  prelacy.  Stewart. 

t PREL'A-TIZE,  v.  n.  To  advocate  the  doctrine 
of  prelacy.  Milton. 

f PREL'A-TRY,  n.  Prelacy.  Milton. 

f PREL  A-  PURE,  ? [L,  prcelatura ; Fr. 

f PREL'A-TURE-SHIP,  > prelature.]  The  state 
or  the  dignity  of  a prelate.  Bailey. 

t PREL'A-TY,  n.  Episcopacy;  prelacy.  Milton. 

PRp-LECT',  v.  n.  [L.  preelego,  to  read  before; 
pree,  before,  and  lego,  lectics,  to  read.]  To  dis- 
course ; to  lecture,  [it.]  Bp.  Horsley. 

PRp-LF.C'TIOX,  n.  [L.  preelection]  The  act  of 
reading  ; a lecture  ; a discourse.  Hale. 

PRf-LEU'TOR,  n.  [L.  preelector;  pree,  before, 
and  lector,  a reader.]  One  who  reads  an  author 
to  another  and  gives  explanations  ; a reader;  a 
lecturer.  Whitlock. 

PRE-L!-RA'TIOiY,  re.  [L.  prcclibatio  ; pro;,  before, 
and  libo,  libatus,  to  taste.]  A previous  taste  ; a 
foretaste. 

Rich  prelibation  of  consummate  joy.  Young. 

PRp-Ll  M'j-NA-RI-Ly,  ad.  Antecedently. Maunder. 

PR^-LIM  1-NA-RY,  a.  [L .pree,  before,  and  limen, 
a threshold,  or  entrance ; It.  preliminare ; Sp. 
preliminar;  Fr.  preliminairei]  Preceding  the 
principal  matter  ; introductory;  previous;  pro- 
emial.  “ This  preliminary  chapter.”  Steivart. 

Syn.  — See  Previous. 

PR^-LLM'I-NA-RY,  n.  That  which  precedes;  a 
preparatory  step,  act,  or  measure.  Glanvill. 

PJIE-LIM'IT,  v.  a.  [L.  pree,  before,  and  Eng. 
limit.]  To  limit  beforehand. 

•f-  PRE-LOOK'  (-luk'),  v.  a.  [L.  pree,  before,  and 
Eng.  look.]  To  look  forward;  to  direct  the 
eye  or  sight  forward.  Surrey. 

PREL'UHE  (114)  [prel'ud,  S.  W.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja. 
K.  Sm.  C.  H r.;  pre'lud,  Wb.],  n.  [Old  L. pree- 
Indium ; L.  pree,  before,  and  ludus,  a play ; It. 
ij  Sp.  preludio  ; Fr.  prelude.] 

1.  {Mas.)  A short  introductory  composition, 

or  extempore  performance,  to  prepare  the  ear 
for  the  succeeding  movements.  Moore. 

2.  Something  introductory;  a preface  ; some- 
thing that  only  shows  what  is  to  follow. 
“ These  were  the  preludes  of  his  fate."  Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Preface. 

II  PRp-LUDE',  or  PREL'UDE  [pre-lud',  S.  W.P.J. 
F.  K.  Wb. ; prel'ud,  Ja.  Sire.],  v.  n.  [L.  preeludo, 
to  play  beforehand  for  practice  or  trial ; pree, 
before,  and  ludo,  to  play ; Fr.  preludcr.]  [/. 
PRELUDED  ; pp.  PRELUDING,  PRELUDED.]  To 
serve  as  an  introduction  ; to  be  previous  to. 

So  Love,  preluding , plays  at  first  with  hearts, 

And  after  wounds  with  deeper  piercing  darts.  Congreve. 

||  PR|J-LUDE'(114),  v.  a.  1.  To  play  or  ply  before 
or  precedently, — generally  as  preparatory  or 
introductory  to  somethin"  that  is  to  follow ; to 
introduce  ; to  precede.  Dryden. 

2.  To  play  a prelude  to.  “ If  the  organist 
preludes  an  anthem  of  praise.”  Mason. 

II  PRE-LUD'ER,  or  PREL'U-DER,  re.  One  who 
plays  a prelude.  Mason. 

PRE-LU'DI-AL,  a.  Serving  to  introduce;  intro- 
ductory ; previous,  [r.]  Ed.  Rev. 

f PRly-LU'DJ-OUS,  a.  Introductory.  'More. 

PRF.-I.U’ DI-fm,  re.  [L.]  A prelude.  Bp.  Taylor. 


PR  F.-LUM  'IiAR,  a.  [I,,  pree,  before,  and  lumlnts, 
the  loin.]  (Anat.)  Placed  before  the  loins. 

The  prelumtjar  surface  of  the  spinal  column.  Dunglison. 

PRp-LU'SjVE,  a.  Previous;  indicating  what  is 
to  follow;  introductory.  Thomson. 

PRp-LU  SI  VE-IA  , ) a(]'  Previously;  introduc- 

PRp-LU'SO-RI-LY,  ) torily.  Clarke. 

PRIJ-LU'SO-RY,  a.  Introductory;  prelusive;  as, 
“ Prelusory  judgment.”  Bacon. 

||  PRE-MA-TURE',  a.  [L.  preematurus  ; pree,  be- 
fore, and  mat  urus,  ripe;  It.  <Sf  Sp . prematuro; 
Fr.  premature.] 

1.  Ripe  before  the  time  or  season ; ripe  too 
soon  ; precocious  ; as,  “ Premature  fruit.” 

2.  Happening,  existing,  done,  said,  formed, 
or  undertaken  too  soon  ; too  early  ; unseasona- 
bly early  ; too  hasty ; as,  “ A premature  birth.” 

II  PRE-M  A-TURE'LY,  ad.  With  too  hasty  ripe- 
ness ; precociously  ; too  early  ; too  soon. 

||  PRE-MA-TURE  Xly.SS,  1 n rpr_  prematurite.] 

||  PRE-MA-TU'RJ-TY,  > The  state  of  being  pre- 
mature or  before  the  proper  time  ; precocity. 

PRE-ME'DI-ATE,  v.  a.  [L .pree,  before,  and  Eng. 
mediate.]  To  advocate  a cause,  [r.]  Wright. 

PR  E-MED'j-TATE,  v.  a.  [L.  pree,  before,  and  Eng. 
meditate.]  [i.  premeditated  : pp.  premedi- 
tating, premeditated.]  To  keep  the  thoughts 
previously  fixed  upon  with  care  or  anxiety ; to 
meditate  upon  beforehand ; to  consider  before- 
hand ; to  predetermine  ; to  preconcert. 

To  greet  me  with  premeditated  welcome.  Slink. 

PRE-MED'I-TAte,  v.  n.  To  think  carefully  or 
studiously  before  or  precedently ; to  meditate 
beforehand  ; to  intend.  Hooker. 

PRIJ-MED'!-TATE,  a.  Premeditated;  intended. 
“ A premeditate  mischief.”  [n.]  Burnet. 

PRIJ-MED'I-TAT-ED,  p.  a.  Meditated  beforehand  ; 
preconcerted;  intended;  designed;  prepense. 

PRE-MED'I-TATE-LY,  ad.  With  premeditation. 

He  that  premcditntthj  cozens  one  does  not  cozen  all.  but 
only  because  he  cannot.  Feltham. 

PRE-MED-I-TA'TION,  re.  [L.  preemeditatio ; It. 
premeditazione  ; Sp.  premeditacion  ; Fr.  pre- 
meditation.] 

1.  The  act  of  premeditating  ; predetermina- 
tion ; previous  reflection  or  thought ; fore- 
thought. 

Hope  is  a pleasant  premeditation  of  enjoyment.  More. 

2.  Design  or  intention  previously  formed. 

Murder  by  poisoning  must  of  necessity  be  done  with  pre- 
meditation. Bouvier. 

PRE-MER'IT,  v.  a.  [L.  pree,  before,  and  Eng. 
merit.]  To  deserve  before,  [r.]  King  Charles. 

PRE'MI-AL,  a.  [L.  preemium ,,  a reward.]  By  way 
of  reward;  recompensing,  [r.] 

Laws  penal,  premial , support  a state.  Owen. 

+ PREM'i-C]J§,  re.  pi.  [L.  primitim  ; Fr . prremiccs.] 
First  fruits.  Dryden. 

II  PRE'MI-ER,  or  PREM'JER,  a.  [L.  primus ; Fr. 
premier.] 

1.  Prime;  principal;  first ; chief.  “Premier 

ministers  of  state.”  Swift. 

2.  (Her.)  The  most  ancient,  when  applied  to 
any  peer  of  any  degree  by  creation.  Crabb. 

II  PREM'IER,  or  PRE'MI-ER  [prem'yer,  IV.  F.  Ja. 
C.;  prem'yer,  S.  J.  E.  R.;  pre'me-er,  P.],  re. 
[Fr.]  A principal  minister  of  state  ; the  prime 
minister,  as  of  England.  Camden. 

||  PRE'Mf-JR-SHfP,  re.  The  office  or  the  dignity 
of  a premier.  Ec.  Rev. 

PRE-MIL-LEN'NI-AL,  a.  Before  the  millenni- 
um. Wright. 

PR£-Mi§E'  (pre-nuz'),  v.  a.  [L.  preemitto,  pree- 
missus,  to  send  before;  pree,  before,  and  mitlo, 
missus,  to  send.]  [ i . premised  ; pp.  premis- 
ing, premised.] 

1.  fTo  send  before  the  time.  Shock. 

2.  To  explain,  state,  or  propose  previously; 
to  lay  down  as  a previous  proposition ; to  pre- 
face ; to  announce  ; to  signify. 

Wc  must  premise  this  as  a certain  and  fundamental  truth. 

South. 

PR^-MI^E',  v.  re.  To  make  antecedent  proposi- 


tions ; to  state  beforehand.  “I  must  premise 
with  three  circumstances.”  Swift. 

PRJEM'JSE,  re.  ; pi.  pr£m'j$-;e$.  \h.  preemissum ; 
pree,  before,  and  missum,  sent ; It.  premessa  ; 
Sp.  premisa  ; Fr.  premisse .] 

1.  A thing  premised;  a proposition  antece- 
dently supposed  or  proved. 

From  premises  erroneous  brought, 

And  therefore  the  deduction ’s  nought.  Swift. 

2.  pi.  (Logic.)  The  first  two  propositions  of 
a syllogism  from  which  a certain  conclusion  is 
established. 

A disjunctive  syllogism  is  one  whose  major  premise  is 
disjunctive.  ‘ Hedge. 

Hszf’In  the  syllogism, — 

All  excess  is  sinful; 

All  gluttony  is  excess;  therefore, 

All  gluttony  is  sinful,— 

the  first  proposition  is  called  the  major  premise,  being 
that  in  which  the  major  term  (sinful)  is  compared 
with  the  middle  (excess)  ; the  second  proposition  is 
called  tile  minor  premise,  being  that  in  which  tile  mi- 
nor term  (gluttony)  is  compared  with  tile  middle. 

3.  pi.  (Law.)  Statements  which  have  been 

before  made  : — that  part,  in  the  beginning  of  a 
deed,  consisting  of  all  that  precedes  the  haben- 
dum, including  the  date,  the  parties’  names, 
and  descriptions,  the  recitals  (if  any),  the  con- 
sideration and  the  receipt  thereof,  the  grant, 
the  description  of  the  things  granted,  and  the 
exceptions  (if  any):  — the  thing  demised  or 
granted  by  the  deed:  — that  part  of  a bill  con- 
taining a statement  of  the  facts  and  circum- 
stances of  the  plaintiffs  case,  and  the  names  of 
the  persons  against  whom  he  seeks  redress  : — 
lands  and  tenements  ; as,  “ Th e premises  will  be 
sold  without  reserve.”  Burrill. 

JSSf" “ Archbishop  Whately,  in  his  ‘Logic,’  writes 
premiss  in  tile  singular,  and  premises  in  the  plural. 
Premise,  like  promise , is  tile  proper  term,  and  makes 
premises  in  tile  plural.”  Dr.  Crombie. 

f PRE'MIT,  v.  a.  [L.  preemitto,  to  send  before.] 
To  premise  ; to  remark  before.  Hutcheson. 

PRE'MI-UM,  re. ; pi.  L.  prac'mi-a  ; Eng.  pre'mi- 
Dm?.  [L.  preemium;  pree,  before,  and  emo,  to 
take.] 

1.  Something  given  to  invite  a loan  or  a bar- 

gain. “People  were  tempted  to  lend  by  great 
premiums  and  large  interest.”  Swift. 

2.  A reward  ; a recompense  ; a bonus. 

3.  Value  above  the  original  price  or  cost,  as 
opposed  to  discount. 

4.  (Law.)  The  consideration  paid  by  the  in- 

sured to  the  insurer  for  making  an  insurance  ; 
— so  called  because  it  is  paid  primo,  or  before 
the  contract  shall  take  effect.  Bouvier. 

PRE-MON'ISH,  v.  a.  [L.  preemonco,  to  warn  pre- 
viously ; pree,  before,  and  moneo,  to  warn.]  [i. 
premonished  ; pp.  premonishing,  premon- 
ished.] To  warn  or  admonish  beforehand. 

Of  these  hath  our  loving  Lord  premomshed  us.  Bale. 

PRE-MON'ISH-MENT,  re.  The  act  of  premonish- 
ing ; previous  admonition.  Wotton. 

PRE-MO-Nl"TION  (pre-mo-nish'un),  re.  [L.  pree- 
monitio;  It.  premonizione  ; Sp  .premonition.] 
Previous  notice  or  warning ; previous  intelli- 
gence. Chapman. 

PRE-MON'J-TOR,  re.  [L.  preemonitor .]  One  who 
gives  premonition.  Bp.  Hall. 

PRE-MON-I-TO'RI-LY,  ad.  By  way  of  premonition. 

PRE-MON'I-TO-RY,  a.  [L.  preemonitorius.]  Pre- 
viously admonishing  ; advising  beforehand  ; as, 
“ Premonitory  symptoms.”  Dunglison. 

PRE-MON'STRANT,  re.  One  of  an  order  of  monks 
instituted  by  St.  Norbcrt  in  1120  at  Premonstre 
or  Preemonstratum,  in  the  diocese  of  Laon,  in  Pi- 
cardy, and  called  also  White  Canons.  Lon.Ency. 

PRE-M0n'STRATE,  v.  a.  [L.  preemonstro  ; pree, 
before,  and  monstro,  monstratus,  to  show.]  To 
show  or  exhibit  before  or  precedently ; to  fore- 
show. [r.]  Hartlib. 

PRE-MON-STRA-TEN'SIAN  (-sh?n),  re.  A pre- 
monstrant.  P-  Cyc. 

t PRE-MON-STRA'TION,  re.  [L.  preemonstratio.] 
The  act  of  premonstrating.  She  forcl. 

pW>MON'STR  A-TOR,  re.  [L.  preemonstrator.] 
He  who,  or  that  which,  premonstrates.  Kirby. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  J,  O,  V,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


PREMORSE 


PREPOSSESS 


1121 


PRE-MORSE',  a.  [L.  prcemordeo,  prccmorsus,  to 
bite  oft'.]  ( Bot .)  Bitten  off,  as  it  were,  at  the  end. 

/gf  When  applied  to  roots,  it  means  such  as  are 
not  tapering,  but  blunt  at  the  end  ; when  applied  to 
leaves,  such  as  end  very  obtusely,  with  unequal 
notches.  Maunder. 

PRly-MO'TION,  n.  [Fr.  premotion .]  Previous 
motion.  Wright. 

PREM'U-M-RF.,  n.  [L.]  {Law.)  A writ.  — See 
PtLEMUNIRE. ’ 

t PRE-MU-NITE',  v.  a.  [L.  preemunio.]  To  for- 
tify. " Fotherby. 

fPRE-MU-Np'TION  (pre-mu-nlsh'un),  n.  [L.  prcc- 
munitio.\  An  anticipation  of  objection.  Todd. 

PRJJ-MU'NI-TO-RV,  a.  Defining  a penalty  that 
may  be  incurred.  Hody. 

PREN'DpR,  n.  [Fr.  prendre,  to  take.]  {Law.) 
The  power,  or  the  right,  of  taking  a thing  be- 
fore it  is  ofFered.  Whishaw. 

PRE-NO'iMlyN,  ih  See  PK.ENOMEN. 

PRE-NOM'I-NAte,  v.  a.  [L.  preenomino,  pree- 
nominatus. \ To  forename,  [it.]  Shah. 

PRE-NOM'I-NATE,  a.  Forenamed.  [it.]  Shah. 

PRE-NOM-I-NA'TION,  n.  [L.  prcc,  before,  and 
Eng.  nomination ."]  The  state  of  being  named 
or  nominated  first.  Browne. 

PRE-NOS'TIC,  n.  [L.  prcenosco  ; prcc,  before,  and 
nosco,  to  know.]  A prognostic  or  presage.  Gower. 

PRE-NOTE',  v.  a.  [L.  pree,  before,  and  Eng. 
)io(c.]  To  mark,  signify,  or  designate  before  or 
precedently.  Fox. 

PRE-NO'TION,  n.  [L.  prccnotio  ; It.  prenozione  ; 
Sp.  prenocion ; Fr.  prenotion .]  A notion  or 
opinion  previously  formed  ; a forethought ; pre- 
conception; foreknowledge  ; prescience.  Browne. 

f PREN-SA'TION,  n.  [L.  prensatio.]  A violent 
seizing.  Barrow. 

TRENT,  v.  a.  To  print.  [Scottish.]  Burns. 

PREN'TICE,  n.  Apprentice.  Shale. 

fi  PREN'TICE-HOOD,  n.  Apprenticehood.  Chaucer. 

PREN'TICE- SHIP,  n.  Apprenticeship.  Pope. 

f PRE-NUN-CI-A'TION  (-she-a'shun),  11.  [L . prcc- 
nunciatio. ] The  act  of  telling  before.  Bailey. 

f PRE-NUN'CIOUS  (-shus),  a.  [L.  pramuntius.] 
That  foretells  ; predictive.  Blount. 

PRE-OB-TAIN'  (-ob-tan'),  V.  a.  [L.  prcc,  before, 
and  Eng.  obtain.]  To  obtain  beforehand.  Smart. 

PRE-OC'CU-PAN-CY,  n.  1.  The  act  of  taking 
possession  before  another.  Johnson. 

2.  The  right  of  preoccupying.  Wright. 

f PRE-OC'CU-PAte,  v.  a.  [L.  prceoccupo.] 

1.  To  preoccupy;  to  anticipate.  Bacon. 

2.  To  prepossess  ; to  fill  with  prejudice. 

Lest  the  eye  preoccupate  tile  judgment.  Wotton. 

PRE-OO-CU-PA'TION,  n.  [L.  praoccupatio ; It. 
preoccupazione ; Fr.  preoccupation.'] 

1.  The  act  of  preoccupying  ; prepossession. 

2.  Anticipation  of  objection. 

By  way  of  preoccupation,  he  should  have  said,  "Well,  here 
you  see  your  commission.  South. 

PRE-OC'CU-PY,  v.  a.  [L.  prcc,  before,  and  Eng. 
occupy.]  [t.  preoccupied  ; pp.  PREOCCUPY- 
ing,  preoccupied.]  To  take  previous  posses- 
sion of ; to  occupy  before  or  precedently ; to 
prepossess. 

I think  it  more  respectful  to  the  reader  to  leave  something 
to  reflection  than  to  preoccupy  his  judgment.  Arbuthnot. 

fPRE-OM'I-NATE,  v.  a.  [L.  prcc,  before,  and 
omino,  ominatus,  to  forebode.]  To  give  a pre- 
vious omen  of ; to  presage  ; to  predict.  Browne. 

PRE-O-PER'CU-LUM,  n.  [L.  prcc,  before,  and 
operculum,  a cover.]  {Bot.)  The  forelid  or  oper- 
culum of  a moss.  Smart. 

PRE-O-PIN'ION  (-yun),  71.  [L.  prcc,  before,  and 

Eng.  opinion .]  An  opinion  antecedently  formed ; 
prepossession,  [r.]  ' Browne. 

PRE-OP'TION,  n.  [L.  prcc,  before,  and  Eng.  op- 
tion.] The  right  of  first  choice.  Stackhouse. 

PRE-OR-DAiN',  v.  a.  [L.  prcc,  before,  and  Eng. 
ordain .]  [t.  preordained  ; pp.  preordain- 
ing, preordained.]  To  ordain  beforehand  ; 
to  foreordain  ; to  predetermine  ; to  preilstablish. 

The  purposed  counsel  preordained  and  fixt.  Milton. 


PRE-OR'DI-nAnce,  n.  Antecedent  or  first  de- 
cree. [r.]  Shah. 

+ PRE-OR'DI-NATE,  a.  Preordained.  Sir  T.  Elyot. 

PRE-OR-DI-NA'TION,  n.  [L.  prcc,  before,  and 
Eng.  ordination.]  The  act  of  preordaining ; 
predetermination.  Fotherby. 

PRE-PAr'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  prepared.  Craig. 

f PREP'A-RATE,  a.  [L . preeparatus.]  Prepared. 

PREP-A-RA'TION,  n.  [L.  preeparatio  ; It . prepa- 
razione  ; Sp.  preparacion  ; Fr.  preparation.] 

1.  Act  of  preparing  or  making  ready. 

2.  State  of  being  prepared  ; previous  measures. 

I will  show  what  preparations  there  were  in  nature  for  this 
dissolution.  Burrn  t . 

3.  Ceremonious  introduction,  [it.] 

I make  bold  to  press,  with  so  little  preparation,  upon 
you.  Shak. 

4.  Any  thing  prepared  or  made  by  regular  pro- 
cess ; accomplishment ; qualification. 

Chemists  . . . magnify  their  preparations.  Browne. 

Generally  allowed  for  your  many  warlike,  courtlikc,  and 
learned  preparations.  Shak. 

5.  {Anat.)  Any  part  of  an  animal  body  pre- 
served for  anatomical  uses.  Dunglison. 

6.  {Mus.)  The  anticipation  in  a chord  of  one 

note  or  more  of  a discord  which  is  to  follow, 
making  the  introduction  of  the  latter  less  ab- 
rupt. Dwight. 

PRIJ-PAR'A-TIVE,  a.  [It.  St.  Sp.  preparativo  ; Fr. 
preparatif.]  Having  the  power  of  preparing, 
qualifying,  or  fitting ; preparatory. 

Would  men  have  spent  toilsome  days  and  watchful  nights 
in  the  laborious  quest  of  knowledge  preparative  to  this 
work?  South. 

PRE-PAr'A-TIVE,  n.  1.  That  which  has  the  power 
of  preparing  or  fitting  a thing  to  any  purpose. 

2.  That  which  is  done  in  order  to  something 
else ; preparation. 

Necessary  preparatives  for  our  voyage.  Dryden. 

PRE-PAR'A-TIvE-LY,  ad.  Previously;  byway 
of  preparation.  Hale. 

PREP'A-rA-TOR,  n.  [L.  praparator.]  One  who 
prepares,  [it.]  Goldsmith. 

PRE-PAr'A-TO-RY,  a.  [L.  preeparatorius ; It.  4' 
Sp.  preparatorio ; Fr.  preparatoirc.] 

1.  Antecedently  necessary  ; preparative. 

2.  Introductory;  previous;  preliminary ; an- 
tecedent ; prefatory.  Hale. 

PR1J-PARE',  v.  a.  [L.  preeparo  ; prcc,  before,  and 
paro,  to  get  ready  ; It.  preparare ; Sp.  preparar ; 
Fr.  preparer.]  [i.  prepared  ; pp.  preparing, 

PREPARED.] 

1.  To  cause  to  be  fit  or  suitable  for  some  end 
or  purpose;  to  adapt  to  any  purpose  ; to  equip. 

Prepare  men’s  hearts  by  giving  them  the  grace  of  hu- 
mility, repentance,  and  probity  of  heart.  Hammoncl. 

2.  To  make  or  get  ready ; to  put  in  order. 

That  they  may  prepare  a city  for  habitation.  Ps.  cviii.  3G. 

Row  prepare  thee  for  another  sight.  Milton. 

3.  To  form  or  fashion  ; to  make  : — to  provide. 

He  hath  founded  it  upon  the  seas,  aud  prepared  it  upon 
the  floods.  Ps.  xxiv.  2. 

Syn.  — See  Provide. 

PRE-PARE',  v.  n.  1.  To  take  previous  or  intro- 
ductory measures  ; to  get  ready. 

2.  To  make  all  things  ready  ; to  put  things 
in  order.  “ Bid  them  prepare  for  dinner.”  Shak. 

f PRg-PARE',  n.  Preparation.  Shak. 

PRIJ-pArED'  (pre-pird'),  p.  a.  Being  in  a state 
of  preparation  ; ready. 

Syn.  — See  Ready. 

PRE-pAr'ED-LY,  ad.  By  proper  precedent  meas- 
ures : — in  a state  of  preparation.  Shak. 

PRE-PAR'ED-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  pre- 
pared. “ A good  preparedness  for  grace.”  South. 

PRE-PAR'ER,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  prepares 
or  previously  fits  for  any  thing. 

PRE-pAy',  v.  a.  [L.  prcc,  before,  and  Eng.  pay.] 
[i.  PREPAID  ; pp.  PREPAYING,  PREPAID.]  To 
pay  beforehand.  B.  Hill. 

PRE-PAy'MENT,  n.  Payment  beforehand.  Ec.  Rev. 

fPRE-PENSE',  v.  a.  [L.  prcc,  before,  and  pendo, 
pensus,  to  weigh.]  To  weigh  or  examine  be- 
forehand; to  consider  before  or  precedently. 

In  very  deed  it  was  prepensed  treason.  Braude. 


fPRE-PENSE',  v.  n.  To  deliberate  beforehand; 
to  consider  ; to  ponder.  Spenser. 

PRE-PENSE',  a.  [Nor.  Fr.  prepense.]  {Laic.) 
Premeditated  ; preconceived  ; contrived  before- 
hand ; aforethought ; intended  ; designed. 

You  see,  by  the  paper  I take,  that  I am  likely  to  be  long, 
with  malice  prepense.  Burke. 

PREPENSED',  a.  Aforethought.  “ Prepcnsed 
murder.”  [it.]  Phillips. 

PRE-PENSE'LY,  ad.  In  a prepense  manner  ; with 
aforethought.  Qu.  Rev. 

PRE-POL  PENCE,  J ju  Prevalence  ; superiority 

PRE-POL'LEN-CY,  > of  force.  Coventry. 

PRE-POL'LENT,  a.  [L.  prccpollens,  very  power- 
ful ; prcc,  before,  and  pollco,  pollens,  to  be 
strong.]  Superior  in  force  or  value.  Huntingford. 

f PRE-PON'DER,  v.  a.  [L.  prcc,  before,  and  Eng. 
ponder.]  To  preponderate.  Wotton. 

PRE-PON  DER-ANCE,  )n  [It.  preponderanza  ; 

PRE-PON'DER-AN-CY,  I Sp.  preponderancia-,  Fr. 
preponderance.] 

1.  The  state  of  outweighing ; superiority  of 

weight ; preponderation.  Grew. 

2.  Superiority  of  power  or  influence. 

A preponderance  of  those  circumstances  which  have  a 
tendency  to  move  the  inclination.  Edwards. 

PRE-PON'DER-ANT,  a.  [L.  preeponderans .]  Out- 
weighing ; over-balancing.  Reid. 

PRJ3-PON'DER-Ate,  v.  a.  [L.  preepondero , to  out- 
weigh ; prcc,  before,  and  pondero,  ponderatus, 
to  weigh  ; It.  ponclerare  ; Sp.  ponderar.]  \i. 
PREPONDERATED  ; pp.  PREPONDERATING,  PRE- 
PONDERATED.] 

1.  To  outweigh;  to  exceed  in  weight;  to 
overbalance ; to  overpoise  ; to  overpower. 

An  inconsiderable  weight,  by  distance  from  the  centre  of 
the  balance,  will  preponderate  greater  magnitudes.  GlanvilL 

2.  fTo  ponder  or  consider  previously. 

How  many  things  do  they  preponderate ! how  many  at 
once  comprehend!  Shaftesbury. 

PRE-PON'DER-ATE,  v.  n.  1.  To  exceed  in  weight. 

That  is  no  just  balance  wherein  the  heaviest  side  will  not 
preponderate.  Will-ins. 

2.  To  exceed  in  influence  or  power  analogous 
to  weight;  to  incline  to  one  side.  Locke. 

PRE-PON-DER-A'TION,  n.  [L.  preeponderatio  ; 
It.  preponderazione.]  The  act  or  the  state  of 
preponderating ; preponderance.  Watts. 

f PRE-POSE',  v.  a.  [L.  preepono  ; Fr.  preposer.] 
To  put  or  place  before.  W.  Percy. 

PREP-0-§I "TION  (prep-o-zlsh'un),  n.  [L.  preepo- 
sttio  ; It.  preposizione ; Sp.  preposicion ; Fr. pre- 
position.] (Gram.)  A particle  which  expresses 
the  relation  between  a noun  or  a pronoun  which 
it  governs  in  the  objective  case,  and  before 
which  it  is  commonly  placed,  and  some  other 
word  in  the  same  sentence. 

iff  ■ Prepositions  express  neither  essences  (like  sub- 
stantives), nor  activities  (like  verbs  and  adjectives), 
but  only  their  relations.  Prof.  Gibbs. 

JtlGP  In  our  old  writers,  preposition  seems  to  be  used 
as  equivalent  to  proposition  or  exposition.  Richardson. 

He  made  a long  preposition  and  oration  concerning  the 
allegiance  which  he  exhorted  his  lords  to  owe  and  bear  to 
hint.  Pabyan. 

PREP-0-§I''TION-AL  (-zlsh'un-jl),  a.  (Gram.)  Re- 
lating to,  or  like,  a preposition.  Latham. 

PRE-PO§'I-TI  VE,  a.  [L.  preepositivus  ; It.  pre- 
positivo  ; Fr.  pnipositif.]  (Gram.)  Placed  be- 
fore ; prefixed.  Home  Tooke. 

PRE-PO§'I-TlVE,  n.  (Gram.)  A word  or  particle 
put  before  another  word.  Horne  Tooke. 

PRE-PO§'I-TOR,  n.  A scholar  appointed  by  the 
master  to  overlook  the  rest ; a monitor.  Martin. 

PRE-PO§'I-TURE,  n.  [L.  preepositura,  the  office 
of  an  overseer.]  A provostship.  Lowth. 

PRE-PO^-§ESS'  (pry-poz-zes'),  v.  a.  [L.  prcc,  be- 
fore, and  Eng.  possess.]  [i.  prepossessed  ; pp. 

PREPOSSESSING,  PREPOSSESSED.] 

1.  To  take  or  seize  beforehand  ; to  preoccu- 
py ; to  take  previous  possession  of ; to  possess 
previously. 

But  there  before  her  was 

A youthful  man,  who  prepossessed  her  room.  Beaumont. 

2.  To  hold  as  a previous  opinion,  or  opinion 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE. — 
141 


9. 


<?>  $>  &>  soft;  F,  G,  5,  |,  hard;  § as  z;  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


PREPOSSESSION 


1122 


PRESCRIPTIBLE 


previous  to  examination  or  knowledge ; to  in- 
fluence beforehand;  to  bias;  to  prejudice. 

She  was  prepossessed  with  the  scandal  of  salivating.  Wiseman. 

FRE-POiy-^ES'SION  (pre-poz-zesh'un),  n.  1.  Pre- 
vious possession  ; preoccupation. 

2.  Preconceived  opinion  ; prejudice  ; bias. 

The  hearers  and  spectators  of  what  our  Saviour  said  and 
did  had  mighty  and  inveterate  prepossessions  to  struggle 
with.  Sharp. 

PRE-POij-^ESS'lNG,  p.  a.  Taking  previous  pos- 
session ; inviting  or  winning  favor. 

PRE-POS-SESS'JNG-LY,  ad.  With  prepossession. 

PRE-PO§-§ESS'OR,  n.  One  who  prepossesses. 

PK|J-POS'T£R-OUS,  a.  [L.  preepostcrus  ; prep,  be- 
fore, and  posterns,  after  or  behind ; It.  <Sf  Sp. 
prepostero  ; Fr.  prepost&re.] 

1.  Having  that  first  which  ought  to  be  last ; 
. perverted  ; distorted  ; reversed ; inverted. 

Tile  method  I take  may  be  censured  as  preposterous,  be- 
cause I thus  treat  last  of  the  antediluvian  earth,  which  was 
first  in  order  of  nature.  Woodward. 

2.  AVrong;  absurd;  foolish;  extravagant; 

excessive  ; monstrous  ; irrational  ; ridiculous. 
“ Preposterous  reasonings'.”  Woodioard. 

The  head-dresses  of  the  ladies,  during  my  youth,  were  of 
preposterous  size.  Samuel  Rogers. 

Syn.  — See  Absurd. 

PRE-POS'TpR-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  a preposterous 
manner  or  situation  ; absurdly  ; foolishly. 

PRE-PoS'T ER-OUS-NESS,  it.  Inverted  or  wrong 
order  or  method  ; absurdity.  Jo/mson. 

f PRE-PO'TpN-CY,  n.  [L.  prapotentia.]  Supe- 
rior power ; predominance.  Browne. 

fPRE-PO'TjENT,  a.  [L.  pja-potens .]  Mighty; 
very  able  or  powerful.  Plaifcre. 

f PRE-PROP'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  prreproperus  ; pree, 
before,  and  proper  us,  hasty.]  Over-hasty.  Ray. 

PRE'PUCE,  7i.  [L.  preeputium,  the  foreskin  ; prre, 
before,  and  Gr.  ndoBtev,  dim.  of  noeOr/,  the  fore- 
skin; Fr.  prepuce.]  ( Anat.)  The  prolongation 
of  the  integuments  of  the  penis,  which  cover  the 
glans ; the  skin  which  is  removed  by  circumcis- 
ion ; the  foreskin.  Dunglison. 

PRE-PL'TIAL,  a.  Relating  to  the  prepuce  or 
foreskin.  Cprbet. 

FRE— RAPH'A-Jf.L-ITE,  71.  One  of  a school  of 
modern  artists  who  profess  to  follow  the  mode 
of  study  and  expression  adopted  by  the  early 
painters  who  flourished  before  the  time  of  Raph- 
ael, and  whose  principal  theory  of  action  is  a 
rigid  adherence  to  natural  forms  and  effects,  in 
contradistinction  to  the  style  of  rendering  of 
any  particular  school  of  art.  Fairholt. 

PRE-REG'NANT,  71.  [L.  prre,  before,  and  Eng. 

rcgnant.\  The  reigning  predecessor.  Warner. 

PRE-RE-MOTE',  a.  [L.  prre,  before,  and  Eng. 
remote .]  Remote  with  respect  to  the  antecedent 
order  or  time.  Smart. 

PRE-Rp-GUlRE',  v.  a.  [L.  prre,  before,  and  Eng. 
require .]  To  require  previously.  Hammond. 

PRE-REG'UI-fJtTE  (pre-rek'we-zit),  a.  [L.  prre, 
before,  and  Eng.  requisite.']  Previously  necessa- 
ry. “ The  prerequisite  . . . conditions.”  Browne. 

PRE-RECt'UI-^ITE  (pre-rek'we-zit),  71.  Something 
previously  necessary  ; requirement.  Dryden. 

PRE-RE-SOLVE',  v.  a.  [L.  pree,  before,  and  Eng. 
resolve. ] To  resolve  previously;  to  predeter- 
mine. [r.]  Sir  E.  Dering. 

PR5-ROG'A-TlVE,  a.  [L.  prerogative.]  Hav- 
ing special  privileges. 

Prerogative  Court,  {Reel.  Law.)  a court,  in  Eng- 
land, in  which  all  testaments  are  proved  and  admin- 
istrations granted  when  the  deceased  has  left  bona 
votabilia,  or  goods  to  the  value  of  five  pounds,  in  two 
dioceses  or  jurisdictions.  Whishaw. 

Prerogative  Office,  the  office  in  which  the  wills 
proved  in  the  Prerogative  Court  are  registered.  Black- 
stone. — Prerogative  writ,  a writ  issued  upon  some 
extraordinary  occasion,  and  for  which  it  is  necessary 
to  apply  by  motion  to  the  court.  Bwrrill. 

PRE-ROG'A-TIVE,  n . [L.  prerogative/.,  prece- 

dence in  voting ; prre,  before,  and  royo,  rogatus, 
to  ask  ; It.  &;  Sp.  prerogative i ; Fr.  prerogative .] 

1.  An  exclusive  or -peculiar  privilege,  right, 
or  authority  ; immunity.  “ The  prerogatives  of 
man  above  other  animals.”  Ray. 

The  prerogatives  which  God  gave  unto  Peter.  Bp.  Gardner. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  V,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6 


2.  The  right  or  preeminence  which  a king 
enjoys  alone,  in  contradistinction  to  others. 

A person  vested  with  an  office  is  entitled  to  all  the  rights, 
privileges,  prerogatives,  which  belong  to  it.  Jiouvier. 

itCtp’  Prerogatives  of  the  King  of  England  are  either 
direct  or  incidental ; the  lirst  are  such  as  belong  to  the 
king  essentially  by  virtue  of  his  high  political  charac- 
ter, such  as  the  inviolability  of  his  person,  the  appoint- 
ment to  offices,  tile  creating  of  peers,  &.c. ; and  the 
latter,  such  exceptions  from  the  ordinary  rules  of  law 
as  are  made  in  Ins  favor,  such  as  the  power  to  levy 
execution  before  other  creditors,  that  no  costs  shall 
he  recovered  against  the  king.  Braude. 

Syn.  — Sec  Privilege. 

PRJJ-ROG' A-TI VED  (-tivd),  a.  Having  an  exclu- 
sive privilege  or  prerogative,  [it.]  Shah. 

PRU-ROG'A-TiVE-Ly,  ad.  By  exclusive  privilege. 

PRE-SA^E'  (114),®.  a.  [L.  preesagio,  to  forebode  ; 
pree,  before,  and  sagio,  to  perceive  sharply ; It. 
presagire;  Sp.  presagiar;  Fr.  presager.]  [i. 

PRESAGED  ; pp.  PRESAGING,  PRESAGED.] 

1.  To  apprehend  beforehand;  to  divine  ; to 

forebode;  to  foreknow;  to  have  a presentiment 
of.  Milton. 

2.  To  foretell ; to  prophesy  ; to  foretoken  ; to 
foreshow ; to  predict. 

My  dreams  presage  some  joyful  news  at  hand.  Shak. 

PRES'ACyE  (114)  [pres'aj,  S.  IF.  P.  E.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  ; 
pres'aj,  or  pre'saj,  J. ; pre'sjj,  or  pres'aj,  Wr. ; 
pres'aj,  or  pre-saj',  F. ; pre'saj,  Wb.],  71.  [L . prat- 
sagium,  a presage  ; It.  § Sp.  presagio  ; Fr.  pre- 
sage.] Something  that  foreshows  ; a forebod- 
ing; an  omen  ; portent ; token  ; prognostic  ; an 
indication.  “ Presage  of  victory.”  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Omen. 

PRE-SAQE'FUL,  a.  Foreboding;  full  of  presage  ; 
foretelling.  Thomson. 

fPRR-SA^E'MgNT,  n.  Presage.  Wotton. 

PRE-SA<jr']3R,  ».  One  who  presages  ; a foreteller; 
foreshower.  Shah. 

PRES'BY-OPE,  77.  One  who  is  long-sighted  or 
affected  by  presbyopia  ; presbyte.  Dungliso7i. 

PRES-BY-O  PI-A,  ? n [(Jr.  npeofivt;,  an  old  man, 

PRES'BY-O-PY,  ) and  the  eye.]  (Med.)  Old 
sight ; far-sightedness  ; the  defect  in  vision,  as 
in  old  age,  when  near  objects  are  seen  less  dis- 
tinctly than  those  more  distant.  Dungliso7i. 

PRES-BY-OP'IC,  a.  Far-sighted ; presbytic.  P.Cyc. 

PRES'BYTE,  n.  [Gr.  vgiaPvTm  ; Fr.  presbyte.] 
One  who  sees  objects  only  at  a distance;  a long- 
sighted person  ; presbyope.  Prof.  John  Farrar. 

PRE§'BY-T£R,  77.  [Gr.  ttfieoPOrepoi,  an  elder ; npeo- 
/Juf,  old;  L.  presbyter-,  Sp.  presbitero  ; Old  Fr. 
presbtre,  prestre;  Fr.  pretre. — Diiderlein  de- 
rives it  from  TTptvat,  to  be  conspicuous, 

and  so,  one  that  is  conspicttous.  Liddell  § Scott.] 

1.  An  elder  ; a member  of  a presbytery. 

2.  One  of  an  order  of  ministers  in  the  Chris- 

tian Church,  having  the  spiritual  care  of  distinct 
congregations,  and  exercising  as  a class  a gen- 
eral superintendence  over  the  concerns  of  the 
church.  Bratide. 

DSP  Presbyter,  or  elder,  is  a word  borrowed  from 
the  Greek  translation  of  the  Old  Testament,  where  it 
commonly  signifies  ruler  or  governor,  it  being  a note 
of  office  and  dignity,  not  of  age;  and,  in  this  sense, 
bishops  are  sometimes  called  presbyters  in  the  New 
Testament.  Load.  Ency. 

2.  f A Presbyterian,  Butler. 

PR^S-BYT'E-RAL,  a.  Relating  to  a presbyter  or 
presbytery.  Gibbon.  Atttiual  Reg. 

PRfiS-i-BYT'IJR-ATE,  n.  [L.  presbyteratus.]  The 
office  or  station  of  a presbyter.  Ilcbcr. 

PRE§'BY-TJJR-ESS,  77.  A female  presbyter.  Bale. 

PRESj-BY-TE'RI-AL,  a.  Presbyterian.  Hohjday. 

PRE§-BY-TE'1U- A N,  a.  [Gr.  wpeoPbripos ; It.  $ Sp. 
prcsbiie)-ia7io  ; Fr.  presbytericn.]  Relating  to 
Presbyterianism  or  to  the  Presbyterians;  — a 
term  for  a form  of  ecclesiastical  government. 

The  most,  noted  Presbyterian  church  of  the  present  day  is 
that  of  Scotland,  which  is  called  the  kirk.  P.  Cyc. 

PRE^-BY-TE'RT-AN,  n.  One  who  adheres  to  the 
form  of  church  government  that  is  conducted 
by  presbyteries,  or  by  clerical  and  lay  presby- 
ters. Swift. 

PREls-BY-TE'RI-AN-LSM,  77.  The  principles  and 
discipline  of  Presbyterians.  Addison. 


, U,  Y,  short;  A,  ?,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE, 


PRE^-By-TE'RJ-AN-LY,  ad.  According  to  Pres- 
byterianism. Gent.  May. 

PRE§-BY-TE'RJ-UM,  n.  [Gr.  7rpeo0urfptou.]  A 
presbytery,  or  that  part  of  the  church  in  which 
divine  offices  are  performed ; — applied  to  the 
choir  or  chancel,  because  it  was  the  place  ap- 
propriated to  the  bishop,  priests,  and  other 
clergy,  Whishaw. 

PRE§  BY-TfR-SHIP,  77.  Presbyterate.  O/iderdonh. 

PRE§'BY-TER-Y  (prez'be-ter-e)  [prez'he-tSr-e,  S. 
II.  J.  F . Ja.  K.  Sm.  Wr. ; pres'be-ter-e,  P.  E.  R. 
C.  Wb.],  77.  [Gr.  TtpiofivTlpioV.] 

1.  That  form  of  ecclesiastical  polity  which 

vests  church  government  in  a society  of  clerical 
and  lay  presbyters,  or  of  ministers  and  lay  el- 
ders,  all  possessed,  officially,  of  equal  rank  and 
power : a body  of  clerical  and  lay'  presbyters  : 

a church  court  consisting  of  pastors  and  rul- 
ing elders  eldership.  Brande.  “The  laying 
on  of  the  hands  of  the  presbytery.”  1 Tim.  iv. 

2.  A district  comprising  a number  of  par- 
ishes. Clarke. 

3.  ( Arch .)  That  part  of  a Catholic  church  ex- 
clusively used  for  its  priests.  Britton. 

USE  This  word  is  sometimes  erroneously  pronounced 
pres  byt'e-ry  — a mode  which  is  not  countenanced  by 
any  ol  the  orthoepies. 

rRpS-BY''TI-A,  77.  [Gr.  Ttplcfivs,  an  old  man.] 
(Med.)  Far-sightedness;  presbyopy.  Dunglison. 

PRES'BY-TIC,  a.  Presbyopic.  Dungliso7i. 

||  PRE'SCI-ENCE  (pre'she'-ens)  [pre'slie-ens,  IF.  J. 
F.  Ja.  Sm.  Wr.;  pre'shens,  S.  K. ; presh'ens,  P.], 
77.  [L.  prcescimtia ; pree,  before,  and  scicntia, 

knowledge  ; It.  prescienza  ; Sp.  presciencia ; Fr. 
prescience.]  Foreknowledge;  knowledge  of  fu- 
ture things ; foresight. 

Of  things  of  the  most  accidental  and  mutable  nature,  God’s 
prescience  is  certain.  South. 

||  PRE'SCI-IJNT  (pre'she-ent),  a.  [L.  preeseiens ; 
prre,  before,  and  scio,  sciens,  knowing.]  Fore- 
knowing; prophetic.  Bacon. 

PRE-SClND'  (pre-sind'),  v.  a.  [L .prrescindo;  pree, 
before,  and  scindo  (Gr.  o^i\o>),  to  cut;  It.  pre- 
scindere ; Sp.  prescindir.]  To  cut  off ; to  ab- 
stract ; to  sever,  [r.]  Pearson. 

PRp-SCIND'IJNT,  a.  Abstracting.  Cheyne. 

PJtE'SCI-OUS  (pre'she-us),  a.  [L.  prccscius ; prat, 
before,  and  scius,  knowing.]  Foreknowing ; 
prescient,  [n.]  Bp.  Flail. 

PRE-SCRIBE',  v.  a.  [L.  prcescribo ; pree,  before, 
and  scribo,  to  write  ; It . prescrivere ; Sp . pre- 
scrivir ; Fr.  prescrire.]  [i.  prescribed  ; pp. 
PRESCRIBING,  PRESCRIBED.] 

1.  To  set  down  authoritatively;  to  order;  to 
direct ; to  dictate  ; to  appoint. 

To  the  blanc  moon  her  office  they  prescribed.  Hilton. 

2.  (Med.)  To  direct  as  a remedy.  Swift. 

Syn. — See  Appoint,  and  Direct. 

PRE-SCRIBE',  v.  77.  1.  To  give  law  or  direction; 

to  dictate. 

A forwardness  to  prescribe  to  their  opinions.  Locke. 

2.  To  form  a custom  which  has  the  force  of 

law.  Arbutlmot. 

3.  (Med.)  To  write  or  give  directions . and 

forms  of  medicine  for  a patient.  Pope. 

4.  (Laic.)  To  claim  a title  to  a thing  on  the 
ground  of  long  or  immemorial  usage.  Burrill. 

tfif  A person  is  said  to  prescribe  that  he  and  his 
ancestors  have  used,  time  out  of  mind,  to  have  com- 
mon of  pasture  in  such  a close,  which  is  called  pre- 
scription in  a man  and  his  ancestors.  Burrill. 

PRlJ-SCRlB'lJR,  77.  One  who  prescribes.  Fothcrby. 

PRE'SCRIPT,  a.  [L.  prcescriptus ; prat,  before, 
and  sc7-ibo,  sc7'iptus,  to  write;  Fr.  prescrit.]  Di- 
rected by  precept ; prescribed.  Hooker. 

PRE'SCRIPT,  77.  [L.  pratscriptumJ] 

1.  A direction;  a decree;  a law;  an  ordi- 
nance ; a precept ; a rule  ; a model  prescribed. 

By  his  prescript  n sanctuary  is  framed.  Milton. 

2.  (Med.)  A prescription  for  a patient.  Fell. 

PRE-SCRIP-Tl-BIL'I-TY,  71.  The  quality  of  being 
prescriptible.  J.  Story. 

PRE-SCIUP'TI-BLE,  a.  That  may  he  prescribed. 
“ If  the  matter  wer c prescriptible.”  Grafto77. 


, FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


PRESCRIPTION 


1123 


PRESERVER 


PRE-SCRIP'TION,  n.  [L.  prccscriptio  ; Sp.  pre- 
scription', Fr.  prescription .] 

1.  Act  of  prescribing  ; direction ; prescript. 

Nor  in  the  ways  of  his  -prescription  trod.  Sandjjs. 

2.  A rule  produced  by  long  custom ; custom 
continued  till  it  has  the  force  of  law  ; usage. 

It  will  be  found  a work  of  no  small  difficulty  to  dispossess 
a vice  from  that  heart  where  long  possession  begins  to  plead 
prescription.  South. 

3.  (Med.)  A medical  recipe.  Temple. 

4.  (Law.)  A mode  of  acquiring  title  to  prop- 

erty by  long  usage  ; a title  acquired  by  use  and 
time  to  incorporeal  hereditaments,  such  as  a 
right  of  way  or  common.  Burrill. 

<JEg=*  Prescription  is  a usage  annexed  to  the  person 
of  the  owner  of  an  estate,  as  distinguished  front  cus- 
tom, which  is  properly  a local  usage.  Burrill. 

Time  of  prescription,  a length  or  period  of  time  suf- 
ficient to  establish  the  right  of  prescription  or  title  by 
prescription.  This,  in  England,  was  formerly  iden- 
tical with  time  immemorial,  or  term  out  of  memory  — a 
period  referring  to  the  beginning  of  the  reign  of  Rich- 
ard I.  But  now  the  time  of  prescription,  in  certain 
cases,  has  been  shortened.  Burrill. 

PRE-SCRIP'TIVE,  a.  [L.  prascriptus.]  Relating 
to  prescription  ; pleading  the  authority  of,  or 
acquired  by,  custom.  '‘Prescriptive  right.”  Hurd. 

f PRE-SE'ANCE,  n.  [Fr . preseance  f)  Priority  of 
place  in  sitting ; precedence.  * Carew. 

PRESENCE  (prez'ens),  n.  [L.  preesentia ; It.  pre- 
senzia;  Sp.  presencia\  Fr  .presence.'] 

1.  The  state  of  being  present ; — contrary  to 
absence.  “ Your  presence  makes  us  rich.”  Shak. 

2.  The  state  of  being  in  the  view  of  a superior ; 
approach  face  to  face  to  a great  person. 

Thinking  it  want  of  education  which  made  him  so  dis- 
countenanced with  unwonted  presence.  Sidney. 

3.  The  persons  present  before  a great  person- 
age. “ No  man  in  the  presence.”  Shak. 

4.  The  chamber  or  place  where  an  assembly 
is  held  before  a prince  or  other  great  personage. 

An  ’t  please  your  grace,  the  two  great  cardinals 

Wait  til  the  presence.  Shak. 

5.  Port ; air  ; mien  ; demeanor  ; behavior. 

A graceful  presence  bespeaks  acceptance.  Collier. 

6.  Readiness  at  need ; quickness  at  expedi- 
ents ; as,  “ Presence  of  mind.” 

.7.  The  person  of  a superior. 

To  her  the  sovereign  presence  thus  replied.  Milton. 

PRE§'$NCE— CHAM'BIJR,  ? n_  The  chamber  or 

PRESENCE-ROOM,  5 room  in  which  a great 
person  receives  company.  Locke. 

PRE-SIJN-SA'TION,  n.  A precedent  or  previous 
thought  or  feeling.  More. 

f PRg-SEN'SION,  n.  [L . preesensio f\  Perception 
beforehand ; presentiment.  Browne. 

PRESENT,  a.  [L.  prcesens\  Fr.  present.) 

1.  Being  face  to  face ; being  at  hand ; not  absent. 
“Be  not  often  present  at  feasts.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

The  ample  mind  keeps  the  several  objects  all  within  sight, 
and  present  to  the  soul.  Watts. 

2.  Now  existing  ; not  past ; not  future. 

Past  and  to  come  seem  best*  .things  present,  worst.  Shak. 

The  present  hours  in  present  mirth  employ.  Prior. 

3.  Quick  in  emergencies  ; ready  ; at  hand. 

If  a man  write  little,  he  had  need  have  a great  memory;  if 
he  confer  little,  he  had  need  have  a present  wit.  Bacon. 

4.  Favorably  attentive;  not  neglectful;  not 
heedless  ; favorable  ; propitious. 

Nor  could  I hope  in  any  place  but  there 

To  find  a god  so  present  to  my  prayer.  Dryden. 

5.  A term  used  in  an  inscription  on  a letter 
addressed  to  a person  residing  in  the  place 
where  the  letter  is  written.  [U.  S.] 

Present  tense,  ( Oram.)  a tense  denoting  an  action 
or  event  as  passing  at  tile  time  in  which  it  is  men- 
tioned. It  likewise  expresses  a character,  quality, 
general  truth  or  customary  action,  &c. ; as,  “ He  is  an 
able  man  ” ; “ Vice  produces  misery.”  Preceded  by 
the  words  when,  before,  after,  &c.,  it  is  sometimes  used 
to  point  out  the  relative  time  of  a future  action;  as, 
“ When  he  arrives,  lie  will  hear  the  news.”  In  ani- 
mated historical  narrations,  it  is  sometimes  substitut- 
ed for  the  imperfect  tense.  Murray.  O.  Brown — The 
present,  an  elliptical  expression  for  the  present  time. 
Milton.  — At  present,  at  the  present  time  ; now,  ellipti- 
cally  for  the  present  time.  Addison. 

PRESENT,  n.  1.  A gift ; a donative  ; a dona- 
tion ; a benefaction  ; an  offering. 

He.sent  part  of  the  rich  spoil ...  as  a present  unto  Soly- 
man.  Knolles. 


2.  pi.  ( Law .)  Letters  ; writings  ; as,  “ Know 
all  men  by  these  presents — these  letters  or 
writings  now  present. 

j6tg=*  Presents  is  a word  of  constant  occurrence  in 
deeds,  bonds,  and  various  other  instruments,  framed 
immediately  from  the  L.  pra'sentes , which  was  used 
with  literal  (letters)  as  formal  words  of  description  in 
the  old  conveyances.  The  word  literal,  was  sometimes 
suppressed  ; this  led  to  the  use  of  preesentes  as  a sub- 
stantive, and  ultimately  to  the  English  word  pres- 
ents. Burrill. 

Syn.  — See  Gift. 

PRE-^ENT',  v . a.  [L.  preesento , to  present ; It. 
presentare ; Sp.  presentar  ; Fr.  presenter. \ [i. 

PRESENTED  ; pp.  PRESENTING,  PRESENTED.] 

1.  To  place  in  the  presence  of  a superior. 

They  led  him  high  applauded,  and  present 

Before  the  seat  supreme.  Milton. 

2.  To  exhibit  to  view  or  notice ; to  offer. 

She  went  in  peril  of  each  noise  appeared, 

And  of  each  shade  that  did  itself  jwesent.  Spenser. 

Or  hear  what  to  my  mind  first  thoughts  present.  Milton. 

3.  To  give  formally ; to  make  a present  of ; 
to  bestow ; to  grant ; to  confer. 

Folks  in  mud-wall  tenement 

Present  a turkey  or  a hen 

To  those  might  better  spare  them  ten.  Prior. 

4.  To  put  ceremoniously  into  the  hands  of 
another. 

So  ladies  in  romance  assist  their  knight. 

Present  the  spear,  and  arm  him  for  the  fight.  Pope. 

5.  To  make  a present  to  ; to  favor  with  a gift ; 
— usually  followed  by  with. 

Octavia  presented  the  poet,  for  his  admirable  elegy  on  her 
sou  Marcellus.  Dryden. 

Should  I present  thee  with  rare  figured  plate.  Dryden. 

6.  To  offer  openly  ; to  proffer. 

He  . . . presented  battle  to  the  French  navy.  Hayward. 

7.  To  lay  before  a legislature,  court,  or  other 
official  body  for  consideration;  as,  “To  present 
a petition.” 

8.  (Reel.)  To  offer  to  the  bishop  of  the  dio- 
cese to  be  instituted,  as  a clerk.  Burrill. 

9.  (Laic.)  To  lay  before  a court  for  inquiry ; 
to  find  or  represent  judicially ; to  indict ; as, 
“ A grand  jury  present  certain  offences.”  Burrill. 

10.  (Mil.)  To  level;  to  aim;  to  point,  — as 
any  species  of  fire-arms. 

To  -present  arms,  (Mil.)  to  put  the  arms  or  guns  in 
a perpendicular  position  in  front  of  the  body,  as  in 
saluting  a superior  officer,  or  in  token  of  respect. 

Syn.  — See  Give,  Offer.  ' Stocqueler. 

PRF1-§ENT'A-BLE,  a.  1.  That  may  he  presented, 
as  to  a church-living.  Ayliffe. 

2.  That  may  be  exhibited  or  represented. 

Here  are  again  two  ideas  not  presentable  but  by  language. 

Burke. 

f PRE§-EN-TA'NlJ-OUS,  a.  [L.  preesentaneus  ; It. 
Sf  Sp.  presentaneo .]  Ready  ; quick  ; immediate. 
“ Like  a presentaneous  poison.”  Harvey. 

f PRKS'JEN-TA-RY,  a.  Present.  Chaucer. 

PRE§-]JN-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  prccsentatio  ; It.  pre- 
sentazione ; Sp.  presentation ; Fr.  presentation.'] 

1.  The  act  of  presenting.  Hooker. 

2.  Representation  ; exhibition  ; show.  “ These 
presentations  of  fighting  on  the  stage.”  Dryden. 

3.  The  act  of  offering  any  one  to  an  ecclesi- 
astical benefice.  Hale. 

Presentation  copy,  a copy  of  an  author’s  works  pre- 
sented by  him  as  a mark  of  respect. 

PRE-§ENT'A-TIVE,  a.  Relating  to,  or  admitting, 
presentations.  “ Advowson presentativc.”  Black- 
stone.  “ To  make  it  [the  parsonage]  presenta- 
tive.”  Speltnan. 

PREip-EN-TEE',  n.  [Fr.  presente.]  (Eng.  Law.) 
One  presented  to  a benefice.  Ayliffe. 

PRE-§ENT'iER,  n.  One  who  presents.  L’Estrange. 

t PRJ5-§EN'TIAL  (pre-zen'shtd),  a.  Supposing  ac- 
tual presence.  Norris. 

f PR5-§EN-TI-AL'I-TY  (pre-zen-she-al'e-te),  n. 
The  state  of  being  present.  South. 

t PR?-SEN'TIAL-LY  (-shal-le),  ad.  In  a way 
which  supposes  actual  presence.  More. 

f PR?-§EN'TI-ATE  (pre-zen'she-at),  v.  a.  To 
make  present.  Grew. 

PR^-SEN'Tr-ENT  (pre-sen'she-ent),  a.  [L.  pree, 
before,  and  Eng.  sentient.]  Having  a previous 
sensation  ; perceiving  beforehand.  Wright. 


f PRE§-5N-TlF'IC,  l a.  [L.  proesens,  present', 

f PRE§-EN-TIF'I-CAL,  ) and  facio,  to  make.] 
Making  present.  More. 

f PRE§-?N-TlF'JC-LY,  ad.  So  as  to  make  pres- 
ent. More. 

PRE-SENT'I-MENT,  n.  [L.  pro;,  before,  and  Eng. 
sentiment.]  A previous  notion,  idea,  or  senti- 
ment. “ A presentiment  of  what  is  to  be.”  Butler. 

PRE-SENT-I-MENT'AL,  a.  Relating  to,  or  having, 
presentiment.  Coleridge. 

f PRE-SEN'TION,  n.  See  Presension.  Todd. 

PRES'ENT-LY,  ad.  1.  f At  present ; at  this  time  ; 
now.  “ All  I will  presently  say  is  this.”  Hooker. 

2.  Immediately  ; at  once  ; directly  ; soon. 

He  shall  presently  give  me  more  than  twelve  legions  of 
angels.  Matt.  xxvi.  53. 

PRE-§ENT'MENT,  n.  1.  The  act  of  presenting. 

Upon  the  heels  of  my  jiresentment.  Slink. 

2.  Any  thing  presented ; presentation  ; ap- 
pearance. 

The  counterfeit  presentment  of  two  brothers.  Shak. 

3.  (Law.)  The  notice  taken  by  a grand 
jury,  of  their  own  knowledge,  without  any  bill 
or  indictment  found  before  them,  of  any  of- 
fence, nuisance,  libel,  &c. : — an  indictment 
found  by  a grand  jury  : — also  the  writing  which 
contains  the  accusation  presented.  Bouvier. 

Presentment  contracts,  the  production  of  a bill  of  ex- 
change or  promissory  note  to  the  party  on  whom  the 
former  is  drawn  for  itis  acceptance,  or  to  the  person 
bound  to  pay  either  for  payment.  Bouvier. 

flSr-  The  difference  between  a presentment  and  an 
inquisition  is  this,  that  tile  former  is  found  by  a grand 
jury  authorized  to  inquire  of  offences  generally,  where- 
as the  latter  is  an  aefusation  found  by  a jury  specially 
returned  to  inquire  concerning  the  particular  offence. 
Bouvier. 

f PRE§'15NT-NESS,  n.  Presence  of  mind;  quick- 
ness at  emergencies  ; presence.  Clarendon. 

PRESENTOIR.  (prez-en-twor'),  n.  [Fr.]  An  orna- 

mental cup,  very  shallow,  and  having  a tall  en- 
riched stem.  Fairholt. 

PRIJ-SERV'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  preserved. 

PRE§-ER-VA'TION,  7i.  [Sp.  preservation.] 

1.  The  act  of  preserving ; care  to  preserve  ; 

protection.  Locke. 

2.  The  state  of  being  preserved  ; security. 

Every  senseless  thing,  by  nature’s  light. 

Doth  preservation  seek,  destruction  shun.  Davies. 

PRE-SERV'A-TIVE,  7i.  [It.  <§  Sp.  preservative  ; 
Fr.  jweserraft/'.]  That  which  preserves;  that 
which  has  the  power  of  preserving  or  prevent- 
ing ; something  that  confers  security. 

Were  there  truth  therein,  it  were  the  best  preservative  for 
princes.  Browne. 

PRJF.-^ERV  A-TI VE,  a.  That  preserves  ; having 
power  to  preserve  ; conservative.  Joh7ison. 

PRE-§ERV' A-TO-RY,  71.  That  which  preserves ; 
preservative  ; a conservatory.  Whitlock. 

PRlJ-§ERV'A-TO-RY,  a.  That  may  tend  to  pre- 
serve ; preservative ; conservative.  Bqi.  Hall. 

PRESERVE'  (pre-zerv'),  v.  a.  [Low  L.  preeservo  ; 
prat,  before,  and  sei~vo,  to  save  ; It.  preservare  ; 
Sp.  preservar ; Fr.  preserver.]  [i.  preserved  ; 

pp.  PRESERVING,  PRESERVED.] 

1.  To  shelter  from  harm,  danger,  or  injury  ; 
to  protect ; to  shield ; to  keep  ; to  secure  ; to 
save  ; to  guard  ; to  defend ; to  watch  over  ; to 
spare. 

To  be  indifferent,  which  of  two  opinions  is  true,  is  the  right 
temper  of  the  mind,  that  preserves  it  from  being  imposed  on 
till  it  has  done  its  best  to  find  the  truth.  Locke. 

2.  To  season,  as  fruit,  vegetables,  &c.,  with 

sugar  or  other  substances  in  order  to  keep  from 
decaying  : — to  embalm.  “To  preserve  plums, 
walnuts,  or  cucumbers.”  Joh7ison. 

Syn.  — See  Keep. 

PR1J-§ERVE',  n.  1.  Fruit  preserved  in  sugar  or 
syrup  ; a sweetmeat.  Mortimer. 

2.  An  enclosed  place  set  apart  for  the  preser- 
vation of  game  ; an  enclosure.  Baird. 

PRlJ-^ERV'JjlR,  71.  1.  The  person  or  thing  that 

preserves,  or  that  keeps  from  ruin  or  mischief. 

Sit,  m y preserver,  by  thy  patient’s  side.  Shak. 

2.  One  who  makes  preserves  of  fruits. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — Q,  £,  9,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


PRESERVERESS 


1124 


PRESTIGE 


Pltp-ijERV  IJR-ESS,  n.  A female  who  preserves. 

PRE-SHOW',  v.  a.  To  show  beforehand  or  pre- 
viously ; to  foreshow.  Iioget. 

rRRMjiDG'  (pre-zld')  [pre-zld',  Ja.  K.  Sm.  IVb.  ; 
pre-sid h'.  W.  P.  J.  r'.},  v.  n.  [L .prasideo,  to 
sit  before  ; pra,  before,  and  sedeo,  to  sit ; It. 
presedere  ; Sp.  presider  ; Fr.  presic^er.']  [i.  pre- 
sided ; pp.  PRESIDING,  PRESIDED.] 

1.  To  sit  or  be  set,  or  placed,  as  chief  or  head ; 
to  have  authority  over  others;  to  act  as  ^presi- 
dent; as,  “ To  preside  over  an  assembly.” 

2.  To  have  superintendence ; to  be  watchful. 

O’er  the  plans 

Of  thriving  peace  thy  thoughtful  sires  preside.  Thomson. 

PRE§'I-DENCE,  n.  Presidency;  superintendence. 

The  presence  and  presidence  of  a sincere  religious  prin- 
ciple. hd-  Jiev- 

PRE§  I-DF.N-CY,  n.  1.  The  act  of  presiding; 
presidentship;  superintendence;  oversight. 

Without  the  presidency  and  guidance  of  some  superior 
agent.  Hay. 

2.  The  office  of  president;  as,  “ To  be  elected 
to  the  presidency.” 

3.  The  term  of  a president’s  office;  as,  “The 
presidency  of  Washington  began  April  30,  1789, 
and  ended  March  3,  1797-” 

PRE§'!-DENT,  n.  [L.  prasidens  ; It.  Sf  Sp.  presi- 
dente  , Fr.  president .] 

1.  One  who  presides,  or  who  is  placed  in  au- 
thority over  others,  as  in  an  assembly. 

The  tutor  sits  in  the  chair  as  president  or  moderator,  to  see 
that  the  rules  of  disputation  be  observed.  Watts. 

2.  A superintendent ; a tutelary  power. 

This  last  complaint  the  indulgent  ears  did  pierce 

Of  .lust  Apollo,  president  of  vyrse.  trailer. 

3.  f A guide  ; a precedent.  Bacon. 

4.  The  chief  officer  of  an  institution  or  cor- 
poration ; as,  “ The  president  of  a college.” 

5.  The  chief  officer  or  magistrate  of  a repub- 
lic ; as,  “ The  president  of  the  United  States.” 

PRElj-j-DEN’TIAL,  a.  1.  Presiding  over.  “Pres- 
idential angels.”  Glanvill. 

2.  Relating  to  a president.  Qn.  Rev. 

PRECEDENT  SHIP,  n.  The  office  of  president, 
or  his  term  of  office  ; presidency.  Hooker. 

PRF,-§fD' pR,  n.  One  who  presides.  Williams. 

PRE-SlD'l-AL,  a.  [L.  preestdialis ; presidium, 
defence;  Fr.  presidial.]  Relating  to,  or  hav- 
ing, a garrison.  “ Presidial  castles.”  Howell. 

PRE-SID'I-A-RY,  a.  [L.  preesidiarius ; It.  pre- 
sidiario .]  Of,  or  belonging  to,  a garrison.  “ The 
presidiary  soldiers.”  Sheldon. 

PRp-§lD'ING,  p.  a.  That  presides ; directing. 

PUE-SIG-NI-FI-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  prasigniftcatio  \ 
It.  significazione ; Sp.  signiJicanou.\  The  act 
of  presignifying.  Barrow. 

PRE-SIG'Nl-FY,  v.  a.  [L.  pree,  before,  and  Eng. 
signify. \ [i.  presignified  ; pp.  presigmey- 

ing,  presignified.]  To  signify  beforehand; 
to  mark  or  denote  before.  Pearson. 

PRE-SPl'NAL,  a.  [L.  pra,  before,  and  spina,  the 
spine.]  Being  before  the  spine.  Dunglison. 

PRESS,  v.  a.  [L.  premo,  pressus  ; It.  pressure ; 
Fr ._prcsser.  — Dut.  $ Ger.  pressen  ; Dan.  pres- 
ser.]  ' [i.  pressed;  pp.  pressing,  pressed.] 

1.  To  compress  with  force  or  a weight  ap- 
plied ; to  crowd  into  a smaller  space  ; to  squeeze ; 
to  crush ; to  gripe. 

I took  the  grapes,  and  pressed  them  into  Pharaoh’s  cun. 

(Jen.  xl.  11. 

2.  To  crush  with  calamities  ; to  oppress. 

Enough  to  press  a royal  merchant  down.  Sliak. 

3.  To  urge  by  necessity  ; to  constrain  ; to 
compel ; to  coerce  ; to  drive  ; to  hasten. 

With  hunger ]iressed.  devours  the  pleasing  bait.  Dryden. 

To  purge  him  of  that  humor 
That  presses  him  from  sleep.  Shall. 

4.  To  impose  by  constraint;  to  compel;  to 
force.  “ He  pressed  a letter  upon  me.”  Dryden. 

5.  To  affect  strongly  ; to  move  ; to  stir. 

Paul  was  pressed  in  spirit.  Acts. 

6.  To  inculcate  with  argument  or  importuni- 
ty ; to  enforce  ; to  enjoin  ; to  urge  ; to  solicit. 

Be  sure  to  press  upon  him  every  motive.  Addison. 

7.  To  hug,  as  in  embracing.  Dryden. 


8.  To  force  into  the  naval  or  the  military  ser- 
vice ; to  impress,  as  seamen  or  as  soldiers. 

You  were  pressed  for  the  sea  service.  Swift. 

9.  To  squeeze  in  order  to  make  smooth,  as 
cloth  or  paper. 

PRESS,  v.n.  1.  To  act  with  compulsive  violence ; 
to  be  distressing.  “ The  most  pressing  difficul- 
ties.” Tillotson. 

2.  To  proceed  or  go  forward  with  violence, 
energy,  or  perseverance  towards  any  object. 

I press  toward  the  mark  for  the  prize  of  the  high  calling 
of  God  in  Christ  Jesus.  Fail.  iii.  14. 

3.  To  make  invasion ; to  encroach. 

On  superior  powers 

Were  we  to  press , inferiors  might  on  ours.  Pope. 

4.  To  crowd;  to  throng. 

For  he  had  healed  many,  insomuch  that  they  pressed  upon 
him  for  to  touch  him.  Mark  iii.  10. 

5.  To  come  unseasonably  or  importunately. 

Nor  press  too  near  the  throne.  Dryden. 

6.  To  have  weight  or  influence  ; to  operate. 

When  arguments  press  equally  in  matters  indifferent,  the 

safest  method  is  to  give  up  ourselves  to  neither.  Addison. 

7.  To  push;  to  bear.  “ Patroclus  presses 

upon  Hector  too  boldly.”  Pope. 

PRESS,  n.  [It.  pressa  ; Sp.  prensa  ; Fr.  presse ; 
Dan.  If  Ger.  presse .] 

1.  An  instrument  or  machine  by  which  any 
thing  is  pressed  : — a wine-press  ; a cider-press. 

The  press  is  full,  the  fats  overflow.  Joel  iii.  13. 

2.  The  instrument  used  in  printing ; a print- 
ing-press. 

Make  itrcsses  groan,  lead  senators  to  fight.  Young. 

3.  The  business  of  printing  and  publishing  ; 
the  literature  of  a country. 

The  liberty  of  the  press  is  the  palladium  of  all  the  civil, 
political,  and  religious  liberty  of  an  Englishman.  Junius. 

4.  A crowd  ; a tumult ; a throng. 

Who  is  it  in  the  press  that  calls  on  me?  Shak. 

5.  Violent  tendency  ; act  of  pushing  forward. 

6 A case  or  frame  for  clothes  and  other  uses. 
“ Neither  press,  coffer,  chest,  trunk.”  Shale 

7 A commission  to  force  men  into  the  mill 
tary  or  naval  service  ; impressment.  Raleigh. 

Press  of  sail,  as  much  as  the  wind,  at  any  given 
time,  will  permit  the  ship  to  carry.  J\Iar.  Diet. 

Liberty  of  the  press , the  liberty  or  right  which  all 
men  have  to  print  and  publish  whatever  they  may 
deem  proper,  unless,  by  doing  so,  they  infringe  the 
rights  of  another,  as  in  t lie  case  of  copyrights. Bouvier. 

The  liberty  of  the  press  is,  indeed,  essential  to  the  nature 
of  a free  state;  hut  this  consists  in  laying  no  previous  re- 
straints upon  publications,  and  not  in  freedom  from  censure 
for  criminal  matter  when  published.  Blackstone. 

PRESS'— BED,  ii.  A bed  that  may  be  turned  up 
and  enclosed  in  a case. 

I was  to  sleep  in  a little  press-bed  in  Dr.  Johnson’s  room. 

Boswell. 

PRESS'JgR,  n.  Fie  who,  or  that  which,  presses. 

PRESS'— GANG,  n.  A detachment  from  a ship’s 
crew,  or  a number  of  men,  strolling  about  with 
authority  to  impress  men  into  naval  service  ; 
an  impress-gang.  Johnson. 

PRESS'ING,  p.  a.  Squeezing;  constraining;  dis- 
tressing ; — urgent ; importunate. 

PRESS  ING-EY,  ad.  With  force ; closely.  Howell. 

PRES’SION,  n.  [L.  pressio  ; It . pressione.] 

1.  f The  act  of  pressing;  pressure.  Newton. 

2.  In  the  Cartesian  philosophy,  an  endeavor 

to  move.  Wright. 

PRES'ST-ROS-TpR,  n.  [L .pressus,  flattened,  and 
rostrum,  a beak.]  ( Ornith.)  One  of  a tribe  of 
wading  birds,  including  those  which  have  a flat- 
tened or  compressed  beak.  Brande. 

PRES'SI-ROS-TRAE,  a.  (Ornith.')  Having  a com- 
pressed or  flattened  beak.  Clarke. 

f PRES’SI-TANT,  a.  Gravitating  ; heavy.  More. 

t PRGSS'LY,  ad.  [L.  presse.']  Closely.  More. 

PRESS'MAN.  11.  ; pi.  pressmen.  1.  A printer 
who  works  at  the  press.  Ld.  Chesterfield. 

2.  One  of  a press-gang.  Chapman. 

PRESS-MON-1JY  (pres'inun-e),  11.  Money  given 
to  one  who  is  pressed  into  the  naval  service  ; 
prest-money. — See  Prest-.money.  Gay. 

f PRESS'NESS,  n.  Closeness  ; compression.  Young. 


PRESS'— PACK,  v.  a.  To  compress  by  a hydraulic 
or  other  press.  Ogilvie. 

PRESS'— ROOM,  it.  An  apartment  in  which  presses 
for  any  purpose  are  kept ; — the  room  where 
the  printing-presses  are  worked,  as  distinguished 
from  a composing-room,  &c.  Ogilvie. 

PRESS  1 R- A (j  E,  it.  Fhe  juice  of  the  grape  ex- 
tracted by  the  press  . — a fee  paid  to  the  owner 
of  a wine-press  for  its  use.  Simmonds. 

PRESS' IRE  (presli'ur),  n.  [L.  if  It.  pres  sural] 

1.  lhe  act  of  pressing  or  crushing,  or  the 
state  of  being  pressed  or  crushed.  Johnson. 

2.  F orce  acting  against  any  thing ; weight 
acting  or  resisting;  gravitation. 

Every  tiling  fitted  tn  produce  the  sensation  of  pressure, 
such  as  a weight,  the  elasticity  of  a spring,  &c.,  is  called  a 
pressure.  yatm  Cyc. 

Since  the  particles  of  a liquid  move  among  each  other 
with  perfect  freedom,  it  161  ows  that  liquids  must  transmit 
Zjressure  equally  in  every  direction.  Loomis. 

3.  Affliction  ; grievance;  distress;  oppression. 

To  tins  consideration  he  retreats,  in  the  midst  of  all  his 
pressures , with  comfort.  Atterlmry. 

4.  Character  impressed  ; impression ; stamp. 

From  my  memory 
I ’ll  wipe  away  ...  all  pressures  past 
That  youth  and  observation  copied  there.  Shak. 

5.  Urgency;  as,  “The  pressure  of  public 

business.”  * Iioget. 

PRESS'WORK  (pres'wiirk),  n.  (Printing.)  The 
operation  of  taking  impressions  from  types,  by 
means  of  the  press.  Brande. 

f PREST,  a.  [L .prasto\  pra,  before,  and  sto,  to 
stand  ; It.  <8;  Sp.  presto ; Old  Fr.  prest ; Fr.  pret.] 

1.  Ready  ; not  dilatory. 

Each  mind  is  prest , and  open  every  ear.  Fairfax. 

iJ^This  is  said  to  have  been  the  original  sense  of 
the  word  as  used  in  the  phrase  prest  men , i.  e.  men  not 
forced  into  the  service,  as  we  now  understand  it,  but 
men  for  a certain  sum  received,  prest  or  ready  to 
march  at  command.  Johnson. 

2.  f Neat : — tight.  Ttisser. 

t PREST,  n.  [Old  Fr.  prest.']  1.  f A loan. 

He  required  of  the  city  a prest  of  six  thousand  marks.  Bacon. 

2.  (Law .)  Duty  in  money  to  be  paid  by  the 
sheriff  upon  bis  account  in  the  exchequer  or  for 
money  left  in  his  hands.  Wliishaw. 

PRES'TA-BLE,  a.  Payable  ; that  may  be  made 
good.  [Scotland.]  Sir  W.  Scott . 

PRES-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  prwstatio , a paying  or  per- 
forming.] ( Old  Eng.  Law.)  A payment  or  per- 
formance : — the  rendering  of  a service.  Burrill. 

Prestation  money , a sum  of  money  paid  by  archdea- 
cons yearly  to  their  bishop.  fVhisliaw. 

PRES'TER,  7i.  [Gr.  wpiior/ip,  a meteor;  wp/jOco, 
7r prjaix),  to  blow  into  a flame.] 

1.  A kind  of  exhalation,  thrown  from  the 

clouds  downwards  with  such  force  as  to  be  set 
on  fire  by  the  collision.  Todd. 

2.  The  external  part  of  the  neck  which  swells 

when  one  is  angry.  Wright. 

3.  f A priest.  Clarke . 

Prrster  John , “ the  priest  John,”  was  the  name 

given,  in  the  middle  age^to  a supposed  Christian  sov 
ereign,  who  was  said  to  live  somewhere  in  the  interior 
of  Asia.  This  report  seems  to  have  originated  with 
the  Nestorians.  The  existence  of  such  a monarch  con 
tinned  to  be  believed  in  Europe  till  the  end  of  the  fif 
teentli  century,  when  the  Portuguese,  having  reached 
India,  set  about  looking  for  Prester  John  in  that  coun- 
try, but  without  success;  and  subsequently  lie  was 
erroneously  supposed*  to  be  identical  with  the  king  of 
Habbesh  in  Abyssinia.  P.  Cyc. 

PRES-TEZ'ZA  (pres-tets'za),  71.  [It.]  (Mns.) 

Quickness;  rapidity.  Moore. 

PRES-TI^E',  or  PRES'TIQE  (pres-tej' or  pres'tjj), 
7i.  \ pi.  pres'ti  (.in?.  [L . jM'ccstigia, preestigium 
It.  $ Sp.  prest igio  ; Fr  prestige. J 

1.  Illusion;  enchantment;  fascination;  charm. 
The  sophisms  of  infidelity  and  the  prestiges  of  imposture. 

iVarburton. 

2.  Moral  influence  or  advantage  created  by 
past  success ; auspicious  circumstance  or  ad- 
vantage ; giving  promise  of  success. 

She  [Elizabeth]  comes  to  the  throne  with  such  a prestige 
as  never  sovereign  came  since  the  days  when  Isaiah  sang  his 
pagan  over  young  Ilczekiah’s  accession.  N.  Bril.  Jiev. 

The  prestige  of  a successful  battle,  especially  to  young 
troops,  is  inestimable.  Ch.  Ob. 

Prestige  manifestly  supplies  a want  in  our 
toncue  ; it  expresses  something  which  no  single  word 
in  English  could  express,  which  could  only  be  ex- 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short ; 


A,  ?,  I,  O,  V,  X>  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; 


HEIR,  HER; 


PRESTIGIATION 


1125 


P RETER-IMPERFECT 


pressed  by  a circumlocution,  being  that  moral  influence 
which  pant  successes,  us  the  pledge  of  uod  promise  of 
future  ones,  breed.  The  word  lias  thus  naturally  come 
to  he  of  very  frequent  use  by  good  English  writers  , 
for  they  do  not  feel  that,  in  employing  it,  they  are  de- 
serting as  good  or  a better  word  of  theirown.  At  first, 
all  used  it  avowedly  as  French,  writing  it  in  Italics. 
Gradually  the  number  of  those  who  write  it  in  Italics 
will  become  fewer  and  fewer,  till  they  cease  altogeth- 
er. Tt  will  then  only  need  that  the  accent  should  be 
shifted,  in  obedience  to  the  tendencies  of  the  English 
language  from  the  second  syllable  to  the  first,  and 
that,  instead  of  pres-tige',  it  should  be  pronounced 
pres'tige,  and  its  naturalization  will  be  complete.  1 
have  little  doubt  that  in  twenty  years  it  will  be  so 
pronounced  by  the  great  body  of  well-educated  Eng- 
lishmen. Trench , 1855. 

siff- Johnson  inserted  in  his  Dictionary  the  word 
pres'tiges,  pi.,  from  L.  pra-sligiai,  as  Coles,  Kirby,  Bui 
ley,  and  Martin  had  done  in  their  Dictionaries,  and  he 
retained  the  following  definition,  which  was  given 
by  Kirby.  “Illusions-,  impostures  ; juggling  tricks 
and  in  this  sense  it  is  used  by  Warburton. 

f PRES-THJ-I-A  TION,  ii.  [L.  prastigia,  tricks.] 
A deceiving  ; legerdemain  ; juggling.  Howell. 

f PRES-Tty'I-A-TOR,  n.  A juggler.  More. 

fPRIJS-Tlg'I-A-TO-RY,  a.  Juggling.  Barrow. 

t PRIJS-Tl(J'[-OUS,  a.  Practising  tricks.  Bale. 

PRES'TI-MO-NY,  n.  [L.  prresto,  to  maintain; 
pree,  before,  and  slo,  to  stand;  Port.  § Sp.  pres- 
timonio.]  ( Canon  Law.)  A fund  for  the  sup- 
port of  a priest,  not  subject  to  the  pope  or  the 
ordinary.  Wright. 

PRES-TJS’  SI-MO,  ad.  [It.]  ( Mils .)  Extremely 

fast  or  quick.  Moore. 

PREST'-MON-EY,  n.  Earnest  money  given  to  a 
soldier  when  he  is  enlisted;  — so  called  because 
it  binds  the  receiver  to  be  ready  for  service  at 
all  times  appointed.  — See  Prest.  Whishaw. 

PltES'TO,  ad.  [L.  preesto,  ready;  pree,  before, 
and  sto,  to  stand  ; It.  § Sp.  presto.] 

1.  Quickly  ; at  once  ; — a word  used  by  those 

who  show  legerdemain.  Swift. 

2.  (Mus.)  In  a lively  manner  ; gayly  ; — im- 
plying that  the  movement  at  the  beginning  of 
which  it  is  placed  is  to  be  performed  in  a very 
quick,  though  not  the  quickest,  time.  Moore. 

f PRp-STRIC'TION,  n.  [Old  L.  preestrictio.)  A 
dimness  of  sight.  Milton. 

PREST'— SAIL,  ii.  ( Naut .)  All  the  sail  which  a 
ship  can  carry.  Clarke. 

t PRE-SULTOR,  n.  [L.  preesidtor.]  One  who 
leads  a dance.  Cudworth. 

PRIJ-SUM'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  presumed; 
credible  ; probable.  Todd. 

PRE-§UM'  A-BLy,  ad.  By  presumption.  Browne. 

PRE-^UME  (pre-zum'),  v.  n.  [L.  preesumo,  to  an- 
ticipate ; pree,  before,  and  sumo,  to  take  up ; It. 
presumere ; Sp.  presumir;  Fr.  pres  timer.]  [ i . 

PRESUMED  ; pp.  PRESUMING,  PRESUMED.] 

1.  To  believe  previously  without  examination  ; 
to  suppose;  to  believe  ; to  think. 

We  do  not  only  presume  it  may  be  so,  but  actually  find 
it  so.  Gov.  of  the  Tongue. 

2.  To  venture  without  positive  leave  ; to  dare. 

I to  the  heavenly  vision  thus  presumed.  Milton. 

3.  To  form  confident  or  arrogant  opinions  ; — 
with  upon  before  the  cause  of  confidence. 

Do  not  jircsume  too  much  upon  my  love.  Shale. 

4.  To  make  confident  or  arrogant  attempts. 

Placed  heaven  from  earth  so  far,  that  earthly  sight, 

If  it  presume , might  err  in  things  too  high.  Milton. 

PRESUME',  v.  a.  To  take  for  granted  ; to  sup- 
pose ; to  believe;  to  consider;  to  deem;  to 
think;  as,  “Every  man  is  to  be  presumed,  inno- 
cent till  he  is  proved  to  be  guilty.”  Blackstone. 

PR|J-§UM'(5R,  ii.  One  who  presumes;  an  arro- 
gant person.  Hammond. 

PRp-ljUM'ING,  p.  a.  Supposing:  — venturing 
without  permission  ; confident ; forward  ; arro- 
gant ; presumptive ; presumptuous. 

PRE-^IJMP’TION  (pre-zum  shun),  n.  [L.  preesump- 
tio  ; Fr . presomption.] 

1.  The  act  of  presuming ; belief  previously 
formed  ; opinion  ; supposition. 

Though  men  believed  in- a future  state,  they  had  but  con- 
fused presumptions  of  the  nature  and  condition  of  it.  Jlogers. 


2.  Confidence  grounded  on  any  thing  pre- 
supposed ; — with  upon. 

A presumption  upon  this  aid  was  the  principal  motive  for 
the  undertaking.  Clarendon. 

3.  An  argument  strong,  but  not  demonstra- 
tive ; a strong  probability.  Hooker. 

4.  Presumptuousness ; arrogance. 

Lest  blind  presumption  work  their  ruining.  Daniel. 

5.  Unreasonable  confidence  of  divine  favor. 

The  awe  of  his  majesty  will  keep  us  from  presumption. 

Rogers. 

6.  {Law.)  A belief  as  to  the  existence  of  a 

fact  not  actually  known,  arising  from  its  neces- 
sary or  usual  connection  with  others  which  are 
known  : — an  inference  affirmative  or  disaffirm- 
ative  of  the  existence  of  a disputed  fact,  drawn 
by  a judicial  tribunal,  by  a process  of  probable 
reasoning,  from  some  one  or  more  matters  of 
fact,  either  admitted  in  the  cause  or  otherwise 
satisfactorily  established.  Burrill. 

Syn. — See  Arrogance. 

PRESUMPTIVE  (pre-zum'tiv), «.  [Fr. presomptif] 

1.  Taken  by  previous  supposition  ; grounded 

on  probable  evidence  ; supposed.  Locke. 

2.  Confident  ; arrogant ; presumptuous. 

It  may  not  be  presumptive  or  sceptical  to  doubt  of  both 
[opinions].  Browne. 

Presumptive  evidence,  (Law.)  evidence  from  which 
a presumption  may  he  inferred.  In  all  cases  of  prob- 
able reason] n?.  the  proof  is  said  to  be  presumptive, 
and  the  inference  to  which  it  gives  rise  presumption. 
Burrill. — Presumptive  heir,  (Law.)  a person  who,  if 
his  ancestor  should  die  immediately,  would,  in  the 
present  circumstances  of  things,  be  his  heir.  Burrill. 

PRE-^UMP'TI  VE-LY,  ad.  In  a presumptive  man- 
ner ; by  previous  supposition.  Burke. 

PRE-^UMPT'U-OUS  (pre-zumt'yu-us),  a . [It.  § 
Sp.  prestmtuoso  ; Fr.  presomptueux.'] 

1.  Arrogant ; unreasonably  confident ; too  bold. 

Minds  somewhat  raised 

By  false,  presumjituous  hope.  Milton. 

2.  Irreverent  with  respect  to  holy  things. 

The  sins  whereinto  he  falletli  are  not  presumptuous.  Perkins. 

B3p  “ There  is  a vulgar  pronunciation  of  tins  word 
tn  three  syllables  (pre-zum'shus),  winch  should  be 
carefully  avoided.”  IVoiker. 

PRE-^UMPT'UtOUS-LY  (pre-zuint'yu-us-le),  ad.  In 
a presumptuous  manner  ; arrogantly  ; confident- 
ly ; — irreverently. 

And  not  suffer  me  to  go  on  presumptuously.  Hammond. 

PRE-§UMPT'y-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing presumptuous  ; unfounded  confidence  ; ir- 
reverence. Conyheare. 

PRE-SUP-PO§'AL,  n.  Presupposition  ; a supposal 
previously  formed.  Hooker. 

PRE-SUP-PO^E',  v.  a.  [L.  prd,  before,  and  Eng. 
suppose.]  [i.  presupposed  ; pp.  presuppos- 
ing, presupposed.]  To  suppose  beforehand  ; 
to  conjecture  or  surmise  previously  ; to  imply 
as  antecedent ; to  take  for  granted  ; to  assume. 

Inasmuch  as  a righteous  life  presupposes  life.  Hooker. 

PRE-SUP-PO-Jjl'TION  (pre-sup-po-zish  un),  11.  [It. 
presupposizione ; Sp.  presuposicion  ; Fr.  pre- 
supposition.] Supposition  previously  formed ; 
conjecture ; surmise.  North. 

PRE-SUR-MISE',  n.  [L.  pree,  before,  and  Eng. 
surmise.]  Surmise  previously  formed;  previous 
supposition  or  suspicion.  Shak. 

PRE-TENGE',  n.  [L.  pree,  before,  and  tendo,  ten- 
sus,  to  hold  out  or  extend.] 

1.  The  act  of  pretending,  or  showing,  or  al- 
leging -what  is  not  real ; show  ; appearance  ; 
pretext. 

With  flying  speed  and  seeming  great  pretence.  Spenser. 

2.  f A false  argument  grounded  upon  ficti- 
tious postulates. 

This  pretence  against  religion  will  ...  be  baffled.  Tillotson. 

3.  Assumption  ; claim  ; demand. 

Primogeniture  cannot  have  any  pretence  to  a right  of  solely 
inheriting  property  or  power.  Locke. 

4.  Something  threatened  or  held  out  to  terrify. 

Against  the  undivulged  pretence  I fight 

Of  treasonous  maliee.  Shak. 

Escutcheon  of  pretence  (Her.)  is  that  in  which  a 
man  bears  the  coat  of  arms  of  his  wife,  being  an 
heiress.  Crabb. 

Syn. — See  Pretext. 

PRFI-TENCE'LpSS,  a.  Having  no  pretence. 

Milton. 


PRE-TEND’,  v.  a.  [L.  preetendo,  to  pretend  ; pree, 
before,  and  tendo,  to  hold  out ; It.  pretendere ; 
Sp.  pretender ; Fr.  pretendre.]  [i.  pretended  ; 

pp.  PRETENDING,  PRETENDED.] 

1.  f To  hold  out ; to  stretch  forward. 

His  target  always  over  her  jmeteiulcd.  Spenser . 

2.  To  represent  or  show  deceptively  ; to  al- 
lege falsely  ; to  simulate  ; to  feign  ; to  affect. 

What  reason  can  any  man  pretend  against  religion  ? 

Tillotson. 

3.  To  exhibit  as  a cover  of  something  hidden. 

Lest  that  too  heavenly  form  pretended 

To  hellish  falsehood,  snare  them.  Milton. 

4.  To  lay  claim  to  ; to  claim  : — to  profess. 

Arc  they  not  rich?  What  more  can  they  pretend?  Pope. 

5.  f To  design  ; to  intend  ; to  plan  ; to  plot. 

None  your  foes  but  such  ns  shall  pretend 

Malicious  practices  against  his  state.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Feign. 

PRE-TEND',  v.  n.  1.  To  hold  out  an  appearance  ; 
to  put  in  a claim,  truly  or  falsely. 

What  peace  can  be  when  both  to  one  pretend ? Dri/den. 

2.  To  presume  an  ability  to  do  any  thing;  to 
profess  presumptuously.  Browne. 

PRE  TEND' ED,  p.  a.  Feigned;  merely  apparent ; 
not  real ; hypocritical. 

PRE-TEND  ED-LY,  ad.  By  pretence;  by  false 
appearance  or  representations.  Barrow. 

t PR  E-TEN.' DENCE,  n.  Pretence.  Daniel. 

PRE-TEN'DJPINT,  n.  A pretender.  Bel.  Wottoniaiice. 

PRE-TEND  ER,  ii.  1.  One  who  pretends:  — one 
who  pretends  to  a right  from  which  he  is  exclud- 
ed, or  to  which  he  has  no  just  claim.  Dry  den. 

2.  (Eng.  Hist.)  The  name  by  which  Charles 
Stuart,  the  grandson  of  James  II.,  of  England, 
is  generally  known,  from  his  having  pretended 
a right  to  the  British  crown,  from  which  he  had 
been  excluded.  Braude. 

PRE-TEND'ING,  p.  a.  Making  pretensions  ; simu- 
lating; acting  under  false  appearances;  acting 
hypocritically 

PR  E-TEN  D'ING-LY,  ad.  Arrogantly  ; presumpt- 
uously. 

PRE-TENSED'  (pre-tenst'),  a.  [L.  pree,  before, 
and  tendo,  tensus,  to  tend.]  (Law.)  Pretended. 

When  a 'party,  out  of  possession  of  lands  or 
tenements,  claimed  or  sued  for  the  possession,  lie  was 
said  to  have  a. pretensed  right  and  title.  Burrill. 

t PRE-TEN'SED-LY,  ad.  With  pretension.  Draut. 

PRE-TEN'SION  (pre-ten'sliun),  n.  [It.  pretenzione  ; 
Fr.  pretention.] 

1.  A claim,  true  or  false;  demand;  assump- 
tion. 

Men  indulge  those  opinions  and  practices  that  favor  their 
jjretensions.  L'  Estrange. 

2.  Fictitious  appearance;  pretence;  conceit. 

lie  had  prejudice  to  all  concealments  and  pretensions.  Felt. 

Syn.  — A pretension  implies  that  there  is  some  one 
who  pretends  ; lint  there  may  lie  a cluim  without  an 
immediate  claimant.  A false  pretension  ; a true  or 
false. claim.  Those  who  make  the  highest  pretensions 
often  have  but  slender  claims  to  public  favor  ; a just 
demand-,  arrogant  assumption  , fa.s  e pretences. 

f PRE-TEN'TA-TlVE,  a.  That  may  be  previous- 
ly tried  or  attempted.  Wotton. 

PRE-TEN'TIOUS,  a.  [Fr.  pretentieux.]  Making 
pretensions;  pretending;  assuming;  conceit- 
ed ; vain.  Brit.  Rev.  Qu.  Rev. 

BSr-“  Pretentious,  the  adjective  of  pretence,  which 
is  a word  at  the  present  moment  forcing  its  way  into 
existence,  is  now  displeasing  enough  to  delicate  cars  ; 
yet  no  doubt  it  will  keep  its  ground,  for  it  supplies  a 
real  need,  and  lias  t lie  analogy  of  the  French  prct.cn- 
tiriu-  to  help  it.  In  a very  little  time  multitudes  will 
use  it,  quite  unconscious  ilint  it  is  not  older,  nor  per- 
haps so  old  as  they  are  themselves.”  Trench,  1851. 

PHE  'ter.  [L.  preeter.]  A particle,  in  words  of 
Latin  origin,  signifying  beside,  beyond,  beyond 
in  time. 

PR  E-TER- IIU' MAN,  a.  [L.  precter , beyond,  and 
Eng.  human.]  Beyond  what  is  human  ; super- 
human. Milman. 

PRE-TE'RT-ENT,  a.  [L.  pratereo , pratteriens  ; 
prater,  through,  and  eo,  to  go.]  Passed  through  ; 
anterior.  “ Preterient  states.”  [it.]  Observer. 
PRE'TFcOHM-PER'FfiCT,  a-  [L.  prater,  beyond, 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RIJLE.  — <j,  <J,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  £,  g,  hard ; § as  z ; % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


PEETERIST 


1126 


PREVENE 


and  Eng.  imperfect .]  {Gram.)  Imperfectly 
past ; — applied  to  a tense  which,  in  its  primary 
use,  signifies  a time  that  was  passing  ; — other- 
wise called  imperfect. 

PRE'T^R-iST,  n.  One  who  has  regard  to  the 
past.  Ec.  Rev. 

||  PRET'^R-lTE,  or  PRE'T$R-ITE  [pret'er-it,  S.  K. 
Sm.  R.;  pre'ter-it,  XV.  J.  Ja.  C.  Wr.  Wb.],  a. 
[L.  pratc?'eo,  prateritus,  past ; prceter , beyond, 
and  eo,  to  go  ; Fr.  preterit. \ Expressive  of  past 
time  ; past ; noting  the  past  or  perfect  tense  of 
the  verb ; as,  “ I wrote  ” ; — written  often  preterit. 

Though  “ might,"  “ could,”  “ would,”  and  “ should  ” are 
preterite  tenses,  they  are  frequently  employed  to  denote 
present  time.  Crombic. 

The  past  tense,  or  preterite , denotes  past  time. 
Of  this  there  are  three  forms  : 1.  I wrote.  This  is 
the  simple  form,  and  represents  an  action  which  took 
place  at  some  time  completely  past.  This  is  expressed 
in  English  by  the  preterite , in  Greek  by  the  aorist- 
undefined.  2.  I was  writing.  This  is  the  progressive 
form,  and  represents  the  action  as  unfinished  at  a cer- 
tain specified  time  past.  “ I was  speaking  when  he 
entered.”  Here  we  have  two  acts,  the  act  of  speak- 
ing and  the  act  of  entering.  Both  are  past  as  regards 
the  time  of  speaking,  but  they  are  contemporary  as  re- 
gards each  other.  The  progressive  form  is  expressed 
by  the  past  tense  of  the  substantive  verb  and  the  pres- 
ent participle.  \ was  speaking  ; dicebam , the  imperfect 
tense  of  the  Latin.  3.  I did  write.  This  is  the  em- 
phatic form.  Fowler. 

||  PRET'ER-ITE,  n.  The  past  tense.  Ash. 

II  PRET'JJR-lTE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
preterite  or  past ; preterition.  Bentley. 

||  PRET-ER-P'TrON  (pret-er-Ish'nn),  n.  [L.  pra- 
ter itio,  a passing  over;  Fr.  preterition.) 

1.  The  act  of  going  past,  or  the  state  of  being 

past ; past  time.  Bp.  Halt. 

2.  ( Rhet .)  A figure  by  which  a speaker,  in 

pretending  to  pass  over  any  thing,  makes  a 
summary  mention  of  it.  Chambers. 

3.  (Laic.)  The  omission  by  a testator  of  some 

one  of  his  heirs  who  is  entitled  to  a portion  in 
the  succession.  Bouvier. 

||  PRET'JJR-I-TIVE,  a.  (Gram.)  Applied  to  verbs 
used  only  or  chiefly  in  the  preterite  or  past 
tenses.  Wright. 

PRE-TER-LAPSED'  (pre-ter-lapst'),  a.  [L.  prater-' 
labor,  prceterlapsus,  to  glide  by  ; prater,  by,  and 
labor,  to  glide.]  Past  and  gone.  Granville. 

PRE-TER-LE'GAL,  a.  [L.  prceter,  beyond,  and  Eng. 
legal.)  Exceeding  legal  limits.  Kmg  Charles. 

PRE-TpR-MIS'SION  (pre-ter-mlsh'un),  n.  [L. pree- 
termissio  ; It.  pretermissione ; Sp.  pretermision ; 
Fr.  pretermission .] 

1.  The  act  of  pretermitting ; omission.  Donne. 

2.  (Rhet.)  Preterition.  Wright. 

PRE-T^R-MIT',  v.  a.  [L.  preetermitto,  to  let  go 
by  ; prceter,  by  or  beyond,  and  mitto,  to  send  ; 
It.  pretermettere ; Sp.  pretermitir .]  [i.  pretf.r- 

MITTED;  pp.  PRETERMITTING,  PRETERMIT'!’ ED.] 
To  omit ; to  pass  by  ; to  neglect ; to  disregard  ; 
to  overlook.  Wyatt.  Bp.  Gardner. 

PRE-TER-NAT'U-RAL  (pre-ter-nat'yu-ral),  a,  [L. 
prceter,  beyond,  and  Eng.  natural .]  Beyond 
what  is  natural ; out  of  the  bounds  of  nature  ; 
unnatural ; irregular  ; abnormal ; anomalous. 

A preternatural  temper  of  mind.  South. 

A preternatural  fermentation.  Shcnstone. 

Syn. — Preternatural  is  beside  nature  ; supernatu- 
ral, above  nature  ; unnatural , contrary  to  nature.  A 
preternatural  monster  ; a supernatural  performance  or 
occurrence ; an  unnatural  parent. 

PRE-TER-NAT-U-RAl'I-TY,  n.  Preternatural- 
ness. [r.]  ’ Smith  on  Old  Age. 

PRE-TyR-NAT'y-RAL-LY,  acl.  In  a preternatural 
manner ; different  from  the  order  of  nature. 

PRE-TJUR-NAt'U-RAL-NESS,  n.  The  state  of 
being  preternatural ; unnaturalness.  Johnson. 

PRE'TER— PER'FpCT,  a.  [L .prceter,  beyond,  and 
perficio,pcrfectus,  to  finish.]  (Gram.)  Perfect- 
ly past;  applied  to  a tense  which  denotes  time 
absolutely  past;  as,  “I  have  clone”-,  — other- 
wise called  simply  perfect.  Adclison. 

PRE'TyR— PLU'PER-FECT,  a.  [L .prceter,  beyond, 
plus,  more,  and  pcrficio,  pcrfeclus,  to  finish.] 
(Gram.)  More  than  perfectly  past ; applied  to  a 
time  past  before  some  other  past  time;  as,  “I 
had  done  ” ; — otherwise  called  simply  pluperfect. 


PRE-Tf.R-VEC'TION,  n.  [L.  prcetcrvectio  ; prce- 
ter, beyond,  and  veho,  vectus,  to  carry.]  A car- 
rying past  or  round.  Potter. 

f PR1J-TEX',  v.  a.  [L.  pretexo,  to  weave  before.] 

1.  To  frame  ; to  devise.  J.  Knox. 

2.  To  cloak  ; to  conceal.  Edwards. 

PRE-TEXT',  or  PRE'TEXT  [pre-tekst',  S.  W.  P.  E. 

P.  Ja.  Sm.  C.  Wb. ; pre-tekst',  or  pre'tekst,  J. 
Wr. ; pre'tekst,  K.  Ash),  n.  [L.  preetextum  ; It. 
pretest o ; Sp.  pretexto  ; Fr.  pretexts. \ Pretence  ; 
ostensible  reason ; false  or  deceptive  appear- 
ance ; false  allegation  ; pretension  ; excuse. 

My  pretext  to  strike  at  him  admits 

A good  construction.  Shak. 

Syn. — Pretext  and  pretence  both  imply  intention 
to  deceive,  the  former  as  to  consequences,  the  latter 
as  to  facts.  Pretext  conceals  the  motive,  pretence  the 
purpose,  of  an  action.  The  pretext  covers  the  thing 
done  ; the  pretence  covers  the  thing  to  be  done.  Jus- 
tice is  often  made  a pretext  for  murder  ; and  a person 
often  obtains  money  or  goods  by  false  pretences. 

PRE-TEX’ TA,  n.  See  Prjetexta. 

PRE-TIB'I-AL,  a.  [L.  pres,  before,  and  tibia.’] 
{Anat.)  Situated  before  the  tibia.  Dunglison. 

PRE'TOR,  n.  [L .pt'cetor;  prcc , before.] 

1.  {Roman  Ant.)  A Homan  magistrate. 

j&xf  Originally  the  pretor  was  a kind  of  third  con- 
sul, but  later  two  pretors  were  appointed,  one  of 
whom  tried  causes  between  Roman  citizens,  the  other 
between  strangers,  or  citizens  and  strangers  ; in  later 
times  more  pretors  were  created,  for  the  administra- 
tion of  provinces.  W.  Smith. 

2.  A magistrate  or  a mayor,  [it.]  Spectator. 

PR£-TO'RI-AL,  a.  Relating  to  a pretor;  judicial; 
pretorian.  “ The  pretorial  edicts.”  Burke. 

PRE-TO'RI-AN,  a.  [L.  prcetoi'ianus  \ preeior , a 
pretor.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  pretor  or  pretors ; judi- 
cial ; pretorial. 

The  chancery  had  the  pretorian  power  for  equity.  Bacon. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  body  guard  instituted  by 

Augustus.  Locke. 

Gathering  into  one  camp  all  tire  pretorian  cohorts.  Gordon. 

Pretorian  bands  or  cohorts,  a body  of  troops  institut- 
ed by  Augustus  to  guard  Ins  person,  composed,  ac- 
cording to  Tacitus,  of  nine  cohorts  of  a thousand  men 
each.  Under  Vitellius,  they  consisted  of  sixteen  thou- 
sand men.  Mams. 

PRE-Tg'RI-AN,  n.  A member  of  a pretorian  co- 
hort. Gibbon. 

PRE'TOR-SUIP,  n.  The  office  of  pretor.  Warton. 

||  PRET'TI-LY  (prlt'te-le),  ad.  In  a pretty  man- 
ner ; with  prettiness ; neatly  ; pleasingly. 

||  PRET'TI-NESS  (prlt'te-nes),  n.  The  state  of  be- 
ing pretty ; beauty  without  dignity ; neat  ele- 
gance without  elevation ; neatness. 

Those  drops  of  prettiness  were  designed  to  exalt  our  con- 
ceptions, not  to  inveigle  or  detain  our  passions.  Boyle. 

II  PRET'TY  (prlt'te)  [prlt'te,  S.  W.  J.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm. 
Wr.  T VI). ; pret'te,  II.],  a.  [A.  S . preetc,  pretty; 
Dan.  pryclet,  adorned;  Svv.  pry  dad,  adorned.] 

1.  Pleasing  without  being  striking  ; beautiful 
without  grandeur  or  dignity;  moderately  beau- 
tiful ; handsome ; neat ; trim ; fair  ; fine. 

This  is  the  prettiest,  low-born  lass.  Shak. 

Of  these  the  idle  Greeks  have  many  pretty  tales.  Raleigh. 

2.  Foppish;  affected  ; —applied  in  contempt. 

The  prettj/  gentleman  must  have  his  airs.  Guardian. 

3.  Noting  scorn  of  a person  or  a thing.  “ A 

pretty  fellow,  indeed  ! ” Johnson. 

A prettp  task;  and  so  I told  the  fool, 

Who  needs  must  undertake  to  please  by  rule.  Dryden. 

4.  Not  very  small.  [Vulgar.] 

Suffered  it  for  a pretty  while  to  continue.  Boyle. 

5.  Well  made;  able-bodied;  stout;  brave. 

Observed  they  were  pretty  men,  meaning  not  handsome, 
but  stout,  warlike  fellows.  Wavcrlcy. 

Syn. — See  Beautiful. 

||  PRET'TY  (prlt'te),  ad.  [Perhaps  from  Fr.  pres  de. 
Sullivan .]  In  some  degree;  moderately;  con- 
siderably ; — less  than  very ; as,  “ Pretty  well.” 

By  that  means  they  became  pretty  vivid.  Newton. 

PRET'TY— FOOT-ED  (-fut'ed),  a.  Having  a pretty 
foot.  ’ Selclcn. 

II  PRET'TY-I^M  (prlt'te-Izm),  n.  Affected  pretti- 
ness. [it.]  Ed.  Rev. 

II  PRET'TY— SPO 'KEN  (-spok'kn),  a.  Prettily 

spoken  ;' — speaking  in  a pretty  manner. 


PRE-TYP'I-FY,  v.  a.  [L.  prep,  before,  and  Eng. 
typify.)  To  foieshow  by  a type ; to  prefigure. 
The  passion  of  the  Mcssias  was  pretypified.  Pearson. 


PRE-VAIL',  v.  n.  [L.  preevaleo,  to  exceed  in 
strength  ; jrree,  before,  and  valeo,  to  be  strong ; 
It.  prevalere  ; Sp . prevaler -,  Fr . prevaloir.)  [i. 

PREVAILED  ; pp.  PREVAILING,  PREVAILED.] 

1.  To  be  prevalent;  to  have  effect,  power,  or 
influence  ; to  operate  effectually. 

His  mother  may  prevail  with  him.  Shak. 

2.  To  gain  the  advantage  or  superiority  ; to 
succeed ; to  prosper. 

I told  you  then  he  should  prevail,  and  speed 

On  his  bad  errand.  Hilton. 

To  prevail  with,  on,  or  upon,  to  influence;  to  in- 
duce ; to  persuade.  “ With  minds  obdurate  nothing 
prevaileth .”  Hooker.  11  Prevail  upon  some  judicious 
friend  to  be  your  constant  hearer.”  Swift. 

PRE-VAlL'ING,  a.  1.  Having  most  influence; 
efficacious  ; effectual ; dominant ; predominant. 

Tears  are  now  prevailing  orators.  Shak. 

2.  Widely  extended;  prevalent;  as,  “A pre- 
vailing disease.” 

Syn. — See  Prevalent. 

PRE-VAlL'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a prevailing  manner; 
predominantly ; chiefly.  Saunders. 

f PRE-VAIL'MENT,  n.  Prevalence.  Shak. 

PREV  A-LENCE,  ) w l.  The  s(ate  of  being  prev- 

PREV'A-LEN-CY,  j alent  ; superiority  ; predom- 
inance ; preponderance. 

That  we  may  not  give  advantage  to  the  evil  spirits,  either 
to  our  temptation  or  their  prevalence.  Bp.  Hull. 

2.  Influence ; efficacy  in  producing  an  effect. 

The  power  and  prevalency  of  the  lawyers.  Clarendon. 

3.  General  existence ; wide  extension. 

The  prevalence  of  corrupt  fashion.  Rogers. 

PREV'A-LENT,  a.  [L.  preevaleo,  prcevalens,  to  ex- 
ceed in  strength  ; Sp.  prevalcntc.) 

1.  Exceeding  in  strength ; gaining  superior- 
ity ; victorious  ; predominant ; prevailing. 

On  the  foughten  field 

Michael  and  his  angels  2>revalent.  Milton. 

2.  Powerful ; efficacious ; effectual. 

So  prevalent  as  to  concern  the  mmd 

Of  God  high  blest.  Milton. 

3.  Most  general ; widely  existing.  Woodward. 

This  was  the  most  received  and  iwevalent  opinion. 

Woodwavd. 

Syn.  — That  which  habitually  prevails  is  preva- 
lent; that  which  actually  prevails  is  prevailing  ; that 
is  predominant  which  is  superior  in  power  or  influ- 
ence to  all  others.  Prevalent  opinion  ; prevailing  prac- 
tice or  custom  ; predominant  sect  or  party  ; ruling  pas- 
sion ; overruling  Providence. 

PREV'A-LENT-LY,  ad.  Powerfully;  forcibly. 

lie  interceded  more  prevalently  by  this  significant  action 
than  if  he  had  used  all  the  eloquence  of  men  and  angels. Scott, 

||  PRE-VAR'I-CATE  [pre-var'e-kat,  S.  XV.  P.  J.  F. 
Ja.  K.  R.  Wr. ; pre-va're-kat,  Sw.],  v.  7i.  [h.prce- 
varicor , prcevaricatus , to  walk  crookedly,  to  col- 
lude ; pree,  before,  and  varico , to  straddle ; It. 
prevaricare ; Sp.  prevai'icar ; Fr . prevariquer.] 
[l.  PREVARICATED  ; pp.  PREVARICATING,  PRE- 
VARICATED.] 

1.  To  evade  the  truth ; to  equivocate  ; to  act  or 
speak  evasively;  to  quibble;  to  cavil;  to  shuffle. 

II e prevaricates  with  his  own  understanding.  South. 

2.  (Civil  Laic.)  To  act  with  unfaithfulness 

and  want  of  probity.  Wright. 

||  f PRE-VAr'I-CATE,  v.  a.  To  pervert ; to  evade 
by  a crooked  course.  Bp.  Taylor. 

||  PRE-VAR-I-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  prcevaricatio,  col- 
lusion ; Sp.  prcvaricacion  ; Fr.  prevarication.) 

1.  The  act  of  prevaricating ; a cavil ; a quibble. 

2.  (Civil  Law.)  The  acting  with  unfaithful- 
ness and  want  of  probity ; — a term  applied  prin- 
cipally to  the  act  of  concealing  a crime.  Bouvier. 


||  PRE-VAr'I-CA-TOR,  n.  [L.  prccraricator.) 

1.  One  xvho  prevaricates ; a quibbler  ; a caviller. 

2.  A sort  of  occasional  orator  who  used  to 

make  satirical  allusions  to  members  of  the  uni- 
versity. [Cambridge,  Eng.]  Bp.  Wren. 

3.  (Civil  Law.)  One  who  acts  with  unfaith- 
fulness and  want  of  probity.  Kennctt. 

f PREVE,  v.  a.  To  prove.  Chaucer. 


f PRE-VENE',  v.  a. 
to  prevent. 


[L.  preevenio.)  To  hinder  ; 

Phillips. 


A,  E,  !,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  t/,  Y,  short;  A,  E,  I.  9>  V»  Y»  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


PREVENIENT 


1127 


PRICKLINESS 


PRE-VE'NI-ENT,  a.  [L . prceveniens.]  Preceding; 
going  before  : — preventive. 

Prevenient  grace  descending.  Milton. 

PRP-VENT',  v.  a.  [L.  pratvenio ; pra;,  before,  and 
ratio,  to  come  ; It.  prevenire  ; Sp.  prevenir ; Fr. 
prevenir.]  [i.  prevented;/^.  preventing, 

PREVENTED.] 

1.  f To  come  or  to  go  before  ; to  precede. 

The  same  officer  told  us  . . . that  he  had  prevented  the 

hour  because  we  might  have  the  whole  day  before  us  tor 
business.  Bacon. 

1 prevented  the  dawning  of  the  morning.  Ps.  cxix.  HI. 

2.  fTo  go  before  as  a benefactor,  or  in  order 
to  anticipate  the  wants  or  desires  of;  to  sup- 
ply with  what  is  needed  beforehand. 

For  thou  preventest  him  with  the  blessings  of  goodness. 

Ps.  xxi.  3. 

Prevent  us,  O Lord,  in  all  our  doings,  with  thy  most  gra- 
cious favor.  Common  Prayer. 

3.  To  take  up  before  ; to  anticipate,  [it.] 

I am  sensible  that,  in  what  concerns  the  subject  of  this 
section.  I have  in  a great  measure  been  prevented  by  the  re- 
marks of  Lowth  and  Priestley.  Dr.  Campbell. 

4.  To  hinder;  to  obstruct;  to  obviate;  to 
impede  ; to  preclude  ; to  thwart ; to  prostrate. 

This  your  sinccrest  care  could  not  prevent.  Milton. 

Too  great  confidence  in  success  is  likeliest  to  prevent  it. 

Atterbury. 

Syn.  — See  Hinder. 

t PR1J-VENT',  v.  n.  To  come  before  the  usual 
time.  “ Strawberries  watered  . . . will  prevent 
and  come  early.”  Bacon. 

PRE-VENT-A-DIl'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
preventable.  Ec.  Rev. 

PRF.-VENT'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  prevented; 
capable  of  being  hindered.  Bp.  Reynolds. 

PR  E-VENT'A-TIVE,  n.  That  which  prevents  ; — 
incorrectly  used  for  preventive.  Pilkington. 

PR  E- VENT'ER,  n.  1.  f One  who  precedes  or  goes 
before.  Bacon. 

2.  One  who  prevents ; a hinderer.  Johnson. 

3.  (Naut.)  An  additional  rope  or  spar  used 

as  a support.  Dana. 

Preventer  bolts,  (Naut.)  those  which  are  driven  at 
the  lower  end  of  the  preventer  plates  to  assist  the 
strain  of  tile  chain  bolts.  IV rule.  — Preventer  plates, 
(JYaut.)  plates  of  iron  below  the  links  of  the  chains. 
IVraic. 

PRIJ-VENT'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a way  so  as  to  pre- 
vent or  hinder.  Dr.  Walker. 

PRE-VEN'TION,  n.  [L.  pres,  before,  and  ventio, 
a coming;  It. prevenzione  ; Sp.  prevencion  ; Fr. 
prevention.] 

1.  f The  act  of  going  before.  Bacon. 

2.  f Preoccupation  ; anticipation.  Shak. 

3.  The  act  of  preventing,  or  the  state  of  being 
prevented  ; hinderance  ; obstruction. 

Prevention  of  sin  is  one  of  the  greatest  mercies  God  can 
vouchsafe.  South. 

4.  f Prejudice  ; prepossession.  “Any  pre- 
vention of  mind.”  [A  French  sense.]  Dryden. 

5.  {Civil  Law.)  The  right  of  a judge  to  take 
cognizance  of  an  action  over  which  he  has  con- 
current jurisdiction  with  another  judge.  Bouvier. 

t PRE-VEN'TION-AL,  a.  Preventive.  Bailey. 

PRE-VENT'IVE,  a.  [It.  &;  Sp.  preventivo;  Fr. 
prtventif]  Tending  to  prevent  or  hinder.  Bacon. 

Physic  is  preventive  of  diseases.  Browne. 

Preventive  service,  that  which  is  performed  by  tile 
armed  police  of  Great  Britain  in  guarding  the  coasts 
against  smugglers.  Wright. 

PRE-VENT'IVE,  n.  A preservative  ; that  which 
prevents;  an  antidote  previously  taken.  “A 
natural  preventive  to  some  evils.”  Wotton. 

PRE-VENT'IVE-LY,  ad.  In  a preventive  manner. 

PRE'VI-OUS,  a.  [L.  prtevius,  going  before ; pree, 
before,  and  via,  the  way.]  Going  before  ; ante- 
cedent ; prior  ; introductory ; preliminary ; an-* 
terior  ; preceding. 

By  this  previous  intimation.we  may  gather  some  hopes  that 
the  matter  is  not  desperate.  Burnet. 

Previous  question.  Sec  QUESTION. 

Syn. — Previous  and  antecedent  denote  simply  the 
order  of  succession  ; preliminary , preparatory , and  in- 
troductory convey,  in  addition,  the  idea  of  connection 
between  the  objects  which  succeed  each  other.  Pre- 
vious question  or  inquiry  ; antecedent  proposition  ; prior 
right  or  claim  ; preliminary  articles  ; preparatory  steps  ; 
introductory  remarks  or  discourse;  preceding  state- 
ment.— See  Antecedent. 


PRE’VI-OUS-LY,  ad.  Beforehand;  antecedently; 
before;  as,  “An  assertion  previously  made.” 

PRE'VI-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  previous. 

PRE-Vl§E'  (pro- viz'),  v.  a.  [L.  pravideo,  to  see 
beforehand.]  To  foresee,  [r.]  Mowatt. 

PRE-VI  “i-jlON  (prG-vIzli'un),  n.  [L.  pratvidco , pra>- 
visas,  to  foresee;  pree,  before,  and  video,  visas, 
to  see;  It.  previsions;  Sp.  prevision ; Fr.  pre- 
vision.] Act  of  foreseeing  ; foresight.  “ The 
prevision  of  God.”  Ec.  Rev. 

PRE-VVARN',  v.  a.  [L.  pree,  before,  and  Eng. 
warn.]  [t.  r re  warned  ; pp.  prewarning, 
prewarned.]  To  warn  beforehand.  Beau.  § FI. 

PREY  (pra),  n.  [L.  preeda,  pillage  ; It.  preda ; Sp. 
preset ; Fr.  proie  ; Norm.  Fr.  preic,  preye.] 

1.  Property  taken  in  war  ; something  taken 
by  violence  or  injustice  ; rapine  ; booty  ; spoil ; 
plunder ; pillage. 

A garrison  supported  itself  by  the  prey  it  took  from  the 
neighborhood  of  Aylesbury.  Clarendon. 

2.  Something  seized,  or  liable  to  be  seized,  in 
order  to  be  devoured  ; food  ; ravin. 

Yea,  mock  the  lion  when  lie  roars  for  prey.  Shak. 

She  sees  herself  the  monster's  prey.  Dryden. 

3.  Ravage  ; depredation. 

Ilog  in  sloth,  fox  in  stealth,  lion  in  prey.  Shak. 

Animal,  beast,  or  bird  of  prey,  an  animal  or  bird  that 
lives  on  other  animals  ; a carnivorous  animal. — See 
Carnivora. 

PREY  (pra),  V.  n.  [t.  PREYED  ; pp.  PREYING, 
PREYED.] 

1.  To  plunder  ; to  rob  ; — with  on  or  upon. 

They  pray  continually  unto  their  saint,  the  common- 
wealth; or  rather  not  pray  to  her,  but;ire//  on  her.  Shak. 

2.  To  feed  by  violence  ; — with  on  or  upon  be- 
fore the  object. 

Their  impious  folly  dared  to  prey 

On  herds  devoted  to  the  god  of  day.  Pcpe. 

3.  To  corrode  ; to  waste  ; — with  on  or  upon. 

Language  is  too  faint  to  show 
nis  rage  of  love;  it  preys  upon  his  life.  Addison. 

PREY'ER  (pra'er),  n.  He  who,  or  that  whieh,preys  ; 
a robber  ; adevourer;  a plunderer.  Johnson. 

PREY'FUL,  a.  Inclined  to  prey.  Chapman. 

PIlI-A-PE'AN,  n.  [L.  priapeia.]  A species  of 
hexameter  verse,  so  constructed  as  to  be  divisi- 
ble into  two  portions  of  three  feet  each,  having 
generally  a trochee  in  the  first  and  fourth  foot 
and  an  amphimaeer  in  the  third.  Andrews. 

PRl'A-PI§M,  n.  [Gr.  rtpiamapo; ; Upimro;,  a hea- 
then god;  L.  priapismus  ; Fr.  priapisme.]  A 
permanent  rigidity  and  erection  of  the  penis 
without  concupiscence.  Dunglison. 

PRICE,  n.  [L.  pretium ; It.  prezzo;  Sp.  prccio; 
Fr.  prix.  — Dut.  prijs  ; Ger.  preis  ; Dan.  perils  ; 
Sw . pris.  — \V.  pris.  — L.  prendo,  to  take  hold 
of;  Fr.  prendre,  pris.  Richardson.] 

1.  The  sum  for  which  any  tiling  may  he  bought, 
or  at  which  its  value  is  rated;  an  equivalent  in 
money  asked  or  paid  for  any  thing  ; cost. 

I will  buy  it  of  thee  at  a price.  2 Sam.  xxiv.  24. 

2.  Value  ; estimation  ; supposed  excellence. 

We  stand  in  some  jealousy  lest  they  . . . make  the  price 
and  estimation  of  Scripture  to  fall.  Hooker. 

3.  Reward  ; thing  purchased  by  merit. 

’T  is  the  price  of  toil; 

The  knave  deserves  it  when  he  tills  the  soil.  Pope. 

Syn.  — Sue  Cost. 

PRICE,  v.  a.  [ i . priced  ; pp.  pricing,  priced.] 

1.  +To  pay  for  ; to  make  amends  for.  Spenser. 

2.  To  put  a price  on  ; to  sey a value  on  ; to 
value  ; to  appraise  ; to  rate  ; to  estimate.  Sandy s. 

PRICE'— CUR'RENT,  n.  A list  or  enumeration  of 
various  articles  of  merchandise  with  their  pres- 
ent market  prices  stated.  McCulloch. 

PRICED  (prist),  a.  Having  a fixed  price  ; rated  at 
a price  ; as,  “ High  priced.”  P.  Mag. 

PRlCE'LJSS,  a.  1.  Invaluable  ; without  price. 

His  ignorance  of  the  priceless  jewel.  Beau.  &-  FI. 

2.  Of  no  value  ; worthless.  Wright. 

PRICK,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  priccian  ; Dut.  prikken ; Dan. 
prikke ; Sw.  pricka ; Ir.  priocam.]  [i.  pricked  ; 
pp.  PRICKING,  PRICKED.] 

1.  To  pierce  with  a small  puncture.  “If  she 

pricked  her  finger.”  Arbuthnot. 

2.  To  form  with  an  acuminated  point ; to 


erect,  as  the  ears;  — usually  with  up.  “She 
pricks  up  so  many  ears.”  Bacon. 

The  trumpet  noise  the  sprightly  courser  hears. 

Paws  the  green  turf,  and  pricks  his  trembling  ears.  Gay. 

3.  To  fix  or  to  attach  by  a puncture. 

Pricking  their  points  into  a board.  Newton. 

Cooks  . . . prick  it  on  a prong  of  iron.  Sandys. 

4.  To  note  by  a puncture  or  mark. 

Their  names  are  pricked.  Shak. 


5.  To  spur  ; to  goad  ; to  impel ; to  incite. 

II  is  high  courage  pneked  him  forth  to  wed.  Pope. 

6.  To  pain  sharply  or  acutely  ; to  wound  or 
cut;  to  pierce  with  remorse. 

Now  when  they  heard  this  they  were  pricked  in  their 
heart.  Acts  ii.  37. 

7.  To  make  acid;  to  acidify. 

And  turn  as  eager  as  pricked  wine.  Iludibras. 

8.  To  mark,  as  a tune  with  the  proper  notes 

on  a scale.  Hartlib. 

9.  ( Naut .)  To  run  a middle  seam  through,  as 
the  cloth  of  a sail;  — to  trace  a ship’s  course 
on  a chart ; as,  “To prick  a chart.”  Mar.  Diet. 

1’RlCK,  v.  n.  1.  To  dress  one’s  self  for  show;  to 
prink  ; to  deck.  Johnson. 

2.  To  come  upon  the  spur  ; to  ride ; to  gallop. 

One  piicking  towards  them  with  hasty  heat.  Spenser. 

3.  To  aim  at  a point,  mark,  orplace.  Hawkins. 

4.  To  become  acid,  as  cider.  Wright. 

PRICK,  n.  [A.  S.prica,  pricca ; Dut.  <Sf  Ger.  prik.] 

1.  A sharp,  slender  instrument ; any  thing 
by  which  a puncture  is  made  ; a thorn  ; a sharp 
point ; a goad. 

Pins,  wooden  pricks , nails,  sprigs  of  rosemary.  Shak. 

It  is  hard  for  thee  to  kick  against  the  pricks.  Acts  ix.  5. 

2.  A thorn  in  the  mind  ; a tormenting 

thought;  remorse  of  conscience.  Shak. 

3.  A point  or  mark  at  which  archers  aim. 

Three  or  four  that  went  to  shoot  at  the  pricks.  Ascham. 

4.  A point ; a fixed  place  ; a mark.  Cranmer. 

5.  A puncture.  “ Pricks  in  her  arm.”  Browne. 

6.  A wooden  bodkin  orpin  for  fastening  one’s 

clothes.  Jamieson. 

7.  The  print  of  a hare  in  the  ground.  Johnson. 

8.  {Naut.)  A quantity  of  spun  yarn  or  rope 

laid  close  up  together  ; a roll.  Dana. 

Prick  measure,  tile  measure  for  grain  according  to 
act  of  Parliament.  Jamieson. 

PRlCK'f.R,  n.  1.  He  who,  or  that  which,  pricks. 

2.  A sharp-pointed  instrument ; a prick  ; a 

prickle  ; a bodkin.  Moxon. 

3.  A thin  plate  of  iron  used  in  blasting.  Weale. 

4.  A toothed  instrument  used  for  stabbing  or 

marking  leather,  &c.  Simmoticls. 

5.  {Sail-making .)  A small  marline-spike  hav- 
ing generally  a wooden  handle.  Dana. 

6.  f A light  horseman.  Hayward. 

PRICK'IJT,  n.  A buck  in  his  second  year  ; — so 
called  from  the  state  of  his  horns.  Shak. 

PRlCK'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  making  a puncture. 

2.  The  sensation  of  being  pricked.  “By  the 

pricking  of  my  thumbs.”  Shak. 

3.  (Hunting.)  The  tracing  of  a hare  where 
her  footing  can  be  perceived. 

4.  (Farriery.)  The  driving  of  a nail  into  the 

soft  or  quick  part  of  a horse’s  foot  so  as  to 
cause  temporary  lameness.  Johnson. 

PRlCK'ING— UP,  n.  (Arch.)  The  first  coating  of 
plaster  in  work  of  three  coats  ; — so  called  be- 
cause the  surface  is  scratched  up.  Branch. 

PRlC'KEE  (prlk'ld),  n.  [A.  S.  priccle  ; Ger.  p ric- 
kel ; Dut.  prikkel. ] 

1.  ( Bot .)  A small,  sharp  point,  or  pointed 

shoot,  growing  from  the  bark  and  peeling  off 
with  it,"  as  in  the  rose  ; a pricker.  Gray. 

2.  ( Zoiil .)  A sharp,  pointed  process  on  a fish 

or  other  animal.  Wright. 

3.  A wicker  basket.  [Local.]  Wright. 

4.  A sieve  of  filberts  containing  about  half  a 

hundred  weight.  Simmonds. 

PRlC'KEE,  v.  a.  ' [Eng.  prick.]  To  pierce  with 
any  thing  sharp,  as  a needle,  &c.  Congreve. 

PRIC'KLE-BACK  (prik'kl-bHk),  n.  ( Ich .)  A small 
fish  ; stickleback  ; — so  named  from  the  prickles 
on  its  sides  and  back.  Tocld. 

PRICK' LI-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  prick- 
ly ; fulness  of  prickles  or  sharp  points.  Johnson. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 


BULL,  BUR,  RtJLE.  — 9,  9,  g,  soft ; C,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  JC  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


PRICKLOUSE 


1128 


PRIMATE 


PRICK'LOUSE,  n.  A tailor,  in  contempt. 

The  woman  . . . called  her  husband pricklouse.  L' Estrange. 

PRICK'LY,  a.  Full  of  prickles  or  sharp  points. 
“ The  prickly  shrubs.”  Dryden. 

PRICK'LY— BULL'HEAD,  n.  ( Ich .)  A fresh-water 
fish  ; Cottus  asper.  Richardson. 

PRICK'LY-PEAr,  n.  ( Bot .)  A name  applied  to 
the  species  of  the  genus  Opuntia ; Indian  fig. 

ttsy-  They  have  jointed  stems,  bearing  very  small, 
awl-shaped,  and  usually  deciduous  leaves,  with  dus- 
ters of  barbed  bristles,  and  often  spines  in  their  axils. 
The  common  prickly  pear  ( Opuntia  vulgaris)  is  a pros- 
trate or  low  plant,  with  a pulpy  eatable  berry. Gray. 

PRICK'MAD-AW,  n.  A kind  of  houseleek.  Johnson. 

PRICK'— Mfp— DAIN'TY,  ) a_  Finical  in  language 

PRICK'— MY— DAIN'TY,  > or  manner.  Jamieson. 
“ Prick-my-dainty  doings.”  St.  Ronan. 

PRICK'— POST,  n.  (Arch.)  A post  framed  into  the 
breast-summer.  Crabb. 

PRlCK'PUNCH,  n.  A pointed  tool,  of  tempered 
steel,  to  prick  a round  mark  in  cold  iron.  Moron. 

PRICK'SONG,  n.  A song  pricked  down,  or  set  to 
music ; variegated  music,  in  contradistinction 
to  plainsong.  “ As  you  sing  pricksong.”  Shah. 

PRICK'VYOOD  (-wuil),  n.  A shrub,  native  of  Eu- 
rope in  hedges  -and  thickets,  having  tough 
white  wood,  used  in  making  skewers,  &c. ; 
spindle-tree;  Euonymus  Europccus.  Eng.  Cyc. 

PRIDE,  n.  [A.  S.  pryt,  pryde  ; Ger.  § Dut.  pracht.\ 

1.  Inordinate  self-esteem ; behavior  which 
indicates  contempt  or  slight  esteem  of  others  ; 
— sometimes  self-esteem  simply,  and  distance 
or  reserve  not  indicative  of  contempt ; self-ex- 
altation or  elevation  : — vanity  ; conceit. 

Pride  is  that  exalted  idea  of  our  state,  qualifications,  or 
attainments,  which  exceeds  the  boundaries  of  justice,  and 
induces  us  to  look  down  upon  supposed  inferiors  with  some 
degree  of  unmerited  contempt.  Copan. 

The  disesteem  and  contempt  of  others  is  inseparable  from 
•pride.  It  is  hardly  possible  to  overvalue  ourselves  but  by 
undervaluing  our  neighbors.  Clarendon. 

2.  Haughtiness  ; loftiness  of  air ; haughty 
disparagement  or  rude  treatment  of  others  ; ar- 
rogance ; insolence  ; insolent  exultation. 

That  barely  we  escaped  the  pride  of  France.  Shale. 

Wan  ton  ness  and pride 

Raise  out  of  friendship  hostile  deeds  in  peace.  Milton. 

3.  Elevation ; dignity. 

A falcon  towering  in  her  pride  of  place.  Shale. 

4.  Splendor;  ostentation;  show;  ornament. 

In  this  array,  the  war  of  cither  side 

Through  Athens  passed  with  military  pride.  Dryden. 

Whose  lofty  trees,  yclad  with  summer’s  pride , 

Did  spread  so  broad  that  heaven’s  light  did  hide.  Spenser. 

5.  Generous  elation  of  heart ; self-respect. 

Thus  to  relieve  the  wretched  was  his  pride. 

And  e’en  his  failings  leaned  to  virtue’s  side.  Goldsmith. 

6.  That  which  causes  pride. 

I will  cut  off  th c pride  of  the  Philistines.  Zecli.  ix.  G. 

7.  The  state  of  a female  beast  under  sexual 

excitement.  Shah. 

8.  (Ich.)  A small  species  of  lampern  ; Am- 

moccetes  branchiatus.  YarreU . 

Syn.  — Pride  is  inordinate  self-esteem,  causing  a 
person  to  overrate  what  lie  possesses ; and  it  relates 
to  the  disposition  and  mind.  Haughtiness  and  loftiness 
are  indications  of  pride  as  manifested  in  the  appear- 
ance and  manners.  A proud  disposition  will  show 
itself  in  haughty  manners.  Vanity  is  a term  of  differ- 
ent significations  ; but,  as  connected  with  pride , it  is 
defined  by  Johnson  u petty  pride  ” ; it  is  applicable  to 
small  objects,  and  is  manifested  by  an  excessive  de- 
sire to  attract  notice  and  applause.  Pride  is  disagree- 
able and  repulsive ; vanity , ridiculous,  but  less  offen- 
sive. Pride  is  reputed  to  be  more  common  among 
men;  vanity , among  women.  Proud  ot  birth,  wealth, 
talents,  or  rank  ; vain  of  accomplishments,  beauty,  or 
dress.  “ Pride,”  says  Dr.  Blair,  “ makes  us  esteem 
ourselves;  vanity  makes  us  desire  the  esteem  of  oth- 
ers. It  is  just  to  say,  as  Dean  Swift  has  done,  { that 
a man  is  too  proud  to  he  vain.1  ” — See  Haughtiness. 

PRIDE,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  prutian , to  be  proud ; Dut. 
prachten.']  [ i . prided  ; pp.  priding,  prided.] 
To  make  proud  ; to  rate  high  ; to  indulge  one’s 
self-esteem; — used  with  the  reflexive  pro- 
noun. “She  prides  herself  on  her  taste  in 
dress.”  Swift. 

f PRIDE,  v.  n.  To  glory  ; to  triumph. 

They  who  pride  in  being  scholars 

Desert  thee  now  with  golden  collars.  Swift. 

f PRIDE'FUL,  a.  Insolent ; proud.  W.  Richardson. 

PRlDE'FUL-LY,  ad.  Very  proudly;  with  great 
pride.  [Scotland.]  Spalding. 


PRIDE'FUL-NESS,  n.  A great  degree  of  pride  or 
haughtiness.  [Scotland.]  Jamieson. 

f PRiDE'LJJSS,  a.  Without  pride.  Chaucer. 

PRlD'ING-LY,  ad.  In  pride  of  heart.  Barrow. 

t PRIE  (prl),  n.  Probably  an  old  name  of  privet. 

Lop  poplar  and  sallow,  elin,  maple,  and  pric.  Tusser. 

+ PRIEF  (pref),  n.  Proof.  Spenser. 

PRl'ER,  n.  One  who  pries  or  inquires  narrowly. 

PRIEST  (prest),  n.  [Gr.  npecpuTipos,  an  elder ; L. 
presbyter-,  Sp.  presbitero  ; Fr.  p nitre.  — A.  S. 
preost ; Dut.  § Ger.  priester  ; Dan.  pratst.~\ 

1.  Anciently,  among  the  Jews,  Greeks,  and 
Egyptians,  one  who  offered  sacrifices,  or  who 
performed  sacred  mediatorial  offices. 

The  high  jjriest  shall  not  uncover  his  head.  Lev.  xxi.  10. 

These  prayers  I,  thy  priest,  before  thee  bring.  31ilton. 

j 6®"“  Priest  is  used  to  express  the  Greek  lepcvg  and 
tile  Latin  saccrdos , which  in  general  signify  a sacri- 
ficer.”  P.  Cyc. 

2.  (English  Church.)  One  of  the  second  or- 

der in  the  hierarchy,  above  a deacon  and  below 
a bishop  ; a presbyter.  P.  Cyc.  Eden. 

3.  A Christian  minister;  a clergyman;  a 
pastor. 

Syn.  — See  Clergyman. 

PRIEST'CRAfT,  n.  The  arts  and  management  of 
priests  and  ecclesiastical  persons  to  gain  power ; 
religious  fraud  or  artifice. 

Ilis  discourse  runs  upon  bigotry  and  priestCi  aft.  Spectator. 

PRIEST'CrAfT-Y,  a.  Relating  to,  or  possessed 
of,  priestcraft.  Ch.  Ob. 

PRIEST'IJSS,  n.  A woman  who  officiated  in 

heathen  rites.  Addison. 

PRIEST 'HOOD  (prest'hud),  n.  1.  The  office,  rank, 
or  character  of  a priest.  Whitgift. 

2.  The  order  of  men  set  apart  for  sacred  "of- 
fices ; the  order  of  priests.  Dryden. 

f PRIEST'ING,  n.  The  duty  of  a priest.  Milton. 

PRIEST'IjjM,  n.  The  character,  influence,  or  gov- 
ernment of  the  priesthood.  Ec.  Rev. 

PRIEST'L^SS,  a.  Having  no  priest.  Pope. 

PRIEST'— LIKE,  a.  Resembling  a priest,  or  what 
belongs  to  a priest ; priestly.  Shah. 

PRIEST 'LI- NESS,  n.  The  appearance  or  manner 
of  a priest.  Johnson. 

PRIEST'LY,  a.  Relating  to,  or  becoming,  a priest; 
sacerdotal.  “ The  priestly  office.”  South. 

PRIEST'RID-DEN  (-dn),  a.  Managed  or  governed 
by  priests.  Swift. 

f TRIEVE  (prev),  v.  a.  To  prove.  Chaucer. 

PRIG,  v.  a.  & n.  [A.  S.  priccian,  to  prick,  to  prick 
out,  to  pick  out,  to  filch.  Richardson .]  To 
steal ; to  filch  ; to  prog.  [Vulgar.]  Wright. 

A prigging  and  thievish  servant.  Barret. 

f PRIG,  v.  n.  To  haggle  about  the  price  of  an 
article  ; to  cheapen.  Burns. 

PRIG,  n.  1.  One  who  prigs  ; a thief.  Shah. 

2.  A pert,  conceited,  saucy,  pragmatic  fellow  ; 
a vain  pretender;  a coxcomb  ; a puppy. 

A cane  is  a part  of  the  dress  of  a prig.  Taller. 

PRIG'GER-Y,  n.  The  qualities  of  a prig;  pert- 
ness  ; conceit.  Qu.  Rev. 

PRIG'GLSH,  a.  Somewhat  like  a prig ; vain  ; 
conceited  ; coxcomical ; affected.  Brochctt. 

PRIG'GJSH-LY,  ad.  In  a priggish  manner  ; con- 
ceitedly ; pertly.  . Booth. 

PRTg'GI^M,  n.  The  qualities  of  a prig  ; conceit- 
edness.  Qu.  Rev. 

PRILL,  n.  1.  (Ich.)  A fish  similar  to  the  turbot, 
but  smaller  ; Rhombus  vulgaris.  Eng.  Cyc. 

2.  (Mining.)  A solid  piece  of  pure  ore  or  na- 
tive metal : — the  button  of  an  assay.  Anstcd. 

PRILL'ION  (pril'yun),  n.  Tin  extracted  from  the 
slag  of  the  furnace.  Hamilton. 

PRIM,  a.  [Contracted  from  primitive.  Johnson. 
— Old  Fr  .prim,  prime,  first ; also  thin.  Cot- 
grave .]  Formal;  precise;  affectedly  nice. 

This  hates  the  filthy  creature,  that  the  prim.  Young. 

PRIM,  v.  a.  [i.  PRIMMED  ; pp.  PRIMMING, 
primmed.]  To  deck  up  with  great  or  affected 
nicety  ; to  prink.  Johnson. 


PRIM,  n.  (Bot.)  A species  of  shrubs  or  low 
trees,  naturalized  in  the  United  States  from 
Europe  ; common  privet ; Ligustrum  culgare  ; 

— used  principally  for  making  hedges.  Cray. 

PRl'MA-CY,  n.  [L.  primatus  ; It.  primazia  ; Sp. 

primacia ; Fr.  primaute .] 

1.  The  office  or  dignity  of  a primate  or  an 
archbishop  ; the  chief  ecclesiastical  station. 
When  he  had  now  the  primacy  in  his  own  hand.  Clarendon. 

2.  Excellency  ; supremacy.  Barrow. 

PRi'MA  DOjY' jV.O,  n.  [It. prima,  first,  and  don- 
na, mistress,  lady.]  A singer  who  performs  the 
principal  female  part  in  an  Italian  opera. 

PRi 'MA  Fd'CI-E  (prl'ina  fa'she-e).  [L.  prima, 
first,  and  facie,  appearance.]  On  the  first  view 
or  appearance  ; at  first  sight. 

PRf'MA<?E,  n.  (Com.)  A charge  in  addition  to 
the  freight.  Cyc.  of  Com. 

<Ko“It  was  originally  intended  as  a gratuity  to  the 
captain  for  his  particular  care  of  the  goods,  and  is 
sometimes  called  hat -money  \ but  it  now  belongs  to  the 
owners,  or  to  the  freighters  by  charter-party,  of  the 
vessel.  Cyc.  of  Com. 

PRI'MAL,  a.  [L.  primus.)  First ; primary.  Shah. 

t PRI-MAL'I-TY,  n.  State  of  being  primal.  Baxter. 

PRUMA-RI-lV,  ad.  Originally;  at  first;  in  the 
first  place. 

In  fevers,  where  the  heart  primanly  suffereth,  wc  apply 
medicines  unto  the  wrist.  Browne. 

PRI'MA-RI-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  primary. 

PRTMA-RY,  a.  [L.  primarius ; It.  £$  Sp.  prima- 
rio ; Fr.  primairc.~\ 

1.  First  in  time  ; original ; primitive  ; first. 

Original  or  primary  qualities  of  body.  Locke. 

The  figurative  relation  of  this  word,  and  not  the  primary 
or  literal,  belongs  to  this  place.  Hammond. 

2.  First  in  dignity  ; of  the  first  place  or  rank  ; 
chief ; principal. 

3.  Intended  to  teach  the  elements ; elemen- 
tal; as,  “ A.  primary  school.”  Mann . 

Primary  colors , ( Opt.)  the  simple  or  elementary  col- 
ors, which  by  their  union  constitute  white  light.  Ac- 
cording to  Sir  Isaac  Newton,  white  or  solar  light  con- 
sists of  the  seven  primary  colors,  — red,  orange,  yellow, 
green,  blue,  indigo,  violet,  — into  which,  by  reason  of 
their  unequal  refrangibility,  it  is  separated  by  trans- 
mission through  a triangular  prism.  To  Newton’s 
seven  simple  colors  Sir  John  Herschel  has  added  an 
eighth,  more  refrangible  than  violet,  and  named  by 
him  lavender.  Sir  David  Brewster  infers  from  the 
effects  produced  upon  white  light  by  transmission 
through  colored  .plates  of  glass,  that  it  consists  of 
only  three  elementary  components,  — red,  yellow, 
and  blue.  Young  regards  white  light  as  composed 
of  a mixture  of  red,  green,  and  violet.  Powell 
regards  the  number  of  primary  rays  as  not  really 
seven,  but  infinite.  The  recent  researches  of  Prof. 
Stokes  demonstrate  that,  by  the  action  of  certain  me- 
dia, the  more  refrangible  colors  of  the  spectrum  are 
convertible  into  others  less  refrangible,  and  the 
chemical  rays  into  luminous  ones,  — effects  due,  ac- 
cording to  the  undulatory  theory  of  light,  to  a retard- 
ation of  the  vibrations  of  the  ethereal  molecules;  — 
(Painting.)  blue,  yellow,  and  red,  — by  mixing  which 
colors  in  various  proportions  all  other  colors  may 
be  obtained  ; primitive  colors.  Fairholt.  — Prima- 
ry planets , (Astron.)  those  which  revolve  round  the 
sun  as  their  centre,  in  distinction  from  secondary 
planets , or  satellites,  which  revolve  round  the  prima- 
ries. Olmsted.  — Primary  qualities  of  bodies , ( Physics.) 
such  qualities  as  are  original  and  inseparable  from 
them.  Wright.  — Primary  quills , ( Ornitli .)  the  largest 
feathers  of  the  wing.  Wright.  — Primary  rocks,  ( Gcol.) 
the  crystalline  rocks,  including  all  the  granites  and  the 
mctamorphic  strata  underlying  the  lowest  fossilifer- 
ous  rocks  ; primitive  rocks  ; hypogene  rocks  ; — so 
called  because  they  were  formerly  supposed  to  have 
been  first  formed.  Lyell.  — Primary  strata , (Gcol.) 
the  lowest  stratified  rocks,  comprising  the  mica  schist 
and  the  gneiss,  and  containing  no  organic  remains  ; 

— supposed  to  have  been  altered  by  heat  subsequently 
to  their  deposition.  G.  F.  Richardson. 

Syn.  — Primary  signifies  first  in  order  of  rank  or 
dignity  ; primitive  and  primeval , first  in  order  of  time  ; 
pristine  relates  to  former  or  ancient  times.  Primary 
planets  (as  distinguished  from  their  satellites)  ; pri- 
mary cause ; primitive  church,  manners,  words  ; pri- 
meval time  or  age  ; pristine  purity  or  simplicity ; 
original  meaning;  principal  design  ; chief  object. 

PRI'MA-RY,  n.  1.  A principal  thing.  Pennant . 

2.  ( Ornith .)  One  of  the  largest  feathers  of 
the  wing,  growing  at  its  extremity.  Brands . 

PRI' M ATE,  7i.  [L.  primas , primatis ; It.  primato  ; 
Fr.  primate] 

1.  A prelate  of  superior  dignity  and  power  ; 
an  archbishop. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  I,  O,  IT,*  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


PRIMATE  S H I F 


1129 


PRINCE 


In  England,  the  Archbishop  of  York  is  entitled 
Primate,  of  England;  the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury, 
Primate  of  all  England.  Brandt. 

2.  pi.  (Zo'il.)  A name  given  by  Linnaeus  to 
his  first  order  of  mammalia,  including  lour 
o-enera,  viz.,  Homo,  man  ; Simla,  the^apes  and 
monkeys;  Lemur,  the  lemurs ; and  Vespertiho, 
the  bats.  Branch. 

PRp  MATE-SHIP,  n.  The  office  or  the  dignity  of 
a primate  ; primacy.  Johnson. 

PRi-MA'TIAL  (-slisd),  a.  [Fr.]  Primatical.  Wright. 

PRI-MAT'I-CAL,  a.  Belonging  to  a -primate  or 
archbishop.  Barrow. 

PRIME,  a.  . [L.  primus,  first  ; It.  § Sp.  primo.] 

1.  First  in  time  or  space  ; original ; primi- 
tive; primal.  “ Tire  'prime  creation.  Milton. 

2. ’ Principal;  chief;  first-rate;  highest. 

Humility  and  resignation  are  our  prime  virtues.  Dnjden. 

Us  his  prime  creatures  dignified  so  high.  Milton. 

3.  Being  in  the  first  stage  ; early  ; blooming. 

Ilis  starry  helm,  unbuckled,  showed  him  prime 

In  manhood,  where  youth  ended.  Milton. 

4.  f Lecherous.  “ As  prime  as  goats.’  Sheik. 

Prime  figures.  (Grom.)  figures  which  cannot  he  di- 
vided intn’other  figures  more  simple  than  themselves, 
as  the  triangle  and  the  triangular  pyramid — Prime 
number , a number  that  cannot  bo  exactly  divided  hy 
any  integral  number  except  itself  and  unity.  Hutton. 
— Prime  mover , the  initial  force  which  puts  a machine 
in  motion.  Lib.  of  Useful  Knowledge. — Prime  of  the 
moon,  (Astron.)  the  new  moon  for  about  three  days 
after  her  change.  — Prim-.  vertical , (Astron.)  the  ver- 
tical circle  which  is  perpendicular  to  the  meridian 
and  passes  through  the  east  and  west  points  of  the 
horizon.  — Prime  vertical,  or  prime  vertical  dial,  ( Di- 
alling.)  a dial  projected  on  the  plane  of  the  prime 
vertical  circle,  or  on  one  parallel  to  it.  Hutton. 

PRIME,  n.  1.  The  first  part  of  the  day ; the 
dawn  ; the  morning. 

Early  and  late  it  rung  at  evening  and  at  prime.  Spenser. 

2.  The  beginning  ; the  early  days. 

Nature  here  wantoned  as  in  her  prime.  Milton. 

3.  The  spring  of  the  year. 

Hope  waits  upon  the  flowery  prime.  Waller. 

4.  The  spring  of  life ; the  height  of  health, 
strength,  or  beauty  ; height  of  perfection. 

Likeliest  she  seemed  to  Ceres  in  her  prime.  Milton. 

5.  The  first  or  best  part. 

Give  him  always  of  the  prime.  Swift. 

6.  {Rom.  Cath.  Church.)  The  first  canonical 
hour,  succeeding  to  lauds. 

Hymn  for  the  hour  of  prime.  Crashaw. 

7.  {Fencing.)  The  first  of  the  chief  guards. 

Wright. 

8.  {(Mem.)  Combining  proportion ; equiva- 
lent. Ure. 

PRIME,  v.  n.  To  serve  for  the  charge  of  a gun 
before  it  can  go  off.  “ Priming  powder.”  Smart. 

PRIME,  V.  a.  [i.  PRIMED;  pp.  PRIMING,  PRIMED.] 

1.  To  put  into  a condition  for  going  off,  as  a 

gun  ; to  put  powder  in  the  pan  of.  “ Prime  all 
your  firelocks.”  Gay. 

2.  To  apply  a ground  or  first  coat  of  paint 

to  ; to  put  priming  upon.  Johnson. 

PRIME'LY,  ad-  Originally;  primarily:  — in  the 
best  manner  ; excellently  ; very  well. 

PRIME'— MIN'IS-T^R,  n.  The  head  of  a ministry 
of  cabinet,  particularly  of  the  British  ministry  ; 
the  premier.  Bolingbroke. 

PRIME'NRSS,  n.  State  of  being  prime.  Johnson. 

PRlM'ER,  a.  [L.  primarius.]  First;  original. 
“ Primer  election.”  Bouvier. 

PRlM'ER,  n.  1.  A small  prayer-book  used  in  the 
service  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church. 

The  primer,  or  office  of  the  Blessed  Virgin.  StilUnrjfieet. 

2.  An  elementary  book  in  which  children  are 

taught  to  read;  — so  named  from  its  original 
resemblance  to  the  devotional  primer  in  con- 
taining religious  lessons.  Locke. 

3.  (Printing.)  A kind  of  type  called  long 

primer,  larger  than  bourgeois,  and  smaller  than 
small  pica : — also  a kind  of  type  called  great 
primer,  intermediate  in  size  between  English 
and  paragon.  Adams. 

f PRl'MER-FlNE,  n.  (Eng.  Law.)  A fine  or  pay- 
ment which  was  due  to  the  king,  at  the  com- 
mencement of  the  proceedings  to  levy  a fine  of 
lands.  Blackstone. 

PRI-ME'RO,  n.  [Sp.  primera. ] An  old  game  at 


cards  ; — so  called  because  he  that  first  shows  a 
certain  order  of  cards  is  the  winner.  Shak. 

t PIU'MER-SEI'ZIN,  n.  (Eng.  Law.)  A right 
which  the  king  had,  when  any  of  his  tenants  in 
capita  died  seized  of  a knight’s  fee,  to  receive  of 
the  heir  (provided  he  were  of  full  age)  one 
whole  year's  profits  of  the  lands,  if  they  were 
in  immediate  possession  ; and  half  a year’s 
profits,  if  the  lands  were  in  reversion  expectant 
on  an  estate  for  life.  Wliishaw. 

PRl-ME'VAL,  a.  [L.  primeevus ; primus,  first, 
and  tevus,  age.]  Of  the  earliest  ages  ; original ; 
primitive  ; primordial  ; primal ; first.  Walpole. 

Syn.  — See  Primary. 

f PRl-ME'VOUS,  a.  Primeval.  Bailey. 

f PRI-MI-grE'NI-AL,  a.  Primogenial.  Glanvill. 

f PRl-MI-(?E'NI-OUS,  a.  [L . primigenius.\  First- 
born; primogenial.  Bp.  Hall. 

Plti'MJNE,  n.  (Bot.)  The  outer  coat  of  the  cov- 
ering of  the  ovule.  Gray. 

PRIM'ING,  n.  1.  Powder  for  the  pan  of  a gun, 
for  laying  a train  to  ignite  a mine,  and  for  other 
purposes.  Simmonds. 

2.  The  first  coat  or  layer  of  paint  put  upon 
canvas  or  other  material ; ground.  Fairholt. 

3.  (Steam-engines.)  The  hot  water  carried 

along  with  the  steam  from  the  boiler  into  the 
cylinders.  Buchanan. 

Priming  and  lagging,  the  alternate  acceleration  and 
retardation  of  the  times  of  high  water,  caused  hy  the 
combined  action  of  the  sun  and  moon.  Braude. 

PRIM'ING— WIRE,  n.  (Mil.)  A pointed  wire  for 
penetrating  the  vent  of  a gun.  Smart. 

PRI-MlP'PLAR,  a.  [L.  primipilaris  ; primipilus, 
the  chief  centurion  of  the  triarii.]  Of,  or  be- 
longing to,  the  captain  or  leader  of  the  van- 
guard of  a Roman  army.  Barrow. 

PRI-jHI  " TI-.JE  (prx-mish'e-S),  n.  pi.  [L.  primitive, 
first  fruits.] 

1.  (Eng.  Law.)  The  first  year’s  whole  profits 

of  a spiritual  preferment.  Burrill. 

2.  (Med.)  The  waters  discharged  before  the 

extrusion  of  the  foetus.  Dunglison. 

PRI-Ml''TIAL  (prl-nush'fd),  a.  Pertaining  to  pri- 
mitise  ; primitive  ; first,  [r.]  Ainsworth. 

PRIM'I-TI  VE,  a.  [L.  primitivus ; primus,  first; 
It.  <§•  Sp.  primitivo  ; Fr.  primitif .] 

1.  Relating  to,  or  established  from,  the  be- 

ginning; original;  primeval;  primal.  “The 
primitive  church.”  Sharp. 

2.  Imitating  the  supposed  gravity  or  excel- 
lence of  early  times ; grave ; solemn.  Johnson. 

3.  (Gram.)  Expressive  of  a word  in  its  sim- 
plest etymological  form  ; primary  ; radical ; not 
derived.  A primitive  word  is  a word  formed 
from  no  other,  being  itself  a root  from  which 
others  spring  ; as,  man,  angel. 

4.  (Bot.)  The  first  parts  developed  ; — applied 

to  specific  types,  in  opposition  to  forms  result- 
ing from  hybridization.  Iletislow. 

Primitive  chord,  (Mas.)  that  chord  whose  lowest 
note  is  of  the  same  literal  denomination  as  the  fun- 
damental bass  of  the  harmony.  The  chord,  taken  in 
any  other  way,  as  when  its  lowest  note  is  the  third  or 
the  fifth  of  the  fundamental  bass,  is  railed  a derivative. 
Moore.  — Primitive  circle,  ( Spherical  Projection.)  the  cir- 
cle cut  from  the  sphere  to  be  projected,  hy  the  primitive 
plane.  — Primitive  plane,  the  plane  upon  which  the 
projections  are  to  be  made  ; — generally  taken  through 
tlie  centre  of  tile  sphere  and  made  to  coincide  with 
some  principal  circle  of  tile  sphere,  as  tlie  equator  or 
a meridian.  Davies.  — Primitive  colors,  (Painting.) 
See  Primary.  — Primitive  roclcs,  t Gcal.)  primary 
rocks.  See  PRIMARY. 

Syn.  — See  Primary. 

PRIM'I-TLVE,  n.  A primitive  word.  Johnson. 

PRIM'I-TIVE-LY,  ad.  Originally;  at  first;  pri- 
marily. Browne. 

PRIM'I-TI VE-N ESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  prim- 
itive ; antiquity.  Johnson. 

t PRIM'f-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being  first,  or  origi- 
nal ; primitiveness.  Pearson. 

PRIM'LY,  ad.  With  primness  ; precisely.  Smart. 

PRIM'NjpSS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality  of  being 
prim  ; affected  niceness  or  formality.  Gray. 

PRl'MO.  [It.]  (Mus.)  The  first.  Moore. 

PRI-MO-RE'NI-AL,  a.  [L.  primigenius  ; primus, 


first,  and  gigno,  to  beget.]  First-born;  original; 
primary  ; primitive  ; constituent ; elemental. 

Noon  stands  eternal  here;  here  may  thy  sight 
Drink  in  the  rays  of  primogenial  light.  Watts. 

J8®“  “ This  is  tlie  usual  form  ; but  old  writers  more 
correctly  use  primigenial .”  Smart. 

PRl-MO-^EN'I-TIVE,  a.  Relating  to  primogeni- 
ture. [it.]  Month.  Rev. 

fi  PRl-MO-^EN'I-TIVE,  n.  Primogeniture.  Shak. 

PRi-MO-yEN'l-TOR,  n.  [L.  primus  and  genitor, 
father.]  An  ancestor  ; a forefather.  Gayton. 

P R I - M O - £ E N ' I - T U R E , n.  [L.  primogenitus,  first- 
born ; primus,  first,  and  genitus,  born  ; It.  6,  Sp. 
primogenitura;  Fr.  primogeniture .] 

1.  The  state  of  being  the  first-born  ; seniority 
of  birth;  eldership. 

Because  the  Scripture  aifordeth  the  priority  of  order  unto 
Sem,  we  caimotfrom  hence  infer  his  primogeniture.  Jirowne. 

2.  (Eng.  Law.)  The  right  of  the  eldest  son 

to  inherit  his  ancestor’s  estate,  in  exclusion  of 
younger  sons.  Blackstone. 

PSP  “ This  unjust  distinction  has  been  generally 
abolished  in  the  United  States.”  Bouvier. 

PRI-MO-§rEN'l-TURE-SHIP,  n.  Right  of  eldership. 

||  PRl-MOR'DI-AL  [prl-mor'de-al,  P.  J.  p.  Sm.  Wr. ; 
j 111 -II li) r'd  v ril , E.  P.  K. ; prT-mbr  do-al,  or  piT-nior’- 
jc-al,  W.],  a.  [L.  primordialis ; primus,  first, 
and  ordo,  order;  It.  primordiale  ; Sp.  <5t  Fr.  pri- 
mordial.) 

1.  Original ; existing  from  the  beginning. 

“ Primordial  elements.”  Stewart. 

2.  (Bot.)  Earliest  formed,  as  the  leaves  which 

appear  first  after  the  cotyledons.  Gray. 

||  PRI-MOR'DI-AL,  n.  Origin  ; first  principle.  More. 

||  I’Rl-MOR'DI-AN,  n.  A kind  of  plum.  Johnson. 

II  PRI-MOR'DI-ATE,  a.  Original ; primordial.  “A 
primorcliate  and  ingeneruble  body.”  Boyle. 

PRl-MOR  1 DI-UM,  n.\  pi.  PRi-Mon' di-a.  [L. 
primus,  first,  and  ordior,  to  begin.]  Beginning; 
commencement;  origin.  Qu.  Rev. 

PRI-MOS'I-TY,  n.  Primness,  [r.]  Lady  Stanhope. 

PRIMP,  v.  n.  To  behave  in  a ridiculously  formal 
or  affected  manner.  [Local.]  Wright.  Todd. 

PRIM'ROfjE,  n.  [L.  primus,  first,  and  rosa,  a 
rose.]  (Bot.)  A low  perennial  plant,  of  the  ge- 
nus Primula,  bearing  flowers  in  an  umbel.  Gray. 
Sweet  as  the  primrose  peeps  beneath  the  thorn.  Goldsmith. 

Common  or  European  primrose , Primula  vulgaris , 
flowering  very  early  in  spring.  — Evening  primrose , a 
plant  of  the  genus  (Enothera . Gray.  Wood. 

PRlM'RO§E,  a.  Flowery.  “iPrimrose  path.”  Shak. 

PRIM'RO^ED  (-rozd),  a.  Adorned  with  prim- 
roses. Warton. 

PRI'MUM  MOB’ I-LE.  ( Astron .)  A term  applied, 
in  the  Ptolemaic  system,  to  a vast  sphere,  in- 
cluding all  the  other  spheres  in  the  universe 
within  it,  and  supposed  to  perform  a diurnal 
revolution  from  east  to  west,  carrying  with  it 
the  whole  of  the  subordinate  heavens,  and  pro- 
ducing the  phenomena  of  day  and  night.  Hutton. 

PRI'MUS  IJY'TER  PA’REfi.  [L.]  The  first 
among  equals.  Scudamore. 

t rRl'MY,  a.  Blooming ; early.  Shak. 

PRINCE,  n.  [L.  pnneeps  ; primus , first,  and  ca- 
pio,  to  take,  or  caput,  capitis,  the  head  ; It.  *Sr 
Sp.  principe ; Fr.  prince. — Dut.  prins  ; Ger. 
prim ; Dan.  prinds  ; Sw.  prins.] 

1.  A chief  ruler ; a sovereign. 

Forces  came  to  be  used  by  good  /wmcesonly  upon  necessity 
of  providing  for  their  defence.  Temple. 

2.  A female  sovereign ; a princess,  [r.] 

Queen  Elizabeth,  a prince  admirable  above  her  sex.  Camden. 

3.  The  chief  of  any  body  of  men ; chief  per- 
sonage. “ The  prince  of  learning.”  Peacham. 

4.  The  son  of  a king  or  a sovereign,  especial- 
ly the  eldest  son. 

A prince  of  great  courage  and  beauty,  blit  fostered  up  iu 
blood  by  his  naughty  father.  Sidney. 

& g=  On  tlie  continent  the  rank  of  princes  is  vari- 
ous. In  France,  tinder  the  old  regime,  tlie  title  be- 
longed only  to  certain  families  of  high  distinction, 
connected  witll  the  royal  blood.  It  ranks  in  Germany 
below  that  of  duke.  Brande.  — Prince  is  applied  to 
God,  Dan.  viii.  II:  — to  Christ,  as  “the  Prince  of 
peace,”  Isa.  ix.  6 : — to  tile  devil,  as  tlie  prince  of  this 
world,  John  xii.  31. 

Prince  of  Wales,  the  title  of  the  eldest  son  of  tlie 
reigning  sovereign  of  England. 

Syn.  — See  Monarch. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RtJLE.  — 9,  £,  9,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  5,  |,  hard;  § as  z;  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


PRINCE 


1130 


PRINT-SELLER 


Prince  Rupert's  drops,  drops  of  green  glass  sudden- 
ly solidified  by  falling  into  cold  water,  and  so  brittle 
that  They  fly  to  pieces  with  an  explosion  when  their 
surface  is  scratched  or  their  smaller  extremity  is  brok- 
en oft’.  Bigelow. 

t PRINCE,  v.  n.  To  play  the  prince.  Shah. 

PRINCE' A^E,  n.  The  body  of  princes  : — prince- 
dom. [u.]  Month.  Rev. 

PRINCE'DOM  (prlns'dum),  n.  The  rank,  estate, 
power,  or  jurisdiction  of  a prince  ; sovereignty. 
Tlwoucs,  dominations,  princedoms , virtues,  powers.  Milton. 

PRINCE'— LIKE,  a.  Like  a prince  ; princely.  Shak. 

PRINCE'LI-NESS,  n.  The  state,  manner,  or  dig- 
nity of  a prince.  Sherwood. 

PRINCE 'LING,  n.  A small  or  petty  prince.  Young. 

PRlNCE'LY,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to,  or  becoming,  a 
prince;  royal ; grand;  stately;  august.  “ Prince- 
ly gifts.”  Shak.  “ Princely  virtues.”  Waller. 

2.  Having  the  rank  of,  or  resembling  a prince  ; 
noble  ; generous.  “ Princely  gentlemen.”  Shak. 

PRlNCE'LY,  ad.  In  a prince-like  manner.  Johnson. 

PrTN'CE’§— FEATII'ER,  n.  ( Bot .)  An  ornamental 
annual  plant,  with  dark-red  flowers ; Amaran- 
tlius  hypochondria cus  : — an  ornamental,  annual 
plant,  with  green  flowers  tinged  with  red,  or 
sometimes  deep  red  or  purple ; Amaranthus 
panicuhtus  : — an  ornamental,  annual  plant, 
with  large,  open,  bright,  rose-colored  flowers ; 
Polygonum  orientate.  Loudon.  Gray. 

PRIN'CE’§— MET’AL,  n.  A modification  of  brass  ; 
an  alloy  containing  three  parts  of  copper  and 
one  part  of  zinc  ; — also  called  Prince  Ilupert's 
metal.  Ure. 

PRIN'cyss,  n.  [Fr.  princcsse.\ 

1.  A female  ruler  or  sovereign. 

So  excellent  a princess  as  the  present  queen.  Swift. 

2.  A sovereign  lady  of  rank,  next  to  that  of  a 

queen.  Johnson. 

3.  The  daughter  of  a sovereign.  Shah. 

4.  The  wife  of  a prince.  “ The  Princess  of 

Wales.”  Johnson. 

Ifir*  Dr.  Latham  says,  “ The  feminine  form  [of 
prince]  is  accented prin-cess' , while  peer' ess,  priest' ess, 
&c.  &c.,  carry  the  accent  on  the  first  syllable.  Prin- 
cess is  remarkable  as  being  the  only  word  in  English 
where  the  accent  lies  on  the  subordinate  syllable.” 
— Vet  no  English  orthor.pist , so  far  as  we  know,  places 
the  accent  on  the  second  syllable. 

Walker  remarks,  “ Hence  we  may  perceive  the 
glaring  absurdity  which  prevails  in  the  first  circles  — 
that  of  pronouncing  the  plural  of  princess , and  even 
the  singular,  with  the  accent  on  the  second  syllable, 
like  success  and  successes  ; for  we  might  just  as  well 
say,  duch-ess'  and  duch-ess'cs , as  prin-cess1  and  prin- 
cess' es  ; nor  would  a correct  ear  he  less  hurt  with  the 
latter  than  the  former.” 

PRIN'CESS— LIKE,  a.  Like,  or  becoming,  a prin- 
cess; princessly.  [r.]  Byron. 

PRIN'CFISS-LY,  «.  Princess-like,  [it.]  Wright. 

PRIN-CET'TAS,  n.  A worsted  fabric,  sometimes 
made  with  a cotton  warp.  Simmonds. 

PRIN'CI-PAL,  a.  [L.  principalis  ; princcps , first, 
chief ; It.  principals  ; Sp.  ^ Fr.  principal .] 

1.  Highest  in  rank,  authority,  or  importance  ; 

first ; chief ; supreme  ; main.  Hoohcr. 

The  chief  captains  aad  principal  men  of  the  city. 

Acts  xxv.  23. 

2.  Pertaining  to  a prince  ; princely.  [A  Lat- 

inism.]  Spenser. 

Principal  azis  of  a conic  section , tile  axis  which 
passes  through  the  foci : — in  the  case  of  a parabola, 

the  diameter  passing  through  the  focus.  Davies 

Principal  challenge , (Law.)  a challenge  of  a juror  for  a 
cause  which  carries  with  it  evident  marks  of  sus- 
picion, either  of  malice  or  of  favor.  Burrill Princi- 

pal plane,  [Grom.)  a plane,  in  surfaces  of  tile  second 
order,  that  bisects  a system  of  parallel  chords  of  the 
surface  perpendicular  to  it  . — Principal  point,  ( Per- 
spective.) the  projection  of  the  point  of  sight  upon  the 
perspective  plane.  It  is  the  same  as  the  centre  of  the 
picture.  — Principal  ray,  ( Perspective .)  the  ray  drawn 
through  the  point  of  sight,  perpendicular  to  the  per- 
spective plane.  Davies. 

Syn.  — See  Chief,  Primary. 

PRIN'CI-PAL,  ii.  1.  One  who  holds  the  first  power 
or  rank ; a chief ; a head  ; a leader. 

Seconds,  in  factions,  do  many  times,  when  the  faction  sub- 
sideth,  prove  principals.  Jlacon. 

2.  The  chief  officer  of  a seminary  or  acad- 
emy ; a president  or  governor.  Tatler. 

3.  One  primarily  or  originally  engaged ; not 
an  accessory  or  auxiliary. 


Wc  were  not  principals,  hut  auxiliaries  in  tile  war.  Swift. 

4.  A capital  sum  placed  out  at  interest.  Swift. 

Thou  wilt  not  only  lose  the  forfeiture, 

But,  touched  with  human  gentleness  and  love. 

Forgive  a moiety  of  the  principal.  Shak. 

5.  (Law.)  A chief  actor  in  the  commission  of 

a crime  : — a chief  debtor  ; one  who  is  liable  in 
the  first  instance,  as  distinguished  from  a sure- 
ty: — one  who  orders  or  instructs  another  to 
act  for  him,  as  distinguished  from  an  agent ; a 
constituent ; an  employer.  Burrill. 

6.  (Arch.)  A main  timber  in  an  assemblage 

of  timbers.  Brande. 

7.  (Fine  Arts.)  The  chief  circumstance  in  a 

work  of  art,  to  which  the  rest  arc  to.be  subordi- 
nate. Brande. 

8.  ( Mus.)  A metallic  stop  in  an  organ  ; — 

so  called  because  it  forms  the  standard  for  tun- 
ing the  other  stops.  Dwight. 

Principal  in.  t.lic  first  degree,  (Crim.  Law.)  tile  abso- 
lute perpetrator  of  a crime. — Principal  in  the  second 
degree,  one  who  is  present,  aiding  and  abetting  the 
crime.  Burrill. 

PRIN-CI-PAL'J-TY,  n.  [L.  principalitas ; Sp. 
principalidad ; Fr.  prineipalite.'] 

1.  Supreme  power  ; sovereignty.  Sidney. 

2.  The  state  of  being  the  principal  or  chief; 

superiority  ; predominance,  [it.]  Diyby. 

Having  the  prerogative  and  in'incijialii y above  every  thing 
else.  Bp.  Taylor. 

3.  A sovereign;  a prince,  [it.]  “Nisroch 

of  principalities  the  prime.”  Milton. 

4.  A territory  governed  by,  or  which  gives 
title  to,  a prince.  “ The  principality  of  Wales.” 

Johnson. 

The  little  principality  of  Epire  was  invincible  by  the  whole 
power  of  tile  Turks.  Temple. 

PRlN'CI-PAL-LY,  ad.  Chiefly;  above  all ; above 
the  rest.  Neieton. 

PRlN'CI-PA  L-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  prin- 
cipal or  chief ; superiority.  Jbhnson. 

t PRiN'CI-PATE,  it.  [L.  prineipatus  ; It.  princi- 
pato .]  Principality  ; supreme  rule.  Barroic. 

PRIJY-C1 P ' I-A,  n.  pi.  [L.]  First  principles; 
elements.  Newton. 

f PRIN-CIP'I-AL,  a.  Initial ; elementary.  Bacon. 

PRIN-CiP'I-ANT,  a.  Relating  to  the  beginning 
or  first  principles,  [r.]  Coleridge. 

f PRIN-CI P-I-A'TION,  ii.  [L.  principium,  begin- 
ning.] Analysis  into  constituent  parts.  Bacon. 

PRlN'CI-PLE  (prln'se-pl),  n.  [L.  principium  ; prin- 
ceps,  first;  It.  § Sp . principle  \ Fr.  principe.] 

1.  f Beginning.  “And  given  principle  to  no 

inconsiderable  navy.”  Evelyn. 

2.  Original  cause  ; origin ; source.  Grew. 

Some  few,  whose  lamp  shone  brighter,  have  been  led, 

From  cause  to  cause,  to  nature’s  secret  head, 

And  found  that  one  first  principle  must  be.  Dryden. 

3.  A primordial  substance  ; an  element. 

Modern  philosophers  suppose  mutter  to  be  one  simple  prin- 
ciple, or  solid  extension,  diversified  by  its  various  shapes. 

IVatts. 

4.  A fundamental  truth  ; an  axiom  ; postulate. 

Touching  the  law  of  reason,  there  arc  in  it  some  things 

which  stand  as  principles  uni  vers  all}-  agreed  upon.  Hooker. 

5.  A rule  ; a maxim  ; a proposition  ; a tenet ; 
an  opinion  ; a doctrine. 

lie  who  fixes  upon  false  principles  treads  upon  infirm 
ground,  and  so  sinks;  and  he  who  fails  in  his  deductions 
from  right  prineijiles  stumbles  upon  firm  ground,  and  so 
falls.  South. 

6.  Ground  of  conduct;  motive.  “Some  com- 
mon of  action.”  Addison. 

7 Good  moral  character;  uprightness;  as, 
“ A man  of  principle .” 

Syn. — Principle  is  a fundamental  truth  cr  ground 
of  action,  and  lies  in  conscious  or  unconscious  agents  ; 
motive  is  the  impulse  which  urges  to  action,  and  lies 
only  in  conscious  agents.  Fundamental  principle  ; 
principle  of  action  ; good  or  bad  motive.  It  may  he 
said  of  an  author  that  his  principles  were  excellent, 
though  some  of  his  opinions  or  tenets  were  questiona- 
ble ; yet  his  motives  in  defending  them  ought  not  to 
be  condemned.  — See  Doctrine. 

PRIN'CI-PLE,  v.  a.  [i.  PRINCIPLED  ; pp.  PRIN- 
CIPLING,  PRINCIPLED.] 

1.  To  establish  in  a tenet;  to  impress  with 

any  tenet.  Milton. 

Men  have  been  principled  with  an  opinion  that  they  must 
not  consult  reason  in  matters  of  religion.  Locke. 

2.  To  establish  or  fix  in  the  mind.  “ Princi- 

pling  their  religion.”  Locke. 

3.  To  educate  in  good  principles.  Smart. 


PRjfN'CI-PLED  (-plil),  p.  a.  Having  principles; 
fixed  in  opinion.  Pope. 

t PRIN'COCK,  a.  Pert;  coxcomical.  Florio. 

PR  IN 'COX,  n.  [L.  preecox,  precocious.  Minsheu. 
— From  prink,  or  prim,  and  cock.  Johnson. — 
From  prime  and  cock.  Jlichardson.\  A cox- 
comb ; a pert  young  rogue.  [Rare  or  local.]  Shak. 

I-Ji,  n.  (Ornith.)  A genus  of  small  birds 
abundant  in  many  parts  of  Java.  Ilorsjield. 

PRINK  (prlngk,  82),  v.  n.  [Dut.  pronken.  — See 
Piiank.]  [i.  prinked  ; pp.  prinking, 
prinked.]  To  deck  one’s  self  for  show;  to 
dress  ostentatiously  ; to  prank.  Howell. 

PRINK,  v.  a.  To  dress  or  adjust  to  ostentation. 

They  who  prink  and  pamper  the  body,  and  neglect  the 
soul,  arc  like  one  who.  having  a nightingale  in  his  house,  is 
more  fond  of  tire  cage  than  of  the  bird.  Howell. 

PRINT,  v.  a.  [L.  imprimo  ; in,  in,  and  premo , to 
press;  It.  imprimere\  Sp.  imprimir;  Fr.  im- 
printer.] [i.  printed  ; pp.  printing,  printed.] 

1.  To  mark  by  pressure;  to  imprint. 

On  his  fiery  steed  betimes  he  rode, 

That  scarcely  prints  the  turf  on  which  he  trod.  Dryden. 

2.  To  form  by  impression.  “ Some  footsteps 

printed  in  the  clay.”  Roscommon. 

3.  To  impress  by  means  of  letters  or  types 
on  paper,  cloth,  or  other  material. 

Pictures  of  animals  with  the  printed  names  to  them.  Locke. 

4.  To  impress  or  stamp  with  letters,  charac- 
ters, or  figures.  “Printed  fabrics.”  Ure. 

PRINT,  v.  n.  1.  To  use  or  practise  the  art  of 
printing.  “ Liberty  of  printing.”  Milton. 

2.  To  publish  a book  or  other  work. 

From  the  moment  he  prints,  lie  must  expect  to  hear  no 
more  truth.  Pope. 

PRINT,  n.  1.  A mark,  form,  character,  or  figure 
made  by  impression  ; an  impression. 

Except  I shall  sec  in  his  hands  the  print  of  the  nails,  and 
put  my  finger  into  the  print  of  the  nails,  and  thrust  my  hand 
into  lus  side,  I will  not  believe.  John  xx.  25. 

O’er  the  smooth,  enamelled  green, 

Where  no  print  of  step  hath  been.  Milton. 

2.  That  which  impresses  its  form  ; a stamp. 

“ A butter-pripj.”  Johnson. 

3.  Impressions  of  types,  as  to  form,  size,  dis- 
tinctness, &c. 

To  refresh  the  former  hint. 

She  read  her  Maker  in  a fairer  print.  Di'yden. 

4.  Any  thing  printed,  as  a book  or  a news- 
paper ; a printed  work  of  any  kind. 

The  prints,  about  three  days  after,  were  filled  with  the 
same  terms.  Addison. 

5.  A picture  impressed  from  an  engraved 
surface ; an  engraving. 

The  prints  which  we  sec  of  antiquities.  Dryden. 

6.  Cloth  impressed  with  figures.  Simmonds. 

7.  (Arch.)  A flat  ornament  of  plaster.  Clarke. 

In  print,  printed  anil  published.  “A  ballad  in 

print.”  Shall.  — With  great  precision  or  nicety  ; in  a 
precise  and  perfect  manner.  “ lie  must  speak  m print, 
walk  in  print,  eat  and  drink  in  print.”  Burton.  — Out 
of  print,  no  longer  printed  or  published.  — See  Out. 

Syn.  — See  Mark,  Picture. 

PRINT'JJR,  n.  One  who  prints;  — distinctively, 
one  who  prints  books,  papers,  &c.  Diyby. 

PRlNT'?R’§-lNK,  ii.  Ink  used  in  printing,  com- 
posed chiefly  of  lampblack  and  linseed  oil  or  nut 
oil  inspissated  by  boiling  and  burning.  Bigelow. 

FRINT'fR-Y,  ii.  1.  An  establishment  for  print- 
ing cottons,  &c. ; print-works,  [it.]  Pitkin. 

2.  A printing-office,  [r.]  Bartlett. 

PRINTING,  n.  1.  The  act,  the  art,  or  the  prac- 
tice of  impressing  letters,  words,  &c.,  on  paper, 
for  books,  &c. ; the  art  or  the  employment  of  a 
printer ; typography.  Shak. 

2.  The  act,  the  art,  or  the  practice  of  im- 
pressing figures  on  cloth  or  other  material. 

PRlNT'ING-HOUSE,  n.  A house  where  printing 
is  executed  ; a printing-office.  Johnson. 

PRINT  ING— INK,  n.  See  Printer’s-ink. 

PRlNT'JNG-MA-CHINE',  il.  A printing-press 
worked  by  machinery.  P.  Cyc. 

PRINTTNG-OF'FICE,  n.  A building,  room,  or 
office  where  books,  &c.,  are  printed.  Franklin. 

PRlNT'ING-PRESS,  n.  A press  for  printing  books, 
newspapers,  &c.  Ire. 

PRlNT'LESS,  a.  That  leaves  no  print  or  impres- 
sion. “ My  printless  feet.”  Milton. 

PRINT'— SELL- pR,  ii.  One  who  sells  prints. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure; 


F.ARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  IIE1R,  HER; 


PRINT-SHOP 


1131 


PRIVET 


PRINT'-SIIOP,  n.  A shop  where  prints  are  sold. 

PRINT'— WORKS  (-wiirks),  n.  An  establishment 
where  cloth  is  printed.  Ure. 

PRl-ON'O-DON,  n.  (Zodl.)  A genus  of  civets 
found  in  Java  and  India.  Baird. 

PRI'OR,  a.  [Old  L.  pris  or  prt;  L.  Sp.  prior] 
Preceding  in  time  ; former,  antecedent;  ante- 
rior ; previous  ; foregoing.  llojers. 

Syn.  — See  Antecedent,  Previous. 

PRI'OR,  n.  [It.  priore ; Sp.  prior-,  Fr.  prieur] 
The  head  of  a convent  of  monks,  inferior  in 
dignity  to  an  abbot.  Addison. 

PRi'OR-ATE,  n.  [Fr.  priorat .]  The  state,  gov- 
ernment, or  dignity  of  a prior.  Warton. 

PRI'OR-ESS,  n.  The  head,  or  lady  superior,  of  a 
convent  of  nuns.  _ Dryden. 

PRI-OR’I-TY,  n.  [It.  priorit'a  ; Sp.  prioridad  ; Fr. 
priority.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  prior  or  first ; prece- 

dence or  antecedence  in  time.  “ Priority  of 
birth.”  Hayward. 

2.  Precedence  in  place  or  rank  ; preeminence. 

Follow,  Cominius;  we  must  follow  you, 

Right  worthy  your  priority.  Shak. 

Syn. — Priority  respects  merely  the  order  of  suc- 
cession : precedence  signifies  priority  in  going,  and  de- 
pends on  right  or  privilege  ; preeminence , priority  in 
being,  and  depends  on  merit  , preference , priority  in 
placing,  and  depends  on  favor.  Priority  in  birth  ; 
precedence  in  rank  ; preeminence  in  talents  ; deserving 
the  preference. 

PRl'OR-LY,  ad.  Antecedently,  [r.]  Geddes. 

PRl'OR-SHIP,  n.  State  or  office  of  a prior.  Johnson. 

PRi'OR-Y,  n.  A convent,  in  dignity,  commonly 

regarded  below  an  abbey.  Shak. 

Syn. — See  Abbey. 

PRI'§A£E,  n.  [Fr.  prise,  a taking  capture  ; pren- 
dre,’ pris,  \.o  take.]  {Old  Eng.  Law.)  A right 
on  the  part  of  the  crown  of  taking  two  tons  of 
wine  from  every  vessel  importing  into  England 
twenty  tons  or  more,  one  before  and  one  behind 
the  mast,  which  was  afterwards  exchanged  into 
a duty  called  butlerage.  Whishaio. 

PRIS-CIL'LI  AN-IST,  n.  ( Eccl . Hist.)  A follower 
of  Priscillian,  bishop  of  Atila,  in  Spain,  in  the 
fourth  century.  Hook. 

PRI§E,  v.  & n.  See  Prize,  and  Pry. 

f PRiij'ER,  n.  One  who  contends  for  a prize.  Shak. 

PRISjM  (prlzm),  n.  [Gr.  iroUrpa  ; upi^ui,  to  saw;  L., 
It.,  §■  Sp.  prisma  ; Fr.  prisme.\ 

1.  ( Geom .)  A solid  comprehended  under  sev- 

eral parallelograms,  terminated  by  two  equal 
and  parallel  polygons.  These  polygons  are 
called  the  bases  of  the  prism.  Peirce. 

2.  ( Dioptrics .)  A triangular  prism  of  glass 
used  in  experiments  upon  the  refraction  and 
dispersion  of  light. 

JK g=  Tile  equal  and  parallel  polygons  are  called  the 
bases  of  tire  prism  ; the  lateral  parallelograms,  faces  ; 
and  the  lines  in  which  these  faces  meet  are  called  the 
lateral  edges  ; and  the  distance  betwepn  the  planes  of 
the  bases  is  called  the  altitude. 

dichromatic  prism,  a combination  of  two  prisms, 
which,  being  made  of  two  different  transparent  sub- 
stances of  unequal  dispersive  powers,  as  flint  glass 
and  crown  glass,  but  iiaving  their  refracting  angles 
unequal,  and  being  inverted  with  respect  to  each 
other,  refract  an  incident  beam  of  light  into  a new  di- 
rection without  color.  T.ibrary  of  Useful  Knowledge.  — 
Right  prism,  a prism  whose  lateral  edges  are  perpen- 
dicular to  the  planes  of  the  bases.  — Oblique  prism,  a 
prism  whose  lateral  edges  are  oblique  to  the  planes  of 
tile  bases. — Triangular  prism , a prism 
whose  bases  are  triangles.  — Quadrangular 
prism,  a prism  whose  bases  are  quadrilater- 
als.— Rhombic  prism,  a prism  each  of  whose 
bases  is  a rhombus  or  rhomb.  — JVicol’s 
prism,  an  instrument,  contrived  by  Wil- 
liam Nicol,  for  polarizing  light,  and  for 
analyzing  and  testing  the  properties  of  po- 
larized light,  and  constructed  as  follows  : 

A rhomb  of  Iceland  crystal  being  reduced 
by  natural  cleavage  into  the  form  of  an 
oblique  rhoinboidal  prism  about  one  inch 
in  length  and  a third  of  an  inch  in  breadth 
and  m thickness,  and  bisected  through  the 
diagonally  opposite,  obtuse  terminal  edges, 
the  two  halves  are  cemented  together  again 
by  Canada  balsam.  When  a ray  of  light,  is 
incident  upon  one  end  of  the  compound 
prism  so  as  to  be  transmitted  through  the 
first  half,  it  is  doubly  refracted  ; and  the  layer  of  bal- 
sam receiving,  at  a very  oblique  incidence,  the  two 


rays  into  which  the  incident  ray  is  divided,  and  its  in- 
dex of  refraction  being  less  than  that  of  the  ordinary, 
and  greater  than  that  of  the  extraordinary  ray,  the 
former  ray  is  totally  reflected  from  the  layer  of  bal- 
sam, and  tile  latter  is  transmitted  and  emerges  at  the 
other  end  of  the  prism,  parallel  to  the  first  incident 
ray,  white  and  polarized.  Talbot. 

PRI§-MAT'IC,  a.  [It.  <S;  Sp . prismatico Fr.  pris- 
matique .]  Pertaining  to,  or  resembling,  a prism. 

Prismatic  colors,  or  primary  colors,  the  seven  colors 
into  which  a ray  of  light  is  decomposed  when  re- 
fracted by  a prism,  viz.,  red,  orange,  yellow,  green, 
blue,  indigo,  and  violet.  See  Primary.  — Prismatic 
spectrum,  the  representation  of  the  prismatic  colors 
formed  on  a wall  or  screen  by  a beam  of  while  or  solar 
light  admitted  into  a dark  room  through  a small  hole 
and  refracted  by  a prism  ; solar  spectrum. 


PRI§-MAT'I-CAL,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  resembling, 
a prism  ; prismatic.  Ash. 

PRJ§-MAT'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  the  form  of  a prism. 


PRI§-MA-TOID'AL,  a.  [Gr.  irpiapn,  upieparos,  a 
prism,  and  ethos,  form.]  Having  the  form  of  a 
prism  ; resembling  a prism  in  form.  Smart. 


PRlS'MCilD,  n.  {Geom.)  A solid  or  volume  some- 
what resembling  a prism.  Davies. 

Right  prismoid,  the  frustum  of  a wedge  made  by  a 
plane  parallel  to  tile  back  of  the  wedge.  Davies. 

PRl§'MOID-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  resembling, 
a prismoid.  Davies. 

PRIl-i'MY,  a.  Like  a prism;  prismatic.  Jodrell. 

PRISON  (prlz'zn),  n.  [It . prigione -,  Sp.  prision  ; 
Fr.  prison  ; prendre,  pris,  to  take,  to  capture.  — 
A.  S.prisun ; Icel.  prisund .]  A place  or  a build- 
ing for  the  confinement  of  persons  for  safe 
keeping  or  punishment ; a jail.  “ Potiphar  put 
Joseph  in  prison.”  Gen.  xxxix.  20. 

PRISON  (prlz'zn),  v.  a.  1.  To  confine  in  prison  ; 
to  imprison  ; to  confine,  [it.]  Shak. 

_ 2.  To  enchain  ; to  captivate.  Milton. 

PRIS'ON-BASE  (priz'zn-bas),  n.  A kind  of  rural 
play,  consisting  chiefly  in  running  ; — also 
called  prison-bars,  and  prisoners'  base.  Sandy s. 


PRI^'ON-pR  (priz.'zn-er),  n.  [It.  prigioniere  ; Sp. 
prisionero ; Fr.  prisonnier.] 

1.  A person  confined  in  a prison.  Bacon. 

2.  One  taken  by  an  enemy  ; a captive.  Spenser. 

3.  A person  under  arrest.  Dryden. 

PRIS'ON— HOUSE  (priz'zn-liofis),  n.  A prison. 

I am  forbid  to  tell  the  secrets  of  my  prison-house.  'Shah. 

f PRI§'ON-MENT,  n.  Imprisonment.  Shak. 

PRlS'TINE,  a.  [L.  pristinus  ; Old  L.  pris,  whence 
prior-,  It.  ty  Sp.  pmstino ; Fr.  pristine.']  First; 
original;  primary;  primitive;  ancient.  “Re- 
instated in  their  pristine  happiness.”  Glanvill. 


PRIS ' TIS,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  uptons.]  {Ich.)  A ge- 
nus of  rapidly  swimming,  chondropterygious 
fishes  -y  the  saw-fish.  Baird. 

PRITH'EE.  A corruption  of  pray  thee,  or,  I pray 
thee.  “ I prithee  leave  me.”  [r.]  Rowe. 

PRIT'TLE-PRAt'TLE,  n.  Idle  or  empty  talk  ; 
trifling  loquacity  ; tittle-tattle.  Bp.  Bramhall. 

PRl'VA-CY  [pii'va-se,  P.  E.  Ja.  Sm.  C.  Wr.  Wb. ; 
prl'va-se  or  prlv'ri-se,  IF.  J.  F.  ; prlv'a-se,  S.  A’.], 
n.  [F  rom  private.] 

1.  State  of  being  private  or  secret;  secrecy. 

2.  A place  of  seclusion  ; retirement ; retreat. 

Her  sacred  privacies  all  open  lie 

To  each  profane,  inquiring,  vulgar  eye.  Rowe. 

3.  f Privity  ; joint  knowledge.  Arbuthnot. 

4.  f Habitual  silence  ; taciturnity.  Ainsworth. 

Syn. — Privacy  is  opposed  to  publicity  ; solitude  is 

the  state  of  being  alone  ; retirement  is  the  act  of  with- 
drawing from  society  or  from  public  life.  Living  in  pri- 
vacy or  in  the  solitude  of  an  island,  in  retirement  from 
business  or  from  public  life,  in  a retreat  from  the  cares 
of  life,  and  m seclusion  from  the  world. 

t PRI-VA' DO,  it.  [Sp.]  A secret  friend.  Bacon. 


PRI'VATE,  a.  [L.  privatus ; privo,  privatus,  to 
bereave,  to  deprive  ; It.  privato  ; Sp.  privado ; 
Fr . prive.] 

I.  Peculiar  to  one’s  self,  or  to  an  individual ; 
belonging  to  an  individual,  not  to  the  commu- 
nity ; not  public  or  general ; peculiar;  particu- 
lar ; individual ; personal. 

Private  wrongs  ore  an  infringement  or  privation  of  the 
private  or  civic  rights  belonging  to  individuals.  Blackstone . 

My  end  being  private , I have  not  expressed  my  concep- 
tions in  the  language  of  the  schools.  Dujhy.  i 


2.  Privy  ; not  open  ; secret ; apart. 

I have  somejjrirate  schooling  for  you  both.  Shak. 

3.  Not  invested  with  any  office.  Addison. 

What  infinite  heart’s  ease  must  kings  neglect 

That pr irate  men  enjoy!  Shak. 

4.  f Having  knowledge  of ; privy.  B.  Jonson. 

In  private,  secretly  ; not  openly  or  publicly. 

PRI'VATE,  n.  1.  A secret  message.  Shak. 

2.  Particular  business.  B.  Jonson. 

3.  A common  soldier.  Todd. 

PRI-VA-TEER',  n.  An  armed  vessel,  belonging 
to  one  or  more  private  individuals,  licensed  by 
government  to  take  prizes  from  an  enemy.  Swift. 

PRI-VA-TEER',  v.  ii.  To  fit  out,  or  cruise  in,  a 
privateer.  Johnson. 

PRl-VA-TEER'JNG,  n.  The  act  or  the  employ- 
ment of  taking  prizes  or  property,  on  the  ocean, 
from  an  enemy,  by  means  of  privateers.  Ash. 

PRI-VA-TEER§'MAN,  n.  One  engaged  in  priva- 
teering. Kingsley. 

PRl'VATE-LY,  ad.  In  a private  manner;  secret- 
ly ; not  openly  or  publicly.  Shak. 

PRi'VATE-NESS,  n.  1.  The  state  of  being  pri- 
vate ; privacy  ; secrecy.  Bacon. 

2.  Retirement  ; seclusion.  Wotton. 

3.  The  state  of  a person  not  in  office.  Johnson. 

PRl' VATE— WAY,  n.  {Law.)  A right  possessed 
by  one  or  more  persons  of  going  over  the  land 
of  another.  Whishaw. 

PRI-VA'TION,  n.  [L.  priralio-,  It.  privazione ; 
Sp.  privacion  ; Fr.  privation.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  deprived  or  destitute ; 
loss  of  something  ; deprivation  ; bereavement. 

No  doubt  but  King  Richard  had  been  in  great  jeopardy 
either  oi'jmivation  of  his  realm,  or  loss  of  his  life,  or  both.  Hail. 

2.  The  state  of  being  without  something ; 
absence  of  something  ; want ; destitution. 

After  some  account  of  good,  evil  will  be  known,  by  conse- 
quence, as  being  only  a privation , or  absence,  of  good.  South. 

Distance  is  nothing.else  but  the  privation  of  tactual  union. 

More. 

3.  The  act  of  the  mind  by  which,  in  consid- 

ering a subject,  we  separate  it  from  any  thing 
appendant.  Johnson. 

4.  Act  of  degrading  from  rank  or  office.  Bacon. 

||  PRIV'A-TIVE  [priv'a-tiv,  S.  W.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K. 
Sm . ; pri'va-tiv,  P.  C.],  a.  [L.  pi'ivativns  ; It.  § 
Sp.  privativo  ; Fr.  privatif.\ 

1.  That  deprives  of  something.  Johnson. 

2.  Consisting  in  the  absence  of  something ; 
not  positive. 

The  privative  blessings  — the  blessings  of  immunity,  safe- 
guard, liberty,  and  integrity  — which  we  enjoy  deserve  the 
thanksgiving  of  a whole  life.  lip.  Taylor. 

“ Privative  is  in  things  what  negative  is  in 
propositions.”  Dr.  Johnson. 

“ Mr.  Sheridan,  Dr.  Kenrick,  Dr.  Ash,  Mr. 
Scott,  W.  Johnston,  and  Entick  make  the  first  syllable 
of  this  word  short,  as  I have  done  ; and  Mr.  Perry 
and  Buchanan  make  it  long.  In  defence  of  the  first 
pronunciation,  it  may  he  observed  that  this  word  is 
not  like  primacy  and  primary , tile  first  of  which  is  a 
formative  of  our  own,  and  the  second  derived  from 
the  Latin  primarius , which,  in  our  pronunciation  of 
the  Latin,  does  not  shorten  the  i in  the  first  syllable, 
as  privations  does ; and  therefore  these  words  are  no 
rule  for  the  pronunciation  of  this,  which,  besides  the 
general  tendency  of  the  penultimate  accent  to  shorten 
every  vowel  it  falls  on  but  w,  seems  to  have  another 
claim  to  the  short  vowel  from  its  termination;  thus 
sanative , donative , primitive , derivative , &c.,  all  plead 
for  the  short  sound.”  Walker. 

||  PRIV'A-TlVE,  n.  1.  That  which  has  metaphys- 
ical existence,  by  the  absence  of  something,  as, 
silence , which  exists  by  the  absence  of  sound. 

Blackness  and  darkness  are  indeed  but privat ives.  Bacon. 

2.  {Gram.)  A letter  or  a syllable  prefixed  to 
a word,  which  changes  it  from  an  affirmative  to 
a negative  sense. 

||  PRlV'A-TI  VE-LY,  ad.  By  privation  ; negatively. 

||  PRI V'A-TIVE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
privative.  Johnson. 

PltlV'lJT,  n.  ( Bot .)  One  of  a genus  of  plants, 
natives  of  Europe  and  Asia;  a shrub  of  the  ge- 
nus Ligustrum. 

Jl The  common  privet,  Ligustrum  wig  are,  is 
chiefly  used  to  form  hedges,  and  its  English  name 
seems  to  have  been  given  to  it  from  its  being  frequent- 
ly planted  to  conceal  private  places.  It  was  formerly 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  R1JLE.  — 9,  9,  9,  g,  soft;  IS,  £,  £,  g,  hard ; § as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  tfiis. 


PRIVILEGE 


1132 


PROBATOR 


called  prim,  or  primwort;  from  its  being  used  for  ver- 
dant sculptures,  or  topiary -work,  and  for  primly  cut 
hedges.  Eng.  Cyc. 

PRlV'I-LE<?E,  n.  [L.  privilegittm ; privvs,  pri- 
vate, and  lex,  legis,  law ; It.  ec  »Sp.  privilegio ; 
Fr.  privilege.']  An  exemption  or  immunity  ironi 
some  general  duty  or  burden ; a right  peculiar 
to  some  individual  or  body  ; a peculiar  advan- 
tage or  benefit ; prerogative  ; title  ; claim. 

When  the  chief  captain  ordered  him  to  be  scourged  un- 
condcinncd,  he  pleads  tlic  legal  jjnvilege  of  a Roman,  who 
ought  not  to’ be  treated  so.  Aettlciveu . 

Syn.  — Privi'ege  is  a term  applied  to  whatever  it 
is  desirable  to  have.  Privilege  ami  prerogatives  con- 
sist of  positive  advantages  ; exemption  and  immunity, 
of  those  which  are  negative  ; hut  privilege,  in  its  most 
extended  sense,  comprehends  all  the  rest.  Privilege 
of  the  nobility,  of  office,  of  a member  of  Congress,  of 
citizens  ; prerogative  of  birth,  of  a sovereign,  oi  a 
president,  or  of  a parent ; exemption  from  military 
duty,  from  taxes  ; immunity  from  labor  or  service. — 
Right  signifies  what  one  is  entitled  to,  or  what  it  is 
right  for  one  to  possess.  Natural  right. ; the  rights  of 
the  people  ; legal  or  just  claim.  — “The  Whigs  have 
been  contentious  for  the  privileges  of  Parliament ; the 
Tories,  for  the  prerogatives  of  the  crown.”  JV.  Taylor. 

PRIV'I-LE<?E  (prlv'e-lej),  V.  a.  [/.  PRIVILEGED; 
pp.  privileging,  privileged.]  To  grant  a 
privilege  to ; to  invest  with  rights  or  immuni- 
ties, or  to  exempt  from  something,  as  taxes. 

The  great  are  -privileged  alone 

To  punish  all  injustice  but  their  own.  Dryclan. 

Many  things  are,  by  our  laws,  privileged  from  tithes  which, 
by  the  canon  law,  arc  chargeable.  Hale. 

PRI V'I-LE<yED  Iprlv'e-lejd).  p.  a.  Possessed  of 
privileges.  “ A privileged  place.”  Sidney. 

Privileged  communication*  (Law.)  a communication 
made  to  n counsel,  solicitor,  or  attorney,  in  profes- 
sional confidence,  and  which  he  is  not  permitted  to 
divulge  ; a confidential  communication.  — Privileged 
copyhold,  (Eng.  Law.)  a copyhold  estate  which  is  said 
to  be  held  according  to  the  custom  of  the  manor,  and 
not  at  the  will  of  the  lord,  as  common  copyholds  arc. 
Bur  rill. — Pririlegcd  debts , such  debts  as  an  executor 
may  pay  in  preference  to  all  others,  as  funeral  ex- 
penses, servants’  wages,  &c.  JVhishaw.  — f Privileged 
mllcnage,  (Eng.  Law.)  a kind  of  villcnagc  in  which 
t he  tenants  held  by  certain  and  determinate  services  ; 
villein-socage  ; — now  called  privileged  copyhold.  Bur- 
rill. 

PRlV'I-LY,  ad.  Secretly  ; privately.  Spenser. 

PRlv’!-TY,  n.  [Fr. privaute.] 

1.  t Privacy  ; secrecy;  seclusion. 

I will  unto  you  in  privity  discover  the  drift  of  my  pur- 
pose. Spenser. 

2.  Joint  knowledge ; private  concurrence ; 
consciousness  ; cognizance  ; cognition. 

Ail  the  doors  were  laid  open  for  his  departure,  not  without 
the  privity  of  the  Prince  of  Orange.  Swift. 

3.  pi.  Private  parts  ; genital  organs.  Abbot. 

4.  (Law.)  The  mutual  or  successive  relation- 
ship to  the  same  rights  of  property.  Bouvier. 

Privity  of  contract.,  (Lam.)  the  relation  which  sub- 
sists between  two  contracting  parties.  — Privity  of  es- 
tate, the  relation  which  subsists  between  a landlord 
and  his  tenant.  Bouvier. 

PRiV'Y,  a.  [L.  privus ; Fr . privL] 

1.  Private  ; appropriated  to  private  uses  ; not 
public.  “ The  privy  coffer  of  the  state.”  Shale. 

2.  Secret ; sequestered  ; retired. 

The  sword  of  the  great  men  that  are  slain  entereth  into 
their  privy  chamber.  Ezek.  xxi.  14. 

3.  Clandestine  ; hidden  ; concealed. 

He  took  advantage  of  the  night  for  such  privy  attempts. 

2 Mace.  viii.  7. 

4.  Admitted  to  participate  in  the  knowledge 
of  a thing ; familiar  or  acquainted  with ; pri- 
vately knowing. 

Many  being  privy  to  the  fact, 

How  hard  is  it  to  keep  it  unbetraycdl  Daniel. 

Privy  council,  the  principal  council  of  state  com- 
posed of  the  king  and  of  such  persons  as  he  may  se- 
lect. [England.] — Privy  councillor,  a member  of  tile 

privy  council Priry  seal,  or  privy  signet,  the  king’s 

seal,  which  is  first  set  to  such  grants  or  things  as  pass 
tile  great  seal.  [England.]  Wliishaw.  — Privy  verdict, 
a verdict  which  is  delivered  privily  to  a judge  out  of 
court.  Bouvier. 

PRIV'Y,  n.  1.  (Law.)  One  who  is  a partaker,  or 
has  an  interest,  in  any  action,  matter,  or  thing  ; 
a person  connected  with  another  by  some  rela- 
tion other  than  that  of  actual  contract;  a per- 
son whose  interest  in  an  estate  is  derived  from 
the  contract  or  conveyance  of  others.  Bouvier. 

tUgp  “ Privies  are  properly  always  distinguished 


from  parties,  from  whom  they  derive  their  title,  though 
sometimes  made  to  include  them.”  Buirill. 

2.  A place  of  retirement ; a necessary.  Swift. 

PRIZE,  n.  [Sp.  presa;  prendcr,  preso , to  take; 
Hr.  prise.  — Dut.  prijs  ; Ger.  preis  ; Sw.  pm.] 

1.  A reward  gained  by  contest  or  competition, 
or  a reward  offered  to  one  of  several  persons 
xvho  shall  perform  a certain  condition  ; premium. 

Shall  I be  carried  to  the  skies 
On  flowery  beds  of  ease, 

■While  others  fought  to  win  the  prize. 

And  sailed  through  bloody  seas?  Watts. 

2.  The  contest  or  competition  itself,  [r.] 

Like  one  of  two  contending  in  a prize.  Shak. 

3.  Money  drawn  by  a lottery-ticket.  Simmonds. 

4.  (Maritime  Law.)  The  apprehension  and 

detention  at  sea  of  a ship  or  other  vessel,  by 
authority  of  a belligerent  power,  either  with  the 
design  of  appropriating  it,  with  the  goods  and 
effects  it  contains,  or  with  that  of  becoming 
master  of  the  whole  or  a part  of  its  cargo  : — 
the  vessel  or  goods  thus  taken.  Bouvier. 

ijjf-  “ Tile  distinction  between  a prize  and  booty 
consists  in  this,  that  the  former  is  taken  at.  sea  and 
the  latter  on  land.”  Bouvier. 

PR  IZE,  v.  a.  [It.  apprezzare  ; Sp.  apreciar ; Fr. 
priser.]  [i.  prized  ; pp.  prizing,  prized.] 

1.  To  estimate  the  value  of ; to  rate  ; to  ap- 
praise. “ Life  I prize  not  a straxv.”  Shak. 

2.  To  value  or  estimate  highly ; to  esteem. 

I prized  your  person,  but  your  crown  disdain.  Drydcn. 

Syn.  — See  Estimate. 

PRIZE,  v.  a.  [Fr.  presser.]  To  raise  or  move  with 
a lever ; to  force  up  or  open  ; to  pry.  Mar.  Diet. 

PRIZE,  or  PRi§E,  n.  A lever  ; a pry.  Forby. 

flSf-  In  the  United  States  it  is  generally  called  a 
pry ; and  the  same  word  is  used  as  a verb  to  denote 
the  use  of  it.  — See  Pry. 

PRIZE'— FIGHT-IJR,  n.  One  xvho  fights  or  boxes 
publicly  for  a reward.  Arbuthnot. 

PRIZE'— FiGHT-ING  (-fit-jng),  n.  The  act  or  the 
practice  of  fighting  for  a prize.  Wright. 

PRIZE'— MAS-TER,  n.  An  officer  put  in  command 
of  a captured  xessel.  Simmonds. 

PRIZE'— MON-JyY  (-muii-ne),  n.  A proportion  or 
share  of  the  proceeds  of  a captured  vessel,  paid 
to  the  captors.  Mar.  Diet. 

PIUZ'ER,  n.  1.  One  xvho  prizes.  Johnson. 

2.  f A prize-fighter.  Shak. 

PRlZ'ING,  n.  (JYaut.)  The  use  or  application  of 
a lever  to  move  any  xveighty  body.  Wright. 

PRO.  [L.,  from  Gr.  7r(ui.]  For;  in  defence  or 
behalf  of. 

Pro  and  con  (pro,  for,  and  contra,  against),  for  and 
against.  Clarendon. 

They  do  not  decide  large  questions  by  casting  up  two  col- 
umns of  pros  and  cons , and  striking  a balance.  JS'at.  Rev. 

PRO'A,  n.  A long,  narrow  canoe  xvith  a sail, 
usecl  about  the  Ladrone  Islands,  having  the 
head  and  stern  alike,  but  the  lee  side  flat  and 
the  xveather  side  rounded.  It  is  prevented  from 
oversetting  by  a frame-xvork  extending  to  xvind- 
xvard  bearing  a small  block  of  xvood  in  the  form 
of  a canoe.  Mar.  Diet. 

f PROACH,  v.  n.  To  approach.  Fairfax. 

PRO-AU'LI-ON,  n.  [Gr.  -rcpoabl.iov ; n p6,  before, 
aiid  ai/.y,  a hall.]  (Arch.)  A vestibule.  Braiulc. 

PROB'A-BIL-I§M,  n.  (Theol.  & Ethics.)  The  theo- 
ry of  probability,  or  a theory  that  it  is  right 
to  folloxv,  in  doubtful  cases,  a probable  opinion, 
though  there  may  be  an  opinion  still  more 
probable.  Ifallam. 

PROB'A-BIL-IST,  n.  One  xvho  adheres  to  proba- 
bilism.  Brande. 

PROB-A-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [L.  probabilitas  ; It . proba- 
bility •,  Sp.  proiabilidad  ; Fr.  prohabiliti.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  probable ; that  degree 
of  evidence,  or  that  appearance  of  truth,  xvhich 
induces  belief,  but  not  certainty;  likelihood; 
chance.  “ A probability  of  gain.”  Wilkins. 

Probability  results  from  evidence  and  begets  belief. 

Dr.  Campbell. 

As  for  probabilities,  what  thing  was  there  ever  set  down  so 
asreenble  with  sound  reason  hut  some  probable  show  nerninst 
it  might  be  made?  Hooker . 

2.  (Math.)  Likelihood  of  the  occurrence  of 


an  event  in  the  doctrine  of  chances,  or  the 
quotient  obtained  by  dividing  the  number  of 
favorable  chances  by  the  xvhole  number  of 
chances.  Davies. 

Syn.  — See  Chance. 

PltoB'A-BLE,  a.  [L.  probabilis;  probo,  to  try,  to 
prove  ; It.  probabile  ; Sp.  (y  Fr.  probable.]  ■ 

1.  f That  may  be  proved. 

Traditions  or  opinions  not  probable  by  Scripture.  Milton. 

2.  Having  more  evidence  for  than  against ; 
that  does  not  admit  of  demonstration,  and  docs 
not  involve  absurdity  or  contradiction  ; likely. 

They  assented  to  tilings  that  were  neither  evident  nor  cer- 
tain, but  onl y jjrobable.  South. 

3.  That  renders  something  probable.  “ Prob- 
able presumption  or  evidence.’ * Blackstonc. 

PROB' A-BLE,  n.  Any  thing  probable. 

That  of  ten  thousand  probed  Acs,  no  one  should  be  false  . . . 
is  extremely  improbable,  and  even  cousin-german  to  impos- 
sible. Chill  higworth. 

PROB'A-BLY,  ad.  Likely;  in  likelihood;  xvith 
appearance  of  truth. 

Distinguish  betwixt  what  may  possibly  and  wliat  will 
probably  be  done.  L'Estrangc. 

f PRO'BA-CY,  n.  Proof.  Chaucer. 

t PRO'BAL,  a.  Probable.  Shak. 

PRO'BANG,  n.  [From  probe.)  (Surg.)  A slen- 
der rod  of  xvhalebone  xvith  a sponge  at  the  end, 
for  pushing  extraneous  bodies,  lodged  in  the 
oesophagus,  into  the  stomach.  Dunglison. 

PRO'BATE,  n.  [L . probo,  probatus,  to  prove.] 

1.  f Proof.  Skelton. 

2.  (Law.)  The  proof  of  a xvill  or  testa- 

ment, made  by  the  executor  before  an  officer 
appointed  by  laxv,  and  termed  ordinary,  surro- 
gate, or  probate  judge: — the  copy  of  a xvill 
xvhich  has  been  proved,  made  out  under  the 
seal  of  the  ordinary,  surrogate,  or  probate  judge, 
and  delivered  to  the  executor  xvith  a certificate 
of  its  having  been  proved.  Bvrrill. 

PRO'BATE,  a.  Relating  to  the  probate  or  proof 
of  xvills  and  testaments.  W.  Phillips. 

PRO'BATE— DU 'TY,  71.  A tax  by  government  on 
property  passing  by  xvill.  Simmonds. 

PRO-bA'TION,  n.  [L.  probatio ; It . probazione; 
Sp.  probacivn  ; Fr.  probation.] 

1.  The  act  of  proving  ; demonstration  ; proof. 

“ The  probation  of  propositions.”  Locke. 

2.  Trial;  examination;  essay;  experiment. 

In  the  practical  part  of  knowledge,  much  will  be  left  to 
experience  and  jirobation.  Bacon. 

3.  Trial  or  time  passed  in  a convent  before 
entrance  into  monastic  life  ; novitiate.  Pope. 

4.  Moral  trial  by  the  experiences  of  life. 

Of  all  views  under  which  human  life  has  ever  been  con- 
sidered. the  most  reasonable,  in  my  judgment,  is  that  which 
regards  it  as  a state  of  probation.  Puley. 

5.  (Eng.  Vniv.)  The  examination  of  a student 
as  to  his  qualifications  for  a degree.  Land.  Ency. 

PRO-BA'TION-AL,  a.  Probationary.  Wheatley. 

PRO-BA'TION-A-RY,  a.  Pertaining  to  probation, 
or  serving  for  trial.  Bp.  Taylor. 

PRO-BA'TION-ER,  n.  1.  One  xvho  is  upon  trial 
or  probation.  Dry  den. 

2.  (Church  of  Scotland.)  A student  in  divin- 
ity, xvho,  producing  from  a professor  in  a uni- 
versity a certificate  of  good  moral  character 
and  of  his  qualifications,  is  admitted  to  sex'cral 
trials,  and,  upon  acquitting  himself  properly, 
receives  a license  to  preach.  London  Ency. 

PRO-BA 'TION-UR-SHIP,  n.  The  state  of  a pro- 
bationer ; novitiate,  [it.]  Locke. 

PRO-BA 'TION-SHIP,  n.  A state  of  probation; 
novitiate.’  [it.]  Trans,  of  Boccalini. 

PRO'BA-TlVE,  a.  [L.  probativus-.  It.  A-  Sp.  pro- 
bat  iro  ; Fr.  probatif.]  Pertaining  to,  or  serving 
for,  proof  or  trial ; probationary.  South. 

PRO-BA 'TOR,  n.  [L.] 

1.  An  examiner  ; an  approver.  Maydman. 

2.  (Old  Eng.  Laic.)  An  accomplice  in  felony, 

xvho,  to  save  himself,  confesses  the  fact,  and 
charges  another  as  principal  or  accessory, 
against  xvhom  he  is  bound  to  make  good  his 
charge  : — one  who  undertakes  to  prove  a crime 
charged  upon  another.  Bouvier. 


A,  E,  !,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  IIEIR,  HER; 


PROBATORY 


PROCESSIONING 


113; 


PRO'BA-TO-RY  [pro'hsi-tur-e,  S.  P.  E.  K.  Sm. 
Wb. ; proii'j-tur-e,  1 1'.  Ja.  It.),  a.  Relating  to, 
or  serving  for  proof  or  for  trial.  “ Probatory 
chastisements.”  Bramhall. 

His  other  heap  of  arguments  are  assertory,  not  probatoru- 

r ° Bp.  latjlor. 

PRO-BA'  TUM  EST.  [L.]  It  has  been  tried  ; it 
has  been  proved:  — an  expression  added  at  the 
end  of  a receipt  or  a demonstration.  Prior. 

PROBE,  v.  a.  [L.  probo,  to  try,  to  examine.]  [i. 
PROBED  ; pp.  PROBING,  PROBED.] 

1.  To  try  or  examine  thoroughly  ; to  search. 

2.  To  try  or  examine  with  a probe.  “ He 

gently  probed  the  wound.”  Dryden. 

PROBE,  n.  1.  Something  that  probes.  Smart. 

2.  (Sun j.)  An  instrument,  usually  of  silver, 
terminated  at  one  end  by  an  olive-shaped  but- 
ton, for  examining  wounds,  fistulas,  for  passing 
setons,  &c.  Dunglison. 

PROBE'— SCl§'§OR§  (prob'siz'zurz),  11.  pi.  (Surg.) 
Scissors  used  to  open  wounds,  of  which  the 
blade  thrust  into  the  orifice  has  a button  at  the 
elld,  Wiseman. 

PROB'I-TY,  n.  [L.  probitas;  probus,  good,  up- 
right; It.  probita ; Sp.  probidad ; Fr.  probitf) 
Tried  or  approved  goodness;  uprightness;  in- 
tegrity ; rectitude  ; virtue  ; honesty  ; sincerity  ; 
veracity.  “ The  probity  of  the  apostles.”  Fiddes. 

Syn.  — See  Rectitude,  Virtue. 

PROBLEM,  n.  [Gr.  xpdftttiya  ; -pofnD.m,  to  throw 
or  put  before  ; upd,  before,  and  fdi.i.w,  to  throw  ; 
L.,  It.,  &;  Sp.  problema  ; Fr.  problnne.) 

1.  A question  proposed  for  solution,  decision, 
or  determination. 

The  problem  is.  whether  a man  constantly  and  strongly 
believing  that  such  a thing  shall  be,  it  don’t  help  any  thing  to 
the  effecting  of  the  thing.  Bacon. 

2.  ( Geom .)  A question  requiring  some  op- 

eration to  be  performed,  as  to  bisect  a line,  to 
describe  a circle  passing  through  three  given 
points.  Brande. 

3.  (Algebra.)  A question  requiring  some  un- 

known truth  to  be  investigated,  or  discovered 
and  demonstrated.  Brande. 

PROB-L^M-AT'IC,  ? m [Gr.  Trpo3?.r/ynriK6p  ; It. 

PROB-LpM-AT'I-CAL,  > <5;  Sp.  problematico  ; Fr. 
probUmatique.)  'Of  the  nature  of  a problem  ; 
questionable  ; uncertain  ; unsettled  ; disputa- 
ble ; doubtful ; dubious.  Fleming. 

PROB-LJJM-AT'J-CAL-LY,  ad.  Uncertainly;  doubt- 
fully ; questionably.  Bp.  Hall. 

f PROB'LpM-A-TlST,  n.  One  who  proposes  prob- 
lems. “ This  learned  problematist."  Evelyn. 

f PROB'LgM-A-TIZE,  V.  n.  To  propose  problems. 
“ Hear  him  problematize.”  B.  Jonson. 

PRO-BOS'CI-DATE,  a.  (Zoiil.)  Having  a probos- 
cis ; proboscidian.  Wright. 

PROB-OS-CID'I-AN,  n.  [Fr.  proboscidien .)  (Zoiil.) 
A pachydermatous  mammal  having  a proboscis 
and  tusks,  as  the  elephant.  Eng.  Cyc. 

PROB-OS-CID'I-AN,  a.  (Zoiil.)  Having  a probos- 
cis ; proboscidate.  Wright. 

PROB-OS-CID'I-FORM,  a.  [L . proboscis,  probosci- 
dis  (Gr.  -npofiooKis,  vpo/lowios),  a proboscis,  and 
forma , form.]  (Zoiil.)  Having  the  form  of  a 
proboscis.  Maunder. 

PRO-BOS'CIS,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  ttpoSooki;  ; lrpti,  be- 
fore, arid  fidaicw,  to  feed;  It.,  Sp.,  & Fr.  probos- 
cide.)  The  prehensile  organ  formed  by  a pro- 
longation of  the  nose,  of  which  the  trunk  of  the 
elephant  is  an  example  : — the  oral  instrument 
of  the  Dipteral — the  tongue  of  some  gastero- 
pods  when  long  enough  to  be  protruded  for 
some  distance  from  the  mouth.  Brande. 

PRO-CA'CIOUS  (66),  a.  [L.  proeax,  procacis  ; 
proco , to  ask,  to  demand  ; It.  procace  ; Sp.  pro- 
caz.]  Pert ; bold  ; petulant ; saucy,  [it.]  Barrow. 

PRO-CA(J'l-TYi  n.  [L.  procacitas  ; It.  procacith  ; 
Sp.  procacidad.)  The  quality  of  being  proca- 
cious  ; pertness ; impudence ; petulance.  Burton. 

PRO-CA-TARC'TIC,  a.  [Gr.  irpoKarapKrtKos , be- 
ginning beforehand ; It.  Sp.  procatartico  ; Fr. 
procatartique. \ (Med.)  According  to  some  au- 
thors, noting  causes  which  tend  remotely  to  the 
commencement  of  disease ; but  according  to 


others,  noting  causes  which  are  exciting  or 
proximate.  Dunglison. 

PRO-CA-TARX'IS,  11.  [Gr.  irpoKCirap^ii ; rpo,  be- 
fore, and  Karap^w,  to  make  beginning.]  (Med.) 
A predisponent  cause  of  a disease.  Quincy. 

PRO-CE-DEJY1  DO,  n.  [L.  [de)  procedendo,  of 
proceeding,  i.  e.  to  judgment.]  (Law.)  A writ 
by  which  a cause  which  has  been  removed  from 
an  inferior  to  a superior  court  by  certiorari,  or 
otherwise,  is  sent  down  again  to  the  same  court 
to  be  proceeded  in  there,  where  it  appears  to 
the  superior  court  that  it  was  removed  on  in- 
sufficient grounds  : — in  English  practice,  a writ 
issuing  out  of  chancery  in  cases  where  the 
judges  of  subordinate  courts  delay  giving  judg- 
ment, commanding  them  to  proceed  to  judg- 
ment: — a writ  by  which  the  commission  of  a 
justice  of  the  peace  is  revived,  after  having 
been  suspended.  Burrill. 

PRO-CED'URE  (pro-sed'yur),  n.  [Fr.  procedure.) 

1.  The  act  of  proceeding  or  going  forward ; 
progress;  operation;  process;  proceeding. ITale. 

2.  Manner  of  proceeding ; course  of  action  ; 

management ; conduct ; action.  South. 

3.  f That  which  proceeds  ; produce.  Bacon. 

Syn.  — See  Process. 

PRO-CEED',  v.  n.  [L.  procedo  ; pro,  forward,  and 
eedo,  to  go;  It.  proccdere  ; Sp.  &;  Fr.  proccdcr.\ 
[*.  PROCEEDED  ; pp.  PROCEEDING,  PROCEEDED.] 

1.  To  move,  go,  or  come  forwards  or  onwards; 

to  make  progress  ; to  advance  ; to  pass  on  ; to 
pass  from  one  step  to  another.  “ He  forth  on 
his  journey  did  proceed."  Spenser. 

Fire  proce.edeth  out  of  their  mouth.  Her.  xi.  5. 

Because  he  saw  it  pleased  the  Jews,  he  proceeded  further 
to  take  Peter  also.  Acts  xii.  3. 

2.  To  issue  ;’to  arise  ; to  emanate  ; to  be  pro- 
duced ; to  come  as  from  a source. 

One  Almighty  is,  from  whom 
All  things  proceed , and  up  to  him  return.  Milton. 

All  this  proceeded  not  from  any  want  of  knowledge.  Dryden. 

3.  To  have  course  ; to  take  effect. 

This  rule  only  proceeds  and  takes  place,  when  a person 
cannot  of  common  law  condemn  another  by  his  sentence. 

Aylijc. 

4.  To  take  measures  ; to  conduct ; to  act. 
Proceed  bv  process,  lest  parties  break  out, 

And  sack  great  Rome.  Shak. 

5.  To  be  transacted  ; to  take  place. 

He  will,  after  his  sour  fashion,  tell  you 

What  hath  proceeded  worthy  note  to-day.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Advance,  Arise. 

f PRO-CEED',  v.  a.  To  go  on  with.  “To  proceed 
this  history.”  Berners. 

f PRO-CEED',  n.  Produce;  — notv  used  in  the 
plural.  — See  Proceeds.  Howell. 

PRO-CEED'JR,  ii.  One  who  proceeds.  Bacon. 

PRO-CEE  D'ING,  n.  Process  or  movement  from 
one  thing  to  another  ; transaction  ; measure  ; 
procedure  ; progress  ; course  ; action  ; act. 

I’ll  acquaint  our  duteous  citizens 

With  all  your  just  pj  oceedings  in  this  case.  Shak. 

Syn. — See  Process,  Transaction. 

I’RO'CEED§,  or  PRO-CEEDfj'  [pro-sedz’,  W.  F.  K. 
Wb.  ; pro'sSdz,  Ja.  C.  ; pros'edz,  Sm.),  n.pl. 

1.  Produce  ; income  ; rent ; receipts  ; rental. 
“ The  proceeds  of  an  estate.”  S.  Richardson. 

2.  Money  or  other  articles  of  value  obtained 

from  the  sale  of  property,  or  goods  purchased 
with  money  obtained  from  the  sale  of  other 
goods.  Burrill. 

“ The  term  proceeds  is  sometimes  properly  ap- 
plied to  a return  cargo  when  there  has  been  no  actual 
sale,  as  wiien  it  lias  been  purchased  on  the  credit  of 
the  cargo  exported  ; and  it  has  been  said  that  the  term 
proceeds  would  apply  to  the  same  goods  sent  back 
without  sale,  on  the  return  voyage.”  Burrill. 

PROg-E-LEUS-MAT'lC  (pros-e-lus-mat'jlc),  a.  [Gr. 
npoKri.tvtrpariKd 5;  rpb,  before,  and  Kll.tupa,  a com- 
mand; L . proceleusmaticus  •,  It.  proceleusmatico ; 
Fr.  proceleusmatique .] 

1.  (Pros.)  Noting  a foot  consisting  of  four 

short  syllables.  Andrews. 

2.  Encouraging ; inciting ; animating.  “The 

ancient  yj roceleusmatic  song.”  Johnson. 

PRO-CIJL-LA'RI-AN,  n.  (Ornith.)  A bird  of  the 
family  Froeellarida  ; a petrel.  Smart. 

PRO-CEL-LAR’ I-DJE,  n.  pi.  [L.  procella,  a 
storm.]  (Ornith.)  A family  of  birds  of  the 


order  Anscres,  including  the  sub-families  Pro- 
cellurince  and  Diomedinos  ; petrels.  Gray. 

PRO -CEL-LA- HI  LYJE, 
n.pl.  [See  Procel- 
eakid.e.]  (Ornith.) 

A sub-family  of  birds 
of  the  order  Anscres, 
and  family  Procel- 
laridce ; petrels.  Gray. 

f PRO-CEL 'LOUS,  a. 

[L.  procellosus ; pro- 
cella, a storm.]  Stormy.  Bailey. 

f PRO-CEP'TION,  11.  [L.  pro,  before,  and  capio, 

to  take.]  Preoccupation.  K.  Charles. 

PRO'CJyR,  n.  An  iron  hooked  at  the  end.  Crabb. 

f PRO-CERE',  a.  [L.  procerus .]  Tall.  Evelyn. 

f PRO-CER'I-TY,  n.  [L . proccritas.)  Tallness; 
height  of  stature.  Bacon. 

PROCESS  (pros'es)  [pros'es,  S.  W.  P.  J.  F.  E.  Ja. 
Sm.;  pro'ses  or  pros'es,  K.  Wr.],  n.  [L.  proces- 
sus ; procedo,  processus,  to  proceed ; It.  pro- 
cesso  ; Sp.  proceso  ; Fr  .prods.) 

1.  A proceeding  or  moving  forward  ; progres- 
sive course  ; gradual  progress.  “ In  process  of 
time.”  Lcnton.  “ Process  of  that  war.”  Knolles. 

2.  Operation.  “ Chemical  processes.”  Boyle. 

3.  Methodical  management  or  arrangement  ; 
transaction  ; operation  ; action  ; conduct. 

The  process  of  that  great  clay,  with  several  of  the  particu- 
lar circumstances  of  it,  are  fully  described  by  our  Saviour. 

xselson. 

4.  f A statement;  account;  story.  Skelton . 

5.  ( Law .)  The  entire  proceedings  in  an  action 

or  prosecution,  real  or  personal,  civil  or  crimi- 
nal, from  the  beginning  to  the  end  ; course  of 
law;  suit;  trial:  — a generic  term  for  judicial 
writs  : — in  old  practice,  the  means  used  to  com- 
pel a defendant  to  appear  in  court.  Burrill . 

6.  ( Anat .)  An  apophysis  or  eminence  of  a 
bone  : — any  part  which  seems  prolonged  beyond 
others  with  which  it  is  connected.  Dunglison . 

Final  process,  {Law.)  a writ  of  execution  in  an  ac- 
tion.— Jury  process , the  process  by  which  a jury  is 
summoned  in  a cause,  and  their  attendance  enforced. 
— Mesne  process.  See  MESNE.  Burrill . 

Syn. — Process  is  said  of  such  things  or  acts  as  are 
done  by  rule  ; proceeding  and  procedure  signify  the 
act  of  going  on  or  doing  something  ; progress  denotes 
an  approximation  to  the  end  ; transaction , something 
transacted  or  accomplished.  Regular  process  ; a pro- 
cess or  course  of  law  ; a methodical  proceeding  or  pro- 
cedure ; progress  in  a journey,  or  of  life,  or  of  improve- 
ment ; proceedings  or  transactions  of  societies  ; trans- 
actions in  business  ; operation  of  a machine  or  of  a 
surgeon. 

PRO-CES'SION  (pro-sesh'un),  n.  [L.  processio  ; It. 
procc.ssione  \ Sp .procesion\  Fr . jn'oeession.'] 

1.  The  act  of  proceeding  or  issuing.  Barrow . 

The  Word  was  God  by  generation,  the  Holy  Ghost  by 

procession.  Pearson. 

2.  A numerous  body  or  train  marching  in 
ceremonious  solemnity  ; a retinue  ; a train. 

When  this  vast  congregation  was  formed  into  a regular 
procession  to  attend  the  ark  of  the  covenant.  Addison. 

Syn. — Procession  denotes  a considerable  number 
of  persons  going  forward  in  regular  order  ; train , per- 
sons, &c.,  that  follow  after;  retinue,  those  who  are 
retained  as  attendants.  A funeral  procession  ; a grand 
procession,  followed  by  a train  of  coaches,  with  a nu- 
merous retinue. 

PRO-CES'SION  (pro-sesh'un),  v . n.  To  go  in  pro- 
cession. [it.] 

PRO-CES'SION  (pro-sesh'un),  v.  a.  To  honor  or 
to  acc.ompany  with  a procession,  [r.]  Bale. 

PRO-CES'SION- A L (prp-sesh'un-al),  a.  Pertaining 
to,  or  consisting  in,  a procession. 

I drive  on  my  car  in  processional  state.  Prior. 

PRO-CES'SION-AL  (pro-sesh'un-al),  11.  [Fr.]  A 

book  relating  to  the  processions  of  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church.  Gregory. 

PRO-CES'SION- A L-IST,  11.  One  who  walks  in  a 
procession,  [r.]  Davies. 

PRO-CES'SION-A-Ry  (pro-sesh'un-si-re),  a.  [Fr. 
proccssionnairc.)  Consisting  in,  or  relating  to, 
procession.  “ Processionary  service.”  Hooker. 

PRO-CES'SION-ING,  11.  (Law.)  The  act  or  the 
manner  of  ascertaining  the  boundaries  of  land. 
[Tennessee  and  North  Carolina.  U.  S.]  Homier. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — Q,  <?,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  £,  g,  hard ; § as  z;  \ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


PR0CESS1VE 


1134 


PROCYON 


FRO-CES'SIVE,  a.  [Fr.  processif.]  Going  for- 
ward ; advancing.  Coleridge . 

PRUCES  VERBAL  (pros'sa-vir-b'il').  [Fr.]  ( French 
Law.)  A written  report  made  by  an  officer  of 
justice,  of  what  he  has  seen  and  of  what  has 
been  said  and  done  in  his  presence.  Landais. 

PRO-CIIEI'LON,  n.  [Gr.  jrpdxul.ov  ; ttt>6,  before, 
aiid  Xfi;.of,‘a  lip.]  ( Anat .)  The  extreme,  pro- 
jecting part  or  margin  of  the  lips.  Dunglison. 

PRO 'CHEW  (pro'shen),  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  proxi- 
m ps.  ] Next;  nearest.  \V hishaw . 

Procliein  ami,  [Fr.]  (Law.)  next  friend;  the  person 
by  whom  an  infant  may  prosecute.  Burrill. 

PRO'CHRON-I§M,  n.  [It.  # Sp.  procronismo,  from 
Gr.  -poXoovos,  previous ; npo,  before,  and  xP6vos> 
time;  Fr.  prochronisme.]  The  dating  of  an 
event  before  the  time  it  happened  ; an  antedat- 
ing. Gregory. 

PKoy'I-DENCE,  or  PRO'CI-DENCE  [pros'e-dens, 
K.  Sm. ; pro'se-dens,  Ja.  R.  J Vr.  Wb.],  n.  [L. 
procidentia ; procido,  to  fall  down;  It.  proci- 
denza ; Sp  .procidentia-,  Fr . procidence.)  (Med.) 
A prolapsus,  [r.]  Ferrand. 

PRO-CIO' r-OUS,  a.  [L.  prociduus.\  That  falls 
from  its  place.  Smart. 

f PRO-CINCT',  n.  [L . procinctus.]  Complete  prep- 
aration for  action.  Milton. 

PRO  CLAIM',  v.  a.  [L.  proclamo  ; pro,  forward, 
and  clamo,  to  cry  out ; It.  procl  tmare  ; Sp.  pro- 
elamar-,  Fr.  proclamer.]  [i.  PROCLAIMED  ; pp. 
PROCLAIMING,  PROCLAIMED.] 

1.  To  call  or  cry  out  openly  or  publicly ; to 
spread  abroad  ; to  promulgate  ; to  publish  ; to 
announce ; to  declare. 

While,  in  another’s  name,  you  peace  declare, 

Princess,  you,  in  your  own,  jtroclaim  a war.  Dnjden. 

2.  To  outlaw  by  public  denunciation ; to  de- 
nounce. “ I heard  myself  proclaimed.”  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Announce,  Declare. 

PRO-CLAIM'JJR,  n.  One  who  proclaims  or  pub- 
lishes ; a promulgator.  Milton. 

PROC-La-mA'TION,  n.  [L.  proclamatio  ; It . pro- 
clamazione ; Sp.  proclamacion ; Fr.  proclama- 
tion.] 

1.  Act  of  proclaiming;  a declaration  or  no- 
tice by  public  outcry,  such  as  is  given  by  criers 
on  the  opening  and  the  adjournment  of  courts. 

Moreover,  sending  heralds  about,  they  made  proclamation 
that  if  there  were  any  Gaul,  or  any  Roman,  that  would  turn 
to  them  between  that  and  three  of  the  clock,  he  should  lie 
taken  to  mercy.  Golding. 

2.  A public  notice  in  writing,  given  by  the 
sovereign  or  chief  executive  officer  of  a country, 
state,  or  city,  of  some  act  done  by  the  govern- 
ment, or  to  be  done  by  the  people  ; a declara- 
tion ; an  edict ; a decree ; an  ordinance. 

There  is  a certain  majesty  in  plainness;  ns  the  jtroclama- 
tion  of  a prince  never  frisks  it  in  tropes  or  tine  conceits,  in 
numerous  and  well-turned  periods,  but  commands  in  sober 
natural  expression.  South. 

Proclamation  of  exigents,  {Eng.  Law.)  a writ  of 
proclamation  issuing  on  awarding  an  exigent  in  order 
to  outlawry,  commanding  the  sheriff  of  the  county 
where  the  party  dwells  to  make  three  proclamations 
for  the  defendant,  to  yield  himself  or  be  outlawed.  — 
Proclamation  of  rebellion,  {Eng.  Law.)  a writ  issuing 
when  a party  neglects  to  appear  upon  a subpoena  or 
an  attachment  in  the  chancery;  and,  if  he  does 
not  surrender  himself  by  the  day  assigned,  he  is  re- 
puted and  declared  a rebel. 

Syn.  — See  Declaration,  Edict. 

f PRO-CLIVE',  a.  [L.  proclivis.]  Inclining  or 
inclined ; proclivous.  Bullohar. 

PRO-CLI  V'j-TV,  n.  [L.  proclivitas  ; It.  proclivita ; 
Sp.  proclividad.\ 

1.  Tendency;  natural  inclination;  propen- 
sion ; proneness. 

The  sensitive  appetite  may  engender  a proclivity  to  steal, 
but  not  a necessity  to  steal.  Bramhall. 

2.  Quick  discernment ; readiness;  aptitude. 

He  had  such  a dexterous  proclivity  as  his  teachers  were 
fain  to  restrain  his  forwardness,  that  his  brothers  might  keep 
pace  with  him.  Wotton. 

t PRO-CLI' VOUS, a.  Inclined;  tending.  Bailey. 

PRO-CGE'LI- AN,  a.  [Gr.  no6,  before,  and  KoV.O f, 
hollow.]  (.4)ia<.  &.  Z.o Noting  those  verte- 
bra; which  have  a cavity  or  eup  at  the  fore  part 
of  the  body,  and  a ball  at  the  back  part : — ap- 
plied also  to  the  group  of  animals  which  mani- 
fest this  vertebral  character.  Brande. 


PRO-CON'SUL,  n.  [L.  ; pro,  for,  and  consul.'] 
(Roman  Ant.)  An  officer  who  acted  in  the  place 
of  a consul  without  holding  the  office  itself. 

C “ Tile  proconsul  was  generally  one  who  had 
held  the  office  of  consul,  so  that  the  proconsulship 
was  a continuation,  though  a modified  one,  of  the 
consulship.”  IV.  Smith. 

PRO-CON'SU-LAR,  a.  [L.  proconsular  is.]  Be- 
longing to,  or  under  the  rule  of,  a proconsul. 
“Proconsular  Asia.”  Milton. 

PRO-CON'SU-LA-RY,  a.  Proconsular.  Greeneway. 

PRO-CON 'SU-L  ATE,  n.  [L.  proconsulatus .]  The 
office  of  a proconsul ; proconsulship.  Maunder. 

PRO-CON'SUL-SHIP,  n.  The  office,  or  the  term  of 
office,  of  a proconsul.  Johnson. 

PRO-CRAS'TI-NAte,  v.  a.  [L . procrastino,  pro- 
crastinatus ; pro,  for,  and  crastinus,  of  to-mor- 
row ; eras,  to-morrow ; It.  procrastinare ; Sp. 
procrastinar. ] [i.  procrastinated  ; pp.  pro- 

crastinating, PROCRASTINATED.]  To  put  off 
till  to-morrow,  or  from  day  to  day,  or  from  time 
to  time  ; to  defer ; to  delay ; to  prolong ; to 
postpone ; to  protract. 

Our  resolutions  of  vigor  and  exertion  arc  often  broken  or 
procrastinated  in  the  execution.  Burke. 

PRO-CRAS'TI-NATE,  v.  n.  To  put  off  or  defer 
any  thing  ; to  be  dilatory  ; to  delay  ; to  wait. 

Set  out  early  and  resolutely,  without  procrastinating  or 
looking  -back.  Hammond. 

PRO-CRAS-TI-NA'TION,  n.  [L.  procrastinatio  ; 
It.  procrastinazionc.]  The  act  of  procrastinat- 
ing ; delay  ; dilatoriness. 

Procrastination  is  the  thief  of  time.  Young. 

PRO-CRAS'Tj-NA-TOR,  n.  A dilatory  person. 

PRO-CRAS'TJ-N  A-TO-RY,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or 
implying,  procrastination.  Ec.  Rev. 

f I’RO-CRAS'TINE,  v.  a.  To  procrastinate.  'Hall. 

PRO'CRE-ANT,  a.  [L.  procreo,  procreans,  to  be- 
get.] Productive  ; pregnant,  [r.]  Shak. 

f PRO'CRy-ANT,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  gen- 
erates. Milton. 

PRO 'Cl!  IJ- ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  procreo,  procreatus  ; pro, 
forth,  and  crco,  to  create;  It.  procrcorc ; Sp. 
procrear ; Ft.  procreer.]  \i.  procreated  ; pp. 
procreating,  procreated.]  To  generate  ; to 
beget ; to  engender  ; to  produce  ; to  breed.  Hall. 

PRO-CRp-A'TION,  n.  [L.  procrcatio  ; Sp . procre- 
acion  ; It . procreazione ; Fr.  procreation.]  Act 
of  procreating  ; generation  ; production.  Joye. 

PRO'CRy-A-TJ VE,  a.  Having  the  power  of  gen- 
eration ; generative  ; productive.  Hale. 

PRO'CRy-A-TI  VE-NESS,  n.  The  power  of  gen- 
eration. Decay  of  Piety. 

PRO'CRy-A-TOR,  n.  [L.]  One  who  procreates  ; 
a generator  ; a begetter.  Huloet. 

TRO-CRUS'Ty-AN,  a.  Relating  to  Procrustes,  or 
to  bis  mode  of  torturing  his  victims.  Ch.  Ob. 

When  a story  or  argument  undergoes  contortion  or  muti- 
lation, it  is  said  to  go  through  a procrustean  process.  Davies. 

PRO-CRUS'TF.- AN-IZE,  v.  a.  To  stretch  or  con- 
tract to  a given  extent  or  size.  Ch.  Ob. 

PRO-CRUS'TE^,  n.  [Gr.  TlnoKpot'crris  ; npoKpobto,  to 
stretch  and  torture.]  (Grecian  Myth.)  The  sur- 
name of  Polypcmon  or  Damastcs,  a famous 
robber,  who  used  to  tie  all  travellers  who  fell 
into  his  hands  upon  a bed,  and  accommodate 
their  length  to  it  by  stretching  or  by  lopping 
their  limbs,  as  the  case  required.  IF.  Smith. 

PRO-CRUS-TE'.SI-AN,  a.  Relating  to  Procrustes  ; 
Procrustean.  Qu.  Rev. 

PROC'TO-CELE,  n.  [Gr.  trpwvrdf,  the  anus,  and 
Kijl.ri,  a tumor.]  (Med.)  Inversion  and  prolapse 
of  the  mucous  coat  of  the  rectum,  from  relaxa- 
tion of  the  sphincter.  Dunglison. 

PROC'TOR,  n.  [L.  procurator ; procuro,  to  take 
care  of;  pro,  for,  and  euro,  to  care  ; It.  proccu- 
ratore  ; Sp.  procurador.) 

1.  A manager  of  another  man’s  affairs.  Hall. 

2.  An  officer  in  the  admiralty  and  ecclesias- 
tical courts,  corresponding  with  attorney  at 
common  law,  and  solicitor  in  equity.  Burrill. 

3.  An  officer  in  a university  or  college,  whose 

chief  duty  it  is  to  preserve  order  among  the 
students.  Quincy. 


PROC'TOR,  v.  a.  To  manage.  [A  cant  word.] 

I cannot  j/roefor  my  own  cause  so  well 

To  make  it  clear.  Warburton. 

f PROC'TOR-AyE,  n.  Management,  in  contempt. 
“ Fagging  prvetoraye  of  money.”  Milton. 

PROC-TO'RI-AL,  a.  Relating  or  belonging  to  a 
proctor  ; magisterial.  Waterhouse. 

f PROC-ToR'I-CAL,  a.  Proctorial.  Pritleaux. 

PROC'TQR-SHIP,  n.  The  office  or  dignity  of  a 
proctor.  Clarendon. 

PRO-CUM'ByNT,  a.  [L.  procumbo,  procumbens, 
to  bend  forwards  ; It.  $ Sp.  procumbente  ; Fr. 
procombant.] 

1.  Leaning  forwards  ; stooping. 

Procumbent  each  obeyed:  and  when,  the  flood 

Cleaving,  we  twice  that  distance  had  obtained, 

Again  I hailed  the  Cyclops.  Cowpcr. 

2.  (Bot.)  Trailing  on  the  ground.  Gray. 

PRO-CUR' A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  procured  or 
obtained  ; obtainable  ; acquirable.  Boyle. 

f PROC'U-RA-CY,  n.  The  agency  or  the  body  of 
proctors  ; management.  Holinshcd. 

PROC-U-RA'TION,  n.  [L .procuration.  It. procu- 
razione;  Sp.  procuration  ; Fr.  procuration.] 

1.  Act  of  procuring ; procurement.  Woodward. 

2.  Management  of  affairs  for  another  person. 

3.  Authority  or  power  to  act  for  another. 

It  were  well  to  be  wished  that  persons  of  eminence  would 
cease  to  make  themselves  representatives  of  the  people  of 
England  without  a letter  of  attorney  or  any  other  act  ot 
procuration.  Burke. 

4.  (Eccl.  Law.)  A sum  of  money  paid  yearly 

by  parish  priests  to  the  bishop  or  archdeacon,  at 
visitations.  Whishaw. 

PROC-U-RA'TION— MON'JEY,  n.  (Laic.)  Money 
for  procuring  a loan.  Blackstonc. 

FROC'U-RA-TOR,  n.  [L.]  1.  (Roman  Ant.)  A 

person  who  had  the  management  of  any  busi- 
ness committed  to  him  by  another  ; — especially 
an  officer  in  the  provinces  belonging  to  the  em- 
peror, who  attended  to  the  duties  discharged 
by  the  qutestor  in  the  other  provinces.  IF.  Smith. 

2.  (Law.)  A person  who  acts  for  another  by 
virtue  of  a procuration  ; a proctor  ; an  agent ; 
an  attorney  ; a proxy.  Bouvier. 

PROC-U-R  A-TO'RI-AL,  a.  Relating  to,  or  done 
by,  a proctor.  Ayliffc. 

PROC-U-R  A 'TOR-SHIP,  n.  The  office  of  a procu- 
rator. “ The  procuratorship  of  Judea.”  Pearson. 

PR  O-CU'R  A-TO-RY  [pro-ku'ra-tur-e,  ,S.  TF.  P.  J. 
K.  Wr.  ; prok'u-ra-tur-e,  Sm. ; pro'kii-ra-to-re, 
Wb.],  a.  [L . procuratorius .]  Relating  to  pro- 
curation. “Letters procuratory."  [it.]  J.  Fox. 

PRO-CURE',  V.  a.  [L.  procuro  ; pro,  for,  and  euro, 
to  care  ; It.  procurare  ; Sp.  procurar  ; Fr.  pro- 
curer.] [t.  PROCURED  ; pp.  PROCURING,  PRO- 
CURED.] 

1.  To  take  care  of  or  to  transact  for  another; 

to  manage.  Johnson. 

2.  To  obtain  ; to  acquire  ; to  gain  ; to  win  ; to 
get  by  effort  or  purchase  ; to  provide  ; to  furnish. 
He  that  diligently  seeketh  good  jmocurcth  favor.  Prov.  xi.  27. 

3.  To  contrive  ; to  forward;  to  bring  about. 

Proceed,  Salinus,  to  procure  my  fall.  Shak. 

4.  To  prevail  on  ; to  persuade  ; to  solicit. 

The  famous  Briton  prince  and  faery  knight . . . 

Of  tile  fair  Alma  greatly  were  procured 

To  make  there  longer  sojourn  and  abode.  Spenser. 

Syn.  — See  Furnish,  Get,  Provide. 

PRO-CURE',  v.  n.  To  bawd;  to  pimp.  Dnjden. 

PRO-CURE' My  NT,  n.  1.  Act  of  procuring  ; at- 
tainment. “Procurement  of  salvation.”  South. 

2.  Contrivance;  management;  intervention. 

By  the  procurement  of  his  said  wife  he  was  slain  by  his  own 
subjects.  Sir  T.  Ehjot. 

PRO-CUR'F.R,  n.  One  who  procures,  — especially 
for  lust ; a pimp ; a pander.  South. 

PRO-CUR'ESS,  n.  She  that  procures  ; a bawd. 

RHy-  These  words,  in  their  ill  sense,  Smart  says, 
“ are  mostly  pronounced  proc'ii-rer  and  proc'u-ress.” 
All  tile  other  principal  orthoepists  place  tile  accent 
on  the  second  syllable. 

PRO'CY-ON,  n.  [Gr.  TlpoKvuiv ; trpd,  before,  and 
Kboiu,' a dog;  L.  Procyon, — a constellation  ris- 
ing before  the  Dog-star  ; — “ strictly,  a single 
star,  which  by  later  writers  was  described  as  a 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  l,  6,  U,  Y,  shoi't ; 


A,  y,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  ITER; 


PROD 


1135 


PROFERT 


dog.”  Liddell  # Scott.]  (Astron.)  The  principal 
star  in  the  constellation  Cams  Minor.  Hind. 

PROD,  n.  1.  f A light  kind  of  cross-bow  used  for 
killing  deer,  particularly  by  ladies  when  they 
indulged  in  hunting.  Fairholt. 

2.  A goad  : — an  awl  : — an  iron  pin  fixed  in 
pattens.  [Local,  Eng.]  Grose. 

PROD'I-GAL,  a.  [L.  prodigus  ; prodigo,  to  drive 
forth,  to  squander  ; pro,  forth,  and  ago,  to  drive ; 
It.  $ Sp.  prodigo  ; Fr.  prodigue .]  Excessive  in 
expenditure  ; wasteful  ; lavish  ; profuse  ; ex- 
travagant ; — with  of  before  the  thing.  “ Prod- 
igal of  thanks.”  Daniel. 

It  is  hard,  if  not  impossible,  for  a prodigal  person  to  be 
guilty  of  no  other  vice  but  prodigality.  South. 

Syn. — See  Extravagant. 

PROD'I-GAL,  n.  A waster;  a spendthrift. 

A beggar  grown  rich  becomes  a prodigal.  B.  Jonson. 

PROD-I-GAL'I-TY,  n.  [L.  prodigalitas  ; It.  prodi- 
gality ; Sp.  prodig  alidad  ; Fr.  prodigalite.]  The 
state  or  the  quality  of  being  prodigal ; excess  ; 
extravagance  ; profusion  ; lavishness  ; waste. 

It  is  not  always  so  obvious  to  distinguish  between  an  act 
of  liberality  and  an  act  of  prodigality.  South. 

f PROD'I-GAL-IZE,  v.  n.  To  play  the  prodigal; 
to  be  prodigal  or  extravagant.  Sherwood. 

PROD'I-GAL- LY,  ad.  In  a prodigal  manner;  pro- 
fusely ; iavishly  ; wastefully.  Dryden. 

f PROD'I-^ENCE,  n.  [L.  prodigentia.]  Waste; 
profusion  ; prodigality.  Bp.  Hall. 

PRO-Dl^'IOUS  (pro-dlj'us),  a.  [L.  prodigiosus ; 
prodigium,  a prodigy  ; It.  § Sp . prodigioso  ; Fr. 
prodigieux.]  Such  as  may  seem  a prodigy ; ex- 
traordinary ; amazing  ; astonishing ; enormous  ; 
vast;  monstrous;  portentous;  wonderful. 

We  suddenly  found  ourselves  in  an  immense  hall,  lighted 
up  with  a prodigious  number  of  candles.  Eustace. 

Syn.  — See  Enormous. 

PRO-DI^TOUS-LY  (prn-dlj'us-le),  ad.  In  a pro- 
digious manner ; amazingly  ; astonishingly. 

PRO-DIG'IOUS-NESS  (pro-dlj'us-nes),  n.  The  state 
of  being  prodigious  ; portentousness  ; wonder- 
fulness ; enormity.  Bp.  Hall. 

PROD'M/Y,  n.  [L.  prodigium ; prodico,  to  pre- 
dict ; pro,  before,  and  dico,  to  say ; It.  .$,■  Sp. 
prodigio ; Fr.  prodige.\  Any  thing  out  of  the 
ordinary  course  of  nature,  such  as  formerly 
gave  ground  for  omens  ; any  thing  astonishing  ; 
a wonder ; a marvel ; a miracle  ; a portent ; a 
monster.  “ Prodigies  of  learning.”  Spectator. 

The  neighborhood  confirm  the  prodigy.  Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Miracle. 

f PRO-Dl''TION  (pro-dlsh'un),  n.  [L.  proditio. ] 
Treason  ; treachery.  Bp.  Hall. 

t PROD'I-TOR,  n.  [L.]  A traitor.  Shah. 

f PROD-I-TO'RI-OUS,  a.  Proditory.  IVotton. 

PROD'I-TO-R Y,  a.  ( Law .)  Treasonable;  treach- 
erous. “ Tftat  proditory  aid.”  Milton. 

fPRO'DltOME,  n.  [Gr.  trphUpoyos ; L.  prodromus ; 
Fr.  prodrome. ] A forerunner.  Coles. 

f PROD'RO-MOUS,  a.  Forerunning.  Allen. 

PRO-DUCE',  v.  a.  [L.  produco ; pro,  forth,  and 
duco,  to  lead  ; It.  producere,  produrre ; Sp.  pro- 
ducir-,  Fr.  produirc.~]  [i.  produced;  pp.  pro- 
ducing, PRODUCED.] 

1.  To  bring  forward ; to  offer  to  view ; to  show. 

Not  able  to  produce  more  accusation.  Shah. 

2.  To  bring  forth;  to  hear;  to  yield;  to  af- 
ford ; to  furnish ; to  supply. 

This  soil  produces  all  sorts  of  palm-trees.  Samlys. 

3.  To  cause  ; to  effect ; to  beget ; to  give 
rise  to  ; to  occasion  ; to  create  ; to  make. 

Disappointment  seldom  cures  us  of  expectation,  or  has 
any  other  effect  than  that  of  producing  a moral  sentence  or 
peevish  exclamation.  Johnson. 

4.  To  draw  or  lengthen  out;  to  protract;  to 
prolong ; to  extend  ; to  lengthen. 

In  which  great  work  our  stay  will  be 

Beyond  our  will  produced.  B.  Jonson. 

Syn.  — See  Afford,  Bear,  Introduce,  Make. 

PROD'UCE  (prod'dus)  [prod'dus,  TV.  Ja.  Sm. ; prod'- 
jus,  S. ; prod'us,  J.  E.  F.  C. ; pro'dus,  AsK\,  n. 
That  which  is  produced  ; that  which  any  thing 
yields  or  brings  ; product ; production  ; yield. 


This  tax  has  already  been  so  often  tried,  that  we  know  the 
exact  produce  of  it.  Addison. 

Its  [barley’s]  common  produce  is  thirty  bushels.  Mortimer. 

IBP  Produce  is  a general  name  for  the  staple  com- 
modities imported,  forming  large  articles  of  consump- 
tion. Simmonds. 

Syn.  — See  Production. 

f PRO-DUCE'MIJNT,  n.  [It . producimento.]  Act 
of  producing;  production.  Milton. 

PRO-DUy'flNT,  n.  ( Eccl . Law.)  One  who  pro- 
duces a witness  to  be  examined.  Ayliffe. 

PRO-DUy'jpR,  n.  One  who  produces.  Locke. 

PRO-DU-CJ-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [Sp.  producibilidad .] 
State  or  quality  of  being  producible  ; produei- 
bleness.  Barrow. 

PRO-DU'CI-BLE,  a.  [It.  producibile  ; Sp.  produ- 
cible.'] That  may  be  produced,  or  brought  into 
notice,  view,  or  being.  South. 

PRO-DU'CI-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  qual- 
ity of  being  producible  ; producibility.  Boyle. 

PRO-DU'OING,  n.  1.  Act  of  one  who  produces. 

2.  ( Gcom .)  The  extension  of  a-line.  Davies. 

PROD'UCT  [prod'ukt,  S.  IF.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  Sm. 
JVr.  Wb.  ; pro'dukt,  K.  Ash.],  n.  [L.  produco, 
productus,  to  produce;  It.  prodotto;  Sp.  pro- 
ducto;  Fr.  produit.] 

1.  Something  produced  by  nature,  as  fruits, 
grain,  metals  ; produce. 

Our  British  products  arc  of  such  kinds  and  quantities  as 
can  turn  the  balance  of  trade  to  our  advantage.  Addison. 

2.  Something  produced  by  art ; work  ; com- 
position ; production. 

This  dull  product  of  a scoffer’s  pen.  Wordsworth. 

3.  Effect ; consequence  ; result ; issue. 

These  arc  the  product 

Of  these  ill-mated  marriages.  Milton. 

4.  (Math.)  The  result  obtained  by  taking  one 
quantity  as  many  times  as  there  are  units  in 
another  ; the  quantity  produced  by  multiplying 
two  or  more  quantities  together. 

Syn.  — See  Production. 

f PRO-DUCT',  v.  a.  To  produce.  Holinshcd. 

PRO-D&C'TJl,  n.  [L.]  (Pal.)  A genus  of  ex- 
tinct, fossil,  bivalve  shells,  closely  allied  to  the 
living  Terebratula.  Brande. 

PRO-DUC'TI-BLE,  a.  [It.  produttibile  ; Fr.  pro- 
ducible.] Producible,  [r.]  Maunder. 

PRO-DUC'TILE,  a.  [L.  productilis  ; produco,  to 
produce.]  That  may  be  produced,  or  drawn  out 
in  length  ; tensile  ; ductile.  Johnson. 

PRO-DUC'TION,  n.  [L.  productio ; It . produzione  ■, 
Sp.  produccion  ; Fr.  production.] 

1.  The  act  of  producing  or  bringing  forth. 
“ The  production  of  a beautiful  effect.”  Dryden. 

2.  Any  thing  produced  by  nature  or  by  art ; 
fruit ; crop  ; produce  ; product ; composition  ; 
work ; performance. 

It  is  a great  mortification  to  the  vanity  of  man  that  iris 
utmost  art  mid  industry  can  never  equal  the  meanest  of  na- 
ture’s productions  either  for  beauty  or  value.  Hume. 

We  have  had  our  names  prefixed  at  length  to  whole  vol- 
umes of  mean  iiroductions.  Swift. 

3.  Prolongation.  “The  mesentery  is  a pro - 

duction  of  the  peritoneum.”  Dunglison. 

Production  of  suit,  (Law.)  the  production  by  a plain- 
tiff of  his  suit,  that  is,  a number  of  persons  prepared 
to  confirm  vvliat  he  had  stated  in  liis  count.  Burrill. 

Syn. — Production  signifies  the  act  of  producing 
and  that  which  is  produced,  either  by  nature  or  art. 
Product  and  produce  denote  the  thing  produced,  and 
are  applicable  chiefly,  hut  not  exclusively,  to  the  pro- 
ductions of  nature.  Productions  of  nature  or  art ; 
produce  of  the  fields  ; products  of  the  country.  A pro- 
duction or  work  of  genius  or  of  great  labor  ; a distin- 
guished or  elaborate  literary  production  or  performance. 

PRO-DUC'TIVE,  a.  [Tt.  produttivo  ; Sp.  produc- 
tive*, Fr.  product if.]  That  produces,  or  has 
power  to  produce  ^fertile  ; generative  ; efficient. 

All  their  known  virtue  appears 
Productive  as  in  herb  and  plant.  Milton. 

There  is  one  sort  of  labor  which  adds  to  the  value  of  the 
subject  upon  which  it  is  bestowed;  there  is  another  which 
has  no  such  effect.  The  former,  as  it  produces  a value,  may 
be  called  productive , the  latter  unproductive,  labor.  A.  Smith. 

Syn.  — See  Fertile. 

PRO-DUC'TIVE-LY,  ad.  In  a productive  manner. 

PRO-DUC'TI VE-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  qual- 
ity of  being  productive  ; productivity.  Todd. 

PROD-UC-TIV'I-TY,  n.  The  power  of  producing; 
productiveness.  ‘ Coleridge. 


PRO-DUC'TRJJSS,  n.  A female  who  produces. 

PRO-p-GU'MI-NAL,  a.  [Gr.  Ttporjyloyui,  nporiyob- 
giro;,  to  lead  the  way.]  (Med.)  Noting  causes 
which  are  predisponent  or  remote.  Clarke. 

PRO'JJM,  n.  [Gr.  ttpooiiuov ; vpfi,  before,  and  o'iyo;, 
a strain  ; L.  proatmium  ; It.  § Sp.  proemio  ; Fr. 
proime.]  Preliminary  remarks  ; preface  ; in- 
troduction ; prelude  ; exordium  ; prolegomena. 
“ The  proem  to  the  digests.”  Ayliffe. 

So  glozed  the  tempter,  and  his  proem  tuned.  . Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Preface. 

fPRO'p.M,  v.  a.  To  preface  ; to  prelude.  South. 

PRO-E'MI-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a proem;  intro- 
ductory ; prefatory,  [r.]  Hammond. 

PRO-EMP-TfysjS  [prB-ein-to'sis,  Sm.  Brande, 
Crabb ; pro-em'to-sls,  K.  Wb.  Ash],  n.  [Gr. 
TtpofyTtiTtrti),  to  rush  in  before  ; np6,  before,  and 
i/minTO),  to  rush  in.]  (Chronology.)  The  lunar 
equation,  or  addition  of  a day  necessary  to  pre- 
vent the  new  moon  from  happening  too  soon 
according  to  the  civil  calculation.  To  effect  this, 
one  day  is  added  every  330  years,  and  another 
every  2400  years.  Brande. 

t PRO-FACE',  interj.  [Old  Fr.  pr  on  face.]  Much 
good  to  you  ; — an  old  exclamation  of  welcome. 
“Good  Master  Pope,  sit : proface  ! ” Shah. 

f FROF'A-NATE,  v.  a.  [L . profano,  profanatus.] 
To  desecrate  ; to  profane.  Bp.  Tunstall. 

PROF-A-NA'TION,  n.  [L.  profanatio  ; It.  profa- 
nazione-,  Sp.  profanacion\  Fr.  profanation.] 
The  act  of  profaning;  violation  of  things  sacred  ; 
irreverence  to  holy  persons  or  things. 

All  profanation  and  invasion  of  things  sacred  is  an  offence 
against  the  eternal  law  of  nature.  South. 

PRO-FANE',  a.  [L.  profanus  ; pro,  before,  with- 
out, and  fanum,  a temple  ; It.  ^ Sp.  profano  ; 
F r.  profane.] 

1.  Irreverent  to  sacred  persons  or  things;  im- 
pious ; blasphemous  ; irreligious  ; wicked  ; — 
particularly  applied  to  one  who  uses  the  name 
of  God  impiously. 

Somewhat  allied  to  this  [blasphemy],  though  in  an  inferior 
degree,  is  the  offence  of  profane  and  common  swearing  and 
cursing.  Blackstune. 

2.  Polluted  ; unhallowed  ; impure. 

Nothing  is  profane  that  serveth  to  holy  things.  Raleigh. 

3.  Secular  ; not  sacred  ; — in  a good  sense. 

The  universality  of  the  deluge  is  attested  by  profane  his- 
tory. Burnet. 

Syn.  — See  Irreligious,  Wicked. 

PRO-FANE',  v.  a.  [L.  profano-,  It.  profanarc  ; 
Sp .profanar-,  Fr.  profaner.]  [i.  profaned  ; 
pp.  PROFANING,  PROFANED.] 

1.  To  violate  ; to  pollute  ; to  desecrate. 

He  [Clodius]  had  profaned  the  holy  ceremonies  of  tire 
sacrifices.  Forth. 

2.  To  put  to  a wrong  use  ; to  abuse. 

I feel  me  much  to  blame 

So  idly  to  profane  the  precious  time.  Shah. 

PRO-FANE 'LY,  ad.  In  a profano  manner ; with 

irreverence  to  what  is  sacred.  B.  Jonson. 

PRO-FANE'NJJSS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  pro- 
fane ; irreverence  of  what  is  sacred  ; profanity. 

PRO-FAN'ER,  n.  One  who  profanes  ; a violator. 

FRO-FAN'T-TY,  n.  [L.  profanitas  ; It .profanita; 
Sp.  profanidad.]  The  quality  of  being  profane ; 
irreverence  for  what  is  sacred,  — particularly 
the  use  of  God’s  name  impiously ; blasphemy  ; 
profaneness.  Brit.  Crit.  Ch.  Ob. 

lie  [R.  llalll  deplores  the  profanity  and  profligacy  of  many 
of  the  students.  'r'  Gregory. 

IBP  Mr.  Smart  says  that  this  word  is  “ little  au- 
thorized.” It  is  in  common  use  in  America  and  in 
Scotland,  and  it  is  also  used  by  respectable  English 
authors. 

t PRO-FEC'TION,  n.  [L.  profectio.]  Advance  ; 
progression.  Browne. 

PRO-FEC-Tl"TIOUS  (pro-fek-tish'us),  a.  [L.  pro- 
feetitius  ; prqficiscor,  profectus,  to  set  out ; It. 
profettizio.]  Proceeding  from ; — noting  prop- 
erty derived  from  ancestors.  [r.]  Gibbon. 

PRO 1 FF.RT,  n.  [L.,  he  brings  forward.]  (Law.) 
In  old  practice,  the  production  in  court,  by  a 
party,  of  an  instrument  alleged  by  him  in  plead- 
ing or  the  entry  made  on  the  record  that  the 
party  so  produced  the  instrument  : — in  modem 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  R(JLE. — Q,  (?,  g,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  g,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


PROFESS 


1136 


PROFUSENESS 


practice,  an  allegation  formally  made  in  a plead- 
ing where  a party  alleges  a deed,  that  he  shows 
it  in  court,  it  being  in  fact  retained  in  his  own 
custody.  Burrill. 

PRO-FESS',  v.  a.  [L.  profiteor,  professus ; pro, 
before,  and  fateor,  to  confess;  It . professare ; 
Sp.  profesar ; Vi.  professor.)  [}■  professed  ; 

pp.  1’ItOFESSING,  PROFESSED.] 

1.  To  declare  openly,  publicly,  or  in  strong 
terms  ; to  make  public  or  explicit  declaration 
or  profession  of ; to  avow  ; to  acknowledge. 

The  wretched  man  gun  then  avise  too  late 

That  love  is  not  where  most  it  is  professed.  Spenser. 

2.  To  exhibit  the  appearance  of ; to  indicate. 

Yet  did  her  face  and  former  parts  profess 

A fair  young  maiden,  full  of  comely  glee.  Spenser. 

3.  To  declare  publicly  one’s  skill  in,  in  order 
to  invite  employment ; to  lay  claim  to. 

Profess  not  the  knowledge  that  thou  hast  not.  Ecclus.  iii.  25. 

PRO-FESS',  v.  n.  1.  To  make  profession. 

2.  To  enter  into  a state  of  life,  secular  or  re- 

ligious, by  a public  declaration.  “ Purbeck  as 
professed  a huntress  and  a nun.”  Drayton. 

3.  fTo  declare  friendship.  Shak. 

PRO-FESSED'  (pro-fest'),  p.  a.  Declared  public- 
ly ; avowed. 

PRO-FESS'^D-LY,  ad.  With  open  declaration  or 
profession  ; — avowedly  ; undeniably. 

PRO-FES'SION  (pro-fesh'un),  n.  [L.  professio  ; It. 
professions  ; Sp.  profesion  ; Fr.  profession.) 

1.  The  act  of  professing,  or  openly  or  expli- 
citly declaring.  Swift. 

2.  That  which  is  professed-;  declaration  ; 
avowal.  “The  professions  of  princes,  when  a 
crown  is  the  bait,  are  a slender  security. ’’Lesi/e. 

3.  A calling  ; a vocation  ; an  occupation  ; a 
business;  office;  employment, — especially  an 
employment  requiring  a learned  education,  as 
those  of  divinity,  law,  and  physic. 

I hold  every  man  a debtor  to  his  profession , from  the  which 
as  men  of  course  do  seek  to  receive  countenance  and  profit, 
so  ought  they  of  duty  to  endeavor  themselves,  by  way  of 
amends,  to  be  a help  and  ornament  thereunto.  Bacon. 

Of  the  professions  it  may  be  said,  that  soldiers  arc  becom- 
ing too  popular,  parsons  too  lazy,  physicians  too  mercenary, 
and  lawyers  too  powerful.  Colton. 

4.  The  members  of  a calling  or  vocation,  col- 
lectively considered. 

It  occurred  to  the  author  that  a law  dictionary,  written 
entirely  anew,  and  calculated  to  remedy  those  defects,  would 
be  useful  to  the  profession.  Bouvier. 

5.  ( Eccl . Law.)  The  act  of  entering  into  a 

religious  order.  Bouvier. 

Syn.  — See  Business,  Occupation. 

PRO-FES'SION-AL  (pro-fesh'un-jl),  a.  Pertaining 
to,  or  employed  in,  a profession  or  calling. 

PRO-FES 'SION- AL-IST,  n.  One  who  practises, 
or  belongs  to,  some  profession,  [r.]  Month.  Rev. 

PRO-FES'SION- A L-LY  (pro-fesh'iui-al-le),  ad.  By, 
or  in  way  of,  profession  or  calling.  Clarke. 

PRO-FESS'OR,  n.  [L.  professor-.  It.  prof essore-, 
Sp.  profesor;  Fr.  professeur.) 

1.  One  who  makes  profession  or  open  declara- 
tion of  any  thing.  Bacon. 

2.  One  who  makes  public  declaration  of  his 
belief  in  Christ,  and  in  the  Christian  religion. 

The  whole  church  of  professors  at  Philippi.  Hammond. 

3.  One  who  publicly  teaches  any  science  or 
art,  — particularly  in  a university,  college,  &c. 

4.  One  who  practises  any  art  or  profession. 

Another  sergeant-painter,  in  this  reign,  was  John  Brown, 

who,  if  lie  threw  no  great  lustre  on  his  profession,  was  at  least 
a benefactor  to  its  professors.  Walpole. 

5.  One  visibly  or  professedly  religious.  Locke. 

PRO-FfS-SO'RI-AL,  a.  [L.  professorius ; It.  pro- 
fessoriate ; Fr.  professoral.)  Pertaining  to  a 
professor.  Bentley. 

I'RO-FpS-SO'RI- AL-I^M,  n.  The  character  or  the 
quality  of  a professor,  [r.]  Ec.  Rev. 

PROF-gS-SO'RJ-ATE,  n.  [Fr .professorate)  State 
of  a professor  ; professorship.  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

PRO-FESS'OR-SHIP,  n.  The  state  or  the  office  of 
a professor  or  public  teacher,  as  in  a college. 
“ Professorship  of  moral  philosophy.”  Stewart. 

f PRO-FES'SO-RY,  a.  [L.  professorius .]  Profes- 
sorial. “ Professory  learning.”  Bacon. 

PROF'FpR,  v.  a.  [L.  profero,  to  bring  forth  ; pro, 


forward,  and  fero,  to  bring  ; It.  profferire  ; Sp. 
proferir ; Fr.  prof  ever.)  [i.  proffered  ; pp. 
PROFFERING,  PROFFERED.] 

1.  To  offer  for  acceptance  ; to  tender.  “ Gen- 
erous cares  and  proffered  friendship.”  Addison. 

2.  To  attempt  voluntarily  ; to  volunteer. 

To  proffer  or  accept 

Alone  the  dreadful  voyage.  Milton. 

PROF'FpR,  n.  1.  Something  proposed  for  accept- 
ance ; an  offer  ; a tender.  Sidney. 

Proffers  not  took  reap  thanks  for  their  reward.  Shak. 

2.  An  effort;  an  attempt;  an  essay. 

It  is  done  with  time,  aud  by  little  and  little,  and  with  many 
essays  and  proffers.  Bacon. 

PROF'FJpR-JpK,  n.  One  who  proffers.  Shak . 

PRO-FI,,CI$NCE  (pro-fish'ens).  n.  Proficiency. 
“ [He]  has  made  good  projicience.”  Walpole. 

PRO-El''CIEN-CY  (pro-flsh'en-se),  n.  Advance- 
ment or  improvement  in  any  study,  art,  or  busi- 
ness ; proficience  ; progress.  Addison. 

Syn. — See  Advancement,  Improvement, 
Progress. 

PRO-Fl"CI£NT  (pro-flsh'ent),  a.  [L.  proficio,  to 
advance  ; pro,  forward,  and  facio,  to ' make.] 
Having  made  advancement,  or  having  become 
an  adept,  in  any  study,  art,  or  business  ; well 
qualified;  competent;  skilful.  Clarke. 

PRO-FI"CIENT  (pro-flsh'ent),  n.  One  who  has 
made  advancement  in  any  study,  art,  or  busi- 
ness ; an  adept.  Boyle. 

PRO-FI"CIlJNT-LY  (pro-flsh'ent-le),  ad.  With 
proficiency.  Clarke. 

+ PRO-FIC'U-OUS,  a.  [L . prof  cuus.]  .Advanta- 
geous ; useful.  ‘ Harvey. 

II  PRO'FILE,  PRO-FILE',  or  PRO’FlLE  [pro-Iel', 
S.  P.  J.  F.  K.  ; pro'fel,  E.  Ja.  Sm. ; pro'fjl  or 
pro-fel',  W.  JVr. ; pro' IT  1 , !?.],  n.  [It . profilo, 
from  L.  per,  by,  and  filum,  a thread  ; Sp.  perfil ; 
Fr.  profit .] 

1.  The  contour  of  the  face,  viewed  from  one 

of  its  sides  ; the  side-face.  Addison. 

2.  (Arch.)  The  outline  or  contour  of  a build- 
ing, or.  of  a member.  Britton. 

3.  (Surveying.)  A section  of  a portion  of  the 

earth’s  surface,  or  its  representation  on  paper, 
made  to  show  the  natural  line  of  contour,  or 
the  lines  of  grade,  along  a proposed  railroad, 
canal,  aqueduct,  &c.  Davies. 

||  PRO-FILE',  v.  a.  To  draw  in  profile  ; to  draw 
an  outline  of.  Holland. 

||  1’RO-FIL'IST  [pro-fel'ist,  K.  Sm. ; prof'e-llst, 
Maunder-,  pro'fil-Ist,  Wr.),  n.  One  who  takes 
or  draws  a profile.  [Modern.]  Wriyht. 

PROF'IT,  n.  [L.  profcctus  ; proficio , to  advance, 
to  be  useful  ; It.  profitto  ; Fr.  profit .) 

1.  The  amount  of  money  obtained  by  the' sale 
of  commodities  above  the  cost  of  purchase  or 
production  ; pecuniary  gain  ; emolument. 

2.  Gain  ; advantage  ; accession  of  good;  ben- 
efit ; service  ; avail ; utility  ; welfare  ; weal. 

This  I speak  tor  your  own  profit.  1 Cor.  vii.  35. 

3.  Improvement ; proficiency,  [r.]  Johnson. 

Syn.  — See  Advantage,  Avail,  Benefit, 

Emolument,  Utility. 

PROF'IT,  v.  a.  \i.  profited  ; pp.  PROFITING, 
profited.]  To  be  of  profit  to ; to  benefit ; to 
advance  ; to  improve. 

Let  it  profit  thee  to  have  heard, 

By  terrible  example,  the  reward 

Of  disobedience.  Milton. 

PROF'IT,  v.  n.  [L.  proficio  ; It . profittare -,  Fr. 
profi.ter.] 

1.  To  gain  advantage  pecuniarily.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  To  make  improvement ; to  improve. 

She  lias  profited  so  well  already  by  your  counsel.  Dryden. 

3.  To  be  of  use  or  advantage  ; to  be  profitable. 

What  profited  thy  thoughts,  and  toils,  and  cares.  Prior.  | 

PROF'IT- A-BLE,  a.  [It.  profittabile  ; Fr.  profit- 
able!] 

1.  Affording  or  yielding  profit ; bringing  gain  ; 

gainful;  lucrative;  remunerative.  Bacon. 

2.  Useful  ; advantageous.  Arbuthnot. 

Hermes,  of  profitable  arts  the  sire.  rope. 

PROF'IT-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  1.  The  quality  of  being 
profitable  ; gainfulness.  Johnson. 

2.  Usefulness  ; advantageousness.  More. 


PROF'IT-A-BLY,  ad.  With  gain;  gainfully:  — 
usefully ; advantageously.  Warner. 

PROF'lT-lNG,  n.  Gain;  advantage;  profit.  “That 
thy  profiting  may  appear  to  all.”  1 Tim.  iv.  15. 

PROF'JT-LESS,  a.  Void  of  profit.  Shak. 

PROF'LI-GA-CY,  n.  The  state  of  a profligate  ; 
the  state  of  being  lost  to  virtue  and  decency ; 
shameless  vice  ; depravity  ; profligateness. 

PROF'LI-GATE,  a.  [L.  profiigatus ; profiigo,  to 
strike  down  ; pro,  forward,  and fiigo,  to  strike.] 

1.  f Cast  down  ; defeated.  “ The  foe  is  prof- 
ligate and  won.”  H udibras. 

2.  Lost  to  virtue  ; abandoned ; shameless  in 
vice  ; depraved ; dissolute  ; corrupt.  Dryden. 

Melancholy  objects  and  subjects  will,  at  times,  impress  the 
most  profligate  spirits.  <j,  Jticliardson. 

Syn.  — See  Abandoned. 

PROF'LI-GATE,  n.  A profligate  or  abandoned 
person  ; a reprobate.  ' Addison. 

f PROF'LI-GATE,  v.  a.  [L.  profiigo,  profiigatus.) 
To  overcome  ; to  drive  away.  Harvey. 

PROF'LI-GATE-LY,  ad.  In  a profligate  manner; 
shamelessly  ; dissolutely.  Swift. 

PROF'LI-GATE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state 
of  being  profligate  ; profligacy.  Butler. 

f PROF-Ll-GA'TION,  n.  [L.  profiigatio.)  Over- 
throw; defeat;  rout.  * Bacon. 

PROF'LU-ENCE,  n.  [L.  profiuentia.)  Progress; 
course,  [r.]  Wotton. 

PROF'LU-ENT,  a.  [L.  profitto,  profiuens,  to  flow 
forth  ; pro,  forward,  and  fiuo,  to  flow.]  Flowing 
forward,  as  a stream,  [r.]  Milton. 

PRO-FLU' VI-UM,  n.  ; pi.  pro-flu'  vi-a.  [L.,  a 
flux  ; profiuo,  to  flow  forth.]  (Med.)  A morbid 
discharge  or  flux  : — an  increased  excretion  at- 
tended by  fever.  Dunglison. 

PRO  FOR  AM.  [L.]  For  form’s  sake. 

t PRO-FOUND',  v.  a.  To  sink  deeply.  Browne. 

PRO-FOUND',  a.  [L.  profundus  ; It.  Sp.  pro- 
fun do -,  Fr . pro  fond.] 

1.  Having  the  bottom  at  a great  depth  from 
the  surface  ; being  or  descending  far  below  the 
surface ; having  great  depth  ; deep.  Milton. 

2.  Lowly;  humble;  submissive.  “Profound 

reverence.”  Duppa% 

3.  Intellectually  deep ; penetrating  deeply 

into  any  subject;  not  superficial;  sagacious. 
“Profound  political  wisdom.”  Bcddoes. 

4.  Deep  in  contrivance.  “The  revolters  are 

profound  to  make  slaughter.”  Hos.  v.  2. 

5.  Having  hidden  or  secret  qualities. 

, Upon  the  corner  of  the  moon 

There  hangs  a vaporous  drop  iirofound.  Shak. 

PRO-FOUND',  n.  1.  The  deep;  the  sea;  the 
main.  “ The  fathomless  profound."  Sandys. 

2.  An  abyss.  “Itravel  this  profound.” Milton. 

f PRO-FOUND',  v.  n.  To  penetrate.  Glanvill. 

PRO-FOUND'LY,  ad.  In  a profound  manner; 
deeply ; with  deep  concern  or  insight.  Shak. 

PRO-FOUND'NJESS,  n.  Depth  of  place  or  of 
knowledge  ; profundity.  Hooker. 

f PRO-FUL'yyNT,  a.  [L.  pro,  forth,  and  fulgo, 
to  shine.]  Shining  forth  ; effulgent.  Chaucer. 

PRO-FUN'DI-TY,  n.  [L . profunditas  ; 1 1.  profon- 
dita;  Sp.  profundidad!)  The  state  or  the  qual- 
ity of  being  profound ; depth  of  place  or  of 
knowledge  ; profoundness  ; deepness.  More. 

PRO  FUSE',  a.  [L . profusus profundo.  to  pour 
forth  ; It.  S;  Sp.  profuso  ; Old  Fr.  profits .] 

1.  Lavish  ; too  liberal ; extravagant ; improv- 
ident; prodigal.  “His  friends  were  too  pro- 
fuse, and  his  enemies  too  sparing.”  Addison. 

2.  Over-abounding ; exuberant. 

A green,  shady  bank,  profuse  of  flowers.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Extravagant. 

t PRO-FU^E',  v.  a.  To  pour  forth  in  abundance  ; 
to  lavish.  Armstrong. 

PRO-FUSE'LY,  ad.  In  a profuse  manner ; lav- 
ishly ; prodigally ; exuberantly.  Hartc. 

PRO-FUSE'NiESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  profuse  ; 
profusion.  Dryden. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  !, 


O,  U,  Y,  short ; A,  £,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


PROFUSION 


PROJECT 


1137 


PRO-FU'^ION  (pro-fu’zhun),  n.  [L.  profusio  ; It. 
p'rofusione  ; Sp.  # Fr .profusion.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  profuse  ; lavishness  ; 
extravagance ; prodigality  ; profuseness.  Rowe. 

2.  Great  abundance  ; exuberant  plenty.  “A 
great  profusion  of  commodities.”  Addison. 

t PRO-FU'SjVE,  a.  Profuse;  prodigal.  Evelyn. 

PROG,  v.  n.  [From  L.  procuro,  to  procure.  Sk in- 
ner. — From  A.  S.  priccian,  to  prick.  Richard- 
son. — From  Dut.  prachgen , to  beg.  Todd.] 

1.  To  go  a begging ; to  wander  about  as  a 
beggar.  “ Progging  for  provisions.”  L’ Estrange. 

To  steal ; to  filch  ; to  prig.  Johnson.  [A 
low  word.  Johnson.] 

PROG,  n.  Victuals ; provisions.  [Low.]  Swift. 

t PRO-(JrEN'JER- ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  progenero,  pro- 
generatus. ] To  beget ; to  generate.  Cotgrave. 

f PRO-GEN-ER-A'TION,  n.  [L.  progeneratio.] 
The  act  of  begetting  ; propagation.  Johnson. 

PRO-GEN'I-TOIl,  n.  [L.,  from progigno,  to  bring 
forth;  pro,  forth,  and  gigno  (ytrnaoi),  to  bear; 
It.  progenitore ; Sp.  progenitor.]  One  from 
whom  another  descends  in  a direct  line  ; an  an- 
cestor ; a forefather.  Addison. 

Syn.  — See  Forefather. 

PRO-(jrEN'I-TURE,  n.  A begetting,  [ii.]  Wright. 

PROG'U-NT,  n.  [L.  progenies  ; It.  § Sp.  progenie ; 
Fr.  progenie.] 

1.  Offspring;  descendants;  children;  issue; 

race.  “ The  progeny  of  kings.”  Shak. 

2.  fProcreation  ; birth.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Offspring. 

PROG-NA'THOUS,  a.  [Gr.  npb,  before,  and  yvdOos, 
the  lower  jaw.]  Having  the  lower  jaw  projecting 
forwards.  “ A prognathous  skull.”  Pritchard. 

PROG'NE,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  Xlp<iKvr,  daughter  of 
Pandion,  changed  into  a . swallow.]  A swal- 
low. Dry  den. 

rROG-NO'SIS,  n.  [Gr.  irpdyvuiat;  ; wpoyiyvthoKW,  to 
know  beforehand.]  (Med.)  A judgment  of  the 
course  and  termination  of  a disease  by  the 
symptoms.  Dunglison. 

PROG-NOS'TIC,  a.  [Gr.  irpoyvwoTusos  ; It.  § Sp. 
pronostico  ; Fr.  prognostique,  pronostique.] 
Foreshowing  or  foretokening,  as  a disease. 
“ Prognostic  symptoms.”  Johnson. 

rROG-NOS'TIC,  n.  1.  That  which  foreshows;  a 
sign;  a token  ; an  omen  ; a presage.  South. 

Careful  observers 

By  sure  prognostics  may  foretell  a shower.  Swift. 

2.  A prediction  ; a foretelling.  Swift. 

3.  (Med.)  A prognosis,  [it.]  Arbuthnot. 

Syn.  — See  Omen. 

f PROG-NOS’TIC,  v.  a.  To  prognosticate.  Browne. 

PROG-NOS'TI-CA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  fore- 
known or  foretold.  Browne. 

PROG-NOS'TI-CATE,  v.  a.  [It.  prognosticare  ; Sp. 
pronosticar.]  [ i . prognosticated  ; pp.  prog- 
nosticating, prognosticated.]  To  foretell; 
to  foreshow  ; to  predict ; prophesy.  Clarendon. 

I neither  will  nor  can  prognosticate 

To  the  young  gaping  heir  his  father’s  fate.  Dryclen. 

Syn.  — See  Foretell,  Prophesy. 

PROG-NOS- TI-CA’T  ION,  n.  [It.  prognosticazione ; 
Sp.  pronosticacion-,  Fr.  prognostication.] 

1.  The  act  of  prognosticating  or  foreshowing ; 
a prediction  ; a foretelling.  “ A prophecy  or 
prog nostication  of  things  to  come.”  Burnet. 

2.  A foretoken ; a previous  sign.  Shak. 

PROG-NOS'TI-CA-TOR,  n.  One  who  prognosti- 
cates ; a foreknower ; a foreteller.  Isa.  xlvii.  13 

PRO'GRAM,  n.  A programme.  Bailey.  “ In  an 
official  program.”  Ed.  Rev.  * 

UPS*  This  is  the  English  form  of  the  word,  long 
since  introduced  ; but  the  French  programme  is  more 
commonly  used.  — See  Programme. 

PRO-GRAm'  MA,n.  [L.]  1.  ( Grecian  Ant.)  A law, 
which,  having  passed  the  Athenian  senate,  was 
fixed  on  a tablet  for  public  inspection,  before 
being  proposed  to  the  general  assembly  of  the 
people.  Crabb. 

2.  ( Roman  Ant.)  An  edict  published  for  the 
purpose  of  making  known  whatever  concerned 
the  welfare  of  the  state.  Crabb. 


3.  A programme,  [it.]  Life  of  A.  Wood. 

4.  f A preface.  Warton. 

PROGRAMME,  n.  [Gr.  Trpdypappa  ; npoypatpio,  to 
write  beforehand;  L.  6,  It.  programma ; Sp. 
programa;  Fr.  programme.]  An  old  university 
term  signifying  an  outline  of  the  speeches  or 
orations  to  be  delivered  on  a particular  occa- 
sion : — a term  now  applied  to  an  outline  or 
sketch  of  any  entertainment,  performance,  or 
public  ceremony  ; an  order  of  exercises. Brande. 

PRoG'RISSS  [prog'gres,  S.  W.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Sm.  R. 
C.  O.  Wr.  Wb. ; pro'gres,  Ja.  K.  Entick],  n. 
[L.  progressus ; progredior,  to  advance  ; It.  pro- 
gresso  ; Sp.  prog reso  ; Fr.  progrbs.] 

1.  The  act  of  proceeding  or  going  forward ; 

motion  or  movement  onwards;  advancement; 
advance  ; progression  ; proficiency.  Shak. 

Out  of  Ethiopia,  beyond  Egypt,  had  been  a strange  prog- 
ress  for  ten  thousand  men.  Raleigh. 

From  Egypt  arts  their  progress  made  to  Greece, 

Wrapped  in  the  fable  of  the  golden  fleece.  Denham. 

2.  Formerly,  in  England,  the  travelling  of  the 

sovereign  to  visit  different  parts  of  his  domin- 
ions ; a journey  of  state.  “ Progresses  of  Eliz- 
abeth.” Nichols. 

Perhaps  the  most  celebrated  progress  in  English  history  is 
that  of  James  I.  from  Scotland  to  London.  Brande. 

3.  Intellectual  or  moral  advancement ; im- 
provement in  knowledge  or  in  virtue. 

Solon  the  wise  his  progress  never  ceased, 

But  still  his  learning  with  his  days  increased.  Denham. 

Two  principles  govern  the  moral  and  intellectual  world. 
One  is  perpetual  progress ; the  other,  the  necessary  limits  to 
that  jirogress.  Gentry. 

That  men,  as  a race,  are  capable  of  jirogress  and  improve- 
ment, is  a fact  attested  by  experience  and  history.  Fleming. 

Syn.  — Progress , progression , advance , and  ad- 
vancement, all  denote  a forward  movement.  Progress 
or  advancement  in  learning  ; progression  or  advance- 
ment from  one  stage  to  another  ; advance  in  wealth  or 
in  honor  ; passage  by  land  or  by  water. — Progress  in 
knowledge  ; course  of  study  ; improvement  of  the 
mind  ; proficiency  in  music.  — See  Advancement, 
Improvement,  Process. 

fPROG'R^SS,  v.  n.  To  move  forward;  to  go  on. 
“That  doth  progress  on  thy  cheeks.”  Shak. 

fPROG'RlSSS,  v.  a.  To  go  forward  in. 

In  supereminence  of  beatific  vision,  progressing  the  date- 
less and  irrevoluble  circle  of  eternity.  Milton. 

PRO-GRESS',  v . n.  [L.  'progredior,  progressus  ; 
pro,  forward,  and  gradior,  to  step ; It.  pr ogre- 
dire  ; Sp.  progresar.\  [i.  progressed  ; pp. 
progressing,  progressed.]  To  move,  come, 
or  go  forward  ; to  proceed  ; to  advance. 

In  India,  railroads  and  other  improvements  are  progress- 
ing. Ch.  Ob.,  1856. 

“ This  verb  is  accented  on  the  first  syllable  by 
Shakspeare  [B.  Jonson]  and  Gifford  ; but  it  is  now 
always  accented  on  the  second.”  Craig.  — Dr.  John- 
son inserted  the  word  in  his  Dictionary,  noted  as 
“ not  in  use.”  The  word  is  also  found  in  Milton, 
used  in  an  active  sense  ; as,  “ To  progress  a circle  ” ; 
— in  this  sense,  however,  it  is  entirely  obsolete.  But 
the  neuter  verb  progress' , with  the  accent  on  the  sec- 
ond syllable,  is  of  modern  origin  or  revival  ; and  it 
has  generally  been  regarded  as  an  Americanism.  It 
often  occurs  both  in  conversation  and  in  published 
writings,  though  a great  part  of  our  best  writers  for- 
bear the  use  of  it.  But  it  has  of  late  been  much  used 
in  England,  and  by  writers  of  high  respectability. 
.Among  the  numerous  English  authorities  that  may  be 
brought  forward  for  the  use  of  it,  are  the  following: 
R.  Southey  (in  1799),  Sir  Robert.  Peel,  O’Connell, 
Coleridge,  Morell,  Dick,  Hood,  Bulwer,  Dickens,  the 
British  Critic,  the  Edinburgh  Review,  the  Quarterly 
Review,  the  Monthly  Review,  the  Eclectic  Review, 
the  Dublin  Review,  the  Gentleman's  Magazine,  the 
Christian  Observer,  and  the  Penny  Cyclopaedia  ; and 
it  is  also  inserted  in  the  late  English  Dictionaries  of 
Maunder,  Knowles,  Smart,  Reid,  Ogilvie,  Boag, 
Clarke,  and  Wright. 

PRO-GRES'SION  (pro-gresh'un),  n.  [L.  progres- 
sio  ; It.  proqressione  ; Sp.  proqresion  ; pro- 
gression. ] 

1.  The  act  of  advancing ; motion  or  move- 
ment forward ; progress ; advancement.  Locke. 

2.  Course  ; passage.  Shak. 

3.  ( Mus .)  The  succession  of  chords  or  move- 
ment of  the  parts  in  harmony.  Dwight. 

4.  {Math.)  A series  in  which  the  terms 

increase  or  decrease  according  to  a uniform 
law.  Davies. 

5.  (Law.)  That  state  of  a business  which  is 
neither  the  commencement  nor  the  end.  Bouvicr. 

Arithmetical  progression , a series  in  which  each 
term  is  derived  from  the  preceding  one  by  the  addi- 
tion of  a constant  quantity,  called  the  common  differ- 


ence. The  progression  is  said  to  he  increasing  or  de- 
creasing according  as  the  common  difference  is  posi- 
tive or  negative.  — Geometrical  progression , a senes  in 
which  each  term  is  derived  from  the  preceding  one  by 
multiplying  it  by  a constant  quantity,  called  the  ratio 
of  the  progression.  If  the  ratio  is  greater  than  unity, 
the  progression  is  increasing ; if  the  ratio  is  less  than 
unity,  the  progression  is  decreasing. — Harmonical  pro  ■ 
gression,  a series  of  numbers  in  harmonical  propor- 
tion, or  such  that,  of  any  three  consecutive  terms,  the 
first  is  to  the  third  as  the  difference  between  the  first 
and  second  is  to  the  difference  between  the  second 
and  third.  The  reciprocals  of  an  arithmetical  pro- 
gression form  an  harmonical  proportion.  Hutton. 

Syn.  — See  Advancement,  Progress. 

PRO-GRES'  SION-  AL  (pro-gresh'un-al),  a.  Pertain- 
ing to,  or  in  a state  of,  progression.  Browne. 

PRO-GRES'SION- 1ST,  n.  An  advocate  for  prog- 
ress. Ec.  Rev. 

PRO-GRES'SI  VE,  a.  [It .progressive)',  Sp .progre- 
sivo  ; Fr.  progressif.]  Going  or  moving  for- 
ward ; making  progress  ; advancing ; proceed- 
ing. “ Progressive  motion.”  Browne. 

Their  wandering  course,  now  high,  now  low,  then  hid. 
Progressive , retrograde,  or  standing  still.  Milton. 

PRO-GRES'SI  VE-LY,  ad.  By  motion  forward  ; by 
advancement.  Holder. 

PRO-GRES'SI  VE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  progress- 
ing or  advancing ; advancement.  Johnson. 

PROGUE  (prog),  v.  n.  To  steal;  to  prog.  “Like 
a proguing  knave.”  [Low.]  Beau.  <$•  FI. 

PRO-IIIB'IT,  v.  a.  [L.  prohibeo,  prohibitus  ; pro, 
forth,  and  habeo,  to  have,  to  hold  ; It.  proibire  ; 
Sp.  prohibir ; Fr.  prohiber.]  [i.  prohibited; 
pp.  prohibiting,  prohibited.] 

1.  To  hinder;  to  debar;  to  prevent. 

Gates  of  burning  adamant 
Barred  over  us  prohibit  all  egress.  Milton. 

2.  To  forbid;  to  interdict;  to  inhibit. 

Div:ne  law,  simply  moral,  eommandeth  or  prohibiteth  ac- 
tions pood  or  evil  in  respect  of  their  inward  nature  and 
quality.  Watts. 

Syn.  — See  Forbid. 

PRO-fllB'IT-ER,  n.  One  who  prohibits  ; aforbid- 
der ; an  interdicter.  Sherwood. 

PRO-HI-BI''TION  (pro-he-lush'un),  n.  [L .prohi- 
bition It.  proibizione  ; Sp  .prohibition-,  Tr.  pro- 
hibition.] 

1.  The  act  of  prohibiting ; an  interdiction  ; an 
interdict ; a forbiddance. 

The  law  of  God  in  the  ten  commandments  consists  mostly 
of  jjrohiirit ions;  thou  shalt  not  do  such  a thing.  TilLotson. 

2.  (Law.)  A writ  issued  by  a superior  court 

to  forbid  an  inferior  court  from  proceeding  in  a 
cause  depending  before  it,  on  the  suggestion 
that  the  cognizance  of  such  cause  does  not  be 
long  to  it.  Burrill. 

PRO-H!-Bl''TION-IST,  n.  An  advocate  for  pro- 
hibitory measures.  For.  Qu.  Rev. 

PRO-HlB'I-TIVE,  a.  [It.  proibitivo  ; Fr . prohibi- 
tif]  That  prohibits  ; prohibitory.  Barroiv. 

PRO-HIB'I-TO-RV,  a.  [L.  prohibit orius  ; Sp.  pro- 
hibitorio.]  Implying  prohibition  ; prohibiting  ; 
forbidding.  “ Prohibitory  laws.”  Burke. 

f PROIN,  v.  a.  [Fr.  provigner.]  To  lop  ; to  trim  ; 
to  prune.  “ The  proining  knife.”  B.  Jonson. 

f PROIN,  v.  n.  To  be  employed  in  pruning.  Bacon. 

PRO-JECT',  v.  a.  [L.  projicio,  projectus  ; pro,  for- 
ward, and  jacio,  to  throw;  It.  prog  et  tare ; Sp. 
proycctar ; Fr.  projeter.]  [ i . projected;  pp. 

PROJECTING,  PROJECTED.] 

1.  To  throw  or  cast  forward ; to  throw ; to  cast. 

Before  his  feet  herself  she  did  project.  Spenser. 

The  ascending  villas 

Project  long  shadows  o’er  the  crystal  tide.  Pope. 

2.  To  exhibit  the  form  of,  as  of  an  image 
thrown  on  a mirror. 

A plan  of  the  naked  lines  of  longitude  or  latitude  projected 

. on  the  meridian.  Watts. 

3.  To  plan  ; to  scheme  ; to  contrive ; to  devise. 

TVhat  sit  we  then  projecting  peace  and  war?  Milton. 

Syn. — See  Devise. 

PRO-JECT',  v.  n.  To  shoot  forward;  to  extend 
beyond  something  else;  to  jut;  to  protrude. 
“The  cornice  projects."  Johnson. 

PROJ'JJCT,  ii.  [It.  progetto ; Sp.  proyecto ; Fr. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — (J,  (?,  9,  g,  soft;  G,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  S as  z;  X as  gz.  — THIS,  ibis. 
143 


PROJECTILE 


1138 


PROLONGATION 


projet.]  Apian  ; a scheme  ; a contrivance  ; a de-  PRO-LAPSE',  v.  n.  [L.  prolabor,  prolapsus]  To 
vice ; a design.  “ Projects  of  happiness.”  ltogers.  fall  down  or  forward ; to  protrude,  [r.]  Ash. 
Syn.  — See  Design.  PRO  LAPSE',  ra.  Prolapsus,  [r.]  Buchanan. 


PRO-JEC'TILE,  a.  [Fr.]  1.  Impelling  forward. 

The  planets  are  constantly  acted  upon  by  two  different 
forces  viz.,  gravity  or  attraction  and  the  projectile  force. 

Cheyne. 

2.  Caused  by  projection;  impelled  forward. 
“ Projectile  motion.”  Arbuthnot. 

PRO-JEC'TILE,  n.  [It.  projettile  ; Sp.  proyectil-, 
Fr.  projectile.]  (Meek.)  A body  which,  having 
had  a motion  in  space  impressed  upon  it  by 
some  external  force,  is  abandoned  by  that  force 
and  left  to  pursue  its  course,  as  a stone  thrown 
by  the  hand,  or  a ball  discharged  from  a can- 
non. Hutton. 

Projectiles,  the  branch  of  mechanics  which 
treats  of  the  motion,  range,  Sec.,  of  bodies  projected 
into  space. 

TRO- JEC'TION,  n.  [L.  projectio ; It.  projezione  ; 
Sp.  proyeccion ; Fr.  projection.] 

1.  Tlie  act  of  projecting  or  impelling  forward  ; 

a throwing  forwards.  Browne. 

2.  That  which  projects  or  juts  out ; a part 

jutting  out,  as  of  a building.  Crabb. 

3.  Apian;  a delineation ; a map. 

That  projection  of  the  stars  is  best  which  includes  in  it  all 
the  stars  in  our  horizon.  Watts. 

4.  The  act  of  planning  or  designing.  ‘‘A  pro- 
jection of  a new  scheme.”  Johnson. 

5.  A scheme  ; a design  ; a project.  Davenant. 

6.  ( Old  Chem.)  The  crisis  of  an  operation,  or 
the  moment  of  transmutation  of  metals.  Bacon. 

7.  ( Persp .)  The  representation  of  any  object 

on  the  perspective  plane.  Brande. 

Mercator's  projection,  a representation  of  a portion 
of  the  sphere  on  a plane,  in  which  both  the  meridians 
and  the  parallels  oflatitude  are  straight  lines  parallel 
to  each  other,  and  the  length  of  the  degrees  of  lati- 
tude is  increased  from  the  equator  towards  each  pole 
in  the  same  proportion  in  which  that  of  the  degrees 
of  longitude  is  increased  by  making  the  meridians 
parallel.  Hatton. — Projection  of  a point  upon  a plane, 

( Descriptive  Oeom.j  the  foot  of  a perpendicular  to  the 
plane  drawn  through  the  point.  — Projection  of  a 
straight  line  upon  a plane,  the  trace  of  a plane  passed 
through  the  line  and  perpendicular  to  the  plane. — 
Projection  of  a curved  line  upon  a plane , the  intersec- 
tion of  the  plane  with  a cylinder  passed  through  the 
curve  and  perpendicular  to  the  given  plane.  Davies. 
— Orthographic  or  orthogonal  projection,  projection 
made  by  projecting  lines  perpendicular  to  the  plane  of 
projection.  — Oblique  projection,  projection  made  by 
oblique  and  parallel  lines.  — Divergent  projection,  pro- 
jection made  by  lines  drawn  through  a point  called 
the  point  of  projection.  — Spherical  projection,  a repre- 
sentation of  the  surface  of  a sphere  upon  a plane  ac- 
cording to  some  geometrical  law,  so  that  the  differ- 
ent points  in  the  representation  can  be  accurately  re- 
ferred to  their  positions  on  the  sphere.  The  plane  on 
whicli  the  projection  is  made  is  called  the  primitive 
plane ; and,  if  it  passes  through  the  centre  of  the 
sphere,  the  great  circle  cut  out  by  it  is  called  the  prim- 
itive circle.  When  the  eye  is  supposed  to  be  in  the 
axis  of  the  primitive  circle,  and  at  an  infinite  distance, 
and  the  projecting  lines  are  perpendicular  to  the  prim- 
itive plane,  the  projection  is  called  the  orthographic 
projection.  When  the  eye  is  supposed  to  be  at  the  pole 
of  the  primitive  circle,  the  projection  is  divergent,  and 
is  called  the  stereographic  projection.  When  the  eye  is 
supposed  to  be  in  the  axis  of  the  primitive  circle,  and 
at  a distance  from  its  pole  equal  to  the  sine  of  45°,  the 
projection  is  also  divergent,  and  called  the  globular 
projection.  — Gnomonic projection,  a projection  in  which 
the  eye  is  supposed  to  be  at  the  centre  of  the  sphere, 
and  the  principal  plane  is  tangent  to  the  surface  of  the 
sphere  at  a point  which  is  called  the  principal  point.  — 
Polar  projection,  a projection  in  which  the  eye  is  sup- 
posed to  be  at  the  centre  of  the  sphere,  and  tiie  princi- 
pal plane  passes  through  one  of  the  polar  circles. 

Powder  of  projection , a powder  or  substance  sup- 
posed by  the  alchemists  to  be  capable  of  transmuting 
baser  metals  into  gold,  or  of  increasing  gold.  Crabb. 


PRO-LAP  'SUS,  n.  [L.  prolabor,  prolapsus,  to  fall 
forward.]  (Med.)  The  falling  down  or  protru- 
sion of  a part  through  the  orifice  with  which  it 
is  naturally  connected,  as  of  the  uterus,  rectum, 
&c.  Dunglison. 

PRO-LAP'TION,  n.  [L . prolapsio.]  Act  of  falling 
down ; prolapsus.  Wright. 

PRO-LATE',  v.  a.  [L.  prof  era,  prolatus,  to  bring 
forth.]  To  pronounce ; to  utter,  [r.]  Howell. 

PRO'LATE  [pro'lat,  S.  E.  Wb.  Ash',  prol'at,  W.  ; 
pro-lat',  Sm.  1 Vr.],  a.  Extended  beyond  an  exact 
sphere  or  figure  ; — opposed  to  oblate.  Cheyne. 

Prolate  spheroid,  ( Geom.j  a solid  that  may  be  gen- 
erated by  revolving  an  ellipse  about  its  transverse  axis. 
Its  volume  is  equivalent  to  two  thirds  of  that  of  the 
circumscribing  cylinder.  Davies. 

PRO-LA 'TION,  n.  [L.  prnlatio,  a bringing  forth  ; 
It . prolazione  \ Sp .prolacion-,  Fr . prolation.] 

1.  Utterance  ; pronunciation.  “ The  prola- 
tion of  certain  words.”  Ray. 

2.  The  act  of  deferring  ; delay.  Ainsworth. 

3.  (Ancient  Mus.)  A method  of  determining 
the  power  of  semibreves  and  minims.  Moore. 

PRO'LEG,  n.  [L.  pro,  for,  and  Eng.  leg.]  ( Ent .) 
One  of  the  fleshy,  exarticulate,  pediform,  often 
retractile  organs,  which  assist  certain  larva:  in 
walking  and  other  motions,  but  which  disap- 
pear in  the  perfect  insect.  Brande. 


PROL-IJ-GOM'IJ-NA,  n.pl.  [Gr.  irpoXeylpeva  ; wpol.t- 
yio,  to  say  beforehand ; rp6,  before,  and  Xtyio,  to 
say.]  Preliminary  or  introductory  observations 
or  remarks  prefixed  to  a work.  Steevens. 


PROL-E-GOM'E-NA-RY,  a.  Introductory  ; prelim- 
inary ; prefatory.  Ec.  Rev. 

PROL-E-GOM'Ijl-NON,  n.  [Gr.  rpoDybpcvov.]  An 
introduction.  — See  Prolegomena.  [r.J 

Preface  to  Stokes  on  the  Prophets,  1759. 


PRO-LEP'SIS,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  rpb/.r/jls  ; irpol.ap- 
Pdvw,  npoh'i^opai,  to  anticipate  ; irp  , before,  and 
).ap(Savoi,  to  take  ; Fr.  prolcpsc.) 

1.  (Chron.).  The  dating  of  an  event  before 
the  time  it  happened  ; prochronism.  Theobald. 

2.  (Rhet.)  A figure  by  which  objections  are 

anticipated.  Bramhall. 


tO-LEP  TIC,  I o;.  [Gr.  ■npobjitTiKi;.] 
PRO-LEP'TI-CAL,  i 1.  Pertaining  to  prolepsis. 

2.  Previous  ; antecedent.  Glanvill. 

3.  (Med.)  Anticipating  the  usual  time  ; — ap- 

plied to  a periodical  phenomenon,  recurring  at 
progressively  shorter  intervals.  Johnson. 


PRO-LEP'TI-C  AL-LY,  ad.  By  way  of  anticipa- 
tion ; antecedently.  Bentley. 

PRO-LEP'TICS,  n.  pi.  (Med.)  The  art  or  the 
science  of  predicting  in  medicine.  Dr.  Laycock. 

PROL-E-tAire',  n.  [Fr.]  That  class  of  the 
community  who  depend  solely  upon  physical 
labor  for  support ; the  laboring  class.  Brande. 

f PROL-B-tA'N^-OUS,  a.  [L.  proletaneus.]  Hav- 
ing a numerous  offspring.  Cole. 

PROL-E-TA'RI-AN,  a.  Mean  ; vile.  Iludibras. 

PROL-5-TA'RI-AN-I§M,  n.  The  state  of  the prole- 
taire  or  laboring  class.  G.  S.  Hillard. 

PROL-5-TA'RJ-AT,  n.  The  laboring  class;  peas- 
antry. “ The  rule  of  the  proletariat.”  Must.  News. 

PROL'E-TA-RY,  n.  [L.  proletarius.]  (Roman 
Ant.)  A citizen  of  the  lowest  class,  who  served 
the  state  with  his  children.  Burton. 


f PRO-jfiCT'MpNT,  n.  Project;  scheme;  de- 
sign ; contrivance.  Clarendon. 

PRO-JECT'OR,  n.  One  who  projects;  a wild  or 
extravagant . schemer.  A ddison. 

Chemists,  and  other  projectors,  propose  to  themselves 
things  utterly  impracticable.  L'  Estrange. 

FRO-JECT'URE  (pro-jekt'yur),  n.  [L.  projectura ; 
It.  projettura;  Sp . proyectura  ■,  Fr.  projecture.) 
(Arch.)  Apart  jutting  out;  a projection.  Bailey. 

PROJET  (pro-zlii'),  n.  [Fr.,  a project,  a plan.) 
(Intemational  Law.)  A draught  of  a proposed 
treaty  or  convention.  Bouvier. 


PROE'I-CIDE,  n.  [L.  proles,  offspring,  and  cado, 
to  slay.]  (Medical  Jurisprudence.)  The  destruc- 
tion of  human  offspring; — a term  including 
infanticide  and  feticide.  Bouvier. 

PRO-LlF'pR-OUS,  a.  [L.  proles,  offspring,  and 
fero,  to  bear.]  (Bot.)  Noting  a branch  or  a clus- 
ter of  flowers  from  which  another  rises.  Gray. 

PRO-LIf'I-CA-CY,  n.  Prolificness.  Wright. 

PRO-EIF  1C,  I [It.  Jlf  Sp.  prolifico,  from 

PRO-LIf'I-CAL,  ) L.  proles,  offspring,  and  facio, 
to  make  ; Fr.  prolijique.) 

1.  Having  power  of  generating  or  producing ; 


productive;  fruitful;  fertilizing;  fertile;  gen- 
erative. “ Each  prolific  shower.”  Pope. 

2.  (Bot.)  Proliferous,  [r.]  Wright. 

Syn. — See  Fertile. 

PRO-LlF'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  Productively.’  Johnson. 


PRO-LlF-!-CA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  producing 
offspring ; the  generation  of  young.  Browne. 

PRO-LIF'lC-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  prolific ; 
fruitfulness.  Scott. 


PRO-LIX'  [pro-liks',  S.  W.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm. 
Wr. ; pro-llics'  or  pro'ljks,  IU6.],  a.  [L. prolixus ; 
pro,  for tii,  and  laxus,  loose;  It.  prolisso ; Sp. 
prolijo ; Fr.  prolixe.] 

1.  Long  ; lengthened  out ; diffuse  ; not  con- 
cise ; wordy  : — tiresome  ; tedious  ; wearisome. 

Should  I at  large  repeat 
The  bead-roll  ot  her  vicious  tricks, 

My  poem  would  be  too  prolix.  Prior. 

2.  f Of  long  duration.  Ayliffc. 

Syn.  — See  Diffuse. 

f PRO-LIXTOUS  (-lik'shus),  a.  1.  Prolix  ; long. 
“ His  prolixious  sea-wandering.”  Nash,  1599. 

2.  Causing  delay  ; tedious  ; dilatory.  Shah. 

PRO-LlX'l-TY,  n.  [L .prolixitas;  It.  prolissita  ; 
Sp.  prolijid'ad ; Fr . prolixite.]  The  quality  or 
the  state  of  being  prolix  ; want  of  brevity  ; tedi- 
ous length.  Waterland. 

Independently  of  the  defects  of  language,  prolixity  is  one 
of  the  deadly  sins  of  our  elder  writers.  H.  Rogers. 

PRO-LIX'LY,  ad.  At  great  length;  tediously 

On  these,  prolixly  thankful,  she  enlarged.  Dryden. 

PRO-LIX'NESS,  n.  Prolixity.  A.  Smith . 

||  PRQL'O-CU-TOR,  or  PRO-LOC'U-TOR  [prol'9- 

ku-tur,  S.  Sm.’,  pro-lo-ku'tur,  P.  Ja.  J Vr.;  pro- 
lok'u-tur,  J.  F.  K.  R.  C.  Wb. ; prol-o-ku'tor,  W.*]9 
n.  [L.  pro,  for,  before,  and  loquor,  to  speak.] 
One  who  speaks  for  or  before  others  ; a spokes- 
man : — the  speaker  or  chairman  of  a convoca- 
tion. South. 

j “ In  compliance  with  so  many  authorities,  I 
placed  the  accent  on  the  antepenultimate  syllable  of 
interlocutor ; and  nearly  the  same  authorities  oblige 
me  to  place  the  accent  on  the  penultimate  of  this 
word  ; for  so  Dr.  Johnson,  Dr.  Kenrick,  Dr.  Ash,  W. 
Johnston,  Mr.  Perry,  Buchanan,  Barclay,  Fenning, 
and  Bailey  accent  it.  But,  surely,  these  two  words 
ought  not  to'bc  differently  accented  ; and  if  my  opin- 
ion had  any  weight,  I would  accent  them  both  on  the 
penultimate,  as  they  may  be  considered  exactly  like 
words  ending  in  ator,  and  ought  to  be  accented  in  the 
same  manner.  Mr.  Sheridan  and  Mr.  Scott  are  very 
singular  in  placing  the  accent  on  the  first  syllable.” 
Walker.  — See  INTERLOCUTOR. 


||  PROL-O-CU'TOR-SHIP,  n.  The  state  or  the 
office  of  a prolocutor.  Johnson. 

f PROL/O-^ilZE,  v.  n.  [Gr.  TTpoloyi{)(j).']  To  de- 
liver a prologue,  [it.]  Beau.  § FI. 

PR0L'0-$IZ-ER,  n.  One  who  delivers  a prologue  ; 
— also  written  prologuiscr.  [r.]  Lloyd. 

||  PROL'OGUE  (prol'og)  [prol'og,  8.  W.  P.  J.  E.  F. 
Sm prd'log,  Ja.  K.  Wb. ; prs'log  or  prol'og, 
Wr.],  n.  [Gr.  -npdXoyos ; tt pd  and  ?.iy(o,  to  speak  ; 
L.  prologus  ; It.  8$  Sp.  pro'logo  ; Fr.  prologue .] 

1.  A preface  ; an  introduction.  Milton. 

2.  A piece,  usually  in  verse,  recited  before 
the  representation  of  a play,  and  serving  as  an 
introduction  to  it. 

Two  truths  are  told 
As  happy  prologues  to  the  swelling  act 
Of  the  imperial  theme.  Shak. 

3.  fOne  who  delivers  a prologue.  Old  Play. 
Syn.  — See  Preface. 

||  f PROL'OGUE  (prol'og),  v.  a.  To  introduce  with 
a formal  preface.  Shak. 

PRO- LONG',  v.  a.  [It.  prolungare,  from  L.  pro, 
forth,  and  longus,  long ; Sp .prolongar  ; Fr .pro- 
longer.]  [i.  prolonged  ; pp.  prolonging, 

PROLONGED.] 

1.  To  lengthen  or  draw  out ; to  protract ; to 

continue.  “ To  prolong  his  life.”  Surrey. 

The  unhappy  queen  with  talk  prolonged  the  night.  Dryden. 

2.  To  put  off  to  a distant  time  ; to  postpone. 
To-morrow,  in  my  judgment,  is  too  sudden; 

For  I myself  am  not  so  well  provided 

As  else  I would  be  were  the  day  prolonged.  Shak. 

PRO-LON'GATE,  v.  a.  To  prolong;  to  extend; 

to  lengthen,  [r.]  Wright. 

PRO-LON-GA'TION  [pro-lon-ga'shnn,  S.  P.  Ja.  K. 


A,  ft,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


PROLONGER 


1139 


PROMPTITUDE 


Sm.  Wr.  W b. ; prol-on-ga'shun,  W.  J.  F.] , n. 
[It.  prolungazione  ; Sp .prolongation-,  Fr.  pro- 
longation.'] 

1.  The  act  of  prolonging  or  lengthening  ; pro- 
traction. “ The  prolongation  of  life.”  Bacon. 

2.  Delay  ; postponement.  “ The  prolonga- 
tion of  days  for  payment  of  moneys.”  Bacon. 

PRO-LONg'^R,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  pro- 
longs. More. 

f PRO-LONG'MIJNT,  n.  The  act  of  prolonging  ; 
prolongation.  Shaftesbury. 

PRO-LU'§ION  (pro-15 'zliun),  n.  [L.  prolusio  ; pro, 
before,  and  halo,  to  play  ; It.  prolusions ; Sp.  Sj 
Fr.  prolusion .] 

1.  A prelude  ; an  introduction.  Hakewell. 

2.  A trial ; an  essay.  Eustace. 

f PROM-A-NA'TION,  ra.  [L.  pro,  forth,  and  mano, 
manatum,  to  flow.]  A flowing  forth  ; efflux. More. 

II  PROM-f-NADE',  or  PROM-E-NADE'  [prom-e- 
nad',  Ja.  K.  Sm.  if.;  prom-e-nad',  \Vr.  1 1 b.\  n. 
[Fr.] 

1.  A walk  for  pleasure  or  for  exercise.  Burke. 

2.  A place  for  walking  for  pleasure  or  for  ex- 
ercise. Mountagu. 

||  PROM-p-NADE',  v.  n.  [Fr .promoter,  from  L. 
promino,  to  drive  forward  or  along.]  \i.  prom- 
enaded ; pp.  PROMENADING,  PROMENADED.] 
To  walk  for  pleasure  or  for  exercise ; to  take  a 
walk.  Qu.  Rev. 

||  PROM-E-NAD'ER,  n.  One  who  promenades. 

f PRO-MER'IT,  v.  a.  [L . promereo.J 

1.  To  deserve  ; to  merit.  Pearson. 

2.  To  confer  a favor  on  ; to  oblige.  Bp.  Hall. 

PRO-MR-ROP ' I-DJE,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  n f>6,  before,  and 
ftc'poif,  the  bee-eater.  — See  Meropidje.]  ( Or - 
nith.)  A family  of  tenuir'ostral  birds  of  the  order 
Passeres,  including  the  sub-families  Promero- 
pincc  and  Cmrebince ; sun-birds.  Gray. 

PRd-MF.R-g-Pl'JYJE,  n.  pi.  [See  Promeropi- 
dje.]  ’ ( Ornith .)  A 
sub-family  of  tenu- 
irostral  birds  of 
the  order  Passeres 
and  family  Prome- 
ropidec ; sun-birds. 

PRO-ME'THp-AN,  a.  [Gr.  rtpopyO/o;,  Prometheus.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  Prometheus,'  one  of  the  Ti- 
tans, who  stole  fire  from  heaven,  and  taught 
mortals  its  use. 

2.  Possessing  the  life-giving  power  of  the  fire 
which  Prometheus  stole  from  heaven.  Shale. 

PRO-ME'THfJ-AN,  n.  1.  A small  glass  tube,  or 
bulb,  containing  concentrated  sulphuric  acid, 
surrounded  with  an  inflammable  mixture,  which 
it  ignites  on  being  pressed,  and  thereby  affords 
an  instantaneous  light.  Brande. 

2.  A lucifer-match.  Simmonds. 

PROM'I-NENCE,  n.  [L.  prominentia  ; It . promi- 
nenza\  Sp.  promineueia  ; Fr.  prominence.'] 

1.  The  state  of  being  prominent ; a projec- 
tion ; a protuberance. 

The  rock  itself  is  broken  into  numberless  pinnacles,  insu- 
lated prominences , and  fantastic  forms.  Eustace. 

2.  Conspicuousness  ; distinction.  Wright. 

PROM'J-NEN-CY,  n.  Prominence.  Browne. 

PRO  M'r-NENT,  a.  [L.  promineo,  prominens,  to 
stand  or  jut  out ; It.  Sj  Sp.  prominentc ; Fr.  pro- 
minent.'] 

1.  Standing  out  beyond  other  parts ; jutting 

out;  projecting;  protuberant.  “Some  promi- 
nent rock.”  Chapman. 

Some  have  their  eyes  stand  so  prominent , as  the  hare,  that 
they  can  see  as  well  behind  as  before  them.  Ray. 

2.  Conspicuous;  eminent;  distinguished;  cel- 
ebrated ; famous  ; as,  “ A prominent  man.” 

Syn. — That  is  prominent  or  protuberant  which 
projects  out  beyond  the  surface,  or  beyond  a certain 
line  ; that  is  conspicuous  which  is  easily  seen  by  many. 
Prominent  feature  or  figure  ; a protuberant  knob ; a 
conspicuous  situation. 

PROM'I-NENT-LY,  ad.  In  a prominent  manner  ; 
conspicuously;  eminently.  Todd. 

PROM-IS-CU'I-TY,  n.  Promiscuousness.  Ec.  Rev. 

PRO-MIS'CU-OUS,  a.  [L.  promiscuus ; misceo,  to 
mix;  It.  Sj  Sp.  pronnscuo  ; Fr. promiscu.\ 


1.  Mixed  or  mingled;  confused;  undistin- 
guished. “Arude, promiscuous  crowd.”  Drgdcn. 

A wild  where  weeds  and  flowers  promiscuous  shoot.  Pope. 

2.  Common  ; indiscriminate. 

Promiscuous  love,  by  marriage  was  restrained.  Roscommon. 

PRO-MIS'CU-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  a promiscuous 
manner;  confusedly;  indiscriminately.  Philips. 

PRO-MIS'Cy-OyS-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
promiscuous.  Ash. 

PROM'ISE,  n.  [L.  promissum  ; It.  promessa ; 
Sp.  promesa  ; Fr.  promesse.] 

1.  A declaration  or  engagement,  verbal  or 
written,  to  do  or  not  to  do  some  particular 
thing ; assurance  of  a benefit ; word  pledged. 

We,  according  to  his  promise , look  for  new  heavens  and  a 
new  earth,  wherein  dwelleth  righteousness.  2 Pet.  iii.  13. 

Ilis  promises  were,  as  he  then  was,  mighty; 

But  his  performance,  as  he  now  is,  nothing.  Shak. 

Thou  oughtest  to  be  nice,  even  to  superstition,  in  keeping 
thy  promises ; and  therefore  thou  shoulust  be  equally  cautious 
in  making  them.  Fuller. 

2.  Performance  or  grant  of  w'hat  is  promised. 

Now  are  they  ready,  looking  for  a jiromise  from  thee. 

Acts  xxiii.  21. 

3.  Expectation ; hope.  “ A gentleman  of  the 

greatest  promise.”  Shah. 

Syn.  — “A  promise  is  made  in  consequence  of  a re- 
quest preferred  to  us.  It  implies  tile  presence  of  the 
party  preferring  the  request,  or  of  some  one  for  him, 
and  confers  upon  him  a perfect  moral  right  to  have  it 
fulfilled,  and  brings  us  under  a moral  obligation  to 
fulfil  it.  In  order  to  constitute  a promise,  three  tilings 
are  necessary  : 1.  The  voluntary  consent  or  intention 
of  tile  promiser.;  2.  The  expression  or  outward  signifi- 
cation of  that  intention  ; 3.  The  acceptance  of  the 
promise  by  the  party  to  whom  it  is  made.”  Fleming. 
— Promises  and  engagements  arc  made  by  words  ; and 
word  is  sometimes  put  for  both.  Make  a promise  or 
engagement ; give  your  word.  Fulfil  your  promises, 
perforin  your  engagements,  and  keep  your  word. 

PROM'ISE,  v.  a.  [L.  promitto,  promissus ; pro, 
forward,  and  mitto , to  send;  It.  promettere ; Sp. 
prometer-,  Fr . promettre.)  [i.  promised  ; pp. 
PROMISING,  PROMISED.] 

1.  To  assure,  or  make  sure,  by  promise;  to 

pledge  by  contract.  “ Promise  me  life,  and  I’ll 
confess.”  Shak. 

2.  To  give  expectation  of.  “ That  false  fruit 

that  promised  clearer  sight.”  Milton. 

3.  To  make  declaration  to,  to  do  or  not  to  do 

some  particular  thing  ; to  assure  ; to  give  as- 
surance. “ Great  joy  he  promised.”  Milton. 

PROM'ISE,  v.  n.  1.  To  make  a promise  ; to  pledge 
one’s  self;  to  engage.  Shak. 

I dare  promise  for  this  play  that,  in  the  roughness  of  the 
numbers,  which  was  so  designed,  you  will  see  somewhat  more 
masterly  than  any  of  my  former  tragedies.  Dryden. 

2.  To  give  or  afford  hopes  or  expectation 
of  good.  “The  business  is  in  a promising 
way.”  Todd. 

f PROM'ISE— BREACH,  n.  Violation  of  promise. 
“ Criminal  ...  of  promise-breach.”  Shak. 

PROM'ISE— BREAKER,  n.  A violator  of  promises. 
“He  is  an  hourly  promise-breaker.”  Shak. 

PROM'ISE— CRAMMED  (-kramd),  a.  Filled  with 
promises.  Shak. 

PROM-IS-EE',  n.  { Lain .)  One  to  whom  a promise 
has  been  made.  Chitty. 

PROM'ISE— KEEP' ING,  n.  Adherence  to  promise. 

He  was  ever  precise  in  promise-keeping.  Shak. 

PROM'IS-IJR,  n.  One  who  promises.  B.  Jonson. 

PROM'IS-ING,  a.  Giving  promise  ; affording  hope 
or  expectation  of  good  ; encouraging. 

PROM'IS-ING,  n.  Act  of  one  who  promises.  Shak. 

PROM'IS-ING-LY,  ad.  In  a promising  manner. 

PROM'IS-OR,  or  PROM-IS-OR'  (130),  n.  {Law.) 
One  who  promises. 

II It  is  pronounced  prom-is-or'  when  used  in  op- 
position to  promisee.  Chitty. 

FRO-MIS'SIVE,  a.  [L.promissivus.]  Making,  or 
implying,  a promise,  [r.]  Fowler. 

PROM'IS-SO-RI-LY,  ad.  By  way  of  promise. 

PROM'lS-SO-RVt  a.  [It.  promissorio ; Sp.  pro- 
mi  sorio.]  Pertaining  to,  or  containing,  a prom- 
ise. “ Promissory  lies  of  great  men.”  Arbuthnot. 

Promissory  note,  (Lam.)  a written  promise  to  pay  a 
person  therein  named  absolutely  and  unconditionally 
a certain  sum  of  money  at  a time  specified.  Burrill. 


f PROM'ONT,  n.  A promontory.  Feltham. 

PROM'ON-TO-RY,  n.  [L.  promontorium ; pro, 
for,  before,  and  mons,  montis,  a mountain  ; It.  4 
Sp.  promontorio  ; Fr.  promontoire.) 

1.  High  land  extending  into  the  sea  beyond 
the  regular  line  of  coast ; a headland.  “ A 
promontory  that  overhangs  the  sea.”  Pope. 

Like  one  that  stands  upon  a promontory , 

And  spies  a far-otf  shore  where  he  would  tread.  Shak. 

2.  { Anat .)  A projection  at  the  inner  paries 
of  the  cavity  of  the  tympanum.  Dunglison. 

PRO-MOTE',  v.  a.  [L.  promoveo,  promotus ; pro, 
forward,  and  moveo,  motus,  to  move ; It.  pro- 
mover  e ; Sp.  promover-,  Fr.  promouvoir .]  [i. 

PROMOTED  ; pp.  PROMOTING,  PROMOTED.] 

1.  To  move  or  put  forward  ; to  forward  ; to 
advance.  “ Born  to  promote  all  truth.”  Milton. 
Next  to  religion,  let  your  care  be  to  promote  justice.  Bacon. 

2.  To  elevate ; to  exalt ; to  raise  ; to  prefer. 

I will  promote  thee  unto  very  great  honor.  Bum.  xxii.  17. 

Syn.  — To  promote,  advance,  and  encourage  are  ap- 
plicable both  to  persons  and  to  tilings  ; to  forward,  to 
things  only;  to  prefer,  to  persons  only.  Meritorious 
persons  and  works  of  utility  are  to  be  encouraged,  pro- 
moted, and  advanced ; a good  design,  forwarded  ; a 
clergyman  is  preferred  to  a benefice  ; a military  officer 
is  promoted.  A philanthropist  is  said  to  endeavor  to 
promote  tile  welfare  of  mankind,  and  to  forward  such 
objects  as  are  undertaken  with  this  view. 

f PRO-MOTE',  v.  n.  To  incite  another  to  conten- 
tion ; to  inform  against  any  one.  Drayton. 

PRO-MOT'ER,  n.  1.  He  who,  or  that  which,  pro- 
motes ; an  advancer ; a forwarder  ; an  encour- 
ager.  “ Promoters  of  charity.”  Attcrbury . 

2.  f An  inciter  to  strife;  an  informer.  Tusser. 

PRO-MO'TION,  n.  [It . promozione -,  Sp.  promo- 
cion  ; Fr.  promotion.)  Act  of  promoting;  state 
of  being  promoted  ; advancement ; preferment. 

Manv  fair  promotions 
Are  daily  given  to  ennoble  those 

That  scarce  some  two  days  since  were  worth  a noble.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Advancement. 

PRO-MO'TIVE,  a.  Tending  to  promote;  apt  to 

forward;  advancing;  helpful.  Hume. 

f PRO-MOVE',  v.  a.  [L.  promoveo .]  To  promote  ; 
to  advance.  Suckling. 

+■  PRO-MOV'JJR,  n.  A promoter  or  inciter.  Joye. 

PROMPT  (promt),  a.  [L.  promptus ; promo,  to 
bring  forth  ; pro,  forth,  and  emo,  to  take  ; It.  Sj 
Sp.  pronto  ; Fr.  prompt .] 

1.  Ready  ; quick  ; apt.  “ Prompt  obedience.” 
Pope.  “ Prompt  in  payment.”  Johnson. 

I was  too  hasty  to  condemn  unheard, 

And  you,  perhaps,  too  prompt  in  your  replies.  Dryden. 

2.  Easy  ; unobstructed,  [r.] 

The  reception  of  light  into  the  body  of  the  building  w as 
very  prompt.  Wotton. 

Syn.  — See  Diligent,  Ready. 

PROMPT  (promt),  v.  a.  \i.  prompted  ',pp.  PROMPT- 
ING, PROMPTED.] 

1.  To  make  ready;  to  quicken;  to  urge  on; 
to  impel ; to  stimulate  ; to  incite. 

Ra ge  prompted  them  at  length,  and  found  them  arms.  Milton. 

Kind  occasion  prompts  their  warm  desires.  Pope. 

2.  To  assist  when  at  a loss,  especially  for 

words,  as  an  actor,  or  a speaker.  Shak. 

He  needed  not  one  to  prompt  him,  because  he  could  say 
the  prayers  by  heart.  Stillingfleet. 

3.  To  dictate  ; to  suggest.  “ Whispering  an- 
gels prompt  her  golden  dreams.”  Pope. 

4.  f To  give  notice  of ; to  remind.  Browne. 

PROMPT  (promt),  n.  {Com.)  A limit  of  time 

given  for  payment  of  an  account  for  goods  pur- 
chased. Simmonds. 

PROMPT'— BOOK  (promt'hfik),  n.  A book  used  by 
a prompter.  Clarke. 

PROMPTER  (promt'er),  n.  1.  One  who  prompts  ; 
an  inciter  ; an  encourager.  South. 

2.  One  who  assists  a speaker  by  suggesting 
the  next  word  or  words  to  him  when  he  is  at  a 
loss,  — particularly  one  stationed  behind  the 
scenes  in  a theatre,  to  make  suggestions  to  the 
actors  when  they  are  forgetful  or  negligent. 

As  the  prompter  breathes,  the  puppet  squeaks.  Pope. 

PROMPT' 1-TUDE  (prom'te-tud),  n.  [Fr.,  from  L. 
promptus,  prompt.]  State  of  being  prompt ; 
readiness  ; quickness  ; alacrity  ; promptness. 

When  we  reason  from  analogies,  the  man  who  has  the 
greater  experience,  or  the  greater  promptitude  of  suggesting 
analogies,  will  be  the  better  reasoner.  llumv. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  R1JLE.  — <p,  £,  9,  g,  soft ; C,  G,  c, 


;,  hard;  §>.<w  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


PROMPTLY 


1140 


PROP 


PROMPTLY  (prSmt'Ie),  ad.  In  a prompt  manner  ; 
readily ; quickly  ; expeditiously.  Bp.  Taylor. 

PROMPT'NfSS  (promt'nes),  n.  Readiness  ; quick- 
ness ; promptitude.  Arbuthnot. 

PROMPT'-NOTE  (promt'-),  n.  ( Com .)  A note  given 
to  a purchaser  at  the  time  of  sale,  reminding 
him  of  the  time  of  payment,  &c.  Simmonds. 

PROMPT  U-A-RY  (pronit'yu-5-re),  n.  [L.  promp- 
tuarium  ; promo,  promptus,  to  bring  forth  ; Fr. 
promptaaire.]  That  which  contains  things  in 
readiness  for  use  ; a storeroom ; a repository. 

History,  that  great  treasury  of  time  and  promptuarp  of 
heroic  actions.  Howell. 

PROMPT'U-A-RY,  a.  [L.  prompt  uar  his .]  Per- 
taining to  preparation,  [it.]  Bacon. 

t PROMPT'URE  (promt'yur),  n.  [From  prompt .] 

Suggestion  ; an  incitement.  Shale. 

PRO-MUL'gATE,  v.  a.  [L.  pronmlgo,  promulga- 
tus  ; It.  promulgare  ; Sp.  promulgar  ; Fr . pro- 
mulguer .]  [i.  promulgated  ; pp.  promul- 
gating, promulgated.]  To  make  publicly  or 
commonly  known  ; to  publish  ; to  announce. 

The  decemvirs,  who  promulgated  the  twelve  tables.  Hume. 

The  promulgated  will  of  the  legislature.  Locke. 

Syn-  — See  Publish. 

PROM-UL-GA’TION,  n.  [L.  promulqatio ; It.  pro- 
mvlgazione  ; Sp.  promulgation  ; Fr.  promulga- 
tion.'] The  act  of  promulgating,  or  the  state  of 
being  promulgated ; publication  ; open  declara- 
tion. “ Promulgation  of  the  gospel.”  Hooker. 

PROM'UL-GA-TOR,  or  PROM-UL-GA'TOR  [prom- 
ul-ga'tur,  IF.  J.  F. ; pro-mul-ga'tur,  E.  Ja.  I Vr.  ; 
pro-mui'ga-tur,  S. ; prom'ul-ga-tur,  Sm.],  n.  [L.] 
One  who  promulgates  ; one  who  makes  public- 
ly or  commonly  known.  Warburton. 

PRO-MULtyE',  v.  a.  [L.  promulgo.]  [i.  pro- 
MULGED  ; pp.  PROMULGING,  PROMULGED.]  To 
promulgate  ; to  publish,  [r.]  Atterbury. 

PRO-MUL<y'j£R,  n.  A promulgator.  Atterbury. 

PRO-NA'OS,  n.  [L.,from  Gr.  wpdmos  ; npo,  before, 
and  j/adj,  a temple.]  (Arch.)  The  vestibule  or 
porch  of  a temple.  Braude. 

PRO-NATION,  n.  [It.  pronazione,  from  L.  prnno, 
to  bend  forward;  Sp . pronation  \ Fr.  pronation.] 

( Anat .)  The  position  of  the  hand  when  the 
palm  is  turned  downward,  and  the  thumb  to- 
wards the  body.  Smith. 

PRO-NA'TOIt,  n.  (Anat.)  That  which,  produces 
pronation ; one  of  the  two  muscles  of  the  fore- 
arm. Dunglison. 

PRONE,  a.  [L. promts-,  It.  A;  Sp.  prono.] 

1.  Bending,  stooping,  or  leaning  forwards  or 

downwards  ; not  erect.  Milton. 

2.  Lying  with  the  face  downwards ; — opposed 

to  supine.  “ Those  postures,  prone , supine, 
and  erect.”  Browne. 

3.  Having  declivity  ; sloping ; inclining. 

The  floods  demand 

For  their  descent  a prone  and  sinking  land.  Blackmore. 

4.  Precipitous ; headlong. 

Down  thither  prone  in  flight 
He  speeds,  and  through  the  vast  ethereal  sky 
Sails  between  worlds.  Milton. 

5.  Inclined ; disposed ; prepense. 

Still  prone  to  change,  though  still  the  slaves  of  state.  Pope. 

6.  f Prompt ; ready.  “ One  so  prone.”  Shak. 

PRONE'LY,  ad.  In  a prone  manner;  so  as  to 

bend  downwards.  Todd. 

PRONE'NEiSS,  n.  1.  The  state  of  being  prone  or 
bending  downwards.  Broume. 

2.  The  state  of  lying  with  the  face  down- 
wards. Johnson. 

3.  Descent ; declivity.  Johnson. 

4.  Inclination  ; disposition  ; propension. 

The  pronencss  of  good  men  to  commiserate  want.  Atterbury. 

PRONG,  n.  [From  Dut.  prangen,  to  pinch.  Skin- 
ner. Minsheu.  — From  A.  S.  preon,  a bodkin; 
Icel.  prion,  a needle.  Todd.] 

1.  A sharp-pointed  instrument.  Sandys. 

2.  One  of  the  spikes  or  tines  of  a fork. 

I dine  with  forks  that  have  but  two  prongs.  Swift. 

3.  A pointed  projection  or  projecting  part. 

PRONG'— BUCK,  n.  (Zodl.)  A species  of  antelope 
with  lyrate,  short,  black  horns,  found  in  the 
southern  part  of  Africa ; spring-buck ; showy 

f oat ; Antidorcas  eucliore  ; — also  written  prong- 
oc.  — See  Spring-buck.  Eng.  Cyc. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6 


PRONGED  (pr5ngd),  a.  Having  prongs  ; forked. 

PRONG'-HOE  (-ho),  n.  A hoe  with  prongs  to 
break  the  soil.  Wright. 

PRONG'— HORN,  n.  (Zoul.)  A species  of 
antelope  inhabiting  the  western  parts 
of  North  America,  having  horns 
hooked  at  the  ends  ; Antilocapra 
Americana ; — called 
also  caprit.  Eng.  Cyc. 

f PRO'NI-TY,  n.  Prone- 
ness. More. 

PRO-NOM'I-NAL,  a.  [L. 
pronominalis  ; pro, 
for,  and  nomen,  a 
name ; It.  pronomi- 
nale ; Sp.  Fr.  p 
nominal.]  Pertain- 
ing to,  or  having  the 
nature  of,  a pronoun. 

PRO-NO M'J-NAL-LY,  ad.  In  the  manner,  or  with 
the  eff  ect,  of  a pronoun.  Smart. 

f PRON'O-TA-RY,  a.  Prothonotary.  Bouvier. 

PRO'NOUN,  n.  [L.  pronomen-,  pro,  for,  and 
nomen,  a name,  a noun  ; It.  pronome  ; Sp.  pro- 
nombre ; Fr.  pronom.]  (Gram.)  A word  that 
is  used  instead  of  a noun,  to  avoid  the  too  fre- 
quent repetition  of  it. 

Personal  pronouns  are  used  as  substitutes  for 
nouns  that  denote  persons  ; they  are  /,  thou,  he,  she, 
it,  with  their  plurals  we,  you  or  ye,  and  they.  Relative 
pronouns , in  general,  relate  to  some  word  or  phrase 
going  before,  called  the  antecedent ; they  are  who, 
which , what,  and  that.  Who,  which,  and  what , when 
used  in  asking  questions,  are  called  interrogative  pro- 
nouns. Adjective  pronouns  (or  pronominal  adjectives) 
partake  of  the  properties  both  of  pronouns  and  ad- 
jectives, and  are  subdivided  into  the  possessive,  tile 
distributive,  tile  demonstrative,  and  the  indefinite-, — 
the  possessive  are  my  or  mine,  thy  or  thine,  his,  her, 
our,  your , their-,  tile  distributive,  each,  every,  cither , 
neither ; tile  demonstrative,  this,  that,  these,  those  ; tile 
indefinite,  some,  other,  any , one,  all,  such,  &cc. 

PRO-NOUNCE',  v.  a.  [L.  pronuncio  ; pro,  forth, 
and  nuncio,  to  announce  ; It.  pronunciare ; Sp. 
pronunciar ; Fr.  prononcer .]  [i.  pronounced  ; 
irp.  PRONOUNCING,  PRONOUNCED.] 

1.  To  speak  ; to  utter ; to  articulate. 

He  pronounced  all  these  words  unto  me.  Jer.  xxxvi.  18. 

2.  To  utter  or  speak  formally  or  solemnly ; 
to  declare,  as  a sentence. 

Absalom  pronounced  a sentence  of  death  against  his 
brother.  Locke. 

3.  To  speak  or  utter  rhetorically ; to  deliver, 

as  an  oration.  Johnson. 

4.  To  declare;  to  announce.  “Here  pro- 
nounce free  pardon.”  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Announce. 

PRO-NOUNCE',  v.  n.  To  speak;  to  declare;  to 
say.  “ How  confidently  soever  men  pronounce 
of  themselves.”  Decay  of  Chr.  Piety. 

f PRO-NOUNCE',  n.  Declaration.  Milton. 

PRO-NOUNCE'A-RLE,  a.  [L.  pronunciabilis.] 
That  may  be  pronounced.  Cotgravc. 

PRO-NCiUNqi'JJR,  n.  One  who  pronounces.  Ayliffe. 

PRO-NOUN^-TNG,  p.  a.  1.  Speaking;  uttering. 

2.  Pertaining  to,  or  exhibiting,  pronuncia- 
tion; as,  “ A pronouncing  dictionary.”  Walker. 

PRO-NU'BI-AL,  a.  [L.  pro,  for,  and  nubo,  to  mar- 
ry.] Presiding  over  marriage,  [r.]  Congreve. 

I’RO-NUN'CIAE  (-8I13I),  a.  Pertaining  to  pronun- 
ciation ; pronunciatory.  [r.]  Clarke. 

I’RO-NUN-CI-A-MEN'TO,  n.  [Sp.  pronunciamien- 
to .]  A proclamation ; a declaration.  Roget. 

|[  PRO-NUN-CI-A'TION  (prp-nun-she-a'shun)  [prn- 
nun-she-a'shun,  IF.  J.  E.  F.  Ja. ; pro-min-siia'- 
sliun,  S.  ; pro-nun-se-5'shun,  P.  I(.  Sm.  C.  IF;  ], 
n.  [L.  pronunciatio ; It.  pronunziazione ; Sp. 
pronunciation ; Fr.  prononciation .] 

1.  The  act,  or  the  mode,  of  pronouncing. 

The  settlement  of  the  pronunciation  of  the  English  Inn- 
guage,  upon  analogical  principles,  was  attempted  by  Walker 
more  systematically  than  by  any  preceding  writer  V Cyc 

The  stage,  when  it  was  trodden  by  the  members  of  the 
royal  household,  — and,  on  great  occasions,  by  the  graduates 
of  universities  and  the  students  of  inns  of  court,  — was  justly 
held  the  model  of  pronunciation.  But  that  golden  age  of 
dramatic  literature  and  dramatic  life  has  long  since  passed 
away.  William  Russell. 


»,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  $,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE, 


2.  f (Rhet.)  Delivery.  Johnson. 

jggf*  Although  Smart  marks  this  word  in  his  Dic- 
tionary thus,  pty-niin-ce-a'shun,  yet  lie  says,  in  his 
“ Principles,”  “ It  is  regularly  pronounced  pro-nun- 
she-a'shun,  and  by  all  speakers  would  probably  be  so 
sounded  if  it  were  related  to  any  such  verb  as  to  pro- 
nunciate , in  the  same  way  as  association  and  ennneia - 
tion  are  related  to  associate  and  enunciate.  In  the  ab- 
sence of  any  such  related  verb,  most  speakers  say 
pnj-nun-se-a'shun,  and  so  avoid  the  double  occurrence 
of  the  sound  of  sh  in  the  same  word.”  Walker  says, 
“ The  very  same  reasons  that  oblige  us  to  pronounce 
partiality , propitiation , speciality , &c.,  as  if  written 
parsheality , propislieashun , spesheality , &c.,  oblige  us 
to  pronounce  pronunciation  as  if  written  pronvnshea- 
sliun .” 

The  majority  of  the  authorities  above  given  are  in 
favor  of  the  sound  of  sli\  and  the  Rev.  Dr.  N.  H. 
Wheaton  says,  in  his  “Travels  in  England,”  “I 
was  a little  mortified  at  having  my  Yankee  origin  de- 
tected by  my  omitting  to  give  the  full  sound  of  sh  in 
the  word  pronunciation .” 

||  PRO-NUN 'CI-A-TIVE  (pro-nun 'slie-a-tiv),  a.  [L. 

pronunciations.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  pronunciation.  West.  Rev. 

2.  Uttering  confidently  ; dogmatical.  Bacon. 

II  PRO-NUN'CI-A-TOR,  n.  [L.]  One  who  pro- 
nounces. [it.]  Ch.  Ob. 

||  PRO-NUN'CI-A-TO-RY  (pro-nun'she-a-to-re),  a. 
Relating  to  pronunciation.  Earnshaw. 

PROOF, n.  [Dut.  proef-,  Ger.  probe ; Dan.  prove  ; 
Sw. prof.  — W .prate,  prau-f. — It.  prova-,  Sp. 
prueba-,  Fr.  preuve.  — See  Prove.] 

1.  Test;  trial;  experiment;  essay. 

Retire,  or  taste  thy  folly;  and  Igarn  by  proof. 

Hell-born,  not  to  contend  with  spirits  of  heaven.  Milton. 

2.  That  which  renders  a truth  certain  or  evi- 
dent to  the  mind  ; evidence  which  serves  to 
convince  or  persuade  the  mind  of  the  reality  of 
an  event  or  action,,  or  which  establishes  the 
truth  of  a proposition  ; an  argument  which 
leaves  no  room  for  doubt ; demonstration. 

This  has  neither  evidence  of  truth  nor  proof  sufficient  to 
give  it  warrant.  Hooker. 

I’ve  seen  yon  weary  winter  sun 
Twice  forty  times  return; 

And  every  time  has  added  proofs 
That  man  was  made  to  mourn.  Bm-ns. 

BSP  “ [In  law]  proof  and  evidence  arc  constantly 
used  in  practice  as  synonymous,  and  are  sometimes 
so  treated  in  the  books.  Properly  speaking,  however, 
evidence  is  only  the  medium  of  proof ; proof  js  tlio 
effect  of  evidence .”  Burrill. 

3.  Armor  or  weapons  the  hardness  or  strength 
of  which  has  been  ascertained  by  some  test. 

Bellona’s  bridegroom  lapped  in  proof.  Shak . 

4.  The  state  of  being  conformed  to  a certain 
standard  of  strength,  as  of  spirituous  liquors. 

High  proof,  first {proof,  second,  third,  or  fourth  proof. 

Buchanan. 

5.  (Math.)  A verification  of  a rule  or  a re- 
sult. Davies. 

6.  ( Printing  & Engraving.)  An  impression 
on  paper  taken  for  examination  or  correction. 

To  be  proof  against  or  to,  having  sufficient  strength 
or  firmness  to  resist.  “ Proof  against  all  temptation.’’ 
Milton.  “ Proof  to  tile  sun.”  Addison. 

Syn.  — See  Experiment. 

PROOF'EiJSS,  a.  Being  without  proof.  Boyle. 

PROOF 'L^SS-LY,  ad.  Without  proof.  Wright. 

PROOF'— HOUSE,  n.  A building  or  a place  for 
testing  guns  or  gunpowder.  Simmonds. 

PROOF'— SHEET,  n.  (Printing  & Engraving.)  A 
sheet  of  paper  on  which  an  impression  is  taken 
for  examination  or  correction  ; a proof.  Bosiccll. 

PROOF'-SPIR-IT,  n.  A mixture  of  equal  weights 
of  absolute  alcohol  and  witter.  Turner. 

BSp-  Proof  spirit  is  defined  by  an  act  of  Parliament 
to  he  “ such  as  shall,  at  the  temperature  of  51°  Fah- 
renheit, weigh  exactly  twelve  thirteenth  parts  of  an 
equal  measure  of  distilled  water.”  Miller. 

PROOF'— TEXT,  n.  A text  of  Scripture  believed 
to  prove  a particular  doctrine.  Wright. 

PROP,  v.  a.  [Dut.  propfen,  to  cram,  to  stuff;  Ger. 
pfropfen,  propfen ; Dan.  proppe  ; Sw.  proppa.] 
[t.  ritOPPED  ; pp.  PROPPING,  PROPPED.]  To 
support  by  placing  something  under  or  against; 
— to  support ; to  sustain  ; to  uphold. 

Till  the  bright  mountains  jirop  the  incumbent  sky.  Pope. 
Who  cannot  be  new  built,  nor  has  no  friends 
So  much  ns  but  to  prop  him.  Shak • 


FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


Prong-horn 

{ Antilocapra  Amei'icana). 

“ Pronominal  adjectives.” 


PROP 


1141 


PROPHETICALNESS 


PROP,  n.  [Dut.  prop,  a stopple;  Ger.  pfropf; 
Dan  .prop-,  Sw.  propp.]  That  which  sustains; 
a support ; a stay  ; a pillar. 

Some  plants  creep  along  the  ground,  or  wind  about  other 
trees  or  props,  and  cannot  support  themselves.  Bacon. 

Syn.  — See  Buttress,  Pillar,  Staff. 

PRO-PAl-DEU'TIC,  ? Giving  preliminary 

PRO-PrE-DEU'TI-CAL,  > instruction  ; teaching 
beforehand.  ’ Prof.  Holmes. 

Nature  is,  in  short,  hut  the  stupendous  mirror  of  superior 
or  spiritual  modes  of  being.  . . . tier  function  is  most  rigidly 
propcedeutical,  or  disciplinary.  Henry  James. 

PRO-PvE-DEU'TICS,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  npoiratbcuuj,  to 
teach  beforehand;  it po,  before,  and  traibevui,  to 
instruct.]  Preliminary  learning,  connected  with 
any  art  or  science.  Brancle. 

PROP'A-GA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  propagated  or 
spread.  “ Propagable  sort  of  creatures.”  Boyle. 

PROP-A-GAK' DA,  n.  The  name  of  a Roman 
Catholic  association  in  Rome,  founded  in  1622, 
having  the  charge  of  missions,  and  styled  the 
Congregatio  de  Propaganda  Fide,  or  Society  for 
propagating  the  Faith.  Eden. 

PROP-A-GAN'DI§M,  n.  The  propagation  of  tenets 
or  principles.  Qu.  Rev. 

PROP-A-GAn'DIST,  n.  [Fr.  propagandistc.]  One 
employed  to  propagate  tenets.  Qu.  Rev. 

PROP' A-GATE,  v.  a.  [L.  propago,  propagatus  ; 
It.  propagare;  Sp.  propagar ; Fr.  propager .] 
[i.  propagated  ; pp.  propagating,  propa- 
gated.] 

1.  To  continue  or  spread  by  generation  or 
successive  production  ; to  multiply. 

The  greater  number  of  plants  are  propagated  naturally  by 
means  of  seeds.  Brande. 

2.  To  spread  abroad  by  carrying  from  place  to 
place  ; to  diffuse  ; to  disseminate  ; to  promote. 

Those  who  seek  truth  only,  and  desire  to  propagate  noth- 
ing else,  freely  expose  their  principles  to  the  test.  Locke. 

3.  To  increase  ; to  augment ; to  extend. 

Griefs  of  mine  own  lie  heavy  in  my  breast, 

"Which  thou  wilt  propagate.  Shale. 

4.  To  generate  ; to  breed;  to  beget. 

Superstitious  notions,  propagated  in  fancy,  are  hardly 

ever  totally  eradicated.  S.  Richardson. 

Syn.  — See  Spread. 

PROP' A-GATE,  v.  n.  To  have  offspring.  Milton. 

PROP-A-GA'TION,  n.  [L.  propagatio  ; It .propa- 
gazione-,  Sp.  propagacion  ; Fr.  propagation.'] 

1.  The  act  of  propagating ; continuance  or 
diffusion  by  generation  or  successive  production. 
Men  have  souls  rather  by  creation  than  propagation.  Hooker. 

2.  Increase ; extension  ; enlargement.  “ The 

propagation  of  their  empire.”  South. 

PROP'A-gA-TOR,  n.  [L.]  One  who  propagates. 

PRO-PEL',  v.  a.  [L.  propello  ; pro,  forward,  and 
petto,  to  drive.]  [i.  propelled  ; pp.  propel- 
ling, propelled.]  To  drive  forward  ; to  push 
forward  ; to  urge  on  ; to  impel. 

This  [peristaltic]  motion,  in  some  human  creatures,  may 
be  Aveak  in  respect  to  the  viscidity  of  what  is  taken,  so  as  not 
to  be  able  to  propel  it.  Arbuthnot. 

PRO-PEL'LgR,  n.  1.  He  who,  or  that  which,  pro- 
pels. 

2.  A screw  for  driving  a steamboat.  Simmonds. 

3.  A steam-vessel  driven  by  a screw  instead 

of  wheels  ; a screw-steamer.  Tomlinson. 

PRO-PEND',  v.  n.  [L.  propendeo ; pro,  forth,  and 
pendeo,  to  hang ; It.  propendere.]  To  have  an 
inclination  ; to  incline  ; to  tend,  [it.] 

My  spritely  brethren,  I propend  to  you 
In  resolution  to  keep  Helen  still.  Shak. 

PRO-PEN'DEN-CY,  n.  [L.  propendeo,  propendens, 
to  hang  forth.] 

1.  Inclination  or  tendency  of  desire.  Johnson. 

2.  Preconsideration  ; attentive  deliberation  ; 
perpendency.  “ Propendency  of  actions.”  Hale. 

PRO-PEN 'DgNT,  a.  ( Bot .)  Bending  or  hanging 
forward  and  downward  ; propending.  Loudon. 

PRO-PENSE',  a.  [L.  propendeo,  propensity,  to 
hang  forth,  to  be  inclined ; It.  Sg  Sp.  propenso.] 
Inclined;  disposed;  prone,  [r.] 

He  appears  always  propense  towards  the  side  of  mercy. 

Johnson. 

PRO-PENSE'LY,  ad.  With  natural  tendency. 

PRO-rENSE'NIJSS,  n.  Propensity,  [it.]  Donne. 


PRO-PEN'SION  (pro-pen'shun),  n.  [L.  propensio  ; 
It.  propensione ; Sp.  § Fr.  propension.]  Natural 
tendency,  bent,  or  inclination  ; propensity  ; — 
used  both  in  a literal  and  a figurative  sense. 

It  requires  a critical  nicety  to  find  out  the  genius  or  the 
propensions  of  a child.  L' Estrange. 

Bodies  that  of  themselves  have  no  propensions  to  any  de- 
terminate place  do,  nevertheless,  move  constantly  and  per- 
petually one  way.  Digby. 

PRO-PEN'SI-TY,  n.  [From  propense.]  Natural 
tendency  ; bent  of  mind  ; disposition  to  any 
thing,  good  or  bad  ; predisposition  ; proneness  ; 
bias  ; inclination.  Walpole. 

He  must  unavoidably  feel  some  propensity  to  the  good  of 
mankind.  Hume. 

Syn. — See  Tendency. 

PROP'JJR,  a.  [Gr.  n ptiua,  to  be  fitting  or  proper  ; 
to  nptmv,  fitness  ; L.  proprius ; It.  proprio,  pro- 
pio;  Sp.propio ; Fr.  propre. — AV.  priod.] 

1.  Particularly  belonging  to  an  individual ; 
peculiar  to  an  individual ; not  belonging  to  any 
other  person  or  thing ; not  common  ; particu- 
lar. “ The  proper  terms  of  navigation.”  Dry'den. 
“ Powers  intrinsical  and  proper  to  itself.”  Locke. 

2.  Noting  an  individual. 

A proper  name  may  become  common  when  given  to  sev- 
eral beings  of  the  same  kind;  as,  Cffisar.  Watts. 

3.  One’s  own.  “ Our  proper  son.”  Shak. 

Now  learn  the  difference  at  your  proper  cost.  Dryden. 

This  sense  is  surely  rather  disused.  JSTares. 

4.  Fit;  adapted;  suitable;  meet;  apt;  be- 
coming ; appropriate ; convenient. 

He  is  the  only  proper  person  . . . for  an  epic  poem.  Dryden. 

5.  Exact  ; accurate  ; corrrect ; just.  Johnson. 

6.  Literal ; not  figurative,  [li.]  Burnet. 

7.  Mere  ; pure,  [r.] 

Proper  deformity  seems  not  in  the  fiend 

So  horrid,  as  in  woman.  Shak. 

fUff-  Dr.  Johnson  remarks  that  this  seems  to  be  the 
signification  ; and  Smart  says  that  this  sense  is  “ an 
application  frequent  in  Shakspeare.”  Nares  thinks 
the  meaning  is  private,  in  contradistinction  to  com- 
mon. 

8.  Handsome  ; pretty  ; comely  ; personable. 

Moses  was  a proper  child.  Heb.  xi.  28. 

9.  (Her.)  Applied  to  any  object  represented 

in  its  natural  color.  Brande. 

Syn.  — See  Becoming,  Convenient. 

f PROP'ER-ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  propero,  properatus.] 
To  hasten.  Cocker  am. 

f PROP-IJR-A'TION,  n.  [L.  properatio.]  The  act 
of  hastening;  haste.  Bailey. 

PROP'^R-LY,  ad.  In  a proper  manner;  fitly; 

suitably  : — strictly  ; in  a strict  sense. 

PROP'JJR-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  proper. 

The  propemess  of  the  child.  Udal. 

PROP  ER-TY,  n.  [L.  propnetas\  proprius , prop- 
er ; Fr.  propriete.] 

1.  A peculiar  quality  ; quality  ; peculiarity  ; 
attribute  ; — nature  ; characteristic. 

It  is  a property  of  a triangle  that  it  has  three  sides  and 
three  angles.  Davies. 

It  is  the  property  of  an  old  sinner  to  find  delight  in  re- 
viewing his  own  villanies  in  others.  South. 

2.  That  which  is  one’s  own  ; that  to  which 
one  has  an  unrestricted  right ; possessions ; 
estate  ; goods  ; as,  “ Personal  property.” 

3.  pi.  Dresses,  articles,  and  other  appendages 
used  by  actors,  or  required  on  the  stage. 

I will  draw  a bill  of  jmoperties  such  as  our  play  wants.  Shak. 

4.  f Propriety  ; correctness. 

Our  poets  excel  in  . . . smoothness  and  property.  Camden. 

5.  (Bogie.)  A predicable  which  denotes  some- 

thing essentially  conjoined  to  the  essence  of  the 
species.  Brande. 

6.  (Law.)  Unrestricted  and  exclusive  right  to 

a thing ; the  right  to  dispose  of  the  substance 
of  a thing  in  every  legal  way,  to  possess  it,  to 
use  it;  and  to  exclude  every  one  else  from  in- 
terfering with  it ; ownership.  Burritt. 

Literary  property,  the  exclusive  right  of  an  author 
to  the  publication  of  his  own  works,  or  the  exclusive 
right  of  publication  acquired  from  an  author  or  bis 
assigns  by  transfer  ; copyright. 

Syn.  — “ Faculty  implies  understanding  and  will, 
and  so  is  applicable  only  to  mind.  VVe  speak  of  the 
properties  of  bodies,  but  not  of  their  faculties.  Of  mind 
we  may  say  will  is  a facility  or  property  ; so  that, 
while  all  faculties  are  properties,  all  properties  are  not 
faculties .”  Fleming- See  Quality. 


f PR(5P']JR-TY,  v.  a.  1.  To  invest  with  qualities 
or  properties.  Shak. 

2.  To  seize  and  retain  as  something  owned ; 
to  appropriate  ; to  hold. 

I am  too  high-born  to  b c propertied, 

To  be  a secondary  at  control.  Shak. 

PROP'ER-TY— MAN,  n.  The  person  who  has 
charge  of  the  properties  of  a theatre.  Pope. 

PROPH'A-SIS  (prof'j-sls),  n.  [Gr.  npotpact;  ; npotpypi, 
to  foretell.]  (MecT.)  The  opinion  formed  of  a 

. disease ; prognosis.  Dunglison. 

PROPH'5"CY  (prof'e-se),  n.  [Gr.  npot]>yreta  ; Ttpoijnj- 

reOto,  to  prophesy  ; L.  prophetia ; It.  profezia  ; 
Sp.  profecia  ; Fr.  prophetic.] 

1.  A foretelling  cf  something  that  is  to  take 
place  in  a future  time  ; a prediction. 

Blessed  is  he  that  keepeth  the  sayings  of  the  prophecy  of 
this  book.  Rev.  xii.  7. 

He  hearkens  after  prophecies  and  dreams.  Shak. 

2.  The  exercise  of  the  office  of  inspired 
teaching  in  the  church  : — preaching.  Eden. 

Syn.  — Prophecy  of  a prophet,  or  of  a person  in- 
spired ; the  gift  of  prophecy  ; prediction  of  a discern- 
ing person,  or  of  the  almanac  ; divination  by  an  augur 
or  impostor;  prognostications  of  a disease!,  or  of  the 
weather. 

PROPH'^-Sl-BR,  n.  One  who  prophesies.  Johnson. 

PROPH'E-SY  (prof'e-sl),  V.  a.  \i.  PROPHESIED  ; 
pp.  prophesying,  prophesied.] 

1.  To  foretell ; to  predict ; to  prognosticate. 

Miserable  England, 

I prophesy  the  fearful’st  time  to  thee 

That  ever  wretched  age  hath  looked  upon.  Shak. 

2.  To  foreshow  ; to  prefigure  ; to  symbolize. 

Methought  thy  very  gait  did  prophesy 
A royal  nobleness.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Foretell. 

PROPII'Jf-SY,  v.  n.  1.  To  utter  predictions  ; to 
vaticinate  ; to  augur.  Tickell. 

2.  f To  preach.  Ezek.  xxxviii.  9.  Bp.  Taylor. 

PROPH'5-SY-ING,  n.  I.  The  act  of  foretelling. 

2.  The  act  of  preaching  or  expounding. 

In  which  year  [1577]  the  queen  sequestered  Grindal,  Arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury,  and  confined  him  to  his  house,  for  re- 
fusing to  act  in  the  suppression  of  the  prophcsyiuys.  Eden. 

Of  the  liberty  of  prophesying.  Bp.  Taylor. 

PROPH'ET  (prof'et),  n.  [Gr.  itpotpyrys ; L.  propheta ; 
It.  d;  Sp-  prof  eta  ; Fr.  prophUe.] 

1.  One  w-ho  prophesies ; one  who  foretells 
future  events  ; a predicter  ; a foreteller  ; a seer. 

2.  One  having  supernatural  power. 

What  sayest  thou  of  him,  that  he  hath  opened  thine  eyes? 
He  said,  He  is  a prophet.  John  ix.  17. 

tfcir  This  word  is  frequently  used  in  the  Scriptures 
to  signify,  in  general,  one  divinely  influenced,  whether 
tile  person  so  designated  foretold  future  events  or  not. 
In  its  more  strict  signification,  the  term  prophet  is 
given  to  Elisha,  Elijah,  and  others,  who  did  not  com- 
mit their  prophecies  to  writing,  hut  whose  inspiration 
is  attested  in  the  historical  hooks  of  tile  Old  Testa- 
ment, and  to  the  sixteen  whose  books  are  collected 
under  the  subdivisions  of  the  four  greater  and  the 
twelve  lesser  prophets.  Etlen.  Brande. 

3.  pi.  The  portion  of  the  Old  Testament  writ- 
ten by  the  prophets. 

On  these  two  commandments  hang  all  the  law  and  the 
prophets.  Matt.  xxii.  40. 

Schools  of  the  prophets,  (Jewish  Ant.)  assemblies  of 
men  distinguished  by  learning  and  wisdom,  or  who 
strove  for  that  distinction,  and  were  competent  to  ap- 
pear as  public  orators  or  singers.  Kitlo. 

PROPH'ET-ESS,  n.  [Fr.  prophetesse.]  A woman 
who  prophesies  or  foretells. 

False  prophetess',  the  day  of  change  was  come.  Pollok. 

PRO-PHE  P IG,  ? a.  [Gr.  Ttpo([)tjTiK6s ; L.  pro- 

PRO-PHET'I-CAL,  ) pheticus  ; It.  8$  Sp.  profetico  ; 
Fr.  proplietique. ] 

1.  Relating  to  a prophet,  or  to  a prophecy. 

Pleasure  is  deaf  when  told  of  future  pain. 

And  sounds  prophetic  are  too  rough  to  suit 

Ears  long  accustomed  to  the  pleasing  lute.  Cowper. 

2.  Foretelling  future  events  ; predictive  ; pre- 

dicting ; — used  with  of  before  the  thing  fore- 
told. “ Prophetical  dreams.”  Bacon. 

And  fears  are  oft  prophetic  of  the  event.  Dryden. 

PRO-PHET-I-CAL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
prophetical ; propheticalness.  [it.]  Coleridge. 

PRO-PHET'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  the  manner  of  a 
prophecy ; with  a knowledge  of  the  future. 

PRO-PIIET'I-CAL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
prophetical  ; propheticality.  Scott. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — Q,  <?,  9,  g,  soft ; £,  IS,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  ^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


PROPHETIZE  1142  PROPOSE 


f PRoPII'F.T-fZE,  v.  n.  [Fr.  prophetiser.]-  To  give 
predictions.  Daniel. 

rROPlfpT—  LIKE,  a.  Like  a prophet.  Shak. 

PRO-PHORIC,  a.  [Gr  TOor/>o(></c<i{ ; itfmtpiptji,  to  bring 
forward.]  Enuneiative.  [k.]  Wright. 

PROPH- Y-LAC'TIC,  > [Gr.  r.po^l  wcriKds  ; 

PROPH- Y-LAC'Tl-CA  L,  ) irpo,  before,  and  tpvkaotrn), 
to  defend.]  Preventing  disease  ; preventive  ; 
preservative.  Ferrand. 

PRO  PH- Y-LAC'TIC,  n.  [Fr.  prophylactique.] 
(Med.)  Any  means  employed  for  the  preserva- 
tion of  health  ; a preservative.  Hoblgn. 

fPRO'PICE,  a.  [Fr . propice.\  Apt;  fit.  Hall. 

t PROP-I-NA'TION,  n.  [L . propinatio.]  The  act 
of  pledging  or  ottering  a cup  after  having  first 
drunk  part  of  its  contents.  Potter. 

f PRO-PINE',  v.  a.  [L.  propino .] 

1.  To  offer  in  kindness,  as  a cup  to  drink. 

Some  drop  of  graceful  dew  to  us  propine.  Chaucer . 

2.  To  expose  ; to  subject.  Fotherby. 

f PRO-pIn'QUATE,  v.n.  [L.  propinquo,  propin- 

quatus.  ] To  approach;  to  draw  near.  Cockeram. 

PRO-PlN'QUI-TY  (pro-plng'kwe-te,  82),  n.  [L .pro- 
pinquitas  ; propinquus,  near  ; prope,  near  ; It. 
propinquity ; Sp.  propincuidad.] 

1.  Nearness  in  time  or  space  ; proximity.  Ray. 

2.  Kindred;  nearness  of  blood;  affinity. 

PROP-I-THE' CUS,  n.  (Zoiil.)  A genus  of  mam- 
mals inhabiting  Madagascar,  and  allied  to  the 
lemur.  Bennett. 

PRO-PI"TI-A-BLE  (pro-plsh'e-j-bl),  a.  [L . propi- 
tiabilis.\  That  may  be  propitiated  or  made  pro- 
pitious ; placable ; appeasable ; reconcilable. Fox. 

PRO-PI  “TI-ATE  (pro-pish'e-at),  v.  a.  [L.  propitio, 
propitiatus  ; propitius,  favorable  ; prope,  near  ; 
It.  propiziare ; Sp,  propieiar.]  [(.propitiat- 
ed ; pp.  PROPITIATING,  PROPITIATED.]  To 
make  propitious  or  favorable  ; to  appease  ; to 
reconcile  ; to  gain  ; to  conciliate  ; to  satisfy. 
Vengeance  shall  pursue  the  inhuman  coast, 

Till  they  propitiate  thy  offended  ghost.  Drydcn. 

PRO-PI  "TI-ATE  (pro-pish'e-at),  v.  n,  To  make 
propitiation  or  atonement.  * Young . 

PRO-PI-TI-A'TION  (pro-pish-e-a'shun)  [pro-pish-e-i 
a 'shun,  JV.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  ; pro-pe-sha'shyn, 
•S’.  — See  Pronunciation],  n.  [L .propitiatio  ; 
It.  propiziazione  ; Sp.  propiciacion  ; Yr.  propi- 
tiation.) 

1.  The  act  of  propitiating ; expiation.  Johnson. 

2.  That  which  propitiates ; reconciliation  ; 
atoning  sacrifice ; atonement. 

lie  [Christ]  is  the  propitiation  for  our  sins;  and  not  for 
ours  only,  but  also  for  the  sins  of  the  whole  world.  1 John  ii.  2. 

PRO-PI''TI-A-TOR  (pro-plsh'e-a-tpr),  n.  One  who 
propitiates.  Johnson. 

PRO-PF'TI-A-TO-RI-LY,  ad.  In  a propitiatory  or 
conciliatory  manner.  Clarke,  i 

PRO-PI''TI- A-TO-RY  (pro-pjsh'e-a-to-re),  a.  [It.  | 
propiziatorio  ; Sp.  propiciatorio  ; Fr.  propitia- 
toire.\  Having  the  power  to  make  propitious  ; 
conciliatory ; expiatory. 

The  notion  of  a propitiatory  sacrifice  is,  that  it  procures 
the  pardon  of  all  sins  to  the  offender.  Sharp. 

PRO-PI"TT- A-TO-RY  (pro-plsh'c-j-to-rej,  n.  Tho 
mercy-seat ; the  covering  of  the  ark  in  the  Jew- 
ish temple.  Pearson. 

PRO-PI''TIOl'S  (pro-plsh'us),  a.  [L.  propitius  ; 
prope , near  ; It.  propizio  ; Sp.  propicio  ; Fr. 
propice. ] Favorable  ; auspicious  ; kind  ; be- 
nign ; benevolent ; disposed  to  be  gracious. 

Let  not  my  words  otfend  thee. 

My  Maker;  be  propitious  while  I speak.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Auspicious. 

PRO-Pl"TIOrS-LY  (pro-plsh'us-le),  ad.  In  a pro- 
pitious manner  ; favorably;  kindly.  Rose. 

PRO-Pl"TIOUS-NESS  (pro-plsh'us-nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  propitious  ; favorableness. 

PRO'PLAIjM,  n.  [Gr.  irp6irlacrya.]  A mould ; a 
matrix,  [r.]  Woodward. 

PRO-PLAS'TIC,  a.  Forming  a mould.  Coleridge. 

PRO-PLAS'T[CE  [pro-plas'tjs,  1‘.  K.  Sm.  Vr  r.  IV b. ; 
pro-plas'te-se,  Scott],  n.  The  art  of  making 
moulds  for  casting,  [n.]  Bailey. 


PRO'PO-LIS  [pro'po-lls,  Ja.  Sm.  Wb.  ; prfip'o-IIs, 
A.] , n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  Trp6nol.it;  irp6,  before,  and 
Tr<)i.it,  a city.]  A red,  resinous  matter  with  which 
bees  cover  the  bottom  of  the  hive.  Dunglison. 

f PRO-PONE’,  v.  a.  To  propose.  Wolscy. 

PRO-PO'NIJNT,  n.  [L.  propono, proponens.~]  (Law.) 
One  who  makes  a proposal.  Drydcn. 

PRO  PO'NgNT,  a.  (Reel.  Law.)  Applied  to  the 
party  making  or  propounding  an  allegation. 
“The  party  proponent."  Burrill. 

PRO-POR'TION  (pro-por'shun),  n.  [L.  proportio  ; 
pro,  for,  and  portio,  a part ; It.  proporziune  ; Sp. 
proporcion ; Fr.  proportion.] 

1.  Comparative  relation  of  one  thing  to  an- 
other in  respect  to  size,  quantity,  or  degree  ; 
adaptation  of  parts  to  each  other  ; symmetry. 

He  must  be  little  skilled  in  the  world  who  thinks  that 
men’s  talking  much  or  little  shall  hold  proportion  onlv  to 
their  knowledge.  Locke. 

2.  Harmonic  relation  or  degree. 

His  volant  touch. 

Instinct  through  all  proportions,  low  and  high. 

Fled  and  pui-sued  transverse  the  resonant  fugue.  Milton. 

3.  Size  as  implying  comparison. 

All  tilings  received  do  such  pr'ojrortion  take 

As  those  things  have  wherein  they  are  received.  Davies. 

4.  A proper  or  just  portion  or  part  of  any 
thing ; share;  as,  “A  'proportion  of  profits.” 

u In  many  instances,  proportion  may  be  con- 
sidered almost  synonymous  with  fitness,  though  there 
is  a distinction  between  them  ; since  every  form  sus- 
ceptible of  proportion  may  be  considered  either  with 
respect  to  its  whole  as  connected  with  the  end  de- 
signed, or  witli  respect  to  the  relation  of  the  several 
parts  to  the  end.  In  the  first  case,  fitness  is  the  thing 
considered  ; in  the  second,  proportion.  Fitness , there- 
fore, expresses  the  general  relation  of  means  to  an 
end,  and  proportion  the  proper  relation  of  parts  to  an 
end.”  Brandc. 

5.  (Math.)  The  relation  which  one  quantity 
bears  to  another  of  the  same  kind  in  respect  to 
mignitude  or  value  ; ratio  ; equality  of  ratios  : — 
a name  in  arithmetic  for  the  rule  of  three,  since 
the  three  given  terms  together  with  the  fourth 
term  constitute  a proportion. 

KB*  This  relation *may  be  expressed  in  two  ways, 
— by  the  difference  between  the  quantities,  and  by 
their  quotient.  The  former  is  called  an  arithmetical 
relation , and  tho  latter  a geometrical  proportion , or 
simply  proportion.  Four  quantities  are  said  to  be  in 
proportion  when  tho  first  is  to  the  second  as  the  third 
is  to  the  fourth,  which  is  expressed  algebraically 
thus,  a : b ::  c : d.  This  is  equivalent  to  the  expres- 
sion = — or  — =■  — Hence  a proportion  may  be 
b d a c * 

defined  to  be  an  expression  of  the  equality  of  ratios. 
In  the  above  proportion,  a,  b , c,  and  d are  called  terms 
of  the  proportion  ; the  first  and  fourth  terms  are 
called  extremes  ; the  second  and  third,  means  ; the 
first  and  third  are  antecedents  ; the  second  and  fourth 
are  consequents ; the  first  and  second  are  the  first 
couplet ; and  the  third  and  fourth  are  the  second 
couplet. — Continued  proportions , a succession  of  sev- 
eral equal  ratios.  — Discrete , or  interrupted  propor- 
tion^ a proportion  in  which  the  consequent  of  the 
first  ratio  is  different  from  the  antecedent  of  the 
second.  — Ifarmonical , or  harmonial  proportion , a pro- 
portion in  which  the  first  is  to  the  fourth  as  the  differ- 
ence between  the  first  and  second  is  to  the  difference 
between  the  third  and  fourth,  as  24,  16,  12,  9 ; since 
24  : 9 : : 8 : 3.  Three  quantities  are  in  harmonial  pro- 
portion when  the  first  is  to  the  third  as  the  difference 
between  the  first  and  second  is  to  the  difference  be- 
tween the  second  and  third,  as  6,  4,  and  3.  — Recip 
rocal  proportion , an  expression  of  equality  between  a 
direct  and  a reciprocal  ratio  ; as  3 : 6 ; ; \ : \.  — Rhyth- 
mical proportion^  (Mus.)  the  proportion,  in  relation  to 
time  or  measure,  between  the  notes  representing  du- 
ration. P.  Cyc.  — Rule  of  proportion,  ( Arith .)  the  rule 
of  three.  — Law  of  definite  proportions , ( Chem .)  the  law 
of  combination  according  to  which  the  nature  and  the 
proportions  of  the  constituent  elements  or  components 
of  every  chemical  compound  are  definite  and  i nvari  able. 
Thus,  in  100  parts  of  pure  water  there  are  always  88.9 
of  oxygen,  and  11.1  of  hydrogen,  or  eight  parts  of  the 
former  to  one  of  the  latter.  — Law  of  multiple  propor- 
tions, ( Chem .)  the  law  according  to  which,  when  one 
body  combines  with  another  m several  proportions, 
the  numbers  indicating  the  greater  proportions  are 
simple  multiples  of  that  denoting  the  smallest  propor- 
tion.— Law  of  equivalent  proportions,  (Chem.)  the  law 
according  to  which  the  relative  quantities  of  the  ele- 
ments or  components  of  compound  bodies  may  be  ex- 
pressed by  proportional  numbers,  or  equivalents,  as 
they  nro  termed.  Thus,  the  equivalent  of  hydrogen 
being  assumed  as  1,  that  of  oxygen  is  8,  that  of  carbon 
G,  that  of  sulphur  16,  &c.  These  numbers,  or  multi- 
ples of  them,  represent  the  proportions  in  which  the 
bodies  combine  with  each  other  and  with  other  bod- 
ies ; thus,  the  equivalent  number  of  carbonic  acid  is 


22,  it  being  composed  of  one  equivalent  of  carbon  =6, 
and  two  of  oxygen  =16.  Miller.  — Combining  propor. 
tion,  (Chem.)  equivalent  ; proportional.  Turner. 

Syn.  — See  Ratio,  Symmetry. 

PRO-POR'TION,  V.  a.  [i.  PROPORTIONED  ; pp. 
PROPORTIONING,  PROPORTIONED.] 

1.  To  adjust  by  comparative  relation. 

Who  poises  and  proportions  sea  and  land.  Cowper. 

2.  To  form  symmetrically,  or  with  due  regard 
to  the  balance  of  all  the  parts  ; to  proportionate. 

Nature  had  proportioned  her  without  an>'  fault.  Sidney. 

PRO-POR'TION-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  propor- 
tioned : — adjusted  by  comparative  relation  ; 
such  as  is  fit ; proportional ; proportionate. 

Proportionable  to  the  affection  we  bear  to  any  thing  is  the 
earnestness  of  our  desires,  and  the  diligence  of  our  pursuit 
after  it.  South. 

PRO-POR'TION-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the 
quality  of  being  proportionable.  Hammond. 

PRO-POR'TION-A-BLY,  ad.  According  to  pro- 
portion ; proportionally.  Locke . 

PRO-POR'TION-AL,  a.  [It.  proporzionale  ; Sp. 
propor cional ; 'Fr.  proportionnel. ] Relating  to 
the  proportion  which  objects,  quantities,  and 
numbers  bear  to  each  other;  having  due  pro- 
portion or  a settled  comparative  relation  ; pro- 
portionate ; symmetrical. 

An  extensive  commerce,  by  producing  large  stocks,  dimin- 
ishes both  interest  and  profits,  and  is  always  assisted  in  its 
diminution  of  the  one  by  the  proportional  sinking  of  the 
other.  Hume. 

Proportional  compasses,  compasses  or  dividers  with 
two  opposite  pairs  of  legs,  turning  on  a common  point, 
so  that  the  distances  between  the  points  in  the  two 
pairs  of  legs  are  proportional.  — Proportional  parts , 
parts  of  magnitudes  such  that  the  corresponding  ones, 
taken  in  their  order,  are  proportional ; that  is,  the 
first  part  of  the  first  is  to  the  first  part  of  the  second 
as  the  second  part  of  the  first  is  to  the  second  part  of 
the  second,  and  so  on.  — Proportional  scale,  a scale  on 
which  are  marked  parts  proportional  to  the  logarithms 
of  the  natural  numbers  ; same  as  Logarithmic 
Scale  ; — used  in  rough  computations,  and  for  solv- 
ing problems  graphically  whose  solution  requires  the 
aid  of  logarithms.  Davies. 

PRO-POR'TION-AL,  n.  1.  (Math.)  A term  in  an 
arithmetical  or  geometrical  proportion.  Hutton. 

2.  (Chem.)  Combining  proportion ; equiva- 
lent. Turner. 

Mean  proportional,  between  two  quantities,  the 
square  root  of  their  product;  geometrical  mean. 
Thus  the  mean  proportional  between  4 and  9 is  the 
square  root  of  4X9  = 6.  Hutton. 

PRO-POR-TION-AL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
proportional.  * Greiv. 

PRO-POR'TION-AL-LY,  ad.  In  a proportional 
degree  ; proportionally.  Neicton. 

PRO-POR'TION-ATE,  a.  [L.  proportionatus  ; It. 
proporzionato ; Sp.  proporcionado  ; Fr.  propor - 
tionne.']  Adjusted  to  something  else,  according 
to  a comparative  relation  ; proportional. 

To  rctribute  to  him,  so  far  as  conscience  dictates,  what  is 
proportionate  to  his  transgression.  Locke. 

PRO-POR'TION-ATE,  v.  a.  [i.  PROPORTIONATED  ; 
pp.  PROPORTIONATING,  PROPORTIONATED.]  To 
adjust  relatively  ; to  adjust  according  to  settled 
rates  ; to  proportion  ; to  equalize. 

The  vulgar  of  every  country  possess  it  in  certain  degrees 
proportionated  to  their  opportunities  of  conversation  with 
the  more  enlightened.  Mickle. 

PRO-POR'TION-ATE-LY,  ad.  In  a proportionate 
manner  ; proportionally.  Pearson. 

PRO-POR'TION-ATE-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the 
quality  of  being  proportionate.  Hale. 

PRO-POR'TION-LESS,  a.  AVanting  proportion  or 
symmetry.  Comment  on  Chaucer,  1665. 

PRO-POR'TION-MENT,  n.  The  act  of  proportion- 
ing or  adjusting.  Molyneux. 

PRO-PO'^AL,  n.  That  which  is  proposed ; a 
scheme  or  design  offered  for  acceptance  or  con- 
sideration ; an  offer;  a proposition. 

If  our  proposals  once  again  were  heard, 

We  should  compel  them  to  a quick  result.  Milton. 

This  truth  is  not  likely  to  be  entertained  readily  upon  the 
first  proposal.  Atterbury. 

Syn. — See  Proposition. 

PRO-PO§E'  (pro-poz'),  v.  a.  [L.  propono,  proposi- 
tus ; pro,  before,  and  pono,  to  place ; It.  pro- 
porre;  Sp.  prop  oner  ; Fr.  proposer.)  [i.  pro- 
posed ; pp.  PROPOSING,  PROPOSED.]  To  put 


A,  E,  I,  O,  V,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  V,  V,  short  ; A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


PROPOSE 


1143 


PROSECUTING 


forward  or  offer  for  consideration  or  acceptance ; 
to  lay  before  ; to  bid  ; to  tender  ; to  proffer. 

In  learn  in?  any  thing,  there  should  be  as  little  as  possible 
first  proposed  to  the  mind  at  once;  and,  that  being  under- 
stood, proceed  then  to  the  next  adjoining  part.  IVatts. 

Syn.  — See  Offer. 

f PRO-PO§E'  (prn-poz'),  n.  [Fr.  propos.]  Talk; 
discourse.  “ To  listen  our  propose."  Shak. 


PRO-PO§E',  v.  n.  1.  fTo  lay  schemes;  to  im- 
agine ; to  purpose  : — to  converse.  Shak. 

2.  To  offer  one’s  self  in  marriage.  Wright. 

PRO-PO§'£R,  n.  One  who  proposes.  Locke. 

PR6P-0-!JI"TI0N  (prop-o-zlsh'un),  n.  \ L.  propo- 
sition It.  proposizione  ; Sp.  proposicion  ; Fr. 
proposition.] 

1.  A thing  proposed ; an  offer  of  something 
for  consideration  or  acceptance  ; a proposal. 

The  enemy  sent  propositions  such  as,  upon  delivery  of  a 
strong  fortified  town,  alter  a handsome  defence,  are  usually 
granted.  Clarendon. 

2.  {Logic.)  A sentence  in  which  something  is 

affirmed  or  denied,  particularly  one  of  the  three 
members  of  a syllogism  ; a thought.  White. 

A compound  proposition  is  the  combination  of  two 
or  more  propositions  into  one  ; and  of  course  the 
union  of  two  or  more  sentiments  or  thoughts  into  one 
compound  sentiment  or  thought.  Gibbs. 

3.  {Math.)  Something  to  be  proved  or  to  be 
done. 

/jgy*  When  something  is  proposed  to  be  proved,  the 
proposition  is  called  a theorem.  When  something  is 
proposed  to  be  done,  the  proposition  is  called  a prob- 
lem. In  the  former  case,  a principle  is  to  be  investi- 
gated ; in  the  latter,  a principle  is  to  be  applied.  Da- 
vies. 

Syn.  — A proposition  is  somethin"  submitted  to  be 
considered  ; a proposal,  something  offered  to  be  done. 
Propositions  are  acceded  to  or  rejected  ; proposals  and 
offers  are  accepted  or  refused.  “ He  demonstrated  the 
proposition  of  Euclid,  and  rejected  the  proposal  of  his 
friend.” 


PR0P-0-§I''TI0N-AL  (prop-o-zlsh'un-jl),  a.  Re- 
lating to,  or  considered  as,  a proposition.  Its 
propositional  sense.”  Watts. 

PRO-POUND',  v.  a.  [L.  propono  ; pro , before,  and 
pono,  to  place  ; It.  proporre  ; Sp.  propone r ; Fr. 
proposer.  — Anciently  written  propoun.]  \i.  pro- 
pounded ; pp.  PROPOUNDING,  PROPOUNDED.] 

1.  To  offer  to  consideration  ; to  propose. 

The  arguments  which  Christianity  propounds  to  us  are 
reasonable  encouragements  to  bear  sufferings  patiently. 

Tillotson. 

2.  {Eccl.  Law.)  To  present  or  offer. 

To  propound  a will  is  to  present  it  to  the  proper  court  for 
probate.  JBurrill. 

PRO-POUND '^R,  n.  One  who  propounds  or  pro- 
poses ; a proposer.  Milton. 

PRO-PRJE ' TOR,  n.  [L.]  {Roman  Ant.)  The  gov- 
ernor of  a province,  who  had  previously  been  a 
praetor  at  Rome.  IF.  Smith. 

PRO-PRI'E-TA-RY,  n.  [It.  proprietario  ; Sp.  pro- 
pietario-,  Fr.  proprietaire .]  A possessor  in  his 
own  right ; one  who  is  master  of  his  own  ac- 
tions, and  who  has  the  free  disposition  of  his 
property  ; a proprietor.  B.  Franklin. 

’T  is  a mistake  to  think  ourselves  stewards  in  some  of.God’s 
gifts,  and  proprietaries  in  others.  Gov.  of  the  Tongue. 

PRO-PRl']J-TA-RY,  a.  Relating  to  a certain  owner 
or  proprietor.  Grew. 

PRO-PRI'  1J-TOR,  n.  [L.  proprius,  peculiar  to  a 
person.]  A possessor  in  his  own  right ; an 
owner ; a proprietary. 

The  exterior  of  this  mansion  [Colonna]  is  indifferent;  but 
its  extent,  its  vast  court,  its  gardens,  and  its  furniture,  arc 
worthy  the  rank  anA  dignity  of  its  proprietor..  Eustace. 

Syn.  — See  Possessor. 

PRO-PRI-^-TO'RI-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a propri- 
etor;  proprietary.  Athenceum. 

PRO-PRI' p-TOR-SII IP,  n.  The  state  or  the  right 
of  a proprietor.  Locke. 

PRO-PRI'JJ-TRESS,  n.  A female  proprietor;  a 
mistress.  L’Estrange. 

PRO-PRl'5-TY,  n.  [L.  proprietas ; proprius, 
peculiar;  ft.  propriety ; Sp.  propiedad ; Fr. 
propriety.] 

1.  Exclusive  right  of  property  ; property. 

They  compounded  with  Sir  Nicholas  Crispe  for  his  pro- 
priety in  the  fort  and  castle.  Clarendon. 

2.  The  state  of  being  proper  ; fitness  ; suita- 
bleness ; justness  ; accuracy  ; appropriateness. 


Common  use,  that  is  the  rule  of  propriety,  affords  some  aid 
to  settle  the  signification  of  language.  Locke. 

Syn. — See  Decency,  Justness,  Modesty. 

PRO-PROC'TOR,  n.  An  assistant  of  a proctor  in 
the  English  universities.  Hook. 

PROPT,  p.  Lam  prop.  Propped.  Pope. 

PRO-PUGN'  (pro-pun'),  v.  a.  [L.  propugno  ; pro, 
for,  and  pugno,  to  fight ; It.  propugnare .]  To 
defend  ; to  vindicate  ; to  contend  for  ; to  plead 
for ; to  advocate,  [it.]  Hammond. 

f PRO-PUG'NA-CLE,  n.  [L.  propugnaculum.\  A 
fortress.  Howell. 

f PRO-PUG-NA'TION,  n.  [L . propugnatio.]  De- 
fence ; vindication.  Shak. 

PRO-PUGN'fiR  (pro-pun'er),  n.  One  who  pro- 
pugns ; a defender.  Cudworth. 

t PRO-PU L-SA'TION,  n.  [L.  propulsatio.]  The 
act  of  repelling.  Bp.  Hall. 

f PRO-PULSE',  v.  a.  [L.  propello,  propulsus.]  To 
drive  away  ; to  repel ; to  propel.  Cotgrave. 

PRO-PUL'SION,  n.  [Sp.  Sj  Fr.  propulsion.]  The 
act  of  driving  forward.  Bacon. 

PRO- PUL'S  I VE,  a.  That  propels;  driving  on; 
propelling.  Coleridge. 

PROP-Y-LJE’  UM,  n.\  pi.  PRX)P-Y-LJE'  A.  [L., 
from  Gr.  npmrlil.atov  ; vpd,  before,  and  nClr/,  a gate:] 
{Ant.)  The  entrance  to  a temple  or  sacred  en- 
closure, consisting  of  a gateway  flanked  by 
buildings.  IF.  Smith. 

PROP ' Y-LON,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  upomlov ; n p6,  be- 
fore, and  nOlp,  a gate.]  {Ant.)  A portico,  gate- 
way, or  entrance  ; a propylteum.  IF.  Smith. 

PRO  RA ' TA.  [L.,  according  to  the  rate.]  {Com.) 
In  proportion. 

PRORE,  n.  [Gr.  upippa  ; np6,  before  ; L.,  It.,  $j  Sp. 
prora.]  The  prow  of  a ship,  [r.] 

These  in  twelve  galleys,  with  vermilion  prores , 

Beneath  his  conduct  sought  the  Phrygian  shores.  Pope. 

PRO-REC'TOR,  n.  An  officer  in  a German  uni- 
versity who  presides  in  the  senate  or  academic 
court.  Month.  Rev. 

PRO-REC'TOR-ATE,  n.  The  office  of  prorector. 

Wm.  Hoivitt. 

PRO-REP'TION,  n.  [L.  prorepo,  to  creep  forth.] 
The  act  of  creeping  onward.  Smart. 

PRO'RO-GATE,  v.  a.  To  prorogue;  to  put  off. 
[r.]  Ld.  Brougham. 

PRO-RO-GA'TION,  n.  [L.  prorogatio  ; It.  proro- 
gazione;  Sp.  prorogation-,  Fr.  prorogation.] 

1.  The  act  of  proroguing  ; continuance  ; pro- 
longation ; postponement;  adjournment. 

The  prorogation  and  future  continuance  of  what  already 
he  possessed.  South. 

2.  In  England,  the  continuance  or  adjourn- 

ment of  Parliament  from  one  session  to  another, 
made  by  the  royal  authority.  Brande. 

3.  {Civil  Law.)  The  time  given  to  do  a thing 

beyond  the  time  prefixed.  Bouvier. 

PRO-ROGUE'  (pro-r5g'),  v.  a.  [L.  prorogo  ; pro, 
forward,  and  rogo,  to  ask  ; It.  prorogare  ; Sp. 
prorogar  ; Fr.  proroger.]  [i.  prorogued  ; pp. 
PROROGUING,  PROROGUED.] 

1.  fTo  lengthen;  to  prolong;  to  protract. 

“ Mirth  prorogues  life.”  Burton. 

2.  To  put  off  to  another  time  ; to  defer  ; to 
delay  ; to  postpone.  “ Death  prorogued."  Shak. 

3.  To  delay  the  further  session  of ; to  ad- 
journ, as  Parliament.  Bacon. 

Syn.  — To  prorogue  is  a term  used  especially  with 
respect  to  the  British  Parliament.  The  Parliament  is 
prorogued  at  the  end  of  a session,  and  adjourned  from 
day  to  day.  Congress,  courts,  &c.,  are  adjourned. 
Prorogation  of  Parliament  ; adjournment  of  Congress, 
or  of  a legislature.  — ^ee  Adjourn. 

PRO-RUP'TION,  n.  [L.  proruptio ; prorumpo, 
proruptvs,  to  break  forth.]  The  act  of  bursting 
forth  or  out ; extrusion  ; outbreak.  Browne. 

PRO-§A  jC,  ? a.  [L.  prosatcus  ; Tt.  8$  Sp.  pro- 

PRO-SA'I-CAL,  > saico  ; Fr.  prosatque.]  Pertain- 
ing to,  consisting  of,  or  resembling,  prose  : — 
dull ; uninteresting  ; prosy.  Warton. 

PRO-§A'l-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a prosaic  manner. 

PRO-§A'l-CI§M,  n.  Prosaic  manner,  [r.]  Seward. 


PRO-§A'I§M  [pro-za'izm,  B. ; pro'z?-Izm,  C.  O. 
Wr.  Wo.],  n.  That  which  is  in  the  form  of 
prose.  Wright. 

PRO- S A ' I ST  [pro-za'ist,  K.  Sm.  Cl.  ; pro'za-Ist,  C. 
Wr.  Wb.],  n.  A writer  of  prose.  [Modern.]  J.  Bell. 

+ PRO'§AL,  a.  Prosaic.  Sir  T.  Browne. 

PRO-SC E' NI-&M,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  rpocKi'iviou  ; 
npd,  before,  and  oxtivti,  stage.] 

1.  {Ant.)  The  stage  of  a theatre.  IF.  Smith. 

2.  The  frontispiece  or  ornamental  frame- 

work whence  the  curtain  hangs  which  separates 
the  stage  from  the  audience.  Brande. 

PRO-SCRIBE',  v.  a.  [L.  proscribo;  pro,  before, 
and  scribo,  to  write  ; It.  proscrivere  ; Sp.  pro- 
scribir;  Fr.  proscrire.]  [*.  proscribed  ; pp. 
PROSCRIBING,  PROSCRIBED.] 

1.  Among  the  ancient  Romans,  to  offer  a re- 

ward for  the  head  of,  or  to  sentence  to  some 
punishment  which  carried  with  it  the  conse- 
quences of  civil  death.  Bouvier. 

2.  To  doom  to  destruction;  to  outlaw;  to 
banish ; to  exile. 

Robert  Vere.  Earl  of  Oxford,  through  the  malice  of  the 
peers,  was  banished  the  realm,  and  proscribed.  Spenser. 

3.  To  denounce,  censure,  or  condemn. 

In  the  year  325,  as  is  well  known,  the  Arian  doctrines 
were  proscribed  and  anathematized  in  the  famous  Council 
of  Nice.  Waicrland. 

4.  To  interdict;  to  prohibit;  to  shut  out;  to 

exclude.  Dryden. 

PRO-SCRIB'^R,  n.  One  who  proscribes.  Dryden. 

PRO'SCRIPT,  n.  1.  An  interdict.  J.  Fox. 

2.  One  who  is  proscribed.  Maunder. 

PRO-SCRIP'TION,  n.  [L.  proscriptio ; It.  prosnri- 
zione  ; Sp.  proscription  ; Fr.  proscription.]  The 
act  of  proscribing,  or  the  state  of  being  pro- 
scribed ; doom  to  death,  or  to  civil  death  ; out- 
lawry ; condemnation  ; denunciation  ; exclusion. 

The  most  celebrated  proscription  [among  the  Romans] 
was  that  of  the  triumvirs  Octavius,  Antony,  and  Lepidus,  in 
which  Cicero  was  slain.  Brande. 

PRO-SCRIP'TIVE,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  consisting 
in,  proscription  ; proscribing.  Warton. 

PRO§E  (proz),  n.  [L.  prosa  ; prorsus,  straight  on, 
straightforward;  It.  &:  Sp.  prosa ; Fr.  prose.] 

1.  Discourse  or  composition  not  in  verse,  and 
without  metre  or  'poetic  measure. 

Things  unattempted  yet  in  prose  or  rhyme.  Milton. 

2.  pi.  A part  of  the  Roman  Catholic  mass  in 

Latin  verse.  Eden. 

PRO§E,  V.n.  [t.  PROSED;  pp.  PROSING,  PROSED.] 

1.  To  write  prose.  Milton. 

2.  To  talk  or  speak  tediously.  Mason. 

figp “To  prose,  as  we  all  now  know  too  well , is  to 

talk  or  write  heavily  or  tediously,  without  spirit  and 
without  animation  ; but  to  prose  was  once  very  differ- 
ent from  this  ; it  was  simply  the  antithesis  of  to  ver- 
sify,  and  a proser  the  antithesis  of  a versifier  or  poet.." 

Trench. 

And  surely  Nashe,  though  he  a proser  were, 

A brancli  of  laurel  yet  deserves  to  bear.  Drayton. 

PRO§E,  a.  Relating  to,  or  consisting  of,  prose  ; 
prosaic  ; not  poetic.  Addison. 

PROS'JE-CUT-A-BLE,  a.  That  maybe  prosecuted; 
liable  to  prosecution.  Qu.  Rev. 

PROS'E-CUTE,  v.  a.  [L.  prosequor,  prosecutus  ; 
pro,  forward,  and  sequor,  to  follow;  It.  prose- 
guire ; Sp.  proseguir ; Fr.  poursuivre.]  [t.  pros- 
ecuted ; pp.  PROSECUTING,  PROSECUTED.] 

1.  To  follow  or  pursue  with  a purpose  to  at- 
tain or  accomplish  ; to  endeavor  to  obtain. 

That  which  is  morally  good  is  to  be  desired  and  prose- 
cuted. Wilkins. 

lie  prosecuted  this  purpose  with  strength  of  argument  and 
close  reasoning.  Locke. 

2.  To  continue  ; to  carry  on ; to  engage  in  ; 
to  apply  to  with  continued  purpose.  Dryden. 

The  same  reason  which  induced  you  to  entertain  this  war 
will  induce  you  also  to  prosecute  the  same.  Hayivard. 

3.  To  pursue  by  law  ; to  take  the  law  of ; to 

arraign ; to  proceed  against  by  legal  meas- 
ures. Bouvier. 

“ To  prosecute  differs  from  to  persecute.  To 
persecute  always  implies  some  cruelty,  malignity,  or 
injustice ; To  prosecute  is  to  proceed  by  legal  measures, 
either  with  or  without  just  cause.”  Johnson. 

PROS'lJ-CUTE,  v.  n.  To  carry  on  a legal  prosecu- 
tion ; to  go  to  law.  Blackstone. 

PROS'E-CUT-ING,  p.  a.  Pursuing;  conducting 
prosecutions;  as,  “ Prosecuting  attorney.” 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RDlE. 


— 9,  9)  sofi  > C,  jG,  £,  g,  hard ; § as  z ; ^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


PROSECUTION 


1144 


PROSTRATE 


PROS-$-CU'TION,  n.  [L.  prosecutio  ; It . prose- 
guimento  ; Sp.  prosecution  ; Fr.  poursuite.) 

1.  The  act  of  prosecuting,  or  the  state  of  be- 

ing prosecuted  ; pursuit;  undertaking.  “Their 
prosecutions  of  commerce.”  Addison. 

2.  (Law.)  The  act  of  conducting  a judicial 
proceeding  : — the  conducting  of  a judicial  pro- 
ceeding in  behalf  of  a complainant,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  defence  : — the  conducting  of  a 
criminal  proceeding  in  behalf  of  the  govern- 
ment, as  by  indictment  or  information.  Burrill. 

PROS'fS-CU-TOR,  n.  [L.]  1.  One  who  prose- 

cutes ; one  who  carries  on,  or  pursues.  Sandys. 

2.  (Law.)  One  who  prosecutes  another  for  a 
crime  in  behalf  of  the  government.  Blackstone. 

PROS'p-CU-TRIX,  n.  A female  who  prosecutes. 

Collin  son. 

PROS'E-LYTE,  n.  [Gr.  T.poatf.i irog  ; Trposfp^o^a i, 
updai/HBov,  to  come  to  ; L.  proselytus ; It.  Sj  Sp. 
proselito ; Fr.  proselyte .] 

1.  A person  brought  over  to  a new  opinion  or 
belief  in  religion  ; a convert.  Matt,  xxiii.  14. 

2.  One  brought  over  to  any  new  opinion. 

Men  become  professors  ...  for  those  opinions  they  were 

never  convinced  of,  nor  proselytes  to.  Locke. 

Syn.  — See  Convert. 

PROS'E-LYTE,  V.  a.  [t.  PROSELYTED  ; pp.  PROS- 
ELYTING, proselyted.]  To  bring  over  to  a 
new  opinion,  as  in  religion  ; to  convert.  South. 

rROS'E-LY-TI^M,  n.  1.  The  practice  or  the  prin- 
ciple of  making  proselytes.  Watson. 

2.  f Conversion.  Hammond. 

PROS'E-LY-TlZE,  v.  a.  [i.  PROSELYTIZED  ; pp. 
proselytizing,  proselytized.]  To  prose- 
lyte ; to  convert,  [r.]  Burke. 

PROS'E-LY-TIZE,  v.  n.  To  make  proselytes  or 
converts,  [r.]  L.  Addison. 

f PRO-SEM-I-NA'TION,  n.  [L . prosemino,  to  sow.] 
Propagation  by  seed.  Hale. 

PROS-EN-NE-A-HE'DRAL,  a.  [Gr.  itp6g,  to,  Ivvia, 
nine,  and  Upa,  a base.]  (Min.)  Noting  crystals 
having  nine  faces  on  each  of  two  adjacent  parts, 
as  a variety  of  the  tourmaline,  in  which  the 
prism  and  ore  of  the  summits  have  each  nine 
faces.  Cleaveland. 

PROS'  If.R,  n.  1.  f A writer  of  prose.  Drayton. 

2.  One  who  proses;  a tedious  narrator. Todd. 

PRO-SER'PI-NA,  n.  ( Astron .)  An  asteroid  dis- 
covered by  Luther  in  1853.  Lovering. 

PRO-SIL'I-EN-CY,  n.  [L.  prosilio,  prosiliens,  to 
leap  forward;  pro,  forward,  and  salio,  to  leap.] 
The  act  of  leaping  forward,  [r.]  Coleridge. 

PRO'lJI-LY,  ad.  In  a prosy  manner.  _ Qu.  Rev. 

PRO-SI-MET'Rj-C  AL,  a.  Consisting  of  both  prose 
and  verse.  Clarke. 

PRO-S/M'I-A , n.  [L.  pro,  for,  and  simia,  an  ape.] 
(Zotil.)  A family  of  lemurs.  Eng.  Cyc. 

PRO'S!-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  prosy  or 
dull ; tediousness.  Gent.  Mag. 

PROIj'ING,  n.  Act  of  one  who  proses;  dull  and 
tiresome  discourse  or  writing.  Qu.  Rev. 

PROVING,  a.  Dull ; tiresome  ; prosaic.  Ec.  Rev. 

PRO— SLA  V'^-RY,  a.  In  favor  of  slavery.  Putnam. 

PROS-O-DI'A-CAL,  a.  Of,  or  relating  to,  prosody ; 
prosodial ; prosodical.  Walker. 

PROS-O-Dl'A-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  aprosodiacal  man- 
ner. Smart. 

PRO-SO'DI-AL,  a.  Relating  to  prosody ; prosod- 
ical. Browne. 

PRO-SO'DI-AN  [pro-so'de-fin,  W.  J.  Ja.  Sm.  Wr. 
Wb. ; pro-so'dyan,  S.  E.  F.  K. ; pm-sod  ’e-an,  7\] , 
n.  One  skilled  in  prosody ; a prosodist.  Browne. 

PRO-SOD'I-CAL,  a.  [Fr.  prosodique.)  Relating 
to  prosody ;"  prosodiacal.  Warton. 

PROS'O-DIST,  n.  One  who  is  versed  in  prosody. 
“ The  exact  prosodist.”  Johnson. 

PROS'O-DY,  il.  [Gr.  rpoebdia ; n pog,  to,  and  0K*d, 
a song,  an  ode  ; L.,  It.,  St  Sp.  prosodia  ; Fr. 
prosodic.)  The  science,  or  the  part  of  grammar, 
which  treats  of  quantity,  accent,  versification, 
and  the  laws  of  harmony  in  metrical  composi- 
tion. B.  Jonson. 

Prosody  deals  with  metre,  and  with  accent,  quantity,  and 
the  articulate  sounds,  as  subordinate  to  metre.  Latham. 


form,  and  yp6<pui,  to  write.]  (Rhet.)  The  de- 
scription of  animated  objects.  Brands. 

I’ROS-O-PO-LEP'SY,  n.  [Gr.  wpoewnohppia,  respect 
of  persons ; n poaumov,  the  face,  and  krjtpig,  a re- 
ceiving, an  accepting ; l.apffa vu>,  to  take.]  Prej- 
udice from  the  first  view  of  a person  ; personal 
partiality.  Cudworth. 

PROS-O-PO-PQE'I A (pios-o-po-pe'ya),  n.  [L.,  from 
Gr.'  itpoaontoittnia  ; rodcuntuv,  a face,  a form,  and 
■noitiii,  to  make.]  (Rhet.)  A figure  by  which  in- 
animate objects,  or  abstract  ideas,  are  personi- 
fied ; personification.  Dryden. 

PROS'PfICT,  n.  [L.  prospectus  ; prospicio,  to  look 
forward ; pro,  forward,  and  specio,  to  look,  to 
see  ; It.  prospetto.) 

1.  View  as  from  a distance ; survey;  sight. 

Eden  and  all  the  coast  in  prospect  lay.  Milton. 

2.  Number  or  aggregate  of  objects  presented 
to  the  eye  at  a distance  ; landscape. 

There  is  a very  noble  jirospect  from  this  place.  On  the 
one  side  lies  a vast  extent  of  seas,  that  runs  abroad  farther 
than  the  eve  can  reach;  just  opposite  stands  the  green  prom- 
ontory of  Surrentum,  and  on  the  other  side  the  whole  circuit 
of  the  Bay  of  Naples.  Addison. 

3.  Place  which  affords  an  extended  view,  [r.] 

Him  God  beholding  from  his  prospect  high.  Milton. 

4.  Object  of  view  or  of  contemplation. 

Man  to  himself 

Is  a large  prospect.  Denham. 

5.  View  into  futurity ; foresight ; anticipation. 

^ Who  hath  a prospect  of  the  different  state  of  perfect  liap- 
piness  or  misery  that  attends  all  men  after  this  life.  Locke. 

6.  Expectation,  or  ground  of  expectation. 

Without  any  reasonable  hope  or  prospect  of  enjoying  them. 

Atterbury. 

7.  Regard  to  something  future  ; a looking 
forward  ; prospection. 

Is  he  a prudent  man,  as  to  his  temporal  estate,  that  lays 
designs  only  for  a day,  without  any  prospect  to,  or  provision 
for,  the  remaining  part  of  his  life  ? Tillotson. 

Syn.  — Prospect  is  that  which  may  be  seen  ; nvieio 
is  that  which  may  be  or  is  actually  seen  ; landscape  is 
a species  of  prospect  presenting  a view  of  natural  sce- 
nery. We  take  a view  or  survey  ; prospects  and  land- 
scapes present  themselves.  A confined  or  extended 
prospect ; an  extensive  view  ; a minute  or  wide  survey  ; 
a beautiful  or  picturesque  landscape. 

PROS'PECT,  v.  n.  1.  To  look  forward.  Johnson. 

2.  To  search  for  metals.  [Local,  XJ.  S.]  “A 
prospecting  party.”  N.  Y.  Literary  World. 

PRO-SPEC'TION,  n.  The  act  of  looking  forward, 
or  providing  for  the  future  ; foresight.  Paley . 

PRO-SPEC'TI  VE,  a.  [L.  prospective.] 

1.  That  regards  the  future  ; looking  forward ; 
future  ; coming  ; — opposed  to  retrosjjcctive. 

Time’s  long  and  dark  prospective  glass.  Milton. 

2.  That  gives  a prospect ; relating  to  a pros- 
pect ; viewing  at  a distance.  Johnson. 

3.  Acting  with  foresight.  Child. 

PRO-SPEC'TI  VE,  n.  1.  A distant  view.  Wotton. 

2.  A glass  for  viewing  distant  objects  ; a per- 
spective. Daniel. 

PRO-SPEC'TI  VE-LY,  ad.  With  reference  to  the 
future;  in  prospect ; hereafter.  Clarke. 

PRO-SPEC'TI  VE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
prospective.  Coleridge. 

PRO-SPEC'Tl'S,  n. ; pi.  pro-spec'ti;s-e§.  [L.,  a 
prospect,  a view.)  An  outline  or  plan  of  a pro- 
posed undertaking,  particularly  of  a proposed 
literary  work  or  publication.  Brande. 

PROS'PEIt,  v.  a.  [L.  prospero  ; pro,  for,  and  spe- 
ro,  to  hope  ; It.  prosperare  ; Sp.  prosperar .]  [i. 
prospered;  pp.  PROSPERING,  prospered.] 
To  make  prosperous  or  successful ; to  cause  to 
succeed  ; to  favor  ; to  aid. 

All  things  concur  to  prosper  our  design.  Dryden. 

Whose  frown  may  disappoint  the  proudest  strain, 

Whose  approbation  2>rosper  even  mine.  Cowper. 

PROS'PIJR,  v.  n.  [Fr.  prosperer.)  To  be  prosper- 
ous or  successful ; to  go  on  well ; to  succeed ; 
to  thrive  ; to  flourish. 

lie  that  covereth  his  sins  shall  not  prosper.  Prov.  xxviii.  13. 

Whatsoever  he  docth  shall  prosper.  Ps.  i.  3. 

Syn.  — See  Flourish. 

PROS-PER'I-TY,  n.  [L . prosperitas ; It.  prosperi- 
ty-, Sp . prosperidaa;  Fr.  prosperity)  The  state 
of  being  prosperous  ; attainment  of  wishes  ; 
success  ; good  fortune  ; — opposed  to  adversity. 

We  must  distinguish  between  felicity  and  prosperity,  for 
prosperity  leads  often  to  ambition,  and  ambition  to  disap- 
pointment. Landor. 

Prosperity  is  the  blessing  of  the  Old  Testament;  adversity 
is  the  blessing  of  the  New,  which  carrieth  the  greater  bene- 
diction and  the  clearer  revelation  of  God’s  favor.  Bacon.  I 


Prosperity  is  not  without  many  fears  and  distastes,  and  ad- 
versity is  not  without  comfort  and  hopes.  Prosperity  best 
discover  vice,  but  adversity  doth  best  discover  virtue.  Bacon. 

PROS'PfHt-OUS,  a.  [L . prosperus It.  Sp.  pros- 
pero-, Fr.  prospero.) 

1.  That  is  prospered  ; successful ; thriving  ; 
flourishing ; fortunate  ; lucky ; felicitous  ; happy. 

2.  That  prospers  ; favorable ; propitious  ; 
auspicious.  “ A prosperous  wind.”  Denham. 

Syn.  — See  Auspicious,  Fortunate,  Happy. 

PROS'PIJR-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  a prosperous  man- 
ner ; successfully  ; fortunately.  Dryden. 

PROS'P£R-oys-N  ESS,  n.  State  of  being  pros- 
perous ; prosperity  ; success.  Johnson. 

PROS'PIIY-SIS,  n.  [Gr.  ttp6<rt]jv(rtg,  a growing  to  ; 
rpdg,  to,  and  tpbin,  to  grow.]  (Med.)  A growing 
together  of  parts  ; — a term  applied  particularly 
to  a morbid  adhesion  of  the  eyelids  with  them- 
selves or  with  the  globe  of  the  eye.  Dunglison. 

+ PRO-SPI''CI-ENCE  (pro-splsh'e-ens),  n.  [L.  pro- 
spicio, prospiciens,  to  look  forward.]  The  act 
of  looking  forward.  Johnson. 

l’ROSS,  n.  Talk  ; gossip.  [Local,  Eng.]  Brockett. 

PROS'TATE,  n.  [Gr.  7r poararew,  to  stand  before.] 
(Anat.)  A glandular,  cordiform  body,  of  the 
size  of  a chestnut,  situated  before  the  neck  of 
the  bladder,  surrounding  the  first  portion  of  the 
urethra.  Dunglison. 

Prostate  gland,  the  prostate  ; so  called  from  its  re- 
semblance to  a gland See  Prostate.  Dunglison. 

PROS-TAT'IC,  a.  (Anat.)  Pertaining  to  the  pros- 
tate. Dunglison. 

PROS-TJ-Ti ' TIS,n.  (Med.)  Inflammation  of  the 
prostate.  Dunglison. 

f PROS-Tf.R-NA'TION,  il.  [L . prosteiiio,  to  pros- 
trate.] Dejection  ; depression.  Feltham. 

t PROS-TE'THIS,  n.  (Med.)  Prothesis.  Bailey. 

PROS'THE-SIS,  11.  [L.,  from  Gr.  npdaOeatg ; rpog, 

to,  and  riBit/ji,  to  place.] 

1.  (Gram.)  A figure  by  which  one  or  more 

letters  are  prefixed  to  a word ; as,  loved,  be- 
loved.  Brande. 

2.  (Med.)  Prothesis.  Dunglison. 

PROS-THET'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  prosthesis;  — 

prefixed  to  a word,  as  a letter.  Qu.  Rev. 

f PROS-TI  B'U-LOUS,  a.  [L.  prostibulum,  a pros- 
titute.] Meretricious.  Rale. 

PROS'TI-TUTE,  v.  a.  [L.  prostituo,  prostitiitus ; 
pro,  before,  and  statuo,  to  place  ; It.  prostituire ; 
Sp . prostituir ; Fr.  prostituer.)  [i.  prostitut- 
ed ; pp.  prostituting,  prostituted.] 

1.  To  sell  to  wickedness;  to  put  out  to  hire 
for  a base  purpose  ; to  appropriate  or  devote 
to  a bad  use  ; as,  “ To  prostitute  talents.” 

I pity  from  my  soul  unhappy  men 
Compelled  by  want  to  prostitute  their  pen; 

Who  must,  like  lawyers,  either  starve  or  plead. 

And  follow,  right  or  wrong,  where  guineas  lead.  Poscommon. 

2.  To  offer  to  a common,  lewd  use  ; to  make 

a prostitute  of ; to  corrupt.  “ Do  not  prostitute 
thy  daughter.”  Lev.  xix.  29. 

PROS'TI-TUTE,  a.  [L.  prostitutus  ; It . prostitui- 
to ; Sp.  prostituto  ; Fr.  prostitue.) 

1.  Sold  to  wickedness ; devoted  for  hire  to  a 

bad  purpose;  prostituted;  corrupted.  “ Pros- 
titute to  infamy  and  hate.”  Drayton. 

2.  Openly  devoted  to  lewdness.  Prior. 

PROS'TI-TUTE,  n.  [L.,  It.,  $ Sp.  prostituta ; Fr. 

prostitute.) 

1.  A person  devoted  for  hire  to  some  base 

purpose  ; a hireling  ; a mercenary.  Pope. 

2.  A woman  devoted  to  common  lewdness;  a 
whore  ; a strumpet ; courtesan  ; harlot.  Dryden. 

PROS-TI-TU'TION,  n.  [L.  prostitutio  ; It.  pro s- 
tituzione ; Sp. prostitution-,  Fr. prostitution.) 

1.  Act  of  selling  or  devoting,  or  state  of  be- 
ing sold  or  devoted,  for  hire  or  gain,  to  a bad 
purpose.  “ The  prostitution  of  justice.”  Bouvier. 

2.  The  common  lewdness  of  a woman  for 
gain  ; the  practice  of  a strumpet.  Addison. 

PROS'TI-TU-TOR,  n.  One  who  prostitutes.  Hurd. 

PROS'TRATE,  a.  [L.  prostratus.) 

1.  Lying  at  length ; thrown  down ; prone  ; 
abject ; prostrated  : — lying  as  in  an  attitude  of 
adoration,  or  as  when  overcome  by  calamity. 

Grovelling  and  prostrate  on  yon  lake  of  fire.  Milton. 

While 2>ro*trate  here  in  humble  grief  I lie.  Pope . 

2.  (Bot.)  Lying  flat  on  the  ground.  Gray. 


PROS-O-POG'RA-PIIY,  n.  [Gr.  irp6 aonrov,  a face,  a 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  5,  tT,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  I,  O,  U,  y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  IIEIR,  HER; 


PROSTRATE 


1145 


PROTESTINGLY 


PRoS'TRATE,  v.  a.  [L.  prosterno,  prostratus ; 
pro,  forward,  and  sterna , to  strew,  to  throw  ; It. 
prostrare  ; Sp.  postrar.)  [i.  prostrated  ; pp. 
PROSTRATING,  PROSTRATED.] 

1.  To  lay  flat ; to  throw  down  ; to  overthrow  ; 
to  overturn  ; to  demolish  ; to  destroy  ; to  ruin. 

A storm  that  all  things  doth  prostrate.  Spenser. 

In  the  streets,  many  they  slew,  and  fired  divers  places, 
prostrating  two  parishes  almost  entirely.  Hayward. 

2.  To  bring  low ; to  exhaust ; to  reduce  ; to 
depress;  as,  “To  be  prostrated  by  sickness.” 

To  prostrate  one’s  self,  to  throw  one’s  self  down  as 
in  adoration  ; to  bow  in  humble  reverence.  Duppa. 

PROS-TRA'TION,  n.  [L.  prostratio ; It.  prostra- 
zione  : Sp.  prostracion  ; Fr.  prostration .] 

1.  The  act  of  prostrating,  or  the  state  of  being 
prostrated;  demolition;  overthrow.  South. 

2.  Exhaustion  ; depression.  “ Prostration 

of  strength.”  Arhuthnot. 

3.  (Med.)  Great  depression  of  strength  ; al- 

most total  loss  of  power  over  the  muscles  of 
locomotion.  . Dunglison. 

PRO'STYLE,  n.  [Gr.itpioruP.ov;  trpd,  before,  and 
aruXos,  a pillar  ; L.  prostylus  ; It.  $ Sp.  prostilo ; 
Fr.  prostyle .]  (Arch.)  A portico  in  which  the 
columns  stand  in  advance  of  the  building  to 
which  they  b'elong.  Britton. 

PRO'§Y,  a.  Partaking  of  the  nature  of  prose  ; 
prosaic: — dull;  tiresome.  Brit.  Crit. 

PRO-SYL'LO-£ISM,  n.  [L.  pro,  before,  and  Eng. 
syllogism.)  (Logic.)  A second  syllogism  prov- 
ing a former  one  : — also  a syllogism  of  which 
one  premise  is  suppressed ; enthymeme.  Brande. 

PRO-TAG'O-NlST,  n.  [Gr.  TtpuiTayonnarfu  ; 7t pSros, 
first,  and  dywviori'/f,  a contender.]  A chief  actor 
in  a theatre.  Dryden. 

PRO  tJjv'TO.  [L.]  (Law.)  For  so  much. 

PROT'A-SIS  [prot'a-sls,  Sm.  R.  ; pro-ta'sjs,  W.  P. 
Ash,  Crabb  ; pro'ta-sls,  Ja.  K.  Wb.),  n.  [L., 
from  Gr.  irporaets ; itporUvot,  to  stretch  out  before 
one,  to  lay  before.] 

1.  A proposition  ; a maxim,  [r.]  Bp.  Morton. 

2.  (Rhet.  & Gram.)  The  first  part  of  a con- 
ditional sentence  : — the  first  part  of  a period. 
— Opposed  to  apodosis.  Andrews.  Brande. 

The  union  of  protasis  and  apodosis  produces  the  compact- 
ness which  is  required  in  the  period.  Gibbs. 

3.  In  the  ancient  drama,  the  first  part  of  a 

dramatic  composition,  serving  to  make  known 
the  characters  and  the  plot  to  the  audience  ; 
exposition.  Brande. 

PRO-TAT'IC,  a.  [Gr.  -porartno; ; L.  protaticus  ; 
Fr.  protatique.)  Appearing  in  the  protasis  of 
an  ancient  play  ; introductory.  Dryden. 

PRO'  TE-4,11.  [From  Proteus.)  (Bot.)  A genus 
of  exogenous  plants  bearing  hermaphrodite 
flowers.  Eng.  Cyc. 

PRO'TjE-AN  [pro'te-an,  K.  C.  O.  Cl.  Wb.  Richard- 
son ; Wr. ; pro-te'an,  Sm.],  a.  Relating  to  Prote- 
us ; assuming  different  shapes.  Cudworth. 

PRO'TE-AN-LY,  ad.  Like  Proteus.  Cudworth. 

PRO-TECT',  v.  a.  [L.  protego,  protectus  ; pro,  be- 
fore, and  tego,  to  cover  ; It.  proteggere  ; Sp.  pro- 
teger ; Fr.  proteger.)  \i.  protected  ; pp.  pro- 
tecting, protected.]  To  cover  or  shield  from 
evil  or  injury  ; to  shelter  ; to  defend  ; to  guard ; 
to  fortify ; to  keep  or  preserve  in  safety  ; to 
screen  ; to  shroud.  “ The  law  protects  us 
not.”  Shak. 

For  ’gainst  the  height  of  Ilion  you  never  shall  prevail; 

Jove  with  his  hand  protects  it,  and  makes  the  soldiers  hold. 

Chapman. 

Even  so  does  God  protect  us,  if  we  be 

Virtuous  and  wise.  Wordsworth. 

Syn.  — See  Depend,  Keep. 

PRO-TECT'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a protecting  manner. 

PRO-TEC'TION,  n.  [L.  protectio  ; It.  protezione  ; 
Sp.  proteccion ; Fr  .protection.) 

1.  The  act  of  protecting,  or  the  state  of  being 
protected  ; shelter  from  evil ; defence.  Shak. 

If  the  weak  might  find  protection  from  the  mighty,  they 
could  not  with  justice  lament  their  condition.  Swift. 

2.  That  which  protects  or  shields  ; a shield. 

Let  them  rise  up  and  help  you,  and  be  your  protection. 

Devt.  xxxii.  38. 

3.  A writing  or  instrument  which  protects  or 
secures  exemption  from  molestation.  “ He  had 
a protection  during  the  rebellion.”  Johnson. 


4. ' A freedom  from  arrest  granted  to  a bank- 
rupt, pending  the  adjustment  of  his  accounts, 
and  before  he  obtains  his  certificate.  Simmonds. 

5.  A document  given  by  a notary  public  to  a 

seaman  or  other  person  going  abroad,  certifying 
that  the  bearer  named  therein  is  a citizen  of  the 
United  States.  Bouvier. 

PRO-TEC 'TION-IST,  n.  One  who  favors  the  pro- 
tection by  law  of  some  branch  or  branches  of 
manufacture,  or  of  some  production.  Ch.  Ob. 

PRO-TEC'TIVE,  a.  That  protects;  affording  pro- 
tection ; defensive.  Feltham. 

PRO-TEC' TOR,  n.  [L.  ; It.  protettore  ; Sp.  pro- 
tector-, Fr.  protecteur.) 

1.  One  who  protects  : a defender  ; a guardian. 

The  Kiijg  of  Spain,  who  is  protector  of  the  common- 
wealth. Addison. 

2.  Formerly,  in  England,  an  officer  who  had 

the  care  of  the  kingdom  in  the  king’s  minority  ; 
a regent.  Shak. 

3.  The  title  of  the  representative  of  a Roman 

Catholic  nation  or  religious  order  at  the  court 
of  Rome.  London  Ency. 

165“  “ Cromwell  took  the  title  of  1 Lord  Protector 
of  the  Commonwealth  of  England,  Scotland,  and  Ire- 
land ’ on  the  12tli  Dec.,  1653.”  Brande. 

PRO-TEC 'TOR- AL,  a.  Relating  to  a protector  ; 
protectorial.  Ec.  Rev. 

PRO-TEC 'TOR- ATE,  n.  [It.  protettorato  ; Sp.  pro- 
tectoria ; Fr.  protectorat.) 

1.  Government  by  a protector  ; — applied  in 

history  particularly  to  the  government  of  Eng- 
land by  Cromwell.  Wood. 

2.  Authority  assumed  by  one  nation  over  an 

inferior  one.  Wright. 

PRO-TEC-TO'RI-AL,  a.  Relating  to  a protector  ; 
protectoral.  Noble. 

PRO-TEC 'TOR-LESS,  a.  Having  no  protector  ; 
without  a protector.  Wright. 

PRO-TEC'TOR-SHIP,  n.  The  state  or  the  office  of 
a protector ; protectorate.  Burnet. 

PRO-TEC'TR^SS,  n.  [Fr.  protectrice .]  A woman 
who  protects.  Bacon. 

PRO-TEC'TRIX,  n.  A protectress.  Scott. 

PROTEGE  (pro-te-zha'),  n.  [Fr.,  from  proteger, 
to  protect.]  One  under  the  protection  or  care 
of  another.  Ed.  Rev. 

PROTEGEE  (pro-te-zha'),  n.  [Fr.]  A female  who 
is  under  the  protection  of  another.  Qu.  Rev. 

PRO-Tg-I-NA  CEODS,  ) a_  Pertaining  to  prote- 

PRO-TE'I-NOUS,  ) ine.  Dunglison. 

PRO'TE-INE,  n.  [Gr.  wpurrbw,  to  be  first;  upwi-of, 
first: — in  allusion  to  its  occupying  the  first 
place  in  relation  to  the  albuminous  principles. 
Eng.  Cyc.)  (Chem.)  A name  applied  by  Mulder 
to  a substance  regarded  by  him  as  the  basis  of 
albumen,  fibrine,  and  caseine,  closely  resembling 
them  in  composition,  but  not,  like  them,  con- 
taining any  sulphur,  nor,  like  the  two  foriher, 
any  phosphorus.  By  other  chemists,  it  having 
never  been  procured  free  from  sulphur,  its  ex- 
istence as  a distinct  substance  is  denied.  Miller. 

It  was  through  his  researches  on  protcine  that 
Mulder  came  to  the  conclusion  that  certain  vegetable 
and  animal  compounds,  as  fibrine,  albumen,  legu- 
mine,  gluten,  &c.,  were  first  formed  in  the  vegetable 
before  they  are  appropriated  by  the  animal.  Eng.  Cyc. 

PRO  TEM'PO-RE.  [L.]  For  the  time  or  occa- 
sion. Booth. 

f PRO-TEND',  v.  a.  To  hold  out;  to  stretch  forth. 

With  his  protended  lance  he  makes  defence.  Dryden. 

t PRO-TENSE',  n.  Extension.  Spenser. 

PRO-TJJR-AN'THOUS,  a.  [Gr.  irpoirof,  first,  and 
undo;,  a flower.]  (Bot.)  Noting  plants  whose 
leaves  appear  before  their  flowers.  Lindley. 

PRO-TER'VI-TY,  n.  [L.  protervitas ; protervus, 
bold.]  Peevishness ; petulance,  [it.]  Bullokar. 

PRO-TEST',  v.  n.  [L.  protestor ; pro,  forth,  and 
testor,  to  bear  witness,  to  aver  ; It.  protestare  ; 
Sp.  protestor ; Fr.  protester.)  [i.  protested  ; 
pp.  protesting,  protested.] 

1.  To  give  a solemn  declaration  of  opinion  or 
resolution  ; to  declare  or  affirm  with  solemnity. 


I have  long  loved  her,  and,  I protest  to  you,  bestowed 
much  on  her.  £/ta£. 

He  protests  against  your  votes,  and  swears 
He  ’ll  not  be  tried  by  any  but  his  peers.  Denham. 

2.  To  make  a formal  declaration  in  writing 
against  any  public  law  or  measure.  Bright. 

PRO-TEST',  v.  a.  1.  fTo  give  evidence  of;  to 
show  ; to  prove.  Shak. 

2.  To  call,  as  a witness;  to  appeal  to. 

Fiercely  they  opposed 
My  journey  strange,  with  clamorous  uproar 
Protesting  fate  supreme.  Milton. 

3-  To  make  solemn  declaration  of ; to  assert ; 
to  affirm  ; as,  “To protest  one’s  innocence.” 

To  protest  a bill  or  a note,  to  cause  a formal  state- 
ment to  be  made  in  writing  by  a public  notary,  under 
seal,  that  the  bill  or  note  was,  on  a certain  day,  pre- 
sented for  acceptance  or  payment,  and  that  such  ac- 
ceptance or  payment  was  refused,  thereby  making  a 
claim  against  tile  parties  for  the  loss  or  damage  which 
may  arise  to  the  holder.  Burrill. 

l’RO'TEST,  or  PROT'EST  (114)  [pro'test,  J.  E.  Ja. 
K.  Wb.-,  pro-test' or  prot'est,  W. ; prot'est,  Sm. 
R.  Ash,  Nares,  Entick;  pro-test',  S.  P.  /•’.] , n. 

1.  A solemn  declaration  of  opinion,  common- 
ly against  something.  Chaucer.  Shak. 

2.  A declaration  in  writing  of  dissent  from  a 
motion,  resolution,  or  other  proceeding  agreed 
to  by  a majority  of  a legislative  body.  Brande. 

3.  (Law.)  A notarial  act  made  for  want  of 
payment  of  a promissory  note,  or  for  want  of 
acceptance  or  payment  of  a bill  of  exchange,  by 
which  it  is  declared  that  all  parties  to  such  in- 
struments will  be  held  responsible  to  the  holder 
for  all  damages,  exchanges,  &c. : — a declaration 
made  by  a master  of  a vessel  before  a notary, 
consul,  or  other  authorized  officer,  at  the  first 
port  reached  after  some  damage  sustained  by 
stress  of  weather,  stating  the  particulars,  and 
showing  that  the  damage  was  not  occasioned 
by  his  misconduct  or  neglect.  Bouvier.  Burrill. 

When  a protest  [of  a note  or  a bill]  is  made,  and  notice  of 
the  non-payment  or  non-acceptance  given  to  the  parties  in 
proper  time,  they  will  be  held  responsible.  Bouvier. 

To  note  a protest,  to  make  a declaration,  as  a mas- 
ter of  a vessel,  before  a notary  or  a consul,  in  regard  to 
some  damage  sustained  by  stress  of  weather.  Burrill. 

USy  “The  first  pronunciation  [pro-test']  of  this 
word  is  adopted  by  Mr.  Sheridan,  Mr.  Scott,  Dr.  Ken- 
rick,  Mr.  Smith,  Mr.  Perry,  Buchanan,  Barclay,  Bai- 
ley, and  Fenning ; and  the  second  [prot'est]  by  Mr. 
Nares,  Dr.  Asb,  Dr.  Johnson,  and  Entick.  As  this 
substantive  was  derived  from  the  verb,  it  had  former- 
ly the  accent  of  the  verb  ; and  that  this  accent  was 
the  most  prevailing  appears  from  the  majority  of  au- 
thorities in  its  favor.  But  the  respectable  authorities 
for  the  second  pronunciation,  and  the  pretence  of  dis- 
tinguishing it  from  the  verb,  may  very  probably  es- 
tablish it,  to  the  detriment  of  the  sound  of  the  lan- 
guage, without  any  advantage  to  its  signification.” 
Walker. 

PROT'ES-TAN-CY,  n.  Protestantism.  “ Protes- 
tancy  is  called  to  the  bar.”  [r.]  Chillmgworth. 

PROT'ES-TANT,  n.  [It.  § Sp.  protestante  ; Fr. 
protestant .]  Originally,  one  of  the  reformers  of 
North  Germany,  adherents  to  Luther,  who,  in 
the  year  1529,  protested  against  the"  decree  of 
the  Imperial  Diet  held  at  Spires.  The  name  is 
now  given  to  a member  of  any  of  the  various 
denominations  of  Christians  which  have  sprung 
from  the  adoption  of  the  principles  of  the  Ref- 
ormation. Brande. 

PROT'IJS-tAnT,  a.  Belonging  or  pertaining  to 
Protestants.  Addison. 

t PROT-ES-TAN'TI-CAL,  a.  Of,  or  pertaining  to, 
Protestants.  Bacon. 

PROT'JJS-TANT-lfJM,  n.  The  principles  or  the 
religion  of  Protestants.  Burke. 

PROT'ES-TANT-LY,  ad.  In  conformity  to  Prot- 
estants. Milton. 

PROT-ES-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  protestatio  ; It.  pro- 
testazione  ; Sp.  protestation  ; Fr.  protestation.) 

1.  The  act  of  protesting ; a solemn  declara- 
tion ; asseveration.  Hooker. 

2.  A solemn  declaration  of  dissent.  Clarendon. 

3.  (Law.)  An  oblique  allegation  or  denial  of 

some  fact  protesting  that  it  does  or  does  not 
exist,  and  at  the  same  time  avoiding  a direct 
affirmation  or  denial.  Burrill. 

PROT'ps-TA-TOR,  n.  A protester,  [n.]  Bright. 

PRO-TEST'IJR,  n.  One  who  protests.  Atterbury. 

PRO-TEST' ING-Ly,  ad.  By  way  of  protestation. 


MiEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 
144 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  £,  9,  £,  soft ; £,  <4,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  y as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


PROTEUS 


1146 


PROVE 


PRO'TEUS,  or  PRO'TF.-US,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr. 
npwrfuj.] 

1.  (Gr.  Myth.)  A sea-god  who  possessed  the 
power  of  prophecy,  and  of  changing  himself 
into  different  shapes  : — a turncoat.  \V.  Smith. 

2.  (Bot.  & Zoiil.)  A genus  of  infusorial  plants 
which  never  for  a minute  preserve  the  same 
form.  Agassiz.  — A genus  of  batrachians,  which 
preserve  their  branchiae  through  life.  Brande. 

PRO-THA-LA 'MI-ON,  n.  [Gr.  npd,  for,  and  0dla- 
pos,  a bride-chamber.]  A nuptial  song  or  po- 
em ; an  epithalamium.  Drayton. 

PROTH'E-SIS,  n.  [Gr.  irpiq,  to,  and  riOrnit,  to  put.] 

1.  (Surg.)  The  addition  of  some  artificial  part 
to  the  human  body,  as  a wooden  leg.  Dunglison. 

2.  (Eccl.)  The  place  in  a church  on  which  the 

elements  in  the  eucharist  are  placed  previous  to 
their  being  laid  as  an  oblation  on  the  altar  ; — 
called  also  credence.  Hook. 

PRO-TIION'O-TA-RY,  n.  [Low  L.  protonotarius, 
from  Gr.  npthro;,  first,  and  L.  notorius,  a scribe ; 
It.  Sg  Sp.  protonotario  ; Fr.  protonotaire .] 

1.  One  of  the  principal  notaries  of  the  emper- 
ors of  Constantinople.  Brande. 

2.  A chief  clerk  in  the  English  Court  of 
King's  Bench  and  Common  Pleas.  Whishaw. 

it3j“Tliis  office  was  abolished  on  the  establishment 
of  the  modern  office  of  masters.  Burrill. 

3.  One  of  the  twelve  chief  notaries  or  secreta- 

ries of  the  Court  of  Rome  ; — also  called  apos- 
tolical prothonotary.  Brande. 

4.  In  some  of  the  American  states,  the  chief 

clerk  of  a court.  Burrill. 

PRO-THON'O-TA-RY-SHiP,  n.  The  state  or  the 
office  of  a prothonotary.  Carexv. 

PRO-THO'RAX,  n.  [Gr.  rrpi,  before,  and  9ihpa(,  a 
breast-plate,  the  thorax.]  (Ent.)  The  first  seg- 
ment of  the  thorax.  Brande. 

PRO  'TO.  [Gr.  irpiirof,  first ; It.  <Sr  Sp.  proto.) 

1.  A prefix  expressing  priority;  as,  “ Proto- 
martvr,”  the  first  martyr. 

2.  (Chem.)  A prefix  noting  the  combination 

of  one  equivalent  of  an  element  or  a component 
with  another  body  ; as,  “ Profo-chloride  of  tin,” 

i.  e.  a compound  of  one  equivalent  of  chlorine 
and  one  of  tin.  Graham. 

PRO'TO-COL,  n.  [Low  L.  protocollum ; It.  pro- 
tocol^ ; Sp .protocolo;  Fr.  protocole. — Derived, 
according  to  some,  from  Gr.  rrptiro;,  first,  and 
kw).ov,  a member,  or,  according  to  others,  from 
Gr.  jrpuros,  first,  and  soXla,  glue,  in  allusion  to 
the  first  sheet  glued  in  a book.  Richardson .] 
The  first  draught  or  original  copy  of  a despatch, 
treaty,  or  other  instrument.  Brande. 

PRO'TO-COL,  v.  n.  To  form  propositions  or  first 
draughts.  C'h.  Ob. 

PRO'TO-COL-IST,  n.  In  Russia,  a register  or 
clerk.  Smart. 

PRO'TO-GlNE,  n.  [Fr.  protogync .]  (Min.)  A 
talcose  granite.  Dana. 

PRO-TO-MAR'TYR,  n.  [Gr.  irpChros,  first,  and 
paprvp,  a witness.] 

1.  The  first  martyr ; — a term  applied  to  St. 

Stephen.  Bp.  Hall. 

2.  The  first  who  suffers  or  who  is  sacrificed 

in  a cause.  Dryden. 

PRO'TO-PLA§M,  n.  [Gr.  iroSros,  first,  and  vl.aepa, 
something  moulded.]  (Bot.)  The  soft,  nitroge- 
nous lining  or  contents  of  cells.  Gray. 

PRO'TO-PLAST,  n.  [Gr.  itptnroit?.aar6;,  first- 
formed  ; t rpcoros,  first,  and  -n lacao,  to  form ; L. 
protoplastus,  a protoplast  ; It.  protoplasto .]  A 
thing  first  formed  as  a model,  to  be  followed  af- 
terwards ; a prototype  ; an  examplar. 

Adam  was  set  up  as  our  great  protoplast.  Olanvill. 

PRO-TO-PLAS'TIC,  a.  First  formed.  Howell. 

PRO'TO-POPE,  n.  [Gr.  irp&ro;,  first,  and  Eng. 
pope.]  The  chief  pope  or  the  imperial  confessor, 
an  officer  of  the  supreme  spiritual  court  of  the 
Greek  church  in  Russia.  Wright. 

PRO-  TOP  1 TE-R  US,  n.  (Zoiil.)  A genus  of  aquatic 
animals  deemed  to  be  fishes  by  some,  and  rep- 
tiles by  others.  Baird. 

PRO'TO-SALT,  n.  (Chem.)  A term  applied  to 
oxysalts  whose  base  is  a protoxide,  as  proto- 
sulphate of  lead;  — applied  also  to  haloid  and 
analogous  salts  containing  only  one  equivalent 


of  their  electro-negative  element  or  compo- 
nent, as  protochloride  of  tin,  protocyanide  of 
iron.  Miller. 

PRO-TO-SUL'PHATE,  n.  (Chem.)  A compound 
of  sulphuric  acid  and  a protoxide.  Graham. 

PRO'TO-TYPE,  n.  [Gr.  npurdroirov  ; vpwrof,  first, 
and  Timor,  type ; L.  prototypus ; It.  Sp.  pro- 
tot  ipo  ; Fr.  prototype.)  The  original  pattern 
or  model  of  a thing  that  may  be  copied ; anti- 
type ; protoplast ; exemplar  ; example  ; arche- 
type. 

The  clay  design  of  the  sculptor  is  the  -prototype  of  the 
statue  to  be  afterwards  executed  in  marble.  Fan-holt. 

PRO-TOX'IDE,  n.  (Chem.)  A substance  not  pos- 
sessed of  acid  properties,  and  composed  of  one 
equivalent  of  oxygen  and  one  of  another  ele- 
ment. Graham. 

Protoxide  of  nitrogen,  (Cliem.)  a compound  of  one 
equivalent  of  oxygen  and  one  of  nitrogen  ; nitrous  ox- 
ide ; gaseous  oxide  of  azote  ; exhilarating  gas  ; laugh- 
ing gas  ; — discovered  by  Priestley,  and  called  by  him 
dephlo gisticated  nitrous  air. 

PRO-TOX'I-DIZE,  v.  a.  To  oxidize  in  the  first 
degree.  Brande. 

PRO-TO-ZO'A,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  irpdros,  first,  and  (dor, 
an  animal.]  (Zoiil.)  A term  applied  by  some 
zoiilogists  to  the  lowest  forms  of  animal  life, 
and  corresponding  at  the  present  day  with  the 
true  infusoria.  Baird. 

PRO-TO-ZO'IC,  a.  (Gcol.)  Noting  the  lowest 
system  of  rocks  in  which  the  traces  of  any  or- 
ganic structure  have  been  discovered.  Hoblyn. 

PRO-TRACT’,  v.  a.  [L.  protraho,  protractus  ; pro, 
forth,  and  traho,  to  draw  ; It.  protrarre.)  \i. 
PROTRACTED  ; pp.  PROTRACTING,  PROTRACT- 
ED.] 

1.  To  draw  out ; to  lengthen  the  duration  or 
continuance  of ; to  spin  out  in  length. 

The  long  defence  the  people  made, 

The  war  ijrotr acted,  and  the  siege  delayed.  Dryden. 

2.  To  put  off  to  another  time  ; to  postpone ; 

to  delay  ; to  defer.  Richardson. 

3.  (Surveying .)  To  plot,  lay  down,  or  draw  to 

a scale.  Davies. 

f PRO-TRACT',  n.  Tedious  continuance.  Spenser. 

PRO-TRACT'£D,y>.  a.  Drawn  out  or  lengthened 
in  time  : — put  off;  postponed;  delayed. 

Ilidcs  from  himself  his  state,  and  shuns  to  know 

That  life  protracted  is  protracted  woe.  Johnson. 

PRO-TRAcT'ED-LY,  ad.  In  a protracted  manner. 

PRO-TltACT' JJR,  it.  One  who  protracts  ; protractor. 

PRO-TRAcT'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  lengthening 
in  time.  Hall. 

2.  (Surveying.)  Act  or  process  of  plotting, 
or  laying  down  the  dimensions  taken  in  the 
field.  Hutton. 

PRO-TRACT'ING-PIN,  n.  A finely-pointed  pin 
or  needle  fitted  into  a handle  ; — used  to  prick 
oft'  degrees  and  minutes  from  the  limb  of  a pro- 
tractor. Hutton. 

PRO-TrAC'TION,  n.  [L.  protractio  ; It . protra- 
zionc.) 

1.  The  act  of  protracting,  or  of  lengthening 
in  duration  or  continuance  ; continuation. 

As  to  the  fhbulous  protractions  of  the  ape  of  the  world  by 
the  Egyptians,  they  are  uncertain,  idle  traditions.  Hale. 

2.  The  act  of  putting  off  or  delaying;  post- 
ponement. 

The  other  manager  very  complaisantly  received  it  again, 
and  had  recourse  to  the  old  mystery  of  protraction,  which  he 
exercised  with  such  success  that  the  season  was  almost  eon- 
sumed  before  lie  could  atiord  it  a reading.  Smollett. 

3.  (Surveying.)  The  act  or  process  of  plotting 
or  drawing  to  a scale  ; protracting.  Hutton. 

PRO-TRAC'TIVE,  a.  Tending  to  protract;  dila- 
tory; prolonging;  delaying;  spinning  to  length. 

He  saw,  but  suffered,  their  protractive  arts.  Dryden. 

PRO-TffACT'Olt,  n.  1.  One  who  protracts  ; a pro- 
tracter.  Sherwood. 

2.  (Surveying.)  An  instrument  for  laying  off 

angles  in  plotting.  Davies. 

JCSf  There  are  three  principal  forms  of  the  protract- 
or, the  circular,  the  semicircular,  and  tile  rectangular. 

3.  (Med.)  An  instrument  for  drawing  extra- 
neous bodies  out  of  a wound.  Hoblijn. 

f PRO-TREP'TI-CAL,  a.  [Gr.  trporptirTiKos.)  . Hor- 
tatory ; persuasive  ; suasory.  Ward. 

PRO-TRUDE',  V.  a.  [L.  protrudo  ; pro,  forth,  and 
ti-udo,  to  thrust.]  [i.  protruded;  pp.  pro- 


truding, protruded.]  To  push  on  or  for- 
ward ; to  thrust  forward  ; to  shoot  or  project  out. 

He,  when  youn"  Spring  protrudes  the  bursting  germs, 

Marks  the  first  bud,  and  sucks  the  healthful  gale 

Into  his  freshened  soul.  Thomson. 

PRO-TRLiDE',  v.  n.  To  move  or  be  thrust  for- 
ward  ; to  jut  out.  Bacon. 

PRO-TRU'SILE,  a.  Capable  of  being  protruded 
and  withdrawn.  Wright. 

PRO-TRU'§ION  (pro-tru'zhuri,  93),  n.  The  act  of 
protruding,  or  the  state  of  being  protruded ; 
thrust ; push.  Broume. 

PRO-TRU'SIVE,  a.  That  protrudes;  thrusting 
or  pushing  forward.  Todd. 

PRO-TU'BER-ANCE,  > [L. protuhero,  prot ube- 

PRO-TU'BBR-AN-CY,  ) rails,  to  bulge  out ; It. 
protuberanzd ; Sp.  protuberancia ; Fr  .protube- 
rance^) A part  projecting  out ; an  elevation  ; a 
swelling ; a prominence. 

Even  those  rudely-scattered  mountains,  that  seem  hut  so 
many  wens  and  unnatural  protuberances  upon  the  face  of 
the  earth,  if  you  consider  but  of  what  consequence  they  are. 

. . . you  may  deem  them  ornaments  as  well  as  useful.  ‘More. 

PRO-TU'BpR-ANT, a.  Swelling;  prominent;  pro- 
jecting. “ A pulpous,  protuberant  knob.”  More. 

Syn.  — See  Prominent. 

PRO-TU'BgR-ANT-LY,  ad.  In  a protuberant 
manner.  Dr.  Allen. 

PRO-TU'BER-Ate,  v.n.  [L.  protubero,  protube- 
ratus;  pro,  forth,  and  tubero,  to  bulge.]  To 
bulge ; to  swell  out.  Sharp. 

PRO-TU-BER-A'TION,  11.  The  act  of  protuberat- 
ing ; a swelling.  Cooke. 

f PRO-TU'BER-OUS,  a.  Protuberant.  Smith. 

PROUD,  a.  [A.  S . prit, prut,  proud;  Dut .preutsch, 
prat ; Icel.  prudr,  civil.] 

1.  Possessing  pride,  or  inordinate  self-esteem  ; 
overvaluing  one’s  self ; conceited  ; vain. 

The  proudest  admirer  of  his  own  parts  might  find  it  useful 
to  consult  with  others,  though  of  inferior  capacity.  Watts. 

High  as  the  mother  of  the  gods  in  place, 

And  proud , like  licr,  of  an  immortal  race.  Dryden. 

2.  Arrogant ; haughty  ; lordly  ; supercilious. 

A foe  so  proud  will  not  the  weaker  seek.  Milton. 

3.  Daring  ; presumptuous  ; unabashed. 

The  proud  attempt  thou  hast  repelled.  Milton. 

4.  Grand  of  mien  or  person  ; stately. 

He,  like  a proud  steed  reined,  went  haughty  on.  Milton. 

5.  Ostentatious,  as  applied  to  things  ; lofty  ; 

grand.  “ Proud  titles.”  Shah. 

The  palace  built  by  Picus,  vast  and  proud , 

Supported  by  a hundred  pillars  stood.  Dryden. 

6.  Salacious;  eager  for  the  male; — applied 

to  female  brutes  when  the  parts  of  generation 
swell.  Browne. 

Proud  flesh,  flesh  puffed  up  ; a fungous  excrescence 
in  a wound  or  an  ulcer;  fungosity.  Dunglison. 

PROUD'— HeArt-£D,  a.  Having  a proud  spirit. 
“ Proud-hearted  Warwick.”  Shah. 

PROUD'ISII,  a.  Somewhat  proud.  Ash. 

PROUD'LY,  ad.  In  a proud  manner  ; haughtily. 

f PROUD'—  MlND-gD,  a.  Proud  in  mind.  Shah. 

PROV'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  proved.  Chaucer. 

PROV'A-BLY,  ad.  In  a manner  capable  of  proof ; 
so  as  to  be"  proved.  Huloet. 

f PROV'ANT,  P M [Fv.  provende.)  Provender; 

f PROV'IJND,  > provision.  Drayton. 

PROVE,  v.  a.  [L.  probo  ; probus,  excellent ; It. 
provarc  ; Sp.  probar  ; Fr.  pr ouver.  — A.  S.  pro- 
fan  ; Dut.  proeven ; Ger.  prifen,  proben,  or 
probieren-,  Dan . prove,  probere  ■,  Icel.  prof  a ; Sw. 
prilfwa,  probera.  — W.  prof,  provi.)  [i.  proved  ; 
pp'.  proving,  proved.  — In  Scotland,  proven.] 

1.  To  confirm  or  establish  by  experiment,  tes- 
timony, or  argument ; to  make  appear  certain  ; 
to  convince;  to  demonstrate;  to  manifest;  to 
verify  ; to  show  ; to  evince. 

If  on  the  book  itself  we  cast  our  view, 

Concurrent  heathens  prove  the  story  true.  Dn/dcn. 

2.  To  make  trial  of ; to  try  ; to  test. 

Prove  all  things;  hold  fast  that  which  is  good.  1 Thess.  v.  21. 

3.  To  try  by  suffering  or  encountering. 

Tint  life  can  never  be  sincerely  blest; 

Heaven  punishes  the  bad,  and  proves  the  best.  Dryden. 


A,  E,  !,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


PROVE 


1147 


PROVISORY 


4.  To  publish  according  to  the  law  of  testa- 
ments, before  the  proper  officer.  Spelmcm. 

To  prove  masteries , to  make  trial  of  skill ; to  try 
who  lias  the  mastery.  Knolles. 

Syn.  — See  Demonstrate,  Show. 

PROVE,  v.  n.  1.  To  make  trial  or  experiment; 
to  make  an  assay. 

2.  To  be  found  by  experience  to  be  ; to  be 
found  in  the  event;  to' turn  out;  to  issue. 

Lest,  on  threshing-floor,  his  hopeful  sheaves 
Trove  chaff.  Stilton . 

Hoping  they  should  immortal  prove.  Waller. 

3.  fTo  be  successful;  to  succeed.  “If  the 

experiment  proved  not.”  Bacon. 

f PRO  V $CT,  a.  [Fr.  provecte.]  Advanced.  “ Pro- 
ved in  years.”  Sir  T.  Elypt. 

PRO-VED'I-TOR,  n.  [It.  proveditore  ; provedere, 
to  provide.]  An  officer  who  furnishes  supplies 
and  provisions  for  the  army  ; one  who  provides  ; 
a purveyor.  Bp.  Taylor. 

f PROV-JJ-DORE',  n.  A proveditor.  Friend. 

PROVEN  (prov'vn),  p.  from  prove.  Proved. 

Count  o’er  the  rosary  of  truth, 

And  practise  precepts  that  are  proven  wise.  P.J.  Bailey. 

fgjp-  The  participle  proven  is  used  in  Scotland  and 
in  some  parts  of  the  United  States,  and  sometimes, 
though  rarely,  in  England.  — “ There  is  a mighty  dif- 
ference between  not  proven  and  disproven .”  Chalmers. 

“ The  only  thing  proven  in  this  matter.,,  Ec.  Rev . 

PROV'lJNCE-R6§E,  n.  ( Bot .)  A variety  of  the 
common  rose  ; cabbage-rose  ; — written  also 
province-rose.  Booth. 

PRO-VEN'CIAL  (pro-ven'sh?l),  a.  [Fr.  Provencal .] 
Of,  or  belonging  to,  Provence,  in  France.  Tocld: 

PROV'JJN-DIJR,  n.  [L.  provido,  providenda,  to 
provide;  It.  profenda ; Fr.  provende.  — Dut., 
Ger.,  .5;  S w.  proviant.  Diez.\  Dry  food  for  brutes ; 
hay,  corn,  or  oats. 

For  a fortnight  before  you  kill  them,  feed  them  with  hay 
or  other  provender.  Mortimer. 

PROV'ER,  n.  He  w'ho,  or  that  which,  proves. 

PROV'£RB,  n.  [L.  proverbium-,  pro,  for,  and 
verbum,  a word ; It.  <Sj  Sp.  proverbio ; Fr.  pro- 
verbe .] 

1.  A common  and  pithy  expression  which 
embodies  some  moral  precept  or  admitted  truth ; 
a sententious  maxim  ; a familiar  saying  ; an 
aphorism ; a saw  ; an  adage  ; a by-word. 

The  genius,  wit,  and  spirit  of  a nation  are  discovered  in 
its  proverbs.  Bacon. 

J'roverbs  are,  for  the  most  part,  rules  of  moral,  or,  still  more 
properly,  of  prudential  conduct.  Brande. 

Proverbs  embody  the  current  and  practical  philosophy  of 
an  age  or  nation.  Fleming. 

A proverb  is  the  wit  of  one  and  the  wisdom  of  many. 

Lord  John  Russell. 

2.  A short  dramatical  composition,  in_  which 

some  proverb  or  popular  saying  is  taken  as  the 
foundation  of  the  plot.  Brande. 

3.  (Bible.)  A parable  ; , a figure. 

These  things  have  I spoken  unto  you  in  proverbs. 

John  xvi.  24. 

4.  pi.  One  of  the  books  of  the  Old  Testament. 

Syn.  — See  Axiom. 

t PROV'^RB,  v.  n.  To  utter  proverbs.  Milton. 

f PROV'JJRB,  v.  a.  1.  To  mention  in  a proverb. 
Am  I not  sung  and  pr overbed  for  a fool 
In  every  street?  Milton. 

2.  fTo  provide  with  a proverb.  Shak. 

PRO-VER'BI-AL,  a.  [L.  proverbialis ; It.  prover- 
biale  ; Sp.  & Fr.  proverbial.] 

1.  Mentioned  or  comprised  in  a proverb. 

“ Ptoverbial  speeches.”  Pope. 

2.  Resembling  or  suitable  to  a proverb.  “ A 

. proverbial  obscurity.”  Browne. 

PRO-VER'BI-AL-I§M,  n.  A proverbial  phrase  or 
maxim.  N.  A.  Rev. 

PRO-VER'BI-AL-IST,  n.  One  who  deals  in  or 
utters  proverbs.  Cunningham. 

PRO-VER'BI-AL-IZE,  v.  a.  & n.  To  turn  into  a 
proverb  : — to  make  proverbs.  Coleridge. 

PRO-VER'BI-AL-LY,  ad.  In  a proverbial  manner. 

PRO-ViDE',  v.  a.  [L.  provideo  ; pro,  before,  and 
video,  to  see;  It.  provedere ; Sp.  proveer-,  Fr. 
prouver. ] [i.  provided  ; pp.  providing,  pro- 

vided.] 

1.  To  procure  beforehand;  to  get  ready;  to 
make  ready ; to  prepare. 

He  happier  seat  provides  for  us.  Milton. 


2 To  furnish  ; to  supply  ; — followed  by  wit h. 

Rome,  by  the  care  of  the  magistrates,  was  well  provided 
with  corn.  Arl/uthnot. 

3.  To  stipulate  beforehand;  to  make  a previ- 
ous conditional  limitation  concerning.  Johnson. 

4.  fTo  foresee;  to  anticipate.  B.Jonson. 

To  provide  against , to  take  measures  against.  — To 

provide  for , to  take  care  of  beforehand.  — Provided 
that,  a conjunctive  phrase  introducing  a saving  clause 
or  condition  ; upon  these  terms  ; this  stipulation  be- 
ing made.  “ Provided  that  you  do  no  outrages.”  Shak. 

Syn.  — To  provide , to  procure,  and  to  prepare  relate 
to  actions  which  have  reference  to  the  future  ; to  fur- 
nish and  to  supply  are  employed  for  that  which  is  of 
immediate  concern.  Provide  a dinner ; procure  neces- 
saries, help  ; prepare  yourself  for  the  occasion  ; fur- 
nish a room  or  table ; supply  deficiencies  or  wants.  — 
See  Furnish. 

PRO-VID'ED,  conj.  On  condition  ; if.  Roget. 
I will  live  with  you  provided  you  commit  no  outrage.  Ash. 

PROV'I-DENCE,  n.  [L.  provident ia  ; provideo,  to 
provide;  It.  providenza ; Sp.  providenda  \ Fr. 
providence .] 

1.  The  quality  of  being  provident ; prudence  ; 
frugality  ; foresight ; timely  care  ; preparation. 

Providence  is  [that]  whereby  a man  not  only  foreseeth 
commodity  and  incommodity,  prosperity  and  adversity,  but 
also  consulteth,  and  therewith  endcavorcth  as  well  to  repel 
annoyance  as  to  attain  and  get  profit  and  advantage.  Elyot. 

2.  The  divine  superintendence  over  all  cre- 
ated beings  ; the  care  of  God  over  his  creatures. 

That  to  the  height  of  this  great  argument 

I may  assert  eternal  providence. 

And  justify  the  ways  of  God  to  men.  Milton. 

3.  The  divine  Being  considered  as  the  guar- 
dian of  his  creatures. 

The  world  was  all  before  them,  where  to  choose 
Their  place  of  rest,  and  Providence  their  guide.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Destiny. 

PROV'I-DENT,  a.  [L.  provido,  provulens,  to  pro- 
vide ; It . provvidente ; Sp . providente.]  Fore- 
casting ; careful  for  the  future  ; cautious  ; pru- 
dent ; economical  with  respect  to  futurity. 

Avery  prosperous  people,  flushed  with  great  successes,  are 
seldom  so  pious,  so  humble,  so  just,  or  so  provident,  as  to  per- 
petuate their  happiness.  Atterbury. 

Syn.  — See  Careful. 

PROV-I-DEN'TIAL,  a.  [Sp.  providencial ; Fr. 
providential.']  Relating  to,  or  effected  by,  prov- 
idence. '‘Providential  care.”  Blackmore. 

What  a confusion  would  it  brine  upon  mankind,  if  those 
unsatisfied  with  the  providential  distribution  of  heats  and 
colds  might  take  the  government  into  their  own  hands  1 

L'  Estrange. 

PROV-I-DEN'TI  AL-LY,  ad.  By  the  direction  or 
care  of  providence.  Addison. 

PROV'I-DJJNT-LY,  ad.  In  a provident  manner. 

PROV'I-DENT-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
provident ; carefulness.  Ascham. 

PRO-VID'fiR,  n.  One  who  provides  or  procures. 

PROV'INCE,  n.  [L .provincia-,  according  to  Rich- 
ardson, pro,  in  the  sense  of  procul,  afar  off,  and 
vinco,  to  conquer  ; according  to  IF.  Smith  a con- 
traction of  providentia,  providence.  — It.  § Sp. 
provincia ; Fr.  province.] 

1.  ( Roman  Ant.)  A territory  out  of  Italy,  ac- 
quired by  the  Romans,  chiefly  by  conquest,  and 
brought  under  Roman  government.  IF.  Smith. 

2.  A dependency;  a colony;  as,  “ The  prov- 
ince of  New  Brunswick.” 

3.  A grand  division  of  a kingdom  or  state, 
comprising  several  cities,  towns,  &c.,  all  under 
the  same  government,  and  usually  distinguished 
by  the  extent  either  of  the  civil  or  the  ecclesias- 
tical jurisdiction  ; a district ; as,  “ The  prov- 
ince of  Canterbury  in  England.” 

4.  Any  extent  of  territory;  a region  ; a tract. 

Over  many  a tract 

Of  heaven  they  marched,  and  many  a province  wide.  Milton. 

5.  The  office  or  business  which  properly  be- 
longs to  any  one  ; jurisdiction  ; power  ; authority. 

It  is  the  province  of  the  court  to  judge  of  the  law,  that  of 
the  jury  to  decide  on  the  facts.  Bouvier. 

Syn.  — See  District. 

PROV'INCE-RO^E,  n.  See  Provence-rose. 

PRO-VIN'CIAL  (prq-vin'sh?l),  a.  [L.  provincia- 
lis  ; It.  provinciate  ; Sp.  Sg  Fr.  provincial .] 

1.  Relating,  or  belonging,  to  a province.  “ A 

provincial  subjection.”  Browne. 

2.  Appendant  to  the  principal  country.  “Pro- 
vincial dominions.”  Browne. 


3.  Not  courtly;  rude;  unpolished;  countri- 


fied; rustic.  “ The  provincial  accent.”  Swift. 

Provincial  were  his  notions  and  his  tone.  llarte. 

4.  Belonging  only  to  an  archbishop’s  juris- 
diction ; not  oecumenical. 

A law  made  in  a provincial  synod  is  properly  termed  a 
provincial  constitution.  Aylijfe. 

PRO-VIN’CIAL  (pro-vin'shjl),  n.  1.  One  belong- 
ing to  a province.  Burke. 


2.  ( Eccl .)  In  Catholic  countries,  a monastic 
superior,  who,  under  the  general  of  his  order, 
has  the  direction  of  all  religious  houses  of  the 
same  fraternity  in  a given  district,  called  a 
province  of  the  order.  Wright. 

PRO-VIN'CIAL-Ii-jM  (pro-vin'sh?l-izm),  n.  [It.  § 
Sp.  provincialismo  ; Fr.  provincialisms.]  A pro- 
vincial idiom,  word,  or  phrase.  Bp.  Marsh. 

PRO-VIN'CIAL-IST,  n.  An  inhabitant  of  a prov- 
ince ; a provincial.  Ch.  Ob. 

PRO-VIN-CI-AL'I-TY  (pro-vin-she-al'e-te),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  provincial ; a provincial  peculi- 
arity of  language. 

That  circumstance  must  have  added  greatly  to  the  provin- 
ciality, and  . . . the  unintelligibility,  of  the  poem.  W avion. 

f PRO-VlN'CI-ATE  (pro-vin'she-at),  v.  a.  To  turn 
to  a province.  " Ilowell. 

PRO-VINE',  v.  n.  [Fr.  provigner .]  To  lay  a 
branch  of  a vine,  or  of  any  tree,  in  the  ground 
for  propagation.  Johnson. 

PRO-VI"§ION  (pro-vizli'un),  n.  [L.  provisio  ; It. 
provisione ; Sp.  Fr.  provision.] 

1.  The  act  of  providing  or  procuring  before- 
hand ; provident  care  of  futurity.  Sidney. 

2.  The  thing  or  things  provided ; stock  col- 
lected ; store  : — measures  taken  or  terms  set- 
tled beforehand ; preparation. 

Religion  lays  the  strictest  obligations  upon  men  to  make 
the  best  provision  for  their  comfortable  subsistence  in  this 
world,  and  their  salvation  in  the  next.  Tillotson. 

There  was  ...  no  provision  made  for  the  abolishing  of  their 
barbarous  customs.  Davies. 

3.  pi.  Food  ; victuals  ; fare  ; provender. 

Provisions  laid  in  large  for  man  or  beast.  Milton. 

4.  f Foresight;  anticipation. 

I have,  with  such  provision  in  mine  art, 

So  safely  ordered,  that  there  is  no  soul, 

No,  not  so  much  perdition  as  an  hair, 

Betid  to  any  creature  in  the  vessel.  Shak. 

5 (Law.)  The  property  which  a drawer  of 
a bill  of  exchange  places  in  the  hands  of  a 
drawee.  Bouvier. 

6.  (Eccl.)  A suspension  by  the  pope  of  the 
right  of  patronage  of  benefices,  that  he  might 
present  persons  of  his  own  choice  thereto.  Hook. 

Syn.  — See  Food. 

PRO-VI"§ION  (pro-vizh'un),  v.a.  [i.  PROVISIONED  ; 
pp.  PROVISIONING,  PROVISIONED.]  To  supply 
with  provisions.  “ Poorly  armed,  scantily  pro- 
visioned." E.  Everett. 

PRO-Vl"fjION-AL  (pro-vizh'un-al),  a.  [ It.  provi- 
sio nale  : Sp.  provisional ; Fr.  provisionnel .] 
Temporarily  established  ; provided  merely  for 
present  need.  “ A provisional  pastor.”  Aylijfe. 

PRO- VI ''§ION- AL-LY  (pro-vlzh'un-fil-le),  ad.  By 
way  of  provision ; for  the  present  occasion. 

PRO-Vl"§ION-A-RY  (pro-vlzh'un-a-r  , a.  Making 
provision  for  the  occasion  ; provisional.  “ The 
provisionary  part  of  the  act.”  Burke. 

PRO-Vl'^O,  n. ; pi.  pro-vi'so?.  [L.]  An  article 
or  clause  in  a statute,  deed,  or  other  instrument, 
containing  a condition  that  a certain  thing  shall 
or  shall  not  be  done,  in  order  that  an  agreement 
contained  in  another  article  or  clause  shall  take 
effect;  a conditional  provision  or  stipulation. 

He  doth  deny  his  prisoners 

But  with  proviso  and  exceptions 

That  we,  at  our  own  charge,  shall  ransom  straight 

Ilis  brother-in-law.  Shak. 

PRO-VI'^OR,  n.  [L .proviso)-;  Fr. proviseur.] 

1.  A'  provider;  a steward  of  a religious 

house.  Cowell. 

2.  An  officer  in  the  ancient  French  universi- 

ties, charged  with  the  management  of  their  ex- 
ternal affairs,  both  spiritual  and  temporal,  and 
in  part  with  their  discipline  also.  Brande. 

3.  A person  appointed  to  a benefice  by  the 

pope  before  the  death  of  the  incumbent.  Burke. 

PRO- VI\so-RY,  a.  [It.  provvisorio  ; Sp.  proviso- 
rio  ; Fr.  prbvisoire.] 

1.  Implying  a proviso  ; conditional.  Cotgrave. 


MIEN,  SIR; 


MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — q,  £,  q,  £,  soft ; 


jC,  G,  c,  |,  hard;  § as  z ; JC  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


1148 


PROVOCATION 

2.  Making  temporary  provision  ; provisional ; 
temporary.  Wright. 

PROV-O-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  provocatio  ; It.  provo- 
cazione ; Sp.  provocacion  ; Fr.  provocation.] 

1.  The  act  of  provoking  ; cause  of  anger. 

The  unjust  provocation  by  a wife  of  her  husband,  in  con- 
sequence of  which  she  sutlers  from  his  ill  usage,  will  not 
entitle  her  to  a divorce  on  the  ground  of  cruelty.  Bouvier. 

Haughtiness  of  temper,  which  is  ever  finding  out  provo- 
cations. Jraley. 

2.  State  of  being  provoked  ; vexation  ; anger. 

3.  Incitement ; stimulus  ; incitement. 

Garrulity,  attended  with  immoderate  fits  of  laughing,  is 

no  uncommon  case,  when  the  provocation  thereunto  springs 
from  jokes  of  a man’s  own  making.  Cumberland. 

4.  f An  appeal  to  a judge.  Ayliffe. 

||  PRO-VO'CA-TIVE  [pro-vo'ka-tlv,  S.  W.  P.  J.  F. 

Ja.  K.  R.  Wr. ; pru-vokVtiv,  Sm.  C.],  a.  [L. 
provocativus  ; It.  y Sp.  provocation  That  pro- 
vokes or  incites ; stimulating  ; inciting.  Skelton. 

||  PRO-VO'CA-TIVE,  n.  Any  thing  which  pro- 
vokes, incites,  or  stimulates  : — any  thing  taken 
for  the  purpose  of  transient  excitement.  “ Ar- 
tificial provocatives  to  relieve  satiety.”  Addison. 

II  PRO-VO'CA-TIVE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  provocative.  Johnson. 

II  f PRO-VO'CA-TO-RY,  n.  [Old  Fx.provocatoire.] 
A challenge;  a provocative.  Cotgrave. 

PRO-VOK'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  provoked. 

Being  also  irascible,  and  therefore  proi'okable.  Cudworth. 

PRO-VOKE',  v.  a.  [L.  provoco  ; pro,  forth,  and 
voco,  to  call;  It.  provocare;  Sp . provocar ; Fr. 
provoquer.\  [ i . provoked  ; pp.  provoking, 

PROVOKED.] 

1.  To  challenge  ; to  call  out ; to  summon. 

He  now  provokes  the  sea-gods  from  the  shore.  Dryden. 

2.  To  induce  by  motive  ; to  move  ; to  incite  ; 
to  stimulate  ; to  arouse. 

To  provoke  to  love  and  to  good  works.  Neb.  x.  24. 

We  may  not  be  startled  at  the  breaking  of  the  exterior 
earth;  for  the  face  of  nature  hath  provoked  men  to  think  of 
and  observe  such  a thing.  Buniet. 

3.  To  cause ; to  promote  ; to  occasion. 

One  Petro  covered  up  his  patient  with  warm  clothes,  and 
when  the  fever  began  to  decline,  gave  him  cold  water  to 
drink  till  h c provoked  sweat.  Arbuthnot. 

4.  To  excite  by  something  offensive ; to  in- 
cense ; to  exasperate  ; to  enrage  ; to  irritate. 

Agamemnon  provokes  Apollo  against  them.  Pope. 

Syn.  — See  Angry,  Excite. 

f PRO-VOKE',  v.  n.  1.  To  appeal.  [A  Latinism.] 

Arius  and  Pelagius  durst  provoke 

To  what  the  centuries  preceding  spoke.  Dryden. 

2.  To  produce  anger.  Shah. 

+ PRO-VOKE'MENT,  n.  Provocation.  Spenser. 

PRO-VOK'pR,  n.  One  who  provokes  ; an  inciter. 

PRO-VOK'jNG,  p.  a.  Tending  to  provoke;  irri- 
tating ; vexing ; vexatious. 

PRO-VOK'ING-LY,  ad.  In  such  a manner  as  to 
provoke,  or  raise  anger.  Ash. 

PROV'OST  [prov'ust,  S.  W.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K. 
iS’m.],  n.  [L.  preepono , preepositus,  to  put  be- 
fore ; prat,  before,  and  pono,  to  place  ; It.  pre- 
vosta  ; Sp.  prcbosla ; Ft.  prevot.  — A.  S.  prafast ; 
Dut.  prevoost , provoost ; Ger.  probst,  propst ; 
Dan.  provst ; Icel.  prjfastr  ; Sw.  prost.] 

1.  The  chief  or  head  of  any  body  ; as,  “ The 

provost  of  a college.”  Fell. 

“ In  France,  this  title  was  formerly  given  to 
some  presiding  judges.”  Bouvier. 

2.  The  head  of  a royal  burgh,  corresponding 
to  mayor  in  other  cities.  [Scotland.]  Wright. 

PROVOST  (pro-vo'  or  prov'ost)  [pro-vo’,  S.  W.  F.; 
prov'ust,  P.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  Wr.],  n.  [Corrupted 
from  the  Fr.  prcvbt.]  An  executioner,  or  a 
superintendent  of  executions.  Shah. 

Provost  marshal,  an  officer  of  the  English  army, 
whose  duties  are  to  take  steps  for  the  prosecution  of 
crime  and  offences  against  military  discipline,  to  seize 
and  secure  deserters,  to  punish  marauders,  &c.,  to 
take  charge  of  prisoners,  and  superintend  the  execu- 
tion of  punishments.  Olos.  of  Mil.  Terms.  — An  officer 
of  tile  English  navy,  who  has  tile  charge  of  prisoners 
at  a court  martial,  and  to  hold  them  in  custody  after- 
wards till  tiie  sentence  passed  by  tiie  court  be  carried 
into  execution.  Mar.  Diet. 

PROV'OST-SHIP,  n.  The  office  of  a provost. 

P It (3 VV  (prou  or  pro)  [priiu,  P.  J.  E.  F.  C.  Wb. ; 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6 


pro,  S.  Ja.  Sm. ; priiu  or  pro,  W.  Ji.],  n.  [Gr. 
npiopa  ; Trp6,  before  ; L.  prora ; It.  prua ; Sp. 
proa;  Fr  .prone.] 

1.  The  head  or  fore  part  of  a ship. 

Youth  on  the  jtrow,  and  Pleasure  at  the  helm.  Gray. 

2.  A particular  kind  of  vessel  used  in  the 

East  Indies.  Wright. 

3.  ( Naut .)  The  pointed  cut-water  of  a galley, 
polacre,  or  xebec,  the  upper  part  being  usually 
furnished  with  a grating  platform.  Mar.  Diet. 

fPRuW,  a.  [Fr.  preux.~\  Valiant.  Spenser. 

PRoW'gSS  [preiu'es,  S.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  Sm. ; prbu'- 
es  or  pro'es,  W.  K.  Wr.],  n.  [It.  prodezza  ; Sp. 
proeza  ; Fr.  prouesse,  from  prove,  tried.  — Skin- 
ner refers  to  L.  probus,  good.]  Bravery  ; cour- 
age ; valor ; intrepidity  ; military  gallantry. 

First  seen  in  acts  of  prowess  eminent, 

And  great  exploits,  out  of  true  virtue  void.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Courage. 

f PRoW'JgST,  a.  Bravest ; most  valiant.  Spenser. 

||  PROVVl  [proul,  *$.  E.  F.  A.  Sm.  C.Wr.Wb.  ; prol, 
P.Nares;  proul  or -pro],  IF.  Ja.],  V.  a.  [ Skinner 
forms  from  the  Fr.  proie,  prey,  the  verb  prater, 
and  thence  the  dim.  proieler,  from  which  he 
imagines  we  have  the  verb  to  prowl,  to  search 
for  prey.  Richardson.]  \i.  prowled  ; pp. 

PROWLING,  PROWLED.] 

1.  To  rove  over  ; to  scour  or  search. 

He  prowls  each  place,  still  in  new  colors  decked.  Sidney. 

2.  To  collect  by  plunder  ; to  pillage. 

By  how  many  tricks  did  he  prou-l  money  from  ail  parts  of 
Christendom.  La.  rrow. 

||  PROWL,  v.  n.  To  rove  about  for  plunder  or 
prey  ; to  prey. 

Wild  and  savage  insurrection  quitted  the  woods,  and 
prowled  about  our  streets  in  the  name  of  reform.  Burke. 

||  PROIVL,  n.  Ramble  for  plunder.  [Low.]  Todd. 

||  PROVVl'ER,  n.  One  who  prowls  or  roves  about 
for  prey.  “ Subtle  prowlers."  Milton. 

PROX,  n.  A ticket,  or  list  of  candidates  at  elec- 
tions, presented  to  the  people  for  their  votes. 
[Local,  Rhode  Island.]  Bartlett. 

PROX'ENE,  n.  [Gr.  trpbi,tvo;.]  An  officer  in  an- 
cient Sparta,  who  had  the  charge  of  superin- 
tending strangers.  Brande. 

PROX'E-NET,  n.  [Fr.  proxriiefe.]  A broker  ; a 
huckster  ; an  agent,  [li.]  More. 

PROX'I-MAL,  a.  Applied  to  the  nearest  extrem- 
ity of  a bone  ; nearest;  next ; proximate.  Owen. 

PROX'J-MATE,  a.  [L.  proximo,  proximatus,  to 
approach ; proximus,  next.]  Next  in  the  series; 
nearest ; near  and  immediate  ; — opposed  to  re- 
mote and  mediate. 

Writing  n theory  of  the  deluge,  we  were  to  show  the  pray- 
imate  natural  causes  of  it.  Burnet. 

Proximate  analysis , ( Organic  Clicm.)  the  separation 
of  an  organic  compound  into  its  proximate  compo- 
nents;— used  in  contradistinction  to  ultimate  analy- 
sis, which  has  for  its  object  to  determine  the  elemen- 
tary composition  of  the  proximate  components  which 
have  been  isolated.  The  separation  of  wheat  flour 
into  starch,  sugar,  gluten,  ligneous  fibre,  and  oily 
matter,  is  an  instance  of  proximate  analysis.  Miller. — 
Proximate  principles,  ( Cliein .)  same  as  PROXIMATE 
Components  or  Constituents.  Daniel.  — Prox- 
imate components  or  constituents , ( Chem .)  the  compound 
bodies  which  by  their  combination  form  a new  com- 
pound ; — used  in  contradistinction  to  ultimate  constit- 
uents, which  are  the  simple  elements  of  a compound. 
Thus,  of  dry  sulphate  of  magnesia,  sulphuric  acid  and 
magnesia  are  the  proximate,  and  sulphur,  oxygen,  and 
magnesium,  the  ultimate  constituents.  Miller.  Parnell. 

PROX'I-MATE-LY,  ad.  Immediately ; without 
intervention  ; next.  Bentley . 

fPROX'IME,  n.  [L  .proximus.]  Next.  Watts . 

PROX-IM'I-OUS,  a.  Proximate,  [r.] 

This  righteousness  is  the  proximious  cause  operating  to 
salvation.  Tucker. 

PROX-lM'T-TY,  n.  [L.  proximitas ; proximus, 
next ; It.  prossimita  ; Sp.  proximidad  ; Fr.  pro- 
ximity.] The  state  of  being  near ; nearness. 

A dark  conceit  and  a dull  one  have  a great  proximity  in 
modern  wit.  Warburton. 

PROX'I-MO.  [L.]  Next,  or  next  month.  Brande. 

PROX'Y,  n.  [Contracted  from  procuracy.] 


, U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE, 


PRUDERY 

1.  The  substitution  of  a person  to  act  for 
another  ; the  agency  of  a substitute. 

None  acts  a friend  by  a deputy,  or  can  be  familiar  by 
proxy.  South. 

2.  A person  deputed ; a substitute  ; an  agent. 

Every  peer,  bv  license  obtained  from  the  king,  may  make 

another  lord  of  Parliament  his  proxy > to  vote  for  him  in  his 
absence.  liluckstone. 

A wise  man  will  commit  no  business  of  importance  to  a 
proxy  where  he  may  do  it  himself.  L'  Estrange  m 

3.  The  instrument  by  which  one  is  appointed 

to  act  for  another.  Bouvier. 

4.  An  election,  or  the  time  of  an  election. 
[Rhode  Island  and  Connecticut.]  Pickering. 

5.  {Eng.  Law.)  A yearly  payment  made  by  a 

parish  priest  to  his  bishop  or  archdeacon  on 
account  of  visitation.  Cowell. — The  written 
appointment  of  a proctor  in  suits  in  the  ecclesi- 
astical courts.  Burrill. 

PROX'Y,  v.  n.  To  vote  or  act  by  the  agency  of 
another.  Sir  J.  Mackintosh. 

PROX' Y-SHIP,  n.  The  office  of  a proxy.  Brevint. 

PRUCE,  n.  [The  old  name  for  Prussia.]  Prus- 
sian leather.  Dryden. 

PRUDE,  n.  [Fr.  prude,  from  L.  prudens,  prudent. 
Richardson,  lluct.  Landais.  — Supposed  by 
some  to  be  from  L.  provida,  provident,  by  oth- 
ers from  proba,  good.  Richardson.’ — Todd  re- 
fers to  the  A.  S.  prut,  proud  ; Icel.  prudr,  mod- 
est.] A woman  over-scrupulous  ; a woman  of 
affected  reserve,  coyness,  and  stiffness.  Swift. 

The  prude  appears  more  virtuous,  the  coquette  more  vi- 
cious,  than  she  really  is.  Taller. 

H&F  “ Prude,  a French  word,  means  virtuous  or 
prudent ; pnaPhomme  being  a man  of  courage  and 
probity.  But  where  morals  are  greatly  and  almost 
universally  relaxed,  virtue  is  often  treated  as  hypoc- 
risy ; and  thus,  in  a dissoluto  age,  and  one  disbelieving 
the  existence  of  any  inward  purity,  the  word  prude 
came  to  designate  ono  who  affected  a virtue,  even  as 
none  were  esteemed  to  do  any  thing  more  ; and  in 
this  use  of  it,  which  having  once  acquired,  it  con- 
tinues to  retain,  abides  an  evidence  of  the  corrupt 
world,  dislike  to,  and  disbelief  in,  the  realities  of  good- 
ness, its  willingness  to  treat  them  as  mere  hypocrisies 
and  shows.”  Trench. 

PRtJ'DENCE.,  n.  [L.  prudentia  ; It.  prudenza  ; Sp. 
prudencia;  Fr  .prudence.’]  The  quality  of  being 
prudent ; the  habit  of  acting  at  all  times  with 
deliberation  and  forethought ; wisdom  applied 
to  practice  ; caution  ; discretion  ; carefulness. 

Prudence  if  one  of  the  virtues  which  were  called  cardinal 
by  the  ancient  ethical  writers.  Fleming . 

The  rules  of  prudence  in  general,  like  the  laws  of  the  stone 
tables,  are,  for  the  most  part,  prohibitive.  Thou  shalt  not  is 
their  characteristic  formula;  and  it  is  an  especial  part  of 
Christian  prudence  that  it  should  be  so.  Coleridge. 

Syn.  — See  Wisdom. 

f PRU'D£N-CY,  n.  Prudence.  Sackluyt. 

rRU'DHNT,  a.  [L.  prudens,  contracted  from  pro- 
vide ns  ; pro,  before,  and  video,  to  see  ; It.  % Sp. 
prudente;  Fr  .prudent.]  Foreseeing;  cautious 
and  wise  in  measures  and  conduct ; circum- 
spect; wary;  considerate;  discreet;  judicious. 

The.pri«7<?nt  man  looketh  well  to  his  going.  Prov.  xrv.  15. 
A prince  most  prudent,  of  an  excellent 
And  unmatched  wit  and  judgment.  Shak. 

Syn.  — Prudent  characterizes  the  person  or  thing  ; 
prudential , tile  tiling  only.  Prudent  is  opposed  to  im- 
prudent or  inconsiderate  ; prudential,  to  voluntary.  Pru- 
dent tnan,  measure,  or  counsel  ; prudential  maxims  or 
motives;  cautious  or  discreet  person  or  conduct.  — A 
prudential  committee  is  a committee  having  superin- 
tendence or  care  of  some  business.  — See  Cautious. 

PRU-DEN'TIAL,  a.  1.  Proceeding  from,  or  dic- 
tated by,  prudence  ; politic.  “ Prudential 
rules.”  Rogers.  "Prudential motives.”  Tukc. 

2.  Having  superintendence  or  management 
of  the  concerns  of  a society,  as  a committee  ; as, 
“ The  Prudential  Committee  of  A.  B.  C.  F.  M.” 

Syn.  — See  Prudent. 

PRU-DEN'TI  AL-IST.  n.  One  who  adheres  to,  or 
is  governed  by,  prudence.  Coleridge. 

PRU-DEN-TI-AL'I-TY  (pru-den-she-al'e-te),  n.  Eli- 
gibility on  principles  of  prudence,  [it.]  Browne. 

PRU-DEN'TI  A L-LY,  ad.  In  a prudential  manner  ; 
according  to  the  rules  of  prudence.  South. 

PRU-DEN'TI  A L§  (pru-den'shedz),  n.  pi.  Maxims 
of  prudence  or  practical  wisdom.  Watts. 

PRU'DENT-LY,  ad.  In  a prudent  manner ; dis- 
creetly; judiciously.  Dryden. 

PRU'DF.K-Y,  n.  [Fr.  pruderie.]  The  state  or  the 


FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


PSEUDO-EPISCOPACY 


PRUD’HOMME 

conduct  of  a prude ; excessive  nicety  or  reserve 
in  conduct.  Pope. 

PRUD’HOMME'  (pru-dom'),  n.  [Fr.,  from  L. pru- 
de ns,  prudent,  and  homo,  a man.]  In  France, 
a discreet  man  officially  selected  lor  some  equi- 
table duty  in  his  neighborhood.  Smart. 

PRtl'DISH,  a.  Partaking  of  prudery  ; affectedly 
nice,  modest,  or  reserved.  Garrick. 

PRU'DISH-LY,  ad.  In  a prudish  manner;  with 
affected  reserve  or  modesty.  Pope. 

PRU'I-NATE,  a.  [L.  pruina,  frost.]  ( Bot .)  Cov- 

ered with  a powder  like  hoar-frost;  frosted.  Gray. 

PRU'I-NOSE,  a.  [L .prumosus.]  Pruinate.  Gray. 

PRONE,  v.  a.  [From  Fr.  provigner,  to  lay  in  the 
ground,  as  stocks  of  vine  for  propagation.  Tgr- 
ivhitt. — Old  Eng.  proin,  preen.]  [i,  pruned  ; 
pp.  PRUNING,  PRUNED.] 

1.  To  cut  off  the  superfluous  branches  of ; to 
trim  ; to  lop  ; to  retrench  ; to  clip. 

To  prune  those  growing  plants  and  tend  these  flowers.  Milton. 

You  have  no  less  right  to  correct  me  than  the  same  hand 
that  raised  a tree  has  to  prune  it.  * Pope. 

Horace  will  our  superfluous  branches  prune. 

Give  us  new  rules,  and  set  our  harp  in  tune.  Waller. 

2.  fTo  make  clean;  to  clear;  to  dress;  to 
preen.  “Many  birds  prune  their  feathers.”  Bacon. 

PRUNE,  v.  n.  To  dress  for  show  ; to  prink .Dryden. 

PRUNE,  n.  [Gr.  npobvri,  a plum-tree;  L.  primus, 
prunum,  a plum;  It.  # Sp.  pruna;  Fr.  prune.] 
A dried  plum.  Bacon. 

The  prunes  we  have  from  France  are  a great  black  plum 
that  grows  about  Montauban  and  those  parts.  They  dry 
them  as  much  as  they  can  in  the  sun;  and  what  wants  to  dry 
them  perfectly  they  make  out  by  the  heat  of  the  oven.  Locke . 

PRU'NfL,  n.  An  herb  ; prunella.  Ainsworth. 

PRU-NEL  'LA,  n.  [From  Ger.  bretune,  the  quin- 
sy, the  croup.  Loudon.] 

1.  ( Bot .)  A genus  of  deciduous,  herbaceous 
plants;  self-heal;  all-heal.  Loudon.  Dunglison. 

2.  {Med.)  Sore  throat : — sore  mouth  ; thrush  : 

— also  a dangerous  disease  characterized  chief- 
ly by  pain  about  the  sternum,  or  breast-bone,  ex- 
tending to  the  arms  ; — sometimes  termed  neu- 
ralgia of  the  heart.  Its  precise  pathology  is 
not  known.  Dunglison. 

3.  (Anat.)  The  pupil  of  the  eye.  Dunglison. 

4.  Fused  nitre,  moulded  into  cakes  or  balls, 

used  for  chemical  purposes  ; — also  called  pru- 
nella-salt. Maunder. 

5.  A kind  of  woollen  cloth ; prunello.  Ash. 

PRU-NEL'LO,  n.  1.  A prune  ; a plum.  Ainsworth. 

2.  A kind  of  woollen  or  mixed  stuff,  formerly 
used  for  clergymen’s  gowns,  but  now  chiefly  for 
covering  shoes.  Simmonds. 

Worth  makes  the  man,  and  want  of  it  the  fellow; 

The  rest  is  all  but  leather  and  prunello.  Pope. 

PRlfNE'— TREE,  n.  [Bot.)  A tree  which  bears 

prunes  ; a variety  of  the  Primus  domestica. 

Archer. 

PrCtN'JJR,  n.  One  who  prunes.  Johnson. 

PRU-NIF'JJR-OUS,  a.  [L.  prunum,  a plum,  and 
/era,  to  bear.]  Bearing  plums.  Johnson. 

PRUNING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  prunes  ; a 
trimming.  Brande. 

PRlJN'ING— HOOK  (-huk),  n.  A knife  hooked  at 
the  point,  used  for  pruning.  Dryden. 

PRUN'ING— KNIFE,  n.  A knife  for  pruning. 

PRUN'ING— SHEAR!-!,  n.  pi.  Shears  for  pruning. 

PRU'RI-flNCE,  l tl'  An  itching  ; an  eager  de- 

PRU'RI-IJN-CY,  r sire  or  appetite.  Burke. 

PRtJ'RI-pNT,  a.  [L .prurio,  pruriens,  to  itch.] 

1.  Having  an  itching  or  uneasy  desire  ; itch- 
ing; craving.  “Prurient  curiosity.”  Warton. 

2.  {Bot.)  Stinging.  Loudon. 

PRU-RIG'1-NOUS,  a.  [L.  pruriginosus ; It.  Si  Sp. 
pruriginoso  ; Fr.  prurigineux .]  Pertaining  or 
tending  to  prurigo.  . Greenhill. 

PRU-RI ' GO,  71.  [L .,  an  itching.]  {Med.)  A cu- 
taneous disease  characterized  by  severe  itching, 
and  an  eruption  of  papulae  of  nearly  the  same 
color  as  that  of  the  adjoining  cuticle.  Dunglison. 

|1  PRUSSIAN  (prush'sm  or  pru'shan)  [prush'jin,  Sm. 
Wr. ; pru'slian,  P.  K.  C.  B.  lVb. ; pru'she-an  or 
prush'e-an,  Earnshaw],  n.  {Geog.)  A native  or 
an  inhabitant  of  Prussia.  Murray. 


1149 

II  PRUS'SIAN,  or  PRUSSIAN,  a.  {Gcog.)  Relating 
to  Prussia.  Howitt. 

Prussian  blue,  {Chem.)  a blue  pigment  consisting  of 
three  equivalents  of  protocyanide  of  iron  and  two  of 
sesquicyanide  of  iron  ; — so  called  because  it  was  dis- 
covered in  Prussia.  Graham.  — Soluble  or  basic  Prus- 
sian. blue,  a compound  of  one  equivalent  of  sesquiox- 
ide  of  iron  and  one  of  Prussian  blue.  Miller. 

II  PRUS'SI-ATE,  or  PRUS'SI-ATE,  n.  {Chem.)  A 
compound  of  Prussic  acid  and  a base ; hydro- 
cyanate  ; as,  “ Prussiate  of  potash.”  Turner. 

II  PRUS'SIC,  or  PRUS'SIC  [prus'sjk,  K.  C.  B.  Wb. ; 
prus'sjk,  Sm.  Wr.],  a.  {Chem.)  Noting  an  acid 
composed  of  one  equivalent  of  hydrogen  and 
one  of  cyanogen ; hydrocyanic. 

■ Prussic  acid  is  a very  powerful  poison,  a“sin- 
gle  drop  of  it  applied  to  a dog’s  tongue  causing  death 
in  a few  seconds.  Turner. 

II  PRUS'SINE,  or  PRUS'SINE,  n.  A compound  of 
two  equivalents  of  carbon  and  one  of  nitrogen  ; 
bicarburet  of  nitrogen  ; cyanogen.  Brande. 

PRLi-TEN'lC,  a.  Noting  certain  astronomical  ta- 
bles published  in  the  sixteenth  century.  Smart. 

PRY  (prl),  v.n.  [Of  uncertain  etymology.  — Skin- 
ner suggests  Old  Fr.  preuver,  to  make  trial  or 
examination.]  [i.  pried  ; pp.  prying,  pried.] 
To  peep  or  look  narrowly  ; to  make  close  in- 
spection, scrutiny,  or  examination. 

To  pr]f  into  the  secrets  of  the  state.  Shak. 

We  have  naturally  a curiosity  to  be  prying  and  searching 
into  forbidden  secrets.  L' Estrange. 

PRY,  n.  Narrow  peeping  or  inspection.  C.  Smart. 

PRY,  n.  A lever  employed  to  raise  or  move  heavy 
substances ; a prize.  [U.  S.,  and  Local,  Eng.] 
This  instrument  is  sometimes  called  a pry.  Forby. 

PRY,  v.  a.  [*.  pried  ; pp.  prying,  pried.]  To 
move  or  raise  by  means  of  a lever  ; to  prize.  — 
See  Prize.  [U.  S.,  and  Local,  Eng.] 

PRY'ING,  p.  a.  Inspecting  closely,  or  looking 
with  impertinent  curiosity  ; inquisitive.  Creech. 

PRY'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  pries,  or 
looks  with  impertinent  curiosity.  Browne. 

2.  Act  of  using  a pry  or  lever.  Iloblyn. 

PRY'ING-LY,  ad.  With  close  or  narrow  inspec- 
tion ; with  impertinent  curiosity.  Biblioth.  Bibl. 

PRYP-A-JYE'UM,  71.  [L.,  from  Gr.  77 pvravelov.] 

{Ant.)  A public  building  in  some  of  the  Grecian 
cities,  where  the  prytanes  assembled  to  dine, 
and  where  those  who  had  done  special  service 
to  the  state  were  entertained  at  the  public  ex- 
pense. Andrews. 

PRYT' A-JYIS,  n.  ; pi.  pryt’ a-ne$.  [L.,  from  Gr. 
nphravi!.]  {Gr.  Ant.)  A member  of  one  of  the  ten 
sections  of  fifty  each,  into  which  the  senate  of 
five  hundred  was  divided.  IF.  Smith. 

HYP  The  prytanes  were  all  of  the  same  tribe.  They 
acted  as  presidents  both  of  the  council  and  the  assem- 
blies during  35  or  36  days,  as  the  case  might  be,  so  as 
to  complete  the  lunar  year  of  354  days.  IV.  Smith. 

PRYT'A-NY,  n.  [Gr.  rpuriveia.]  The  period  of 
office  of  the  prytanes  of  one  section.  IF.  Smith. 

PSALM  (sam,  84),  n.  [Gr.  ipaXpos,  '[alpa  ; if.al.ho, 
to  play,  as  a stringed  instrument ; L.  psalmus, 
psalma;  It.  <$;  Sp.  salmo  ; Fr.  psaume.  — Gael. 
salm .]  A sacred  or  holy  song.  Peacham. 

She,  her  daughters,  and  her  maids  meet  together  at  all 
hours  of  prayer  in  the  day,  and  chant  p> satrns  and  other  de- 
votions. J Vm.  Law. 

PSAL'MIST  (sal'mist  or  s&m'ist)  [sill 'mist,  TV.  J.  F. ; 
sal'mist,  S,  E.  Ja.  ; sain'ist,  P.  K.  Sm.  Wb.~\}  n. 
[Gr.  ipaX/uar,']; ; L.  psalmist  a ; It.  § Sp.  salmista  ; 
Fr.  psalmiste.] 

1.  A writer  or  composer  of  psalms  ; — applied 
specially  to  David,  King  of  Israel,  as  the  author 
of  the  Psalms  of  the  Old  Testament.  Addison. 

2.  {Rom.  Cath.  Church.)  A clerk,  precentor, 

or  leader  of  music  in  the  church.  Wright. 

PSAL'MIS-TRy  (sal'mjs-tre),  n.  The  act  of  sing- 
ing psalms ; psalmody.  Milton. 

FSAL-MOD  IC  fsttl-),  l Relating  to  psalmo- 

PSAL-MOD'I-CAL,  > dy.  Warton. 

PSAL'MO-dIsT  (sal'mo-dTst),  71.  One  who  sings 
psalms.  Hammond. 

PSAL'MO-DIZE,  v.  n.  To  practise  psalmody  ; to 
sing  psalms.  Cooper. 


PSAL’MO-DY  (s&l'mn-de)  [sSl'ino-d?,  S.  IF.  P.  J. 
F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  It.  ; sim'o-d?,  Wb. ; sSm'o-de 
or  sal'mo-de,  Wr.],  n.  [Gr.  ipaXpuiSia  ; It.  § Sp. 
salmodia-,  Fr.  psalmodie.]  Act,  practice,  or 
art  of  singing  psalms  ; psalm-singing.  Mason. 

PSAl'MO-GRAPH  (sal'mo-gr£f),  n.  A psalmogra- 
pher.  “David  the psalmograph."  J.  Fox. 

PSAL-MOG'RA-PHER  (sal-mog'ra-fer,  84),  n.  [L. 
psalmographus,  from  Gr.  \f.i,X/ibs  (1 psalmus),  a 
psalm,  and  ypatjiw,  to  write.]  A writer  of  psalms  ; 
a psalmographist ; a psalmist.  Loe,  1614. 

PSAL-MOG'RA-PHIST,  n.  A writer  of  psalms  ; a 
psalmographer ; a psalmist.  Ash. 

PSAL-MOG'RA-PHY  (sal-mog'r?-fe),  n.  [Fr.  psal- 
mographie .]  The  act,  the  art,  or  the  practice 
of  writing  psalms.  Bailey. 

PSALM'— SING-ING  (s&m'-),  n.  Act,  art,  or  prac- 
tice of  singing  psalms  ; psalmody.  Gent.  Mag. 

PSAL'TER  (s&wl'ter)  [sal'ter,  S.  IF.  P.  J.  F.  E.  Ja. 
K.  R.  Wr. ; sal'ter,  S/n.  — “ Such  [sal'ter]  is  the 
present  pronunciation  of  this  word,  with  refer- 
ence to  the  original  Greek,  and  not  the  inter- 
vening Saxon.”  Smart],  n.  [L.  psaltcrium  ; It. 
saltero,  salterio  ; Sp.  salterio  ; Fr.  psauticr.  — 
A.  S.  psaltere.] 

1.  The  book  of  Psalms  ; — particularly  a book 

in  which  the  Psalms  are  arranged  for  the  ser- 
vice of  the  Church.  Common  Prayer. 

2.  {Romati  Catholic  Church.)  A series  of  150 

devout  sentences  or  aspirations,  in  honor  of 
certain  mysteries,  as  of  the  sufferings  of  Christ : 
— a large  chaplet  or  rosary  consisting  of  150 
beads.  Wright. 

PSAL'TIJR-Y  (sawl'ter-e),  n.  [ILeb.  ; Gr. 

\fmXriipiov ; L.  psalterium  ; It.  & Sp.  salterio  ; Fr. 
psalterion.]  A Hebrew  stringed  instrument  of 
music.  Kitto. 

PSAM'MiTE  (sam'it),  n.  [Gr.  <f.auyos,  sand.]  {Min.) 
A variety  of  micaceous  sandstone.  S?nart. 

PSAm-MIT'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  psammite.  Rev. 

PSAR'O-NItE.  71.  {Geol.)  Silicified  trunks  of  tree- 
ferns  found  in  the  lowest  part  of  the  Permian 
group  in  Saxony  and  Bohemia.  Lyell. 

PSEU-DE-PIG'RA-PHOUS,  a.  Falsely  ascribed, 
as  to  an  author.  Cudicorth. 

PSEU-DE-PlG'RA-PHY  (su-de-),  n.  [Gr.  ^fulys, 
false,  and  htypaipij,  inscription.]  The  ascription 
of  false  names  of  authors  to  works.  Brande. 

PSEU-DI-SOD'O-MON,  n.  [Gr.  tfcvSys,  false,  i'aos, 
equal,  and  l6pov,  a house.]  {Anc.  Arch.)  A 
mode  of  building  in  which  the  height,  length, 
and  thickness  differed.  Wright. 

PSEU ' DO  (su'do,  84).  [Gr.  i/u  'Jos,  a lie;  i/fui5(/j, 
false.]  A prefix  signifying_/«Ise  or  counterfeit. 

PSEU'DO— A-POS'TLE,  71.  [Gr.  \peuirjs,  false,  and 
Eng.  apostle .]  A false  apostle.  Scott. 

PSEU'DO— RLE  P'S  IS,  n.  [Gr.  xpivl/js,  false,  and 
liXlsTw,  to  see.]  {Med.)  A perversion  of  sight; 
false  sight.  Dioiglison. 

PSEU'DO— BULB,  n.  [Gr.  tpevSlfs,  false,  and  Polfos, 
a bulb.]  {Bot.)  An  enlarged  aerial  stem  re- 
sembling a tuber,  occurring  only  in  orchida- 
ceous plants.  Lindley. 

PSEU'DO— CIII'N  A,  7i.  {Bot.)  A species  of  Smilax, 
found  in  America  ; Smilax  pseudo-china.  Smart. 

PSEU'DO— CLER'^IY,  71.  False  clergy.  Clarke. 

PSEU'DO-  DIP'TER - AL, 
a.  [Gr.  ipivlys,  false, 

Sis,  twice,  and  itrepbv,  a 
wing.]  {Arch.)  Noting 
a building  or  a temple 
in  which  the  distance 
from  each  side  of  the 
cell  to  the  columns  on  the  flanks  is  equal  to  two 
intercolumniations.  Brande. 

PSEU' DO-DO X,  a.  [Gr.  ipcvSys,  false,  and  Siilfa,  an 
•opinion.]  False  in  opinion,  [r.]  Wright. 

f PSEU'DO— Jp-PIG'R A- P1IOUS,  a.  [Gr.  1 fevSlyypa- 
i/ios,  falsely  registered.]  Inscribed  with  a false 
name.  Cudworth. 

PSEU'DO-E-PIS'CO-PA-CY,  n.  [Gr.  t ftcSls,  false, 
and  Eng.  episcopacy.]  False  episcopacy.  Milton. 


Pseudo-dipteral  temple. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE. — 9,  9,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  O,  c,  g,  hard;  § as  z; 


Jf.  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


PSEUDO-EVANGELICISM 


1150 


PTYALISM 


PSEU'DO-E-VAN-GEL'I-CI§M,  n.  [Gr.  tpevSy;, 
false,  and  Eng.  evangelicism .]  A false  view  of 
evangelical  doctrine.  Brit.  Crit. 

PSEU'DO— GA-LE'NA,  n.  [Gr.  tj.(vb>',;,  false,  and 
Eng.  galena.]  (Min.)  False  galena,  or  black- 
jack. Ure. 

PSEUDO-GRAPH  (su'do-gr&f),  il.  False  writing ; 
pseudography.  Cockerum. 

PSEU-DOG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  tfivSfc,  false,  and 
ypaip/j,  a writing.]’  False  writing.  BtJonson. 

PSEU-DOL'O-^rlST,  n.  A retailer  of  falsehood; 
a liar.  Maunder. 

PSEU-DOL'O-GY  (su-dol'o-je),  n.  [Gr.  \ptv6o?.oyia ; 
ipfvhjs,  false,  and  Zdyo ;,  discourse.]  Falsehood 
of  speech ; lying  ; mendacity.  Arbuthnot. 

PSEU'DO— MAR'TYR,  n.  [Gr.  ipeuSfis,  false,  and 
Eng.  martyr.]  A false  martyr.  Blount. 

PSEU'DO— M 5-TAL'LIC,  a.  [Gr.  tjieoby;,  false,  and 
Eng.  metallic.]  (Min.)  Exhibiting  lustre  only 
when  held  to  the  light.  Smart. 

rSEU'DO-MOR'PHOUS,  a.  [Gr.  t^evly;,  false,  and 
popipy,  form.]  (Crystallography .)  Noting  min- 
erals which  have  a form  of  crystallization  for- 
eign to  the  species  to  which  they  belong.  Dana. 

PSEU'DO-NYME  (su'do-nim),  n.  [Gr.  tpeoS//;,  false, 
and  oVo/m,  a name.]  A false  name.  Qu.  Rev. 

PSEU-DON'Y-MOUS,  a.  Having  a false  or  ficti- 
tious name.  Ec.  Rev. 

PSEU'DO— PHI- LOS'O-PHgR,  n.  [Gr.  tfieoSy;,  false, 
and  Eng.  philosopher.]  A false  philosopher ; 
pretender  to  philosophy.  Smart. 

PSEU'DO— PH I-LOS'O- PH y,  n.  [Gr.  tfievS));,  false, 
and  Eng.  philosophy .]  False  philosophy.  Ch.  Ob. 

PSEU'DO— R 5-PUB 'LI-C  AN,  n.  A false  or  pre- 
tended republican.  Clarke. 

PSEU'DO-SCOPE,  n.  [Gr.  tpeoho;,  falsehood,  and 
<7K0Tiiei,  to  see.]  (Opt.)  A name  given  to  the 
stereoscope  when  employed  to  produce  what  are 
called  conversions  of  relief,  and  consisting  of 
two  reflecting  prisms  placed  in  a frame,  with 
adjustments,  so  that,  when  applied  to  the  eyes, 
each  eye  may  see  separately  the  reflected  im- 
age of  the  projection  which  usually  falls  on  that 
eye.  Brande. 

PSEU'DO— SPER' MIC,  a.  [Gr.  ^evSfc,  false,  and 
mrtpya,  a seed.]  (Bot.)  Noting  fruits  whose 
pericarp  is  so  closely  attached  to  the  seed  that 
it  cannot  readily  be  distinguished  from  one  of 
its  integuments.  Henslow. 

PSEU'DO— STEL'LA,  n.  [Gr.  tj.evh/;,  false,  and 
L.  Stella , a star.]  Any  kind  of  meteor  or  phe- 
nomenon appearing  in  the  heavens  and  resem- 
bling a star.  Hutton. 

PSEU-DOTII'Y-RON,  n.  [Gr.  ^tuhfjs,  false,  and 
6bpa,  a door.]  (Arch.)  A false  door.  Brande. 

PSEU'DO— TIN'5-A,  n.  [Gr.  tfevh)};,  false,  and  L. 
tinea , a moth.]  (Ent.)  A caterpillar  whose 
habitation  or  sheath  is  fixed  or  immovable  ; bee- 
moth.  Wright. 

PSEU'DO- VOL-CAN're,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  pro- 
duced by,  a pseudo-volcano.  Cleaveland. 

PSEU'DO— VOL-CA'NO,  11.  [Gr.  ^evbfc,  false,  and 
It.  volcano.] 

1.  A volcano  which  emits  smoke  and  some- 
times flame,  but  never  lava.  P.  Cyc. 

2.  A burning  mine  of  coal.  Wright. 

PSHAW  (slAw,  84),  inter j.  Poh!  pugh  ! — ex- 

pressing contempt,  disdain,  or  dislike.  Spectator. 

PSl-LAN'THRO-PL'SM,  n.  The  doctrines  or  prin- 
ciples of  psilanthropists.  Coleridge. 

PSl-LAN'THRO-PlST  (sl-lan'thro-pist),  n.  [Gr. 
<pihos,  bare,  mere,  and  avOpoims,  a man.]  One 
who  believes  Christ  to  have  been  a mere  man  ; 
a humanitarian.  Coleridge. 

PSI-LOM'5-LANE,  n.  [Gr.  tpil.d;,  bare,,  and  pi lag, 
ylhtvos,  black.]  (Min.)  A massive,  botryoidal, 
dark-colored  ore  of  manganese.  Dana. 

PSl-LO'THRON,  n.  [Gr.  'St/.uOpov ; ipii.ti w,  to  make 
bare  or  bald  ; L.  psilothrum.]  A substance  for 
removing  hair  ; a depilatory.  Dunglison. 

PSIT-TA'CEOyS  (sjt-ta'shus),  a.  (Ornith.)  Per- 
taining to,  or  resembling,  the  parrot.  P.  Cyc. 


PSIT'TA-ClD,  a.  Psittaceous.  Wright. 

PSIT-  TjQ  ‘ l-DJE,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  tpirraxo; : L . psitta- 
cus,  a parrot.]  (Ornith.)  A family  of  birds  of 
the  order  Scunsores,  including  the  sub-families 
Pezoporince,  Arainat,  Lorince,  Psittacirue,  and 
Cacatuince ; parrots.  Gray. 

PS/ 7 TA -CV NJE , n.  pi. 

[See  Psittacidje.]  ( Or- 
nith.) A sub-family  of 
birds  of  the  order  Scan- 
sores and  family  Psitta- 
cidcc ; parrots.  Gray. 

PSO'AS  (so'js),  n.  ; pi. 
psoas.  [Gr.  i]/da.]  (Anat.) 

'I  he  name  of  two  IUUS-  Chrysotis  Dufresnianus. 
cles  of  the  loins.  Dunglison. 

PSO-PHI’  NJE,  n.  pi. 

[Gr.  to  make 
a noise.]  (Ornith.) 

A sub-family  of 
birds  of  the  order 
Grallce  and  family 
Ardeidat ; trumpet- 
ers. Gray. 

PSO’RA  (so'ra),  n. 

[L.,  from  Gr.  < feipa, 

to  rub.]  (Med.)  A cutaneous  eruption  of 
very  minute  pimples,  itching  intolerably,  and 
terminating  in  scabs  ; the  itch.  Dunglison. 

PSO-Rj ' A-SIS  (so-rl'a-sts),  n.  (Med.)  State  of  be- 
ing affected  with  psora  : — a term  now  applied  to  1 
a cutaneous  affection  consisting  of  rough,  amor-  [ 
phous  scales  ; scaly  tetter  ; dry  scall.  Dunglison. 

PSO'RIC  (so'-),  a.  [Gr.  tfuipiKd; ; L.  psoricus  ; Fr. 
psorique .]  (Med.)  Relating  to  psora.  Herring. 

PSY'jCHE  (sl'ke),  n.  (Astron.)  An  asteroid  dis- 
covered by  De  Gasparis  in  1852.  Loverinq. 

PSY-jUHl'A-TER,  n.  One  who  treats  of  the  dis- 
eases of  the  mind.  Dunglison. 

PSl-em-A-TRl  A,  J n.  [Gr.  the  mind, 

PSY-GHl'A-TRy,  ) the  soul.]  (Med.)  Medical 
treatment  of  diseases  of  the  mind.  Dunglison. 

PSY'GHIC  (sl'kjk),  ) [Gr.  ^k,k6;,  ^iryij, 

PSY'jCHI-CAL  (sl'ke-kal),  ) the  mind,  the  soul; 
L.  psychicus. ] Psychological.  Dunglison. 

PSY'jCHICS,  n.  pi.  Psychology,  [r.]  Roget. 

PSY'/CHI^M  (sl'klzm)  n.  [Gr.  the  soul ; Fr. 

psychistnc. ] The  doctrine  of  Quesne,  that 
there  is  a fluid  diffused  throughout  all  nature, 
animating  equally  all  living  and  organized  be- 
ings, and  that  the  difference  in  their  actions  is 
owing  to  their  particular  organization.  Fleming. 

PSY-CHO-LOG'!C  (sl-ko-Ioj'jk,  84),  ? [it. 

PSY-GIIO-LOG'I-CAL  (sl-ko-loj'e-kal),  ) psico/ogi- 
co  ; Fr.  psychologique.]  Pertaining  to  psychol- 
ogy, or  to  the  mind  or  soul.  Maty. 

PSY-GHO-Loy'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a psychological 
manner.  Coleridge. 

PSY-jCHOL'O-GIST,  n.  [It.  psicologista  ; Fr.  psi/- 
chologiste.]  One  versed  in  psychology.  Bailey. 

PSY-jEHOL'O-GY  (sl-kol'o-je),  n.  [Gr.  the 

mind,  the  soul,  and  Uyo;,  a discourse ; It.  psi- 
cologia ; Sp.  sicologia ; Fr.  psychologic.] 

1. ”  The  doctrine  of  the  mind  or  soul,  as  dis- 

tinct from  the  body  : — the  knowledge  of  the  mind 
and  its  faculties  which  is  derived  from  exami- 
nation of  the  facts  of  consciousness  ; the  sci- 
ence of  the  mind,  as  manifested  by  conscious- 
ness ; metaphysics.  Todd.  Fleming. 

2.  A treatise  on  the  mind  or  soul.  Todd. 

BPtf’ il  Psychology  lias  been  divided  into  two  parts  : 

1.  The  empirical,  having  for  its  object  the  phenomena 
of  consciousness,  and  the  faculties  by  which  they  aro 
produced  ; 2.  The  rational,  having  for  its  object  the 
nature  or  substance  of  the  soul,  its  spirituality,  im- 
mutability,” &c.  Fleming. 

PSY-CHOM'A-JEHY  (si-kom'a-ke),  n.  [Gr.  tj.ox’i, 
the  soul,  and  piivy,  a battle.]  A conflict  of  the 
soul  with  the  body.  Walker. 

PSY'GHO-MAN-CY  (sl'ko-),  n.  [Gr.  {j.vx>/.  the 
soul,  and  pavreta,  prophecy.]  Divination  by  con- 
sulting the  spirits  or  souls  of  the  dead.  Walker. 

PSY-jCHO-PAN'NY-jUHIfSM,  n.  [Gr.  tlie  soul> 

7ruj,  irdi',  all,  and  vb(,  night.]  The  doctrine  that  at 


Cariama  cristata. 


death  the  soul  falls  asleep,  and  does  not  awake 
until  the  resurrection  of  the  body.  Fleming. 

PSY-£HROM'5-TJgR,  n.  [Gr.  < j.oXo6s,  cold,  and 
yirpov,  a measure.]  (Chem.)  An  instrument 
consisting  of  two  similar  and  very  delicate  mer- 
curial thermometers,  one  of  which  is  kept  con- 
stantly moist,  while  the  other  is  dry ; wet-bulb 
hygrometer  ; — used  in  observations  for  deter- 
mining the  dew-point  or  the  tension  of  the 
vapor  in  the  air.  Brande.  Graham. 


PSY-eHROM'E-TRY,  n.  The  science  which  treats 
of  the  measurement  of  the  moisture  in  the  at- 
mosphere ; hygrometry.  Nichol. 

PSY-GHRO-PHO'Bl-A.  n.  [Gr.  cold,  and 

ifiot/topai,  to  fear.]  Fear  or  dread  of  any  thing 
cold-  Maunder. 

PSYX’H'TIC,  n.  [Gr.  ^ukt/kos,  cooling.  — Fr. 
psychtique .]  ( Med .)  A refrigerating  modi- 

cme-  Smart. 

PTAR'MI-GAN  (t&r'me-gSn,  84),  n. 

(Ornith.)  A rasorial  bird  of  the 
family  J'etraonidal,  the  smallest 
of  the  British  grouse ; white- 
•grouse  ; Tetrao  lagopus,  or  La- 
gopus  vulgaris.  ' Yarrell. 

PTER-I-PLf-GIS'TIC,  a.  [Gr. 
iTTcpov,  a wing,  and  nXiiamo,  to 
strike.]  Pertaining  to  fowling, 
or  shooting  birds.  Wright. 

PTER-O-Cl.I’  JiTJE,  11.  pi. 

(Ornith.)  A sub-family  of 
birds  of  the  order  Gallincct 
and  family  Tetraonidee ; 
sand-grouse.  Gray. 

PTER-O-DAC'TYL  (ter-o- 
dak'til),  n.  [Gr.  irrfpdv,  a 
wing,  and  laxrvi.o;,  a finger.]  (Pal.)  A fossil  fly- 
ing reptile  ; — named  from  the  fifth  toe  of  the 
anterior  feet  being  lengthened,  so  as  to  serve  as 
the  expansor  of  a membranous  wing.  Baird. 

PTER'O-POD  (ter'o-pod,  84),  71.  [Gr.  DTtpftv,  a wing, 
and  Trots,  irodds,  a foot.]  (ZoCl.)  One  of  the 
Ptcropoda.  Brande. 


Ptarmigan 
( Tetrao  lagopus). 


Ptcrocles  alchata. 


PTE-ROP  ’ O-DA,  il.  pi.  (Ziiol.)  A class  of  mol- 
lusks  which  live  in  the  open  sea,  and  have  a 
pair  of  flippers  or  wings  by  which  they  pass 
rapidly  through  the  water.  Brande. 

PTp-ROP'O-DOUS,  a.  Belonging  to,  or  resem- 
bling, pteropods.  Wright. 

PTER'Y-GOID  (ter'e-gold,  84),  a.  [Gr.  rrim  i.  rrfov- 
yo;,  a wing,  and  (Ho;,  form.]  (Anat.)  Wing- 
shaped.  Dunglison. 


PTIL-O-JYd-RHYJV-em'NJE,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  ttW- 
hov,  a feather, 
and  i>byy°S)  a 
beak.]  ( Or- 
nith.) A sub- 
family of  co- 
nirostral  birds 

of  the  order  „ , . . 

t-,  , Calorms  metalbcus. 

Passeres  and 

family  Sturnidce ; glossy  starlings.  Gray. 


PTISAN  (tiz-zan'  or  tlz'jn,  84)  [tjz-zan',  S.  W.  F. 
Ja.  K.  ; tiz'rm,  P.  J.  Sm.  1 1 'hi],  n.  [Gr.  rriGfn); ; 
L.  ptisana  ; It.  £$  Sp.  tisana  ; Fr.  ptisane,  tisane .] 
(Med.) 

1.  A decoction  of  barley.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  An  aqueous  medicine  containing  but  little 

or  no  medicinal  agent.  Dunglison. 


PTOL-5-MATC  (tol-e-ma'ik),  a.  Relating  to  Clau- 
dius Ptolemy,  an  astronomer  who  lived  in  the 
first  and  second  centuries  of  the  Christian  era, 
or  to  his  system  of  the  universe. 

Ptolemaic  system,  (Astron.)  the  system  of  astronomy 
taught  by  Ptolemy  and  bis  followers,  and  universally 
prevalent  till  the  time  of  Copernicus,  which  assumed 
the  earth  to  be  at  rest  and  in  the  centre  of  the  uni- 
verse, and  all  the  celestial  bodies  to  revolve  around 
it  from  east  to  west  in  circular  orbits.  Nichol. 


PTY'A-LlNE,  n.  (Chem.)  An  organic  principle 
constituting  about  one  third  of  the  soluble  solids 
of  the  saliva,  and  having  the  pow'er  of  convert- 
ing starch  into  dextrine  and  into  sugar.  Miller. 

PTY'A-LI§M  (ti'tt-lizm),  11.  [Gr.  rrvaXiayt; ; tt tvo), 
to  spit ; It.  ptialismo ; Sp.  tialismo ; Fr.  ptya- 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  J,  O,  l.T,  Y,  obscure; 


FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


PTYALOGOGUE 


1151 


PUDDLE 


lis?ne.]  (Med.)  A.  superabundant  secretion  of 
saliva  ; salivation.  Dunglison . 

PTY-AL'O-GOGUE  (tl-al'o-gog),  n.  [Gr.  nrvatoi', 
spittle,  and  ayu>f  ’to  drive.]  (Mus.)  A ptysma- 
gogue  ; a sialogogue.  Dunglison. 

PTY§'MA-GOGUE  (tiz'm?-gog),  n.  [Gr.  irrya^a, 
spittle,  and  ayw,  to  drive.]  (Med.)  \ medicine 
that  promotes  the  discharge  of  saliva  ; a sialo- 
go^ue.  Dunglison. 

f PUB'BLE,  a.  Pursy  ; fat.  Brant. 

PU'ByR-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  puberty.  Dunglison. 

rO'BpR-TY,  n.  [L.  pubertas ; pubes,  puber,  adult ; 
It.  puherth ; Sp.  pubertad ; Fr.  puberte.]  The 
time  of  life  at  which  a person  is  capable  of  pro- 
creation or  of  bearing  young,  which  according 
to  the  civil  law  is  at  twelve  years  of  age  for 
females  and  fourteen  for  males.  Bacon. 

PU-BER'II-LENT,  a.  [L.  puber,  downy.]  (But.) 
"Covered  with  fine,  short,  almost  imperceptible 
down  ; pulverulent ; pulveraceous.  Gray. 

Pf;'BE§,  n.  [L.]  1.  ( Anat .)  The  hair  on  the  privy 
parts  : — the  middle  part  of  the  hypogastric  re- 
gion. Dunglison. 

2.  (Med.)  Puberty,  [r.]  Dunglison. 

3.  (Bot.)  A downy  substance  which  grows  on 

some  plants  ; pubescence.  Wright. 

PU-BES'CyNCE,  n.  [It.  pubescenza  ; Sp.  pube- 
scencig ; Fr.  pubescence.) 

1.  The  state  of  arriving  at  puberty;  the  state 

of  puberty  ; nubility.  Browne. 

2.  (Bot.)  Down  closely  pressed  to  the  sur- 
face. Loudon. 

PU-BES'cyN-CY,  n.  Pubescence,  [r.]  Browne. 

PU-BES'Cy  NT,  a.  [L.  pubesco,  pubescens,  to  ar- 
rive at  puberty;  It . pubescente  ; Fr  .pubescent.) 

1.  Arriving  at  puberty  ; nubile.  Browne. 

2.  (Bot.)  Covered  with  pubescence;  having 

fine  or  soft  hairs.  Gray. 

PU'BIC,  a.  (Anat.)  Pertaining  to  the  pubis.  “ Pu- 
bic arch.”  “ Pubic  ligaments.”  Dunglison. 

PU'BIS,  n.  (Anat.)  The  anterior  part  of  one  of 
the  bones  of  the  pelvis  (os  innominatum),  cor- 
responding to  the  genital  organs.  Dunglison. 

PUB'LIC,  a.  [L.  puhlicus ; populus,  people;  It. 
pubblico;  Sp  .publico-,  Fr  .public.) 

1.  Pertaining  to,  regarding,  or  affecting,  the 
whole  people,  or  a state,  nation,  or  community; 
not  private.  “ The  public  service.”  White. 
“ The  public  weal.”  Swift. 

2.  Open  to  all ; generally  known  ; notorious. 

“ A public  example.”  Matt.  i.  19. 

3.  Open  for  general  use  or  entertainment. 
“ Public  houses.”  Addison.  “Public  highway.” 

4.  Common  ; general ; as,  “ Public  opinion.” 

Syn.  — See  Common,  General. 

PUB'LIC,  n.  The  people  at  large  ; the  general 
body  of  mankind,  or  of  a state,  nation,  or  com- 
munity ; persons  ; men. 

The  public  is  more  disposed  to  censure  than  to  praise. 

Addison. 

In  public , before  the  people  at  large  j in  open  view 
or  general  notice.  Locke. 

PUB'LI-CAN,  n.  [L.  publicanus  ; It.  8$  Sp.  publi- 
cano ; Fr.  publicain.] 

1.  (Rom.  Ant.)  A farmer  of  the  public  rev- 
enue : — one  employed  in  collecting  tribute  or 
taxes ; a tax-gatherer. 

As  Jesus  sat  at  meat  in  the  house,  many  publican .«  and  sin- 
ners came  and  sat  down  with  him  and  his  disciples. 

Matt . ix.  10. 

“ There  were  two  distinct  classes  of  publicans, 
— tite  farmers-general  of  the  revenues,  who  were  re- 
garded as  belonging  to  one  of  the  most  honorable 
grades  of  citizens,  and  the  deputies,  or  under-pub- 
licans, of  an  inferior  caste,  whose  reputation  was  on 
a par  with  that  of  the  most  degraded  citizens.  Hence, 
in  the  New  Testament,  the  word  rendered  publicans 
by  tile  Latin  translators  is  almost  always  placed  in 
juxtaposition  with  sinners.”  Braude. 

2.  The  keeper  of  a public  drinking-house, 

or  a house  of  entertainment.  Johnson. 

PUB-Li-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  publication.  It.  pubbli- 
cazione-,  Sp . publicacion  ■ Fr  .publication.) 

1.  The  act  of  publishing  or  making  public ; 
divulgation  ; promulgation  ; proclamation. 
“ Publication  of  heavenly  mysteries.”  Hooker. 

2.  The  act  of  publishing,  or  offering  to  the 


public,  as  a book  : — an  edition.  “ The  pub- 
lication of  these  papers.”  Swift. 

3.  A book,  pamphlet,  or  other  literary  work 

published.  Roget. 

4.  (Law.)  The  formal  declaration  made  by  a 

testator  at  the  time  of  signing  his  will,  that  it  is 
his  last  will  and  testament.  Burrill. 

PUB'LIC— HEART'yD,  a.  Public-spirited.  “They 
were  public-hearted  men.”  Clarendon. 

PUB'LIC— HOUSE,  n.  An  inn  or  tavern.  Booth. 

In  England  moro  generally  applied  to  a beer- 
shop  or  ale-house.  Simmonds. 

PUB’LI-CIST,  n.  A writer  on  the  laws  of  nature 
and  nations.  — See  Lawyer.  Burke. 

PUB-lT^'I-TY,  n.  [It.  pubblicith ; Sp.  publicidad  ; 
Fr.  publicity.)  The  state  of  being  public  or 
open  to  the  knowledge  of  all  ; notoriety.  Todd. 

PUB'LIC-LY,  ad.  1.  In  a public  manner  ; open- 
ly ; without  concealment  or  limitation.  Bacon. 

2.  In  the  name  of  the  public.  “Great  re- 
wards ar e publicly  offered.”  Addison. 

PUB'LIC— MIND' yD,  a.  Public-spirited.  Clarke. 

PUB'LIC— MlND'y  D-NESS,  n.  Regard  to  the  pub- 
lic good ; public-spiritedness.  South. 

PUB'LIC-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  public  ; 
publicity,  [r.]  Boyle. 

PUB'LIC-SPlR'IT-yD,  a.  Having  regard  to  the 
public  interest,  apart  from  private  advantage. 
“ The  public-spirited  men  of  their  age.”  Dryden. 

PUB'LIC— SPIR' IT- yD-LY,  ad.  With  public  spirit ; 
with  regard  to  the  public  good.  Wright. 

PUB'LIC-SPIR'IT-ED-NESS,  n.  Regard  to  the 
public  good  apart  from  private  interest.  Delany. 

PUB'LISH,  v.  a.  [L  .publico’,  It.  pubblicare  ; Sp. 
publicar-,  Fr .publicr.)  [i.  published  ; pp.  pub- 
lishing, PUBLISHED.] 

1.  To  make  public  ; to  make  publicly  known  ; 
to  announce ; to  declare  ; to  disclose  ; to  di- 
vulge ; to  proclaim  ; to  promulgate  ; to-  utter  ; 
to  advertise. 

The  unwearied  sun.  from  day  to  day, 

Docs  his  Creator's  power  display, 

And  publishes  to  every  land 

The  work  of  an  almighty  hand.  Addison. 

2.  To  put  forth  or  issue  to  the  public,  as  a 
book,  or  an  engraving ; to  print  and  offer  for  sale. 

3.  To  announce  or  post  legally,  as  banns  of 
marriage,  or  of  parties  intending  marriage. 

Syn.- — To  publish  is  a general  term  for  making 
any  tiling  known.  Publish  news,  books,  &c.  An- 
nounce a book,  then  publish  it,  and  afterwards  adver- 
tise it.  A person  advertises  in  order  to  publish,  but  he 
may  publish  without  advertising.  To  promulgate  is  to 
publish  widely,  or  to  .make  known  to  many.  To  re- 
veal and  disclose  is  to  divulge  what  was  concealed  or 
hidden.  Reveal  secrets  ; divulge  or  disclose  secrets  or 
crimes.  — See  Announce,  Declare. 

PUB'LISH-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  published; 
worthy  or  fit  for  publication.  Qu.  Rev. 

PUB'LISH-ER,  n.  One  who  publishes.  Atterbury. 

PUB'LlSH-ING,  p.  a.  That  publishes;  as,  “A 
publishing  house.” 

PUB'LTSH-MENT,  n.  1.  The  act  of  publishing  ; 
publication,  [r.]  Fabyan. 

2.  An  official  notice  of  an  intended  marriage. 
[Local,  U.  S.]  Massachusetts  Statutes. 

PUC-COON',  n.  (Bot.)  A North  American  plant, 
having  tuberous  roots,  with  the  reddish  juice  of 
which  the  Indians  stain  themselves  or  their 
utensils  ; Lithospermum  liirtum.  Gray. 

PUCE,  a.  [Fr.,  from  puce,  a flea.]  Dark  brown 
or  brownish  purple ; of  a flea  color ; — written 
also  puke.  Todd. 

f PU'CEL,  n.  [Fr.  pucelle .]  A girl ; a maid  ; a 
virgin  ; — also  written  pucelle.  Chaucer. 

PU'OEL-AyE,  n.  [Fr.]  Virginity,  [r.]  Robinson. 

PU'CE-RON,  n.  [Fr.,  from  j&wce,  a flea.]  ( Ent .)  A 
genus  of  hemipterous  insects  which  live  on 

plants ; vine-fretter ; plant-louse.  Loudon. 

PUCIIAPAT,  n.  (Bot.)  An  herb  whose  dried  tops 
yield  a peculiarly  scented  product  used  in  per- 
fumery, the  tincture  of  which  is  called  the  es- 
sence of  patchouli,  or  simply  patchouli ; Pogos- 
temon  patchouli.  Archer. 


PUCK,  n.  [Su.  Goth;  Sf  Icel.  puke,  a demon.  Lye. 
Junius. — Scandinavian  puki,  a boy.  Braude .] 
A fiend;  a goblin  ; a sprite; — particularly  the 
fairy  depicted  in  Shakspeare’s  Midsummer 
Night's  Dream,  called  also  Robin  Goodfellow, 
Friar  Rush,  Pug,  Pug-Robin,  Puck-hairy, 
Puck-hary,  &c.  Nares.  Brande. 

PUCK'— BALL,  n.  A kind  of  mushroom  full  of 
dust ; a puff-ball.  Bailey. 

PUCK'yR,  v.  a.  [Old  Eng.  poke,  a pocket.  Sere- 
nius .]  [i.  puckered  ; pp.  puckering,  puck- 
ered.] To  gather  or  contract  into  small  folds 
or  wrinkles  ; to  corrugate.  Spectator.  Sharp. 

PUCK'yR,  n.  1.  A small  fold  or  wrinkle.  Johnson. 

2.  Perplexity  ; agitation  ; confusion  ; bother. 
[Vulgar,  Eng.,  Scot.,  and  U.  S.]  Halliwell. 

PUCK'yRED  (puk'erd),  p.  a.  Gathered  into  puck- 
ers ; wrinkled. 

PUCK'yR-yR,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  puckers. 

PUCK'FIST,  n.  A puck-ball ; a puff-ball ; — used 
as  a term  of  reproach.  B.  Jonson. 

PUD'DEN-ING,  n.  (Naut.)  A mass  or  quantity  of 
yarns,  matting,  or  oakum,  used  to  prevent 
chafing  : — a thick  wreath  or  circle  of  cordage 
fastened  about  a mast  between  the  trusses,  to 
prevent  the  yards  from  falling  down,  when  the 
ropes  by  which  they  are  suspended  are  shot 
away.  Dana.  Mar.  Diet. 

PUD'DyR,  n.  A pother  ; a tumult ; a bustle  ; con- 
fusion. [Low.]  Milton.  Locke. 

PUD'DyR,  V.  n.  [i.  PUDDERED  ; pp.  PUDDERING, 
puddered.]  To  make  a pother.  [Low.]  Locke. 

PUD'DyR,  v.  a.  To  pother  ; to  bother  ; to  harass  ; 
to  perplex.  [Low.]  Locke. 

PUD'DING,  n.  [L.  botulus,  a sausage;  Low  L. 
bodinvs,  a pudding;  It . podingo  ■,  Sp.  pudin,  pu- 
dingo  ; Fr.  boudin.  — Dut.  podding  ; Ger.  £>•  Sw. 
pudding  ; Dan.  budding.'] 

1.  A mass  for  food,  variously  compounded, 

boiled  or  baked.  Prior. 

2.  Something  of  the  consistence  and  softness 

of  a pudding.  Smart. 

3.  An  intestine,  [r.]  Shah. 

4.  An  intestine  stuffed  with  edible  ingre- 
dients ; a kind  of  sausage.  Johnson. 

5.  Victuals  ; food.  [Proverbial.]  Prior. 

6.  (Naut.)  Puddening.  Mar.  Diet. 

PUD'DING— BAG,  n.  A bag  in  which  pudding  is 
boiled.  Arbuthnot. 

PUD'DING— FISH,  n.  (Ich.)  A species  of  fish  ; 
Sparus  radiatus.  Hamilton. 

PUD'DING-GRAss,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the  ge- 
nus Mentha.  Wright. 

PUD'D[NG— GROSS,  n.  A plant.  Johnson. 

PUD’DING— IIEAD'yD,  a.  Dull ; stupid.  Sterne. 

PUD'DING— PIE,  n.  A pudding  with  meat  baked 
in  it.  Iludibras. 

PUD'DING-PlPE-TREE,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the 
genus  of  Cassia.  Wright. 

PUD'DING-SLEEVE,  n.  A full  sleeve,  as  of  a 
clergyman  in  full  dress.  Swift. 

PUD'DING-STONE,  n.  (Min.)  Rounded  water- 
worn  fragments  of  rock  or  pebbles,  cemented 
together  by  another  mineral  substance  of  a 
silicious,  argillaceous,  or  calcareous  nature  ; 
conglomerate.  I/yell. 

PUD'DING— TIME,  n.  1.  The  time  of  dinner,  pud- 
ding being  formerly  the  first  dish  set  on  the 
table.  Johnson. 

2.  Nick  of  time;  critical  time.  Iludibras. 

PUD'DLE  (pud'dl),  n.  [Old  Eng.  podcl,  podle, 
poodle. — See  Pool.] 

1.  A small  stand  or  pool  of  dirty  water  ; a 

muddy  plash.  Addison. 

2.  A mixture  of  tempered  clay  and  sand  re- 

duced to  a semi-fluid  state,  used  for  engineering 
purposes.  Simmonds. 

PUD'DLE,  v.  a.  \i.  puddled;  pp.  puddling, 
puddled.] 

1.  To  make  muddy  or  foul ; to  mix  with  dirt ; 

to  muddy.  “ Puddled  water.”  Sidney. 

2.  To  fill  or  stop  up  with  puddle  in  order  to 

exclude  or  stop  water.  Wright. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BtiLL,  BUR,  RpLE.  — Q,  £,  9,  g,  soft ; £,  G,  £,  1,  hard ; ^ as  z;  £ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


PUDDLE 


1152 


PULING 


3.  To  convert  into  wrought  iron,  as  cast  iron. 
— See  Puddling.  Ure. 

PUD'DLE,  v.  n.  To  make  a dirty  stir  ; to  be  in  a 
confused  state ; to  muddle.  Junius. 

PUD'DLpR,  n.  One  who  puddles  iron.  Wright. 

PUD'DLE-ROLL§,  n.  pi.  A pair  of  large,  heavy 
rollers,  with  grooved  surfaces,  for  flattening 
iron  into  bars.  Simmonds. 

FUD'DLING,  n.  The  process  of  purifying  cast 
iron  of  extraneous  substances,  as  carbon,  sili- 
con, &c.,  by  means  of  the  intense  heat  of  the 
puddling  furnace,  and  thus  converting  it  into 
wrought  or  malleable  iron.  Ure. 

Puddling-  furnace.,  a kind  of  reverberatory  furnace 
used  in  puddling  iron.  Oraham. 

PUD'DLY,  a.  Muddy;  dirty;  miry.  Carew. 

PUD'DOOK,  n.  A small  enclosure;  a paddock; 

— also  written  purrock.  [Local,  Eng.]  Bailey. 

PU'DJJN-CY,  n.  [L. pudeo,  puclens,  to  be  ashamed.] 
Modesty ; shamefacedness.  Shale. 

PU-DEN' DJi,  n.  pi.  [L.]  The  private  parts. 

PU'DIC,  (a.  [L.  pudicus,  modest.]  Relating 

PU'DI-CAL,  > to  the  genital  organs.  Dunglison. 

PU-Df^'l-TY,  n.  [L.  pudicitia ; It.  pudicizia ; Sp. 
pudicicia-,  Fr.  pudicite.]  Modesty;  chastity. 
“ The  sacred  fire  of  pudicity.”  Howell. 

t PUE,  v.  n.  To  make  a low,  whistling  sound,  as 
a bird.  Pembroke. 

PU'fR,  n.  [L.]  1.  (Law.)  A child  of  either 
sex  : — a term  sometimes  restricted  to  mean  a 
boy.  Bouvier. 

2.  A tanner’s  name  for  dog’s  dung,  used  as 
an  alkaline  steep  for  removing  the  lime  from  the 
pores,  and  destroying  the  grease  in  the  skin,  in 
order  to  fit  it  for  receiving  the  tannin.  Simmonds. 

PU'lJ-RlLE,  a.  [L.  puerilis ; puer,  pueri,  a child; 
It  .puerile-,  Sp  . pueriT.  Fr . pueri  l.]  Pertaining 
to,  or  befitting,  a child;  childish;  boyish;  ju- 
venile ; youthful.  e‘  Puerile  amusements.”  Pope. 

Syn.  — See  Youthful. 

PU'E-RILE-Ly,  ad.  In  a puerile  manner;  boy- 
ishly ; triflingly.  Wright. 

PlJ'p-RILE-NESS,  n.  Boyishness;  puerility. 

PU-^-RiL'i-TY,  n.  [L.  puerilitas ; It.  pucrilith; 
Sp.  puerilidad  ; Fr.  puerilite.] 

1.  Childishness  ; boyishness.  Dryden. 

2.  A childish  or  silly  act,  thought,  or  ex- 
pression ; folly.  Wright. 

3.  ( Civil  Law.)  The  period  of  life  from  the 
age  of  seven  years  to  that  of  puberty.  Bouvier. 

PU-ER'Pp-RAL,  a.  [L.  puerpera,  a woman  in 
childbed ; puer,  a child,  and  pario,  to  bear ; It. 
puerperale ; Sp.  puerperal ; Fr.  puerperale .]  Of, 
or  pertaining  to,  childbirth.  “ Pangs  puerpe- 
ral.” Cowper.  “ Puerperal  fever.”  Dunglison. 

PU-ER’PIS-ROUS,  a.  Bearing  children.  Smart. 

PU'ET,  n.  ( Ornith .)  The  pewit  or  lapwing.  — See 
Pewit.  Walton. 

PUFF,  n.  [Dut.  pof,  a bounce,  bof,  a blow,  a 
thump;  Ger.  puff,  a thump;  Dan . puf.  — W. 
pwff,  a puff.] 

1.  A quick,  short  blast,  as  with  the  mouth  ; a 
small,  sudden  gust ; a whiff. 

With  one  fierce  puff  he  blows  the  leaves  away,  Dryden. 

A puff  of  wind  blows  off  cap  and  wig.  L' Estrange. 

2.  A fungous  ball  full  of  dust;  a puff-ball. 

3.  Any  thing  light  and  porous.  Tutler. 

4.  An  instrument  to  sprinkle  powder  on  the 

hair.  Ainsworth. 

5.  A tumid  or  exaggerated  commendation,  as 
in  a public  notice  or  advertisement. 

I am  really  driven  to  it,  as  the  pvff  in  the  play-bill  says, 

“ at  the  desire  of  several  persons  of  quality.”  Cibber. 

PUFF,  v.  n.  [It.  sbufare;  Sp.  bufar ; Fr.  bouffer. 

— Dut.  puffen  ; Sw.  pDfa.  — ■"  W.  pyffho.]  [i. 

PUFFED  ; pp.  PUFFING,  PUFFED.] 

1.  To  blow  with  a short,  quick  blast. 

Foggy  south  puffing  with  wind  and  rain.  Shak. 

2.  To  swell  the  cheeks  with  air.  Johnson. 

3.  To  blow  with  scornfulness  or  contempt. 

As  for  all  his  enemies,  he puffieth  at  them.  P$.  x.  5. 

Lest  some  should  puffi  at  these  instances.  South. 


4.  To  breathe  quick  and  hard,  as  after  violent 

exertion  ; to  pant.  “ The  ass  comes  back  again, 
puffing  and  blowing.”  L’ Estrange. 

5.  To  move  or  act  with  hurry  or  agitation. 

Then  came  brave  Glory  puffing  by.  Herbert. 

6.  To  swell  with  air;  to  be  inflated.  Boyle. 

PUFF,  v.  a.  [Dut.  poffen,  to  bounce,  to  puff'; 
Ger.  puffen,  to  thump,  to  puff ; Dan.  puff'e .] 

1.  To  drive  or  agitate  with  a blast  of  wind; 
to  blow  ; — often  followed  by  away.  Shak. 

Tile  clearing  north  will  pvff  the  clouds  away.  Dryden. 

2.  To  drive  with  a blast  of  breath  in  contempt 
or  scorn.  “I  puff  the  prostitute  away.”  Dryden. 

3.  To  inflate  or  make  to  swell,  as  with  air  ; — 

often  followed  by  up  or  out.  “ The  sea  puffed 
up  with  winds.”  Shak. 

4.  To  inflate  as  with  praise  or  pride  ; to  make 
proud  or  haughty  ; — often  followed  by  up. 

Think  not  of  men  above  that  which  is  written,  that  no  one 
of  you  be  puffed  up  one  against  another.  1 Cor.  iv.  0. 

5.  To  praise  or  commend  extravagantly  or 
with  exaggeration,  as  in  a public  notice. 

PUFF,  a.  Puffed  up;  proud;  vain;  conceited. 
“ That  puff  Rogers.”  [r.]  Sir  It.  Fanshaw. 

PUFF'— BALL,  n.  ( Bot .)  A genus  of  Fungi, 
emitting  w'hen  burst  a quantity  of  dust-like 
seeds  or  spores.  Eng.  Cyc. 

PUFF'— BIRD,  n.  (Ornith.)  A bird  of  the  family 
Alcedinidce  and  sub-family  Bucconince,  having 
a large  conical  beak,  which  appears  puffed  out 
at  the  sides  of  the  base  ; the  barbet.  Eng.  Cyc. 

PUFF'JJR,  n.  1.  One  who,  or  that  which,  puffs. 

2.  A person  employed  by  the  owner  of  prop- 

erty sold  at  auction  to  bid  it  up  in  order  to  raise 
the  price.  Bouvier. 

3.  (Ich.)  The  globe-fish.  Storer. 

PUFF'g-RY,  n.  The  act  or  the  practice  of  puffing ; 
extravagant  praise.  Felton.  W.  C.  Bryant. 

PUF'FIN,  n.  [Fr.  puffein.] 

1.  A kind  of  fish.  Johnson. 

2.  A kind  of  fungus  filled 

with  dust.  Johnson. 

3.  (Ornith.)  A species  of  auk; 

Labrador  auk  : Alca  arctica , or 
Fratercula  arctica.  — See  Coul- 
terneb.  Yarrell. 

PUF'FIN— AP'PLE,  n.  A sort  of 
apple.  Ainsivorth. 

PUFF'I-NESS,  n.  State  or  quality 
of  being  turgid  or  puffy.  Hill. 

PUFF'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  puffs. 

2.  Extravagant  or  exaggerated  praise.  Burke. 

PUFF'ING-LY,  ad.  1.  Tumidly.  Sherwood. 

2.  With  shortness  of  breath.  Johnson. 

PUFF'Y,  a.  1.  Swelled;  tumid;  puffed  out.  “A 
light,'  puffy  tumor.”  Wiseman. 

2.  Bombastic;  turgid;  extravagant.  “The 
swelling,  puffy  style.”  Dryden. 

PUG,  n.  [Su.  Goth.  % Icel.  puke.  — See  Puck.] 

1.  t A puck  ; a fiend.  Ileywood. 

2.  A monkey.  Hudibras. 

3.  A little  dog  with  a flat  nose  like  that  of  a 

monkey ; a pug-dog.  Eng.  Cyc. 

4.  A term  of  endearment.  Drant. 

PUG,  n.  [Su.  Goth,  purga  ; A.  S.  pig  a,  a girl.] 
A punk  ; a whore.  [Local  and  low.]  Todd. 

PUG,  a.  Like  a monkey.  Ash. 

PUG'-DOG,  n.  A dog  with  a pug-nose.  Booth. 

PUG'-FACED  (pug'fast),  a.  Having  a face  re- 
sembling that  of  a monkey.  Palmer. 

f PUG'GER,  v.  a.  To  pucker.  More. 

f PUG'GING,  a.  Thieving.  [Cant.]  Shak. 

PtJG'GING,  n.  1.  The  act  or  the  operation  of 
working  up  clay  for  bricks.  Simmonds. 

2.  (Arch.)  A kind  of  mortar,  laid  under  a 
floor  to  deaden  the  sound  between  one  story 
and  another.  Brande. 

PUGH  (poh),  interj.  A word  expressing  contempt 
or  disdain;  pshaw;  poh.  Johnson. 

PU'GjL,  n.  [L.  pugillus  ; pugnus,  a fist;  It.  pu- 
gillo.\  As  much  as  can  be  taken  up  between 
the  thumb  and  the  first  two  fingers.  Bacon. 

PU'G!L-IfjM  (pu'jil-Izm),  n.  [Sp . pugilismo.]  The 


act  or  the  practice  of  boxing,  or  fighting  with 
the  fist ; boxing  ; fisticuffs.  Todd. 

PU'£IL-IST,  n.  [L.  pugil ; pugnus,  a fist;  It. 
pugile  ; Sp.  pugil ; Fr.  pugile .]  A fighter  with 
the  fist;  a boxer  ; a bully  ; a prizefighter.  Todd. 

PU-GJL-IST'IC,  a.  Relating  to  pugilism  or  box- 
ing ; fighting  with  the  fists  ; boxing.  Qu.  Rev. 

PUG'— MILL,  n.  A mill  for  mixing  chalk  with 
clay  for  forming  bricks.  Simmonds. 

PUG-NA'CIOLtS  (-slius,  6G),  a.  \L.  pugnax,  pugna- 
cis  ; pugno,  to  fight ; It.  pugnace ; Sp . pugnaz.\ 
Disposed  or  inclined  to  fight ; quarrelsome  ; 
fighting ; contentious.  Barrow. 

PUG-NA'CIOUS-LY,  ad.  In  a pugnacious  manner. 

PUG-NA^'I-TY,  n.  [L . pugnacitas  ; Sp . pugnaci- 
dad;  1 r.  pugnacity .]  Quality  of  being  pugna- 
cious ; inclination  to  fight.  Bacon. 

PUG'mS  ET  CJL'CI-BUS.  [L.]  With  fists  and 
heels  ; with  all  one’s  might.  Wright. 

PUG'-NO§ED,  a.  Having  a pug-nose.  Palmer. 

PUfI,  interj.  Noting  disgust ; pugh  ; poh.  Shak. 

PUIS'NE  (pu'ne),  a.  [Fr.  puisne;  puis,  after- 
wards, and  ne,  born  ; naitre,  to  be  born.] 

1.  f Later  in  time.  “ A puisne  date.”  Hale. 

2.  Small ; petty  ; inconsiderable  ; puny.  Shak. 

3.  (Law.)  Inferior  in  rank  ; subordinate.  “ A 

puisne  judge.”  Bacon. 

Ed ' Also  written  jmismj.  — It  is  written  puny  when 
it  is  not  used  as  a technical  word. 

PUIS'NIJ  (pu’ne),  n. ; pi.  puis'nie?  (pu'njz). 

1.  One  in  an  inferior  rank  ; a junior;  a sub- 
ordinate. [r.]  Bp.  Hall. 

2.  An  inferior  judge.  Ld.  Campbell. 

PUIS'NY  (pu'ne),  a.  Inferior;  puisne.  Observer. 

PU'|S-SANCE  [pu'js-s5ns,  S.  J.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  R. 
Wb.;  pu-is'sans,  P.  ; pu'is-sans  or  pu-Is'sans,  W. 
Wr.],  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  potential]  Power; 
strength  ; force  ; might.  Spenser. 

||  PU'IS-SANT  [pu'is-sant,  S.  IF.  J.  F.  Ja.  Sm.  R. 
Wb. ; pu-Is'sant,  F.  K.  Ash,  Scott,  Entick],  a. 
[Fr.]  Powerful ; strong;  forcible  ; mighty.  Shak. 

||  PU'IS-SANT-LY,  ad.  Powerfully  ; mightily; 
forcibly ; strongly.  Berners. 

||  PU'JS-SANT-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  puis- 
sant ; power  ; might ; puissance.  Ascham. 

PUKE,  v.  n.  [Of  uncertain  etymology.  — Proba- 
bly an  onomatopoea.  Richardson .]  [i.  puked  ; 

pp.  puking,  puked.]  To  vomit;  to  spew. 

The  infant,  mewling  and  puking  in  the  nurse’s  arms.  Shak. 

PUKE,  n.  A substance  which  produces  vomiting  ; 
an  emetic.  Byrotn. 

PUKE,  a.  Primarily,  pitch-colored  : — of  a color 
between  black  and  russet ; puce.  — See  Puce. 

PUK'ER,  n.  1.  One  who  pukes. 

2.  An  emetic,  [r.]  Garth. 

PUK'ING,  n.  The  act  of  vomiting.  Dunglison. 

PUL'jCHRI-TUDE,  n.  [L.  pulchritudo ; pulcher, 
beautiful ; It.  pulcritudine  ; Sp.  pulcritud .] 
Beauty  ; grace  ; handsomeness  ; comeliness. 

Piercing  our  hearts  with  thy  pulchritude.  Chaucer. 

PULE,  v.  n.  [Fr.  pi  aider,  from  L.  pipilo,  pipio.] 
[l.  PULED  ; pp.  puling,  puled.] 

1.  To  cry  like  a chicken;  to  chirp.  Cotgrave. 

2.  To  whine  ; to  cry  ; to  whimper.  “ A 

wretched,  puling  fool.”  Shak. 

PU'LfR,  n.  One  that  pules  or  is  weak.  Wright. 

PU' LEX,  n.  [L.]  (Ent.)  A genus  of  parasitic 
insects  having  a compressed,  oval  body,  pro- 
tected by  a tough,  coriaceous  covering.  It  in- 
cludes the  common  flea  (Pulex  irritans),  and 
the  chigre  or  chigoe  (Pulex  penetrans).  Eng.  Cyc. 

PU'LIC,  n.  [L.  pulex,  pulicis,  a flea.]  (Bot.)  A 
plant  of  the  genus  Pulicaria;  flea-bane.  Scott. 

PU'LI-CENE,  a.  Pulicose.  [r.]  Maunder. 

PU-LI-COSE',  a.  [L.  pulicosus  ; It.  pulcioso  ; Sp. 
pulyoso .]  Abounding  with  fleas,  [n.]  Bailey. 

PU'LI-COOs,  a.  Abounding  with  fleas,  [r.]  Smart. 

PUL'ING,  p.  a.  Crying: — whining;  childish. 

PUL'ING,  n.  Aery;  a whine.  Bacon. 


A,  E,  l,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  nfilR,  HER; 


PULINGLY 


1153 


PULVERIZE 


PUL'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a puling  manner ; with 
whining ; with  complaint.  Beau.  <x  FI. 

PU'LI-OL,  n.  A plant  or  herb.  Ainsworth. 

PULK,  n.  1.  A short,  fat  person: — a coward. 

[Local,  Eng.]  Wright. 

2.  A puddle  or  shallow  pool  or  pond.  [Lo- 
cal, Eng.]  Rogers. 

PULK' HA,  n.  A Lapland  sledge.  Smart. 

PULL,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  pullian ; Dut.  pclleti,  to  peel.] 
[l.  FI  LLED  ; pp.  PULLING,  PULLED.] 

1.  To  draw  towards  one’s  self ; to  draw  ; to 
drag ; to  tug ; to  haul ; — opposed  to  push.  Shak. 

There  was  the  weight  pulled  me  down.  Shak. 

2.  To  pluck;  to  gather,  as  fruit.  “To  pull 

the  ripened  pear.”  Dryden. 

3.  To  tear ; to  rend  ; to  laniate.  “ He  hath 

. . . pulled  me  in  pieces.”  Lam.  iii.  2. 

4.  To  impress  by  a printing-machine.  Smart. 

To  pull  down,  to  draw  down: — to  demolish;  to 

subvert ; to  overthrow.  “ In  political  affairs  ...  it  is 
far  easier  to  pull  down  than  to  build  up.”  Howell.  — 
To  degrade ; to  humble.  “ To  raise  the  wretched,  and 
p ull  down  the  proud.”  Roscommon. — To  pull  foot,  to 
walk  fast,  or  to  run.  [Vulgar.]  Seba  Smith. — To  pull 
up,  to  draw  or  haul  up  : — to  extirpate;  to  eradicate. 
“ Pulling  up  the  old  foundations  of  knowledge.” 
Locke. — To  pull  up  stakes,  to  remove,  carrying  away 
furniture  or  baggage.  [Vulgar.]  Knickerbocker. 

PULL,  v.  n.  To  give  a pull  ; to  draw;  to  tug ; as, 
“ To  pull  at  or  on  a rope.” 

To  pull  apart,  to  separate  or  break  by  being  pulled 
on,  as  a rope. 

PULL,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  pulls.  “A  vi- 
olent pull  upon  the  ring.”  Swift. 

2.  A contest;  a struggle.  Carew. 

3.  A pluck  ; violence  suffered.  Shak. 

fPUL'LAlL,  n.  Poultry.  Chaucer. 

PULL' BACK,  n.  One  who,  or  that  which,  keeps 

back  ; a restraint ; a drawback.  Browne. 

t PUL'LIJN,  n.  Poultry.  Beau,  FI. 

PULL'IJR,?!.  One  who,  or  that  which,  pulls.  Shak. 

PUL'Lf.T,  n.  [Fr.  poulet,  dim.  of  poule,  a hen, 
from  L.  pullus.]  A young  hen.  Browne. 

PUL'Lf.Y  (pftl'le),  n.  ( Mech .) 

1.  One  of  the  mechanical 
powers,  consisting  of  a 
wheel  called  the  sheave, 
movable  about  an  axis, 
and  having  a groove  cut 
in  its  circumference,  over 
which  a cord  or  rope 
passes  ; — used  singly  to 
change  the  direction  of  Forms  of  the  pulley, 
the  power  applied,  and  in  various  forms  of  com- 
bination to  raise  heavy  weights.  The  axle  is 
supported  by  a box  called  the  block,  which  may 
be  either  movable  or  fixed. 

A pullet/  may  be  regarded  as  a lever  with  equal  arms,  the 
arms  being  the  radii  of'  the  wheel.  Loomis. 

2.  A wheel  placed  upon  a shaft  for  receiving 
a belt. 

R®“If  the  wheel  is  fixed  to  the  shaft,  and  turns 
with  it,  it  is  called  a dead,  fixed,  or  fast  pulley.  If  the 
wheel  is  not  fixed  to  the  shaft,  but  revolves  upon  it,  it 
is  called  a line,  movable , or  loose  pulley.  These  pulleys 
are  placed,  side  by  side,  on  the  same  shaft.  The  band 
or  belt  which  communicates  the  power  is  placed  upon 
the  loose  pulley  when  it  is  desired  to  stop  the  machine, 
and  upon  the  fast  pulley  when  it  is  intended  to  set  the 
machine  in  motion.  Bigelow.  Francis. 

Sliding  pulley,  a pulley  placed  upon  a shaft  so  as  to 
slide  backwards  and  forwards  upon  it:  — used  for 
coupling  and  disengaging  machinery.  Francis. 

1’UL'LIJY  (pul'le),  v.  a.  To  raise  with  a pulley. 
“ Being  pulleyed  up.”  Ilowell. 

PUL'LEY-SHApED  (-shapt),  a.  ( Bot .)  Circular, 
compressed,  and  contracted  in  the  middle,  so 
as  to  resemble  a pulley.  Lindlcy. 

PUL'LI-CATE,  n.  A kind  of  silk  handkerchief; 
— also  written  pullicat.  Simmonds. 

PUI/LU-LATE,  v.  n.  [L.  pullulo,  pullulatum  ; 
pullulus,  dim.  of  pullus,  a young  animal ; It. 
pullulare ; Sp . pulular  \ Fr.  pullulcr.]  To  ger- 
minate ; to  hud ; to  sprout.  Granger. 

PUL-LU-LA'TION,  n.  Germination;  a budding 
or  shooting  forth.  More. 

P UL-MO—B  RAJY-EHI-A  ' TA  (-brSng-,  82),  n.  [L. 


pulmo,  a lung,  and  brancliice  (Gr.  flpay^m), 
gills.]  ( Zoiil .)  An  order  of  gasteropodous  mol- 
lusks  which  have  the  branchiae  formed  for 
breathing  air.  Eng.  Cyc. 

PUL-MO-BRAN'eiII-ATE  (-brXng-),  a.  Of,  or  per- 
taining to,  the  Pulmobranchiata.  Wright. 

PUL'MO-NA-RY,  a.  [L.  puhnonarius ; pulmo, 
pulmonis,  a lung;  It.  polrnonare ; Fr.  pulmo- 
naire.] 

1.  Pertaining  to,  or  affecting,  the  lungs  ; pul- 
monic. “ The  pulmonary  artery.”  Arbuthnot. 

2.  ( Ent .)  Noting  arachnidans  which  have 

lungs  in  the  form  of  sacs.  Brande. 

PUL'MO-NA-RY,  n.  1.  (Bot.)  A deciduous,  her- 
baceous plant  of  the  genus  Pulmonaria  ; lung- 
wort. Ainsworth. 

2.  (Ent.)  One  of  an  order  of  arachnidans 
which  have  lungs  in  the  form  <5f  sacs.  Brande. 

PUL-MON'IC,  n.  1.  One  affected  with  a disorder 
of  the  lungs.  'Arbuthnot. 

2.  A medicine  for  the  lungs.  JDunglison. 

PUL-MON'IC,  ? a.  [Sp . pulmoniaco ; F r.  pul- 

PUL-MON'I-CAL,  ) monique .]  Pertaining  to,  or 
affecting,  the  iungs;  pulmonary.  “ Pulmonic 
consumption.”  Harvey. 

PUL-MO-NTF'£R-OUS,  a.  [L.  pulmo,  pulmonis,  a. 
lung,  and  fero , to  bear.]  Having  or  producing 
lungs.  Gent.  Mag. 

PULP,  n.  [L.  pulpa;  It.  polpa;  Sp.  pulpa  ; Fr. 
pulpe.\ 

1.  A soft  mass.  “ Pulp  of  marrow.”  Bacon. 

2.  The  soft  part  of  fruit,  as  distinct  from  the 
seeds  and  rind. 

The  savor y pulp  they  chew;  and,  in  the  rind. 

Still,  as  they  thirsted,  scoop  the  brimming  stream.  Milton. 

3.  The  aril  or  exterior  covering  of  a coffee- 

berry.  Simmonds. 

PULP,  v.  a.  [i.  pulped  ; pp.  pulping,  pulped.] 

1.  To  reduce  to  pulp.  Dunglison. 

2.  To  deprive  of  the  pulp  or  integument,  as 

a coffee-berry.  Edwards. 

f PUL-PA-TOON',  n.  A sort  of  cake.  Nares. 

PUL'PI-NESS,  n.  Quality  or  state  of  being  pulpy. 

PUL'PIT  [pul'pit,  S.  W.  J.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  Wr.  Wb. ; 
pul'pit,  P.],  n.  [L.  pulpitum  ; It.  ^ Sp.  pulpito  ; 
Old  Fr . poulpitre  ; Fr.  pupitre.\ 

1.  A raised  structure  where  a speaker  stands  ; 

a rostrum.  Shak. 

2.  A raised  structure  or  desk  in  a church,  in 

which  the  preacher  stands.  Dryden. 

PUL'PIT-EER,  n.  A preacher,  in  contempt.  “This 
pragmatical  pulpiteer.”  Dr.  South. 

PUL'PIT— EL’O-QUENCE,  n.  The  eloquence  or 
oratory  of  preachers  ; pulpit-oratory.  Booth. 

PUL-PlT'I-CAL,  a.  Suited  to  the  pulpit,  [r.]  Ash. 

PUL-PIT'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  the  manner  of  the 
pulpit,  [r.]  Ld.  Chesterfield. 

PUL'PIT-ISH,  a.  Like  the  pulpit.  Chalmers. 

PUL'PIT— OR'A-TOR,  n.  A preacher;  — particu- 
larly, an  eloquent  preacher.  Wright. 

PUL'PIT— OR'A-TO-RY,  n.  Oratory  or  eloquence 
of  preachers.  Clarke. 

PULP'OUS,  a.  Consisting  of,  or  resembling,  pulp; 
pulpy.  “ The  redstreak’s  pulpous  fruit  ."Phillips. 

PULP'OUS-NESS,  ii.  The  quality  or  state  of  be- 
ing pulpous ; pulpiness.  Bailey. 

PULP'Y,  a.  Consisting  of,  or  resembling,  pulp  ; 
soft;  pulpous.  Ray. 

PULQUE  (pul'ka),  n.  [Sp.]  A fermented  liquor, 
used  by  the  Mexicans,  made  from  the  sap  of  the 
American  aloes  (Agave  Americana).  Eng.  Cyc. 

PUL'sATE,  v.  n.  [L.  pulso,  pulsatus,  to  beat,  to 
strike.]  To  beat ; to  throb.  Darwin. 

PUL'SA-TILE,  a.  That  may  be  struck  or  beaten, 
as  a musical  instrument.  Brande. 

PUL-sA'TION,  n.  [L.  pulsatio ; It.  pulsazione; 
Sp.  pulsacion ; Fr.  pulsation .] 

1.  A beating  or  throbbing,  as  of  the  heart,  or 
of  the  pulse.  Browne. 

These  commotions  of  the  mind  and  body  oppress  the  heart, 
whereby  it  is  choked  and  obstructed  in  its  pulsation.  Harvey. 


2.  ( Civil  Law.)  A beating  without  pain. 

The  Cornelian  law  “de  injuriis”  prohibited  pulsation  as 
well  as  verberation,  distinguishing  rerberation , which  was 
accompanied  with  pain,  from  pulsation,  which  was  utlendcd 
with  none.  JJlackstone. 

PUL'SA-TIVE,  a . [It.  pulsatiro\  Fr.  pulsatif.] 
Beating;  throbbing.  Goldsmith. 

PUL-sA'TOR,  n.  [L.]  A striker  ; a beater.  Scott. 

PUL'SA-TO-RY,  a.  [It.  pulsatorio.]  Beating  like 
the  pulse  ; throbbing.  Wotton. 

PULSE,  n. ; pi.  pfiLS'E?.  [L.  pulsus ; pello,  pul- 
sus, to  drive  ; It.  polso  ; Sp .pulso;  I V.  poufs.) 

1.  The  beating  or  throbbing  of  the  arteries, 

produced  by  the  afflux  of  the  blood  propelled  by 
the  heart  in  its  contractions.  Dunglison. 

For  the  sake  of  convenience  we  choose  the  radial  artery  at 
the  wrist  to  detect  the  precise  character  of  the  pulse. 

Dunglison. 

2.  A throbbing ; a pulsation ; a throb. 

If  one  drop  of  blood  remain  in  the  heart  at  every  pulse, 
those,  in  many  pulses,  will  grow  to  a considerable  mass. 

Arbuthnot. 

The  vibrations  or  pulses  of  this  medium.  Newton. 

To  feel  one's  pulse , metaphorically,  to  try  artfully 
to  ascertain  one’s  mind  or  opinions. 

PULSE,  n.  [FromyjifK,  because  pulled  or  plucked, 
not  mown  or  cut.  Skinner.  — Perhaps  from  L. 
puh,  pottage  made  of  pulse,  from  Or.  a 6).tos. 
Richardson .]  Leguminous  plants,  as  beans, 
peas,  &c.,  or  their  seeds.  Milton. 

PULSE,  v.  n.  [L.  pulso.\  To  beat,  as  the  heart ; 
to  pulsate,  [r.]  Ray. 

PULSE'-GLASS,  n.  w 4/_'\  /CA 

An  instrument  for 

producing  ebulli-  '■ r 

tion  by  the  heat  of  the  hand,  consisting  of  a 
small  glass  tube,  straight  or  bent  at  right  angles 
near  each  end,  with  a bulb  at  each  extremity, 
and  filled  with  spirits  of  wine  and  its  vapor,  with- 
out any  admixture  of  air.  On  grasping  either 
bulb  with  the  hand,  ebullition  succeeds.  It  is 
so  called  from  the  pulsating  motion  produced. 

PULSE'L£SS,  a.  Without  pulse  ; having  no  pul- 
sation. Wordsworth. 

PULSE'LySS-NESS,  n.  Want  of  pulse  or  pulsa- 
tion. Good. 

PUL-sIf'IC,  a.  [L.  pulsus,  the  pulse,  and  facio, 
to  make.]  Moving  or  exciting  the  pulse  ; caus- 
ing pulsation.  " Cuclworth. 

PUL-SIF'jC,  n.  (Med.)  That  which  causes  or  ex- 
cites pulsation.  Dunglison. 

PUL-SI-LE1  (fl-UM,  n.  [L .pulsus,  the  pulse,  and 
lego,  to  read.]  (Med.)  A pulsimeter.  Dunglison. 

PUL-SIM'E-TJJR,  n.  [L.  pulsus,  the  pulse,  and 
metrum,  a measure.]  (Med.)  An  instrument 
for  measuring  the  quickness  or  force  of  the 
pulse.  Dunglison. 

PUL'SION  (pul'shun),  n.  [L.  pulsio  ; It.  pulsione  ; 
Fr.  pulsion.']  The  act  of  driving  nr  forcing  for- 
ward, in  distinction  to  suction  or  traction.  More. 

PUL-TA'CEOUS  (pul-ta'shus,  66),  a.  [Fr.  pul  face, 
from  Gr.  tt6).tos,  porridge  ; L.  puls.]  Macerated  ; 
softened ; pappy.  Hamilton. 

-f-  PUL'TISE,  n.  A poultice.  Burton. 

PU'LU,  n.  A kind  of  brown  thistle-down,  im- 
ported from  the  Sandwich  Islands,  to  mix  with 
silk  in  the  manufacture  of  hats.  Simmonds. 

PtJL'VBR-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  pulverized; 
pulverizable.  Boyle. 

PUL-Vy-RA'CEOUS,  a.  (Bot.)  Pulverulent.  Gray. 

t PUL'VJJR-ATE,  v.  a.  To  pulverize.  Cockcram. 

PUL' VER-INE,  n.  [Fr.  pulverin,  from  L.  pulvis, 
dust.]  The  ashes  of  barilla.  Ure. 

PUL'VJJR-I-ZA-BLE,  a.  [It.  polverizzabile ; Sp. 
pulverizable.]  That  may  be  pulverized  ; reduci- 
ble to  fine  powder.  P.  Mag. 

PUL- VF.R-f-ZA'TION,  n.  [It.  polvcrizzazione  ; Sp. 
pulverizacion ; Fr.  pulverisation.]  The  act  of 
pulverizing,  or  the  state  of  being  pulverized ; 
reduction  to  fine  powder.  Johnson. 

PUL' VFR-IZE,  v.  a.  [L.  pulverizo ; pulvis,  jml- 
veris,  dust ; It.  polvenzzare  ; Sp.  pulverizar ; Fr. 
pulveriser.]  [ i . pulverized  ; pp.  pulveriz- 
ing, pulverized.]  To  reduce  to  fine  pov.dci 
or  dust ; to  comminute  ; to  triturate.  Boyle. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — y,  £,  9,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  q,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  If  as  gz.  — THIS,  tins. 

145 


PULVERIZE 


1154 


PUNCHIN 


PUL'VIJR-IZE,  v.  n.  To  fall  to  dust.  Jamieson. 

FUL'VpR-I-Z$R,  n.  One  who,  or  that  which,  pul- 
verizes. Coleman. 

PUL'VIJR-OUS,  a.  [L.  pulvercus  ; It.  polrcroso.] 
Consisting  of,  or  resembling,  dust.  Smart. 

PUL-VER'IJ-LENUE,  n.  State  of  being  pulveru- 
lent; dustiness;  dust  or  fine  powder.  Johnson. 

PUL-VER'U-LENT,  a.  [L.  puUerulentus  ; Fr.  pul- 
verulent.^ 

1.  (Hot.)  Covered  with  dust  or  powdery 
grains,  as  a plant ; dusty  ; powdery.  P.  Cgc. 
" 2.  ( Ornith .)  Noting  fowls  which  are  addicted 
to  lying  or  rolling  in  the  dust.  Wright. 

PUL'VIL , n.  Sweet-scented  powder,  [it.]  Gay. 

f PUL'VIL,  v.  a.  To  sprinkle  with  pulvil.  Congreve. 

PUL-VIL'LO,  re. ; pi.  pulvillos.  [L.  pulvillus, 
dim.  of  puldnus,  a pillow,  a cushion;  It.  pol- 
viglio.]  A small  bag  or  cushion  stuffed  with 
perfumes.  Addison. 

PUL-VI'NAR,  re.  [L.,  a couch  made  of  cushions ; 
pulrinus,  a cushion.]  (Med.)  A pillow  : — a 
medicated  pillow,  as  of  hops.  Dunglison.  Crdbb. 

PUL' VI- NATE,  a.  Pulvinated.  London. 

PUL'VI-NAT-pD,  a.  (Arch.)  Swelled  like  a pillow, 
as  a frieze  in  the  modern  Ionic  order.  Brande. 

PU'MA,  n.  [Peru- 
vian. John  de  Laet .] 

( Zo'il .)  A rapacious 
quadruped  of  the 
family  Felulie , or 
cats,  found  in  North 
and  South  Ameri- 
ca ; Felis  concolor ; 

— also  called  Amer- 
ican lion.  Eng.Cyc. 

PU'MI-CATE,  v.  a.  To  smooth  with  pumice.  Man. 

II  PU'MICE,  or  PUM'ICE  [pfl'nijs,  S.  J.  F.  Sm.  C. ; 
pum'js,  P.  E.  Ja.  K.  Wr.  Wb.  ; pu'nijs  or  pum'is, 
IP.],  re.  [L.  pumex,  pumicis.]  A felspathic 
scoria  from  volcanoes  with  fine,  linear  pores, 
and  produced  by  the  action  of  gases  on  trachy- 
tic  and  other  lavas.  It  is  lighter  than  water, 
is  commonly  of  a grayish-white  color,  and  is 
used  for  polishing  ivory,  wood,  marble,  metals, 
glass,  skins,  parchment,  &c.  Dana.  Lyell. 

It  a ' “ This  word  ought  to  he  pronounced  pewmis. 
In  nothing  is  our  language  more  regular  than  in  pre- 
serving tile  a open  when  the  accent  is  on  it,  and  fol- 
lowed by  a single  consonant;  and,  therefore,  Mr. 
Sheridan,  Mr.  Scott,  and  Buchanan,  who  give  it  this 
sound,  ought  rather  to  be  followed  than  Mr.  Elphin- 
ston,  Dr.  Kenrick,  W.  Johnston,  Perry,  and  Entick, 
who  adopt  the  short  a.”  IValker. 

PU-MP'CEOUS  (pu-mlsh'us),  a.  Pertaining  to, 
consisting  of,  or  resembling,  pumice.  Smart. 

||  PU'MICE— STONE,  n.  Pumice.  Simmonds. 

PUM'MACE,  re.  Apples  ground  for  cider;  pom- 
ace.— See  Pomace.  Forby. 

PUM'MIJL,  n.  See  Pommel.  Johnson. 

PUM'MgL,  v.  a.  To  beat.  — See  Pommel.  Wright. 

PUMP,  re.  [It.  pompa  ; Sp.  bomba  ; Fr.  pompe.  — 
Dut.  pomp;  Ger.  pampe ; Dan.  pompe  ; Sw. 
pump.  — From  Gr.  nepnm,  to  send  forth.  Me- 
nage.) An  hydraulic  machine,  variously  con- 
structed, for  raising  water  and  other  liquids  : — 
a machine  for  exhausting  air  and  other  gases 
from  a close  vessel,  or  for  forcing  air  or  other 
gases  into  such  a vessel ; an  air-pump.  Young. 

Common  or  suction  pump , a pump 
constructed  as  follows:  the  lower 
end  of  a vertical  pipe,  called  the 
suction  pipe,  is  immersed  in  a well 
or  reservoir  of  water,  and  the  up- 
per end  communicates  with  a pipe 
of  the  same  or  larger  bore,  called 
the  barrel.  The  barrel  contains 
two  valves,  both  opening  upwards, 
the  lower  one  being  stationary,  and 
the  upper  one  being  affixed  to  the 
upper  surface  of  a movable,  perfo- 
rated plug  or  piston,  connected  by 
a rod  with  one  extremity  of  a lever 
or  handle.  On  working  the  pump, 
the  air  below  the  piston  is  exhaust- 
ed, and  water  is  forced  into  the 
vacuum  and  through  the  lower 
valve  by  atmospheric  pressure.  On 
the  descent  of  the  piston,  the  water 
above  the  lower  valve,  closing  that  Suction  pump, 
valve  by  its  weight,  passes  through  the  piston,  and 


Puma  iFclis  concolor'). 


Forcing  pump. 


is  then  lifted  to  the  level  of  the  discharging  tube  or 
spout.  B>  if  dote. — Forcing  pump , a 
pump  differing  from  the  suction 
pump  in  having  its  piston  solid,  and 
its  upper  valve  in  a lateral  dischar- 
ging pipe  below  it,  into  which  pipe 
tlie  water  is  forced  by  the  descent  of 
the  piston.  Bigelow. — Lifting  pump , 
a pump  which  differs  from  t lie  suc- 
tion pump  in  its  action  being  inde- 
pendent of  atmospheric  pressure, 
the  piston  being  below  the  station- 
ary valve  in  the  part  of  the  pipe 
immersed  in  the  water,  and  moved 
upwards  and  downwards  by  means 
of  a movable  framework  on  the  out- 
side of  the  pump  connected  with  it 
through  the  lower  end  of  the  pipe. 

— Chuin  pump , a pump  for  raising 
water  by  a series  of  stuffed  cushions  or  oval  blocks  of 
wood  connected  with  an  endless  rope  or  chain  and 
caused  by  means'  of  two  wheels  or  drums  to  rise  in 
succession  in  the  same  barrel,  carrying  water  m a 
continued  stream  before  them  .—Cellular  pump , a mod- 
ification of  tlie  chain  pump,  in  which  fiat  boards,  usu- 
ally square  and  placed  in  an  inclined  position,  are 
united  by  endless  chains,  and  employed  instead  of 
cushions. dir  pump,  an  instrument,  variously  con- 

structed, for  exhausting  air  from  a close  vessel.  In 
ils  simplest  form,  it  is  similar  in  principle  and  con- 
struction to  the  suction  pump,  except  that  the  con- 
fined air  raises  tlie  lower  valve,  and  rushes  into  the 
partial  vacuum  above  it  in  virtue  of  its  elasticity,  and, 
being  then  condensed  by  the  depression  of  the  piston, 
opens  tlie  valve  in  it  and  escapes.  — Condensing  pump, 
a modification  of  the  air  pump  for  forcing  air  into  a 
close  vessel,  differing  from  it  in  its  piston  being  solid 
and  its  fixed  valve  opening  towards  the  close  vessel,  so 
that,  on  tlie  descent  of  tlie  piston,  [lie  air  in  the  barrel 
is  forced  through  the  fixed  valve  into  that  vessel,  and 
is  prevented  from  returning,  when  the  piston  is  raised 
to  admit  more  air  into  the  barrel,  by  the  closing  of  the 
valve. 


PUMP,  re.  A shoe  with  a thin  sole.  Shah. 

PUMP,  v.  re.  [i.  pumped  ; pp.  tumping,  pumped.] 
To  work  a pump ; to  raise  or  throw  out  water 
by  a pump.  Warburton. 

PUMP,  v.  a.  1.  To  raise  or  throw  out  with  a 
pump,  as  water.  Blackmore. 

2.  To  elicit  or  draw  out  by  artful  questions. 

It  is  a hard  matter  to  pump  any  thing  out  of  you.  Goodman. 

3.  To  examine  or  ply  with  artful  questions, 

for  drawing  out  secrets.  Otway. 

I was  every  day  pumpinp  him,  to  see  if  he  would  discover 
any  of  the  new  thoughts  which  1 suspected  were  in  him. 

Defoe. 

PUMP'— BRAKE,  re.  (Naut.)  The  handle  of  a 
pump.  Simmonds. 

PUMP'-CAN,  n.  A vessel  for  pouring  water  into 
a pump,  to  make  it  work.  Crabb. 

PUMP'-DALE,  re.  (Naut.)  A tube  or  trough  for 
carrying  off  water  pumped  up.  Mar.  Diet. 

PUiMP'^R,  re.  He  who,  or  that  which,  pumps. 


PUM'PpR— NlCK'f.L,  re.  A kind  of  bread  made 
of  bran,  which  forms  the  chief  food  of  the 
peasantry  of  Westphalia.  Brande. 

PUM'PET— BALL,  re.  A printer’s  ball  for  laying 
ink  on  types ; a pompet.  Halliwell. 

PUMP'— BEAR,  re.  The  gear  or  apparatus  of  a 
pump.  Mar.  Diet. 

PUMP'-IIOOD  (-hud),  re.  (Naut.)  A short,  semi- 
cylindrical  frame  of  wood,  for  covering  the  up- 
per wheel  of  a chain-pump.  Mar.  Diet. 


PUMP'ING,  re.  The  act  of  one  who  pumps.  Pope,  j 

pCMP'ION  (pump'yun),  re.  [Old  Fr.  pompon.  — 
Dut.  pompven  ; Sw.  pumpa.  — From  Gr.  ninov,  a I 
gourd,  a melon.]  (Bot.)  A plant  and  its  fruit ; 
a pumpkin.  — See  Pumpkin.  Shah.  | 

PUMP'KIN,  re.  (Bot.)  A deciduous,  trailing  plant, 
and  its  fruit ; Cucurbita  melo.  It  is  a native  of 
the  Levant.  Oyc. 

OTP  Pumpkin,  though  a corrupted  orthography,  is 
now  the  most  common. 

PUMP'— MAK'fR,  re.  One  who  makes  pumps. 

PUMP'— SPEAR,  re.  The  bar  to  which  the  upper 
box  of  a pump  is  fastened,  and  which  is  attached 
to  the  handle.  Ure. 

PUMP'— STOCK,  re.  The  body  of  a pump.  Wright. 

PUN,  re.  [Of  uncertain  etymology.  — From  Icel. 
funalegr,  frivolous.  Screnius.  — From  fun. 
Todd.  A.  S.  punian,  to  pound;  — hence  the 
Derbyshire  word  to  pun,  to  pound.  Bosworth. 
— “ Perhaps  it  means  to  beat  and  hammer  upon 


the  same  word.”  .Yarns.]  A play  upon  words, 
tlie  wit  or  point  of  which  depends  on  some  re- 
semblance of  sound,  with  a ditterence  of  mean' 
ing;  a kind  of  equivocation  or  quibble;  a witti- 
cism ; a conceit. 

A pun  can  be  no  more  engraved  than  it  can  be  translated. 

Addison. 

1 see  a chief  who  leads  my  chosen  sons. 

All  armed  with  points,  antitheses,  and  jmns.  Pope. 

PUN,  v.  re.  [i.  PUNNED  ; pp.  PUNNING,  punned.] 
To  play  on  words  so  as  to  make  puns ; to  quib- 
ble. T atler. 

PUN,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  punian,  to  beat,  to  pound.] 

1.  fTo  pound  as  in  a mortar.  “He  would 
pun  thee  into  shivers  with  his  fist.”  Shah. 

2.  To  persuade  by  a pun.  Addison. 

PUNCH,  v.  a.  [L.  pango  ; Sp.  punzar,  punchar.] 

[l.  PUNCHED  ; pp.  PUNCHING,  PUNCHED.] 

1.  To  perforate  with  a sharp  instrument ; to 
bore  ; to  pierce. 

Your  work  will  sometimes  require  to  have  holes  punched 
in  it  at  the  forge.  Mojton. 

2.  To  push  or  strike  with  the  fist.  Bailcg. 

PUNCH,  re.  [It.  punzone ; Sp.prerecore;  Fr.  poin- 
con.\ 

1.  A pointed  instrument  for  making  small 

holes  ; a borer ; — often  used  of  an  instrument 
contrived  not  only  to  perforate,  but  to  cut  out 
and  take  away  the  piece.  Moxon. 

2.  A blow  or  push.  “ Giving  him  . , . violent 
punches.”  Mem.  of  Sir  Ed.  Godfrey,  1G82. 

3.  Any  thing  thick  and  short ; — so  called  from 

the  resemblance  to  a puncheon.  Richardson. 

I . . . did  hear  them  call  their  fat  child  punch.  Pepys. 

4.  A horse  well  set  and  well  knit,  having  a 
short  back  and  thin  shoulders,  with  a broad 
neck,  and  well  lined  with  flesh.  Farrier's  Diet. 

5.  An  impression  from  the  matrix  of  a hard- 
ened steel  die.  Fairholt. 

6.  (Surg.)  An  instrument  used  for  extracting 

the  stumps  of  teeth.  Dunglison. 

7.  (Masonry .)  A tool  for  chipping.  Simmonds. 

PUNCH,  re.  [Sansc.  panclian  or  panclia , five  ; Per. 

penj  or  punji,  five. — Sp.  ponche;  Fr.  punch; 
Ger.  punsch;  Dut.  pons;  Dan.  punch.  — “So 
called  from  the  pungency  of  the  lemon  in  it.” 
Booth.  — “So  called,  perhaps,  from  the  agree- 
able pungency  of  its  taste.”  Richardson .]  A 

beverage  made  by  mixing  spirit  with  water, 
sugar,  and  the  juice  of  lemons  ; — and  formerly 
with  spice.  Johnson. 

Tiiis  word  is  supposed  to  be  of  Oriental  ori- 
gin, and  to  have  received  its  name  from  tile  number 
of  ingredients.  “ At  Nerule  is  made  the  best  Arruch, 
or  JYcpo  da  Goa,  with  which  tlie  English  on  this  coast 
make  that  enervating  liquor  called  pounch  (which  is 
Iliudostau  for  fire),  fro  in  ft  ee  ingredients,  as  the  phy- 
sicians name  their  compositions  diapente,  or  from  four 
things,  diatessaron.”  Fryer's  JVao  Account  of  East 
India  anil  Persia,  1697.  The  fifth  ingredient  used  by 
tlie  Orientals  is  said  to  be  jelly.  — “ Tlie  liquor  called 
punch  lias  become  so  truly  English,  that  it  is  often 
supposed  to  be  indigenous  in  this  country,  though  its 
name  at  least  is  Oriental.  'Pile  Persian  punji,  or 
Sanscrit  panclia,  i.  e.  foe,  is  tlie  etymon  of  its  title, 
and  denotes  the  number  of  ingredients  of  which  it  is 
composed.”  Asiatic  Journal. 

PUNCH,  re.  [It.  piilcinella.]  The  buffoon  or  har- 
lequin of  a puppet-show,  represented  as  fat, 
short,  and  humpbacked  ; puneliinello.  Spectator. 

Punch  and  Judy,  a kind  of  dramatic  exhibition  with 
puppets. 

PUNCH,  ) a_  short;  thick ; fat.  [Vulgar  and 

PUNCH'Y,  ) local,  Eng.]  Todd. 

PUNCH'— BOWL  (-bol),  re.  A bowl  to  hold  punch. 
“ A.  punch-bowl  painted  upon  a sign.”  Addison. 

PUNCH'EON  (punch'un),  re.  [Fr.  poincon.] 

1.  A sort  of  puncher  or  punch.  Camden. 

2.  A large  cask  or  measure  for  liquids,  con- 
taining from  84  to  120  gallons. 

rgg“ « Perhaps  so  called  from  tlie  pointed  form  of 
the  slaves,  tlie  vessel  bellying  out  in  tlie  middle,  and 
tapering  towards  each.end.”  Richardson. 

3.  A split  log,  having  its  faces  a little 
smoothed  with  an  axe.  [Local,  U.  S.]  Sherwood. 

4.  (Arch.)  A short  post,  as  those  in  a parti- 
tion above  the  head  of  a door.  Brande. 

PUNCII'ER,  re.  1.  He  who,  or  that  which,  punches. 

2.  An  instrument  that  makes  an  impression 
or  hole  ; a punch.  Grew. 

pOn'CHIN,  re.  A short  piece  of  timber,  placed  to 
support  a weight.  Crabb. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short  ; A,  JJ, 


1,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


PUNCHINELLO 


PUP 


PUN-CHI-NEL'LO,  n.  [It.  pulcinello  ; Fr.  polichi- 
nelle. ] A sort  of  buffoon ; a punch.  Tatler. 

PUNC'TATE,  a.  [L.  punctum,  a point.] 

1.  (ZoSl.)  Having  many  points  or  minute  im- 
pressions, not  perforating  the  surface.  Braude. 

2.  (Bot.)  Dotted,  either  with  minute  holes  or 

what  appear  such,  or  with  minute  projecting 
dots;  punctated.  Gray. 

PUNC'TAT-ED,  a.  1.  Draw-n  into  a point.  Todd. 

2.  Full  of  small  holes  ; dotted  ; punctate. 

PUNC-TIC'U-LAR,  a.  Comprised  in  a point ; 
punctual,  [h.] 

Wherein  a watchful  eye  may  also  discover  the  puncticu- 
lar  originals  of  periwinkles  and  gnats.  Browne. 

PLTNC'TS-FORM,  a.  [L.  punctum,  a point,  and 
forma,  form.]  (Bot.)  Having  the  form  of  a 
point.  Loudon. 

PUNC-TIL'IO  (pungk-tTl'yo,  82),  n.  ; pi.  punc'- 
tjl-io§.  [It.  puntiglio ; Sp.  puntelh  ; — from  L. 
punctum,  a point.]  A nicety  ; a nice  point  in 
behavior;  a nice  point  of  exactness. 

It  [the  law]  may  be  taken  as  a covenant  conveying  life, 
upon  absolute,  entire,  indefective  obedience,  and  awarding 
death  to  those  who  fail  in  the  least  punctilio.  South. 

II  PUNC-TIL'tOUS  (plingk-tlTyus)  [pungk-tll'yus,  S. 
W.  J.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm. ; punk-tll'e-us,  P.],  a.  Nice ; 
very  exact ; precise  ; scrupulous  ; punctual  or 
exact  to  excess.  “ A punctilious  observance  of 
divine  laws.”  Rogers. 

II  PUNC-TILTOUS-LY  (pungk-til'yus-le),  ad.  With 
great  nicety  ; scrupulously.  Johnson. 

||  PUNC-Tl L'lOUS-NESS  (pungk-til'yus-nfis),  n. 
The  quality  of  being  punctilious  ; nicety ; ex- 
actness. 

PUNC'TION  (pungk'shun,  82),  n.  [L.  puiictio.\ 
(Surg.)  A puncture.  Todd. 

PUNC'TO,  n.  \L.  punctum  \ pungo,  to  prick ; It. 
<S|  Sp.  punto. ] 

1.  Nice  point  of  ceremony  ; punctilio.  Bacon. 

2.  The  point  in  fencing.  Shah. 

PUNCT'U-AL  (pungkt'yu-al),  a.  [It . puntuale  ■,  Sp. 
puntual ; Fr.  ponctuelT) 

1.  Comprised  or  consisting  in  a point. 

Round  this  opccous  globe,  this  jmnctual  spot.  Milton. 

2.  Observing,  or  done  at,  the  exact  time ; 

timely ; early  ; prompt;  seasonable.  “ The  un- 
deviating and  punctual  sun.”  Cowper. 

3.  Exact ; accurate  ; minutely  correct. 

All  give  punctual , unanimous,  and  uncontrollable  testi- 
mony. Pitt. 

4.  Scrupulous;  punctilious;  observant.  “A 

gentleman  punctual  of  his  word.”  Bacon. 

PUNCT'U-AL-IST,  n.  One  very  exact  or  ceremo- 
nious. Milton. 

PUNCT-U-AL'I-TY  (pun’gkt-yu-51'e-te),  n.  [It. 
puntualita  ; Sp.  puntualidad  ; Fr.  ponctualite.) 
The  quality  of  being  punctual ; nicety  ; scrupu- 
lous exactness  ; punctualness.  Howell. 

PUNCT'U-AL-LY,  ad.  In  a punctual  manner ; 
nicely  ; exactly  ; scrupulously.  Raleigh. 

PUNCT'U-AL-NESS,  n.  Exactness;  punctuality. 

PUNCT'U-ATE  (pungkt'yu-at,  82),  v.  a.  [It .punteg- 
giare ;»  Sp.  puntuar  ; Fr . ponctucr.]  [i.  punct- 
uated; pp.  PUNCTUATING,  PUNCTUATED.]  To 
make  or  divide  with  written  points,  as  sen- 
tences, or  parts  of  sentences  ; to  point.  Todd. 

PUNCT-U-A'TION,  n.  [It.  puntuazione ; Sp .pun- 
tuaciofi;  Fr.  ponctuation .]  (Gram.)  The  art 
of  punctuating  or  pointing ; the  art  of  divid- 
ing a written  composition  into  sentences  or 
parts  of  sentences,  by  means  of  marks  or  points. 

On  the  whole,  it  will  be  found  that  the  art  of  punctuation 
is  founded  rather  on  grammar  than  on  rhetoric;  that  its  chief 
aim  is  to  unfold  the  meaning  of  sentences,  with  the  least 
trouble  to  the  reader;  and  that  it  aids  the  delivery  only  in  so 
far  as  it  tends  to  bring  out  the  sense  of  the  writer  to  the  best 
advantage.  Wilson. 

fiQr*  All  legal  instruments  are  to  be  construed  with- 
out any  regard  to  the  punctuation  ; and,  in  a case  of 
doubt,  they  ought  to  be  construed  in  such  a manner 
that  they  may  have  some  effect,  rather  than  in  one  in 
which  they  would  be  nugatory.  Bouvitu'. 

PUNCT'U-A-TOR,  n.  One  who  punctuates ; a 
punctuist.  S.  Phelps. 

PUNCT'y-IST,  n.  One  skilled  in  punctuation  ; a 
punctuator.  Smart. 


1155 

PUNCT'U-LATE,  v.  a.  [L.  punctulum.]  To  mark 
with  small  spots.  Woodward. 

PUJTCT'UM  CJE'CUM,  n.  [L.]  (Anat.)  The 
base  of  the  optic  nerve  in  the  eye,  or  the  cir- 
cular spot  of  the  retina  behind  which  no  part  of 
the  choroid  coat  lies,  and  which  is  incapable  of 
conveying  to  the  brain  the  impression  of  dis- 
tinct vision.  1’.  Cyc.  Brewster. 

PUNCT'URE  (pungkt'yur,  24,  82),  n.  [L.  punctura  ; 
pungo , punctus,  to  prick  ; It.  <Sf  Sp . puntura.) 

1.  The  act  of  pricking  or  perforating. 

Nerves  may  be  wounded  by  scission  or  puncture.  Wiseman. 

2.  A small  hole  made  by  a pointed  instru- 
ment, as  a needle  or  a thorn.  Browne. 

PUNCT'URE,  v.  a.  [i.  punctured;  pp.  PUNCT- 
URING, punctured.]  To  prick;  to  pierce  with 
a needle  or  pin  ; to  perforate. 

With  that,  he  drew  a lancet,  in  his  rage, 

To  puncture  the  still  supplicating  sage.  Garth. 

PUN'DIT,  n.  A learned  Brahmin,  skilled  in  San- 
scrit law-,  literature,  and  divinity  ; — written  also 
pandit.  [Hindostan.]  Brown. 

The  term  is  ironically  used  to  designate  any 
one  who  makes  a vast  show-  of  learning,  without  pos- 
sessing it  in  reality.”  Bratule. 

t PUN'DLE,  n.  A short  and  fat  woman.  Ainsworth. 

PUN'DUM,  n.  A fluid  resin  obtained  from  the 
Valeria  Indica ; piney-varnish.  Eng.  Cyc. 

f PU-NESE',  n.  [Fr.  punaisc.]  A bed-bug  ; a pu- 
nice.  Davcnant.  Hudibras. 

PIXNG,  n.  A rude  sort  of  sleigh,  or  oblong  box, 
made  of  boards,  and  placed  on  runners  ; — used 
in  the  United  States. 

These  were  sledges  or  pungs , coarsely  framed  of  split  sap- 
lings, and  surmounted  with  a large  crockery  crate.  Judd. 

PUN'GAR  (pung'gar),  n.  A crab-fish.  Sherwood. 

PUN'yiJNCE,  n.  Pungency,  [r.]  - 

Around  the  whole  rise  cloudy  wreaths,  and  far 

Bear  the  warm  pungence  of  o’erboiling  tar.  Crabhe. 

PUN'yyN-CY,  n.  1.  The  quality  of  beingpungent ; 
heat  or  sharpness,  particularly  to  the  tongue  ; 
acridness  ; acrimony  ; causticity  ; poignancy. 

2.  Pow-er  to  pierce  the  mind ; keenness ; 
pointedness ; smartness.  “ The  force  and  pun- 
gency of  these  expressions.”  St  tiling 'fleet. 

PUN'^iPlNT,  a.  [L.  pungo,  pungens,  to  prick ; It. 
pugnente  ; Sp.  pungente  \ Fr.  poignant,.) 

1.  Pricking;  stinging;  stimulating;  acute; 
penetrating. 

The  pungent  grains  of  titillating  dust.  Pope. 

Pain  is  said  to  be  pungent  when  it  seems  as  if  a pointed 
instrument  were  forced  into  the  suffering  part.  Dunglison. 

2.  Sharp  or  acrid  to  the  tongue  or  palate  ; 
caustic  ; poignant. 

Among  simple  tastes,  such  as  sweet,  sour,  bitter,  hot.  pun- 
gent, there  are  some  which  are  intrinsically  grateful.  Stewart. 

3.  Painful;  distressing;  severe. 

His  passion  is  greater,  his  necessities  more  pungent.  Bp.  Taylor. 

4.  Acrimonious ; peevish  ; tart ; waspish. 

It  consists  chiefly  of  a sharp  and  pungent  manner  of 
speech.  Di'yden. 

5.  (But.)  Stinging  or  pricking.  Loudon. 

PUN'yENT-LY,  ad.  In  a pungent  manner.  Clarke. 

PUN'GLED  (pung'gld,  82),  a.  Shrivelled  or  shrunk- 
en, as  grain  which  has  been  deprived  of  its  juices 
by  the  insect  called  Thrips  cerealium.  Harris. 

PU'NIC,  a.  [L.  Punicus ; Poeni,  the  Carthagini- 
ans who  were  descended  from  the  Phoenicians .] 

1.  Relating  to  the  Carthaginians.  “ Punic 

rage.”  “ The  Punic  coast.”  Milton. 

2.  Unworthy  of  trust,  as  the  Romans  thought 
the  Carthaginians  were  ; perfidious  ; faithless  ; 
treacherous. 

Yes,  yes:  his  faith  attesting  nations  own; 

’T  is  Funic  all,  and  to  a proverb  known.  Brooke. 

PU'NIC,  n.  The  language  of  the  ancient  Cartha- 
ginians. Smart. 

PU'NI-CA  fi'de§.  [L.,  Punic,  or  Carthaginian 
faith. ] Treachery;  perfidiousness. 

fPU'NICE  (pu'nis),  n.  [Fr.  punaise. ] A w-all- 
louse  ; a bed-bug.  Hudibras. 

PU-nI  CEOl  S (pu-nlsh  us),  ) a [X,.  puniceus  ; pu- 

PU-Np'CIAL  (pu-nlsh'jl),  ) niettm,  a pomegran- 
ate.] Of  a reddish  purple.  Bailey.  Buchanan. 


PU'NI-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state  of  being 
puny ; pettiness ; smallness.  Johnson. 

PUN'ISH,  v.  a.  [L.  punio;  poena,  penalty,  from 
Gr.  Troiio} ; It.  punire ; Sp.  $ Fr.  punir.]  [i.  pun- 
ished ; pp.  punishing,  punished.] 

1.  To  afflict  with  pain,  loss,  confinement, 
death,  or  other  penalty,  for  some  fault  or  crime; 
to  chastise  ; to  correct ; to  castigate ; to  chasten. 

Slow  be  the  statutes  of  the  land  to  6harc 

A laxity  that  could  not  but  impair 

Your  power  to  punish  crime.  Wordsworth. 

2.  To  reward,  or  take  vengeance  on,  by  pun- 
ishing the  offender. 

It  is  an  iniquity  to  he  punished  by  the  judges.  Job  xxxi.  11. 

Syn.  — See  Chastise. 

PUN'ISH-A-BLE,  a.  [Fr.  punissablei]  That  may 
or  ought  to  be  punished ; worthy  of,  or  liable 
to,  punishment.  Hooker. 

PUN'JSH-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
punishable.  Johnson. 

PUN'ISII-yR,  n.  One  who  punishes.  Milton. 

PUN'JSII-MENT,  n.  [It.  punimento .]  The  act 
of  punishing  ; any  infliction,  suffering,  or  pain, 
imposed  on  one  who  has  committed  a fault  or 
crime,  or  has  neglected  the  performance  of  a 
required  act ; a penalty  ; correction. 

My  punishment  is  greater  than  I can  bear.  Gen.  iv.  13. 

Syn.  — See  Correction. 

t PU-NI''TION  (pu-nlsh'un),  n.  [L.  punitio  ; Fr. 
punition .]  Punishment.  Mir.  for  Mag. 

PU'NI-TIVE,  a.  [It.  punitivo .]  Relating  to  pun- 
ishment ; awarding  or  inflicting  punishment ; 
penal.  “ Any  punitive  law.”  Hammond. 

f PU'NI-TO-RY,  a.  Punishing  ; punitive.  Bailey. 

PUNK  (pungk,  82),  n.  [The  past  part,  of  A.  S. 
pyngan,  to  prick.  Richardson.  — Perhaps  it  is 
merely  a corruption  of  pink.  A woman  is  often 
compared  to  a ship.  Naresi] 

1.  A prostitute  ; a strumpet ; a bawd.  Shak. 

2.  A kind  of  fungus  used  for  tinder  ; touch- 
wood  ; spunk  ; Boletus  igniarius.  Dunglison. 

PUN'KA  (pung'kj),  n.  A fan  held  in  the  hand,  or 
suspended  from  the  ceiling.  [India.]  Sinunonds. 

f PUNK'LING,  n.  A punk  in  contempt.  Beau.  <Sr  FI. 

PUN'NpR,  n.  One  who  puns  ; a punster.  Swift. 

PUN'NgT,  n.  A small,  round,  and  shallow-  basket 
for  fruit.  Simmonds. 

PUN'NING,  n.  The  act  or  the  practice  of  making 
puns.  Tatler. 

PUN-NOL'O-^Y,  n.  The  art  of  punning.  Pope. 

PUN'ST^R,  n.  One  given  to  punning ; a quibbler  ; 
a punner.  Arbuthnot. 

PUNT,  n.  [A.  S.  punt.  — L.  pons,  pontis,  a 
bridge.]  (Naut.)  A flat-bottomed  boat,  used  in 
calking,  breaming,  or  repairing  the  bottom  of  a 
ship,  and  also  in  shallow  rivers  and  lakes  for 
the  purpose  of  fishing  and  shooting.  Mar.  Diet. 

PUNT,  v.  n.  [Fr.  pouter. \ To  play  at  basset  and 
ombre.  Addison. 

PUNT'ER,  n.  One  who  plays  at  faro  or  basset, 
with  the  keeper  of  a faro  bank.  Bouvier. 

PUN'TO,  n.  [It.  iSp  Sp.,  a point,  from  L .punctum.'] 
A point : — a term  used  in  fencing.  Wright. 

Punto  dritto , a direct  stroke.  — Punto  reverso,  a 
back-handed  stroke.  Halliwell. 

PUN'TY,  n.  A long,  solid  iron  rod  fixed  to  a 
piece  of  glass,  to  enable  the  workman  to  move 
it,  and  mould  it  easily.  Simmonds. 

PU'NY,  a.  [Fr .puisne,  younger.  — See  Puisne.] 

1.  t Young;  puisne.  Martin. 

2.  Inferior  in  rate,  size,  or  strength  ; little ; 
small ; weak  ; petty.  “ A puny  subject.”  Shak. 

Nations  would  do  well 

To  extort  their  truncheons  from  the  puny  hands 

Of  heroes,  whose  infirm  and  baby  minds 

Are  gratified  with  mischief.  Cowper. 

PU'NY,  n.  A young,  inexperienced  person,  [r.] 

lie  must  appear  in  print  like  a puny.  Milton. 

PUP,  v.  n.  \i.  pupped  ; pp.  pupping,  pupped.] 
To  bring  forth  whelps  ; — used  of  a bitch  bring- 
ing forth  young.  Johnson. 

PUP,  n.  1.  A puppy;  a w-help.  Smart. 

2.  A young  seal.  Simmonds. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — y,  <?,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z ; % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


PUPA 


PURGATION 


1156 


PU'PA,  n.;  pi.  pupje.  [L.]  1.  ( Ent .)  A term 

applied  to  the  third  stage  of  existence  of  an  in- 
sect, the  egg  being  the  first  stage,  and  the  larva, 
or  caterpillar,  the  second  ; chrysalis.  Eng.  Cyc. 

2.  (Conch.)  A genus  of  gasteropods  having  a 
shell  which  somewhat  resembles  the  pupa  of  an 
insect.  1 1 oodward. 

PUPE,  n.  [L.  pupa,  a puppet.]  (Ent.)  The 
chrysalis  or  pupa. — See  Pupa.  Wright. 

PU'P£-LO,  n.  Cider  brandy.  [Local,  U.  S.]  Judd. 

PU'PIL,  n.  [L .pupittus,  an  orphan  boy  ; pupilla, 
dim.  of  pupa,  an  orphan  girl,  a puppet ; It.  pu- 
pillo,  pupilla  ; Sp.  pupilo,  pupila  ; Fr.  pupille.] 

1.  (Anat.)  The  apple  of  the  eye  ; the  aperture 
of  the  iris,  through  which  the  rays  of  light  pass 
that  impress  the  image  of  an  object  on  the  re- 
tina; — so  called  because  it  reflects  the  dimin- 
ished image  of  the  person  who  looks  into  it. 

ft tj 1 ( L This  aperture  can  be  dilated  or  contracted  so 
as  to  allow  a greater  or  smaller  quantity  of  luminous 
rays  to  penetrate.”  Dunglison. 

The  minds  of  some  of  our  statesmen,  like  the  pupil  of  the 
human  eye.  contract  themselves  the  more  the  stronger  light 
there  is  shed  upon  them.  T.  Moore. 

2.  One  under  the  care  of  a tutor ; a scholar  ; a 
student  ; a learner;  a tyro.  “ Tutors  should  be- 
have reverently  before  their  pupils.”  L’  Estrange. 

3.  (Civil  Law.)  One  under  the  care  of  a 

guardian  ; a ward  : — one  who  is  in  his  or  her 
minority.  Bouvier. 

Pin-hole  pupil,  (Med.)  a condition  of  the  pupil,  in 
typhus,  in  which  it  is  so  contracted  as  to  resemble  a 
pin-hole.  Dunglison. 

PO'P[L-A<?E,  n.  1.  The  state  of  being  a pupil  or 
a scholar.  Locke. 

2.  Wardship;  minority;  pupilarity.  Spenser. 

pO-PIL-LAR'I-TY,  n.  [Fr.  pupillarite.]  (Law.) 
That  age  of  a person’s  life  which  included  in- 
fancy and  puerility ; pupilage.  Bouvier. 

PU'PIL-LA-RY,  a.  [I,,  pupillaris ; It.  pupillare  ; 
Sp.  pupilar';  Fr . pupillaire.  — See  Capillary.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  a pupil  or  ward.  Cotgrave. 

2.  (Anat.)  Pertaining  to  the  pupil  or  aper- 
ture of  the  eye.  Dunglison. 

Pupillary  membrane,  (Anat.)  a very  thin  membrane, 
which  closes  the  central  aperture  of  the  iris  in  the 
foetus  during  a certain  period  of  gestation.  Dunglison. 

Py-PlP'A-ROUS,  a.  [L.  pupa,  a puppet,  and  pa- 
rio,  to  bring  forth.]  (Ent.)  Bringing  forth 
pupae  or  pupes.  Kirby. 

PU-PlV'O-ROUS,  a.  [L.  pupa,  a puppet,  and  voro, 
to  devour.]  Feeding  on  pup*  or  larvoe.  Smart. 

P0P'P?T,  n.  [L.  pupils ; Fr.  poupee.] 

1.  A child’s  doll.  Fairholt. 

2.  A small  figure  with  movable  limbs,  made 
to  act  in  a show  or  mock-drama ; — sometimes 
applied  to  persons  as  a term  of  reproach. 

The  curious  eve  their  awkward  movement  tires; 

They  seem,  like  puppets,  led  about  by  wires.  Churchill. 

3.  One  of  the  supports  of  a mandrel.  Sim?n. 

jq 2f=*  Puppets , as  used  by  Shakspeare  in  the  phrase, 

puppets  dallying , Mr.  Nares  supposes  to  be  synony- 
mous with  babies  in  the  eyes , or  the  miniature  reflec- 
tions of  himself  which  a person  sees  in  the  pupils  of 
another’s  eyes. 

P&P'PET-ISH,  a.  Partaking  of  the  nature  of  a 
puppet.  “ Pujypctish  gauds.”  Bale. 

PUP' PET— MAN,  ) nm  Thc 

owner  or  master 

PUP'PET— MAS'TyR,  >-of  a puppet-show.  Swift. 

PUP'PgT— PLAY,  n.  A play  with  puppets;  a 
mock  drama.  Johnson. 

PUP'PJJT— PLAY'JJR,  n.  One  who  manages  pup- 
pets. Hales. 

PUP'PJJT— QUEEN,  n.  The  queen  in  a puppet- 
show.  llowe. 

f PUP'PET-RY,  n.  Affection.  Marston. 

PUP'PyT-SHOW,  n.  An  exhibition  of  puppets. 

PUP'PY,  n.  [Fr.  poupee,  a doll,  a baby.] 

1.  The  progeny  of  a bitch ; a young  dog ; a 
whelp  ; a pup.  “ A bitch’s  blind  puppies."  Shah. 

2.  'A  term  of  contemptuous  reproach  to  a 
man,  generally  applied  to  a conceited  person. 

The  unbred pupjry,  who  had  never  seen 
A creature  look  so  gay  or  talk  so  fine.  Rochester. 

PUP'PY,  v.  n.  To  bring  forth  puppies  ; to  pup. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long; 


P0P'PY-I§M,».  Extreme  affectation  ; overween- 
ing conceit.  - Todd. 

PUR,  or  PURR,  n.  [“  A word  formed  from  the 
sound.”  Lye.  Richardson .] 

1.  A murmuring  noise  made  by  a cat.  Shak. 

2.  A term  at  the  game  of  post  and  pair.  “ All 
done  over  with  pairs  and  purs.”  ' B.  Jonson. 

PUR,  v.  n.  [i.  purred  ; pp.  purring,  purred.] 
To  murmur  as  a cat  or  a leopard  in  pleasure ; — 
written  also  parr.  Gray. 

PUR,  or  PURR,  v.  a.  To  signify  by  purring,  [ii.] 
She  saw;  and  purred  applause.  Gray. 

PU-RA'JTA,n.;  pi.  ru-RA1  xas.  [Sanse.,  a poem.'] 
One  of  eighteen  poetical  works  in  the  Sanscrit 
language,  containing  a collection  of  legends  and 
traditions  written  to  elucidate  the  origin  and 
history  of  some  particular  holy  place  or  a cer- 
tain sect,  and  to  be  read  to  the  people  for  their 
instruction  at  the  great  festivals.  P.  Cyc. 

py-RAN'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  puranas.  Wright. 

PUR'BpCK—  BED§,  n.  pi.  (Geol.)  Limestone  stra- 
ta belonging  to  the  Wealden  group  in  the  south- 
eastern part  of  England  ; Purbeck  limestone  ; 
— so  named  from  the  Isle  of  Purbeck.  Lyell. 

PiiR'BLiNf),  a.  [Corrupted  from  poreblind,  which 
Skinner  derives  from  the  verb  to  pore.]  Near- 
sighted ; short-sighted  ; dim-sighted  ; myopic. 
The  sunshine,  that  offends  the  purblind  sight, 

Ilad  some  their  wishes,  it  would  soon  be  night.  Dryden. 

PUR'BLINn-Ly,  ad.  In  a purblind  or  short- 
sighted manner.  Clarke. 

PUR'BLIND-NySS,  n.  Shortness  of  sight ; near- 
sightedness ; mouse-sight ; myopy.  Sherwood. 

PUR'CIIAS-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  purchased. 

Money  being  the  counterbalance  to  all  things  purchasable 
by  it,  as  much  as  you  take  off  from  thc  value  or  money,  so 
much  you  add  to  the  price  of  things  exchanged  for  it.  Locke. 

PUR'CHASE,  v.  a.  [It.  procacciare ; Fr . pour- 
chasscr.  — Low  L.  purchacia,  porchaicia,  per,  or 
rather,  por-chaucare , which  are  derived  by  Du 
Cange  from  Fr.  pourchasser.  Richardson. — 
Low  L.  perquisitio.  Blackstonc.  Burrill .]  [i. 
PURCHASED  ; pp.  PURCHASING,  PURCHASED.] 

1.  To  buy;  to  get  by  payment  of  an  equiva- 
lent in  money  ; to  bargain  for. 

The  field  which  Abraham  purchased  of  the  sons  of  Heth. 

Gen.  xxv.  10. 

2.  To  obtain  ; to  procure  ; to  acquire ; to  get. 

Your  accent  is  something  finer  than  you  could  purchase 
in  so  removed  a dwelling.  Shak. 

A world  who  would  not  purchase  with  a bruise?  Milton. 

3.  (Law.)  To  acquire,  as  real  estate,  by  other 
means  than  by  descent  or  inheritance.  Bouvier. 

To  purchase  out,  to  expiate  or  recompense  hy  a fine 
or  forfeit.  “Nor  tears  nor  prayers  shall  purchase  out 
abuses.”  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Buy. 

PUR'CHASE,  v.  n.  1.  f To  strive  ; to  endeavor. 

Duke  John  of  Brabante  purchased  greatly  that  the  Earl  of 
Flanders  should  have  his  daughter  in  marriage.  Berners. 

2.  To  have  an  advantage  over  something  by 
mechanical  means  in  raising  it.  “ The  capstan 
purchases  apace.”  Smart. 

PUR'CHASE,  n.  [Fr.  pourchas.~\ 

1.  The  act  of  purchasing  any  thing ; the  ac- 

quisition of  any  thing  by  payment  of  an  equiv- 
alent ; stipulation  ; bargain.  Bouvier. 

2 . That  which  is  purchased  ; any  thing 
bought  with  money,  or  obtained  otherwise  than 
by  inheritance. 

A purchase  which  will  bring  him  clear. 

Above  his  rent,  four  pounds  u year.  Swift. 

3.  f Robbery  : — thing  stolen. 

Of  nightly  stealths,  and  pillage  several, 

Which  he  had  got  abroad  by  purchase  criminal.  Spenser. 

They  will  steal  any  thing,  and  call  it  purchase.  Shak. 

4.  Any  mechanical  power  which  increases 

the  force  applied;  — a tackle.  Simmonds. 

5.  j-  Exertion ; attempt ; effort. 

The  King  of  England  made  much  purchase  to  have  the 
daughter  of  thc  Earl  of  Flanders  to  have  been  married  to  his 
son  Edward.  Berners. 

6.  (Laic.)  The  lawful  acquisition  of  real  estate 
by  any  means  whatever  except  descent.  Bouvier. 

Hffp-  “ There  are  six  ways  of  acquiring  a title  hy 
purchase;  namely,  1.  By  deed  ; 2.  By  devise  ; 3.  By 
execution  ; 4.  By  prescription  ; 5.  By  possession  or 
occupancy  ; 6.  By  escheat.  In  its  more  limited  sense, 


purchase  is  applied  only  to  such  acquisitions  of  lands 
as  are  obtained  hy  way  of  bargain  and  sale  for  money 
or  some  other  valuable  consideration.”  Bouvier. 

PUR’CHASE— MON'pY,  n.  The  consideration 
which  is  agreed  to  be  paid  by  the  purchaser  of 
a thing  in  money.  Bouvier. 

PUR'CHAS-pR,  n.  1.  One  who  buys  for  money; 
a buyer  ; a vendee,  Addison. 

2.  (Law.)  A person  who  acquires  an  estate  in 
lands  by  his  own  act  or  agreement ; a person  who 
takes  or  comes  to  an  estate  in  any  other  manner 
than  by  inheritance.  Burrill. 

PUR'CII AS-ING,  ll.  Act  of  one  who  purchases. 

PUR'CON,  n.  An  Oriental  priest  of  fire-wor- 
ship. Bryant. 

PURE,  a.  [L  .purus-,  It.  Sp.  puro ; Fr  .pur. — 
A.  S.  pur;  Dut.  puur ; Ger.  pur  ; Dan.  pur, 
puur ; Sw.  pur.  — W.  pur.) 

1.  Free  from  mixture  with  anything  else; 
clear  ; clean  ; unsullied.  “ Pure  as  snow.”  Shak. 

At  thc  well-head  thepwres*  streams  arise.  Spertser. 

2.  f Mere  ; sheer;  very.  “ Pure  fetters.” 

Chaucer . “ Out  of  pure  weariness.”  Clarendon. 

3.  Genuine  ; real ; unadulterated. 

Pure  religion,  and  undefiled  before  God  and  the  Father,  is 
this,  To  visit  the  fatherless  and  widows  in  their  affliction,  and 
to  keep  himself  unspotted  from  the  world.  James  i.  'JJ . 

4.  Free  from  guilt;  guiltless;  innocent;  up- 
right ; honest ; virtuous  ; holy ; true  ; chaste. 

Shall  man  be  more  pure  than  his  Maker?  Job  iv.  17. 

Defaming  as  impure  what  God  declares 

Pure , and  commands  to  some,  leaves  free  to  all.  Milton. 

5.  Not  vitiated  with  corrupt  modes  of  speech. 

As  oft  as  I read  those  comedies,  so  oft  doth  sound  in  mine 

ear  thc  pure,  fine  talk  of  Rome.  * Aschani. 

6.  Ritually  clean  ; unpolluted.  “ Pure  from 

childbed  stain.”  Milton. 

All  were  pure,  and  killed  thc  passover.  Ezra  vi.  20. 

7.  (Law.)  Unmixcd  or  unqualified;  simple. 

A pure  feoffment  was  distinguished  from  a conditional 
one.  Burrill. 

Pure  mathematics , that  portion  of  mathematics  which 
treats  of  the  principles  of  the  science,  in  contradis- 
tinction to  applied  mathematics,  which  treats  of  thc  ap- 
plication of  the  principles  to  the  investigation  of  other 
branches  of  knowledge,  or  to  the  practical  wants  of 
life.  Davies. — Pure  viUenage , ( Old  Eng.  Law.)  vil- 
Icnage  where  the  service  performed  was  uncertain  and 
indeterminate,  the  tenant  being  bound  to  do  whatever 
was  commanded  him.  Burrill. 

Syn.  — See  Honest. 

f PURE,  v.  a.  To  purify  ; to  cleanse.  Chaucer. 

PURE'LY,  ad.  In  a pure  manner:  — innocent- 
ly : — merely  ; — completely. 

PURE'NfSS,  n.  1.  The  state  of  being  pure;  puri- 
ty; clearness.  “ Great  pureness  of  air.”  Temple. 

Elemental  fire. 

Whose  pureness  does  no  aliment  require.  Dryden. 

2.  Freedom  from  guilt  or  vice;  innocence. 

That  we  may  evermore  serve  thee  in  holiness  and  pureness 

Of  living.  Common  Prayer. 

3.  Freedom  from  vicious  modes  of  speech. 
“Pureness  of  phrases  in  Terence.”  Ascham. 

PUR'FILE  (piir'fjl),  n.  [Fr.  pourfilie.]  A sort  of 
ancient  trimming  for  woman’s  gowns,  made  of 
tinsel  and  thread  ; purfle.  [r.]  Bailey. 

+ PUR'FLE,  v.  a.  [Fr.  pour  filer  J]  To  decorate 
with  purfile  ; to  embroider.  Spenser. 

f PUR'FLE,  v.  n.  To  be  trimmed  with  purfile. 

The  sleeve  is  more  large  and  pvrjling.  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

PUR'FLE,  n.  A border  of  embroidery.  Shelton. 

PUR'FLED  (piir'fld),  p.  a.  1.  Embroidered.  “ Her 
purfied  scarf.”  Milton. 

2.  (Arch.)  Richly  sculptured.  Francis. 

3.  (Her.)  Applied  to  ermines,  peans,  or  furs, 

which  compose  a bordure.  Wright. 

f PUR'FLEW,  n.  Purfle.  Bailey. 

t FiiR'GA-MENT,  n.  [L.  purgamentum.] 

1.  (Med.)  A purgative;  a cathartic.  Dunglison. 

2.  f An  excretion.  Bacon. 

PUR-GA'TION,  n.  [L.  purgatio  ; It.  purgazione  ; 
Sp.  purgacion;  Fr.  purgation.'] 

1.  The  act  of  cleansing  or  purifying  from  su- 

perfluous or  injurious  substances  ; evacuation  ; 
purification.  Burnet.  Bacon. 

2.  (Law.)  The  act  of  a person’s  clearing  him- 
self of  a crime  of  which  he  was  generally  sus- 
pected, and  accused  before  a judge.  Cowell. 


A,  E,  !,  6,  U,  V,  short;  A,  JJ,  (,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; IlfilR,  HER; 


PURGATIVE 


1157 


PURPLE-HUE D 


Il  f)  - There  were  two  sorts  of  purgation,  the  vulgar 
and  the  canonical.  Canonical  purgation  was  made  by 
the  party’s  taking  his  own  oatli  that  he  was  innocent 
of  the  charge,  which  was  supported  by  the  oath,  of 
twelve  compurgators,  who  swore  they  believed  he 
spoke  the  truth.  Common  or  vulgar  purgation  was 
another  name  for  the  trial  by  ordeal.  — See  Ordeal, 
and  Purge.  Burrill. 


PUR'GA-TIVE,  a.  [L.  purgations ; It.  Sp.  pur- 
f/ativo  ; Fr.  purgaiif.]  Serving  or  having  the 
power  to  cleanse  or  purge ; cathartic ; cleans- 
ing; abstersive.  “ Purgative  v irtue.”  Bacon. 

PUR'GA-TiVE,  n.  (Med.)  A medicine  which  op- 
erates more  powerfully  on  the  bowels  than  a 
laxative,  stimulating  the  muscular  coat,  and 
exciting  increased  secretion  from  the  mucous 
coat.  Dunglison. 


PUR'GA-TIVE-LY,  ad. 
PtlR-G A-TO'RI- AL,  a. 

“ Purgatorial  fire.” 
PUR-G  A-TO'Rl-AN,  a. 


By  purgation.  Clarke. 
Relating  to  purgatory. 

Wheatley. 
Purgatorial,  [it.]  Mode. 


PUR-G  A-TO’RI- AN,  n.  One  who  believes  in  pur- 
gatory. Johnson. 

PUR’GA-TO-RY,  n.  [It.  Sc  Sp.  purgatorio-,  Fr. 
purgatoire .]  ( Eccl .)  A place  of  expiation  or 

purification: — according  to  Roman  Catholics, 
an  intermediate  state  of  the  souls  of  the  peni- 
tent after  death,  and  before  the  final  judgment, 
during  which  they  expiate,  by  certain  punish- 
ments, the  guilt  which  they  have  incurred 
through  life.  P.  Cyc. 

^g=-This  doctrine,  in  a modified  form,  is  also  held 
by  the  Greek  Church.  P.  Cijc. 

St.  Patrick’s  Purgatory,  a cavern  in  the  county  of 
Donegal!,  Ireland,  for  many  years  the  object  of  pil- 
grimages and  various  superstitions.  JVares. 


PUR'GA-TO-RY,  a.  Cleansing;  expiatory.  “This 
purgatory  interval.”  Burke. 

PiiR(JE,  v.  a.  [L.  purgo,  contracted  from  purum 
ago,  to  make  clean;  It.  purgare;  Sp.  purgar ; 
Fr.  purgar.)  [ i . purged  ; pp.  purging, 
purged.] 

1.  To  make  clear  or  pure;  to  cleanse  by  free- 
ing from  impurities  or  from  foreign  or  superflu- 
ous substances  ; — particularly  applied  to  the 
evacuation  of  the  body  by  cathartics. 

Air  ventilates  and  cools  the  mines,  and  purges  and  frees 
them  from  mineral  exhalations.  Woodward. 

If  he  was  not  cured,  he  purged  him  with  salt  water. 

Arbutlinot. 

2.  To  clear  or  frqe,  as  from  guilt;  to  purify. 

My  soul  is  purged  from  grudging  hate.  Shak. 

Syphax,  we’ll  join  our  cares  to  purge  away 

Our  country’s  crimes,  and  clear  her  reputation  Addison. 

3.  (Laio.)  To  clear  one’s  self  of  an  offence  with 
which  one  is  charged.  — See  Purgation. 

tjgy  “ In  modern  times,  a man  may  purge  himself 
of  au  offence,  in  some  cases,  where  the  facts  are  with- 
in his  own  knowledge  ; for  example,  when  a man  is 
charged  with  a contempt  of  court,  he  may  purge  him- 
self of  such  contempt  by  swearing  that,  in  doing  the 
act  charged,  he  did  not  intend  to  commit  a contempt.” 
Bouvier. 


PURGE,  v.  n.  1.  To  grow  pure.  Johnson. 

2.  To  have  frequent  evacuations.  Patrick. 


PURGE,  n.  [Fr.  purge.)  A cathartic  medicine; 
a medicine  that  evacuates  the  body  by  stool. 

PURSER,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  purges. 

PijRfFlNG,  n.  (Med.)  Diarrhoea.  Dunglison. 

PURGING— FLAX,  n.  (Bot.)  Dwarf  wild  flax  ; Li- 
num  catharticum ; — so  called  from  its  being 
used  as  a cathartic  medicine.  Farm.  Ency. 

PU-RI-FI-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  purificatio ; It.  puri- 
ficazione  ; Sp.  purificacion  ; Fr.  purification .] 

1.  The  act  of  purifying  or  cleansing  from  ex- 
traneous substances. 

I discerned  a considerable  difference  in  the  operations  of 
several  kinds  of  saltpetre,  even  after  purification.  Boyle. 

2.  The  act  of  cleansing  from  guilt  of  pollution. 

Water  is  the  symbol  of  purification  of  the  soul  from  sin. 

Bp.  Taylor. 

3.  A religious  ceremony  which  consists  in 
cleansing  any  thing  from  a supposed  defilement. 

tftj’  Purification  was  generally  performed  by  water, 
both  among  the  Jews  and  pagans  ; but,  among"  the 
Jews,  other  ceremonial  observances  were  sometimes 
required.  Brande. 

f Py-RIF'I-CA-TIVE,  a.  [It.  purificativo.)  That 
tends  to  purify  ; purificatory.  Cotgrave. 


PU-RI-FI-CA'TOR,  n.  A purifier.  Blackwood's  Mag. 

PU-RIF’I-C  A-TO-R  Y,  a.  Having  power  to  purify  ; 
purificative.  [r.]  Johnson. 

PU'RI-FI-IJR,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  purifies. 

PU'RI-FORM,  a.  [L.  pus,  puris,  pus,  and  forma, 
form.]  (Med.)  Appearing  like  pus.  Dunglison. 

PU'RI-FY,  v.  a.  [I,,  purifico ; purus,  pure,  and 
facio,  to  make ; It.  purificare ; Sp.  purificar ; 
Fr.  purifier .]  [ i . purified  ; pp.  purifying, 

purified.] 

1.  To  make  pure  or  clear;  to  free  from  any 
extraneous  admixture ; to  cleanse  ; to  clarify. 

Toil  strung  the  nerves  and  purified  the  blood.  Dryden. 

2.  To  free  or  cleanse  from  guilt  or  pollution. 

He  gave  himself  for  us,  that  he  might  redeem  us  from  all 

iniquity,  and  purify  unto  himself  a peculiar  people.  Tit.  ii.  14. 

3.  To  free  from  supposed  defilement  by  some 
ceremonial  observance. 

On  the  seventh  day,  he  shall  purify  himself,  and  wash  his 
clothes,  and  bathe  himself  in  water,  and  shall  be  clean  at 
even.  Num.  xix.  19. 

4.  To  clear  from  barbarisms. 

He  saw  the  French  tongue  abundantly  purified.  Sprat. 

PU'RI-FY,  v.  n.  To  grow  or  become  pure. 

Let  them  [liquors]  begin  to  purify  at  tile  same  time.  Burnet. 

PU'RI-FY-ING,  n.  Act  of  cleansing  ; purification. 

PU'RjM,  n.  (Jewish  Ant.)  A celebrated  festival, 
instituted  by  Mordecai,  at  the  suggestion  of 
Esther,  in  the  reign  of  Ahasuerus,  king  of  Per- 
sia, to  commemorate  the  deliverance  of  the 
Jews  from  the  designs  of  Hainan;  — so  called 
from  the  lots  cast  every  day  for  twelve  months 
in  presence  of  Haman,  with  the  view  of  discov- 
ering an  auspicious  day  for  the  destruction  of 
all  the  Jews  in  the  Persian  dominions.  Kitto. 

PU'RI^M,  n.  [Fr . purisme.)  Rigid  purity  ; nice- 
ness in  the  use  of  words.  Mitford. 

PLJ'RIST,  n.  [Fr.  puriste.]  One  scrupulously 
nice  in  the  use  of  words. 

We  must  apply  certainly  to  English,  in  which  you  are  no 

pui'ist.  Chesterfield. 

PU'RI-TAN,  n.  An  advocate  for  purity  in  reli- 
gion : — one  of  a class  of  Dissenters  from  the 
Church  of  England,  in  the  time  of  Elizabeth 
and  the  first  two  Stuarts,  who  were  advocates 
for  a greater  purity  of  doctrine  and  discipline  in 
the  church. 

The  name  Puritan  was  put  upon  them  [the  Nonconf’or- 
mists,  A.  D.  15G4],  and  by  that  they  were  commonly  known; 
when  they  had  been  called  by  that  name  a while,  the  vicious 
multitude  of  the  ungodly  called  all  Puritan s that  were  strict 
and  serious  in  a holy  life,  were  they  ever  so  conformable.  So 
that  the  same  name,  in  a bishop’s  mouth,  signified  a Non- 
conformist, and,  in  an  ignorant  drunkard’s  or  swearer's 
mouth,  a godly,  obedient  Christian.  Sylvester. 

PU'RI-TAN,  a.  Of,  or  belonging  to,  the  Puritans; 
puritanic.  Milton. 

PU-RI-TAn  IC,  I (i,  1.  Pertaining  to  the  Pu- 

PU-RI-TAN'I-CAL,  ) ritans  or  to  their  doctrines 
or  practice.  Walton. 

2.  Strict ; rigid  ; — used  in  reproach.  Prynne. 

pO-RI-TAN'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a puritanical  man- 
ner. Sandys. 

PU'RI-TAN-ISJM,  n.  The  doctrines  or  the  prac- 
tice of  the  Puritans.  Mountagu. 

PU'RI-TAN-IZE,  v.  n.  To  conform  to  Puritanism, 
or  to  the  Puritans.  Mountagu.  Dallam. 

PU'RI-TY,  n.  [L.  puritas ; purus,  pure  ; It.  pun- 
th  •,  Sp . pureza;  Fr.  p arete.] 

1.  The  state  or  the  quality  of  being  pure ; 
freedom  from  mixture  or  foulness  ; cleanness; 
pureness  ; excellence.  “ Purity  of  waters. "Prior. 

2.  Freedom  from  guilt  ; innocence.  Law. 

Purity  is  the  feminine,  truth  the  masculine,  of  honor.  By 
the  ancients  courage  was  regarded  as  the  main  part  of  virtue; 
by  us,  though  I hope  we  are  not  less  bruve,  purity  is  so  le- 
garded  now.  Hare . 

3.  Chastity  ; modesty.  Shak 

Syn.  — See  Excellence. 

PUR-KlN'J^-AN-VES-I-CLE  (-ves-e-kl),  n.  (Zodl.) 
See  Germinal  vesicle. 

PURL,  n.  [Contracted  from  purfie .] 

1.  An  embroidered  and  puckered  border. 

“ Velvet  enriched  with  purl."  Sidney. 

2.  A kind  of  edging  for  bone-lace.  Bailey. 

3.  A circle  made  by  the  motion  of  a liquid. 

Whose  stream  an  easy  breath  doth  seem  to  blow, 

Which  on  the  sparkling  gravel  runs  in  purls, 

As  though  the  waves  had  been  of  silver  curls.  Drayton. 


4.  Boiled  beer  having  gin,  sugar,  and  spice 

mixed  with  it.  Stmmonds. 

5.  Two  rounds  in  knitting.  Simmonds. 

6.  pi.  Dried  dung  of  horses  and  cattle  used 
for  fuel  in  some  parts  of  Scotland.  Simmomls. 

PURL,  v.  n.  [Sw .porla.  — W .ffrettlo.]  [i.  furled  ; 
pp.  purling,  purled.] 

1.  To  run  or  flow  with  a gentle  noise,  as  a 

stream  ; to  murmur  ; to  ripple.  “ A purling 
stream.”  Pope. 

All  fish  from  sea  or  shore. 

Freshet,  or  purling  brook,  or  shell,  or  tin.  Milton. 

2.  To  rise  in  undulations ; to  move  as  in 

waves.  “ Purling  brimstone.”  Herbert. 

From  his  lips  did  fly 

Thin,  winding  breath,  which  purled  up  to  tile  sky.  Shak. 

PURL,  v.  a.  To  decorate  with  a purl.  B.  Jonson. 

PUR'LIEU  (pUr'Iu),  n. ; pi.  pur'lieu§.  [Fr. pur, 
pure,  and  lieu,  a place.  Cowell .] 

1.  (Old  Eng . Forest  Law .)  Land  on  the  bor- 

ders of  a forest,  from  which  it  was  separated, 
and  made  pure  or  free  from  the  laws  of  the  for- 
est. Burrill.  London  Ency. 

2.  A place  bordering  on  another ; a border  ; 
a limit.  “The purlieus  of  St.  James.”  Swift. 

POr'LIEU-MAN,  n.  A man  who  has  the  care  of 
a purlieu.  Blackstone. 

PUR'LIN,  n.  ; pi.  pur'lin:?.  (Arch.)  A piece  of 
timber  placed  horizontally  on  the  principal  raf- 
ters of  a roof  to  support  the  common  rafters ; 
— written  also  purline.  Weale. 

PURL'ING,  p.  a.  Murmuring;  rippling. 

PURL'ING,  n.  A murmuring  or  rippling.  Bacon. 

PUR-LOIN',  v.  a.  [Of  doubtful  etymology.  — From 
Old  Fr.  pourloigncr  ; Fr.  eloigner,  to  remove; 
loin,  far.  Skinner .]  [i.  purloined  ; pp.  pur- 

loining, purloined.]  To  take  by  theft;  to 
steal ; to  rob  ; to  pilfer.  Milton. 

Your  butler  purloins  your  liquor,  and  the  brewer  sells 
your  hog-wash.  Arbuthnot. 

PUR-LOlN',  v.  n.  To  practise  theft.  Tit.  ii.  10. 

PUR-LOIN'ER,  n.  One  who  purloins  ; a thief. 

PITR-LOIN'ING,  n.  The  act  of  stealing;  theft. 

PUR'PART,  n.  (Law.)  Purparty.  Burrill. 

PUR'PAR-TY,  n.  [Fr.  pour,  for,  and  partie,  a 
part.]  (Law.)  A part  or  portion  of  an  estate 
allotted  to  a coparcener  by  partition ; — also 
written  pourparty.  Bouvier. 

PUR'PLE,  n.  [Gr.  troyiplipii,  a shell-fish  from  which 
the  color  was  obtained,  purple  ; l,.  purpura  ; It. 
porpora\  Sp.  purpura  ; Fr . pourpre.) 

1.  A color  produced  by  the  union  of  blue  and 

red,  the  red  predominating.  Fairholt. 

STB”  Among  the  ancients,  purple  was  always  the 
distinguishing  badge  of  power  and  distinction.  Brande. 

2.  Purple  cloth,  or  a purple  dress.  Davenant. 

O’er  his  livid  arms 

A military  vest  of  jiurjAc  flowed.  Milton. 

3.  Imperial  sovereignty; — purple  being  the 

badge  of  the  Roman  emperors.  Gibbon. 

4.  A cardinalate.  Addison. 

5.  A species  of  orchis.  “Nettles,  daisies,  and 

long  purples.”  Shak. 

jQHTr'  “ Probably  the  Orchis  mascula,  or  early  purple , 
a common  English  flower,  which,  from  the  form  of 
its  root,  had  several  fanciful  and  not  very  decent 
names.”  JVares. 

Purple  copper , (Min.)  a crystalline  mineral  com- 
posed of  sulphur,  copper,  and  iron.  Dana. — Purple 
of  Cassius , a hydrated  double  stannate  of  gold  and 
tin  ; — used  in  coloring  the  red  glass  of  Bohemia,  and. 
mixed  witli  borax  orsome  fusible  glass,  to  give  a beau- 
tiful rose  color  or  a rich  purple  color  to  the  surface  of 
china.  Miller.  — Purple  of  mollusca,  a viscid  liquor 
secreted  by  certain  shell-fish,  the  Burcinum  lap  ill us 
and  others,  which  dyes  wool,  & c.,  of  a purple  color, 
and  is  supposed  to  be  the  substance  of  the  celebrated 
Tyrian  dye.  Ure . 

PUR'PLE,  a.  Red  mixed  with  blue,  the  former 
predominating.  “ Purple  mantles.”  Wotton. 

PUR'PLE,  v.  a.  [i.  purpled  ; pp.  purpling, 
purpled.]  To  color  or  dye  with  purple.  Shak. 

Aurora  had  but  newly  chased  the  night. 

And  purpled  o’er  the  sky  with  blushing  light.  Dryden. 

PijR'PLE— COL'ORED  (piir'pl-kul'urd),  a.  Having 
the  color  of  purple  ; purple.  Shak. 

PUR'PLE— HUED  (hfld),  a.  Having  a purple  hue  ; 
purple-colored ; purple.  Shak. 


MIEN,  SIR  ; MOVE,  NOR,  SON  ; 


bDlL,  BUR,  R(Jle.  — G , g,  soft;  C,  IS,  5,  g,  hard;  ^ as  z;  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


PURPLES 


PURVEYANCE 


1158 


Pi)R'PLE§  (piir'plz),  n. pi.  (Med.)  A disease  char- 
acterized by  circular  spots  scattered  over  the 
thighs,  arms,  and  trunk,  and  occasionally  at- 
tended with  hemorrhage  from  the  mouth,  nos- 
trils, or  viscera,  and  great  debility  and  depres- 
sion of  spirits  ; a variety  of  purpura  ; — also 
called  land  scurvy.  Dunglison. 

PUR'PLE-TlN<?ED,  a.  Tinged  with  purple,  l’ope. 

PUR' PEE— WOOD  (-will),  n.  ( Bot .)  The  wood  of 
the  Copaiba  publifiora  of  Guiana  ; — extensively 
used  for  making  the  ramrods  of  muskets.  Archer. 

PUR'PLISII,  a.  Somewhat  purple.  Boyle. 

PUR'PORT,  n.  [Old  Fr.  purport ; Fr.  pour,  for, 
and  porter,  to  carry.]  Design  ; tendency  ; in- 
tent ; import ; meaning.  Spenser . 

PUR'PORT,  v.  re.  [i.  purported;  pp.  purport- 
ing, purported.]  To  tend  to  show  something  ; 
to  intend ; to  design  ; to  mean.  Bacon. 

PUR'POSE  (piir'pos),  re.  [L.  proposition  ; propo- 
no,  proposition,  to  place  before;  pro,  before,  and 
pono,  to  place  ; It.  §Sp . proposito;  Old  Ft. pur- 
pose ; Fr.  propos.) 

1.  That  which  one  sets  before  himself  to  be 
reached  or  accomplished;  intention;  intent; 
design ; aim  ; object ; view  ; final  cause.  “ Every 
purpose  of  the  Lord  shall  stand.”  Jer.  li.  29. 

(The  people]  hired  counsellors  against  them,  to  frustrate 
their  purpose.  Ezra  iv.  5. 

2.  End;  effect;  consequence.  “To  what 

purpose  is  this  waste.”  Matt.  xxvi.  8. 

3.  Instance ; example,  [r.]  L' Estrange. 

4.  f Conversation ; chat.  “She  in  pleasant 

purpose  did  abound.”  Spenser. 

5.  A kind  of  enigma  or  riddle ; a cross  pur- 
pose. Burton. 

Of  purpose,  intentionally;  on  purpose.  “He  quit 
the  house  of  purpose.”  Shall.  — (hi  purpose,  with  de- 
sign or  intention;  designedly;  intentionally.  “Ho 
travelled  the  world  on  purpose  to  converse  with  the 
most  learned  men.”  Guardian. 

Syn.  — See  Account,  Aim,  Design. 

PUR'POSE,  v.  a.  [i.  purposed  ; pp.  purposing, 

PURPOSED.] 

1.  t To  set  forth.  Wickliff'e. 

2.  To  intend ; to  design  ; to  resolve.  “ What 

the  Lord  hath  purposed.”  Isa.  xix.  12. 

I have  purposed  it,  and  will  not  repent.  Jer.  iv.  28. 

PUR'POSE,  v.  re.  1.  To  have  an  intention  or  de- 
sign ; to  intend  ; to  design  ; to  mean. 

I purposed  to  build  a house  to  the  Lord.  1 Kings  v.  5. 

2.  f To  discourse  ; to  converse.  Spenser. 

PUR'POS-ED-LY,  ad.  Intentionally;  designedly. 

PUR'POSE-L5SS,  a.  Having  no  purpose  or  aim. 

PUR'POSE-LY,  ad.  By  design;  by  intention  or 
purpose ; intentionally.  Hooker. 

PUR'POS-^R,  re.  1.  f One  who  sets  any  thing 
before.  Wickliff'e. 

2.  One  who  purposes  or  intends. 

PtiR-PREST'URE,  n.  [Law  L.  purprestura,  from 
Law  Fr.  pourprendre,  to  take  away  entirely ; 
pour,  for,  and  prendre,  pris,  to  take.]  (Law.) 
A species  of  nuisance  consisting  of  enclosing 
or  building  on  land  that  should  be  common  or' 
public  ; — also  written  pourpresture.  Burrill. 

PUR'PRI$E  (pur'priz),  re.  [Law  L . purprisum  ; Fr. 
pourpris.]  (Law.)  A close  or  enclosure  : — also 
the  whole  compass  of  a manor.  Cowell. 

PUR' PU-rji,  re.  [L.  — See  Purple.] 

1.  (Conch.)  A genus  of  univalves  which  se- 

crete a purple  dye  analogous  to  the  Tyrian  dye 
of  the  ancients.  Eng.  Cyc. 

2.  (Med.)  An  eruption  of  livid  spots  on  the 

skin,  caused  by  extravasate'd  blood,  and  attend- 
ed by  languor,  loss  of  muscular  strength,  and 
pain  in  the  limbs.  Dunglison. 

PUR'PU-RATE,  re.  [Fr.]  (Chcm.)  Asaltformed 
of  purpuric  acid  and  a base.  Brande. 

PUR'PU-R  ATE,  a.  Relating  to  purpura.  More. 

PUR'PURE,  re.  (Iler.)  Purple,  represented  by  di- 
agonal lines  from  the  left  to  the  right  side  of 
the  escutcheon.  Brande. 

PUR-PU'Rf-AL,  a.  Purple,  [r.]  Akenside. 

PUR-PU'RIC,  a.  (Chem.)  Noting  a purple  acid, 


obtained  by  treating  uric  or  lithic  acid  with 
dilute  nitric  acid.  Henry. 

PiiR'PU-RINE,  re.  A coloring  principle  obtained 
from  madder.  lire. 

PURR,  re.  1.  The  low,  murmuring  sound  made  by 
a cat;  pur.  — See  Pur. 

2.  A sea  lark.  Ainsworth. 

PURR,  v.  re.  [i.  purred  ; pp.  purring,  purred.] 
To  murmur,  as  a cat ; to  pur.  — See  Pur. 

Dryden. 

PURRE,  re.  Ciderkin ; water-cider.  Clarke. 

PUR'REE,  re.  A coloring  matter,  supposed  to  be 
of  animal  origin,  of  a dark  brown  exteriorly, 
but  presenting,  when  broken,  a bright  orange- 
yellow.  It  is  brought  from  India,  and  hence 
the  pigment  yielded  by  it  is  called  Indian  yel- 
low. Miller.  Booth. 

PUR'RING,  re.  The  murmuring  noise  of  a cat. 

PURSE,  re.  [It.  borsa,  from  L.  bursa  (Gr.  (3 Open), 
a hide;  Sp.  bolso ; Fr.  bourse.  — Dut.  beurs ; 
Ger.  horse  ; Dan.  hors ; Sw.  birrs.) 

1.  A small  bag  for  money.  Addison. 

2.  A sum  of  money; — a sum  of  money  of- 
fered as  a prize,  as  in  a horse-race.  Wright. 

3.  The  treasury,  as  of  a nation.  Clarke. 

4.  In  Turkey,  the  sum  of  five  hundred  pias- 
tres, or  £5  sterling  ($24.20).  Simmonds. 

5.  In  Persia,  the  sum  of  fifty  tomans  of  ten 

shillings  sterling  each  ($121).  Simmonds. 

Sword  and  purse,  the  military  power  and  tile  wealth 
of  a nation.  " Wright. 

PURSE,  v.  a.  [i.  pursed  ; pp.  pursing,  pursed.] 

1.  To  put  into  a purse.  Dryden. 

2.  To  contract  into  wrinkles  or  folds,  as  the 
mouth  of  a purse. 

Thou  criedst. 

And  didst  contract  and  purse  thy  brow  together.  Shak. 

PURSE,  v.  re.  To  steal  purses  ; to  rob.  Beau.  1$  FI. 

PURSE'— HeAR-ER,  m.  One  who  carries  the  purse. 

PURSE'FUL,  re. ; pi.  pursefuls.  As  much  as  a 
purse  will  hold.  Dryden. 

PURSE'— LOOM,  re.  An  apparatus  used  by  ladies 
for  weaving  or  netting  purses.  Simmonds. 

PURSE’-NET,  re.  A purse  made  of  network,  or  a 
net  of  which  the  mouth  is  drawn  together  by  a 
string,  like  a purse.  Mortimer. 

PURSE'— PRIDE,  re.  Pride  which  springs  from 

wealth  ; pride  of  money.  Bp.  Hall. 

PURSE'— PROUD,  a.  Puffed  up  or  made  proud  with 
money  or  wealth  ; proud  of  wealth.  Bp.  Hall. 

PURSER,  n.  1.  In  the  navy,  an  officer  who  keeps 
the  accounts  of  the  ship  to  which  he  belongs, 
and  also  has  charge  of  the  money,  provisions, 
clothing,  &c.,  on  board.  P.  Cyc.  Br.ande. 

2.  A person  appointed  by  the  master  of  a ves- 
sel to  take  charge  of  the  vessel’s  books.  Bouvier. 

3.  (Mining.)  An  officer  whose  duty  it  is  to 

keep  the  books,  and  discharge  the  accounts,  of 
a mine.  Austed. 

PURSE'— TAK-ING,  re.  The  act  of  stealing  a purse 
or  purses.  Shak. 

PUR'SI-NESS,  re.  The  state  or  the  quality  of  being 
pursy  ; shortness  of  breath.  Sherwood. 

fPUR'SIVE,  a.  Short-breathed ; pursy.  Ash. 

f PUR'Sj  VE-NESS,  re.  Pursiness.  Bailey. 

PURS'I.AIN  (-Ijn),  re.  [L.  portuhica ; It . porcel/a- 
na-,  Old  Fr.  pourcelaine .]  (Bot.)  Purslane. — 
See  Purslane.  Wiseman. 

PURS'LANE,  re.  (Bot.)  The  name  of  succulent 
shrubs  or  herbs  of  tbe  order  Portulacece.  The 
only  important  species  is  Portulaca  oleracca, 
which  has  been  used  from  all  antiquity  as  a pot- 
herb and  in  salads.  Lindley.  Loudon. 

PURS'LANE— TREE,  re.  (Bot.)  An  evergreen 
African  shrub,  of  the  genus  Portulacaria,  with 
leaves  resembling  those  of  purslane.  Loudon. 

PUR-SU'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  followed  or  pur- 
sued. Sherwood. 

PUR-SU'AL,  re.  The  act  of  pursuing;  pursuit. 
“ Quick  pursual.”  [r.]  Southey. 

PUR-SU'ANCE,  re.  The  act  of  pursuing  or  follow- 
ing out ; pursuit;  prosecution.  Bp.  Taylor. 


PUR-SU'ANT,,  a.  In  consequence  or  prosecution 
of  any  thing;  conformable.  Waterland. 


PUR-SU'ANT, 

PUR-SU'ANT-LY, 


ad.  Conformably  ; in  conse- 
quence. Swift. 


P I'R- SUE'  (pur-su'),  v.  a.  [L.  persequor ; per, 
used  intensively,  and  sequor,  to  follow;  It.  pro- 
seguire;  Sp.  prosequi r;  Fr . poursuivre.]  [i.  pur- 
sued ; pp.  pursuing,  pursued.] 

1.  lo  follow  with  a view  to  overtake,  or  for 
some  end ; to  go  after ; to  chase. 

When  Abram  heard  that  his  brother  was  taken  captive, 
he  armed  his  trained  servants,  . . . and  pursued  them  unto 
Uan-  Gen.  xiv.  14. 

Love  like  a shadow  flies  when  substance  love  pursues; 

1 ursuing  that  that  flies,  and  flying  what  pursues.  Shak. 

2 To  go  forward  in,  or  in  prosecution  of ; to 
carry  on  ; to  keep  up  ; to  prosecute  ; to  continue. 


. I will  jjitrme 

This  ancient  story,  whether  false  or  true.  Dryden. 

3.  To  endeavor  to  obtain  or  attain. 

We  happiness  pursue;  we  fly  from  pain.  Prior. 

4.  To  follow  as  an  example  ; to  imitate. 

The  fame  of  ancient  matrons  you  pursue.  Dryden. 

5.  f To  persecute.  Wickliffe. 

Syn.  — See  Follow. 

PUR-SUE'  (pur-su'),  v.  re.  1.  To  goon;  to  pro- 
ceed ; to  continue  ; to  persevere. 


I have,  pursues  Carneades,  wondered  chemists  should  not 
consider.  Boyle. 


2.  (Law.)  To  follow  a matter  judicially,  as  a 
complaining  party.  Burrill. 


Pl'R-SU'JJR,  re.  1.  One  who  pursues.  Milton. 

2.  (Scotch  Law.)  A plaintiff.  Burrill. 

PUR-SUIT',  re.  [Fr.  pour  suite.] 

1.  The  act  of  pursuing  ; chase ; pursuance. 

The  foe  at  hand, 

■Whom  fled  we  thought,  will  save  us  long  pursuit.  Milton. 

2.  Endeavor  to  obtain  or  attain  ; prosecution  ; 
as,  “ The  pursuit  of  knowledge.” 

He  concluded,  with  sighs  and  tears,  to  conjure  them  that 
they  would  no  more  press  him  to  give  his  consent  to  a thing 
so  contrary  to  his  reason,  . . . and  that  they  would  give  over 
further  pursuit  of  it.  Clarendon. 

3.  Employment ; occupation  ; commonly  in 
the  plural ; as,  “ Literary  pursuits.” 


PUR'SUI-VANT  (piir'swe-vSnt),  re.  [Fr.  poursui- 
vant ; poursuivre,  to  pursue.  — See  Pursue.] 

1.  A follower;  an  attendant.  Goldinge. 

2.  A state  messenger  ; an  attendant  on  the 

heralds.  Camden. 

The  pursuivants  came  next; 

And,  like  the  heralds,  each  his  scutcheon  bore.  Dryden. 

3.  (Her.)  In  the  Heralds’  College  of  Eng- 

land, a kind  of  probationer  not  admitted  to  the 
full  privileges  of  the  college,  but  advanced  by 
succession  into  its  higher  offices.  Brande. 

PUR'SY  (piir'se),  a.  [Fr  poussif;  poussc,  asth- 
ma, t)ie  heaves.  — Scot,  pursy.)  Fat  and  short- 
breathed.  “ Pursy  insolence.”  Shak. 

PUR'Tp-NANCE,  n.  1.  f Any  thing  pertaining; 
appurtenance.  Brunne. 

Eat  not  of  it  [the  lamb]  raw,  nor  sodden  at  all  with  water, 
but  roast  with  fire;  his  head  with  his  legs,  and  with  the  pur- 
tenancc  thereof.  Exod.  xii.  9. 

2.  The  pluck  of  an  animal.  Lyly. 

||  PU'RU-LENCE,  I n-  [L.  purulentia  ; It.  puru- 

||  PU'RU-LEN-CY,  ) lenza;  Sp.  purulencia;  Fr. 
purulence.)  (Med.)  Formation  or  secretion  of 
pus;  suppuration:  — pus.  Dunglison. 

II  PU'RU-LENT  [pfl'ru-lent,  S.  W.  P.  J.  E.  F.  K. 
Sm.  Wr. ; pur'u-lent,  Ja.  C.],  a.  [L.  purulcnt.us ; 
pus,  puris,  pus;  It.  § Sp. purulnnto ; Ev.  puru- 
lent.) Consisting  of,  or  resembling,  pus.  Bacon. 

||  PU'RU-LENT-LY,  ad.  In  a purulent  manner. 

Coleridge. 

PUR-VEY'  (pur-va'),  v.  a.  [Fr.  pourvoir,  from  L. 
provideo ; pro,  before,  and  video,  to  see.]  [i. 
PURVEYED  ; pp.  PURVEYING,  PURVEYED.] 

1.  To  provide  ; to  furnish.  Spenser. 

His  house  with  all  convenience  was  pun' eyed.  Dryden. 

2.  To  procure  ; to  obtain.  Thomson. 

PUR-VEY'  (pur-va'),  V.  n.  To  purchase  or  supply 
provisions  ; to  provide.  Milton. 

PUR-VEY'ANCE  (pur-va'ans),  re.  1.  Tbe  act  of 
purveying ; procurement  of  provisions.  Johnson. 

2.  Victuals  provided  ; provision.  Spenser. 

3.  (Law.)  A providing  of  necessaries  for  the 
king’s  house,  — a right  formerly  enjoyed  by  the 


A,  E,  I,  O,  fr,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  tr,  ir,  short;  A,  £,  f,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FAllE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


PURVEYOR  . 


1159 


PUTLOG 


crown  of  buying  up  provisions  at  an  appraised  i 
valuation  for  the  use  of  the  royal  household,  and 
also  of  forcibly  impressing  the  carriages  and 
horses  of  the  subject  to  do  the  king’s  business 
on  the  public  roads  : — a provision  ; the  provis- 
ion of  a statute  ; a statute.  I Vhishaw.  Burrill. 

PUR-VEY'OR  (pur-va'ur),  n.  1.  One  who  purveys 
or  supplies  provisions.  Harte. 

2.  A procurer  ; a pimp.  Adclison. 

3.  (Old  Eng.  Law.)' An  officer  who  supplied 

provisions  and  other  necessaries  for  the  king’s 
house.  Cowell. 

PUR' VIEW  (piir'vu),  n.  [Fr.  pourvu,  provided  ; 
pourvoir,  pourvu,  to  provide,  to  purvey.] 

1.  t A proviso  ; a condition.  Bacon. 

2.  The  body  of  a statute,  as  distinguished 

from  the  preamble ; the  providing  part  of  a 
statute.  Burrill. 

3.  Scope;  extent,  as  of  authority.  Wright. 

4.  Superintendence,  [it.]  Ramsay. 

PUS,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  -uou.]  (Med.)  A thick, 
yellowish-white  secretion  from  inflamed  tex- 
tures, and  especially  from  the  areolar  mem- 
brane; purulent  matter  ; purulence.  Dunglison. 

PU'§IJY-IfyM  (pQ’ze-izm),  n.  The  principles  of  a 
class  of  divines  of  the  Church  of  England,  so 
termed  from  Dr.  E.  B.  Pusey,  professor  of  He- 
brew in  the  University  of  Oxford.  Their  views, 
in  relation  to  the  doctrine  and  discipline  of  the 
church,  are  exhibited  in  various  publications, 
especially  in  a series  of  “ Tracts  for  the  Times  ” ; 
and  they  are,  in  many  particulars,  much  more 
assimilated  to  the  views  of  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church  than  are  the  views  of  most  Protes- 
tants. Smart.  Ch.  Ob. 

PU'ijEY-lTE,  or  PU'^EY-IST,  n.  An  adherent  to, 
or  an  advocate  of,  Puseyism.  Smart. 

PUSH,  v.  a.  [L .pitlso  ; It.  bussare,  to  knock  ; Fr. 
pousser,  to  push.  — Gael,  puc,  puchd,  to  push  ; 
W.  pivtio.]  [i.  pushed  ; pp.  pushing,  pushed.] 

1.  To  press  against  with  force  ; to  endeavor  to 
move  by  a thrust ; to  force  or  drive  by  pressure. 

Now  they  rise  again. 

With  twenty  mortal  murders  oh  their  crowns, 

To  push  us  from  our  stools.  Shak. 

2.  To  strike  with  a thrust,  as  of  horns. 

If  the  ox  shall  imsh  a man-servant  or  a maid-servant. 

Exod.  xxi.  32. 

3.  To  urge  or  press  forward.  “With  rules 

to  push  his  fortune.”  Dryden. 

Ambition  pushes  the  soul  to  such  actions  as  are  apt  to  pro- 
cure honor  to  the  actor.  Addison. 

4.  To  enforce;  to  press;  to  drive  to  a con- 
clusion. “ We  are  pushed  for  an  answer.”  Swift. 

5.  To  importune  ; to  tease.  Johnson. 

PUSH,  v.  n.  1.  To  make  a thrust;  to  thrust. 

A calf  will  so  manage  his  head  as  though  he  would  push 
with  his  horns  even  before  they  shoot.  Ray. 

2.  To  make  exertion  ; to  endeavor. 

At  length, 

Both  sides  resolved  to  push,  we  tried  our  strength.  Dryden. 

3.  To  make  an  attack.  “ The  king  of  the  south 

shall  push  at  him.”  Dan.  xi.  40. 

4.  To  burst  out ; to  rush.  Johnson. 

PUSH,  n.  1.  The  act  of  pushing  or  pressing 
against ; pressure  ; force  impressed.  Addison. 
So  great  was  the  puissance  of  his  push , 

That  from  his  saddle  quite  he  did  him  bear.  Spenser. 

2.  A thrust,  as  with  a pointed  instrument. 
“With  deadly  shot  and^wsA  of  pike.”  Kno/les. 

3.  Onset;  attack;  assault;  a strong  effort. 

“ Pushes  against  truth.”  Watts. 

4.  Exigence  ; trial  ; extremity  ; emergency. 

’T  is  common  to  talk  of  dying  for  a friend;  but  when  it 
comes  to  the  push,  ’t  is  no  more  than  talk.  L' Estrange. 

5.  [L.  pustuh.]  A pustule  ; a pimple,  [it.] 

Bacon. 

PUSH'^R,  n.  One  who  pushes.  Sherwood. 

PUSHING,  p.  a.  Urging  on;  enterprising;  driv- 
ing ; vigorous.  Johnson. 

PUSH'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a driving,  vigorous,  or  en- 
terprising manner.  " Clarke. 

PUSH'— PIN,  n.  A child’s  play  in  which  pins  are 
pushed  alternately.  L' Estrange. 

fPU'SIL,  a.  [L . pusiUus.\  Very  little.  Bacon. 

PU-SIE-LA-NlM'J-Ty,  n.  [L . pusillanimitas  •,  It. 
pusillanimity ; Sp.  pusilanimidad ; Fr.  pusilla- 


niinite.]  The  quality  or  the  state  of  being  pu- 
sillanimous ; want  or  weakness  of  spirit ; cow- 
ardliness ; cowardice  ; timidity.  Shak. 

PU-SIL-LAN'I-MOUS,  a.  [L.  pusiUanimis  ; pusil- 
lus,  very  little  (pusus,  a little  boy),  and  animus, 
the  mind  ; It.  pusillani mo  ; Sp.  pusilanime ; Fr. 
pusillanime .]  Little-souled  ; having  no  spirit 
or  courage  ; mean-spirited  ; faint-hearted  ; tim- 
id ; timorous  ; cowardly.  Bacon. 

PU-SIL-LAN'I-MOUS-LY,  ad.  With  pusillanim- 
ity ; cowardly.  Herbert. 

PU-SIL-LAN'I-MOUS-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  be- 
ing pusillanimous ; pusillanimity.  Johnson. 

PUSS,  n.  [Dut.  poes,  puss,  a fur-tippet. — L . pu- 
sa,  a little  girl.  — Gael,  if  Ir.  pus,  a cat.] 

1.  The  fondling  name  of  a cat.  Watts. 

2.  The  sportsman’s  name  for  a hare.  Gay. 

“ The  name  puss  is  bestowed  indifferently  upon 

the  cat  and  the  hare.”  Talbot. 

PUS'SY,  n.  [dim.  of  puss.~\  A fondling  name 
for  a cat ; a puss.  Booth. 

PUST'U-LAR,  a.  (Bot.)  Covered  with  glandular 
excrescences  like  pustules  ; pustulate.  Loudon. 

pGsT'U-LAtE,  v.  a.  [L.  pustulo,  pustulatus.]  To 
form  into  pustules  or  blisters.  Stackhouse. 

PUST'U-LATE,  a.  [L.  pustulatus .]  (Bot.)  Pus- 
tular. Loudon. 

PUST'U-LAT-ED,  p.  a.  Formed  into  pustules. 

PUST-U-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  pustulatio .]  The  for- 
mation or  breaking  out  of  pustules.  Dunglison. 

PUST'ULE  (pus'tul  or  pust'yul)  [pus'tul,  E.  F.  Ja. 

K.  Sm. ; pus'cliul,  W.  J.  ; pus'chul,  S.],  n.  [L. 

(S;  Sp.  pustula;  pus,  pus;  It.  pustola ; Fr.  pus- 
tule.) (Med.)  An  elevation  of  the  cuticle,  with 
an  inflamed  base,  containing  pus.  Dunglison. 

PUST'U-LOUS,  a.  [Fr.  pustuleux! ] Full  of,  or 
covered  with,  pustules  ; pustular  ; pustulate. 

Cockeram. 

PUT,  v.  a.  [“  It  has  no  cognate  in  the  other 
northern  languages,  unless  it  has  (and  it  may 
have)  its  origin  in  A.  S.  bidan  (Ger.  bicten), 
by  the  change  of  b and  d into  their  cognates  p 
and  t,  and  thus  mean,  to  bide  or  stay,  or  cause 
to  bide  or  stay.  Skinner  derives  from  Fr. 
boutcr,  to  but  (as  a ram),  to  push  or  drive  for- 
wards, which  G.  Douglas  writes,  to  put."  Rich- 
ardson. — Lemon  refers  to  L.  pono,  positum,  to 
place.  — Fr.  poser,  to  set.  — W.  pivtio,  to  push. 

— Dan .putte,  to  put  something  into.]  [»’.  put; 
pp.  PUTTING,  PUT.] 

1.  To  lay,  place,  set,  bring,  or  cause  to  be,  in 
any  position,  state,  station,  or  situation. 

The  Lord  God  planted  a garden  eastward  in  Eden;  and 
there  he  put  the  m in  whom  he  had  formed.  Gen.  ii.  8. 

Uc  hath  put  my  brethren  far  from  me.  Job  xix.  13. 

This  question  asked  puts  me  in  doubt.  Milton. 

God  was  entreated  of  them,  because  they  put  their  trust 
in  him.  1 Chron.  v.  20. 

Cyrus  . . . made  a proclamation  throughout  all  his  king- 
dom, and  put  it  also  iu  writing.  2 Chron.  xxxvi.  22. 

2.  To  apply,  as  in  any  effort,  exercise,  or  use. 

The  great  difference  in  the  notions  of  mankind  is  from  the 
different  use  they  put  their  faculties  to.  Locke. 

3.  To  offer  for  consideration  ; to  propose  ; to 
present ; to  state. 

We  arc  not  ymtting  cases  of  dishonest  men;  ...  we  arc  put- 
ting cases  of  men  as  upright  as  ever  lived.  Macaulay. 

Hence  the  expression  put  case , an  old  elliptical 
phrase,  signifying  suppose  the  case  to  be. 

4.  To  oblige;  to  compel ; to  force. 

We  are  put  to  prove  things  which  can  hardly  be  made 
plainer.  Tillotson. 

5.  To  throw  over  one’s  own  head,  as  a heavy 

stone.  [Scotland.]  Jamieson. 

“ Put , a very  common  word  in  our  oldest  writ- 
ers, is  of  very  extensive  application  to  every  kind  and 
degree  of  motion.  It  is  used  as  our  derivatives  from 

L.  ponere  and  its  compounds,  with  or  without  accom- 
panying prepositions.”  Richardson. 

To  put  about , to  turn  round,  as  a ship. — To  put  a 
girdle  around  or  about , to  go  or  travel  round.  Shak. 
Beau.  4'  FI.  — To  put  by,  to  turn  off  or  away  ; to  thrust 
aside. — To  put  down , to  baffle  ; to  repress  ; to  crush : 

— to  degrade:  — to  confute.  — To  put  forth,  to  pro- 
pose : — to  extend  : — to  emit,  as  a sprouting  plant ; to 
bud;  to  shoot:  — to  exert:  — to  publish,  as  a hook. 

— To  put  in,  to  interpose:  — to  drive;  to  harbor:  — 
(Law.)  to  place  in  due  form  before  a court ; to  place 
among  the  records  of  a court ; as,  “ To  put.  in  a plea  or 
answer.”  Burrill.  — To  put  in  for,  to  offer  for.  Smart. 


— To  put  in  operation , to  give  action  or  effect  to.  Black- 
wood's Mag. — To  put  in  practice,  to  use,  to  exercise. 
Dryden. — To  put  off,  to  divest;  to  lay  aside: — to 
defeat  or  delay:  — to  defer;  to  procrastinate:  — to 
discard  : — to  pass  fallaciously  : — to  vend  ; to  sell  ; 
to  get  rid  of : — to  push  from  the  shore.  — To  put  on 
or  upon,  to  impute:  — to  invest  with  : — to  impose; 
to  indict:  — to  assume;  to  take:  — to  forward;  to 
promote:  — to  incite;  to  instigate: — (Law.)  to  rest 
upon  ; to  submit  to.  “ A defendant  puts  himself  upon 
the  country.”  Burrill. — To  put  out , to  place  at  inter- 
est : — to  extinguish  : — to  emit,  as  a plant : — to  ex- 
tend ; to  protrude  : — to  expel  ; to  drive  from  : — to 
make  public  : — to  disconcert : — to  dislocate  : — to  of- 
fend ; to  displease;  to  anger.  “The  captain’s  wife 
was  at  the  office  yesterday,  and  seemed  a little  put 
out  about  it.”  Dickens. — To  put  over,  to  refer  : — to 
sail  over.  Smart. — To  put  to,  to  lay  by:  — to  assist 
with  : — to  punish  by;  to  refer  to  ; to  expose. — To  put 
to  it,  to  distress  ; to  perplex  ; to  press  hard. — To  put 
to  death,  to  kill.  — To  put  together,  to  accumulate  into 
one  sum  or  mass.  — To  put  up,  to  start  from  cover  : — 
to  hoard  ; to  hide  : — to  expose  publicly  ; as,  “ These 
goods  are  put  up  to  sale”:  — to  pass  unrevenged. 
“ Such  national  injuries  are  not  to  be  put  up .”  Jiddison. 

“ Used  with  various  other  prepositions,  it  has 
(metaphorically  and  consequentially)  a designation 
which  must  be  inferred  from  the  context.”  Rich- 
ardson. 


PUT  [put,  S.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  R.  C. ; 
\V.~\,  v.  n. 

1.  To  move  ; to  go  ; to  proceed. 

Put  not 

Beyond  the  sphere  of  your  activity. 
Mcn-of-war  ready  to  put  to  sea. 


put  or  pfit, 

Bacon. 

B.  Jonson. 
Addison. 


2.  To  shoot  or  germinate.  Bacon. 

ttSy-  “ The  common  pronunciation  of  London  is  the 
first  sound  [put]  given  to  this  word  ; but  in  Ireland 
and  the  different  counties  of  England  it  is  generally 
pronounced  regularly,  so  as  to  rhyme  with  hut,  nut, 
&c.”  Walker. 


To  put  about,  (JiTaut.)  to  change  the  course  of  a ves- 
sel so  as  to  bring  the  wind  on  the  other  side  ; to  tack. 
— To  put  forth , to  leave  a port:  — to  germinate;  to 
shoot  ; to  bud.  “ Where  nettles  put  forth  in  abun- 
dance.” Bacon.  — To  put  in,  to  enter  a port  or  harbor. 
“ The  ship  put  in  at  Samos.”  Pope.  — To  offer  a claim. 
“ If  a man  should  putin  to  he  one  of  the  knights  of 
Malta.”  Collier.  — To  use  great  exertions  ; to  strive  ; 
to  do  one’s  utmost.  [Vulgar.]  — To  put  in  for,  to  offer 
one’s  self  for  ; to  be  a candidate  for.  Usher. — To  put 
off,  to  leave  land,  as  a vessel.  “ As  the  liaclcney-boat 
was  putting  off.”  Jiddison.  — ■ To  put  on,  to  urge  mo- 
tion ; to  drive  rapidly.  — To  put  orer,  to  sail  over. 
Jlbbot.  — To  put  up,  to  offer  one’s  self  as  a candidate. 
L’ Estrange. — To  take  abode  or  lodgings;  to  lodge. 
Southey.  — To  put  up  with,  to  take  or  suffer  without 
resentment,  opposition,  or  dissatisfaction  ; to  submit 
to.  “To  put  up  with  all  affront.”  “ To  put  up  with 
poor  entertainment.”  Johnson. 


PUT  [put,  S.  IF.  P.  E.  E.  K.  Sin. : put,  Ja.  C.],  n. 

1.  An  action  of  distress.  “ The  stag’s  was  a 

forced  put."  L’ Estrange. 

2.  A game  at  cards.  Wart  on. 

3.  A rustic ; a clown  ; a boor.  Bramston. 


PU'TApE,  n.  [Old  Fr.  putage ; putain,  a harlot, 
from  It.  putta.]  (Old  Eng.  Law.)  Fornication 
on  the  part  of  a woman  ; whoredom.  Bailey. 

I’U-TA'MpN,  n.  [L.  ; puto,  to  prune.]  (Bot.)  The 
stone  of  a drupe,  or  the  shell  of  a nut.  Gray. 

PU'TA-NIfjM,  n.  [Fr.  putanisme  ; putain,  a har- 
lot, from  It.  putta.]  The  lewdness  or  the  trade 
of  prostitutes.  Bailey. 

PU'TA-TIVE,  a.  [L.  putativus  ; puto,  putatus,  to 
suppose;  It.  § Sp.  putativo  ; Fr . putatif.]  Sup- 
posed ; reputed ; commonly  esteemed ; not 
real.  11  Putative  friends.”  Ed to.  Hall. 

IX  ■ The  word  putative  is  restricted  most  absurdly 
to  the  one  sole  word  father  [ putative  father  of  a child], 
in  a question  of  doubtful  affiliation,  lie  Quinccy. 

PUTCH'UCK,  n.  A fragrant  root  found  in  the 
northern  part  of  India,  and  exported  to  China, 
where  it  is  burnt  as  incense;  — also  written 
putchock.  Eng.  Cyc. 

PU'TE-AL,  n.  [L.  puteal ; putcus,  a well.]  An 
enclosure  surrounding  the  mouth  of  a well ; a 
well-curb.  Weale. 

fPU'TlJ-RY,  n.  [Sp.  puteria;  puta,  a harlot ; It.  • 
putta,  a harlot.]  Harlotry  ; whoredom.  Chaucer. 

PU'TID,  a.  [L.  putidus  ; puteo,  to  stink ; Fr.  pu- 

. tide.]  Mean ; vile  ; low.  [r.]  Bp.  Taylor. 

PU-Tln'I-TY,  ) Km  xhe  state  of  being  putid ; 

PU'TID-NESS,  ) meanness ; vileness,  [it.]  Bailey. 

PUT'LOG,  n.  (Arch.)  A piece  of  timber  for  sup- 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BI>LL,  BUR,  R0LE.  — 9,  9,  9,  g,  soft;  €,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  .=>  as  z;  ^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


PUT-OFF 


1160 


PYRAMIS 


porting  the  planks  of  a scaffold,  one  end  of 
which  rests  on  the  ledge  of  the  scaffold,  and  the 
other  in  a hole  left  in  the  wall.  Brande. 

PUT’— OFF,  n.  An  excuse;  an  evasion;  a pre- 
text for  delay.  King  James. 

t PUTOUR,  n.  [It.  putta.~\  A harlot.  Chaucer. 

PU-TRED'j-NOfiS,  a.  [It.  putredinoso,  from  L. 
putredo,  rottenness  ; Sp.  putrcdinal , putrido. ] 
Stinking  ; rotten  ; putrid.  Floyc-r. 

PU-TRp-FAC'TION,  n.  [It.  putrefazione ; Sp. 
putrefaccion ; Fr  putrefaction .] 

1.  The  process  or  the  state  of  putrefying  ; rot- 
tenness. “ Vegetable  putrefact ion.”  Arbnthnot. 

2.  (Chem.)  The  spontaneous  change  of  azo- 
tized  organic  substances  in  contact  with  air  and 
moisture,  and  at  a certain  temperature,  into  new 
and  less  complex  compounds,  usually  attended, 
especially  in  the  case  of  animal  substances, 
with  the  extrication  of  fetid  gases.  Gregory. 

PU-TRE-FAC'TIVE,  a.  [It.  putrefattiro  ; Sp.  pu- 
trefactivo  ; Fr.  putrefactif.]  Pertaining  to,  or 
causing,  putrefaction.  Wiseman. 

rU-TRP-FAc'TIVE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
putrefactive.  Scott. 

PU'TR  Fi-FY,  v.  a.  [L.  putreficio  ; putreo,  to  be 
rotten,  and  facio,  to  make  ; It.  putrefare  ; Sp. 
pudrir ; Fr.  putrefier.]  [i.  putrefied;  pp. 

PUTREFYING,  PUTREFIED.] 

1.  To  make  rotten  or  putrid,  as  an  animal  or 

a vegetable  substance.  Arbnthnot. 

2.  To  corrupt  with  rottenness  ; to  make  foul. 

To  keep  them  here. 

They  would  but  frtink,  and  putrefy  the  air.  Shak. 

PU'TRg-FY,  v.  n.  To  become  rotten  ; to  rot. 

PU-TRES'CpNCE,  n.  [It.  putrescenza ; Sp.  pudri- 
cion.]  The  state  of  putrefying  or  rotting  ; pu- 
tridity ; rottenness.  Broivne. 

Pli-TRES'C^NT,  a.  [L.  putresco,  putrescens,  to 
grow  or  become  rotten.]  Growing  rotten  or  pu- 
trid ; undergoing  putrefaction  ; — pertaining  to 
putrefaction.  Arbnthnot. 

PU-TRES'CI-BLE,  a.  That  may  putrefy  or  become 
rotten  ; susceptible  of  putrefaction.  Gregory. 

PU'TRID,  a.  [Gr.  tvOui,  to  rot;  Sansc.  p'y,  to 
stink.  — L.  putridus ; putreo,  to  be  rotten  ; It. 
is  Sp.  putrido  ; Fr.  putride.] 

1.  Decomposed,  as  animal  or  vegetable  sub- 

stances ; rotten;  corrupt;  putrified.  “ Putrid 
blood.”  Waller. 

2.  Pertaining  to,  or  proceeding  from,  putre- 
faction ; putrescent.  Wright. 

3.  ( Med .)  Noting  certain  affections  in  which 

the  matters  excreted  and  the  transpiration  it- 
self exhale  a smell  of  putridity,  — particularly, 
noting  a kind  of  fever ; typhus.  Dunglison. 

Putrid  fever  is  that  kind  of  fever,  & c.  Quincy. 

py-TRID'J-TY,  n.  [It.  putridith ; Sp . pudricion; 
Fr.  putndite.]  The  state  of  being  putrid  ; pu- 
tridness ; rottenness.  Dunglison. 

PU'TRID-NESS,  n.  Rottenness;  putridity.  Floyer. 

PU-TRI-FI-CA'TION,  n.  State  of  becoming  rotten ; 
putrefaction,  [r.]  Confut.  of  N.  Shaxton,  1.546. 

PU'TRI-LAGE,  n.  [Fr.]  Animal  matter  partially 
decomposed.  Floblyn. 

t PU'TR Y,  a.  Rotten  ; putrid.  Marston. 

1’Dt'TER,  n.  One  who  puts.  L’ Estrange. 

PUT'TpR,  v.  n.  To  trifle.  — See  Potter. 

PUT'TJJR-on,  n.  An  inciter;  an  instigator.  Shak. 

PUT'TF.R— OUT,  n.  Formerly,  one  who  deposited 
money  on  going  abroad,  on  condition  of  receiv- 
ing great  interest  on  his  return.  Shak. 

rUT'TING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  puts. 

2.  Formerly,  in  Scotland,  a game  which  con- 
sisted in  throwing  a heavy  stone  with  the  hand 
raised  above  the  head.  Jamieson. 

PUT'TjNG— STONE,  n.  A heavy  stone  used  in 
the  game  of  putting.  [Scotland.]  Jamieson. 

PUT  TOCK,  n.  [L .buteo.  Skinner.] 

1.  A hawk  or  kite.  Shak. 

2.  ( Naut .)  f A futtock.  Phillips. 

PUT  TY,  n.  1.  An  oxide  of  lead  and  tin  ; — used 

for  polishing  glass,  stones  and  metals.  Bigelow. 


2.  A mixture  of  linseed  oil  and  powdered 
chalk  ; — used  by  glaziers.  Bigelow. 

Soft  putty,  a kind  of  putty  which  docs  not  harden, 
composed  of  pulverized  chalk,  or  whiting,  and  sper- 
maceti oil. 


Pygmies  arc  pygmies  still,  though  perched  on  Alps, 

And  pyramids  are  pyramids  in  vales.  Young. 

2.  A dwarf ; any  thing  little.  Johnson. 

3.  ( Zoiil .)  A species  of  ape  ; the  chimp  mzee  ; 
Simia  troglodytes  of  Blumenhacb.  Brande. 


PUT'TY,  v.  a.  To  cement  or  fill  with  putty.  Ash. 

PUT'TY— KNIFE,  n.  A blunt  knife  for  spreading 
or  putting  on  putty.  Simmonds. 

PUY.  See  Poy.  Todd. 

fPUZ'ZEL,  n.  [It.  puzzolente,  filthy.  Minsheu.] 
A filthy  drab.  Stubbes. 

PUZ'ZLE  (puz'zl),  v.  a.  [From  pose.  Skinner. — 
See  Pose.]  [t.  puzzled  ; pp.  puzzling,  puz- 
zled.] 

1.  To  perplex  ; to  embarrass  ; to  bewilder ; 
to  confound  ; to  confuse  ; to  pose  ; to  put  to  a 
stand. 

Your  presence  needs  must  puzzle  Antony.  Shak. 

He  is  perpetually  puzzled  and  perplexed  amidst  his  own 
blunders.  Addison. 

2.  To  make  intricate  ; to  entangle.  “Men  of 
subtle  tempers  and  puzzled  politics.”  Tcttler. 

The  ways  of  Heaven  are  dark  and  intricate, 

Puzzled  in  mazes,  nnd  perplexed  with  error.  Addison. 

Syn. — Puzzled  by  difficult  questions  ; perplexed  by 
conflicting  opinions  or  statements  ; ■ confounded  by 
what  is  unintelligible  ; bewildered  in  a pathless  desert ; 
embarrassed  with  debt  or  difficulties  ; entangled  ill 
lawsuits  or  contests. 

PUZ'ZLE,  v.  n.  To  be  bewildered  or  perplexed. 

A puzzling  fool,  that  heeds  nothing.  L' Estrange. 

rUZ'ZLE  (puz'zl),  n.  1.  That  which  puzzles ; 
embarrassment ; perplexity ; a riddle.  Bacon. 

2.  A toy  to  try  ingenuity.  , Simmonds. 

PUZ'ZLE— HEAD'fD,  a.  Having  the  head  full  of 
confused  notions.  Johnson. 

PUZ'ZLER,  n.  One  who  puzzles.  Johnson. 

PUZ'ZLING,  p.  a.  Perplexing;  confusing. 

PUZ'ZLING-LY,  ad.  In  a puzzling  manner. 

PU7.  ZO-LAN,  1 n a,  porous,  volcanic  sub- 

PUZ-ZO-LA'NA,  > stance.  — See  Pozzuolana. 

PUZ-ZO-LA'NO,  ) Smart.  Simmonds. 

PYU'NITE,  n.  (Min.)  A massive  columnar  vari- 
ety of  topaz,  composed  of  silica,  alumina,  and 
fluorine.  Dana. 

PYC'NO-DONT,  n.  [Gr.  xexios,  thick,  and  Hobs, 
bbdvros,  a tooth.]  (Pal.)  One  of  a family  of 
fossil  fishes  having  thick  teeth.  Brande. 

PYC  ’JVO-D(lS,  n.  (Pal.)  A genus  of  fossil  pla- 
coid  fishes  having  teeth  resembling  a pave- 
ment. Agassiz. 

PYC'NO-STYLE,  n.  [It.  picnostilo,  from  Gr.  tcvkv6s, 
close,  compact,  and  trrC^.oi,  a pillar  ; Fr.  pycno- 
style .]  (Arch.)  An  arrangement  of  columns  in 
which  the  intercolumniations  are  equal  only  to 
one  diameter  and  a half  of  the  columns.  Brande. 

P Y-CON-  O-TI  'NJE,  n.  pi. 

(Ornith.)  A sub-family 
of  dentirostral  birds  of 
the  order  Passcres  and 
family  Turdidar,  bulbuls. 

Gray. 

PYE.  See  Pie. 

PYE'bAld.  See  Piebald. 


Pycnotus  goiaver. 

Todd, 


PY'gARG,  n.  [Gr.  nbyapyo;  ; ttoyy,  the  rump,  and 
apyi if,  white  ; L.  pygargus  ; Fr.  pygargue.] 

1.  A kind  of  eagle  with  a white  tail.  Johnson. 

2.  A quadruped  with  white  buttocks.  “ The 

wild  goat  and  the  pggarg.”  Deut.  xiv.  5. 

PY-GAR'Gl’S,  n.  [L.]  A pygarg.  Wright. 

PYG-ME'AN  [pig-me'an,  ,S.  IK.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  Wr.  ; 
plg'me-jn,  P.],  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  resembling, 
a pygmy  ; dwarfish;  small;  pygmy.  Arbnthnot. 

PYG'MY,  n.  [Gr.  TTvy/jalos  ; ztvypr/,  a fist,  the  dis- 
tance from  the  elbow  to  the  knuckles  (about  13^ 
inches);  L.  pygmeeus ; It.  is  Sp.  pigmeo',  Fr. 
pggmee.]  [Written  also  pigmy.) 

1.  One  of  an  ancient  fabulous  race  of  dwarfs 
said  to  have  been  constantly  at  war  with  the 
cranes  by  which  they  were  always  defeated. 

tfep  According  to  Homer  they  dwelt  on  tile  banks 
of  Oceanus  ; by  later  writers  they  are  usually  placed 
near  the  sources  of  the  Nile,  near  Thule,  ami  on  the 
east  of  the  Ganges.  JV.  Smith. 


PYG'MY,  a.  Dwarfish  ; small  ; pygmean.  Bentley. 

PYL'A-GORE,  n.  [Gr.  nul-aydoa; ; lib/.at,  Pylae, 
Thermopylae,  and  a yripw,  to  assemble  ; Fr . pyla- 
yore.)  (Grecian  Ant.). A delegate  or  representa- 
tive of  a city  sent  to  the  council  of  Amphicty- 
ons,  held  near  Thermopylte.  Mitford. 

PY-LOR'IC,  a.  [It. pilorico ; Fr .pilorique.]  ( Anat .) 
Pertaining  to  the  pylorus.  Dunglison. 

PY-LO'RUS,  n.;  pi.  py-lo'rl  [Gr.  m /Lippis My, 
a gate.]  (Anat.)  The  lower  or  right  orifice  of 
the  stomach.  Dunglison. 

f P Y ON-IN G S,  n.  pi.  Works  of  pioneers.  Spenser. 

PY'OT , n.  The  magpie.  — See  Piet.  Booth. 

PYR'A-CANTH,  n.  (Bot.)  The  evergreen  thorn; 
Cratagus  pyracantha.  Mason. 

PyR-A^'JD,  n.  [Gr.  np,  fire.]  (Chem.)  An  acid 
derived  from  some  organic  substance  by  sub- 
mitting it  to  the  action  of  heat.  Hoblyn. 

PY'RAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a pyre,  [it.]  Browne. 

PYR-Al'LO-LITE,  n.  [Gr.  nup,  fire,  alio;,  otfier, 
and  UOos,  a stone.]  (Min.)  A white  or  a green- 
ish variety  of  pyroxene  composed  essentially  of 
silica,  magnesia,  and  water;  — so  called  in  al- 
lusion to  the  change  of  color  it  presents  when 
exposed  to  the  action  of  fire.  Dana. 

PYRAME,  n.  [Fr.]  A small  water-spaniel.  Booth. 

PYR'A-MIl),  n.  [Gr.  nvpapis,  vvpapibos  ; L.  pyra - 
mis  ; It.  &;  Sp.  piramide  ; Fr . pgramide.  — An 
Egyptian  word.  Liddell  S$  Scott.] 

1.  ( Gcom .)  A poly- 
hedron bounded  by  a 
polygon,  called  the 
base,  having  any  num- 
ber of  sides,  and  by 
triangles  meeting  in  a 
common  point,  called  the  vertex. 

2.  A structure  in  the  form  of  a pyramid ; as, 
“ The  pyramids  of  Egypt.” 

3.  (Anat.)  A small  bony  projection  in  the 

cavity  of  the  tympanum.  Dunqlison. 

4.  (Bot.)  The  American  calumba ; Indian 

lettuce  ; golden  seal : meadow  pride  ; Frasera 
Caroliniensis.  Dunglison. 

Axis  of  a pyramid,  a line  drawn  from  the  vertex  to 
tile  centre  of  the  base. — Right  pyramid,  or  regular 
pyramid , a pyramid  whose  base  is  a regular  polygon, 
and  in  which  a perpendicular,  let  fall  from  the  vertex 
to  the  base,  passes  through  the  centre.  A regular 
pyramid  hounded  by  four  equilateral  triangles  is 
called  a tetrahedron.  — Altitude  of  a pyramid , tile  dis- 
tance from  the  vertex  to  the  plane  of  the  base.  — Con- 
vex surface  of  a pyramid,  the  sum  of  the  triangles 
which  meet  at  the  vertex.  — Frustum  of  a pyra- 
mid, the  part  included  between  the  base  and  a plane 
cutting  it  parallel  to  the  base.  If  the  cutting  plane  is 
oblique,  tile  part  between  that  plane  and  the  base  is 
called  a truncated  pyramid. — Pyramids  are  triangular, 
quadrangular , &c.,  according  as  their  bases  are  tri- 
angles, quadrilaterals,  pentagons,  &c.  Davies. 

PY-RAM'I-DAL,  a.  [It.  piramidale;  Sp . pirami-. 
dal ; Fr.  pyramidal .]  Relating  to,  or  formed 
like,  a pyramid  ; pyramidical.  Wotton. 

Pyramidal  numbers,  a series  of  numbers  formed  from 
polygonal  numbers  by  the  same  rules  that  polygonal 
numbers  are  formed  from  arithmetical  progressions  ; 
flgurate  numbers.  — See  Polygonal  Numbers  and 
Figurate  Numbers. 

PY-RAm'I-DAL-LY,  ad.  In  the  form  of,  or  by 
means  of,  a pyramid.  Broivne. 

PYR-A-MlD'IC,  ) a_  Relating  to,  or  like,  a 

PYR-A-MlD'I-CAL,  ) pyramid ; pyramidal.  Locke. 

PYR-A-MID'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  the  form  of  a pyr- 
“ They  rise  pyramidically .”  Broome. 


Forms  of  pyramids. 


amid. 

PYR-A-MID'I-CAL-NESS,  n. 
pyramidical. 


The  state  of  being 
Scott. 


PY-rAmT-DOID,  n.  [Gr.  ttupapif,  a pyramid,  and 
fniof,  form.]  (Geom.)  A solid  formed  by  the  ro- 
tation of  a semi-parabola  about  its  base  or  great- 
est ordinate  ; the  parabolic  spindle.  Hutton. 

f PYR'A-JlIIS,  n.  ; pi . py-ram' t-des.  [L.,  from 
Gr.  mpapis,  nvpapi.]  A pyramid.  Bacon. 


A,  E,  r,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  !,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  ]J,  {,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


PYRAMOID 


1161 


PYROTECHNICS 


PYR'A-MOID,  n.  A pyramidoid.  [r.]  Ogilvie. 

PY-RAR'<?IL-L!TE,  n.  [Gr.  nup,  fire,  and  apytX- 
;.oS,  clay!]  (Min.)  An  altered  variety  of  iolite 
of  argillaceous  odor  and  prismatic  form.  Dana. 

PYRE,  n.  [Gr.  7 npii ; nip,  fire  ; L.  pyra  ; It.  $ Sp. 
pira .]  A pile  to  be  burnt ; a funeral  pile. 

For  nine  Ions  nights,  through  all  the  dusky  air, 

The  pyres  thick-flaming  shot  a dismal  glare.  Pope. 

PY-RE'NA,  n.  [Gr.  nip/jv,  n vphvos,  the  stone  of 
stone  fruit.]  ( Bot .)  A seed-like  nutlet  or  stone 
of  a small  drupe.  Gray. 

PYR-5-NE'AN,  a.  Relating  to  the  Pyrenees, 
mountains  in  Spain.  Earnshaw. 

PYR-E-NE'lTE,  n.  (Min.)  A black,  or  a grayish- 
black  variety  of  garnet,  composed  of  silica, 
lime,  and  peroxide  of  iron; — so  named  from 
the  Pyrenees,  among  which  it  occurs.  Dana. 

PY-RET'ICS,  n.  pi.  [Fr.  pyretique,  from  Gr.  nvpe- 
t6;,  fever ; trtip,  fire.]  (Med.)  Medicines  for  fe- 
vers ; febrifuges.  Smart. 

PYR-E-TOL'O-^Y,  n.  [Gr.  nvptros,  a fever,  and 
Xoyo;,  a discourse  ; It.  piretologia  ; Fr.  pyretolo- 
gie.]  (Med.)  The  doctrine  of,  or  a treatise  on, 
fevers.  Dunglison. 

PY-REX' I-A,  n.  [Gr.  nvpeemo,  to  be  feverish.] 
(Med.)  Fever;  febrile  disease.  Dunglison. 

PY-REX'I-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  fevers  ; pyrexical ; 
febrile ; feverish.  Clarke. 

PY-REX'I-CAL,  a.  Pyrexial  ; febrile.  Emerson. 

PYR'GOM,  n.  [Fr.  pyrgome .]  (Min.)  A dingy 
variety  of  sahlite.  Dana. 

PYR-HE-LI-OM'E-TIJR,  n.  [Gr.  ni,o,  fire,  yX.iog,  the 
sun,  and ' pirpov,  a measure.]  An  instrument  for 
measuring  the  intensity  of  heat  in  the  sun’s 
rays ; aetinometer.  Nichol. 

PYR'I-FORM,  a.  [L.  pyrum,  a pear,  and  forma,  a 
form.]  Shaped  like  a pear.  P.  Cyc. 

PYR-I-TA'CEOUS  (pir-e-ta'shus,  66),  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  pyrites  ; pyritic.  Clarke. 

PYR'lTE,  n. ; pi.  pJr'Ites.  (Min.)  Pyrites. 

This  Anglicized  form  of  this  word,  though 
modern,  is  now  in  good  use.  Smart. 

PY-Rl'TE§  [pe-n'tez,  S.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm. ; pe- 
rl'tez  or  prr'e-tez,  IF.  P.~\,  n.  sing.  & pi.  [Gr. 
nvpirys,  of  or  in  fire ; nip,  fire.]  The  name  of 
a class  of  crystalline  minerals  consisting  of  sul- 
phur combined  with  iron,  copper,  nickel,  or  tin, 
of  a metallic  lustrej  white,  bronze-yellow,  and  of 
various  other  colors  ; — first  applied  to  iron  py- 
rites, or  bisulphuret  of  iron,  in  allusion  to  its 
striking  fire  with  steel.  Dana.  Lyell. 

“ This  word  is  accented  on  the  second  syllable 
by  Dr.  Johnson,  Mr.  Sheridan,  Barclay,  Bailey,  and 
Fonning;  and  on  the  first  by  Dr.  Kenrick,  Dr.  Ash, 
Mr.  Perry,  and  Entick.  Pyri'tes  is  the  analogical 
pronunciation  ; for,  as  the  word  is  derived  from  the 
Greek  irupirris,  and  the  Latin  pyrites,  (both  with  the 
accent  on  the  penultimate,  and  preserving  the  form 
of  their  originals,)  it  ought  to  have  the  accent  on  the 
same  syllable.”  Walker. 

PY-R1T  IC,  I a.  Relating  to,  consisting  of,  or 

PY-RIT'I-CAL,  ) resembling,  pyrites.  Cleaveland. 

PYR-I-TIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [Eng.  pyrites,  and  Y.fero, 
to  bear.]  Containing,  or  producing,  pyrites. 

Eaton. 

PYR-I-T0L'0-(?Y,  n.  [Eng.  pyrites,  and  Xoyo;, 
a discourse.]  A discourse  or  treatise  on  py- 
rites. Clarke. 

PYR'I-TOUS,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  consisting  of, 
pyrites  ; pyritic.  P.  Cyc. 

PYRO-.  [Gr.  nip,  Ttepog,  fire.]  A prefix  used  in 
chemistry  to  denote  that  the  substance,  in  the 
name  of  which  it  occurs,  is  a product  obtained 
by  subjecting  some  other  substance,  as  an  or- 
ganic acid,  to  the  action  of  heat.  Booth. 

PYR-O-A-CET'IC-SPIR'IT,  n.  (Chem.)  A lim- 

pid, colorless,  inflammable  liquid,  of  an  agreea- 
ble, ethereal  odor,  and  pungent  taste  ; acetone  ; 
mesitic  alcohol; — obtained  by  passing  the  va- 
por of  strong  acetic  acid  through  a porcelain 
tube  heated  to  dull  redness.  Graham.  Miller. 

PYR-0-A(J'ID,  n.  (Chem.)  An  acid  made  by  sub- 
jecting another  acid  to  heat.  Brande. 

PY-ROB  ' O-Li,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  nvpo.SdXn,  arrows  tipped 
with  fire ; nvp,  nupos,  fire,  and  fiaXXio,  to  throw.] 
Fire-balls,  used  by  the  ancients.  Stocqueler. 


PYR'O-jEHLORE,  n.  [Gr.  jtD p,  fire,  and 

greenish-yellow.]  (Min.)  A mineral  chiefly 
composed  of  columbic  acid  or  of  titanic  acid 
(sometimes  of  both),  protoxide  of  cerium,  and 
lime  ; microlite  ; — so  named  from  its  becoming 
yellowish-green  under  the  blowpipe.  Dana. 

PYR-O-CiT'RIC,  a.  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  ob- 
tained by  exposing  citric  acid  under  certain 
conditions  to  the  action  of  heat.  Miller. 

PYR-O-E-LEC'TRIC,  a.  [Gr.  nip,  fire,  and  Eng. 
electric.]  Rendered  electric,  or  electro-polar, 
by  heat,  as  certain  crystals.  Dana. 

PYR-O-e-LgC-TRlg'I-TY,  n.  Electricity  devel- 
oped by  heat,  as  in  certain  crystals.  Dana. 

PYR-O-GAL'LIC,  a.  (Chem.)  Noting  a feeble 
acid  obtained  in  brilliant  plates  by  the  sublima- 
tion of  gallic  acid  and  certain  other  bodies  ; — 
much  used  in  photographic  operations.  Miller. 

PYR'0-(JEN,  n.  [Gr.  nip,  nvpdf,  fire,  and  yevrnu), 
to  produce.]  The  electric  fluid.  Lake. 

PY-RO(?'E-NOUS,  a.  Noting  ancient  melted 
rocks  ; produced  by  fire  ; igneous.  Phillips. 

PY-ROL'A-TRY,  n.  [Gr.  Triip,  fire,  and  Xarpeia, 
worship.]  Adoration  or  worship  of  fire.  Young. 

PYR-O-LIG'NE-OUS,  a.  [Gr.  nip,  fire,  and  ligne- 
us,  wooden  ; lignum,  wood.]  Noting  a crude 
acetic  acid,  obtained  by  the  destructive  distilla- 
tion of  wood  in  iron  retorts,  and  containing 
wood,  naphtha,  tarry  matters,  &c.  Miller. 

PYR-O-LIG'NIC,  a.  Pyroligneous.  Hamilton. 

PYR-O-LIG'NITE,  n.  A name  formerly  applied 
to  a supposed  compound  of  pyroligneous  acid 
and  a base. 

Pyrolignite  of  iron,  a name  applied  to  a dark  brown 
solution  "composed  of  the  acetate  of  the  protoxide  of 
iron  and  a quantity  of  tarry,  oily,  and  spirituous  mat- 
ters produced  in  the  destructive  distillation  of  wood  ; 
iron-liquor;  — used  as  a mordant.  Parnell. 

PYR-O-LIG'NOUS,  a.  Pyroligneous.  Ure. 

PYR-O-LITH'IC,  a.  [Gr.  nop,  fire,  and  XiOos,  a 
stone.]  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  obtained  in 
combination  with  ammonia  by  distilling  lithic  or 
uric  acid,  and  called  also  pyro-uric  acid.  Henry. 

PY-ROL'O-yiST,  n.  One  who  investigates,  or  is 
skilled  in,  the  laws  of  heat.  Wright. 

Py-ROL'O-QY,  n.  [Gr.  n up,  n vpd;,  fire,  and  Xoyo;, 
a discourse.]  A treatise  on  heat.  Smart. 

PYR-O-LU'SITE,  n.  [Gr.  nip,  fire,  and  XOco,  Xuoa, 
to  wash.]  (Min.)  A dark-colored  mineral,  often 
crystalline,  consisting  of  sesquioxide  of  man- 
ganese and  oxygen  : — extensively  used  to  dis- 
charge the  brown  and  green  tints  of  glass, 
whence  it  takes  its  name.  Dana. 

PYR-O-MA'LATE,  n.  (Chem.)  A salt  composed 
of  pyromalie  acid  and  a base.  Wright. 

PYR-O-MA'LIC,  a.  [Gr.  nip,  fire,  and  prjXov  (L. 
malum),  an  apple.]  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid 
obtained  in  the  form  of  sublimated  crystals  by 
heating  malic  acid  out  of  contact  of  air.  Henry. 

PYR'O-MAN-CY  [plr'o-man-se,  IF.  J.  F.  Sm.  Wr. ; 
pl'ro-man-se,  S.  E.  Ja.  K. ; pe-rom'an-se  or  plr'o- 
man-se,  P.],  n.  [Gr.  nvpopavreta  ; nip,  nvp6;,  fire, 
and  paureia,  divination  ; It. piromanzia  ; Sp . pi- 
romancia;  Fr . pyromancie.)  Divination  by  fire. 

There  are  four  kinds  of  divination:  hydromancy,  pyro- 
mancy, aeromancy,  geomaucy.  Aylijfe. 

PYR'O-mAn-TIC,  n.  One  who  practises  pyro- 
mancy. Herbert. 

PYR-O-MAN'TIC,  a.  Pertaining  to(pyromancy. 

P Y-ROM'IJ-TIJR  [pe-rom'e-ter,  E.  IF.  K.  Sm.  Crdbb, 
Wr. ; pi'ro-me-ter,  Jai],  n.  [Gr.  nip,  fire,  and 
pirpov,  a measure.]  An  instrument  for  measur- 
ing degrees  of  heat  too  high  to  be  measured 
by  common  thermometers,  as  the  heat  of  fur- 
naces. Daniell. 

Ipr-The  most  accurate  pyrometer  is  that  of  Daniell, 
which  consists  of  a small  rod  of  iron  or  platinum  con- 
tained in  a cylindrical  cavity  drilled  longitudinally  in 
a square  bar  of  black-lead  ware.  The  metallic  rod  is 
surmounted  by  a short  rod  of  porcelain,  called  the 
index,  which  protrudes  upwards  through  a ring  of 
platinum  on  the  top  of  the  bar,  ami  is  tightened  by  a 
little  wedge  of  porcelain  driven  through  the  ring.  On 
submitting  the  whole  to  the  heat  to  be  measured,  the 
protrusion  of  the  index  is  increased  by  the  excess  of 
the  expansion  of  the  metallic  rod  above  that  of  the 
black  lead.  This  excess  is  accurately  determined,  af- 
ter the  instrument  has  been  cooled,  by  means  of  a 


scale  whose  indications  are  comparable  with  those  of 
a common  thermometer.  Miller. 

PYR-O-MET'RIO,  J a.  Relating  to  the  py- 

PYR-O-MET'RI-CAL,  > rometer  or  to  pyrometry. 

PY-ROM'f-TRY,  n.  The  measurement  of  heat,  or 
the  expansion  of  bodies  by  heat.  Craig. 

PYR-O-MOR'PHlTE,  n.  [Gr.  nip,  fire,  and  pop^y, 
form.]  (Min.)  A mineral  composed  essentially 
of  phosphate  of  lead  and  chloride  of  lead;  — 
so  called  in  allusion  to  the  crystalline  form  as- 
sumed by  the  melted  globule  on  cooling.  Dana. 

PYR-O-MO'C ATE,  n.  (Chem.)  A salt  composed 
of  pyromucic  acid  and  a base.  Gregory. 

PYR-O-MU'CIC,  a.  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  ob- 
tained in  the  form  of  brilliant  white  scales  by 
the  distillation  of  mueic  acid.  Greyory. 

PYR'OPE,  n.  [Gr.  n vptiny;,  fiery-eyed ; nip,  fire, 
and  unp,  the  eye.]  (Min.)  A transparent  or 
translucent  mineral  of  a blood-red  color,  com- 
posed chiefly  of  silex,  alumina,  and  magnesia ; 
— called  also  Bohemian  garnet.  Dana. 

PY-RoPH'A-NOUS,  a.  Rendered  transparent  by 
heat.  Smart. 

PYR-O-PHOR'IC,  a.  [Gr.  nip,  fire,  and  i/Jpoi,  to 
bear.]  Noting  the  disintegrated  or  minutely 
divided  state  of  certain  substances,  as  iron, 
copper,  carbon,  &c.,  in  which  they  ignite  or  burn 
when  exposed  to  the  action  of  certain  gases 
separate  or  mixed.  Daniell. 

PY-ROPH'O-ROUS,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  resem- 
bling, pyrophorus ; pyrophoric.  Wright. 

PY-ROFH'O-RUS,  n.  [Gr.  nip,  fire,  and  <pipai,  to 
bear.]  A name  applied  to  various  artificial  sub- 
stances which  ignite  or  become  inflamed  on  ex- 
posure to  the  air.  Turner. 

PYR-O-PHYL'LITE,  or  PY-ROPH' YL-LITE,  n. 
[Gr.  nip,  fire,  and  pi XXov,  a leaf.]  (Min.)  A fo- 
liated mineral  of  a pearly  lustre,  consisting  of 
silica,  alumina,  and  water.  Dana. 

PYR-O-PHYS'A-LITE,  n.  [Gr.  nip,  nvpi;,  fire, 
ijivoain,  to  blow  or  puff,  and  XtOo;,  a stone.]  (Min.) 
A coarse,  nearly  opaque  variety  of  topaz,  which 
intumesces  when  heated  ; physalite.  Dana. 

PY-RORTH'lTE,  n.  [Gr.  nip,  fire,  and  dp06 
straight.]  (Min.)  An  impure  orthite  contain- 
ing bitumen.  Dana. 

PYR-O-SULE'RITE,  n.  [Gr.  nip,  fire,  and  onXypd f, 
hard.]  (Min.)  A mineral  composed  of  silica, 
alumina,  magnesia,  and  water.  Dana. 

PYR'O-SCOPE,  n.  [Gr.  nip,  Are,  and  UKonioi,  to 
examine.]  (Physics.)  An  instrument  for  meas- 
uring the  heat  radiated  from  a fire.  Parkcs. 

PYR-O-SID'ER-lTE,  n.  [Gr.  nip,  fire,  and  aiSypo 
iron.]  (Min.)  A mineral  composed  of  perox- 
ide of  iron  and  water.  Dana. 

PY-RO'SIS,  n.  [Gr.  nupoun;,  inflammation  ; nip, 
mip6 s,  fire.]  (Med.)  An  affection  consisting  of 
a hot  sensation  in  the  stomach,  with  eructations 
of  an  acrid,  burning  liquid,  which  causes  a dis- 
tressing sensation  in  the  parts  over  which  it 
passes;  — also  called  waterbrash,  waterqualm, 
and  black-water.  Dunglison. 

PY-ROS'MA-LITE,  n.  [Gr.  nip,  fire,  and  dopy, 
odor.]  (Min.)  A mineral  composed  chiefly  of 
silica,  peroxide  of  iron,  and  sesquioxide  of  man- 
ganese ; — so  called  in  allusion  to  the  odor  given 
off  before  the  blowpipe.  Dana. 

PYR'O-SOME,  n.  [Gr.  nip,  nvpd f,  fire,  and  oSpa,  a 
body.]  (Ent.)  A compound  ascidiun,  remarka- 
ble for  emitting  phosphoric  light.  Brande. 

PYR-O-TAR-TAR'IC,  a.  (Chem.)  Noting  two 

acids,  one  called  solid  pyrotartaric  acid,  and  the 
other  liquid  pyrotartaric  acid,  obtained  by  the 
destructive  distillation  of  tartaric  acid.  Graham. 

PYR-O-TAR'TRATE,  n.  (Chem.)  A salt  formed 
by  pyrotartaric  acid  and  a base.  Wright. 

II  PYR-O-TECH'NI-AN,  ) w.  A pyrotechnist. 

II  PYR-0-TEEH-NI"C[AN,  ) Scott. 

||  PYR-O-TEEH'NIC,  ? a.  [It.  &;  Sp.  pirotecni- 

||  PYR-O-TEGH'NI-CAL,  ) co;  Fr.  pyrotechnique.] 
Relating  to  fire-works.  P.  Cyc. 

||  PYR-O-TEDH'NICS,  n.  pi.  The  art  of  making 
fire-works  ; fire-works  ; pvrotechny.  Johnson. 


MIEN,  SIR  ; MOVE,  NOR,  SON ; 

146 


BULL,  BUR,  RtJLE.  — Q,  <Jf,  5,  g,  soft;  £,  IS,  5,  g,  hard;  S;  as  z; 


^ as  gz.  — THIS,  tfiis. 


PYROTECHNIST 


1162 


PYXIS 


II  PYR-O-TEFII'NIST,  n.  One  skilled  in  pyrotech- 
ny  ; a maker  of  fire-works.  Steepens. 

II  PYR'O-TECH-NY  [pir'o-tek-ne,  IK.  P.  J.  F.  Sm. 
I Vr.  ; pl'ro-tek-iie,  S.  F.  Ja.  A'.],  n.  [Gr.  trtip,  nv- 
pd;,  fire,  and  rtyvi j,  an  art,  a trade  ; It.  Sp. 
pirotecnia  ; Fr.  pyrotechnic.]  The  art  of  mak- 
ing fire-works,  whether  for  amusement  or  the 
purposes  of  war.  Hale. 

PY-ROTH'O-NIDE,  n.  [Fr.,  from  Gr.  irvp,  nupos, 
fire,  iOdvy,  linen,  and  ttfos,  form.]  (Med.)  A 
kind  of  oil  produced  by  the  combustion  of  tex- 
tures of  hemp,  linen,  or  cotton  in  a copper  ves- 
sel Dunglison. 

PY-ROT'IC,  a.  [Gr.  mpurinis  ; trvydoi,  to  burn  ; It. 
pirotico ; Fr . pgrotiquc.]  Caustic  ; burning.  Ash. 

PY-ROT'IC,  n.  (Med.)  A caustic  medicine.  Ash. 

P?R-0-U'R|C,  a.  [Gr.  tr5 a,  fire,  and  Eng.  uric.] 
( C/iem .)  Noting  an  acid  obtained  from  uric 
acid ; pyrolithic.  Ilenrg. 

PYR'OX-ENE,  n.  [Gr.  viip,  fire,  and  £fVof,  a stran- 
ger.] (Min.)  The  name  of  a species  of  miner- 
als, comprising  many  varieties,  all  of  which 
contain  a large  proportion  of  silica,  combined 
with  various  protoxides,  as  magnesia,  lime, 
protoxide  of  iron,  &c.  ; — so  called  in  allusion 
to  its  occurrence  in  lavas,  where  it  was  sup- 
posed not  to  belong  or  to  be  a stranger.  Dana. 

PYR-OX-EN'IC,  a.  Relating  to,  or  having  the 
nature  of,  pyroxene.  Ruschenberger. 

PY-ROX'YLE  (-jl),  n.  (Chem.)  Pyroxyline.  Wright. 

PYR-OX-YL'IC— SPIr'IT,  n.  (Chem.)  One  of  the 
volatile  products  obtained  by  the  destructive 
distillation  of  wood  at  a high  temperature  in  a 
close  vessel ; — called  also  wood-spirit,  and  me- 
thglic-alcohol.  Miller. 

DCjy  This  substanee  is  extensively  used  in  an  im- 
pure form,  under  the  name  of  wood  naphtha , as  the  sol- 
vent of  shellac  and  other  resins  in  stiffening  the  basis 
of  silk  hats.  Milter. 

PY-UOX'Y-LINE,  n.  [Gr.  nuo,  fire,  and  (bhor,  the 
cotton-tree.]  (Chem.)  A substance  prepared  by 
immersing,  for  a certain  time,  equal  measures 
of  cellulose  in  any  form,  as  cotton,  tow,  linen, 
&c.,  in  a mixture  of  sulphuric  acid  and  nitric 
acid,  each  of  a certain  strength,  whereby  it  un- 
dergoes a change  of  chemical  composition  and 
of  properties, with  scarcely  any  change  of  form 
or  appearance  ; — called  also  gun-cotton. 

IJSy-  Pyroxyline  burns  in  the  open  air  with  a flash, 
but  without  either  smoke  or  report.  It  is  violently 
explosive  when  fired  in  a confined  space,  its  explosive 
force  being  equal  to  that  of  about  three  times,  and, when 
best  prepared,  eight  times,  its  weight  of  gunpowder. 
The  solution  of  pyroxiline  in  a mixture  of  ether  and 
alcohol  is  called  collodion.  C.  T.  Jackson. 

PYR'RHIO  (plr'jk),  n.  [Gr.  mplnxy  ; L.  pgrrhica, 
from  mppixos,  Pyrrhicus,  the  inventor  of  the 
dance.  Liddell  A Scott.  — It.  pirrica  ; Fr.  pyr- 
rhique.]  (Grecian  Ant.)  A celebrated  war- 
dance  performed  to  the  sound  of  the  flute  in 
very  quick  and  light  time.  IK.  Smith. 

PYR'RHIC,  n.  [Gr.  (sc.  nous)  ; L.  pyr- 

rhtchius  (sc.  pcs) ; It.  pirricchio  ; Sp.  pirriquio  ; 
Fr . pgrrhique.]  (Pros.)  A foot  consisting  of  two 
short  syllables.  Zumpt. 

PYR’RHIO,  a.  [Gr.  7 rupp/^to; ; L . pyrrhichius.) 

1.  Noting  a military  dance  among  the  ancient 

Greeks.  Brandc. 

2.  (Pros.)  Noting  a foot  consisting  of  two 

short  syllables.  IV.  Smith. 

PYR-RHICH'J-AN,  a.  Pyrrhic.  Crabb. 


PYR'RHI-CIST,  n.  [Gr.  Truppr^urr/Jj.]  (Grecian 
Ant.)  A dancer  of  the  pyrrhic.  IK.  Smith. 

PYR'RIIITE,  n.  [Gr.  auppdf,  yellowish-red.] 
(Min.)  A minute  crystalline,  orange-yellow 
mineral,  consisting  of  columbate  of  zirconia, 
colored  by  oxides  of  iron,  uranium,  &c.  Dana. 

PYJl-R II O-  C O R-A- Ci  'JYJE,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  mppoxopa?, 
a crow  with  a red- 
dish beak ; rruppiij, 
reddish,  and  k op«(,  a 
crow ; L.  pyrrhoco- 
rax.]  ( Ornith.)  A 
sub-family  of  coni- 
rostral  birds  of  the 
order  Passeres  and 
family  Corvidae  ; 
choughs.  Gray. 

PYR-RHO-NE'AN,  a. 
rhonic. 

PYR-RHON'JC  (pjr-ron 
rho,  or  to  Pyrrhonism.  Smart. 

PYR'RHO-Nf§M  (ptr'o-nlzm),  n.  [It.  &;  Sp.  pyrro- 
nismo  ; Fr . pyrrhonisme.]  A system  of  philos- 
ophy, founded  by  Pyrrho,  a Grecian  philosopher, 
contemporary  with  Aristotle,  which  maintains 
that  all  things  are  equally  certain  and  uncer- 
tain ; the  doctrines  or  philosophy  of  the  scep- 
tics ; scepticism  ; universal  doubt.  Fleming. 

PYIt'RHO-NIST,  n.  [It.  <Sf.  Sp.  pirronista .]  A be- 
liever in  pyrrhonisnr  ; a sceptic.  Marston. 

PYR'RHO-TINE,  n.  [Gr.  mpp<5i,  yellowish-red.] 
(Min.)  A mineral  of  a metallic  lustre,  composed 
chiefly  of  sulphur  and  iron  ; — distinguished  from 
common  pyrites  by  its  inferior  hardness.  Dana. 

PYR  - RHU-Li'MJE, 
n.  pi.  [Gr.  OT/lpos, 
flame-colored.] 

(Ornith.)  A sub- 
family of  coniros- 
tral  "birds  of  the 
order  Passeres  and 
family  Fringillidcem, 

bullfinches.  Gray.  Strobilophaga  enucleator. 

P YR  ' XJ-LA,  n.  [L.  pyrum,  a pear.]  (Conch.)  A 
genus  of  mollusks,  having  a pyriform  shell  with 
a horny  operculum.  Eng.  Cyc. 

PY'RUS,  n.  [L.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  fruit-trees  ; 
the  pear.  — See  Pear.  Eng.  Cyc. 

||  PY-TIIAG-O-RE'AN  [pe-thilg-o-re'an,  IK.  Ja.  K. 
Sm.  C.  ; pTth-ti-go're-jn,  I Vh.  ; pith-a-go're-an  or 
plth-a-gp-re'jn,  Wr.],  a.  [Gr.  TU>Oaydpcios  ; nu- 
Oayupai,  Pythagoras  ; L.  Pythagoreus  ; It.  Pit- 
tagoreo;  Sp.  Pitagorico ; Fr.  Pythagoricien.] 
Pertaining  to  Pythagoras,  a celebrated  philoso- 
pher of  ancient  Greece,  or  to  his  philosophy 
which  taught  the  doctrine  of  metempsychosis, 
or  the  transmigration  of  souls  through  different 
orders  of  animal  existence.  Reid.  Brandc. 

Pythagorean  system,  (Astron.)  the  system  taught  by 
Pythagoras,  afterwards  revived  by  Copernicus,  and 
now  universally  received  as  tile  true  system  of  the 
world.  It  places  the  sun  in  the  centre,  and  makes  all 
tlie  planets  revolve  around  him  from  west  to  east. — 
Pythagorean  theorem,  ( Oeom .)  the  forty-seventh  propo- 
sition, discovered  by  Pythagoras,  of  the  first  book  of 
Euclid’s  Elements,  viz.,  that  the  square  of  the  longest 
side  of  a right-angled  triangle  is  equal  in  area  to  both 
the  squares  of  the  two  shorter  sides.  He  is  said,  by 
ancient  authors,  to  have  sacrificed  to  the  gods  a hun- 
dred oxen  in  token  of  his  gratitude  for  his  discovery 
of  this  truth.  Hutton. 


Pyrrhocorax  Alpinus. 


[Fr.  pyrrhonien.]  Pyr- 
Shaftcsbury . 

'jk),  a.  Pertaining  to  Pyr- 


II  PY-THAG-O-RE'AN,  n.  A follower  of  Pythago- 
ras the  philosopher.  Braude. 

||  PY-THAG-0-RE'AN-I§>M,  n.  The  doctrines  or 
philosophy  of  Pythagoras. ' Bailey. 

Pi  PH-A-GOR'IC,  l Pythagorean,  [n.l 
PYTH-A-g6r'!-CAL,  > Henry  More. 


PY-THAG'O-RI^M,  n.  The  doctrines  or  the  phi- 
losophy of  Pythagoras,  [it.]  More. 

PY-THAG'O-RiZE,  v.  n.  To  speculate  after  the 
manner  of  Pythagoras,  [r.]  Wright. 

PYTH'I-AD,  n.  The  period  of  the  celebration  of 
the  Pythian  games,  or  the  time  between  two 
celebrations  of  these  games.  IK.  Smith. 

PYTI1'I-AN,  a.  [Gr.  ITiiOiot;  fluflii,  Pytho,  a part 
of  Phocis,  or  Ilu0i«,  Pythia,  a priestess  of  Apol- 
lo ; L.  Pythius  ; Fr.  Pythien.]  Pertaining  to 
Pytho,  a part  of  Phocis,  in  ancient  Greece,  or 
to  Pythia,  a priestess  of  Apollo. 

Pythian  games,  ( Grecian  Ant.)  one  of  the  four  great 
national  festivals  celebrated  in  the  neighborhood  of 
Delphi,  anciently  called  Pytho,  in  honor  of  Apollo, 
Diana,  and  Latona.  IV.  Smith. 


PY'TIION,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  TllOuv,  Python,  a ser- 
pent slain  by  Apollo.]  (Zoiil.)  A genus  of  large 
serpents  of  the  family  Bolder,  or  boas.  Eng.  Cyc. 


PYTIl'O-NESS  [pith'o-nes,  K.  Sm.  Wb. ; pl'tlm-nes, 
Ja.],  n.  [Fr.  pythonisse,  from  Gr.  iloOiir,  the 
oldest  name  of  Delphi.] 

1.  The  priestess  of  Apollo  at  the  oracle  of 

Delphi.  Mitford. 

2.  A female  supposed  to  possess  the  power  of 

divination  ; a sort  of  witch.  Bp.  Hall. 

PY-THON'IC,  a.  [Gr.  nvBiovtKdg ; L.  pythonievs.] 
Pretending  to  foretell  future  events.  Ricaut. 

PYTH'0-NI§M,  n.  The  art  of  foretelling  future 
events  by  sorcery.  Cole. 

PYTH'O-NIST,  n.  A conjurer.  Cockeram. 

PY-UL'CON,  n. ; pi.  pv-Cl'ca.  [Gr.  rlor,  pus,  and 
V.kio,  to  draw.]  (Surg.)  An  instrument  for  ex- 
tracting pus  from  a cavity.  Dunglison. 


PYX,  n.  [Gr.  vizi's,  a box  ; ttO^os,  boxxvood  ; ~L. pyx- 
is ■,  It.  pissidn  ; Sp.  pixide.]  [Written  also  pix.] 
1.  A box  in  which  the  host  is  kept 
by  the  Roman  Catholic  priesthood  ; 

— called  also  tabernacle.  Britton. 


DSy  “ It  is  generally  supposed  that  the 
vulgar  expression  of  please  the  pigs  is  only 
a corruption  of  please  the  pyx.”  JYares. 

2.  A box  used  for  the  trial  of  gold  iq'x  fbTtTie 

and  silver  coin.  Smart.  ’ host. 

3.  (Naut.)  The  box  in  xvhieh  the  compass  is 

suspended.  Wcale. 

4.  (Anat.)  Pyxis.  — See  Pyxis.  Wright. 


Trial  of  the  pyx,  a trial  of  coins  at  the  English 
mint  previous  to  their  being  put  into  circulation  ; — 
so  called  from  tile  box  in  which  tile  pieces  selected 
for  trial  were  kept : — also,  a trial  of  the  purity  of 
silver-plate  manufactured  by  silversmiths.  H right. 


PYX-IDT-UM,  n.  [Gr.  sv|t5,  a box.]  (Bot.) 

A pod  dehiscent  by  a transverse  circular  line, 
so  that,  when  ripe,  the  seeds  and  their  placenta 
appear  as  if  seated  in  a cup  covered  with  a lid. 

Gray.  Linellcy. 

PYX' IS,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  tree's.] 

1.  A pyx,  or  box.  Wright. 

2.  (Bot.)  Pyxidium. — See  Pyxidiym.  Gray. 

3.  (Anat.)  The  cavity  of  the  hip-joint;  co- 
tyloid cavity ; acetabulum.  Dunglison. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long  ; A,  E,  !,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  $,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALK  ; IIFIR,  HER; 


Q 


1163 


QUADRIBLE 


Qa  consonant,  and  the  seventeenth  letter  of 
i the  alphabet,  is  always  followed  by  u.  It  has 
the  sound  of  k or  c hard,  and  the  u which  follows 
it,  when  not  silent,  is  sounded  as  w ; as  in  the 
word  quail,  pronounced  kwale.  It  is  said  to  take 
its  name  from  the  French  queue,  a tail,  its  form 
being  that  of  O with  a tail.  As  a numeral  Q 
stands  for  500.  and  with  a dash  (q),  500,000. 
GUAB  (kvvob),  n.  [“  L.  gobio,  a fish  of  small 
value.”  Skinner.  — Ger.  quabbe,  or  quappe  ; 
Dut.  kwabaal ; Dan.  qvabbe  ; Sw.  qvabba.] 

1.  A kind  of  fish.  Johnson. 

2.  f Any  thing  in  an  imperfect  state. 

You’ll  take  it  well  enough,  a scholar’s  fancy, 

A quab ; ’t  is  nothing  else,  a very  qucib.  Ford. 

GUA'CHA  (kw'l'clij),  n.  The  quagga. — See 
Quagga.  Eng.  Cyc. 

GUA-CHIL'TO,  n.  ( Ornith .)  A Brazilian  fowl  of 
the  moor-lien  kind,  of  a fine  black  color  varie- 
gated with  white.  Wright. 

GUACK  (kvvak),  v.  n.  [Ger.  quetken  ; Dut.  kwaak- 
en  ; Dan.  qvoekke.  — An  onomatopoetic  word.] 
\i.  QUACKED  ; pp.  QUACKING,  QUACKED.] 

1.  To  cry  like  a duck. 

Wild  ducks  quack  where  grasshoppers  did  sing.  King. 

2.  To  chatter  boastingly  ; to  brag  loudly  ; to 
talk  ostentatiously.  Hadibras. 

3.  To  practise  quackery.  Wright. 

GUACK,  n.  1.  The  cry  of  a duck.  Goldsmith. 

2.  A boastful  pretender  to  medical  skill ; an 
irregular,  tricking  practitioner  in  physic  ; a char- 
latan ; an  empiric  ; a mountebank.  Dunglison. 

3.  Any  boastful  pretender  to  a science  or  an 
art.  “ Quacks  in  the  art  of  teaching.”  L'  Estrange. 

Syn.  — Quack  is  the  common  and  popular  term  ap- 
plied to  an  ignorant  practitioner  of  medicine;  empiric 
is  one  who  makes  experiments.  Quack,  empiric,  moun- 
tebank, and  charlatan  are  all  terms  applied,  in  the  first 
place,  to  vain  pretenders  to  medical  knowledge,  and, 
in  tile  second  place,  to  boastful  pretenders  in  other 
departments  of  science. 

GUACK,  a.  Pertaining  to  quackery  ; falsely  pre- 
tending, or  falsely  alleged,  to  cure  diseases  ; as, 
“ A quack  doctor  ” ; “ A quack  medicine.” 
GUACK'ENED  (kwak'knd),  p.  a.  Almost  choked  ; 

quackled.  [Local,  Eng.]  Lemon. 

GUACK' ER-Y,  n.  The  character  and  practices  of 
a quack ; irregular  practice  ; vain  and  false 
pretensions ; quackism.  Johnson. 

GUACK'ISII,  a.  Somewhat  boastful  and  trickish, 
— like  a quack.  “ Q uackish  address  of  the 
national  assembly.”  Burke. 

GUACK'QiM,  n.  The  practice  of  quackery.  Ash. 
GUAc'KLE,  v.  a.  & n.  [i.  quackled  ; pp. 
quackling,  quackled.]  To  interrupt  in 
breathing  ; to  almost  choke  ; to  suffocate.  [Pro- 
vincial in  Eng.  and  colloquial  in  U.S.]  Holloway. 
GUACK'SAL-VER  [kwak'sal-ver,  S.  W.  P.  Ja.  R.  ; 
kwak'si-ver,  S/».],  n.  [Dut.  kioakzalcer ; kwaken, 
to  quack,  and  zalf,  salve  ; Ger.  quacksalber ; 
Dan.  qvaksalver;  Sw.  qvacksalfvare .]  A quack 
who  deals  chiefly  in  salves  and  ointments;  a 
medicaster ; a charlatan. 

To  turn  mountebanks,  quacksalvers,  empirics.  Burton. 
fGUAD  (kwod),  a.  [Dut.  kicade.\  Evil;  bad. 

“ None  quad,”  i.  e.  nothing  bad.  Gower. 

QUAD' R A (kwod'rj),  n.  ; L.  pi .quadras.  [L .,  a 
square.']  {Arch.) 

1.  A name  given  by  Vitruvius  to  the  square 
piece  commonly  called  the  socle,  used  to  sup- 
port the  pedestals  of  statues,  vases,  and  other 
ornaments.  Weale. 

2.  A square  moulding,  frame,  or  border,  en- 
compassing a bass-relief,  panel,  &c.  Francis. 

3.  The  plinth  or  lower  member  of  a podium. 

Weale. 

4.  pi.  The  bands  or  fillets  of  the  Ionic  base 
between  which  the  scotia  or  hollow  occurs.  Weale. 


GUAD'RA-^ENE  (kwod'ra-jen),  n.  [L.  quadrage- 
ni,  forty  each.]  {Rom.  Cath.  Church.)  A papal 
indulgence,  being  a remission  of  the  temporal 
punishment  due  to  sin,  corresponding  to  forty 
days  of  ancient  canonical  penance.  Bp.  Taylor. 

GUAD-RA-<?ES'!-MA  (kwod-),  n.  [L.,  fortieth.] 
The  season  of  Lent ; — so  called  because  it  con- 
sists of  about  forty  days.  Brande. 

Quadragesima  Sunday,  tile  first  Sunday  in  Lent  and 
about  the  fortieth  day  from  Easter.  Brande. 

GUAD-RA-(jrES'l-MAL  (kwod-rti-jes'e-inad),  a.  [L. 
quadragesima  ; It.  quadragesimale  ; Sp.  cuadra- 
gesimal ; Fr.  quadragesimal.]  Relating  to  Lent ; 
used  in  Lent ; lenten.  Sanderson. 

GUA  D-RA-GES'l-MALS-S  (kwod-ra-jes'e-msdz),  n.pl. 
Offerings  formerly  made,  on  mid-lent  Sunday, 
to  the  mother  church.  Todd. 

GUAD'rAN-GLE  (kwod'rSng-gl),  n.  [L.  quadran- 
gulum ; quatuor  (Sansc.  chatur ; Gr.  rirrapa), 
four,  and  angulus,  an  angle  ; It.  quadrangolo ; 
Sp.  quadrangulo  ; Fr.  quadrangle.] 

1.  {Geom.)  A plane  figure,  having  four  angles 

and  consequently  four  sides.  Brande. 

2.  {Arch.)  A rectangular  space  enclosed  by 
buildings,  as  a cloister  or  a court-yard.  Britton. 

GUAD-RAN'GU-IjAR,  a.  [L.  quadranmilus  ; It. 
quadrangolare ; Sp.  cuadrangular ; Fr.  quad- 
rangulaire.]  Having  four  angles  ; four-cor- 
nered. “ A quadrangular  table.”  Spectator. 

GUAD-RAN'GU-LAR-LY,  ad.  In  a quadrangle. 

GUAD'RAN§,  n.  1.  A division  of  the  Roman  as, 
consisting  of  one  fourth  of  it,  or  three  ounces 
when  the  as  was  of  its  full  weight.  Brande. 

2.  {English  Money.)  A farthing.  Cyc.  of  Com. 

GUAD'RANT  (kwod' rant)  [kwa/dl'ant,  S.  W.  E.  F. 
Ja.  K. ; kwod'rjnt,  P.  J.  Sm.],  n.  [L.  quadrans.] 

1.  The  fourth  part ; the  quarter.  Browne. 

2.  The  fourth  part  of  a circle  ; an  arc  of 

ninety  degrees.  “ The  quadrant  of  the  circle 
of  the  ecliptic.”  Holder. 

3.  An  instrument  used  in  astronomy,  navi- 
gation, surveying,  &c.,  for  measuring  angles ; 

— so  called  because  it  originally  consisted,  to- 

gether with  various  appendages,  of  a quadrant 
of  a circle.  — See  Sextant.  Hutton. 

4.  {Gunnery .)  An  instrument  used  for  ele- 

vating and  pointing  cannon,  mortars,  &c.  ; — 
called  also  the  gunner’s  square.  Brande. 

Hadley’s  quadrant,  a quadrant  for  measuring  angles 
in  any  plane,  consisting  of  a graduated  octant,  to- 
gether with  various  appendages,  and  among  them 
two  mirrors,  one  of  which  is  affixed  to  a movable  in- 
dex. Tbe  image  of  one  of  the  two  objects  whose  an- 
gular distance  is  sought,  is  made  by  two  reflections 
to  coincide  witli  the  object  as  seen  directly,  and  then 
by  tile  motion  of  the  index  to  coincide  with  the  other 
object.  The  angular  motion  of  the  index  (according  to 
tlie  law  of  optics,  tha*  the  angle  between  the  first  and 
last  directions  of  a ray  of  light  successively  reflected 
in  tlie  same  plane  by  two  mirrors,  is  equal  to  twice 
tlie  in  hnation  of  the  mirrors)  is  half  the  angle  sought. 
The  whole  angle,  half  degrees  being  numbered  in  the 
graduation  as  degrees,  is  read  off  on  the  graduated 
arc  or  limb.  — See  Octant,  and  Sextant.  Farrar. 

— Quadrant  compass,  a carpenter’s  compass  having  a 
quadrant  of  a circle  attached  by  which  it  may  be  set  at 
any  angle.  Simmonds.  — Quadrant  of  altitude,  an  appen- 
dage to  tlie  artificial  globe,  consisting  of  a graduated 
thin  slip  of  brass,  of  the  length  of  a quarter  of  a great 
circle  of  the  globe,  capable  of  being  riveted  to  the  me- 
ridian at  one  end,  and  movable,  upon  the  rivet  as  a 
centre,  to  all  points  of  the  horizon ; — used  to  measure 
altitudes,  azimuths,  &c.  Hutton. 

QUA-DRAN'TAL,  a.  [L.  quadrantalis ; Sp.  cua- 
drantal .]  Relating  to  a quadrant ; included  in 
the  fourth  part  of  a circle.  Derliam. 

Quadrantal  space,  the  fourth  part  of  a circle.  Fran- 
cis.— Quadrantal  triangle,  a spherical  triangle  having 
one  of  its  sides  a quadrant  or  90°.  Davies. 

GUA-DRAn'TAL,  n.  1.  A cube.  Crabb. 


2.  A Roman  measure  for  fluids  containing  a 
cubic  foot ; amphora.  W.  Smith. 

GUAD'RAT  (kwod'rat),  n.  [See  Quadrate.] 

1.  {Printing.)  A piece  of  metal  cast  lower  in 

height  than  type  so  as  to  produce  no  impres- 
sion on  paper ; used  to  separate  words,  fill  up 
blank  spaces,  short  lines,  &c.  Brande. 

2.  A mathematical  instrument  for  measuring 

altitudes  ; quadrate  ; — called  also  a geometrical 
square  and  line  of  shadows.  Hutton. 

GUAD'RATE,  a.  [L.  quadratus,  squared;  It. 
quadrato  ; Sp.  cuadraclo  ; Fr.  quadrat.] 

1.  Square  ; having  four  equal  sides.  Johnson. 

2.  Divisible  into  four  equal  parts. 

Thirty-six  days,  which  is  a number  quadrate,  llakcwill. 

3.  Square  in  a figurative  sense  ; well-propor- 

tioned; regulated;  even;  equal;  exact.  “A 
quadrate,  solid  wise  man.”  Howell. 

4.  Suited ; applicable.  Harvey. 

GUAD'RATE  (kwod 'rat)  n.  1.  A square  ; a sur- 
face with  four  equal  parallel  sides. 

Whether  the  exact  quadrate  or  the  long  square  he  the 
better.  JVotton. 

2.  A mathematical  instrument ; a quadrat. 

3.  [Fr.  quadrat.]  {Astrol.)  An  aspect  of  the 

heavenly  bodies  wherein  they  are  distant  from 
each  other  90°  ; quartile.  Johnson. 

GUAD'RATE  (kwod'rat),  v.  n.  [L.  quadro,  qua- 
dratus ; It.  quadrare-,  Sp.  cuadrar ; Fr.  qua- 
drer.]  To  suit ; to  correspond  ; to  fit ; to  tally  ; 
to  square  ; — followed  by  with. 

There  is  a better  explanation  at  hand  which  exactly  quad- 
rates ivith  the  sense  here  given.  Warhurton. 

GUA-DRAT'IC,  a.  Denoting  a square  or  pertain- 
ing to  it ; square. 

Quadratic  equation,  (Algebra.)  an  equation  of  the 
second  degree,  containing  but  one  unknown  quantity. 

QUAD-RA ' TO,  n.  [It.]  {Mas.)  The  note  B in 
the  natural  or  diatonic  scale,  marked  thus  L,  — 
being  a semitone  minor  higher  than  B mol  or 

; called  also  quadro.  Brande. 

GUADRATRIX  (kwnd-ra'trlks)  [kwod-ra'fiiks,  Sm. 
Ash,  Crabb,  Brande-,  kwod'ia-trlks,  K.  Wb.],  n. 
{Geom.)  A curve  employed  for  finding  the 
quadrature  of  other  curves,  and  also  for  dividing 
an  angle  into  three  or  more  equal  parts.  Davies. 

GUAD'RA-TURE  (kwod Ta-tur),  n.  [L.  § It.  qua 
dratura-,  Sp.  cuadratura  ; Fr.  quadrature.] 

1.  The  act  of  squaring ; the  determination 
of  the  area  of  a curve  or  some  portion  of  it,  or 
the  finding  of  an  equal  square  ; the  finding  of  a 
square  equal  to  the  area  of  another  figure,  as  a 
circle.  “ The  quadrature  of  curves.”  Watts. 

2.  A quadrate  ; a square.  Milton. 

3.  {Astron.)  The  position  of  the  moon  when 

she  is  90°  from  the  sun,  or  at  one  of  the  two 
points  of  her  orbit  equally  distant  from  the  con- 
junction and  opposition.  Herschel. 

The  quadrature  of  the  circle  is  a famous  problem, 
which  lias  probably  been  tlie  subject  of  more  discus- 
sion and  research  than  any  other  problem  within  tlie 
whole  range  of  mathematical  science.  The  problem 
may  safely  be  pronounced  impossible,  and  all  at- 
tempts at  the  solution  of  it  have  long  been  abandoned 
by  every  one  having  the  least  pretension  to  mathe- 
matical knowledge.  Davies. 

GUAD'REL  (kwod'rel),  n.  [It.  quadrello.  1 {Arch.) 
A kind  of  artificial  stone  made  of  chalky  earth, 
and  dried  for  at  least  two  years  in  the  shade  ; — 
so  called  from  being  square.  Gwilt. 

GUAD-REN'NI-AL,  a.  [L.  quadriennis  ; quatuor, 
four,  and  annus,  a year.] 

1.  Comprising  four  years.  Johnson. 

2.  Happening  once  in  four  years.  Maunder. 

QUAD-REN'NI-AL-LY,  ad.  Once  in  four  years. 

GUAD'RI-BLE  (kwod're-bl),  a.  [L.  quadro,  to 

make  square.]  That  may  be  squared.  “ All 
quadrible  curves.”  Derliam. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 


BULL,  BUR,  RfJLE.  — 9,  (J.  ?,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  £,  |,  hard;  § as  z;  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


QUADRICAPSULAR  1164  QUAFF 


QUAD-RI-CAP'SU-LAR  (kwSil-re-kSp'su-ljr),  a.  [L. 
quatuor,  four,  and  capsula,  a small  box.]  (Bot.) 
Having  four  capsules  to  a Rower.  Loudon. 

QUAD-RI-COR'NOUS  (ku5d-),  a.  [L.  quatnor , 
four,  and  cornu,  a horn.]  Having  four  horns ; 
four-horned.  Smart. 

QUAD-RI-DEg'l-MAL  (kwod-re-des'e-inal),  a.  [L. 
quatuor,  four,  and  decent,  ten.]  ( Crystallog - 
raphy.)  Applied  to  minerals  the  middle  or 
prismatic  part  of  which  has  four  faces,  and 
the  two  summits,  taken  together,  ten  faces. 

Cleaveland. 

QUAD-RI-DEN'TATE,  a.  [L.  quatuor,  four,  and 
dentatus,  toothed.]  {Bot.)  Having  four  teeth 
on  the  edge.  Eng.  Cyc. 

QUAD-RI-EN'NI-AL  (kwod-re-en'ne-jl),  a.  [L. 
quadriennis ; quatuor,  four,  and  annus,  a.  year; 
Sp.  quadrienal ; Fr.  quadriennal,  quatnennal .] 

1.  Comprising  four  years.  Bullokar. 

2.  Happening  once  in  four  years.  Todd. 

QUAD-RI-FA'RI-OfliS  (kwod-re-fa're-us),  a.  [L. 

quadrifarius,  fourfold.]  {Bot.)  Arranged  in 
four  rows  or  ranks.  Loudon. 

QUAD'RI-FID  (kwod'rc-fid),  a.  [L.  quadrifidus ; 
quatuor,  four,  and findo,  fidi,  to  cleave;  It.  qua- 
arifico\  Fr.  quadrifide.]  {Bot.)  Split  into  four 
parts  ; four-cleft ; having  four  incisions  which 
extend  half-way  down  or  more  ; — especially  ap- 
plied when  the  incisions  are  sharp.  Gray. 

QUAD'RI-FOIL  (kw5d're-fbll),  a.  [L.  quatuor, 
four,  and  folium,  a leaf.]  {Bot.)  Having  four 
leaves.  Pennant. 

QUAD-RI-FO'LI-ATE,  a.  [L.  quatuor,  four,  and 
folium,  a leaf.]  {Bot.)  Noting  leaves  the  pe- 
tiole of  which  bears  four  leaflets,  growing  from 
the  same  point ; four-leaved.  Lindley. 

QUAD'RI-FORE  (kwod're-for),  n.  [L.  quadriforis, 
having  four  openings  ; quatuor,  four,  and  foris, 
a door.]  {Ent.)  One  of  a family  of  sessite  cir- 
ripeds,  comprehending  those  in  which  the  oper- 
cular covering  of  the  tube  is  composed  of  four 
valves  or  calcareous  pieces.  Braude. 

QUAD  RI-FUR-CAT-yn  (kwod're-fur-kat-ed),  a. 
[L.  quatuor,  four,  and  furca,  a two-pronged 
fork.]  Having  four  forks  or  prongs.  Pennant. 

QIJAD-Rf'GA  (kwod-ri'g?),  n.  [L.  quadrigae ; quat- 
uor, four,  and  jugum,  a yoke.]  {Roman  Ant.) 
A car  or  chariot  drawn  by  four  horses  harnessed 
all  abreast.  * Brande. 

QUAD-RI-yE-NA'RI-OUS  (kwod-re-je-na're-us),  a. 
Consisting  of  forty.  Maunder. 

QUAD-RJ-JU'GATE,  a.  Quadrijugous.  Craig. 

QUAD-RI-JU'GOUS,  or  CIU  AD-Rlj'F-GO0S,  a.  [L. 
quadrijugus.\  {Bot.)  Noting  pinnate  leaves, 
the  petiole  of  which  bears  four  pairs  of  leaf- 
lets. Lindley. 

dUAD-Rl-LAT'ER-AL  (kwod-re-mt'cr-al),  a.  [L. 
quadrilaterus  ; quatuor,  four,  and  latus,  a side ; 
It.  quadrilatero  ; Sp.  cuadrilatero ; Fr.  quadri- 
latire.\  {Geom.)  Noting  a plane  figure  con- 
tained by  four  straight  lines  ; having  four  sides  ; 
four-sided.  Brande. 

QUA  D-RI-LAT'  £ It-  AL  (kwod-re-l&t'er-rd),  n.  {Ge- 
om.) A plane  figure  contained  by  four  straight 
lines  ; a quadrangular  figure.  Brande. 

QUAD-RI-LAT'?R-AL-NESS  (kwSd-re-lat'er-fil- 
nes),  n.  The  state  of  being  quadrilateral.  Bailey. 

QUAD-Rl-LIT'JIR-AL  (kwod-re-IIt'er-?l),  a.  [L. 
quatuor,  four,  and  litera,  a letter.]  Consisting 
of  four  letters.  p.  Cyc. 

QUA-DRILLE'  (kj-drll'),  n.  [L.  quadrula,  dim. 
of  quadra,  a square;  It.  quadnglio  ; Sp.  qua- 
drilla ; Fr.  quadrille .] 

1.  A game  at  cards  played  by  four  persons 
with  forty  cards,  the  four  tens,  nines,  and  eights 
being  discarded. 

To  shine  at  ombre  and  quadrille.  Cawthom. 

2.  A kind  of  dance  in  which  there  are  four 

couples  in  a set.  Maunder. 

QUA-DRILLE',  v.  n.  To  play  at  quadrilles.  Quin. 

QU AD-RI  LL' [ON  (kwod-rll'yun),  n.  The  number 
expressed  by  a unit  and  twenty-four  ciphers  an- 
nexed, according  to  the  English  notation,  but 
according  to  the  French  notation,  in  common 
use  on  the  continent  and  in  the  U.  S.,  the  num- 
ber expressed  by  a unit  and  fifteen  ciphers  an- 
nexed. Greenleaf. 


QUAD-RI-LO'BATE  (kw5d-r?-ld'bgt),  a.  [L.  quat- 
uor, four,  and  Or.  Hodus,  a lobe.]  {Bot.)  Having 
four  lobes,  as  a leaf.  Gray. 

QUAD'RI-LOBED,  a.  Quadrilobate.  Craig. 

QU  AD-RI-LOC'U-LAR  (kwod-re-lok'u-ljr),  a.  [L. 
quatuor,  four,  and  loculus,  a little  place,  a box.] 
{Bot.)  Having  four  cells.  Loudon. 

QUAD-RI-MEM'BRAL,  a.  [L.  quadrimembris ; 
quatuor,  four,  and  membrum,  a limb.]  Having 
four  members ; four-limbed.  Gibbs. 

fQUAD'RIN  (kwod'rjn),  n.  [L.  quadrans,  a fourth 
part.]  A mite  ; a small  piece  of  money  worth 
about  a farthing,  or  half  a cent.  Phillips. 

QUAD-RI-NO'MI-AL,  n.  {Algebra.)  Apolynotnial 
of  four  terms.  Davies. 

QUAD-RI-NO'MJ-AL  (kwod-re-no'me-jl),  a.  [L. 
quatuor,  four,  and  nomen,  a name.]  {Algebra.) 
Consisting  of  four  terms.  Phillips. 

QUAD-Rl-NOM'I-CAL  (kwod-re-nom'e-kal),  a.  [L. 
quatuor,  four,  and  nomen,  a name.]  Consist- 
ing of  four  denominations  or  terms.  Bailey. 

QUA-DRlP'AR-TiTE,  a.  [L.  quadripartitus ; quat- 
uor, four,  and  partitas,  divided ; It.  quadripar- 
tito ; Fr.  quadripartite.'] 

1.  Divided  into  four  parts.  “ The  quadripar- 
tite society.”  Selden. 

2.  {Bot.)  Noting  leaves  divided  into  four  seg- 

ments by  incisions  extending  nearly  to  the  base 
of  the  blade  or  midrib.  Gray. 

QUA- DRIP' AR-TlTE-LY,  ad.  In  a quadripartite 
distribution.  ’ Huloet. 

QUAD-RI-PAR-TI''TION,  n.  [L.  quadripartitio  ; 
It.  quadripartizione ; Fr.  quadripartition.]  A 
division  by  four,  or  into  four  corresponding  parts 
or  quarters,  [r.]  Phillips. 

QUAD-RI-PAS’CHAL  (kwod-re-pSs'kjl),  a.  Includ- 
ing four  passovers.  Carpenter. 

QUAD-RI-PEN'NATE  (kwod-),  a.  Having  four 
wings;  as,  “ A quadripenuate  insect.” 

QUAD-RI-PEN'NATE  (kwod-),  n.  [L .quatuor, 
four,  and  penna,  a wing.]  {Ent.)  One  of  a sec- 
tion of  insects  without  elytra,  including  those 
which  have  four  wings.  Brande. 

QUAD-RJ-FHYL'LOUS,  or  QUAD-RIPII'YL-LOUS 
(kwod-re-fil'lus  or  kwod-rTf'e-lus,  131)  [kwod-rif'- 
e-lus,  IK.  .1(1.  Ii. ; kwod-re-flKlus,  Sm.  17.], a.  [L. 
quatuor,  four,  and  Gr.  <l>bD.ov,  a leaf.]  {Bot.) 
Having  four  leaves.  Johnson. 

QUAD'RI-REME  (kwod're-retn),  n.  [L.  quadrire- 
mis;  quatuor,  four,  and  remus,  an  oar.  ] A ship 
of  war,  in  use  among  the  ancient  Greeks  and 
Romans,  having  four  banks  of  oars.  Brande. 

QUAD-RI-SEC'TION,  n.  [L.  Quatuor,  four,  and 
sectio,  a section.]  A division  into  four  equal 
parts  ; a fourth  part ; a quarter.  Roget. 

QUAD-RI-SUL'CATE,  n.  [L.  quatuor,  four,  and 
sulca,  a furrow.]  ( ZoSl .)  An  unguicolate  quad- 
ruped having  the  hoof  divided  into  four  parts, 
corresponding  to  the  four  digits.  Brande. 

QUAD-RJ-SYL-LAB'IC,  )a.  Relating  to  a 

QUAD-RI-SYL-LAB'I-CAL,  ) quadrisyllable  ; con- 
sisting of  quadrisyllables.  Wm.  Smith. 

QUAD-RJ-SYL'LA-BLE  (kvvod-re-sll'lj-bl),  n.  [L. 
quatuor,  four,  and  Gr.  avD.afli},  a syllable ; Fr. 
quadrisyllabe .]  A word  of  four  syllables. 

QUAD'RI-VALVE,  a.  [L.  quatuor,  four,  and  vul- 
va:, leaves,  folds.]  {Bot.)  Having  four  valves, 
as  certain  seed-pods  ; four-valved.  Loudon. 

QUAD'RI-VALVE  (kwod're-vdlv),  n.  A door  with 
four  folds  or  leaves.  Johnson. 

QUAD-RI-VALV'U-LAR,  a.  [L.  quatuor,  four, 
and  valves,  leaves,  folds.]  Having  four  valves  ; 
quadrivalve.  Buchanan. 

QUAD-RIV'I-AL  (kwod-nv'e-al),  a.  [L.  quadrivi- 
um,  a place  where  four  ways  meet ; quatuor, 
four,  and  via,  a way.]  Having  four  ways  meet- 
ing in  a point.  “Quadrivial  streets.”  B.Jonson. 

QUAD-Rl  V'I-AL§,  n.  pi.  Quadrivium.  Holinshed. 

QUJID-Riv'  I-  fjM,  n.  [L.]  In  the  language  of 
the  schools,  the  four  lesser  arts,  — arithmetic, 
music,  geometry,  and  astronomy.  Brande. 

QUAD-ROON'  (kwod-ron'),  n.  [I,,  quatuor,  four  ; 
Sp.  cuarteron ; Fr.  quarteron .]  A quarter-  I 


blooded  person  ; the  offspring  of  a mulatto 
and  a white  person.  P.  Cyc. 

Dunglison  says  a quadroon  is  the  offspring  of  a 
white  and  a terceron,  or  seven  eighths  white,  and  a 
black  quatcron  or  quadroon,  the  offspring  of  a negro 
and  terceron,  or  one  eighth  white. 

QUAD-ROX'A-LATE,  n.  (Chem.)  A salt  com- 
posed of  four  equivalents  of  oxalic  acid  and  one 
of  a base.  Henry. 

QUAD-ROX'jDE,  n.  {Chem.)  A compound-of  four 
equivalents  of  oxygen  and  one  of  another  ele- 
menL  Graham. 

QUAD 'RUM  (kwod'rum),  n.  [L.,  something 
square .]  {Mus.)  Same  as  Natural.  Brande. 

QUAD-RU  ' MA-JsTA,  n.pl.  [L.  quadrumanus,  four- 
handed;  quatuor,  four,  and  mantis,  a hand.] 
(Zoiil.)  The  second  order  of  niammiferous  ani- 
mals in  Cuvier’s  system,  which  includes  mon- 
keys, apes,  &c. ; quadrumanes. 

QUAD'RU-MANE  (kwod'ru-man),  n.  [L.  quadru- 
manus.] {Zoiil.)  One  of  the  quadrumana ; a 
mammal,  having  four  limbs  or  extremities  ter- 
minated by  hands,  as  an  ape,  baboon,  &c.  Kirby. 

QUAD-RU'MA-NOUS  [kwod-ru'mj-nus,  K.  Wr. 
Wb. ; kwod'ru-man-us,  Sm.],  a.  {Zoiil.)  Having 
four  limbs,  each  of  which  serves  as  a hand,  as 
the  monkey  tribe.  Eng.  Cyc. 

QIJAD'RUNE  (kwod'run),  n.  A kind  of  gritstone 
with  a calcareous  cement.  Maunder. 

QUAD'RU-PED  (kwod'ru-ped),  a.  [L.  quadrupes, 
quadrupedis ; quatuor,  four,  and pes, pedis,  a foot ; 
Fr.  quadrupede.]  Having  four  feet;  four-foot- 
ed. “ Quadruped  and  winged  animals.”  Watts. 

QUAD'RU-PED  (kwod'ru-ped),  n.  An  animal  hav- 
ing four  feet ; a four-footed  animal. 

The  king  of  brutes, 

Of  quadrupeds  I only  menu.  Swift. 

IKg=Tlie  term  quadruped  is  no  longer  used  in  a 
strict  zoological  sense  as  indicative  of  a peculiar 
group  of  animals.  Brande. 

QUAD-RU-PE'DAL,  or  QUAD-RU'PJj-DAI,  [kwod- 
ru-pe'djl,  Smart],  a.  Having  four  feet.  P.  Cyc. 

QUAD'RU-I’LE  (kwod'ru-pl),  a.  [L.  quadruplus ; 
It.  Sp.  quadruple  ; Fr.  quadruple.]  Fourfold; 
fourtimes  told.  "Quadruple Restitution . ’ ’ Hooker. 

QUAD'RU-PLE,  n.  [L.  quadrnp'um  ; Fr.  quad- 
ruple.] A fourfold  amount ; four  times  as 
much.  Quackenboss. 

QUAD'RIJ-PLE,  v.  a.  To  make  four  times  as 
much  or  as  many.  Craig. 

QUAD'Rfr-PLE,  v.  n.  To  become  four  times  as 
much  or  as  many.  A.  Smith. 

QuAd'RIJ-PLED  (-pld),  a.  Made  fourfold.  Ash. 

QUAD-RR'PLI-CATE  (kwod-ru'ple-kat),  V.  a.  [L. 
quadruplico,  quadruplicates  ; quatuor,  four,  and 
plico,  plicatus,  to  fold;  It.  quadruplicate ; Fr. 
quadrupler.]  [i.  quadruplicated  \pp.  quad- 
ruplicating, QUADRUPLICATED.]  To  double 
twice  ; to  make  fourfold.  Johnson. 

QUAD-RtJ'PLI-CATE,  a.  1.  Made  fourfold.  Clarke. 

2.  {Math.)  Raised  to  the  fourth  power.  Eliot. 

QUAD-R(J-PLI-CA'TION  (kwod-ru-ple-ka'shun),  n. 
[L.  quadruplicatio ; It.  quadruplicazione ; Sp. 
quadruplicacion.]  The  taking  of  a thing  four 
times  ; act  of  making  fourfold.  Johnson. 

QUAD'rO-PLY  (kwod'ru-ple),  ad.  In  a fourfold 
ratio;  to  a fourfold  quantity. 

The  innocent  person  is  quadruple  recompensed.  Swift. 

Q U JURE  (kwe're),  v.  imperative.  [L. , inquire .] 
Inquire;  search;  seek;  — often  placed  (or  its 
abbreviation  Qu.)  before  something  held  in  doubt 
or  to  be  inquired  into.  Mortimer. 

QUJES' TOR,  n.  [L.,  from  queero,  to  seek.]  {Ro- 
man Ant.)  See  Questor.  Brande. 

QUAFF  (kw4f,  12),  v.  a.  [‘‘The  A.  S.  wafian,  to 
wave,  with  the  common  prefix  ge-,  would  form 
ge-wafian ; and  by  contraction  gwaff-ian,  or 
ewafian,  to  wave  or  flow  in  waves,  to  swallow  in 
waves  or  gulps,  in  abundance.”  Richardson. — 
W.  cofftio,  to  quaff.]  [i.  quaffed  ; pp.  quaff- 
ing, quaffed.]  To  swallow  or  drink  in  abun- 
dant draughts  ; to  drink  abundantly  or  copiously. 
While  the  brown  ale  he  quaffed. 

Loud  then  the  champion  laughed.  Longfellow. 

QUAFF  (kwif),  v.  n.  To  drink  luxuriously,  oi 
copiously.  “ Eat,  quaff,  and  play.”  Turberville. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  I,  O,  JJ,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


1165 


QUALITY 


QUAFFER 


QUAFF'£R,  n.  One  who  quaffs.  Johnson. 

t QUAF'F0R  (kwfif'er),  v.  n.  To  make  a motion 
like  that  made  by  a duck  with  the  bill ; to  qua- 
ver ; to  shake.  “ To  quaffer  and  hunt  in  waters 
and  mud.”  JJerham. 

QUAf'FING,  n.  A draught;  a drinking.  “Offer- 
ings . . . instead  of  qiwffings.”  Chapman. 

QUAG,  n.  A shaking,  unstable,  wet  soil ; a quag- 
mire. “ Quags  or  thorny  dells.”  Cowper. 

QUAG'GA,  n.  (Zolil.) 

An  animal  allied 
to  the  horse  and 
the  zebra,  found  in 
herds  on  open  plains  at 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  ; 

Asinus  quagga. 

Eng.  Cxjc, 

QUAG'G  Y,  a.  Boggy;  soft 
and  tremulous  ; not  sol- 
id ; marshy.  Quagga  (Asinus  quagga). 

When  o’er  the  watery  strath  or  quaggy  moss, 

They  see  the  gliding  ghosts’  unbodied  troop.  Collins. 

QUAG'MIRE,  n.  [“  Quagmire  is  quake-mire." 
Richardson.  — See  Quake.]  A soft,  yielding 
marsh  ; a bog  that  trembles  under  the  feet ; a 
morass ; a fen  ; a swamp.  “ O’er  bog  and 
quagmire''  Shale. 

QUAG'MIRE,  v.  a.  To  whelm  in  a quagmire,  or 
as  in  a quagmire.  Laconics,  1701. 

QUA-HAUG',  n.  [Indian.]  A name  given,  in 
New  England,  to  a large  kind  of  conchiferous 
mollusk  or  clam,  of  the  family  Vcneridre  ; — writ- 
ten also  quahog  and  quauhog.  Jour,  of  Science. 

f QUAID,  a.  Quailed;  depressed.  Spenser. 

QUAIL,  re.  [Low  L . qualea,  or  qualia ; It.  qua- 
glia  ; Fr.  caille.] 

1.  ( Ornith.)  A bird  of  the  order 
Gallince,  family  Tetraonidee,  sub- 
family Perdicince,  and  genus  Co- 
turnix,  or  genus  Ortyx. 

Gray. 

The  name  quail  is,  for 
the  most  part,  applied  by 
British  ornithologists  to  spe- 
cies of  the  genus  Coturnix. 

The  quail  of  North  America 
is  the  Ortyx  Virginianus , Quail  (Ortyx  Virginianus). 
Perdix  Virginianus , Virginian  partridge,  American 
partridge,  or  Virginian  colin.  It  is  usually  called  the 
quail  in  New  England,  and  the  partridge  in  Pennsyl- 
vania. The  bird  known  as  the  partridge  in  New 
England  is  the  Tctrao  umbellus , or  Ruffled  grouse, 
which  is  called  pheasant  in  the  Middle  and  Western 
States.  The  quail  of  Upper  California  and  the  milder 
parts  of  Mexico  is  the  crested  quail , the  Lophortyz  Cal- 
ifornica.of  Bonaparte,  Ortyx  Californica  of  Audubon, 
or  Perdix  Californica  of  Latham.  Yarrell.  Wilson. 
Nuttall. 

2.  f A prostitute  ; — so  named  from  the  bird, 
which  was  supposed  to  be  very  amorous.  Shah. 

QUAIL  (kwal),  v.  7i.  [From  the  habits  of  the 
bird.  Talbot. — Dut . kwelen.  — A.  S.  civelan,  to 
die.  — See  Quell.]  [i.  quailed  ; pp.  quail- 
ing, QUAILED.] 

1.  To  sink  into  dejection;  to  lose  spirits  ; to 
languish  ; to  faint : to  quake  ; to  tremble. 
“To  make  her  stubborn  courage  quail.”  Spenser. 

2.  + To  fade  ; to  decline.  Hakewill. 

3.  [It.  quaaliare;  Sp.  coaguldr ; Fr.  cailler.^ 

To  curdle.  [Local.]  Hattiwell. 

f QUAIL,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  cwellan , to  kill ; Dut.  hwellen, 
— See  Quell.]  To  crush  ; to  quell. 

Then  what  has  quailed  thy  stubborn  heart?  Iludibras. 

QUAlL'-CALL,  n.  Same  as  Quail-pipe.  Booth. 

QUAIL'— FIGIIT- 1 NG,  n.  A combat  of  quails. 

Quail-fighting  was  a favorite  amusement  of  the  Greeks  and 
Romans,  as  it  still  is  of  the  Chinese.  Eng.  Cyc. 

QUAIL'ING,  re.  The  act  or  the  state  of  one  who 
quails.  Hakewill. 

t QUAIL'MIRE,  n.  A quagmire.  “ Puddles  and 
quailmires.”  Bp.  Gardner. 

QUALL'— PIPE,  re.  A pipe  with  which  fowlers  al- 
lure quails;  quail-call.  Addison. 

QUAINT  (kwant),  a.  [L.  comptus,  adorned, 
tricked  out ; Old  Fr.  coint,  affable.  Menage.] 

1.  Nice  ; exact  with  petty  elegance  ; neat ; 
pretty ; fanciful.  [Antiquated.] 

To  show  how  quaint  an  orator  you  are.  Shak. 


The  writings  of  Fuller  are  generally  designated  by  the 
title  of  quaint^  and  with  sufficient  reason.  Charles  Lamb. 

2.  f Artful;  wily;  subtle. 

As  clerks  are  full  subtle  and  quaint.  Chaucer. 

3.  Strange  ; odd  ; unusual ; dainty  ; curious  ; 
uncommon  ; unique.  “ Quaint  disguise.”  Spen- 
ser. “ My  quaint  habits.”  Milton. 

4.  Affected ; gaudy.  “ Quaint  fopperies.” 

Swift. 

fQUAINTISE,  re.  Artfulness  ; cunning.  Chaucer. 

QUAlNT'LY,  ad.  1.  In  a quaint  manner ; nicely ; 
exactly;  with  petty  elegance;  oddly.  “Hair 

more  quaintly  curled.”  B.  Jonson. 

2.  f Ingeniously  ; artfully  ; skilfully. 

A ladder  quaintly  made  of  cords.  Shak. 

QUAINT'NffSS,  re.  1.  The  quality  of  being  quaint ; 
nicety  ; petty  elegance.  Point. 

2.  Oddness;  strangeness;  fancifulness. 

The  easy  turns  and  quaintness  of  the  song.  Drayton. 

QUAKE,  v.  re.  [A.  S.  cwacian ; Ger.  quackeln.\  [ i . 

QUAKED,  f QUOKE  ; pp.  QUAKING,  QUAKED.] 

1.  To  shake  with  cold  or  fear  ; to  tremble,  as 

a person  ; to  shudder;  to  quiver.  “The  peo- 
ple quaked  for  fear.”  Tyndale. 

2.  To  shake  ; to  move  tremulously  ; not  to  be 

solid  or  firm.  “ Quaking  mud.”  Pope. 

Anon  she  ’gan  perceive  the  house  to  quake. 

And  all  the  doors  to  rattle  round  about.  Spenser. 

t QUAKE,  v.  a.  To  throw  into  quaking;  to 
frighten  ; to  throw  into  trepidation.  Shak. 

QUAKE,  re.  A shake;  a shaking;  a tremulous 
agitation ; a trembling. 

For  winds  shut  up  will  cause  a quake.  Suckling. 

QUAK'ER,  re.  1.  One  who  quakes.  Smart. 

2.  (Eccl.  Hist.)  One  of  a religious  sect  which 
was  founded  in  England  by  George  Fox,  about 
the  middle  of  the  17th  century  ; a Friend. 

Ijgf-Tlie  Quakers  reject  tile  sacraments,  nor  do 
they  appoint  any  order  of  ministers,  but  consider  t lie 
instruction  and  edification  of  their  congregations  to  be 
the  province  of  whatever  person  of  either  sex  conceives 
himself  or  herself  to  be  impelled  thereto  at  the  time 
hy  an  internal  suggestion  of  tile  Spirit.  Brandc. 

f QUAK'pR-ING-LY,  ad.  With  quaking.  Sidney. 

QUAK'ER-ISH,  a.  Relating  to,  or  resembling, 
Quakers  ; quakerly.  C.  Lamb. 

QUAK'JJR-I§M,  re.  The  principles  or  practices  of 
the  Quakers. 

Plainness,  simplicity,  and  quakerism , cither  in  dress  or 
manners.  Chesterfield. 

QUAK'ER-LY,  a.  Relating  to,  or  like  Quakers. 

“A  silent,  quakerly  meeting.”  Goodman. 

f QUAK'ER-Y,  re.  Quakerism.  Ilallywell. 

QUAK'ING,  re.  A trembling ; trepidation.  Ezek.  xii. 
QUAK'ING— BOG,  n.  Peat  bog  in  a growing  state, 
and  so  saturated  with  water  that  a considerable 
extent  of  surface  will  quake  when  pressed  on  by 
the  foot,  or  any  other  body.  Brande. 

QUAK'ING— GRASS,  re.  ( Bot .)  A name  given  to 
the  various  species  of  graminaceous  plants  be- 
longing to  the  genus  Briza  ; — so  called  from  the 
tremulous  motion  of  their  spikelets.  Eng.  Cgc. 

||  QUAL'I-Fl- A-BLE  (kwol'e-fl-a-bl),  a.  That  may 
be  qualified.  Barrow. 

||  QUAL-I-FI-CA'TION  (kwol-e-fe-ka'shun),  re.  [It. 
qualificazione  ; Sp.  calif  cacion ; Fr .qualifica- 
tion. 1 

1.  The  act  of  qualifying ; adaptation. 

2.  That  which  qualifies  or  fits  any  person  or 

thing  for  any  use  or  purpose,  as  an  office,  an 
employment ; any  natural  or  acquired  quality ; 
capability;  fitness;  accomplishment.  “ Quali- 
fications for  preferment.”  Attcrbury. 

3.  Extenuating  circumstance ; allowance  ; 

abatement;  diminution;  as,  “ A qualification  of 
a statement.”  Raleigh. 

Syn. — Qualifications  for  office  or  any  station  or 
employment ; fitness  for  service  ; accomplishments  of  a 
gentleman  or  lady.  Qualification  serves  for  purposes 
of  utility  ; accomplishment  serves  to  adorn. 

||  QUAL'I-FI-CA-TIVE,  re.  That  which,  or  a term 
which,  qualifies  or  describes  a quality.  Fuller. 

||QIJAL'I-FI-CA-TOR,  re.  An  officerin  Roman  Cath- 
olic ecclesiastical  courts,  whose  business  it  is  to 
examine  and  prepare  causes  for  trial.  Wright. 

||  QUAL'I-FlED  (kwol'e-fld),  p.  a.  1.  Having  qual- 
ification ; fitted  ; fit ; capable  ; accomplished. 

2.  Partial ; limited  ; not  complete  ; modified. 


Qualified  fee,  (Eng.  Lam.)  a fee  having  a qualifica- 
tion subjoined  thereto,  and  which  must  be  determined 
whenever  the  qualification  annexed  (o  it  is  at  an  end  ; 
— otherwise  termed  a base  fee.  — Qualified  indorse- 
ment, an  indorsement  of  a hill  of  exchange  or  a prom- 
issory note  without  any  liability  to  the  indorser, 
usually  made  by  writing  the  words  “without  re- 
course.’’ Bonnier.  — Qualified  negative,  the  rigilt  pos- 
sessed hy  a chief  magistrate,  as  the  President  ot  tile 
United  States,  to  negative  or  veto  a hill  passed  hy  the 
legislature,  subject  to  be  overruled  hy  a subsequent 
vote  of  the  two  houses,  taken  according  to  a method 
prescribed  by  the  constitution.  — Qualified  property, 
(Lam.)  a temporary  or  special  interest  in  a tiling  lia- 
ble to  be  totally  divested  on  the  happening  of  some 
particular  event.  Burrill. 

II  QUAL'l-FlED-NESS  (kwol'-),  re.  The  state  of 
being  qualified  or  fitted.  Wright. 

||  QUAL'I-Fl-fR  (kwol'e-fi-er),  re.  He  who,  or  that 
which,  qualifies.  Richardson. 

II  QUAL'I-FY  (kwol'e-ft)  [kwol'e-fi,  IF.  P.  J.  F.Ja. 
Sm.  Wr.  Wb. ; kw&l'e-fi,  S.  El),  v.  a.  [L . qualis, 
such,  and  facto,  to  make  ; It.  qualijicare ; Sp. 
calif  car ; Fr.  qualifier.]  [ i . qualified  ; pp. 

QUALIFYING,  QUALIFIED.] 

1.  To  make  fit,  suitable,  or  competent  for  any 
thing;  to  furnish  with  qualifications  for;  to 
make  capable  of,  as  any  employment,  office,  or 
privilege  ; to  endow  with  fit  or  suitable  quali- 
ties ; to  fit  for  the  purpose. 

The  sum  of  one  hundred  pounds,  in  order  to  qualify  him 
for  a surgeon.  Swift. 

2.  To  abate  ; to  soften  ; to  diminish ; to  ease. 

I do  not  seek  to  quench  your  love’s  hot  fire, 

But  qualify  the  fire’s  extreme  rage.  Shak. 

3.  To  modify  or  regulate  the  quality  of ; to 
limit ; as,  “ To  qualify  a statement  ” ; “ An 
adjective  qualifies  a noun.” 

4.  To  regulate;  to  vary;  to  temper.  “No 
larynx  ...  to  qualify  the  sound.”  Browne. 

5.  To  reduce  the  quality  or  strength  of ; to 
dilute;  as,  “ To  qualify  liquors.” 

Syn.  — Persons  are  qualified  for  some  office  or  sta- 
tion, fitted  for  some  employment  or  service ; tilings 
are  qualified  according  to  circumstances.  The  mean- 
ing of  words  is  qualified  or  modified ; tile  rigor  of  tlio 
law  is  qualified  or  softened ; the  severity  of  punish- 
ment is  qualified  or  abated-,  justice  is  tempered  with 
mercy. 

||  QUAL'I-FY  (kwol'e-fi),  v.  re.  To  become  quali- 
fied or  fit  for  any  office,  privilege,  duty,  or  em- 
ployment : — to  take  an  oath  to  discharge  the 
duties  of  an  office.  Qu.  Rev. 

||  QUAL'I-FY-ING,  p a.  That  qualifies  : — modi- 
fying; as,  “ A qualifying  phrase.” 

||  QUAL'I-TA-TI  VE,  a.  Pertaining  to  quality; 
estimable  according  to  quality.  Brande. 

Qualitative  analysis,  (Clicm.)  See  Analysis. 

||  f QUAL'I-TIED  (kwol'e-tid),  a.  Disposed  as  to 
qualities  or  passions.  Hales. 

||  QUAL'J-TY  (kwol'e-te)  [kwol'e-te,'  IF.  P.  J.  B. 
Ja.  Sm.  Wr. ; kwal'e-te,  S.  E.],  re.  [L.  qual  las; 
qualis,  such ; It.  qualith ; Sp.  cualidad ; Fr. 
qualite.] 

1.  The  nature  of  a thing,  relatively  consid- 
ered ; property  of  a thing ; attribute. 

Quality  is  the  difference  which  distinguishes  substances. 

Fleming. 

The  power  to  produce  an  idea  in  our  mind  I call  quality 
of  the  subject  wherein  that  power  is.  Lockc. 

Properties,  when  considered  in  reference  to  some  end  or 
object,  for  which  the  thing  to  which  they  belong  is  designed 
or  desired,  are  also  called  qualities,  or  that  which  qualities  a 
thing  for  its  use  or  end.  WUaon, 

2.  Moral  characteristic,  good  or  bad;  dispo- 
sition ; temper  ; humor ; mood. 

To-night  we  ’ll  wander  through  the  streets,  and  note 

The  qualities  of  people.  Shak. 

3.  Accomplishment ; acquisition ; acquire- 

ment; qualification.  “ Those  qualities  of  horse- 
manship, dancing,  and  fencing.  Clarendon. 

4.  Special  character  ; part. 

"We  . . . may  be  allowed  some  opportunities  in  the  quality 
of  standers-by.  Swift. 

5.  Comparative  or  relative  rank  ; the  state  ot 
condition  of  a person. 

This  is  to  be  done,  what  quality  soever  the  persons  are  of. 

Temple. 

6.  Persons  of  the  same  profession  or  frater- 
nity. “ Task  Ariel  and  all  his  quality."  Shak. 

7.  Superiority  of  birth  or  station  ; high  rank. 

lie  had  all  the  men  of  quality  his  sworn  enemies.  North. 

8.  Persons  of  high  rank,  collectively;  the 

gentry  ; the  gentility.  ' 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — <J,  <J,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  ^ as  gz.— THIS,  this. 


QUALITY-BINDING 

To  qualita  belongs  the  highest  place; 

My  lord  comes  forward;  forward  let  him  come.  Young. 

The  common  people  still  speak  of  the  upper  classes  as  the 
quality.  It  is  to  be  observed  that  almost  all  our  titles  of  re- 
spect are  terms  denoting  qualities ; as  “her  majesty,”  “his 
highness,”  “his  excellency,"  &c.  Whatcly. 

Quality  of  a proposition , (Logic.)  the  character  of  a 
proposition  in  respect  to  its  being  affirmative  or  neg- 
ative, true  or  false.  Parker. 

Syn. — Quality  is  inherent  in  a person  or  thing; 
property  is  what  belongs  to  a person  or  thing  ; attribute 
is  what  is  attributed.  Qualities  denote  the  moral,  and 
talents  the  intellectual,  properties  of  men.  Good  or 
bad  qualities,  disposition , temper , or  character ; great 
or  small  talents. 

QUAL'I-TY— BIND'ING,  71.  A kind  of  worsted 
tape  used  in  Scotland  for  binding  the  borders  of 
carpets.  Simmonds. 

QUAL'LY  (kwol'le),  n.  A small  iron  pan  used 
‘in  the  East  Indies  for  manufacturing  sago  over 
a fire.  Simmonds. 

II  QUALM  (kivim  or  kwim)  [kwam,  P.  J.  Ja.  Sm. 
U'b. ; kwikm,  IV.  E.  F.] , «.  [A.  S.  ewealm,  and 
qualm,  destruction,  pestilence  ; Dut.  kwalm ; 
Dan.  qvalme ; Sw.  qral,  pang,  anguish;  Ger. 
qualm.  — See  Quell.] 

1.  A sinking,  drooping,  failing,  or  faintness  ; 
sudden  seizure  of  sickly  languor.  “ Full  of  sick- 
ness and  of  qualm  and  sorrow.”  II.  Gloucester. 

2.  A sickness  of  the  stomach  ; a desire  to 
vomit ; nausea. 

For  who,  without  a qualm , hath  ever  looked 

On  holy  garbage,  though  by  Homer  cooked?  Roscommon. 

3.  A scruple  or  a twinge,  as  of  conscience. 

A qualm  of  conscience  brings  me  back  again, 

To  make  amends  to  you  bespattered  men.  Dryden. 

||  QUALM'ISH  (kw&m'ish),  a.  Seized  with  sickly 
languor  ; afflicted  with  nausea  or  a desire  to 
vomit ; queasy  ; squeamish. 

I am  qualmish  at  the  smell  of  leek.  Shak. 

||  QUALM'ISH-LY,  ad.  In  a qualmish  manner. 

QUALM'JSH-NESS  (kwam'jsh-nes),  n.  The  state 
of  being  qualmish  ; nausea.  Smart. 

QUAM'ASH  (kwoin'jsh),  71.  [Indian.]  A plant 
found  in  moist  prairies  and  river  banks,  from 
Ohio  to  Wisconsin  and  south-westward,  having 
an  onion-like  bulb,  eaten  by  the  Indians ; Scilla 
F7-aseri.  Gray. 

QUAm'O-CLIT,  7i.  [An  aboriginal,  probably 
Mexican,  name.  Gray.]  ( Bot .)  A genus  of 
climbing  plants,  chiefly  found  in  tropical  Amer- 
ica, but  species  are  indigenous  both  in  India 
and  China  ; the  cypress-vine.  Pyuj.  Cyc.  Gray. 

QUAn,  n.  An  imaginary  coin  of  Cochin  China, 
estimated  at  about  3s.  Gd.  sterling  (about  $0.85). 

Simmo/ids. 

QUAN-DA'RY  (kwon-da're  or  kwon'dj-re)  [kwon- 
da’re,  S.  iV.'P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm. ; kwon'dj- 
re,  C.  Wb.  Maunder],  n.  [Fr.  Qu’en  dirai-jet 
What  shall  I say  of  it  ? ] A doubt ; a difficulty  ; 
an  uncertainty ; a perplexity  ; a puzzle.  Greene. 

QUAN-DA'RY  (kwon-da're),  v.  a.  To  perplex. 
“ Methinks  I am  quandaried.”  [r.]  Otway. 

QUANT,  71.  A small  piece  of  board  at  the  bottom 
of  a jumping  pole,  to  prevent  the  pole  from 
sinking  into  the  earth  or  mud.  Lo/idon. 

QUAN-TI-FI-CA'TION  (kwon-),  n.  The  art  of  fix- 
ing the  quantity,  [a.]  Bay  ties. 

QUAN'TI-FY  (kwon'te-fi), r.  a.  [ L.  qvantus,  how 
much,  and  facio,  to  make.]  To  fix  the  quan- 
tity of ; to  rate.  Baynes. 

QI  AN  TI-TA-TIVE  (kwon'tn-ta-tiv),  a.  That  may 
be  estimated  or  rated  by  quantity.  Bp.  Taylor. 

Quantitative  analysis,  (Chem.)  See  ANALYSIS. 

QUAN'TI-TA-TlVE-LY  (kwon'-),  ad.  In  a quan- 
titative manner  ; according  to  quantity.  Digby. 

QUAN'TI-TlVE,  a.  Quantitative,  [r.]  Diyby. 

QUAN'TI-TIVE-LY,  ad.  In  a quantitative  manner. 

QUAN'TI-Ty  (kwon'te-te)  [kwon'te-te,  W.P.  J. 
F.  Ja.  Sm.-,  kwan'te-te,  S.  E.],  n.  [L.  quanti- 
tas  ; quantus,  how  much  ; quam,  how  much  ; qui, 
who  ; It.  quatxtilh  ; Sp.  cuantidad ; Fr.  quantite.] 

1.  A property  of  any  thing  capable  of  being 
increased  or  diminished,  or  measured. 

It  is  because  this  being  has  quantity  that  there  is  also 
quantity  in  the  movement.  Fleming. 

2.  Any  thing  that  can  be  increased  and  di- 


1166 

minished,  or  measured ; any  thing  capable  of 
estimation  or  of  mathematical  measurement. 

Quantity  ought  to  be  defined,  what  may  be  measured. 
Those  who  have  defined  quantity  to  be,  whatever  is  capable 
of  more  or  less,  have  given  too  wide  u notion  of  it.  which,  it 
Is  apprehended,  bus  led  some  persons  to  apply  mathematical 
reasoning  to  subjects  that  do  not  admit  of  it.  ruin  and  pleas- 
ure admit  of  various  degrees;  but  who  cun  pretend  to  meas- 
ure them?  Reid. 

3.  An  indefinite  weight  or  measure ; an  in- 
definite accumulation  of  matter  ; amount,  bulk, 
or  weight. 

The  metals  were  in  different  quantities.  Johnson. 

4.  A part ; a portion  ; a piece  : — a large 
part.  “ If  I were  sawed  into  quantities.”  Shak. 

Antiscorbutical  plants  taken  in  quantities  will  occasion 
stinking  breath.  Arbuthnot. 

5.  (Mits.)  The  relative  duration  of  a note  or 

a syllable.  Moore. 

6.  (Pros.)  The  time  employed  in  pronouncing 

a syllable  compared  with  the  time  employed  in 
pronouncing  other  syllables  at  the  same  rate 
of  delivery  ; the  character  of  a syllable  as  long 
or  short.  Mitford. 

7.  (Law.)  The  duration  and  extent  of  the 
interest  which  the  tenant  has  in  an  estate,  as 
whether  for  years,  for  life,  or  in  fee.  Burrill. 

Quantity  of  matter,  the  mass  of  a body  which  is 
proportional  to  the  product  of  its  magnitude  multi- 
plied by  its  density. — Quantity  of  motion,  the  product 
of  the  mass  of  a moving  body  by  its  velocity  ; mo- 
mentum. Nichol. 

Known  quantities , (Math.)  those  whose  values  are 
given.  — Unknown  quantities,  those  wiiose  values  are 
sought.  — Real  quantities , those  which  do  not  involve 
any  operation  impossible  to  he  performed,  such  as  the 
extraction  of  an  even  root  of  a negative  quantity. — 
Imaginary  quantities.  See  IMAGINARY.  — Constant 
quantities,  tiiose  that  retain  the  same  value  in  the 
same  expression. — Variable  quantities,  those  which 
admit  of  an  infinite  number  of  values  in  the  same  ex- 
pression.— Rational  quantities , those  which  do  not 
involve  any  radicals.  — Irrational  quantities,  those 
that  involve  radicals,  or  that  cannot  he  exactly  ex- 
pressed by  an  integral  number  or  a vulgar  fraction  ; 
surds.  — Negative  quantities.  See  Negative,  a. — 
Positive  quantities.  See  Positive,  a.  Davies.  — Con- 
tinued quantity,  a quantity  whose  parts  are  connected 
together,  as  magnitude,  which  is  the  object  of  geome- 
try.— Discrete  quantity,  a quantity  whose  parts  exist 
distinctly  and  unconnected,  as  number  or  multitude, 
which  is  the  object  of  arithmetic.  Hutton.  — Quantity 
of  a proposition,  (Logic.)  the  extent  in  which  the  sub- 
ject of  a proposition  is  to  be  taken,  whether  to  stand 
for  the  whole  or  for  a part  only  of  its  significatives. 
W hatcly. 

Syn.  — See  Size. 

QUAN'TUM  (kwon'tum),  71.  [L.]  Quantity; 

amount.  ’ Swift. 

Q Uj9N  ' T UM  MER  ' U-IT.  [L.,  As  much  as  he  has 
deserved.]  (Law.)  In  pleading,  the  common 
count  in  an  action  of  assumpsit  for  work  and 
labor  founded  on  an  implied  promise,  on  the 
part  of  the  defendant,  to  pay  the  plaintiff  as 
much  as  he  reasonably  deserved.  Burrill. 

QUAN'TUM  S UF ' FI- C IT.  [L.]  A sufficient 

quantity  or  amount. 

QUAn'TUM  VA-LE’BAT.  [L.,  As  muchas  it  was 
worth.]  (Late.)  In  pleading,  the  common 
count  in  an  action  of  assumpsit  for  goods  sold 
and  delivered,  founded  on  an  implied  promise  on 
the  part  of  the  defendant  to  pay  the  plaintiff  as 
much  as  the  goods  were  really  worth.  Burrill. 

fQUAP  (kwop),  v.  7i.  To  throb;  to  quaver;  to 
shake.  — See  Quob.  Chaucer. 

QUA-QUA-VER'SAL,  a.  [L.  quaqua,  whereso- 
ever, and  verto,  versus,  to  turn.]  (Gcol.)  Noting 
the  dip  of  beds  to  all  points  of  the  compass 
around  a centre,  as  in  the  case  of  beds  of  lava 
around  the  crater  of  a volcano.  Ltjcll. 

f QUAR,  7i.  See  Quarre.  B.  Jo7ison. 

QUAR- AN-TINE'  (kwor-?n  ten')  [kwor-ftn-ten',  S. 
IV.  J.  F.  Ja.  K.  ; kwor'an-ten,  Sm.  Wr.  Wb.  ; 
kar'an-ten,  P.],  n.  [Low  L.  quarent,C7ia  (L .quat- 
vor,  four) ; It.  quarantina,  Lent,  or  the  term  of 
forty  days  ; quarantana,  quarantine  ; quaranta, 
forty;  Sp.  cuare7tf,ena  ; Fr.  quarantainc .] 

1.  t-The  space  of  forty  days  ; — applied  to  the 

season  of  Lent.  Bailey. 

2.  A period  of  time,  originally  forty  days, 

but  now  variable  in  length,  during  which  a ship 
or  vessel,  supposed  to  be  infected  with  certain 
diseases,  is  not  allowed  to  communicate  freely 
with  the  shore.  Braude. 


QUARRIER 

3.  An  interdiction  of  communication  to  which 
a ship  is  subjected  for  a definite  period,  for  fear 
of  her  bringing  infectious  diseases.  Cyc.  of  C0771. 

4.  (Law.)  A space  of  forty  days  allowed  a 

widow,  after  the  death  of  her  husband,  to  re- 
main in  his  chief  messuage  or  mansion-house, 
during  which  time  her  dower  shall  be  assigned 
her.  Burrill. 

QUAR- AN-TINE'  (kwor-?in-tSn'),  V.  a.  To  put  un- 
der quarantine ; to  prohibit  from  intercourse 
with  a town  or  its  inhabitants.  Black. 

QUA'RF.  im' PE- 1) IT.  [L.,  wherefore  he  hin- 
ders.] (Eng.  Late.)  A writ  which  lies  for  the 
patron  of  an  advowson,  where  he  has  been  dis- 
turbed in  his  right  of  patronage.  Whishaw. 

t QUARRE,  7i.  A quarry.  Drayton. 

QUAR'RIJL  (kwor'rel),  n.  [L.  querela,  a com- 
plaint; queror,  to  complain;  It.  querela-,  Sp. 
querdla  ; Fr.  querelle.  — W.  cweryl.] 

1.  A brawl ; a petty  fight ; a scuffle ; an  af- 
fray ; a wrangle ; an  altercation  ; a broil ; a feud. 

He’ll  be  as  full  of  quarrel  and  offence 

As  my  young  mistress’  dog.  Shak. 

2.  A breach  of  concord  ; an  angry  dispute  ; 
a noisy  contest. 

To  repeat,  in  this  quarrel , what  has  been  alleged  bv  the 
worthies  of  our  church.  Jlofyduy. 

3.  A cause  of  contention,  dispute,  or  debate. 

Thrice  is  he  armed  that  hath  his  quarrel  just.  Shak. 

4.  f Something  that  gives  a right  to  mischief, 
reprisal,  or  action. 

He  thought  he  had  a good  quarrel  to  attack  him.  llolimhed. 

5.  Objection  ; ill-will ; enmity.  “ I have  no 

quarrel  to  the  practice.”  [r.]  Felton. 

Syn. — Quarrel  is  a general  term  for  an  angry  or 
hostile  contest.,  however  conducted, — as  a national 
quarrel,  or  a private  quarrel,  — though  it  commonly 
means  an  angry  contest  or  altercation  between  two  in- 
dividuals. A violent  scuffle  between  two  persons;  a 
noisy  brawl  or  broil ; an  angry  dispute  ; a violent  af- 
fray; a deadly  feud. 

QUAIl'RfL  (kwor'rel),  n.  [Low  L.  qttadrillus, 
from  L.  quadrum,  something  square  ; It.  qua- 
drello  ; Old  Fr.  quarreau.] 

1.  An  arrow  with  a square  head  ; a bolt  for  a 
cross-bow. 

Twanged  the  string,  outflew  the  quarrel  long.  Fairfax. 

2.  [Fr.  quarre,  carre.]  A square,  pane,  or 

lozenge  of  glass.  Cartw/ight. 

3.  The  instrument  with  which  a square  of 
glass  is  cut ; the  glazier’s  diamond.  Douce. 

4.  A stone  quarry.  [Scotland.]  Jamieson. 

QUAR'RgL  (kwor'rel),  v.  n.  [Fr.  querellcr.  — See 
Quarrel,  «.]  [i.  quarrelled  ; pp.  quar- 

relling, QUARRELLED.] 

1.  To  dispute  violently  or  with  anger  ; to  de- 
bate angrily ; to  wrangle. 

2.  To  scuffle  ; to  squabble  ; to  fight. 

Beasts  called  sociable,  quarrel  in  hunger  and  lust.  Temple. 

3.  To  find  fault ; to  pick  objections  ; to  carp. 
1 quarrel  not  with  the  word  because  used  by  Ovid.  Dryden. 

4.  To  disagree  ; to  have  contrary  principles  ; 
to  be  discordant ; to  clash  ; to  jar. 

Some  things  arise  of  strange  and  quarrelling  kind: 

The  tore  part  lion,  and  a snake  bcliind.  Cowley. 

f QUAR'RIJL  (kwor'rel),  v.  a.  1.  To  quarrel  with. 

That  I had  quarrelled  my  brother  purposely.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  To  compel  by  a quarrel.  Wright. 

QUAR'RF.L-LpR  (kvvor'rcl-er),  71.  One  who  quar- 
rels. “ Mockers,  murmurers,  quarrellers.”  Bale. 

QUAR'R£L-LING  (kwor'iel-Ing),  n.  The  act  of 
one  who  quarrels  ; breach  of  concord  ; dispute  ; 
dissension  ; contention  ; a wrangling.  Burnet. 

QUAR'Rp.L-LlNG-LY,  ad.  In  a quarrelling  man- 
ner ; contentiously.  llolinshed. 

QUAR'RpL-LOUS  (kwor'rel-us),  a.  Inclined  to 
quarrel;  petulant;  quarrelsome.  “Purse-pride 
is  quat-rellous.”  [r.J  Bp.  Hall. 

QUAR'Rf.L-SOME  (kn'or'rel-sum),  a.  Disposed  to 
quarrel ; contentious  ; disputatious  ; irritable  ; 
irascible  ; choleric  ; petulant.  Bacon. 

QUAR'RJJL-SOME-LY  (kwor'rel-sutn-le),  ad.  In  a 
quarrelsome  manner  ; petulantly  ; cholericly. 

QUAR'REL-SOME-NESS  (kwor'rel-sum-nes),  n. 
Cholericness ; petulance.  Hei-bert. 

QUAR'RI-ER  (kwor're-er),  71.  One  who  quarries  ; 
a quarryman.  Chandler. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short.;  A,  ?,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


QUARRY 


1167 


QUARTERLY 


t QUAR'RY  (kwhr're),  n.  [Fr.  quarre.] 

1.  A diamond-shaped  piece  of  glass,  usually 

framed  in  lead.  Mortimer. 

2.  An  arrow  with  a square  head  ; a quarrel. 

The  shafts  and  quarries  from  their  engines  fly.  Fairfax. 

QUAR'RY  (kwor're),  n.  [Old  Fr.  quarrier , quer- 
rer,  to  square  ; Fr.  carriirc.  — “ From  the  Latin 
quadro,  to  square,  or  make  square.  To  quarry 
stones,  means  properly  to  square,  i.  e.  to  hew  and 
prepare  them  for  the  builders.”  SuUivan. ] 

1.  A stone-bed  whence  building  materials  are 
dug  or  cut ; a stone-pit. 

grg~  The  excavation  in  the  ground  from  which 
stone  is  extracted  is  termed  a quarry  from  the  circum- 
stance that  the  stones  are  quadiated  ( quarre ) or 
formed  into  rectangular  blocks.  Tumlimson. 

2.  A small  square  stone  for  paving.  Simmonds. 

QUAR'RY  (kwor're),  n.  [From  Fr.  querir  (L.  quce- 
ro),  to  seek.  Skinner.  — From  carry.  Rennet.] 

1.  Game  flown  at  by  a hawk  ; prey.  “ On  the 

slaughtered  quarry  preys.”  Sandys. 

2.  {Hunting.)  A part  of  the  entrails  of  a 

beast  taken,  given  to  hounds  : — also  a heap  of 
game  killed.  Shah. 

QUAR'RY  (kwor're),  v.  a.  [i.  quarried  ; pp. 
QUARRYING,  quarried.]  To  dig  from  a quarry. 
“ They  quarry  out  a white  stone  every  part  of 
which  contains  petrified  fish.”  Goldsmith. 

f QUAR'Ry  (kwor're),  v.  n.  To  prey  upon. 

hike  the  vulture  that  is  day  and  night  quarrying  upon  Pro- 

* metheus’s  liver.  L' Estrange. 

QUAR'RY-TNG  (kwor're-ing),  n.  1.  The  act  of  one 
who  quarries. 

2.  A small  piece,  broken  or  chipped  off,  found 
in  quarries.  Francis. 

QiJAR'RY-MAN  (kwor're-man),  n.  One  who  digs 
in  a quarry  ; a quarrier.  Woodward. 

f QUAR'RY— SCORN'ING,  a.  Disdaining  conceal- 
ment. Quarry-scorning  mind.”  Fanshaw. 

QUART,  n.  [L.  quartus,  a fourth  ; quatuor,  four ; 
It.  quarta;  Sp.  cuarta;  Fr.  quarte.  — Dut. 
kwart ; Ger.  quart.  — Gael,  cairt ; W.  chioart.] 

1.  f A fourth  part ; a quarter. 

And  Camber  did  possess  the  western  quart.  Spenser. 

2.  The  fourth  part  of  a gallon  ; two  pints. 

3.  A vessel  which  holds  a quart.  Shah. 

QUART  (kart),  n.  [Fr.  quart.]  A sequence  of 
four  cards  at  piquet.  Martin. 

QUAR'TAN,  a.  [L.  quartanus , belonging  to  the 
fourth  ; Fr.  quartame .]  {Med.)  Coming  every 
fourth  day  ; as,  “ A quartan  fever.”  Good. 

QUAR'TAN,  n.  [It.  quartana  ; Sp.  cuartana.] 

1.  {Med.)  An  intermittent  fever  or  ague  the 
paroxysms  of  which  recur  every  fourth  day,  leav- 
ing between  them  two  days’  interval.  Dunglison. 

2.  A measure  containing  the  fourth  part  of 

some  other  measure.  Wright. 

QUAR-TA'TION,  n.  [Fr.  qmrtation.]  {Metal- 
lurgy.) The  process  which  is  employed  to  sepa- 
rate gold  from  silver  when  the  latter  metal  con- 
stitutes so  small  a proportion  of  the  alloy  as  to 
be  mechanically  protected  from  the  action  of 
nitric  acid,  and  which  consists  in  alloying  the 
gold  with  thr.ee  times  its  weight  of  silver,  then 
entirely  dissolving  out  the  silver  by  nitric  acid. 

Miller. 

QUAR'TIJR,  n.  [L.  quartus , the  fourth  ; quatuor, 
four;  It.  quarti  ere  ■,  Sp  .cuarta-,  Fr  .quartier. — 
Ger.  quartier;  Dut.  kwartier ; Dan . qvarteer ; 
Sw.  qrarter.] 

1.  The  fourth  part  of  any  thing.  “ A quarter 
of  an  hour.”  Shah.  “ A quarter  of  a mile.” 
Burnet. 

2.  A measure  of  grain,  or  of  coal,  consisting 
of  eight  bushels. 

flgyln  some  parts  of  tile  United  States,  a chaldron, 
a measure  of  coal,  consists  of  36  bushels  ; and,  in  other 
parts  of  the  country,  it  consists  of  32  bushels,  or  of  4 
quarters,  each  consisting  of  8 bushels.  The  quarter, 
however,  in  England,  is  8 imperial  bushels,  a meas- 
ure of  grain  equal  to  560  pounds.  Greenleaf. 

3.  The  fourth  part  of  a hundred  weight.  — 

See  Hundred  Weight.  Greenleaf. 

4.  In  cloth  measure,  four  nails  (9  inches),  or 

a fourth  of  a yard.  Greenleaf. 

5.  The  fourth  part  of  a lunation.  “ The  moon 
is  then  in  her  first  quarter.”  • Broeklesby . 

6.  A fourth  part  of  a year  ; three  months. 


7.  A fourth  part  of  a slaughtered  animal,  in- 
cluding a limb.  Simmonds. 

8.  The  piece  of  leather  in  a shoe  which 
forms  the  side  from  the  heel  to  the  vamp. 

9.  A region  of  the  skies,  as  referred  to  the 
seaman’s  card  ; a point  of  the  compass.  • 

II is  praise,  ye  winds!  that  from  four  quarters  blow.  Milton. 

When  the  winds  in  southern  quarters  rise.  Addison. 

10.  A particular  region  of  a town,  or  of  a 
country,  or  of  the  earth  ; a section  ; a district. 

A bungling  cobbler,  that  was  ready  to  starve  at  iris  own 
trade,  changes  his  quarter , and  sets  up  for  a doctor.  V Estrange. 

11  .pi.  {Mil.)  Military  stations;  stations  in 
which  officers  and  soldiers  are  lodged ; the 
towns  or  posts  in  which  officers  and  soldiers  are 
quartered  ; appointments  occupied  in  barracks ; 
cantonments  : — at  a siege,  the  encampment 
upon  one  of  the  principal  passages  round,  to 
prevent  reliefs  and  convoys.  Campbell.  Crabb. 

12.  pi.  {Naval.)  The  stations  where  the  offi- 

cers and  crew  of  a ship  of  war  are  posted  in 
time  of  action.  Cyc.  of  Com. 

13.  pi.  Any  stations  or  lodgings.  Sullivan. 

14.  Proper  station.  “ They  cannot  but  admit 

love,  yet  make  it  keep  quarter.”  Bacon. 

Swift  to  their  several  quarters  hasted  then 

The  cumberous  elements.  Milton.  I 

15.  The  sparing  of  life,  as  of  an  enemy  in 
battle  ; mercy  granted  by  a conqueror.  Dry  den. 

/jeg=*“To  give  quarter  originally  meant  to  send  a 
person  conquered  in  battle  to  quarters , and  hence  to 
spare  his  life,  to  show  quarters.  ‘Take  me  alive,’ 
and  ‘Take  me  to  your  quarters  ’ (ini  vrjas  ’Axauou), 
are  expressions  familiar  to  the  classical  student.” 
SuUivan.  — De  Brieux  says  that  the  meaning  originat- 
ed from  a custom  of  the  Dutch  and  the  Spaniards,  who 
sometimes  received  as  the  ransom  of  an  officer  or  a 
soldier  a quarter  of  his  pay. 

16.  Treatment  shown  to  an  enemy. 

Mr.  Wharton,  who  detected  some  hundred  of  the  bishop’s 
mistakes,  meets  with  very  ill  quarter  from  his  lordship. Swift. 

17.  f A quart.  “ By  hogsheads,  pipes,  or 
butts,  but  not  by  quarters  nor  pints.”  Hackluyt. 

.18.  A single  game  at  nine-pins.  [Local.] 

19.  f Friendship  ; amity;  concord.  Shah. 

20.  (Naut.)  The  part  of  a vessel’s  side  be- 

tween the  after  part  of  the  main  chains  and  the 
stern  : — the  part  of  the  yard  between  the  slings 
and  the  yard-arm.  Dana. 

21.  {Arch.)  A square  panel.  — pi.  Upright 

posts  in  partitions  to  which  the  laths  are 
nailed.  Britton. 

Quarters  are  single  or  double;  the  former  be- 
ing sawn  stuff,  two  inches  thick  and  four  inches 
broad,  the  latter  usually  sawn  to  a scantling  four 
inches  square,  or  four  inches  by  a less  width.  Braude. 

22.  {Her.)  A division  of  the  shield  consisting 

of  the  fourth  part,  and  being  always  placed  in 
chief.  P.  Cyc. 

23.  pi.  (. Astrol .)  Certain  intersections  in  the 

sphere,  two  of  which  are  called  oriental  and  mas- 
culine, and  two  occidental  and  feminine.  Crabb. 

24.  ( Navigation .)  The  fourth  part  of  a point 

or  of  the  distance  between  the  points,  being  the 
fourth  part  of  11°  15',  or  2°  48'.  Hutton. 

Quarter  squares , ( Math .)  a table  of  the  fourth  part  of 
the  squares  of  numbers.  Davies.  — Quarters  of  a horse , 
the  fore-quarters , or  the  shoulders  and  fore  legs,  and 
the  lund-quarters , which  are  the  hips  and  the  hind- 
legs. “ The  quarters  commence  by  the  common  con- 
sent of  sporting  men  from  about  the  middle  of  the 
back  and  extend  to  the  hock  downward,  and  to  the 
tail  behind.”  Youatt. — Quarters  of  a horse's  foot, 
{Man.)  the  sides  of  the  crust  or  wall  of  a horse’s  foot : 
— the  inner  quarters  are  those  opposite  to  one  another 
on  the  two  opposite  feet;  these  are  always  weaker 
than  the  outer  quarters , or  the  quarters  on  the  outside 
of  each  foot.  A horse  is  said  to  have  a false  quarter 
when  the  hoof  has  a kind  of  cleft  occasioned  by  cast- 
ing his  quarter.  Youatt.  — Quarter  of  a point,  ( Nav .) 
the  fourth  part  of  the  distance  between  two  cardinal 
points,  or  2J  48'.  Cyc  of  Corn. — Quarters  of  a saddle, 
the  pieces  of  leather  or  stuff  made  fast  to  the  lower 
parts  of  the  sides  of  the  saddle  and  hanging  down  be- 
low it.  Crabb. — On  the  quarter,  (Naut.)  noting  the 
bearing  or  position  of  an  object  seen  between  aft  and 
on  the  beam.  Brande. 

Q,UAR'T$R,  v.  a.  [It.  quartare  ; Sp.  cuartear.  — 
See  Quarter,  n.]  [i.  quartered  ; pp.  quar- 

tering, QUARTERED.] 

1.  To  divide  into  four  equal  parts  or  quarters. 

2.  To  divide ; to  separate  into  parts  or  pieces. 

Lean  famine,  quartering  steel,  and  climbing  fire.  Shak. 

3.  To  divide  into  distinct  regions. 

Then  sailors  quartered  heaven,  and  found  a name 

For  every  fixed  and  every  wandering  star.  Dryden. 


4.  To  station  or  lodge,  as  soldiers. 

Where  is  Lord  Stanley  quartered ? Shak, 

5.  To  lodge  ; to  find  or  select  a temporary 

dwelling  for.  Spectator. 

6.  f To  diet;  to  feed.  Iludibras. 

7.  (Her.)  To  bear  as  an  appendage  to  the 
hereditary  arms. 

The  coat  of  Beauchamp  of  Hack  in  the  county  of  Somer- 
set, now  quartered  by  the  Earl  of  Hertford.  1’eacham. 

To  quarter  arms,  (Her.")  to  insert  tire  arms  of  an- 
other family  in  the  divisions  or  quarterings  of  a shield  ; 
thus  the  arms  of  a wife  are  quartered  with  those  of 
her  husband,  or  a man’s  paternal  arms  are  quartered 
with  those  of  his  office,  &c.  Crabb. 

QUAR'T^R,  v.  n.  To  remain  in  quarters;  to 
have  lodgings  ; to  abide.  Swift. 

QUAR'TJfR-ApE,  n.  A quarterly  allowance.  Fox. 

QUAr'TJJR-AS'PECT,  n.  {Astrol.)  The  aspect 
of  two  planets,  whose  positions  arc  at  a dis- 
tance of  90°  on  the  zodiac.  Brande. 


QUAR'TgR— BAD£E,  n.  {Naut.)  An  ornament 
on  the  side  of  a ship  near  the  stern,  containing 
a window  for  the  convenience  of  the  cabin,  or 
the  representation  of  a window.  Mar.  Diet. 

QUAR'TgR— BILL,  n.  {Naut.)  A list  containing 
a note  of  the  different  stations  to  which  the  of- 
ficers and  crew  are  quartered  in  the  time  of  ac- 
tion, and  the  names  of  the  persons  appointed  to 
those  stations.  Mar.  Diet. 

QUAR'T£R-BLOCK,  n.  {Naut.)  A block  fitted 
under  the  quarters  of  a yard  on  each  side  of  the 
slings,  for  the  clew-lines  and  sheets  to  reeve 
through.  Dana. 

QUAr'T^R— CLOTH§,  n.pl.  {Naut.)  Long  pieces 
of  painted  canvas  fastened  to  the  outside  of 
the  quarter-netting  along  the  rough-tree  rail  on 
the  quarter-deck,  to  keep  out  the  spray  of  the 
sea.  Mar.  Diet. 

QUAR'Tf.R— DAY,  n.  One  of  the  days  which  were 
usually  regarded  in  England  and  in  most  con- 
tinental countries  (but  not  in  Scotland)  as  be- 
ginning the  four  quarters  of  the  year.  Brande. 

They  are,  1.  Lady  day  (March  25);  2.  Mid- 
summer day  (June  24)  ; 3.  Michaelmas  day  (Sept. 
19) ; and,  4.  Christmas  day  (Dec.  25).  Brande. 

QUARTER— DECK,  n.  {Naut.)  The  portion  of 
the  uppermost  deck  of  a ship  between  the  main 
and  mizzen  masts. 

tfff  This  is  the  parade  in  nten-of-war.  Brande. 


QU  AR'T^R— FACE,  n.  A countenance  three  parts 
averted. 


Let  them  still 

Turn  upon  scorned  verse  their  quarter-face.  B.  Jonson. 


QUAr'TFR-FOIL,  n.  {Arch.)  An  ornament  com- 
mon in  Gothic  buildings,  resembling  a four- 
leaved flower  ; — written  also  qnatre-foil. 


QUAr'TIJR— GAL'LpR-Y,  n.  A small  balcony  on 
the  quarter  of  a ship,  generally  communicating 
by  doors  with  that  on  the  stern.  Mar.  Diet. 

QUAR'TFR-lNG,  n.  1.  Act  of  dividing  into  quar- 
ters ; quadripartition. 

2.  A part  of  the  punishment  of  a traitor  by 

dividing  the  body,  after  it  is  beheaded,  into 
four  parts.  Crabb. 

3.  Appointment  of  quarters  for  soldiers. 

IIow  unequal  were  contributions  and  quartering .«  during 

our  intestine  wars!  Jura  fieri , lGtil. 

4.  {Her.)  The  act  of  dividing  a shield  into 

four  or  more  parts  : — the  division  of  a shield 
by  two  lines  fess-wise  and  pale-wise,  meeting 
in  the  centre  of  the  shield.  Brande. 

5.  {Arch.)  Small  upright  posts  to  which  laths 

are  nailed  ; quarters.  Brande. 

QUAR'TFR-ING,  a.  {Naut.)  Noting  the  direction 
of  the  wind  when  it  blows  in  a line  between 
that  of  the  keel  and  the  beam,  and  abaft  the 
latter.  Dana. 


QUAr'TFR-LY,  a.  1.  Occurring  every  quarter, 
or  four  times  in  a year. 

2.  Containing,  or  consisting  of,  a fourth  part. 
“ Quarterly  seasons.”  Holder. 

QUAR'TIJR-LY,  ad.  1.  Once  in  a quarter  of  a 
year.  Johnson. 

2.  {Naut.)  Applied  to  the  sailing  of  a ship 

when  it  goes  at  large,  neither  by  the  wind,  nor 
before  the  wind,  but  between  both.  Crabb. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RlJLE.  — £,  q,  *,  soft;  £,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  § as 


Y as  gz. — THIS,  this. 


QUARTERLY 


1168 


QUE 


QUAR'TIJR-LY,  n.  A publication  issued  once 
a quarter,  or  every  three  months.  Ec.  Rev. 

QUAr'TIJR-MAs'TER,  n.  1.  (Mil.)  An  officer 
whose  business  it  is  to  look  after  the  quarters 
of  the  soldiers,  and  to  attend  to  their  clothing, 
bread,  ammunition,  &c.  Brandi;. 

2.  (Naval.)  A petty  officer  who  attends  to  the 
helm  and  binnacle  at  sea,  and  watches  for  sig- 
nals, &c.,  when  in  port.  Dana. 

auAR'TBR-MAs-TfR-^EN'jpR-AL.tt.  An  officer 
of  the  army  whose  duty  it  is  to  define  the 
marches,  to  mark  out  the  encampments,  to 
choose  head-quarters,  &c.  Campbell. 

QUAR  TERN,  n.  [L.  quartos,  the  fourth.] 

1.  A gill ; the  fourth  part  of  a pint.  Simmonds. 

2.  The  fourth  part  of  a peck.  Simmonds. 

3.  A four  pound  loaf.  Simmonds. 

QUAR'TfRN,  a.  Applied  to  a loaf  made  of  the 

quarter  of  a stone  (14  pounds)  of  flour. 

The  quartern  loaf  is  generally  of  the  weight  of  four 
pounds.  Ogilvie . 

QUAR'Tfl-RON,  n.  [Fr.]  1.  A quarter  of  a 

pound.  Simmonds. 

2.  The  tale  of  some  goods,  or  a quarter  of  a 

hundred  with  one  added  in.  Simmonds. 

3.  A quadroon.  Dunglison. 

QUAR-TpR-OON',  n.  A quadroon.  Bouvicr. 

QUAR'TpR-PIEy-p?,  n.  pi.  (Naut.)  Pieces  of 
timber  at  the  after-part  of  the  quarter-gallery, 
near  the  taffrail.  Mar.  Diet. 

QUAR'TpR-POLXT,  n.  (Naut.)  The  fourth  part 
of  a point,  being  the  fourth  part  of  11°  15',  or 
2°  48' ; a quarter.  Hutton. 

(HI  A 1 1 ’ T If, 1 1 - R A I L , n.  pi.  (.Yard.)  Narrow,  mould- 
ed planks,  reaching  from  the  top  of  the  stern 
to  the  gangway,  and  serving  as  a fence  to  the 
quarter-deck.  Mar.  Diet. 

QUAR'T£R-ROUND,  n.  (Arch.)  A moulding 
whose  contour  is  either  a perfect  quadrant  or  a 
quarter  of  a circle,  or  what  approaches  to  that 
figure  ; ovolo  ; echinus.  Brande. 

aiMR'TER§,  n.pl.  See  Quarter,  Nos.  11,  12,13. 

QUAr'T^R— SEAL,  n.  (Law.)  The  seal  kept  by 
the  director  of  the  chancery  in  Scotland;  — so 
called  from  being  in  the  shape  of  the  fourth 
part  of  the  great  seal.  Bouvicr. 

QUAR'TPR-SES'SION?  (-sesh'unz),  n.  pi.  (Eng. 
Law.)  A court  held  by  at  least  two  justices,  one 
of  whom  must  be  of  the  quorum,  in  every  coun- 
ty, once  in  every  quarter  of  a year.  Brande. 

QUAR'TER-STAFF,  n.  A staff  of  defence. 

/ICS1-11  So  called,  I believe,  from  the  manner  of  using 
it  ; one  hand  being  placed  at  the  middle,  and  the  other 
equally  between  the  middle  and  the  end.”  Johnson. 

QUAR-TET',  ) n-  quatuor,  four  ; It.  quar- 

QUAR-TETTE',  ) tetto  ; Sp.  cuartete.) 

1.  (Mas.)  A piece  of  music  for  four  voices, 

or  for  four  instruments,  generally  stringed  in- 
struments, in  concert : — four  musical  perform- 
ers ; a quatuor.  Dwight. 

2.  (Poetry.)  A stanza  of  four  lines.  Mason. 

QUAR'TJLE,  n.  (Astrol.)  An  aspect  of  two  plan- 
ets whose  distance  from  each  other  is  three 
signs  of  the  zodiac,  or  90  degrees.  Hutton. 

QUAR'TINE,  n.  [It.  &;  Fr.]  (Bot.)  A fourth  en- 
velope of  the  ovule,  reckoning  from  without 
inwards,  found  in  some  species  of  plants  .Bindley. 

QUAr'TO,  n. ; pi.  qu,\r't6$,  or  quAr'toe§.  [L. 
quartus,  the  fourth  part ; It.  quarto  ; Sp.  cuar- 
to.\  A book  composed  of  sheets  of  paper  each 
folded  into  four  leaves ; — abbreviated  to  4 to. 

QUAR'TO,  a.  [1,.  quartus,  the  fourth  part.]  Hav- 
ing four  leaves  in  a sheet.  Ed.  Rev. 

QUAR'TRAIN,  n.  Quatrain.  Hamilton. 

QUAR'TR[DGE,  n.  Quarterly  allowance;  quar- 
terage. [r.] 

An  idle. rogue,  who  spends  his  qvartridge 
In  tippling  at  the  Dog  and  Partridge.  Swift. 

QUARTZ,  n.  [Ger.  quarz  ; Han.  Ac  Sw.  qvart.s. — 
It.  quarzo  ■,  Sp.  cuarzo  ; Fr.  quartz.}  (Min.) 
Pure  silex  or  silica ; native  oxide  of  silicon  ; 
rock  crystal ; silicious  or  flint  earth. 

/f/y“  It  occurs  massive,  crystallized,  granular,  and 


in  other  forms.  The  primary  form  of  the  crystal  is  a 
rhomboid  ; but  it  is  generally  met  with  in  hexagonal 
prisms  terminated  by  hexagonal  pyramids.  When 
crystallized  and  pure,  it  is  called  roclc-cnjstal,  is  trans- 
parent and  colorless,  and  capable  of  impressing  circu- 
lar polarization  upon  a ray  of  plane-polarized  light. 
Quartz  scratches  glass  easily,  and  is  infusible  except 
by  a heat  as  intense  as  that  of  the  oxyhydrogen  blow- 
pipe. It  comprises  numerous  varieties,  many  of  which 
are  colored  by  different  substances  ; as  purple  quartz, 
or  amethyst,  supposed  to  he  colored  by  oxide  of  man- 
ganese, rose  quartz,  yellow  quartz,  chalcedony,  agate, 
carnelian,  flint,  bloodstone,  jasper,  hornstone,  chrys- 
oprase,  colored  green  by  nickel,  sard,  onyx,  cat’s-eye, 
&.c.  Quartz  exists  abundant  in  nature,  being  one  of 
the  constituents  of  granite,  gneiss,  mica  slate,  &c., 
and  the  sole  or  principal  ingredient  of  sand,  all  sand- 
stones, and  quartzite.  Dana.  Miller. 

QUART-Z!f'ER-OUS,  a.  [Eng.  quartz,  and  L. 
fero,  to  bear.]  Containing,  or  consisting  of, 
quartz.  Dana. 

QUART'ZITE,  n.  (Min.)  An  aggregate  of  grains 
of  quartz,  sometimes  passing  into  compact 
quartz  ; quartz-rock.  Lyell. 

QUART'ZOSE  (kwort'zos)  [kwort'zos,  C.  IV b.  ■ 
kwort-zos',  Sw.],  a.  [Ger . quarzig.  — It . quar- 
zoso  ; Sp.  cuarzoso  ; Fr.  quartzeux.]  Relating 
to,  containing,  or  resembling,  quartz.  “ Ita- 
columite  is  a fissile,  quartzosc  rock.”  Dana. 

QUARTZ'— SIN-TIJR,  n.  [Ger.  quarz-sinter ; quarz, 
quartz,  and  sinter,  dross  of  iron.]  (Min.)  Sili- 
cious sinter.  — See  Silicious  Sinter. 

QUArt'ZY,  a.  Quartzose.  lire. 

QUAs,  n.  A mean  sort  of  fermented  liquor,  made 
by  pouring  warm  water  on  rye  or  barley  meal, 
and  drunk  by  the  i peasantry  of  Russia  ; — writ- 
ten also  quass.  Brande. 

||  QUASH  (kwosh)  [kwosh,  S.  IF.  J.  Ja.  K.  Sni.  Wr. 
Wb. ; kwash,  P E.  F.),  v.a.  [A.  S .cwysan; 
Frs.  queaze  ; Dut.  kwetsen  ; Ger.  quetschcn  ; 
Dan.  qvase  ; Sw.  qvilsa.  — Fr.  casser.  — “Fr. 
casser  is  derived  by  Caseneuve  from  quasscrc, 
frequentative  of  quatere,  to  shake.”  Richard- 
son.]  [i.  QUASHED  •,  pp.  QUASHING,  QUASHED.] 

1.  To  beat  down  or  in  pieces ; to  crush. 

Whales  agaiust  sharp  rocks  . . . quashed.  Waiter. 

2.  To  subdue  suddenly  or  completely  ; to 
quell;  to  repress.  “ Quashing  the  rebellion.” 

Our. joys  are  quashed , our  hopes  are  blasted.  Cotton. 

3.  (Law.)  To  overthrow;  to  annul;  to  nulli- 
fy ; to  make  void  or  without  effect. 

When  proceedings  are  clearly  irregular  and  void,  courts 
will  quash  them.  Jiouvier. 

||  QUASH  (kwosh),  v.  n.  [L.  quatio,  quassum,  to 
shake.]  To  be  shaken  with  a noise.  Ray. 

||  QUASI!  (kwosh),  n.  See  Squash.  Ainsworth. 

QuA'Sl.  [L.]  As  if ; as  it  were  ; as  though. 

KPjp  It  is  used  before  English  words  to  denote  re- 
semblance with  a difference,  and  may  ho  rendered  in 
English  hy  the  expressions  species  of,  improper,  and 
sometimes  implied,  presumed.  Burrill. 

QUAS-I-MO'no,  n.  (Roman  Catholic  Calendar.) 
The  first  Sunday  after  Easter.  Brande. 

QUAS-SA'TION,  n.  [L.  quassatio .]  The  act  of 
shaking;  — the  state  of  being  shaken.  Gayton. 

QUAS'SJ-A  (kwosh'e-a),  n.  1.  [Named  from  a 
negro  Quassy,  who  first  made  known  the  me- 
dicinal virtues  of  one  of  the  species.  Eng.  Cyc. ] 
(Bot.)  A genus  of  trees  of  the  natural  order 
SimarubacecB,  inhabiting  the  tropical  parts  of 
South  America,  particularly  Surinam  and  the 
adjoining  countries. 

KtW  Quassia  amara.,  the  true  quassia  of  modern 
botanists,  is  a small  tree  with  large  scarlet  flowers. 
The  wood  of  tile  root  was  formerly  in  great  repute  as 
a tonic  and  stomachic,  hut  is  now  out  of  use,  in  con- 
sequence of  its  being  less  easily  procured  than  that  of 
Quassia  excclsa,  a large  tree  native  of  Jamaica,  which 
yields  the  quassia  chips  now  so  extensively  employed 
as  a bitter  substance.  Eng.  Cyc. 

2.  The  wood  or  bark  of  the  Quassia  amara, 
or  the  Quassia  excclsa.  Brande. 

QUAS'SINE  (kwos'sjn),  n.  (Chem.)  A yellow  crys- 
talline and  very  bitter  substance,  obtained  from 
the  wood  of  the  Quassia  amara.  Gregory. 

QUAS'SlTE  (kwos'slt),  n.  Quassine.  Craig. 

f QUAT  (kwot),  n.  1.  A pustule  ; a pimple.  Shak. 

2.  A diminutive  or  a shabby  person.  Dikker. 

QUAT  (kwot),  v.  a.  To  satiate.  [Local,  Eng.]  Nares. 

+ QUATCII  (kwoch),  a.  Squat;  flat.  Shak. 


QUA'TpR— OOU§-IN.s  (ka'ter-kuz-znz),  n.pl.  Those 
within  the  first  four  degrees  of  kindred.  Skinner. 

QUA-TElt'NA-RY,  a.  [L.  quarternarius ; quat- 
uor, four  ; Er.  quarter  naire.) 

1.  Consisting  of  four.  “ Quaternary  num- 
ber.” F.  Gregory. 

2.  (Geol.)  Applied  to  strata  supposed  to  be 
more  recent  than  the  upper  tertiary.  Wright. 

QUA-TER'NA-RY,  n.  The  number  four  ; quater- 
nity.  “ The  quaternary  elements.”  Boyle. 

QUA-TER'NATE,  a.  (Bot.)  Having  verticillate 
appendages  arranged  by  fours.  Henslow. 

QUA-TER'NATE-PIN'KATE,  a.  (Bot.)  Pinnate, 
the  pinna;  being  arranged  in  fours.  Loudon. 

QUA-TER'NJ-ON, n.  [L . qviaternio ; quatuor,  four.] 

1.  The  number  of  four ; a set  of  four,  ap- 
plied to  persons  or  things.  Milton. 

2.  (Math.)  The  quotient  of  two  vectors,  or  of 
two  directed  right  lines  in  space,  considered  as 
depending  on  a system  of  four  geometrical  ele- 
ments, and  as  expressible  by  an  algebraical 
symbol  of  quadrinominal  form.  IF.  R.  Hamilton. 

Calculus  of  quaternions,  a new  branch  of  mathe- 
matics which  treats  of  the  relations  of  magnitude  and 
position  of  lines  or  bodies  in  space  by  means  of  qua- 
ternions discovered  by  Sir  W.  R.  Hamilton. 

f QUA-TER'NI-ON,  v.  a.  To  divide  into  files  or 
companies.  Milton. 

QUA-TER'NI-TY,  n.  [L.  qvaternio ; quatuo>\ 
four ; It.  quaternith  ; Sp.  cuatemidad .]  The 
number  four  ; quaternary.  Browne. 

QUA'TJJR-ON,  n.  Quadroon.  Craig. 

QUA-TORZE',  n.  [Fr.]  In  the  game  of  piquet, 
four  cards  of  the  same  value  but  of  different 
colors  above  the  cards  of  nine  spots.  Landais. 

QUA'TRAIN  [kwl'trjn,  ,S.  IF.  J.  F.  R. ; kwot'ran, 
Sm.  Wr.),  n.  [Fr.  quatrain .]  (Poetry.)  A 

piece  consisting  of  four  lines,  the  rhymes  usu- 
ally alternate,  sometimes  also,  especially  in 
French  poetry,  intermixed,  the  first  and  fourth, 
second  ahd  third,  rhyming  together.  Brande. 

QUffT-TRi'JVO,  n.  [It.]  A copper  coin  of  Italy, 
worth  about  three  fifths  of  a farthing.Stmmotids. 

QUAT'U-OR,  n.  [L-ffour.)  (Mas.)  A quartet.  Die. 

QUAVE,  v.  n.  To  quaver.  [Local,  Eng'.]  Pcgge. 

f QUAVE'MIRE,  n.  A quagmire.  Mir.  for  Mag. 

QUA'VIJR,  v.  n.  [“  Junius  derives  it  from  Goth. 
vagan,  to  move ; Serenius  prefers  the  Goth. 
quivan,  to  be  alive.”  Todd.  — “ Formed  perhaps 
as  the  verb  to  quaff."  Richardson .]  [t.  qua- 

vered ; pp.  QUAVERING,  QUAVERED.] 

1.  To  shake  the  voice  ; to  speak  or  to  sing 

with  a tremulous  voice.  Jones. 

2.  To  produce  a shake  or  tremulous  motion 

on  a musical  instrument.  Todd. 

3.  To  have  a tremulous  motion;  to  move  to 
and  fro  tremulously ; to  tremble  ; to  vibrate. 

If  the  finger  be  moved  with  a quavering  motion.  Newton. 

QUA'VER,  n.  [Sp.  guiebro.)  (Mas.)  A shake  of 
the  voice,  or  a shake  on  a musical  instrument : 

— a character,  or  a note,  equal  in  duration  to 

the  eighth  part  of  a semibreve,  the  quarter  of  a 
minim,  or  one  half  of  a crotchet.  Moore. 

QUA'VJJRED  (kwa'verd),  a.  Distributed  into  qua- 
vers, or  uttered  in  quavers.  Harmar. 

QUA'Vpit-IJR,  n.  One  who  quavers.  Cotgrave. 

QUA'VJJR-ING,  n.  The  act  of  shaking  the  voice, 
or  of  making  a quaver  on  a musical  instrument. 

Quavering,  which  pleases  so  much  in  music.  Bacon. 

f QUA'VlNG,  n.  A quavering.  Sir  T.  Elyot. 

II  QUAY  (ke)  [ke,  IF.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  Sm.  Wr.  Wb. ; 
lea,  S.],  n.  [Low  L.  kaia  ; Port,  caes  ; Fr.  quai. 

— Ir .ceiyh;  Ger.  $ Dan.  kai  ; Dut.  kaai ; Sw. 

kaj.)  An  artificial'  bank  or  wharf,  by  the  side 
of  a navigable  water,  for  loading  and  unloading 
vessels  ; — written  also  key.  Blackstone. 

||  QUAY  (ke),  v.  a.  To  furnish  with  quays.  Wright. 

||  QUAY'A(?E  (ke'aj),  n.  Money  paid  for  the  use 
of  a quay  ; — written  also  key  age.  Smart. 

QUAY'-BERTII  (ke'bertli),  n.  A berth  in  a dock 
for  loading  or  unloading  a ship.  Simmonds. 

f QUE  (kwe),  n.  Anciently,  a small  piece  of 
money,  less  than  a half-penny.  Lyly. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E, 


I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  l>  Q>  V>  Y>  obscure; 


FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL; 


HEIR,  I1ER; 


QUEACH 

+ UUEACH,  v.  n.  [See  Quicn.]  To  stir.  Todd. 

fQUfiACH,  «.  [A.  S . gc-wasc-an  •,  by  contraction 

g wasc,  or  cwascian,  to  wash.  Richardson. — “ An 
old  form  of  the  substantive  quick."  Todd.']  A 
thick,  bushy  plot.  Howell. 

Richardson  says  the  word  means  a washy 
place  thick  set  with  young  or  little  trees.  Chapman 
translates  puinii ia  rrvKi/a  [close  brushwood]  thorniest 
queaches. 

QUEACH'Y,  a.  1.  Thick;  bushy.  Tuberville. 

2.  Shaking  ; quaggy  ; unsolid.  “ Goodwin’s 
queachy  sands.”  Drayton. 

QUEAN  (kwen)  [kwen,  IF.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  Sm.  ; 
kwan,  S.  A'.],  n.  [Goth,  qctls,  a woman  ; A.  S. 
ewen,  quena,  a woman.  — See  Queen.] 

1.  A worthless  woman  ; a woman  of  ill  fame  ; 

a drab  ; a strumpet,  [r.]  Dryden. 

A witch,  a quean , an  old  cozening  quean . Shah. 

2.  A young  woman.  [Scotland.] 

O she  was  a dainty  quean.  Old  Song. 

3.  (Mining.)  A crevice  in  a lode.  Weak. 

QUEA'§I-NESS,  n.  The  sickness  of  a nauseated 

stomach ; qualmishness.  Milton. 

aUEA'SY  (kwe'ze),  a.  [A.  S.  cwascian,  to  wash. 
Richardson .] 

1.  Sick  with  nausea;  feeling  a tendency  to 
vomit ; having  a nauseated  stomach.  Shah. 

2.  Fastidious  ; squeamish  ; delicate.  Browne. 

3.  Nauseating.  “ A queasy  question.”  Shah. 

QUE-BEC'-OAK,  n.  A ship-building  wood  ob- 
tained from  the  Quercus  alba.  Simmonds. 

fQUfiCH,  v.  n.  To  stir.  — See  Quich.  Bacon. 

QUEEN  (kwen),  n.  [M.  Goth,  queins,  quens,  a 
woman,  a wife  ; Su.  Goth,  gwinna,  kona  ; A.  S. 
ewen,  quena ; Dan.  qvinde ; Sw.  qvinna ; Icel. 
kwinna.  — Allied  to  Gr.  ywy,  a woman.  Junius .] 

1.  The  wife  of  a king.  “ Tarquin  and  his 

queen."  Shah. 

2.  A woman  who  is  the  sovereign  of  a king- 
dom. “ That  queen,  Elizabeth.”  Locke. 

3.  The  prolific  female  of  a swarm  of  bees,  dis- 
tinguished for  her  size  ; queen-bee. 

The  females  are  called  queens.  Only  one  is  allowed  in  a 
hive.  If  several  should  be  hatched  at  once,  the  strongest 
stings  the  others  to  death,  and  takes  the  command.  The  only 
business  of  the  queen  is  to  deposit  her  eggs  in  the  cells  formed 
by  the  workers.  . . . The  queen  is  the  largest  of  the  three  sorts; 
the  workers  are  the  smallest.  Baird. 

4.  A playing-card  on  which  a queen  is  de- 

picted.  Moyle. 

5.  One  of  the  principal  pieces  in  a game  of 

chess.  Davis. 

Queen’s  evidence  or  king's  evidence , (Eng.  Law.)  an 
accomplice  in  a felony  who  is  admitted  as  evidence 
for  the  crown  against  his  accomplices,  having  the 
hope  held  out  to  him  that,  if  he  will  disclose  the 
whole  truth,  he  shall  himself  escape  punishment. 
Bur  rill. — Queen  of  May  or  May-queen,  the  young  fe- 
male crowned  with  flowers  at  the  rural  games  held 
on  May-day. — Queen  of  the  meadows,  (Bot.)  the  mead- 
ow-sweet: Spinea  ulmaria.  Baird. 

Syn.  — See  Monarch. 

QUEEN,  V.  a.  (Chess.)  To  convert,  as  a pawn  on 
its  reaching  the  eighth  or  last  rank,  to  a queen 
or  other  piece.  Agnel. 

QUEEN,  v.  n.  To  play  the  queen  ; to  act  the  part 
of  a queen  ; — used  with  it.  Shak. 

QUEEN'— AP-PLE,  n.  A kind  of  apple.  Mortimer. 

QUEEN'— BEE,  n.  The  prolific  female  in  a swarm 
of  bees  ; queen.  Eng.  Cgc. 

QUEEN'-CON-SOllT,  n.  The  wife  of  a king. 

QUEEN'-DOW'A-GUR,  n.  (Eng.  Law.)  The 
widow  of  a king.  Whishaw. 

QUEEN'— GOLD,  n.  A royal  duty  or  revenue  for- 
merly belonging  to  every  queen  of  England  dur- 
ing her  marriage  to  the  king.  Whishaw. 

QUEEN'ING,  n.  A kind  of  winter  apple. 

The  winter  queening  is  good  for  the  table.  Mortimer. 

QUEEN'— LIKE,  a.  Becoming  to,  or  resembling, 
a queen  ; queenly.  Drayton. 

QUEEN'LY,  a.  Queen-like.  Bale. 

QUEEN'— MOTII'IJR,  n.  A queen  dowager  who  is 
also  mother  of  the  reigning  sovereign.  Brande. 

QUEEN'— POST,  n.  (Arch.)  One  of  two  vertical 
timbers  in  a truss  of  a roof.  — See  Roof.  Britton. 

QUEEN'— RE'GENT,  n.  A queen  who  holds  the 
crown  in  her  own  right ; queen-regnant. 

Whishaw. 


1169 

QUEEN’— REG 'N ANT,  n.  Queen-regent.  Whishaw. 

QUEEN'SHIP,  n.  The  state,  condition,  or  digni- 
ty of  a queen.  Bet  ham. 

QUEEN’§'-MET'AL,  n.  An  alloy  of  nine  parts 
of  tin,  one  of  antimony,  one  of  bismuth,  and 
one  of  lead  ; — used  in  the  manufacture  of  tea- 
pots and  common  spoons.  Miller. 

QUEEN’§'-Pl£'EON,  n.  (Or- 
nith.)  A large  and  magnificent 
bird  of  the  family  Columbidm 
and  sub-family  Gourinoe ; Gou- 
ra  Victoria.  Baird. 

QUEENV-VVAre,  ».  Cream- 
colored  earthen  ware.  Clarke. 

QUEEN’§'— YEL'LOW,  n-  An 
ancient  name  of  Turbith  min- 
eral or  yellow  subsulphate  of 
mercury.  Ure. 

QUEER  (kwer),  a.  [Etymology  doubtful.  — Ger. 
quer,  cross,  athwart.  Todd.  — A.  S.  cer ; Frs. 
Jr  Dut.  keer,  a turn.]  Odd  ; droll ; strange  ; 
singular.  “ A queer  fellow.”  Spectator. 

QUEER'ISH,  a.  Somewhat  queer;  odd.  Gent.  Mag. 

QUEER'Ly,  ad.  In  a queer  manner  ; oddly. 

QUEER'NySS,  n.  Oddness  ; strangeness.  Johnson. 

QUEEST  (kwest),  n.  (Ornith.)  A kind  of  wild 
pigeon  ; ringdove ; cushat.  Todd. 

f QUEINT  (kwent),  i.  &p.  from  quench.  Quenched. 

The  other  fire  was  queint  and  all  agone.  Chaucer. 

QUELL,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  cwellan,  to  kill ; Dut.  kiccl- 
len  ; Ger.  qtuilen,  to  torment ; Dan.  qvcele  ; Sw. 
qviilja .]  [i.  QUELI.ED  ; pp.  QUELLING,  QUELLED.] 

1.  To  deprive  of  life;  to  kill  ; to  destroy. 

The  ducks  cried  as  men  would  them  quell.  Chaucer. 

2.  To  crush  ; to  subdue  ; to  reduce. 

If  number  English  courages  could  quell.  Dmjden. 

3.  To  quiet ; to  allay  ; to  calm  ; to  check. 

He  hath  quelled  the  wildness  of  the  fanatic.  Warburton. 

QUELL,  v.  n.  To  abate;  to  diminish. 

For  winter’s  wrath  begins  to  quell.  Spenser. 

■f  QUELL,  n.  A killing  ; murder.  Shak. 

QUELL'yR,  n.  One  who  quells.  Milton. 

QUELQUE— CHOSE  (kek'slioz),  n.  [Fr.,  some- 
thing.]  A trifle  ; a kickshaw.  Donne. 

fQUEME,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  eweman.]  To  please. 

Such  merry-make  holy  saints  doth  queme.  Spenser. 

f QUEME'FUL,  a.  Peaceful.  Wickliffe. 

QUENCH,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  cwencan .]  [j.  quenched  ; 
pp.  QUENCHING,  QUENCHED.] 

1.  To  extinguish,  as  a fire  ; to  put  out. 

A little  fire  is  quickly  trodden  out, 

Which,  being  suffered,  rivers  cannot  quench.  Shak. 

2.  To  destroy  ; to  blast.  “ Unkindness  . . . 

should  have  quenched  her  love.”  Shak. 

3.  To  still  ; to  repress  ; to  stifle.  “ Quench 

his  fiery  indignation.”  Shak. 

4.  To  allay,  as  thirst;  to  slake.  South. 

Syn.  — See  Slake. 

tQUENCII,  v.  n.  To  cool;  to  grow  or  become 
cool.  “ She  will  not  quench."  Shak. 

QUENCH'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  quenched ; 
capable  of  being  extinguished.  Shencood. 

QUENCH '{1R,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  quenches  ; 
an  extinguisher.  Hammond. 

QUENCH'lNG,  n.  The  act  of  extinguishing.  “ The 
quenching  of  fired  houses.”  Mayne. 

QUENCII'Lyss,  a.  That  cannot  be  quenched  or 
extinguished  ; unextinguishable.  Shak. 

QUENCH'L^SS-LY,  ad.  In  a quenchless  manner. 

QUENCH 'LESS-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
quenchless.  Clarke. 

QIIER'CE-TINE,  n.  (Chcm.)  An  artificial  prod- 
uct obtained  from  quereitrine,  in  the  form  of 
minute  lemon-yellow  crystals.  Miller. 

QUgR-CIT'RINE,  n.  (Chem.)  A yellow  crystal- 
lizable  coloring  matter  contained  in  the  bark  of 
the  black-oak  or  Quercus  tinctoria.  Miller. 

QUfR-CIT'RON,  n.  [L.  quercus.  an  oak,  and 
citrus,  the  citron-tree  ; Fr.  quercitron.] 


QUERULOUSNESS 

1.  The  crushed  inner  portion  of  the  bark  of 
the  Quercus  tinctoria,  or  black-oak  ; — used  in 
tanning  leather  and  for  dyeing  yellow.  Archer. 

2.  (Bot.)  A species  of  oak  found  in  North 

America,  which  is  one  of  the  loftiest  trees  of  the 
forest ; black-oak  ; yellow-barked  oak  ; Quercus 
tinctoria.  G.  B.  Emerson. 

QUER'  CUS,  n.  [L .,  an  oak-tree. — From  Celtic 
quer,  fine,  and  cuez,  a tree.  Loudon.]  (Bot.)  A 
genus  of  trees,  many  species  of  which  are  valu- 
able for  timber ; the  oak.  Eng.  Cyc. 

QUE  'RE.  See  Qujere. 

QUE'RE,  n.  (Mining.)  A small  cavity  or  fissure. 

Anstcd. 

f QUE'RIJLE,  n.  [L.  querela ; F r.  quer  elk.]  (Law.) 
A complaint  to  a court.  Ayltffe. 

f QUE'R^NT,  n.  [L.  queror,  querens,  to  com- 
plain.] (Law.)  A complainant.  Bailey. 

f QUE'RpNT,  n.  [L.  quaro,  quarens,  to  search 
for.]  An  inquirer  ; a querist.  Aubrey. 

QUER-I-MO'NI-OUS,  a.  [L.  querimonia,  a com- 
plaint.] Querulous  ; complaining.  Mrs.  Gore. 

QUER-I-MO'NJ-OUS-LY,  ad.  Querulously;  com- 
plainingly.  Denham. 

QUER-J-MO'NI-OUS-NESS,  n.  Querulousness  ; 
complaining  temper.  Bailey. 

f QUER'I-MO-NY,  n.  [L.  querimonia.]  Com- 
plaint. “ His  brother’s  daily  querimony.”  Hall. 

QUE'RIST,  n.  [L.  queero,  to  search  for.]  One 
who  queries  ; an  inquirer ; an  asker  of  ques- 
tions ; an  interrogator.  Swift. 

QUE  RITE,  n.  (Chem.)  A saccharine  substance, 
crystallizing  in  prisms,  obtained  from  acorns. 

Miller. 

QUERK,  n.  A quibble.  — See  Quirk.  Todd. 

QUER'KENED  (kwer'knd),  a.  Choked.  [Local, 
Eng.]  Carr. 

QUERL,  v.  a.  [Ger.  querkn.]  To  wind  round; 
to  coil ; to  twirl.  [Local,  U.  S.] 

QUERN,  n.  [Goth . quairns  \ A.  S.  cwyrn,  cweom  ; 
cyrran,  to  turn  ; Dut.  kweern ; Dan.  qveern ; 
Sw.  qrarn.]  A mill  for  grinding  grain,  whether 
by  hand  or  a horse  ; — usually  a hand-mill. 

But  now  is  lie  in  prison,  in  a cave, 

Whereas  they  made  him  at  the  quern  grind.  Chaucer. 

QUERN'— LIKE,  a.  Like  a quern  or  mill.  Dubart. 

QUER'PO,  n.  [L.  corpus,  the  body  ; Sp.  cucrpo , 
the  body.]  A dress  that  fits  tight  to,  and  ex- 
poses the  shape  of,  the  body ; — used  only  in 
the  phrase  in  querpo.  — See  Cuerpo. 

Boy,  my  cloak  and  rapier;  it  fits  not  a gentleman  of  my 
rank  to  walk  the  streets  in  querpo.  Beau.  Sf  El. 

QUER'QUIJ-DULE,  n.  [L.  qucrqucdula,  from  Gr. 
Klpuovpos,  a boat.]  (Ornith.)  A genus  of  ducks, 
one  species  of  which  (Anas  crecca  of  Yarrell) 
is  the  common  teal. 

f QUER'RY,  n.  See  Equerry.  Bp.  Hall. 

f QUER-U-LEN'TIAL,  a.  Complaining.  “Cap- 
tious and  qucrulential."  Cumberland. 

Q UER-  U-LpJTJE,  n. 
pi.  [L.  querulus, 
complaining,  coo- 
ing.] (Ornith.)  A 
sub-family  of  den- 
tirostral  birds  of 
the  order  Passe- 
res  and  family  Muscicapidce  ; mourners.  Gray. 

QUER'U-LOUS,  a.  [L.  querulus ; It.  quern lo.] 

1.  f Quarrelsome.  Holland. 

2.  Apt  to  complain  ; complaining;  repining. 
“ A people  hard-hearted,  querulous."  Hooker. 

3.  Expressing  complaint  or  discontent.  “ A 
whining  kind  of  querulous  tone.”  Howell. 

Syn. — Querulous  (derived,  like  quarrel,  from  tile 
L.  querela)  signifies  inclined  to  murmur  or  complain  ; 
and  it  is  nearly  or  quite  synonymous  with  querimoiii- 
ous,  a word  now  little  used.  A querulous  or  uneasy 
disposition  or  temper;  a plaintive  manner  or  sound. 

QUER'IT-LOUS-LY,  ad.  In  a querulous  or  com- 
plaining manner.  Young. 

QUER'y-LOUS-NESS,  it.  The  quality  of  being 
querulous  ; disposition  to  complain.  Johnson. 


Querula  crucnta. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RlJLE.  — C,  <?,  c,  g,  soft ; C,  G,  £,  g,  hard ; § as  z;  £ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 
117 


QUERY 


1170 


QUICKEN 


QUE'RY,  7i.  [L.  qiiatro,  to  search  for ; impera- 

tive, qucere,  search  for.] 

1.  A question  ; an  inquiry  ; an  interrogatory. 

The  query  that  I would  propose  to  you.  Sharp. 

2.  The  abbreviation  Qr.  (?)  Smart. 

Syn. — Questions  and  queries  are  both  put  for  tho 

purpose  of  obtaining  an  answer.  Questions  may  be 
reasonable  or  unreasonable,  proper  or  improper;  que- 
ries are  commonly  rational  questions  ; interrogations 
are  made  by  persons  having  authority.  A question  of 
importance  or  of  mere  curiosity  ; a philosophical  que- 
ry ; inquiry  for  information  ; an  interrogation  of  a 
magistrate  to  a criminal. 

QUE'RY,  v.  n.  [*.  queried  ; pp.  querying, 
queried.]  To  ask  a question  or  questions  ; to 
question  ; to  express  doubt. 

Each  prompt  to  query,  answer,  and  debate, 

And  smit  with  love  of  poesy  and  prate.  Pope. 

QUE'RY,  v.  a.  [L.  queer o.'] 

1.  To  examine  by  question  ; to  ply  with  ques- 
tions ; to  question.  Gayton. 

2.  To  mark  with  a query.  Smart. 

3.  To  doubt  of.  Smart. 

t QUE§E,  v.  a.  To  search  after.  Milton. 

QUEST,  7i.  [L.  queer o,  quo-situs,  to  search  for ; 

Old  Fr.  queste ; It.  A Sp.  qucsta ; Fr.  quite.'] 

1.  The  act  of  seeking  ; search.  “ An  African 

...  in  quest  of  prey.”  Addison. 

2.  f Enquiry;  examination.  Shak. 

3.  f Searchers,  collectively.  Shak. 

4.  f An  inquest  or  jury  sworn  to  inquire. 

If  I were  foreman  of  the  quest.  Tubervile. 

5.  Request ; solicitation  ; invitation. 

Gad  not  abroad  at  every  quest  and  call  of  an  untrained 
hope  or  passion.  Herbert. 

t QUEST,  v.  71.  To  go  in  search.  B.  Jonson. 

t QUEST,  v.  a.  [L.  qurpro,  queesitus-,  Old  Fr. 
quester  ; Fr.  queter.]  To  search  for.  Herbert. 

FQUES'TANT,  7i.  [Old  Fr.  questant.]  A seeker ; 
a searcher ; a candidate.  Shak. 

FQUES'TgR,  n.  A seeker.  Rowe. 

QUES'TION  (ktvest'yun),  n.  [L.  quccstio ; It. 
questions ; Sp.  A Fr.  question.] 

1.  Act  of  asking  ; a seeking  by  interrogation  ; 
interrogation. 

2.  Something  asked,  and  requiring  an  answer; 

an  interrogatory ; a query.  “ I will  not  stay  thy 
questions.”  Shak. 

3.  Inquiry;  disquisition;  investigation;  trial; 
examination. 

It  is  to  be  put  to  question  whether  it  be  lawful  for  Christian 
princes  to  muke  an  invasive  war  simply  for  the  propagation 
of  the  faith.  Bacon. 

4.  A subject  of  investigation,  debate,  or  dis- 
pute ; point  or  topic  in  a controversy. 

Any  thing,  however  foreign  to  the  question.  Watcrland. 

There  arose  a question  between  some  of  John’s  disciples 
and  the  Jews  about  purifying.  John  iii.  25. 

5.  Doubt ; controversy  ; dispute. 

Not  that  it  brings  their  truth  at  all  in  question.  Locle. 

6.  ( Orim . Law.)  A kind  of  torture  employed 
in  some  countries  to  cause  criminals  to  disclose 
their  accomplices  or  acknowledge  their  crimes. 

Bouvier. 

7.  {Logic.)  That  which  is  to  be  established 
as  a conclusion,  stated  in  an  interrogative  form. 

Whatcly. 

8.  ( Legislation .)  A proposition  stated  or  pro- 
pounded to  a deliberative  assembly  for  their 
acceptance  or  rejection.  Luther  S.  Cushing. 

In  question,  in  debate;  in  dispute;  under  trial. — 
General  question , {Law.)  such  a question  as  requires 
the  witness  to  state  all  lie  knows,  without  any  sug- 
gestion being  made  to  him  ; as,  W ho  pave  the  bloio  ? — 
Leading  question,  {Law.)  such  a question  as  leads  the 
mind  of  the  witness  to  the  answer,  or  suggests  it  to 
him  ; as,  Did  A B give  the  blow  ? — Previous  question , 

( Legislation .)  a question  or  motion  the  object  of  which 
is  to  suppress  a main  question,  or  to  suppress  debate. 
The  form  of  the  previous  question  is,  Shall  the  main 
question  be  now  put  ? and  the  effect  of  a negative  decis- 
ion of  it,  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining  which  it  is 
used  in  the  British  Parliament,  is  to  suppress  the  main 
question  for  the  residue  of  the  day.  If  the  decision  is 
in  the  affirmative,  the  main  question  must  he  put  im- 
mediately in  the  form  in  which  it  then  exists.  Ordi- 
narily, in  the  United  States,  the  only  object  of  the 
previous  question  is  to  obtain  an  affirmative  decision, 
and  thereby  to  suppress  debate  on  the  main  question. 
The  operation  of  a negative  decision  is  different  in 
different  assemblies  ; in  some,  as,  for  example,  in  the 
House  of  Representatives  of  Congress,  it  operates  to 
dispose  of  the  principal  or  main  question  by  suppress- 


ing or  removing  it  from  before  the  House  for  the  day  ; 
but  in  others,  as  in  the  House  of  Representatives  of 
Massachusetts  and  the  Assembly  of  Nevv  York,  it  is  to 
leave  tho  main  question  under  debate  for  the  residue 
of  the  sitting,  unless  sooner  disposed  of  by  taking  the 
question,  or  in  some  other  way.  Luther  S.  Cushing. 

QUES'TION  (kwSst'yun),  v.  n.  [i.  QUESTIONED  ; 
pp.  QUESTIONING,  QUESTIONED.] 

1.  To  ask  a question  or  questions  ; to  inquire. 

Unreasonable  subtlety  . . . will  question  when  it  cannot 
answer.  Holyday. 

2.  To  debate  by  interrogatories. 

I pray  you,  think,  you  question  with  a Jew.  Shak. 

QUES'TION  (kwSst'yun),  v.  a.  1.  To  examine  by 
questions ; to  interrogate  ; to  inquire  of. 

You  ’ll  question  this  gentlewoman  about  me.  Shak. 

2.  To  doubt ; to  be  uncertain  of. 

And  most  we  question  what  we  most  desire.  Prior. 

3.  To  call  in  question  ; to  mention  as  not  to 
be  trusted  ; to  have  no  confidence  in. 

His  counsels  derided,  his  prudence  questioned.  South. 

To  call  in  question,  to  make  a subject  of  uncertainty 
or  doubt ; to  doubt. 

Syn. — See  Doubt,  Inquire. 

QUES'TION-A-BLE  (kwest'yun-a-bl),  a.  1.  That 
may  be  questioned  or  subjected  to  questions. 

Thou  com’st  in  such  a questionable  shape, 

That  I will  speak  to  thee.  Shak. 

2.  That  may  he  questioned  or  doubted  ; doubt- 
ful ; disputable  ; problematical. 

It  is  questionable  whether  Galen  ever  saw  the  dissection  of 
a human  body.  Baker. 

Syn.  — See  Doubtful. 

QUES'TION- A- BLE-N  ESS,  71.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing questionable.  Jolmso7i. 

QUES'TION-A-BLY,  ad.  In  a questionable  man- 
ner ; doubtfully.  Clarke. 

QUES'TION- A-RY,  a.  Inquiring;  asking  ques- 
tions. “ Questiona)-7j  epistles.”  Pope. 

QUES'TION- A-RY,  7i.  An  itinerant  pedler  of 
relics.  ’ ’ ‘ Sir  XV.  Scott. 

QUES'TION-pR  (kwest'yun-er),  n.  One  who  ques- 
tions ; art  inquirer  ; a querist.  A bp.  Cra7imer. 

QUES'TION-lNG,  71.  The  putting  of  questions  ; 
interrogation.  Fox. 

QUES'TION-IST,  n.  1.  One  who  asks  questions  ; 
a questioner  ; an  inquirer. 

The  impudence  of  this  hollow  questionist.  Bp.  Hall. 

2.  A candidate  for  a bachelor’s  degree  at 
Cambridge  University,  Eng.  Wright. 

QUES'TION -LESS,  ad.  Without  a question  or 
doubt ; certainly  ; doubtless.  Raleigh. 

QUEST'MAN,  71. ; pi.  QUESTMEN.  A person  chosen 
to  inquire  into  abuses  and  misdemeanors,  par- 
ticularly such  as  relate  to  weights  and  measures, 

• — specially,  a church- warden’s  assistant.  Eden. 

QUEST'MONG-IJR  (-mung-ger),  71.  One  who  de- 
lights in  litigation  ; a starter  of  lawsuits.  Bacon. 

QUES'TOR,  71.  [L.  quaistor , from  quoro,  to  seek.] 

(Ro7nan  Ant.)  One  of  the  officers  who  had  to  do 
with  the  collecting  and  keeping  of  the  public 
revenues:  — also  one  of  the  officers  who  con- 
ducted the  accusation  of  persons  guilty  of  mur- 
der or  other  capital  offence,  and  carried  the 
sentence  into  execution.  XV.  Smith. 

QUES'TOR-SIIIP,  n.  1.  The  office  of  a questor; 
— written  also  queestorsliip.  Milton. 

2.  The  term  of  a questor’s  office.  Wright. 

f QUES'TRIST,  n.  [Old  Fr.  quest  cur.]  Seeker  ; 
pursuer.  “ Hot  questrists  after  him.”  Shak. 

QUEST'U-A-RY  (kvvest'yu-a-re),  a.  [L.  queestun.- 
rius.]  Desirous  of  gain ; studious  of  profit. 
“Lapidaries  and  questuary  enquirers.”  Broicnc 

QUEST'U-A-RY,  71.  One  employed  to  collect 
profits.  Taylor. 

QUEUE  (ku),  7i.  [Fr.]  See  Cue.  Todd. 

QUIB,  n.  A sarcasm.  — See  Quip.  Ainsworth. 

QUIB'BLE  (kwib'bl),  n.  [Probably  a corruption 
of  quidlibet  (any  thing,  no  matter  what).  Rich- 
ardson. — From  quip.  Todd.] 

1.  A slight  cavil ; a quick  or  sharp  elusion  or 
evasion  by  verbal  subtiltv ; a slight  difficulty 
raised  without  necessity  or  propriety  ; a start  or 
turn  from  the  point  in  question  ; an  evasion. 


As  a real  difficulty  requires  sense  and  criticism  to  resolve 
it,  an  imaginary  one  may  be  well  enough  managed  by  a 
quibble.  Ivarburton. 

2.  A low  conceit  depending  on  the  sound  of 
words;  a pun.  “ Puns  and  quibbles."  Addison. 

QUlB'BLE  (-bl),  t’.  n.  [i.  quibbled  ; pp.  quib- 
bling, quibbled.] 

1.  To  evade  the  point  in  question  by  some 

verbal  subtilty,  us  by  a play  upon  words ; to 
raise  a slight  difficulty  without  necessity  or  pro- 
priety ; to  cavil ; to  shuffle.  L’ Estrange. 

2.  To  play  upon  words;  to  pun.  Johnson. 

QUIB'BLIJR,  71.  One  who  quibbles.  Dry  den. 

QUIB'BLING,  p.  a.  Evading  the  point  at  issue 
by  some  play  upon  words  : — punning. 

QUIB'BLING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  quibbles; 
a playing  upon  words ; a cavil.  Todd. 

QUIB'BLING-LY,  ad.  In  a quibbling  manner. 

QUiCE,  n.  A wood-pigeon  ; queest.  Cudworth. 

f QUICII,  v.  n.  [Said  by  the  editors  of  Spenser 
to  he  from  the  A.  S.  cwiccan  : it  is  more  proba- 
bly to  quake.  Richardson.]  To  stir  ; to  move. 

With  a strong  iron  chain  and  collar  bound, 

That  once  he  [the  lion]  could  not  move  or  quick  at  all. 

Spenser. 

QUICK  (kwik),  a.  [Goth,  gius ; A.  S.  civic ; civic- 
can,  to  quicken,  to  make  alive  ; Ger.  quick ; 
Dut.  kwik  ; Frs.  quik  ; Dan.  qvik  ; Sw.  qvick.] 

1.  Having  life  ; living  ; alive  ; — opposed  to 
dead.  [Antiquated.]  “ The  quick  body.7’  Gower. 

Not  fully  quick  nor  fully  dead  they  were.  Chaucer. 

Who  shall  judge  the  quick  and  the  dead.  1 Tim.  iv.  1. 

2.  Active ; nimble ; brisk  ; prompt ; ready. 

A quick  conceit  in  judgment.  Wisdom  viii.  11. 

A quick  eye  and  a nimble  hand.  Shak. 

3.  Swift ; speedy  ; hasty  ; rapid  ; fleet.  Milton. 

That  quick  and  speedy  expedition.  Hooker. 

4.  Pregnant ; with  child.  “ Jaquenetta,  that 

is  quick  by  him.’ 7 Shak. 

Quick  with  child,  noting  the  condition  of  a pregnant 
woman  when  the  motion  of  the  fertus  is  felt,  usually 
first  perceptible  about  the  18th  week.  Dunglison. 

Life  is  the  fundamental  idea  of  the  word 
quick ; and  in  this,  its  primary  sense,  it  is  used  in  the 
Creed,  “ the  quick  ami  the  dead  ” ; so,  too,  the  quick- 
set hedge  is  properly  the  living  fence,  as  contrasted 
with  those  made  of  dead  timbers.  But  motion,  as  it 
is  at  once  of  the  essence,  so  it  is  also  one  of  the  most 
obvious  signs  of  life  ; and  ihus  quick,  in  a secondary 
sense,  was  applied  to  all  which  was  rapid  or  prompt 
in  its  motions,  whether  bodily  or  mental ; thus,  a quick 
runner,  a boy  of  quick  parts  ; and  so,  too,  quicksilver, 
and  quick  or  fast-shifting  sands.  Trench. 

Syn. — See  Active,  Ready. 

QUICK,  ad.  Nimbly  ; swiftly  ; speedily  ; rapidly  ; 
readily  ; quickly.  Shak. 

If  we  consider  how  very  quick  the  actions  of  the  mind  are 
performed.  Locke. 

QUICK,  n.  1.  f A live  animal. 

Then  peeping  close  into  the  thick. 

Might  see  the  moving  of  some  quick.  Spenser. 

2.  The  living  flesh  ; the  sensible  parts  of  an 
animal  body:  — metaphorically  the  feelings  of 
the  mind.  “ Incisions  down  to  the  quick.”  Sharp. 

Therefore  that  speech  touched  the  quick.  Bacon. 

3.  Living  plants  ; the  growing  plants  that  are 

reared  or  set  for  a hedge.  “A  ditch  and  bank 
set  with  quick.”  Mortimer. 

4.  {Bot.)  A name  given  to  Agrostis  alba , and 

to  Agrostis  vulgaris , — also  to  couch-grass  ( Trit- 
icum  repens).  Loudon.  Gray. 

f QUICK,  v.  a.  To  quicken.  Chaucer. 

f QUICK,  v.  n.  To  become  alive.  “One  of  the 

fires  . . . quickcd  again.77  Chaucer. 

QUICK'BEAM,  n.  {Bot.)  Quicken-tree.  Mortimer . 

QUICK'EN  (kwik'kn),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  cwiccian.]  [i. 

QUICKENED  ; pp.  QUICKENING,  QUICKENED.] 

1.  To  make  alive  ; to  give  life  to  ; to  vivify  ; 

to  revive.  “ Men,  and  beasts,  and  fowls,  with 
breath  are  quickened.”  Dryden. 

Ovicken  us  thou:  then  gladly  we 

Shall  call  upon  thy  name.  Milton. 

2.  To  hasten  ; to  accelerate  ; to  hurry. 

You  may  . . . quicken  or  slack  a motion.  Bacon. 

3.  To  sharpen;  to  actuate;  to  excite. 

The  desire  of  fame  hath  been  no  inconsiderable  motive  to 
quicken  you  in  the  pursuit  of  those  actions  Which  will  best 
deserve  it.  Su'iJ’l. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  !,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  ]J,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; I1EIR,  HER; 


QUILL 


QUICKEN 


1171 


QUICK'EN  (kwlk'kn),  v.  n.  1.  To  become  alive. 

Worms  which  they  kill  with  wine  when  they  begin  to 
quicken.  Sandy*. 

2.  To  be  in  that  state  of  pregnancy  in  which 

the  child  gives  indications  of  life.  “ A woman 
quickens  with  child.”  Johnson. 

3.  To  move  with  activity ; to  hasten. 

And  keener  lightnings  quicken  in  her  eyes.  Pope. 

QUICK'EN- £R,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  quick- 
ens or  makes  alive.  More. 

QUICK'EN-ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  making  alive. 

Neither  a proper  death  nor  a proper  quickening.  Sharp. 

2.  The  motion  of  the  foetus  when  felt  by  the 
mother.  — See  Quick,  a.  No.  4.  Dunqlison. 

QUICK'EN^,  n.  ( Bot .)  Dog-grass  ; quick-grass  ; 
Triticum  repens.  Loudon. 

QUlCK'EN— TREE,  n.  (Bot.)  A tree  valued  on 
account  of  its  wood  and  its  rapid  growth,  the 
fruit  of  which  is  often  used  for  the  purpose  of 
decoying  birds  into  traps  ; Sorbus  aucuparia, 
or  Pyrus  aucuparia ; — called  also  roican-tree 
or  roan-tree,  fowler’s  service-tree,  and  moun- 
tain-ash. Dunglison. 

QUICK*— EYED  (kwTk'lil),  a.  Having  sharp  or 
keen  sight.  “ The  quick-eyed  trout.”  Thomson. 

QUICK'-GRAsS,  n.  (Bot.)  A name  given  to  the 
species  of  grass  Agrostis  alba,  and  Agrostis  vul- 
garis, and  also  to  couch-grass  (Triticum  re- 
pens) — from  the  length  of  time  they  retain  their 
vital  power.  Loudon. 

QUICK*— HATCH,  n.  [From  okeecoohawgees,  the 
name  given  it  by  the  Cree  Indians.  Sir  J.  Rich- 
ardson.) (Zo.')l. ) A name  given  to  the  wolverene 
or  glutton  ; Gulo  luscus  of  Sabine.  Eng.  Cyc. 

QUICK'— LIME,  n.  (Chem.)  A white,  caustic, 

infusible  powder,  consisting  of  one  equivalent 
of  calcium  and  one  of  oxygen,  and  obtained, 
in  a state  of  purity,  by  heating  pure  carbonate 
of  lime  to  full  redness.  Miller. 

By  the  combination  of  quiclc-lime  with  water, 
heat  sufficient  to  ignite  wood  is  produced,  and  it  be- 
comes hydrate  of  lime  or  slacked  lime.  The  quick- 
lime of  commerce  is  obtained  by  calcining  in  kilns 
any  carbonate  of  lime,  as  limestone,  marble,  chalk, 
marine  shells,  &c.  Mixed  with  sand  and  water,  it 
forms  mortar;  and  it  is  applied  to  various  other  use- 
ful purposes. 

QUlCK'LY,  ad.  Speedily;  swiftly;  with  haste; 
without  delay  ; soon. 

QUICK'-MATCH,  n.  (Mil.)  A match  formed  of 
threads  of  cotton  prepared  with  a mixture  of 
saltpetre,  mealed  powder,  spirits  of  wine,  and 
water.  Glos.  of  Mil.  Terms. 

QUICK'NIJSS,  n.  1.  The  quality  of  being  quick; 
speed  ; velocity  ; celerity ; swiftness  Wilkins. 

2.  Activity  ; briskness  ; readiness  ; prompt- 
ness. “ Quickness  of  wit.”  Wotton. 

3.  Sharpness  ; pungency. 

A few  drops  tinge,  and  add  a proper  quickness.  Mortimer. 

Syn.—  Q « iclcness  and  activity  may  bo  displayed  by 
motions  on  the  same  spot ; celerity,  swiftness,  speed, 
Jlcetncss,  rapidity,  and  edacity  are  displayed  by  motion 
from  one  place  to  anomer.  Quickness  of  motion,  of 
apprehension,  or  hearing ; activity  of  body  or  mind  ; 
celerity  or  swiftness  of  motion  ; speed  of  a runner  ; 
fleetness  of  a horse  ; rapidity  of  a stream  ; velocity  of  a 
cannon  ball  or  of  lightning. 


QUICK'S  AND,  71.  Loose  or  moving  sand,  masses 
of  which  are  formed  on  many  sea-coasts,  and 
generally  at  the  mouths  of  rivers,  as  those  of 
the  Nile  and  Senegal;  loose  sand  into  which 
those  who  pass  over  it  are  apt  to  sink.  Drydeti. 

QUICK*— SCENT-ED,  a.  Having  keen  scent.  Hales. 

QUICK'SET,  v.  a.  To  plant  with  living  plants,  as 
a hedge.  Tasser. 

QUICK'SET,  71.  A living  plant,  as  a hawthorn, 
set  to  grow,  — especially  for  a hedge.  Evelyn. 


QUICK'SET,  a.  Composed  or  formed  of  living 
plants ; as,  “ A quickset  hedge.”  Forty. 

QUICK*— SIGHTED,  a.  Having  sharp  or  keen 
sight ; quick-eyed.  Be7itley. 

QUICK'-SfGHT'ED-NESS,  7i.  Sharpness  of  sight. 
“ The  quick-sightedtiess  of  an  eagle.”  Locke. 

QUICK'S!  L-VIJR,  n.  [quick  and  silver.)  A metal 
well  known  to  the  ancients,  found  in  various 
localities  native,  but  generally  combined  with 


sulphur,  as  cinnabar ; mercury  ; — so  named 
from  the  great  mobility  of  its  globules  and  its 
resemblance  in  color  to  silver. 

pgff’  Quicksilver,  or  mercury,  is  the  only  metal 
which  is  tluid  at  common  temperatures.  It  freezes  at 
3SP  Fahrenheit,  in  which  state  it  is  malleable  and 
sectile,  and  boils  at  662-*  Fall.  It  is  employed  exten- 
sively in  the  extraction  of  gold  and  silver  from  their 
ores,  and  in  the  construction  of  thermometers  and 
barometers,  and  its  amalgams  are  largely  used  in  the 
processes  of  silvering  and  gilding.  It  is  tire  heaviest 
of  liquids,  and  among  the  heaviest  of  metals,  it  being 
at  60°  Fall.  13.54  times  heavier  than  water.  Miller. 

QUICK'SlL-VJgRED  (-verd),  a.  1.  Overlaid  with 
an  amalgam  of  quicksilver  and  tin,  or  with  some 
other  amalgam  ; silvered.  Ncwtoti. 

2.  Partaking  of  the  nature  of  quicksilver. 

Those  nimble  and  quicksilvered  brains.  Sandys . 

QUICK'STEP,  n.  (Mil.  & Mas.)  A species  of 
march,  generally  written  in  two  crotchets  in  a 
bar  ; — so  called  because  it  forms  an  accompa- 
niment to  a brisk  motion.  Moore. 


QUICK'— WlT-TfJD,  a.  Having  ready  wit.  Shak. 

QUICK'-WlT'TED-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing quick-witted  ; readiness  of  wit.  Wright. 

QUID,  n.  Something  chewed  ; a cud.  [Low’.]  Pegge. 

QUID,  v.  a.  (Ma/i.)  To  drop,  as  food  when  partly 
chewed.  He7'bert. 

QUf I)Am,  n.  [L.]  Somebody;  some  one;  — 
used  to  express  an  unknown  person.  Bouvier. 

fQUID'DA-NY,  n.  [L.  cijdoncum,  quince-wine; 
Ger.  quitt-i,  a quince.]  Marmalade ; a confec- 
tion of  quinces  made  with  sugar.  Bailey. 

QUlD'DA-TI VE,  a.  Quidditative.  Wright. 


QUID'DIT,  71.  [Corrupted  from  L.  quidlibet,  any 
thing  you  please.]  A subtilty  ; an  equivocation. 
[Low.]  “ Where  be  his  quiddits  now  ? ” Shak. 

QUID'DI-TA-TIVE,  a.  [It.  quidditativo ; Sp. 
quiditativo.)  Constituting  the  essence  of  a 

thing.  J.  Davenport. 

QUID'DI-TY,  71.  [Low  L.  quidditas,  from  L.  quid, 
what ; It.  quiddith  ; Sp.  quididad  ; Fr.  quiddite.) 

1.  (Scholastic  Philosophy.)  That  which  dis- 

tinguishes a thing  from  other  things  and  makes 
it  what  it  is,  and  not  another  ; essence,  com- 
prehending both  the  substance  and  qualities ; 
the  answer  to  the  question,  quid  est  ? (what  is 
it  ?) ; — written  also  quidity.  Fleming. 

2.  A trifling  nicety ; a cavil ; a subtlety ; a 
quibble.  “ In  thy  quips  and  thy  quiddities.” Shak. 

QUID'DLE,  v.  7i.  [L.  quid,  what.]  To  be  busy 

about  trifles  ; to  piddle.  [Colloquial,  U.  S.] 

QUID  DLE,  / M One  who  busies  himself  about 

QUID'DLER,  ) trifles;  a trifler;  a piddler.  [Col- 
loquial, U.  S.] 

QUID'DLING,  71.  The  act  of  one  who  quiddles. 

QUID'NUNC,  7i.  [L.  quid,  what,  and  7iunc, 

now.]  One  who  is  continually  asking,  “What 
now  ? ” or,  “ What  news  ? ” ; one  who  is  anx- 
ious to  know  every  thing  .that  passes ; a gos- 
siper  : — a politician,  in  contempt.  Ge7it.  Mag. 

QUID  PRO  QUO.  [L .,  what  for  what.)  (Law.) 
Something  for  something ; that  which  is  given 
in  exchange  for,  or  done  in  consideration  of, 
another  thing ; an  equivalent.  Burrill. 

QUI-ESCE'  (kwl-es*),  v.  7i.  [L.  quiesco.)  To  be 

silent,  as  a letter  ; to  have  no  sound.  Wright. 


QUI-ES'CENCE,  ? 
QUl-ES'C^N-CY,  > 


n.  [L.  quiesce7itia ; quiesco, 
quiescens,  to  rest.] 

1.  A state  of  rest;  rest;  repose;  quiet;  qui- 
etude : tranquillity  ; stillness.  Glanvill. 

2.  Silence  ; want  of  sound.  Wright. 


QTT-ES'Cp.YT,  a.  [L.  quiesco,  quiescens  (Gr. 
Ki'tpai),  to  rest;  It.  quiescente  \ Fr.  quiescetit.) 

1.  Resting  ; being  at  rest  or  repose  ; not  being 
in  action  or  in  motion  ; not  moving ; quiet. 

Though  the  earth  move,  its  motion  must  needs  be  as  in- 
sensible  as  if  it  were  quiescent.  Glanvill. 

2.  Not  sounded;  silent;  as,  “A  quiescent 

letter.”  Wright. 

QUl-ES'CENT,  7i.  A silent  letter.  Wright. 

QUI-ES'C^NT-LY,  ad.  In  a quiescent  manner. 

QUl'f.T,  a.  [L.  quietus-,  quiesco,  quietum-,  It., 
Sp.,  <5f  Port,  quieto ; Fr.  quiet.) 


1.  Resting  or  staying  from  motion  ; still;  qui- 
escent; unmoved;  not  in  motion. 

They  . . . laid  wait  for  him  all  night  in  the  gate  of  the  city, 
and  were  quiet  all  night.  Judy.  xvi.  2. 

2.  Tranquil;  calm;  peaceful;  peaceable;  not 
turbulent ; silent ; free  from  disturbance. 

She  ended  all  her  woe  in  quiet  death.  Spenser. 

The  ornament  of  a meek  and  quiet  spirit.  1 Pet.  iii.  4. 

3.  Smooth  ; not  ruffled. 

Into  so  quiet  and  so  sweet  a style.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Calm. 

QUI'ET,  n . [L.  qities , quietism  It.  § Sp.  quietc.\ 

State  of  being  still  or  free  from  action  or  mo- 
tion ; freedom  from  disturbance  ; ease  ; rest ; 
repose  ; stillness  ; calmness  ; peace  ; security. 

Retirement,  rural  quiet , friendship,  books, 

Ease  and  alternate  labor,  useful  life.  Thomson . 

Secure  the  sacred  quiet  of  thy  mind.  Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Ease. 

QUl'p.T,  v.  a.  [i.  QUIETED  ; pp.  QUIETING,  qui- 
etedJ 

1.  To  put  to  rest,  or  to  bring  to  a state  of 
rest;  to  reduce  to  a state  of  repose;  to  still. 
“ Moving  or  quieting  corporeal  motion.”  Locke. 

2.  To  cause  to  be  calm  or  tranquil ; to  tran- 
quillize ; to  calm  ; to  pacify  ; to  lull. 

The  lowest  degree  of  faith  that  can  quiet  the  soul  of  man  is 
a firm  conviction  that  God  is  placable.  Forbes. 

Syn.  — See  Pacify. 

QUl'pT-ER,  n.  The  person  or  the  thing  that 
quiets.  Shak. 

QUI'IJT-ING,  7i.  A bringing  to  a state  of  rest, 
repose,  or  stillness.  Hall. 

QUI'ET-LSM,  7i.  (Eccl.  Hist.)  A name  applied  to 

the  opinions  of  a class  of  religionists  who  con- 
ceive the  great  object  of  religion  to  be  the  ab- 
sorption of  all  human  sentiments  and  passions 
into  devout  contemplation  and  love  of  God. 

fFtr"  A Spanish  priest,  called  Michael  Molinos,  in 
the  17tli  century,  first  embodied  the  principles  of  qui- 
etism in  bis  works,  which  were  condemned  at  Rome. 
Akin  to  tlie  ideas  of  Molinos  seem  to  have  been  those 
of  tile  French  Quietists.  P.  Cyc. 

QUl'ET-IST,  7i.  (Eccl.  Hist.)  A believer  in,  or 
an  adherent  to,  Quietism.  Buck. 

QUI-jp-TIS'TIC,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Quietists 
or  to  Quietism.  Wright. 

QUI'IJT-LY,  ad.  1.  In  a quiet  manner ; calmly; 
without  violent  emotion.  Bp.  Taylor. 

2.  Peaceably  ; without  disturbance  ; at  rest ; 
without  agitation.  JoJmson. 

The  rebels  bad  behaved  themselves  quietly.  Laron. 

QUI 'ET-NESS,  n.  1.  The  state  of  being  quiet,  still, 
or  free  from  action  or  motion. 

2.  Freedom  from  disturbance;  peace;  tran- 
quillity ; calmness.  “ Quietness  of  conscience.” 

What  miseries  have  both  nations  avoided,  and  what  quiet- 
ness and  security  attained,  by  their  peaceful  union ! Hayward . 

f QUI'IJT-OUS,  a.  Quiet ; peaceable.  Bale. 

t QUl'JJT-OUS-LY,  ad.  Quietly  ; peaceably.  Bale. 

f QUl'JgT-SOME,  a.  Quiet ; calm  ; still.  Spetiser. 

QUI'p-TUDE,  n.  [L.  quictudo  ; It.  quietudine ; 
Sp.  quietud;  Fr.  quietude.)  Rest;  repose; 
tranquillity  ; quiet. 

They  disturbed  her  repose  and  quietude  at  home.  Howell. 

QUl-E'TUS,  a.  [L.,  resting.)  (Old  Eng.  Law.) 
Freed;  acquitted;  discharged.  Wliishaw. 

QUI-E'TUS,  n.  Final  discharge;  complete  ac- 
quittance;— rest;  repose;  quiet:  — death. 

When  he  himself  might  his  quietus  make 

With  a bare  bodkin.  Shak. 

f QUlGHT  (kwit),  v.  a.  To  disengage.  Spetiser. 

QUlLL,  n.  [Ar.  kelem,  a reed  for  writing;  Gr. 
k ai.apo;,  a reed;  L.  calattius,  a reed.  — From  L*. 
caulis  (Gr.  uavl.ds),  a stalk,  or  from  calumny,  a 
reed.  Skintier.  Jimius. — Ir.  % Gael,  cuille. — 
Ger.  kicl.) 

1.  A large  and  strong  feather  of  the  wing  of  a 
goose  or  other  large  fowl;  — used  chiefly  for 
making  writing-pens  ; a pen. 

The  bill  [of  birds],  the  shell  of  the  egg,  and  their  quills.  Bacon. 

Those  lives  they  failed  to  rescue  by  their  skill 

Their  muse  would  make  immortal  with  her  quill.  Garth. 

2.  The  spine  or  dart  of  a porcupine.  Eng.  Cyc. 

3.  The  reed  on  which  weavers  wind  the  weft- 

yarn.  Simt/iotids. 


— THIS,  this. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — y,  (},  q,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  ^ as  z ; ? as  gz. 


QUILL 


1172 


QUINTAIN 


4.  An  instrument  with  which  a player  strikes 
the  chords  of  certain  stringed  instruments. 

His  flying  fingers  and  harmonious  quill.  Dryden. 

5.  Any  thing  in  the  form  of  a quill,  as  the 

plaited  fold  of  a ruff  or  ruffle.  Nares. 

QUILL,  v.  a.  \i.  quilled  ; pp.  quilling, 
QUILLED.] 

1.  To  plait ; to  form  in  plats  or  folds,  like 
quills.  “ Piece  of  white  linen  quilled.”  Addison. 

His  cravat  seemed  quilled  into  a ruff.  Goldsmith. 

2.  To  wind  on  the  quill,  as  weft-yarn.  Judd. 

QUILL'-BIT,  n.  {Carp.)  A kind  of  bit  for  boring 
wood.  Simmonds. 

QUILL'— DRIV-ER,  n.  A writer;  a scribbler.  Roget. 

QUIL'LgT,  n.  [L.  quilibet,  any  one;  quidlibet, 
any  thing.  Douce.  — For  quibblet,  a dim.  of 
quibble.  Bailey.']  Subtilty  ; nicety ; a scientific 
quibble  ; petty  cant ; quodlibet.  [it.]  Shak. 

QUILL'JNG,  n.  1.  The  act  of  winding  yarn  on  a 
weaver’s  quill.  Bartlett. 

2.  A narrow  bordering  of  net.  Simmonds. 

QUILL'— NIB,  n.  A small  pen  made  from  a quill, 
to  be  used  in  a holder.  Simmonds. 

QUILL' WORT  (-wiirt),  n.  ( Bot .)  A plant  of  the 
genus  Isoetes,  growing  at  the  bottom  of  ponds 
and  lakes  ; — so  called  from  its  long  cylindrical 
leaves.  Baird. 

QUILT,  n.  [L.  culcita,  a bed,  a cushion;  It.  col- 
trice,  coltre  ; Sp.  colcha.  — Gael,  cuilt.  — Rich- 
ardson says,  to  quilt  means  to  prick  or  stitch 
with  a pointed  instrument  [as  a quill] , and  a 
quilt  any  thing  so  stitched.]  A cover  or  cov- 
erlet made  by  stitching  one  cloth  over  another, 
with  some  soft  substance  between  them  ; an 
outer  bed-covering. 

The  beds  were  covered  with  magnificent  quilts.  Arbuthnot. 

QUILT,  V.  a.  [t.  QUILTED  ; pp.  QUILTING,  QUILT- 
ED.] To  stitch  as  one  cloth  upon  another,  with 
something  soft  between  them. 

Entellus  for  the  strife  prepares. 

Stripped  of  his  quilted  coat,  his  body  bares.  Dryden. 

QUILT,  v.  a.  To  swallow.  [Local,  Eng.]  Grose. 

QUILT'JgD,  p.  a.  Stitched  together  as  a quilt. 

QUILT’£R,  n.  One  who  quilts.  Booth. 

QUILT'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  quilts. 

2.  The  act  or  process  of  making  a quilt  by 
an  assemblage  of  women.  [Local,  U.  S.] 

3.  The  material  used  for  bed  covers,  &c. : — 

a padding  or  lining.  Simmonds. 

QUI  NA,  I [The  native  Peruvians  call  the 

QUlN'I-A,  ) trees  kina  or  kinken.  Eng.  Cyc.] 
{Med.)  Same  as  Quinine.  Dunglison. 

Extract  of  quinia,  a preparation  formed  by  evaporat- 
ing the  liquor  poured  off  the  crystals  of  sulphate  of 
quinia  to  the  consistence  of  a pilular  mass.  Dunglison. 

QIJI'NA-RY,  a.  [L .quinarius;  quinque,  five;  It. 
<Sf  Sp.  quinario ; Fr.  quinaire.]  Consisting  of 
five ; containing  five.  Boyle. 

QUI'NATE,  a.  (Bot.)  Noting  five  similar  parts 
arranged  together,  as  five  leaflets  in  a digitate 
leaf ; arranged  in  fives.  Henslow. 

QUINCE  (kwins),  n.  [Gr.  KoSihvtov  yrjl.ov,  Cydonian 
apple,  quince  ; from  Cydon,  a town  in  Crete  ; 
L.  cydonia  ; It.  cotogna  ; Fr.  coing.  — Ger. 
quitte ; Dan.  grade ; Sw.  qvitten.]  (Bot.)  A 
small  tree  of  many  varieties,  with  dark,  smooth 
branches,  oval  leaves  white  and  cottony  under- 
neath, large  handsome  flowers,  and  large  fleshy 
fruit  of  an  austere  taste  and  a peculiar  fra- 
grance; Cydonia  vulgaris  : — the  fruit  of  the 
Cydonia  vulgaris,  of  which  jellies  and  conserves 
are  made,  and  the  seeds  of  which  yield  a muci- 
lage used  by  perfumers  and  hair-dressers,  and  in 
medicine.  Baird. 

QUINCE'— PIE,  n.  A pie  made  of  quinces.  Butler. 

QUINCE'— TREE,  71.  (Bot.)  The  tree  which  pro- 
duces the  fruit  called  quince  ; Cydonia  vulgaris. 
— See  Quince.  Eng.  Cyc. 

F QUINCH,  v.  n.  [Said  to  be  the  same  word  as 
quick,  but  more  probably  it  is  wink,  wince,  icinst. 
Richardson .]  To  stir  ; to  flinch.  Spenser. 

QUlN'ClTE,  n.  (Min.)  A mineral  composed  of 
silica,  magnesia,  protoxide  of  iron,  and  water, 
and  found  near  Quincey,  France,  in  light,  car- 


mine-red particles  disseminated  through  a lime- 
stone deposit.  Dana. 

QUlN-CUN'CIAL  (kwln-kun'sh?l),  a.  [L.  quincun- 
cialis.] 

1.  Having  the  form  of  a quincunx. 

Manner  of  chequer  row  called  quincuncial.  Holland. 

2.  (Bot.)  Noting  the  parts  of  a flower  ar- 
ranged in  a quincunx.  — See  Quincunx,  No.  3. 

QUlN-CUN'CIAL-LY,  ad.  In  a quincuncial  man- 
ner or  order.  Browne. 

QUIN'CUNX  (kwin'kungks),  n. ; pi.  L.  quIn' oun- 
ce.? ; Eng.  QuiN'crwx-E§.  [L.  quincunx ; quinque, 
five,  and  uncia  (Gr.  ovynia),  an  ounce.  — The 
quincunx,  or  piece  of  five  ounces,  was  distin- 
guished by  five  small  balls  to  represent  its  value. 
IF.  Smith.] 

1.  An  order  or  arrangement  of  any  % $ 
thing,  as  trees  in  a square,  one  being  i). 
placed  at  each  corner  and  one  in  the  y.  $ 
middle ; — also  an  arrangement  of  any 
thing  in  rows,  as  trees,  so  that  those  in  each 
row  are  opposite  the  centre  of  the  interval  be- 
tween the  adjoining  two 

in  the  right  hand  and  left  ^ **  ^ 

hand  rows.  * * * * - * » 

2.  (Astrol.)  The  posi-  sf  j-t  ^ ^ 
tion  or  aspect  of  the 

planets  when  their  dis- 
tance from  each  other  is  five  signs,  or  five 
twelfths  of  a circle,  that  is,  150  degrees.  Hutton. 

3.  (Bot.)  A term  applied  to  parts  of  the  flow- 

er in  estivation,  or  of  the  foliage  in  vernation 
when  the  pieces  are  five  in  number,  of  which 
two  are  exterior,  two  interior,  and  the  fifth  cov- 
ers the  interior  with  one  margin  and  has  its 
other  margin  covered  by  the  exterior,  as  in  the 
genus  Rosa.  Lindley. 

QUlN-DEC'A-GON,  n.  [L.  quinque,  five,  Gr.  i5f'/cn, 
ten,  and  yuvia,  angle.]  (Geom.)  A plane  figure, 
with  fifteen  angles  and  fifteen  sides.  Davies. 

QUIN-DE-CEM ' FIR,  n. ; pi.  L.  quin-de-cRm1- 
vi-rI  ; Eng.  quIn-de  cem'virs.  [L.  quinde- 
cimvir,  from  quinque,  five,  decern,  ten,  and  vir, 
a man.]  ( Roman  Ant.)  One  of  a body  of  fif- 
teen persons  who  had  the  care  of  the  Sibylline 
books.  IF.  Smith. 

QUIN-DE-CEM'VI-R ATE,  n.  [L.  quindecimvira- 
tus.\  The  body,  office,  or  dignity  of  the  quin- 
decemviri.  Wright. 

f QUIN'np-ClM,  n.  [L.  quindecim,  fifteen.]  A 
fifteenth  part  of  any  thing.  J.  Fox. 

fQUIN'DfhM,  n.  Quindecim.  Fabyan. 

f QUIN'DLf M,  n.  Quindecim.  Prynne. 

QUI-NlNE',  or  QUIN'INE  [kwe-nln',  Sm. ; kwin'- 
In,  K. ; kwl'nln,  Wb.],  n.  [Fr.]  (Med.)  An 
alkaline  substance  of  a bitter  taste,  obtained 
from  different  species  of  Cinchona,  but  chiefly 
from  the  yellow  bark  of  Cinchona  pubescens,  or 
Cinchona  cordifolia,  and  forming  the  base  of 
certain  salts  used  in  medicine  : — a name  some- 
times applied  also  to  sulphate  of  quinine,  or  sul- 
phate of  quinia.  Brande. 

Sulphate  of  quinine,  or  sulphate  of  quinia,  a salt  crys- 
tallizing in  snow-white,  light,  efflorescent  needles, 
sparingly  soluble  in  water,  and  composed  of  sulphuric 
acid,  quinine,  and  water,  extensively  used  in  medi- 
cine as  atonic  and  febrifuge;  — called  also  disulphate 
of  quinia,  and  popularly  quinine.  Miller. 

QUIN'IN-LjjM,  n.  (Med.)  The  aggregate  of  ence- 
phalic or  neuropathic  phenomena  induced  by 
over  doses  of  quinia.  Dunglison. 

QUIN-OI'DINE,  n.  (Chem.)  An  uncrystallizable, 
resinous  substance  contained  in  the  mother 
liquors  from  which  the  salts  of  quinia  have  been 
crystallized,  being  a mixture  of  several  basic 
compounds,  among  which  are  all  the  alkaloids 
of  the  cinchona  bark.  Miller. 

QUIN- QUA- qES’I-MA,  a.  [L.,  a fiftieth.]  Not- 
ing the  seventh  Sunday  (called  also  Shrove 
Sunday),  and  about  the  fiftieth  day,  before 
Easter.  Brande. 

QUIN-QUAN'GU-LAR,  a.  [L.  qninquangulus ; 
quinque,  five,  and  angulus,  an  angle.]  Having 
five  angles  or  corners  ; five-cornered.  Woodward. 

QUlN-QUAR-TlC'U-LAR,  a.  [L.  quinque,  five, 
and  articulus,  a joint.]  Consisting  of  five  arti- 
cles, or  of  five  points,  [it.]  Sanderson. 


5-DEN  TyTE,  I a_  [L.  quinque,  five, 
5-DEN'TAT-pD,  ) and  dens,  dentis,  a 


QUIN-QUE-AN'GLED  (-dng'gld),  a.  Quinquangu- 
lar.  Hutton. 

QUIN-QUP-CAP'SU-LAR,  a.  [L.  quinque,  five, 
and  capsula,  a small  box.]  (Bot.)  Having  five 
capsules.  Wright. 

QUIN-QU  f -DEN'TATE, 

QUIN-QUE- 
tooth.]  (Bot.)  Having  five  teeth  or  indenta- 
tions ; five-toothed.  Pennant. 

QUIN-QUU-FA'RI-OUS,  a.  [L.  quinque,  five.] 
(Bot.)  Disposed  longitudinally  in  five  rows ; 
five-ranked.  Gray. 

QUIN'QUP-FID,  a.  [L.  quinquefidus  : quinque, 
five,  and  findo,fidi,  to  cleave.]  (Bot.)  Cleft  in- 
to five  segments  to  the  middle  of  the  blade  or 
somewhat  deeper,  as  a leaf ; five-cleft.  Wright. 

QUIN-QUS-FO'LI-ATE,  ) a.  [L.  quinque,  five, 

QUIN-QUE-FO'LI-AT-FD,  > and  folium,  a leaf.] 
(Bot.)  Having  five  leaflets.  Gray. 

QUIN-QUJJ-LIT'IJR-AL,  a.  [L .quinque,  five,  and 
litera,  a letter.]  Consisting  of  five  letters. 

QUIN-QUE-LO'BATE,  > a.  (Bot.)  Having 

QUIN'QUE-LOBED  (-lobd),  ) ftve  lobes.  Eng.  Cyc. 

QUlN-QUE-LOC'U-LAR,  a.  [L.  quinque,  five,  and 
dim.  of  locus,  a place.]  (Bot.)  Having  five  cells, 
or  compartments,  as  a pericarp.  Eng.  Cyc. 

QUIN'QUIJ— NERVED  (-nervd),  a.  [L.  quinque, 
five,  and  nervus,  a nerve.]  (Bot.)  Noting  the 
primary  nerves  of  a leaf  when  they  are  four  in 
number,  and  so  branch  off  from  the  base  of  the 
limb,  that  (including  the  mid-nerve)  it  becomes 
furnished  with  five  ribs.  Henslow. 

QUIN-QUF.N-NA  ’ LI-A,  n.  (Roman  Ant.)  Public 
games  instituted  by  Nero,  and  celebrated  at  the 
end  of  every  four  years.  IF.  Smith. 

QUIN-QUEN'NI-AL  (kwjn-kwen'ne-jl),  a.  [L. 
quinquennis ; quinque,  five,  and  annus,  a year.] 
Lasting  five  years,  or  occurring  or  taking  place 
once  in  five  years. 

A quinquennial  festival  in  the  Isle  of  Delos.  Potter. 

QUIN-QUEN’NI-ilM,  n.  [L.]  The  space  of  five 
years.  For.  Qit.  Rev. 

QUIN-QUEP'AR-TlTE,  a.  [L.  quinquepartitus  ; 
quinque , five,  and  pars,  partis,  a part.]  Divid- 
ed into  five  parts.  Loudon. 

QUIN'QUg-REME,  n.  [L.  quinqueremis ; quinque, 
five,  and  remus,  an  oar.]  A galley  having  five 
seats  or  banks  of  oars.  Brande. 

QUIN-QUJg-SYL'LA-BLE,  n.  [L.  quinque,  five, 
and  Gr.  mhldfq,  a syllable.]  A word  of  five 
syllables.  Oswald. 

QUIN'QUE-VALVE,  n.  [L.  quinque,  five,  and 
valvar,  valves.]  A shell  with  five  valves.  Jodrell. 

QUIN'QUy-vAl.VE,  \a  Having  five  valves. 

QUIN-QUE-VAL'VU-LAR,  ) Eng.  Cyc. 

QUIN1  QUF.-F1R,  n.  ; pi.  L.  quin-quev  ' i-rI  ; 
Eng.  quin'que-virs.  [!».,  from  quinque,  five, 
and  vir,  a man.]  ( Roman  Ant.)  One  of  five 
commissioners  frequently  appointed  under  the 
republic  as  extraordinary  magistrates  to  carry 
any  measure  into  effect.  IF.  Smith. 

QIJIN-QUl'NA,  n.  A bark  obtained  from  several 
species  of  cinchona  ; — called  also  Peruvian  bark, 
and  Jesuit's  bark.  — See  Cinchona.  Brande. 

QUINSY  (kwln'ze),  n.  [Gr.  Kwhy-gp,  a dog-throt- 
tling, a sore  throat;  k(iu>v,  a dog,  and  dy^w,  to 
throttle  ; Low  L.  cynanche  ; It.  squinanzia  ; Sp. 
esquinancia  ; Fr.  esquinancie.]  (Med.)  Inflam- 
mation of  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  fauces 
and  especially  of  the  tonsils,  generally  termi- 
nating in  resolution  or  suppuration,  but  some- 
times producing  suffocation  ; — written  also 
quinsey,  — formerly  squinancy.  Dunglison. 

QUINT  (kwlnt),  n.  [L.  quintus,  the  fifth  ; Fr. 
quinte. ] A set  or  suit  of  five,  as  of  five  cards  of 
the  same  color  in  piquet.  Hudibras. 

QUIN'TAIN,  n.  [Low  L.  <Sf  It.  quintana ; Fr. 
quintaine.  — W.  gwyntyn,  a vane.  P.  Roberts.] 
A figure  set  up  for  (ilters  to  run  at ; — written 
also  quintin,  and  quintel. 

PUf-  It  was  constructed  in  various  ways,  but  usually 
consisted  of  a cross-bar  turning  upon  a pole  having  a 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  l,  6,  U,  t,  short;  A,  5,  ),  O,  y,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  fAr,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


QUINTAL 


1173 


QUITTAL 


broad  board  at  one  end,  and  a bag  full  of  sand  hang- 
ing at  the  other  ; the  play  was  to  ride  against  the 
broad  end  with  a lance,  and  pass  by  before  the  sand- 
bag, coming  round,  should  strike  the  tiller  on  the 
back.  Feltham. 

QUIN'TAL,  n.  [L.  centum , a hundred;  It.  quin- 
tale  ; Sp.  4 Fr.  quintal .]  A gross  weight  which 
in  general"  consists  of  100  lbs.,  but  originally  of 
112  lbs.  Simmonds.  Braude. 

fQUIN'TA-LINE,  n.  A quintal.  Hackluyt. 

QUIN'TAN,  n.  [L.  quintanus,  belonging  to  the 
fifth  ; quinque , five.]  (Med.)  A fever  the  par- 
oxysms of  which  return  only  every  five  days  in- 
clusively. Dunglison. 

t QUIN'TEL,  n.  A quintain.  — See  Quintain. 

Thy  wakes,  thy  quintets,  here  thou  hast. 

Thy  May-poles,  too,  with  garlands  graced.  Herrick. 

QUIN'TpR-ON,  n.  A quintroon.  Dunglison. 

QUIN-TES'S{1NCE,  or  QUIN'T^S-SENCE  [kwjn- 
tes'sens , Ja.  K.  Sm.  R.  C.  Wb.  Ash,  Rees,  Wr.\ 
kwln'tes-sens,  S.  P.  J.  E.  F.  ; kwln'tes-sens  or 
kwin-tes'sens,  IF.],  n.  [L.  quinta,  fifth,  and  es- 
sentia, essence;  It.  quintessenza;  Fr.  quintes- 
sence.] 

1.  (Alchemy.)  A term  denoting  the  fifth  and 

last,  or  highest  and  most  subtile,  essence  of  any 
natural  body.  Crabb. 

2.  An  extract  from  any  thing  containing, 
within  a small  compass,  its  virtues  or  that 
which  is  most  excellent;  essential  part ; essence. 

Were  all  books  reduced  to  their  quintessence,  many  a bulky 
author  would  make  his  appearance  in  a penny  paper./lr/t/iso/i. 

3.  (Med.  & Chem.)  A term  formerly  applied 
to  alcohol  impregnated  with  the  principles  of 
some  drug,  or  the  essential  oil  of  some  vegetable 
substance  ; alcoholic  tincture  or  essence  ; — the 
most  volatile  principle  of  any  body.  Dunglison. 

QUiN'TUS-SENCED  (-s«nsd),  a.  Having  thequin- 
tessence  alone  remaining.  Stirling. 

QUIN-TES  SEN'TIAL,  a.  Consisting  of,  or  re- 
duced to,  the  quintessence. 

The  pure  quintessential  matter  of  the  Bky.  Bp.  Hall. 

QUIN-TI3S-TER'NAL,  n.  (Anat.)  The  fifth  osse- 
ous portion  of  the  sternum.  Dunglison. 

QUIN'T$T,n.  [It.  quintetto , from  L.  quinque,  five.] 
(Mus.)  A vocal  or  an  instrumental  composition 
in  five  obbligato  parts,  in  which  each  part  is  per- 
formed by  a single  voice  or  instrument.  Moore. 

QUIN-TET ' TO,  n.  [It.]  (Mus.)  See  Quintet. 

QUIN'TILE,  n.  [L.  quinque,  five ; Fr.  quintil.] 
(Astrol.  & Astron.)  An  aspect  of  the  planets 
when  their  distance  from'  each  other  is  a fifth  part 
of  the  zodiac,  or  seventy-two  degrees.  Hutton. 

QUIN-TIllTON,  n.  [Fr.  quintillion,  from  L. 
quinque,  five.]  A number  expressed,  according 
to  the  English  notation,  by  a unit  with  thirty 
ciphers  annexed,  and  according  to  the  French 
notation,  in  common  use  on  the  Continent  and 
in  the  United  States,  by  a unit  with  eighteen 
ciphers  annexed.  Greenleaf. 

QUIN'T(N,  n.  See  Quintain.  B.  Jonson. 

QUIN 'TINE,  n.  (Hof.)  The  fifth  and  innermost 
envelope  of  the  ovule  in  some  plants.  Lindley. 

QUINT-ROOK',  n.  The  offspring  of  a white  man 
by  a mustiphini,  or  woman  who  has  one  six- 
teenth part  of  negro  blood.  Booth. 

QUIN'TU-PLE  (kwin'tu-pl),  a.  [L.  quintuplex ; 
It.  4 Sp.  quintuplo  ; Fr.  quintuple .] 

1.  Fivefold.  Graiint. 

2.  (Mus.)  Noting  a species  of  time  now  sel- 
dom used,  containing  five  parts  in  a bar.  Brande. 

QUIN'TU-PLE,  v.  a.  To  make  fivefold.  Coleridge. 

QUIN'TU-PLED,  a.  1.  Increased  fivefold. 

2.  (Bot.)  Applied  to  an  arrangement  which 
is  a multiple  of  five.  Henslow. 

QUIN'TU-PLE— NERVED  (kwin'tu-pl-nervd),  a. 
(Bot.)  Noting  leaves  the  midrib  of  which  gives 
off  two  strong  primary  veins  or  branches  on  each 
side  above  the  base.  Gray. 

QUIN'TU-PLE-RIBBED  (kwln'tu-pl-ribd),  a.  (Bot.) 
Quintuple-nerved.  Gray. 

QUIN'ZAINE,  n.  (Chron.)  The  fourteenth  day 
after  a feast-day,  or  the  fifteenth  if  the  day  of 
the  feast  be  included.  Brande. 


QUIP  (kwlp),  n.  [From  Eng.  whip  (A.  S.  hweod- 
pan,  to  whip).  Junius.  — Quibble  is  more  proba- 
bly a corruption  of  quidlibet  (any  thing  you 
please),  and  quip  a further  corruption  of  quib- 
ble. Richardson.]  A sharp  or  smart  and  sar- 
castic saying ; a sharp  jest ; a taunt ; a quirk  ; 
a jibe  ; a banter  ; a rally.  Shah. 

Quips , and  cranks,  and  wanton  wiles, 

Nods,  and  becks,  and  wreathed  smiles.  Hilton. 

QUIP,  v.  a.  To  cut  with  some  sharp  or  sarcastic 
saying  ; to  rally  with  bitter  sarcasm  ; to  taunt. 

The  more  he  laughs  and  does  her  closely  quip 

To  see  her  sore  lament  and  bite  her  tender  lip.  Spenser. 

QUIP,  v.  n.  To  scoff;  to  mock  ; to  jeer.  “Prone 
to  quip  and  gird.”  Sir  H.  Sidney. 

QUI'PO  (ke'po),  n.  ; pi.  qu!'po§.  [Sp.]  Cords 
having  various  colors  and  knots,  used  by  the 

' ancient  Peruvians,  Mexicans,  &c.,  chiefly  for 
records  and  accounts.  Robertson. 

The  most  imperfect  writing  are  the  knotted  ropes,  in  Mex- 
ico, called  quipos,  which,  in  America  and  in  China,  were  em- 
ployed to  convey  the  will  of  sovereigns  to  distant  provinces, 
and  to  assist  generally  in  social  intercourse.  Prof.  De  Vere. 

QUIRE  (kwlr),  n.  [Gr.  %°phs ; L.  chorus',  It.  4 Sp. 
coj'o  ; Fr.  chceur.] 

1.  A company  of  singers,  especially  in  church 
service. 

And  all  the  quire  of  birds  did  sweetly  sing.  Spenser. 

2.  The  place  in  a church  where  the  music 
is  performed  or  the  service  sung.  — See  Chorus, 
and  Choir. 

And  wolves  with  howling  fill  the  sacred  quires.  Pope. 

QUIRE,  n.  [Fr.  cahier,  a book  of  loose  sheets.] 
Twenty-four  sheets  of  paper.  Greenleaf. 

QUIRE,  v.  n.  To  sing  as  in  a choir;  to  sing  in 
concert.  Shah. 

Ql.'l R'IS-TER,  n.  A chorister.  Thompson. 

f QUiR-I-TA'TION,  «.  [L.  quiritatio.]  A calling 

or  imploring  for  help.  Bp.  Hall. 

QUIR'ITE,  n.  One  of  the  Quirites.  IF.  Smith. 

Q UI- Rl 1 TE§,  n.  pi.  [L.]  Roman  citizens. 

fjgg“  After  the  union  of  the  Sabines  and  Romans, 
the  latter  called  themselves,  in  a civil  capacity,  Qui- 
rites, while,  in  a political  and  military  capacity,  they 
retained  the  name  of  Romani.  It.  Smith. 


QUIRK  (kwerk),  n.  \ Skinner  suggests  the  Ger. 
zuerch,  across,  awry,  which  is  the  A.  S.  thweorh, 
past  part,  of  thweorian,  to  wrest.  Richardson. 
— It  may  be  from  jerk  or  yerk.  Todd.] 

1.  A twist  or  turn  from  the  straight  or  right 
course:  — an  artful  or  subtle  evasion  ; a subtle- 
ty ; an  artful  distinction  ; a quibble  ; a conceit. 
There  are  a thousand  quirks  to  avoid  the  stroke  of  the  law. 

L Estrange. 

2.  A quick  stroke  ; a sharp  fit. 

I ’ve  felt  60  many  quirks  of  joy  and  grief.  Shak. 

3.  A smart  saying  ; a sharp  retort ; a taunt. 

1 may-  chance  have  some  odd  quirks  and  remnants  of  wit 
broken  on  me.  Shak. 

4.  f A flight  of  fancy. 

One  that  excels  the  quirks  of  blazoning  pens.  Shak. 

5.  An  irregular  or  broken  tune. 

Light  quirks  of  music  broken  and  uneven.  Pope. 

6.  In  building,  a piece  of  ground  cut  off  from 

a regular  ground-plot  or  floor,  as  for  a court  or 
yard.  Bailey. 

7.  (Arch.)  A small  acute  channel  or  recess 

used  between  mouldings,  especially  in  Gothic 
architecture.  Weale. 

Quir/c  moulding  or  quirked  moulding,  (Arch.)  a 
moulding  the  convexity  of  which  is  sudden,  being  in 
the  form  of  a conic  section.  Brande. 


QUIRK,  v.  a.  To  form  or  furnish  with  a quirk  or 
small  channel. 

In  Grecian  architecture,  ovolos  and  ogees  are  usually 
quirked  at  the  top.  . Weale. 

QUIRKED,  a.  Furnished  with  a quirk. 


QUIRKTSH,  a.  1.  Consisting  of  quirks  or  subtle 
evasions.  Barrow. 

2.  Resembling  a quirk.  Wright. 


QUIS-CA-LI'JYJE,  n. 
pi.  (Ornith.)  A 
sub-family  of  coni- 
rostral  birds  of  the 
order  Passeres  and 
family  Sturnidce ; 
boat-tails.  Gray. 


Scolecophagus  ferrugineus. 


QUISH,  n.  Armor  for  the  thigh;  cuish.  [r.]  Hall. 


f QUiSH'^N,  n.  Cushion.  Chaucer. 

QUIT  (kwit),  v.  a.  [L.  quieto,  to  make  quiet ; qui- 
etus, quiet ; It.  quitarc ; Sp.  quitar ; Fr.  quitter. 

— Dut.  quitteren  ; Dan.  qmttere  ; S w.  qv/ittera.  — 
Quit  is  used  in  the  sense  of  pay,  either  because 
the  payment,  of  a debt  quiets  the  creditor,  or 
rather,  as  Menage  says  [also  Richardson ],  be- 
cause he  who  has  paid  his  debts  is  quiet.  Sulli- 
van.] \i.  QUITTED  or  QUIT  ; pp.  QUITTING, 
QUITTED,  or  QUIT.] 

1.  To  clear;  to  free  or  set  free;  to  deliver; 

— sometimes  used  with  the  reflexive  pronoun. 

To  quit  you  of  this  fear,  you  have  already  looked  death  in 

the  face,  what  have  you  found  so  terrible  in  it?  Wake. 

The  owner  of  the  ox  shall  be  quit.  Exod.  xxi.  28. 

2.  To  pay  or  discharge  as  a debt.  “So  much 

as  to  quit  their  charges.”  [r.]  Hooker. 

Still  I shall  hear  and  never  quit  the  score.  Dry  dm. 

3.  To  discharge  from  a debtor  obligation  ; to 
pay  as  a person  ; to  acquit ; to  release  ; to  ab- 
solve. 

Before  that  Judge  that  quits  each  soul  his  hire.  Fairfax. 

4.  To  requite;  to  repay,  [r.] 

Edmund,  enkindle  all  the  sparks  of  nature 

To  (piit  this  horrid  act.  Shak. 

5.  To  leave;  to  go  away  from;  to  depart 

from: — to  desert;  to  abandon;  to  forsake. 
“ Avaunt ! quit  my  sight.”  Shak. 

Such  a superficial  way  of  examining  is  to  quit  truth  for 
appearance,  only  to  serve  our  vanity.  Locke. 

6.  To  resign  ; to  give  up  ; to  relinquish. 

Quitted  his  title  to  Campaspe’s  charms.  Prior. 

7.  To  carry  through  ; to  perform. 

Never  worthy  prince  a day  did  quit 

With  greater  hazard  and  with  more  renown.  Daniel. 

To  he  quit  with , to  be  even  with.  “ I shall  be  quit 
with  thee.”  Denham. — To  quit  scores,  to  discharge 
from  mutual  obligations  ; to  settle  mutual  accounts. 
South. 

Syn.  — See  Abandon. 

QUIT,  a.  Free;  clear;  discharged;  released; 
acquitted  ; absolved.  Burrill. 

QVl  TAM,  a.  [L.  qui,  who,  and  tarn,  equally.] 
(Law.)  An  action  brought  by  an  informer,  where 
part  of  the  penalty  or  forfeiture  is  given  to  the 
king,  to  the  state,  the  poor,  or  to  some  public 
use,  and  the  other  part  to  the  informer;  — so 
termed  from  the  emphatic  words  of  the  clause 
in  which  the  plaintiff  was  described  in  the  old 
forms.  Burrill. 

QUITCH'-GRAss.tc.  (Bot.)  Quick. —See  Quick, 
No.  4.“  Quitch-grass  or  other  weeds. "Mortimer. 

QUIT'CLAIM,  n.  [Nor.  Fr.  quiteclamaunce.] 
(Law.)  The  release  or  relinquishment  of  a 
claim:  — a deed  by  which  some  right,  title,  in- 
terest, or  claim  which  one  person  has,  or  is 
supposed  to  have,  in  or  to  an  estate  held  by 
another,  is  released  or  relinquished.  Burrill. 

QUIT'CLA  IM,  v.  a.  [i.  quitclaimed  ; pp.  quit- 
claiming, quitclaimed.]  To  release  or  yield 
up  by  quitclaim.  Todd. 

QUITE  (kwit),  ad.  [Fr.  quitte,  quit,  clear  ; quitle- 
ment,  entirely.] 

1.  Completely ; perfectly  ; totally ; entirely. 

The  same  actions  may  be  aimed  at  different  ends,  and 
arise  from  quite  contrary  principles.  Addison. 

2.  In  a great  degree  ; very. 

The  method  of  punctuation  which  consists  in  dashes  is 
quite  a modern  invention.  H.  H.  Breen. 

jftQr-  Tlic  first  definition  of  quite  is  that  of  Johnson, 
and  it  is  its  proper  meaning,  and  accords  with  the 
best  English  usage ; yet  it  is  often  used,  in  this  coun- 
try, in  the  sense  of  very ; as,  “ Quite  warm,”  “ Quite 
cold  ”;  and  it  is  sometimes  so  used  by  English  writ- 
ers ; as,  “ Quite  recent,”  Ec.  Rev. , “ Quite  extraor- 
dinary,” McCulloch. 

QUIT'— RENT,  n.  ( Law .)  A yearly  rent  by  the 
payment  of  which  the  tenant  goes  quit  and  free 
of  all  other  services. 

In  some  of  the  United  States,  a fee  farm  rent 
is  so  termed.  Burrill. 

QUITS,  interj.  An  exclamation  implying  that 
claims  are  settled  and  parties  are  even. 

QUIT'TA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  quit,  left,  or 
relinquished^ 

Securing  a place  which  is  not  quittable  on  the  change  of 
administration.  JlarkTand. 

t QUIT'TAL,  n.  Return;  repayment;  requital. 

As  in  revenge  or  quittat  of  such  strife.  Shak. 


MIEN,  SIR; 


MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  ROLE.—  (j,  9,  f,  soft;  G,  G,  £,  g, 


hard;  § as  z;  3C  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


1174 


QUITTANCE 


QUO  WARRANTO 


QUIT'TANCE,  n.  [Fr.]  1.  A discharge  from  a 
debt  or  obligation ; an  acquittance,  [it.]  Shak. 

2.  Recompense  ; return  ; repayment. 

We  shall  forget  the  office  of  our  hand 

Sooner  than  quittance  of  desert  and  merit.  Shak. 

t QUIT'TANCE,  v.  a.  To  repay;  to  recompense. 

As  fitting  best  to  quittance  their  deceit.  Shak. 

QUIT'TER,  n.  1.  One  who  quits. 

2.  f A deliverer.  Ainsworth. 

3.  Scoria  of  tin.  Ainsworth. 

4.  (Farriery.)  An  ulcer  formed  between  the 

hair  and  hoof,  usually  on  the  inside  quarter  of 
a horse’s  foot.  Farm.  Ehcy. 

QUIT'TpR-BONE,  n.  (Farriery.)  A hard,  round 
swelling  upon  the  coronet,  between  a horse’s 
heel  and  the  quarter.  Farrier’s  Diet. 

QUIVER,  n.  [Fr.  couvrir,  to  cover.]  A case  or 
sheath  for  arrows. 

When,  spite  of  woods,  nnd  floods,  end  ambushed  men, 

I bore  thee,  like  the  quiver,  on  my  back.  Campbell. 

fQUlV'lJR,  a.  [Goth,  quivan.]  Nimble;  active. 
“ A little  quiver  fellow.”  Shak. 

QUIV'SR,  v.  n.  [See  Quaver.]  [i.  quivered; 
pp.  QUIVERING,  QUIVERED.] 

1.  To  quake  ; to  quaver  ; to  move  tremulous- 
ly ; to  be  agitated  with  tremulous  motion. 

My  shaft  shall  quiver  in  his  heart.  W.  Scott. 

Bind  the  aspen  ne’er  to  quiver , 

Then  bind  love  to  last  for  ever.  Campbell. 

2.  To  shake  as  with  tremor  ; to  tremble  ; to 

shiver  ; to  shudder.  Sidney. 

QUIVERED  (kwlv’erd),  a.  1.  Furnished  with  a 
quiver.  “ A quivered  nymph.”  Milton. 

2.  Sheathed  in,  or  as  in,  a quiver.  Pope. 

QUIV'IJR-ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  quivers  or 
trembles ; a tremulous  motion. 

auiV'JpR-ING,  p.  a.  Trembling  ; waving  or  play- 
ing with  a tremulous  motion. 

The  silver  light,  with  quivering  glance, 

Played  on  the  water’s  still  expanse.  W.  Scott. 

QUlV'pR-ING-LY,  ad.  In  a trembling  manner. 

QUI  VIVE  (ke-vev').  [Fr.  qui  live ; qui,  who,  and 
virre,  to  live.]  The  cry  of  a French  sentinel 
when  he  hears  a noise ; who  goes  there  ? 

To  be  on  the  qui  vine,  to  be  very  attentive  to  that 
which  passes,  as  a sentinel ; to  be  on  the  alert.  Landuis. 

QUIX-OT'IC,  a.  Like  Don  Quixote,  or  his  ex- 
ploits ; aiming  at  an  extravagant  ideal  stan- 
dard ; absurdly  romantic  ; visionary.  Qtt.  Rev. 

QUIX'OT-IijM,  n.  Romantic  and  absurd  notions 
or  actions,  like  those  of  Don  Quixote,  the  cele- 
brated hero  in  a novel  of  Cervantes.  Smart. 

QUlX'dT-RY,  n.  Quixotism.  Scott. 

QUIZ,  n.  1.  Something  designed  to  puzzle;  a 
hoax;  a joke;  a jest.  Gent.  May. 

2.  One  who  quizzes;  a jester  ; a buffoon  : — 
an  odd  fellow.  [Colloquial  and  low.]  Smart. 

Itg““All  these  words  [quiz  and  its  derivatives], 
which  occur  only  in  vulgar  or  colloquial  use,  and 
which  Webster  traces  to  learned  roots,  [Norm,  quit, 
quiz,  sought  ; Sp.  qutsicoso  ; — from  the  root  of  ques- 
tion j,  originated  in  a joke.  Daly,  the  manager  of  a 
Dublin  play-house,  wagered  that  a word  of  no  mean- 
ing should  be  the  common  talk  and  puzzle  of  the 
city  in  twenty-four  hours  ; in  the  course  of  that  time, 
the  letters  Quiz  were  chalked  or  pasted  on  all  the 
walls  of  Dublin,  with  an  effect  that  won  the  wager.” 
Smart. 

QUIZ, v.  a.  [i.  quizzed;  pp.  quizzing,  quizzed.] 

1.  To  puzzle  ; to  question  with  pretended 

seriousness  with  a view  to  make  sport  of ; to 
talk  to  puzzlingly  or  oddly,  so  as  to  hold  up  to 
ridicule  ; to  mock  with  pretended  seriousness  of 
discourse.  Sydney  Smith. 

2.  To  examine  narrowly  with  an  air  of  mock- 
ery. Smart. 

QUIZ'ZIJR,  n.  One  who  quizzes.  Wilherforce. 

QUIZ'ZI-CAL,  a.  Relating  tc,  or  containing,  a 
quiz  or  hoax  ; farcical.  [Colloquial.]  White. 

QIJIZ'ZING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  quizzes;  the 
act  of  mocking  by  a narrow  examination,  or  by 
pretended  seriousness  of  discourse.  Smart. 

QIJIZ'ZING,  p.  a.  1.  Imposing  upon  by  talk  or 
by  questions  so  as  to  make  an  object  of  sport. 

2.  Fitted  for  quizzing.  Smart. 

QUiZ'ZING-GLASS,  n.  A small  eye-glass.  Smart. 

QUlZ'ZlsM,  n.  Practice  of  quizzing.  Wilherforce. 


QUO' Ad  HOC.  [L.  quoad,  as  to,  and  hoc, 
tins.]  (Law.)  As  to  this  ; as  far  as  this  is  con- 
cerned ; — used  in  pleadings  to  signify  that,  as  to 
the  thing  named,  the  law  is  so  and  so.  Whishaw. 

i QUO  AWl-MO.  [L.  qttis,  what,  and  animus,  \ 
mind.]  With  what  intention  or  motive ; with  j 
what  meaning  ; — used  frequently  as  a substan- 
tive in  lieu  of  the  word  animus,  design  or  mo-  I 
tive.  Kent. 

f QUOB,  v.  n.  To  move,  as  the  foetus,  or  as  the 
heart  when  throbbing.  — See  Quop.  Dry  den. 

\ QUOD.  Said;  quoth.  — See  Quoth.  Chaucer. 

QUOD'DY,  n.  A kind  of  scaled  herrings  which 
are  smoked  or  salted  in  the  North  American 
provinces.  Simmonds. 

QUOD  'LI-BET,  n.  [L .,  any  thing  you  please .] 

1.  A nice  point ; a subtlety  ; a sophism,  [r.] 

Prior. 

2.  (Mas.)  A potpourri.  Dwight. 

tQUOD-LlB-E-TA'KI-AN,  n.  One  who  talks  or 

disputes  on  any  subject.  Bailey. 

f QUOD-LI-BET'I-CAL,  a.  Such  as  you  will ; not 
restrained  to  a particular  subject ; noting  ques- 
tions anciently  proposed  in  the  schools  to  be 
debated  for  curiosity  or  entertainment.  Fulke. 

f QUOD-Ll-BET'I-CAL-Ly,  ad.  So  as  to  be  af- 
firmed or  denied  as  one  pleases.  Browne. 

||  QUOIF  [kwolf,  S.  W.  P.  J.  F.  K.  Wr. ; kolf,  E. 
Ja.],  n.  [Fr.  coiffe.]  A coif.  — See  Coif.  Shak. 

||  QUOIF,  v.  a.  [Fr.  eoiffer,  or  cocffer .]  To  dress 
with  a quoif  or  head-dress  ; to  cap.  Addison. 

||  QUOIF'FURE,  n.  [Fr.  coiffure.]  A coiffure. — 
See  Coiffure.  Addison. 

QUOIL,  n.  Coil.  — See  Coil.  Johnson. 

QUOIN  (kwoln  or  koln)  [kwoln,  P.  K. ; kbin,  E. 
Ja.;  kwoln  or  kbln,  Wr],  n.  [Gr.  yun-'m , a 
corner  ; L.  cuneus,  a wedge,  or  a wedge-formed 
space;  It.  conio  ; Fr  coin.  — See  Coin.] 

1.  (Arch.)  A corner  or  angle  of  a wall,  — 

more  particularly  a brick  or  a stone  placed  at 
the  exterior  angle  of  a building.  Britton. 

2.  (Gunnery.)  A loose  wedge  of  wood  put 

under  the  breech  of  a cannon  for  the  purpose  of 
adjusting  its  elevation.  Brande. 

3.  (Printing.)  One  of  the  wooden  wedges  used 
for  fastening  the  types  in  the  forms.  Davis. 

||  QUOIT  (kwblt)  [kwolt,  S.  W.  P.  J.  F.  K.  Sm. ; 
kbit,  E.  Ja.],  n.  [Icel.  kueita,  to  throw  violently. 
Jamieson.  — Gael,  coit ; \V.  coeten,  a quoit.] 
Something,  as  a flat  iron  ring,  or  a flat  stone,  to 
be  pitched  from  a distance  to  a certain  point 
or  object  as  a trial  of  dexterity. 

Ii7f»Tlic  discus  of  the  ancients  is  sometimes  called 
in  English  quoit.  Johnson. 

||  QUOIT,  v.  n.  \i.  quoited;  pp.  quoiting, 
quoited.]  To  throw  quoits  ; to  play  at  quoits. 
“To  quoit,  to  run.”  Dryden. 

||  t QUOIT,  v.  a.  To  throw;  to  toss.  “ Quoit  him 
down,  Bardolph.”  Shak. 

||  QUOITS,  n.  pi.  A game  in  which  quoits  are 
thrown.  Ash. 

Q u5  JU'  RE.  [L.,  by  what  right.]  (Old  Eng. 
Law.)  A writ  to  compel  one  who  claimed  com- 
mon of  pasture  to  show  by  what  title  he  claimed 
it.  Whishaw. 

QUOLL,  n.  (Lord.)  An  animal  of  New  Holland 
resembling  the  polecat.  Ogilvie. 

QUON'DAM  (kwSn'dam),  a.  [L.,  formerly.]  Hav- 
ing been  formerly  ; former;  past;  late.  “My 
quondam  barber.”  [Colloquial.]  Dryden. 

t QUON'DAM,  n.  One  formerly  in  office.  Latimer. 

f QUOOK  (kwuk),  i.  Quaked.  Spenser. 

f QUOP,  v.n.  To  throb.  — See  Quod.  Cleaveland. 

QUO'RUM  (kwfl'rum),  n.  [L.,  of  whom.] 

1.  A term  originally  applied  to  some  particu- 

lar justices  (usually  called  justices  of  the  quo- 
rum), without  whose  presence,  or  the  presence 
of  one  of  them,  no  business  could  be  trans- 
acted. Burrill. 

2.  Such  a number  of  an  assembly,  committee, 

! nr  other  body  of  men,  as  is  sufficient  to  transact 

business,  and  give  validity  to  their  acts. 


BUT  A term  derived  from  the  words  used  in  the 
Latin  form  of  the  commission  issued  to  justices  of 
the  peace,  in  which  the  expression  occurred,  “ Quo- 
rum umim  A B esse  volumus,”  “ Of  whom  we  will 
that  A B be  one.”  Brande. 

QUij'TA  (kwo'ta),  n.  [L.  quota,  what  (sc.  pars)  ; 
It.  (f  Sp  .quota-.  Nor.  Fr.  quote.)  That  part 

' which  each  member  of  a society  has  to  contrib- 
ute or  receive,  in  making  up  or  dividing  a cer- 
tain sum  ; a proportional  share  ; a portion ; a 
contingent.  Brande. 

||  QUOT'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  quoted.  Ch.  Ob. 

||  QUO-TA'TION  (kwo-ta'shun)  [kwo-ta'sliun,  W. 
J.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  R. ; ko-ta'shun,  S.  Pi},  n. 
[From  quote.] 

1.  The  act  of  quoting;  citation.  Johnson. 

2.  A passage  quoted  or  adduced  from  an  au- 
thor as  evidence  or  illustration ; a citation. TV/or. 

3.  The  price  of  merchandise  as  stated  in  a 

price  current.  Craig. 

4.  f Quota  ; share  ; proportion.  Chamberlain. 

tt In  this  and  similar  words,  Mr.  Sheridan  and 

several  respectable  orthoepists  pronounce  the  q u like 
lc;  hut,  as  Mr.  Nares  justly  observes,  it  is  not  easy  to 
say  why.  If  it  be  answered  that  the  Latins  so  pro- 
nounced these  letters,  it  may  be  replied  that,  when  we 
alter  our  Latin  pronunciation,  it  will  be  time  enough 
to  alter  those  English  words  which  are  derived  from 
that  language.”  Walker. 

||  QUO-TA'TION-IST,  n.  One  who  makes  quota- 
tions ; a quoter.  Milton. 

||  QUOTE  (kwot)  [kwot,  W.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm. 
Wr.  C.  ; kot,  S.  P.],  v.  a.  [Old  Fr.  quoter ; Fr. 
coter.]  [ i . quoted  ; pp.  quoting,  quoted.] 

1.  To  cite  or  adduce  in  the  words  of  another. 

He  will,  in  the  middle  of  a session,  quote  passages  out  of 

Plato  and  Pindar.  Swift. 

2.  To  state  as  the  price  of  merchandise. 

3.  f To  observe  ; to  note.  Shak.  B.  Jonson. 

I am  sorry  that  with  better  head  and  judgment, 

I had  not  quoted  him.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Cite. 

||  t QUOTE,  n.  [Old  Fr.]  A note.  Cotgrare. 

||  QUOTE'LfSS,  a.  That  cannot  be  quoted.  Wright. 

||  QUOT'JgR,  n.  One  who  quotes;  a citer. 

QUOTH  (kwotli  or  kwuth)  [kw5th,  F.  Ja.  K.  Wr. ; 
kotb,  S.  ; kwuth  or  ktvotli,  W.;  kotii  ofkuth,  P.  ; 
kwuth,  J.  N/«.],  v.  n.  [Goth,  githan,  to  say  ; 
A.  S.  ewethan,  to  say.]  Said. 

Quoth  he,  there  was  a ship.  Coleridge. 

It  is  used  only  in  the  imperfect  tense,  and  in 
the  first  and  third  persons  j as,  “ Quoth  I,”  said  l; 
“ Quoth  he,”  said  he.  Sidney. 

“ Mr.  Sheridan,  Dr.  Kenrick,  Mr.  Scott,  W. 
Johnston,  Mr.  Nares,  Mr.  Perry,  and  Mr.  Smith  pro- 
nounce the  o in  tins  word  long,  as  in  both  ; but  Bu- 
chanan short,  as  in  moth.  This  latter  pronunciation 
is  certainly  more  agreeable  to  the  general  sound  of  o 
before  th,  as  in  broth,  froth , cloth , &c.  ; but  my  ear 
fails  me  if  I have  not  always  heard  it  pronounced  like 
the  o in  doth,  as  if  written  kwuth,  which  is  the  pro- 
nunciation Mr.  Elphinstone  gives  it,  and,  in  my  opin- 
ion, is  the  true  one.”  Walker. 

||  Q.UO-TID'1- AN  [kwo-tid'e-fm,  P.  J.  Ja.  Sm.lVr. ; 
kwo-tid'yan,  E.  F.  K.  ; kwo-tid'je-fin,  \V. ; kwo- 
t!dzh'?n,  S.],  a.  [L.  quotidianus  ; quotas , what, 
and  dies,  a day  ; It.  £$  Sp.  qnotidiano ; Fr.  quo- 
tidian.] Happening  every  day  ; daily  ; diurnal. 
“ A quotidian  fever.”  King  Charles. 

||  Q.UO-TlD'1-AN,  7i.  1.  (Med.)  A fever  the  parox- 
ysms of  which  recur  every  day.  Dunglison. 

2.  Any  thing  which  returns  every  day. 

A quotidian  of  sorrow  and  discontent.  Milton. 

QUO'TIJyNT  (kwo'shent)  [kwo'shent,  W.  J.  E.  F. 
Ja.  K.  Sm.  C.  Wr. ; ko'shent,  S.  P.],  n.  [L. 
quoties,  how  many  times  ; It.  quoziente ; Sp.  quo- 
ciente.’,  Fr  .quotient.]  (Arith.  A Algebra.)  The 
result  obtained  by  dividing  one  number  or  quan- 
tity by  another;  one  of  two  factors  of  the  div- 
idend, the  divisor  being  the  other. 

QUO  JVAR'RAJV-TO  (kwo-wor'rsin-to)  [kwo-wor'- 
rjn-to,  Sm.  Wb.],  n.  [L.  qui,  what,  and  Old  Fr. 
guarent,  a warrant.]  (Law.)  A writ  against  a 
person  or  a corporation  that  claims  or  usurps  an 
office,  franchise,  or  liberty,  to  inquire  by  what 
authority  he  holds  his  claim.  Whishaw. 

BUT  Tltis  writ  bad  become  obsolete,  having  given 
way  to  informations  in  tho  nature  of  a quo  warranto 
at  the  common  law.  Burrill. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long; 


A,  E,  1,  6,  0,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; 


IIEIR,  HER; 


R 


1175 


RACE-HORSE 


R 


Ethe  eighteenth  letter  of  the  alphabet,  a coi.- 
i sonant,  a semi-vowel,  and  a liquid,  has  a 
jarring  or  trilling  effect  on  the  tongue,  and  is 
never  silent.  — See  Principles  of  Pronuncia- 
tion, 87,  88.  — In  etymology,  it  is  convertible 
with  /,  n,  and  sometimes  with  s ; and  it  is  some- 
times confounded  with  w. 

fgjf  “ It  was  called  the  litera  canina  [dog’s  letter] 
by  the  Latins,  front  some  fancied  resemblance  it  bears 
in  sound  to  the  snarling  of  a dog.”  Braiule. 

It  is  the  dog’s  letter,  and  hurreth  in  the  sound;  the  tongue 
striking  the  inner  palate  with  a trembling  about  the  teeth. 

J>.  Jvwson. 

Nurse.  Doth  not  rosemary  and  Romeo  begin  both  with  a 
letter? 

ltomeo.  Ay,  nurse;  what  of  that?  Both  with  an  r. 

Nurse.  Ah,  mocker!  that 's  the  dog’s  name. . li  is  for  the 
dog.  Shak. 

rAb,  nt  A rod  used  by  masons  to  mix  hair  with 
mortar.  Leonard. 

t RA-BATE',  v.  n.  [See  Rebate.]  (Falconry.) 

To  recover  a hawk  to  the  fist.  Ainsworth. 

f RA-BA'TO,  n.  [Fr.  rabat.]  A kind  of  ruff  or 
neck-band ; — often  written  rebalo.  Shah. 

f RAB'BATE,  v.  a.  To  abate.  Puttenham. 

+ RAB'BATE,  n.  Abatement.  Puttenham. 

RAB  BET,  v.  a.  [Fr.  raboter,  to  plane;  robot,  a 
plane.]  [i.  rabbeted  ; pp.  rabbeting,  rab- 
beted.] (Carp.) 

1.  To  cut  straight  down  one  side  of  the  edge 
of,  as  a board,  in  order  to  receive,  by  lapping, 
the  edge  of  another,  cut  similarly,  so  as  to  unite 
the  two,  and  preserve  a level  surface.  Moxon. 

2.  To  cut  a rectangular  groove  longitudinally 
in  the  edge  of,  as  a board,  in  order  to  receive, 
by  insertion,  a corresponding  projection  formed 
on  the  edge  of  another.  Clarke. 

3.  To  join  with  a rabbet,  as  boards.  Clarke. 

RAB'BgT,  n.  (Carp.)  1.  A cut  made  on  one  side 
of  the  edge  of  a board,  or  other  piece  of  tim- 
ber, to  receive,  by  lapping,  the  edge  of  another 
cut  in  the  same  manner.  Britton. 

2.  A rectangular  groove  or  channel  cut  longi-  ‘ 
tudinally  in  the  edge  of  a board,  or  other  piece 
of  timber,  to  receive,  by  insertion,  a corre- 
sponding projection  formed  on  the  edge  of  an- 
other. Brande. 

rAb'BET-ING,  n.  (Carp.)  The  act  or  the  mode  of 
joining  boards  at  the  edge  by  a rabbet.  Bigelow. 

RAB'B^T— JOINT,  n.  (Carp.)  A joint  or  union 
made  by  rabbeting.  Britton. 

RAB'BIJT— PLANE,  n.  A plane  for  rabbeting. 

RAB'BI  (rab'be  or  rSb'bl)  [rab'be  or  rab'bl,  W.  F. 
Ja.  ; rab'be,  S.  P.  J. ; rab'bl,  E.  S/n.],  n. ; pi. 
rXb'bie§.  [Heb.  3*1,  doctor,  teacher  ; my 
master  ; Gr.  ^o/S/3i.]  A title  of  honor  given  to  a 
teacher  or  expounder  of  the  Jewish  law,  nearly 
equivalent  to  doctor,  or  master.  Kitto. 

®g=-“In  reading  the  Scripture,  it  should  be  pro- 
nounced rab'bl.”  Walker. 

RAB'BIN,  n.  A rabbi.  Camden. 

RAB-BlN'IC,  i a Relating  to  the  rabbies  or 
RAB-BIN'I-CAL,  j rabbins,  or  to  their  principles. 

Cudworth.  Milton. 
RAB-BIN'I-CAL-Ly,  ad.  In  the  manner  of  the 
rabbins.  Bolin  gbroke. 

RAb'BIN-I§M,  n.  1.  The  doctrines  of  the  rabbins. 

Ec.  Rev. 

2.  An  expression  or  phraseology  peculiar  to 
the  rabbies  or  rabbins.  Wright. 

rAb'BIN-IST,  n.  [Fr.  rabbiniste .]  Among  the 
Jews,  one  of  those,  consisting  chiefly  of  the 
rabbins  and  their  followers,  who  adhered  to  the 
Talmud  and  its  traditions.  Stackhouse. 

RAB'BIN-ITE,  n.  [Fr.  rabbiniste.']  A rabbinist. 


RAB'BIT,  n.  [Dut.  robbe, 
robbeken.  Skinner.  — 

Gael,  rabaid,  rabait,  a 
rabbit.]  (ZoOl.)  A small 
rodent  quadruped,  of 
the  family  Leporida,  or 
hares,  that  burrows  in 
the  ground ; the  cony ; Lepus  cuniculus.  Bell. 

U3P“  When  full  grown,  it  [the  hare]  is  larger  than 
the  rabbit,  and  exceedingly  like  that  animal  ; but  its 
color  is  slightly  different,  and  the  black  spot  on  the  ex- 
tremity of  its  ears  is  a simple  method  of  distinguishing 
it.  The  hare  does  not  burrow,  like  the  rabbit.”  Wood. 

Welsh  rabbit,  bread  and  cheese  toasted  ; — properly, 
We'sh  rare. bit.  Grose. 

RAB'BIT-RY,  n.  An  enclosure  for  rabbits.  Loudon. 

RAB’BIT— WAR-RIJN  (-wor-ren),  n.  An  enclosure 

for  rabbits  to  breed  in.  Simmonds. 

RAB'BLE  (rab'bl),  n.  [L.  rabula,  a brawling  ad- 
vocate, a pettifogger  ; rabo,  to  rave.  — Dut.  rab- 
bclen,  to  rattle.] 

1.  A tumultuous  crowd  or  assembly  of  low 

people  ; a mob  ; a rout.  Shak. 

2.  The  lowest  class  of  people ; the  dregs  of 

the  people  ; the  populace.  Addison. 

3.  An  iron  rake  for  skimming  of  slag  in  cal- 
cining metals.  Simmonds. 

RAB'BLE,  v.  a.  \i.  RABBLED;  pp.  RABBLING, 
rabbled.]  To  assault  in  a riotous  and  violent 
manner ; to  mob.  [Scottish.]  Jamieson. 

Unhappily,  throughout  n large  part  of  Scotland,  the  clergy 
of  the  established  church  were,  to  use  the  phrase  then  com- 
mon, rabbled.  Macaulay. 

rAb'BLE,  v.  n.  To  speak  in  a confused  manner  ; 
to  gabble.  [Local,  Eng.]  Brockctt. 

RAB'BLE,  a.  Disorderly;  irregular  ; tumultuous. 
“ A short  rabble  scene.”  Dryden. 

rAb'BLE-CHARM'JNG,  a.  Charming  or  pleasing 
the  rabble.  South. 

RAB'BLE-MENT,  n.  A tumultuous  crowd  of 
low  people  ; a rabble  ; a mob.  Spenser. 

r.j ' “ An  old  word  still  in  use.”  Brockctt. 

rAb'BLE-ROTE,  n.  A repetition  of  a long,  round- 
about story.  [Local,  Eng.]  ■ Grose. 

RAb'BLE— ROUT,  n.  A tumultuous  assembly; 
rabble.  “ A rabble-rout  of  scribblers.”  Ayre. 

RAB-DoI'DAL,  a.  [Gr.  pathos,  a rod,  and  ilbos, 
form.]  (Anat.)  Noting  the  suture  which  unites 
the  parietal  bones  ; sagittal,  [r.]  Hoblyn. 

RAB-DOL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  finlSbos,  a rod,  a stick, 
and  kdyoc,  a discourse  ; Fr.  rabdologie.]  The 
art  or  the  method  of  performing  arithmetical 
operations  by  means  of  small  square  rods,  called 
Napier' s-bones,  which  have  the  numbers  of  the 
multiplication  table  inscribed  on  them  in  a cer- 
tain order,  in  diagonally  bisected  squares ; — 
also  written  rhabdology.  — See  Napier’s- 
bones.  Hutton. 

RAb'DO-MAN-CY,  n.  See  Riiabdomancy. 

RAb'ID,  a.  [L.  rabulus  ; rabies,  madness  ; It.  ra- 
bido ; Sp.  rabioso.] 

1.  Mad;  raging;  furious;  fierce.  “Some 

men  are  naturally  . . . rabid.”  Wollaston. 

2.  (Med.)  Pertaining  to  hydrophobia;  as, 

“ Rabid  virus.”  Dunglison. 

RAb'ID-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  rabid  ; rage  ; 
madness  ; furiousness.  Feltham. 

rAb'I-NET,  n.  A small  cannon.  Ainsworth. 

RA'CA,n.  A Chaldee  word  expressive  of  con- 
tempt ; an  empty,  worthless  fellow.  Kitto. 

Whosoever  shall  say  to  his  brother,  Baca,  shall  he  in  clan- 
ger of  the  council.  Mutt.  v.  22. 

flgp  “ Rnra  denotes  a certain  looseness  of  life  and 
manners  ; fool  denotes  a wicked  and  reprobate  per- 
son.” Kitto. 


Rabbit  (Lepus  cuniculus'). 


RAC-COON',  n.  [Fr.  raton.] 

(Zoul.)  A carnivorous  mam- 
mal of  the  family  Ursidat,  or 
bears,  inhabiting  North  Amer- 
ica ; Procyon  lotor  of  Storr,  or 
Ursus  lotor t of  Linnaeus  ; — 
sometimes  written  racoon. 

Eng.  Cyc. 
jBSyThe  average  length  of  the 
raccoon  is  about  two  feet  from  the 
nose  to  the  tail ; and  tile  tail  is 
about  ten  inches  long.  The  head  Raccoon, 
somewhat  resembles  that  of  tile  fox.  The  raccoon 
feeds  chiefly  by  night,  keeping  in  its  hole  during  the 
day,  except  in  dull  weather.  One  of  its  marked  pe- 
culiarities, and  on  which  its  name  of  lotor  is  founded. 


is  its  habit  of  plunging  its  dry  food  into  water  before 
eating  it.  Its  fur  is  valuable,  particularly  in  the 
manufacture  of  hats.  Baird. 


ItACE,  n.  [It.  razza,  from  L.  radix,  a root ; Sp. 
raza;  Fr.  race.  — Dut.  ras  ; Dan.  race.] 

1.  A family  collectively  ; a series  of  descend- 
ants from  one  stock  ; a generation ; lineage. 
“ The  long  race  of  Alban  fathers.”  Dryilcn. 

2.  A particular  breed.  “ The  race  of  mules 

fit  for  the  plough.”  Chapman. 

3.  A root ; — written  also  raze.  “ A single 

root  or  race  of  ginger.”  Steevcns. 

4.  That  which  marks  the  origin  or  descent  of 

anything;  original  disposition.  “Now  I give 
my  sensual  race  the  rein.”  Shak. 

Some  great  race  of  fancy  or  judgment  in  contrivance.  Temple. 

5.  The  peculiar  strength,  taste,  or  flavor  of 

wine  which  marks  its  origin.  “ Is  it  [Canary] 
of  the  right  race?”  Massing! r. 

6.  [Sw.  resa,  a course  ; Icel.  raas.  — Proba- 

bly the  same  word  as  race,  family.  Richardsot, .] 
Course  ; progress  ; career.  “ My  race  of  glory 
run.”  " Milton. 

7.  Progress  ; train  ; process.  “ The  prosecu- 
tion and  race  of  the  war.”  [r.]  Bacon. 

8.  A running  ; rapid  course  or  motion. 

Tile  flight  of  many  birds  is  Bwifter  than  the  race  of  any 
beasts.  Bacon. 

9.  A contest  in  running;  a contest  or  trial  of 
speed.  “ To  describe  races  and  games.”  Milton. 

He  that  would  win  the  race  must  guide  his  horse 
Obedieut  to  the  customs  of  the  course.  Coivpcr. 

10.  A strong  or  rapid  current  of  water,  or 

the  meeting  of  two  tides  producing  a heavy  sea. 
“ The  race  of  Aderny.”  HalUwell. 

11.  A canal  or  watercourse  from  a dam  to  a 

mill  or  a water-wheel  ; mill-race.  Francis. 

12.  (Bot.)  A marked  variety  of  a species 

which  may  be  perpetuated  from  seed.  Gray. 

Syn.  — The  human  race  ; the  Saxon  race  ; tile  past 
or  present  generation  ; the  family  of  Noah  ; the  house 
of  Hanover  ; the  lineage  of  David  ; a breed  of  animals 
or  cattle. 

A horse  race  ; a foot  race  ; a course  to  be  pursued  or 
run  ; run  a race  or  a career ; the  passage  of  a vessel. 
— See  Kind. 


RACE,  V.  n.  [i.  RACED  ; pp.  RACING,  RACED.]  To 
run  as  in  a race  ; to  run  swiftly.  Pope. 


RACE'— COURSE,  n.  1.  The  ground  or  track  on 
which  races  are  run  ; race-ground.  Simmonds. 

2.  A canal  or  watercourse  leading  to  a mill  or 
a water-wheel ; a mill-race.  Francis. 

RACE'-CUP,  n.  A piece  of  plate  given  as  a prize 
at  a race.  Simmonds. 

RACE'-GIN-Gf.R,  n.  Ginger  in  the  root.  Smart. 

RACE'— GROUND,  n.  Ground  appropriated  to 
races  ; race-course.  Booth. 

RACE'— HORSE,  n.  1.  A horse  trained  for  racing  ; 
a horse  that  runs  for  a prize.  Addison. 

2.  (Ornith.)  A large  duck  with  very  short 
and  small  wings,  which  skims  swiftly  over  the 
surface  of  the  water  ; steamer-duck  ; Micropte- 
rus  brachyptcrus.  — See  Steamer-duck. 


WIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — C,  G,  1,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  £,  |,  hard;  S as  z;  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


RACEMATION 


1176 


RADIATE 


rAC-E-MA'TION,  n.  [L.  racematio,  a grape- 
gleaning.] 

1.  A cluster,  as  of  grapes.  Browne. 

2.  Cultivation  of  clusters  of  grapes.  Burnet. 

RA-CEME',  n.  [L.  racemus,  a bunch  of  berries 
or  grapes,  from  Gr.  pa(,  jiayd;,  a berry,  a 
grape  ; It.  raccino  ; Sp.  racimo.)  (Bot.) 

A form  of  inflorescence,  in  which  the 
flowers,  each  on  its  own  pedicel,  or  foot- 
stalk, are  arranged  at  intervals  along  a 
common  stalk,  as  in  the  currant.  Gray. 

RA-CEMED'  (r?-semd'),  a.  {Bot.)  Having  ra- 
cemes ; racemose.  Smith. 

RA-CEM'JC,  a.  ( Chem .)  Noting  a compound 

acid,  called  also  paratartaric  acid,  consisting  of 
dextro-tartaric  and  laevo-tartaric  acids,  which 
has  no  action  upon  polarized  light,  while  both 
its  constituents  impress  rotatory  polarization 
upon  it,  but  in  opposite  directions ; — obtained 
from  certain  varieties  of  the  grape,  especially 
those  grown  in  the  Vosges  district  in  France. 

Miller. 

RAC-p-MIF'pR-OUS,  a.  [L.  racemus,  a cluster  of 
berries,  and  fero,  to  bear.]  Bearing  racemes 
or  clusters  ; racemose.  Johnson. 

rA^-E-MOSE'  (129),  a.  [L.  raeemosus  ; racemus, 
a cluster  of  berries  ; It.  raeemoso  ; Sp.  racimoso.) 
{Bot.)  Bearing  racemes  : — resembling  a ra- 
ceme. Gray. 

RAg'E-MOUS,  or  RA-CE'MOUS  [ras'e-mus,  K.  C. 
B.  Cl.  Wb. ; ra-se'mus,  S»i.],  a.  {Bot.)  Bearing 
racemes ; racemose.  Smart. 

RA'CJSR,  n.  One  who  races ; one  tvho  contends 
in  a race  : — a race-horse.  Pope. 

t rACH,  n.  [A.  S.  riccc  ; Icel.  racki.\  A setting 
dog.  Gentlemen' s Recreation. 

RA-jEHlL'LA,  n.  [Gr.  £dyi{,  the  spine.]  {Bot.) 
A branch  of  inflorescence  ; the  zigzag  centre 
upon  which  the  florets  are  arranged  in  the 
spikelets  of  grasses.  Brande. 

rA'jCHIS,  n.  [Gr.  phx'ti  the  spine.] 

1.  {Bot.)  The  axis  of  inflorescence:  — the 

petiole  of  the  frond  of  a fern  ; — also  written 
rhachis.  Henslow. 

2.  {Anat.)  The  vertebral  column.  Dunylison. 

RA-CHlT'TC,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  affected  with, 
rickets ; rickety.  Dunylison. 

RA-CHl'TIS,  n.  [Gr.  ; pd^ij,  the  spine.] 

1.  {Med.)  Inflammation  of  the  spine;  a dis- 

ease chiefly  confined  to  young  children,  charac- 
terized principally  by  crookedness  of  the  spine 
and  of  the  long  bones,  with  swelling  of  their 
extremities ; rickets.  Dunylison. 

2.  (Bot.)  A disease  producing  abortion  in  the 

fruit  or  in  the  seed.  Henslow. 

rA'CI-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  r acy.  Scott. 

RACK,  n.  [Dut.  rek.  — See  Rack,  v.  a.] 

1.  An  instrument  of  torture,  consisting  of  a 
frame  of  wood,  to  the  corners  of  which  the  suf- 
ferer was  fastened  by  the  hands  and  feet,  and 
stretched,  often  until  the  joints  were  dislocated. 

Under  that  prince  [Henry  VIII.],  the  remain- 
ing Tudors,  James  I.  and  Charles  I.  down  to  1640, 
the  rack  was  a common  implement  of  torture  for  pris- 
oners confined  in  the  Tower.”  Brande. 

2.  Torture ; torment ; extreme  pain.  Addison. 

A fit  of  the  stone  pi^ts  a king  to  the  rack,  and  makes  him 
as  miserable  as  it  doesTthe  meanest  subject.  Temple. 

3.  Any  instrument  for  stretching. 

These  hows  . . . were  bent  only  by  a man’s  immediate 
strength,  without  the  help  of  any  bender  or  rack.  Wilkins. 

4.  A frame  or  stand  on  which  things  are  put 
or  spread  out  for  use  ; as,  “ A bat-rack.” 

5.  A grate  on  which  bacon  is  laid.  Johnson. 

6.  A wooden  frame-work  in  which  hay  is 
placed  for  horses  and  cattle  ; crib  ; manger. 

From  their  full  racks  the  generous  steeds  retire.  Addison. 

7.  A distaff;  — usually  written  rock.  Dryden. 

8.  f Exaction.  “ Rents  and  racks."  Sandys. 

9.  [A.  S.  hracca,  the  neck.]  A neck  or 

crag,  as  of  mutton.  Burton. 

10.  A spirituous  liquor  ; arrack.  Johnson. 

11.  Wreck ; destruction.  [Vulgar.]  Brockett. 

12.  The  pace  or  motion  of  a horse  between  a 

trot  and  an  amble.  Wright. 

13.  (Machinery.)  A rectilinear  sliding-piece, 
with  teeth  on  its  edge,  to  work  with  a wheel 
or  pinion  which  drives  or  follows  it.  Brande. 


14.  (Naut.)  A fairleader,  or  strip  of  board 

with  holes  in  it,  for  running-rigging.  Dana. 

15.  (Mining.)  An  inclined  plane  on  which 

ore  is  washed.  Ansted. 

RACK,  n.  [A.  S.  rec  ; Dut.  rook.  — See  Reck.] 
Vapor,  as  in  the  air  or  sky;  a flying  or  thin 
cloud ; a mist.  “ The  clouds  above  which  we 
call  the  rack.”  Bacon. 

The  solemn  temples,  the  great  globe  itself, 

Yea,  all  which  it  inherit,  shall  dissolve, 

And.  like  this  insubstantial  pageant  faded, 

Leave  not  a rack  behind.  Shak. 

Jigf-Nares  is  mistaken  in  thinking  the  word  is  not 
now  in  use.  Brockett. 

RACK,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  rcecan,  to  reach,  to  extend; 
Dut.  rekken,  to  stretch  ; Ger.  recken  ; Dan.  rak- 
ke ; Sw.  riicka  ; Icel.  reka.  — Richardson  de- 
rives the  word  from  A.  S.  wrecan,  to  wreak,  to 
revenge  ; Dut.  wreken  ; Ger.  rilcheni]  [t. 

BACKED;  pp.  BACKING,  BACKED.] 

1.  To  stretch  or  torture  on  the  rack. 

Their  joints  new  set  to  be  new  racked  again.  Cowley. 

2.  To  torture  ; to  torment  ; to  distress ; 
to  harass.  “ Racked,  with  deep  despair.”  Milton. 

3.  To  stretch  ; to  strain  ; to  force.  “ To  rack 

invention.”  Waterland. 

They,  racking  and  stretching  Scripture  further  than  by 
God  was  meant,  are  drawn  into  sundry  inconveniences. 

Hooker. 

4.  To  draw  off  from  the  lees,  as  pure  liquor. 

Some  roll  their  cask  about  the  cellar,  to  mix  it  with  the 

lees,  and,  after  a few  days’  resettlement,  rack  it  otf.  Mortimer. 

5.  (Naut.)  To  seize  together,  as  two  ropes, 

with  cross-turns.  Dana. 

f RACK,  v.  n.  To  move  like  vapor  in  the  air  or 
sky.  “ The  racking  clouds.”  Shak. 

RACK,  v.  n.  To  travel,  as  a horse,  with  a quick 
amble.  Clarke. 

RACK'— BLOCK,  n.  (Naut.)  A course  of  blocks 
made  from  one  piece  of  wood,  to  serve  the  pur- 
pose of  a rack,  or  fairleader.  Dana. 

RACK'-CHASE,  n.  (Printing.)  The  frame  in 
which  the  chases  are  kept.  Simmonds. 

RACK'ER,  n.  1.  One  who  tortures  by  the  rack. 

2.  One  who  makes  exactions.  Swift. 

3.  A horse  that  racks.  Porter. 

RACK'pT,  n.  [It.  racchctta  ; Sp.  raqueta  ; Fr.  ra- 

quette.  — From  L.  reticulum,  dim.  of  rate,  a net. 
Menage.  Cascneuve.\ 

1.  A stringed  battledoor,  for  striking  the  ball 

in  the  game  of  tennis.  Shak. 

2.  A confused,  clattering  noise  ; disturbance  : 

— confused  or  noisy  talk.  Shak.  Swift. 

3.  A snow-shoe.  [Local,  U.  S.]  Pickering. 

RACKET,  V.  a.  [*.  RACKETED  ; pp.  RACKETING, 

racketed.]  To  strike,  as  with  a racket.  Ilewyt. 

ItACK'JET,  v.  n.  To  make  a racket  or  confused, 
clattering  noise  ; to  frolic.  Gray. 

RACKET-COURT,  n.  A tennis-court.  Simmonds. 

RACK'ET-ING,  n.  The  act  of  making  a racket; 
confused  noise,  as  of  mirth.  Gray. 

RACK'£T-Y,  a.  Making  a -racket  or  noise  ; noisy. 
[Vulgar.]  Todd. 

RACK'ING,  n.  1.  A stretching  or  torturing  on 
the  rack.  More. 

2.  Torture;  torment;  extreme  distress.  “The 

rackinqs  of  conscience.”  Johnson. 

3.  The  act  of  stretching  or  extending,  as 

cloth  on  a rack.  Johnson. 

4.  The  act  of  drawing  liquor  from  the  lees. 

5.  The  gait  or  motion  of  a horse  that  racks. 

6.  (Mining.)  The  act  or  operation  of  washing 
off  the  earth  and  impurities  from  ore.  Simmonds. 

RACK'ING— CAN,  n.  A metal  vessel,  containing 
sour  beer  in  which  iron  wire  is  steeped  for  wire- 
drawing : — a vessel  for  clearing  wine  from  the 
lees.  1 Simmonds. 

RACK'ING— PACE,  n.  The  pace  or  gait  of  a horse 
that  racks.  Farrier's  Diet. 

RACK'— PUNCH,  n.  Punch  made  with  arrack. 

Guardian. 

RACK'— RENT,  n.  (Law.)  A rent  of  the  full 
value  of  the  tenement,  or  near  it.  Blackstone. 

RACK'— RENT-ER,  n.  One  who  pays  rack-rent. 

RACK'— SAW,  n.  A saw  with  wide  teeth.  Simmonds. 

RA-CO'VI-AN,  n.  ( Eccl . Hist.)  One  of  the  Uni- 
tarians of  Poland  ; — so  called  from  Racow,  a 
city  in  that  country  where  a public  seminary 
was  erected  for  their  church.  Brande. 


RA-CO'VI-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Racovians. 
“ Racovian  catechism.”  Brande. 

IlA'CY,  a.  [L.  radix,  radicis,  a root.  — See  Race.] 

1.  Having  a peculiar  flavor  or  quality  indicat- 

ing its  origin  ; tasting  of  the  soil ; flavorous  ; 
pungent.  “The  racy  wine.”  Pope. 

2.  Having  a strong,  distinctive  character  of 
thought  or  language  ; marked  by  the  peculiar 
characteristics  of  an  author’s  turn  of  mind;  as, 
“ A racy  writer.” 

Rich,  racy  verses,  in  which  wc 
The  soil  from  which  they  come,  taste,  smell,  and  see.  Cowley. 

t rAd.  The  old  pret.  send  part,  of  read.  Spenser. 

RAd'DLE,  v.  a.  [ Richardson  supposes  it  to  have 
been  originally  wrathel,  from  A.  S.  wrath,  a 
wreath.]  To  twist  together  ; to  interweave. Defoe. 

RAd'DLE,  n.  1.  A long  stick  used  in  making  a 
hedge.  Todd. 

2.  A wooden  bar  with  a row  of  upright  pegs 
inserted  in  it,  used  by  weavers  to  keep  the  warp 
of  a proper  width,  and  prevent  it  from  becoming 
entangled  when  it  is  wound  on  the  beam  of  a 
loom.  [Local,  U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

RAd'DLE— HEDGE,  n.  A hedge  made  by  twisting 
twigs  or  boughs  together.  Tooke. 

rAd'DOCR,  n.  See  Ruddock.  Shak. 

rAde,  n.  An  incursion. — See  Raid.  Jamieson. 

BJIBEJIU  (ra-do'),  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  rafts,  a raft.] 
A float  consisting  of  pieces  of  timber  bound  or 
fastened  together  ; a raft.  Hutchinson. 

||  RA'DI-AL,  a.  [It.  radiate,  from  L.  radius,  a 
rod,  a radius,  a ray  ; Fr.  radial.) 

1.  Pertaining  to  a rod,  a radius,  or  a ray. 

Bonnycastle.  Gray. 

2.  (Anat.)  Pertaining  to  the  radius,  a bone 
of  the  fore-arm.  “ Radial  veins.”  Dunylison. 

USf-  Radial  curves,  ( Geom .)  curves  of  tile  spiral 
kind,  whose  ordinates  all  terminate  in  the  centre  of 
the  including  circle,  and  appear  like  so  many  semi- 
diameters. Bailey. 

||  RA'DI-ANCE,  1 The  quality  or  the  state  of 

||  RA'DI-AN-CY,  ) being  radiant;  sparkling  lus- 
tre ; effulgence  ; refulgence.  “ The  sacred  ra- 
diance of  the  sun.”  Shak. 

||  rA'DI-ANT  [ra'de-ant,  P.  J.  Ja.  Sm.  T Vr. ; ra'- 
dyant,  E.  F.  K.  C. ; ra'jent,  S. ; ra'de-^nt  or  ra'- 
je-ant,  W.],  a.  [L.  radio,  radians,  to  emit 
beams  ; It.  <Sf  Sp.  radiante  ; Fr.  radiant .] 

1.  Emitting  rays  or  beams ; shining ; efful- 
gent. “ By  her  own  radiant  light.”  Milton. 

There  was  a sun  of  gold  radiant  upon  the  top.  Bacon. 

2.  (Bot.)  Radiate.  Henslow. 

. Radiant  heat,  heat  which  radiates  from  a body,  or 

passes  otf  in  right  lines  like  radii  drawn  from  the  cen- 
tre to  the  circumference  of  a circle.  Brande.  — Ra- 
diant point,  (Opt.)  a point  from  which  rays  of  light 
or  of  heat  proceed.  Crabb. 

Syn. — That  is  radiant  or  effulgent  which  emits 
light;  that  is  brilliant  which  emits  gleams.  The  ra- 
diance. or  effulgence  of  the  sun  ; the  brilliancy  or  glitter 
of  a diamond. 

||  RA'DI-ANT,  n.  1.  ( Geom .)  A straight  line  pro- 
ceeding from  a given  point,  or  fixed  pole,  about 
which  it  is  conceived  to  revolve.  Brande. 

2.  ( Opt.)  A point  or  a body  from  which  rays 
of  light  proceed.  Wright. 

||  rA'DJ-ANT-LY,  ad.  With  radiance.  J.  Fox. 

||  RA'DI-A-RY,  n. ; pi.  ra'di-a-rie?.  [L.  radius,  a 
ray.]  (ZoOl.)  One  of  the  Radiata.  Brande. 

||  rA-DI-A’  TA,  n.  [L.  radius,  a ray.]  (ZoSl.)  A 
class  of  invertebrate  animals,  chiefly  marine, 
having  the  bodily  organs  arranged  in  a radiate 
manner  around  the  digestive  cavity  ; rayed  ani- 
mals ; radiate  animals.  — See  Animal.  Eng.Cyc. 

II  rA'DI-ATE  [ra'de-at.  P.  J.  Ja.  Sm.  C.  Wr.; 
ra'dyat,  E.  F. ; ra'jat,  S. ; ra'de-at  or  ra'je-at, 
IF.],  v.  n.  [L.  radio,  radiatus ; radius,  a ray ; 
It.  radiare .]  [i.  radiated  ; pp.  radiating, 

RADIATED.] 

1.  To  emit  rays  or  beams  ; to  shine. 

So  virtues  shine  more  clear 
In  them,  and  radiate  like  the  sun  at  noon.  Howell. 

2.  To  issue  or  emanate  in  rays.  “Light  ra- 
diates from  luminous  bodies.”  Locke. 

3.  To  proceed  in  direct  lines  from  a body,  as 

heat.  Brande. 

4.  To  emit  or  throw  off  heat  in  direct  lines, 

as  a body  or  surface.  Silliman. 

Syn.  — See  Shine. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  0,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


RADIATE 


1177 


RAGE 


||  RA'DI-ATE,  v.  a.  1.  To  shed  brightness  on  ; to 
irradiate,  [it.]  Wat;/. 

2.  To  emit  or  throw  off  in  direct  lines,  as 
heat.  Brande. 

||  RA'DI-ATE,  a.  1.  ( Bot .)  Having 
the  florets  or  marginal  flowers 
ligulate  and  diverging  like  rays  ; 
having  ray-flowers  ; radiant.  Gray. 

2.  ( Zo  'ul .)  Belonging  to  the  Radiata.  Eng.  Cyc. 

||  RA'DI-AT-£D,  a.  1.  Adorned  with  rays.  “The 
radiated  head  of  the  phoenix.”  Addison. 

2.  ( Zoijl .)  Belonging  to  the  Radiata-,  radiate. 

3.  (Min.)  Noting  minerals  so  depressed  as  to 

diverge  from  a centre.  Phillips. 

rA'DI-AT-£D-VEINED  (-valid),  a.  (Bot.)  Noting 
reticulated  leaves  having  three  or  more  ribs  of 
nearly  equal  size,  usually  divergent,  originating 
directly  from  the  apex  of  the  petiole  ; palmately 
veined.  Gray. 

||  RA'DI-AT-ING,  p.  a.  1.  That  radiates  ; emit- 
ting or  throwing  off  rays.  Brande. 

2.  (Bot.)  Radiate.  Ilenslow. 

||  RA-DI-A'TION,  n.  [L.  radiatio  ; It.  radiazione ; 
Sp.  radiacion ; Fr.  radiation. ] 

1.  The  act  or  the  state  of  radiating  ; emission 

of  rays  of  light ; beamy  brightness.  Bacon. 

2.  Emission  or  shooting  forth  in  direct  lines 

from  a point,  body,  or  surface.  “The  radiation 
and  conduction  of  heat.”  Brande. 

||  RA'DI-A-TOR,  n.  A body  which  radiates  or 
from  which  rays  emanate.  Francis. 

RAD'I-CAL,  a.  [It.  radicale,  from  L.  radix,  ra- 
dicis,  a root;  Sp.  S$  Fr.  radical.) 

1.  Regarding  the  root  or  origin  ; original ; 
fundamental ; primitive.  “ Radical  differences.” 
Bacon.  “ A radical  reform.”  Ed.  Rev. 

2.  Implanted  by  nature  ; native.  Bacon. 

If  the  radical  moisture  of  gold  were  separated,  it  might 

contrive  to  burn  without  being  consumed.  Wilkins. 

3.  Total;  perfect;  entire;  thorough;  per- 
manent. “ A radical  cure.”  Dunglison. 

4.  (Gram.)  Relating  to  the  etymological  root. 

5.  (Bot.)  Pertaining  to  the  root,  or  apparently 

coming  from  the  root.  Gray. 

Radical  quantity,  (Algebra.)  a quantity  to  which  tlio 
radical  sign  is  prefixed. — Radical  question,  (Astrol.)  a 
qiiostion  proposed  when  the  lord  of  the  ascendant  and 
tile  lord  of  the  hour  are  of  one  nature  or  triplicity. 
Crabb.  — Radical  sign,  (Algebra.)  the  sign  written 
before  a quantity,  denoting  that  its  root  is  to  be  ex- 
tracted. Thus  4 denotes  tile  square  root  of  4. 
When  any  other  root  than  the  second  is  to  be  indi- 
cated, a number  is  placed  above  this  sign  correspond- 
ing to  that  root.  Thus  ^27  denotes  the  third  or 
cube  root  of  27.  — Radical  vessels,  ( Anat .)  small  vessels 
originating  in  the  tissues,  and  by  their  union  forming 
larger  vessels.  Dunglison. 

RAD'I-CAL,  n.  1.  An  advocate  for  radicalism,  or 
for  radical  reform,  as  in  politics.  Qu.  Rev. 

2.  (Algebra.)  An  indicated  root  of  an  imper- 
fect power  of  the  degree  indicated.  Davies. 

3.  (Chem.)  A simple  or  compound  body  ca- 

pable of  combining  with  simple  bodies,  and 
forming  the  base  of  a compound  or  a series  of 
compounds.  Graham. 

4.  (Gram.)  A primitive  word;  a root: — a 
primitive  letter  ; a letter  in  a root.  Wright. 

Compound  radical,  (Chem.)  a compound  body  which 
acts  like  an  elementary  body,  forming  the  base  of 
other  compounds.  — Conjugate  radical,  a compound 
radical  composed  of  two  or  more  simpler  radicals.  — 
Graham. — Organic  radical,  a compound  radical  form- 
ing one  component  of  organic  bodies,  or  of  bodies  de- 
rived from  them.  All  organic  radicals  except  ami- 
dogen  contain  carbon.  Gregory Hypothetical  rad- 

ical, a compound  radical  which  has  not  been  isolated 
or  obtained  in  a separate  state.  Miller. 

RSr"  “Radicals  may  be  divided  into  two  classes  : 1. 
The  basyle  class,  consisting  of  metals  whose  oxides 
are  bases,  hydrogen,  the  corresponding  compound 
radicals,  ammonium,  ethyl,  which  are  electro-posi- 
tive. 2.  The  salt-radical  class,  chlorine,  sulphur, 
oxygen,  &c.,  with  cyanogen  and  other  compound 
radicals,  which  combine  with  metals  and  other  mem- 
bers of  the  former  class,  and  form  salts  or  compounds 
partaking  of  the  saline  character.  Such  radicals  are 
also  termed  salogens  ; they  are  electro-negative.” 
Graham. 

RAd'I-CAL-ISM,  n.  [It.  radicalismo  ; Fr.  radi- 
calisms.]  The  principles  of  radicals ; radical 
reform,  as  in  politics.  Brit.  Crit. 

RAD-I-CAl'I-TV,  n.  1.  Origination,  [r.]  Broume. 

2.  State  of  being  radical ; radicalness. Bailey. 


RAD'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  1.  In  a radical  manner  ; fun- 
damentally ; originally  ; primitively.  Browne. 

2.  With  a view  to  radical  reform. 
rAd'J-CAL-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  radical 
or  fundamental.  Johnson. 

rAd'J-CANT,  a.  [Fr.]  (Bot.)  Producing  roots 
from  the  stem.  Loudon. 

rAd'I-CAte,  v.  a.  [L.  radicor,  radicatus ; radix, 
radicis,  a root.]  To  root;  to  plant  deeply. 
“ Radicated  beliefs.”  [r.]  Browne. 

f RAD'I-CATE,  a.  Deeply  rooted ; radicated. South. 
RAd-I-CA'TION,  n.  1.  The  act  or  the  process  of 
taking  root,  or  becoming  deeply  infixed.  “ Ilad- 
ication  of  those  habits.”  [it.]  Hammond. 

2.  (Bot.)  The  disposition  and  arrangement  of 
the  roots  of  a plant.  Henslow. 

RAd'I-CEL,  n.  A small  root;  a rootlet.  Gray. 
rAd'I-CLE  (r5d'e-kl),  n.  [L.  radicula,  dim.  of 
radix,  radicis,  a root;  It.  radicella-,  Sp.  radi- 
cula ; Fr.  radicule.)  (Bot.) 

1.  The  stem  of  the  embryo,  the  lower  end  of 

which  forms  the  root.  Gray. 

2.  (Bot.)  A fibre  of  the  tap-root ; a rootlet. 

Ilenslow. 

RAD'I-CULE,  n.  [Fr.]  (Bot.)  A radicle.  Loudon. 
rA'DI-O-LITE,  n.  [L.  radius,  a ray,  and  Gr. 
l.iOos,  a stone.] 

1.  (Min.)  A variety  of  natrolite.  Dana. 

2.  (Pal.)  One  of  a genus  of  fossil  shells,  the 
inferior  valve  of  which  is  in  the  shape  of  a re- 
versed cone,  the  superior  valve  convex.  Brande. 

RA-DI-OM'F.-TIJR,  n.  [L.  radius,  a radius,  and 
metrum,  a measure.]  ( Astron .)  A cross-staff ; 
a fore-staff.  — ■ See  Cross-staff.  Hutton. 

RA'DI-oCs,  a.  [L.  radius,  a ray.]  [r.] 

1.  Emitting  rays  of  light ; radiant.  Fletcher. 

2.  Consisting  of  rays  of  light.  Berkeley. 
RAD'ISH,  n.  [L.  radix,  a root,  a radish  ; It.  ra- 
dices Fr.  radis. — A.  S.  radio-,  Dut.  radys  ; 
Ger.  rettig,  radiess  ; Dan.  reedike  ; Sw.  rattika  ; 
Icel.  rodise.)  (Bot.)  A cruciferous  plant  of  the 
genus  Raphanus,  particularly  Raphanus  sativus, 
and  its  root,  which  is  eaten  raw  for  salad.  Gray. 

RA'DJ-US  [ra'de-us,  P.  J.  Ja.  Sm.  Wr.  C. ; ra'jus, 
S. ; ra'dyus,  E.  F.  K.  ; ra'de-us  or  ra'je-us,  W.), 
n. ; pi.  L.  ra  'z>/-/(Eng.  ra'di-Os-e§,  [r.]  ).  [L.] 

1.  (Geom.)  Half  of  the  diameter  of  a circle 

or  sphere,  or  the  distance  from  the  centre  to 
any  point  of  the  circumference.  Davies. 

fifp  Tile  radius  of  curvature,  at  any  point  of  a curve, 
is  the  radius  of  the  circle  which  will  exactly  fit  the 
curve  at  that  point.  Hill. 

2.  (Anat.)  The  shorter  and  the  smaller  of  the 

two  bones  of  the  fore-arm.  Dunglison. 

3.  (Bot.)  A ray.  Loudon. 

4.  (Fort.)  A line  drawn  from  the  centre  of 
the  polygon  to  the  end  of  the  outer  side. 

RA'DI-US— VEC'TOR,  n.  [L.  radius,  a radius,  and 
vector,  a bearer.] 

1.  (Math.)  The  radius  which  is  carried  round 

a fixed  centre,  and  on  which  a point  moves,  so 
that  a curve  is  described  by  the  combined  mo- 
tion of  the  radius  round  the  centre,  and  of  the 
point  on  the  radius.  P.  Cyc. 

tjPtr-  The  radius-vector  of  a point,  in  any  system  of 
polar  coordinates,  is  the  distance  from  the  origin  to 
the  point.  Eliot. 

2.  (Astron.)  The  imaginary  line  joining  the 

centre  of  the  sun  and  the  centre  of  a planet  or 
a comet,  or  the  centre  of  a planet  and  that  of 
its  satellite.  Somerville. 

RA'DIX,n.-,  pi .ra-dI'cei/.  [L.]  1.  A root,  as 

of  a word  ; a base.  Pilkington. 

2.  (Math.)  A term  applied  to  any  number 
arbitrarily  made  the  fundamental  number  or 
base  of  any  system.  Thus  ten  is  the  radix  of 
the  decimal  system  of  numeration,  and  also  of 
the  common  system  of  logarithms.  P.  Cyc. 
RA'ER,  n.  A cart-rail.  [Local,  Eng.]  Smart. 
f RAFF,  4i.  a.  [Ger.  raffen.)  To  sweep  ; to  hud- 
dle together  : — to  take  hastily.  Carew. 

RAFF,  n.  1.  A confused  heap;  a jumble.  “A 
raft'  of  errors.”  Barrow. 

2.  Rags  ; refuse.  Gascoigne. 

3.  A low  fellow.  [Local,  Eng.]  Grose. 

rAf'FLE  (-ft),  n.  [Sw.  raft'd.  — It.  riffa ; Sp.  rifa  ; 
F r . rafte ; faire  rafle,  to  sweep  stakes.]  A kind 
of  lottery,  in  which  each  of  a number  of  per- 


sons deposits  or  stakes  a part  of  the  value  of 
something,  for  the  chance  of  gaining  it  by  cast- 
ing dice.  Dryden. 

rAf'FLE  (-fl),  v.  n.  [Dut.  raffelen-,  Dan.  rafle ; 
Sw.  raftia  ; Icel.  hrafla,  to  sweep  with  the  hand. 
— Sp.  rifar ; Fr.  rafler,  to  carry  away;  rafler 
tout,  to  sweep  stakes.]  \i.  raffled  ; pp.  raf- 
fling, raffled.]  To  cast  dice  for  a prize  for 
which  each  of  several  persons  deposits  or  stakes 
a part  of  its  value.  “ They  were  raffling  for  his 
coat.”  Butler. 

RAF'FLE— NET,  ii.  A sort  of  fishing-net.  Crabb. 
RAF'FLER,  n.  One  who  rallies.  Clarke. 

RAF-FLE'SJ-A  (r?f-fle'zhe-a),  n.  (Bot.)  A para- 
sitical plant  of  Sumatra,  consisting  merely  of  a 
flower  of  extraordinary  size.  This  is  mainly  a 
fleshy  calyx  containing  the  organs  of  fructifica- 
tion within  or  beneath  the  rim  of  a huge,  fleshy, 
central  column  ; — so  named  from  its  discov- 
erer, Sir  T.  S.  Rajfles.  Eng.  Cyc. 

rAfF'-MER'CHANT,  n.  A dealer  in  lumber;  a 
raft-merchant.  Wright. 

R.AfT  (12),  n.  [Of  uncertain  etymology.  — FromL. 
ratis;  Fr.  radeau.  Skinner.  — From  Icel.  raptr, 
a roof ; repta,  to  roof.  Serenius.  — Past  partici- 
ple of  A.  S.  rcaftan,  to  tear  or  take  away,  to 
reave.  Tooke.  Richardson.) 

1.  A float  consisting  of  logs,  boards,  or  other 
pieces  of  timber  fastened  together,  so  as  to  be 
conveyed  from  one  point  to  another.  Pope. 

2.  A large  collection  of  timber  and  fallen 
trees,  which,  floating  down  a large  river,  are  ar- 
rested in  their  course  by  flats.  [U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

RAFT,  v.  a.  To  transport  on  or  in  a raft.  Bartlett. 
f RAFT,  p.  [A.  S.  reafian,  to  take  away.]  Be- 
reft ; rent ; severed.  Spenser. 

rAf'T^R  (12),  n.  [A.  S.  rafter-,  Dan.  raft ; Icel. 
raftr.)  (Arch.)  One  of  the  timbers  of  a roof, 
extending  from  the  plate  to  the  ridge.  Britton. 
rAf'T£R,  v.  a.  1.  To  form  into  rafters. 

2.  To  plough  up  one  half  of,  as  land,  by  turn- 
ing the  grass  side  of  the  ploughed  furrow  on 
the  land  that  is  left  unploughed.  Loudon. 

rAf'TJJRED  (rif'terd),  a.  Built  or  furnished  with 
rafters.  Pope. 

RAFT'ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  rafts.  Wright. 
RAFT'— MER-CHANT,  n.  A lumber-merchant  ; 

a raff-merchant.  Wright. 

RAFTS'MAN,  n.  A man  who  manages  a raft. 
RAFT'Y,  a.  Damp;  misty;  cold:  — rancid; 

musty ; stale.  [Local,  Eng.]  Porby. 

rAg,  n.  [From  A.  S.  hracod,  raked,  ragged  ; ra- 
cian,  to  rake.  Lye.- — From  Gr.  /lekoj,  a torn 
garment,  a rag.  Junius.) 

1.  A piece  of  cloth  torn  from  the  rest ; a frag- 
ment of  cloth  ; a tatter ; a shred. 

A cloth 

Gnawn  into  rags  by  the  devouring  moth.  Sandys. 

Woollen  rags  are  used  for  manure,  for  making  up  into 
shoddy,  or  coarse  cloths  and  druggets,  and  fur  flock  paper; 
linen  rugs,  for  njuking  lint  and  paper;  and  cotton  rags,  for 
paper-pulp.  Simmonds. 

2.  pi.  Worn  or  mean  attire.  Shah. 

Virtue,  though  in  rags,  will  keep  me  warm.  Dryden. 

3.  A fragment  or  article  of  dress.  Hudibras. 

4.  f A shabby,  beggarly  fellow.  Shah. 

5.  (Gcol.)  A stone  of  coarse  texture;  ap- 

plied indifferently  to  aqueous  and  igneous 
rocks.  Ansted. 

RAg,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  wregan,  to  accuse.]  To  rate ; 

to  scold  opprobriously.  [Local,  Eng.]  Pegge. 
RAG-A-MUF'F|N,  n.  [“From  rag,  and  I know 
not  what  else.”  Johnson.  — “ Perhaps  derived 
from  ragomofin,  the  name  of  a demon  in  some 
of  the  old  mysteries.”  Halliwell.)  A mean, 
paltry  felloxv  ; a wretch ; a tatterdemalion  ; a 
caitiff.  “A  crew  of  ragamuffins.''  Swift. 

In  Dr.  Whitaker’s  edition  of  Piers  Plouhnian, 
ragamoftn  is  thus  explained  : “ One  of  the  demons 
of  hell  ” To  call  a man  ragamuffin,  was,  it  seems, 
originally  to  call  him  a devil,  flares. 

RAg'— COLT,  n.  (Naut.)  An  Iron  pin  having  sev- 
eral barbs  on  its  shank.  Mar.  Diet. 

rAg'—  DEAL-1JR,  n.  A dealer  in  rags. 

RAGE,  n.  [L.  rabies-.  It.  rabbia;  Sp.  rabia  ; Fr. 
rage.) 

1.  Anger  excited  to  fury  ; violent  anger  ; 
fury  ; madness  ; frenzy. 

Torment,  and  loud  desire,  and  furious  ixtge.  Milton. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  £,  q,  f,  soft;  £,  G,  £, 


hard;  § as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


RAGE 


RAIN GAUGE 


1178 


2.  Vehemence  or  exacerbation  of  any  thing 

painful.  “ Great  rage  of  pain.”  Bacon. 

3.  Extreme  eagerness  ; vehemence  of  mind. 

You  purchase  puiu  with  all  that  joy  cau  give, 

And  die  of  nothing  but  a ray/:  to  live.  Pope. 

4.  Enthusiasm ; rapture  ; ecstasy,  [it.] 

Who  brought  green  poesy  to  her  perfect  age, 

And  made  that  art  which  was  a rage.  Cowley. 

5.  Fashion  ; mode;  vogue  ; as,  “ It  is  all  the 
rage [Colloquial.] 

6.  (Med.)  Hydrophobia ; canine  madness. 

RAGE,  v . n.  [i.  raged  ; pp.  raging,  raged.] 

1.  To  be  furious  or  violent  with  anger  or  pas- 
sion ; to  act  impetuously  or  wildly ; to  storm. 

And  Warwick  rages  like  a chafed  bull.  Shah. 

2.  To  move  as  if  actuated  by  anger. 

The  chariots  shall  rage  in  the  streets.  Xah.  ii.  4. 

The  madding  wheels  of  brazen  chariots  raged.  Milton. 

3.  f To  toy  wantonly  ; to  play.  Gower. 

f RA^rE'FUL,  a.  Full  of  rage  ; furious.  Sidney. 

fRAp'p-RY,  n.  Wantonness.  Chaucer. 

RAG'-FAiR,  n.  A market  for  vending  old  clothes 

and  cast-o  if  garments.  Simmonds. 

rAGG,  n.  ( Min .)  Ragstone.  Wright. 

RAG'GfD,  (l.  1.  Rent  into  tatters  ; tattered. 

With  over-weathered  ribs  and  ragged  sails.  Sit ak. 

2.  Dressed  in  rags  or  tatters.  “ Ragged  shep- 
herds.” Golding. 

3.  Having  inequalities  on  the  surface  ; un- 
even ; jagged.  “ Ragged  rocks.”  Isa.  ii.  21. 

4.  Rough;  rugged;  shaggy. 

What  shepherd  owns  those  ragged  sheep?  Drydcn. 

5.  Rugged  to  the  ear  ; not  musical. 

My  voice  is  ragged ; I know  I cannot  please  you.  Shak. 

RAG'GpD-LY,  ad.  In  a ragged  condition.  Racket. 

RAG’GED-NESS,  n.  1.  The  state  of  being  ragged 
or  dressed  in  tatters.  Shak. 

2.  Unevenness,  as  of  rocks.  Racket. 

RAG'EISD-SjCHOOR,  n.  A free  school  for  the 
education  of  the  poor.  Simmonds. 

RACING,  p.  a.  Furious  or  violent  with  anger 
or  passion ; — moving  as  if  angry. 

RACING,  n.  Violence  ; impetuosity. 

Thou  rulest  the  raging  of  the  sea.  Ps.lxxxix.  9. 

rA$'ING-LY,  ad.  With  vehement  fury.  Bp.  Hall. 

f RA'£Ioys,  a.  Raging  ; furious.  Fisher. 

+ RA'fJrlOUS-NESS,  n.  Violence;  raging.  Vires. 

RAG' MAN,  n.  ; pi.  RAGMEN.  A dealer  in  rags. 

RAG'MAN’$— ROLL,  n.  ( Scottish  Law.)  A roll  or 
record  said  to  have  been  made  by  direction  of 
one  Ragimund,  a legate  from  Rome,  who,  call- 
ing before  him  all  the  beneficed  clergymen  in 
the  kingdom,  caused  them  on  oath  to  give  in 
the  true  value  of  their  benefices,  according  to 
which  they  were  after  wards  taxed  by  the  court 
of  Rome.  Whishciw. 

Ragman,  made  from  rage-man , stands  in  Piers 
Plonhman  for  the  devil;  probably,  therefore,  this  ty- 
rannical roll  was  originally  stigmatized  as  the  devil's 
roll.  Cowell  says  that  it  was  properly  Ragimund' s 
roll , but  he  seems  to  be  mistaken.”  JSTarcs.  — Jamie- 
son favors  the  derivation  from  rage  man , and  says  of 
the  other,  “ [It]  evidently  rests  on  a misnomer.  No 
legate  of  the  name  of  Ragimund  ever  came  into  this 
country.  The  name  of  the  legate  referred  to  was  Bag- 
imund.”  He  also  says  that  “ the  old  taxation  of  Bag- 
imont " is  mentioned  in  old  Scottish  laws,  and  that, 
according  to  Spotswood,  the  rolls  were  called  Bagi - 
meat's  Rolls. 

RA-Gfjur’  (r'4-go'),  m.  [Fr.]  A highly-seasoned, 
dish  or  food.  Addison. 

RAG'STONE,  n.  ( Geol ) A stone  of  a coarse 
texture  ; rag.  — See  Rxg.  Brande. 

RA-GULED',  a.  { Her .)  Applied  to  an  ordinary, 
when  the  outlines  are  ragged  or  notched  after 
an  irregular  manner.  Bailey. 

RAG'WEEI),  n.  { Bot .)  A plant  of  the  genus  Am- 
brosia ; Ambrosia  artimisiafolia.  Gray. 

Great  ragweed , Ambrosia  trifida.  Dunglison. 

RAG'-WHEEL,  n.  A 
wheel  with  a notched 
edge.  Simmonds. 

Rag-wheel  and  efutin , a 
contrivance  used  instead 
of  a band  or  belt,  when  Rag-wheel  and  chain, 
great  resistance  is  to  be  overcome,  and  consisting  of 


a wheel  with  projecting  cogs  or  pins  which  catch  in 
the  links  of  a chain.  Wright. 

kAg'WORT  (-wiirt),  n.  {Bot.)  A plant  of  the 
genus  Scnecio  ; Senecio  Jacubiea.  Dunglison. 

RAID,  n.  [A.  S.  rad  ; ridan,  to  ride  ; Dut.  rid ; 
Ger.  ritt ; Dan.  rid ; Icel.  real ; Sw.  ridt. ] A 
predatory  or  hostile  incursion  ; an  inroad ; an 
invasion;  — properly,  an  equestrian  incursion. 
[Scotland.]  Jamieson.  Robertson. 

RAIL  (ral),  n.  1.  [A.  S.  hrcegcl , rcegel ; Dut. 
rigchel ; Ger.  riegel.  — “The  A.  S.  rang  cl  is  the 
dim.  of  rag,  or  rag,  the  past  tense  of  wrigan, 
to  rig  or  cover.”  Tooke.\ 

1.  A bar  of  wood,  iron,  or  other  material,  ex- 
tending from  one  post  or  support  to  another  ; 
as,  “ The  rail  of  a fence.” 

Nearly  two  centuries  before  the  introduction  of  the  loco- 
motive steam-engine,  the  collieries  of  the  North  of  England 
made  use  of  wooden  rails  for  the  purpose  of  reducing  the 
labor  of  drawing  coals  from  the  pit’s  mouth  to  the  place  of 
shipment.  Tomlinson. 


2.  A railroad;  a railway;  as,  “To  travel  by 

rail.”  Qu.  Rev. 

3.  {Arch.)  The  horizontal  part  in  any  piece 

of  framing  or  panelling.  Brande. 

4.  ( Naut .)  A narrow  plank  nailed  for  orna- 

ment on  some  part  of  a ship’s  upper  works  ; — 
a curved  piece  of  timber  extending  from  the 
bows  to  the  continuation  of  the  ship’s  stem,  to 
support  the  knee  of  the  head,  and  the  orna- 
mental figure  affixed  to  it.  Mar.  Diet. 

5.  f A cloak  or  loose  gown.  “ Cambric  rails.” 

Beau.  Sj  FI. 


RAIL,  n.  [Fr.  rale.  — Ger. 
ralle  ; Sw.  rail.  — “An 
onomatopoeia,  formed 
from  the  cry  of  the 
bird.”  Landais .]  ( Or - 
nith.)  A bird  of  the 
order  Grallee,  family 
Rallidce,  and  genus 

Rallus.  Water-rail  (Rallies  aquatic  us). 

flrg*  The  rails  arc  remarkable  for  the  compressed 
form  of  the  body,  which  is  owing  to  the  narrowness 
of  tile  sternum.  They  arc  shy,  timid  birds,  inhabit- 
ing the  borders  of  rivers,  brooks,  and  moist  mead- 
ows. Baird. 


RAIL,  V.  a.  [t.  RAILED  ; pp.  RAILING,  RAILED.] 

1.  To  enclose  with  rails.  “Sir  Roger... 
has  railed  in  the  communion-table.”  Addison. 

2.  To  range  in  a line.  “ Ail  railed  in  ropes, 

like  a team  of  horses  in  a cart.”  Bacon. 


RAIL,  v.  n.  \Ji\t.rallar ; Fr.  railler.  — Dut.  rallen, 
to  chatter  ; Sw.  rallai]  To  use  insolent  and  re- 
proachful language ; to  utter  reproaches ; to 
scoff ; — formerly  with  on,  now  commonly  with  at. 

Let  it  not  be  said  that  they  are  men  of  depraved  under- 
standing and  depraved  morals.  This  is  to  rail,  not  to  argue. 

Jlolingbroke. 

Syn.  — See  Declaim. 

RAIL,  v.  n.  [ Skinner  suggests  Fr. router,  to  roll.] 

1.  f To  gush  forth  ; to  flow  ; to  rill.  Chaucer. 

2.  To  ride  or  travel  on  a railroad.  Thos.  Rood. 

RAIL'— CAR,  n.  A car  for  transporting  passen- 
gers on  railroads.  Bartlett. 

RAlL'JJR,  n.  One  who  rails;  a scoffer.  South. 

RAIL'— FENCE,  n.  A fence  made  of  wooden 

rails.  Clarke. 

ItAlL'lNG,  n.  1.  Act  of  one  who  rails  or  scoff's; 
insolent  and  reproachful  language. 

Strifes  of  words,  whereof  cometh  envy,  strife,  railings. 

1 Tim.  vi.  4. 

2.  A fence  or  barrier  made  of  posts  and  rails. 

rAii.'ING,  p.  a.  Uttering  or  expressing  reproach. 

RAIL'ING-LY,  ad.  Scoffingly  ; like  a scoffer. 

RAiL'LER-Y  (ral’ler-e)  [ral'ler-e,  S.  W.  P.  J.  E. 
F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.;  ral'er-e,  R.  C.  f Vb. ; ral'er-e  or 
ral'ler-e,  Wr.],  n.  [Fr.  raillcrie.]  Slight  satire 
or  ridicule  ; satirical  merriment ; banter  ; good- 
humored  irony  ; pleasantry  ; joke. 

This  is  the  true  art  of  railler//,  when  a man  turns  another 
into  ridicule,  and  shows  at  the  sune  time  he  is  in  good  hu- 
mor, and  not  urged  by  malice  against  the  person  he  rallies. 

Taller. 

tfrT  “ We  must  not  suppose  this  word  to  be  the 
offspring  of  the  English  word  to  rail , however  nearly 
they  may  he  sometimes  allied  in  practice.  Raillery 
comes  directly  from  the  French  word  raillcrie ; and, 
in  compliment  to  that  language  for  the  assistance  it 
so  often  affords  us,  we  pronounce  the  first  syllable 
nearly  as  in  the  original.  This,  however,  is  not  a 
mere  compliment,  like  the  generality  of  those  we  pay 


the  French  ; for,  were  we  to  pronounce  the  first  syl- 
lable like  rail , it  might  obscure  and  pervert  the  mean- 
ing. Mr.  Sheridan,  Mr.  Scott,  Dr.  Kenrick,  Mr.  Nares, 
\V.  Johnston,  Mr.  Perry,  and  Mr.  Smith  pronounce 
it  as  I have  marked  it.”  Walker. 

RAl LLEUR  (ra-el-yiir'),  n.  [Fr.]  One  who  uses 
raillery  ; a jester ; a mocker,  [r.]  Bprat. 

RAIL'ROAD,  n.  A road  in  which  rails  of  iron  are 
laid  down  upon  a smooth  solid  foundation  for 
the  purpose  of  facilitating  the  motion  of  wheel 
carriages.  Nathan  llalc.  Tomlinson. 

In  an  extended  sense  of  the  word,  it  compre- 
hends all  the  land,  works,  buildings,  and  machinery 
required  for  the  support  and  use  of  the  road  or  way, 
with  its  rails.”  JVichol. 

RAlL'wAY,  n.  A railroad.  P.  Cyc. 

Railway  is  the  more  common  term  in  England, 
and  railroad  is  the  more  common  in  the  United  States. 

RAlL'wAY— SLIDE,  7i.  A turn-table.  Simmonds . 

RA  I'M  ENT,  7i.  [From  the  old  word  array?nent .] 
Clothing;  clothes;  apparel;  vesture;  vestment; 
dress  ; attire. 

Having  food  and  raiment , let  us  be  therewith  content. 

1 Tim.  vi.  8. 

Syn.  — See  Apparel. 

RAIN  (ran),  v.  7i.  [Goth.  r\gna7i ; A.  S . rinan  ; 
Dut.  7'egenen ; Ger.  regnen\  Dan.  regnc\  Icel. 
rigna  ; Sw.  7'egna . — Gr.  paiveiv,  to  make  wet; 
L.  7'igo.]  [i.  rained  ; pip.  raining,  rained.] 

1.  To  fall  in  drops  from  the  clouds,  as  water; 
to  drizzle  ; — commonly  used  impersonally. 

Elias  . . . prayed  earnestly  that  it  might  rain.  Jas.  v.  17. 

2.  To  fall  or  drop  as  rain  ; to  flow ; to  distil. 

They  sat  them  down  to  weep;  nor  only  tears 
Rained  at  their  eyes.  Milton. 

RAlN,  v.  a.  To  pour  down  as  rain. 

Israel  had  here  famished,  had  not  God 

Rained  from  heaven  manna.  Milton. 

RAlN,  7i.  1.  The  water  or  the  descent  of  water 

that  falls  in  drops  from  the  clouds ; a shower. 

A feeling  of  sadness  and  longing, 

That  is  not  akin  to  pain. 

And  resembles  sorrow  only 
As  the  mist  resembles  the  rain.  Longfellow. 

The  integrant  particles  of  a cloud  or  fog  are 
hollow  vesicles,  capable  of  floating  in  the  air,  or  of 
being  kept  from  falling  by  the  slightest  breeze.  When 
these  vesicles  break  or  coalesce,  they  produce  solid 
drops,  varying  in  size  from  the  slight  molecules  of  a 
drizzle  up  to  the  massive  globes  of  a thunder-storm.” 
Nichol. 

2.  A furrow  : — a ridge.  [Local.]  Wright. 

Fossil  rain , ( Ocol .)  impressions  of  rain  on  the  sur- 
face of  stratified  rocks.  Eng.  Cyc. 

RAlN'BEAT,  a.  Injured  by  rain,  [r.]  Bp.  Hall. 

R A IN 'BOW,  7i.  ( Meteor . & Opt.)  A luminous  me- 
teor in  the  form  of  a brilliant-colored  arch, 
formed  in  the  region  of  the  heavens  opposite  to 
the  sun  by  the  refraction,  reflection,  and  sepa- 
ration into  the  colors  of  the  prismatic  spectrum, 
which  his  rays  undergo  in  the  drops  of  falling 
rain  ; iris.  Brewster. 

/JOT*  When  the  meteor  is  perfect,  there  are  two 
semicircular  arches,  the  inner  and  more  brilliant  one, 
called  the  primary  rainbow,  being  produced  by  two 
refractions  and  one  reflection,  and  the  outer  one, 
called  the  secondary  rainbow,  being  produced  by  two 
refractions  and  two  reflections.  The  bows  consist  of 
an  infinite  number  of  prismatic  spectra  arranged  in 
the  circumference  of  a circle,  with  their  colors  in  a 
reverse  order,  the  red  being  the  outermost  color  of  the 
primary  and  the  innermost  color  of  the  secondary. 
The  light  of  both  is  completely  polarized  in  planes 
passing  through  the  eye  and  the  radii  of  the  arch. 

Lunar  rainbow , a faint  rainbow  formed  opposite  to 
the  moon.  Brewster.  — Supernumerary  rainbow , a name 
applied  to  bows  consisting  of  red  and  green  arches 
sometimes  seen  within  the  primary  rainbow,  and  in 
contact  with  it,  and  also  on  the  outside  of  the  sec- 
ondary one.  A third  and  peculiar  rainbow,  not  con- 
centric with  the  two  common  ones,  has  been  seen 
between  them.  Brewster. 

RAIN'BOWED  (ran'liod),  a.  Furnished  with  a 
rainbow.  Dicight. 

RAlN'BOW— 1 TlNT'jED,  a.  Having  prismatic  tints 
like  a rainbow.  Clarke. 

RAIN'DEER,  n.  See  REINDEER. 

RAlN'FALL,  n.  A fall  of  rain.  Murchison. 

RAIN'-GAU<?E,w.  An  instrument  for  measuring 
the  quantity  of  rain  that  falls  on  a given  spot 
in  a given  time;  a pluviameter;  an  ombrome- 
ter; a udometer.  Tomlinson. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  !,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  p,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  IIEIR,  HER; 


RAININESS 


1179 


RAMADAN 


RAlN'J-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  rainy. 

RAlN'LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  lain.  A.K.  Johnstone. 

rAiN'-LINE,  n.  ( Naut .)  A rope  or  line  used  to 
form  the  sheer  of  a ship.  Wealc. 

RAIN'— TIGHT  (-tit),  a.  So  tight  as  effectually  to 
exclude  rain.  . Clarke. 

RAIN'-WA-TER,  n.  Water  which  falls  in  rain 
from  the  clouds. 

No  one  has  a right  to  build  his  house  so  as  to  cause  the 
rain-water  to  fall  over  his  neighbor’s  land,  unless  lie  has  ac- 
quired a right  by  a grant  or  prescription.  Eouvier. 

RA  IN'Y,  a.  Abounding  in  rain  ; showery  ; wet. 
A continual  dropping  in  a very  rainy  day.  Prov.  xxvii.  15. 

R.VIP,  n.  A rod  to  measure  ground.  Diet.  Rust. 

RAl§'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  raised.  Hardwick. 

RAl§E  (raz),  v.  a.  [Dan.  reise  ; Sw.,ma.  The 
Goth,  reisan,  raisan,  exists  in  the  compounds 
urreisan,  urraisyan , to  raise,  rise,  or  cause  to 
rise.  Junius  thinks  it  the  same  word  as  rear,  by 
a common  change  of  r into  s.  — See  Rise.]  [i. 
RAISED  ; pp.  RAISING,  RAISED.] 

1.  To  put,  place,  take,  or  set  up  ; to  lift ; to 

elevate;  to  heighten;  to  uplift;  to  rear.  “He 
raised  a mast.”  Johnson. 

The  elders  went  to  raise  him  up  from  the  earth.  2 Sam.  xii.  17. 

2.  To  erect ; to  build ; to  construct. 

liaise  thereon  a heap  of  stones.  Josh.  viii.  29. 

3.  To  exalt  or  elevate  in  condition  or  quality. 
This  gentleman  came  to  be  raised  to  great  titles.  Clarendon. 

And  raise  my  thoughts,  too  humble  and  too  vile.  Spenser. 

4.  To  give  rise  to  ; to  cause  ; to  occasion. 

One  hath  ventured  from  the  deep  to  raise 

New  troubles.  Milton. 

5.  To  bring  back  to  life  after  being  dead. 

He  was  delivered  for  our  offences,  and  raised  again  for  our 
justification.  liom.  iv.  25. 

6.  To  augment;  to  amplify;  to  enlarge;  to 

increase.  “ To  raise  my  fortunes.”  Shak. 

7.  To  give  motion  to;  to  put  into  action  or 
currency;  to  excite. 

He  raiseth  the  stormy  wind.  Ps.  evii.  28. 

8.  To  levy;  to  collect;  to  assemble. 

He,  out  of  smallest  things,  could,  without  end, 

Have  raised  incessant  armies.  Milton. 

9.  To  procure  to  be  produced  or  propagated  : 

— to  cause  to  grow;  to  grow.  “He  raised 
sheep.”  “ He  raised  wheat.”  Johnson. 

10.  To  make  light  or  spongy,  as  dough  or 
paste. 

11.  (Law.')  To  create;  to  constitute.  “To 

raise  a use.”  Burrill. 

12.  {Naut.)  To  elevate,  as  any  distant  object 
by  a gradual  approach  towards  it.  Mar.  Diet. 

Ta  raise  a purchase , (Naut.)  to  prepare  certaip  in- 
struments or  machines,  so  that,  by  their  mutual  ef- 
fects, they  may  produce  a mechanical  force  sufficient 
to  overcome  the  weight  or  resistance  of  the  object  to 
which  this  machinery  is  applied.  Mar.  Diet. — To 
raise  a siege,  (Mil.)  to  abandon  the  siege  of  a place. 
Mil.  Ency . — To  raise  a spirit , to  call  it  into  view. 

USp  “ To  raise  is,  in  all  its  senses,  to  elevate  from 
low  to  high,  from  mean  to  illustrious,  from  obscure 
to  famous,  or  to  do  something  that  may  be  by  an  easy 
figure  referred  to  local  elevation.”  Johnson. 

Mr.  Pickering,  in  his  “Vocabulary  of  Ameri- 
canisms,” says,  “In  New  England,  the  farmers  say 
to  raise  corn,  wheat,  &c.  ; but  in  England,  at  the 
present  day,  the  farmers,  and  even  the  agricultural 
writers,  say,  to  grow  corn,  &c.,  and  this  expression 
is  now  getting  into  use  here.”  In  the  Northern  States 
it  is  common  to  say,  to  raise  corn,  wheat,  &c.,  and 
also  cattle  and  horses ; and  in  the  Southern  States 
the  word  is  used  in  the  sense  of  to  bring  up  ; as,  “ In 
the  place  in  which  he  was  raised.”  Jefferson.  “You 
know  I was  raised,  as  they  say  in  Virginia,  among 
the  mountains  of  the  north.”  Paulding. 

Syn.  — See  Build,  Found,  Heighten,  Lift. 

RAi^'IJR,  n.  1.  One  who  raises. 

2.  (Arch.)  A riser.  Wright. 

RAI’SjIN  (ra'zn)  [ra'zn,  S.  E.  K.  Sm.  R.  C.  Wr. 
Wb. ; ra'zin,  P.  Ja. ; rs'zn,  IF.  J. ; razn  or  rEzn, 
P.],  n.  [Fr.  raisin. — Dut.  rozijn.  — Ger.  ro- 
sin c ; Dan.  rosin  ; — from  L.  racemus,  a hunch 
or  cluster.  Richardson.  Landais.  Diez.] 

1.  t A grape.  Wickliffe. 

2.  A ripe  grape  dried  upon  the  vine,  or  in  an 
oven. 

A®”  Walker  pronounces  this  word  re'zn  ; and  he 
regards  the  pun  contained  in  the  following  quotation 
from  Shakspeare  — “If  reasons  were  as  plenty  as 


blackberries,  I would  give  no  man  a reason  upon  com- 
pulsion ” — as  a proof  that  raisin  and  reason  were 
pronounced  exactly  alike  in  his  time ; but  they  are 
now  pronounced  differently. 

RAIDING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  lifting  up. 

2.  The  act  of  erecting  the  frame  of  a building. 

RAIDING— PLATE,  n.  (Arch.)  The  plate  or  lon- 
gitudinal timber  on  which  the  roof  stands  raised 
or  placed.  Brande. 

RA1SONNE  (ra-zo-ni'),  a.  [Fr.]  Arranged  and 
digested  systematically  ; as,  “ A.  catalogue  rai- 
sonne."  Coleridge. 

RAl'V^L,  n.  A weaver’s  instrument,  with  pins 
in  it ; an  evener.  [Scotland.]  Jamieson. 

RA'JAIl  (r’d'ja  or  ra'jj)  [ra'js,  Ja.  K.  Wr.  ; ra'ja, 
S/».],  n.  An  hereditary  prince  of  the  Hindoos, 
belonging  to  the  caste  of  warriors.  Brande. 

RA'JAH-SIllP,  n.  The  dignity  or  principality  of  a 
rajah.  Wright. 

rAj-POOT',  n.  A person  belonging  to  the  milita- 
ry order.  [India.]  Malcom. 

RAKE,  n.  [A.  S.  raca ; Dut.  rake\  Ger.  rechcn; 
Dan  .rive;  Icel.  rcka  ; Sw.  rcifsa. — W .rhacan, 
rliacai  ; Ir.  raca  ; Gael.  rac.  — It.  $ Sp.  rastro  ; 
Fr.  ruteau.] 

1.  An  instrument  with  teeth  and  a handle, 

used  in  hay-making  and  gardening.  Tusser. 

2.  (Naut.)  The  projection  of  the  upper  parts 

of  a ship  at  the  stem  and  stern  beyond  the  ex- 
tremities of  the  keel: — the  inclination  of  a 
mast  from  the  perpendicular.  Mar.  Diet. 

3.  A metallic  vein  more  or  less  inclined  from 

a perpendicular.  A.  Jamieson. 

4.  A herd  of  colts.  [Local.]  Clarke. 

Ruhr  of  a rudder,  (Naut.)  the  forward  part  of  a rud- 
der. Mar.  Diet. — Rake  of  a mill-saw,  its  forward  in- 
clination. fVright. 

RAKE,  n.  [See  Rakehell.]  A loose  and  disso- 
lute man  ; a man  devoted  to  vicious  pleasure  ; 
a voluptuary  ; a debauchee  ; a libertine.  Addison. 

RAKE,  v.  a.  [Goth,  rikan  ; A.  S.  racian ; Ger. 
rechen ; Dan.  rive,  rage;  Sw.  refsa,  riifsa.  — Ir. 
racam.  — Fr.  racier.]  [i.  raked  ; pp.  raking, 
raked.] 

1.  To  gather  or  collect  with  a rake. 

Mow  barley,  and  rake  it,  and  set  it  on  cocks.  Tusser. 

2.  To  clear  with  a rake. 

As  they  rake  the  green-appearing  ground, 

The  russet  hay-cock  rises.  Thomson. 

3.  To  draw  or  heap  together;  to  accumulate. 

Ill-gotten  goods  are  squandered  away  with  as  little  con- 
science as  they  were  raked  together.  L' Estrange. 

4.  To  scour ; to  search  with  eager  diligence. 

The  statesman  rakes  the  town  to  find  a plot.  Swift. 

Such  an  ungracious  couple  [Domitinn  and  Commodus],  I 
am  sure,  as  a man  shall  not  find  again,  if  he  raked  all  hell 
for  them.  Ascham, 

5.  To  pass  swiftly  and  violently  over. 

Thy  thunder’s  roarings  rake  the  skies.  Sandys. 

6.  (Naval.)  To  fire  into  or  cannonade,  as  the 

head  or  stern  of  a ship  in  the  direction  of  her 
length,  or  along  her  decks.  Brande. 

To  rake  up,  to  cover  with  ashes,  as  the  fire. 

RAKE,  v.  n.  1.  To  use  a rake.  Jew. 

2.  To  search  ; to  grope. 

They  rake  into  the  most  promising  parts.  Addison. 

3.  To  pass  with  violence.  Sidney. 

4.  To  play  the  part  of  a rake. 

Nor  romped,  nor  raked , nor  stared  at  public  places. 

Shenstone. 

5.  (Naut.)  To  incline  from  a perpendicular, 

as  a mast,  stem,  or  sternpost.  Brande. 

AE55=-  “ The  bowsprit,  instead  of  raking,  is  said  to 
steer  e.”  Brande. 

RA-KEE',  n.  A kind  of  Russian  brandy.  Simmonds. 

RAKE'— HAN-DLE,  n.  A rakestale.  Clarke. 

RAKE'HELL,  n.  [“  From  rakel,  which  seems  to 
be  a corruption  from  rekeles,  that,  is,  reckless.” 
Richardson.  — See  Rake,  v.  a.,  No.  4.]  A wild, 
worthless,  dissolute  person  ; a rake.  [Low.] 

They  are  taken  for  no  better  than  rakehells,  or  the  devil’s 
black-guard.  Stanihurst. 

+ RAKE'tIELL,  a.  Base;  wild;  outcast;  worth- 
less. “ Amid  their  rakehell  bands.”  Spenser. 

RAkE'HELL-Y,  a.  Wild;  dissolute.  B.  Jonson. 

RAk'JJR,  n.  One  who  rakes.  Johnson. 


RAKE'SHAME,  n.  A base,  rascally  tellow;  a 
rake  ; a debauchee ; a rakehell.  Milton. 

RAKE'STALE,  n.  The  stale  or  handle  of  a rake  ; 
rake-handle.  Hallo  way. 

RAKE'— VEIN  (-van),  n.  (Min.)  A gash  or  ver- 
tical fissure  in  rocks,  cutting  through  all  the 
strata;  and  sometimes  accompanying  a fault. 

Ansted. 

RAlv'lNG,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  rakes. 

2.  (Naval.)  The  act  of  cannonading  a ship 
on  the  stern  so  that  the  balls  range  the  whole 
length  of  the  decks.  Ency.  Am. 

RAK'ING,  p.  a.  That  uses  a rake  : — that  rakes 
or  cannonades  in  the  direction  of  the  length  ; 
as,  “ A raking  fire.” 

RAk'ISH,  a.  Loose ; dissolute.  S.  Richardson. 

RAk'ISH-LY,  ad.  In  a rakish  manner.  Clarke. 

RAk'ish-NESS, n.  Dissoluteness;  lewdness. Scott. 

RAL-LEN-TAN1 DO,  a.  [It.]  (Mus.)  Growing 
slower  and  slower  ; ritardando.  Dwight. 

RAL'LI-ANCE,n.  Act  of  rallying;  rally.  Jefferson. 

RAl'LI-FR,  n.  One  who  rallies.  Iludibras. 

RAL' I.I-DJE,  n.  pi.  ( Ornith .)  A family  of  birds 
of  the  order  Grallee,  including  the  sub-families 
Rath  nee  and  Gallinulince  ; rails.  Gray. 

RAL-Li'NJE,  n.  pi. 

( Ornith.)  A sub- 
family of  birds  of 
the  order  Grallce 
and  family  Ralli- 
da: ; rails.  Gray. 

RAL'LY,  v.  a.  [t.  rallied  ; pp.  RALLYING,  ral- 
lied.] [Fr.  rattier.  — “ Spenser  writes  it  re- 
ally.” Richardson.]  To  bring  back  to  order,  as 
troops  that  may  have  been  dispersed,  or  retreat- 
ed in  a panic  : — to  restore. 

The  Gascons,  rallied,  soon  the  fight  renew.  Hoolc. 

RAL'LY,  v.  a.  [Sp.  rallar  ; Fr.  raitter.  — See 
Rail.]  To  treat  with  raillery,  pleasantry,  irony, 
or  slight  satire  ; to  banter  ; "to  joke  ; to  ridicule. 

Raillery  is  no  longer  agreeable  only  while  the  whole  com- 
pany is  pleased  with  it..  I would  least  of  all  be  understood  to 
except  the  person  rallied.  Steele. 

Syn.  — See  Ridicule,  Banter. 

RAL'LY,  v.  n.  1.  To  come  together  or  into  order. 

The  Grecians  rally , and  their  powers  unite.  Dryden. 

2.  To  recover  strength  or  vigor.  Smart. 

3.  To  exercise  satirical  merriment ; to  jest. 

He  rallied  with  a tongue  as  keen 

As  Rabelais  or  the  Irish  dean.  Cawthorn. 

RAL'LY,  n.  1.  The  act  of  recovering  order. 

And  that  which  was  crewhile  the  duke  ’s  firm  van 
Before  old  Vasco’s  front  vouchsafe  to  fly, 

Till,  with  their  subtle  rallies,  they  began 
In  small  divisions  hidden  strength  lb  try.  Darenant. 

2.  The  act  of  recovering  strength.  Clarke. 

3.  Exercise  of  slight  satire;  banter;  a joke  ; 

a jest.  Johnson. 

rAlPH'ITE,  n.  (Min.)  A fibrous  hornblende. 

RAM,  n.  [A.  S.  § Dut.  ram  ; Ger.  rarnm.  — “The 
L.  ramus  is  related  to  this  word.”  Bosworth.] 

1.  A male  sheep.  “ The  rams  of  thy  flock. ” 

Gen.  xxxi.  38. 

2.  Aries,  the  vernal  sign. 

The  Ram.  having  passed  the  sea,  serenely  shines, 

And  leads  the  year.  Creech. 

3.  A military  engine  ; an  instrument  with  an 
iron  head  to  batter  walls  ; a battering-ram. 

Judas  called  upon  the  Lord,  who,  without  any  rams  or 
engines  of  war.  did  cast  down  Jericho,  gave  a fierce  assault 
against  the  walls.  2 Macc.  xii.  ij. 

4.  An  hydraulic  engine,  called  also  hydraulic 
ram,  or  water-ram.  — See  Water-ram. 

RAM,  V.  a.  [i.  RAMMED  ; pp.  RAMMING,  RAMMED.] 

1.  To  drive  with  violence,  as  with  a battering- 
ram  ; to  push  or  press  hard  down,  or  together  ; 
to  force  down  or  in ; to  compress. 

Here  many  poor  people  roll  in  vast  balls  of  snow,  which 
they  ram  together,  and  cover  from  the  sunshine.  Addison. 

2.  To  fill  with  any  thing  driven  hard  together. 

They  mined  the  walls,  laid  the  powder,  and  rammed  the 
mouth;  but  the  citizens  made  a countermine.  Hayward. 

RAM-A-DAN',  n.  1.  The  ninth  month  of  the  Ma- 
hometan year  ; — written  also  Rhamadan,  Ba- 
madhan,  and  Ramazan.  P.  Cyc. 

Tslamism  prescribes  fasting  during  the  month  of  llama- 
dan.  Iialbi . 


Rallus  elegans. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RlJLE.  — <?,  $,  g,  soft;  IS,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


RAMAGE 


1180 


RANDOM 


2.  The  name  given  to  the  great  fast,  or  lent, 
of  the  Mahometans. 


fltj*  It  commences  with  the  new  moon  of  the  ninth 
month  of  the  Mahometan  year  ; and,  while  it  con- 
tinues, the  day  is  spent  in  prayers  and  other  devo- 
tional exercises,  and  a strict  abstinence  from  food 
and  drink  from  the  first  appearance  of  daybreak  till 
sunset.  Brande.  P.  Cyc. 


fRAM'A^E,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  ramus,  a branch.] 
X.  Boughs  or  branches  of  trees.  Johnson. 
2.  The  warbling  of  birds  among  the  branches. 
When  immelodious  winds  but  made  thee  move. 

And  birds  on  thee  their  ramage  did  bestow.  Drummond. 


fRAM'A<?E,  a.  [Fr.  ramage.']  Wild;  untamed; 
shy.  “ The  falcon  which  flietli  ramage.”  Gower. 

rAm'A<?E,  v.  a.  See  Rummage.  Johnson. 

f RA-MA'$H-OUS,  a.  Wild;  ramage.  Chaucer. 
rAm-A-yA'WA,  n.  [Sansc.,  the  career  or  travels 
of  Rama.]  The  oldest  of  the  two  great  Sanscrit 
epic  poems,  which  describes  the  life  and  actions 
of  the  hero  Rama  and  his  wife  Sita.  Brande. 
RAM'B^RtjJE,  n.  [Fr.]  A kind  of  galley. Simmonds. 

RA  M' BLE  (-bl),  v.  n.  [The  dim.  of  roam.  Barclay. 
Richardson.  — “ Most  probably  an  abbreviation 
of  the  L.  perambulo,  to  wander,  to  travel  abflut.” 
Todd.  — Ger.  rammelu,  to  romp.]  [i.  RAM- 
BLED ; pp.  RAMBLING,  RAMBLED.]  To  move 
or  go  about  irregularly  or  without  certain  direc- 
tion ; to  rove ; to  roam ; to  wander  ; to  stroll  ; 


to  range. 

We  must  not  ramhle  in  this  field  without  discernment  or 
choice,  nor  even  with  these  must  we  ramble  too  Ions. 

Bolmgbrokc. 

Syn.  — See  W an  de  R. 

RAM  BLE,  n.  A wandering;  an  irregular  excur- 
sion ; a stroll.  “ A short  Christmas  ramble.” Swift. 


Syn.  — See  Excursion. 

RAM  BLER,  n.  One  who  rambles;  a wanderer. 
RAM'BLJNG,  n.  A wandering;  an  irregular  ex- 
cursion; a ramble ; a roving.  “The  rambling s 
of  fancy.”  South. 

RAM'BLING,  p.  a.  Wandering;  roving;  irregular; 
discursive.  “ Our  rambling  muse.”  Churchill. 


RAM'BLJNG- LY,  ad.  In  a rambling  manner. 

-J- R AM-BOO§E',  n.  [See  Bouse.]  A compound 
drink,  in  most  request  at  Cambridge,  Eng., 
commonly  made  of  eggs,  ale,  wine,  and  sugar, 
but  in  summer,  of  milk,  wine,  sugar,  and  rose- 
water. Blount's  Glossography. 

IjQp  “ Of  this  learned  academical  word  I have  not 
met  with  an  example.  Bouse  meant  drink.”  Wares. 

f RAM-Bft§E',  n.  Ramboose.  Bailey. 

RA’Mg-AL,  a.  ( Bot .)  Belonging  to  a branch.  Gray. 

t RAm'^-KIN,  n.  [Fr.  ramequin .]  A small  slice 
of  bread,  with  farces  of  cheese  and  eggs.  Bailey. 

RA-MEW'TA,  n.  pi.  [L.,  scrapings .]  {Bot.) 
Thin,  brown,  foliaceous  scales,  appearing  upon 
young  shoots,  especially  upon  the  petioles  and 
the  backs  of  the  leaves  of  ferns.  Lindley. 


RAM-EN-TA'CEOUS  (-shus),  a.  {Bot.)  Covered 
with  ramenta.  Loudon. 


RA'MfNTS,  n.  pi.  [L.  ramenta.'] 

1.  Shavings  or  scrapings.  Bailey. 

2.  {Bot.)  Ramenta.  — See  Ramenta. 

RA'Mfl-OUS,  a.  Relating  to  a branch;  ramous ; 
ramose.  Smart. 

fRAM'y-QUlN  (-kin),  n.  [Fr.]  Ramekin.  Crabb. 

RAM-PEE'ZLED,  a.  Fatigued;  exhausted.  [Low.] 
I lent  him  [Burns]  to  a very  sensible  neighbor  of  mine;  but 
his  uncouth  dialect  spoiled  all:  and.  before  he  had  half  read 
him  through,  he  was  quite  ranifeezled.  Cowper. 

tt ' “ Cowper  seems  to  have  purloined  the  word 
from  Burns.”  Richardson. 


RAM  J-FJ-CA'TION,  n.  [L  .ramus,  a branch  ; It. 
rxmificazione  ; Sp.  ramificacion  ; Fr.  ramifica- 
tion. J 

1.  The  act  of  ramifying  or  branching ; separa- 
tion into  branches.  Hale. 

2.  A branch  or  division  ; an  offshoot. 

When  the  radical  idea  branches  out  into  parallel  ramifica- 
tions, how  can  a consecutive  series  be  formed  of  seuses  in 
their  nature  collateral?  Johnson. 

rAm'I-FY,  v.  a.  [Fr.  ramifier.)  [i.  ramified  ; 
pp.  ramifying,  ramified.]  To  separate  into 
branches  ; to  branch. 


Whoever  considers  the  few  radical  positions  which  the  j 
Scriptures  afforded  him  will  wonder  by  what  energetic  oper- 
ations lie  expanded  them  to  such  an  extent,  und  ramified 
them  to  so  much  variety.  Johnson. 

RAM'I-FY,  u.  n.  To  shoot  into  branches  ; to  branch.  ! 

When  they  (asparagus  plants]  arc  older,  and  begin  to-ram- 
ifl/,  they  lose  this  quality.  Arbuthnot. 

RA'MJST,  ? A follower  or  disciple  of  Peter 

RA'My-AN,  ) Ramus,  professor  of  rhetoric  and 
philosophy  at  Paris,  whose  system  of  logic  was 
opposed  to  the  Aristotelian  party.  Brande. 

RAM'— LINE,  n.  {Mast-making.)  A line  used  to 
get  a straight  middle  line  on  a spar.  Dana. 

RAM'M^R,  n.  One  that  rams  : — a ramrod. 

RAM'MJSH,  a.  Like  a ram,  particularly  in  odor; 
strong-scented ; rank.  Chaucer. 

rAm'MISH-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  ram- 
mish ; rankness  ; strong  scent.  Wright. 

rAm'MY,  a.  Like  a ram  ; rammish.  Burton. 

rAM-O-LES'CJJNOE,  n.  [Fr.  ramol/ir,  to  make 
softer;  mollir  (L.  mollio),  to  soften.]  A soften- 
ing; mollification,  [r.]  Clarke. 

RA-MOON'— TREE,  n.  {Bot.)  A small,  milky, 
drupaceous  tree  of  the  West  Indies,  the  leaves 
and  twigs  of  which  are  used  as  fodder  for  cat- 
tle ; Trophis  Americana.  Eng.  Cyc. 

RA-MOSE'  (129),  a.  [L.  ramosus ; ramus,  a 
branch  ; It.  Sf  Sp.  ramoso  ; Fr.  rameux.] 

1.  (Bot.)  Consisting,  or  full,  of  branches; 

branchy.  Gray. 

2.  {Min.)  Noting  minerals  having  the  ap- 
pearance of  the  branch  of  a tree.  Phillips. 

RA'MOUS,  a.  Full  of  branches;  ramose.  “A 
ramous  efflorescence.”  Woodward. 

RAMP,  v.  n.  [Fr.  ramper,  to  creep,  according  to 
Menage  from  L.  repo  (Gr.  t'piroi)  ; It.  rampicare, 
to  creep  ; rampare,  to  paw.]  [*.  ramped  ; pp. 
ramping,  ramped.] 

1.  To  creep  or  climb,  as  a plant.  Milton. 

Furnished  with  climbers  and  tendrils,  they  catch  hold  of 
thorn,  ami  so,  ramping  upon  trees,  they  mount  up  to  a great 
height.  ltjy. 

2.  To  spring;  to  hound;  to  leap;  to  sport; 

to  romp.  “ A ramping  lion.”  Spenser. 

They  dance  in  a round,  cutting  capers  and  ramping.  Swift. 

3.  t To  leap  with  violence  ; to  rage.  “ She 

rampeth  in  my  face.”  Chaucer. 

RAMP,  n.  1.  Aspring;  a leap  ; abound.  Shah. 

2.  A prostitute  ; a courtesan.  [Low.]  Nares. 

3.  A highwayman.  [Local.]  Halliwell. 

4.  (Arch.)  A concave  bend  or  slope  in  the 

cap  or  upper  member  of  any  piece  of  ascending 
or  descending  workmanship.  Brande. 

5.  {Fort.)  A.  road  cut  obliquely  into,  or  added 

to,  the  interior  slope  of  a rampart  or  of  a para- 
pet. Glos.  o f Mil.  Terms. 

RAMP'ApE,  v.  n.  To  be  riotous;  to  scour  up  and 
and  down.  [Local  and  vulgar.]  Halliwell. 

f RAM-PAL'LIAN  (ram-pal'y?n),  n.  [From  ramp.] 
A mean  wretch.  Shak. 

rAm'PAN-CY,  n.  The  state  of  being  rampant ; 
exuberance ; excessive  prevalence.  “ This 
height  and  rampancy  of  vice.”  South. 

RAM'PANT,  a.  [Fr.  ramper,  to  ramp. — A.  S. 
rempend,  headlong.] 

1.  Overgrowing  restraints  or  hounds  ; rank ; 
exuberant ; dominant ; vehement ; headstrong. 

2.  {Arch.)  Noting  an  arch  the  abutments  of 
which  spring  from  an  inclined  plane.  Weale. 

3.  (Her.)  Noting  an  animal  when  represent- 

ed as  standing  erect  on  his  hind  legs,  as  if  for 
attack.  — See  Lion.  Brande. 

RAM'PANT-Ly,  ad.  In  a rampant  manner. 

RAm'PART,  n.  [Fr.  rempart. — From  It.  riprro, 
a shelter;  ripa  (L.  ripa),  a bank.  Menar/e. — 
Probably  same  as  ramp.  Richardson.  — From 
Sp.  antparo,  protection,  a parapet.  Landais .] 

1.  (Fort.)  An  elevation  of  earth  round  a 
place,  on  which  troops  and  guns  are  posted,  and 
on  which  the  parapet  is  raised.  It  is  situated 
between  the  ditch  and  the  town,  and  consists 
of  an  interior  slope,  terre-plein,  banquette,  and 
exterior  slope  or  escarp.  Glos.  o f Mil.  Terms. 

2.  That  which  fortifies  ; a bulwark  ; a defence. 

Syn.  — See  Fortification. 

f RAM'PART,  v.  a.  To  fortify  with  a rampart  or 
ramparts.  Shak. 


f RAM'l’BR,  v.  a.  To  rampart.  J.  Fox. 

t RAM'PIER,  n.  A rampart.  Pope. 

RAm'PJ-ON,  n.  [It.  raperonzo  ; rapa  (L .rapa),  a 
turnip;  Fr . raiponce. — Ger.  rapunzel.]  (Bot.) 
An  herbaceous  plant  with  a white  esculent  root, 
resembling  a little  turnip ; Campanula  rapuncu- 
lus.  Eng.  Cyc. 

f rAm'I’IRE,  n.  A rampart.  Drgden. 

f RAM'PIRE,  v.a.  To  fortify  with  ramparts.  Shak. 

RAM  ROD,  n.  A rod  for  ramming  down  the  charge 
of  a gun  ; a rammer.  Stocqueler. 

RAM'— SHAC-KLE,  a.  Loose;  disjointed;  out  of 
repair.  [Colloquial  and  local,  Eng.]  Halliwell. 

RAM'^ON,  n.  A species  of  garlic  formerly  culti- 
vated in  gardens  ; Allium  vrsinum.  Eng.  Cyc. 

RAM'U-Li,  n.  pi.  [L.  dim.  of  ramus,  a branch.] 
(Bot.)  Twigs  or  youngest  shoots  or  branchlcts  ; 
flagella.  Lindley. 

RAM'U-LOSE,  a.  [L.  ramulosus-,  ramulus,  a lit- 
tle branch.]  (Bot.)  Full  of  branchlets.  Gray. 

RAM'U-LOUS,  a.  Ramulose.  Wright. 

rAn,  i.  from  run.  See  Run. 

RAN,  n.  1.  Open  theft ; rapine.  [Local.]  Wright. 

2.  (Rope-making .)  Twenty  cords,  or  lines,  of 
twine  wound  on  a reel,  every  cord  being  so  part- 
ed by  a knot  as  to  be  easily  separated.  Crabb. 

rA  'WA,  n.  [L.]  (Zoiil.)  A genus  of  tailless  batra- 
chian  reptiles  ; the  frog.  Brande. 

RAN-OES'CyNT,  a.  [L.  ranccsco,  rancescens,  to 
grow  rancid.]  Becoming  rancid.  Smart. 

j- RANCH,  v.  a.  To  sprain ; to  wrench.  Dryden. 

RANCH,  n.  A rancho.  — See  Rancho. 

RAW-CUE  ' RO  (ran-cha'ro),  n.  [Sp.]  In  Mexico, 
California,  &c.,  the  steward  of  a rancho  or 
mess  : — also  a person  who  lives  in  or  on  a ran- 
cho ; a herdsman  ; a peasant.  Neuman.  Bartlett. 

RAw'CHO,n.  [Sp.]  In  Mexico,  California,  &c., 
a set  of  persons  who  eat  and  drink  together  ; a 
mess: — a rude  hut  covered  with  branches  or 
thatch,  for  herdsmen,  &c.  — a place  consisting 
of  a few  huts  where  travellers  may  find  provis- 
ions : — a farming  establishment  for  raising 
horses  and  cattle.  Velasquez.  Neuman.  Bartlett. 

rAN'CJD,  a.  [L.  rancidus ; ranceo,  raneens,  to 
be  rank;  It.  rancido ; Sp.  rancio ; Fr.  ranee.] 
Having  a rank  smell ; fetid  ; rank  ; sour  ; — 
applied  to  fatty  substances.  Arbuthnot. 

RAN'CID- LY,  ad.  With  rancidness,  or  strong 
scent.  Wright. 

RAN-CID'J-TY,  )n  [It.  raneidezza ; Sp .rancidez; 

RAN'CJD-NESS,  ) Fr.  rancidite.]  The  state  or  the 
quality  of  being  rancid  ; rank  smell.  Andreics. 

RAN'COR  (iSng'kur,  82),  n.  [L.  ranceo,  to  he  ran- 
cid ; it.  rancore  ; Sp.  rancor-.  Old  Fr.  rancceur  ; 
Fr.  rancure .]  Inveterate  or  deep  malignity  ; 
implacable,  personal  malice  ; steadfast  hate  or 
enmity;  virulent  animosity ; spite.  Addison. 

Syn.  — See  Enmity,  Malice. 

rAN'COR-OUS  (rkng'kur-us),  a.  Full  of  rancor; 
deeply  malignant ; implacably  malicious  ; ma- 
levolent; malign.  “ A rancorous  enemy.”  Shak. 

RAN'COR-OUS-LY  (ran'kur-us-le),  ad.  With  ran- 
cor ; with  deep  malignity  or  hatred.  Johnson. 

RAND,  n.  [A.  S.,  Dut.,  Dan.,  &:  Sw.  rand.] 

1.  f A border;  an  edge;  a seam;  a shred. 

“ To  cut  me  into  rands.”  Beau.  FI. 

2.  Among  shoemakers,  a thin  inner  sole,  as 

of  cork.  Simmonds. 

rAn'dAn,  n.  A name  given  by  millers  to  the 
finest  parts  of  the  bran  of  wheat.  Simmonds. 

RAN'DOM,  n.  [A.  S.  randun,  a rushing,  random  ; 
rennen,  to  flow,  to  run. — Old  Fr.  randon,  the 
swiftness  or  force  of  a river;  Scot,  randoun, 
swift  motion  ; Old  Eng.  randon.] 

1.  Roving  motion  or  course ; want  of  direc- 

tion, method,  or  rule  ; chance  ; hazard.  “ Seed 
at  random  sown.”  Cowper. 

Fond  Love  his  darts  at  random  throws.  trailer. 

2.  (Gunnery.)  The  horizontal  distance  to 

which  a shot  is  projected;  range.  Hutton. 


A,  E,  !,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  5,  U,  t,  short;  A,  £,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; IIEIR,  HER; 


RANDOM 


1181 


RANTER 


RAN'DOM,  a.  Done  at  hazard;  chance.  “And 
struck  a random  blow.”  Dryden. 

Random  shot,  (Mil.)  a shot  discharged  with  the  axis 
of  the  gun  elevated  above  the  horizontal  or  point-blank 
direction.  Were  it  not  for  the  resistance  of  the  air, 
the  greatest  range  on  a horizontal  plane  would  be 
when  the  shot  is  discharged  at  an  angle  of  45J  above 
the  horizon.  The  greatest  range,  in  practice,  always 
lies  below  the  elevation  of  45°,  and  the  more  below  it 
as  the  shot  is  smaller  and  its  velocity  greater.  Hutton. 

f RAN'DON,  n.  Random.  Spenser. 

f RAN'DON,  v.  n.  [Fr.  randonner.]  To  stray  in 
a wild  manner.  Old  Play. 

RAN'DY,  a.  [Perhaps  from  rant.  Todd.]  Riot- 
ous ; disorderly.  [Local,  Eng.]  Grose. 

RANE,  or  RANE'-DEER,  n.  [A.  S.  ran,  a deer.] 
A reindeer.  — See  Reindeer.  Wright. 

fRAN'FORCE,  n.  The  ring  of  a gun  next  to  the 
vent.  Bailey. 

RANG,  i.  from  ring.  Rung.  — See  Ring. 

RAnIJE,  n.  [Fr.  rang,  a rank  ; rangie,  a row. — 
A.  S.  hring,  ring,  a ring.  — See  Rank.  Menage.] 

1.  A row  ; a rank.  “ Ranges  of  barren  moun- 
tains.” Bentley. 

2.  An  order  ; a class. 

The  next  range  of  beings  above  him  are  the  immaterial 
intelligences,  thenext  below  him  is  the  sensible  nature.  Hale. 

3.  f A step  of  a ladder.  Chaucer. 

4.  A kitchen  grate. 

The  implements  of  the  kitchen  are  spits,  ranges,  cobirons, 
and  pots.  Bacon. 

He  was  bid  . . . to  take  off  the  range  and  let  down  the 
cinders.  L' Estrange. 

5.  A kind  of  apparatus  or  stove  for  cooking 

set  in  a chimney.  Pond. 

6.  A bolting  sieve  for  sifting  meal.  Johnson. 

7.  Act  of  roving  ; an  excursion  ; a wandering. 

He  may  take  a range  all  the  world  over.  South. 

8.  Space  or  room  for  excursion  ; scope. 

A man  has  not  enough  range  of  thought  to  look  out  for  any 
good  which  does  not  relate  to  his  own  interest.  Addison. 

9.  Compass  taken  in  by  any  thing  excursive ; 

compass  or  extent  of  excursion.  Fell. 

Far  as  creation’s  ample  range  extends.  Pope. 

10.  A row  of  townships  lying  between  two 

consecutive  north  and  south  lines  which  are 
six  miles  apart.  [U.  S.]  Davies. 

11.  (Gunnery.)  The  path  which  a shot  de- 
scribes : — the  horizontal  distance  to  which  a 
shot  or  other  projectile  can  be  carried.  Ilutton. 

The  most  effective  range  of  musketry  is  from  1.10  to  200 
yards.  Gloss.  Mil.  Terms. 

12.  ( Naut .)  A quantity  of  cable  placed  in 

order  for  letting  go  the  anchor,  or  for  paying 
out.  Brande. 

RANfJE,  v.  a.  [Fr.  ranger.]  \i.  ranged;  pp. 

RANGING,  RANGED.] 

1.  To  place  or  set  in  a row  or  in  rows;  to  dis- 
pose in  order ; to  class  ; to  arrange.  “ Macca- 
beus ranged  his  army  by  bands.”  2 Macc.  xii.  20. 

A certain  form  and  order  in  which  we  have  long  accus- 
tomed ourselves  to  range  our  ideas.  IVatts. 

2.  To  rove  or  pass  over.  “To  range  the 

ditch,  and  force  the  brake.”  Gay. 

3.  To  sail  or  pass  in  a direction  parallel  to 

or  near,  as  the  coast.  Wright. 

4.  (Arch.)  To  place  so  that  the  edges  shall 
coincide  with  a given  line  or  surface.  Wright. 

Syn.  — See  Class,  Dispose. 

RAN£E,  v.  n.  1.  To  rove  at  large  ; to  ramble. 

I saw  him  in  the  battle  range  about.  Shale. 

2.  To  be  ranked  or  classed;  to  consort. 

’T  is  better  to  be  lowly  born. 

And  range  with  humble  livers  in  content, 

Than  be  perked  up  in  a glistering  grief, 

And  wear  a golden  sorrow.  Shak. 

3.  To  lie  in  a particular  direction. 

"Which  way  the  forests  range , which  way  the  rivers  flow. 

Drayton. 

4.  To  sail  or  pass  parallel  to  or  near  any 

thing,  as  the  coast.  Wright. 

5.  (Gunnery.)  To  be  impelled  horizontally, 
as  a shot  or  a shell. 

The  largest  shot,  with  very  small  velocities,  ranges  farthest 
with  an  elevation  of  nearly  45°.  Mar.  Diet. 

Syn.  — See  Wander. 

t RAN9E'M1JNT,  n.  Arrangement.  Water  land. 

RAN9')?R,  n • 1.  One  who  ranges  ; a rover. 

2.  A robber  ; a highwayman.  Spenser. 

3.  A dog  that  beats  the  ground.  Gay. 

4.  In  England,  formerly,  an  officer  in  the 
king’s  forests  and  parks  whose  duty  it  was  to 


walk  daily  through  his  charge,  to  see,  hear,  and 
inquire  of  trespassers  and  trespasses,  to  recover 
the  beasts  that  had  strayed  beyond  its  limits, 
and  to  present  all  transgressions  at  the  next 
court  held  for  the  forest.  Cowell.  P.  Cyc. 

RAN^J'ER-SMIp,  n.  The  office  of  a ranger,  or 
keeper  of  a park  or  forest.  Todd. 

RANGING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  ranges. 

2.  (Mil.)  The  disposition  of  troops  in  proper 
order  for  an  engagement,  manoeuvre,  march, 
& c.  Stocquelcr. 

t RAn'GLE,  v.  n.  To  rove  about.  Harrington. 

RA'NlNE,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  rana,  a frog.]  Wright. 

1.  Pertaining  to  a frog. 

2.  ( Anat .)  Noting  a portion  of  the  artery 

which  terminates  in  the  tongue,  and  also  the 
corresponding  vein.  Dunglison. 

RANK  (rangk),  a.  [A.  S.,  Dut.,  Ger.,  &;  Dan.  ratio, 
luxuriant  in  growth.  — L.  rancidus,  rancid  ; It. 
rancido  ; Sp.  rancio  ; Fr.  ranee.] 

1.  High-growing ; vigorous  or  strong  in 
growth  ; luxuriant.  “ The  bushes  rank."  Spen- 
ser. “Th e rankest  weeds.”  Addison. 

Seven  ears  came  up  on  one  stalk,  rank  and  good.  Gen.  xii.  5. 

2.  Producing  luxuriantly  ; very  fertile  ; rich. 
Where  land  is  rank , it  is  not  good  to  sow  wheat  after  a 


fallow. 


Mortimer 


3.  Strong-scented  ; rancid.  “ RtaA'-smelling 
rue.”  Spenser.  “ Rank  with  sweat.”  Swift. 

4.  Of  a strong  taste  ; offensive.  Harte. 

Such  kind  of  food  is  high  and  rank.  Ray. 

5.  Raised  to  a high  degree  ; excessive  ; vio- 
lent; rampant.  “ Rank  idolatry.”  Stilling  fleet. 

6.  Gross  ; coarse.  “ A name  as  rank  as  any 

flax-wench.”  Shak. 

7.  Having  carnal  desire  ; salacious.  Shak. 

8.  Cutting  deep,  as  the  iron  of  a plane.  Moron. 

9.  (Laic.)  Too  large  in  amount ; excessive, 

as  a modus.  Burrill. 

RANK,  ad.  Strongly  ; violently  ; rankly.  Spenser. 

RANK,  n.  [A.  S.  hring,  ring,  a ring ; Dut.,  Dan., 
Se  Sw.  rang,  rank.  — It.  rango,  rank,  condition  ; 
F r.-  rang,  a rank.] 

1.  A row  ; a range  ; a tier. 

The  rank  of  osiers  by  the  murmuring  stream.  Shak. 

2.  A row  or  line  of  soldiers;  file.  Stocqueler. 

Fierce,  fiery  warriors  fight  upon  the  clouds, 

In  ranks,  and  squadrons,  and  right  form  of  war.  Shak. 

3.  pi.  The  order  of  common  soldiers.  Smart. 

4.  A portion  as  classified  with  respect  to  other 

portions  ; class  ; series  ; order.  “ All  ranks  and 
orders  of  men.”  Attcrbury. 

The  wisdom  and  goodness  of  the  Maker  plainly  appears 
in  the  parts  of  this  stupendous  fabric,  and  the  several  degrees 
and  ranks  of  creatures  in  it.  Locke. 

5.  Degree  of  dignity,  eminence,  or  excel- 
lence ; relative  station  ; quality  ; grade. 

These  all  are  virtues  of  a meaner  rank.  Addison. 

The  rank  is  hut  the  guinea’s  stamp; 

The  man ’s  the  gowd  for  a’  that.  Burns. 

6.  High  place  or  station  ; dignity  ; eminence  ; 

nobility.  “ A man  of  rank.”  Johnson. 

7.  (Mil.)  The  relative  situation  or  grade 
which  officers  hold  with  respect  to  each  other, 
or  to  different  departments  of  service.  Stocqueler. 

Officers  of  an  inferior  rank  are  bound  to  obey  all  the  law- 
ful commands  of  their  superiors.  Bouvier. 

Rank  and  file,  (Mil.)  the  body  of  soldiers,  including 

the  corporals,  who  carry  firelocks.  Stocqueler To 

take  rank  of,  to  have  precedence  of. 

Syn.  — See  Class,  Series. 

RANK,  v.  a.  [Fr.  ranger.]  [i.  ranked;  pp. 
RANKING,  RANKED.] 

1.  To  place  abreast,  or  in  a line  ; to  range. 

In  view 

Stood  ranked  of  seraphim  another  row.  Milton. 

2.  To  place  in  a particular  class  or  order  ; to 
class.  “ Ranking  himself  with  princes.”  Shak. 
Heresy  is  ranked  with  idolatry  and  witchcraft.  Dec.  of  Piety. 

3.  To  place  in  a particular  order;  to  dispose 
or  arrange  methodically  ; to  classify. 

Who  now  shall  rear  you  to  the  sun.  or  rank 

Your  tribes?  Milton. 

Ranking  all  things  under  general  and  special  heads.  Watts. 

Syn.  — See  Class. 

RANK,  v.  n.  To  be  ranked  or  ranged;  to  be 
placed  ; to  have  rank,  order,  or  grade. 

I,et  that  one  article  rank  with  the  rest.  Addison. 

RANKER,  n.  One  who  ranks  or  arranges. 

RAN'KLE  (rang'kl),  v.  n.  [From  rank,  a.]  [j. 


RANKLED  ; pp.  RANKLING,.  RANKLED.]  To 
grow  more  rank,  as  the  corrosion  of  a wound  ; 
to  fester ; to  be  inflamed  in  body  or  mind. 

I little  smart  did  feel; 

And  now  it  ranklcth  more  and  more, 

And  inwardly  it  festcreth  sore.  §penser. 

A malady  that  burns  and  rankles  inward.  Howe. 

RAN'KLE  (rang'kl),  v.  a.  To  make  sore  ; to  irri- 
tate ; to  inflame.  Hume. 

rAN'KLING,  n.  The  act  or  the  state  of  any  thing 
which  rankles;  a festering  : — animosity.  Roget. 

RANK'LY,  ad.  1.  In  a rank  manner  ; with  vigor- 
ous growth  ; luxuriantly.  Spenser. 

2.  Rancidly  ; with  strong  scent.  Afore. 

3.  Coarsely  ; grossly.  “ Rankly  abused.”  Shak. 

RANK'NIJSS,  n.  1.  State  or  quality  of  being  rank  ; 
luxuriant  growth  ; exuberance.  Dryden. 

2.  Strong  smell ; rancidity.  Bp.  Taylor. 

RAN 'NY,  n.  The  shrewmouse.  Browne. 

f RAN'N  EL,  n.  A strumpet.  Wright. 

tRAN'RIKE,  a.  Noting  a tree  beginning  to  de- 
cay at  the  top  from  age.  “ Drayton. 

rAn'SACK,  v.  a.  [Dan.  randsage  ; Sw.  ransaka.  — 
Gael,  rannsaich.  — From  A.  S.  ran,  to  plunder, 
and  sccan,  to  seek. — See  Sack.]  [t.  ran- 
sacked ; pp.  RANSACKING,  RANSACKED.] 

1.  To  search  narrowly  or  thoroughly  ; to  ex- 
plore. “ I ransack  the  several  caverns.” 

Woodward. 

2.  To  plunder  ; to  pillage  ; to  sack.  “ The 
ransacked  city.”  “ Ransacked  houses  ."Dryden. 

Their  vow  is  made  to  ransack  Troy.  Shak. 

3.  fTo  violate  ; to  deflour  ; to  ravish.  Spenser. 

RAN'SOM,  n.  [Dut.  rantsoen  ; Ger.  ranzion  ; Dan. 
ranzon ; Sw.  ranson.  — Fr.  rancon.] 

1.  A price  or  sum  paid  for  redemption  from 
captivity,  imprisonment,  or  punishment. 

By  his  captivity  in  Austria,  and  the  heavy  ransom  that  he 
paid  lor  his  liberty,  Richard  was  hindered  to  pursue  the  eon- 
quest  of  Ireland.  Davies. 

2.  Release  or  redemption  from  captivity,  im- 
prisonment, or  punishment ; liberation. 

3.  (Old  Eng.  Law.)  A fine:  — a severe  or 

heavy  fine.  Burrill. 

4.  (International  Law.)  Redemption  of  cap- 

tured property  from  the  hands  of  an  enemy, 
particularly  of  property  captured  at  sea  : — a 
sum  paid  for  the  redemption  of  captured  prop- 
erty : — a contract  by  which  a ransom  is  agreed 
to  be  paid ; a ransom-bill.  Burrill. 

RAN'SOM,  v.  a.  [Dut.  rantsoeneren  ; Dan.  ran- 
soncre ; Sw.  ransonera.  — Fr.  ranponner .]  [i. 

RANSOMED  ; pp.  RANSOMING,  RANSOMED.] 

1.  To  redeem  from  capture,  imprisonment,  or 
punishment,  as  by  paying  a ransom ; to  rescue. 

To  ransom  the  women  that  were  his  prisoners.  Gelding. 

Ream  with  wonder  how  this  world  began; 

Who  made,  who  marred,  and  who  has  ransomed  man. 

Cowper. 

2.  f To  exact  ransom  of ; to  plunder.  Berners. 

Syn.  — To  ransom,  rescue,  and  liberate  arc  applied 

to  persons.  Ransom  or  liberate  prisoners  ; rescue  from 
captivity  ; redeem  persons  or  things. 

RAN  'SOM— BILL,  ii.  (International  Law.)  A con- 
tract by  which  a sum  of  money  is  agreed  to  tic 
paid  for  the  ratjsom  of  property  captured  at  sea, 
and  containing  also  other  stipulations  as  to  the 
return  of  the  vessel,  &c.  Burrill. 

rAn'SOM-ER,  ii.  One  who  ransoms  or  redeems. 

RAN' SOM- LESS,  a.  Having  no  ransom.  Shak. 

RANT,  v.  n.  [See  Rant,  n. — From  A.  S.  ren- 
dan,  to  rend,  to  tear,  i.  e.  a passion  to  tat- 
ters. Richardson.  — Gael,  ran,  to  cry  aloud.] 
[}.  RANTED  ; pp.  RANTING,  RANTED.]  To  1’aVO 
in  violent  or  high-sounding  language  ; to  be 
boisterous  or  noisy,  as  a speaker.  Cudworth. 

Nay,  an  thou  ’It  mouth,  I ’ll  rant  as  well  as  thou.  Shak. 

RANT,  n.  [Gael,  rant,  noise,  rant.]  Violent  or 
high-sounding  language,  without  dignity;  emp- 
ty or  boisterous  declamation ; fustian  ; rhodo- 
montade.  Stilling  fleet. 

RANTER,  n.  [Gael,  rantair,  a ranter.] 

1.  One  who  rants  ; a noisy  or  boisterous  de- 
claimer. 

2.  (Eccl.)  One  of  a religious  sect  of  the  sev- 
enteenth century  who  set  up  the  light  of  nature 
under  the  name  of  Christ  in  men  : — one  of  the 
primitive  Methodists  who  separated  from  the 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  9>  g,  soft;  1 0,  G,  5,  g,  hard ; § as  z;  \ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


RANTERISM 


1182 


RAPTURIZE 


Wesleyan  connection  on  the  ground  that  the 
latter  were  deficient  in  zeal  in  not  preaching 
the  gospel  in  the  streets,  &c.  Hook.  Braude. 

RAN'TpR-I§M,  n.  The  practice  or  the  tenets  of 
the  Ranters  ; Rantism.  Wright. 

RAn'TI-POLE,  a.  [From  rant.]  Wild;  roving; 
rakish.  [Low.]  Congreve. 

RAn'TI-POLE,  n.  A romping  child ; a rude, 
romping  boy  or  girl.  [Low.]  Grose. 

rAn'TI-POLE,  v.  n.  To  run  about  wildly.  [Low.] 

She  used  to  rantipole  about  the  house.  Arbuthnot. 

RANT'LjM,  n.  The  practice  or  the  doctrines  of 
the  Ranters  ; Ranterism.  Wood. 

RANT'Y,  a.  Wild  ; noisy.  [Local,  Eng.]  Todd. 

RAAT'C-LA,  n.  [L.  dim.  of  rana,  a frog.]  (Med.) 
A small,  soft,  fluctuating,  semi-transparent  tu- 
mor formed  under  the  tongue  by  the  accumula- 
tion of  saliva  in  Wharton’s  duct.  Duuglison. 

RA-nOn-CU-lA’ CE-JE,  n.  ( Bot .)  An  order  of 
plants,  including  Ranunculus  and  other  allied 
genera.  Eng.  Cgc. 

RA-NUN-CU-LA'CEOUS  (-situs),  a.  (Bot.)  Not- 
ing or  pertaining  to  plants  of  the  order  Ranun- 
culacece.  Eng.  Cgc. 

RA-NUN'CU-LUS, n. ; pi.  L.  ra-nun' cu-lI ; Eng. 
ra-nun'cu-lOs-je?.  [L.  dim.  of  rana,  a frog;  It. 
ranuncolo,  or  ranunculo ; Sp.  ranunculo ; Fr. 
renoncule .]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants  compris- 
ing numerous  species,  and  indigenous  in  many 
parts  of  the  world ; crowfoot ; butter-cup  ; — so 
named  by  Pliny  because  the  aquatic  species 
grow  where  frogs  abound.  Loudon.  Gray. 

RAXZ  DES  VACIIES  (rSnz-da- Visit'),  n.  [Fr., 
meaning  literally  rows  or  files  of  the  cows.]  A 
simple  and  beautiful  air  of  the  Swiss  herds- 
men, commonly  played  on  a kind  of  long  trum- 
pet, called  the  Alpine  horn,  or  Alp-horn.  P.  Cyc. 

For  this  reason  [that  it  produced  an  unconquerable  long- 
in?  in  the  Swiss  soldiers  for  home]  the  bands  of  the  Swiss 
regiments  in  foreign  service  were  forbidden  to  play  the  ltanz 
• U s l aches.  P.  Cue. 

R.Ap,  n.  [Sw.  rapp ; Dan.  rap.  — Gael,  crap,  crop.] 

1.  A quick,  smart  blow;  a knock;  a stroke. 

Arbuthnot. 

2.  Counterfeit  money.  [Cant.]  Swift. 

3.  A measure  of  yarn;  a lea.  — See  Lea. 

R.AP,  ».  n.  [A.  S . hrepan,  to  touch.  — See  Rat, 
«.]  [t.  RAPPED  ; pp.  RAPPING,  IIAPPEI).]  To 

strike  with  a quick,  smart  blow  ; to  knock. 

Comes  a dun  in  the  morning,  and  raps  at  my  door. 

Shcnstone. 

rAp,  v.  a.  To  strike  with  a quick,  smart  blow; 
to  knock. 

She  rapped  ’em  o’  the  coxcombs  with  a stick.  SJtak.  | 
With  one  great  peal  they  rap  the  door.  Pope. 

To  rap  out , to  utter  with  hasty  violence,  as  an  oath. 
Addison.  — In  the  United  States,  to  rip  out  is  often 
used  in  the  same  manner. 

RAp,  v.  a.  [L.  rapio,  raptus ; It.  rapere ; Sp.  ra- 
par;  Fr.  ravir.]  [t.  rapped;^,  rapping, 
rapped,  or  rapt.] 

1.  To  snatch  or  hurry  away;  to  seize;  to 
ravish. 

From  Oxford  I was  rapt  by  my  nephew,  Sir  Edmund 
Bacon,  to  Redgrave.  IVot ton. 

2.  To  hurry  out  of  one’s  self;  to  affect  with 
rapture  or  ecstasy;  to  transport;  to  enrapture. 

“ Rapt  with  joy.”  Addison. 

Rapt  into  admiration  of  the  infinite  wisdom  of  the  divine 
Architect.  C/ieync. 

3.  To  exchange;  to  truck.  [Low.]  Johnson. 

To  rap  and  rendy  to  seize  or  snatcli  by  violence. 

All  they  could  rap  and  rend  and  pilfer.  Uudibras. 

RA-PA 'Cloys  (ra-pa'slius,  66),  a.  [L.  rapax,  rapa- 
cis ; rapio,  to  seize  and  carry  off;  It.  rapacc, 
Sp.  rapaz  ; Fr.  rapace.] 

1.  Disposed  to  seize  by  force  or  violence; 
given  to  plunder ; greedy  of  plunder ; ravenous. 

Well  may  thy  Lord,  appeased, 

Redeem  thee  quite  from  death’s  rapacious  claim.  Milton. 

2.  Noting  an  animal  that  subsists  on  prey; 

preying ; voracious.  Wright. 

3.  Avaricious;  grasping;  greedy.  Rogct. 

Syn. — Beasts  of  prey  are  rapacious  ; all  animals, 

when  affected  by  hunger,  are  ravenous,  greedy,  and 
voracious.  A rapacious  beast;  a ravenous  wolf;  a 
voracious  appetite.  — See  Ferocious. 


RA-PA'CIOyS-Ly  (-sbtis-),  ad.  In  a rapacious 
manner  ; by  rapine  or  violent  robbery.  Johnson. 

R A-PA'CloyS-NESS  (r;>-pa'shus-nes), n.  The  qual- 
ity of  being  rapacious  ; rapacity.  Burke. 

RA-PAy'l-TY,  n.  [L . rapacitas  ■,  It.  rapacitd ; Sp. 
rapacidad ; Fr.  rapacitd.] 

1.  The  quality  of  being  rapacious  ; addictcd- 

ness  to  plunder  ; ravenousness.  Sprat. 

2.  Avariciousness  ; greediness  of  gain.  Rogct. 

rAP-A-REE',  n.  See  Rapparee.  Roget. 

RAPE,  n.  [L.  raptus  ; rapio,  to  seize;  It.  ratio  ; 
Fr.  rapt.] 

1.  Act  of  seizing ; privation  ;'  seizure. 

Pear  grew  after  pear. 

Fig  after  fig  came:  time  never  made  rape 

Of  any  dainty  there.  Chapman. 

2.  Something  seized  or  taken  away,  [r.] 

Where  now  are  all  my  hopes?  O,  never  more 

Shall  they  revive,  nor  death  her  rapes  restore.  Sandys. 

3.  Fruit  plucked  from  the  cluster.  Ray. 

4.  The  refuse  stalks  and  skins  of  raisins,  left 

after  making  British  wines,  used  by  vinegar 
makers,  the  vinegar  being  filtered  through  the 
mass  in  large  wooden  vessels.  Simmonds. 

5.  An  Anglo-Saxon  territorial  division  be- 

tween a shire  and  a hundred,  peculiar  to  the 
county  of  Sussex,  Eng.  Brandc. 

6.  (Law.)  The  carnal  knowledge  of  a wo- 
man forcibly  and  against  her  will.  Burrill. 

RAPE,  n.  [Gr.  fiams ; L.  rapum,  rapa\  It  rapa. 

— Dut.  raap ; Ger.  rlibe;  Sw.  rqfva.]  (Bot.)  A 

plant  of  the  cabbage  tribe,  cultivated  for  the 
sake  of  the  oil  extracted  from  its  seeds,  and 
the  succulent  food  it  supplies  to  sheep ; Bras- 
sica  napus.  Eng.  Cyc. 

f RAPE,  n.  Haste.  Piers  Plouhman. 

fRAPE,  v.  a.  To  ravish.  B.  Jonson. 

RAPE'— CAKE,  n.  The  refuse,  or  marc  remaining 
after  the  oil  has  been  expressed  from  rape-seed ; 

— used  for  manure.  Farm.  Ency. 

RAPE'— Oil.,  71.  A thick,  yellow  oil  expressed 
from  rape-seed,  used  in  the  arts,  and  for  burn- 
ing in  lamps  and  in  lighthouses;  — also  called 
colza-oil.  Tomlinson. 


rApe'-root,  7i.  Rape. 


Clarke. 


RAPE'— SEED,  7i.  The  seed  of  the  rape  from 
which  oil  is  obtained.  Urc. 

RAPE'— WINE,  n.  A kind  of  poor,  thin  wine,  made 
from  the  dregs  of  raisins  which  have  been 
pressed.  Simmonds. 

RA'PHE,  71.  [Gr.  a seam,  a suture  ; [iditro), 
to  sew  together.]  [Written  also  rhaphe.] 

1.  ( A7iat .)  A prominent  line,  resembling  a 

raised  seam.  Dimglison. 

2.  (Bot.)  A ridge  or  cord,  being  a continua- 

tion of  the  seed-stalk  running  from  the  hilum 
to  the  chalaza  along  the  side  of  an  anatropous 
or  an  amphitropous  ovule  or  seed.  Gray. 

RAPH'I-DEi=S,  71.  pi.  [Gr.  patpis,  papibos,  a needle.] 
(Bot.)  Minute,  transparent,  crystalline  bodies, 
usually  acicular,  found  in  the  tissue  of  many 
plants  ; — written  also  rhaphides.  Lindley. 

rAph'IL-ITE,  7i.  [Gr.  /. aipis,  a needle.]  (Min.) 
An  asbestiform  tremolite ; a variety  of  horn- 
blende. Dana. 

RAPIf-I-O-SAu'RUS,  n.  [Gr.  fiaptov,  dim.  of  papis, 
a needle,  and  aavpos,  a lizard.]  (Pal.)  A genus 
of  fossil  reptiles  found  in  the  lower  parts  of  the 
cretaceous  system.  Eny.  Cyc. 

rAp'ID,  a.  [L.  rapidus  ; rapio,  to  snatch  and 
carry  away  ; It.  <Se  Sp.  rapiclo  ; Fr.  rapide.] 
Quick  ; fast ; fleet;  speedy;  swift;  brisk. 

RAp'ID,  n. ; pi.  rap'id§.  A part  of  a river  where 
the  current  is  very  swift ; — commonly  used  in 
the  plural.  Qu.  Rev. 

Shooting  the  rapids,  descending  the  rapids  in  a 
steamboat  or  other  vessel.  Simmonds. 

RA-PID'J-TY,  n.  [L.  rapid, itas ; It.  rapidita;  Sp. 
rapidez;  Er.  rapicKU.]  The  state  or  the  quality 
of  being  rapid  ; quickness  ; celerity  ; swiftness  ; 
velocity  ; speed  ; celerity.  Addison. 

Syn. — See  Quickness. 

RAP'ID-LY,  ad.  With  rapidity  or  celerity  ; with 
quick  or  rapid  motion  ; swiftly.  Warton. 


IlA  P'ID-NESS,  n.  Celerity;  swiftness;  velocitv  ; 
rapidity.  Johnson* 

RA'PJ-ER  (ra'pe-er),  n.  [Dut.  rapier  ; Ger.  rap- 
pier  ; Dan.  rapiir.  — Fr.  rapier e.]  Formerly  a 
long,  straight  cut-and-thrust  sword;  — now  a 
small  sword  generally.  Stocquelcr. 

RA'PI-^R— FISH,  n.  The  sword-fish.  Grew. 

IlAP  JL,  \n  j-jt  j Pulverized  volcanic  sub- 

RA-PIL'LO,  I stances.  Wright. 

RAP'JNE  (rap'jn),  n.  [L.  rapina ; rapio,  to  seize 
and  carry  away;  It.  rapina',  Sp.  rapina-,  Fr. 
rapine.] 

1.  Forcible  seizure  and  carrying  away  of 

property;  the  act  of  plundering;  plunder;  pil- 
lage ; spoliation  ; robbery.  King  Charles. 

2.  Violence  ; force.  ' Milton. 

Syn. — Rapine  and  pillage  denote  the  taking  of 

property,  and  pillage  and  plunder,  the  property  taken, 
from  another,  with  more  or  less  violence,  as  in  war  ; 
but  rapine  implies  more  violence  than  pillage  or  plun- 
der. Guilty  of  violent  rapine’,  pillage  of  a town  ; 
loaded  with  pillage  or  plunder. 

f rAp'INE  (rap'jn),  v.  a.  To  plunder.  Sir  J.  Buck. 

f RAP'I-NOUS,  a.  Rapacious.  Chapman. 

f R APP,  v.  a.  To  transport.  — See  Rap.  B.  Jotison. 

rAP-PA-REE',  71.  A wild  Irish  plunderer;  — so 
called  from  his  being  armed  with  a half-pike, 
termed  a rapery.  Burnet. 

The  distinction  between  the  Irish  foot-soldier  and  the 
Irish  rapparee  lmd  never  been  very  strongly  marked.  It 
now  disappeared.  Macaulay. 

RAP-PEE',  7i.  [Fr.  rciper,  rdpd,  to  grate.]  A kind 
of  brown  or  black  snuff  made  of  the  darker  and 
ranker  kinds  of  tobacco  moistened.  Sim7nonds 

RAP'PJJL,  7i.  The  beat  of  the  drum  to  call  sol 
diers  to  arms.  Si7nmo7ids 

RAP'PfjN,  7i.  A Swiss  coin  nearly  equal  to  a pen 
ny  sterling.  Simmonds 

RAP  PER,  7i.  1.  He  who,  or  that  which,  raps. 

2.  The  knocker  of  a door.  Jolmson. 

3.  f An  oath  or  a lie.  Bp.  Parker. 

RAP'PING,  7i.  The  act  of  one  who  raps.  Ed.  Hall. 

f RAP-PORT',  77.  [Fr.]  Relation;  correspond- 
ence ; proportion.  Temple. 

f RAPT,  v.  a.  [From  the  verb  rap.] 

1.  To  carry  away  by  violence.  Da7iicl. 

2.  To  put  in  ecstasy.  Drayton. 

f RAPT,  7i.  1.  An  ecstasy;  a trance.  Bp.  Morton. 

2.  Rapidity.  Browne. 

RAPT,  p.  a.  from  rap.  Seized  with  rapture ; trans- 
ported. — See  Rap. 

fRAPT'pt,  or  fRAPT'OR,  n.  [L.  raptor.]  A 
ravisher  ; a plunderer.  Drayton. 

RJiP-TO' RES, 7i.  [L.  raptor,  a robber.]  (Ornith.) 
An  order  of  birds  which  live  by  rapine,  and  are 
characterized  by  a strong,  curved,  sharp-edged, 
and  sharp-pointed  beak  ; birds  of  prey  ; rap- 
tors ; Accipitres.  Brandc. 

RAP-TO'RI-AL,  a.  Preying;  rapacious;  rapto- 
rious.  “ Raptorial  birds.”  Eny.  Cyc. 

RAP-TO'RI-AL,  n.  (Ornith.)  A bird  of  prey; 
one  of  the  Raptores.  Smart. 

RAP-TO'RI-OUS, a.  [L.  raptorius.]  Rapacious; 
raptorial.  Kirby. 

RAP'TOR§,  n.pl.  (Ornith.)  Raptores.  Smart. 

RAPT'URE  (rapt'yur,  24),  n.  [L.  rapio,  raptus , to 
snatch  and  carry  away.] 

1.  f Violent  rapidity.  Chapman.  Milton. 

2.  Extreme  delight;  ecstasy;  transport;  rav- 
ishment ; enthusiasm.  Addiso7i. 

There  is  a pleasure  in  the  pathless  woods; 

There  is  a rapture  on  the  lonely  shore ; 

There  is  society,  where  none  intrudes. 

By  the  deep  sea,  and  music  in  its  roar.  Byron. 

You  grow  correct  that  once  with  rapture  writ.  rope. 

Syn.  — See  Ecstasy. 

RAPT'URED  (rSpt'yurd),  a.  Enraptured. Thomson. 

f rApT'DR-IST  (rapt'yur-Tst),  n.  An  enthusiast. 

“ Prophets  and  7'apturists.”  Spimser. 

RAPT'U-RtZE,  v.  a.  & 7i.  To  enrapture  : — to  be- 
come enraptured  or  transported,  [it.]  N.B.Rev. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  Jg,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


RAPTUROUS 


RAT 


1183 


RAPT'UR-OUS  (rapt'yur-us),  a.  Full  of  rapture; 
ecstatic ; transporting ; ravishing.  Blackmore. 

RAPT'UR-OUS-LY,  ad.  With  rapture  ; ecstati- 
cally. ’ Booth. 

RA'  RA-A'  VIS,  n.  [L.]  A rare  bird ; a rare  or 
uncommon  person  or  thing  ; a curiosity.  11  i ight. 

RARE,  a.  [L.  rarus ; It.  § Sp.  raro;  Fr.  rare. — 
Dut.  raar ; Ger.,  Dan.,  Sw.  rar.] 

1.  Thin  ; of  loose  texture  ; not  thick  or  dense. 

<(  A rare  and  attenuate  substance.  Bacon. 

Bodies  are  much  more  rare  and  porous  than  is  commonly 
believed.  Water  is  itiueteen  times  lighter,  and  by  consequence 
nineteen  times  rarer , than  gold.  JSewton. 

2.  Thinly  scattered  ; not  dense  ; sparse. 

The  cattle  in  the  fields  and  meadows  green; 

Those  rare  and  solitary,  these  in  flocks.  Milton. 

3.  Uncommon  ; scarce  ; not  frequent. 

We  ’ll  have  you,  as  our  rarer  monsters  are, 

Painted  upon  a pole.  Shak. 

4.  Valuable  to  a degree  seldom  found;  un- 
commonly excellent ; incomparable.  Cowley. 

Above  the  rest  I, judge  one  beauty  rare.  Dnjden. 

Syn.—  Rare  is  opposed  to  common  ; scarce , to  plen- 
tiful. Rare  is  applied  to  that  which  is  not  often  met 
with,  and  to  matters  of  convenience  and  luxury  ; 
scarce , to  matters  of  utility  and  necessity.  A rare  or 
uncommon  plant  or  picture  ; a scarce  article  or  com- 
modity. Money  is  said  to  be  scarce. 

rAre,  a.  [A.S.  hreow , hrere , raw  ; Dut.  raauw ; 
Ger.  roll ; Dan.  raa  ; Sw.  ra .]  Nearly  raw; 
imperfectly  roasted  or  boiled  ; underdone. 

New-laid  eggs,  with  Baucis’  busy  care. 

Turned  by  a gentle  fire,  and  roasted  rare.  Dryden. 

“ We  iiave  rear,  to  bring  up,  and  rear  or  rare,  signi- 
fying raw.11  Dean  Hoar. 

/jgp  “ One  of  the  first  expressions  that  would  proba- 
bly strike  an  inexperienced  Londoner,  on  his  arrival 
in  the  United  States,  is  7-are,  for  underdone,  meat.” 
C.  Ji.  Bristed.  — Yet  Bailey  gives  to  this  word  the 
definition  of  rawish  ; Johnson,  raw , not  fully  subdued 
by  the  fire  ; Smart,  nearly  raw,  imperfectly  roasted  or 
boiled-,  and  the  same  meaning  is  also  given  by  many 
other  English  dictionaries. 

RA'RpE— SHOW  (rir'e-sho),  n.  [ rare  and  s/tote.] 
A show  carried  about  in  a box  ; a peep-show. 

Of  raree-shows  he  sung,  and  Punch’s  feats.  Gay. 

rAR-IJ-FAC'TION,  n.  [It.  rarefazionc  ; Sp.  rare- 
faccion;  Fr  .rarefaction.]  The  act  of  rarefying 
or  the  state  of  being  rarefied  ; augmentation  of 
the  intervals  between  the  particles  of  matter  of 
a body,  as  air,  whereby  tlje  same  number  of 
particles  occupy  a larger  space  ; — opposed  to 
condensation.  Burnet. 

rAr'JJ-FI-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  rarefied. 

RAR'E-FY  [rnr'e-fi,  S.  IF.  J.  F.  K.  ; rir'e-ft,  P. ; 
ra're-ft,  Ja.  Sot.],  v.  a.  [L.  rarcfacio ; rants, 
rare,  and  facto,  to  make  ; It.  rarefare ; Sp.  ra- 
rificar ; Fr.  r ar after. \ \i.  rarefied;  pp.  rar- 

efying, rarefied.]  To  make  less  dense,  as 
an  afiriform  body  ; to  augment  the  intervals  be- 
tween the  particles  of ; — opposed  to  condense. 

Air  may  be  rarefied  so  ns  to  occupy  n,  volume  13,000  times 
greater  than  it  occupies  under  the  ordinary  pressure.  Braude. 

RAR'E-FY,  v.  n.  To  become  less  dense.  Dryden. 

RARE'LY,  ad.  1.  Seldom  ; not  often.  Swift. 

2.  Finely  ; nicely ; accurately,  [r.]  Shak. 

R.4.RE'NpSS,  n.  1.  The  state  of  being  rare  ; un- 
commonness; infrequency. 

Let  the  rareness  the  small  gift  commend.  Dryden. 

2.  Value  arising  from  scarcity.  Bacon. 

3.  Thinness  ; tenuity  ; rarity.  Johnson. 

rAre'RIPE,  n.  [rath,  early,  and  ripe.]  An  early 
peach  or  other  fruit.  Downing. 

RARE'-RIPE,  a.  Early  ripe.  Wright. 

rAr'I-TY  [ra're-te.  S.  W.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  ; 
rir'e-te,  P. ; rar'e-te,  Wb.  ; ra're-te  or  rar'e-te, 
IF/-.],  n.  [L.  raritas  ; It.  rarith ; Sp.  raridad  ; 
Fr.  r aretf] 

1.  Uncommonness  ; infrequency.  Spectator. 

Alas  for  the  rarity 

Of  Christian  charity 

Under  the  sun.  Ilood. 

2.  An  uncommon  or  scarce  thing. 

It  would  he  a rarity  worth  the  seeing,  could  any  one  show 
us  such  a thing  as  a perfectly  reconciled  enemy.  South. 

RAr'I-TY  [rar'e-te,  IF.  F.  ; ra're-te,  S.  J.  Ja.  K. 
Sm.],  n.  Thinness;  subtilty ; — opposed  to  densitg. 


This  I do  . . . only  that  I may  better  demonstrate  the  great 
rarity  and  tenuity  of  their  imaginary  chaos.  Bentley. 

“ The  difference  In  the  pronunciation  of  these 
words  (rar'i-ty  and  rar'e-te)  is  not  only  necessary  to 
convey  their  different  signification,  but  to  show  their 
different  etymology.  The  first  comes  to  us  from  the 
French  rarete,  and  the  last  from  the  Latin  raritas ; 
which,  therefore,  according  to  the  most  settled  analo- 
gy of  our  language,  ought  to  have  the  antepenultimate 
syllable  short.”  Walker. 

RA'^ANT,  a.  [Fr.  rascr,  rasant,  to  shave.]  (Fort.) 
Noting  any  thing  that  will  scratch,  scour,  or 
clean.  Smart. 

RAs'CAL  [ras'ktil,  TF.  Ja.  Sm.  ; ras'kal,  P. 
Wares],  n.  [A.  S.  rascal,  a lean,  worthless 
deer.  Junius.  Johnson.  Bosworth.  — “ Though 
it  is  difficult  to  account  for  the  introduction  of 
the  letter  s,  the  true  origin  seems  to  be  the  old 
word  rakel,  or  rechel ; Fr . raicaille.”  Richard- 
son.— Dut.  <Sf  Ger.  rekcl.] 

1.  A lean  deer  ; a deer  not  fit  to  hunt  or  kill. 
The  noblest  deer  hath  [horns]  as  huge  as  the  rascal.  Shak. 

2.  A sorry,  mean,  dishonest  wretch  ; a scoun- 
drel ; a scapegrace  ; a knave ; a villain. 

The  rascal  hath  removed  my  horse.  Shak. 

RAs'CAL,  a.  1.  Mean;  base;  rascally.  “The 
rascal  and  vile  sort  of  men.”  [it.]  Barret. 

2.  Lean  ; as,  “ Rascal  deer.”  Johnson. 

R AS-CAlT-TY,  n.  1.  + Low,  mean  people.  “The 
rascality  and  lowest  of  the  people.”  South. 

2.  The  act  or  acts  of  a rascal ; petty  villany  ; 
knavery  ; vile  conduct.  A.  Wood. 

RAS-cAl'LION  (ras-kal'yun),  n.  One  of  the  low- 
est people  ; a mean  wretch  ; a rascal.  Hudibras. 

RAs'CAL-LY,  a.  Mean  ; sorry  ; base  ; worthless. 

Faith,  madam,  this  is  that  rascally  captain’s  plot.  Killigreio. 

RASE,  or  RASE  [raz,  P.  Ja.  Sm.  ; raz  or  ras,  TF. 
F.  it.],  v.  a.  [L.  rado , rasus ; It.  rasare\  Sp. 
rascr ; Fr.  rascr.  ] [i.  rased;  pp.  rasing, 

RASED.] 

1.  To  touch  superficially  in  passing  ; to  graze. 

Might  not  the  bullet  that  rased  his  check  have  gone  into 

his  head?  Shak. 

2.  To  blot  out ; to  rub  out ; to  erase  ; to  ef- 
face ; to  obliterate  ; to  cancel ; to  expunge. 

Our  quick-returning  folly  cancels  all, 

As  the  tide  rushing  rases  what  is  writ 

In  yielding  sands,  and  smooths  the  lettered  shore.  Young. 

3.  To  overthrow;  to  destroy  completely;  to 

raze.  — See  Raze.  Milton. 

fRAsE,  n.  1.  A grazing  ; a slight  wound.  Hooker. 

2.  An  erasure ; a cancel.  Johnson. 

3.  f (Eng.  Law.)  A measure  in  which  the  com- 

modity measured  was  made  even  with  the  top  of 
the  measure,  by  scraping  or  striking  off  all  that 
was  above  it.  Burrill. 

RASH,  a.  [A.  S.  hreosan,  to  rush ; Dut.  Ger. 
rasch,  rash;  Dan.  § Sw.  rasA.] 

1.  Being  or  acting  without  caution  or  reflec- 
tion ; hasty  ; precipitate  ; headlong  ; reckless. 

This  is  to  be  bold  without  shame,  7'ash  without  skill,  full 
of  words  without  wit.  Ascham. 

2.  f Requiring  haste ; pressing;  urgent. 

I have  scarce  leisure  to  salute  you, 

My  matter  is  so  rash.  Shak. 

3.  f Quick  ; sudden. “Rash  gunpowder. "Shak. 

4.  Dry  and  crumbling,  as  corn.  [Local.]  Grose. 

RASH,  n.  [It.  rascia,  serge;  raso,  satin.]  fA 
kind  of  silk  or  satin  stuff.  Johnson. 

RASH,  n.  [Fr.  rache.  — It.  raschia,  the  itch.] 
(Med.)  A more  or  less  viscid,  circumscribed,  or 
diffuse  redness  of  the  skin,  which  diminishes  or 
disappears  transiently  under  the  pressure  of 
the  finger ; an  exanthem.  Dunglison. 

Lichenous  rash,  (Med.)  lichen.  — See  Lichen,  No. 2. 

f RASH,  v.  a.  [It.  raschiare.' ] 

1.  To  cut  into  pieces  ; to  divide  ; to  slash.  “ I 
. . . rashed  his  doublet  sleeve.”  B.  Jonson. 
“His  crest  is  rashed  away.”  Dryden. 

2.  To  strike  by  a glancing  blow. 

. lie  dreamt  the  boar  had  rashed  off  his  helm.  Shak. 

RASH'f.R,  n.  [“Probably  so  called  from  the  rash- 
ness or  haste  with  which  the  cookery  is  de- 
spatched.” Richardson.]  A thin  slice  of  bacon 
or  pork  for  frying.  Shak. 

t RASH'FUL,  a.  Hasty  ; rash.  Tuberville. 

rAsh'LING,  n.  One  who  acts  rashly.  Sylvester. 


RAsiI'LY,  ad.  Hastily;  violently;  without  con- 
sideration; precipitately.  " South. 

RASH'NIJSS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  rash-  te- 
merity; hastiness;  precipitancy. 

Rashness  is  the  error  of  youth,  timid  caution  of  age.  Cotton. 

Syn. — Rashness,  temerity,  I lustiness , and  precipi- 
tancy, all  imply  a want  of  deliberation  and  fore- 
thought. Rashness  refers  more  to  the  act ; temerity 
to  the  disposition.  Hastiness  and  precipitancy  are 
modes  or  characteristics  of  rashness.  A person'  who 
is  hasty  or  precipitate  acts  without  deliberation  ; one 
who  is  rash  acts  without  prudence  or  forethought ; 
one  who  is  fool-hardy  exposes  himself  to  danger  lor 
some  trilling  object. 

RAS-KOI.  ’ AIKS,  n.  pi.  (Feel.)  The  largest  and 
most  important  class  of  dissenters  from  the 
Greek  Church  in  Russia.  Brande. 

RA-SU  ' RF.S,  7i.  pi.  [L.  rado,  rasus,  to  scratch.] 
(Ornitli.)  An  order  of  birds  including  the 
poultry,  pheasant's,  partridges,  &c.,  and  corre- 
sponding to  the  Gallitue  of  Linnaeus.  Baird. 

RA-SO'Itj-AL,  a.  (Ornith.)  Noting  birds  of  the 
order  Rasores.  Swainson. 

RASP  (12),  7i.  [Dut.  rasp  ; Ger.  raspel ; Dan. 
raspe  ; Sw.  rasp.  — It.  Sr  Sp.  raspa  ; Fr.  rape.] 
A kind  of  large,  coarse  file,  made  rough  by  an- 
gular indentations.  — See  File.  Moxo7i. 

f RASP,  7i.  [It.  raspo.]  A raspberry.  Bacon. 

RASP,  v.  a.  [Dut.  7 -aspen,  formerly  written  rap- 
sen,  from  reiben,  to  rub  ; rciben,  repsm,  rapsen, 
and  by  a common  transposition  of  the  letters 
ps,  raspen.  Richardso/i.  — Ger.  raspcl/i;  Dan. 
raspe-,  Sw.  raspa. — It.  raspare;  Sp.  raspar  ; 
Fr.  7-dpe-rf]  [?.  hasped  ; pp.  rasping,  rasped.] 
To  rub  or  abrade  with  a rasp.  Moxon. 

rAsp'A-TO-RY,  71.  [Fr.  raspatoir .]  A surgeon’s 
rasp.  Wiseman. 

||  R A§P'BF,R-RY  (rSz'ber-re  or  ras'ber-e)  [r&z'ber-o, 
P.  J.  F.  Wr.  ; ras'ber-e,  S.  IF.  Ja. ; raz'her-e, 
K.  Sot.],  7i.  (Bot.)  A shrub  and  its  fruit,  of 
the  genus  Rubus,  or  bramble  ; — so  called  from 
the  rasping  roughness  of  the  plant  or  of  the 
fruit.  Loudon. 

II  RASP'BER-RY-BUSII  (liz'ber-e-hush),  n.  (Bot.) 
A shrub  that  bears  raspberries.  Joh/isoii. 

RASP'ER,  n.  One  who,  or  that  which,  rasps. 

rAsP'ING— MILL,  7i.  A kind  of  saw-mill.  Sim. 

RASSE,  n.  (Zotil.)  A 
carnivorous  quadru- 
ped of  the  family 
Viveridte  or  civets, 
found  in  Java  ; Vi- 
verra  7'asse. 

Eng.  Cyc. 

IFfi-  The  rasse  yields  Rasse. 

a perfume  resembling  that  furnished  by  the  Viverra 
ciuetta,  or  civet  cat,  and  highly  prized  among  the  Jav- 
anese. Eng.  Cn  c . 

RA'ijCRE  (ra'zhur),  n.  [ D.  rasura ; rado,  rasus, 
to  scrape.] 

1.  The  act  of  scraping  or  shaving;  erasure. 
“ By  that  rasure  or  scraping.”  Bp.  Fisher. 

2.  The  mark  by  which  any  writing  is  can- 
celled or  obliterated.  Ayliffe. 

RAT,  n.  [A.  S.  reet ; Dut.  rat;  Ger.  ratte  ; Dan. 
rotte;  Sw.  ratta. — It.  ratio  ; Sp.  rata  ; Fr  .rat. 
— Bret.  raz.  “ Related  to  the  L.  rodo,  to  gnaw.” 
Bosworth.]  (Zotil.)  The  popular  name  of  several 
species  of  rodent  quadrupeds  of  the  genus  Mus, 
allied  to  the  mouse,  but  larger. 

“ The  black  rat  (Mas  rattus ) was  at  one  time 
the  common  rat  of  Great  Britain,  but  it  is  rapidly  dis- 
appearing before  the  brown  rat  (Mus  decumanns),  or 
Norway  rat,  which  is  a more  enterprising  and  stronger 
species.  This  rat  has  now  spread  over  the  greater 
part  of  Europe,  and  is  equally  common  in  America, 
where,  as  in  Europe,  it  has  superseded  the  black  rat.” 
Baird. 

To  smell  a rat,  to  suspect  something,  and  he  on  the 
watch  for  it,  as  a cat  for  prey.  Hudibras. 

RAT,  V.  71.  [*.  RATTED;  pp.  RATTING,  RATTED.] 

1.  To  leave  when  it  is  no  longer  safe,  or  for 
one’s  interest,  to  stay  ; to  quit  a falling  party  or 
cause  ; to  forsake  the  weaker  for  the  stronger 
party.  Lord  Eldon. 


To  rut  is  a cant  term,  of  modern  use,  applied  to  one  who 

MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE. — 9,  (},  g,  soft;  C,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  ^ as  z;  £ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


RATABILITY 


1184 


RATIOCINATE 


deserts  his  political  party  for  the  sake  of  nibbling  the  public 
wealth,  in  company  with  others  who  happen  to  be,  or  seem 
likely  to  be,  in  closer  contact  with  it.  Smart. 

He  now  changed  his  party;  but,  I must  say,  without  being 
at  all  liable  to  the  imputation  of  a change  from  mercenary 
motives  which  is  conveyed  by  the  modern  word  ratting. 

Lord  Campbell. 

2.  (Printing.)  To  work  at  less  than  the  es- 
tablished prices.  Adams. 

RA-TA-BIl'I-TY,  P n The  quality  of  being  rata- 

RAT'A-BLE-NESS,  ) ble.  ' Month.  Mag. 

RAT'A-BLE,  a.  1.  That  may  be  rated  ; set  at  a 
certain  value  ; estimated  ; reckoned. 

I collect  out  of  the  abbey  book  of  Burton  that  twenty  orre 
were  ratable  to  two  marks  of  silver.  Camden. 

2.  Made  according  to  a certain  rate  ; pro  rata. 

A ratable  payment  of  all  the  debts  ofthe  deceased  in  equal 

degree  is  clearly  the  most  equitable  method.  Blackstonc. 

3.  Liable  or  subjected  to  taxation.  Wright. 

RAT'A-BLY,  ad.  By  rate  ; proportionably. 

HAT-A-Ft'A  (rat-a-fe'a  or  rar-a-fe')  [rat-j-fe'a,  S. 
W.  /’.  Ja.  K. ; rat-a-fe'.  J.  Wb.  ; rat-^-fe'a  or 
rSt-a-fe',  Sin.  Wr.],n.  [Sp.]  A liquor  prepared 

by  imparting  to  ardent  spirits  the  flavor  of  vari- 
ous kinds  of  fruits,  adding  sugar.  Dunglison. 

It  is  so  called  from  the  custom  of  drinking  such 
liquors  at  the  ratification  of  an  agreement.  Tomlinson. 

RA-TAN'  (rj-tan'),  n.  See  Rattan. 

rAT'AN-IIY,  n.  (Bot.)  The  astringent  root  of  a 
Peruvian  plant  (Krameria  triandra),  used  as  a 
dentifrice,  &c. ; — written  also  rhatang  and  rat- 
any.  — See  Rhatany.  Dunglison. 

RAT'— CATCH-pR,  n.  One  that  catches  rats. 

BATCH,  it.  A ratchet : — a ratchet-wheel.  Bailey. 

RATCH'JEL,  n.  (Mining.)  Loose  stones.  Weale. 

RATCH'ET,  n.  An  arm  or  piece  of  mechanism, 
one  extremity  of  which  abuts  against  the  teeth 
of  a ratchet-wheel,  the  other  extremity  being 
either  freely  jointed  to  a reciprocating  driver 
for  the  purpose  of  communicating  a continuous 
motion  to  the  wheel,  or  attached  to  a fixed 
centre,  to  insure  the  wheel  against  reverse  mo- 
tion.— See  Ratchet-wheel.  Brande. 

RATCH'IJT— BRACE,  n.  A tool  for  drilling  a hole 
in  a narrow  plane,  where  there  is  not  sufficient 
room  to  use  the  common  brace.  Weale. 

RATCHET— WHEEL,  n.  A wheel 
having  teeth  like  those  of  a saw, 
against  which  the  ratchet  abuts. 

Brande. 

RATE,  n.  [L.  rear,  ratus,  to  reck- 
on ; Norm.  Fr.  rate.) 

1.  Something  supposed  or  laid  Ratchet-wheel, 
down  as  of  a certain  value  in  relation  to  which 
other  things  are  estimated  ; a standard. 

Heretofore  the  rate  and  standard  of  wit  was  very  different 
from  wluit  it  is  nowadays.  South. 

2.  The  price  of  things  with  relation  to  a 
standard  ; cost. 

IIow  many  things  do  we  value  because  they  come,  at  dear 
rate*,  from  Japan  and  China,  which,  if  they  were  our  own 
manufacture,  common  to  be  had,  and  for  a little  money, 
would  be  neglected  1 Locke. 

3.  An  allowance  according  to  a standard. 

The  one  right  feeble  through  the  evil  rate 

Of  food  which  in  her  duress  she  had  found.  Spenser. 

4.  Comparative  value  ; proportion  ; ratio  ; 
degree;  estimation;  valuation;  rank.  South. 

I am  a spirit  of  no  common  rate.  Sliak. 

5.  Degree  to,  or  in,  which  any  thing  is  done. 

She  asked  him  how  he  would  talk  to  her  after  marriage,  if 

he  talked  at  this  rate  before.  Addison. 

6.  (Law.)  A public  valuation  or  assessment 

of  estates ; — a tax  assessed  according  to  the 
value  of  property  ; a parish  tax  ; as,  “ Church 
rates.”  Bouvier. 

7.  (Naut.)  The  order  or  class,  degree  or  dis- 
tinction, into  which  ships  of  war  are  divided, 
according  to  their  force,  burden,  &c.  Mar.  Diet. 

Rote  of  exchange , (Com.)  the  actual  price  at  which 
a bill,  drawn  in  one  country  upon  another  country, 
can  be  bought  or  obtained  in  the  former  country,  at 
any  given  time.  Burrill.  — Rate  per  cent.,  (Interest..) 
the  proportion  in  parts  of  a hundred  which  is  paid  for 
the  use  of  money. 

Syn. — See  Ratio,  Tax. 

RATE,  v.  a.  [ i . rated  ; pp.  rating,  rated.] 

1.  To  value  at  a certain  rate;  to  estimate  ; to 
appraise.  “ Bating  myself  as  nothing.”  Shah. 

You  seem  not  high  enough  your  joys  to  rate.  Drpdcn 


2.  To  determine  the  rate  of  in  respect  to  a 
variation  from  a standard  ; as,  “ To  rate  a chro- 
nometer,” i.  e.  to  determine  the  rate  of  its  gain 
or  loss  in  respect  to  true  time. 

3.  To  determine  the  degrees  or  proportions 
of,  with  regard  to  parts  that  make  up  a whole. 

Smart. 

4.  (Naut.)  To  advance  or  promote,  as  ordi- 
nary seamen.  Mar.  Diet. 

Syn.  — See  Estimate. 

RATE,  v.  it.  1.  To  make  an  estimate.  Kcttlewell. 

2.  (Naut.)  To  be  ranked  or  classed  in  a cer- 
tain order.  Burn. 

RATE,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  hrethian,  to  scold.  Richard- 
son.]  To  chide  vehemently  ; to  scold. 

The  good  woman,  on  her  return,  finding  her  cakes  all 
burnt,  rated  the  king  [Alfred]  very  severely,  and  upbraided 
him  that  he  always  seemed  very  well  pleased  to  eat  her  warm 
cakes,  though  he  was  thus  negligent  in  toasting  them.  Hume. 

RAT'ER,  it.  One  who  rates  or  estimates. 

f RATH,  n.  [Ir.]  1.  A hill.  Spenser. 

2.  A castrametation  or  fortress.  Britton. 

t RA  I II,  P [A.  S.  rath.)  Early  ; coming  be- 

f RATHE,  ) fore  the  time  ; quick. 

Bring  the  rath  primrose,  that  forsaken  dies.  Milton. 

f RATH,  ad.  Soon;  betimes;  early.  Chaucer. 

rATH'F.R  [rath'er,  S.  P.  J.  E.  F.  It.  Wr.  Wb.; 
ritfi'er  or  ra'ther,  W. ; ri'ther,  Ja.  K.  Sm.  C.],  ad. 
[A.  S.  rathe,  rath,  quick  ; rath,  — comp,  rathor, 
rather  ; — sup.  rathost,  rathest.  — In  English  the 
comparative  rather  only  is  now  used.] 

1.  More  readily ; more  willingly ; in  prefer- 
ence to  ; sooner  ; more. 

You  will  take  this  rather  than  that. 

Men  loved  darkness  ralher  than  light.  John  iii.  19. 

2.  In  some  measure  or  degree  ; moderately  ; 
as,  “ She  is  rather  pretty.” 

3.  Moref  especially  ; chiefly. 

You  are  come  to  me  in  a happy  time, 

The  rather  for  I have  some  part  in  hand.  Shak. 

4.  In  some  degree  to  the  contrary. 

She  was  nothing  bettered,  but  rather  grew  worse.  Markv.  20. 

To  have  rather , to  desire  in  preference.  — See  Have. 

I had  rather  be  a dog,  and  bay  the  moon,  than  such  a Ro- 
man. Shak. 

I had  rather  speak  five  words  with  my  understanding  than 
ten  thousand  words  in  an  unknown  tongue.  1 Cor.  xiv.  19. 

Kff'  44  To  have  rather  I think  a barbarous  expression, 
of  late  introduction  into  our  language,  for  which  it 
is  better  to  say  will  rather .”  Johnson.  — Tile  expres- 
sion had  rather  has  been  long  in  use,  and  it  is  sup- 
ported by  respectable  authorities  ; but  instead  of  it, 
the  phrase  would  rather  lias  latterly  been  used  by  good 
writers,  and  it  is  preferred  by  various  grammarians. 

XtCtr’  “ Dr.  Johnson  tells  us  that  this  word  is  the 
comparative  of  rath,  a Saxon  word  signifying  soon, 
and  that  it  still  retains  its  original  signification  ; as 
we  may  say,  ‘I  would  sooner  do  a thing,’ with  as 
much  propriety  as  4 1 would  rather  do  it.’  Some  very 
respectable  speakers  pronounce  this  word  with  the 
first  syllable  like  that  in  ra-ven ; and  Mr.  Nares  has 
adopted  this  pronunciation.  Dr.  Ash  and  Bailey 
seem  to  be  of  the  same  opinion  ; but  all  the  other  or- 
thoepists,  from  whom  we  can  certainly  know  the 
quantity  of  the  vowel,  as  Mr.  Sheridan,  Mr.  Elpliin- 
ston,  Mr.  Scott,  Dr.  Kenrick,  W.  Johnston,  Mr.  Perry, 
Buchanan,  and  Entick,  make  it  short.  There  is  a 
pronunciation  of  this,  and  some  few  other  words, 
which  may  not  improperly  be  called  diminutive. 
Thus,  in  familiar  conversation,  when  we  wish  to  ex- 
press very  little,  we  sometimes  lengthen  the  vowel, 
and  pronounce  the  word  as  if  written  leetle.  In  the 
same  manner,  when  rather  signifies  just  preferable , 
we  lengthen  the  first  vowel,  and  pronounce  it  long 
and  slender,  as  if  written  rayther ; and  this,  perhaps, 
may  be  the  reason  that  the  long,  slender  sound  of  the 
vowel  has  so  much  obtained  ; for  usage  seems  to  be 
clearly  on  the  side  of  the  other  pronunciation,  and 
analogy  requires  it,  as  this  word  is  but  the  old  coim 
parative  of  the  word  rath , soon.”  Walker. 

f RATHER,  a.  More  early  ; being  before  ; prior. 

Wickliffe. 

rAth'OFF-ITE,  n.  (Min.)  A species  of  garnet 
found  in  Sweden.  Brande. 

rATH'rIPE,  n.  A rareripe.  [Local,  Eng.]  Ray. 

rAth'-RIPE,  a.  Early  ripe  ; rare-ripe.  Forby. 

rAt-i-FI'A,  n.  See  Ratafia. 

RAT-I-FI-cA'TinN,  n.  [It.  ratificazionc ; Sp. 
ratificacion  ; Fr.  ratification.)  The  act  of  rati- 
fying; the  act  by  which  a competent  authority 
gives  validity  to  an  instrument,  agreement,  &c. ; 
confirmation. 


{fo=  “ The  term  is  ordinarily  used  in  international 
law  for  the  sanction  given  by  governments  to  treaties 
contracted  by  their  representatives.”  Brande. 

RAT'J-fI-ER,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  ratifies. 

RAT'J-FY,  v.  a.  [L.  ratus,  fixed,  valid,  and  facio, 
to  make;  It.  ratifieare ; Sp.  ratijicar;  Fr.  roti- 
fer.) \i.  RATIFIED  ; pp.  RATIFYING,  RATIFIED.] 
To  approve  and  sanction ; to  make  valid ; to 
confirm ; to  settle  ; to  establish. 

A solemn  compact  let  us  ratify.  Pope. 

Syn. — Ratify  a treaty,  an  agreement,  a contract; 
confirm  a report ; settle  a dispute  ; establish  a principle. 
Wo  approve  of  a contract  before  we  consent  to  it,  and 
we  consent  to  it  before  we  ratify  it.  — SSee  CONFIRM. 

f RAT-I-HA-Bl"TION,  it.  Ratification  ; approba- 
tion ; confirmation.  Bp.  Taylor. 

RAt'ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  rates. 

RA'TI-6  (ra'she-o),m. ; pi.  ra'ti-o?  (ra'sbe-oz).  [L.] 

1.  f Literally,  reason  ; cause. 

In  this  consists  the  ratio  and  essential  ground  of  the  gos- 
pel doctrine.  Waterland. 

2.  The  relation  of  one  thing  to  another  of 
the  same  kind  ; proportion  ; rate. 

3.  {Math.)  The  measure  of  the  relation  which 

one  magnitude  or  quantity  bears  to  another  of 
the  same  kind.  Thus  the  ratio  of  a to  b is  ex- 
pressed by  the  fraction  ^ ; or,  according  to  some 
writers,  by  the  fraction  £ ; so  that  the  ratio  of 
two  magnitudes  to  each  other  is  the  quotient 
resulting  from  dividing  one  by  the  other:  — a 
name  sometimes  given  to  the  rule  of  three  in 
arithmetic.  Davies. 

Double  or  duple  ratio , a ratio  which  is  equal  to  2. 

— Duplicate  ratio,  the  ratio  resulting  from  raising  the 
two  terms  of  a ratio  to  the  second  power  ; thus  the 
duplicate  ratio  of  a to  b is  the  ratio  of  a2  to  b ex- 
pressed thus,  — , or  thus,  -.  — Triplicate  ratio,  the 
o2  a2 

ratio  resulting  from  raising  the  two  terms  of  a ratio 
to  the  third  power  ; thus  the  triplicate  ratio  of  a to  b is 

the  ratio  of  a2  to  expressed  thus,  — , or  thus,  — . — 
b'f  a2 

Triple  ratio , a ratio  which  is  equal  to  3. — Com- 
pound ratio,  the  ratio  resulting  from  multiplying  to- 
gether the  antecedents,  and  also  the  consequents,  of 
two  or  more  ratios.  Thus  the  ratio  compounded  of 
the  two  ratios  of  a to  b,  and  c to  d,  is  the  ratio  of  a c 
to  b d.  — Subduplicatc  ratio,  the  ratio  of  the  second 
roots  of  the  terms  of  a ratio  ; thus  the  ratio  of  ^ a to 
^rb  is  the  subduplicate  ratio  of  a to  b. — Sesquiplicate 
ratio , the  ratio  compounded  of  a ratio  and  its  subdu- 
plicate ratio.  Tims  the  ratio  of  a*  to  ^ b 3 is  the  ses- 
quiplicate  ratio  of  a to  b.  — Rational  ratio , a ratio 
that  can  be  expressed  by  two  rational  numbers;  as 
the  ratio  of  2 to  10,  or  of  \ to  §. — Irrational  ratio , a 
ratio  that  cannot  be  expressed  by  that  of  one  rational 
number  to  another,  as  the  ratio  of  ^5  to  ^1.  — Recip- 
rocal ratio,  the  ratio  of  the  reciprocals  of  two  quanti- 
ties ; thus  the  reciprocal  ratio  of  5 to  2 is  the  ratio  of  £ 
to  — Sesquialterate  ratio,  a ratio  which  is  equal  to 

H.  — Sesquitertian  ratio,  a ratio  which  is  equal  to 
or  1J. — Subduple  ratio,  a ratio  which  is  equal  to  i.— 
Subtriple  ratio,  a ratio  which  is  equal  to  J.  — Ratio  of 
equality , a ratio  the  antecedent  and  consequent  of 
which  are  equal  to  each  other,  or  which  is  equal  to 

I.  — Ratio  of  a geometrical  progression,  the  constant 
quantity  by  which  each  term  is  multiplied  to  pro- 
duce the  succeeding  one.  Davies.  — Direct  ratio , 
an  expression  used  in  reference  to  two  quantities  or 
magnitudes  which  have  a certain  ratio  to  each  other, 
and  are  at  the  same  time  subject  to  increase  or  dimi- 
nution, so  that,  if  one  increases  or  diminishes,  the 
other  increases  or  diminishes  in  the  same  proportion  ; 
thus,  if  a yard  of  cloth  is  worth  five  dollars,  three 
yards  are  worth  fifteen  dollars,  the  proportion  or  ratio 
of  value  to  quantity  remaining  unaltered.  — Inverse 
ratio,  an  expression  used  in  reference  to  two  quanti- 
ties such  that,  when  one  increases,  the  other  neces- 
sarily diminishes  in  the  same  proportion,  and,  vice 
versa,  when  one  diminishes,  the  other  increases  in  the 
same  proportion  ; the  ratio  of  the  reciprocals  of  two 
quantities. 

Syn.  — Ratio  is  applied  to  numbers  and  quantity  ; 
as,  arithmetical  or  geometrical  ratio.  Thus  in  the 
geometrical  progression  2,  4,  8,  l(i,  the  ratio  is  the 
number  2 by  which  each  term  is  multiplied  to  pro- 
duce the  succeeding  term.  Ratio  relates  to  two  quan- 
tities ; proportion  To  four.  Proportion  is  an  equality  of 
ratios.  Rate  is  employed  in  common  concerns  ; as, 
the  rate  of  six  per  cent. ; the  rate  of  ten  dollars  a 
week.  Proportion  is  employed  in  matters  of  science 
and  the  arts,  and  has  respect  to  size,  number,  and 
parts.  The  beauty  of  a work  of  art  depends  much  on 
the  due  proportion  of  the  different  parts. 

||  RA-TI-d^I-NATE  (rash-e-os'e-nat)  [rash-e-os'e- 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure; 


FARE,  fAr,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


RATIOCINATION 


1185 


RAUCITY 


nat,  W.  P.  E.  Sm.Wr.;  rj-sho|s?-nat,  S. ; ra-slie- 
os'e-nat,  v.  n.  [L.  ratiocinor,  ratiocinatus  ; 

ratio,  reason  ; It.  raziocinare  ; Sp.  raciocinar .] 
To  reason  ; to  argue,  [u.]  Sir  IF.  Petty. 


II  rA-TI-OC-I-NA'TION  [rash-e-os-e-na'sliun,  W.  P. 
j jf  j<\  s,n.  C.  I Vr ; r$-sho-se-na'shun,  S.;  ra- 
slie  ai-e-na'slmn,  Ja.],  n.  [L.  ratiocinatio  ; It. 
rauocinio  ; Sp.  raciocinacion.)  The  act  or  pro- 


cess of  reasoning. 

The  schoolmen  make  a third 
call  rati  or.  mation\  and  we  may 
judgment  from  others  actually  in 


act  of  the  mind,  which  they 
style  it  the  generation  of  u 
our  understanding.  Tucker. 


II  RA-T[-6(J'I-NA-TIVE  (rash-e-os'e-na-tlv),  a.  [L. 
ratio:in%tivm ; It.  raziocinatico .)  Argumenta- 
tive; reasoning,  [r.]  J-  S.  Mill. 


RA'TION,  n.  [L.  ratio,  proportion;  It.  razione; 
Sp  .melon;  Fr.  ration.] 

1.  (Mil.)  An  allowance  or  portion  of  food, 
ammunition,  &c.,  assigned  daily  to  an  officer  or 
soldier,  when  troops  are  on  service.  Burke. 

2.  (,Vi tut.)  A certain  allowance  of  provisions 

to  naval  officers  and  seamen  for  their  daily  sub- 
sistence. Mar.  Diet. 


||  RA"TION-AL  (rSsh'un-al)  [rash'un-?l,  S.  IF.  P. 
J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sni.  R.  C.  B.  Cl. ; ra'shun-?l, 
Wb.),  a.  [L.  rationalis  ; ratio,  reason  ; It.  ra- 
zionalc,  Sp.  racional ; Fr.  rationnel.) 

1.  Having  the  power  of,  or  agreeable  to,  reason. 
It  is  our  glory  and  happiness  to  have  a rational  nature.  Law. 

When  the  conclusion  is  deduced  from  the  unerring  dic- 
tates of  our  faculties,  we  say  the  inference  is  rational.  Glauvill. 

2.  Governed  by  reason;  reasonable;  wise; 

judicious.  “A  rational  man.”  Johnson. 

Rational  divinity,  ( Theol .)  that  system  of  religion 
which  professes  to  appeal  exclusively  to  reason,  and 
admits  no  tenets  which  the  reason  of  man  cannot 
fully  comprehend.  Eden. — Rational  horizon,  (Jlstron.) 
a plane,  conceived  to  extend  to  the  region  of  the  stars, 
passing  through  the  centre  of  the  earth  and  parallel 
to  the  sensible  horizon  of  tile  observer’s  station.  Her- 
schel.  — Rational  quantity,  (Math.)  a quantity  that  in- 
volves no  radicals;  — so  called  in  contradistinction 
to  radical  quantities,  which  are  irrational,  i.  e.  incapa- 
ble of  being  expressed  liy  exact  parts  of  unity.  Davies. 

It  is  very  common  in  the  United  States  to  pro- 
nounce rational  and  national  with  the  first  syllable 
long  — rational,  national ; hut  this  mode  is  not  coun- 
tenanced by  any  of  the  English  orthoepists. 

Syn. — Rational  and  reasonable  are  originally  de- 
rived from  the  same  Latin  word,  ratio,  reason  ; yet 
rational  is  more  directly  from  tile  Latin  ratio,  rationa- 
lis. and  reasonable  from  the  English  word  reason.  Ra- 
tional is  t he  more  speculative  term  ; reasonable,  the 
more  common  and  practical.  One  who  is  possessed 
of  reason  is  rational  ; one  who  exercises  reason,  rea- 
sonable. All  men  are  deemed  rational,  though  many 
are  far  from  being  reasonable.  A rational  being ; a 
reasonable  man.  Rational  and  reasonable,  as  applied 
to  tilings,  both  signify  in  accordance  with  reason  ; 
but  rational  is  commonly  used  with  reference  to  ab- 
stract matters,  and  reasonable  to  tile  business  of  life  ; 
as,  a rational  ground  or  motive  ; a reasonable  proposi- 
tion or  demand. 

||  RA"TION-AL  (rash'un-al),  n.  A rational  being. 
“ The  world  of  rationals.”  Younj. 

RA-TI-O-NA'Lp  (rash-e-o-na'le)  [rash-e-o-na'le,  P. 
E.  R. ; ra-she-o-na'Ie,  Ja.  Sin. ; lasli-un-a'le,  K. 
B.  ; rash-un-al',  C. ; ra-shun-a'le,  Wb.),  n.  [L. 
rationalis,  rational 3,  rational,  theoretical.] 

1.  A detail  with  reasons. 

Holding  out,  as  it  were,  to  view  a rationale  of  the  universe. 

Coventry. 

2.  A theoretical  solution  or  explanation. 

There  cannot  be  a body  of  rules  without  a rationale,  and 
this  rationale  constitutes  the  science.  Sir  G.  C.  Lewis. 

||  RA''TION-AL-I§M  (r&sh'un-jl-Izm),  n.  [Fr.  ra- 
tionalism*!.) 

1.  (Phil.)  The  doctrine  that  reason  furnishes 
certain  elements,  without  which  experience  is 
not  possible. 

113“  “ Rationalism,  in  philosophy,  is  opposed  to 
sensualism,  sensuism,  or  sensism,  according  to  which 
all  our  knowledge  is  derived  from  sense.  It  is  also 
opposed  to  empiricism,  which  refers  all  our  knowledge 
to  sensation  and  reflection,  or  experience.”  Flemina. 

2.  (Theol.)  Interpretation  of  Scripture  truths 

on  the  principles  of  human  reason  : — the  adop- 
tion of  reason  as  a sole  and  sufficient  guide, 
exclusive  of  tradition  and  revelation;  — opposed 
to  supernaturalism.  Brit.  Crit. 

||  RA"TION-AL-tST  (rash'un-?l-ist),  n.  One  who 
adheres  to  rationalism  : — one  who  adopts  rea- 
son as  his  only  guide  in  philosophy  or  religion. 

The  empirical  philosophers  are  like  pismires:  they  only 
lay  up  and  use  their  store.  The  rationalists  are  like  the  spi- 


ders: they  spin  all  out  of  their  own  bowels.  But  give  me  a 
philosopher  who,  like  the  bee,  hath  a middle  faculty,  gather- 
ing from  abroad,  but  digesting  that  which  is  gathered  by  his 
own  virtue.  Bacon, 

||  RA"TION-AL-IST,  a.  Relating  to  rationalism ; 
rationalistic.  Huppus. 

||  RA-TION-AL-IS'TIC,  ) Relating  to  ra- 
il RA-TION-AL-IS'Tl-CAL,  ) tionalism  or  ration- 
alists ; accordant  with  rationalism.  Brit.  Crit. 

II  rA-TION-AL-IS'TI-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a rational- 
istic manner.  Ec.  Rev. 

||  RA-T(-0-NAL'j-TY  (rash-e-o-nal'e-te),  n.  [L.  ra- 
tionalitas  ; It.  razionalitix ; Sp.  racionalidad ; 
Fr.  rationalite .] 

1.  The  quality  of  being  rational ; the  power 
of  reasoning. 

With  piety  begins  all  good  on  earth; 

’Tis  the  hrst-born  of  rational ity.  Young. 

2.  Soundness  or  sanity  of  mind.  Smart. 

3.  The  quality  of  being  reasonable  ; reasona- 
bleness. 

In  human  occurrences,  there  have  been  many  well-direct- 
ed intentions,  whose  rationalities  will  never  bear  a rigid  ex- 
amination. Browne. 

||  RA"TION-AL-IZE,  V.  n.  [ l . RATIONALIZED  ; pp. 
RATIONALIZING,  RATIONALIZED.]  To  adopt 
reason  as  the  only  guide  in  philosophy  or  re- 
ligion ; to  act  the  rationalist. 

To  rationalize  is  to  ask  for  reasons  out  of  place;  to  ask 
improperly  liow  we  arc  to  account  for  certain  things:  to  be 
unwilling  to  believe  them  unless  they  can  be  accounted  for, 
i.  e.  referred  to  something  else  ns  a cause,  to  some  existing 
system  as  harmonizing  with  them,  or  taking  them  up  into 
itself.  Hook. 

||  RA''TION-AL-IZE,  v.  a.  To  make  rational  or 
rationalistic.  Warburton. 

||  RA''TION-AL-LY  (raslt'un-?l-le),  ad.  In  a ra- 
tional manner ; reasonably.  South. 

||  rA"t/oN-AL-NESS  (rash'un-al-nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  rational ; rationality.  Johnson. 

RAT'LINES,  n. pi.  (JVaut.)  Small,  horizontal  lines 
or  ropes,  running  across  the  shrouds,  horizon- 
tally, like  the  rounds  of  a ladder,  and  used  to 
step  upon  in  going  aloft.  Dana. 

rAt'LING§,  n.  pi.  (Naut.)  See  Ratlines. 

RA-TOON',  n.  [Sp.  retoho ; retonar,  to  shoot 
again;  Fr.  rejeton.)  A sprout  or  shoot  from  a 
plant,  as  the  sugar-cane,  which  has  been  cut 
above  the  neck  of  the  root.  Velasquez. 

rAts'BANE,  n.  \rat  and  bane.) 

1.  (Rot.)  The  name  applied  in  Sierra  Leone 

to  the  poisonous  fruit  of  Chailletia  toxica- 
ria.  Lindley. 

2.  White  arsenic,  or  arsenious  acid; — so 

called  from  its  being  used  as  a poison  to  destroy 
rats.  L’  Estrange. 

rAts'bANED  (rats'band),  a.  Poisoned  by  rats- 
bane. Junius. 

RAT'— TAIL,  a.  Applied  to  a small  round  file  re- 
sembling a rat’s  tail.  Simmonds. 

RAT'TAlLS,  n.  pi.  A virulent  disease  in  horses, 
consisting  of  excrescences  that  creep  from  the 
pastern  to  the  middle  of  the  shank  ; — so  called 
from  their  resemblance  to  a rat’s  tail.  Youatt. 

RAT-TAn',  n.  [Javanese  rottang  ; Malay  rotan. 
Buchanan.) 

1.  The  stem  of  various  species  of  palms  of 
the  genus  Calamus. 

SSt  The  best  rattans  are  procured  from  Sumatra, 
Borneo,  and  the  Malayan  peninsula,  and  form  an  ex- 
tensive article  of  commerce.  They  are  covered  with 
a hard,  flinty  coating  or  glazing,  and  being  readily 
split  into  strips,  are  much  used  in  manufacturing  the 
bottoms  of  chairs  and  similar  articles.  Baird.  Eng.Cyc. 

2.  A walking-stick  or  cane  made  of  rattan. 

RAT-TEEN',  n.  [It.  rattinare,  to  nap  cloth  ; Sp. 
ratina  ; Fr.  ratine.  — Dut.  ratijn\  Ger.  <?;  Sw. 
ratin.)  A thick,  quilted  or  twilled,  woollen 
stuff.  Swift. 

rAT-TI-NET',  n.  A woollen  stuff  somewhat 

thinner  and  lighter  than  ratteen.  Buchanan. 

rAt'TING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  rats  ; the 
act  of  forsaking  a weaker  for  a stronger  party. 

This  must  be  confessed  to  be  one  of  the  most  flagrant  cases 
of  ratting  recorded  in  our  party  annals.  Lord  Campbell. 

2.  (Printing.)  The  act  of  a person  who  works 
for  less  than  the  established  price.  Adams. 

RAT'TLE  (rht'tlj,  t’.  n.  [Dut.  ratelcn,  reutelen  ; 
Ger.  rasseln;  Dan.  rasle.  — “It  is  the  dim.  of 


rate."  Richardson.)  [i.  rattled  ; pp.  rat- 
tling, RATTLED.] 

1.  To  make  a noise  by  frequent  collision  of 
bodies  not  very  sonorous  ; to  clatter. 

The  sheaf  of  arrows  shook,  and  rattled  in  their  case.  Dryden. 
Did  ye  not  hear  it?  No;  ’t  was  but  the  wind, 

Or  the  ear  rattling  o’er  the  stony  street.  Byron. 

2.  To  speak  eagerly  and  noisily.  Dryden. 

RAT'TLE,  v.  a.  1.  To  move  so  as  to  make  a rat- 
tle or  clattering  noise. 

Her  chain  she  rattles,  and  her  whip  she  shakes.  Dryden. 

2.  To  stun  or  drive  with  noise. 

He  should  be  well  enough  able  ...  to  rattle  away  this  swarm 
of  becs-  Bacon. 

3.  To  rail  at  clamorously ; to  scold  ; to  chide. 
She  . . . would  sometimes  rattle  oit’  her  servants  sharply. 

Arlmthnot . 

To  rattle  down  the  rigging , (JVaut.)  to  put  ratlines  on 
the  rigging.  Dana. 

RAT'TLE,  n.  1.  A noise  made  by  the  frequent 
collision  of  bodies  not  very  sonorous. 

The  sharp  rattle  of  the  whirling  phaeton,  and  the  graver 
rumble  of  the  loaded  wagon.  Horsley . 

2.  Empty  and  loud  talk.  Ilakewi/l. 

3.  A talkative  man  ; a prater.  Smart. 

4.  An  instrument,  or  child’s  toy,  for  making 
a clattering  noise. 

Behold  the  child,  by  nature’s  kindly  law, 

Pleased  with  a rattle , tickled  with  a straw.  Pope. 

5.  pi.  (Med.)  Noise  produced  by  the  air  in 

passing  through  mucus,  of  which  the  lungs  are 
unable  to  free  themselves.  Dunglison. 

6.  ( Bot .)  A species  of  Rliinanthus. 

Hooker.  Gray. 

RAT'TLE-BOX,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the  genus 
Crotalaria  ; — so  called  from  the  rattling  of  the 
loose  seeds  in  the  pods.  Mood. 

rAt'TLE-BIIAiNED  (-brand),  a.  Giddy  ; wild  ; 
rattle-headed.  Addison. 

RAT  1 LE— HEAD,  I n A giddy,  talkative  person  ; 

RAT'TLE-PATE,  ) a chatterer.  Ilalliwell. 

RAT  TLE— HEAD  ED,  £ a Giddy  ; talkative  ; wild. 

RAT'TLE— PAT'JJD,  ) Prynne.  Johnson. 

RAT'TLE— MOUSE,  n.  An  old  name  for  a bat;  a 
flicker-mouse.  Puttenham. 


RAT'TLE-SNAKE, n.  (Herp.) 

The  name  of  American 
snakes  of  the  genus  Cro- 
talus.  Baird. 

JHSi=  Tile  rattlesnake  is  very 
venomous,  its  bite  being  gen- 
erally attended  with  rapidly 
fatal’  effects.  The  extremity 
of  the  tail  is  composed  of  sev- 
eral horny  membranous  cells, 
loosely  articulated,  so  that  a 
rattling  noise  is  produced 
when  the  snake  shakes  its 
tail.  Rattlesnakes  have  been 
supposed  to  possess  the  power  iCrot%£ adanmnteus}. 
of  fascinating  or  charming 

other  animals,  as  birds,  squirrels,  hares,  & c. , hut  this 
supposed  power  is  probably  only  the  effect  of  (error 
on  the  victim.  Baird. 


RAT'TLE-SNAKE-ROOT',  n.  (Bot.)  A name 
given  to  various  plants  reputed  to  be  specific 
against  the  poison  of  the  rattlesnake,  especially 
to  Nabalus  albus.  Gray. 

RAT'TLE-SNAKE- WEED',  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of 
the  genus  Eryngium,  used  in  America  as  an 
application  to  the  bite  of  the  rattlesnake  ; Eryn- 
gium aquaticum.  Eng.  Cyc. 

RAT'TLING,  n.  Noise  produced  by  the  repeated 
collision  of  bodies  not  sonorous. 

They  had,  to  affright  the  enemy’s  horses,  big  rattles,  cov- 
ered with  paichmcnt,  and  small  stones  within ; but  the  rat- 
tling of  shot  might  have  done  better  service.  Hayward. 

rAt-TOON',  n.  A raccoon,  [it.]  Walker. 

RAU£H-WACK'E,  n.  [Ger.]  (Geol.)  The  lower 

bed  of  the  zechstcin  or  limestone  formation  in 
Germany,  the  equivalent  of  the  magnesian  lime- 
stone of  Durham  in  England.  Ansted. 

rAu'CI-TY,  n.  [L .raucitas-,  ravens,  rough ; Fr. 
raucitt.) 

1.  A loud,  rough  noise  ; hoarseness ; rough- 
ness. “The  raucity  of  a trumpet.”  [r.]  Bacon. 

2.  (Med.)  A change  in  the  voice,  which  loses 
its  smoothness  and  becomes  low  and  obscure, 
as  in  diseases  of  the  larynx  and  trachea.  Hunt. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — (J,  £,  9,  g,  soft; 
149 


£,  G,  j,  I,  hard;  ^ as  z;  If  as  gz.  — THIS,  tfiis. 


RAUCOUS 


1186 


RAY 


RAU'COUS,  a.  [L.  raucus.\  IIo, use  ; harsh  ; 
rough  ; husky.  “ A raucous  voice.”  Dunglison. 

fRAUGHT  (rfiwt).  The  old  i.  & p.  from  reach. 
Reached.  Spenser. 


fRAUNCH,  v.  a.  See  When ch.  Todd. 


rAv'A<?E,  v.  a.  [Fr . rarager.]  \i.  ravaged  ; pp. 
ravaging,  ravaged.]  To  lay  waste  or  destroy 
by  violence  of  any  kind ; to  desolate ; to  sack  ; 
to  ransack ; to  spoil ; to  waste ; to  ruin  ; to  pil- 
lage ; to  plunder  ; to  devastate. 

I ouis  XIV.  ravaged  defenceless  countries  with  armies 
sufficient  to  conquer  them,  if  they  had  been  prepared  to 
resist.  JSuhnyOroke. 


Whilst  oft  in  whirls  the  mad  tornado  flies, 

Min  "ling  the  ravaged  landscape  with  the  skies.  Goldsmith. 


RAV'A(?E,  n.  Spoil;  ruin;  waste:  desolation; 
devastation;  destruction;  havoc.  Howe. 

Vn  obvious  and  exposed  prey  to  the  ravage  of  devouring 
beasts.  hentley. 

Syn.  — Ravage  expresses  less  than  desolation , dev- 
astation, or  ruin.  A country  may  he  ravaged  by  an 
army  without  being  laid  waste  or  made  entirely  deso- 
late. Desolation  and  devastation  denote  deslruciion  of 
the  inhabitants  and  the  human  improvements  of  a 


country. 


RAV'A^-pR,  n.  One  who  ravages  ; a plunderer. 


RAVE,  v.  n.  [Dut.  reven.  — Fr.  river.  — “ Menage 
declares  it  difficult  to  discover  the  origin  of  this 
word,  and  writes,  to  little  purpose.  It  is  to  act 
as  one  reared  or  bereaced.”  Richardson.]  [i. 
raved  ; pp.  raving,  raved.]  To  be  mad, 
furious,  or  delirious ; to  act  or  talk  insanely, 
unreasonably,  or  senselessly  ; to  rage. 

Have  I not  cause  to  rare,  and  beat  my  breast. 

To  rend  my  heart  with  grief,  and  run  distracted?  Addison. 

A mighty  roek.  ’gainst  which  do  rave 
The  roaring  billows  in  their  proud  disdain.  Spenser. 

RAVE,  n.  The  upper  side-piece  of  the  body  of  a 
cart.  [Local,  U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

RAV'ET,  (rav'vl),  v.  a.  [Dut.  rqfelen.]  [ i . RAV- 
ELLED ; pp.  RAVELLING,  RAVELLED.] 

1.  To  unweave  or  untwist ; to  disentangle  ; 
to  unroll ; to  disclose;  to  unraveL 

Sleep,  that  knits  up  the  ravelled  sleeve  of  care.  Shah. 

The  night  still  ravelled  what  the  day  renewed.  Pope. 

2.  To  entangle ; to  entwist ; to  make  intri- 

cate ; to  involve;  to  net.  “To  perplex  the 
ravelled  noose.”  Goldsmith . 

3.  fTo  hurry  over  confusedly,  [r.]  Digby . 

“ To  ravel  appears  to  be  a diminutive  of  reave , 
and  to  mean,  to  tear  or  pull  asunder  any  thing  com- 
plex or  complicate,  and  thus,  to  unfold,  to  disclose; 
it  lias  also  acq  lired  an  opposite  usage,  from  the  same 
meaning,  (to  tear  or  pull  asunder  any  thing  whole  or 
entire,  into  shreds,  into  ragged  particles  ; and  hence,) 
to  pull  or  put  into  disorder  or  confusion,  to  confuse, 
to  perplex,  to  entangle.”  Richardson.  — See  Un- 
ravel. 

RAV'EL  (rav'vl),  v.  n.  1.  fTo  be  unwoven  or 
unravelled.  Spenser. 

2.  To  fall  into  perplexity  or  confusion. 


Till,  by  their  own  perplexities  involved, 

They  ravel  more,  still  less  resolved. 

But  never  find  self-satisfying  solution.  Milton. 


3.  To  work  in  perplexity  ; to  busy  one’s  self 
•with  intricacies. 


It  will  be  needless  to  ravel  far  into  the  records  of  older 
times.  Decay  of  Piety. 


R.AVE'LIN  (rav'ljn),  n.  [It.  rivellino ; Sp.  rebc- 
llin\  Fr.  ravelin.  — Probably  from  It.  vegliarc, 
to  watch.  P.Cgc.]  (Fort.)  A triangular  work 
raised  on  the  counterscarp  before  the  curtain  of 
a place,  to  cover  the  gates  and  the  bridges. 

“ It  consists  of  two  faces,  forming  a salient 
angle,  and  is  defended  by  the  faces  of  the  neighboring 
bastions.  Tile  ravelin  is  sometimes  called  a half- 
moon, or  dcmi-lune .”  Mi1.  Ency. 

rAv'EL-LINGIJ,  n.  pi.  Unwoven  or  untwisted 
threads.  Clarke. 

RA'VEN  (ra'vn),n.  [A.  S. 
hrefen ; Dut.  r taf\  Ger. 
rabe  -,  Dan.  rath  ; Icel. 
hrqfn  ; Sw.  ramn.  — 

Probably  from  A.  S. 
reafian,  to  plunder. 

Johnson.]  (Ornith.)  A 
large  passerine  bird  of 
the  genus  Corvus,  al- 
lied to  the  crow  ; Cor- 
vus corax. 

I have  seen  a perfectly  white  raven,  as  to  bill  as  well  as 
feathers.  Boyle. 


Raven. 


The  raven , crow,  and  daw  seem  all  to  have  been  named  < 
from  their  voices.  Sir  John  Stoddart. 

t&t  The  general  color  of  the  raven  is  black,  finely 
glossed  with  blue ; its  size  is  equal  to  that  of  the  do- 
mestic cock.  The  raven  is  celebrated  for  its  longevity, 
its  thievish  disposition,  and  its  power  of  distinct  ar- 
ticulation. From  its  lugubrious  croak,  fetid  odor, 
and  black  color,  it  was  long  considered  a bird  of  ill 
omen.  Eng.  Cyc.  Baird. 

RA'VEN  (ra'vn),  a.  Resembling  a raven,  as  in 
color ; black. 

Smoothing  the  raven  down  of  darkness  till  it  smiled.  Milton. 

rAv'EN  (rav'vn),  v . a.  [Goth,  raubon , to  rob  ; 
raapjan , to  pull,  to  pluck;  A.  S.  reafian , to 
seize,  to  destroy ; Dut.  rooven ; Ger.  rauben ; 
Dan.  rdve ; lcei.  hrifsa ; Sw.  rojf'a,  rofva. — 
Fr.  ravir. — See  Reave.]  [i.  ravened  ; pp. 
RAVENING,  RAVENED.] 

1.  + To  obtain  by  violence. 

The  sea  hath  ravened  from  that  shire  that  whole  country 
of  Lionncsse.  Ilakewiu. 

2.  To  devour  with  rapacity  ; to  eat  greedily. 

There  is  a conspiracy  of  the  prophets,  like  a roaring  lion 
ravening  the  prey.  Ezek.  xxii.  2o. 

RAv'EN  (rav'vn),  v.  7i.  To  prey  with  rapacity. 

Benjamin  shall  raven  as  a wolf;  in  the  morning  he  shall 
devour  the  prey,  and  at  night  he  shall  divide  the  spoil. 

Gen.  xlix.  27. 

rAv'EN  (rav'vn),  n.  Prey;  ravin.  — See  Ravin. 

Johnson. 

RAv'EN-ER,  n.  One  who  ravens  or  plunders. 

rAv'EN-ING  (rav'vn-Tng),  n.  Act  of  one  who 
ravens ; violence ; a plundering.  Overburg. 

RAV'EN-ING,  p.  a.  Devouring;  rapacious. 

They  gaped  upon  me  with  their  mouths,  as  a ravening  and 
a roaring  lion.  1’s.  xxii.  13. 

f RAV'EN-ING-LY,  ad.  In  a ravening  manner; 
greedily ; ravenously.  TJdal. 

RAV'EN-OUS  (rav'vn-us),  a.  [See  Raven.]  Fu- 
riously voracious  ; hungry  to  rage  ; rapacious. 

Thy  desires 

Are  wolfish,  bloody,  starved,  and  ravenous.  Shak. 

Syn. — See  Ferocious,  Rapacious. 

RAv'EN-OUS-LY  (rav'vn-us-le),  ad.  In  a raven- 
ous manner  ; with  raging  voracity.  Johnson. 

ltAv'EN-OUS-NESS  (rav'vn-us-nes),  n.  The  qual- 
ity of  being  ravenous  ; furious  voracity.  Hale. 

rA'VEN’§-DUCK,  n.  [Ger.  ravenstuch.]  A kind 
of  canvas  or  sail-cloth.  Simmotids. 

RAV'p.R,  n.  One  who  raves.  Shei-wood. 

rAv'IN  (rav'vn),  n.  1.  Food  obtained  by  vio- 
lence ; prey  ; plunder. 

The  lion  strangled  for  his  lionesses,  and  filled  his  holes 
with  prey,  and  his  dens  with  ravin.  JVah.  ii.  12. 

2.  Rapaciousness  ; rapine.  “ Exposed  to  the 
ravin  of  any  vermin  that  may  find  them.”  Ray. 

f RAV'IN  (rav'vn),  a.  Ravenous  ; rapacious.  Shah. 

RA-V?NE'  (ra-ven'),  n.  [Fr.  ravine,  “ i.  e.  riven, 
...  a hollow  formed  by  riving  or  tearing  a 
course,  a passage.”  Richardson.  — Landats  de- 
rives it  from  the  barbarous  L.  lavina,  or  labina, 
from  L.  labor,  to  fall,  because  a ravine  is  pro- 
duced by  the  falling  of  water.]  A long,  deep 
hollow,  usually  formed  by  a stream  or  torrent 
of  water  : — a deep  pass  ; a gorge.  Coleridge. 

RAV'jNG,  n.  Madness  ; fury  ; furious  exclamation. 

Our  raring*  find  complaints  are  but  like  arrows  shot  up 
into  the  air  at  no  mark,  and  so  to  no  purpose.  Temple. 

RAV'ING,  a.  Furious  ; distracted  ; frenzied;  mad. 

RAv'ING-LY,  ad.  With  frenzy  ; with  distraction. 

RAV'ISH,  v.  a.  [L.  rapio,  to  take  by  force;  It. 
rapire\  Fr.  ravir.  — See  Rape,  and  Raven.] 
[t.  RAVISHED  ; pp.  RAVISHING,  RAVISHED.] 

1.  To  take  away  by  violence  ; to  strip. 

These  hairs,  which  thou  dost  ravish  from  my  chin, 

Will  quicken  and  accuse  thee.  Shak. 

2.  To  violate  by  force ; to  deflour  by  vio- 
lence; to  commit  rape  upon.  Lam.  v.  11. 

3.  To  enrapture ; to  charm ; to  delight ; to 

transport.  “ The  general  being  ravished  with 
the  sudden  joy  of  this  report.”  Hae/cluyt. 

rAv'ISH-ER,  n.  One  who  ravishes.  Spenser. 

RAV'ISH-iNG,  n.  Act  of  one  who  ravishes:  — 
rapture  ; transport ; ravishment.  Felt-ham. 


RAvTSII-Ing,  p.  a.  Taking  by  violence: — do- 
flouring  by  violence  : — delighting  ; atfordinu- 
joy  or  transport. 

RAv'ISH-TnG-LY,  ad.  In  a manner  to  ravish; 
with  ravishment  or  transport.  Chapman. 

RAV'(SH-MENT,  n.  [Fr.  ravissement.] 

1.  1 he  act  of  ravishing ; forcible  violation ; 

raPe-r  _ Bp.  Taylor. 

2.  transport;  rapture;  ecstasy;  enravish- 
ment. 

Cun  any  mortal  mixture  of  earth’s  mould 

Breathe  such  divine,  enchanting  ravishment ? Milton. 

3.  f (Eng.  Law.)  A forcible  taking  away,  as 

of  a ward.  Ld.  Coke. 

RAv'!S-SANT,  a.  (Ilcr.)  Springing  upon  prey, 
as  a wolf.  Buchanan. 

HAW,  a.  [A.  S.  hreoic ; Dut.  raauw  ; Ger.  roh  ; 
Dan.  raa  ; Sw.  ra.] 

1.  Bare  of  skin  or  other  covering.  11  His 

cheek-bones  raw."  Spenser. 

2.  Being  as  if  bare  ; sore  ; sensitive. 

And  all  his  sinews  waxen  weak  and  raw 
Through  longjinprisonment.  Spenser. 

3.  Not  cooked  ; not  subdued  by  heat.  “ Great 
lumps  of  flesh  and  gobbets  raw.”  Spenser. 

Fine  meat  left  raw  for  lack  of  concoction.  Sir  T.  Elyot. 

4.  Immature  ; unripe.  Johnson. 

5.  Green  in  experience  ; unprepared  ; unskil- 
ful ; inexperienced.  “ Baw  troops.”  Stocqueler. 

6.  New;  untried.  “ Raw  tricks.”  Shak. 

7.  Cold  and  damp;  chilly;  bleak.  “A  raw 

and  gusty  day.”  Shak. 

8.  Not  prepared  or  treated  by  any  process  of 
art  or  manufacture ; in  the  natural  or  original 
state.  “ Raw  silk.”  Johnson.  “ Raw  materi- 
als.” “ Raw  hides.”  Simmonds. 

R Aw' BONE,  a.  Rawboned.  Spenser. 

RAw'BONED  (-bond),  a.  Having  little  flesh  on 
the  bones  ; gaunt ; lean.  Shak. 

RAW'HEAD,  n.  A spectre  mentioned  to  frighten 
children.  “ Rawhead  and  bloody  bones.”  Drydcn. 

RAW'JSH,  a.  Somewhat  raw.  Marston. 

rAw'LY,  ad.  1.  In  a raw  manner  ; unskilfully. 

2.  Without  preparation  ; hastily.  Shak. 

RAw'N^SS,  n.  1.  The  state  of  being  raw.  Bacon. 

2.  Unskilfulness;  inexperience.  “The  ruio- 

ness  of  his  seamen.”  HakewiU. 

3.  Lack  of  preparation  ; hasty  manner.  Shak. 

RAW'PORT,  n.  (Navt.)  A port-hole,  in  small 
vessels,  for  working  an  oar  in  a calm.  Smart. 

RAY  (ra),  n.  [L.  radius-,  It.  raggio ; Sp.  rayo ; 
Fr.  rayon,  a ray ; rate,  a stroke,  a line.] 

1.  A straight  line,  as  of  light  or  of  heat,  is- 
suing or  propagated  from  a central  point. 

The  least  light,  or  part  of  light,  which  may  be  stopped 
alone,  or  do  or  sutler  any  thing  alone,  which  the  rest  of  the 
light  doth  not  or  suffers  not,  I call  a ray  of  light.  Feu-ton. 

A ray  of  white  light  may  be  divided,  by  refraction,  into  a 
number  of  distinct  rays  of  different  colors.  Iirande. 

tfg-  “The  significance  of  the  term  has  recently 
been  extended.  In  its  most  general  sense,  it  means 
any  group  of  straight  lines  drawn  from  a fixed  centre, 
whether  they  arc  contained  within  the  same  plane  or 
otherwise.  In  this  very  general  meaning  it  is  now 
frequently  employed  in  geometry.”  JYichol. 

2.  Any  lustre,  corporeal  or  intellectual.  Pope. 

3.  A disease  in  sheep;  — also  called  scab, 

shab,  and  rubbers.  Wright. 

4.  f Array  ; order. 

And  all  the  damsels  of  that,  town  in  ray 

Came  dancing  forth,  andjoyous  carols  sang.  Spenser. 

5.  (Bot.)  One  of  the  pedicels  of  an 
umbel,  which  diverge  from  a centre  : 

— the  margin  of  the  capitulum,  as  of  WjPjUP 
the  sunflower,  when  it  bears  ligulate  'S®' 
flowers.  Gray.  — A species  of  Lolium,  H 
or  darnel ; ray-grass.  Ainsworth. 

6.  (Physics.)  An  indefinitely  small  portion  of 

a stream  of  light  or  heat,  which,  when  it  passes 
through  a space  free  from  all  material  sub- 
stances, or  through  a material  substance  or 
medium  perfectly  uniform  in  its  structure, 
moves  in  a direction  perfectly  rectilinear.  A 
ray  of  light  may  be  imagined  to  be  described  by 
the  motion  of  a point  of  light.  F bung. 

7.  (Ich.)  A bony  or  cartilaginous  ossicle  in 

the  fins,  supporting  the  membrane.  Owen. 

Florets  of  the  ray,  the  marginal  florets  of  the  capitu- 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short ; 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


RAY 


1187 


READ 


lum  or  head,  especially  when  ligulate  and  different 
from  the  central  ones  or  florets  of  the  disk.  Lindley. 

— Pencil  of  luminous  rays,  a small  detached  stream 
composed  of  a collection  of  rays  of  light  accompany- 
ing each  other,  being  parallel  and  forming  a beam, 
convergent  to  a point,  or  divergent  from  a point. 
Young.— Solar  rays , rays  emanating  from  the  sun, 
and  consisting  of  a union  of  luminous,  thermic,  and 
chemical  rays. — Thermic,  calorific,  or  heating  rays , 
rays  which  have  the  power  of  elevating  the  tempera- 
ture of  bodies,  and  which,  when  the  solar  beam  is 
submitted  to  prismatic  analysis,  are  most  abundant 
near  the  red  end  of  the  solar  spectrum. — Chemical 
rays,  rays  which  exert  a powerful  chemical  effect  on 
growing  plants,  and  on  many  metallic  and  other  com-  j 
pounds,  and  which  are  most  abundant  in  and  beyond 
the  blue  and  violet  rays  of  the  solar  spectrum.  Miller.  \ 

— Visual  ray,  ( Pcrsp .)  a straight  line  drawn  through 
the  eye:  — in  divergent  projections,  the  projecting 
line  of  any  point.  Davies. — Principal  ray,  ( Persp .) 
the  line  drawn  through  the  point  of  sight  perpendicu- 
lar to  the  perspective  plane.  Davies.  — Ray  of  curva- 
ture. Same  as  Radius  of  Curvature.  Hutton. 

Syn.  — See  Gleam. 

RAY,  n.  [Sp.  ray  a ; Fr.  rate.]  (JcA.)  A carti- 
laginous fish,  having  the  body  horizontally  flat- 
tened, and  more  or  less  discous,  of  the  sub-order 
Raiidce , which  includes,  among  many  other  va- 
rieties, the  skate  and  the  torpedo.  Eng.  Cyc . 

RAY  (ra),  v.  a.  [i.  rayed  ; pp.  raying,  rayed.] 

1.  To  shoot  forth  or  emit,  as  rays,  [r.] 

The  pastoral  queen  . . . rays 

Her  smiles,  sweet-beaming,  on  her  shepherd  king.  Thomson. 

2.  To  stripe  ; to  streak,  [r.]  Chaucer. 

3.  f To  array.  Promptuarium  Parvulorum. 

4.  f To  defile  ; to  beivray.  Spenser. 

RA'YAII,  n.  A term  applied  by  the  Turkish  gov- 
ernment to  its  non-Mahometan  subjects,  who 
pay  the  capitation  tax.  Dr.  Walsh. 

Under  Bajazct  I..  the  taxable  rai/ahs  in  Turkey  in  Europe 
were  numbered  at  1,112,000;  under  Selim,  the  late  sultan, 
at  1,337,000.  Braiule. 

BAYED  (rad),  p.  a.  1.  Striped  ; streaked  marked 

■ with  lines.  Shah. 

2.  ( Zoul .)  Noting  animals  of  the  class  Radia- 
ta  ; radiate.  Eng.  Cyc. 

RAY'— GRASS,  n.  ( Bot .)  A species  of  grass;  com- 
mon darnel ; rye-grass  ; Lolium  perenne.  Gray. 

RAY'LESS  (ra'les),  a.  Without  rays  of  light; 
emitting  no  rays  ; dark.  Young. 

f rAy'ON,  n.  [Fr.]  A ray  of  light.  Spenser. 

rAy'ON-NANT,  a.  [Fr.]  (Her.)  Darting  forth 
rays.  Buchanan. 

RAZE,  n.  A root,  as  of  ginger  ; race.  Shah. 

RAZE,  v.  a.  [L.  rado,  rasus\  Fr.  raser.  — See 
Rase.]  [i.  razed  ; pp.  razing,  razed.] 

X.  To  erase  ; to  efface ; to  obliterate  ; to  rase. 

Hazing  the  characters  of  your  renown.  Shak. 

2.  To  overthrow  from  the  foundation  ; to  de- 
molish ; to  destroy  ; to  subvert.  “ Cities  razed 
and  warriors  slain.”  Pope. 

The  royal  hand  that  razed  unhappy  Troy.  Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Demolish. 

RA-ZEE',  n.  [Fr.  rasee,  shaved,  razed.]  ( Naut .) 
A vessel  of  war  reduced  to  an  inferior  class  by 
cutting  down  her  upper  deck,  as  a seventy-four 
cut  down  to  a frigate.  Dana. 

RA-ZEE',  V.  a.  [i.  RAZEED  ; pp.  RAZEEING,  RA- 
ZEED.] To  cut  down  or  reduce  to  a lower  class, 
as  a ship.  Brande. 

RA'ZOR,  n.  [L.  rado,  rasas,  to  shave  ; It.  rasojo  ; 
Fr.  rasoir.] 

1.  A knife  or  instrument  for  shaving  off  beard 

or  hair.  Hooker. 

2.  A tusk.  “ Razors  of  a boar."”  Johnson. 

RA'ZOR-A-BLE,  a.  Fit  to  be  shaved,  [r.]  Shak. 

RA'ZOR— BACK,  n.  (Zodl.)  A large  species  of 

whale  inhabiting  the  North  Sea  ; Physalu.s  An- 
tiquorum, or  Balama  Antiquorum.  Eng.  Cyc. 

RA'ZOR— BILL,  11.  ( Omith .)  A 

species  of  auk,  about  fifteen  lf-.z5~Si 
inches  long,  abundant  in  the  vB. 

arctic  regions,  having  a large, 
straight  bill  compressed  later-  iflHjjk  | 
ally  ; black-billed  auk  ; Alca  j 

torda.  It  closely  resembles  the  / 

common  guillemot.  Yarre/l.  E&rxgm  j 

RA'ZOR— FISH,  n (Conch.)  A WW 
bivalve  of  the  genus  Solen,  tmjjr  Jshr- 
having  a shell  resembling  a ra- 
zor  in  form.  Eng.  Cyc.  Razor-bill. 


RA'ZOR-MAk-£R,  n.  One  who  makes  razors. 

RA'ZOR— SHELL,  n.  The  shell  of  the  razor-fish. 

RA'ZOR— STROP,  n.  A strop  for  sharpening  ra- 
zors ; — written  also  razor-strap.  Spectator. 

RA'ZURE  (ra'zliur),  n.  [L.  rasura  ; rado,  rasus, 
to  scrape;  Fr.  rasure .]  The  act  of  erasing; 
erasure  ; — also  written  rasure.  Shak. 

RE — [L.]  A prefix  or  an  inseparable  particle, 

denoting  repetition,  iteration,  or  backward  ac- 
tion ; as,  “To  return” — to  come  back;  “To 
revive”  — to  live  again;  repercussion  — the  act 
of  driving  back.  — It  is  much  used  before  verbs 
and  verbal  nouns. 

RE-AB-SORB',  v.  a.  To  absorb  again  or  anew. 
“ This  air  it  greedily  reabsorbs.”  Kirwan. 

RE- A B-SORP'TION,  n.  The  act  of  reabsorbing, 
or  the  state  of  being  reabsorbed.  lire. 

RE-AC-CESS',  n.  A new  or  fresh  access  ; a visit 
renewed.  “ Reaccess  of  the  sun.”  llakewill. 

RE-AC-CU§E',  v.  a.  To  accuse  again  or  anew. 
“ Who  reaccused  Norfolk.”  Daniel. 

REACH  (rech),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  reecan,  to  reach,  to 
extend  ; Dut.  reiken,  to  reach,  rekken,  to  stretch ; 
Ger.  reichen,  to  reach,  reckon,  to  extend ; Dan. 
rcekke,  rekke,  to  reach,  to  extend ; Sw.  rcicka  ; 
Icel.  reka,  to  extend.  — Gr.  opiyu,  bpil-ai,  to 
reach  ; L.  rego,  to  lead  straight.]  [i.  reached  ; 
pp.  REACHING,  REACHED,  f RAUGHT.] 

1.  To  extend  ; to  stretch;  to  hold  or  put  forth. 

Reach  hither  thy  finger,  and  behold  my  hands;  and  reach 
hither  thy  hand,  and  thrust  it  into  my  side:  and  be  not  faith- 
less, but  believing.  John  xx.  27. 

He  shall  flourish, 

And,  like  a mountain-cedar,  reach  his  branches 

To  all  the  plains  about  him.  Shak. 

2.  To  extend  to ; to  touch  in  extent.  “ His 

stature  reached  the  sky.”  Milton. 

A bridge  of  wondrous  length, 

From  hell  continued,  reaching  the  utmost  orb 

Of  this  frail  world.  Milton. 

3.  To  extend  something,  as  the  hand,  to  ; to 
touch  by  extending  or  holding  forth  something; 
as,  “ To  reach  a book  on  a table  ” ; “ To  reach 
the  top  of  a tree  with  a pole.” 

Ilaving  let  down  his  sounding-line,  he  reaches  no  bottom. 

Locke. 

4.  To  strike  or  hit  from  a distance. 

O patron  power,  thy  present  aid  afford, 

That  I may  reach  the  heart.  Dryden. 

5.  To  take,  as  with  the  hand,  [r.] 

Lest,  therefore,  now  his  bolder  hand 

Reach  also  of  the  tree  of  life,  and  eat.  Milton. 

6.  To  extend  to,  as  with  the  hand,  so  as  to 

deliver.  “ Reach  me  a chair.”  Shak. 

7.  To  come  to;  to  arrive  at.  “Before  this 

letter  reaches  your  hands.”  Pope. 

The  coast  so  long  desired 

Thy  troops  shall  reach , but,  having  reached,  repent.  Dryden. 

8.  To  attain  to  ; to  gain  ; to  obtain. 

The  best  accounts  of  the  appearances  of  nature  which  hu- 
man penetration  can  reach  come  short  of  its  reality.  Cheyne. 

9.  f To  overreach  ; to  deceive.  South. 

Syn.  — To  reach  conveys  the  idea  of  attaining  a 

point  or  an  object  by  extending  or  stretching.  We 
reach  an  object  higher  than  ourselves  by  stretching  out 
the  arm  and  extending  it  above  our  heads  ; as,  to 
reach  a bat  from  a peg,  or  a book  from  a shelf.  A 
traveller  reaches  Or  arrives  at  the  end  of  his  journey. 
To  reach  commonly  implies  the  idea  of  exertion  ; 
things  extend  in  any  manner;  — water  extends  into 
the  country.  Views,  thoughts,  works,  charity,  &c., 
are  extended. 

REACH,  v.  n.  1.  To  be  extended;  to  extend. 

A tower,  whose  top  majr  reach  to  heaven.  Gen.  ii.  4. 

The  new  world  reaches  quite  across  the  torrid  zone.  Boyle. 

2.  To  be  extended  far.  “ Great  men  have 

reaching  hands.”  Shak. 

3.  To  extend  or  be  lengthened  in  time.. 

Your  threshing  shall  reach  unto  the  vintage,  and  the  vint- 
age shall  reach  unto  the  sowing-time.  Lev.  xxvi.  5. 

4.  To  extend  the  hand  to  take  any  thing. 

Many  more 

Causes  import  your  need  of  this*  fair  fruit; 

Goddess  humane,  reach  then,  and  freely  taste.  Milton. 

5.  To  try  to  attain  to,  or  to  gain,  something. 

Reaching  above  our  nature  does  no  good; 

We  must  fall  back  to  our  old  flesh  and  blood.  Rope. 

’ 6.  To  attempt  to  vomit;  to  retch.  Cheyne. 

To  reach  after,  at,  or  unto,  to  endeavor  to  attain  to 
or  to  gain.  “ The  mind  reaching  after  a positive  idea 
of  infinity.”  Locke . “ To  reach  at  victory  ” Shak. 


REACH,  n.  1.  The  act  of  reaching ; the  act  of 
touching  or  taking  by  extension,  as  of  the  hand. 

For,  high  from  ground,  the  branches  would  require 

Thy  utmost  reach  or  Adam’s.  Milton. 

2.  Power  or  ability  of  reaching.  “ There  may 

be  in  a man’s  reach  a book.  ’ Locke. 

Out  of  the  reach  of  danger,  he  [Junius]  has  been  bold;  out 
of  the  reach  of  shame,  he  has  been  confident.  Johnson. 

3.  Power  of  attainment  ; limit  or  extent  of 
powers  or  faculties  ; capability  ; capacity. 

His  wonder  far  exceeded  reason’s  reach.  Spenser. 
Be  sure  yourself  and  your  own  reach  to  know.  Pope. 

4.  Depth  of  thought ; penetration  ; contriv- 
ance ; scheme. 

Drawn  by  others,  who  had  deeper  reaches  than  themselves, 
to  matters  which  they  least  intended.  Hay  ward. 

5.  An  artifice  to  attain  some  distant  advan- 
tage ; a fetch. 

The  Duke  of  Parma  had  particular  reaches  and  ends  of  his 
own  underhand,  to  cross  the  design.  Bacon. 

6.  Extent ; extension. 

In  little  space 

The  confines  met  of  empyrean  heaven 
And  of  this  world;  and,  on  the  left  hand,  hell, 

"With  long  reach , interposed.  Milton. 

7.  A low  piece  of  land  or  rock  extending  into 

the  water,  as  on  the  sea-coast.  Pope. 

8.  That  portion  of  a river  in  which  the  stream 

preserves  a straight  direction.  Brande. 

REACH'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  reached  ; attain- 
able. H.  Martineau. 

REACH'JJR,  n.  One  who  reaches.  Todd. 

REACHING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  reaches, 
or  endeavors  to  attain.  Pope. 

2.  f An  effort  to  vomit  ; a retching.  Holland. 

REACHING— POST,  n.  A post  used  in  rope-mak- 
ing, fixed  in  the  ground  at  the  lower  end  of  a 
ropewalk.  Crabb. 

REACH'LIJSS,  a.  That  cannot  be  reached;  un- 
attainable. Hall. 

RE-ACT',  V.  a.  \i.  REACTED  ; pp.  REACTING,  RE- 
ACTED.] To  act  or  perform  again  or  a second 
time  ; to  reenact.  Lewis. 

RE-ACT',  v.  n.  To  return  operation,  force,  im- 
pulse, or  impression  ; to  act  in  reciprocation  or 
opposition.  Cudworth. 

The  lungs,  being  the  chief  instrument  of  sanguification, 
and  acting  strongly  upon  the  chyle  to  bring  it  to  an  animal 
fluid,  must  be  reacted  upon  as  strongly.  Arbuthnot. 

RE-AC'TION,  n.  1.  The  action  or  force  which  a 
body,  acted  on  by  another  body,  exerts  at  the 
same  instant  upon  it;  action  or  force  recipro- 
cated or  returned  ; reciprocal  action.  Young. 

Newton’s  third  law  of  motion  is,  that  reaction  is  always 
contrarv  and  equal  to  action,  or  that  the  mutual  actions  of 
two  bodies  arc  always  equal,  and  exerted  in  opposite  direc- 
tions. Brande. 

2.  Any  action  or  force  exerted  in  resisting  or 
overcoming  other  action  or  force. 

We  cannot  be  too  much  on  our  guard  against  reactions,  lest 
we  rush  from  one  fault  into  another  contrary  fault.  Whately. 

3.  (Chem.)  The  action  exerted  upon  each 
other  by  chemical  substances,  producing  de- 
composition, new  compounds,  &c. 

Reaction  water-wheel,  a water-wheel  having  curved 
vanes  or  buckets  on  which  the  water  redds,  produ- 
cing a backward  rotatory  motion.  Simmonds. 

RE-AC'TION- A-RY,  a.  Implying  reaction.  Black. 

RE-AC'TIVE,  a.  Relating  to,  or  causing,  reac- 
tion. Blackmore. 

RE-Ac'TIVE-LY,  ad.  By  reaction.  Foster. 

RE-AC'TJVE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  re- 
active. Wright. 

j-READ,  n.  [A.  S.  reed,  red-,  Dut.  raad;  Scot. 
rede.]  Saying  ; sentence  : — counsel.  Spenser. 

READ  (red),  v.  a.  [Goth,  rodian,  to  speak  ; A.  S. 
rcedan,  to  read,  to  appoint,  to  rule,  to  conjec- 
ture, to  advise ; reed,  red,  speech,  discourse, 
counsel ; areedan,  to  read ; Dut.  redenen,  to 
reason  ; raden,  to  counsel ; rede,  speech,  dis- 
course ; raad,  counsel ; Ger.  reden,  to  talk,  to 
discourse  ; rede,  speech,  discourse  ; Dan.  rede, 
account ; raade,  to  counsel ; raad,  advice ; Sw. 
rad,  advice  ; Icel.  rreda,  to  speak  ; rad,  advice. 
— Ir.  radham,  to  say,  to  relate  ; W.  adrodd,  to 
relate,  to  declare.  — Rus.  rade,  counsel ; Polish 
rada.]  [i.  read  ; pp.  reading,  read.] 

1.  To  peruse,  whether  audibly  or  silently,  as 
a book,  or  any  thing  written  or  printed. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RliLE.—  Q,  £,  9,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  5,  \,  hard;  § as  7.;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


READ 


1188 


REALIST 


Read  not  to  contradict  and  confute,  nor  to  believe  and 
take  for  granted,  nor  to  tind  luult  and  discourse,  but  to  weigh 
and  consider.  Bacon. 

.The  law  of  God  I read , and  found  it  sweet, 

Made  it  in y whole  delight.  Milton. 

A perfect  judge  will  read  each  work  of  wit 

With  the  same  spirit  that  his  author  writ.  Pope. 

2.  To  discover  by  marks,  signs,  or  characters. 

On  his  dead  face  lie  read  great  magnanimity.  SpeJiser. 

3.  To  explain;  to  interpret.  Chaucer. 

4.  To  learn  by  observation  or  inspection. 

Those  about  her 

From  her  shall  read  the  perfect  ways  of  honor.  S/iak. 

5.  To  know  or  understand  fully.  “ Who  is ’t 

can  re  id  a woman  ? ” Shak. 

6.  To  study  by  reading;  as,  “To  read  law.” 

7.  f To  conjecture  ; to  guess.  Spenser. 

Still  so  used  in  some  parts  of  England.  Orose. 

8.  f To  counsel;  to  advise.  Gower. 

9.  f To  declare  ; to  tell ; to  rehearse.  Spenser. 

READ,  v.  7i.  1.  To  perform  the  act  of  reading. 

“They  rend  in  the  book.”  Nch.  viii.  8. 

2.  To  practise  reading ; to  be  studious  in 
books.  “ ’Tis  sure  that  Fleury  reads.”  Taylor. 

3.  To  be  read ; to  appear  in  writing  or  print- 
ing, as  a passage  ; as,  “ So  the  passage  reads.” 

4.  f To  declare  ; to  tell.  Spenser. 

READ  (red),  a.  [From  read.]  Instructed  in  books ; 
learned  by  reading.  “ A poet  of  genius  . . . 
well  read  in  Longinus.”  Addison 

READ'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  read;  fit  to  be 

’ read  ; legible.  Hurd. 

READ'A-BLE-. \ ESS,  7i.  The  quality  or  the  state 
of  being  readable  ; legibility.  Ec.  Rev. 

READ'A-BLY,  arl.  So  as  to  be  read  ; legibly. 

RE-AD-DRESS',  v.  a.  To  address  again.  Boyle. 

f RE-A-DEPT',  v.  a.  [L.  re,  again,  and  adipiscor, 
to  obtain.]  To  regain  ; to  recover.  Edxc.  Hall. 

f RE-A-DEP'TION,  7i.  Act  of  regaining.  Baco/i. 

READ'pR,  71.  1.  One  who  reads.  B.  Jonsoii. 

2.  One  who  reads  much ; one  studious  in 

books.  Drgden. 

3.  ( Eccl .)  One  whose  office  is  to  read  prayers 

in  a church: — a deacon  appointed  to  perform 
divine  service  in  a church  or  chapel  of  which 
no  one  has  the  cure.  Swift.  Brande. 

H!7f-  The  office,  or  rather  the  name,  is  still  con- 
tinued in  the  English  Church  ; but  in  every  cure  the 
reader  is  a regularly  ordained  minister.  Eden. 

4.  A person  employed  to  correct  proof ; a 

proof-reader.  Simmonds. 

5.  One  who  reads  lectures  on  scientific  sub- 
jects. [English  universities.]  Wright. 

READ'lJR-SHlP,  n.  The  office  of  a reader,  as  of 
prayers  in  a church.  Swift. 

READ'I-LY  (red'e-le),  ad.  In  a ready  manner; 
without  delay  ; quickly  ; promptly  : — willingly.  • 

READ'I-NESS  (red'e-nes),  71.  1.  The  state  of  being 
ready ; freedom  from  delay  or  obstruction  ; 
promptitude  ; promptness  ; expediteness. 

lie  would  not  forget  the  readhiess  of  their  king  in  aiding 
him.  Bacon.  • 

2.  Cheerfulness  ; willingness  ; alacrity.  “ A 
readiness  to  obey  the  known  will  of  God.”  Smith. 

3.  A state  of  preparation  ; preparedness.  Shak. 

They  remained  near  a month,  that  they  might  he  in  rea<t- 
iucss  to  attend  the  motion  of  the  army.  Clarendon. 

READ'ING  (red’ing),  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who 
reads  ; a perusal ; the  study  of  books.  Watts. 

The  foundation  of  knowledge  must  be  laid  by  reading. 

Johnson. 

2.  A lecture  or  prelection.  Jolmson. 

3.  Public  recital. 

The  Jews  had  their  weekly  readings  of  the  law.  Hooker. 

4.  The  particular  way  in  which  a passage  is 

written  or  printed,  as  a particular  version  or  in- 
terpretation of  a passage;  a lection.  “Various 
readings.”  Churchill. 

There  are  in  this  manuscript  some  readings  different  from 
the  common  copies.  Watcrland. 

READ  ING,  p.  a.  Perusing;  studious  of  books. 

Reading  man,  a hard  student.  [English  universi- 
ties,] Bristed. 

READ'ING— BOOK  (-buk),  n.  A book  containing 
lessons  in  reading. 

READ'ING— BOY,  n.  A boy  employed  to  read  copy 
to  a proof-reader.  Simmonds. 


READ'ING-DESK,  n.  A desk  at  which  reading  is 
performed,  as  in  a church.  Hook. 

READ'ING— HOOK  (-huk),  n.  An  instrument  of 
bone  or  ivory  for  marking  books.  Simmonds. 

READ'ING— ROOM,  71.  A room  appropriated  to 
reading  ; a room  where  newspapers,  periodicals, 
&c.,  are  read.  Simitiotids. 

RE-AD-JOURN'  (-jiirn'),  V.  a.  To  adjourn  a second 
time  or  again.  Colgrave. 

RE-AD-JUST',  v.  a.  To  adjust  or  put  in  order 
again ; readmittance.  Fielding. 

RE- A D-JU ST ' M (jjNT,  71.  The  act  of  readjusting, 
or  the  state  of  being  readjusted.  Smith. 

RE-AD-MIS'SION  (re-std-misli'un),  n.  The  act  of 
admitting  again,  or  the  state  of  being  admitted 
again  ; readmittance.  Arbuthnct. 

RE-AD-MIT',  v.a.  To  admit  or  let  in  again.  Milton. 

RE-AD-MlT'TANCE,  n.  Admittance  again  or  a 
second  time  ; readmission.  Warto/i. 

RE-A-DOPT',  v.  a.  To  adopt  again.  Yoimg. 

RE-A-DORN',  v.  a.  To  adorn  again  ; to  decorate 
anew.  Blackmore. 

RE-AD-VANCE',  v.  71.  To  advance  again.  B.  Jonson. 

KE-AD-VER'TgN-Cy,  n.  The  act  of  turning  back 
to  or  reviewing.  Norris. 

READ'Y  (red'e),  a.  [A.  S.  breed,  racd ; Dut. 
aerecd ; Ger.  bereit ; Dan.  reede ; Sw.  redo  ; 
lcel.  hradr.] 

1.  Prepared  so  that  there  can  be  no  delay. 

“ A king  ready  to  the  battle.”  Job  xv.  21. 

My  oxen  and  fallings  are  killed,  and  all  things  are  rcadj/. 

Matt.  xxii.  4. 

2.  Prompt ; quick  ; expeditious.  “ Your  ready 
mind.”  2 Cor.  viii.  19.  “ His  ready  sense.”  Shak. 

A ready  consent  often  subjects  a woman  to  contempt. 

S.  Richardson. 

3.  Expert ; dexterous  ; apt ; adroit.  “ Ezra 

was  a ready  scribe.”  Ezra\ ii.  6. 

4.  Willing;  disposed;  inclined. 

Lord,  I am  ready  to  go  to  prison  with  thee.  Luke  xxii.  33. 

Those  who  should  have  helped  him  to  mend  things  were 
readier  to  promote  the  disorders  by  which  they  might  thrive 
than  to  set  afoot  frugality.  Davenanl. 

5.  Being  at  the  point ; near.  “ I am  afflicted 

and  ready  to  die.”  Ps.  lxxxviii.  15. 

6.  Near;  at  hand;  handy;  convenient. 

A sapling  pine  he  wrenched  from  out  the  ground. 

The  readiest  weapon  that  his  fury  found.  Dryden. 

7.  Easy ; facile  ; opportune. 

Sometimes  the  readiest  way  which  a wise  man  hath  to 
conquer  is  to  fly.  Hooker. 

To  make  ready,  to  make  tilings  ready ; to  make 
preparations  ; to  prepare.  “ A large  upper  room  fur- 
nished . . . ; there  make  ready  for  us.”  Mark  xiv.  15. 

Syn.  — He  is  ready  who  is  prepared  at  the  time; 
he  is  prompt  who  is  prepared  before  the  time.  When 
applied  as  personal  characteristics,  ready  respects  the 
will,  prompt,  the  vigor  or  zeal  which  impels  to  action. 
Brady  for  action  ; prompt  to  reply  ; prepared  for  a 
journey  ; willing  to  perform  ; eager  in  pursuit  ; q nick 
in  movement;  apt  to  learn. — A ready  entrance  has 
no  obstruction  ; an  easy  entrance  is  large  and  com- 
modious  Pardon  readily,  comprehend  easily. 

READ'Y,  ad.  In  readiness  ; without  delay ; read- 
ily. '‘Ready  armed.”  [it.]  Num.  xxxii.  17. 

READ'y,  n.  Ready  money.  [Vulgar.]  Arbuthnot. 

READ'Y,  v.  a.  To  make  ready.  [Local, E.]  Brooke. 

READ'Y— MADE,  a.  Made  or  prepared  before- 
hand ; not  made  to  order.  Sunmonds. 

READ'Y— RECK'ON-JJR,  n.  A book  or  a card  con- 
taining tables  of  figures  for  facilitating  arith- 
metical calculations.  Simmonds. 

READ'Y— WIT'TpD,  a.  Having  ready  wit  or  ap- 
prehension ; quick-witted.  Wright. 

RE-AF-FIRM',  v.  a.  & 71.  To  affirm  again  or  to 
make  a second  affirmation.  R.  Fletcher. 

RE-AF-FIRM' A NCE,  n.  Act  of  affirming  again  ; 
a second  affirmation.  Ayliffe. 

RE-AF-FOR'F.ST-ED,  a.  ( Laic .)  Converted  anew 
into  a forest.  Whishaw. 

RE-A'RENT,  n.  ( Chem .)  A substance  used  to 
produce  a chemical  reaction,  — especially  a re- 
action preparatory  to  the  application  of  a test : 
— a term  used  to  designate  substances  which, 
on  being  applied  to  other  substances,  whose 
composition  is  unknown,  indicate,  by  the  sensi- 
ble effects  which  they  produce  or  fail  to  produce, 


such  as  precipitation,  effervescence,  change  of 
color,  &c.,  their  constituent  elements  or  compo- 
nents ; a test.  Hr.  C.  T.  Jackson. 

RE-AG-GRA-VA'TION,  n.  {Catholic  Church.)  The 
last  monitory  published  after  three  admonitions, 
and  before  the  last  excommunication.  . Ash. 

RE-A-GREE',  v.  71.  To  agree  again.  Daniel. 

t REAR  (rek),  n.  A rush.  D/ant. 

RE'AL,  a.  [Low  L.  realis,  from  L .res,  7'e,  a thing; 
It.  reale  ; Sp.  real',  Fr.  reel.'] 

1.  Actually  being  or  existing;  actual;  abso- 
lute ; not  fictitious,  supposititious,  or  imaginary. 
“ Beal  and  unfeigned  sufferings.”  Blackmore. 

Wc  do  but  describe  an  imaginary  world  that  is  but  little 
akin  to  a real  one.  Clam  ill. 

2.  True  ; genuine  ; not  artificial ; actual ; pos- 
itive ; certain;  as,  “ A 7'cal  diamond.” 

3.  Pertaining  to  things,  not  to  persons;  not 
personal. 

Many  arc  perfect  in  men’s  humors  that  are  not  greatly 
capable  of  the  real  part  of  business.  Bacon. 

4.  (Law.)  In  the  common  law,  pertaining  to, 
or  consisting  of,  things  that  are  permanent, 
fixed,  and  immovable,  as  lands  or  tenements  ; 
as,  “ Real  estate.”  Blackstonc.  — In  the  civil 
law,  pertaining  to,  or  consisting  of,  a thing 
whether  it  be  movable  of  immovable,  lands  or 
goods.  Bouvie?\ 

Real  action , ( Law .)  an  action  concerning  real  prop- 
erty.— Real  assets , real  estate  in  the  hands  of  an  heir, 
chargeable  with  the  payment  of  the  debts  of  the  an- 
cestor.— Real  composition , (Eng.  Eccl.  Law.)  an  agree- 
ment made  between  the  owner  of  lands  and  a parson 
or  vicar,  with  the  consent  of  the  ordinary  and  the 
patron,  that  such  lands  shall,  for  the  future,  he  dis- 
charged from  payment  of  tithes  by  reason  of  some 
land,  or  other  real  recompense  given  to  the  parson  in 
lieu  and  satisfaction  thereof.  — Rial  contract , ( Civil 
Law.)  a contract  in  which  the  obligation  arose  from 
the  thing  itself  which  is  the  subject  of  it  : — ( Common 
Law.)  a contract  respecting  real  property. — Chattels 
real , such  chattels  as  either  appertain  not  immediate- 
ly to  the  person,  hut  to  something  by  way  of  depen- 
dency, as  a box  with  the  title  deeds  of  lands,  or  such 
as  issue  out  of  some  real  estate,  as  a lease  of  lands.  — 
Real  estate , or  real  property,  that  which  consists  of 
land,  and  of  all  rights  and  profits  arising  from,  and 
annexed  to,  land,  of  a permanent,  immovable  nature  : 
lands,  tenements,  and  hereditaments. — Real  injury , 
(Ciril  Law.)  an  injury  arising  from  an  unlawful  act, 
as  distinguished  from  a verbal  injury.  — Real  servitude, 
( Civil  Law.)  a right  which  one  estate  or  piece  of  land 
owes  to  another  cstater — Real  statute , (Civil  Law.)  a 
statute  having  principally  for  its  object  property,  and 
not  concerning  persons  except  in  relation  to  property. 
Burrill.  Bouvicr.  — Real  presence,  (Bom.  Cath.  Church.) 
the  acmal  presence  of  the  body  and  blood  of  Christ 
in  the  cucharist.  Hook. — Real  quantity,  (Math.)  a 
quantity  not  involving  any  operations  impossible  to 
he  performed,  such,  for  instance,  as  the  extraction  of 
the  even  root,  of  a negative  quantity; — opposed  to 
imaginary.  Davies.  — Rcul  image,  (Opt.)  an  image 
actually  formed  ; — used  in  contradistinction  to  imagi- 
nary or  virtual  image.  — See  IMAGE. 

Syn. — Real  (from  L res)  signifies  belonging  to 
the  thing  as  it  is,  and  is  opposed  to  feigned  or  imagi- 
nary. Actual  (from  L.  ago,  actio)  signifies  belonging 
to  the  thing  done,  and  is  opposed  to  supposititious, 
conceived,  or  reported.  Positive.  (L.  positicus ) signifies 
being  fixed  or  established,  and  is  opposed  to  uncertain 
or  doubtful.  Real  existence  ; real  sentiment ; actual 
performance  ; actual  survey  ; positive  proof ; certain 
evidence;  genuine  text;  true  account.  — See  Au- 
thentic, Certain. 

RE'AL,  n.  [Sp.]  A Spanish  and  Mexican  silver 
coin,  worth  about  Gd.  sterling  ($0.12£).  Winslow. 

f RE'AL,  n.  A realist.  Burton. 

R^-AL'GAR  [re-al'gar,  K.  Sm.  O.  Wr.  ; re'al-gar, 
Ja.  C.].’  n.  (Min.)  A red  or  an  orange-yellow 
crystalline,  sectile  mineral,  composed  of  bisul- 
phide of  arsenic,  or  two  equivalents  of  sulphur 
and  one  of  arsenic.  Miller.  Dana. 

BOP*  Realgar  is  also  artificially  prepared  and  used 
as  a pigment. 

RE'AL-ISM,  n.  [Fr.  realisme.~\  (Met.)  The  doc- 
trine that  in  perception  there  is  an  immediate 
or  intuitive  cognition  of  the  external  object ; — 
opposed  to  idealism  : — the  doctrine  that  genus 
and  species  are  real  things,  existing  indepen- 
dently of  our  conceptions  and  expressions;  — 
opposed  to  nominalism.  Hamilton.  . Whately. 

Nominalism,  sensualism,  materialism, these  are  only  three 
different  modifications  of  one  and  the  same  system,  which 
we  now  sec  resolved  into  realism.  Ec.  Rev. 

RE'AL-IST,  71.  [Fr.  mt liste.]  A believer  in,  or 
I an  adherent  of,  realism.  A.  Wood. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  I,  O,  TJ,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


REALISTIC 


REASON 


1189 


RE-AL-IS'TIC,  a.  Relating  to  realism.  Ec.  Rev. 

R^-Al'I-TY,  n.  [It.  realita ; Sp.  realidad ; Fr. 
real  tie.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  real ; actual  being  or 
existence  fact ; truth. 

I would  have  them  well  versed  in  the  Greek  and  Latin 
poets,  without  which  a man  fancies  that  he  understands  a 
critic,  when,  in  reality . he  does  not  comprehend  his  meaning. 

Addison. 

2.  Something  that  is  real ; something  actually 
existing. 

My  neck  may  be  an  idea  to  you,  but  it  is  a reality  to  me, 

Beattie. 

3.  Something  intrinsically  important  ; not 

merely  matter  of  show.  Milton. 

4.  (Law.)  Realty;  immobility.  Wright. 

Syn.  — See  Truth. 

RE'AL-Iz-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  realized. 

RE-AL-I-ZA'TION,  n.  [Fr  .realisation.]  Act  of 
realizing,  or  state  of  being  realized.  Glanvill. 

RE'AL-IZE,  v.  a.  [Sp.  realizar ; Fr.  realiser.]  [t. 
REALIZED;  pp.  REALIZING,  REALIZED.] 

1.  To  make  real ; to  bring  into  being  or  act ; 
to  effect ; to  perform  ; to  accomplish. 

It  w 11  be  as  hard  to  apprehend  as  that  an  empty  wish 
should  remove  mountains;  a supposition  which,  if  realized , 
would  relieve  Sisyphus.  Glanvill. 

2.  To  convert  into  land  or  real  estate,  as 

money.  Johnson. 

3.  To  make  certain  ; to  substantiate.  Roget. 

/if®*  This  word,  in  tile  sense  of  to  malic  certain  or 

substantial,  lias  been  reputed  an  Americanism  ; hut 
Dr.  Dunjlison  says  of  it,  that  “ it  is  universal  in  Eng- 
land in  this  very  sense.”  — It  is  also  used  in  America 
in  the  sense  of  to  train  ; as,  “ To  realize  profit  ” ; — - 
likewise,  in  tile  sense  of  to  fed  or  bring  /tonic  to  one's 
mind  as  a rea  itij,  or  to  feel  strongly  ; and  this  bitter 
sense  is  not  without  English  authority;  as,  “To 
realize  our  position.”  Ec.  Rev. 

RE'AL-IZ-gR,  n.  One  who  realizes.  Coleridge. 

RE'AL-IZ-1NG-LY,  ad.  So  as  to  realize. 

I complained  that  I had  always  found  it  difficult  realizinyly 
to  feel  that  I had  deserved  eternal  punishment.  E.  D.  Griffin. 

RE-AL-LE(?E'  (re-atl-lej')j  V.  a.  To  allege  again  ; 
to  reassert,  Cotgrave. 

RE-AL-Li'ANCE,  n.  A renewed  alliance.  Clarke. 

RE'AL-LY,  ad.  With  reality  or  actual  existence  ; 
actually  ; truly  ; in  fact.  South.  Young. 

REALM  (reim),  n.  [L.  regnum  ; rex,  regis,  a king  ; 
It.  reame-,  re,  a king;  Sp.  reino ; Fr.  rogaitme.] 

1.  A kingdom  ; the  dominions  of  a king.  Shah. 

2.  A royal  government,  [it.] 

The  ants’  republic,  and  the  realm  of  bees.  Pope. 

REALM'— BOUND-ING,  a.  Bounding  a realm. 

RE'AL-NESS,  n.  Reality.  Coleridge. 

f RE'AL-TY,  n.  [It.  realtaf]  Royalty.  Milton. 

RE'AL-TY,  n.  [From  real.\  1.  f Reality.  More. 

2.  (Law.)  The  quality  of  being  real  or  of  re- 
lating to  real  estate  ; immobility  ; — opposed  to 
personally.  Whishaw. 

REAM  (rein),  n.  [A.  S.  ream,  a band,  a strap  ; 
Dut.  riem  ; Ger.  riemen;  Dan.  § Sw.  rem  ; Icel. 
reim,  rcema.  — It.  risma,  a ream;  Sp.  resma; 
Fr.  mine.] 

1.  A package  of  paper  containing  twenty 

quires.  Pope. 

2.  A leather  strap. — See  Reim.  Simmonds. 

Printer's  ream , in  England,  a ream  of  ill ( quires, 

or  516  sheets.  Braude. 

REAM,  v.  a.  To  enlarge  the  bore  or  size  of,  as  a 
hole,  by  means  of  an  instrument.  Smart. 

f REAME,  n.  A realm.  Spenser. 

RE-AN’I-MATE,  v.  a.  To  restore  to  animation  or 
life  ; to  revive  ; to  resuscitate.  Glanvill. 

RE-AN-I-MA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  reanimating, 
or  the  state  of  being  reanimated.  Wright. 

RE-AN-NEX',  v.  a.  To  annex  again;  to  reunite. 

To  repurchase  and  reannex  that  duchy.  Bacon. 

RE-AN-N{lX-A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  reannexing, 
or  the  state  of  being  reannexed.  J.  K.  Polk. 

RE-AN-OINT',  v.  a.  To  anoint  again.  Drayton. 

RE-An'SWIJR,  v.  a.  To  answer  again.  Shak. 

REAP  (rep),  v.  a.  [A.  S .ripan;  rip,  a harvest; 
ripa,  a handful  of  -grain  ; Dut.  rapen .]  [i. 

REAPED  ; pp.  REAPING,  REAPED.] 


1.  To  cut  with  a sickle,  as  grain.  “ Reap  the 

harvest.”  Shak. 

2.  To  clear  of  grain  by  means  of  a sickle. 

Let  thiue  eyes  be  on  the  field  that  they  do  reap.  Ruth  ii.  9. 

3.  To  gather  ; to  obtain  ; to  gain  ; to  get.  Shak. 

They  that  love  the  religion  which  they  profess  may  have 

failed  in  choice;  but  yet  they  are  sure  to  reap  what  benefit 
the  same  is  able  to  afford.  Hooker. 

REAP,  v.  n.  To  perform  the  act  of  reaping. 

They  that  sow  in  tears  shall  reap  in  joy.  Ps.  exxvi.  3. 

REAP,  n.  [A.  S.  ripa,  a handful  of  grain.] 

1.  A handful  or  bundle  of  grain  laid  down 
by  a reaper,  to  be  gathered  into  sheaves  by  the 
binder.  [Local,  Eng.]  Wickliffe.  Wright. 

2.  A company  of  reapers.  [Eng.]  Forby. 

REAPER,  n.  1.  One  who  reaps.  Pope. 

2.  A machine  for  harvesting  grain.  Simmonds. 

REAP'ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  reaps;  the 
act  or  operation  of  cutting  grain  with  a sickle. 

REAP'ING— HOOK  (-huk),  n.  A sickle.  Dryden. 

REAP'ING— MACHINE',  n.  A machine  for  reap- 
ing grain.  Buchanan. 

RE-AP-pAr'EL,  v.  a.  To  apparel  again.  Donne. 

RE-AP-PEAR',  v.  11.  To  appear  again.  Scott. 

RE-AP-PEAR'ANCE,  11.  A second  appearance. 

RE-AP-PLI-CA'TION,  11.  A new  application. 

RE-AP-PLY',  v.  a.  To  apply  again.  Clarke. 

RE-AP-POINT',  v.  a.  To  appoint  anew;  to  renew 
the  appointment  of.  Jodrell. 

RE- A P- POINT 'M ENT,  ii.  A renewed  or  second 
appointment.  Fox. 

RE-AP-POR'TION,  v.  a.  To  apportion  again  ; to 
redistribute.  Wright. 

RE-AP-POR'TION-MENT,  n.  A second  apportion- 
ment. Clarke. 

RE- AP-PROACH',  v.n.  To  approach  again.  Bacon. 

REAR  (rer),  n.  [Fr.  arrierc.\ 

1.  That  which  is  behind ; the  hind  part,  par- 

ticularly the  hind  portion  of  an  army  or  a fleet ; 
— opposed  to  front  or  ran.  Stocqueler. 

2.  The  last  class  ; the  last  in  order.  “ Caius 

I place  in  the  rear.”  Peacham. 

To  bring  up  the  rear,  to  form  the  rear-guard  ; to  be 
in  the  rear.  Barn. 

t REAR,  v.  a.  To  place  in  the  rear  of.  Scott. 

REAR,  a.  In  the  rear;  hindermost.  Stocqueler. 

Rear  half  files,  (Mil.)  the  three  hindermost  ranks 
when  a battalion  is  drawn  up  six  deep.  Bailey. 

REAR,  a.  [A.  S.  hreow,  hrere,  raw.  — See  Raw.] 
Not  sufficiently  cooked  ; rare.  S.  T.  Elyot. 

REAR,  ad.  [A.  S.  rcethe,  quickly.]  Early.  [Pro- 
vincial, Eng.]  Gay. 

REAR,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  reeran,  to  raise,  to  elevate,  to 
move  ; hreran,  to  move,  to  agitate,  to  raise ; Ger. 
riihren,  to  move,  to  stir  ; Dan.  rire  ; Sw.  ri.ra  -, 
Icel.  hrcera.\  [i.  reahed  ; pp.  rearing, 

REARED.] 

1.  To  raise  ; to  elevate  ; to  lift ; to  carry  up. 

Who  now  shall  rear  you  to  the  sun,  or  rank 

Your  tribes?  Milton. 

High  in  his  hands  he  reared  the  golden  bowl.  Tope. 

2.  To  stir  up  ; to  rouse. 

And  seeks  the  tusky  boar  to  rear 

With  well-mouthed  hounds  and  pointed  spear.  Dryden. 

3.  To  bring  up,  as  young.  Bacon. 

They  flourished  long  in  tender  bliss,  and  reared 

A numerous  offspring,  lovely  as  themselves.  Thomson. 

4.  To  raise  or  breed,  as  cattle.  Ha/rte. 

5.  f To  bear  away  or  carry  away.  Spenser. 

REAR,  v.  n.  To  rise  or  stand  up  on  the  hind 
legs,  as  a horse.  Swift. 

REAR'— Ad'MI-RAL,  n.  In  the  English  navy,  an 
officer  next  in  rank  to  a vice-admiral,  and  who 
carries  his  flag  at  the  mizzen-top-gallnnt-mast- 
head.  Mar.  Diet. 

REAR'ER,  n.  One  who  rears  or  raises.  Lewis. 

REAR'-FRONT,  n.  (Mil.)  A battalion,  troop,  or 
company  when  faced  about,  and  standing  in 
that  position.  Crabb. 

REAR'— GUARD,  n.  That  part  of  an  army,  regi- 
ment, or  a battalion,  which  marches  in  the 

rear  of  the  main  body.  Brande. 


RE-AR'GUE,  v.  a.  To  argue  again.  Burrows. 

REAR'ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  rears,  or  who 
brings  up.  Dryden. 

REAR'— LINE,  n.  (Mil.)  The  line  in  the  rear  of 
an  army.  Stocqueler. 

f REAR'LY,  ad.  Early.  Fletcher. 

REAR'-MOUSE,  n.  [A.  S .hreremus.]  (Zo:l.)  The 
leather-winged  bat ; Vespertilio  munnus.  Abbot. 

REAR'— RANK,  n.  The  last  rank  of  a battalion, 

when  drawn  up  in  open  order.  Brande. 

REAR'YVARD,  n.  1.  That  part  of  an  army  that 
marches  in  the  rear  ; a rear  guard.  Sidney. 

2.  The  hind  or  latter  part ; the  tail.  Shak. 

RE-AS-CEND',  v.  n.  To  ascend  again.  Milton. 

RE-AS-CEND',  v.  a.  To  ascend  or  mount  again. 

He  mounts  aloft,  and  reascends  the  skies.  Addison. 

RE-AS-CEN'SION,  n.  Act  of  reascending.  Wright. 

RE-AS-CENT',  n.  The  act  of  reascending;  a sec- 
ond ascent.  Coicper. 

REA  'RON  (re'zn),  n.  [L.  ratio-,  reor,  ratus,  to 
think  ; It.  ragione  ; Sp.  razon ; Port,  razao  ; 
Old  Fr.  reason  ; Fr.  raison.  — Gael.  4;  Ir . reu- 
san ; Arm.  resoun  ; W.  rheswm. ] 

1.  That  faculty  in  man,  of  which  either  the 
exclusive,  or  the  far  higher,  enjoyment  distin- 
guishes him  from  the  rest  of  the  animal  crea- 
tion ; that  power  of  the  human  mind  by  which 
it  perceives  truth  ; the  power  of  deducing  one 
proposition  from  another,  or  of  proceeding  from 
premises  to  conclusions  or  consequences;  the 
rational  faculty;  discursive  power;  thinking 
principle;  intellect;  understanding;  sense. 

Pure  reason  or  intuition  holds  a similar  relation  to  the 
understanding  that  perception  holds  to  sensation.  Morel!. 

a The  word  reason  itself  is  far  from  being  pre- 
cise in  its  meaning.  In  common  and  popular  dis- 
course, it  denotes  that  power  by  which  we  distinguish 
right  from  wrong,  and  by  which  we  are  enabled  to 
combine  means  for  the  attainment  of  particular  ends. 

. . . Reason  is  sometimes  used  to  express  the  whole  of 
those  powers  which  elevate  man  above  the  brutes, 
and  constitute  his  rational  nature,  more  especially, 
perhaps,  his  intellectual  powers;  sometimes  to  ex- 
press the  power  of  deduction  or  argumentation.” 
Stewart . 

“ It  is  a passive,  not  an  active,  power.  ...  It 
is  not  acquirable,  and  it  can  no  otherwise  be  assisted 
than  by  the  suggestions  sought  for  or  presented.  In 
some  degree  it  is  inherent  in  every  mail  not  being  en- 
tirely an  idiot.  ...  In  itself,  as  an  ultimate  principle 
of  our  nature,  it  is  never  erroneous  ; what  we  call 
wrong  conclusions,  being  conclusions  obtained  by 
some  artificial  process,  taking  the  place  of  reason , . . . 
or  they  are  conclusions  just  in  themselves,  and  wrong 
only  as  regards  the  assumptions  or  suggestions  out  of 
which  they  arise.  It  is  a power  which  may,  however, 
be  lost.”  Smart. 

2.  Cause  ; ground  ; principle.  Hammond . 

Virtue  and  vice  are  not  arbitrary  things;  but  there  is  a 
natural  and  eternal  reason  fin-  that  goodness  and  virtue,  and 
against  vice  and  wickedness.  Tillotson. 

3.  That  which  is  alleged  as  a ground  or 
cause,  as  of  opinion  ; argument ; proof. 

I mark  the  business  from  the  common  eye 

For  sundry  weighty  reasons.  Shak. 

In  Pennsylvania,  the  judges  are  required,  in  giving  their 
opinions,  to  give  the  reasons  upon  which  they  arc  founded. 

Bonder . 

4.  Efficient  cause.  Dryden. 

The  reason  of  the  motion  of  the  balance,  in  a wheel-watch, 
is  by  the  motion  of  the  next  wheel.  Hale. 

5.  Final  cause  ; purpose  ; design  ; end. 

Reason , in  the  English  language,  is  sometimes  taken  . . . 
for  the  cause,  particularly  the  final  cause.  Locke. 

6.  Ratiocination  ; reasoning. 

When  by  reason  she  the  truth  hath  found.  Dories. 

7.  Just  account ; rationale.  Boyle. 

This  reason  did  the  ancient  fathers  render  why  the  church 
was  called  catholic.  Pearson. 

8.  Just  view  of  things. 

God  brings  good  out  of  evil;  and  therefore  it  were  hut  rea- 
son we  should  trust  God  to  govern  his  own  world.  lip. Taylor. 

9.  Right ; justice  ; right  conduct.  Spenser. 

Let  it  drink  deep  in  thy  most  vital  part; 

Strike  home,  and  do  me  reason  in  thy  heart.  Dryden. 

Syn.  — Reason  is  a term  having  several  meanings, 
and  in  one  of  its  m'eanings  it  is  .allied  to  understanding 
and  sense  ; but  it  is  more  comprehensive  than  either 
of  them.  The  following  is  Coleridge’s  distinction 
between  reason  and  understanding  : — 

“ Understanding  is  discursive,  and  in  all  its  judg- 
ments refers  to  some  other  faculty  as  its  ultimate  an- 


MfEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  £,  9,  g,  soft;  (C,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z ; X ««  gz.—  THIS,  this. 


REASON 


1190 


RE  BO  ATI  ON 


thority.  It  is  the  faculty  of  reflection.  Reason  is 
fixed,  and  in  all  its  decisions  appeals  to  itself  as  the 
ground  and  substance  of  their  truth.  It  is  the  faculty 
of  contemplation.  It  is  indeed  far  nearer  to  sense 
than  to  understanding .” 

Ideas  are  received  by  the  understanding , and  ap- 
proved or  disapproved  by  reason.  One  who  shows  a 
want  of  understanding  or  sense , is  naturally  stupid  j a 
want  of  reason  may  be  caused  by  passion  or  prejudice. 
— It  is  the  faculty  of  reason  which  enables  us  to  under- 
stand a reason  (i.e.  an  argument)  in  favor  of  any  mat- 
ter in  dispute.  A person  may  be  said  to  be  possessed 
of  a good  understanding  and  good  sense,  but  not -(in 
this  sense)  of  good  reason  ; yet  he  may  be  said  to 
have  a good  reason  (i.  e.  i notice  or  purpose)  for  acting 
as  he  does.  , . 

u In  the  language  of  English  philosophy,  the  terms 
reason  and  understanding  are  nearly  identical,  and  aie 
so  used  by  Stewart  ; but  in  the  critical  philosophy  ol 
Kant,  a broad  distinction  has  been  drawn  between 
them.  Reason  is  the  principle  of  principles;  [it] 
either  speculatively  verifies  every  special  principle,  or 
practically  determines  the  proper  ends  of  human  ac- 
tion. . . . There  are  unquestionably  in  the  human 
mind  certain  necessary  and  universal  principles, 
which,  shining  with  an  intrinsic  light  of  evidence, 
are  themselves  above  proof,  but  the  authority  for  all 
mediate  and  contingent  principles.  That  which  is 
thus  above  reasoning  is  the  reason .”  Brandc.  — See 
Account,  Cause. 

REASON  (re'zn),  v.  n.  [It.  razionare ; Sp.  razo- 
nar  ; Fr.  raisonner. — A.  S.  rceswian.\  [*.  rea- 
soned; pp.  REASONING,  REASONED.] 

1.  To  use  or  apply  the  faculty  of  reason  ; to 
deduce  conclusions  justly  from  premises.  Locke. 

No  man,  in  the  strength  of  the  first  grace,  can  merit  the 
second:  for  reason  they  do  not  who  think  so,  unless  a beggar, 
by  receiving  one  alms,  can  merit  another.  South. 

2.  To  discourse  in  order  to  make  something 

understood,  by  adducing  premises  and  deducing 
their  consequences ; to  debate  ; to  argue.  “ They 
reasoned  among  themselves.”  Matt . xvi.  7. 

They  reasoned  high 

Of  providence,  foreknowledge,  will,  and  fate.  Milton. 

3.  +To  talk;  to  discourse. 

I reasoned  with  a Frenchman  yesterday, 

Who  told  me,  in  the  narrow  seas 

There  miscarried  a vessel  of  our  country.  Shak. 

REASON  (re'zn),  v.  a.  1.  To  examine  or  discuss 
by  arguments  ; to  argue.  Burnet. 

’ 2.  To  persuade  or  induce  by  argument  or 
reasoning.  Addison. 

Men  that  will  not  be  reasoned  into  their  senses  may  yet  be 
laughed  or  drolled  into  them.  L' Estrange. 

3.  To  defend  with  arguments  ; to  plead  for. 
This  boy,  that  cannot  tell  what  he  would  have. 

But  kneels,  and  holds  up  hands  for  fellowship, 

Does  reason  our  petition  with  more  strength 

Than  thou  hast  to  deny  it.  Shak. 

REA’§ON-A-BLE  (re'zn-),  a.  1.  Haying  the  fac- 
ulty of  reason ; endowed  with  reason  ; rational. 
Since  thou  [death]  art  absolute,  apd  canst  control 
All  things  beneath  a reasonable  ^ovjl.  Beaumont. 

2.  Controlled  by  reason  ; acting,  speaking,  or 

thinking  in  accordance  with  reason  ; judicious  ; 
sensible.  “ Reasonable  people.”  Hayward. 

3.  Agreeable  or  conformable  to  reason  ; just ; 
rational.  “ Your  reasonable  service. ”Rom.  xii.  1. 

A law  may  be  reasonable  in  itself,  although  a man  does  not 
allow  it.  Swift. 

4.  Not  immoderate  or  excessive  ; tolerable. 
Four  several  lands  of  reasonable  quantity.  Abbot. 

Syn.  — See  Rational,  Sensible. 

REA'§ON-A-BLE-NESS  (re'zn-?-bl-nes),  n.  1.  The 
state  or  the  quality  of  being  reasonable  ; agree- 
ableness or  conformity  to  reason  or  rational 
principles  ; rationality.  “ The  reasonableness 
and  excellence  of  charity.”  Law. 

2.  Moderation.  Johnson. 

REA'iJON-A-BLY  (re'zn-?-ble),  ad.  1.  In  a reason- 
able manner  ; agreeably  or  conformably  to  rea- 
son ; with  reason  ; rationally.  Laic. 

2.  In  a moderate  degree  ; moderately.  “ Some 
man,  reasonably  studied  in  the  law.”  Bacon. 

REA'§ON-ER  (rE'zn-er),  n.  One  who  reasons. 

REA'§ON-lNG  (re’zn-ing),  n.  The  act  of  applying 
or  exercising  reason ; the  act  or  the  process  of 
deducing  one  proposition  from  another,  or  of 
proceeding  from  premises  to  consequences  ; ra- 
tiocination ; argumentation. 

Your  reasonings,  therefore,  on  this  head,  amount  only  to 
what  the  schools  call  *•  ignoratio  elenchi,”  proving  before  the 
question,  or  talking  wide  of  the  purpose.  * Waterland. 

REA'gON-ING,  p.  a.  That  reasons;  deducing 
conclusions  from  premises.  Fleminy. 


f REA'§ON-IST,  n.  A rationalist.  Waterland. 

REA'§ON-LESS  (re'zn-les),  a.  Destitute  or  void 
of  reason  ; unreasonable.  Shak. 

RE-AS-SEM'BLA(gE,  n.  A renewed  assemblage. 

“ Reassemblxge  of  the  scattered  parts.”  Harris. 

RE-AS-SEM'BLE,  v.  a.  To  assemble  or  collect 
again.  Milton. 

RE-AS-SEM'BLE,  v.  n.  To  assemble  again. 

RE-AS-SERT',  v.  a.  To  assert  anew.  Pope. 

RE-AS-SER'TION,  n.  Act  of  asserting  anew;  a 
repeated  assertion.  J.  Q.  Adams. 

RE-AS-SESS'MJpNT,  n.  A renewed  or  repeated 
assessment.  . Burrows. 

RE-AS-SIGN'  (-sin'),  v.  a.  To  assign  again.  Ash. 

RE-AS-SIGN'M  ENT,  n.  A repeated  assignment. 

RE-AS-SIM'I-LATE,  v.  a.  To  assimilate  again. 

RE-AS-SIM-I-LA'TION,  n.  A second  or  a renewed 
assimilation.  Wright. 

RE-AS-SO'CI-ATE  (re-js-so'she-at),  V.  n.  To  as- 
sociate again  or  anew.  Fabyan. 

RE-AS-SUME',  v.  a.  To  take  again  ; to  resume. 

After  Henry  VIII.  had  reassumed  the  supremacy.  Ayliffe. 

RE-AS-SUMP'TION  (-suin'-),?!.  The  act  of  resum- 
ing ; a second  assumption.  Maunder. 

ItE-AS-SUR'ANCE  (re-as-shur'ans),  n.  1.  A sec- 
ond or  renewed  assurance  ; reinsurance. Prynne. 

2.  (Law.)  A contract  made  by  the  first  insur- 
er of  property  with  another  insurer,  for  the 
purpose  of  obtaining  indemnity  against  his  own 
act ; reinsurance.  — See  It  Eixsu  RAN  c I-: . Bur  rill. 

“ Reassurance  is  prohibited  in  England,  except 
in  special  cases.”  Burrill. 

RE-AS-StdRE'  (re-js-sliur'),  v.  a.  To  assure  again  ; 
to  reinsure.  — See  Reinsure.  Dryden. 

RE- AS-SUR'ER,  n.  Reinsurer.  Wright. 

REAS'TI-NESS,  ??.  The  state  or  the  quality  of 
being  reasty.  [Local,  Eng.]  Cotgrave. 

REAS'TY  (rSs’te),  a.  [A  corruption  of  rusty.'] 
Covered  with  a kind  of  rust,  and  having  a ran- 
cid taste,  as  bacon.  [Local,  Eng.]  Skelton. 

REATE,  n.  A kind  of  water-grass.  Walton. 

RE-AT-TACH',  v.  a.  To  attach  again.  Clarke. 

RE-AT-tACH'MJJNT,  n.  A second  or  repeated 
attachment.  Whishaw. 

RE-AT-TAIN',  v.  a.  To  attain  again.  Daniel. 

RE-AT-TEMPT'  (-temt'),  v a.  To  try  again.  More. 

REAVE  (rev),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  reafian.]  [i.  reft; 
pp.  reaving,  reft.]  To  take  away  by  stealth 
or  violence  ; to  rob  ; to  bereave.  Spenser. 

REAV'JF.R,  ?!.  [A.S .reafcrc.]  A robber.  Berners. 

The  footsteps  of  the  literary  reaver.  Sir  TV.  Hamilton. 

REAV'ING,  n.  Robbery.  Turbervile. 

RE-A-VOW,  v.  a.  To  avow  again.  Clay. 

RE-A-WAKE',  v.  n.  To  awake  again.  Messenger. 

RE-BAN'ISII,  V.  a.  To  banish  again.  Bp.  Hall. 

RE-BAP'Tl^M,  n.  A second  baptism.  Wright. 

RE-BAP-TI-ZA'TION,  n.  A second  baptism  ; re- 
baptism. Hooker. 

RE-BAP-TIZE',  v.  a.  To  baptize  again.  Ayliffe. 

RE-BAP-TIZ'JJR,  n.  One  who  baptizes  again. 

RE-BAR-BAR-I-ZA'TION,  n.  Act  of  rebarbariz- 
ing, or  the  state  of  being  rsbarbarized.  Mil-man. 

RE-BAR'B  A-RIZE,  V.  a.  To  reduce  again  to  bar- 
barism. Annual  Reg. 

RE-BATE',  v.  a.  [It.  ribattere ; L.  re,  again, 
against,  back,  and  It.  battere,  to  beat;  Sp.  reba- 
tir ; Fr.  rebattre.]  [i.  rebated  ; pp.  rebating, 
rebated.] 

1.  To  beat  back  or  to  obtuseness  ; to  blunt. 

The  keener  edge  of  battle  to  rebate.  Dryden. 

2.  To  make  less;  to  reduce  ; to  diminish  ; to 

lessen  ; to  abate.  Drayton. 

A wise  art  of  rebating  one  degree  of  our  partiality  by  an- 
other. Attcrbury. 

3.  To  cut  or  pare  ; to  rabbet.  — See  Rabbet. 


R£- BATE',  n.  1.  An  iron  tool,  somewhat  like  a 
chisel,  for  dressing  wood,  &c.  Elmes. 

2.  A piece  of  wood  fastened  to  a handle,  used 

for  beating  mortar.  Simmonds. 

3.  A kind  of  hard  freestone  for  paving  .Elmes. 

4.  (Arch.)  A groove  sunk  in  the  edge  of  a 

board  ; a rabbet.  — See  Rabbet.  Brande. 

5.  (Mercantile  Law.)  A discount  of  interest 

in  consequence  of  prompt  payment.  Bouvier. 

Rg-BATE'MENT,  n.  1.  Diminution.  Todd. 

2.  (Her.)  A diminution  or  abatement  in  the 

bearings  of  a coat  of  arms.  Wright. 

3.  (Com.)  Deduction  of  interest  on  account 
of  prompt  payment ; rebate.  Lond.  Ency. 

RE-BATE'— PLANE,  n.  A rabbet-plane.  Simmonds. 

t RE-NA'TO,  n.  A plain  collar  worn  by  gentlemen 
in  the  fifteenth  and  sixteenth  centuries,  which 
turned  over  on  the  shoulders.  Fairholt. 

RE-BEAT'EN,  a.  Beaten  again.  Spenser. 

RE  BEC,  n.  [It.  ribecca;  Fr.  rebec.]  (Mus.)  A 
musical  instrument  with  two  or  three  catgut 
strings,  and  played  with  a bow,  introduced  by 
the  IVIoors  into  Spain.  Milton.  Nares. 

RE-BEC'CA,  n.  A gate-breaker  or  riotous  per- 
son ; — a title  given  to  the  leader  of  an  anti- 
turnpike conspiracy,  which  was  commenced  in 
Wales,  in  1839,  by  breaking  down  the  turnpike 
gates,  the  leader  assuming  the  guise  of  a wo- 
man. The  name  was  derived  from  a passage 
in  Genesis  xxiv.  60.  Annual  Register. 

REB'EL,  n.  [L.  rebellis;  rebello,  to  revolt;  re, 
again,  and  bello,  to  make  war  ; beltrum,  war  ; It. 
ribello  ; Sp.  rebeldc  ; Fr.  rebelle.] 

1.  A citizen  or  subject  who  unlawfully  takes 

up  arms  against  the  constituted  authorities  of  a 
nation,  to  deprive  them  of  the  supreme  power; 
one  who  revolts  ; a revolter.  Bouvier. 

The  rebels  there  are  up, 

And  put  the  Englishmen  unto  the  sword.  Shak. 

2.  One  who  refuses  to  obey  a superior,  or  the 

commands  of  a court.  Bouvier. 

REB'EL,  a.  [L.  rebellis.]  Rebellious.  Milton. 

RE-BEL',  v.  n.  [L.  rcbello ; re,  again,  and  bello, 
to  make  war  ; It.  ribellarsi ; Sp.  rebelarsc  ; Fr. 
rcbcllcr.]  [?'.  rebelled  ; pp.  rebelling,  re- 
belled.] To  take  up  arms  or  levy  war  unlaw- 
fully against  the  constituted  authorities  of  a 
nation  ; to  revolt ; to  resist  lawful  authority. 

IIow  could  my  hand  rebel  against  my  heart? 

How  could  your  heart  rebel  ugainst  your  reason  ? Dnjden. 

RE-BELLED'  (re-beld'),  p.  a.  Guilty  of  rebellion  ; 
rebellious.  Milton. 

f RE-BEL'LER,  n.  One  who  rebels  ; a rebel.  Ash. 

RE-BEL'LION  (re-bel'yun),  n.  [L.  rebellio ; It. 
ribcllione  ; Sp.  rcbelion ; Fr.  rebellion.]  The  act 
of  one  who  rebels  ; violent  resistance  to  lawful 
authority  ; insurrection  ; revolt.  Locke. 

Commission  of  rebellion , (Law.)  a writ  (being  one  in 
tile  scries  of  what  was  called  process  of  contempt)  for- 
merly issuing  out  of  chancery  in  England,  generally 
directed  to  four  commissioners,  named  by  the  plain- 
tiff, commanding  them  to  attach  the  defendant, 
wheresoever  lie  may  he  found  in  tiic  state,  as  a rebel 
and  contemner  of  the  law, so  as  to  have  him  in  chan- 
cery on  a certain  day  therein  named.  Bouvier. 

Syn.  — See  Insurrection,  Revolution. 

RE-BEL'LIOUS  (re-bel'yus),  a.  Pertaining  to,  or 
engaged  in,  rebellion  ; taking  arms  against  the 
government  of  a state  ; revolting;  resisting  law- 
ful authority  ; insubordinate  ; disobedient. 

RE-BEL'LIOyS-LY  (re-bel'yus-le),  ad.  In  a rebel- 
lious manner.  J.  Fox. 

RE-BEL'LIOLS-NESS  (re-bel'yus-nes),  n.  The  qual- 
ity or  the  state  of  being  rebellious.  Bp.  Morton. 

RE-BEL'LOW  (re-hel'lo),  V.  n.  To  bellow  in  re- 
turn ; to  echo  back  a loud,  roaring  noise. 

The  resisting  air  the  thunder  broke; 

The  cave  rebellowed , and  the  temple  shook.  Dryden. 

RE-BE- LOVED'  (-luvd'),  a.  Beloved  again. 

RE-BIT'ING,  n.  The  act  or  the  operation  of  re- 
storing worn  lines  in  an  engraved  plate  by  the 
action  of  acid.  Fairholt. 

RE-BLOOM',  v.  n.  To  bloom  again.  Crabb. 

f RE-BO-A'TION,  ??.  [L.  reboo,  to  bellow  back.] 

The  return  of  a bellowing  sound.  Patrick. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  V,  short;  A,  E>  I>  Q,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


REBOIL 


1191 


RECEIVE 


RE-BOIL',  v.  n.  [L.  re,  again,  and  blittio,  to  boil.] 

1.  To  boil  again  ; to  effervesce.  Holland. 

2.  To  take  fire  or  be  hot  with  anger  or  indig- 
nation. [r.]  Sir  T.  Elyot. 

RE-BOlL',  v.  a.  To  boil  again.  Wriyht. 

RE-BOUND',  v.  n.  [Fr.  rebondir ; re,  back,  and 
bondir,  to  bound.J  [i.  rebounded  ; pp.  re- 
bounding, rebounded.]  To  bound,  spring,  or 
start  back  ; to  be  returned  ; to  reverberate. 

Bodies  which  are  absolutely  hard,  or  so  soft  as  to  be  void 
of  elasticity,  will  not  reoound  from  one  another.  Newtoyi. 

gyn# A ball  rebounds',  sounds  reverberate  in 

echoes ; a snake,  a weapon,  the  blood,  or  an  action 
recoils. 

RE-BOUND',  v.  a.  To  beat  or  drive  back  ; to  re- 
verberate. Dryden. 

Rp-BOUND',  n.  The  act  of  rebounding;  resili- 
ence. Bacon. 

RE- BOUNDING,  n.  The  act  of  that  which  re- 

bounds ; repercussion  ; resilience.  Holland. 

RE-BRACE',  v.  a.  To  brace  again.  Gray. 

RE-BREATHE'  (re-breth'),  v.  a.  To  breathe  again. 

f RE-BU'COUS,  a.  Containing  or  expressing  re- 
buke ; chiding.  Fabyan. 

R1J-BUFF',  n.  [It.  rabbuffo,  from  L.  re,  back,  and 
It.  bujfare,  to  blow,  to  puff ; Fr.  rebuffade.] 

1.  A beating  back;  a repercussion. 

The  strong  rebuff  of  some  tumultuous  cloud.  Milton. 

2.  A sudden  check  ; resistance  ; opposition. 

A clear  experiment  of  the  rebuffs  we  received  in  the  prog- 
ress of  that  experiment.  Burke. 

RE-BUFF',  v.  a.  [It.  j •abbuffarc.)  [f.  rebuffed; 
pp.  rebuffing,  rebuffed.]  To  beat  back  ; to 
repel ; to  check  ; to  reject ; to  oppose  ; to  refuse. 

Syn.  — See  Refuse,  Reject. 

RE-BUF'FJJT,  v.  a.  To  buffet  again  ; to  beat  back. 

RE-BUILD'  (re-blld'),  V.  a.  \i.  REBUILT  ; pp.  RE- 
BUILDING, rebuilt.]  To  build  again  or  anew  ; 
to  reconstruct ; to  regdify.  Clarendon. 


1.  To  drive  or  beat  back  ; to  repulse. 

But  he,  not  like  a weary  traveller. 

Their  sharp  assault  right  boldly  did  rebut.  Spenser. 

2.  To  repel  or  oppose  by  argument  or  evi- 
dence. 

Every  homicide  is  presumed  to  be  murder,  unless  the  con- 
trary appears  from  evidence  which  proves  the  death;  and  tins 
presumption  it  lies  on  the  defendant  to  rebut , by  showing  that 
it  was  justifiable  or  excusable.  Bouvier. 

R1J-BUT',  v.  n.  1.  t To  retire ; to  retreat.  Spenser. 

2.  ( Law .)  To  return  an  opposing  or  repelling 
answer. 

The  plaiutiff  may  answer  the  rejoinder  by  a surrejoinder; 
upon  which  the  defendant  may  rebut.  Blackstone. 

RIJ-BUT'TFR,  n.  1.  One  who  rebuts. 

2.  {Law.)  A defendant’s  answer  of  fact  to  a 
plaintiff’s  surrejoinder,  being  the  third  in  the 
series  on  the  part  of  the  defendant  : — a bar  ; 
an  estoppel.  — See  Replication.  Burrill. 

RE-CA'DJ3N-CY,  n.  [L.  re,  again,  and  cado,  to 
tall.]  A second  fall  or  descent.  Mountayu. 

RE-CAL'CI-TRANT,  a.  Kicking  back.  Ed.  Rev. 

RE-CAl'CI-TRATE,  v.  a.  To  kick  again  ; to  kick 
or  strike  with  the  heel.  Blount. 

RE-CAL-CI-TRA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  kicking 
back  or  in  return.  Ed.  Rev. 

RJS-CALL',  V.  a.  [ i . RECALLED  ; pp.  RECALLING, 
RECALLED.] 

1.  To  call  or  summon  back.  Dryden. 

2.  To  revoke  ; to  annul ; to  repeal.  Cudworth. 

Syn.  — To  recall , repeal,  revoke,  retract,  recant,  and 

to  abjure,  all  signify  to  call  bach.  We  call  back  per- 
sons ; and  a person  recalls  words  or  tilings,  retracts 
assertions,  recants  opinions,  and  abjures  what  he  lias 
solemnly  professed.  To  repeal,  as  commonly  used, 
means  to  call  back  legally,  and  is  applied  to  a public 
or  legislative  body  ; as,  to  repeal  a law,  or  an  act  of 
Congress.  To  revoke  is  to  call  back  solemnly  ; as,  to 
revoke  an  edict  or  a promise;  — to  annul  a contract. 
— See  Abjure. 

RE-CALL',  n.  The  act  or  the  power  of  recalling  ; 
revocation.  Milton. 

RE-cAll' A-BLE,  a.  Tli at  may  be  recalled.  Clarke. 


RE-BUILD'ER  (re-blld'er),  n.  One  who  rebuilds. 


RE-BUILD'ING,  n. 
reconstruction. 

Rp-BUIC' A-BLE,  a. 
rehensible. 


The  act  of  building  again ; 

Holland. 

That  may  be  rebuked  ; rep- 
Shak. 


Rp-BUKE',  v.  a.  [Fr.  reboucher,  to  stop  up  again; 
re,  again,  and  bouc.her,  to  stop  up  ; louche,  the 
mouth.]  [i.  rebuked;  pp.  rebuking,  re- 
buked.] 'To  chide  ; to  reprehend  ; to  reprove  ; 
to  reprimand ; to  admonish ; to  remonstrate 
with ; to  blame  ; to  check. 

The  proud  he  tamed,  the  penitent  lie  cheered, 

Nor  to  rebuke  the  rich  offender  feared.  Dryden. 

RE-BUKE’,  n.  1.  A chiding  ; reproof ; reprehen- 
sion ; reprimand;  remonstrance ; blame.  S/iak. 
Should  vice  expect  to  escape  rebuke 
Because  its  owner  is  a duke?  Swift. 

2.  A check.  “ So  terrible  a rebuke  upon  the 
forehead  with  his  heel.”  [Low.]  L' Estrange. 

Syn.  — See  Reproof. 

f RF.-BUKE'FUL,  a.  Censorious  ; chiding.  Huloet. 

t RE-BUKE'FUL-LV,  ad.  With  rebuke  or  repre- 
hension. Sir  T.  Elyot. 

RE-BUK'ER,  n.‘  One  who  rebukes  ; a chider. 

RIJ-BUK'ING-LY,  ad.  By  way  of  rebuke.  Wriyht. 

RE-BlIL-Ll''TION  (re-bul-lish'un),  ii.  The  act  of 
reboiling  or  of  effervescing.  Wotton. 

RE-BUOY',  v.  a.  To  buoy,  or  raise  again.  Byron. 

RE-BUR'Y  (re-ber're),  v.a.  To  bury  or  inter  again. 

RE'BUS,  n.  ; pi.  re'bus-e$.  [Fr.  rebus,  from  L. 
res,  rebus,  a thing.] 

1.  An  enigmatical  representation  of  a name 

or  a phrase  by  employing  figures  or  pictures 
for  letters,  syllables,  or  words; — thus  the  fig- 
ures of  a comb  and  a tun,  or  barrel,  represent  the 
family  name  Compton,  and  the  device  of  a city 
in  a cap  represents  incapacity.  'Fair holt. 

2.  (Her.)  A coat  of  arms  in  which  allusion 

is  made  to  the  name  of  the  bearer,  as  that  of 
three  cups  for  Butler.  Brande. 

RE-BUT',  v.  a.  [It.  ributtare  ; buttare,  to  thrust; 
Fr.  rebuter.]  [*.  rebutted  ; pp.  rebutting, 

REBUTTED.] 


t RE-CAlL'MENT,  n.  The  act  of  recalling  or  the 
state  of  being  recalled.  Smith. 

R1J-CANT',  v.  a.  [L.  recanto ; re,  again,  back, 
and  canto,  to  sing.]  \i.  recanted  ; pp.  re- 
canting, recanted.]  To  retract,  as  an  opin- 
ion or  declaration ; to  recall ; to  revoke ; to 
annul. 

I do  recant 

The  pardon  that  I late  pronounced.  Shak. 

Syn.. — See  Abjure,  Recall. 

R£-OANT',  v.  n.  To  retract  or  revoke  an  opinion 
or  declaration ; to  make  a recantation.  Dryden. 

RE-CAN-TA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  recanting;  re- 
traction, as  of  an  opinion  ; abjuration.  Sidney. 

RIJ-CANT'ER,  n.  One  who  recants.  Shak. 

RE-CA-.pA9'!-TATE,  v.  a.  To  qualify  again. 
“ Recapacitate  themselves.”  Atterbury. 

RE-C A-PlT'y-L AR,  n.  One  who  recapitulates  ; 
a recapitulator.  Golden  Boke. 

RE-CA-PIT'y-LATE  (re-k fi-pit'yu-lat),  V.  a.  [L. 
recapitulo,  recapitulatum  ; re,  again,  back,  and 
capitulum,  a small  head,  a chapter,  a section  ; 
caput,  capitis,  a head  ; It.  recapitolare ; Sp.  re- 
capitular ; Fr.  recapituler.]  [i.  recapitulat- 
ed ; pp.  recapitulating,  recapitulated.] 
To  repeat  the  heads  or  principal  points  of,  as 
of  a preceding  discourse  or  argument.  Dryden. 

Ilylobares  judiciously  and  resentiugly  recapitulates  your 
main  reasons.  More. 

Syn.  — See  Repeat. 

RE-CA-PIT-y-LA'TION,  n.  [It.  recapitolazione ; 
Sp.  recapitulaeion  ; Fr.  recapitulation.’]  The  act 
of  recapitulating ; a summing  up  or  enumera- 
tion of  the  heads  or  principal  points  of  a pre- 
ceding discourse,  &c.  South. 

RE-CA-pIt'U-LA-TOR,  ii.  One  who  recapitulates. 

RE-CA-PIT'U-LA-TO-RY,  a.  Repeating  again  ; 
containing  recapitulation.  Barrow. 

IIE-cAp'TION,  n.  [L.  re,  again,  back,  and  cap- 
tio,  a taking  ; capio,  to  take.]  (Law.)  The  act 
of  retaking  one’s  own  goods,  chattels,  wife, 
child,  or  servant,  without  force  or  violence, 
from  a person  who  has  taken  and  wrongfully 
keeps  them  ; reprisal.  Burrill. 


Writ  of  recaption,  a writ  to  recover  damages  against 
a person  who,  pending  a replevin  for  a former  dis- 
tress, distrains  again  fur  the  same  rent  or  service. 

Burrill. 

RE-CAP'TOR,  n.  One  who  recaptures.  Bouvier. 

RE-CAPT'URE  (re-kapt'yur,  24),  n.  The  act  of  re- 
taking ; — particularly  the  recovery  from  the 
enemy,  by  a friendly  force,  of  a prize  captured 
by  the  former.  Bonder. 

RE-CAPT'URE  (re-kapt'yur),  V.  a.  To  capture 
anew  ; to  recover,  as  that  which  has  been  taken. 

RE-CAR'NI-FY,  v.  a.  To  convert  again  into  flesh. 

I fell  to  consider  that  the  flesh  which  is  daily  dished  upon 
our  tables  is  but  concocted  grass,  which  is  recumified  in  our 
stomachs.  Howell. 

RE-CAr'RY,  v.  a.  To  carry  again  ; to  carry  back. 

Pigeons  carried  and  recarried  letters.  Walton. 

RE-CAST'  (12),  v.  a.  [i.  recast  ; pp.  RECASTING, 
RECAST.] 

1.  To  cast  or  throw  again.  Florio. 

2.  To  cast  or  mould  again  ; to  remould. 

The  advocates  of  free  inquiry  have  recast  the  annals  of 
Christian  antiquity.  Bp.  Burgess. 

3.  To  compute  again  or  a second  time.  Wriyht. 

Rf-CEDE',  v.  n.  [L.  recedo  ; re,  again,  back,  and 
cedo,  to  go  ; It.  rccedere.]  [i.  receded  •,  pp.  re- 
ceding, receded.]  To  go  or  move  hack  ; to 
retreat ; to  retire  ; to  withdraw.  Dryden. 

They  had  not  authority  to  recede  from  any  one  propo- 
sition. Clarendon. 

Syn.  — See  Retire. 

Rp-CEIPT'  (re-set'),  n.  [L.  recipio,  receptus,  to 
receive  ; It.  ricetta  ; Sp.  receta  ; Fr.  recetlc.] 

1.  The  act  of  receiving;  reception;  — admis- 
sion. “ The  receipt  of  a letter.”  Dryden. 

2.  A place  of  receiving.  “ The  receipt  of  cus- 
tom.” Matt.  ix.  9. 

3.  A formulary  or  prescription,  as  of  medi- 
cines ; a recipe.  Shak.  Pope. 

Every  defect  of  the  mind  may  have  a special  receipt.  His- 
tories make  men  wise;  poets,  witty;  the  mathematics, subtle; 
natural  philosophy,  deep;  moral,  grave  logic  and  rhetoric, 
able  to  contend.  Bacon. 

4.  An  acknowledgment  in  writing  of  having 

received  a sum  of  money  or  other  valuable  con- 
sideration ; anacquittance.  Johnson. 

5.  ( Old  Eng.  Law.)  The  admission  of  a party 

to  defend  a suit,  as  of  a wife  on  default  of  the 
husband  in  certain  cases.  Burrill. 

RE-CEIPT'  (re-set'),  v.  a.  [i.  receipted  ; pp. 
receipting,  receipted.]  To  give  a written 
acknowledgment  for,  as  for  money  or  property 
received;  to  give  a receipt  for.  “ The  dinner- 
bills  regularly  receipted.”  Punch.  Chandler. 

Kff-  Receipt  is  in  common  use  as  a verb  in  the 
United  States,  and  it  has  recently  been  Introduced  as 
a verb  in  some  English  dictionaries,  as  those  of 
Craig,  Clarke,  &c. 

RE-CEIPT'— BOOK  (re-set'buk),  ii.  A book  con- 
taining receipts.  More. 

Rp-CEIPT'MIJNT  (-set'-),  ii.  ( Old  Eng.  Law.) 
The  receiving  or  harboring  of  a felon  knowing- 
ly, after  the  commission  of  a felony.  Burrill. 

Rp-CEIPT'OR  (re-se'tur),  n.  (Law.)  A person  to 
whom  goods  levied  on  by  a sheriff  are  delivered 
on  his  agreeing  to  deliver  the  same  to  the  sheriff, 
on  demand,  or  to  pay  the  amount  of  the  execu- 
tion with  costs.  Burrill. 

RE-CEIPT'— STAMP,  n.  A penny  government 
stamp  affixed  to  settled  accounts.  Simmonds. 

RB-CEIV-A-BlL'I-TY,  n.  State  or  quality  of  be- 
ing receivable  ; receivableness.  Daniel  Webster. 

Rf-CEIV' A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  received. 

RB-CEIV'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  qual- 
ity of  being  receivable.  Whitlock. 

R£-CEIVE',  v.a.  [L.  recipio-,  re,  again,  back, 
and  capio,  to  take  ; It.  ricevere  ; Sp.  recebir;  Fr. 
recevoir.]  [i.  received;  ^.receiving,  re- 
ceived.] 

1.  To  take;  to  obtain;  to  accept.  “To  re- 
ceive for  himself  a kingdom.”  Luke  xiv.  12. 

Shall  we  receive  good  at  the  bands  of  God,  and  shall  we 
not  receive  evil?  Job  ii.  10. 

The  idea  of  solidity  we  receive  by  our  touch.  Locke. 

2.  To  take  into  any  place  or  state  ; to  admit. 

“ He  was  received  up  into  heaven.”  Mark  xiv.  19. 

3.  To  hold;  to  contain. 


IN,  SIR  ; MOVE, 


receivp:dness 


1192 


RECIPROCALITY 


The  brazen  altar  which  Solomon  had  made  was  not  able 
to  receive  the  burnt  offerings.  2 Ckron.  vii.  7. 

4.  To  take  or  admit  intellectually ; to  believe. 

We  have  set  it  down  as  a law  to  examine  things  to  the  bot- 
tom, and  not  receive  [them]  upon  credit.  Bacon. 

5.  To  allow;  to  permit;  to  tolerate.  “Long 

received  custom.”  Hooker. 

6.  To  entertain,  as  a guest. 

Abundance  fit  to  honor  and  receive 

Our  heavenly  stranger.  Milton. 

7.  {Law.)  To  take  voluntarily.  Bouvier. 

Syn.  — To  receive  and  accept  are  modes  of  taking. 

A person  takes  whatever  is  in  his  way  ; lie  receives 
that  which  is  offered  or  sent ; he  accepts  that  which 
is  offered,  if  lie  chooses  : — lie  receives  a letter,  a par- 
cel, a favor,  ail  injury,  or  an  insult ; he  accepts  a pres- 
ent, an  offer,  an  excuse,  or  an  apology  : — he  may  re- 
ceive a challenge  or  an  offer,  but  decline  to  accept  it. — 
See  Admit. 

RE-CEIV'ED-NESS,  n.  General  allowance  or  be- 
lief ; reception.  Boyle. 

Rp-CEfV'pR,  n.  1.  One  who,  or  that  which,  re- 
ceives : — a partaker  : — a believer.  Taylor. 

2.  {Law.)  A person  appointed" by  a court  of 
chancery  or  equity  to  take  possession  of  the 
property  of  a defendant,  or  of  property  which  is 
the  subject  of  litigation,  and  to  hold  the  same 
and  apply  the  profits,  or  dispose  of  the  prop- 
erty itself,  under  the  direction  of  the  court : — 
in  criminal  law,  one  who  receives  stolen  goods 
from  a thief,  knowing  them  to  be  stolen. Burritt. 

3.  {Pneumatics.)  A glass  vessel  from  which 

the  air  is  exhausted  in  experiments  with  the 
air-pump,  and  in  which  objects  to  be  experi- 
mented on  are  usually  put.  Loomis. 

4.  {Chem.)  A vessel  fitted  to  the  neck  of  a 

retort,  alembic,  &c.,  for  receiving  the  products 
of  distillation  or  sublimation  : — a vessel  for 
receiving  and  containing  gases.  Ure. 

RE-CEIV'ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  receives. 

RE-CEL'E-BRATE,  v.  a.  To  celebrate  or  com- 
memorate anew.  B.  Jonson. 


RE-CEL-p-BRA'TION,  n.  A renewed  celebration 
or  commemoration.  Clarke. 

RE'CEN-CV,  n.  The  state  of  being  recent ; new- 
ness ; freshness  ; recentness.  Wiseman. 

RE-CENSE’,  v.  a.  [L .reeenseo;  re,  again,  and 
censeo,  to  estimate.]  To  review;  to  revise,  [it.] 

Sixtus  and  Clemens,  at  a vast  expense,  hail  an  assembly  of 
learned  divines  to  recense  and  adjust  the  Latin  Vulgate. 

Bentley. 

RE-CEN'SION  (re-sen'shun),  n.  [L.  recensio.~\ 

X.  Review ; enumeration ; numeration  ; re- 
examination. Mode. 

2.  A review  of  the  text  of  an  ancient  author 
by  a critical  editor ; revisal.  Ed.  Itev. 

RE’CENT,  a.  [L.  recens , recentis ; It.  recente-, 
Sp.  recicnte ; Fr.  recent.] 

1.  Of  late  origin,  existence,  or  occurrence  ; 
new;  novel.  “ No  recent  thing.”  Cudworth. 

The  ancients  were  of  opinion  t >at  those  parts,  where 
Egypt  now  is.  were  formerly  sea,  and  that  a considerable  por- 
tion of  that  country  was  recent , and  formed  out  of  the  mud 
discharged  into  the  neighboring  sea  by  the  Nile.  Woodivurd. 

2.  Modern.  “ Among  all  the  great  and  worthy 
persons  . . . ancient  or  recent."  [it.]  Bacon. 

3.  Having  new  or  fresh  verdure,  as  in  spring. 

O’er  recent  meads  the  exultant  streamlets  fly.  Thomson. 

4.  New  or  lately  come  ; late  ; fresh.  Pope. 

Amphitryon  recent  from  the  nether  sphere.  Lewis. 

5.  {Geol.)  Noting,  or  relating  to,  the  period 
coeval  with  the  human  race. 

That  portion  of  the  post-pliocene  group  which  belongs  to 
the  human  epoch,  and  which  is  sometimes  called  recent,  forms 
a very  unimportant  feature  in  the  geological  structure  of  the 
earth’s  crust.  Lyelt. 

Syn. — See  New. 

RE'CpNT-LY,  ad.  Lately;  newly;  freshly. 

RE'CFjNT-NESS,  n.  Lateness  of  origin  or  occur- 
rence ; newness  ; freshness  ; recency.  Ilale. 

RE-CEN'TRE  (re-sen'tur),  v.  a.  To  return  or  re- 
store to  the  centre.  " [it.]  Coleridge. 

RS-CEP'TA-CLE  [r?-sep'ta-kl,  P.  E.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  C. 
Hr.  Wb.  Ash,  Kenrick , Hares',  res' ep-t  a-kl,  S. 
J.  F.  ; res'ep-ta-kl  or  rc-sep'ta-k],  W.],  n.  [L.  re- 
ceptaculum  ; reccpto,  to  receive  ; L.  recipio  ; It. 
ricettaculo  ; Sp.  receptaculo  ; Fr.  receptacle.] 

1.  A vessel  or  a place  into  which  something  is 
received  or  contained  ; a receiver  ; a recipient. 


As  in  a vault,  an  ancient  receptacle,  i 

Where,  i'of  these  many  hundred  years,  the  bones 

Of  all  my  buried  ancestors  are  packed.  Shale.  I 

2.  (Bot.)  The  axis  or  support  of  a flower  ; 
the  apex  of  the  flower-stalk  : — the  common  ba- 
sis or  support  of  a head  of  flowers.  Gray. 

Ijrg“  The.  term  has  also  been  applied  to  the  support 
of  tile  theca  of  certain  ferns.  Braude. 

Receptacle  of  the  seeds,  (Bot.)  the  part  of  the  ovary 
to  which  the  ovules  arc  attached  ; the  placenta. 

•fl®*  “ The  pronunciation  re^'ep-ta-cle  is  by  far  the 
more  fashionable,  hut  rc-cep'tj-cle  more  agreeable  to 
analogy  and  the  ear.”  Walker,  1804.  — “The  accent 
used  to  be  on  the  first  syllable.”  Smart,  1836. 

RE-Cf.P-TAC'U-LAR,  a.  {Bot.)  Pertaining  to  a 
receptacle.  Clarke. 

f REC'JEP-TA-RY,  n.  A thing  received.  Browne. 

RJJ-CEP-TI-BIL'I-TY,  n.  Possibility  of  receiving  ; 
receivableness.  Glanmll. 

RE  CEP'TI-BLE,  a.  [L.  receptibilis.]  That  may 
be  received  ; receivable.  Parsons. 

RE-CEP'TION  (re-sep'shun),  n.  [L.  receptio  ; re- 
cipio, rcceptus,  to  receive  ; It.  ricevimento  ; Sp. 
recepcion  ; Fr.  reception .] 

1.  The  act  of  receiving,  or  the  state  of  being 
received  ; receipt ; admission  ; acceptance. 

2.  Welcome  or  entertainment,  as  of  a guest. 

To  consult 

About  the  great  reception  of  their  king, 

Thither  to  come.  Milton. 

3.  Opinion  or  notion  generally  admitted.  [».] 

Philosophers  who  have  quitted  the  popular  doctrines  of 
their  countries  hove  fallen  into  ns  extrnvagaut  opinions  as 
even  common  reception  countenanced.  Locke. 

4.  fTheactof  regaining;  recovery.  Bacon. 

Syn. — Reception  and  receipt , both  come  from  the 

verb  to  receive ; hut  receipt  is  applied  to  tilings,  recep- 
tion to  persons  or  things.  The  receipt  of  a letter,  of 
money,  or  of  goods  ; reception  of  friends  ; a warm  or 
cold  reception. 

RE-CEP'T1VE,  a.  [It.  ricettivo ; Fr.  receptif.] 
Having  the  power  of  receiving  or  admitting. 

The  imaginary  space  is  receptive  of  ail  bodies.  GlanviU. 

REC-EP-Tl V'j-TY,  n.  [Fr.  receptivity.] 

1.  State  or  quality  of  being  receptive.  Fotherby. 

2.  {Med.)  Susceptibility  of  certain  organs  to 

receive  morbific  impressions.  Dunglison. 

RE9'EP-TO-RY,  or  RE-CEP'TO-Ry  [res'ep-tur-e, 

S.  W.  J.  F.  It.  ; re-sep'to-re,  P.  K.  St/i.  Wr. 
Wb.],  a.  [L.  rcceptorius.]  Generally  admitted 
or  received,  [it.]  Browne. 

RE-CESS'  [re-sSs',  S.  IF.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  It. 
C.  O.  W b.  — Although  all  the  ortlioepists  ac- 
cent this  word  on  the  second  syllabic,  yet  we 
often  hear  it  pronounced  with  the  Accent  on  the 
first],  n.  _ LL-  recessus  ; recedo,  to  recede  ; It. 
recesso  ; Sp.  receso.] 

1.  The  act  of  receding,  withdrawing,  or  retir- 
ing ; a withdrawing;  recession.  Edw.  Hall. 

2.  A withdrawing  or  retirement  from  public 
business  or  concerns. 

My  recess  hath  given  them  confidence  that  I may  he  con- 
quered. Ring  Charles. 

3.  Retreat ; retirement. 

Fair  Thames  she  haunts,  and  every  neighboring  grove 

Sacred  to  soft  recess  and  gentle  love.  Prior. 

4.  Remission  or  suspension  of  business  or 
procedure  ; a variation  ; intermission. 

I conceived  this  Parliament  would  find  work,  with  con- 
venient recesses,  for  the  first  three  years.  King  Charles. 

5.  A place  of  retirement-  or  secrecy  ; private 
abode ; seclusion. 

This  happy  place,  our  secret 
Recess,  and  only  consolation  left.  Milton. 

6.  Secret  or  abstruse  part.  “ Their  [the  sci- 
ences] difficulties  and  deep  recesses.”  Watts. 

7.  A niche  or  cavity,  as  in  a wall.  Britton. 

8.  [Ger.  recess.]  {Hist.)  A decree  of  the  diet 

of  the  old  German  empire.  Ayliffc. 

9.  pi.  {Bot.)  The  void  spaces  or  sinuses  be- 
tween the  lobes  of  leaves.  Lindley. 

RE-CESSED'  (re-sest'),  a.  Furnished  with  re- 
cesses or  niches.  P.  Cyc. 

RE-CES'SfON  (re-sesli'unj,  n.  [L.  recessio.] 

1.  The  act  of  receding ; departure ; retire- 
ment ; withdrawal ; retreat ; retrocession. 

Every  degree  of  recession  from  the  state  of  grace  Christ 
first  put  us  in  is  a recession  from  our  hopes.  Bp.  Taylor. 

2.  The  act  of  receding  or  withdrawing  from  a 

claim  or  a demand.  Barrow. 

3.  A ceding  back,  as  of  territory.  Bouvier. 


Recession  of  the  equinoxes,  (Astron.)  precession  of 
the  equinoxes.  — See  Precession.  Braude. 

RE'CHAB-lTE,  n.  Among  the  ancient  Jews,  one 
o!  the  tribe  or  family  of  Kenites,  whom  Jonadab, 
the  son  of  Itcchab,  bound  to  the  continued  ob- 
servance of  ancient  usages,  prescribing  to  them 
several  rules,  the  principal  of  which  were,  to 
abstain  from  wine,  from  building  houses,  and 
from  planting  vines.  Jcr.  xxxv.  C,  7.  Kitto. 

“In  recent  times,  a branch  of  the  hotly  called 
teetotalers  has  assumed  the  name  of  Rec/tabUes." 
Braude. 

RE-CHANGE',  v.  a.  [Fr.  rechanger.]  To  change 
a8a'n-  Ijryden. 

RE-CHARGE',  p.  a.  [Fr.  recharger .] 

1.  lo  charge  or  accuse  in  return.  Hooker. 

2.  To  charge  again  ; to  attack  anew.  Dry  den. 

RE-CHAR'TER,  v.  a.  To  charter  anew.  Calhoun. 

RE-C1IAR'TER,  71.  A renewed  charter.  Clarke. 

f RE-CHASE', ,v.  n.  To  run  back.  Chaucer. 

RE-CH  AS'TEN  (re-ehas'sn),  v.  a.  To  chasten  again. 

RE-CHEAT',  7i.  [Old  Fr.  recept  or  rceet.]  A 
term  used  by  huntsmen,  for  a certain  set  of 
notes,  sounded  on  the  horn,  to  call  the  dogs  off 
when  they  have  lost  their  game.  Shale. 

RE-CHEAT'  (re-chet'),  v.  71.  To  blow  or  plav  the 
recheat.  Drayton. 

RECHERCHE  (ra-slier-sha'),  a.  [Fr.]  Sought  af- 
ter ; choice  ; elegant  and  uncommon.  Wright. 

f RECH'LESS,  a.  Reckless.  Mfnsheu.  Nares. 

RE-CHOO§E',  v.  a.  To  choose  again.  Jolniso7i. 

f RE-CID'I-VATE,  V,  71.  To  backslide.  Aiidrews. 

f RE-ClD-I-VA'TION,  71.  A falling  back  ; back- 
sliding; relapse.  Bp.  Hall. 

f RE-CID'!-VOUS,  or  REG-T-Dl'VOI  S,  a.  [L.  re- 
cidivus,  falling  back  ; recido,  to  fall  back,  to  re- 
lapse.] Liable  to  fall  back  or  to  backslide. Bailey. 

REG'1-PE  (res'e-pe),  n.  [L.,  take,  imp.  of  recipio.] 

1.  A medical  prescription.  Dryden. 

2.  A receipt  for  cooking,  &c.  Simmo7ids. 

RE-C1P'I-AN-GLE,  71.  [Fr.,  from  L.  recipio,  to 

take,  and  angulus,  an  angle.]  An  instrument 
for  measuring  angles.  Buchaiian. 

RF.-CTp'I-EN-CY,  71.  The  act  or  the  power  of  re- 
ceiving ; reception.  Bp.  Wilson. 

RE-CIP'l-ENT,  7i.  [L.  recipic7is,  receiving.] 

1.  One  who  receives  any  thing  ; a receiver. 

2.  A vessel  into  which  any  thing  is  distilled. 

RE-CIP'l-ENT,  a.  Receiving.  Ja7neso7i. 

RE-ClP'RO-CAL,  a.  [L.  rcciprocus ; It.  § Sp.  re- 

cip/'oco  ; Fr.  7'eciproque.] 

1.  Acting  by  turns  ; alternate.  Milton. 

2.  Done  by  each  to  the  other  ; mutual ; corn- 
mutual.  “ Reciprocal  duties.”  S.  Richa7'dson. 

3.  Interchangeable.  “ A definition  recip/'oeal 

with  the  thing  defined.”  I Vatts. 

Reciprocal  equation,  (Algebra.)  an  equation  which 
remains  unchanged  in  form,  when  the  reciprocal  of 
the  unknown  quantity  is  substituted  for  that  quantity. 
Davies.  — Reciprocal  proportion,  (Arith.  &c  Algebra.) 
an  expression  applied  to  four  terms  taken  in  older, 
such  that  the  first  has  the  same  ratio  to  the  second 
that  the  fourth  has  to  the  third , or  such  that  the  ratio 
of  tile  first  to  the  second  is  equal  to  the  ratio  of  the 
reciprocal  of  the  third  to  that  of  the  fourth;  thus  5, 
8,24, 15, form  such  a proportion,  for  5 : 8 : : : A-- 
Hutton.  — Reciprocal  figures,  (Geom.)  two  figures  of 
the  same  kind,  as  triangles,  rectangles,  &c.,  so  re- 
lated that  two  sides  of  the  one  may  form  the  ex- 
tremes, and  the  two  corresponding  sides  of  the  other 
the  means,  of  the  same  proportion.  Hutton.  — Recip- 
rocal rectangles,  those  which  have  equivalent  areas, 
because  the  base  is  reciprocally  proportional  to  the 
altitude  and  the  reverse.  Davies. 

RE-ClP'RO-CAL,  71.  1.  f An  altemacy.  “Cor- 

ruption is  a reciprocal  to  generation.”  Bacon. 

2.  {Arith.  & Algeb7-a.)  The  quotient  arising 
from  dividing  unity  by  any  quantity.  Thus,  "the 
reciprocal  of  3 is  j ; the  reciprocal  of  a is 

jjQyThe  reciprocal  of  a fraction  is  the  denominator 
divided  by  the  numerator,  or  the  fraction  inverted. 
When  any  quantity  and  its  reciprocal  are  multiplied 
together,  the  product  is  always  equal  to  unity  or  one. 
Hutton, 

RE-erP-RO-CAL'T-TY,  n.  Reciprocalness  ; inter- 
change ; reciprocity.  Colei'idge. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  E>  I,  Q,  IJ,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  IliiR; 


RECIPROCALLY 


1193 


RECLUSE 


RIJ-CIP'RO-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a reciprocal  man- 
ner ; mutually  ; interchangeably.  Shak. 

Reciprocal ly  proportional , noting  two  quantities  such 
that,  both  being  variable,  the  ratio  of  the  one  to  the 
reciprocal  of  the  other  is  constant,  — which  requires 
that  their  product  should  be  constant ; as  in  the  equa- 
tion xy  = m,  x and  ij  are  reciprocally  proportional. 

Daoies. 

RIJ-CIP'RO-CAL-NESS,  n.  Mutual  return  ; inter- 
change ; reciprocality.  Decay  oj  Chr.  Piety. 

Rp-cl P'RO-CATE,  v.  n.  [L.  reciproco,  reciproca- 
tion; re'ciprocus,  reciprocal;  Sp.  reciprocal- ; Fr. 
reciproquer  ] [i.  reciprocated  ; pp.  recip- 

rocating, reciprocated.]  To  act  inter- 
changeably ; to  alternate.  “ The  quick  recipro- 
cating breath.”  Dryden. 

RU-ClP'RO-CATE,  v.  a.  To  interchange;  to  ex- 
change. “ [They]  reciprocate  civilities.”  John- 
son. “ Reciprocated  duties.”  Cowper. 

RIJ-CIP'RO-CAT-ING,  p.  a.  Alternating. 

Reciprocating  motion , ( Machinery .)  a movement  that 
takes  place  continually  backwards  and  forwards  in 
the  same  path  ; alternating  motion.  Bigelow. 

RE-CIP-RO-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  reciprocatio  ; It.  re- 
ciprocazione ; Sp.  redprocacion  ; Fr.  reciproca- 
tion.'] The  act  of  reciprocating  ; interchange  ; 
alternation.  Waterland. 

REy-I-PRO^'I-TY  (res-e-pros'e-te),  n.  [Fr.  reci- 
procity.] 

1.  The  state  or  the  quality  of  being  recipro- 
cal ; mutuality  ; reciprocalness  ; interchange. 

2.  Reciprocal  obligation  or  right. 

Any  degree  of  reciprocity  will  prevent  the  pact  from  being 
nude.  Blackstone. 

Treaty  of  reciprocity,  a treaty  between  nations 
which  confers  equal  privileges,  as  respecting  customs, 
charges  on  imports,  &c.  Simmonds. 

RE-G’IP-RO-COR'NOUS,  a.  [L . reciprocns,  turning 
back  again,  reciprocal,  and  cornu,  a horn.]  Hav- 
ing horns  turned  backwards  and  forwards,  as 
those  of  a ram.  Scott. 

f RE-CIP'RO-COUS,  a.  Reciprocal.  Strype. 

RE-CIR'CUM-CISjE,  v.  a.  To  circumcise  again. 

RE-CI''§ION  (re-sizh'un,  93),  n.  [L.  recisio  ; re- 
cido,  to  cut  off.]  The  act  of  cutting  off.  Sherwood. 

RlJ-Cl'TAL,  n.  [From  recite.] 

1.  The  act  of  reciting  ; rehearsal  ; recitation  ; 

repetition.  Waterland. 

2.  Account;  narration;  narrative;  history. 

Pliny  mnketh  a great  recital  of  these.  Hackluyt. 

3.  Enumeration  ; a telling  over,  [r.]  Prior. 

4.  (Law.)  In  conveyancing,  the  formal  pre- 

liminary statement  in  a deed  or  other  instru- 
ment of  such  deeds,  agreements,  or  matters  of 
fact,  as  are  necessary  to  explain  the  reasons 
upon  which  the  transaction  is  founded : — in 
pleading,  the  statement  of  matter  as  introduc- 
tory to  some  positive  allegation.  Burrill. 

5.  (Mus.)  Formerly,  a performance  with  a 

single  voice  ; now,  a recitative.  Moore. 

Syn.  — See  Account,  Narration. 

REy-I-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  recitatio  ; It . recitazione ; 
Sp . recitacion -,  Fr.  recitation.]  The  act  of  recit- 
ing; rehearsal  or  repetition  of  something  learned 
or  committed  to  memory.  Hammond. 

REy-l-TA-TIVE'  (res-e-tj-tev'),  n.  [It.  Sp.  reci- 
tativo-,  Fr.  recitatif .]  (Mus.)  A sort  of  musical 
declamation,  used  in  operas,  to  express  some 
action  or  passion,  to  relate  a story,  or  to  reveal 
a secret  or  design  : — a musical  piece  or  passage 
in  recitative.  Dwight. 

REy-I-TA-TIVE',  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  performed 
in,  recitative.  “ Recitative  music.”  Dryden. 

REy-T-TA-TIVE'LY,  ad.  After  the  manner  of 
recitative.  Todd. 

REQ-I-TA-TI ' VO,  n.  [It.]  (Mus.)  Recitative.  Pope. 

Rf.-CITE',  v.  a.  [L.  recito  ; re,  again,  and  cito, 
to  cite,  to  call;  It.  recitare-,  Sp.  recitar;  Fr.  re- 
citer.] [f.  RECITED  ; pp.  RECITING,  RECITED.] 

1.  To  repeat,  as  something  learned  or  com- 

mitted to  memory  ; to  rehearse.  “ Such  as  . . . 
recited  verses  in  writing.”  Ecclus.  xliv.  5. 

2.  To  narrate;  to  relate;  to  tell.  Spenser. 

3.  To  enumerate  ; to  tell  over. 

’While  Tclcphus’s  youthful  charms, 

His  rosy  ueckuiml  winding  arms, 

With  endless  rupture  you  recite.  Addison. 

Syn.  — See  Repeat. 


RE-CITE',  v.  n.  To  rehearse  or  repeat  something 
committed  to  memory  ; to  make  a recital.  Smart. 

f RlJ-ClTE',  n.  [Fr.  recit.]  Recital.  Temple. 

RIJ-CiT'ER,  n.  One  who  recites.  Burton. 

RECK,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  recan,  reccan ; Old  Dut. 
roeken  ; Old  Ger.  ruchen,  to  regard ; Dan.  r'Cgte, 
to  take  care  of ; Sw.  rykt.a  ; Icel.  rcekia ; Old 
Eng.  reche.  — See  Reckon.]  To  care  for;  to 
regard ; to  heed  ; to  mind.  [Obsolete  or  poet- 
ical.] “ Not  recking  danger.”  Sidney. 

I reck  as  little  what  betideth  me 

As  much  I wish  all  good  befortunc  you.  Shak. 

With  that  care  lost. 

Went  all  his  fear;  of  God,  or  hell,  or  worse, 

He  recked  not.  Milton. 

It  recks,  (impersonal,)  it  concerns.  “ Of  night  or 
loneliness  it  recks  me  not.”  Milton. 

f RECK,  v.  n.  To  care  ; to  heed  ; to  mind.  Spenser. 

RECK'LESS,  a.  Careless;  heedless;  rash;  in- 
different. “ I am  reckless  what  I do.”  Shak. 

It  made  the  king  as  reckless  as  them  diligent.  Sidney. 

RECK'LpSS-LY,  ad.  In  a reckless  manner  ; heed- 
lessly ; carelessly.  XJdal. 

RECK' LESS- NESS,  n.  Heedlessness ; careless- 
ness ; negligence.  Sidney. 

RECK'ON  (rek'kn),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  recan,  reccan, 
reccean,  to  say,  to  number,  to  reckon  ; Dut.  rek- 
enen,  to  count,  to  reckon  ; Ger.  rechnen  ; Dan. 
regne;  Sw . rakna  ; Icel.  reikna.  — See  Reck.] 

[*.  RECKONED;  pp.  RECKONING,  RECKONED.] 

1.  To  count ; to  number ; to  compute  ; to 
calculate ; to  enumerate. 

The  priest  shall  reckon  unto  him  the  money.  Lev.  xxvii.  18. 

I reckoned  above  two  hundred  and  fifty  on  the  outside  of 
the  church.  Addison. 

2.  To  account;  to  esteem ; to  regard;  to  es- 

timate ; to  repute.  “ Him  I reckon  not  in  high 
estate.”  Milton. 

RECK'ON  (rek'kn),  v.  n.  1.  To  compute  ; to  cal- 
culate ; to  estimate. 

When  he  had  begun  to  reckon,  one  was  brought  unto  him 
which  owed  him  ten  thousand  talents.  Matt,  xviii.  24. 

2.  To  give  or  render  an  account.  “ All  flesh 

shall  rise  and  reckon ” Sandys. 

3.  To  think  ; to  suppose  ; to  guess ; to  con- 

jecture. [Local,  Eng.,  and  colloquial,  U.  S.] 

Brockett.  Hatlhoell.  Pickering. 

To  reckon  for,  to  pay  a penalty  for.  “If  they  fail 
in  their  bounden  duty,  they  shall  reckon  for  it  one 
day.”  Sanderson.  — To  reckon  on,  or  upon , to  lay  de- 
pendence or  stress  on.  “ You  reckon  upon  losing  your 
friend’s  kindness.”  Temple. — To  reckon  with,  to  set- 
tle an  account  with.  “ Before  we  reckon  with  your 
several  loves.”  Shak.  — To  call  to  punishment.  “God 
suffers  the  most  grievous  sins  of  particular  persons  to 
go  unpunished  in  this  world,  because  his  justice  will 
have  another  opportunity  to  meet  and  reckon  with 
them.”  Tillotson. 

i&g^To  reckon  is  used  in  some  of  the  Southern 
States  as"  to  guess  is  in  the  Northern.”  Pickering. 
“I  reckon,  \ guess,  are  idiomatic  in  Devonshire.” 
Palmer.  “ To  reckon,  to  suppose ; to  conjecture  ; to 
conclude  ; as,  ‘ I reckon  he  ’ll  come.’  ” Brockett.  The 
provincial  use  in  some  parts  of  England,  with  respect 
to  this  word,  is  the  same  as  the  colloquial  use  in  some 
parts  of  the  United  States. 

Syn.  — See  Calculate. 

RECK'ON-^R  (rek'kn-er),  n.  One  who  reckons. 

RECK'ON-ING  (rek'kn-Ing),  n.  1.  Act  or  process 
of  counting  or  computing  ; computation. 

2.  Account,  as  between  debtor  and  creditor. 
“ Canst  thou  their  reckonings  keep.”  Sandys. 

There  was  no  reckoning  made  with  them  of  the  money 
delivered  into  their  hand.  _ 2 Kings  xxii.  7. 

3.  Money  charged  by  a host ; charge.  Addison. 

So  comes  a reckoning  when  the  banquet’s  o’er.  Gay. 

4.  Estimation;  esteem;  account. 

You  make  no  farther  reckoning  of  it  [beauty]  than  of  an 
outward,  fading  benefit  nature'licstowed.  Sidney. 

Dead  reckoning,  (.Yavt. } the  method  of  determining 
the  place  of  a ship  from  a record  kept  of  the  courses 
sailed,  and  the  distance  made  on  each  course.  Davies. 

Syn.  — See  Account. 

RECK'ON-ING-BOOK  (relt'kn-ing-buk),  n.  A book 
in  which  money  received  and  expended  is  set 
down.  Johnson. 

RJ5-CLAIM'  (re-klam'),  v.  a.  [L.  reclamo  ; re, 
again,  back,  and  clamo , to  call  loudly  ; It.  re- 
clamare-,  Sp .reclamar;  Ft.  reclame!-.]  (7.  re- 
claimed ; pp.  RECLAIMING,  RECLAIMED.] 

1.  To  call  back;  to  recall,  [r.]  Holland. 


The  headstrong  horses  hurried  Octavius  . . . along,  and 
were  deaf  to  his  reclaiming  them.  Dryden. 

2.  To  call  back  from  error  or  vice  ; to  reform. 

It  is  the  intention  of  Providence,  in  all  the  various  expres- 
sions of  Ills  goodness,  to  reclaim  mankind.  Rogers. 

3.  To  restore  or  reduce  to  order,  or  to  the 

state  desired  ; to  correct.  Bacon. 

Much  labor  is  required,  in  trees,  to  tame 

Their  wild  disorder,  and  in  ranks  reclaim.  Dryden. 

4.  To  reduce  or  bring  from  a wild  to  a tame 
state  ; to  tame.  “Are  not  . . . lions,  tigers,  and 
bears  reclaimed  by  good  usage  ? ” L’  Estrange. 

5.  To  recover;  to  regain. 

So  shall  the  Briton-blood  their  crown  again  reclaim.  Spenser. 

6.  In  feudal  custom,  to  pursue  and  recall,  as 
a vassal  who  had  gone  to  live  in  another  place 
ivithout  his  lord’s  permission.  London  Ency. 

7.  (Law.)  To  demand  to  be  teturned  or  re- 
stored. Bouvier. 

Syn.  — Reclaim  a man  from  vice  ; reform  had  hab- 
its recover  lost  property  or  character ; correct  errors  ; 
tame  wild  animals. 

RE-C-lAiM',  v.  n.  To  exclaim ; to  cry  out.  Pope. 

f RIJ-CLAlM',  n.  Recovery:  — reformation.  Hales. 

Rjp-CLAlM'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  reclaimed ; 
recoverable.  Cockhurn. 

RU-CLAlM'ANT,  n.  One  who  contradicts  or  re- 
monstrates. [r.]  Waterland. 

RU-CLAlM'ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who. reclaims. 

RE-CLA  IM'LESS,  a.  That  cannot  be  reclaimed. 

REC-LA-MA'TION,  n.  [It.  reclamazione ; Sp.  re- 
clamacion  ; Fr.  reclamation.]  The  act  of  re- 
claiming, or  the  state  of  being  reclaimed  ; re- 
covery. Bp.  Hall. 

RE-CLASP',  v.  a.  To  clasp  again.  Paley. 

REC'LI-NATE,  a.  (Bot.)  Noting  parts  of  the 
flower  or  of  the  foliage  Avhich  are  bent  down 
upon  their  stalk.  Lindley. 

REC-LI-NA'TION,  n.  1.  The  act  or  the  state  of 
reclining.  Johnson. 

2.  (Dialling.)  The  angle  by  Avhich  the  plane 

of  a dial  inclined  to  the  horizon  deviates  from  a 
vertical  position.  Hutton. 

3.  (Surg.)  A mode  of  operating  for  the  cata- 

ract, which  consists  in  applying  the  needle  to 
the  anterior  surface  and  depressing  it  into  the 
vitreous  humor  in  such  a manner  that  the  front 
surface  of  the  cataract  is  the  upper  one,  and  its 
back  surface  the  lower  one.  Dunglison. 

RE-CLINE',  v.  a.  [L.  reclino  ; re,  again,  back, 
and  ditto  (Gr.  kUhoi),  to  lean  ; It.  reclinare  ; Sp. 
reclinwr  ; Fr.  ricliner.]  [t.  reclined  ; pp.  re- 
clining, reclined.]  To  lean  back;  to  lean 
sideways  or  to  one  side.  Addison. 

The  mother 

Reclined  her  dying  head  upon  his  breast.  Dryden. 

RE-CLINE',  v.  n.  To  lean  ; to  be  recumbent;  to 
rest  or  repose. 

She  ceased,  and  on  a lilied  bank  reclined.  Shenstone. 

RE-CLINE',  a.  [L.  reclinis.]  In  a leaning  pos- 
ture ; reclining,  [r.]  Milton. 

RE-CLINED'  (-kllnd4),  a.  (Bot.)  Turned  or  curved 
doivnward;  nearly  recumbent.  Gray. 

Rf-CLIN'IJR,  n.  1.  One  who,  or  that  which,  re- 
clines. 

2.  A dial  whose  plane  reclines  from  a vertical 
position ; reclining  dial.  Hutton. 

RE-CLIN'ING,  a.  (Bot.)  Falling  gradually  back 
"from  the  perpendicular,  as  the  branches  of  the 
banian  tree  : — recumbent.  Lindley. 

Reclining  dial,  (Dialling.)  a dial  whose  plane  is  in- 
clined to  the  vertical  line  which  passes  through  its 
centre.  Davies. 

RE-CLO£->E'  (re-kloz'),  v.  a.  To  close  again.  Pope. 

RE-CLUDE',  v.  a.  [L.  recludo,  to  open.]  To 
unclose  ; to  open,  [r.]  Pope. 

RE-CLLSE'  [re-kins',  S.  IF.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm. 
R.  J Vb.],  a.  [Fr.  reclus  ; rcclure  (L.  recludo), 
to  shut  up  ; to  sequester.]  Shut  up  ; secluded; 
sequestered ; retired ; solitary.  Prior. 

I all  the  livelong  day 
Consume  in  meditation  deep,  recluse 
From  human  converse.  Philips. 

R£-CLUSE',  n.  1.  A person  ivho  lives  in  retire- 
ment or  seclusion  from  the  world  ; a hermit. 

This  must  be  the  inference  of  a j'ecluse,  that  conversed 
only  with  his  own  meditations.  Decay  of  Chr.  Piety. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — C,  <?,  C,  !>  sofi  '>  e>  £>  !>  hard;  § as  z;  £ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 

150 


RECLUSE 


1194 


RECOMPENSE 


2.  ( Eccl .)  One  of  a class  of  religious  persons 
who  lived  as  hermits  in  single  cells,  generally 
attached  to  monasteries.  Brande. 

tRp-CLU^E',  v.  a.  To  shut  up.  Donne. 

RF.-CLUSE'LY,  ad.  In  retirement;  like  a recluse. 

RE-CLIJSE'NESS,  n.  Retirement;  seclusion  from 
the  world  ; reclusion.  Feltham. 

Rp-CLU'§ION  (re-klu'zliun),  11.  [Fr.]  The  state 

of  a recluse  ; seclusion  ; retirement.  Johnson. 

RJg-CLU'SIVE,  a.  Affording  seclusion  or  retire- 
ment from  the  world.  Shak. 

Rp-CLU’SO-RY,  n.  [Low  L.  reclusorium.]  A 
hermitage.  Britton. 

RE-CO-AG-U-LA'TION,  n.  A second  coagulation. 
“This  salt  . . . upon  its  recoagulation.”  Boyle. 

RE-COAST',  v.  a.  To  coast  again  ; to  sail  again 
near  or  along  the  coast  of.  Clarke. 

f RE-COCT',  v.  a.  [L.  recoquo,  recoctus.\  To  cook 
or  vamp  up  again.  Bp.  Taylor. 

RE-COC'TION,  n.  A second  or  new  coction  or 
preparation.  Scrope. 

REC-OG-NI''TION  (rek-og-nlsh'un),  n.  [L.  recog- 
nitio ; It.  ricognizione  ; Sp.  reconocimiento ; 
Fr.  recognition .] 

1.  The  act  of  recognizing,  or  the  state  of  be- 
ing recognized;  renovation  of  knowledge. 

The  lives  of  such  saints  had,  at  the  time  of  their  yearly 
memorials,  solemn  recognition  iu  the  church  of  God.  Ilookcr. 

2.  Acknowledgment;  avowal;  confession. 

The  Israelites,  in  Moses’s  daj  s,  were  redeemed  out  of 

Egypt,  in  memory  and  recognition  whereof  they  were  com- 
manded to  observe  the  weekly  Sabbath.  White. 

3.  (Laic.)  An  acknowledgment  that  some- 

thing which  has  been  done  by  one  man  in  the 
name  of  another  was  done  by  authority  of  the 
latter.  Bonder. 

||  RIJ-COG'NI-TOR,  n. ; pi.  re-cog'nitor^.  {Law.) 
A jury  empanelled  on  an  assize ; — so  called  be- 
cause they  acknowledge  a disseizin  by  their  ver- 
dict. Whishaw. 

R£-c6g'N[-TO-RY,  a.  Pertaining  to  recognition. 

REC-OG-Nl'ZA-BLE,  or  Rp-COG'NI-ZA-BLE  [re- 
kog'ne-z?-bl,  Ja.  B. ; re-kon'e-zj-bl,  K.  I Vb. ; rek'- 
og-ni-za-bl,  Sm.  C.\,  a.  That  may  be  recognized 
or  acknowledged.  Johnson. 

II  RE-COG'NI-ZANCE  [re-kog'ne-zSns,  IV.  J.  F. 
Sm. ; re-kon'e-zans,  S.  P.  K.  I Vb. ; re-kog'ne- 
zans  or  re-kon'e-zans,  Ja.],  n.  [Fr.  reconnais- 
sance.] [Written  also  recognisance .] 

1.  Recognition  ; acknowledgment.  Hooker. 

2.  (Law.)  An  obligation  of  record,  entered 
into  before  a court,  or  officer  duly  authorized, 
with  a condition  to  do  some  act,  therein  speci- 
fied, required  by  law,  as  to  keep  the  peace,  to 
pay  a debt,  &c. : — in  old  practice,  an  assize, 
or  the  inquisition  or  verdict  of  an  assize.  Cowell. 

/Ea=“In  the  general  sense,  the  g is  sounded;  in 
professional  legal  use,  it  is  usually  sunk.”  Smart. 

Rp-COG-NI-zA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  recognizing; 
recognizance ; recognition.  Blackstone. 

II  REC'OG-NIZE,  or  REC'OG-Nl^E  [rek'og-nlz,  IV. 
J.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm. ; re-kqg-nlz',  S. ; rek'on-Iz,  P. 
Wb. : — sometimes  incorrectly  pronounced  re- 
kog'nlz],  v.  a.  [L.  recoynosco ; re,  again,  and 
cognosco,  to  know ; It.  riconoscere ; Sp.  reco- 
nocer ; Fr  .reconnoitre.]  [i.  recognized;  pp. 
RECOGNIZING,  RECOGNIZED.] 

1.  To  know  again ; to  call  again  to  knowl- 
edge ; to  recover  the  knowledge  of. 

Then  first  \\e  recognized  the  ethereal  guest; 

Wonder  and  joy  alternate  fire  his  breast.  rope. 

2.  To  avow  or  confess  knowledge  of;  to  ac- 
knowledge ; to  own. 

Speak,  vassal!  recognize  thy  sovereign  queen.  Harte. 

3.  t To  review ; to  reexamine. 

However  their  causes  speed  in  your  tribunals,  Christ  will 
recognize  them  at  a greater.  South. 

With  respect  to  the  orthography  of  this  class 
of  words,  recognize  or  recognise , recognizance  or  re- 
cognisance, &c.,  good  usage,  as  well  as  the  dictiona- 
ries. is  much  divided,  and  both  modes  may  he  said  to 
he  well  authorized  ; hut  the  greater  part  of  the  Eng- 
lish dictionaries  seem  to  give  the  preference  to  the 
use  of  s. 

Syn.  — We  recognize  a person  whom  we  have  be- 
fore known  ; we  acknowledge  a favor  received.  Rec- 
ognize an  old  friend  ; acknowledge  a just  claim  3 avow 
principles  3 confess  faults  3 own  mistakes. 


REC'OG-NIZE,  or  REC'OG-NI§E,  v.  n.  ( Laic .) 

1.  To  enter  a recognizance.  Phillips . 

2.  To  examine,  try,  or  inquire  so  as  to  know. 

“ The  assize  came  to  recognize.  if,”&c.,  were  the  first  words 
of  the  record  of  an  assize  of  novel  disseisin.  Burrill. 

||  Rp-COG-NI-ZEE',  n.  (Law.)  A person  to  whom 
one  is  bound  by  recognizance.  Bouxier. 

||  ItEC'OG-NIZ-pR,  n.  A recognizor.  Shaftesbury . 

||  Rp-COG-NI-ZOR  (130),  n.  (Law.)  One  who  en- 
ters into  a recognizance.  Whishaw. 

Rf-COIL',  v.  n.  [It.  rinculare,  from  L.  re,  again, 
back,  and  cuius,  the  fundament;  Sp.  recular ; 
Fr.  reader . — Old  Eng.  recule.]  [i.  recoiled; 
pp.  recoiling,  recoiled.] 

1.  To  move,  rush,  or  fall  back,  in  consequence 
of  resistance  ; to  rebound. 

The  blowrecoiTs,  and  hurts  me  while  I strike.  Dryden. 

2.  To  retire  ; to  retreat ; to  withdraw.  Milton. 

The  lawyer  to  his  chamber  doth  recoil ; 

For  he  hath  now  no  business  at  the  bur.  Drayton. 

3.  To  shrink;  to  falter;  to  fail.  “Nature 

will  still  recoil.”  Tillotson. 

A good  and  virtuous  nature  may  recoil 

In  an  imperial  charge.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Rebound. 

f RE-COIL/,  v.  a.  To  drive  back.  Spenser. 

Rf-COlL',  n.  1.  The  act  of  recoiling;  a rushing 
or  falling  back  ; resilience.  Browne. 

2.  (Physics.)  The  resilience  or  flying  back- 
wards of  a body,  especially  a firearm,  by  reason 
of  the  expansive  force  of  the  gases,  suddenly 
generated  by  explosion,  acting  on  the  gun  as 
well  as  on  the  ball.  Hutton. 

Rp-COIL'ER,  n.  One  who  recoils  or  falls  back. 

Rp-ColL'ING,  n.  The  act  of  springing  or  falling 
back  ; recoil ; resilience.  South. 

RjE-COIL'lNG-LY,  ad.  With  recoil.  Huloet. 

RJJ-CCHL'MENT,  n.  A recoiling  or  rushing  back; 
recoil,  [it.]  Hammond. 

RE-COIN',  v.  a.  To  coin  anew.  Addison. 

RE-COIN' A^IE,  n.  1.  Act  of  coining  anew.  Bacon. 

2.  Something  coined  anew. 

RE-COlN'pR,  n.  One  who  recoins. 

REC-OL-LECT',  v.  a.  [L.  rccolligo,  recollectus ; 
re,  again,  and  colligo,  to  collect ; con,  together, 
and  lego,  to  select ; It.  raccog/iere ; Sp.  recogcr ; 
Fr.  recueillir .] 

1.  To  recall  or  bring  back  to  mind  or  memory  ; 

to  remember.  “ Recollect  all  the  particulars 

and  circumstances.”  Cowley. 

Recollect , every  day,  the  things  seen,  heard,  or  read,  which 
make  any  addition  to  your  understanding.  Watts. 

2.  To  recover  to  reason,  or  composure. 

The  Tyrian  queen 

Admired  his  fortunes,  more  admired  the  man, 

Then  recollected  stood.  Dryden. 

KE-COL-LECT',  V.  a.  [l.  RECOLLECTED  ; pp.  RE- 
COLLECTING, recollected.]  To  gather  or  col- 
lect again.  “ The  Lord’s  hand  shall  recollect 
these  ashes.”  Donne. 

God  will  one  day  raise  the  dead,  recollecting  our  scattered 
ashes,  and  rearing  our  dissolved  frame.  Barrow. 

REC'OL-LECT,  n.  A monk  of  a reformed  order 
of  Franciscans  ; — written  also  recoilet.  IVcever. 

REC-OL-LEC'TION,  n.  The  act,  process,  or  power 
of  recollecting  or  of  recalling  to  mind  ; remem- 
brance ; reminiscence  ; memory.  “ A recollec- 
tion of  the  actions  of  the  day.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

Recollection  is  when  an  idea  is  sought  after  by  the  mind, 
and,  with  pain  and  endeavor,  found,  and  brought  again  in 
view.  Locke. 

Syn.  — See  Memory. 

REC-OL-LEC'TI  VE,  a.  Having  power  to  recol- 
lect. Smart. 

REC'OL-LET,  n.  [Sp.  recnleto ; Fr.  recoilet.]  A 
monk  of  a reformed  order  of  Franciscans;  — 
written  also  recollect.  Brande. 

RE-CO L-Q-N!-ZA'TION,  ii.  A second  or  renewed 
colonization.  Everett. 

RE-COL'O-NlZE,  v.  a.  To  colonize  anew.  P.  Cyc. 

RE-c6M-BI-NA'TION,  n.  A new  or  second  com- 
bination. Wright. 

RE-CO.M-BINE'.  v.  a.  To  combine  again.  Carew. 

RE-COM'FORT,  (-kuin'-),  v.  a.  1.  To  comfort  or 
console  again.  Sianey. 

2.  To  give  new  strength  or  fertility  to,  as 
land,  [r.]  Bacon. 


f RE-COM'FORT-LESS,  a.  Comfortless.  Spenser. 

f RE-COM'FORT-URE,  11.  Renewal  of  comfort; 
a recomforting.  Shak. 

RE-COM-MENCE',  v.  a.  [Fr.  recommence!' To 
commence  anew  ; to  begin  again.  Cook. 

RE-COM-MENCE',  v.  n.  To  commence  again  ; to 
make  a new  beginning.  Howell. 

RE-COM-MENCE'MplNT,  n.  A commencement  or 
beginning  again.  Johnson. 

REC-OM-MEND',  v.  a.  [Fr.  recommander.]  [i. 
RECOMMENDED  ; pp.  RECOMMENDING,  RECOM- 
MENDED.] 

1.  To  commend  or  praise  to  another ; to  de- 
clare worthy  of  esteem,  trust,  or  favor. 

Maecenas  recommended  Virgil  ami  Horace  to  Augustus, 
"I'°sc  praises  helped  to  make  him  popular  while  alive,  and, 
alter  his  death,  have  made  him  precious  to  posterity.  Dryden. 

2.  To  make  or  render  acceptable. 

A decent  boldness  ever  meets  with  friends; 

Succeeds,  and  e’en  a stranger  recommends.  Pope. 

3.  To  commit  with  prayers  ; to  commend- 
They  had  been  recommended  to  the  grace  of  God.  Aclsx iv.  2G. 

Syn.  — See  Commenh. 

REC-OM-MEND'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  recom- 
mended ; worthy  of  recommendation.  Glanvill. 

REC-OM-MEND' A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Worthiness  of 
being  recommended.  More. 

REC-OM-MEND' A-BLY,  ad.  So  as  to  deserve 
recommendation.  * Sherwood. 

REC-OM-M^N-DA'TION,  n.  [Fr.  reco m man datio n . ] 

1.  The  act  of  recommending,  or  declaring 
worthy  of  esteem,  trust,  or  favor  ; approval. 

2.  Esteem  ; favor  ; consideration,  [it.] 

It  [the  burying  of  the  dead]  hath  always  been  had  in  an 
extraordinary  recommendation  amongst  the  ancients.  JSorth. 

3.  That  which  recommends  or  gains  favor. 

Poplicola’s  doors  were  opened  on  the  outside,  to  save  the 
people  even  the  common  civility  of  asking  entrance;  where 
misfortune  was  a powerful  recommendation , and  where  want 
itself  was  a powerful  mediator.  Dryden. 

f REC-OM-MEN'DA-TIVE,  n.  That  which  recom- 
mends  ; a recommendation.  Jodrell. 

REC-OM-MEN'DA-TO-RY,  a.  That  recommends  ; 
commending  to  another.  Swift. 

REC-OM-MEND'ER,  n.  One  who  recommends. 

RE-COM-MIT',  v.  a.  To  commit  anew.  Clarendon. 

RE-COM-MlT'MENT,  n.  A second  or  new  com- 
mitment ; recommittal.  Ash. 

RE-COM-MIT'TAL,  n.  A new  or  second  commit- 
tal ; recommitment.  Gent.  Mag. 

RE-COM-MU'NI-CATE,  v.  a.  To  communicate 
anew.  Clarke. 

RE-COM-PACT',  v.  a.  To  join  anew.  Donne. 

f REC-OM-PJJN-SA'TION,  n.  Recompense.  Huloet. 

REC'OM-PENSE,  v.  a.  [It.  ricompensare,  from  L. 
re,  again,  back,  and  compenso,  to  weigh,  to  com- 
pensate ; Sp.  recompensar ; Fr.  recompcnser.] 
[l.  RECOMPENSED  ; pp.  RECOMPENSING,  RECOM- 
PENSED.] 

1.  To  give  or  return  an  equivalent  to ; to  re- 

pay ; to  requite  ; to  reward  ; to  compensate  ; to 
remunerate  ; to  satisfy.  “ The  righteous  shall 
be  recompensed.”  Prov.  xi.  31. 

According  to  the  cleanness  of  my  hands  hath  he  recom - 
pensed  me.  2 Sam.  xxi.  21. 

2.  To  make  up  by  something  equivalent ; to 
make  amends  for;  to  redress  ; to  reimburse. 

He  is  long  ripening;  but  then  his  maturity,  and  the  com- 
plement thereof,  recomjjenseth  the  slowness  of  his  matu- 
ration. Hale. 

3.  To  redeem;  to  pay  for.  “To  recompense 

the  trespass.”  Num.  v.  8. 

Syn.  — See  Satisfy. 

REC'OM-PENSE,  v.  n.  To  make  amends,  recom- 
pense, or  return,  [r.]  Chaucer. 

REC'OM-PENSE,  n.  [Fr.  recompense.] 

1.  A return  or  equivalent  for  something  given, 
done,  or  suffered;  compensation;  remunera- 
tion ; amends ; satisfaction  ; reward.  Shak. 

Wise  men  thought  the  vast  advantage  from  their  learning 
and  integrity  an  ample  recompense  for  any  inconvenience 
from  their  passion.  Clarendon. 

2.  Requital;  retribution.  “To  me  belong- 
eth  vengeance  and  recompense.” Dent,  xxxii.  35. 

Syn.  — See  Compensation,  Retribution. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  t,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  I,  O,  IT,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


RECOMPENSEMENT 


1195 


RECOUNT 


f REC-OM-PENSE'MIJNT,  n.  Recompense  ; com- 
pensation. Fabyan. 

REC-OM-PENS'IJR,  n.  One  who  recompenses.  Fox. 

RE-COM-PlLE',  v.  a.  To  compile  again  or  anew. 

RE-COlM-PILE'M?NT,  n.  A second,  or  new  com- 
pilation. Bacon. 

RE-COM-POijE',  v.  a.  [Fr.  recomposer.] 

1.  To  compose,  quiet,  or  tranquillize  anew. 
“ Till  by  music  he  was  recomposed.”  Bp.  Tctylor. 

2.  To  compose,  form,  or  adjust  anew.  Boyle. 

RE-COM-PO§'UR,  n.  One  who  recomposes.  More. 

RE-COM-PQ-§I"TION  (-zish'un),  n.  Act  of  re- 
composing ; a new  composition.  Johnson. 

REC-ON-CI  L'A-BLE,  a.  [Fr.  reconciliable .]  That 
may  be  reconciled ; placable.  Nelson. 

REC-ON-ClL'A-BLE-NESS,  11.  The  state  or  the 
quality  of  being  reconciled.  Hammond. 

REC-ON-CIL'A-BLY,  ad.  In  a reconcilable  manner. 

REC'ON-ClLE,  v.  a.  [L.  reconcilio ; re,  again, 
back,  and  concilio,  to  bring  together  ; It.  ricon- 
c Hi are ; Sp.  reconciliar ; Fr.  reconcilier.]  [*. 
RECONCILED  ; pp.  RECONCILING,  RECONCILED.] 

1.  To  bring  back  or  restore  to  agreement, 
concord,  or  favor;  to  conciliate  anew. 

Go  thy  way;  first  be  reconciled  to  thy  brother.  Matt.  v.  24. 

You  that  were  sometime  alienated,  and  enemies  in  your 
mind,  by  wicked  works,  yet  now  lie  hath  reconciled.  Col.  i.  21. 

2.  To  make  to  be  consistent  or  suitable.  Pope. 

The  great  men  among  the  ancients  understood  howto  rec- 
oncile manual  labor  with  affairs  of  state.  Locke. 

3.  To  bring  to  acquiescence  or  submission; 
as,  “ To  be  reconciled  to  one’s  fortune.” 

4.  To  adjust  or  settle,  as  differences.  Wright. 

5.  f To  purify;  to  purge;  to  cleanse.  Puller. 

6.  -j- To  reestablish  ; to  reconfirm. 

Into  her  lodings  to  repair  a while 

To  rest  themselves,  and  grace  to  reconcile.  Spenser. 

Syn.  — See  Conciliate. 

f REC'ON-CILE,  v.  n.  To  become  reconciled. 

Your  thoughts,  though  much  startled  at  first,  reconcile 
to  it.  Abp.  Sancroft. 

REC'ON-CILE-MENT,  n.  Reconciliation.  Milton. 

REC'ON-ClL-lJR,  n.  One  who  reconciles.  Fell. 

REO-ON-CIL-I-A'TION,  n.  [L.  reconciliatio  ; It. 
riconcilinzione  ; Sp.  reconciliacion  ; Fr.  recon- 
ciliation.] 

1.  The  act  of  reoonciling,  or  the  state  of  be- 
ing reconciled ; return  to,  or  renewal  of,  con- 
cord, agreement,  or  favor  ; pacification. 

Nicias  . . . devised  what  means  he  might  use  to  bring  Sparta 
and  Athens  to  reconciliation  again.  North. 

2.  Agreement,  as  of  things  apparently  oppo- 
site or  inconsistent ; harmony. 

A clear  and  easy  reconciliation  of  those  seeming  inconsis- 
tencies of  Scripture.  Rogers. 

3.  Atonement ; expiation. 

A merciful  and  faithful  high  priest,  in  things  pertaining 
to  God,  to  make  reconciliation  for  the  sins  of  the  people. 

Hcb.  ii.  17. 

REC-ON-CIL'I-A-TO-RV,  a.  Tending  to  reconcile. 
“ The  reepneiliatory  papers.”  Bp.  Hall. 

RE-CON-DEN-SA'TION,  ii.  A second  or  renewed 
condensation.  Clarke. 

RE-CON-DENSE',  v.  a.  To  condense  anew.  Boyle- 

REC'ON-DITE,  or  RE-CON'D!TE  [rek'on-dlt,  TV.  J. 
Ja.  C.  Wr.  Wb. ; rS-kon-dlt',  S.  K. ; re-kon'djt,  P. 
Sin.  R. ; rek'on-dlt  or  re-kon'dit,  F.],  a.  [L.  re- 
conditus ; recondo,  to  lay  up,  to  hoard ; re, 
again,  and  condo,  to  lay  up  ; It.  if  Sp.  recondito.] 

1.  Hidden  ; secret ; abstruse  ; obscure. 

This  was  the  recondite  sense  of  Moses's  words.  Bp.  Bull. 

2.  Profound.  “ Recondite  studies.”  Felton. 

UQf-“Dr.  Johnson,  Dr.  Ash,  Dr.  Kenrick,  Mr.  Bar- 
clay, Mr.  Nares,  Mr.  Scott,  Mr.  Frv,  and  Entick  ac- 
cent this  word  on  the  second  syllable  ; Mr.  Sheridan 
and  Bailey,  on  the  last ; and  Penning,  only,  on  the 
first.  But,  notwithstanding  so  many  authorities  are 
against  me,  I am  much  deceived  if  the  analogy  of  pro- 
nunciation be  not  decidedly  in  favor  of  that  accentu- 
ation which  I have  given.  We  have  but  few  instances 
in  the  language,  where  we  receive  a word  from  the 
Latin  by  dropping  a syllable,  that  we  do  not  remove 
the  accent  higher  than  the  original.  Thus,  recondite, 
derived  from  recondite. <,  may  with  as  much  propriety 
remove  the  accent  from  the  long  penultimate  as  car- 
buncle  from  carbuvcuhis , calumny  from  cal.umnia,  detri- 
ment from  detrimentum,  innocency  from  innocentia,  con- 


troversy from  controversia,  and  a thousand  others. 
The  word  incondite  must  certainly  follow  the  fortunes 
of  the  present  word  ; and  we  find  those  ortlioepists 
who  have  the  word  accent  it  as  they  do  recondite  — 
Mr.  Sheridan  on  the  last  syllable,  but  Mr.  Fenning  in- 
consistently on  the  second.”  Walker. 

RU-OON'DI-TO-RY,  ii.  A storehouse;  a reposi- 
tory ; a depository,  [it.]  Maunder. 

RE-CON-DUCT',  v.  a.  To  conduct  again  or  back. 
“A  guide  to  reconduct  thy  steps.”  Dryden. 

RE-CON-DUC'TION,  n.  [L.  reconduco,  reconduc- 
tus,  to  hire  anew.]  (Law.)  The  renewing  of  a 
former  lease.  Bouvier. 

RE-CON-FiRM',  v.  a.  To  confirm  anew. 

RE-CON-JOIN',  v.  a.  To  join  anew.  Boyle. 

IIE-CON'NING,  ii.  The  act  of  conning  or  know- 
ing again.  Hobbes. 

RF.-C OJV rJ\TOIS- SjiJVCE  ',  11.  [Old  Fr. ; Fr.  recon- 
naissance.] A reconnoitring  or  examination  of 
a tract  of  country  preparatory  to  the  march  of 
an  army,  the  location  of  a railroad,  canal,  &c., 
or  for  other  purposes ; a preliminary  or  rough 
survey.  P.  Cyc.  Stocquelcr. 

REC-ON-NOI'TRE  (rek-on-oi'tur]  [rek-on-oi'tur,  Ja. 
Sin.  R.  C. ; re-kon-nl'tur,  IIV.  I l b.  Dal  is  ; relc-pn- 
a'tur  or  rek-on-oi'tur,  K.],  v.  a.  [Old  Fr.  recon- 
noitre ; Fr.  recomlaitre,  from  I,,  recognosccre,  to 
recognize,  to  look  over,  to  examine;  re,  again, 
back,  and  cognosco,  to  know.]  [f.  reconnoi- 
tred ; pp.  RECONNOITRINO,  RECONNOITRED.] 
To  view,  survey,  or  examine,  particularly  for 
military  purposes  ; to  inspect ; to  spy  out. 

Edward  III.  reconnoitred  the  enemy.  Addison. 

REjCON'QUER  (re-kong'ker),  v.  a.  [Fr.  rccon- 
quirir.]  To  conquer  or  gain  again.  Richardson. 

RE-CON'CIUEST,  n.  A renewed  or  second  con- 
quest. Dryden. 

RE-CON'SE-CRATE,  v.  a.  To  consecrate  anew. 

It  [a  church]  shall,  in  such  a case,  be  reconsecrated.  Ayliffc. 

RE-CON-SE-CRA'TION,  n.  A renewed  or  second 
consecration.  Burn. 

RE-CON-SID'pR,  v.  a.  1.  To  consider  again  ; to 
renew  the  consideration  of. 

Reconsider , from  time  to  time,  and  retain  the  friendly  ad- 
vice which  I send  you.  Chesterfield. 

2.  In  parliamentary  usage,  to  take  up  for  re- 
newed consideration,  as  a vote  already  passed. 

It  has  now  come  to  he  a common  practice  in  all  our  delib- 
erative assemblies,  and  may  consequently  be  considered  ns  a 
principle  of  the  common  parliamentary  law  of  this  country, 
to  reconsider  a vote  already  passed,  whether  affirmatively  or 
negatively.  L.  S.  Cushing. 

RE-CON-SID-ER-A'TION,  11.  The  act  of  recon- 
sidering; a renewed  or  second  consideration. 

f RE-CON'SO-LATE,  v.  a.  To  console  or  comfort 
again.  Wotton. 

RE-CON-SOL-T-DA'TION,  n.  A second  or  re- 
newed consolidation.  De  la  Beche. 

RE-OON-STRUCT',  v.  a.  To  construct  again;  to 
rebuild.  Tucker. 

RE-CON-STRUC'TION,  n.  The  act  of  recon- 
structing. Belshani. 

RE-CON-TIN'U-ANCE,  n.  The  act  or  the  state  of 
recontinuing.  Drayton. 

RE-CON-TIN'UE,  v.  a.  & n.  To  continue  again  or 
anew.  Stirling. 

RE-CON-VENE',  v.  ii.  To  convene  or  assemble 
anew.  “ The  two  houses  reconvening.”  Clarendon. 

RE-CON-VENE',  v.  a.  To  convene  anew. 

RE-CON-VEN'TION,  ii.  ( Civil  Law.)  An  action 
brought  by  a party  who  is  defendant,  against 
the  plaintiff,  before  the  same  judge.  Bouvier. 

RE-CON-VER'SION,  ii.  A second  or  renewed 
conversion.  Wecver. 

RE-CON-VERT',  v.  a.  To  convert  again.  Milton. 

RE-CON-VEY'  (-va'),  v.  a.  To  convey  again. 

RE-CON-VEY' ANCE  (re-kon-va'ans),  it.  The  act 
of  reconveying.  Blackstone. 

RE-COP'Y,  v.  a.  To  copy  anew;  to  transcribe 
again.  ’ Tweddell. 

Rp-CORD',  v.  a.  [L.  recordor,  to  call  to  mind,  to 
remember  ; re,  again,  back,  and  cor,  cordis,  the 


heart;  Sp.  recordar ; Fr.  recorder .]  [i.  re- 

corded ; pp.  RECORDING,  RECORDED.] 

1.  t To  call  to  mind;  to  remember;  — fol- 

lowed by  of.  “ Pharaoh  shall  record  of  thy  ser- 
vice,” Wickhffe. 

2.  To  register  or  enroll,  so  as  to  preserve  the 
memory  of ; to  chronicle  ; to  note. 

Those  things  that  arc  recorded  of  him,  and  his  impiety, 
are  written  in  the  Chronicles.  1 Esdrusi.  42. 

I made  him  my  hook,  where  my  sonl  recorded 
The  history  of  all  my  secret  thoughts.  Shale. 

Even  and  morn  recorded  the  third  day.  Milton. 

3.  To  recite  ; to  repeat ; to  utter. 

They  longed  to  see  the  day,  to  hear  the  lark 
Uncord  her  hymns.  Fairfax. 

Syn.  — See  Enroll. 

t Rp-CORD',  v.  n.  To  sing  or  repeat  a tune.  Slink. 

Ye  may  record  a little,  or  ye  muy  whistle.  Beau.  V FI. 

REC'ORD  [rck'ord,  P.  J.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  B.  C.  Wr.  Wb. ; 
rek'ord  or  re-kind',  W.  J.  F.],  n.  A register  ; an 
authentic  account  or  memorial,  as  of  facts  or 
transactions.  “ The  king  made  a record  of 
these  things.”  Esth.  xii.  4. 

An  ark.  and  in  the  ark  his  testimony, 

The  records  of  his  covenant.  Milton. 

Court  of  Record , (Law.)  See  COURT.  — Debt  of 
record , a debt  which  appears  to  be  due  by  the  evidence 
of  a Court  of  Record,  as  a judgment  or  a recognizance. 
— Trial  by  record , a mode  of  trial  employed  when  a 
matter  of  record  is  pleaded,  and  the  opposite  party 
pleads  nul  tiel  record , or  that  there,  is  no  such  matter 
of  record  existing.  The  issue  is  tried  merely  by  the 
record  itself,  or  by  the  inspection  of  the  court,  with- 
out witnesses  or  jury.  Burrill. 

jftQr*  “ The  noun  record  was  anciently,  as  well  as  at 
present,  pronounced  with  the  accent  either  on  the  first 
or  second  syllable;  till  lately,  however,  it  generally 
conformed  to  the  analogy  of  other  words  of  this  kind  ; 
and  we  seldom  heard  the  accent  on  the  second  sylla- 
ble till  a great  luminary  of  the  law,  as  remarkable  for 
the  justness  of  his  elocution  as  his  legal  abilities,  re- 
vived the  claim  this  word  anciently  had  to  the  ulti- 
mate accent ; and,  since  his  time,  this  pronunciation, 
especially  in  our  courts  of  justice,  seems  to  have  been 
the  most  general.  We  ought,  however,  to  recollect 
that  this  is  overturning  one  of  the  most  settled  anal- 
ogies of  our  language  in  the  pronunciation  of  dissyl- 
lable nouns  and  verbs  of  the  same  form.”  Walker. — 
“Old  authors,”  says  Smart,  “accent  the  noun  as 
the  verb  ; and  this  accentuation  is  sometimes  still  re- 
tained, as  in  the  phrase  ‘ a court  of  record .’  ” — It  is 
thus  accented  by  Dr.  Watts  in  the  following  lines:  — 
Our  nation  reads  the  written  word. 

That  book  of  life,  that  sure  record. 

Syn.  — Record  signifies  the  thing  recorded,  or  the 
collection  of  things  recorded  ; register , the  thing  re- 
gistered, yr  the  place  in  which  it  is  registered.  A 
record , memorial , or  memorandum  of  an  event  or  oc- 
currence ; ail  enrolment  of  citizens  ; town  records  ; a 
register  of  births  and  deaths  ; the  archir.es  of  a city. 

f REC-OR-DA'TION,  n.  [L.  recordatio .]  Remem- 
brance ; recollection  : — record.  Shah. 

R^-CORD'ER,  n.  1.  One  who  records  or  registers  ; 
a keeper  of  the  rolls  of  a city  ; a registrar. 

2.  (Law.)  In  old  English  law,  a person  whom 
a mayor  or  magistrate  of  a city  or  corporate 
town  associated  with  himself  for  assistance  in 
matters  of  justice  and  proceedings  according  to 
law  : — in  modern  lawr,  the  chief  judicial  officer 
of  a borough  or  city,  exercising  within  it,  in 
criminal  matters,  the  jurisdiction  of  a court  of 
record;  the  chief  criminal  judge  of  a city:  — in 
some  of  the  United  States,  a register  of  deeds. 

Burrill.  Brande. 

3.  A musical  instrument,  anciently  in  use, 

somewhat  resembling  a flageolet ; a kind  of 
flute  or  pipe.  Shah.  Bacon. 

RE-CORD'ER-SHIP,fi.  The  office  of  a recorder. 

Sir  J.  Mackintosh. 

RE-C0R-P6R-I-FI-CA'TI0N,  n.  [L.  re,  again, 
corpus , a body,  and  facio , to  make.]  The  act 
of  embodying  again,  or  of  bringing  again  to  a 
bodily  state.  Boyle. 

RE-COUCH',  v.  n.  To  lie  down  again.  Wotton. 

RE-COUNT',  v.  a.  [It.  raccontarc , from  L.  re , 
again,  and  It.  contare , to  count ; Sp.  recontar ; 
Fr.  reconter.\  \i.  recounted  ; pp.  recount- 
ing, recounted.]  To  repeat  or  relate  in  de- 
tail ; to  narrate  or  tell  distinctly  ; to  rehearse ; 
to  enumerate.  il  Recount  our  blessings.”  Dryden. 
For  him  full  oft  the  heavenly  Muses  led 
To  clear  Euphrates,  and  the  secret  mount, 

To  Araby  and  Eden,  fragrant  climes; 

All  which  the  saered  bard  would  oft  recount.  Mason. 

RE-COUNT',  v.  a.  To  count  again.  J.  Lovering. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — Q,  £},  g,  soft;  £,  f 1 , 5,  g,  hard;  § as  z ; JC  as  gz. — THIS,  t fi  is. 


RECOUNTING 


1196 


RECTIFIABLE 


RE-COUNT'ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  recounts ; 
recital.  Skelton. 

f RE-COUNT' M p NT,  n.  Relation  ; recital.  Shah. 

RE-COUP’,  or  RE-COUPE',  v.  a.  [Fr.  recoupcr, 
to  cut  again.]  ( Laic .)  To  diminish  by  keeping 
back  a part,  as  a claim  for  damages.  Burrill. 

RF.-COUP'ER,  n.  One  who  recoups.  Story. 

fRE-COURE',  v.  a.  To  recover.  Spenser. 

RE-COURSE'  (re-k5rs'),  n.  [L.  recursus ; recurro, 
to  run  back  ; re,  again,  back,  and  curro,  to  run ; 
It.  ricorso  ; Sp.  recurso  ; Fr.  recours .] 

1.  f Frequent  course  or  passage.  “ Eyes 

o’er-galled  with  recourse  of  tears.”  Shak. 

2.  Return  ; recurrence.  “ The  certain  re- 
courses of  seasons.”  [r.]  Barrow. 

3.  Application,  as  for  assistance  or  protec- 
tion ; resort.  Stilling  fleet. 

Ca?sar,  thus  injured,  and  unable  to  resist  the  faction  of  the 
nobles,  . . . had  recourse  to  arms.  Dryden. 

4.  Access  ; admission,  [r.]  Shak. 

t RE-COURSE'  (re-kors'),  v.  n.  To  return.  Fox. 

f RE-COURSE'FUL,  a.  Moving  alternately.  “In 

that  recourseful  deep.”  Drayton. 

RE-COV'ER  (re-kuv'er),  v.  a.  [L.  recupero  ■,  re, 
again,  back,  and  capio,  to  take  ; It.  ricuperare  ; 
Sp.  recobrar;  Fr.  recouvrer.)  [(.recovered; 

pp.  RECOVERING,  RECOVERED.] 

1.  To  get  or  obtain  back  ; to  regain. 

David  recovered  all  that  the  Amalekites  had  carried  away. 

1 Saw.  xxx.  18. 

I have  lost  my  land  and  realm,  and  am  not  like  to  recover 
them  again.  Hackluyt. 

2.  To  restore,  as  from  sickness  or  disorder. 

He  would  recover  him  of  his  leprosy.  2 Kings  v.  3. 

3.  To  release;  to  free.  “They  may  recover 
themselves  out  of  the  snare.”  2 Tim.  ii.  26. 

4.  f To  reach  ; to  come  to  ; to  attain. 

The  forest  is  not  three  leagues  off; 

If  we  recover  that,  we  're  sure  enough.  Shak. 

5.  (Laic.)  To  obtain  by  course  of  law  ; to  ob- 

tain by  means  of  an  action,  or  by  the  judgment 
rendered  in  an  action.  Burrill. 

Syn.  — Recover  an  estate,  or  whatever  has  been 
lost  ; recover  or  retrain  health  ; retrieve  a loss  ; repair 
an  injury  ; recruit  lost  strength,  spirits,  &c.  ; reclaim 
the  vicious,  or  such  as  have  gone  astray.  — See  Re- 
claim, Revive. 

RE-CO  V'F.R,  v.  n.  1.  To  regain  health  or  strength ; 
to  grow  well.  Milton. 

Let  them  take  a lump  of  figs,  and  lay  it  for  a plaster  upon 
the  boil,  and  he  shall  recover.  Isa.  xxxviii.  21. 

2.  To  regain  a former  state  or  condition;  as, 
“To  recover  from  bankruptcy.” 

3.  (Law.)  To  obtain  judgment;  to  succeed 

in  an  action.  Burrill. 

RE-COV'ER,  v.  a.  To  cover  again.  Black. 

RE-COV'ER-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  recovered 
or  regained.  Shak. 

RE-edv'ER-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
recoverable.  Examiner. 

t RE-CO V'ER-ANCE,  n.  Recovery.  Berners. 

RE-CO V-ER-EE',  n.  (Law.)  In  old  conveyancing, 
a person  suffering  a common  recovery.  Burrill. 

RE-COV'EU-Er,  n ■ 1-  One  who  recovers.  Clarke. 

2.  One  who  heals  or  cures;  a healer.  Wickliffe. 

RE-CO  V'ER-ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  recov- 
ers ; restoration.  Luke  viii.  18. 

RE-COV-EIR-OR'  (130),  n.  (Law.)  In  old  convey- 
ancing, a person  recovering  lands  by  the  process 
of  common  recovery.  Burrill. 

RE-COV'ER-Y,  n.  1.  The  act  or  the  pov.er  of 
recovering  or  regaining ; recuperation.  “The 
recovery  of  the  Holy  Land.”  Arbuthnot. 

2.  Restoration,  as  from  sickness.  “ Recov- 
ery after  acute  distempers.”  Arbuthnot. 

Lysimachus.  Thy  sacred  physic  shall  receive  such  pay 
As  thy  desires  can  wish. 

Mariana.  Sir,  I will  use 

My  utmost  skill  in  his  recovery.  Shak. 

3.  (Law.)  The  obtaining  of  a thing  by  the 

judgment  of  a court,  as  the  result  of  an  action 
brought  for  the  purpose.  Burrill. 

Common  or  feigned  recovery , (Lam.)  formerly,  in 
England,  a species  of  common  assurance,  or  mode  of 
conveying  lands  by  matter  of  record.  It  was  in  tile 
nature  and  form  of  an  action  at  law,  carried  regularly 
through,  and  ending  in  the  recovery  of  the  lands 
against  the  tenant  of  the  freehold.  Burrill.  Bouvier. 


Syn.  — Recovery  is  an  act  of  our  own  ; restoration, 
tile  act  of  another.  The  recovery  of  property  is  affected 
by  one's  self;  the  restoration  of  property  is  made  by 
another.  — Recovery  from  sickness ; restoration  of 
health. 

f REC'RE-ANCE,  n.  Recreancy.  Chaucer. 

llEC'RE-AN-CY,  n.  The  state  of  a recreant;  das- 
tardliness. Wright. 

REC'RE-ANT,  a.  [Of  uncertain  etymology. — 
From  Fr.  recrier,  recriant,  to  cry  out.  Johnson. 
— From  Fr.  recreant,  wearied,  out  of  heart, 
faint-hearted.  Todd.  — From  L.  re,  again,  back, 
and  credo,  to  believe.  Skinner. — “The  Low  L. 
recredere  was  in  common  use  in  legal  proceed- 
ings. AVhen  slaves,  upon  trial  of  their  claim 
to  freedom,  were  found  to  have  no  just  claim, 
they  were  said  reddere  ct  rccrcderc  se  to  their 
masters ; hence  those  were  said  recredere  se 
who  acknowledged  themselves  defeated  or  con- 
quered.” Richardson .] 

1.  Cowardly  ; dastardly ; faint-hearted ; mean- 
spirited;  yielding.  “ Recreant  in  the  fray. "Pope. 

On  pain  to  be  found  false  and  recreant.  S/tak. 

2.  Apostate  ; false  ; treacherous  ; faithless. 

"Who,  for  so  many  benefits  received. 

Turned  recreant  to  God,  ingrate,  and  false.  Milton. 

REC'RE-ANT,  n.  A coward  ; a dastard  : — an 
apostate  ; a renegade.  _ Spenser. 

REC'RE-ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  recrco,  recreatus,  to  cre- 
ate anew,  to  refresh;  re,  again,  and  creo,  to 
create;  It.  ricreare ; Sp.  recrear;  Fr.  recrier. \ 
[(.  RECREATED  ; pp.  RECREATING,  RECREATED.] 

1.  To  give  fresh  life  or  spirit  to;  to  refresh, 
as  after  toil ; to  divert ; to  amuse  ; to  entertain. 

To  walk  abroad  and  recreate  yourselves.  Shak. 

St.  John,  who  recreated  himself  with  sporting  with  a tame 
partridge.  Bp.  Taylor. 

2.  To  delight;  to  gratify;  to  please.  Reynolds. 

These  ripe  fruits  recreate  the  nostrils  with  their  aromatic 
scent.  More. 

3.  To  relieve  ; to  revive  ; to  reanimate. 

The  open  air,  which,  inspired  fresh,  doth  exceedingly  rec- 
reate the  lungs,  heart,  and  vital  spirits.  JIarvey. 

RfiC'R  E-ATE,  v.n.  To  take  recreation.  L.  Addison. 

RE-CRE-ATE',  v.  a.  To  create  anew.  Donne. 

RE-CRE-A'TION,  n.  [L.  recreatio .]  The  act  of 
creating  anew ; a new  creation.  Walker. 

REC-R  E~  A 'T1  ON,  n.  [L  .recreatio-,  It.  ricreazione  \ 
Sp.  rccrcacion  ; Fr.  recreation.] 

1.  Relief  or  refreshment  after  toil  or  pain. 

The  chief  rerrea  ion  she  could  find,  in  her  anguish,  was 

sometime  to  visit  that  place.  Sidney. 

2.  Amusement ; diversion  ; pastime  ; sport. 

Let  the  world  have  their  May-games,  wakes,  . . . and  what- 
ever sports  and  recreation s please  them,  provided  they  be  fol- 
lowed with  discretion.  Burton. 

Syn.  — See  Amusement. 

REC'R E-A-TJVE,  a.  [It.  ricreativo  ; Sp.  recrea- 
tivo ; Fr.  recreatif.] 

1.  Serving  to  recreate  ; giving  relief  after  toil 

or  pain  ; refreshing.  Bp.  Taylor. 

2.  Amusing  ; diverting.  Boyle. 

REC'R E-A-TIVE-Ly,  ad.  With  recreation  or  di- 
version. Sherwood. 

REC'R E-A-T(VE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
recreative.  Johnson. 

REC'RE-MfiNT,  n.  [L.  recrementum ; re,  again, 
and  cerno,  crevi,  to  separate  ; It.  A Sp.  recre- 
ment o ; Fr.  recrement.) 

1.  Superfluous  matter  separated  from  the  use- 
ful ; scoria  ; dross  ; spume  ; dregs.  Bp.  Ilall. 

2.  (Med.)  A humor  separated  from  the  blood, 
and  afterwards  returned  to  it.  as  the  saliva,  the 
secretion  of  serous  membranes,  &c.  Dunglison. 

Syn.  — See  Dregs. 

REC-RE-MENT'AL,  a.  Recremcntitious  ; recre- 
mentitial.  “ The  recremental  fume.” Armstrong. 

REC-RE-MEN-TI''TIAL  (-tlsh'sd),  a.  Consisting 
of,  or  pertaining  to,  recrement;  recremental; 
recrementitious  ; drossy.  Dunglison. 

REC-RE-MEN-TI''TIOUS  (-tish'us),  a.  Consisting 
of,  or  pertaining  to,  recrement ; drossy  ; recre- 
mental ; recrementitial.  Boyle. 

RE-CRIM'1-NATE,  v.  n.  [It.  recriminare,  from  L. 
re,  again,  and  criminor,  to  accuse  ; crimen,  an 
accusation  : Sp.  rccriminar ; Fr.  recriminer.) 

[ i . recriminated;  pp.  recriminating,  re- 
criminated.] To  return  one  accusation  with 
another.  Stillingfleet. 


RE-CRIM'J-NATE,  v.a.  Toaccusein  return.  South. 

RE-CRIM-1-nA'TION,  n.  [It.  recriminazione  ; Sp. 
recriminat  ion  ; Fr.  recrimination.)  The  act  of- 
recriminating;  an  accusation  made  by  a person 
accused  against  his  accuser.  Bolingbroke. 

RE'CRIM'I-NA-TlVE,  a.  Returning  crimination  ; 
recriminatory.  Qu.  Rev. 

RE-CRLvI'J-KA-TOR,  n.  One  who  recriminates. 

RE-CRlM'I-NA-TO-RY,  a.  That  recriminates; 
retorting  accusation.  Burke. 

RE-CROSS',  v.  a.  To  cross  again.  Wright. 

t RE-URU'DEN-CY,  n.  Recrudescency.  Bacon. 

RE-CRU-DES'OENCE,  ) rT  j 

_ , ’In.  [L.  recrudesco,  re- 

RE-ORU-DES  CEN-CY,  ) crudcseens,  to  become 
raw  again,  as  a wound  ; It.  recrudescenza ; Fr. 
recrudescence.) 

1.  I he  state  of  becoming  sore  again,  as  a 

wound.  Bailey. 

2.  (Med.)  The  increase  of  a disease  after  a 

temporary  remission.  Dunglison. 

RE-CRU-DES'CENT,  a.  Growing  sore,  raw,  or 
painful  again,  as  a wound.  Bailey. 

RE-CRUIT'  (re-krut'),  v.  a.  [It.  rcclutare  ; Sp.  re- 
clutar ; Fr.  recruter, — according  to  Duchat,  from 
recroitre,  to  create  anew,  from  L.  cresco,  to  in- 
crease.] [(.  RECRUITED  ; pp.  RECRUITING,  RE- 
CRUITED.] 

1.  To  repair  by  new  supplies  ; to  replenish. 

What  hosts  of  heavenly  lights  recruit  the  day!  Granville. 

2.  To  renew  or  recover  the  strength,  spirits, 
or  health  of;  to  refresh  ; to  restore;  to  revive. 

We  toil  till  we  are  weary,  and  have  exhausted  onr  strength 
and  spirits,  and  then  we"  think  to  refresh  and  recruit  our- 
selves. South. 

3.  To  supply  with  new  men  or  troops,  as  an 

army  ; to  reinforce.  Clarendon. 

Syn.  — See  Recover. 

RE-CRUIT'  (re-krut'),  v.  n.  1.  To  procure  sup- 
plies of  men  or  troops  ; to  raise  new  soldiers. 

The  French  liave  only  Switzerland  besides  their  own 
country  to  recruit  in.  Addison. 

2.  To  gain  new  strength,  health,  or  spirits ; to 
be  refreshed  or  restored  ; to  revive.  Smart. 

RE-CRUIT'  (re-krut'),  n.  1.  A fresh  supply.  “ The 
recruit  of  the  army.”  Clarendon. 

2.  A substitute  "for  something  wanted,  [r.] 

Whatever  nature  has  in  worth  denied. 

She  gives  in  large  recruits  of.needful  pride.  Tope. 

3.  A newly  enlisted  soldier.  Dryden. 

RE-CRUIT'ER,  n.  One  who  recruits.  Wood. 

RE-CRUIT'ING,  p.  a.  Procuring,  or  pertaining  to, 
recruits.  “ The  recruiting  service.”  Stocqueler. 

RE-CRUIT'MENT,  n.  Act  of  recruiting.  Smart. 

RE-CRYS-TAL-LI-ZA'TION,  n.  The  process  of 
recrystallizing  ; a second  crystallization.  Clarke. 

RE-CRYS'TAL-LlZE,  V.  n.  To  crystallize  anew 
or  a second  time.  Wright. 

REC'TAL,  a.  (Anat.)  Pertaining  to  the  rectum. 

“ Rectal  tube.”  Dunglison. 

REC'tAn-GLE,  n.  [L.  rectus,  right,  and  i ; 

anguhts,  angle.]  (Geom.)  A parallelo- 
gram whose  angles  are  all  right  angles. 

The  equilateral  rectangle  is  a square.  Davies. 

REC'TAN-GLE,  a.  Rectangular.  Browne. 


REC'TAN-GLED  (rek'tang-gld),  a. 
right-angled. 


Rectangular ; 
Johnson. 


REC-TAN'GU-LAR  (rEk-tSng'gu-ljr),  a.  Having 
right  angles  ; right-angled. 

Rectangular  coordinates,  a system  of  coordinates  in 
which  the  axes  are  at  right  angles  to  each  other.  Eliot. 
— Rectangular  solid,  ( Gcom.  a solid  whose  axis  is 
perpendicular  to  its  base,  as  a regular  pyramid.  Hutton. 

REC-TAN'GU-LAR-LY,  ad.  So  as  to  make  a right 
angle  ; with  right  angles.  Browne. 

Rectangularly  polarized,  (Opt.)  oppositely  polarized. 

REC-TAN'GU-LAR-NESS,  ? The  quality  of  he- 

REC-TAN-GU-LAR'l-TY,  ) ing  rectangular.  Ash. 

REC'TI-FI-A-BLE,  a.  1.  Capable  of  being  recti- 
fied. Browne. 

2.  (Math.)  Noting  curves  such  that  straight 
linps  can  be  constructed  equal  to  any  definite 
portion  of  them.  Davies. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  0,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  E>  l,  9,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


RECTIFICATION 


1197 


RECUSSION 


REC-TI-FI-CA'TION,  n.  [It.  rettificazionc  ; Sp. 
rectificacion-,  Fr.  rectification.'] 

1.  The  act  or  the  process  of  rectifying,  cor- 
recting, or  setting  right.  Burton. 

2.  ( Chcm .)  The  process  of  purifying  or  refin- 
ing by  distillation.  Daniel. 

Rectification  of  a curve,  {Math.)  the  operation  of 
finding  an  expression  for  the  length  of  a definite  por- 
tion of  the  curve.  Davies.  — Rectification  of  motion, 
tlie  act  oroperatiou  of  so  modifying  motion  as  to  ren- 
der it  rectilineal.  Yout ig.  — Rectification  of  a globe, 
tlie  adjustment  of  an  artificial  globe  for  solving  any 
proposed  problem. 

REC'TI-Fl-ER,  n.  1.  One  who,  or  that  which, 

rectifies.  _ Swift. 

2.  An  instrument  for  determining  the  varia- 
tion of  the  compass,  in  order  to  rectify  the 
course  of  a vessel.  Scott. 

REC'TI-FY,  v.  a.  [L.  rectus,  right,  and  /act’d,  to 
make;  It.  rettificare  ; Sp.  rectificar-,  Fr.  recti- 
fier.] [i.  RECTIFIED  ; pp.  RECTIFYING,  RECTI- 
FIED.] 

1.  To  make  or  set  right ; to  correct  ; to  re- 
form ; to  redress  ; to  amend.  Addison. 

That  wherein  unsounder  times  have  done  amiss,  the  better 
ages  ensuing  must  rectify  as  they  may.  Honker. 

2.  To  adjust,  as  a globe,  in  preparation  for 

doing  something  proposed.  Hutton. 

3.  ( Chem .)  To  purify  or  refine  by  distillation  _ 

REC-TI-LIN'E-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  bounded 
by,  right  lines  ; rectilinear.  Brande. 

REC-TI-LIN'E-AL-LY,  ad.  In  a rectilineal  or 
straight  line  ; rectilinearly.  Clarke. 

REC-TJ-LlN'p-AR,  a.  [L.  rectus,  right,  and  tinea, 
a line;  It.  rettilineo  ; Sp.  rectilineo ; Fr . rccti- 
ligne .]  Relating  to,  consisting  of,  or  bounded  by, 
straight  lines  ; right-lined ; rectilineal.  Newton. 

Rectilinear  system  of  coordinates,  a system  of  coordi- 
nates in  which  points  are  referred  to  right  lines  as 
axes.  Davies. 

REC-TI-EIN-p-AR'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being 
rectilinear,  or  in  right  lines.  Coleridge. 

REC-Tl-LlN'f.-AR-LY,  ad.  In  a rectilinear  or 
straight  line  ; rectilineaUy.  IT  right. 

REO-Tf-LIN'E-OUS,  a.  Rectilinear,  [r.]  Rag. 
REC'TI-0  (rek'she-o),  n.  [L.  rectio  ; rego,  rectus, 
to  rule.]  Government.  Charles  Readc. 

REC'TION  (rek'shun),  n.  (Gram.)  State  or  power 
of  one  word  requiring  another  to  be  put  in  a 
certain  case  or  mode  ; government.  Gibbs. 

REC'Tr-TUDE,  n.  [L.  rectitudo ; rectus,  right; 

It.  rettituiline ; Sp.  rectified ; Fr.  rectitude.] 

1.  Rightness  of  motive  or  conduct;  freedom 
from  moral  obliquity  ; conformity  to  human  and 
divine  laws  ; uprightness  ; integrity  ; probity  ; 
equity  ; justice  ; honesty. 

Nor  is  the  lowest  herd  incapable  of  that  sinccrest  of  pleas- 
ures, the  consciousness  of  acting  right;  for  rectitude  does  not 
consist  in  extensiveness  of  knowledge,  but  in  doing  the  best 
according  to  the  lights  afforded.  Tucker. 

2.  Right  judgment ; — a philosophical  term. 
They  perceive  a result;  but  they  think  little  of  the  multi- 
tude of  concurrences  and  rectitudes  which  go  to  form  i t.Pcilcy. 

3.  Straightness,  as  of  a line,  [it.]  Johnson. 
Syn. — Uprightness  is  a rather  stronger  term  than 

rectitude.  Rectitude  of  conduct  or  judgment ; upright- 
ness of  principle  or  character ; equity  in  the  distribu- 
tion of  rewards  and  punishments  ; justice  for  tlie  se- 
curity of  the  rights  of  property  ; honesty  of  the  person 
or  action  ; strict  integrity  or  probity  of  the  person  or 
character. 


REC'TOR-ESS,  n.  A governess.  Drayton. 

RlJC-Tp'RJ-AL,  a.  Relating  to  a rectory  or  to  a 
rector.  C otgrave. 

REC'TOR-SHlP,  n.  The  rank  or  the  office  of  a 
rector ; rectorate.  Shale. 

REO'TQ-RY,  n.  1.  The  state  or  the  office  of  a 
rectory  ; rectorate.  Spelman. 

2.  In  England,  an  entire  parish  church,  with 

all  its  rights,  glebes,  tithes,  and  other  profits  ; a 
benefice.  Spelman. 

3.  A rector’s  parsonage-house.  Burrill. 

fREC  ri!  ESS,  / [L.  rectrix.]  A governess; 

f REC'TRJX,  ) a rectoress.  B.  Jonson. 

REC'TUM,  n.  [L.  rectus,  straight.]  ( Anat .)  The 
third  and  last  portion  of  the  great  intestine  re- 
ceiving the  fecal  matters  from  the  colon,  and 
opening  outwards  by  the  anus.  Dunylison. 

REt’TUS  IJY  CU'RI-A.  [L.]  (into.)  Right  in 
court ; free  from  charge  or  impeachment ; stand- 
ing at  the  bar  and  no  man  objecting  against 
him  on  account  of  any  offence.  Burrill. 

REC-U-BA'TION,  71.  [L.  recubo,  recubatum,  tp  lie 
on  the  back.]  Act  of  lying  or  leaning.  Browne. 

fRE-CUEE',  v.  7i.  [Fr.  reculer.]  To  fall  back; 
to  recoil ; to  retreat.  Spenser. 

fRE-CULE',  71.  Recoil;  retreat.  Ifolinshed. 

f Rp-CULE'MpN’T,  71.  The  act  of  recoiling  or 
springing  back.  Hammond. 

RE-CUL'TI-VATE,  v.  a.  To  cultivate  or  till  again 
or  anew.  Howell. 

f RE-CUMB'  (re-kum'),  v.  n.  [L.  recumbo;  re, 
again,  back,  and  cumbo,  to  lie  down.]  To  lie 
or  lean  ; to  recline  ; to  repose,  [r.]  Allen. 

RIJ-CUM'BIJNCE,  n.  Recumbency.  North. 

RF-CUM'BpiV-CY,  71.  The  act  or  the  posture  of 
lying  or  leaning,  as  for  repose ; recumbence. 
“ Places  of  festival  recumbency .”  Browne. 

Rp-CUM'BENT,  a.  1.  Leaning;  reclining. 

The  Roman  recumbent . . . posture  in  eating.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  Reposing  ; inactive  ; listless.  Young. 

RE-CUM'BENT-LY,  ad.  In  a recumbent  posture. 

RE-CU'PER-A-BLE,  a.  [It.  rocuperabile ; Sp.  re- 
cuperable ; Fr.  ricupirable .]  That  may  be  re- 
covered ; recoverable,  [it.]  Chaucer. 

Rp-CU'PER-ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  rccupero,  recuperatus ; 
re,  again,  and  capio,  to  take.]  To  recover  ; to 
regain,  [it.]  N.  Biddle. 

RE-CU-PER-A'TION,  n.  [L.  recuperatio ; It.  re- 
citperazione ; Sp.  reoitperacion  ; Fr.  recupera- 
tion.] Recovery,  as  of  something  lost,  [it.]  More. 

Rp-CU'PER-A-Tl VE,  a.  Pertaining,  or  tending, 
to  recovery ; restorative,  [it.]  Cockeram. 

RE-CU'PER- A-TO-RY,g.  Recuperative. [it.] Bailey. 

R^-CUR',  v.  n.  [L.  recurro  ; re,  again,  and  curro, 
to  run  ; It.  ricorrere ; Sp.  recurrir  ; Fr.  reeourir.] 
[i.  recurred;  pp.  recurring,  recurred.] 

1.  To  run  or  go  back,  as  for  aid  or  help  ; to 
have  recourse ; to  resort ; to  revert.  Locke. 

The  second  cause  we  know,  but  trouble  not  ourselves  to 
recur  to  the  first.  Wake. 

2.  To  return  to  the  thought  or  mind.  Calamy. 

When  any  word  has  been  used  to  signify  an  idea,  that  old 
idea  will  recur  in  the  mind  when  the  word  is  heard.  Watts. 


extremity  to  the  other,  furnish  two  different 
numbers,  which  succeed  each  other  several 
times,  as,  4,  8,  4,  8,  4.  Cleaveland. 

RE-CUR' RING,  p.  a.  Returning  at  intervals  ; re- 
current. 

Recurring  decimals,  ( Arith .)  same  as  CIRCULATING 
or  Repeating  Decimals.  See  Circulating.— 

Recurring  scries,  (Math.)  a series  in  which  each  term 
is  equal  to  the  algebraic  sum  of  the  products  obtained 
by  multiplying  one  or  more  of  tlie  preceding  terms  by 
certain  fixed  quantities,  which,  taken  in  their  order, 
are  called  the  scale  of  the  series.  Davies. 


f RE-CUR'SION,  7i.  [L.  recursio.]  Recurrence; 

return.  Boyle. 

RE-CUR'VATE,  v.  a.  [L.  recurro,  recurvatus .] 
L*.  RECURVATED  ; pp.  RECUR VATING,  RECUR- 
vated.]  To  bend  back;  to  recurve.  Pennant. 

RE-CUR- VA'TION,  7i.  The  act  of  recurvating; 
flexure  backwards.  Browne. 


RE-CURVE',  v.  a.  [L.  recurro ; re,  back,  and 
curro,  to  bend.]  To  bend  back.  Cockeram. 

RE-CURVED',  a.  ( Bot .)  Curved  outwards  or  back- 
wards ; recurvous  ; recurvated.  Gray. 


RF.-CUR-VI-ROS'TER,  7i.  [L.  recurrus,  bent  hack, 
and  rostrum,  a beak.]  ( Ornith .)  One  of  the 
Recurrirostrina.  Wright. 


nr.-c,  u u-  ri-n  uo-  / til  J\J±t,7l.  (Ur- 
nith.)  A sub-family  of  birds  of 
the  order  Gral- 
lce  and  family 
Scolopacidce  ; 
avocets.  Gray. 


Recurvirostra  avocetta. 


RE-CUR'VI-TY,  n.  A bending  or  flexure  back- 
wards; recurvation.  Bailey. 

RE-CUR' VO-PAT'ENT,  a.  (Bot.)  Bent  back  and 
spreading.  Loudon. 

RE-CUR' VOUS,  a.  [L.  recurrus .]  Bent  back- 
wards; recurved;  recurvated.  Da-hum. 

||  RE-CU'§AN-CY,  n.  The  tenets  or  the  practice 
of  a recusant ; nonconformity.  Coke. 


II  RE-CU'§ANT,  or  REC'U-SjANT  [re-ku'zant,  P.  J. 
E.  Ja.  R.  Wb. ; rek'ku-zant,  ,N.  A".  Sm.  C. ; re- 
ku'zjnt  or  rek'ku-zant,  IF.  Wr.] , n.  [L.  reettso, 
recusans,  to  object  to,  to  refuse  ; Sp.  recusantc .] 

1.  (Eng.  Hist.)  One  who  refused  to  acknowl- 
edge the  king’s  supremacy  in  matters  of  religion, 
when,  in  1534,  the  Parliament  set  aside  the 
pope’s  supremacy,  and  declared  the  supremacy 
of  Henry  VIII.,  as  head  of  the  church.  Eden. 

2.  One  who  refuses  to  conform  to  the  Church 

of  England ; a nonconformist.  Hook. 

3.  One  who  refuses  to  acknowledge  some 

principle  or  party.  Smart. 

jG®*"!  must,  in  this  word,  retract  my  former  opin- 
ion, and  give  the  preference  to  the  accent  an  tlie  sec- 
ond sj  liable.  Mr.  Sheridan  and  W.  Johnston  might, 
like  myself,  suppose  usage  on  their  side  ; but  the  au- 
thority of  Drs.  Johnson,  Ash.  Kenrick,  Mr.  Nares, 
Perry,  Barclay,  Fenning,  Bailey,  Dyclie,  and  Entick 
is  sufficient  to  make  us  suspect  that  usage  lias  not  so 
clearly  decided  ; and  therefore,  though  some  words  of 
this  form  and  number  of  syllables  depart  from  the  ac- 
centuation of  tlie  Latin  words  from  which  they  are 
derived,  — as  ignorant,  laborant , adjutant,  permanent, 
confident,  &c.,  — yet  the  general  rule  seems  to  incline 
to  the  preservation  of  the  accent  of  tlie  original,  when 
tlie  same  number  of  syllables  is  preserved  iu  the  Eng- 
lish word  ; to  say  nothing  of  the  more  immediate  for- 
mation of  this  word  from  the  judicial  verb  to  recuse.” 
Walker. 


REC'TO,  7i.  [L.  rectus,  right.]  (Law.)  A writ  of 

right.  Whishaw. 

REC'TOR,  n.  [L.  rector-,  rego,  rectus,  to  rule; 
It.  rettore-,  Sp.  rector-,  Fr.  rectcur.] 

1.  A ruler;  a governor.  “God  is  the  su- 
preme rector  of  the  world.”  [r.]  Hale. 

2.  In  the  English  Church,  a clergyman  who 
has  the  charge  and  cure  of  a parish,  together 
with  all  the  tithes,  &c ; a pastor  ; a clergyman. 

3.  A title  sometimes  given  to  the  chief  officer 
of  a college  or  a university,  and  also  to  the  head 
master  of  a large  school.  Ayliffe.  Brande. 

4.  The  superior  officer  of  a convent.  Hook. 

5.  Among  the  Jesuits,  the  superior  officer  of 

a seminary  or  college.  London  Ency. 

Syn.  — See  Clergyman. 

REC'TOR-ATE,  n.  The  office,  or  the  state,  of 
a rector  ; rectorship.  Wm.  IJowitt. 


t RE-CURE',  v.  a.  1.  To  recover ; to  regain. 
“ You  shall  recure  my  right.”  Spenser. 

2.  To  recover  from  sickness  ; to  cure.  Milton. 

f RE-CURE',  7i.  Cure  ; remedy  ; recovery.  SackviUe. 

fRE-CURE'LESS,  a.  Irremediable.  Bp.  Hall. 

RE-CUR'RENCE,  n.  The  act  of  recurring  ; re- 
turn ; recurrency.  • BroW7ie. 

RE-CUR'REN-CY,  71.  Return  ; recurrence. 

RE-CUR'RENT,  a.  [It.  ricorrente ; Fr.  recurrent  ] 

1.  Recurring  from  time  to  time  ; returning  at 

intervals.  “ Recurrent  pains.”  Harvey. 

2.  (Anat.)  Noting  certain  arterial  and  ner- 

vous branches  which  seem  to  reasoend  towards 
the  origin  of  the  trunk  from  which  they  ema- 
nate. Dunglison. 

3.  (Crystallography.)  Noting  crystals  whose 
faces,  being  counted  in  annular  ranges  from  one 


||  RE-CU'§ANT,  a.  Refusing  to  acknowledge  the 
king’s  supremacy  in  matters  of  religion,  or  to 
conform  to  the  English  Church.  Clarendon. 

REC-U-§A'TION,  n.  [L.  recusatio ; It.  recusa- 
zione  ; Sp.  recusacion ; Fr.  recusation.] 

1.  -f  Refusal.  Cotgrare. 

2.  { Civil  & Canon  Law.)  Rejection  of  a judge  ; 

disapprobation  of,  or  objection  to,  a person  pro- 
posed or  appointed  as  a judge.  Bouvicr. 

RJJ-CU'f  A-TlVE,  a.  That  recuses;  refusing;  de- 
nying ; negative.  Bp.  Taylor. 

f RE-CUijE',  v.  a.  [L.  reeuso,  to  refuse  ; It.  rieu- 
sare ; Sp.  recusar ; Fr.  recuser.]  (Law.)  To 
object  against,  as  a judge  ; to  refuse.  Ayliffe. 

RE-CUS'SION  (re-kush'un),  ?i.  [L.  recutio,  recus- 

sus,  to  make  to  rebound  ; re,  back,  and  quatio, 
to  beat.]  Act  of  beating  back.  Maunder. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RtlLE.  — (J,  9,  g,  soft ; C,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  If  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


RED 


1198 


RED-GUM 


KEI),  a.  [Goth,  rands  ; A.  S.  rear!,  read,  rad,  red; 
Dut.  rood  ; Gcr.  roth ; Dan.  rod  ; S\v.  rad.  — 
W.  rhudd  ; Ir . ruadh. — Russ,  rdeyu.  — Sansc. 
rudhira. — L.  ruber  ; It.  rosso-,  Sp.  rojo;  Ft. 
rouge. — Gr.  jouWouj.]  Of  a color  resembling 
that  of  arterial  blood  ; crimson.  Shale. 

Red.  man,  one  of  the  copper-colored  aborigines  of 
America  ; an  American  Indian.. — Red  orpiment,  a pig- 
ment ; realgar.  Fuirlwlt. 

RED,  n.  1.  A red  color  ; a color  resembling  that 
of  arterial  blood;  one  of  the  primitive  colors,  of 
which  there  are  many  varieties,  as  crimson,  scar- 
let, vermilion,  orange-red,  chrome-red,  Indian 
red,  &c. 

The  sixth  red  was  at  first  of  a very  fair  and  lively  scarlet, 
anil,  soon  after,  of  a brighter  color,  being  very  pure  and  brisk, 
and  the  best  of  all  the  rede.  ' Newton. 

2.  pi.  (Med.)  Catamenial  discharges ; the 
menses.  Dunglison. 

RE-DACT',  v.  a.  [L.  redigo,  redactus  ; re,  again, 
back,  and  ago,  to  drive.]  To  force,  bring,  or  re- 
duce to  form,  [b.]  Bp.  Hall.  I Vest.  Rev. 

Rp-DAc'TION,  n.  The  act  of  digesting  or  redu- 
cing to  form,  as  literary  materials.  [it..]  Ed.  Mag. 

Rp-DAN',  or  RE'DAN  [re-dan',  Sm.  T FS  ; re'd.511, 
Cl.  Brande],  n.  [Fr.] 

1.  (Fort.)  A field-work  composed  of  two  faces 

meeting  in  a salient  angle  directed  towards  the 
enemy.  Gloss,  of  Mil.  Terms. 

2.  A projection  in  a wall  on  uneven  ground 

to  render  it  level.  Craig. 

Syn.  — See  Fortification. 

RED'— ANT,  n.  ( Ent .)  A small  species  of  ant,  of 
a red  color  ; Myrmicci  rubra.  Booth. 

RED'— AN'TI-MO-NY,  n.  (Min.)  A red  crystalline 
mineral,  consisting  of  oxide  of  antimony  and 
sulphuret  of  antimony.  Dana. 

t RE-DAR'GUE,  v.  a.  [L.  redargue ; re,  back,  and 
arguo,  to  charge.]  To  refute.  Hakeioill. 

t RED-AR-GQ'TION,  n.  A refutation.  Bacon. 

f RED-AR'GU-TO-RY,  a.  Pertaining  to  refuta- 
tion ; that  redargues  or  refutes.  Carcw. 

RED'— ASH,  n.  (Bnt.)  A spreading  tree,  with  a 
trunk  covered  with  a dark-ashy,  or  granite-gray 
■bark  ; Fraxinus  pubescent ; — distinguished  from 
the  white-ash  by  the  down  on  the  recent 
branches,  on  the  foot-stalks,  and  on  the  lower 
leaves.  Emerson. 

RED'— BACKED  (-bakt),  a.  Having  a red  back. 

RED'— BAY,  n.  (Bot.)  A tree  found  in  swamps  in 
some  of  the  southern  parts  of  the  United  States, 
bearing  dark-blue  berries  on  a red  stalk  ; Parsed 
Carolinensis,  or  Laurits  Carolinensis.  Gray. 

RED'— BEIl-RIED,  a.  Bearing  red  berries.  Miller. 

RED'— BIRCH,  n.  (Bot.)  A tree  with  bark  of  an 
ochrey,  orange-red  color  in  the  interior,  and  with  I 
a close-grained,  hard  wood,  useful  for  fuel  and 
for  the  arts  ; Bctula  nigra.  Emerson. 

RED'— BIRD,  n.  A bird  of  a red  color,  or  spotted 
with  red,  as  of  the  genus  Tanagra.  Swainson. 

RED'— BOOK  (-huk),  n.  A book  containing  the 
names  of  all  the  persons  in  the  service  of  the 
British  government.  Brande. 

Red-book  of  the  exchequer,  an  ancient  volume,  in 
manuscript,  containing  several  miscellaneous  trea- 
tises, an  account  of  the  number  of  bides  of  land  in 
several  counties  before  the  conquest,  a collection  of 
.the  cscuages  under  Henry  IE,  Richard  I.,  and  John, 
and  a description  of  the  ceremonies  used  at  the  coro- 
nation of  tiu ceil  Eleanor,  wife  to  Henry  III.,  with 
other  matters.  Cowell. 

RED'BrAnCH-TNG,  a.  Having  red  branches.  I 
“ Redbrattching  coral.”  Savage,  j 

RED'BREAST,  n.  A bird,  so  named  from  the 
color  of  its  breast,  as  the  robin.  Thomson. 

RED’— BREAST-ED,  a.  Having  a red  breast. 

RED'— BROWN,  a.  (Bot.)  Brown  mixed  with  red. 

RED'BUD,  n.  (Bot.)  A leguminous  tree  of  the 
genus  Cercis,  bearing  reddish-purple  flowers, 
which  appear  before  the  leaves,  in  little  clus-’ 
ters,  resembling  umbels,  along  the  branches ; 
Judas-tree.  Gray. 

RED'— BURN-ING,  a.  Having  a fiery  color.  “Red- 
burning  coals.”  Ben.  Jonson. 

R ED'— CA  P,  n.  1.  (Ornith.)  A bird  having  the  top 
of  the  head  red;  a species  of  goldfinch.  Booth. 


2.  A spectre  with  long  teeth,  supposed  to 
haunt  old  castles  in  Scotland.  Jamieson. 

RED'— CE-DAR,  n.  (Bot.)  An  evergreen  tree, 
abundant  on  both  continents,  having  a close- 
grained,  compact  texture,  and  an  aroma  that 
repels  insects;  Juniperus  Viryiniana ; — applied 
to  many  useful  purposes,  and  so  called  from 
the  red  color  of  the  heart- wood.  Emerson. 

RED'— CHALK  (-chSuvk),  n.  (Min.)  A red  argil- 
laceous iron  ore,  of  an  earthy  appearance,  and 
containing  but  little  iron  ; reddle  ; — used  as  a 
drawing  material.  Dana. 

flOP  Its  color  is  red  of  various  shades,  as  brownish- 
red,  cherry  or  blood-red,  and  sometimes  nearly  brick- 
red.  Its  hardness  differs  little  from  that  of  chalk.  In 
making  pencils,  it  is  sometimes  reduced  to  a powder, 
formed  into  a paste  with  gum  arabic,  and  moulded 
into  cylinders.  Clcavcland. 

RED'— CHEEKED  (-chekt),  a.  Having  red  cheeks. 

RED'cO AT,  n.  An  English  soldier,  in  contempt. 

RED'— COAT-pD,  a.  Having  a red  coat.  Scott. 

RED'— COP-PEIi,  n.  (Min.)  A mineral  of  various 
shades  of  red,  consisting  of  oxide  of  copper.  It 
occurs  in  octahedral  crystals,  and  also  massive, 
granular,  and  earthy.  Dana. 

RED'— COR-AL,  n.  A branched  zobphyte,  consist- 
ing of  a bright-red,  stony  axis,  invested  with  a 
pale-blue  fleshy  substance,  studded  over  with 
cellular  polypi ; Coralliurn  rubrum.  Baird. 

Hup  Red-coral,  which  is  susceptible  of  a high  pol- 
ish, adapting  it  for  making  beads  and  other  trinkets, 
is  an  article  of  very  profitable  trade  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean, where  it  is  chiefly  found.  Baird. 

RED'CROSS,  a.  Bearing  a cross  of  a red  color. 

When  Arthur  ranged  his  redcross  ranks.  Warton. 

RED'— CUR-RANT,  n.  (Bot.)  A deciduous  shrub 
indigenous  in  the  northern  countries  of  Europe 
and  in  the  northern  part  of  America,  and  much 
cultivated  for  its  fruit,  which  bears  the  same 
name  ; Ribcs  rubrum.  Emerson. 

REI)'— DEAL,  n.  A name  applied  to  the  timber 
of  the  Scotch  pine  (Pinus  sylvestris),  which  is 
very  valuable  and  durable.  Loudon. 

RED'DEN  (red'dn),  v.  a.  [/".  REDDENED  ; pp.  KED- 
df.nin’G,  reddened.]  To  make  red.  Dryden. 

RED'DEN  (red'dn),  v.  n.  To  grow  or  become  red  ; 
to  blush.  Addison. 

RED-DEW  DUM.  [L.,  to  be  redeemed  or  yielded .] 
(Law.)  That  clause  in  a conveyance  by  which 
the  grantor  reserves  some  new  thing  to  himself, 
out  of  what  he  had  before  granted,  or  that  clause 
in  a lease  in  which  a rent  is  reserved  to  the 
lessor.  Burrill. 

RED'DjSH,  a.  Somewhat  red  ; inclining  to  red. 

A white  bright  spot,  somewhat  reddish.  Lev.  xiii.  24. 

RED'DjSH-NESS,  n.  Tendency  to  redness.  Boyle 

RpD-Dl''TION  (red-dTsh'un),  n.  [L.  redditio,  or 
reditio  ; reddo,  to  return  ; I’r.  reddition .] 

1.  The  act  of  returning  nr  restoring;  restitu- 
tion ; restoration  ; rendition.  Howell. 

2.  “Explanation  ; representation.  Milton. 

RED'DI-TlVE,  a.  [L.  redditivus .]  (Gram.)  Re- 
turning an  answer.  “Conjunctions  discretive, 
redditive , conditional.”  Instruction  for  Oratory. 

RED'DLE,  n.  (Min.)  Red-chalk.  — See  Red- 
chalk.  Dana. 

f RED'DOITR,  n.  [Fr.  roideur,  from  L.  rigor.] 
Strength;  firmness;  force;  vigor.  Chaucer. 

fREDE,  n.  [A.  S.  reed,  red ; Hut.  $ Dan.  raad  ; 
Scot,  rede.]  Counsel ; advice  ; read.  Shah,  j 

REDE,  v.  a.  To  counsel  ; to  advise.  [Local.]  North . j 

REDE,  n.  & v.  See  Read.  [Obsolete  or  local.] 

Rp-DEEM',  v.  a.  [L .redimo;  re,  again,  back,  and 
emo , to  purchase*  to  obtain  ; It.  redimere-,  Sp. 
redimir;  Fr.  redimer.]  [i.  redeemed  ; pp.  re- 
deeming, redeemed.] 

1.  To  buy  or  purchase  back  ; to  repurchase. 

If  thy  brother  be  waxen  poor,  and  hath  sold  away  some  of 

his  possession,  and  if  any  of  his  kin  come  to  redeem  it,  then 
shall  he  redeem  that  which  his  brother  sold.  Lev.  xxv.  25. 

2.  To  deliver,  recover,  or  rescue,  from  a state 
of  captivity,  penalty,  or  punishment,  by  paying 
a price ; to  ransom  ; to  liberate  ; to  free  ; to 
save.  “ Whom  he  redeemed  from  prison.”  Shah. 

3.  To  deliver  ; to  recover  ; to  rescue. 

Redeem  Israel.  ()  God,  out  of  all  his  troubles.  Ps.  xxv.  22. 


I wake  before  the  time  that  Romeo 

Comes  to  redeem  me.  Shale. 

4.  To  recompense  ; to  compensate;  to  atone 
for ; to  make  amends  for. 

Having  committed  a fault,  he  became  the  more  obsequious 
and  pliant  to  redeem  it.  Irotton. 

5.  To  pay  the  penalty  of;  to  suffer  for. 

"Which  of  you  will  be  mortal,  to  redeem 

Man’s  mortal  crime?  Milton. 

6.  To  improve  or  employ  to  the  best  purpose. 

Walk  in  wisdom  towards  them  that  are  without,  redeem- 
ing the  time.  Col.  iv.  5. 

Syn.  — See  Ransom. 

RE-DEEM' A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  redeemed  ; re- 
coverable.  Berkeley. 

Rp-DEEM' A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
redeemable.  Johnson. 

Rp-DEEM'pR,  n.  One  who  redeems;  a ransom- 

er; — a name  particularly  applied  to  Christ,  the 
Saviour  of  the  world.  Milton. 

R E-Dp-LlR'ER-ATE,  v.  a.  To  deliberate  upon 
again  ; to  reconsider.  Cotgrave. 

RE-Dp-LIB'pR-ATE,  v.  n.  To  deliberate  again; 
to  reconsider  any  thing.  Wright. 

RE-Dp-LI  V'pR,  v.  a.  To  deliver  back.  Ayliffe. 

RE-Dp-LI V'pR-ANCE,  n.  Redelivery.  Clarke. 

RE-DE-LI  V'pR-Y,  re.  The  act  of  delivering  back ; 
a second  or  new  delivery.  Bp.  Hall. 

RE-Dp-MAND',  v.  a.  To  demand  back  or  again. 
“ The  duke  redemands  his  prisoners.”  Addison. 

RE-Dp-MAND'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  redemand- 
ed. ' Wright. 

RE-DE-MI^E',  V.  a.  [f.  REDEMISED  ; pp.  redemis- 
ing, redemised.]  (Law.)  To  regrant  or  con- 
vey back,  as  an  estate.  Whishaw. 

RF.-Dp-MI§E',  re.  (Laic.)  The  act  of  redemising; 
a regrant  or  reconveyance,  as  of  lands.  Whishaw. 

Rp-DEMP'TION  (re-dem'shun),  re.  [L.  redemptio  ; 
It.  redenzione  ; Sp.  redencion  ; Fr.  redemption.] 

1.  The  act  of  redeeming,  or  the  state  of  being 
redeemed  ; deliverance  ; rescue. 

Utter  darkness  bis  place, 

Ordained  without  redemption , without  end.  Milton. 

2.  The  recovery  or  ransom  of  mankind  by  the 
mediation  of  Jesus  Christ ; salvation. 

Our  great  redemption  from  above  did  bring.  Milton. 

The  Saviour  Son  be  glorified, 

Who  for  lost  mail’s  redemption  died.  Drtjden. 

RP-DEMP'TION- A-Ry,  re.  Qne  who  is  redeemed 
or  ransomed.  Hackluyt. 

Rp-DEMP'TION-pR,  re.  A term  formerly  applied 
to  a foreign  emigrant,  who  sold  his  services  for 
a term  of  time  to  pay  for  his  passage  from  Eu- 
rope to  America.  J.  Boucher. 

Rp-DEMP'T[VE  (re-deni'tjv),  a.  Relating  to,  or 
procuring,  redemption.  Coleridge. 

Rp-DEM P'TO-RIST  (re-dem'to-rlst),  re.  (Eccl. 
Hist.)  One  of  a monastic  religious  order,  found- 
ed in  1732,  at  Naples,  by  Liguori,  and  some- 
times called  Liguorists.  Brande. 

,6©-  “ They  are  bound  by  the  usual  monastic  vows, 
and  devote  themselves  to  the  education  of  youth  and 
the  propagation'  of  Catholicism.  They  style  them- 
selves members  of  the  order  of  the  Holy  Redeemer, 
whence  their  name.”  Brande. 

Rp-DEMP'TO-RY  (re-dem'to-re),  a.  Paid  for  ran- 
som. “ Hector’s  redemptory  price.”  Chapman. 

RE-DENT'ED,  a.  Formed  like  the  teeth  of  a saw; 
indented ; notched.  Wright. 

RE-Dp-SCEND',  v.  re.  To  descend  again.  Howell. 

RED'EYE  (red'l),  re.  (Ich.)  A fish  of  the  genus 
Leuciscus,  remarkable  for  the  orange-red  color 
of  the  iris  ; the  rud ; Leuciscus  erythophthal- 
mus.  Yarrell. 

RED'— FIRE,  re.  A compound  of  nitrate  of  stron- 
tia,  sulphur,  antimony,  and  chlorate  of  potash, 
which  burns  with  a red  flame.  Hoblyn. 

RED'FLECKED  (-flekt),  a.  Spotted  with  red. 
“ Redftecked  eyes.”  Congreve. 

RED'— GUM,  re.  1.  (Med.)  An  eruption  of  red,  or 
sometimes  whitish  pimples,  occurring  in  early 
infancy,  chiefly  about  the  face,  neck,  and  arms, 
surrounded  by  a reddish  halo,  or  interrupted  by 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  0,  Y,  short;  A,  p,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


RED-ROOT 


RED-GUM-TREE 

irregular  patches  of  cutaneous  blush  ; tooth- 
rasli.  Dunglison. 

Xieg»“Dr.  Willan  says  that  this  is  a corruption  of 
Redrawn,  its  variegated  plots  of  red  upon  a pale 
ground  being  supposed  to  resemble  a piece  of  red 
printed  linen.”  Hublyn. 

2.  A disease  or  blight  in  grain.  Farm.  Ency. 

RED'-GUM-TREE,  n.  A lofty  evergreen  timber- 
tree  of  New  Holland,  which  produces  a gum- 
resin  useful  for  medical  purposes  ; Eucalyptus 
resinifera.  Loudon. 

RED'-HAlRED(-hird),  a.  Having  red  hair.  Orton. 

RED -HEAD,  n.  1.  A person  having  red  hair. 

2.  ( Bot .)  A plant,  the  leaves  of  which  are 
emetic ; Asclepias  Curassavica.  Dunglison. 

RED'-HEAD-pD,  a.  Having  a red  head.  Hill. 

RED-HEELED  (-held),  a.  Red  on  the  heel. 
“ Wearing  red-heeled  shoes.”  Tatler. 

RED-HI-b!''TION  (red-he-blsh'un),  n.  [L.  redhi- 
hitio  ; redhibeo,  to  give  back  ; re,  back,  and  ha- 
beo,  to  have.]  {Law.)  The  avoidance  of  a sale 
on  account  of  some  defect  in  the  thing  sold  ; — 
the  name  of  an  action  which  the  purchaser  of  a 
defective  movable  thing  may  bring  to  cause  the 
sale  to  be  annulled,  and  to  recover  the  price  he 
has  paid  for  it.  Bouvier. 

RpD-HIR'I-TO-RY,  a.  {Law.)  Pertaining  to  red- 
hibition. Burrill. 

RED'— HISS-ING,  a.  Glowing  like  fire,  and  mak- 
ing a hissing  sound. 

As  when  the  bolt  red-hissing  from  above, 

Darts  on  the  consecrated  plant  of  Jove.  Pope. 

RED'— HOT,  a.  Heated  to  redness  ; very  hot. 

The  red-hot  metal  hisses  in  the  lake.  Pope . 

RE'DI-ENT,  a.  [L.  redeo,  rediens,  to  go  back ; re, 
back,  and  eo,  to  go.]  Returning.  Clarke. 

RE-DI-(JrEST',  v.  a.  To  digest  again.  Good. 

RE-DI-MIN'ISH,  v.  a.  To  lessen  again.  Savage. 

Rp-DIN'TIJ-GRATE,  v.  a.  [L.  redintegro,  redin- 
tegratus ; It.  reintegrare ; Sp.  reintegrar;  Fr. 
reintigrer.]  To  restore  to  wholeness  or  sound- 
ness ; to  make  new ; to  renew ; to  renovate,  [li.] 

Redintegrate  the  frame,  first,  of  your  horse.  B.  Jonson . 

f Iip-DIN'TE-GRATE,  a.  Restored  to  wholeness 
or  soundness;  renewed;  renovated.  Bacon. 

RJp-DIN-TEl-GRA'TION,  n.  [L.  rediritegratio  ; It. 
reintegrazione  ; Fr.  reintegration .] 

1.  Restoration  to  wholeness  or  soundness ; 
renovation  ; renewal. 

When  Moses,  with  indignation  of  their  idolatry,  broke  the 
tables  of  the  law.  God  reestablished  them;  but  when,  for  a 
greater  guilt,  God  himself  broke  them,  there  is  no  possible 
redintegration.  Bate. 

2.  {Chem.)  The  restoration  of  a compound, 

whose  elements  have  been  separated,  to  its  for- 
mer constitution.  Boyle. 

RED'— JR'ON— ORE,  n.  {Min.)  An  uncrystallized 
variety  of  hematite.  Dana. 

RED'— IR'ON— VIT'RI-OL,  n.  {Min.)  A deep,  hya- 
cinth-red, crystalline  mineral  consisting  of  pro- 
tosulphate of  iron,  persulphate  of  iron,  sulphate 
of  magnesia,  and  water  ; — called  also  botryo- 
gen.  Dana. 

RE-DIS-BURSE',  v.  a.  To  refund.  Spenser. 

RE-DjS-COV'pR,  v.  a.  To  discover  anew.  Salmon. 

RE-DIS-POijiE',  v.  a.  To  dispose  anew.  A.  Baxter. 

RE-DIS-SEIZE'  (-sez'),  v.  a.  {Law.)  To  disseize 
anew  ; — written  also  disseise.  Coke. 

t RE-DIS-SEI'ZIN,  n.  {Eng.  Law.)  A second  dis- 
seizin of  a person  of  the  same  tenements,  and 
by  the  same  disseizor  as  in  a former  instance  : 
— a writ  which  lay  in  such  case.  Burrill. 

RE-DIS-SEI'ZOR,  n.  One  who  disseizes  again. 

RE-DIi-S-^iOLVE',  v.  a.  & n.  To  dissolve  or  melt 
again.  Boyle. 

RE-DIS-TRAIN'pR,  n.  One  who  distrains  repeat- 
edly. Blackstone. 

RE-DIS-TRlB'UTE,  v.  a.  To  distribute  anew;  to 
deal  back  again.  Cotgrave. 

RE-DIS-TRI-BU'TION,  n.  Act  of  redistributing  ; 
a new  distribution.  Clarke. 

t RE-Dl"TION,  n.  [L.reditio.]  A return  .Chapman. 

RE-Dt-VIDE',  v.  a.  To  divide  again.  Bp.  Hall. 


1199 

t RE-DI-VIVED',  a.  Revived.  Bp.  Hall. 

RED'— LAC,  n.  {Bot.)  An  evergreen  shrub,  being 
a species  of  sumach  ; Iihus  succedanea.  Loudon. 

RED— LEAD'  (-led),  n.  {Chem.)  A compound  of 
protoxide  and  peroxide  of  lead,  of  a red  color  ; 
minium; — used  in  the  manufacture  of  glass, 
in  coloring  sealing  wax,  &c.  Miller. 

RED— LEAD'— ORE,  n.  {Min.)  A mineral  of  various 
shades  of  bright  hyacinth-red,  sometimes  crys- 
talline, and  consisting  of  chromic  acid  and  pro- 
toxide of  lead  ; — called  also  crocoisite.  Dana. 

RED'— LEGGED  (-Iegd),  a.  Having  red  legs.  Hill. 

RED'— LET-TpR,  a.  Red-lettered:  — fortunate; 
auspicious;  as,  “ A red-letter  day .” 

,8®=-  “ In  the  old  calendars,  the  saints’  days  were 
marked  with  red  letters.”  Wright. 

RED'— LET-TpRED  *(-terd),  a.  Printed  with,  or 
having,  red  letters.  Savage. 

RED'— LICl-UOR,  n.  {Chem.)  A mordant  used  in 
calico  printing,  consisting  chiefly  of  acetate  of 
alumina.  Parnell. 

RED'LY,  ad.  With  redness.  Cotgrave. 

RED'— MAN-GA-NESE',  n.  {Min.)  A roserred  or 
brownish  mineral  consisting  chiefly  of  carbonate 
of  manganese  ; — called.also  diallogite.  Dana. 

RED'— MARL,  n.  (Geol.)  A name  often  applied  to 
the  new-red  sandstone.  Lyell. 

RED'— MA-PLE,  n.  {Bot.)  A tree  remarkable  for 
the  variety  of  hues  it  assumes  in  summer  and 
autumn,  and  applied  to  many  useful  purposes  ; 
Acer  rubrum.  Emerson. 

RED'— MINT,  n.  A species  of  mint.  Booth. 

RED'— MUL'BpR-RY,  n.  {Bot.)  A tree  cultivated 
from  very  ancient  times  for  ornament  and 
shade  ; Morus  rubra  ; — supposed  to  have  been 
originally  a native  of  Persia.  Emerson. 

RED'NpSS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  red.  Browne. 

RED'— OAK,  n.  {Bot.)  A species  of  oak  of  large 
size  and  remarkable  for  beauty  of  foliage  and  of 
trunk  ; Quercus  rubra.  Emerson ., 

RED'— O-GHRE  (-ker),  n.  {Min.)  A soft,  earthy 
variety  of  hematite  ; a peroxide  of  iron.  Dana. 

RED'O-LENCE,  ) n-  The  quality  of  being  redo- 

RED'O-LEN-CY,  ) lent;  sweet  scent;  odor;  fra- 
grance ; perfume. 

Breathing  an  aromatic  redolence.  Chaucer.  I 

Their  flowers  attract  spiders  with  their  rcdoleney.  Mortimer.  | 

RED'O-LENT,  a.  [L.  redoleo,  redolens,  to  emit 
a scent ; It.  redolente .]  Diffusing  fragrance, 
odor,  or  smell;  odoriferous;  fragrant;  sweet  of 
scent.  “ Honey  redolent  of  spring.”  Dryden. 

RE-DOUB'LE  (re-dub'bl),  v.  a.  [re  and  double-, — 
Fr.  redoubler.]  [i.  redoubled  ; pp.  redoub- 
ling, redoubled.]  To  double  again  ; to  in- 
crease by  doubling  ; to  augment  again  and  again. 

So  they  redoubled  strokes  upon  the  foe.  Shah. 

When  the  purpose  we  aim  at  does  not  ensue  upon  our  first 
endeavors,  the  mind  redoubles  her  efforts,  under  an  apprehen- 
sion that  a stronger  exertion  may 'succeed  where  a weaker 
did  not.  Tucker. 

RE-DOUB'I.E  (re-dub'bl),  V.  n.  To  double  again  ; 
to  become  twice  as  much  ; to  be  repeated. 

The  argument  redoubles  upon  us.  Addison. 

RE-DOUBT'  (re-dciut'),  n.  [It.  ridotto ; Sp.  reduc- 
to  ; Fr.  redoute  ; — from  L.  reduco,  reductus,  to 
lead  back,  to  withdraw.]  {Fort.)  A general 
name  for  field-works,  especially  those  which 
entirely  enclose  a post.  G/os.  of  Mil.  Terms. 

Syn.  — See  Fortification. 

t RE-DOUBT'  (re-dout'),  v.  a.  To  dread;  to  re- 
vere ; to  standi  in  awe  of.  Ld.  Berners. 

ltlJ-DOUBT' A-BLE  (re-diiut'a-bl),  a.  [Fr.  redoub- 
table ; redouter,  to  fear.]  Formidable  ; terrible 
to  foes  ; terrible  ; dreadful ; awful. 

The  queen  growing  more  redoubtable  and  famous  by  the 
overthrow  of  the  fleet  of  eighty-eight,  the  Easterlings  fell  to 
despair  of  doing  any  good.  Jlovcell. 

RE-DOUBT'fD,  a.  [Fr.  redoute.]  Formidable. 
“ Some  such  redoubted  knight.”  Spenser. 

RE-DOUND',  v.  n.  [L.  redundo-,  re,  back,  and 
undo,  to  surge  ; inula,  a wave  ; It.  ridondare  ; 
Sp.  redundar;  Fr.  redondrr.]  [/.  redounded; 
pp.  redounding,  redounded.] 


1.  To  be  sent  back,  as  a wave,  by  reaction. 

The  evil;  soon 

Driven  back,  redounded  as  a flood  on  those 

From  whom  it  sprung.  Milton . 

2.  To  result,  to  conduce,  or  to  proceed  in  the 
consequence  ; to  tend  ; to  contribute. 

The  care  of  our  national  commerce  redounds  more  to  the 
riches  and  prosperity  of  the  public  than  any  other  act  of 
government.  Addison. 

There  will  no  small  use  redound  from  them  to  that  man- 
ufacture. Addison. 

RU-DOUND',  v.  n.  To  remain  over  and  above. 

What  redounds 

Transpires  through  spirits  with  ease.  Milton. 

RIJ-DOUND',  n.  Reverberation,  [r.] 

The  redound  of  the  hills  and  the  rocks  doubled  every  voice 
of  theirs.  Codrington. 

EED'OW-A,  n.  A kind  of  dance.  Dwight. 

RED'— PINE,  n.  {Bot.)  A tall,  erect  species  of 
pine,  known  in  New  England  by  the  name  of 
Norway  pine,  but  different  from  the  tree  so 
called  in  Europe  {Pinus  resinosa) ; — so  named 
from  the  reddish  scales  of  its  bark.  Emerson. 

RED'POLE,  n.  (Ornith.)  A name  given  to  two 
species  of  birds  of  the  genus  Fringilla,  so  called 
from  the  crimson  color  of  the  crown.  Nuttall. 

Lesser  red-pole,  Fringilla  linaria.  — Mealy  red-pole , 
Fringilla  borealis.  Mat  tall. 

RED'I’OLL,  n.  {Ornith.)  A redpole.  Booth. 

RED— PRp-CIP'I-TATE,  n.  {Chem.)  A peroxide 
of  mercury,  commonly  in  the  form  of  crystal- 
line scales,  which  are  black  when  hot,  red  when 
cold,  and  of  an  orange  color  when  finely  levi- 
gated. . Turner. 

RE-DRAFT',  n.  [re  and  draft.] 

1.  {Com.)  A bill  of  exchange  drawn  at  the 

place  where  another  bill  was  made  payable, 
and  where  it  was  protested,  upon  the  place 
where  the  first  bill  was  drawn,  or  when  there  is  no 
regular  commercial  intercourse  rendering  that 
practicable,  then  in  the  next  best  or  most  direct 
practicable  course.  Bouvier. 

2.  A second  draft  or  copy.  Wright. 

RE-DRAFT',  v.  a.  To  draft  or  draw  again.  Clarke. 

RE-DRAw',  v.  a.  To  draw  again.  Clarke. 

RE-DRAw',  v.  n.  To  draw  a bill  of  exchange  to 
to  meet  another  bill  of  the  same  amount. 

Cyc.  of  Com. 

RF.-DRESS',  v.  a.  [re  and  dress.  — Fr.  redresser .] 
[i.  REDRESSED  ; pp.  REDRESSING,  REDRESSED.] 

1 To  set  right ; to  amend  ; to  correct ; to 
repair  ; to  rectify  ; to  remedy  ; to  adjust. 

In  yonder  spring  of  roses  intermixed 

With  myrtle  find  what  to  redress  till  noon.  Milton. 

2.  To  relieve  ; to  ease  ; — sometimes  used  of 
persons,  but  more  properly  of  things. 

’T  is  thine,  O king,  the  afflicted  to  redress.  Dryden. 

In  countries  of  freedom,  princes  are  bound  to  protect  their 
subjects  in  liberty,  property,  and  religion,  to  receive  their 
petitions  and  redress  their  grievances.  Swift. 

Syn.  — Redress  a grievance;  repair  an  injury  ; rec- 
tify or  correct  a mistake;  amend  what  is  wrong;  re- 
lieve suffering  or  distress  ; remedy  an  omission  or  a 
mischief ; ease  pain.  Redress  is  obtained  by  power  or 
authority  ; relief j by  active  interference  or  assistance. 

RE-DRESS',  1.  f Reformation  ; amendment. 

To  seek  reformation  of  evil  laws  is  commendable;  but.  for 
us,  the  more  necessary  is  a speedy  redress  of  ourselves.  Hooker. 

2.  The  act  of  giving  or  receiving  satisfaction 
for  an  injury  sustained  ; relief ; remedy ; amends. 

No,  not  a man  comes  for  redress  to  thee.  Shak, 

3.  One  who  gives  relief ; redresser,  [r.] 

Fair  majesty,  the  refuge  and  redress 

Of  those  whom  fate  pursues  and  wants  oppress.  Dryden. 

RE-DRESS'EIt,  n.  One  who  redresses  or  affords 
relief.  “ The  redresser  of  injuries.”  Shelton. 

RE-DRESS'I-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  redressed  ; rep- 
arable. Clarke. 

Rfl-DRES'SIVE,  a.  Affording  redress.  Thomson. 

RE-DRESS'LESS,  a.  Without  redress.  Sherwood. 

Rp-DRESS'MpNT,  it.  The  act  of  redressing;  re- 
lief ; redress,  [r.]  Jefferson. 

RE-DRIV'EN,  p.  a.  Driven  back.  Clarke. 

RED'— ROOT,  n.  { Bot.)  A name  applied  to  a plant 
of  the  genus  Ceanothns  ; Ceanothus  America- 
nus-,  New  Jersey  tea:  — also  to  a plant  of  the 
genus  Lachnanthes  ; Lachnanthes  tinctoria  ; 
stoneweed;  puccoon  root;  Lithospcrmum  ar- 
vense.  Gray.  Wood. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — Q,  g,  soft;  F,  G,  £,  |,  hard;  § as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


REDRUTIIITE 


1200 


REEDED 


RED'RU-THfTE,  n.  {Min.)  A sulphuret  of  cop- 
per ; copper  glance.  Dana. 

RED§,  n.  pi.  The  menses  ; catamenia.  Dunglison. 

RED  — SAITN'DER§— WOOD  (-wud),  n.  A name  ap- 
plied to  a loity  evergreen  tree  (Ptcrocarpus  san- 
talinus)  indigenous  in  the  East  Indies,  and  to 
its  wood ; red  sandal-wood.  The  wood  is  very 
heavy  and  hard,  of  a fine  grain,  aromatic  odor, 
bright-red  garnet  color,  and  takes  a high  pol- 
ish. Loudon. 

RED-SEAR'  (red-ser'),  v.  n.  [ red  and  sear.)  To 
break  or  crack  under  the  hammer,  as  iron  when 
red-hot.  Moxon. 

RED'SHANK,  n.  1.  A term  of  contempt  former- 
ly given  to  the  Scotch  Highlanders,  on  account 
of  their  bare  legs.  Spenser. 

2.  ( Ornith ■)  A bird  of  the  genus  Totanus, 
allied  to  the  woodcock,  and  having  legs  of  a 
bright  red  ; poolsnipe.  Eng.  Cyc. 

RED'-SlL'VpR— ORE,  n.  (Min.)  A mineral  of  a 
black  color,  sometimes  approaching  to  cochi- 
neal-red, and  consisting  of  sulphur,  antimony, 
and  silver;  — also  called pyrargyrite.  Dana. 

RED'— SNOW,  n.  Snow  of  a red  color.  — See 
Snow.  John  Farrar. 

RED'-SOR-REL,  n.  (Dot.)  A name  applied  in  the 
West  Indies  to  the  Indian  hibiscus,  the  calyxes 
and  capsules  of  which  make  agreeable  tarts,  and 
by  decoction,  fermentation,  &c.,  a drink  called 
sorrel  cool  drink  ; Hibiscus  sabclariffa.  Loudon. 

RED'START,  n.  {Ornith.)  A dentirostral  bird  of 
the  family  Luscinidce,  or  Sylviadce.  Gray. 

Common  redstart , the  Jifotacilla  Plurnicura  of  Lin- 
natus,  or  P/nrnicura  ruticilla  of  Swainson.  — Block 
redstart , the  Phcenicuratithys  of  Swainson.  Ena-.  Cijc. 
American  redstart , the  Sctophaga  ruticilla  of  Swain- 
son, or  Muscicapa  ruticilla  of  Wilson.  Nuttall. 

RED'STREAK,  n.  1.  A kind  of  apple.  Philips. 

2.  Cider  obtained  from  the  redstreak.  Smith. 

RED'TAIL,  n.  {Ornith.)  The  redstart.  Eng.  Cyc. 
RED'— TAILED  (-laid),  a.  Having  a red  tail. 
RED’— TA-PIST,  n.  One  employed  in  a public 
office,  who  binds  parcels  with  tape.  Qu.  Rev. 
RED'— THRO  AT- p D,  a.  Having  a red  throat. 

RED'—' TOP,  n.  ( Bot .)  A name  applied  especially 
to  a species  of  bent-grass  ; herds-grass  of 
Pennsylvania  ; Agrostis  vulgaris.  Gray. 

Tall  red-top,  a showy  grass  with  a spreading  pani- 
cle ; Tricuspis  seslerioidcs.  — False  red-tup , foul  mead- 
ow-grass ; Poa  serotina.  Gray 

fRFi-DUB',  v.  a.  [F r . radouber .]  To  repair  or 
make  reparation  for.  Grafton. 

RE-DUCE',  v.  a.  [L.  reduco  ; re,  back,  and  duco, 
to  lead;  It.  riducere ; Sp.  reducir  ; Fr . reduire.] 
[i.  REDUCED  ; pp.  REDUCING,  REDUCED.] 

1.  f To  bring  back. 

A good  man  will  go  a little  out  of  his  road  to  reduce  the 
wandering  traveller;  but,  if  he  will  not  return,  it  will  be  an 
unreasonable  compliance  to  go  along  with  him  to  the  end  of 
his  wandering.  Bp.  Taylor. 

2.  To  bring  to  a former  state;  to  restore. 

It  were  but  just 

And  equal  to  reduce  me  to  the  dust.  Milton. 

3.  To  bring  into  any  state,  but  generally  one 
of  diminution,  subordination,  or  order ; to  bring 
down  ; to  lower  : — to  subdue;  to  subjugate. 

His  ire  will  quite  consume  us,  and  reduce 
To  nothing  this  essential.  Milton. 

The  variations  of  languages  are  reduced  to  rules.  Johnson. 

4.  t To  atone  for  ; to  repair ; to  redress. 

I'll  rend  their  hearts  with  tearing  of  my  hair 

Till  they  reduce  the  wrongs  done  to  my  father.  Marlow. 

5.  ( F.  Arts.)  To  copy  on  a small  scale.  Fairholt. 

6.  {Scotch  Late.)  To  rescind  or  annul. Burrill. 

7.  {Math.)  To  bring  or  to  convert  into  a differ- 
ent expression  of  equal  value  : — to  solve,  as  an 
equation,  by  finding  the  value  of  the  unknown 
quantity  or  quantities  : — to  change  into  a figure 
of  a different  form  or  magnitude ; as,  “ To  re- 
duce a map,  plan,  &c.,  to  a similar  larger  or 
smaller  one,  or  a geometrical  figure  to  one  of 
equal  area,  but  not  having  the  same  number  of 


sides.”  Hutton.  Davies. 

Rp-DUCE'M£NT,  n.  Reduction,  [n.]  Bacon. 
Rf-DU'CENT,  n.  That  which  reduces.  Good. 
RlJ-DO'CJjlNT,  a.  That  reduces.  Clarke. 

RE-DUtJJ'JJR,  n.  One  who  reduces.  Sidney. 


RE-DU'CI-BLE,  a.  That  may  he  reduced. 

They  should  be  habituated  to  consider  every  excellence  as 
reduciolc  to  principles.  Reynolds. 

RIJ-DU'CJ-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
reducible.  Boyle. 

f I!  DUCT',  v.  a.  [L.  reduco,  reduct  us. \ To  re- 
duce. “ To  resolve  and  reduct  gold.”  Warde. 

RE-DUCT',  n.  {Arch.)  A little  place,  taken  out 
of  a larger,  to  make  it  more  uniform  and  regu- 
lar, or  for  some  other  convenience.  Chambers. 
RF.-DtJCTI-OADAB-SUR  ' DUM  (ie-duk'slie-6-). 
[L.]  {Logic.)  A species  of  argument  which 
proves  not  the  thing  asserted,  but  the  absurdity 
of  whatever  contradicts  it.  P.  Cyc. 

RE-DUO'TION,  n.  [L .reductio;  It.  riduzione ; 
Sp.  reduccion ; Fr.  reduction.] 

1.  Act  of  reducing,  or  state  of  being  reduced. 
Some  will  have  these  years  to  be  but  months;  but  we  have 

no  certain  evidence  that  they  used  to  account  a month  a 
year;  and  if  we  had,  yet  that  reduction  will  not  serve.  Hale. 

2.  {Arith.)  The  operation  of  changing  the 

form  of  an  expression  without  changing  its 
value,  or  of  finding  for  an  expression  in  terms 
of  one  unit  of  measure  an  equivalent  expres- 
sion in  terms  of  a different  unit.  Davies. 

3.  (Gcom.)  The  operation  of  constructing  a 

figure  similar  to  a given  figure,  either  greater  or 
less,  or  of  constructing  a figure  equivalent  to  a 
given  figure  in  area,  but  having  a different  num- 
ber of  sides;  as,  “The  reduction  of  a polygon 
to  an  equivalent  triangle.”  Davies. 

4.  {Algebra.)  The  operation  of  finding  the 
values  of  unknown  quantities  ; solution.  Davies. 

5.  (Fine  Arts.)  A smaller  copy,  as  of  a pic- 
ture, a statue,  &c.  Fairholt. 

6.  ( Surg .)  An  operation  the  object  of  which 

is  to  restore  displaced  parts  to  their  original 
situation.  Dunglison. 

7.  ( Scotch  Law.)  An  action  brought  for  the 

purpose  of  rescinding,  annulling,  or  cancelling 
some  bond,  contract,  or  other  instrument  in 
writing.  Burrill. 

Reduction  descending,  (Arith.)  the  change  of  an  ex- 
pression in  terms  of  tile  unit  of  one  order  into  anoth- 
er equivalent  to  it  in  value,  in  terms  of  a lower  order. 
— Rrduction  ascending,  the  operation  of  finding  t lie 
value  of  an  expression  in  terms  of  t lie  unit,  of  a higher 
order.  — Reduction  of  a fraction  to  its  lowest  terms,  the 
suppression,  in  the  numerator  and  in  the  denomina- 
tor, of  all  the  factors  common  to  both  terms. — Reduc- 
tion of  oxides,  ores,  or  metals , ( Chem.  &.  Metallurgy.)  t lie 
operation  of  separating  a metal  from  the  substance  or 
substances  with  which  it  is  combined,  by  means  of 
heat,  voltaic  electricity,  chemical  affinity,  &e. 

RJJ-DUC'TI  VE,  a.  [It.  riduttivo ; Sp . reduetivo  ; 

Fr.  rrductif. ] That  reduces.  Brevint. 

R?-DUC'T|VE,  7i.  That  which  has  power  to  re- 
duce. “ Bcductives  by  inundations.”  Hale. 
Rf.-DUC'TI VE-LY,  ad.  By  reduction.  Hammond. 
RE-DUN  DANCE,  ) n_  [L.  redundanti a ; It.  n- 
Rp-DUN'DAN-CY,  ) dondanza  ; Sp . redundancia ; 
Fr.  redondance .] 

1.  The  state  of  being  redundant ; excess ; 

superabundance  ; exuberance.  “ Our  poet’s  re- 
dundance of  wit.”  Garth. 

2.  (Law.)  Irrelevant  matter  introduced  in  an 

answer  or  pleading.  Bouvier. 

3.  (Rhetoric.)  Diffuseness.  Clarke. 

Syn.  — See  Excess. 

Rf-DUN'DANT,  a.  [L.  redundo,  redundans,  to 
redound  ; re,  back,  and  unda,  a wave  ; It.  ri- 
dondantc ; Sp.  redundante ; Fr.  redondant.] 

1.  Full  to  overflowing;  superabundant;  exu- 
berant ; superfluous  ; excessive. 

And  the  vast  empires  of  the  East  no  more 

Pour  their  redundant  horns  on  Lisboa’s  shore.  Mickle. 

2.  Using  too  many  words  or  images  ; diffuse. 
"Where  the  author  is  redundant,  mark  those  passages  to  be 

retrenched.  Walts. 

Redundant  hyperbola,  (Math.)  an  hyperbola  having 
more  than  two  asymptotes.  Daoies. 

RJJ-DUN'DANT-LY,  ad.  In  a redundant  man- 
ner ; superfluously ; superabundantly.  Johnson. 

Rp-Dll'PLI-CATE,  v.  a.  [L.  reduplico,  reduplica- 
tus;  re,’ again,  and  duplico,  to  double  ; duplex, 
double  ; It.  raddoppiare  ; Sp.  reduplicar .]  [i. 

REDUPLICATED  ; pp.  REDUPLICATING,  REDU- 
PLICATED.] To  redouble  ; to  repeat.  Johnson. 

RE-DU'TLI-CATE,  a.  1.  Redoubled;  repeated. 

That  reduplicate  advice  of  our  Saviour.  Pearson. 

2.  (Bot.)  Noting  parts  of  the  flower  in  acti- 


vation which  are  valvate,  with  the  margins 
turned  outwards.  Gray. 

RJp-DU-PLI-CA'TION,  71.  [Sp.  reduplicacion ; Fr. 

reduplication .] 

1.  Act  of  doubling  or  state  of  being  doubled. 

2.  (Pros.)  A figure  by  which  a verse  ends 

with  the  same  word  as  that  with  which  the  fol- 
lowing begins.  Wright. 

RE-DU'PLj-CA-TIVE,  a.  [Fr.  reduplicatif] 
Double.  “ Reduplicative  propositions.”  Waits. 

RE-DU'PLJ-CA-TJVE,  u.  A reduplicative  word. 

Philosophical  Museum. 

RED'— VIT'III-OL,  n.  (Min.)  A mineral  of  a flesh 
color  or  a rose-red  color,  and  consisting  chiefly 
of  sulphate  of  cobalt  and  water;  — also  called 
bicberite  and  cobalt-vitriol.  Dana. 

RED'— WA-TER,  n.  A disease  in  cattle  which 
derives  its  name  from  an  appearance  like  blood 
in  the  urine.  //.  Thompson. 

RED  \\  1NG,  71.  (Ornith.)  A European  bird  of  the 
genus  Turdus ; the  red-sided  thrush  ; the  wind- 
thrush  ; the  swine-pipe  ; Turdus  iliacus.  E.  Cyc. 

It  has  a beautiful  note,  and  lias  been  called  tlie 
nightingale  of  Norway.  Tlie  flanks  and  the  under 
side  of  tlie  wings  are  of  a reddish  brown.  Eng.  Cyc. 

RED'WINGED  (-wingd),  a.  Having  red  wings. 

RED'— WOOD  (-wud),  n.  (Bot.)  A species  of 
buckthorn  ; Rhamnus  erytliroxylon.  Loudon. 

REE,  v.  a.  To  riddle  ; to  sift.  [Local.]  Mortimer. 

REE,  n.  A small  Portuguese  coin  or  a money  of 
account  equal  to  about  one  ninth  of  a cent. 

RE-EGH'O  (re-ek'o),  v.  71.  [ i . REECHOED;  pp.  re- 
echoing, REECHOED.]  To  return  an  echo  ; to 
echo  back  ; to  reverberate. 

The  dome  reechoed  to  their  mingled  moan.  Pcpe. 

RE-EGH'O  (re-ek'o),  v.  a.  To  return,  as  an  echo  ; 
to  echo  back  ; to  reverberate.  Wright. 

RE-EC H '6  (re-ek'o),  n.  An  echo  returned  or  sent 
back ; a reverberation. 

The  hills  and  valleys  here  and  there  resound 

With  the  reechoes  of  the  deep-mouthed  hound.  Browne. 

t REECIl'Y,  a.  [A  corruption  of  reeky. — See 
Reek.]  Smoky  ; sooty  ; steamy  ; sweaty  ; reeky. 
“ In  the  reechy  painting.”  Shak. 

REED,  n.  [Goth,  raus  ; A.  S.  hreod,  read ; Dut. 
nut ; Ger.  rieth,  rohr  ; Sw.  riir.] 

1.  (Bot.)  A name  common  to  gramineous 

plants  of  the  genus  Phragmites,  or  the  genus 
Arundo.  Bail'd. 

LJr'  The  common  reed,  Phragmites  communis,  is 
found  throughout  Europe,  in  Siberia,  Japan,  North 
America,  and  Australia.  It  grows  exclusively  in 
places  overflowed  with  water,  forms  thick  coverts, 
and  yields  durable  grass  of  great  value  for  the  purpose 
of  thatching  tile  roofs  of  buildings.  Baird 

2.  A small  pipe,  as  being  originally  made  of 
a reed.  “ The  pastoral  reed  of  Hermes  ” Milton. 

3.  An  arrow,  as  made  of  a reed,  and  headed. 

With  cruel  skill  the  backward  reed 

He  sent;  and,  as  he  fled,  he  slew.  Pnor. 

4 That  part  of  the  swing-frame  or  batten  of 
a loom  through  which  the  threads  of  the  warp 
are  passed  to  keep  them  separated  Tomlinson. 

5.  (Mus.)  A little  movable  tube,  or  flat  vi- 
brating tongue  of  wood  or  of  metal,  attached  to 
the  mouth  of  a hautboy,  bassoon,  or  clarinet,  and 
through  which  those  instruments  are  blown  : — 
a kind  of  tongue,  consisting  of  a thin,  narrow 
plate  of  brass,  and  which,  being  fixed  to  one 
end  of  an  organ-pipe,  is  put  into  a vibratory 
motion  by  the  action  of  the  wind,  and  produces 
a reedy  thickness  of  tone.  Moore. 

REED'— RUCK,  n.  (Zoi.l.)  A species  of  antelope 
inhabiting  South  Africa ; rietboc  ; Elcotragus 
arundinaceus  ; — so  called  from  its  habit  of  fre- 
quenting the  reedy  banks  and  beds  of  dry 
watercourses.  — See  Rietroc.  Eng.  Cyc. 

REED'— BUNT-ING,  n.  (Ornith.)  An  insessorial 
conirostral  bird  of  the  family  Fringillidce  and 
genus  Emberiza,  frequenting  marshy  places, 
where  it  perches  on  willows,  reeds,  sedge,  and 
other  aquatic  plants  ; reed-sparrow ; water- 
sparrow;  king-bird;  ring-bunting;  chuck;  Em- 
beriza schceniclus.  Eng.  Cyc. 

REED'— CROWNED  (-kriiund),  a.  Crowned  with 
reeds.  “ His  reed-crowned  locks.”  Muson. 

REED'fD,  a.  Covered  or  furnished  with  reeds. 

“ Where  houses  be  reeded.”  Tusser. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


REEDEN 


1201 


REFECTION 


REED'EN  (re'dn),  a.  Consisting  or  made  of  reeds; 
reed.  “ lieeden  pipes.”  Dryden. 

REED-GRASS,  n.  ( Bot .)  A plant  of  the  genus 
Sparganium ; bur-reed.  Johnson. 

RE-ED-I-FI-CA'TION,  n.  [re  and  edification  ; Fr. 
riedifi cation.]  Act  of  reedifying  or  rebuilding. 

RE-ED'I-FY,  v.  a.  [re  and  edify  ; Fr.  reedifier.] 
To  edify  again  ; to  rebuild.  Spenser. 


RE-ED'I-FY-ING,  n.  Act  of  rebuilding.  Sir  T.Elyot. 

REED'ING,  n.  (Arch.)  A small  con-  ']  ’ ~ 
vex  moulding.  Britton.  1-  - — : - 


REED'LGSS,  a.  Being  without  reeds.  May. 

REED'MACE,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the  genus 
Typha  ; cat-tail  ; Typha  latifolia.  Gray. 

REED'-OR-GAN,  n.  (Mus.)  An  organ  in  which 
the  keys  open  valves,  which  allow  the  wind  from 
the  bellows,  worked  by  the  feet  of  the  performer, 
to  act  on  the  reeds  ; — a name  for  the  harmo- 
neon,  melodeon,  and  seraphine.  Simmonds. 

REED'— PIPE,  n.  1.  A musical  pipe  made  of  reed. 

2.  A pipe  in  an  organ  in  which  the  vibration 
is  produced  by  means  of  a reed.  Dwight. 

REED'-SPAR-ROW,  n.  ( Omith .)  The  reed-bunt- 
ing; Emberiza  schamiclus.  Eng.Cyc. 

REED '-STOP,  n.  (Mus.)  Any  set  or  register  of 
reed-pipes  in  an  organ.  Dwight. 

REED'Y,  a.  1.  Abounding  with  reeds.  Thomson. 

2.  (Mas.)  Having  a quality  of  tone  like  that 
produced  by  a reed.  Dwight. 

REED'Y-TONED  (-tond),  a.  (Mus.)  Reedy. 

REEF,  n.  [But.  reef-,  Ger.  reef  \ Dan.  rift ; 
Sw.  ref. — ‘‘Perhaps  from  [A.  S.l  reafian,  to 
seize,  to  pull.”  Richardson.]  ( Naut .)  That 
portion  of  a sail  comprehended  between  the 
head  of  the  sail  and  the  first  reef-band,  or  be- 
tween two  reef-bands.  Dana. 

REEF,  n.  [Dut.  rif;  Ger.  riff ; Dan.  rev,  revie ; Sw. 
ref  cel.]  A chain  of  rocks,  lying  generally  near 
tlie  surface  of  the  water.  Mar.  Diet. 

REEF,  v.  a.  [i.  REEFED  ; pp.  REEFING,  reefed.] 
(Naut.)  To  reduce,  as  a sail,  by  taking  in  upon 
its  head,  if  a square  sail,  and  upon  its  foot  if  a 
fore-and-aft  sail.  Dana. 


REEF'-BAND,  n.  (Naut.)  A band  of  stout  canvas 
sewed  on  the  sail  across,  with  points  in  it,  and 
earings  at  each  end  for  reefing.  Dana. 

REEF'-CRIN-GLE  (-krlng-gl),  n.  (Naut.)  The 
ring  of  a sail.  Simmonds. 

REEF'— LINEij,  n.  pi.  (Naut.)  Small  ropes  for- 
merly used  to  reef  the  courses,  by  passing  them 
spirally  through. the  holes  of  the  reefs,  and  over 
the  head  of  the  sail,  alternately,  from  the  yards 
to  the  slings.  Mar.  Diet. 

REEF'-POINTS,  n.  pi.  (Naut.)  Flat  pieces  of 
cordage  on  a sail  for  tying  it  up,  or  reefing  the 
sail  in  stormy  weather.  Simmonds. 

REEF'— ’PAC-KLE,  n.  (Naut.)  A tackle  used  to 
haul  the  middle  of  each  leech  up  towards  the 
yard,  so  that  the  sail  may  be  easily  reefed.  Dana. 

REEF'Y,  a.  Full  of  reefs.  Clarke. 

REEK,  n.  [A.  S.  rec ; Dut.  rook  ; Ger.  ranch ; 
Dan.  rug ; Icel.  reykr ; S w.  ruk.]  Smoke  ; steam  ; 
vapor  ; exhalation. 

You  common  cry  of  curs!  whose  breath  I hate 
As  reek  o’  the  rotten  fens.  Shak. 


REEIC,  n.  [A.  S . hreac. — See  Rick.]  A pile  of 
corn  or  of  hay ; a rick.  Dryden. 

REEK,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  recan ; Dut.  rooken  ; Ger. 

rauchen  ; Dan.  rage,  ryga  ; Icel.  reykia ; Sw. 
r'Jka,  ryka .]  [i.  reeked  ; pp.  reeking, 

reeked.]  To  smoke  ; to  steam;  to  emit  vapor; 
to  exhale. 

Few  chimneys  reeking  you  shall  espy.  Spenser. 
Which  with  his  beams  the  sun 
Soon  dried,  and  on  the  reeking  moisture  fed.  Milton. 

REEK'Y,  a.  Smoky  ; tanned  ; black  ; dark.  Shak. 

REEL,  n.  [A.  S.  hreol,  reol;  Dut.  rot;  Ger.  mile ; 
Dan.  rid,  ruld ; Icel.  hrcell ; Sw.  mile.) 

1.  A turning  frame,  upon  which  yarn  or  thread 
is  wound,  particularly  from  the  spindle. 

Thug  while  she  [Clymene]  sinps,  the  sisters  turn  the  wheei. 
Empty  the  woolly  rack,  and  till  the  reel.  Dryden. 


2.  A lively  Scottish  dance:  — a whirling  or 
circular  motion  ; a whirl.  Jamieson. 

As  Westmoreland  was  so  near  Scotland,  you  would  natu- 
rally be  fond  of  a reel.  Hannah  More. 

REEL,  V.  a.  [i.  REELED  ; pp.  REELING,  REELED.] 
To  gather  otf  the  spindle,  as  yarn.  Wilkins. 

REEL,  v.  n.  [Sw.  ragla.  — See  Roll.]  To  move 
unsteadily  ; inclining  first  on  one  side,  then  on 
the  other  ; to  stagger ; to  vacillate  ; to  totter. 

She  [France]  went  on,  indeed;  but  6he  staggered  and 
reeled  under  the  burden  of  the  war.  lsolingbroke. 

Syn.  — See  Stagger. 

RE-£-LECT',  v.  a.  To  elect  again  ; to  rechoose. 
“An  incapacity  to  be  reelected."  Junius. 

RE-B-LEC'TION,  n.  Repeated  election.  “ The 
power  of  reelection."  Swift. 

RE-EL'E-VATE,  v.  a.  To  elevate  again.  Coleridge. 

RE-EL-I-G!-BlL'!-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being  re- 
eligibie.  Clarke. 

RE-EL'[-G!-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  reelected, 
or  chosen  again  to  the  same  office.  Knowles. 

REEL'ING,  n.  Act  of  one  who  reels  ; a tottering  ; 
a staggering.  “ Drunken  reelings.”  Cowper. 

REEM,  n.  [Heb.  tiNT]  The  Hebrew  name  of  a 

quadruped  called  in  the  Vulgate  a rhinoceros, 
and  in  several  other  versions  of  the  Bible  a 
unicorn.  Kitto. 

Will  the  tall  reem , which  knows  no  lord  but  me, 

Low  at  the  crib,  and  ask  an  alms  of  thee?  Young. 

RE-£M-BARK',  v.  a.  To  embark  again.  “ The 
whole  army  being  reSmbarked.”  Belsham. 

RE-JJM-BARK',  Vm  n%  To  embark  or  go  on  board 
again.  “ We  rei'mbarked  in  our  boat.”  Cook. 

RE-EM-BAR-KA'TION,  n.  Act  of  reembarking. 

RE-EM-BAt'TLE,  v.  a.  To  arm  again  for  fight; 
to  range  again  in  battle  array.  Milton. 

RE-jpM-BOD'Y,  p.  a.  To  embody  again.  Ash. 

RE-BM-BRACE'j  v.  n.  To  embrace  again.  Young. 

RE-F-MERGE',  v.  n.  To  emerge  again.  Potter. 

RE-£-MER'GENCE,  n.  The  act  of  reemerging, 
or  emerging  again.  Clarke. 

REEM'ING,  n.  The  act  of  opening  the  seams  be- 
tween planks  with  a calking  iron.  Simmonds. 

RE-IJN-Act',  v.  a.  To  enact  anew.  Arbuthnot. 

RE-£N-AC'TION,  n.  A new  enactment.  Clarke. 

RE-JJN-ACT'MENT,  n.  A repeated  enactment ; 
a reenaction.  Clarke. 

t REIJN-COUN'TER,  n.  A rencounter.  Berners. 

RE-EN-COUR'A£E-MENT,  n.  Renewed  encour- 
agement. Browne. 

RE-JJN-DoW',  v.  a.  To  endow  again.  Jodrell. 

t RE-BN-FIERCE',  v.  a.  To  render  fierce.  Spenser. 

RE-£N-FORCE',  V.  a.  [i.  REENFORCED  ; pp.  RE- 
ENFORCING, reenforced.]  To  enforce  anew 
or  to  a greater  degree  ; to  give  additional  force 
or  power  to  ; to  strengthen  with  new  assistance. 

The  ineitation  of  this  youthful  kuight . . . 

Doth  reenforce  their  courage.  Drayton. 

The  French  have  reenforced  their  scattered  men.  Shak. 

RE-EN-FORCE',  n.  (Mil.)  That  part  of  a gun 
next  to  the  breech,  which  is  made  stronger  than 
the  rest  of  the  piece,  in  order  to  resist  the  force 
of  the  powder.  Stocqueler. 

RE-BN-FORCE'MBNT,  n.  The  act  of  reenforcing ; 
supply  of  new  force,  as  of  additional  troops  ; 
fresh  assistance ; new  help. 

Their  faith  may  be  both  strengthened  and  brightened  by 
this  additional  reenforcement.  Wuterlana. 

RE-BN-GAGE',  v.  a.  To  engage  again.  Scott. 

RE-JJN-GAGE'MIJNT,  n.  Renewed  engagement. 

RE-EN-GRAVE',  v.  a.  To  engrave  again.  Jodrell. 

RE-JJN-JOY',  v.  a.  To  enjoy  anew.  Pope. 

RE-EN-JOY'MIJNT,  n.  The  act  of  enjoying  anew ; 
a repeated  enjoyment.  Clarke. 

RE-UN-KIN'DLE,  v.  a.  To  enkindle  anew  ; to  re- 
kindle. Bp.  Taylor. 

RE-GN-LIST',  v.  a.  To  enlist  again.  Clarke. 

RE-FN-LIST'MflNT,  n.  A repeated  enlistment. 


RE-£N-STAMP', v.  a.  To  enstamp  anew.  Tappan. 

RE-EN'T£R,  v.  a.  [i.  reentered  ; pp.  re- 
entering,  reentered.] 

1.  To  enter  again  ; to  enter  anew. 

With  opportunity  excursion,  we  may  chance 
Jieehter  heaven.  Milton. 

2.  (Engraving.)  To  cut  to  the  proper  depth, 

as  a line  which  has  been  worn  in  printing,  or 
not  bitten  sufficiently  deep.  E'airholt. 

RE-EN'TJgR,  v.  n.  To  enter  again.  Drayton. 

RE-EN'T^R-ING, p.  a.  Entering  again:  — turn- 
ing inwards  ; — opposed  to  salient. 

Reintering  angle,  an  angle  pointing  inwards  ; an 
interior  angle  greater  than  two  right  angles.  — Reen- 
teringpolygon,  a polygon  containing  one  or  more  re- 
entering angles.  Davies.  — Reentering  place  of  arms , 
(Mil.)  an  enlargement  of  the  covered  way  of  ilie  for- 
tress between  a bastion  and  a ravelin;  — used  as  a 
place  for  assembling  troops  previously  to  making 
sorties.  Mil.  Ency. 

RE-EN-THRONE',  v.  a.  To  replace  or  reseat  on 
a throne.  Southern. 

RE-EN-THRONE'MENT,  n.  Act  of  reenthroning 
or  state  of  being  reenthroned.  Clarke. 

RE-EN 'TRANCE,  n.  The  act  of  entering  again. 
“ Their  reentrance  into  life.”  Hooker. 

RE-EN'TRANT,  a.  Reentering.  Davies. 

RE-EN'TRY,  n.  (Law.)  The  resuming  or  retak- 
ing of  a possession  that  one  has  lately  foregone  ; 
— particularly  applied  to  land.  Burrill. 

RE-B-RECT',  v.  a.  To  erect  again.  Drayton. 

REER'MOUSE,  n.  A bat.  — See  Rearmouse. 

RE-£S-TAB'LISH,  v.  a.  To  establish  again. 

Peace  . . . will  be  speedily  reestablished.  Snmlriclge. 

RE-BS-TAb'LISH-JJR,  n.  One  who  reestablishes 

RE-ES-TAB'LISH-MENT,  n.  The  act  of  reestab- 
lishing, or  the  state  of  being  reestablished;  a 
new  establishment ; restoration.  Addison. 

RE-pS-TATE',  v.  a.  To  reestablish,  [r.]  Wallis. 

REEVE,  n.  [A.  S.  gerefa,  a companion,  a reeve  ; 
Dut.  graef;  Ger.  graf\  Dan.  greve  ; Sw .grcfice  ; 
— ge,  together,  and  for,  feer,  a journey.]  An 
ancient  English  officer  of  justice,  inferior  in 
rank  to  an  alderman,  — a word  of  general  ap- 
plication entering  into  some  titles  yet  in  use. 
Hence  shire-reere,  or  sheriff,  borough-reere, 
port -reeve,  &c.  Brande. 

REEVE,  v.  a.  [i.  rove  ; pp.  reeving,  rove.] 
(Naut.)  To  pass,  as  the  end  of  a rope,  through 
a block,  or  any  aperture.  Dana. 

REEVE,  n.  (Omith.)  A bird  of  the  family  Scolo- 
pacidte  and  genus  Machetes  ; the  female  of  the 
ruff,  or  Machetes  pugnax.  Yarrell. 

RE-E^-AM'I-NA-BLE,  a-  That  may  be  reexam- 
ined. Clarke. 

RE-B^-AM-I-NA'TIQN,  n.  A second  or  renewed 
examination.  Browne. 

RE-B^-AM'INE,  v.  a.  To  examine  anew.  Hooker. 

RE-BJf-CHANGE',  v.  a.  To  exchange  again. 

RE-pX-CHANGE',  n.  (Com.)  The  amount  which 
the  holder  of  a bill  of  exchange,  that  has  been 
protested  for  non-payment,  is  entitled  to  receive 
from  the  drawer  or  indorser,  as  indemnification 
for  its  non-payment,  and  the  necessary  expenses 
and  interest : — the  current  rate  of  exchange 
payable  on  a bill  so  re-drawn.  Burrill. 

RE-JJX-PORT',  v.  a.  To  export  again ; to  export 
after  having  been  imported.  A.  Smith. 

RE-EX'PORT,  n.  Something  regxported.  Clarke. 

RE-EX-POR-TA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  reexport- 
ing, or  the  state  of  being  reexported.  A.  Smith. 

f REEZED  (rezd),  a.  Rusty  or  reasty.  Bp.  Hall. 

RE-FASIITON  (re-fasli'un),  v.  a.  To  fashion  or 
form  a second  time.  Wright. 

f RFl-FECT',  v.  a.  [L.  reficio,  refoctns ; re,  again, 
and  facto,  to  make.]  To  renovate  or  refresh,  as 
after  hunger  or  fatigue.  Browne. 

Rp-FEC'TION,  n.  [L.  refoctio  ; It.  refezione;  Sp. 
refoccion  ; Fr.  refection .] 

1.  Refreshment  or  repast  after  hunger  or 
fatigue.  South.  Curran. 


MIEN,  SIR  ; MdVE,  NOR,  SON  ; 
151 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — Gi  G>  9>  soft;  £!,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  as  gz. — 


± riio,  inis. 


KEFECTIVE 


1202 


REFLECTION 


2.  In  convents,  a spare  meal,  or  a meal  suffi- 
cient only  to  maintain  life.  Branch. 

3.  ( Civil  Law.)  Reparation  or  reestablish- 
ment, as  of  a building.  Bouvier. 

RE-FJEC'TIVE,  a.  Tending  to  refresh;  refreshing; 
restorative.  Smart. 

RJE-FEC'TIVE,  n.  That  which  refreshes;  a re- 
storative. Clarke. 

Rf.-FEC'TO-RY  [re-fek'tur-e,  P.  E.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  11. 
C.  Wb.  Nares,  Todd,  Rees,  Wr. ; ref'ek-tur-e,  S. 
J.  F.  ; re-fek'tur-e  or  ref'ek-tur-e,  IK.j,  n.  [It. 
refettorio;  Sp . refectorio ; Fr .refectoire.] 

1.  A hall  or  apartment  in  a convent  where 

meals  are  taken.  Britton. 

2.  A room  for  refreshment,  or  where  meals 

are  taken.  Brande. 

Almost  all  the  dictionaries  I have  consulted, 
except  Mr.  Sheridan’s,  place  the  accent  on  the  second 
syllable  of  this  word  ; and  yet,  so  prevalent  has  the 
latter  accentuation  been  of  late  years,  that  Mr.  Nares 
is  reduced  to  hope  it  is  not  fixed  beyond  recovery. 
There  is,  indeed,  one  reason  why  this  word  ou"ht  not 
to  have  the  accent  on  the  first  syllable ; and  that  is, 
the  two  mutes  in  the  second  and  third,  which  arc  not 
so  easily  pronounced  when  the  accent  is  removed  from 
them  as  the  mutes  and  liquids  in  accessory,  consistory, 
desultory,  & c. ; and  therefore  I am  decidedly  in  favor 
of  the  accentuation  on  the  second  syllable,  which  is 
that  adopted  by  Dr.  Johnson,  Dr.  Ash,  Dr.  Kenrick, 
W.  Johnston,  Mr.  Nares,  Buchanan,  Perry,  Scott, 
Bailey,  Barclay,  and  Entick,  as  all  words  of  this 
termination  have  the  accent  on  the  same  syllable.” 
IValker. 

RJJ-FEL',  v.  a.  [L.  refello .]  To  disprove  ; to  re- 
fute or  confute,  [n..]  Shak. 

RJJ-FER',  v.  a.  [L.  refero  ; re,  again,  and  fero,  to 
bear  ; It.  rifertre ; Sp.  referir  ; Fr.  referer.]  [i. 

REFERRED;  pp.  REFERRING,  REFERRED.] 

1.  t To  bear  or  carry  back.  Chaucer.  Dnjden. 

2.  To  direct,  deliver,  or  commit,  as  for  infor- 
mation, judgment,  or  decision  ; to  appeal  to. 

Those  eauses  the  divine  historian  refers  us  to.  Bumet. 

3.  To  assign ; to  ascribe  ; to  impute. 

This  extraordinary  man  was  famous  for  referring  all  his 
successes  to  Providence.  Addison. 

4.  To  defer  ; to  postpone  ; to  put  off.  [r.] 

My  account  of  this  voyage  must  be  referred  to  the  second 
part  of  my  travels.  Swift. 

To  refer  one's  self  to  betake ; to  apply,  as  for  direc- 
tion. “ The  heir  of  this  kingdom  hath  referred  herself 
unto  a poor,  but  worthy,  gentleman.”  Shak. 

Rf-FER',  v.  7i.  1.  To  have  relation;  to  relate; 

to  appertain  ; to  pertain ; to  belong. 

“ Breaking  bread,”  a phrase  which  manifestly  refers  to  the 
eucharist.  Atterbury. 

2.  To  have  recourse;  to  apply. 

In  suits,  it  is  good  to  refer  to  some  friend  of  trust.  Bacon. 

3.  To  direct  the  attention  ; to  allude. 

* Which  is  that  that  Solomon  chiefly  refers  to  in  the  text. 

Sharp. 

Syn.  — We  refer  to  a book,  a page,  a passage,  or  an 
object ; we  allude  to  an  event  or  fact  ; a tiling  or  cir- 
cumstance relates  or  belongs  to  a subject.  The  cause 
relates  to  the  effect,  and  the  effect  to  the  cause;  a book 
belongs  to  its  owner. 

REF'flR-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  referred  ; refer- 
rible.  — See  IIeferrible.  More. 

REF-pR-EE',  n.  One  to  whom  some  matter  in 
dispute  is  referred,  in  order  that  he  may  settle 
it ; an  arbitrator  ; an  arbiter.  L' Estrange. 

Syn. — See  Arbiter. 

REF'^R-pNCE,  7i.  [It.  riferenza  ; Sp.  referenda.'] 

1.  The  act  of  referring,  as  for  information  or 

direction  ; allusion  to.  Swift. 

2.  Relation;  respect;  regard;  concern. 

Sobriety,  temperance,  and  moderation  in  reference  to  our 

appetites  and  passions.  ’ Tillotson. 

3.  (Law.)  The  submitting  of  a matter  in  dis- 

pute to  a referee  or  to  referees  : — a request  by  a 
person  asking  a credit  made  to  the  person  from 
whom  he  expects  it,  that  the  latter  should  ascer- 
tain the  character  or  mercantile  standing  of  the 
former  by  calling  on  some  other  person  named ; 
— the  act  of  sending  any  matter  by  a court 
of  chancery,  or  a court  exercising  equitable 
powers,  to  a master  or  other  officer,  in  order 
that  he  may  ascertain  facts,  and  report  to  the 
court.  Bouvier. 

REF-pR-EN'DA-RY,  n.  1.  + A referee.  Bacon. 

2.  Formerly,  in  England,  an  officer  to  whom 
petitions  to  the  king  were  referred.  Bailey. 

3.  In  the  early  monarchies  of  Europe,  after 


the  fifth  century,  a public  officer  charged  with 
the  duty  of  procuring,  executing,  and  despatch- 
ing diplomas  and  charters.  Brande. 

REF-JJR-EN'TIAL,  a.  Relating  to,  or  having,  ref- 
erence. Smart. 

REF-IJR-EN'TIAL-LY,  ad.  By  way  of  reference. 

f Rp-FER'MIJNT,  n.  A reference.  Abp.  Laud. 

RE-FfSR-MENT',  v.  a.  To  ferment  anew. 

Revives  its  fire  and  referments  the  blood.  Blac/cmore. 

RE-FJJR-MENT',  v.  n.  To  ferment  again.  Maunder. 

RlJ-FER'RgR,  n.  One  who  refers.  Scott. 

R£-FER'RI-BLE,  a.  That  maybe  referred;  refer- 
able ; — often  written  referable.  Browne. 

lEg-This  word  is  given,  in  many  of  tile  dictiona- 
ries, in  two  forms,  rcferriblc  and  referable,  and  both 
are  often  met  with  ; but  rcferriblc  is  the  form  that, 
seems  to  be  the  more  countenanced  by  the  dictionaries. 
Smart  says,  “ Referable,  which  is  to  be  met  with,  vio- 
lates the  practice  of  deduction  from  the  verb.” 

RE-FIG'URE,  v.  a.  To  figure  again.  Chaucer. 

RE-FILL',  v.  a.  To  fill  again.  Browne. 

RE-FIND',  v.  a.  To  find  again.  Sandys. 

RE-FINE',  v.  a.  [It.  raffinarc  ; fino,  fine  ; Sp.  re- 
finar;  Fr .raffiner.]  [i.  REFINED ; pp.  refin- 
ing, REFINED.] 

1.  To  purify ; to  clear  or  separate  from  dross, 
sediment,  or  any  extraneous  matter  ; to  fine. 

A feast  of  wines  on  the  lees,  of  fat  things  full  of  mariow, 
of  wines  on  the  lees  well  refined.  ha.  xxv.  G. 

2.  To  polish ; to  make  elegant.  “ Refined 
wits.”  Peacham.  “The  refined  mind.”  Spenser. 

This  refined  taste  is  the  consequence  of  education  and 
habit.  Reynolds. 

RE-FlNE',  v.  n.  1.  To  grow  or  become  pure  ; to 
be  freed  from  dross,  sediment,  or  any  extrane- 
ous matter. 

The  pure,  limpid  stream,  when  foul  with  stains, 

Works  itself  clear,  and,  as  it  runs,  refines.  Addison. 

2.  To  improve  in  accuracy  or  in  delicacy. 

Chaucer  refined  on  Boecaec,  and  mended  his  stories.  Dnjden. 

Dow  the  wit  brightens ! how  the  sense  refines!  Pope. 

3.  To  affect  nicety. 

He  makes  another  paragraph  about  our  refining  in  contro- 
versy. Atterbury. 

RE-FINED'  (re-find'),  p.  a.  1.  Purified ; freed 
from  dross,  sediment,  or  any  extraneous  matter. 

2.  Elegant ; polished  ; polite  ; cultivated. 

Several  of  the  most  refined  writers.  Addison. 

Syn.  — See  Elegant,  Polite. 

Rg-FIN'IED-LY,  ad.  With  refinement ; with  ex- 
cessive or  affected  refinement.  Dryden. 

Rp-FlN'JpD-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  refined; 
refinement ; purity.  Barrow. 

RE-FINE'M^NT,  n.  [It.  rqffinamento ; Fr.  raf- 
finement.] 

1.  Act  of  refining,  or  state  of  being  refined. 

2.  Improvement  in  purity  or  in  elegance. 

From  the  civil  war  to  this  time,  I doubt  whether  the  cor- 
ruptions in  our  language  have  not  equalled  its  refinements. 

Swift. 

3.  Purity,  polish,  or  elegance  of  manners, 
taste,  or  mind ; cultivation  ; civility.  Reynolds. 

4.  Artificial  practice  ; subtilty.  “ The  refine- 
ments of  irregular  cunning.”  Rogers. 

5.  Affectation  of  nicety. 

The  flirts  about  town  had  a design  to  leave  us  in  the  lurch 
by  some  of  their  late  refinements.  Addison. 

Syn.  — See  Civility,  Cultivation,  Polite. 

R£-FIN'5R,  n.  One  who  refines.  Bacon. 

RE-FfN'ER’S-SWEEPS,  n.  pi.  Refuse  filings  and 
dust  collected  from  the  workshops  of  silver- 
smiths and  jewellers,  to  be  resmelted.  Simmonds. 

Rp-FIN'IJR-Y,  n.  A place  or  building  for  refining 
any  thing,  as  sugar  or  metals.  A.  Smith. 

RJJ-FIN'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  or  the  process  of  pu- 
rifying, as  metals,  sugar,  &c.  Ure. 

2.  Subtilty;  affected  nicety  ; refinement. 

They  had  altogether  as  good  take  up  with  the  dull  ways  of 
lying  ...  as  make  use  of  such  refinings  as  these.  Stilling  fleet. 

RE-FIT',  v.  a.  \i.  refitted  ; pp.  refitting, 
refitted.]  To  fit  or  prepare  anew;  to  repair  ; 
to  restore  after  damage  or  decay.  Dryden. 

RE-FlT'MJJNT,  n.  Act  of  refitting.  Ellenborough. 

RE-FIX',  v.  a.  To  fix  again.  Wollaston.  I 


R£-FLECT',  v.  a.  [L.  rcfiecto ; re,  back,  and 
fiecto,  to  turn ; It.  riflettere ; Sp.  refiejar ; Fr. 
rcjtechiri]  [i.  reflected  ; pp.  reflecting, 
reflected.]  To  turn,  throw,  or  cast,  back. 

Bodies  close  together  reflect  their  own  color.  Dryden. 

RE-FLECT',  n.  1.  To  throw  back  rays  or 
beams.  “ Reflecting  gems.”  Shak. 

2.  To  bend  or  turn  back  ; to  be  reflected. 

Inanimate  matter  moves  always  in  a straight  line,  and  never 
refiects  m an  angle.  Bentley. 

3.  To  consider  attentively;  to  ponder;  to 
think  ; to  deliberate  ; to  meditate  ; to  muse. 

In  every  action,  refiect  upon  the  end.  Bp.  Taylor. 

As  I much  reflected,  much  I mourned.  Prior. 

4.  io  cast  or  bring  reproach  or  censure. 

Errors  of  wives  reflect  on  husbands.  Dryden. 

Syn. — See  Consider,  Think. 

R£-FLECT'JJD,y>.  a.  Turned  back,  as  rays  of  light. 

R^i-FLECT'BNT,  a.  [L.  refiectens. ] 

1.  Bending  or  flying 'back.  “The  ray  re- 

flectent."  Digby. 

2.  That  reflects;  reflecting.  “A  reflecient 

body.”  Digby. 

R£-FLECT'I-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  reflected. 

Rjji-FLECT'JNG,  p.  a.  1.  That  reflects  or  throws 
back  rays.  “ The  reflecting  surface.”  Davies. 

2.  Given  to  reflection  ; thoughtful ; consid- 
erate ; discreet ; provident ; reflective. 

Reflecting  circle,  an  astronomical  instrument  for 
measuring  angles  by  means  of  reflected  light:  — a 
surveying  instrument  which  combines  the  advantages 
of  Hadley’s  quadrant  and  the  protractor.  — Reflecting 
telescope,  a telescope  in  which  one  or  more  specula 
are  used  iu  connection  with  a lens  or  a combina- 
tion of  lenses  serving  as  an  eve-glass.  Young. — Re- 
flecting goniometer,  an  instrument  for  measuring  the 
angles  contained  between  contiguous  faces  of  crystals, 
consisting  of  a vertical  graduated  circle  turning  on  an 
axis,  with  a vernier  ami  other  appendages.  In  using 
it,  tlie  crystal  is  attached  to  the  axis,  and  the  instru- 
ment so  adjusted  that  an  image  of  the  more  elevated 
of  two  objects,  selected  at  a suitable  distance,  may  be 
reflected  from  one  of  tiie  faces  of  tile  crystal  and  made 
to  coincide  witli  tiie  other  object,  and  then,  by  turn- 
ing the  graduated  circle  on  its  axis,  be  made  to  coin- 
cide in  like  manner  witli  tiie  same  object  by  reflection 
from  the  second  face  of  the  crystal.  Tiie  supplement 
of  tile  angular  motion  necessary  for  this  purpose  is 
the  angle  sought.  Brooke. 

RIJ-FLECT'ING-LY,  ad.  With  reflection  : — with 
censure  ;■  reproachfully  ; censoriously.  Swift. 

RJJ-FLEC'TION,  n.  [L.  reflexio ; It.  rifiessione; 
Fr.  reflexion.']  [Written  also  reflexion.] 

1.  Act  of  reflecting,  or  state  of  being  reflected. 

2.  -That  which  is  reflected.  Shak. 

As  the  sun  in  water  we  can  bear, 

Yet  not  the  sun,  but  his  reflection  there.  Dnjden. 

3.  The  act  or  the  process  by  which  the  mind 

turns  itself  back  upon  itself  and  its  operations, 
or  the  act  of  turning  the  mind  back  upon  its 
own  operations.  Locke. 

When  we  make  our  own  thoughts  and  passion,  and  the 
various  operations  of  our  minds,  the  objects  of  our  attention, 
either  while  they  are  present  or  when  the}'  are  recent  and 
fresh  in  our  memory,  this  act  of  the  mind  is  called  reflection. 
Attention  is  the  energy  of  the  mind  directed  towards  things 
present.  Deflection  has  to  do  with  things  past  and  the  ideas 
of  them.  Attention  may  employ  the  organs  of  the  body. 
Reflection  is  purely  a mental  operation.  Reid. 

There  is  one  art  of  which  every  man  should  be  master  — 
the  art  of  reflection.  Coleridge. 

4.  Thought  thrown  back  upon  itself,  or  upon 
the  past,  or  the  absent. 

What  wounding  reproaches  of  soul  must  he  feel  from  the 
reflections  on  his  own  ingratitude!  Rogers. 

5.  Attentive  consideration  ; meditation ; cogi- 
tation ; deliberation ; contemplation. 

This  delight  grows  and  improves  under  thought  and  re- 
flection. South. 

6.  Censure  or  reproach  cast. 

He  died;  and,  O,  may  no  reflection  shed 

Its  poisonous  venom  on  the  royal  head.  Prior. 

7.  ( Phijsics .)  The  rebound  or  turning  back  of 

moving  elastic  balls,  of  rays  of  light,  and  of  heat, 
and  of  liquid  and  aerial  waves,  from  a smooth 
opposing  surface.  Libr.  Useful  Knowl . 

8.  (. Atiat .)  The  folding  of  a membrane  on  it- 
self ; duplicature.  Dunglisoti. 

Reflection  of  the  moon , the  moon’s  variation,  being 
one  of  the  inequalities  in  her  motion.  Hutton.  — Law 
of  reflection,  (Physics.)  a law  applying  to  perfectly 
elastic  balls,  rays  of  light  and  of  heat,  and  liquid  and 
aerial  waves,  reflected  from  a smooth,  opposing  sur- 
face, — according  to  which  the  angles  of  incidence  and 
reflection  are  equal.  Young.  — Plane  of  reflection , 
(Physics.)  tiie  plane  passing  through  the  perpendicular 
to  tiie  reflecting  surface  at  the  point  of  incidence  and 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  t,  short;  A,  $,  ],  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  fAr,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  IIER; 


REFLECTIVE 


1203 


REFRACTIVE 


the  path  of  the  reflected  body  or  ray  of  light  or  heat. 

finale  of  total  reflection , 

the  minimum  angle  of  in- 
cidence at  which  a ray  of 
light  traversing  the  denser 
of  two  media  is  totally  re- 
flected on  arriving  at  the 
common  surface  bound- 
ing them.  Total  reflection  . . rI11 

takes  place  at  all  greater  angles  of  incidence,  i he 
minimum  angle  of  total  reflection  for  plate  glass  is 
41  > 48'.  In  the  figure,  B L represents  a ray  of  light 
w;thin  a plate  of  glass  which  is  refracted,  on  emerg- 
ing from  the  glass,  in  the  direction  of  b ; CL,  another 
ray  whose  angle  of  incidence,  or  the  angle  made  by  it 
and  the  perpendicular  at  the  point  of  incidence,  is  so 
large  that  it  is  totally  reflected  at  L in  the  direction  of  c. 

Syn.  — See  Consider.. 

Itf-FLECT'IVE,  a.  [It . riflessivo  \ Sp.  reflexivo  ; 
Fr.  reflective.) 

1.  Throwing  back  rays  or  images  ; reflecting  ; 

reflexive.  " Tile  vefl.-ccticc  stream.  Prior. 

2.  Considering  the  operations  of  the  mind,  or 

things  past;  musing;  pondering  ; deliberating; 
cogitating.  “ Reflective  reason.”  Prior. 

Reflective  pronoun,  or  refledoc  pronoun,  a pronoun 
compounded  with  self ; as,  himself,  themselves. — Re- 
flective. verb,  a verb  which  returns  the  action  upon  the 
agent,  or  which  is  followed  by  a reflective  pronoun  ; 
as,  “ To  deny  one's  self, i” 

RE-FLECT'IVE-LY,  ad.  In  a reflective  manner; 
by  reflection.  Wraxall. 

ltE-FLECT'IVE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
reflective.  Ec.  Rev. 

RE-FLECT'OR,  n.  1.  One  who,  or  that  which, 
reflects.  Boyle. 

2.  {Physics.)  A smooth,  polished  surface 
used  for  reflecting  light  or  heat,  whether  plane, 
convex,  or  concave,  as  a speculum  or  mirror : — 
a reflecting  telescope.  Todd. 

RE'FLEX,  a.  [L.  rcflecto,  reflexus,  to  turn  back  ; 
It.  riflesso ; Sp.  reflejo  ; Fr.  reflexe.) 

1.  Directed  backward ; reflective.  “ The  re- 
flex act  of  the  soul.”  Hale. 

2.  Noting  a part  of  a painting  illuminated  by 

light  reflected  from  another  part.  Wright. 

3.  ( Bot .)  Bent  back  ; reflected.  Henslow. 

RE'FLEX,  n.  1.  t Reflection.  Hooker. 

2.  {Paint.)  The  illumination  of  one  part  by 
light  reflected  from  another.  Brando. 

f R1J-FLEX',  v.  a.  To  reflect.  Shak. 

RE-FLEXED'  (re-fleksd'l,  a.  (Bot.)  Bent  back- 
wards or  outwards.  . Gray. 

RJJ-FLEX-I-BTL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being  re- 
flexible.  “ Reflexibility  of  rays.”  Newton. 

R E-FLEX' I-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  reflected  or 
thrown  back.  Clieyne. 

RE-FLEX'I-TY,  n.  Reflexibility.  Wright. 

RE-FLEX'IVE,  a.  Reflective.  South.  J.  IF.  Gibbs. 

f RE-FLEX'IVE-LYj  ad.  Reflectively.  South. 

f RE-FLOAT’  (re-flot'),  n.  Ebb  ; reflux.  Bacon. 

RE-FLO-RES'CENCE,  n.  A blossoming  again. 

RE-FLOUR' ISII,  v.  n.  To  flourish  anew.  Milton. 

RE-FLOW',  v.  n.  To  flow  back ; to  ebb.  Browne. 

RE-FLoW'JJR,  v.  n.  To  flower  again.  _ Butler. 

RE-FIiUC-TU-A'TION,  n.  Refluence.  Clarke. 

REF'LU-ENCE,  n.  A flowing  back.  Marlow. 

REF'LU-EN-CY,  n.  Refluence.  IF.  Mountagu. 

REF'LU-ENT,  a.  [L.  refluo,  refluens,  to  flow 
back.]  Flowing  back  ; ebbing.  Arbuthnot. 

RF/FLUX,  n.  [L.  refluo,  to  flow  back;  It.  riflusso  ; 
Sp.  reflttjo  ; Fr.  reflux.)  A flowing  back  ; reflu- 
ence.“ The  flux  and  reflux  of  Euripus.”I?rotP«c. 

f RF.-FO^'IL-LATE,  v.  a.  [L.  refocillo  ; re,  again, 
and  fociilo,  to  revive.]  To  refresh.  Aubrey. 

f RE-FO(J-IL-LA'TION,  n.  [Fr.  refocillation.]  Re- 
freshment ; restoration  of  strength.  Middleton. 

RE-FO-MENT',  v.  a.  To  foment  again.  Cotgrave. 

RE-FOR£E',p.  a.  [Fr . reforger. ~\  To  forge  again  ; 
to  form  or  fabricate  anew.  Udal. 

RE-FORf/'ER,  n.  One  who  reforges.  Udal. 

RE-FORM',  v.  a.  [L.  reformo  ; re,  again,  and formo, 
to  form  ; forma,  form  ; It.  riformare  ; Sp.  re- 
format' ; Fr.  reformer .]  [i.  reformed;  pp. 

reforming,  reformed.]  To  change  from  worse 
to  better  ; to  correct ; to  amend ; to  restore ; to 
reclaim. 


The  example  alone  ofa  vicious  prince  will  corrupt  an  age; 
but  that  of  a good  one  will  not  reform  it.  Swtjl. 

Syn. — See  Reclaim. 

RE-FORM',  v.  n.  To  change  or  return  to  a former 
good  state  ; to  amend.  Atterbury . 

RE-FORM',  n.  Reformation  ; amendment.  Burke. 

Syn.  — See  Reformation. 

RE-FORM',  v.  a.  To  form  or  fashion  anew. 

RE-FORM'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  reformed. 

f REF-OR-MADE',  n.  A reformado.  Cotton. 

REF-OR-MA  1 DO,  n.  [Sp.]  1.  A military  officer 

deprived  of  his  command,  but  retaining  his 
rank,  and  perhaps  his  pay.  B.  Junson. 

2.  A monk  of  a reformed  order.  Weever. 

REF-OR-MADO,  a.  1.  Degraded  or  inferior.  “A 
reformado  saint.”  Hudtbras. 

2.  Devoted  to  reformation  ; penitent.  Fenton. 

t RE-FOR'MAL-IZE,  v.  n.  To  affect  reformation. 
“ The  reformalizing  Pharisees.”  Loe. 

REF-OR-MA 'TION,  n.  [L.  reformatio  ; It.  rifor- 
mazione ; Sp . refonnadon  \ Fr.  reformation.'] 

1.  The  act  of  reforming,  or  the  state  of  being 
reformed;  amendment;  correction;  reform. 

This  great  reformation  of  those  who  had  been  the  greatest 
sinners.  Addison. 

2.  ( Eccl . Hist.)  The  change  of  religion  ef- 
fected by  Martin  Luther  and  others  in  the  six- 
teenth century. 

Luther’s  work  has  been  called,  by  common  consent,  the 
reformation , and  himself  a reformer.  N.  Brit.  liev. 

Syn.  — Reformation  is  the  act  of  reforming;  re- 
form, the  result  or  the  state  of  being  reformed.  A 
reformation  commenced,  ending  in  complete  reform. 
Reformation  in  religion  ; reform  in  Parliament.  Ref- 
ormation of  a criminal ; reform  in  the  management  of 
business  or  of  an  institution  ; amendment  of  life. 

RE-FOR-MA'TION,  n.  A new  formation.  Pearson. 

RE-FORM' A-TIVE,  a.  That  reforms;  forming 
anew  ; reforming  ; reformatory.  Wright. 

RJ^-FdRM'A-TO-RY,  a.  Relating  to,  or  causing, 
reformation  ; reformative.  Ch.  Ob. 

RE-FORM' A-TO-RY,  n.  An  institution  or  estab- 
lishment designed  to  promote  the  reformation 
of  the  vicious.  Reynolds . 

REFORMED'  (re-fdrmd'),  p.  a.  1.  Changed  or  re- 
stored to  a good  state  ; amended  ; corrected. 

2.  {Eccl.  Hist.)  Noting,  in  general,  those 
Christians  who  separated  from  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church  at  the  era  of  the  reformation  ; 
but,  in  a restricted  sense,  applied  to  those  of 
the  Swiss,  Dutch,  and  French  Protestants  who 
separated  from  Luther,  especially  on  the  doc- 
trine of  consubstantiation  ; Calvinistic. 

3.  [Mil.)  Noting  an  officer,  who,  after  the 

disbandment  of  his  company  or  troop,  is  con- 
tinued on  full  or  half  pay.  Stocqueler. 

R$-FORM'$R,  n.  1.  One  who  reforms.  Sprat. 

2.  [Eccl.  Hist.)  One  who  commenced,  or  as- 
sisted in,  the  reformation  of  religion  in  the  six- 
teenth century.  Bacon . 

RE-FORM'IST,  n.  A reformer.  Howell. 

RE-FOR'TI-FY,  v.  a.  To  fortify  anew.  Burnet. 

f RE-FOS'SION  (re-fosh'un),  n.  [L .refodlo,  to  dig 
up  again.]  Act  of  digging  up  again.  Bp.  Hall. 

I RE-FOUND',  v.  a.  To  found  or  cast  anew.  Warton . 

RE-FOUND' ER,  n.  One  who  refounds.  Southey . 

RE-FRACT',  v.  a.  [L.  rcfringo , refractus , to 
break;  It.  rifrangere\  Sp.  refringir ; Fr.  re- 
fracter.\  [i.'  refracted  ; pp.  refracting, 
refracted.]  ( Physics .)  To  deviate  or  deflect 
by  a certain  angle  from  a rectilinear  direction, 
without  turning  back  or  reflecting,  as  a ray  of 
light  or  of  heat  which  passes  from  one  medium 
into  another  of  a different  density.  Cliexjne . 

RE-FRACT'^D,  p.  a.  [Physics  & Bot.)  Bent  sud- 
denly, as  if  broken  at  the  bend.  Gray . 

R^-FR  ACT'ING,  p a.  That  refracts  ; refractive  ; 
as,  “ A refracting  medium.’* 

Refracting  telescope , a telescope  in  which  rays  of 
light  from  the  various  points  of  the  object  are  devi- 
ated by  means  of  suitable  lenses,  to  the  exclusion  of 
reflectors.  Hutton.  — Refracting  angle  of  a prism , 
(Opt.)  the  angle  formed  by  the  two  faces  of  the  tri- 
angular prism  used  to  decompose  white  or  solar  light 
into  the  prismatic  colors,  or  colors  of  the  solar  spec- 
trum — Refracting  surface,  (Opt.)  a surface  bounding 
two  transparent  media,  at  which  a ray  of  light,  in 
passing  from  one  into  the  other,  undergoes  refraction. 
— Refracting  medium , a transparent  body  or  substance, 


as  air,  water,  &c.  ; — so, called  because  capablo  of  re- 
fracting light,  heat,  or  the  chemical  rays  of  the  solar 
spectrum.  — Refracting  or  refracted  dial , a dial  which 
shows  the  hour  by  means  of  some  refracting  trans- 
parent fluid.  Hatton. 

RE-FRAC'TION,  n.  [It.  rifrazione ; Sp.  refrar- 
cion;  Fr.  refraction.  1 ( Opt.  & Heat.)  The 

change  of  direction  impressed  upon  rays  of 
light  or  heat  obliquely  incident  upon  and  pass- 
ing through  a smooth  surface  bounding  two 
media  not  homogeneous,  as  air  and  water,  — or 
upon  rays  traversing  a medium,  as  the  atmos- 
phere, the  density  of  which  is  not  uniform ; — 
so  called  from  the  appearance  of  distortion  or 
fracture  it  gives  an  object  viewed  in  part  only 
by  refracted  light,  as  an  oar  partially  immersed 
in  water.  Young. 

Plane  of  refraction , the  plane  passing  through  the 
normal  or  perpendicular  to  the  refracting  surface,  at. 
the  point  of  incidence,  and  the  refracted  ray.  In  all 
cases  of  ordinary  refraction,  the  incident  and  refract- 
ed ray  are  in  this  plane.  — Jingle  of  refraction , the  an- 
gle formed  by  the  normal  and  the  refracted  ray,  which 
angle  is  usually  greater  or  less  than  the  angle  of  inci- 
dence, according  as  the  incident  ray  enters  a rarer  or 
a denser  medium  than  it  leaves,  the  refraction  being 
usually  towards  the  normal  in  a denser,  and  from  it 
in  a rarer,  medium.  Powell.  — Index  of  refraction , re- 
fractive index.  See  Refractive.  — Atmospheric  re- 
fraction, (Astron.)  the  deviation  from  a rectilinear 
course  of  rays  of  light  traversing  the  atmosphere,  by 
which  all  the  visible  heavenly  bodies,  not  in  the  zenith, 
are  apparently  displaced,  and  elevated  above  their  true 
place.  — Point  of  refraction , the  point  in  the  refracting 
surface  at  which  the  incident  ray  undergoes  refraction. 

Axis  of  refraction,  the  perpendicular  in  the  refracting 

medium  to  the  refracting  surface  at  the  point  of  re- 
fraction. Its  continuation  in  the  medium  traversed  by 
the  incident  ray  is  called  the  axis  of  incidence.  Hutton. 
— Refraction  of  altitude,  (Astron.)  the  angle  by  which 
the  apparent  altitude  of  a star  is  increased  by  refrac- 
tion.— Refraction  of  declination,  (Astron.)  the  angle 
by  which  the  declination  of  a star  is  increased  or  di- 
minished by  refraction.  — Refraction  of  ascension  and 
of  desce.nsion , (Astron.)  an  arc  of  the  equator  by  which 
tlie  ascension  and  descension  of  a star,  whether  right 
or  oblique,  are  increased  or  diminished  by  refraction. — 
Refraction  of  latitude  or  of  longitude , the  angle  by 
which  the  latitude  or  the  longitude  ofa  star  is  increased 
or  diminished  by  refraction. — Terrestrial  refraction , 
the  angle  by  which  terrestrial  objects  appear  to  be  el- 
evated above  their  true  place  in  consequence  of  refrac- 
tion. Hutton. — Double  refraction,  (Opt.)  the  refrac- 
tion of  a ray  of  light  by  certain  crystals  and  other 
transparent  substances  into  two  portions;  one  called 
the  ordinary  ray,  because  it  follows  the  law  of  ordinary 
refraction,  and  the  other  called  the  extraordinary  ray , 
because  it  follows  a different  law  ; and  each  producing 
an  image  visible  to  an  eye  suitably  situ-  ^ * 
ated.  The  ordinary  and  the  extraordi- 
nary ray  are  both  polarized,  but  in 
planes  at  right  angles  to  each  other. - 
The  figure  represents  a rhomb  of  Ice- 
land spar  ; d represents  a dot  on  paper 
underneath  from  which  a ray  of  light 
is  refracted  into  two  rays,  which, 
emerging  parallel  to  each  other  and 
entering  the  eye  suitably  situated, 
cause  two  virtual  images  to  be  seen  at  o and  e , from 
which  points  the  emergent  rays  appear  to  proceed.  — 
Axis  of  double  refraction,  a line  or  fixed  direction 
in  a doubly  refracting  body  in  which  a ray  of  light 
may  be  transmitted  without  suffering  double  refrac- 
tion ; optic  axis  ; — so  called  because  the  phenomena  of 
double  refraction  are  related  to  this  line.  In  crystals 
whose  primitive  form  [see  Primitive]  lias  only  one 
axis  of  figure  or  preeminent  line,  round  which^the 
figure  is  symmetrical,  the  axis  of  double  refraction  is 
the  same  as  the  axis  of  figure,  as  in  the  rhomb  of  Ice- 
land spar,  whose  axis  of  double  refraction  is  the  short 
diagonal  or  line  joining  t lie  two  obtuse  solid  angles. 
A large  variety  of  crystals  have  two  axes  of  double 
refraction,  but  no  single  preeminent  line  round  which 
the  figure  is  symmetrical.  Brewster.  — Conical  refrac- 
tion, the  refraction  of  a single  ray  of  light,  under  cer- 
tain conditions,  into  an  infinite  number  of  rays  in  the 
form  of  a hollow,  luminous  cone,  and  consisting  of 
two  kinds,  — external  conical  refraction,  and  internal 
conical  refraction  ; the  ray,  in  the  former  case,  issuing 
from  the  crystal  as  a cone,  with  its  vertex  at  the  point 
of  emergence,  and,  in  the  latter,  being  converted  into  a 
cone  on  entering  the  crystal,  and  issuing  as  a hollow 
cylinder.  This  remarkable  phenomenon  was  discov- 
ered by  Sir  W.  R.  Hamilton  by  mathematical  deduc- 
tion from  Fresnel’s  theory  of  double  refraction,  and 
subsequently  verified  by  experiment  by  Professor  II. 
Lloyd.  Lloyd.  Nichol. 

RJS-FRACT'IVE,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  having  the 
power  of,  refraction  ; refracting.  Ncicton. 

Rpfractire  index  or  index  of  refraction  of  a refracting 
medium,  the  ratio  of  the  sines  of  the  angles  of  inci- 
dence and  refraction,  constant  for  all  incidences,  when 
a ray  of  light  passes  obliquely  from  a vacuum  into 
that  medium,  or  the  quotient  resulting  from  the  di- 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,*  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  <?,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


REFRACTORILY 


1204 


REFUTE 


vision  of  the  sine  of  the  angle  of  incidence  in  the 
vacuum  by  the  sine  of  the  angle  of  refraction  in  the 
medium.  The  refractive  index  for  water  is  1.336  ; for 
plate  glass,  1.514  ; for  the  diamond,  2.439.  Brewster . 
— Relative  refractive  index  of  two  media , the  quotient 
resulting  from  the  division  of  the  refractive  index  of 
one  medium  by  that  of  the  other.  Nichol.  — Refract- 
ive or  refracting  power , {Opt.)  the  relative  degree  of 
power  or  influence  exerted  by  a diaphanous  body  in 
deviating  light  passing  through  it,  the  measure  of 
which,  generally  adopted,  is  n2 — 1,  or  the  second 
power  of  the  refractive  index  diminished  by  unity  : — 
used  also  in  the  same  sense  as  refractive  index.  Lard- 
ner.  Brewster. 

R]J-FRAC'TO-RI-LY,  ad.  In  a refractory  manner; 
obstinately";  perversely.  Ash. 

Ry-FRAC'TO-RI-NESS,  re.  1.  The  state  of  being 
refractory;  obstinacy;  stubbornness. Sanderson. 

2.  (Min.)  That  quality  of  minerals  by  which 
they  strongly  resist  the  action  of  heat:  — also 
the  toughness  of  minerals  by  which  they  are 
able  to  resist  repeated  blows.  Phillips. 

Rp-FRAC'TO-RY,  a.  [L.  refractarius ; refringo , 
refractus,  "to  break  ; It.  refrattario ; Sp.  refrac- 
torio ; Fr.  refractaire.] 

1.  Refusing  obedience  ; obstinate  ; perverse  ; 

stubborn ; contumacious  ; ungovernable  ; un- 
ruly. “ Refractory  and  sullen.”  Bentley. 

2.  ( Chem .)  Noting  earths  or  metals  that  are 

infusible,  or  require  an  extraordinary  degree  of 
heat  to  fuse  them,  as  clays,  platinum,  &c. : — also 
noting  minerals  so  tough  as  to  be  able  to  resist 
repeated  blows.  Parkes. 

RIJ-FRAC'TO-RY,  n.  1.  A refractory  or  obstinate 
person,  [n.]  Bp.  Hall. 

2.  f Obstinate  opposition.  Bp.  Taylor. 

||  REF'RA-G  A-BLE  [ref'r»-g?-bl,  S.  IF.  J.  K.  Sm. ; 
re-frag'a-bl  or  ref'rj-ga-bl,  P.  ; ref'ra-ga-bl  or  re- 
fra'ga-bl,  1 Fr.],  a.  [L.  refrayor,  to  oppose,  to 
gainsay  ; re,  again,  and  frango,  to  break.]  That 
may  be  refuted  ; refutable,  [it.]  Bailey. 

II  REF’RA-GA-BLE-NESS,  ».  The  state  or  the 
quality  of  being  refragable.  Ash. 

t Rp-FR.A'G.YTE,  v.  n.  [L.  refragor,  refragatus.] 
To  make  opposition.  Glanvill. 

R£-FRAIN'  (re-fran'),  v.  a.  [L.  refreno ; re,  again, 
back,  and  freno,  to  curb ; frenutn,  a bridle  ; It. 
raffrenare  ; Sp.  refrenar ; Fr.  refrener.]  [i.  re- 
frained ; pp.  REFRAINING,  REFRAINED.]  To 
hold  back;  to  restrain  ; to  withhold. 

Refrain  thy  feet  from  their  path.  Prov.  i.  15. 

R^-FRAIN',  v.  n.  To  forbear  ; to  abstain.  “ Re- 
frain from  these  men.”  Acts  v.  38. 

R^-FRAIN',  n.  [Fr.,  according  to  Menage,  from 
Sp,  refran,  a proverb.]  (Mus.)  The  burden  of 
a song,  or  that  part  of  a song  that  is  repeated 
at  the  end  of  every  stanza.  Brande. 

R$-FRAIN']JR,  ».  One  who  refrains.  Edw.Hall. 

f Ry-FRAlN'MFiNT,  n.  The  act  of  refraining; 
abstinence  ; forbearance.  Shaftesbury. 

RE-FRAME',  v.  a.  To  frame  or  put  together  again. 

Rp-FR AN-yi-BIL'f-Ty,  n.  [It.  rifrangibilita ; Sp. 
refrangioilidad ; Fr.  rifrangibilite.]  The  qual- 
ity or  the  state  of  being  refrangible;  suscepti- 
bility of  refraction  ; refrangibleness.  Newton. 

Rf.-FRAN'9J-BLE,  a.  [L.  refrango,  refractus,  to 
break;  It. rifrangibila ; Sp.  refrangible;  Fr . re- 
f rangible .]  Capable  of  being  refracted,  as  rays 
of  light.  Locke. 

RJg-FRAN’QIT-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  the 
state  of  being  refrangible  ; refrangibility.  Ash. 

f REF-R]J-NA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  refraining  or 
restraining.  Cotgrave. 

RE-FRESH',  v.  a.  [It.  rinfrescare  ; fresco,  fresh  ; 
Sp.  ref  rescar;  Fr.  raffaicher.  — A.  S.  frysan, 
to  freeze.]  [f.  refreshed  ; pp.  refreshing, 

REFRESHED.] 

1.  f To  cool;  to  refrigerate.  Chaucer. 

2.  To  renew,  restore,  or  repair  the  strength 
or  spirits  of ; to  relieve  after  pain,  fatigue,  or 
want ; to  recreate  ; to  invigorate  ; to  revive. 

Music  was  ordained  to  refresh  the  mind  of  man.  Shah. 

lie  was  in  do  danger  to  be  overtaken;  so  that  he  was  con- 
tent to  refresh  his  inch.  Clarendon. 

3.  To  improve  by  new  touches,  as  something 
impaired  ; to  retouch  ; to  burnish. 

The  rest  refresh  the  scaly  snakes,  that  sold 

The  shield  of  Pallas,  and  renew  their  gold.  Dryden. 

f R1J-FRESH',  n.  Refreshment. 


RJJ-FRESII'JJR,  n.  One  who  refreshes.  Thomson. 

Rf.-FRESIl'FUL,  a.  Full  of  refreshment ; in- 
vigorating ; recreating  ; refreshing.  Thomson. 

Rp-FRESH'JNG,  n.  Relief  after  pain,  fatigue,  or 
want ; refreshment.  ^Milton. 

RIJ-FRESH'ING,  p.  a.  Affording  refreshment ; re- 
viving ; invigorating. 

Rf-FRESII'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a refreshing  manner  ; 
so  as  to  refresh.  Clarke. 

Rp-FRESH'ING-NESS,  11.  The  quality  of  being 
refreshing.  Wright. 

RE-FRESH'MENT,  re.  1.  The  act  of  refreshing, 
or  the  state  of  being  refreshed  ; relief  or  resto- 
ration after  pain,  depression,  or  fatigue.  Horsley. 

2.  That  which  refreshes,  or  gives  fresh 
strength  or  vigor,  as  food  or  rest.  South. 

f RE-FRET',  n.  A refrain.  Bailey. 

Rg-FRl^'jjR-ANT,  a.  [It.  3,  Sp.  refrigerants ; Fr. 
refrigerant .]  That  refrigerates  or  cools  ; cool- 
ing ; allaying  heat ; refrigerative.  Bacon. 

Rp-FRip'pR-ANT,  n.  1.  (Mccl.)  A medicine  that 
cools,  or  allays  the  morbid  temperature  of  the 
body.  Dunglison. 

2.  That  which  deadens  or  extinguishes. 

This  almost  never  fails  to  prove  a refrigerant  to  passion. 

Blair. 

R^-FRIIjr'JER-ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  refrigero , refrigera- 
tus  ; re,  again,  and  frigus,  cold ; It.  reffigerare  ; 
Sp.  refrigerar ; Fr . rafraichir.]  [?.  refriger- 
ated ; pp.  REFRIGERATING,  REFRIGERATED.] 
To  cool ; to  allay  the  heat  of.  Broicne. 

RJ?-FRI£'ER-ATE,  a.  Cooled.  Edw.  Hall. 

R5-FRI(J!-ER-A'TION,  ii.  [L.refrigcratio;  It.  re- 
frigerazione ; Sp . refrigeracion;  Fr.  refrigera- 
tion.'] The  act  of  cooling,  or  the  state  of  being 
cooled.  Bacon. 

Rf.-FRlfJ'JJR-A-TIVE,  a.  [It.  § Sp.  refrigerativo ; 
Fr.  refrigeratif]  Cooling  ; allaying  heat ; re- 
frigeratory ; refrigerant.  Ferrand. 

Rp-FRI^r'ER-A-TI VE,  ii.  A cooling  medicine;  a 
refrigerant.  Scott. 

Rf-FRljJr'T.R-A-TOR,  n.  1.  An  apparatus  or  box 
containing  ice,  for  keeping  articles  of  food  cool. 

2.  An  apparatus  or  utensil  for  cooling  the 
worts  of  a brewhouse,  or  other  hot  liquid,  with- 
out evaporation.  Ure. 

Rp-FRIt-J'jpR-A-TO-RY,  a.  [L.  refrigeratorius  ; 
It.  refrigeratorio;  Fr.  refrigeratoire .]  Cooling; 
allaying  heat ; refrigerative.  Bp.  Berkeley. 

RJJ-FRIfjr'JJR-A-TO-RY,  n.  1.  A vessel  contain- 
ing cold  water  for  condensing  the  vapor  or  gas 
that  arises  in  any  process  of  distillation,  as  a 
common  worm-tub  ; a refrigerator.  Parkes. 

2.  Something  cooling  internally.  Mortimer. 

j-  REF-RI-(fE' RI-UM,  n.  [L.]  Cool  refreshment ; 
refrigeration.  South. 

f REFT,  p.  from  reave.  Deprived  ; bereft.  Shak. 

f REFT,  i.  from  reave.  Took  away.  Spenser. 

REFT,  n.  A chink.  — See  Rift.  Chaucer. 

REF'UtjrE  (ref'fuj),  n.  [L.  refugium  ; refugio,  to 
flee  back  ; re,  back,  and  fitgio,  to  flee  ; It.  ri- 
fugio  ; Sp.  refugio  ; Fr.  refuge.] 

1.  Shelter  from  danger  or  distress ; protec- 
tion ; security ; safety. 

Rocks,  (lens,  and  caves;  but  I in  none  of  these 

Find  place  or  refuge.  Milton. 

2.  That  which  shelters  or  protects ; a place  of 
safety  or  security ; an  asylum  ; a retreat. 

The  Lord  also  will  be  a refuge  for  the  oppressed,  a refuge 
in  times  of  trouble.  Ps.  ix.  9. 

The  high  hills  are  a refuge  for  the  wild  goats.  Ps.  civ.  18. 

3.  An  expedient  to  secure  protection  ; resort. 

Their  latest  refuge  was  to  send  to  him.  Shak. 

4.  An  expedient ; a contrivance. 

Light  must  be  supplied,  among  graceful  refuges,  by  ter- 
racing any  story  in  danger  of  darkness.  IVotton. 

dries  of  refuge,  six  cities  appointed  under  tile  Jew- 
ish dispensation  for  the  safety  of  those  who  had  acci- 
dentally caused  tile  deatli  of  any  one.  Dent.  xix.  29. 

Syn.  — See  Asylum. 

[Fr.  refugier.]  To  shelter  ; to 
Shak. 

To  take  refuge.  Sir  J.  Finett. 
[Fr.  nfugie  ; It  rifugito.] 


1.  One  who  flies  to  a refuge  or  a place  of 

safety.  Dryden. 

2.  A person  who  flees  from  religious  or  politi- 

cal persecution  in  his  own  country,  and  takes 
refuge  in  another.  Dumpier. 

RSf-Itwas  originally  applied  to  the  French  refu- 
gees who  found  an  asylum  in  England  and  among 
various  continental  nations,  after  tile  revocation  of 
tile  Edict  of  Nantes  by  Louis  XIV.  Brande. 

RIJ-FUL  (jrg.YCE,  <j  n [L.  refulgentia.]  The 

R£-FUL'9£N-CY,  ) state  or  the  quality  of  being 
refulgent ; splendor  ; brightness.  Knatchbull. 

RJJ-FUL'QJIJNT,  a.  [L.  refulgeo,  refulgens,  to 
flash  back,  to  shine  bright;  re,  again,  back,  and 
fulgeo,  to  shine;  It.  % Sp.  refulgente;  Fr.  re- 
fulgent.] Emitting  a bright  light ; shining  ; 
splendid  ; resplendent ; effulgent. 

Ilis  refulgent  aims  flashed  through  the  shady  plain.  Dryden. 

Ry-FUL'yyNT-LY,  ad.  With  refulgence  ; with 
great  brightness.  Johnson. 

RfS-FUND',  v.  a.  [L.  ref  undo;  re,  again,  back, 
and  fundo,  to  pour.]  [i.  refunded;  pp.  re- 
funding, REFUNDED.] 

1.  To  pour  back  ; to  turn  back  ; to  reflect. 

Were  the  humors  of  the  eye  tinctured  with  any  color,  they 

would  refund  that  color  upon  the  object.  Rap. 

2.  To  repay  or  restore,  as  money  given  or  re- 
ceived ; to  pay  back. 

To  refund,  what  he  had  wrongfully  taken.  L Estrange. 

RE-FUND',  v.  a.  To  fund  anew.  D.  Treadwell. 

R5-FUND'£R,  n.  One  who  refunds  or  repays. 

RE-FUR'NISH,  v.  a.  To  furnish  anew.  Sir  T.  Elgot. 

RIJ-FUS'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  refused.  Young. 

R£-FU'§AL,  n.  1.  The  act  of  refusing;  denial. 
“ A flat  refusal.”  Bolingbroke. 

2.  The  right  of  having  any  thing  before 
another ; the  choice  of  accepting  or  of  declining  ; 
option  ; as,  “ To  have  the  refusal  of  a house.” 

When  employments  go  a-begging  for  want  of  hands,  they 
shall  be  sure  to  have  the  refusal.  Swift. 

f RE-FUSE'  (re-fuz'),  n.  Refusal ; denial.  Fairfax. 

R5-FU§E'  (re-fuz'),  v.  (t.  [It.  rifiutare ; Sp.  rehu- 
sar;  Fr  .refuser.  — From  L . refuto,  to  repress, 
to  refute.  Menage.]  [i.  refused  ; pp.  refus- 
ing, REFUSED.] 

1.  To  deny,  as  something  solicited  or  re- 

quired; to  decline.  “To  make  them  give  or 
refuse  credit.”  Locke. 

2.  To  reject ; to  repudiate  ; to  exclude.  “ The 
stone  which  the  builders  refused.”  Ps.  cxviii.  22. 

Jtefuse  profane  and  old  wives’  fables.  1 Tim.  iv.  7. 

Syn.  — A person  refuses  what  is  asked  of  him  for 
want  of  inclination  to  comply,  declines  what  is  pro- 
posed from  motives  of  discretion,  and  rejects  what  is 
offered  because  it  does  not  fall  within  his  views.  To 
repel  is  to  reject  with  violence  ; To  rebuff,  to  refuse. 
with  contempt.  Refuse  assent  or  a request;  deny  a 
claim  ; decline  an  offer;  reject  a proposal ; repel  a foe; 
rebuff  an  intruder. 

Rp-FU§E',  v.  n.  1.  To  decline  to  accept ; not  to 
comply. 

Too  proud  to  ask,  too  humble  to  refuse.  Garth. 

2.  (Mil.)  To  keep  out  of  that  regular  aligne- 
ment  which  is  formed  when  troops  are  upon  the 
point  of  engaging  an  enemy.  Stocqucler. 

REF'USE  [retus,  W.  J.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  Wr.  Wb. ; 
ref' fuz,  >S.  P.  E.],  n.  [Fr.  refits.] 

1.  t A refusal.  Fairfax. 

2.  That  which  is  left  or  rejected  as  worthless 
after  the  rest  is  taken ; waste  or  worthless 
matter ; dregs  ; lees  ; dross  ; scum.  Bacon. 

The  scum  and  refuse  of  the  people.  Gov.  of  the  Tongue. 

Syn.  — See  Dregs. 

REF'USE,  a.  Left  as  worthless  when  the  rest  is 
taken  ; worthless  ; waste.  Spectator. 

Every  thing  vile  and  refuse  they  destroyed.  1 Sam.  xv.  0. 

Ry-FU§'1?R,  n.  One  who  refuses.  Bp.  Taylor. 

RE-FU'^ION,  ii.  A new  fusion.  War  burton. 

Rp-FU'TA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  refuted.  Junius. 

Rf-FU'TAL,  n.  Refutation.  Sir  Jonah  Barington. 

REF-U-TA'TIQN,  11.  [L.  refutatio;  It.  rifuta- 

zione  ; Sp.  rcfutacion  ; Fr.  refutation.]  The  act 
of  refuting  ; confutation  ; disproof.  Bentley. 

Ry-FU'TA-TO-RY,  a.  Relating  to,  or  containing, 
refutation.  “ Refutatorg  arguments.”  Whately. 

Ry-FUTE',  v.  a.  [L.  refuto,  to  check,  to  drive 
back,  to  refute;  It.  rifutare ; Sp.  refutar;  Fr. 
refuter.]  \i.  refuted  ; pp.  refuting,  re- 


f REF'USE,  V.  a. 
protect. 

f REF'UtyE,  V.  n. 
Daniel.  ! REF-y-£EE',  re. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  ?,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


REFUTER 


1205 


REGIMENT 


rt'TED.]  To  prove  to  be  false  or  erroneous  ; to 
show  the  fallacy  of ; to  disprove  ; to  confute. 

And  reasons  brought  that  no  man  could  refute.  Sjienser. 

Syn.—  See  Confute. 

RU-FUT'ER,  n.  One  who  refutes.  Bp.  Hall. 

RE-GAIN',  v.  a.  [Fr.  regagner.]  [t.  regained  ; 
pp.  regaining,  REGAINED.]  To  gain  back  or 
anew ; to  recover.  Milton. 

RE'GAL,  a.  [L.  regalis ; rex,  regis,  a king  ; It. 
regale , reale ; Sp.  real-,  Fr.  regale.']  Pertaining 
to  a king;  kingly;  royal.  “The  regal  title.” 
Shak.  “ Regal  sovereignty.”  Drayton. 

Syn. — See  Royal. 

f RE'GAL,  n.  [Fr.  regale.]  A small,  portable 
musical  organ  with  keys.  Bacon. 

RE-GA 1 LE,  n.  A royal  prerogative,  [it.]  Johnson. 

Rf-GALE',  t \ a.  [It.  regalare  ; Sp.  rcgalar-,  Fr. 
regaler.]  [i.  regaled  ; pp.  regaling,  re- 
galed.] To  gratify,  as  with  a regal  or  sumptu- 
ous repast ; to  entertain  ; to  refresh.  Philips. 

The  gate  they  pass,  and  to  the  dome  retire, 

Where  Venus  oft  regales  the  god  of  fire.  Fawkes. 

Rp-GALE',  v.  n.  To  feast  or  fare  sumptuously. 

See  the  rich  churl  amid  the  social  sons 

Of  wine  and  wit  regaling.  Sfiens/one. 

RE-GALE',  n.  [Sp.  regalo  ; Fr.  regal.  — From  L. 
regalis,  regal.  Skinner.]  A grand  or  sumptu- 
ous repast,  as  for  a royal  personage.  Johnson. 

RE-GALE'M5NT,  n.  Act  of  regaling;  refresh- 
ment ; entertainment.  Phillips. 

RE-GA ' LI-A,  n.  pi.  [L.] 

1.  Ensigns  of  royalty  or  sovereignty,  as 
crowns,  sceptres,  globes,  crosses,  &e.  Young. 

2.  The  rights,  privileges,  and  prerogatives  of 

a sovereign.  Brancle. 

3.  The  privileges  granted  by  kings  to  the 
church: — the  patrimony  of  a church.  Branch. 

4.  The  oniamental  dress,  badges,  jewels,  &c., 

worn  by  freemasons,  and  other  societies,  or  by 
high  officers  and  dignitaries.  Simmonds. 

Rf-GAL'I-TY,  n.  1.  The  state  of  being  regal  or 
royal ; royalty  ; sovereignty  ; kingship.  Bacon. 

2.  f An  ensign  of  royalty.  Sir  T.  Elyot. 

RE'GAL-LY,  ad.  In  a regal  manner  ; royally. 

+ RE'GAL^,  n.  pi.  Regalia.  Berners. 

RE-GARD',  v.  a.  [It.  riguardare ; guardare,  to 

look,  to  guard  ; Fr.  regarder.]  \i.  regarded  ; 
pp.  regarding,  regarded.] 

1.  To  look  back  upon  or  towards. 

A peninsula  which  regardeth  the  main  land.  Sandys. 

2.  To  look  at;  to  observe;  to  notice;  to  re- 
mark. 

If  you  much  note  him, 

You  offend  him;  feed,  and  regard  him  not.  Shale. 

3.  To  have  reference  to  ; to  relate  to.  Johnson. 

4.  To  treat  with  respect ; to  value  ; to  esteem. 

The  best  regarded  virgins  of  our  clime.  Shak. 

5.  To  attend  to  ; to  mind  ; to  heed. 

Tie  valued  iris  religion  beyond  iris  own  safety,  and  regard- 
ed not  all  the  calumnies  ...  of  the  enemies.  ‘ Stillingfieet. 

He  that  observeth  the  wind  shall  not  sow;  and  he  that  re- 
gardeth the  clouds,  shall  not  reap.  Reel.  xi.  4. 

6.  To  observe  or  keep  religiously. 

He  that  regardeth  the  day,  regardeth  it  unto  the  Lord. 

Rom.  xiv.  C. 

7.  To  view  in  the  light  of;  to  consider;  to 
reckon. 

These  are  not  only  regarded  as  authors  but  as  partisans. 

Addison. 

RE-GARD',  v.  n.  To  bear  in  mind;  to  consider  ; 
to  care. 

Neither  regarding  that  she  is  my  child, 

Nor  fearing  me  as  if  I were  her  father.  Shak. 

RE-GARD',  n.  [It.  riguardo  ; Fr.  regard.] 

1.  Look  directed  to  another,  [it.]  Dryden. 

But  her  with  stern  regard  he  thus  repelled.  Milton. 

2.  Relation;  reference;  respect;  account. 

To  pursue  and  persevere  in  virtue,  with  regard  to  them- 
selves; in  justice  and  goodness,  with  regard  to  their  neigh- 
bors; and  piety  towards  God.  Watts. 

3.  Attention,  as  to  a matter  of  importance  ; 

consideration  ; notice  ; heed.  Atterhury. 

We  observe  omens  ...  to  command  the  most  solemn  re- 
gards of  persons  whose  imagination  is  more  busy  and  active 
than  their  reason.  Spenser. 

4.  Respect ; esteem  ; affection  ; deference  ; 
honor.  “To  him  they  had  regard.”  Acts  viii.  11. 

He  has  rendered  himself  fvovthy  of  their  most  favorable 
regards.  A.  Smith. 


5.  Note;  eminence;  reputation;  repute.  “A 

man  of  meanest  regard."  [r.]  Spenser. 

6.  A perquisite  or  an  allowance  ; a fee.  Burrill. 

7.  A matter  demanding  attention.  Spenser. 

8.  f Prospect;  object  of  sight.  Shak. 

9.  ( Forest  Law.')  The  inspection  or  supervis- 
ion of  a forest.  Burrill. 

Court  of  Regards,  formerly  a forest  court,  held  eve- 
ry third  year,  for  the  lawing  or  expeditation  of  dogs 
to  prevent  their  running  after  the  deer.  Whisliaw. 

Syn. — Have  a proper  regard  for  all  ; pay  attention 
to  persons  ; give  attention  to  study  ; show  respect  for 
tile  industrious,  esteem  for  the  virtuous  ; feel  reverence 
for  sacred  tilings  or  sacred  persons.  — See  Care. 

Rp-GARD'A-BLE,  a.  Worthy  of  regard  or  notice  ; 
observable ; remarkable.  Browne. 

RIJ-GAR'DANT,  a.  1.  Looking  back;  retrospec- 
tive. “ His  regardant  eye.”  Southey. 

2.  {Her.)  Looking  behind,  as  a lion.  — See 

Lion.  Brande. 

3.  {Old  Eng.  Law.)  Noting  a villain  who  was 

annexed  to  the  land.  Burrill. 

RE-GARD'JJR,  n.  1.  One  who  regards. 

2.  {Forest  Law.)  An  officer  of  the  forest  ap- 
pointed to  supervise  all  other  officers.  Burrill. 

RJJ-GARD'FUL,  a.  Having  regard  ; taking  notice  ; 
attentive ; heedful ; mindful.  Hayward. 

Let  a man  be  very  tender  and  regardful  of  every  motion 
made  by  the  Spirit  of  God  to  his  heart.  South. 

R1J-GARD'FUL-LY,  ad.  With  regard ; attentive- 
ly ; heedfully  ; respectfully.  Shak. 

RJJ-GARD'ING,  prep.  Having  regard  to  ; respect- 
ing ; concerning.  Hiley. 

RE-GARD'L^SS,  a.  1.  Without  regard;  heed- 
less ; careless  ; negligent ; inattentive.  Milton. 

2.  Not  regarded;  neglected;  slighted.  “A 
regardless  suppliant.”  [r.]  Congreve. 

RJJ-GARD'LESS-LY,  ad.  Carelessly  ; heedlessly; 
negligently.  Sandys. 

RF.-G  ARD'LgSS-NESS,  n.  Heedlessness  ; negli- 
gence ; inattention.  Whitlock. 

RE-GATII'ER,  V.  a.  To  gather  anew.  Hackluyt. 

RF.-GAT'  TA,  n.  [It.’]  A boat-race  for  public 
amusement  or  for  a prize.  Brande. 

RE'GAL,  n.  {Astron.)  A star  of  the  first  magni- 
tude, in  the  left  heel  of  Orion;  — written  also 
rigel.  Brande. 

RE'9£N-CY  (re'jen-se),  n.  [It.  reggenza,  from  I,. 
rego,  regens,  to  rule  ; Sp.  regencia  ; Fr.  regence.] 

1.  Rule  ; authority  ; government.  “ The 

sceptre  of  Christ’s  regency.”  Hooker. 

2.  The  state  or  the  government  of  a regent ; 

vicarious  government.  Temple. 

3.  District  governed  by  a viceregent. 

Regions  they  passed,  the  mighty  regencies 

Of  seraphim.  Milton. 

4.  A body  of  persons  exercising  vicarious 

government.  Lowtli. 

The  regency  transacted  affairs  in  the  king’s  absence.  Johnson. 

R1J-£EN'ER-A-CY,  n.  The  state  of  being  regen- 
erated. Hammond. 

R]J-£EN'jER-ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  regenero,  regenerat.us  ; 
re,  again,  and  genero,  to  beget,  to  create  ; genus, 
birth,  It.  rigenerare;  Sp.  regenerar ; Fr.  re- 
generer .]  [*.  regenerated  ; pp.  regener- 

ating, regenerated.] 

1.  To  generate  anew  ; to  reproduce.  Davies. 

Through  all  the  soil  a genial  ferment  spreads, 

Regenerates  the  plants,  and  new  adorns  the  meads. 

Blackmore. 

2.  ( Theol.)  To  renew  by  change  of  affections  ; 

to  make  to  be  born  again.  Addison. 

RE-tJlEN'IJR-ATE,  a.  1.  Produced  or  created 
anew ; reproduced.  Shak. 

2.  {Theol.)  Renewed  as  to  the  affections; 
born  anew  by  grace  to  a Christian  life.  Wake. 

RF-<?EN'(1R-ATE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
regenerate  or  regenerated.  Johnson. 

Rp-^IEN-pR-A'TION,  n.  [L.  regeneration.  It.  re- 
generazione ; Sp.  regeneracion ; Fr.  regeneration.) 

1.  The  act  of  regenerating,  or  the  state  of 
being  regenerated ; reproduction. 

2.  {Med.)  The  reproduction  of  a part  which 

has  been  destroyed.  Dunglison. 

3.  {Theol.)  Renewal  or  renovation  of  the  af- 


fections by  the  Spirit  and  grace  of  God ; birth  by 
grace  to  a Christian  life  ; new  birth. 

He  saved  us  by  the  washing  of  regeneration  and  renewing 
of  the  Holy  Ghost.  Tit.  iii.  A Ay- 

Conversion  is  not  regeneration , though  it  is  a needful  pre- 
liminary step,  and  may  lead  to  it.  Barrett. 

RE-<?EN'FR-A-TlVE,  a.  That  regenerates;  pro- 
ducing regeneration  ; renewing.  Coleridge. 

RJJ-^EN'FR-A-TO-RY,  a.  Renewing;  producing 
regeneration  ; regenerative.  Clarke. 

RE'ppNT,  a.  [L.  rego,  regens,  to  rule  ; It.  reg- 
gente  ; Sp.  regente  ; Fr.  regent.] 

1.  Ruling ; governing ; regnant.  Hale. 

2.  Exercising  vicarious  authority.  “ He  to- 
gether calls  . . . the  regent  powers.”  Milton. 

RE'^pNT,  n.  [It.  reggente ; Sp.  regente  ; Fr.  re- 
gent.] 

1.  A ruler  ; a governor  ; commander  ; director. 

First  in  his  east  the  glorious  lamp  was  seen, 

Regent  of  day.  Milton. 

2.  One  invested  with  vicarious  authority  ; one 
who  exercises  the  powers  of  a sovereign  during 
the  absence,  minority,  or  incapacity  of  the  latter. 

Wherever  there  has  been  hereditary  sovereignty,  or  an 
hereditary  kingly  office,  it  has  been  found  necessary  some- 
times to  have  recourse  to  the  expedient  of  appointing  a re- 
gent. B.  Cyc. 

3.  In  the  English  universities,  a master  of 
arts  under  five  years’  standing,  and  a doctor 
under  two  : — in  colleges,  a teacher  of  arts  and 
sciences,  having  pupils  under  his  care,  generally 
of  the  lower  classes,  — those  who  instruct  the 
higher  classes  being  called  professors.  Wright. 

The  regents  still  form  the  governing  body  of 
the  universities,  in  the  convocation  and  congregation 
at  Oxford,  and  in  the  academical  senate  of  Cam- 
bridge.” Brande. 

■4.  One  of  the  board,  appointed  by  the  legis- 
lature, who  have  the  superintendence  of  all  the 
colleges,  academies,  and  schools  of  the  State  of 
New  York.  Bouvier. 

RE'^ENT-ESS,  n.  A female  regent.  Cotgrave. 

RE'^ENT-SHIP,  n.  The  state  or  the  office  of  a 
regent ; regency.  Shak. 

RE-<JrER'MI-NATE,  v.  n.  To  germinate  or  bud 
again.  Taylor. 

RE-^rER-MI-NA'TION,  11.  A germination  or 
sprouting  anew.  Gregory. 

fi  R p-f^EST',  n.  A register.  Milton. 

RE-GET',  v.  a.  To  get  or  obtain  again.  Daniel. 

f REtjr'I-BLE  (rej'e-bl),  a.  Governable.  Bailey. 

RE^-I-Cl'DAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a regicide.  “This 
regicidal  collection.”  Warburton. 

REt'r'I-CIDE,  n.  [It.  (S,  Sp.  regicida,  from  L.  rex, 
regis,  a king,  and  ccedo,  to  slay;  Fr.  regicide.] 

1.  The  murderer  of  a king.  “ A regicide  and 

destroyer  of  his  king.”  Burke. 

2.  The  murder  of  a king ; the  crime  of  slay- 
ing a king  or  a sovereign.  Pope. 

This  I call  regicide  by  establishment.  Burke. 

RE^r'I-ClDE,  a.  Relating  to  a regicide  ; regicidal. 

“ A murderous  regicide  treason.”  Burke. 

REGIME  (re-zhem'),  n.  [Fr.]  Government ; ad- 
ministration ; rule.  Ec.  Rev. 

REp'I-MEN,  n.  [L.  regimen,  a rule;  rego,  to  rule.] 

1.  A rule  prescribed  or  followed.  Burke. 

2.  {Med.)  The  rational  and  methodical  use  of 
food  and  of  every  thing  essential  to  life,  whether 
in  a state  of  health  or  of  disease  : — a particular 
kind  of  food  prescribed  for  sickness,  or  a rule  of 
diet:  — that  part  of  medicine  whose  object  is 
the  preservation  of  health  ; hygiene.  Dunglison. 

3.  {Gram.)  The  government  of  nouns  by 
verbs  and  other  words  which  determine  the  case, 
or  the  condition  of  a word  as  governed.  Adam. 

f RE^'I-MENT,  n.  [L.  regimenti/m .]  Rule  ; gov- 
ernment ; authority.  Shak.  Hooker. 

The  first  blast  of  the  trumpet  against  the  monstrous  regi- 
ment of  women.  John  Knox. 

■ The  regiment  of  the  soul  over  the  body  is  the  regiment  of 
the  more  active  part  over  the  passive.  Rate. 

RE(?'I-MENT,  n.  [It.  reggimento  ; Sp.  regimiento ; 
Fr."  regiment.]  (Mil.)  A body  of  troops  com- 
manded by  a colonel,  consisting  usually  of  from 
800  to  1000  or  1200  men,  divided  into  companies, 
each  of  which  is  commanded  by  a captain. 

Glos.  of  Mil.  Terms. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — g,  £,  9,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  c,  |,  hard;  § as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


REGIMENT 


120G 


REGULARLY 


RE<y'I-MENT,  v.  a.  To  form  into  a regiment  or 
into  regiments,  [it.]  A.  Smith. 

RE^-I-MEN'TAL,  a.  Belonging  to  a regiment; 
military.  Langton. 

RE£-I-MEN'TAL§,  n.  pi.  (Mi/.)  The  uniform  or 
military  dress  of  the  army.  Stocquelcr. 

R^-^IM'I-NAL,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  partaking 
of,  regimen.  Sir  J.  Forbes. 

REGION  (re'jttn),  n.  [L.  regio , a direction,  a 
boundary,  a region  ; rego,  to  rule  ; It.  regions  ; 
Sp.  region  ; Fr.  region .] 

1.  A tract  or  district  of  land  ; country.  “ All 
the  region  round  about  Galilee.”  Mark  i.  28. 

2.  A tract  or  portion  of  space.  “ The  upper 

regions  of  the  air.”  Bacon. 

3.  A neighboring  part  or  portion.  “ The  re- 
gion of  my  heart.”  Shak. 

4.  f Place  ; rank  ; station ; dignity.  “ He  is 

of  too  high  a region.”  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  District. 

+ RE'(?!-OUS,  a.  [L . regius  •,  rex,regis , a king.] 
Pertaining  to  a king  ; royal.  Harrington. 

REG'IS-TER,  n.  [L.  regesta  ; regero.  regestus,  to 
carry  back,  to  transcribe,  to  register  ; re,  back, 
and  gero,  to  bear  ; Low  L.  regestrum,  regestuni ; 
It.  cSc  Sp.  registro ; Fr.  registre.] 

1.  An  account  regularly  kept,  as  of  acts  or 
proceedings ; a chronicle  ; a record  ; a list ; a roll. 

Enrolled  is  your  glorious  name 
In  heavenly  registers  above  the  sun.  Spenser. 

2.  A contrivance  to  regulate  the  quantity  of 
heat  or  air  to  be  admitted. 

Look  well  to  the  register , 

And  let  your  heat  still  lessen  by  degrees.  B.  Jonson. 

3.  A contrivance  for  recording  or  calculating 
the  performance  of  an  engine,  or  the  rapidity 
of  a process. 

4.  (Commercial  Laic  A)  An  entry  made  at  a 
custom-house  of  the  time  when  and  the  place 
where  a vessel  was  built,  and  of  other  particu- 
lars required  by  law  : — a certificate  of  the  reg- 
istry of  a vessel  at  a custom-house.  Burrill. 

5.  (Printing.)  One  of  the  inner  parts  of  the 
mould  in  which  types  are  cast: — the  disposi- 
tions of  the  forms  so  that  the  lines  and  pages 
printed  on  one  side  of  the  sheet  meet  exactly 
against  those  on  the  other  side.  Chambers. 

6.  (Mas.)  A department  of  the  human  voice  ; 
as,  “ The  head  register"  : — a stop,  or  set  of 
pipes,  in  an  organ;  — the  knob  or  handle  by 
means  of  which  the  organist  commands  any 
given  stop;  — the  compass  of  a voice.  Dwight. 

7.  A registrar.  Abp.  Land. 

Parish  register,  a book  in  which  are  recorded  tire 

baptisms  of  children,  and  the  marriages  and  burials, 
in  a parish. 

Syn.  — See  List,  Record. 

REfji'lS-TJJR,  v.  a.  [It.  registrars ; Sp.  registrar-, 
Fr.  register.]  [i.  registered  ; pp.  register- 
ing, REGISTERED.] 

1.  To  make  a record  of ; to  record. 

The  Roman  emperors  registered  their  most  remarkable 
buildings,  as  well  as  actions.  Addison. 

2.  To  enter  on  a list ; to  enroll.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Enroll. 

REG'IS-TpR,  v.  n.  (Printing.)  To  meet  exactly 
as  the  lines  and  pages  printed  on  one  side  of  a 
sheet  against  those  on  the  other  side.  Dwight. 

RE£'!S-T£R-SHil>,  n.  The  office  of  a register; 
registrarship.  Abp.  Laud. 

REG'IS-TRAR,  n.  [Low  L.  registrarius.]  One 
whose  office  or  employment  is  to  write  or  keep 
a register  or  record ; a register.  Warton. 

RE<jr'lS-TRAR-SHI P,  n.  The  office  of  a registrar; 
registership.  Ed.  Rev. 

REp'lS-TRAR-Y,  n.  A registrar,  [r.]  Abp.  Laud. 

RE£'jS-TRATE,  v.  a.  To  enter  on  a register  ; to 
register  ; to  record  ; to  enroll,  [r.]  Drummond. 

REt^-IS-TRA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  registering ; 
enrolment ; registry.  A.  Smith. 

RE(?'!S-TRY,  n.  1.  The  act  of  registering  or  the 
state  of  being  registered  ; enrolment.  Graunt. 

2.  A place  where  a register  is  kept.  Johnson. 

3.  A record  of  facts  or  proceedings ; a reg- 

is,t'r.  Temple. 

Rif  G I-  Os,  a.  [L.  regius  ; rex,  a king.]  Pertain- 
ing to  a king  ; royal ; kingly. 


Regius  professor,  one  of  those  professors  in  the 
English  Universities  whose  chairs  were  founded  by 
Henry  VIII.:  — in  the  Scottish  Universities,  one  of 
those  professors  appointed  by  the  crown.  Braude. 

RE-GIVE',  v.  a.  To  give  again.  Young. 

f REG  'LE-MF.JiTT  (reg'gl-nicnt),  n.  [Fr.]  Regu- 
lation. Bacon. 

REG'I.pT,  n.  [L.  regula,  a rule  ; Fr.  reglct.] 

1.  (Arch.)  A flat,  narrow  moulding  employed 
to  separate  panels  or  other  members,  or  to  form 
knots,  frets,  and  similar  ornaments.  Britton. 

2.  (P tinting .)  A ledge  of  wood  used,  as  leads 

are,  to  separate  the  lines  : — a black  border  for 
columns  of  type.  Simmonds. 

REG'MA,  n.  (Bot.)  A three  or  more  celled,  few- 
seeded,  superior,  dry  fruit,  the  cells  of  which, 
called  cocci,  burst  from  the  axis  with  elasticity 
into  two  valves.  Lindley. 

REG'NAN-CY,  n.  Act  of  reigning;  rule.  Coleridge. 

REG'NANT,  a.  [L.  regno,  regnans,  to  reign  ; It. 
regnante ; Sp.  reynante  ; Fr.  regnant.] 

1.  Reigning  ; regent ; having  regal  authority. 

“ Queens  regnant."  Wotton. 

2.  Ruling  ; predominant  ; prevalent  ; pre- 
dominating. “ The  law  was  regnant.”  Waller. 

t REG'NA-TIVE,  a.  That  rules;  ruling.  “Beg- 
native  prudence.”  Chaucer. 

RE-GOR£E',  v.  a.  [re  and  gorge.  — Fr.  regorger , 
to  overflow,  to  he  replete.]  [».  regorged  ; pp. 
REGORGING,  REGORGED.] 

1.  To  vomit  up  ; to  throw  back.  Hayward. 

2.  To  swallow  eagerly  ; to  devour. 

Drunk  with  idolatry,  drunk  with  wine, 

And  fat  regorged  of  bulls  and  goats.  Milton. 

3.  To  swallow  again  ; to  swallow  back. 

As  tides  at  highest  mark  regorge  the  flood.  Drydeil. 

f RE-GRADE',  v.  n.  [L.  regredior.]  To  go  back  ; 
to  retire.  Dr.  Hales. 

RE-GRAft',  v.  a.  [Fr.  regreffer.]  To  graft  again. 
“Oft  regrafting  the  same  scions.”  Bacon. 

RE-GRANT',  v.  a.  To  grant  anew  ; to  grant  back. 
“ He  . . . regranted  their  lands  to  them .” Ayliffe. 

RE-GRATE',  v.  a.  [Fr.  regratter,  to  scrape  again.] 
[*.  REGRATED  ; pp.  REORATING,  REGRATED.] 

1.  t To  offend  much  ; to  shock.  Dcrham. 

2.  To  buy,  as  provisions,  and  sell  them  again 

in  the  same  market,  or  within  four  miles  of  it, 
by  which  the  price  is  enhanced  ; to  engross  ; to 
forestall.  Burrill. 

3.  (Masonry .)  To  take  off  the  outer  surface, 
&c.,  as  of  an  old  hewn  stone  wall. 

Said  to  be  derived  from  Fr.  regratter,  to  scrape 
over  again,  from  frauds  practised  in  the  dressing  or 
scraping  of  second-hand  cloth  to  sell  again.  Braude. 

Rf.-GRATWER,  n.  One  who  regrates.  Outred. 

f R^-GRA'TI-A-TO-RY  (re-gra'she-fi-to-re),  n.  A 
return  of  thanks.  ’ Skelton. 

RE-GRAT'ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  regrates. 
“ By  such  engrossing  and  regrating .”  Spenser. 

RE-GRA'TORj  n.  [Fr.  regrattier.]  (Old  Eng.  Law.) 
One  who  regrates,  or  buys  and  sells  provisions 
or  wares  at  the  same  market.  “ Rcgrators  of 
bread  corn.”  Tatter. 

RE-GREET',  v.  a.  To  resalute ; to  greet  a second 
time.  Shak. 

RE-GREET',  n.  Return  or  exchange  of  saluta- 
tion ; a greeting  again. 

From  whom  he  bringeth  sensible  rcgrects.  Shak. 

RE'GRESS,  n.  [L.  regressus  ; It.  regresso  ; Sp.  re- 
greso ; Fr.  regris.] 

1.  A going  back  ; passage  back  ; a return  ; — 

opposed  to  ingress.  Burnet. 

2.  Power  or  right  of  passing  back.  Burrill. 

RIJ-GRESS',  v.  n.  To  go  back ; to  return.  Browne. 

RE-GRES'SION  (re-gresh'un),  n.  [L.  regressio.] 
The  act  of  going  back  or  of  returning ; return. 
“ Regression  into  nothing.”  Browne. 

Regression  point,  (Math.)  a cusp  point.  — See  Cusf. 

Rfl-GRES'SIVE,  a.  Passing  or  going  back.  Smart. 

RE-GRES'SI  VE-LY,  ad.  In  a regressive  manner. 

Rf.-GRET',  n.  [Fr.  regret.  — Dr.  Knott  refers  to 
the  Scotch  greit,  in  A.  S.  greedan,  to  cry,  Goth. 
greitan.  Richardson.  — From  L.  regressus,  a go- 


ing back,  — because  regret  carries  back  the 
thoughts  and  feelings  upon  the  past.  Le 
Duchat .] 

1.  Sorrow  for  something  past;  bitterness  of 
reflection;  grief;  sorrow: — repentance. 

The  remorse  and  inward  regrets  of  the  soul.  South. 

A more  lively  regret  for  the  loss  of  a servant.  Clarendon. 

2.  f Dislike  ; aversion.  Decay  of  Chr.  Piety. 

RE-GRET',  v.  a.  [It.  regrettare-,  Fr.  regretter.] 

[i.  REGRETTED  ; pp.  REGRETTING,  REGRETTED.] 

1.  To  grieve  at;  to  be  sorry  for;  to  mourn 
for;  to  lament ; to  repent  of. 

Calmly  he  looked  on  either  life,  and  here 

Saw  nothing  to  regret , or  there  to  tear.  Pope. 

2.  f To  be  uneasy  at.  Glanvill. 

R J!-GRET'FUL,  a.  Full  of  regret;  sorrowful. 

“Lost  joys’  regretful  memory.”  Fanshaiv. 

RE-GRET’FUL-LY,  ad.  With  regret.  Greenhill. 

RE-GRET'TA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  regretted. 

RE"GU  A It  I)  ANT,  n.  (Her.)  A term  denoting  the 
position  of  the  lion,  or  any  other  beast,  when 
he  turns  his  head  and  looks  back.  Fairholt. 

t RE-GUER'DON,  n.  Reward  ; guerdon.  Shak. 

f RE-GUER'DON,  v.  a.  To  reward.  Shak. 

f REG'U-LA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  regulated,  or 
adjusted  by  rule.  Cudworth. 

REG'U-LAR,  a.  [L.  regula,  a rule ; rego,  to  rule ; 
It.  regolare;  Sp.  reguler;  Fr.  regulicr.] 

1.  Conformable  to  rule  ; agreeable  or  accord- 
ing to  rule ; agreeable  to  an  ordered  or  pre- 
scribed course ; consistent  with  the  mode  pre- 
scribed ; directed  or  controlled  by  a rule  or  by 
rules  ; conformed  to  strict  regulations  ; method- 
ical ; orderly  ; formal. 

The  common  cant  of  critics,  that  though  the  lines  are 
good,  it  is  not  a regular  piece.  Guardian. 

Some  well-proportioned  dome,  bold  and  regular.  Pope- 

2.  Instituted  or  initiated  according  to  estab- 

lished rules,  forms,  or  discipline.  “ A regular 
doctor.”  “ Regular  troops.”  Johnson. 

3.  Noting  Catholic  clergy  or  priests  belong- 
ing to  monastic  orders,  and  bound  to  certain 
rules:  — in  contradistinction  to  secular.  Eden. 

4.  (Gram.)  Noting  those  verbs  which  form 
their  preterites  and  past  participles  by  the  addi- 
tion of  d or  ed  to  the  present  tense,  all  other 
verbs  being  called  irregular. 

5.  (Bot.)  Having  the  parts  all  symmetrical. 

Regular  figure,  or  regular  polygon,  (Genm.)  a poly- 
gon which  is  both  equilateral  and  equiangular.  Davies. 
— Regular  pyramid,  a pyramid  which  has  for  its  base 
a regular  polygon,  and  the  straight  line  drawn  from 
whose  vertex  to  the  middle  of  the  base  is  perpendicu- 
lar to  the  base.  — Regular  prism,  a prism  whose  bases 
are  regular  polygons,  and  whose  sides  are  perpendic- 
ular to  tile  bases.  Hutton.  — Regular  bodies , solids , or 
polyhedrons,  ( Gcom .)  a term  applied  to  the  five  regular 
geometrical  bodies,  — the  tetrahedron,  the  hexahedron, 
the  octahedron,  the  dodecahedron,  and  the  icosahe- 
dron, — which  are  bounded  by  like,  equal,  and  regular 
plane  figures,  and  the  solid  angles  of  which  are  all 
equal  ; — called  also  Platonic  bodies , Iiecause  they  were 
described  by  Plato.  — Regular  or  special  deposit,  one 
where  the  thing  deposited  must  he  returned  ; — distin- 
guished from  irregular  or  improper  deposit.  Bouvicr. — 
Regular  troops,  troops  whose  conditions  of  enrolment 
are  not  limited  to  time  or  place;  — in  contradistinc- 
tion to  fencible,  militia,  or  volunteer  corps.  SLocqueler. 

Syn. — See  Certain,  Formal,  Methodical. 

REG'U-LAR,  n.  1.  (Roman  Catholic  Church.) 
One  of  those  priests  who  profess  and  follow  a 
certain  rule  of  life,  and  observe  the  three  vows 
of  poverty,  chastity,  and  obedience.  Brande. 

2.  (Mil.)  A soldier  belonging  to  a permanent 
army.  Stocqueler. 

REG-U-LAR'I-TY,  n.  [It.  regularity;  Sp.  regu- 
laridad  ; Fr.  rdgularite.]  The  state  or  the  quali- 
ty of  being  regular  ; agreeableness  to  rule  ; con- 
formity to  rule  or  to  regulations  ; regular 
course  ; order  ; method  ; punctuality. 

Regularity  is  certain  where  it  is  not  so  apparent,  as  in  all 
fluids;  for  regularity  is  a similitude  continued.  Grew. 

He  was  a mighty  lover  of  regularity  and  order.  Atterbury. 

Syn.  — Regularity  is  conformity  to  rule;  order , to 
rank.  Whatever  is  done  by  rule  is  done  with  regu- 
larity ; whatever  is  done  by  rank  is  done  with  order. 
A good  order , once  established,  should  be  acted  on 
with  regularity.  Maintain  order  ; adopt  a method. 

REG'y-LAR-iZE,  v.  a.  To  make  regular.  Qu.  Rev. 

REG'l-EAR-LY,  ad.  In  a regular  manner ; with 
regularity  or  order ; methodically.  Drydeil. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  l,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  E,  I,  0,"tJ,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


REGULARNESS 


1207 


REINDEER 


REG'U-LAR-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality  of 
being  regular  ; regularity.  Boyle. 

REG'U-LATE,  v.  a.  [L.  regulo,  regulatus  ; It.  re- 
golare  ; Sp.  regular .]  [1.  regulated  5 pp.  reg- 
ulating, regulated.]  To  adjust  by  rule  or 
by  method ; to  put  or  to  keep  in  order  ; to  sub- 
ject to  a prescribed  course  ; to  dispose  accord- 
ing to  order  ; to  reduce  to  order  ; to  direct ; to 
ruTe  • to  n-overn  ; to  conduct ; as,  “ To  regulate 
one’s  conduct  by  the  precepts  of  the  Bible.” 

Regulate  the  patient  in  Ilia  manner  of  living.  Wiseman. 

It  was  never  the  work  of  philosophy  to  assemble  multi- 
tudes. but  to  regulate  only  and  govern  them  when  they  were 
assembled.  Cowley. 

Syn.  — See  Conduct,  Govern. 

REG-U-LA'TION,  n.  [It.  regolazione  ; Sp.  regu- 
lacion.]  _ 

1.  The  act  of  regulating  ; adjustment.  Ray. 

2.  That  which  is  established  to  ^regulate ; 
arrangement ; rule  ; order  ; law.  Blackstone. 

Syn.  — See  Law. 

REG'U-LA-TIVE,  a.  That  regulates;  tending  to 
regulate.  Coleridge. 

REG'U-LA-TOR,  n.  1.  One  who  regulates.  Grew. 

2.  ( Mech .)  A term  applied  to  a class  of  con- 
trivances which  have  for  their  object  to  render 
the  power  and  resistance  proportionate  to  each 
other,  either  by  acting  on  a part  of  the  machine 
which  commands  the  supply  of  the  power,  or 
upon  the  resistance,  so  as  to  accommodate  it  to 
the  varying  energy  of  the  power  ; as  the  gov- 
ernor of  the  steam-engine,  pendulum  of  a clock, 
balance-wheel  of  a watch,  &c.  Lardner. 

REG'y-LINE.  a.  Belonging  to  regulus.  Smart. 

REG'U-LIZE,  v.  a.  To  reduce  to  regulus  or  pure 
metal,  [r.]  Smart. 

REG'  U-lOs,  n.\  pi.  L.  rP-o'u-lT\  Eng.  reg'v- 
l0s-e$.  [L.,  a prince ; dim.  of  rex,  regis,  a king.] 

1.  ( Chem .)  A name  applied  by  the  alchemists 
to  metals  separated  from  other  substances  by 
fusion,  from  their  expecting  to  find  gold,  the 
king  of  the  metals,  as  they  termed  it,  at  the 
bottom  of  the  crucible: — a term  applied  to 
some  of  the  brittle  or  inferior  metals  freed  from 
extraneous  substances ; as,  “ Regulus  of  anti- 
mony ” ; “ Regulus  of  bismuth.”  Hoblyn. 

2.  (Astron.)  A star  of  the  first  magnitude,  in 
the  zodiacal  constellation  of  Leo  ; — called  also 
a Leonis,  or  Cor  Leonis  (Lion’s  Heart).  Hutton. 

Igy  By  Ptolemy  and  other  Greeks  it  was  called 
(luaiMaKos,  whence  it  derived  the  Latin  name  regulus. 

RE'GUR,  n.  Black-soil; — a term  applied  to  a 
very’ deep  and  fertile  soil  that  covers  one  third 
part  of  Southern  India,  occupying  nearly  level 
plains  ; — called  also  cotton  soil.  Ansted. 

RE-GUR'RI-TATE,  v.  a.  [L.  re,  back,  and  pur- 
ges, gurgitis,  a gulf.]  [i.  regurgitated  ; pp. 
REGURGITATING,  REGURGITATED.]  To  throw 
or  cast  back  ; to  pour  back. 

But  not  permit  them  [valves  in  animate  bodies]  to  regur- 
gitute  and  disturb  the  great  circulation.  Bentley. 

RE-GUR'yi-TATE,  v.  n.  To  be  poured  back;  to 
reflow  ; to  flow  back.  More. 

RE-GUR-RI-TA'TION,  n.  [Fr.  regurgitation.'] 

1.  The  act  of  regurgitating  or  flowing  back ; 

reabsorption.  Cudworth. 

2.  ( Med .)  The  act  by  which  a canal  or  reser- 

voir frees  itself,  without  effort,  from  substances 
accumulated  in  it,  — a term  usually  applied  to 
the  puking  of  infants.  Dunglison. 

RE-H  A-bIl'I-TATE,  v.  a.  [L.  re,  again,  and  Eng. 
habilitate  ; Fr.  rehabiliter .]  [1.  rehabilitat- 

ed ; pp.  rehabilitating,  rehabilitated.] 
To  restore  to  former  rank,  privilege,  or  right ; 
to  reinstate,  as  a criminal  in  a personal  right 
which  has  been  lost  by  a judicial  sentence  ; to 
qualify  again  ; to  reinstate.  Brande. 

lie  is  rehabilitated , his  honor  is  restored,  all  his  attainders 
are  purged.  Burke. 

RE-HA-BIL-I-TA'TION,  n.  [Fr.  rehabilitation.] 
(Law.)  The  act  of  rehabilitating ; a reinstate- 
ment of  a person  in  his  former  ability  or  right, 
which  he  has  lost  by  judicial  sentence.  Bouvier. 

RE-HEAR',  V.  a.  [i.  REHEARD  ; pp.  REHEARING, 
reheard.]  To  hear  again. 

The  cause  is  proper  to  be  reheard.  Chambers. 

RE-JIEAR'ING,  11.  A second  hearing ; a second 
consideration.  Addison. 


Ry-HEARS'AL  (re-hers'?l),  n.  1.  The  act  of  re- 
hearsing ; repetition  ; recital ; narration  ; rela- 
tion. “ Rehearsal  of  our  Lord’s  prayer.”  Hooker. 

Rehearsal  of  the  story  of  the  holy  world.  Joye. 

2.  A recital  in  private  of  a play,  opera,  or  any 
dramatic  work,  previous  to  exhibition.  Brande. 

RE-HEARSE'  (re-hers'),  V.  a.  \i.  REHEARSED  ; pp. 
REHEARSING,  REHEARSED.] 

1.  To  repeat;  to  recite;  to  relate  ; to  tell ; to 
narrate  ; to  recount. 

Rehearse  not  unto  another  that  which  is  told  unto  thee. 

Ecclus.  xix.  7. 

2.  To  recite  in  private,  as  a dramatic  work, 

previously  to  public  exhibition.  Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Repeat,  Tell. 

RE-HEARS'ER  (re-hers'er),  11.  One  who  rehearses. 

RE-HEAT',  v.  a.  1.  To  heat  again. 

2.  f To  cheer  up  exceedingly.  Chaucer. 

f RE-HELM',  v.  a.  To  cover,  as  the  head,  with  a 
helm  or  helmet.  Berners. 

RE-HIRE',  v.  a.  To  hire  again.  Lord  Mansfield. 

REI'GLE  (re'gl),  ii.  [Old  Fr.  reigle,  from  L.  reg- 
ula,  a rule.]  Ahollow  or  groove  formed  for  any 
thing  to  run  in. 

A floodgate  to  be  drawn  up  and  let  down  through  reigles 
in  the  side  posts.  Carew. 

f REI'GLE-MENT,  11.  [Fr.  reglement.]  A rule  ; 
a canon  ; a regulation.  Bp.  Taylor. 

REIGN  (ran),  v.  11.  [L.  regno ; rcgnum,  kingly 

government ; rex,  regis,  a king  ; It.  regnarc  ; Sp. 
reynar ; Fr.  re'gner.]  \i.  reigned;  pp.  reign- 
ing, REIGNED.] 

1.  To  have  royal  power  ; to  exercise  sovereign 
authority;  to  rule  as  a king  or  sovereign  ; to  tie 
king. 

According  to  the  pure  Idea  of  constitutional  royalty,  the 
prince  reigns  and  does  not  govern;  yet  it  would  be  a great 
error  to  imagine  that  our  princes  merely  reign , and  never 
govern.  Macaulay. 

2.  To  be  predominant ; to  prevail. 

Pestilent  diseases,  which  commonly  reign  in  summer  or 
autumn.  Bacon. 

3.  To  obtain  power  or  dominion  ; to  rule. 

That  as  sin  hath  reigned  unto  death,  even  so  might  grace 

reign  through  righteousness  unto  eternal  life  by  Jesus  Christ 
our  Lord.  Rom.  v.  21. 

REIGN  (ran),  n.  [L.  regnum ; It.  regno ; Sp. 
regno ; Fr.  regne.] 

1.  Kingly  government ; supreme  or  sovereign 
power  ; royal  authority  ; royalty  ; sovereignty. 

lie  who  like  a father  held  his  reign , 

So  soon  forgot,  was  just  and  wise  in  vain.  Rope. 

2.  Time  during  which  a king  or  a sovereign 
has  authority. 

Queer  country  puts  extol  Queen  Bess’s  reign. 

And  of  lost  hospitality  complain.  Bramston. 

3.  Kingdom  ; dominion. 

That  wrath  which  hurled  to  Pluto's  gloomy  reign 
The  souls  of  mighty  chiefs  untimely  slain.  Rope. 

4.  Power ; influence  ; rule  ; sway.  “ Every 

season’s  reign."  Chapman. 

REIGN'ER  (ran'er),  n.  A ruler.  [R.]  Sherwood. 

REIGN'ING  (ran'jng),  p.  a.  Exercising  royal  au- 
thority ; having  sovereign  power  ; governing  : 
— predominating;  prevailing. 

f REIL,  v.  11.  To  roll.  Chaucer. 

RE-IL-LU'MI-NATE,  v.  a.  To  reillumine. 

RE-IL-LU-MI-NA'TION,  11.  The  act  of  reillumi- 
nating. Craig. 

RE-IL-LU'MINE,  v.  a.  To  illumine  anew.  Coioper. 

RE-IM-BARK',  v.  ii.  To  refmbark. 

RE-pi-BOD'Y,  v.  a.  & 11.  To  imbody  again;  to 
reembody.  Boyle. 

RE-IM-BURS'A-BLE,  a.  [Fr.  remboursable .]  That 
may  be  or  ought  to  be  reimbursed.  Hopkins. 

RE-IM-BURSE',  v.  a.  [It.  rimborsarc ; Sp.  reem- 
bolsar ; Fr.  rembourser ; re,  again,  en,  in,  and 
bourse,  a purse.]  [ i . reimbursed  ; pp.  reim- 
bursing, REIMBURSED.] 

1.  To  replace  in  the  purse  or  the  treasury,  as 
a sum  that  has  been  expended ; to  repair,  as  a 
loss  or  an  expense,  by  an  equivalent ; to  refund. 

A promise  of  reimbursing  after  the  expedition  proposed 
what  the  people  should  give  to  the  ki-ug.  Bolingbroke. 

2.  To  repay,  as  a person  or  a treasury,  what 
has  been  disbursed. 


As  if  one  . . . should  allege  that  he  had  a right  to  reimburse 
himself  out  of  the  pocket  of  the  first  traveller  he  met.  Pa ley. 

The  parish  is  afterwards  reimposed  to  reimburse  those  five 
or  six.  A.  Smith . 

RE-IM-BURSE'MENT,  11.  [It.  rimborsamento  ; Fr. 
remboursement.]  The  act  of  reimbursing ; re- 
payment. Sherwood. 

RE-IM-BURS’ER,  n.  One  who  reimburses. 

RE-lM-MER(rE',  v.  a.  To  immerge  again.  Jodrell. 

RE-IM-PLANT',  v.  a.  To  implant  again.  Bp. Taylor. 

RE-IM-PORT',  v.  a.  [Fr.  reniportcr.]  To  convey 
back  ; to  reconvey.  Young. 

RE-IM-POR-TUNE',  v.  a.  To  importune  again. 

RE-IM-PO§E',  v.  a.  To  impose  or  tax  anew. 

The  whole  parish  is  reimposed  next  year.  A.  Smith. 

RE-IM-PO-§I"TION  (re-im-po-zlsh'un),  n.  The 
act  of  reimposing.  A.  Smith. 

RE-1  M-PREG'NATE,  v.  a.  To  impregnate  anew. 
“Nor  will  it  be  reimpregnated."  Browne. 

RE-IM-PRESS',  v.  a.  To  impress  anew.  Johnson. 

RE-IM-PRES'SION  (re-im-presh'un),  n.  A second 
or  repeated  impression.  Spelman. 

RE-IM-PRINT',  v.  a.  To  imprint  or  print  again. 
“ To  reimprint  this  little  treatise.”  Spelman. 

RE-IM-PRI^'ON  (-prlz'zn),  v.a.  To  imprison  anew. 

It  E - 1 M-  PRI^'  O N-  M E N T,  n.  The  act  of  imprison- 
ing anew.  Boag. 

REIMS,  n.  pi.  Strips  of  ox-liide,  unhaired,  and 
rendered  pliable  by  grease,  used  for  twisting 
into  rope,  &c.  [Cape  Colony.]  Simmonds. 

REIN  (ran),  11.  [L.  retinaculum  ; retineo,  to  re- 

strain; It.  redina  ; Sp.  rienda  ; Fr . rene.] 

1.  The  strap  of  a bridle  by  which  the  driver  or 
tlie  rider  of  a horse  guides  or  restrains  him, — 
commonly  used  in  the  plural. 

With  hasty  hand  the  ruling  reins  he  drew; 

He  lashed  the  coursers,  and  the  coursers  flew.  rope. 

2.  An  instrument  of  curbing  or  restraining : 
— restraint ; government. 

The  hard  rein  which  both  of  them  have  borne 

Against  the  old  kind  king.  Shuk. 

To  give  the  reins , or  to  give  the  rein , to  give  license  ; 
to  allow  to  be  uncurbed  or  without  restraint.  Pope. — 
To  take  the  reins , to  assume  the  government  or  the 
control. 

REIN  (ran),  v.  a.  [£.  REINED  ; pp.  REINING, 
REINED.] 

1.  To  govern  by  a rein  or  a bridle  ; to  curb. 

He,  like  a proud  steed  reigned,  went  haughty  on.  Milton. 

2.  To  restrain ; to  control ; to  check.  Shak. 

f REIN  (ran),  v.  11.  To  obey  the  reins.  Shak. 

RE-IN-CENSE',  v.  a.  To  incense  anew.  Daniel. 

RE-IN-CITE',  v.  a.  To  incite  again.  Lewis. 

RE-IN-COR'PO-RATE,  V,  a.  To  incorporate  or 
embody  anew.  Jodrell. 

RE-IN-CREASE',  v.  a.  To  increase  or  augment 
again.  Spenser. 

RE-IN-CUR',  v.  a.  To  incur  again.  Witherspoon. 

REIN'DEER  (ran'dGr),  n.  [A.  S.  hranas,  reindeer, 
and  deor,  deer ; Dut. 
rendier ; Ger.  renn- 
thier;  Dan.  rensdyr; 

IceX.hreindyr.]  ( Zo - 
ol.)  A species  of 
deer  of  several  varie- 
ties, having  branched, 
recurved,  round  antlers, 
the  summits  of  which 
are  palmated,  found  in 
Northern  Europe,  Asia, 
and  America ; Cervus 
tarandus  of  Linnaeus,  Cervus  rangifer  of  Ray, 
Tarandus  rangifer  of  Bonaparte. 

.CSf-The  southern  limit  of  the  reindeer,  in  America, 
appears  to  be  about  the  parallel  of  Quebec  ; in  Eu- 
rope, according  to  Cuvier,  the  Baltic  ; in  Asia,  Hie  foot 
of  the  Caucasus.  It  serves  the  Laplanders  and  Nor- 
wegians as  a beast  of  burden,  anil  supplies  them  with 
food  and  clothing.  Eng.  Ency. 

Jtkg=-This  word  is  spelt  reindeer,  raindeer,  and  ranr- 
deer.  Bailey,  Johnson,  and  various  other  English 
lexicographers,  spell  it  ranedeer  ; some  of  tile  later 
ones,  reindeer,  which  is  now  the  prevailing  orthogra- 
phy in  works  of  science  and  literature.  Smart  in  his 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  £,  9,  g,  soft ; £,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  2C  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


REINDEER-MOSS 


1208 


RELAPSE 


Dictionary  gives  the  form  of  raindeer  as  preferable  to 
that  of  reindeer  j yet  lie  says,  in  his  Grammar,  “ ranc- 
deer  would  have  been  more  correct,  but  reindeer  seems 
the  more  common.” 

REIN'DEER— MOSS',  n.  ( Hot .)  A lichen,  or  Lap- 
land  moss,  which  furnishes  food  for  the  rein- 
deer. Booth. 

RE-JN-DUCE',  v.  a.  To  induce  again.  Daniel. 

REI'JfEC-KE,  n.  [Ger.,  the  fox.']  A celebrated 
German  epic  poem,  in  high  repute  in  the  latter 
part  of  the  middle  ages.  Brarnle. 

RE-IN-FECT',  v.  a.  [Fr.  reinfecter.]  To  infect 
a<rain.  (juackcnbos. 

RE  IJf-FEC ' TA.  [L.]  The  affair  or  business  not 
having  been  done  or  accomplished.  Scudamore. 

RE-IN-FEC'TIOUS  (-slius),  a.  That  may  reinfect. 

RE-IN-FLAME',  v.  a.  To  inflame  anew;  to  re- 
kindle. Dryden. 

RE-IN-FORCE',  n.  ( Gunnery .)  That  part  of  a 
gun  nearest  to  the  breech  ; reenforce.  Stocqueler. 

RE-JN-FORCE'MENT,  v.  Reenforcement. 

RE-IN-FORM',  v.  a.  To  inform  again.  Scott. 

f RE-IN-FUND',  v.  n.  To  flow  in  again.  Swift. 

RE-IN-FU§E',  v.  a.  To  infuse  anew.  Oldham. 

RE-IN-GRA'TI-ATE  (-gra'she-at),  V.  a.  To  ingra- 
tiate again  ; to  put  in  favor  again.  Milton. 

RE-IN-HAb'JT,  v.  a.  To  inhabit  again.  Mode. 

REIN'LF.SS  (ran'les),  a.  Without  rein  ; unchecked. 
“ A reinless,  raging  horse.”  Mir.  for  Mag. 

REIN§  (ran/.),  n.  pi.  [L.  ren,  pi.  renes  ; It.  rene ; 
Sp.  ren  ; Fr.  rein.] 

1.  The  kidneys  ; the  lower  part  of  the  back. 

All  living  animals  are  fattest  about  the  reins  of  the  back. 

Holland. 

2.  The  heart ; the  inward  part  considered  as 
the  seat  of  the  affections. 

The  righteous  God  trieth  the  hearts  and  reins.  1 *s.  vii.  9. 

Reins  of  a vault,  (Arch.)  tile  sides  or  walls  that  sus- 
tain the  arch.  Wright. 

RE-IN-SERT',  v.  a.  To  insert  again.  Johnson. 

RE-|N-SER'TION,  n.  The  act  of  reinserting. 

RE-IN-SPlRE',  v.  a.  To  inspire  anew.  Milton. 

RE-IN-SPIR'IT,  v.  a.  To  inspirit  again.  Foster. 

RE-JN-STAll',  v.  a.  [Fr.  reinstaller.]  [i.  rein- 
stalled ; pp.  REINSTALLING,  REINSTALLED.] 
To  install  anew;  to  put  again  in  possession. 

That  alone  can  reinstall  thee 

In  David’s  royal  seat,  his  true  successor.  Milton. 

RE-IN-STATE',  V.  a.  [i.  REINSTATED  ; pp.  REIN- 
STATING, reinstated.]  To  instate  or  invest 
anew  ; to  replace  in  possession.  “ David  . . . re- 
instated him  in  his  throne.”  Gov.  of  the  Tongue. 

RE-IN-STATE'MfNT,  n.  The  act  of  reinstating; 
reestablishment.  Bp.  Horsley. 

RE-IN-STA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  reinstating;  re- 
establishment ; reinstatement.  Gent.  Mag. 

RE-IN-STRUCT',  v.  a.  To  instruct  anew. 

RE-IN-SfiR'ANCE  (re-jn-shur'ans),  n.  (Law.)  An 
insurance  made  by  a former  insurer,  his  execu- 
tors, administrators,  or  assigns,  in  order  to  pro- 
tect himself,  or  his  estate,  from  the  risk  of  his 
former  insurance ; second  insurance.  Bouvier. 

R E-jN-sflRE',  v.  a.  To  insure  a second  time. 

RE-IN'Tp-GRATE,  v.  a.  [L.  re,  again,  and  inte- 
gro,  inteqratus,  to  make  whole ; integer,  whole, 
entire;  It.  reintegrare  ; Sp.  reintegrar  ; Fr.  rr- 
integrer.]  To  renew  with  regard  to  any  state  or 
quality;  to  renew;  to  restore  ; to  redintegrate. 

This  league  drove  out  all  the  Spaniards  out  of  Germany, 
and  reintegrated  that  nation  in  their  ancient  liberty.  Bacon. 

R E - 1 N - T ij - U R A ' T I O N , n.  [It.  reintegrazione ; Sp. 
reintegracion  ; Fr.  reintegration.)  The  act  of  re- 
integrating ; restoration.  Maunder. 

RE-IN-TER',  v.  a.  To  inter  a second  time.  Ilowell. 

RE-IN-TER'RO-GATE,  v.  a.  [Fr.  reinterroger.] 
To  interrogate  again.  Cotgrave. 

RE-IN-THRONE',  v.  a.  See  Reenthrone. 

f RE-IN-THRON'IZE,  v.a.  To  refinthrone.  Howell. 


RE-IN-TICE',  v.  a.  To  intice  again.  Warner. 

RE-IN-TRO-DUCE',  v.  a.  [It.  reintrodurre .]  To 
introduce  again.  N.  A.  Rev. 

RE-lN-TRO-DUC'TION,  n.  A second  or  repeated 
introduction.  Blackstone. 

RE-JN-UN'dATE,  v.  a.  To  inundate  or  sub- 
merge again.  Caldwell. 

RE-IN-VEST',  V.  a.  To  invest  anew. 

They  reinvest  thee  in  white  innocence.  Donne. 

RE-IN-VES'TI-gATE,  v.  a.  To  investigate  again. 

RE-IN- VES-TJ-GA'TION,  n.  A second  investiga- 
tion. Moses  Stuart. 

RE-JN-VEST'M?NT,  n.  A second  or  repeated  in- 
vestment. Wright. 

RE-IN- VIG'OR-AtE,  V.  a.  To  invigorate  or 
strengthen  again.  Smith. 

RE-IN-VITE',  ii.  a.  [Fr.  reinviter.]  To  invite  a 
second  time.  Quackenbos. 

RE-1N-VOLVE',  v.  a.  To  involve  anew.  Milton. 

REI§—E F- FEJV ' DI,  n.  The  title  of  one  of  the 
chief  Turkish  officers  of  state. 

IEg=  The  Reis-effendi  is  chancellor  of  the  empire 
and  minister  of  foreign  affairs,  in  which  capacilies 
lie  negotiates  with  the  ambassadors  and  interpreters 
of  foreign  nations.  Brande. 

RE-iS'SU- A-BLE  (re-Ish'u-a-bl),  a.  That  may  be 
reissued.  “ Reissuable  notes.”  Bouvier. 

RE-iS'SUE  (re-isli'u),  v.  a.  & n.  To  issue  again. 

f REIT  (ret),  n.  Sedge  or  sea-weed.  Bp.  Richardson. 

f REIT'IJR  (rlt'er),  n.  [Ger . ar eider.]  A rider  ; a 
trooper,  — especially  a soldier  of  the  German 
cavalry  of  the  14th  and  15th  centuries ; a rut- 
ter.  — See  Rutter.  Brande. 

RE-It’IJR-Ate,  v.  a.  [L.  re,  again,  and  Hero, 
itercctus,  to  do  a second  time  ; It.  reiterare ; Sp. 
reiterar ; Fr.  reiterer.]  \i.  reiterated  ; pp. 
reiterating,  reiterated.]  To  do  again  and 
again  ; to  iterate  or  repeat  again. 

lie  [Christ]  hath*  taught  us  that  to  reiterate  the  same  re- 
quests  will  not  be  vain.  Smalridge. 

Syn.  — See  Repeat. 

RE-IT'ER-ATE,  a.  Repeated  again  and  again. 
[r.]  Southey. 

RE-lT'F.R-AT-yD-LY,  ad.  By  reiteration;  re- 
peatedly. Phil.  Mag. 

RE-lT-ER-A'TION,  n.  [L.  reiterat.io ; It.  reitera- 
zione ; Sp.  reitcracion ; Fr.  reiteration.]  The 
act  of  reiterating  ; repetition.  Boyle. 

RJJ-IT'IJR-A-TI VE,  n.  1.  A word  or  a part  of  a 
word  that  is  repeated.  “ Prittle-prattle  is  a re- 
iterative of  prattle.”  Booth. 

2.  (Gram.)  A verb  that  expresses  repeated 
or  intense  action.  Dr.  A.  Murray. 

R£-JECT',  v.  a.  [L.  rejicio,  rcjectus  ; re,  again, 
back,  and  jacio,  to  throw  ; Fr.  rejeter.]  \i.  re- 
jected ; pp.  REJECTING,  REJECTED.] 

1.  To  throw  aside  .as  useless  or  evil  ; to  cast 
off;  to  discard  ; to  repel ; to  exclude  ; to  eject. 

Let  principles  ...  he  admitted  nr  rejected  according  ns  they 
arc  found  to  agree  or  disagree  with  it.  Beattie. 

Thou  hast  rejected  the  word  of  the  Lord;  and  the  Lord 
hath  rejected  thee  from  being  king  over  Israel.  1 Sam.  xv.  2G. 

2.  To  refuse  to  receive  or  to  accept ; to  de- 
cline ; to  repudiate  ; to  disapprove  ; to  slight. 

Because  thou  hast  rejected  knowledge,  I will  also  reject 
thee,  that  thou  shalt  be  no  priest  to  me.  Bos.  iv.  6. 

Syn.  — See  Disapprove,  Refuse. 

Rf.-JECT' A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  rejected. 

f RE-JEC-TA'NF-OUS,  a.  [L.  rejectaneus .]  Not 
chosen  or  received;  rejected.  More. 

Rfl-JECT'IJD,  p.  a.  Thrown  away;  cast  aside; 
discarded;  repelled;  refused;  slighted. 

Ry-JECT'FR,  n.  One  who  rejects.  Clarke. 

RE-JEC'TION,  n.  [L.  rejectio ; It.  rejezione;  Fr. 
rejection.]  The  act  of  rejecting;  refusal. 

t RE-JJJC-Tl"TIOlTS  (rg-jek-tish'us),  a.  Implying 
rejection.  Cudworth. 

RE-JECT'IVE,  a.  That  rejects  ; rejecting.  Wright. 

RE-JECT'MENT,  n.  Rejection:  — that  which  is 
rejected  or  thrown  away.  Clarke.  \ 


RJJ-JOICE',  v.  a.  [Sp.  regoeijar-,  F'r.  rejouir. — 
See  Joy.]  [i.  rejoiced  ; pp.  rejoicing,  re- 
joiced.] To  give  or  impart  joy  to;  to  make 
joyful ; to  gladden  ; to  exhilarate. 

Whoso  loveth  wisdom  rejoiceth  his  father.  l‘rov.  xxix.  3. 

RE-JOiCE',  v.  n.  To  feel  or  experience  joy  or 
gladness ; to  be  joyful  or  glad  ; to  exult.  ’ 

Rejoice  in  the  Lord  alway;  and  again  I say,  Rejoice. 

Phil.  iv.  4. 

We  rejoice  at  the  fortunate  event  which  has  made  another 
liaPPy-  Copan. 

f RJJ-JOICE',  n.  The  act  of  rejoicing.  Browne. 

t It^-JOLCE'MjpNT,  n.  Rejoicing.  Golding. 

n.  One  who  rejoices.  IVotton. 

Rp-JOl^ING,  n.  1.  Expression  of  joy.  Nelson. 

that  goeth  forth  and  weepeth.  bearing  precious  seed, 
shall  doubtless  come  again  with  rejoicing , bringing  his  sheaves 
with  him.  IV  exxvi.  G. 

2.  Subject  of  joy  ; means  of  enjoyment. 

Thy  word  was  unto  me  the  joy  and  rejoicing  of  mine 
heart-  Jer,  xv.  iB. 

Rp-JOI^'ING-LV',  ad.  With  joy  ; with  exultation. 

RE-JOIN',  v.a.  [Fr.  rejoindre.]  [t.  rejoined; 
pp.  rejoining,  rejoined.] 

1.  To  join  again  ; to  reunite.  Browne. 

2.  To  meet  again.  Pope. 

Receive  the  one.  and  soon  the  other 

Will  follow  to  rejoin  his  brother.  Coicper. 

RJf.-JOIN',  v.  n.  1.  To  answer  to  a reply.  Dryden. 

2.  (Law.)  In  pleading,  to  answer  a plaintiff’s 
replication  by  some  matter  of  fact.  Burrill. 

RJJ-JOIN'DIJR,  n.  1.  An  answer  to  a reply. 

2.  (Law.)  In  pleading,  a defendant’s  answer 
of  fact  to  a plaintiff’s  replication.  Burrill. 

Syn. — See  Answer,  Replication. 

f Rp-JOIN'Df.R,  v.  n.  To  make  a reply.  Hammond. 

f RIJ-JOlN'DORE,  n.  A joining  again.  Shak. 

RE-JOINT',  v.  a.  1.  To  reunite  the  joints  of. 
“ Ezekiel  saw  dry  bones  rejointed."  Barrow. 

2.  To  fill  up  with  fresh  mortar  the  old  joints 
of,  as  walls.  Francis. 

f RJJ-JOLT',  n.  A repeated  jolt  or  shock.  South. 

fRJJ-JOLT',  v.  a.  To  shake  again  or  back,  as 
with  a sudden  jerk ; to  rebound.  Locke. 

fRE-JOURN'  (re-jiirn'),  v.  a.  [Fr.  riajoumer.] 
To  adjourn  ; to  postpone  ; to  defer.  IVotton. 

f Rf-JOURN'MENT,  n.  Adjournment.  North. 

RE-JUDGE',  V.a.  To  judge  anew;  to  re.Pxamine ; 
to  call  to  a new  trial.  Pope. 

RE-JU'V-p-NATE,  a.  To  restore  youth  to  ; to 
make  young  again.  Ed.  Rev, 


RF-JU-VE-NES'CJENCE,  n.  [L.  re,  again,  back, 
and  juvenesco,  juvenescens,  to  reach  the  age  of 
youth ; juvenis,  a youth.]  Renewal  of  youth  ; 
state  of  being  young  again.  Chesterfield. 

RF-JU-VJJ-NES'Cf.N-CY,  n.  Rejuvenescence. 

RIJ-JU-VE-NES'CENT,  a.  Becoming  young  again  ; 
renewing  youth.  Gent.  Mag. 

R£-JU'VE-NlZE,  a-  To  make  young  again  ; to 
rejuvenate.  Clarke. 

RE-KlN'DLE,  v.  a.  To  kindle  again.  Cheyne. 

RE-KING',  v.  a.  To  make  king  again.  Warner. 

fRE-KNOWL'GDGE  (re-nol'ej),  v.  a.  To  ac- 
knowledge. Udal. 

RE-LADE',  v.  a.  To  lade  anew.  Pennant. 

RE/.AIS  (re-la'),  ii.  [Fr.,  from  L.  relinquo,  re- 
lict us,  to  leave.]  (Port.)  A narrow  walk,  four 
or  five  feet  wide,  between  the  rampart  and  the 
ditch,  to  receive  the  earth  which  may  be  washed 
down  from  the  former.  Brande. 

RE-LAND',  v.  a.  & n.  To  land  again.  A.  Smith. 


RE-LAPSE',  v.  n.  [L.  relabor,  relapsus  ; re,  again, 
back,  and  labor,  to  fall  or  slip.]  [t.  relapsed; 

pp.  RELAPSING,  RELAPSED.] 

1.  To  slip  or  slide  back;  to  fall  back. 

Relapsing  from  a necessary  guide.  Dryden. 

2.  To  return  to  a former  state,  as  of  vice  or 
error ; to  backslide. 

The  oftener  he  hath  relapsed,  the  more  significations  ho 
ought  to  give  of  the  truth  of  his  repentance.  Bp.  Taylor. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure  ; FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


RELAPSE 


RELENTLESSNESS 


1209 


3.  To  fall  back  or  return  from  a state  of  con- 
valescence or  recovery. 

lie  was  uot  well  cured,  and  would  have  relapsed.  Wiseman. 

RE-LAPSE',  n.  [Fr.  r claps. \ 

1.  A return  or  falling  back  into  a former 
state,  particularly  of  vice  or  error  ; lapse.  Milton. 

2.  Keturn  from  a state  of  convalescence  or 

recovery.  Spenser. 

3.  t A person  fallen  back  into  vice  or  error  ; 

relapser.  “ Many  other  priests  . . . would  pursue 
me  as  a relapse."  Ex.  of  IV.  Thorpe,  1407. 

Itp-LAPS'JER,  n.  One  who  relapses,  as  into  vice 
or  error  ; a backslider.  Bp.  Hall. 

RE-LATE',  v.  a.  [L.  refero,  relatus-,  re,  again, 
back,  and  fero,  to  bring;  Sp.  relatar ; Fr.  re- 
late r.']  [i.  RELATED  ; pp.  RELATING,  RELATED.] 

1.  t To  bring  back  ; to  return  or  restore. 

Till  morrow  next  again 

Both  light  of  heaven  and  strength  of  men  relate.  Spenser. 

2.  To  give  an  account  of ; to  tell ; to  recite ; 
to  narrate  ; to  recount ; to  rehearse. 

Truth  she  relates  in  a sublimcr  strain 

Than  all  the  tales  the  boldest  Greeks  could  feign.  11  alter. 

3.  To  ally  by  kindred. 

Avails  thee  not 

To  whom  related  or  by  whom  begot; 

A heap  of  dust  alone  remains.  Pope. 

Tn  relate  one’s  self,  to  express  one’s  thoughts  in 
speaking. 

Syn.  — See  Disclose,  Tell. 

RE-LATE',  v.  n.  To  have  relation  or  respect ; to 
pertain  ; to  refer  ; to  belong ; to  appertain. 

All  negative  . . . words  relate  to  positive  ideas.  Locke. 

RE-LAT'ED,  p.  a.  1.  Allied  by  kindred  ; connected 
by  blood  or  alliance ; akin;  combined.  Pope. 

2.  (Mies.)  Relative.  — See  Relative.  Dwight. 

RE  LAT'ER,  n.  One  who  relates  ; a narrator. 

RE  L.AT'tNG,  p.  a.  Having  relation  or  reference  ; 
respecting  ; pertaining  ; belonging ; relative. 

RE-LA  TIpN,  n.  [L.  relatio  ; It.  relazione  ; Sp. 
relacion ; Fr  .relation.] 

1.  The  act  of  relating;  narration;  recital; 

account;  narrative;  detail.  Burnet. 

2.  Connection  between  things  as  a subject  of 
the  understanding. 

Of  the  eternal  relations  and  fitnesses  of  things  we  know 
nothing.  Beattie. 

Of  all  relations,  the  relations  of  number  are  the  clearest, 
and  most  accurately  appreciated.  Fleming. 

All  created  being9  bear  the  necessary  relation  of  servants 
to  God.  South. 

3.  Respect;  reference;  regard.  Locke. 

I have  been  importuned  to  make  some  observations  on  this 
art  in  relation  to  its  agreement  with  poetry.  Dryden. 

4.  Connection  by  consanguinity  or  affinity ; 
alliance  by  blood  or  by  marriage;  relationship  ; 
kindred;  connection;  family  tie. 

Are  we  not  to  pity  and  supply  the  poor,  though  they  have 
no  relation  to  us?  No  relation?  That  cannot  be.  The  gospel 
styles  them  nil  our  brethren;  nay,  they  have  a nearer  relation 
to  us  — our  fellow-members;  and  both  these  from  their  rela- 
tion to  our  Saviour  himself,  who  calls  them  his  brethren. Sprat. 

5.  A person  connected  by  blood  or  by  mar- 
riage ; a kinsman  or  a kinswoman  ; a relative. 

Dependants,  friends,  relations. 

Savaged  by  woe,  forget  the  tender  tie.  Thomson. 

XI Relations , in  a will,  means  persons  entitled  ac- 
cording to  the  statute  of  distribution.  Burrill. 

6.  (Law.)  The  carrying  back  of  an  act  or 
proceeding  to  some  past  time,  and  giving  it  va- 
lidity or  operation  from  such  time.  Burrill. 

7.  (Math.)  A term  used  in  reference  to  two 
quantities  whicb  have  something  in  common  by 
means  of  whicb  they  may  be  compared ; as, 
“The  relations  of  equality  and  inequality”; 
“ The  relation  of  equivalency,”  &c.  Davies. 

Inharmonic  relation,  (Mils.)  the  introduction  of  a dis- 
sonant sound  not  heard  in  the  preceding  chord. Brande. 

Syn.  — Relation  signifies  the  state  of  being  related, 
and  a person  related  ; relative,  a person  related.  Re- 
lations and  relatives  denote  persons  related  by  birth, 
also  often  including  those  related  by  marriage.  Kin- 
dred properly  denotes  persons  related  by  blood,  but  it 
is  also  frequently  used  to  include  persons  related  by 
marriage  ; kinsman , one  related  by  blood,  or  one  of  the 
same  family  or  race.  — See  Account,  Narration. 

RE-LA'TION-AL,  a.  Having,  or  implying,  rela- 
tion. Ch.  Ob. 

RE-LA'TION-IST,  n.  A relative,  [r.]  Browne. 

RE-LA'TION-SHIP,  n.  State  of  being  related,  as 
by  blood  or  by  alliance;  connection.  Blackstone. 


REL'A-TIVE,  a.  [L.  relativus  ; It.  <Sf  Sp.  relati- 
uo;  Fr.  rclatif.) 

1.  Having  relation  or  reference  ; connected 
with  ; belonging  to  ; respecting ; relating.  Locke. 

2.  Considered  not  absolutely,  but  as  belong- 
ing to,  or  respecting,  something  else  ; depend- 
ing on,  or  incident  to,  relation. 

Every  thing  sustains  both  an  absolute  and  a relative  ca- 
pacity. South. 

3.  Having  close  or  obvious  connection ; par- 
ticular ; special ; positive  ; definite. 

I ’ll  have  grounds 

More  relative  than  this:  the  play ’s  the  thing 
Wherein  I’ll  catch  the  conscience  of  the  king.  Shak. 

4.  (Logic.)  Noting  a term  which  implies  re- 
lation; not  absolute  ; as  father,  son.  Whately. 

5.  (Gram.)  Relating  to  another  word,  to  a 
sentence,  a part  of  a sentence,  or  a phrase, 
called  the  antecedent ; as,  “ Relative  pronouns.” 

The  relative  pronouns  are  who,  which,  and  that. 

6.  (Mus.)  Noting  chords,  modes,  or  keys, 

which,  differing  from  each  other  in  only  a few 
tones,  admit  of  an  easy  and  natural  transition 
from  one  to  the  other  ; related.  Dwight. 

REL'A-TIVE,  n.  1.  Something  having  relation 
to  something  else.  Locke. 

2.  A person  connected  by  blood  or  alliance  ; 
a relation.  “ Friends  and  relatives.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

3.  (Gram.)  A word  relating  to  an  antecedent; 

a relative  pronoun.  Ascham. 

4.  (Logic.)  A relative  term.  Whately. 

Syn.  — See  Relation. 

REL'A-TIVE-LY,  ad.  In  relation  to  something 
else  ; not  absolutely.  More. 

REL'A-TIVE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  rela- 
tive, or  having  relation.  Johnson. 

REL-A-TlV'I-TY,ra.  Relativeness,  [it.]  Coleridge. 

RE-LA'TOR,  n.  (Law.)  A person  in  whose  behalf 
certain  writs  are  issued,  such  as  attachments 
for  contempt,  writs  of  mandamus,  and  informa- 
tions in  the  nature  of  a quo  warranto.  Burrill. 

RE-lA'TRIX,  n.  (Laic.)  A female  relator  or  pe- 
titioner. Judge  Story. 

RE-LAX',  v.  a.  [L.  relaxo ; re,  again,  back,  and 
laxo,  to  loose ; laxus,  loose  ; It.  rilassare ; Sp. 
relajar  ; Fr.  relacher,  relaxer .]  [i.  relaxed  ; 

pp.  RELAXING,  RELAXED.] 

1.  To  loosen  ; to  slacken  ; to  make  less  tense, 
tight,  or  close  ; — to  unstring ; to  weaken. 

Horror  chill 

Ran  through  his  veins,  and  all  his  joints  relaxed.  Milton. 

2.  To  make  less  severe  or  rigorous  ; to  remit; 
to  abate  ; to  lessen  ; to  diminish  ; to  reduce. 

Not  till  that  day  shall  Jove  relax  his  rage.  Pope. 

3.  To  unbend;  to  ease;  to  divert;  to  amuse. 
“ Conversation  relaxes  the  student.”  Johnson. 

4.  To  relieve  from  constipation,  as  the  bowels. 

RE-LAx',  v.  n.  To  abate  in  severity,  rigorous- 
ness, or  effort ; to  become  lax  or  loose  ; to  un- 
bend. Prior. 

f RE-LAX',  n.  Relaxation.  Feltham. 

RE-LAx',  a.  Relaxed ; loose  ; lax.  [r.]  Bacon. 

RE-LAx'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  relaxed  or  re- 
mitted. [r.]  Barrow. 

RE-LAx'ANT,  n.  (Med.)  A medicine  that  dimin- 
ishes the  tension  of  organs.  Dunglison. 

REL-AX-A'TION  [rel-aks-a'sllun,  IV.  J.  F.  Sm.  R. ; 
re-Ijks-a'shun,  S.  P.  E.  Ja.  C.  ]Vr.  T Vb.~\,  n.  [L. 
relaxatio  ; It.  rilassazione ; Sp.  relajacion;  Fr. 
relaxation .] 

1.  The  act  of  relaxing  or  the  state  of  being 

relaxed ; diminution  of  tension.  Bacon. 

2.  Cessation  or  remission  of  restraint.Ri/rnef. 

3.  Remission  or  abatement  of  rigor  or  sever- 
ity. “ Relaxations  of  the  laws.”  Waterland. 

4.  Remission  of  attention  or  application ; 
diversion;  amusement;  recreation. 

There  would  be  no  business  in  solitude,  nor  proper  relax- 
ations in  business.  Addison. 

Syn.  — See  Amusement. 

RE-LAX'A-tIvE,  n.  That  which  relaxes;  a re- 
laxant. “You  must  use  relaxatives.”  B.  Jonson. 

RE-lAx'A-TIVE,  a.  Tending  to  relax.  Good. 

RE-LAX'ING,  p.  a.  Tending  to  relax  or  weaken ; 
loosening ; remitting. 


REPLAY',  n.  [Fr.  relais ; from  L.  relinquo,  re- 
lictus,  to  leave.  Lanclais .] 

1.  In  hunting,  a supply  of  dogs  kept  in  readi- 
ness at  certain  places  to  relieve  others  that  have 
become  wearied  in  the  pursuit.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  A supply  of  horses  on  the  road  to  relieve 

others  in  a journey.  Davcnant. 

3.  A supply  of  any  thing  laid  up  or  kept  in 

store.  “ Relays  of  joy.”  Young. 

4.  Ground  laid  up  in  fallow.  C.  Richardson. 

RE-lAY',  v.  a.  To  lay  again.  Smollett. 

RE-LEAS'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  released.  Selden. 

RE-LEASE'  (re-les'),  v.  a.  [L.  relinquo,  to  leave  ; 
relaxo,  to  loosen  ; It.  relassare,  to  loosen,  to  re- 
lax ; rilasciare,  to  release ; lassare,  lasciare,  to 
leave;  Sp  .relajar-,  Fr.  relacher.  — Goth,  liusan, 
to  loose.  — See  Loose.]  [i.  released  ; pp.  re- 
leasing, RELEASED.] 

1.  To  set  free  or  at  liberty;  to  liberate;  to 
unloose  ; to  disengage ; to  discharge  ; to  deliver. 

Pilate  said  unto  them.  Whom  will  ye  that  I release  unto 
you  ? Barabbas,  or  Jesus  which  is  called  Christ?  Matt,  xxvii.17. 

He  then  released  the  monsters  from  their  toil.  Faukes. 

2.  To  let  go,  as  a claim  ; to  quit ; to  give  up. 

Every  creditor  that  lendeth  aught  unto  his  neighbor  shall 
release  it.  Deut.  xv.  2. 

He  had  been  base  had  he  released  his  right.  Dryden. 

3.  f To  relax  ; to  slacken  ; to  loosen.  Hooker. 

Syn.  — See  Deliver,  Disengage. 

RE-LEASE',  n.  1.  A setting  free  or  at  liberty; 
liberation ; deliverance. 

To  work  their  cousin  Mortimer’s  release 

Out  of  the  rebel  Owen  Glendower’s  hands.  Daniel. 

From  years  of  pain  one  moment  of  release.  Prior. 

2.  Relinquishment  or  renunciation  of  some 
right  or  claim  ; discharge  from  obligation. Bacon. 

The  king  made  a great  feast,  and  made  a release  to  the 
provinces,  and  gave  gilts.  Esth.  ii.  18. 

3.  (Law.)  A relinquishment  of  some  right  or 

claim  by  one  person  in  favor  of  another  : — the 
conveyance  of  a man’s  interest  or  right  in  a 
thing  to  another  who  has  possession,  thereof  or 
some  estate  therein.  Burrill. 

The  conveyance  corresponding  tvith  a release 
at  common  law  is,  in  the  U.  S.,  a quit-claim  deed. 
Burrill. 

Syn.  — See  Deliverance. 

RE-LEASE'MENT,  n.  The  act  of  releasing;  re- 
lease. [r.]  Milton. 

RE-LEAS'ER,  n.  One  who  releases  or  sets  free. 

REL'E-gATE,  v.  a.  [L.  relego,  relegatus .]  To 
banish ; to  send  into  exile.  Bp.  Taylor.  Burke. 

REL-E-GA'TION,  71.  [L.  relegatio.]  (Old  Eng. 

Law.)  Banishment  for  a time  only.  Burt-ill. 

RE-LENT',  v.  a.  [It.  rallentare ; Fr . ralentir. — 
From  L.  lentus,  pliant,  slow  ; /cuts,  soft.]  [i.  re- 
lented ; pp.  relenting,  relented.] 

1.  To  make  slower ; to  abate  the  velocity  of ; 

to  slacken ; to  remit.  “ Oftentimes  he  would 
relent  his  pace.”  Spenser. 

2.  To  soften;  to  mollify.  Spenser. 

3.  To  dissolve ; to  melt.  “ A pearl  which 

nothing  can  relent.”  Davies. 

RE-LENT',  v.  n.  1.  To  soften  ; to  grow  less  hard. 

When  opening  buds  salute  the  welcome  day, 

And  earth,  relenting , feels  the  genial  ray.  rope. 

2.  To  melt;  to  dissolve. 

Salt  of  tartar,  brought  to  fusion,  and  placed  in  a cellar, 
will,  in  a few  minutes,  begin  to  relent.  Boyle. 

All  nature  mourns,  the  skies  relent  in  showers.  Pope. 

3.  To  grow  less  intense,  as  fire.  Digby. 

4.  To  soften  in  temper;  to  grow  tender  or 
lenient ; to  feel  compassion  ; to  forbear. 

Can  you  behold 

My  tears,  and  not  once  relent ? Shak. 

t RE-LENT',  a.  Dissolved;  melted.  Vulg.  Ilorm. 

f RE-LENT',  71.  Remission  ; stay.  Spenser. 

RE-LENT'ING,  7i.  The  state  of  relenting  or  be- 
coming compassionate ; compassion. 

RE-LENT'LESS,  a.  Unrelenting  ; unpitying  ; un- 
moved by  kindness,  tenderness,  or  pity ; uncom- 
passionate ; implacable  ; unforgiving  ; cruel. 

Thus  will  persist,  I'clentless  in  his  ire.  Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Implacable. 

RE-LENT'LESS-LY,  ad.  In  a relentless  manner  ; 
without  compassion  or  pity.  Ed.  Rev. 

RE-LENT'LESS-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  re- 
lentless ; implacability.  Milman. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.—  C,  <?,  q,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  j,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 

152 


RELENTMENT 


1210  RELINQUISH 


f RE-LENT'MpNT,  n.  The  state  of  relenting; 
compassion  or  pity.  Taylor. 

RE— LES-SEE',  n.  (Law.)  One  to  whom  a release 
is  executed.  Blackstone. 

RE— LES-SOR'  (130),  n.  (Law.)  One  who  exe- 
cutes a release.  Blackstone. 

RE-LET',  v.  a.  To  let  or  lease  again.  Qu.  Rev. 

REL'p-VANCE,  ? n y The  state  of  being  rel- 

REL'£-VAN-CY,  ) evant.  Bui-net. 

2.  (Scotch  Law.)  Sufficiency  to  infer  the  con- 
clusion. Smart. 

REL'Jg-VANT,  a.  [Fr.  relever,  relevant,  to  raise 
again,  to  relieve  ; from  L.  relevo  ; re,  again,  and 
levo,  to  raise  ; let  is,  light.] 

1.  Relieving  ; lending  aid.  Pownall. 

2.  Relating  to  the  point ; pertinent ; appli- 
cable. “ Relevant  evidence.”  Bouvier. 

t REL-E-VA'TION,  n.  A raising  up.  Bailey. 

Rp-Ll-A-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being  reliable  ; 
reliableness.  Coleridge. 

Rp-LI'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  relied  upon  or  con- 
fided in  ; trustworthy.  D.  Webster.  N.  B.  Rev. 

It  is  very  difficult  to  gain  reliable  information.  Sir  R.  Peel. 

The  expository  satisfactory  and  reliable.  Ec.  Rev. 

That  which  is  perhaps  the  most  brilliant  of  all  histories 
seems  about  the  least  reliable  of  any.  Blackwood's  Mag. 

iQP*  Reliable  (together  with  its  derivatives,  reli- 
ability and  reliableness ) is  a very  modern  word,  re- 
cently often  inet  with  ; and  it  has  the  sanction  of 
some  highly  respectable  authorities ; but  it  is  ill- 
formed,  and  it  cannot  properly  have  the  signification 
in  which  it  is  always  used.  Potential  passive  adjec- 
tives in  able  [sec  Able]  are  derived  from  active 
verbs,  as  allow , allowable  ; but  adjectives  derived  from 
neuter  verbs  do  not  admit  of  this  passive  sense,  as  per- 
ish, perishable.  In  order  to  form  a passive  adjective 
from  rely , we  must  annex  on  or  upon , and  give  it 
the  ludicrous  form  relionable  or  reliuponable , which 
would  properly  signify,  “ that  maybe  relied  on  or 
upon.”  The  adjective  uncomeatable , found  in  the 
Tatler,  and  inserted  by  Johnson  in  his  Dictionary,  is 
formed  on  the  same  principle  ; and  Johnson  proper- 
ly styles  it  “ a low,  corrupt  word  but  uncomcable , 
if  there  were  such  a word,  would  not  admit  of  the 
sense,  “ not  to  be  come  at.” 

RE-Ll'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  relia- 
ble ; reliability.  Wright. 

RE-LI'ANCE,  n.  Trust;  confidence;  dependence. 

Reliance  on  the  divine  mercies.  S.  Richardson. 

An  humble  behavior  towards  God,  and  a dutiful  reliance 
on  Ins  providence.  Atterbury. 

Rf-LI'ANT,  a.  Having  reliance  or  confidence  ; 
confident.  Ec.  Rev. 

REL'IC,  n.  [L.  reliqua:  ; relinquo,  to  leave  ; It.  3, 
Sp.  reliquia;  Fr.  r clique.) 

1.  That  which  is  left  or  remains  after  loss  or 
decay  of  the  rest.  “ A relic  of  a saint.”  Chaucer. 

Shall  we  go  see  the  relics  of  this  town?  Shak. 

This  church  is  very  rich  in  relics.  Among  the  rest  they 
show  a fragment  of  Thomas  a Becket.  Addison. 

2.  The  body  of  a deceased  person  ; a corpse  ; 
remains  ; — commonly  in  the  plural. 

Shall  our  relics  second  birth  receive?  Prior. 

Thy  relics , Rowe,  to  this  fair  shrine  intrust.  Pope. 

Syn.  — See  Remains. 

REL'JC-LY,  ad.  In  the  manner  of  relics.  Donne. 

REL'ICT,  n.  [L.  relinquo,  relictus,  relicta,  to 
leave,  to  forsake.]  A woman  whose  husband 
is  dead  ; a widow.  Garth.  Hawkins. 

Rp-LICT'ED,  p.  a.  (Law.)  Left  permanently  un- 
covered, as  land  by  the  retreat  of  the  sea  or 
other  water.  Bouvier. 

RE-LIC'TION,  n.  (Law.)  Land  left  permanently 
uncovered  by  the  retreat  of  the  sea  or  other 
water . Bouvier. 

RfJ-LIEF'  (re-lef'),  n.  [See  Relieve.] 

1.  Removal  or  alleviation  of  calamity,  pain, 
sorrow,  or  other  evil;  redress:  succor;  help; 
aid.  “ Charitable  reliefs  of  the  needy.”  Sandys. 

Thoughts  in  my  unquiet  breast  are  risen, 

Tending  to  some  relief  of  our  extremes.  Milton. 

2.  That  which  removes  or  alleviates  pain, 
sorrow,  or  other  evil ; means  of  exemption.  Fell. 

So  should  we  make  our  death  a glad  relief 

From  future  shame.  Dn/den. 

3.  Release  or  dismission  of  sentinels  from 
their  post  by  the  substitution  of  fresh  ones,  or 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; 


| a fresh  detachment  of  troops,  ordered  to  re- 
place those  already  upon  duty.  Stocqueler. 

For  this  relief  much  thanks;  't  is  bitter  cold.  Shak. 

4.  (Old  Eng.  Sc  Scotch  Law.)  A sum  of  money 
paid  by  the  heir  of  a deceased  tenant,  by  way 
of  fine  or  composition  with  the  lord,  for  taking 
up  the  estate  which  was  lapsed,  or  fallen  in,  by 
the  death  of  the  last  tenant.  Burrill. 

RE-LIEF',  n.  [It.  rilievo  ; Sp.  relieve-,  Fr.  relief.) 

1.  (Sculp.)  That  species  of  sculpture  in  which 
the  figures  project  or  stand  out  from  the  ground 
or  plane  on  winch  they  are  formed  ; rilievo. 

,8®*  There  are  three  kinds  of  relief:  bass-relief  (bas- 
so-rilicvo),  in  which  the  figures  project  but  little  from 
the  ground  on  which  they  are  sculptured  ; demi-rehif 
( ilemi  or  meuo-rilievo),  in  which  the  figures  stand  out 
about  half  their  natural  proportions  ; and  high-relief 
(alto-rilievo),  in  which  the  figures  stand  completely 
out  from  the  ground,  being  attached  to  it  only  in  a few 
places,  and  in  others  worked  entirely  around  like  a 
single  statue.  Braude. 

2.  (Paint.)  The  apparent  prominence  or 

standing  out  of  a figure  from  the  ground  on 
which  it  is  painted.  Johnson. 

3.  (Arch.)  The  projection  of  a figure  or  orna- 

ment from  the  ground  or  plane  on  which  it  is 
formed.  Bramle. 

4.  (Fort.)  The  projection  or  prominence  of  a 
work  above  the  ground-plan.  Glos.  Mil.  Terms. 

5.  The  exposure  of  any  thing  by  the  proxim- 
ity of  something  different.  Johnson. 

Syn. — See  Aid,  Redress. 

Rg-LlEF'LgSS,  a.  Destitute  of  relief.  Savage. 

R£-Ll'J£R,  n.  One  who  relies.  Beau.  A-  FI. 

RE-LIEV'A-BLE  (re-lev'j-bl),  a.  That  may  be 
relieved.  Hale. 

RE-LIE VE'  (re-lev'),  v.  a.  [L.  relevo,  to  lift  up  or 
raise  again,  to  relieve ; re,  again,  back,  and 
levo,  to  raise;  lexis,  light : It.  rilevare ; Sp.  re- 
levar  ; Fr.  relever.  — A.  S.  lilifian,  to  lift.]  \_i. 
RELIEVED  ; pp.  RELIEVING,  RELIEVED.] 

1.  t To  lift  or  raise  up  again.  Piers  Plouhman. 

2.  To  raise  or  remove  pain,  sorrow,  or  other 
evil  from  ; to  free  from  any  evil  ; to  succor  ; to 
help  ; to  aid.  “ Relieve  the  poor.”  Dnyden. 

The  Lord  preserveth  the  strangers;  he  reliereth  the  father- 
less and  widows.  Ps.  cxlvi.  9. 

When  any  chance 

Relieves  me  from  my  task  of  servile  toil.  Milton. 

3.  To  remove  or  alleviate  ; to  allay  ; to  miti- 
gate ; to  lessen  ; as,  “ To  relieve  distress.” 

That  old  and  antique  song  we  heard  last  night, 
Methought  it  did  relieve  my  passion  much.  Shak. 

4.  To  release  or  dismiss  from  a post  or  sta- 
tion, as  sentinels,  by  substituting  fresh  ones. 

Relieve  the  sentries  that  have  watched  all  night.  Dryden. 

5.  To  right,  as  by  law ; to  redress.  Johnson. 

6.  To  abate  or  diminish  the  severity  or  incon- 
venience of,  by  the  interposition  or  juxtaposition 
of  something  dissimilar  or  contrasting. 

The  poet  must  not  encumber  his  poem  with  too  much 
business,  but  sometimes  relieve  the  subject  with  a moral  re- 
flection. Addwon. 

7.  To  assist;  to  help;  to  support;  to  sustain. 

Parallels,  or  like  relations,  alternately  relieve  each  other: 
when  neither  will  pass  asunder,  yet  are  they  plausible  to- 
gether. Browne. 

Syn.  — See  Allay,  Help. 

t Rp-LIEVE'MJ-iNT,  n.  Release ; relief.  Weever. 

Rp-LIEV'ER,  n.  1.  One  who  or  that  which  relieves. 

2.  (Gunnery.)  An  iron  ring  with  a handle,  for 
disengaging  the  searcher  of  a gun.  Stocqueler. 

R^-LIEV'ING,  p.  a.  That  relieves ; assisting. 

Relieving  tackle,  (Naut.)  a tackle  hooked  to  the  til- 
ler, in  a sale,  to  steer  by,  in  caso  of  accident  to  the 
wheel  or  tiller-ropes.  Dana. 

RF.-LlE'vb  (re-le'vo),  n.  [It.  rilievo.)  The  prom- 
inence or  projection  of  a figure  in  sculpture  01- 
in  painting;  relief.  — See  Rilievo.  Dry  den. 

RE-LIGIIT'  (re-lit'),  v.  a.  To  light  anew. 

RlJ-LT£TON  (re-lld'jun),  n.  [L.  religio ; — ac- 
cording to  Cicero,  from  relego,  to  read  again  ; 
according  to  Lactantius  and  others,  from  religo, 
to  bind  back  ; It.  religione  ; Sp.  § Fr.  religion.) 

1.  An  acknowledgment  of  our  obligation  to 
God  as  our  Creator,  with  a feeling  of  reverence 
and  love,  and  consequent  duty  or  obedience  to 
him ; duty  to  God  and  to  his  creatures ; practi- 
cal piety  ; godliness  ; devotion  ; devoutness  ; 
holiness. 


One  spake  much  of  right  and  wrong. 

Of  justice,  of  religion,  truth,  and  peace.  Milton. 

Religion  or  virtue,  in  a large  sense,  includes  duty  to  God 
and  our  neighbor;  but,  in  a proper  sense,  virtue  signifies  duty 
towards  men,  and  religion  duty  to  God.  Halls. 

Notiiing  can  inspire  religious  duty  or  animation  but  re- 
ligion. Lord  Cockbunt. 

2.  A particular  system  of  faith  or  worship. 

We  speak  of  the  Greek,  Hindu,  Jewish,  Christian,  and 

Mohammedan  religions.  J‘.  Cgc. 

3.  pi.  Religious  rites.  Milton. 

Natural  religion,  tli6  knowledge  of  God  and  of  our 

duty  which  is  derived  from  the  light  of  nature  or  of 
reason. — Revealed  religion,  the  knowledge  of  God  and 
of  our  duty  which  comes  to  us  from  positive  revela- 
tion. 

Syn.  — Religion.-  signifies  both  a system  of  faith 
and  worship  and  duty  to  God,  as  the  Christian  or  Ma- 
hometan religion,  practical  religion,  or  the  religion  of 
tile  heart  and  life  ; piety,  both  duty  to  parents  and  dutv 
to  God  ; devotion,  piety  as  applied  especially  to  divine 
worship;  holiness,  freedom  from  sin.  Religion,  piety, 
and  devotion  are  all  human  qualities ; holiness,  both 
divine  and  human  ; as,  the  Holy  One  of  Israel,  holy 
angel,  holy  apostle  ; religious  character  or  education ) 

pious  or  devout  person  ; devout  or  devotional  feeling 

See  Holy. 

f R£-Ll<,5 TON-A-RY,  a.  Relating  to  religion ; pi- 
ous. “ His  religionary  professions.”!^.  Barlow. 

Rp-LI^TON-A-RY,  ii.  An  adherent  to  religion  ; 
a religionist,  [it.]  Qu.  Rev. 

Rp-LlR'ION-lJR,  n.  A religionist,  [r.]  Southey. 

R£-Ll(;'ION-I§M,  it.  Religions  feeling  or  zeal; 
the  practice  of  religion.  Qu.  Rev. 

R(i-LI(jrTON-IST  (re-lld’jun-ist),  n.  One  who  pro- 
fesses a religion;  — generally  used  in  a bad 
sense,  as  synonymous  with  bigot,  but  sometimes 
in  a good  sense. 

The  boldest  religionists  and  mock-prophets.  More. 
An  enlightened  scholar  and  a zealous  religionist.  Tweddel. 

R^-LItjr-I-oS'I-TY,  n.  [L.  rcligiositas.)  The  qual- 
ity or  the  state  of  being  religious  ; religious- 
ness. [r.]  Wickliffc.  For.  Qu.  Rev. 

R ]J-Li(r'I0ys  (re-lld'jus),  a.  [L.  religiosus ; It. 
riligioso  ; Sp.  religioso  ; Fr.  religieux.) 

1.  Pertaining  to  religion.  Shak. 

A religions  establishment  is  no  part  of  Christianity;  it  is 
only  the  means  of  inculcating  it.  Paley. 

2.  Reverencing  God  and  obeying  his  com- 
mands ; disposed  to  the  duties  of  religion  ; pious  ; 
godly;  devout;  holy.  “ Religious  folk.”  Chaucer. 

If  any  man  among  you  seem  to  be  religions,  and  bridletli 
not  his  tongue,  but  aeeeiveth  his  own  heart,  this  man’s  re- 
ligion is  vain.  Jam.  i.  2G. 

3.  Devoted  to  the  duties  of  religion.  “ A re- 
ligious life.”  Shak. 

4.  Teaching  or  inculcating  religion.  “ A re- 
ligious book.”  Wotton. 

5.  Bound  by  a vow  to  a monastic  life,  as 

friars,  monks,  and  nuns.  Abbot.  Eden. 

6.  Devoted  or  appropriated  to  the  perform- 

ance of  religious  service  or  duties.  “A  religious 
house.”  Law. 

7.  Exact ; strict ; scrupulous  ; conscientious. 

Syn.  — See  Holy. 

RfJ-LI(jr'IOyS  (re-lid'jus),  n.  One  bound  by  avow 
to  a monastic  life,  as  a friar,  a monk,  a nun,  &c. 

It  is  very  lucky  for  a religions , who  had  so  much  time  on 
his  hands.  Addison. 

She  was  called  by  the  inspiration  of  God  to  be  a religions. 

Beth  am  . 

R5-LI<?TOlJS-LY  (re-lld'jus-le),  ad.  1.  In  a reli 
gious  manner  ; piously  ; devoutly  ; reverently 

2.  With  strict  observance ; exactly  ; punctil- 
iously ; scrupulously  ; conscientiously.  Horsley. 

The  privileges  justly  due  to  the  members  of  the  two  Houses 
and  their  attendants  are  religiously  to  be  maintained.  Bacon. 

R£-LI£'IOUS-NESS  (re-lid'jus-nes),  n.  The  qual- 
ity or  the  state  of  being  religious.  Sandys. 

R£-I,lN'(lU£NT,  a.  Relinquishing,  [r.]  Clarke. 

R F - L 1 N ' CU : F, N T , n.  One  who  relinquishes.  Wright. 

RB-LIN'aUISII  (re-llng'kwjsh),  v.  a.  [L.  relin- 
quo ; re  again,  back,  and  linquo,  to  leave ; Old 
Fr.  linquer,  relinquer.)  [i.  relinqvished  ; pp. 

RELINQUISHING,  RELINQUISHED.] 

1.  To  depart  or  withdraw  from  ; to  leave  ; to 
quit;  to  forsake;  to  desert;  to  abandon. 

The  habitation  there  was  utterly  relinquished.  Abbot. 

They  placed  Irish  tenants  upon  the  lands  relinquished  by 
the  English.  Davies. 

2.  To  give  up,  as  a right  or  claim  ; to  release  ; 
to  forego;  to  renounce  ; to  resign;  to  abdicate. 


A,  E,  l,  6,  ft,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


REMEDIABLE 


RELINQUISHER 

By  which  act  he  relinquishes  and  delivers  back  to  God  all 
his  right  to  the  use  of  that  thing.  South. 

Syn.  — See  Abandon. 

RIJ-LIN'Q.UISH-ER,  n.  One  who  relinquishes. 

R E-LI  N'ClUISIl-MENT,  n.  The  act  of  relinquish- 
ing; abandonment;  renunciation.  Hooker. 

REI/I-QUA-RY,  n.  [It.  reliquario  ; Sp.  relicario  ; 
Fr . reliquaire.]  A portable  case  for  the  relics 
of  saints  or  martyrs.  T.  Gray. 

RF.-LIQUE  ' (re-lek'),  n.  [Fr.]  A relic.  Spenser. 

RF.-Ll " Q.UI-JE,  n.pl.  [L.,  from  relinquo,  to  leave.] 

1.  Relics;  remains: — fossil  remains  of  sub- 
stances. . Hamilton. 

2.  ( Bot.)  The  withered  remains  of  leaves 
which,  not  being  articulated  with  the  stem,  can- 
not fall  off,  but  decay  upon  it ; induviee.  Bindley. 

RE-Lia'UI-DATE  (re-ilk' we- dat),  V.  a.  To  liqui- 
date anew,  or  a second  time.  Wright. 

RE-Lla-UI-DA'TION,  n.  A second  or  renewed 
liquidation.  Clarke. 

REL'ISH,  n.  [Fr.  relecher,  to  lick  or  taste  anew; 
lecher,  to  lick.  Minsheu.] 

1.  The  sensation  produced  by  any  thing  on 
the  palate  ; flavor  ; savor  ; zest ; gusto  ; taste  ; 
— commonly  a pleasing  taste. 

Sweet,  bitter,  sour,  harsh,  and  salt  are  all  the  epithets  we 
have  to  denominate  that  numberless  variety  of  relishes  to  be 
found  distinct  in  the  different  parts  of  the  same  plant.  Locke. 

2.  A small  quantity  just  perceptible  ; a taste. 

Devotion,  courage,  patience,  fortitude, 

I have  no  relish  of  them.  Shah. 

3.  Liking  ; fondness  ; delight ; appetite. 

We  have  such  a relish  for  faction  as  to  have  lost  that  of 
wit.  Addison. 

4.  The  power  or  faculty  of  perceiving  excel- 
lence ; sense ; taste. 

A man  who  has  any  relish  for  fine  writing.  Addison. 

“ A relish  of  is  actual  taste;  a relish  for  is  dis- 
position to  taste.”  Smart. 

5.  That  which  gives  delight  or  pleasure  ; pow- 
er of  pleasing.  *S liak. 

When  liberty  is  gone. 

Life  grows  insipid,  and  has  lost  its  relish.  Addison. 

6.  Quality  ; cast ; manner  ; flavor.  Shak. 

It  preserves  some  relish  of  old  writing.  Pope. 

7.  Something  taken  with  food  to  increase  ap- 
petite or  the  pleasure  of  eating.  Wright. 

Syn.  — See  Taste. 

REL'ISH,  v.  a.  [i.  RELISHED  ; pp.  RELISHING, 
RELISHED.] 

1.  To  give  or  impart  an  agreeable  taste  to. 

A savory  bit  that  served  to  relish  wine.  Dryden. 

2.  To  like  or  enjoy  the  taste  of,  as  of  some 

kind  of  food.  Smart. 

3.  To  have  a taste  or  liking  for  ; to  be  pleased 
or  gratified  with  the  use  of ; to  delight  in.  Shak. 

He  knows  how  to  enjoy  his  advantages,  and  7-elish  the 
honors  which  he  enjoys.  Atterhury. 

4.  To  taste  or  smack  of. 

’T  is  ordered  well,  and  relisheth  the  soldier.  Beau.  8f  FI. 

REL'ISH,  v.  ii.  1.  To  have  a pleasing  taste. 

Their  greatest  dainties  would  not  relish  to  their  palates. 

Hahcwill. 

2.  To  give  pleasure  or  delight.  Shak. 

It  would  not  have  7’elished  among  my  other  discredits.  Shah. 

3.  To  have  a flavor  or  taste  ; to  smack. 

A theory  which,  how  much  soever  it  may  relish  of  wit  and 
invention,  hath  no  foundation  in  nature.  Woodward. 

REL'ISH-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  relished  ; gust- 
able.  Orrery. 

REL'ISH-ING,  p.  a.  Giving  a relish  ; having  a 
pleasant  taste  ; palatable  ; savory. 

RE-LIVE',  v.  n.  To  live  again  ; to  revive.  Shak. 

f RE-LIVE',  v.  a.  To  bring  back  to  life.  Spenser. 

RE-LOAD',  v.  a.  To  load  again.  Cook. 

RE-LOAN',  v.  a.  To  loan  again.  Clarke. 

RE-LOAN',  n.  A new  or  second  loan.  Clarke. 

RE-LO'CATE,  V.  a.  To  locate  again.  Oyilvie. 

REL-O-CA'TION,  n.  1.  A second  location.  Scott. 

2.  [Law.)  The  renewal  of  a lease.  Whishaw. 

RE-LOD(JrE'  (-loj'),  v.  a.  To  lodge  again.  Southey. 

t RE-LONG',  v.  a.  To  prolong.  Berners. 

t RE-LdVE',  v.  a.  To  love  in  return.  Boyle. 


1211 

RE-LU'CENT,  a.  [L.  reluceo,  relucens,  to  shine 
back,  to  shine.]  Throwing  back  light ; shining  ; 
luminous  ; transparent ; pellucid.  Thomson. 

RE-LUCT',  v.  n.  [L.  rcluctor,  reluctans ; re, 
again,  back,  and  luctor,  to  struggle.]  To  strug- 
gle or  strive  against,  [r.]  Walton. 

RE-LUC'TANOE.n.  Theactof  struggling  against ; 
unwillingness  ; repugnance  ; aversion  ; dislike. 

Syn.  — See  Repugnance. 

RE-LUC'TAN-CY,  n.  Unwillingness  ; reluctance. 
“ Their  reluctancy  to  separation.”  Boyle. 

Rfl-LUC'TANT,  a.  Striving  against;  unwilling; 
averse  ; backward ; loath.  Milton. 

R1J-LUC'TANT-LY,  ad.  With  reluctance  or  re- 
sistance ; with  unwillingness  ; unwillingly. 

f RE-LUC'TATE,  v.  n.  [L.  reluctor,  reluctatus. ] 
To  resist;  to  struggle  against;  to  reluct.  “ Their 
reluctating  consciences.”  Decay  of  Chr.  Piety. 

f REL-UC-TA'TION,  n.  Repugnance  ; unwilling- 
ness. “ Not  without  some  reluctation.”  Bacon. 

RE-LUME',  v.  a.  [Fr.  rallumer,  from  L.  re,  again, 
and  lumen,  a light.].  To  light  anew  ; to  rekin- 
dle ; to  reillumine.  Shak. 

RE-LU'MINE,  v.  a.  [L.  relumino ; It.  rallumi- 
nare .]  To  light  anew  ; to  relume.  Johnson. 

RE-LY',  v.  n.  [re,  again,  and  lie.]  [i.  relied  ; 
pp.  relying,  relied.]  To  lean  or  rest  with 
confidence  ; to  have  confidence  ; to  trust ; to 
depend  ; to  confide  ; — followed  by  on  or  upon. 

Reason  is  not  to  be  relied  upon  os  universally  sufficient  to 
direct  us  what  to  do.  South. 

No  prince  can  ever  rely  on  the  fidelity  of  that  man  who  is 
a rebel  to  his  Creator.  Rogers. 

RJJ-MAiN',  v.  n.  [L.  remaneo  ; re,  again,  back, 
and maneo  (Gr.  pAw),  to  remain  ; It.  rimanerc ; 
Sp.  reinanecer.]  \i.  remained  ; pp.  remain- 
ing, REMAINED.] 

1.  To  abide  ; to  continue  ; to  endure  ; to  stay  ; 
to  tarry.  “ We  will  remain  in  friendship.”  Shak. 

Thou,  O Lord,  remainest  for  ever,  thy  throne  from  gen- 
eration to  generation.  Lam.  v.  19. 

2.  To  be  left  after  a part  is  taken  away. 

And  Noah  only  remained  alive  and  they  that  ^vere  with 
him  in  the  ark.  Gen.  vii.  23. 

Bake  that  which  ye  will  bake  to-day;  and  that  which  re- 
mainetli  over  lay  up  until  the  morning.  Ex.  xvi.23. 

3.  To  be  left  after  any  event. 

That  a father  may  have  some  power  over  his  children,  is 
easily  granted:  but  that  an  elder  brother  has  so  over  his 
brethren,  remains  to  be  proved.  Locke. 

Syn.  — See  Continue. 

RE-MAlN',  v.  a.  To  await;  to  be  left  to ; to  re- 
main to.  “ While  breath  remains  thee.”  [u.] 

Milton. 

RE-MAlN',  n.  1.  That  which  is  left ; — common- 
ly in  the  plural.  — See  Remains.  Shak. 

A very  complete  remain  of  a Jewish  synagogue.  Warton. 

2.  f Abode  ; habitation  ; stay.  Shak. 

RE-MAIN'DER,  a.  Remaining  ; refuse  ; left.  “ The 
remainder  biscuit  after  a voyage.”  Shak. 

RIJ-MAlN'DIJR,  n.  1.  That  which  remains  or  is 
left ; remnant ; rest ; residue.  Hammond. 

What  madness  moves  yon,  matrons,  to  destroy 

The  last  remainders  of  unhappy  Troy?  Dryden. 

2.  A dead  body ; a corpse  ; remains. 

The  poor  remainder  of  Andronicus.  Shak. 

3.  (Arith.)  That  which  remains  of  the  minu- 

end after  taking  away  the  subtrahend ; the 
quantity  which  being  added  to  the  subtrahend 
will  produce  the  minuend,  Davies. 

4.  (Laic.)  An  estate  limited  to  take  effect 

and  be  enjoyed  after  another  estate  is  deter- 
mined. Burrill. 

Syn. — Rest,  remainder,  remnant,  and  residue,  all 
denote  the  part  separated  from  the  other,  and  left  dis- 
tinct. Rest  is  applied  to  any  part,  large  or  small,  and 
to  persons  or  things  ; remainder  and  remnant,  to  the 
smaller  part,  and  only  to  things.  The  rest,  of  the  com- 
pany or  an  estate  ; remainder  of  provisions  ; a remnant 
of  cloth  ; residue  of  property. 

RE-MAIN'DIJR-MAN,  n.  (Laic.)  One  entitled  to 
the  remainder  of  an  estate,  after  a particular 
estate  carried  out  of  it  has  expired.  Bouvier. 

RE-MAIN§',  n.  pi.  1.  That  which  is  left  after  a 
part  is  taken  away  or  destroyed  ; relics  ; rem- 
nants. “ The  remains  of  old  Rome.”  Addison. 

2.  A dead  body ; a corpse.  Pope. 


3.  Things  left  by  a deceased  person,  as  litera- 
ry productions  ; as,  “ Coleridge’s  Remains.” 

Syn. — Remains  signifies  what  remains;  relics, 
what  is  left.  The  remains  of  a person  deceased,  as  a 
corpse  or  a literary  production  ; remains  of  a ruined 
city  or  building,  or  of  an  organized  body  ; as,  organic 
remains',  relics  of  antiquity  ; relics  of  ancient  saints, 
their  remains,  garments,  &c. 

RE-MAKE',  v.  a.  [i.  remade  ; pp.  remaking, 
remade.]  To  make  anew.  Glanvill. 

RJJ-MAND',  v.  a.  [Fr.  remander ; re,  back,  and 
mander,  to  send,  from  L.  maiulo,  to  commit,  to 
order.]  [».  remanded  ; pp.  remanding,  re- 
manded.] To  send  or  order  back.  Prynne. 

The  better  sort . . . fled  into  England,  and  never  returned, 
though  many  laws  were  made  to  remand  them  back.  Davies. 

Rp-MAND'1VHJNT,  n.  The  act  of  remanding,  or 
the  state  of  being  remanded.  Clarke. 

REM  A-NENCE,  > n a remainder;  remnant. 

REM' A-NEN-CY,  ) [r.]  Boyle.  Bp.  Taylor. 

f REM'A-NENT,  a.  [L.  remaneo,  remanens,  to 
remain  behind.]  Remaining.  Bp.  Taylor. 

f REM'A-NENT,  ii.  A remnant.  Bacon. 

RE-MARK',  n.  [Fr.  remarque.) 

1.  The  act  of  remarking ; notice  ; observation. 

The  cause,  though  worth  the  search,  may  yet  elude 

Conjecture  and  remark :.  Cowper . 

2.  Notice  expressed;  an  observation;  a com- 
ment ; note  ; annotation.  Cowper. 

Syn. — Remarks , observations , and  comments  are 
either  spoken  or  written  ; notes , annotations , and  com- 
mentaries, always  written.  Incidental  remarks  or  ob- 
servations on  any  subject  or  performance ; notes  and 
comments  for  illustration  ; minute  annotations  or  com- 
mentaries ; annotations  and  commentaries  on  the  Scrip- 
tures. The  statement  of  an  individual  fact  is  a re- 
mark ; the  statement  of  an  inference,  an  observation. 

RE-MARK',  v.  a.  [It.  rimarcare  ; Fr.  remarqver ; 
rey  again,  and  marquer , to  mark.  — A.  S.  mccir- 
cian,  to  mark.]  \i.  remarked  ; pp.  remark- 
ing, REMARKED.] 

1.  To  take  notice  of ; to  note  ; to  observe. 

2.  fTo  mark;  to  distinguish;  to  point  out. 

His  manacles  remark  him;  there  he  sits.  Milton. 

3.  To  express  or  observe  in  words.  Locke. 

Syn.  — To  remark  and  to  observe  arc  often  used  sy- 
nonymously. To  remark  is  to  note  down  casually  ; to 
observe,  to  note  down  intentionally:  — to  remark,  to 
record  with  the  pen,  or  to  express  in  words  ; to  ob- 
serve, to  record  with  the  eye.  A traveller  remarks  or 
notices  the  most  striking  objects  that  lie  sees  ; a gen- 
eral observes  the  motions  of  his  enemy.  Persons  ob- 
serve the  conduct  of  others  ; some  particularly  remark 
or  notice  their  faults. 

RE-MARK',  v.  n.  To  make  observation;  to  ob- 
serve ; to  note.  Swift. 

RE-MARK' A-BI.E,  a.  \Vr.rcmarquable.]  Worthy 
of  remark  or  note  ; observable  ; noticeable ; no- 
table ; extraordinary  ; uncommon  ; unusual ; 
singular.  “ A remarkable  eclipse.”  Bolinybroke. 

RE-MARK' A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the 
quality  of  being  remarkable;  worthiness  of  being 
noted;  observableness.  Hammond. 

RE-MARK'A-BLY,  ad.  In  a remarkable  manner; 
in  a manner  or  degree  worthy  of  note  ; extraor- 
dinarily ; uncommonly  ; singularly.  Milton. 

RE-MARK'ER,  n.  One  who  remarks.  Watts. 

RE-MAR'RY,  v.  a.  To  marry  again.  Tynda/e. 

RE-mAsT',  v.  a.  To  put  a new  mast  or  new  masts 
in  ; to  refurnish  with  masts.  Clarke. 

RE-MAS'TI-CATE,  v.  a.  To  masticate  or  chew 
again.  Wright. 

RE-MAS-TI-CA'TION,  ii.  A second  or  repeated 
mastication.  Wright. 

REMBLJU  (rim-l)la'),  n.  [Fr.]  (Fort.)  The  earth 
or  materials  used  in  filling  up  a trench.  Braude. 

REM'BLE,  v.  a.  To  remove.  [Local,  Eng.] 

t RE-MEAN'  (re-men'),  v.  a.  To  explain  the 
meaning  of ; to  interpret.  H ickliffe. 

RE-MEASj'U  RE  (re-mezh'ur),  v.  a.  To  measure 
anew.  “ Their  steps  remeasured.”  Fairfax. 

RE-ME'DI-A-BLE  [re-me'de-a-bl,  W.  J.  Ja.  K.  Sin. 
Wr.  ; re-me'dya-bl,  S.  F.  ; re-med'e-si-hl,  P.],  a. 
[Fr.  remediable.]  That  may  be  remedied  or 
cured ; curable.  Bacon. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RtiLE.  — <J,  9,  9,  g,  soft ; £,  G,  9,  1,  hard;  § as  7.;  y as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


REMEDIABLY 


1212 


REMNANT 


Rg-ME'DJ-A-BLY,  ad.  So  as  to  be  cured.  Clarke. 

Rp-ME'DI-AL,  a.  [L.  remedialis .]  Affording 

remedy  or  cure ; curing  ; healing.  Burke 

Rp-ME'DI-AL-LY,  ad.  In  a remedial  manner  ; by 
way  of  cure.  Burke. 

f Rp-ME'Dj-ATE,  a.  Affording  remedy.  Shak. 

||  REM'E-DI-LESS,  or  Rp-MED'I-LESS  [rein'e-de- 
les,  S.  W.J.Ja.  K.  Sm.  B.  C.  I Vr.;  re-ined'e-les, 
P.  IVb.  Ash,  Rees;  rem'e-de-Ies  or  re-med'e-les, 
F.],  a.  Not  admitting  remedy  ; without  remedy 
or  cure  ; incurable  or  irreparable.  “ A remedi- 
less delusion.”  “ Remediless  calamity.”  North. 

Spenser  and  Milton  place  the  accent  upon 
the  second  syllable  of  this  word  ; and,  as  Mr.  Nares 
observes,  Dr.  Johnson  has,  on  tile  authority  of  these 
authors,  adopted  this  accentuation.  ‘ But  this,’  says 
Mr.  Nares,  ‘is  irregular;  for  every  monosyllabic  ter- 
mination, added  to  a word  accented  on  the  antepe- 
nult, throws  the  accent  to  the  fourth  syllable  from  the 
end.’  With  great  respect  for  Mr.  Nares’s  opinion  on 
this  subject,  I should  think  a much  easier  and  more 
general  rule  might  be  laid  down  for  all  words  of  this 
kind,  which  is,  that  those  words  which  take  the  Sax- 
on terminations  after  them,  as  er,  less,  ness,  lessness, 
hj,  &c.,  preserve  the  accent  of  the  radical  word  ; there- 
fore this  and  the  following  words  ought  to  have  the 
same  accent  as  remedy,  from  which  they  are  formed.” 
Walker. 

||  REM'p-DI-LESS-LY,  ad.  Without  remedy  ; in- 
curably ; irreparably.  Sidney. 

II  REM'E-DI-LpSS-NESS;  n.  The  state  of  being 
remediless  ; incurableness.  Boyle. 

REM'P-1)Y,  n.  [L.  re  medium ; It . rimsdio  ; Sp. 
remedio;  Fr.  remde.] 

1.  That  which  cures  a disease  ; a medicine 

that  cures.  — See  Cure.  Swift. 

2.  That  which  recovers  from,  or  counteracts, 
any  uneasiness,  inconvenience,  or  evil ; — fol- 
lowed usually  \sy  for  before  an  object. 

Our  griefs  how  swift!  our  remedies  how  slow!  Prior. 

Civil  government  is  the  proper  remedu  for  the  inconven- 
iences or  a state  of  nature.  Locke. 

3.  Means  of  repairing  hurt  or  loss  ; repara- 
tion ; restitution  ; restoration.  Shak. 

In  the  death  of  a man  there  is  no  remedy.  Wisd.  ii.  1. 

REM'p-DY,  v.  a.  [L.  remedior;  re,  again,  and 
tnedior,  to  cure;  It.  rimediare ; Sp.  remedial'.] 
[(.  REMEDIED;  pp.  REMEDYING,  REMEDIED.] 

1.  To  cure;  to  heal.  Hooker. 

2.  To  repair  or  remove,  as  some  evil;  to  re- 
dress. 

Syn.  — See  Redress. 

RE  MELT',  v.  a.  To  melt  again.  Ash. 

Rp-MEM'BpR,  v.  a.  [Low  L.  rememoror ; It.  ram- 
memorare,  rimembrare ; Sp.  remembrar;  Old 
Fr.  remembrer. — See  Memory.]  [i.  remem- 
bered; pp.  REMEMBERING,  REMEMBERED.] 

1.  To  bear  or  keep  in  mind ; not  to  forget. 

“ Remember  what  I warn  thee.”  Milton. 

ltenw.mber  thee? 

Ay,  thou  poor  ghost,  while  memory  holds  a seat 

In  this  distracted  globe.  Shak. 

2.  To  bring  back  or  recall  to  mind;  to  call  to 
mind ; to  recollect. 

lie  having  once  seen  and  remembered  me.  Sidney. 

3.  To  preserve  the  memory  of;  to  preserve 
from  being  forgotten. 

Let  them  have  their  wages  duly  paid, 

And  something  over  to  rememf)er  me.  Shak. 

4.  f To  put  in  mind;  to  remind.  Shak. 

It  grieves  my  heart  to  be  remembered  thus, 

By  any  one,  of  one  so  glorious.  Chapman. 

5.  + To  mention;  to  remark  upon.  Ayliffic. 

RFi-\I EM'BER-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  remem- 
bered or  kept  in  mind.  Coleridge. 

RE-MEM'BER-A-BLY,  ad.  So  as  to  be  remem- 
bered. ‘ ' Southey. 

RE-MEM'BER-ER,  n.  One  who  remembers.  “A 
rememberer  of  the  last  good  office.”  Wotton. 

RJE-MEM'BRANCE,  n.  [Old  Fr.]  1.  The  act  of 
remembering;  retention  in  the  mind  or  mem- 
ory ; memory. 

The  righteous  shall  be  in  everlasting  remembrance.  Ps.  cxii.C. 

2.  The  faculty  by  which  past  ideas,  acts,  or 
events  are  recalled  to  the  mind  ; memory. 

J iememhrance  wakes,  with  all  her  busy  train. 

Swells  at  my  breast,  and  turns  the  heart  to  pain.  Goldsmith. 

3.  Revival  in  the  mind  or  memory  ; a calling 
to  mind;  recollection;  reminiscence. 


Remcnibi'ance  is  when  the  same  idea  recurs,  without  the 
operation  of  the  like  object  on  the  external  sensory.  Locke. 

4.  The  power  of  remembering. 

Thee  I have  heard  relating  what  was  done 

Ere  my  remembrance.  Milton. 

5.  Account  preserved ; record. 

Those  proceedings  and  remembrances  are  in  the  Tower.  Hale. 

6.  Notice  of  something  absent. 

Let  your  remendmance  still  apply  to  Banquo.  Shak. 

7.  A token  by  which  a person  is  kept  in 
memory;  a memento  ; a memorial;  a souvenir. 

I have  remembrances  of  yours, 

That  I have  longed  to  redeliver.  Shak. 

8.  Admonition;  caution,  [it.]  Shak. 

9.  A memorandum ; a note  to  assist  the 

me  .v  ory.  Chilling  worth. 

10.  f State  of  being  honorably  remembered. 

Grace  and  remembrance  be  unto  you  both.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Memory,  Monument. 

RE-MEM'BRAN-CER,  n.  1.  One  who,  or  that 
which,  reminds,  or  calls  to  remembrance ; a re- 
minder. Shak. 

2.  An  officer  of  the  English  Court  of  Ex- 
chequer, whose  chief  duty  it  is  to  remind  the 
judges  of  that  court  of  such  things  as  are  to  be 
called  on  or  done  for  the  king’s  benefit.  Brande. 

f Rp-MEM'O-RATE,  v.  a.  [L.  rememoro ; Fr . re- 
memorer.]  To  remember.  Bryskett. 

f RE-MEM-O-RA'TION,  n.  Remembrance.  Hall. 

Rp-MEM'O-R  A-TIVE,  a.  [Fr.  rememoratif.]  Call- 
ing to  mind;  that  reminds,  [it.]  XVaterland. 

f RE-MEIt'CY,  v.  a.  [Fr.  remercier.]  To  thank. 
[A  Gallicism.]  Spenser. 

REM'I-FORM,  a.  [L.  remits,  an  oar,  and  forma, 
form.]  Shaped  like  an  oar.  Smart. 

REM'  n.  pi.  [L.  remex,  a rower;  pi.  remi- 

yes.]  ( Ornith .)  The  quill  feathers  of  the  wings, 
which,  like  oars,  propel  the  bird  through  the 
air.  Brande. 

II  REM'I-GRATE,  or  RE-MI'GRATE  [rem'e-grat,  IV. 
P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.;  re'me-grat,  S. ; re-ml'- 
grat,  I IV.  ]Vb.],v.n.  [L.  rcmigro,remigratum  ; 

re,  again,  back,  and  migro , to  remove,  to  emi- 
grate.] To  remove  back  again  ; to  return.  Boyle. 

II  REM-I-GRA'TION,  or  RE-Ml-GR.l'TION,  n.  Re- 
moval back  again,  [it.]  Hale. 

RP-MIND',  V.  a.  [l.  REMINDED  ; pp.  REMINDING, 
reminded.]  To  put  in  mind ; to  cause  to  re- 
member ; to  bring  to  the  remembrance  of.  South. 

Many  other  places  of  Scripture,  where  God  reminds  his 
people  that  he  is  Jehovah.  Watcrland. 

Rp-MIND'pR,  n.  One  who,  or  that  which,  reminds. 

Rp-MIND'FUL,  a.  Tending,  or  careful,  to  remind; 
calling  to  mind.  Clarke. 

REM-I-NIS'CpNCE,  n.  [L.  rcminiscentia,  recol- 
lections ; reminiscor,  rcminiscens,  to  recall  to 
mind  ; It.  remini scenza  ; Sp.  rcminiscencia  ; Fr. 
reminiscence.]  A recalling  or  recovery  to  the 
mind  of  former  ideas  or  thoughts  ; recollection. 

The  other  part  of  memory  called  reminiscence , which  is 
the  retrieving  of  a thing  at  present  forgot  or  but  confusedly 
remembered.  South. 

REM-I-NIS'CpN-CY,  n.  Reminiscence.  More. 

REM-T-NIS'CpNT,  n.  One  who  calls  past  events 
to  mind.  Charles  Butler. 

REM-J-NIS-CEN'TIAL,  a.  Relating  to  reminis- 
cence or  recollection.  Browne. 

REM'I-PED,  ru  [L.  remits,  an  oar,  and  pes,  pedis, 
afoot;  Fr . remip  cle.]  ( Ent .)  One  of  an  order 
of  coleopterous  insects  which  have  tarsi  adapt- 
ed for  swimming.  Brande. 

RIJ-MISjE',  n.  [Fr.  remettre,  to  deliver,  from  L. 
remitto,  remissus.]  (Law.)  Surrender  or  re- 
turn, as  of  a debt  or  duty.  Bouvier. 

RP-m!§E',  v.  a.  [Fr.  remiser.]  [I.  remised  ; pp. 
remising,  remised;]  (Law.)  To  give  or  grant 
back  ; to  release,  as  a claim  or  a debt.  Blackstone. 

1! JJ-MlSS',  a.  [L.  remissus ; remitto,  to  send  back, 
to  yield,  to  slacken;  re,  again,  back,  and  mitto, 
to  send  ; It.  rimesso  ; Sp.  remiso  ; Fr.  remis.] 

1.  Slackened  or  relaxed  ; not  vigorous  ; slow. 
Its  motion  becomes  more  languid  and  remiss.  Woodward. 

2.  Slack ; backward ; careless  ; negligent ; 
neglectful;  inattentive;  heedless. 


If,  when  by  God’s  grace  we  have  conquered  the  first  diffi- 
culties of  religion,  we  grow  careless  and  remiss,  and  neglect 
our  guard,  God’s  Spirit  will  not  always  strive  with  us.  South. 

Syn. — See  Negligent,  Slack. 

Rp-MISS'FUL,  a.  That  remits  or  forgives ; lenient. 

As  though  the  Heavens,  iu  their  remissful  doom.  Drayton. 

RE-MIS-SI-bIl'J-TY,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality 
of  being  remissible.  Ash. 

Rp-MIS'SI-BLE,  a.  [Fr.  remissible.]  That  may 
be  remitted  or  forgiven  ; excusable.  Feltham. 

Rp-MIS'SION  (re-mlsli'un),  n.  [L . remissio  ; It. 
remissions  ; Sp.  remis  ion;  Fr.  remission.] 

1.  f The  act  of  sending  back.  Stackhouse. 

2.  The  act  of  remitting;  abatement;  relax- 

ation ; moderation.  “ Suitors  fer  some  remis- 
sion of  extreme  rigor.”  Bacon. 

This  difference  of  intention  and  remission  of  the  mind  in 
thinking  every  one  has  experimented  in  himself.  Locke. 

3.  Release  or  relinquishment,  as  of  a debt. 
“ The  remission  of  a duty  or  tax.”  Addison. 

4.  Forgiveness;  pardon-;  absolution.  “For 

the  remission  of  sins.”  Acts  ii.  38. 

5.  (Med.)  A temporary  diminution  of  the 
symptoms  of  a disease  ; — particularly,  diminu- 
tion of  the  febrile  symptoms,  between  the  ex- 
acerbations of  a remittent  fever.  Vunglison. 

6.  (Com.)  Act  of  remitting  or  sending  to  a 
distant  place,  as  money. 

The  remission.of  a million  every  year  to  England.  Swift. 

Syn.  — See  Pardon. 

RF.-MIS'Sl  VE,  a.  [L.  remissions,  relaxing.]  That 
remits;  remitting.  Haeket. 

Whene’er  he  breathed  remissive  of  his  might.  Pope. 

Rp-MISS'LY,  ad.  In  a remiss  manner;  slackly; 
carelessly.  Hooker. 

Rp-MISS'NpSS,  n.  The  state  of  being  remiss ; 
slackness;  carelessness;  negligence;  inatten- 
tion ; want  of  vigor  or  ardor.  Arbuthnot. 

Syn.  — See  Negligence. 

Rp-MIS'SO-RY,  a.  Pertaining  to  remission  or 
forgiveness.  Latimer. 

Rp-M1T',  r.  a.  [L .remitto;  re,  back,  and  mitto, 
to  send;  It .rimettere;  Sp .remitir;  Fr.  remet- 
tre A,  [i.  REMITTED  ; pp.  REMITTING,  REMITTED.] 

1.  To  relax  ; to  make  less  intense  ; to  abate. 
“Willingly  doth  God  remit  his  ire.”  Milton. 

2.  To  forgive  ; to  pardon  ; to  absolve. 

Whosesoever  sins  ye  remit,  they  are  remitted  unto  them. 

John  xxii.  23. 

3.  To  send  or  place  back  ; to  return. 

The  prisoner  was  remitted  to  the  guard.  Dryden. 

4.  To  give  or  deliver  up  ; to  resign. 

The  Egyptian  crown  I to  your  hands  remit.  Dryden. 

5.  To  restore;  to  replace.  “ The  archbishop 

was  . . . remitted  to  his  liberty.”  Hayward. 

6.  To  refer.  “ A pliant  clause  . . . that  remit- 
ted all  to  the  bishop’s  discretion.”  Bacon. 

7.  (Com.)  To  send  or  transmit  to  a distant 

place,  as  money.  Addison. 

Syn.  — See  Fop.give. 

RJJ-MIT',  v.  n.  1.  To  slacken  ; to  abate;  to  grow 
less  intense  or  vigorous ; to  intermit. 

When  our  passions  remit,  the  vehemence  of  our  speech 
remits  too.  lirowne. 

2.  (Med.)  To  grow  by  intervals  less  violent, 
without  being  intermittent,  as  a fever.  Johnson. 

Rp-MIT'MpNT,  n.  The  act  of  remitting;  remis- 
sion ; suspension  ; remittance.  Milton. 

RE-MIT'TAL,  n.  The  act  of  remitting  or  giving 
up  ; remission  ; remittance.  Smart. 

RJJ-MIT'TANCE,  n.  1.  The  act  of  remitting. 

2.  Money  or  a sum  remitted.  Addison. 

Rp-MIT'TpNT,  a.  (Med.)  Noting  a fever  which 
has  marked  exacerbations  and  remissions,  but 
without  intermission.  Dunglison. 

MJ-MIT'TpR,  n.  1.  One  who  remits,  as  money. 

2.  One  who  forgives  or  pardons.  Fttlke. 

3.  (Law.)  The  restitution  of  a more  ancient 

and  certain  right  of  possession,  to  a person  who 
comes  into  possession  through  a defect  of  title 
in  the  previous  possessor.  Whishaw. 

Rp-MIT'TOR,  n.  (Law.)  One  who  makes  a re- 
mittance ; remitter.  Bouvier. 

RE-MIX',  v.  a.  To  mix  again.  Ash. 

REM'NANT,  n.  [Corrupted  from  remanent.] 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short ; A,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER  ; 


REMNANT 


1213 


RENARD 


1.  That  which  is  left  or  remains  ; residue ; re- 
mainder. “ The  remnant  of  my  tale.”  Dryden. 

I will  cause  the  remnant  of  this  people  to  possess  all  these 
things.  jCach-  vm- 

2.  pi.  The  ends  of  linen,  cloth,  &c.  Simmonds. 

REM'NANT,  a.  Remaining;  yet  left,  [a.]  Prior. 

RE-MOD'JTCL,  v.  a.  To  model  anew.  Churton. 

REM'O-EIN-lTE,  n.  (Min.)  A mineral  of  various 
shades  of  green,  composed  of  oxide  of  copper, 
chloride  of  copper,  and  water;  — ground  up  in 
Chili  and  sold  as  a sand  for  letters  under  the 
name  of  arsenillo.  Dana. 

RE-MOL'EIENT  (re-mol'yent),  a.  [F r . r emollient .] 
Mollifying ; softening.  Clarke. 

RE-AIOL'TEN  (re-mol'tn),  p.  a.  Melted  again. 
“ Glass  already  made  and  remolten.”  Bacon. 

RE-MON'STRANCE,  n.  [It.  rimostranza ; Fr. 
remontrance.] 

1.  f Show  ; discovery  ; display.  “ Remon- 
strance of  my  hidden  power.”  Shah. 

2.  A strong  representation,  or  statement  of 
facts  and  reasons,  against  something  com- 
plained of  or  opposed;  expostulation. 

A large  family  of  daughters  have  drawn  up  a remonstrance. 
in  which  they  set  forth,  &c.  Addison. 

RIJ-MON'STRANT,  n.  One  who  remonstrates  : — 
a title  given  to  the  Arminians  on  account  of 
the  remonstrance  which,  in  1610,  they  made  to 
the  States  of  Holland  against  the  sentence  of 
the  synod  of  Dort.  Eden. 

R£-MON'STRANT,  a.  Expostnlatory  ; containing 
reasons  against  some  previous  act.  Waterland. 

R]J-MON'STRATE,  v.  n.  [L.  remonstro,  remon- 
stratus ; re,  again,  back,  and  monstro,  to  show; 
It.  rimostrare ; Fr.  remontrer.]  [i.  remon- 
strated ; pp.  REMONSTRATING,  REMONSTRAT- 
ED.] To  make  a strong  representation ; to 
show  or  urge  reasons  ; to  expostulate. 

It  is  a proper  business  of  a divine  to  state  cases  of  con- 
science, and  to  remonsrrafe  against  any  growing  corruptions 
in  practice,  and  especially  in  principles.  Waterland. 

Syn.  — See  Expostulate. 

RIJ-MON'STR  ATE,  v.  a.  To  show  by  a strong 
representation,  [it.] 

Lastly,  your  majesty  did  exhort  them,  by  the  opportunity 
which  the  present  time  itself  did  yield  unto  it;  which  1 did 
particularly  remonstrate  unto  them.  Iteliquice  IVottoniance. 

REM-ON-STRA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  remonstrat- 
ing ; a remonstrance,  [r.]  Todd. 

RE-MON'STRA-TOR,  n.  One  who  remonstrates  ; 
a remonstrant,  [r.]  Burnet. 

REM' O-RA,  n.  [L.]  1.  Something  that  delays  ; 

an  obstacle  ; a hinderance. 

A sufficient  blind,  or  remora , in  the  way  of  honesty  and 
good  sense.  Shaftesbury. 

2.  (Sura.)  An  instrument  intended  to  retain 

parts  in  situ.  Dunglison. 

3.  (Tch.)  A mal- 

acopterygious  fish 
of  the  genus  Eche- 
neis,  found  in  the  Remora. 

Mediterranean  Sea  ; the  sucking-fish  ; Eche- 
neis  remora.  ' Eng.  Cyc. 

ASP  The  remora  is  remarkable  for  a peculiar  adhe- 
sive disk  on  the  top  of  the  head,  by  means  of  which 
it  attaches  itself  to  other  fishes,  the  bottoms  of  ves- 
sels, or  other  objects  floating  in  the  sea.  Ena.  Cijc. 

f REM'O-RAte,  v.  a.  [L.  remoror,  remoratus .] 
To  hinder  ; to  delay.  Johnson. 

fRU-MORD',  v.  a.  [L . remorcleo.]  To  rebuke; 
to  excite  to  remorse.  Skelton. 

fRU-MORD',  v.  n.  To  feel  remorse.  Sir  T.  Ehjot. 

f RE-MOR'D^N-CY,  n.  [L.  remordeo , remordens, 
to  torment.]  Compunction.  Killingbeck. 

||  RIJ-MORSE'  [re-miffs',  S.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  R. 
C.  Wr.  ; re-mors'  or  re-mors',  IV.  P. ],  n.  [L.  re- 
mordeo, remorsus,  to  torment ; It.  rimorso  ; Fr. 
remords  ] 

1.  The  pain  of  guilt ; the  reproach  of  con- 
science ; compunction;  penitence;  repentance. 

When  remorse  is  blended  with  the  fear  of  punishment,  and 
arises  to  despair,  it  constitutes  the  supreme  wretchedness  of 
the  mind.  Cogan. 

2.  f Commiseration  ; sympathy  ; pity. 

Many  little  esteem  of  their  own  lives,  vet,  for  remorse  of 
their  wives  and  children,  would  be  withheld.  Spenser. 


3.  f Continual  anxiety  ; constant  care. 

Let  him  command, 

And  to  obey  shall  be  in  me  remorse 
What  bloody  business  ever.  Shak. 

“ nr.  Kenrick,  Mr.  Nares,  Mr.  Perry,  and  several 
respectable  speakers,  pronounce  this  word  in  tire  sec- 
ond manner  [re-mors']  ; but  Mr.  Sheridan,  Mr.  Scott, 
W.  Johnston,  and  Mr.  Smith,  in  the  first  ; and,  in 
my  opinion,  with  analogy  and  the  best  usage  on  their 
side.  The  final  e does  not  lengthen  the  0,  but  serves 
only  to  keep  the  s from  going  into  the  sound  of  1.” 
Walker. 

Syn.  — See  Compunction,  Repentance. 

||  f Rf.-MORSED'  (re-morst'),  a.  Struck  with  re- 
morse. Bp.  Hall. 

||  R IJ-MORSE'FUL,  ct.  1.  Full  of  remorse  ;_  im- 
pressed with  a sense  of  guilt ; compunctious. 

This  remorseful  consciousness,  too,  he  [Swift]  might  feel 
when  looking  back  upon  his  conduct.  Scott. 

2.  f Compassionate  ; sympathizing;  tender. 

O Eglamour,  thou  art  a gentleman, 

Valiant,  wise,  remorseful.  Shak. 

3.  f Tending  to  excite  pity;  pitiable.  “His 

fellows’  most  remorseful  fate.”  Chapman. 

II  RE-MORSE'FUL-LY,  ad.  In  a remorseful  man- 
ner; with  remorse. 

||  RE-MORSE' LESS,  a.  Without  remorse  or  com- 
miseration ; uncompassionate  ; unpitying ; cruel ; 
savage.  “ Remorseless  adversaries.”  South. 

Where  were  ye.  Nymphs,  when  the  remorseless  deep 

Closed  o’er  the  head  of  your  loved  Lycidas?  Milton. 

II  RE-MORSE'EJJSS-LY,  ad.  Without  remorse. 

II  RE-MORSE'LIJSS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing remorseless ; savageness  ; cruelty. Beaumont. 

RE-MOTE',  a.  [L.  removeo,  remotus,  to  remove  ; 
re,  again,  back,  and  movco,  to  move  ; It.  rimoto  ; 
Sp.  remoto.] 

1.  Distant  in  place,  time,  or  connection  ; far  ; 
far  off ; not  near  : not  nigh. 

Remote,  unfriended,  melancholy,  slow, 

Or  by  the  lazy  Schcld  or  wandering  Po.  Goldsmith. 

2.  Alien  ; foreign  ; not  agreeing  ; not  related. 

All  those  propositions,  how  remote  soever  from  reason,  are 
so  sacred,  that  men  will  sooner  part  with  their  lives  than  suf- 
fer themselves  to  doubt  of  them.  Locke. 

Syn.  — See  Distant. 

RJJ-MOTE'EY,  ad.  Not  nearly  ; at  a distance  ; 
far  off ; distantly.  Dryden. 

RE-MOTE'NJJSS,  n.  The  state  of  being  remote  ; 
distance.  Addison. 

RIJ-MO'TION,  n.  [L.  remotio .]  The  act  of  re- 
moving, or  the  state  of  being  removed  ; move- 
ment. [r.]  Shak.  De  Quincey. 

RE-MOUED',  v.  a.  To  mould  anew.  Wright. 

RE-MOUNT',  t).  ».  [It.  rimontare  ; Sp.  remontar ; 
Fr.  remonter.]  To  mount  again  ; to  reascend. 

The  shortest  and  the  surest  way  of  arriving  at  real  knowl- 
edge  is  to  unlearn  the  lessons  we  have  been  taught,  to  remount 
to  first  principles,  and  take  nobody’s  word  about  them. 

Bolingbroke. 

RE-MOUNT',  v.  a.  To  mount  again  ; to  reascend. 

Could  I remount  the  river  of  my  years.  T.  Moore. 

RE-MOUNT',  n.  (Mil.)  A supply  of  good  horses 
for  the  service  of  the  cavalry.  Mil.  Ency. 

RJJ-MOV-A-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being  re- 
movable. Sir  li.  Peel. 

RE-MOV'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  removed. 

They  are  therefore  removable  at  their  bishop’s  will.  Spenser. 

RJJ-MOV'AL,  n.  1.  The  act  of  removing. 

Every  honest  man  will  find  reason  enough  both  to  bear 
contentedly  whatever  uneasy  circumstances  he  lies  under 
and  to  trust  in  God’s  mercy  for  the  removal  of  them.  Sharp. 

2.  Dismission  from  a post,  station,  or  office  ; 
deprivation  of  office. 

If  the  removal  of  these  persons  from  their  posts  has  pro- 
duced such  popular  commotions,  the  continuance  of  them 
might  have  produced  something  more  fatal.  Addison. 

3.  State  of  being  removed ; change  of  place. 

The  sitting  still  of  a paralytic,  whilst  he  prefers  it  to  a re- 
moval, is  voluntary.  Locke. 

RE-MOVE',  v.  a.  [L.  removeo  ; Pc,  again,  back, 
and  movco , to  move  ; It.  rimuovere  ; Sp.  re- 
mover; Fr . re muer.]  [i.  removed;  pp.  re- 

moving, removed.]  To  put  from  its  place  ; 
to  take  or  put  away  ; to  place  at  a distance ; to 
displace ; to  transfer. 

He  longer  in  this  paradise  to  dwell 

Permits  not;  to  remove  thee  I am  come.  Milton. 


RIJ-MOVE',  v.  n.  To  change  place  ; to  go  to  an- 
other place  ; to  exchange  one  place  for  another. 
The  term  expired,  to  Candia  they  remove.  Dryden. 

Rp-MOVE',  n.  1.  The  act  of  moving,  or  the  state 
of  being  removed  ; removal ; change  of  place. 

Where’er  I roam,  whatever  realms  to  sec. 

My  heart  untravelled  fondly  turns  to  thee. 

Still  to  my  brother  turns  with  ceaseless  pain. 

And  drags  at  each  remove  a lengthening  chain.  Goldsmith . 

Three  removes  arc  as  bad  as  a burn.  Franklin. 

2.  f Susceptibility  of  removal. 

What  is  early  received  in  any  considerable  strength  of  im- 
press grows  into  our  tender  natures,  and  therefore  is  of  diffi- 
cult remove.  Glanvill. 

3.  A step  in  the  scale  of  gradation. 

A continued  series  of  things  that,  in  each  remove , differ 
very  little  one  from  the  other.  Loclce. 

4.  Interval ; distance  ; separation. 

The  fiercest  contentions  of  men  are  between  creatures 
equal  in  nature,  and  capable,  by  the  greatest  distinction  of 
circumstances,  of  but  a very  small  remove  one  from  another. 

Rogers. 

5.  The  act  of  putting  a horse’s  shoes  upon 

different  feet.  Swift. 

6.  A dish  to  be  changed  while  the  rest  of  the 

course  remains.  Johnson. 

REMOVED'  (re-movd'),  p.  a.  Remote;  separate; 
secluded.  “ Some  still,  removed  place.”  Milton. 

Rf.-MOV'gD-NESS,  it.  The  state  of  being  re- 
moved ; remoteness.  Shak. 

RE-MOV'IJR,  n.  1.  One  who  removes. 

2.  (Law.)  The  removal  of  a cause  or  suit  out 
of  one  court  into  another.  Bouvier. 

REM ' PHAN,  n.  An  idol  worshipped  by  the  Is- 
raelites while  in  the  wilderness,  by  some  thought 
to  be  Sirius,  and  by  others  Saturn.  Kitto. 

R$-MU'QfI-ENT,  a.  [L.  remttgio,  remugiens,  to 
bellow  back.]  Rebellowing,  [r.]  More. 

RE-MU-NIJR-A-BIL'I-TY,  11.  The  state  or  the 
quality  of  being  remunerable.  Pearson. 

R1S-MU'NER-A-BEE,  a.  That  may  he  remuner- 
ated ; rewardable.  Johnson. 

Rg-MU'NER-ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  remunero,  remunera- 
tus  ; re,  again,  back,  and  munus,  muneris,  a 
gift;  It.  rim  tmer are  ] Sp.  remunerar  ; Fr.  r<f- 
munerer.]  [ i . remunerated  ; pp.  remuner- 
ating, remunerated.]  To  reward  for  ser- 
vice ; to  repay  ; to  requite  ; to  recompense  ; 
to  compensate  ; to  pay  ; to  satisfy. 

The  great  condescensions  wherewith  the  Lord  shall  remu- 
nerate the  faithful  servant.  Boyle. 

RJJ-MU-NER-A'TION,  11.  [L.  remuneratio  ; It. 

rimunerazione  ; Sp.  remuneracion  ; Fr.  remu- 
neration.] The  act  of  remunerating,  or  that 
which  remunerates  ; compensation  ; satisfac- 
tion ; reward  ; requital  ; reparation  ; indemni- 
ty ; amends  ; recompense  ; repayment. 

lie  [Edward  I.]  promised  . . . that  he  that  could  kill  him 
should  have  a great  remuneration.  Edw.  Hall. 

Syn.  — See  Compensation. 

R$-M  U 'NER-A-TI VE,  a.  Affording  remuneration 
or  reward  ; remuneratory  ; profitable.  Bogle. 

RJj-MU'N£R- A-TO-RY,  a.  Affording  recompense 
or  reward ; remunerative. 

Human  legislators  have,  for  the  most  part,  chosen  to  make 
the  sanction  of  their  laws  rather  vindicatory  than  remunera- 
tory , or  to  consist  rather  in  punishments  than  in  actual  par- 
ticular rewards.  Blackstone. 

RE-MUR'MUR,  v.  a.  [L.  remurmuro  ; re,  again, 
back,  and  murmuro , to  murmur  ; It.  rimormo- 
rare.\  [i.  remur mured  ; pp.  remurmuring, 
remurmured.]  To  murmur  again  ; to  utter 
back  in  murmurs  ; to  repeat  in  low  sounds. 

The  trembling  trees,  in  every  plain  and  wood, 

Her  fate  remurmur  to  the  silver  flood.  Pope. 

RE-MUR'MUR,  v.  n.  To  murmur  back  or  again  ; 
to  echo  a low  sound. 

And  a low  groan  remurmured  through  the  shore.  Pope . 

REN,  n.  (Med.)  The  kidney.  Dunglison. 

RJJ-NAIS'SANCE,  n.  [Fr.,  new  birth.]  A peculiar 
style  of  decoration  revived  by  Raphael  in  the 
pontificate  of  Leo  X.,  and  resulting  from,  but 
freer  than,  the  antique.  Fairholt. 

RE'NAL,  a.  [L.  renalis  ; renes,  the  reins.]  Re- 
lating to  the  reins  or  kidneys. 

The  precarious  empiricism  of  judging  diseases  by  the  renal 
secretions,  without  sight  of  the  patient.  liallam. 

1 REN' ARD,  n.  [From  Renald,  or  Benaud,  a proper 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  <?,  9,  g,  soft;  1 C,  6,  £,  |,  hard ; § as  z ; $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


RENASCENCE 


1214 


RENOUNCER 


name  applied  to  the  fox.  Iluct.  — Ger.  reineke.] 
The  name  of  a fox  in  fable  ; — written  also  rey- 
nurd.  — See  Reynard.  Dryden. 

RE-NAS  t p.N'CE,  ) n The  sta(e  0f  being  renas- 

RE-NAs'C'EN-CY,  ) cent ; reproduction.  Browne. 

R^-NAs'CpNT,  a.  [L.  renascor,  renascens,  to  be 
born  again  ; It.  rinascente  ; Sp.  renasciente  ; 
Fr . re/iaissant.]  Produced  again  ; rising  again 
into  being  ; reproduced ; reappearing. 

So  mighty  sages  tell, 

The  Arabian  phcenix,  when  live  hundred  ycurs 
Have  well  nigh  circled,  dies,  and  springs  forthwith 
Renascen  t . Cai'y. 

fRE-NAs'Uj-BLE,  a.  Possible  to  be  produced 
again.  Bailey. 

RE-NATE',  a.  [L.  renascor,  renatus,  to  be  bora 
again.]  Bora  again  ; revived,  [it.]  Beau.  65  FI. 

RE-NAV'I-gATE,  v.  a.  & n.  To  navigate  again. 

f R£-NAY',  v.  a.  [L.  re,  again,  back,  and  neyo, 
to  deny  ; It.  rinnegare ; Sp.  renegar ; Fr.  renier.] 
To  deny  ; to  refuse  ; to  disown  ; to  renounce. 

They  affirmed  themselves  rather  to  die  than  to  renay  their 
very  God.  Joye. 

RpN-COUN'TER,  n.  [It.  rincontro;  Sp . recncu- 
entro  ; Fr.  rencontre.  — re  and  encounter. \ 

1.  Clash  ; collision  ; shock  ; opposition. 

Was  it  by  mere  chance  that  these  blind  parts  of  matter, 
floating  in  an  immense  space,  did,  after  several  justlings  and 
r:  nevunte.rs,  jumble  themselves  into  this  beautiful  frame  of 
things?  Scott. 

2.  An  unexpected  or  casual  engagement  or 
combat ; attack  ; encounter  ; a conflict ; a fight. 

RpN-COUN'T^R,  v.  a.  [It.  rincontrare  ; Fr.  ren- 
contrer.]  To  attack  ; to  encounter,  [r.]  Spenser. 

RpN-COUN'TpR,  v.  n.  To  clash;  to  come  into 
collision;  to  skirmish;  to  encounter.  Johnson. 

REND,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  rendan-,  Frs.  renda  ; Ger. 
trennen  ; Icel.  rani,  ratndi.  — W.  rhannu ; Bret. 
ranna.]  J*.  rent  ; pp.  iiending,  rent.]  To 
tear  or  separate  with  violence ; to  break  asun- 
der ; to  sunder  ; to  sever ; to  dissever ; to  cleave  ; 
to  split ; to  rive  ; to  shiver ; to  break  ; to  lacerate. 
O thou  whose  thunder  rends  tile  clouded  air.  Pope. 

Syn.  — See  Break. 

REND,  v.  n.  To  separate  ; to  be  disunited.  “ The 
rocks  did  rend.”  [r.]  Bp.  Taylor. 

RENDER,  n.  One  who  rends  ; a tearer.  Johnson. 

REN'DfR,  v.  a.  [L.  redtlo  ; re,  hack,  and  do,  to 
give;  It.  render c ; Sp.  rendir ; Fr.  rendre.]  [ i . 
RENDERED  ; pp.  RENDERING,  RENDERED.] 

1.  To  return;  to  give  or  pay  back;  to  bring 
back ; to  restore  ; — often  with  hack. 

They  that  render  evil  for  good  are  mine  adversaries. 

Ps.  xxxviii.  20. 

2.  To  give  on  demand ; to  assign. 

St.  Augustine  renders  another  reason.  White. 

3.  To  invest  with  qualities  ; to  make. 

Because  the  nature  of  man  carries  him  out  to  action,  it  is 
no  wonder  if  the  same  nature  renders  him  solicitous  about 
the  issue.  South. 

4.  f To  represent ; to  exhibit ; to  describe. 

I heard  him  speak  of  that  same  brother. 

And  he  did  render  him  the  most  unnatural 

That  lived ’mongst  men.  Shah. 

5.  To  translate  ; to  construe.  “ Bender  it  in 

the  English  a circle.”  Burnet. 

6.  To  surrender  ; to  yield  ; to  give  up.  Shah. 

One  with  whom  he  used  to  advise  proposed  to  him  to  ren- 
der himself  upon  conditions  to  the  Earl  of  Essex.  Clarendon. 

7.  To  give  to  be  used  ; to  afford. 

Logic  renders  its  daily  service  to  wisdom  and  virtue.  Watts. 

8.  To  melt  down.  “To  render  suet.”  Grose. 

Rendered  and  floated,  {Arch.)  applied  to  plastering  of 

three  coats  on  brickwork.  Braude.  — Rendered  and 
set.,  Arcli.)  applied  to  plastering  of  two  coats  on  naked 
brick  or  stone  work.  Brande. — Rendered , floated , and. 
set  for  -paper , {Arch.)  applied  to  plastering  of  three 
coats  ; the  first  being  lime  and  hair  upon  brickwork  ; 
the  second,  the  same  compound,  with  the  addition  of 
a little  more  hair,  and  then  floated  with  a long  rule; 
the  third,  fine  stuff  mixed  with  white  hair.  Brande. 

EEN'DJfR,  v.n.  1.  f To  give  an  account ; to  state  ; 
to  explain ; to  confess  ; to  show. 

My  boon  is  that  this  gentleman  may  render 
Of  whom  he  had  this  ring.  Slink. 

2.  (Naut.)  To  go  or  pass  freely  through  any 
place,  as  a rope.  Dana. 

ItEN'DpR,  n.  1.  A surrender  or  giving  up,  as  of 
a secret ; a confession  ; an  account. 

May  drive  us  to  a render 

Where  we  have  lived.  ShaJc. 


2.  A return  ; a payment  of  rent.  Craig. 

3.  (Law.)  The  state  of  being  rendered,  paid, 

or  yielded.  “ To  lie  in  render.”  Ban-ill. 

REN'DpIt-  A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  rendered. 

REN'DJgR-JfR,  n.  One  who  renders  or  returns.  Todd. 

REN'DJyR-ING,  n.  1.  Act  of  one  who  renders. 

2.  Translation ; version  ; construction.  “ The 
true  rendering  of  the  original.”  Bp.  Horsley. 

3.  (Masonry.)  The  first  coat  of  plastering  on 

walls  ; pargeting.  Britton. 

||  RENDEZVOUS  (ren'de-vo  or  ren'de-voz)  [lon'de- 
vo,  S.  J.  K. ; rfla'de-vo,  E. ; ren'de-vo,  Sm.; 
ren-de-voz',  IF.  h . Ja.;  ren-de-voz'  or  ren'de-vo, 
6\],  n.  ; pi.  rendezvouses.  [Fr.  rendezvous , 
render  yourselves,  repair.] 

1.  A meeting  appointed.  “ In  memory  of  the 
first  occasions  of  tlieir  rendezvouses.”  Sprat. 

2.  A place  of  meeting  or  resort,  particularly 
for  soldiers,  seamen,  troops,  or  fleets. 

It  is  usual,  when  vessels  sail  under  convoy,  to  have  a ren- 
dezvous, in  case  of  dispersion  by  storm,  an  enemy,  or  other 
accident.  hoarier. 

“ I know  not,”  says  Bishop  Ilnrd,  “ how  tiiis 
word  came  to  make  its  fortune  in  our  language.  It  is 
an  awkward  and  ill  construction  even  in  French.” 
It  is  not  often  used  in  the  plural,  yet  it  is  soused  (ren- 
dezvouses) by  Bishop  Sprat,  Swift,  and  the  duarterly 
Review. 

II  RENDEZVOUS  (r8n-de-v6'  or  ren-de-voz')  [r5n'- 
de-vo,  S.  J.  K.  ; rttn'de-vo,  E. ; ren-de-vo',  Sm. ; 
ren-de-voz',  IF  F.  Ja .],  v.  n.  [i.  rendez- 
voused \pp.  RENDEZVOUSING,  RENDEZVOUSED.] 
To  meet  at  a place  appointed. 

The  rest  that  escaped  marched  towards  the  Thames,  and, 
with  others,  rendezvoused  upon  Blackheath.  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

||  RENDEZVOUS  (ren-de-vo'  or  ren-de-voz'),  v.  a. 
To  bring  together  to  a place  appointed.  Echard. 

REN'DI-BLE,  a.  1.  [From  rend.']  That  may  be 
rent,  or  broken  asunder. 

2.  [From  render.  — Fr.  rendable.]  That  may 
be  rendered,  [r.]  Cotgrave. 

RJJN-DI"TION  (ren-dlsh'un),  n.  [From  render .] 

1.  The  act  of  yielding  possession ; surrender. 

These  two  lords  . . . were  carried  with  him  to  Oxford, 
where  they  remained  till  the  rendition  of  the  place.  Hutch inson. 

2.  A translation  ; a version  ; a rendering. 

A false  rendition  of  the  sense  of  the  place.  South. 

RF.N'E-gAde,  7i.  [It.  rinegato-,  Sp.  renegado ; 
Fr.  r/tnegat ; L.  re,  back,  and  nego,  to  deny.] 

1.  Oiic  who  apostatizes  from  the  faith  ; an 
apostate  ; a backslider  ; a renegado. 

Who  would  suppose  it.  that  one  who  was  educated  in  the 
Church  of  England  should  become  such  a fierce  and  over- 
doing renegade  ? Bp-  Parker. 

2.  A revolter  ; a deserter.  Arbutlinot. 

ypg*  This  word,  in  the  old  English  authors,  is  reit- 
erate and  rune oate. 

REN-E-GA'DO,  n.  ; pi.  ren-e-g a'doe§. 

1.  An  apostate  from  the  faith  ; a backslider. 

There  lived  a French  renertado  in  the  same  place,  where 

tile  Castilian  and  his  wife  were  kept  prisoners.  Addison. 

2.  One  who  deserts  or  revolts;  a deserter  ; a 
revolter ; a renegade. 

Some  stragfflinp;  soldiers  might  prove  renegadoes , but  they 
would  not  revolt  in  troops.  Decay  of  Piety. 

II  + R1J-NEGE',  or  Rf.-NEOE'  [re-nSg',  S.  IF.  P.  IC. ; 
re-nej',  C.  R.  I Vb.],  v.  a.  [L.  re,  again,  back, 
and  nego,  to  deny  ; It.  rinnegare-,  Sp.  renegar-, 
Fr.  re/iicr.]  To  disown  ; to  deny  ; to  renounce. 

The  design  of  this  war  is  to  make  me  renege  my  con- 
science and  thy  truth.  -ffwp  Charles. 

II  + RF1-NEGE',  or  RJJ-NEOE', v.n.  To  deny.  Shah. 

RE-NERVE',  v.  a.  To  nerve  anew.  Byron. 

RE-NEW'  (re-nu'),  v.  a.  [re  and  new.]  [i.  re- 
newed ; pp.  RENEWING,  RENEWED.] 

1.  To  make  or  cause  to  be  new  again  ; to  ren- 
ovate ; to  restore ; to  repair ; to  revive ; to  re- 
fresh ; to  reestablish. 

Though  our  outward  man  perish,  yet  the  inward  man  is 
renewed  day  by  day.  2 Cor.  iv.  1G. 

More  exquisite  than  when  nectarian  juice 

Renews  tne  life  of  joy  in  happiest  hours.  Talfourd. 

2.  To  begin  again  ; to  recommence ; to  repeat. 

Then  gan  he  all  this  story  to  renew.  Spenser. 

3.  (Theol.)  To  transform  to  new  life.  Heb.\i.6. 

Syn.  — See  Revive. 

RE-NEW'*,  v.  n.  To  grow  afresh  ; to  begin  again. 
Their  temples  wreathed  with  leaves  that  still  renew.  Dryden. 

RE-NEW-A-BIL'T-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
renewable,  [r.]  John  Tyler. 


RE-NEW' A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  renewed. 
“ Leases  . . . renewable  at  pleasure.”  Swift. 

RE-NEW'AL,  n.  1.  Act  of  renewing;  renovation. 

The  revolution  was,  in  many  instances,  . . . one  of  those 
renewals  of  our  constitutiou  that  we  have  often  mentioned. 

Bolinybroke. 

2.  The  act  of  beginning  again  ; recommence- 
ment ; repetition. 

This  declaration  was  constantly  repeated,  upon  every  re- 
newal  of  the  glorious  promise  to  Isaac  and  to  Jacob.  Horsley. 

RE-NEWED', p.  a.  Formed  anew;  renovated. 

RE-NEW  t:D-i.y,  ad.  Anew;  again.  John  Davis. 

hfu- A.  word  often  used  by  American  preachers,  but 
not  supported  by  good  English  use.  Pickering. 

RE-NEW  £D-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  made  anew. 

Rf-NEW'£R,  n.  One  who  renews.  Sherwood. 

RE-NEW'ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  renews  ; the 
act  of  renovating  or  transforming  to  new  life. 

Be  ye  transformed  by  the  renewing  of  your  mind,  that  ye 
may  prove  what  is  that  perfect  will  of  God.  -Rom.  xii.’z. 


RE-NEW'ING,  p.  a.  Making  new  ; restoring  to  a 
former  state ; renovating. 

REN'I-FORM  [ren'§-form,  K.Wb. ; re'- 
ne-form,  Sm.  ],a.  [L.  renes,  the  kid- 
neys, and  forma,  form.]  (Bot.) 

Having  the  form  of  kidneys ; kidney- 
shaped. ' Ure. 

||  lUJ-Nt'TlJNCE,  n.  Rcnitency.  Wollaston. 

||  RE-NI'TEN-CY  [re-nl'ten-se,  S.  W.  J.  F.  Ja.  K. 
Sm.;  ren'e-ten-se,  P.  Wb. ; ren'e-ten-se  or  re-nl'- 
ten-se,  Wr.],  n.  [It.  renitenza  ; Sp.  renitetwia.] 

1.  The  resistance  which  solid  bodies  oppose 
to  pressure;  — particularly  the  resistance  which 
the  quiescent  parts  of  a solid  body  oppose  to 
the  motion  of  the  contiguous  coherent  parts  of 
the  same  body  or  mass.  Fothcrby.  Hutton. 

2.  Moral  resistance  ; reluctance.  “A  certain 

rcnitency  and  regret  of  mind.”  Bp.  Hall. 

II  RE-Ni'TENT  [re-nl'tent,  S.  IF.  /.  E.  F.  Ja.  K. 
Sm. ; ren'e-tent,  P.  C.  Wb.;  ren'e-tent  or  re'- 
nl'tent,  Wr.],  a.  [L.  renitor,  renitens,  to  strive 
against ; re,  back,  and  nitor,  to  strive  ; It.  A Sp. 
renitente.]  Acting  against  any  impulse  ; resist- 
ing pressure,  or  the  effect  of  it.  Ray. 

REN'NJJT,  n.  [A.  S.  gerunnen,  coagulated  ; Dut. 
runnen,  to  curdle  ; Ger.  rinnen,  or  gerinnen.] 
The  prepared  inner  membrane  of  a calf’s  stom- 
ach, or  an  infusion  of  it  in  water,  used  for  the 
purpose  of  coagulating  milk;  — written  also 
runnet.  Dunglison.  Miller. 

REN  Nf.T,^  J n [“Some  derive  from  (Fr.) 

REN'NET-ING,  ) reine  (queen),  the  queen  of  ap- 
ples ; others  from  (L.)  rana  (a  frog),  because  it 
is  spotted  like  a frog.  Skinner  suggests  the  city 
Rennes.”  Richardson.  — L.  renascor,  renatus, 
to  be  born  again.  Todd.]  A kind  of  apple. 

Pippins  grafted  on  a pippin  6tnck  arc  called  rennets,  bet- 
tered in  their  nature  by  such  double  extraction.  Puller. 

RF.-NOUNCE',  v.  a.  [L.  renuncio  ; re,  again,  back, 
and  nuncio,  to  declare  ; It.  rimtnziarc  ; Sp.  re- 
nunciar  ; Fr.  renoncer.]  [i.  renounced  ; pp. 
RENOUNCING,  RENOUNCED.] 

1.  To  disown  ; to  abnegate  ; to  disclaim  ; to 
cast  off ; to  reject ; to  repudiate ; to  decline ; to 
deny. 

From  Thebes  my  birth  I own;  and  no  disprace 

Can  force  me  to  renounce  the  honor  of  my  race.  Dryden. 

2.  To  give  up,  as  a right ; to  relinquish  ; to 
abandon  ; to  forsake  ; to  resign  ; to  abjure  ; 
to  forego.  “ This  world  I do  renounce.”  Shah. 

Before  a person  can  become  a citizen  of  the  United  States, 
he  must  renounce  all  titles  of  nobility.  Jlouvier . 

Syn.  — .See  Abandon,  Abjure,  Deny,  Dis- 
claim. 


RIJ-NOUNCE',  v.  7i.  1.  To  declare  renunciation. 

[A  mere  Gallicism.  Joh7iso?i.] 

lie  of  my  sons  who  fails  to  make  it  good 

By  one  rebellious  act  renounces  to  my  blood.  Dryden. 

2.  (At  cards.)  Not  to  follow  the  suit  led, 
though  the  player  lias  one  of  the  suit  in  his 
hand. 

May  my  partner  renounce  with  the  game  in  his  hand.  Foote - 
RE-NOUNOE',  n.  The  act  of  renouncing  at  cards. 
“ Prevent  renounces.”  Whist,  a Poem. 


RE-N6UNCE'M1JNT,  n.  The  act  of  renouncing; 

renunciation.  Shah.  P.  Cyc. 

RE-NOUNy'EIl,  n.  One  who  renounces.  Wilkins. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  tf,  "Y,  short;  A,  £,  I,  O,  y,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


RENOUNCING 


1215 


REPAST 


RE-NOUNg'ING,  n.  The  act  of  disowning  or  re- 
linquishing. Sir  E.  Sandys. 

REN'O-vATE,  v.  a.  [L.  renovo,  renovatus ; re, 
a train,  back,  and  novo,  to  make  new;  novus, 
new;  It.  rinnovare  ; Sp .renovar;  Fr.  renouve- 
. ie,-l  ’ [i.  renovated  ; pp.  renovating,  reno- 
vated.] To  make  new  ; to  restore  to  the  first 
state  ; to  renew ; to  revive  ; to  revivify  ; to  re- 
generate ; to  resuscitate  ; to  lepioduce. 

Secondary  qualities,  resulting  from  the  order  wherein  the 
substances  forming  a compound  lie  situate,  are  continually 
destroyed  and  renovate d.  according  to  the  changes  made  in 
that  order  by  motions  of  the  component  parts.  lacker. 

Syn.  — See  Revive. 

REN'O-VAT-JjiR,  n.  One  who  renovates.  Foster. 


REN-O-VA'TION,  n.  [L.  renovatio  ; It.  rinova- 
ziotie  ; Sp.  renovation -,  Ft.  renovation.]  The 
act  of  renovating,  or  the  state  of  being  reno- 
vated; renewal;  revivification;  regeneration. 

Renovation , the  other  article  in  the  text,  seems  to  mean  a 
more  particular  kind  of  renewal,  namely,  of  the  inward  frame 
or  disposition  of  the  man.  Waterland . 

t RE-NO V'EL,  v.  a.  [Fr.  renouveller.]  To  renew; 
to  renovate.  Chaucer. 

f RE-NO V'JpL-ANCE,  n.  Renewal.  Chaucer. 

RJJ-NoWN',  n.  [It.  rinomanza ; Sp . renombre  ■, 
Fr.  renorn,  renommee.]  Great  celebrity  ; fame  ; 
great  reputation  ; notoriety  ; high  honor  ; great 
eminence  ; glory  ; distinction  ; repute. 

Nor  envy  we 

Thy  great  renown,  nor  grudge  thy  victory.  Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Celebrity,  Glory. 

RI5-N0WN',  v.  a.  [It.  rinomare  ; Fr.  renommer ; 
— from  L.  re,  again,  back,  and  nomen,  a name.] 
[t.  RENOWNED;  pp.  RENOWNING,  RENOWNED.] 
To  make  famous  ; to  celebrate  ; to  distinguish. 

Stern  tyrants,  whom  their  cruelties  renown.  Addison. 

RfJ-NOVVNED'  (re-nound'),  a.  Famous;  celebrat- 
ed ; eminent ; highly  distinguished  ; illustrious. 

The  rest  were  long  to  tell,  though  far  renowned . Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Famous. 

R p-NoWN'yD-LY,  ad.  With  celebrity;  with  fame. 


RIJ-NoWN'fR,  n.  One  who  gives  renown.  “His 
great  renowner.”  [r.]  Chapman. 

RIJ-NOWN'LESS,  a.  Inglorious  ; without  renown. 


covenant  or  clause  in  the  deed  of  conveyance, 
the  land  is  charged  with  a distress  for  the  pay- 
ment of  it ; — also  called  fee-farm  rent.  Bur  rid. 

RENT'— DAY,  n.  The  day  for  paying  rent. 

RENT'jgR,  n.  1.  One  who  holds  by  paying  rent ; 
a lessee  ; a tenant.  Locke. 

2.  One  who  rents ; a lessor.  Craig. 

RENTER,  v.  a.  [Fr.  rentraire.]  [».  rentered  ; 

pp.  RENTERING,  RENTERED.] 

1.  To  fine-draw ; to  sew  together  so  that  the 

seam  is  scarcely  visible.  Uyilvie. 

2.  To  repair,  as  damaged  tapestry,  by  work- 
ing in  new  warp.  Wright. 

RENT'JpR-yR,  n.  One  who  renters  ; a fine-drawer. 

REJ\T’  TIER,  n.  [Fr.]  A fund-holder.  Clarke. 

RENT'— ROLL,  n.  An  account  or  roll  of  rents  ; a 
rental.  Boucier. 

RENT'— SECK,  n.  (Law.)  Barren  rent ; a rent 
reserved  by  deed,  but  without  any  clause  of  dis- 
tress. Burrill. 

RENT'— SER-VICE,  n.  (Eng.  Law.)  Rent  reserved 
out  of  land  held  by  fealty  or  other  corporeal 
service  ; — so  called  from  such  service  being  in- 
cident to  it.  Burrill. 

REN'U-ENT,  a.  [L.  renuo,  renuens,  to  nod  back ; 
re,  again,  back,  and  nuo,  to  nod.]  (Anat.)  Ap- 
plied to  two  muscles  which  serve  to  throw  the 
head  back.  Smart. 

RE-NU'MyR-ATE,  v.  a.  To  recount.  Maunder. 

RJJ-NUN-Cj-A'TION  (re-nun-she-a’sliun)  [re-nun- 
she-a'shun,  IF.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  ; re-nun-sha'shun, 
S. ; re-nun-se-a'shun,  IF.  C.  U r.  — See  Pronun- 
ciation],)!. [L.  renunciatio  ; It.  rinunziazione ; 
Sp.  renunciation-,  Fr.  renonciation.]  The  act 
of  renouncing,  disowning,  or  relinquishing;  ab- 
negation ; recantation  ; abjuration. 

This  term  is  usually  employed  to  signify  the 
abdication  or  giving  up  of  one’s  country  at  the  time 
of  choosing  another.”  Bonnier. 

t REN-VERSE’,  v.  a.  [Fr.  renverser.]  To  reverse. 
“ Whose  shield  he  bears  renversed.”  Spenser. 

REN-VERSE',  a.  (Her.)  Reverse ; inverted;  hav- 
ing the  head  downwards.  Crahh. 


reparar  ; Fr.  reparer.]  [ i . repaired  ; pp.  re- 
pairing, REPAIRED.] 

1.  To  restore  or  make  good  after  injury,  di- 
lapidation, or  loss ; to  mend  ; to  refit ; to  retrieve. 

Heaven  soon  repairs  her  mural  breach.  Milton. 
And  to  repair  his  numbers,  thus  impaired.  Milton. 

2.  To  make  amends  for  ; to  redress. 

Let  this  kiss 

Repair  those  violent  harms  that  my  two  sisters 
Have  in  thy  reverence  made.  Shale. 

3.  fTo  recover.  [A  Latinism.]  Spenser. 

Syn.  — See  Recover,  Redress. 

RJJ-pAiR',  n.  Act  of  repairing,  or  state  of  being 
repaired  ; restoration  after  injury,  dilapidation, 
or  loss;  reparation;  amends;  redress. 

These  roads,  that  yet  the  Roman  hand  assert, 

Eeyond  the  weak  repair  of  modern  toil.  Thomson. 

RB-PAlR'  (re-par'),);,  n.  To  betake  one’s  self; 
to  resort ; to  go.  “ To  the  shades  repair.”  Pope. 

RJp-PAIR',  n.  [Fr.  repaire,  a den,  a lair.] 

1.  t A place  of  resort ; an  abode  ; a retreat. 

That  we  could  hear  no  news  of  his  repair.  Shak. 

2.  f An  invitation.  British  Pastorals. 

3.  The  act  of  betaking  one’s  self.  “ Their 

repair  to  their  houses.”  [it.]  Clarendon. 

f RJJ-PAlR'A-IiLE,  a.  Reparable.  Cotgrave. 

RB-PAlR'BR,  n.  One  who  repairs  ; an  amender. 

t RlJ-PAlR'MIJNT,  n.  Reparation  ; repair.  Clarke. 

RE-PAND',  a.  (Bot.)  Noting  leaves  having  an 
uneven,  slightly  sinuous  margin.  Lindleg. 

RIJ-PAN'DOl  S,  a.  [L.  repandus.]  Bent  upwards 
or  backwards.  Browne. 

REP' A-RA-BLE,  a.  [L.  reparabilis  ; It .riparabile  ; 
Sp.  reparable ; Fr.  reparable.]  That  may  be  re- 
paired ; retrievable.  Bp.  Taylor. 

REP'A-RA-BLY,  ad.  In  a manner  to  be  repaired ; 
so  as  to  be  reparable.  Johnson. 

r£p-A-RA'TION.  n.  [L.  reparatio ; It.  ripara- 
zione  ; Sp.  reparation  ; Fr.  reparation.] 

1.  The  act  of  repairing,  or  the  state  of  being 

repaired;  restoration;  renewal;  repair.  “The 
reparation  of  the  highways.”  Arbuthnot. 

2.  That  which  is  substituted  to  supply  waste. 


RENS-Sp-LAER'ITE,  n.  (Min.)  A variety  of  pyr- 
oxene, found  in  Northern  New  York,  of  various 
colors,  soft,  translucent,  and  of  a fine  texture  ; 
— wrought  in  a lathe  into  inkstands  and  other 
objects.  Dana. 

RENT,  i.  & p.  from  rend.  Torn  ; lacerated. 

f RENT,  v.  a.  To  tear  ; to  lacerate  ; to  rend.  “To 
rent  . . . her  clothes.”  Chaucer. 

RENT,n.  [From  rend.]  A break  ; a breach  ; a 
separation  ; a fissure  ; a laceration. 

From  Lyons  there  is  another  great  rent,  which  runs  across 
the  whofe  country  in  almost  another  straight  line.  Addison. 

t RENT,  v.  n.  To  bluster  ; to  rant.  Iludibras. 

RENT,?!.  [It.  rendita  ; Sp.  renta  ; Fr.  rente ; — 
from  L.  reddo,  to  retard  ; re,  again,  back,  and 
do,  to  give.  — A.  S.  rent ; Dut.,  Ger.,  <S;  Dan. 
rente-,  Icel.  renta ; Sw. renta,  rilntci.  — W. rhent.] 
A certain  profit  in  money,  provisions,  chattels, 
or  labor,  issuing  out  of  lands  and  tenements  in 
return  for  the  use  ; income ; revenu c.Blackstone. 

A rent  somewhat  resembles  an  annuity  ; their 
difference  consists  in  the  fact  that  the  former  issues 
out  of  lands,  and  the  latter  is  a mere  personal  charge.” 
Bouvier. 

RENT,  v.  a.  [Fr.  renter.]  [i.  rented  ; pp.  rent- 
ing, RENTED.] 

1.  To  hold  by  paying  rent ; to  take  by  lease. 
“ The  old  man  who  rents  it  [land].”  Addison. 

2.  To  let  to  a tenant ; to  lease.  Swift. 

RENT'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  rented.  Johnson. 

RENT' Af! E,  n.  [Old  Fr. rentage.]  Rent.  P .Fletcher. 

RENT'AL,  n.  [“Said  to  be  corrupted  from  rent- 
roll.”  Burrill.]  (Eng.  Law.)  A roll  on  which 
the  rents  of  a manor  are  registered  or  set  down, 
and  by  which  the  lord’s  bailiff  collects  the  same  ; 
a rent-roll.  Whishaw. 

RENT— AR-REAR',  n.  Unpaid  rent.  Blackstone. 

RENT'— CHAR(JE,  n.  (Law.)  A rent  reserved  on 
a conveyance  of  land  in  fee-simple,  or  granted 
out  of  lands  by  deed  ; — so  called  because,  by  a 


t REN-VERSE'MIJNT,  )!.  [Fr.]  The  act  of  re- 
versing. Slukelg. 

RE-OB-TAlN',  v.  a.  To  obtain  again.  Mir.  for  Mag. 

RE-OB- tAin'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  obtained 
or  procured  again.  Sherwood. 

RE-OC'CU-PY,  v.  a.  To  occupy  anew.  Wraxall. 

Rp-OM'U-TIJR,  n.  [Gr.  fit  to,  to  flow,  and  fttrpo  v,  a 
measure.]  (Elec.)  An  instrument  for  ascertain- 
ing the  presence  and  measuring  the  force  of  elec- 
trical currents;  galvanometer;  galvanoscope ; 
— written  also  rheometer.  Lardner. 

RE-O'PEN  (re-o'pn),  v.  a.  To  open  again.  Everett. 

RE-OP-PO§E',  v.  a.  To  oppose  again.  Brotone. 

RE-OII-DAiN',  v.  a.  [Fr.  reordonner.]  To  ordain 
again. 

They  did  not  pretend  to  re  ordain  those  that  had  been  or- 
dained by  the  new  book  in  King  Edward’s  time.  Burnet. 

RE-OR'DIJR,  v.  a.  To  order  again.  Daniel. 

RE-OR-DI-NA'TION,  n.  A second  ordination. 

RE-OR-GAN-I-ZA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  reorgan- 
izing, or  the  state  of  being  reorganized  ; a new 
organization.  Davis. 

RE-OR'GAN-IZE,  v.  a.  To  organize  anew ; to 
compose  or  arrange  again.  Scott. 

RE'O-TROPE,  n.  [Gr.  ftcos,  a current,  and  TpoTTOS, 
a turn,  rpi-to,  to  turn.]  (Elec.)  A term  applied 
to  instruments  of  various  construction,  for  re- 
versing the  direction  of  an  electric  current ; 
commutator ; — written  also  rheotrope.  Lardner. 

RE-I’AC'I-FY,  v.  a.  To  pacify  again.  Daniel. 

RE-PACK',  v.  a.  To  pack  again.  Smith. 

RE-PACK'ER,  n.  One  who  repacks.  Clarke. 

RJJ-PAID',  i.  & p.  from  repay.  Paid  anew. 

RE-PAINT',  v.  a.  To  paint  anew.  Reynolds. 

RJJ-PAlR'  (re-pir'),  v.  a.  [L.  reparo  ; re,  again, 
back,  and  paro,  to  prepare  ; It.  riparare ; Sp. 


I saw  at  Verona  the  famous  amphitheatre  that,  witti  a tew 
modern  reparations , lias  all  the  seats  entire.  Addison. 

3.  Recompense  or  restitution,  as  for  an  in- 
jury or  loss  ; indemnification  ; amends.  Bacon. 

I am  sensible  of  the  scandal  I have  given  by  m3'  loose 
writings,  and  make  what  reparation  I am  able.  Drj/den. 

Syn.  — See  Restoration. 

RE-pAr'A-TI VE,  a.  Tending  to  repair;  repair- 
ing ; amending ; restoring.  Bp.  Taylor. 

RE-PAR' A-TIVE,  n.  That  which  repairs,  amends, 
or  restores  ; restorative.  Wotton. 

f Rp-PAR'RpL,  n.  A change  of  apparel.  “ Send 
him  a suit  of  rcparrel.”  Beau.  $ FI. 

REP-AR-TEE',  n.  [Fr.  repartie,  an  answer ; re- 
par  tir,  to  divide,  to  deal  out.]  A smart  reply  ; 
a witty  retort. 

A man  renowned  for  repartee 

"VV ill  seldom  scruple  to  make  free 

With  friendship’s  finest  feeling.  Cowper. 

Syn. — An  ansicer  is  given  to  a question  ; a reply , 
to  an  objection  ; a repartee , to  a jocose  or  witty  obser- 
vation ; a retort , to  a censure  or  reproach.  A proper 
answer  ; a satisfactory  reply  ; a witty  repartee  j a se- 
vere or  angry  retort.  — See  Answer. 

REP-AR-TEE',  v.  n.  To  make  smart  replies.  “ To 
argue,  or  repartee .”  Prior. 

RE- PAR-  TI-MI-EN ' T 6,  n.  [Sp.]  A partition  or 
distribution,  as  of  slaves  : — an  assessment  of 
taxes.  Velasquez. 

RE-PAR-TI"TION  (-tish'un),  n.  A division  into 
smaller  parts  ; a second  partition.  Maunder. 

RE-PASS'  (12),  v.  a.  [Fr.  repasser.']  To  pass 
again  ; to  pass  or  travel  back.  Burke. 

We  have  passed  and  now  repassed  the  seas.  Drydcn. 

RE-PASS',  v.  n.  To  pass,  go,  or  move  back. 

Five  girdles  bind  the  skies;  the  torrid  zone 

Glows  with  the  passing  and  repassiny  sun.  Drydcn. 

RE-PAS'SAyE,  n.  Act  of  passing  back.  Hackhtyt. 

RIJ-PAST',  n.  [Fr.  repas , from  L.  re,  used  inten- 
sively, and  past  us,  food  ; pasco,  pastas,  to  feed.] 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  y,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  £,  |,  hard;  § as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


REPAST 


1216 


REPININGLY 


1.  Food;  victuals. 

Go,  and  get  me  some  repast; 

I care  not  what,  so  it  be  wholesome  food.  Shak. 

2.  The  act  of  taking  food  : — a meal. 

Keep  regular  hours  for  rejiast  and  sleep.  Arbuthnot. 

What  neat  repast  shall  feast  us.  Milton. 

3.  f Refreshment  by  sleep  ; repose.  Spenser. 

t RIJ-PAST',  v.  a.  To  feed ; to  feast.  Shak. 

RE-PAST', v.n.  To  take  food  ; to  feast,  [r.]  Pope. 

+ Rp-PAsT'URE  (r?-pist'yur),  n.  Food;  enter- 
tainment. Shak. 

t RE-pA'TRI-ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  repatrio,  repatria- 
tiun,  to  return  to  one’s  country  ; re,  back,  and 
patria,  one’s  country;  Old  Vr.  repatrier.]  To 
restore  to  one’s  own  home  or  country.  Cotg rave. 

f RE-PA-TRI-A'TION,  n.  Return  or  restoration 
to  one’s  country.  Wotton. 

Rf-PAY',  v.  a.  [Fr.  repayer .]  [i.  -repaid  ; pp. 

REPAYING,  REPAID.] 

1.  To  pay  back  ; to  refund ; to  reimburse. 

To  repai/  that  money  will  be  a biting  affliction.  Shak. 

2.  To  make  return  or  requital  for  ; to  requite ; 
to  recompense  ; to  remunerate  ; to  compensate. 

I have  fought  well  for  Persia,  and  repaid 

The  benefit  of  birth  with  honest  service.  Rowe. 

RE-PAY',  v.  a.  To  pay  again,  as  a debt.  Clarke. 

RE-PAY'A-BLE,  a.  That  is  to  be  repaid.  Smart. 

RE-PAY' MpNT,  n.  1.  Act  of  repaying.  Taylor. 

2.  That  which  is  repaid.  Arbuthnot. 

Syn.  — See  Retribution. 

Rfl-PEAL'  (re-pel'),  v.  a.  [Fr.  rappeler,  to  call 
back,  from  L.  re,  back,  and  appello , to  call.]  [i. 
REPEALED;  pp.  REPEALING,  REPEALED.] 

1.  +To  call  back;  to  recall. 

Cancel  all  grudge,  repeal  thee  home  again.  Shak. 

2.  To  revoke,  as  a law ; to  abrogate  ; to  annul. 

By  the  common  law,  when  a statute  repeal*  another,  and 
afterwards  the  repealing  statute  is  itself  repealed,  the  first  is 
revived.  Boucier. 

Syn.  — See  Abolish,  Recall. 

Rp-PEAL',  n.  1.  f Recall,  as  from  exile.  Shak. 

2.  Act  of  repealing  ; abrogation,  as  of  a law; 
revocation.  Davies. 

RE-PEAL-A-bIL'I-TY,  It.  The  quality  or  the  state 
of  being  repealable  ; fcpealablencss.  Clarke. 

RIJ-PEAL'A-BLE,  a.  That  maybe  repealed.  Scott. 

Rp-PEAL' A-BLE-NES3,  it.  The  quality  of  being 
repealable ; repealability.  Wright. 

Rp-PEAL'pR,  n.  1.  One  who  repeals.  Burke. 

2.  An  advocate  for  the  repeal  of  the  union  of 
Ireland  with  England.  Daniel  O'Connell. 

Rp-PEAL'ING,  p.  a.  That  repeals  or  abrogates  ; 
revoking ; annulling.  Bouvier. 

Rp-PEAT'  (re-pet'),  v.  a.  [t.  REPEATED  ; pp.  RE- 
PEATING, REPEATED.] 

1.  To  do,  perform,  make,  or  utter  again;  to 
iterate. 

He.  through  his  power. 

Creation  could  repeat.  Milton. 

2.  To  recite  ; to  rehearse  ; to  recapitulate. 

I can  repeat  whole  books  that  I have  read,  and  poems  of 
some  selected  friends,  which  I have  liked  to  charge  my  mem- 
ory with.  B.'Jonson. 

3.  To  try  or  incur  again.  “ I the  danger  will 

repeat.”  Dryden. 

Syn.  — To*  repeat,  recite , rehearse,  and  recapitulate, 

all  imply  the  going  over  again  of  any  words  or  ac- 

tions. We  repeat  what  we  hear  spoken  by  another ; 
we  recite  and  rehearse  events.  Repeat  words,  acts, 
&c. ; recite  a lesson  or  poetry  ; rehearse  a tragedy  ; re- 
capitulate the  leading  heads  of  a discourse  ; recapitulate 
evidence.  Iterate  is  to  repeat ; reiterate,  to  repeat  again 
and  again. 

Rp-PEAT',  n.  1.  A repetition.  Johnson. 

2.  ( Mus .)  A character  denoting  that  a part  is 
to  be  repeated.  Brande. 

Rp-PEAT'pD,  p.  a.  Done,  made,  or  uttered  again  ; 
iterated. 

Rp-PEAT'pD-LY,  ad.  Over  and  over  again  ; again 
and  again.  ‘ Stephens. 

Rp-PEAT' pR,  n.  1.  One  who,  or  that  which,  re- 
peats. Bp.  Taylor. 

2.  A watch  that  strikes  the  hours,  by  pressing 
a spring.  Johnson. 


Rp-PEAT'|NG,  p.  a.  That  repeats  ; reiterating. 

Repeating  decimal,  ( Math .)  a decimal  in  which  tile 
same  figures  occur  in  the  same  order,  at  successive 
and  equal  intervals.  Daoies. 

Rp-PEAT'JNG— CIR'CLE,  n.  An  astronomical  in- 
strument by  which  the  errors  of  graduation  may 
be  diminished  in  any  degree,  by  repeating  the 
observation,  reading  it  otf  successively  on  dif- 
ferent parts  of  the  graduated  limb,  and  taking 
the  mean  of  the  values  thus  found.  Uoblyn. 

f REP-p-DA'TION,  n.  [L.  repedo,  to  step  back.] 
A going  back ; retrogression.  More. 

Rp-l’EL',  v.  a.  [L.  repello  ; re,  back,  and  pcllo,  to 
drive  ; It.  repellere;  Sp.  repeler .]  [i.  rebelled  ; 
pp.  repelling,  repelled.]  To  drive,  beat, 
or  force  back ; to  repulse ; to  resist ; to  with- 
stand; to  parry;  to  reject ; to  refuse;  to  rebuff. 

AH  temptation  to  transgress  repel.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Defend,  Refuse. 

Rp-PEL',  v.  n.  1.  To  act  with  force  in  opposition 
to  force  impressed.  Newton. 

2.  (Med.)  To  prevent  such  an  afflux  of  fluid 
to  a part  as  would  raise  it  into  a tumor.  Quincy. 

Rp-PEL'LpNCE,  l n The  act  of  repelling;  re- 

Rp-PEL'LpN-CY,  ) pulsion.  Bush. 

Rp-PEL'LpNT,  n.  (Med.)  A medicine  which, 
when  applied  to  a tumefied  part,  disperses  the 
fluids  which  rendered  it  tumid.  Dunglison. 

Rp-PEL'LpNT,  a.  Driving  back ; having  power 
to  repel.  Bp.  Berkeley. 

Rp-PEL'LpR,  n.  One  who,  or  that  which,  repels. 

Rp-PEL'LING,  p.  a.  Driving  back;  causing  re- 
pulsion ; repellent. 

RP-PENT',  v.  n.  [Fr.  repentir,  from  L.  pcenitco, 
to  make  repent,  pocnitet,  it  repents  me  ; paenio, 
punio,  to  punish  ; poena  (Gr.  noivij),  punishment.] 
[i.  REPENTED  ; pp.  REPENTING,  REPENTED.] 

1.  To  feel  pain  or  sorrow  on  account  of  some- 
thing one  has  done  or  left  undone  ; to  feel  re- 
morse ; to  be  penitent ; to  be  sorry.  Dryden. 

Upon  any  deviation  from  virtue,  every  rational  creature 
so  deviating  should  condemn,  renounce,  and  be  sorry  for 
every  such  deviation  — that  is,  repent  of  it.  South. 

2.  To  have  such  sorrow  for  sin  as  produces 

amendment  of  life.  “Nineveh  repented  at  the 
preaching  of  Jonas.”  Matt.  xii.  41. 

Rp-PENT',  v.  a.  To  remember  with  sorrow;  to 
be  penitent  for  ; to  be  sorry  for.  “I  will  . . . re- 
pent my  unlawful  solicitation.”  Shak. 

AS*  It  was  formerly  used  impersonally,  and  with 
the  reciprocal  pronoun.  “ It  repenteth  me.  that  mail 
was  made.”  Prior.  “ Nd  man  repented  him  of  his 
wickedness.”  Jer.  viii.  6. 

RE'PpNT,  a.  [L.  repo,  repens,  to  creep.]  Creep- 
ing, as  a reptile,  or  a plant.  Brande.  Gray. 

Rp-PENT'ANCE,  n.  [Fr.  repentance .] 

1.  The  act  of  repenting,  or  the  state  of  being 

penitent ; sorrow  or  pain  for  something  done  or 
left  undone  ; ^penitence  ; contrition;  compunc- 
tion ; remorse.  Law. 

2.  Sorrow  for  sin  such  as  produces  amend- 
ment or  newness  of  life. 

The  remorse  which  issues  in  reformation  is  true  repent- 
ance. Dr.  Campbell. 

Repentance  is  a change  of  mind,  or  a conversion  from  sin 
to  God;  not  some  one  bare  net  of  change,  hut  a lasting,  dura- 
ble state  of  new  life,  which  is  called  regeneration.  Hammond. 

Syn.  — Repentance  is  a general  term  implying  sor- 
row for  something  done,  especially  for  sin  ; and  it 
supposes  a change  of  conduct.  Penitence,  and  contri- 
tion imply  sorrow  for  sin  from  a religious  motive. 
Compunction  denotes  a pricking  of  conscience;  and 
remorse,  a more  severe  pricking  of  conscience,  caused 
by  enormous  crimes. 

RP-PENT' ANT,  a.  [Fr.  repentant.'] 

1.  Sorrowful  for  what  has  been  done,  or  for 
what  has  been  left  undone  ; penitent.  Bp.  Horne. 

2.  Expressing  sorrow  for  past  conduct  or  for 

sin.  “ Repentant  tears.”  Shak. 

RP-PENT' ANT,  n.  One  who  repents  ; a penitent. 
“ God  is  ready  to  forgive  the  repentant.”  Lightf. 

f RE-PENT'ANT-LY,  ad.  With  repentance  ; pen- 
itently. ’ Grafton. 

RIJ-PENT'ER,  n.  One  who  repents.  Donne. 

RP-PENT'ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  repents; 
repentance.  Hos.  xi.  8. 


Rp-PENT'ING-Ly,  ad.  With  repentance ; re- 
pentantly. Sherwood. 

Rp-PENT'LpSS,  a.  Devoid  of  repentance.  Oldham. 

RE-PEO'PLE  (re-pe'pl),  v.  a.  To  people  anew. 

RE-PEO'PLING  (re-pe'pljng),  n.  The  act  of  peo- 
pling anew.  Hale. 

RE-PpR-CUSS',  v.  a.  [L.  repercutio,  repercussus  ; 
re,  again,  back,  and  percutio,  to  strike  through 
and  through.]  To  beat  or  drive  back.  Bacon. 

RE-PpR-CUS'SION  (re-per-kush'un),  n.  [L.  reper- 
cussio-,  It.  ripercussione ; Sp.  repercusion;  Fr. 
repercussion.] 

1.  The  act  of  beating  or  driving  back ; re- 
bound ; reverberation. 

In  echoes  there  is  no  new  elision,  but  a repercussion.  Bacon. 

2.  (Mus.)  Frequent  repetition  of  the  same 

sound.  Moore. 

3.  (Med.)  The  disappearance  of  a tumor  or  a 

cutaneous  eruption  in  consequence  of  the  ap- 
plication of  a repellent.  Dunglison. 

RE-PpR-CUS'SIVE,  a.  [It.  ripercussivo  ; Sp.  re- 
pcrcusivo  ; Fr.  repcrcussif. ] 

1.  That  drives  back  or  causes  reverberation. 

And  rcpercussive  rocks  renewed  the  sound.  Pattison. 

2.  Driven  back;  rebounding;  reverberating. 

“ The  rcpercussive  roar.”  Thomson. 

3.  (Med.)  f Repellent.  Bacon. 

f RE-PpR-CUS'SIVE,  n.  (hied.)  A repellent.Racoit. 

f REP-pR-TI"TIOI*S  (rep-er-tlsh'us),  a.  [L.  re- 
perio,  repertus,  to  find.]  Found.  Bailey. 

REP'pR-TO-R  Y [rep'er-tur-e,  S.  W.  P.  J.  F.  Ja. 
K.  Sm.  B.  C.  II  r.  1 Vb. ; re-per'to-re,  E.  Bailey, 
Ash],  n.  [L.  repertorium  ; rtperio,  repertus,  to 
find;  It.  If  Sp.  repertorio;  Fr.  repertoire.]  A 
repository  in  which  things  are  arranged  so  as 
to  be  easily  found,  as  a book,  an  index,  a regis- 
ter, &c. ; a treasury  ; a magazine.  Burke. 

The  abridgments  . . . might  serve  for  repertories  to  learned 
lawyers.  Bacon. 

REP-p-TEND',  7i.  [L.  repeto,  repetendns,  to  re- 

peat.] (Arith.)  That  part  of  a circulating  deci- 
mal which  is  continually  repeated.  Davies. 

REP-p-TI''TION  (rep-e-tish'un),  n.  [L.  repetitio  ; 
It.  ripetizione  ; Sp.  repeticion;  Fr.  repetition.] 

1.  The  act  of  repeating,  or  the  state  of  being 

repeated;  iteration.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  Recital ; rehearsal.  Hooker.  Shak. 

3.  (Laiv.)  The  recovery  of  money  paid  under 

a mistake  of  law.  Burrill. 

Principle  of  repetition,  (Mstron.)  an  intention  of 
Borda,  by  which,  in  measuring  the  angular  distance 
of  two  bodies,  the  error  of  graduation  may  he  dimin- 
ished to  any  degree,  and  the  errors  of  observation,  if 
sufficiently  numerous,  are  made  to  balance  and  de- 
stroy one  another.  Hcrschel See  REPEATING 

Circle. 

Syn. — Repetition  and  iteration  commonly,  though 
not  always,  consist  of  the  same  words  ; and  they  may 
be  sometimes  proper ; tautology  supposes  a sameness 
of  words,  or  the  same  idea  in  different  words  ; and  it 
is  a vicious  and  needless  repetition. 

REP-p-Tl"TION-AL  (rep-e  tish'un-9l),  ( Qon- 

REP-p-Tl"TION- A-RY  (-tIsh'uu-51-re),  ) taining 
repetition  ; repetitious,  [r.]  Biblioth.  Bibl. 

REP-P-TI''TIOfJS  (rep-e-tish'us),  a.  Using  or 
containing  repetition  ; repetitional.  Anderson. 

Addison  is  apt  to  be  loose  and  repetitious.  A.  A.  Rev. 

REP-P-Tl''TIOUS-NESS,  n.  The  act  or  the  habit 
of  making  repetitions.  Bib.  Repertory. 

REP'P-TI-TIVE,  a.  Containing  repetitions;  re- 
peating ; repetitional.  [r.]  Andrews  Norton. 

REP  ' E-TI-TOR,  n.  [L.]  A private  teacher  in 
a German  university.  Gent.  Mag. 

Rp-PINE',  v.  n.  [re  and  pine.]  [t.  repined  ; pp. 
repini  *G,  repined.]  To  vex  one’s  self ; to  be 
discontented;  to  fret;  to  murmur;  to  com- 
plain ; — followed  by  at  or  against  before  an 
object. 

Envy  will  grudge,  repining  at  his  weal.  Chaucer. 

The  fines  imposed  were  the  more  repined  against  because 
they  were  assigned  to  the  rebuilding  of  St.  PauPs  Church. 

Clarendon. 

RF-PIN'f.R,  n.  One  who  repines.  Bp.  Hall. 

RE-PIN'ING,  7i.  Act  of  one  who  repines.  Burnet. 

Rp-PIN’ING-LYi  ad.  In  a repining  manner; 
with  repining  or  murmuring.  Bp.  Hall. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  JJ,  I,  O,  U,  Y»  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


REPLACE 


1217 


REPREHEND 


REPLACE',  V.  a.  [Fr.  replacer.]  [i.  replaced  ; 
pp.  REPLACINC,  REPLACED.] 

1.  To  place  or  put  back  again  ; to  restore  to 

a former  place ; to  reinstate.  “ lie  was  re- 
placed in  his  government.”  Bacon. 

The  bowls,  removed  for  fear, 

The  youths  replaced , and  soon  restored  the  cheer.  Dryden. 

2.  (Crystallography.)  To  take  the  place  of ; 
to  be  exchanged  for ; to  be  substituted  for,  or 
instead  of. 

The  power  of  isomorphous  bodies  to  replace  each  other 
in  compounds  was  regarded  as  a law  of  nature.  Graham. 

RE  PLACE,  v.  a.  To  put  in  a new  place  ; to  place 
or  locate  again  ; to  place  anew. 

His  gods  put  themselves  under  his  protection  to  be  re- 
placed in  their  promised  Italy.  Dryden. 

RE-PLACE'M^NT,  n.  1.  Act  of  replacing.  Qu.  Rev. 

2.  (Crystallography.)  A taking  the  place  of; 
exchange  of  places  ; substitution. 

This  capability  of  mutual  replacement,  without  change  of 
form,  has  been  traced  to  a similarity  of  form  in  the  replacing 
substance.  Dana. 

RE-PLA^'ING,  p.  a.  Taking  the  place  of.  Dana. 

RIJ-PLAQ'ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  replaces ; 
replacement.  Smart. 

RE-PLAIT',  v.  a.  To  plait  or  fold  again  ; to  fold, 
as  one  part  many  times  over  another.  Dryden. 

RE-PLANT',  v.  a.  [Fr .replanter.]  To  plant  anew. 

RE-PLANT'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  replanted. 

RE-PL  AN-TA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  planting  again. 

The  replantation  of  that  beautiful  image.  Hally  well. 

RE-PLEAD',  v.  n.  To  plead  again.  Bouvier. 

RE-PLEAD'jfR,  n.  (Law.)  A second  pleading ; a 
pleading  over  again.  Blackstone. 

RE-PLE\'[SI1,  v.  a.  [Old  Fr.  replenir ; repleni , 
full,  replete,  from  L.  repleo,  to  fill ; plenus,  full.] 
[i.  REPLENISHED  ; pp.  REPLENISHING,  RE- 
PLENISHED.] 

1.  To  supply  with  any  thing  in  plenty  or  abun- 

dance ; to  fill ; to  stock.  “ Multiply  and  replen- 
ish the  earth.”  Gen.  i.  28. 

The  woods  replenished  with  deer,  and  the  plains  with 
fowl.  Heylin. 

2.  f To  fulfil ; to  complete  ; to  accomplish  ; 
to  finish ; to  consummate  ; to  perfect.  Shah. 

The  most  replenished  sweet  work  of  nature.  Shah. 

f RIJ-PLEN'ISH,  v.  n.  To  recover  former  fulness. 

The  humors  will  not  replenish  so  soon.  Bacon. 

RIJ-PLEN'ISH-ER,  n.  One  who  replenishes. 

RE-PLEN'ISII-MENT,  n.  1.  The  act  of  replen- 
ishing. Ch.  Ob. 

2.  That  which  replenishes;  a supply.  Cowper. 

Rp-PLETE',  a.  [L.  repletus ; repleo , to  fill  up; 
re,  again,  and pleo,  to  fill;  It.  § Sp.  repleto  ; Fr. 
replet.]  Filled  to  overflowing;  completely  full ; 
full.  “ Words  replete  with  guile.”  Milton. 

Replete  with  clover-grass  and  foodful  shrub.  Philips. 

RIJ-PLETE'NiESS,  n.  Fulness  ; repletion.  Scott. 

RF.-PLE'TION,  n.  [L.  repletio  ; It.  replezione  ; Sp. 
repleeion ; Fr.  repletion.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  replete,  or  completely 

full ; exuberant  fulness  ; surfeit.  Bacon. 

The  stomach  should  never  be  filled  to  a sense  of  uneasy 
repletion.  Dr.  Holland. 

2.  (Med.)  Superabundance  of  blood  in  the 
system  or  in  any  part  of  it ; plethora.  Dunglison. 

RFl-PLE'TrVE,  a.  That  makes  replete;  replen- 
ishing ; filling,  [r.]  Cotgrave. 

Rp-PLE'TIVE-LY,  ad.  So  as  to  be  filled.  “Not 
in  the  body  replstively.”  Sum.  of  Du  Bartas. 

RE-PLEV'I-A-BLE,  a.  [Law  L.  replegiabilis.] 
That  may  be  replevied.  Johnson. 

RIJ-PLEV'IN,  n.  [Law  L.  replevina,  from  Law 
Fr . replevir,  to  take  back  on  pledge.]  (Law.) 
A personal  action  which  lies  to  recover  posses- 
sion of  goods  wrongfully  taken  : — anciently, 
bail.  Burrill. 


RE-PLEV'iN,  v.  a.  To  replevy.  Hudibras. 

Rp-PLEV'I-SA-BLE,  a.  Repleviable.  [r.]  Hale. 
RE-PLEV'Y,  v.  a.  [Law  L.  replegio,  replegiare ; 


Law  Fr.  replevir ; re,  back,  and  plevir,  to  pledge ; 
plevi,  a pledge.]  [i.  replevied  ; pp.  replevy- 
ing, replevied.]  (Law.)  To  take  or  get  back 
on  a writ  of  replevin,  as  goods  unlawfully  taken  : 

— anciently,  to  bail.  Bouvier. 

Rg-PLEV'Y,  n.  (Law.)  Replevin.  Junius. 

REP'LI-CA,  n.  [It.]  (Paint.)  A copy  of  a pic- 
ture taken  by  the  liana  of  the  same  master  that 
executed  the  original.  Fairholt. 

REP'LI-CANT,  ii.  One  who  makes  a reply.  Ch.  Ob. 

REP'LI-CATE,  a.  [L.  replico,  replicatus,  to  fold 
back  ; re,  again,  back,  and plico,  to  fold.]  (Bot.) 
Noting  leaves  in  vernation,  and  parts  of  the 
flower  in  estivation,  which  have  the  upper  part 
curved  back  and  applied  to  the  lower.  Lindley. 

REP'LI-CATE,  n.  (Mus.)  A repetition.  Burney. 

REP'LI-CAT-JfD,  a.  Replicate.  Pennant. 

REP-LI-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  replicatio  ; It.  <Sf  Sp.  re- 
plica-, Fr.  replique. — See  Reply.] 

1.  f A rolling  back  again;  rebound  or  reper- 
cussion, as  of  sound  ; reverberation.  Shak. 

2.  An  answer;  a reply;  a response.  Broome. 

3.  (Law.)  The  plaintiff’s  answer  to  the  de- 
fendant’s plea.  Blackstone. 

Wif  To  the  replication  the  defendant  may  rejoin,  or 
put  in  an  answer  called  a rejoinder,  upon  which  the 
defendant  may  rebut,  and  the  plaintiff  answer  him  by 
a sur-rebutter ; which  pleas,  replications,  sur-rejoin- 
ders,  rebutters,  and  sur-rebutters  answer  to  the  cxcep- 
tio,  replicatio , duplicatio,  triplicatio,  and  quadruplicatio 
of  the  Roman  laws.  Blackstone. 

RJJ-PLi'JgR,  n.  One  who  replies  or  answers.  Bacon. 

RE'PLUM,  n.  [L.  replum,  a door-case.]  (Bot.) 
The  persistent  frame  of  certain  pods,  as  of 
prickly  poppy  and  cress,  after  the  valves  fall 
away.  Gray. 

RE-PLY'  (re-pll'),  v.  n.  [L.  replico,  to  fold  or  turn 
back,  to  make  a replication  or  reply  in  law  ; re, 
again,  back,  and  plico,  to  fold  ; It.  replicarc  ; Sp. 
replicar ; Fr . repliquer.]  [i.  replied;  pp.  re- 
plying, replied.]  To  make  a return  to  an 
answer ; to  speak  or  write  in  answer  or  return 
to  something  written  or  spoken  ; to  respond ; to 
answer ; to  rejoin. 

O man,  who  art  thou  that  repliest  against  God?  Rom.  ix.  20. 

Syn.  — See  Answer. 

RE-PLY',  v.  a.  To  return  for  an  answer. 

The  tempter  stood,  nor  had  what  to  reply.  Milton. 

Eurydice  the  rocks  and  river-banks  replied.  Dryden. 

RE-PLY',  n.  A return  to  an  answer;  something 
said  or  written  in  answer  or  return  to  what  is 
said  or  written  by  another  ; an  answer.  Shah. 

Syn.  — See  Repartee. 

RE-POL'ISH,  v.  a.  [Fr.  repolir.]  To  polish  again. 

Rf-PONE',  v.  a.  [L.  repono.]  To  replace.  [Scot- 
land.] Jamieson. 

RE-PORT',  v.  a.  [L.  reporto,  to  bring  hack ; re, 
back,  and  porto,  to  bring;  It.  rapportare\  Fr. 
rapporter .]  \i.  reported  ; pp.  reporting,  re- 
ported.] 

1.  To  bear  or  bring  back,  as  an  answer,  or  an 
account  of  something. 

2.  To  make  to  return  or  rebound,  as  sound  ; 
to  give  or  send  back  ; to  reverberate,  [r.]  Donne. 

In  Ticinum  is  a church,  with  windows  only  from  above, 
that  rcportelh  the  voice  thirteen  times,  if  you  stand  by  the 
close  end  wall  over  against  the  door.  Bacon. 

3.  To  give  an  account  of;  to  relate ; to  tell. 

They  reported  his  good  deeds  before  me.  NeJi.  vi.  19. 

4.  To  tell  or  relate  from  one  to  another ; to 
spread  or  to  noise  by  popular  rumor.  Shah. 

It  is  reported  among  the  heathen,  and  Gashmu  saith  it, 
that  thou  and  the  Jews  think  to  rebel.  Nell.  vi.  6. 

5.  To  speak  of  or  mention,  as  to  character ; 

— commonly  used  with  of. 

A widow  well  reported  of  for  good  works.  1 Tim.  v.  10. 

We  be  slanderously  reported.  Rom.  iii.  18. 

6.  To  record  or  take  down  in  writing ; as, 
“ To  report  an  oration  or  a speech.” 

To  make  orbring  in  a report  or 
statement,  as  a legislative  committee.  Craig. 

Rg-PORT',  n.  1.  An  account,  statement,  or  re- 
lation retm-ned. 

From  Thetis  sent  as  spies  to  make  report.  Walter. 

2.  Rumor  ; common  or  popular  fame. 

Speak  ye  of  report , or  did  ye  see 

Just  cause  of  dread,  that  makes  yc  doubt  so  sore?  Spenser. 


Replevin  was  originally  the  peculiar  remedy  in 
cases  of  wrongful  distress,  but  it  may  now  be  brought 
in  all  cases  of  unlawful  taking.  The  word  is  said  to 
have  originally  meant  a redelivery  of  the  pledge,  or 
thing  taken  in  distress,  to  the  owner,  upon  his  givin"- ^RE-PORT'  v n 
security  to  try  the  right  of  distress.  But  its  radical 
meaning  seems  to  have  rather  been  a redelivery  on 
pledge  ; and  this  supposition  is  confirmed  by  its  an- 
cient use  in  the  sense  of  bail.  Burrill. 


3.  Repute  ; reputation.  “ Evil  report  and 

good  report.”  2 Cor.  vi.  8. 

Cornelius  was  of  good  report  among  the  Jews.  Acts  x.  22. 

4.  Sound;  noise;  repercussion;  explosion; 
discharge.  “ The  report  of  an  ordnance.” Bacon. 

The  lashing  billows  make  a long  report, 

And  beat  her  sides.  Dryden. 

5.  A record,  account,  or  statement  in  writing 
of  a speech,  oration,  &c. 

6.  (Law.)  An  account  or  relation  of  a case 

judicially  argued  and  determined,  including  a 
statement  of  the  facts  of  the  case,  the  argu- 
ments of  counsel,  and  the  opinion  of  the'eourt, 
expressing  the  reasons  for  the  judgment  or  de- 
cision. Blackstone. 

HSf  “The  reports  of  judicial  decisions  now  consti- 
tute, both  in  Great  Britain  and  tile  United  States,  a 
principal  and  most  authoritative  source  of  municipal 
law.”  Burrill. 

7.  (Legislation.)  A statement  made  by  a le- 
gislative committee,  of  facts  into  which  they 

were  charged  to  inquire.  Bouvier. 

RE-PORT'ER,  n.  I.  One  who  reports  or  gives  an 
account ; a relater.  Shah. 

2.  One  who  records  or  takes  down  in  writing 

the  words  of  a speaker  or  orator.  Simmonds. 

3.  (Law.)  A person  who  draws  up  a report  or 
statement  of  cases  decided  by  a court.  Blackstone. 

f RE  PORT'ING-LY,  ad.  By  report  or  common 
fame.  ' Sltak. 

RE-POR-TO'RI-AL,  a.  Relating  to  a reporter,  [r.] 
The  reportorial  corps  of  a newspaper.  N.  Y.  Tribune. 

RE-PO'?AL,  n.  1.  The  act  of  reposing.  Shak. 

2.  That  on  which  one  reposes.  “ His  chief 
pillow  and  reposal.”  Burton. 

f RE-PO'§ANCE  (re-p5'z?ns),  n.  Reliance.  J.  Hall. 

RE-PO§E',  v.  a.  [L.  repono,  repositus,  to  place 
again,  to  lay  up  ; re,  again,  back,  and  pono,  to 
place;  It.  riposare ; Sp.  reposar;  Fr.  reposer .] 
\i.  REPOSED  ; pp.  REPOSING,  REPOSED.] 

1.  To  lay  or  place  up  ; to  lodge;  to  reposit. 

Pebbles,  reposed  in  those  cliffs  among  the  earth.  Woodward. 

2.  To  lay  or  place  at  rest ; to  refresh  by  rest. 

After  the  toil  of  battle,  to  repose 

Your  wearied  virtue.  Milton. 

3.  To  put  or  place  with  security  or  confidence. 

I repose  upon  your  management  what  is  dearest  to  me  — 
my  fame.  Dryden. 

RE-PO§E',  v.  n.  1.  To  be  or  to  lie  at  rest;  to  re- 
cline in  order  to  rest : — to  rest ; to  sleep. 

If  you  be  pleased,  retire  into  m3'  cell, 

And  there  repose.  Shak. 

2.  To  rest  in  confidence  ; — with  on  or  upon. 

Upon  whose  faith  and  honor  I repose.  Shak. 

Syn.—  See  Sleep. 

RE-PO^E',  11.  1.  Sleep;  rest;  quiet;  quietude; 

ease.  “ Good  night,  and  good  repose.”  Shak 

2.  (F.  Arts.)  The  harmony  observed  when 
the  subject  is  not  divided  into  too  many  uncon- 
nected parts,  or  when  nothing  glares,  either  in 
the  shade,  light,  or  coloring.  Brande. 

RE-PO§'ED-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  at  rest 
or  in  repose  ; repose.  Trans,  of  Boccalini. 

RE-POE'IT  (re-poz'jt),  v.  a.  [L.  repono,  repositus. ] 
[?.  DEPOSITED  ; pp.  REPOSITING,  DEPOSITED.] 
To  place,  as  for  safety  or  preservation ; to  lay 
up  ; to  lodge  ; to  deposit. 

Others  reposit  their  young  in  holes,  and  secure  themselves 
also  therein.  Derhum. 

RE-PO-:st''TION  (re-po-zTsh'un),  n.  [L.  repositio .] 

1.  The  act  of  repositing,  as  riches.  Bp.  Hall. 

2.  The  act  of  replacing.  “ The  reposition  of 

the  luxated  shoulder.”  Wiseman. 

RE-PO^'I-TO-RY,  n.  [L.  repositorivm ; It.  ri- 
postiglio  ; Sp.  repositorio.]  A place  where  any 
thing  is  laid  up  or  reposited  for  safety  or  pres- 
ervation ; a depository.  Locke. 

RE-PO§-§ESS'  (re-poz-zes'),  v.  a.  To  possess 
again.  “ To  repossess  those  lands.”  Shak. 

RE-PO§-$ES'SION  (re-poz-zesh'un),  n.  A new  or 
second  possession.  Raleigh. 

RE-POUR',  v.  a.  To  pour  anew.  Mir.  for  Mag. 

REP-RE-IIEND',  v.  a.  [L.  reprehendo  ; re,  again, 
back,  and  prehendo,  to  seize;  It.  riprcndcrc  ; Sp. 
reprender  ; Fr.  reprendre.)  \i.  reprehended  ; 
pp.  reprehending,  reprehended.] 


MIEN,  SIR  ; MOVE,  NOR,  SON ; 

153 


BULL,  BUR,  lttfLE.  — Q, 


*?>  G soft;  G,  G,  5,  g,  hard ; i-i  as  z;  ]C  as  gz. — THIS,  this. 


REPREIIENDER 


1218 


REPROBATE 


1.  To  reprove  ; to  chide  ; to  reproach  ; to  re- 
buke ; to  reprimand  ; to  censure  ; to  blame. 


Pardon  me  for  reprehending  thee.  Shak. 

2.  f To  find  fault  with,  as  a thing.  “ This 

color  will  be  reprehended.”  Bacon. 

3.  To  accuse  or  charge  with,  as  a fault , — 
followed  by  of  before  the  object. 

Aristippus,  being  reprehended  of  luxury.  Huron. 


REP-RP-HEXD'pit,  n.  One  who  reprehends. 

REP-Rp-HEId’SI-BLE,  a.  [L.  reprehensibilis  ; It. 
riprensibile ; Sp.  reprensible  ; hr.  reprehensible .] 
Deserving  reprehension  ; blamable  ; culpable  , 
censurable  ; reprovable.  liorsley. 

REP-RP-HEN'Sj-BLE-NESS,  n.  Blamableness ; 
culpableness ; reprovableness.  Bailey. 

REP-RU-HEN'SI-BLY,  ad.  In.  a reprehensible 
manner  ; blamably ; culpably.  Johnson. 

REP-Rp-HEN'SION  (rep-re-hen'shun),  n.  [L.  rep - 
rehentio  ; It.  riprentione ; Sp.  reprension;  Fr. 
reprehension.]  Open  blame  or  censure ; re- 
proof; reprimand;  rebuke;  reproach.  Bacon. 

Syn.  — S38  Correction,  Reproof. 

REP-UE-IIfi N'S! VE,  a.  [Fr.  reprihensif.]  Con- 
taining reproof ; reprehensory.  South. 

REP-Rly-HE.Y'SIVE-LY,  ad.  With  reprehension. 

REP-Rp-HEN'SQ-RY,  a.  Containing  reproof;  rep- 
rehensive ; censorious.  Johnson. 

REP-R^-^ENT',  v.  a.  [L.  repreesento  ; re,  again, 
and  praaento,  to  place  before,  to  present  ; pree- 
sens,  present ; It.  rappresentare  ; Sp.  represen- 
tar ; Fr.  representer.]  [i.  represented;  pp. 

REPRESENTING,  REPRESENTED.] 

1.  To  exhibit  by  likeness  or  resemblance. 

Before  him  burn 

Seven  lamps,  as  in  a zodiac  representing 

The  heavenly  fires.  Milton. 

2.  To  set  forth  or  exhibit  in  words  ; to  show 
by  argument,  statement,  or  narration  ; to  de- 
scribe; to  portray  ; to  depict;  to  delineate. 

Tliis  bank  is  thought  the  greatest  load  on  the  Genoese,  and 
the  m magers  of  it  have  been  represented  as  a second  kind  of 
senate.  Addison, 

3.  To  show  or  exhibit  dramatically.  “ The 
tragedy  was  represented  very  skilfully.”  Johnson. 

4.  To  fill  or  supply  the  place  of ; to  stand  for 
vicariously;  to  act  as  a substitute  for.  “The 
Parliament  represents  the  people.”  Johnson. 

A plenipotentiary  represents  the  sovereign  or  the  state 
which  delegates  him  at  a foreign  court.  . Hrande. 

REP-R£-§ENT'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  represent- 
ed. Coleridge. 

f REP-RU-ijENT'ANCE,  n.  Representation. Donne. 

REP-Rp-§ENT'ANT,  a.  [It.  rappresentantc.]  Rep- 
resenting; having  vicarious  power.  Latham. 

f REP-RIJ-SjENT' ANT,  a.  [Fr . representant.]  A 
representative.  Wotton. 

REP-Rp-^pX-TA'TIOM,  n.  [L . repreesentatio ; It. 
rappresentazione ; Sp.  representacion  ; Fr.  repre- 
sent ition.] 

1.  The  act  of  representing,  or  the  state  of 
being  represented  ; delineation  ; show. 

2.  That  which  represents  or  exhibits;  like- 
ness ; semblance ; image  ; model. 

If  images  are  worshipped,  it  must  be  as  gods, . . . or  as 
representations  of  God.  Stillingfleet, 

3.  Description  or  exhibition  in  words.  “ The 
representation  of  the  present  peril.”  Braude. 

4.  The  act  of  representing,  or  supplying  the 
place  of,  others,  as  in  a legislative  body.  Burke. 

5.  A body  of  representatives.  Wright. 

6.  Public  exhibition ; a spectacle.  Rymer. 

Syn.  — See  Model,  Show. 

RF.P-R U-fjp.V-TA'  riO.Y- A-RY,  a.  Pertaining  to, 
or  implying  representation ; representative. 

An  hereditary,  associated,  representutinnary  system.  Young. 

REP-R F,-sf:\T' A-TI  VE,  a.  [Fr.  reprhentatif.] 

1.  Representing  something  ; exhibiting  a si- 
militude ; symbolical ; figurative. 

They  . . . own  the  legal  sacrifices,  though  representative, 
to  be  proper  and  real.  Attvrbury. 

2.  Bearing  the  character  or  the  power  of  an- 

other ; supplying  the  place  of  another.  “ A 
body  representatice  of  the  people.”  Swift. 

REP-RK-^ENT'A-TIVE,  n.  1.  One  who,  or  that 
which,  represents  or  exhibits;  a likeness. 

A statue  of  Rumor  whispering  an  idiot  in  the  ear,  who  was 
the  representative  of  credulity.  Addison. 


2.  One  who  represents,  or  supplies  the  place 
of  another  or  others  ; a substitute  ; a deputy. 

A representative  of  a deceased  person  ...  is  one  who  is  ex- 
ecutor or  administrator  of  the  person  described.  liuuvier. 

3.  A member  of  a legislative  body.  Blackstone. 

4.  A member  of  the  lower  branch  of  a legis- 

lative body,  commonly  called  the  House  of  Rep- 
resentatives. [U.  S.]  bouvier. 

Syn.  — Representative,  delegate,  and  deputy,  all  de- 
note persons  or  officers  chosen  lo  act  for  others  in  some 
political  or  legislative  body.  Delegate  is  also  used  for 
a person  sent  to  an  ecclesiastical  body.  A represent- 
atn  c to  Congress  ; a delegate  to  a legislative  body  or  to 
an  ecclesiastical  council  ; a deputy  to  a public  assem- 
bly ; a commercial  agent. 

REP-RE-§ENT'A-TiVE-LY,  ad.  By  representa- 
tion ; vicariously.  Barrow. 

REP-Rjp-§ENT'A-TIVE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of 
being  representative.  Spectator. 

REP-Rp-§ENT'F.R,  n.  One  who  represents;  a 
representative.  Browne. 

REP-Rp-§ENT'M5NT,  n.  Representation. Tay lor. 

RIJ-PRESS',  v.  a.  [L.  reprimo,  repressus ; re, 
again,  back,  and  premo,  to  press  ; It.  reprimere ; 
Sp.  reprimiv,  Fr.  reprimer. ] [i.  repressed; 

pp.  repressing,  repressed.] 

1.  To  press  or  force  back ; to  restrain  ; to  check. 

Such  kings 

Favor  the  innocent,  rejtrcss  the  bold-.  Waller. 

2.  To  put  down ; to  suppress  ; to  subdue;  to 
quell ; to  crush  : — to  calm  ; to  quiet ; to  ap- 
pease. 

Some  . . . endeavored  to  set  up  the  sedition  again,  hut  they 
were  speedily  repressed.  llayward. 

Syn. _ Sec  Appease,  Restrain. 

R£-PRESS'ER,  n.  One  who  represses.  Sherwood. 

lip-PRES'SION  (re-presh'un),  n.  [It.  ripressionc ; 
Sp.  represion ; Fr  .repression.]  The  act  of  re- 
pressing or  subduing  ; suppression.  Burnet. 

llE-PRES'SIVE,  a.  Having  power  or  tendency  to 
repress  ; repressing.  Horsley. 

Rf-PRES'SIVE-LY,  ad.  By  repression.  Allen. 

f RE-PRIEV'AL,  n • Reprieve.  Overbury. 

Rlji-PR I EVE'  (re-prev1),  v.  a.  [Fr.  reprendre,  re- 
pris,  to  take  back,  from  L.  reprehendo.  — See 
Reprehend.]  [?'.  reprieved  ; pp.  repriev- 
ing, REPRIEVED.] 

1.  To  respite  after  sentence  of  death. 

Having  been  condemned  for  his  part  in  the  late  rebellion, 

his  majesty  had  been  pleased  to  reprieve  him.  Addison. 

2.  To  grant  a respite  to  from  any  evil. 

Company,  though  it  may  reprieve  a man  from  his  melan- 
choly, yet  cannot  secure  him  from  his  conscience.  South. 

R1J-PUIEVE'  (re-prev'),  n.  1.  A suspension,  for  a 
certain  time,  of  the  execution  of  a sentence  of 
death  on  a criminal.  Shak. 

The  morning  Sir  John  Ilotham  was  to  die,  a reprieve  was 
sent  to  suspend  the  execution  for  three  days.  Clarendon. 

2.  Respite  from  any  evil.  Denham. 

Syn. — Reprieve  and  respite  both  imply  a release 
from  some  burden  or  trouble.  A criminal  gains  from 
the  government  a reprieve  from  punishment.  A res- 
pite from  toil  or  suffering  may  cotno  as  a matter  of 
course. 

REP-IU-mAnd’,  v.  a.  [Fr.  feprimander,  from  L.  re- 
prehendo, to  reprehend,  or  reprimo,  to  repress.] 
[t.  REPRIMANDED  ; pp.  REPRIMANDING,  REP- 
RIMANDED.] To  reprove ; to  chide  ; to  repre- 
hend ; to  rebuke  ; to  censure  ; to  admonish. 

Germanicus  was  severely  reprimanded  by  Tiberius  for 
travelling  into  Egypt  without  his  permission.  Arlmthnot. 

Syn.  — See  Admonish. 

REP'RI-MAnD,  n.  [Fr.  reprimanded] 

1.  Reproof ; reprehension  ; rebuke ; censure  ; 

blame  ; admonition.  Addison. 

2.  Censure  pronounced  by  a public  officer 

against  an  offender.  Bouvier. 

Syn.  — See  Admonition,  Reproof. 


RE'PRlNT,  n.  A reimpression  or  new  edition,  as 
of  a book  ; — often  restricted  to  the  republica- 
tion in  one  country  of  a work  originally  printed 
in  another.  Todd.  Scott. 

RE-PRi'SAT,,  n.  [It.  rappresaolia,  ripresaglia; 

I Sp . represalia  \ Fr.  represaille.] 


1.  ( Law .)  The  retaking  or  repossessing  one’s 

self  of  that  which  has  been  unjustly  taken  by 
another  ; recaption  : — a taking  of  one  thing  in 
satisfaction  for  another : — the  capture  or  seiz- 
ure by  one  nation  of  property  belonging  to  an- 
other, by  way  of  retaliation  or  indemnification 
for  robbery  or  injury  committed  by  the  latter  on 
the  former.  Blackstone.  Burrill. 

KSf  Reprisals  are  made  either  by  embargo,  in  which 
case  it  is  tfic  act  of  the  state,  or  by  letters  of  marque 
and  reprisal,  in  which  case  it  is  the  act  of  the  citizen 
authorized  by  the  government.  The  property  seized, 
in  making  reprisals,  is  preserved  while  there  is  any 
hope  of  obtaining  satisfaction  or  justice ; as  soon  as 
that  hope  disappears,  it  is  confiscated,  and  then  the 
reprisal  is  complete.  Bouvier. 

2.  Something  seized  or  done  by  way  of  retal- 
iation for  avrong  or  injury;  retaliation.  Dorset. 

Letters  of  marque  and  reprisal.  See  Letter,  and 
Marque. 

Syn.  — See  Retaliation. 

Rf-PRI^E',  n.  [It.  ripresa  ; Fr  .reprise.] 

1.  t A taking  or  seizure  by  way  of  retaliation  ; 

reprisal.  Dryden. 

2.  Deductions  or  payments  out  of  the  value 
of  lands,  as  rent-charges,  annuities,  &c.  Braude. 

f RIJ-PRlsjE',  v.  a.  [Fr.  reprendre,  repris,  from  L. 
reprehendo.] 

1.  To  take  back  ; to  recover.  nowcll. 

2.  To  recompense  ; to  repay.  Grant. 

RE-PRIZE',  v.  a.  To  prize  anew.  Burke. 

Iilj-PUOACH'  (re-proclt'),  v.  a.  [It.  rimproverare, 
rimprocciare ; Sp.  reprochar ; Fr . reprocher. — 
From  Fr . proche  (L.  proximus),  near.  Skinner. 
— From  L.  reprobo,  to  reprove.  Duchat.]  [i.  re- 
proached ; pp.  REPROACHING,  REPROACHED.] 
To  charge  with  any  thing  shameful  or  dishon- 
orable ; to  accuse  ; to  censure ; to  blame ; to 
upbraid  ; to  condemn  ; to  reprove  ; to  discredit ; 
to  disparage  ; to  revile  ; to  vilify. 

My  heart  shall  not  reproach  me  so  long  as  I iive.  Job  xxvii.  6. 

Syn.  — See  Discredit,  Disparage,  Revile. 

RJJ-PROACH'  (re-proch'),  n.  [Fr.  rcproche.] 

1.  The  act  of  reproaching  ; censure  ; reproof ; 
upbraiding ; condemnation  ; blame. 

A man’s  first  care  should  be  to  avoid  the  reproaches  of  his 
own  heart;  his  next,  to  escape  the  censures  of  the  world. 

Addison. 

2.  Infamy  ; shame  ; disgrace  ; obloquy  ; op- 

probrium.  “ Give  not  thine  heritage  to  re- 
proach.” Joel  ii.  17. 

3.  That  which  causes  shame  or  disgrace  ; an 
object  of  censure  or  contempt. 

We  are  become  a reproach  to  our  neighbors.  TV.  lxxix.  4. 

Syn.  — Reproach,  obloquy,  and  contumely,  all  imply 
contemptuous  or  angry  treatment.  Reproach  and  ob- 
loquy arc  either  deserved  or  undeserved  ; contumely  is 
undeserved.  Base  conduct  is  a ground  of  reproach 
and  shame  ; it  exposes  the  offender  to  obloquy  and 
censure,  and,  if  very  base,  even  to  infamy.  Foul  re- 
proach ; deserved  obloquy,  opprobrium,  or  censure  ; 
abusive  but  undeserved  contumely. 

RB-PROACH'A-BLE,  a.  [Fr.  reprochable.] 

1.  Worthy  of  reproach;  censurable.  Johnson. 

2.  f Expressing  reproach;  reproachful.  Elyot. 

RF-PROACII'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing reproacbable.  Bailey. 

RIJ-PROACII'JgR,  n.  One  who  reproaches.  Browne. 

RE-PROACH'FUL,  a.  1.  Containing  or  express- 
ing reproach  ; upbraiding  ; opprobrious  ; abu- 
sive ; scurrilous.  “ Reproachful  words.”  Shak. 

2.  Bringing  reproach  or  censure  ; shameful ; 
vile.  “ A reproachful  life.”  Milton. 

Syn.  — Reproachful  language  may  sometimes  be 
properly  used  as  applied  to  persons  guilty  of  gross  of- 
fences ; hut  scurrilous,  abusive,  or  insolent  language  is 
always  improper. 

Ry.-PRO ACII'FUL-LY,  ad.  1.  With  reproach; 
upbraidingly ; opprobriously.  “To  speak  re- 
proachfully.” 1 Tim.  v.  Id. 

2.  Shamefully  ; disgracefully.  Johnson. 

The  quality  of  being 
Scott. 

REP'RO-BATE,  a.  1.  Not  enduring  proof  or  trial, 
found  to  be  adulterated  when  subjected  to 
proof;  base;  rejected;  discarded;  reprobated. 
“ Reprobate  silver.”  .Ter.  vi.  30. 

2.  Lost  to  virtue  or  grace;  abandoned;  de- 
praved. “ A reprobate  mind.”  Rom.  i.  28. 

Syn.  — See  Abandoned. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  fj,  Y,  short;  A,  J,  O,  II,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


RE-PRINT',  V.  a.  [i.  REPRINTED  ; pp.  REPRINT- 
ING, reprinted.]  To  print  again  or  anew ; to 
make  a new  impression  of.  South. 


R^i-PRO  ACII'FUL-NESS,  n. 
* reproachful. 


REPROBATE 


1219 


REPULSION 


REP'RO-BATE,  n.  One  lost  to  virtue  or  grace; 
one  abandoned  to  wickedness  or  sin  ; an  aban- 
doned or  depraved  wretch ; a villain.  Bp.  Taylor. 

A reprobate , a villain,  a traitor  to  the  king,  and  the  most 
unworthy  man  that  ever  lived.  Raleigh. 

REP'RO-BATE,  v.  a.  [L.  reprobo,  reprobahts ; re, 
again,  back,  and  probo,  to  prove  ; It.  reprobare ; 
Sp.  reprobar .]  \i.  reprobated  ; pp.  repro- 

bating, REPROBATED.] 

1.  To  disapprove ; to  disallow  ; to  reject;  to 
discard  ; to  condemn  ; to  censure. 

Such  an  answer  as  this  is  reprobated  and  disallowed  of  in 
law.  Ay  life. 

2.  To  abandon  to  hopeless  ruin  or  destruction. 

Who,  either  without  respect  to  any  degree  of  amendment, 

is  supposed  to  he  elected  to  eternal  bliss,  or,  without  respect 
to  sin,  to  be  irreversibly  reprobated.  Hammond. 

REP'RO-BATE-N£SS,  ii.  The  state  of  being  rep- 
robate ; wickedness  ; depravity.  Bailey. 

REP'RO-bAt-JJR,  n.  One  who  reprobates.  Noble. 

REP-RO-BA'TION,  n.  [L.  reprobatio  ; It.  repro- 
bazimic  ; Sp.  rcprobacion  ■,  Fr.  reprobation.] 

1.  The  act  of  reprobating  or  the  state  of  being 
reprobated  ; condemnation  ; censure. 

Set  a brand  of  reprobation  on  clipped  poetry  and  coin. 

Dryden. 

2.  (Theol.)  The  act  of  consigning,  or  the  state 

of  being  consigned,  by  the  absolute  and  free  act 
of  God  to  eternal  punishment ; — opposed  to 
election.  Hammond.  Buck.  Eden. 

REP-RO-BA'TION-^R,  n.  One  who  holds  to  rep- 
robation of  the  non-elect.  South. 

REP  RO-BA-TIVE,  > a That  reprobates;  con- 

REP'RO-BA-TO-RY,  > demning  in  strong  terms; 
criminatory.  [r\]  Maunder. 

RE-PRO-DUCE',  v.  a.  To  produce  again  or  anew. 

RE-PRO-DU(J'ER,  7i.  One  who  produces  anew. 

RE-PRO-DUC'TION,  7i.  [It.  riproduzione  ; Sp.  re- 
production ; Fr.  reproduction.] 

1.  The  act  or  the  power  of  producing  anew. 

2.  That  which  is  reproduced.  Small. 

3.  Generation.  Dunglison. 

RE-PRO-DUC  TIVE,  > a That  reproduces  ; re- 

RE-l’RO-DUC'TO-RY,  > producing,  or  pertaining 
to  reproduction.  Lyell. 

RE-PRO-MUL'G.ATE,  v.  a.  To  promulgate  again  ; 
to  republish.  Clarke. 

RE-PROM-UL-GA'TION,  n.  A second  promulga- 
tion. Ec.  Rev. 

RE-PROOF',  n.  1.  Blame  to  the  face  ; reprehen- 
sion ; rebuke  ; censure  ; reprimand.  Shak. 

Those  best  can  bear  reproof  who  merit  praise.  Pope. 

2.  f Confutation  ; disproof.  Shak. 

Syn. — Reproof , reprehension , rebuke , and  repri- 
mand, are  all  expressive  of  disapprobation  of  some- 
thing that  has  been  done,  and  are  personal,  being 
addressed  to  individuals  inferior  in  age  or  station. 
Censure  has  less  of  personality,  as  a public  man  or  a 
public  body,  or  their  acts,  may  be  censured  by  indi- 
viduals or  in  the  newspapers.  A reproof  is  adminis- 
tered by  a parent  to  bis  child,  by  a master  to  bis  ser- 
vant. Rebuke  is  a stronger  term  than  reproof  and  is 
administered  at  the  time  of  the  commission  of  the  of- 
fence. Reprehension  is  a more  general  term  than  re- 
proof and  persons  of  all  ages  and  stations  are  liable  to 
it.  Reprimand  is  an  official  act,  and  is  administered 
to  a subordinate  by  one  who  is  invested  with  author- 
ity. Remonstrance  and  expostulation,  are  more  argu- 
mentative than  the  other  words,  and  imply  an  attempt 
to  dissuade  the  object  from  some  action  or  proceeding. 
A remonstrance  is  commonly  addressed  to  a superior 
or  to  a public  body  ; an  expostulation,  to  an  equal  or 
inferior.  Tt  may  be  said,  “ His  conduct  deserves  cen- 
sure ; for  lie  acted  as  lie  did  in  spite  of  the  remon- 
strances <or  expostulations ) of  his  friends.”  — See  Ad- 
monition, Animadversion,  Reprehension. 

R^-PROV'A-BLE,  a.  Deserving  reproof ; blama- 
ble  ; censurable  ; reprehensible.  Bp.  Taylor. 

Rfl-PROV'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being;  re- 
provable.  Dr.  Allen. 

RE-PROV'A-BLY,  ad.  In  a reprovable  manner. 

RJJ-PROV'AL,  n.  The  act  of  reproving;;  reproof ; 
admonition.  Gent.  Mag. 

RE-PRO  VE',  v.  a.  [L.  reprobo , to  reject,  to  con- 
demn ; re,  again,  back,  nndprofto,  to  prove ; It. 
rimproverare  ; Sp.  reprobar  ; Fr.  repronver .]  [i. 
REPROVED  ; pp.  REPROVING,  REPROVED.] 

1.  To  condemn  ; to  blame  ; to  reprehend  ; to 
reprimand ; to  chide  ; to  censure  ; to  rebuke, 
lie  that  reproveth  a scorner  getteth  . . . shame.  Prov.  ix.  7. 


2.  fTo  disprove  ; to  refute  ; to  confute. 

Reprove  my  allegation,  if  you  can.  Shak. 

To  reprove  gf,  to  blame  or  censure  for.  “ To  reprove 
one  of  laziness.”  Carew. 

Syn.  — See  Admonish. 

RiJ-PROV'JJR,  n.  One  who  reproves.  Locke. 

RiJ-PROV'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a reproving  manner. 

RE-PRUNE',  v.  a.  To  prune  again.  Evelyn. 

REP'— SIL-  V£R,  it.  Formerly,  in  England,  money 
paid  by  servile  tenants  to  their  lords,  to  be  quit 
of  the  service  of  reaping  his  grain.  Smart. 

REP-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  reptatio  ; repto,  to  creep; 
Fr.  reptation.]  The  act  of  creeping  or  crawling, 
as  a serpent.  Brande. 

REP'TILE  [rep'tll,  S.  W.  P.  J.  E.  F.  K.  Sm.  Wr.\ 
rep'tll,  Ja.  C.],  n. 

1.  (Zo'A.)  A cold-blooded  vertebrate  animal 

which  moves  on  its  belly,  or  by  means  of  short 
legs. — See  Animal.  Brande. 

The  reptiles  constitute  the  order  Reptilia  of 
Cuvier,  and  embrace  the  creatures  usually  known  as 
crocodiles,  lizards,  turtles,  tortoises,  frogs,  toads,  and 
serpents.  Eng.  Cyc. 

2.  One  who  resembles  a creeping  animal ; a 

mean,  grovelling,  sordid  wretch.  Warburton. 

REP'TILE,®.  [L.  reptilis ; repto,  repo,  to  crawl  ; 
It.  rettile  ; Sp.  reptil ; Fr.  reptile.] 

1.  Moving  on  the  belly,  or  with  small  legs ; 

creeping ; crawling.  Thomson. 

2.  Grovelling  ; mean  ; vile.  Burke. 

REP-TIL'  I-R,  7l.pl.  (Zolil.)  The  third  class  of 
vertebrate  animals  in  Cuvier’s  classification ; 
reptiles.  — See  Animal,  and  Reptile. 

REP-TIL'I-AN,  a.  Relating  to  the  Reptilia,  or 
reptiles.  Silliman. 

RE-PUB'LIC,  71.  [L.  respublica  ; res,  a thing,  an 

affair,  and  publicus,  publica,  public ; It.  repub- 
blica\  Sp . republica-,  Fr.  ripublique.] 

1.  That  form  of  government  or  of  a state,  in 
which  the  supreme  power  is  vested  in  the  peo- 
ple, or  in  representatives  elected  by  the  people  ; 
a commonwealth  ; a democracy. 

/1®“  A republic  may  be  either  a democracy  or  an 
aristocracy.  In  tile  former,  the  supreme  power  is 
vested  in  tile  whole  body  of  tire  people,  or  in  repre- 
sentatives elected  by  tile  people  ; in  tile  latter,  it  is 
vested  in  a nobility,  or  a privileged  class  of  compar- 
atively a small  number  of  persons.  Brande. 

2.  The  common  interest ; the  public,  [r.] 

And  life,  state,  glory,  all  they  gain, 

Count  the  republic's,  not  their  own.  B.  Jonson. 

Republic  of  letters,  tile  whole  body  of  people  who 
apply  themselves  to  study  and  learning,  or  to  litera- 
ture and  science. 

Syn.  — In  a well -constituted  republic  the  govern- 
ment is  administered  by  representatives  chosen  by  the 
people,  as  m the  United  States  ; in  a democracy,  by  t he 
people  in  a body,  as  in  some  of  the  ancient  states  of 
Greece  : — in  an  aristocracy,  tile  power  is  possessed  by 
tile  nobles  or  a privileged  class  of  persons,  as  was  for- 
merly the  case  in  tile  republics  of  Genoa  and  Venice. 
— See  Empire. 

RE-PUB'LT-CAN,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  consonant 
with,  a republic ; democratic.  “ Republican 
government.”  Montesquieu. 

RE-PUB'LI-CAN,  n.  One  who  favors  or  prefers  a 
republican  government ; a democrat.  Addison. 

RF.-PUB'LI-CAN-ISpM,  ii.  Attachment  to  a repub- 
lican form  of  government ; republican  princi- 
ples ; democracy.  Burke. 

RJJ-PUB'Ll-CAN-IZE,  v.  a.  Torender  republican  ; 
to  convert  to  republican  principles.  M.  Young. 

RE-PUB-LI-CA'TION,  n.  1.  A second  or  new  pub- 
lication of  a printed  work.  Todd. 

2.  The  reprint  in  one  country  of  a work  pub- 
lished in  another. — See  Reprint.  Scott. 

3.  (Law.)  A second  publication  of  a will. 

Bur  rill. 

RE-PUB 'LIS  H,  v.a.  To  publish  anew.  Mountagu. 

RE-PUR'LISH-IJR,  n.  One  who  republishes. 

RIJ-PU'DI-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  repudiated  or 
rejected  ; fit  to  be  rejected,  [it.]  Bailey. 

RB-PU'DI-ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  repudio,  repudiatus ; It. 
ripudiare ; Sp.  repudiar ; Fr.  repudier.]  [i.  re- 
pudiated ; pp.  REPUDIATING,  REPUDIATED.] 


1.  To  put  away  or  divorce,  as  a wife.  Horsley. 

2.  To  put  away  ; to  reject ; to  disclaim. 

Atheists  . . . repudiate  all  title  to  the  kingdom  of  heaven. 

Bentley. 

3 To  disown  obligation  for  ; to  refuse  to  pay, 
as  a debt.  McNutt. 

Rf.-PU-DI-A'TION,  n.  [Fr.  repudiation.] 

1.  The  act  of  repudiating  ; rejection. 

2.  Disavowal  of  obligation  for ; refusal  to 

pay  a debt.  Sydney  Smith. 

3.  ( Civil  Law.)  The  putting  away  of  a wife 
or  a woman  betrothed.  Arbuthnot.  Bouvier. 

RJJ-PU'DI-A-TOR,  n.  One  who  repudiates.  Foster. 

t R^-PUGN'  (re-pun'),  v.  n.  [L.  repuyno .]  To 
make  resistance.  Sir  T.  Elyot. 

f RF.-PUGN'  (re-puli'),  v.  a.  To  oppose  ; to  resist ; 
to  fight  against.  Shak. 

R£-PUG'NA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  opposed  or 
resisted,  [r.]  North. 

R£-PUG  NANCE,  > n_  repugnantia  ; It.  ri- 

RJJ-PUG'NAN-CY,  ) pugnanzia ; Sp.  repugnancia ; 
Fr.  repugnance.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  repugnant ; opposition  ; 
resistance  ; struggle ; contest. 

Why  do  fond  men  expose  themselves  to  battle. 

And  let  the  foes  quietly  cut  their  throats 

Without  repugnancy?  Shak. 

2.  Contrariety ; inconsistency. 

Where  difference  is  without  repuynancy , that  which  hath 
been  can  be  no  prejudice  to  that  which  is.  I/aoker. 

3.  Aversion  ; unwillingness  ; reluctance  ; dis- 
like ; antipathy. 

The  repugnance  which  we  naturally  have  to  labor.  Dryden. 

Syn.  — Repugnance  and  reluctance  imply  an  act  or 
a feeling  of  opposition,  and  repugnance  is  akin  to  dis- 
gust ; aversion  is  a strong  and  settled  dislike  ; antipa- 
thy, a feeling  of  aversion  generally  without  a well- 
defined  cause.  A person  may  feel  a repugnance  to 
show  a mark  of  respect  to  a man  whom  he^dislikes, 
and  a reluctance  to  acknowledge  his  error.  A miser 
has  aversion  to  part  with  his  money  ; iome  persons 
have  an  antipathy  to  a cat,  as  most  persons  have  to 
snakes. 

RE-PUG'NANT.  a.  [L.  repugnans\  It.  ripugnan- 
te ; Sp.  repugnante  ; Fr.  repugnant^] 

1.  Opposed  ; opposite  ; contrary  ; adverse  ; 
antagonistic;  — commonly  followed  by  to. 

Things  in  themselves  evil,  repugnant  to  the  principles  of 
human  nature.  Stillingjleet. 

2.  f Disobedient ; not  yielding.  Shak. 

Syn. — See  Adverse. 

R^-PUG'NANT-Ly,  ad.  With  repugnance  or  op- 
position. Browne. 

f RE-POg'NATE,  v.  a.  [L.  repugno,  repugnatus.] 
To  oppose  ; to  resist;  to  repugn.  Taylor. 

RE-PUL'LU-LAtE,  v.  n.  [L.  reputtulo,  repullula- 
tum;  It.  ripullularc  ; Sp.  rcpulular ; Fr.  ripul- 
luler.]  To  bud  or  sprout  again.  Howell. 

RE-PUL-LU-LA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  budding 
again.  Clarke. 

Rfjl-PULSE',  n.  [L .repulsa;  It.  ripulsa-,  Sp.  re- 
pulsa.] 

1.  State  of  being  repulsed,  or  driven  back  ; 
repulsion.  “ My  repulse  at  Hull.”  K.  Charles. 

2.  Refusal ; denial.  Bailey. 

RE-PULSE',  v.  a.  [L.  repello,  repulsus  ; re,  again, 
back,  and  pello,  to  drive  ; It.  repulsare  ; Sp.  re- 
pulsar.]  [t.  REPULSED  ; pp.  REPULSING,  RE- 
PULSED.] To  beat  or  drive  back  ; to  repel. 

The  Christian  defendants  still  repulsed  them  with  greater 
courage  than  they  w'ere  able  to  assail  them.  Knolles. 

RIJ-PULS'ER,  n.  One  who  repulses.  Sherwood. 

RE-PUL'SION  (re-pul'slnin),  ii.  [It.  repulsione  ; 
Sp.  repulsion-,  Fr.  repulsion.] 

1.  Act  of  repelling  or  driving  back  ; repulse. 

2.  (Physics.)  An  essential  property  of  matter, 

or  a force  universally  inherent  in  it,  acting  at 
minute  distances,  by  which  all  bodies  and  their 
constituent  particles  are  kept  from  absolute 
contact : — the  influence  or  action  of  certain 
forces,  as  electricity,  heat,  and  magnetism,  by 
which  bodies,  under  certain  conditions,  tend 
from  each  other,  or  resist  each  other’s  nearer 
approach ; — opposed  to  attraction.  Young. 

The  mutual  rejndsion  of  the  particles  of  matter  is  a recip- 
rocal force  acting  equally  in  opposite  directions,  on  each  of 
the  bodies  concerned.  Young. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — £,  <?,  *,  soft;  G,  G,  £,  1,  hard;  § as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


RESCOUS 


REPULSIVE 

RE-PUL'SjVE,  a.  [It.  § Sp.  repulsivo ; Fr.  repul- 
sif-2 

1.  That  repulses  or  repels  ; producing  repul- 

sion ; driving  otf;  repelling;  repellent.  “A 
repulsive  force.”  Newton. 

2.  Forbidding  in  manners  ; cold.  Smart. 

Rp-PUL/SIVE-LY,  ad.  In  a repulsive  manner  ; 
by  repulsing.  Wright. 

RE-PUL'S(VE-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality 
of  being  repulsive.  Clarke. 

RE-PUL'SO-RY,  a.  Tending  to  repulse  ; driving 
back ; repulsive.  Ash. 

RE-PUR' CHASE,  v.  a.  To  purchase  again.  S/iak. 

RE-PUR'CHASE,  n.  The  act  of  purchasing  again  ; 
a new  purchase.  Clarke. 

RE-PU'Rj-FY,  v.  a.  To  purify  again.  Daniel. 

REP'U-TA-BLF.,  a.  Of  good  repute;  honorable; 
estimable ; respectable  ; creditable  ; not  dis- 
graceful or  infamous. 

In  the  article  of  danger,  it  is  as  reputable  to  elude  an  ene- 
my as  to  defeat  one.  Broome . 

REP'U-TA-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quali- 
ty of  being  reputable.  Johnson. 

REPTj-TA-HLy,  ad.  In  a reputable  manner ; hon- 
orably ; creditably.  Atterbury. 

REP-U-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  riputatio ; It.  riputa - 
zione\  Sp . repuUicion  \ Fr  .reputation.] 

1.  f Account ; consideration;  estimation. 

For  which  he  held  his  glory  and  his  renown 

At  no  value  or  reputation.  Chaucer. 

2.  Character  by  report ; opinion  of  character 
generally  entertained  ; fame  ; name. 

The  purest  treasure  mortal  times  afford 

Is  spotless  reputation.  * Shak. 

Versov,  upon  the  Lake  of  Geneva,  has  the  reputation  of 
being  extremely  poor  and  beggarly.  Addison. 

3.  Good  character  by  report ; good  name  or 
repute  ; credit ; celebrity. 

Seeking  the  bubble  reputation 

Even  in  the  cannon’s  mouth.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Celebrity,  Character,  Name. 

RE-PU'TA-TI  VE-LY,  ad.  According  to  repute; 
•by  reputation.  N.  E.  Elders. 

RU-PUTE',  v.  a.  [L.  reputo  ; re,  again,  and  pnto, 
to  think;  It.  riputare ; Sp.  reputar ; Fr  .reputer.] 
[t.  REPUTED;  pp.  REPUTING,  REPUTED.]  To 
esteem  ; to  estimate  ; to  account ; to  regard ; to 
reckon  ; to  consider  ; to  hold. 

I do  repute  her  grace 

The  rightful  heir  to  England’s  royal  seat.  Dryden. 

RE-PUTE',  n.  1.  Reputation;  character ; name. 
“ A man  of  good  repute.’’  Shak. 

2.  Good  reputation  or  character.  Beaumont. 

3.  Established  opinion ; general  estimation. 

“ Upheld  by  old  repute.”  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Name. 

RIJ-PUT'pn,  a.  Generally  considered  or  esteemed. 
“ Reputed  owner.”  Burrill. 

RE-PUT'IJD-LY,  ad.  In  common  estimation  ; by 
repute.  Barrow . 

t Rp-PUTE’LgSS,  a.  Disreputable.  Shak. 

RIJ-CIUEST'  (re-kwest'),  n.  [It.  richiesta ; Old  Fr. 
requeste ; Fr.  regu'te.] 

1.  An  expression  of  desire  to  have  something 
done  or  granted ; an  asking  ; a petition  ; an  en- 
treaty ; a prayer  ; suit ; solicitation. 

Tlaman  stood  up  to  make  request  for  his  life  to  Esther,  the 
queen.  Esth.  vii.  7. 

1 will  both  hear  and  grant  you  your  requests.  Shak. 

2.  State  of  being  desired  or  sought;  demand. 

Knowledge  and  fame  were  in  as  great  request  as  wealth 

among  us  now.  Temple. 

Court  of  Requests,  in  England,  anciently,  a court  of 
equity,  inferior  to  the  Court  of  Chancery,  of  which  the 
lord  privy  seal  was  chief  judge  : — in  England,  a court, 
not  of  record,  constituted  by  act  of  Parliament,  in 
London  aiul  other  towns,  for  the  recovery  of  small 
debts.  Braude.  Burrill. 

Syn. — See  Prayer,  Solicitation. 

R£-Q,UEST'  (re-kwest'),  v.  a.  [L.  requiro , rcqiti- 
situs",  re,  again,  and  quccro,  to  seek;  It.  rechie- 
derc.~\  \i.  hequested  ; pp.  requesting,  re- 
quested.] To  ask;  to  solicit;  to  entreat;  to 
petition  for.  “ I’ll  request  your  presence.”  Shak. 

God  granted  him  that  which  he  requested.  1 Chron.  iv.  10. 

Syn.  — See  Ask. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I, 


1220 

Rp-CIUEST'UR,  n.  One  who  requests  ; a peti- 
tioner. Junius. 

RE-QUICK'EN  (re-kwlk'kn),  v.  a.  .To  quicken  or 
give  life  to  again  ; to  reanimate.  Shak. 

REQUIEM  (ru'kwc-em  or  rek'we-ein)  [re’kwe-ein, 
S.  W.  P.  J.  P.  Ja.  K.  C.  Wr.  Wb. ; rek'we-em, 
Sm.],  n.  [L.  requies,  requiem,  rest.] 

1.  (Roman  Catholic  Church.)  A mass  sung 
for  the  repose  of  the  souls  of  the  dead ; — so 
called  from  the  first  word  of  the  prayer  com- 
mencing “ Requiem  teternam  dona  iis,  Domine,” 
(Give  eternal  rest  to  them,  O Lord.)  Brande. 

2.  A musical  composition  performed  in  honor 
of  some  deceased  person. 

The  requiems  composed  by  Mozart,  Jomelli,  and  Cherubini 
are  well  known.  Brande. 

3.  f Rest ; repose;  quiet;  peace.  Sandys. 

f Rp-GUl'p-TO-RY,  n.  [Low  L.  requietorium.] 
A sepulchre.  Weever. 

RE'QUJN,  n.  [Fr.]  ( Ich .)  A species  of  shark; 

the  white  shark  ; Squalus  carcharias.  Kirby. 

Rjp-QUlR'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  required.  “Cir- 
cumstances rcquirable  in  a history.”  Hale. 

RE-QUIRE'  (re-kwlr'),  v.  a.  [L.  requiro ; re, 
again,  back,  and  qttatro,  to  seek  ; It.  richiedere  ; 
Sp.  requerir;  Fr.  requerir.]  \i.  required;  pp. 

REQUIRING,  REQUIRED.] 

1.  To  ask  as  of  right ; to  demand  ; to  claim. 

Tliis  the  very  law  of  nature  teachcth  us  to  do,  and  this  the 

law  of  God  requireth  also  at  our  hands.  Spelnian. 

2.  To  ask  as  a favor  ; to  seek  ; to  request,  [r.] 

Two  things  have  I required  of  thee;  deny  me  them  not 

before  I die.  Prov.  xxx.  7. 

3.  To  make  necessary  ; to  need  ; to  want. 

God  gives  us  what  he  knows  our  wants  require , 

And  better  things  than  those  which  we  desire.  Dryden. 

RE-QUlRE'MENT,  n.  That  which  is  required; 
requisition.  Bailey.  Bp.  Wilbcrforce.  Ch.  Ob. 

For  this  justice  is  but  the  distributing  to  every  thing  ac- 
cording to  the  requirements  of  its  nature.  Glanvill. 

The  requirements  of  the  divine  law.  John  Foster. 

The  great  want  and  requirement  of  our  age  is  an  earnest, 
thoughtful,  and  suitable  ministry.  Ec.  Rev. 

RE-QUIR'Ek  (re-kwlr'er),  n.  One  who  requires. 

REQ'UI-§lTE  (rek'we-zTt),  a.  [L.  requiro,  requi- 
situs,  to  require  ; It.  requisito  ; Fr.  requis.]  Re- 
quired by  the  nature  of  things,  or  by  circum- 
stances ; that  cannot  be  dispensed  with  ; indis- 
pensable ; necessary  ; needful ; essential. 

Those  who  talk  of  liberty  in  Britain  on  any  other  princi- 
ples than  those  of  the  British  constitution  talk  impertinently, 
at  best,  and  much  charity  is  requisite  to  believe  no  worse  of 
them.  Bolingbrnke. 

Syn.  — See  Necessary. 

REQ'UI-§iTE,  71.  Any  thing  necessary. 

The  aTt  of  coloring,  and  the  skilful  management  of  light 
and  shadow,  are  essential  requisites  in  his  confined  labors. 

Reynolds. 

REQ'UI-^iTE-Ly  (rck'we-zit-le),  ad.  In  a requi- 
site manner  ; necessarily.  Boyle. 

REQ'UI-fJITE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  requi- 
site ; need  ; necessity.  Boyle. 

REQ-UI-Sl ''TION  (relr-we-zish'un),  n.  [L.  requi- 
sitio  ; It.  requisizione  ; Fr.  requisition 7] 

1.  The  act  of  requiring ; application  for  a 
thing  to  be  done  by  virtue  of  some  right ; re- 
quirement ; demand  ; claim  ; exaction. 

It  was  an  incident  of  good  fortune  that  I should  be  at 
Rennes  at  the  time  of  this  solemn  requisition.  The  Marquis 
d’E.,  after  twenty  years’  application  to  business,  was  come  to 
reclaim  Ills  nobility.  Sterne. 

2.  ( International  Law.)  The  formal  demand 

by  one  government  upon  another  of  the  sur- 
render of. a fugitive  criminal.  Burrill. 

REQ-UI-§I"TION-iST  (rSk-we-zIsll'un-ist),  n.  One 
who  makes  requisition.  For.  Qu.  Bcv. 

RE-QU[§'I-TIVE  (re-kwTz'e-tlv),  a.  Pertaining 
to  requisition  ; indicating  demand. 

Two  modes  of  speaking:  if  we  interrogate.  it  is  the  inter- 
rogative mode;  if  wc  require,  it  is  the  requisite  e.  Harris. 

RE-QUl§'!-TlVE,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which, 
makes  requisition.  Harris. 

RE-QUlij'I-TOR,  n.  One  empowered  hv  a requi- 
sition to  investigate  facts.  II.  M.  Williams. 

RF.-QUI^'I-TO-RY,  a.  Sought  for;  demanded,  [it.] 

RE-Ql'f'TAL,  n.  [From  requite.']  The  act  of  re- 
quiting ; return  for  any  office,  good  or  bad  ; — 
in  a. good  sense,  reward;  recompense;  com- 


I,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  E,  !,  9,  V,  Y,  obscure;  FARE, 


pensation  ; remuneration  ; — in  an  ill  sense, 
retribution  ; retaliation. 

Every  receiver  is  debtor  to  his  benefactor;  he  owes  him  all 
the  good  he  receives  from  him,  uud  is  always  obliged  to  a 
thankful  acknowledgment,  and,  whenever  lie  hath  opportu- 
nity, to  an  equivalent  requital.  Scott. 

No  merit  their  aversion  can  remove,  * 

Nor  ill  requital  can  etikee  their  love.  Waller . 

Syn.  — See  Compensation,  Retaliation, 
Retribution. 

RE-QUlTE'  (re-kwlt'),  v.  a.  \re  and  quit.  — See 
Quit.]  [i.  requited  ; pp.  requiting,  re- 
quited.] To  return  good  or  ill;  to  repay; 
to  recompense  ; to  reward  ; to  compensate  ; to 
reciprocate  : — to  retaliate  ; to  avenge. 

Guard  them,  and  him  within  protect  from  harms; 

lie  can  requite  thee,  tor  he  knows  the  charms 

that  call  fame  on  such  gentle  acts  as  these.  Milton. 

He  hath  requited  me  evil  for  good.  1 Sam.  xxv.  21. 

fRE-QUITE'MENT,  n.  Requital.  Edw.  Hall. 

RE-QUIT'EH  (re-kwlt'er),  n.  One  who  requites. 

f RERE'DOS,  n.  (Arch.)  The  screen  at  the  hack 
of  an  altar  : — the  screen  in  front  of  the  choir, 
upon  which  the  rood  was  displayed; — the  open 
hearth  upon  which  fires  were  lighted,  immedi-‘ 
ately  under  the  louver,  and  in  the  centre  of  an- 
cient halls.  Fairholt. 

RERE'FIEF,  n.  (Scotch  Law.)  An  inferior  fief ; 
a portion  of  a fief  or  feud  granted  out  to  an  in- 
ferior tenant.  Burrill. 

RE-RE-FINE',  v.  a.  To  refine  again.  Massinger. 

RE-REIGN'  (re-ran'),  v.  71.  To  reign,  rule,  or  gov- 
ern again.  Warner. 

RERE'MOUSE,  n.  [A.  S.  hrere-mus.]  A bat;  a 
rearmouse.  — See  Rearmouse.  Holland. 

RE-RE-§OLVE',  v.  n.  To  resolve  again. 

Resolves,  and  reresolves,  then  dies  the  same.  Young. 

RERE'wARD,  n.  See  Rearward. 

RE-RING',  v.  n.  To  ring  again  ; to  reecho. 

Ilark ! from  the  towers  of  Aztlan  how  the  shouts 

Of  clamorous  joy  rering.  Southey. 

RE-SAlL',  v.  n.  To  sail  again;  to  sail  back. 

Discharge  this  duty,  and  resail  to  Greece.  Euwkcs. 

RE'SALE,  n.  1.  A sale  at  second  hand.  Bacon. 

2.  A second  sale  made  of  an  article. 

The  effect  of  a resale  is  not  always  to  annul  the  first  sale. 

Bouvier. 

RE-SA-LUTE',  v.  a.  [L.  resaluto  ; re,  again,  back, 
and  satuto,  to  salute;  Fr.  resaluer .] 

1.  To  salute  anew. 

To  resalute  the  world  with  sacred  light 
Leucothea  waked.  Milton. 

2.  To  salute  in  return. 

Hippocrates,  after  a little  pause,  6aluted  him  by  his  name; 
whom  he  resaluted.  Burton. 

fRES'CAT,  n.  A ransom;  a release.  Hackluyt. 

RE-SCIND'  (re-sind'),  v.  a.  [L.  rescindo  ; re, 
again,  back,  and  scindo,  to  cut ; It.  rescindere  ; 
Sp.  rescindir ; Fr.  rescinder.]  [i.  rescinded  ; 
pp.  rescinding,  rescinded.]  To  cut  off;  to 
abrogate,  as  a law ; to  abolish  ; to  revoke  ; to 
vacate  ; to  annul ; to  repeal ; to  cancel. 

Wc  rend  of  no  subsequent  decree  of  the  apostolical  college 
rcscindinr/  the  restriction  which,  by  the  act  of  their  first  as- 
sembly, they  thought  proper  to  impose.  Bp.  Horsley. 

RE-SCIND' A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  rcscinded.Sfory. 

RE-SCIND'MENT,  n.  The  act  of  rescinding;  re- 
scission ; abrogation.  Story. 

RE-SCI§'SION  (re-slzh'un),  n.  [L.  rescissio  ; It. 
rescissione  ; Sp.  % Fr.  rescision.]  The  act  of 
rescinding  or  annulling ; abrogation ; revoca- 
tion ; rescindment. 

If  Caius  sell  to  Masvius  sheep  which  he  affirms  to  be  sound, 
hut  they  are  indeed  rotten,  the  law  permits  not  rescission  of 
the  bargain,  but  forces  Caius  to  restore  so  much  of  the  price 
as  the  sheep  were  overvalued.  Bp.  Taylor. 

RE-SCI§'§Q-RY  [re-sTz'zur-e,  W.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  Wr. 
Wb.',  res'sis-sur-e,  S.  ; re-sls'so-re,  P.],  a.  [It. 
rescissorio  ; Sp .rescisorio;  Fr.  rescisoire.] 

1.  Having  the  power  to  cut  off  or  abrogate. 

“A  general  act  rescissory.”  [r.]  Burnet. 

2.  Pertaining  to  rescission.  “Rescissory  pe- 
titions.” Seldcn. 

RES'COUS,  n.  [Law  Fr.,  from  rescourrer,  to 
recover  back.]  (Laic.)  An  illegal  taking  away 
and  setting  at  liberty  of  a distress  taken,  or  of  a 
person  arrested  by  process  of  law;  a rescue; 
— a writ  which  lies  for  a rescue.  Whishaw. 


FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  IIEIR,  HER; 


RESCRIBE 


1221 


RESERVE 


RE-SCRIBE'  (re-skrib'),  v.  a.  [L.  rescribo  ; re, 
again,  back,  and  scribo,  to  write  ; It.  riscrivere ; 
Sp.  rescribir.]  [ i . rescrired  ; pp.  rescrib- 

ing, RESCRIBED.] 

1.  To  write  back ; to  write  in  answer.  Ayliffe. 

2.  To  write  over  again ; to  rewrite.  Howell. 

RELSCRIB'pN-DA-RY,  n.  An  officer  in  the  court 

of  Rome  who  sets  a value  on  indulgences.  Ash. 

RE'SCRIPT,  n.  [L.  rescriptum  ; re,  again,  back, 
and  scribo,  to  write ; It.  rescritto  ; Sp.  rescripto  ; 
Fr.  rescrit .]  • 

1.  ( Civil  Law.)  An  answer  of  a pope  or  an 
emperor-  to  questions  in  jurisprudence  pro- 
pounded to  him  officially  : — an  edict.  Brande. 

/(fg=  The  rescript  was  differently  denominated,  ac- 
cording to  the  character  of  those  who  sought  it.  They 
were  called  annotations  or  subnotations  when  the 
answer  was  given  at  the  request  of  private  citizens  ; 
Utters  or  epistles,  when  given  in  answer  to  the  con- 
sultation of  magistrates  ; pragmatic  sanctions,  when 
given  in  answer  to  a corporation,  the  citizens  of  a 
province,  or  a municipality.  The  rescripts  of  the 
Roman  emperors  constitute  one  of  the  authoritative 
sources  of  the  civil  law.  Brande. 

2.  A counterpart.  Bouvier. 

RE-SC  hi  P'T  ION,  n.  [L.  rescriptio  ; Fr . rescrip- 

tion.\ 

1.  Act  of  writing  or  answering  back ; a rescript. 

You  caunot  oblige  me  more  than  to  be  punctual  in  re- 

scription.  Lovedap. 

2.  {French  Law.)  A letter  by  which  the  maker 

requests  some  one  to  pay  a certain  sum  of 
money,  or  to  account  for  him  to  a third  person 
for  it.  Bouvier. 

RF.-SCRIp'TIVE-LY,  ad.  By  rescript.  Smart. 

RES'CU-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  rescued.  Gayton. 

RES'CUE  (res'ku),  v.  a.  [It.  rlscuotere  ; Fr.  re- 
couvrer ; Nor.  Fr.  rescure ; — from  L.  re,  again, 
back ; excutio,  to  shake  or  drive  out,  to  send 
forth.  Dies.]  [i.  rescued  ; pp.  rescuing,  res- 
cued.] 

1.  To  set  free  from  any  violence,  confinement, 

or  danger ; to  restore  to  liberty  or  safety ; to 

liberate ; to  extricate  ; to  deliver  ; to  redeem  ; 
to  ransom  ; to  save  ; to  preserve. 

What  encouragement  doth  God  hereby  give  to  others  to 
repent,  when  Nineveh  was  rescued  from  the  very  brink  of 
destruction  by  it!  Stillingflect. 

2.  To  take  by  an  illegal  rescue.  Smart. 

Syn. — See  Deliver,  Ransom. 

RES'CUE  (res'ku),  n.  [It .riscossa;  Fr . recousse.] 

1.  Deliverance  from  violence,  danger,  or  con- 
finement ; restoration  to  liberty  or  safety ; lib- 
eration ; release  ; redemption  ; ransom. 

But  bold  Tydides  to  the  rescue  goes, 

A single  warrior  ’midst  a host  of  foes.  Pope. 

2.  {Late.)  A forcible  setting  at  liberty,  against 

law,  of. a person  duly  arrested.  Bouvier. 

3.  {Maritime  War.)  The  retaking  by  a party 

captured  of  a prize  made  by  the  enemy  : — relief 
obtained  from  the  arrival  of  fresh  succors,  by 
which  a weaker  party  is  preserved  from  the 
force  of  the  enemy.  Bouvier. 

Syn.  — See  Deliverance. 

RES'CUE-LESS,  a.  Without  rescue.  Warner. 

RES'CU-^R,  n.  One  who  rescues  ; a deliverer. 

RES-CUS-SEE',  n.  {Law.)  One  in  whose  favor  a 
rescous,  or  rescue,  is  made,  [r.]  Crabb. 

RES-CUS'SOR,  or  R ES-CUS-SOR'  (130),  n.  One  who 
makes  a rescous,  or  rescue  ; rescuer.  Whishaw. 

Dfi f “ The  party  making  a rescue  is  sometimes  so 
called,  but  more  properly  he  is  a rescuer.'1'  Bouvier. 

RE-SEARCH'  (re-serch'),  n.  [re  and  search.  — Fr. 
recherche .]  Careful  search  ; diligent  inquiry  ; 
examination  ; investigation  ; scrutiny. 

Nature,  the  handmaid  of  God  Almighty,  doth  nothing  but 
with  good  advice,  if  we  make  researches  into  the  true  reason 
of  things.  Howell. 

Syn. — See  Examination. 

RE-SEARCH',  v.  a.  To  search  diligently  or  stu- 
diously; to  inspect  carefully ; to  examine  ; to 
scrutinize;  to  inquire  ; to  investigate. 

I have  been  the  more  desirous  to  research  . . . the  several 
passages  of  the  said  journey.  Wotton. 

RE-SEARCH',  V.  a. 

RIJ-SEARCH'ER,  n. 

RIJ-SEARCH'FUL, 
search,  [r.] 


RE-SEAT',  v.  a.  To  seat  again.  Dryden. 

f R1J-SECT',  v.  a.  [L.reseco.]  ■ To  cut  off.  More. 

R$-SEC'TION,  n.  [L.  resectio  ; Fr.  resection.'] 

1.  The  act  of  cutting  or  paring  off.  Cotyrave. 

2.  {Surg.)  An  operation  in  which  the  carious 
extremities  of  long  bones,  or  the  unconsolidated 
extremities  of  fractured  bones  forming  irregular 
joints,  are  removed  with  the  saw.  Dunglison. 

RE-SEEK',  v.  a.  To  seek  again.  Wright. 

RE-SEIZE'  (re-sez'),  v.  a.  1.  To  seize  or  lay  hold 
on  again.  Todd. 

' 2.  {Law.)  To  seize  or  take  possession  of 
again,  as  that  which  has  been  disseized.  Smart. 

RE-SEIZ'JER,  n.  1.  One  who  seizes  again. 

2.  f {Eng.  Law.)  A retaking  of  lands  into  the 
hands  of  the  king,  where  a general  livery  or 
ouster  le  main  was  formerly  mis-sued,  contrary 
to  the  order  of  law.  Whishaw. 

RE-SEIZ'URE,  n.  Repeated  seizure.  Bacon. 

RE-SELL',  v.  a.  To  sell  again.  Clarke. 

f RJJ-§EM'BLA-BLE,  a.  That  maybe  compared. 
“ Man  . . . isito  an  angel  resemblable."  Gower. 

RJ5-§EM'BLANCE,  n.  [Fr.  ressemblance .] 

1.  The  quality  of  being  like  or  resembling ; 
likeness  ; similitude  ; similarity. 

To  do  good  is  to  become  most  like  to  God.  It  is  that  which 
of  all  other  qualities  gives  us  the  resemblance  of  his  nature 
and  perfection."  Sharp. 

2.  Something  resembling  ; a representation. 

They  are  but  weak  resemblances  of  our  intentions,  faint 

and  imperfect  copies,  that  they  may  acquaint  us  witli  the 
general  design,  but  can  never  express  the  life  of  the  original. 

Addison. 

Syn. — See  Likeness. 

f Rl^-^EM'BLANT,  a.  Resembling;  like.  Gower. 

RE-fjEM'BLE  (re-zem'bl),  v.  a.  [It . rassembrcire  \ 
Sp.  resembl ir  ; Fr.  ressembler.\  \i,  resembled  ; 
pp.  RESEMBLING,  RESEMBLED.] 

1.  To  represent  as  like  something  else  ; to 
make  like  ; to  compare  ; to  liken,  [r.] 

The  other,  all  yelad  in  garments  light,  . . . 

lie  did  resemble  to  his  lady  bright.  Spenser. 

2.  To  appear,  or  to  be,  like  ; to  have  resem- 
blance or  likeness  to. 

The  heart  benevolent  and  kind 

The  most  resembles  God.  Burns. 

R£-§EM'BLER,  n * One  who  resembles.  Sivift. 

RE-§EM'BLING-LY,  ad.  So  as  to  resemble. 

t RE-SEM'I-NATE,  v.a.  [L.  re,  again,  and  semino , 
to  sow.]  To  prodtice  again  by  seed.  Broume. 

RE-SEND',  v.  a.  To  send  again  ; to  send  back. 

I sent  to  her,  by  this  same  coxcomb. 

Tokens  and  letters,  which  she  did  resend.  Shak. 

RE-ljiENT',  v.  a.  [L.  re,  again,  back,  and  sentio, 
to  perceive;  It .risentire;  Sp.  resentirse  ; Fr. 
ressentir .]  [ i . resented  ; pp.  resenting, 

resented.] 

1.  tTo  have  a strong  or  clear  perception  of. 

So  this  bird  of  prey  resented  a worse  than  earthly  savor  in 
the  soul  of  Saul.  Fuller. 

2.  fTo  feel  grateful  for. 

How  much  more  should  we  resent  such  a testimony  of 
God’s  favor  [than  that  of  an  earthl}'  prince]  ! Bai'row. 

3.  To  consider  as  an  injury  or  affront ; to  be 
angry  in  consequence  of ; to  take  ill. 

Thou  with  scorn 

And  anger  wouldst  resent  the  offered  wrong.  Milton. 

R1J-§ENT',  v.  n.  To  feel  resentment ; to  be  angry. 

The  town  highly  resented  to  see  a person  of  Sir  William 
Temple’s  character  and  merits  roughly  used.  Swift. 

RF1-§ENT'ER,  n.  One  who  resents.  Wotton. 

RE-§ENT'FUL,  a.  Feeling  resentment;  angry; 
malignant ; easily  provoked  to  anger ; irascible. 

RE-lpENT'FUL-LY,  ad.  In  a resentful  manner. 

t RE-.fENT'I-MENT,  n.  Resentment.  Daniel. 

RE-^ENT'ING-LY,  ad.  Witli  resentment.  More. 

R5-f?ENT'[VE  (re-zSnt'jv),  a.  Readv  to  resent ; 
easily  excited  to  resentment.  “The  keen,  re- 
sentive  north.”  [r.]  Thomson. 

RE-^ENT'MENT,  n.  [It.  risentimento  ; Sp.  resen- 
timiento ; Fr.  ressentiment .] 

1.  f Strong  or  clear  perception. 

They  [certain  philosophers]  asked  whether  it  were  possible 
that  we  could  have  any  general  eoncern  for  society,  or  an  v dis- 
interested resentment  of  the  welfare  or  injury  of  others.  Hume. 


2.  f Appreciation  ; gratitude. 

Council  Book,  1651. 

3.  Deep  sense  of  injury  ; anger  prolonged  ; 
indignation  ; displeasure  ; wrath  ; ire  ; choler. 

Resentment  is  a lesser  degree  of  wrath  excited  by  smaller 
offences  committed  against  less  irritable  minds.  Bogan. 

Syn.  — See  Anger,  Displeasure. 
RES'$-RATE,  v.  a.  [L.  resero,  rescratus .]  To 
open  ; to  unlock.  Boyle. 

R®-§ERV'ANCE,  n.  Reservation.  Burnet. 

RE§-jpR-vA'TION,  n.  [It.  riservazionc ; Sp.  rescr- 
vacion ; Fr.  reservation.] 

1.  The  act  of  reserving;  the  state  of  being  re- 
served ; reserve ; concealment. 

Tlie  Frenchman  is  more  generous  in  his  proceedings,  and 
not  so  full  of  scvuples,  reserrations , and  jealousies  as  the 
Spaniard,  but  deals  more  frankly.  Howell. 

2.  Something  kept  back  or  held  in  reserve. 

With  reservation  of  an  hundred  knights.  Shak. 

3.  {Late.)  In  conveyancing,  a clause  in  a deed 

whereby  the  grantor  reserves  some  new  thing 
to  himself  out  of  the  thing  granted,  and  not  in 
esse  before.  Burrill. 

It  is  distinguished  from  an  exception,  which  is 
always  of  part  of  the  tiling  granted,  and  of  a thing  in 
esse.  Burrill. 

Mental  reservation,  a saying  what  is  true,  and  to  be 
believed,  so  far  as  the  words  used  are  understood,  but 
adding  mentally  some  qualification  which  makes  it 
not  to  he  true  ; mental  restriction  ; as  when  a debtor, 
asked  by  his  creditor  for  payment  of  his  debt,  says, 
“ I will  certainly  pay  you  to-morrow,”  adding  to 
himself, “in  part,”  — whereas  the  words  audibly  ut- 
tered referred  to  the  whole  amount.  Fleming. 

Syn. — Reservation  and  reserve  both  signify  a keep- 
ing hack,  or  something  kept  hack.  Reserve  is  used 
in  a good  sense  for  keeping  back,  or  for  something 
kept  back,  for  future  use.  Reservation  is  an  artful 
keeping  back  for  selfish  purposes.  An  army  of  re- 
serve ; a prudent  reserve.  Equivocators  often  deal  in 
mental  reservations. 

f R(l-§ERV'A-TlVE,  a.  Reserving.  Cotgrave. 

RE-§ERV'A-TO-RY,  n.  A place  in  which  things 
are  reserved  ; a ’depository  ; a repository. 

RF.-fJERVE'  (re-zerv'),  v.  a.  [L.  reservo ; re,  again, 
back,  and  servo,  to  keep  ; It.  risefr&are ; Sp.  re- 
servar-,  Fr.  reserver.]  [i.  reserved  ; pp.  re- 
serving, RESERVED.] 

1.  To  keep  or  hold  back  for  future  use,  or  for 
some  other  purpose ; to  lay  up  in  store. 

Man  over  men 

He  made  not  Mrd:  such  title  to  himself 
Reserving,  human  left  from  human  free.  Milton. 

2.  To  keep  ; to  retain  ; to  hold. 

Will  he  reserve  his  anger  for  ever?  will  he  keep  it  to  the 
end?  Jer.  iii.  5. 

3.  To  take  out;  to  except,  [u.] 

In  this  same  decree,  which  so  remarkably  reserves  the  ab- 
stinence from  blood,  the  Sabbath  is  not  at  all  reserved  as  a- 
thing  either  of  necessity  or  expedience.  Bp.  Horsley. 

Syn.  — To  reserve  signifies  to  keep  in  store  or  hold 
back,  and  is  applied  to  an  act  of  prudence  that  is  al- 
lowable ; to  retain  is  applied  to  acts  either  lawful  or 
unlawful.  It  is  often  proper  to  reserve  something  for 
future  use  ; things  may  be  lawfully  or  unlawfully  re- 
tained. 

RE-^ERVE'  (re-zerv'),  n.  1.  Store  kept  un- 
touched ; something  reserved  or  kept  for  future 
use  or  disposal  ; reservation. 

The  virgins,  besides  the  oil  in  their  lamps,  carried  likewise 
a reserve  in  some  other  vessel  for  a continual  supply.  Tillotson. 

2.  Something  concealed  in  the  mind  or  inten- 
tion ; a secret  thought,  motive,  or  purpose. 

However  any  one  may  concur  in  the  general  scheme,  it  is 
still  with  certain  reserves  and  deviations,  and  with  a salvo  to 
his  own  private  judgment.  Addison. 

3.  Exception  in  favor  or  against. 

Each  has  some  darling  lust  which  pleads  for  a reserve.  Rogers. 

What  reserve  forbids  to  taste?  Milton. 

4.  The  act  or  the  habit  of  keeping  back  or 
restraining  the  mind  or  affections  through  mod- 
esty or  prudence ; caution  in  personal  inter- 
course ; uncommunicativeness  ; taciturnity. 

Reserve  is  no  more  essentially  connected  with  understand- 
ing than  a church  organ  with  devotion,  or  wine  with  good- 
nature. Sh  enslave. 

II  is  life  was.  in  every  part  of  it.  set  off  with  that  graceful 
modesty  and  reserve  which  made  his  virtues  more  beautiful 
the  more  they  were  cast  in  such  agreeable  shades.  Addison. 

5.  {Mil.)  A select  body  of  troops  kept  in  the 
rear  of  an  army  in  action,  to  give  support  or 
assistance  when  required.  Glos.  of  Mil.  Terms. 

6.  (Mining.)  A part  of  a lode  laid  bare  by  the 
exploring  and  regular  work  of  a mine,  from  which 
the  ore  can  be  at  any  time  removed.  Ansted. 


To  search  again.  Wright. 
One  who  makes  research. 
a.  Making  or  implying  re- 
Coleridge. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  9,  9,  *,  soft;  C,  6,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z ; £ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


RESERVED 


'1222 


RESINOUS 


7.  (Chem.)  Resist.  — See  Resist.  Parnell. 

Syn.  — See  Reservation. 

RE-NERVED'  (re-zervd'),  a.  Having  reserve ; cau- 
tious in  personal  intercourse ; not  communica- 
tive ; taciturn  ; not  open  ; not  frank  ; distant. 

A reserved  man  is  in  continual  conflict  with  the  social  part 
of  his  nature,  and  even  grudges  himsell1  the  laugh  into  which 
he  is  sometimes  betrayed.  Sheris  tone. 

Syn.  — See  Distant. 

RE-^ERV'IJD-LY,  ad.  With  reserve ; not  frankly. 

Ep-§ERV'JJD-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  re- 
served ; want  of  frankness  ; reserve. 

RE§-IJR-VEE'  (130),  n.  (Law.)  One  to  whom  some- 
thing is  reserved ; — opposed  to  reservor . Story. 

R5-§ERV'?R  (re-zerv'er),  n.  One  who  reserves. 

RE§-^R-VOIR'  (rez-er-vwor'),  n.  [Fr.]  A place 
where  any  thing  is  kept  in  store  ; — particular- 
ly, a cistern,  tank,  or  pond  in  which  water  is 
collected  and  preserved  for  various  purposes. 

The  vast  reservoir,  in  seasons  of  drought,  supplied  the 
city  and  the  adjacent  country  with  water.  lip.  Horsley. 

RE§-f.R-VOR',n.  (Law.)  One  who  reserves.  Story. 

RE-SET',  v.  a.  1.  To  set  again  or  anew. 

2.  (Printing.)  To  set  or  compose  anew,  as 
types.  Burney. 

RE-SET',  n.  (Scotch  Law.)  The  act  of  receiv- 
ing goods  known  to  have  been  stolen,  or  of  har- 
boring the  person  of  the  thief.  Erskine. 

RE'SET,  n.  (Printing.)  Matter  reset.  Wright. 

Rp-SET',  v.  a.  To  receive,  as  stolen  goods,  or  to 
harbor,  as  the  thief.  [Scotland.]  Jamieson. 

RE-SET'TgR,  71.  (Scotch  Laic.)  A receiver  of 
goods,  known  to  have  been  stolen.  Erskine. 

RE-SET'TLE,  v.  a.  To  settle  again.  “To  resettle 
men  in  their  just  rights.”  Waterland. 

RE-SET'TLE-MENT,  n.  1.  Act  of  settling  again. 

To  the  . . . resettlement  of  my  discomposed  soul,  I consider 
that  grief  is  the  most  absurd  of  all  the  passions.  Norris. 

2.  The  state  of  settling  or  being  settled' again  ; 
new  settlement.  “Their  [the  Israelites]  reset- 
tlement in  the  Holy  Land.”  Bp.  Horsley. 

RE-SHAPE',  v.  a.  To  shape  anew.  Ed.  Rev. 

RE-SHIP',  v.  a.  To  ship  a second  time.  Clarke. 

RE-SHIP'MpNT,  n.  1.  The  act  of  reshipping. 

2.  Things  reshipped.  Simmonds. 

||  t RE.*>'I-ANCE  [rez'e-fins,  Sin.  Wr.;  re’she-jns, 
Ja. ; re-sl'jns,  S. ; rez'ysins,  K ] , n . [Low  L.  re- 
seancia;  Fr.  resseantise.]  (Law.)  Residence; 
abode ; dwelling.  Bacon. 

||  r R E§'1- A N’T,  a.  [Old  Fr.  resseanti]  Resident ; 
continually  dwelling  in  a place.  Spenser. 

)|  f RE§'I-ANT,  n.  A resident.  Sir  J.  Hawkins. 

RE-iJIDE'  (re-zl(l'),  v.n.  [L.  resideo,  rcsido  ; re, 
again,  and  sedeo,  to  sit;  It.  risedere ; Sp.  resi- 
dir ; Fr.  resider.]  [ i . resided  ; pp.  residing, 

RESIDED.] 

1.  To  have  abode  ; to  live ; to  dwell ; to  in- 
habit ; to  sojourn  ; to  abide  ; — applied  to  per- 
sons. 

At  the  moated  grange  resides  this  dejected  Mariana.  Shak. 

2.  To  continue;  to  remain;  to  stay  ; — ap- 
plied to  things,  [r.]  . 

Far  from  your  capital  my  ship  resides. 

At  Reithrus,  and  secure  at  uuchor  rides.  Pope. 

3.  fTo  fall  to  the  bottom  ; to  sink  ; to  sub- 
side ; to  settle.  Boyle. 

Syn.  — See  Abide. 

RES'j-DENCE,  n.  [It.  residenza ; Sp .residencies-, 
Fr.  residence-,  — from  L.  resideo,  residens,  to 
reside.] 

1.  The  act,  the  state,  or  the  habit  of  dwelling 
or  abiding  in  a place;  the  act  or  the  state  of 
being  resident ; habitancy  ; inhabitancy. 

lizr*  “ Residence  imports  not  only  personal  presence 
in  a place,  but  an  attachment  to  it  by  those  acts  or 
habits  which  express  tile  clo-est  connection  between 
a person  ami  a place,  as  by  usually  sitting  or  tiling 
there.”  Burrill. 

2.  A place  of  abode  ; a dwelling  ; a house  ; 
a mansion  ; a habitation  ; a domicile. 

Caprea  had  been  the  retirement  of  Augustus  for  some  time, 
and  the  resilience  of  Tiberius  for  several  years.  Addison. 

JE3*  There  is  a difference  between  a man’s  residence 


and  bis  domicile.  He  may  have  his  domicile  in  Phila- 
delphia, and  still  he  may  have  a residence  in  New 
York  ; for  although  a man  can  have  hut  one  domicile, 
ho  may  havo  several  residences.  A residence  is  gener- 
ally transient  in  its  nature;  it  becomes  a domicile 
when  it  is  taken  up  witli  the  intention  of  remaining 
there  for  an  unlimited  time.  Bouoier. 

3.  fThat  which  settles  at  the  bottom  of 
liquors  ; sediment ; lees  ; dregs.  Bacon. 

Syn.  — See  Mansion. 

RE§'I-DEN-CY,  n.  Residence.  Hale. 

RE§'I-DENT,  a.  [L.  resideo,  residens,  to  reside  ; 
It.  § Sp.  residents,  Fr.  resident.) 

1.  Dwelling,  or  having  abode,  in  any  place ; 
living  ; inhabiting  ; abiding  ; residing. 

He  is  not  said  to  be  resident  in  a place  who  comes  thither 
with  a purpose  of  retiring  immediately.  Aylifi'e. 

2.  + Fixed;  stationary;  — applied  to  things. 

"Resident  like  a rock.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

RE§'I-DENT,  n.  1.  One  who  resides  in  a place  ; 
an  inhabitant.  Burrill. 

2.  (International  Laic.)  A minister  of  the 
third  order,  less  in  dignity  than  an  ambassador 
or  an  envoy.  Bouvier. 

The  pope  fears  the  English  will  suffer  nothing  like  a resi- 
dent or  consul  in  his  kingdoms.  Addison. 

Syn.  — See  Ambassador. 

RE§'I-DENT-J£R,  n.  A resident,  [r.]  Cli.  Ob. 

RE§-I-DEN'TIAL,  a.  Relating  to  residence.  “ His 
dwelling,  or  residential  abode.”  Waterland. 

RE§-I-DEN'TI-A-RY  (rez-e-den'she-^-re),  a.  Hold- 
ing residence.  More. 

RE§-I-DEN'TI-A-RY,  n.  An  ecclesiastic  who 
keeps  a certain  residence.  Atterbury. 

RE§-I-DEN'TI-A-RY-SHIP,  n.  The  station  of  a 
residentiary.  Wood. 

RE^'I-D^NT-SIIIP,  n . The  office  or  dignity  of  a 
resident.  Wood. 

R£-§iD'J£R,  n.  One  who  resides  ; a resident. 

Rp-^ID'y-AL  (re-zid'yu-al),  a.  [It.  residual#.’]  Re- 
lating to  the  residue  ; remaining,  [it.]  Johnson. 

Residual  charge , (Elec.)  a charge  of  electricity  spon- 
taneously acquired  by  coated  glass,  or  any  other 
coated  dielectric  after  a discharge,  owing  to  the  slow 
return  to  the  surface  of  that  part  of  the  original  charge 
which  had  penetrated  within  the  dielectric.  Faraday. 

— Residual  phenomenon , that  part  of  a complicated 
phenomenon  which  is  left  unexplained  after  estimat- 
ing and  subducting  the  effects  of  all  known  causes, 
and  which  sometimes  leads  to,  or  confirms,  important 
discoveries  ; — as  the  diminution  of  the  periodical  time 
of  Encke’s  comet,  from  which  the  existence  of  a re- 
sisting medium,  pervading  the  celestial  regions,  was 
inferred.  Ilcrschcl.  — Residual  root , (Math.)  a root 
composed  of  two  parts  or  members,  connected  together 
by  the  sign  minus,  as  a — b,  or  5 — 3.  Hutton.  — Re- 
sidual figure , (Gcom.)  the  figure  remaining  after  sub- 
stracting  a less  figure  from  a greater  one.  Hutton. — 
Residual,  analysis , a branch  of  analysis  which  proceeds 
by  taking  the  difference  of  a function  in  two  different 
states,  and  then  expressing  the  relation  between  this 
difference  and  the  difference  of  the  corresponding 
states  of  the  variable;  Davies. 

R?-§ID'U-A-RY  (re-zid'yu-ft-re),  a.  [It.  residua- 
rio.)  Pertaining  to  the  residue  or  remainder. 

The  residuary  advantage  of  the  estate.  Ayliffe. 

Residuary  danse , (Law.)  that  clause  in  a will  by 
which  a testator  disposes  of  such  part  of  his  estate  as 
remains  undisposed  of  bv  previous  devises  or  bequests. 

— Residuary  devisee , the  person  named  in  a will,  who 
is  to  take  all  the  real  property  over  and  above  the 
other  devises.  — Residuary  estate,  that  part  of  a testa- 
tor’s estate  and  effects  which  remains  after  payment 
of  debts  and  legacies.  — Residuary  legatee , the  person 
to  whom  a testator  bequeaths  the  residue  of  his  per- 
sonal estate,  after  the  payment  of  such  other  legacies 
as  are  specifically  mentioned  in  the  will.  Burrill. 

REf*5'l-DUE  (rez'e-du),  n.  [L.  residuum  ; re,  again, 
and  sedeo,  to  sit;  It.  # Sp.  residuo  ; Fr.  residu.] 

1.  The  remaining  part ; that  which  is  left  after 
a xtfirt  is  taken  ; the  remainder  ; the  rest. 

The  residue  . . . forsook  their  captains  and  fled.  North. 

2.  (Laic.)  The  surplus  of  a testator’s  estate 

remaining  after  all  the  debts  and  particular  leg- 
acies have  been  discharged.  Burrill. 

Syn.  — See  Remainder. 

RE-fjjlD'U-OM,  n%  [L .]  1.  (Chem.)  That  which 

remains  after  the  volatile  parts  have  been  driven 
off  by  heat  or  otherwise  separated.  Parkcs. 

2.  (Law.)  Surplus ; residue.  Burrill. 


RJJ-^IGN'  (re-zln'),  v.  a.  [L.  resigno  ; re,  again, 
back,  and  signo,  to  sign  ; It.  rassegnare  ; Sp. 
resignar ; F’r.  resigner .]  [i.  resigned  ; pp.  re- 
signing, RESIGNED.] 

1.  To  give  up  ; to  yield  ; to  surrender  ; to  re- 
nounce ; to  relinquish  ; abdicate ; to  abandon. 

To  her  thou  didst  resign  thy  place.  Milton. 

To  you  file  glorious  conflict  I resign.  Pope. 

2.  To  give  up  or  submit  in  confidence ; to 
confide  ; — sometimes  with  up  emphatical. 

What  more  reasonable  than  that  we  should,  in  all  things, 
resign  up  ourselves  to  the  will  of  God?  TilhUon. 

Syn.  — See  Abandon. 

fRlJ-ijIGN'  (re-zin'),  n.  Resignation.  "Beau.  Sj  FI. 

RE-SIGN'  (re-sin'),  v.  a.  To  sign  again.  Ency. 

RE§-IG-NA'TION  (rez-jg-na'shun),  71.  [It.  7-asse- 
gnazione  ; Sp  .resignation-,  Fr.  resignatioiiA 

1.  Act  of  resigning  or  giving  up  ; surrender. 

Do  that  office  of  thine  own  good  will. 

The  resignation  of  thy  state  and  crown.  Shak. 

2.  The  state  of  being  resigned,  particularly 
to  the  will  of  God  ; patience;  endurance;  sub- 
mission ; acquiescence. 

Resignation  superadds  to  patience  a submissive  disposition 
respecting  the  intelligent  cause  of  our  uneasiness.  It  ac- 
knowledges both  the  power  and  the  right  of  a superior  to 

Logan. 

Syn.  — See  Patience. 

R]J-§IGNED'  (re-zlnd'),  p.  a.  1.  Given  up  ; sur- 
rendered ; yielded. 

2.  Feeling  resignation  ; submissive;  patient; 
complying  ; obedient ; unresisting. 

A firm,  yet  cautious,  mind; 

Sincere,  though  prudent;  constant,  yet  resigned.  Pope. 

RI£-§IGN'ED-LY  (re-zln'ed-le),  ad.  With  resigna- 
tion ; submissively ; obediently.  Todd. 

RE§-IGN-EE'  (rez-e-ne'),  n.  (Law.)  One  in  favor 
of  whom  a resignation  is  made.  Bouvier . 

RE-§IGN'£R  (re-zln'er),  n.  One  who  resigns. 

f RE-§lGN'M^NT,  n.  Resignation.  Wotton. 

RFi-^ILE',  v.n.  [L.  resilio ; re,  back,  and  salio , 
to  leap.]  [i.  resiled  ; pp.  resiling,  resiled.] 
To  start  back  ; to  fly  from  ; to  recoil. 

The  more  I resiled  from  their  excessive  civilities,  the  more 
I was  loaded  with  them.  Hume. 

IIow  completely  he  [R.  Hall]  had  resiled  from  Socin- 
ianism.  Rogers. 

||  R]£-»SIL  I-ENCE  (re-zil  e-ens),  P [L.  resilio, 

||  Rjp-^IL'I-^N-CY  (re-zil'e-en-se),  ) rest  liens.)  The 
act  of  starting  or  leaping  back  ; a rebounding. 

The  common  resiliency  of  the  mind  from  one  extreme  to 
the  other.  Johnson. 

||  R^-SjIL'I-ENT  [re-zil'e-ent,  W.  P.  Ja.  Sm. ; re- 
sil'yent,  S.  F.  A’.],  a.  Starting  or  springing  back ; 
rebounding ; recoiling.  Johnson. 

RE£>-I-Ll"TrON  (rez-e-llsh'un),  n.  The  act  of 
springing  back  ; recoil ; resilience.  JoJinson. 

RE^'IN,  n.  [Gr.  (uirivy,  resin,  from  ptio,  to  flow; 
L.,  It.,  Sp.  re  sin  a ; Fr.  resine.')  (Chem.)  A 
name  applied  to  inspissated  exudations  from 
certain  families  of  plants,  and  generally  ob- 
tained in  the  form  of  a viscid  liquid,  or  in  a 
state  of  solution  in  some  essential  oil ; rosin. 

jQCtT*  Resins  are  brittle,  inflammable,  transparent  or 
translucent,  resemble  each  other  in  chemical  composi- 
tion, are  insoluble  in  water,  but  soluble  in  alcohol, 
ether,  and  essential  oils,  are  insulators  of  electricity, 
become  negatively  electric  by  friction,  and  are  exten- 
sively used  as  the  basis  of  varnishes,  and  for  other 
purposes.  Many  resins  are  formed  by  the  oxidation  of 
essential  oils,  are  crystallizable  from  their  solutions 
in  alcohol,  and  possess  acid  characters,  combining 
with  alkalies,  and  forming  what  are  called  resinous 
soaps.  Among  the  more  important  ones  are  common 
rosin  or  colophony,  guaiacurn,  lac,  sandarach,  mastich, 
eleini,  and  dragon’s  blood.  — Gum  resins  are  the  in- 
spissated milky  juices  of  many  plants,  consisting 
chiefly  of  the  peculiar  resins  and  essential  oils  of  the 
plants  mixed  with  a large  proportion  of  gum.  Among 
them  are  myrrh,  aloes,  assafoetida,  gamboge,  scatn- 
mony,  &c.  Turner.  Miller. 

RE§-I-NIF'£R-OUS,  a.  [L.  resina,  resin,  and 
fero,  to  bear.]  Yielding  resin.  Ure. 

RE§'|N-I-FORM,  a.  [L.  resina , resin,  and  forma, 
form.]  Having  the  form  of  resin.  Smart. 

RE§'I-NO— p-LEC'TRIC,  a.  (Elec.)  Noting  sub- 
stances which  become  resinously  or  negative- 
ly electrified  by  friction,  as  amber,  sealing  wax, 
&c.  Ure. 

REf-5'IN-OUS,  a.  [L.  resinosus  ; resina , resin  ; It. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  t;,  Y,  short;  A,  I*  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; IIEIR,  HER; 


RESINOUSNESS 


1223 


RESONANCE 


Sj  Sp.  resinoso;  Fr.  resineux.]  Containing,  con- 
sisting of,  or  resembling,  resin.  Boyle. 

Resinous  electricity,  one  of  the  two  kinds  o(  elec- 
tricity developed  by  the  friction  of  various  bodies  and 
in  numerous  other  wavs,  simultaneously  with  vitreous 
or  positive  electricity;  negative  electricity  ; — so 
called  because  resins  and  resinous  substances  often 
acquire  this  kind  of  electricity  when  rubbed,  while 
the  rubber,  if  insulated,  acquires  the  opposite  or  vitre- 
ous electricity.  Young. 

RE$'IN-OlJS-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  resinous. 

RES-I-PIS'CIJNOE,  n.  [L.  resipiscentia;  resipisco, 
to  come  to  one’s  senses  again  ; It.  recipiscenza  ; 
Fr.  resiptscence .]  Wisdom  after  the  tact ; re- 
pentance. [it.]  IF.  Mountagu. 

RF.-tjIST',  v.  a.  [L.  resisto;  re,  again,  and  sisto, 
to  stand  ; It.  resistere ; Sp.  resistir  ; Fr.  resister.] 
[t.  RESISTED;  pp.  RESISTING,  RESISTED.] 

1.  To  strive  or  act  against ; to  counteract ; to 
oppose  ; to  withstand  ; to  confront. 

Not  more  almighty  to  resist  our  might 

Than  wise  to  frustrate  all  our  plots  and  wiles.  Hilton. 

2.  To  withstand,  so  as  not  to  be  impressed  by. 

Nor  keen  nor  solid  could  resist  that  edge.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Oppose. 

RIJ-^IST',  v.  n.  To  make  opposition.  Shak. 

RESIST',  n.  ( Applied  Chem.)  A name  given  to 
various  substances  which  are  topically  applied 
in  calico  printing  as  a means  of  producing  a 
white  or  a colored  design  on  a colored  ground, 
and  which  have  the  property  of  preventing  the 
attachment  or  development  of  color,  when  the 
whole  surface  of  the  cloth  is  afterwards  impreg- 
nated with  a dyeing  material  ; — called  also  re- 
sist paste,  and  reserve.  Parnell. 

R1J-§IST'  ANCE,  n.  [It.  resistenza ; Sp.  resistencia ; 
Fr.  resistance .] 

1.  The  act  of  resisting  ; opposition. 

Demetrius,  seeing  . . . that  no  resistance  was  made  against 

him,  sent  away  all  his  forces.  1 Macc.  xi.  38. 

2.  (Physics.)  A force  which  acts  in  opposition 
to  another  so  as  to  destroy  or  to  diminish  its 
effect ; a power  by  which  motion,  or  a tendency 
to  motion,  is  impeded  or  prevented.  Hutton. 

Resistance  of  solids , ( Mech.)  tho  force  with  which 
the  quiescent  parts  of  solid  bodies  oppose  the  motion 
of  other  parts  contiguous  to  them,  constituting  friction 
when  the  quiescent  and  moving  bodies  are  only  con- 
tiguous and  do  not  cohere,  and  renitency  when  the  re- 
sisting and  resisted  parts  are  parts  of  the  same  body 
or  mass.  Hutton. — Resistance  of  liquids,  ( Hydrody- 
namics.)  the  force  with  which  bodies  moving  in 
liquids  are  impeded  or  retarded  in  their  motion,  owing 
partly  to  tile  inertia  of  the  liquid,  and  partly  to  the 
cohesion  of  its  particles.  Hutton.  — Resistance  of  the 
air,  the  force  with  which  the  motion  of  bodies,  espe- 
cially of  projectiles,  is  retarded  by  the  opposition  of 
tile  air  or  atmosphere.  — Solid  of  least  resistance , the 
solid  whose  figure  is  such  that,  in  its  motion  through 
a fluid,  it  sustains  less  resistance  than  any  other  of 
the  same  height,  base,  and  contents.  Hatton. 

Rg-§IST'ANT,  a.  Making  resistance ; striving 
against ; opposing  ; resistive.  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

+ RE-fjIST’ ANT,  n.  One  who,  or  that  which,  re- 
sists. Pearson. 

f RIJ-^IST'JJNT,  a.  Resistant.  Bacon. 

RE-§IST'fJR,  n.  One  tvho  resists.  Austin. 

Rf.-^IST-I-BlL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being  re- 
sistible. Hammond. 

Rp-^IST'I-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  resisted.  Hale. 

RE-§IST'ING-LY,  ad.  With  resistance  or  oppo- 
sition ; so  as  to  resist.  Udal. 

RE-§IST'IVE,  a.  Having  power  to  resist.  B.  Jonson. 

RE1-§IST'HJSS,  a.  1.  That  cannot  be  resisted  ; 
irresistible.  “ Resistless  power.”  Dryden. 

2.  That  cannot  resist;  helpless.  “The  re- 
sistless prey.”  Spenser. 

RIJ-^IST'LESS-LY,  ad.  So  as  not  to  be  resisted 
or  denied ; irresistibly.  Blackwall. 

RE-§tST'LIJSS-NESS,  n.  Irresistibleness.  Clarke. 

RE§'0-LU-BLE  [rez'o-lu-bl,  IF.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  K. 
Sm.  C. ; re-sol'u-bl,  S.],  a.  [L.  resolubilis ; re- 
sole o,  resolutus,  to  resolve  ; It.  risolubile ; Sp. 
resoluble-,  Fr.  resoluble.']  That  may  be  resolved 
or  melted;  resolvable.  “Bodies  . . . resoluble 

by  fire.”  Boyle. 

RE§'0-LU-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state 
of  being  resoluble  ; resolvableness.  Boyle. 


RE§'0-LUTE,  a.  [It.  risoluto-,  Sp.  rcsuelto ; Fr. 
resolui]  Fixed  or  steadfast  in  purpose  ; deter- 
mined ; constant ; firm ; inflexible ; stanch  ; 
persevering ; unwavering  ; undaunted  ; un- 
shaken. “A  resolute  and  valiant  man.”  North. 

Syn.  — See  Enterprising. 

RE^'O-LUTE,  n.  1.  A resolute  or  determined 
person,  [r.]  Shak. 

2.  f Repayment;  redelivery.  Burnet. 

RE^'O-LUTE-LY,  ad.  In  a resolute  manner ; 
with  resolution  ; firmly.  Roscommon. 

RE^'O-LUTE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  reso- 
lute ; fixed  determination  ; resolution.  Boyle. 

RE§-0-LU'TI0N  (rez-o-lu'shun),  n.  [L.  rcsolutio  ; 
resolvo,  to  resolve  ; It.  risoluzione ; Sp.  resolu- 
cion ; Fr.  resolution.] 

1.  The  act  of  separating  the  parts  of  any 
thing,  or  reducing  it  to  its  constituent  parts  or 
first  principles  ; analysis  ; decomposition. 

2.  The  state  or  the.  process  of  dissolving,  as 

ice  ; dissolution  ; solution.  Digby. 

3.  The  act  or  the  process  of  disentangling  or 
clearing  away,  as  perplexities  ; explication. 

The  unravelling  and  resolution  of  the  difficulties  that  are 
met  with  in  the  execution  of  the  design,  are  the  end  of  an 
action.  Dryden • 

4.  The  act  of  resolving;  fixed  or  settled  de- 
termination or  purpose  ; decision  ; firmness ; 
constancy  ; steadiness  ; energy  ; courage. 

The  resolution  to  act  those  monstrous  things.  Clarendon. 
What  reinforcement  we  may  gain  from  hope, 

If  not,  what  resolution  from  despair.  Milton. 

5.  (Law.)  Formerly,'  a solemn  judgment  or 

decision  of  a court.  Coke.  — In  the  civil  law, 
the  act  by  which  a contract,  which  existed  and 
was  good,  is  rendered  null.  Bouvier. 

6.  (Legislation.)  A declaration  passed  by  a 

legislature  or  other  assembly,  or  proposed  to  it 
for  determination.  Burnet. 

7.  (Math.)  The  operation  of  finding  such 

values  of  unknown  quantities  as  will  satisfy  a 
given  equation  or  answer  the  conditions  of  a 
given  problem  ; solution.  Davies. 

A problem  may  be  divided  into  three  parts  — the  proposi- 
tion, the  resolution , und  the  demonstration.  Braude. 

8.  (Med.)  Removal  or  disappearance,  as  of  a 

disease.  Dunglison. 

9.  (Mtts.)  A modulation,  or  change  of  har- 

mony, by  which  the  unaccording  note  of  any 
discord  falls  to  one  of  the  concording  notes  of 
the  succeeding  harmony.  Moore. 

10.  f Conviction;  assurance.  Old  Play. 

Resolution  of  forces,  (Mech.)  tile  resolving  or  divid- 
ing of  any  one  force  or  motion  into  two  or  more  others 
acting  in  different  directions,  which,  taken  together, 
shall  have  the  same  effect  as  t lie  single  one.  It  is  the  re- 
verse of  tile  composition  of  forces  or  motions.  Hutton.  — 
Resolution  of  a quantity  into  its  fuctors,  the  operation 
of  finding  two  or  more  factors  whose  product  shall 
be  equal  to  the  given  quantity.  — Resolution  of  an 
equation,  (Algebra.)  the  operation  of  finding  sucll 
values  for  the  unknown  quantities  which  enter  it,  as 
will  satisfy  the  equation  when  substituted  for  those 
quantities  ; — same  as  solution  of  an  equation.  Davies. 
— Resolution  of  a problem,  the  operation  of  finding 
such  values  for  the  unknown  quantities  as  will  satis- 
fy the  conditions  of  the  problem  ; — same  as  solution 
of  a problem.  Davies. 

Syn.  — See  Courage,  Decision. 

f RE^-O-LU'TION-ER,  n.  One  who  joins  with 
others  in  passing  a resolution.  Burnet. 

RE^-O-LU'TION-IST,  n.  One  who  makes  a reso- 
lution ; a resolutioner.  [r.]  Qu.  Rev. 

RE^'O-LU-TI  VE,  a.  [Fr.  resolutif.]  Having  the 
power  to  dissolve  or  relax,  [r!]  Holland. 

RE-iSOLV-A-BIL'l-TY,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state 
of  being  resolvable.  Lord  Rosse. 

RE-^OLV'A-BLE,  a.  1.  That  may  be  resolved  or 
separated  into  constituent  parts ; decomposable. 

The  serum  of  the  blood  is  resolvable  by  a small  bent. 

Arbuthnot. 

2.  That  may  be  solved;  capable  of  solution; 
soluble.  “ Causes  best  resolvable.”  Browne. 

3.  That  may  be  reduced  into  first  principles. 

The  actions  of  ingratitude  seem  directly  resolvable  into 
pride.  South. 

RJJ-§OLV'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
resolvable  ; resolvability.  Clarke. 

RESOLVE'  (re-zolv'),  v.  a.  [L.  resolvo-,  re,  again, 
and  solvo,  to  loosen,  to  separate;  It.  risolvere ; 


Sp.  resolver-,  Fr.  resoudre.]  [i.  resolved;  pp. 

RESOLVING,  RESOLVED.] 

1.  To  separate  or  reduce  into  component 
parts  or  first  principles ; to  decompose ; to 
decompound;  to  analyze. 

Ye  immortal  souls  who  once  were  men, 

And  now  resolved  to  elements  again.  Dryden. 

2.  To  reduce  to  a liquid  state ; to  dissolve  ; 
to  melt ; to  liquefy. 

O that  this  too,  too  solid  flesh  would  melt. 

Thaw,  and  resolve  itself  into  a dew.  Shale. 

3.  To  clear  or  disentangle,  as  of  difficulties; 
to  solve  ; to  explain ; to  interpret ; to  unfold ; 
to  decipher.  “ I resolve  the  riddle.”  K.  Charles. 

Examine,  sift,  and  resolve  their  alleged  proofs.  Hooker. 

4.  To  free  from  doubt  or  uncertainty;'  to  in- 
form ; to  apprise ; to  acquaint. 

I will  resolve  your  grace  immediately.  Shak. 

Resolve  me,  strangers,  whence  and  what  you  are.  Dryden. 

5.  To  settle  in  opinion  ; to  make  certain,  [it.] 
Long  since  we  were  resolved  of  your  truth.  Shak. 

6.  To  fix  in  determination  or  purpose;  to  de- 
termine ; to  decide. 

Resolved  on  death,  resolved  to  die  in  arms.  Dryden. 

7.  To  fix  in  resolution;  to  confirm. 

Quit  presently  the  chapel,  or  resolve  you 

l or  more  amazement.  Shak. 

8.  fTo  relax;  to  loosen.  “Ilis  limbs  re- 
solved through  idle  leisure.”  Spenser. 

9.  (Med.)  To  disperse,  as  a tumor.  Dunglison. 

10.  (Math.)  To  solve  by  the  operation  of  find- 

ing what  is  sought  or  required,  as  an  equation 
by  finding  such  values  for  its  unknown  quanti- 
ties as  will  satisfy  the  equation,  or  a problem  by 
finding  such  values  for  the  unknown  quantities 
as  will  satisfy  its  conditions.  Hutton. 

11.  (Legislation.)  To  declare  by  resolution 
or  vote  ; as,  “ Be  it  resolved,”  &c. 

To  resolve  a discord,  (Mus.)  to  make  a discord  pass 
into  a concord.  Dwight. 

Syn.  — See  Solve. 

RESOLVE'  (re-zolv'),  v.  n.  1.  To  be  dissolved; 
to  dissolve  ; to  melt ; to  liquefy. 

As  a form  of  wax 

Resolveth  from  its  figure  ’gainst  the  tire.  Shak. 

2.  To  determine  within  one’s  self ; to  form  a 
resolution  ; to  intend  ; to  purpose.  Milton. 

3.  To  be  settled  in  opinion,  [r.] 

Let  men  resolve  of  that  as  they  please.  Locke. 

4.  To  separate  into  component  parts  or  first 
principles,  as  a gas ; to  be  decomposed.  Wright. 

5.  (Legislation.)  To  make  a declaration  by 
resolution  or  vote. 

RESOLVE'  (re-zolv'),  n.  1.  Fixed  determination 
or  purpose ; resolution  ; intention ; purpose. 
“ His  bold  resolve.”  Denham. 

2.  (Legislation.)  A declaration  passed  by  a 
legislative  or  other  body  ; a resolution. 

RE-§OLVED'  (re-z51vd'),  p.  a.  1.  Fully  deter- 
mined. “ Resolved  to  die  in  arms.”  Dryden. 

2.  (Legislation.)  Declared. 

RE-§OLV'IJD-LY,  ad.  With  determination,  firm- 
ness, or  constancy.  Grew. 

RB-.SOEV'ED-NESS,  n.  Fixedness  of  purpose ; 
firmness  ; resolution.  Decay  of  Chr.  Piety. 

Rf-^OLV'fND,  n.  ( Arith .)  A number  which 

arises  from  increasing  the  remainder  after  sub- 
traction, in  the  process  of  extracting  the  square 
cr  the  cube  root.  Crabb. 

RJi-fjOLV'iJNT,  a.  [It.  risolvente ; Fr.  resolvant.] 
Having  power  to  dissolve ; causing  solution ; 
resolving ; solvent.  Arbuthnot. 

R]J-i?OLV'IjNT,  n.  1.  That  which  dissolves  or 
causes  solution  ; a solvent.  Wiseman. 

2.  (Med.)  A substance  which  resolves  or  re- 
pels tumors  ; a discuticnt.  Dunglison. 

R]J-§OLV'ER,  n.  One  who,  or  that  which,  re- 
solves. Hammond.  Burke. 

RE-^OLV'ING,  n.  Act  of  one  who  resolves;  de- 
termination ; resolution.  Clarendon. 

RE^'O-NANCE  (rez'o-nans),  n.  [It.  risonanza; 
Sp.  resonancia ; Fr.  resonnance .] 

1.  Return  or  reverberation  of  sound  ; a re- 
sounding. Boyle. 

2.  (Mus.)  The  return  of  sound  by  the  air  act- 
i ing  on  the  bodies  of  stringed  instruments. 

I Brande. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE. — 9,  $,  9,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z ; as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


RESONANT 


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RESPLENDENCY 


3.  ( Med .)  A thrilling  of  the  voice  more  loud 
than  is  natural: — the  sound  of  the  voice  as 
heard  in  the  bronchial  tubes ; bronchophony. 

Dunglison. 

4.  ( Acoustics .)  The  property  of  sonorous 

bodies  by  which  they  vibrate  in  unison  with  the 
vibrations  of  other  bodies,  and  strengthen  the 
original  note  ; as,  “ The  notes  of  a musical  box 
are  rendered  louder  by  resonance  when  it  is 
placed  on  a table.”  Hoblyn. 

RE§'0-NANT,  a.  [L.  resono,  resonans,  to  resound  ; 
It.  risonante ; Sp.  resonante  ; Fr.  resonnant.j 
Returning  sound  ; resounding.  Milton. 

R5-SORB',  v.  a.  [L.  resorbeo  ; re,  again,  back, 
and  sorbet),  to  swallow.]  To  swallow  up.  Young. 

RE-SOR'BfNT,  a.  Swallowing  up.  WodhuU. 

RE-SORP'TIO.V,  n.  [Fr.  resorption.]  The  act  of 
absorbing  anew ; reabsorption.  Agassiz. 

R5-§ORT',  v.  n.  [Fr .ressortir,  to  go  or  come  out 
again,  to  set  forth ; re,  again,  and  sortir,  to  go 
or  come  out.]  [i.  resorted  ; pp.  resorting, 

RESORTED.] 

1.  To  have  recourse ; to  betake  one’s  self ; 
to  go ; to  repair  ; to  apply. 

Hither  the  heroes  and  the  nymphs  resort.  l'ojie. 

[He]  thought  it  time  to  resort  to  other  counsels.  Clarendon. 

2.  ( Old  Eng.  Law.)  To  fall  back  ; to  revert. 

The  inheritance  of  the  son  never  resorted  to  the  mother. 

Hale. 

Rf-SjORT',  71.  1.  The  act  of  going,  repairing,  or 

betaking  one’s  self ; recourse  ; application. 
“ Speedy  resold  was  made  thither.”  Golding. 
To  the  attars  of  the  gods  they  made  divine  resorts.  Chapman. 

2.  An  assembling  ; a concourse  ; a meeting  ; 

confluence.  “ Places  of  resort.’’  Swift. 

3.  A place  much  frequented  ; as,  “ That  city 
is  a resort  for  invalids.” 

4.  f [Fr.  ressort.]  Spring ; active  movement 
or  power.  [A  Gallicism.] 

Some  know  the  resorts  and  falls  of  business,  that  cannot 
sink  into  the  main  of  it.  Bacon. 

5.  (Law.)  The  authority  or  jurisdiction  of  a 

court.  Bouvier. 

Dernier  resort,  the  last  resource.  — Last  resort,  the 
last  resource  : — tho  highest  or  ultimate  tribunal. 

R5  ijORT'ER,  n.  One  who  resorts,  frequents,  or 
visits  ; a visitor.  Shak. 

REWOUND'  (re-zound'),  v.  a.  [L.  resono ; re, 
again,  back,  and  sono,  to  sound  ; It.  risuonare  ; 
Sp.  resonar ; Fr.  resonner.]  [(.  resounded; 

pp.  RESOUNDING;  RESOUNDED.] 

1.  To  send  back  or  return  the  sound  of ; to 
echo ; to  reverberate. 

And  Albion’s  cliffs  resound  the  rural  lay.  Pope. 

2.  To  celebrate  or  extol  by  sound  ; to  sound. 

The  sweet  singer  of  Israel  with  his  psaltery  loudly  resound - 

ed  the  innumerable  benefits  of  the  almighty  Creator. Peacham. 
The  man  for  wisdom’s  various  arts  renowned, 

Long  exercised  in  woes,  O muse,  resound.  Pope. 

RfJ-^OUND',  v.  n.  1.  To  sound  or  he  echoed  back. 

What  is  common  fame,  which  sounds  from  all  quarters 
of  the  world,  and  resounds  back  to  them  again,  but  generally 
a loud,  rattling,  impudent  lie?  South. 

2.  To  he  much  and  loudly  mentioned. 

What  resounds  in  fuble  or  romance 

Of  Uther’s  sons?  Milton. 

3.  To  echo ; to  reverberate. 

The  sacred  porticos  resound  with  the  continued  hosannas 
of  the  multitudes.  Horsley. 

IU^OUND',  n.  Return  of  sound ; echo.  Beaumont. 

RE'SOUND,  v.  a.  To  sound  again. 

RIS-SOURCE'  (re-sdrs'),  n.  [Fr.  ressource,  derived 
by  Landais  from  recours , recourse.]  Any  source 
of  aid  or  support ; means  ; expedient ; resort. 

Pallas  viewed 

Ilis  foes  pursuing,  and  his  friends  pursued: 

Used  threatenings  mixed  with  prayers,  his  last  resource. 

ci  o rv  Pry  den. 

Syn.  — See  Expedient. 


RESOURCE  LESS  (re-sSrs'Ies),  a.  AV anting  re- 
source.  “ Resourceless  subjection.”  Burke. 
RE-SOW'  (re-SB'),  v.  a.  To  sow  again.  Bacon. 
t RES'pAsS,  n.  Raspberry.  Herrick. 


RE-SPEAK',  v.  n.  To  speak  again  or  in  return  ; 
to  answer  ; to  reply.  Shak.  | 


Rp-SPECT',  v.  a.  [L.  respicio,  respectus ; re, 
again,  back,  and  specio,  to  look  ; It.  rispettare  ; I 


Sp.  respetar-,  Fr.  respecter.)  \i.  respected; 
pp.  RESPECTING,  RESPECTED.] 

1.  To  have  regard  to ; to  regard.  Shak. 

In  orchards  and  gardens,  we  do  not  so  much  respect  beauty 

as  variety  of  ground  lor  fruits,  trees,  and  herbs.  liucon. 

2.  To  have  relation  to;  to  relate  to.  “The 
allusion  respects  an  ancient  custom.”  Johnson. 

3.  To  consider  or  regard  with  a degree  of  rev- 
erence ; to  think  highly  of ; to  esteem  ; to  honor. 

There  is  nothing  more  terrible  to  a guilty  heart  than  the 
eye  of  a respected  friend.  Sidney. 

I always  loved  and  respected  Sir  William.  Swift. 

4.  fTo  look  towards  ; to  be  directed  towards. 

Palladius  adviseth  the  front  of  his  house  should  so  respect 

the  south.  Browne. 

R^-SPECT',  n.  [L.  respectus ; It.  rispetto ; Sp. 
rcspecto  ; Fr.  respect. \ 

1.  Regard;  reverence;  veneration ; homage ; 
honor  ; esteem  ; estimation  ; deference. 

I found  the  king  abandoned  to  neglect; 

Seen  without  awe,  and  served  without  respect.  Prior. 

2.  Kind  consideration  ; good  will ; favor. 

The  Lord  had  respect  unto  Abel,  and  to  his  offering. 

Gen.  iv.  4. 

3.  Undue  consideration  ; partial  regard. 

It  is  not  good  to  have  respect  of  persons  in  judgment. 

Pros.  xxiv.  23. 

4.  Esteemed  or  respected  character,  [r.] 

Many  of  the  best  resi>ect  in  Rome.  Shak. 

5.  Consideration  ; motive  ; influence  ; bias. 

Whatever  secret  rcsjjects  were  likely  to  move  them.  Hooker. 

6.  Relation  ; regard  ; reference. 

They  believed  but  one  supreme  deity,  which,  with  respect 
to  the  various  benefits  men  received  from  him,  had  several 
titles.  Tillotson. 

Syn.  — Respect  is  felt  for  the  general  character  of 
a person.  Esteem,  and  still  more  reyard,  partake  of 
affection,  and  relate  to  internal  qualities;  Honor  and 
homage  mean  more  than  respect,  and  relate  to  rank 
and  station,  as  well  as  to  personal  qualities.  Ve itera- 
tion and  reverence  are  much  stronger  terms  than  re- 
spect, and  relate  to  personal  qualities.  Deference  may 
be  felt  for  a person  on  account  of  his  knowledge  on 
some  subject,  although  for  his  character  one  may 
have  little  respect.  — See  HOMAGE. 

Rp-SPECT-A-BlL'I-TY,  n.  The  state  or  the  qual- 
ity of  being  respectable;  worthiness  of  respect; 
estimableness  ; reputableness  ; respectableness. 

The  great  respectability  of  his  character.  Cumberland. 

R?-SPECT'A-BLE,  a.  [It.  rispettable ; Fr.  re- 
spectable.] Worthy  of  respect,  esteem,  or  hon- 
or ; estimable  ; reputable  ; honorable  ; of  good 
quality  ; moderately  good  ; pretty  good.  Burke. 

Respectable  witness,  {Law.)  a witness  competent  to 
testify  in  a court  of  justice.  BoMvier. 

RE-SPECT'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  State  or  quality  of 
being  respectable  ; respectability.  Johnson. 

R5-SPECT'A-BLY,  ad.  In  a respectable  manner; 
so  as  to  deserve  respect  ; reputably.  Johnson. 

R^-SPECT'gD,  p.  a.  Regarded  or  treated  with 
respect;  esteemed. 

RE-SPECT']JR,  n.  One  who  respects,  or  one  who 
has  partial  regard. 

God  is  no  respecter  of  persons.  Acts  x.  84. 

RE-SPECT'FUL,  a.  Having  or  exhibiting  respect 
or  esteem  ; civil ; dutiful ; deferential ; courte- 
ous. “ Respectful  modesty.”  Thomson. 

RE-SPECT'FUL-LY,  ad.  In  a respectful  manner; 
with  respect ; civilly  ; courteously.  Dry  den. 

RE-SPECT'FUL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
respectful ; civility  ; courtesy.  Johnson. 

RE-SPECT'ING,  prep.  Having  respect  or  regard 
to ; regarding  ; concerning.  Hiley. 

t RP-SPEC'TION,  n.  Respect;  regard.  Tyndale. 

R 5-SPEC 'T I VE  (re-spek'tjv),  a.  [It.  rispettivo  ; 
Sp.  respcctivo  ; Fr.  respeetif.] 

1.  Relating  to  a particular  person  or  thing ; 


belonging  to  each  ; particular. 

When  so  many  present  themselves  before  their  respective 
magistrates  to  take  the  oaths.  Addison. 

2.  Relative  ; not  absolute.  Rogers. 

3.  Having  regard  or  reference,  [r.] 

The  reprehension  of  St.  Paul  was  not  only  respective  to 
divinity,  but  extensive  to  all  knowledge.  Bacon. 

4.  f Worthy  of  respect;  respectable.  Shak. 

5.  f Respectful ; ceremonious.  Shak. 

6.  f Careful ; cautious ; circumspect. 

He  was  exceeding  respective  and  precise.  Raleigh. 


RIJ-SPEC'TIVE-LY,  ad.  1.  In  a respective  man- 


ner ; as  relating  to  each ; as  each  belongs  to 
each;  particularly. 

The  impressions  from  the  objects  of  the  senses  do  mingle 
respectively  every  one  with  his  kind.  Bacon. 

2.  Relatively  ; not  absolutely.  Raleigh. 

3.  f With  respect.  Shak. : — partially.  Ilooktr. 

t It  5-SPEC 'T I V-I. ST,  n.  One  who  respects.  J.  Fox. 

R5-SPfiCT'L5SS,  a.  Having  no  respect.  Howell. 

R5-SPECT'E5SS-NESS,.  n.  The  state  of  being 
respectless,  [n.]  Shelton. 

f R5-SPEC'TU-OUS,  a.  Respectful.  Boyle. 

RE-SPELL',  v.  a.  To  spell  again  or  anew. 

RE-SPELL'ING,  n.  The  act  of  spelling  again. 

1"  R5-SPERSE',  v.  a.  [L.  respergo,  respersus .]  To 
sprinkle ; to  scatter.  Bp.  'Taylor. 

R5-SPER'SION  (re-sper'shun),  n.  [L.  respersio.] 
The  act  of  sprinkling  again,  [r.]  Bailey. 

R5-SPlR-A-BlL'I-TY,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality 
of  being  respirable.  Med.  Jour. 

R5-SPIR'A-BLE  [re-splr'a-bl,  Ja.  Sm.  C.  Wr.  I Vb. 
Todd  ; res'pe-rj-bl,  P.  K.],  a.  [It.  respirabile  ; 
Fr.  respirable .] 

1.  That  can  respire.  Todd. 

2.  That  can  be  respired,  as  air  ; fit  for  respi- 
ration ; capable  of  being  breathed.  Dunglison. 

RES-PI-rA'TION,  n.  [L.  respiratio  ; It.  respira- 
zione  ; Sp.  respiracion  ; Fr.  respiration .] 

1.  The  act  of  respiring  or  breathing ; the  act 
or  the  process  of  inhaling  air  into  the  lungs 
and  then  exhaling  it,  to  support  life.  Harvey. 

tit JT  “ In  man,  the  respirations  are  generally  thirty- 
five  per  minute  in  the  first  year  of  life,  twenty-five 
during  the  second,  twenty  at  puberty,  and  eighteen  in 
the  adult  age.”  Dunglison. 

2.  f Relief,  as  from  toil ; rest.  Milton. 

3.  f Interval.  Bp.  Hall. 

Respiration  in  plants,  a function  of  the  leaves  and 

other  parts  furnished  with  stomata,  by  which  car- 
bonic acid  is  decomposed,  and  carbon  assimilated  into 
an  organic  compound.  Henslow. 

RES-PI-RA'TION-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  respira- 
tion ; respiratory.  Ch.  Ob. 

RES'PI-RA-TOR,  n.  An  instrument,  commonly 
made  of  several  layers  of  fine  wire  tissue,  worn 
over  the  mouth  to  temper  the  air  before  it 
reaches  the  lungs,  as  in  winter.  Dunglison. 

R5-SPIR'A-TO-RY,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  serving 
for,  respiration.’”  Respiratory  organs.”  Harvey. 

R5-SPIRE',  v.  n.  [L.  respiro ; re,  again,  back, 
and  spiro,  to  breathe  ; It.  respirare ; Sp.  respi- 
rar ; Fr.  respirer.]  [*.  respired  ; pp.  respir- 
ing, RESPIRED.] 

1.  To  breathe  ; to  inhale  and  exhale  air. 

The  ladies  gasped,  and  scarcely  could  respire.  Dryden. 

2.  To  catch  one’s  breath.  Spenser. 

3.  To  rest,  as  after  toil ; to  repose.  Pope. 

R5-SPIRE',  v.  a.  To  breathe  out;  to  exhale;  to 
send  out  in  exhalations.  B.  Jonson. 

RES'PTTE  (res'pit),  n.  [Old  Fr.  respit ; Fr.  repit-, 
— according  to  Menage,  from  L.  respectus,  re- 
spect ; according  to  Du  Cange,  from  L.  respiro, 
to  breathe.] 

1.  Delay,  as  for  breathing ; pause ; interval. 

Some  pause  and  respite  only  I require, 

Till  with  my  tears  I shall  have  quenched  my  tire.  Denham. 

2.  (Law.)  The  suspension  or  postponement 
of  the  execution  of  a capital  sentence  ; a re- 
prieve : — extension  or  prolongation  of  time  for 
the  payment  of  a debt : — delay  of  appearance 
at  court  granted  to  a jury.  Burrill.  Bouvier. 

Syn.  — See  Reprieve. 

RES'PITE  (res'pit),  V.  a.  [i.  RESPITED;  pp.  RES- 
PITING, RESPITED.] 

1.  To  relieve  by  a pause  or  interval. 

To  respite  his  day-labor  with  repast 

Or  with  repose.  Milton. 

2.  To  suspend  or  delay,  as  the  payment  of  a 

debt.  Clarendon. 

3.  To  suspend  or  postpone  the  execution  of, 

as  a capital  offender  ; to  reprieve.  Gower. 

4.  (Late.)  To  delay  or  postpone  the  appear- 
ance of  at  court,  as  a jury.  Blackstone. 

R5-SPLEN  DENCE,  ) „ [L.  resplendentia ; It. 

R5-SPLEN'D5N-CY,  ) risplendenza ; Sp.  resplan- 


A,  E,  I.  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  J,  O,  IT,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


RESPLENDENT 


1225 


RESTIFFNESS 


dec  end  a ; Fr.  resplendissement.)  The  state  or 
the  quality  of  being  resplendent ; vivid  lustre 
or  brightness;  brilliancy;  splendor. 

Son,  thou  in  whom  my  glory  I behold 

In  full  resplendence,  heir  of  ull  my  might.  Milton. 

The  resplendency  of  his  own  almighty  goodness.  Scott. 

Rg-SPLEN'DIJNT,  a.  [L.  resplendeo,  resplendens, 
to  shine  brightly ; re,  again,  back,  and  splendeo, 
to  shine  ; It.  risplendente ; Sp.  resplandecidite  ; 
Fr.  resplendissant .]  Having  very  bright  lustre ; 
very  bright  or  shining;  brilliant;  splendid. 

Their  fiery  mouths  resplendent  bridles  tied.  Pope. 

RE-SPLEN'DENT-LY,  ad.  With  resplendence  or 
brilliant  lustre  ; brightly  ; splendidly.  Johnson. 

t Rg-SPLEN'DISH-ANT,  a.  Resplendent.  Fabyan. 

f RE-SPLEN'ISH-ING,  a.  Shining  resplendently  ; 
brilliant ; resplendent.  Sir  T.  Elyot. 

RE-SPLIT',  v.  a.  To  split  or  cleave  again. 

RE-SPLIT',  r.  n.  To  split  or  be  rent  again. 

Ep-SPOND',  v.  n.  [L.  respondeo  ; re,  again,  back, 
and  spondeo,  to  promise  ; It.  rispondere ; Sp. 
responder ; Fr.  repondre.]  [i.  responded  ; pp. 
RESPONDING,  RESPONDED.] 

1.  To  answer ; to  reply.  Oldisworth. 

2.  To  be  agreeable  to  ; to  correspond ; to  suit. 

To  every  theme  responds  thy  various  lay.  Broome. 

RIJ-SPOND',  13.  a.  To  answer  or  correspond  to. 

His  great  deeds  respond  his  speeches  great.  Fairfax. 

Itp-SPOND',  n.  1.  (Ecel.)  Formerly,  a short  an- 
them interrupting  the  reading  of  a chapter  .Eden. 

2.  (Arch.)  Anciently,  a half-column,  or  pilas- 
ter corresponding  to  another  on  the  opposite 
side  of  the  building.  Britton. 

Rp-SPON'DpNCE,  n.  The  act  of  responding  or 
answering ; response.  Spenser. 

Rp-SPON'DpN-CY,  n.  The  act  of  responding  ; re- 
spondence.  Chalmers. 

ltp-SPON'DpNT,  n.  [It.  rispondente ; Sp.  respon- 
dedor ; Fr.  repondant.] 

1.  One  who  answers  the  opponent  in  a set 

disputation,  refuting  objections  or  overthrowing 
arguments.  Watts. 

2.  (Late.)  A person  who  answers  in  a suit,  as 
in  chancery  : — in  the  civil  law,  one  who  answers 
or  is  security  for  another.  Ayliffe.  Bouvier. 

jffjp  “ A respondent  in  admiralty  answers  to  a de- 
fendant at  common  law  ami  in  equity.”  Barrill. 

RE-SPON'DpNT,  a.  Agreeable  to  ; answerable  ; 
corresponding ; suitable.  Pope. 

RE-SPON-DEN'TI-A  (re-spon-den'she-j),  n.  (i Mar- 
itime Law.)  A loan  on  goods  laden  on  board  of 
a ship.  Bouvier. 

f RE-SPON'SAL,  a.  Responsible.  Ileylin. 

f Rp-SPON'SAL,  n.  1.  A response.  Chaucer. 

2.  One  who  is  responsible.  Barrow. 

RP-SPONSE',  n.  [L.  responsum  ; It.  risposta  ; Sp. 
respuesta;  Fr.  reponse.] 

1.  An  answer ; a reply  ; — particularly,  an 

oracular  answer.  Ilammond. 

2.  A reply  to  an  objection  in  a disputation. 

Returning  the  argument  upon  his  adversary,  after  a direct 
response.  Watts. 

3.  A short  sentence  read  or  pronounced  in 
divine  worship  by  the  congregation  in  answer 
or  alternation  with  the  priest  or  minister. 

To  make  his  parishioners  . . . join  in  the  responses.  Addison. 

4.  (Mas.)  A kind  of  anthem  sung,  in  the 

Roman  Catholic  Church,  after  the  morning  les- 
son, concluding  in  the  manner  of  a rondo  : — in 
a fugue,  a repetition  of  the  given  subject  by 
another  part.  Moore. 

Syn. — See  Answer. 


RE-SPON-SI-bIl'I-TY,  n.  [It.  risponsabilitri ; Sp. 
responsabilidad ; Fr.  responsahiliti. ] 

X.  The  state  of  being  responsible  ; responsible- 
ness ; accountableness  ; accountability.  Burke. 

The  responsibility  attaching  upon  the  advisers  and  official 
servants  of  the  crown.  Bp.  Horsley. 

There  is  no  earthly  thing  more  mean  and  despicable,  in 
my  mind,  than  an  English  gentleman  destitute  of  all  sense  of 
his  responsibilities  and  opportunities,  and  only  revelling  in 
the  luxuries  of  our  high  civilization,  and  thinking  himself  a 
great  person.  Dr.  Arnold. 

2.  (Com.)  Ability  to  discharge  obligations. 

Rp-SPON'SI-BLE,  a.  [It.  responsabile  ; Sp.  $ Fr. 


responsable. — From  L.  respondeo,  responsum, 
to  promise,  to  answer.] 

1.  Answerable  ; accountable  ; amenable. 

Is  the  doctor  willing  to  be  responsible,  sit  last,  for  the  na- 
ture, quality,  and  tendency  of  all  his  notions?  Waterland. 

2.  Correspondent  to.  [r.]  Beloe. 

3.  (Com.)  Capable  of  discharging  an  obliga- 
tion, or  able  to  pay  a demand. 

The  bill  I receive  from  one  man  will  not  be  accepted  as 
security  by  another,  ire  not  knowing  that  tile  bill  is  legal,  or 
that  the  man  bound  is  honest  or  responsible.  Locke. 

Syn.  — See  Answerable. 

RJg-SPON'SI-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
responsible  ; responsibility.  Bailey. 

RE-SPON'SI-BLY,  ad.  In  a responsible  manner. 

Rp-SPON'SION,  n.  [L.  responsio .] 

1.  f The  act  of  answering;  an  answer.  Bailey. 

2.  An  examination  at  Oxford  University, 

England,  about  the  middle  of  the  course  ; — 
also  called  little-go.  Lyell. 

Rp-SPON'SIVE,  a.  [It.  responsivo ; Fr . responsif.) 
Answering ; making  response  or  answer. 

The  vocal  lay  responsive  to  the  strings.  Dope. 

RF-SPON'SI VE-LY,  ad.  In  a responsive  manner; 
by  way  of  response.  Sir  W.  Scott. 

Rp-SPQN'SIVE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  re- 
sponsive. Clarke. 

RIJ-SPON'SO-RY,  a.  Containing  answer  ; respon- 
sive. [r.]  Johnson. 

Rp-SPON'SO-RY,  n.  (Mus.)  A response  ; an  an- 
tiphony ; an  antiphon.  Milton. 

f Rps-PORT',  n.  To  respect ; to  regard.  Chaucer. 

REST,  n.  [A.  S.  rest,  rcest,  rest,  repose  ; Dut. 
rust;  Ger.  rast,  ruhe;  Dan.  $ Sw.  rast;  Icel. 
rest.) 

1.  Cessation  from  motion,  action,  or  labor; 
repose;  quiet;  quiescence;  ease. 

There  the  wicked  cease  from  troubling,  and  there  the 
weary  be  at  rest.  Job  iii.  17. 

Come  unto  me,  all  ye  that  labor  and  are  heavy  laden,  and 
I will  give  you  rest.  Take  my  yoke  upon  you,  and  learn  of 
me;  for  I am  meek  and  lowly  in  heart:  and  ye  shall  find  rest 
unto  your  souls.  Matt.  xi.  28,  29. 

2.  Cessation  or  freedom  from  disturbance ; 
intermission  of  any  annoyance ; peace ; tran- 
quillity. 

The  Lord  gave  them  rest  round  about, . . . and  there  stood 
not  a man  of  their  enemies  before  them.  Josh.  xxi.  44. 

And  tire  land  had  rest  fourscore  years.  Judy.  iii.  30. 

3.  Cessation  from  tillage;  state  of  lying  fal- 
low. “ A year  of  rest  to  the  land.”  Lev.xxv.  5. 

4.  Sleep.  “ Retired  to  rest.”  Milton. 

5.  The  last  sleep  ; quietness  of  death.  Dryden. 

6.  A state  of  happiness  after  death. 

There  remaineth,  therefore,  a rest  to  the  people  of  God. 

Heb.  iv.  9. 

7.  A place  of  repose  or  quiet. 

Dust,  our  final  rest  and  native  home.  Milton. 

8.  That  on  which  any  thing  lies  or  leans  for 

support  or  steadiness ; a support.  “ Their 
lances  in  the  rest.”  Dryden. 

A man  may  think  that  a musket  may  be  shot  off  as  well 
upon  the  arm  as  upon  a rest.  Bacon. 

9.  (Poetry.)  A pause  or  suspension  of  the 

voice  in  reading  ; a caesura.  Johnson. 

10.  (Mus.)  An  interval  during  which  the 
voice  or  sound  is  suspended  : — a character  in- 
dicating a suspension  of  the  voice  or  sound. 

Mason.  Moore. 

11.  (Physics.)  The  continuance  of  a body  in 

the  same  place  : — the  continual  application  or 
contiguity  to  the  same  parts  of  the  ambient  and 
contiguous  bodies.  Hutton. 

Absolute  rest,  the  continuance  of  a body  in  the  same 
part  of  absolute  and  immovable  space.  JVewton. — 
Relative  rest,  the  continuance  of  a body  in  the  same 
part  of  relative  space.  JVewton.  — To  set  up  one’s  rest , 
to  fix  one’s  great  hope.  “ Sea-fights  have  been  final 
to  the  war  ; but  this  is  when  princes  set  up  their  rest 
upon  the  battle.”  Bacon. 

Syn.  — See  Ease,  Peace. 

REST,  n.  [It.  resto,  remainder;  Sp.  resto,  resta, 
remainder;  Fr.  reste,  remainder.] 

1.  That  which  remains  or  is  left  after  separa- 
tion of  a part ; remainder ; residue  ; remnant. 
“The  rest  of  the  money.”  2 Chron.  :.xiv.  14. 

The  rest  of  the  laud  shall  they  give  to  the  house  of  Israel. 

Ezek.  xlv.  8. 

2.  Those  who  remain  ; others.  “ Plato,  and 

the  rest  of  the  philosophers.”  Stilling  fleet. 

Armed  like  the  rest,  the  Trojan  prince  appears.  Dryden. 


3.  (Com.)  A surplus  or  guarantee  fund  held 
in  reserve  by  a bank,  to  equalize  its  dividends 
when  the  profits  made  fall  below  the  amount 
required  for  paying  the  usual  dividend  to  share- 
holders. Simmonds. 

Syn.  — See  Remainder. 

REST,  13.  n.  [A.  S.  restan;  Dut.  rusten ; raslcn  ; 
Ger.  rasten,  ruhen;  Dan.  raste ; Icel.  hressa; 
Sw.  rasta .]  [i.  rested  ; pp.  resting,  rested.] 

1.  To  cease  irom  motion,  action,  or  labor ; to 
stop  ; to  repose  ; to  take  or  enjoy  rest  or  ease. 

Six  days  shalt  thou  do  thy  work,  and  on  the  seventh  day 
thou  shalt  rest.  Exod.  xxiii.  12. 

No  man  can  rest  who  has  not  worked.  Paley. 

2.  To  be  free  from  disturbance  or  annoyance  ; 
to  be  tranquil ; to  be  at  peace,  ease,  or  quiet. 

My  lord  shall  never  rest ; 

I Tl  watch  him  tame,  and  talk  him  out  of  patience.  Shak. 

3.  To  cease  from  being  cultivated ; to  lie  fal- 
low. 

The  seventh  year  thou  shalt  let  it  [the  land]  rest.  Ex.  xxiii.  11. 

4.  To  go  to  rest  or  to  bed ; to  repose,  as  on  a 
bed  ; to  be  asleep ; to  sleep  ; to  slumber. 

Some  of  these 

Should  find  a running  banquet  ere  they  rested.  Shak. 

5.  To  sleep  the  final  sleep;  to  be  dead. 

There  the  prisoners  rest  together;  they  hear  not  the  voice 

of  the  oppressor.  Job  iii.  IS. 

6.  To  be  fixed  in  any  state  or  opinion;  to 
have  confidence  or  trust ; to  confide. 

Thou  art  a Jew,  and  resteth  in  the  law.  Rom.  ii.  17. 

7.  To  be  satisfied;  to  acquiesce.  “Not  to 

rest  in  Xleaven’s  determination.”  Addison. 

8.  To  lean,  recline,  or  stand  on,  for  support 
or  quiet ; to  rely ; — used  of  persons  and  things. 

On  him  I rested , 

And,  not  without  considering,  fixed  my  fate.  Dryden. 

Sometimes  it  rests  upon  testimony.  Locke. 

Syn.  — See  Stand,  Sleep. 

REST,  v.  n.  [L.  resto ; re,  again,  back,  and  sto , 
to  stand ; It.  restare ; Sp.  restar ; Fr.  rester.\ 
To  be  left;  to  remain. 

And  now  there  rests  no  other  shift  but  this.  Shak. 

Now  resteth  naught  that  needful  is  to  tell.  Fairfax. 

REST,  v.  a.  1.  To  lay  to  rest ; to  cause  to  rest. 

Your  piety  has  paid 

All  needful  rites  to  rest  my  wandering  shade.  Dryden. 

2.  To  place  as  on  a support. 

Here  rests  his  head  upon  the  lap  of  earth 

A youth  to  fortune  aud  to  fame  unknown.  Gray. 

t R1£-STAG'NANT,  a.  [L.  restagno,  restagnans.'] 
Remaining  without  motion ; stagnant.  ' Boyle. 

f RE-STAG'NATE,  13.  n.  [L.  restagno,  restagna- 
tus .]  To  stagnate.  Wiseman. 

f RE-STAG-NA'TION,  n.  [L.  restagnatio. ] A 
standing  still ; stagnation.  " Bailey. 

RES'TANT,  a.  [L.  resto,  restans,  to  remain.] 
(Bot.)  Noting  parts  of  plants  that  do  not  fall  off, 
but  remain  beyond  the  period  of  maturity  ; per- 
sistent. Wright. 

RESTAURAJVT  (res'to-rang'),  n.  [Fr:]  An  eat- 
ing-house. Brit.  Crit. 

RESTAURATEUR  (res-to'ra-tiir),  n.  One  who 

keeps  an  eating-house  ; a restorator.  P.  Cyc. 

f RES-tAu-rA’TION,  n.  [L.  restauratio .]  Re- 
covery ; restoration.  Hooker. 

RE-STEM',  13.  a.  To  force  back  against  the  cur- 
rent; to  stem.  Shak. 

REST'FUL,  a.  Quiet ; being  at  rest,  [r.]  Shak. 

f REST'FUL-LY,  ad.  In  a state  of  quiet.  Elyot. 

REST'FUL-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  restful; 
tranquillity  ; quiet,  [r.]  Ec.  Rev. 

REST'— HAR'ROW,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the  genus 
Ononis,  the  species  of  which  are  mostly  natives 
of  Europe.  Eng.  Cyc. 

ffjf  The  common  rest-harrow  (Ononis  sjiinosa)  was 
formerly  very  troublesome  in  cornfields  on  account 
of  its  thorny  branches  obstructing  the  progress  of  the 
harrow.  Loudon. 

REST'— HOUSE,  n.  An  East  Indian  inn.  Clarke. 

RES'TTFF,  a.  [Old  Fr.  rcstif;  Fr.  retif.)  Unwill- 
ing to  stir  ; resolute  against  going  forward ; ob- 
stinate ; stubborn  ; restive.  — See  Restive. 

Impatient  of  the  lash,  and  restiff  to  the  rein.  Dryden. 

RES'TIFF-NESS,  n.  Obstinate  reluctance  ; res- 
tiveness. Bacon. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — (J,  £,  9,  g,  soft;  E,  G,  c,  |,  hard;  § as  z; 
154 


% as  gz. — THIS,  this. 


RESTINCTION 


122G 


RESULTANT 


f RJE-STINC'TrON  (re-stTngk'shun),  n.  [L.  restinc- 
tio.]  The  act  of  extinguishing.  Phillips. 

f REST'I-NfiSS,  n.  A state  of  being  at  rest.  Holland. 

REST'ING— PLACE,  n.  A place  of  rest.  Coventry. 

f R F.-STlN'GUISH,  v.  a.  [L.  restinguo, restinctus.) 
To  extinguish  ; to  quench.  Dr.  Field. 

RE-STIP-U-LA'TION,  n.  A new  stipulation.  Hall. 

t RES'TI-TUTE,  v.  a.  [L.  restituo,  restitutus.]  To 
recover  ; to  restore.  Dyer. 

RES-TI-TU'TION,  ii.  [L.  restitutio ; It.  restitu- 
zione  ; Sp.  restitucion  ; Fr.  restitution .] 

1.  The  act  of  restoring  what  has  been  lost,  or 

what  has  been  wrongfully  taken  from  a person  ; 
restoration ; return.  Spenser. 

2.  Act  of  rendering  an  equivalent;  indemni- 
fication, as  for  any  damage  or  injury.  Smart. 

3.  (Physics.)  The  returning  of  elastic  bodies, 
forcibly  bent  or  compressed,  to  their  natural 
state  ; — called  motion  of  restitution.  Hutton. 

Syn.  — See  Restoration. 

RES'TJ-TU-TOR,  ii.  [L.]  A restorer.  Gayton. 

RES'TIVE,  a.  [It.  restio  ; Old  IT.  rest  if ; Fr.  ri- 
tif ; — from  L.  resto,  to  remain.] 

1.  t Being  at  rest,  or  less  in  motion.  Browne. 

2.  Unwilling  to  stir ; resolute  against  going 
forward  ; obstinate  ; stubborn  ; restiff. 

All  who  before  him  did  ascend  the  throne 

Labored  to  draw  three  restive  nations  on.  Roscommon. 

Re#*  Originally  used  of  a horse  that,  though  not 
wearied,  would  not  be  driven  forward.  Johnson. 

Restive , which  has  been  discountenanced  by 
some,  has  been  long  in  use.  and  is  now  more  common 
than  restiff.  — See  Restiff. 

RES'TI VE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  restive; 


restiffness.  Bacon. 

REST'L^SS,  a.  1.  Not  still ; in  continual  motion. 
How  could  nature  on  their  orbs  impose 
Such  restless  revolution.  Milton. 

2.  Wanting  rest,  yet  unable  to  sleep. 

Restless  he  passed  the  remnants  of  the  night.  Dryden. 

3.  Unquiet;  uneasy;  not  affording  rest  or 

peace.  “ Restless  thoughts.”  Milton. 

But  restless  was  the  chair;  the  back  erect 
Distressed  the  weary  loins,  that  felt  no  case.  Coirper. 

4.  Inconstant;  unsettled;  irresolute. 


The  impotent  triumphs  of  the  Jews  gave  an  C-clat  to  every 
movement  which  the  restless,  though  determined,  spirit  of 
Julian  was  hourly  pushing  lorward.  Warjurton. 

REST'LIJSS-LY,  ad.  Without  rest ; unquietly. 

REST'LpSS-NESS,  n.  1.  State  of  being  restless  ; 
motion.  “ Restlessness  of  the  needle.”  Boyle. 

2.  Inability  to  sleep ; want  of  rest.  Harvey. 

3.  Unquietness  ; uneasiness.  Herbert. 

Rp-STOR'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  restored.  Swift. 

Rp-STOU'A-BLE-NESS,  ii.  The  state  of  being  re- 
storable.  Wright. 

t Rp-STO'RAL,  n.  Restoration.  Barrow. 

RES-TO-RA'TION,  n.  [L.  restauratio ; It.  restora- 
zione  ; Sp.  restauracion ; Fr.  rest  miration.] 

1.  The  act  of  restoring  or  replacing  in  a for- 
mer state,  or  the  state  of  being  restored  ; recov- 
ery’ ; renewal ; revival. 

The  Athenians,  now  deprived  of  the  only  person  that  was 
able  to  recover  their  losses,  repent  of  their  rashness,  and  en- 
deavor in  vain  for  his  restoration.  Swift. 

2.  ( Hist.)  The  accession  of  Charles  II.  to  the 

British  throne,  after  an  interregnum  of  eleven 
years  and  four  months,  from  January  3Q,  1649, 
when  Charles  I.  was  beheaded,  till  May  29, 
1660.  Brande. 

Syn. — Restoration  of  property  may  be  made  by 
any  one  ; but  restitution  is  supposed  to  be  made  by 
him  who  did  the  wrong.  Restoration  of  property,  of 
health,  of  peace,  or  of  authority  ; restitution  of  rights  ; 
reparation  for  damages  ; recovery  of  health  or  proper- 
ty.— See  Recovery. 

RLS-TO-RA  TION-ER,  } n One  wh0  holds  to 

RES-TO-RA'TION-Ist,  5 the  doctrine  of  the  final 
restoration  of  all  men  to  happiness.  Adams. 

RES-TO-R A'TION-I§M,  n.  The  doctrine  or  views 
of  the  Restorationists.  Willis. 

RIJ-STO'RA-TIVE,  a.  That  has  the  power  to  re- 
store or  recruit ; restoring  ; curative.  “ Sweet 
restorative  delight.”  Milton. 

RIJ-STO'RA-TIVE,  n.  That  which  restores;  a 
medicine  that  restores  strength.  Arbuthnot. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6, 


RE-STO'RA-TlVE-LY,  ad.  In  a restorative  man- 
ner ; so  as  to  restore.  Clarke. 

RES'TO-RA-TOK,  n.  [L.  restaurateur.']  A keep- 
er of  an  eating-house.  Ford. 

Rp-STo'RA-TO-RY,  a.  Restorative.  Jour.  Cong. 

RIJ-STORE',  v.  a.  [L.  restauro  ; It.  restaurare, 
ristaurare,  ristorare ; Sp.  restaurar  ; Fr.  restau- 
rer.]  [i.  restored  ; pp.  restoring,  re- 
stored!] 

1.  To  return,  as  a thing  lost,  taken,  or  given; 
to  give  back ; to  bring  back ; to  vender  up. 

She  lands  him  on  his  native  shores, 

And  to  his  father’s  longing  arms  restores.  Dryden. 

The  father  banished  virtue  shall  restore.  Dryden. 

2.  To  bear  or  bring  back  to  a former  state  or 
condition ; to  reinstate ; to  replace  : — to  re- 
cover from  disease  ; to  cure. 

Till  one  greater  Man 

Restore  us,  and  regain  the  blissful  seat.  Milton. 

3.  ( Fine  Arts.)  To  bring  back,  as  nearly  as 

may  be,  to  its  primitive  state,  by  a correct  imi- 
tation of  the  original  work  of  the  author ; to 
recover  from  corruption.  Fairholt. 

Syn.  — See  Return. 

RJJ-STORE',  n.  Restoration.  “ Amends  and  full 
■restore.”  [Obsolete  or  poetical.]  Spenser. 

t Rp-STORE'jMJJNT,  n.  Restoration.  Milton. 

Rf-STOR'ER,  n.  One  who  restores  or  repairs. 

Rp-STRAlN',  v.  a.  [L.  restringo  ; re,  again,  back, 
and  stringo,  to  draw  or  bind  together;  It.  re- 
st rig  tier  e,  restringere,  ristrignere ; Sp.  restrin- 
gir,  restrinir;  Fr.  restreindre.]  [/.  restrained  ; 
pp.  RESTRAINING,  RESTRAINED.] 

1.  To  keep  from  action  by  any  means  ; to  hold 
back ; to  hold  in ; to  curb  ; to  check  ; to  re- 
press; to  withhold;  to  coerce;  to  constrain; 
to  debar  ; to  prevent ; to  abridge  ; to  hinder. 

I have  promised  to  restrain  him  from  hurting  any  man’s 
reputation.  Addison. 

Me  of  my  lawful  pleasure  she  restrained . Shak. 

2.  To  restrict ; to  confine  ; to  limit. 

A man  . . . whose  life  depends  upon  his  breath,  and  is  so 
restrained  to  the  present,  that  it  cannot  secure  to  itself  the 
reversion  of  the  very  next  minute.  South. 

Syn.  — To  restrain  is  an  act  of  power  ; to  restrict , 
an  act  of  authority  or  law.  A.  person  is  coerced  by 
others,  and  lie  may  restrain  himself ; he  may  restrain 
his  inordinate  appetite,  or  he  may  he  restrained  by 
others  from  doing  mischief;  and  lie  is  restricted  by 
the  laws.  A patient  is  restricted  in  his  diet  by  a phy- 
sician. Restrain  appetite  ; restrict  the  use  of  money  ; 
repress  unlawful  desires;  withhold  assent  to  wrong  ; 
limit  expenses  ; confine  a criminal.  — See  Coerce. 

RE-STRAIN'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  restrained  ; 
capable  of  restraint.  Browne . 

Rp-STRAIN'ED-LY,  ad.  With  restraint.  Clarke. 

R^-STRAIN'ER,  n.  Pie  who,  or  that  which,  re- 
strains or  withholds.  Browne. 

RE-STRAIN'M^NT,  n.  Restraint,  [r.]  Clarke. 

RESTRAINT',  n.  [Fr.  restreint.] 

1.  The  act  of  restraining  or  the  state  of  being 
restrained  ; hinderance ; repression  ; compul- 
sion ; constraint ; restriction  ; confinement. 

Is  there  any  thing  which  reflects  a greater  lustre  upon  a 
man’s  person*  than  a severe  temperance,  and  a restraint  of 
himself  from  vicious  pleasures?  South. 

2.  That  which  restrains  ; a prohibition. 

And  transgress  his  will. 

For  one  restraint , lords  of  the  world  beside?  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Compulsion. 

RE-STRENGTH'EN,  v.  a.  To  strengthen  or  forti- 
fy again.  Holinshcd. 

RIJ-STRlCT',  v.  a.  [L.  restringo,  restrictus.  — See 
Restrain.]  [t.  restricted  ; pp.  restricting, 
restricted.]  To  hold  within  certain  limits ; 
to  limit ; to  confine  ; to  circumscribe  ; to  restrain. 

The  common  law  of  England  is  said  to  abhor  perpetuities; 
and  they  are  accordingly  more  restricted  there  than  in  any 
other  European  monarchy.  A.  Smith. 

Syn.  — See  Circumscribe. 

R E-STR rc'T ION,  n.  [L.  restrictio ; It.  restrizione  ; 
Sp.  restriccion ; Fr.  restriction .] 

1.  Act  of  restricting;  constraint;  confine- 
ment ; limitation  ; restraint. 

All  duties  are  matter  of  conscience;  with  this  restriction, 
that  a superior  obligation  suspends  the  force  of  nn  inferior 
one.  L'Estranye. 

2.  Reservation  ; reserve.  Fleming. 

Real  restriction , the  use  of  words  which  are  not  true 

i,  tj,  f,  short;  A,  JJ,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE, 


if  strictly  interpreted,  but  which  contain  no  deviation 
from  truth  if  the  circumstances  be  considered. — Men- 
tal restriction.  See  RESERVATION.  Fleming. 

RE-STkIc'TION-A-RY,  a.  Tending  to  restrain  ; 
restrictive.  London  Athenceum. 

RE-STKtC'TIVE,  a.  [It.  restrittivo ; Sp.  restricti- 
ve ; Fr.  restrict  if.] 

1.  Having  the  quality  of  restraining  ; tending 

to  restrict ; imposing  restraint  or  limitation. 
“ The  restrictive  law.”  Warburton. 

2.  Styptic  ; astringent.  Wiseman. 

RE-STRIC'TjVE-LY,  ad.  In  a restrictive  manner. 

RIJ-STRINtyE',  v.  a'.  [L.  restringo.]  \i.  re- 

STIUNOED;  pp.  RESTRINGING,  RESTRINGED.] 
To  confine  ; to  bind;  to  astringe.  [r.]  Martin. 

R£-STRIN'(JPN-CY,  n Power  of  contracting; 
astringency.  ’ Sir  W.  Petty. 

R5-STRlN'9?NT,  n.  An  astringent  medicine  ; a 
styptic  ; an  astringent.  Harvey. 

RlJ-STRIN'<JjjNT,  a.  Having  a contracting  qual- 
ity ; astringent ; styptic.  P.  Cyc. 

RE-STRIVE',  v.  n.  To  strive  anew.  Sackville. 

RES'TY,  a.  [Fr.  restif.]  Obstinate  in  standing 
still ; stubborn  ; restiff ; restive.  — See  Res- 
tiff, and  Restive,  [r.] 

Our  hearts  will  be  so  restp  or  listless,  that  hardly  we  shall 
be  induced  to  perform  it  [devotion]  when  it  is  most  necessary 
or  useful  for  us.  Barrow. 

RE-SU B-JEC'TION,  n.  A second  subjection.  Hall. 

RE-SUB-LI-MA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  resubliming. 

RE-SllB-LIME',  v.  a.  To  sublime  another  time. 
“ When  mercury  ...  is  resublimed.”  Newton. 

RErSU-DA'TION,  n.  [L.  resudo,  to  sweat  out.] 
The  act  of  sweating  out  again,  [r.]  Cotgrave. 

I11J-§ULT'  (re-zult'),  v.  n.  [L.  resvlto,  resilio ; re, 
again,  back,  and  salio,  to  leap  ; It.  risultare ; Sp. 
rcsitltar  ; Fr.  resulter.]  [t.  resulted  ; pp.  re- 
sulting, RESULTED.] 

1.  f To  fly  or  spring  back  ; to  rebound. 

The  huge  round  stone,  resulting  with  a bound. 

Thunders  impetuous  down,  and  smokes  along  the  ground. 

Rope. 

2.  To  come,  as  by  force  or  necessity,  from 
premises  ; to  be  produced  as  the  effect  of  causes 
jointly  concurring  ; to  come  as  the  end  or  con- 
clusion ; to  take  effect;  to  proceed;  to  arise; 
to  issue. 

Out  of  that  intermixture  of  Hebrew  and  Chaldee  resulted 
a third  language,  called  to  this  day  the  Syriac.  Ilowell. 

3.  To  come  to  a decision  as  an  ecclesiastical 
council.  [U.  S.  — See  Result,  n.  No.  3.]  Austin. 

Resulting  trusty  (Law.)  a trust  raised  by  implica- 
tion for  tiie  benefit  of  a party  granting  ail  estate.— 
Resulting  use , a use  which  returns  to  a party  convey- 
ing an  estate.  . Burrill. 

RESULT'  (re-zult'),  n.  1.  + The  act  of  flying 
back  ; a rebounding ; resilience. 

Sound  is  produced  between  the  string  and  the  air  by  the 
return  or  the  result  of  the  string.  Bacon. 

2.  That  which  results  ; effect  produced  by  the 
concurrence  of  cooperating  causes ; inference 
from  premises  ; consequence  ; conclusion. 

There  is  an  exact  geometrical  justice  that  runs  through  the 
universe,  and  is  interwoven  in  the  contexture  of  things.  This 
is  u result  of  that  wise  and  almighty  goodness  that  presides 
over  all  things.  Olanvill. 

3.  Resolution  taken,  or  agreement  made, 
upon  a conference  ; resolve  ; decision. 

Rude,  passionate,  and  mistaken  results  have,  at  certain 
times,  fallen  from  great  assemblies.  Swift. 

In  their  [a  body  of  commons]  results,  we  have  sometimes 
found  the  same  spirit  of  cruelty  and  revenge,  of  malice  and 
pride,  the  same  blindness  and  obstinacy  and  unsteadiness, 
the  same  ungovernable  rage  and  anger,  the  same  injustice, 
sophistry,  and  fraud,  that  ever  lodged  in  the  breast  of  any 
individual.  Swift . 

lisy-  This  use  of  result  Johnson  pronounces  lo  lie 
“ improper.”  In  the  United  States  it  is  often  used  in 
this  sense,  as  applied  to  the  decision  of  an  ecclesias- 
tical council.  The  Eclectic  Review  remarks,  “ Re- 
sult and  to  result,  in  the  technical  sense  peculiar  to 
American  ecclesiastics,  deserve  to  be  exploded.” 

4.  (Math.)  That  which  is  obtained  by  an  op- 
eration upon  any  quantity  : — the  conclusion 
arrived  at  by  a course  of  reasoning.  Davies. 

Syn.  — See  Effect. 

RlJ-ijifjLT'ANCE,  n.  That  which  results  ; a result. 

It  must  be  taken  from  what  I call  the  total  rcsultancc. 

Reliquiae  Wattoniance. 

R]J-§ULT'ANT,  it.  (Mech.)  A term  applied  to  a 


FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  1IER; 


RESULTANT 


1227 


RETCHLESSLY 


single  force  which  would  produce  the  same  mo- 
tion as  two  or  more  forces  which  act  on  a body 
■conjointly;  the  force  which  results  from  the 
composition  of  two  or  more  forces.  Young. 

Rp-SULT'ANT,  a.  ( Mech .)  Noting  a force  result- 
ing from,  or  equivalent  to,  two  or  more  forces- 
acting  conjointly,  or  a motion  equivalent  to  two 
or  more  motions  combined.  1 oung. 

Rp-§ULT'FUL,  a.  Having  results.  Examiner. 

ItK-§ULT'lNG,  p.  a.  That  results. 

Resulting  force,  {Mech.)  resultant  force.  Somerville. 

UR-ljU.M'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  resumed  or 
taken  back.  Hale. 

RESUME'  (re-zflin'),  v.  a.  [L.  resumo  ; re,  again, 
back,  and  sumo,  to  take  ; It.  riassumere  ; Sp. 
reasumir ; Fr.  resumer.]  [i.  resumed  ; pp.  re- 
suming, RESUMED.] 

1.  To  take  back,  as  that  which  has  been  taken 
or  been  given  away  ; to  take  again. 

Sees  not  my  love  how  time  resumes 

The  glory  which  he  lent  these  flowers?  Waller. 

They  resume  what  has  been  obtained  fraudulently,  by  sur- 
prise, and  upon  wrong  suggestions.  Darenant. 

2.  To  begin  again  after  interruption  ; to  take 
up  again.  “ To  resume  a discourse.”  Johnson. 

RESUME  (rez'u-ma'),  n.  [Fr.]  A summary. 

RE-SUM'MON,  v.  a.  To  summon  again.  Smart. 

RE-SUM'MON§,  n.  A second  summons.  Whishaw. 

RE-§UMP'TION  (-ZUII1-),  n.  [L.  resumption  It. 
riassumzione ; Sp.  reasuucion  ; Fr.  resumption .] 

1.  Act  of  resuming  or  taking  back.  Denham. 

2.  t {Eng.  Law.)  The  act  of  taking  again 
into  the  king’s  hands  such  lands  or  tenements, 
&c.,  as  before,  on  false  suggestion,  he  had 
granted  by  letters  patent  to  any  man.  Whishaw. 

RE-ijUMP'TjVE  (re-zum'tjv),  a.  [L.  resumptivus  ; 
Sp.  reasuntivo.~\  Taking  back,  [r.]  Johnson. 

RE-§UMP'TJ  VE,  n.  {Med.). A restoring  medicine  ; 
a restorative.  Bailey. 

RE-SCt'PI-NATE,  a.  ( Bot .)  Inverted;  appearing 
as  if  upside  down  ; reversed.  Gray. 

RE-SU'PI-NAT-ED,  a.  Lying  with  the  face  up- 
wards. “ Resupinated  horns.”  Hill. 

RE-sO-PI-NA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  lying  on  the 
back.  “ A resupination  of  the  figure.”  Wotton. 

RE-SU-PINE',  a.  [L.  resupinus;  re,  again,  back, 
and  supinus,  supine  ; It .risupino-,  Fr.  resupini.] 
Lying  on  the  back  ; supine,  [u.] 

He  spake,  and,  downward  swayed,  fell  resupinc, 

With  his  huge  neck  aslant.  Cowper. 

RE-SUP-PLY',  v.  a.  To  supply  again.  Southey. 

Rp-SijR'^piVCE,  n.  The  act  of  rising  again  ; res- 
urrection. Coleridge. 

RF,-St)R'(?ENT,  a.  [L.  resurgo,  resurgens,  to  rise 
again ; re,  again,  back,  and  surgo,  to  rise.]  Ris- 
ing again,  or  from  the  dead.  Coleridge. 

RE-SUR'ljllJMT,  n_  One  rising  from  the  dead. 

Sydney  Smith. 

RE-SUR-PRI§E',  v.  a.  To  surprise  anew.  Bacon. 

RE§-UR-REC'TION,  n.  [L.  resurrectio  ; re,  again, 
back,  an d surgo,  to  rise  ; It.  risurrezione  ; Sp.  re- 
surrection ; Fr.  resurrection .]  The  act  of  rising 
again,  or  the  state  of  being  risen,  especially 
after  death;  revival  from  the  dead;  return  to 
life  from  the  grave. 

Perhaps  there  was  nothing  ever  done  in  all  past  ages,  and 
which  was  not  a public  fact,  so  well  attested  as  the  resurrec- 
tion of  Christ.  Watts, 

RE§-UR-REe'TIOiV-IST,  n.  One  who  disinters 
human  bodies  for  dissection.  Qu.  Rev. 

RE§-UR-REC'TION— MAN,  n.  Same  as  Resur- 
rectionist. ’ Campbell. 

RE-SUR-VEY'  (re-sur-va'),  v.  a.  To  survey  again; 
to  review.  Shah. 

RE-SilR'VEY  (-va),  n.  A new  survey.  Clarke. 

RE-SUS'CI-TA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  resuscitat- 
ed or  restored  to  life.  Boyle. 

RP-SUS'CI-tAnt,  n.  One  who  resuscitates. 

RE-SUS'CI-tAte,  v.  a.  [L.  resuscito,  resuscitatus ; 
re,  again,  back,  and  suscito,  to  raise ; It.  risus- 
eitare  ; Sp . resucitar ; Fr  ■ ressusciteri]  [i.  re- 
suscitated ; pp.  resuscitating,  resuscitat- 


ed.] To  restore  to  life  from  seaming  death  ; to 
revive  ; to  revivify  ; to  renew  ; to  quicken. 

That  after  death  we  should  be  resuscitated.  Olanvill. 

It  is  difficult  to  resuscitate  surprise  when  familiarity  has 
once  laid  the  sentiment  asleep.  l'aley. 

RU-sOs'CJ-TATE,  v.n.  To  awaken;  to  revive. 

Those  birds,  that  yearly  sleep  a winter’s  death, 

Each  spring  to  mighty  love  resuscitate.  Fclthum. 

Rp-s0S-CJ-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  resuscitatio  ; It.  ri- 
suscitazione .]  The  act  of  resuscitating,  or  the 
state  of  being  resuscitated  ; restoration  to  life  ; 
revival;  revivification. 

The  resuscitation  of  the  body  from  its  dust  is  a supernatu- 
ral work.  Bp.  Rail. 

The  extinction  and  resuscitation  of  arts.  Johnson. 

RE-SUS'CI-TA-TOR,  n.  One  who  resuscitates  or 
restores  to  life.  Clarke. 

RE-sOs'CI-TA-TIVE,  a.  [Fr.  ressuscitatif]  Tend- 
ing to  resuscitate  ; reviving.  Cotgrave. 

RET,  V.  a.  [Corrupted  from  rot.~\  [l.  retted  ; 
pp.  retting,  retted.]  To  ferment  in  water  or 
in  moisture,  as  flax,  in  order  to  decompose  the 
gluten  which  it  contains.  lire. 

RE-TA'BLE,  n.  {Arch.)  An  altar-screen.  Britton. 

RE-TAIL'  [re-tal',  S.  IF.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm. 
Wr.;  re-tal'  or  re'tal,  Wbi],  v.  a.  [It.  ritagli- 
are  ; Fr.  retailor.]  \i.  retailed  ; pp.  retail- 
ing, RETAILED.] 

1.  To  sell  in  small  quantities,  or  at  second 
hand.  “ A license  to  retail  ale.”  A.  Smith. 

2.  To  deal  out  or  dispose  of  in  small  portions. 

History,  which  ought  to  record  truth  end  to  teach  wisdom, 

often  sets  out  with  retailing  fictions  and  absurdities.  Robertson. 

ft gjf  “ This  verb  is  sometimes  accented  on  the  first 
syllable,  and  the  noun  on  the  last.”  Walker. 

RE'TAIL  [re'tal,  IF.  P.  Ja.  Sm.  Wr. ; re-tal',  S.  J. 
F.  A'.],  n.  Sale  by  small  quantities,  or  at  sec- 
ond hand  : — a dealing  out  in  small  portions. 

The  author,  to  prevent  such  a monopoly  of  sense,  is  re- 
solved to  Real  in  it  llimself  by  retail.  Addison. 

RE'TAIL,  a.  Noting  sale  in  small  quantities,  or 
at  second  hand.  Sydney  Smith. 

Rp-TAIL'ER,  or  RE'T.AIL-JJR,  n.  One  who  re- 
tails ; — one  who  deals  out  in  small  portions. 

RE-TAlL'MENT,  it.  The  act  of  retailing.  Clarke. 

RU-tAiN'  (re-tan'),  v.  a.  ' [L.  retineo ; re,  again, 
back,  and  teneo,  to  keep  ; It.  ritenere;  Sp.  rete- 
ner.]  [*.  retained  ; pp.  retaining,  re- 
tained.] 

1.  To  keep  from  departure  or  escape  ; not 
to  lose  or  lay  aside;  to  hold;  to  detain;  to 
withhold  ; to  preserve  ; to  reserve  ; to  keep. 

Let  me  retain 

The  name  and  all  the  addition  to  a king.  Shak. 

The  fragrant  air  its  coolness  still  retains.  Wordsworth. 

2.  To  keep  in  pay  ; to  secure  the  services  of, 
as  an  attorney  or  counsellor,  by  payment  of  a 
fee.  “ This  fee  is  to  retain  you,”  Sherlock. 

Syn. — See  Hold,  Keep,  Reserve. 

R(1-tAin',  v.  n.  1.  To  belong  ; to  pertain,  [r.] 

These  betray  upon  the  tongue  no  heat  nor  corrosiveness, 
but  coldness  mixed  with  a somewhat  languid  relish  retaining 
to  bitterness.  Bogle. 

2.  f To  keep;  to  continue.  Donne. 

RE-TAlN'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  retained.  Ash. 

RE-TAIN'DER-SIIIp,  n.  The  state  of  being  a re- 
tainer or  dependant. 

It  was  the  policy  of  these  kings  to  make  them  all  [clergy 
and  nobility]  of  their  own  livery  or  rctaindership.  X.  Bacon. 

RE-TAIN'ER,  n.  1.  One  who  retains. 

One  that  has  forgot  the  common  meaning  of  words,  but  an 
admirable  retainer  of  the  sound.  Swift. 

2.  An  adherent ; a dependant ; a hanger-on. 

Surrounded  with  a multitude  of  retainers.  A.  Smith. 

3.  Act  of  keeping  dependants,  or  of  being  in 

dependence.  “Unlawful  retainer.”  Bacon. 

4.  {Law.)  The  act  of  withholding  what  one 
has  in  his  own  hands  by  virtue  of  some  right : 
— the  act  of  a client,  by  which  he  engages  a 
counsellor  to  manage  a cause  : — a retaining 
fee.  Bomdcr.  — Formerly,  in  English  law,  a 
servant  not  dwelling  in  his  master’s  house,  or 
employed  by  him  in  any  distinct  occupation, 
but  wearing  his  livery,  and  attending  on  partic- 
ular occasions.  Bra/ide. 

RE-TA IN'ING,  p.  a.  Withholding;  securing; 
detaining  ; reserving  ; keeping  back. 

Retaining  wall,  a wall  used  for  the  support  and 


maintenance  of  a body  of  earth.  Tomlinson. — Retain- 
ing fee,  {Law.)  a fee  given  to  a lawyer  to  secure  his 
services,  or  prevent  his  acting  in  favor  of  the  opposite 
party:  a retainer.  Whishaw. 

RE-TAlN'MENT,  n.  The  act  of  retaining.  Daniel. 

RE-TAKE',  v.  a.  To  take  again.  Clarendon. 

RE-TAk'ER,  n.  One  who  retakes  ; a recaptor. 

RE-TAk'JNG,  n.  The  act  of  taking  again  ; recap- 
tion ; rescue.  Bouvier. 

RU-tAl'I-Ate,  v.  a.  [L.  retalio,  retaliaius  ; re, 
again,  back,  and  falls,  such.]  [i.  retaliated  ; 
pp.  retaliating,  retaliated.]  To  return  by 
giving  like  for  like  ; to  requite,  either  with  good 
or  evil ; to  repay  ; — commonly  used  in  an  ill 
sense  ; to  revenge. 

The  king  expects  a return  in  specie  from  them,  that  the 
kindness  which  he  has  graciously  shown  them  may  be  retal- 
iated on  those  of  his  own  persuasion.  Dryden. 

And  hate  with  hate  again  retaliate.  Donne . 

RE-TAl'I-ATE,  v.  n.  To  return  like  for  like  ; — 
particularly,  to  inflict  an  injury  in  return  for 
one  received;  to  take  revenge.  A.  Smith. 

RvE-TAL-I-A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  retaliating;  re- 
quital ; return  of  like  for  like,  particularly  of 
evil  for  evil ; reprisal ; revenge.  “ The  lex  tali- 
onis,  or  law  of  retaliation.'’  Blackstone. 

Revenge,  in  this  case,  nuturally  dictates  retaliation.  A.  Smith. 

Syn.  — Retaliation  is  the  return  of  like  for  like; 
revenge , the  return  of  injury  for  injury  ; requital,  the 
return  of  good  or  evil  ; reprisal,  the  act  of  taking  in 
return  for  what  has  been  taken,  and  it  is  practised 
especially  in  time  of  war.  Retaliation  is  rarely,  but 
requital  is  commonly,  used  in  a good  sense  ; revenge , 
always  in  a bad  sense.  — Revenge  is  an  act  of  the 
basest  passion  ; vengeance , an  act  of  justice.  Injuries 
are  revenged  j crimes,  avenged. 

RE-TAL'I-A-TIVE,  a.  Returning  like  for  like ; 
retaliatory ; vindictive  ; revengeful.  Qu.  ’Rev. 

RE-TAl'I-A-TO-RY,  a.  Implying  retaliation  ; re- 
taliating ; revenging.  George  Canning. 

RE-TARD',  v.  a.  [L.  retardo-,  re,  again,  back, 
and  tardo,  to  delay;  tardus,  slow;  It.  ritardarc ; 
Sp.  retardar  ; Fr.  retarder .]  [»'.  retarded  ; pp. 
retarding,  retarded.] 

1.  To  obstruct  in  swiftness  of  course;  to 
slacken  ; to  check ; to  hinder ; to  impede ; to 
clog. 

They  [metaphysics]  were  carried  still  farther,  and  corrupt- 
ed all  real  knowledge,  as  well  as  retarded  the  progress  of  it. 

Bolingbroke. 

2.  To  delay  ; to  put  off ; to  defer ; to  pro- 
tract ; to  prolong ; to  postpone  ; to  procrasti- 
nate; to  adjourn;  to  prorogue. 

Nor  kings  nor  nations 

One  moment  can  retard  the  appointed  hour.  Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Hinder. 

f RE-TARD',  v.  n.  To  stay  back.  Browne. 

RET-AR-dA'TION,  ti.  [L.  retardatio ; It.  ritar- 
dazionc,  Sp.  retardation  ■,  Fr.  retardation.] 

1.  The  act  of  retarding  ; hinderance  ; delay. 

2.  (Physics.)  Diminution  of  the  velocity  of  a 

moving  body,  arising  from  resistance,  as  of  the 
medium  in  which  it  moves,  friction,  &c.,  or 
from  gravity,  as  in  the  case  of  bodies  projected 
upwards,  or  of  a planet  in  its  passage  from  its 
perihelion  to  its  aphelion.  IIutto7i. 

RE-TAr'DA-TIVE,  a.  Tending  to  retard.  Maunder. 

RE-TArd'ER,  7i.  One  who  retards  ; a hindercr. 

RE-TARD'  R1  ENT,  7i.  Retardation,  [r.]  Cowley. 

RETCH  (rech  or  rech)  [recli,  E.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  C.  Wr. ; 
rech,  S.  P.Wb. ; rech  or  rech,  IF.  /•’.],  v.  n.  [A.  S. 
hracaii. — See  Reach.]  [i.  retched;  pp. 
retching,  retched.]  To  make  an  effort  to 
vomit ; to  heave  ; to  keck  ; — often  written 
7’each. 

“ This  word  is  derived  from  the  same  Saxon 
original  as  the  verb  to  reach,  and  seems  to  signify  the 
same  action  ; the  one  implying  the  extension  of  the 
arm,  and  the  other  of  the  throat  or  lungs.  No  good 
reason,  therefore,  appears  either  for  spelling  or  pro- 
nouncing them  differently;  and  though  Dr.  Johnson  . 
lias  made  a distinction  in  the  orthography,  the  pro- 
nunciation of  both  is  generally  the  same.”  Walker. 

f R ETCH,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  recall,  reccan.  — See  Reck.] 
To  care  for;  to  heed;  to  reck. 

fRETCH'LESS,  a.  Reckless.  Dryden. 

+ RETCH'LESS-LY,  ad.  Recklessly.  Drayton. 


MlEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — £,  9,  |,  soft;  C,  G,  c,  hard;  f;  as  z;  as  gz. 


THIS,  this. 


RETCHLESSNESS 


1228 


RETOUCH 


t RETCH'LESS-NESS,  n.  Recklessness.  Chaucer. 

RE-TE'CIOUS  (re-te'shus),  a.  [L.  rete,  a net.] 
Resembling  network,  [n.]  Maunder. 

fRg-TEC'TION,  n.  [L.  retego , retectus,  to  un- 
cover.] Act  of  disclosing  to  view.  Boyle. 

RE-TELL',  V.  a.  [t.  RETOLD  ; pp.  RETELLING, 
retold.]  To  tell  again.  Sh ah. 

RF.'TF.  MU- CO  ’SUM,  n.  [L.,  mucous  net.'] 
(Andt.)  The  second  layer  of  the  skin  next  below 
the  cuticle  or  epidermis,  giving  color  to  the 
body ; — also  called  corpus  mucosum.  Dunglison. 

“ In  the  white  varieties  of  our  species,  it  is 
colorless  ; in  the  negro,  black.”  Dunglison. 

RE-TEN'TION,  n.  [L.  retentio ; retineo,  retentus, 
to  hold  back,  to  retain  ; It.  ritenzione  ; Sp.  re- 
tention ; Fr.  retention.] 

1.  The  act  of  retaining,  holding,  or  keeping; 
maintenance  ; preservation  ; conservation. 

Afroward  retention  of  custom  is  as  turbulent  a thing  as  an 
innovation.  Bacon. 

2.  The  state  of  being  held  back  or  detained  ; 

detention,  [r.]  Chapmau. 

3.  The  power  of  retaining  or  keeping. 

No  woman's  heart 

So  big  to  hold  so  much ; they  lack  retention.  Shak. 

4.  The  faculty  of  the  mind  by  which  ideas 

are  retained  ; memory.  Locke. 

5.  Act  of  withholding;  restraint ; confinement. 

Ilis  life  I gave  him,  and  did  thereto  add 

My  love  without  retention  or  restraint.  Shak. 

6.  (Laic.)  The  right  of  retaining  property 

until  a debt  due  from  the  owner  is  paid  to  him 
who  retains  it.  Burrill. 

Syn.  — See  Memory. 

RE-TEN'TIVE,  a.  [It.  ritentiva ; Sp.  retention  ; 
Fr.  retent  if.] 

1.  That  retains ; having  power  to  retain.  “My 

retentive  enemy.”  Shak. 

Mingled  moulds  of  more  retentive  earths.  Thomson. 

2.  Having  power  to  retain  ideas.  “ Our  re- 
tentive faculty.”  Glanvill. 

+ RE-TEN'TIVE,  n.  That  which  restrains  ; a re- 
straint. “ liet entices  from  sin.”  Bp.  Hall. 

RE-TEN'TJVE-LY,  ad.  In  a retentive  manner. 

RE-TEN'TIV E-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  re- 
tentive ; retention.  Tucker : 

RF.-TEP’O-RJi , n.  [L.  rete,  a net,  and  porus,  a 
pore.]  A genus  of  molluscous  zoophytes  of  the 
order  Polyzoa,  containing  several  pretty  species, 
the  cells  of  which  are  immersed  in  a foliaceous, 
calcareous  polyzoary,  opening  at  one  surface 
only,  and  forming  a kind  of  net-work.  The 
typical  species,  found  in  the  Mediterranean  and 
Indian  seas,  is  called  Neptune’s  ruffles.  Baird. 

+ RE-TEX',  v.  a.  [L.  retexo.]  To  unweave.  Racket. 

RE-TEXT'URE,w.  A second  or  new  texture.  Carlyle. 

RE'TI-A-RY  (re'she-a-re),  n.  [L.  retiarius,  a kind 
of  gladiator  who  endeavored  to  hold  his  adver- 
sary by  throwing  a net  over  his  head ; rete,  a 
net.]  ( Ent .)  A spider  which  spins  a web  or  net 
to  catch  its  prey.  Brande. 

RE'TI-A-RY  (re'slie-),  a.  1.  Noting  spiders  which 
spin  a web  or  net  to  catch  their  prey.  Browne. 

2.  Armed  with  a trident  and  net,  as  a glad- 
iator. Coleridge. 

RET'l-CENCE,  n.  [L.  reticentia;  reticeo,  to  be 
silent ; re,  again,  and  taceo,  to  be  silent ; It.  re- 
ticenza ; Sp.  reticencia ; Fr.  reticence.] 

1.  Concealment  by  silence.  Southey. 

2.  ( Rhet .)  A figure  by  which  mention  is 

made  indirectly  of  some  subject  while  the 
speaker  or  the  writer  pretends  to  pass  it  over  in 
silence.  Bailey.  Martin. 

RET'J-CEN-CY,  n.  Reticence.  Wright. 

RET'I-CENT,  a.  Concealing  by  silence.  Clarke. 

RET'I-CLE,  n.  A small  net;  a reticule.  Bailey. 

RE-TIC'U-LAR,  a.  [It.  reticolarc  ; Sp.  reticular’, 
Fr.  reticulairc.]  Having  the  form  of  a net ; re- 
ticulated. Bailey. 

Reticular  bothj,  (Anal.)  tile  rete  mucosum.  — Reticu- 
lar  substance,  cellular  tissue.  Dunglison. 

RE-TIC  U-LATE,  ) a [j,.  reticulatm ; reticu- 

RE-Tlc'r-LAT-ED,  ) lum,  dim.  of  rete,  a net ; It. 
reticolato.] 

1.  Having  the  form  of  a net ; resembling  a 


net  or  net-work ; having  lines  crossing  each 
other  like  net-work.  Lyell. 

2.  (Hot.)  Noting  leaves  whose  veins  diverge 

from  the  midrib,  and  whose  veinlets  inosculate 
and  form  net-work.  Findley. 

3.  (Min.)  Noting  minerals  occurring  in  par- 

allel fibres  crossed  by  other  fibres  which  are 
also  parallel,  so  as  to  exhibit  meshes  like  those 
of  a net.  Phillips. 

Reticulated  work,  (Masonry.)  work  formed  of  square 
stones  or  bricks  placed  lozenge-wise,  resembling  the 
meshes  of  a net.  Britton. 

Rp-TlO-U-LA'TION,  n.  1.  A conformation  re- 
sembling net-work ; net-work.  Roget. 

2.  A method  of  copying  a painting  or  draw- 
ing by  straining  threads  over  it,  at  equal  dis- 
tances, like  net-work.  Weale. 

RET'I-CULE,  n.  [L.  reticulum,  dim.  of  rete,  a net ; 
It.  reticel/a  ; Sp.  redecilla  ; Fr.  reticule.] 

1.  A netted  bag,  or  a case,  used  by  ladies  to 

carry  work,  &c.,  in.  Andrews. 

2.  A net-work  dividing  the  field  of  view  of  a 

telescope  into  small  equal  squares,  used  for  ob- 
servations on  the  quantity  of  the  enlightened 
parts  of  a body  during  eclipses.  Brande. 

RET'I-FORM,  a.  [Fr.  retiforme,  from  L.  rete,  a 
net,  and  forma,  form.]  Having  the  form  of  a 
net  or  net-work  ; reticulate.  Ray. 

RET' I-MJl,  n. ; pi.  ret'i-n^e.  [L.]  (Anat.)  A 
soft,  pulpy,  grayish,  semi-transparent,  and  thin 
membrane  in  the  eye,  extending  from  the  optic 
nerve  to  the  crystalline  humor,  and  embracing 
the  vitreous  humor,  and  lining  the  choroid, 
without  adhering  to  either.  It  is  the  principal 
organ  of  vision,  the  images  of  objects  being  im- 
pressed on  it.  — See  Eye.  Dunglison. 

RET'I-NAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  retina.  Ed.  Rev. 

RE-TlN'A-LlTE,  n.  [Gr.  Juirivti,  resin,  and  XiOos, 
a stone.]  (Min.)  A translucent  variety  of  ser- 
pentine having  a resinous  appearance'.  Dana. 

RET'I-NAS-PHAlT,  n.  [Gr.  fiyrlvt),  resin,  and  aa- 
ipaXroi,  asphalt.]  (Min.)  Rctinitc.  Dana. 

RF.T-I-NAS-PIIAL'TyM,  n.  Retinasphalt.  Brande. 

RET'I-NITE,  n.  [Gr.  pr/rivy,  resin.]  (Min.)  An 
organic,  inflammable  substance  occurring  in 
roundish  masses,  sometimes  accompanying  coal, 
and  chiefly  composed  of  vegetable  resin  and 
bitumen ; retinasphalt.  Dana. 

RET-I-Nl'TIS,  n.  (Med.)  Inflammation  of  the 
retina.  Dunglison. 

RET'I-NOID,  a.  [Gr.  /Si irivt),  resin,  and  tllos,  form.] 
Resembling  resin  ; resiniform.  Clarke. 

RET'I-NUE  [rct'e-nu,  P.  E.  K.  Sm.  R.  C.  Wr. 
Wb.\  ret'e-riu  or  re-tln'nu,  W.  J.  F.  Ja.\  re-tln'- 
nu,  S.J,  n.  [Fr.  retenir,  retenu,  to  retain,  from 
L.  retineo .]  A train  of  attendants,  as  of  a prin- 
cipal person  ; a cortege  ; a suite.  Milton. 

,flrg=-“Tliis  word  was  formerly  always  accented  on 
the  second  syllable  ; but  tile  antepenultimate  accent, 
to  which  our  language  is  so  prone  in  simples  of  three 
syllables,  lias  so  generally  obtained  as  to  make  it 
doubtful  to  which  side  the  best  tisago  inclines.  Dr. 
Johnson,  Sheridan,  Ash,  Kenrick,  Nares,  Bailey,  and 
Fenning  accent  the  second  syllabic  ; and  Buchanan, 
W.  Johnston,  Perry,  Barclay,  and  Entick,  the  first. 
Scott  accents  both,  but  prefers  tile  first.  In  this  case, 
then,  analogy  ought  to  decide  for  placing  the  accent 
on  tile  first  syllable.”  Walker.  — All  the  principal 
English  orthoepists,  more  recent  than  Walker,  give 
the  preference  to  placing  the  accent  on  the  first  syl- 
lable  See  Revenue. 

Syn. — See  Procession. 

RET'T-PEl),  n.  [L.  rete,  a net,  and  pes,  a foot.] 
(Ornith.)  A bird  having  the  skin  of  the  tarsi 
divided  into  small,  polygonal  scales.  Brande. 

RE-TI'RA-CY,  n.  1.  Act  of  retiring.  [U.  S.]  [h.] 

2.  A fortune  sufficient  to  retire  from  business 
with ; a competency.  [U.  S.]  [r.]  Bartlett. 

RET-I-rAde',  n.  [Fr. ; retirer,  to  remove,  to 
withdraw.]  (Fort.)  A retrenchment,  usually 
made  with  two  faces,  forming  a reentrant  angle, 
thrown  up  in  the  body  of  a work  for  receiving 
troops,  who  may  dispute  the  ground  inch  by 
inch.  Stocqueler. 

f RE-TIRE',  v.  a.  [L.  retraho,  to  withdraw;  It. 
ritirare  ; Fr.  retirer.]  To  drawback;  to  with- 
draw. Shak. 

Nor  made  they  any  fair  retreat;  Hector’s  unruly  horse 

Would  needs  retire  him.  Chapman. 


RE-TiRE',  v.  n.  [It.  ritirarsi ; Sp.  retirarse ; Fr. 
retirer.]  [i.  retired  ; pp.  retiring,  retired.] 

1.  To  depart,  as  to  a place  of  privacy  or  soli- 
tude ; to  withdraw ; to  retreat ; to  remove. 

Retiring  to  the  house  of  a near  relation  of  hie.  Wood . 

Whilst  you,  my  lord,  the  rural  shades  admire, 

Aud  from  Britannia's  public  posts  retire.  Addison. 

2.  To  withdraw  from  business  or  active  life.’ 
“ A sufficient  fortune  to  retire  with.”  Bartlett . 

Syn.  I o retire  and  to  icithdraw  have  relation  to 
place  or  the  presence  of  persons,  and  are  voluntary 
acts.  I o retire  from  business  or  from  the  world  ; to 
retire  into  the  country  ; to  withdraw  from  a company 
or  from  society.  A person  recedes  at  his  convenience, 
and  retreats  by  compulsion,  or  in  order  to  escape  dan- 
ger.  I o secede  is  a public  act  : as,  to  secede  from  a 
religious  or  public  body. 

f RETIRE',  n.  1.  Retreat;  withdrawal.  Shak. 

The  battle  and  the  retire  of  the  English  succors.  Bacon. 

2.  A place  of  retreat ; asylum  ; retirement. 
“ This  safe  retire .”  Spenser. 

RE-TIRED'  (re-tlrd'),  a.  1.  Secret ; private ; soli- 
tary. “ Retired  . . . parts.”  B.  Jonson. 

2.  Withdrawn  ; removed ; abstracted. 

You  find  the  mind  in  sleep  retired  from  the  senses.  Locke. 

3.  Withdrawn  from  business  or  active  life  ; 
as,  “A  retired  merchant.” 

Retired  flank,  (Fort.)  a flank  having  an  arc  of  a circle 
with  its  convexity  turned  towards  the  place.  Brande. 

Syn.  — See  Secret,  Solitary. 

ItJJ-TlRED'LY  (re-tlrd'le),  ad.  In  solitude ; in 
privacy.  ’ Sherwood. 

RE-TIRED'NIJSS  (re-tlrd'nes),  n.  Retirement; 
solitude ; privacy.  Atterburg. 

R E-TIRE' MENT,  n.  1.  The  act  of  retiring. 

2.  The  state  of  being  withdrawn. 

This  retirement  of  the  mind  from  the  senses.  Locke. 

3.  Retired  or  private  abode  or  habitation. 

Caprea  had  been  the  retirement  of  Augustus.  Addison. 

4.  Private  way  of  life  ; seclusion  ; privacy. 

Jietirement,  rural  quiet,  friendship,  books.  Thomson. 

Syn. — See  Privacy. 

RIJ-TIR'JJR,  n.  One  who  retires.  Gascoigne. 

RE-TOLD',  p.  from  retell.  See  Retell. 

RE-TORT',  v.  a.  [L.  retorqueo,  retortus  ; re,  back, 
and  torqueo,  to  turn,  to  twist ; It.  ritorcere  ; Sp. 
retorcer;  Fr.  retorquer.]  [t.  retorted;  pp. 
RETORTING,  RETORTED.] 

1.  To  bend  back.  “ A line  retorted.”  Bacon. 

2.  To  throw  back;  to  rebound;  to  return. 

His  virtues,  shining  upon  others, 

Heat  them,  and  they  retort  that  heat  again 

To  the  first  giver.  Shak. 

3.  To  throw  back  or  return,  as  an  argument, 
accusation,  censure,  or  incivility ; to  answer. 
“ His  proof  will  easily  be  retorted.”  Hammond. 

RE-TORT',  v.  n.  To  throw  back  or  return  an  an- 
swer, charge,  censure,  or  incivility.  Pope. 

RE-TORT',  n.  1.  An  answer,  charge,  censure,  or 
incivility  returned  ; a severe  reply  ; a repartee. 

2.  [Fr.  retortc.]  (Chcm.)  A 
vessel  made  of  glass,  of  earthen 
ware,  or  of  metal,  and  termi- 
nating in  a long,  bent  neck,  the 
end  of  which  may  be  connected 
with  another  vessel  called  a re- 
ceiver ■, — used  in  distillations  and  in  procuring 
gases.  Henry. 

Syn.  — See  Repartee. 

RE-ToRT' ER,  n.  One  who  retorts.  Johnson. 

RE-TORT'ING,  n.  The  act  of  throwing  back  or 
returning,  as  a charge,  censure,  or  incivility. 

RE-TOR'TION,  n.  [It.  ritorcimento  ; Sp.  retor- 
sion-, Fr .' rttorsion.]  The  act  of  retorting  ; — 
also  written  retorsion.  Warburton. 

RE-TOR'TIVE,  a.  Containing  retort,  [r.]  Wright. 

RE-TOSS',  v.  a.  To  toss  again  or  back.  Pope. 

RE-TOUCH'  (re-tuch'),  v.  a.  [Fr.  retoucher.]  \i. 
RETOUCHED  ; pp.  "RETOUCHING,  RETOUCHED.] 
To  touch  again  ; to  improve  by  new  touches,  as 
a work  of  art;  to  revise.  “If  ever  I retouch 
this  essay.”  Dryden. 

RE-TOUCH',  n.  A repeated  touch  ; a revisal. 
“Perpetual  touches  and  retouches.”  Johnson. 


Retort. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  E,  I.  9,  V,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


RETRACE 


RETROGRADINGLY 


1229 


RE-TRACE',  or  RJJ-TRACE',  v.  a.  [Fr.  retracer .] 
[ i . RETRACED;  pp.  RETRACING,  RETRACED.] 

1.  To  trace  again  ; to  trace  back. 

Then  if  the  line  of  Turnus  you  retrace, 

lie  springs  from  Inachus,  of  Argive  race.  rope. 

2.  {Paint.)  To  renew  the  outline  of.  Fairholt. 

To  retrace  one’s  steps,  to  go  back  in  the  same  path 

or  course  in  which  one  advanced. 

Rf-TRACT',  v.  a.  [L.  retraho,  retractue ; re, 
again,  back,  and  traho,  to  draw;  It.  ritrattare  ; 
Sp.  retractor-,  Fr.  retracter.]  [i.  retracted  ; 

pp.  RETRACTING,  RETRACTED.] 

1.  To  draw  back;  to  withdraw.  Dryden. 

Before  the  gates  the  son  of  Juphct  stands, 

Nor  from  the  skies  retracts  his  head  or  hands.  Cooke. 

2.  To  take  back  ; to  resume.  Woodward. 

3.  To  recall;  to  recant ; to  revoke  ; to  abjure. 

If  his  subtilties  could  have  satisfied  me,  I would  as  freely 

have  retracted  this  charge  of  idolatry  as  I ever  made  it. 

Utilliugjleet. 

Syn. — See  Abjure,  Recall. 

Rp-TRACT',  V.  n.  1.  f To  withdraw  ; to  retreat. 

That  he  [the  Spaniard]  neither  might  have  news  nor  suc- 
cors, nor  retract  on  any  side.  Hacklupt. 

2.  To  take  back  or  withdraw  declaration  of 
concession  ; to  make  retraction. 

She  grants,  denies: 

Consents,  retracts,  advances,  and  then  Hies.  Granville. 

R1J-TRACT',  n.  {Farriery.)  The  act  of  pricking 
a horse’s  foot  in  nailing  a shoe  on.  Wright. 

R K-TRACT'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  retracted. 
“ Retractable  into  a sheath.”  Cook. 

fRIJ-TRAC'TATE,  v.  a.  [L.  retracto,  retractatus.\ 
To  retract.  Translators  of  the  Bible. 

RET-RAC-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  retractatio .]  Retrac- 
tion ; recantation,  [r.]  Browne. 

RE-TRAC'Tj-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  drawn  back  ; 
retractile;  retractable  Smith. 

RE-TRAC'TILE,  a.  Capable  of  being  drawn  back  ; 
retractable.  Pennant. 

Rp-TRAC'TION,  n.  [L .retractio;  It.  retrazione ; 
Sp.  retraccion  ; Fr.  retraction .] 

1.  The  act  of  retracting  or  withdrawing. 

2.  Declaration  of  change  of  opinion  ; revo- 
cation of  opinion  ; recantation.  Sidney. 

3.  {Med.)  State  of  a part  when  drawn  towards 
the  centre  of  the  body  or  backwards.  Dunglison. 

R5-TRAC'T|VE,  a.  Tending  to  retract;  that  re- 
tracts ; withdrawing.  Clarke. 

Rp-TRAC'TIVE,  n.  That  which  retracts,  with- 
draws, or  takes  from.  Bp.  Hall. 

RIJ-TRAC'TOR,  n.  1.  One  who  retracts. 

2.  {Surg.)  A piece  of  linen  employed  in  am- 
putation for  drawing  the  divided  muscles  up- 
wards, and  thus  keeping  the  parts  of  the  wound 
out  of  the  way  of  the  saw.  Hoblgn. 

fRlJ-TRAICT'  (re-trakt'),  n.  [Old  Fr.  retraicte.] 
Act  of  withdrawing  ; retreat.  Bacon. 

+ R1J-TRAIT',  n.  [It.  ritratto  ; ritrarre,  to  draw.] 
Cast  of  countenance  : — a portrait.  Spenser. 

RE-TRANS-LATE',  v.  a.  To  translate  again. 

RE-TRjx'lT,  n.  [L.,  He  has  withdrawn .]  {Law.) 
A withdrawal  of  a suit  in  court,  by  which  the 
plaintiff  loses  his  action.  Whishaw. 

RE-TREAD',  v.  a.  To  tread  again.  Wordsworth. 

RE-TREAT'  (re-tret'),  n.  [Fr.  retrait-,  retraire 
(L.  retraho),  to  withdraw.  — See  Retract.] 

1.  The  act  of  retiring  ; a withdrawing. 

But  beauty’s  triumph  is  well-timed  retreat.  Tope. 

2.  State  of  privacy  or  seclusion  ; retirement. 

Here,  in  the  calm,  still  mirror  of  retreat , 

I studied  Shrewsbury  the  wise  and  great.  Pope. 

3.  Place  of  retirement ; — an  asylum  ; refuge. 

lie  built  his  son  a house  of  pleasure,  and  spared  no  cost  to 

make  a delicious  retreat.  L' Estrange. 

4.  {Mil.)  The  march  of  an  army  or  body  of 

men  in  withdrawing  from  the  enemy  or  from  a 
position  : — a beat  of  a drum,  or  a sounding  of 
trumpets,  at  sunset:  — in  the  navy,  the  order 
or  disposition  in  which  a fleet  or  squadron  de- 
clines engagement,  or  retires  before  a pursuing 
enemy.  Stocqueler.  Mar.  Diet. 

The  retreats  of  Napoleon  in  1814  and  1815  were  neither 
more  brilliant  nor  less  hitter  than  those  of  Louis  XVIII.  on 
the  20th  of  March,  18Io,  of  Charles  X.  in  1830,  and  of  Louis 
Philippe  in  1848.  Guizot. 

Syn.  — See  Asylum,  Privacy. 


RE-TREAT',  V.  n.  [*.  RETREATED  ; pp.  RETREAT- 
ING, RETREATED.] 

1.  To  move  or  go  back  ; to  withdraw ; to  re- 
cede ; to  retire.  “ The  retreating  sea.” 

He  retreated , with  his  eye  fixed  upon  her.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  To  go  or  retire  to  a private  abode  or  to  a 

place  of  security.  Spenser. 

3.  {Mil.)  To  retire  from  an  enemy  or  from  a 

position.  Stocqueler. 

Syn.  — See  Retire. 

RE-TREAT'IJD,  p.  a.  Retired  ; gone  to  privacy. 

Rp-TREAT'MjpNT,  n.  Retreat,  [r.]  John  Tyler. 

RE-TRENCH',  v.  a.  [Fr.  rctranchcr ; re,  again, 
and  tranche)-,  to  cut.]  [i.  retrenched  ; pp. 
RETRENCHING,  RETRENCHED.] 

1.  To  cut  or  lop  off;  to  pare  away. 

The  primer’s  hand  must  quench 
Thy  heat,  and  thy  exuberant  parts  retrench.  Denham. 

2.  To  lessen  ; to  diminish  ; to  curtail. 

We  ought  to  retrench  those  superfluous  expenses.  Atterbury. 

3.  To  confine ; to  restrict,  [it.]  Addison. 

4.  {Mil.)  To  furnish  with  an  intrenehment. 
“If  the  bastion  were  retrenched.”  P.  Cyc. 

RE-TRENCH',  v.  n.  1.  To  live  with  less  ex- 
pense ; to  diminish  expenses ; to  economize. 

2.  To  encroach  ; to  trench,  [r.] 

He  was  forced  to  retrench  deeply  on  his  Japanese  revenues. 

Swift. 

RE-TRENCH '{NG,  n.  Act  of  one  who  retrenches  ; 
a curtailing ; retrenchment.  Harris. 

RE-TRENCII'MENT,  n.  [Fr.  retranchement .] 

1.  The  act  of  retrenching ; curtailment ; dim- 
inution. 

I would  rather  be  an  advocate  for  the  retrenchment  than 
the  increase  of  this  charity.  Atterbury. 

2.  {Mil.)  An  intrenehment.  • Stocqueler. 

RE-TRIB'UTE  [re-trlb'ut,  IF.  P.  J.  E.  Ja.  Sm.  R. 
C.  Wr. ; ret're-but,  .S.  K. ; re-trib'ut  or  ret're-but, 
/*’.],  v.  a.  [L.  retribuo,  retributus  ; It.  retribuire ; 
Sp.  retribuir  ; Fr.  retribuer .]  [i.  ketributed  ; 

pp.  retributing,  retributed.]  To  pay  back; 
to  repay,  [it.]  Herbert. 

In  the  state  of  nature,  a man  comes  by  no  arbitrary  power 
to  use  a criminal,  but  only  to  retribute  to  him,  so  far  as  calm 
reason  and  conscience  dictate,  what  is  proportionate  to  his 
transgression.  . Locke. 

RE-TRIB'U-TER,  n.  One  who  makes  retribution. 

RET-RI-BU'TION,  n.  [L.  retributio  ; It.  retribu- 
zione  ; Sp.  retribucion  ; Fr.  retribution .] 

1.  The  act  of  retributing;  repayment;  re- 
quital ; reward  ; recompense  ; compensation. 

The  king  thought  he  had  not  remunerated  his  people  suf- 
ficiently with  good  laws,  which  evermore  was  his  retribution 
for  treasure.  Bacon. 

2.  Distribution  of  rewards  and  punishments. 
“ A state  of  retribution  hereafter.”  Addison. 

3.  A salary  paid  for  services.  Bouvier. 

Syn. — Retribution  is  more  commonly  used  with 

reference  to  the  divine  government  ; as  the  retribu- 
tions of  Providence;  a state  of  retribution-,  — requital 
of  a benefit  or  favor  ; reward  for  merit ; recompense  or 
compensation  for  services  ; repayment  of  kindness  or 
of  money. 

RE-TRlB'U-TIVE,  a.  Making  retribution;  repay- 
ing. “ Retributive  justice.”  Cudworth. 

RE-TRIB.'y-TO-RY,  a.  Retributive.  Bp.  Hall. 

RE-TRIEV'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  retrieved; 
recoverable  ; restorable.  Gray. 

RE-TRIEV'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
retrievable.  Ash. 

RE-TRIEV' A-BLy,  ad.  In  a retrievable  manner; 
so  as  to  be  retrieved.  Wright. 

RE-TRIE V'AL,  n.  The  act  of  retrieving;  recov- 
ery; restoration.  Coleridge. 

RE-TRIEVE'  (re-trev'),  v.  a.  [It.  ritrovare  ; ri 
(L.  re),  again,  and  trovare,  to  find;  Fr.  re- 
trouver.]  .[&•  retrieved  ; pp.  retrieving,  re- 
trieved.] 

1.  To  get  again;  to  regain;  to  recover;  to 
recruit ; to  restore  ; to  reestablish. 

Paradise  is  set  open,  and  immortality  retrieved.  Barrow. 

By  this  conduct  wc  may  retrieve  the  public  credit  of  re- 
ligion. Rogers. 

2.  To  save  harmless  from  ; to  make  amends 
for  ; to  repair.  “ Retrieve  my  fall.”  [r.]  Prior. 

3.  To  bring  back  ; to  recall ; to  reclaim. 

To  retrieve  them  from  tlieir  cold,  trivial  conceits.  Berkeley. 

Syn.  — See  Recover. 


f RE-TRIEVE',  ?t.  1.  A seeking  again.  “ To  the 
retrieve .”  B.  Jonson. 

2.  An  old  sporting  term  for  the  recovery  of 
game  once  sprung.  Aarcs. 

RE-TRIEV'ER,  n.  One  who  retrieves.  Harrington. 

RE-TRIM',  v.  a.  To  trim  again.  Wordsworth. 

RET'RI-MENT,  n.  Dregs ; refuse,  [n.]  Scott. 

RETRO-.  [L.]  A prefix  signifying  backward  or 
back. 

||  RE-TRO-ACT',  v.  n.  [L.  retro,  back,  and  Eng. 
act.]  To  act  backward  or  in  return.  IF.  Johnson. 

||  RE-TRO-AC'TION,  n.  Action  backward  or  in  re- 
turn ; operation  on  something  preceding.  Smart. 

II  RE-TRO- AC'TI  VE,  or  RET-RO-AC'TJ  VE  [re-tro- 
ak'tjv,  K.  Sm.  R.  Wr. ; ret-ro-ak'tjv,  P.  C.  B. 
Wb.],  a.  [L.  retro,  back,  and  Eng.  active.] 
Acting  backward,  or  upon  something  past  or 
preceding. 

||  RE-TRO-AC'TI  VE-LY,  ad.  By  acting  backwards ; 
by  retroaction.  Smart. 

II  RE'TRO-CEDE,  or  RET'RO-CEDE  [re'tro-scd,  S. 
Ja.  K.  Sm.  R.  ; ret'ro-sed,  P.  J.  F.  Wb.],  v.  n. 
[L.  retroccdo  ; retro,  back,  and  cedo,  to  go  ; It. 
retrocedere ; Sp.  retroceder.]  [i.  retroceded  ; 
pp.  retroceding,  retroceded.]  To  go  back  ; 
to  retire  ; to  recede.  Scott. 

||  RE'TRO-CEDE,  v.  a.  [L.  retro,  back,  and  cedo, 
to  cede  ; It.  retrocedere ; Fr.  retroceder.]  To 
cede  or  grant  back.  Qu.  Rev. 

II  RE-TRO-CE'DENT,  a.  {Med.)  Noting  diseases 
which  move  about  from  one  part  of  the  body  to 
another.  Recce. 

||  RE-TRO-CES'SION  (re-tro-sesh'un),  71.  [L.  retro- 
cessus ; It.  retroccssione  ; Sp.  retroccsion  ; Fr. 
retrocession.] 

1.  The  act  of  going  back  ; regression.  “ The 

sun’s  retrocession."  More. 

2.  {Med.)  The  disappearance  or  metastasis 

of  a tumor,  eruption,  &c.,  from  the  outer  part 
of  the  body  to  the  inner.  Dunglison. 

3.  (Laic.)  The  -act  of  ceding  back  to  a for- 
mer proprietor.  Bouvier. 

||  RE-TRO-DUC'TION,  n.  [L.  retroduco,  retroduc- 
tus,  to  lead  back  ; retro,  back,  and  duco,  to  lead.] 
The  act  of  leading  or  bringing  back.  Smart. 

||  RET'RO-FLEX,  a.  [L.  retro,  back,  and  ftecto, 
flexus,  to  bend.]  (Bot.)  Bent  outward  or  back- 
ward ; reflexed.  Smart. 

||  RET'RO-FLEXED,  a.  ( Bot .)  Bent  backwards  ; 
reflexed  ; retroflex.  Gray. 

||  RET-KO-FrAcT'ED,  a.  [L.  retro,  back,  and 
frango,  fractus,  to  break.]  (Bot.)  Refracted ; 
retroflexed.  Smart. 

RET-RO-<?EN'ER-A-TIVE,  a.  [L.  retro,  back, 
and  gencro,  to  beget.]  Producing  young  by 
copulation  backward.  Scott. 

||  RET-R0-GRA-DA'T10N,  n.  [L.  retrogradatio  ; 
It.  rctrogradazione ; Sp.  retrogradacion  ; Fr.  ri- 
trogradation.] 

1.  The  act  of  retrograding,  or  going  back- 
ward ; retrogression.  Holinshed. 

2.  ( Astron .)  Motion  from  east  to  west,  or  in 

a direction  contrary  to  the  order  of  the  signs  of 
the  zodiac.  Herschel. 

II  RET'RO-GRADn  [ret'ro-grad,  W.  P.  J.  E.  F.  K. 
R.  Wr.  Wb. ; re'tro-grad,  Ja.  Sm.],  a.  [L.  rctro- 
gradus-,  It.  4' Sp  .retrograde-,  Fr.  retrograde.] 

1.  Going  backward  ; backward.  “ Retrograde 

motion.”  Bolingbroke. 

2.  Declining  to  a worse  state.  Pope. 

3.  (Astron.)  Noting  motion  contrary  to  the 

order  of  the  signs,  as  that  of  the  moon’s  nodes, 
or  that  of  the  inferior  planets  while  passing 
from  one  greatest  elongation  to  the  other  through 
their  inferior  conjunction.  Herschel. 

||  RET'RO-GRAde,  v.  n.  [L.  retrogradior ; retro, 
back,  and  gradior,  to  go  ; It.  retrogradare  ; Sp. 
relragradar  ; Fr.  retrograde)-.]  \i.  retro- 
graded ; pp.  retrograding,  retrograded.] 
To  go  or  move  backward  ; to  recede.  Bacon. 

||  RET'RO-GRADE,  v.  a.  To  cause  to  go  back- 
ward or  recede.  Sylvester. 

||  RET-RO-GRAd'ING-LY,  ad.  By  retrograde  mo- 
tion ; so  as  to  retrograde.  Qu.  Rev. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — G,  (?,  q,  g,  soft;  E,  G,  c,  g,  hard ; ^ as  z;  3i  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


RETROGRESSION 


1230 


REVELMENT 


||  RLT-RO-GllES'SION  (ret-ro-grSsh'un),  n.  [L. 
rctrogressus ; Fr.  retrogression.]  The  act  of 
going  backward  ; retrogradation.  Browne. 

II  ItET-RO-GRES'SJVE,  a.  [L.  retrogressif.]  Go- 
ing or  moving  backward.  Coleridge. 

II  RET-RO-GRES’SI  VE-LY,  a.  By  going  back- 
ward; retrogradingly.  Wright. 

II  RET-RO-MlN'<?EN-CY,  n.  The  act  or  the  state 
of  voiding  urine  backward.  Browne. 

II  RET-RO-MLN'(?E-\'T>  a.  [L.  retro,  back,  and 
minr/o,  to  void  urine.]  A oiding  uiine  back- 
ward. Ash' 

II  RET-RO-Ml.\'(?IJ.NT,  n.  An  animal  voiding 
urine  backward.  Browne. 


5.  (Law.)  To  remit  or  send  back  to  the  court, 
as  a writ,  with  a memorandum  or  certificate  in- 
dorsed, of  the  manner  in  which  it  lias  been  ex- 
ecuted. Burrill. 

Syn.  — Return  or  repay  what  lias  been  borrowed 
or  lent 5 restore  what  has  been  taken  ; return  civili- 
ties ; restore  confidence,  di^iosits. 

RE-TURN',  n.  1.  The  act  of  returning;  the  act 
of  going  or  coming  back  ; regression. 

Takes  little  journeys,  uud  makes  quick  returns.  Dryden. 

2.  The  act  of  giving  or  sending  back  ; the 
act  of  restoring  ; as,  “ The  return  of  something 
borrowed.” 

The  other  ground  of  God’s  sole  property  in  any  thing  is, 
the  gift,  or  rather  the  return,  of  it  made  by  fnau  to  God. South. 

3.  Revolution  ; vicissitude  ; change. 


II  RET-RO-PUL'SIVE,  a.  [L.  retro,  back,  and  pol- 
io, pulsus,  to  drive.]  Tending  to  repel ; driving 
back  ; repelling.  Smart. 

Rg-TRORSE'LY,  ad.  [L.  retroversus,  retrorsus ; 
retro,  back,  and  verto,  to  turn.]  In  a backward 
direction.  Smart. 

II  RET'RQ-SPECT  [ret'ro-spekt,  Ilr.  P.  J.  F.  R.  C. 
Wr.  I Vb. ; re'tro-spekt,  S.  E.  Ja.  K.  Sm.],  n.  [L. 
retro,  backward,  and  specio,  spectus,  to  see,  to 
look.]  A look  or  view  back  on  things  past ; a 
view  of  the  past ; a review.  Addison. 

Syn.  — Retrospect  of  the  past ; a retrospect  or  care- 
ful renieio  of  one’s  past  life  ; a review  or  second  view 
of  any  matter  or  subject ; a survey  of  existing  circum- 
stances ; a renew  of  an  army  ; a survey  of  tile  ground 
and  of  fortresses. 

II  RET  RO-SPECT,  v.  n.  To  look  back.  D.  Clinton. 

||  RET-RO-SPEC'TION,  n.  The  act  or  the  faculty 
of  looking  back  on  things  past.  Swift. 

II  RET-RO-SPEC'TIVE,  a.  1.  Looking  back  on 
past  events.  Pope. 

2.  Having  reference  to  something  past.  “ Ret- 
rospective laws.”  Bouvier. 

II  RET-RO-SPEC'TIVE-LY,  ad.  By  retrospect  or 
retrospection.  Ec.  Rev. 

II  RET-RO-VER'SION,  n.  [It.  retroversione ; Fr. 
retroversion.]  (Med.)  The  falling  backward  of 
the  uterus.  Dunylison. 

||  RET’RO-VERT,  v.  a.  [L.  retro , backward,  and 
verto,  to  turn.]  To  turn  back.  Smart. 

Rf-TRUDE',  v.  a.  [L.  retrudo ; re,  back,  and 
trudo,  to  thrust.]  [f.  retruded  ; pp.  ketrud- 
ing,  retruded.]  To  thrust  back.  More. 

RE-TRiJSE',  a.  [L.  retrusus  ] Hidden;  ab- 

struse. “ Of  so  retruse  a nature.”  II.  More. 

RET'TtNG,  n.  The  act  of  preparing  flax  for  the 
separation  of  the  woody  part  from  the  harl  or 
filamentous  part,  by  soaking  it  in  water,  or  by 
exposure  to  dew  ; — also  called  rotting.  Ure. 

RE-TUND',  v.  a.  [L.  retundo ; re,  back,  and  tundo, 
to  beat.]  To  blunt;  to  dull.  Ray. 

RE-TURN',  v.  n.  [It.  ritornare  ; ri  (L.  re),  again, 
back,  and  tornare,  to  turn ; Sp.  retornar ; Fr. 
retour  ner.]  \i.  returned  ; pp.  returning, 
returned.] 

1.  To  come  or  go  back  or  again,  as  to  the 
same  place  or  state  ; to  revert. 

He  shall . . . return  to  his  own  land.  2 Kings  x\x.  7. 

JReturn  ye  now  every  one  from  his  evil  way.  Jer.  xviii.  11. 
Dust  thou  art,  and  unto  dust  shalt  thou  return.  Gen.  Hi.  19. 

2.  To  make  answer;  to  reply  ; to  respond. 

lie  said,  and  thus  the  queen  of  heaven  returned-. 

Must  I,  O Jove,  in  bloody  wars  contend?  Pope. 

3.  To  retort;  to  recriminate,  [r.1 


Weapons  hardly  fall  under  rule;  yet  even  they  have  re- 
turns and  vicissitudes,  tor  ordnance  w’us  known  in  the  city  of 
the  Oxidraces  in  India.  liucon. 

4.  Repayment  ; reimbursement  ; — recom- 
pense ; reward ; requital. 

Ye  shall  have  your  return  in  merchandise  or  gold.  Bacon. 
Wouldst  thou  invade  my  life,  as  a return 
For  proffered  love?  Rowe. 

5.  Profit ; advantage ; benefit ; gain. 

From  these  few  hours  we  spend  in  prayer  tire  return  is 
great.  lip.  Taylor. 

6.  An  official  account  or  statement,  as  of 
votes  cast  at  an  election,  or  of  the  wounded  in 
an  army  ; — commonly  in  the  plural. 

7.  An  answer  ; a reply  ; a response. 

To  which  our  Saviour  makes  this  memorable  and  gracious 
return,  ••  Verily,  I say,”  A c.  Attertmnj. 

8.  pi.  Tabulated  government  statistics  issued 

for  general  information.  Simmonds. 

9.  pi.  A mild  kind  of  tobacco.  Simmonds. 

10.  (Law.)  The  rendering  back  of  a writ  to 

the  court  from,  which  it  issued,  by  the  officer  to 
whom  it  was  directed  : — an  account  or  answer 
in  writing  by  a sheriff  or  other  officer  to  the 
court  stating  the  manner  in  which  he  has  exe- 
cuted a writ : — a return-day.  Burrill. 

11.  (Arch.)  A projection,  a moulding,  or  a 

wall  continued  in  a different  or  opposite  direc- 
tion. Brande. 

RE-TURN'A-BLE,  a.  1.  That  may  be  returned. 

2.  (Law.)  Required  or  appointed  to  be  re- 
turned, as  a writ.  Ayliffe.  Burrill. 

RE-TURN'— DAY,  n.  (Laic.)  A day  in  a term  on 
which  writs  are  required  to  be  returned.  Burrill. 

RE-TURN'ER,  n.  One  who  returns.  Locke. 

RE-TURN'ING,  p.  a.  Going  or  giving  back  ; mak- 
ing a return. 

Returning  charges,  (Mining.)  the  cost  of  smelting 
ami  other  expenses  to  be  deducted  from  the  value  of 
fine  copper  in  ores  before  the  actual  value  of  the  ores 
is  determinable:  — the  whole  expense  of  getting, 
furthering,  and  dressing  the  ore.  — Returning  stroke, 
(Elec.)  the  sudden  restoration,  — at  the  moment  of  a 
violent  discharge  of  electricity  between  two  clouds, — 
of  the  electrical  equilibrium,  -which  had  been  dis- 
turbed in  the  neighboring  parts  of  the  earth  by  in- 
duction, whereby  fatal  effects  are  sometimes  produced 
on  animals  near  one  of  the  clouds,  without  any  ap- 
pearance of  an  immediate  discharge  where  the  ani- 
mals stand  ; — so  named  by  Lord  Mahon,  who  con- 
ceived the  phenomenon  to  he  due  to  the  instantane- 
ous return  of  electricity  which  had  been  expelled  by 
induction.  Young. 

RE-TURN'LESS,  a.  Admitting  no  return;  irre- 
meable. [r.]  Chapman. 

RE-TUSE',  a.  [L.  retundo,  retusus,  to 
blunt.]  (Bot.)  Terminating  in  a 
rounded  apex,  the  middle  of  which  is 
somewhat  indented.  Gray. 


If  you  are  a malicious  reader,  you  return  upon  me  that  I 
affect  to  be  thought  more  impartial  than  I am.  Dryden. 

RE-TURN',  v.  a.  1.  To  give,  carry,  or  send  back  ; 
to  give  back,  as  that  which  has  been  borrowed 
or  lent. 

He  should  levy  money,  and  return  the  same  to  the  treas- 
urer, for  his  majesty’s  use.  Cl  irendon. 

2.  To  report ; to  relate  ; to  communicate. 

And  Moses  returned  the  words  of  the  people  unto  the 

Lord’  _ kxod.x  ix.8. 

3.  To  give  in  requital  or  recompense ; to  re- 
pay ; to  requite  ; to  retribute  ; to  restore.  “ Re- 
turn him  a trespass-offering.”  1 Sam.  vi.  3. 

4.  To  give  or  render  an  account  of. 

Probably  one  fourth  part  more  died  of  the  plague  than  are 

rettu'ned.  Graunt. 


RE-IJN'TON  (rE-yun'yun),  n.  [Fr.  reunion.'] 

1.  The  act  of  uniting  again  ; a second  or  re- 
newed union.  Donne. 

2.  An  assembly  ; a meeting.  Smart. 

RE-U-NiTE'  (re-yu-nlt'),  V.  a.  [t.  REUNITED  ; pp. 
REUNITING,  REUNITED.] 

1.  To  unite  or  join  again.  Shak. 

2.  To  reconcile  after  variance.  Bolinybroke. 

RE-U-NiTE',  v.  n.  To  unite  again.  Johnson. 

RE-U-NIT'ED-LY,  ad.  In  a reunited  manner. 

fi  RE-U-NI''TION  (re-yu-nlsh'tftl),  n.  A new  un- 
ion ; a reunion.  Knatchbull. 

RE-UR<gE',  v.  a.  To  urge  again.  C.  B.  Brown. 


REUSS'IN,  n.  (Min.)  A white  mineral,  of  a sa- 
line and  bitter  taste,  occurring  in  six-sided  and 
in  ucicular  crystals,  and  as  a mealy  efflorescence 
and  composed  chiefly  of  sulphate  of  soda  and 
sulphate  of  magnesia;  — found  near  Seidlitz  in 
Bohemia.  Dana. 

REOss'lTE,  n.  (Min.)  A name  applied  to  Glau- 
ber s salt,  or  sulphate  ot  soda,  composed  of  sul- 
phuric acid,  soda,  and  water.  Cleaveland. 

RE-\ Ac  CI-NAtE,  v.  a.  To  vaccinate  again. 

RE- V Ac- CI-N A ' T ION,  n.  A second  vaccination. 

RE-VAl-U-A'TION,  it.  A new  valuation. 

f ItEVE,  n.  A reeve.  — See  Reeve.  Chaucer. 

RE-VEAL'  (re-vel’),  v.  a.  [L.  revelo ; re,  again, 
back,  and  velo,  to  veil ; It.  rivelare  ; Sp.  revelar ; 
l’r.  reveler .]  [t.  revealed  revealing, 

REVEALED.] 

1.  To  lay  open  ; to  make  known  ; to  show 

openly  or  manifestly  ; to  disclose ; to  discover  ; 
to  divulge  ; to  publish  ; to  tell.  Shah. 

Time,  which  reveals  all  other  things,  is  itself  not  to  be  dis- 
covered. Locke. 

2.  To  communicate  or  impart  from  heaven, 

as  divine  truth.  Eph.  iii.  6. 

Syn.  — See  Communicate,  Publish,  Tell. 

RE-VEAL',  n.  (Arch.)  A vertical  side  of  a win- 
dow or  a door-way  between  the  face  of  the  wall 
and  frame  of  the  window  or  door;  — also  writ- 
ten revel.  Britton. 

RE-VEAL'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  revealed  or 
disclosed.  Wright. 

RE-VEALA-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
revealable.  Wright. 

RE'VEALED'  (re-veld'), />.  a.  1.  Disclosed  ; made 
known  ; laid  open. 

2.  Communicated  or  imparted  from  heaven  ; 
as,  “ Revealed  religion.” 

RE-VEAL'ER,  n.  One  who  reveals  ; a discoverer. 

RE-VEAL'MENT,  n.  The  act  of  revealing;  rev- 
elation. [it.]  South.  E.  H.  Sears. 

RE- VEy 'E-TATE,  v.  n.  To  vegetate  again. 

REVEILLE  (re-val'  or  re-val'ya)  [re-vaf  or  re-val'- 
ya, Sm.  Wr. ; re-vel'ya,  Ja.  ; re-vel'  or  re-vel'ya, 
A'.],  ii.  [Fr.  reveiller,  to  awake.]  (Mil.)  The 
beat  of  drums  at  break  of  day,  for  awaking  the 
soldiers,  and  putting  a stop  "to  the  challenging 
of  sentries.  Brande. 

REV'EL,  v.  n.  [Fr.  reveiller.']  [/.  revelled  ; pp. 
revelling,  revelled.]  To  feast  with  loose 
and  clamorous  merriment ; to  carouse. 

Antony,  that  revels  long  o’  nights.  Shak. 

REV'EL,  n.  1.  A feast  with  loose  and  noisy  jol- 
lity ; carousal.  Shak. 

2.  (Arch.)  A reveal.  — See  Reveal.  Britton. 

Master  of  the  revels,  lord  of  misrule  ; revel-master. 
— See  Lord.  Brande. 

RE-VEL',  v.  a.  [L.  revello ; re,  back,  and  vello, 
to  pluck,  to  pull.]  [:.  revelled  ; pp.  revel- 
ling, REVELLED.]  To  pull  or  draw  back. 
“ Revelling  the  humors  from  the  lungs.”  Harvey. 

f REV'EL-ATE,  v.  a.  To  reveal.  Fryth. 

REV-E-LA 'TION,  n.  [L.  revelatio ; It.  rivela- 
zione  ; Sp.  rcvclacion-,  Fr.  revelation.] 

1.  Act  of  revealing,  or  state  of  being  revealed; 
disclosure;  discovery;  communication.  Locke. 

2.  That  which  is  revealed  or  disclosed. 

3.  A communication  of  truth  made  to  man 

by  God  or  by  his  agents,  as  the  prophets  and 
apostles  ; the  contents  of  the  Bible.  Eden. 

4.  The  last  book  of  the  New  Testament,  con- 
taining the  revelations  made  to  St.  John  inPat- 
mos  ; the  apocalypse. 

RE-VEL'LENT,  a.  That  revels  or  draws  back ; 
causing  revulsion.  Clarke., 

REV'EL-LER,  n.  One  who  revels  ; a carouser. 

REV'EL-LING,  n.  A feasting  with  noisy  merri- 
ment; revelry.  1 Pet.  iv.  3. 

REV'EL-MAs'TER,  n.  One  appointed  to  direct 
the  revels  at  Christmas  ; master  of  the  revels  ; 
lord  of  misrule.  — See  Lord. 

REV'EL-MENT,  n.  The  act  of  revelling;  revel- 
ling’; revelry,  [r.]  Blackwood. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  0,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  tr,  Y,  short;  A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


REVEL-ROUT 


1231 


REVERSELESS 


REV 'EL— ROUT,  n.  1.  A riotous  assembly ; a 
mob.  Ainsworth. 

2.  Tumultuous  festivity  or  carousal,  lioive. 
REV'pL-RY,  n.  The  act  of  revelling;  noisy  fes- 
tivity; loose  jollity  ; carousal. 

Midnight  shout  and  revelry. 

Tipsy  dance  and  jollity.  Milton. 


Rp  VEN'DI-cAte,  v.  a.  [Fr.  rcvendiquer -,  re, 
atrain,  and  vcndiquer  (L.  vindico ),  to  lay  claim 
to.l  (Civil  & French  Law.)  To  claim  or  de- 
mand to  be  restored  to  one’s  self,  as  property 
taken  or  seized.  Smart.  Landais. 


RE-VEN-DI-CA'TION,  n.  [Fr.]  (Civil  & French 
'Law.)  The  act  or  the  right  of  demanding  the 
restoration  of  property  of  which  one  claims  to 
be  owner.  Bouvier. 


Iip-VENt^E’,  v.  a.  [L.  vindico-,  vis,  vim,  power, 
authority,  and  dico,  to  say,  to  assert ; It.  yendi- 
care  ; Sp.  vengar  ; Fr.  reoancher. ] [t.  RH- 

VENOED  ; pp.  REVENGING,  REVENGED.] 

1.  To  inflict  pain  in  return  for,  as  by  return- 
ing injury  for  injury;  to  take  vengeance  for; 
to  retaliate. 

Who  leaves  a brother  to  revenge  his  fate.  Pope. 

2.  To  take  vengeance  for  the  wrongs  of ; — 
with  the  reflexive  pronoun,  and  usually  followed 
by  on. 

Come,  Antonv,  and,  young  Octavius,  come; 

Revenge  yourselves  alone  on  Cassius.  Shak. 

O Lord,  thou  knowcst;  remember  rae  and  visit  me,  and 
revenge  me  of  my  persecutors.  Per.  xv.  15. 

3.  To  vindicate  by  punishment;  to  avenge. 

The  gods  are  just,  and  will  revenge  our  cause.  Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Avenge. 

Rp-VENt^E',  v.  n.  To  take  vengeance. 

A bird  that  will  revenge  upon  you  all.  Shak. 

Rp-VENprE',  n.  [Fr.  revanche .] 

1.  Act  of  revenging;  return  of  an  injury; 
infliction  of  injury  in  return;  retaliation. 

The  beginning  of  revenges  upon  the  enemy.  Deut.  xxxii.42. 

2.  A settled  or  continued  desire  to  inflict  pain 
or  injury  in  retaliation;  confirmed  anger,  wait- 
ing only  for  an  opportunity  to  retaliate. 

Revenge  is  a kind  of  wild  justice,  which  the  more  man’s 
nature  rims  to,  the  more  ought  law  to  weed  it  out.  Bacon. 

Revenge  is  an  insatiable  desire  to  sacrifice  every  consider- 
ation of  pity  and  humanity  to  the  principle  of  vindictive 
justice.  Cogan. 

Syn.  — See  Retaliation. 

R p- VENICE' A- BLE,  a.  That  may  be  revenged. 
“ Enduring  wrong  revengeable.”  Warner. 

Rp-VEN(JE’ANCE,  n.  Revenge,  [r.]  Vives. 

Rp-VEN(rE’FUL,  a.  Full  of  revenge  ; vindictive; 
spiteful ; malicious  ; malignant ; resentful.  Shak. 

Rp-VENtjrE'FUL-LY,  ad.  In  a revengeful  man- 
ner ; vindictively.  Dryden. 

Rp-VENf}E'FUL-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  re- 
vengeful ; vindictiveness.  More. 

Rp- VEN(rE'LpSS,  a.  Uurevenged.  Marston. 

f Rp-VEN(JE'MpNT,  n.  Revenge.  Spenser. 

Rp-VEN(jr'pR,  n.  1.  One  who  revenges.  Spenser. 

2.  One  who  avenges  ; an  avenger.  Bentley. 

RP-VEN(J'ING-LY,  ad.  With  revenge;  vindic- 
tively ; maliciously  ; spitefully.  Shak. 

REV'p-NUE  [rev'e-nu,  P.  Sin.  C.  Wb. ; rev'e-nu  or 
re-ven'nu,  S.  W.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K.  R.  Wr.],  n. 
[Fr.  revenu-,  revenir  (L.  revenio),  to  return.] 

1.  Income  or  annual  profit  received  from 
lands  or  other  property. 

Many  offices  are  of  so  small  revenue  as  not  to  furnish  a 
man  with  what  is  sufficient  for  the  support  of  his  life.  Temple. 

All  men  will  lose  one  fifth  of  their  settled  revenues.  Locke. 


Dr.  Ash,  Dr.  Kenrick,  Buchanan,  W.  Johnston,  Per- 
ry, Barclay,  Penning,  and  Enticlc  accent  the  first. 
Mr.  Sheridan  gives  both,  but  places  the  antepenulti- 
mate accent  first.”  Walker.  — All  tire  principal  Eng- 
lish ortlioepists,  more  recent  than  Walker,  give  the 
preference  to  placing  the  accent  on  the  first  syllable. 
— See  Retinue. 

REV'p-NUE— CUT'TpR,  n.  A small,  swift,  armed 
government  vessel  employed  to  prevent  smug- 
gling, and  the  unlawful  clearance  of  vessels, 
and  generally  to  assist  the  officers  of  tfie  rev- 
enue. Cyc.  of  Com. 

REV'p-NUE— OF'FI-CpR,  n.  An  officer  in  the 
service  of  the  customs  ; a custom-house  officer. 

f Ilp-VERB',  v.  a.  To  reverberate.  Shak. 

Rp-VElt'BpR-ANT,  a.  Reverberating;  reverber- 
ate. Johnson. 

Rp-VER'Bpit-ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  reverbero,  reverber- 
atus ; re,  back,  and  verbero,  to  whip ; It.  river- 
berare  ; Sp.  reverberar  ; Fr.  reverbdrer.]  \i.  re- 
verberated; pp.  REVERBERATING,  REVER- 
BERATED.] 

1.  To  beat  or  drive  back ; to  return,  as  sound. 

So  is  the  ear  a sinuous  cave,  with  a hard  bone  to  stop  and 

reverberate  the  sound.  Bacon. 

2.  To  fuse  or  heat  intensely  by  driving  flame 
backward,  as  in  a reverberatory  furnace.  Browne. 

Rp-VER'BpR-ATE,  v.  ii.  1.  To  be  sent  or  driven 
back  ; to  bound  back  ; to  rebound. 

The  rays  of  royal  majesty  reverberated  so  strongly  upon 
Villerio,  that  they  dispelled  all  clouds.  Howell. 

2.  To  return,  sound ; to  resound. 

A drum  is  ready  braced, 

That  shall  reverberate  all  as  well  as  thine.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Rebound. 

f RE-VER'BER-ATE,  a.  1.  Driven  back.  “The 
reverberate  sound.”  Drayton. 

2.  Driving  or  beating  back,  as  sound  ; rever- 
berating; reverberant.  “The  reverberate  hills.” 
Shak.  “ A reverberate  glass.”  B.  Jonson. 

Rp-VER-BpR-A'TfON,  n.  [It.  riverberazione  ; Sp. 
rcvcrberacion ; Fr.  reverberation .] 

1.  The  act  of  reverberating. 

2.  (Physics.)  The  driving  back  or  reflecting 

of  one  body  by  another  on  which  it  impinges, 
as  of  waves  of  sound,  by  arched  and  other  sur- 
faces, whereby  echoes  are  produced,  or  of  flame 
from  the  top  of  glass  and  reverberatory  fur- 
naces. Ency.  Am. 

RE  VER'BER- A-TO-Ry,  a.  That  reverberates  ; 
beating  or  driving  back  ; reverberating. 

Reverberatory  furnace,  a furnace  for  producing  in- 
tense heat,  in  which  the  flame  is  confined  by  a dome 
or  arched  roof  that  forces  it  downwards  upon  the  floor 
of  the  furnace,  or  the  substance  under  operation  before 
it  passes  into  the  chimney.  Miller. 

Rp-VER'BpR-A-TO-RY,  n.  A reverberatory  fur- 
nace. Parkes. 

Rp-VERE',  v.  a.  [L.  revereor ; re,  again,  and  ve- 
reor,  to  fear  ; It.  riverire  ; Fr.  reverer .]  \i.  re- 

vered ; pp.  revering,  revered.]  To  regard 
with  awe;  to  venerate;  to  reverence  ; to  adore. 

Marcus  Aurelius,  whom  he  . . . revered  as  his  father.  Addison. 

Syn.  — See  Adore. 

REV'pR-ENCE,  n.  [L.  reverentia-,  revereor,  to 
revere  ; It.  riverenza ; Sp.  reverencia ; Fr.  re- 
verence.'] 

1.  Regard  or  respect  mingled  with  awe  ; ven- 
eration ; honor  ; homage  ; high  respect ; awe. 

An  awful  reverence  of  the  divine  nature,  proceeding  from 
a just  esteem  of  his  perfections.  Rogers. 

2.  An  act  of  obeisance ; a bow  or  a courtesy. 
She  reverence  did,  then  blushed  as  one  dismayed.  Fairfax. 

Boys  paid  reverence  when  a man  appeared.  Dryden. 


2.  The  income  of  a nation  or  state  derived 
from  the  duties,  taxes,  and  other  sources,  for 
the  payment  of  the  national  expenses.  Brande. 

Ktt-  “ This  word  seems  as  nearly  balanced  between 
the  accent  oil  tile  first  and  second  syllable  as  possible  ; 
but  as  it  is  of  the  same  form  and  origin  as  avenue,  and 
retinue,  it  ought  to  follow  the  same  fortune.  Retinue 
seems  to  have  been  long  inclining  to  accent  the  first 
syllable,  and  avenue  has  decidedly  done  so,  since  Dr. 
Watts  observed  t hat  it  was  sometimes  accented  on 
tile  second  ; and  by  this  retrocession  of  accent,  as  it 
may  be  called,  we  may  easily  foresee  that  these  three 
words  will  uniformly  yield  to  tile  antepenultimate 
accent,  the  favorite  accent  of  onr  language,  conforma- 
bly to  the  general  rule  which  accents  simples  of  three 
syllables  upon  the  first.  Dr.  Johnson,  Mr.  Nares,  and 
Bailey  are  for  the  accent  on  the  second  syllable  ; but 


3.  A title  of  the  clergy.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Awe,  Homage,  Regard,  Respect. 

REV'pR-ENCE,  v.  a.  \i.  reverenced  ; pp.  rev- 
erencing, reverenced.]  To  regard  with  rev- 
erence ; to  revere ; to  venerate ; to  honor. 
“They  will  reverence  my  son.”  Mark  xii.  6. 

Those  that  I reverence , those  I fear,  the  wise.  Shak. 

REV'pR-pN-CpR,  n.  One  who  reverences.  Swift. 

REV'ER-pND,  a.  [L.  reverendus ; It.  &;  Sp.  re- 
verendo;  Fr  .reverend.] 

1.  Worthy  of  reverence  ; venerable.  “ Rev- 
erend and  gracious  senators.”  Shak.  I 

An  awful,  reverend,  and  religious  man.  Dryden.  \ 

I 2.  The  honorary  epithet  or  title  of  the  clergy. 


Ktj-  A clergyman  is  styled  reverend.-,  a dean,  very 
reverend  ; a bishop,  right  reverend ; an  archbishop, 
most  reverend.  In  Roman  Catiiolic  countries,  the 
members  of  the  different  religious  orders  arc  styled 
reverend.  In  Scotland,  the  principals  of  tlio  universi- 
ties, and  the  moderator  of  the  general  assembly,  for 
the  time  being,  are  styled  very  reverend. 

f REV'pR-pND-LY,  ad.  Reverently.  Fox. 

REV'pR-pNT,  a.  [L.  reverens  ; It.  1$  Sp.  refe- 
rence.] 

1.  Having  reverence  ; submissive  ; humble. 

They  . . . prostrate  fell 

Before  him  reverent.  Hilton. 

2.  Expressing  reverence  or  veneration.  “Rev- 
erent awe.”  Pope.  “ Reverent  behavior.”  Joye. 

REV-PR-EN'TIAL  (rev-er-en'shtil),  a.  [It.  rct'c- 
rcnziale  ; Sp.  reverencial-,  Fr.  revcrenciclle.]  Ex- 
pressing or  proceeding  from  reverence  ; rever- 
ent. “ Reverential  gratitude.”  Woodward. 

REV-pR-EN'TI  AL-LY,  ad.  In  a reverential  man- 
ner ; with  reverence.  Browne. 

REV'pR-pNT-LY,  ad.  In  a reverent  manner; 
with  reverence  or  veneration. 

Low,  reverently  low, 

Make  thy  stubborn  knowledge  bow. 

To  look  to  heaven,  be  blind  to  all  below.  Prior. 

Rp-VER'pR,  ii.  One  who  reveres  or  venerates. 

REV-p-RIE'  (rev-e-re'),  n.  [Fr.  reverie.]  Deep 
musing  ; an  idle  fancy  ; revery. — See  lit: VERY. 

Rp-ViiR'SAL,  a.  Implying  reverse  ; intending  to 
reverse.  Burnet. 

Rp-VER'SAL,  71.  The  act  of  reversing.  Bacon. 

Rp-VERSE',  v.  a.  [L.  reverto,  reversus ; re,  again, 
back,  and  verto,  to  turn.]  [i.  reversed  ; pp’. 
reversing,  reversed.] 

1.  To  turn  in  a contrary  or  opposite  direction 
or  position  ; to  turn  upside  down ; to  invert. 

A pyramid  reversed  may  stand  upon  his  point,  if  balanced 
by  admirable  skill.  Temple. 

2.  To  overturn ; to  subvert ; to  overthrow. 

These  can  divide,  and  these  reverse , the  state.  Pope. 

3.  To  cause  to  change  places  reciprocally. 

It  [custom]  makes  that  reputable  in  one  age  which  was  a 
vice  in  another,  and  reverses  even  the  distinctions  of  good 
and  evil.  Rogers. 

4.  To  overthrow  by  a contrary  decision;  to 

make  void  or  annul,  as  a sentence  or  judgment ; 
to  repeal ; to  revoke.  Milton. 

5.  To  bring  back  ; to  return  ; to  recall. 

And  to  his  fresh  remembrance  did  reverse 

The  ugly  view  of  his  deformed  crimes.  Spenser. 

6.  (Steam-engines.)  To  cause  to  revolve  in  a 
contrary  direction,  as  the  crank  of  an  engine, 
or  that  part  to  which  the  piston-rod  is  attached. 

t Rp-VERSE',  v.  n.  To  return.  Spenser. 

RE-VERSE',  a.  Turned  backward  ; having  a con- 
trary or  opposite  direction  ; opposite.  Swift. 

Reverse  bearing , ( Surveying .)  t lie  bearing  of  a 

course,  taken  from  the  second  end  of  the  course,  look- 
ing backwards.  Davies.  — Reverse  fire,  (Mil.)  a dis- 
charge which  strikes  the  interior  slope  of  a parapet  at 
any  horizontal  angle  greater  than  30°.  — Reverse  op- 
eration, (Math.)  an  operation  in  which  the  steps  are 
the  same  as  in  a direct  operation,  but  taken  in  a con- 
trary order.  Daries.  — (Mil.)  Fire  on  the  enemy’s  rear 
by  troops  of  the  army  the  front  of  which  the  enemy  is 
engaging.  Olos.  of  Mil.  Terms.  Stocqueler . 

RE-VERSE',  n.  [Fr.  revers.] 

1.  A contrary  ; an  opposite.  Addison. 

The  performances  to  which  God  has  annexed  the  promises 
of  eternity  are  just  the  reverse  of  all  tire  pursuits  of  sense. 

Rogers. 

2.  Change ; vicissitude. 

The  strange  reverse  of  fate  you  see.  Dryilen. 

By  a strange  reverse  of  things,  Justinian’s  law,  which  for 
many  ages  was  neglected,  does  now  obtain.  Raker. 

3!  Change  for  the  worse ; misfortune  ; as, 
“ To  meet  with  reverses."  Rogct. 

4.  The  side  of  a medal  or  coin  opposed  to 
that  on  which  the  person,  or  action  to  be  com- 
memorated, is  represented ; — opposed  to  ob- 
verse. Fail-holt. 

Rp-VERSED'  (-verst'),  p.  a.  1.  Turned  in  a con- 
trary or  opposite  direction  or  position. 

2.  Made  void  ; annulled,  as  a sentence. 

3.  (Conch.)  Noting  shells  whose  volutions  or 

spiral  turns  are  in  the  reverse  direction  of  the 
turns  of  a common  corkscrew.  Humble. 

RE-VERS'pD-Ly,  ad.  In  a reversed  manner. 

Rp-VERSE'LpSS,  a.  Irreversible.  Seward. 


MIEN,  SIR; 


MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  9,  ?,  g,  soft ; C,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


REVIVAL 


REVERSELY 

RE-  VERSE'LY,  ad.  In  a reverse  manner  ; on  the 
other  hand.  Pearson. 

Rp-VERS'pR,  n.  One  who  reverses.  Bouvier. 

Rp-VERS'l-BLE,  a.  [Fr.]  Capable  of  being  re- 
versed. Hale. 

Rp-ViiR'SION  (re-ver'shun),  n.  [L.  reversio ; It. 
riversione  ; Sp.  § Fr.  reversion. J 

1.  The  act  of  reverting  or  returning;  return. 
“After  his  reversion  home.  J • fox. 

2 The  ric'ht  of  succession  ; succession. 

[Persons!  wljo  had,  for  recompense  of  services  procured 
the  reversion  ot  his  omee. 

3.  (Laic.)  The  return  of  an  estate  to  the 

original  or  general  owner,  after  the  determina- 
tion of  a limited  or  less  estate  carved  out  of  it, 
and  conveyed  by  him.  . Burt  ill. 

4.  ( Annuities .)  A payment  which  is  not  to  be 

received,  ora  benefit  which  does  not  begin,  until 
the  happening  of  some  event,  as  the  death  ot  a 
person  ; a reversionary  payment.  Braude. 

Reversion  of  dip,  (Qeul.)  tho  bending  or  turning  over 
of  inclined  strata  so  as  to  dip  in  some  places  in  a di- 
rection contrary  to  their  general  direction.  Ansted.  — 
Reversion  of  series,  (Algebra.)  tile  method  or  operation 
of  finding  the  value  of  an  unknown  quantity  which 
is  involved  in  an  infinite  series  of  terms,  by  moans  of 
another  series  of  terms  involving  the  powers  of  the 
quantity  to  which  the  proposed  series  is  equal.  Brandc. 

RE-VER'SION-A-RY,  a.  Relating  to  a reversion  ; 
to  be  enjoyed  in  succession.  Arbuthnot. 

Rp-VER'SION-pR,  n.  A person  who  has  the  re- 
version of  an  estate.  Henry. 

Rp-VER'SIS,  n.  A game  at  cards.  Hoyle. 

Rp-VERT',  v.  a.  [L.  reverto  ; re,  again,  back, 
and  vertor,  to  turn  ; It.  rivertere .]  [i.  reverted  ; 

pp.  REVERTING,  REVERTED.] 

1.  To  turn  or  to  drive  back;  to  turn  or  to 
change  to  an  opposite  course  ; to  reverse. 

Till  happy  chance  revert  the  cruel  scene.  Prior. 

2.  (Math.)  To  reverse  or  take  in  a contrary 

order,  as  the  terms  of  a series.  Davies. 

Rp-VERT',  v.  n.  1.  To  come  back  ; to  return. 

He  unto  her  would  speedily  revert.  Spenser. 

2.  (Law.)  To  fall  again  into  the  possession 
of  the  donor,  or  of  the  former  proprietor. 

If  his  tenant  and  patentee  shall  dispose  of  his  gift  without 
his  kingly  assent,  the  lands  shall  revert  to  the  king.  Bacon. 

Rp-VERT',  n.  (Mus.)  Return;  recurrence;  an- 
tistrophe. Peacham. 

Rp-VERT'pNT,  n.  (Med.)  A medicine  which  re- 
stores the  natural  order  of  inverted  motions  in 
the  body.  Good. 

RE-VERT'pR,  n.  1.  One  who,  or  that  which,  re- 
verts. 

2.  (Law.)  The  reverting  of  lands  to  a donor, 
his  heirs  or  assigns;  reversion.  Burrill. 

Rp-VERT'I-BLE,  a.  That  may  revert.  Bailey. 

Rp-VERT'IVE,  a.  Changing  to  an  opposite 
course ; reversing.  Thomson. 

REV'P-RY,  or  REV-P-RIE'  [rev'er-e,  S.  IF.  J.  F. 
C.  \Vb.  Ash,  IF/-. ; rev-er-e',  Ja.  K.  Sm.  Entick, 
Rees ; rev'er-e  or  rev-er-e',  P.),  n.  [Fr.  reverie', 
river,  to  dream.] 

1.  A fit  of  wandering  thought  ov  deep  musing; 
a succession  of  ideas  uncontrolled  by  the  under- 
standing ; irregular  action  of  the  fancy  or  the 
imagination ; idle  fancy. 

When  ideas  float  in  our  mind  without  any  reflection  or 
regard  of  the  understanding,  it  is  that  which  tne  French  call 
r every.  Locke. 

2.  (Med.)  Voluntary  inactivity  of  the  whole 

or  the  greater  part  of  the  external  senses  to 
the  impressions  of  surrounding  objects  during 
wakefulness ; aphlexia.  Good. 

fEUr*  Both  the  orthography  and  pronunciation  of 
this  word  are  unsettled,  some  good  writers  and  speak- 
ers using  one  form,  and  some  the  other.  — “ This 
word  seems  to  have  been  some  years  floating  between 
tho  accent  on  the  first  and  last  syllable,  but  to  have 
settled  at  last  on  the  former.  It  may  still,  however, 
be  reckoned  among  those  words  which,  if  occasion 
require,  admit  of  either.  It  may,  perhaps,  be  neces- 
sary to  observe  that  some  lexicographers  have  written 
this  word  reverie , instead  of  revery , and  that,  while  it 
is  thus  written,  we  may  place  the  accent  either  on  the 
first  or  last  syllable ; but  if  we  place  the  accent  on  the 
last  of  revery , and  pronounce  the  y like  r. , there  arises 
an  irregularity  which  forbids  it  ; for  ?/,  with  the  ac- 
cent on  it,  is  never  so  pronounced.  Dr.‘  Johnson’s  or- 
thography, therefore,  with  y in  the  last  syllable,  and 


1232 

Mr.  Sheridan’s  accent  on  tlio  first,  seem  to  be  the 
most  correct  mode  of  writing  and  pronouncing  this 
word.”  Walker. 

Syn.  — See  Dream. 

RE-VEST',  v.  a.  [L.  revestio ; re,  again,  and 
vestio,  to  clothe  ; vestis,  a garment ; It.  rives- 
tire ; Sp.  revestir ; Fr.  revetir.) 

1.  To  clothe  again.  Wotton. 

2.  To  vest  again  with  authority  or  office  as  a 

magistrate  ; to  reinvest.  Johnson. 

RE-VEST',  v.  n.  (Law.)  To  vest  or  take  effect 
again,  as  a seizin.  Burrill. 

f Rp-VEST'J-A-RY,  n.  [Fr.  revestiairc.)  A place 
or  room  in  a church  or  temple  in  which  priests 
attire  themselves  ; a vestry.  Camden. 

f Rp-VES'TRV,  n.  A revestiary  ; a vestry.  J.  Fox. 

f Rp-VEST'URE,  7i.  Vesture.  Edw.  Hall. 

R p-  VETE'M  p.\T,  n.  [Fr.  revetement ; revetir,  to 
clothe.]  (Fort.)  A facing  to  the  steep  sides  of 
a ditch  or  a parapet.  Stocqueler. 

Xgp  “ In  permanent  works  it  is  usually  of  mason 
ry  ; in  field  works  it  may  be  of  timber,  turf,  hurdles, 
or  other  material.”  Stocqueler. 

RE-VI'BRATE,  v.  n.  To  vibrate  back  or  again ; 
to  move  like  a pendulum.  Shenstone. 

RE-VI-BRA'TION,  n.  A vibrating  back.  Wright. 

f Rp-VlC'TION,  n.  [L.  revivo,  revictum,  to  live 
again.]  Return  to  life.  Bp.  Hall. 

RE-VICT'UAL  (re-vlt'tl),  V.  a.  To  stock  or  sup- 
ply again  with  victuals  or  provisions.  Raleigh. 

RE-VICT'UAL-LlNG  (re-vlt'tl-lng),  n.  1.  The 
act  of  one  who  revictuals. 

2.  A fresh  supply  of  provisions.  Hackluyt. 

fRE-VlE'  (re-vl'),  v.  a.  [From  re  and  vie. ] 

1.  To  endeavor  to  rival  in  return.  Quarles. 

2.  To  accede  to  the  proposal  of,  as  a stake  at 

cards,  and  to  overtop  it.  Florio. 

fRE-VIE',  v.  n.  1.  To  return  the  challenge  of  a 
wager  at  cards.  Gifford. 

2.  To  make  a retort.  Trial  of  the  Seven  Bishops. 

Rp-VIEW'  (re-vu'),  v.  a.  [re  and  view. — Fr.  re- 
voir.\  [i.  reviewed  ; pp.  reviewing,  re- 
viewed.] 

1.  To  view  or  see  again. 

I shall  review  Sicilia;  for  whose  sight 
I have  a woman’s  longing.  Slink. 

2.  To  consider  again  ; to  reexamine  ; to  revise. 

Segrais  says  that  the  /Ends  is  an  imperfect  work,  and  that 

death  prevented  the  divine  poet  from  reviewing  it.  Dryilen. 

3.  To  notice  critically,  or  to  write  a critical 

notice  of,  as  a book.  Southey. 

4.  To  examine  or  inspect  the  state  of ; as, 
“The  general  reviewed  the  troops.” 

5.  To  go  over  again  ; to  retrace. 

Shall  I the  long,  laborious  scene  review ? Rope. 

Rp-VIEW',  v.  n.  To  look  back. 

So  swift  he  flies,  that  his  reviewing  eye 

Has  lost  the  chasers,  und  his  car  the  cry.  Denham. 

RP-VIEW'  (re-vu'),  n.  [Fr.  revue.) 

1.  The  act  of  reviewing ; a second  view. 

The  works  of  nature  will  hear  a thousand  views  and  re- 
views. Attcrbur//. 

2.  Reexamination ; revision ; revisal. 

He  with  great  indifference  considered  his  reviews  and  sub- 
sequent editions.  Fell. 

3.  A critical  notice  of  a literary  work  ; re- 
viewal  ; critique. 

4.  A periodical  publication,  giving  critical  ex- 
aminations or  analyses  of  books,  a character  of 
them,  and  remarks  upon  them  ; as,  “ The 
Monthly  Review  ” (the  oldest  of  the  name,  be- 
gun in  1749  — ended  in  1844) ; “ The  Edinburgh 
Review”  (1802);  “The  Quarterly  Review” 
(1812);  and  “The  North  American  Review ” 
(1815). 

5.  (Mil.)  An  inspection  of  the  general  ap- 
pearance and  regular  disposition  of  a body  of 
troops  assembled  for  the  purpose.  Stocqueler. 

Bill  of  review,  (Law.)  in  equity  practice,  a hill,  in 
the  nature  of  a writ  of  error,  filed  to  procure  an  ex- 
amination, alteration,  or  reversal  of  a decree  made 
upon  a former  bill,  and  signed  and  enrolled.  — Com- 
mission of  review , (Eng.  Eccl.  Law.)  a commission  I 
formerly  sometimes  granted  in  extraordinary  cases  to 
revise  the  sentence  of  the  Court  of  Delegates,  when  it  j 
was  apprehended  they  had  been  led  into  a material  i 
error.  Whishaw.  I 


Syn. — Review  is  a term  of  general  application; 
revision  and  revisal  are  mostly  employed  in  relation 
to  what  is  written.  An  author  makes  a revision  or 
revisal  of  his  manuscript  in  preparing  it  for  the  press  • 
a critic  or  reviewer  writes  a review,  reviewul,  or  cr'i- 
tii/uc  of  a hook,  in  order  to  give  an  estimate  of  its 
.merits.  — See  Retrospect. 

Rp-VIEW'A-BLE  (re-vu'?-hl),  a.  That  may  be  re- 
newed. Qu.  Rev. 

Rp-VIEW'AL,  n.  A review  or  critical  notice  of  a 
book  ; a critique.  Win.  Taylor.  Southey. 

Syn.  — See  Review. 

Rp-V  IeVv  pR  (re-vu'er),  n.  1.  One  who  reviews. 

2.  One  who  writes  a review  or  critical  notice 
of  a literary  work.  “ Scotch  reviewers.”  Byron. 

Write  a book,  and  I will  be  your  reviewer.  Cowper. 

1*  Rp-VIG'O-RATE,  v.  a.  [Old  Fr.  reviaourer.)  To 
reinvigorate.  Cotyrave. 

lip-VlG'O-RATE,  a.  Having  fresh  strength  or 

vigor ; reinvigorated,  [r.] 

The  fire  which  seemed  extinct 

Hus  risen  reviyoratc.  Southey. 

RP-VILE',  v.  a.  [re  and  vile.)  [i.  reviled  ; pp. 
REVILING,  reviled.]  To  treat,  act  towards,  or 
speak  of,  as  vile,  mean,  or  base ; to  treat  with 
contumely  ; to  apply  contumelious  or  opprobri- 
ous language  to  ; to  speak  ill  of ; to  reproach  ; 
to  vilify  ; to  defame  ; to  asperse  ; to  abuse. 

She  still  beareth  him  an  invincible  hatred,  revileth  him  to 
his  face,  and  raileth  at  him  in  all  companies.  Swift. 

Syn.  — Persons  only  are  reviled-,  persons  and 
tilings  may  he  vilified  and  abused.  A person  may  he 
justly  or  unjustly  reproached ; hut  to  revile,  vilify, 
traduce,  or  abuse  is  never  justifiable.  — See  Asperse. 

f RE-VlLE',  n.  Reproach;  contumely.  Milton. 

Rp-VILE'MpNT,  n.  The  act  of  reviling ; re- 
proach. “ Scorns  and  revilements.”  More. 

Rp-VIL'pR,  n.  One  who  reviles.  Milton. 

Rp-VlL'ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  reviles. 

Ready  to  endure  persecutions,  revilings,  and  all  manner  of 
slanders.  South. 

Rp-VlL'ING-LY,  ad.  In  an  abusive  manner. 

f Rp-VINCE',  v.  a.  [L . revinco.)  To  refute.  Fox. 

RE-VIN'DI-cAtE,  v.  a.  To  vindicate  again.  Wr. 

t REV-l-RES'cpNCE,  n.  [L.  reviresco,  revires- 
cens,  to  become  green  again.]  Renewal  of 
strength  or  of  youth.  Warburton. 

Rp-Vl'§AL,  n.  Review  ; reexamination  ; revis- 
ion. “The  revisal  of  these  letters.”  Pope. 

Syn.  — See  Review. 

Rp-VI§E'  (re-vlz'),  v.  a.  [L.  reviso,  rerisus,  to  re- 
visit ; re,  again,  back,  and  video,  risus,  to  see ; 
Fr.  reviser  A [i.  revised  ; pp.  revising,  re- 
vised.] To  review ; to  reexamine ; to  look 
over  or  inspect  with  a view  to  correct  or  amend  ; 
as,  “ To  revise  a manuscript.” 

Barristers  appointed  to  revise  the  list  of  voters.  Burrill. 

RP-Vl§E'_(re-vlz'),  n.  1.  Review;  reexamination  ; 
revision.  “ Corrections  and  revises.”  Boyle. 

2.  (Printing.)  A second  or  further  proof  of  a 
printed  sheet  corrected.  Fell. 

Rp- VI.’j'pR,  n.  One  who  revises.  Bp.  Kennct. 

RE- VI", SION  (re-vlzli'u n),  n.  [L.  rerisio  ; It.  rcri- 
sione-,  Sp.  revision-,  Fr.  revision.)  The  act  of 
revising  ; review ; revisal ; reexamination.  “ The 
last  revision  of  the  text.”  Bp.  Horsley. 

RE- VI"§ION-AL,  ) a Pertaining  to  revision  ; 

Rp-Vl"§ION-A-RV,  > revisory.  Wright. 

Tip- VI^'IT,  v.  a.  [L.  revisito;  Fr.  revisit cr.) 

1.  To  visit  again. 

Thee  I revisit  now  with  holder  wing.  Hilton. 

2.  f To  revise  ; to  review. 

They  paws,  may  hereafter  be  not  only  better  executed, 
but  also,  if  the  case  so  require,  be  revisited. 

Preface  to  Abstract  of  Acts,  Canons,  S,-c. 

Rp-VI§-I-TA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  revisiting. 

Rp-VI'^O-RY,  a.  Relating  to,  or  making,  revis- 
ion ; that  revises  ; revisional.  Story. 

Rp-VI'VA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  revived.  Smart. 

Rp-Vl'VAL,  n.  1.  The  act  of  reviving  ; recall  to 
life,  or  as  to  life  ; recall  from  a state  of  languor, 
oblivion,  or  obscurity  ; resuscitation.  “ The 
revival  of  learning.”  Warton. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short ; A,  p,  I,  O,  V,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  fAr,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER ; 


REVIVALISM 


1233 


REVOLVE 


2.  ( Theol .)  A renewed  or  increased  attention 

to  religion  ; an  awakening.  J.  Edwards. 

3.  (Law.)  An  agreement  to  renew  the  legal 

obligation  of  a just  debt  after  it  has  been  barred 
by  the  act  of  limitation  or  lapse  of  time  : — the 
act  by  which  a judgment  that  has  lain  dormant 
for  a year  and  a day  is  again  restored  to  its 
original  force.  Bouvier. 

4.  (Chon.)  Reduction;  revivification;  as, 

“ Revival  of  metals.”  * Henry. 

RU-Vl'VAL-I^M,  n.  A revival  of  religion  ; ex- 
cited interest  with  respect  to  religion.  [Mod- 
ern.] Qa.  Rev. 

RC-Vl'VAL-IST,  n.  A promoter  of,  or  an  advo- 
cate for,  religious  revivals.  Colton. 

Rp- V[ VE',  v.  n.  [L.  revivo ; re,  again,  and  vivo, 
to  live  ; Fr.  revivre.]  \i.  revived  ; pp.  reviv- 
ing, REVIVED.] 

1.  To  return  to  life  ; to  recover  life ; to  live 
again  ; to  be  resuscitated. 

Anil  the  Lord  heard  Elijah,  and  the  soul  of  the  child 
came  unto  him  aguin,  and  he  revived . 1 Kings  xvii.  22. 

2.  To  be  restored  to  health,  vigor,  or  activity  ; 
to  rise  from  languor ; to  recover  strength  or 
animation  ; to  be  reinvigorated. 

So  corn  in  fields,  and  in  the  garden  flowers, 

Revive  and  raise  themselves  with  moderate  showers.  Waller. 

I revive 

At  this  last  sight,  assured  that  man  shall  live.  Milton. 

3.  (Chem.)  To  be  reduced;  to  be  freed  from 

extraneous  matters.  Wright. 

R^-VlVE',  v.  a.  1.  To  bring  to  life  again;  to 
cause  to  live  again ; to  resuscitate ; to  reani- 
mate. 

O Lord,  revive  thy  work  in  the  midst  of  the  years.  Hah.  iii.  2. 

Those  bodies,  by  reason  of  whose  mortality  we  died,  shall 
be  revived.  Pearson. 

2.  To  restore  to  health,  vigor,  or  activity  ; 

to  raise  from  languor  ; to  rouse  ; to  quicken  ; 
to  animate  ; to  refresh  ; to  renew  ; to  renovate  ; 
to  reinspire.  “ How  thy  words  revive  my 
heart ! ” Shah. 

Noise  of  arms  or  view  of  martial  guise 

Might  not  revive  desire  of  knightly  exercise.  Spenser. 

3.  To  renew  in  the  memory  ; to  bring  back 
to  the  memory  ; to  recollect. 

The  mind  has  a power,  in  many  cases,  to  revive  perceptions 
which  it  has  once  had.  Locke. 

4.  To  recomfort;  to  restore  to  hope. 

Wilt  thou  not  revive  us  again,  that  thy  people  may  rejoice 
in  thee?  Ps.  lxxxv.  6. 

5.  To  bring  into  notice  again. 

Revive  the  libels,  born  to  die. 

Which  Pope  must  bear  as  well  as  I.  Swift. 

6.  (Chem.)  To  reduce,  as  metallic  oxides. 

Syn.  — To  revive  is  to  bring  to  life  again;  to  re- 
fresh, to  make  fresh  again  ; to  renew  and  renovate,  to 
make  new  again.  Persons,  spirits,  customs,  &c.,  are 
revived  ; persons,  tile  mind,  and  memory  are  refreshed  ; 
an  engagement  or  the  strength,  renewed ; the  health, 
renovated  or  recovered. 

Rg-VIV'pR,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  revives 
any  thing.  “Revivers  of  all  these  sects.” Milton. 

RlJ-VlV'j-FI-CATE,  v.  a.  [L.  revivificatus,  re- 
stored to  life ; re,  again,  back,  and  vivifico,  to 
make  alive ; virus,  alive,  and  facto,  to  make.] 
To  recall  to  life  ; to  revivify,  [r.]  Bailey. 

RIJ-Vl  V-I-FI-CA'TION,  n.  [Fr.  revivification.'] 

1.  The  act  of  revivifying  or  recalling  to  life  ; 

recovery  of  life ; resuscitation.  More. 

2.  (Chem.)  The  reduction  of  the  oxides  and 
other  compounds  of  the  metals,  especially  of 
mercury,  to  a pure  metallic  state.  Parkes. 

RE-VIV'I-FY,  v.  a.  [It.  revivificare  ; Sp.  revivifi- 
car;  Fr.  revivifier.  — See  Revivificate.]  To 
vivify  again  ; to  recall  to  life ; to  reanimate  ; to 
resuscitate  ; to  revive.  Stackhouse. 

RJJ-VIV'ING,  n.  The  act  of  restoring  to  life,  or 
of  coming  to  life.  Milton. 

R$-VI V'ING, p.  a.  Returning  to  life;  restoring 
to  life  ; revivifying ; animating. 

RIJ-ViV'JNG-LY,  ad.  In  a reviving  manner. 

REV-I-VlS'CIJNCE,  l n.  [L.  rerivisccntia ; It. 

REV-I-VlS'CIJN-CY,  ) revimscenza.]  Renewal  of 
life  or  existence  ; reanimation  ; revival.  “ The 
reviviscence  of  the  whole  man.”  Pearson. 

Rp-VFVOR,  n.  (Law.)  A bill  in  chancery  used 

MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BU 
155 


to  renew  an  original  bill  which  for  some  reason 
has  become  inoperative.  Bouvier. 

REV-O-CA-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [It.  revocabilitil  ; Fr.  ri- 
vocabilite.]  Revocableness.  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

REV'O-CA-BLE,  a.  [L.  revocabilis  ; It.  revocabile  ; 
Sp.  revocable  ; Fr.  revocable.]  That  may  be  re- 
voked or  recalled ; that  may  be  repealed.  Milton. 

REV'O-CA-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
revocable;  revocability.  Johnson. 

REV'O-CA-BLY,  ad.  In  a revocable  manner. 

f REV'O-cAte,  v.  a.  [L.  revoco.]  To  recall ; to 
revoke.  Daniel. 

REV-O-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  revocatio ; It.  rivoca- 
zione  ; Sp.  revocacion  ; Fr.  revocation.] 

1.  The  act  of  revoking  or  recalling.  Hooker. 

2.  State  of  being  revoked  or  recalled.  Ilowell. 

3.  (Law.)  The  calling  back  of  a thing  grant- 
ed or  act  done,  thereby  annulling  it  or  putting 
an  end  to  its  legal  effects  ; repeal ; reversal ; 
abrogation.  “ The  revocation  of  a will.”  Burrill. 

REV'O-cA-TO-RY,  a.  [L.  revocatorius  ; It.  rivo- 
catorio;  Sp.  revocatorio ; Fr . revocatoire.]  Tend- 
ing to  revoke  ; revoking ; recalling.  Todd. 

RE-VOICE',  v.  a.  To  furnish  with  a voice  again; 
to  call  or  speak  back  again.  Fletcher. 

Rfi-VOKE',  v.  a.  [L.  revoco  ; re,  again,  back,  and 
voco,  to  call ; It.  rivocare ; Sp.  revocccr ; Fr.  rt- 
voquer.]  [i.  revoked  ; pp.  revoking,  re- 
voked.] 

1.  To  recall;  to  repeal  ; to  reverse  ; to  annul 
as  an  act  by  calling  or  taking  it  back  ; to  make 
void  ; to  cancel ; to  abrogate  ; to  abolish  ; as, 
“ To  revoke  a will  ” ; “ To  revoke  a privilege.” 


Revoke  his  doom,  or  else  my  sentence  give.  Dryden. 

2.  fTo  check  ; to  repress  ; to  restrain. 

She  strove  their  sudden  rages  to  revoke.  Spenser. 

3.  To  draw  back ; to  take  back,  [r.] 

Seas  arc  troubled  when  they  do  revoke 
Their  flowing  waves  into  themselves  again.  Davies . 

Syn.  — See  Abolish,  Recall. 

R^-VOKE',  v.  n.  To  renounce  at  cards.  Todd. 
Rf-VOKE',  n.  The  act  of  renouncing  at  cards, 
or  the  act  of  failing  to  follow  suit,  when  the 
player  can  follow.  Todd. 

Rf-VOKE'M^NT,  n.  Revocation,  [r.]  Shak. 


RIJ-VOKTNG-LY,  ad.  In  a revoking  manner. 

II  Rp-VOLT',  or  RP-VOLT'  [re- volt',  J.  F.  Ja.  Sm. 
R.  C. ; re-volt',  *S.  P.  E.  K.  Wr.  Wb.  Kenrick  ; 
re-volt'  or  re-volt',  IF.],  v.  n.  [L.  revolvo,  revolu- 
tus,  to  revolve  ; re,  again,  back,  and  tolvo,  rolu- 
tus,  to  roll ; It . rivoltare ; Fr.  revolter.]  [i.  re- 
volted ; pp.  revolting,  revolted.]  To  fall 
off  or  turn  back  ; to  turn  back  or  away  from 
obedience  or  allegiance ; to  renounce  allegiance  ; 
to  rebel ; to  desert ; to  forsake. 

Our  discontented  counties  do  revolt ; 

Our  people  quarrel  with  obedience.  Sltak. 

All  will  revolt  from  me,  and  turn  to  him.  Shak. 

fi®”  “ This  word  has  Mr.  Sheridan,  Dr.  Kenrick, 
Mr.  Perry,  and  Mr.  Buchanan  for  that  pronunciation 
which  rhymes  it  with  malt ; but  that  which  rhymes 
it  with  bolt,  jolt,  &c.,  has  the  authority  of  Mr.  El- 
phinston,  Mr.  Smith,  Mr.  Scott,  Mr.  Nares,  and  W. 
Johnston,  a clear  analogy,  and.  if  1 am  not  mistaken, 
the  best  usage,  on  its  side.”  Walker. 

||  Rp-VOLT',  or  Rp-VOLT',  v.  a.  1.  To  turn;  to 
put  to  flight ; to  overturn.  Spenser. 

2.  To  disgust;  to  nauseate  ; to  shock. 

This  abominable  medley  is  made  rather  to  revolt  young 
and  ingenuous  minds.  Burke. 

||  RP-VOLT',  or  Rp-VOLT',  n.  [It.  rivolta;  Fr. 
revolte.] 

1.  Gross  departure  from  duty  or  allegiance ; 
a renunciation  of  allegiance  ; an  endeavor  to 
overthrow  legitimate  authority  ; an  insurrection  ; 
a rebellion;  desertion;  sedition;  defectioji. 

He  was  greatly  strengthened,  and  the  enemy  as  much  en- 
feebled by  daily  revolts.  Raleigh. 

Your  daughter  hath  made  a gross  revolt.  Shak. 

2.  f Arevolter.  “You  ingrate  revolts .”  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Defection,  Insurrection,  Revo- 
lution. 

II  Rp-VOLT'pD,  or  Rp-VOLT'pD,  p.  a.  Having 
swerved  from  duty.  “ Revolted  multitudes.” 

Milton. 

II  RE-VO LT'PR,  or  RE-VOLT'pR,  n.  One  whore- 
volts.  MiUon. 

||  Rp-VOLT'ING,  p.  a.  1.  Renouncing  allegiance. 

>L,  BUR,  RULE. — 9,  (f  9,  g,  soft ; C,  G,  5,  g,  ) 


2.  Repelling ; shocking ; nauseating ; dis- 
gusting ; as,  “ A revolting  sight.” 

REV'O-LU-BLE,  a.  [L.  revolubilis.]  That  may 
revolve ; rotatory.  Cotgrave. 

REV'O-LUTE,  a.  (Zoul.  & Bot.)  Rolled  outwards 
or  backwards.  ’ Brande.  Gray. 

REV-O-LU'TION,  n.  [L.  revolutio ; It.  revolu- 
zione-,  Sp.  revolution  ; Fr.  revolution.] 

1.  Act  of  revolving;  circular  motion  on  an 
axis  ; rotation  ; as,  “ The  revolution  of  a wheel.” 

2.  The  course  or  the  motion  of  a body  round 
a centre ; motion  or  course  of  any  thing  which 
returns  to  the  same  point  or  state.  Herscliel. 

3.  The  passage  of  time,  or  a space  of  time, 
measured  by  some  revolution  ; periodicity. 

The  Persian  wept  over  his  army,  that  within  the  revolu- 
tion of  a single  age  not  a inan  would  be  left  alive.  Wake. 

4.  Motion  backwards.  Milton. 

5.  (Astron.)  The  motion  or  course  of  a heav- 
enly body  from  any  point  in  its  orbit  round  a 
central  body,  till  it  returns  to  the  same  point: 

— the  interval  of  time  or  period  between  two 
consecutive  returns  of  a heavenly  body  to  the 
same  point  in  its  orbit  : — the  motion  of  rota- 
tion of  any  heavenly  body  about  its  axis  : — the 
period  of  one  complete  rotation  of  any  heavenly 
body  about  its  axis,  constituting  its  day.  Hutton. 

6.  (Geom.)  The  motion  of  a line  about  a fixed 
point  or  centre,  or  of  one  straight  line  about 
another,  called  the  axis,  in  such  a manner  that 
every  point  of  the  moving  line  generates  a cir- 
cumference of  a circle,  whose  plane  is  perpen- 
dicular to  the  axis.  The  surface  generated  is 
called  a surface  of  revolution. 

4Gp-  The  revolution  of  a given  line  about  a fixed 
centre  generates  a circle ; that  of  a right-angled  tri- 
angle about  one  side,  as  an  axis,  generates  a cone-, 
and  that  of  a semicircle  about  its  diameter  generates 
a sphere  or  globe.  Hutton. 

7.  (Politics.)  An  extensive  change  in  the 

political  constitution  of  a country  accomplished 
in  a short  time,  whether  by  legal  or  by  illegal 
means.  Brande. 

4QP  The  term  revolution,  in  English  history,  is  ap- 
plied, by  way  of  eminence,  to  tire  change  which  took 
place  in  the  English  government  in  the  year  1G88,  uni- 
versally regarded  as  the  great  era  of  English  liberty, 

— when  William  III.  and  Mary  acceded  to  tile  throne 
on  the  forced  abdication  of  James  II.  — In  tire  United 
States  of  America,  the  term  revolution  is  applied  to 
the  separation  of  the  Colonies  from  Great  Britain,  or 
to  the  war  which  effected  that  separation,  and  which 
began  in  1775.  — In  Frenclt  history,  the  change  which 
was  commenced  in  1789,  and  terminated  in  the  death 
of  Louis  XVI.,  January  23, 1793,  is  specifically  known 
as  the  French  revolution.  The  subsequent  French 
revolutions  are  usually  indicated  by  their  respective 
dates,  as  the  revolution  of  1830,  the  revolution  of  1848, 
&c. 

Syn.  — A revolution,  in  politics,  is  the  consumma- 
tion of  a rebellion  or  revolt  against  the  established  or 
existing  government.  — The  term  revolution  is  applied 
in  astronomy  to  the  motion  of  a detached  body  round 
another,  as  that  of  a planet  round  the  sun  ; hut  the 
motion  of  connected  particles  of  matter  rouhd  an  axis, 
such  as  the  diurnal  revolution  of  a planet,  is  more 
usually  called  rotation.  P.  Cyc. 

REV-O-LU'TION-A-RY,  a.  [Fr .revolutionnaire.] 
Relating  to,  originating  in,  promoting,  or  favor- 
ing, a revolution  in  government.  Bp.  Horsley. 

REV-O-LU'TION-PR,  n.  A revolutionist.  Crabb. 

REV-0-LU'TION-I§M,  n.  A state  of  revolution  : 

— revolutionary  principles.  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

REV-O-LU'TION-IST,  n.  One  who  takes  part  in, 
or  who  favors,  a revolution  in  government.  UttrAe. 

REV-O-LU'TION-IZE,  v.  a.  [i.  REVOLUTIONIZED ; 
pp.  REVOLUTIONIZING,  REVOLUTIONIZED.]  To 
effect  a revolution  or  an  entire  change  in,  as 
the  form  of  a government ; to  change  thorough- 
ly ; to  reform ; to  remodel.  Blackwood.  Ec.  Rev. 

Rp-VOLVE',  v.  n.  [L .revolvo-,  re,  again,  back, 
and  volvo,  to  turn  ; (Gr.  tli.Ctn,  to  enwrap  ; Goth. 
valvja,  to  turn  ; Ger.  wdlzen) ; It.  rivolvere ; Sp. 
revolver.]  [i.  revolved  ; pp.  revolving,  re- 
volved.] 

1.  To  perform  a revolution  ; to  roll  in  a cir- 
cle ; to  turn  round ; to  rotate  ; to  wheel. 

They  do  not  revolve  about  any  common  centre.  Cheyne. 

2.  To  fall  back  ; to  fall  in  course  ; to  return. 

On  the  desertion  of  an  appeal,  the  jurisdiction  does,  ipso 
jure,  revolve  to  the  judge  a quo.  Ayhffc. 

Rp-VOLVE',  v.  a.  1.  To  cause  to  turn  or  roll 
round ; to  circulate. 


rd  ; § as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


REVOLVENCY 


1234 


RHEUMATISM 


Then  in  the  east  her  turn  she  shines, 

Revolved  on  heaven's  great  axle.  Milton. 

2.  To  consider  ; to  reflect  on  ; to  meditate  on. 
Ere  lie  to  gentle  sleep  his  eyes  will  lay. 
llis  thouglits  revolve  the  aetions  of  the  day.  Beaumont. 

Rp-VOLV'pN-CY,  n.  The  act  of  revolving,  or  the 
state  of  a revolving  body. 

Its  own  rcvolvcncy  upholds  the  world.  Cowpcr. 

RE-VOLV'yR,  n.  1.  He  who,  or  that  which,  re- 
volves. 

2.  A kind  of  pistol  the  barrel  of  which  re- 
volves. Colt. 

RE-VOM'IT,  v.  a.  [Fr.  revomir.]  To  vomit  again. 

RE-v£jL'SION  (re-vul'shun),  n.  [L.  revulsio  ; 
revello,  revulstis,  to  pluck  or  pull  back;  re, 
again,  back,  and  vello,  vulsus , to  pluck ; It.  ri- 
vulsione ; Sp.  revulsion ; Fr.  revulsion .] 

1.  The  act  of  revelling  or  drawing  back ; act 
of  taking  away  ; a withdrawing  ; a removal. 

The  revulsion  of  capital  from  other  trades,  of  which  the 
returns  are  more  frequent.  A.  Smith. 

2.  (Med.)  The  act  of  turning  the  principle  of 

a disease  from  the  organ  in  which  it  seems  to 
have  taken  its  seat.  Dunglison. 

RP-VUL'SIVE,  a.  [It.  # Sp.  revulsivo;  Fr.  revul- 
sif.\  Having  the  power  of  revulsion.  Bailey. 

Ry-VUL'SIVE,  n.  1.  That  which  has  the  power 
of  subducting  or  withdrawing. 

The  most  powerful  revulsive  of  his  danger.  Dec.  of  Piety. 

2.  (Med.)  A remedy  which  produces  a revul- 
sion. Dunglison. 

f REVV  (ro),  n.  A row ; a rank.  Spenser. 

RE-WAKE',  v.  a.  & n.  To  wake  again.  Richardson. 

RE-WARD',  v.  a.  [From  the  Old  Fr.  rewerdon, 
i.  e.  reguerdon ; rewerdonement , recompense. 
Roquefort. — Reguerdon  is  from  regarder,  which 
conies  from  the  It.  riguardare,  formed  from  the 
particle  re,  used  intensively,  and  guardare  (A.  S. 
weardian,  to  guard  ; Ger.  warten , to  attend  to), 
to  look  after,  to  guard.  Landais.] 

1.  To  give  in  return  ; to  give  in  exchange. 

Thou  hast  rewarded  me  good,  whereas  I have  rewarded 
thee  evil.  1 Sam.  xxiv.  17. 

2.  To  repay ; to  recompense ; to  requite ; 
— generally  used  in  a good  sense,  i.  e.  to  rec- 
ompense for  something  good. 

The  Supreme  Being  rewards  the  just,  and  punishes  the 
unjust.  Broome. 

The  Son  of  man  shall  come  in  the  glory  of  his  Father,  with 
his  angels;  and  then  he  shall  reward  every  man  according  to 
his  works.  Matt.  xvi.  27. 

RIJ-WARD',  n.  1.  A gift  in  token  of  approved 
merit ; recompense  given  for  good  performed ; 
compensation  ; remuneration  ; requital. 

Rewards  and  punishments  do  always  presuppose  some- 
thing willingly  done,  well  or  ill;  without  which  respect, 
though  we  may  sometimes  receive  good,  yet  then  it  is  only  a 
benefit,  and  not  a reward.  Hooker. 

2.  Punishment  or  recompense  of  evil ; de- 
sert ; retribution. 

Only  with  thine  eyes  shalt  thou  behold  and  see  the  reward 
of  the  wicked.  Ps.  xei.  8. 

3.  (Law.)  Compensation  or  remuneration  for 
services  : — a sum  of  money  paid  or  taken  for 
doing  or  forbearing  to  do  some  act.  Burrill. 

Syn.  — See  Compensation,  Desert,  Retri- 
bution. 

ltp-WARD'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  rewarded; 
worthy  of  reward.  Hooker. 

Rp-WARD'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Worthiness  of  re- 
ward. Goodman. 

Rp-wARD'A-BLY,  ad.  In  a rewardable  manner. 

RP-wArd'PR,  n.  One  who  rewards.  Shak. 

Rp-WARD'FUL,  a.  Bestowing  reward  ; recom- 
pensing. “ Rewardful  toil.”  " [a.]  Thomson. 

Rp-wARD'ING,M.  Act  of  one  who  rewards  ; rec- 
ompense ; reward.  Hall. 

Rp-WARD'LpsS,  a.  Having  no  reward.  Pollok. 

REW'pT  (ru'et),  n.  The  lock  of  a gun.  [it.]  Scott. 

RE-WORD'  (re-wurd'),  v . a.  To  repeat  in  the 
same  words.  Shak. 

RE-WRITE',  V.  a.  To  write  anew.  Young. 

REY'NARD  (ren'?rd  or  va'njrd),  n.  The  name  of 
a fox  in  fable.  — See  Renard.  Wm.  Carton. 

KTT  Reynard,  which  with  us  is  a duplicate  for  fox, 
while  in  the  French  renard  has  quite  excluded  the 


older  volpils,  was  originally  not  the  name  of  a kind, 
but  the  proper  name  of  the  fox  hero,  the  vulpine 
Ulysses,  in  that  famous  beast-epic  of  the  middle  ages, 
Rcineke  Fuchs,  the  immense  popularity  of  which  we 
gather  from  many  evidences.  Trench. 

RII  A-BAR'BA-R  ATE  (r?-bar'b?-r?t)4  a.  [Low  L. 
rhabarbarum,  rhubarb.]  Impregnated  or  tinc- 
tured with  rhubarb.  Floyer. 

RH A-B AR'B A-RINE  (r?-bar'b?-rin),  n.  (Chem.) 
A name  formerly  given  to  the  yellow  acid  of 
rhubarb,  now  called  chrysophanic  acid.  It  crys- 
tallizes in  golden-yellow  crystals,  and  with  alco- 
holic solutions  of  potash  and  ammonia,  yields  a 
splendid  red  color.  Gregory. 

RHAB-D0L'0-£Y  (rab-dol'o-je),  n.  [Gr.  p6(Ros,  a 
rod,  a stick,  and  i.dyos,  a discourse.]  A method 
of  performing  multiplication  and  division  by 
means  of  Napier’s  rods  or  Napier’s  bones.  — See 
Rabdology.  Wright. 

RHAB'DO-MAN-CY  (ralt'do-man-se),  n.  [Gr.  p6j3- 
Sos,  a rod,  a wand,  and  pavreia,  divination.]  Div- 
ination by  means  of  a wand  or  rod. 

Of  peculiar  rhabdomancy  is  that  which  is  used  in  univer- 
sal discoveries  with  a forked  hazel.  Browne. 

RHA'jEHIS,  n.  (Bot.)  Rachis. — See  Raciiis.  Gray. 

RHAM'NUS,  n.  [Gr.  paprog ; L . rhamnos.  — From 
Celt,  ram,  branching.  Loudon .]  A widely-dif- 
fused genus  of  plants,  one  species  of  which, 
Bhamnus  catharticus  (called  Spina  cervina), 
has  smooth,  ribbed,  bright  green  leaves,  yel- 
lowish-green flowers,  and  berries,  which  are 
used  in  the  arts,  and  sometimes  in  medicine, 
and  are  about  the  size  of  a pepper-corn,  black 
externally,  but  within  of  a deep  violet,  the  pulp 
enclosing  three  or  four  seeds.  Eng.  Cyc. 

RIMM-PllAs  ' Tl-DJE,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  Uptfios,  a beak.] 
(Ornith.)  A family  of  birds  of  the  order  Scan- 
sores,  including  the  sub-family  Bhamphastinte ; 
toucans.  Gray. 

R H Am-  P II  ji  S-  Tl  ' WJE,  n. 
pi.  (Ornith.)  A sub- 
family of  birds  of  the 
order  Scansores  and 
family  Rhamphastidce ; 
toucans.  Gray. 

RHA'PHE  (ra'fe),  n.  (Bot.)  Same  as  Raphe.  Gray. 

RHAPH'I-DE§  (r&f'e-dez),  n.  (Bot.)  Raphides. — 
See  Raphides.  Gray. 

RHA-PON'TI-CINE,  n.  (Chem.)  A tasteless,  ino- 
dorous substance,  obtained,  in  the  form  of  yel- 
low scales,  from  the  Rheum  rhaponticum.  Turner. 

fRHAP'SO-D^R  (rap'so-der),  n.  One  who  com- 
poses rhapsodies  ; a rhapsodist.  Shaftesbury. 

RHAP-SOD'JC  (r?p-sod'jk),  ? „„  [Gr.  Mv 

RIIAP-SOD'I-CAL  (r?p-sod'e-k?l),  1 lint $.]  Belong- 
ing to,  or  befitting,  a rhapsodist ; partaking  of 
rhapsody  ; unconnected  rambling.  “ Rhapsodi- 
cal stories.”  Dean  Martin. 

RII  AP-SOD'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  the  manner  of 
rhapsody.  Hawkins. 

RHAP'SO-dTsT  (rap'so-dlst),  71.  1.  One  who  writes, 
or  one  who  recites  or  sings,  rhapsodies  or  ex- 
tempore verses.  Tyers. 

2.  One  who  writes  without  regular  depend- 
ence of  one  part  upon  another.  Watts. 

3.  One  of  a class  of  persons  who  are  said  to 

have  flourished  in  the  age  of  Homer,  whose  oc- 
cupation it  was  to  compose,  or  to  commit  to 
memory,  poems,  which  they  recited  for  the 
amusement  of  their  auditors.  Brande. 

RHAP'SO-DIZE  (rSp'so-dlz),  v.  n.  To  recite  rhap- 
sodies ; to  act  as  a rhapsodist.  Athenceum. 

RHAP'SO-DY  (rfip'so-de),  71.  [Gr.  pcupySia,  fihttrin, 
to  stitch  together,  and  a song ; L.  rhapso- 
dia  ; It.  & Sp.  rapsodia  ; Fr.  rhapsodie .] 

1.  Anciently,  a portion  of  an  epic  poem,  fit 

for  recitation  at  one  time,  as  a book  of  the  iiiad 
or  the  Odyssey.  Bentley. 

2.  In  modern  usage,  a collection  of  passages, 

thoughts,  or  authorities,  composing  a new  piece, 
but  without  necessary  dependence  or  natural 
connection ; a number  of  parts,  joined  together, 
not  necessarily  dependent  on  each  other ; a long, 
rambling  composition  or  story.  Locke. 

RIIAT'A-NY,  n.  The  root  of  the  Krameria  trian- 
dria,  a plant  native  of  Peru  ; — used  as  a pow- 


erful and  pure  astringent  in  cases  of  hemor- 
rhage and  chronic  mucous  discharges,  and  as  a 
dentifrice.  — Written  also  ratanhy.  Baird. 

RHE'A  (re'?),  n.  (Ornith.)  A genus  of  birds  of 
the  family  Struthionida ; the  American  ostrich. 

Baird. 

RHEIN'— BER-RY  (ran'ber-re),  n.  (Bot.)  Buck- 
thorn ; Bhamnus  catharticus.  Johnson. 

RHE'INE  (re'jn),  n.  (Cfiem.)  A yellow  coloring 
substance  procured  from  the  root  of  the  com- 
mon rhubarb,  and  also  from  one  of  the  lichens, 
Parmelia  parietina,  soluble  in  ether,  and  in  hot 
alcohol,  from  which  solutions  it  may  by  ob- 
tained in  crystals  of  a golden-yellow,  metallic 
lustre  ; — called  also  chrysophanic  acid.  Miller. 

RHEN'ISH,  a.  (Geog.)  Relating  to  the  Rhine. 

RHEN'ISH  (ren'jsh),  n.  Wine  from  the  vine- 
yards on  or  near  the  Rhine.  Shak. 

RHJJ-OM'g-TjpR,  n.  see  Reometer. 

RHP-OM'Jf-TRy  (re-om'e-tre),  n.  [Gr.  pfw,toflow, 
and  piryov,  a measure.]  (Math.)  The  differen- 
tial and  integral  calculus  ; fluxions.  R.  Park. 

RIIE'O-TROPE,  n.  See  Reotrote. 

RHE'TI-AN  (ru'shc-an),  a.  (Geog.)  Relating  to 
the  ancient  Rhseti,  or  to  their  country,  Rluetia, 
lying  between  the  north  of  Italy  and  the  Dan- 
ube. P.  Cyc. 

RUE'  TOR  (re'tbr),  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  piirwp.']  A 
rhetorician.  Butler. 

RIIET'O-RIC  (ret'o-rik),  n.  [ Gr.  pt}ToptKr) ; L.  rhe- 
tor ic  a ; It.  <Sf  Sp.  retorica-,  Fr.  rhetorique.\  In 
the  widest  sense,  in  which  the  word  is  occasion- 
ally used  by  modern  writers,  the  art  of  prose 
composition  generally ; philological  criticism  : — 
in  a more  restricted  sense,  the  art  of  oratory,  or 
the  art  of  addressing  public  assemblies ; ora- 
tory ; eloquence: — in  an  intermediate  sense, 
the  art  of  argumentative  composition.  Braude. 

Without  attempting  a formal  definition  of  the  word,  I am 
inclined  to  consider  rhetoric,  when  reduced  to  a system  in 
books,  as  a body  of  rules  derived  from  experience  and  obser- 
vation, extending  to  nil  communication  by  language,  and 
designed  to  make  it  efficient.  F..  T.  Channing. 

Syn.  — See  Eloquence. 

RII (ji-TOR'J-CAL  (re-tor'e-k?l),  a.  [Gr.  ftrjToptKos ; 
L.  rhetoricus  ; It.  <Sf  Sp.  retorico.]  Pertaining 
to  rhetoric  ; oratorical ; persuasive  ; figurative. 

RIIp-TOR'l-CAL-LY  (re-tor'e-k?l-le),  ad.  In  a 
rhetorical  manner;  like  an  orator  ; figuratively. 

RHIJ-TOR'I-CAL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
rhetorical.  Ash. 

t RHp-TOR'I-CATE,  v.  n.  [Low  L.  rhctoricor. ] 
To  play  the  orator.  Waterland. 

t RIIP-TOR-I-CA'TION,  n.  Rhetorical  amplifica- 
tion. Waterland. 

RHET-0-RI''CIAN  (ret-o-rlsh'jn),  n.  [Fr.  rheto- 
7-icien.) 

1.  One  who  was  versed  in,  or  one  who  teach- 
es, the  art  of  rhetoric. 

The  art  of  the  rhetorician,  like  that  of  the  philosopher,  is 
analytical;  the  art  of  the  orator  is  synthetical.  Dr.  Campbell. 

2.  An  orator.  [Less  proper.]  Dryden. 

f RfIET-0-RI''CIAN,  a.  Rhetorical.  Blackmore. 

f RHET'0-RlZE,i>.  7i.  To  act  the  orator.  Cot  grave. 

RIIET'O-RIZE  (ret'o-rlz),  v.  a.  To  represent  by  a 
figure  of  oratory,  [r.]  Milton. 

RHEUM  (riim),  n.  [Gr.  pet  pa  ; pita,  to  flow;  L. 
rheuma-,  It.  6;  Sp.  reuma ; Fr . rhume.\  (Med.) 
Any  thin,  watery  discharge  from  the  mucous 
membranes  or  skin,  as  the  thin  discharge  from 
the  air  passages,  arising  from  cold.  Dunglison. 

RIIE'UM,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants  containing 
several  species,  one  of  which  furnishes  the  me- 
dicinal root  called  rhubarb  ; — so  called  from 
Rha,  the  ancient  name  of  the  Volga,  on  the 
borders  of  which  it  grows.  Loudo7i. 

RHEfi-MAT'IC  (ru-mat'jk),  a.  [Gr.  pevpariKtis,  sub- 
ject to  a discharge  ; pevpa,  rheum  ; It.  A;  Sp.  reu- 
inatico ; Fr.  7'humatici\ 

1.  Pertaining  to  rheumatism.  Dunglison. 

2.  f Choleric  ; splenetic.  Shak. 

RHEtj'MA-TI^M  (ru'rna-t lzni),  71.  [Gr.  fievpanirpts, 

liability  .to  rheum;  ptipo,  rheum ; piw,  to  flow; 
L.  7-hewnatismus,  rheum;  It.  Sp.  rcumatismo  ; 
Fr.  rhumatisme.)  (Med.)  A kind  of  painful, 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  g,  (,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  F.YRE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HF.IR,  HER; 


RHEUMIC 


RIIYME 


1235 


shifting  inflammation,  sometimes  seated  in  the 
muscles,  sometimes  in  the  parts  surrounding 
the  joiuts,  and  at  others  within  them.  Dunglison. 

RHEU'MIC,  a.  ( Chem .)  Noting  an  acid  obtained 
from  the  stalks  of  rhubarb.  Hamilton. 

RHEU'MY  (ru'nie),  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  affected 
by,  rheum.  “ Rheumy  eyes.”  Dryden. 

RHIME,  n.  See  Rhyme.  Todd. 

RHi-NAN'THUS,  n.  [Gr.  pin,  a nose,  and  arOos,  a 
flower.]  (Dot.)  A genus  of  plants  having  their 
ringent  corolla  compressed  at  the  upper  lip  so 
as  to  resemble  the  snout  of  an  animal ; yellow- 
rattle.  Loudon. 

RHi'NO,  n.  [Scot,  rino.]  A cant  word  for  money. 

Turn  your  possessions  here  to  ready  rhino.  Rowe . 

RHI-NO-CE'RI-AL,  a.  Rhinocerical.  Wright. 

RHI-NO-OER'J-CAL,  a.  Relating  to  the  rhinoce- 
ros ; rhinocerial.  Addison. 

RIli-NOg'E-ROS  (rl- 
nos'e-ros),  n.  [Gr. 
frivlKtpwi ; pis,  or  piv, 
the  nose,  and  si- 
pa;,  a horn ; L.  rhi- 
noceros.]  ( Zo'ul .) 

A pachydermatous 
animal  allied  to 
the  elephant,  the 
hippopotamus, and 
the  tapir,  and  next  to  the  elephant  the  most 
powerful  of  quadrupeds. 

il®=-  The  rhinoceros  is  a large,  uncouth  looking 
animal,  and  inhabits  the  hotter  regions  of  Asia  and 
Africa.  The  principal  species  are  the  Indian  rhi- 
noceros ( Rhinoceros  Indicas , Rhinoceros  unicornis ),  the 
Javanese  rhinoceros  ( Rhinoceros  Javanus ),  the  rhi- 
noceros of  Sumatra  ( Rhinoceros  Sumatrcnsis ),  and  the 
African  or  two-horned  rhinoceros  (Rhinoceros  Africa- 
11  us,  or  Rhinoceros  bicornis).  The  latter,  like  the 
rhinoceros  of  Sumatra,  has  two  horns,  and  differs 
from  the  Indian  species  in  having  the  skin  smoother, 
and  in’heing  destitute  of  the  armor-like  folds  on  the 
shoulders,  neck,  &c.,  and  having  instead  of  them 
merely  wrinkles.  Baird. 

RHi-Nog'E-ROS-BTRD,  n.  ( Ornith .)  A bird,  na- 
tive of  Java,  about  the  size  of  a turkey,  of  a 
blue-black  color,  and  having  a large  horny  ap- 
pendage at  the  base  of  the  bill,  in  the  form  of  a 
reverted  horn  ; rhinoceros  hornbill ; Buceros 
rhinoceros.  — See  Hornbill.  Eng.  Cyc. 

RHI-NO-PLAs’TIC,  a.  (Med.)  Relating  to  rhino- 
plasty. Dunglison. 

RHI'NO-PLAS-TY,  n.  [Gr.  friv,  pivdg,  the  nose,  and 
niaaow,  to  form.]  (Med.)  The  operation  of 
forming  a new  nose.  It  consists  in  bringing 
down  a portion  of  flesh  from  the  forehead,  and 
causing  it  to  adhere  to  the  anterior  part  of  the 
remains  of  the  nose.  Med.  Jour. 

RHl-PIP  TE-RA,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  pirn's,  a fan,  and  urepiin, 
a wing.  (Ent.)  An  order  of  insects  called 
Streps)  otera.  — See  Strepsiptera.  Eng.  Cyc. 

RHI-PIP'TU-RAN,  n.  (Ent.)  One  of  the  Rhipip- 
tera.  , Bramle. 

RIlI-ZO'MA,  n.  [Gr.  pitaipa,  that  which  has  taken 
root;  pi^oio,  to  plant.]  (But.)  A creeping  stem 
or  branch  growing  beneath  the  surface  of  the 
soil  or  partly  covered  by  it;  a rootstock.  Gray. 

Rui-ZO-MOR' PHA,  n.  [Gr.  hitfl,  a root,  and popipi), 
form.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants  belonging  to 
the  natural  order  of  Fungi,  having  altogether 
the  appearance  of  a mass  of  rootlets,  found  in 
damp  cellars,  old  walls,  mines,  and  other  sub- 
terranean places,  where  they  sometimes  acquire 
a phosphorescent  state.  Eng.  Cyc. 

RIU-ZOPH'A-GOUS,  a.  [Gr.  fri$a,  a root,  and^dyu, 
to  eat.]  (Zothl.)  Feeding  upon  roots.  Wright. 

RHl-ZOPH'  O-RA,  11.  [Gr.  pi  (a,  a root,  and  (pipe),  to 
bear,  in  allusion  to  the  germination  of  the  seed 
while  still  borne  on  the  mother  plant.]  (Bot.)  A 
genus  of  tropical  plants  which  root  and  vege- 
tate in  the  mud,  sending  down  roots  from  the 
branches  and  forming  dense  thickets  down  to 
low-water  mark,  and  covering  immense  tracts 
of  coasts  ; the  common  mangrove.  Lindley. 

RIIO'DI-AN  (ro'de-an),  a.  Relating  to  Rhodes,  a 
celebrated  island  of  the  Archipelago.  Bouvier. 

RHO'DI-UM,  n.  A very  hard,  white,  brittle,  heavy 
metal,  extracted  from  the  ore  of  platinum,  of 
which  it  forms  about  one  half  per  cent.  When 
pure,  it  is  insoluble  in  acids,  and,  with  the  ex- 


Rhinoceros  Indicus. 


eeption  of  iridium,  is  the  least  fusible  of  the 
metals.  Miller. 

4®-  The  only  use  to  which  rhodium  has  hitherto 
been  applied  is  the  formation  of  nibs  for  metallic  pens, 
for  which  it  is  well  fitted,  from  its  extreme  hardness 
anduualterability.  Miller. 

RHOD'I-ZITE  (rod'e-zlt),  11.  [Gr.  poli( o>,  to  tinge 
of  a rose  color.]  (Min.)  A mineral  found  in  mi- 
nute crystals  on  red  tourmalines  from  Siberia  ; 
— supposed  to  be  a lime  boracite,  and  so  named 
in  allusion  to  the  red  tinge  which  it  communi- 
cates to  flame.  Dana. 

RHO-DO-DEN'DRON,  or  RHOD-O-DEN'DRON  [rod- 
o-den'dron,  Ja.  R. ; ro-do-den'dron,  K.  Sm.  C.  H r. 
Wb.],n.  [Gr.  pliolevdpov,  rose-tree;  fro Sou,  the 
rose,  and  Sh/ipov,  a tree.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of 
shrubs  or  small  trees,  found  both  in  the  new 
and  the  old  world,  and  remarkable  for  the 
beauty  of  their  evergreen  leaves,  and  their  fine, 
large,  brilliant  flowers.  Baird. 

RHOD-O-MON-TAdE',  n.  See  Rodomontade. 


II  RHOMB,  or  RHOMB  [rumb,  W.  P.  J.  F.  ; roinb, 
S.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  Wr.],  n.  [Gr.  friopfrlos,  a rhombus  ; 
L.  rhombus  ; It.  A Sp.  rombo  ; Fr.  rhombe. ] 

1.  (Geom.)  An  oblique-angled  parallelogram 

whose  sides  are  all  equal ; a quadrilateral  which 
has  its  sides  all  equal,  two  of  its  opposite  an- 
gles acute,  and  the  other  two  obtuse  ; rhombus  ; 
lozenge.  Powell. 

2.  (Crystallography.)  A solid  bounded  by 
six  equal  and  similar  rhombuses,  as  the  primi- 
tive form  of  Iceland  crystal. 

Fresnel’s  rhomb,  (Opt.)  an  oblique  par- 
allelopiped  of  crown  glass  whose  in- 
dex of  refraction  is  1.51,  and  its  acute 
angles  each  54t  degrees,  acting  on  light 
as  follows:  — a ray  of  polarized  light, 
incident  perpendicularly  upon  one  end 
of  the  rhomb  so  placed  that  the  plane  of 
reflection  shall  be  inclined  at  an  angle 
of  45°  to  that  of  polarization,  will,  af- 
ter sufffiringtwototal  reflections,  emerge 
perpendicularly  at  the  other  end,  circu- 
larly polarized  ; and,  on  being  trans- 
mitted in  like  manner  through  a second 
Fresnel’s  rhomb,  will  again  become 
plane-polarized.  Powell. 


Brewster. 


Fresnel’s 

rhomb. 


||  RHOM'BIC  (rum'bik  or  rom'bik),  a.  Noting 
surfaces  or  planes  w'hich  are  rhombuses  : — not- 
ing solids  bounded  by  six  planes,  some  or  all  of 
whose  faces  are  rhombuses.  Dana.  Brooke. 


||  RHOM-BO-IIE'DRAL,  a.  Relating  to  a rhom- 
bohedron.  . Ed.  Rev. 


||  RHOM-BO-IIE'DRON,  n.  (Geom.  & Crystallog- 
raphy.) A polyhedron  bounded  by  six  equal 
rhombuses  ; rhomb  ; rhomboid. 

,6®*  The  rhomhohedron , or  rhomb,  differs  from  the 
cube  in  having  all  its  solid  angles  formed  by  acute  or 
by  obtuse  angles,  w'hile  the  solid  angles  of  the  cube 
are  formed  by  right  angles.  Davies. 

||  RHOM'BOID,  11.  [Gr.  frlpfrlo;,  a rhom-  r 1 

bus,  and  illoq,  form.]  \ \ 

1.  (Geom.)  An  oblique-angled  paral- 
lelogram whose  adjacent  sides  are  unequal. 

Hutton. 

2.  (Crystallography.)  A solid  contained  with- 

in six  equal  and  similar  rhombic  planes,  and 
having  two  of  its  solid  angles  (called  summits), 
and  only  two,  composed  each  of  three  equal 
plane  angles  ; — rhomb.  Brooke. 

Iceland  spar  occurs  in  rhomboidal  masses,  and  is  always 
reducible  by  natural  cleavage  into  exact  rhomboids , having 
their  faces  equal  and  similar  rhombs.  Powell. 

||  RHOM-BdlD',  a.  Rhomboidal.  Wright. 

Rhomboid  muscle,  (Anat.)  a muscle  of  a rhomboidal 
shape  situated  at  the  posterior  inferior  part  of  the 
neck,  and  at  the  posterior  part  of  the  back.  Wright. 

||  RIIOM-BolD'AL,  a.  (Crystallography .)  1.  Re- 
sembling a rhomb ; noting  surfaces  or  planes 
which  are  rhombuses.  Brooke. 

A rhomb  of  Iceland  spar,  a solid  bounded  by  six  equal 
and  similar  rhomboidal  surfaces.  Rrev.isttr, 

2.  Noting  surfaces  or  planes  which  are  rhom- 

boids, or  solids  bounded  by  six  planes,  whose 
bases  are  rhomboids  ; as,  “ A right  rhomboidal 
prism.”  Dana. 

3.  Noting  solids  bounded  wholly  or  in  part  by 

rhombuses.  Brooke. 


RHOM-BOI'DE§,  n.  A rhomboid.  Milton. 

||  RHOMB'— SOL-ID,  n.  (Geom.)  A solid  consist- 
ing of  two  equal  and  right  cones  joined  together 
at  their  bases.  Hutton. 


||  RHOMB'— SPAR,  n.  (Min.)  A mineral  consist- 
ing of  carbonate  of  magnesia ; magnesite.  Dana. 

RIIOM'BUS  (rom'bus),  n.  ; pi.  L.  rhombi  ; Eng. 
RHOMBUSES.  [L.]  (Geom.)  A quadrilat- 
eral having  all  its  sides  equal,  its  oppo- 
site  sides  parallel,  and  its  angles  not  | J 
right  angles;  an  equilateral,  oblique-an- 
gled  parallelogram.  Davies. 

RIIH'bArb  (ru'birb),  n.  [Gr.  fra,  the  root  of  a 
species  of  Rheum  (the  Rheum  rhubarum  of  Lin- 
naeus, or  Rheum  rhaponticum  of  Geibour),  from 
'Pn,  Rha,  a name  of  the  Volga,  a river  of  Pon- 
tus  ; It.  rabarbico  ; Sp.  ruibarbo  ; Fr.  rhubarbe. 
— A-rab.  raicund  ; Per.  rhubar .]  (Bot.)  A name 
applied  to  the  plants  of  the  genus  Rheum,  and 
also  to  the  root  of  certain  species  used  in  medi- 
cine, and  to  the  stalk  of  some  species  used  for 
food. 

Some  species  of  rhubarb,  especially  Rheutn  rha- 
ponticum, or  pie-rhubarb,  are  cultivated  for  the  leaf- 
stalks, which,  when  preen,  are  used  for  pies,  tarts, 
&c.,  and  others  for  the  roots,  which  are  extensively 
used  in  medicine.  All  the  rhubarb  of  commerce, 
known  as  Turkey  or  Russian,  and  East  Indian  or  Chi- 
nese, prows  on  the  declivities  of  the  chain  of  moun- 
tains extending  from  the  Chinese  town  Sini  to  the 
Lake  Ixokonor,  near  Thibet.  Loudon.  Eng.  Cyc. 

RHU-BAR'BA-RINE,  n.  Rhabarbarine.  Smart. 

RIIU'BARB-Y,  a.  Relating  to  rhubarb.  Butler. 

RHUMB  (rumb),  n.  (Navigation.)  A vertical  cir- 
cle which  makes  an  angle  with  the  meridian  at 
any  given  place ; the  intersection  of  such  a 
circle  with  the  horizon  : — the  track  of  a ship 
sailing  constantly  toward  the  same  point  of  the 
compass  ; a rhumb-line.  Hutton.  Davies. 

p P ■ Mariners  distinguish  the  rhumbs  by  the  same 
names  as  the  points  of  the  compass  and  the  winds. 

Angle  of  the  rhumb,  the  angle  at  which  the  rhumb 
cuts  the  meridian. — Complement  of  the  rhumb,  the 
angle  which  the  rhumb  makes  with  the  prime  ver- 
tical. Davies. 

RHUMB'— LINE,  n.  (Navigation.)  A line  pro- 
longed from  any  point  of  the  compass  in  a 
nautical  chart  except  the  four  cardinal  points  : 

— the  line  or  course  which  a ship  describes 

when  sailing  constantly  toward  the  same  point 
of  the  compass.  Hutton. 

Keg-  The  rhumb-line,  which  is  also  called  the  loxo- 
dromic  curve,  cuts  all  the  meridians,  which  it  crosses, 
at  the  same  angle,  and  forms  a kind  of  spiral  that  ap- 
proaches nearer  and  nearer  to  the  pole,  and  reaches  it 
only  after  an  infinite  number  of  turns.  Davies. 

RHUS  (rus),  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  frov;.]  (Bot.)  A ge- 
nus of  plants  ; the  sumach.  Eng.  Cyc. 

RHYME  (rim),  n.  [A.  S.  rim,  gerirn,  a number, 
reckoning;  Frs.  rime  ; Dut.  rijm,  rhyme  ; Ger. 
reim ; Dan.  riim;  Sw.  rim.  — It.,  Sp.,  A Port. 
rirna ; Fr.  rime.  — Skinner  refers  the  word  to 
Gr.  frvBpds,  rhythm ; but  Wachter,  Ihre,  and 
Tookc  consider  it  of  northern  origin.] 

1.  The  correspondence  of  the  sound  of  the 
last  word  or  syllable  of  one  verse  or  line  to  the 
sound  of  the  last  word  or  syllable  of  another. 

4igy  In  English  versification,  rhyme  is,  next  to  ac- 
cent, the  most  important  element.  Rhymes  may  con- 
sist of  single  syllables,  as  told,  bold  ; of  two  syllables, 
as  water,  daughter ; of  three,  as  cheerily,  wearily. 
Latham.  — While,  from  the  irregularity  of  our  spell- 
ing, many  syllables  rhyme  with  each  other,  although 
widely  dissimilar  in  orthography,  as  woo,  pursue, 
there  are,  on  the  other  iiand,  rhymes  which  speak  to 
tire  eye  and  not  to  tile  ear,  as  wind,  find,  — gone,  alone. 
This  is  a license  only  rendered  admissible  by  prece- 
dent. Bramle. 

2.  Verses  or  lines  terminating  with  similar 

sounds.  “ Songs  and  rhymes."  Denham. 

3.  A composition  in  verse  ; poetry  ; a poem. 

Things  unattempted  yet  in  prose  or  rhyme.  Milton. 

He  knew 

Himself  to  sing,  and  build  the  lofty  rhyme.  Milton. 

4.  A word  chiming  or  corresponding  in  sound 

with  another  word.  Young. 

Female  rhyme,  a rhyme  in  which  the  two  final  syl- 
lables of  each  verse  agree,  the  last  syllable  being 
short,  as  motion,  ocean.  — Male  rhyme , a rhyme  in 
which  the  final  syllables  only  agree,  as  strain,  com- 
plain. Brande.  — Rhyme  or  reason,  number  or  sense. 

RHYME  (rim),  v.  n.  [A.  S.  riman,  to  number; 
Dut.  rijmen,  to  rhyme  ; Dan.  rime-,  Sw.  rimma. 

— It.  rimare  ; Sp.  rimar  ; Fr.  rimer.]  [*. 

• RHYMED  ; pp.  RHYMING,  RHYMED.] 

1.  To  accord  in  sound  ; to  be  in  rhyme. 

But  fupotrd  liis  notions  as  they  fell: 

And,  if  they  rhymed  and  rattled,  all  well.  Dryden. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  9,  9,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  £, 


g,  hard;  § as  z;  1 f as  gz. — THIS,  this. 


RHYME 


1236 


rich 


2.  To  make  rhymes  or  verses. 

Who  rhymed  lor  hire,  and  patronized  for  pride.  Pope. 

RHYME  (rim),  v.  a.  To  put  into  rhyme.  Wilson. 

RHYME'HJSS  (rlm'les),  a.  Not  having  rhyme. 

RHYM'gR  (rlm'er),  n.  A maker  of  rhymes;  a 
versifier;  a rhymester. 

The  passion  of  love  makes  every  one  a rhymer , though 
not  a poet.  Dryden. 

RHYM'jp-RY  (rlm'e-re),  n.  The  art  of  rhyming  or 
of  making  rhymes.  Ec.  Rev. 

RHYME'STJSR  (rlm'ster),  il.  A maker  of  rhymes  ; 
a versifier  ; a rhymer.  Bp-  Hall. 

I speak  of  those  who  are  only  rhymesters.  Dennis. 

RHYM'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  rhyme.  Clarke. 

RIIYM'IST,  n.  A rhymer  ; a rhymester.  Cowper. 

RHYN'fc'IIO-LlTE,  n.  [Gr.  i'0yxos,  a beak,  and  Xi- 
Oos,  a stone.]  The  petrified  beak  of  a bird.  Clarke. 


Rhynchops  albicollis. 


r hyn-  eng  - pi  'jvje, 
il.  pi.  [Gr.  (ivyXo;,  a 
snout,  and  oipis,  ap- 
pearance.] ( Ornith.) 

A sub-family  of  birds 
of  the  order  Anseres 
and  family  Laridw, 
or  gulls ; skimmers. 

Gray. 

RHYN'GHOPS, ra.  (Or- 
nith.) A genus  of 
aquatic,  palmiped  birds  having  the  bill  and  the 
wings  very  long,  and  including,  or  confined  to, 
the  speer water,  cut-water,  skimmer , or  black 
skimmer  (Rhynchops  nigra),  which  skims,  while 
on  the  wing,  the  surface  of  the  sea  for  its  food ; 
— written  also  rynchops.  Eng.  Cyc. 

II  RHYTHM  (rlthm  or  rlthm)  [rithm,  S.  W.  P.  J.  F. 
Ja.  R.;  rlthm,  K.  Sni.  ] , n . [Gr.  j.uOyus ; L. 
rhythmus  ; It.  Sp.  ritrno  ; Fr.  rhythme. ] 

1.  The  measure  of  time  or  movement  by 
regularly  recurring  impulses  or  accents,  as  in 
poetry,  prose,  music,  dancing,  &c.  ; numerical 
proportion  or  harmony  ; periodical  emphasis. 

lihythm  differs  from  metre,  inasmuch  os  rhythm  is  propor- 
tion applied  to  any  motion  whatever;  metre  is  proportion  ap- 
plied to  the  motion  of  words  snoken.  . . . No  English  word  ex- 
presses rhythmus  better  than  the  word  “ time.”  Harris. 

lihythm  or  cadence  is  the  simplest  combination,  the  lowest 
measure,  by  which  evident  order  can  be  given  to  sound  of 
either  music  or  speech.  Mitford. 


2.‘(il led.)  The  order  or  proportion,  as  regards 
time,  between  the  different  motions  of  an  organ, 
as  of  the  heart,  or  of  the  organism  in  health  and 
disease.  Dunglison. 

||  RHYTIl'MI-CAL  (rlth'me-kal),  a.  [Gr.  fivOyiK^s  ; 
L.  rhythmicus ; It.  &j  Sp.  ritmico  ; Fr.  rhyth- 
mique.] 

1.  Pertaining  to,  or  having,  rhythm.  Mason. 

2.  (Med.)  Periodical.  Dunglison. 

||  RHYTH'MI-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a rhythmical  man- 
ner ; so  as  to  have  rhythm.  Beck. 

||  RHYTHM'HjiSS,  a.  Without  rhythm.  Coleridge. 

||  RHYTH-MOM' p-TER,  n.  [Gr.  IvGybi,  rhythm, 
and  yirpoi’,  measure.]  An  instrument  for  mark- 
ing time  to  movements  in  music.  Gent.  Mag. 

||  RIIYTH'MUS,  n.  [L.]  lihythm.  Harris. 

Rl'AL,  n.  [Sp.  real.]  A coin.  — See  Heal.  Todd. 


Rl'AL,  n.  An  English  gold  coin  current  in  the 
reign  of  Henry  VI.  and  in  that  of  Elizabeth. 
Under  the  former  its  value  was  ten  shillings ; 
under  the  latter  fifteen  shillings.  Brande. 

RIANT  (re-in'),  a.  [Fr. ; rire  (L.  video),  to  laugh.] 
Laughing ; exciting  laughter  or  gayety  ; gay  ; 
smiling ; — applied  figuratively  to  the  arts  .Burke. 

RIB,  n.  [A.  S.  rib,  ribb;  Dut.  rib;  Ger.  rippe; 
Dan  .ribbe;  Sw.  ref  ben ; Icel.  rif.\ 

1.  ( Anat .)  One  of  the  bones  which  project  on 
each  side  of  the  vertebral  column. 

ffep  In  the  human  body  there  are  twenty-four  ribs, 
twelve  on  each  side.  They  are  long,  irregular,  curved 
bones,  slightly  flattened,  situated  obliquely  at  tile 
sides  of  the  chest.  The  true  or  sternal  ribs  are  the  first 
seven  on  each  side,  which  are  articulated  at  one  ex- 
tremity to  the  spine,  and,  at  the  other,  by  their  carti- 
lages, to  the  sternum,  or  breast-bone.  The  falseribs  are 
the  remaining  five  ; the  three  upper  ones  being  united 
by  their  cartilages  to  the  cartilage  of  the  last  true  rib  ; 
the  two  others  are  free  at  their  external  extremities, 
and  have  been  called  floating  ribs.  Dunglison. 

2.  (Arch.)  A curved  timber  for  supporting 
the  plaster  of  a vaulted  roof : — a moulding  on 


the  interior  of  a vaulted  roof,  or  forming  tracery 
on  a wall,  or  in  windows.  Wcale.  Britton. 

3.  (Ship-building.)  One  of  the  timbers  of  a 
vessel  which  spring  from  the  keel.  Brande. 

4.  One  of  the  curved  parts  on  which  any  thing 
expanded  rests  for  support. 

Let  Persian  dames  the  umbrella’s  ribs  display.  Gay. 

5.  A prominence  extended  in  the  form  of  a 

line  in  cloth,  as  in  corduroy.  Craig. 

6.  Any  thing  long  and  narrow;  a strip.  “A 

small  rib  of  land.”  Echard. 

7.  A wife  ; — in  allusion  to  Eve,  who  was  made 
of  one  of  Adam’s  ribs.  [Vulgar.]  Ilalliwell. 

8.  (Mining.)  A pillar  of  coal  left  for  the  sup- 

port of  the  roof  of  a mine  : — a leader  or  string 
of  ore.  Ansted. 

9.  (Bot.)  The  principal  piece,  or  one  of  the 
principal  pieces,  of  the  framework  of  the  leaf,  or 
any  similar  elevated  line  along  a body.  Gray. 

RIB,  V.  a.  [ i . RIBBED  ; pp.  RIBBING  RIBBED.] 

1.  To  furnish  with  ribs.  Sandys. 

2.  To  enclose  with  libs.  Shak. 

3.  To  plough  imperfectly.  Loudon. 

RIB'ALD,  n.  [It.  ribaldo ; Old  Fr.  ribauld;  Fr. 
riband.  — Dut.  rabaurot .]  A mean,  low,  brutal, 
obscene  wretch.  “ That  lewd  ribald.”  Spcnsei-. 

RIB'ALD,  a.  Mean;  low;  base;  vile;  obscene. 
The  ribald  invectives  which  occupy  the  place  of  argument. 

Burke. 

t RlB'ALD-ISH,  a.  Disposed  to  ribaldry.  Bp.  Ilall. 

f RlB'ALD-OtJS,  a.  Obscene  ; ribald.  Sir  T.  More. 

f RIB'ALD-OUS-LY,  ad.  Withribaldry.  T.  More. 


f RlB'ALD-ROUS,  a.  Containing  ribaldry;  ob- 
scene; vile;  base;  ribald.  Prynne. 

R1B'ALD-RY,  n.  Vile,  brutal,  obscene  or  ribald 
language ; obscenity.  Granville. 

RlB'ANI),  n.  1.  A silk  fillet ; a ribbon.  Chapman. 
2.  (Naval  Arch.)  A rib-band.  Mar.  Diet. 


RlB'AND,  v.  a.  See  Ribbon.  B.  Jonson. 

RlB'AND-fD,  p.  a.  Adorned  with  ribands  or  rib- 
bons. “ A rtbanacd  waistcoat.”  Beau.  FI. 

t RlB'AUD-RED,  a.  Ribald;  obscene.  Shak. 
f RIB'AUD-ROUS,  a.  Ribald;  obscene.  Barrett. 
RIB'BAND,  n.  A ribbon.  — See  Ribbon.  Spenser. 


RIB'— BAND,  n.  (Naval  Arch.)  A long,  narrow, 
flexible  piece  of  timber  nailed  to  the  outside  of 
the  ribs,  so  as  to  encompass  the  vessel  length- 
wise ; — also  written  riband,  and  ribbon.  Dana. 

RIBBED  (rlbd),a.  Having,  or  furnished  with,  ribs. 

RIB'BING,  il.  (Arch.)  The  timber-work  sustain- 
ing a vaulted  or  coved  ceiling.  Weale. 

RIB'BLE-RAb'BLE,  n.  A rabble  ; a mob.  Ash. 


RlB'BON,  n.  [Fr.  ruban. — derived  by  Menage 
from  L.  rubens,  red.  — Referred  by  Skinner  and 
Lye  to  Eng.  band.] 

1.  A silk  fillet ; a woven  strip  of  silk,  satin, 
&c.,  used  for  trimmings,  badges,  or  decorations. 
To  sigh  for  ribbons,  if  thou  art  so  silly; 

Mark  how  they  grace  Lord  Umbra,  "or  Sir  Billy.  Pope. 


2.  A narrow,  thin  strip  of  any  thing. 

3.  (Her.)  An  ordinary  which  is  the  eighth 

part  of  a bend.  . Smart. 

p ■ This  word,  formerly  written  riband,  ribband,  is 
now  commonly  written  ribbon. 

RlB'BON,  V.  a.  [i.  RIBBONED  ; pp.  RIBBONING, 
ribboned.]  To  furnish  or  adorn  with  ribbons. 

RIB'BON-GRAsS,  n.  (Bot.)  A species  of  Phala- 
ris,  or  canary-grass,  having  variegated  leaves ; 
Phalaris  arundinacca.  Gray. 

RIB'-GRAss,  n.  (Bot.)  A species  of  plantain  ; 
ribwort ; ripple-grass  ; English  plantain  ; Plan- 
tago  lanceolata.  Eng.  Cyc. 

fRIB'IBE,  n.  1.  A rebeck.  Naves. 

2.  An  old  bawd.  Skelton. 


f RIB'I-BLE,  il.  A rebeck  ; a ribibe.  Chaucer. 
RIB’HJSS,  a.  Having  no  ribs.  Smith. 

RIB'ROAST,  (-r5st),  v.  a.  \i.  KIBROASTED  ; pp. 
kibroasting,  RiBROASTED.]  To  beat  soundly  ; 
to  pummel.  [A  burlesque  word.]  Butler. 

RIB’ROAST-ING,  n.  Act  of  one  who  ribroasts;  a 
sound  beating  ; a cudgelling.  Coleridge. 


RIB'— SUP-PORT'pD,  a.  Supported  or  sustained 
by  ribs.  Clarke. 

RlB'WORT  (rlb'wHrt),  n.  (But.)  A species  of 
plantain ; rib-grass.  Wood. 

RIC.  [A.  S.  ric.  — See  Rich.]  A termination  or 
a prefix  of  nouns,  denoting  dominion,  power,  or 
powerful;  as,  bishopric,  the  dominion  of  a 
bishop  ; AlfWc,  altogether  strong  ; Richard, 
powerful  ward  or  keeper.  Bosworth.  Gibson. 


RlCE,  n.  [Gr.  optima,  oau(ov ; L.  oryza ; It.  riso; 
Sp.  arroz  ; Fr.  riz.  — Dut.  rijst ; Ger.  reis  ; Dan. 
fits ; Sw.  ris .]  (Bot.)  A graminaceous,  cereal 
plant  ( Oryza  sat ira),  and  its  seed  or  grain,  very 
extensively  cultivated  within  the  tropics  and  in 
the  warmer  regions  of  the  temperate  zones,  and 
forming  a most  important,  and  in  the  most  civ- 
ilized and  populous  Eastern  nations,  the  princi- 
pal article  of  food.  Baird. 


I!©5- “In  respect  of  the  predominating  kinds  of 
gram,  the  earth  may  be  divided  into  five  grand  di- 
visions or  kingdoms  ; — the  kingdom  of  rice,  of  maize, 
of  wheat,  of  rye,  and  lastly,  of  barley  and  oats.  The 
first  three  are  the  most  extensive;  the  maize  lias  the 
greatest  range  of  temperature;  but  rice  may  be  said 
to  support  the  greatest  number  of  the  human  race.” 
Schouw. 

R ICE'— Blit  It,  n.  (Ornith.)  1.  An 
Asiatic  bird  of  the  family  Frin- 
gillidcc,  or  finches,  which  feeds 
on  rice ; Loxia  oryzivora  of 
Linnaeus,  or  Fringilla  oryzivora 
of  Swainson.  Eng.  Cyc. 

2.  A North  American  bird, 

having  beautiful  plumage,  which  . . Hice-bird 
c , ° . . 1 ,,  S’,  (Loxia  oryzivora). 

feeds  on  nee  in  the  southern 
States  ; rice-bunting;  reed-bird;  bobolink  ; Em- 
beriza  oryzivora  of  Linnaeus.  Wilson. 


RICE'— BUNT- ING,  n.  (Ornith.) 

Rice-bird ; bobolink.  Wilson. 

RlCE'— MILK,  it.  Milk  boiled  and 
thickened  with  rice.  Ash. 

RlCE'— PA-P1JR,  n.  A delicate, 
vegetable  film,  said  to  be  a mem- 

brane  of  the  bread-fruit-tree  (Ar-  __ 

tocarpus  iiicisa),  imported  from  Rice-bunting  (Ku- 
china, in  small,  square  pieces,  he.riza oryzivora). 
and  used  to  make  artificial  flowers  and  fancy 
articles,  and  also  as  a drawing-paper  for  delin- 
eating richly-colored  insects  or  flowers. 

Tomlinson. 

RlCE'— PUD-DING,  n.  Pudding  made  of  rice.  Ash. 


RICE'— wA-T^R,  n.  AVater  thickened  by  boiling 
rice  in  it.  Dunglison. 

RICE'— WEE-VIL  (we-vl),  il.  A weevil  which  at- 
tacks rice  and  Indian  corn  in  the  southern  part 
of  the  United  States;  black  weevil;  Curculio 
orgeat  of  Linnaeus,  or  Calandra  oryzee. 

DSP  The  rice-weevil  resembles  the  wheat-weevil, 
but  is  smaller,  and  has  two  large,  red  spots  on  each 
wing-cover.  Harris. 


RICH,  a.  [A.  S.  rte„rich,  powerful;  also,  a pre- 
fix or  termination  of  nouns,  denoting  dominion, 
power ; Dut.  rijk,  rich,  rijk,  empire  ; Ger.  reich  ; 
Dan.  rig,  rich,  rige,  empire ; Sw.  rik,  rich,  rike, 
empire  ; Icel.  rikr,  powerful.  — Mid.  L.  ricus, 
rich  ; It.  ricco;  Sp.  rico;  Fr.  riche.] 

1.  Abounding  in  money  or  possessions  ; 
wealthy;  opulent;  affluent;  — opposed  to  poor. 

Abram  was  very  rich  in  cattle,  in  silver,  and  in  gold. 

Gen.  xiii.  2. 

2.  Sumptuous  ; valuable ; estimable  ; precious  ; 
splendid.  “ Rich  apparel.”  Ezek.  xxvii.  24. 

Earth  in  her  rich  attire 

Consummate  lovely  smiled.  Milton. 

3.  Abounding  in  something  valued  or  pre- 
cious, or  in  excellent  or  desirable  qualities. 
“Rich  odor.”  Waller.  “ Rich  spices.’  Baker. 

Groves  whose  rich  trees  wept  odorous  gums  and  balms. 

Milton. 

4.  Plentifully  stocked  or  furnished ; possess- 

ing or  affording  abundance  ; plentiful ; abound- 
ing. “ Pastures  rich  in  flocks.”  Johnson. 

Or  where  the  gorgeous  East  with  richest  hand 
Showers  on  her  kings  barbaric  pearl  and  gold.  Mtlton. 

5.  Fertile  ; fruitful ; productive  ; prolific  ; 
teeming;  luxuriant;  as,  “ Rich  soil.”  Philips. 

6.  Having  a pleasant  taste ; savory  ; deli- 
cious ; luscious ; as,  “ Rich  wine  ” ; “ Rich  fruit.” 

7.  Highly  seasoned ; savory;  as,  “ Rich  food.” 

K8D  It  is  sometimes  used  as  a collective  noun  for 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  JJ,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


RICH 


1237 


RIDGE 


rich  persons.  “ The  rich  and  poor  meet  together  ; the 
Lord  is  the  maker  of  them  all.”  Proc.  xxii.  2. 

Syn.  — See  FERTILE. 

+ RICH,  v.  a.  To  enrich.  Gower. 

RICH'E§,  n.  pi.  [It.  ricchezze;  Sp.  riqueza ; Fr. 
richesse .]  Money  or  possessions  in  abundance; 
treasures  ; wealth  ; opulence  ; affluence. 

Riches  do  not  consist  in  having  more  gold  and  silver,  but 
in  having  more  in  proportion  than  our  neighbors.  Locke. 
Riches,  like  insects,  when  concealed  they  lie. 

Wait  but  for  wings,  and  in  their  season  By.  Pope. 

A good  name  is  rather  to  be  chosen  than  great  riches,  and 
loving  favor  rather  than  silver  and  gold.  Prov.  xxii.  1. 

RLiR  It  was  formerly  sometimes  used  as  in  the  sin- 
gular number;  as,  “ For  in  one  hour  so  great  riches  is 
come  to  nought.”  Rc.o.  xviii.  17. 

Syn.  — The  term  riches  denotes  a state  opposed  to 
poverty.  Tile  world  is  divided  into  rich  and  poor. 
Wealth , opulence,  and  affluence , all  imply  the  possession 
of  a large  share  of  riches.  Wealth  and  opulence  are  ap- 
plied to  communities  as  well  as  to  individuals.  Afflu- 
ence denotes  the  increasing  weultli  of  the  individual. 
The  richness  of  a language,  soil,  &c.  ; the  riches  or 
wealth  of  a person. 

RICH'— FLEECED  (-Hest),  a.  Covered  with  a valu- 
able fleece.  “ The  rich-fleeced  flock.”  Spenser. 

RICH'— HAIRED,  a.  Having  beautiful  hair.  “Thou 
rich-haired  youth.”  " Collins. 

RICH'— JEW-JiLLED,  a.  Adorned  with  precious 
jewels.  “ Rich-jewelled  coffer.”  Shah. 

RICH7— LA-DEN  (-la-dn),  a.  Having  a valuable  car- 
go. “ Rich-laden  numerous  fleets.”  Dlackmore. 

IilCH'LY,  ad.  1.  With  riches  ; with  opulence  or 
affluence.  “ A lady  richly  left.”  Shah. 

2.  Splendidly  ; magnificently ; sumptuously. 

And  first  brought  forth  Ulysses’  bed,  and  all 

That  richly  furnished  it.  Chapman. 

3.  Plenteously  ; bountifully.  Browne. 

4.  Truly  ; fully  ; abundantly. 

A chastisement  which  they  so  richly  deserve.  Addison. 

RICH'NESS,  n.  1.  The  state  or  the  quality  of  be- 
ing rich  ; wealth  ; opulence.  Sidney. 

2.  Sumptuousness  ; valuableness  ; estimablc- 

ness ; preciousness  ; splendor.  Johnson. 

3.  The  state  of  abounding  in  something  pre- 
cious, or  in  desirable  or  excellent  qualities. 

Bring  forth  that  British  vale;  and,  be  it  ne’er  so  rare. 

But  Catmus  with  that  vale  for  richness  shall  compare.  Drayton. 

4.  Fertility ; fruitfulness ; productiveness. 

“ Richness  of  the  soil.”  Addison. 

5.  The  state  of  being  savory,  high  seasoned, 
or  delicious  ; pleasantness  to  the  taste.  Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Riches. 

RICH'— STAINED,  a.  Stained  with  a high  color. 
“ The  rich-stained  fruitage.”  Savage. 

RICH'-WROUGHT  (-rSLvt),  a.  Highly  wrought. 
“ Rich-wrought  vests.”  Potter. 

RJ-CIN'IC,  a.  [ricinus  communis,  castor-oil- 
plant.] ( Che.m .)  Noting  an  acid  obtained  by 
distilling  castor-oil.  Gregory. 

RICK,  n.  [A.  S.  hreac,  a rick ; hric,  a ridge,  a 
back  ; Scot.  rig. — See  Ridge.] 

1.  A pile  of  grain  or  hay  in  the  open  air  and 

protected  by  a covering.  Swift. 

2.  A -small  pile  of  grain  or  hay  just  gathered 

in  the  field.  [North  of  Eng.]  Mortimer. 

RICK,  v.  a.  To  pile  up,  as  hay  or  grain.  Ash. 

RICK'IJT-ISH,  a.  Rickety,  [r.]  Fuller. 

RICK'f.TS,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  jia^iry; ; the  spine  ; 

L.  rachitis  ; It.  rachiti.de  ; Sp.  raquitis  ; Fr.  ra- 
chitisme.]  (Med.)  Inflammation  of  the  spine ; 
a disease,  generally  confined  to  childhood,  char- 
acterized by  crookedness  of  the  long  bones 
with  swelling  of  their  extremities,  crooked 
spine,  prominent  abdomen,  large  head,  and, 
often,  precocity  of  intellect ; rachitis.  It  is  ac- 
companied by  leanness,  general  debility,  and 
indigestion.  Dunglison. 

RICK'^T-Y,  a.  1.  Diseased  with  the  rickets.  “ The 
case  of  rickety  children.”  Arhuthnot. 

2.  Weak  in  the  joints  ; tottering ; feeble. 

RICOCHET  (rik-o-sha'  or  rik'o-shet),  a.  [Fr.  ri- 
cochet, the  bounding  or  skipping  of  a flat  stone 
thrown  obliquely  on  the  surface  of  water,  rico- 
chet.] (Mil.) 

1.  Noting  a mode  of  firing  ordnance  elevated 
but  a very  few  degrees,  so  that  the  shot  or  the 
shell  strikes  the  ground  at  a certain  point,  and 


then  hounds  or  skips  along,  destroying  objects 
which  might  be  secure  from  direct  fire. 

Ricochet  firing  is  generally  employed  in  sieges  to  enfilade 
works,  to  dismount  artillery,  and  to  destroy  palisades,  &c. 

Gloss.  Mil.  Terms. 

2.  Pertaining  to,  or  used  for,  ricochet  firing  ; 
as,  “ A ricochet  battery.” 

RIC'O-gHET  (rik'o-shet),  v.  a.  [t.  ricochetted  ; 
pp.  RICOCHETTING,  RICOCHETTED.]  To  oper- 
ate on  by  ricochet  firing.  “ The  ground  to  be 
ricochetted."  P.  Cyc. 

RIC-O-gHET'TING  (-shet'tjng),  p.  a.  Used  in  ric- 
ochet firing.  “ Ricochetting  batteries.”  P.  Cyc. 

f RlCT'URE  (rlkt'yur),  n.  [L.  ringor,  rictus,  to 
gape.]  A gaping.  Bailey. 

RIC'TUS,  n.  [L.,  the  opened  month.')  (Bot.) 
The  faux,  or  throat,  as  of  a calyx,  corolla,  &c. 

Ilenslow. 

RID,  p.  from  ride.  See  Ride. 

RID,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  hreddan-,  Dut.  redden ; Ger. 
retten  ; Dan.  redde  ; Sw.  riidda.)  [i.  RID  ; pp. 
RIDDING,  RID.] 

1.  To  set  free  ; to  free  ; to  deliver;  to  redeem. 

I will  rid  you  out  of  their  bondage.  Exod.  vi.  6. 

2.  To  clear ; to  disencumber  ; to  relieve  ; — 
with  of.  “To  rid  thee  of  that  care.”  B.  Jonson. 

I must  rid  all  the  seas  of  pirates.  Shak. 

3.  To  remove  by  violence  ; to  destroy  ; to  kill. 

I will  rid  evil  beasts  out  of  the  land.  Lev.  xxvi.  6. 
Ah,  deathsman!  you  have  rid  this  sweet  young  prince.  Shak. 

RID'DANCE,  n.  1.  The  act  of  ridding  or  setting 
free;  deliverance;  redemption.  “ Riddance  from 
all  adversity.”  Hooker. 

2.  The  act  of  clearing  away  or  disencumbering. 

Thou  shalt  not  make  clean  riddance  of  the  corners  of  thy 
field,  when  thou  reapest.  Lev.  xxiii.  22. 

RID'DEN  (l-id'dn),  p.  from  ride.  See  Ride. 

RID'D^R,  n.  One  who,  or  that  which,  rids.  Phillips. 

RID'DLE  (rid'dl),  n.  [A.  S.  liriddel ; hreddan,  to 
rid,  to  free;  W.  rliidyll ; Gael,  rideal ; Arm. 
ridell. ] A coarse  sieve  of  iron  wire,  for  sifting 
coals,  lime,  ashes,  sand,  grain,  &e.  Mortimer. 

RID'DLE,  v.  a.  [t.  riddled  ; pp.  riddling, 

RIDDLED.] 

X.  To  sift  with  a riddle  or  coarse  sieve. 

Mortimer. 

2.  f To  weave  or  form  with  holes,  or  in  open- 
work, as  a garment.  Chaucer. 

3.  To  perforate,  or  make  many  holes  in,  as 

with  shot.  Craig. 

RID'DLE  (-dl),  n.  [A.  S.  rmdelse ; arcedan,  to  read, 
to  guess  ; Dut.  raadsel ; Ger.  riithsel.  — Tooke 
refers  to  A.  S.  writhan,  to  wreathe,  to  twist.] 

1.  Something  proposed,  or  to  be  solved  by 

conjecture  ; a puzzling  question  ; a dark  prob- 
lem ; an  enigma ; a puzzle.  Shak. 

And  he  said  unto  them,  Out  of  the  eater  came  forth  meat, 
and  out  of  tile  strong  came  forth  sweetness.  And  they  could 
not,  in  three  days,  expound  the  riddle.  Judy.  xiv.  11. 

2.  Any  thing  puzzling  or  ambiguous. Hudibras. 

Syn.  — A riddle  is  a verbal  puzzle  ; a rebus , an 

acrostic , and  a charade,  are  syllabic  puzzles  ; and  they 
are  all  enigmas. 

RID'DLE  (rid'dl),  v.  a.  To  solve  ; to  interpret ; — 
properly,  to  unriddle.  — See  Unriddle. 

Riddle  me  this,  and  guess  him  if  you  can.  Dryden. 

RID'DLE,  v.  n.  To  speak  ambiguously.  Shak. 

Riddling  confession  finds  hut  riddling  shrift.  Shak. 

RID'DLIJR,  n.  One  who  riddles  ; one  who  sneaks 
obscurely  or  ambiguously.  Home. 

RID'DLING-LY,  ad.  In  the  manner  of  a riddle; 
secretly ; obscurely  ; ambiguously.  Donne. 

RIDE,  v.  n.  [A.  S .ridan;  Dut.  ryden;  Ger.  rci- 
ten  ; Dan.  ride ; Sw.  rid  a ; Icel.  reida.  — “ [High- 
Ger.]  reita  [carriage]  and  Icel.  reid  [carriage] 
is  the  same  as  the  rheda  of  the  Romans  and 
Old  Gauls,  signifying  a calash,  chariot.”  Bos- 
worth .]  \i.  rode  ; pp.  riding,  rode,  rid, 

RIDDEN.] 

1.  To  he  carried  on  a horse,  or  other  animal, 
or  in  any  kind  of  vehicle  or  carriage. 

And  he  made  him  to  ride  in  the  second  chariot  which  he 
had.  Gen.  xli.  4-3. 

To  ride  on  a bay  trotting  horse.  Shak. 

I will  overthrow  the  chariots,  and  those  that  rule  in  them. 

Hag.  ii.  22. 

2.  To  be  carried  or  to  travel  on  horseback. 


Skill  to  ride  seems  a science 
Proper  to  gentle  blood;  some  others  feign 
To  manage  steeds,  as  did  this  vauuter,  but  in  vain.  Spenser. 

3.  To  be  borne  on  the  water  or  other  fluid. 
Ulysses’  huge,  blaek  ship,  that  did  at  anchor  ride.  Chapman. 

Now  on  the  coasts  our  conquering  navy  rides.  Dryden. 

4.  To  be  supported  in  motion  ; to  rest. 

As  venerable  Nestor,  patched  in  silver, 

Should  with  a bond  of  air  strong  as  the  axle-tree 
On  which  heaven  rides.  Shak. 

5.  (Naut.)  To  lie  at  anchor.  Dana. 

RST  Although  the  word  to  ride,  in  popular  usage, 

signifies  to  be  carried  in  a vehicle,  as  well  as  on  horse- 
back, yet  when  an  excursion  in  a vehicle  or  carriage 
is  spoken  of,  the  fashionable  English  phrase  is,  “ to 
take  a drived1 

“ Ride,  here  [England],  always  means  on  horse- 
back ; when  in  a carriage,  it  is  always  a drive.11 
Dr.  Henry  Colman. 

j&jR'  The  use  of  the  word  ride,  both  as  a verb  and  a 
noun,  in  the  sense  of  bring  conveyed  in  a carriage , has 
been  regarded  as  an  Americanism  ; and  it  has  been 
maintained  that  the  English  use,  and  the  proper  mean- 
ing of  ride,  is  a conveyance  on  horseback  ; and  that  a 
conveyance  in  a carriage  is  not  a ride,  but  a drive ; — 
and  it  is  thus  used  in  the  following  quotation  from 
Cowper : “ Sometimes  I get  into  a neighbor’s  chaise, 
but  generally  ride 11  (i.  e.  on  horseback).  The  Quar- 
terly Review  remarks  upon  what  lias  been  called  the 
American  use  of  the  word,  that  “it  lias  been,  for  a 
hundred  years,  a noted  vulgarism  in  England.”  This 
“ noted  vulgarism  ” lias  been  countenanced  for  more 
than  “ a hundred  years  ” by  the  English  dictionaries  ; 
and  it  is  sanctioned  by  the  most  eminent  English  lex- 
icographers. Hailey  defines  the  verb  to  ride,  “to  go 
on  horseback,  in  a coach,  wagon,  &c.  ” : Johnson, 
“to  travel  on  horseback;  to  travel  in  a vehicle”; 
Richardson,  “ to  convey  or  carry  on  a horse  or  other 
animal,  or  in  any  sort  of  carriage  ; to  sit  upon  such 
an  animal,  or  in  such  a carriage,  whether  the  motion 
be  slow  or  fast  ” ; and  Todd  defines  the  noun  ride, 
“ an  excursion  in  a vehicle  or  on  horseback  ; as,  ‘ To 
take  a ride.1  ”* 

RIDE,  v.  a.  1.  To  sit,  or  to  place  one’s  self,  on 
so  as  to  be  carried.  “ Others.  . . ride  the  air  in 
whirlwind.”  Milton. 

2.  To  manage  insolently  at  will.  Collier. 

The  nobility  could  no  longer  endure  to  be  ridden  by  ba- 
kers, cobblers,  and  brewers.  Sicij't. 

RIDE,  n.  1.  An  excursion  on  horseback  or  in  a 
vehicle.  — See  Ride,  v.  n.  Todd. 

2.  A saddle-horse  : — a little  stream.  [Local, 

Eng.]  Wright.  Grose. 

3.  A road,  or  course  to  ride  in,  as  in  a pleas- 
ure-ground ; a riding ; a drive.  Todd. 

RJDEAU  (re-do'),  jt.  [Fr.]  (Fort.)  An  elevation 
of  the  earth  along  a plain,  serving  to  protect  a 
camp.  Braude. 

ItlD'ER,  n.  1.  One  who  rides.  Prior. 

2.  One  who  manages  or  breaks  horses.  Shak. 

3.  An  addition  inserted  in,  or  attached  to,  a 

manuscript,  record,  legislative  bill,  or  other 
document,  after  its  completion.  Brande. 

4.  (Naut.)  An  interior  timber  placed  occa- 

sionally opposite  a principal  one,  to  which  it  is 
bolted,  and  extending  from  the  keelson  to  the 
beams  of  the  lower  deck  : — pi.  the  second  tier 
of  casks  in  the  hold.  Dana. 

5.  (Mil.)  A piece  of  wood  supporting  the  side- 

pieces  of  an  artillery-carriage.  Stocquehr. 

6.  (Com.)  A traveller  who  carries  patterns 

and  samples  ; a riding-clerk.  Wright. 

7.  (Mining.)  A stony  concretion  or  barren 
part  intervening  in  the  middle  of  a lode.  Ansted. 

RID'JR-LESS,  a.  Without  a rider.  Herbert. 

RIDGE,  n.  [A.  S.  hric,  hrieg ; Dut.  rug ; Ger. 
rtteken  ; Dan.  ryg  \ Sw.  rygg;  Icel.  hryggr. — 
Gr.  /idyi?,  the  back,  a ridge.] 

1.  The  back  or  the  top  of  the  back.  Hudibras. 

2.  An  extended  elevation  resembling  the  ver- 
tebral of  the  back  ; a protuberance. 

The  highest  ridges  of  those  mountains.  Ray. 

A line  that  forms  a ridge  of  the  nose  is  beautiful  when  it 
is  straight.  Reynolds. 

Wheat  must  be  sowed  above  furrow,  . . . and  laid  up  in 
round,  high,  warm  ridges.  Mortimer. 

3.  (Arch.)  The  top  or  upper  angle  of  a roof: 

— the  upper,  horizontal  timber  in  a roof,  against 
which  the  rafters  pitch: — the  intersection  of 
two  surfaces  of  a vaulted  ceiling.  Britton. 

4.  (Fort.)  The  highest  part  of  the  glacis  pro- 

ceeding from  the  salient  angle  of  the  covered 
way.  Stocqueler. 

RIDGE,  v.  a.  [i.  Judged  ; pp.  ridging,  ridged.] 

1.  To  form  as  a ridge,  or  into  a ridge  or  ridges. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RfiLE.  — g,  G,  9,  & soft;  £,  G,  5,  1,  hard;  S as  z ; $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


RIDGE-BAND 


1238 


RIGHT 


Bristles  ranged  like  those  that  ridge  the  back 
Of  chafed  wild  boars  or  ruffled  porcupines.  Milton. 

2.  To  wrinkle  “ A forehead  ridged."  Cowper. 

RIDIyE'— BAND,  n.  The  part  of  a harness  that 
crosses  the  back  of  a horse.  Ash. 

RID(JE'— BONE,  n.  The  back-bone  ; the  spine. 
“ Lying  . . . about  the  ridge-bone."  Holland. 

RID'<?JgL  (rid'jel),  n.  [A.  S.  wrigan,  to  conceal. 
Tooke.  — A.  S.  hric,  hrig,  the  back.  Whitaker.'] 
An  animal  half  castrated.  Dryden. 

RlngfE'LfT,  n.  A little  ridge.  Loudon. 

RID^E'LING,  n.  A ridgel.  Dryden. 

RID£E'— PIECE,  I n.  ( Arch .)  A ridge-pole. 

RIDGE'— PLATE,  > Wright. 

RID^E'-POLE,  n.  (Arch.)  Apiece  of  timber  or 
a board  in  the  angle  of  a roof,  against  which 
the  rafters  pitch  ; ridge-piece  ; ridge-plate. 

RIDp'ING-LY,  ad.  After  the  manner  of  ridges. 

RIDp'Y,  a.  Rising  in  a ridge  or  in  ridges.  Pope. 

rTd'I-CULE,  n.  [L.  ridiculum;  rideo,  to  laugh; 
It.  ridicolo  ; Sp.  ridiculo  ; Fr.  ridicule.] 

1.  f Something  to  be  laughed  at ; a jest. 

To  the  people  and  common  soldiers  but  a trifle;  to  the 
king  but  a ridicule.  J.  Fox. 

2.  Wit  of  that  species  which  provokes  laugh- 
ter, and.  is  designed  to  bring  the  subject  of  it 
into  contempt ; derision  ; mockery  ; sport ; sat- 
ire ; sarcasm. 

One  of  those  principal  lights  or  natural  mediums  by  which 
things  are  to  be  viewed,  in  order  to  thorough  recognition,  is 
ridicule  itself,  or  that  manner  of  proof  by  which  we  discern 
whatever  is  liable  to  just  raillery  in  any  subject.  Shaftesbury . 

3.  Ridiculousness ; folly.  “ The  ridicule  of 

this  practice.”  Addison. 

IfcTr* “This  word  is  frequently  mispronounced  by 
sounding  the  first  syllable  like  the  adjective  red]  an 
inaccuracy  which  cannot  be  too  carefully  avoided.” 
Walker. 

Syn.  — -See  Derision,  Ridicule,  v .,  Satire. 

f RID'I-CULE,  a.  [Fr.]  Ridiculous.  Aubrey. 

RID'I-CLTLE,  v.  a.  [i.  RIDICULED  ; pp.  RIDICUL- 
ING, ridiculed.]  To  expose  to  ridicule  or  de- 
rision ; to  expose  to,  or  treat  with,  contemptu- 
ous laughter  or  merriment;  to  make  sport  of ; 
to  satirize  ; to  deride  ; to  mock ; to  rally ; to 
banter ; to  jeer.  Temple. 

They  endeavor  to  ridicule  and  banter  all  human  as  well 
as  divine  accomplishments.  Clarke. 

Syn.  — To  ridicule , to  mock , to  jeer , and  to  deride , 
all  imply  a strong  expression  of  contempt.  One  per- 
son ridicules  another  on  account  of  his  follies,  derides 
and  mocks  him  in  order  to  make  him  appear  contempt- 
ible, ral'ies  him  on  account  of  some  weakness  or  de- 
fect, and  banters  him  for  accidental  circumstances.  — 

. Derision , mockery , and  jeer  are  personal  acts,  and 
stronger  terms  than  ridicule.  Banter  and  rally  are  also 
personal,  but  do  not  necessarily  imply  ill  nature. 
Roth  persons  and  things  are  often  ridiculed. 

RID'I-CUL-^R,  n.  One  who  ridicules.  Chesterfield. 

f RI-DIC'U-LJZE,  v.  a.  To  ridicule.  Chapman. 

Rr-DIC'U-LOLTS,  a.  [L.  ridiculus ; rideo , to  laugh; 
It.  ridicolo  ; Sp.  ridiculo  ; Fr.  ridicule.] 

1.  Deserving  ridicule  or  derision  ; exciting 
laughter  with  contempt ; laughable  ; ludicrous. 

Ilow  many  actions  most  ridiculous 

Hast  thou  been  drawn  to  by  thy  fantasy!  Shak. 

One  step  above  the  sublime  makes  the  ridiculous ; and  one 
step  above  the  ridiculous  makes  the  sublime  aguin.  T.  Paine. 

2.  Pertaining  to,  or  resembling,  laughter,  [r.] 

The  heaving  of  my  lungs  provokes  me  to  ridiculous 

smiling.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Ludicrous. 

RI-dTc'U-LOUS-LY,  ad.  In  a manner  worthy  of 
ridicule.  Cudworth. 

RI-DIC'U-LOyS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
ridiculous.  * Stillingfieet . 

RID'jNG,  p.  a.  Employed  to  travel  or  ride  ; trav- 
elling. “ Riding  apparitor.”  Ayliffe. 

RID'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  rides. 

2.  A road,  as  in  a pleasure-ground.  Sidney. 

3.  (Surg.)  Displacement  of  the  fragments  of 

a bone,  chiefly  produced  by  the  contraction  of 
the  muscles,  and  occasioning  shortening  of  the 
limb.  _ Dunglison. 

RID'ING,  n.  [Corrupted  from  trithing  or  triding, 
a third.]  One  of  the  three  divisions  or  jurisdic- 
tions of  the  county  ofYork,  England.  Blaekstone. 

RID'ING— CLERK  (-klerk  or  -kldrk),  n.  A mer- 
cantile traveller  : — one  of  the  six  clerks  in  the 
English  chancery. — See  Clerk.  Smart. 


j RID'ING— CLOAK,  n.  A cloak  used  for  riding.  Ash. 

RID'ING— COAT,  n.  A coat  used  in  riding.  Swift. 

RID'ING— HAB'IT,  n.  A dress  for  ladies  when 
riding  on  horseback.  Clarke. 

RID'ING— HOOD  (-hud),  n.  A hood  worn  by  ladies 
when  riding.  Arbuthnot. 

RID'ING— HOUSE,  n.  A riding-school.  Chesterfield. 

RID'ING— mAs'T£R,  n.  A man  who  teaches  the 
art  of  riding.  Clarke. 

RID'ING— MIS'TRjJSS,  n.  A woman  who  teaches 
the  art  of  riding.  Clarke. 

lllD'ING— RHYME,  n.  A rhyme  in  a couplet. 

Fair  Leda  reads  our  poetry  sometimes, 

But  sailh  she  cannot  like  our  ruling-rhymes.  Hairington. 

RID'ING— SCHOOL,  n.  A school  or  place  where 
the  art  of  riding  is  taught.  Chesterfield. 

RID'ING— SKIRT,  n.  A skirt  for  a woman  when 
riding.  Clarke. 

RID'ING— WHIP,  n.  A small  whip  used  when 
riding  on  horseback.  Clarke. 

RI-DOT' TO,  n.\  pi . RI-DOT1  to$.  [It.]  A pub- 
lic entertainment  of  dancing  and  singing,  in 
which  the  company  join  ; — usually  held  on  fast 
eves.  Rambler.  Brande. 

RI-DOT'TO,  v.  71.  To  attend  or  to  frequent  ri- 
dottos.  [r.]  Cooper. 

RIE,  n.  See  Rey. 

RIET'BOC,  n.  [Ger. 
riet,  or  ried,  a reed, 
and  bock,  a buck.] 

(Zoal.)  A species 
of  antelope,  found 
in  Africa  ; Anti- 
lope  Eleotragus,  or 
Eleotragus  arimdi- 
naccus  ; — so  called 
from  its  habit  of  fre- 
quenting the  reedy 
banks  and  beds  of 
dry  watercourses. 

Eng.  Cgc. 

RIFE,  a.  [A.  S.  ryf;  Icel.  rifr.]  Abounding; 
plentiful;  prevalent;  prevailing;  common. 

The  plague  was  then  rift  in  Hungary.  Knollcs. 

RIFE'LY,  ad.  Prevalently;  abundantly;  com- 
monly. "Rifely  reported.”  Knollcs. 

RIFE'N  ESS,  n.  Prevalence  ; abundance.  Bp.  Hall. 

RIFF'RAFF,  n.  [A.  S.  reafian,  to  seize  or  take 
away ; Ger.  raffen,  to  snatch  away,  to  sweep.] 
Refuse  ; sweepings  : — the  rabble.  Beau.  § FI. 

Rl'FLE  (rl'tl),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  reafian,  to  seize  or  take 
away  ; Ger.  raffen,  to  snatch  away.  — L.  rapio, 
to  take  away ; Old  Fr.  raffer.]  [i.  rifled  ; pp. 
RIFLING,  1UFLED.] 

1.  To  seize  and  carry  away;  to  snatch  away. 

Till  Time  shall  rifle  every  youthful  grace.  rope. 

2.  To  rob;  to  pillage;  to  plunder.  “You 

have  rifled  my  master.”  L’ Estrange. 

A commander  in  the  Parliament’s  rebel  army  rifled  and 
defaced  the  cathedral  at  Lichfield.  South. 

Rl'FLE,  v.  a.  [Ger.  reifeln.  — Fr.  rifier.]  To 
groove,  as  the  barrel  of  a firelock.  Wright. 

Rl'FLE  (rl'tl),  v.  n.  To  commit  robbery.  Bp.  Ilall. 

Rl'FLE  (rl'fl),  7i.  [Dan.  riffel,  rifle,  a chamfer  ; 
riffle,  a rifle.] 

1.  A species  of  firearms  the  inside  of  the  bar- 

rel of  which  is  furrowed  with  spiral  channels, 
that  have  the  effect  to  give  the  ball  a rotatory 
motion  about  an  axis,  by  which  great  precision 
of  aim  is  secured.  Stocqueler. 

2.  An  instrument  used  for  whetting  scythes  ; 

a mower’s  whetstone.  Whately. 

RI'FLE-MAN,  n.  ; pl.  riflemen.  (Mil.)  One  of 
a body  of  troops  armed  with  rifles.  Mil.  Ency. 

Rl'FLJJR,  n.  One  who  rifles  ; a robber  ; a pillager. 

RIFT,  7i.  [Past  part,  of  the  verb  to  rive.  Tooke. 
— A.  S.  reafian,  t'o  seize.  Skinner.] 

1.  A cleft;  a fissure;  a breach;  an  opening 
made  by  disruption. 


2.  A rapid  or  broken  fall  in  a river.  Bulwer- 

3.  Eructation.  [Local,  Eng.]  Brockett. 

RIFT,  v.  a.  [£.  rifted  ; pp.  rifting,  rifted.] 

To  rive  ; to  split;  to  cleave. 

At  sight  of  him,  the  people  with  a shout 

It  if  ted  the  air.  Milton. 

RIFT,  v.  7i.  1.  To  be  split ; to  burst;  to  open. 

I ’d  shriek  that  even  your  ears 
Should  rift  to  hear  me.  Shak. 

2.  To  belch.  [North  of  England.]  Brockett. 

RIG,  n.  1.  A wanton  woman  ; a strumpet.  Davies. 

ItOT  “ Perhaps  as  rogue  is  one  who  has  covered, 
cloaked,  or  concealed  purposes  of  thievery  or  deceit, 
so  rig  is  one  wiio  lias  cloaked  or  disguised  purposes 
of  wantonness.”  Richardson See  Rig,  r.  a. 

2.  A strong  blast  of  wind;  rough  weather. 

At  that  uncertain  season  before  the  rigs  of  old  Michael- 
mas were  yet  well  composed.  Burke. 

3.  [A.  S.  hric.  — See  Ridge.]  A ridge  ; a 

long,  rising  piece  of  land.  Porby. 

4.  [See  Rig,  v.  a.]  Dress ; raiment ; apparel. 

5.  A trick  ; a jeer  ; a frolic.  11  right. 

6.  (Naut.)  The  manner  of  fitting  the  masts 
and  rigging  to  the  hull  of  a vessel.  Brande. 

To  run  a rig,  to  play  a trick  of  gayety  or  merri- 
ment. “ He  little  dreamt,  when  he  set  out,  of  running 
suclt  a rig.”  Cowper.  — To  run  the  rig  upon,  to  prac- 
tise a joke  upon. 

RIG,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  w7-igan.]  [i.  rigged  ; pp.  rig- 
ging, rigged.] 

1.  To  dress  ; to  accoutre  ; to  clothe. 

Jack  was  rigged  out  in  his  gold  and  silver  lace,  with  a 
feather  in  his  cap;  and  a pretty  figure  he  made  in  the  world. 

L'  L strange. 

2.  To  furnish  or  fit  out  with  tackling  or  appa- 
ratus ; as,  “To  rig  a capstan.” 

3.  (Naut.)  To  fit,  as  shrouds,  stays,  &c.,  to 
their  respective  masts  and  yards.  Mar.  Diet. 

RIG,  v.  71.  To  play  the  wanton.  [Eng.]  Todd. 

RIG-A-DOON',  7i.  [Fr.  7'igodo7i.]  A kind  of  brisk 
dance,  performed  by  one  couple,  said  to  have 
been  brought  from  Provence,  and  to  have  been 
so  called  from  its  inventor,  Rigaud.  Guardiaii. 

Rl'GA— FIR,  7i.  A name  applied  to  a species  of 
pine  (Phius  sylvestr-is),  and  to  its  wood,  which 
is  very  valuable  and  durable,  and  is  extensively 
used  in  the  construction  of  houses,  inferior  ar- 
ticles of  furniture,  &c. ; — called  also  Dantzic 
fir,  Ritssia7i  deal,  Scotch  pine,  and  red  or  yellow 
deal.  Loudon.  Archer. 

f Rl-GA'TION,  71.  [L.  7'igatio.]  The  act  of  wa- 

tering or  sprinkling  ; irrigation.  Swinburne. 

Ri'Gf.L,  n.  (Astron.)  A star  of  the  first  magni- 
tude in  the  middle  of  the  left  foot  of  the  con- 
stellation Orion.  Nichol. 

RIG'Gf.R,  7i.  1.  One  who  rigs  or  dresses. 

2.  One  who  fits  the  rigging  of  a ship. 

3.  A cylindrical  pulley  ; a drum.  Wright. 

RIG'GING,  n.  (Naut.)  A general  term  for  all  the 

ropes  of  a vessel  : — also  a common  term  for 
the  shrouds  with  their  ratlines.  Da7ia. 

Running  rigging , the  ropes  that  reeve  through 
blocks,  and  are  pulled  and  hauled,  such  as  braces, 
halyards,  &c.  — Standing  rigging , ropes  the  ends  of 
which  are  securely  seized,  such  as  stays  and  shrouds. 

Dana . 

■f  RIG'GISII,  a.  Wanton  ; whorish  ; lewd.  Shak. 

RIG'GLE,  v.  n.  See  Wriggle.  Waz-burton. 

RIGHT  (rlt),  a.  [L.  rectus-,  rego,  to  rule  ; It.  retto, 
ritto ; Sp.  recto.  — A.  S.  riht,  relit-,  Dut.  regt ; 
Ger.  recht ; Dan.  ret ; Icel.  rettr ; Sw.  ratt.  — 
Bret,  reiz.] 

1.  Straight ; direct ; as,  “ A r-iyht  line.” 

The  voice  of  a crier  in  [the]  desert,  Make  ye  readv  the  way 
of  the  Lord,  make  ye  his  paths  right.  Matt.  iii.  3,  Wickliffe's  Tr. 

2.  Agreeable  or  conformable  to  rule,  fact, 
reason,  truth,  justice,  or  duty ; proper  ; legiti- 
mate ; lawful ; just;  rightful  ; true  ; not  wrong. 

“ The  inference  is  certainly  7-ight.”  Locke. 

The  time  is  out  of  joint:  O,  cursed  spite 

That  ever  I was  born  to  6et  it  right\  Shak. 

Peter  and  John  answered,  and  said  unto  them,  "Whether 
it  be  right  in  the  sight  of  God  to  hearken  unto  you  more  than 
unto  God,  judge  ye.  Acts  iv.  19. 

What  it  is  our  duty  to  do  we  must  do  because  it  is  right , 
not  because  any  one  can  demand  it  of  us.  Whewell. 

3.  Happy  ; favorable  ; convenient. 

The  lady  has  been  disappointed  on  the  right  side,  and 
found  nothing  more  disagreeable  in  the  husband  than  she 
discovered  in  the  lover.  Addison. 

4.  Of,  or  pertaining  to,  the  part  or  side  op- 
posed to  the  left;  as,  “ The  right  eye.” 


A,  E,  l,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,.U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


She  did  confine  thee,  . . . 

In  her  unmitigable  rage,  into  a cloven  nine. 

Within  whose  rift  im prisoned  thou  didst  painfully 
Remain  a dozen  years.  Dryden. 


Rietboc. 


RIGHT 


]239 


RIGOE 


The  right  hand  is  that  which  custom  and  those  who  have 
brought  us  up  have  ordered  or  directed  us  to  use  in  prefer- 
ence, when  one  hand  only  is  employed.  Tooke. 

“ Right  is  no  other  than  rectum , the  past  part, 
of  the  Latin  verb  rcgerc , and  means  ordered , com- 
manded^ or  directed .”  Tooke.  — “Goodness  in  actions 
is  like  unto  straightness  ; wherefore  that  which  is  well 
done  we  term  right.”  Hooker.  — “ The  application  of 
the  same  word  to  denote  a straight  line  and  moral  rec- 
titude of  conduct , has  obtained  in  every  language  I 
know,  and  might,  I think,  be  satisfactorily  explained 
without  founding  the  theory  of  morality  upon  a phil- 
ological nostrum  concerning  past  participles.”  D. 
Stewart.  — “That  the  original  and  literal  meaning  of 
the  word  right  is  not  ‘ ordered  or  commanded,’  but 
straight,  appears  not  only  from  the  circumstance  men- 
tioned by  Mr.  Stewart,  . . . but  from  this,  that  the 
contrary  term,  wrong , cannot,  by  any  twisting,  be 
made  to  signify  ‘ not  ordered  or  directed.’  ” Barclay. 

— “ Apparently  Tooke  was  not  aware  that  the  phrase 
right  hand  was  introduced  into  the  Teutonic  tongues 
at*  a comparatively  recent  period.  That  right  simply 
means  straight , direct,,  will,  we  think,  appear  from  the 
application  of  its  opposite,  left,  which,  we  venture  to 
affirm,  never  means  the  remaining  hand.”  Qu.  Rev . 
vol.  iv.  — See  Left. 

“ The  adjective  right  has  a much  wider  signi- 
fication than  the  substantive  right.  Every  thing  is 
right  which  is  conformable  to  the  supreme  rule  of  hu- 
man action  ; but  that  only  is  a right,  which,  being 
conformable  to  the  supreme  rule,  is  realized  in  society 
and  vested  in  a particular  person.  Hence  the  two 
words  may  be  properly  opposed.  We  may  say  that  a 
poor  man  has  no  right  to  relief ; but  it  is  right  he 
should  have  it.  A rich  man  has  a right  to  destroy  the 
harvest  of  his  fields,  but  to  do  so  would  not  be  right.” 
Whewell. 

Syn.  — See  Lawful,  Straight. 

The  right  bank  of  a river,  that  bank  which  is  on  the 
right  hand  in  sailing  down  the  stream  towards  its 
month. — Right  diedral  angle,  ( Ocom .)  an  angle  in- 
cluded between  two  planes  perpendicular  to  each 
other.  — Right  polyhedral  angle,  an  angle  contained 
within  three  planes  at  right  angles  to  each  other. — 
Right  cone,  cylinder,  prism , or  pyramid , one  whose 
axis  is  perpendicular  to  the  base.  — Right  line,  a 
straight  line  ; a line  which  does  not  change  its 
direction.  — Right  sphere , ( Spherical  Projections.)  that 
position  of  the  sphere  in  which  the  primitive  plane 
coincides  with  the  plane  of  the  equator.  — Right 
sp'icrical  angle,  a spherical  angle  included  between 
the  arcs  of  two  great  circles  whose  planes  are  at 
right  angles  to  each  other.  — Right-angled  cone,  a 
cone  whose  axis  is  equal  to  the  radius  of  the  base  ; 

— so  called  because  the  section  made  by  a plane  pass- 
ing through  the  axis  of  the  cone  is  right-angled  at  the 
vertex. — Right,  ascension.  See  Ascension. — Right 
circle,  ( Stereographic  Projection  of  the  Sphere.)  a circle 
perpendicular  to  the  plane  of  projection,  or  that  which 
is  projected  into  a straight,  line.  — Right  sailing, 

( Nav .)  that  in  which  a voyage  is  performed  on  some 
one  of  the  cardinal  points,  east,  west,  north,  or 
south.  Hutton. 

It  [GUT  (rit),  interj.  An  expression  of  approba- 
tion. “ Right ! cries  his  lordship.”  Pope. 

RIGHT  (rit),  ad.  1.  In  a straight  or  direct  line. 

This  way,  right  down  to  Paradise  descend.  Milton. 

2.  In  a right  manner;  conformably  to  rule, 
fact,  reason,  truth,  justice,  or  duty.  Roscommon. 

3.  In  a great  degree ; very.  “ Right  noble 
princes.”  Shah.  “ Right  sorry.”  B.  Jonson. 

Jfctr*  This  sense  is  still  used  in  the  titles  right  hon- 
orable and  right  reverend,  but  in  other  applications  it 
is  now  either  antiquated  or  vulgar. 

4.  f Just.  “ Came  he  right  now  ? ” Shah. 

5.  f Immediately  ; at  the  instant. 

I do  see  the  cruel  pangs  of  death 
Right  in  thine  eye.  Shak. 

Right  away,  or  right  off,  directly.  [U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

RIGHT  (rit),  n.  1.  That  which  is  right;  freedom 
from  error  or  from  fault ; agreeableness  or  con- 
formity to  rule,  fact,  reason,  truth,  justice,  or 
duty;  propriety;  lawfulness;  justice;  good- 
ness ; rectitude  ; truth  ; — opposed  to  wrong. 

His  faith,  perhaps,  in  some  nice  t<?nets  might 
Be  wrong;  his  life,  I’m  sure,  was  in  the  right.  Cowley. 

O that  right  should  thus  overcome  might.  Shak. 

2.  That  which  justly  belongs  to  any  one ; 
just  claim ; prerogative  ; immunity  ; privilege. 

Born  free,  he  sought  his  right.  Dryden. 

3.  The  side  opposed  to  the  left. 

On  his  right 

The  radiant  image  of  his  glory  sat.  Milton. 

4.  (Law.)  A legal  claim  ; a claim  which  can 
be  enforced  by  legal  remedies,  or  the  infringe- 
ment of  which  can  be  punished  by  a legal  sanc- 
tion : — an  interest  in  a thing;  a claim  to  hold 
or  use  it,  or  to  have  some  benefit  in  or  from  it ; 
ownership;  property: — that  quality  in  a per-  ! 


son  by  which  he  can  do  certain  actions,  or  pos- 
sess certain  things  which  belong  to  him  by  vir- 
tue of  some  title  : — in  old  English  law,  an  ac- 
cusation or  charge  of  crime.  Pol.  Diet.  Burrill. 

To  rights,  t in  a direct  line  ; straight.  “ The  whole 
tract  sinks  down  to  rights  into  the  abyss.”  Woodward. 
In  order;  as,  “To  put  or  set  things  to  rights .” — 
f To  do  right,  to  pledge  a person  in  a toast.  Shak.  — 
Bill  of  rights.  See  Bill.  — Natural  rights,  certain 
rights  supposed  to  be  anterior  to  civil  government, 
and  to  be  paramount  to  it.  “ These  supposed  natural 
rights  sometimes  receive  the  additional  epithets  of  in- 
defeasible, indestructible,  inalienable,  and  the  like.” 
Pol.  Diet. — Writ  of  right,  {Law.)  a writ  which  lay  to 
recover  lands  in  fee-simple,  unjustly  withheld  from 
the  true  proprietor.  Burrill. 

“ To  a right,  on  one  side,  corresponds  an  obli- 
gation on  the  other.  If  a man  has  a right  to  my 
horse,  I have  an  obligation  to  let  him  have  it.  If  a 
man  has  a right  to  the  fruit  of  a certain  tree,  all  other 
persons  are  under  an  obligation  to  abstain  from  appro- 
priating it.  Men  are  obliged  to  respect  each  other’s 
rights.  My  obligation  is  to  give  another  man  his  right ; 
my  duty  is  to  do  what  is  right.  Hence  duty  is  a wider 
term  than  obligation',  just  as  right,  the  adjective,  is 
wider  than  right. , the  substantive.  Duty  has  no  cor- 
relative, as  obligation  has  the  correlative  right.  What 
it  is  our  duty  to  do  we  must  do,  because  it  is  right, 
not  because  any  one  caw  demand  it  of  us.”  Whewell. 

figp*  By  some  writers,  as  Reid,  duty  is  used  as  the 
correlative  of  right.  — “ Right  always  implies  a cor- 
relative duty.”  Richardson. 

Syn.  — See  Privilege. 

RIGHT  (rit),  V.  a.  [i.  RIGHTED;  pp.  RIGHTING, 
RIGHTED.] 

1.  To  establish  in  any  thing  that  is  due  or 
claimed  ; to  do  justice  to  ; to  relieve  from  wrong. 

So  just  is  God  to  right  the  innocent.  Shak. 

2.  (Naut.)  To  restore  to  an  upright  position  ; 

as,  “To  right  a ship.”  Todd. 

To  right  the  helm , (Naut.)  to  put  it  amidships.  Dana. 

RIGHT  (rit),  v.  n.  (Naut.)  To  rise  with  the 
masts  erect,  as  a ship,  after  having  been  pressed 
down  on  one  side.  Mar.  Diet. 

RIGHT'— AF-FECT'JpD,  a.  Rightly  disposed. 

Right-affected  son  of  the  Church  of  England.  Milton. 

RIGHT'-AN-GLED  (rlt'ang-gld),  a.  ( Gcom .)  Hav- 
ing a right  angle  or  right  angles.  Bailey. 

RIGHT'— DRAWN,  a.  Drawn  in  a just  cause. 
“ My  right-drawn  sword.”  ' Shak. 

fRIGIIT'EN  (rlt'tn),  v.  a.  To  do  justice  to;  to 
right.  Isaiah  i.  1/  (Marginal  reading). 

|J  RIGHT'EOUS  (rl'clms)  [rl'chus,  S.  T Vb.  ; rlt'yus, 
E.  E.K.Sm.  C.  H r.;  rl'che-us,  IV.  P.J.;  rl'te- 
us,  Ja.J,  a.  [A.  S.  riht-icis  ; nht,  right,  and 
wis,  wise,  having  wisdom.] 

1.  Upright  in  conduct  from  religious  princi- 
ple ; pious  ; holy  ; just ; honest ; virtuous. 

A little  that  a righteous  man  hath  is  better  than  the  riches 
of  many  wicked.  Ps.  xxxvii.  1G. 

2.  Agreeing  with  right ; equitable  ; right. 

The  judgments  of  the  Lord  arc  true  and  righteous  alto- 
gether. ‘ Ps.  xix.  9. 

WSr*  “ ’T  is  the  gospel’s  work  to  reduce  man  to  the 
principles  of  his  first  creation  ; that  is,  to  be  both  good 
and  wise.  Our  ancestors,  it  seems,  were  clear  of  this 
opinion.  He  that  was  pious  and  just  was  reckoned  a 
righteous  man.  Godliness  and  integrity  was  called 
and  counted  righteousness.  And  in  their  old  Saxon 
English,  righteous  was  right-wise , and  righteousness 
was  originally  riglit-wiscness.  ’T  is  the  fear  of  God 
that  is  the  beginning  of  wisdom  ; and  all  that  seek  it 
have  a good  understanding.”  Feltham. 

||  t RIGHT'JJ-OUSED  (rl'che-ust),  a.  Justified. Bale. 

||  RIgHT'EOUS-LY  (rl'ehus-le),  nd.  In  a right- 
eous manner  ; justly  ; honestly  ; equitably. 

||  RIGHT'EOyS-NESS  (rl'chus-nes),  n.  The  state 
or  the  quality  of  being  righteous;  rectitude  of 
conduct  drawn  from  religious  principle  ; jus- 
tice ; honesty  ; virtue  ; goodness  ; integrity. 

I say  unto  you,  that  except  your  riohtenusness  shall  exceed 
the  righteousness  of  the  scribes'  and  Pharisees,  ye  shall  in  no 
case  enter  into  the  kingdom  of  heaven.  Matt.  v.  20. 

RlGHT'JJR  (rlt'er),  n.  One  who  rights  or  sets 
right ; one  who  relieves  from  wrong.  Shelton. 

RIGHT'FUL  (rlt'ful),  a.  1.  Having  the  right; 
having  the  just  claim  ; being  by  right. 

They  labored  to  supplant  the  rightful  heir.  Shah. 

2.  Agreeable  to  right  or  justice  ; just ; equi- 
table. “ Rightf  ul  doom.”  ’ Milton. 

RIGHT'FUL-LY  (rlt'ful-le),  ad.  According  to  jus- 
tice or  right ; justly  ; equitably.  Dryden. 


| IUGHT'FUL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  right- 
ful ; justness.  Sidney. 

RIGHT'-IIAND  (rlt'hand),  n.  The  hand  on  the 
right  arm  ; — opposed  to  the  left  hand. 

RiGHT'— HAND,  a.  Situated  on  the  right  hand; 
on,  or  in  a direction  from  the  right  side  ; right! 

RIGHT'— HAND-JfD,  a.  1.  Being  in  the  habit  of 
using  the  right  hand  rather  than  the  left. 

2.  (Conch.)  Noting  shells  the  convolutions 
of  which  turn  from  right  to  left,  unlike  those  of 
most  turbinated  univalves.  Jodrell. 

RIGHT'— II  AND- JpD-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
right-handed  : — dexterity  ; address.  Bailey. 

RIGHT'— HEART-jpD  (rlt'h'4rt-ed),  a.  Having  a 
right  heart  or  disposition.  Clarke. 

RIGHT'LY  (rlt'le),  ad.  In  a right  manner  ; prop- 
erly ; suitably  ; uprightly  ; equitably  ; correctly. 

RIGHT'— MIND-ED,  a.  Having  a right  or  an  up- 
right mind  ; well-disposed.  llannuh  More. 

RIGHT'— MIND- pD-NESS  (rit'-),  n.  The  state  or 
the  quality  of  being  right-minded.  Clarke. 

RIGIIT'NpsS  (rlt'nes),  n.  1.  The  quality  of  being 
right  or  straight ; straightness.  “ The  rightness 
of  the  line.”  Bacon. 

2.  Conformity  to  rule,  fact,  truth,  or  any  other 
standard  ; justness  ; correctness.  South. 

RIGHT'-RUN-NING  (rlt'run-njng),  a.  Running 
straight.  Clarke. 

+ RIGHT'— WI§E  (rlt'wlz),  a.  Righteous.  “Sooth, 
and  chaste,  and  right-wise.”  Wickliffe. 

+ RIGHT'WIfSE  (rlt'wlz),  v.  a.  To  make  right- 
eous; to  justify.  Chautcr. 

f RIGHT' WI§E-LY  (rlt'wlz-Ie),  ad.  In  a right- 
eous manner  ; righteously.  Chaucer. 

f RlGHT'Wl^E-N^SS,  n.  Righteousness. 

Bible,  1551. 

RIGHT'— WIIALE  (rlt'hwul),  71.  (Zo/il.)  The  com- 
mon or  Greenland  whale,  from  the  upper  jaw 
of  which  baleen  or  whalebone  is  obtained ; 
Balcena  mysticetus.  — See  Whale.  Eng.  Cyc. 

RIG'ID  (rlj'jd),  a.  [L.  rigldus ; rigeo,  to  stiffen 
(Gr.  piycoi,  to  shiver,  to  cool) ; It.  <Sf  Sp.  rigido ; 
Fr.  rigide.) 

1.  Stiff';  not  to  be  bent ; unpliant ; inflexible. 

A body  that  is  hollow  may  be  demonstrated  to  be  more 
rigid  and  inflexible  than  a solid  one  of  the  same  substance 
and  weight.  Ray. 

2.  Severe;  strict;  rigorous;  harsh ; austere ; 
stern  ; inflexible.  “ Rigid  tyranny.”  Massinger. 

3.  Sharp  ; cruel.  “ Rigid  fight.”  [h.]  Philips. 

Syn.  — See  Austere,  Strict. 

RI-QID'I-TY,  7i.  [L . rigiditas ; It.  7‘igidita;  Fr. 
rigidite. ] 

1.  The  state  of  being  rigid ; resistance  to 

change  of  form  ; inflexibility  ; stiffness  ; rigid- 
ness. A/'butluiot. 

2.  Severity;  harshness;  rigor;  austerity:  — 
want  of  ease  or  elegance;  ungracefulness. 

Time  gives  an  inflexible  rigidity  to  the  manners.  Johnson. 

RIp'ID-LY,  ad.  In  a rigid  manner;  stiffly:  — se- 
verely ; harshly  ; rigorously  ; austerely. 

RIG'ID-NESS,  71.  The  quality  or  the  state  of  being 
rigid  ; stiffness ; inflexibility  ; rigidity. 

RIG'L^T,  n.  A reglet.  — See  Reglet.  Mcxo7i, 

RIG'MA-ROLE,  n.  A repetition  of  idle  words  ; a 
succession  of  long,  foolish  stories  ; frivolous  or 
foolish  talk.  [Colloquial.]  Goldsmith.  Bostcell. 

Iffy-'  “ Whether  rigmarole  and  ragmanrolr  be  I ho 
same  ivord  or  not,  seems  still  a matter  of  doubt.  The 
origin  of  both  remains  unaccounted  lor.”  Richardson. 
— See  Kagman’s-roll. 

RIG'MA-ROLE,  a.  Consisting  of  rigmarole  ; friv- 
olous ; foolish  ; nonsensical.  Grose. 

f Rl'GOL,  n.  [Old  It.  7'igolo,  a small  wheel.  Nares.~\ 
A circle  ; a diadem.  “This  golden  7'igol.”  Shak, 

Rl'GOLL,  71.  (Mus.)  An  old  kind  of  instrument 
consisting  of  several  sticks  placed  by  the  side  of 
each  other,  but  separated  by  beads.  It  was 
played  upon  by  being  struck  with  a ball  fixed 
upon  the  end  of  a stick.  Moore. 

RIG'OR,  7i.  [L.  rigor  ; rigeo,  to  stiffen  ; It.  7’igore ; 
Sp.  rigor  ; Fr.  rigueur.] 


MIEN,  SIR;  M(\VE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — g,  soft;  IS,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  S;  as  z;  ^ as  gz. — THIS,  this. 


RIGORISM 


1240 


RINGLET 


1.  The  quality  of  being  rigid  or  stiff ; stiff- 
ness ; inflexibility  : — hardness  ; solidity. 

The  rest  his  look 

Bound  with  Gorgonian  vigor  not  to  move.  Milton. 

The  stones  the  rigor  of  their  kind  expel, 

And  supple  into  softness  as  they  tell.  Dryden. 

2.  Inflexibility  in  a rule,  opinion,  or  judgment; 
unabated  exactness  ; strictness ; severity  ; stern- 
ness ; harshness  ; asperity  ; inclemency. 

The  base,  degenerate  age  requires 

Severity  andjuatice  iu  its  rigor.  Addison. 

Rigor  makes  it  difficult  for  sliding  virtue  to  recover. 

S.  Richardson . 

3.  Voluntary  pain;  self-imposed  restraint; 

asceticism ; austerity ; mortification.  “He 
resumed  his  rigors."  Fell. 

4.  f Force;  violence;  fury;  rage. 

Therewith  upon  his  crest 

With  rigor  so  outrageous  he  smit.  Spenser. 

5.  {Med.)  A sensation  of  cold,  with  involun- 
tary shivering  of  the  whole  body.  Dunglisoti. 

Syn.  — See  Austerity. 

RIG'OR-IijM,  ra.  Rigid,  rigorous  or  exact  princi- 
ple or  practice  ; austerity  ; severity.  Qu.  llcv. 

RIG'OR-IST,  ra.  1.  A person  of  rigid  principles 
or  practice;  one  who  is  rigorous.  Coleridge. 

2.  A term  applied  to  a Jansenist.  Mosheim. 

RIG'OR-OUS,  a.  [It.  Sj  Sp.  rigoroso ; Fr.  rignu- 
reux.] 

1.  Full  of  rigor;  allowing  no  abatement; 
stem  ; rigid  ; severe  ; austere  ; hard  ; harsh  ; 
strict ; stringent ; inflexible. 

Are  these  terms  hard  and  rigo/  ous  beyond  our  capacities 
to  perform?  Rogers. 

2.  Scrupulously  nice  ; precise  ; exact ; accu- 
rate. “ A rigorous  definition.”  Johnson. 

3.  Inclement ; as,  “ A rigorous  climate.” 

Syn. — See  Austere,  Hard,  Harsh,  Strict. 

RIG'OR-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  a rigorous  manner;  se- 
verely ; sternly  : — scrupulously  ; exactly. 

RIG'OR-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  rigor- 
ous ; severity  ; sternness ; rigor.  Scott. 

RILE,  V.  a.  [t.  RILED  ; pp.  RILING,  RILED.] 

1.  To  render  turbid  by  stirring  up  the  sedi- 
ment; to  roil.  — See  Roil. 

2.  To  vex  ; to  make  angry  ; to  ruffle. 

WiT  It  is  spelled  rile  by  Moor,  Brockett,  Forby,  and 
Holloway. — It  is  provincial  in  England,  and  collo- 
quial in  America. 

RI-LIE'VO,  n.  [It.]  {Arch.)  Relief.  Fairholt. 

RILL,  n.  [L.  rivulus.  Skinner .]  A small  brook ; 
a little  stream  ; a streamlet. 

From  a thousand  petty  rills 

That  tumble  down  the  snowy  hills.  Milton. 

RILL,  v.n.  [i.  RILLED  ; pp.  RILLING,  rilled.] 
To  run  in  small  streams.  Prior. 

RiL'LflT,  <ra.  A small  stream  or  rill.  Carew. 

RIM,  n.  [A.  S.  rima.  — W.  rhim,  an  edge.] 

1.  A border  ; a margin ; an  edge  ; a brim. 

It  keeps  of  the  same  thickness  near  its  centre,  while  its 
figure  is  capable  of  variation  towards  the  rim.  Grew. 

2.  fThat  which  surrounds  something.  “The 
rim  wherein  the  brain  is  wrapped.”  Sir  T.  Elgot. 

Struck  through  the  belly’s  rim.  the  warrior  lies 
Supine,  and  shades  eternal  veil  his  eyes.  Pope. 

Syn.  — See  Border. 

RIM,  v.  a.  [W.  rhimio.]  To  put  a rim  upon. 

Wright. 

RIME,  n.  [A.  S.  hrim;  Dut.  rijm  ; Dan.  riim  ; 
Sw.  rim.]  Hoar-frost ; congealed  dew.  Bacon. 

RIME, n.  [L .rima.]  1.  t A hole  ; a chink.  Browne. 

2.  A step  of  a ladder.  [Local,  Eng.]  Grose. 

RIME,  v.  n.  To  freeze  with  hoar-frost.  Johnson. 

RlME,  n.  Rhyme.  — See  Rhyme.  Chaucer. 

RI'MIJR,  7i.  A carpenter’s  tool  for  shaping  rimes, 
or  the  rounds  of  a ladder.  Simmonds. 

RIMMED  (rlmd),  a.  Having,  or  furnished  with, 
a rim  or  border.  Pennant. 

RJ-MOSE'  (129),  a.  [L.  7-imosus  ; rima,  a chink; 
It.  ritnoso.] 

1.  Full  of  clefts  or  chinks.  Bailey. 

2.  ( Zool .)  Applied  to  the  surface  of  an  ani- 

mal, or  of  any  part,  when  it  resembles  the 
bark  of  a tree,  having  numerous  minute,  nar- 
row, and  nearly  parallel  excavations  which  run 
into  each  other.  Brandc. 


RI-MoS'J-TY,  ra.  The  state  of  being  rimosc.  Scott. 

RI'MOUS,  a.  Full  of  clefts  ; rimose.  Smart. 

RIM'PLE,  7i.  [A.  S.  hrympelle.  — Dut.  rimpel; 

ryten,  to  rend.  Bildcrdyk.  — See  Rumple.]  A 
wrinkle  ; a fold  ; an  undulation  ; a ripple. 

RIM’l’LE,  v.  a.  [i.  rimpled  ; pp.  rimpling, 
rimpled.]  To  pucker  ; to  wrinkle  ; to  ripple. 

The  skin  was  tense,  also  rimpled  and  blistered.  Wiseman. 

RlM'PLING,  n.  Undulating  motion  ; a ripple. 

As  gilds  the  moon  the  rimpling  of  the  brook.  Crabbe. 

Rl'MY,  a.  Frosty;  full  of  frozen  mist.  Harvey. 

KIND,  7i.  [A.  S.  rind,  hrind ; Dut.  § Ger.  rinde. 

— Gr.  pi vo.,  skin,  hide.  — W .croen,  erwyn.  skin. 

— “ Rind  is  related  to  the  Ger.  rand,  the  extrem- 
ity, border,  or  outside  of  a thing,  the  edge,  brim, 
brink,  margin.  Bildcrdyk  derives  this  word  from 
the  Dut.  verb  ryten ; Ger.  reissen,  to  rend,  break, 
cleave,  break  asunder,  crack,  burst,  — it  being 
the  quality  of  all  bark  to  rend  or  break  asun- 
der.” Bosivorth.] 

1.  The  outward  coat  or  covering  of  trees, 
fruits,  animals,  &c. ; bark  ; peel ; husk  ; skin  ; 
as,  “ The  rind  of  pork.” 

With  fixed  anchor  in  his  scaly  rind.  Milton. 

On  the  smooth  rind  the  passenger  shall  see 

Thy  name  engraved,  and  worship  Helen’s  tree.  Dryden. 

2.  {Bot.)  A compound  structure,  intermediate 

between  epidermis  and  bark,  consisting  of  sev- 
eral or  many  layers  of  cells,  and  even  of  distinct 
forms  of  tissue,  but  not  presenting  the  charac- 
teristic kinds  and  mode  of  arrangement  which 
occur  in  true  bark.  Micrographic  Diet. 

Syn.  — tee  Skin. 

RIND,  v.  a.  To  take  the  rind  from;  to  decorti- 
cate ; to  bark ; to  husk.  Bailey. 

RIN'DLF,,  n.  [Dan.  rinde,  to  flow;  Sw.  Tirana.] 
A small  stream ; a gutter.  Ash.  Wright. 

RIN-FOR-ZAN' DO,n.  [It.]  (Mus.)  To  be  struck 
with  force,  as  a note  ; forzando.  Moore. 

RING,  71.  [A.  S.  bring,  ring  ; Dut.  ring,  lirmg  ; 

Frs.  hring  ; Ger.,  Dan.,  $ Sw.  ring  ; Icel.  hringr.] 

1.  A round  or  circular  line  or  course. 

Make  a ring  about  the  corpse  of  Cajsar.  Shak. 

Place  me,  O,  place  me  in  the  dusty  ring 

Where  youthful  charioteers  contend  for  glory.  Smith. 

2.  Any  thing  in  the  form  of  a circle,  — par- 

ticularly a circle  of  gold  worn  as  an  ornament 
on  the  finger.  . 

The  rings  of  iron  that  on  the  doors  were  hung.  Dryden. 

I have  seen  old  Roman  rings  so  very  thick  about,  and  with 
such  large  stones  in  them,  that ’t  is  no  wonder  a fop  should 
find  them  a little  cumbersome  in  the  summer.  Addison. 

3.  The  betting  arena  on  a race-course  or  at  a 

market  for  horses.  Simmonds. 

4.  (Gcom.)  A figure  returning  into  itself,  the 
axis  being  bent  into  a circular  form.  Hutton. 

HS=-  It  may  lie  piano,  in  which  case  it  is  the  space 
contained  between  the  circumferences  of  two  concen- 
tric circles ; or  it  may  bo  solid,  in  which  case  it  re- 
sembles a cylinder  or  prism  bent  into  a circular  form. 

5.  {Astron.  & Navigation.)  An  instrument 

for  measuring  the  sun’s  altitude,  &c.,  usually  of 
brass,  suspended  by  a little  swivel,  at  the  dis- 
tance of  4-'i  degrees  from  which  is  a perforation 
to  allow  the  sun’s  rays  to  pass  and  fall  upon  the 
inner,  graduated,  concave  surface,  and  mark  the 
altitude  sought.  Hutton. 

Rings  of  Saturn,  exterior,  fluid,  revolving  rings  sur- 
rounding tlio  planet  Saturn  at  different  distances,  the 
number  of  which  is  at  least  two,  and,  as  some  sup- 
pose, variable.  B.  Peirce.  — Fairy  ring.  See  Fairy. 

RING,  ra.  [See  Ring,  v.  a.]  1.  A sound  as  of 

bells,  or  other  sonorous  body.  “ Ring  of  ac- 

. clamations.”  Bacon.  “ Cymbals’  ring."  Milton. 

Stop  the  holes  of  a hawk's  bell,  it  will  make  no  ring , but  a 
flat  noise  or  rattle.  Bacon. 

2.  A number  of  bells  harmonically  tuned  ; a 
chime.  Prior. 

RING,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  hrinqan,  ringan;  Dut.  A Ger. 
rhigen ; Dan.  ringe  ; Iccl.  hringia  ; Sw.  7-inga.] 
[l.  RUNG  or  RANG  ’,  pp.  RINGING,  RUNG.] 

1.  To  strike,  as'a  bell  or  any  other  sonorous 

body,  so  as  to  make  it  sound.  “ Ring  the 
alarum  bell.”  Shak. 

2.  To  cause  to  ring  or  resound. 

This  grave  advice  some  6oher  student  bears, 

And  loudly  rings  it  in  his  fellow’s  ears.  Dryden. 

3.  To  celebrate  by  ringing;  as,  “To  ring  in 
the  new  year.” 

To  ring  changes  7ipon,  to  produce  alternations  or 


variegated  peals  from.  “ Easy  it  might  be  to  ring 
other  changes  upon  the  same  bells.”  Norris.  — To  use 
variously  or  in  various  senses  ; as,  “ To  ring  changes 
upon  a word.” 

RING,  v.  71.  1.  To  sound,  as  a bell  or  any  other 

sonorous  body,  particularly  a metallic  one. 

Ring  out,  ye  crystal  spheres.  hlilton. 

2.  To  make  a sound  or  music  with  bells. 

Four  bells  admit  twenty -four  changes  in  ringing.  Holder. 

3.  To  sound  ; to  resound. 

Hercules,  missing  his  page,  called  him  by  his  name  aloud, 
that  all  the  shore  rang  of  it.  Bacon. 

4.  To  have  the  sensation  of  a low,  continued 
sound ; to  tinkle. 

My  ears  with  hollow  murmurs  rung.  Phillips. 

5.  To  be  filled  with  a report,  noise,  or  talk. 

Liberty’s  defence,  my  noble  task. 

Of  winch  all  Europe  rings  from  side  to  side.  Milton. 

RING,  v.  a.  [t.  ringed  ; pp.  RINGING,  ringed.] 

1.  To  encircle;  to  surround;  to  encompass. 
“ Ringed  about  with  bold  adversity.”  Shak. 

2.  To  fit  with  rings,  as  the  fingers,  or  as  a 
swine’s  snout.  “ Fingers  richly  ringed." 

Piers  Plouhman. 

3.  (Ilort.)  To  prune,  by  removing  rings  of 

hark  from  the  branches  or  roots  of  fruit-trees. 
— See  Ringing.  M’Intosh. 

RING,  v.  7i.  To  form  a circle.  Spenser. 

RING'— BLACK-BIRD,  ra.  ( Ornith .)  The  ring- 
ouzel  ; Turdus  torquatus.  Yarrell. 

RING’— BOLT,  ra.  An  eye-bolt  with  a ring  through 
the  eye.  Dana. 

RING’— BONE,  ra,  A hard,  callous  substance  grgw- 
ing  in  the  hollow  circle  of  the  little  pastern  of 
' a horse,  just  above  the  coronet.  Farrier’s  Diet. 

RING’-CHUCK,  ra.  A chuck,  or  appendage  to  a 
lathe,  with  a brass  ring  over  the  end.  Francis. 

RING’— DI-AL,  ra.  A pocket  sun-dial,  in  the  form 
of  a ring.  Ash. 

RING’— DOVE  (rlng’duv),  ra.  (Ornitb.)  A species 
of  pigeon,  so  called  from  the  white  feathers 
which  form  a portion  of  a ring  round  its  neck  ; 
the  cushat ; the  queest ; the  ring-pigeon  ; the 
wood-pigeon  ; Columba  palumbus.  Yarrell. 

RINGED,  a.  1.  Encircled  or  marked  with  rings, 
or  as  with  rings.  Baird. 

2.  {Bot.)  Surrounded  with  elevated  or  de- 
pressed bands,  as  the  roots  of  some  plants. 

Lindley. 

Ringed  snake,  (Zool.)  the  common  name  of  harm- 
less snakes  of  the  genus  Matrix.  Baird. 

RIN’GPNT,  a.  [L.  ringor,  ringens,  to  open  the 
mouth  wide.]  {Bot.)  Gaping  open,  as  the  co- 
rolla of  the  dead-nettle.  Gray. 

RING’IJR,  7i.  1.  One  who  rings.  Johtison. 

2.  {Mining.)  A crow-bar.  • Simmonds. 

RING'— FENCE,  ra.  The  outer  palings  or  wall  en- 
closing a park  or  estate.  Simmonds. 

RING'— FIN-GfR  (ring'flng-ger),  ra.  The  fourth 

finger  of  the  left  hand,  or  that  next  to  the  little 
finger ; — so  called  from  receiving  the  ring  in 
the  marriage  ceremony.  Nares. 

RING'— FORMED,  a.  Shaped  like  a ring.  Clarke. 

RING'IIEAD,  7i.  An  instrument  for  stretching 
woollen  cloth.  Crabb. 

RING'ING,  ra.  1.  The  act  of  sounding  or  causing 
to  sound,  as  bells  or  other  sonorous  bodies. 

2.  {Ilort.)  A species  of  pruning  practised 
often  on  the  branches  of  fruit-trees,  and  occa- 
sionally on  the  larger  roots  also.  M’Intosh. 

BSp-  “ The  operation  consists  in  removing  one  or 
more  rings  of  the  bark,  by  which  the  return  of  the  sap 
is  obstructed,  and  it  is  tints  obliged  to  accumulate 
above  the  part  operated  upon,  instead  of  taking  its 
otherwise  naturaUcourse  downwards.”  JPIntosh. 

Ringing  of  the  ears,  (Med.)  an  imaginary  sound, 
like  the  ringing  of  a bell,  the  noise  of  wind,  water, 
See.,  heard  in  health  or  in  sickness.  Dunglison. 

RING'LEAD,  v.  a.  To  conduct,  [r.]  Todd. 

RlNG'LEAD-ER,  71.  1.  f One  who  leads  the  ring. 

“ The  7'inglettder  ...  in  a dance.”  Barrotc. 

2.  The  head  or  leader  of  a riotous  body. 

The  nobility  escaped:  the  poor  people,  who  had  been  de- 
luded by  these  ringleaders , were  executed.  Addison . 

RING'LJfiT,  n.  1.  A small  ring  ; a small  circle. 
Silver  the  lintels  deep  projecting  o’er. 

And  gold  the  ringlets  that  command  the  door.  Rope . 

When  fairies  in  their  ringlets  there 
Do  dance  their  nightly  rounds.  Drayton. 


Ay  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E, 


O,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  F,,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


RING-MAIL 


1241 


RISE 


2.  A curl ; — applied  particularly  to  the  hair. 
“Two  sable  ringlets.”  Pope. 

RING'— MAIL,  n.  (Armor.)  Mail  composed  of 
small  rings  of  steel  sewed  edgewise  upon  a strong 
garment  of  leather  or  quilted  cloth.  Fairholt. 

Xffl.  “ Ring-mail  differs  from  chain-mail  in  tile  rings 
of  the  latter"being  interlaced  with  eacli  other,  and 
strongly  fastened  with  rivets.”  Fairholt. 

f RING1  MAN,  n.  The  ring-finger.  Ascham. 

RING'— OU-ZIJL,  n.  ( Ornitli .)  A species  of  thrush 
inhabiting  Great  Britain  ; ring-blackbird  ; Tur- 
dus  torquatus.  Yarrell. 

RING'-SAIL,  n.  ( Naut .)  A small  and  light  sail 
set  on  a mast  on  the  taffrail  : — a studding-sail 
set  upon  the  gaff  of  a fore-and-aft  sail.  Brande. 

RING'-SHAPED  (-shapt),  a.  Shaped  like  a ring  ; 
ring-formed.  Clarke. 

RING'— STREAKED  (-strSkt),a.  Circularly  streaked. 
He-goats  that  were  ring-streaked  and  spotted.  Gen.  xxx.  35. 

RlNG'TAIL,  n.  1.  ( Ornith .)  The  female  of  the 
hen-harrier  ( Circus  cyancus ); — so  called  from 
its  whitish  tail.  Yarrell. 

2.  (Naut.)  A small  sail,  shaped  like  a jib,  set 
abaft  the  spanker  in  light  winds.  Dana. 

RING'— TAILED  (-tald),  a.  (Ornith.)  Applied  to 
a young  golden  eagle  having  a tail  quite  white 
from  the  base  to  three  fourths  of  its  length,  and 
afterwards  brown  to  the  end.  Eng.  Cyc. 

RlNG'WORM  (ring'wUrm),  n.  (Med.)  A cutaneous 
eruption  consisting  of  vesicles  with  a reddish 
base,  uniting  in  rings  whose  area  is  slightly  dis- 
colored ; a circular  herpes  or  tetter.  Dunglison. 

RINSE,  v.  a.  [Fr.  rincer,  from  Ger.  rcinigen,  to 
purify ; rein,  clean.  Landais.  — Dan.  reuse,  to 
scour,  to  cleanse ; Sw.  rena,  rensa .]  [».  iunsed  ; 
pp.  RINSING,  RINSED.] 

1.  To  wash  ; to  cleanse  by  washing.  S/talc. 

2.  To  clear  of  the  soap  used  in  washing 
clothes,  by  repeatedly  dipping  in  clear  water. 

They  cannot  boil,  nor  wash,  nor  rinse,  they  saj\  King. 

RINS'^R,  n.  One  who  rinses,  or  washes. 

RlNS'ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  rinses. 

lU'O-LlTE,  n.  (Min.)  A malleable  mineral,  con- 
sisting of  selenium  and  silver,  occurring  in 
small  hexagonal  tables  of  a lead-gray  color ; 
selenide  of  silver.  Dana. 

Rl'OT,  n.  [It.  riotta ; Fr.  riote.  — “ By  some  de- 
rived from  the  L.  rixa.  It  is  undoubtedly  the 
same  word  as  rout,  differently  written,  and  with 
some  difference  also  in  the  application.”  Rich- 
ardson.'] 

1.  A disorderly,  tumultuous  excess  of  mirth, 
licentiousness,  or  dissipation  ; riotousness  ; a 
tumult ; an  uproar  ; a row  ; an  affray  ; carousal. 

All  now  was  turned  to  jollity  and  game, 

To  luxury  and  not,  feast  and  dance.  Milton. 

2.  (Law.)  The  forcible  or  violent  doing  of  an 
act  against  the  peace,  by  three  or  more  persons 
assembled  together  for  that  purpose.  Burri'U. 

To  run  riot,  to  move  or  act  without  control  or  re- 
straint. 

RI  OT,  v.  n.  [It.  riottare,  to  quarrel.]  [i.  rioted  ; 
pp.  rioting,  rioted.] 

1.  To  pass  the  time  in,  or  to  be  occupied  with, 
luxurious  enjoyments  ; to  banquet  with  noisy 
mirth  ; to  revel ; to  carouse  ; to  luxuriate. 

And  shall  receive  the  reward  of  unrighteousness,  as  they 
that  count  it  pleasure  to  riot  in  the  daytime.  2 Pet.  ii.  l3. 

2.  To  be  tumultuous  or  highly  excited. 

No  pulse  that  riots,  and  no  blood  that  glows.  Tope. 

3.  To  raise  an  uproar  or  sedition  ; to  be  sedi- 
tious ; to  be  mutinous.  Johnson. 

RI'OT-]JR, n.  One  who  riots;  one  who  is  engaged 
in  a riot  or  sedition.  Blackstone. 

Ri'OT-LNG,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  riots  ; revel- 
ling ; revelry.  Rom.  xiii.  13. 

fRl'OT-ISE,  n.  Dissoluteness;  luxury.  Spenser. 

RI'OT-OUS,  a.  [It.  riottoso .] 

1.  Practising,  or  pertaining  to,  riot  or  loose 
festivity  ; luxurious  ; revelling.  “ Riotous  feed- 
ers.” Sha/c.  “ Riotous  living.”  Luke  xv.  13. 

2.  Seditious  ; tumultuous.  Blackstone. 

Riotous  assembly,  (Eng.  Crim.  Lam.)  tile  unlawful 
assembling  of  twelve  persons  or  more  to  the  disturb- 


ance of  the  peace,  and  not  dispersing  upon  proclama- 
tion. Burrill. 

Rl'OT-OUS-LY,  ad.  1.  In  a riotous  manner ; with 
loose  or  licentious  luxury.  Ecclus.  xiv.  4. 

2.  Seditiously ; mutinously ; turbulently. 
“Any  person  riotously  assembled.”  Blackstone. 

RI'OT-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality  of 
being  riotous.  Raleigh. 

Rl'OT-RY,  n.  Riotous  conduct ; riot.  H.  Taylor. 

RIP,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  ripan ; Dan.  rive,  to  rend,  to 
rive  ; Sw.  rifva,  to  tear  ; Icel.  liriffa,  to  seize.] 

[t.  RIPPED  ; pp.  RIPPING,  RIPPED.] 

1.  To  separate  the  parts  of  by  cutting  or 
tearing  ; to  cut  or  tear  open  or  apart. 

The  beast  prevents  the  blow. 

And  upward  rips  the  groin  of  his  audacious  foe.  Dryden. 

2.  To  take  out  or  away  by  cutting  or  tearing. 
Esculapius,  "because  ripped  from  his  mother's  womb,  was 

feigned  to  be  the  son  of  Apollo.  Hayward. 

He  '11  rip  the  fatal  secret  from  her  heart.  Granville. 

3.  To  bring  to  view,  as  by  tearing  off  some- 
thing that  conceals ; to  lay  bare ; to  disclose  ; 
— usually  followed  by  up. 

They  ripped  up  all  that  had  been  done  from  the  beginning 
of  the, rebellion.  Clarendon. 

To  rip  out,  to  utter  hastily,  as  an  oath.  — See  Rap. 
Syn.  — See  Break. 

RIP,  n.  1.  A tearing;  laceration;  a place  ripped. 
“A  rip  in  his  flesh-colored  doublet.”  Addison. 

2.  A basket  to  carry  fish  in.  [Local.]  Cowell. 

3.  Any  base  or  worthless  thing  or  person  ; 
refuse.  “ A:  rip  of  a horse.”  [Vulgar.]  Todd. 

RIP,  v.  n.  1.  To  be  separated,  as  the  parts  of  a 
garment,  by  the  breaking  of  the  stitches. 

2.  To  swear  profanely.  [Vulgar.]  Forby. 
RI-PA'Rl-AN,  a.  [L.  riparius  ; ripa,  a bank.] 
Relating  to  the  banks  of  rivers.  Bouvier. 

RIPE,  a.  [A.  S.  ripe-,  Dut.  ryp ; Ger.  reif. — 
“This  word  is  related  to  A.  S.  rypan  [to  reap], 
and  the  Eng.  rip,  to  separate,  to  tear,  — for  the 
fruits  at  their  time  of  maturity  split,  and  are 
torn  or  plucked  from  the  place  where  they  were 
brought  to  perfection.”  Bosworth .] 

1.  Brought  to  maturity  or  perfection  ; mature. 
“Ripe  corn.”  Wicklffe.  “ Ripe  fruit.”  Milton. 

2.  Fully  prepared  or  qualified  ; fit. 

Things  were  just  ripe  for  a war.  Addison. 

At  thirteen  years  old  he  was  ripe  for  the  university.  Fell. 

3.  Finished  ; consummate  ; perfect. 

lie  was  a scholar,  and  a ripe  and  good  one.  Shak. 

4.  Resembling  the  ripeness  of  fruit ; ruddy. 
“ Smiles  that  played  on  her  ripe  lip.”  Shak. 

fRiPE,  V.  n.  To  grow  ripe  ; to  ripen  ; to  mature. 

And  so  from  hour  to  hour  we  ripe  and  ripe. 

And  then  from  hour  to  hour  we  rot  and  rot.  Shak. 


+ RIPE,  v.  a.  To  make  ripe  ; to  ripen  ; to  mature. 

lie  is  retired  to  ripe  his  growing  fortunes.  Shah. 

fRIPE,  n.  [L.  ripa.]  A bank,  as  of  a river.  “The 
right  ripe  (or  bank)  of  the  river.”  Ilolinshcd. 


RIPE'Ly,  ad.  With  ripeness  ; maturely.  Shak. 

Rl'PEN  (rl'pn),  v.  n.  [i.  ripened  ; pp.  ripening, 
RIPENED.]  To  grow  ripe  ; to  be  matured. 

The  pricking  of  a fruit  before  it  ripeneth.  Bacon. 

Rl'PEN,  v.  a.  To  make  ripe  ; to  bring  to  maturi- 
ty ; to  mature. 

"When  to  ripened  manhood  he  shall  grow.  Dryden. 

RIPE'NJJSS,  n.  1.  State  of  being  ripe  ; full  or  per- 
fect growth  ; maturity  ; matureness.  Wiseman. 

2.  Perfection  ; completion. 

This  royal  infant  promises 
Upon  this  land  a thousand  thousand  blessings, 

’Which  time  shall  bring  to  ripeness.  Shak. 

3.  Fitness  ; qualification  ; preparation. 

Men  must  endure 

Their  going  hence,  even  as  their  coming  hither; 

Ripeness  is  all.  Shak. 

Syn. — Ripeness  and  maturity  both  denote  fulness 
of  growth  in  fruit ; but  ripeness  is  commonly  used  in 
a literal,  and  maturity  in  a moral  or  figurative,  sense. 
Ripeness  of  corn  or  fruit ; maturity  of  judgment,  of  a 
project,  or  of  a note.  A ripe  orange  ; a mature  scheme. 


RI-PHE'AN,  a.  [L.  Rhiphirus.]  ( Geog .)  Noting 
a range  of  mountains  in  the  north  of  Asia  ; — 
also  written  Rhipean,  and  Ripean.  Andrews. 

RI-PID'O-LITE,  n.  [Gr.  piiris,  ^nridof,  a fan,  and 
XiBos,  a stone.]  (Min.)  A translucent,  green 
mineral,  crystallized  in  double  pyramids,  con- 


sisting of  silica,  alumina,  magnesia,  protoxide 
of  iron,  and  water.  Dana. 

RIP-I-E  ’JVO,  a.  [It.]  (Mus.)  Noting  instru- 
ments which  swell  the  harmony  of  an  orches- 
tra, but  which  are  not  obligato  ; supernumerary  ; 
plenary.  " Dwight. 

f IUP'I-gR,  n.  [From  L.  ripa,  a bank.  Skinner. 
— From  rip,  a basket  for  fish.  Spclman.]  One 
who  carried  fish  from  the  sea-shore  to  sell  in 
the  interior.  Cowell. 

RIP'PfR,  n.  1.  One  who,  or  that  which,  rips. 

2.  f A carrier  of  fish  for  sale.  Beau.  £$  FI. 

RIP'PING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  rips. 

2.  f Discovery  ; disclosure.  Spenser. 

RlP'PLE  (rlp'pl),  v.  n.  [A.  S.  hrympelle,  a rimple, 
or  rumple.  Richardson.  — A diminutive  of  ruf- 
fle ; — the  surface  of  water  slightly  ruffled.  Tal- 
bot.] [i.  RIPPLED  ; pp.  RIPPLING,  RIPPLED.] 
To  fret  on  the  surface,  as  water  running  swiftly  ; 
to  have  a gentle,  undulating  motion  ; to  purl. 

Along  the  vale  of  Eeman,  which  runs  rapidly  on  near  the 
way,  rippliuy  over  the  [.tones.  Gray. 

RlP'PLE,  v.  a.  To  fret  or  agitate  the  surface  of, 
as  water  ; to  cause  to  ripple.  Wright. 

RlP'PLE  (rlp'pl),  n.  1.  The  agitation  of  the  sur- 
face of  water,  as  when  running  swiftly.  Todd. 

2.  A little  wave ; a rimple.  Eng.  Cyc. 

RlP'PLE,  v.  a.  [Sw.  repa,  to  scratch;  ripa  lin, 
to  ripple  flax ; Ger.  riffeln .]  To  separate  the 
seeds  from  the  stalks  of,  as  flax.  Maxwell. 

RlP'PLE,  n.  [Ger.  riff  cl,  rife-,  Scot . ripple,  ri pie.] 
A large  comb  for  separating  the  seeds  from  the 
stalks  of  flax,  hemp,  &c.  Maxwell. 

RIP  PLE— GRASS,  n.  (Bot.)  A species  of  plan- 
tain ; ribgrass  ; Plantago  lanceolatai  Gray. 

RlP'PLE— MARK,  n.  1.  A small  undulation  or 
furrow  made  by  rippling  water,  as  in  sand  on 
the  shore.  Brande. 

2.  (Geol.)  A mark  on  some  rocks,  as  sand- 
stones, resembling  that  made  by  ripples  of  water 
on  sand.  Eng.  Cyc. 

RlP'PLE— MARKED,  a.  Having  ripple-marks. 

RIP'PLpT,  n.  A small  ripple.  Qu.  Rev. 

RIP'PLING,  n.  1.  The  flow,  the  breaking,  or  the 
noise,  of  ripples.  Pennant. 

2.  Act  of  one  who  ripples  flax,  &c.  Maxwell. 

RIP'PLING-LY,  ad.  In  the  manner  of  ripples. 

RIP'RAp,  n.  (Engineering.)  A loose  foundation 
of  stones.  Simmonds. 

f RIP'TOVV-pL,  n.  A gratuity  given  to  tenants 
after  they  had  reaped  their  lord’s  corn.  Bailey. 

RLSE  (rlz),  v.  n.  [M.  Goth,  urreisan,  reisan;  A.  S. 
arisan  ; Dut.  njzen  ; Dan.  raise.  — See  Arise, 
and  Raise.]  [i.  rose  ; pp.  rising,  risen.] 

1.  To  be  raised;  to  go,  or  move  up  or  up- 
wards ; to  ascend  ; to  mount ; to  arise. 

I . . . saw  a beast  rise  up  out  of  the  sea.  Rev.  xiii.  1. 
Ten  thousand  banners  rise  into  the  air 
With  Orient  colors  waving.  Milton. 

2.  To  appear  or  come  into  view  from  below 
the  horizon,  as  the  sun  or  a star. 

lie  malceth  his  sun  to  rise  on  the  evil  and  on  the  pood,  and 
sendeth  rain  on  the  just  and  on  the  unjust.  Matt.  v.  45. 

3.  To  get  up  from  a recumbent,  or  from  a sit- 
ting, to  an  erect,  posture. 

The  archbishop  received  him  sitting;  “ For,"  said  he,  “ I 
am  too  old  to  rise."  Orrery. 

4.  To  get  up  from  bed  or  from  rest. 

Tarry  all  night,  and  wash  your  feet;  and  ye  shall  rise  up 
early,  and  go  on  your  ways.  Gen.  xix.  ‘J. 

Go  to  bed  when  she  list;  rise  when  she  list.  Shak . 

5.  To  be  raised  or  revived  from  death. 

The  Lord  is  risen  indeed,  and  hath  appeared  to  Simon. 

Luke  xxiv.  34, 

So  man,  as  is  most  just, 

Shall  satisfy  for  man,  he  judged,  and  die. 

And,  dying,  rise , and,  rising , with  him  raise 

Ilis  brethren,  ransomed  with  his  own  dear  life. 

So  heavenly  love  6hall  outdo  hellish  hate.  Milton . 

6.  To  spring  up,  as  from  the  soil ; to  grow. 

They  imagine 

From  one  forbidden  tree  a multitude 

New  risen,  to  work  them  farther  woe.  Milton. 

7.  To  gain  elevation  in  rank,  station,  or  for' 
tune  ; to  be  advanced  ; as,  “A  rising  man.” 

Some  rise  by  sin,  and  some  by  virtue  fall.  Shak. 

To  rise  in  the  world 

No  wise  man  that ’s  honest  should  expect.  Otway. 

S.  To  quit  or  give  up  a siege. 


MIEN,  SYR  ; MOVE,  NOR,  SON  ; 
156 


BULL,  BfjR,  RflLE.  — 9,  Q,  g,  soft  ; C,  G, 


c,  g,  hard ; § as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


RISE 


1242 


RIX-DOLLAR 


lie,  rising  with  small  honor  from  Gunza,  and  fearing  the 
power  of  the  Christians,  was  gone.  Knolles. 

9.  To  come  into  being,  existence,  or  notice. 
“Many  false  prophets  shall  rise.”  Matt.  xxiv.  11. 

Among  them  that  arc  born  of  women  there  hath  not  risen 
a greater  than  John  the  Baptist.  Mutt.  xi.  11. 

10.  To  have  origin  or  source;  to  spring;  as, 
“The  River  Amazon  rises  among  the  Andes.” 

11.  To  be  excited  or  produced  ; to  arise. 

A thought  rose  in  me  which  often  perplexes  men  of  con- 
templative natures.  Spectator. 

A nobler  gratitude 

Rose  in  her  soul;  for  from  that  hour  she  loved  me.  Otway. 

12.  To  become  greater ; to  increase. 

It  is  not  their  nominal  price  only,  but  their  real  price, 
which  rises  in  the  progress  of  improvement.  A.  Smith. 

13.  To  claim  or  ask  more. 

The  great  duke  rises  on  them  in  Iris  demands.  Addison. 

14.  To  break  into  military  commotions  ; to 
take  arms  as  for  insurrection  or  for  war. 

Nation  shall  rise  against  nation,  and  kingdom  against 
kingdom.  Matt.  xxiv.  7. 

15.  To  make  a hostile  attack. 

If  any  man  hate  his  neighbor,  and  lie  in  wait  for  him,  and 
rise  up  against  him.  Deut.  xix.  11. 

16.  To  be  roused  or  excited  to  action. 

Who  will  rise  up  for  me  against  the  evil  doers  ? Ps.  xciv.  16. 

17.  To  close  a sitting  or  session,  as  a com- 
mittee or  a legislative  body. 

18.  To  expand  by  fermentation  so  as  to  be- 
come light  or  spongy,  as  dough. 

Syn. — See  Arise. 

RISE  [rls,  S.  IV.  J.  F.  Ja.  Sm. ; rlz,  P.  E.  if.],  n. 

1.  The  act  of  rising  or  mounting ; ascent ; 
elevation.  “ A sudden  rise  of  water.”  Bacon. 

2.  Appearance  from  below  the  horizon,  as  of 

the  sun  or  a star.  Waller. 

3.  Elevation  or  advancement  in  rank,  fortune, 

station,  fame,  &c.  Bacon. 

4.  An  elevated  place  ; an  elevation.  Creech. 

Such  a rise  as  doth  at  once  invite 

A pleasure  and  a reverence  from  the  sight.  Denham. 

5.  Source;  origin;  spring;  beginning. 

All  wickedness  taketh  its  rise  from  the  heart.  Nelson. 

6.  Increase  ; advance  ; augmentation. 

The  rise  of  their  nominal  price  is  the  effect ...  of  the  rise 
in  their  real  price.  A.  Smith. 

7.  Increase  in  price  or  value.  “ The  gradual 

rise  of  lands.”  Swift. 

8.  f [Dut.  rijs.)  A branch  ; a twig.  Chaucer. 

“ This  word  very  properly  takes  the  pure 
sound  of  s to  distinguish  it  from  the  verb,  but  does 
not  adhere  to  this  distinction  so  inviolably  as  the 
nouns  use,  excuse,  &c.  ; for  we  sometimes  hear  ‘ the 
rise  and  fall  of  tlfte  Roman  empire,’  ‘ the  rise  and 
fall  of  provisions,’  &c.,  with  the  s like  z.  The  pure 
s,  however,  is  more  agreeable  to  analogy,  and  ought 
to  be  scrupulously  preserved  in  these  phrases  by  all 
correct  speakers.”  Walker. 

Syn.  — See  Origin. 

RB-S'EN  (rlz'zn),  p.  from  rise.  See  Rise. 

RLS'pR  (rlz'er),  n.  1.  One  who,  or  that  which, 
rises.  Chapman. 

2.  {Arch.)  An  upright  piece  of  wood  or  stone 
which  supports  a stair.  Simmonds. 

fRlSH,  n.  A kind  of  plant ; a rush.  P.  Plouhman. 

||  Rl^-I-BIJ/l-TY  (riz-e-bll'e-te),  n.  [It.  risibilith ; 
Sp.  risibilidad ; Fr . risibiliU.]  The  quality  or 
the  state  of  being  risible  ; risibleness.  Dryden. 

II  RIS'l-BLE  [rlz'e-bl,  W.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  C. 
IVr. ; rls'jbl,  S. ; rl'sjbl,  E. ; rl'se-bl,  IV b . ] , a. 
[L.  risibilis  ; rideo,  risits,  to  laugh  ; It.  risibile  ; 
Sp.  Af  Fr.  risible .] 

1.  Having  the  faculty  or  power  of  laughing, 

as  man.  Gov.  of  the  Tongue. 

2.  Exciting  laughter  ; laughable  ; ridiculous. 

A few  wild  blunders  and  risible  absurdities.  Johnson. 

II  Rifj'I-BLE-NESS,  n.  Risibility.  Dr.  Allen. 

||  RI§'I-BLY,  ad.  In  a risible  manner.  Clarke. 

RISING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  rises  ; ascent. 

2.  The  act  of  getting  up,  as  from  any  reclin- 
ing or  sitting  posture.  Chaucer. 

3.  Appearance  from  below  the  horizon,  as  of 

the  sun  or  a star.  Ps.  iv.  1. 

4.  A taking  up  arms,  as  for  insurrection  or 
for  war;  insurrection;  sedition  ; rebellion.  Shah. 

5.  Resurrection.  “ Questioning  one  with  an- 

other what  the  rising  from  the  dead  should 
mean.”  Mark  xi.  10. 

6.  A swelling  ; a tumor.  Lev.  xiv.  56. 


RISING,  prep.  Above  ; surpassing  ; exceeding; 
upwards  of.  “ It  cost  rising  3000  dollars.”  Lord. 

fieg-  Used  colloquially  in  the  United  States,  but  not 
supported  by  good  usage. 

RISK,  n.  [It.  rischio  ; Sp.  riesgo  ; Fr.  risque.  — 
Diez  derives  these  words  from  Sp!  risco,  a steep 
rock,  a crag  or  cliff,  which  he  refers  to  L .reseco, 
to  cut  off.]  Hazard;  danger;  peril;  chance  of 
harm  or  loss. 

Some  run  the  risk  of  an  absolute  ruin  for  the  gaining  of  a 
present  supply.  L'  Estrange. 

Syn.  — See  Chance. 

RISK,  r.  a.  [A.  S.  hriscian,  to  shake,  to  vibrate. 
— Bret,  riska,  to  slip.  Wedgewood.  — It.  risi- 
care,  arrischiare  ; Sp.  arriesgar  ; Fr.  risquer.) 
[l.  RISKED  ; pp.  RISKING,  RISKED.]  To  put  to 
chance  ; to  expose  to  danger ; to  hazard ; to 
endanger.  Addison. 

Disking  for  those  both  life  and  limb 

Who  would  not  risk  one  groat  for  him.  Churchill. 

RISK'ER,  n.  One  who  risks.  Butler. 

RISK'Y,  a.  Hazardous.  [Local,  U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

fRISSE.  The  preterite  of  rise.  B.  Jonson. 

+ RIST.  The  preterite  of  rise.  Drayton. 

RI- TAR- DAN 'DO,  a.  [It.]  (Mas.)  Slower  and 
slower.  Dwight. 

RITE,  it.  [L.  ritus  ; It.  <Sf  Sp.  rito ; Fr.  rit,  rite.) 
An  ordinance  to  be  observed  on  solemn  occa- 
sions in  the  church  ; a religious  or  external  ob- 
servance ; ceremonjr ; form.  Eden. 

RI-  TOR-NEL'  LO,  n.  [It.]  ( Mus .)  A short,  in- 

troductory symphony  to  an  air  : — a short  in- 
strumental passage  between  strains  : — a con- 
cluding symphony  after  a melody.  Moore. 

RIT'U-AL  (rit'yu-al),  a-  [L.  ritualis ; ritus,  a rite  ; 
It.  rituale  ; Sp.  ritual .]  Pertaining  to,  consist- 
ing of,  or  prescribing,  rites  ; ceremonial.  Prior. 

RIT'U-AL,  it.  [Fr.  rituel.)  A book  containing 

the  rites  or  ordinances  of  a church.  Eden. 

RIT'y-AL-RJM,  n.  [Fr.  ritualisme .]  The  system, 
or  the  observance,  of  rituals.  Ch.  Ob. 

RIT'U-AL-IST,  it.  [It.  & Sp.  ritualista ; Fr.  ritu- 
alists.) One  who  is  skilled  in,  adheres  to,  or 
treats  of,  the  ritual  or  rituals.  Gregory. 

RIT-U-AL-IST'IC,  a.  Pertaining  or  adhering  to 
a ritual  or  to  rituals.  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

R1T'U-AL-LY,  ad.  In  accordance  with  the  ritual; 
by  rites.  Selden. 

f RIV'A(fE,  it.  [Fr. ; rive,  a bank.]  A bank; 
a coast ; a shore  ; a border.  Spenser. 

Rl'VAL,  it.  [L.  rivalis,  a person  having  the  same 
brook  with  another,  a rival ; rivus,  a brook ; It. 
rivale ; Sp.  A,-  Fr.  rival.) 

1.  fOne  who  partakes  the  same  office  with 
another  ; an  associate  ; a companion  ; a partner. 

If  you  do  meet  Horatio  and  Marccllus. 

The  rivals  of  my  watch,  bid  them  make  haste.  Shak. 

2.  One  who  is  in  pursuit  of  the  same  object 
as  another  ; one  who  emulates  or  strives  to  ex- 
cel another ; an  antagonist ; a competitor. 

Rl'VAL,  a.  Striving  in  competition  with  ; pur- 
suing the  same  object  or  making  the  same 
claim  ; emulous  ; emulating ; competing. 

Equal  in  years,  and  rival  in  renown.  Dryden. 

Rl'VAL,  V.  a.  [i.  RIVALLED  ; pp.  RIVALLING, 
RIVALLED.] 

1.  To  strive  in  competition  with  ; to  compete 

with  ; to  contend  with  ; to  oppose.  South. 

2.  To  endeavor  to  equal  or  excel ; to  emulate. 

To  rival  thunder  in  its  rapid  course.  Dryden. 

Rl'VAL,  v.  n.  To  compete,  [it.]  Shak. 

RI-VAl'I-TY,  n.  [L.  rivalitas.) 

1.  f Equal  rank  ; equality.  Shak. 

2.  Rivalry ; rivalship.  [r.]  Disraeli. 

Rl'VAL-RY,  it.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  a 
rival ; competition  ; emulation.  Addison. 

Syn.  — See  Competition. 

rI'VAL-SHIP,  it.  1.  State  of  a rival.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  Competition ; emulation  ; rivalry. Davenant. 

RIVE,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  ryft,  riven,  torn  ; rcafian,  to 
take  or  tear  away;  Dan.  rive,  to  rake,  to  tear 
or  pull  away.  — Gael.  A;  Ir.  reub,  to  tear.]  [t. 


rived  ; pp.  riving,  riven.]  To  tear  or  rend 
asunder  ; to  split ; to  cleave.  “ Riven  clouds.” 

Spenser. 

I have  seen  tempests,  when  the  scolding  wiuds 
Have  rived  the  knotty  oaks.  Shak. 

RIVE,  v.  it.  To  be  split  or  rent  asunder. 

Freestone  rives  . . . and  breaks  in  any  direction.  Woodward. 

RIVE,  n.  A rent;  a tear.  [Local,  Eng.]  Broqkett. 

RIV'EL  (rlv'vl),  v.  a.  [Of  uncertain  origin.  — See 
Ruffle,  and  Shrivel.]  [i.  rivelled  ; pp. 
rivelling,  rivelled.]  To  contract  into  wrin- 
kles and  corrugations  ; to  shrivel ; to  shrink. 
“ A rivelled  flower.”  [r.]  Gower.  Pope. 

f RIV'EL  (rlv'vl),  n.  A wrinkle.  Wicklijfe. 

RIV'EN  (rlv'vn),  p.  from  rive.  See  Rive. 

RlV'JJIt,  n.  [L.  rivus,  a brook;  It.  riviera,  a 
river;  Sp.  rio;  Fr.  riviere.)  A large  inland 
stream  of  water  flowing  into  the  sea,  a lake,  or 
another  river  ; a stream  larger  than  a brook. 

Most  large  rivers  have  their  origin  in  very  elevated  moun- 
tains, or  on  high  table-lands.  Brunde. 

Syn.  — See  Brook. 

fRIV'yit,  v.  a.  To  hunt,  as  fowl  on  rivers,  with 
falcons.  Guy  of  Warwick. 

RiV'ER,  n.  One  who  rives  or  cleaves.  Echard. 

RIV'JpR-BED,  it.  The  bed  of  a river.  Lyell. 

RIV'ER— CHAN'NEL,  n.  The  channel  of  a river. 

RIV'ER-COURSE,  ii.  The  course  of  a river. 

Rl  V'£R— DEL'TA,  ii.  A delta  formed  by  the  course 
of  a river.  — See  Delta.  Craig. 

RIV'ER-DrAg'ON,  n.  A crocodile.  Milton.  [A 
name  given  by  Milton  to  the  king  of  Egypt.] 

RIV'ER— DRI V'pR,  ii.  One  who  conducts  rafts  of 
lumber  down  rivers.  [Local,  U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

RlV'gR-ET, ii.  A small  river;  a rivulet.  Drayton. 

RlV'^R-GOD,  ii.  A tutelary  deity  of  a river. 

RIV'yR— HORSE,  n.  The  hippopotamus.  Milton. 

RIV'yR-PLAlN,  n.  A plain  by  a river.  Wright. 

RiV'yR-SIDE,  n.  The  bank  of  a river.  Goldsmith. 

RIV'JJR-WA'TgR,  n.  Water  from  a river.  Smart. 

f RIV'yR-Y,  a.  Resembling  a river.  “Branched 
with  rivery  veins.”  Drayton. 

RIV'IJT,  ii.  [Fr.  rivet.)  A metal  pin  or  bolt  for 
firmly  fastening  together  plates  or  pieces  of 
metal,  either  having  a head  at  one  end,  in  which 
case  the  other  is  to  be  spread  by  hammering 
after  insertion,  or  without  a head  at  either  end, 
in  which  case  both  ends  are  to  be  spread  by 
hammering  after  insertion.  Tomlinson.  Bigelow. 

RIV'yT,  v.  a.  [It.  ribadire;  Sp.  roblar-,  Port. 
rebitar ; Fr.  river.  — From  L.  gyro,  to  turn  or 
wheel  round.  Menage.  — From  Ger.  reiben,  to 
rub,  to  turn  or  twist.  Duchat.  — Perhaps  from 
It.  ribattcre,  to  beat  back,  to  blunt.  Bichard- 
son.)  [l.  RIVETED  ; pp.  RIVETING,  RIVETED.] 

1.  To  fasten  with  rivets.  Drayton. 

2.  To  drive  or  to  clinch,  as  a rivet. 

The  pin  you  rivet  in  should  stand  upright  to  the  plate  j’ou 
rivet  it  upon.  Aloxon. 

3.  To  fasten  firmly  ; to  make  firm  ; to  fix. 

A similitude  of  nature  and  manners  . . . must  tie  the  holy 
knot,  and  rivet  the  friendship  between  us.  Atterbury. 

RT-VOSE',  a.  [L.  rivus,  a brook.]  {Zoijl.)  Marked 
with  sinuate,  but  not  parallel,  furrows.  Braude. 

RIV'U-LET,  n.  [L.  rivulus,  dim.  of  rivus,  a brook.] 
A small  stream  or  brook  ; a streamlet.  Milton. 

Syn. — See  Brook. 

fRIX-A'TION,  n.  [L.  rixor,  rixatus,  to  quarrel.] 
A brawl ; a quarrel.  Cockeram. 

RIX-A ' TRIX,  n.  {Law.)  A common  scold.  Bouvier. 

RIX-UOL'LAR,  ii.  [Dut.  rijksdaalder ; rijk,  an 
empire,  a realm,  and  daalder,  a dollar  ; Ger. 
reichsthaler ; Dan.  rigsdalev,  Sw.  riksdalcr.)  A 
silver  coin  of  Germany,  Holland,  Denmark, 
Sweden,  and  other  countries,  varying  in  value 
in  different  places  from  about  2s.  6d.  sterling 
(60  cts.)  to  about  4s.  6d.  ($1.08). 

gc$=  In  the  United  States,  the  custom-house  value 
of  the  rix-doltar  of  Bremen  is  78J  cents  ; of  the  rix- 
rlo’lar  of  Denmark,  $1.00  ; of  that  of  St.  Domingo  and 
Hay  ti,  06  cents  ; of  that  of  Santa  Cruz,  St.  John,  and 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  0,  Y,  short;  A,  ?,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


ROACH 


1243 


ROBUST 


St.  Thomas,  64  cents.  The  riz-doUar  or  florin  of  Aus- 
tria is  valued  at  48.)  cents.  Winslow.  Bouvicr. 

ROACH  (roch),  n.  [A.  S.  reohche-,  Dut.  rog,  roch  ; 
Ger.  roche  ; Dan.  rokke  ; Sw.  rocka.] 

1.  ( Ich .)  A fresh-water  fish  of  the  family 

Cyprinida,  or  carps,  allied  to  the  dace  ; Leucis- 
cus  rutilus  of  Cuvier.  Yarrell. 

2.  ( Naut .)  A curve  in  the  foot  of  a square 

sail,  by  which  the  clews  are  brought  below  the 
middle  of  the  foot : — the  forward  leech  of  a 
fore-and-aft  sail.  Dana. 

As  sound  as  a roach,  probably  a corruption  of  as 
sound  as  a roch  (Fr.  roclie).  PeSSe- 

ROAD  (rod),  n.  [A.  S.  rad,  a riding,  a way,  a 
road  ; Icel.  reid  ; Dut.  rid,  a ride  ; reis,  a jour- 
ney; Ger.  ritt,  a ride;  raise,  a journey;  Dan. 
ridt,  a ride  ; reise,  a journey  ; Sw.  ridt,  a ride.] 

1.  An  open  way  or  public  passage,  as  between 
one  town,  city,  or  place,  and  another  ; course 
of  travel;  a highway;  a public  path. 

Roads  are  of  various  kinds,  . . . from  the  rude  paths  of  the 
aboriginal  people, . . . passable  only  by  foot-passengers  or  pack- 
horses,  to  the  comparatively  perfect  modern  road.  Brand e. 
Fast  by  the  road , his  ever-open  door 
Obliged  the  wealthy  and  relieved  the  poor.  Pope. 

2.  f A journey.  “ He  from  the  east  his  flam- 
ing road  begins.”  Milton. 

3.  An  inroad  ; an  incursion  ; a raid.  Bacon. 

On  the  road,  in  travelling  or  passing.  Law. 

Syn.  — See  Path,  Way. 

ROAD,  n.  [Dut.  <Sf  Ger.  reede-,  Dan.  reed-,  Sw. 
redd.  — It.  $ Sp.  rada  ; Fr.  raffe.]  (Naut.)  A 
place  at  some  distance  from  the  shore,  where 
vessels  may  ride  at  anchor  ; a roadstead.  Dana. 

ROAD'-BED,  n.  The  bed  or  foundation  on  which 
rests  the  superstructure  of  a railroad.  Tanner. 

ROAD'-BOOK  (-buk),  n.  A traveller’s  guide-book 
of  towns,  distances,  &c.  Simmonds. 

ROAD'— MET-AL,  n.  Prepared  stone  for  macad- 
amizing roads.  Simmonds. 

ROAD'STEAD,  71.  (Naut.)  The  anchorage  at 
some  distance  from  the  shore  ; a road.  Dana. 

ROAD'STfR,  n.  1.  A horse  fitted  for  the  road, 
or  fit  for  performing  journeys.  Youatt. 

2.  (Naut.)  A vessel  riding  at  anchor  in  a 
road.  Mar.  Diet. 

ROAD'WAY,  n.  The  course  of  the  road ; the 
beaten  or  travelled  part  of  a road.  Shah. 

ROAM  (rom),  v.  n.  [A.  S.  ryman,  to  make  room, 
to  enlarge,  to  make  way  ; Dut.  ruimen.  — “ It 
is  imagined  to  come-  from  the  pretences  of  va- 
grants, who  always  said  they  were  going  to 
Rome.”  Johnson.  — This  idea  derives  support 
from  the  Italian  romco,  i.  e.  a pilgrim  directed 
to  Rome.  Talbot.  — See  Room.]  [i.  roamed  ; 
pp.  roaming,  roamed.]  To  wander  about  or 
abroad  ; to  range  ; to  rove  ; to  ramble  ; to  stroll. 

Where’er  I roam,  whatever  realms  to  sec, 

My  heart,  untravelled,  fondly  turns  to  thee.  Goldsmith. 

Syn.  — See  Wander. 

ROAM  (rom),  v.  a.  To  range  ; to  wander  over. 
And  now  wild  beasts  came  forth  the  woods  to  roam.  Milton. 

ROAM  (rom),  n.  The  act  of  wandering;  a roam- 
ing; a ramble.  “ Their  restless  roam.”  Young. 

ROAM'IJR  (rom'er),  n.  One  who  roams  ; a rover; 
a wanderer ; a stroller.  Johnson. 

ROAM'ING  (rom'jng),  n.  The  act  of  one  who 
roams  or  wanders  ; a ramble  ; a roam.  More. 

ROAN  (ion),  a.  [Sp.  roano,  ruano  ; Fr.  ronan.  — 
From  L.  ravus,  grayish-yellow.  Scaliger .]  Bay, 
red,  or  black,  with  white  or  gray  hairs  thickly 
interspersed,  as  a horse.  Youatt. 

ROAN,  n.  I.  A roan  color.  Ash. 

2.  A roan  horse.  Youatt. 

3.  A kind  of  leather  generally  prepared  from 

sheepskins  by  means  of  sumach,  in  the  same 
manner  as  morocco  leather,  but  without  the 
grained  appearance  imparted  to  the  latter  by 
the  grooved  ball  or  roller.  Parnell. 

ROAN'— TREE,  n.  (Bot.)  European  mountain- 
ash  ; Pi/rus  aucuparia  ; — also  written  rowan- 
tree.  — See  Roavan-tree.  Loudon. 

ROAR  (ror),  v.n.  [A.  S.  rarian.  — W.rhuo.]  [i. 
ROARED  ; pp.  ROARING,  ROARED.] 

1.  To  cry  with  a loud,  full,  heavy  sound,  as  a 
lion  or  other  wild  beast ; to  bellow.  Spenser. 

The  Libyan  lions  hear,  and,  hearing,  roar.  Dryden. 

2.  To  cry  aloud,  as  in  distress.  Shah. 


The  suffering  chief 

Roared  out  for  anguish,  and  indulged  his  grief.  Dryden. 

3.  To  make  a loud  noise,  like  that  made  by  a 
lion.  “ When  winds  begin  to  roar.”  Pope. 

The  brazen  throat  of  war  had  ceased  to  roar.  Milton. 

ROAR  (ror),  n.  [W.  rhu,  rhuad .] 

1.  A loud,  full  cry,  as  of  a lion  or  other  wild 

beast.  Thomson. 

2.  A loud  cry,  as  of  one  in  distress.  Johnson. 

3.  A loud  noise,  as  of  the  wind  or  the  sea. 

The  roar 

Of  the  wide  waters  when  they  charge  the  shore.  Drayton. 

4.  A clamor  or  outcry  of  merriment ; a shout. 

Your  flashes  of  merriment  that  were  wont  to  set  the  table 

on  a roar.  Shah. 

ROAR'JpR,  n.  1.  One  who,  or  that  which,  roars. 

2.  A horse  affected  with  roaring.  Youatt. 

ROAR'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  or  the  noise  of  one 
who,  or  that  which,  roars ; a roar. 

2.  A disease  in  horses  in  which  the  larynx 
and  the  upper  part  of  the  windpipe  become  ob- 
structed, causing  the  animal  to  make  a peculiar 
noise  in  breathing  under  exertion.  Youatt. 

ROAR'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a roaring  manner.  Clarke. 

ROAR'Y,  a.  [L.  ros,  roris,  dew.]  Dewy ; rory. 
“ Wings  with  roary  May  dews  wet.”  Fairfax. 

ROAST  (rost),  v.  a.  [Dut.  roosten  ; Ger.  rijsten  ; 
Dan.  riste ; Sw.  rosta.  — W.  rhostio  ; Gael,  roist. 
— It.  arrostire ; Fr.  rotir.\  [i.  roasted  ; pp. 
roasting,  roasted  or  roast.  — Roast,  as  a 
participle,  is  nearly  obsolete  ; but  it  is  still  used 
as  a participial  adjective  ; as,  roast  beef.] 

1.  To  cook,  as  meat,  without  water  or  other 

fluid,  by  exposing  it  to  heat,  suspended  before  a 
fire,  or  placed  in  an  oven.  Prov.  xii.  27. 

2.  To  dry  or  parch  by  exposing  to  heat,  as 

coffee  ; to  burn.  Merle. 

3.  To  heat  violently.  Shak. 

4.  To  banter  severely.  [Colloquial.]  Atterbury. 

5.  (Metalluryy .)  To  expel  volatile  matters 
from  by  exposing  to  heat,  as  ores.  Brande. 

To  rule  the  roast,  to  govern  ; to  control,  perhaps  as 
king  of  the  feast.  Shak. 

DQp  “ May  it  not  be  to  rule  the  roost  ? — an  expres- 
sion of  which  every  poultry -yard  would  supply  an  ex- 
planation.” Richardson. 

ROAST,  a.  Roasted.  “ Roast  pig.”  C.  Lamb. 

ROAST  (rost),  n.  1.  That  which  is  roasted. 

Harrington. 

2.  Banter ; jeering.  [Colloquial.]  Todd. 

ROAST,  v.  n.  To  become  roasted.  Pope. 

ROAST'pR,  n.  1.  He  who,  or  that  which,  roasts. 

2.  An  apparatus  for  roasting.  Simmonds. 

3.  Something  to  be  roasted,  as  a pig.  Smart. 

ROAST'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  roasts. 

2.  (Metallurgy.)  An  operation,  preparatory 
to  that  of  reduction  or  smelting,  employed  in 
extracting  metals  from  their  ores,  in  which  the 
volatile  ingredients,  as  sulphur  and  arsenic,  are, 
by  means  of  heat,  expelled  or  burned  off,  and 
replaced  by  oxygen.  Miller. 

ROB,  n.  [It.,  Sp.,  and  Fr.  rob.  — A word  of  Arabic 
origin.  Brande.']  The  juice  of  any  ripe  fruit 
thickened  before  fermentation  to  the  consistence 
of  honey  by  evaporation.  Dunglison. 

ROB,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  reafian ; reaf,  spoil ; Dut.  rooven ; 
Ger .rauoen-,  Dan.  rove  ; Sw.  r/fva ; Icel . hrif- 
sa  ; Scot,  reife,  reyff.  — L.  rapio  ; It.  rubare  ; 
Sp.  robar-,  Old  Fr.  rober ; Fr.  ravir.]  \i. 
ROBBED  ; pp.  ROBBING,  ROBBED.] 

1.  To  take  away  without  right;  to  steal. 

Procure  that  the  nourishment  may  not  be  robbed.  Bacon. 
Nor  will  I take  from  any  man  his  due. 

But  thus  assuming  all  he  robs  from  you.  Dryden. 

2.  To  take  any  thing  away  from  by  unlawful 
force  or  by  secret  theft  ; to  plunder  ; to  strip. 

He  that  is  robbed,  not  wanting  what  was  stolen. 

Let  him  not  know  it,  and  lie ’s  not  robbed  at  all.  Shak. 

By  robbing  Peter  he  paid  Paul.  Rabelais. 

3.  (Late.)  To  take  any  thing  away  from,  as 

a traveller  on  the  highway,  feloniously,  forcibly, 
and  by  putting  him  in  fear.  Blackstone. 

ROB'AND,  n.  (Naut.)  A rope-band.  Dana. 

ROB'BER,?i.  1.  One  who  robs  ; a plunderer.  Milton. 

2.  (Law.)  One  who  feloniously  takes  goods 
or  money  from  the  person  of  another  by  vio- 
lence or  putting  him  in  fear.  Bouvier. 

Syn.  — A robber  makes  an  open  attack,  and  takes 
away  property  by  violence  ; a thief  takes  property  by 
stealth  ; a pilferer  is  a petty  thief.  A robber  robs  and 


plunders  ; a thief  steals.  Theft,  larceny,  and  pilfering 
are  clandestine  acts  ; robbery  and  plunder,  open  acts 
of  violence  ; depredation  is  an  act  of  public  plundering, 
or  a gradual  process  of  taking  away. 

ROB'BIJR-Y,  n.  1.  The  act  of  robbing;  a plun- 
dering ; theft ; depredation.  Shak. 

2.  (Law.)  The  act  of  feloniously  taking  mon- 
ey or  goods  from  the  person  of  another,  or  in 
his  presence,  against  his  will,  by  violence,  or  by 
putting  him  in  fear.  Blackstone. 

ROB'BIN,  n.  1.  (Com.)  A package  in  which  pep- 
per, &c.,  is  imported  from  Ceylon.  Simmonds. 

XPg~  A rabbin  of  rice,  in  Malabar,  weighs  about 
84  lbs.  Simmonds. 

2.  A spring  of  a carriage.  Simmonds. 

3.  (Naut.)  A rope-band.  Todd. 

ROBE,  n.  [Low  L.  raupa,  rauba  ; It.  roba  ; Old 

Sp.  rouba  ; Sp.  ropa  ; Fr.  robe.  — A.  S.  reafian 
(Ger.  rauben),  to  take  away,  to  rob  ; reaf,  spoil ; 
Old  Ger.  roup,  spoil ; Ger.  raub.] 

1.  A long,  loose  garment  worn  over  others, 
particularly  by  persons  of  quality  on  ceremoni- 
ous occasions  ; a gown  of  state.  B.  Jonson. 

Yet  he  those  robes  of  empire  justly  bore 

"Which  Romulus,  our  sacred  founder,  wore.  Dryden. 

2.  The  dressed  skin  of  a buffalo,  wolf,  &c., 

used  in  sleighs.  [U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

Master  of  the  robes,  an  officer  in  the  English  royal 
household  whose  duty  consists  in  ordering  the  sov- 
ereign’s robes.  Brande. 

ROBE,  V.  a.  [t.  ROBED;  pp.  ROBING,  ROBED.] 
To  dress  or  clothe,  as  in  a robe  ; to  invest. 

t R0B'ERD§-MAN,  1 (Old  Eng.  Law.)  One  of 

f ROB'pRTS-MAN,  ) a number  of  persons  who, 
in  the  reign  of  Richard  I.,  committed  outrages 
on  the  borders  of  England  and  Scotland  ; — said 
to  be  followers  of  Robin  Hood.  Whishaw. 


ROB  JJRT,  n.  (Bot.)  A species  of  crane’s-bill ; herb- 
robert ; Geranium  Robertianum . Ainsworth. 


ROB'ER-TINE,  n.  One  of  an  order  of  monks, 
named  from  Robert  Floyer,  their  founder,  in 
1137.  Smart. 


ROB'IN,  n.  (Ornith.)  1.  A European, 
insessorial,  singing  bird,  of  the  family 
Sylviadee,  having  the  upper  part  of  the 
breast  of  a reddish- orange  col- 
or ; Erythaca  rubccula  (Mota- 
cilla  rubecula  of  Linnaeus) ; — 
also  called  robin-redbreast , rob- 
in-redstart, robinet,  and  rud- 
dock   See  EKVTTIAfTNtF  European  robin 

aocn.  see  luiiiiauxa.  HSfythaca  rubecula). 

Eng.  Cyc. 

2.  A North  Amer- 
ican, insessorial,  sing- 
ing bird,  of  the  family 
Merulidce,  or  thrushes, 
having  the  lower  part 
of  the  breast  of  a dark 
orange  color  ; Turdus  migra- 
torius  of  Linnaeus  ; — also 
called  robin-redbreast,  and 
migrating  thrush.  American  robin 

Wilson.  Nutt  all.  (.Turdus  migratorius). 


ROB'I-NET,  n.  The  European  robin.  Eng.  Cyc. 
ROB'IN— GOOD'FEL-LOW  (l'ob'jn-gfid'fel-lo),  n.  A 
kind  of  goblin  or  fairy  ; Puck.  — See  Puck. 
ROB'IN— RED' BREAST,  n.  A robin.  — See  Robin. 


ROB'IN’S-PLAn'TAIN  (-tin),  n.  (Bot.)  A decid- 
uous, herbaceous  plant  of  the  order  Composite, 
the  flowers  of  which  have  bluish-purple  rays ; 
Erigeron  belli difolium  ; — called  also  plantain- 
leaved erigeron.  Wood.  Loudon. 

ROB'IN— WAKE,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant;  wake-robin  ; 
Arum  maculatum.  Crabb. 


ROB'O-RANT,  n.  (Med.)  A strengthening  medi- 
cine ; a tonic  ; a corroborant.  Maunder. 

ROB'O-RANT,  a.  [L.  roboro,  roborans,  to  strength- 
en.] Giving  strength  ; strengthening.  Smart. 

f RoB-O-RA'TION,  n.  A strengthening.  Coles. 
f RO-BO'RIJ-AN,  a.  [L.  robur,  roboris,  oak.] 
Made  of  oak ; oaken.  Scott. 

t RO-BO'RIJ-OUS,  a.  Made  of  oak;  strong.  Bailey. 
RO-BUST',  a.  [L.  robustus  ; robur,  oak,  strength  ; 
It.  § Sp.  robusto  ; Fr.  robuste.] 

1.  Strong;  stout;  hardy;  sturdy;  firm;  vig- 
orous ; hale  ; sinewy  ; muscular  ; lusty. 

Survey  the  warlike  horse;  didst  thou  invest 

With  thunder  his  robust , distended  chest?  Young. 


MIEN,  SIR; 


MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  9,  9,  g,  soft ; £J,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z; 


£ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


ROBUSTIOUS 


1244 


RODE 


2.  Violent ; rough  ; boisterous ; rude,  [it.] 

Romp-loving  miss 

Is  hauled  about  in  gallantry  robust.  Thomson. 

3.  Requiring  strength  or  vigor.  “ Robust 

employment.”  [h.]  Locke. 

Syn.  — A robust  man  can  hear  heat  and  cold,  labor 
and  hardship.  Robust  is  opposed  to  fruit  ; strong,  to 
weuk  ; stout,  to  slim.  Robust  constitution  ; strong 
limbs  ; stout  person  ; a hardy  peasant ; sturdy  oak  or 
beggar;  sinewy  frame;  vigorous  or  firm  health. 

RO-BUST'IOUS  (ro-bust'yus),  a.  Robust.  Milton. 
Violent ; rude.  Shak.  ' [Obsolete  or  low.] 

t RO-BUST'IOUS-LY  (ro-bust'yus-le),  ad.  With 
strength,  vigor,  or  violence.  Bp.  Richardson. 

f RO-BUST'IOUS-NESS,  n.  Robustness.  Sandys. 

RO-BtJST'NgSS,  n.  The  state  of  being  robust; 
strength  ; vigor.  Arbuthnot. 

ROC,  n.  A monstrous  bird  of  Arabian  mythology  ; 

— also  written  ru/ch.  Brande. 

RO-CA'ILLE,  n.  [Fr.]  (Arch.)  Shell  work.  Smart. 

ROC 'AM- BOLE,  n.  [Fr.]  (Bot.)  A bulbous  plant 
of  the  genus  Allium,  or  garlic ; Allium  scoroelo- 
prasum.  Loudon. 

RO-CEL'L|C,  a.  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  obtained 
from  Rocella  linctoria,  or  dyer’s  orchil,  a species 
of  lichen.  Brande. 

ROCHE’— Al-UM  (roch'al-um),  n.  [Fr.  roche,  a 
rock.]  Rock-alum.  Mortimer. 

RO-CHELLE'-POVV-DEK?,  n.  A term  applied  to 
powders  used  for  making  an  effervescing,  purga- 
tive drink  when  mixed  in  water  or  other  liquid: 

— usually  put  in  small  separate  packages,  one 

containing  rochelle-salt  and  supercarbonate  of 
soda,  the  other  containing  tartaric  acid  in  suffi- 
cient quantity  to  saturate  the  soda  of  the  su- 
percarbonate.  Thomson. 

RO-CHELLE'— SALT,  n.  ( Chem .)  A crystallizable 
double  salt,  soluble  in  water,  and  consisting  of 
tartrate  of  potash  and  tartrate  of  soda;  — used 
in  medicine,  and  known  also  under  the  name  of 
sel  de  Seignette.  Henry.  Miller. 

ROCU'pT,  or  ROCH'ET  [roch'et,  P.  K.  R.  IVb. ; 
rok'et,  Sm,  C.  IVr.;  ro-cliet',  E.],  n.  [It .rochet- 
to;  Sp .roquete;  Fr.  rochet. — A.  S.  rooc,  race ; 
Dut.  roll,  a coat ; Ger.  § Sw.  rock ; Icel.  rockr,  a 
garment.] 

1.  f An  outer  garmenl  or  frock.  Chaucer. 

2.  A linen  vest,  like  a surplice,  worn  by  bish- 
ops under  their  satin  robes.  Wheatly. 

3.  A mantelet  worn  by  the  peers  of  England 

on  occasions  of  ceremony.  . Wright. 

ROCH'ET,  n.  ( Ieh .)  The  red  gurnard ; Trighpini ; 

— also  written  rotcliet.  Chambers. 

ROCK,  n.  [Gael.  & Ir.  roc  ; Arm.  rock.  — It.  roc- 

cia  ; Sp.  roca  ; Fr  .roche,  roc.  — Skinner  refers 
these  to  Gr.  pfiyvyyt,  to  break,  and  Keighthy  to 
L.  rupee,  rock.] 

1.  A large  mass  of  stony  matter ; a large 
stone.  “A  ragged,  fearful,  hanging  rock.”  Shak. 

Ye  darksome  pines,  that,  o’er  yon  rocks  reclined, 

Wave  high,  and  murmur  to  the  hollow  wind.  Pope. 
A wise  man,  which  built  his  house  upon  a rock.  Matt.  vii.  24. 

2.  Figuratively,  strength  ; defence  ; protec- 
tion. “ The  Lord  is  my  rock.”  Ps.  xviii.  2. 

3.  ( Geol .)  Any  aggregation  or  collection  of 

minerals,  or  of  fragments  of  mineral  matter, 
whether  crystalline  or  amorphous,  hard  or  soft, 
compact  or  loose.  Eng.  Cyc. 

ROCK,  n.  [Dut.  rokken ; Ger.  rocken ; Dan.  rok ; 
Sw.  rock. — -It.  rocca ; Sp.  rueca.]  A distaff 
held  in  the  hand  for  spinning.  B.  Jonson. 

Flow  from  the  rock,  my  flax,  and  swiftly  flow, 

Pursue  thy  thread,  the  spindle  runs  below.  Parnel. 

ROCK,  v.  a.  [Old  Fr.  roequer,  roquer. — From 
Gerr  rOcken,  to  move  ; Dan.  rokhe,  to  move,  to 
shake.  Skinner.  Junius. ] [i.  rocked  ; pp. 

ROCKING,  ROCKED.] 

1.  To  move  backwards  and  forwards,  as  any 
thing  resting  on  a foundation. 

A rising  earthquake  rocked  the  ground.  Dryden. 

All  night  the  storm  the  steeples  rocked.  Bums. 

2.  To  move  backwards  and  forwards,  as  in  a 
cradle,  &c.  “To  rock  us  asleep/’  Tyndale. 

High  in  his  hall  rocked  in  a chair  of  state.  Dryden. 

3.  To  lull;  to  quiet;  to  soothe;  to  tranquil- 
lize. “Sleep  rock  thy  brain.”  Shak. 

ROCK,  v.  n.  To  move  backwards  and  forwards ; 
to  reel  to  and  fro.  “ The  rocking  town.”  Philips. 


ROCK’— AL-UM,  n.  The  purest  kind  of  alum;  — 
written  also  roclie-alum.  Ash. 

ROCK’— BA-SIN,  n.  A cavity  or  basin  cut  in  a 
rock,  for  the  purpose,  as  is  supposed,  of  col- 
lecting rain  for  ablutirins  and  purifications  pre- 
scribed in  the  Druidical  religion.  Land.  EnCy. 

ROCK'— BOUND,  a.  Bound  or  bordered  by  rocks. 
The  breaking  waves  dashed  high 
On  a stern  and  rock-bound  coast.  Mrs.  Ilemans. 

ROCK'— BUT-TER,  n.  (Min.)  An  opaque  variety  of 
native  alum  mingled  with  clay  and  oxide  of  iron, 
occurring  in  soft  masses  in  the  cavities  or  fis- 
sures of  argillaceous  slate,  a little  unctuous,  and 
sometimes  tuberose  or  stalactical.  Cleaveland. 

ROCK'— CORK,  n.  (Min.)  A variety  of  asbestos, 
the  fibres  of  which  are  loosely  interlaced  ; moun- 
tain-cork. It  resembles  cork  in  texture  and 
lightness.  Dana. 

ROCK'— CRESS,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  several 
species,  of  the  genus  Arabis,  bearing  white  or 
rose-colored  flowers ; wall-cress.  Gray. 

ROCK'— CROWNED  (-krbund),  a.  Crowned  or  sur- 
mounted by  rocks.  Clarke. 

ROCK'— CRYS-TAL,  n.  (Min.)  Limpid  quartz, 
consisting  of  pure  silica,  and  usually  crystal- 
lized in  the  form  of  a six-sided  prism  terminated 
by  six-sided  pyramids  ; — called  also  mountain- 
crystal,  British  or  Cornish  diamond,  and,  when 
cut  for  jewellery,  white-stone.  Dana.  Pereira. 

il .}  - There  are  two  varieties  of  rock-crystal  known 
in  optics, as  right-handed  quartz  and  left-handed  quartz, 

— so  called  because,  when  a ray  of  polarized  light  is 
transmitted  through  plates  of  them  in  the  direction  of 
their  optic  axis,  its  plane  of  polarization  is  made  to 
rotate  towards  the  right  by  the  former,  and  towards 
tiie  left  by  the  latter.  Lloyd.  — See  Rotatory  Po- 

I.ARIZATION. 

ROCK'-DOE  (rok'do),  n.  A species  of  deer.  Grew. 

ROCK'ER,  n.  1.  One  who,  or  that  which,  rocks. 

2.  A curved  piece  of  a.  cradle,  chair,  &c.,  on 
which  they  rock. 

ROCK'ER-Y,  n.  (Gardening.)  A hillock  formed 
of  stones,  earth,  &c.,  for  the  growth  of  certain 
plants ; rockwork.  Carter. 

ROCK'ET,  n.  [Ger.  rakete ; Dan.  & Sw.  raket. — 
From  rock,  a garment.  Richardson.'] 

1.  t A spear  with  the  point  or  head  covered 

to  prevent  injury.  Froissart. 

2.  (Pgrotechnics.)  A cylindrical  case  of  paste- 

board or  iron,  filled  with  a very  combustible 
composition,  and  attached  to  one  end  of  a light 
wooden  rod.  On  being  fired  it  is  projected 
through  the  air  by  a force  arising  from  the  com- 
bustion. Tomlinson. 

gi'y - Made  of  pasteboard,  rockets  are  used  as  fire- 
works for  signals  ; when  of  iron,  they  form  terrible 
and  destructive  warlike  projectiles,  penetrating  earth 
or  timber  to  a considerable  depth.  Stocqueler. 

ROCK'ET)  w.  [R.  ruchetta.]  (Bot.)  A popular 
name  of  several  plants  of  the  cruciferous  fam- 
ily, of  the  genera  Hesperis,  Sisymbrium,  and 
Cakile.  Gray. 

ROCK'fTsii.  n.  (Ich.)  An  aeanthopterygious,  os- 
seous fish  found  on  sea-coasts  ; black  goby  ; Go- 
bius  niger.  Yarrell. 

ROCK'— IIEART-ED,  a.  Hard-hearted.  Cowley. 

ROCK'I-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  rocky.  Bp.  Croft. 

ROCK'ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  rocks,  or  the 
state  of  being  rocked.  Goldsmith. 

ROCK'ING— CIlAlR,  n.  A chair  made  to  rock. 

ROCK'ING— HORSE,  n.  A wooden  horse  fixed  on 
rockers  for  children.  Simmonds. 

ROCK'ING— STONE,  n.  A stone  naturally  so  bal- 
anced as  easily  to  be  rocked  ; a logan.  Brande. 

ROCK'LESS,  a.  Being  without  rocks.  Dryden. 

ROCK'LING,  n.  (Ich.)  A fish  of  the  Cod  family, 
and  genus  Motclta,  found  on  certain  sea-coasts. 

— See  Whistle-fish.  Yarrell. 

ROCK'— MILK,  n.  (Min.)  A loose,  friable  variety 

of  calcite  or  carbonate  of  lime,  deposited  from 
waters  containing  carbonate  of  lime  in  solution  ; 

— called  also  agaric  mineral.  Dana. 

ROCK'— OIL,  n.  A brown  bitumen  ; petroleum.  — 

See  Petroleum.  Eng.  Cyc. 

ROCK'— MOSS,  n.  (Bot.)  A lichen  used  to  make 
the  article  called  cudbear  ; Lccanora  tartarea. 

Archer. 


ROCK'— Plp-EON  (-plj-iin),  n.  (Ornith.)  A species 
of  pigeon  found  wild  in  Europe,  Asia,  and  Af- 
rica, inhabiting  rocks  ; Columba  livia.  Eny.  Cyc. 

ROCK'— PLANT,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  which  grows 
on  or  among  naked  rocks.  Eny.  Cyc. 

ROCK'-RAR-BIT,  n.  (Zotil.) 

A small  animal  resembling 
a rabbit,  of  the  genus  Ily- 
rax,  dwelling  in  holes  in 
rocks. — See  Hyrax. 

ROCK'— RIBBED  (-rlbd),  a. 

Having  ribs  of  rocks. 

The  hills,  iioeK-rauuii 

Rock-ribbed,  and  ancient  as  the  snn.  {Hyrax  Syriaciu ) . 

Bryant. 

ROCK'— ROOFED,  a.  Having  a roof  of  rock.  Clarke. 

ROCK'— RO§E,  n.  (Bot.)  1.  A shrub  or  under- 
shrub of  the  genus  Cistus,  bearing  large  red  or 
white  flowers  resembling  a rose.  Eny.  Cyc. 

2.  An  herbaceous  plant  having  large  yellow 
flowers,  used  in  medicine;  frost-wort;  Helian- 
themum  Canadense.  Dunglison. 

ROCK'— RU-BY,  n.  (Min.)  A name  sometimes 
given  to  a dark-red  variety  of  garnet.  Woodward. 

ROCK'— SALT,  n.  (Min.)  Chloride  of  sodium  or 
common  salt,  occurring  in  masses  or  beds,  as  in 
salt-mines;  native  common  salt.  Dana. 

ROCK'— SHELL,  n.  (Conch.)  A univalve  having 
the  mouth  of  the  shell  terminated  by  a long, 
straight  canal.  Brande. 

ROCK'— SOAP,  n.  (Min.)  A mineral  composed 
chiefly  of  silica,  alumina,  and  water;  mountain 
soap.  It  is  smooth  and  soapy  to  the  touch,  and 
adheres  strongly  to  the  tongue.  Cleaveland. 

ROCK'— TAR,  n.  Rock-oil ; petroleum.  Thomson. 

ROCK'— wA-TER,  n.  Water  issuing  from  a rock. 
“As  clear  as  rock-water.”  Addison. 

ROCK'-WOOD  (-wud),  n.  (Min.)  A variety  of  as- 
bestos, of  irregular  fibrous  structure,  resembling 
wood  ; ligniform  asbestos.  Cleaveland. 

ROCK' WORK  (rSk'wiirk),  n.  1.  (Masonry.)  Stones 
fixed  in  mortar  in  imitation  of  the  asperities  of 
rocks,  as  in  basements  of  buildings.  Brande. 

2.  (Hort.)  A hillock  of  stones,  earth,  &c.,  for 
the  growth  of  certain  plants  ; rockery.  P.  Cyc. 

ROCK'Y,  a.  1.  Full  of  rocks;  abounding  with 
rocks.  “ Rocky  mountains.”  Dryden. 

2.  Resembling  a rock ; hard;  stony;  flinty. 

The  rocky  orb 

Of  tenfold  adamant,  liis  ample  shield.  Milton. 

3.  Obdurate  ; stubborn.  Noiris. 

ROCK'Y— CHAN'NELLED  (-clian'neld),  a.  Having 
a rocky  channel.  Thomson. 

ROCK'Y-IiArD,  a.  As  hard  as  rock.  Shak. 

RO'COA,  n.  Impure  arnotto.  Clarke. 

ROD,  n.  [A.  S.  rod  ; Dut.  roede  ; Ger.  ruthe,  reis  ; 
Dan.  rits  ; Sw.  m.] 

1.  A long  twig  or  shoot  of  any  woody  plant. 

“Rods  of  green  poplar.”  Gen.  xxx.  37. 

2.  A long,  slender  piece  of  wood  or  other 
substance;  as,  “A  fishing-rorf ” ; “Divining 
rod.” 

3.  A long  stick  used  as  an  instrument  of  pun- 
ishment ; a scourge  ; a switch  ; a cudgel ; birch. 

I am  whipped  and  scourged  with  rods.  Shak. 

Spare  the  rod , and  spoil  the  child.  Hudibras. 

4.  A wand,  as  a badge  of  authority  ; a sceptre. 

Hands  that  the  rod  of  empire  might  have  swayed, 

Or  waked  to  ecstasy  the  living  lyre.  Gray. 

5.  A shepherd’s  crook,  [it.] 

Concerning  the  tithe  of  the  herd,  or  of  the  flock,  even  of 
whatsoever  passeth  under  the  rod , the  tenth  shall  be  holy 
unto  the  Lord.  Lev.  xxvii.  32. 

6.  f A race  or  tribe  of  people. 

Remember  thy  congregation  . . . the  roc?  of  thine  inheri- 
tance, which  thou  hast  redeemed.  Ps.  lxxiv.  2. 

7.  A scale  for  measuring  distances.  Den  ies. 

8.  A measure  of  length  equal  to  5^  yards  or 

16£  feet ; a pole  ; a perch.  Davies. 

To  kiss  the  rod,  to  accept  punishment  as  deserved  ; 
to  be  humble  or  submissive  under  chastisement. 

Churchill Roil  of  iron,  inflexible  or  severe  rule  or 

government.  Ren.  xii.  5. 

f ROD'DY,  a.  Full  of  rods  or  twigs.  Cotgrave. 

RODE,  i.  & p.  from  ride.  See  Ride. 

f RODE,  n.  [A.  S.]  A crucifix  ; a rood.  Chaucer. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  £,  I,  6,  fj,  Y,  short;  A,  E>  I>  9,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  I1EIR,  HER; 


RODENT 


1245 


ROLL 


RO'D^NT,  a.  [L.  rodo,  rodens,  to 
gnaw ; It.  rodente .]  That  gnaws  ; 
gnawing.  Eng.  Cyc. 

RO'D£NT, n.  [Fr .rodent.]  ( Zoul .) 

An  animal  that  gnaws ; one 
of  the  Rodentia.  Brande. 

RO-DEN'  TI-A  (-den'she-a),  n.  pi.  Skull  of  a rodent. 
{Zoul.)  An  order  of  animals  of  the  class  Mam- 
malia, comprehending  rats,  mice,  beavers, 
squirrels,  hares,  Guinea  pigs,  &c.,  characterized 
by  having  two  large  incisors  in  each  jaw,  sepa- 
rated from  the  molars  by  a wide  space,  and  hav- 
ing enamel  on  their  front  surface  only,  so  that 
their  posterior  border  being  worn  away  more 
than  their  anterior  edge,  they  are  always  kept 
set  like  a chisel  ; gnawers  ; rodents.  Eng.  Cyc. 

RODGE,  n.  ( Ornith .)  A water-fowl  resembling  a 
duck,  but  smaller.  Bailey. 

ROD'O-MEL,  n.  [Gr.  pdiW,  a rose,  and/AL.  honey.] 
The  juice  of  roses  mixed  with  honey.  Simmonds. 

+ ROD  'O-MONT,  n.  [ Rodo  monte,  a blustering 
hero  in  the  Orlando  Furioso  of  Ariosto;  It.  ro- 
domonte ; Fr.  rodomont .]  A vain  boaster ; a 
braggadocio.  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

fROD'O-MONT,  a.  Bragging;  vainly  boasting. 
“ In  his  rodomont  fashion.”  B.  Jonson. 

ROD-O-MON-TADE',  n.  [It.  rodomontata ; Fr. 
rodomont.']  Empty,  noisy  blustering  or  boast- 
ing ; rant.  Drydcn. 

ROD-O-MON-TADE',  v.  n.  To  brag  thrasonically ; 
to  boast ; to  rant.  Johnson. 

ROD-O-MON-TA'DIST,  n.  A noisy  boaster  or 
blusterer  ; a braggadocio.  Terry. 

f ROD-O-MON-TA'DO,  n.  Rodomontade.  Herbert. 

f ROD-O-MON-TA'DOR,  n.  A rodomont.  Guthrie. 

ROE  (ro),  n.  [A.  S.  ra,  raa,  rah-,  Dut.  ree;  Gcr. 
reh ; Dan.  raa;  Sw.  ra  ; Icel.  ra.]  {Zoul.)  A 
small  species  of  deer  ; roebuck  ; Capreolus  dor- 
cas.  — See  Roebuck.  1 Chron.  xii.  18. 

ROE  (ro),  n.  [Ger.  rogcn  ; Dan.  rogn,  raun.]  The 
seed  or  spawn  of  osseous  fishes.  Brande. 

B£jp“  The  lobes  in  the  female,  called  hard  roe,  con- 
tain a very  large  number  of  roundish  grains,  called 
ova  or  eggs,  which  are  enclosed  in  a delicate,  mem- 
branous tunic  or  bag,  reaching  to  the  side  of  the  anal 
aperture,  where  an  elongated  fissure  permits  egress  at 
the  proper  time.  In  tile  male,  the  lobes  of  roe  are 
smaller  than  in  the  female,  and  have  the  appearance 
of  two  elongate  masses  of  fat,  which  are  called  soft 
roe.”  Eng.  Cyc. 

ROE' BUCK,  n.  [Dut.  ree- 
bok;  Ger .rehboek;  Dan. 
raabuk  ; Sw.  rabock.  — 

See  Roe.]  {Zoul.)  A 
small  species  of  deer, 
having  erect,  round 
horns,  divided  into  three 
branches  above,  the  low- 
er part  being  deeply  fur- 
rowed longitudinally ; the 
roe  ; Capreolus  dorcas  of 
Gesncr,  or  Cervus  capreo- 
lus of  Linnaeus.  Eng.  Cyc. 

ROED  (rod),  a.  Impregnated  with  roe.  Pennant. 

ROE'STONE,  n.  {Min.)  A carbonate  of  lime 
consisting  of  minute  spherical  grains  resem- 
bling the  roe  of  a fish  ; oolite.  Brande. 

RO-GA'TION,  ii.  [L.  roqatio  ; rogo,  rogatus,  to 
ask,  to  s'upplicate ; Fr.  rogation.]  {Ercl.)  A 
public  supplication  ; a litany.  Hooker. 

Rogation-week,  the  second  week  before  Whitsun- 
day, in  which  are  the  three  rogation-days,  Monday, 
Tuesday,  and  Wednesday,  next  before  Ascension-day, 
or  Holy  Thursday. 

tll%5E'Rl-AN,  it.  A name  for  a wig.  Bp.  Hall. 

ROGUE  (rog),  n.  [Of  doubtful  origin.  — Skinner 
and  Junius  mention,  among  others  that  have 
been  suggested,  A.  S.  wrcgan  (Dut.  wroegen, 
Ger.  rligen),  to  accuse.  — Tooke  considers  it  the 
past  tense  and  past  participle  of  A.  S.  wrigan,  to 
cover,  to  cloak.  — Some  derive  it  from  Fr.  rogue, 
arrogant,  proud.  — Todd  derives  it  from  Dut. 
pragchen,  to  go  a begging,  whence  prog,  proquc. 
— A.  S.  earg,  idle,  weak,  timid;  Dut.  <S,  Ger. 
arg,  bad,  mischievous,  roguish  ; Sw.  arg,  angry, 
vehement.  — Gael,  rogair,  a rogue,  a knave.] 


1.  {Eng.  Criminal  Law.)  A sturdy  beggar ; a 

vagrant ; a vagabond.  Blackstone. 

The  sheriff  nnd  the  marshal  may  do  the  more  good,  and 
more  terrify  the  idle  rogue.  Spenser. 

2.  A dishonest  person  ; a knave  ; a villain. 

The  rogue  and  fool  by  fits  is  fair  and  wise.  Pope. 

3.  A playful  knave  ; an  arch  fellow ; a wag. 

The  satirical  rogue  says  here,  that  old  men  have  grav 

beards.  Shak. 

4.  A term  of  bantering  or  tenderness. 

Alas,  poor  roguel  I think  indeed  she  loves.  Shale. 

f ROGUE  (log),  v.  n.  1.  To  act  the  vagabond  ; to 
wander  about,  as  a vagrant.  Spenser. 

2.  To  act  the  rogue  or  knave.  Beau.  $ FI. 

ROG'U£R-Y  (rog’er-e),  n.  1.  The  life  or  employ- 
ment of  a vagrant,  [r.]  Donne. 

2.  Knavish  tricks ; dishonest  practices ; fraud ; 

villany.  “ Thievery  and  roguery.”  Spenser. 

3.  Arch  tricks ; waggery.  Life  of  A.  Wood. 

ROGUE'SIIIP  (rol'shlp),  n.  The  qualities  or  per- 
sonage of  a rogue.  Dryden. 

ROGUE’S-YARN,  n.  Yarn  of  a different  twist 
and  color,  inserted  in  the  cordage  of  the  British 
navy,  to  identify  it  if  stolen.  Brande. 

ROGU'ISH  (rdg'jsh),  a.  1.  Vagrant,  [r.]  Spenser. 

2.  Pertaining  to,  or  like,  a rogue  or  knave ; 

knavish  ; dishonest ; fraudulent.  Swift. 

3.  Arch  ; wanton  ; waggish  ; mischievous. 

Timothy  used  to  be  playing  roguish  tricks.  Arbuthnot. 

ROGU'ISH-LY  (rog'jsh-le),  ad.  Like  a rogue  ; 
knavishly ; wantonly.  Grainger. 

ROGU'JSII-NESS  (rog'jsh-nijs),  n.  The  state  or  the 
quality  of  a rogue.  Johnson. 

f ROGU'y  (rSg'e),  a.  Roguish  ; wanton.  Marston. 

ROIL,  v.  a.  [Old  En&.  reile,  roile,  to  roll.]  [i. 

ROILED  ; pp.  ROILING,  ROILED.] 

1.  To  render  turbid  by  stirring  up  the  sedi- 
ment of;  to  rile  ; as,  “ To  roil  water.” 

lie  loves  to  fish  in  roiled  waters.  Nath.  Ward. 

2.  To  make  angry  ; to  vex ; to  stir  up. 

That  his  friends  should  believe  it  was  what  roiled  him 
[Jeffreys]  exceedingly.  North. 

3.  To  perplex  : — to  fatigue.  Grose. 

It®”  This  word  is  provincial  in  England  and  collo- 
quial in  tile  United  States,  and  it  is  written  also  rile. 
— See  Rile. 

ROIL,  v.  n.  1.  fTo  stroll  about. 

Seneca’s  Ten  Tragedies , 1581. 

2.  To  romp.  [Local,  Eng.]  Wright. 

Rol'LY,  a.  Having  the  sediment  stirred  up  ; tur- 
bid ; rily.  [Colloquial.]  Clarke. 

t ROIN,  v.  a.  To  gnaw.  — See  Royne. 

f ROIN,  n.  A scab ; a scurf.  Chaucer. 

ROIN'ISH,  a.  Scurvy  ; mean.  — See  Roynish. 

ROINT,  interj.  Be  gone.  — See  Aroyxt. 

t ROIST,  v.  n.  To  bluster  ; to  roister.  Sliak. 

ROIS'TIJR,  v.  n.  [Fr.  rustre,  a boor,  a clown.— 
Icel.  hrister,  a violent  man.  — More  probably 
from  A.  S.  hreasan  (Ger.  rauschen,  to  rustle; 
Icel.  hrasa),  to  rush.  Richardson .]  To  be  tur- 
bulent or  riotous  ; to  bluster  ; to  bully  ; to  swag- 
ger ; to  vapor ; to  swell,  [r.]  Swift. 

fROIS’TGR,  n.  A roisterer.  Abp.  Laud. 

ROIS'TIJR-JJR,  n.  A blustering,  turbulent  fellow  ; 
a bully  ; a swaggerer  ; a rioter.  Brockett. 

ROIS'TpR-LY,  a.  Turbulent ; violent.  Hacket. 

ROIS'TJSR-LY,  ad.  Turbulently.  [r.]  Wright. 

ROKE,  n.  1.  Reek  ; mist ; steam  ; — also  writ- 
ten roak,  rook,  and  rouk.  [Local,  Eng.]  Todd. 

2.  A vein  of  ore.  [North  of  Eng.]  Halliwell. 

ROKE'AGE,  n.  Indian  corn  parched,  pulverized, 
and  mixed  with  sugar  ; — also  written  yokeage. 
[Local.  U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

RO'KY,  a.  Abounding  in  roke  ; reeky;  misty; 
foggy;  damp.  [Local,  Eng.]  Rag. 

ROLE,  n.  [Fr.]  A part ; a dramatic  character. 

ROLL  (rol),  v.  a.  [It.  rotolare;  Sp.  rodar;  Fr. 
router.  — Dut.  <Sr  Ger.  rotten ; Dan.  rulle  ; Sw. 
nulla.  — Gael.  A Ir.  rol ; W.  rholio.  — From 
Low  L.  rotulo,  to  roll,  from  L.  rotiila.  dim.  of 
rota,  a wheel.  Menage.]  \_i.  rolled  ;pp.  roll- 
ing, ROLLED.] 

1.  To  cause  to  turn  circularly  on  a surface, 


as  a round  or  a spherical  body,  in  such  a man- 
ner, that  at  every  instant  the  portions  which 
have  been  in  contact,  of  the  surface  of  the  body 
turned,  and  of  that  on  which  it  moves,  are  ex- 
actly equal ; as,  “ To  roll  a wheel.” 

They  rolled  the  stone  from  the  well’s  mouth.  Gen.  xxix.  3. 

2.  To  turn  round  on  the  axis,  as  a wheel ; to 
cause  to  revolve  ; to  revolve. 

3.  To  move  in  a circular  direction. 

To  dress,  and  troll  the  tongue,  and  roll  the  eye.  Milton. 

4.  To  move  or  impel  with  undulations. 

Far  off  from  there,  u slow  and  silent  stream, 

Lethe,  the  river  of  oblivion,  rolls 

Her  watery  labyrinth.  Milton. 

5.  To  wrap  round,  as  any  thing  upon  itself ; 
as,  “ To  roll  a piece  of  parchment  or  paper.” 

The  heavens  shall  be  rolled  together  as  a scroll.  Isa.  xxxiv.  4. 

6.  To  involve  ; to  infold ; to  inwrap.  Wiseman. 

She  rolled  herself  into  a yellow  cloth  fourteen  braces  long. 

llackluyt. 

7.  To  form  into  a round  or  cylindrical  body 
by  rolling. 

Grind  red-lead,  or  any  other  color,  with  strong  wort,  and 
so  roll  them  up  into  long  rolls  like  pencils.  Peacham . 

8.  To  flatten,  press,  or  level  by  rolling  a cy- 
lindrical body  on  or  over;  as,  “To  roll  dough.” 

9.  To  turn  over  and  over,  as  in  the  mind  ; to 

meditate  upon;  to  revolve.  “ Rolling  resent- 
ments in  my  mind.”  [it.]  Swift. 

10.  To  cause  to  move  on  wheels  or  rollers ; 
to  wheel ; to  trundle  ; as,  “To  roll  a sofa.” 

11.  To  beat,  as  a drum,  with  strokes  so  rapid 

as  to  produce  a continued  sound.  Smart. 

ROLL,  v.  n.  1.  To  move  or  turn  circularly  on  a 
surface,  as  a round  or  a spherical  body ; to  be 
rolled.  — See  Roll,  v.  a.  No.  1. 

llnil.  niixt  with  fire,  must  rend  the  Egyptian  sky. 

And  wheel  on  the  earth,  devouring  where  it  rolls.  Milton . 

2.  To  turn  on  an  axis  ; to  revolve  ; to  rotate. 

3.  To  move  or  run  on  wheels  or  rollers.  “ The 

rolling  chair.”  Dryden. 

4.  To  perform  a periodical  revolution. 

When  thirty  rolling  years  have  run  their  race.  Dryden. 

5.  To  move  circularly.  Milton. 

You  are  fatal  then  when  your  eyes  roll  so.  Shak. 

6.  To  move  with  undulations,  as  water.  Pope. 

The  crisped  brooks 

Rolling  on  orient  pearl  and  sands  of  gold.  Milton. 

7.  To  fluctuate;  to  move  tumultuously. 

What  different  sorrows  did  within  thee  rolll  Prior. 

8.  To  rock  from  side  to  side,  as  a vessel  in  a 
heavy  sea  ; to  float  in  rough  water.  llackluyt. 

Twice  ten  tempestuous  nights  I rolled , resigned 

To  roaring  billows  and  the  warring  wind.  ' Pope. 

9.  To  wallow;  to  welter.  ‘’Rolling  in  brut- 
ish vices.”  Milton. 

10.  To  beat  a drum  with  strokes  so  rapid  as 

to  produce  a continued  sound.  Stocqueler. 

ROLL,  n.  [Gael.  St  Ir.  rol ; \V.  r/iol ; Arm.  roll, 
a roll,  a volume.  — Sp.  rollo;  Fr.  rouleau. — 
See  Roll,  v.  a.] 

1.  A document,  as  written  anciently  upon 
parchment,  bark,  &c.,  and  rolled  upon  itself ; a 
volume ; a scroll. 

Busy  angels  spread 

The  lasting  roll , recording  what  we  said.  Milton. 

2.  Parchment  on  which  is  written  the  records 
of  events,  or  of  any  public  body,  and  when 
completed  is  rolled  up  for  preservation.  Shak. 

The  ancient  public  records  of  Great  Britain  consist  of  a 
great  variety  of  rolls.  Burrill. 

3.  A chronicle  ; a record  ; history  ; annals. 

The  eye  of  time  beholds  no  name 

So  blest  us  thine  in  all  the  rolls  of  fume.  Rope. 

4.  A register  ; a catalogue ; a list ; a schedule. 

The  roll  nnd  list  of  that  nriny  doth  remain.  Davies. 

5.  [Fr.  role.]  +Part;  character;  office. 

In  human  society,  every  man  has  his  roll  and  station  as- 
signed him.  V Estrange. 

6.  The  act  of  rolling,  or  the  state  of  being 
rolled. 

7.  That  which  rolls  ; something  rolling.  “ A 

roll  of  periods.”  Thomson. 

8.  A mass  made  round  ; a ball  or  a cylinder. 

“ A circle  or  roll  of  wool.”  Mortimer. 

Large  rolls  of  fat  about  his  shoulders  clung.  Addison. 

9.  Any  fabric  rolled  up,  or  wound  into  a cy- 
lindrical form ; as,  “ A roll  of  paper.” 

10.  A cylinder  of  wood,  iron,  or  other  mate- 
rial, used  for  various  purposes  ; a roller. 

Where  land  is  cloddy,  nnd  a shower  of  rain  comes  that 
soaks  through,  use  a roll  to  break  the  clods.  Mortimer. 


Roebuck. 


M?EN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  ROLE.—  9,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  £,  |,  hard;  § as  z;  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


TOLLABLE 


1246 


RONDEAU 


11.  A small  loaf  of  bread  made  of  dough 

folded  or  rolled  together.  Merle. 

12.  ( Naut .)  The  rocking  of  a vessel  from  side 

to  side,  as  in  a heavy  sea.  lirande. 

13.  (Mil.)  The  uniform  beating  of  a drum 

with  strokes  so  rapid  as  to  produce  a continued 
sound.  Stocqueler. 

To  call  the  roll,  to  call  over  the  names  of  the  persons 
composing  any  organized  body  or  assembly,  in  order 
to  ascertain  if  any,  and  who,  are  absent.  — Muster  of 
the  rolls.  See  Master. 

ROLL'A-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  rolled.  Ash. 

ROLLER,  n.  1.  One  who,  or  that  which,  rolls. 

2.  A cylinder  of  wood,  metal,  or  other  ma- 
terial, used  for  various  purposes,  as  for  level- 
ling walks,  for  spreading  dough,  placing  under 
heavy  moving  bodies  to  diminish  friction,  &c. 

A velvet  lawn,  shaven  by  the  scythe  and  levelled  by  the 
roller.  Johnson. 

3.  (Sarg.)  A bandage  in  the  form  of  a roll;  a 

fillet.  _ Sharp. 

4.  (Naut.)  A heavy  wave  setting  in  upon  a 

coast,  without  wind.  Braiulc. 

5.  (Prititing.)  A wooden  cylinder  covered 

with  a composition  of  glue  and  molasses ; — 
used  for  inking  tjie  face  of  types.  Marsh. 

ROLI/fR,  ».  [Fr.  rollicr.]  (Ornith.)  A bird  of 
the  order  Passeres,  family  Corctciadce,  and  sub- 
family Coraciance.  — See  Coracianje.  Gray. 

ROL'LIO,  V.  H.  [t.  ROLLICKED;  pp.  ROLLICK- 
ING, rollicked.]  To  roll  or  romp  about  reck- 
lessly ; to  frolic.  [Low.]  Gent.  Mag. 

ROL'LlCK-rNG,  p.  a.  Frolicking  ; frolicsome  ; 

swaggering.  Roget. 

ROLL'jNG,  p.  a.  1.  That  rolls  ; revolving. 

2.  Undulating ; varied  by  small  hills  and  val- 
leys. “ Rolling  prairies.”  [U.  S.]  Judge  Hall. 

Rollins!  friction,  the  resistance  which  a rolling  body 
meets  with  from  the  surface  on  which  it  rolls.  — Roll- 
«« o-  tackle,  (Naut.)  a tackle  used  for  steadying  the 
yards  in  a heavy  sea.  Dana. 

ROLL'ING,  ?t.  The  act  of  one  who,  or  of  that 
which,  rolls  ; circular  motion.  Branch. 

ROLL'ING-MILL,  n.  A mill  for  rolling  iron  and 
other  metals  into  plates  or  sheets.  Ure. 

ROLL'ING— PIN,  n.  A cylinder  of  wood  for  roll- 
ing or  spreading  out  dough  or  paste.  Wiseman. 

ROLL'ING-PRESS,  n.  A press  or  machine  con- 
sisting of  two  or  more  rollers  or  cylinders  re- 
volving very  nearly  in  contact  with  each  other, 
used  for  taking  impressions  from  plates,  or  for 
rolling  iron  or  other  metal  into  plates,  or  for 
other  purposes.  Massey.  Ure. 

ROLL'y-POOL-y,  n.  [From  roll  ball  into  the 
pool.  Johnson .]  An  old  game,  in  which,  when  a 
ball  rolls  into  a certain  place,  it  wins.  Arbuthnot. 

k6m'A9E,  n.  Tumult.  — See  Rummage.  Shah. 

RO-MA'JC,  n‘.  The  modern  Greek  language. 

RO-MA'JC,  a.  Pertaining  to  modern  Greece,  or 
to  the  modern  Greek  language.  P.  Cyc. 

RO'MAL,  n.  An  E.  Indian  silk  fabric.  Simmonds. 

RO'MAN,  a.  [L.  Romanics  ; Roma,  Rome  ; It.  S; 
Sp.  Romano  ; Fr.  Romain.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  Rome,  or  to  the  Romans. 

2.  Pertaining  to,  or  professing,  the  Roman 
Catholic  religion  ; Roman  Catholic.  Burnet. 

3.  Noting  the  common,  upright  printing-let- 
ter ; not  Italic. 

Roman  alum,  a kind  of  alum  obtained  from  volcanic 
rocks  near  Naples.  Braude.  — Roman  balance,  the 
steelyard.  Simmonds.  — Roman  candle,  a firework,  in 
the  form  of  a candle,  which  throws  out  bright  stars 

in  succession.  Ure Roman  cement.  See  Cement. 

— Roman  law.  See  LAW'.  — Roman  ochre,  a rich,  or- 
ange-yellow, transparent,  and  durable  pigment,  used 
in  oil  and  water-color  painting;  Italian  earth.  Fair- 
holt. 

RO'MAN,  n.  1.  A native  or  a citizen  of  Rome. 

2.  One  of  the  Christian  church  at  Rome, 

to  whom  St.  Paul  addressed  an  epistle.  “ The 
Epistle  to  the  Bomans."  Locke. 

3.  A Roman  Catholic.  Lightfoot. 

RO'MAN— CATH'O-LIC,  a.  Noting,  pertaining,  or 

adhering,  to  that  church  which  regards  the 
pope  of  Rome  as  its  spiritual  head.  Ch.  Ob. 

RO'MAN—  CATH'O-LIC,  v.  One  who  adheres  to 
the  Roman  Catholic  religion.  Branch. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  O 


RO-MANCE',  n.  [It.  romanzo,  romanza  ; Sp.  ro- 
mance ; Fr.  roman  ; romance,  a ballad.] 

1.  A work  of  fiction,  in  prose  or  verse,  con- 
taining a relation  of  a series  of  adventures, 
usually  of  love  or  war,  either  marvellous  or 
probable  ; a novel ; — so  called  because  this 
species  of  composition  was  first  written  in  the 
Romance  language. 

The  earliest  modern  romances  were  collections  of  chival- 
rous adventures,  chietiy  founded  on  the  lives  and  achieve- 
ments of  the  warlike  adherents  of  two  sovereigns,  one  of 
whom,  perhaps,  had  only  a fabulous  existence,  while  the  an- 
nals of  the  other  have  given  rise  to  a wonderful  series  of  fa- 
bles, — Arthur  and  Charlemagne.  Braude.. 

2.  Any  wild,  extravagant  story,  or  invention 
of  the  imagination  ; a fiction  ; a falsehood. 

A staple  of  romance  and  lies. 

False  tears  and  real  peijuries.  Prior. 

3.  (Mus.)  A small  song-like  piece  of  vocal  or 

instrumental  music  somewhat  in  the  character 
of  a ballad  ; a romanza.  Warner. 

Syn.  — See  Novel. 

RO-MANCE',  v.  n.  [i.  romanced;  pp.  roman- 
cing, romanced.]  To  forge  or  tell  wild,  ex- 
travagant stories.  S.  Richardson. 

RO-MANCE',  n.  [Sp.  romance,  — in  allusion  to 
its  derivation  from  the  Roman  or  Latin  lan- 
guage ; Fr.  roman.\  The  language  which  was 
formed  from  a corruption  of  the  Latin,  and 
which  was  spoken  and  written  in  the  south  of 
France  and  in  Spain  from  the  tenth  century  to 
the  end  of  the  thirteenth.  Fleming. 

RO-MANCE',  a.  Noting,  or  pertaining  to,  the 
language  called  Romance. 

,8®=-“  The  Latin  tongue,  as  is  observed  by  an  in- 
genious writer  [VVarton],  ceased  to  be  spoken  in 
France  about  the  ninth  century,  and  was  succeeded 
by  what  was  called  the  romance  tongue,  a mixture  of 
the  language  of  the  Franks  and  bad  Latin.  As  the 
songs  of  chivalry  became  the  most  popular  composi- 
tions in  that  language,  they  were  emphatically  called 
romans  or  romants.”  Percy. 

RO-mAN9'F,R,».  1.  A writer  of  romances.  Warton. 

2.  A forger  of  fictitious  stories.  Tate. 

RO-mAN'CIST,  n.  A romancer.  Month.  Rev. 

f RO-MAN'CY,  a.  Romantic.  Life  of  A.  Wood. 

RO-MAN-ESK',  a.  & n.  See  Romanesque.  Mitford. 

RO-MAN-ESQUE',  a.  [Fr.]  Pertaining  to  romance ; 
noting  the  language  or  the  style  of  architecture 
or  of  pictorial  ornament  called  Romanesque. 

RO-MAN-ESaUE'  (ro-m?n-esk'),  n.  1.  (Lit.)  The 
common  dialect  of  Languedoc,  and  some  other 
districts  in  the  south  of  France,  being  a rem- 
nant of  the  old  Romance  language.  Brande. 

2.  (Arch.)  The  debased  style  of  architecture 
adopted  in  the  later  Roman  empire.  Fairholt. 

3.  (Paint.)  A fantastic  style  of  ornament  in 
which  animals  and  foliage  are  represented. 

RO-MAN'IC,  a.  Relating  to  Rome  or  to  the  Ro- 
mans ; Roman.  Ency. 

RO'MAN-ISH,  a.  Roman  Catholic.  Ch.  Ob. 

RO'MAN-I^M,  n.  The  tenets  of  the  Roman  Cath- 
olics ; the  Roman  Catholic  religion.  Brevint. 

RO'MAN-IST,  n.  A Roman  Catholic.  Bp.  Hall. 

RO'MAN-IST,  a.  Roman  Catholic.  Kay. 

ItO'M AN-IZE,  v.  a.  [i.  Romanized  ; pp.  Roman- 
izing, Romanized.] 

1.  To  fill  with  Roman  or  Latin  words  or  idi- 
oms ; to  Latinize. 

lie  [Ben  Jonson]  did  too  much  Romanize  our  tongue.  Dryden. 

2.  To  convert  to  Romanism,  or  the  Roman 

Catholic  religion.  White. 

RO'MAN-IZE,  v.  n.  1.  To  use  Latin  words,  or 
follow  Latin  idioms.  Milton. 

2.  To  follow  Roman  Catholic  opinions  or  cus- 
toms. Lightfoot. 

RO-mAnsCH',  n.  An  Italian  dialect  of  very  an- 
cient formation,  spoken  in  the  Grisons  of  Swit- 
zerland ; Rumonsch.  Smart. 

f RO-MANT',  n.  A romantic  ballad  ; a romaunt. 

Drayton. 

RO-mAn'TIC,  a.  [From  romance .] 

1.  Pertaining  to,  or  resembling,  romance  ; 
extravagant ; wild  ; fanciful ; fantastic. 

The  epithet  romantic  is  always  understood  to  deny  sound 
reason  to  whatever  it  is  fixed  upon.  John  Foster. 

Philosophers  have  maintained  opinions  more  absurd  than 
any  of  the  most  fabulous  poets  or  romantic  writers.  Kell. 

A romantic  scheme  is  one  which  is  wild,  impracticable,  and 
yet  contains  something  which  captivates  the  young.  Whately. 


i,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  1,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE, 


2.  Improbable  ; fictitious  ; false.  Scott. 

3.  Full  of  mild  or  fantastic  scenery.  Thomson. 

RO-MAN'TI-CAL,  a.  Romantic,  [it.]  Cudicorth. 

RO-MAn'TI-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a romantic  manner; 
wildly  ; extravagantly  ; fancifully.  Pope. 

RO-MAN'TI-C[§M,  n.  Romantic  or  fantastic  .no- 
tions or  feelings  ; a fantastic  production. 

Ittl  ■ “ The  term  romanticism  (an  offshoot  of  roman- 
tic) is  of  recent  invention,  and  is  applied  chiefiy  to 
the  fantastic  and  unnatural  productions  of  the  modern 
French  school  of  novelists,  at  the  head  of  which  are 
Victor  Hugo,  Balzac,  ‘ George  Sand,’  &c.,  and  their 
imitators  in  France  and  in  other  countries.”  Braude. 

RO-MAN'TI-CIST,  n.  One  imbued  with  romanti- 
cism. Qu.  Rev. 

RO-MAN'TIC-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality 
of  being  romantic.  Johnson. 

RO-MAN' ZJl,  n.  [It.]  (Mus.)  A romance. 

RO-mAn'ZOV-ITE,  n.  (Min.)  A brownish  varie- 
ty of  garnet ; — named  from  Romanzoff.  Dana. 

t RO-mAUNT',  n.  [Old  Fr.]  A romantic  ballad  ; 
a romance.  “ Romaunt  of  the  Rose.”  Chaucer. 

ROM-BOW'LINE,  n.  (Naut.)  Condemned  canvas, 
rope,  &c.  Dana. 

ROME  [rom,  Sm. ; rom  or  rom,  F. ; rom,  W.  P.  Ji], 
n.  [Gr. 'Popa;  L.,  It.,  <Sr  Sp.  Roma  ; Fr.  Rome.\ 
The  capital  city  of  ancient  Italy  and  the  west- 
ern empire,  now  the  seat  of  the  pope  or  spirit- 
ual head  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church. 

R3F  “ The  o in  this  word,”  says  Walker,  “ seems 
irrevocably  fixed  in  the  English  sound  of  that  letter 
in  move ” ; but  Smart  calls  it  the  “old  pronunciation, 
which  modern  practice  has  discontinued.” 

RO'Mp-lNE,  n.  (Min.)  A mineral  occurring  in 
octahedrons,  and  consisting  chiefly  of  antimony, 
oxygen,  and  lime,  or  antimonious  and  antimo- 
nic  acids  and  lime;  — named  from  Rome  de 
V Isle.  Dana. 

f ROME'KIN,  n.  A kind  of  drinking-cup. Davcnant. 

ROME—  PEN-NY,  > n An  annua]  tribute  of  one 

ROME'— SCOT,  ^ penny  from  every  family  in 

England,  formerly  paid  to  the  Church  of  Rome 
at  the  feast  of  St.  Peter ; Peter-pence.  Milton. 

ROME'— SHOT,  n.  Rome-scot.  C.  Richardson. 

ROM'JSH,  o.  1.  Roman.  “A  Romish  stew.”  Shah. 

A Romish  cirque  or  Grecian  hippodrome.  Glapthornc. 

2.  Roman  Catholic  ; papal ; popish ; Roman- 
isli.  “ The  Romish  Church.”  Ayliffe. 

ROM'IST,  n.  A Roman  Catholic  ; Romanist. South . 

ROMP,  n.  [A.  S.  rempend,  rampant.  — See  Ramp.] 

1.  A rude  girl,  fond  of  boisterous  play. 

She  was  in  the  due  mean  between  one  of  your  affected 
courtesying  pieces  of  formality  and  your  romps  that  have  no 
regard  to  the  common  rules  of  civility.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  Rude  play.  “ Romp-loving  miss.”  Thomson. 

ROMP,  v.n.  [i.  homped  ; pp.  noMriNG,  romped.] 
To  play  rudely  and  boisterously.  “You  can 
laugh  . . . and  romp  in  full  security.”  Swift. 

ROM-PEE',  a.  [L.  rumpo,  to  break.]  (Her.)  Not- 
ing an  ordinary  which  is  broken  ; or  a chevron- 
head,  a bend,  or  the  like,  whose  upper  parts  are 
cut  off;  rompu;  fracted.  Wright. 

ROMP'ING,  n.  Rude,  noisy  play.  Maunder. 

ROMP'ISH,  a.  Inclined  to  rude  or  rough  play.  Ash. 

ROMP'ISH-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  a romp;  dis- 
position to  rude  sport.  Spectator. 

ROM-PU',  a.  (Her.)  See  Rompee.  Wright. 

f RON- D Aril  E ' , n.  [Fr.]  A circular  shield,  car- 
ried by  foot  soldiers  to  protect  the  upper  part 
of  the  person,  which  it  entirely  covered.  It  had 
a slit  in  the  upper  part  for  seeing  through,  and 
one  at  the  side  for  the  point  of  the  sword  to 
pass  through.  Faijjfiolt. 

RON-DEBU'  (ion-do'),  n. ; pi.  Fr.  'rondeaux-, 
Eng.  rondeaus  (ron-doz').  [Fr.] 

1.  (French  Pros.)  A little  poem  of  thirteen 

verses,  of  which  eight  have  one  rhyme,  and  five 
another.  It  is  divided  into  three  couplets,  and 
at  the  end  of  the  second  and  third,  the  begin- 
ning of  the  rondeau  is  repeated  in  an  equivocal 
sense,  if  possible.  Trevoux. 

2.  (Mus.)  A composition,  vocal  or  instru- 
mental, generally  consisting  of  three  strains, 
the  first  of  which  closes  in  the  original  key. 


FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


RONDEL 


1247 


ROOT 


while  each  of  the  others  is  so  modulated  as  to 
reconduct  the  ear,  in  an  easy  and  natural  man- 
ner, to  the  first  strain.  Moore. 

RON'D^L,  n.  {Fort.)  A small,  round  tower,  erect- 
ed, in  some  particular  cases,  at  the  foot  of  the 
bastion.  Brande. 


f RON'DLE,  n.  [Fr.  rondellc.]  A round  mass. 
“ Certain  rondtes  given  in  arms.”  Peacham. 

RON'DO,  n.  [It.]  {Mus.)  A rondeau.  P.  Cyc. 

fRON'DURE,  «.  [Fr.  rondeur.)  A round.  Shak. 

f RflNG,  i.  & p.  from  ring.  Now  rung.  Chaucer. 

RON'ION,  or  RON'YON  (run'yu n),.n.  [Fr.  rogneux, 
itchy,  mangy ; rogne,  itch,  scab.]  A mangy, 
scabby  animal  or  person  : — a fat  woman. 

Aroint  thee,  witch,  the  rump-fed  ronyon  cries.  Shak. 

t RONT,  n.  A stunted  animal ; a runt.  Spenser. 

ROOD,  n.  [Dut.  roede.  — See  Rod.] 

1.  The  fourth  part  of  an  acre ; forty  square 
rods  or  poles. 

A time  there  was,  ere  England’s  griefs  began, 

When  every  rood  of  ground  maintained  its  man.  Goldsmith. 

2.  A perch,  rod,  or  pole.  [Obs.  or  local.] 

Mortimer. 

ROOD,  n.  [A.  S.  rod ; Frs.  rode ; Icel.  rodu- 
/crass.]  A representation  of  the  crucified  Sav- 
iour, or  of  the  Trinity,  placed  in  Roman  Cath- 
olic churches  over  the  altar-screen.  Fairholt. 

“ Generally  figures  of  the  Holy  Virgin  and  St. 
John  were  placed  at  a slight  distance  on  each  side  this 
principal  group,  in  allusion  to  John  xix.  26.”  Fairholt. 

ROOD'— BEAM,  n.  A beam  across  the  chancel, 
bearing  the  rood.  Fairholt. 

ROOD'LOFT,  n.  (Arch.)  A gallery  in  a church, 
containing  the  rood  and  its  appendages.  Britton. 

ROOD'— SCREEN,  n.  ( Roman  Cath.  Church.) 
The  altar  screen,  above  which  the  rood  was 
placed.  Fairholt. 

-ST^E-PLE,  £ n • (Arch.)  A tower  or  stee- 

ROOD'— TOW'lJR,  ) pie  at  the  intersection  of 

the  nave  and  transept  of  a church.  Weale. 

+ ROOD'— TREE,  n.  The  cross.  Gower. 

ROOD'Y,  a.  Luxuriant  in  growth.  [North  of 
Eng.]  Wright. 

ROOF,  n.  [A.  S.  hrof  rof ; Frs. 
rof,  a roof.  — Tooke  derives  from 
A.  S.  hrafnen,  to  support ; Min- 
sheu,  Junius,  and  Skinner,  from 
Gr.  opo<po $.] 

1.  (Arch.)  The  cover  or  upper 
part  of  a building. 


IIow  reverend  is  the  face  of  this  tall  pile, 

Whose  ancient  pillars  rear  their  marble  heads 
To  bear  aloft  its  arched  and  ponderous  roof ! Congreve. 
fiZif  A roof  consists  mainly  of  two  parts,  viz.,  the 
framing,  or  trussing,  and  the  covering  of  shingles, 
si  ttes,  tiles,  thatch,  lead,  or  other  materials.  In  the 
East,  and  in  warm  climates,  roofs  are  commonly 
made  Hat  on  the  top,  while  in  temperate  regions,  ex- 
posed to  rains,  they  are  usually  ridged  or  inclined,  to 
facilitate  the  escape  of  water.  Roofs  — ■ 

are  distinguished  by  their  form  and 
mode  of  construction,  of  which  there 
is  great  variety,  as  shed,  curb,  hip, 
gable,  and  ogee  roofs.  — See  Curb- 
ROOF.  Ogee  roof. 

In  the  first  two  cuts,  which  represent  two  kinds  of 
=ri  framing  in  roofs,  A is 


^ the  king-post;  B B J ve 
are  the  queen-posts  ; ] 

C C C C,  the  braces  ; | 

s-  D D.  the  tie-beams  7—^- 

French  roof.  E E E E,  the  principal 
rafters ; F F is  the 


Gable  roof. 


ridge-piece  ; GGGG  are  purlins,  or  pieces  of  timber 
running  lengthwise 
along  the  roof ; J J J J, 

| common  rafters  ; K K 
K K,  the  pole-plates  ; 
h L L,  the  wall-plates, 
lip  roof.  on  which  the  ends  of 
the  tie-beams  rest. 


Curb  roof. 


2.  A house.  “ Within  your  roof.”  Chapmdn. 

3.  The  upper  part  or  covering  of  any  vault. 

“The  roof  of  heaven.”  Shak. 

4.  The  upper  part  of  the  mouth;  the  palate. 

Swearing  till  my  very  roof  was  dry 

With  oaths  of  love.  Shak. 


5.  (Mining.)  The  stratum  overlying  the  coal : 
— the  hanging  part  or  wall  of  metalliferous 
lodes.  Ansted. 

Roof  of  the  mouth,  the  palate.  — See  Palate. 
R6oF,  V.  a.  [t.  ROOFED  ; pp.  ROOFING,  ROOFED.] 


1.  To  cover  with  a roof.  Creech. 

2.  To  enclose  in  a house  ; to  shelter. 

Here  had  we  now  our  country’s  honor  roofed , 

Were  the  graced  person  of  our  Banquo  present.  Shak. 


ROOF'plt,  n.  One  who  roofs  or  makes  roofs. 

ROOF'ING,  n.  A roof,  or  the  materials  for  a roof. 

ROOF'LRSS,  a.  1.  Destitute  of  a roof. 

2.  Wanting  shelter;  houseless;  homeless. 
“ Their  roofless  heads.”  Hughes. 

ROOF'LgT,  n.  A small  roof  or  covering.  Loudon. 

ROOF'— TREE,  n.  Timber  for  a roof.  Simmonds. 

ROOF'Y,  a.  Having  a roof  or  roofs.  Dryden. 

||  ROOK  (ruk,  51)  [rok,  S. 

IK.  P.  E.  Ja.  K.  C. 
ruk,  J.  F.  Sm.  Wb.],  n. 

[A.  S.  liroc ; Frs.  rock ; 

South  Ger.  ruch,  and,  in 
some  parts,  rak ; Sw. 
roka.  — Skinner  derives 
it  from  the  L.  raucus, 
hoarse.  Serenius  pro- 
nounces it  formed  from 
the  sound.] 

1.  ( Ornith .)  A bird  of  Kook- 

the  genus  CoYvus,  allied  to  the  crow ; Corvus 
frugiligus. 


tf3p-  Rooks  are  readily  distinguished  from  the  other 
species  of  the  crow  family  by  their  habit  of  constantly 
living  in  Hocks  together  at  all  seasons  of  the  year, 
and  appearing  to  prefer  situations  in  tile  immediate 
vicinity  of  tile  abodes  of  man.  Their  food  consists  of 
insects  and  grain.  Yarrell. 


2.  A trickish,  rapacious  fellow  ; a cheat.  “ An 
old  rook  . . . ruined  by  gaming.”  Wycherley. 

||  ROOK,  n.  [It.  rocco  ; Sp.  roque, — from  Per. 
rohk,  a camel  bearing  archers.  Diez.  — “ Sansc. 
rat'll,  an  armed  chariot,  which  the  Bengalese 
pronounced  rot'll,  and  which  the  Persians 
changed  into  rokh."  Sir  Wm.  Jones.)  (Chess.) 
One  of  the  four  pieces  placed  on  the  corner 
squares  of  the  board  ; a castle. 

map  Unless  prevented  by  some  other  piece,  the  rook 
moves  backwards  or  forwards,  to  the  right  or  the  left, 
over  the  whole  extent  of  the  board,  in  lines  parallel 
to  its  sides.  Agnel. 


II  ROOK,  V.  n.  \i.  ROOKED  ; pp.  ROOKING,  ROOKED.] 
[From  rook,  the  bird.  Johnson.  — A.  S.  wrigan, 
to  cover.  Richardson .) 

1.  To  rob ; to  cheat.  Locke. 

2.  To  lie  covered  or  close  ; to  squat;  to  cow- 
er ; to  ruck.  Todd. 


5.  An  interior  division  of  a house  or  ship, 
separated  from  the  remainder  by  walls  or  parti- 
tions ; an  apartment,  as  a chamber,  a parlor,  a 
cabin. 

Who  sweeps  a room  as  for  thy  laws 

Makes  that  and  the  action  tine.  Herbert . 

6.  f A particular  place  or  seat ; a station. 

They  love  the  uppermost  rooms  at  feasts.  Matt,  xxiii.  G. 

7.  t A box  in  a theatre.  Hares. 

8.  f Office.  “His  high  room  of  chancellor- 
ship.” Cavendish. 

9.  A fishing  station  in  the  British  North 

American  provinces.  Simmonds. 

Syn.  — See  Parlor,  Space. 

Lloyd’s  rooms,  a part  of  the  Royal  Exchange  in  Lon- 
don, occupied  by  tile  Society  of  Underwriters,  the 
oldest  and  largest  establishment  for  marine  insurance 
in  the  world  ; — so  called  from  the  fact  that  after  the 
great  fire  in  London  which  destroyed  the  Exchange, 
tile  Society  for  a long  time  occupied  Lloyd’s  Cotfee- 
House.  Tallis. 

ROOM,  n.  A valuable  deep-blue  dye,  obtained 
from  Assam,  from  a species  of  Ruellia.  Lindley. 

ROOM,  v.  n.  To  occupy  a room  ; to  lodge.  Bowen. 

Ugp  Often  used  at  American  colleges. 

ROOM'AGE,  n.  Space  ; place ; room.  “ The 
roomage  of  her  hold.”  Whittier. 

fROOM'JJR,  ad.  Farther  off.  Hackluyt. 

f ROOM'FUL,  a.  Having  much  room.  “ A room- 
ful house.”  Donne. 

ROOM'FUL,  n ; pi.  roomfuls.  As  much,  or  as 
many,  as  a room  will  hold. 

Whore  it  is  a man’s  business  to  entertain  a whole  roomful , 
it  is  unmannerly  to  apply  himself  to  a particular  person. Swift. 

ROOM'I-LY,  ad.  Spaciously.  Clarke. 

ROOM'I-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  roomy. 

ROOM'LIJSS,  a.  Having  no  room.  TJdaL 

ROOM'— PA-P1JR,  n.  Paper  for  covering  the  walls 
of  rooms  ; paper-hangings.  Simmonds. 

t ROOM'SOME,  a.  Spacious;  roomy.  Warner. 

fROOMTH,  n.  1.  Space  ; place  ; room.  Drayton. 

2.  Roominess  ; spaciousness.  Mir.  for  Mag. 

fROOMTH'Y,  a.  Spacious  ; roomy.  Fuller. 

ROOM'Y,  a.  Having  room  ; spacious  ; capacious; 
ample;  wide;  large.  “ Roomy  decks.”  Dryden. 

ROOP,  n.  [Icel.  hroop.)  A hoarseness.  [Local, 
Eng.]  Written  also  roup.  Ray. 


||  ROOK,  v.  a.  1.  To  cheat;  to  plunder  by  cheat- 
ing. 

He  [Sir  J.  Denham]  was  much  rooked  by  gamesters.  Aubrey. 

2.  To  cause  to  lie  close  ; to  shelter. 

The  raven  rooked  her  on  the  chimney’s  top.  Shak. 

3.  To  move,  as  the  rook  in  chess.  Jew. 

||  ROOK'ER-Y,  n.  1.  A collection  of  rooks’  nests, 

usually  placed  thickly  together  in  the  tops  of 
tall  trees,  sometimes  to  the  number  of  seven  or 
eight  nests  on  the  same  tree.  Yarrell. 

2.  The  crowded  parts  of  a town  occupied  by 

the  poorer  classes.  Simmonds. 

3.  A nest  of  disreputable  houses.  Wright, 
map  The  name  is  appl  ied  by  sailors  to  rocks  and 

islets  frequented  by  sea-birds  for  laying  their  eggs,  and 
also  to  a resort  of  seals  for  breeding  purposes.  Sim- 
monds. 

||  ROOK'WORM  (-wurm),  n.  (. Ent .)  A species  of 
worm  or  insect.  Booth. 

||  ROOK'Y,  n.  Inhabited  by  rooks.  “ The  rooky 
wood.”  Shak. 

ROOM,  n.  [M.  Goth,  rumis;  A.  S.  rum-,  Dut. 
mini,  the  hold  of  a ship  ; ruimte,  room ; Old 
Ger.  roum ; Ger.  raum ; Dan.,  Icel.,  A Sw.  rum. 
— Gael.  A Ir.  rum.  — Polish  rum.—"  Related  to 
this  word  are  the  Gr.  words  jitipa,  an  interstice, 
jiv/xy,  the  street,  and  the  L.  rinia  [a  cleft],  the 
Heb.  0'!H,  elevation,  pi.  a raised 

place,  from  to  be  lifted  up.”  Bosioorth .] 

1.  Space ; extent  of  place,  great  or  small. 

Give  ample  room  and  verge  enough 

The  characters  of  hell  to  trace.  Gray. 

2.  Space  or  place  unoccupied. 

There  was  no  room  for  them  in  the  inn.  Luke  ii.  7. 

3.  Stead  ; place.  “ Arcbclaus  did  reign  . . . 
in  the  room  of  his  father,  Herod.”  Matt.  ii.  27. 

4.  Possible  admission;  chance;  opportunity. 

“ Room  for  such  an  alliance.”  Addison. 


ROO'SA— OIL,  n.  An  oil  distilled  from  the  leaves 
of  Andropagon  calamus  aromaticus  ; — called 
also  oil  of  Indian  grass.  Archer. 

tgp  Roosa-oil  1ms  a strong  rose  scent,  and  it  is 
used  for  adulterating  attar  of  roses,  and  in  India,  as 
a rubefacient  in  cases  of  rheumatism.  Archer. 

ROOST,  7i.  [A.  S.  hrost ; Dut.  roest .] 

1.  That  on  which  a bird  sits  to  sleep,  as  a 

pole  ; a perch.  Jewel. 

2.  An  assemblage  of  fowls  roosting  upon  the 

same  perch.  Wright. 

At  roost,  in  the  act  or  state  of  sleep  upon  a roost. 

ROOST,  v.  n.  [Dut.  rocsten.)  [i.  roosted  ; pp. 
ROOSTING,  ROOSTED.] 

1.  To  sit  or  sleep  upon  a roost  or  perch,  as  a 

bird  ; to  perch.  L' Estrange. 

2.  To  lodge.  [Burlesque.]  Johnson. 

ROOST'— COCK,  n.  The  common  cock.  Halliwell. 

ROOST'IJR,  n.  The  common  dunghill  cock,  or 

male  of  the  domestic  fowl ; a roost-cock.  [U.  S.] 

A huge  turkey  gobbling  in  the  road,  a rooster  crowing  on 
the  fence,  and  du<d<s  quacking  in  the  ditches.  Judd. 

ROOST'ING,  n.  The  act  of  perching.  Drayton. 

ROOT  [rot,  S.  W.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm . ; rut, 
Wb.),  n.  [Dan.  rod-,  Sw.  rot.  — Gr.  [><i&i(,  a 
branch,  a rod  ; L.  radix,  a root ; It.  radice  ; Sp. 
raiz.  — The  Gr.  !>ah(,  L.  radix,  ramus,  a branch, 
belong  to  the  same  root  as  the  Gr.  (lapSSg,  from 
pane o>,  to  strike  ; also  Eng.  root,  and  Ger.  wur- 
zel.  Wm.  Smith.) 

X.  (Bot.)  The  descending  axis  of  a plant,  de- 
veloped from  the  radicle  of  the  embryo  con- 
tained in  the  seed,  and  having  for  its  function 
to  imbibe  nourishment  from  the  soil  or  whatever 
else  is  capable  of  furnishing  it.  Gray. 

Jigy-  The  root  is  one  of  the  three  essential  organs  of 
vegetation,  the  stem  and  the  leaves  being  the  other 
two.  It  is  distinguished  from  the  stem  by  its  irregu- 
lar ramifications,  the  absence,  in  most  cases,  of  buds. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE. — 9,  ?,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  j,  g,  hard;  $ as  z;  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


ROOT 


1248 


ROSE 


of  scales,  leaves,  and  other  appendages,  of  stomata, 
or  breathing  pores,  upon  the  epidermis,  and,  in  exo- 
gens, of  pith,  by  its  turning  from  the  light,  and  gen- 
erally by  its  burying  itself  in  the  earth.  Lindlcy. 

2.  The  esculent  portion  of  certain  plants,  as 
the  beet,  turnip,  parsnip,  &c. 

Can  you  eat  roots  and  drink  cold  water?  Shak. 

3.  The  bottom ; the  lower  part ; the  base  ; 
the  foot.  “ The  roots  of  the  mountains.”  Burnet. 

4.  Cause ; origin  ; source  ; occasion. 

The  love  of  money  is  the  root  of  all  evil.  1 Tim.  vi.  10. 

5.  The  first  ancestor  or  progenitor.  Bouvier. 

So  deep  a malice  to  confound  the  race 
Of  mankind  in  one  root.  Milton. 

6.  (Mils.)  The  fundamental  note  of  any  chord. 

Moore. 

7.  (Burg.)  The  prolongations  sent  by  scir- 

rhous, cancerous,  or  other  tumors  into  the 
neighboring  parts.  Dunglison. 

8.  ( Etymology .)  An  articulate  sound,  or  a 
combination  of  such  sounds,  expressing  or  re- 
ferring to  an  emotion,  imitation,  or  general 
conception,  and  serving,  directly  or  indirectly, 
as  a common  portion  to  words  in  one  or  more 
languages  having  relation  to  the  same  emotion, 
imitation,  or  conception.  Sir  J.  Stoddart. 

The  root  of  a word  must  consist  of  at  least  one  syllable. 

Stoddart. 

Aerial  roots , ( Bot .)  roots,  contributing  to  the  nour- 
ishment of  the  plant,  which  are  emitted  from  the  main 
trunk,  as  in  the  screw-pine,  or  from  the  branches,  as 
in  the  banyan,  and  then  «row  downwards,  and  estab- 
lish themselves  in  the  soil:  — roots  or  rootlets  emitted 
in  the  air,  as  of  the  ivy  and  other  climbing  woody 
vines,  which  serve  merely  for  mechanical  support, 
the  nourishment  of  the  plant  being  derived  from 
the  ordinary  roots  in  t lie  soil. — Primary  root , that 
portion  of  the  original  axis  which,  avoiding  the 
light,  grows  downward,  fixing  the  plant  to  the  soil, 
and  absorbing  nourishment  from  it. — Secondary  root, 
a root  springing  from  any  part  of  a growing  stein  that 
lies  on  the  ground  or  is  buried  beneath  its  surface,  and 
produced  by  most  creeping  plants  and  by  most  branches 
when  bent  to  the  ground  and  covered  with  earth. — 
Gray. — The  root  of  a nail , the  portion  hidden  under 
the  skin. — Root  of  a quantity , ( Arith . & Algebra.)  the 
quantity  which,  being  taken  as  a factor  a certain 
number  of  times,  will  produce  that  quantity.  — Root 
of  an  equation , (Algebra.)  any  quantity,  whether  real 
or  imaginary,  which,  being  substituted  for  the  un- 
known quantity,  will  satisfy  that  equation,  that  is, 
make  the  two  members  of  it  equal.  Davies.  — Square 
root  of  a quantity,  a quant  ity  which,  being  taken  twice 
as  factor,  will  produce  that  quantity.  —Jbu.be  root  of 
a quantity , a quantity  which,  being  taken  three  times 
is  a factor,  will  produce  that  quantity.  Davies. — 
The  root  of  a tooth,  the  fang,  or  that  part  contained 
in  the  alveolus  or  socket.  Dunglison. 

ROOT,  v.  n.  [i.  hooted  ; pp . rooting,  rooted.] 

1.  To  fix  the  root;  to  take  hold  by  the  root; 
to  strike  into  the  earth. 

The  colter  must  be  proportioned  to  the  soil,  because  in 
deep  grounds  the  weeds  root  the  deeper.  Mortimer. 

2.  To  become  fixed,  established,  or  confirmed. 

If  any  irregularity  chanced  to  intervene,  and  cause  misap- 
prehensions, he  gave  them  not  leave  to  root  and  fasten  by 
concealment.  Fell. 

3.  To  turn  up  earth  with  the  snout.  “ Root- 
ing swine.”  Browne. 

4.  To  seek  preferment  or  favor  by  flattery  or 

mean  arts.  Meailley. 

ROOT,  v.  a.  1.  To  fix  in  the  earth  by  the  roots. 
“ Rooted  trees.”  “ Rooted  forests.”  Drt/den. 

2 To  cause  to  sink  deep;  to  establish;  to 
confirm. 

Hannibal  . . . was  made  captain  of  Carthage  . . . for  the 
natural  hatred  that  was  known  to  be  rooted  in  him  against 
the  Romans,  even  from  his  very  childhood.  Golding. 

3.  To  fix  ; to  fasten  ; to  prevent  from  moving. 

Lampctia  would  have  helped  her,  but  she  found 

Herself  withheld,  and  rooted  to  the  ground.  Addison. 

4.  To  tear  from  the  ground  by  the  roots ; to 
eradicate  ; — with  up. 

Where  southern  storms  had  rooted  up  a tree.  Drydcn. 

5.  To  turn  up,  as  earth,  with  the  snout ; as, 

“ The  hog  roots  the  ground.”  Wright. 

6.  To  exterminate;  to  extirpate; — with  out 
or  up. 

Whom  I pray  the  ever-living  God,  if  it  be  his  holy  will, 
shortly  to  root  out  from  thence.  Hackluyt. 

ROOT'— BOUND,  a.  Fixed  to  the  earth  by  a root, 
or  as  by  a root.  Milton. 

ROOT— BUILT  (rotbilt),  a.  Built  of  roots.  “The 
root-built  cell.”  Shenstone. 

ROOT'— EAT-fR,  n.  (Zo'A.)  An  animal  that  eats 
roots.  Kirby. 


ROOT'^D,  p.  a.  1.  Fixed  by  the  roots.  ITammond. 

2.  Fixed  ; deep  ; radical ; confirmed. 

Pluck  from  the  memory  a rooted  sorrow.  Shak. 

ROOT'JJD-LY,  ad.  Deeply  ; strongly.  Shak. 

ROOT'^D-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  rooted.  Booth. 

RooT'EIt,  n.  One  who  roots.  South. 

ROOT'— HOUSE,  n.  1.  A house  built  of  roots. 

2.  A house  in  which  to  store  roots  for  feed- 
ing cattle  during  winter.  Wright. 

ROOT'JNG,  n.  1.  The  act  of  fixing  by  the  root. 

2.  The  act  of  eradicating;  eradication. 

3.  The  act  of  seeking  promotion  by  flattery  or 

mean  arts.  Meadley. 

ROOT'LgSS,  a.  Having  no  root.  Sir  T.  More. 

ROOT'LIJT,  n.  A small  root;  a fibre  of  a root. 

ROOT 'STOCK,  n.  (Bot.)  A prostrate,  thickened, 
rooting  stem,  which  yearly  produces  young 
branches  or  plants  ; a root-like  portion  of  a stem 
on  or  under  ground ; rhizoma.  Lindlcy.  Gray. 

ROOT'Y,  a.  Full  of,  or  having,  roots.  Chapman. 

RO-PAL'IC,  a.  [Gr.  ftorakiKd; ; [td-traXov,  a club.] 
Formed  like  a club,  [h.]  Smart. 

ROPE,  n.  [M.  Goth,  raips,  a band,  a ribbon  ; A.  S. 
rap,  a rope;  Dut.  reap ; Frs.  raap ; Ger.  reif\ 
Dan.  reb,  reel ; Icel.  reip,  reipi ; Sw.  ref,  rep.' — 
Gael.  A'  Ir.  rop.] 

1.  An  assemblage  of  several  strings  of  hemp, 
wire,  or  hide,  &c.,  twisted  together  by  means  of 
a wheel  so  as  to  form  a flexible  and  tenacious 
cord  or  band  ; a large  cord. 

j&EfThe  term  rope  is  usually  applied  to  all  cordage 
above  one  inch  in  circumference  made  of  hemp,  spun 
into  yarns  or  threads,  of  a certain  length  ; a number 
of  these  yarns  or  threads,  according  to  the  size  of  the 
rope,  are  twisted  together  into  a strand.  Three  of 
these  strands  twisted  or  laid  together  form  a hawser- 
laid  rope,  and  nine  of  them  a cable-laid  rope.  When 
tile  rope  is  made  very  thick,  it  is  called  a cable-,  and 
when  very  small,  a cord.  Tomlinson. 

2.  Any  row  of  things  depending.  “A  rope 

of  onions.”  Johnson. 

3.  The  intestines  of  birds.  “ The  ropes  of  a 

woodcock.”  Johnson. 

Rope  of  sand , a bond  destitute  of  all  strength.  Locke. 
— Upon  the  high  ropes,  elated  ; in  high  spirits.  “ He 
is  one  day  humble,  and  the  next  on  the  high  ropes.11 
Swift. 

ROPE,  v.  n.  [i.  roped  ; pp.  roping,  roped.]  To 
have  such  a state  or  consistency,  as  to  draw  out 
into  viscous  threads ; to  concrete  into  glutinous 
filaments. 

Viscous  bodies,  likewise,  as  pitch,  wax,  birdlime,  cheese 
toasted,  will  draw  forth  and  rope.  Bacon. 

ROPE'— BAND,  n.  (Maut.)  A small  piece  of  spun- 
yarn  or  marline,  composed  of  two  or  three 
yarns,  used  to  confine  the  head  of  the  sail  to  the 
yard  or  gaff ; — written  also  roband,  robin,  and 
robbin.  Dana.  Mar.  Diet. 


ROPE'— BARK,  n.  (Bot.)  A shrub  which  grows  in 
boggy  woods  and  low,  wet  places  throughout  the 
United  States  ; leather  wood ; moose-wood  ; 
swamp-woorl ; Dirca  palustris.  Dunglison. 

ROPE'— dAN-CIJR,  n.  One  who  walks  or  dances 
on  a rope  extended  through  the  air.  Addison. 

ROPE'— dAN-CJNG,  n.  The  act  of  the  rope- 
dancer.  Arbuthnot. 


ROPE'— LAD-D(iR,  n.  A ladder  made  of  ropes. 
ROPE'— MAK-flR,  n.  One  who  makes  ropes.  Shak. 

ROPE'— MAK-ING,  n.  The  act  or  the  business  of 
manufacturing  ropes.  Ure. 


ROPE'— PUMP,  n.  A machine  for  raising  water, 
consisting  of  an  endless  rope  or  bundle  of  ropes 
passing  over  two  pulleys,  one  at  the  top  and 
the  other  at  the  bottom  of  the  well.  The  rope 
being  put  in  motion  by  means  of  a large  wheel 
connected  with  the  upper  pulley,  and  moving 
with  a velocity  of  about  eight  or  ten  feet  in  a 
second,  the  water  is  brought  up  by  its  adhesion 
to  the  rope.  Bigelow. 

ROP'pR,  n.  1.  A rope-maker.  Johnson. 

2.  f A person  fit  for  hanging.  Narcs. 


f ROPE'— RITE,  a.  Fit  for  hanging.  Chapman. 


ROP'^R-Y,  n.  1.  A place  where  ropes  are  made  ; 
a rope-walk.  Swinburne. 

2.  f Tricks  deserving  a rope  or  halter. 

What  saucy  merchant  was  this  that  was  so  full  of  his 
roperpt  *'/ iuk. 

ROPE'— SHAPED  (-sha.pt),  a.  (Bot.)  Formed,  of 
coarse  fibres  resembling  cords,  as  the  roots  of 
the  screw-pine.  Lindleg. 

f ROPE'— TRICK,  n.  A trick  that  deserves  the 
halter.  * Shak. 

ROPE'— WALK  (rop'w&k),  n.  A covered  building 
or  enclosed  slip  of  level  ground  from  six  hun- 
dred to  twelve  hundred  feet  in  length,  where 

- ropes  are  manufactured.  P.  Cyc.  Tomlinson. 

RO'FI-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  ropy  ; vis- 
cosity ; glutinousness.  Johnson. 

RO'PISH,  a.  Tending  to  ropiness  ; ropy.  Scott. 

RO'PY,  a.  Drawing  out  into  viscous  threads  ; 
glutinous  ; stringy  ; viscous  ; adhesive  ; tena- 
cious. “ Ropy  slime.”  Blair. 

ROquF.LMURE  (rok-e-lor')  [rok-e-10r',  W.J.Sm.; 
rok'e-lo,  P.  F.  ; rok'lo,  S.],  n.  [Fr.]  A kind  of 
cloak  or  surtout  buttoning  up  in  front,  intro- 
duced by  the  Duke  de  Roquelaure  in  the  reign 
of  Louis  XIV.  Landais. 

ROqUELO  (rok'e-lo),  n.  Roquelaure.  Crabb. 

f RO'RAL,  a.  [L . roralis.]  Dewy.  Green. 

fRO-RA'TION,  n.  [L.  roratio.)  A falling  of 
dew.  Bailey. 

f ROR'ID,  a.  [L . roridus.]  Dewy.  Granger. 

RO-RIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  t os,  roris,  dew,  and fero, 
to  bear.] 

1.  Producing  dew.  [r.]  Bailey. 

2.  (Med.)  Noting  vessels  which  pour  exhaled 

fluids  on  the  surface  of  organs.  Dunglison. 

+ RO-RIF'LU-ENT,  a.  [L.  ros,  roris,  dew,  and 
fao,f liens,  to  flow.]  Flowing  with  dew.  Bailey. 

ROR'CIUAL,  n.  [Norw.,  a whale  with  folds.  Ency. 
Brit.)  (Zoiil.)  A 
genus  of  cetaceous 
mammalia  closely 
allied  to  the  com- 
mon whales,  but  Rorqual  ( Balamoptera  Boops ). 

distinguished  by  having  a dorsal  fin,  with  the 
throat  and  under  parts  wrinkled  with  deep  lon- 
gitudinal folds  ; Balamoptera.  Bell. 

RO'RY,  a.  Dewy ; roary.  [r.]  Fairfax. 

RO-§A'CEOUS  (ro-za'shus),  a.  [L.  rosaccus ; rosa, 
a rose.]  Arranged  like  the  petals  of  a rose  : — 
noting  plants  of  the  Rose  family.  Gray. 

RO§'AM-BOLE,  n.  (Bot.)  A bulbous  plant  re- 
sembling garlic  ; rocambole.  W.  Ency. 

RO'iJA-RY,  n.  [L.  rosarium-,  rosa,  a rose;  It.  § 
Sp.  rosario  ; Fr.  roseraie,  rosaire .] 

1.  +A  bed  of  roses;  a garland  of  roses;  a 
chaplet.  Proceedings  against  Garnet,  1606. 

2.  (Rom.  Cath.  Church.)  A series  of  prayers 
in  honor  of  the  Virgin  Mary,  and  as  an  invo- 
cation to  her  for  spiritual  assistance:  — a string 
of  beads  used  for  counting  the  prayers. 

jOQf  The  rosary  consists  of  a repetition  of  the  Ave 
Maria  and  the  Paternoster  or  Lord’s  Prayer,  both  in 
Latin.  It  is  divided  into  derades  of  ten  Ave  Marias, 
eacli  decade  being  preceded  bv  t lie  Lord’s  Prayer,  and 
terminating  witli  the  Gloria  Patri.  The  full  or  great 
rosary  consists  of  fifteen  decades;  but  the  common 
rosary,  which  is  recited  generally  in  the  evening  by 
pious  Catholics,  consists  of  only  five  decades.  In  tire 
great  or  original  rosary,  each  decade  is  devoted  to  the 
meditation  of  one  of  the  mysteries  of  file  life  of  our 
Saviour.  The  first  five  mysteries  are  those  of  the  in- 
carnation, nativity,  & c.,  and  are  styled  joijful  myste- 
ries. Tiie  next  five  are  those  of  the  passion  and  death, 
and  are  styled  sorrowful.  The  remaining  five  are 
those  of  file  resurrection,  ascension,  &c.,  and  are 
termed  glorious.  The  name  of  rosary  is  figurative; 
it  means  a chaplet  of  spiritual  roses,  divided  into  three 
sets,  white,  red,  and  damask  roses,  corresponding  to 
the  joyful,  sorrowful,  and  glorious  mysteries.  P.  Cyc. 

t ROS'CID,  a.  [L.  roscidus  ; ros,  dew.]  Consist- 
ing of,  or  abounding  in,  dew;  dewy.  Bacon. 

ROfjE  (roz),  n.  [A.  S.  rose  ; Dut.  roos-,  Ger.  §■ 
Dan.  rose-,  Icel.  &;  Sw.  ros.  — Gr.  pdbor;  L.,  It., 

Sp.  rosa\  Fr.  rose.  — W.  rhos ; Bret,  roz, 
rozen.  — Bohemian  ruzc  ; Polish  roza.  — “ The 
name  is  most  likely  derived  from  the  red  color 
of  the  flower.”  Bosworth .] 


A,  E,  !,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  <J,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL; 


HEIR,  HER; 


ROSE 


1249 


ROSTRAL 


1.  ( Bot .)  A plant  and  its  flower,  of  the  genus 
Rosa,  of  which  there  are  many  species  and  va- 
rieties. 

ffff-  “ The  species  are  mostly  shrubs  with  alternate 
pinnate  leaves  and  beautiful  odoriferous  flowers. 
There  are  few  better  marked  genera  amongst  plants 
than  tliis  ; but  as  of  all  plants  it  has  been  the  greatest 
favorite,  and  thus  surrounded  by  the  greatest  variety 
of  external  influences,  its  species  and  varieties  are  the 
most  difficult  to  distinguish.”  Eng.  Cyc. 

2.  A knot  of  ribbons  in  the  form  of  a rose, 
serving  as  an  ornamental  shoe-tie  or  knee-band. 

The  Provencial  roses  on  my  razed  shoes.  Shak. 

3.  A tint  of  red  ; pink.  Simmonds. 

4.  A perforated  nozzle,  or  a perforated  pipe,  for 
discharging  water  in  small  streams.  Simmonds. 

5.  The  card  of  the  mariner’s  compass.  Hutton. 

6.  {Arch.)  A rosette.  — See  Rosette.  Britton. 

7.  {Med.)  Erysipelas.  Dunglison. 

The.  red  rose,  (Eng.  Hist.)  tile  badge  of  the  house  of 

Lancaster.  — The  toliite  rose,  the  badge  of  the  house  of 
York.  — liars  of  the  roses,  the  feuds  'that  prevailed 
between  the  houses  of  York  and  Lancaster.  — Rose 
of  Jamaica,  (But.)  a plant  of  the  genus  Meriania,  na- 
tives of  the  mountainous  parts  of  Jamaica. — Rose  of 
Jericho,  a plant  of  the  genus  Anastatica,  growing  in 
the  arid  wastes  of  Arabia  and  Palestine.  London. — 
Under  the  rose.  The  rose,  among  the  ancients,  was  the 
symbol  of  silence,  the  requisite  quality  of  the  initiat- 
ed. Warburton.  — It  was  customary  to  place  a rose  in 
the  room  at  a convivial  entertainment.  The  conver- 
sation was  carried  on  sub  rosa  (under  the  rose),  and 
was  not  to  be  divulged.  D.  Booth. 

ROi-iE,  v.  a.  To  make  red  ; to  flush  ; to  suffuse. 

Rosed  all  in  lively  crimson  are  thy  checks.  G.  Fletcher. 

RO§E,  i.  from  rise.  See  Rise. 

RO§E— A-CA'CI-A  (roz-a-ka'she-a),  n.  (Bot.)  A 
handsome  shrub  ; Robinia  hispida.  Loudon. 

||  f RO'§lJ-AL,  a.  [L.  roseus.)  Rosy.  Sir  T.  Elyot. 

||  RO'§f-ATE  (r5'zhe-at  or  r5'ze-at)  [ro  zhe-at,  IF. 
P.  J.  ja.  Sm. ; ro'zhet,  S.  E.  ; ro'ze-at  or  ro'- 
zlie-at,  [IT.],  a.  [It.  rosato  ; Fr.  rosat.) 

1.  Resembling  a rose  in  bloom,  beauty,  color, 

or  fragrance  ; rosy  ; blooming  ; fragrant.  “ Ro- 
seate beauty.”  Boyle. 

2.  Consisting  of,  or  abounding  in,  roses  ; full 

of  roses.  u Roseate  bowers.”  Pope. 

RO^E'BAY,  n.  (Bot.)  1.  The  common  name  of 
plants  of  the  genus  Rhododendron.  Gray. 

2_.  A hardy  deciduous  plant ; Epilobium  an- 
gustifolium.  Loudon. 

RO^E'— BUD,  n.  The  bud  of  the  rose.  Ecclus.  x.  20. 

RO§E'— BUG,  n.  ( Ent .)  A species  of  beetle,  which 
is  a scourge  to  roses,  gardens,  and  nurseries  ; 
the  rose-chafer.  — See  Rose-chafek,  No.  2. 

RO.SE'— BUSH,  n.  The  shrub  that  bears  the  rose. 

RO§E'— CAM'PI-ON,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  several 
species,  of  the  genus  Ayrostemma; — particu- 
larly Agrostemma  coronaria.  Loudon. 

ROIJE'— CIIAF-ER,  n.  (Ent.)  1.  A coleopterous 
insect  of  the  genus  Cetonia,  living  on  the  honey 
of  roses,  the  privet,  and  corymbiferous  flowers  ; 
the  rose-bug ; Cetonia  avrata.  Baird. 

2.  A coleopterous  insect  of  the  genus  Macro- 
dactylus  ; Macrodactylus  subspinosa.  Harris. 

fir;,-  The  ravages  of  the  rose-chafer  are  not  confined 
to  the  rose  alone.  It  attacks  the  grape-vine,  fruit- 
trees,  shrubs,  garden  vegetables,  and  even  The  grass 
amt  forest-trees,  consuming  leaves,  flowers,  and  fruits 
alike.  Harris. 

R6§E'— COL-OR,  n.  The  color  of  the  rose  ; pink. 
“ Arrayed  in  purple  and  rose-color.”  Udal. 

ROSJE'— COL-ORED  (-urd),  a.  Having  the  color  of 
the  rose  ; rosy  ; pink.  Pennant. 

RO§E'-DI-A-MOND,  n.  A diamond  flat  under- 
neath, and  having  its  upper  surface,  which  is 
raised  in  the  form  of  a dome,  cut  into  twenty- 
four  triangular  facets,  divided  into  two  ranges, 
of  which  the  upper  range  is  called  the  crown, 
and  the  lower  the  teeth.  Tomlinson. 

ROiyED  (xozA),p.  a.  Crimsoned;  flushed;  rosy. 

Hosed  over  with  the  virgin  crimson  modesty.  Shah. 

RO§E'-DROP,  n.  1.  An  ear-ring.  Simmonds. 

2.  A lozenge  flavored  with  essence  of  rose. 

3.  (Med.)  An  eruption  often  produced  by  drink- 
ing ardent  spirits ; grog-blossom.  Dunglison. 

RO§E'— EN-9INE,  n.  (Machinery .)  An  appendage 
to  the  turning-lathe  by  which  a surface  of  wood 


or  metal,  as  a watch-case,  is  engraved  with  a 
variety  of  curved  lines,  so  as  to  resemble  some- 
what a full-blown  rose.  Tomlinson. 

ROijE'-FACED  (roz'fsist),  a.  Having  a rosy  or 
ruddy  face.  Clarke. 

ROi-SE'-FISH,  n.  The  Norway  haddock.  Storer. 

RO§E'— FLY,  n.  (Ent.)  A coleopterous  insect  of 
the  genus  Cetonia  ; rose-bug  ; rose-chafer  ; Ce- 
tonia aurata.  Maunder. 

ROSE'— GALL,  n.  An  excrescence  on  the  dog- 
rose.  Smart. 

RO§E'— HITED,  a.  Rose-colored.  Wright. 

RO§E'— KNOT,  n.  An  ornamental  bunch  of  rib- 
bons, plaited  so  as  to  represent  a rose.  Booth. 

RO§E'— LAKE,  n.  (Paint.)  A rich  tint  prepared 
from  lake  and  madder  precipitated  on  an  earthy 
basis  ; — called  also  rose-madder.  Fairholt. 


RO^E'— LIPPED  (-llpt),  a.  Having  rosy  or  red 
lips.  “Young  and  rose-lipped  cherubim.”  Shah. 

ROSyE'— LITE,  n.  (Min.)  A deep-red  crystalline 
mineral,  with  a vitreous  lustre,  found  in  Sax- 
ony. Dana. 

RO§E'-MAL-LOW  (roz'mal-lo),  )).  (Bot.)  The 
common  name  of  plants  or  shrubs  of  the  genus 
Hibiscus  ; Swamp  rose-mallows  ; Hibiscus  mos- 
cheutos.  Gray. 

rO.SE' M A-RY,  n-  [L.  rosmarinus  ; ros,  dew,  an d 
marinus,  marine;  It.  rosmarino ; Sp.  romero; 
Fr.  romarin.\  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the  genus 
Rosmarinus,  growing  in  the  south  of  Europe, 
and  in  some  parts  of  Asia  Minor.  Loudon. 

Dry  up  your  tears,  and  stick  your  rosemary 
On  this  fair  corse.  Shak. 

figp  Rosemary  is  employed  in  medicine  to  allay  the 
heat  of  the  skin  in  erysipelas,  to  relieve  headache, 
and  to  excite  the  mind  to  vigorous  action.  It  is  also 
remarkable  for  its  undoubted  power  of  encouraging 
the  growth  of  hair  and  curing  baldness.  It  has  been 
considered  as  an  emblem  of  fidelity  in  lovers.  In  for- 
mer times,  it  signified  repentance.  The  gray  bushes, 
mantled  with  dew-drops,  on  the  rocky  coasts  of 
France  and  Italy,  are  said  to  justify  the  singular  name 
that  has  been  given  to  the  plant.  Lindley.  Loudon. 

f RO§'EN,  a.  Made  of,  or  like,  roses.  Chaucer. 

ROiyE'— NO-BLE  (roz'no-bl),  n.  An  ancient  Eng- 
lish gold  coin,  stamped  with  arose,  and  passing 
current  in  its  time  for  6s.  8d. ; — first  coined  .in 
the  reign  of  Edward  III.  Smart.  Brande. 

RO-IJE'O-LA,  n.  (Med.)  An  efflorescence  in  blush- 
ing patches,  gradually  deepening  to  a rose- 
color,  mostly  circular  or  oval,  often  alternately 
fading  and  reviving,  sometimes  with  a colorless 
nucleus,  and  chiefly  on  the  cheek,  neck,  or 
arms  ; rose-rash.  Dunglison. 

RO§E'— PINK,  n.  A coarse  kind  of  pigment  made 
by  dyeing  chalk  or  whitening  with  a decoction 
of  Brazil-wood,  &c.  Field. 

RO.jiE'— QUARTZ,  n.  (Min.)  A species  of  quartz 
of  a rosy-red  or  pink  color,  and  nearly  trans- 
parent. Dana. 

RO§E'— RASH,  n.  (Med.)  Roseola.  Dunglison. 

RO§E'— RED,  a.  Red  as  a rose;  rose-colored; 
roseate;  ruddy.  Chaucer. 

t RO'^IJR,  n.  A rose-bush.  Chaucer. 

ROSyE'— ROOT,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the  genus 
Rhodiola  ; — so  called  from  the  roots  smelling 
like  roses.  Loudon. 


RO'SyET,  n.  [Fr.  rosette .]  A red  color.  Peacham. 


RO-^ET'TA-AVOOD  (-wud),  n.  An  East  Indian 
wood,  handsomely  veined,  of  a lively  red  orange- 
color,  and  of  a close,  hard  texture.  Simmonds. 
RO-^ETTE',  7i.  [Fr.]  1.  (Arch.)  An  ornament  re- 
sembling a rose.  Britton. 

2.  A bunch  of  ribbons  in  imitation  of  a rose, 
worn  as  an  ornament  or  a badge.  Simmonds. 

3.  A red  color  used  by  painters.  Ed.  Ency. 
ROSyE'— WA-T15R,  n.  Water  obtained  from  an 

infusion  of  roses  by  distillation.  . Shak. 


ROSJE'— WIN-DOW,  n.  (Arch.) 
A circular  window,  with  a se- 
ries of  mullions  diverging 
from  the  centre  to  join  the 
cusps  around,  forming  divis- 
ions which  bear  a general  re- 
semblance to  the  leaves  of  a 
rose.  Fairholt. 


Rose- window. 


RO^E'WOOD  (-wild),  n.  A fine  kind  of  wood, 
highly  esteemed  for  cabinet  work,  brought  from 
Brazil,  Siam,  the  Canary  Islands,  Ac.  Milburn. 

jftijp  “ Rosewood  is  a term  as  generally  applied  as 
ironwood,  and  to  as  great  a variety  of  trees  in  differ- 
ent countries,  sometimes  from  the  color,  and  some- 
times from  the  smell  of  the  wood.”  Simmonds. 

RO§E'WORT  (-vvUrt),ti.  (Bot.)  Roseroot.  Booth. 

RUfj-I-CRU'dAN  (r5z-?-kru'shrtn),  n.  [L.  ros,  dew, 
and  crux,  cross.  — “ Crux  stands  for  lux,  light, 
because  the  figure  of  the  cross  (+)  exhibits  the 
three  letters  of  which  the  word  LVX  is  formed ; 
and  light  is  what,  in  the  opinion  of  the  Rosicru- 
cians,  when  properly  modified,  produces  gold. 
And,  of  all  natural  bodies,  deiv  is  the  most 
powerful  dissolvent  of  gold.”  Moshcim.)  One  of 
a sect  of  visionary  speculators  who  existed  in 
Germany  about  the  beginning  of  the  17th  cen- 
tury. They  combined  much  religious  mysticism 
with  philosophical  notions  of  transmutations, 
and  of  the  chemical  constitution  of  things. 

The  Rosicrvcians  were  alchemists  who  sought  for  the  phi- 
losopher’s stone  by  the  intervention  of  dew  and  of  light.  I fool.:. 

The  Rosicnicwns  are  a people  I must  bring  you  acquainted 
with.  According  to  these  gentlemen,  the  four  elements  arc 
inhabited  by  spirits,  which  they  call  sylphs,  gnomes,  nymphs, 
and  salamanders.  Tope. 

RO§-I-CR(j'CIAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Rosicru- 
cians,  or  to  their  principles.  “ The  Rosicrueian 
doctrine  of  spirits.”  Pope. 

RO'ljIED  (ro'zjd),  a.  Adorned  with  roses  or  with 
the  color  of  roses.  Shak. 

fRO'^I-lJR  (ro'zhe-er),  n.  [Fr.]  A rose-bush. 
“ A garland  of  sweet  rosier.”  Chaucer. 

ROfy'IN  (roz'in),  n.  [A  different  orthography  of 

resin.  — See  Resin.]  (Chem.)  The  resinous 

residue  which  is  left  after  distilling  turpentine 
with  water,  amounting  to  from  75  to  90  per  cent, 
of  the  turpentine  employed  ; colophony  ; resin  ; 
— soluble  in  lye,  and  used  in  making  yellow 
soap,  and  for  other  purposes. 

Jgg”  There  are  two  principal  kinds  of  rosin, — a 
brown  and  a white  rosin,  — the  former  of  which  is  an 
amber-colored,  brittle  solid  furnished  by  the  Pious 
abies , and  consisting  of  two  isomeric,  resinous  acids, 
and  the  latter  — also  called  galipot  — is  obtained  from 
Bourdeaux  turpentine,  furnished  by  the  Pious  mariti- 
me, and  consisting  almost  entirely  of  an  acid  resin 
distinct  from,  but  isomeric  with,  tile  two  preceding 
acids.  Miller. 

V; ■ Resin  is  the  scientific  term  ; but  rosin  is  the 
name  of  the  substance  (the  commonest  resin  in  use) 
when  employed  in  a solid  state  for  ordinary  purposes. 

RO§'lN,  v.  a.  To  rub  with  rosin.  Gay. 

RO';jI-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality  of  being 
rosy.  “ Rosiness  of  complexion.”  Spence. 

ROfj'IN— OIL,  n.  An  oil  obtained  from  the  resin 
of  the  pine-tree.  Simmonds. 

RO§'!N-Y,  a.  Resembling  rosin.  Temple. 

RGS'LAND,  n.  [W.  rht'is,  moist  land.]  Heathy 
land  ; — also  moorish  land.  Bailey. 

RO§'MA-RINE,  n.  Rosemary.  Shenstone. 

ROSS,  n.  1.  The  outer,  rough,  dead  bark  of  trees. 
It  is  an  accumulation  of  epidermis.  [U.  S.] 

2.  The  refuse  of  plants.  [England.]  Halliwcll. 

ROS'SpL,  n.  Light  land.  [Eng.]  Mortimer. 

ROS'S£L-LY,  a.  Light,  as  land,  [r.]  Mortimer. 

ROS'SIG-NOL,  n.  [Fr.]  The  nightingale.  Wright. 

ROS’TpL,  n.  (Bot.)  Sec  Rostellum.  Clarke. 

ROS'TJJL-LATE,  a.  (Bot.)  Terminating  gradu- 
ally in  a hard,  long,  straight  point,  as  the  pod 
of  the  radish;  having  a small  beak.  Lindley. 

ROS-TEL'LI-FORM,  a.  [L.  rostellum,  a little 
beak,  and  forma,  form.]  Having  the  form  of  a 
rostel  or  rostellum.  Smith. 

ROS-TEL'LUM,  n.  (Bot.)  A small  beak-shaped 
process,  especially  that  found  on  the  stigma  of 
many  violets  and  orchidaceous  plants:  — the 
radicle  or  descending  clement  of  the  embryo  of 
the  seed.  P.  Cyc. 

ROS'T£R,  71.  A list  showing  the  turn  or  rotation 
of  service  or  duty,  as  in  the  case  of  police- 
magistrates,  military  officers,  and  others  who 
relieve  or  succeed  each  other.  Simmonds. 

ROS'TRAL,  a.  fL.  rostralis  ; rostrum,  a beak  ; 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  s6N;  BULL,  BUR,  RfJLE.  — 9,  (?,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  * as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 
157 


ROSTRATE 


1250 


ROUGE-DRAGON 


It.  rostrale ; Sp.  fy  Fr.  rostral.]  Resembling,  a 
beak;  adorned  with  a beak. 

Commerce  wore  a rostral  crown  upon  her  head.  Tatter . 

ROS'TRATE,  a.  [L.  rostrum,  a beak.]  (Hot.) 
Having  a beak  or  prolonged  appendage.  Gray. 

ROS'TRAT-JjfD,  a.  [L.  rostratus ; rostrum,  a 
beak.] 

1.  Adorned  with  a beak,  as  a ship.  “ Ten 

rostrated  galleys.”  Arbuthnot. 

2.  ( Bot .)  Beaked;  rostrate.  Wright. 

ROS'TRI-FORM,  a.  [L.  rostrum,  a beak,  and 

forma,  form.]  Resembling  a beak.  Kirby. 

ROS ' TRUM,  n. ; pi.  it  os'  Tit  a.  [L. ; rodo,  to  gnaw.] 

1.  The  bill  or  beak  of  a bird.  Johnson. 

2.  (Rom.  Ant.)  The  beak  of  a ship,  which 

projected  a little  above  the  keel,  and  consisted 
of  a beam  to  which  were  attached  sharp-pointed 
iruns  or  the  head  of  some  animal ; — used  for 
attacking  another  vessel  : — the  stage  in  the 
Roman  Forum,  from  which  the  orators  ad- 
dressed the  people  ; — so  called  from  being 
originally  adorned  with  the  beaks  of  ships  taken 
as  trophies.  1 Vm . Smith. 

3.  Any  place  constructed  for  the  use  of  ora- 
tors; a platform;  a stage.  Fairholt. 

4.  (Old  Chem.)  The  pipe  which  conveys  the 

distilling  liquor  into  its  receiver  in  the  com- 
mon alembics.  Quincy. 

5.  (Med.)  A name  given  to  several  old  for- 

ceps, on  account  of  their  resemblance  to  the 
beaks  of  different  birds.  Dunylison. 

6.  (Bot.)  A term  applied  to  any  rigid  prolon- 

gation of  remarkable  length,  or  to  any  addition- 
al process  at  the  end  of  any  of  the  parts  of  the 
plant,  including  most  processes  and  long  points 
of  an  irregular  character.  P.  Cyc. 

RO§'U-LATE,  a.  [L.  rosa,  a rose.]  (Bot.)  Ar- 
ranged in  a regular  cluster  of  spreading  leaves 
resembling  a full  or  double  rose,  as  the  leaves 
of  the  houseleek.  Gray. 

RO'SY,  a.  1.  Resembling  a rose  in  bloom,  beauty, 
color,  or  fragrance  ; blooming  ; red  ; flushed. 

Now  Morn,  her  rosy  steps  in  the  eastern  clime 

Advancing,  sowed  the  earth  with  orient  pearl.  Milton. 

2.  Made  in  the  form  of  a rose,  [it.]  B.  Jonson. 

RO'iyY— BOij'OMEI)  (ro'ze-tm/.'umd),  .a.  Having 
bosoms  filled  with,  or  resembling,  roses.  “ The 
rosy-bosomed  hours.”  Gray. 

RO'§Y— COL'ORED,  a.  Rose-colored.  Dryden. 

RO'^Y-CRoWNED  (ro'ze-krbflnd),  a.  Crowned 
with  roses.  Gray. 

RO'§Y— TINT'JJD,  a.  Having  the  tints  of  the 
rose.  Wright. 

ROT,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  rotian-,  Dut.  rotten-,  Dan. 
raadne ; \ce\.  rotna-,  Sw.  rutna.]  [i.  rotted  ; 
pp.  rotting,  ROTTED.]  To  be  decomposed  by 
natural  process,  as  animal  or  vegetable  sub- 
stances ; to  lose  the  organization  and  cohesion  of 
parts  ; to  putrefy  ; to  corrupt ; to  decay. 

And  so  from  hour  to  hour  we  ripe  and  ripe, 

And  then  from  hour  to  hour  we  rot  and  rot.  Shak. 

Syn.  — To  rot  is  a stronger  term  than  to  putrefy  or 
corrupt.  Fruits,  after  having  arrived  at  maturity,  rot-, 
meat  kept  too  long  putrefies  ; and  there  is  a tendency 
in  all  bodies  to  become  corrupted. 

ROT,  v.  a.  To  make  putrid ; to  bring  to  corrup- 
tion ; to  cause  to  decay  or  decompose.  Bacon. 

ROT,  v.  a.  To  destroy ; to  sentence  to  evil ; — an 
imprecatory  term ; as,  “ Rot  it.”  Craven  Dialect. 

ROT,  n.  1.  A fatal  distemper  peculiar  to  sheep, 
in  which  their  lungs  are  wasted. 

tfir  “ Many  causes  have  been  assigned  for  it.  . . . 
From  long  experience,  and  the,almost  invariable  effect 
produced  by  a humid  state  of  atmosphere,  soil,  and 
product,  we  are  warranted  in  concluding  these  are 
the  actual  and  immediate  agents. ” Braude. 

2.  Putrefaction  ; corruption.  Philips. 

RO’TJt,  n.  [L.,  a wheel.] 

1.  A court  of  papal  jurisdiction,  consisting  of 

twelve  doctors.  Burnet. 

2.  A club  of  English  politicians,  who,  in  1659, 

were  for  establishing  a form  of  government  by 
rotation.  Hudibras. 

ROT' A-CIlpM,  n.  A vicious  pronunciation  of  the 
letter  r,  common  in  the  north  of  England,  espe- 
cially near  Newcastle  ; — called  the  burr. 

Dunylison. 

J8SP  It  is  produced  by  trilling  the  back  of  the  tongue 
against  tip;  soft  palate.  Smart. 


RO'TA-RY,  a.  [L.  rota,  a wheel.]  Turning  on 
its  axis,  as  a wheel ; whirling ; rotatory.  Scott. 

RO'TATE,  V.  11.  [t.  ROTATED  ; pp.  ROTATING* 

rotated.]  To  move  round  ; to  revolve.  Tilloch. 

RO'TATE,  v.  a.  To  move  or  turn  round.  Walker. 

RO'TATE,  a.  [L.  rota,  a wheel.]  (Bot.)  Noting 
calyxes,  corollas,  or  other  organs  of  which  the 
tube  is  very  short,  and  the  segments  flat  or 
spreading ; wheel-shaped.  Bindley. 

RO'TAT-E D,  a.  [L.  rotatus.]  Wheel-shaped ; 

whirled  round  ; rotate.  Johnson. 

RO-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  rotatio  ; roto,  to  turn  ; rota, 
awheel;  It.  rotazione  ; Sp.  rotacion-,  Fr.  rota- 
tion.] 

1.  Act  of  rotating  or  whirling  round,  as  a 
wheel,  or  the  state  of  being  turned  round ; the 
motion  of  the  different  parts  of  a solid  body,  or 
of  a system  of  bodies,  about  an  axis.  Hutton. 

2.  Vicissitude  of  succession  ; as,  “ Rotation 
in  office  ” ; “ Rotation  of  crops.” 

3.  (Geom.)  The  circumvolution  of  a plane 

surface  round  a fixed  line,  called  the  axis  of  ro- 
tation, by  which  certain  regular  solids  are  gen- 
erated. Hutton. 

4.  (Bot.)  A peculiar  flowing  movement  of  the 
protoplasm  within  the  cavity  of  vegetable  cells. 

Micrographic  Diet. 

RO'TA-TIVE,  a.  Implying  or  causing  rotation  ; 
rotary ; rotatory.  P.  Cyc. 

RO-TA'TO— PLANE,  a.  (Bot.)  Wheel-shaped  and 
flat.  Smart. 

RO-TA'TOR,  n.  [L.  rota,  a wheel.]  (Anat.)  A 
name  given  to  several  muscles  that  turn  the 
parts  to  which  they  are  attached  upon  their 
axes.  Dunylison. 

RO'TA-TO-RY,  a.  [Fr.  rotatoirc.]  Turning 
on  an  axis  ; whirling  ; running  round ; rotary. 

The  ball-and-socket  joint  allows  a rotatory,  or  sweeping, 
motion.  Ruley. 

RO'TA-TO-RY,  n.  (Zo:l.)  A rotifer.  Kirby. 

RoTCII'IJT,  n.  A kind  of  fish  ; rochet.  Chambers. 

ROTE,  n.  [L.  rota,  a wheel ; It.  rota.] 

1.  (Mas.)  An  old  instrument  generally  sup- 

posed to  have  been  the  same  as  the  English 
hurdy-gurdy,  the  tones  of  which  are  produced 
by  the  friction  of  a wrheel.  Moore. 

2.  Repetition,  as  by  a wheel  in  motion,  which 
constantly  brings  round  each  spoke  to  the  same 
place  again. 

These  learn  a rote  of  buffoonery  that  serveth  all  occasions.’ 

Swift. 

3.  The  noise  made  by  the  surf  or  swell  of  the 
sea  breaking  upon  the  shore  ; rut. 

I hear  the  sea  very  strong  and  loud  at  the  north,  which  is 
not  unusual  after  violent  atmospheric  agitations,  and  when 
the  wind  has  lulled.  They  call  tills  the  ro  e or  rut  of  the  sea. 
Either  expression  is  correct.  The  Latin  rota  is  the  root  of 
both  words.  ...  As  an  indication  of  wind  and  weather,  the 
rote  of  the  sea  is  generally  understood  to  signify, •either  that 
the  wind  has  recently  left  the  quarter  whence  the  rote  is 
heard,  or  else  is  soon  to  spring  up  in  that  quarter.  D.  Webster. 

By  rote,  by  mere  mechanical  repetition,  without 
exercise  of  the  understanding. 

fROTE,  v.  a.  To  learn  by  rote;  to  fix  in  the 
memory,  without  informing  the  understanding. 
“Words  roted  in  your  tongue.”  Shak. 

ROTE,  v.  n.  To  go  out  by  rotation  or  succession, 
as  members  of  a legislature.  [R.]  Grey. 

ROT'GUT,  n.  1.  Bad  beer.  [Low.]  Harvey. 

2.  Poor  spirituous  liquor  of  any  sort.  Bailey. 

t ROTH'JpR— BE  ASTS,  n.  pi.  [A.  S.  hryther  ; Frs. 
reder,  rither.]  Horned  cattle ; quadrupeds  of 
the  bovine  genus ; black-cattle.  Golding. 

ROTH'ER-NAIL,  11.  [A  corruption  of  rudder 
nail.]  (Naut.)  A nail  with  a very  full  head, 
used  for  fastening  the  pintles  to  the  rudder; 
rudder-nail.  Bailey. 

fROTH'IJR— SQ1L,  n.  The  dung  of  rother-beasts, 
or  horned  cattle.  Bailey. 

ROT'I-FIJR,  n.  [L.  rota,  a wheel,  and  fero,  to 
bear.]  (Zoiil.)  A microscopic,  transparent, 
aquatic  animal,  having  the  anterior  portion  of 
the  body  furnished  with  a disk,  upon  which  are 
usually  placed  vibratile  cilia,  presenting,  when 
in  motion,  the  appearance  of  one  or  more  re- 
volving wheels  ; a wheel  animalcule.  Micro.  Diet. 


rot'— STEEP,  n.  A weak  alkaline  lye  used  in 
calico-printing.  Simmonds. 

ROT'TEN  (rSt'tn),  a.  [See  Rot.] 

1.  Putrid  ; putrefied  ; corrupt ; decayed  ; ca- 
rious. “ A goodly  apple  rotten  at  the  heart.” 

2.  Having  lost  tenacity  or  strength  from  de- 
cay. “ A twist  of  rotten  silk.”  Shak. 

3.  Not  sound  ; not  hard,  [r.] 

They  were  left  moiled  with  dirt  and  mire,  by  reason  of  the 
deepness  of  the  rotten  way.  Knolles. 

4.  Untrustworthy;  not  to  be  depended  upon  ; 

deceitful ; treacherous ; corrupted.  Shak. 

ROT'TEN-LY,  atl.  Corruptly  ; putridly.  Clarke. 

ROT'TEN-NESS  (rot'tn-nes ),  n.  The  state  of  being 
rotten  ; putridity  ; putrefaction  ; unsoundness  ; 
decomposition  ; decay  ; corruption ; cariousness. 

ROT'TEN— STONE,  n.  (Min.)  A light,  friable  va- 
riety of  tripoli,  of  a very  fine,  hard  grit,  consisting 
chiefly  of  alumina  with  a portion  of  silica  and 
carbon  ;— used  for  polishing  metals, &c.  Bigelow. 

ROT'U-LAR,  a.  [L.  rotula,  the  patella;  dim.  of 
rota,  a wheel.]  (Med.)  Pertaining  to  the  pa- 
tella. Barclay. 

RO-TUND',  a.  [L.  rotundus ; rota,  a wheel ; It. 
ritondo  ; Sp.  rotunda.]  Round;  circular;  spher- 
ical ; globular.  Addison. 

RO-TUN'DA,  n.  (Arch.)  A round  or  circular 
building  ; a rotundo.  Weale. 

RO-TUN-DI-FO'LI-OUS,  a.  [L.  rotundus,  round, 
and  folium,  a leaf.]  Having  round  leaves. 

RO-TUN'DI-TY,  n.  [L.  rotundifas  ; It.  ritondita  ; 
Sp.  rotundiclad ; Fr.  rotondite .]  Roundness; 
sphericity  ; circularity.  Shak. 

Syn.  — Rotundity  denotes  sphericity;  roundness, 
circularity.  The  rotundity  or  sphericity  of  a globe  ; 
the  roundness  of  a circle  or  wheel.  The  roundness  of 
the  moon  ; the  rotundity  of  a full  cheek,  or  of  an 
apple. 

RO-TUND'N yss,  n.  Rotundity.  Clarke. 

RO-TUN'DO,  n.  [It.  rotondo,  round.]  (Arch.) 
A building  circular  both  within  and  without, 
as  the  Pantheon  at  Rome.  Gray. 

ROU-JDvNE’  ,n.  [Fr.]  A marking  iron.  Simmonds. 

ROU'BLE  (ro'bl),  n.  See  Ruble.  Brtinde. 

ROUQ1IE,  it.  [Fr.]  A plaited  quilling  of  net, 
ribbon,  blonde,  or  any  other  material.  Simmonds. 

ROUE  (ro'a),  ii.  [Fr.]  A person  devoted  to  a 
life  of  pleasure  and  sensuality;  a profligate 
person  ; a confirmed  rake ; a debauchee. 

Roue  is  a term  applied  to  a man  of  profligate  character  and 
conduct,  but  properly  and  primarily  means  one  wheeled  or 
broken  on  the  wheel.  Trench. 

Impure  literature  circulates  in  its  worst  form  amongst  the 
routs  and  debauchees  of  high  life.  Ec.  Rev. 

ROUET  (ro'a),  n.  [Fr.]  A small  solid  wheel, 
formerly  fixed  to  the  pans  of  firelocks  for  firing 
them  off.  Crabb. 

ROUGE  (rozh),  n.  [Fr.]  (Chem.)  1.  Anhydrous 
sesquioxide  of  iron,  obtained  by  igniting  proto- 
sulphate of  iron. 

tfip  It  is  known  also  under  the  names  of  colcothar, 
and  crocus  of  Mars,  according  to  the  degree  of  leviga- 
tion  to  which  it  has  been  submitted,  and  is  employed, 
among  other  uses,  as  a red  pigment,  for  polishing 
glass,  ami  by  jewellers  for  putting  a finish  to  their 
goods.  Miller. 

2.  A pigment  made  from  the  flowers  of  the 
safflower  or  Dyer’s  saffron  (Carthamus  tincto- 
rius),  by  dissolving  an  alkali  in  the  infusion  and 
precipitating  the  coloring  matter  by  lemon- 
juice  ; — used  for  painting  the  cheeks.  Bigelow. 

tfiy-  “ Under  the  name  of  rouge  several  preparations 
are  sold,  most  of  them  being  carmine  diluted  with 
alumina,  or  even  more  frequently  with  chalk.”  Fair- 
holt. 

ROUGE  (rozh),  a.  [Fr.]  Red.  Davies. 

ROUGE  (rozh),  v.  n.  [i.  ROUGED  ; pp.  ROUGING, 
rouged.]  To  paint  the  face  or  cheeks  with 
rouge.  “ She  rouges.”  Todd. 

ROUGE  (rozh),  v.  a.  To  paint  or  color  with  rouge. 
“ A bevy  of  faded  matrons  rouged.”  II.  More. 

ROUGE'-DRAG-ON  (rozh-),  il.  [Fr.,  red-dragon.] 
A herald.  Burke. 


A,  E,  1,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  short;  A,  JK, 


O,  l,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  IIER; 


ROUGE-ET-NOIR 


1251 


ROUND 


R 0 UGF.—E  T—NOIR  (rozh'a-nwar'),  n.  [Fr.,  red 
and  black.]  A game  at  cards,  played  on  a cloth, 
or  table,  with  red  and  black  spots  on  it.  Smart. 

BOUGH  (ruf ),  a.  [A.  S.  hreof,  hreog,  hreoh,  rug, 
ruh,  ruw ; Dut.  ruw,  ruig  ; Ger.  rauh,  roh,  rauch  ; 
Dan.  raa,  rue-,  Sw.  ra  ; Old  Eng.  row,  rowe. — 
Past  part,  of  A.  S.  reafian,  to  reave,  to  tear. 
Tooke.  — From  L.  rudis,  rude,  unwrought,  rough. 
Skinner.  — From  Gr.  Tpi^iilns,  hairy.  Junius.] 

1.  Having  inequalities  or  asperities  on  the 
surface  ; rugged ; uneven  ; not  smooth. 

The  crooked  shall  be  made  straight,  and  the  rough  places 
plain.  £&a.  xl.  4. 

2.  Covered  with  hair  or  feathers  ; shaggy  ; 
hairy.  “ The  rough  caterpillars.”  Jer.  li.  27. 

3.  Hard-featured;  coarse;  not  delicate.  “A 

visage  rough.”  Dryden. 

4.  Disordered  or  discomposed  in  appearance. 

Rough  from  the  tossing  surge  Ulysses  moves.  Pope. 

5.  Not  wrought  or  finished  by  art;  not  pol- 
ished ; unpolished.  “ Rough  diamond.”  Johnson. 

6.  Stormy;  boisterous  ; tempestuous  ; inclem- 
ent. “ Rough  weather.”  Shah. 

7.  Terrible  ; dreadful ; fearful. 

On  the  rough  edge  of  battle,  ere  it  joined, 

Satan  advanced.  Milton. 

8.  Harsh  or  sharp  to  the  taste.  “ Rough 

wine.”  Johnson. 

9.  Harsh  to  the  ear  ; inharmonious  ; discord- 
ant ; jarring.  “ Rough  and  woful  music.”  Shah. 

10.  Acting  or  operating  harshly  ; harsh  ; vio- 

lent; severe;  not  gentle.  “Forced  him  to  a 
quicker  and  rougher  remedy.”  Clarendon. 

11.  Rugged  of  temper  or  of  manners  ; coarse  ; 
austere  f rude.  “ Pitiless  and  rough.”  Sha/c. 

A surly  boatman,  rough  as  seas  and  wind.  Prior. 

12.  Not  well  digested  ; vague  ; crude.  “ At 

a rough  guess.”  Times. 

13.  (Bot.)  Noting  or  applied  to  parts  covered 

with  hard,  short,  rigid  points,  as  the  leaves  of 
Borago  officinalis.  Lindleg. 

Syn.  — See  Coarse,  Harsh. 

BOUGH  (ruf),  n.  1.  + Rough  or  stormy  weather. 

In  roughs,  use  songs  and  dances.  P.  Fletcher. 

2.  The  state  of  being  unwrought.  “ Materi- 
als or  work  in  the  rough.”  Smart. 

BOUGH  (ruf),  v.  a.  1.  To  make  rough ; to 
roughen.  Simmonds. 

2.  To  break,  as  ahorse,  especially  for  military 
purposes.  Crabb. 

To  rough  it,  to  pursue  a rough  or  difficult  course  ; 
to  encounter  obstacles  or  difficulties  ; to  submit  to 
hardships.  Q u.  Reo. 

BOUGH'CAST  (ruf'kist),  V.  a.  [i.  ROUGHCAST ; 
pp.  ROUGHCASTING,  ROUGHCAST.] 

1.  To  mould  or  form  without  nicety,  or  with 

asperities  and  inequalities.  Cleaveland. 

2.  To  form  in  its  rudiments.  Dryden. 

3.  To  plaster  with  mortar  mixed  with  pebbles, 

shells,  fine  gravel,  &e.  Brande. 

ROUGH'cAST  (ruf'kist),  n.  1.  A rude  model ; a 
form  in  its  rudiments.  Digby. 

2.  Mortar  mixed  with  pebbles,  shells,  fine 
gravel,  &c.,  for  plastering  walls.  Britton. 

BOUGH'C.AsT-^B,  n.  One  who  roughcasts.  Ash. 

ROUGH'— CLAD  (ruf'klad),  a.  Having  rough  or 
coarse  apparel.  Thomson. 

ROUGH-DRAUGHT  (ruf'dr&ft),  n.  A draught  not 
perfected ; a sketch ; an  outline.  Dryden. 

ROUGH' DR  AW  (ruf'drkw),  V.  a.  [i.  ROUGHDREW  ; 
pp.  ROUGHDRAWING,  ROUGHDRAWN.]  To  draw 
or  trace  coarsely,  as  for  first  purposes.  Dryden. 

ROUGH'EN  (ruf'fn),  v.  a.  [t.  roughened  ; pp. 
roughening,  roughened.]  To  make  rough. 

Such  difference  there  is  in  tongues,  that  the  same  figure 
which  roughens  one  gives  majesty  to  another.  Dryden. 

ROUGH'EN,  v.  n.  To  grow  rough.  Thomson. 

ROUGH'— FOOT-F.D  (ruf'fut-ed),  a.  Having  the 
feet  covered  with  feathers.  “ A rough-footed 
dove.”  Johnson. 

ROUGH-IIEW'  (ruf-hu'  or  ruf'hu)  [ruf-hu',  W.  Ja. 
C.\  ruf'hu,  P.  K.  Sm.  R.],  v.  a.  [».  rough- 
hewed  ; pp.  roughhewing,  roughhewn.] 

1.  To  hew  rudely  or  coarsely,  as  for  first  pur- 
poses. Farmer. 

2.  To  give  the  first  form  or  shape  to. 

There ’s  a divinity  that  shapes  our  ends, 

Rovghhew  them  how  we  will.  Shak. 


“ Dr.  Farmer  informed  Mr.  Steevens  that  the 
phrase,  as  used  by  Shakspeare,  is  technical.  ‘A  wool- 
man,  butcher,  and  dealer  in  skewers  lately  observed 
to  him  [Dr.  Farmer],  that  his  nephew  (an  idle  lad) 
could  only  assist  him  in  making  them  ; he  could 
roughhew  them,  but  not  shape  their  ends.’  ” Todd. 

ROUGH'HEW-fR  (ruf'hu-er),  n.  One  who  rough- 
hews.  Gent.  Mag. 

ROUGH-HEWN'  (ruf-hun'),  p.  a.  1.  Hewn  rudely 
or  coarsely  ; — not  yet  nicely  finished.  Howell. 

2.  Rugged  ; coarse  ; rude  ; unpolished  ; un- 
civil. “ A roughhewn  seaman.”  Bacon. 

ROUGH'ING§  (ruf'jngz),  n.  pi.  Grass  after  mow- 
ing or  reaping;  rotven.  [Local,  Eng.]  Halloway. 

ROUGH'jSH  (ruf'isli),  a.  1.  Somewhat  rough. 

2.  {Bot.)  Slightly  covered  with  short  points. 

ROUGH'— LEAFED,  a.  Having  rough  leaves. 

ROUGH'— LEGGED,  a.  Having  legs  rough  with 

feathers.  “ Bough-legged  falcon.”  Pennant. 

ROUGH'LY  (ruf'le),  ad.  1.  In  a rough  manner; 
with  roughness  ; harshly.  Johnson. 

2.  Boisterously  ; tempestuously.  Johnson. 

3.  Without  tenderness ; rudely ; severely. 

The  poor  useth  entreaties,  but  the  rich  answereth  roughly. 

Prow  xviii.  23. 

ROUGH'NgSS  (ruf'nes),  n.  1.  The  state  or  the 
quality  of  being  rough ; inequality  or  uneven- 
ness of  surface ; ruggedness. 

2.  Harshness  to  the  taste.  Browne. 

3.  Harshness  to  the  ear ; discord.  Dryden. 

4.  Coarseness  of  manners  ; rudeness.  Bacon. 

5.  Violence  ; severity.  Johnson. 

6.  Storminess  ; boisterousness ; tempestuous- 
ness; inclemency.  Johnson. 

7.  Inelegance,  as  of  dress.  Johnson. 

ROUGH'— RID- p R (ruf'rld-er),  n.  {Mil.)  A non- 
commissioned officer  in  the  cavalry  regiments 
whose  duty  it  is  to  break  refractory  horses,  and 
assist  the  riding-master.  Stocqueler. 

ROUGH'-SHOD  (ruf'shod),  a.  Shod  with  shoes 
furnished  with  calks  or  calkings,  to  prevent 
slipping,  as  a horse. 

To  ride  rough-shod,  to  pursue  a course  regardless  of 
the  suffering  caused. 

f ROUGHT  (r&wt),  p.  of  reach.  Reached.  Shak. 

ROUGH'WORK  (ruf'wurk),  V.  a.  [t.  ROUGH- 
WROUGHT,  ROUGHWORKED  ; pp.  ROUGH  WO  RU- 
ING, ROUGH  WROUGHT,  ROUGHWORKED.]  To 
work  over  coarsely,  without  regard  to  nicety  or 
finish.  Moxon. 

ROU-LADE' , n.  [Fr.]  {Musi)  A sort  of  rolling 
variation  ; a run  ; as,  “ The  roulades  in  Han- 
del’s choruses.”  Dicight. 

ROULEAU  (ro-lo'),  n. ; pi.  rouleaux  (ro-loz'). 
[Fr.,  a roll ; router,  to  roll.] 

1.  A little  roll  ; — particularly  a roll  of  cur- 
rent coins  making  a certain  sum.  Pope. 

2.  {Mil.)  A round  bundle  of  fascines  tied  to- 

gether, used  for  covering  men  when  the  works 
are  pushed  close  to  a besieged  town,  or  for 
masking  the  head  of  a work.  Stocquelcr. 

ROU-LETTE'  (ro-let'),  n.  [Fr.  router,  to  roll.] 

1.  A game  of  hazard  which  consists  in  rolling 

a small  ball  on  a circle  divided  into  red  or  black 
spaces.  As  this  ball  stops  in  the  one  or  the 
other,  the  player  wins  or  loses.  Wright. 

2.  An  instrument  consisting  of  a toothed 

wheel  inserted  on  a pivot  in  a shaft  or  handle, 
used  for  making  a series  of  dotted  lines  on  a 
plate.  Fairholt. 

f ROUN,  v.n.  [A.  S.  runian .]  To  whisper.  Gower. 

fROUN,  v.  a.  To  address  in  a whisper.  Breton. 

ROUNCE,  n.  {Printing.)  The  handle  of  a press 
by  which  the  carriage,  on  which  the  form  is 
laid,  is  run  in  under  the  platen  and  out  again ; 
— also  the  handle  of  a press,  together  with  the 
cylinder  and  the  belts  attached  to  it.  Brande. 

ROUN'CE-VAL,  a.  [From  Sp.  Roncesvalles,  a 
town  at  the  foot  of  the  Pyrenees,  where  gigan- 
tic bones  of  old  heroes  were  pretended  to  be 
shown.] 

1.  Large  ; gigantic  ; strong.  Halliwell. 

2.  Noting  a large  variety  of  pea,  otherwise 

called  marrow-fat  pea.  Drayton. 

ROUN'CE-VAL,  n.  Any  thing  large  or  strong; 
a giant.  Translator  of  Sp.  Mandeville. 


ROUND,  a.  [L.  rotundus  ; rota,  a wheel ; It.  ro- 
tondo  ; Sp.  rodondo  ; Fr.  rond.  — Dut.  rond ; 
Ger.,  Dan.,  Sg  Sw.  rund.] 

1.  Of  such  a figure  or  form  that  all  lines 
from  the  centre  to  the  circumference  are  equal ; 
circular ; spherical ; globular  ; cylindrical. 

His  ponderous  shield. 

Ethereal  temper,  massy,  round,  and  large.  Milton . 

The  big,  round  tears 

Coursed  one  another  down liis  innocent  nose.  Shak. 

Hollow  engines,  long  and  round,  thick  rammed.  Milton. 

2.  Whole  ; entire  ; complete  ; not  broken  or 
fractional.  “ A round  number.”  Arbuthnot. 

3.  Smooth  ; continuous  ; flowing ; full.  “ Style 

. . . round  and  comprehensive.”  Fell. 

In  his  satires,  Horace  is  quick,  round , and  pleasant.  Peacham. 

4.  Large;  great;  considerable.  “A  round 
sum.”  Hooke.  “ A round  price.”  Addison. 

5.  Quick  ; brisk.  “ A round  trot.”  Addison. 

6.  Plain  ; fair ; candid  ; open ; upright,  [r.] 

Round  dealing  is  the  honor  of  man’s  nature.  Bacon. 

7.  Without  delicacy  or  reserve ; plain  ; decid- 
ed ; peremptory  ; bold,  [r.] 

Let  his  queen-mother  all  alone  entreat  him 

To  show  his  griefs;  let  her  be  round  with  him.  Shak. 

Round  bodies , ( Oeom .)  the  right  cone,  the  right  cyl- 


inder, and  the  sphere.  Davies. 

ROUND,  n.  1.  A circle  ; sphere  ; cylinder  ; globe. 

Three  or  four  we  ’ll  dress  like  urchins, 

With  rounds  of  waxen  tapers  on  their  heads.  Shak. 
The  mouth  of  Vesuvius  seems  a perfect  round.  Addison. 

2.  Motion  or  dance  in  a circle. 

Then  in  a round  the  mingled  bodies  run; 

Flying  they  follow,  and  pursuing  shun.  Dnjdcn. 
Knit  your  hands,  and  beat  the  ground, 

In  a light,  fantastic  round.  Milton. 


3.  A course  ending  at  the  point  where  it  be- 
gan ; a revolution. 

The  starry  choir, 

Who,  in  their  mighty,  watchful  spheres. 

Lead  in  swift  rounds  the  months  and  years.  Milton. 

4.  Action  or  performance  in  which  any  thing 
passes  through  all  hands  and  comes  back  to  the 
first. 

The  feast  was  served;  the  bowl  was  crowned: 

To  the  king’s  pleasure  went  the  mirthful  round.  PHor. 

5.  A glass  filled  for  drinking,  [r.] 

A gentle  round  filled  to  the  brink. 

To  this  and  t’  other  friend  I drink.  Suckling. 

6.  That  which  goes  round  a circle  or  compa- 
ny of  persons ; as,  “ Rounds  of  applause.” 

7.  Rotation,  as  in  office.  Holyday. 

8.  A cylindrical  cross-piece,  as  of  a ladder, 

chair,  &c. ; a rundle  ; a step.  Shak. 

9.  A vessel  for  holding  beer.  Simmonds. 

10.  (Mtts.)  A species  of  fugue  in  the  unison 
resembling  a catch,  in  which  the  performers  fol- 
low each  other  through  the  several  parts.  Moore. 

11.  [It.  if  Sp .ron da;  Fr.  ronde .]  {Mil.)  A 

walk  performed  by  an  officer  or  a guard  through 
a certain  circuit  of  ground,  as  the  rampart  of  a 
garrison,  to  see  that  the  sentinels  are  diligent 
at  their  duty,  and  all  things  safe  and  in  order  — 
also  the  soldiers  who  perform  this  walk,  con- 
sisting usually  of  an  officer  and  six  men  de- 
tached from  the  main  guard:  — a general  dis- 
charge of  musketry  or  cannon  in  which  each 
piece  is  fired  once.  Stocqueler. 

Round  of  ammunition,  one  cartridge  to  each  soldier. 
— Round  of  beef,  &c.,  a cut  of  the  thigh  through  and 
across  the  bone. 

ROUND,  ad.  1.  Circularly  ; in  a circle ; around. 
“The  world  turns  round.”  Shak. 

2.  In  a circuitous  course  ; not  directly.  Pops. 

3.  On  all  sides  ; so  as  to  be  surrounded. 

In  darkness  and  with  dangers  compassed  round.  Milton. 

4.  From  first  to  last ; without  exception. 

She  named  the  ancient  heroes  round; 

Explained  for  what  they  were  renowned.  Swift. 

5.  From  one  opinion,  side,  or  party,  to  a con- 
trary one. 

He  comes  round  to  practise  his  deceits  upon  himself. 

Gov.  of  the  Tongue 

ROUND,  prep.  1.  Circularly  about ; around. 

He  led  the  hero  round 

The  confines  of  the  blest  Elysian  ground.  Dryden. 

2.  All  over ; in  all  parts  of ; on  all  sides  of. 
“ Round  the  world  we  roam.”  Dryden. 

To  officiate  light  round  this  spacous  earth.  Milton. 

To  come  or  to  get  round , to  gain  advantage  of  ; to 
circumvent. 

ROUND,  v.  a.  [j.  ROUNDED  ; pp.  ROUNDING, 
ROUNDED.] 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — q,  g,  soft ; €,  G,  q,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  ? as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


« 


ROUND 


1252 


ROVE 


1.  To  make  round  ; to  give  a circular,  spher- 
ical, or  cylindrical  form  to. 

Worms  . . . which  round  themselves  into  balls.  Bacon. 

2.  To  surround;  to  encircle;  to  encompass. 

The  inclusive  verge 

Of  golden  metal  that  must  round  my  brow.  Shak. 

3.  To  move  round  or  about ; to  go  round. 

To  those  beyond  the  polar  circle  day 
Had  unbenighted  shone,  while  the  low  sun, 

To  recompense  his  distance,  in  your  sight 

llud  rounded  still  the  horizon.  Milton. 

4.  To  make  protuberant ; to  put  in  relief. 

The  figures  on  our  modern  medals  are  raised  and  rounded 

to  a very  great  pertection.  Addison. 

5.  To  make  full,  swelling,  or  flowing. 

A quaint,  terse,  florid  style,  rounded  into  periods.  Swift. 
To  round  in,  (JVaut.)  to  haul  in  on,  as  a rope,  es- 
pecially a weather  brace. — To  round  up,  to  haul  up 
on,  as  a tackle.  Dana. 

ROUND,  v.  n.  1.  To  grow  or  become  round.  Shah. 
2.  To  go  round,  as  a guard. 

While  they  keep  watch,  or  nightly  rounding  walk.  Milton. 


f ROUND,  v.  a.  To  address  in  a whisper  ; — cor- 
rupted from  roun.  — See  Roux.  Spenser. 

f ROUND,  v.  n.  To  whisper.  — See  Roun.  Sidney. 

ROUND' A-BOUT,  a.  1.  Going  round;  indirect; 
loose.  “ Paraphrase  is  a roundabout  way  of 
translating.”  Felton. 

2.  Encompassing;  encircling.  Tatlcr. 

3.  Ample;  broad;  extensive.  “ Large,  sound, 

roundabout  sense.”  Locke. 

fZtf'  It  is  also  colloquially  used  as  an  adverb  and  a 
preposition. 


ROUND' A- ROUT,  n.  1.  A horizontal  wheel  on 
which  children  ride.  Smart. 

2.  A kind  of  outer  garment ; a surtout.  Smart. 

3.  A way  round  ; a circuitous  way. 

A door  opening  out  of  our  garden  will  save  the  roundabout 
by  the  town.  Cowper. 

4.  An  orbicular  or  spherical  body. 

lie  sees,  that  this  great  roundabout , 

The  world,  with  all  its  motley  rout.  Cowper. 


5.  A hedge  bounding  a coppice.  Wright. 

ROUND' A-BOUT-NJjlSS,  n.  Circuitousness  ; indi- 
• rectness.  Ec.  Rev. 

ROUND-BACKED  (round'bakt),  a.  Having  a 

round  back ; round-shouldered.  Clarke. 


ROUN'DEF,  n.  [Fr.  rondelle  ; rond,  round.] 

1.  Any  thing  round  ; a round  form,  figure,  or 

space  ; a circle.  Chancer.  Browne. 

2.  A small,  circular  shield  used  in  the  four- 
teenth and  fifteenth  centuries.  Fairhnlt. 

3.  (Fort.)  A circular  bastion.  Stocqueler. 

4.  (Her.)  A circular  ordinary.  Brande. 

5.  [Fr.  rondeau .]  A roundelay.  Spenser. 


ROUN'Dp-LAY,  n.  [Old  F r.  rondelet ; Fr.  row-  j 
dealt ; rond,  round.] 

1.  (Poetry.)  A kind  of  ancient  poem,  consist- 
ing, commonly,  of  thirteen  verses,  eight  in  one 
rhyme  and  five  in  another  ; a rondo.  Brande. 

2.  A simple,  short  and  lively  rural  strain  ; — 

also  a rural  dance.  Spenser.  Shak. 

3.  f-  Any  thing  round ; a roundel.  Wickliffe. 

ROUNDER,  n.  1.  One  who  rounds. 

2.  A circle  ; a rondure.  Shak. 


ROUND'— FACED,  a.  Having  a round  face.  Butler.  ' 

ROUND'llEAD,  n.  A name  of  contempt  given  in 
the  reign  of  Charles  I.,  by  the  cavaliers,  or  roy- 
al party,  who  wore  their  hair  in  long  ringlets, 
to  a Puritan,  from  the  custom  that  prevailed 
among  the  Puritans  of  wearing  the  hair  cut 
close  to  the  head.  Spectator.  Brande. 

/Szf-  The  name  was  extended  to  all  the  republicans 
at  the  end  of  the  reign  of  Charles  I.,  and  during  the 
Commonwealth,  p.  C;/c.  — Richard  Baxter,  in  the 
“ Narrative  of  his  Fife  and  Times,”  states,  with  re- 
spect to  tlie  term  roundhead , “ The  original  of  which 
name  is  not  certainly  known.  Some  say  it  was  be- 
cause the  Puritans  then  commonly  wore  short  hair, 
and  the  king’s  party  long  hair;  some  say  it  was  be- 
cause the  queen,  at  Strafford’s  trial,  asked  who  that 
roundheaded  man  was,  meaning  Mr.  Pym,  because  he 
spake  so  strongly.” 

ROUND'— HEAD-f.D,  a.  Having  a round  head. 

ROUND'  -HOUSE,  n.  1.  A constable’s  prison,  so 
called  from  its  usual  form.  Pope. 

2.  (Naut.)  A cabin  on  the  after  part  of  the  I 
quarter-deck:  — a privy  or  necessary  near  the  | 


head  of  a ship,  for  the  use  of  certain  officers, 
and  for  the  sick.  Mar.  Diet 

ROUND'JNG,  n.  (Naut.)  A service  of  rope  wound 
round  a spar  or  a larger  rope.  Dana. 

ROUND'JNG,  a.  Round  ; roundish.  Wright. 

RtiUND'iSH,  a.  1.  Approaching  to  roundness; 
somewhat  round  ; rounding.  Boyle. 

2.  (Bot.)  Orbicular ; a little  inclining  to  be 
oblong.  Lindley. 

ROUND'ISH-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  roundish. 

ROUND'LIJT,  n.  A little  round  or  circle.  Gregory. 

fROUND'LY,  a.  Somewhat  round;  roundish. 
“ Whose  roundly  form.”  - W.  Browne. 

ROUND’Ly  ad.  1.  In  a round  form  or  manner. 

2.  Openly  ; plainly  ; without  reserve  ; boldly. 

lie  affirms  every  thing  roundly.  Addison. 

3.  Briskly;  with  speed;  swiftly. 

When  the  mind  lias  brought  itself  to  attention,  it  may  be 
able  to  cope  with  difficulties  and  master  them,  and  then  it 
may  go  on  roundly.  Locke. 

4.  Completely  ; vigorously  ; in  earnest.  Davies. 

I would  huve  done  any  tiling,  . . . and  roundly  too.  Shak. 

ROUND'NflSS,  n.  1.  The  state  or  the  quality  of 
being  round ; the  state  of  being  circular,  spher- 
ical, or  cylindrical ; rotundity  ; sphericity. 

Bracelets  of  pearl  gave  roundness  to  her  arm.  Prior. 

2.  Fulness  of  flow,  as  of  a period.  Spenser. 

3.  Openness;  plainness;  boldness.  Raleigh. 

Syn.  — See  Rotundity. 

ROUND'RIDtrE,  v.  a.  To  form  into  round  ridges 
by  ploughing.  Wright. 

ROUND'— ROB-JN,  ?t.  [Fr.  rond,  round,  and  ru- 
ban,  a ribbon.]  A written  petition,  remon- 
strance, address,  or  other  instrument,  with  the 
names  of  those  signing  it  placed  in  a ring  or  cir- 


cle, so  that  it  may  not  be  known  who  signed  it 
first.  Forbes. 

ROUND'— ROLL-ING,  a.  Revolving  in  a circle. 

“ Five  round-rolling  moons.”  Cowper. 

ROUND'— SHOUL-DJy RED  (-shol-derd),  a.  Having 
roundness  on  the  shoulders.  Davies. 

ROUND'— TA-BLE,  n.  A circular  table;  — a term 


especially  used  in  the  phrase  Knights  of  the 
round-table. 

Knights  of  the  round  table,  knights  of  an  order  said 
to  have  been  established  in  England  by  King  Arthur, 
being  forty  in  number,  and  so  styled  from  their  prac- 
tice of  sitting  at  a large,  round,  marble  table,  so  as  to 
avoid  all  distinction  of  rank.  Wright. 

ROUND'TOP,  n.  (Naut.)  A platform  at  the  head 
of  a lower  mast ; a top.  [it.]  Wood. 

ROUND'-ToW-ER,  n.  One  of  certain  very  ancient 
towers,  found  almost  exclusively  in  Ireland,  ta- 
pering from  the  base  to  a conical  cap  or  roof 
which  crowns  the  summit.  P.  Cyc. 

ROUND'-TRADE,  n.  A kind  of  barter  on  and 
near  the  Gaboon,  a river  in  Western  Africa, 
comprising  a large  assortment  of  miscellaneous 
articles  ; — also  called  bundle-trade.  Simmonds. 

ROUP,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  hreopan  ; Dut.  roepen.]  To 
cry  ; to  shout.  [Scotland.]  Jamieson. 

ROUP,  v.  a.  To  expose  to  sale  by  roup  or  outcry; 
to  sell  by  auction.  [Scotland.]  Jamieson. 

ROUP,  n.  An  outcry  : — a sale  of  goods  by  auc- 
tion:— a hoarseness.  [Scotland.]  Jamieson. 

ROU§E  (rbfiz),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  arisan,  to  arise.  — See 
Arise,  Arouse,  Raise,  and  Rise.]  [*.  roused  ; 
pp.  ROUSING,  ROUSED.] 

1.  To  raise  or  wake  from  sleep  or  rest;  to 
wake  ; to  awaken  ; to  arouse. 

On  Thursday  early  will  I rouse  you.  Shak. 

2.  To  excite  to  thought  or  action;  to  stir  lip ; 
to  stimulate  ; to  animate  ; to  enkindle. 

I ’ll  thunder  in  their  ears  their  country’s  cause, 

And  try  to  rouse  up  all  that ’s  Roman  in  them.  Addison. 

3.  To  put  into  action  or  motion  ; to  agitate. 

Blustering  winds,  which  all  night  long 

Had  roused  the  sea.  Milton. 

4.  To  start  or  drive  from  a lair  or  cover. 

Wild  boars  late  roused  out  of  the  brakes.  Spenser. 

Bouse  the  fleet  hare,  and  cheer  the  opening  hound.  Pope. 

Syn.  — See  Awakes,  Excite. 

ROUifE,  v.  n.  1.  To  move  or  stand  up  ; to  rise. 


My  fell  of  hair 

Would,  at  a dismal  treatise,  rouse,  and  stir 

As  life  were  in  *t.  Shak. 

2.  To  awake  from  sleep  or  repose  ; to  get  or 
startup.  “ Morpheus  rouses  from  his  hcd.”  Pope. 

t ROUljE,  n.  [Dut.  roes,  drunkenness  ; Ger. 
rausch.  — See  Carouse.] 

1.  A large  glass  filled  to  the  utmost,  in  honor 

of  a health  proposed  ; a bumper.  Shak. 

2.  A drinking  bout ; a carousal.  Shak. 

ROU^E,  v.  n.  (Naut.)  To  pull  together  on  a cable, 
hawser,  &c.,  without  the  assistance  of  tackles 
or  other  mechanical  powers.  Mar.  Diet. 

ROUS'iJR,  n.  1.  One  who,  or  that  which,  arouses 
or  excites.  Swift. 

2.  Any  thing  very  big.  [Vulgar.]  Jamieson. 

3.  (Brewing.)  A rotating  machine  for  stirring 

hops  in  the  copper.  Simmonds. 

ROUTING,  a.  Very  great  or  large.  “ Arousing 
fire.”  [Low.]  Jamieson.  Wright. 

ROU§'ING-LY,  ad.  Violently  ; excitingly.  Clarke. 

ROUST,  n.  [Icel.  roest,  raust,  an  estuary.]  A 
strong  tide  or  current,  or  the  turbulent  part  of 
a frith,  occasioned  by  the  meeting  of  rapid  tides  ; 
written  also  rost.  [Orkneys.]  Jamieson. 

ROUT,  n.  [Dut.  rot ; Ger.  Sj  Dan.  rotte.  — Fr. 
raout,  rout.) 

1.  A clamorous  multitude  ; a tumultuous 
crowd;  a rabble.  “ A rout  of  people.”  Spenser. 

2.  A select  company.  Chaucer. 

The  lusty  shepherd  swains  sat  in  a rout.  Spenser. 

3.  A fashionable  assembly  or  large  evening 

party.  Rogct.  Smart. 

4.  (Eng.  Laic.)  The  unlawful  assembling  of 

a number  of  persons  with  intent  to  commit  by 
violence  some  unlawful  act.  Blackstone. 

ROUT,  n.  [It.  rotta  ; Sp.  rota  ; Fr.  deroute.)  The 
defeat  and  dispersion  of  an  army  or  body  of 
troops,  or  the  confusion  of  troops  defeated  and 
dispersed.  . Stocqueler. 

Ruin  upon  ruin,  rout  on  rout. 

Confusion  worse  confounded.  Milton. 

ROUT,  v.  a.  \i.  ROUTED  ; pp.  ROUTING,  routed.] 
To  disperse  and  put  into  confusion  by  defeat. 

That  party  of  the  king’s  horse  that  charged  the  Scots  so 
totally  routed  and  defeated  their  whole  army,  that  they  fled. 

Clarendon. 

To  put  to  rout  or  to  put  to  the  rout , to  defeat  and 
disperse,  as  an  army  or  body  of  troops. 

f ROUT.  v.  n.  To  assemble  in  a clamorous  or  tu- 
multuous crowd.  Bacon. 

f ROUT,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  hrutan.)  To  snore.  Chaucer. 

f ROUT,  v.  n.  To  root,  as  a swine.  Edwards. 

ROUTE  (rot  or  rout)  [lot,  S.  ./.  F.  K.  Sm.  R.  Wr. ; 
rbfit  or  rot,  IK  Ja.  ; rbfit,  P.  E.  Wb.),  n.  [Sp. 
ruta\  Fr  .route.  — From  L .rota,  a wheel.  Me- 
nage.) Course  travelled  or  to  be  travelled ; 
road  ; way  ; path  ; passage. 

Wide  through  the  furzy  field  their  route  they  take.  Guy. 

“ Upon  a more  accurate  observation  of  the  best 
usage,  I must  give  the  preference  to  the  first  sound 
[rout]  of  this  word,  notwithstanding  its  coincidence 
in  sound  with  another  word  of  a different  meaning  ; 
the  fewer  French  sounds  of  tins  diphthong  we  have 
in  our  language  the  better.  Mr.  Sheridan  and  Mr. 
Smith  make  a difference  between  rout , a rabble,  and 
route , a road  ; Mr.  Scott  gives  both  sounds,  hut  seems 
to  prefer  t lie  first ; W.  Johnston,  Dr.  Kenrick,  and 
Mr.  Perry  pronounce  both  alike,  and  witii  the  first 
sound.”  Walker.  — Most  of  the  orthoepists  more  re- 
cent than  Walker  give  the  preference  to  the  pronun- 
ciation rot. 

ROU-  TINE ' (ro-ten'),  n.  [Fr.  dim.  of  route,  road, 
route.]  The  ordinary,  beaten  way ; regular 

course  ; practice  ; custom.  Butler. 

We  have  always  our  regular  routine  of  conversation.  II.  More. 

ROUT'OUS-LY,  acl.  ( Laiv .)  In  the  manner  of  a 
rout.  Bouvier. 

ROVE,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  reafian , to  rob  ; Dut.  rooven. 
— See  Rob.]  [ i . roved  ; pp.  roving,  roved.] 

1.  To  wander  about;  to  ramble  ; to  stroll ; to 
range  ; to  roam.  “ A roving  soldier.”  Johnson. 

From  my  native  land  to  rove.  Pope. 

2.  f To  shoot  an  arrow  at  rovers.  Spenser. 

Syn.  — See  Wander. 

ROVE,  v.  a.  1.  To  wander  or  range  over;  to 
roam.  “ Roving  the  field.”  Milton. 

2.  To  shoot  at  rovers,  as  an  arrow.  Harrington. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  !,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


ROVE 


1253 


RUBBLE 


3.  To  plough  into  ridges  by  turning  one  fur- 
row upon  another.  [U.  S.] 

4.  To  draw,  as  a thread  or  cord,  through  an 

eye  or  aperture.  Wright. 

ROVE,  n.  1.  A wandering;  a ramble.  “Thy 

nocturnal  rove.”  Young. 

2.  A roll  of  Wool  drawn  out  and  slightly 
twisted  ; a slub.  Booth. 

ROV'pR,  n.  1.  One  who  roves;  a wanderer ; a 
rambler  : — an  archer.  Young.  Jonson. 

2.  A fickle,  inconstant  person. 

Man  was  formed  to  be  a rover , 

Foolish  woman  to  believe.  Mendez. 

3.  A robber  ; a pirate  ; a freebooter.  Holland. 

4.  A kind  of  strong,  heavy  arrow,  for  shoot- 
ing with  a certain  elevation.  B.  Jonson.  Ncires. 

To  shoot  at  rovers,  (Archery.)  to  shoot  an  arrow  for 
distance,  or  at  a mark,  but  with  an  elevation,  not 
point  blank  ; or,  to  shoot  an  arrow  at  a distant  ob- 
ject, instead  of  the  butt,  which  was  nearer.  Wares. 

Todd. dt  rovers,  at  random  ; without  any  particular 

aim.  Addison.  Scott. 

ROV'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  rambling  or  wander- 
ing. “ Rovings  of  fancy.”  Barrow. 

2.  A roll  of  wool  drawn  out  and  slightly 
twisted ; a rove.  Raley. 

ROV'ING,  p.  a.  Rambling;  wandering. 

ROV'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a w'andering  manner.  Boyle. 

ROV'ING— MA-ClliNE'  (-mj-shen'),  n.  A ma- 

chine for  winding  slubs  on  small  bobbins.  Sim. 

RO  V'ING-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  roving.  Clarke. 

ROV'ING— SHOT,  n.  A shot  fired  at  random. 

These  five  schemes  will  prove  like  roving-shots , some 
nearer  and  some  farther  off,  but  all  at  great  distance  from  the 
mark.  Temple . 

ROW,  (ro),  n.  [A.  S.  rawa;  Dut.  rij ; Ger.  reihe; 
Dan.  § Sw.  rad.']  A number  ranged  in  a line  ; 
a series  ; a rank  ; a file. 

Three  rows  of  great  stones.  Ezra  vi.  4. 

ROW,  n.  [Corrupted  from  rout.]  A noisy,  riot- 
ous disturbance  ; a brawl;  a riot.  [Low.]  Byron. 

ROW  (ro),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  rowan ; Dut.  roeijen  ; Ger. 
rojen,  rudem;  Dan.  roe;  Sw.  ro;  Icel.  rodr.] 

[t.  ROWED  ; pp.  ROWING,  ROWED.] 

1.  To  impel,  as  a boat  in  the  water,  by  oars  at 
the  sides.  “ My  wandering  ship  I row.”  Spenser. 

2.  To  convey,  as  in  a boat,  by  rowing.  Wright. 

ROW,  v.  n.  To  impel  a boat  or  vessel  in  water 
by  oars  at  the  sides  ; to  labor  at  the  oar. 

So  when  they  bad  rowed  about  five  and  twenty  or  thirty 
furlongs,  they  see  Jesus  walking  on  the  sea.  John  vi.  19. 

ROW'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  rowed.  B.  Jonson. 

RO  W'AN-1 TREE,  n.  [Su.  Goth,  roun,  runn.]  (Bot.) 
European  mountain-ash  ; fowler’s  service-tree  ; 
Pyrus  aucuparia  ; — written  also  roan-tree, 
row-tree,  and  royne-tree.  Gray.  Eng.  Cyc. 

ROW'— BOAT,  n.  A boat  impelled  by  oars.  “ Their 
small  row-boats.”  Smollett. 

ROW'DY,  n.  A turbulent  fellow.  [Low.]  Bartlett. 

ROVV'DY— DOW'Dy,  a.  [A  word  formed  like 
ruhadub,  in  imitation  of  the  beat  of  a drum.] 
Noisy  ; turbulent.  Notes  Queries. 

ROWED  (rowd),  a.  Having  rows.  “ Thv  neck- 
lace rowed  with  pearl.”  Parnell. 

ROW'EL,  n.  [Fr.  rouelle,  dim.  of  roue  (L.  rota), 
a wheel.] 

1.  f A small  wheel  or  ring. 

The  golden  plumes  she  wears 

Of  that  proud  bird  which  starry  rowels  bears.  , Sylvester. 

2.  The  rolling  part  of  a canon-bit.  Spenser. 

3.  The  little  wheel  of  a spur,  with  sharp 

points.  Dryden. 

Lord  Marmion  turned, — well  was  his  need, — 

And  dashed  the  rowels  in  his  steed.  W.  Scott. 

4.  (Farriery.)  A roll  of  hair,  silk,  or  other 

material  passed  through  the  flesh,  to  provoke  a 
discharge  ; a seton.  Youatt. 

ROtV'lJL,  v.  a.  [i.  roweeeed  ; pp.  roweleing, 
Roweeled.]  To  insert  a rowel  in.  “ Rowel 
the  horse  in  the  chest.”  Mortimer. 

RoW'JJN,  n.  1.  Afield  kept  up  till  after  Michael- 
mas, that  the  corn  left  on  the  ground  may  sprout 
into  green.  Tusser. 

Turn  your  cows  that  give  milk  into  your  rowens  till  snow 
comes.  Mortimer. 

2.  A second  growth  of  grass  in  a season  ; — 


also  called  aftermath , lattermath , rowings,  row- 
ett,  and  roughings.  [Local,  Eng.,  and  U.  S.] 

ROW'pR,  n.  One  who  rows.  Dryden. 

ROW'IJTT,  n.  Aftermath ; rowen.  P.  Cyc. 

ROW'LAND,  n.  One  thing  offered  as  a match  for 
another  ; an  equivalent ; — used  in  connection 
with  Oliver,  as  in  the  phrase,  “A  Rowland  for 
an  Oliver.” 

But,  to  have  a Rowland  for  an  Oliver,  he  sent  solemn  am- 
bassadors to  the  King  of  England,  ottering  him  his  daughter 
in  marriage.  Rail. 

ftgp  “ These  [Rowland  and  Oliver]  were  two  of  the 
most  famous  in  the  list  of  Charlemagne’s  twelve 
peers  ; and  their  exploits  are  rendered  so  ridiculously 
and  equally  extravagant  by  the  old  romancers,  that 
from  thence  arose  that  saying,  amongst  our  plain  and 
sensible  ancestors,  of  giving  one  a ‘ Rowland  for  his 
Oliver,’  to  signify  the  matching  one  incredible  lie 
with  another.”  W arburton. 

ROW'LpY— RAgg,  n.  Rag-stone.  Clarke. 

ROW'LOCK  (ro'lok  or  rul'ok),  n.  ( Naut.)  A hol- 
low cut  in  the  gunwale  of  a boat  for  the  oar  to 
rest  in  while  rowing  ; — written  also  rollocks. 

Dana. 

ROW'— PORT,  n.  (Naut.)  A little  square  hole  in 
the  side  of  a small  vessel  of  war,  near  the  sur- 
face of  the  water,  for  the  purpose  of  admitting 
an  oar.  Mar.  Diet. 

t ROY,  n.  [Old  Fr.  roy.]  A king.  Mir.  for  Mag. 

ROY'AL,  a.  [L.  regalis;  rex,  regis,  a king;  It. 
reale  ; Sp.  real ; Fr.  royal ; Old  Eng.  rial.] 

1.  Pertaining  to,  or  becoming,  a king  ; king- 
ly ; regal ; — magnificent;  noble ; splendid.  “A 
royal  feast.”  Fabyan.  “ Royal  cheer.”  Shah. 

2.  (Naut.)  Pertaining  to  the  sail  called  a 

royal.  “ Royal  yard.”  Dana. 

Royal  blue,  a rich,  deep  blue  prepared  from  smalt. 
— Royal  glass,  painted  glass.  Britton.  — Royal  mer- 
chant, formerly  a merchant  who  erected  or  possessed 
a principality,  or  who  managed  the  mercantile  affairs 
of  a state  or  kingdom.  Shah.  JVares.  — Royal  mines, 
(Eng.  Law.)  mines  of  gold  or  silver.  Burrill. 

Syn.  — Royal,  from  the  French  (royal),  and  regal, 
from  the  Latin  (regalis),  are  in  more  common  use  than 
the  English  term  hourly.  Royal  authority,  preroga- 
tive, or  residence  ; regal  state,  title,  or  dignity ; king- 
ly deportment  or  crown. 

ROY'AL,  n.  1.  A shoot  of  a stag’s  head.  Bailey. 

2.  A large  kind  of  paper  21  inches  by  19 

inches.  Simmonds. 

3.  (Naut.)  A light  sail  next  above  the  top- 
gallant sail.  Dana. 

4.  (Gunnery.)  A small  mortar.  Stocquelcr. 

5.  (Mil.)  A soldier  of  the  first  regiment  of 
English  foot,  called  The  Royals,  and  supposed 
to  be  the  oldest  regular  corps  in  Europe.  James. 

ROY'AL-I§M,  n.  [Fr.  royalisme.)  Attachment 
to  the  cause  of  royalty  or  to  royal  government ; 
the  principles  of  a royalist.  Todd.  Ec.  Rev. 

ROY'AL-IST,  ii.  [Fr.  royaliste.]  An  adherent  to 
a king  or  to  royalty  ; — originally,  in  France,  an 
adherent  to  the  Bourbon  family,  after  the  revo- 
lution of  1792. 

Where  Candish  fought,  the  royalists  prevailed; 

Neither  his  courage  nor  his  judgment  failed.  Waller. 

ROY'AL-IZE,  v.  a.  To  make  royal.  Shak. 

ROY'AL-LY,  ad.  In  a royal  or  regal  manner. 

His  body  shall  be  royally  interred.  Dryden. 

ROY'AL-TY,  n.  [Old  Fr.  royaulte;  Fr.  royaute .] 

1.  The  character,  state,  or  office  of  a king; 
kingship.  “ The  royalty  of  her  father.”  Shak. 
Royalty  by  birth  is  the  sweetest  way  of  majesty.  Holyday. 

2.  Emblems  or  badges  of  royalty. 

Wherefore  do  I assume 

These  royalties , and  not  refuse  to  reign?  Milton. 

3.  (Law.)  A right  or  prerogative  of  the  king. 

Whishaw. 

4.  (Mining.)  A duty  claimed  on  mineral 

produce.  Simmonds. 

t ROYNE,  n.  A stream.  Cowell. 

fROYNE,  v.  a.  [Fr.  rogner.]  To  gnaw.  Spenser. 

fROYN'ISH,  a.  [Fr.  rogneux.]  Mangy;  scur- 
vy ; vile.  “ The  roynish  clown.”  Shak. 

ROYS'TQN— CROW,  n.  (Ornith.)  The  hooded 
crow  ; Coronas  cornix  of  Linnaeus.  Eng.  Cyc. 

f ROY'TE-LET,  n.  [Fr.]  A petty  king.  Ueylin. 

fi ROY'TJSH,  a.  Wild;  irregular.  Beaumont. 


RUB,  v.  a.  [Dut.  wrijnen  ; Ger.  reiben  ; Dan.  rive. 
— Gael.  & Ir  .rub;  W.  rhwbio.]  [i.  rubbed  ; 

pp.  RI  BBING,  RI  BBED.] 

1.  To  press  or  move  something  along  the  sur- 
face of,  with  friction. 

Two  bones  rubbed  hard  against  one  another  produce  a fetid 
smell.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  To  cover  thinly  the  surface  of,  with  some- 
thing pressed  along  it. 

Their  straw-built  citadels  new  rubbed  with  balm.  Milton. 

3.  To  put  or  apply  with  friction  ; as,  “ To 
rub  liniment  on  a bruise.” 

4.  To  remove  or  obliterate  by  friction  ; — used 
with  off  or  out. 

If  their  minds  are  well  principled  with  inward  civility,  a 
great  part  of  the  roughness  which  sticks  to  the  outside  time 
and  observation  will  rub  off.  Loekc. 

A forcible  object  will  rub  out  the  freshest  colors  at  a stroke. 

Collier. 

5.  To  polish;  to  retouch  ; — used  with  over. 

To  rub  over  the  defaced  copy  of  the  creation.  South. 

6.  To  obstruct  by  collision;  to  thwart;  — to 
chafe;  to  fret;  to  gall,  [r.] 

Whose  disposition,  nil  the  world  well  know, 

Will  not  be  rubbed  nor  stopped.  Shak. 

To  rub  down,  to  clean  by  rubbing,  as  a horse  ; to 
curry.  Dryden.  — To  rub  up,  to  excite  ; to  awaken. 
South.  — To  polish  ; to  refresh  ; to  burnish. 

RUB,  v.  n.  1.  To  pass  over  the  surface  of  a body 
with  friction  ; to  make  a friction. 

It  rubbed  upon  the  sore.  Dryden. 

2.  To  pass,  or  get  along,  with  difficulty. 

No  hunters,  that  the  tops  of  mountains  scale, 

And  rub  through  woods  with  toil.  Chapman. 

RUB,  ii.  [Gael.  « Ir.  rub  ; W.  rhivb.] 

1.  The  act  of  rubbing;  friction.  Johnson. 

2.  That  against  which  something  rubs,  as  any 
inequality  in  a surface  ; — obstruction  ; hinder- 
ance  ; obstacle  ; difficulty  ; cause  of  uneasiness. 

Shall  blow  each  dust,  each  straw,  each  little  mib 

Out  of  the  path.  Shak. 

Tosleep; — perchance,  to  dream;  ay,  there ’s  the  rub.  Shak. 

3.  Severe  rebuke  ; a sarcasm  ; a taunt. 

Deserved  this  so  dishonored  ruh.  Shak. 

4.  (Bowling.)  Inequality  of  ground  that  hin- 
ders the  rtiotion  of  a bowl.  Fuller. 

RUB'A-DUB',  n.  An  incessant  noise;  clatter; 
din.  x Roget. 

Not  a ruhaduh  will  come 

To  sound  the  music  of  a drum.  English  Nursery  Book. 

They  have  been  beaten  incessantly,  every  month,  and  eve- 
ry day.  and  every  hour,  by  the  din',  and  roll,  and  the  ruha- 
dub  of  the  abolition  presses.  Daniel  Webster,  1850. 

f RUB'BApE,  n.  Rubbish.  Wotton. 

RUB'BpK,  n.  1.  One  who,  or  that  which,  rubs. 

2.  A large  coarse  file.  Moxon. 

3.  A whetstone  ; a rub-stone.  Ainsworth. 

4.  Any  thing  with  which  one  rubs,  as  a pol- 
ishing substance,  a towel,  Ac.  Dryden. 

5.  Gum-clastic  or  caoutchouc  ; india-rubber. 

6.  At  whist  and  other  games,  two  games  won 

out  of  three,  or  the  last  of  three  games  played, 
which,  reckoned  with  another  previously  won, 
decides  the  contest.  Johnson. 

7.  pi.  A disease  in  sheep,  occasioning  great 

heat  and  itching.  Wright. 

8.  (Naut.)  A small  instrument  used  to  rub 

or  flatten  down  the  seams  of  a sail  in  sail-mak- 
ing. Dana. 

9.  (Elec.)  The  part  of  the  common  electri- 

cal machine,  by  the  friction  of  which  against 
the  glass  plate  or  cylinder  electricity  is  devel- 
oped, and  which  consists  of  a cushion  of  leather 
covered  with  a metallic  amalgam,  usually  made 
of  mercury,  tin,  and  zinc.  Young. 

fRUB'BIDtyE,  n.  Rubbish.  Bp. Taylor. 

RUB'BING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  rubs.  Holland. 

RUB’BISH,  n.  [From  rub,  v.,  i.  e.  that  which 
comes  off  by  rubbing.  Richardson.] 

1.  Whatever  is  cast  away,  as  the  useless  pieces 
or  fragments  left  of  materials  used  in  building; 
refuse ; ruins. 

A fabric,  though  high  and  beautiful,  if  loundcd  on  rubbish, 
is  easily  made  the  triumph  of  the  winds.  Glanvill. 

2.  Mingled  mass  ; confusion.  Arbuthnot. 

3.  Any  thing  vile  and  worthless.  Johnson. 

rOb'BISH-Y,  a.  Partaking  of  the  nature  of  rub- 
bish ; worthless.  Do  Quincey. 

RUB'BLE,  n.  1.  Small,  rough  stones  used  for 
walls,  or  to  fill  up  between  walls.  U cate. 

2.  pi.  A miller’s  name  for  the  whole  of  the 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  £,  g,  soft;  F,  G,  c,  |,  hard;  § as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


RUBBLE-STONE 


1254 


RUDDOCK 


bran,  or  outside  skin  of  the  wheat,  before  being 
sorted  into  pollard,  bran,  sharps, &c.  Simmonds. 

3.  {Mining.)  A provincial  term,  applied  in 
many  parts  of  England  to  a mass  of  broken 
and  angular  fragments  underlying  alluvium, 
and  derived  from  the  adjacent  rock.  Lyelt. 

RUB'BLE— STONE,  n.  1.  Small  rough  stone; 
rubble.  Wright. 

2.  ( Geol .)  A term  applied  by  Kirwan  to  a 

rock  composed  of  grains  or  fragments  of  differ- 
ent minerals,  sometimes  angular,  sometimes 
rounded,  cemented  together  by  some  argilla- 
ceous or  other  substance ; — called  also  gray- 
wacke.  Cleave/and. 

3.  (Mining.)  Rubble.  Wright. 

RUB'BLE— WALL,  ? n_  {Arch.)  A wall 

RUB'BLE— WORK  (-wurk),  ) made  of  rough,  irreg- 
ular stones,  laid  in  mortar.  Bigelow. 

RUB'BLY,  a.  Abounding  in  rubble.  Buckland. 

Rfr-Bp-FA'CI^NT  (rd-be-fa'shent),  n.  [L.  rubefa- 
cio,  to  make  red  ; ruber , red,  and  facio,  to  make.] 
{Med.)  A medicine  which  causes  redness  of  the 
part  to  which  it  is  applied.  Dunglison. 

RU-BE-FA'CIENT  (ru-he-fa'shent),  a.  {Med.)  Pro- 
ducing redness  ; making  red.  Dunglison. 

RU-Bg-FAC'TION,  n.  {Med.)  The  action  or  effect 
of  a rubefacient.  Dunglison. 

RU'BpL-LITE,  n.  [L.  rubeits,  red.]  {Min.)  A 
brittle  variety  of  tourmaline  presenting  differ- 
ent shades  of  red,  as  crimson,  pink,  violet-red, 
&c.,  and  sometimes  a tinge  of  green.  Its  crys- 
tals are  commonly  closely  aggregated,  and  it  ac- 
quires opposite  electricities  by  heat.  Phillips. 

RU'B1JN§’— BROWN,  n.  A rich  brown  pigment, 
which  obtains  its  name  from  the  patronage 
bestowed  on  it  by  the  great  Flemish  painter, 
Rubens.  It  is  a warmer  and  more  ochreous  col- 
or than  Vandyke  brown.  Fairholt. 

RU-BE'O-LA,  n.  [L.  rubeo,  to  be  red.]  (Med.) 
The  measles.  Brands. 

RU-BES'CfNCE,  n.  [L.  rubesco,  to  redden.]  The 
act  of  growing  or  becoming  red.  Roget. 

RU-BES'CpNT,  a.  [L.  rubesco,  rubescens,  to  grow 
red;  Fr.  rubescent.]  Growing  red.  Scott. 

RU ' BE-ZAHL,  n.  [Ger.J  A famous  fabulous 
spirit  of  the  ltiesengebirge  in  Germany,  cele- 
brated in  ballads,  tales,  &c.,  and  represented 
under  the  various  forms  of  a miner,  hunter, 
monk,  dwarf,  giant,  &c.  Brande. 

RlJ'BI-CAN,  a.  [L. rubeo,  to  be  red ; Fr.  ruhicani] 
(Farriery.)  Red  predominating  over  gray,  in  the 
color  of  a horse,  — or  bay,  sorrel,  or  black,  with 
a light  gray  or  white  upon  the  flanks,  but  not 
predominant  there.  Farrier's  Diet. 

RU-BlC'A-TIVE,  n.  That  which  produces  a red- 
dish or  ruby  color.  Holland. 

RU'BI-CELLE,  n.  [L.  rubeo,  to  be  red;  Fr.  rubi- 
celle.)  (Min.)  A yellow  or  orange-red  variety 
of  spinel.  Dana. 

RU'BI-cdN,  n.  ( Ancient  Geog.)  A small  river 
which  formed  the  northern  boundary  of  Italy, 
and  separated  it  from  Cisalpine  Gaul. 

To  pass  the  Rubicon,  to  take  a step  in  an  undertak- 
ing, from  which  one  will  not  or  cannot  recede;  — a 
phrase  originating  from  the  fact  that  Caesar  crossed 
the  Rubicon  when  he  invaded  Italy. 

RC'BI-CUND,  a.  [L.  rubicundus ; Fr.  rubicond .] 
Inclining  to  redness  ; reddish.  Douce. 

Rll-Bj-CUN'DI-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being  rubi- 
cund; disposition  to  redness  ; ruddiness.  Scott. 

RlJ'BIED  (ru'bjd),  a.  Like  a ruby  ; red  as  a ruby. 
“ The  rubied  cherry.”  Shak. 

RU-BIF'JC,  a.  [L.  ruber,  red,  and  facio,  to  make.] 
Making  red ; as,  “ Rubijic  rays.”  Grew. 

rG-BI-F!-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  rubefacio,  to  make 
red ; ruber,  red,  and  facio,  to  make  ; Fr.  rubifi- 
cation .]  The  act  of  making  red.  Howell. 

Rtr'BI-FORM,  a.  [L.  ruber,  red,  and  Eng._/b»v».] 
Having  the  nature  of  red  ; reddish. 

Of  those  rays  which  pass  close  by  the  snow,  the  cubiform 
will  be  the  least  retracted.  Newton. 

RO'BI-FY,  V.  a.  [ i . RUBIFIED  ; pp.  RUBIFYING, 

rubified.]  To  make  red.  Chaucer. 


Rll-BlG'I-NOOs,  a.  [L.  rubigo,  rust.]  Rusty; 
having  the  color  of  rust;  mildewed.  Dunglison. 

RU-BI' GO,  n.  [L.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  fungous 
parasitic  plants,  popularly  known  by  the  name 
of  mildew  or  blight.  Loudon. 

fRU'BI-OUS,  a.  [L . rubeus.)  Ruddy.  Shak. 

RO'BLE  (ru'bl),  n.  (Com.)  A Russian  coin  and 
money  of  account;  — written  also  rouble. 

HSr"  The  silver  ruble  of  100  copecks  is  equivalent 
to  about  3s.  3d.  sterling  ($0.75),  and  is  the  standard 
of  value  in  Russia.  The  gold  ruble  of  1799  is  equal 
to  about  3s.  sterling  ($0.73).  McCulloch.  Simmonds. 

RU'BRIC,  n.  [L.  ruber,  red ; It.  Sp.  rubrica; 
Fr.  rubrique.  — See  Red.] 

1.  (Theol.)  One  of  the  rules  and  orders  di- 

recting how,  when,  and  where  all  things  in  di- 
vine service  are  to  be  performed,  which  were 
formerly  printed  in  a red  character,  as  now  gen- 
erally in  Italic,  and  therefore  called  rubrics.  All 
the  clergy  in  England  solemnly  pledge  them- 
selves to  observe  the  rubrics.  Hook. 

2.  (Civil Law.)  The  title  or  inscription  of  any 

law  or  statute,  because  the  copyists  formerly 
drew  and  painted  the  title  of  laws  and  statutes 
in  red  letters.  Bouvier. 

3.  (Lit.)  Any  writing  or  printing  in  red  ink 

in  old  books  and  manuscripts,  — especially  the 
date  or  place  on  the  title-page.  Wright. 

RU'BRIC,  v.  a.  To  adorn  with  red ; to  mark  with 
red ; to-  rubricate.  Johnson. 

RU  BRIC,  / a.  [L.  rubrica,  red  earth,  chalk, 

R(J'BRI-CAL,  > or  clay;  ruddle.] 

1.  Red ; ruddy.  “ I call  rubric  or  red.” Newton. 

2.  Marked  with  red  ; placed  in  rubrics.  “ Ru- 
brical directions.”  Warton. 

rO'BRI-CATE,  v.  a.  [L.  rubrico,  rubricatus,  to 
color  red  ; Sp.  rubrical'.)  To  tinge  or  to  mark 
with  a red  color.  Herbert. 

RU'BRI-CATE,  a.  Marked  with  red.  Spclman. 

RU-BRI"CIAN  (ru-brlsh'an),  n.  One  versed  in  the 
rubric,  or  an  adherent  to,  or  advocate  for,  the 
rubric.  . Qu.  Rev. 

RU'BRI-CIST,  n.  One  versed  in  the  rubric;  a 
rubrician.  Ec.  Rev. 

RU-BRIQ'I-TY,  n.  [L.  rubrica,  ruddle.]  Redness. 
“ Rubricitg  of  the  Nile.”  Geddcs. 

RUB'-STONE,  n.  A stone  to  rub  any  thing 
upon  ; a stone  to  scour  or  sharpen.  Tusser. 

RU ' BUS,  n.  [L.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants, 
including  the  raspberry  and  the  blackberry ; 
bramble.  Gray. 

Rll'BY,  n.  [L  .ruber,  red;  It.  rubino  ; Sp.  rubi ; 
Port,  rubi ; Fr.  rubis. — Dan.  <S;  Sw.  rubin. — 
Gael,  ruhan.  — See  Red.] 

1.  (Min.)  A name  applied  to  several  very 
hard,  crystallized  gems  of  various  shades  of  red, 
some  of  which  possess  great  beauty  and  value. 

/IS*  Tile  spinelle  ruby  is  of  a scarlet  color  ; the  bales 
ruby  is  rose-red  ; and  the  almandinc  ruby,  violet-col- 
ored. They  are  all  varieties  of  spinel,  and  consist 
chiefly  of  alumina  and  magnesia.  The  oriental  ruby, 
called  also  red  sapphire,  is  a variety  of  corundum, 
and  consists  chiefly  of  alumina.  Rose-red  quartz  is 
sometimes  called  Buhemian  ruby,  and  red  topaz  is  called 
Brazilian  ruby.  The  precious  stones  used  in  jewellery 
were  formerly  distributed  into  different  species,  accord- 
ing to  their  colors  ; hence  all  red  gems,  possessing  a 
certain  degree  of  hardness,  were  called  rubies',  the 
blue,  sapphires  ; the  yellow,  topazes,  &c.  Clraveland. 

2.  A red  color  ; redness  ; ruddiness  ; rubes- 
cence. 

You  can  behold  such  sights, 

And  keep  the  natural  ruby  of  your  cheeks.  Shak. 

3.  A blain  ; a blotch  ; a carbuncle. 

He  is  said  to  have  . . . rubies  about  his  nose.  Capt.  Jones. 

4.  (Printing.)  A type  between  pearl  and 

nonpareil.  Brande. 

This  line  is  printed  in  ruby called  agate  in  tire  U.  S. 

J.  K.  Rogers. 

Rfl'BY,  a.  Of  a red  color  ; like  a ruby. 

Wounds,  like  dumb  mouths,  do  ope  their  ruby  lips.  Shak. 

f Rfl'BY,  v.  a.  To  make  red.  Pope. 

RlJ'BY— BLEND,  n.  (Min.)  Red  sulphuret  of 
zinc.  Dana. 

RU'BY— SIL'VER,  n.  (Min.)  A sectile  mineral, 
sometimes  crystallized,  and  composed  of  sul- 
phur, antimony,  and  silver  ; pyrargyrite.  Dana. 


Rfj'BY-SUL'PHUR,  n.  (Min.)  A sectile  mineral, 
of  a resinous  lustre,  composed  of  sulphur  and 
arsenic  ; realgar  ; red  orpiment ; red  sulphuret 
of  arsenic.  Dana. 

RU'BY— TAIL,  a.  ( Ent .)  Noting  a family  of  hy- 
menopterous  insects  ( Clirysididoe ),  the  species 
of  which  have  a cylindrical  body,  and  the  under 
side  of  the  abdomen,  which  is  commonly  fiery 
copper  color  or  ruby,  concave  and  capable  of 
being  applied  to  the  breast,  so  that,  when 
alarmed,  they  roll  themselves  up  in  a ball.  Baird. 

RU'BY— WOOD,  n.  Redsaunders  w o o d . Sim mon ds. 

RUCK,  v.  h.  [ Horne  Tooke  considers  it  as  formed 
from  the  Sax.  wrigan,  to  cover,  and  to  mean, 
not,  as  Junius  supposes,  to  lie  quiet,  or  in  am- 
bush, but  simply  to  lie  covered.  — llay  and  Grose 
give  it  as  a north  country  word,  meaning  to 
squat  or  shrink  down.  It  appears  to  have  been 
anciently  and  most  frequently  applied  to  birds. 
Todd.']  [Written  also  rouk .] 

1.  To  squat  down;  to  lie  close;  to  crouch; 

to  cower.  Warner. 

2.  To  want  to  sit,  as  a hen.  “A  rucking 

hen.”  [Local,  Eng.]  Halliwell. 

RUCK,  v.  a.  [L.  rugo,  to  wrinkle  ; ruga,  a wrinkle.] 
To  wrinkle;  to  crease;  as,  “ To  ruck  tip  cloth 
or  a garment.”  Wright. 

RUCK,  n.  1.  A fold  ; a crease.  [Local.]  Forby. 

2.  ( Ornith .)  A gigantic  bird,  probably  of  the 
vulture  kind,  which  is  called  roc  in  the  modern 
translations  of  the  Arabian  tales.  Naves. 

RUC-TA'TION,  n.  [L. ructo,  ructatum,  to  belch.] 
A belching,  arising  from  wind  and  indigestion  ; 
an  eructation.  Cockeram. 

fRUD,  a.  [Su.  Goth,  roedi]  Ruddy.  Percy’s  Rel. 

RUD,  n.  1.  f Redness;  blush.  Chaucer. 

2.  Ruddle ; red  ochre.  Grose. 

3.  (Ich.)  A river  fish  ; rudd.  Walton. 


t RUD,  v.  a.  To  make  red. 


Spenser. 


RUDD,  n.  (Ich.)  A European,  malacopterygious, 
fresh-water  fish  of  the  family  Cyprinidce,  or 
carps  ; Leuciscus  erythroplithalmus  ; — called 
also  red-eye.  Yarrell. 

RUD'D£R,m.  [A.  S.  r other,  an  oar  ; Dut .roer,  roe- 
dcr  ; Ger.  ruder,  a rudder ; Sw.  roder. ] 

1.  (Naut.)  An  instrument  for  steering  a ves- 

sel, consisting  of  a flat  piece  or  frame  of  wood, 
hung  upon  the  stern-post  by  means  of  pintles 
and  gudgeons.  Brande. 

2.  Any  thing  that  guides  or  governs.  Wright. 

RUD'DER— COATS,  n.pl.  (Naut.)  Coverings  made 
of  well-tarred  canvas,  to  prevent  the  water  from 
coming  in  at  the  rudder-hole.  Mar.  Diet. 

RUD'DER— HOLE,  n.  (Naut.)  The  hole  in  the 
deck  through  which  the  head  of  the  rudder 
passes.  Mar.  Diet. 

RUD'DER— NAIL,  n.  (Naut.)  A nail  used  in  fas- 
tening the  pintle  to  the  rudder.  Mar.  Diet. 

RUD'DIJR— PEN'DANTS,  n.  pi.  (Naut.)  Strong 
ropes  spliced  in  the  rings  of  the  rudder  chain, 
to  prevent  the  loss  of  the  rudder.  Mar.  Diet. 

RUD'DER-PERCH,  n.  (Ich.)  A species  of  perch 
found  in  the  warm  parts  of  the  Atlantic,  and  so 
named  from  the  supposition  that  it  follows  the 
rudders  of  ships.  Pennant. 

RUD'DI-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  ruddy; 
healthy  redness  of  complexion. 

The  nidcliness  upon  her  lip  is  wet.  Shak. 

RUD'DLE,  n.  [Icel.  rudul. — W.  rhuddeU.]  Red 
earth  ; red  ochre ; a red  iron  ore.  Woodward. 

f RUD'DLE,  v.  a.  To  twist;  to  raddle.  Holland. 

RUD'DLE— MAN,  n.  One  employed  in  digging 
ruddle.  Burton. 

RUD'DOCK,  n.  [A.  S.  rude,  red ; rudduc,  rud- 
dock ; W.  rhuddog,  the  redbreast.] 

1.  ( Ornith.)  The  bird  called  robin  redbreast. 

The  ouzel  shrills;  the  ruddock  warbles  soil.  Spenser. 

2.  ( Zoul .)  A species  of  toad. 

The  poisonous  ruddock  some,  and  shrewmouse  boil.  West. 

3.  pi.  Gold  coin;  money;  — “from  an  idea 

that  gold  is  red,  which,  odd  as  it  seems,  was 
very  prevalent.”  Naves. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  JJ,  ],  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


RUDDY 


1255 


RUG 


IF  one  he  old,  and  have  silver  hairs  on  his  beard,  so  he 
have  golden  ruddocks  in  his  bags,  he  must  be  wise  and  hon- 
orable. Florio. 

The  golden  ruddock,  the  goldfinch.  JV ares. 

RUD'DY,  a.  [A.  S.  rude,  red. — W.  rhudd.) 

1.  Of  a red  color,  as  the  blood. 

As  dear  to  me  as  are  the  tuiddy  drops 

That  visit  my  sad  heart.  Shak. 

2.  Approaching  to  redness ; of  the  color  of 

the  human  flesh  in  high  health ; florid.  “ A 
ruddy  complexion.”  Otway. 

3.  Yellow.  “ Ruddy  gold.”  [it.]  Dryden. 

RUD'DY,  v.  a.  To  make  ruddy,  [it.]  Scott. 

RUDE  (rud),  a.  [L .rudis,  rough  ; It.  rude,  rozzo\ 
Sp.  rudo  ; Fr.  rude.  — Skinner  refers  it  to  A.  S. 
rethe,  barbarous.  — Dan.  vred ; Sw.  wred.~\ 

1.  Rugged  or  rough  ; uneven  ; shapeless ; ill- 
formed  or  unformed. 

It  was  the  custom  to  worship  rude  and  unpolished  stones. 

Stillingjleet. 

2.  Untaught;  barbarous;  undisciplined;  un- 
civilized; untrained;  unskilled;  ignorant. 

And  raw  in  fields  the  rude  militia  swarms.  Dryden. 

3.  Coarse;  uncivil;  impolite;  uncourteous  ; 
impudent ; saucy ; vulgar ; rough. 

Vane’s  bold  answers,  termed  -rude  and  rufiian-like,  fur- 
thered his  condemnation.  Hayward. 

4.  Violent ; tumultuous  ; boisterous  ; turbu- 
lent; inclement.  “ The  rough,  rude  sea.”  Shak. 

5.  Artless  ; inelegant ; unpolished  ; crude. 

“ The  rude  Irish  books.”  Spenser. 

6.  Such  as  may  be  done  with  strength,  with- 
out art ; ordinary. 

Rude  work  well  suited  with  a rustic  mind.  Drj/den. 

RUDE'LY  (rud'le),  ad.  In  a rude  manner  ; rough- 
ly ; coarsely  : — boisterously  ; tumultuously  ; vi- 
olently ; fiercely  ; — inelegantly  ; unskilfully. 

RUDE'NIJSS,  ii.  [From  rude.  — Fr.  rudesse.] 

1.  The  quality  of  being  rude  ; coarseness  of 
manner ; want  of  courtesy  ; incivility ; impo- 
liteness ; vulgarity  ; clownishness. 

Whose  wit  is  rudeness,  whose  good  breeding  tires.  Cowper. 

2.  Want  of  discipline;  unskilfulness;  igno- 
rance. Dryden. 

3.  Want  of  polish;  artlessness;  inelegance. 

And  leave  the  y'udeticss  of  that  antique  age.  Spenser. 

4.  Violence  ; boisterousness  ; inclemency. 

The  rudenesses  of  the  seasons.  Evelyn. 

5.  ( Crim . Law.)  An  impolite  action,  contra- 
ry to  the  usual  rules  observed  in  society,  com- 
mitted by  one  person  against  another.  Bouvier. 

RU'DEN-TURE,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  rudens,  a rope.] 
(Arch.)  The  figure  of  a rope  or  a staff,  with 
which  the  flutings  of  columns  are  sometimes 
filled  up  ; — by  some  called  cabling.  Weale. 

f RU'DE-RA-RY,  a.  [Low  L.  ruder arius ,\  Be- 
longing to,  or  formed  of,  rubbish.  Bailey. 

f RU-Df-RA'TION,  n.  [L.  ruderatio.\  The  act 
of  paving  with  pebbles.  Bailey. 

fRUDElp'BY  (rudz'be),  n.  A rude  fellow.  “A 

mad-brain  rudesby  full  of  spleen.”  [it.]  Shak. 

Rft'DF-MENT,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  rudimentum,  a first 
attempt ; It.  rudimento ; Sp.  rudimento.) 

1.  The  first  unshapen  beginning ; the  first  or 
embryotic  origin  of  any  thing ; rude  state. 

Moss  is  but  the  rudiment  of  a plant,  and  the  mould  of  earth 
or  bark.  Bacon. 

The  rudiments  of  nature  are  very  unlike  the  grosser  ap- 
pearances. Glanvul. 

2.  The  first  elements  or  principles  of  a sci- 
ence ; the  first  part  of  education ; elementary 
instruction. 

To  learn  the  order  of  my  fingering, 

I must  begin  with  rudiments  of  art.  Shak. 

The  skill  and  rudiment  austere  of  war.  Phillips. 

3.  (Bot.)  A part  of  a plant  imperfectly  devel- 
oped, or  in  an  early  state  of  development.  Gray. 

f RU'DI-MENT,  v.  a.  To  ground  ; to  settle  in  the 
rudiments  of  any  science.  Gayton. 

RU-DI-MEN'TAL,  a.  Initial;  relating  to  rudi- 
ments ; rudimentary.  Spectator. 

rG-DI-MEN'TA-RY,  a.  I.  Relating  to,  or  con- 
taining, rudiments ; rudimental.  Hallam. 

2.  (Bot.)  Imperfectly  developed,  or  in  an 
early  state  of  development.  Gray. 

RUD'ISH,  a.  Somewhat  rude.  Foote. 

RIT-DOL'PHINE,  a.  Belonging  to,  or  noting,  a 


set  of  astronomical  tables  computed  by  Kepler, 
and  named  for  the  Emperor  Rudolph  II.  Brande. 

RUE  (ru),  v.  a.  [Sax.  reowan,  to  repent;  Dut. 
rouwen ; Ger.  reuen.)  [i.  rued  \ pp.  ruing, 
rued.]  To  grieve  for;  to  be  sorry  for;  to  re- 
pent of ; to  regret ; to  lament ; to  deplore. 

To  tempt  the  thing  which  daily  yet  I rue.  Spenser. 

fRUE  (ru),  v.  n.  To  have  compassion.  Chaucer. 

f RUE  (ru),  n.  Sorrow;  repentance.  Shak. 

RUE  (ru),  n.  [Gr.  pvrfi,  a bitter  herb;  L.  A It. 
ruta;  Sp.  ruda;  Fr.  rue.  — A.  S.  rud ; Dan. 
rude.']  (Bot.)  The  common  name  of  plants  of 
the  genus  Ruta. 

fS3f-  One  of  the  species  of  this  genus,  namely,  Ruta. 
gravcnlens , has  a strong,  disagreeable  odor,  and  an 
acrid,  hitter  taste,  and  is  called  by  Shakspeare  and 
other  old  writers  herb  of  grace,  because  it  was  used 
for  exorcising  the  devil.  Taylor.  Ency.Am. 

RUE'FUL,  a.  [A.  S.  reowlic.]  Mournful;  woful ; 
sad  ; dismal ; doleful  ; piteous  ; sorrowful. 

Heard  on  the  rueful  stream.  Milton. 

RUE'FUL-LY,  ad.  Mournfully;  sorrowfully. 

R(JE'FUL-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  rueful ; 
sorrowfulness ; mournfulness.  Spenser. 

RtJE’ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  rues;  lamenta- 
tion. “ A long  rueing.”  Smith. 

f RU-ELLE ',  n.  [Fr.,  a narrow  street .]  A circle  ; 
an  assembly  at  a private  house.  Dryden. 

RU-FES'CIJNT,  a.  [L.  rufesco,  rufescens,  to  grow 
red.]  Becoming  red  ; reddish  ; rubesccnt.  Cyc. 

RUFF,  n.  [A.  S.  hrof,  a roof,  a raised  part.  Rich- 
ardson. — W.  rhwj,  that  which  swells  or  puffs 
out.] 

1.  A plaited  ornament,  of  linen  or  other  ma- 

terial, formerly  worn  about  the  neck  by  both 
sexes ; a ruffle.  Narcs. 

About  his  neck  a ruff,  like  a pinched  lanthorn.  Beau.  FI. 

2.  Any  thing  collected  into  puckers  or  plaits. 

Soft  on  the  paper  ruff  its  leaves  I spread.  Pope. 

3.  +A  state  of  roughness;  ruggedness. 

As  fields  set  all  their  bristles  up;  in  such  a ruff  wert  thou. 

Chapman. 

4.  The  trump  at  cards  ; the  act  of  trumping 

the  cards  of  another  suit.  Todd. 

5.  A game  of  cards,  resembling  whist,  Hares. 

6.  Elevation  ; exaltation ; the  flourishing 

state  ; the  height.  “ And  in  the  rough  of  his  fe- 
licity.  1 r;"  ■*“  11  r " 

7.  (Ornith.)  A bird  of 
the  order  Grallce  and 
family  Scolopacidat,  or 
snipes ; Tringa  pugnax, 
or  Machetes  pugnax.  The 
male  is  distinguished  at 
the  breeding  season  by 
a ruff  or  tuft  of  feathers 
on  the  upper  part  of  the 
neck.  Yarrell. — A par- 
ticular species  of  pig- 
eon. Todd. 

8.  (Ich.)  A small  fish 
of  the  perch  family  ; Perea  cernua.  Wright. 

9.  (Mil.)  A beat  of  a drum  ; a ruffle.  Wright. 

RUFF,  v.  a.  [i.  RUFFED  ; pp.  RUFFING,  ruffed.] 

1.  To  ruffle;  to  disorder  ; to  disarrange. 

The  bird  ruffing  his  feathers  wide.  Spenser. 

2.  At  cards,  to  put  a trump  upon  instead  of 

following  suit ; to  trump.  Todd. 

RUFF'fJD,  p.  a.  Having  a ruff. 

Ruffed  grouse,  (Ornith.)  a bird  of  the  order  Gallinte 
and  family  Tetrauni- 
die  ; Bonasia  umbel- 
lus  of  Bonaparte; 

Tclrao  umbellus  and 
Tctrao  togatus  of 
Linn®us.  This 
beautiful  species  of 
grouse,  known  by 
the  name  of  pheasant 
in  the  Middle  and 
Western  States,  and 
by  that  of  partridge 
m New  England,  is  most  abundant  in  the  Northern 
and  Middle  States,  where  it  often  prefers  the  most 
elevated  and  wooded  districts.  JSTuttall. 

RUFF'IAN  (ruf'ysm),  n.  [It.  ruffiano,  a pimp; 
Sp.  riifian  ; Fr.  rufien. — Serenivs  and  Dr.  Jamie- 
son consider  Su.  Goth,  rofwa,  to  rob,  as  the 
original.  The  Scottish  word  is  ruffle  ; our  word 
in  its  elder  form,  ruffin,  or  rouffin.  Some  have 
thought  it  formed  from  the  word  ruff ; the  bul- 


lies and  swaggerers  in  old  times  wearing  enor- 
mous ruffs,  to  whose  mode  of  dress  our  ancient 
books  often  allude.  Todd.  — The  frequent  allu- 
sions to  long  and  elaborately  curled  hair  which 
go  along  with  the  word  make  one  suspect  a 
connection  with  the  Sp.  rvfo,  not  as  it  means 
red,  but  crisp  or  curled.  Trench. ] 

1.  f A pimp  ; a pander.  Prymie.  Holland. 

2.  A brutal  fellow;  a cutthroat;  a robber;  a 

scoundrel ; a villain  ; a rascal.  Shak. 

RUFF'IAN  (ruf'yan),  a.  Brutal;  savage.  Pope. 

f RUFF'IAN,  v.  ji.To  play  the  ruffian  ; to  rage.  Shak. 

RUFF'IAN-ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  plays  the 
ruffian  ; disorderly  conduct.  C.  Richardson. 

RUFF'IAN-ISH,  a.  Like  a ruffian  ; having  the 
qualities  of  a ruffian  ; ruffianly.  Wright. 

RUFF'IAN-I§M  (ruf'yan-izm),  n.  The  quality  or 
conduct  of  a ruffian  ; brutality.  Sir  J.  Mackintosh. 

RUFF'IAN— LIKE  (ruf'yan-llk),  a.  Like  a ruffian  ; 
dissolute  ; licentious  ; brutal.  Hayward. 

RUFF'IAN-LY  (ruf'yfin-le),  a.  Like  a ruffian  ; 
brutal.  “ Ruffianly  . . . fashion.”  Bp.  Hall. 

f RUFF'IAN-OUS,  a.  Ruffianish.  Chapman. 

RUF'FLE  (ruf'fl),  v.  a.  [Teut.  ruyffelen,  to  wrin- 
kle. Kilian.  — W.  cryffoi.]  [i.  ruffled  ; pp. 
RUFFLING,  RUFFLED.] 

1.  To  put  out  of  form  ; to  make  less  smooth  ; 
to  disorder  ; to  disarrange  ; to  derange. 

When  Contemplation  prunes  her  ruffled  wings.  Pope. 

2.  To  discompose  ; to  disturb  ; to  trouble;  to 
disquiet;  to  harass;  to  vex;  to  plague. 

Our  minds  ruffled  by  the  disorders  of  the  body.  GltinvilL 

3.  To  put  out  of  order  ; to  surprise. 

He  might  the  ruffled  foe  infest.  Iludihras. 

4.  To  throw  disorderly  together;  to  amass. 

Within  a thicket  I reposed,  when  round 

I ruffled  up  fallen  leaves  in  heaps.  Chapman. 

5.  To  contract  into  plaits  or  folds. 

A small  skirt  of  fine  ruffled  linen  . Addison. 

6.  To  provide  or  furnish  with  ruffles.  “ Her 

elbows  ruffled.”  Cowper. 

RUF'FLE,  v.  n.  1.  To  grow  rough  or  turbulent. 

The  rising  winds  a miffling  gale  afford.  Dryden. 

2.  To  be  in  loose  motion  ; to  flutter ; to  flicker. 

Her  flag  aloft  spread  ruffling  to  the  wind.  Dryden. 

3.  f To  be  rough  ; to  jar  ; to  be  in  contention. 

“ They  would  ruffle  with  jurors.”  Bacon. 

RUF'FLE,  n.  1.  Plaited  linen,  lace,  or  muslin, 
used  as  an  ornament,  as  for  the  neck,  the  breast, 
or  the  wrist ; fine  cloth  ruffled. 

Such  dainties  to  them,  their  health  it  might  hurt; 

It ’s  like  sending  them  ruffles  when  wanting  a shirt. 

Goldsmith. 

2.  A bustle  ; disturbance  ; contention  ; tumult. 

Conceive  the  mind’s  perception  of  some  object,  and  the 

consequent  ruffle  or  commotion  of  the  blood.  Hoffs. 

3.  The  turned  down  top  of  a boot  hanging  in 
a loose  manner,  like  the  ruffle  of  a shirt.  Nares. 

4.  (Mil.)  A vibrating  sound  made  upon  a 

drum,  less  loud  than  the  roll'.  Stocqueler. 

RU F'FLE-LESS,  a.  Having  no  ruffles.  Mellen. 

RUF'FLE-MENT,  n.  The  act  of  ruffling,  or  the 
state  of  being  ruffled  ; disturbance.  Wilberforce. 

RUF'FLIJR,  n.  One  who  ruffles  ; a bully. 

A ruffle.r  is  so  called  in  a statute  made  for  the  punishment 
of  vagabonds  in  the  27th  year  of  Henry  VIII.  Harmur. 

RUF'FLING,  il.  1.  Act  of  plaiting. 

2.  Commotion  ; disturbance.  “ Great  stir 

and  ruffling.”  Barrett. 

3.  (Mil.)  A particular  beat  or  roll  of  the 

drum  ; a ruffle.  Wright. 

RtJ'FOUS,  a.  [L.  rufus,  red  ; Sp.  rufo.\  (Bot.) 
Rusty  ; rather  redder  than  red-brown.  Lindley. 

RUFT,  n.  Eructation ; rift.  Dunglison. 

f RtJF'TfiR— HOOD  (-hud),  n.  (Falconry.)  A hood 
worn  by  a hawk  when  first  drawn.  Bailey. 

RUG,  n.  [L.  It.  ruga,  a fold  or  plait.  — Dut. 
ruig,  shaggy  ; Dan.  mg,  rough;  Sw.  rugg,  en- 
tangled hair;  ruggig,  rough.  — See  Rough.] 

1.  A coarse,  nappy,  woollen  cloth  or  wrapper. 

Clad  in  Irish  rug  or  coarse  frieze.  Peacham. 

2.  A coarse  coverlet  for  a bed.  Swift. 

3.  An  ornamental  square  of  carpet  for  the 

front  of  a fire-place.  Simmonds. 

4.  f A rough  woolly  or  shaggy  dog.  Shak. 


m}f.N,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — Q,  <?,  9,  g,  soft;  E,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  7.;  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


RUMEN 


RUGATE  1256 


ItO'GATE,  a.  [L.  ruga,  a wrinkle.]  Wrinkled; 
rugose ; rugous.  Wright. 

RUG'GED,  a.  [Old  Fr.  ruqueux ; Sw.  ruqqiq, 
rough.  — See  Rough.] 

1.  Having  a torn,  ragged,  uneven  surface ; 
full  of  unevenness  and  asperity  ; irregular  ; un- 
even ; rough. 

Thin  bounded  walks  the  rugged  cliffs  along.  Collins. 

2.  Savage  ; brutal  ; cruel ; rude.  South. 

3.  Stormy  ; tumultuous  ; turbulent ; tempes- 
tuous ; boisterous.  Shah. 

4.  Rough  or  harsh  to  the  ear  ; inharmonious. 

"Wit  will  shine 

Through  the  harsh  cadence  of  a rugged  line.  Collins. 

5.  Sour;  surly;  discomposed;  ruffled. 

Sleek  o’er  your  rugged  looks.  Shak. 

6.  Rough  with  hair  ; shaggy. 

Approach  thou  like  the  rugged  Russian  bear.  Shak. 

7.  Hardy  ; robust.  [Colloquial,  U.  S.]  Pick. 

8.  (Hot.)  Scabrous.  Wright. 

RUG'GED-LY,  ad.  In  a rugged  manner;  roughly. 

RUG'GIJD-NESS,  n.  1.  The  state  or  the  quality 

of  being  rugged  ; roughness  ; asperity.  Bacon. 

2.  Rudeness;  coarseness  of  behavior. 

The  ruggedness  of  primitive  barbarism.  Burke. 

3.  Turbulence  ; tempestuousness  ; boisterous- 
ness; storminess;  as,  “Winter’s  ruggedness.” 

RUG'GING,  n.  A coarse  cloth  for  rugs  or  blan- 
kets, or  for  a wrapping  material.  Simmonds. 

RUG'— GOWNED  (-gdund),  a.  Wearing  a coarse 
gown,  or  a gotyn  made  of  rug.  Beau.  Sj  FI. 

t RUG'GY,  a.  Rugged.  Chaucer. 

U0'G!N  (ru'jin),  n.  A nappy  cloth.  Wiseman. 

RU'IRNE  (ru'jen),  n.  [Fr.]  An  instrument  for 
rasping  bones  to  detach  the  periosteum,  — either 
in  surgical  operations  or  for  anatomical  pur- 
poses. Dunglison. 

RtJ'GINE  (ru'jen),  v.  a.  [Fr.  ruginer , to  scrape.] 
To  scale  ; to  scrape,  [li.]  Wiseman. 

RU-GOSE'  (129),  a.  [L.  rugosus,  wrinkled;  It. 
rugoso;  Sp.  rugoso ; Fr.  rugueux.) 

1.  Full  of  wrinkles.  Wiseman. 

2.  ( Bot .)  Covered  with  reticulated  lines,  the 

spaces  between  which  are  convex,  as  the  leaves 
of  sage.  Lindley. 

RU-GOS'I-TY,  n.  [L.  rugositas ; Fr.  rugosite.) 
The  state  of  being  wrinkled,  [r.]  Bailey. 

Rfr'GOUS,  a.  [L.  ruga , a wrinkle.  — See  Ru- 
gose.] Drawn  or  contracted  into  folds,  fur- 
rows, or  wrinkles  ; rugose.  Roget. 

RtJ-GU-LOSE'  (129),  a.  Finely  wrinkled.  Loudon. 

RUHM'KORFF’S— COIL  (rtim'kbrfs-),  n.  (Elec.) 
A machine  for  inducing  secondary  electrical  cur- 
rents of  great  intensity ; — so  called  from  the 
inventor.  Miller. 

Sfjy-  It  consists  mainly  of  two  concentric  helices,  or 
coils  of  silk-bound  copper  wire,  enclosing  a bundle  of 
straight  iron  wires.  The  inner  helix,  which  is  made 
of  coarse  wire,  is  connected  with  a voltaic  battery, 
and  at  every  breaking  and  closing  of  the  electrical  cir- 
cuit a momentary  secondary  current  is  induced  in  the 
outer  helix,  — which  is  made  of  fine  silk-bound  wire 
some  miles  in  length, — as  shown  by  a rapid  succes- 
sion of  sparks  between  its  insulated  ends.  The  ma- 
chine, as  improved  by  Mr.  E.  S.  Ritchie,  of  Boston, 
has  given  a spark  fourteen  inches  long.  Prof.  W.  B. 
Rogers. 

RU'IN,  n.  [L.  ruina,  a rushing,  or  tumbling 
down ; ruo,  to  fall  with  violence,  to  rush  down  ; 
It.  Sj  Sp.  ruina ; Fr.  mine.  — W.  rhewin,  ruin.] 

1.  Destruction  ; fall ; overthrow  ; prostration  ; 
that  change  of  a thing  xvhich  destroys  it. 

Those  whom  God  to  ruin  has  designed. 

He  lits  for  fate,  and  first  destroys  their  mind.  Dryden. 

So  Helen  wept,  when  her  too  faithful  glass 

Reflected  to  her  eyes  the  ruin  of  her  face.  Dryden. 

2.  Mischief ; bane ; that  which  destroys. 

The  errors  of  young  men  are  the  ruin  of  business.  Bacon. 

3.  pi.  The  remains  of  a building,  or  a city, 
decayed,  demolished,  or  destroyed,  or  of  any 
material  object ; — usually  in  the  plural. 

The  Veian  and  the  Gabian  towers  shall  fall. 

And  one  promiscuous  ruin  cover  all.  Addison. 

Judah  shall  fall,  oppressed  by  grief  and  shame, 

And  men  shall  from  her  mins  know  her  name.  Prior. 

Syn. — Ruin  is  a gradual  process  ; destruction  and 
overthrow  are  acts  of  immediate  violence  ; a fall  may 
be  accidental.  A building  or  other  things  fall  to  ruin 
of  themselves. 

Rl/'IN,  v.  a.  [i.  ruined  ; pp.  ruining,  ruined.] 


1.  To  destroy;  to  demolish;  to  subvert;  to 
overthrow. 

Resolved  to  ruin  or  to  rule  the  state.  Dryden. 
A nation  loving  gold  must  rule  this  place, 

Our  temples  ruin,  and  our  rites  deface.  Dryden. 

Mark  hut  my  fall,  and  that  that  ruined  me.  Shak. 

2.  To  deprive  of  felicity  or  of  fortune  ; to 
bring  to  want ; to  make  poor  or  miserable ; to 
impoverish. 

Though  a particular  merchant,  with  abundance  of  poods 
in  his  warehouse,  may  sometimes  be  ruined , by  not  being 
able  to  sell  them  in  time,  a nation  or  country  is  hot  liable  to 
the  same  accident.  A.  Smith. 

To  catch  renown  by  ruining  mankind.  Ccwjter . 

RU'IN,  v.  n.  1.  To  fall  into  decay  ; to  run  to  ru- 
in ; to  become  dilapidated. 

Though  he  his  house  of  polished  marble  buil^, 

Yet  shall  it  ruin  like  the  moth’s  frail  cell.  Sandys. 

2.  To  be  brought  to  poverty  or  to  misery. 

If  we  aie  idle,  and  disturb  the  industrious  in  their  busi- 
ness, we  shall  ruin  the  faster.  Locke. 

RU'IN- A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  ruined.  Watts. 

f RU'IN-ATE,  v.  a.  To  ruin.  Shak. 

t RU'IN-ATE,  a.  Falling  to  ruin  or  decay.  Shak. 

f RU-IN-A'TION,  n.  Subversion  ; demolition  ; 
ruin.  “ Ruination  of  towns.”  Camden. 

RU'IN-JR,  n.  One  who  ruins.  Chapman. 

RU'ING,  n.  The  act  of  grieving;  a repenting ; a 
regretting  ; lamentation.  Sir  T.  Smith. 

RU'IN-I-FOR.M,  a.  [L.  ruina,  ruin,  and  Eng. 
form.)  (Min.)  Having  the  form  or  appearance 
of  ruins.  Col.  Jackson. 

RU'IN-OUS,  a.  1.  Fallen  to  ruin  ; going  to  ruin; 
demolished;  dilapidated;  decayed.  “ The  foun- 
dation is  ruinous.”  Hayicard. 

2.  Causing  ruin  ; mischievous  ; pernicious  ; 

baneful ; destructive.  “ That  ruinous  practice 
of  gaming.”  Swift. 

3.  Composed  of  ruins  ; consisting  of  ruins. 

To  gaze  upon  a ruinous  monastery.  Shak. 

RU'IN-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  a ruinous  manner  ; mis- 
chievously ; destructively.  Johnson. 

RtJ'lN-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  ruinous. 

RUL'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  ruled,  or  conformed 
to  rule  ; governable.  Bacon. 

RULE  (rul),  n.  [L.  regula , a straight  piece  of 
wood,  a rule,  a pattern ; rego,  to  lead  straight, 
to  direct;  It.  regola ; Sp.  regia-,  Norm.  Fr. 
reivlc-,  Fr.  regie.  — A.  S.  rego/,  reogol ; Dut.  <y 
Ger.  rcgel.  — W.  rheol.) 

1.  Government ; empire  ; command  ; control ; 
domination  ; direction  ; sway. 

Remember  them  which  have  tire  -rule  over  you.  Jleb.  xiii.  7. 

Ilis  fair,  large  front,  and  eye  sublime  declared 

Absolute  rule . Milton. 

2.  An  instrument  with  which  lines  are  drawn 
or  measured  ; a ruler. 

With  thy  long-levelled  rule  of  streaming  light.  Milton. 

3.  A precept  by  which  the  thoughts  or  actions 
are  directed,  or  according  to  which  something 
is  to  be  done. 

We  owe  to  Christianity  tire  discovery  of  the  most  certain 
and  perfect  rule  of  life.  Tillotson. 

4.  A canon,  law,  maxim,  or  aphorism  to  be 

observed  in  any  art  or  science.  Walker. 

5.  fDehavior.  “ This  uncivil  rule.''  Shak. 

6.  (Printing.)  A metal  reglet.  Simmonds. 

7.  (Math.)  A direction  or  a set  of  directions 
given  for  performing  the  operations  necessary  to 
obtain  a certain  result. 

A rule  is  always  expressed  in  ordinary  language;  a formu- 
la, in  algebraic  or  symbolical  language.  Dames. 

8.  (Laiv.)  An  order  made  by  a court  for  the 

regulation  of  its  practice; — otherwise  called  a 
general  rule : — an  order  made  by  a court  be- 
tween the  parties  to  an  action  or  suit,  cither 
upon  the  actual  motion  of  counsel,  or  without 
motion.  Burrill , 

9.  (Carp.)  A folding  ruler  having  scales  to 
facilitate  the  calculations  of  most  frequent  oc- 

. currcnce  by  inspection.  Brande. 

10.  (Eccl.)  A system  of  laws  or  regulations  by 
which  monasteries  and  other  religious  houses 
are  governed,  and  which  the  monks,  nuns,  and 
novices,  vow  at  their  entrance  to  observe. Brande. 

11.  (Fine  Arts.)  One  of  those  laws  and  max- 

ims founded  on  the  general  and  fundamental 
truths  of  nature,  by  which  artists  are  guided  in 

their  compositions.  Brande. 

12.  (Gram.)  The  statement  of  a general  law 

or  analogy  in  respect  to  the  forms  of  words,  the 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  ft,  V,  short;  A,  5,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure ; fAre, 


construction  of  sentences,  the  dependence  which 
one  word  or  one  sentence  has  upon  another,  Sic. 

Rule  of  three,  (Jlrith.)  an  application  of  the  doctrine 

• of  proportion  to  arithmetical  purposes,  and  divided 
into  two  cases, — simple  or  single,  and  compound  or 
double,  rule  of  three  ; — frequently  termed  also  simple 
and  compound  proportion.  — Single  or  simple  rule  of 
three,  or  simple  proportion,  a rule  for  finding  from  three 
quantities  a fourth  which  shall  have  the  same  ratio 
to  a given  quantity  of  the  same  name,  as  one  of  the 
two  remaining  quantities,  which  are  of  the  same 
name,  lias  to  the  other.  — Double  rule  of  three,  a rule 

. for  finding  such  a number  for  the  consequent  of  a ratio 
whose  antecedent  is  given,  as  shall  make  that  ratio 
equal  to  a ratio  compounded  of  two  or  more  given  ra- 
tios.— Rule  nisi,  ( Law .)  in  practice,  a rule  to  show 
cause  why  a party  should  not  do  a certain  act  required, 
or  why  the  object  of  the  rule  should  not  be  enforced  : — 
a rule  which  is  made  absolute  after  service,  unless 
{nisi)  good  cause  is  shown  to  the  contrary.  Burrill. 

RULE,  v.  a.  [i.  ruled  ; pp.  ruling,  ruled.] 

1.  To  manage  with  power  and  authority;  to 
control ; to  govern  ; to  conduct. 

Princes  mile  the  people,  and  their  own  passions  rule  the 
princes;  but  Providence  can  overrule  the  whole.  Colton. 

2.  To  settle  or  establish,  as  by  a rule. 

That ’s  a mded  case  with  tlic  schoolmen.  Atterbum/. 

3.  To  mark  with  line?  ; as,  “To  rule  paper.” 

4.  {Law.)  To  require  by  rule:  — to  deter- 

mine; to  decide.  “A  court  is  said  to  rule  a 
point.”  Burrill. 

RfjLE,  v.  n.  1.  To  have  power  or  command;  to 
have  control ; — often  with  over . 

Madness  rules  in  brainsick  men.  Shak. 

We  subdue,  and  ride  over,  all  creatures.  Bay. 

2.  (Com.)  To  follow  a certain  rule,  or  to  he 
maintained  at  a certain  rate,  as  prices.  Wright. 

3.  (Law.)  To  establish  or  settle  a rule  or  order 

of  proceeding.  Parker. 

RULE'LIJSS,  a.  Being  without  rule.  Spenser. 

RUL'IJR,  n.  1.  One  who  rules;  a governor. 

2.  A stick  used  in  drawing  lines,  made  flat  or 
round  ; a rule.  Simmonds. 

RUL'ING,  p.  a.  1.  Governing;  controlling. 

2.  Predominant ; prevailing  ; prevalent. 

Search  then  the  ruling  passion;  there  alone 

The  wise  are  constant,  and  the  cunning  known.  Pope. 

RUI/ING-LY,  ad.  Controllingly.  Wright. 

RUL'ING— MACHINE',  n.  A machine  for  ruling 
paper,  account-books,  &c.  Simmonds. 

RtjL'LI-CHIES  (rul'le-chlz),  n.pl.  [Dut.]  Chopped 
meat  stuffed  into  small  bags  of  tripe,  which  are 
then  cut  into  slices  and  fried.  [Local.]  Bartlett. 

j85r"Ano!d  and  favorite  dish  among  the  descend- 
ants of  the  Dutch  in  New  York . Bartlett. 

t RU'LY,  a.  Moderate  ; quiet ; orderly.  Cotgrave. 

RUM,  n.  [Sp.  ron;  Fr.  rhum,  rum.) 

1.  A spirituous  liquor  distilled  in  the  West 
Indies  from  the  fermented  skimmings  of  the 
sugar  teaches,  mixed  with  molasses,  and  diluted 
with  water.  It  is  also  distilled  in  the  TJ.  S.  and 
other  places  from  molasses.  Vre.  Brande. 

2.  A queer,  odd  person  or  thing;  — in  cant 
language,  a poor  clergyman.  C.  Richardson. 

No  company  comes 

But  a rabble  of  tenants,  ana  rusty,  dull  rums.  Swift. 

The  books  which  booksellers  call  rums,  appear  to  be  very 
numerous.  Nichols. 

RUM,  a.  Old-fashioned;  queer.  [Low.]  Nichols. 

RUM'BLE  (rum'bl),  v.  n.  [Dut.  rommelen-,  Ger. 
rummeln ; Dan . rumle.  — It.  rombare,  to  buzz; 
Fr.  } -omelet-.)  \i.  rumbled  ; pp.  rumbling, 
rumbled.]  To  make  a hoarse,  heavy,  low,  con- 
tinued noise  or  sound,  as  thunder,  or  a carriage 
moving  over  a rough  road. 

In  vain  sought  issue  from  the  rumbling  wind.  Drt/den. 

RUM'BLE,  n.  1.  t A report ; a rumor.  Chaucer. 

2.  A seat  for  servants  behind  a carriage.  ITT. 

3.  A revolving  machine,  used  to  clean  snlall 

xvorks  of  cast  iron,  which  soon  send)  each  other 
bright  by  friction.  Simmonds. 

RUM'BLIJR,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  rumbles. 

RUM'BLjNG,  n.  A hoarse,  low,  continued  noise. 
“The  rumbling  of  his  wheels.”  Jer.  xlvii.  3. 

RIJM'BLING-LY,  ad.  In  a rumbling  manner.  Wr. 

f RUM'BOUtjlE,  n.  Ramboose.  Bailey. 

RUM'— BUD,  n.  A grog-blossom;  — a cant  term 
for  a redness  on  the  nose  or  the  face  occasioned 
by  the  practice  of  intemperate  drinking.  Rush. 

RU  'J\1F,J\T,  n.  [L.]  (Anat.)  The  paunch,  or  first 

FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


RUMEX 


1257 


RUN 


cavity  of  the  complex  stomach,  of  a ruminant 
quadruped.  Brande. 

nO'MEX,  n.  [L.]  ( Bot .)  A genus  of  plants,  of 

many  species  ; dock.  Loudon. 

RUM-GUMP  TIOUS  (rum-gum'shus),  a.  Sturdy  in 
opinion;  rough  and  surly.  [Low,  Eng.]  Forby. 

RtJ'MI-NAL,  a.  Ruminant,  [r.]  Smart. 

RIJ'MI-NANT,  a.  [L.  rumino,  ruminans,  to  chew 
the  cud ; Fr.  ruminant.']  Having  the  property 
of  chewing  the  cud.  Ray. 

RIJ'MI-NANT,  n.  An  animal  that  chews  the  cud. 

The  name  Ruminants  indicates  the  singular 
faculty  possessed  by  these  animals  of  masticating  a 
second  time  their  food,  which  they  return  into  the 
mouth  after  a previous  deglutition — a power  which 
is  the  result  of  the  structure  of  their  stomachs,  four  of 
which  they  always  have.  Of  these  stomachs,  the 
three  first  are  so  disposed  that  the  aliment  can  enter 
at  the  will  of  the  animal  into  any  one  of  the  three, 
because  the  (Esophagus  terminates  at  the  point  of 
communication.  The  fourth  stomach  is  the  true  or- 
gan of  digestion,  analogous  to  the  simple  stomach  of 
ordinary  animals.  Cuvier.  Ena.  Cyc. 

RU-MI-nAn'  TI-A,  n.  pi.  ( Zool .)  An  order  of 
mammiferous  animals  ; ruminants.  Cuvier. 

RU'MI-NANT-LY,  ad.  By-chewing.  Wright. 

RU'MI-NATE,  v.  n.  [L.  rumino , ruminatum,  to 
chew  the  cud ; rumen,  the  throat ; It.  ruminare  ; 
Sp.  ruminar ; Fr.  ruminer.]  \i.  ruminated; 

pp.  RUMINATING,  RUMINATED.] 

1.  To  chew  the  cud,  as  an  animal. 

On  the  grassy  bank 

Some  ruminating  lie.  Thomson. 

2.  To  muse  ; to  ponder  ; to  meditate  ; to  think. 

Of  ancient  prudence  here  lie  ruminates.  Waller. 

RU'MI-N.ATE,  v.  a.  1.  To  chew  over  again.  Johnson. 

2.  To  muse  on ; to  meditate  over  and  over 
again;  to  think  about ; to  reflect  upon.  Shak. 

RU'M[-NAT-13D,  a.  (Bot.)  Applied  to  the  albu- 
men of  seeds  which  is  perforated  in  every  di- 
rection by  dry  cellular  tissue.  Lindley. 

RfJ-MI-NA'TION,  n.  [L.  ruminatio,  a thinking 
over;  It . ruminazione  \ Fr  .rumination.] 

1.  The  act  of  ruminating.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  A function  peculiar  to  ruminating  animals, 

by  which  they  chew  a second  time  the  food  they 
have  swallowed.  Dunglison. 

3.  Act  of  musing  ; meditation  ; reflection. 

In  which  my  often  mnnination  wraps  me.  Shak. 

RU'MI-NA-TOR,  n.  One  who  ruminates  or  medi- 
tates; a thinker.  Sherwood. 

RU'MINS^H,  n.  The  language  spoken  by  a part 
of  the  inhabitants  of  the  Grisons.  It  is  an  ancient 
Italian  dialect,  supposed  by  some  to  be  derived 
from  the  language  of  the  Etruscans.  P.  Cyc. 

RUM'MAl-rE  (rum'maj),  v.  a.  [L.  rimor,  to  ex- 
plore; Ger.  raumen,  to  clear  away.  Johnson.  — 
Perhaps  from  A.  S.  rum ; Ger.  ra.um,  room. 
Todd.  — Originally  a sea  term,  signifying  “ to 
remove  goods  or  luggage  out  of  a ship’s  hold  in 
order  to  their  being  handsomely  stowed  and 
placed.”P/«7/ip.s.  — Fr.  remuage,  a moving,  from 
remuer,  to  move,  to  stir.]  [i.  rummaged  ; pp. 
rummaging,  rummaged.]  To  search  among 
many  things  by  turning  them  over  ; to  search  ; 
to  examine  ; to  explore  ; to  ransack.  “ He  . . . 
rummageth  all  his  closets  and  trunks.”  Howell 

RUM'MA^E,  v.  n.  To  make  a search  by  turning 
things  over ; to  look  among  things  carefully. 

I have  often  rummaged  for  old  books  in  Little-Britain  and 
Duck-lane.  Swift. 

RUM'MApE,  n.  [Fr.  remuage , the  act  of  moving 
■or  stirring.]  The  act  of  one  who  rummages  ; a 
search.  Dryden. 

RUM'M  A-(JER,  n.  One  who  rummages.  Hackluyt. 

RUM'MA(JE— SALE,  n.  A clearance  sale  of  un- 
claimed goods  at  the  docks,  or  of  odds  and  ends 
left  in  a warehouse.  Simmonds. 

RUM'MA-tjHNG,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  rumma- 
ges; rummage.  Hackluyt. 

fRUM'MER,  n.  [Dut.  roeiner,  a wine  glass.]  A 
glass  drinking  vessel.  Simmonds. 

RUM'NEY  (-ne),  n.  A sort  of  Spanish  wine.  Hares. 

Rfi'MOR,  n.  [L.  rumor,  common  talk;  It.  ro- 
more;  Sp  .rumor-,  Fr . rumour. ] 

1.  Flying  or  popular  report ; current  hearsay ; 
bruit ; fame  ; talk. 

Rumor  is  a pipe 

Blown  by  surmises,  jealousies,  conjectures.  Shak. 


2.  Repute ; reputation ; celebrity. 

Great  is  the  manor  of  this  dreadful  knight.  Shak. 

RtJ'MOR,  V.  a.  \i.  RUMORED  ; pp.  RUMORING, 
rumored.]  To  spread  by  rumor ; to  report 
abroad  ; to  circulate  ; to  bruit. 

All  abroad  was  rumored  that  this  day 

Samson  should  be  brought  forth.  Milton. 

RU'MOR-ER,  n.  One  who  rumors  ; reporter.  Shak. 

f RU'MOIt-OUS,  a.  Famous;  notorious.  Bale. 

RUMP,  n.  [Dut.  romp-,  Ger .rumpf-,  Dan .rumpe.] 

1.  The  end  of  the  back-bone  of  beasts,  and 
(in  contempt)  of  human  beings  ; the  stern.  Prior. 

2.  The  buttocks.  Hudibras. 

3.  The  Rump  Parliament.  Swift. 

It  was  agreed  that,  burying  former  enmities  in  oblivion, 
all  efforts  should  be  made  for  the  overthrow  of  the  Rum/)  — so 
they  called  the  Parliament,  in  allusion  to  that  part  of  the  an- 
imal body.  Mume. 

Rump  Parliament , an  epithet  given,  in  derision,  to  a 
remnant  of  the  English  Uong  Parliament,  which,  after 
the  resignation  of  Richard  Cromwell,  was  called  by 
a council  of  officers,  and  assembled  in  1659.  Brande. 

t RUMP'ER,  n.  One  who  favored,  or  who  was  a 
member  of,  the  Rump  Parliament.  A.  Wood. 

RUMP'-FED,  a.  Fat-bottomed;  fed  or  fattened 
in  the  rump.  Shak.  Hares. 

RUM'PLE  (rum'pl),  n.  [A.  S.  hrympelle.]  A puck- 
er; a wrinkle  ; a crumple  ; a rimple.  Dryden. 

RUM'PLE,  v.  a.  [Dut.  rompelen,  to  rumple.]  [i. 
rumpled  ; pp.  rumpling,  rumpled.]  To  dis- 
order by  rumples ; to  crush  together  out  of 
shape  ; to  wrinkle.  “ To  rumple  laces.”  Milton. 

RUMP'LESS,  a.  Having  no  rump.  Lawrence. 

RUMP'— STEAK  (rump'stak),  n.  A slice  of  beef 
cut  from  the  thigh.  Simmonds. 

RUM  PUS,  n.  [Perhaps  from  Fr.  rompue,  a rout. 
Jamieson.]  A riot ; a quarrel ; confusion ; a 
great  noise  ; an  uproar  ; a disturbance  ; a row. 
[Vulgar.]  R.  B.  Sheridan.  Brockett. 

RUM'— SWIZ-ZLE  (-zl),  n.  A water-proof  fabric 
made  in  Dublin  from  undyed  wool.  Simmonds. 

RUN,?;,  n.  [M.  Goth,  rinnan ; A.  S.  rennan ; Frs. 
rena;  Dut.  rennen  ; Ger.  rennen,  rinnen;  Sw. 
rdnna  ; Dan.  rende  ; Icel.  renna.  — L.  ruo.]  [ i . 
RAN;  pp.  RUNNING,  RUN.] 

1.  To  move  on  the  ground  with  the  legs  in 
such  a manner  that  both  feet  at  every  step  are 
off  the  ground  at  the  same  time,  or  to  move  on 
the  ground  with  the  swiftest  action  of  the  legs, 
as  distinguished  from  walking,  &c. ; to  pass 
with  quick  pace  ; to  move  swiftly ; to  move  in 
a hurry  ; to  make  haste  ; to  race. 

Then  arose  Peter  and  ran  unto  the  sepulchre.  Luke  xxiv.  12. 

2.  To  use  the  legs  in  motion  ; to  go.  “Till 

young  children  can  run  about.”  Locke. 

3.  To  pass  or  move  quickly  ; to  make  prog- 
ress ; to  proceed  ; to  glide. 

The  fire  ran  along  upon  the  ground.  Ex.  ix.  23. 

And  a low  murmur  runs  along  the  field.  Rope. 

4.  To  rush  violently  ; to  fall  suddenly. 

Those  shoals  of  life  which  are  concealed,  to  keep  the  un- 
wary from  running  upon  them.  Addison. 

5.  To  take  a course  at  sea. 

Running  under  a certain  island,  which  is  called  Claude,  we 
had  much  work  to  come  by  the  boat.  Acts  xxvii.  1G. 

6.  To  contend  in  a race  ; as,  “ To  rim  for  the 

prize  of  a silver  cup.”  Swift. 

7.  To  flee;  to  escape;  not  to  stand;  — often 
followed  by  away. 

Your  child  shrieks  and  rwns  au'ay  at  a frog.  Locke. 

8.  To  go  away  by  stealth  ; to  steal  away. 

My  conscience  will  serve  me  to  run  from  this  Jew.  my 
master.  Shak. 

9.  To  flow,  as  a liquid;  to  stream;  to  have  a 
current ; not  to  stagnate. 

See  daisies  open,  rivers  run.  Parnell. 

10.  To  emit  or  let  flow  any  liquid. 

And  Thebes  ran  red  with  her  own  natives’  blood.  Dryden. 

11.  To  be  liquid  ; to  be  fluid. 

Unfix  her  fr  osts,  and  tell  them  how  to  run.  Addison. 

12.  To  be  fusible  ; to  melt ; to  fuse. 

This  iron  heart,  which  no  impression  took 

From  wars,  melts  down  and  runs,  if  she  but  look.  Dryden. 

Having  run  through  so  much  public  business.  Temple. 

13.  To  flow  as  periods  or  metre  ; to  have  a 
cadence.  “ The  lines  run  smoothly.”  Johnson. 

14.  To  go  away  ; to  vanish  ; to  pass. 

As  fust  as  our  time  runs,  we  should  be  glad,  in  most  parts 
of  our  life,  that  it  ran  much  faster.  * Addison. 


15.  To  have  a course  ; to  go  on. 

Had  the  present  war  run  against  us.'  Addison . 

16.  To  pass  in  thought  or  speech. 

Raw  and  injudicious  writers  propose  one  thing  for  their 
subject,  and  run  off  to  another.  Felton. 

17.  To  be  mentioned  cursorily;  to  proceed. 

The  whole  runs  on,  short,  like  articles  in  an  account. 

Arbuthnot. 

18.  To  have  a continual  tenor  of  any  kind. 

Discourses  ran  thus  among  the  clearest  observers.  Wottun. 

19.  To  be  continually  busied  ; to  dwell. 

And  all  on  Lausus  ran  his  restless  thought.  Dryden. 

20.  To  be  popularly  known  ; to  continue. 

Men  gave  them  their  own  names,  by  which  they  run  a 
great  while  in  Rome.  Temple. 

21.  To  have  reception,  success,  or  currency  ; 

to  circulate.  “The  pamphlet  ran  much  among 
the  lower  people.”  Johnson. 

22.  To  go  on  by  succession  ; to  be  kept  up. 

She  saw,  with  joy,  the  line  immortal  run. 

Each  sire  impressed  and  glaring  in  his  son.  Pope. 

23.  To  pass  into  some  change  ; to  become. 

To  rend  my  heart  with  grief,  and  run  distracted.  Addison. 

24.  To  be  in  force ; to  have  influence. 

The  knowledge  of  the  process  that  runneth  against  him. 

Bacon. 

25.  To  be  generally  received  ; to  be  current. 

Neither  was  he  ignorant  what  report  ran  of  himself. 

Knolles. 

26.  To  be  carried  on  in  any  manner. 

Concessions  that  run  as  high  as  any  the  most  charitable 

Protestants  make.  Attei'bury. 

27.  To  have  a track  or  course ; to  extend. 

Those  parts  of  the  mines  where  metalline  veins  run.  Boyle. 

28.  To  tend  ; to  incline  ; to  make  transition. 

A man’s  nature  runs  either  to  herbs  or  weeds;  therefore  let 

him  seasonably  water  the  one  and  destroy  the  other.  Bacon. 

29.  To  discharge  pus  or  other  matter. 

Whether  his  flesh  run  with  his  issue.  Lev.  xv.  3. 

30.  To  gallop  at  the  top  of  the  speed,  as  a 

horse.  Wilkes. 

31.  (Law.)  To  operate;  to  take  effect: — to 
pass  ; to  follow;  to  go  with;  to  accompany. 

A statute  of  limitation  is  said  to  run  against  a claim,  to 
commence  running , to  continue  to  run,  &c.  BurrilL 

A covenant  is  said  to  run  with  land  where  it  is  inseparably 
annexed  to  the  estate,  and  passes  with  it.  Burrill. 

To  let  run , (Naut.)  to  make  loose,  as  a rope;  to 
slacken  ; to  loosen  ; to  let  go.  Mar.  Diet. — To  run 
after , to  follow: — to  search  for;  to  endeavor  at, 
though  out  of  the  way.  “The  mind,  upon  the  sug- 
gestion of  any  new  notion,  runs  after  similes,  to  make 
it  the  clearer  to  itself.”  Locke.  — To  run  amuck.  See 
AMUCK.  — To  run  aicay , to  flee. — To  run  in  debt , to 
contract  a debt  or  debts.  — t To  run  in  trust , to  get 
trusted;  to  run  in  debt.  Swift. — To  run  in  with,  to 
close;  to  comply.  “Ramus  run  in  with  the  first  re- 
formers of  learning.”  Baker. — To  run  on,  to  be  con- 
tinued ; as,  “ His  account  ran  on .”  To  continue  the 
same  course.  “ Running-  on  with  vain  prolixity.” 
Drayton.  — (Printing-.)  To  let  the  type  be  set  on  the 
same  line,  without  making  a paragraph.  — To  run 
over,  to  he  so  full  as  to  overflow.  “ Mis  mouth  runs 
o’er.”  Dryden.  To  be  so  much  as  to  overflow.  “ Milk 
while  if  boils,  or  wine  while  it  works,  runs  over  the 
vessels  they  are  in.”  Digby.  To  recount  cursorily. 
“ 1 shall  not  run  over  all  the  particulars.”  Locke.  To 
consider  cursorily  ; as,  “To  run  over  the  politics  of 
the  day.”  Addison.  To  run  through.  “ Should  a man 
run  over  the  whole  circle  of  earthly  pleasures.”  South. 

— To  run  out,  to  he  at  an  end.  “ When  a lease  had 
runout.”  Swift.  To  spread  exuberantly.  “ The  zeal 
of  love  runs  out  into  suckers  like  a fruitful  tree.”  Bp. 
Taylor.  To  expatiate.  “ To  run  out  into  beautiful 
digressions.”  Addison.  To  be  wasted  or  exhausted. 

The  estate  runs  out , and  mortgages  are  made.  Dryden. 
To  grow  poor  by  expense  disproportionate  to  income. 

From  growing  riches,  with  pood  cheer, 

To  running  out  b}-  starving  here.  Swift. 

— To  run  riot,  to  go  to  excess.  — To  run  together , to 
unite  or  mingle,  as  metals  fused  in  the  same  vessel : — 
(Mining.)  to  fall  in,  as  the  walls  of  a lode,  so  as  to 
render  the  shafts  and  levels  impassable.  Ansted. — 
To  run  up,  to  rise  ; to  iucrease  ; to  grow. 

RUN,  v.  a.  1.  To  pierce;  to  stab.  “He  was  run 
through  the  body.”  Spectator. 

2.  To  cause  to  go ; to  force ; to  drive ; to 
urge.  “ This  will  run  us  into  particulars.”  Locke. 

Accustomed  to  retired  speculations,  they  mm  natural  phi- 
losophy into  metaphysical  notions.  Locke. 

And  falling  into  a place  where  two  seas  met,  they  ran  the 
ship  aground.  Acts  xxvii.  41. 

3.  To  make  liquid  ; to  melt ; to  fuse. 

The  purest  gold  must  be  run  and  washed.  Felton. 

4.  To  pour  forth  in  a stream ; to  discharge. 

"Which,  like  a fountain  with  a hundred  spouts, 

Did  run  pure  blood.  Shak. 

5.  To  incur  ; to  fall  into ; to  venture. 

Consider  the  hazard  I have  run  to  see  you  here.  Dryden. 


MIEN,  SIR  ; MOVE,  NOR,  SON  ; 
158 


BULL,  BUR,  RIJLE.  — £,  (},  g,  soft;  £,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  ^ as  z;  as  gz.  — THIS,  tfiis. 


RUN 

6.  To  import  or  to  export  without  paying 
duty ; to  smuggle. 

Heavy  impositions  are  a strong  temptation  of  running 
goods.  Swift. 

7.  To  prosecute  in  thought ; to  bear  in  con- 
templation ; to  trace  by  reflection. 

The  world  hath  not  stood  so  long  but  we  can  still  run  it  up 
to  artless  ages  when  mortals  lived  by  plain  nature.  Burnet. 

8.  To  put  with  force  ; to  push;  to  thrust. 

Some  English  speakers  run  their  hands  into  their  pockets, 

others  look  with  attention  on  a piece  of  blank  paper.  Addison. 

9.  To  maintain  on  a course  or  track  ; as, 
“ To  run  a stage-coach,  a railway  train,  a pack- 
et, &c.” 

10.  To  cause  to  go  or  pass.  Wright. 

11.  To  shape,  form,  or  make  in  a mould  ; to 

found;  to  cast.  Wright. 

To  run  down , to  chase  to  weariness.  “ They  ran 
down  the  stag,  and  the  ass  divided. the  prey  very  hon- 
estly.” L' Estrange.  To  crush  ; to  overbear.  “ And 
by  the  fate  of  war  run  down.”  Hudibras.  To  decry  ; 
to  disparage.  “ They  agreed  in  running  down  the 
reputation  of  that  [Christianity]  ” Jltterbury.  ( Naut .) 
To  cause  to  sink;  as,  “ To  run  down  a vessel.”  — 
To  run  down  a coast , (Naut.)  to  sail  along  by  it. — 
To  run  against,  to  encounter. — To  run  away  with , to 
carry  off : — to  hurry  without  deliberation.  “ Thoughts 
will  run  away  with  a man  in  pursuit  of  those  ideas.” 
Locke. — To  run  out  a warp , (Naut.)  to  carry  the  end 
of  a hawser  out  from  a ship  in  a boat,  and  fasten 
to  some  distant  place.  Mar.  Diet. — To  run  hard , to 
ridicule  ; to  decry  : — to  press,  as  with  a claim.  — To 
run  out , to  waste  ; to  exhaust : — to  extend  ; to  pro- 
long. “ i have  run  my  paper  out  to  its  usual  length.” 
Addison.  — To  run  up,  to  increase;  to  enlarge  by  ad- 
ditions; as,  “To  run  up  an  account.” — To  run 
through , to  expend  ; to  waste. 

RUN,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  runs  a race. 

2.  Course;  motion  ; flow;  passage.  “Where- 
by the  run  of  humors  is  stayed.”  Bacon. 

3.  Regular  flow;  cadence.  “Any  run  of 

verse  to  please  the  ear.”  Broome. 

4.  Continued  course ; customary  process ; 
as,  “ The  run  of  business.” 

5.  That  which  passes  under  observation  as 

usual  or  most  general ; generality.  Swift. 

In  the  common  run  of  mankind,  for  one  that  is  wise  and 
good  you  find  ten  of  a contrary  character.  Addison. 

6.  Way;  will;  uncontrolled  course. 

Our  family  must  have  their  run.  Arbuthnot. 

7.  Long  reception  ; continued  success. 

It  is  impossible  for  detached  papers  to  have  a general  run, 
or  long  continuance,  if  not  diversified  with  humor.  Addison. 

8.  Popular  censure ; clamor. 

You  cannot  but  have  observed,  what  a violent  rtm  there  is 
among  . . . weak  people  against  university  education.  Swift. 

9.  General  and  urgent  application  or  press- 
ure ; as,  “ A run  upon  a bank.”  Warburton. 

10.  A range  or  extent  of  ground  for  feeding 

cattle  in  the  colonies.  Simmonds. 

11.  A small  stream  of  running  water.  Nares. 

12.  (Naut.)  The  aftmost  part  of  a ship’s  bot- 
tom, where  it  grows  narrow  as  the  floor  ap- 
proaches the  stern-post  : — course  of  a ship,  or 
the  distance  she  has  sailed  in  a certain  time : — 
the  agreement  made  with  the  master  or  owner 
of  a vessel  to  work  a single  passage.  Mar.  Diet. 

13.  (Mus.)  A rapid  ornamental  phrase  or  fig- 
ure ; a roulade.  Dwiglit. 

A run  of  stones,  a pair  of  millstones.  Bartlett.  — 
Run  of  a lode,  (Mining.)  tile  direction  or  course  of  a 

’ lode.  A listed. 91  or  in  the  long  run,  in  the  final  re- 

sult ; in  the  end  ; after  all ; finally.  “ Hath  falsehood 
proved,  at  the  long  run,  more  for  the  advancement  of 
his  estate  than  truth  ? “ TUlotson. 

t RON'A-GATE,  n.  [Pr.  renogat. ] A fugitive  ; 
an  apostate  ; a renegade.  Shah. 

rC’N'A-WAY  (run'a-wa),  n.  [Eng.  run  and  away.) 
One  who  flies  from  danger  ; one  who  departs  by 
stealth  ; a deserter  ; a fugitive.  Sha/c. 

f RUN-CA’TION,  n.  [L.  runco,  runcatus,  to  weed 
out.]  The  act  of  clearing  away  weeds.  Evelyn. 

RUN'CI-NATE,  a.  (Bot.)  Noting  lyre-shaped 
leaves,  as  those  of  the  dandelion,  with  sharp 
lobes  pointing  towards  the  base.  Gray. 

RUN-CJ-NA'TO— DEN'TATE,  a.  (Bot.)  Noting 
leaves  which  are  runcinate  and  toothed.  Loudon. 

R0N'D£L,  n.  A circle  : — a runlet.  Wright. 

RUN'DLE,  n.  [From  round,  or  rund'et .] 

1.  A little  round  ; a step  of  a ladder.  Duppa. 

2.  Something  put  round  an  axis  ; the  wheel 

of  a peritrochium  ; a circle.  Roget. 


1258 

The  third  mechanical  faculty,  styled  axis  in  peritrochio, 
consists  of  an  axis  or  cylinder,  having  a rundlc  about  it. 

Wilkins. 

RUND'L$T,  n.  [From  round,  or  roimdlet.)  A small 
cask,  containing  an  undefined  quantity,  usually 
about  14£  gallons  ; — written  also  runlet.  Bacon. 

RLJ'NpR,  n.  A bard  or  learned  man  among  the 
ancient  Goths.  Wright. 

RUNE§,  n-  ph  [Ger.  runen;  Fan.  rimer ; Sw. 
runa-,  Icel.  runar .]  The  Runic  characters  or 
letters. 

The  runes  were  for  long  periods  of  time  in  use  upon  ma- 
terials more  lasting  than  any  others  employed  to  the  same 
purpose.  Warton. 

RUNG,  i.  & p.  from  ring.  See  Ring. 

RUNG,  n.  1.  [Gael.  % Ir.  rong,  a spar.]  A spar ; 
a round  or  step  of  a ladder:  — a coarse,  heavy 
staff.  [North  of  Eng.]  Bp.  Andrews.  Jamieson. 

2.  [Su.  Goth  .rong,  rang-,  Icel.  raung.  — Fr. 
varangues.  Jamieson.)-  (Naut.)  One  of  the 
timbers  in  a ship,  which  constitute  her  floor, 
and  are  bolted  to  the  keel.  Nicholson. 

RUNG'— HEADS,  n-  (Naut.)  The  upper  ends  of 
the  floor  timbers  of  a ship.  Simmonds. 

RU'NIC,  a.  [M.  Goth,  runa,  a mystery;  A.  S. 
run,  a magical  character,  a mystery.]  Relating 
to  the  Goths,  Scandinavians,  and  other  nations 
of  ancient  Europe,  or  to  their  language.  “ Ru- 
nic letters.”  Temple. 

Keeping  time,  time,  time. 

In  a sort  of  ltunic  rhyme.  E.  A.  Poe. 

Runic  wands,  willow  wands  inscribed  with  myste- 
rious characters,  and  used  by  heathen  tribes  of  the 
north  of  Europe  in  the  performance  of  magic  cere- 
monies. Encij.  Amer. 

RU'NfC,  n.  The  language  of  the  Goths,  Scandi- 
navians, and  other  ancient  northern  nations. 

RtJ'NIC— KNOT,  n.  (Arch.)  A twisted  ornament 
common  on  buildings  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  or 
Danish  era.  Britton. 

RUN'LpT,  n.  1.  A small  cask  ; a rundlet.  Johnson. 

2.  A little  run  or  stream  of  water.  Butler. 

RUN'— MAN,  n.  (Naut.)  A runaway  or  deserter 
from  a ship  of  war.  Crabb. 

RUN'NIJL,  n.  A rivulet ; a runlet,  [it.]  Fairfax. 

RUN'NpR,  n.  1.  One  who,  or  that  which,  runs  ; 
a racer.  Shah. 

2.  One  sent  on  an  errand  ; a messenger. 

3.  The  upper  stone  of  a mill.  Mortimer. 

4.  A species  of  bird.  Ainsworth. 

5.  One  of  the  timbers  on  which  a sleigh  or 

sledge  slides.  Wright. 

6.  (Bot.)  A prostrate  filiform  stem  forming  at 

its  extremity  roots  and  a young  plant,  as  in 
the  strawberry.  Lindley. 

7.  (Naut.)  A rope  rove  through  a single 
block,  — increasing  the  power  of  a tackle.  Dana. 

RUN'NfT,  n.  [A.  S.  gerunnen,  coagulated  ; Dut. 
runnen,  to  curdle.]  [Written  also  rennet.) 

1.  The  prepared  inner  membrane  of  a calf’s 

stomach,  or  the  liquor  made  by  steeping  it  in 
water,  which  has  the  property  of  coagulating 
the  albumen  of  milk,  and  converting  it  into 
curd  and  whey.  Brande.  Smart. 

2.  The  concreted  milk  found  in  the  stomachs 

of  sucking  quadrupeds  which  as  yet  have  re- 
ceived no  other  nourishment  than  their  mother’s 
milk.  Ency.  Brit. 

RON'NING,  p.  a.  1.  That  runs  ; moving  swiftly. 

2.  Kept  for  the  race  ; racing.  Law. 

3.  Having  a current ; flowing,  as  water. 

4.  Passing  or  occurring  continuously,  or 
without  interruption ; as,  “ Five  days  running." 

5.  Discharging  pus  ; as,  “ A running  sore.” 

RUN'NING,  n.  1.  Act  of  one  who,  or  that  which, 
runs. 

2.  The  discharge  of  a wound  or  sore.  Johnson. 

Running  of  goods,  a clandestine  landing  of  goods 
without  paying  the  legal  customs  or  duties.  Wright. 

RUN'NING— DAY^I,  n.  (Naut.)  A term  used  in 
charters  for  consecutive  days  occupied  on  a 
voyage,  &c.,  including  Sundays,  and  not  being 
therefore  limited  to  working  days.  Simmonds. 

RUN'NING— FlGHT,  n.  A fight  kept  up  while  one 
party  flees  and  the  other  pursues.  Crabb. 

RU'N'NING— FIRE,  n.  (Mil.)  A rapid  succession 
of  firing.  Stocqueler. 


RU  RAL 

RUN'NING— RIG'GfNG,  n.  (Naut.)  The  ropes 
that  reeve  through  blocks,  and  are  pulled  and 
hauled,  such  as  braces,  halyards,  &c.  ; — dis- 
tinguished from  the  standing-rigging,  the  ends 
of  which  are  securely  seized,  as  stays,  shrouds, 
&c.  Dana. 

RUN'NING— THRUSH,  n.  A disease  in  the  feet  of 
horses.  Ency.  Brit. 

RUN'NING— Tl'TLE,  n.  (Printing.)  The  title  of 
a book,  written  or  printed  on  the  upper  margin 
of  each  page.  Simmonds. 

RUNN'ION  (run'yun),  n.  A paltry,  scurvy  wretch  ; 

— written  also  ronion,  and  ronyon.  Johnson. 

RUNT,  n.  [Dut.  rural,  rind,  a bullock,  an  ox,  a 
cow;  Ger.  rind.,  a bullock,  a cow.] 

1.  A small  or  stunted  animal,  or  one  below 

the  natural  growth  of  its  kind.  Walton. 

IEg=-  Runt  is  a name  given  to  a small  kind  of  black 
cattle  brought  from  Wales  and  Scotland.  It  is  also  a 
term  applied  to  the  weak  and  stunted  pigs  of  a litter ; 
also  to  several  species  of  pigeon.  Farm.  Ency. — Runt 
is  a jocular  designation  for  a person  of  strong  though 
low  stature.  Brockctt.  — A dwarf.  Wright. 

2.  The  dead  stump  of  a tree  : — the  stem  of  a 

plant.  [Local,  England.]  Wright. 

3.  An  old  woman.  [Scotland.]  Jamieson. 

RU-PEE',  n.  A coin  and  money  of  account  in 
British  India. 

HSy  The  gold  rupee  of  Bombay  and  Madras  is  equal 
to  about  29s.  2d.  ($7).  The  silver  sicca  rupee,  coined 
by  the  East  India  Company  at  Calcutta  is  equal  to 
about  2s.  ($0.48).  McCulloch.  — The  value  of  the 
sicca  rupee  of  Bengal,  or  of  Bombay,  as  fixed  l>y  law 
in  the  collection  of  duties  in  the  custom-houses  of  the 
U.  S.,  is  $0.30,  and  that  of  the  rupee  of  British  India 
is  $0.44t.  Orccnlcaf. 

Lac  of  rupees.  See  Lac. 

RU 'PART’S— DROPS,  n.  pi.  A sort  of  glass  drops, 
having  a long  tail,  remarkable  for  the  phenome- 
non which  they  exhibit  of  flying  into  atoms 
when  their  surface  is  scratched,  or  the  extremity 
of  the  tail  broken  off;  Prince  Rupert’s  drops; 

— so  called  because  they  were  first  brought  to 
England  by  Prince  Rupert,  a German  prince, 
and  grandson  of  James  I.  Lib.  of  Useful Knowl. 

RUP'TION,  n.  [L.  ruptio,  a breaking.]  A breach  ; 
a rupture  ; disruption.  Wiseman. 

+ RUPT'U-A-RY,  n.  [Fr.  roturier,  a plebeian.] 
One  of  the  common  people;  a plebeian. 

The  exclusion  of  the  French  ruptuaries  ( roturiers , for  his- 
tory must  find  a word  for  this  class,  when  it  speaks  of  other 
nations)  from  the  order  of  nobility.  Chennvix. 

RUPT'URE  (rupt'yur,  24),  n.  [It.  rottura;  Sp.  ro- 
tura ; Fr.  rupture.) 

1.  The  act  of  breaking,  or  the  state  of  being 
broken  ; fracture  ; disruption  ; a breach  ; a burst. 

2.  A breach  of  peace  ; open  hostility. 

When  the  parties  that  divide  the  commonwealth  come  to 
a ruplui'e , it  seems  every  man’s  duty  to  choose  a side.  Su-ift. 

3.  (Med.)  A preternatural  protrusion  of  the 

contents  of  the  abdomen  ; hernia.  Sharp. 

RUPT'URE  (rupt'yur),  v.  a.  \i.  RUPTURED  ; pp. 
rupturing,  ruptured.]  To  break  ; to  burst. 

The  vessels  of  the  brain  and  membranes,  if  ruptured,  ab- 
sorb the  extravasated  blood.  Sharp. 

RUPT'URE,  v.  n.  To  suffer  disruption.  Johnson. 

RUPT'URE— WORT  (-wiirt),  n.  The  common  name 
of  plants  of  the  genus  Herniaria.  Loudon. 

RUPT'UR-ING,  n.  1.  Act  of  one  who  ruptures. 

2.  (Rot.)  The  spontaneous  contraction  of  a 
portion  of  the  pericarp,  by  which  its  texture  is 
broken  through.  Lindley. 

rG'RAL,  a.  [L.  ruralis,  belonging  to  the  coun- 
try, from  rus,  the  country;  It.  ruralc ; Fr.  ru- 
ral.) Relating  to,  existing  in,  or  befitting  the 
’country  ; pastoral ; rustic  ; country. 

The  statesman,  law3’er,  man  of  trade. 

Pants  for  the  refuge  of  some  rural  shade.  Cou'jrr. 

Rural  dean , an  ecclesiastic  (generally  a beneficod 
clergyman)  appointed  by  the  bishop  to  superintend  a 
certain  district  in  his  diocese.  Eden.  — Rural  deanery , 
the  office  or  jurisdiction  of  a. rural  dean  ; a subdivis- 
ion of  an  archdeaconry.  P.  Cyc.  — Rural  economy , 
the  general  management  of  territorial  property,  either 
by  the  proprietor  or  his  agent.  Brande. 

Syn.  — Rural  is  used  in  a good  sense  ; rustic , com- 
monly  in  a bad  or  indifferent  sense.  Rural  is  applied 
to  tilings  ; rustic,  commonly  to  persons,  or  to  what  is 
personal,  and  implies  a want  of  culture  or  polish. 
Rural  life,  scenery,  habitation  ; rustic  manners,  per- 
son, or  cottage  : — pastoral  poetry. 


A,  F.,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  ]J,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  IIEIR,  HER; 


RURALIST 


1259 


RUTH 


RU'RAL-IST,  n.  One  who  leads  a rural  life,  [r.] 
“ Our  Egyptian  ruralists.”  Coventry. 

RU-RAL'I-TY,  n.  Ruralness,  [r.]  Bailey. 

RU'RAL-LY,  ad.  In  a rural  manner.  Wakefield. 

RU'RAL-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  rural.  Bailey. 

f RU-RIC'O-LIST,  n.  [L.  ruricola,  a husbandman.] 
An  inhabitant  of  the  country.  Bailey. 

fRU-RIO'lJ-NOUS,  a • [L-  rtls>  the  country,  and 

gigno,  to  be  born.]  Born  in  the  country.  Bailey. 

RU$E  (riiz),  n.  [Fr.]  Artifice  ; stratagem  ; ma- 
noeuvre ; trick;  fraud;  deceit ; deception.  Ray. 

RUSE  DE  GUERRE  (ruz'de-gir').  [Fr.]  A trick 
of  war  ; a stratagem.  Ed.  Rev. 

RUSH,  7i.  [M.  Goth,  rails,  a reed;  A.  S.  rics, 

7-isc,  a rush  ; Bret.  raoz.  — L.  7'uscum,  butcher’s 
broom.] 

1.  ( Bot .)  A plant  of  many  species,  of  the  ge- 
nus Juncus,  having  a long  stem  or  stalk,  and 
growing  plentifully  in  wet  places.  Loudon. 

2.  Any  thing  proverbially  worthless.  “ I 

value  it  not  a rush.”  King  Charles. 

4SP  The  Juncus  cffusus,  soft  rush,  and  the  Juncus 
conglomeratus,  common  rush,  are  used  for  plaiting 
into  mats,  chair-bottoms,  and  for  making  small  bas- 
kets. Tomlinson. 

gSr"  Rushes  were  formerly  used  on  the  floors  of 
churches  and  of  dwelling-houses  for  carpets.  Britton. 

Dutch  rush,  a plant  abounding  in  silica,  imported 
into  England  from  Holland,  for  the  purpose  of  polish- 
ing wood  and  metal ; Equisct.um  hyemalc.  Archer. 

RUSH,  v.  7i.  [A.  S.  hreosan,  reosan,  to  rush  ; Dut. 

ruischen,  to  murmur ; Ger.  rauschen,  to  rush.] 
[i.  RUSHED  ; pp.  RUSHING,  RUSHED.] 

1.  To  move  with  violence  or  tumultuous  ra- 
pidity ; to  push  on  ; to  press  on. 

Armies  rush  to  battle  in  the  clouds.  Milton. 

2.  To  enter  with  undue  eagerness  ; to  hurry. 

Never  think  it  to  be  the  part  of  religion  to  rush  into  the 
office  of  princes  or  ministers.  Sprat. 

f RUSH,  v.  a.  To  push  forward  with  violence. 

We  shall . . . rush  them  into  infinite  perils. 

Whole  Duty  of  Man. 

RUSH,  71.  Violent  course ; a driving  forward. 
“ With  the  rush  of  one  rude  blast.”  Crashatc. 

RUSH'— BE.4R-ING,  71.  A rural  festival  or  parish 
wake  held  at  the  feast  of  the  dedication  of  a 
church,  when  the  parishioners  brought  fresh 
rushes  to  strew  the  church.  [F.ng.]  Nares. 

RUSH'-BOT-TOMED,  a.  Having  a bottom  of 
rushes.  Irving. 

RUSH'— BUCK-LER,  71.  A bullying  and  violent 
person.  “ Bragging  rush-bucklers.”  More. 

RUSH'-CAN-DLE,  71.  A small,  blinking  taper, 
made  by  stripping  a rush,  except  one  small 
strip  of  the  bark,  which  holds  the  pith  together, 
and  dipping  it  in  tallow.  Shak. 

RUSHED  (rusht),  a.  Abounding  with  rushes. 

Near  the  rushed  marge  of  Cherwell’s  flood.  Warton. 

RUSH'  ER,  n.  1.  One  who  rushes  forward.  Whitlock. 

2.  One  who  formerly  strewed  rushes  on  the 
floor  at  dances.  B.  Jotisoti. 

RUSH'-GRASS,  n.  (Bot.)  The  common  name  of 
gramineous  plants  of  the  genus  Vilfa.  Gray. 

RUSH'I-NESS,  71.  The  state  of  being  rushy.  Scott. 

RUSH'ING,  71.  The  act  of  one  who,  or  that  which, 
rushes  ; any  commotion  or  violent  course. 

RUSH'— LIGHT,  71.  A rush-candle,  or  the  light  of 
it ; a small  taper.  Tweddell. 

RUSH'— LIKE,  a.  Resembling  a rush ; weak. 

RUSH'— MAT,  n.  A mat  composed  of  rushes.  Sivift. 

RUSH'— RING,  7i.  A ring  made  of  rush.  Nares. 

And  I’ll  marry  thee  with  a rush-ring.  D'Avenant. 

RUSH'Y,  a.  1.  Abounding  with  rushes.  Milton. 

2.  "Made  of  rushes.  “ Rushy  lance.”  Tickell. 

RUSH'Y— MILL§,  7i.  pi.  A sportive  imitation  of 
mills  made  by  the  shepherds  in  running  water, 
and  composed  of  rushes.  Brou)7ie.  Nares. 

RUSK,  71.  A light,  hard  cake,  or  bread.  Smat't. 

Rif/^'MA,  71.  A brown  and  light  iron  substance, 
with  half  as  much  quick-lime  steeped  in  water, 


of  which  the  Turkish  women  made  their  psilo- 
thron,  or  unguent,  for  removing  their  hair.  Grew. 

RUSS,  a.  Relating  to  Russia  ; Russian.  Murray. 

RUSS,  71.  1;  A native  of  Russia  ; a Russian. 

2.  The  language  of  the  Russians.  Smart. 

RUS'SET,  a.  1.  A red-gray  color,  derived  from 
the  mixture  of  the  three  primary  colors  in  equal 
strength,  but  in  unequal  proportions,  consisting 
of  two  parts  of  red  and  one  part  each  of  blue 
and  yellow.  Fairholt. 

The  morn  in  russet  mantle  clad.  Shak. 

2.  Coarse  ; homespun  ; rustic. 

Henceforth  my  wooing  shall  be  expressed 

In  russet  yeas,  and  honest,  kersey  uoes.  Shak. 

RUS'SIJT,  71.  1.  A country  dress.  “ A fair  shep- 
herdess in  her  country  russet.”  Dryden. 

2.  A kind  of  apple  of  a russet  color  and  rough 
skin ; — written  also  russeting.  Farm.  Ency. 

RUS'S^T,  v.  a.  To  give  a russet  color  to. 

The  blossom  blows;  the  summer  ray 

Russets  the  plain.  Thomson. 

RUS'SET-TING,  An  apple  or  a pear  of  several 
varieties,  having  a rough  skin,  and  commonly 
of  a brownish,  rusty  color.  Johnson. 

RUS'SJJT-TY,  a.  Of  arusset  or  rusty  color.  Joh7iso?i. 

RUS'SI A— LEATH-IJR,  71.  A kind  of  leather  pre- 
pared in  Russia  by  tanning  the  skins  of  goats, 
sheep,  and  calves,  with  willow  bark,  then  dyeing 
them  of  a reddish  color  with  red-saunders-wood, 
and  afterwards  impregnating  them  with  emfy- 
reumatic  oil  obtained  from  birch  bark.  Parnell. 

fiEjf  It  is  valuable  for  its  not  being  subject  to  mould 
when  kept  in  a damp  situation,  and  for  its  being  re- 
pulsive to  insects.  Parnell. 

||  RUSSIAN  (rush'an  or  ru'shan)  [ru'shan,  P.  K.  ; 
rush'an,  Sm. ; ru'shan  or  rush'am,  Eai'iishaw) , 71. 

1.  A native  of  Russia.  Clarke. 

2.  The  language  of  Russia.  P.  Cyc. 

||  RUS'SIAN,  or  RUS'SIAN,  a.  (Gcog.)  Relating 

to  Russia.  Lyell. 

RUST,  71.  [A.  S.  § Dan.  rust ; Dut.  roest\  Ger.  § 

Sw.  rost. ] 

1.  ( Che/n .)  The  reddish  substance  formed  on 

the  surface  of  iron  or  steel  when  exposed  to  air 
and  moisture,  and  consisting  chiefly  of  hydrated 
peroxide  of  iron  : — a term  applied  also  to  other 
metallic  oxides.  P.  Cyc.  Turner. 

In  a perfectly  dry  atmosphere  iron  undergoes 
no  change  ; but,  when  moisture  is  likewise  present, 
its  oxidation,  or  rusting,  is  rapid.  In  the  first  part  of 
the  change,  carbonate  of  protoxide  of  iron  is  gener- 
ated ; but  the  protoxide  gradually  passes  into  the 
hydrated  peroxide,  and  the  carbonic  acid  is  evolved. 
Rust  of  iron  sometimes  contains  ammonia,  which  in- 
dicates that  the  oxidation  is  probably  accompanied  by 
the  decomposition  of  water.  Turner. 

2.  The  tarnished  or  corroded  surface  of  any 

metal.  Joh7iso7i. 

And  scour  his  armor  from  the  rust  of  peace.  Dryden. 

3.  Loss  of  power  by  inactivity.  JoJmsoti. 

4.  Matter  bred  by  corruption  or  degener- 
ation ; any  thing  that  obscures  or  tarnishes. 

Let  her  see  thy  sacred  truths  free  from  all  rust  and  dross 
of  human  mixtures.  King  Charles. 

5.  Mildew  in  grain.  Simmonds. 

RUST,  v.  71.  [A.  S.  rustia7i,  to  rust.]  [i.  busted  ; 

pp.  RUSTING,  RUSTED.] 

1.  To  become  rusty  ; to  gather  rust ; to  have 
the  surface  tarnished  or  corroded. 

Let  his  armor  rust  until  this  day.  Shak. 

2.  To  degenerate  in  idleness  ; to  become  dull 
from  want  of  action  or  exertion. 

Must  I rust  in  Egypt,  never  more 

Appear  in  arms,  and  be  the  chief  of  Greece?  Th'yden. 

RUST,  v.a.  1.  To  make  rusty  ; to  cover  with  rust. 

Keep  up  your  bright  swords,  for  the  dew  will  rust  them.  Shak. 

2.  To  impair  by  time  or  inactivity.  Jolmsoti. 

RUST'— EAT-EN,  a.  Corroded  by  rust.  Jarvis. 

RUST'FUL,  a.  Like  rust ; rusty.  Quarles. 

RUS'TIC,  a.  [L.  rusticus ; rus,  the  country;  It. 
<Sf  Sp.  rustico  ; Fr.  rustique. ] 

1.  Relating  to  the  country;  rural;  country. 

“ Our  rustic  revelry.”  Shak. 

2.  Having  the  manners  of  those  who  live  in 
the  country;  countrified;  plain;  unadorned; 
simple  ; unpolished  ; untaught ; artless ; rough  ; 
rude ; inelegant. 

And  many  a holy  text  around  she  strews, 

That  teach  the  rustic  moralist  to  die.  Gray. 


Rustic  work,  (Arch.)  a mode  of  building  in  which 
the  faces  of  stones  employed  arc  left  rough  ; the  sides 
only,  where  they  are  intended  to  unite,  being  vv rought 
smooth.  Britton. 

RUS'TIC,  71.  An  inhabitant  of  the  country ; a 
clown  ; a swain  ; a peasant ; a boor.  South. 

RUS'TI-CAL,  a.  Rustic.  — See  Rustic. 

RUS'TI-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a rustic  manner.  Shak. 

RUS'TI-CAI.-NESS,  71.  The  quality  of  being  rus- 
tical ; rudeness  ; coarseness.  Johnson. 

RUS'TI-CATE,  v.  a.  [*.  rusticated  ; pp.  rusti- 
cating, rusticated.]  To  compel  to  dwell  in 
the  country; — especially  to  banish  into  the 

country  for  a time  from  college.  Spectator. 

RUS'TI-CATE,  v.  n.  [L.  rusticor,  to  live  in  the 
country  ; It.  7'vsticarc.)  To  reside  in  the  coun- 
try. “ Having  rusticated  in  your  company. "Pope. 

RUS-TI-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  7'usticatio , country  life  ; 
Fr.  rusticatio7i.\ 

1.  The  act  of  rusticating,  or  the  state  of  being 
rusticated;  a residence  in  the  country; — par- 
ticularly a temporary  banishment  into  the  coun- 
try from  college  for  some  offence. 

It  seems  plain,  from  his  own  verses  to  Diorlati,  that  Milton 
had  incurred  rustication  — a temporary  dismission  into  the 
country,  with  perhaps  the  loss  of  a terra.  Johnson. 

2.  (Arch.)  Rustic  work.  Wright. 

RUS'TIC— CHAIR,  71.  A seat  of  twisted  wood,  &c., 

for  a garden  or  shrubbery.  Simmotids. 

RUS-TI^l'I-TY,  n.  [L.  rus,  the  country  ; 7-ustici- 
tas,  country  life ; It.  rusticith  ; Fr.  7'usticite.) 
State  of  being  rustic  ; want  of  polish  or  refine- 
ment; artlessness ; rudeness;  simplicity. Spenser. 

RUS'TIC-LY,  ad.  In  a rustic  manner.  Chaptnati. 

RUST'I-LY,  ad.  In  a rusty  state.  Sidney. 

RUST'I-NESS,  n.  State 'of  being  rusty.  Johnson. 

RUS'TLE  (rus'sl),  v.  71.  [A.  S.  liristlan  ; Ger.  ras- 
seln;  Dan.  rasle-,  Sw.  rasla;  Icel.  hrista.)  [ i . 
rustled  ; pp.  rustling,  rustled.]  To  make 
a noise,  as  by  the  rubbing  of  silk  or  dry  leaves  ; 
to  make  a low,  continued  rattle. 

Prouder  than  rustling  in  unpaid-for  silks.  Shale. 

RUS'TLE  (rus'sl),  n.  The  noise  of  things  shaken  ; 
a rustling.  Idler. 

RUS'TL^R  (rus'ler),  n.  One  who  rustles.  Scott. 

RUS'TLING,  7i.  A noise,  as  of  leaves  in  motion  ; 
a quick  succession  of  small  noises.  Shak. 

RUST'Y,  a.  1.  Covered  with  rust ; rusted.  Shak. 

2.  Impaired  by  inactivity;  dull;  sluggish. She: k. 

3.  Surly ; morose,  [r.]  Clarendoti. 

4.  Rancid ; reasty.  [r.]  Skelt07i. 

5.  (Bot.)  Having  the  color  of  rust.  Loudon. 

Rusty  dab,  (/<:/;.)  the  popular  name  of  the  rusty  flat- 
fish of  the  genus  Platessa,  a fish  found  on  the  coasts 
of  Massachusetts  and  New  York,  in  deep  water.Storcr. 

RUT,  71.  [L.  &•  It.  rota,  a wheel ; Fr.  routed) 

1.  A furrow  or  track  made  in  the  earth,  as  by 

a wheel;  as,  “A  cart  rut.”  Chap7tum. 

2.  The  noise  made  by  the  waves  of  the  sea 
breaking  upon  the  shore  ; rote.  — See  Rote. 

The  rote,  or  rut,  of  the  sea  means  only  the  noise  produced 
by  the  action  of  the  surf,  the  successive  breaking:  of  wave  after 
wave  on  the  shore.  Daniel  Webster , 

RUT,  71.  [L.  7-ugitus,  a roaring;  — in  allusion  to 

the  noise  made  by  animals  when  they  desire  to 
copulate  ; Fr.  <Sf  Arm.  rut.)  The  copulation  of 
deer,  boars,  &c.  Baile7j. 

RUT,  v.  n.  [*.  rutted;  pp.  rutting,  rutted.] 
To  desire  to  copulate,  as  deer,  &e.  Bailey. 

RUT,  v.  a.  1.  To  cut  a line  in  the  soil  with  a 
spade  ; to  mark  with  ruts.  Loucloti. 

2.  To  cover ; to  tup.  Dryde7i. 

RU'TA— BA'GA,  n.  (Bot.)  A vegetable  root  of  the 
turnip  kind;  Swedish  turnip;  a variety  of 
Brassica  campcst7~is.  Loudon. 

RU-TA’ CF.-JE  (ril-ta'she-e),  n.  pi.  (Bot.)  An  order 
of  plants  chiefly  found  in  the  Old  World  and  the 
Southern  hemisphere,  and  represented  in  gar- 
dens by  the  common  rue  (Ruta grciveolens).Gray. 

RU-TA'CF.OUS  (ru-ta'shuB,  66),  a.  (Bot.)  Noting 
plants  of  the  order  Ridacece.  Eng.  Cyc. 

■f-RlJTH,  n.  [Fromrue.]  1.  Mercy;  pity;  tender- 
ness ; sorrow  for  the  misery  of  another.  Milton. 

All  ruth , compassion,  mercy  he  forgot.  Fairfax. 

2.  Misery;  sorrow.  “ Woful  ruth.”  Spenser. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE. 


— 9,  9,  g,  soft;  e,  G,  j,  I,  hard ; § as  z;  % as  gz. — THIS,  this. 


RUTHENIUM 


1260 


SABBATISM 


RU-THE'NI-UM,  n.  ( Chem .)  A gray,  brittle,  very 
hai‘d  metal,  extracted  from  the  ore  of  platinum. 
It  is  infusible  before  the  oxyhydrogen  blow-pipe, 
forms  compounds  with  various  other  substances, 
and  has  a specific  gravity  of  8.6.  Miller. 

t RtlTH'FUL,  a.  1.  Merciful;  tender.  Johnson. 

2.  Rueful  ; woful ; sorrowful.  Beau.  S$  FI. 
t R(JTH'FUL-LY,  ad.  Wofully;  sadly.  Spenser. 
t RUTH'FUE-NESS,m.  Compassionateness. Bailey. 
RUTIl'LpSS,  a.  Without  pity;  cruel;  uncom- 
passionate ; barbarous ; pitiless. 

Ruin  seize  thee,  ruthless  king.  Gray. 

RUTH'LpSS-LY,  ad.  Without  pity  ; cruelly  ; bar- 
barously. Johnson. 

RUTII'LySS-NESS,  n.  Want  of  pity,  mercy,  or 
tenderness  ; cruelty.  Johnson. 

RU-TI-DO'  SIS,  n.  [Gr.  puruienrif,  a wrinkling; 
pen's,  a wrinkle.]  {Med.)  A disease  of  the  eye 
in  which  the  cornea  appears  shrunk  and  puck- 
ered. Dunglison. 

f RU'TI-LANT,  a.  Shining.  Evelyn. 

fRU'TI-LATE,  v.n.  & a.  [L.  rutilo,  rutilatus, 
to  make  reddish ; Fr.  rutiler,  to  glisten.]  To 
shine  ; to  make  bright.  Cocker  am. 

RU'TILE,  n.  [L.  rutilus,  red.]  (Min.)  A brittle 
mineral,  sometimes  crystalline,  of  a red  or  red- 
dish, a yellowish,  or  a black  color,  consisting  of 
titanic  acid.  The  black  variety  nigrine  contains 
a little  oxide  of  iron.  Dana. 


R(J'TI-LINE,  n.  (Chem.)  A red  compound  formed 
by  the  action  of  oil  of  vitriol  on  salicin c. Gregory. 

UUT'TpR,  n.  1.  One  that  ruts. 

2.  [Dut.  ruiter,  a rider ; Ger.  reitcr.\  + A 
horse-soldier  ; a trooper  ; a cavalier.  Bale. 

f RUT'TgR-KIN,  n.  A crafty  old  knave.  Cotgrave. 

f RUT'Tj-pR,  n.  [Fr.  route,  a road.] 

1.  A direction  for  the  route  or  course  by  land 

or  by  sea.  Johnson. 

2.  An  old  traveller  : — an  old  soldier.  Cotgrave. 

RUT'— TIME,  n.  The  season  of  rutting.  Shah. 

RUT'TISH,  a.  [Fr.  rut,  rutting.]  Wanton  ; li- 
bidinous; salacious;  lustful;  lecherous.  Shah. 

RUT'TJSII-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality  of 
being  ruttish.  Maunder. 

f RUT'TLE,  n.  The  noise  occasioned  by  difficulty 
in  breathing  ; a rattle  in  the  throat.  Burnet. 

RUT'TY,  a.  Full  of  ruts  ; cut  by  wheels.  Hogarth. 

RY'D£R,  n.  1.  A clause  added,  as  to  a bill;  — 
more  properly  written  rider.  — See  Rider. 

2.  A Dutch  coin  worth  about  25s.  ($'6.05). 

RYE  (rl),  n.  [A.  S.  ryge,  rige  ; Dut.  rogge ; Ger. 
rocken  ; Dan.  rug  ; Sw.  rag  ; Icel.  rugr.  — W. 
rhyg.) 

1.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the  family  Graminece  and 
genus  Ilordeum,  nearly  allied  to  wheat ; llor- 
deuni  Secale ; — the  esculent  grain  of  this  plant. 

Gray. 


IPtr"  Rye  has  been  cultivated  from  time  immemo- 
rial, and  is  considered  as  coming  nearer  in  its  prop- 
erties to  wheat  than  any  other  grain.  It  is  more  com- 
mon than  wheat  in  many  parts  of  the  Continent  of 
Europe,  being  a more  certain  crop,  and  requiring  less 
culture  and  manure.  It  is  the  bread  corn  of  Germany 
and  Russia.  In  Britain  it  is  now  little  known,  being 
no  longer  a bread  corn,  and  therefore  of  less  value  to 
the  farmer  than  barley,  oats,  or  peas.  Braude. 

2.  A disease  in  the  hawk.  Ainsworth. 

RYE'— BREAD,  re.  Bread  made  of  rye.  Ash. 

RYE'— GRASS  (rl'grSs),  n.  (Bot.)  A pretty  good 
pasture  grass  ; Lolium  perenne  ; — called  also 
ray -grass,  and  common  darnel.  Gray. 

RYN'jEIlOPS,  n.  (Ornith.)  A gentts  of  aquatic 
birds  ; — more  properly  written  rhynehops.  — 
See  Rhynchots,  and  Riiynchopixa:.  Eng.  Cye. 

RYND,  n.  A piece  of  iron  that  goes  across  the 
hole  in  an  upper  mill-stone.  Francis. 

RY'OT,  n.  [Arab.,  a subject.]  In  Hindostan,  a 
peasant ; a cultivator  of  the  soil.  Qu.  Bev. 

t;  f)  ■ In  India,  the  ryots,  or  the  cultivators,  have  a 
perpetual  hereditary  and  transferable  right  of  occupan- 
cy so  long  as  they  continue  to  pay  the  share  of  the  pro- 
duce of  the  land  demanded  by  the  government.  Braude. 

+ RYTH,  n.  [Brit,  ryth .]  A ford.  Scott. 

R YT ' I-NJ),  n.  [Gr.  jivrls,  a furrow.]  (Zor.l.)  A 
genus  of  cetaceans,  allied  to  the  manatee,  and 
found  in  the  Arctic  Ocean.  Eng.  Cyc. 


In  holy  duties  let  the  dny, 

In  holy  pleasures,  pass  away; 

IIow  sweet  a Stihbnth  thus  to  spend, 

In  hope  of  one  that  ne’er  shall  end!  Stennett. 

Yes,  child  of  suffering,  thou  mayst  well  be  sure 

lie  who  ordained  the  Sabbath  loves  the  poor.  Jfuhnes. 

2.  Intermission  of  care  and  suffering  ; a time 
of  rest ; rest ; repose  ; leisure. 

Peaceful  sleep  out  the  Sabbath  of  the  tomb.  Pope. 

3.  The  sabbatical  year  among  the  Israelites. 

But  in  the  seventh  year  shall  be  a Sabbath  of  rest  unto  the 

land,  a Sabbath  for  the  Lord.  Lev.  xxv.  4. 

Ji  Sabbath-day's  journey,  according  to  Dr.  A.  Clarke, 

furlongs,  a little  less  than  an  English  mile. 

j&g”  “ The  Rabbins  generally  fix  this  distance  at 
2000  cubits.  Josephus  says  that  the  Mount  of  Olives 
was  five  stadia  from  Jerusalem,  which  makes  G25 
paces.  Thus  the  journey  that  was  allowable  on  the 
Sabbath-day  was  about  six  or  seyen  hundred  paces, 
or  something  more.”  Calmct. 

SAB'BATH— BREAKER,  n.  A violator  of  the  Sab- 
bath. “ The  greatest  Sabbath-breaker.”  Bacon. 

SAB'BATH— BREAKING,  n.  Violation  of  the 
Sabbath.  Ch.  Ob. 

SAB'BATH-LESS,  a.  1.  Without  a Sabbath. 

2.  Without  rest  or  intermission  of  labor. 

This  incessant  and  Sabbathless  pursuit  of  a man's  fortune 
leaveth  not  tribute  which  we  owe  to  God  of  our  time.  Bacon. 

SJB-BA'TI.a  (-sit?),  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  North 
American  plants  of  the  order  Gentianacecc,  or 
Gentian  family  ; American  centaury.  Gray. 

J)Pg»Tlie  sabbatia  cliloroides,  which  is  one  of  the 
handsomest  of  Nortli  American  plants,  is  found  on 
the  borders  of  brackish  ponds  iri  Plymouth,  Mass., 
and  thence  to  Virginia,  and  southward.  Gray. 

SAB-BAT'IC,  ) a.  [L.  sabbaticus ; Sp.  saba- 

SAB-BAT'I-CAL,  > tico ; Fr.  sabbatique .] 

1.  Belonging  to  the  Sabbath.  “Due  attend- 
ance on  sabbatic  duty.”  Stukeley. 

2.  Resembling  the  Sabbath ; bringing  inter- 
mission of  labor. 

Snbhatica’  year,  every  seventh  year,  among  the  Is- 
raelites, because  during  that  year  tile  land  was  al- 
lowed to  lie  fallow.  Forbes. 

SAB-BAT'I-CAL-I.Y,  ad.  In  a sabbatical  manner. 

SAB'BA-TI§M,  n.  [L.  sabbatum,  the  Sabbath.] 
Observance  of  the  Sabbath: — rest;  intermis- 
sion of  labor.  More. 


Q the  nineteenth  letter  of  the  alphabet,  and 

kA)  found  in  all  the  languages  of  which  we  have 
any  knowledge,  .abounds  more  in  English  than 
any  other  consonant.  It  has  two  sounds  : first, 
its  genuine  sibilant  or  hissing  sound,  like  c soft, 
as  in  set,  son ; secondly,  the  sound  of  z,  which 
it  often  has  in  the  middle  and  at  the  end  of 
words,  as  in  wise,  has.  — Brando  says,  “ S may 
be  regarded  as  a species  of  semivowel,  from  its 
forming  a kind  of  imperfect  sound  without  the 
aid  of  any  of  the  vowels.” 

SA'.IDH§,n.pl.  [Hind.]  An  Indian  sect,  of  mod- 
ern date,  who  have  embraced  Christianity,  and 
whose  doctrine  and  mode  of  life  resemble  those 
of  the  Quakers  ; — also  written  Sauds.  Craig. 

SA'BA,  n.  (Bot.)  A species  of  bean  resembling 
the  Lima  bean,  but  smaller.  Breck. 

SAB-A-DIL'LA,  n.  [Sp.  cebadila.] 

1.  (Bot.)  A species  of  Veratrum,  found  in  the 

West  Indies  and  in  Mexico ; Veratrum  saba- 
dilla  ; cevadilla ; cebadilla  : — also  a plant  found 
in  Mexico;  Asagrma  officinalis.  From  the 
seeds  of  both  these  plants,  hut  chiefly  from 
those  of  the  latter,  the  poisonous  alkaloid  vera- 
tria  is  obtained.  Lindley.  Eng.  Cyc. 

2.  (Com.)  A term  applied  to  the  seeds  of  the 
Veratrum  sabaclitta,  and  to  those  of  the  Asa- 
grma officinalis ; cevadilla ; cebadilla.  Eng.  Cyc. 

SAB-A-DILL'IA  (s&b-?-dH'y?),  n.  (Chem.)  A poi- 
sonous, crystalline  alkaloid,  found  along  with 
veratria  in  white  hellebore  (Veratrum  sabadilla, 
variety  album) ; — called  also  sabadilline. 

Gregory.  Miller. 

SAB-A-DIL'LINE,  n.  Sabadillia.  Gregory. 

SA-BA2’AN,  n.  Sabian.  — See  Sabian.  Ed.  Ency. 

SA-BAE'AN-I§M,  n.  Same  as  Sabaism.  Ed.  Ency. 

SA'BA-iijM,  n.  A system  of  religion  which  an- 
ciently prevailed  in  Arabia  and  Mesopotamia  : 
— one  of  the  earliest  forms  of  idolatry,  embra- 
cing the  doctrine  of  the  unity  of  the  Deity,  to- 
gether with  adoration  of  the  sun,  moon,  and 
stars.  — Written  also  Sabceism,  Sabeism,  Tsa- 
baism,  and  Sabianism.  P.  Cyc. 

SA'BAE,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  palms  found  in 
the  tropics.  Loudon. 


SA-BA'OTH,  or  SAB'A-OTH  [sa-ba'otli,  P.  J.  F. 

K.  Sm.  C.  Johnson,  Ash  ; sab'j-oth,  IK.  Ja.  Wb. 
Entick ],  n.  pi.  [Heb.  DlfcOX,  armies  ; from  X32N 

to  go  forth  to  war.]  Hosts  ; armies  ; — used  as 
a designation  of  the  Almighty.  “ The  Lord  of 
Sahaoth.”  James  v.  4. 

SB-bA  'SI- A,  n-  pl-  (Myth.)  Festivals  in  ancient 
times  in  honor  of  various  divinities  entitled 
Sahasii. 

Mithras,  the  sun,  is  railed  Sabasius  in  ancient 
monuments,  whence  the  word  seems  to  have  some 
connection  with  the  root  of  Sabaism  (see  above)  ; but 
Bacchus  was  also  thus  denominated,  according  to 
some,  from  the  Sabir,  a people  of  Thrace, — and  the 
nocturnal  Sahasii i were  celebrated  in  his  name.  Braude. 

SA B-B A-TA'RI- AN,  n.  (Thcol.)  1.  One  who 
observes  the  seventh  day  of  the  week  as  the 
Sabbath,  instead  of  the  first,  as  the  Jews,  the 
Seventh-day  Baptists,  &c.  Buck. 

The  Sabbatarians  assert  that  the  sacred  rest  of  the  seventh 
day  is  not  changed,  by  divine  authority,  from  the  seventh  to 
the  first  day  of  the  week.  Eden. 

2.  One  who  observes  the  Sabbath  with  great 
strictness. 

I think  there  is  as  sure  and  effectual  a foundation  laid  for 
the  perpetual  obligation  to  observe  the  Sabbatli  as  the  strict- 
est of  tire  Sabbatarians  can  desire,  Sharp. 

SA  B-B  A-TA'RI- AN,  a.  (Thcol.)  Of,  or  belong- 
ing to,  Sabbatarians: — strict  in  keeping  the 
Sabbath.  Mountagu. 

SAR-BA-TA'RT-AN-!§M,  n.  (Thcol.)  The  tenets 
of  the  Sabbatarians.  Bp.  Ward. 

SAb'BATH,  n.  [Heb.  rOlZJ,  to  rest;  Gr.  odPparov; 

L.  sabbatum  ; It.  sabbato  ; Sp.  sabado  ; Fr.  sab- 
bat  ; Ger.  sabbath .] 

1.  The  day  of  rest ; the  Lord’s  day  ; the  day 
of  cessation  from  labor,  consecrated  to  religious 
worship,  enjoined  upon,  and  observed  by,  the 
Jews  on  the  seventh  day  of  the  week,  because 
“in  six  days  God  created  the  heavens  and  the 
earth,  and  rested  on  the  seventh  day,”  and  also 
in  commemoration  of  their  deliverance  from 
Egyptian  bondage,  from  which  their  seventh 
day  was  dated;  — but  among  Christians  observed 
on  the  first  day  of  the  week,  in  commemoration 
of  the  resurrection  of  Christ  on  that  day  ; — the 
Sunday  of  Christians  ; the  Saturday  of  the  Jews. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  if,  short;  A,  y,  ],  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


SABBATONS 


1261 


SACK 


sAb'BA-TON§,  n.  pi.  (Armor.)  A round-toed, 
armed  covering  for-the  feet,  worn  during  a part 
of  the  sixteenth  century.  Fair  holt. 

SAB'BIRE,  n.  Apiece  of  timber  ; a beam. Maunder. 

SA-BE'AN,  n.  See  Sabian. 

SA'BU-I§M,  n.  Same  as  SABIANISM. 

SA-BEL'LA,  n.  (Zoiil.)  A genus  of  articulated 
marine  animals  belonging  to  Cuvier’s  class 
Atielidce,  having  branchial  plumes  about  the 
head  of  rare  delicacy  and  brilliancy.  Eng.  Cyc. 

SAB-IJL-LA'NA,  n.  [L.  sabulum,  gravel.]  (Geol.) 
Coarse  sand.  G.  F.  Richardson. 

SA-BELL'IAN  (sj-bel'ysin),  a.  Relating  to  Sabel- 
lius  or  to  Sabeilianism.  Pearson. 

SA-BELL'IAN  (sai-bel'yjn),  n.  ( Eccl .)  A follower 
of  Sabellius  (of  the  third  century),  who  denied 
the  distinction' of  persons  in  the  Godhead,  and 
held  the  scheme  that  has  been  known  in  modern 
times  as  that  of  the  modal  trinity.  Dr.  Gregory. 

SA-BELI/IAN-IijM  (sj-bel'yan-Izm),  n.  (Eccl.) 
The  doctrine  of  Sabellius.  Barrow. 

SA'BI-AN,  n.  [Heb.  &02Z,  an  army  or  host.] 

X.  One  of  a sect  of  idolaters  more  ancient 
than  Moses,  who  believed  in  one  God,  and  paid 
adoration  to  the  sun,  moon,  and  stars  ; — called 
also  Sabcean,  and  Sabean.  — See  Sabaism .Ency. 

2.  One  of  an  early  Christian  sect  in  Arabia 
and  Persia,  called  also  Mendaites,  and  Chris- 
tians of  St.  John.  Brande. 

SA'Bj-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Sabianism,  Sabaism, 
or  to  the  Sabians.  Wright. 

SA'BI-AN-I§M,  n.  The  doctrine  of  the  Sabians. 

— See  Sabaism.  Ed.  Ency. 

SAB'INE  (sab'jn),  n.  [Fr.  sahine.) 

X.  (Bot.)  A plant  or  shrub  ; savin. 

Sabine  or  savin  will  make  fine  hedges.  Mortimer. 

2i  (Ich.)  A small  fish,  sometimes  preserved 
in  oil  for  food.  Wright. 

SA'BfNE’^-PlNE,  n.  (Bot.)  A species  of  pine 

indigenous  in  the  mountains  of  California  ; Fi- 
nns Sabiniana.  Emerson. 

SA'BLE  (sa'bl),  ti.  [Russ,  sobol ; S xv.sobeL,  Ran. 
xobel\  Ger.  zobcl;  Dut.  sabel.  — Low  L.  zibella; 
Fr.  zibeline .] 

1.  (Zoiil.)  A small,  digitigrade,  carnivorous 
quadruped  of  the  family  Mustelidce,  or  weasels, 
inhabiting  the  northern  parts  of  Europe  and 
Asia,  allied  to  the  marten,  and  celebrated  for 
its  fur;  the  zibelline  marten  ; Mustela  zibellina: 

— also  a small  quadruped  of  the  same  family, 

inhabiting  the  northern  parts  of  North  Ameri- 
ca ; American  sable ; pine-marten ; Mustela 
abietum.  — See  Pine-marten.  Eng.  Cyc. 

2.  (Com.)  The  fur  of  the  sable.  Peacham. 

SA'BLE,  a.  1.  Of  the  color  of  sable  ; dark.  [Used 

in  poetry.]  “ ,Sa6fc-colored  melancholy.”  Shah. 

"Who  [Night]  with  her  sable  mantle  gan  to  shade 

The  face  of  earth.  Spenser. 

2.  (Her.)  Black  ; noting  one  of  the  tinctures 
employed  in  blazonry,  equivalent  to  the  diamond 
among  precious  stones,  or  Saturn  among  plan- 
ets. Brande. 

SA'BLE,  v.  a.  To  make  of  a sable  color;  to  dark- 
en ; to  make  black,  sad,  or  dismal.  Pope. 

And  sablccl  all  in  black  the  shady  sky.  Fletcher. 

SA'BLE-MOUSE,  n.  (Zoiil.)  A rodent  animal  of 
the  family  Muridce,  or  rat  tribe ; a name  applied 
to  the  lemming  ; Mas  Norvegicns.  Eng.  Cyc. 

SA'BLE— STOLED,  a.  Wearing  a sable  stole  or 
long  vest. 

The  sable-stoled  sorcerers  bear  his  worshipped  ark.  Milton. 

SABLIERE  (sah'Ie-Ar),  n.  [Fr.,  from  sable,  sand; 
L.  sabulo,  and  sabulum.'] 

1.  A sand  or  gravel  pit.  [r.]  Bailey. 

2.  (Arch.)  A piece  of  timber  as  long,  but  not 
so  thick,  as  a beam,  [r.]  Bailey.  Martin. 

SABOT ' (sa-bo'),  n.  [Fr.  sabot-,  Sp.zapato.]  A 
sort  of  wooden  shoe  worn  by  the  peasantry  in 
France,  Belgium,  &c. 

They  wear  large,  clumsy  shoes,  almost  as  bad  as  the  French 
sabot . Swinburne. 

SA'BRE  (sa'ber),  n.  [Fr. ; Sp.  sable.  — Ger.  st'/bel ; 
Rut.  A Sw.  sabel.  — Ax.  seif,  a sword.  Wachter.] 
A kind  of  sword,  with  a broad,  heavy  blade,  fal- 
cated or  crooked  towards  the  point ; a dragoon’s 
sword;  a cimeter  ; a falchion.  Mil.  Ency. 

Keen  be  my  sabre,  and  of  proof  my  arms.  Dryden. 


SA'BRE,  v.  a.  To  strike,  cut,  or  kill  with  a sabre. 

You  send  troops  to  sabre  and  bayonet  us  into  submission. 

Burke. 

SA  ' BRE-TAfHE,  n.  [Fr.  — Ger.  sabel,  a sabre, 
and  tasche,  a leather  case.]  A pocket  suspend- 
ed from  the  sword-belt  of  a dragoon.  Mil.  Ency. 

SAB -y-LOS'I-TY,  n.  Quality  of  being  sabulous; 
sandiness ; grittiness,  [it.]  Bailey. 

SAb'U-LOUS,  a.  [L.  sabulosus,  from  sabulum, 
sand.]  Sandy ; gritty,  [it.]  Bailey. 

SAC,  n.  [A.  S.  sacc.  — See  Sack.]  (Nat.  Hist.) 
A little  pouch  or  sack  ; a receptacle  for  a liquid  ; 
as,  “ The  lacrymal  sac.”  Dunglison. 

SAC,  n.  [A.  S.  saca,  sacu,  contention  ; Ger.  sache, 
a thing,  a cause  in  law  ; Rut.  zaak  ; Ran.  sag ; 
Sw.  sak  ; Icel.  sok,  a court  of  justice,  a lawsuit.] 
(Law.)  The  ancient  privilege  which  a lord  had 
within  his  manor  of  holding  courts,  trying 
causes,  and  imposing  fines,  among  his  vassals 
or  tenants.  Burrill. 

SAC-CADE',  n.  [Fr.  saccade .]  (Man.)  A jerk 
with  the  bridle.  Bailey. 

SAC'CATE,  a.  [L.  saccus,  a bag.]  (Bot.  & Anat.) 
Bagged  ; formed  like  a sac  or  bag  ; having  a bag 
or  pouch  ; as,  “ A saccate  petal.”  Loudon. 

SAC'cAt-ED,  a.  Saccate.  Smart. 

SAC'CHA-R ATE,  n.  (Chem.)  A salt  formed  by 
the  combination  of  saccharic  acid  with  a salifi- 
able base.  Prout. 

SAC-jCHAR'IC,  a.  [L.  saccharum,  sugar.]  (Chem.) 
Noting  an  acid  isomeric  with  mucic  acid  ob- 
tained from  sugar,  starch,  gum,  and  lignine. 

SAC-EHA-RlF'JJR-OUS,  a.  [L.  saccharum,  sugar, 
and  fero,  to  produce.]  Producing  sugar  ; as, 
“ The  sacchariferous  maple.”  Wright. 

SAC-jCHAR'I-FY,  v.  a.  To  convert  into  sugar.  Ure. 

sAC-£JHA-RIL'LA,  n.  A kind  of  muslin.  Simmonds. 

SAC-EHA-RIM'JJ-TRY,  n.  [L.  saccharum,  sugar, 
and  Gr.  ptrpov,  a measure.]  (Chem.)  The  pro- 
cess of  determining  the  quantity  of  sugar  in 
saccharine  solutions.  Graham. 

sAc'EHA-RINE,  or  SAC'£HA-RI  NE  [sak'ri-rln,  S. 
W.  F.  Ja.  K.  C.  Wr. ; sak'a-rin,  J.  S«.],  a. 
[Fr.  saccharin,  from  Pers.  sakar ; Sans,  sakur-, 
Ar.  shukar ; Gr.  aaK^np ; L.  saccharum,  sugar.] 
Pertaining  to  sugar  ; having  the  taste  or  other 
qualities  of  sugar  ; sweet ; as,  “ The  saccharine 
matter  in  canes,  beets,”  &C-.  Arbuthnot. 

Saccharine  fermentation.  See  FERMENTATION. 

SAC'EHA-RITE,  n.  (Min.)  A mineral,  composed 
chiefly  of  silica,  alumina,  soda,  and  lime,  found 
in  veins  in  serpentine  at  the  chrysoprase  mines 
near  Frankenstein,  in  Silesia.  Dana. 

SAC'EHA-RIZE,  v.  a.  [i.  SACC  II  All  I ZED  ; pp.  SAC- 
ch arizing,  SACCHAIIIZED.]  To  impregnate 
with  sugar  ; to  form  into  sugar.  Grainger. 

SAC'jEHA-ROID,  a.  [Gr.  cantrip,  sugar,  and  eiSo;, 
form,  likeness.]  (Geol.)  Noting  stones  which  have 
the  texture  of  loat-sugar  ; saccharoidal.  Lyell. 

sAc'RHA-ROID,  n.  A stone  which  resembles 
loaf-sugar  in  texture.  Smart. 

SAC-EHA-RolD'AL,  a.  (Min.)  Same  as  Saccha- 
ll0ID-  Ainsworth. 

SAC-CHA-ROM'IJ-TJJR,  n.  [L.  saccharum,  sugar, 
and  Gr.  ptrpov,  a measure.]  A hydrometer 
adapted  by  its  scale  to  indicate  the  proportion 
of  sugar,  or  the  saccharine  matter  of  malt,  con- 
tained in  a solution  of  any  specific  gravity.  Ure. 

SAC'ClIA-RUM,n.  [L.  saccharum,  sugar.]  (Bot.) 
A genus  of  tropical  plants  from  which  sugar  is 
obtained  ; the  sugar-cane.  Gray. 

SAC-EHO-LAc'TATE,  n.  (Chem.)  A salt  formed 
by  the  union  of  saccholactic  acid  with  a base  ; 
saccholate ; mucate.  Graham. 

SAC-EHO-lAc'TIC,  a.  [L.  saccharum , sugar,  and 
lac,  milk.]  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid,  called 
also  mucic  acid,  obtained  from  the  sugar  of 
milk.  Ure. 

SAC'EHO-LATE,  n.  (Chem.)  A salt  formed  of 
saccholactic  acid  and  a base.  Kane. 

SAC-EHUL'MIC,  a.  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  of 
a color  nearly  black,  obtained  by  boiling  cane 
sugar  in  dilute  sulphuric  acid.  Gregory. 


SAC-EHUL'MINE,  n.  (Chem.)  A crystalline  sub- 
stance, of  a color  nearly  black,  obtained  by  boil- 
ing cane  sugar  in  dilute  sulphuric  acid  .Gregory. 

SAc'yi-FORM,  a.  [L.  saccus,  a bag,  and  forma, 
form.]  (Bot.)  Having  the  form  of  a sack. 

SAC'CO-MYS,  n.  [Gr.  adKKoi,  a pouch,  and  /<Cj, 
a mouse.]  (Zoiil.)  A genus  of  mammalia  of  the 
family  Muridce,  characterized  by  having  cheek 
pouches  ; the  pouched  rat.  The  only  known 
species  is  a native  of  North  America.  Baird. 

sAc-CO-PHAr'YNX,  n.  [Gr.  aasKot,  a bag,  and 
ipaovy(,  the  pharynx.]  (Ich.)  An  anguilliform 
fish  whose  body,  capable  of  being  inflated  like  a 
sack,  is  terminated  by  a very  long  and  slender 
whip-like  tail;  the  bottle-fish;  Saccopliarynx 
ainpullaceus.  Storer. 

SAC'CULE,  n.  [L.  sacculits.]  A little  sac.  Smart. 

S A-(jEL'LUM,  ii.  [L.]  (Arch.)  A small,  unroofed 
enclosure  containing  an  altar  sacred  to  some 
deity  : — also  a small  monumental  chapel  within 
a church,  generally  in  the  form  of  a square  can- 
opied enclosure.  Fairliolt. 

||  SAtj-PR-DO'TAL  [sas-er-do'tjl,  TF.  J.  F.  Ja.  Sin. 
R.C.Wr.  Wb.;  sa-ser-do'tal,  P.],  a.  [L.  sacer- 
dotalis,  from  sacerdos,  a priest ; it.  sacerdotalc  ; 
Sp.  St  Fr.  saca  dotal.]  Belonging  to  the  priest- 
hood or  to  a priest ; priestly.  “ Sacerdotal  gar- 
ments.” Stillingfeet. 

||  SA9-ER-DO'TAL-I§M,  n.  The  quality  or  char- 
acter of  the  priesthood  ; priestcraft.  Brit.  Rev. 

||  SAtj-f.R-DO'TAL-LY,  ad.  In  a sacerdotal  or 
priestly  manner.  Dr.  Allen. 

SACH'IJL,  ii.  [L .sacculits.  — Nl.sachell,  a bag.] 
A small  sack  or  bag.  — See  Satchel.  Junius. 

SA'EHJJM,  n.  [Indian.]  An  American  Indian 
chief  or  prince  ; a chief  of  a tribe.  Mason. 

SA'CHEM-DOM,  ii.  The  rule  or  jurisdiction  of  a 
sachem,  [li.]  Dwight. 

SA'CHJJM-SHIP,  n.  The  office  or  jurisdiction  of 
a sachem.  Miles. 

SACHET  (sash-a'),  n.  [Fr.]  A scent-bag,  or  per- 
fume cushion  ; a svveet-bag.  Simmonds. 

SA-CIIEV'JJR-EL,  n.  All  iron  door,  or  blower,  at 
the  mouth  of  a stove.  Halliwell. 

SACK,  n.  [Gr.  o6kko;  ; L.  saccus  ; It.  sacca,  saccaja ; 
Sp.  saco  ; Fr.  sac.  •*-  Goth,  sakkus ; A.  S.  sacc, 
sac  ; Ger.  sack ; Rut.  zak  ; Ran.  seek ; Sw. 
stick.  — Gael.  Ir.  sac  ; W.  sach.  — Hcb.  pi".  — 
It  is  observable  of  this  word,  that  it  is  found  in 
all  languages,  and  it  is  therefore  conceived  to 
be  antediluvian.  Johnson .] 

1.  A bag  ; a pouch  ; — commonly  a large  bag 
for  holding  corn,  wool,  &c. 

The*  term  sack,  in  the  sense  of  a bag,  is  found  in  all  the 
European  and  many  of  the  Asiatic  languages.  Brande. 

Then  Joseph  commanded  to  fill  their  sacks  with  corn,  and 
to  restore  every  man’s  money  into  his  suck.  Gen.  xlii.  25. 

2.  The  measure  of  three  bushels.  Johnson. 

SACK,  v.  a.  To  put  into  sacks  or  bags.  Betterton. 

SACK,  n.  [L.  sagum  ; Gr.  cbyo ?,  a soldier’s  coarse 
cloak;  Sp.  sago  ; Fr.  sayon.) 

1.  A kind  of  square  cloak  worn  by  the  ancient 

Britons,  originally  made  of  skin.  Craig. 

2.  A loose  robe  formerly  worn  by  women. 

The  finest  loose  sacks  the  ladies  used  to  be  put  in.  B.  Jonson. 

3.  A loose  outer  garment  or  surtout  worn  by 

men.  - Simmonds. 

SACK,  v.  a.  [Sp.  § Port,  sacar,  saqueav,  It. 
saccheggiare  ; Fr.  saccager.  — Skinner  refers  it 
to  A.  S.  sacce,  war,  strife.]  [*.  sacked  ; pp. 
sacking,  sacked.]  To  take  by  storm;  to  plun- 
der or  pillage,  as  a town  or  city. 

The  pope  himself  was  ever  after  unfortunate,  Rome  being 
twice  taken  and  sacked  in  his  reign.  South. 

SACK,  n.  [Sp.  saco,  saqueo.]  The  act  of  one 
who  sacks  a town ; the  storm  and  pillage  of  a 
town ; spoliation.  “ The  sack  of  Troy.”  Dryden. 

SACK,  n.  [Sp.  seco,  dry ; Fr.  sec.]  A Spanish 
wine,  of  a dry  kind  ; sherry  wine.  Blount. 

Bgy  It  is  the  same  wine  which  is  now  called  sher- 
ry.— Falstaff  calls  it  Shrrris  sack,  that  is,  sack  from 
Xcres.  in  Spain.  P.  Cyc.  — The  same  wine,  undoubt- 
edly, which  is  now  named  sherry  ; — sack  from  Xcres. 
Wares. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RtJLE.  — (jt,  §!,  g,  soft;  E,  jS,  5,  g,  hard;  ^ as  z ,*  ^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


SACKAGE 


SACRISTAN 


1262 


<gg=  Dr.  Tarry  finds  the  ancient  mode  of  spelling  to 
he  seek,  and  then  concluded  that  sack  is  a corruption 
of  sec,  signifying  merely  a dry  wine.  The  term  sec  is 
still  used  as  a substantive  by  the  French,  to  denote  a 
Spanish  wine.  J.  fiToahe,  Gent.  Mag.  Mug.  1S57. 

SACK'ApE,  n.  The  act  of  sacking.  Feltham. 

SACK'BUT,  n.  [Fr.  saquebute ; Sp.  sacabuche,  the 
tube  of  a pump,  and  a sackbut,  from  sacar,  to 
draw,  and  buche,  the  stomach  (because  in  blow- 
ing this  instrument  the  breath  is  drawn  up  with 
great  force  from  the  stomach)  ; Port,  sacabuxa, 
saquebuxo.)  ( Mus .)  A brass  wind  instrument 
of  the  trumpet  species  ; a kind  of  bass  trumpet 
in  which  one  tube  slides  within  another,  so  that 
it  may  be  drawn  out  to  different  lengths,  from 
eight  to  fifteen  feet,  according  to  the  pitch  of 
the  note  required ; the  trombone  of  the  Italians ; 
the  posaune  of  the  Germans.  — See  Trombone. 

The  trumpets,  sackbuts , psalteries,  and  fife 

Make  the  sun  dance.  S/iak. 

RGp  An  ancient  sackbut.  was  found  in  the  ruins  of 
Pompeii,  and  appears  to  have  resembled  our  modern 
trombone,  which  was  formed  by  the  Italians  from  the 
one  they  discovered  in  the  ashes  of  Vesuvius,  where 
it  had  been  buried  nearly  two  thousand  years.  Moore. 

SACK'CLOTH,  n.  Cloth  of  which  sacks  are 
made  ; co'arse,  rough  cloth,  sometimes  worn  in 
mourning  or  mortification.  Spenser. 

Thou -hast  turned  for  me  my  mourning  into  dancing;  thou 
hast  put  off  my  sackcloth,  and  girded  me  with  gladness. 

Ps.  XXX.  11. 

Thrice  every  week  in  ashes  she  did  sit, 

And  next  her  wrinkled  skin  rough  sackcloth  wore.  Spenser. 

SACK'CLOTHED  (sak'klothd),  a.  Wearing,  or 
clothed  with,  sackcloth.  Bp.  Hall. 

SACK'ER,  n.  One  who  sacks  a town.  Barret. 

SACK'FUL,  n. ; pi.  sackfuls.  As  much  as  a sack 
will  hold.  “ Sackfuls  of  dross.”  Swift. 

SACK'ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  sacks  or  plun- 
ders a town.  Barret. 

SACK'ING,  n.  [A.  S.  steccing,  from  sate,  a bag.] 

1.  Coarse  cloth  or  canvas  fastened  to  a bed 

stead,  and  supporting  the  bed.  Johnson 

2.  Cloth  of  which  sacks  are  made.  Simmonds 

SACK'LpSS,  a.  [A.  S.  saclcas,  from  sac,  conten 
tion,  and  leas,  less.]  Quiet;  harmless;  inno 
cent ; weak  ; simple.  [North  of  Eng.]  Brockett 

SACK'— POS-S’pT,  n.  A posset  made  of  milk,  sack 
and  other  ingredients.  Swift 

SA'CRAL,  a.  ( Anat .)  Of,  or  pertaining  to,  the 

sacrum.  “ The  sacral  arteries,  &c.”  Dunglison. 

SAC'RA-MENT  [sak'r?-inent,  S.  W.  P.  J.  E.  F. 
Ja.  K.  Sm.  R.  IF6.]  , n.  LL.  sacramentum,  an 
oath,  from  sacro,  sacrare,  to  devote ; It.  Sp. 
Sacramento ; F r.  sacrement.] 

1.  Any  solemn  oath ; any  ceremony  produ- 
cing an  obligation. 

Here  I begin  the  sacrament  to  all.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  (Roman  Ant.)  The  military  oath  taken  by 
Roman  soldiers: — a pledge  made  in  certain 
suits,  alike  by  plaintiff  and  defendant.  IF.  Smith. 

3.  ( Theol.)  A religious  rite  or  ceremony  ; an 
outward  and  visible  sign  of  an  inward  and  spir- 
itual grace ; a solemn  religious  ordinance,  en- 
joined by  Ohrist  upon  his  followers,  as  bap- 
tism and  the  Lord’s  supper;  — the  eucliarist ; 
the  communion  : — among  the  ancient  Christian 
writers,  a mystery. 

This  word  sacrament  is  as  much  to  say  as  an  holy  sign, 
and  representeth  alway  some  promise  of  God.  T//n</ale. 

In  the  writings  of  the  ancient  fathers,  all  articles  which 
are  peculiar  to  Christian  faith,  all  duties  of  religion  contain- 
ing that  which  sense  or  natural  reason  cannot  of  itself  dis- 
cern, are  most  commonly  named  sacraments.  Hooker. 

XtCfr'  Among  Protestants,  there  are  two  sacraments  : 
viz.,  baptism,  and  the  eucliarist  or  Lord’s  supper ; — 
among  Catholics,  seven  : viz.,  baptism,  confirmation, 
eucliarist,  penance,  orders,  matrimony,  and  extreme 
unction.  Eden . 

XI ftf*  “This  word,  with  sacrifice , sacrilege,  and  sac- 
risty, is  sometimes  pronounced  with  the  a in  the  first 
syllable  long,  as  in  sacred  ; hut  this  is  contrary  to  one 
of  the  clearest  analogies  in  the  language.”  Walker. — 
The  English  orthoepists  are  unanimous  against  the 
practice. 

f SAC'RA-MENT,  v.  a.  To  bind  by  an  oath. 

When  desperate  men  have  sacramented  themselves. 

Abp.  Laud. 

SAO-It A-MEN'TAL,  a.  1.  Relating  to  a sacra- 
ment ; partaking  of  the  nature  of  a sacrament; 
sacredly  binding.  Bp.  Taylor. 


2.  Bound  by  oath  ; solemnly  pledged  or  con- 
secrated. 

The  sacramental  host  of  God’s  elect.  Covjper. 

SAC-RA-MEN'TAL,  n.  Something  relating  to,  or 
having  the  nature  of,  a sacrament,  [it.] 

These  words,  “ cup  ” aud  “ testament,”  be  sacramcntals. 

lij>.  Morton. 

SAC-RA-MEN'TAL-I^M,  n . Government  by  the 
priesthood ; priestly  authority,  [it.]  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

SAC-RA-MEN'TAL-LY,  ad.  After  the  manner  of 
a sacrament.  ’ Bp.  Hall. 

SAC-RA-MEN-TA'RI-AN,  n.  (Theol.)  One  who 
differs  in  opinion,  as  to  the  sacraments,  from 
the  Roman  Catholics,  who  apply  the  term  re- 
proachfully to  Protestants.  Tyndale. 

sAC-RA-MEN-TA'RI-AN,  a.  (Theol.)  1.  Pertain- 
ing to  the  sacraments  ; sacramental.  Craig. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  Sacramentarians. 

SAC-RA-MENT'A*RY,  n.  [Low  L.  sacramentari- 
um.]  (Theol.) 

1.  An  ancient  book  of  the  Roman  Church, 

containing  the  prayers  and  ceremonies  practised 
in  the  sacraments.  Abp.  Usher. 

2.  A sacramentarian  ; — a term  of  reproach 
given  by  Roman  Catholics  to  Protestants. 

But  if  they  be  sacr amenta ries  that  shamefully  abuse  and 
corrupt  the  holy  sacraments,  then  may  M.  Ilardinge  and  his 
friends  rightly  be  called  sacra7ne7itaries.  Jewell. 

SAC-RA-MENT'A-RY,  a.  (Theol.)  Relating  to  the 
Sacramentarians,  or  to  the  sacraments. 

lie  would  have  charged  Chrysostom  hiins.clf  with  his  sac- 
ramentar/j  quarrel.  Jewell. 

SM-  CRM  'HI-  CM,  n.  [L.]  (Arch.)  A small  family 
chapel  in  a Roman  house,  devoted  to  a particu- 
lar deity  : — the  adytum  of  a temple.  Britton. 

fsA'CRATE,Y.  a.  [L . sacro,  sacratus.']  To  make 
sacred;  to  consecrate.  Waterhouse. 

SA'CRfD,  a.  [L.  saccr,  sacra,  sacred,  cursed ; It., 
Sp.,  & Port,  sacro  ; Fr.  sacre.  — W.  cysegrediq .] 

1.  Relating  to  God,  or  to  his  worship  ; de- 

voted to  religious  uses;  ordained  by  God;  di- 
vine ; hallowed ; holy  ; not  profane  ; not  secular. 
“The  sacred  mysteries  of  Heaven.”  Milton. 

2.  Relating  to  religion ; religious ; theologi- 
cal; as,  “ Sacred  music  ” ; “ Sacred  history.” 

Smit  with  the  love  of  sacred  song.  Milton. 

3.  Relating  to  the  Scriptures;  as,  “The  sa- 
cred writers  ”;  “The  sacred  text.”  Arbuthnot. 

4.  Dedicated ; consecrated  ; devoted; — with<o. 

A temple  sac7’ed  to  the  queen  of  love.  D/y/den. 

5.  Entitled  to  reverence ; venerable ; sainted. 

The  free  breath  of  a sacred  king.  Shah. 

6.  Inviolable  ; not  to  be  profaned  or  lightly 
dealt  with. 

For  he 

The  sacred  honor  of  himself,  his  queen’s. 

His  hopeful  son’s,  his  babe’s,  betrays  to  slander.  Shak. 

Secrets  of  marriage  still  are  sacred  held.  Drydcn. 

7.  f Accursed  ; fraught  with  evil. 

Our  empress,  with  her  sacred  wit, 

To  villany  and  vengeance  consecrate.  Shak. 

Sacred  majesty,  a title  once  applied  to  the  kings  of 

England.  Wakefield. d sacred  place,  (Law.)  a spot 

where  one  is  buried.  Craig. 

Syn.  — See  Holy. 

SA'CRpD-BEAN,  n.  (Bot.)  A huge  aquatic  plant 
resembling  the  water-lily,  and  held  sacred  in 
China  and  Japan  ; Nelumbium  speciosum.  Gray. 

SA'CRpD-LY,  ad.  In  a sacred  manner;  reli- 
giously; inviolably;  strictly.  South. 

SA'CRflD-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  sacred ; sanc- 
tity ; holiness ; .inviolability.  South. 

SA-CRIF'JC,  ? a.  [L.  sacrificus. ] Employed 

SA-CRlF'I-CAL,  ) in  sacrifice.  Cockeram. 

fSA-CRIF'I-CA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  sacrificed. 
“ Whatsoever  was  sacrifi cable.”  Browne. 

f SA-CRIF'I-CANT,  n.  [L.  sacrificans .]  A sacri- 
fices one  who  offers  a sacrifice.  Hallywell. 

fSAC-RT-FI-CA'TOR,  n.  [Fr.  sacrificateur.']  A 
sacrifices  Browne. 


SA-CRlF'I-CA-TO-RY,  a. 
Offering  sacrifice,  [r.] 


[Fr.  sacrificatoirei] 
Sherwood. 


| SAC'RI-FICE  (sak're-flz,  6(5)  [sSk're-flz,  S.  IF.  P. 
J.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  R.  IF b.~\,  v.  a.  [L.  sacriftco, 
from  sacrum,  sacred,  and  facio,  to  make  ; It. 


sacrificare ; Sp.  sacrificar ; Fr.  sacrifier .]  [i. 

SACRIFICED  ; pp.  SACRIFICING,  SACRIFICED.] 

1.  To  offer  to  Heaven  ; to  immolate  upon  an 
altar  by  way  of  atonement,  propitiation,  or 
thanksgiving. 

And  it  was  so,  that  when  they  that  bare  the  ark  of  the  Lord 
had  gone  6ix  paces,  lie  sacn'ficed  oxen  and  fatlings. 

2 Sa/n.  vi.  13. 

Christ,  our  passover,  is  sacrificed  for  us.  1 Cor.  v.  7. 

And  let  them  sacrifice  the  sacrifices  of  thanksgiving,  and 
declare  his  works  with  rejoicing.  rs.  evii.  22. 

2.  To  destroy  or  give  up,  or  suffer  to  be  lost, 
for  the  sake  of  something  else ; to  devote  with 
loss ; as,  “ To  sacrifice  one’s  own  comfort  for 
that  of  another.” 


They  talk  of  principles,  hut  notions  prize, 
And  all  to  one  loved  folly  sacrifice. 
Condemned  to  sacrifice  his  childish  years 
To  babble  ignorance  and  to  empty  fears. 


Pope. 


3.  To  destroy  ; to  kill.  Johnson. 

In  the  words  sacrifice , suffice,  and  disce7'7i , c is 
allowed,  by  the  common  consent  of  orthoepists,  and 
by  general  usage,  to  take  the  sound  of  i.  Some 
speakers,  however,  pronounce  sacrifice  with  the  proper 
sound  of  c soft,  and  Smart  countenances  this  pronun- 
ciation of  it  when  used  as  a noun  ; yet  he  says  it  is 
“ the  practice  of  most  speakers  [to  pronounce  it  sac- 
rifizc ],  and  according  to  this  practice  is  the  word 
marked  in  all  former  pronouncing  dictionaries.”  — 
See  Sacrifice,  n .,  and  Sacrament. 

||  SAC'RI-FICE  (sak're-flz,  66),  v.  n.  To  make  of- 
ferings to  God,  as  on  an  altar. 

That  we  may  sacrifice  to  the  Lord  our  God.  Exod.  iii.  18. 

||  SAC'Rl-FiCE  (sak're-flz,  66)  [sak're-flz,  S. IF.  P. 
J.  F.  Ja.  K.  R.  C. ; sak're-fls,  Sm.  I Fr.],  n.  [L. 
sacrificium  ; It.  sacrificio,  sacrifizio  ; Sp.  sacri- 
ficio  ; Fr.  sacrifice .] 

1.  The  act  of  one  who  sacrifices.  “Religious 

rites  of  sacrifice."  Milton. 

2.  That  which  is  sacrificed ; an  offering  made 
to  God  by  way  of  atonement,  propitiation,  or 
thanksgiving. 

The  fire  came  down  from  heaven,  and  consumed  the  burnt 
offering  and  the  sacrifices.  2 Ch  on.  vii.  1. 

Make  of  your  prayers  one  sweet  sacrifice , 

And  lift  my  soul  to  heaven.  Shak. 

I beseech  you,  therefore,  brethren,  by  the  mercies  of  God, 
that  ye  present  your  bodies  a living  sacrifice , holy,  acceptable 
unto  God,  which  is  your  reasonable  service.  Rom.  xii.  1. 

3.  Destruction,  surrender,  or  loss  for  the  sake 
of  something  else ; devotion  with  loss  ; that 
which  is  given  up  or  lost  for  something  else. 

He  made  a sacrifice  of  his  friendship  to  Ills  interest.  Johnson. 

4.  Any  thing  destroyed.  Johnson. 

||  SAc'RI-FI-CIJR  (s&k're-flz-er),  n.  One  who  sac- 
rifices. “ Sacrificers,  but  not  butchers.”  Shak. 

SAC-RI-FI"CIAL  (sak-re-flsh'sil),  a.  Relating  to 
sacrifice  ; included  in  sacrifice  ; performing  sac- 
rifice. “Sacrificial  rites.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

SAC'RI-I.EtJE  (s&k're-lej),  n.  [L.  sacrilegium, 
from  sacrum,  that  which  is  sacred,  and  lego,  to 
steal;  It.  $ Sp.  saerilegio  ; Fr.  sacriUge.)  The 
crime  of  appropriating  to  one’s  self,  or  to  secu- 
lar use,  what  is  devoted  to  religion  ; the  crime 
of  violating  or  profaning  things  sacred  ; profa- 
nation. — See  Sacrament. 

And  the  hid  treasures  in  her  sacred  tomb 

With  sacrilege  to  dig.  Spenser. 

SAC-RI-LE'gnOUS  (sdk-re-le'jus),  a.  [L.  sacrile- 
gus .]  Relating  to,  or  implying,  sacrilege  ; pol- 
luted with  the  crime  of  sacrilege;  violating 
things  sacred ; impious  ; irreverent. 

Most  suc7'ilegious  murder  hath  broke  ope 

The  Lord’s  anointed  temple.  Shak. 

SAC-RI-LE'tJHOyS-LY  (sak-re-le'jus-le),  ad.  In  a 
sacrilegious  manner  ; with  sacrilege.  South. 

SAC-RF-LE'^IOUS-NESS  (sSk-re-le'jus-nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  sacrilegious  ; desecration. 

SAC'RI-LE-0!ST,  n.  One  who  commits  sacrilege. 

Antiochus  Epiphanes,  the  sacrilegist.  Spelman. 

f SA'CRING,  p.  a.  [Fr.  sacrer,  to  consecrate.] 
Consecrating;  sacred.  Shak.  Chapman. 

SA'CRING— BELL,  n.  (Rom.  Cath.  Church.)  A 
small  bell  rung  before  the  elevation  of  the  host. 

I’ll  startle  you 

Worse  than  the  sacring-hell.  Shak. 

SA'CRIST,  n.  1.  A sexton  ; a sacristan.  Ayliffe. 

2.  A person  retained  in  a cathedral  to  copy 
out  music  for  the  choir,  and  take  care  of  the 
books.  Busby. 

SAC'RTS-TAN,  n.  [It.  sagrestano  ; Sp.  sacristan-. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


SACRISTY 


1263 


SAFETY-ARCH 


Fr.  sacristain ; — from  L.  sacer,  sacred.]  One 
rvho  has  the  care  of  the  vessels  of  a church  ; a 
vestry-keeper ; a sexton,  [r.]  Bailey. 

sAc'RIS-TY,  n.  [It.  sagristia,  sagrestia  ; Sp.  sa- 
cristia  ; Fr.  sacristie.]  An  apartment  in  a church 
in  which  the  sacred  utensils  and  sacerdotal 
vestments  are  kept ; the  vestry-room.  Addison. 

t SA'CRO-sANCT,  a.  [L.  sacrosanctus,  from  sacer, 
sacred,  and  sanctus,  holy.]  Inviolable  ; sacred. 

The  tribune,  armed  with  his  sacrosanct  and  inviolable 
authority.  Holland. 

SA ' CRUM,  n.  [L.  os  sacrum,  the  sacred  bone.] 
(Anat.)  The  triangular  bone  which  forms  the 
posterior  part  of  the  pelvis  and  terminates  the 
vertebral  column  ; — so  called  because  it  pro- 
tects the  genital  organs.  Dunglison. 

SAD,  a.  [“  The  etymology  of  this  word  has 
scarcely  been  attempted.  Minsheu  derives  it 
from  Ger.  schatt,  shade,  because  sad  people 
affect  solitude  (or  the  shade).  It  seems  clearly 
to  be  the  past  participle  salt,  said,  sad,  of  the  A.  S. 
verb  active  settan  or  saitan,  to  set,  and  to  mean 
set,  settled,  sedate.”  Richardson.  — “ Probably 
a contraction  of  sagged,  heavy,  burdened,  over- 
whelmed, from  to  sag,  to  load.”  Johnson.  — The 
earliest  usage  of  sad  seems  to  have  been  in  the 
sense  of  settled,  steady,  firm.  “ A sad  stone  ” 
(i.  e.  a set,  fixed,  firm  stone).  Wickliffe.  “ O 
stormy  people,  unsad  (i.  e.  unsettled),  and  ever 
untrue.”  Chaucer.  — Sansc.  sad,  to  be  sick.] 

1.  f Earnest ; serious  ; sedate.  Surrey. 

2.  Full  of  grief ; sorrowful ; cast  down  with 
affliction;  afflicted;  heavy;  melancholy;  dull; 
depressed;  desponding;  cheerless;  downcast. 

My  soul  grows  bad  with  troubles.  Shak. 

Let  us  sit  upon  the  ground, 

And  tell  sad  stories  of  the  death  of  kings.  Shak. 

Sad  for  their  loss,  but  joyful  of  our  life.  Pope. 

3.  Expressive  of  sorrow;  gloomy;  dismal; 
mournful;  doleful;  lugubrious;  grievous. 

Moreover,  when  ye  fast,  be  not,  as  the  hypocrites,  of  a sad 
countenance.  Matt.,  vi.  16. 

4.  Serious  ; sober  ; sombre  ; grave  ; sedate ; 
staid  ; not  light  ; not  volatile. 

If  it  were  an  embassy  of  weight,  choice  was  made  of  some 
sad  person,  of  known  judgment  and  experience,  and  not  of  a 
young  man  not  weighed  in  state  matters.  Bacon. 

5.  Calamitous  ; disastrous  ; afflictive  ; caus- 
ing sorrow ; spreading  gloom ; deplorable  ; dire  ; 
as,  “ A sad  accident.” 

6.  Bad  ; vexatious  ; troublesome  ; mischiev- 
ous ; as,  “ He  was  a sad  rogue.”  [Burlesque.] 

These  qualifications  make  him  a sad  husband.  Addison. 

A sad  fellow  is  one  who  does  serious  things,  things  of  seri- 
ous consequence,  and  thus  a mischievous  fellow.  Richardson. 

7.  Dark-colored  ; inclined  to  black,  [r.] 

Wond  or  wade  is  used  by  the  dyers  to  lay  the  foundation 
of  all  sad  colors.  Mortimer. 

8.  f Heavy  ; weighty  ; ponderous. 

With  that  his  hand,  more  sad  than  lump  of  lead, 

Uplifting  high.  Spenser. 

9.  Cohesive  ; close.;  firm  ; not  light,  [it.] 

Chalky  lands  are  naturally  cold  and  sad.  Mortimer. 

fSAD,  v.  a.  To  make  sad;  to  sadden.  “This 
sadcled  the  English.”  N.  Bacon. 

SAD  'DA,  n.  A work  in  the  Persian  language,  be- 
ing a summary  of  the  Zendavesta  ; — also  writ- 
ten Sadder.  Buchanan. 

SAD'DEN  (sad'dn),  V.  a.  [i.  SADDENED  ; pp.  SAD- 
DENING, SADDENED.] 

1.  To  make  sad  ; to  make  sorrowful. 

And  heaven-bred  horror,  on  the  Grecian  part, 

Sat  on  each  face,  and  saddened  every  heart.  Pope. 

2.  -f- To  make  dark-colored.  Johnson. 

3.  fTo  make  heavy;  to  make  cohesive. 

The  very  soft  water,  lying  long  upon  the  bottoms  of  the 
sea  . . . doth  so  compress  and.  sadden  them  by  its  weight.  Ray. 

SAD'DEN  (sad'dn),  v.  n.  To  become  sad  or  sor- 
rowful. “ Troy  saddened  at  the  view.”  Pope. 

SAD ' DF.R,  n.  A summary  of  the  Zendavesta  in 
Persian  ; — also  written  Sadda.  Brande. 

sAd'DLE,  n.  [A.  S.  sadel,  sadol,  sadul,  sadl', 
Old  Ger.  satal,  sedal,  satil ; Ger.  sattel-,  Dut.  za- 
del ; Dan.  <St  Sw.  sadel.  — Gael.  <Sr  Ir.  sadhal,  a 
saddle.  — Russ,  siedlo.  — W.  saclell,  a pack-sad- 
dle. — L.  sedile,  a seat,  from  sedeo,  to  sit ; It.  $ 
Port,  sella  ; Sp.  silla  ; Fr.  sellc.~\ 

1.  A leather  seat  or  pad  put  upon  the  back  of 
a horse,  for  the  accommodation  of  the  rider. 

2.  Something  in  shape  or  use  like  a saddle. 


It  is  a pretty  high  island,  and  very  remarkable  by  reason  of 
two  saddles,  or  risings  and  fallings  on  the  top.  Dampier. 

3.  A joint  of  meat  with  the  ribs  on  each  side  ; 

as,  “ A saddle  cf  venison.”  Simmonds. 

4.  (Naut.)  A piece  of  wood  hollowed  out  to 
fit  on  the  yard  to  which  it  is  nailed,  having  a 
hollow  in  the  upper  part  for  the  boom  to  rest  in  : 
— a similar  piece  of  wood  on  the  bowsprit. 

Mar.  Diet. 

To  put  the  saddle  on  tlie  right  horse, ’to  ascribe  blame 
to  whom  it  properly  belongs.  [Colloquial.] 

SAD'DLE,  V.  a.  [f.  SADDLED  ; pp.  SADDLING, 
SADDLED.] 

1.  To  cover  or  furnish  with  a saddle. 

Saddle  white  Surrey  for  the  field.  Shak. 

2.  To  load  ; to  burden;  to  encumber. 

Each  saddled  with  his  burden  on  his  back.  Druden. 

SAD'DLE-BACKED  (sad'dl-bakt),  a.  Low  in  the 
back,  with  an  elevated  head  and  neck,  as  a 
horse.  Farrier’s  Diet. 

sAd'DLE-BAg§,  n.  pi.  Leathern  bags  carried  on 
horseback,  one  on  each  side.  Gent.  Mag. 

sAd'DLE-BOW  (sad'dl-bo),  n.  [A.  S.  sadel-boga .] 
The  arch  at  the  upper  and  forward  part  of  the 
saddle,  made  so  as  to  fit  the  forward  part  of  the 
horse’s  back. 

And  rein  his  proud  head  to  the  saddle-bow.  Shak. 

SAD'DLE— CLOTH,  n.  A cloth  for  a saddle  ; part 
of  the  furniture  of  a riding  horse.  Boswell. 

SAD'DLE-GALL,  n.  An  excoriation  of  a horse’s 
back  by  the  saddle.  Craig. 

SAd'DLE-GIRTH,  n.  The  band  or  strap  which 

passes  under  a horse’s  belly  and  confines  the 
saddle.  Wright. 

SAD'DLE— HORSE,  n.  A horse  used  for  riding 
with  a saddle.  Booth. 

SAD'DLE— MAK'ER,  n.  One  whose  business  it  is 
to  make  saddles  ; a saddler.  Johnson. 

sAd'DLPR,  n.  One  whose  trade  it  is  to  make 
saddles  ; a saddle-maker.  Shak. 

sAd'DLE-RY  (sad'dle-re),  n.  1.  The  manufacture 
of  saddles;  the  saddler’s  trade.  McCulloch. 

2.  Saddles  and  other  articles  of  horse  gear 

made  by  a saddler.  Simmonds. 

3.  Materials  for  making  saddles.  McCulloch. 

sAd'DLE-SHAPED  (-shapt),  p.  a.  1.  (Bot.)  Bend- 
ing down  at  the  sides,  so  that  a rounded  form  is 
given  to  the  upper  part.  Henslow. 

2.  (Gcol.)  Noting  strata  bent  on  each  side  of 
a mountain  and  not  broken  at  the  top.  Bakewcll. 

sAd'DLE— TREE,  n.  The  frame  of  a saddle. 

SAD-DU-CE'AN,  a.  Relating  to  the  Sadducees, 
and  to  their  doctrine.  Ash. 

sAd'DU-CEE,  n.  [Gr.  TaMovicaTo;.]  One  of  an 
ancient  sect  among  the  Jews,  who,  in  the  time 
of  our  Saviour,  denied  the  resurrection  of  the 
dead,  and  the  existence  of  angels  and  spirits  ; — 
so  called  from  the  founder  of  the  sect,  Sadoc,  a 
Jewish  rabbi,  who  lived  about  250  years  B.  C. 

Tlie  Saddvcees  say  that  there  is  no  resurrection,  neither 
angel  nor  spirit.  Acts  xxiii.  8. 

sAd-DU-CEeT.^M,  n.  The  principles  of  the  Sad- 
ducees ; Sadducism.  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

sAd'DU-CI§M,  n.  The  tenets  of  the  Sadducees  ; 
Sadduceeism.  ' More. 

sAd'DU-cize,  v.  n.  To  conform  to  the  tenets  of 
the  Sadducees.  Atterhury. 

SAd'— EYED  (sad'ld),  a.  Having  a sad  eye. 

The  sad-eyed  justice,  with  his  surly  hum.  Shak. 

sAD'-HEART-JfD,  a.  Sorrowful.  Shak. 

SAd'— IR-ON  (-I-urn),  n.  An  iron  instrument  for 
smoothing  cloth  ; a flat-iron.  Simmonds. 

SAd'LY,  ad.  1.  With  sadness  ; sorrowfully ; 
mournfully;  miserably;  grievously. 

2.  So  as  to  cause  sadness;  calamitously; 
afflictively  ; badly  ; as,  “ It  turned  out  sadly.” 

3.  Gravely ; seriously.  “ Think  sadly  of  what 

hath  been  spoken.”  Whole  Duty  of  Man. 

4.  In  a dark  color ; — this  color  being  an  em- 
blem of  sadness.  “ Sadly  attired.”  B.  Jonson. 

sAd'NESS,  n.  1.  State  of  being  sad  ; sorrowful- 
ness ; mournfulness  ; dejection  ; melancholy. 

And  he,  repulsed  (a  short  tale  to  make). 

Fell  into  a sadness,  then  into  a fast.  Shak. 

2.  Gloom  of  countenance;  a sad  look. 


Dim  sadness  did  not  spare 

Celestial  visages.  Milton. 

3.  Seriousness  ; sedateness  ; gravity. 

Tell  me  in  sadness  who  she  is.  Shak. 

SADR,  n.  {Bot.)  The  name  given  by  the  Arabs 
of  Barbary  to  the  lotc-bush,  the  berry  of  which 
they  use  for  food  ; Zizyplius  lotus.  Lindley. 

SAFE,  a.  [L.  salvus  ; It.  § Sp.  salvo  ; Fr.  sauf.  — 
“ Probably  the  same  as  the  Gr.  Moj,  whole, 
Sansc.  sarwa,  ‘ omnis  ; ’ others  connect  it  with 
Gr.  o dos,  <r<3 !,  safe.  W.  Smith.”] 

1.  Free  from  danger  ; out  of  harm’s  way  ; as, 
“ Safe  from  enemies  ” ; “ Safe  from  storms.” 

All  souls  that  will  be  safe , fly  from  my  side.  Shak. 

2.  Free  from  hurt  or  injury;  sound;  un- 
scathed ; undamaged. 

I long  that  we  were  safe  and  sound  aboard.  Shak. 

3.  Secure ; well-protected  ; not  likely  to  get 
lost ; as,  “ Money  safe  in  a bank.” 

Ay,  but  the  doors  be  locked,  and  keys  kept  safe.  Shak. 

4.  Conferring  security  ; trusty  ; trustworthy  ; 
as,  “ A safe  place  ” ; “A  safe  guide.” 

Some  smooth  ascent,  or  safe , sequestered  bay.  Pope. 

5.  No  longer  dangerous ; placed  beyond  the 
power  of  doing  harm.  [Ludicrous.] 

Banquo ’s  safe. 

Ay,  my  good  lord,  safe  in  a ditch.  Shak. 

SAFE,  n.  1.  A place  of  safety  ; a place  for  re- 
positing  things  where  they  will  be  secure  from 
tire,  from  insects,  &c. ; particularly,  an  iron  box 
or  closet,  made  fire  proof,  in  which  papers, 
money,  &c.,  may  be  kept ; — often  called  a sala- 
mander safe. 

2.  A chest  or  cupboard  in  which  meats  and 

provisions  are  kept  cool  and  secure  from  nox- 
ious animals  ; a refrigerator.  Simmonds. 

3.  f A buttery;  a pantry.  Ainsivortli. 

f SAFE,  v.  a.  To  render  safe.  Shak. 

SAFE'— CON'DUCT,  n.  [Fr.  sauf -conduit.]  That 
which  gives  a safe  passage  ; a protection  or 
guard  through  an  enemy’s  country  ; a convoy  ; 
a safeguard  ; a pass  ; a passport. 

A trumpet  was  sent  to  Sir  William  Waller,  to  desire  a safe- 
conduct  for  a gentleman.  Clarendon. 

SAFE'— CON-DUCT',  v.  a.  To  give  a safe  passage  to  ; 
to  convoy  or  guard  through  an  enemy’s  country. 

Safe-conducting  tlie  rebels  from  their  ships.  Shak. 

SAFEGUARD  (saf'g&rd),  it.  1.  He  who,  or  that 
which,  defends ; a defence ; a protection  ; a 
security  ; a bulwark. 

His  mercy  shall  be  our  safeguard.  Hooker. 

2.  A guard  through  an  interdicted  road 
granted  by  the  possessor ; a convoy.  Johnson. 

3.  A pass  ; a passport ; a safe-conduct. 

On  safeguard  he  came  to  me.  Shak. 

4.  An  outer  petticoat  worn  by  women  on 
horseback  to  protect  their  other  clothing.  Mason. 

sAfE'GUARD,  v.  a.  To  guard  ; to  protect. 

To  safeguard  thine  own  life 

The  best  way  is  to  venge  my  Gloster’s  death.  Shak. 

SAFE'— KEEP'ING,  n.  The  act  of  keeping  safely 
from  injury  or  from  escape.  Wyman. 

SAFE'— LODGED  (-lodjd),  a.  Lodged  in  safety. 

SAFE'LY,  ad.  1.  In  a safe  manner.;  without 
danger,  hurt,  or  injury. 

God  safely  quit  her  of  her  burden.  Shak. 

2.  Without  chance  of  escape  ; securely. 

Till  then  I ’ll  keep  him  dark  and  safely  locked.  Shak. 

SAFE'NJJSS,  n.  The  state  of  being  safe ; safety. 

SAFE'— PLEDGE,  n.  {Law.)  A security  given  for 
a man’s  appearance  at  a day  assigned.  Wliisliaw. 

SAFE'TY,  n.  The  state  of  being  safe  or  out  of 
danger ; freedom  from  danger ; security.  Shak. 

Out  of  this  nettle,  danger,  we  pluck  this  flower,  safety.  Shak. 

Syn. — Safety  implies  the  absence  of  danger;  se- 
curity, the  absence  of  all  apprehension  of  danger. 
Those  who  are  out  of  danger  are  safe ; those  who  are  be- 
yond the  reach  or  the  fear  of  danger,  secure ; — s«/cwith 
respect,  to  tlie  present ; secure  in  relation  to  the  future. 
Complete  safety ; well-grounded  or  false  security. — 
“ We  cannot  endure  to  be  disturbed  or  awakened  from 
our  pleasing  lethargy,  for  we  care  not  to  he  safe,  but 
to  he  secure  ; not  to  escape  hell,  but  to  live  pleasant- 
ly.” Bp.  Taylor. 

SAFE'TY— ARCH,  n.  {Arch.)  An  arch  formed  in 
the  substance  of  a wall,  to  relieve  the  part  be- 
low it  from  the  superincumbent  weight ; a dis- 
charging arch.  Ogilvie. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  £,  9,  g,  soft ; £,  G,  £,  g,  hard ; % as  z;  If  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


SAFETY-BELT 


1264 


SAID 


SAFE'TY— BELT,  n.  A belt  or  buoy  worn  by 
swimmers  as  a security  from  drowning ; a safety- 
buoy  ; a life-preserver.  Simmonds. 

SAFE'TY'— BUOY,  n.  A safety-belt.  Simmonds. 

SAFE'TY— LAMP,  n.  A lamp,  invented  by  Sir 
Humphrey  Davy,  which  is  surmounted  by  a fine 
wire-gauze  cylinder,  impervious  to  flame,  and 
thereby  burns  without  danger  in  an  explosive 
atmosphere,  as  in  the  fire-damp  in  mines. 

The  wire-gauze  covering,  in  an  explosive  mix- 
ture of  air  and  fire-damp,  becomes  filled  with  a lam- 
bent flame,  which  it  intercepts  by  reason  of  its  being 
a good  conductor  of  heat,  cooling  the  mixture  below 
the  point  of  ignition.  Miller. 

SAFE'TY— PLUG,  n.  A bolt,  used  in  steam-boilers, 
having  the  centre  filled  with  a fusible  metal, 
which  is  melted  by  the  increased  temperature 
when  the  water  gets  too  low. 

SAFE'TY— TUBE,  n.  A tube  of.  various 
forms  used  in  distillations,  the  prepa- 
ration of  gases,  &c..  (as  B in  the  fig- 
ure), to  prevent  the  bursting  of  ves- 
sels from  the  sudden  disengagement 
of  gases,  and  their  collapse  from  the 
sudden  condensation  of  vapors  or 
gases  ; to  prevent  the  mingling  of  flu- 
ids contained  in  different  vessels  con- 
nected together  by  tubes  ; and  to  pre- 
vent explosion  in  that  form  of  the 
oxyhydrogen  blowpipe,  in  which  the  Safety-tube, 
oxygen  and  hydrogen  are  contained  in  the  same 
vessel.  C.  T.  Jackson. 

SAFE'TY— VALVE,  n.  A valve  (B)  opening  out- 
wards from  a steam-boil- 
er (A),  and  kept  down 
by  a weight  (E),  so  ad- 
justed upon  a lever  (C 
D)  as  to  permit  the  es- 
cape of  the  steam  when  its  tension  becomes 
so  great  as  to  cause  danger  of  explosion  ; — also 
a valve  attached  to  the  steam-boiler  and  opening 
inwards,  kept  up  by  a counter  weight  on  a lever, 
and  serving  to  prevent  the  weight  of  the  atmos- 
phere from  crushing  in  the  sides  of  the  boiler 
when  the  engine  stops  working,  and  the  steam 
cools.  Bigelow. 

SAF'FLOVY,  n.  ( Bot .)  Safflower.  Mortimer. 

SAF'FLOVV-pit,  n.  (Bot.)  1.  A plant  of  the  genus 
Carthamus,  cultivated  in  India,  Egypt,  &c.,  on 
account  of  its  flowers,  which  are  used  as  a dye- 
stuff, and  for  making  rouge ; bastard  saffron  ; 
Carthamus  tinctorius.  Eng.  Cyc. 

2.  A name  applied  to  cakes  composed  of  the 
florets  of  the  Carthamus  tinctorius,  pressed 
together,  dried,  and  packed  in  bales.  Archer. 

||  S.AF'FRON  (sSf’run  or  saf'furn)  [sSf'run,  S.  J.  K. 
Sin.  C.  Wr. ; saf'furn,  IV.  P.  J.  F.),  n.  [Ar.  zaf- 
aran,  yellow.  Archer.  — Moorish  Ac  Sp  .azafran. 
— It.  zafferano ; Fr.  safran. — Ger.  <Sr  Sw.  saf- 
fron ; Dan.  safran.  — YV . sajfrwm.  (Bot.) 

1.  An  ornamental  bulbous  plant  of  the  genus 

Crocus,  bearing  purple  flowers  with  yellow 
stigmas ; Crocus  sativus.  Loudon. 

2.  The  dried  pistils  of  the  Crocus  sativus,  or 

saffron,  used  in  medicine,  &c.  Simmonds. 

||  SAf'FRON  (saf'run),  a.  Having  the  color  of 
saffron ; yellow.  Shak. 

||  SAF'FRON  (s&f’run),  v.  a.  To  tinge  wit'll  saffron  ; 
to  make  yellow  ; to  gild.  Chaucer. 

||  SAF'FRON-Y,  a.  Having  the  color  of  saffron; 
yellow ; saffron.  Todd. 

SAG,  v.  n.  [M.  Goth.  cS,  A.  S.  sigan,  to  fall,  to 
sink;  Frs.  siga ; Dut.  zakken,  to  fall.]  [ i . 
SAGGED  ; j op.  SAGGING,  SAGGED. J To  sink  in 
the  middle  when  supported  at  both  ends,  as  a 
long  pole  ; to  sink  down  by  its  own  weight ; to 
hang  heavy,  or  on  one  side  ; to  give  way ; to 
subside  ; to  settle  ; to  bend  ; to  fail  ; to  droop  ; 
to  yield  ; to  swag.  — See  Swag. 

ffir*  When  the  joists  of  a floor  or  the  rafters  of  a 
roof  bend  or  droop,  they  are  said  by  builders  to  sag', 
and  this  word  is  used  by  Shakespeare,  meaning  to 
droop.  Bean  Hoar. 

The  mind  I sway  by  and  the  heart  I bear 

Shall  never  sag  with  doubt  nor  shake  with  fear.  Shak. 

To  sag  to  leeward,  (Naut.)  to  drift  to  leeward.  Dana. 

t SAG,  v.  a.  To  cause  to  sink  or  give  way ; to 
load  ; to  burden.  Johnson. 


Weale. 

0 


SAG,  it.  The  act  or  state  of  sagging  or  sinking  in 
the  middle  ; sagging.  Francis. 

sA  ' OH,  n.  ; pi.  SA'GAtf.  An  old  heroic  Scandina- 
vian tale  ; the  general  name  of  those  ancient 
compositions  which  comprise  both  the  history 
and  the  mythology  of  the  northern  European 
nations.  Brande. 

SA-gA'CIOUS  (sj-ga'shus,  66),  a.  [L.  sagax,  saga- 
c is,  from  sagio,  sagire,  to  perceive  quickly  by 
the  senses;  It.  sagacc\  Sp.  sagaz  ; Fr.  sagace.] 

1.  Quick  of  scent.  “ Sagacious  hounds.” 
Drydcn.  “ Sagacious  of  his  quarry.”  Milton. 

2.  Quick  in  mental  penetration  ; shrewd  ; dis- 
cerning ; sapient;  wise;  sage;  judicious. 

Only  sagacious  heads  light  on  these  observations.  Locke. 

SA-GA'CIOUS-LY  (s?i-ga'shus-le),  ad.  In  a saga- 
cious or  shrewd  manner  ; sagely.  Burke. 

SA-GA'CIOUS-NESS  (sa-ga'shus-nes),  n.  The  qual- 
ity of  being  sagacious  ; sagacity.  Cudworth. 

SA-GAy'l-TY,  n.  [L.  sagacitas\  Fr.  sagacite .] 

1.  Quickness  of  scent,  in  animals. 

2.  Quality  of  being  sagacious  ; penetration  ; 
shrewdness;  quick  discernment;  acuteness. 

A quickness  in  the  mind  to  find  out  these  intermediate 
ideas  . . . and  to  apply  them  right  is,  I suppose,  that  which  is 
called  sagacity.  Locke. 

Syn.  — Sagacity  signifies  natural  and  quick  dis- 
cernment, and  it  is  often  applied  to  animals.  Natural 
sagacity  ; the  sagacity  of  a dog  ; penetration  to  under- 
stand difficulties  or  abstruse  matters  ; discernment  to 
discriminate;  shrewdness  to  discern  consequences  and 
intentions  ; acuteness  of  intellect.  — A sagacious  dog  ; 
a sapient  animal  ; a sage  or  wise  philosopher  ; a grace 
divine;  an  acute  reasoner;‘a  shrewd  manager.  — See 
Discernment,  Wisdom. 

SAG'A-MORE,  n.  1.  A term  applied  by  the  North 
American  Indians  to  a chief  of  second  rank, 
the  first  in  authority  being  called  sachem ; — 
sometimes  used  as  synonymous  with  the  latter 
title.  Hutchinson. 

[The  Indians]  were  governed  by  sachems,  kings,  and  sag- 
amores, petty  lords.  Lech  ford. 

Sagamore , sachem,  or  powwow.  Longfellow. 

2.  A juice  used  in  medicine.  Johnson. 

SAg'A-PEN,  n.  [Gr.  aayhngrov ; L.  sagapenum  ; 
Arab,  sugbenuj .]  A concrete  gum-resin,  having 
the  odor  of  garlic,  and  an  acrid,  bitterish  taste, 
obtained  from  a Persian  plant.  Thompson. 

SAG-A-PE  'MUM,  n.  [L.]  Sagapen.  McCulloch. 

SA'GAR,  n.  A species  of  ancient  weapon.  Bryant. 

SAG'A-THY,  n.  A kind  of  serge  ; a slight  wool- 
len stuff.  Tatlcr. 

SA(yE,  n.  [L.,  It.,  8;  Sp.  salvia-,  salvo,  to  save; 
Fr.  saiige.]  (Bot.)  A labiate  plant  or  herb  of 
the  genus  Salvia,  of  which  there  are  many  spe- 
cies ; — so  called  in  allusion  to  its  reputed 
healing  qualities.  Loudon. 

UPff-  Common  garden  sage  ( Salvia  officinalis)  was 
formerly  much  used  in  medicine  as  a sudorific,  aro- 
matic, astringent,  and  antiseptic,  and  it  is  now  used 
in  cookery.  Loudon. 

SAGE,  a.  [L.  saga,  a female  diviner ; sagus, 
prophetic  ; sugar,  sagacious,  from  sagio,  to  per- 
ceive quickly  ; It.  saggio  ; Fr.  sage.) 

1.  Wise  ; prudent ; sapient ; sagacious  ; dis- 
cerning ; acute;  shrewd. 

To  sage  philosophy  next  lend  thine  ear.  Hilton. 

2.  Judicious;  well-judged;  to  the  purpose. 

Vane,  young  in  years,  but  in  sage  counsel  old.  Milton. 

3.  Grave  ; solemn ; serious.  Shak. 

And  if  nught  else  great  bards  beside 

In  sage  and  solemn  tunes  have  sung.  Mil/on. 

SA(JrE,  n.  A man  of  gravity  and  wisdom  ; a wise 
man  ; a philosopher. 

He  thought  as  a sage,  but  be  felt  as  a man.  Beattie. 

SAGE'— AP'PLE,  n.  (Bot.)  An  excrescence  upon 
a species  of  sage  (Salvia  pomifera)  caused  by 
the  puncture  of  an  insect.  Loudon. 

SAGE'-CHEE§E,  n.  A kind  of  cheese,  flavored, 
and  colored  green,  with  the  juice  of  sage.  The 
juice  of  spinage  is  also  usually  added  to 
heighten  the  color.  Farm.  Ency. 

SAGE'LY,  ad.  Wisely  ; sagaciously  ; shrewdly. 

SA-GF.ME’,  n.  A Russian  measure  of  length, 
equal  to  about  seven  English  feet;  — written 

• also  sachine  and  sashen.  Simmonds. 


SAGF/NESS,  n.  Wisdom ; prudence;  sagacity; 
shrewdness  ; gravity.  Ascham. 

SAG'E-NITE,  n.  (Min.)  Another  name  for  ru- 
tile.— See  Rutile.  Dana. 

SAG-E-NOP'TG-Ris,  n.  (Pal.)  A fossil  genus  of 
ferns ; one  of  the  coal-plants.  Eng.  Cyc. 

SAGE'— RO§E,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  and  flower.  Ash. 

SAGE’— WlL'LOW,  n.  (Bot.)  A dioecious,  spread- 
ing, tufted  bush,  growing  in  the  openings  and 
on  the  borders  of  dry,  sandy  woods ; Salix  tris- 
tis  ; — called  also  dwarf  gray-willow.  Emerson. 

sAG'GpR,  n.  The  cylindrical  or  oval  case  of  fire- 
clay in  which  fine  stoneware  is  enclosed  while 
baking  in  the  kiln ; — written  also  seggar.  Ure. 

SAG'GjNG,  n.  The  act  of  sinking  or  hanging 
down  ; a bending  under  superincumbent  weight. 

SAG'I-NATE,  v.  a.  [L.  sagino,  saginatus.)  To 
glut ; to  fatten  ; to  pamper,  [it.]  Johnson. 

SH-GIT' T.g,  n.  [L .,  an  arrow.) 

1.  (Astron.)  A northern  constellation.  Hind. 

2.  (Arch.)  A name  sometimes  used  for  the 

key-piece  of  an  arch.  Weale. 

SAG'IT-TAL  [sad'je-t?l,  IF.  P.  Ja.  Sm  B.  C.  T(  b. ; 
sa-jlt'tjl,  .S.  A'.;  sa-jlt'tal  or  sad'je-tal,  Wr.),  a. 
[L.  sagittalis,  from  sagitta,  an  arrow.]  Belong- 
ing to  an  arrow  ; resembling  an  arrow. 

The  sagittal  suture,  (Aunt.)  the  suture  which  unites 
the  two  parietal  bones  of  Hie  skull ; — so  called  be- 
cause it  meets  the  coronal  suture  as  an  arrow  meets 
the  string  of  the  how.  Dunglison. 

SAG-IT-  tA  ' RI-A,  n.  [L.  sagitta,  an  arrow.]  (Bot.) 
A genus  of  marsh  or  aquatic  plants,  chiefly  per- 
ennial herbs,  some  species  of  which  have  ar- 
row-shaped leaves ; arrow-head.  Gray. 

SAG-IT-tA' RI-US,  n.  [L.]  (Astron.)  The  Arch- 
er ; the  ninth  sign  of  the  zodiac,  which  the  sun 
enters  about  the  21st  of  November. 

SAG'IT-TA-RY,  n.  [L.  Sagittarius.) 

1.  (Myth.)  An  animal  half  man,  half  horse, 

armed  with  a bow  and  quiver;  a centaur;  an 
archer.  The  dreadful  sagittary 

Appalls  our  numbers.  Shak. 

2.  An  arsenal  or  depository  of  arrows.  Shak. 

SAG'IT-TA-RY,  a.  Belonging  to  an  arrow  ; prop- 
er for  an  arrow,  [it.]  Browne. 

SAG'IT-TATE,  a.  (Bot.)  Shaped  like  the  head  of 
an  ancient  arrow  ; — applied  to  leaves,  anthers, 
&c.  Loudon. 

SA'GO,  11.  [Malay  <S;  Javanese  sagu.)  A species 
of  nutritious,  granulated  fecula  or  starch,  ob- 
tained from  the  interior  of  the  trunk  of  various 
palm-trees  and  species  of  C yeas , inhabiting  the 
islands  and  coasts  of  the  Indian  Ocean.  Lindley. 

SA-GOIN',  n.  [Indian.]  (Zoiil.)  A species  of  sa- 
pajou  or  South  American  monkey  with  a hairy 
tail,  not  prehensile,  and  whose  teeth  do  not  pro- 
ject; the  squirrel  monkey;  — called  also  sa- 
gouin.  Eng.  Cyc. 

SA'GRA,  n.  (Ent.)  A genus  of  coleopterous  in- 
sects, many  species  of  which,  remarkable  for 
brilliant  red,  purple,  and  green  colors,  are 

brought  from  the  East.  Eng.  Cyc. 

SA-GU-E  ' RUS,  n.  A genus  of  palms.  Lindley. 

SA' GUM,  n.  [L.]  The  military  dress  of  the  Ro- 
man magistrates  and  dignitaries ; a cloak  fas- 
tened at  the  breast  with  a clasp.  Brande. 

SA'  GUS,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  palm-trees,  yield- 
ing sago,  found  in  the  islands  of  the  Indian 
Archipelago.  Eng.  Cyc. 

SA'GY,  a.  Full  of,  or  seasoned  with,  sage.Cotgrave. 

SAH'LITE,  n.  (Min.)  A dingv-greenish,  coarse- 
foliated  variety  of  pyroxene,  so  called  from  Sah- 
la,  in  Sweden,  where  it  is  found.  Dana. 

SA'I,  n.  [Fr.]  (Zo'il.)  A species  of  sapajou  or 
South  American  monkey.  Fischer. 

SA'jC,  or  SA'TK,  n.  [Fr.  saique.)  A Turkish 
merchant-vessel  of  the  Levant,  having  but  one 
mast,  and  that  very  high.  Bailey. 

SAID  (sed),  i.  & p.  from  say.  1.  Declared;  re- 
lated ; uttered  ; reported. 

2.  Aforesaid;  before  mentioned;  as,  “The 
said  plaintiff.”  , Hale. 


A,  E,  I,  £>,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  I1ER; 


1265 


SAINT- VITUS’S-D  AN  CE 


SAIGA 


sAr'GA,  n.  ( ZoDl .)  A species  of  antelope  ; Saiga 
Tartarica.  Eng.  Cyc. 

SAI'KYR,  n.  (Mil.)  A species  of  small  cannon 
formerly  in  use.  Stocqueler. 

SAIL  (sill),  n.  [A.  S.  segel , scegel\  Dut.  zeil ; Ger. 
<$■  Sw.  segel ; Dan.  scjl ; Icel.  segl.  — W.  hwyl.'] 

1.  A piece,  or  a number  of  pieces  joined  by 
sewing,  of  canvas,  mat,  or  other  similar  mate- 
rial, by  the  action  of  the  wind  on  which,  when 
extended,  a vessel  is  moved  on  the  water. 

Sails  are  of  two  kinds  : square  sails , which 
hang  from  yards,  their  foot  lying  across  the  line  of 
the  keel,  as  the  courses,  topsails,  &c.,  and  fore-and- 
aft  sails , which  are  set  upon  gaffs,  or  on  stays,  their 
foot  running  with  the  line  of  the  keel,  as  jib,  spank- 
er, Sec.  Dana. 

2.  A ship  ; a vessel. 

I have  sixty  sails ; Caesar  none  better.  Sliak. 

3.  A number  of  ships  ; — in  this  sense  used 
as  a collective  noun  in  the  plural  number ; as, 
“A  fleet  of  twenty  sail.” 

A portly  sail  of  ships  make  hitherward.  Shak. 

4.  A wing  ; a van.  [In  poetry.]  Spenser. 

To  make  sail , to  spread  out  more  sail.  — To  set  sail , 

to  expand  or  spread  out  the  sails  ; lienee,  to  com- 
mence a voyage.- — To  shorten  sail , to  take  in  a part 
of  the  sails.  — To  strike  sail , to  lower  a sail  : — hence, 
to  abate  pomp  or  assertion  of  superiority.  [Colloquial.] 
How  many  nobles  then  should  hold  their  places 
That  must  strike  sail  to  spirits  of  vile  sort!  Shak. 

SAIL,  V.  11.  [ l . SAILED  ; pp.  SAILING,  SAILED.] 

1.  To  be  carried  along,  as’a  ship,  by  the  pres- 
sure of  wind  upon  sails. 

My  boat  sails  freely  both  with  wind  and  stream.  Shak. 

2.  To  go  or  pass  by  sea ; to  be  conveyed  in  a 
vessel  on  the  water. 

And  when  we  had  nailed  over  the  sea  of  Cilicia  and  Pam- 
phyiia,  wc  came  to  Myra,  a city-  of  Lycia.  Acts  xxvii.  5. 

3-  To  swim,  as  a fish  ; to  pass  smoothly  along  ; 
to  glide  ; to  float. 

Like  little  dolphins,  when  they  sail 
In  the  vast  shadow  of  the  British  whale.  Dryden. 

4.  To  fly  without  striking  with  the  wings. 

Down  thither  prone  in  flight 
He  speeds,  and  through  the  vast  ethereal  sky 
Sails  between  worlds  and  worlds  with  steady  wing.  Milton. 

SAIL,  v.  a.  1.  To  pass  or  cross  by  means  of 
sails  ; to  pass  in  a vessel ; to  navigate.. 

A thousand  ships  were  manned  to  sail  the  sea.  Dryden. 

2.  To  fly  through ; to  pass  through,  as  if  sailing. 

Sublime  she  sails 

The  aerial  space,  and  mounts  the  winged  gales.  Pope. 

3.  To  direct  or  manage  the  motion  of  a ves- 
sel ; as,  “ Can  he  sail  a ship  ? ” Ogilvie. 

SAIL'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  sailed  through; 
passable  by  shipping  ; navigable.  Cotgrave. 

SAIL1— BORNE,  p.  a.  Carried  by  sails.  Falconer. 

SAIL'— BROAD  (sal'brSUvd),  a.  Broad  or  spread- 
ing like  a sail.  “ Sail-broad  vans.”  Milton. 

SAIL'— CLOTII,  n.  A species  of  cloth  used  for 
sails  ; duck  or  canvas.  McCulloch. 

SAlL'ER,  n.  1.  One  that  sails ; a seaman ; a 
sailor.  P.  Sidney. 

2.  A sailing  vessel ; a ship,  or  boat,  propelled 
by  sails.  “ She  is  a good  sailer."  Todd. 

Syn.  — See  Sailor. 

SAlL'FlSII,  n.  ( Ich .)  A name  applied  to  the 
basking-shark ; Selachus  maximus.  Yarrell. 

SAIL'— HOOK  (-hftk),  n.  ( Sail-making .)  A small 
hook  used  for  holding  the  seams  of  a sail  square 
in  the  act  of  sewing;  Mar.  Diet. 

SAIL'ING,  n.  ( Naut .)  1.  The  act  of  one  who,  or 
that  which,  sails  : — the  act  of  setting  sail ; the 
motion  of  a vessel  on  the  water. 

No  more  sailing  by  the  star.  Shak. 

2.  The  art  or  rules  of  navigation  ; the  art  or 
the  act  of  shaping,  determining,  or  representing 
a ship’s  course  by  means  of  charts.  Mar.  Diet. 

Current  sailing,  the  method  of  determining  a ship’s 
course  and  distance  when  her  own  motion  is  com- 
bined with  that  of  a current. — Globular  sailing,  the 
method  of  resolving  the  cases  of  sailing  on  the  sup- 
position that  tlie  earth  is  spherical.  — Great  circle 
sailing,  the  method  of  determining  a ship’s  course  so 
that  Iter  track  may  be  on  an  arc  of  a great  circle,  as 
being  the  shortest  distance  between  two  points  on 
the  earth. Mercator’s  sailing,  that,  in  which  prob- 

lems are  solved  according  to  the  principles  applied  in 
Mercator’s  projection.  See  Projection.  — Middle 
latitude  sailing,  that  in  which  the  problems  arc  solved 
by  means  of  the  middle-latitude,  — that  is,  half  the 
sum  of  the  latitudes  of  tile  extreme  points  of  the  course. 


— Oblique  sailing,  the  application  of  oblique-angled 
plane  triangles  .to  the  solution  of  problems  in  naviga- 
tion.— Plane  sailing,  that  in  which  the  problems  are 
solved  on  the  supposition  that  the  surface  of  the  earth 
is  a plane; — applicable  only  for  small  distances. — 
Parallel  sailing,  the  method  of  finding  what  distance 
a ship  runs  due  east  or  west,  in  sailing  from  one  me- 
ridian to  another,  in  any  parallel  of  latitude. — Trav- 
erse sailing,  the  method  of  working  or  calculating 
traverses  or  compound  courses  so  as  to  bring  them 
into  one. — Windward  sailing,  the  art  of  working  the 
ship  towards  that  quarter  of  the  compass  from  which 
the  wind  blows.  Mar.  Diet.  — Sailing  directions,  direc- 
tions for  navigating  vessels  to  and  from  different 
ports.  Ogilvie.  — Sailing  order,  the  order  of  sailing; 
the  general  disposition  of  a fleet  of  ships  when  pro- 
ceeding on  a voyage  or  expedition.  — Sailing-trim,  a 
term  applied  to  a ship  when  she  is  in  the  best  state 
for  sailing.  Mar.  Diet. 

SAIL'ING— MAS'TjJR,  n.  (Naut.)  An  officer  on 
board  a fhip  of  war,  who  has  the  charge  of  the 
navigating  of  a ship  under  the  direction  of  the 
captain.  Park. 

SAIL'ING— MATCH,  n.  A contest  for  speed  be- 
tween yachts  or  boats  ; a regatta.  Simmonds. 

SAlL'LESS,  a.  Destitute*of  sails.  Pollok. 

SAIL'— LOFT,  n.  A place  where  sails  are  made, 
repaired,  and  kept.  King. 

SAIL'— MAR-BP,  n.  A maker  of  sails.  Shak. 

SAIL'— MAK-ING,  n.  The  art  or  the  occupation  of 
making  sails.  Maunder. 

SAIL'— NEE'DLE,  n.  A large  needle  used  by  sail- 
makers. 

SAIL'OR,  n.  One  of  the  crew  of  a ship  or  vessel, 

— usually  one  of  those  before  the  mast;  a sea- 
man ; a mariner. 

My  father,  ns  nurse  said,  did  never  fear, 

But  cried.  Good  seamen!  to  the  sailors,  galling 

His  kingly  hands  with  hauling  of  the  ropes.  Shak. 

Syn.  — Sailer  is  a person  or  a vessel  that  sails.  Sail- 
or is  a seafarer  by  employment,  and  is  a term  mostly 
applied  to  common  sailors,  who,  in  the  sea-phrase, 
are  before  the  mast.  The  term  seaman  is  applied  to 
tlie  superior  class  of  the  crew,  to  tile  officers  and  pi- 
lots ; mariner,  to  such  as  gain  their  living  by  sea,  but 
are  their  own  masters.  Waterman  is  a fresh  water 
sailor,  employed  on  lakes,  rivers,  or  canals. 

SAIL'OR— LIKE,  a.  Like  a sailor.  Abbot. 

SAIL'— ROOM,  n.  (Naut.)  A place  enclosed  on 
the  orlog  deck,  where  sails  are  stowed.  Mar.  Diet. 

SAIL'Y,  a.  Like  a sail.  “ Saily  wdngs.”  Drayton. 

SAIL'— YARD,  n.  [A.  S.  segel-gyrd,  segl-gyrd .] 
(Naut.)  A pole  suspended  on  the  mast  of  a 
ship,  to  extend  a sail  to  the  wind.  Mar.  Diet. 

SAlM,  ii.  [A.  S.  seim  ; Dut.  zeem,  oiled  leather  ; 
Ger.  seim,  mucilage,  slime.  — W.  saint,  grease.] 
Lard ; goose-grease.  [Local,  Eng.]  Brockett. 

f SAIN,  i.  & p.  from  say.  Used  for  say.  “As 
wizards  sain."  Spenser  : — said.  Shak. 

SAlN'FOlN,  or  SAlN'FOlN  [san'foln,  K.  Sm.  C. 
Wr.  117;.  ; san'foln,  I V.J.  F. ; sen'foln,  S.  £.],  n. 
[Fr. ; from  saint,  sacred,  or  sain,  wholesome, 
and  foin,  hay ; L.  sanum  feenum,  sound  hay.] 
(Bot.)  A leguminous  plant  of  the  genus  Ono- 
brychis,  one  species  of  which,  Onobrychis  sati- 
va,  or  common  sainfoin,  is  cultivated  for  fodder ; 

— written  also  saintfoin.  * Eng.  Cyc. 

SAINT  (sant),  n.  [L.  sanctus,  sacred;  It.  Sp. 

santo,  santa ; Fr.  saint.) 

1.  A person  eminent  for  piety  and  virtue  ; a 
sanctimonious  or  very  religious  person. 

And  seem  a saint  when  most  I play  the  devil.  Shak. 

2.  One  of  the  blessed  in  heaven.  Shak. 

3.  A term  applied  to  the  apostles  and  other 
holy  persons  named  in  Scripture  ; as,  “ Saint 
Paul  ” ; “ Saint  Matthew.” 

4.  One  canonized  by  the  church  ; as,  “ Saint 
George  ” ; “ Saint  Helena.” 

His  study  is  his  tilt-yard,  and  his  loves 

Are  brazen  images  of  canonized  saints.  Shak. 

SAINT,  V.  a.  [i.  SAINTED  ; pp.  SAINTING,  SAINT- 
ED.] To  number  among  saints  ; to  reckon 
among  saints  by  public  decree  ; to  canonize. 

No;  he  that  makes  a woman  better  by  his  words. 

I ’ll  have  him  sainted.  Beau.  Sf  FI. 

SAINT,  v.  n.  To  live  or  act  as  a saint;  to  act 
with  a show  of  piety  ; — sometimes  with  it.  [n.] 

To  sin,  and  never  for  to  saint.  Shak. 

Whether  the  charmer  sinner  it  or  saint  it.  Pope. 

SAINT— AN  DREW’§— CROSS,  n.  1.  A cross  in 
the  form  of  the  letter  X.  Crabb. 

2.  (Bot.)  A low  North  American  shrub,  hav- 


ing petals  scarcely  exceeding  the  outer  sepals, 
and  approaching  each  other  in  pairs  over  them, 
in  the  form  of  a St.  Andrew’s  cross  ; Ascyrum 
Crux-Andrete.  Gray. 

SAINT-An'THO-NY’§-FIRE,  n.  (Med.)  The  vul- 
gar name  for  erysipelas.  Dunglison. 

SAINT'-CUTH'BERT’S-BEAD§,  n.pl.  (Pal.)  The 
separated,  perforated,  circular  pieces  or  plates  of 
the  stem  of  a fossil  species  of  encrinite  (En- 
crinites  moniliformis ) ; — called  also  lily-stones, 
and  ivheel-stones.  Buckland. 

SAlNT'ED,  p.  a.  1.  Holy;  pious  ; virtuous.  “A 
most  sainted  king.”  Shak. 

2.  Consecrated  ; sacred  ; hallowed.  Milton. 

f SAINT'BR,  n.  See  Saunter. 

f SAINT'BSS,  n.  A female  saint.  Bp.  Fisher. 

SAINT'FOIN,  n.  (Bot.)  Same  as  Sainfoin. 

SAINT— JG-N A 'TLUS’§— BEAN,  n.  (Bot.)  The  seed 
of  the  Ignatia  arnara,  used  in  India  under  the 
name  of  papeeta,  for  cholera.  Eng.  Cyc. 

SAlNT'I^M,  n.  The  character  or  the  profession 
of  saintship.  Wood. 

SAINT— JOHN’§'— BREAD,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  found 
wild  in  all  the  countries  skirting  the  Mediter- 
ranean, especially  in  the  Levant,  the  pods  of 
which  contain  a sweet,  nutritious  pulp  that  is  a 
common  article  of  food  in  the  countries  where 
the  tree  grows  wild ; Carob-tree  ; Algaroba-tree  ; 
locust-tree  ; Ceratonia  siliqua  ; — supposed  by 
some  to  have  been  the  food  of  St.  John  in  the 
wilderness.  Eng.  Cyc. 

SAlNT-JOHN’§'-WORT  (-wiirt),  n.  The  com- 
mon name  of  plants  of  the  genus  Hypericum, 
one  species  of  which,  Hypericum  perforatum, 
the  common  people  of  Germany  anil  France 
gather  with  great  ceremony  on  St.  John’s  day, 
and  have  in  the  windows  and  about  their  houses 
as  a charm.  Eng.  Cyc. 

SAINT'— LIKE,  a.  1.  Suiting,  becoming,  or  be- 
longing to,  a saint.  “ Saint-like  sorrow.”  Shak. 

2.  Resembling  a saint.  “A  saint-like  and 
immaculate  prince.”  Bacon. 

SAINT'LI-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  saintly. 

SAINT'LY,  a.  Like  a saint;  becoming  a saint. 
“Wrongs,  with  saintly  patience  borne.”  Milton. 

SAINT'— MAR'T!N’§— HERB,  n.  (Bot.)  A small, 
herbaceous,  very  mucilaginous  plant,  used  for 
medicinal  purposes  ; Sauvagesia  erecta.  Lindley. 

SAINT-OL'O-^IST,  n.  (Theol.)  One  who  treats 
of  the  lives  of  the  saints,  [r.]  Ch.  Ob. 

SAINT— PE'TER’§— WORT,  n.  (Bot.)  A low, 
shrubby  plant,  with  pale,  black-dotted  leaves 
and  yellow  flowers ; Ascyrum  stans.  Gray. 

SAINT§’— BELL,  n.  The  smaller  church  bell,  so 
called  because  formerly  it  was  rung  when  the 
priest  came  to  those  words  of  the  mass,  Sancte, 
Sancte,  Sancte,  Deus  Sabaoth,  (Holy,  holy,  holy 
is  the  Lord  of  Hosts),  that  all  persons  absent 
might  fall  on  their  knees  ; sacring-bell.  Bp.  Hall. 

SAINT'— SEEM-ING,  a.  Having  the  appearance 
of  a saint.  Mountagu. 

SAlNT'SHIP,  n.  The  character  or  the  qualities 
of  a saint.  South. 

SAINT— ST-MO'NI-  AN,  n.  A follower  of  the  French 
socialist,  Claude  Henri,  Count  de  St.  Simon, 
who  xvas  born  in  1760  and  died  in  182o,  and 
whose  views  of  society  and  human  destiny  are 
contained  in  a variety  of  writings,  especially  in 
a short  treatise  entitled  the  Nouveau  Chris- 
tianisme  (New  Christianity). 

Xlfjj-  This  book  (Nouveau  Christianisme ) floes  not 
contain  any  scheme  of  a new  religion,  such  as  the 
disciples  of  Count  de  St.  Simon  afterwards  invented, 
but  rebukes  botli  the  Catholic  and  tlie  Protestant  sects 
for  their  neglect  of  the  main  principle  of  Christianity, 
— the  elevation  of  tlie  lower  classes,  — and  proposes 
association  and  just  division  of  the  fruits  of  common 
labor  (in  due  proportion  to  the  merits  or  capacity  of 
the  recipient)  as  the  true  remedy  for  the  present  social 
evils.  Braude. 

SAINT— SI-MO'NI-AN-I^M,  n.  The  system  or 
doctrines  of  the  St.  Simonians.  Clarke. 

SAINT-VI'TUS’^-DAnCE,  n.  (Med.)  A convul- 
sive or  irregular  and  involuntary  motion  of  one 
or  more  limbs,  and  of  the  face  and  trunk,  — a 
disease  that  commonly  occurs  in  childhood,  and 
is  generally  connected  with  torpor  of  the  sys- 


MOVE,  NOR,  SON: 
RO 


SAJOU 


1266 


SALINE 


tem,  especially  of  the  digestive  organs;  chorea  ; 
— so  called  because  the  movements  resemble 
dancing.  Dunglison. 

SA'JOU,  n.  ( Zoiil, .)  A name  applied  to  the  Ccbus 
of  Geoffroy,  a division  of  the  Sapajous,  a group 
of  South  American  monkeys,  one  of  the  most 
common  species  of  which  is  the  weeper,  or 
Ccbus  Apella.  . Eng.  Cyc. 

SAKE,  n.  [A.  S.  saca,  sacu,  contention;  Dut. 
zaak,  thing,  cause  ; Frs.  sek,  thing,  cause ; Gcr. 
sache,  a thing,  a cause  in  law.  — See  Sac.] 

.1.  Final  cause  ; end  ; purpose  ; reason.  “ For 
empire’s  sake.”  “ For  glory’s  sake.”  Milton. 

2.  Account ; regard  to  any  person  or  thing. 

Would  I were  young,  for  your  sake.  £ hak. 

Syn.  — See  Account. 

SA'KpR,  n.  [Fr.  sacre .] 

1.  ( Ornith.)  A species  of  hawk.  Chapman. 

2.  (Mil.)  A piece  of  artillery.  Derham. 

SAK'ER-ET,  n.  The  male  of  a saker.  Bailey. 

SA'Kf,  n.  (Zoiil.)  A monkey  belonging  to  the  ge- 
nus Pithecia,  having  a bushy  tail,  and  noted  for 
its  savage  temper  ; the  fox-tailed  monkey. 

it tj  • The  term  saki,  in  its  general  application,  des- 
ignates any  American  monkey  whose  tail  is  not  pre- 
hensile. Eng.  Cyc. 

sAl,  n.  [L.,  set  ft.]  ( Chcm .)  The  term  for  a salt, 
used  in  chemistry  and  pharmacy.  Dunglison. 

SAL'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  sold  ; vendible  ; fit 
for  sale  ; marketable.  “ Salable  things.”  Carew. 


BAL'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  salable. 

SAL’A-BLY,  ad.  In  a salable  manner.  Wright. 

SAL—.S B- SIJV ' TH1-I,  n.  An  impure  carbonate  of 
potash,  obtained  by  lixiviating  the  ashes  of 
wormwood  ( Artemisia  absinthium)  ; — called 
also  salt  of  wormwood.  Wood  Sg  Bache. 

SA-LA'CIOUS  (sa-la'shus),  a.  [L.  salax,  salads', 
salio,  to  leap  ; It.  salace  ; Sp.  salaz .]  Lustful ; 
lecherous  ; lewd  ; lascivious.  Dryden. 

SA-LA'CIOUS-LY,  ad.  Lecherously  ; lustfully. 

SA-LA'CIOUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  sa- 
lacious ; salacity.  Bailey. 

SA-LAy’J-TY,  n.  [L.  salacitas. ] The  quality  of 
being  salacious  ; lust ; lechery.  Browne. 

SAL'AD,  n.  [It.  insalata,  from  L.  sal,  salt ; Sp. 
ensahda  (quasi  saladd,  salted);  Fr.  salade. — 
Ger.,  Sw.,  A Dan.  salat.  — Gael,  salaid.]  Food  of 
raw  herbs,  as  lettuce,  celery,  radishes,  water- 
cresses,  &c.,  generally  dressed  with  vinegar, 
salt,  oil,  mustard,  and  other  condiments.  — 
Vulgarly  corrupted  to  sallet.  - B.  Jonson. 

Salad-cream,  a prepared  dressing  for  salads.  — Salad- 
oil,  Florence  or  olive  oil,  for  mixing  with  salads. — 
Salad-spoon,  a spoon,  usually  of  wood  or  ivory,  for 
mixing  and  serving  salad.  Simmonds. 

SAL'AD-XNG , n.  Vegetables  for  salad.  Sat.  Mag. 

SAL-rE-RA'TUS,  ii.  See  Saleiiatus.  Wood Sg Bache. 

SAL'AL— BER'RY,  n.  (Bot.)  The  fruit  of  GauU 
theria  shallon,  growing  in  the  valley  of  the  Ore- 
gon, about  the  size  of  a common  grape,  of  a 
dark  purple  color,  and  of  sweet,  pleasant  flavor. 

Farm.  Ency.  Gray. 

SAL-A*LEM'BROTH,  n.  (Chem.)  A double  salt 
known  to  the  alchemists,  consisting  of  chloride 
of  mercury  and  chloride  of  ammonium.  Graham. 

SA-I.Am',  n.  [Per.]  A Persian  salutation:  — a 
Hindoo  salutation  or  act  of  worship  ; — written 
also  salaam.  Sir  T.  Herbert.  C.  P.  Brown. 


SAL'A-MAN-DF,R,  n.  [Gr. 
aai.apAAp a ; L.,  It.,  6;  Sp. 
salamandra  ; Fr.  sala- 
mandre.) 

1.  (Zoiil.)  A batrachian 
reptile  of  the  family  Sal- 
amandridee,  closely  al-  Salamander 

lied  to  the  newts  and  (.Salamandra  maculosa). 
frogs.  The  common  salamander  (Salamandra 
maculosa)  inhabits  Central  Europe,  and  the 
mountainous  parts  of  the  south  of  Europe.  Its 
color  is  black,  with  yellow  spots  ; the  tail  is  cylin- 
drical, and  the  body  is  covered  with  warty  glands 
which  secrete  a milky,  glutinous,  and  acrid  fluid. 


XKeT  Anciently,  the  bite  of  the  salamander  was  con- 
sidered fatal,  and  any  thing  its  saliva  had  touched 
was  said  to  become  poisonous.  But  the  grand  absurd- 
ity of  all  was  the  belief  that  the  salamander  was  in- 
combustible ; that  it  not  only  resisted  the  action  of 


fire,  but  extinguished  it ; and,  when  it  saw  the  flame, 
charged  it  as  an  enemy.  Eng.  Cyc. 

There  is  an  ancient  received  tradition  of  the  salamander 
that  it  Hveth  in  the  tire,  and  hath  force  aUo  to  extinguish  the 
tire.  Macon. 

I have  maintained  that  salamander  of  yours  with  fire  any 
time  this  two  and  thirty  years.  Shak. 

2.  A large  poker.  Halliwell. 

3.  An  iron  plate  for  culinary  purposes.  Wright. 

Salamander's  wool , or  salamander's  hair,  the  name 

given  hyoid  writers  to  asbestos, from  which  fire-proof 
cloth  was  made.  Bacon.  Woodward. 

SAL'A-MAN-DIJR— SAFE,  n.  An  American  name 
for  the  patent  fire-proof  iron  safe.  Simmonds. 

SAL-A-MAN'DRINE,  a.  Resembling  a.  salaman- 
der; having  the  fabled  incombustible  quality  of 
the  salamander. 

A certain  salamandrine  quality  that  made  it  capable  of 
living  in  the  midst  of  fire.  Addison. 

SAL— AlI-MO'NI-AC,  n.  (Chem.)  A salt  consist- 
ing of  chlorine  and  ammonium ; chloride  of 
ammonium  ; — called  also  hydrochlorate  of  am- 
monia, and  muriate  of  ammonia.  Miller. 

it r,  • Sal-ammoniac  occurs  ready  formed  about  vol- 
canoes, as  at  Etna  and  Vesuvius,  in  the  vicinity  of  ig- 
nited coal-seams,  and  in  some  animal  products,  as  in 
guano  from  tire  Chincha  Islands.  — The  ukj  dppiona- 
kos  ( sal-ammoniac ) of  Dioscorides,  Celsius,  and  Pliny, 
is  proved  l>y  Beckmann  to  be  common  rock-salt  dug 
in  Egypt,  near  tile  oracle  of  Ammon.  The  name  was 
afterwards  transferred  to  the  muriate  of  ammonia 
when  subsequently  manufactured  in  Egypt.  Dana. 

SAL’AM— STONE,  n.  (Min.)  An  ornamental  stone 
which  occurs  in  small,  transparent  crystals,  of 
a pale-reddish  or  bluish  color.  Ure. 

SAL'A-RIeD  (salVrld),  p.  a.  Having  a salary. 
“ A salaried  person.”  Qu.  Rev. 

SAL'A-Ry,  n.  [L.  salarium,  literally  salt-money, 
from  sal,  salt,  which  was  a part  of  the  pay  of 
Roman  soldiers  ; It.  Sg  Sp.  salario  ; Fr.  salaire.] 
An  annual  or  periodical  payment  for  services  ; 
a stipulated  periodical  recompense  ; a stipend  ; 
wages  ; hire  ; an  allowance. 

Syn.  — See  Allowance. 

SAL'A-RY,  v.  a.  [Nor.  Fr.  salarierl)  [i.  sala- 
ried ; pp.  salaryin o,  salaried.]  To  settle 
a salary  upon  ; to  pay  a salary  to.  [R.]  Ch.  Ob. 

sAL-DF.-DU-d’ BUS,  n.  [L.]  Sulphate  of  pot- 
ash. Thomson. 

sAL-Di-U-RET’l-CUS,  11.  [L.,  diuretic  salt.'] 

(Chem.)  The  old  name  of  acetate  of  potash.  Ure. 

SALE,  n.  [M.  Goth,  saljau,  to  deliver,  to  offer ; 
A.  S.  syllan,  sellan,  se/an,  to  sell.  — See  Sell.] 

1.  The  act  of  selling  ; the  exchange  of  goods 

or  property  for  money.  “Who,  in  that  sale, 
sells  pardon.”  Shak. 

2.  Opportunity  to  sell ; market  for  ; vent. 

Knowing  that  they  shall  have  ready  sale  for  them  nt  those 
towns.  Spenser. 

3.  An  auction.  Temple. 

4.  State  of  being  venal  or  subject  to  be  sold. 

Which  sets  the  liberty  of  a commonwealth  to  sale.  Addison. 

On  sale,  or  for  sale,  venal ; to  be  sold. 

SALE,  n.  [Either  from  A.  S.  sedan,  to  bind,  seel, 
a cord,  or  salen  (L.  sa/ignus),  belonging  to  a 
willow.]  f A wicker  basket.  Spenser. 

f SAL-p-BROS'I-TY,  n.  [L.  salcbrosus,  rough.] 
The  state  of  being  rough,  as  a road.  Feltham. 

fsAL'E-BROUS,  a.  [L.  salcbrosus.]  Rough;  un- 
even ; jolting  ; rugged.  Cotton. 

SA-LE  'JVI-A,  n.  (Pal.)  A genus  of  fossil  echini 
of  the  lowest  grade  and  most  simple  structure. 

Agassiz. 

SAL-E-mx' XJM,  n.  (Chem.)  The  old  name  of 
bisulphate  of  potash.  Wood  § Bache. 

SA-LEP'  [s?-lep',  Sm.  B.  ; sa'lep,  Wb.],  n.  [Turk. 
<Sf  Fr.]  (Med.)  A nutritive  substance  prepared 
from  the  succulent  roots  of  Orchis  mascula,  and 
various  other  orchidaceous  plants,  and  consist- 
ing almost  entirely  of  bassorine  ; — called  also 
Salop,  and  saloop.  — See  Salop,  Lindley. 

SAL-lJ-RA'TyS,  n.  [L.  sal,  salt,  and  aer,  air.] 
A salt  intermediate  in  composition  between  a 
carbonate  and  a bicarbonate  of  potash,  prepared 
from  pearlash  by  exposing  it  to  carbonic  acid 
gas  ; — much  used  in  making  bread,  to  neutral- 
ize acetic  acid,  or  tartaric  acid,  and  thus  render 
the  bread  light  by  the  escape  of  the  carbonic 
acid  gas.  Adams. 

SALESMAN,  n. ; pi.  SALESMEN.  One  who  sells 
goods  or  merchandise  ; one  employed  in  selling. 


SAL'£T,  n.  Salad.  — See  Salad.  Boyle. 

SALE'WORK  (-wiirk),  n.  Work  made  for  sale; 
— hence  work  of  an  ordinary  quality. 

I 6ce  no  more  in  you  than  in  the  ordinary 
Of  Nature’s  salewor/c.  Shak. 

.SAL  — ffEM,  ( n.  (Chem.)  Rock-salt;  fossil 

sAL-QEM'MJE,  ) salt.  Wood  aj  Bache. 

SA'LI-Ant,  a.  (Her.)  See  Salient.  Peacham. 

SAl/IC  [s'41'jk,  P.  Sm.  If  b.  Ash],  a.  [Fr.  salique, 
derived  from  the  Salians,  or  Sahan  Franks. 
Boiste.]  (Law.)  Applied  to  a body  of  laws 
framed  by  the  Salians  or  Salian  Franks,  after 
their  settlement  in  Gaul  under  their  king  Phar- 
amond,  about  the  beginning  of  the  fifth  centu- 
ry '•  — applied  also  to  that  fundamental  law  of 
France.which  excluded  females  from  succession 
to  the  crown  ; — written  also  Salique.  Burrill. 

From  the  Salians  originated  the  Salic  code  of  laws,  drawn 
up  in  Latin  before  the  time  of  Clovis.  Am.  linen. 

SAl-I-CA' CE-JE,  ii.  pi.  [L.,  from  salix,  salicis,  a 
willow.]  (Bot.)  An  order  or  family  of  plants ; 
the  willow  family.  Gray. 

SAL-J-CA'CEOUS  (-shus,  66),  a.  (Bot.)  Noting  a 
plant  of  the  willow  family.  Smart. 

SAL-I-OI'LOUS,  a.  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  ob- 
tained from  the  flowers  of  meadow-sweet  (Spi- 
rtea  vlmaria)  and  from  salicine,  being  an  oily, 
colorless  liquid,  of  a fragrant,  aromatic  odor, 
and  a burning  taste,  and  the  principal  ingredient 
of  the  essence  of  meadow-sweet.  Gregory.  Miller. 

sAl'J-CINE,  n.  [L.  salix,  salicis,  a willow.]  (Chem.) 
A white,  crystallizable,  very  bitter  febrifuge,  ob- 
tained from  the  bark  of  the  willow  and  various 
other  trees.  Kane.  Lindley. 

According  to  Magcndre,  salicine  arrests  the  progress  of  a 
fever  with  the  same  power  as  sulphate  of  quinine.  Lindley. 

sAl-1-CIM"  E-JE,  n.  pi.  (Bot.)  Same  as  Salica- 
ce.e.  Baird. 

SAl-I-COR  'M-A,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants  or 
weeds,  inhabiting  salt  marshes  and  sea  beaches ; 
glasswort ; samphire.  Gray. 

SA'LI-ENT  [sa'le  ent,  W.  P.  J.  Ja.  Sm.  B.  Wr. ; 
sal'yent,  S.  E.  F. ; sal'yent,  K.],  a.  [L.  salio, 
saliens,  to  leap.] 

1.  Leaping  ; bounding  ; moving  by  leaps. 

“ Frogs  and  salient  animals.”  Browne. 

2.  Projecting;  standing  out  prominently;  as, 
“ The  salient  points  of  a discourse,  or  a picture.” 

3.  (Her.)  Being  in  a leaping  posture,  as  a 

lion.  Brande. 

Salient  angle,  (Gcom.  Sc  Fort.)  an  angle  of  a polygon 
or  of  a fort  projecting  outwards ; — distinguished  from 
a reentering  angle.  • 

SA'LI-ENT,  ii.  (Fort.)  A projection.  Maunder. 

SA'LI-ENT-LY,  ad.  In  a salient  manner. 

SA-LIF'JpR-OUS,  a.  [L.  sal,  salt,  and  fero,  to  pro- 
duce ; Fr.  salifere.]  Producing  salt. 

The  saliferous  system,  ( Geol .)  the  new  red-sandstone 
system;  — so  called  from  the  salt  with  which  it  is 
associated  in  some  parts  of  England.  Ansted. 

SAL'I-FI-A-BLE,  a.  (Chem.)  Capable  of  being 
salified  or  converted  into  a salt. 

Salifiable  base,  an  earjth,  alkali,  metallic  oxide,  or 
organic  base  which  is  capable  of  combining  with  an 
acid  in  a definite  proportion,  so  as  to  form  a salt.  Henry. 

sAL-I-FI-CA'TION,  ii.  [It.  salificazionc ; Fr.  sa- 
lification.] (Chem.)  The  act  of  salifying  or 
forming  into  a salt.  Ure. 

sAl'I-FY,  v.  a.  [L.  sal,  salt,  and  facio,  to  make  ; 
It .' salificare \ Fr.  salifier .]  ft.  salified;  pp. 
salifying,  salified.]  (Chem.)  To  convert 
or  form  into  salt ; to  cause  to  combine  with  a 
base,  as  an  acid,  so  as  to  form  a salt.  Henry. 

SAl'I-GOT,  n.  [Fr.]  (Bot.)  A plant ; the  water- 
thistle.  Cotyrave. 

SA-rJ'NA,  «•  [B-,  It.,  Sg  Sp.]  Salt-works  : —a 

salt-marsh,  or  salt-pond  ; a saline.  Simmonds. 

SAL-I-NA'TION.  n.  [From  L.  sal,  salt.]  The  act 
of  washing  with  salt  liquor.  Grecnliill. 

SA-LfNE'  [sa-lln',  S.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  B. 
Wr.  Wb. ; sa-lln'  or  sa'lln,  W. ; sa'jln,  C.],  a. 
[L.  salinus;  it.  A- Sp.  salino-,  Fr.  salin.] 

1.  Consisting  of  salt ; impregnated  with  salt; 

containing  salt ; briny.  _ Goldsmith. 

2.  Resembling  salt";  suggestive  of  salt ; salty  ; 
as,  “A  saline  taste.” 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  fj,  Y,  short;  A,  U,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


SALINE 


1267 


SALT 


“ As  this  word  is  derived  from  the  Latin  sali- 
nus,  by  dropping  a syllable,  the  accent  ought,  accord- 
ing to'tlie  general  rule  of  formation,  to  remove  to  the 
first.  This  accentuation,  however,  is  adopted  only 
by  Dr.  Johnson,  Buchanan,  and  Bailey  ; as  Sheridan, 
Kenrick,  Ash,  Nares,  W.  Johnston,  Scott,  Perry, 
Barclay,  Penning,  Entick,  and  Smith  accent  the  sec- 
ond syllable.”  Walker. 

SA-LINB',  n.  [L.  salina;  sal,  salt;  It.  <§■  Sp.  sa- 
'lina ; Fr.  saline.]  A repository  of  salt ; a salt- 
pit  ; a salt-spring.  Scott. 

SAL'IN,  n.  A dry,  saline,  reddish  substance, 
obtained  from  the  ashes  of  potato  leaves,  &c. 

Loudon. 

SA-LlNE'NJJSS,  n.  State  of  being  saline.  Smart. 

SAL-r-NiF'lJ-ROUS,  a.  [L.  sal,  salis,  salt,  and 
fero,  to  bear.]  Producing  salt.  Craig. 

SA-LTn'I-FORM,  a.  [L.  sal,  salis,  salt,  and.  forma, 
form.]  Having  the  form  of  salt.  Smart. 

SAL-I-NOM'E-TJJR,  n.  [L.  sal,  salis,  salt,  and 
metrum , a measure.]  A salt-gauge  for.indicat- 
ing  the  density  of  the  sea-water  in  the  marine 
steam-boiler.  Simmonds. 

SA-LI'NO— TF.R-RENE',  a.  [L.  sal,  salis,  salt, 
and  terrenus,  earthy  ; terra,  earth.]  Partaking 

of  salt  and  earth.  Smart. 

SA-Ll'NOUS,  a.  [L.  salinus,  from  sal,,  salt.]  Con- 
taining salt ; saline,  [it.]  Browne. 

sAl'IQUE  (sSl'jk),  a.  [Fr.]  Salic.  — See  Salic. 

SAL'lTE,  v.  a.  [L.  salio.]  To  salt,  [it.]  Wright. 

SA-LI'VA,  n. ; pi.  SA-Li'VAS.  [Gr.  a'taXov ; L.,  It., 
A Sp.  saliva ; Fr.  scilive.]  An  inodorous,  insip- 
id, transparent,  slightly  viscid  fluid,  that  is  se- 
creted by  the  parotid,  sub-maxillary,  and  sub- 
lingual glands,  and  poured  into  the  mouth  by 
certain  ducts  ; spittle.  Its  use  is  to  moisten 
the  mouth,  to  mix  with  the  food,  and  to  assist 
in  the  process  of  digestion.  Dunglison. 

jBQpThe  saliva  contains  ptyalinc,  soda,  salts  of 
potash  and  soda,  salts  of  lime,  sulphocyanide  of  po- 
tassium, and  occasionally  lactates  of  the  alkalies.  It 
is  slightly  alkaline  in  health,  and  acid  in  some  inflam- 
matory affections.  Miller.  Gregory. 

“ As  this  word  is  a perfect  Latin  word,  all  our 
dictionaries  very  properly  accent  it  on  the  second  syl- 
lable. But  salival,  which  is  a formative  of  our  own, 
has  no  such  title  to  the  penultimate  accent ; this  pro- 
nunciation, however,  is  adopted  by  Mr.  Sheridan,  Dr. 
Ash,  Dr.  Kenrick,  Scott,  Barclay,  Fenning,  Entick, 
and  Johnson’s  quarto  ; but  Mr.  Perry  and  Dr.  John- 
son’s folio  place  the  accent  on  the  first  syllable,  and, 
in  my  opinion,  more  correctly.”  Walker. 

SA-Ll'VAL  [sHi'vjl,  S.  E.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  I?. ; 
sal'e-val  or  sj-ll'vjl,  IF.],  a.  [It .salivate-,  Sp. 
salival .]  Relating  to  saliva  ; salivary.  Grew. 

sAl'I-vAnt,  a.  Promoting  salivation.  Caldwell. 

SAL'I-VANT,  n.  ( Med .)  That  which  promotes 
salivation  ; a sialagogue.  Dunglison. 

SAL'I-VA-RY,  a.  [L.  salivarius  ; Fr.  salivairc.] 
(Med.)  Relating  to  saliva  or  spittle  ; "as,  “ The 
salivary  glands.”  Dunglison. 

SAL'I-VATE,  v.  a.  [L.  salivo,  salivatus;  saliva-, 
It.  salivare ; Sp.  salivar ; Fr.  saliver.]  [ i . sali- 
vated ; pp.  SALIVATING,  SALIVATED.]  (Med.) 
To  purge  by  the  salivary  glands  ; to  cause  to  se- 
crete saliva  abundantly,  usually  by  metins  of 
mercury.  Wiseman.  'Dunglison. 

SAL-I-VA'TION,  n.  [L.  salivatio ; It.  salivazione ; 
Sp.  salivacion ; Fr  .salivation.]  (Med.)  The  act 
of  salivating ; excessive  flow  or  secretion  of  sali- 
va, as  that  produced  by  mercury,  &c.  Dunglison. 

SA-Ll'VOlTS  [sj-ll'vus,  S.  7 . J.  K.  Sm.  It:;  s.-i-lr'- 
vus  or  sal'e-vus,  IF.  J?.],  a.  [L.  sallvosus.]  Relat- 
ing to,  or  containing,  saliva  ; salivary.  Dunglison. 

SA'LIX,  n.  [L.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  trees  or 
bushes,  usually  growing  near  water,  containing 
the  willow,  the  osier,  and  the  sallow.  Eng.  Cgc. 

sAl'L^T,  n.  [It.  celata-,  from  L.  celo,  celare,  to 
conceal ; Sp.  celada  ; Fr.  saladc.]  A light  kind 
of  helmet,  introduced  during  the  fifteenth  cen- 
tury, chiefly  worn  by  foot-soldiers  ; — also  writ- 
ten salade.  Fairholt. 

SAL'LJJT,  n.  A corruption  of  salad.  Boyle. 

SAL'LET-Tyg,  n.  A salading.  [i:.]  Mortimer. 


fSAL'LI-ANCE,  n.  A sally.  Spenser. 

sAl'LOW  (sal'lo),  n.  [A.  S.  salh,  salig.  — L .salix-, 
It.  salcio,  salce ; Fr.  saule .]  (Bot.)  A common 
name  for  some  small  species  of  willow  or  osier. 
Sallows  and  reeds  on  banks  of  rivers  born.  Dryden. 

SAL'LOW,  a.  [A.  S.  salowig,  salwig,  saluwi  ; Dut. 
zaluw.  — Fr.  sale,  dirty."]  Yellow,  as  from  ill- 
ness ; yellow ; pale ; of  a sickly  color. 

Praising  the  lean  and  sallow  abstinence.  Milton. 

SAL'LOW-NESS  (sal'lo-nes),  71.  The  state  of  be- 
ing sallow';  yellowness ; sickly  paleness.  Addison. 

SAL'LOW— THORN,  n.  (Bot.)  A small  shrub 
found  on  the  east  and  south-east  coasts  of  Great 
Britain  and  other  parts  of  Europe,  which  yields 
a coloring  matter  for  dyeing  yellow,  and  bears 
small  orange-colored  berries  that  form  with  su- 
gar a pleasant  preserve  ; sea-buckthorn  ; Hip- 
pophae  rhanmoides.  Baird. 

SAL'LY,  n.  [Fr.  saillie,  from  L.  salio,  to  leap.] 

1.  An  eruption  or  issue,  as  from  a place  be- 
sieged ; a sortie  ; a quick  egress.  Bacon. 

2.  An  excursion  ; a digression. 

Every  one  shall  know  a country  better  that  makes  often 
sallies  into  it,  and  traverses  it  up  and  down.  Locke. 

3.  A quick  or  sprightly  exertion ; a spring  or 
flight  of  intellect  or  fancy.  ‘‘These  passages 
were  intended  for  sallies  of  wit.”  Stillmg fleet . 

4.  An  act  of  levity,  extravagance,  or  wild 
gayety  ; an  extravagant  flight ; a frolic  ; an  es- 
capade ; an  overleaping  of  bounds.  Denham. 

Might  learn  from  the  wisdom  of  age. 

And  be  cheered  by  the  sallies  of  youth.  Cowper. 

SAL'LY,  v.  71.  [L.  salio  (Gr.  al.Xoyai),  to  leap  ;.It. 
satire,  to  ascend,  to  mount ; Sp.  salir ; Fr.  sail- 
lir .]  [t.  SALLIED  ; pp.  SALLYING,  SALLIED.] 

To  rush  out,  as  a body  of  troops,  from  a besieged 
place  ; to  issue  suddenly  ; to  make  an  irruption. 
And  now.  all  girt  in  arms,  the  ports  set  wide, 

They  sallied  forth,  Ulysses  being  their  guide.  Chapman. 

SAL'LY— LUNN,  71.  A kind  of  sweet  tea-cake,  which 
is  toasted  and  buttered.  [Local.]  Simmonds. 

SAL'LY— PORT,  n.  1.  (Fort.)  An  opening  in  the 
glacis  of  a fort,  affording  free  egress  and  ingress 
to  troops  engaged  in  a sally  or  a sortie ; a pos- 
tern gate.  Stocqueler. 

2.  (Naval.)  In  fire-ships,  the  place  of  escape 
for  train-firers.  Mar.  Diet. 

SAl-MA-GUN'DJ,  71.  [Fr.  salmigondis,  from  L. 
salgama,  pickles  ; sal,  salt  (Gr.  iilyy.  brine  ; a)-s, 
salt),  and  condita,  preserved.  Landais.] 

1.  A mixture  of  chopped  meat,  with  oil,  vine- 
gar, pepper,  and  onions  ; hodgepodge.  Cotgrave. 

2.  A medley  ; an  olio  ; a miscellany  ; a collec- 
tion of  light,  miscellaneous  reading.  IF.  Irvmg. 

SAL'MI-Ac,  n.  (Che7n.)  A contraction  for  sal- 
am7iioniac.  [r.]  Wright. 

SAL' MIS  (s&l'me),  7i.  [Fr.]  Jugged  hare  ; a ragout 
of  game  previously  roasted.  Simmonds. 

SALM'ON  (sam'un), 
n.  [L.  salmo ; 

It.  salmone ; Sp. 
salmon ; F r.  sau- 
mon.  — “ Some 
will  have  them  Salmon, 

termed  salmo7is,  a saliendo  ” (L.  salio,  to  leap). 
Fuller.]  (Ich.)  A malacopterygious  fish  of  the 
genus  Salmo,  — particularly  the  Salmo  salar. 

j0@=*The  common  salmon  ( Salmo  salar ) is  highly 
esteemed  as  an  article  of  food.  It  may  be  stated 
generally  that  salmon  pass  the  summer  in  the  sea,  or 
near  the  mouth  of  estuaries  ; in  autumn  they  push  up 
rivers,  diverging  to  the  tributary  streams  ; in  winter 
they  inhabit  the  pure  fresh  water,  and  in  spring  de 
scend  again  to  the  sea.  Yarrell. 

SALM'ON— OOL'OR,  n.  A golden-orange  tinge. 

SALM'ON-ET  (sam'o-net),  71.  (Ich.)  A little  salm- 
on ; a samlet.  JoJmson. 

SAL'MO-NOID,  71.  [L.  salmo,  a salmon,  and  Gr. 

tVtos,  form.]  (Ich.)  One  of  a family  of  soft- 
finned,  abdominal  Ashes,  of  which  the  salmon 
is  the  type.  Brande. 

SALM'ON— PEEL  (sam'un-),  71.  (Ich.)  A young 
salmon,  under  two  pounds  in  weight.  Maunder. 

SALM'ON— PIPE  (sam'un-),  n.  A device  for  catch- 
ing salmon.  Crabb. 

SALM'ON-TROUT  (s&m'un-trout),  71.  (Ich.)  A 
species  of  salmon  which  enters  rivers  to  deposit 
its  spawn,  and  is  sometimes  found  in  lakes  and 


streams  at  a great  distance  from  the  sea ; sea- 
trout  ; Salmo  trutta.  Yarrell. 

sAL'O-yf.N,  7i.  [L.  sal,  salt,  and  Gr.  yewaui,  to 

produce.]  (Chem.)  The  electro-negative  com- 
ponent of  haloid  salts ; salt-radical.  Graham. 

SALONS  (si-long'),  n.  pi.  [Fr.,  from  salon,  a draw- 
ing-room.]  Assemblies  or  parties  of  fashionable 
people ; fashionable  circles  ; high  life.  Landais. 

SA-LOON',  7i.  [A.  S.  set,  sele ; Ger.  saal ; Dut. 

zaal;  Dan.  Sr  Sw.  sal;  I cel.  salr.  — It.  sala,  sa- 
lone;  Sp.  sala,  salon;  Fr.  sallc,  salon.] 

1.  (Arch.)  A lofty,  spacious  apartment  in  a 

house,  a palace,  or  a theatre  ; a spacious  hall 
or  room  ; a state-room.  Britton. 

2.  A large  room  or  hall;  a parlor;  a recep- 
tion room  ; a drawing-room.  Bogct. 

3.  A place  of  refreshment.  Clarke. 

4.  The  public  cabin  in  a ship  or  a steamer. 

SA'LOP,  or  SA-LOOP';  n.  See  Salep.  Archer. 

SALP,  7i.  (Zool.)  One  of  the  Salpce.  Eng.  Cgc. 

SAL' PA, n.  [L.,  a stock-fish.]  (Zoiil.)  A genus  of 

free  compound  Timicata.  Woodward.  E7ig.  Cgc. 

SAL'PI-c6n,  or  SAL-PI'CON  [s51'pe-kon,  Sm.Wb.; 
sal-pe'kon,  K.  Johnson],  n.  [Sp.,  from  salpicar, 
to  bespatter  ; Fr.  salpic07i.]  (Cookbig.)  A kind 
of  farce  or  stuffing,  put  into  holes  cut  in  legs  of 
beef,  veal,  &c.  Bailey. 

SAL'PINX,  71.  [Gr.  aabriyt;,  a trumpet.]  (Anat.) 
The  eustachian  tube,  or  channel,  between  the 
mouth  and  the  ear.  Dimglison. 

SAL-POL'Y-jCHREST,  n.  (Chem.)  The  old  name 
of  a substance  of  which  the  basis  is  sulphate  of 
potash.  Wood  bt  Bache. 

SAL— PRII-NEL'LA,  71.  (Chem.)  Fused  nitre,  or 
nitrate  of  potash,  cast  into  cakes  or  balls,  tire. 

sAl'Sa-FY,  7i.  See  Salsify.  Lindley. 

t SAL-SA-MEN-TA'RI-OUS,  a.  [L.  salsamentari- 
ws.]  Being  salt  or  salted.  Bailey. 

SAL'SI-FY,  71.  [Fr.  salsifis.]  (Bot.)  A plant,  the 
long  and  tapering  roots  of  which  are  of  a mild 
and  sweetish  flavor,  and  are  boiled  or  stewed 
like  carrots  ; oyster-plant ; Tragopogon  porri- 
folius  ; — written  also  salsafg.  Loudon. 

SAL-SIL' LA,  71.  [Sp.]  (Bot.)  A twining,  tuber- 

ous-rooted plant,  cultivated  in  Peru  and  the 
West  Indies  for  its  roots,  which  are  used  like 
the  tubers  of  the  potato  ; ^Alstrcemeria  salsilla. 

Loudon. 

SAL'SO— Ay'ID,  a.  [L.  salsus,  salt,  and  acidus, 
acid.]  Applied  to  substances  which  are  both 
salt  and  acid.  Floyer. 

sAL-SO'DA,  71.  (Com.)  Carbonate  of  soda. 

Simmonds. 

SAL' SO-LA,  7i.  [L.  salsus,  salt.]  (Bot.)  A genus 
of  herbs  or  slightly  shrubby  branching  plants  of 
the  sea-shore,  with  fleshy  and  rather  awl-shaped 
leaves  ; saltwort ; — so  named  in  allusion  to  the 
alkaline  salts  these  plants  contain.  Gray. 

SAL-SO-LA'CEOUS  (-shus),  a.  Having  the  char- 
acter of  plants  of  the  genus  Salsola.  Perkms. 

SAL-SU'yi-NOUS,  a.  [L.  salsugo,  salsuginis,  salt- 
ness.] Saltish  ; somewhat  salt,  [it.]  Boyle. 

SALT,  n.  [M.  Goth.,  Frs.,  Dan.,  Sw.,  <Sf  Icel.  salt ; 
A.  S.  salt,  sealt ; Ger.  salz.  — Gr.  a). j ; L.  sal ; 
It.  sale ; Sp.  <S,-  Port,  sal ; Fr.  scA] 

1.  A substance  used  for  seasoning,  being  the 

chloride  of  sodium  or  muriate  of  soda,  and 
generally  known  as  common  salt.  It  is  ob- 
tained by  evaporation  from  the  waters  of  the 
sea,  of  saline  lakes  or  springs,  and  from  the 
earth  in  a crystallized  state,  or  in  the  form  of 
rock-salt.  Ure. 

2.  That  which  preserves  from  corruption. 

Ye  are  the  salt  of  the  earth.  Matt.  v.  13. 

3.  Taste;  savor;  seasoning;  smack;  relish. 

The  spice  and  salt  that  seasons  a man.  Ska/:. 

We  have  some  salt  in  us;  we  are  the  sons  of  women.  Ska/-  . 

4.  Wit ; humor  ; piquancy  ; smartness ; poig- 
nancy; pungency.  “Attic  salt."  Riley. 

5.  A vessel  for  holding  salt;  a salt-cellar. 

“ Salts  of  pure,  beaten  gold.”  Middleton. 

At  the  ancient,  lonpr  dinner-table,  a large  salt  was  placed 
in  the  middle;  those  sitting  at  the  upper  end,  being  above  the 
suit,  were  the  superior  guests;  the  others  were  below  the  salt. 

I/allitcell. 

Such  persons  existed  every  where;  but  they  were  always 
below  the  salt.  llenvy  Cockburn. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 


BULL,  BUR,  RlJLE. — y,  (J,  g,  soft;  i C,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as 


% as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


SALT 


1268 


SALT-RIIEUM 


6.  pi.  Marshes  flooded  by  the  tides.  Sussex. 

7.  An  old  sailor  ; as,  “ He  is  an  old  salt.” 

[Cant  term.]  Clarke. 

8.  ( Chem .)  A term  applied  to  a very  Large 
class  of  compounds,  having  no  characteristic 
property  common  to  them  all,  consisting  each 
of  two  components,  simple  or  compound,  and 
possessing  properties  materially  different  from 
those  of  either  of  its  components. 

The  term  salt  was  originally  employed  to  de- 
note common  salt,  but  was  afterwards  generalized  ; 
and  it  has  gradually  acquired  a very  extensive  and 
not  very  definite  application.  Chemists  are  not  agreed 
in  respect  to  the  constitution  of  salts.  According  to 
the  generally  received  theory  of  their  constitution, 
they  are  mostly  comprised  in  the  following  groups  or 
orders  : 1.  Salts  resulting  from  the  union  of  an  oxy- 
gen acid  and  a salifiable  base,  and  called  oxysalts  ; as 
nitrate  of  potash,  consisting  of  nitric  acid  and  potash, 
and  sulphate  of  ammonia,  consisting  of  sulphuric  acid 
and  oxide  of  ammonium.  . Except  certain  organic 
bases,  as  aniline,  the  bases  of  this  group  of  salts  con- 
tain oxygen.  2.  Salts  resulting  from  the  union  of  a 
simple  metal,  or  of  a component  chemically  equiva- 
lent io  a metal,  as  ammonium,  and  the  characteristic 
clement  or  component  in  a hydrogen  acid,  and  called 
haloid  salts  ; as  chloride  of  sodium,  the  type  of  haloid 
salts,  and  cyanide  of  potassium,  composed  of  cyano- 
gen, the  characteristic  component  in  hydrocyanic  acid, 
and  potassium.  3.  Salts  resulting  from  the  union  of 
a sulphur  acid  and  a sulphur  base,  and  called  sulphur- 
salts , and  also  sulphosalts , in  which  sulphur  performs 
the  same  function  as  oxygen  in  the  oxysalts  ; as  sulph- 
arseniate  of  potassium,  which  consists  of  sulpharsenic 
acid  and  sulphide  of  potassium.  — Besides  the  three 
principal  groups  of  salts,  there  are  others  of  less  im- 
portance, among  which  are  salts  analogous  in  their 
constitution  to  sulphur-salts,  called  tellurium-salts , 
selenium-salts , &c. 

Neutral , acid,  and  alkaline  salts , salts  which  have 
respectively  a neutral,  acid,  or  alkaline  reaction  with 
test  paper.  As  applied  to  the  constitution  of  salts, 
the  terms  neutral , acid , and  basic , have  been  variously 
used.  The  view  now  generally  received  is,  that  a 
neutral  sa't  contains  as  man}'  equivalents  of  acid  as  of 
oxygen  in  the  base,  an  acid  salt  more  than  one  equiva- 
lent of  acid  to  one  of  base,  and  a basic  salt,  fewer 

equivalents  of  acid  than  of  base. Monobasic  salt , a 

salt  in  which  one  equivalent  of  the  acid  is  united  to 
one  equivalent  of  the  base.- — Bibasic  or  dibasic  salt,  a 
salt  in  which  one  equivalent  of  the  acid  is  united  to 
two  equivalents  of  the  base. — Tribasic  salt , a salt  in 
which  one  equivalent  of  the  acid  is  united  to  three 
equivalents  of  the  base.  — Double  salt , a salt  con- 
sisting of  two  salts  combined  together  ; as  common 
alum,  which  is  a compound  of  sulphate  of  potash 
and  sulphate  of  alumina.  — Triple  salt , a designation 
formerly  applied  to  certain  double  salts,  as  Rochelle 
salt,  supposed  to  consist  of  an  acid  combined  with 
two  bases  ; but  now  applied  only  to  the  tribasic  salt, 
phosphate  of  ammonia  and  magnosia,  otherwise  called 
triple  phosphate.  — Super-salt , a salt  in  which  the  pro- 
portion of  the  acid  predominates  over  that  of  the  base. 
— Bi-salt , an  oxysalt,  as  bisulphate  of  potash,  in  which 
there  are  two  equivalents  of  the  acid  to  one  of  the 
base:  — a haloid  salt,  as  bichloride  of  tin,  in  which 
there  are  two  equivalents  of  the  electro-negative  com- 
ponent to  one  of  the  electro-positive  component.  — 
Proto-salt :,  an  oxysalt  of  which  the  base  is  a protoxide, 
or  contains  but  one  equivalent  of  oxygen,  as  protosul- 
phate of  iron  : — a haloid  salt  containing  but  one 
equivalent  of  the  electro-negative  element  or  compo- 
nent, as  protocyanide  of  iron.  — Pcr-salt , an  oxysalt  of 
which  the  base  is  a peroxide  : — a haloid  salt  contain- 
ing the  greatest  number  of  equivalents  of  the  electro- 
negative component  capable  of  combining  with  the 
electro-positive  component.  — Scsqui-salt , an  oxysalt 
having  a sesquioxide  for  its  base,  as  scsquisulphate  of 
iron:  — an  oxysalt  in  which  there  arc  three  equiva- 
lents of  the  acid  to  two  of  the  base  ; as  sesquicarbo- 
nate  of  ammonia,  which  is  a hydrated  compound  of 
three  equivalents  of  carbonic  acid  and  two  of  oxide  of 
ammonium  : — a haloid  salt  in  which  there  are  three 
equivalents  of  the  electro  negative  and  two  of  the 
electro-positive  component ; as  sesquichlondc  of  iron, 
which  consists  of  three  equivalents  of  chlorine  and 
two  of  iron.  Graham.  Miller.  — Incompatible  salts , 
salts  which  cannot  coexist  in  solution  without  mutual 
decomposition.  Henry.  — Bitter  salt,  or  hair-salt,  native 
Epsom  salt,  or  sulphate  of  magnesia.  Braude.  — Fusi- 
ble salt.  See  Microcosmic  Salt.  — Marine  salt, 
culinary  or  common  salt;  chloride  of  sodium.  — Hom- 
bern’s  sedative  salt , boracic  acid.  — Spirit  of  salt,  mu- 
riatic acid  dissolved  in  water.  Brandc.  — Barytic  salt, 
an  oxysalt  whose  base  is  baryta,  or  oxide  of  barium. 
Brandc.  — Deliquescent  salt,  a salt  which  attracts 
moisture  from  the  air  and  becomes  liquid.  Turner. — 
Efflorescent  salt,  a crystalline  salt  which  loses  its  wa- 
ter of  crystallization  by  exposure  to  the  air,  and  crum- 
bles into  a powder.  Turner.  — Jsomorphous, salts.  See 
IsOMORPHOUS.  — Microcosmic  salt,  a tribasic  phos- 
phate of  soda,  oxide  of  ammonium,  and  water  ; — 
called  also  fusible  salt.  Miller.  — Metallic  sail,  a desig- 
nation formerly  applied  to  salts  having  bases  known 
to  be  metallic  oxides,  in  contradistinction  to  other 


salts,  called  alkaline  and  earthy  salts,  not  then  known  1 
to  contain  metals.  It  is  applicable,  according  to  the  I 
present  views  of  chemists,  to  all  salts  except  those  I 
which  have  bases  derived  from  organic  bodies.  — 
Binary  theory  of  salts,  or  salt-radical  theory , a theory 
which  assimilates  all  salts,  as  it  respects  their  chemi- 
cal constitution,  to  the  type  of  chloride  of  sodium  or 
common  salt,  regarding  them  as  consisting  of  two 
portions  : one,  a non-metallic  element,  as  chlorine, 
or  an  equivalent  compound  body,  as  sulphion,  which 
is  called  the  radical  of  the  salt;  and  the  other,  a 
metal,  or  an  equivalent  compound  body,  as  ammoni- 
um, equivalent  to  a metal,  which  has  been  called  by 
Graham  the  basyle  of  the  salt.  According  to  this 
view,  the  salt  known  by  the  name  of  sulphate  of  soda 
is  a compound  of  sulphion  and  sodium,  or  sulphionide 
of  sodium  ; and  hydrated  acids,  as  oil  of  vitriol  or 
sulphionide  of  hydrogen,  are  salts  of  hydrogen,  which 
comports  itself,  in  combination,  as  a metal,  and  may 
really  be  a metallic  vapor.  This  theory  was  proposed 
by  Sir  Humphrey  Davy,  and  lias  been  adopted  by 
many  eminent  chemists.  Miller.  Kane.  Graham. 

SALT,  a.  1.  Having  the  taste  of,  or  preserved  by, 
salt ; impregnated  with  salt ; as,  “ Salt  fish.” 

A leap  into  salt  water  very  often  gives  a new  motion  to  the 
spirit  and  a new  turn  to  the  blood.  Addison. 

2.  Abounding  with  salt ; yielding  salt ; as, 
“ Salt  springs  ” ; “ Salt  marshes.” 

In  a salt  land,  and  not  inhabited.  Jer.  xvii.  6. 

3.  Growing  in  a salt-marsli  ; as,  “ Salt  grass.” 

4.  Bitter ; pungent.  “ The  pride  and  salt 

scorn  of  his  eyes.”  Shah. 

SALT,  a.  [L.  salto,  saltans,  to  leap;  salio,  to 
leap  ; salax,  salacious.]  Lecherous  ; salacious. 

Salt  Cleopatra,  soften  thy  wan  lip.  Shak. 

SALT,  V.  a.  [i.  SALTED  ; pp.  SALTING,  SALTED.] 
To  season  or  impregnate  with  salt ; to  sprinkle 
with  Salt;  as,  “To  salt  a fish.” 

If  the  salt  have  lost  his  savor,  wherewith  shall  it  be  salted? 

Matt.  v.  13. 

SALT,  v.  n.  To  deposit  salt  from  a saline  fluid  ; 
as,  “ The  brine  begins  to  salt."  Wright. 

fsALT,  n.  [L.  sa/tus  ; Old  Fr.  sau/t.]  The  act 
of  leaping  ; a skip  ; a leap.  B.  Jonson. 

SAL'TANT,  a.  [L.  salto,  saltans,  to  leap.] 

1.  f Jumping;  dancing;  rampant.  Holland. 

2.  (Her.)  A term  applied  to  the  squirrel, 

weasel,  rat,  and  all  vermin,  and  also  to  the  cat, 
grayhound,  ape,  and  monkey,  when  in  a position 
springing  forward.  Ogilvie. 

SAL-TA-RF.L'  LO,  n.  [It.]  (Mas.)  A sort  of  Ital- 
ian dance,  differing  from  the  tarantella  by  the 
hitch  in  the  first  half  of  the  measure.  Dwight. 

SAL'tATE,  v.  n.  [L.  salto,  saltatum.]  To  leap  ; 
to  jump;  to  skip.  Month.  Rev. 

SAL-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  saltatio  ; It.  saltazionc; 
Sp.  saltacion ; Fr.  saltation.] 

1.  The  act  of  leaping  or  jumping.  Browne. 

2.  Beating  or  palpitation,  as  of  an  artery. 

Its  [an  artery’s]  saltation  and  florid  color.  Wiseman. 

SAl-TA-TO'RI-OUS,  a.  [L.  saltatorius ; It.  sal- 
tatorio .]  Saltatory  ; leaping.  Kirby. 

SAL'TA-TO-RY,  a.  Adapted  to  leaping ; jumping ; 
skipping ; dancing.  Brandc. 

SALT'— BOX,  n.  1.  A box  for  holding  salt. 

2.  A sort  of  musical  instrument.  Bosicett. 

S ALT'— CAKE,  n.  (Chem.)  A name  applied  to 
the  sulphate  of  soda,  made  from  sulphuric  acid 
and  common  salt,  as  a preliminary  step  in  the 
manufacture  of  carbonate  of  soda.  Miller. 

SALT'— CAT,  n.  A lump  of  salt,  made  at  the  salt- 
works, which  attracts  pigeons.  Mortimer. 

sAlt'-CEL-L’AR,  n.  [Fr.  saliere,  salt-cellar. 
Todd.]  A small  vessel  for  holding  salt  on  the 
table.  “ A triangular  salt-cellar."  Wotton. 

sAlt'JJR,  n.  1.  One  who  salts.  Greenhill. 

2.  One  who  makes,  or  sells,  salt.  Holinshed. 

SALT'JJRN,  n.  A salt-work.  Mortimer. 

sALT'-GREEN,  a.  Sea-green;  green  like  the 
sea.  “ Salt-green  streams.”  Shak. 

SAL'TIER,  n.  [Fr.  sautoir.] 

1.  (Her.)  A cross  with  two  feet,  as  if  capable 

of  leaping,  as  an  X,  or  an  ordinary  in  the  form 
of  the  cross  of  St.  Andrew ; — also  written 
saltire.  Peacham. 

2.  A dancer.  “ They  call  themselves  sal- 
tiers." Shak. 

fSAL-TrN-BAN'CO,  n,  [Fr.  salimbanquc,  from 
It.  saltarc  in  banco,  to  leap  upon  a bench.]  A 
quack;  a mountebank.  Browne. 


SALT'JNG,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  salts. 

2.  A salt-water  marsh.  Loudon. 

sAL'TfRE,  n.  [Fr.  sautoir.]  (Her.)  See  Saltier. 

SALT'ISH,  a.  Somewhat  salt.  Mortimer. 

SALT'ISH-LY,  ad.  As  if  saltish.  Wright. 

SALT'ISH-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  saltish. 

sAlT'-JONK,  n.  Hard,  dry,  salted  btef,  sup- 
plied to  ships.  Simmonas. 

SALT'LIJSS,  a.  Having  no  salt ; not  tasting  of 
salt ; insipid.  Browne. 

SALT'— LICK,  n.  A saline  spring,  resorted  to  by 
buffaloes,  deer,  &c.  — See  Lick.  Flint. 

Within  gunshot  of  this  place  was  a salt-lick,  much  fre- 
quented  by  wild  animals,  such  as  rhinoceroses.  Anderson. 

SALT'LY,  ad.  With  taste  of  salt.  Johnson. 

SALT'— MARSH,  n.  A marsh  sometimes  over- 
flowed with  salt-water.  Ash. 

SALT'— MINE,  n.  A mine  which  yields  rock-salt. 

The  principal  salt-mines  are  at  Wielitska  in  Poland,  Cata- 
lonia in  Spain,  Altemonte  in  Calabria,  Loowur  in  Hungary, 
in  many  places  in  Asia  and  Africa,  and  in  Cheshire  in  this 
country  [England].  Coxe. 

SALT'NESS,  n.  1.  State  of  being  salt  or  impreg- 
nated with  salt.  “ Saltness  of  the  soil.”  Cook. 

2.  The  taste  of  salt. 

Men  ought  to  find  the  difference  between  saline ss  and 
bitterness.  Bacon. 

SALT'— OF— AM'Bf.R,  n.  (Chem.)  The  old  name 
of  succinic  acid.  Ure. 

SAlt'-OF— BpN-ZOIN',  n.  (Chem.)  Theoldname 
of  benzoic  acid.  Ure. 

SALT'— OF— CA-NAL',  n.  (Chem.)  An  old  name 
of  sulphate  of  magnesia.  Ure. 

SALT'— OF— COL'CO-THAR,  n.  (Chon.)  An  old 
name  of  sulphate  of  iron.  Ure. 

SALT'— OF— EP'SOM,  n.  (Chem.)  An  old  name 
of  sulphate  of  magnesia.  Horsford. 

SALT'— OF— HARTS'HORN,  n.  (Chem.)  Carbo- 
nate of  ammonia  ; — so  called  in  allusion  to  its 
being  obtained  from  the  horns  of  the  hart  (Cer- 
vus  elephas).  Brande. 

SAlT'-OF-LEM'ON?,  n.  (Chem.)  A salt  con- 
sisting of  two  equivalents  of  oxalic  acid  and  one 
of  potash  ; binoxalate  of  potash  ; — called  also 
essential  salt  of  lemons  and  salt  of  sorrel,  and 
used  for  removing  iron-moulds  from  linen.  Ure. 

SALT'— OF— SAT'URN,  n.  A name  applied  by  alche- 
mists to  acetate  of  lead  ; sugar  of  lead.  Brande. 

SALT'-OF-SEIGNETTE  (-sen-yet'),  n.  (Chem.) 
Rochelle-salt.  Ure. 

SAlT'-OF-SO'DA,  n.  (Chem.)  An  old  name  of 
carbonate  of  soda.  Ure. 

sAlt'-OF-SOR'RIJL,  n.  (Chem.)  See  Salt-of- 
LEMONS. 

SALT— OF— SYL'VI-US,  n.  (Chem.)  An  old  name 
of  acetate  of  potash.  Brande. 

SAlT-OF-TAR'TAR,  n.  (Chem.)  Pure  carbo- 
nate of  potash;  — so  called  in  allusion  to  its 
having  been  first  prepared  from  cream  of  tartar, 
or  hitartrate  of  potash.  Wood  Bache. 

SALT— OF— VE'NUS,  n.  (Chem.)  Sulphate  of  cop- 
per ; blue-vitriol.  Miller. 

SALT'— PER'LATE,  n.  (Chem.)  An  old  name  of 
phosphate  of  soda.  Ure. 

SALT'— PAN,  n.  A salt-pit.  Bacon. 

SALT-PE'TRE  (-pe'ter),  n.  (Chem.)  Nitrate  of 
potash ; nitre.  Thomson. 

Saltpetre,  in  Latin  sal-petrrc,  rather  so  called  because, 
“ oxndat  e petris,”  it  usually  sweats  out  of  rocks,  than  because 
it  is  wrought  up  ...  to  a rocky  or  stony  consistency.  Fuller. 

sAi.T-PE'TROFS,  a.  Resembling,  or  partaking 
of  the  character  of,  saltpetre  ; impregnated  with 
saltpetre.  Wright. 

sAlT'-PIT,  n.  A pit  or  place  where  salt  is  ob- 
tained ; a salt-mine  ; a salt-work.  Zcph.  ii.  9. 

SAlT'-RAD'I-CAL,  n.  (Chem.)  A term  applied, 
in  the  binary  theory  of  salts,  to  any  body,  wheth- 
er simple  or  compound,  which  forms  a salt  with 
a metal,  or  a compound  body,  as  ammonium, 
equivalent  to  a metal;  as,  chlorine  in  chloride  of 
sodium,  and  sulphion  in  sulphionide  of  potassi- 
um, otherwise  called  sulphate  of  potash. Graham. 

sALT'-RAK-ER,  n.  A collector  of  salt  in  natural 
salt  pohds,  or  enclosures  of  the  sea.  Simmonds. 

sAlT'-RIIEUM  (-rum),  n.  [Eng.  salt,  and  Gr. 
Jnti/ia,  flux,  a floating  humor,  from  /•{'<«,  to  flow  ; 


A.  E.  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  0,  Y,  short;  A,  $,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


SALT-RIVER 


SAMENESS 


1269 


Fr.  rhitme.}  (Med.)  A popular  name,  in  the 
United.  States,  for  various  cutaneous  affections 
of  the  eruptive  and  herpetic  forms  ; a kind  of 
herpes  ; an  alfection  of  the  skin.  Dunglison. 

SALT'-Rl  V-JJR,  n.  An  imaginary  river  up  which 
defeated  politicians,  &c.,  are  supposed  to  be 
sent  to  oblivion.  [Cant,  U.  S.] ' Bartlett. 

lie  rowed  the  tories  up  and  over  Salt-River.  D.  Crockett. 

The  phrase  To  row  up  Salt  river  has  its  origin 
in  the  fact  that  there  is  a small  stream  of  that  name 
in  Kentucky,  the  passage  of  which  is  made  difficult 
and  laborious  as  well  by  its  tortuous  course  as  by  the 
abundance  of  shallows  and  bars.  The  real  application 
of  the  phrase  is  to  the  unhappy  wight  who  has  the 
task  of  propelling  the  boat  up  the  stream  ; hut  in 
political  or  slang  usage  it  is  to  those  who  are  rowed 
up.  J.  Inman. 

SALT'SEA,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  ocean.  Shak. 

SALT'-SED'A-TIVE,  n.  ( Cherri .)  An  old  name 
of  boracic  acid.  Ure. 

SALT'— SPRING,  n.  A spring  which  yields  salt. 

SALT'— WA-Tfj!U,  n.  Water  containing  salt ; sea- 
water. Braude. 

SALT'— WA-T(5R,  a.  Relating  to  the  sea  ; of  the 
sea  ; used  at  sea.  “Thou  salt-ivater  thief.”  Shah. 

SALT'-WORK  (-wiirk),  n. ; pi.  SALT-WORKS.  A 
saltern  ; a place  where  salt  is  made.  Addison. 

SALT'WORT  (-wiirt),  n.  A plant  of  the  genus 
Salsola,  — especially  Salsola  kali.  Eng.  Cyc. 

fsALT'Y,  a.  Somewhat  salt.  Cotgrave. 

SA-LU'BRI-OUS,  a.  [L.  saluber,  salubris,  from 
silus,  health;  salvus,  safe;  It.,  Sp.,  <S,  Fr.  salu- 
bre.  — See  Safe.]  Promoting  health  ; whole- 
some ; healthful ; healthy  ; salutary. 

The  draught  is  nauseous,  though  salubrious.  Knox. 

Syn.  — See  Healthy. 

SA-LU'BRI-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  a salubrious  man- 
ner ; so  as  to  promote  health.  Burke. 

SA-LU'BRI-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
salubrious  ; wholesomeness  ; healthfulness  ; sa- 
lubrity. Allen. 

SA-LU'BRT-TY",  n.  [L.  salubritas  ; It.  salubrita  ; 
Sp.  salubridail ; Fr.  salubrity.)  The  quality  of 
being  salubrious  ; salubriousness.  Mason. 

SAL'U-TA-RI-LY,  ad.  In  a salutary  manner. 

SAL'L-T  A-RI-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  sal- 
utary. Johnson. 

SAL'l  -TA-RY,  a.  [L.  salutaris,  from  salus,  health, 
safety  ; It.  salutare  ; Fr.  salutaire .] 

1.  Wholesome;  healthful;  safe;  contributing 
to  health;  as,  “Salutary  diet,  exercise,  &c.” 

2.  Contributing  to  the  general  safety  or  ad- 
vantage; beneficial;  as,  “ A salutary  example.” 

SAL-li-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  salutatio  ; It.  salutazione ; 
Sp.  salutacion ; Fr.  salutation .]  The  act  or 

style  of  saluting ; a salute ; an  act  of  civility ; 
a greeting  ; an  address. 

The  early  village  cock 

Hath  twice  done  salutation  to  the  morn.  Shak. 

Beware  of  the  scribes,  which  love  to  go  in  long  clothing, 
and  love  salutations  in  the  market-places.  Mark  xii. 

SA-LU-TA-TO'RI-AN,  n.  A student  in  a college, 
in  the  United  States,  who  pronounces  the  salu- 
tatory oration  at  Commencement.  [Local.]  Hall. 

SA-LU'TA-TO-RI-LY,  ad.  In  a salutatory  manner. 

SA-LU'TA-TO-RY,  a.  [L.  salutatorius .]  Con- 
taining salutations;  greeting;  — applied  to  an 
oration  which  introduces  the  exercises  of  Com- 
mencment  in  American  colleges.  [U.  S.] 

Kirkland. 

f SA-LU'TA-TO-RY,  n.  [Low  L.  salutalorium.) 
A place  of  greeting.  Milton. 

SA-LUTE',  v.  a.  [L.  saluto  ; salus,  health,  sal- 
vus, safe,  well ; It.  salutare ; Sp.  saludar ; Fr. 
saltier.  — See  Safe.]  [i,  saluted  ; pp.  sa- 
luting, SALUTED.] 

1.  To  greet ; to  show  civility  or  respect  to,  by 
words  or  by  ceremonies  ; to  hail ; to  address  ; to 
welcome  ; to  congratulate  ; to  treat  with  kind- 
ness. “ Our  friends  salute  thee.”  3 John  14. 

2.  To  please  ; to  gratify,  [r.] 

Would  I had  no  being, 

If  this  salute  my  blood  a jot.  Shak. 

3.  To  kiss.  Addison. 

4.  (Mil.)  To  show  honor  to,  by  firing  guns, 
lowering  colors,  presenting  arms,  &c.  Stocqueler. 

SA-LUTE',  n.  1.  A salutation  ; a greeting  ; an 
expression  of  respect,  civility,  or  kind  wishes. 
“The  first  salutes  of  our  three  friends.  "Addison. 


2.  A kiss.  “There  cold  salutes,  but  here  a 

lover’s  kiss.”  1 Roscommon. 

3.  (Mil.  & Nav.)  An  exhibition  of  respect  and 
honor,  performed  by  a discharge  of  artillery  or 
small  arms,  by  striking  colors,  &c.  Stocqueler. 

Syn.  — A salute  is  given  in  different  modes  by 
word  or  by  action  ; salutation  is  the  act  of  saluting, 
and  is  always  personal.  Guns  are  fired  by  way  of 
salute  ) hows  are  given  in  the  way  of  a salutation.  A 
greeting  is  a mode  of  salutation  indicative  of  great 
satisfaction  or  joy. 

SA-LUT'EIl,  n.  One  who  salutes.  Boioyer. 

SAL-U-TlF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  salutifer,  from  salus, 
health,  and  fero,  to  bring  ; It.  S;  Sp.  salutifer o.] 
Bringing  health  ; causing  or  producing  health  ; 
healthy  ; salutary  ; healthful ; wholesome. 

Though  God  be  but  one,  yet  hath  he  about  himself  innu- 
merable auxiliatory  powers,  all  of  them  salutifer ous,  and  pro- 
curing good  of  that  which  is  made.  Cudworth. 

SAL-U-TIF'JgR-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  a salutiferous 
manner.  Cudworth. 

SAL-VA-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being  salvable ; 
the  possibility  of  being  saved.  Sanderson. 

SAL'VA-BLE,  a.  [L.  salvo,  salvare,  to  save.]  That 
may  be  saved ; that  may  be  kept  safe.  Cudworth. 

SAL'VA-BLE-NESS,  n.  Solvability.  Ash. 

sAl'VA-BLY,  ad.  In  a salvable  manner.  Craig. 

sAL'VAtjlE,  ii.  [Fr.,  from  L.  salvus , safe.]  (Mar. 
Law.)  A compensation  for  saving  or  preserving 
a vessel  or  its  cargo  from  wreck  or  loss.  Burrill. 

f sAl'VA<?E,  a.  [Old  Fr.  saulvage. — See  Sav- 
age.] llude  ; cruel ; savage.  Wright. 

SAL-VA-TEL' LA,  n.  [L.,  literally,  safety-rein, 
from  salvo,  to  save.]  (Anat.)  A vein  of  the  arm, 
terminating  on  the  back  of  the  fingers;  — so 
called  by  the  ancients,  who  opened  it  in  certain 
diseases,  as  in  melancholic  and  hypochondriacal 
affections.  Dunglison. 

SAL-VA'TION,  n.  [Low  L.  salvatio ; It.  salva- 
zione  ; Sp.  salvacion.  — See  Safe.] 

1.  Deliverance  from  evil  ; the  state  of  being 
saved  ; escape  from  danger  ; security.  Ex.  xiv.  3. 

2.  (Theol.)  Deliverance  from  the  effects  of 
sin  ; redemption  from  eternal  death  ; reception 
to  heaven  or  eternal  bliss. 

The  gospel  is  the  power  of  God  to  salvation.  Rom.  i.  1G. 

3.  That  which  saves ; cause  of  salvation. 

The  Lord  is  my  light  and  my  salvation.  Ps.  xxvii.  1. 

sAl'VA-TO-RY,  ii.  A place  where  any  thing  is 
preserved  ; a repository  ; a conservatory.  Ilale. 

[|  SALVE  (s&v  or  salv)  [s&v,  P.  E.  K.  Sm.  R.  II V. 
Wb. ; salv,  IK.  J.  F.  ; salv  or  sav,  Ja.  ; siwv,  C.), 
n.  [L.  salvus,  safe.  — A.  S.  sealf ; Ger.  salbe ; 
Dut.  zalf,  zalve ; Dan.  salve ; Sw.  salva.  — 
Gael.  sabh.) 

1.  A glutinous  composition  or  ointment  ap- 
plied to  wounds  and  hurts  ; cerate. 

A salve  for  any  sore  that  may  betide.  Shak. 

2.  Help  ; remedy  ; corrective  ; antidote. 

“ Some  salve  for  perjury.”  Shak. 

44  Dr.  Johnson  tells  us  that  this  word  is  origi- 
nally and  properly  salf ; which,  having  salves  in  the 
plural,  the  singular,  in  time,  was  borrowed  from  it ; 
sealf j Saxon,  undoubtedly  from  salvus , Latin.  There 
is  some  diversity  among  our  orthoepists  about  the  l in 
this  word  and  its  verb.  Mr.  Sheridan  marks  it  to  be 
pronounced  ; Mr.  Smith,  W.  Johnston,  and  Barclay 
make  it  mute  ; Mr.  Scott  and  Mr.  Perry  give  it  both 
ways' ; and  Mr.  Nares  says  it  is  mute  in  the  noun,  but 
sounded  in  the  verb.  The  mute  l is  certainly  coun- 
tenanced in  this  word  by  calve  and  halve  ; but,  as  they 
are  very  irregular,  and  are  the  only  words  where  the 
l is  silent  in  this  situation,  (for  valve , delve , solve , &c., 
have  the  l pronounced,)  and  as  this  word  is  of  Latin 
original,  the  l ought  certainly  to  be  preserved  in  both 
words  ; for,  to  have  the  same  word  sounded  different- 
ly to  signify  different  things,  is  a defect  in  language 
that  ought  as  much  as  possible  to  he  avoided.”  tValhcr. 

||  SALVE  (silv  or  s'llv),  v.  a.  [L.  salvo , to  save. 
— Goth,  salbon ; A.  S.  sealfian ; Dut.  zalven ; 
Ger.  salben  ; Dan.  salve.]  \i.  salved  ; pp.  salv- 
ing, salved.] 

1.  To  anoint  or  dress  with  salve  ; to  heal,  as- 
suage, or  mitigate  with  medicaments  applied. 

Many  skilful  leeches  him  abide, 

To  salve  his  hurts.  Spenser, 

2.  To  help;  to  remedy;  to  mend ; to  gloss 
over  by  a salvo  or  excuse. 

Some  seek  to  salve  their  blotted  name 

With  others’  blot,  till  all  do  taste  of  shame.  Sidney. 

And  this  salved  all  difficulty.  * Broome. 

3.  f [L.  salve,  hail.]  To  salute.  Spenser. 


sAl'V£R  [s&l'ver,  S.  IK.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  R. 
C.  Wb.),  n.  [L.  salvo,  to  save.]  A plate  on 
which  any  thing  is  presented. 

Between  each  ac^  the  trembling  salvers  ring.  Pope . 

f SALVER  (siv'er),  n.  One  who  salves;  one  who 
pretends  to  cure  ; as,  “A  quack -salver.” Ogilvie. 

SAL'VER— SHAPED  (-shapt),  a.  (Bot.)  Noting  a 
calyx,  a corolla,  or  other  organ,  of  which  the 
tube  is  long  and  slender  and  the  limb  flat,  as  in 
phlox.  Lindley. 

SAL'  VI-A,  n.  [L.  salvia,  from  salvo,  to  save,  — in 
allusion  to  the  reputed  healing  qualities  of  the 
sage.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants  containing 
many  species,  the  best  known  of  which  is  Salvia 
officinalis,  or  garden  sage.  Gray. 

SAL'VO,  n. ; pi.  sXl'voe?,  or  sal'vo$.  [L.  salvo 
jure,  the  right  being  safe.] 

1.  Something  reserved  when  other  things  are 
granted  ; an  exception  ; a reservation  ; a sav- 
ing ; an  excuse. 

What  salvoes  or  qualifying  considerations.  Watcrland. 

With  any  private  salvoes  or  evasions.  Addison. 

2.  (Mil.  & Nav.)  A salute  by  firing  guns  ; as, 

“A  salvo  of  artillery.”  Burn. 

SAL-VO-LAT'I-LE  (Anglicized  SAL-VOL'A- 
TlLE),  n.  [L.,  volatile  salt.)  (Chem.)  A vola- 
tile salt  having  a strong,  pungent  odor,  and 
composed  of  three  equivalents  of  carbonic  acid 
and  two  of  oxide  of  ammonium ; sesquicarbo- 
nate  of  ammonia; — popularly  called  also  car- 
bonate of  ammonia.  Miller. 

SAL'VOR,  n.  (Law.)  One  who  saves  a.  ship  or 
cargo  from  wreck  or  destruction.  Bouvier. 


SA-MA' RA,  n.  [L.  samera,  samara,  the 
seed  of  the  elm.]  (Bot.)  A nut  of  an 
achenium,  or  any  other  indehiscent  i 
fruit,  furnished  with  a wing,  like  that  of 
the  maple,  ash,  and  elm  ; a key.  Gray. 

SA-MAr'I-TAN,  n.  An  inhabitant  of  the 
city  or  district  of  Samaria  ; one  of  a 
sect  of  the  Jews  who  believed  in  the 
Pentateuch  only,  and  with  whom  other  Jews 
refused  to  have  dealings.  Hook. 

SA-MAr'I-TAN,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  Samaria  or 
to  the  Samaritans.  P.  Cyc. 

2.  Noting  a sort  of  Hebrew  alphabet.  Walton. 

SAm'A-ROID,  a.  [L.  samera,  samara,  the  seed 
of  the  elm,  and  Gr.  tidos,  form.]  (Bot.)  Re- 
sembling a samara.  Brande. 

SA-mAr'RA,  n.  See  Simar.  Todd. 


sAm'BO,  n.  The  offspring  of  a negro  and  a mu- 
latto. Ency. 

SAm'BUKE,  n.  [Gr.  ca/ifitKr],  from  'Lnpfiif,  Sam- 
byx,  the  inventor ; L.  sambuca.)  (Mus.)  An 
ancient,  triangular,  stringed  instrument,  used 
by  the  Greeks  ; a kind  of  harp.  Moore. 

Lutes,  harps,  all  manner  of  pipes,  barbltons,  sainbukes, 
with  other  instruments.  Ascliam. 


SAME,  a.  [Goth,  sama  ; A.  S.  same  ; Dut.  za- 
men ; Dan.  samme,  the  same ; Sw.  sarnma, 
samme  ; Icel.  samr ; Ger.  sammt\  zusammen, 
together.  — Sansc.  sum,  together;  Arm.  tsam, 
to  place  together. — Root  senior  sim,  “one”; 
whence  sem-el,  sem-per,  sim-plex,  sin-aultis,  sim- 
ilis,  sim-ul,  sin-cerus  ; Gr.  u>«,  Spot;.  IK.  Smith.) 

1.  Not  distinguishable  from  others  ; identical ; 
not  different;  not  another. 

And  as  a vesture  shalt  thou  fold  them  up,  and  they  shall 
be  changed;  but  thou  art  the  same,  und  thy  years  shall  not 
fail.  Jleb.  i.  12, 

What  matter  where,  if  I be  still  the  same ? Milton. 

2.  Being  of  the  like  kind,  sort,  or  degree. 

The  same  plant  produceth  as  great  a variety  of  juices  ns 
there  is  in  the  same  animal.  Arbuthnot . 

3.  Denoting  that  which  was  mentioned  before. 

Whatsoever  is  done  to  my  brother  (if  he  be  a Christian 

man),  that  same  is  done  to  me.  Tyndale. 

rVj ' In  comparisons,  same  is  followed  by  as  or  with. 
“ The  metaphor  is  the  same  in  the  verses  as  in  tile 
medal.”  Addison.  “ Which  is  of  the  same,  force  with 
that  form  which  our  Saviour  used.”  Addison. 

+ SAME,  ad.  Together.  Spenser. 

sAmE'N^SS,  n.  I.  The  state  of  being  the  same  ; 
or  not  distinguishable  from  others  ; identity. 
One  in  agreement,  consent,  and  sameness  of  will.  Cudworth. 

2.  Undistinguishable  resemblance  ; near  like- 
ness ; correspondence  ; similarity ; want  of  va- 
riety ; monotony.  Swift. 

Syn.  — See  Identity. 


MiEN,  SIR;  SIOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  <?,  q,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  ^ as  z;  £ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


SAMESTRE 


SANDALIFORM 


1270 


SA-MES'TRE,  n.  A variety  of  coral.  Simmonds. 

t SA-METTE',  n.  [Old  Fr.  samet.]  A sort  of  satin 
or  silk  stuff.  Chaucer. 

S.VMJ-AN,  a.  Relatin';  to  the  island  of  Samos. 

Fill  high  the  cup  with  Samian  wine.  Laron. 

Samian  earth , or  Samian  stone , [L.  Samius  lapis  . J 
(Gt’oZ.)  a species  of  inarl  from  Samos.  Brande. 

SA' MI-EL,  n.  [Arab.]  A hot,  arid  wind,  common 
in  Africa,  Arabia,  Syria,  &c. ; the  simoom  or  si- 
moon ; the  kamsin.  P • Cyc. 

tSA'MITE,  n.  [Old  Fr.]  A silk  stuff.  Spenser. 

SAM'LpT,  n.  ( Ich .)  A species  of  small  salmon  ; 
the  parr  ; Salmo  salmulus.  I arrell. 

SAM-O-TIIRA'CIAN,  n.  A native  of  Samothracia. 

SAMP,  n.  [Indian  nawsaump .]  Indian  corn 
broken  coarse  and  boiled,  to  be  eaten  with  milk 
or  butter. 

JVawsaump,  a kind  of  meal  pottage  unparched. 
From  this  the  English  call  their  samp,  which  is  Indian 
corn  beaten  and  boiled,  and  eaten  hot  or  cold,  with 
milk  or  butter.  Roger  Williams. 

SAM'PAN,  n.  A small  boat  or  punt,  in  which  a 
Chinese  family  live  on  Canton  River.  Smart. 

SAM'PHIRE  (sam 'fir)  [sam'fir,  S.  IK.  P.  Ja.  Sin.; 
s&m'flr,  C.  J Vb.],n.  [Fr.  Saint  Pierre. \ ( Bot.) 

1.  The  common  name  of  plants  of  the  genus 
Crithmum,  one  species  of  which  ( Crithmum 
maritimum)  is  used  as  a pickle,  an  ingredient 
in  salads,  and  as  a pot-herb. 

IIalf  way  down 

ITangs  one  that  gathers  samphire ; dreadful  trade! 

Methinks  he  seems  no  bigger  than  his  head.  Shak. 

2.  The  common  name  of  low  saline  plants  of 

the  genus  Salicornia  ; glasswort.  Gray. 

S.VM'PLE  [sam'pl,  TK.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  R.  ; sdm'pl,  P. 
J.  /•’.],  n.  [L.  exemplum  ; Sp.  ejemplo  ; Fr.  ex- 
empt c.  — Gael,  samplair.  — Exemplum  is  proba- 
bly a euphonic  form  of  exemptum,  from  eximo,  to 
take  out ; but  Pott  derives  it  from  ex,  from,  and 
ampins,  much.  IK.  Smith.] 

1 That  which  is  taken  out  of  a large  quanti- 
ty, as  a fair  representation  of  the  whole ; a part 
shown  as  a specimen  of  the  whole  ; a specimen. 

’T  is  sufficient  if  I bring  a sample  of  some  goods  in  this 
voyage.  Dryden. 

2.  Any  thing  selected  as  a model  for  imita- 
tion ; an  example  ; a pattern.  Fairfax. 

f SAM'PLE,  v.  a.  To  give  a sample  of ; to  exemplify. 

Learning  to  sample  earth’s  embroidery.  Browne. 

SAM'PLER,  n.  [L.  exemplar ; It.  esemplarc  ; Sp. 
ejemplar;  Fr.  exemplaire.  — Gael,  samplair.] 
A pattern  of  work;  a specimen, — particularly 
of  a girl’s  improvement  in  needlework. 

Our  girls  forsake  their  samplers  to  teach  kingdoms  wis- 
dom. Idler. 

sAm1  SHOO,  n.  A Chinese  spirit  distilled  from 
rice  ; — also  written  samshu.  ■ Stuart. 

SAM'SON’S— POST,  n.  ( Naut .)  1.  A sort  of  pil- 

lar in  a ship’s  hold,  between  the  lower  deck  and 
the  keelson,  under  the  edge  of  a hatchway,  fur- 
nished with  notches  as  steps,  to  ascend  or  de- 
scend by.  Mar.  Diet. 

2.  A temporary  or  movable  pillar,  carrying  a 
leading  block,  for  various  purposes.  Brande. 

||  SAN-A-BIl'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being  sana- 
ble  ; sanableness  ; curableness.  Med.  Jour. 

II  SAN'A-BLE  [san’a-bl,  S.  IK.  P.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  R. 

I IV. ; sa'nj-bl,  Nares,  Buchanan],  a.  [L.  sa- 
nabilis,  from  sano,  to  cure  ; It.  sanabile ; Sp. 
sanable.  — See  Sake.]  That  may  be  cured  or 
healed ; curable ; remediable,  [it.]  More. 

II  SAN'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Sanability.  Ash. 

SANAT,  n.  An  Indian  calico.  Simmonds. 

•f-SA-NA'TION,  n.  [L.  sanatio.]  The  act  of  heal- 
ing or  curing.  Wiseman. 

SAN'A-TIVE,  a.  [L.  sano,  sanatus,  to  cure;  It. 

Sp.  sanativo.]  Having  a power  or  tendency 
to  heal  or  cure  ; healing  ; sanatory.  Bacon. 

SAN' A-TI VE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  san- 
ative ; power  or  tendency  to  heal.  Johnson. 

SAN'A-TO-RY,  a.  [L.  sanator,  a healer ; It.  sana- 
toria.] Tending  to  promote  health  ; healing  ; 
curing  ; sanative.  Dr.  Francis. 

sAn-BE-NI’TO,  n.  [Sp.  Sambenito;  It.  San 
Benito.]  A yellow  garment,  worn  by  those  con- 
demned by  the  Inquisition  to  be  burned  for  her- 
esy. Baretti. 


fSANCE'BELE,  n.  A corruption  of  saint' s-bell. — 
Sec  Saint’s-bell.  Beau.  «Sj  FI. 

t SANC'TJ-FJ-CATE,  v.  a.  [L .sanctifico,  sancti- 
ficatus.  — See  Sanctify:]  To  sanctify.  Barrow. 

SANC-TI-FI-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  sanctificatio ; It. 
santificazionc  ; Sp.  saniifcacion;  F r . sanctifica- 
tion.] (Theol.) 

1.  The  act  of  sanctifying  or  purifying  from 
the  dominion  of  sin. 

Another  of  these  ordinary  operations  of  the  Spirit  is  sanc- 
tification ; which  consists  in  purifying  our  wills  and  affections 
from  those  wicked  inclinations  anu  inordinate  lusts  which 
countermand  God’s  will  in  us,  and  set  us  at  enmity  against 
him.  Scott. 

2.  The  act  of  consecrating  or  setting  apart  to 
a sacred  end  or  office  ; consecration. 

In  the  ordering  of  priests,  there  were  both  visible  and  in- 
visible sanctification.  Burnet. 

3.  The  state  of  being  sanctified  or  made  holy ; 

progressive  conformity  of  the  heart  and  life  to 
the  will  of  God.  Hook. 

Concerning  the  righteousness  of  sanctification , we  deny  it 
not  to  be  inherent.  Hooker. 

SANC'TI-FlED,  p.  a.  1.  Consecrated;  hallowed. 
“ Sanctified  and  pious  bonds.”  Shak. 

2.  Affecting  holiness.  [Ironical.]  Hodgson. 

SANC'TI-FI-IJR,  n.  1.  One  who  sanctifies. 

2.  (Theol.)  The  Holy  Spirit.  Bp.  Taylor. 

SANC'TI-FY  (sSngk'te-fl),  v.  a.  [L.  sanctifico, 
from  sanctus,  holy,  and, /aeto,  to  make;  It.  san- 
tificare ; Sp.  santificar  ; Fr.  sanctifier.]  \i. 
SANCTIFIED  ; pp.  SANCTIFYING,  SANCTIFIED.] 

1.  (Theol.)  To  free  from  the  power  of  sin  ; to 
cleanse  from  corruption ; to  make  holy. 

And  such  were  some  of  you;  but  ye  are  washed,  but  ye 
are  sanctified.  1 Cor.  vi.  11. 

2.  To  make  a means  of  holiness. 

But  the  grace  of  God  is  pleased  to  move  us  by  wavs  suita- 
ble to  our  nature,  aud  to  sanctify  these  sensible  helps  to 
higher  purposes.  South. 

3.  To  ordain  or  set  apart  to  sacred  ends  ; to 
consecrate  ; to  hallow. 

God  blessed  the  seventh  day,  and  sanctified  it.  Gen.  ii.  3. 

And  thou  shalt  put  them  upon  Aaron  thy  brother,  and  his 
sons  with  him,  and  shalt  anoint  them,  and  consecrate  them, 
and  sanctify  them,  that  they  may  minister  unto  me  in  the 
priest’s  office.  Exod.  xxviii.  41. 

4.  To  make  free  from  guilt  ; to  lend  a legal 
or  a religious  sanction  to  ; to  sanction. 

The  holy  man,  amazed  at  what  he  saw, 

Made  haste  to  sanctify  the  bliss  by  law.  Dryden. 

5.  To  secure  from  violation  ; to  keep  pure. 

Truth  guards  the  poet,  sanctifies  the  line.  Pope. 

6.  To  confess  and  celebrate  as  holy.  Cruden. 

Sanctify  the  Lord  of  hosts  himself.  Isa.  viii.  13. 

SANC'TI-FY-ING-LY,  ad.  In  a sanctifying  man- 
ner. Clarke. 

SANC-tIl'O-QUENT,  a.  [L.  sanctus,  holy,  and  lo- 
quor,  loquens,  to  speak.]  Speaking  holily.Cto’Ae. 

SANC-TI-MO'NI-AL,  a.  Sanctimonious.  Bailey. 

SANC-TI-MO'NI-OUS  (sifngk-te-mo'ne-as),  a.  [L. 
sanctimonia,  sanctity.] 

1.  Sacred  ; saintly  ; holy.  “ Sanctimonious 

ceremonies.”  Shak. 

2.  Having  or  affecting  the  appearance  of  sanc- 
tity. “ Sanctimonious  avarice.”  Milton. 

SANC-TJ-MO'NI-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  a sanctimoni- 
ous manner.  Beau.  <S,-  FI. 

SANC-Tl-MO'NI-OKS-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  be- 
ing sanctimonious.  Ash. 

SANC'TI-MO-NY,  n.  [L.  sanctimonia,  from  sanc- 
tus, holy  ; It.  6f  Sp.  santimonia .]  Holiness  ; 

scrupulous  austerity ; the  appearance  or  pre- 
tence of  holiness. 

Her  pretence  is  a pilgrimage;  which  holy  undertaking, 
with  most  austere  sanctimony , she  accomplished.  Shak. 

SANC'TION,  n.  [L.  sanctio;  It.  sanzione;  Sp. 
sancion ; Fr.  sanction.] 

1.  That  which  sanctions,  authorizes,  confirms, 
Or  renders  obligatory  ; the  act  of  confirming  or 
sanctioning  ; confirmation  ; ratification ; sup- 
port; countenance;  authority;  as,  “The  sanc- 
tion of  law,  of  holy  writ,  of  public  opinion,  &c.” 

Wanting  sanction  and  authority,  it  is  only  yet  a private 
work.  Baker. 

2.  That  confirmation  or  proof  of  validity 
which  a law  derives  from  the  certainty  with 
which  it  is  enforced ; the  efficacy  of  law ; the 
enforcement  of  obedience. 


These  were  tire  rewards  and  punishments  which  formed 
the  sanction  of  tile  Mosaic  law.  fV /lately. 

Wjp  By  Locke,  Paley,  and  Bentham  the  term  sanc- 
tion, or  enforcement  of  obedience,  is  applied  to  reward 
as  welt  as  to  punishment ; but  Mr.  Austin  confines  it 
to  the  latter,  perhaps  because  human  laws  only  pun- 
ish, and  do  not  reward.  Fleming. 

3.  A law  ; a decree  ratified.  [Improper.] 

’Tis  the  first  sanction  nuture  gave  to  man, 

Each  other  to  assist  in  what  they  can.  Denham. 

SANC'TION  (s&ngk'shun),  V.  a.  [t.  SANCTIONED  ; 
pp.  SANCTIONING,  SANCTIONED.]  To  give  a 
sanction,  validity,  or  authority  to  ; to  ratify  ; to 
legalize  ; to  confirm  ; to  countenance ; to  sup- 
port ; to  authorize  ; to  warrant ; to  allow.  Burke. 

Old  principles  sanctioned  by  the  laws.  Burke. 

SANC'TION-A-RY,  a.  Relating  to,  or  implying,  a 
sanction.  ‘ Ec.  Rev. 


SANC'TJ-TUDEj  n.  [L.  sanctitudo,  from  sanctus, 
holy  ; It.  santitudine.]  Holiness  ; sacredness  ; 
saintliness ; sanctity.  Milton. 

SANC'TI-TY  (sangk'te-te),  n.  [L.  sanctitas  ; It. 
santith  ; Sp.  santidad.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  holy ; holiness. 

Then  heaven  and  earth  renewed  shall  be  made  pure 

To  sanciity  that  shall  receive  no  stain.  Milton. 

2.  Goodness  ; purity;  godliness.  “ The  sanc- 
tity of  their  manners.”  Addison. 

3.  Sacrcdness ; inviolability. 

Nor  uninformed 

Of  nuptial  sanctity  and  marriage  rites.  Milton. 

4.  A saint;  a holy  being,  [it.] 

About  him  all  the  sanctities  of  heaven 

Stood  thick  as  stars.  Milton. 

f SANCT'IT-A-RIZE,  v.  a.  To  shelter  by  a sanc- 
tuary, or  by  means  of  sacred  privileges. 

No  place  indeed  should  murder  sanctuarize.  Shak. 

SAnCT'U-A-RY  (sangkt'yn-j-re),  n.  [L.  sanctua- 
rium  ; It.  fy  Sp.  santuario  ; Fr.  sanctuaire.] 

1.  (Arch.)  The  penetralia,  or  most  retired  and 

sacred  part  of  a temple; — the  presbytery  or 
eastern  part  of  the  choir  of  a church  in  which 
the  altar  is  placed.  Britton. 

2.  A holy  place;  a temple;  a consecrated 
building ; a place  of  worship  ; a church  ; holy 
ground. 

.Let  it  not  be  imagined  that  thev  contribute  nothing  to  the 
happiness  of  the  country  who  only  serve  God  in  the  duties 
of  a holy  life,  who  attend  his  sanctuary , and  daily  address 
his  goodness.  Boyers. 

3.  An  asylum  sacred  from  the  reach  of  civil 
power  ; a place  of  protection. 

She  was  as  safe  as  in  a sanctuary.  • Spenser. 

4.  Refuge  in  a sacred  place  ; shelter;  protec- 
tion. Dryden. 

SAnC’TUM  SANC-TO'  RUM.  [L.]  The  Holy 
of  Holies  ; the  innermost  or  holiest  place  of 
the  Jewish  temple,  where  the  ark  was  kept ; the 
sanctuary.  Crabb. 

SAND,  n.  [A.  S.  sand  ; Ger.,  Dan.,  Sw.  sand  ; 
Dut.  zand.  — Gr.  hippos,  probably  from  Gr.  i J.aui, 
to  crumble  away  ; L.  sabulum.] 

1.  Small  particles  or  grains  of  quartz  or  other 
minerals  not  cohering  together ; particles  or 
grains  arising  from  the  breaking  or  crumbling 
of  stone  ; minute  grains  of  stone. 

Sand  hath  always  its  root  in  clay,  and  there  be  no  veins  of 
sand  any  great  depth  within  the  earth.  Bacon. 

The  sands  are  numbered  that  make  up  my  life.  Shak. 

2.  pi.  Barren  country  covered  with  sand. 

Beneath  Gibraltar  to  the  Libyan  sands.  Milton. 

SAND,  V.  a.  [i.  SANDED  ; pp.  SANDING,  SANDED.] 

1.  To  strew  or  sprinkle  with  sand ; to  cover 
with  sand.  “ The  sanded  valley.”  Thomson. 

2.  f To  drive  upon  the  sand.  Burton. 


SAn'DAL,  n.  [Gr.  chvhal.ov,  aavdahov, — according 
to  Hemsterhuis  for  aavl&alov,  from  aavif,  aari- 
, 5of,  a board,  plank,  or  any  thing  made  thereof ; 
L.  sandalium;  It.  sandalo ; Sp.  sandalia ; Fr. 
sandalc.]  A shoe,  consisting  of  a sole  strapped 
to  the  foot,  with  an  enclosure  for  the  heel,  and 
sometimes  for  the  toes,  but  leaving  the  upper 
part  of  the  foot  bare ; a loose  shoe ; a sort  of 
slipper.  Milton. 

Originally  sandals  were  made  of  leather;  but  they  after- 
wards'became  articles  of  great  luxury,  being  made  of  gold, 
silver,  or  other  precious  stutf,  aud  most  beautifully  orna- 
mented. Brande. 

While  the  still  Morn  went  out  with  sandal s gray.  Milton. 

SAN-DAL'I-FORM,  a.  [Gr.  aavbal.iov,  a slipper, 
and  L.  forma,  form.]  (Bot.)  Shaped  like  a 
sandal  or  slipper.  Craig. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  f,  short;  A,  £,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


SANDAL-WOOD 


1271 


S ANGUINELY 


SAN'DAL-WOOD  (-wud),  n.  ( Bot .)  1.  A wood 
remarkable  for  its  agreeable  fragrance,  which 
repels  insects ; Sttfitdhmi  album  ; — used  in  In- 
dia, where  it  is  indigenous,  as  a medicine  and 
as  a perfume  ; also  used  for  making  working- 
boxes,  small  cabinets,  &c.  Lindley.  Archer. 

2.  A wood  produced  by  Scmtalum  Freycineti- 
anum,  and  S antalum  paniculatum,  which  are 
indigenous  in  the  Sandwich  Islands.  Lindley. 

Red -sandal-wood,  reil-saunders-wood — See  Red- 
SAUNDERS-WOOD.  Archer. 

sAn'DA-rAgh,  n.  [L.  sandaraca.~\ 

1.  A resin  in  small  tears  obtained  from  the 

Thuja  articidata  (or  Callitris  quadrivalvis) , a 
small  coniferous  tree  growing  in  the  northern 
parts  of  Africa.  It  is  of  a pale-yellow  color,  of 
a faint,  aromatic  smell,  transparent  and  brittle, 
and  is  used  as  incense,  in  varnishes,  and  when 
pulverized,  as  pounce.  Ure. 

igjp-  Sandarach  is  said  by  Thomson  to  exude  from 
Juniperus  communis  ; but  upon  tile  authority  of  Bron- 
giart  and  Scliousboe,  it  is  the  tears  of  Callitris  quadri- 
valvis (or  Thuja  articidata  of  Vahl.  Loudon).  Lindley. 

2.  (Min.)  Red  sulphuret  of  arsenic ; red  or- 

piment ; ruby  sulphur.  Wright. 

SAND'-bAg,  n.  A bag  or  a repository  for  sand. 

Sand-bags,  bags  of  earth,  employed  to  repair  breaches 
and  embrasures,  to  form  revetements  of  parapets,  and 
cover  of  infantry.  Stocqueler. 

sAnD'-BALL,  n.  A ball  of  soap  mixed  with 
sand  for  toilet  use.  Simmonds. 

SAND'— BANK,  n.  A bank  of  sand.  Goldsmith. 

SAND'-BATH,  n.  ( Chem .)  A vessel  containing 
sand  which  is  interposed  between  the  fire  and 
the  vessel  intended  to  be  heated  ; — used  in  va- 
rious chemical  processes  in  which  a regulated 
heat  is  required.  Ure. 

SAND-BLIND,  a.  Having  a defect  in  the  eyes, 
by  which  small  particles  appear  to  fly  before 
them.  “ Alack,  sir,  I am  sand-blind."  Shah. 

SAND'— BOX,  n.  A box  for  holding  sand;  a box 
with  a perforated  top,  for  sprinkling  paper 
newly  inked  with  sand.  Owen. 

SAND'BOX— TREE,  n.  (Bot.)  The  common  name 
of  evergreen  South  American  trees,  of  the  ge- 
nus Ilura,  one  species  of  which  (Hura  crepitans) 
has  a very  elegant  form,  resembling  a depressed 
sphere,  with  rounded  ribs  symmetrically  ar- 
ranged, and  bearing  fruit  whose  pericarp  bursts, 
when  it  is  ripe,  with  a loud  crack.  Loudon. 

SAND'-BUG,  n.  (Ent.)  An  insect.  Smart. 

SAND'— CRACK,  n.  A crack  in  a horse’s  hoof. 

SAND'— DRIFT,  n.  Drifting  or  drifted  sand;  a 
body  of  drifted  sand.  Clarke. 

SAND'ED,  p.  a.  1.  Covered  with  sand;  sandy. 

In  well  sanded  lands  little  or  no  snow  lies.  Mortimer. 

2.  Sprinkled  with  sand  ; as,  “ Sanded  paper.” 

3.  Of  a sandy  color;  speckled;  marked  with 

small  dusky  spots.  Steevens. 

My  hounds  are  bred  out  of  the  Spartan  kind, 

So  flewed,  so  sanded . Shak. 

4.  Short-sighted.  [North  of  Eng.]  Grose. 

SAND'— EF.L,  n.  (Ich.)  A fish  which  attains  the 
length  of  between  twelve  and  fifteen  inches,  re- 
sembles an  eel,  and  buries  itself  in-  the  sand  ; 
Ammodytes  tobianus.  Yarrell. 

SAN'DIJR-LiNG,  n.  (Ornith.)  A small  wading 
bird,  of  the  order  Grallce  and  family  Charadri- 
adce,  inhabiting  the  shores  of  Great  Britain 
and  Ireland,  and  obtaining  its  food,  shrimps, 
annelides,  &c.,  by  probing  the  moist  sands  of 
the  sea-shores ; Calidris  arenaria.  Yarrell. 

sAn'D|JR.s,  n.  See  Sandal-wood.  Wiseman. 

SAN'DER^— BLUE,  n.  See  Saunders-blue. 

sAnd'-FLEA,  n.  (Ent.)  A small  crustacean  ; the 
beach-flea ; sandhopper. — See  Amphipod.  Gould. 

SAND'— FLOOD,  n.  A flowing  of  sand  in  a des- 
ert. Smart. 

SAND'— FLY,  n.  (Ent.)  A minute,  troublesome 
fly  } a midge  ; Simulium  nocivum.  Harris. 

sAnd'-GLAss,  n.  An  hour-glass.  Boswell. 

SAND'— GROUSE,  n.  (Ornith.)  A bird  of  the  fam- 
ily Tetraonidce  and  sub-family  Pteroclina,  — 
particularly  Pterocles  arenarius.  — See  Grouse, 
and  Pteroclinte.  Gray. 


SAND'-HEAT,  n.  The  heat  of  warm  or  hot  sand. 

SAND'— IIILL,  n.  A hill  of  sand;  a hill  covered 
with  sand.  Pennant. 

SAND'HOP-PpR,  n.  (Ent.)  A small  crustaceous 
animal,  of  the  genus  Talitrus,  inhabiting  the 
sandy  shores  of  the  sea;  sand-flea;  sea-flea. 
— See  Amphipod.  Roget. 

sAnd'I-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  sandy.  South. 

SAND'ISH,  a.  Like  sand;  loose;  not  compact. 
“ Fresh  sandish  earth.”  [r.]  Evelyn. 

sAnd'I-V£R,  n.  [Fr.  saint-de-verre,  dross  of 
glass.]  (Chem.)  The  scum,  consisting  chiefly  of 
saline  substances,  which  rises  to  the  surface  of 
the  fused  materials  in  the  process  of  making 
glass  ; — called  also  glass-gall.  Brande. 

SAN' DIX,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  <rdr<5<(,  a bright-red 
color.]  (Min.)  An  old  term  applied  by  the  al- 
chemists to  red  lead  prepared  by  calcining  car- 
bonate of  lead  ; — written  also  sandy x.  Brande. 

SAND'— LANCE,  n.  (Ich.)  A fish  which  resembles 
the  sand-eel,  but  is  smaller,  and  of  a more 
brownish  hue;  Ammodytes  lancea.  Eng.Cyc. 

SAND'-MAR-TIN,  n.  (Ornith.)  A species  of  swal- 
low ; Hirundo  ripttria ; — called  also  the  bank- 
martin.  Eng.  Cyc. 

SAND'— PA-Pf.R,  n.  Rough  paper  for  polishing ; 
paper  covered  with  emery  or  grains  of  glass  for 
rubbing  wood,  &c.  Simmonds. 

SAND'-PlP-J?R,?i.  (Or- 
nith.) A wading  bird 
of  several  species,  of 
the  family  Charadri- 
ada,  allied  to  the 
snipe,  the  plover,  the 
curlew,  &c.  Yarrell. 

SAND'-PRIDE,»i.  (Ich.) 

A small  fish,  six  or 
seven  inches  long,  Common  sand-piper 

and  about  the  thick-  a°,anus  *VPolcncos). 

ness  of  a quill,  living  chiefly  in  the  mud  of  fresh- 
water streams,  and  said  to  be  much  preyed 
upon  by  eels;  pride;  mud-lamprey;  Ammocetcs 
branchialis  of  Cuvier.  Yarrell. 

SAND'-SMELT,  n.  (Ich.)  A small,  handsome  fish 
of  the  mullet  family ; the  British  atherine ; 
Atherina  presbyter.  Yarrell. 

SAnd'-STAR,  n.  (Zool.)  A species  of  star-fish 
with  five  long,  slender  arms  attached  to  a circu- 
lar central  disk ; Ophiura  texturata.  Forbes. 

SAND'STONE,  n.  (Min.)  Stone  composed  of  ag- 
glutinated particles  or  grains  of  sand  of  different 
varieties,  some  calcareous,  and  some  silicious ; 
a species  of  freestone.  Dana. 

SAND'— STORM,  n.  A violent  commotion  of  sand. 

Goldsmith. 

SAND'— TUBE,  n.  A vitrified  tube  formed  in  the 
sand  by  lightning  ; a fulgurite.  Eng.  Cyc. 

sAnd'— WASP  (-wosp),  n.  (Ent.)  A hymenopter- 
ous  insect  belonging  to  a group  called  Fossores, 
or  diggers  ; Ammophila  sabulosa. 

The  female  of  the  sand-wasp  digs  a hole  in  the  sand  in  road- 
sides, &c.,  in  which  she  deposits  an  egg,  together  with  the  larva 
of  a moth  to  serve  as  food  for  the  larva  when  hatched.  Baird. 

sAnD'WICH  (sand'wjdj),  n.  Two  slices  of  bread 
with  a slice  of  meat  between  them.  Bvlwer. 

SAND'WORM  (-wunn),  n.  (Ztiol.)  A species  of 
Annelida  that  inhabits  the  sand.  Pennant. 

SAND'WORT  (-wurt),  n.  (Bot.)  The  common  name 
of  plants  of  the  genus  Arenaria.  Farm.  Ency. 

SAND'V,  a.  1.  Abounding  with  sand;  full  of 
sand  ; covered  with  sand. 

O’er  sandy  wilds  where  yellow  harvests  spread.  Pope. 

2.  Consisting  of  sand ; arenaceous ; crum- 
bling : unsolid.  “ A sandy  foundation.”  Bacon. 

3.  Of  the  color  of  sand ; reddish-yellow. 

A sandy  color,  which  is  one  of  the  true  denotements  of  a 
bloodhound.  Steevens. 

SAN'DYX,  n.  [L.]  See  Sandix.  Brande. 

SANE,  a.  [L.  saints ; It.  <S;  Sp.  sano  ; Fr.  sain. — 
Perhaps  akin  to  Gr.  oao;,  oi safe.]  Sound; 
healthy;  not  disordered;  not  insane; — gener- 
ally applied  to  the  mind.  Crichton. 

SANE'NIJSS,  n.  The  state  of  being  sane  ; sanity  ; 
soundness  of  mind.  Bailey. 

SANG,  i.  from  sing.  See  Sino. 


sAN-GA-REE',  n.  [Sp.  sangre,  blood ; Fr.  sang- 
gris.  Bcscherolle .]  A beverage  made  of  wine, 
water,  sugar,  and  nutmeg  ; — said  to  have  been 
first  used  in  the  West  Indies.  Dr.  Madden. 

SANG'—FROID'  (s’ing'frwl'),  n.  [Fr.  sang,  blood, 
and  froid,  cold.]  Cold  blood;  coolness;  free- 
dom from  ardor;  indifference.  Sheridan. 

sAn'^I-Ac,  n.  A Turkish  officer,  governor  of  a 
sangiacate,  or  a district  forming  part  of  a pacha- 
lic.  — See  Sanjak.  Brande. 

sAn'^I-A-CATE,  n.  The  office  or  jurisdiction  of 
a sangiac.  Ency. 

SAN'GU  (sSng'gu,  82),  n.  (Zool.)  The  Abyssinian 
ox,  noted  for  the  great  size  of  its  horns.  Vasey. 

SAN-GUIf'BR-OUS  (sing-gwlf'er-us),  a.  [L.  san- 
guis, blood,  and  fero,  to  carry ; It.  § Sp.  san- 
guifero .]  Conveying  blood  ; as,  “ A sanguifer- 
ous vessel.”  Derham. 

SAN-GUI-Fr-CA'TION  (s&ng-gwe-fe-ka'shun),  n. 
[Fr.,  from  L.  sanguis,  blood,  and  facio,  to  make ; 
It.  sanguiftcazione  ; Sp.  sanguificacion  ; Fr.  san- 
guification.'] The  act  of  sanguifying ; the  pro- 
duction of  blood ; the  conversion  of  the  chyle 
into  blood  ; haematosis.  Dunglison. 

SAN'GUI-FI-BR  (sang'gwe-fj-er),  n.  [L.  sanguis, 
blood,  and  facio,  to  make.]  A producer  of 
blood ; that  which  sanguifies.  Floyd. 

sAN-GUIF'LU-OUS  (shng-gwlf'lu-us),  a.  [L.  san- 
guis, blood,  and  jluo,  to  flow.]  :Running  or 
flowing  with  blood.  Clarke. 

SAn'GUI-FY  (sang'gwe-fi),  v.  n.  [L.  sanguis, 
blood,  and  facio,  to  make  ; It.  sanguificare  ; Sp. 
sanguificar;  Fr.  sanguifier .]  [ i . sanguified  ; 

pp.  sanguifying,  Sanguified.]  To  produce 
blood. 

I walk,  see,  hear,  digest,  sanguify,  and  carnify  by  the 
power  of  an  individual  soul.  Hale. 

SAN-  G UI-NA  ' RI-A,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants 
of  the  poppy  family  ; blood-root.  Gray. 

SAn'GUI-NA-R1-LY,  ad.  In  a sanguinary  man- 
ner ; bloodily.  Clarke. 

sAn-GUIN'A-RINE,  n.  (Chem.)  A sternutatory 
gray  powder,  obtained  from  bloodwort  (San- 
guinaria  Canadensis).  It  is  alkaline  and  yields 
red  salts.  Gregory. 

SAN'GUI-NA-RI-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
sanguinary;  bloodthirstiness.  Maunder. 

SAN'GUI-NA-RY  (sang'gwe-na-re),  a.  [L.  sangui- 
narius  ; It.  Sj  Sp.  sanguinario  ; Fr.  sanguinaire.] 

1.  Bloody;  attended  with  bloodshed;  as,  “A 

sanguinary  conflict.”  Howell. 

2.  Cruel ; bloodthirsty ; murderous. 

One  sheltered  hare 
Has  never  heard  the  sanguinary  yell 
Of  cruel  man.  Cowper. 

Syn.  — Sanguinary  relates  to  the  shedding  of  blood  ; 
bloody , to  the  presence  of  blood.  A sanguinary  battle 
or  conflict  ; a bloody  sword  or  garment.  Sanguinary 
is  also  applied  to  the  temper  of  persons  ; as,  a san- 
guinary, bloodthirsty , or  cruel  tyrant.  Bloodthirsty  is 
also  applied  to  animals;  as,  a bloodthirsty  (not  san- 
guinary)  tiger. 

sAn'GUI-NA-RY,  n.  [Fr.  sanguinaire.]  (Bot.) 
A plant  of  the  genus  Sanguinaria.  Ainsworth. 

sAn'GUINE  (sang'gwin),  a.  [L.  sanguineus,  from 
sanguis,  blood;  It.  sanguigno,  sanguineo } Sp. 
sangnineo,  sanguino-,  Fr.  sanguin .] 

1.  Of  the  color  of  blood  ; red  ; crimson. 

Of  his  complexion  he  was  sanguine.  Chaucer. 

This  fellow 

Upbraided  me  about  the  rose  I wear, 

Saying  the  sanguine  color  of  the  leaves 

Did  represent  my  master’s  blushing  cheeks.  Shak. 

2.  Abounding  in  blood  ; full  of  blood ; ple- 

thoric. “The  choleric  fell  short  of  the  longev- 
ity of  the  sanguine.”  Browne. 

’3.  Having  the  life,  the  animation,  of  blood  ; 
cheerful;  lively;  ardent;  warm.  “ Sanguine 
tempers.”  Swift. 

4.  Hopeful ; confident ; inclined  to  expect 
much;  assured  in  one’s  own  mind;  as,  “He  is 
sanguine  about  the  success  of  his  plans.” 

t sAn'GUINE,  n.  1.  Blood  color.  Spenser. 

2.  Bloodstone.  Cotgrave. 

f SAn'GUINE,  v.  a.  1.  To  stain  with  blood;  to 
ensanguine.  Fanshaw. 

2.  To  make  of  a blood  color.  Beau.  § FI. 

sAn'GUINE-LY,  ad.  Ardently  ; confidently. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RtJLE.  — £,  9,  g,  soft;  €,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  § as  7.;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


SANGUINENESS 


SAPPER 


1272 


SAN'GUINE-NESS,  n.  1.  Redness.  Wright. 

2.  Fulness  of  blood  ; plethora.  Wright. 

3.  The  state  of  being  sanguine  ; ardor  ; con- 
fidence ; hopefulness.  Decay  of  Chr.  Piety. 

SAN-GUlN'E-OOS  (s;ing-gwln'e-us),  a.  [L.  san- 
guineus ; It.  sanguinco,  sanguigno ; Sp.  sangui- 
neo,  sanguino. ] 

1.  Relating  to  the  blood  ; constituting  blood. 

“ Sanguineous  particles.”  Browne. 

2.  Consisting  of  blood ; of  the  nature  of 
blood.  “ Sanguineous  discharges.”  Dunglison. 

3.  Abounding  with,  or  containing,  blood  ; full 
of  blood ; plethoric. 

A plethoric  constitution,  in  which  true  blood  abounds,  is 
called  sanguineous.  Arbuthnot. 

4.  Of  a red,  crimson,  or  blood  color.  Ogilvie. 

t SAN-GUIN'l-TY,  n.  Sanguineness.  Swift. 

SAN-GUI-N1  V'O-ROCS,  a.  [L.  sanguis,  blood, 

and  voro,  to  devour.]  Devouring  blood,  or  sub- 
sisting on  blood.  Clarke. 

SAN-GUIN'O-LEN-CY,  n.  [It.  sanguinolcnza.] 
Bloodiness.  More. 


SAN-GUIN'O-LENT,  a.  [L.  sanguinolentus  ; It.  4' 
Sp.  sanguinolento  ; Fr.  sanguinolcnt. ] Bloody  ; 
tinged  with  blood.  Dunglison. 

SAN'GUI-SU^E,  n.  [L.  sanguisuga,  from  sanguis, 
blood,  and  sugo,  to  suck.]  (Zoiil.)  One  of  a 
genus  of  aquatic  worms,  of  the  class  Annelida, 
provided  with  a sucker  at  each  end  of  the  body, 
containing  the  medical  leeches,  the  most  com- 
mon of  which  is  the  Sanguisuga  medicinalis, 
found  in  stagnant  fresh  water ; horse-leech  ; 
bloodsucker.  Eng.  Cyc. 

SAN'HE-DRtM  [san'he-drTm,  S.  IF.  P.  J.  F.  Ja. 
K.  Sm.  It. ; sjn-he'drjm,  Taylor’s  Calmet ],  n. 
[Heb.  yi“nniO  ; Gr.  awiSpiov,  from  abv,  togeth- 
er, and  c'Spti,  a seat.]  The  highest  judicial  tri- 
bunal, or  chief  council,  among  the  Jews,  con- 
sisting of  seventy-one  members,  including  the 
high-priest,  who  presided.  Brande. 


SANT-CLE  (s&n'e-kl),  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  sano,  to 
heal.]  ( Bot .)  The  common  name  of  a genus  of 
deciduous,  herbaceous  plants  ; black  snakeroot ; 
Sanicula  ; — so  called  from  their  supposed  vul- 
nerary qualities.  Loudon.  Gray. 


SA  'J YI-E$  (sa'ne-Sz),  n.  [L.]  (Med.)  A thin,  un- 
healthy, purulent  discharge  from  wounds  and 
sores.  Dunglison. 


SA'NI-OUS,  a. 
serous. 


9^; 


(Med.)  Emitting 


sanies  ; ichor- 
Dunglison. 

SAN'I-TA-RY,  a.  [L.  sanitas,  health  ; It.  sanita- 
rio ; Fr.  sanitaire.]  Pertaining  to  health. 

The  sanitaru  condition  of  New  Orleans  as  illustrated  by 
its  mortuary  statistics.  J.  C.  Simonda. 


SAN'I-TY,  n.  [L.  sanitas ; It.  sanita,  sanitude, 
sanitute  ; Sp.  sanidad ; Fr.  sante.\  The  state  of 
being  sane;  soundness  of  mind;  saneness. 

How  pregnant  sometimes  his  replies  are! 

A happiness  that  often  madness  hits  on, 

Which  sanity  and  reason  could  not  be 
So  prosperously  delivered  of.  Shak. 

SAM'JAK,  n.  A military  division  of  the  Turkish 
empire  ; the  commander  of  the  division  ; — 
called  also  sangiac,  sanjak  bey,  or  bey.  P.  Cyc. 

SANK  (sangk),  i.  from  sink.  See  Sink. 

sAn'pAn,  n.  A Chinese  boat ; scampan.  Smart. 

t SA.Xij  (sanz),  prep.  [Fr.,  from  L.  sine;  It.  sen- 
za.]  Without;  destitute  of. 

Sans  teeth,  sans  eyes,  sans  taste,  sans  every  thing.  Shak. 

SAMS  CER'E-MO-MIE.  [Fr.]  Without  cere- 
mony ; unceremoniously. 

SAN'SCRIT,  n.  [Hind,  sanscritu,  polished.]  The 
learned  language  of  Hindostan  and  of  the  Bra- 
mins;  — now  obsolete,  but  the  parent  of  most 
of  the  East  Indian  languages.  Colebrooke. 

,6®*  The  Sanscrit  is  that  ancient  tongue  which  onco 
prevailed  throughout  all  Ilindoostan,  from  the  Gulf 
of  Bengal  to  the  Arabian  Sea,  and  from  the  southern 
extremity  of  the  country  to  the  Himalaya  Mountains 
on  the  nortit.  The  Sanscrit  is  the  most  compositive, 
flexible,  and  complete  language  yet  known.  It  admits 
of  being  perfectly  analyzed,  by  merely  reducing  its 
compound  words  to  simple  elements  which  exist  in 
the  languago  itself.  It  contains  the  roots  of  the  vari- 
ous European  dialects,  of  the  Latin,  Greek,  Celtic, 
German,  and  Slavonic.  The  fact  that  all  its  words 
are  composed  of  its  own  elements,  and  contain  no  ex- 


otic terms,  proves  it  to  be  very  near  its  primitive  state. 

Bosworth. 

SAM$  '-CU-LOTTE ' (s&nz'ku-lot'),  n.  [Fr.,  from 
sans,  without,  and  calotte,  breeches.] 

1.  A man  shabbily  dressed;  a tatterdemalion  ; 

a ragamuffin.  Ed.  Rev. 

2.  A radical  republican  ; a Jacobin.  Boiste. 

This  was  one  of  the  words  which  were  added 
to  the  French  language  during  the  Revolution.  The 
name  was  first  given  to  the  most  indigent  class  of 
people,  and  afterwards  it  was  appropriated  to  the 
partisans  of  the  constitution  of  1793,  as  an  honorable 
title.  Gutlel. 

SAN§-CU-LOTT'I§M,  or  SANfj— CU'LOT-TllsM,  n. 
The  principles  of  sans-culottcs.  Carlyle. 

SANS—S OU-Ci'  (sing-so-se'),  a.  [Fr.]  Without 
care>j  with  unconcern.  Ency. 

SAN'TA-LINEj  n.  The  coloring  matter  of  red- 
sandal-wood  or  red-saunders-wood.  Brande. 

SAN'Tplt,  v.  n.  See  Saunter.  • Todd. 

SAN'TON,  n.  A Turkish  priest ; a kind  of  der- 
vis  : — a hermit.  Herbert. 


sAn'TO-NINE,  n.  (Chem.)  A bitter,  volatile, 
crystallizable  substance,  with  feeble  acid  prop- 
erties, existing  in  the  flowering  tops  and  seeds 
of  several  species  of  Artemisia,  from  one  of 
which,  Artemisia  santonica,  it  derives  its  name. 

Kane.  Gregory. 

SAP,  n.  [A.  S.  seep,  sa>pp;  Ger.  soft;  Dut.  sap ; 
Dan.  serve,  soft ; Sw.  soft,  saf.  — Gr.  dad;  ; L.  &; 
It.  sapa,  boiled  must  of  wine  ; Fr.  sive.] 

1.  A general  name  for  the  juices  of  a plant. 

Ascending  sap,  the  crude  sap,  consisting  chiefly  of 

carbonic  acid  and  water,  absorbed  by  the  roots  and 
carried  up  to  the  leaves,  and  constituting,  together 
with  what  is  absorbed  by  the  leaves,  the  food  of  the 
plant.  — Descending  sap,  elaborated  sap  containing 
organized  compounds,  suited  to  the  nutrition  of  the 
plant.  Henslow. 

2.  Sap-wood.  — See  Sap-wood.  Wright. 

3.  A simpleton  ; a ninny  ; a blockhead  ; a 

saphead.  [A  cant  term.]  Wilberforce. 

SAP,  n.  [It.  zappa,  a spade.]  (Mil.)  A trench 
for  undermining.  Stocqueler. 

SAP,  v.  a.  [It.  zappare;  Sp.  zapar;  Fr.  super.] 
[i.  sapped  ; pp.  sapping,  sapped.]  To  sub- 
vert by  digging  under  ground  or  removing  the 
foundation  ; to  undermine.  “ To  sap  the  foun- 
dation.” Knox. 

SAP,  v.  n.  (Mil.)  To  proceed  by  mine;  to  pro- 
ceed invisibly.  Pope. 

SAP  A- JO,  ( ii,  [Fr.  sapajou,  from  the  Indian.] 

SAP-A-JOU',  ) (Zoiil.)  The  name  of  a group  of 
South  American  monkeys,  including  in  its 
largest  sense,  the  species  of  the  genus  Ateles, 
Lagothrix,  and  Cebus,  the  last  of  which  are 
also  termed  sajous.  Eng.  Cyc. 

SA-PAN'— WOOD  (-wild),  n.  A kind  of  wood 
produced  by  Casalpinia  sapan,  a tree  indige- 
nous in  the  East  Indies,  and  yielding  a good 
red  dye,  and  used  very  extensively  for  that  pur- 
pose ; — written  also  sappan-wood.  Archer. 

Sap  an -wood-root,  or  sapan-root,  the  root  of  Cmsal- 
•pinia  sapan,  imported  from  Singapore  and  other  places 
as  a dye-stuff.  It  imparts  a yellow  color,  and  is  some- 
times called  yellow-wood.  Archer. 

SAP'FUL,  a.  Full  of  sap;  sappy.  Coleridge. 


sAp'GREEN,  n.  The  inspissated  juice  of  the  ber- 
ries of  the  buckthorn  (Rhamnus  catharticus). 
It  is  transparent,  and  chiefly  used  in  water 
colors.  Bigelow. 

sApTiead,  n.  A blockhead.  [Cant.]  Halliwell. 


SA-PHE'NA,  n.  [Gr.  craiptis,  manifest.]  (Anat.) 
A name  given  to  two  subcutaneous  veins  of  the 
foot  and  leg.  Dunglison. 

SAPH'I.RE,  n.  See  Sapphire.  Johnson. 

SAP'ID,  a.  [L.  sapidus  ; It.  sapulo  ; Fr.  sapide .] 
Perceivable  by  the  sense  of  taste  ; palatable  ; 
stimulating  the  palate  ; tasteful ; having  a high 
relish  or  flavor ; relishing  ; savory. 

• Camels,  to  make  th'e  water  sapid,  do  raise  the  mud  with 
their  feet.  Browne. 

“I  think.”  snvs  he,  “I  shall  now  chiefly  apply  myself  to 
the  reading  of  sueh  books  as  are  rather  persuasive  than  in- 
structive; such  as  are  sapid , pathetic,  and  divinely  relish- 
ing.” Knox. 

SA-P1D  I-TY,  > n The  qUality  of  bodies  that 

SAP'ID-NESS,  ) gives  them  taste;  tastefulness; 
flavor  ; sapor.  Browne.  Bp.  Taylor. 


SA'Pl-ENCE,  n.  [L.  sapientia  ; It . sapienza;  Sp. 
sapiencia;  Fr.  sapience .]  Quality  of  being 
sapient ; wisdom  ; sagacity  ; knowledge.  Grew. 

Sapience,  and  love 

Immense,  and  all  the  Father,  in  him  shone.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Wisdom. 

SA'PI-ENT,  a.  [L.  sapiens;  It.  4 Sp.  sapiente.] 
Having  wisdom  ; wise  ; sagacious.  “ The  sa- 
pient king.”  [Commonly  ironical.]  Milton. 

No  Solon  ever  looked  so  sapient  as  he  does,  when  he  is  on 
the  point  of  making  a bet.  Knox. 

SA-PI-EN'TIAL,  a.  [L.  sapientialis .]  Pertain- 
ing to,  or  teaching  wisdom,  [it.]  Bp.  Hall. 

t SA-PJ-EN'TIAL-LY,  ad.  Wisely.  Baxter. 

+ SA-PI-EN'TIOUS,  a.  Sapential.  Chambers. 

SA'P[-£N-TlZE,  v.  a.  To  make  wise,  [r.]  Coleridge. 

SA'PI-F.NT-LY,  ad.  Wisely  ; sagaciously.  Wright. 

SAP-IN-DA'CEOUS  (-slius,  G6),  a.  [L.  sapo  Indi- 
cus,  Indian  soap.]  (Bot.)  Noting  an  order  of 
trees  of  which  the  Sapindus,  a genus  of  South 
American  trees,  is  the  type.  Smart. 

SAP'LIJSS,  a.  i.  Without  sap  ; wanting  vital  juice. 

Pithless  arms,  like  to  a withered  vine 

That  droops  his  sajrfcss  branches  to  the  ground.  Shak. 

2.  Decayed ; dry ; old. 

Now  sapless  on  the  verge  of  death  he  stands.  Dryden. 

sAP'LING,  n.  A young  tree,  full  of  sap.  Milton. 

SAP-O-dIl'LA,  n.  See  Sappodilla.  Wright. 

sAP-O-DIL'LA— WOOD  (-wud),  n.  The  wood  of  a 
West  Indian  tree  of  the  genus  Acliras;  — used 
. for  furniture.  Simmonds. 

sAp-O-NA'CEOUS  (s&p-o-na'slius,  66),  a.  [L.  sapo, 
saponis,  soap.]  Having  the  qualities  of  soap ; 
resembling  soap  ; soapy.  Arbuthnot. 

SAP-O-NAy'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being  sapo- 
naceous or  soapy.  Dublin  Rev. 

f sAP'O-NA-RY,  a.  Saponaceous.  Boyle. 

SA-PON'I-FI-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  saponified 
or  converted  into  soap.  Phil.  Mag. 

SA-PON-I-FI-CA'TION,  n.  [It.  saponificazione ; 
Fr.  saponification .]  The  act  of  saponifying  or 
converting  into  soap.  Brande. 

ppip  In  the  process  of  saponification,  animal  fats,  or 
fixed  vegetable  oils,  are  boiled  in  a solution  of  potash 
or  soda,  and  undergo  a new  arrangement,  whereby 
they  are  converted  into  one  or  more  fatty  acids  and 
glycerine.  The  new  acids  combine  with  the  alkali 
and  constitute  soap,  which,  after  due  evaporation, 
collects  on  the  surface  of  the  water,  while  the  glyce- 
rine remains  in  solution.  Miller. 

SA-PON'I-FY,  v.  a.  [L.  sapo,  saponis,  soap,  and 
'facio,  to  make;  Fr.  saponifier .]  [».  saponi- 

fied ; pp.  saponifying,  saponified.]  To  con- 
vert into  soap.  Ure. 

SAP'O-NINE,  n.  (Chcm.)  A colorless,  friable, 
sternutatory  substance  extracted  from  the  roots 
of  soap-wort  (Saponana  officinalis)  and  various 
other  plants  by  means  of  boiling  alcohol.  Miller. 

Snponine  is  soluble  in  water,  yielding  a some- 
what opalescent  liquid  which  froths  strongly,  on 
agitation,  like  a solution  of  soap.  Miller. 

sAp'O-NITE,  n.  (Min.)  A soft  mineral,  of  a greasy 
lustre  and  various  colors,  composed  of  silica, 
alumina,  magnesia,  and  water.  Dana. 

SAP'O-NULE,  n.  (Chem.)  A combination  of  a 
volatile  or  an  essential  oil  with  a base.  Wright. 

SA'POR,  n.  [L.  sapor;  It.  sapore;  Sp.  sabor.] 
Taste  ; savor ; power  of  affecting  the  palate. 
“ There  is  some  sapor  in  all  aliments.”  Browne. 

SAP-O-RIF'IC,  a.  [It.  saporifico,  from  L.  sapor, 
taste,  and  facio,  to  make;  Fr.  sapor  if  que.] 
Producing  taste,  flavor,  or  relish.  Johnson. 

sAP-O-RTf'IC-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
saporific.  Scott. 

SAP-O-ROS'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  exciting 
taste  or  affecting  the  palate.  Clarke. 

SAP'O-RO0s,  a.  Savory ; tasteful,  [r.]  Bailey. 

BAP-pAn'-WOOD,  ».  See  Sapan-wood. 

SAp'PAR,  l n_  (Min.)  Another  name  for  ky- 

SAp'pArE,  ) unite.  Craig. 

SAP'PF.R,  n.  [Fr.  sapeur.]  (Mil.)  One  who  saps; 
one  who  digs  a sap  or  trench.  Stocqueler. 


A,  E,  !,  0,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  0,  Y,  short;  A,  ]J,  j,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  H0R; 


SAPPHIC 


1273 


SARDIUS 


SAP'PHIC  (sbf'fik),  a.  [Gr.  ca-ctfnud;,  from 
a Grecian  poetess  ; L.  sapphicus .] 

1.  Pertaining  to  Sappho  ; in  the  style  or  man- 
ner of  Sappho.  “ Sapphic  ode.”  Mason. 

2.  Noting  a kind  of  verse,  of  eleven  syllables, 
said  to  have  been  invented  by  Sappho. 

Tli csajtp/iic  verse  consists  of  five  feet  — the  first  a trochee, 
the  second  a spondee,  the  third  a dactyl,  and  the  fourth  and 
fifth  trochees.  Andrews. 

SAP'PHIC  (saf'fik),  n.  A sapphic  verse.  Ed.  Rev. 

II  SAP'PHIRE  (saf'fjr)  [saf'fir,  S.  IF.  J ■ F.  Ja.  Sm.  ; 
saf'fir,  P.),  n.  [Gr.  odm/ifipoj;  L.  sapphirus ; It. 
zaffi.ro ; Sp.  zafir,  zafi.ro  ; Fr.  saphir.\  A pre- 
cious gem,  consisting  almost  entirely  of  pure 
crystallized  alumina,  inferior  in  hardness  only 
to  the  diamond,  not  attacked  by  acids,  electrified 
by  friction,  possessing  the  power  of  impressing 
double  refraction  on  rays  of  light,  and  compris- 
ing several  varieties  which  have  obtained  names 
dependent  on  their  color  and  lustre. 

Red  sapphire,  a variety  of  sapphire  of  a lively  and 
intense  red,  and  sometimes  aurora-red,  which  is  the 
most  highly  esteemed,  perfect  specimens  of  it,  weigh- 
ing four  carats,  having  been  valued  at  half  the  price 
of  a diamond  of  the  same  size;  — called  also  oriental 
ruby.  — White  or  limpid  sapphire , a colorless  or  grayish 
and  transparent  or  translucent  variety  of  sapphire. — 
Blue  sapphire,  a variety  of  sapphire  the  best  specimens 
of  which  are  of  an  azure  or  indigo  blue  color  ; — called 
also  oriental  sapphire.  — Yellow  sapphire , a yellow  va- 
riety of  sapphire  which,  when  exposed  to  strong  heat, 
loses  its  color;  — called  also  oriental  topaz.  — Violet 
sapphire,  a variety  of  sapphire  of  a violet  color,  which 
is  also  called  oriental  amethyst. — Chatoyant  sapphire , 
a variety  of  sapphire,  sometimes  translucent  and  near- 
ly limpid,  reflecting  slight  tints  of  blue  and  red,  and 
sometimes  reflecting  a pearly  light. isteriated  sap- 

phire, a variety  of  sapphire  which,  when  cut  and 
viewed  in  certain  directions,  exhibits  a bright,  opales- 
cent star  of  six  rays;  — also  called  asteria,  a name 
used  by  Pliny.  The  same  crystal  of  sapphire  some- 
times exhibits  a union  of  two  or  three  different  colors. 

Cleaveland.  Phillips.  Dana. 

||  SAP'PHIRE,  a.  Resembling  sapphire.  Milton. 

||  SAP'PIHR-INE  (saf'fir-In)  [saf'fir-In,  S.  IF.  P.  J. 
F.  Ja.  K.  ; saf'fir-In,  S»t.],  a.  Made  of,  or  like, 
sapphire.  “ A lovely  sapphirine  blue.”  Boyle. 

II  SAP'PIHR-INE  (saf'fir-In),  n.  (Min.)  A pale  blue 
or  green  translucent  mineral,  of  a vitreous 
lustre,  and  consisting  of  alumina,  silica,  and 
magnesia;  — so  named  in  allusion  to  its  sap- 
phire color.  Dana. 

SAP'PI-N ESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  sappy  ; suc- 
culence ; juiciness.  Terry. 

sAp-PO-DIL'  LA,  n.  ( Bot .)  1.  A name  applied  to 
hints  of  the  genus  Acorns,  natives  of  the  West 
ndies  and  some- parts  of  S.  America.  Lindley. 

2.  The  sappodilla  plum. 

The  breakfast  consists  of  excellent  fried  fish,  fine  southern 
hominy, . . . various  hot  cakes,  tea  and  coffee,  bananas,  sap- 
poitillas.  Mrs.  J.  W.  Howe. 

Sappodilla  plum,  the  fruit  of  several  species  of  Aclirus, 
esteemed  as  an  article  of  the  dessert.  Lindley. 

sAp'PY,  a.  [A.  S.  satpig.  — See  Sap.] 

1.  Abounding  in  sap  ; juicy  ; succulent. 

“ Sappy  plants.”  Shak. 

2.  Young;  not  firm;  weak;  soft. 

"When  he  had  passed  this  weak  and  sappy  age.  Hayward. 

3.  Silly ; underwitted.  [Colloquial.]  Bartlett : 

f sAp'PY,  a.  [Gr.  etyew,  to  become  rotten.  Todd.) 
Musty;  tainted;  — sometimes  written  sapg. 
“ Sappy  or  unsavory  flesh.”  Barret. 

SA-PRoPIl' A-GAN,  n.  [Gr.  caept;,  rotten,  and 
0dyw,  to  eat.]  (Ent.)  A coleopterous  insect 
which  feeds  on  decomposing  animal  and  vege- 
table matter.  Brande. 

SAP'— ROT,  n.  A disease  of  timber  ; dry-rot. 

SAp'SA-GO,  n.  [Ger.  schabzieger .]  A kind  of 
Swiss  cheese,  of  a dark  olive-green  color ; — 
written  also  chapsager.  Farm.  Ency. 

SAP'SUCK-ER,  n.  (Ornith.)  A name  given  to  the 
species  of  woodpeckers,  Pious  varius,  Pious  vil- 
losus,  and  Pious  pubescens.  [U.  S.]  Wilson. 

SAP'— TUBE,  n.  A vessel  conveying  sap.  Clarke. 

SAP'— WOOD  (-wud),  n.  (Bot.)  The  alburnum  of 
a tree,  being  the  newly-formed  and  light-colored 
wood  which  is  next  to  the  bark,  and  through 
which  the  sap  flows  most  freely  ; — so  called  in 
contradistinction  to  the  heart-wood,  the  older, 
central,  and  more  solid  part  of  the  trunk.  Gray. 


SAR'A-BA-lTE,  n.  (Eccl.  Hist.)  A kind  of  orien- 
tal monk  or  coenobite.  Waddington. 

sAr'A-BAND,  n.  [It.  sarabanda ; Sp.  zarabanda; 
Fr.  sarabande .] 

1.  A Spanish  dance,  said  to  be  derived  from 
the  Saracens. 

No  more  for  Moorish  sarabands  they  call.  Hartc. 

2.  (Mas.)  A dance  tune  in  triple  time,  of  a 
stately  character,  similar  to  the  minuet.  Brande. 

SAR'A-CEN,  n.  [Derived  by  Du  Cange  from 
Sarah,  the  wife  of  Abraham ; by  IJottinger  from 
Arab,  saraca,  to  steal ; by  Forster  from  sahra, 
a desert.  But  the  true  derivation  is  from  Arab. 
sharkeyn,  “the  eastern  people,”  first  corrupted 
by  the  Greeks  into  Yapnuyvol ; L.  Saraceni.  P. 
Cyc .]  A name  adopted  by  the  Arabs  after  their 
settlement  in  Europe  ; a Mahometan.  P.  Cyc. 

SAR-A-CEN'IC,  ) a_  i.  Relating  to  the  Sara- 

SAR-A-CEN'I-CAL,  ) cens.  P.  Cyc. 

2.  (Arch.)  ^Noting  that  species  of  decoration 
which  was  introduced  into  Europe  by  the  Arabs 
or  Saracens.  Fairholt. 

SAr'A-SIN,  n.  (Arch.)  A portcullis.  Britton. 

SAR'CA.^M,  n.  [Gr.  capuacpt;,  from  capua^w,  to 
tear  flesh,  to  speak  bitterly ; oapf,  caputs,  flesh ; 
L.  sarcasmus  ; It.  &;  Sp.  sarcasmo ; Fr.  sarcasme. ] 
A keen,  reproachful,  and  scornful  expression  ; 
a keen  reproach  ; a taunt ; a cutting  jest ; satire, 
personal  and  severe  ; a gibe. 

I grant  the  sarcasm  is  too  severe.  Cowper. 

Syn.  — See  Satire. 

f SAR-CA§'MOUS,  a.  Sarcastical.  Hudibras. 

SAR-CAS'TIC,  ) a.  Keenly  satirical;  taunt- 

SAR-CAS'TI-CAL,  ) ing;  cutting;  severe.  South. 

SAR-CAS'TI-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a sarcastic  man- 
ner ; severely.  Waterland. 

SAR'CIJL,  n.  (Falconry.)  The  pinion  or  outer 
joint  of  a hawk’s  or  a bird’s  wing.  Booth. 

sArcE'NET  (sars'net),  n.  [Fr.,  from  Low  L.  sara- 
cenicum,  silk  made  by  the  Saracens.]  Fine, 
thin,  woven  silk. 

These  ore  they  that  cannot  bear  the  heat 

Of  figured  silks,  and  under  sarcenets  sweat.  Dnjden. 

SAR'CLE  (sir'kl),  v.  a.  [L.  sarculo,  from  sarcu- 
lum,  a hoe  or  weeding  tool ; It.  sarchiellare ; Fr. 
sarcler.)  To  weed,  as  corn,  [it.]  Ainsworth. 

SAR-COB'A-SIS,  n.  [Gr.  ca p(,  caput;,  flesh,  and 
(loots,  a base.]  (Bot.)  A many-celled  fruit,  hav- 
ing its  cells  dry,  indehiscent,  few-seeded,  and 
cohering  by  a common  style  round  a common 
axis.  Lindley. 

SAR'CO-CARP,  n.  [Gr.  udp£,  caput;,  flesh,  and 
Kapndi,  fruit.]  (Bot.)  The  flesh  of  fruits ; the 
intermediate  fleshy  layer  between  the  epicarp 
and  the  endocarp.  P.  Cyc. 

SAR'CO-CELE,  n.  [Fr.  sarcocele,  from  Gr.  ca of, 
flesh,  and  unky,  a tumor.]  (Med.)  A tumefac- 
tion of  the  testicle.  Dunglison. 

SAR'CO-COL,  n.  [Gr.  c& p|,  capuo;,  flesh,  and  utV.a, 
glue.]  (Bot.)  A sub-viscid,  sweetish,  somewhat 
nauseous  gum-resin,  said  to  be  produced  by  the 
Pencca  sarcocolla,  an  evergreen  shrub  which 
grows  in  the  northern  part  of  Africa  ; — used  by 
the  Arabians  for  flesh  wounds.  Turner.  Lindley. 

SAR-CO-DER'MA,  n.  [Gr.  ir<5p|,  caput;,  flesh,  and 
Slppa,  skin.]  (Bot.)  A layer  in  some  seeds 
more  or  less  apparent  between  the  internal  and 
external  integuments  of  the  testa,  answering 
to  the  sarcocarp,  but  regarded  as  being  a por- 
tion of  the  outer  integument.  Lindley. 

sAr'CO-LJNE,  a.  (Min.)  Flesh-colored.  Clarke. 

SAR'CO-LITE,  n.  [Gr.  cap(,  caput;,  flesh,  and 
FAo;,  a stone.]  (Min.)  A very  brittle,  flesh- 
red  or  reddish-white,  crystalline  mineral,  con- 
sisting chiefly  of  silica,  alumina,  and  lime.  Dana. 

S4R-CO-LOG  IC,  ) ( Anat .)  Relating  to 

SAR-CO-LOG'l-CAL,  ) sarcology.  Smart. 

SAR-COL'O-pIST,  11.  (Anat.)  One  versed  in  sar- 
cology. Dunglison. 

SAR-COL'O-OY,  n • [Gr.  cap!-,  flesh,  and  liyo ;,  a 
discourse.]  (Anat.)  That  part  of  anatomy  which 
treats  of  the  fleshy  parts  of  the  body.  Brande. 


SAR-CO'MA,  n.  [Gr.,  from  rap£,  flesh.] 

1.  (Med.)  An  excrescence  or  lump  having  a 
fleshy  consistence  ; a morbid  tumor.  Dunglison. 

2.  (Bot.)  A fleshy  disk.  Henslow. 

SAR-COM'A-TOUS,  a.  (Med.)  Relating  to  sar- 
coma. Dunglison. 

SAR-COPII' A-GOUS,  a.  [Gr.  capuoijiOyo;,  from  crfpf, 
flesh,  and  ipayio,  to  cat ; L.  sarcophagus .]  Flesh- 
eating ; feeding  on  flesh.  Johnson. 

SAR-COPH'A-GUS,  n. ; pi.  L.  sar-cGph’ A-pI ; 
Eng.  SAR-copii'A-Gfis-E^  ; — the  former  plural  is 
the  more  common.  [Gr.  capuotpdyo; ; <Mp(,  caput;, 
flesh,  and  ifi&yw,  to  devour;  L.  sarcophagus .] 

1.  A species  of  stone  used  by  the  ancients 

for  making  coffins.  Blount. 

UPS’  Near  unto  Assos,  a city  in  Troas,  there  is 
found  in  the  quarries  a certain  stone  called  sarcopha- 
gus. . . . The  reason  of  that  name  is  this,  because 
that,  within  the  space  of  forty  days,  it  is  known  for 
certain  to  consume  the.  bodies  of  the  dead  which  are  be- 
stowed therein.  Holland. 

2.  A coffin  made  of  the  stone  called  sarcoph- 
agus ; — a coffin  made  of  stone. 

The  same  device  upon  several  sarcophagi.  Addison. 


SAR-COPII'A-GY  (s?r-k8f'?-je),  n.  [Gr.  cdp%,  flesh, 
and  ifiayoj,  to  eat.]  The  practice  of  eating  flesh. 

There  was  no  sarcophagy  before  the  flood.  Browne. 

SAR-COPII'  I-LUS,  n.  [Gr.  <rdpf,  caput;,  flesh,  and 
ipiHoi,  to  love.]  (Zoiil.)  A sub-genus  of  car- 
nivorous, marsupian  quadrupeds  found  in 
Australia.  Waterhouse. 


SAR-  CO-  RAJ\I-  PHI ' JYJE,  n. 
pi.  [Gr.  cap(,  caput;,  flesh, 
and  iApipo;,  a beak.]  (Or- 
nith.) A sub-family  of  birds 
of  the  order  Accipitrcs  and 
family  Vulturidce ; condors. 

Gray.  Cathartes  feetens. 

SAR-CO-RAM  'PHUS,  n.  (Ornith.)  A genus  of 
birds  of  the  family  Vulturidce-,  condor.  Eng. Cyc. 


SAR-CO'SIS,  n.  [Gr.,  from  tropf , caupt;,  flesh.] 
(Med.)  The  formation  of  flesh  ; — a fleshy  tu- 
mor ; sarcoma.  Dunglison. 


SAR-COT'IC,  n.  [Fr.  sarcotique,  from  Gr.  cnp(, 
flesh.]  (Mcrf.)  A medicine  which  fills  up  ulcers 
with  new  flesh  ; an  incarnative.  Wiseman. 


SAR-COT'IC,  a.  (Med.)  Generating  or  breeding 
new  flesh ; incarnative.  Dunglison. 

f sAr-CI’-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  sarculatio,  from  sar- 
culus,  a light  hoe.]  The  act  of  weeding  with  a 
hoe  or  rake.  Bailey. 

SARD,  n.  [Gr.  cdpbiov,  from  Sardes,  the  capital 
of  Lydia ; L.  sarda .]  (Min.)  A deep  brownish- 
red  chalcedony,  which,  when  held  up  to  the 
light,  is  of  a blood-red  color.  Dana. 

SARD' A-jCHATE,  n.  [Gr.  capba^arri;  ; capbtor  and 
axary;,  agate;  L.  sardachates ; Fr.  sanlachate.) 
(Min.)  A variety  of  agate  containing  layers  of 
sard  or  carnelian.  Dana. 

SAR'DAN,  n.  (Ich.)  The  sardine.  Smart. 

SAR'DiEL,  n.  (Ich.)  The  sardine. — See  Sardine. 

SAR'DIJE,  n.  (Min.)  A species  of  chalcedony; 
the  carnelian ; — also  called  sardine,  and  sardius. 

||  SAR'DINE,  or  SAR'DINE  [sar’djn,  P.  F.  K. ; siir'- 
dln,  S.  IF.  J.  Ja.),  a.  [Gr.  aapbior,  sard ; L.  sar- 
dina,  sarda.)  (Min.)  Relating  to  the  sardius  ; 
as,  “ The  sardine  stone.”  Ency. 

II  SAR'DINE,  or  SAR'DINE,  n.  (Min.)  See  Sardel. 

||  SAR'DINE,  or  SAR-DINE',  n.  [Gr.  capbivy,  capba, 
a kind  of  tunny  caught  near  Sardinia ; L.  sor- 
dino, sarda-,  Sp.  sardina  ; Fr.  sardine.)  (Ich.) 
A small  fish,  allied  to  the  anchovy,  caught  in 
large  quantities  on  the  coast  of  Provence,  Spain, 
Portugal,  Italy,  &c.,  and  of  Florida;  Engraulus 
meletta.  When  preserved  in  oil,  it  is  much  es- 
teemed as  an  article  of  food.  Eng.  Cyc. 

Sardines,  which  abound  upon  our  southern  shores.  Agassiz. 

When  perfectly  fresh,  sardines  are  accounted  excellent 
fish.  McCulloch. 


SAR-DlN'l-AN,  a.  (Geog.)  Relating  to  Sardinia. 


SAR-DIN'I-AN,  n.  A native  of  Sardinia.  Thomas. 


SAR'DI-US,  n.  [Gr.  cApbiov.)  (Min.)  A precious 
stone  ; sard  ; sardel ; sardoin.  Rev.  xxi.  20. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 
160 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  9,  q, 


soft ; £,  G,  £,  I,  hard;  § as  z;  Y «*  Sz-  — THIS,  this. 


SARDOIN 


1274 


SATIATE 


SAR'DOIN,  n.  (Min.)  Sard;  sardius.  Smart. 

SAR-DO'NI-AN,  a.  Sardonic.  Bp.  Hall. 

SAR-DON'IC,  a.  [Gr.  trapldmos,  — probably  from 
Gr.  aaipio,  to  gripe  like  a dog;  — others  write  mrp- 
iovtos,  deriving  it  from  oaphemov,  a plant  of  Sar- 
dinia (TapHii),  which  was  said  to  screw  up  the 
face  of  the  eater  ; L.  sardonius ; It.  sardonico  ; 
Fr.  sardonique .]  Forced  or  feigned,  as  applied 
to  laughter,  smiles,  or  grins  ; noting  that,  bitter 
laugh  or  smile  which  conceals  one’s  real  feel- 
ings. “ Strained  sardonic  smiles.”  Motion. 

The  sardonic  grin  of  a bloody  ruffian.  Rurke. 

Sardonic  lauyh,  a convulsive  laugh,  said  to  have 
been  first  observed  in  1 I ms  d who  ate  the  herb  sardonic. 
a species  of  ranunculus,  which  grows  in  Sardinia. 

i grg»  This  same  island  [Sardinia]  is  free  from  all 
kinds  of  poisonous  and  deadly  herbs,  excepting  one 
herb,  which  resembles  parsley,  and  which,  they  say, 
causes  those  who  eat  it  to  die  laughing.  From  tiiis 
circumstance,  Homer  first,  and  others  after  him,  call 
laughter,  which  conceals  some  noxious  design,  Sar- 
donican  [Sardonic].  Taylor. 

SAR-DfjN'[C,  n.  Linen  of  Colchis.  Clarke. 

SAR'DO-NYX  [sir’do-nlks,  IF.  P.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm. ; 
sttr-do'njks,  S.  A’.],  n.  [Gr.  oaploruf,  from  Sapiivos, 
belonging  to  Sardes,  a city  of  Asia  Minor,  and 
oru|,  a nail;  L.  sardonyx .]  (Min.)  A chalce- 
donic  variety  of  quartz  resembling  agate,  and 
containing  layers  of  sard  and  white  chalced- 
ony. Dana. 

IfJrThe  name  sardonyx,  has  sometimes  been  applied 
to  a reddish-yellow  or  nearly  orange  variety  of  chal- 
cedonic  quartz  resembling  carnelian  ; and  also  to  car- 
nelians  whose  colors  are  in  alternate  bands  of  red  and 
white,  and  which,  when  the  stone  is  cut  in  certain 
directions,  resemble  flesh  seen  through  the  finger  nail. 
Cleaveland. 

SA'  REE,  n.  A cotton  fabric  worn  by  Indian 
women,  wrapped  around  the  person  : — an  em- 
broidered long  scarf  of  gauze  or  silk.  Simmonds. 

SAR'GUS,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  aapyos,  the  name  of 
a sea-fish.]  ( Ich .)  A genus  of  acanthopterygi- 
ous  fishes  of  the  family  Sparida.  Storer. 

SA-RfGUE  ' (sj-reg'),  n.  [Fr.,  from  Carigueya,  the 
Brazilian  name  for  the  genus.]  (Zo'il.)  A mar- 
supial mammal  nearly  allied  to  the  Virginian 
opossum.  Eng.  Cyc. 

SARK,  n.  [A.  S.  syree,  a shirt ; Ger.  schiirze,  an 
apron;  Ban.  saerk,  a shift;  Sw.  stirk.  — From 
Gr.  oupiKos,  silken ; L.  sericum,  silk,  of  which 
sarks  were  first  made.  Richardson.']  A shirt; 
a shift.  [North  of  Eng.}  Arbuthnot.  Burns. 

SARK'jXG,  n.  Thin  boards  for  lining,  &c. ; board- 
ing for  slates.  Loudon. 

SAR'lAc,  n.  ( Zoiil .)  The  sarlyk.  Clarke. 

SAR'LYK,  n.  (Zoiil.)  The  Bos  po'phagus  of  Col. 
H.  Smith,  or  Bos  grunniens  of  Linnaeus  ; the 
grunting  ox  of  Tartary  ; the  yak ; the  svora- 
goy  ; the  bubul.  Eng.  Cyc. 

SAR-.IIA'TI AN,  ( a_  Relating  to  Sarmatia  (the 

SAR-MAT'IC,  ) ancient  name  for  Poland)  and 
to  its  inhabitants.  P.  Cyc. 

PAR'MfNT,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  sarmentum  ; sarpo, 
to  trim.]  (But.)  A long,  flexible  twig  ; a run- 
ner. . Gray. 

SAR-MEN-TA'CEOUS  (-shus),  a.  (Bot.)  Having 
sarments,  either  spreading  or  procumbent.  Gray. 

SAR-MpN-TOSE',  ) n sarmentosus ; It.  Sc 

SAR-MEN'TOUS,  ) Sp.  sarmentnso  : Fr.  sarmen- 
teux.]  (Bot.)  Noting  long,  flexible  twigs  ; sar- 
mentaceous.  Iicnslow. 

SARN,  n.  1.  A pavement,  or  stepping-stone. 
[Local,  Eng.]  Johnson. 

2.  A sort  of  oath.  Salop. 

SA ' RdJYG,n.  A sort  of  petticoat  worn  byfemales 
in  the  East.  Simmonds. 

SA'ROS,n.  An  ancient  astronomical  period  or 
cycle,  the  origin  and  length  of  which  are  un- 
known;— supposed  by  Halley,  Hutton,  and 
others,  to  have  been  a period  of  two  hundred 
and  twenty-three  years  and  ten  days,  after  which 
eclipses  return  very  nearly  in  the  same  order  and 
of  the  same  magnitude.  Braude. 

SAR'PLAR,  ii.  A large  bale  or  package  of  wool, 
containing  80  tods,  a tod  being  two  stones  of  14 
lbs.  each.  Simmonds. 


SAR'PLTER  (sir'plSr),  n.  [Fr.  serpillLreC]  Apiece 
of  canvas  for  wrapping  up  wares ; a packing- 
cloth.  Bailey. 

sAr'RA-SIN,  1 y (Bot.)  A kind  of  birth- 
sAR'RA-SLNE,  ) wort:  — a name,  in  some  parts 
of  the  continent,  for  buckwheat.  Simmonds. 

2.  (Fort.)  A kind  of  portcullis  or  hearse.  Burn. 
SAR'SA,  n.  [Sp.  zarza,  bramble.]  (Bot.)  Sarsa- 
parilla ; — also  written  sarza.  Ainsworth. 

S.\R-SA-PA-R1L'LA,  ii.  [It . salsapariglia ; Sp.  zar- 
zaparilla  ; Fr.  salseparei/le.  — From  Sp.  zarza, 
bramble,  and  parilla,  a vine.]  (Bot.)  A name 
applied  to  the  roots  of  several  species  of  plants 
of  the  genus  Smilax.  Bindley. 

RTy-  The  name  sarsaparilla  is  given  to  tile  roots  of 
several  species  of  Smilax.  The  original  species,  Smilax 
officinalis,  is  a native  of  South  America.  The  root  is 
inodorous,  has  a mucilaginous,  slightly  bitter  taste, 
and  is  valued  as  a restorative  to  debilitated  constitu- 
tions. Tomlinson. 

Wild  sarsaparilla,  the  common  name  of  plants  of  the 
genus  Aral  in,  or  ginseng;  — especially  the  Aralia  nu- 
dicaulis.  Gray. 

fSARSE,  it.  [Fr.  sas,  a sieve,  from  L.  seta,  a 
thick,  stiff  hair.  Landais .]  A fine  lawn  sieve  ; 
a searse.  Barret. 

fSARSE,  v.  a.  [Fr.  sasser.]  To  sift  through  a 
sarse  or  searse.  Bailey. 

fSART,  n.  [L.  sarcioysartus,  to  put  in  order.]  A 
piece  of  woodland  turned  into  arable  land.  Bailey. 

SAR-TO'  RI-VS,  n.  [L.  sartor,  a tailor.]  (Anat.) 
A muscle,  called  the  tailor's  muscle,  at  the  ante- 
rior part  of  the  thigh,  which  serves  to  throw  one 
leg  across  the  other.  Dunglisoih 

SAR-TO'RI-AL,  a.  [L.  sartor,  a tailor.]  Belong- 
ing to  a tailor.  Sydney  Smith. 

SA'  RY,  n.  A dress,  or  simple  wrapper,  of  cotton, 
worn  by  the  females  of  India ; — written  also 
saree  and  sari.  Simmonds. 

SASII,  n.  [ Todd  says,  from  the  wrapper  or  tur- 
ban of  the  East,  which  Sir  Thomas  Herbert 
calls  the  sliash.)  A band  ; a girdle  ; a belt  or 
scarf  worn  round  the  waist,  or  over  the  shoul- 
ders, for  ornament ; a silken  band  worn  by  offi- 
cers in  the  army,  by  the  clergy  over  their  cas- 
socks, and  also  as  a part  of  female  dress.  Gay. 

SASH,  ii.  [Fr.  chassis.]  (Arch.)  A piece  of 
checkered  framework  for  holding  the  squares  of 
glass  in  a window,  so  formed  as  to  be  let  up  and 
down  by  pulleys  or  otherwise.  Brande. 

SASII,  V.  a.  [i.  SASHED  ; pp.  SASHING,  SASHED.] 
To  dress  with  a sash  or -scarf.  “They  are  so 
sashed  and  plumed.”  Burke. 

SASH,  v.  a.  (Arch.)  To  furnish  with  sashes. 

The  windows  are  all  saslicd  with  the  finest  crystalline 
glas?s.  Lady  Montague. 

sAsiI'— DOOR,  ii.  (Arch.)  A door  with  panes  of 
glass  to  give  light.  Simmonds. 

SASII'— FRAME,  n.  (Arch.)  A wooden  frame  into 
which  a sash  is  fitted.  Brande. 

fsAsil'OON,  n.  A leather  stuffing  put  in  a boot 
/ for  the  wearer’s  ease.  Ainsworth. 

SASH'— WlN-DOW,  n.  A window  made  of  a 
wooden  frame  and  large  squares.  Ash. 

SA'SIN,  n.  (Zoiil.)  The 
common  antelope, 
found  in  all  parts  of 
India,  remarkable  for 
swiftness, 'and  for  the 
form  and  beauty  of 
its  horns ; Antilope 
cervicapra.  Eng.  Cyc. 

sas'sa-frAs,  n.  [It. 
sassafras,  from  L. 
saxum,  a rock,  and 
frango,  to  break;  Sp. 
salsa  fras  ; Fr.  sassa- 
fras.] (Bot.)  A tree  of  the  laurel  family,  xvith 
spicy,  aromatic  bark,  and  very  mucilaginous 

twigs  and  foliage.  Gray. 

SAs'SA-NA<?E,  n.  [Fr.  sasscr,  to  sift.]  Stones 
left  after  sifting.  Smart. 

fsAsSE,  n.  [Dut.  sas.]  A sluice  or  lock.  Pepys. 
SAS'SO-LINE,  n.  (Min.)  A mineral  of  a pearly 
lustre,  usually  occurring  in  small  scales  and 
also  in  stalactitic  forms,  and  consisting  of  bo- 


Sasin. 


racic  acid  and  water ; — so  called  from  Sasso, 
in  Tuscany,  where  it  was  first  found.  Dana. 

sAs  SO-ROL,  ( -// . ( Ornith.)  The  rock  pigeon  ; 
SAS-SO-ROL'LA,  ) Columbu  livia.  Craig. 


SAs'TRA,  n.  The  shaster.  — See  Shaster. 


sAt,  i.  & p.  from  sit.  See  Sit. 


SA'TAN  [sa'tfin,  S.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  B.  C.  Wb. ; 
sa'trm  or  sbt'^n,  IF.;  sat'?n,  Nares],  n.  [Heb. 
} Jill,  an  adversary  ; Gr.  varuv,  oarara; ; L.  sata- 

nas.]'  The  adversary  of  man  ; the  devil ; the 
chief  of  fallen  angels;  the  impersonation  of  the 
evil  principle  ; the  arch-enemy  ; the  evil  one. 

The  great  dragon  was  cast  out.  that  old  serpent  called  the 
devil,  and  Satan,  which  deceiveth  the  whole  world,  lie  a.  ,\  ii.  :i. 

To  whom  til’  arch-enemy, 

And  thence  in  heaven  called  Satan,  with  bold  words 
Breaking  the  horrid  silence,  thus  began.  Milton. 

tFiT  “ This  word  is  frequently  pronounced  as  if 
written  Saltan  ; but  making  the  first  syllable  long  is 
so  agreeable  to  analogy,  that  it  ought  to  be  indulged 
wherever  custom  will  permit,  and  particularly  in 
proper  names.  Cato,  Plato,  &c.,  have  now  universally 
the  penultimate  a long  ami  slender  ; and  no  good  rea- 
son can  be  given  why  the  word  in  question  should 
not  join  this  class.  Mr.  Nares  and  Buclianan  only 
adopt  Hie  second  sound  ; but  Mr.  Elplnnston,  Mr. 
Sheridan,  Dr.  Kcnrick,  Mr.  Scott,  W.  Johnston,  .Mr. 
Perry,  Entick,  and  Dr.  Ash,  the  first.”  Walker. 
Syn. — See  Devil. 


SA-TAN  IC,  ? a Having  the  character  or 

SA-tAN'I-CAL,  ) spirit  of  Satan ; resembling  Sa- 
tan ; belonging  to,  or  proceeding  from,  the 
devil ; diabolical  ; infernal ; evil ; false  ; mali- 
cious ; malignant. 

Uis  weakness  shall  o’ercome  satanic  strength.  Milton. 

Magical  and  satanical  delusions.  J/aUiwell. 

SA-TAN'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a Satanic  manner; 
diabolically.  Hammond. 

SA-TAN'I-CAL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
satanical.  Ash. 

SA'TAN-I§M,  n.  A satanic  or  diabolical  spirit ; 
extreme  wickedness,  [r.]  Elegy  on  Donne,  1C50. 


SA'TAN-IST,  ?i.  A very  wicked  person,  [r.] 

Fantastical  babblers  and  deceitful  satanists.  Granger. 

SATCIl'f.L,  ii.  [Gr.  a&KKOf ; L.  sacculus,  dim.  of 
saccits,  a sack  ; Fr.  sachet;  Ger.  seckel,  a pouch. 
— W.  sachell .]  A little  bag  or  sack,  — common- 
ly a bag  used  by  schoolboys,  or  a green  bag  in 
which  lawyers  carry  their  papers. 

The  whining  schoolboy,  with  his  satchel. 

And  shining,  morning  fuce,  creeping  like  snail 
Unwillingly  to  school.  Shah. 

SATE,  V.  a.  [L.  satio,  from  satis,  enough  ; It. 
saziare  ; Sp.  sacinr ; Fr.  rassasier.]  [?'.  sated  ; 
pp.  sating,  sated.]  To  satiate  ; to  glut ; to 
surfeit ; to  satisfy.  “ Sated  with  rage.”  Prior. 
But  all  to  please  and  sate  the  curious  taste.  Milton. 


SATE’LESS,  a.  Insatiable,  [r.] 

His  sateless  thirst  of  pleasure,  gold,  and  fame.  Young. 

SAT'EL-LTTE  [sat'el-It,  S.  IF.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  IC. 
Sm.;  sa-tel'jt,  KenrickA,  n.;  pi.  s.it'el-lites. 
[L.  safeties,  satellitis ; It.  satellite  ; Fr.  satellito .] 

1.  An  attendant ; a follower  ; a body-guard. 

2.  (Astron.)  A secondary  planet,  or  moon, 
which  revolves  about  a primary  planet. 

Besides  the  moon,  which  moves  about  the  earth,  four 
moons  move  about  Jupiter,  and  five  [eight]  about  Saturn, 
win ch  are  called  their  satellites.  Locke. 

DSP  “ Pope  has,  by  the  license  of  Ids  art,  accented 
tile  plural  of  tins  word  upon  the  second  syllable,  and, 
like  the  Latin  plural,  has  given  it  four  syllables  : — 

‘ Or  ask  of  yonder  argent  fields  above 
Why  Jove’s  satellites  are  less  than  Jove.’  Essay  on  Man. 
This,  however,  is  only  pardonable  in  poetry,  and,  it 
may  be  added,  in  good  poetry.”  Walker. 

sAT-EL-LF'TIOUS  (-Isli'us),  a.  Consisting  of  sat- 
ellites. “ Their  satellitious  attendance.”  Cheyne. 

SA'TI-ATE  (sa'she-at),  V.  a.  [L.  satio,  satiates .] 
[j.  SATIATED  ; pp.  SATIATING,  SATIATED,] 

1.  To  fill  beyond  natural  desire  ; to  satisfy  ; to 
fill ; to  glut ; to  cloy  ; to  pall ; to  surfeit ; to  sate. 

These  rather  woo  the  sense  than  satiate  it.  Jlacon. 
lie  may  be  satiated,  but  not  satisfied.  Morris. 

2.  To  impregnate  with  as  much  as  can  be  im- 
bibed ; to  saturate.  Newton. 

Syn.  — See  Satisfy. 

SA'TI-ATE  (sa'she-at),  a.  Filled  to  satiety  ; glut- 
ted. “ Satiate  of  applause.”  Pope. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  tj,  f,  short;  A,  ]J,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


SATIATION 


1275 


SATURATION 


SA-TI-A'TION  (-shun),  n.  1.  Act  of  satiating. 

2.  State  of  being  filled  ; satiety.  Whitaker. 

SA-Tl'E-TY  [ss-tl'e-te,  II'.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  Sm.  R.  C. 
Wr.  Wb\ ; sj-sl'e-te,  S. ; sa'she-te,  E.],  n.  [L. 
satietas It .sazictif,  Sp . saeiedad  ; Fr .satiete.] 
The  state  of  being  satiated  ; fulness  beyond  de- 
sire or  pleasure  ; more  than  enough  ; excess  of 
gratification;  wearisomeness  of  plenty,  or  of 
pleasure ; repletion  ; surfeit. 

The  variety  of  objects  dissipates  care  for  a short  time;  but 
weariness  soon  ensues,  and  satiety  converts  the  promised 
pleasure  to  indifference.  Knox. 

Iffi-  “ The  sound  of  the  second  syllable  of  this  word 
lias  been  grossly  mistaken  by  the  generality  of  speak- 
ers ; nor  is  it  much  to  be  wondered  at.  7 V,  with  the 
accent  on  it,  succeeded  by  a vowel,  is  a very  uncom- 
mon predicament  for  an  English  syllable  to  be  under  ; 
alul  therefore  it  is  not  surprising  that  it  has  been  al- 
most universally  confounded  with  an  apparently  sim- 
ilar, but  really  different,  assemblage  of  accent,  vowels, 
and  consonants.  So  accustomed  is  the  ear  to  the  as- 
pirated sound  of  f,  when  followed  by  two  vowels, 
that,  whenever  these  appear,  we  are  apt  to  annex  the 
very  same  sound  to  that  letter,  without  attending  to 
an  essential  circumstance  in  this  word,  which  distin- 
guishes it  from  every  other  in  the  language.  There  is 
no  English  word  of  exactly  the  same  form  with  satie- 
ty, and  therefore  it  cannot,  like  most  other  words,  be 
tried  by  its  peers;  but  analogy,  that  grand  resource 
of  reason,  will  as  clearly  determine,  in  this  case,  as 
if  the  most  positive  evidence  were  produced.”  Walker. 

SAT'IN,  n.  [Ger.  Sw.  satin  ; Dut.  satijn.  — Fr. 
satin.  — From  L.  sata,  a coarse,  stiff  hair.  Me- 
nage.'] A thick,  closely  woven,  glossy  silk. 

She  wore  a doublet  of  sky-color  satin.  Sidney. 

SAT'IN,  a.  Belonging  to,  made  of,  or  like,  satin. 

SAT'IN— BIRD,  n.  ( Ornith .)  A brilliant  blackish- 
blue  Australian  bird  of  the  family  Corvidce  and 
genus  Kitta  ; having  silky  feathers  on  the  fore- 
head ; Kitta  holosertcea.  Eng.  Cyc. 

sAt-IN-DE-LAiJTE  ',  n.  [Fr.,  satin  of  wool.] 
A black  cassimere  manufactured  in  Silesia, 
from  wool.  Simmonds. 

sAt'[-NET,  n.  1.  A sort  of  thin  satin.  Todd. 

2.  A twilled  stuff,  or  cloth,  made  of  wool  and 
cotton.  Simmonds. 

SAt'IN-FLOW-?R,  n.  ( Bot .)  A plant  with  light 
purple  flowers  ; Lunaria  rediviva.  Wood. 

SAT'IN— SPAR,  n.  (Min.)  A fibrous  variety  of 
gypsum.  It  is  susceptible  of  a high  polish,  and 
exhibits  the  lustre  of  satin,  from  which  circumJ 
stance  it  has  derived  its  name.  Dana.  Humble. 

SAT'IN— STONE,  n.  (Min.)  A kind  of  gypsum 
used  by  lapidaries ; satin-spar.  Simmonds. 

S At7 IN— TURK,  n.  A trade  name  for  a superior 
kind  of  satinet.  Simmonds. 

sAt'IN-VVOOD  (-wud),  n.  (Com.)  The  yellow, 
fragrant,  close-grained,  heavy,  and  durable  wood 
of  the  Chloroxylon  Swietenia,  a tree  growing  in 
the  East  Indies.  Baird. 

SAT'IN-Y,  a.  Resembling,  or  composed  of,  satin  ; 
as,  “ A!  satiny  material.”  P.  Cyc. 

SA'TION  (sa'shun),  n.  [L.  satio.]  A planting  or 
sowing  with  seed,  [r.]  Clarke. 

SATIRE  (sa'tur,  sat'lr,  or  sat'ur)  [sa'tur,  >S.  P.  J. 
F. ; sat'ur,  K.  Sm.  R.  Nares,  Entick;  sat'lr,  C. 
I Vb. ; sa'tur,  sat'ur,  sa'tlr,  or  sat'lr,  W.;  sa'.tur, 

Ja. ; sa'tlr,  Kcnrick],  n.  [L.  satura  and  satira 
(sc.  lanx,  a dish),  a dish  filled  with  various  kinds 
of  fruits,  food  composed  of  various  ingredients, 
a medley;  — also  a species  of  poetry  peculiar  to 
the  Romans,  in  which  the  poets  attacked  the 
follies  and  vices  of  mankind  in  general ; satur, 
full  of  food ; satis,  sat,  enough.  W.  Smith.  — It. 
Sj  Sp.  satira ; Fr.  satire .] 

1.  A composition,  commonly  in  poetry,  in 
which  vice  or  folly  is  censured  or  exposed  to 
hatred  or  contempt ; an  invective  poem.  If 
personal,  it  becomes  a lampoon  or  pasquinade. 

Who  reads  but  with  a lust  to  misapply, 

Makes  satire  a lampoon,  and  fiction  lie.  Pope. 

2.  Severity  of  remark  ; ridicule  ; sarcasm  ; 
wit ; irony  ; cutting  humor. 

Libel  and  satire  are  promiscuously  joined  together  in  the 
notions  of  the  vulgar.  Taller. 

Folly  and  vice  of  every  sort  and  kind 
That  wound  our  reason  or  debase  our  mind, 

All  that  deserves  our  laughter  or  our  hate, 

To  biting  satire's  province  do  relate.  Brightlaw. 

“ The  first  mode  [sa'tur]  of  pronouncing  this 
word  is  adopted  by  Mr.  Sheridan,  Mr.  Scott,  Dr.  Ash, 
and  Mr.  Smith.  The  short  quantity  of  the  first  vowel 
is  adopted  by  Mr.  Nares,  Mr.  Elphinston,  Buchanan, 
and  Entick  ; but  the  quantity  of  the  second  syllable 


they  have  not  marked.  The  third  [sa'tlr]  is  adopted 
by  Dr.  Kenrick  ; and  for  the  fourth  [s&t'lrj  we  have 
no  authorities.  But,  though  the  first  mode  of  pro- 
nouncing this  word  is  the  most  general  and  the  most 
agreeable  to  an  English  ear,  the  second  seems  to  be 
that  which  is  most  favored  by  the  learned,  because, 
say  they,  the  first  syllable  in  the  Latin  satyra  is 
short.”  Walker . 

Syn. — Satire  is  employed  to  expose  and  censure 
vices  and  follies,  and  it  commonly  partakes  of  wit  or 
humor.  It  is  applied  both  to  persons  and  tilings,  and 
the  purpose  of  it  is,  or  should  be,  not  to  vex,  but  to 
reform.  If  it  is  the  product  of  personal  animosity, 
and  is  designed  not  to  reform,  but  to  vex,  it  becomes 
malignant  personal  satire , and  is  styled  a lampoon  or 
pasquinade.  Irony  is  satire  in  disguise  ; sarcasm,  se- 
vere personal  reproach  ; abuse,  unjust  reproach  ; in- 
vective, severe  censure  dictated  by  angry  feeling  or 
party  spirit ; ridicule  is  employed  to  make  some  person 
or  thing  appear  ridiculous. 

SA-TIR'IC,  ? a%  [L.  satiricus ; It.  $ Sp.  sa- 

SA-TIR'I-CAL,  ) tirico ; Fr.  satirique.] 

1.  Belonging  to,  or  containing,  satire  ; em- 
ployed in  writing  satire.  “A  satiric  style.” 
RoscoJnmon.  “Satirical  writing.”  Knox. 

2.  Censorious ; severe  in  language  ; sarcastic ; 
cutting;  sharp;  keen;  taunting;  biting. 

Or  they  be  moral,  which  for  the  most  part  be  mixed  with 
some  satirical  bitterness.  Spenser. 

SA-TJR'I-UAL-LY,  ad.  In  a satirical  manner  ; 
severely ; sarcastically.  Dryden. 

SA-TIR'I-CAL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  sa- 
tirical ; severity  of  speech.  Fuller. 

SAT'IR-IST,  n.  One  who  writes  or  uses  satire. 

Wycherly,  in  his  writings,  is  the  sharpest  satirist  of  his 
time.  Granville. 

sAt'IR-IZE,  v.  a.  [Fr.  satiriser.]  [*.  satirized  ; 
pp.  satirizing,  satirized.]  To  expose  by 
satire  ; to  censure,  as  in  a satire  ; to  inveigh 
against;  to  ridicule  ; to  lampoon. 

I would  not  make  use  of  him  to  revile  the  human  species, 
and  satirize  his  betters.  Addison. 

SAT-IS-FAC'TION,  n.  [L.  satisfactio  ; satis, 
enough,  and  facio,factus,  to  make  ; It.  soddis- 
fazione ; Sp.  satisfaction  ; Fr.  satisfaction.  — 
See  Satisfy.] 

1.  The  act  of  satisfying;  gratification. 

The  mind,  having  a power  to  suspend  the  execution  and 
satisfaction  of  any  of  its  desires,  is  at  liberty  to  consider  the 
objects  of  them.  Locke. 

2.  The  state  of  being  satisfied  ; the  state  of 
being  pleased ; the  sense  of  fulfilled  desire ; 
contentment ; comfort. 

No  peace,  no  satisfaction , crowns  his  life.  Beaumont. 

The  word  satisfaction  is  frequently  employed  to  express 
the  full  accomplishment  of  some  particular  desire.  Cogan. 

3.  That  which  satisfies  ; compensation  ; in- 
demnification ; reward;  remuneration;  requi- 
tal ; amends  ; atonement ; recompense. 

The  rigid  satisfaction , death  for  death.  Milton. 

For  the  transgressions  of  man,  man  ought  to  make  satis- 
faction. Sheridan. 

4.  Release  from  suspense,  doubt,  or  uneasi- 
ness ; the  sense  of  certainty  ; conviction. 

Why  dost  thou  ask  ? 

But  for  a satisfaction  of  my  thought.  Shah. 

5.  (Law.)  Payment  of  a legal  debt  or  de- 

mand ; the  discharging  Or  cancelling  of  a .judg- 
ment, or  a mortgage,  by  paying  the  amount 
of  it.  Burrill. 

SAT-IS-FAC'TIVE,  a.  Satisfactory,  [it.]  Broicne. 

sAT-IS-FAO'TO-RI-LY,  ad.  In  a satisfactory 
manner.  Browne. 

SAT-IS-FAc'TO-RI-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
satisfactory  ; the  power  of  satisfying.  Boyle. 

SAT-IS-FAC'TO-RY,  a.  1.  That  gives  satisfaction  ; 
giving  content ; relieving  from  doubt  or  uneasi- 
ness ; gratifying ; pleasing  ; sufficient ; con- 
clusive. 

To  do  it  in  the  most  satisfactory  manner.  Cook. 

Now,,  there  could  be  no  satisfactory  confutation  of  this 
atheistic  hypothesis.  Cud  worth. 

2.  Making  amends  ; atoning.  Sanderson. 

sAt'IS-FI-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  satisfied.  Wr. 

sAt'IS-FI-ER,  n.  One  who  satisfies.  Sheridan. 

SAT'IS-FY,  v.  a.  [L . satisfacio satis,  enough, 
and  faeio,  to  make  ; It.  soddisfare  ; Sp.  satis- 
facer-,  Fr.  satisfaire .]  [i.  satisfied  ; pp.  sat- 
isfying, SATISFIED.] 

1.  To  please  fully ; to  give  contentment  to  ; 
to- gratify;  to  supply  with  enough,  or  with  as 


much  as  may  be  sought  or  wished ; to  feed  to 
the  full  ; to  content  ; to  suffice. 

Who  saUsfieth  thy  mouth  with  good  things.  Ps.  ciii.  5. 

Speak  but  one  rhyme,  and  I am  safiejicd.  Shak. 

2.  To  recompense;  to  indemnify  ; to  requite; 
to  pay  to  the  extent  of  claims  or  deserts  : — fig- 
uratively, to  pay  off,  in  the  sense  of  to  punish, 
to  despatch,  to  kill. 

Motives  not  at  all  akin  to  pride  frequently  induce  those  of 
high  rank  to  neglect,  or  even  refuse,  satisfying  their  cred- 
itors. ’ Seeker. 

But  that  belike  Iago,  in  the  interim, 

Came  in  and  satisfied  him.  Shak. 

3.  To  pay,  as  a debt;  to  discharge. 

After  all  our  just  debts  are  satisfied.  Atterbvry. 

4.  To  free  from  doubt,  perplexity,  or  sus- 
pense ; to  set  the  mind  at  rest ; to  convince. 

These  three  were  thoroughly  satisfied  of  the  trutli  of  the 
Christian  religion.  Addison. 

5.  (Math.)  To  preserve  the  equality  of ; as,  “ To 
satisfy  an  equation  ” : — to  fulfil  ; to  answer  ; 
as,  “ To  satisfy  the  conditions  of  a problem.” 

An  equation  is  said  to  be  satisfied,  when,  after  the  substi- 
tution of  any  expressions  for  the  unknown  quantities  which 
enter  it,  the  two  members  are  equal.  The  values  found  for 
the  unknown  quantities  of  a problem  are  said  to  satisfy  the 
conditions  of  the  problem,  when,  being  operated  upon  in  ac- 
cordance with  those  conditions,  the  result  conforms  to  the 
enunciation  of  the  problem.  Davies. 

Syn.  — A person  is  satisfied  when  he  has  what  lie 
wants.  Plain  food  satisfies  a person  when  he  is  hun- 
gry, but  it  does  not  please  him  when  he  is  not  hungry. 
Social  enjoyments  please , though  they  may  not  satisfy. 
To  gratify  is  to  please  in  a high  degree.  Those  who 
have  enough  are  satisfied  ; those  who  have  more  than 
enough,  satiated.  To  satisfy  brings  pleasure  ; to  satiate 
or  cloy , disgust.  Satisfy  a claimant  or  the  feelings  ; 
recompense  a benefactor  ; appease  wrath  ; convince  the 
understanding. 

SAT'IS-FY,  v.  n.  1.  To. give  satisfaction. 

She  makes  hungry 

Where  mdst  she  satisfies.  Shak. 

2.  To  make  payment ; to  .atone. 

So  man,  as  is  most  ju  t. 

Shall  satisfy  for  man,  be  judged,  and  die.  Milton . 

SAT'IS-FY-ING-LY,  ad.  In  a manner  to  satisfy. 

SA'TIVE,  a.  [L.  satvmis ; sero,  satus , to  sow.] 
Sown  ; fit  for  sowing.  [11.]  Evelyn . 

SA'TRAP  [sa'trap,  J.  K.  Sm.  Rees ; s&'trap,  Ja. ; 
sa'trap  or  s&t'rap,  Wr.;  sat'rap,  Wb.],  n.  [Gr. 
aarpQTrrjg  ; L.  satrapcs , and  satraps  ; Jt.  satrapo ; 
Sp.  satrapa ; Fr.  satrape.  — “ The  word  satrap 
is  evidently  of  Persian  origin,  but  its  etymology 
is  not  certain.”  P.  Cyc.]  A Persian  viceroy  or 
governor  of  a province. 

Th’  innumerable  host 
Roll  back  by  nations  and  admit  their  lord 
With  all  his  satraps.  Glover. 

sAt'RA-pAl,  a.  Relating  to  a satrap,  or  to  a 
satrapy.  Smart. 

SAT'RA-PESS,  n.  A female  satrap.  Clarke. 

SA-TRAp'I-CAL,  a.  Satrapal.  Sydney  Smith. 

SAT'RA-PY  [sat'r?-pe,  Ja.  K.  Wb. ; sa'trsi-pe,  Sm.], 
n.  [Gr.  aaTpandn  ; L.  satrapea,  satrapia  ; It.  § 
Sp.  satrapia-,  Fr.  satrapie .]  The  government 
or  jurisdiction  of  a satrap.  Milton. 

sAt'U-RA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  saturated.  Greta. 

sAt'U-RANT,  a.  [L.  saturo,  saturans,  to  fill,  to 
glut ; Fr.  saturant .]  Having  power  to  saturate  ; 
impregnating  to  the  full.  Johnson. 

SAT'U-RANT,  n.  (Med.)  A substance  which  ab- 
sorbs or  neutralizes  acid  in  the  stomach.  Smart. 

SAT'V-RATE  (sat'yu-rat),  v.  a.  [L.  saturo,  satu- 
ratus  ; satur,  filled ; It.  sat  ware ; Sp.  satur  ar; 
Fr.  saturer.]  [i.  saturated  ; pp.  saturating, 

SATURATED.] 

1.  To  impregnate  till  no  more  can  be  received 
or  imbibed  ; to  fill  full. 

And  saturated  earth 

Awaits  the  morning  beam.  • Thomson. 

2.  (Chem.)  To  cause  to  unite  or  combine,  as 

an  acid  with  an  alkali,  or  water  with  a salt,  till 
neither  of  the  two  bodies,  when  brought  in  con- 
tact, can  be  united  to  a new  quantity  of  the 
other.  Henry. 

sAt'U-RATE,  a.  Being  full ; saturated. 

The  lark  is  gay. 

That  dries  his  feathers,  saturate  with  clew.  Coirper. 

SAt-IJ-RA'TION,  n.  [L.  saturation  It.  satura- 
zione  ; Sp.  saturation  ; Fr.  saturation .] 

1.  The  act  of  saturating. 

2.  The  state  of  being  saturated ; repletion  ; 

fulness.  More. 

3.  (Chem.)  The  combination  of  two  bodies 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RfJLE.— 9,  9,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z ; % as  gz.  — THIS,  tins. 


SATURDAY 


1276 


SAUSAGE 


to  such  a degree  that  neither  can  be  united  to  a 
new  quantity  of  the  other.  Henry . 

Point  of  saturation. , ( Chem .)  the  precise  term  at 
which  saturation  takes  place; — restricted  by  some 
writers  to  weaker  combinations,  in  which  there  is  no 
remarkable  alteration  of  qualities,  as  in  cases  of  solu- 
tion ; and  used  in  contradistinction  to  neutralization , 
which  is  the  result  of  more  energetic  affinities,  and  is 
attended  with  the  loss  of  the  characteristic  properties 
of  the  combining  bodies. 

sAt'UR-D AY,  n.  [A.  S.  Swter-depg ; Scetern-deeg, 
Saturn’s  day  ; Dut.  zaturdag.  — L.  Dies  Satur- 
ni.]  The  seventh  and  last  day  of  the  week  ; the 
day  of  the  Jewish  Sabbath. 

tSA-TU’R|-TY,  n.  [L.  saturitas .]  Repletion; 
fulness  ; saturation.  I Varner . 

SAT’l'RN  [sat ’urn,  P.  E.  Sm.  E.  C.  Wb.  Bees; 
sa’turu,  S.  J.  F. ; sa'turn,  Ja.;  sa'turn  or  sat 'urn, 
W.  K. ],  v.  [L.  Salunius.] 

1.  (Mi/th.)  An  ancient  Roman  deity,  answer- 
ing to  the  Greek  Xpilro;,  Chronos,  or  Time,  un- 
der whom  the  golden  age  is  fabled  to  have  ex- 
isted ; one  of  the  oldest  and  principal  gods,  the 
son  of  Coelus  and  Terra  (heaven  and.  earth), 
and  the  father  of  Jupiter. 

Thee  bright-haired  Vesta,  long  of  yore, 

To  solitary  Saturn  bore.  Milton. 

2.  (Astron.)  A planet  of  the  solar  system, 

next  to  Jupiter  in  order  of  remoteness  from  the 
sun,  and  not  much  inferior  to  that  planet  in 
magnitude.  llerschel. 

From  the  far  bounds 

Of  utmost  Saturn  wheeling  wide  his  round.  Thomson. 

ItrjF*  Till  the  discovery  of  Uranus  and  Neptune, 
Saturn  was  supposed  to  be  the  remotest  planet  from 
the  sun.  It  is  about  79,000  miles  in  diameter,  exceed- 
ing the  earth  in  bulk  nearly  1000  tunes,  is  attended 
by  eight  satellites  or  moons,  and  is  surrounded  by 
bright  rings.  The  eighth  satellite  was  discovered  in 
1848,  on  the  same  day  by  the  late  W.  C.  Bond,  of  the 
observatory  in  Cambridge,  Mass.,  and  Mr.  Lassell,  an 
English  astronomer.  The  third  ring  was  discovered 
by  Mr.  G P.  Bond,  of  the  same  observatory,  on  the 
night  of  Nov.  11,  1850,  and  rediscovered  in  the  latter 
part  of  the  same  month  by  Mr.  Dawes,  of  YVatering- 
bury,  England.  J/erschel. 

3.  (Alchemy.)  The  name  given  to  lead.  Braude. 

4.  (Her.)  Black  color  in  coats  of  arms;  sable. 

UQy*  “ The  first  pronunciation  of  this  word  [sa'turn] 

is  not  the  most  general,  but  by  far  the  most  analogical, 
and  for  the  same  reason  as  in  Satan ; but  there  is  an 
additional  reason  in  this  word,  which  will  weigh 
greatly  with  the  learned,  and  that  is,  the  a is  long  in 
t lie  original.  Mr.  Elphinston,  Dr.  Kenrick,  Perry,  and 
Entick  adopt  the  second  pronunciation  [sat'urn]  of 
this  word  ; and  Mr.  Sheridan,  Scott,  Buchanan,  YV. 
Johnston,  and  Dr.  Ash,  the  first.”  Walker. 

sAt-UR-nA' Ll-A,  n.  pi.  [L.]  An  ancient  festi- 
val of  Saturn,  celebrated  at  Rome  about  the 
middle  of  December,  lasting  at  first  one  day, 
but  afterwards  extended  to  seven  days,  during 
which  there  was  unrestrained  license  for  all 
classes,  not  excepting  slaves.  IV.  Smith. 

SAT-UR-NA’LI-AN,  a.  [L.  Saturnalia.'] 

1.  Of,  or  pertaining  to,  the  Saturnalia. 

2.  Riotous;  licentious;  sportive;  loose,  like 

the  feasts  of  Saturn.  “ This  sciturnalian  amuse- 
ment.” Burke. 

SA-TUR'NI- AN,  a.  [L.  saturnius. ] 

1.  (Mythol.)  Relating  to  the  reign  of  Saturn, 
or  the  golden  age. 

2.  Happy;  golden;  innocent;  simple;  pure; 
noting  a felicity  and  purity  as  of  the  golden  age. 

The  Augustus,  born  to  bring  Satw'nian  times.  Pope. 

3.  (Pros.)  Noting  a sort  of  iambic  verse,  the 
oldest  kind  of  metre  among  the  Romans.  Smith. 

SAT'l’R-NlNE,  a.  [Fr.  salurnien,  from  L.  Satur- 
nus,  Saturn.] 

1.  Not  light  or  mercurial,  - but  gloomy  and 
grave,  as  if  born  under  the  influence  of  Saturn  ; 
melancholy  ; heavy  ; sad  ; dull ; gloomy  ; se- 
date. — See  Jovial. 

I may  cast  my  readers  under  two  general  divisions,  the 
mercurial  and  the  saturnine  The  first  are  the  pay  parts  of 
my  disciples,  who  require  speculations  of  witand humor;  the 
others  are  those  of  a more  solemn  and  sober  turn.  Addison. 

2.  (Alchemy.)  Pertaining  to  lead.  Ogilvie. 

SAt'URN-IST,  n.  One  of  a saturnine  temper. 

Seating  himself  within  a darksome  cave; 

Such  places  heavy  saturnists  do  crave.  Browne. 

SAT'I  RX-ITE,  n.  (Mm.)  A metallic  substance 
separated  from  lead  in  torrefaction.  Ure. 

SA'TYR  (sa'tur  or  sat'ir)  [sa'tur,  S.  P.  J.  F.  Wb.; 
sSt’iir,  Sm. ; sa’tur,  Ja. ; sa'tur  or  sat'ur,  1 V.  /v . 1 , 
n.  [Gr.  oQTuooi ; L.  satyrtts ; It.  ,y  *Sp.  satiro  ; 


Fr.  satgre.' ] (Myth.)  A sylvan  demigod,  sup- 
posed by  the  ancients  to  have  a lustful,  half- 
brutal  nature,  and  represented  as  half  man,  half 
goat. 

Rough  Satyrs  danced;  and  Fauns,  with  cloven  heel, 

From  the  glad  sound  would  not  be  absent  long.  Milton. 

SAT- A’/  ’ A-SlS,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  carvniuo  i ; 
(Med.)  Lascivious  madness  ; an  excess  of  semi- 
nal secretion  ; priapism.  Dunglison. 

SA-T’YR'IC,  a.  Relating  to  satyrs.  Bryant. 

SA-TYR’I-uN,  n.  [Gr.  oarvpo 5,  a satyr.]  (But.)  A 
plant  of  the  genus  Satyrium. 

Satyrion  near,  with  hot  cringoes  stood.  Tope. 

SA-TYR' I-UM,n.  ( Bot .)  A genus  of  plants  pos- 
sessing aphrodisiac  properties.  Loudon. 

SAUCE  (shws),  n.  [L.  salsus,  salt ; It.  § Sp.  sal- 
sa ; Fr.  sauce.] 

1.  Something  eaten  with  food  to  improve  its 
relish;  any  savory,  relishing  addition  to  food; 
any  thing  stimulating ; seasoning. 

Epicurean  cooks 

Sharpen  with  cloyless  sauce  his  appetite.  • Shak. 

2.  Impertinence  ; impudence  ; sauciness  ; in- 
solence ; pertness.  [Vulgar.]  Forby. 

3.  Any  sort  of  vegetables  eaten  with  flesh 
meat;  culinary  vegetables.  [Provincial  in  Eng- 
land ; colloquial  or  vulgar  in  the  U.  S.]  Forby. 

To  serve  one  the  same  sauce,  to  retaliate  one  injury 
liy  another.  [Vulgar.] 

SAUCE,  V.  a.  [1.  SAUCED  ; pp.  SAUCING,  SAUCED.] 

1.  To  make  savory  with  sauce  ; to  accompany 

with  something  of  a higher  relish ; to  season. 
“To  sauce  thy  dishes.”  Shah. 

2.  fTo  gratify  with  rich  tastes;  to  pamper. 

Sauce  his  palate 

With  thy  most  operant  poison.  Shak. 

3.  To  intermix  or  accompany  with  any  thing 
good,  or,  ironically,  with  any  thing  bad. 

Sorrow  sauced  with  repentance.  Spenser. 

She  would  sauce  her  speeches  with  such  bastinadoes.  Sidney. 

4.  To  accost  with  insolent  or  pert  language  ; 
to  treat  impertinently. 

I 'll  sauce  Iter  wiih  bitter  words.  Shak. 

SAUCE-A-LONE’,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the 
genus  Alliaria  ; hedge-garlic  ; iack-by-the- 
hedge.  Booth. 

SAUCE’-ROAT,  n.  A dish  or  vessel  with  a lip 
for  holding  sauce.  Simmonds. 

sAuce’BOX,  n.  A saucy  fellow.  Addison. 

SAUCE’PAN,  n.  A kind  of  skillet  or  cooking 
vessel,  with  a long  handle.  Swift. 

sAu’CpR,  n.  [Fr.  saucier e.]  A small,  shallow 
pan  or  platter,  commonly  of  China,  in  which  a 
tea-cup  is  set.  “ Eyes  like  saucers."  Dryden. 

SAU'CI-LY,  ad.  Impudently;  in  a saucy  manner. 

sAu'CJ-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  saucy; 
impudence;  petulance;  impertinence;  pertness. 

A very  little  wit,  joined  with  a "rent  deal  of  sauciness,  will 
enable  a.  man  to  make  sport  with  the  most  serious  argu- 
ments. Scott. 

SAUCISSE  (so-ses’),  ) n [Fr.,  a sausage, 

SAUCJSSOJT  (s5's5-s5ng’),  > from  sauce,  sauce.] 

1.  (Mil.)  A long  pipe  or  bag  of  cloth  or 

leather,  of  an  inch  and  a half  diameter,  filled 
with  powder,  for  the  purpose  of  firing  mines, 
bomb-chests,  &c.  Stocqueler. 

2.  (Fort.)  A long  fascine  or  bundle  of  fagots, 

for  raising  batteries,  repairing  breaches,  stop- 
ping passages,  &c.  Stocqueler. 

SAU'Cy  (s&w'se),  a.  [L.  salsus,  salt,  pungent, 
sharp.]  Contemptuous  of  superiors ; impu- 
dent ; impertinent ; insolent ; rude  ; pert ; pet- 
ulant ; flippant ; cavalier  ; forward.  Shah. 

Have  I not  reason,  beldames  as  you  are, 

Saucy  and  overbold.  Shak. 

And  with  a saucy  eye 

Searches  the  heart  and  soul  of  majesty.  Denham. 

SAU'CY— BARK,  11.  A poisonous  bark,  used  on 
the  west  coast  of  Africa.  Simmonds 

SAUn$,n.pl.  [Hind.]  See  Saadhs. 

SAUER— KRAUT  (sour'krout),  n.  [Ger.,  from 
sauer,  sour,  and  kraut,  cabbage.]  A favorite  Ger- 
man dish,  consisting  of  salted  or  pickled  cab- 
bage, fermented  till  sour  ; sour-krout.  W.  Ency. 

SAUL,  n.  (Bot.)  The  name  of  the  best  and 
most  extensively  used  timber  in  India,  produced 
by  a gigantic  tree  ( Shorea  rubusta),  from  which 
is  also  obtained  a balsamic  resin  used  in  the 


temples  of  India  under  the  name  of  ral,  or 
dhoona.  Lindley. 

f SAUL,  n.  An  old  spelling  for  soul.  Brockett. 

SAUl.T  (so),  n.  [Fr.  saut.]  A waterfall  or  rapid, 
as  in  a river; — a name  applied  by  the  early 
French  settlers  of  America  to  some  towns  sit- 
uated near  a rapid;  as,  “ Sault  Saint  Mary.’* 

SAUN'CING— BELL,  n.  See  SANCEbKLL. 

SAUN'DER§-BLUE,  n.  A name  given  to  ultra- 
marine  ; — a corruption  of  cendres  bleues  (blue 
ashes),  the  color  being  obtained  from  calcined 
lapis  lazuli; — written  also  sanders-blue.  Fairholt. 

SAUN'DERSj,  or  SAUN'D^R,?— WOOD  (-will),  n. 
Same  as  Sandai.-wood.  — See  Sandal-wood. 

II  SACN'TEK,  or  SAUN'TER  [sin 'ter,  J.  F.  Ja.  Sm. 
II  b.  ; sSkwn'ter,  S.  P.  K.  I Vr.  ; san’ter  or  s&wn'ter, 
II'.],  v.  n.  [. Johnson  and  others  derive  it  from 
idle  people  who  roved  about  the  country  and 
asked  charity,  under  pretence  of  going  to  the 
holy  land  (Fr.  a la  saintc  tore,  It.  alia  Santa 
terra).  — Some  refer  it  to  Fr.  sans  terre  (with- 
out a country),  applied  to  wanderers  without  a 
home.]  [t.  sauntered  ; pp.  sauntering, 
sauntered.]  To  wander  about  idly ; to  loiter  ; 
to  linger.  [Formerly  also  written  sainter.] 

Going  in  pilgrimage  or  sauntering  to  visit  that  holy  place. 

Lewis's  Lif  e of  Caxton. 
Sauntci'inr/  still  on  some  adventure. 

And  grow  ing  to  thy  horse,  a centaur.  Butler. 

Saimtenny  about  the  shop,  with  her  arms  through  her 
pocket-holes.  Idler. 

Xfi^  “ The  first  mode  of  pronouncing  this  word 
[sikii'fer]  is  the  most  agreeable  to  analogy,  if  not  in 
the  most  general  use ; but  where  use  has  formed  so 
clear  a rule  as  in  words  of  this  form,  it  is  wrong  not 
to  follow  it.  Mr.  Elphinston,  Dr.  Kenrick,  Mr.  Nares, 
and  Mr.  Scott  are  for  the  first  pronunciation  ; and  Mr. 
Sheridan  and  YV.  Johnston  for  the  last.”  Walker. 

Syn.  — See  Linger. 

||  SAUN'TER,  or  SAUN'TER,  n.  An  idle  walk  ; a 
ramble  ; a stroll.  Young. 

||  SAUN'TER-flR,  or  SAUN'TER- ER,  n.  One  who 
saunters  ; a rambler  ; a stroller. 

And  quit  the  life  of  an  insignificant  saunterer  about  town 
for  that  of  a useful  country  gentleman.  Berkeley. 

SAUR,  n.  Soil ; dirt : — urine  from  the  cow-house. 
[North  of  England.]  Wright . 

sAu  ' RI-B,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  oaipa , aavpog,  a lizard.]  ( Zo - 
ol.)  The  general  term  for  the  great  family  of 
lizards,  comprising,  strictly,  the  Linnaean  genera 
Laccrta  i.nd  Draco}  but  also,  in  the  large  accep- 
tation of  the  term,  the  pterodactyls,  enaliosau- 
rians,  and  crocodiles.  Eng.  Cyc, 

SAU'RI-AN,  n.  (Zoil.)  One  of  the  Sauria ; a 
lizard. 

/fcgr*  The  principal  characteristics  of  the  saurians  are 
a body  elongate,  rounded,  and  covered  with  imbricated 
or  granular  scales  ; tail  elongate,  tapering,  rarely  pre- 
hensile, generally  covered  with  whirls  of  scales  ; 
limbs  four,  but  occasionally  in  such  a rudimentary 
state  as  to  be  hidden  under  the  skin,  and  giving  the 
animals  the  appearance  of  having  none  ; toes  clawed  ; 
ribs  distinct,  movable,  and  with  a distinct  sternum; 
mouth  not  dilatable,  javvs  toothed,  the  lower  jaw- 
bones being  united  by  a horny  suture  in  front  ; eggs 
with  a hard  skin  or  shell;  the  young  not  undergoing 
any  metamorphosis.  The  monitors,  the  lizards,  the 
skinks,  the  geckos,  the  iguanas,  and  the  chameleons, 
are  examples  of  the  saurians.  Baird. 

SAU'RI-AN,  a.  Noting  a family  of  reptiles  ; re- 
lating to,  or  resembling,  lizards.  Buckland. 


sAu'ROID,  a.  [Gr.  aavpog , a lizard,  and  f7&og, 
form.]  Like  saurians  ; saurian.  Bucklaiid. 

sA  U-RO PII ' Jl-  G t/S,  n.  [Gr.  aavpog,  a lizard,  and 
</)  /yw,  to  cat.]  ( Omith.)  A genus  of  birds  of 
the  family  Laniidcc,  or  butcher-birds.  Eng.  Cyc. 

SBU-RO-  THE  'RB,  n.  (Omith.)  A genus  of  birds 
of  the  family  Cuculidce,  or  cuckoos.  Eng.  Cyc. 


SA  U-RO  TII-E-  RI'- 
NJF.,  n.  pi.  ( Or - 
nith  ) A sub-fam- 
ily of  birds  of  the 
order  & 'can  sores 

«»»• 

SAU'RY,  n.  ( Ich .)  A fish  of  the  pike  family; 
Scomberesox  saurus.  Yarrell. 


SAU'SA(?E  [s&w'saj,  P.  Ja.  Sm.;  saw'sjj,  F. ; so_s'- 
sjj ,J.  K.  Wr.  ; sas’sij,  S. ; s&w'sij  or  sas'sij,  II  ], 
n.  [Fr.  saucisse.]  A roll  of  seasoned  minced 
meat,  enclosed  in  a skin.  Johnson. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  C,  V,  short; 


A,  I,  O,  V,  Y,  obscurer  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL; 


HEIR,  HER; 


SAUSAGE-SHAPED 


1277 


SAW 


jjqj*  “ This  word  is  pronounced  in  the  first  manner 
[saw'sij]  by  correct,  and  in  the  second  by  vulgar, 
speakers.  Among  this  number,  however,  I do  not 
reckon  Mr.  Sheridan,  Mr.  Smith,  and  Mr.  Scott,  who 
adopt  it  ; but,  in  my  opinion,  Dr.  Kenrick  and  Mr. 
Perry,  who  prefer  the  first,  are  not  only  more  agreeable 
to  rule,  but  to  the  best  usage.”  Walker. 

SAU'SA^E— SHAPED,  a.  ( Bot .)  Long,  cylindrical, 
hollow,  curved  inwards  at  each  end,  as  the  co- 
rollas of  some  heaths.  Lindley. 

SAUS'SUR-lTE,  n.  (Min.)  A very  tough  mineral, 
of  a pearly  or  resinous  lustre,  and  chiefly  com- 
posed of  silica,  alumina,  lime,  oxide  of  iron, 
and  soda  ; — so  named  after  Saussure.  Dana. 

SAUTERET.LE  (so-te-rel'),  n.  [Fr.]  (Mcch.)  An 
instrument  used  by  stone-cutters  and  carpenters 
to  trace  and  form  angles.  Maunder. 

SAUTERNE  (so-tern'),  n.  [Fr.]  A species  of 
French  wine.  Qu.  Rev. 

SAUVEGARDE  (sov'gard),  n.  [Fr.]  (ZoUl.)  A 
saurian  reptile ; the  monitor  lizard ; the  great 
American  safeguard;  Lacerta  monitor.  Eng.Cyc. 

SAv'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  saved ; solvable. 
“ In  a saeable  condition.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

SAV'A-BLE-NESS,  il.  Solvability.  Chillingworth. 

SA-VA-COU'  ,n.  [Fr.]  ( Ornith.)  A heron-like  bird 
of  the  family  Ardeidce ; the  boat-bill;  Cunc.ro- 
ma  cochlearia.  — See  Boat-bili,.  Eng.  Cyc. 

SAV'A(?E,  a.  [Fr.  sauvage ; It.  sclvaggio ; Sp. 
salvage  ; — from  L.  silva,  a forest.] 

1.  Of,  or  pertaining  to,  the  woods  ; beyond 
the  borders  of  civilization  ; wild  ; sylvan  ; un- 
cultivated.; rough  ; being  in  a state  of  nature. 


Affecting  private  life,  or  more  obscure 
In  savage  wilderness.  Milton. 

Now  to  the  ascent  of  that  steep,  savage  hill 
Satan  had  journeyed  on.  Milton. 

2.  Wild;  untamed;  fierce;  ferocious. 

Where  roaring  bears  and  savage  lions  roam.  Shak. 

3.  Uncivilized;  barbarous;  untaught;  rude. 

A rude  and  savage  man  of  Inde.  Shak. 

4.  Cruel ; inhuman  ; brutal ; remorseless. 

Most  savage  and  unnatural.  Shak. 

Or,  while  wTe  speak,  within  the  direful  grasp 
Of  savage  hunger  or  of  savage  heat.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Cruel,  Ferocious. 


SAV'AC^E,  n.  1.  A man  wholly  uncivilized,  or  in 
his  native  state  of  rudeness  ; a barbarian. 

When  wild  in  woods  the  noble  savage  ran.  Wordsworth. 

Ferguson  states  that  the  history  of  mankind,  in  their  rudest 
state,  may  be  considered  under  two  heads,  viz.,  that  of  the 
savage , who  is  not  yet  acquainted  with  property,  and  that  of 
the  barbarian,  to  whom  it  is,  although  not  ascertained  by 
laws,  a principal  object  of  care  and  desire.  Fleming. 

2.  A fierce,  cruel,  brutal  person.  Shak. 

fSAV'AtjlE,  v.  a.  To  make  savage.  More. 

SAV'A^E-LY,  ad.  In  the  manner  of  a savage  ; 
barbarously ; cruelly  ^fiercely. 

SAV'A0E-NESS,  n.  1.  The  state  of  a savage. 

2.  Cruelty  ; ferocity  ; barbarity. 

Wolves  and  bears,  they  say. 

Casting  their  savageness  aside,  have  done 

Like  offices  of  pity.  Shak. 

SAV'ApE-Ry,  n.  1.  Barbarity;  savageness,  [it.] 

4 This  is  the  bloodiest  shame, 

9 The  wildest  savagery.  Shak. 

2.  AVild  growth,  as  of  plants,  [r.]  Shak. 

SaV'A^-BJM,  ii.  The  character  or  state  of  a sav- 
age ; the  savage  form  of  life.  Ec.  Rev. 

SA-VAN'NA,  n.  [Sp.  sabana .]  A low,  open  plain, 
or  meadow;  a prairie.  “ AVoodland  in  one  part 
and  savannas  in  another.”  Locke. 

SA-VAN'NA— FLoW-pR,  ii.  (Dot.)  An  evergreen, 
climbing  plant,  indigenous  in  Jamaica  ; Echites 
suberecta.  Loudon. 

SAVANT  (sit-vang'),  11. ; pi.  savaivs  (s'l-v'4ngz'). 
[Fr.,  from  savoir,  to  know.]  A learned  man  ; 
a scholar  : — pi.  men  of  learning  and  science  ; 
the  literati.  Roget. 

SAVE,  v.  a.  [L.  salvo-,  It.  salvare ; Sp.  salvar ; 
Fr.  saucer .]  [ i . saved  ; pp.  saving,  saved.] 

1.  To  preserve  from  danger,  or  from  any  evil ; 
to  protect ; to  rescue ; to  deliver. 

One  that  I saved  from  drowning.  Shak. 

O,  save  me,  Hubert,  save  me!  My  eyes  are  out 
Even  with  the  tierce  looks  of  these  bloody  men.  Shak. 

2.  To  preserve  finally  from  eternal  death;  to 
redeem  from  sin  and  its  consequences. 


For  God  sent  not  his  Son  into  the  world  to  condemn  the 
world,  but  that  tire  world  through  him  might  be  saved. 

John  m.  17. 

3.  Not  to  spend  or  lose  ; to  hinder  from  being* 
spent  or  lost ; to  prevent;  as,  “ To  save  trouble.” 

And  save  th’  expense  of  long,  litigious  laws.  Dryden. 

Tiiat  labor  you  may  save ; flee  where  he  comes.  Shak. 

4.  To  reserve  or  lay  by  ; to  keep  whole.  Shak. 

5.  To  obviate  ; to  spare  ; to  excuse. 

Will  you  not  speak,  to  save  a lady’s  blush?  Dryden. 

6.  To  make  sure  of ; to  take  or  embrace  op- 
portunely. “ Just  saving  the  tide.”  Swift. 

Syn.  — See  Deliver. 

SAVE,  v.  n.  To  prevent  expense. 

Brass  ordnance  saveth  in  the  quantity  of  the  material.  P.acon. 

SAVE , prep.  Except;  not  including.  “Received 
I forty  stripes  save  one.”  2 Cor.  xi.  24. 

God  save  you  all,  save  this  cursed  friar.  Chaucer. 

And  all  desisted,  all  sore  him  alone.  WOrdsworth. 

KTr  Some  lexicographers  and  some  grammarians 
regard  save,  when  used  in  tile  sense  of  except,  as  a 
verb  in  the  imperative  mood  ; others,  as  a preposition. 

“It  has  been  the  fashion,  since  the  appearance  of 
the  ‘Diversions  of  Pulley,’  to  call  save,  except,  and 
similar  expressions,  verbs  in  the  imperative  mood. — 
We  hesitate  not  to  say  they  cannot  be  verbs,  impera- 
tive or  indicative,  because  they  have  no  subject.”  R. 
Garnett . 

SAVE,  conj.  Except;  unless;  as,  “ Save  he  that 
had  the  mark.”  Rev.  xiii.  17. 

SAVE'ALL,  n.  A small  pan  inserted  into  a can- 
dlestick to  save  the  ends  of  candles.  Howell. 

SA\r'E-LOY,  n.  [Fr.  cervclas.)  A kind  of  dried 
sausage.  Simmonds. 

SAV'ER,  n.  1.  One  who  saves  ; a preserver  ; a 
rescuer  ; a deliverer.  Sidney. 

2.  One  who  avoids  loss  or  expense.  Swift. 

3.  One  who  lays  up  or  hoards  ; an  economist. 

SAV'IN,  n.  [Fr.  sabine,  savinier ; Sp.  sabina.] 
(Dot.)  An  evergreen  tree  or  shrub,  generally 
dimeious,  bearing  small  berries ; red-eedar  ; Ju- 
niperusVirginiana  of  North  America  ; Juniperus 
Sabina  of  Europe.  The  wood  is  used  for  mak- 
ing pencils,  for  posts,  and  other  purposes.  Gray. 

Skip  The  savin  has  been  known  to  sustain  a violent 
stroke  of  lightning  without  injury, — an  effect  proba- 
bly due  to  its  great  conducting  power  for  electricity. 
J.  H.  Abbot. 

SAV'ING,  a.  1.  That  saves  ; economical  ; frugal ; 
sparing;  thrifty: — parsimonious.  Swift. 

2.  Not  turning  to  loss,  though  not  gainful. 
“ A saving  bargain.”  Addison. 

SAV'ING, prep.  AVith  exception  in  favor  of ; ex- 
cepting. 

Such  laws  cannot  be  abrogated  saving  only  by  whom  they 
were  made.  Hooker. 

SAV'ING,  n.  1.  Something  saved,  or  not  lost. 

There  was  a considerable  saving  to  the  nation.  Addison. 

2.  An  exception  ; a reservation. 

Sure  there  may  be  room  for  a saving  in  equity  from  the 
severity  of  the  common  law  of  Parnassus,  as  well  as  of  the 
King’s  Bench.  Lansdowne. 

SAv'ING-LY,  ad.  1.  AVith  parsimony ; parsimo- 
niously ; frugally  ; thriftily.  Johnson. 

2.  (Theol.)  So  as  to  be  saved. 

Savingly  born  of  water  and  the  Spirit.  Watcrland. 

SAV'ING-NESS,  n.  1.  The  quality  of  being  sav- 
ing; frugality;  parsimony.  Johnson. 

2.  Tendency  to  promote  salvation.  Brevint. 

SAV'ING^— BANK,  n.  A bank,  or  provident  in- 
stitution, in  which  small  sums  or  savings  are 
placed  for  security,  and  accumulation  by  inter- 
est. Gent.  Mag. 

SAV'IOUR,  or  SAV'IOR  (sav'yor),  n.  [Gr.  <rwr>/p; 
L.  salvator ; It.  salvatorc,  Sp  .Salvador-,  Norm. 
Fr.  sauvere ; Fr.  sauveur .]  One  who  saves  or 
preserves  ; a deliverer  ; — especially  the  Re- 
deemer of  mankind  ; Jesus  Christ. 

Unto  3rou  is  born  this  day,  in  the  city  of  David,  a Saviour , 
which  is  Christ  the  Lord.  Luke  ii.  11. 

Hail,  Son  of  God!  Saviour  of  men  ! Thy  name 

Shall  be  the  copious  matter  of  my  song.  Milton. 

Cicero,  than  whom  none  could  know  better 
the  capabilities  of  his  own  tongue,  distinctly  declared 
that  it  possessed  no  single  word  corresponding  to  the 
Greek  saviour  [rr'orrip].  Salvator  would  have  been 
the  natural  word  ; but  the  classical  Latin,  though  it 
had  salus  and  salrvs , had  neither  this  nor  the  verb 
salvare  ; — l say  the  classical,  for  some  believe  that 
servator  was  instinctively  felt  to  be  insufficient,  even 
as  in  English  preserver  would  fall  very  short  of  utter- 
ing all  for  us  which  saviour  does  now  ; — the  seeking 


of  the  strayed,  the  recovering  of  the  lost,  the  healing 
of  the  sick,  — all  this  would  be  very  feebly  and  faintly 
insinuated  in  preserver.  Trench. 

fiejy*  This  word  is  sometimes  written,  in  this  coun- 
try, savior , and  sometimes  saviour  ; perhaps  more  com- 
monly savior , in  accordance  with  the  pretty  generally 
adopted  rule  which  excludes  u from  words  ending  m 
or  or  our  ; as,  error , favor , honor , &,c.  These  words, 
error,  favor,  and  honor,  are  derived  directly  from  the 
Latin,  without  any  change  in  the  orthography  ; but 
it  is  not  so  witli  savior ; and  the  omission  of  the  u is 
offensive  to  the  eyes  of  many  who  are  accustomed  to 
see  it  inserted  ; and  the  principal  reason  in  favor  of 
its  omission  is  conformity  to  the  general  rule  relating 
to  words  of  this  class. 

SA'VOR,  n.  [L.  sapor  ; It.  sapore  ; Sp.  sabor;  Fr. 
saveur.]  Something  that  affects  the  organs  of 
taste  and’of  smell ; a scent;  an  odor;  a taste  ; 
a flavor ; a relish. 

Ye  are  the  salt  of  the  earth;  hut  if  the  6alt  have  lost  his  sa- 
vor, wherewith  shall  it  be  salted?  Matt.  v.  13. 

A savor  that  may  strike  the  dullest  nostril.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Taste. 

SA'VOR,  v.  7i.  [Fr.  savoarcr , from  L.  sapor , taste.] 
[i.  savored  ; pp.  savoring,  savored.] 

1.  To  have  a particular  smell  or  taste.  “ Sweet 

and  well  savored .”  Spenser. 

2.  To  have  a quality  like  that  of  something 
else  ; to  partake  of  some  peculiarity  ; to  smack. 

I have  rejected  every  tiling  that  savors  of  party.  Addison. 

You  savor  too  much  of  your  youth.  Shak. 

SA'VOR,  v.  a.  1.  To  taste  or  to  smell  with  de- 
light. “ Filth  savor  but  themselves.”  Shak. 

2.  To  like  ; to  relish  ; to  take  pleasure  in  ; to 
delight  in  ; to  affect ; to  appreciate  ; to  enjoy. 

Thou  savorest  not  the  things  that  be  of  God,  but  those  that 
be  of  men.  Malt.  xvi.  23. 

SA'VOR-I-LY,  ad.  AVith  gust;  with  appetite; 
with  relish.  Dryden. 

SA'VOR-I-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  savory  ; 
pleasantness  of  taste  or  of  smell.  Jewell. 

SA'VOR-LESS,  a.  AVanting  savor  ; insipid.  Hull. 

SA'VOR-LY,  a.  AVell-seasoned  ; of  good  taste  ; 
savory,  [it.]  Huloet. 

SA'VOR-LV,  ad.  AArith  a pleasing  relish.  Barrow. 

f SA'VOR-OUS,  a.  Savory.  Chaucer. 

SA'VOR-V,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  labiate  plants 
of  the  mint  family,  used  from  ancient  times  as 
culinary  aromatics  ; Saturcia.  Loudon. 

Summer  savory,  Saturcia  liortensis.  Gray.  — Winter 
savory,  Saturcia  monlana.  Loudon. 

SA'VOR-y,  a.  \fr.  savoureux.)  Pleasing  or  excit- 
ing to  the  taste  or  the  smell ; relishing;  piquant. 

The  savory  pulp  they  chew.  Milton. 

From  the  boughs  a savory  odor  blown. 

Grateful  to  appetite.  Milton. 

SA-VOY',  it.  (Bot.)  A variety  of  the  common 
cabbage,  much  cultivated  for  winter  use ; Bras- 
sica  aleracea  Sabauda.  Farm.  Ency. 

SA-VOV'ARD,  n.  A native  of  Savoy.  Earnshaw. 

SA-VOY'— SPI'Df.R-WURT,  n.  (Bot.)  An  ever- 
green, herbaceous,  ornamental  plant ; Hcmero- 
callis  liliastrum.  Loudon. 

SAW,  i.  from  see.  See  See. 

sA  W,  n.  [A.  S.  saga ; Ger.  sage ; But.  zaag ; 
Ban.  sav,saug\  Sw  .sag.  — Gael,  sabh.)  A steel 
cutting  plate  with  a serrated  or  dentated  edge, 
the  teeth  acting  as  wedges  to  tear  their  way 
through  an  obstacle,  as  wood,  ivory,  stone,  &c. 

/iSf  Sates  aro  either  reciprocating  or  circular.  The 
common  hand-saw  ami  tile  pit- saw  are  examples  of  tho 
former.  There  are  various  kinds  made.  Simmonds. 

SAW,  n.  [A.  S.  sage,  sagu,  a saying;  Ger.  sage  ; 
Ban.,  Sw.,  $ Icel.  saga.)  A saying;  a maxim; 
an  axiom  ; a proverb. 

Full  of  wise  saws  and  modern  instances.  Shak. 

Syn.  — Sec  Axiom. 

SAW,  v.  a.  [Ger.  si: gen  ; But.  zaagcn\  Ban.  save, 
sauge ; Sw.  s't/c.]  [i.  sawed;  pp.  sawing, 

SAWED  or  SAWN.] 

1.  To  cut  or  separate  with  a saw;  as,  “To 
saw  timber.” 

2.  To  ferm  by  sawing;  to  make  or  cut  out 
with  a saw;  as,  “To  saw  hoards.” 

3.  To  traverse  back  and  forth,  as  with  a saw. 

Nor  do  not  saio  the  air  too  much  Avith  your  hand  thus.  Shak. 

SAW,  v.  ii.  1.  To  use  a saw;  to  practise  sawing. 

2.  To  be  under  the  cut  or  operation  of  a saw ; 
as,  “ It  saws  well.”  Smart. 


MIEN,  SIR  ; MOVE,  NOR,  SON 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  £,  g,  soft;  G,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  ^ as  gz. 


THIS,  this. 


SAWDER 


1278 


SCAGLIA 


SAW'Df.R,  n.  Flattery;  blarney.  [Loiv.]  Roget. 
SAVV'DUST,  n.  Dust  or  minute  particles  of  wood, 
&c.,  made  by  the  attrition  of  a saw.  Simmonds. 
SAW'ER,  n.  One  who  saws  ; a sawyer.  Johnson. 
SAW'— FILE,  n.  ( Much .)  A file  for  sharpening 
saws.  Simmonds. 


SAW'FlSH,  n.  ( Ich .)  A chrondropterygious  fish 
of  the  genus  Pristis  and  family  Squalidce, 
nearly  related  to 
the  shark  and  to 
the  ray,  and  so 
called  from  the 
extension  of  its 
snout  into  a 

long,  flat  blade,  furnished  with  a row  of  sharp 
spines,  on  each  side,  like  a large-toothed  saw  ; 
Pristis  antiquorum. 

,8®“ The  sairfsh  sometimes  attains  the  length  of 
twelve,  or  even  fifteen,  feet,  and  is  a formidable  ene- 
my to  the  largest  whales.  Baird. 


SAw'FLY,  n.  ( Ent .)  The  common  name  of  sev- 
eral genera  of  hymenopterous  insects  of  the 
family  Tenthredinidce,  — so  called  from  the 
saw-like  character  and  action  of  the  ovipositor. 

Harris. 


sAw'-^IN,  n.  ( Mech .)  A cotton-gin.  Ogilvie. 
SAW'GRASS,  n.  (Rot.)  A name  applied  to  plants 
of  the  genus  Schamus;  bog-rush.  Farm.  Ency. 

sAw'- MAN-DR  5 L,  n.  ( Mech .)  A holdfast  for  a 
saw  in  a lathe.  Simmonds. 


SAW'— MILL,  n.  (Mech.)  A mill  for  sawing  tim- 
ber, marble,  stone,  &c. 

SAW'NIJY,  n.  1.  A stupid,  silly  fellow.  Brockctt. 

2.  A nickname  for  a Scotchman,  — a corrup- 
tion of  Sandy,  i.  e.  Alexander.  Jamieson. 

SAW'— PAD,  n.  A wooden  handle  forming  a case 
for  a small  saw,  which  fits  in  at  the  end  with  a 
spring  and  screws.  Simmonds. 

SAW'— PIT,  n.  A pit  over  which  timber  is  sawed 
by  two  men.  Simmonds. 


SAW'— SET,  n.  (Mech.)  An  instrument  by  which 
the  teeth  of  a saw  are  bent  alternately  outwards, 
so  as  to  increase  the  width  of  the  kerf  or  cut, 
and  prevent  its  being  clogged  with  sawdust ; a 
saw-wrest.  Tomlinson. 

SAW'— TOOTHED,  a.  (Bot.)  Having  the  margin 
cut  into  teeth  pointing  to  the  apex.  Gray. 
SAW'TRY,  n.  (Mus.)  A psaltery.  Dryden. 

sAvv'-WHET,  n.  (Ornith.)  The  Acadian  owl; 
Strix  Acadica.  Audubon. 


SAW'WORT  (-wiirt),  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants 
with  the  habit  and  qualities  of  thistles  ; Scrra- 
tula  ; — so  called  from  their  leaves  being  edged 
with  cutting  teeth.  Loudon. 

SAW'— WREST  (-rest),  n.  (Mech.)  An  instrument 
for  setting  the  teeth  of  a saw ; a saw-set.  Moxon. 

SAw'YER,  n.  1.  One  who  saws  timber  into 
boards  or  planks ; one  who  saws  woo’d  for  fuel. 

2.  A large  tree  with  its  roots  fastened  in  the 
bottom  of  a river,  the  top  moving  up  and  down 
by  the  action  of  the  current;  — common  in  the 
Mississippi  and  its  tributaries.  Flint. 

sAx'A-TIle,  a.  [L.  saxatilis,  from  saxum,  a 
rock.]  Relating  to,  or  living  among,  stones  or 
rocks.  Smart. 

SAX'— HORN,  n.  (Mus.)  The  name  of  a numer- 
ous family  of  brass  wind  instruments  invented 
by  Sax ; — including  the  sax-cornet,  sax-tuba,  &c. 

SAX-I-CA'VOUS,  a.  [L.  saxum,  a rock,  and  cavo, 
to  hollow.]  (Zodl.)  Rock-boring ; noting  ma- 
rine animals  which  perforate  rocks.  Wright. 

SAX'J-FRA(fE  (sak'se-fraj),  n.  [L.  saxifraga,  from 
saxum,  a rock,  and  frango,  to  break.  “Many 
species  rooting  in  the  clefts  of  rocks.”  Gray.] 
(Bot.)  A genus  of  beautiful  Alpine  plants,  com- 
prising numerous  species,  of  which  most  are 
perennial,  evergreen,  and  herbaceous,  and  many 
are  cultivated  for  ornament.  Loudon. 

Igg-The  old  idea  that  plants  of  this  genus  were 
Jithontriptic  appears  to  have  been  derived  from  their 
name  rather  than  their  virtues.  Lindley  — Burnet 
saxifrage,  the  common  name  of  plants  of  the  genus 
PimpineUa.  Loudon. — Golden  saxifrage,  the  common 
name  of  plants  of  the  genus  Chrysosplenium.  Loudon. 
— Meadow  saxifrage,  the  common  nameof  plants  of  the 
genus  Seseli.  Loudon.  — Mountain  saxifrage,  a plant 
of  the  true  saxifrage  family  ; Saxifraga  ojipositjolia. 
Gray.  — Early  saxifrage,  a plant  bearing  flowers  in  a 


clustered  cyme  ; Saxifraga  Vlrginirnsis.  Gray.  — Let- 
tuce saxifrage,  a plant  bearing  elongated  panicles  of 
flowers  ; Saxifraga  crosa. — Yellow  mountain  saxifrage, 
a plant  bearing  corymbose  flowers;  Saxifraga  uizoi- 
des.  Gray. 

SAX-lF'RA-GOUS,  a.  [L.  saxifragus,  from  saxum, 
a stone,  and  frango,  to  break.]  (Med.)  Dis- 
solvent of  stone  in  the  bladder.  .Browne. 

SAX'ON,  n.  [A.  S.  Seaxa,  a Saxon  ; pi.  Seaxe,  Sax- 
ons, from  seax,  a short  sword  or  dagger;  Ger. 
Sachse,  Sasse,  a Saxon. — L.  pi.  Saxones  ; It. 
Sassone .] 

1.  One  of  the  people  who  inhabited  the  north- 
ern part  of  Germany,  obtained  footing  in  Brit- 
ain about  the  year  440,  and  afterwards  subdued 
a great  part  of  the  island. 

In  the  third  century,  the  Saxons  often  landed  on  the  coasts 
of  England  and  France,  and  ravaged  the  maritime  districts; 
but,  about  the  middle  of  the  fifth  century,  a large  body  of 
Saxons  and  Angles,  led  by  Hcngist  and  Ilorsa,  sailed  over  to 
England,  and  established  permanent  settlements  in  this 
island.  P.  Cyc. 

The  Saxons  had  a very  extended  history.  After  many  of 
them  had  migrated  to  Britain,  the  parent  stock  on  the  conti- 
nent had  the  name  of  Old  Saxons.  ISosworth. 

2.  The  language  of  the  Saxons,  and  of  the 
Anglo-Saxons. 

XIQjr*  The  terms  Saxon  .and  Anglo-Saxon  are  popu- 
larly used  to  designate  that  dialect  of  our  language 
which  prevailed  to  the  close  of  the  twelfth  century. 
The  use  of  these  terms  is,  however,  comparatively 
modern,  and  the  men  who  spoke  this  dialect  always 
called  it  the  English.  P.  Cyc. 

The  ground  of  our  own  language  appertaineth  to  the  Old 
Saxon.  Camden. 

The  Saxons  spoke  the  Old  Saxon,  now  called  Low  Ger- 
man, or  Platt-Dcutsch.  Bosivorth. 

SAX'ON,  a.  Belonging  to  the  Saxons,  or  to  their 
language ; as,  “ The  Saxon  Chronicle.” 

The  Anglo-Saxons  derived  their  being  and  name  from  the 
Angles,  a tribe  of  the  Saxon  confederacy.  Bosivorth. 

SAX'ON— BLUE,  n.  A solution  of  indigo  in  con- 
centrated sulphuric  acid,  much  used  as  a sub- 
stantive color  in  dyeing  cloth  and  silk.  Brande. 

SAX'ON— GREEN,  n.  A color  produced  by  dyeing 
yellow  upon  a Saxon-blue  ground.  Brande. 

SAX'ON-I^M,  n.  A Saxon  idiom  or  phrase. 

The  language  is  full  of  Saxonisms.  which  abound  more  or 
less  in  every  writer  before  Gower  and  Chaucer.  Warton. 

SAX'ON-IST,  n.  One  who  is  versed  in  the  Saxon 
language.  Bp.  Nicholson. 

SAX'O-PHONE,  n.  (Mus.)  One  of  the  family  of 
brass  instruments  invented  in  France  by  M.  Sax ; 
a brass  instrument,  made  of  various  sizes, 
soprano,  alto,  and  bass,  and  played  with  a 
mouth-reed  like  a clarionet.  Simmonds. 

S.AY  (si),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  sceegan , seegan,  seegan, 
segan;  Dut.  zeggen  ; Ger.  sagen;  Dan.  sige\  Sw. 
saega;  Icel . segia.]  \i.  said  (sSd) ; pp.  saying, 
said.] 

1.  To  speak  ; to  utter  in  words  ; to  tell ; to 
allege  ; to  affirm ; to  declare. 

Take  ye  no  thought  what  ye  shall  say.  Luke  xii.  11. 

2.  To  repeat;  to  recite;  to  rehearse;  as, 
“ To  say  a lesson  ” : “To  say  prayers.” 

3.  To  pronounce  or  speak  without  singing. 

Then  shall  be  said  or  sung  as  follows.  Com.  Prayer. 

SAY  (sa),  v.  n.  To  speak;  to  tell;  to  utter;  to 
relate ; — often  used,  in  poetry,  before  a question. 
Say  first,  of  God  nbove  or  man  below, 

"What  can  we  reason,  but  from  what  we  know?  Pope. 

SAY,  n.  [A.  S.  sagu  ; Ger.  sage  ; Sw.  A-  Icel.  saga.] 
A speech  ; a saying  ; something  said  ; a remark ; 
observation.  [Colloquial.]  L'  Estrange. 

fsAY(si),  n.  [For  assay.]  1.  f A sample.  Sidney. 

2.  Trial  by  a sample  or  standard.  Boyle. 

f SAY  (sa),  n.  [It.  saia ; Fr.  sayc.]  A kind  of 
woollen  cloth ; serge.  Spenser. 

SA-YETTE  n.  [Fr.]  A mixed  stuff  of  silk  and 
cotton  ; — called  also  sagatliy.  Simmonds. 

SAy'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  says. 

2.  Something  said  ; an  expression  ; a declara- 
tion ; a remark  ; an  observation  ; a statement. 

The  saying  pleased  the  whole  multitude.  Acts  vi.  5. 

The  sacred  function  can  never  be  hurt  by  their  sayings,  if 
not  first  reproached  by  our  doings.  Atterbury. 

3.  A proverb;  a maxim  ; an  aphorism. 

Many  are  the  sayings  of  the  wise. 

Extolling  patience  as  the  truest  fortitude.  Milton. 

f SAY'— MAS-TJf,R,  n.  A master  of  assay;  one 
who  tries  the  value  of  metals  in  the  mint  Narcs. 

May  we  trust  the  wit. 

Without  a say-master  to  authorize  it?  Shirley. 

SAY§  (sez),  third  person  singular  of  say.  See  Say. 


SCAn,  n.  [L .scabies-,  scabo,  to  scratch  ; It.  scab- 
bia.  — A.  S.  sceabb,  scab ; Ger.  schctbe ; Dan. 
shab ; Sw.  skabb.] 

1.  An  incrustation  formed  over  a sore  or  a 
wound,  and  which  may  be  peeled  off’.  Dunglison. 

2.  A contagious  disease  incident  to  sheep, 
resembling  the  mange  in  cattle.  Farm.  Ency. 

3.  A dirty,  paltry  fellow;  a shabby  fellow. 

The  loatlisomest  scab  in  Greece.  ShaJc. 

SCAB'BARD  (skab'bjrd),  n.  The  sheath  or  case  of 
a sword  or  dagger.  Fairfax. 

I thought  ten  thousand  swords  must  have  leaped  from  their 
scabbards  to  avenge  even  a look  that  threatened  her  with 
insult.  Burke. 

ScAb'BARD,  v.  a.  [i.  SCAI1HARDED ; pp.  SCAH- 
BAiiDlNG,  scAlsiiAltDED.]  To  put  into  a scab- 
bard or  sheath  ; to  sheathe,  [it.]  Clarke. 

SCABBED  (sit  ah' bed  or  skabil),  a.  1.  Covered  or 
diseased  with  scabs ; scabby.  Bacon. 

2.  Paltry  ; sorry  ; vile  ; shabby.  Dryden. 

SCAb'BIJD-NESS,  n.  Scabbiness.  Iluloet. 

SCAB'BI-NESS,  it.  The  state  of  being  scabby. 

SCAB'BLE  (skab'bl),  v.  a.  [t.  SCABBEEI) ; pp. 
scabbling,  SCABBLED.]  (Masonry.)  To  pre- 
pare, as  stone,  for  the  operation  of  hewing,  by 
knocking  off  the  prominences  on  the  surface; 
to  scapple.  Tomlinson. 

SCAB'BY,  a.  Full  of  scabs  ; covered  or  diseased 
with  scabs  ; scabbed.  Dunglison. 

SCA  ' BI-E§,  n.  [L.]  (Med.)  A contagious  erup- 
tion ; the  itch  ; Psora.  Dunglison. 

SCA'BI-OUS  (ska'be-us),  a.  [L.  sedbiosus ; scabies, 
a scab  ; It.  scabbioso  ; Fr.  scabieux.]  Consist- 
ing of  scabs  ; scabby  ; itchy  ; scabbed  ; leprous. 
“ Scabious  eruptions.”  Arbuthnot. 

SCA'BI-OUS,  n.  (Bot.)  1.  A plant  of  the  genus 
Scabiosa,  used  in  cutaneous  diseases.  Loudon. 

2.  A plant  of  the  genus  Erigeron  ; fleabane ; 
post-weed.  Dunglison. 

f SCA-BRED’I-TY,  n.  [L.  sedbredo .]  Uneven- 
ness ; roughness  ; ruggedness.  Burton. 

SCA'BROUS,  a.  [L.  scabrosus,  scabcr ; It.  scalro- 
so  ; Sp.  escabroso;  Fr . scabreux.] 

1.  Rough  ; rugged  ; covered  with  hard,  short 
projections,  or  with  little  asperities.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  Harsh ; unmusical.  “ His  verse  is  sca- 
brous and  hobbling.”  Dryden. 

SCA'BROUS-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  sca- 
brous ; roughness  ; ruggedness.  Johnson. 

SCAB' WORT  (-wiirt),  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the 
genus  Helenium.  Ainsworth. 

SCAI),  n.  [Gael,  syad.]  (Ich.)  A marine,  aean- 
thopterygious,  scomberoid  ftsh,  allied  to,  and 
about  the  size  of,  the  mackerel ; Caranx  tra- 
chiurus  ; — called  also  horse-mackerel.  Yarrell. 

SCAF'FOLD,  n.  [A.  S.  scylfc,  a shelf ; Dut. 
schavot ; Ger.  schaffot ^ Dan.  scaffot ; Sw.  scha- 
vott.  — It.  scaffalc,  a shelf;  Fr.  echafaud. — 
From.  Gr.  schaffen,  to  make.  Skinner.) 

1.  A temporary  structure  or  frame-work  of 
timbers,  boards,  &c.,  erected  by  the  wall  of  a 
building  for  the  support  of  workmen ; a scaf- 
folding. 

Those  outward  beauties  arc  but  the  props  and  scaffolds 

On  which  we  built  our  love.  Denham. 

2.  A gallery,  stage,  or  platform,  as  for  shows, 
or  for  spectators. 

The  throng 

On  banks  and  scaffolds  under  sky  might  stand.  Milton. 

3.  An  elevated  stage  or  platform  for  the  exe- 
cution of  a criminal. 

Up  to  some  scaffold,  there  to  lose  their  heads.  Shak. 

SCAF'FOLD,  v.  a.  To  furnish  with  a scaffold  cr 
frame-work  of  timber.  Johnson. 

f SCAF'FOLD-A9E,  ii.  A scaffold  ; a stage.  Shak. 

SCAF'FOLD-ING,  n.  1.  A structure  of  timbers, 
planks,  &c.,  raised  against  a wall  for  the  support 
of  workmen  ; a scaff  old  ; a frame-work.  Brande. 

2.  That  which  supports  or  holds  up  ; a frame. 

Sickness,  contributing  no  less  than  old  age  to  the  shaking 

down  this  scaffolding  of  the  body,  may  discover  the  inward 
structure.  Pope. 

3.  Materials  for  scaffolds.  Clarke . 

SCAF'FOLD— POLE,  n.  (Arch.)  A long  pole  or 

timber  for  supporting  a scaffold.  Simmonds. 

SCAGL ' IA  (skal'va),  ii.  [It.  scaglia,  a scale.] 
(Geol.)  An  Italian  rock  contemporaneous  with 
the  chalk  formation  of  England.  Ansted. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  !,  6,  Cr,  Y,  short;  A,  ip,  I,  O,  II,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


SCAGLIOLA 


1279 


SCALPRIFORM 


SCAGL-I-O'LA  (skal-ye-o'la),  n.  [It.  scagliuola, 
dim.  of  scaglta,  a scale,  a chip  of  marble.]  A 
kind  of  ornamental  plaster  or  artificial  stone, 
like  marble,  prepared  from  gypsum.  Tomlinson. 

ScA  'LA,  n.  [L.,  a ladder.]  (Surg.)  An  instru- 
ment formerly  used  for  reducing  dislocations  of 
the  humerus  or  shoulder.  Dunglison. 

SCA'LA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  scaled.  Bullokar. 

SCA-LADE',  n.  [It.  scalata,  from  L.  scala,  a lad- 
der ; Sp.  escalada ; Fr.  escalade.~\  (Mil.)  An 
escalade.  * Arbuthnot. 

SCA-lA'DO,  n.  A scalade.  Bacon. 

SCA-lA1  RI-a,  n.  [L .,  a flight  of  steps.]  ( ZoOl .) 
A genus  of  marine  gasteropods,  having  the 
whirls  ornamented  with  numerous  transverse 
ribs;  wentletraps.  Woodward. 

SCA-LAR'I-FORM,  a.  [L.  scalaria,  a flight  of 
steps,  and /brma,  form.]  (Bo!.)  Noting  vascu- 
lar tissues  with  crossbands  resembling  the  steps 
of  a ladder.  Gray. 

SCALA-RY  [skal'j-re,  W.  J.  Ja.  11. ; ska'la-re,  S.  P. 
K.  Sm.  B.  Wr.],  a.  [L.  scala,  a ladder.]  Pro- 
ceeding by  steps,  like  those  of  a ladder.  “ Sca- 
lary  ascents.”  [r.]  Browne. 

SCAL'A-WAG, n.  Alow,  worthless  fellow;  a scape- 
grace. [Vulgar  and  local,  U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

SCALD,  v.  a.  [It.  scaldare,  to  heat,  from  L.  cali- 
dus,  hot;  Sp.  escaldar,  to  scald;  Fr.  tchauderl ] 
[(.  SCALDED  ; pp.  SCALDING,  SCALDED.] 

1.  To  burn  or  injure  with  a hot  liquid,  or  as 
with  a hot  liquid. 

It  depends  not  on  his  will  to  persuade  himself  that  what 
actually  scalds  him  feels  cold.  Locke. 

From  his  wild  visage  wiped  the  scalding  tears.  Pope. 

2.  To  scorch.  [Local,  Eng.]  Forby. 

SCALD,  n.  1.  A bum  caused  by  a hot  liquor. 

2.  Scurf  on  the  head.  Spenser. 

SCALD,  a.  Paltry  ; sorry  ; scurvy ; scabby.  Shall. 

II  SCALD,  or  SCALD  [skald,  Ja.  K.  R.  C.  B. ; skald, 
Sm.],  n.  [Ger.  skalde  ; Dan.  skiald  ; Sw.  skald. ] 
An  ancient  Scandinavian  poet  or  bard. 

In  the  old  northern  literature,  those  mythological  poems 
of  which  the  writers  are  known  are  properly  called  soups  of 
the  scalds,  while  those  of  unknown  authors  are  termed 
eddas.  Brandc. 

The  ancient  chronicles  constantly  represent  the  Kings  of 

Denmark,  Norway,  and  Sweden  ns  attended  by  one  or  more 
scalds:  for  this  was  the  name  they  gave  their  poets.  Percy. 

II  SCAL'DIJK,  or  SCAL'D^R  [skM'der,  R.  C.  Wb.  ; 
skal'der,  K.  Sm.],  n.  A Scandinavian  poet  or 
bard;  a scald.  ' Warton. 

SCALD'— FISH,  n.  ( Ich .)  A marine,  malacopte- 
rygious,  flat  fish  of  the  family  Pleuronectidce 
and  genus  Rhombus,  allied  to  the  sole,  flounder, 
and  turbot ; Rhombus  Arnoglossus.  I arrell. 

SCALD’— HEAD,  n.  (Med.)  A disease  of  the  scalp, 
characterized  by  small,  light-yellow  pustules ; 
porrigo  ; — written  also  scalled-head.  Floyer. 

II  SCAL'DJC,  or  ScAL'DIC,  a.  Relating  to,  or 
composed  by,  the  poets  called  scalds ; resem- 
bling the  poems  of  the  scalds.  Warton. 

SCALE, n.  [A.  S.  scale,  dish  of  a balance,  scale; 
Ger.  schale,  a bowl  or  cup,  a scale  ; Dut.  schaal, 
a bowl ; Dan.  skaal,  a bowl ; Sw.  ska/,  a bowl. 
— L.  scala,  a ladder;  It.  scala,  a ladder;  Sp. 
escala\  Fr.  echclle,  a scale  or  ladder. — The 
past  participle  of  A.  S.  scyl-an,  to  divide,  to 
separate,  to  distinguish.  Tooke. ] 

1.  The  dish  of  a balance. 

So  first  the  right  he  put  into  one  scale; 

And  then  the  giant  strove  with  puissance  strong 

To  fill  the  other  scale  with  so  much  wrong.  Spenser. 

2.  An  instrument  by  which  things  are  weighed ; 
a balance:  — commonly  used  in  the  plural. — 
“ The  scales  turned.” 

In  equal  scale  weighing  delight  and  dole.  Shop. 

3.  pi.  (Astron.)  The  sign  Libra.  Creech. 

4.  A series  of  steps  or  stairs;  a means  of 

ascending ; a ladder.  Addison. 

By  battery,  scale,  and  mine 
Assaulting.  Milton. 

5.  A regular  gradation  ; a graduated  series. 

Their  several  gradations  in  the  scale  of  beings.  Cheyne. 

6.  (Math.)  A term  applied  to  various  math- 
ematical instruments,  as  the  Plane  scale, 
Gunter’s  scale,  Diagonal  scale,  &c.,  contain- 
ing several  lines  drawn  on  wood,  ivory,  paper, 
&c.,  and  variously  divided  into  parts  equal 
or  unequal,  according  to  the  purposes  which 


they  are  intended  to  serve ; a graduated  line  or 
' a graduated  rule  or  ruler.  Hutton. 

7.  (Arith.)  The  order  of  progression  on 
which  any  system  of  notation  is  founded;  as, 
“ The  binary  or  the  denary  scale.”  Brandc. 

8.  (Mus.)  The  series  of  sounds  or  tones  em- 
ployed in  music,  arranged  in  continuous  ascent 
or  descent,  by  measured  intervals,  from  any 
given  pitch  or  key-note  ; the  gamut.  Dwight. 

Kip-  The  diatonic  scale,  major  or  minor,  is  that 
which  ascends  or  descends  mostly  by  whole-tone  in- 
tervals ; the  chromatic  scale  is  that  which  ascends  or 
descends  altogether  by  half-tone  intervals.  Dwight. 

9.  pi.  (Mil.)  A sort  of  armor  consisting  of 
brass  plates,  laid  like  scales  one  over  the  other, 
to  defend  the  glandular  parts  and  the  side-face 
of  -a  dragoon.  They  are  attached  to  the  helmet, 
and  can  be  buttoned  up  in  front.  Stocqucler. 

Wollaston's  scale  of  chemical  equivalents,  an  instru- 
ment in  which  a tabic,  or  column  of  numbers,  repre- 
senting the  equivalent  or  combining  proportions  of 
numerous  chemical  substances,  is  adapted  to  a loga- 
rithmically divided,  sliding  scale,  on  the  principle  of 
Gunter’s  sliding  rule ; — used  for  solving  by  inspection 
various  problems  in  chemistry  which  can  otherwise 
be  solved  only  by  arithmetical  computation.  Wollaston. 

SCALE,  n.  [A.  S.  sceala,  shells,  scales;  Dut. 
shale  ; Dan.  <S;  Sw.  skal.  — It.  scaglia ; Norm.  Fr. 
escale ; Fr.  ecaille.] 

1.  (Zoul.)  A term  properly  applied  to  the 
plates,  generally  thin,  small,  and  imbricated, 
which  defend  the  skin  of  fishes  : — applied  also 
ft  the  plates  clothing  the  skin  of  reptiles,  which 
are  modifications  of  the  epidermis.  Brandc. 

Like  as  they  were  fishes’  scales.  Goicer. 

2.  Any  thing  exfoliated  or  desquamated ; a 
thin  lamina  or  layer.  “ A scale  of  bone.”  Sharp. 

3.  (Mining.)  A portion  of  the  wall  of  a lode 

falling  away  in  flakes  : — a small  portion  of  the 
air  current  admitted  to  some  of  the  workings  in 
coal-mines.  A nsted. 

4.  pi.  (Bot.)  The  bracts  of  the  catkin,  or 
any  bracts  which  have  a scaly  appearance : — 
the  leaves  of  the  involucrum  of  Composite  : — 
the  imbricated  ground-leaves  which  constitute 
the  bulb  : — the  rudimentary  leaves  which  cover 
the  leaf-buds  of  the  deciduous  trees  of  cold  cli- 
mates, and  shield  them  against  sudden  changes 
of  temperature.  Loudon.  Lindley.  Gray. 

SCALE,  v.  a.  [It.  scalare. — Norm.  Fr.  escaler,  from 
L.  scala,  a ladder.]  [i.  scaled  ; pp.  SCALING, 
scaled.]  To  climb,  as  by  ladders  or  by  steps  ; 
to  ascend  ; to  escalade  ; to  mount. 

Why  then  a ladder,  quaintly  made  of  cords, 

To  cast  up  with  a pair  of  anchoring  hooks. 

Would  serve  to  scale  another  Hero’s  tower.  Shak. 

Let  us  resolve  to  scale  their  flint}''  bulwarks.  Shak. 

SCALE,  v.  a.  [From  scale,  a balance.]  To  weigh, 
as  in  scales  ; to  estimate  aright ; to  compare. 

Scaling  his  present  bearing  with  his  past.  Shak. 

SCALE,  v.  a.  [From  scale,  of  a fish.]  1.  To  strip 
or  divest  of  scales ; to  take  of!  in  a thin  lami- 
na ; to  pare  off  a surface  from. 

Raphael  was  sent  to  scale  away  the  whiteness  of  Tobit’s 
eyes.  Tob.  iii.  17. 

If  any  have  counterfeited,  clipped,  or  scaled  his  [the  king’s] 
moneys,  or  other  moneys  current,  this  is  high  treason.  Bacon. 

2.  To  spread,  as  manure,  gravel,  or  other 

loose  materials.  [North  of  Eng.]  Brockett. 

3.  ( Naut .)  To  cleanse,  or  clear  out,  as  the  in- 

side of  a cannon,  by  the  explosion  of  a small 
quantity  of  powder.  Mar.  Diet. 

4.  (Dentistry .)  To  remove,  as  tartar,  from  the 

teeth.  Fhmglison. 

SCALE,  v.  n.  1.  To  peel  off  in  scales  ; to  come 
off  in  thin  layers  or  laminae. 

They  [the  old  shells  of  the  lobster]  scale  off,  and  crumble 
away  by  degrees.  Bacon. 

2.  To  rise,  or  lead  up,  by  steps  or  stairs. 

Satan  from  hence  now  out  the  lower  stair, 

That  scaled  by  steps  of  gold  to  heaven’s  gate, 


Looks  down  with  wonder. 

3.  fTo  separate;  to  depart. 


Milton. 

Holinshed. 


SCALE'— BOARD,  n.  1.  (Printing.)  A thin  slip  of 
wood  used  to  justify  a page  to  its  true  length,  or 
make  the  pages  register ; — commonly  pro- 
nounced scao'board.  Simmonds. 

2.  A thin  veneer  or  leaf  of  wood.  Simmonds. 

SCALED  (skald),  p.  a.  Having  scales,  like  a fish  ; 
squamous  ; scaly.  “ Scaled  snakes.”  Shak. 

SCALE'LIJSS,  a.  Destitute,  or  deprived,  of  scales. 
“ A certain  scalelcss  fish.”  Cotgrave. 


SCA-LENE',  n.  A triangle  having  the  three  sides 
unequal.  More. 

SCA-LENE  , ? a [Gr.  OKal.rivSg,  oblique,  uno- 

SCA-LE'NOUS,  > qual ; L.  scalenus-,  Fr.  sealine.] 

( Gcom .)  1.  Noting  triangles  which  have  no 

equal  sides  or  angles.  Davies. 

2.  Oblique,  or  having  the  axis  inclined  to  the 
base,  as  a cone.  Davies. 

SCA-LE  ' NUS,  n.  ( Anat .)  A triangular  muscle  of 
the  neck,  which  bends  it  laterally.  Dunglison. 

SCALAR,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  scales. 

SCALE'— STONE,  n.  (Min.)  Tabular-spar;  a min- 
eral composed  of  thin  lamince.  Buchanan. 

SCA'LJ-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  scaly. 

SCAL'ING,  p.  a.  Climbing,  or  used  for  climbing. 

Scaling-ladder,  (Mil.)  a ladder  of  various  construc- 
tion, used  to  scale  walls.  Campbell. 

SCAL-1-O'LA,  n.  See  SCAGLIOLA.  Clarke. 

SCALL,  n.  (Med.)  A disease  of  the  skin  ; a kind 
of  impetigo  or  psoriasis.  Dunglison. 

It  is  a dry  scall , even  a leprosy  upon  the  head  or  beard. 

Lev.  xiii.  30. 

f SCALL,  a.  Scurvy  ; scabby  ; scald.  Shak. 

f SCALLED  (skSlwld),  a.  Scurfy  ; scabby  ; scurvy  ; 
scall ; scald.  Chaucer. 

SCALL'ION  (skal'yun),  n.  [L.  Ascalonius,  of  As- 
calon,  in  Palestine,  — where  the  plant  is  found. 
— It.  scalogno .]  (Bot.)  A kind  of  imperfect 
onion,  not  having  a well-formed  tuber  ; the  shal- 
lot : — a leek  ; Allium  Ascalonicum.  Jamieson. 

||  SCAL'LOP  (skol'lup)  [skol'lup,  *S.  W.  P.  J.  F.  K. 
Sm.  Wr.  Wb. ; skal'lup,  E.  /«.],  n.  [A.  S.  sceala, 
scala  ; Dut.  schulp,  a shell.] 

1.  (Conch.)  A bivalve  of  the  genus  Pcctcn, 

having  a shell  marked  with  ribs.  Woodward. 

2.  A margin  composed  of  segments  of  circles 

for  flounces,  ribbons,  &c. ; — written  also  scol- 
lop. Simmonds. 

3.  Oysters  with  bread  crumbs  baked  in  a shell 

or  tin.  Simmonds. 

USr-  “ This  word  is  irregular  ; for  it  ought  to  have 
tlie  a in  tile  first  syllable  like  that  in  tallow  ; but  the 
deep  sound  of  a is  too  firmly  fixed  by  cuslom  lo  afford 
any  expectation  of  a change.  Mr.  Sheridan,  Mr.  Scott, 
Dr.  Kenrick,  Mr.  Nares,  and  Mr.  Smith  pronounco 
the  a in  the  manner  f have  given  it.”  Walker. 

II  SCAL’LOP  (skol'lup),  v.  a.  [i.  SCALLOPED  ; pp. 
SCALLOPING,  SCALLOPED.] 

1.  To  mark  or  diversify  at  the  edge  with  hol- 
lows or  segments  of  a circle  ; to  indent ; to 

notch. 

To  scallop  is  to  form  or  shape  in  likeness  to  the  cd^c  of  the 
6hell  of  the  scallop,  i.  e.  with  segments  of  circles,  ltichwdson. 

2.  To  bake  in  a shell-shaped  dish,  as  oysters. 

II  SCAL'LOPED  (slcol'lupt),  p.  a.  1.  Having  the 

edge  indented  or  cut  into  segments  of  circles. 
“ A gentleman  with  a scalloped  coat.”  King. 

2.  Baked  with  bread  crumbs;  as,  “ Scalloped 
oysters.”  — See  Scallop. 

SCALP,  n.  [Dut.  schelp,  schulp,  a shell ; — or,  L. 
scalpo,  to  cut,  to  scrape,  to  carve.] 

1.  (Anat.)  The  integuments  covering  the 

head;  — particularly  the  skin  on  the  top  of  the 
head,  on  which  the  hair  grows.  Dunglison. 

White  beards  have  armed  their  thin  and  hairless  scalps 

Against  thy  majesty.  Shak. 

2.  The  skin  of  the  top  of  the  head  torn  oft’, 

as  a badge  of  victory  ; as,  “ Scalps  taken  by  the 
American  Indians.”  Catlin. 

SCALP,  v.  a.  [L.  scalpo,  to  scrape.]  [t.  scalped  ; 
pp.  scalping,  scalped.]  To  deprive  of  the 
scalp,  or  skin  on  the  top  of  the  head.  Beloe. 

SCAL'PIJL,  n.  [Fr. ; E.  scalpcllum,  from  scalpo, 
to  scrape  ; It.  scalpello  ; Sp.  escalpelo.\  (Surg.) 
A cutting  instrument,  of  variable  shape  and 
size,  used  to  divide  the  soft  parts  in  operations 
and  dissections.  Dunglison 

SCALP'JJR,  n.  (Surg.)  A tool  for  rasping  bones 
a scalping-iron.  Simmonds 

SCALP'ING— IR-ON,  n.  (Surg.)  A tool  for  scrap 
ing  decayed  bones  ; raspatory  ; scalper.  Clarke 

SCALP'ING— KNIFE,  n.  A knife  used  by  the  In 
dians  in  taking  off  scalps.  Drake 

SCAL'PRI-FORM,  a.  [E.  scalprum,  a knife,  and 
forma,  a form.]  (Zobl.)  Noting  certain  teeth 
which  have  a cutting  edge.  Brande. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — Q,  Q,  <;,  g,  soft;  G,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


SCALPRUM 


1280 


SCAPIIITE 


scJl'  PRUM,  n.  [L.] 

1.  (Surt 7 ) A knife  ; a raspatory.  Dmiglison. 

2.  ( Zoiil .)  The  cutting  edge  of  the  incisor 

teeth.  Brande. 

SCA'Ly,  a.  1.  Covered  with  scales,  as  a fish. 

The  one  seemed  woman  to  the  waist,  and  fair, 

But  ended  foul  in  many  a scaly  fold.  Milton. 

2.  Resembling  scales  or  lamina;.  Clarke 

3.  Paltry;  mean;  stingy;  scurvy;  scald. 

[Vulgar.]  Ilalliwell. 

4.  (Hot.)  Furnished  with  scales,  or  scale-like 

in  texture.  Gray. 

SCAM' BLE,  v.  n.  [Icel.  s/cyma  ; Dut.  schommelcn, 
to  stir,  to  shake.  — “ Equivalent,  apparently, 
to  scramble,  which  has  now  usurped  its  place  ; 
and  possibly  of  the  same  origin,  though  the  ety- 
mology is  uncertain.”  Narcs.]  [t.  scambled; 

pp.  SC  AMBLING,  SCAMBLED.] 

1.  To  stir  busily  ; to  scramble  ; to  struggle  ; 
to  be  turbulent ; to  be  disorderly. 

But  that  the  scamblinrj  and  unquiet  time 

Did  push  it  out  of  farther  question.  Shak. 

2.  To  shift  awkwardly.  More. 

SCAM  BLE,  r.  a.  To  mangle  ; to  maul.  Mortimer. 

SCAM'BLE,  )i.  A struggle  ; a scramble.  Ash. 

SCAM'BLpR,  n 1.  One  who  scambles.  [Scot- 
tish.] 

2  A bold  intruder  upon  one’s  table  or  gen- 
erosity. Jamieson.  Steevens. 

SCAM'BLING-LY,  ad.  With  turbulence,  noise,  or 
intrusion  Sherwood. 

SC  AM -MO 'NI- ATE,  a:  Made  with  scammony  ; 
as,  “ Scammoniate  medicines.”  Wiseman. 

SCAM'MO-NY,  n.  [Gr . oKaytutvia  •,  L .scammonia-. 
It.  scamonea  ; Sp.  escamonea  ; Fr . scammontie.] 

1.  (Sot.)  A plant  indigenous  in  Syria,  Cappa- 

docia, &c.,  of  the  bindweed  family;  Convolvu- 
lus  scammonia.  Baird. 

2.  (Med.)  A gum-resin  obtained  from  the 
milky  juice  of  the  fresh  roots  of  Convolvulus 
scammonia.  It  is  light,  of  a dark-gray  color, 
and  becomes  of  a whitish-yellow  when  touched 
with  the  wet  finger.  It  seldom  reaches  us  in  a 
pure  state,  but  is  commonly  mixed  with  the  ex- 
pressed juice  of  the  root,  and  often  with  flour, 
sand,  or  earth.  The  best  comes  from  Aleppo, 
and  a second  quality  from  Smyrna.  It  is  an 
efficacious  and  powerful  purgative.  Eng.  Cyc. 

Montpellier  scammony,  a drug  obtained  from  Cynan- 
chum  acutum.  Lindlcy. 

SCAMP,  n.  [See  Scamper.]  A cheat ; a knave  ; 
a swindler  ; a worthless  fellow  ; a rascal.  [A 
modern,  colloquial,  low  word.]  Qu.  Rev. 

fSp-  Often  used  as  to  one  who  contracts  a debt,  and 
runs  off  without  paying  it.  Jamieson. 

SCAM'PpR,  v.  n.  [Dut.  schampen,  to  slip  aside. 
— Low  L.  ex  campo,  to  run  from  the  field ; L. 
ex,  from,  and  campus,  campo,  the  field  [sc.  of 
battle];  It.  scampare,  to  escape;  Fr . escamper.] 
[i.  SCAMPERED  ; pp.  SCAMPERING,  SCAMPERED.] 
To  run  with  hurry  or  speed ; to  run  through 
fear ; to  scud.  ^ Addison. 

SCAM'PpR,  n.  The  act  of  scampering;  a quick 
running  or  flight.  Blackwood. 

SCAMP'ISH,  a.  Somewhat  like  a scamp;  knav- 
ish. [Colloquial  and  low.]  Palmer. 

SCAN,  v.  a.  [L.  scando,  to  climb,  to  mount,  to 
scan;  It.  scandirc  ; Sp.  escandir ; Fr.  sounder.] 
[i.  SCANNED  ; pp.  SCANNING,  SCANNED.] 

1.  To  divide,  as  a verse,  into  the  feet  of  which 
it  is  composed ; to  measure,  or  examine  by 
counting  or  pronouncing  the  feet  of,  as  verse. 

They  scan  their  verses  upon  their  fingers.  Walsh. 

2.  To  examine  critically  ; to  scrutinize. 

The  actions  of  men  in  high  stations  are  all  conspicuous, 
and  liable  to  be  scanned  and  sifted.  Atterljury. 

SCAN'DAL,  n.  [Gr.  cK&vbalov,  a snare  laid  for 
an  enemy,  a stumbling-block,  offence,  — a later 
form  for  aKavbahtSyov,  the  spring  of  a trap  ; L. 
scandaltim-,  It.  scandalo ; Sp.  escandalo ; Fr. 
scandalc.] 

1.  Offence  given  by  the  faults  of  others.  Hooker. 

His  lustful  orgies  he  enlarged 
Even  to  the  hill  of  scandal , by  the  grove 
Of  Moloch,  homicide.  Milton. 

2.  Reproachful  aspersion  ; opprobrious  cen- 
sure ; defamatory  report ; aspersion  ; reproach. 

My  known  virtue  is  from  scandal  free.  Drydcn. 

No  scandal  about  Queen  Elizabeth,  I hope.  Sheridan. 


3 (Law)  In  equity  practice,  an  allegation  in 

a bill,  answer,  or  other  pleading,  which  is  un- 
becoming the  dignity  of  the  court  to  hear,  or  is 
contrary  to  good  manners,  or  which  charges 
some  person  with  a crime  not  necessary  to  be 
shown  in  the  cause.  Burrill. 

4 (Com  ) A wine  measure  of  Marseilles,  of 
3]  gallons  ; — written  also  escandal.  Simmonds. 

f SCAN'DAL,  v.  a.  To  scandalize.  Shak. 

f SCAN'DALED,  a.  Scandalized.  Shenstone. 

SCAN'DAL-IZE,  v a.  [Gr.  mcavliaU^w  ; L.  scan- 
dalizo ; It.  scandalczzare  ; Sp.  escandalizar ; Fr. 
scandaliscr  ] [i.  scandalized  ; pp  scandal- 

izing, SCANDALIZED.] 

1.  To  offend  by  some  act  supposed  criminal. 

1 demand  who  they  are  whom  wc  scandalize  by  using 

harmless  things.  Hooker. 

2 To  reproach  opprobriously  ; to  defame  ; to 
asperse;  to  calumniate;  to  slander;  to  vilify. 
“ To  scandalize  a magistrate.”  Blackstone. 

Thou  dost  appear  to  scandalize 
The  public  right,  and  common  cause  of  kings.  Daniel. 

SCAN'DAL-OUS,  a.  [It.  scandaloso ; Sp.  escan- 
daloso  ; Fr.  scandaleux .] 

1.  Giving  scandal  or  offence,  as  a fault. 
“Nothing  scandalous  or  offensive.”  Hooker. 

2.  Opprobrious  or  defamatory,  as  a report. 

3.  Disgraceful;  shameful;  infamous.  “ Scati- 

dalous  meanness.”  Pope. 

SCAN'DAL-OUS-LY,  ad.  1.  In  a scandalous  man- 
ner; shamefully;  disgracefully.  South. 

Cupid  must  go  no  more  so  scandalously  naked.  Carew. 

2.  Censoriously.  “ Scandalously  nice.”  Pope. 

SCAiN'DA  L-OLS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  the 
state  of  being  scandalous.  Seeker. 

S CAjV ' DA-  L UM  MA  CI-.xA  ' TUM,  n.  [Law  L., 
scandal  of  magnates.']  (Eng.  Law.)  Scandal  or 
slander  of  great  men  or  nobles,  as  of  a peer, 
judge,  or  other  officer  of  the  realm.  Blackstone. 

SCAN'DeNT,  a.  [L.  scando,  scMidens,  to  climb.] 
(Bot.)  Climbing  ; rising  by  clinging  to  other  ob- 
jects for  support.  Gray. 

ScAN-DI-NA'VI- AN,  a.  Relating  to  Scandinavia, 
the  ancient  name  of  Sweden  and  Norway  ; or  to 
the  ancient  literature  of  the  north-west  part  of 
Europe,  beyond  the  Baltic. 

The  ancient  Scandinavian  language  ...  is  now  confined 
to  Iceland,  where  it  has  undergone  little  change  since  the 
ninth  century.  1*.  Cyc. 

SCAN-DI-NA'VI-AN,  n.  A native,  or  an  inhabit- 
ant, of  Scandinavia.  P.  Cyc. 

SCAN'NjNG,  n.  The  dividing  of  a verse  into  the 
feet  of  which  it  is  composed  ; the  act  of  meas- 
uring the  feet  in  a verse  ; scansion.  Andrews. 

SCAN'SION,  n.  [L.  scansio .]  The  act  of  scan- 
ning or  measuring  a verse.  Bp.  Percy. 

SCAN-SO  ’REf,  n.  [L.  scando,  scansum,  to  climb.] 
(Ornith.)  An  order  of  birds,  including  those 
which  have  the  toes  arranged  in  pairs,  two  be- 
fore and  tw'o  behind,  including  the  families 
Ramphastida:,  Psittacida,  Pieidce,  and  Cucu- 
lidec.  Gray. 

SCAN-SO'RI-AL,  a.  (Ornith.)  Relating  to  birds 
of  the  order  Scansorcs  ; climbing.  Eng.  Cyc. 

SCAN-SO'RI-AL,  n.  (Ornith.)  A bird  of  the  or- 
der Scansores ; a climbing  bird.  Brande. 

SCANT,  v.  a.  [Dan.  skaane,  to  spare;  Sw.  skona.] 
[i.  SCANTED  ; pp.  SCANTING,  SCANTED.]  To 

limit ; to  straiten  ; to  stint. 

Arc  they  so  scanted  in  their  store?  B.Jonson. 

You  think 

I will  your  serious  and  great  business  scant.  Shak. 

SCANT,  v.  n.  (Xaut.)  To  fail  or  become  less. 
“ The  wind  scants.”  Todd. 

SCANT,  n.  Scarcity ; scantiness,  [r.]  Carew. 

SCANT,  a.  1.  Not  plentiful;  scarce;  scanty-  “A 
scant  allowance.”  Milton 

2.  Parsimonious  ; sparing  ; not  liberal. 

Be  somewhat  scanter  of  your  maiden  presence.  Shak. 

3.  Hardly  sufficient,  fair,  or  favorable  ; light. 

“ The  wind  was  scant  ” Cook. 

f SCANT,  ad.  Scarcely ; hardly  Camden. 

I scant  can  tell  the  rest  for  laughter.  Harrington • 


SCANT'I-LY,  ad.  With  scantiness;  not  plenti- 
fully ; sparingly  ; niggardly. 

lie  6pokc 

Scantily  of  me  when  perforce  he  could  not 

But  pay  me  terms  of  honor.  Shak. 

SCAnt'I-NESS,  n.  1.  The  state  of  being  scanty  ; 
want  of  fulness  or  amplitude  ; scantness. 

Alexander  was  much  troubled  at  the  scantiness  of  nature 
itself,  that  there  were  no  more  worlds  for  him  to  disturb. 

South. 

2.  Want  of  space  or  compass;  narrowness. 
“ The  scantiness  of  our  heroic  verse.”  Drydcn. 

f SCAN'TLE,  v.  n.  [Dim.  of  scant.]  To  he  de- 
ficient ; to  fail ; to  scant.  Drayton. 

SCAN'TLE,  v.  a [It.  schiantare  ; Old  Fr.  cschan- 
teler.]  To  divide  into  little  pieces  ; to  shiver. 
[R.]  Ld.  Chesterfield. 

SCAnt'LIJT,  n.  A small  pattern  or  piece ; a 
small  piece  or  portion,  [r.]  Hale. 

ScANT'LING,  n.  [Fr.  echantillon,  a sample. 
Johnson.  — From  the  same  root  as  scant.  Rich- 
ardson.] 

1.  A quantity  cut  for  a particular  purpose ; a 

pattern.  L’Estrange. 

2 A certain  proportion  or  quantity.  Shak. 

3.  A small  quantity.  “Reduce  desires  to 

narrow  scantlings.”  Drydcn. 

4.  Small  timbers,  as  the  quartering  for  a par- 
tition, rafters,  &c.  Tomlinson. 

5.  The  transverse  dimensions  of  a piece  of 

’ timber.  Brande. 

6.  A rude  sketch.  Simmonds. 

SCANT'LING,  a.  Not  plentiful ; small ; scant. 

“ The  scantling  drops  distil.”  [it.]  Shenstone. 

SCANT'LY,  ad.  1.  t Scarcely  ; hardly.  Camden. 

2.  Not  plentifully  ; penuriously.  Dryden. 

SCANT'N£SS,  n.  Narrowness;  smallness;  scant- 
iness. “ The  scantness  of  our  capacities.” 

Glanvill. 


SCANT'Y,  a.  1.  Wanting  amplitude  or  sufficien- 
cy ; narrow  ; insufficient ; bare  ; short ; scant.  . 

His  dominions  were  very  narrow  and  scanty.  Locke. 

2.  Not  full  or  copious  ; defective  ; poor. 

“ Their  language  being  scanty.”  Locke. 

3.  Sparing;  parsimonious;  niggardly. ■ Swift. 

In  illustrating  a point  of  difficulty,  be  not  too  scanty  of 
words.  Watts. 

Syn.  — See  Bare,  Short. 

SCAPE,  v.  a.  [Contracted  from  escape.]  To  es- 
cape ; to  shun ; to  a.void.  [r.]  Shak. 

SCAPE,  v.  n.  To  get  away ; to  escape.  Dryden. 

f SCAPE,  n.  1.  Flight  from  danger  ; an  escape. 

Of  hair-breadth  scapA ; in  the  imminent  deadly  breach.  Shak. 

2.  Means  of  escape  ; evasion.  Donne. 

3.  Freak  ; deviation  ; aberration. 

No  scape  of  nature,  no  distempered  day.  Shak. 

4.  Loose  act,  as  of  vice  or  lewdness.  Milton. 

SCAPE,  n.  [Gr.  aKanos,  a stem,  a stalk ; L. 

scapus : Fr.  scape.] 

1.  (Bot  ) A peduncle  which  rises 

from  the  ground,  supporting  the 
flowers  on  its  apex.  Lindlcy. 

2.  (Arch.)  The  apophyge  or  spring 

of  a column.  Britton. 

SCAPE'-GAL-LOWS,  n.  One  who  has  escaped, 
though  deserving,  the  gallows.  Carr. 

SCAPE'-GOAT,  71.  The  goat  set  at  liberty,  by  the 
Jews,  on  the  day  of  solemn  expiation,  and  ban- 
ished into  the  wilderness,  loaded  with  the  im- 
precations of  the  higli-priest,  and  representing 
the  sins  of  all  the  people  Lev.xvi.  10.  Calmet. 

SCApE'GRAcE,  n.  A vile  or  worthless  fellow;  a 
knave.  Brit.  Critic. 

SCAPELpSS,  a.  (Bot.)  Having  no  scape.  Clarke. 

SCAPE'MIJNT,  n.  Escapement.  Chambers. 

SCAPH'I^M,  71.  [Gr.  tr/cdimu,  laKa^yv,  to  dig  ; Fr. 
scaphisme.]  Among  the  ancient  Persians,  a 
barbarous  kind  of  punishment,  which  consisted 
in  confining  a criminal  in  the  hollow  of  a tree, 
with  apertures  for  his  face  and  limbs,  which 
were  anointed  with  milk  and  honey,  and  ex- 
posed to  the  sun,  to  invite  flies,  wasps,  &c.  Scott. 

SCAPH'iTE,  71.  [Gr.  meat fr,  a trough,  a boat.] 
(Conch.)  One  of  a genus  of  fossil  cephalopodous 
mollusks,  having  a boat-shaped  shell.  Eng.  Cyc. 


A,  R,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  0,  Y,  short;  A,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; IlEtR,  I1ER; 


SCAPHOID 


1281 


SCATH 


SCA'PIIOID,  a.  [Gr.  tntiipn,  a trough,  a skiff,  and 
tiSos,  form.]  (Anat.)  Having  the  form  of  a 
boat  ; — applied  to  several  parts.  Dunglison. 

SCApii’  v-LA,n.  [L.,  a little  boat.]  (Zool.)  A ge- 
nus of  conchiferous  fresh-water  mollusks. Baird. 

SCAP'1-FORM,  a.  ( Bot .)  Scape-like.  Gray. 

SCAP'O-LITE,  n.  [Gr.  cuano;,  a staff,  and  )A0o s,  a 
stone.]  (Min.)  A species  of  minerals  compris- 
ing many  varieties,  usually  occurring  in  distinct 
crystals,  which  are  occasionally  of  large  size, 
and  mostly  composed  of  silica,  alumina,  and 
lime.  ’ Dana. 


SCAP'PLE,  v.  a.  To  reduce  to  a straight,  rough 
surface,  as  a stone  ; to  scabble.  Weale. 

SCAp' U-LJ),  n.\  pi.  scapulas.  [L.]  (Anat.)  An 
irregular,  broad,  flat  bone,  of  a triangular  shape, 
situated  at  the  posterior  part  of  the  shoulder ; 
the  shoulder-blade.  Dunglison. 

SCAP'U-LAR,  n.  ( Ornith .)  A feather  growing 

upon  the  shoulder,  and  lying  along  the  side  of 
the  back.  Brande. 


SCAP  IJ-LAR,  ? a.  [It.  scapulare ; Sp.  escapu- 
SCAP'U-LA-RY,  ) lar ; Fr.  scapulaire.\ 

1.  (Anat.)  Pertaining  to  the  scapula,  or  shoul- 
der-blade. “Scapular  arteries.”  Dunglison. 

2.  (Ornith.)  Noting  feathers  upon  the  shoul- 
ders and  covering  the  sides  of  the  back.  Brande. 

SCAP'U-LA-RY,  n.  1.  A part  of  the  habit  of  cer- 
tain monastic  orders,  consisting  of  two  narrow 
slips  of  cloth,  of  which  one  crosses  the  back  or 
shoulders,  and  the  other  the  stomach.  Brevint. 

2.  (Surg.)  A broad,  linen  bandage,  divided 
into  two  tails.  Dunglison. 


SCA  'PUS,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  mcano;,  a shaft.] 

1.  (Bot.)  A scape.  Ilenslow. 

2.  (Ornith.)  The  stem  or  trunk  of  a feather, 

including  the  hollow  base  or  quill,  and  the  solid 
stem  supporting  the  barbs.  Brande. 

3.  (Arch.)  The  shaft  of  a column.  Brande. 


SCAR,  n.  [Gr.  tapfipa,  an  eschar,  a dry  slough  ; 
L.  eschara;  It.  q Sp.  cscara;  Fr.  escarre. — 
A.  S.  carr,  scar  ; Dut.  schram,  a scratch  ; Ger. 
schramme  ; Dan.  skaar  ■,  Sw.  skrama.  — Past 
participle  of  seiran,  to  shear,  to  divide.  Tookc.] 

1.  A mark  or  seam  made  by  the  healing  of 
flesh,  as  of  a wound  ; a cicatrix. 

He  jests  at  scars  that  never  felt  a wound.  Shak. 

2.  A bare,  broken  place  on  the  side  of  a 
mountain;  bank  of  a river  ; a cliff.  Henley. 

3.  (Bot.)  A mark  or  flattened  place  left  by 

the  fall  of  the  leaf-stalk:  — the  point  of  attach- 
ment where  the  ripe  seed  separates  from  the 
funiculus  at  maturity  ; the  hilum.  Gray. 

SCAR,  V.  a.  [i.  SCARRED  ; pp.  SCARRING,  SCARRED.] 

1.  To  mark  as  with  a sear  or  wound.  Shak. 

2.  f To  frighten;  to  scare.  Drayton. 

SCAR,  n.  [Gr.  aiaipos ; L.  scarus.]  (Ich.)  Ama- 
rine fish.  — See  Scares.  Eng.  Cyc. 

SCAr'AB,  n.  A beetle  ; a scarabee.  Dcrham. 

SCAR'A-BEE,  n.  [Gr.  xapafo;,  CKdoa^o;',  L.  scara- 
btvtts ; It.  scarabco  ; Sp.  escarabqjo  ; Fr.  scarabee.] 
(Ent.)  A beetle  of  the  genus  Scarabants.  Say. 

SCAR'A-MOUCH,  n.  [It.  scaramuccia,  a skirmish  ; 
Sp.  escaramitza  ; Fr.  scaramouche,  scaramouch.  | 
A character  in  the  old  Italian  comedy,  dressed 
in  the  Spanish  or  Ilispano-Neapolitan  costume, 
and  representing  a military  personage,  a pol- 
troon and  braggadocio,  who  always  ended  by 
receiving  a beating  from  Harlequin  ; a buffoon. 

Scaramouch  is  to  have  the  honor  of  the  day,  and  now 
marches  to  the  engagement  on  the  shoulder  of  the  philoso- 
pher. Dryden. 

SCAR'BRO-ITE,  n.  (Min.)  A massive,  pure-white 
mineral,  void  of  lustre,  easily  scratched,  and 
composed  of  alumina,  silica,  and  water;  — so 
called  from  its  being  found  on  the  Yorkshire 
coast,  near  Scarborough,  Eng.  Phillips. 

II  SCARCE  [skars,  IF.  J.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  Wr.  I Vb. ; 
skers,  S. ; skirs,  P.  ; skars,  E.],  a.  [It.  scarso  ; 
Sp.  escaso.  — Dut.  schaarsch .] 

1.  f Sparing;  parsimonious;  stingy;  mean. 

Disperse  not  too  outrageously,  nor  be  not  too  scarce. 

Hirers. 

2.  Not  plentiful  or  abundant;  deficient; 

wanting.  “ Money  is  scarce.”  Locke. 


3.  Not  common  ; rare  ; unfrequent. 

The  scarcest  of  all  is  a Pescennius  Niger  ou  a medallion 
well  preserved.  ’ Addison. 

Syn.  — See  Rare. 

||  SCARCE,  ad.  Hardly;  scarcely;  scantly.Zbu/tfcn. 

||  ScARCE'LY,  ad.  1.  f Parsimoniously.  Chaucer. 

2.  Hardly;  barely;  with  difficulty.  Spenser. 

||  SCARCE' My  NT,  n.  A rebate  in  building  walls, 
or  in  raising  banks  of  earth.  Loudon. 

II  SC’Arce'N y.SS,  n.  Scarcity.  Addison. 

||  SCArc'I-TY,  n.  1.  State  of  being  scarce  ; want 
of  plenty  or  abundance  ; a deficiency  ; dearth. 

Value  is  more  frequently  raised  by  scarcity  than  by  use. 

Idler. 

2.  Rareness  ; uncommonness  ; infrequency. 

“ Our  scarcity  of  thanksgivings.”  Hooker. 

3.  (Bot.)  A species  of  beet,  native  of  Portu- 

gal, with  very  large  leaves,  used  as  a salad ; 
white  beet ; Beta  cicla.  Wood. 

Syn. — Dearth  is  a high  degree  of  scarcity,  or  more 
than  scarcity  ; famine,  more  than  dearth.  Scarcity  ot 
money  or  provisions  ; dearth  of  food  or  of  corn ; a dis- 
tressing famine. 

||  SCARIJ'I-TY— ROOT,  n.  A variety  of  the  Beta 
cicla,  or  white  beet ; mangel-w'urzel. Farm. Ency. 

SCARE,  n.  A shard.  [North,  of  Eng.]  Todd. 

SCARE,  v.  a.  [From  It.  scorare,  to  dishearten. 
Skinner.  — Scot,  skar,  skair,  to  take  fright.  — 
Sw.  sky,  to  shun  ; Icel.  s/ciar,  to  be  shunned. 
Jamieson .]  [i.  scared;  pp.  scaring,  scared.] 
To  terrify  suddenly;  to  frighten;  to  affright. 
“More  scared  than  hurt.”  Dampier. 

They  have  scared  away  two  of  my  best  sheep.  Shak. 

ScArE’BABE,  n.  Something  to  frighten  a babe 
or  child ; a bugbear.  Grose. 

SCArE’CROVV,  n.  1.  Any  object  set  up  for  fright- 
ening crows  or  other  birds.  Shak. 

2.  Any  vain  or  empty  terror.  Shak. 

3.  The  black  gull.  [Local,  Eng.]  Pennant. 

fSCARE'EIRE,  n.  1.  An  alarm  of  fire.  Herrick. 

2.  A fire  causing  an  alarm.  Fuller. 

SCARF,  n.  [Dut.  sjerp ; Ger.  schdrpe ; Dan. 
skicerf ; Sw.  skarf.  — It.  ciarpo  ; Fr.  cellar pe. — 
From  A.  S.  scearfe,  a fragment.  Skinner.] 

1.  A piece  of  dress  that  hangs  loose  upon  the 

■ shoulders  ; a loose  vesture.  Dryden. 

Put  on  your  hood  and  scarf,  and  take  your  pleasure.  Swift. 

2.  (Carp.)  That  part  of  a timber  which  is  cut 

away  for  the  purpose  of  being  joined  longitudi- 
nally to  another.  Tomlinson. 

SCARF,  v.  a.  [i.  scarfed  ; pp.  scarfing, 

SCARFED.] 

1.  To  wear  loose  upon  the  person,  like  a scarf. 

“ My  sea-gown  scarfed  about  me.”  Shak. 

2.  To  dress  in  a loose  vesture.  Shak. 

3.  To  cover  or  bind,  as  with  a bandage. 

Come,  scaling  night. 

Scarf  up  the  tender  eye  of  pitiful  day.  Shak. 

SCARF,  v.  a.  [Sw. skarfva,  to  join  together.  — Sp. 
escarpar,  to  scarf.]  (Carp.)  To  join  together 
longitudinally,  by  halving,  cutting  away,  or 
notching  the  ends,  and  fastening  them  by 
screws,  bolts,  straps,  &c.  Tomlinson. 

SCArf'ING,  n.  (Carp.)  The  act  of  forming  a 
scarf-joint.  Tomlinson. 

scarf;-joint,  n.  (Carp.)  t c. — 

A joint  made  by  means  of  ( CT  3 & ~~l  $ 

a scarf.  Tomlinson,  z— D II 

SCARF'SKIN,  n.  A transpar-  " _ f~~ 

ent,  dry.  thin  membrane  or  ■■  U C — IPFlp^ — 
integument,  devoid  of  nerves  Scarf-joints, 
and  vessels,  and  covering  the  surface  of  the 
body  ; the  cuticle  ; the  epidermis.  Dunglison. 

SCAR-I-FI-CA'TION,  n.  [L . scarificatio  \ It.  sea- 
n/tcazione;  Sp .escarificacion;  Fr.  scarification.] 
(Surg.)  The  act  of  scarifying:  — an  incision 
made  by  a scarificator.  Dunglison. 

SCAr'I-FI-cA-TOR,  n.  (Surg.)  An  instrument 
for  making  scarifications,  consisting  of  a cubical 
box,  containing  ten  or  twelve  lancets,  which 
turn  on  a pivot,  and,  by  means  of  a spring,  make 
as  many  incisions  at  once.  Dunglison. 

SCAR'l-Fi-JJR,  n.  1.  One  who,  or  that  which, 
scarifies.  _ Johnson. 

2.  .(Agric.)  An  implement  resembling  a har- 
row, for  stirring  and  loosening  the  soil,  without 
bringing  up  a fresh  surface.  Farm.  Ency. 


SCAR'I-FY,  V.  a.  [Gr.  aKnpupaoiint,  to  scratch  up; 
oKapit/ios,  a stile  for  drawing ; L.  scarifico  ; It. 
scartficare  ; Sp.  escarificar  ; Fr.  scarifier .]  [>. 

SCARIFIED  ; pp.  SCARIFYING,  SCARIFIED.] 
(Surg.)  To  make  incisions  in  to  draw  blood,  not 
so  deep  as  to  the  large  veins.  Wiseman. 

SCA-RI-OSE',  ? a.  (Bot.)  Thin,  dry,  and  mem- 

SCA'RI-OUS,  ) branous.  Gray. 

SC  AR-LA-TI'NA  [skar-la-te'n?,  K.  Sm.  C. ; skfir- 
lat'e-nj,  Wb.],  n.  [It.  scarlaltina ; scarlatto, 
scarlet ; Sp.  escarlatina  ; Fr.  scarlatine .]  (Med.) 
Scarlet-fever. — See  ScARLET-FEVER.Zh«i<7/(,son. 

SCAR-LAT'j-NOUS,  a.  Pertaining  to  scarlatina, 
or  scarlet  fever.  Dunglison. 

SCAR'LpSS,  a.  Free  from  scars.  Drummond. 

SCAR'LIJT,  n.  [It.  scarlatto  ; Sp .cscarlato;  Fr. 
ecarlate.  — Dut.  scharlaken  ; Ger.  scharlach  ; 
Dan.  skarlayen ; Sw.  skarlakan.] 

1.  A brilliant  red  color,  lighter  than  crimson. 

2.  Cloth  or  dress  of  a scarlet  color.  Shak. 

SCAR'LpT,  a.  Brilliant  red,  lighter  than  crimson. 
I conjure  thee  by  Rosalie’s  bright  eves. 

By  her  high  forehead,  and  her  scarlet  lip.  Shak. 

SCAR'LpT—  BEAN,  n.  (Bot.)  A species  of  kid- 
ney-bean, the  fruit  of  which  is  used  for  food  ; 
Phascolus  multiflorus ; — called  also  scarlet  run- 
ner. Loudon. 

SCAR'LET— FE'VpR,  n.  (Med.)  A species  of  fe- 
ver, chiefly  confined  to  children,  characterized 
by  a scarlet  flush  appearing  on  the  face,  neck, 
and  fauces,  and  spreading  over  the  whole 
body,  terminating  about  the  seventh  day  ; scar- 
latina. Dunglison. 

SCAr'LET-FIsH,  n.  A Chinese  fish  ; the  tele- 
scope carp.  Booth. 

SCAR'HJT— MA'PLE,  il.  (Bot.)  Another  name 
for  red-maple ; Acer  rubrutn.  Emerson. 

SCAR'LfT— OAK,  il.  (Bot.)  A graceful  tree,  of 
moderate  size  in  the  Northern  States,  but  one 
of  the  tallest  oaks  in  other  States  ; Quercus  coc- 
cinea ; — so  called  from  the  rich  scarlet  color  of 
its  leaves  in  autumn.  Emerson. 

f SCAR  MA<jJE,  ) n.  a conflict ; — now  spelt  skir- 

j-  SCAR'MO^E,  i mish.  Spenser. 

SCARN,  n.  [A.  S.  scearn,  dung.]  Cow-dung. 
[Local,  north  of  Eng.]  Bay. 

SCARN'— BEE,  n.  A beetle.  [Local,  Eng.]  Ray. 

SCARF,  n.  [It.  scarpa.  — See  Escarf.]  (Fort.) 
The  interior  slope  of  a ditch  ; escarp.  Brande. 

SCARF,  v.  a.  (Fort.)  To  cut  down  so  as  to  render 
inaccessible,  as  a slope.  Stocqucler. 

SCARPED  (skarpt),  p.  a.  (Fort.  & Gcol.)  Having 
a steep  face,  as  a slope.  St.  John. 

SCARRED  (skard),  p.  a.  1.  Marked  by  scars. 

2.  (Bot.)  Marked  with  the  scars  left  by  bodies 
that  have  fallen  off.  Lindley. 

SCAR'RY,  a.  Covered  with,  scars.  Ilolinshed. 

SCA'RUS,n.;  pi.  scAizr.  [L.,  from  Gr.  cr/tapo;.] 
(Ich.)  A genus  of  acanthoptcrygious  fishes,  of 
brilliant  colors,  found  chiefly  in  tropical  seas  ; 
the  scar  ; parrot-fish.  Eng.  Cyc. 

SCA'RY,  ii.  Toor  land.  [Local,  Eng.]  Todd. 

SCAT,  n.  A shower  of  rain.  [Local,  Eng.]  Grose. 

SCAT,  interj.  Go  off  or  away  ; begone  ; — used 
chiefly  to  a cat.  Halliwcll. 

f SCATCH,  n.  [Fr .cscache.]  Scatch-mouth.B«t7ey. 

SCATCH'E§,  n.pl.  [Fr.  e'e/msses  ] Stilts  to  put 
the  feet  in  for  walking  in  dirty  places.  Bailey. 

SCAtcii'-MOUTII,  n.  A kind  of  bit  for  a horse’s 
bridle  ; scatch.  Crabb. 

SCAte,  n.  See  Skate.  Thomson. 

fScAT'B-BROUS,  a.  [L.  scatebra,  a gushing  up 
of  water.]  Abounding  with  springs.  Bailey. 

||  SCATII,  or  SCATHE  [sk&th,  IF.  Ja.  Sm.  B.  Wb. ; 
skath,  S.  K.  C.  Wr.],  v.  a.  [M.  Goth,  scathjan  ; 
A.  S.  scethan,  scathian ; Frs.  sk'atha ; Dut. 
schaadeti  ; Ger.  schaden  ; Dan.  shade  ; Sw. 
skada  , lcel.  shedia.]  [i.  scathed  ; pp.  scatii- 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  9,  q,  g,  soft;  £,  C,  c,  g,  hard;  § as  z ; ^ as  gz.  — THIS,  tins. 
1G1 


SCATII 


1282 


SCEPTICISM 


ino,  scathed.]  To  injure  ; to  harm  ; to  dam- 
age ; to  destroy ; to  blast. 

When  heaven's  fire 

Hath  scathed  the  forest  oaks  or  mountain  pines.  Milton. 

This  word,  as  a verb  and  as  a noun,  is  spelt 
scathe  by  Phillips,  Coles,  Kersey,  Bailey,  and  Martin  ; 
— scath  by  Johnson  and  all  the  later  principal  English 
lexicographers  except  Richardson. 

||  f SCATII,  n.  Damage  ; harm  ; injury  ; mischief. 

Still  preserved  from  danger,  harm,  and  south.  Fairfax. 

||  SCATH'FUL,  a.  Injurious  ; harmful ; dama- 
ging; destructive,  [r.]  Shak. 

||  f SCATH'FUL-NESS,  h.  Injuriousness.  Clarke. 

||  SCATH'JNG,  p.  a.  Damaging  ; harming. 

||  SCAth'L^SS,  a.  Without  injury.  Chaucer. 

||  f SCATH'LY,  a.  Injurious;  destructive.  Chaucer. 

SCAT'Tf.R,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  scateran.  — Gr.  cut6au- 

Wfil.]  [i.  SCATTERED  ; pp.  SCATTERING,  SCAT- 
TERED.] 

1.  To  throw  loosely  about ; to  sprinkle. 

He  scattereth  the  hoar-frost  like  ashes.  Ps.  cxlvii.  16. 

2.  To  disperse  ; to  dissipate ; to  diffuse  ; to 
dispel ; to  distribute  ; to  spread. 

The  twelve  tribes  that  were  scattered  abroad.  Jas.  i.  1. 

3.  To  sprinkle  something  on  ; to  besprinkle. 

Where  cattle  pastured  late,  now  scattered  lies 

With  carcasses  and  arms  the  ensanguined  held.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Dispel,  Spread. 

SCAT'TpR,  r.  n.  To  be  dissipated;  to  be  dis- 
persed. “The  scattering  clouds.”  Thomson. 

SCAt'T^R-BRAiN,  n.  A giddy  or  thoughtless 
person ; scatter-brains.  [Colloquial.]  Coxoper. 

SCAT'TPR-BRAINED  (-brand),  a.  Giddy;  light- 
headed ; thoughtless.  Brockett. 

SCAT'TpR-BRAlN^,  n.  A giddy  person;  scat- 
ter-brain. [Colloquial.]  Carr. 

SCAT'TIJRED  (-terd),  a.  1.  Thrown  loosely  about ; 
dispersed ; diffused  ; spread  about. 

2.  ( Bot .)  Used  in  opposition  to  whorled,  or 
opposite,  or  ternate,  or  other  such  terms.  Litidley. 

SCAT'TJJRED-LY  (skat'terd-le),  ad.  In  a scattered 
manner ; dispersedly.  Clarke. 

SCAT'TpR-pR,  n.  One  who  scatters.  Ash. 

SCAT'TfR-ING,  p.  a.  Dispersing  : — dispersed. 

SCAt'TER-L\G,  n.  1.  Act  of  one  who  scatters. 

2.  That  which  is  scattered.  South. 

SCAT'TIJR-Ing-LY,  ad.  Loosely;  dispersedly. 

SCAT'TpR-LlNG,  n.  A vagabond ; a vagrant;  a 
wanderer.  “ Scatterhngs  and  outlaws.”  Spenser. 

fSCA-TCr'RI-^NT,  a.  [L.  scalurio,  scaturiens,  to 
gush  out.]  Gushing  forth.  Baxley. 

fSCA-TF-Rl^'I-NOUS,  n.  [L.  scaturiginosus.] 
Abounding  with  springs  or  fountains.  Bailey. 

SCAUP,  n.  Broken  shell-fish.  Willughhy. 

SCAUP'-DUCK,  n.  ( Ornith .)  A species  of  duck 
allied  to  the  canvas-back  duck ; Fuligula  Ma- 
rila.  Audubon. 

flfg-The  scaup-duck  takes  its  name  from  feeding  on 
scaup,  or  broken  shell -fish.  Willughby. 

SCAUP'pR,  n.  An  engraver’s  tool,  having  a semi- 
circular face,  for  clearing  away  the  spaces  be- 
tween the  lines  of  an  engraving.  Fairho/t. 

SCAV'AGE,  n.  [Law  L.  scavagium,  from  A.  S. 
sceawtan,  to  see,  to  show.]  ( Old  Eng.  Lam.)  A 
tribute  exacted  of  merchants  by  the  owners  of 
fairs,  for  leave  to  show  their  wares.  Whishaw. 

SCAVpN-GPR,  n.  [A.  S.  scafan,  to  shave,  to 
scrape.— See  Shave.]  A person  who  clears 
away  filth  or  litter  from  the  streets.  Bp.  Hall. 

f SCEL'5-rAT,  n.  [L.  scelcratus ; Fr.  scelerat.] 
A villain ; a miscreant.  Cheyne. 

SCE-LES'TIC,  a.  [L.  scelestus ; scelus,  an  evil 
deed.]  Wicked ; evil,  [it.]  Feltham. 

SCE'NA-RY,  n.  ■ See  Scenery.  Dryden. 

SCENE  (sen),  n.  [Gr.  aurivfi,  a covered  place,  a 
stage  ; L.  § It.  scena ; Sp.  escena  ; Fr.  scene.] 

1.  The  stage  of  a theatre.  Milton. 

2.  The  place  represented  by  the  stage ; the 
imaginary  place  in  which  the  action  of  a play 
is  supposed  to  pass. 

The  king  is  set  from  London,  and  the  scene 

Is  now  transported,  gentles,  to  Southampton.  Shak. 


3.  A division  of  an  act  of  a play,  or  so  much 

of  an  act  as  is  performed  without  any  supposed 
change  of  place,  or  consequent  alteration  of  the 
painted  hangings.  Shak. 

Ugr  “ In  the  French  theatre,  and  those  framed  on 
its  model,  (in  which  unity  of  place  is  observed,)  every 
entry  of  an  actor  constitutes  a new  scene.  On  the 
English  stage,  the  subdivision  called  a scene  is  ex- 
tremely arbitrary,  the  scenes  ill  most  plays  being  far 
more  numerous  than  the  actual  changes  of  scene, 
while,  at  the  same  time,  the  French  rule  is  not  ob 
served,  and  actors  enter  in  the  middle  of  a scene." 
Brande. 

4.  The  hangings  of  a theatre,  adapted  to  a 

play  ; a large  painted  view.  Bacon. 

5.  A whole  assemblage  of  objects,  events,  or 
actions  presented  or  displayed ; a whole  series 
of  actions  and  events  connected  and  exhibited  ; 
a display  ; a view. 

The  smiling  scene  wide  opens  to  the  sight.  Pope. 

Through  what  new  scenes  and  changes  must  we  pass.  Addison. 

6.  A place  where  any  thing  is  exhibited  or 
witnessed. 

Every  several  place  must  be 
A scene  of  triumph  and  revenge  to  me.  Dryden. 

7.  An  exhibition  of  passionate  or  excited 

feeling,  or  of  disorder,  as  in  an  assembly  or 
public  body.  Pike. 

f SCENE,  v.  a.  To  exhibit ; to  display.  Sancroft. 

SCENE'FUL,  a.  Abounding  in  imagery.  Collins. 

SCENE'-MAn,  n. ; pi.  scene-men.  One  em- 
ployed in  a theatre  to  manage  the  scenes.  Davies. 

SCENE'—  PAINT-JJR,  n.  One  who  paints  scenes 
or  scenery  for  a theatre,  &c.  P.  Cyc. 

SCENE'-PAINT  ING,  n.  The  act  or  the  art  of 
painting  scenery  for  a theatre,  &c.  Brande. 

SCE'N(iR-Y  (se'ner-e),  n.  1.  The  appearance  of  a 
place  or  region,  or  the  various  objects  presented 
to  the  view;  landscape. 

We  must  gain  a relish  of  the  works  of  nature,  and  be  con- 
versant in  the  various  scenery  of  a country  life.  Addison . 

2.  The  representation  of  a place  in  which  an 

action  is  performed.  Pope. 

3.  The  disposition  and  succession  of  the  scenes 
of  a play. 

To  draw  up  the  scenery  of  a play.  Dryden. 

4.  The  hangings  representing  the  scenes  of  a 

play,  or  the  painted  representations  of  places 
used  on  the  stage.  Ttcining. 

SCENE'— WORK  (-wiirk),  11.  A dramatic  exhibi- 
tion. “ A piece  of  stagery  or  sccne-xvork.”  Milton. 

SCEN'IC  (sen'jk)  [sen'jk,  S.  IV.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  K.  R. ; 
sii'iijk,  Sm.  C,],  a.  [Gr.  cki/vucS;  ; L.  scenicus ; 
It.  scenico  ; Sp.  escenico  ; Fr.  scenigtte.]  Per- 
taining to  scenery  ; dramatic;  theatrical.  “The 
ridicule  of  scenic  exhibition.”  Warton. 

SCEN'I-CAL,  a.  Scenic,  [r.]  B.  Jonson. 

SCEN-O-GRApiI  1C,  ) a.  Pertaining  to  scenog- 

SCEN-O-GRApii  I-CAL,  > rapliy ; perspective. 

SCEN-O-GRApH'DCAL-LY,  ad.  In  perspective. 

SCp-NOG'RA-PH y (se-nog'ra-fe),  n.  [Gr.  OKT/i’oypa- 
<pia  ; uktjvi'i,  a scene,  and  ypiiipai,  to  write,  to  de- 
scribe ; L.  scenographia ; It.  scenografa;  Sp. 
cscenografia  ; Fr.  scenographie .]  The  art  of 

perspective,  or  the  representation  on  a plane  of 
an  object  as  it  appears  to  the  eye.  Greenhill. 

SCENT  (sent),  «.  [It.  sentore;  Fr.  senteur.  — L. 
sentio,  to  perceive,  as  by  the  senses.] 

1.  That  which  affects  the  olfactory  nerve ; 
smell;  odor.  “ Sweetest  scents.”  Milton. 

nis  conspiring  feet,  whose  scent 

Betrays  that  safety  which  their  swiftness  lent.  Denham. 

2.  Power  of  smell ; the  sense  of  smell.  Watts. 

3.  Chase  followed  by  the  smell ; course. 

He  gained  the  observations  of  innumerable  ages,  and  trav- 
elled upon  the  same  scent  into  Ethiopia.  I'emple. 

Syn.  — See  Smell. 

SCENT  (sent),  v.  a.  [L.  sentio ; It.  sentire ; Fr. 
sentir  ] [t.  scented  ; pp.  scenting,  scented.] 

1.  To  smell;  to  perceive  by  the  olfactory  nerve. 

So  scented  the  grim  feature,  and  upturned 

llis  nostril  wide  into  the  murky  air.  Milton. 

2.  To  perfume  ; to  imbue  with  odor.  Pitt. 

SCENT,  V.  n.  1.  To  have  odor  ; to  smell.  Holland. 

2.  To  hunt  animals  by  their  scent. 

The  hound  would  scent;  the  wolf  would  prowl.  Swift. 

SCENT'pD,  p.  a.  Perfumed;  imbued  with  odor. 


SCENT'FUL,  a.  1.  Having  scent ; odorous.  “A 
scentful  nosegay.”  Broumc. 

2.  Keen  of  smell ; quick-scented.  “ The 
scentful  osprey.”  Browne. 

SCENT 'JNG-LY,  ad.  By  scent  or  smell,  [n.]  Fuller. 

SCENT'LpSS  (sent’les),  a.  Inodorous;  having  no 
scent ; destitute  of  smell.  Cou-per. 

||  SjCEP'TIC  (skep'tjk)  [skep'tik,  JS.  IF.  P.  J.  F.  Ja. 
K.  Sm.  C.  Wr. ; sep'tjk,  E.],  n.  [Gr.  oKcuTucti;  ; 
tjKittTojiai,  to  look  about,  to  spy,  to  consider ; L. 
scepticus  ; It . scettico  ; Sp . esceptico  ; Fr . sccp- 
tique.) 

1.  (Phil.)  One  of  the  followers  of  the  ancient 
Grecian  philosopher  Pyrrho,  who  denied  the 
real  existence  of  all  qualities  in  bodies,  except 
those  which  are  essential  to  primary  atoms,  and 
referred  every  thing  else  to  the  perceptions  of 
the  mind  produced  by  external  objects,  — in 
other  words,  to  appearance  and  opinion.  Hook. 

2.  One  who  doubts  the  truth  or  reality  of  any 
thing ; a doubter. 

lie  is  a sceptic , and  dares  hardly  give  credit  to  his  senses. 

lip.  Hall. 

The  dogmatist  is  sure  of  every  thing,  and  the  sceptic  be- 
lieves nothing.  IVatts . 

3.  One  who  denies  the  divine  authority  of 
the  Scriptures  ; a deist;  an  infidel ; freethinker. 

The  old  orthography  of  this  word  was  sceptic ; 
and  it  is  so  printed  in  the  old  dictionaries  which  pre- 
ceded those  of  Dr.  Johnson;  viz.,  those  of  Blount, 
Phillips,  Coles,  Kersey,  Bailey,  Dyclie,  Ainsworth, 
Martin,  &c. ; but  Dr.  Johnson  introduced  the  orthog- 
raphy of  skeptic , and  in  this  he  lias  been  followed  by 
a majority  of  succeeding  lexicographers,  among  whom 
are  Ash,  Kenrick,  Barclay,  Penning,  Barlow,  Brown, 
Entick,  Scqtt,  Sheridan,  Perry,  Jones,  Jameson,  and 
Richardson  ; but  sceptic  is  preferred  by  Lemon,  Walk- 
er, Enfield,  Fulton  and  Knight,  Rees,  Maunder,  Smart, 
Reid,  Craig,  and  Clarke  In  the  first  edition  of  Dr. 
Webster’s  large  Dictionary  (Jb28),  the  word  stands 
sceptic , pronounced  scp'tic  ; but  in  the  second  edition 
(1841)  it  is  altered  to  skeptic.  In  encyclopaedias  and 
dictionaries  of  the  arts  and  sciences,  the  orthography 
generally  used  is  sceptic. 

Walker,  in  speaking  of  the  orthography  and  pro- 
nunciation of  this  word,  says,  “ Dr.  Johnson  has  not 
only  given  his  approbation  to  the  sound  of  k,  but  lias, 
contrary  to  general  practice,  spelt  Hie  word  skeptic. 
It  is  not  my  intention  to  cross  the  general  current  of 
polite  and  classical  pronunciation,  which  is,  I know, 
that  of  sounding  the  c like  k ; my  objection  is  only  to 
writing  it  with  the  k\  and  in  this  I think  I am  sup- 
ported by  the  best  authorities  since  the  publication  of 
Johnson’s  Dictionary.” 

In  a notice  of  Dr.  Johnson’s  Dictionary,  in  the 
Monthly  Review,  in  1755,  soon  after  its  first  publica- 
tion, the  following  remark  is  found  in  relation  to  this 
word  : “ Sceptic , lie  insists,  ought  to  lie  written  skep- 
tic, but  without  producing  any  authority  in  favor  of 
that  mode  of  spelling.”  In  all  the  instances,  six  in 
number,  adduced  by  Johnson  to  illustrate  t lie  use  of 
the  words  sceptic , sceptical , and  scepticism , the  orthog- 
raphy of  sc,  and  not  sk,  is  used  ; the  same  is  the  fact 
with  respect  to  all  the  instances,  nine  in  number,  ad- 
duced by  Richardson  in  his  Dictionary.  The  orthog- 
raphy of  sceptic , sceptical , scepticism  continues  to  bo 
the  prevailing  and  best  usage  ; sc  being  pronounced 
hard,  like  sk,  in  these  words,  as  in  the  word  scirrhus . 

Syn.  — See  Infidel. 

||  SjCEP'TIC,  a.  Doubting;  sceptical.  Smart. 

||  SCEP'TI-CAL  (skep'te-kal),  a.  1.  Pertaining 
to,  or  partaking  of,  scepticism ; incredulous  ; 
disbelieving  ; doubting. 

If  any  one  pretends  to  be  so  sceptical  ns  to  deny  his  own 
existence.  Locke. 

2.  Doubting  or  denying  the  truth  or  authen- 
ticity of  the  sacred  Scriptures.  Bentley. 

||  SjCEP'TI-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a sceptical  manner; 
doubtingly.  Goodman. 

||  SjCEP'TI-C A L-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state 
of  being  sceptical;  doubt,  or  profession  of 
doubt ; incredulity.  Fuller. 

||  S£EP'TI-CI§M,  7i.  [It.  scctticistno  ; Sp.  csccpti- 
cismo ; Fr.  scepticisme.] 

1.  The  doctrine  or  system  of  the  sceptics,  or 

followers  of  the  Grecian  philosopher  Pyrrho.  — 
See  Sceptic.  Brande. 

2.  Doubt  of  the  truth  and  authenticity  of  the 
sacred  Scriptures  ; freethinking  ; deism. 

Waterland . 

3.  Doubt  on  any  subject;  incredulity. 

1 The  characteristic  of  scepticism  is  to  come  to 
no  conclusion  for  or  against.  . . . Absolute  certainty 
being  unattainable,  scepticism  holds  that,  in  the  con- 
tradict ions  of  tlrt?  reason,  truth  is  as  much  on  one  side 
as  on  the  other.”  Fleming. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  JJ,  J,  O,  U,  Y>  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


SCEPTICIZE 


1283 


SCHIZOPOD 


||  SEEP'TI-CIZE,  v.n.  To  doubt  of  everything; 
to  act  the  sceptic,  [r.]  Ld.  Shaftesbury. 

SCEP'TRE  (sep'ter),  n.  [Gr.  OKtjxTpov,  a staff'  to 
lean  upon,  a sceptre  ; CKpurm,  to  lean;  L.  scep- 
trum;  It.  scettro;  Sp .cetro;  Fr.  sceptre.] 

1.  A staff  borne  in  the  hand  by  kings  as  an 
emblem  of  sovereignty  ; an  ensign  of  royalty. 

I sing  the  man  who  Judah’s  sceptre  bore.  Cowley. 

The  ivory  sceptre  of  the  Kings  of  Rome  was  surmounted 
by  an  eagle.  JFairholt. 

2.  Royal  power  or  authority. 

The  sceptre  shall  not  depart  from  Judah,  nor  a lawgiver 
from  between  his  feet,  until  Shiloh  come.  Gen.  xlix.  10. 

SCEP'TRE  (sep'ter),  v.a.  To  invest  with  a sceptre, 
or  with  royal. authority.  Bp.  Hall. 

SCEP'TRED  (sep'terd),  p.  a.  Bearing,  or  invested 
with,  a sceptre.  Milton. 

SCEP'TRE-LESS,  a.  Having  no  sceptre.  Allen. 

fSCERN,  v.  a.  To  discern.  Spenser. 

S(^hAal' STF.IJY  (shil'stin),  n.  [Ger.  schale,  a 
’scale,  and  stein,  a stone.]  (Min.)  A variety  of 
augite  ; tabular  spar  ; scale-stone.  Dana. 

SChAh  (sha),  n.  The  sovereign  of  Persia  ; shah. 

SCHE'DAR,  n.  (Astron.)  The  principal  star  in 
the  constellation  Cassiopea.  Hind. 

SjCHE'DI-AljiM  (ske'de-azm),  n.  [Gr.  ayeFiaapa, 
something  done  off-hand  ; u^cdios,  off-hand.] 
Cursory  writing  on  a loose  sheet.  Walker. 

SCHEDULE  (sked'yul,  shed'yul,  or  sed'yul)  [shed'- 
yut,  K.  Sm.  R.  C.  O. ; sed'til,  J.  F. ; sked'ul,  I Vb. 
Kenrick,  Barclay  ; sed'jul,  S. ; sed'jul  or  sked'- 
jul,  IF.;  sked'ul  or  sed'ul,  P. ; sked'ul  or  slied'- 
ul,  Ja.\,  n.  [L.  schedula,  dim.  of  scheda  (Gr. 
o%iSri ; <r;^t£w,  to  split),  a leaf  of  paper  ; It.  sche- 
dula-, Sp  .sedula;  Old  Fr  .schedule-,  Fr.  c 'dills.] 

1.  A small  sheet  or  scroll  on  which  something 

is  written  or  printed.  Hooker. 

2.  A sheet  of  paper  or  parchment,  containing 

a detailed  statement,  appended  to  any  written 
instrument;  a record  ; a draft.  Burnet. 

3.  An  inventory  ; a catalogue  ; a list.  Shak. 

“ In  the  pronunciation  of  this  word  we  seem 
to  depart  both  from  the  Latin  schedula  and  the  French 
cellule.  If  we  follow  the  first,  we  ought  to  pronounce 
the  word  slcedule  ; if  the  last,  shedule  ; but  entirely 
sinking  the  ch  m schedule  seems  to  be  the  prevailing 
mode,  and  too  firmly  fixed  by  custom  to  be  altered  in 
favor  of  either  of  its  original  words.  Dr.  Kenrick,  Mr. 
Perry,  and  Buchanan  pronounce  it  slcedule;  but  Mr. 
Elplunston,  Mr.  Sheridan,  Mr.  Scott,  Mr.  Nares,  Bar- 
clay, Penning,  and  Shaw,  sedule  ; though,  if  we  may 
believe  Dr.  Jones,  it  was  pronounced  skedule  in  Queen 
Anne’s  time.”  Walker. 

“ Nothing  can  be  more  evident  than  that,  if 
the  Greek  x is  t0  he  supplied  in  our  orthography  by 
ch,  and  if  this,  in  default  of  the  extra  aspiration  which 
our  language  allows  not  to  a consonant,  necessarily 
identifies  with  k,  the  words  schism  and  schedule  should 
have  the  sell  pronounced  as  they  are  in  scheme  ; yet 
an  unnecessary  reference  of  schedule  to  its  French 
denizenship,  with  some  vague  notion  perhaps  of  the 
alliance  of  our  English  sh  to  the  Teutonic  sch,  has 
drawn  the  word  into  the  very  irregular  pronunciation 
shid’ulc  ; while  the  other  word,  schism,  from  a notion, 
probably,  that,  as  h is  silent,  the  c should  be  soft  be- 
fore i,  has  taken  the  equally  irregular  sound  sizm  — 
an  irregularity  the  more  extraordinary,  since  in  the 
word  sceptic  the  c is  kept  hard  for  the  purpose  of  show- 
ing oft’  a familiarity  with  the  word  in  Greek,  although 
no  letter  intervenes  between  the  c and  the  e.  and  con- 
sistency requires  that  the  c in  scene,  equally  related 
to  the  Greek  k,  and  the  c in  sceptic,  should  be  sounded 
alike.  As,  however,  on  other  occasions,  so  in  this, 
we  must  give  way  to  usage,  or  incur  the  effect  of  op- 
posing it.”  Smart. 

||  SCHEDULE,  v.  a.  To  place  in  a schedule  or 
catalogue  ; to  register.  Todd. 

SQHEELE’§'— GREEN,  n.  ( Chem .)  A pigment 
of  a delicate  and  beautiful  green  color,  consist- 
ing of  arsenite  of  copper.  Miller. 

S^HEEL'^-TINE,  n.  (Min.)  A crystalline  min- 
eral composed  of  tungstic  acid  and  protoxide  of 
lead ; tungstate  of  lead.  Dana. 

SQHEEL'ITE,  n.  (Min.)  A brittle  mineral,  some- 
times crystallized,  composed  of  tungstic  acid 
and  lime;  tungstate  of  lime;  — so  named  from 
Scheele,  its  discoverer.  Dana. 

SyilEE'LI-UM  (she'le-um),  n.  (Min.)  Another 
name  for  sheelite.  Brande. 

S(H1  EER'pR-iT E,  n.  (Min.)  A combustible  min- 
eral occurring  in  crystalline  grains  and  folia, 


and  also  in  minute  acicular  crystals,  deposited 
in  beds  of  coal,  and  composed  of  carbon  and 
hydrogen;  — so  named  from  Captain  Soheerer, 
who  discovered  it.  Dana. 

S^HEIK,  n.  See  SlIEIK. 

Sfc'HE'MA-TI§M,  n.  [Gr.  crxppiTitrpdc,  outward  be- 
havior ; c^ppa,  form,  shape.] 

1.  The  particular  form  or  disposition  of  a 

thing  : — habit  of  the  body,  [it.]  Creech. 

2.  (Astral.)  Combination  of  the  aspects  of 

heavenly  bodies.  Johnson. 

SGHE'MA-TIST,  n.  A projector;  a schemer. 

“ New-fangled  schematists .”  Fleetwood. 

SjEHE'MA-TIZE,  v.  n.  [Gr.  o-^par/^u.]  To  form 
a scheme  or  schemes,  [r.]  Blackwood. 

SCHEME  (skem),  n.  [Gr.  a-xjipa,  a form,  a plan  ; 
£^w,  'ia^ov,  to  have  ; L.  &;  It.  schema  ; Fr.  scheme .] 

1.  A combination  of  things  into  one  view, 
purpose,  or  design  ; a plan  ; a system. 

Forming  such  a scheme  of  things  as  shall  at  once  take  in 
time  and  eternity.  Atterbury. 

2.  A project ; a design  ; a contrivance. 

The  well-concerted  scheme  of  mischief.  Rowe. 

The  haughty  monarch  was  laying  schemes  for  suppressing 
the  ancient  liberties.  Atterbury. 

3.  A lineal  or  mathematical  diagram. Browne. 

Syn.  — See  Design,  System,  Theory. 

SCHEME  (skein),  v.  a.  [ i . schemed  ; pp.  SCHEM- 
ING, schemed.]  To  contrive;  to  project;  to 
devise  ; to  design ; to  plan.  Stuart. 

In  his  youth,  lie  [Coleridge]  schemed  an  epic  which  might 
have  set  him  on  the  same  starry  pinnacle  with  Milton;  but  it 
was  his  fate  to  scheme , while  Milton,  heroic  in  every  fibre, 
accomplished,  Bayne. 

SCHEME  (skem),  v.  n.  To  contrive.  Johnson. 

SCIIEM'IJR  (skem'er),  n.  One  who  schemes;  a 
projector  ; a planner  ; a contriver.  Paley. 

SCHEM'ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  schemes; 
formation  of  a plan  or  project.  Shelley. 

SCHEM'ING-LY,  ad.  By  scheming  or  planning. 

SCHE'MIST  (ske'mjst),  n.  A schemer.  Coventry. 

SCIIENE,  n.  [Gr.  ; L.  schoenus  ; Fr.  schhie.\ 

(Ant.)  An  Egyptian  and  Persian  measure  of 
length,  estimated  at  from  about  thirty-two  to 
sixty  stadia.  Clarke. 

S^HER'BIJN-CO'bAlt,  n.  (Min.)  A name  for- 
merly applied  to  native  arsenic.  Hoblyn. 

StJlIlER'BIJT,  n.  See  Sherbet.  Clarke. 

SgtlER'lF  (sher'if),  n.  [Arab.,  lord,  or  master .] 
A title  given,  in  the  East,  to  those  who  are  de- 
scended from  Mahomet  through  his  son-in-law 
and  daughter,  Ali  and  Fatima; — called  also 
emir,  and  seid.  Brande. 

SCHIJ-RS'MA,  n.  [Gr.  &p6s,  dry.]  (Med.)  A dry- 
ness of  the  eye  from  want  of  lachrymal  secre- 
tion. Dunglison. 

SeHF-R-zAjY’DO  (skAr-ts'in'do),  ad.  [It.,  from 
scherzare,  to  sport.]  (Mus.)  In  a playful  manner. 

SCHER’ZO  (skAr'tso),  n.  [It.,  a joke,  a frolic; 
Ger.  scherzi]  (Mus.)  A playful  or  capricious 
movement  in  a symphony,  a sonata,  &c.  Dwight. 

SCHE'SIS  (ske'sjs),  n. ; pi.  sche'se?.  [Gr.  ; 

co'^or,  to  have.] 

1.  The  state  or  disposition  of  one  thing  with 

regard  to  others  ; habitude.  Norris. 

2.  (Rhct.)  A statement  of  wha,t  is  affirmed  to 

be  the  adversary’s  habitude  cf  mind,  by  way  of 
argument  against  him.  Crabb. 

f SCIIET'IC  (sket'-),;„.  [Gr.^r ,**.]  Rela- 

fSCHET'I-CAL,  ) tive:  — constitutional. 

Cudworth. 

SCHIE-dAm' , n.  [A  town  in  the  Netherlands.] 
Hollands  gin.  Sitnmonds. 

sgHlEF'BR— SPAR,  n.  (Min.)  A variety  of  car- 
bonate of  lime  ; slate  spar.  Phillips. 

SCHlL'LER— SPAR,  n.  (Min.)  1.  A thin,  foliated, 
cleavable  variety  of  pyroxene.  Dana. 

2.  A cleavable,  massive,  dark-green  variety 
of  pyroxene;  — called  also  bastite.  Dana. 

SCHIR'RHIIS,  n.  (Med.)  An  induration  of  a gland. 
— See  Scirrhus.  Brande. 

SCHISM  (sizm)  [sizm,  S.  IF.  P.  E.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm. 
R.  IF  4.] , n.  [Gr.  o-^/o-pa  ; to  split;  L. 

schisma;  It.  scisrna  ; Sp.  cisma  ; Fr.  schisme. \ 

I.  (Eccl.)  A separation  or  division  in  a church, 


on  account  of  disagreement  in  matters  of  faith, 
worship,  or  discipline.  Milton. 

«J®“  “ Schism  IS,  strictly  speaking,  tho  renouncing 
allegiance  to  the  ecclesiastical  government  iinfter 
which  one  lives,  whilst  heresy  is  the  adopting  opin- 
ions and  practices  contrary  to  its  laws.”  Eden. 

Use,  which  is  the  supreme  law  in  matter  of  language,  has 
determined  that  heresy  relates  to  errors  in  faith,  and  schism 
to  those  in  worship  or  discipline.  Locke. 

2.  A separation  or  division,  as  in  a body  or 
class  of  people  ; discord  ; disunion.  1 Cor.  xii.25. 

jCST*  “ The  common  pronunciation  of  this  word  is 
contrary  to  every  rule  for  pronouncing  words  from  the 
learned  languages,  and  ought  to  be  altered.  Ch,  in 
English  words,  coming  from  Greek  words  with 
ought  always  to  be  pronounced  like  A:;  and  l believe 
the  word  in  question  is  almost  f lie  only  exception 
throughout  the  language.  However  strange,  there- 
fore, skizm  may  sound,  it  is  the  only  true  and  analogi- 
cal pronunciation  ; and  we  might  as  well  pronounce 
scheme  seme , as  schism  sizm , there  being  exactly  the 
same  reason  for  both.  But,  when  once  a fyfse  pro- 
nunciation is  fixed,  as  this  is,  it  requires  some  daring 
spirit  to  begin  the  reformation  ; but,  when  once  begun, 
as  it  has  (what  seldom  happens)  truth,  novelty,  and 
the  appearance  of  Greek  erudition  on  its  side,  there  is 
no  doubt  of  its  success.  Whatever,  therefore,  may  be 
the  fate  of  its  pronunciation,  it  ought  still  to  retain  its 
spelling.  This  must  be  held  sacred,  or  the  whole 
language  will  be  metamorphosed  ; for  the  very  same 
reason  that  induced  Dr.  Johnson  to  spell  sceptick  skep- 
tick , ought  to  have  made  him  spell  schism  sizm , and 
schedule  sedule.  All  our  orthoepists  pronounce  the 
word  as  I have  marked  it.”  Walker. 

S£JHI§'MA,  n.  [L.,  a split , from  Gr.  c^hpa .] 
(Ancient  Mus.)  An  interval  of  half  a comma  or 
the  eighteenth  part  of  a tone.  Moore . 

SCHHj-MAT’IC  (siz-m&t'jk),  ) [sizWjk>  K_ 

SCHI§-MAT'J-CAL  (sjz-mat'e-kfil),  ) Sm.  R.  Wb.  ; 
siz'mft-tik,  Ja.),  a.  [Gr.  a^iapariKog ; L.  schis- 
maticus ; It.  scismatico ; Sp.  cismatico  ; Fr. 
schismatique.']  Pertaining  to,  implying,  or  prac- 
tising, schism  ; discordant ; dissentient.  Bale. 

llow  much  soever  a schismatical  or  heretical  spirit,  in  the 
apostolic  sense  of  the  terms,  may  have  contributed  to  the  for- 
mation of  the  different  sects  into  which  the  Christian  world 
is  at  present  divided,  no  person  who,  in  the  spirit  of  candor 
and  charity,  adheres  to  that  which,  to  the  best  of  his  judg- 
ment, is  right,  though  in  his  opinion  he  should  be  mistaken, 
is,  in  the  scriptural  sense,  either  schismatic  or  heretic. 

Dr.  G.  Cam]jbcll. 

SCHIfj'MA-TIC  (siz'ma-tik  or  siz-mat'jk)  [siz'ma- 
tik,  S.  W.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  Sm.  R.  Bailey  ; sjz-mat'- 
jk,  P.  K.  C.  Wb.  Scott,  Entick , Ash , Rees,  Wr.], 
n.  One  who  practises,  promotes,  or  adheres  to, 
schism  ; one  who  separates  from  a church.  Swift. 

Syn.  — See  Heretic. 

SCHI§-MAT'[-C AL-LY  (siz-mat'e-kal-le),  ad.  In 
a schismatical  manner ; by  schism.  Burnet. 

SCHI§-MAT'I-CAL-NESS  (sjz-mat'e-ksd-nes),  n. 
The  state  of  being  schismatical.  More. 

SCHI^'MA-TLZE  (siz'ma-tlz),  v.  n.  To  commit 
or  practise  schism,  [r.]  Cotgrave. 

f SCHI^M'L^SS,  a.  Without  schism.  Milton . 

SQHIST  (sliist),  n.  . [Gr.  a^iordg,  cleavable  ; 
to  split,  to  cleave.]  (Geol.)  A name  often  used 
as  synonymous  with  slate,  but  more  commonly 
limited  to  rocks  such  as  gneiss,  mica-schist,  &c., 
which  cannot  be  split  into  an  indefinite  number 
of  parallel  lamina?,  like  rocks  having  a true, 
slaty  cleavage.  Lyell. 

Argillaceous  schist,  ( Gcol .)  a rock  resembling  indu- 
rated clay  or  shale,  for  the  most  part  extremely  fissile, 
and  often  affording  good  roofing  slate,  and  consisting 
of  the  ingredients  of  gneiss,  or  of  an  extremely  fine 
texture  of  mica  and  quartz,  or  talc  and  quartz  ; clay- 
slate  ; — common  to  the  metamorphic  and  foSsiliferous 
series. Micaceous  schist , (Geol.)  a slaty,  metamor- 

phic roek,  composed  essentially  of  mica  and  quartz, 
the  mica  sometimes  appearing  to  constitute  the  wholo 
mass  ; inica-slate.  — Hornblende  schist , (Geol.)  a rock, 
usually  black,  and  composed  principally  of  horn- 
blende, with  a variable  quantity  of  felspar,  and  some- 
times grains  of  quartz. — Chlorite  schist , (Geol.)  a 
green,  slaty  rock  in  which  chlorite  in  foliated  plates 
is  abundant,  usually  blended  with  minute  grains  of 
quartz,  and  sometimes  with  felspar  or  mica.  Lyell. 

SQHlS'TOSE,  > [Fr.  schisteux.]  (Geol.  & Min.) 

SQ’HIS'TOUS,  **  Having  the  structure  of  schists ; 
composed  of  uneven  layers  of  deposition,  as 
gneiss  and  mica-schist.  Lyell. 

SjCHlZ'O-POD,  n.  [Gr.  oi,  to  split,  and  nov;, 
TioSd;,  a foot.]  (Zot/l.)  One  of  the  tribe  of  ma- 
crourous  crustaceans  with  slender  legs,  each 
accompanied  by  a long  external  branch,  which 
makes  it  appear  as  ifdivided  ; Mysis,  &c. Brande. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  £,  g,  soft;  £,  E,  5,  hard;  § as  z;  ^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


SCHLICH 


1284 


SCHORLITE 


SCFILICH  (slilicli),  n.  [Ger.  schlich.]  (Metallur- 
gy.) Pulverized  gangue  ; slime  ; slich.  Urc. 

SCHNAPPS  (slinSps),  n.  [Ger.]  A dram  of  strong 
spirits  : — Hollands  gin.  Bartlett. 

SCHOL'AR  (skol'ljr),  n.  [Gr.  e^oh'i  (L.  schola),  a 
school ; Low  L.  scholaris,  a scholar  ; It.  sco/are ; 
Sp.  escolar ; Fr.  ecolicr. — Ger.  schiller ; Dan. 
skolar.] 

1.  One  who  learns  of  a teacher ; a pupil ; a 
disciple;  a student;  a learner.  Mai.  ii.  12. 

2.  A person  devoted  to  learning  or  letters  ; 

one  who  has  an  extended  education  ; a learned 
or  erudite  person.  Locke. 

lie  was  a scholar,  and  a ripe  and  good  one.  Shak. 

There  mark  what  ills  the  scholar's  life  assail  — 

Toil,  envy,  want,  the  patron,  and  the  jail.  Johnson. 

3.  A pedant ; a man  of  books.  Bacon. 

4.  (Eng.  Universities.)  An  undergraduate  be- 

longing to  the  foundation  of  a college,  and  hav- 
ing a portion  of  its  revenues.  I Varton. 

Syn.  — Scholar  (L.  schola,  scholaris ) refers  to  school , 
and  is  a learner , or  a person  who  is,  or  lias  been,  un- 
der instruction  ; pupil  (L.  pupil-lux , a little  boy),  one 
under  the  care  of  a tutor  or  teacher ; disciple  (L.  dis- 
cipulus ),  one  under  discipline  or  guidance;  student 
(L.  stude.o , studens , to  be  eager  or  zealous,  to  study), 
one  engaged  in  study.  The  term  pupil  is  applied  only 
to  those  who  are  young  ; but  the  terms  scholar  and 
disciple , to  both  young  and  old.  A distinguished 
scholar ; a faithful  disciple ; an  obedient  or  docile 
pupil ; a diligent  or  hard  student. 

+ SjCHO-LAR'1-TY  (sko-lar'e-te),  n.  [Olcl  Fr.  scho- 
lai'ite.]  Scholarship.  B.  Jonson. 

SjCIIOL' AR— LIKE,  a.  Becoming  a scholar  ; like 
a schoiar ; scholarly.  Howell. 

SjCHOL'AR-LY,  a.  Relating  to,  like,  or  becom- 
ing, a scholir.  Chambers. 

SjCHOL'AR-LY,  ad.  In  the  manner  of  a scholar. 

(l  Speak  scholarly  and  wisely.”  Shak. 

SjCHOL'AR-SHIP,  n.  1.  Learning;  proficiency  in 
literature  or  science. 

My  master’s  understanding  and  great  scholarship.  Pope. 

2.  Literary  instruction  or  education.  “ Any 

other  house  of  scholarship.”  [n.]  Milton. 

3.  Maintenance  for  a scholar  or  student. 

A scholarship  not  half  maintains. 

And  college  rules  are  heavy  chains.  Warton. 

S£HO-LA8'TIC,  a.  [Gr.  a^oXaariKoi ; e^ob'/,  lei- 
sure, a school ; L.  scholasticus  ; It.  scholastico  ; 
Sp.  escolastico  ; Fr.  scholastique .] 

1.  Pertaining  to  a school  or  to  schools  ; lit- 
erary ; lettered.  “ Scholastic  learning.”  Digby. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  schools  or  the  schoolmen 

of  the  middle  ages.  Morell. 

3.  Pedantic ; needlessly  or  excessively  sub-  i 

tile.  “ Scholastic  speculations.”  Bacon. 

Scholastic  philosophy,  the  method  of  philosophizing 
which  was  practised  by  the  schoolmen,  or  in  the 
schools  and  universities,  of  the  middle,  or  dark,  ages. 
— Scholastic  theology , an  endeavor  to  arrange  the  or. 
thodox  system  of  the  church,  such  as  authority  had 
made  it,  according  to  the  rules  and  methods  of  the 
Aristotelian  dialectics,  and  sometimes  upon  premises 
supplied  by  metaphysical  reasoning.  Hallarn. 

SCHO-LAS'TIC,  ii.  An  adherent  to  scholastic 
philosophy  or  theology  ; a schoolman.  Milton. 

S£HO-lAs'T[-CAL,  a.  Scholastic.  Barrow. 

S£HO-LAS'TI-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a scholastic  man- 
ner ; in  the  manner  of  the  schools.  Clarke. 

S£HO-I,AS'T[-CI§M  (sko-lSs'te-sIzm),  n.  The  scho- 
lastic philosophy  or  mode  of  philosophizing. 

The  talent3  of  Abelard  were  not  confined  to  theology,  ju- 
risprudence, philosophy,  and  the  thorny  paths  of  scholasti- 
cism. Warton. 

SjCHO'LI-AST,  ?l.  [Gr.  (T^oltavr  'g ; rr^4?.tov,  a scho- 
lium ; e^obi,  leisure,  a learned  discussion ; L. 
scholia stes ; It.  scoliaste ; Sp.  escoliaclor  ; Fr.  sco- 
liaste. ] One  of  the  old  grammarians,  or  critics, 
who  used  to  write  notes  or  annotations  on 
the  margins  of  the  manuscripts  of  the  ancient 
classical  authors,  called  scholia,  the  fruits,  as  it 
were,  of  leisure  ; a writer  of  explanatory  notes  ; 
a commentator;  an  annotator.  Brarnlc. 

The  bending  shelves  with  ponderous  scholiasts  groan.  Gray. 

SjCHO-LJ-AS'TJC,  a.  Pertaining  to  a scholiast,  or 
to  the  scholiasts.  Swift. 

f SCHO'LI-AZE,  v.  a.  To  write  notes.  “ He  thinks 
to  scholiaze  upon  the  gospel.”  Milton. 

t SjCHOL'J-CAL , a.  [L.  scholicus.~\  Pertaining  to 
a school ; scholastic.  Hales. 


SCHO  ’ LI-OJV  (sko'l<?-Sn),  n.  [Gr.  a^tbov.]  A 
scholium  ; an  explanatory  note.  Spenser. 

S€HO'LI-UM  (sko'le-um),  n. ; pi.  L.  sfino  ' li-a; 
Png.  slho'li-Dm?.  [L.,  from  Gr.  a^6bov.  — See 
Scholiast.]  (Geo/n.)  A remark  upon  one  or 
more  preceding  propositions,  tending  to  show 
their  use,  connection,  limitations,  or  the  man- 
ner of  their  application.  Farrar. 

f SCIIO'LY  (sko'Ie),  n.  [L.  scholium  ; Fr.  scholie. ] 
An  explanatory  note  ; a scholium.  Hooker. 

fSCHO'LY  (sko'Ie),  v.  il.  To  write  expositions. 
“A  text  whereupon  to  scholy.”  Hooker. 

SCHOOL  (skol),  n.  [Gr.  leisure,  a school; 

L .schola-,  It.scuola-,  Sp.  escuela;  Fr.  ecole. — 
A.  S.  seolu ; Dut.  school ; Ger.  schule  ; Dan. 
skole ; Svv.  skolei ; Icel.  skoli.  — Bohemian  sskola. 

— Bret,  skol ; W.  ysgol.  — Sansc.  schala .] 

1.  A place  where  instruction  is  given,  or  the 
collective  body  of  pupils  ; a seminary;  an  acad- 
emy. “ Both  school  and  university.”  Milton. 

Their  age  the  same,  their  inclinations  too, 

And  bred  together  in  one  school  they  grew.  Dnjden. 

To  sentence  n man  of  true  genius  to  the  drudgery  of  a 
school,  is  to  put  a race-horse  in  a mill.  Colton. 

In  modern  usage,  the  term  is  applied  to  any 
place  or  establishment  of  education,  as  day-schools, 
boarding-scAooZs,  grammar-schools,  academies,  col- 
leges, universities,  &c.  ; but  it  is  generally  restricted 
to  places  in  which  elementary  instruction  is  imparted 
to  youths. 

2.  The  assemblage  of  scholars  in  a school. 
“ Phemius  taught  a school  in  Smyrna.”  Pope. 

3.  A particular  sect,  or  the  system  of  doctrine 
peculiar  to  a sect  or  class  of  teachers.  “ The 
several  schools  of  Christians.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

From  whose  [Socrates]  mouth  issued  forth 
Mellifluous  streams,  that  watered  all  the  schools 
Of  academics  old  and  new.  Milton. 

Certain  modes  of  drawing  and  painting,  followed  by  pupils 
of  a great  master,  have  led  to  the  foundation  of  well-defined 
schools  of  painters,  since  the  revival  of  the  art  among  the 
Byzantine  and  Tuscan  painters  of  the  thirteenth  and  four- 
teenth centuries.  Fairholt. 

4.  pi.  Distinctively,  seminaries,  in  the  mid- 
dle ages,  in  which  metaphysics,  rhetoric,  logic, 
and  theology  were  taught  by  the  clergy,  by 
means  of  lectures. 

Philosophy  was  no  longer  confined  to  the  schools  and  to 
prelections.  Morell. 

Grammar  school.  See  GRAMMAR-SCHOOL.  — High 
school,  a school  in  which  the  languages  and  the  higher 
English  branches  are  taught.  — Normal  school.  See 
Normal.  — Ragged  school.  See  Ragged-school. 

— Sunday  school.  See  Sunday-school.  — School  of 
art , a class  of  artists  who  have  learned  their  art  from 
a certain  master,  either  by  receiving  his  instructions 
or  by  studying  his  works,  and  therefore  resemble  him 
in  their  manner. 

Syn. — A school  for  the  rudiments  of  learning  ; an 
academy  or  seminary  for  the  higher  branches.  There 
are  common  schools , district  or  free  schools,  hoarding 
schools,  classical  and  grammar  schools , &c.  Academy, 
as  a seminary  of  learning,  is  a term  often  applied  to 
institutions  intermediate  between  a school  and  a col- 
lege or  university. 

SjCHOOL,  n.  [A.  S.  sccol , a shoal  ; Dut.  school.] 
A multitude,  as  of  fishes  ; a shoal ; — written 
also  scool  and  scull.  [Local  in  U.  S.  and  Eng.] 
Pickering.  Wright. 

SjCHOOL,  v.  a.  [i.  SCHOOLED  ; pp.  SCHOOLING, 
SCHOOLED.] 

1.  To  instruct ; to  educate  ; to  train. 

As  in  her  virtuous  rules  to  school  her  knight.  Spenser. 

The  familiarity  of  the  kitchen  schooled  his  conceptions. 

Milton. 

2.  To  discipline  ; to  tutor  ; to  control. 

Let  Gnllio  give  me  leave  a while 

To  school  him  once.  Bp.  Hall. 

SCHOOL,  a.  1.  Relating  to  a school  or  to  schools. 

2.  Relating  to  the  schools  of  the  middle  ages, 
or  to  the  system  of  philosophy  which  was  taught 
in  them  ; scholastic.  “ School  divinity.”  Locke. 

As  for  virtue,  he  counted  it  but  a school  name.  Sidney. 

SCHOOL'-BOOK  (-b&k),  n.  A book  used  for 
instruction  in  schools.  Jodrell. 

SCHOOL'-BOY  (skol'bol),  ii.  A boy  that  attends 
school.  “ The  whining  school-boy.”  Shak. 

SCHOOL'— BRED,  a.  Educated  or  instructed  in  a 
school ; school-taught.  Cowper. 

SCHOOL'— COM-MIT'TJJE,  n.  A committee  charged 
with  the  supervision  of  schools.  Clarke. 

SCHOOL'— DAME,  n.  A school-mistress.  Echard. 


SCHo6l'-DAY,  n. ; pi.  Sjeh66l'-dav$.  The  time 
during  which  youth  are  sent  to  school.  Shak. 

SCHOOL'-DIS-TRICT,  n.  A district  or  local  di- 
vision for  supporting  public  schools.  [U.  S.] 

Bartlett. 

SCHOOL'— DI-VINE',  n.  One  versed  in,  or  sup- 
porting, scholastic  theology.  Blackstone. 

SCHOOL'— DI-VIN'J-TY,  n.  Scholastic  theology. 

t SCIIOOL'j&R-Y,  n.  Something  taught,  as  in  a 
school ; schooling.  Spenser. 

SCHOOL'— EEL-LOW  (skol'fel-lo),  n.  One  bred  at 
the  same  school;  a school-mate.  “The  emu- 
lation of  school-fellows.”  Locke. 

SCHOOL'— G1R L,  n.  A girl  that  attends  school; 
a school-maid.  Roberts. 

SCHOOL'— HOUSE,  n.  A house  or  building  in 
which  a school  is  kept.  Spenser. 

SCHOOLING,  n.  1.  Instruction;  learning  at 
school;  tuition;  education.  Johnson. 

2.  Price  paid  to  a school-teacher  for  instruc- 
tion ; compensation  of  an  instructor.  Sherwood. 

3.  A lecture  ; a reprimand  ; a reproof. 

I have  some  private  schooling  for  you  both.  Shak. 

SCHOOL'— MAID,  ii.  A girl  who  attends  school  ; 
a school-girl.  Shak. 

SCHOOL' MAN,  it. ; pi.  SCHOOLMEN.  (Middle 

Ages.)  One  versed  in,  or  a writer  of,  scholastic 
divinity  or  philosophy  ; a scholastic. 

The  most  distinguished  of  the  schoolmen  lived  in  the  next 
century,  the  thirteenth,  and  were,  Albertus  Magnus,  Bona- 
ventura.  and  Thomas  Aquinas,  John  Duns  Scotus,  Ochnm, 
and  Durandus.  llook. 

SCHOOL'— MAS-TER,  n.  A man  who  teaches  a 
school ; an  instructor  ; a preceptor  ; a teacher. 

A good  school-master  minces  his  precepts  for  children  to 
swallow,  hanging  clogs  on  the  nimbleness  of  his  own  soul, 
that  his  scholurs  may  go  along  with  him.  Fuller. 

SCHOOL'— MATE,  n.  A school-fellow.  Clarice. 

SCHOOL'-MiS-TRESS,  n.  A woman  who  teaches 

a school.  Dry  den.  Gay. 

S£Ho6l'-r66m,  ii.  A room  or  apartment  in 
which  a school  is  kept.  Ash. 

SCHOOL'— TAUGHT  (-tSiut),  a.  Taught  or  edu- 
cated in  a school  or  in  schools  ; school-bred. 

Let  school-tavyht  pride  dissemble  all  it  can, 

These  little  things  are  great  to  little  man.  Goldsmith. 

SCHOOL'— TEACH-fiR,  n.  One  who  teaches  school ; 
an  instructor  ; a preceptor.  Clarke. 

SCHOOL'— TEACIl-ING,  n.  The  business  of  one 
who  teaches  a school ; the  occupation  of  in- 
structing a school.  Clarke. 

SCHOOL'-TIIp-OL'O-GY,  n.  Scholastic  divinity; 
school-divinity.  Chambers. 

SCHOONER,  n.  [Dut.  schooner  ; schoon,  beauti- 
ful; Ger.  schoner,  schvner,  a schooner;  Sw. 
skoner. ] (Naut.)  A small  vessel,  usually  with 
two  masts,  but  with  no  tops. 

There  arc  some  schooners  with  three  masts.  Dana. 

A fore-and-aft  schooner,  a schooner  having  fore-and- 
aft  sails  only.  — A topsail  schooner,  a schooner  carrying 
a square  fore-topsail,  and  frequently,  also,  top-gallant- 
sail  and  royal.  — A main-topsail  schooner , a schooner 
that  carries  square  topsails,  fore  and  aft.  Dana. 

HSr*  This  word,  which  seems  to  have  no  relation 
to  the  Dut.  schoon,  tine,  fair,  neat,  may  probably  have 
been  formed  from  the  A.  £.  scunian,  to  flee,  tor  shun. 
The  vessel  called  schooner  is  swift,  light,  and  conse- 
quently adapted  for  flight  in  circumstances  where  its 
weakness  would  unfit  it  for  resistance.”  Jal.  — “The 
first  vessel  of  the  kind  is  said  to  have  been  built  at 
Gloucester,  Mass.,  by  Capt.  Andrew  Robinson,  about 
the  year  1714.  The  name  was  given  to  it  from  the 
following  circumstance:  Capt.  R.  had  constructed  a 
vessel,  which  lie  masted  and  rigged  in  the  manner 
that  schooners  now  are,  and  on  her  going  off  the  stocks 
into  the  water,  a bystander  cried  out,  4 O,  how  she 
schoonsl ’ R.  instantly  replied,  4 A schooner  let  her 
he  ’ ; and  from  that  time  this  class  of  vessels  lias  gone 
by  that  name.  Previously,  vessels  of  this  description 
were  unknown  cither  in  this  country  or  Europe.”  Es- 
sex Memorial,  1S3C. 

SCHORL  (shod),  lx.  (Min.)  A name  formerly  ap- 
plied to  the  black  varieties  of  tourmaline.  Dana. 

SyilOR-LA'CEOUS  (shor-la'shus,  6G),  a.  Pertain- 
ing to,  or  resembling,  schori.  Wright. 

SCIIOR'LITF.,  n.  (Min.)  A translucent,  massive, 
sub-columnar  variety  of  topaz,  composed  of  sil- 
ica, alumina,  and  fluorine  ; pycnite.  Dana. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  £,  I,  6,  t),  V,  short;  A,  £,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HF.IR,  HER; 


SCI10RL0US 


1285 


SCIRRHUS 


syHORL'OUS,  a.  Relating  to  schorl.  Dana. 

StJIlORL'-ROCK,  n.  ( Geol .)  An  aggregate  of 

schorl,  or  tourmaline,  and  quartz.  Lyell. 

SyUORL' Y— GRAN  ITE,  n.  (Geol.)  A kind  of 
granite ' consisting  of  schorl  or  tourmaline, 
quartz,  felspar,  and  mica.  Lyell. 

SUHREIGHT  (skret),  n.  A kind  of  fish.  Ainsworth. 

SjCHRODE,  n.  A codfish  or  a haddock  prepared  for 
broiling  by  being  cut  open  and  slightly  salted  ; 
— written  also  scrode,  and  scrod.  C.  Brown. 

SQHVVEIN'FURTH— GREEN,  n.  ( Chem .)  A double 
crystallizable  salt  of  arsenite  of  copper  and 
acetate  of  copper,  used  as  a pigment.  Miller. 

SCI'A-GRAPH,  n.  The  section  of  a building  to 
show  its  inside  ; sciagraphy.  Ash. 

SLI-A-GRAPII  IC,  ^ a ' GKtaypaipiKtis.]  Re- 

ScI-A-GRAph'I-CAL,  S lating  to  sciagraphy.  Scott. 

8CI-A-GRAPH'|-CAL-LY,  ad.  According  to  sci- 
agraphy ; in  a sciagraphical  manner.  Smart. 

SCI-AG'RA-PHY  (sl-ag'r<t-fe),  n.  [Gr.  aKiaypaipia  ; 
ociii,  a shadow,  and  ypdiptn,  to  write ; L.  sciagra- 
jjhia ; It.  sciografia  ; Fr.  sciagraphies) 

1.  The  act  of  casting  and  delineating  shadows 
correctly,  and  upon  mathematical  principles. 

2.  The  profile  or  vertical  section  of  a building 
made  to  display  the  interior  construction.  Bailey. 

3.  The  art  of  finding  the  hour  of  the  day  or 

the  night  by  the  shadow  of  the  sun,  moon,  or 
stars.  Hutton. 

SCI-Am'A-jCHY,  n.  Sciomachy.  Johnson. 

SCI-A-THER  [C,  l a_  [(Jr.  gkio,  a shadow,  and 

SCI-A-TIIER'I-OAL,  ) dtjoaui,  to  catch.]  Belonging 

to  a sun-dial.  — See  Sciotiieric.  Browne. 


SCI- A -Til ER'J-C A L-LY,  ad.  After  the  manner  of 
a sun-dial.  “ Sciatherically  prepared.”  Gregory. 

SCI-At'IC,  n.  Sciatica.  Pope. 

SCf-AT'I-CA  (sl-at'e-ka),  11.  [Gr.  lexica  ; h^iov, 
the  hip.  — See  Ischiatic.]  (Med.)  A variety 
of  neuralgia  characterized  by  pain  following  the 
great  sciatic  nerve  from  the  ischiatic  notch  to 
the  ham,  and  along  the  peroneal  surface  of  the 
leg  to  the  sole  of  the  foot.  Dunglison. 

SCI-AT  IC,  / a [A  contraction  of  ischiatic. 

SOI-AT'I-CAL,  ) — See  Ischiatic.]  Pertaining 
to,  or  affecting,  the  parts  connecting  with  the 
ischium.  “The  sciatic  nerve.”  Dunglison.  “ Sci- 
atical  pains.”  Arbuthnot. 

SCf'pNCE  (si'ens),  n.  [L.  scientia ; scio,  scions, 
to  know;  It.  scienza  ; Sp.  ciencia ; Fr.  science.] 

1.  Knowledge  ; that  which  one  knows. 

God’s  . . . prescience  or  foresight  of  any  action  of  mine,  or 
rather  his  science  or  sight  from  all  eternity,  lays  no  necessity 
on  any  thing  to  come  to  pass.  Hammond. 

2.  The  knowledge  of  many  methodically  di- 
gested and  arranged  so  as  to  become  attainable 
by  one  ; truth  attained  by  a course  of  methodi- 
cal study ; that  which  we  know  deductively  or 
inductively ; a knowledge  of  laws,  principles, 
and  relations  ; learning. 

Sir  William  Hamilton,  in  his  Lectures  on  Logic,  defined 
science  as  a “complement  of  cognitions,  having  in  point  of 
form  the  character  of  logical  perfection,  and  in  point  of  mat- 
ter the  character  of  real  truth.”  Dove. 

The  basis  of  all  science  is  the  immutability  of  the  laws  of 
nature  and  of  events.  Davies. 

All  art  is  founded  in  science , and  the  science  is  of  little 
value  which  does  not  serve  as  a foundation  to  some  beneficial 
art.  Dr.  Campbell. 

Science  is  knowledge  certain  and  evident  in  itself,  or  by 
the  principles  from  which  it  is  deduced  or  with  which  it  is 
certainly  connected.  It  is  subjective,  as  existing  in  the  mind; 
objective,  as  embodied  in  truths;  speculative,  as  lending  to 
do  something,  as  in  practical  science.  Fleming. 

3.  Any  branch  or  species  of  knowledge. 

I present  you  with  a man 
Cunning  in  music  and  the  mathematics, 

To  instruct  her  fully  in  those  sciences.  Shak. 

Abstract  science,  the  knowledge  of  reasons  and  their 
conclusions.  — Absolute  science,  knowledge  of  the  ne- 
cessity and  reason  of  a law.  Poster. Mathematical 

science , knowledge  of  the  relations  and  measurement 
of  quantities  ; the  science  of  mathematics.  Davies.  — 
Mental  science , knowledge  of  the  principles  and  laws 
of  the  mind  ; mental  philosophy.  — Moral  science.  See 
Moral.  — Natural  science , the  knowledge  of  causes 
and  effects,  and  of  the  laws  of  nature.'  Brando.  — The 
natural  sciences , the  sciences  which  treat  of  the  three 
kingdoms  of  nature,  the  animal,  the  vegetable,  and 
the  mineral.  Baird.  — Physical  science.  See  Physi- 
cal. — Pure  science , knowledge  based  on  self-evident 


truths,  as  the  mathematics.  Davies.  — The  seven  sci- 
ences of  antiquity,  grammar,  rhetoric,  logic,  arithmetic, 
music,  geometry,  and  astronomy.  Pope. 

Syn.  — The  distinction  between  science  and  art  is, 
that  science  is  a body  of  principles  and  deductions,  to 
explain  the  nature  of  some  matter.  An  art  is  a body 
of  precepts  with  practical  skill  for  the  completion  of 
some  work.  A science  teaches  us  to  know  ; an  art , to 
do.  In  art,  truth  is  a means  to  an  end  ; in  science , it 
is  the  only  end.  Hence  the  practical  arts  are  not  to 
be  classed  among  the  sciences.  IVhcwcll. 

“ It  is  a part  of  grammatical  science  to  say,  that  all 
words  with  a certain  termination  have  a certain  ac- 
cent. When  this  is  converted  into  a rule,  it  becomes 
part  of  an  art .”  Lewis 

“ Science  and  art  may  he  said  to  be  investigations  of 
truth  ; but  one,  science,  inquires  for  the  sake  of  knowl- 
edge ; the  other,  art,  for  the  sake  of  production  ; and 
lienee  science  is  more  concerned  with  the  higher  truths, 
art  with  the  lower  ; and  science  never  is  engaged,  as 
art  is,  in  productive  application.”  Karslake. 

“ Science  is  the  result  of  general  laws,  and  is  some- 
times called  theory,  as  correlative  with  art.”  Davies. 

See  Knowledge,  Literature. 

SCIENCE,  v.  a.  To  make  to  be  skilled  or  versed ; 
to  acquaint ; to  teach,  [r.] 

Deep  scienced  in  the  mazy  lore 

Of  inad  philosophy.  Francis. 

fSCI'^NT,  a.  [L .scio,  sciens , to  know.]  Skilful; 
knowing.  Cocker  am. 

SCI-EN'TER , acl.  [L.]  (Law.)  Knowingly; 
with  knowledge  ; skilfully.  Bouvier . 

f SCI-EN'TIAL  (sl-en'shal),  a.  [It.  scienziale.] 
Producing  science.  B.  Jonson. 

SCl-^N-TIF  IC,  > a [L .scientia,  science,  and 

£>Cl-£N-TIF'I-CAL,  ) facio,  to  make;  It.  scientiji- 
co  ; Sp.  cientifico  ; Fr.  scientifique.]  Proceeding 
by,  or  founded  on,  the  methods  of  science.  “ Sci- 
entific observations.”  Knox. 

The  systems  of  natural  philosophy  that  have  obtained  are 
to  be  read  more  to  know  the  hypotheses,  than  with  hopes 
to  gain  there  a comprehensive,  scientifical , and  satisfactory 
knowledge  of  the  works  of  nature.  Locke. 

SCE-pN-TlF'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a scientific  man- 
ner. “ Scientifically  instructed.”  Locke. 

SOIL ' I-CET,  ad.  -[L.]  (Law.)  That  is  to  say; 
to  wit ; namely  ; — abbreviated  sc.,  or  ss. 

flQf  “ The  word  videlicet  (of  similar  import)  is  now 
more  common.”  Burrill. 

SCIL'LI-TINE,  n.  (Chem.)  The  bitter,  purgative, 
and  emetic  principle  of  the  squill  ( Scilla  mari- 
tima).  Gregory. 

SCIM'I-TAR  (slm'e-tar),  n.  A sword  with  a re- 
curvated  blade;  a kind  of  falchion;  — written 
also  scymetar,  and  cimeter. — See  Cijieter. 

SCIM'I-TAR— SHAPED,  a.  (Bot.)  Curved,  fleshy, 
plane  on  the  two  sides,  the  concave  border 
thick,  the  convex  border  thin.  Lindlcy. 

SCIN’COID,  a.  [See  Scincoidian.]  Belonging 
to  the  scincoidians.  Wright. 

SCIN'CoiD,  ii.  ( Htrp .)  A scincoidian.  Brande. 

SCIN-COID'I-AN,  ii.  [Gr.  GKiyKo j,  a kind  of  liz- 
ard, and  Bibos,  form.]  (Herp.)  One  of  a family 
of  sauriar.s,  distinguished  by  having  the  crani- 
um covered  with  great  angular  plates  joined  to- 
gether at  their  edges,  and  the  trunk  completely 
covered  with  scales  of  various  forms,  overlap- 
ping each  other  like  tiles  or  slates.  Eng.  Cyc. 

SCINK  (sink),  n.  1.  + A slunk  calf.  Ainsworth. 

2.  [Gr.  CKiyicos.]  (Herp.)  A saurian  reptile  ; a 
skink.  Eng.  Cyc. 

SCIJV-  TIL'  LA,  n.  [L.]  A spark;  a glimmer;  a 
faint  trace  ; a shadow,  [n.] 

Not  a scintilla  of  objection  exists  against  him  as  an  indi- 
vidual. Collinson, 

Not  a scintilla  of  evidence.  Jl.  Choate. 

SClN'TIL-LANT,  a.  [L.  scintillo,  scintillans,  to 
sparkle.]  Sparkling ; emitting  sparks.  Green. 

SCIN'TIL-lAtE,  v.  n.  [L.  scintillo , scintillation  ; 
scintilla , a spark;  It.  scintillare ; Sp.  centcllcar ; 
Fr.  scintiller .]  \i.  scintillated  ; pp.  scintil- 
lating, scintillated.] 

1.  To  emit  sparks,  or  small  ignited  particles, 

2 To  sparkle  ; to  twinkle.  Cocker  am. 

SCIN-TIL-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  scintillatio ; It.  s-in- 
tillazione  ; Fr.  scintillation .] 

1.  The  act  of  scintillating;  a spark.  Glanvill. 

2.  Intellectual  splendor  ; a coruscation. 

Few  among  the  experienced  in  didactics  have  read  Mil- 
tonis  letter  to  TIartlib  with  approbation;  curious  as  it  is,  and 
‘ displaying  as  it  docs  scintillations  of  great  genius,  yet  what 


{mront  or  preceptor  is  persuaded  by  it  to  adopt  the  plan  in 
lis  own  case  or  practice ir  Knox. 

3 .'  (Astron.)  Twinkling;  — a phenomenon 
supposed  to  he  due  to  the  interference  of 
light.  Hind. 

SCJN'TIL-LOtlS,  a.  Scintillant.  [it.]  Richardson. 
SCIN'TIL-LOUS-Ly,  ad.  In  a sparkling  manner, 
SCl-OG'RA-PIlY,  n.  Sciagraphy.  Brande. 

SCl'O-LlSM  (sl'o-llzm),  «.  Superficial  knowledge  ; 

a smattering  of  learning.  Brit.  Grit. 

SCl'O-LlST  (si'o-list),  n.  [L.  sciolus;  scio, to  know.] 
One  who  thinks  he  knows  much,  and  knows  hut 
little  ; a vain  superficialist  ; a smatterer. 

The  writers  against  religion  have  been,  for  tile  most  part, 
men  of  great  priue  and  audacity,  but  in  learning  little  better 
than  sciolists.  Knox. 

f SCI'O-LOOS,  a.  Superficial.  Howell. 

SCI-OM' A-jCHY  (sl-om'a-ke)  [si-om'st-ke,  IF.  P.  J. 
F.  K.  Sm.  Wb.  ; skl-om'j-ke,  S’.],  n.  [Gr.  oki- 
apa^ia;  ona,  a shadow,  and  /my1?,  a fight.]  (Ant.) 
An  exercise  with  the  ancients  which  consisted 
in  a mock  encounter  at  boxing  and  jumping 
with  one’s  own  shadow.  Dunglison. 

To  avoid  this  scwmachy , or  ima^inar}'  combat  of  words,  let 
me  know,  sir,  what  you  mean  by  the  name  of  tyrant.  Conley. 

gCl'p-MAN-CY,  ii.  [Gr.  tnab,  a shadow,  and  pav- 
Ttia,  divination.]  (Ant.)  Divination  by  shadows  ; 
the  art  of  raising  or  calling  up  ghosts.  Crabb. 

SCI'ON  (sl'on ),  n.  [Fr.  scion.  — Minsheu  derives 
the  word  from  L.  scinc/o,  scissus,  to  cut.] 

1.  The  first  young  shoot  produced  during  the 
year  by  a tree.  Brande. 

2.  A part  of  a branch  prepared  to  be  grafted 
upon  some  other  tree.  Brande. 

SCI-OP'TIC,  a.  [Gr.  retd,  a shadow,  and  6 ktikIIs, 
belonging  to  seeing  or  to  sight.]  (Optics.)  Not- 
ing an  optical  instrument,  called  the  scioptic 
ball ; — also  written  scioptric.  Hutton. 

IFyy-  Tile  scioptic  ball  consists  of  a perforated  globe 
of  wood  and  a convex  lens  contained  within  it,  to- 
gether with  an  appendage  in  which  it  may  be  turned 
in  any  direction,  like  the  eye.  It  is  used  for  producing 
images  in  a darkened  room,  and  in  a camera  obscura. 
Hutton. 

SCl-OP'TRiC,  a.  Same  as  Scioptic. 
SCl-O-THER'IC,  a.  See  SciATHEltIC.  Clarke. 

Sci-O-THER’  J-C6M  TF.L-F.-SCb  ' PI-  &M,  11. 

(Dialling.)  An  instrument,  consisting  of  a 
horizontal  dial,  and  a telescope  adapted  to  it, 
for  determining  the  true  time  by  day  and  night ; 
— invented  by  Molyneux.  Hutton. 

SCl'RF.  FA’CI-.aS  (sl're-fa'slie-as).  n.  [L.,  Tou 

cause  to  know.)  (Law.)  A judicial  writ,  found- 
ed upon  some  record,  and  requiring  the  defend- 
ant to  show  cause  why  the  plaintiff  should  not 
have  the  advantage  of  such  record  ; or,  when  it 
is  issued  to  repeal  letters-patent,  why  the  record 
should  not  be  annulled  and  vacated  ; — so  called 
from  the  initial  words  of  the  writ,  when  in 
Latin,  Quod  scire  facias.  Bouvier. 

SLTR'RIIoId,  a.  [Gr.  entppos,  scirrhus,  and  tTSos, 
form.]  (Med.)  Resembling  scirrhus.  Dunglison. 

SGIR-RHOS'I-TY  (skjr-ros'e-te),  n.  (Med.)  Indu- 
ration, as  of  a gland.  Arbuthnot. 

SCIR'RHOFS  (sklr'rhus),  a.  (Med.)  Pertaining 
to,  or  characterized  by,  scirrhus.  Wiseman. 

SL’IR'RiiyS  (skir'rus)  [sklr'rus,  S.  IF.  Ja.K.  Sm.], 
n.  ; pi.  L.  spuin' ni;  Eng.  schIr'rv£-J?$.  [Gr. 
GKippof ; It.  scirro  ; Sp.  cscirro ; Fr.  squirrhe.) 
(Med.)  Induration  of  a peculiar  kind,  general- 
ly affecting  glandular  structures,  but  occurring 
in  other  textures.  Dunglison. 

HSy  “ This  word  is  sometimes,  but  improperly, 
written  schirrus,  with  the  h in  t lie  first  syllable  in- 
stead of  the  last ; and  Bailey  and  Feinting  have  given 
us  two  aspirations,  and  spelt  it  schirrhus-,  both  of 
which  modes  of  spelling  tile  word  are  contrary  to  tho 
general  analogy  of  orthography  ; for,  as  the  word 
comes  from  the  Greek  GKippoi,  the  latter  r only  can 
have  the  aspiration,  as  the  first  of  these  double  letters 
has  always  the  spiritus  lenis ; and  the  e in  the  first 
syllable  arising  from  the  Greek  tc,  and  not  the  x<  no 
more  reason  can  bo  given  for  placing  the  It  after  it,  by 
spelling  it  schirrus,  than  tliero  is  for  spelling  scene , 
from  arrive,  schenc , — or  sceptre,  from  oKOSTjUK',  sc/icp  - 
trc.  The  most  correct  Latin  orthography  confirms 
this  opinion,  by  spelling  the  word  in  question  scirrhus-, 
and  according  to  the  most  settled  analogy  of  our  own 
language,  and  the  constant  method  of  pronouncing 
words  from  tho  Greek  and  Latin,  tho  c ought  to  be 
soft  before  the  i in  tins  word,  and  the  first  syllable 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NdU,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RfiLE.  — 9,  9,  9,  g,  soft; 


hi,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  $ as  z;  ^ as  gz.  — THIS,  tins. 


SCISCITATION 


1286 


SCOOP-NET 


should  he  pronounced  like  the  first  of  syr-inge,  Sir-i- 
i/.s,  &,c.  Whatever  might  have  been  the  occasion  of 
the  false  orthography  of  this  word,  its  false  pronun- 
ciation seems  fixed  beyond  recovery.”  Walker. 

f SOIS-CJ-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  sciscitatio.]  The  act 
of  inquiring  ; inquiry.  Bp.  Ilall. 

StfS'SJJL  (sls'sel),  n.  1.  The  clippings  of  metals 
produced  in  manufacturing  them.  Brande. 

2.  Slips  or  plates  of  metals  out  of  which  cir- 
cular blanks  have  been  cut  for  the  purpose  of 
coinage.  Braude. 

f SCIS'SI-BLE  (sls'se-bl),  a.  Scissile.  Bacon. 

RCIS'SILE  (sls'sjl),  a.  [L.  scissilis  ; scindn,  scis- 
sns,  to  cut,  to  split  ; It.#  Fr. scissile.]  Capable 
of  being  cut  or  divided  smoothly  by  a sharp 
edge,  [r.]  Arbuthnot. 

SCl^'.ffON  (sizh'un),  n.  [L .scissio;  It.  scissione ; 
Sp.  # Fr.  scission.]  The  act  of  cutting  ordivid- 
ing ; division.  Wiseman. 

SCl^'^OR— BILL,  n . ( Ornith.)  An  aquatic,  palmi- 
ped bird,  of  the  fam- 
ily Laridee,  and  genus  — 

Rgnchops,  or  Rhyn-  1 a 

cops  ; — so  named 
from  the  form  of  the 
bill,  which  is  nearly 
straight,  and  longer 
than  the  head,  with 
the  upper  mandible  scissor-biU. 

shorter  than  the  low- 
er, and  having  a groove  into  which  the  lower  is 
received.  Audubon. 

FCI§'§OR§  (siz’zorz),  n.  pi.  [L.  scissor,  one  who 
divides;  scindo,  scissus,  to  cut,  to  split;  It. 
cesoje  ; Fr.  ciseaux.~]  A cutting  instrument,  re- 
sembling shears,  but  smaller,  consisting  of  two 
blades  crossing  each  other,  and  moving  on  a 
pivot ; — sometimes  written  cisors,  cisars,  cizars, 
and  scissars.  Search. 

t SCI§'§URE  (slzh'ur),  n.  [L.  scissura  ; scindo, 
scissus,  to  split.]  A cleft ; a rent.  Hammond. 

SCIT-A-MIN'E-OOs,  a.  ( But .)  Pertaining  to  the 
Scitaminea,  a natural  order  of  stemless  or  cau- 
lescent, herbaceous,  tropical  plants.  Wright. 

SCITE  (sit),  n.  Site.  — See  Site.  Jacobs. 

SCI'U-RlNE,  n.  [Gr.  tndovpos,  a squirrel ; L.  sciu- 
rus.]  ( Zoiil .)  A rodent  of  the  squirrel  tribe  ; a 
squirrel.  Brande. 

SCl-y-ROP'TIJ-RUS,  n.  [Gr.  aKiovpos,  a squirrel, 
and  nTfpov,  a wing.]  ( Zoul .)  A genus  of  flying 
squirrels,  found  in  Europe  and  North  America. 

SCLA-VO'NJ-AN,  n.  A native  or  inhabitant  of 
Sclavonia  ; — written  also  Slavonian.  Clarke. 

SCLA-VO  NJ-AN,  ) a_  Relating  to  Sclavonia,  or 

SjCLA-VON'IC,  ) to  the  people  of  Sclavonia 
(Sclav  i) ; Slavic;  Slavonian.  — See  Slavonian. 

The  numerous  Sclavonic  languages  are  commonly  divided 
into  the  Eastern,  of  which  the  Russian  stands  at  the  head, 
and  the  Western,  of  which  the  chief  is  the  Polish.  The  Po- 
lish was  the  earlier  cultivated,  hut  political  events  have  with- 
in a century  widely  extended  the  sphere  of  the  Russian. 

Sir  J.  Stoild art. 

f S£LER'A-GO-(yY,  n.  [Gr.  trKl.vpdg,  hard,  harsh, 
and  dyw,  to  lead.]  Severe  discipline.  Racket. 

SCLER'O-DERM,  n.  [Gr.  atUr/pos,  hard,  firm,  and 
lip  pa,  skin.]  ( Ich .)  One  of  the  Sclerodcrmi,  a 
family  of  plectognathous,  marine,  mostly  trop- 
ical fishes,  of  brilliant  colors,  having  conical  or 
pyramidal  snouts,  and  the  skin  rough,  or  cov- 
ered with  large,  hard  scales.  Brande. 

S£LER'0-(yEN,  n.  [Gr.  asl-ypts,  hard,  and  ytuvbot, 
to  produce.]  ( Bot .)  The  hard  sedimentary  mat- 
ter, deposited  on  the  inner  surface  of  the  mem- 
branous cells  of  plants  ; lignine.  Lindley. 

SjELF.-ROT'IC,  n.  [Low  L.  sclerotica,  from  Gr. 
aK/spiig,  hard,  firm  ; It.  sclerotico  ; Sp.  escleroti- 
co  ; Fr.  sclerotique.] 

1.  (A nut.)  A hard,  resisting,  opaque  mem- 

brane, of  a pearly  white  color  and  fibrous  na- 
ture, which  covers  nearly  four  fifths  of  the  pos- 
terior part  of  the  globe  of  the  eye,  and  has  the 
form  of  a sphere  truncated  before  ; the  white  of 
the  eye.  Dunglison. 

2.  (Med.)  A medicine  which  hardens  and  con- 
solidates the  part  it  is  applied  to.  Quincy. 

SCLE-ROT'IC,  a.  Noting  a membrane  of  the 
eye.  — See  Eye.  Ray. 

sei.F.-ROT' I-CB,  n-  [Low. L.]  (Anal.)  One  of 
the  membranes  of  the  eye  ; the  sclerotic.  Brande. 


SCOAT  (shot),  v.  a.  To  stop,  as  a wheel ; to  trig ; 
to  scotch.  — See  Scotch.  Bailey. 

SeoB'I-FORM,  a.  [L.  scobis , powder  or  dust  pro- 
duced by  sawing,  rasping,  &c.,  and  forma,  form.] 
Having  the  form  of  scobs ; like  sawdust.  Wright. 

SCOB§,  n.  sing.  & pi.  [L. ; scabo,  to  scrape.] 

1.  Any  kind  of  powder  or  dust  produced  by 

sawing,  filing,  or  boring.  Hoblyn. 

2.  the  scoria  or  dross  of  any  metal.  Chambers. 

3.  An  alkali.  Dunglison. 

SCOFF  (sk3f),  v.  n.  [From  Gr.  oxiiirroi,  to  ape,  to 

jeer,  to  scoff.  Junius.  — Probably  from  A.  S. 
scufan,  sceofan,  to  shove.  Richardson.']  [/. 
scoffed  ; pp.  scoffing,  scoffed.]  To  treat 
any  thing  with  mockery,  ridicule,  or  contempt; 
to  mock  ; to  jeer  ; — used  with  at. 

And  fools  who  came  to  scoff  remained  to  pray.  Goldsmith. 
Denied  that  earthly  opulence  they  choose, 

God’s  better  gift  they  scoff  at  and  refuse.  Cowpcr. 

Syn.  — To  scoff,  gibe,  jeer , mock,  and  sneer,  all  im- 
ply an  expression  of  contempt  and  dislike  to  some 
person  or  tiling.  A person  scoffs  by  the  use  of  oppro- 
brious language,  or  by  tribes,  jeers,  or  sneers,  and 
mocks  by  derisive  imitation  ; lie  scoffs  openly,  and 
sneers  slyly.  Tile  scoffers  at  religion  are  more  open 
and  avowed  in  their  hostility  ; the  sneerers,  more  sly, 
but  not  less  malignant.  To  gibe  implies  more  of  ill 
nature  and  reproach  ; to  jeer,  more  of  ridicule. 

SCOFF,  v.-a.  To  treat  with  scoffs  ; to  scoff  at ; 
to  deride  ; to  mock  ; to  jeer  ; to  ridicule. 

To  scoff  religion  is  ridiculously  proud  and  immodest. 

Glanvitt. 

SCOFF,  n.  Expression  of. scorn,  contempt,  or 
ridicule  ; contumelious  language  ; mockery  ; 
jeering  ; derision  ; raillery. 

Flattery  more  abusive  and  reproachful  than  the  rudest 
scoffs  and  the  sharpest  invectives.  South. 

SCOFF'ER,  n.  One  who  scoffs  or  mocks;  a 
ridiculer  ; a scorner  ; a mocker.  Burnet. 

SCOFF'flR-Y,  n.  Mockery ; foolishness. IJolinshed. 

SCOFF'ING,  p.  a.  Jeering;  inclined  to  scoff. 
“ Made  the  pastime  of  a scoffing  rage.”  Dryden. 

SCOFF'ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  scoffs. 

SCOFF'ING-LY,  ad.  In  contempt  or  mockery  ; 
in  ridicule  ; derisively.  Broome. 

SCORE,  7i.  (Bot.)  A tall,  perennial,  herbaceous 
plant,  with  a large  poisonous  root,  bearing  long 
racemes  of  dark-purple  berries,  and  sometimes 
eaten  in  early  spring  as  a substitute  for  aspara- 
gus ; poke  ; garget ; pigeon-berry  ; Phytolacca, 
decandra.  Gray. 

SCOL'A-ZON,  7i.  A kind  of  manure.  Simmo7uls. 

SCOLD,  v.  71.  [Hut.  sclieUlc7i ; Ger.  schelten  ; Dan. 
skielde  ; Sw.  skiilla.  — litre  refers  the  Sw.  skiilla 
to  the  Ger.  gel/e7i  (A.  S.  gyttan),  to  yell.]  \i. 
scolded  ; pp.  scolding,  scolded.]  To  rail 
xvith  rude  clamor ; to  speak  to  another  in  re- 
proachful, angry  language;  to  brawl;  — used 
with  at. 

lie  [Do  Rurpo]  showed  himself  so  forward  for  it  [the  di- 
vorce of  King  Henry  VIII.  from  Queen  Katharine],  that  the 
women  of  Oxon  did  not  only  scold  u/hini  publicly,  but  threw 
stones  after  him  as  lie  passed  along  the  street.  Wood . 

SCOLD,  v.  a.  To  chide  in  a rude,  angry,  clamor- 
ous manner ; to  rate  ; to  berate  ; to  scoff. 

She  scolded  her  husband,  one  day,  out  of  doors.  Howell. 

Our  master  is  not  a man  to  be  scratched  and  scolded  out  of 
his  kingdom.  Warburton. 

SCOLD,  n.  A woman  who  scolds  habitually;  a 
foul-mouthed  xvoman  ; a vixen  ; a shrew. 

A common  scold,  “communis  rixatrix”(for  our  Law  Latin 
confines  it  to  the  feminine  gender),  is  a public  nuisance  to 
her  neighborhood.  Llackstonc. 

SCOLD'ER,  7i.  One  who  scolds.  Abp.  Cranmcr. 

SCOLD'ING,  n.  Clamorous,  rude,  angry  lan- 
guage or  reproof ; railing.  South. 

SCOLD'ING,  p.  a.  Using  loud  and  reproachful 
language.  “ A scolding  tongue.”  Shah. 

SCOLD'JNG-LY,  ad.  Like  a scold;  railingly. 

SCOL'p-ClTE,  71.  [Gr.  trKthXrf,  a worm.]  (Min.) 
A transparent  or  translucent  mineral  of  a vit- 
reous or  silky  lustre,  composed  of  silica,  alu- 
mina, lime  and  water,  and,  in  some  varieties, 
of  soda.  Dana. 

SCOL'LOP,  7i.  A shell-fish.  — See  Scallop. 

SCOL'LOP,  v.  a.  See  Scallop. 

SCOL-O-PAQ  ' I-DJE,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  oKol.thna^  ; L. 
scolopax,  scolopacis,  a snipe.]  (Ornith.)  A fam- 


ily of  birds  of  the  order  Grallat,  including  the 
sub-families  Limosmce,  Totanince,  Revurciros- 
trina,  1 r ingin ce,  Scohpaciuce,  and  Phalaropo- 
dince ; snipes.  Gray. 

SCOL-O-PJl-Ci'  NJE,  7i.  pi.  (Ornith.)  A sub- 
family of 
birds  of  the 
order  GraU 
Ice  and  fam- 
ily Scolopac- 
idar,  snipes. 

SCOL-  O-  PF.N ' D RA,  71.  [L.,  from  Gr.  OKolonlvlpn.] 

1.  (Ent.)  A genus  of  venomous  insects  of  the 

order  Myriopoda,  possessing  at  least  twenty- 
one  pairs  of  legs,  and  living  for  the  most  part 
under  logs  of  wood  and  the  loose  bark  of  decayed 
trees  ; centipeds.  Eng.  Cyc. 

2.  f [Gr.  <JKol.o7:tvbptov.]  An  herb.  Ainsworth. 

SCOM'BFR,  71.  [L.,  from  Gr.  andpUpos.]  (Ich.) 

A genus  of  fishes  of  the  family  Sco7nbridce  ; the 
common  mackerel.  Yarrell. 

SCOM'lilJ-RolD,  n.  [Gr.  mcbpPpos,  a macker:  1,  and 
liboc,  form.]  (Ich.)  A fish  of  the  family  Scom- 
bridee.  Brande. 

SCOM ' BRI-DJE,  7t.pl.  (Ich.)  Afamilyof  marine, 
acanthopterygious  fishes,  including  the  mack- 
erel, the  tunny,  the  sword-fish,  &c.  Yarrell. 

+ SCOM'FJT,  n.  Discomfit.  Wickliffe. 

fSCOMM,  71.  [Gr.  CKot/jpa,  a jibe  ; L.  scornma.) 

1.  A taunt ; a jeer ; a gibe  ; a scoff.  Fothei'by. 

2.  A buffoon  ; an  antic;  a zany.  L’  Estrange. 

SCONCE  (skons),  7i.  [Dut.  schans ; Ger.  schaitze  ; 

Dan.  skandse  ; Sw.  skans.  — See  Ensconce.] 

1.  A round  fortification  or  block-house. 

No  sconce  or  fortress  of  his  raising  was  ever  known  either 
to  have  been  forced,  or  yielded  up,  or  quitted.  Milton. 

2.  The  head  ; skull  : — brains  ; sense.  [Low.] 

Why  does  he  suffer  this  rude  knave,  now,  to  knock  him 
about  the  sconce  with  a dirty  shovel?  Shak. 

“ Perhaps  as  being  the  acropolis  or  citadel  of 
the  hotly.”  Johnson.  — “ Supposed,  from  being  round 
and  strong.”  JtTarcs.  — Sconce,  in  the  sense  of  brains, 
is  allied  to  Icel.  skinia,  to  see,  to  perceive.  G.  P.  Marsh. 

3.  f A lantern.  Holyoke. 

4.  A candlestick,  usually  taking 

the  form  of  a projecting  bracketed 
support  in  wood  or  metal,  and  af- 
fixed to  a wall.  Fairholt. 

5.  The  head  or  part  of  a candle- 

stick in  which  the  candle  is  insert- 
ed. Wright. 

6.  A fixed  seat  or  shelf.  [North  of 

Eng.]  Todd.  Sconce. 

7.  A mulct  or  fine.  Johnson. 

SCONCE,  V.  a.  [*.  SCONCED  ; pp.  SCONCING, 

sconced.]  To  mulct ; to  fine.  [Low.]  Warton. 

SCOOP,  71.  [Dut.  schop ; Ger.  schiippe ; Dan. 
skttffe  ; Sw.  skopa. — Fr.  cscopc .] 

1.  A vessel  with  a long  handle,  used  to  lade 

water  ; a kind  of  large  ladle.  Mortt7)icr. 

2.  A sweep  ; a swoop  ; a stroke. 

What,  all  my  pretty  chickens  and  their  dam 

At  one  fell  scoop ! Shak. 

It3F  Johnson  remarks,  “ Perhaps  it  should  be 
swoop."  — Swoop  is  the  reading  of  the  best  modern 
editions  of  Shakespeare. 

3.  (Surg.)  An  instrument  of  the  shape  of  a 
spoon,  used  to  extract  certain  bodies.  Dunglisoji. 

SCo6p,  v.  a.  [t.  scooped  ; pp.  scooping,  ' 

SCOOPED.] 

1.  To  remove  or  take  out  or  up  by  means  of  a 
scoop  or  hollow  implement;  to  lade  out. 

lie  scooped  the  water  from  the  crystal  flood.  Dryden. 

The  savory  pulp  they  chew;  and  in  the. rind 

Still,  us  they  thirsted,  scoop  the  brimming  stream.  Milton. 

2.  To  empty  with  a scoop  or  by  lading.  “ To 

scoop  the  ocean.”  Beau.  # I I. 

3.  To  make  hollow;  to  hollow  out. 

Those  carbuncles  the  Indians  will  scoop , so  as  to  hold  above 
a pint.  Arbuthnot. 

4.  To  place  in  hollows,  [it.] 

Melted  Alpine  snows 

The  mountain  cisterns  fill,  those  ample  stores 

Of  water  scooped  among  the  hollow  rocks.  Thomson. 

SCOOP'ER,  7i.  1.  One  who  scoops.  Johnson. 

2.  A wading  bird ; the  avoeet ; — so  called 
from  its  long,  narrow  beak,  arched  upwards, 
which  resembles  a scoop.  Phillips. 

SCOOP'-NET,  n.  A net  for  sweeping  the  bottom 
of  a river.  Stmmoncls . 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  tr,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  I,  O,  U,  Y, 


obscure 


FARE.  FAR.  FAST.  FALL : IIEIR.  HER; 


SCOOP-WHEEL 


1287 


SCORSE 


SCOOP'-WHEEL,  n.  A water-wheel,  having  | 
scoops  or  buckets  around  the  circumference. 

Loudon. 

SCOPE,?!.  [Gr.  oko-kos  ; cKimtui,  to  see  ; L scopos .] 

1.  The  limit  of  intellectual  view  ; that  which 
is  viewed  or  observed  by  the  mind  ; thing  aimed 
at;  tendency;  mark;  aim;  intention;  design; 
purpose ; drift. 

His  coming  hither  hath  no  farther  scope , 

Than  for  his  lineal  royalties.  Shak. 

The  main  scope  and  design  of  all  divine  revelation.  Scott. 

2.  Space;  room;  extent;  enlargement.  “A 

freer  scope  for  imagination.”  Dryden. 

Ahl  cut  my  lace  asunder. 

That  my  pent  heart  may  have  some  scope  to  beat.  Shak. 

3.  Freedom  from  restraint  ; liberty. 

Being  moody,  give  him  line  and  scope.  Shak. 

’T  was  my  fault  to  give  the  people  scope.  Shak. 

4.  f An  act  of  riot;  a sally.  Shak. 

5.  f Extended  quantity,  as  of  land.  Davies 

6.  Length  or  sweep,  as  of  a cable.  Wright. 

Syn.  — See  Tendency. 

SCO-PlE'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  scopa,  a broom,  and 
fero,  to  bear.]  Furnished  with  one  or  more 
dense  brushes  of  hair.  Maunder. 

SCOP'I-FORM,  a.  [L.  scopa,  a broom,  and  forma, 
form.] 

1.  Having  the  form  of  a broom.  Smart. 

2.  (Min.)  Noting  a close  aggregate  of  minute 

crystals  or  fibres  forming  a little  bundle,  and  ap- 
pearing to  diverge  slightly  from  a common  cen- 
tre. Phillips 

SCO'PI-PED,  n.  [L.  scopa,  a broom,  and  pes,  pe- 
dis, a foot.]  (ZoOl.)  A melliferous  insect  having 
scopiferous  posterior  feet.  Brande. 

tSCOP'PET,  v.  a.  To  lade  out.  Bp.  Ilall 

tSCOP  TIC,  l (I.  okiotttikSs.]  Scoffing, 

t SCOP'TI-CAL,  ) "Scoptical  humor.”  Hammond. 
f SCOP'U-LOUS,  a.  [L.  scopulosus.]  Abounding 
in  roclis.j  rocky.  Bailey. 

SCOR,  n.  (Med.)  Excrement.  Dunglison. 

fSCOR'BUTE,  n.  The  scurvy.  Purchas. 

SCOR-BU'TIC,  n.  [Fr.  scorbutique.]  (Med.)  One 

affected  with  scurvy.  Dunglison. 

SCOR-BU'TjC,  ? a.  [It.  scorbutica;  Sp.  es- 
SCOR-BI/'Tj-CAL,  ) corbutico;  Fr.  scorbutique ; — 
from  the  Low  L.  scorbuticus,  scurvy,  a barba- 
rous term,  probably  derived  from  the  Sclavonic 
word  scorb,  with  a Latin  termination.  Hoblyn.] 
(Med.)  Relating  to,  or  afflicted  with,  scurvy 
“My  men  growing  scorbutic .”  Dumpier. 

SCOR-BU'TI-CAL-LY,  ad.  With  tendency  to,  or 
by,  the  scurvy.  Wiseman. 

f SCORCE,  n.  Exchange.  — See  Scorse.  Spenser. 
SCORCH,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  scorcned,  scorched  ; Dut. 
schroeijen,  to  scorch.  — L .excortico,  to  strip  the 
bark  from,  to  flay;  It . scorticare;  Fr.  ecorcer; 
because  the  skin,  which  is,  as  it  were,  the  bark 
of  the  body,  falls  off  when  scorched  Skinner. — 

“ Skinner’s  opinion  seems  rational.  Or  it  may 
be  from  the  A.  S.  scyran,  to  scar.”  Richardson .] 

[i.  SCORCHED  ; pp.  SCORCHING,  SCORCHED.] 

1.  To  burn  superficially  or  very  slightly,  so 
as  to  change  the  color  or  texture  of  the  sur- 
face ; to  parch  ; to  singe. 

. . . Appeared  to  have  been  scorched  with  the  fire.  A.  Smith.  | 

2.  To  dry  up  with  heat,  or  to  blister  with  fire, 
as  the  skin  ; to  burn. 

Power  was  given  unto  him  to  scorch  men  with  fire.  I2ev.  xvi.  8. 

3.  f To  freeze.  “ Scorched  or  singed  by  nip- 
ping cold.”  Holland. 

SCORCH,  v.  n.  To  be  burnt  superficially  ; to  be 
dried  up  by  heat.  Mortimer . 

SCORCH'ING,  p.  a.  Burning  superficially. 
SCORCH'ING,  n.  Act  of  burning  superficially,  or 
of  drying  up  or  blistering  with  heat.  Evelyn. 
SCORCH'ING— FEN'NEL,  n.  A plant  of  the  genus 
Tliapsia  ; the  deadly  carrot.  Johnson. 

SCORCH 'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a scorching  manner. 
SCORCH'ING-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  the  power 
of  scorching.  Clarke. 

SCOR'DI-UM,  n.  [L.]  A plant  that  smells  like 
garlic  ; the  water-germander.  Ainsworth. 

SCORE,?!.  [A.  S.  scor;  Dan.  skurc  ; Sw . skara  ; 
Icel.  skor.  — Ir.  scor.  — From  A.  S,  sceran,  scy- 
ran, to  shear,  to  cut,  to  divide.  Richardson.'] 


1.  A notch,  incision,  or  mark  cut,  as  on  a 
stick,  and  used  to  denote  a number 

Our  forefathers  had  no  other  book  but  the  score  and  the 
tally:  thou  hast  caused  printing  to  be  used.  Shak. 

2.  Account  kept  by  notches,  lines,  or  marks. 
They  say  he  parted  well,  and  paid  his  score.  Shak. 

3.  An  account,  in  general : — reason  ; ground  , 
motive : — sake. 

If  your  terms  are  moderate,  we'll  never  break  off  upon 
that  score.  Collier. 

4.  Twenty.  “ Some  scores  of  lines.”  Watts. 

U1  suppose  because  twenty,  being  a round 
number,  was  distinguished  on  tallies  by  a long  score  *• 
Johnson.  — “ Score,  when  used  for  twenty , lias  been 
well  and  rationally  accounted  for  by  supposing  that 
our  unlearned  ancestors,  to  avoid  the  embarrassment 
of  large  numbers,  when  they  had  made  twice  ten 
notches,  cut  off  the  piece  or  tally  containing  them  , 
and  afterwards  counted  the  scores  or  pieces  cut  off, 
and  reckoned  by  the  number  of  separated  pieces,  or 
by  scores. 11  H.  Tooke. 

5.  f A distance  of  twenty  yards.  Ascham. 

6.  (Mus.)  The  original  and  whole,  or  its 

transcript,  of  any  composition  ; — so  called  from 
the  bar  which  formerly  was  drawn  through  all 
the  parts.  Moore. 

In  score,  a term  applied  to  music  in  writing,  when 
all  the  parts  are,  as  if  were,  notched  or  noted  down, 
and  placed  in  juxtaposition.  Smart. — To  quit  scores , 
to  square  or  settle  an  account;  to  render  an  equiva- 
lent ; to  make  compensation.  South. 

SCORE , v.  a.  \i  SCORED  ; pp.  SCORING,  SCORED.] 

1.  To  mark,  as  by  incision  ; to  cut ; to  engrave. 
Upon  his  shield  the  like  was  also  scored.  Spenser. 

2.  To  set  down  as  a debt  or  as  indebted.  Stvift. 

Madam,  1 know  when. 

Instead  of  five,  you  scored  me  ten.  Swift. 

3.  To  note  ; to  impute  ; to  charge. 

Your  follies  and  debauches  change 

With  such  a whirl,  the  poets  of  your  age 

Are  tired,  and  cannot  score  them  on  the  stage.  Dryden. 

4.  (Mus.)  To  form,  as  a score,  by  collecting 

and  properly  arranging  under  each  other  the 
several  detached  parts  or  voices,  of  any  compo- 
sition. * Dwight. 

SCOR'IJR,  n.  1.  One  who  scores. 

2.  An  instrument  for  marking  timber.  Loudon 

SCO' Rf-A,  n.;  pi . sed' rt  je.  [L.]  1.  The  dross 
which  floats  upon  the  surface  of  metals  when 
fused,  or  the  vitrified  portion  left  after  the  fu- 
sion of  ores,  &c.  ; recrement ; slag.  Newton. 

2.  pi.  (Geol.)  Volcanic  cinders.  Lyell 

SCO'RI-AC,  a.  Consisting  of  scoria? ; slaggy ; 
scoriaceous. 

The  scoriae  rivers  that  roll  . . . 

Their  sulphurous  currents  down  Yuonek, 

In  the  ultimate  climes  of  the  pole.  E.  A.  Poe. 

SCO-RI-A'CEOyS  (sko-re-a'shys,  G6),  a.  Relating 
to,  or  like,  scoria,  or  the  dross  of  metals.  Ure. 

SCO-RDFI-CA'TION,  ?!.  [L.  scoria,  slag,  and/ra- 

cio,  to  make.]  (Metallurgy.)  The  art  or  the 
act  of  reducing  a body,  either  entirely  or  in 
part,  into  scoria.  Chambers. 

SCO'RI-FORM,  a.  [L.  scoria,  slag,  and  forma, 
form.]  Resembling  scoria;.  Smart. 

SCO'RI-FY,  v.  a.  [L.  scoria,  slag,  and  facio,  to 
make.]  To  reduce  to  scoria  or  dross.  Smart. 

SCO'RI-OUS,  a.  Drossy;  slaggy;  recrementi- 
tious ; scoriaceous.  [it.]  Broicne. 

SCORN,  v.  a.  [It.  schernire  ; scherno,  scorn  ; Sp. 
escarnecer;  — from  Old  Ger.  skern,  mockery; 
skernon,  to  mock  ; skirno,  jesting.  Dicz.  — 
W.  ysgornio.)  [i.  scorned  ; pp.  scorning, 
scorned.]  To  hold  in  extreme  contempt;  to 
treat  disdainfully  or  contemptuously ; to  dis- 
dain ; to  contemn  ; to  despise 

Back  to  the  infernal  pit  1 draft  thee  chained, 

And  seal  thee  so  os  henceforth  not  to  scorn 

The  facile  gates  of  hell  too  slightly  barred.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Contemn. 

SCORN,  v.  n.  To  show  contempt  ; to  disdain. 

With  rosy  wings  so  richly  bright, 

As  if  he  scorned  to  think  of  night.  Crashaw. 

SCORN,  ?i.  [It.  scherno;  Sp.  escarnio. — AY. 
ysgorn.  — See  Scorn,  v.  a..] 

1.  Extreme  contempt ; disdain;  derision. 

Scorn  implies  a mocking,  scoffing  spirit:  it  forms  a kind  of 
link  in  its  meaning  between  contempt  and  ridicule.  IVhately. 
What  a deal  of  scorn  looks  beautiful 
In  the  contempt  and  anger  of  Iris  lip  I Shak. 

2.  The  object  of  contempt;  that  which  is 
treated  with  disdain. 


Is  it  not  a most  horrid  ingratitude  thus  to  make  a scorn  of 
Him  that  made  us?  Tiltotson. 

t To  think  scorn , to  disdain  ; to  despise  ; to  Hold 
unworthy  of  regard  Sidney.  — To  laugh  to  scorn,  to 
deride  as  contemptible.  “He  said  unto  them,  Give 
place  ; for  the  maid  is  not  dead,  lint  slecpctli.  And 
they  laughed  him  to  scorn.’1  JWatt.  ix.  24. 

Syn.  — See  Contempt,  Derision. 

SCORN'f.R,  ?i.  One  who  scorns,  or  disdains  ; a 
despiser  ; a scoffer  ; a derider.  Spenser. 

SCORN  FUL,  a.  1.  Filled  with  scorn;  showing 
contempt;  contemptuous;  disdainful. 

So  saying,  ins  proud  step  he  scornful  turned.  Milton. 

2.  Defiant ; regardless  ; neglectful. 

With  llim  I o'er  the  hills  had  run. 

Scornful  of  winter's  frost  ami  summer’s  sun.  Trior. 

SCORN'FUL-Ly,  ad.  AVith  scorn  ; contemptuously. 

SCORN 'FU  L-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  scorn- 
ful ; disdain  ; derision.  Ash. 

SCORN'ING,  ??.  The  act  of  one  who  scorns. 

t SCORN'Y,  a.  Deserving  scorn.  Mir.  for  Mag. 

SCOR'D  DITE,  ?!.  (Min.)  A crystalline  mineral 
of  vitreous  lustre,  of  a pale  leek-green  or  liver- 
brown  color,  and  composed  of  arsenic  acid,  per- 
oxide of  iron,  and  water.  Dana. 

SCOR'Pl-b,n.  [L.]  (Astron.)  A zodiacal  con- 
stellation lying  between  Libra  and  Sagittarius  ; 
the  eighth  sign  of  the  zodiac,  which  the  sun 
enters  about  the  23d  day  of  October ; the  Scor- 
pion. Nichol.  Hutton. 

SCOR'PI-OID,  a.  [Gr.  oKopmoq,  a scorpion,  and 
(V)oc,  form.]  (Bot.)  Curved  or  circinate  at  the 
end,  like  the  tail  of  a scorpion,  as  the  inflores- 
cence of  the  heliotrope.  Gray. 

SCOR'PI-ON,  ?i.  [Gr.  oKopnios,  oKofftthov ; L.  Scor- 
pio ; It.  scorpione  ; Sp.  escorpion ; Fr,  scorpion.] 

1.  (ZoOl.)  A pul- 
monary arachnid  or 
pedipalp  of  the  fam- 
ily Scoipionidce. 

Eng.  Cyc. 

Scorpions  are 
distinguished  from 
other  groups  of  spiders 
by  their  having  tlieab 
domen  articulated  and  terminated  by  a curved  spur 
which  they  use  for  the  purposes  of  attack  and  de- 
fence. The  palpi  are  very  large,  and  the  terminal  seg 
merit  assumes  the  form  of  the  lobster’s  claw.  The 
number  of  eyes  varies  from  ei "lit  to  twelve  in  dif- 
ferent species.  Scorpions  inhabit  t lie  hot  countries  of 
Dot li  hemispheres.  They  run  with  considerable  swift- 
ness, curving  tiro  tail,  which  they  can  turn  ill  every 
direction,  over  the  back.  The  wound  occasioned  by 
the  species  found  in  the  southern  parts  of  Europe  is 
not  usually  dangerous,  but  tire  sting  of  some  oilier  and 
larger  species  produces  serious  and  alarming  symp- 
toms. The  remedy  employed  is  ammonia.  F.ng.  Cyc. 

2.  (Astron.)  One  of  the  signs  of  the  zodiac ; 
Scorpio. 

The  squeezing  Crab  and  stinging  Scorpion  shine.  Dryden. 

3.  A kind  of  whip  or  scourge,  so  called  from 
the  suffering  it  occasioned.  Calmet.  Johnson. 

My  father  hath  chastised  you  with  whips,  but  I will  chas- 
tise you  with  scorpions.  I Jungs  xii.  11. 

4.  A sea-fish  ; the  sea-scorpion.  Ainsworth. 

SCOR'PI-ON— FLY,  ?!.  (Ent.)  An  insect  of  the 

genus  Panorpa,  having  the  extremity  of  its  tail 
armed  with  a forceps.  Westwood. 

SCOR'PI-ON-GRASS,  ?!.  (Bot.)  The  common  name 
of  plants  of  the  genus  Myosotis,  including  the 
true  forget-me-not  (Myosotts  palustns).  E.  Cyc. 

SCOR'PI-ON-SEN'NA,  n.  (Dot.)  A small  plant  or 
shrub  common  in  the  south  of  Europe,  having 
cathartic  leaves  ; Coronilla  emerus.  Eng.  Cyc. 

SCOR'PI-ON'^— TAIL,  ?!.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  sever- 
al species  of  the  genus  Scorpiurus ; caterpillar; 
— so  called  from  its  twisted  pod,  which  resem- 
bles the  tail  of  a reptile.  Clarke. 

SC6R'PI-0N’§-TH6RN,  ?!.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the 
genus  XJlex.  Wright. 

SCOR'PI-ON- WORT  (-wurt),  n.  (Bot.)  The  an- 
nual plant  Ornithopus  scotyioidcs.  Wright. 

f SCORSE,  v.  a.  [It.  scorsa,  a course.] 

1.  To  chase  ; to  pursue.  Spenser. 

2.  To  barter;  to  exchange.  Drayton. 

f SCORSE,  v.  ??.  To  deal ; to  barter.  B.  Jonson. 

f SCORSE,  ?i.  Exchange  ; barter.  Spenser. 


Scorpion. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — <p,  (£,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


SCORTATORY 


SCRABBLE 


SCOR'TA-TO-RY,  a.  [L.  scortator,  a fornicator.] 
Relating  to  fornication  or  lewdness. Hindmarsh. 

SCOR'ZA,  n.  [It.]  A variety  of  cpidote.  Dana. 

SCOT,  n.  [A.  S.  sccat,  a part  or  portion ; Dut. 
schat,  treasure;  Ger.  schatz,  treasure,  taxes, 
tribute ; Dan.  skat,  wealth,  treasure,  tribute ; 
Icel.  skattr,  a tribute;  Sw.  skatt,  a treasure,  a 
tax.  — It.  scotto;  Sp.  esrote-,  Fr.  ecot.)  A pay- 
ment ; a tax  ; a reckoning  ; escot ; shot. 

Wc  may  fortune  to  meet  with  such  that  shall  pay  for  our 
seal.  Berners. 

t Scot  and  lot,  (Eng.  Law.)  a contribution  laid  upon 
all  subjects,  according  to  their  ability.  Cowell. 

“ Spelman  observes  that  it  [scot]  signifies  what 
the  authors  of  the  middle  ages  called  conjectus .( a 
throwing  together),  because  it  was  thrown  together  by 
several  into  one,  from  :Sax-  sceote , to  throw  or  cast, 
whence  sceotan , to  shoot.”  Burrill. 

SCOT,  v.  a.  To  scotch.  — See  Scotch. 

SCOT,  n.  [A.  S.  Scotta  ; Dut.  Schot ; Ger.  Schotte; 
Icel.  Skottskr,  a Scotchman,  and  also  a quick 
runner.]  A native  of  Scotland  ; a Scotchman  ; 
a North  Briton.  Burns. 

fSCoT'ALE,  n.  {Eng.  Law.)  An  entertainment 
with  ale,  given  for  the  purpose  of  extorting 
money.  Spelman. 

SCOTCH,  v.  a.  [Of  uncertain  etymology.  — Scot. 
scutch,  to  beat.]  [i.  scotched  ; pp.  scotch- 
ing, SCOTCHED.] 

1.  To  cut  with  shallow  incisions  or  in  a slight 
manner  ; to  wound  slightly  ; to  score. 

"VVe  ’vc  scotched  the  snake,  not  killed  it.  Shak. 

2.  To  stop,  as  a wheel,  by  putting  something 
under  it  to  prevent  it  from  rolling  back.  Wright. 

3.  To  pack,  as  hemp.  Wright. 

SCOTCH,  n.  A slight  cut ; a shallow  incision. 

Give  him  four  scotches  with  a knife.  Walton. 

SCOTCH,  a.  {Geog.)  Relating  to  Scotland,  its 
inhabitants,  or  language  ; Scottish. 

SCOTCH'— BAR'LJJY,  n.  Barley  of  which  the  husk 
has  been  removed ; pot-barley.  Loudon. 

SCOTCH'— BON'N£TS,  n.  {Bot.)  A species  of 
mushroom ; A garicus  pratensis.  Loudon. 

SCOTCH— COI/LOPS,  n.pl.  Veal  cut  into  small 
pieces.  Johnson. 

SCOTCHED— COL 'LOPS  (skotcht-),  n.pl.  Scotch- 
collops.  King. 

SCOTCH'— FID' DLE,  n.  The  itch.  [Cant.]  Scott. 

SCOTCH'-FIR,  it.  (Bot.)  A species  of  pine  which 
produces  the  red  deal ; Scotch-pine  ; Pint's  syl- 
vestris.  Baird. 

SCOTCH'— HOP'P^R^,  n.  pi.  A play  in  which  boys 
hop  over  lines  or  scotches  in  the  ground.  Locke. 

SCOTCIl'MAN,  n.  1.  A native  or  an  inhabitant 
of  Scotland. 

2.  (Naut.)  A large  batten  put  upon  rigging, 
to  keep  it  from  chafing.  Dana. 

SCOTCH'-PINE,  n.  See  Scotch-fir.  Baird. 

SCOTCH'— ROSE,  n.  A species  of  rose  (Rosa 
spinosissima),  of  which  there  are  several  varie- 
ties. Loudon. 

SCOTCH'-THlS'TLE  (-thls’sl),  11.  A species  of 
thistle  u — so  called  from  its  being  the  emblem 
in  the  arms  of  the  Scotch  nation.  Booth. 

SCO'TIJR,  n.  ( Ornith .) 

A species  of  black  duck 
or  diver,  of  which  there 
are  three  species,  the 
common  scoter  ( Oide- 
mia  nigra,  or  Anas  ni- 
gra), the  velvet-scoter 
( Oidemia  fusca),  and 
the  surf-scoter  ( Oide- 
mia perspicillata). 

Yarrell. 

SCOT'— FREE,  a.  Without  payment ; unhurt. 

He  cannot  scape  yet  scot-free  uncontrolled.  Mr,  for  Mag. 

f SCOTH,  v.  a.  To  wrap  in  darkness.  Sidney. 

SCO'TT-A  (sko'she-a),  n.  [Gr.  anuria , darkness,  a 
cavetto.]  (Arch.)  A semicircular  cavity  or  hol- 
low moulding  between  the  fillets  of  the  tori,  in 
the  bases  of  columns  and  elsewhere  ; a cavetto  ; 
atrochilus;  a casement;— so  called  from  the 
deep  shadow  it  produces.  Britton. 

SCO'TIST,  n.  A schoolman  or  scholastic  who 
followed  Duns  Scotus,  one  of  the  leading  cham- 
pions of  Realism  in  the  thirteenth  century,  in 


1288 

opposition  to  a Thomist,  or  follower  of  Thomas 
Aquinas.  Warton. 

SCOT-O-DiN'J-A,  11.  [Gr.  GKOToinia  ; andro;,  dark- 
ness, and  iti'iui,  to  turn  round.]  (Med.)  Giddi- 
ness, with  impaired  sight,  often  succeeded  by 
headache ; scotomy.  Dunglison. 

SCOT'O-GRAPH,  n.  [Gr.  aniiros,  darkness,  and 
ypatpoi,  to  write.]  An  instrument  with  which  a 
person  who  is  blind  or  who  is  in  the  dark  may 
write.  Maunder. 

SCOT'O-lIY,  it.  [Gr.  aKoruipa.)  A dizziness  caus- 
ing dimness  of  sight;  scotodinia.  B.  Jonson. 

SCOTS,  a.  Scottish  ; Scotch.  Sir  W.  Scott. 

SCOT'TBR-ING,  n.  A boyish  sport  in  Hereford- 
shire, England,  of  burning  a bundle  of  pease- 
straw  at  the  end  of  harvest.  Bailey. 

SCOT'TI-CI§M,  n.  A Scottish  word  or  idiom. 

The  pleadings  of  lawyers  were  equally  loose  and  inaccu- 
rate; and  that  profession'  having  furnished  more  authors,  and 
the  matters  of  which  they  treat  mingling  daily  in  common 
discourse  and  business,  many  of  those  vicious  forms  of  speech 
which  are  denominated  Scotticisms  have  been  introduced  by 
them  into  the  language.  Bobertson. 

SCOT'TI-ClZE,  v.  a.  To  render  Scottish.  N.  B.  R. 

SCOT'TJSH,  a.  Relating  to  Scotland,  to  its  in- 
habitants, or  to  its  language  ; Scotch.  Stewart. 

SCOUL'ER-lTE,  il.  (Mill.)  A mineral  found  at 
Port  Rush,  Ireland,  chiefly  composed  of  silica, 
alumina,  lime,  and  soda.  Dana. 

SCOUN'DREL,  n.  [Either  from  the  Dut.  <5j  Ger. 
schande,  ignominy,  or  from  It.  scondaruolo, 
a hider  ; scondere,  to  hide.  Skinner.)  A mean 
rascal ; a low,  petty  villain  ; a knave  ; a rogue. 

If  your  ancient  but  ignoble  blood 

Has  crept  through  scoundrels  ever  since  the  flood.  Pope. 

“ Tile  instances  of  the  usage  of  this  word  are 
so  modern,  that  it  seems  difficult  to  connect  it  with 
an  Anglo-Saxon  origin  ; otherwise  the  first  etymology 
of  Skinner  seems  plausible.”  Richardson. 

SCOUN'DREL,  a.  Base;  disgraceful.  War  bur  ton. 

SCOUN'DREL-I§M,  n.  The  quality  of  a scoun- 
drel ; baseness  ; rascality  ; turpitude.  Boswell. 

SCOUR,  v.  a.  [Goth,  skauron,  to  scour ; A.  S. 
scur,  a scouring ; Dut.  schuren,  to  scour ; Ger. 
scheuren ; Dan.  skure ; Sw.  skura.  — Sp.  cscu- 
rar ; Fr.  t'curer.)  \i.  SCOURED  ; pp.  SCOURING, 
SCOURED.] 

1.  To  rub  hard  with  sand  or  any  rough  sub- 
stance, in  order  to  clean  the  surface  : to  clean 
or  brighten  by  friction  or  rubbing  hard. 

Poor  Vadius,  long  with  learned  spleen  devoured. 

Can  taste  no  pleasure  since  his  shield  was  scoured.  Pope , 

2.  To  purge  violently.  Johnson. 

3.  To  cleanse,  as  clothes;  to  whiten.  Gay. 

In  some  lakes,  the  water  is  so  nitrous  as,  if  foul  clothes  be 
put  into  it,  it  scoureth  them  of  itself.  Bacon. 

4.  To  remove  by  rubbing  or  scouring.  “ A 

heady  current  scouring  faults.”  Shak. 

5.  To  pass  or  range  swiftly  over. 

This  Edgar  . . . used,  in  the  summer  time,  to  scour  the  sea 
with  certain  ships  of  war.  Fabyan. 

6.  To  clear  or  free  by  ranging  over. 

The  kings  of  Lacedemon,  having  set  out  some  galleys  . . . 
to  scour  the  sea  of  pirates,  they  met  us.  Sidney. 

UEg»In  tile  two  latter  applications,  the  It.  seorrere 
(L.  curro),  to  run,  ts  considered  by  Thomson  to  be 
the  root. 

7.  (Mil.)  To  discharge  ordnance  or  musketry 

at  for  the  purpose  of  dislodging  an  enemy.  “ To 
scour  the  rampart.”  Mil.  Ency. 

SCOUR,  v.  ii.  1.  To  perform  the  office  of  clean- 
ing, as  vessels,  by  rubbing  with  sand  or  other 
rough  substance  ; to  scrub. 

I keep  his  house,  and  wash,  wring,  brew,  bake,  scour,  dress 
meat,  and  make  the  beds.  Shak. 

2.  To  cleanse  clothes  or  garments. 

W arm  water  is  softer  than  cold,  for  it  scoureth  better.  Bacon. 

3.  To  be  purged  ; to  be  lax. 

If  you  turn  sheep  into  wheat  or  rye  to  feed,  let  it  not  be 
too  rank,  lest  it  make  them  scour.  Mortimer. 

4.  To  range  or  run  swiftly ; to  scamper. 

Barbarnssa,  scouring  along  the  const  ofltaly,  struck  an  ex- 
ceeding terror  into  the  minds  of  the  citizens  of  Rome.  ICnolles. 

Swift  at  her  call  her  husband  scoured  away.  Pope, 

SCOUR 'ER,  n.  1.  One  who  scours.  Martin. 

2.  One  who  cleanses  old  garments.  Simmonds. 

3.  A purge ; a cathartic.  Johnson. 

4.  One  who  runs  swiftly.  Johnson. 

II  SCOURQE  (skiirj)  [sklirj,  .S’.  W.  P.  J.  E.  F.  K. 

Sm.  Wb. ; skorj,  ./«.],  n.  [L.  corrigia.  a shoe- 
tie,  a rein  ; It.  scorcggia,  a leather  thong;  Fr. 
escourg/ie,  a scourge.  — Gael,  sgiurs.) 


1.  A whip  ; a lash ; a thong. 

And  when  he  had  made  a scourge  of  small  cords,  he  drove 
them  all  out  of  the  temple.  John  ii.  Id. 

2.  A punishment ; a vindictive  affliction. 

See  what  a scourge  is  laid  upon  your  hate. 

That  Heaven  finds  means  to  killyour  joys  with  love.  Shuk. 

3.  One  that  afflicts,  harasses,  or  destroys. 

Let  tyrants  govern  with  an  iron  rod, 

Oppress,  destroy,  and  be  the  scourge  of  God.  Pope. 

4.  A whip  for  a top.  Locke. 

||  SCOURRE,  v.  a.  [It.  scoreggiare.)  [i.  scourged; 

pp.  SCOURGING,  SCOURGED.] 

1.  To  lash  with  a whip  ; to  xvhip  severely. 

Is  it  lawful  for  you  to  scourge  a Roman?  Acts  xxii.  25. 

2.  To  punish  ; to  chastise  ; to  chasten. 

lie  will  scourge  us  for  our  iniquities,  and  will  have  mercy 
again.  'Pub.  xiii.  5. 

||  SCOURR'ER  (skiirj'er),  n.  One  who  scourges  or 
punishes  ; a chastiser  ; a punisher.  Johnson. 

||  SCOURR'ING  (skiirj'jng),  n.  Punishment  or 
chastisement  by  the  scourge.  lleb.  xi.  36. 

SCOUR'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  xvho  scours. 

2.  The  act  of  cleansing  clothes. 

3.  A looseness;  a flux  ; a diarrhoea.  Grant. 

4.  A running  swiftly.  Drydcn. 

Scouring  rush,  (But.)  the  common  name  of  plants 

of  the  genus  Equisetum,  or  horsetail  ; — a li any  par- 
ticularly applied  to  Equisetum  hyemale.  Gray. 

f SCOURSE  (skors),t\  a.  To  barter.  — See  Scorse. 

SCOUT,  n.  [Old  Fr.  escout ; Fr.  ecout ; ecoutcr,  to 
listen,  to  hear;  — from  L.  ausculto,  to  hear; 
auricula,  the  external  ear.  — The  past  participle 
of  A.  S.  sceotan,  to  cast  forth,  to  throw  or  send 
out,  to  shoot.  Tooke.  Junius.) 

1.  (Mil.)  A person  employed  to  observe  the 
movements,  and  gain  intelligence  of  the  num- 
bers, of  an  enemy  ; a spy.  Glos.  of  Mil.  Terms. 

2.  A servant  or  waiter  in  a college  or  univer- 
sity. [Oxford  Univ.,  England.]  Oxford  Guide. 

3.  A high  rock.  [North  of  Frig.]  Grose. 

SCOUT,  V.  11.  [t.  SCOUTED;  pp.  SCOUTING,  SCOUTED.] 

1.  To  go  out  in  order  to  observe  the  motions 
of  an  enemy  privately  ; to  act  the  spy. 

Oft  on  the  bordering  deep 
Encamp  their  legions,  or  with  obscure  wing 
Scout  fur  and  wide  into  the  realm  of  night.  Milton. 

2.  To  ridicule  ; to  sneer; — with  at.  Johnson. 

SCOUT,  v.  a.  1.  To  travel  over  in  searching. 

T’other  scouts  the  plain,  if  haply  to  discover  at  distance 
from  the  flock  some  carcass  half  devoured.  Swift. 

2.  To  reject  with  contempt ; — to  hoot  out  or 
away ; to  ridicule  ; to  sneer  at.  C.  Richardson. 

BPS'  “ Unauthorized  till  of  late  years,  but  getting 
into  good  use.”  Smart. 

SCOV'EL  (skuv'vl),  11.  [\V.  ysgubell.  — L.  scopa, 

a broom.]  A sort  of  mop  for  sweeping  an  oven  ; 
a malkin.  Ainsworth. 

SCOW,  n.  [Dut.  schouic.)  A fiat-bottomed  boat ; 
a skow.  — See  Skow. 

SCOVYL,  v.  ii.  [A.  S.  scul-eagcd,  scowl-eyed.  — 
Past  participle  of  A.  S.  scyllan,  to  separate. 
Tooke.)  [t.  scowled  ; pp.  scowling,  scowled.] 
To  contract  the  brows,  as  in  anger  or  discon- 
tent ; to  frown ; to  look  angry,  sour,  or  sullen. 

Even  so,  or  with  much  more  contempt,  men’s  eyes 

Did  scowl  on  Kichard.  Shak. 

SCOWL,  v.  a.  To  drive  scowlingly.  [it.]  Milton. 

SCOWL,  n.  1.  A look  of  sullenness  or  gloomy 
ire  ; a frowning  look  of  anger  or  discontent. 

A scowl  of  the  eyes  is  a look  or  cast  of  the  eyes  with  con- 
tracted brows.  C.  ltichardsun. 

2.  Gloom ; darkness  of  aspect. 

And,  in  the  scowl  of  heaven,  each  face 

Grew  dark  as  they  were  speaking.  Campbell. 

SCoWl'ING-LY,  ad.  With  a scowl.  Johnson. 

SCRAB'BED— EGG§,  il.  pi.  A lenten  dish,  com- 
posed of  eggs  boiled  hard  and  mixed  with  a 
seasoning  of  butter,  salt,  and  pepper.  Halliwell. 

SCRAB'BLE  (skrSb'bl),  v.  n.  [Dut.  krabbelen; 
scrabben,  to  scratch  ; Ger.  krabbeln-,  graben,  to 
engrave.  — Gael,  sgrag.  — Gr.  ypdi/iw,  to  grave, 
to  write ; L.  scribo,  to  write.  — Scrabble  is  the 
diminutive  of  scrape  with  the  mere  change  of 
p into  b.  Richardson.) 

1.  To  make  scribbled  marks  ; to  make  irregu- 
lar or  unmeaning  marks-;  to  scribble;  to  scrawl. 

He  . . . scrabbled  on  the  doors  of  the  gate.  1 Sam.  xxi.  13. 

2.  To  scrape  or  paw  with  the  hands  ; to  crawl 
or  paw  as  on  the  floor  or  ground  ; to  scramble  ; 
to  struggle  ; to  sernffle  ; to  claw.  [Provincial 
in  Eng.  and  colloquial  in  the  U.  S.]  Holloway. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  E>  I,  9,  IT,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  H&R; 


SCRABBLE 


1289 


SCREEN 


SCRAB'BLE,  v.  a.  To  mark  with  irregular  lines 


or  letters  ; to  scribble  ; to  scrawl.  Wright. 

SCRAB'BLE,  n.  The  act  of  scrabbling;  a scrib- 
ble ; a scramble.  llolloway. 

SCRAf'ELE,  v.  n.  1.  To  scramble.  Brockett. 

2.  To  be  busy  or  industrious.  Brockett. 

3.  To  shuffle  ; to  act  unfairly.  Grose. 


This  word  is  used  ill  the  North  of  England. 

SCRAG,  n.  [Gael,  sgrag.  — Scrag  appears  to  be 
formed  from  crag.  Richardson .]  Any  thing 
thin,  lean,  or  meagre  and  rough.  “ A scrag  of 
mutton,  i.  e.  the  small  end  of  the  neck ; the 
man  is  a scrag,  i.  e.  he  is  raw-boned.”  Todd. 

SCRAG 'GED,  a.  Rough;  scraggy.  Bentley. 

SCRAG'GIJD-NESS,  n.  Scragginess.  Johnson. 

SCRAg'GI-LY,  ad.  In  a scraggy  manner;  mea- 
grely ; ieanly  ; roughly.  Cotgrave. 

SCRAG'GI-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  scraggy  ; 
leanness  ; roughness  ; scraggedness.  Johnson. 

SCRAG'GY,  a.  1.  Rough ; rugged ; uneven  or 
broken.  “ One  steep,  scraggy  hill.”  Dampier. 

2.  Lean  ; thin  ; meagre.  Arbuthnot. 

SCRAM'BLE  (skram'bl),  v.  n.  [The  same  with 
scrabble.  Johnson.  Todd. ] [t.  scrambled  ; pp. 
SCRAMBLING,  scrambled.]  To  catch  at  any 
thing  eagerly  with  the  hands,  as  in  climbing  or 
in  contending  with  others  to  get  possession  of 
something;  — to  struggle;  to  scrabble.  “He 
scrambled  up  that  rock.”  Johnson. 

Of  other  care  they  little  reckoning  make 
Than  how  to  scramble  at  the  shearers’  feast, 

And  shove  away  the  worthy  bidden  guest.  Milton. 

They  must  have  scrambled  with  the  wild  beasts  for  crabs 
and  nuts.  Ray. 

SCRAM'BLE,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  scrambles  ; 
the  act  of  catching  eagerly  at  any  thing  with 
the  hands  ; a struggle  ; a scrambling. 

Amidst  the  confused  scramble  of  politics  and  war.  A.  Smith. 

SCRAM'BLER,  n.  One  who  scrambles. 

All  the  little  scramblers  after  fame  fall  upon  him.  Addison. 

SCRAMBLING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  scrambles. 

SCrAm'BLING-LY,  ad.  In  a scrambling  manner. 

SCRAncii,  v.  a.  [Dut.  schramsen,  to  eat  heartily.] 
To  crush  between  the  teeth  with  noise ; to 
craunch.  [Local,  Eng.]  Brockett. 

SCRANK'y,  a.  Lank.  — See  Skranicy.  Blackwood. 

SCRAn'NJJL,  a.  [The  word  seems  connected  with 
cranny,  a small  chink  or  fissure.  Richardson .] 
Thin;  slight;  slender;  lean;  meagre. 

And,  when  they  list,  their  lean  and  flashy  songs 
Grate  on  their  scrannel  pipes  of  wretched  straw.  Milton. 

SCRAN'NY,  a.  Scrannel.  [Local,  Eng.]  Brockett. 

SCRAP,  n.  [A.  S.  screopan,  to  scrape.  — From 
scrape,  any  thing  scraped  or  rubbed  oft'.  Johnson .] 

1.  A small  particle  ; a little  piece  ; a fragment. 

Scraps  of  authors  got  by  heart.  Locke. 

The  scraps  and  imperfect  remains  of  former  ages.  Glanvill. 

2.  A crumb ; a small  particle  of  meat  left  at 
the  table. 

lie  drinks  water,  and  lives  on  wort  leaves  pulse  like  a hog, 
or  scraps  like  a dog.  llurton. 

3.  A small  piece  of  paper  ; — properly  scrip. 

Pregnant  with  thousands,  flits  the  scrap  unseen, 

And  silent  sells  a king  or  buys  a queen.  Pope. 

4.  pi.  Pieces  of  fat  pork  left  in  the  form  of 

a skinny  residuum  in  the  process  of  extracting 
lard  by  heat.  Halliwell. 

SCRAP'— BOOK  (-buk),  n.  A book  in  which  scraps 
or  small  pieces  cut  out  of  newspapers,  miscel- 
laneous prints,  & c.,  are  pasted.  Willard. 

SCR.APE,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  screopan ; Ger.  <S,-  Dut. 
schrapcn-,  Dan.  skrabe;  Sw.  skrapa,  skafea. — 
Gr.  ypaijno,  to  engrave,  to  write ; L.  scribo,  to 
write;  Old  Fr.  scraper.  — Gael,  sgriob. — See 
Grave.]  [t.  scraped  ;pp. scraping,  scraped.] 

1.  To  draw  something,  usually  something 
edged,  an  edged  tool  or  instrument,  over,  and  in 
contact  with,  the  surface  of ; to  deprive  of  the 
surface  by  the  light  action  of  a sharp  instru- 
ment ; to  rub  the  surface  from  by  an  edge. 

Hard  woods  are  more  properly  scraped  than  planed.  Moxon. 

2.  To  clean  by  rubbing  ; to  erase.  Smart. 

3.  To  rub  with  a grating  noise  ; to  grate. 


The  chiming  clocks  to  dinner  call : 

A hundred  footsteps  scrape  the  marble  hall.  Pope. 

4.  To  gather  by  penurious  or  trifling  dili- 
gence ; — commonly  witli  together.  South. 

5.  To  insult  by  drawing  the  feet  over  the 

floor.  Grose. 

SCRAPE,  v.  7i.  1.  To  make  a harsh  noise.  Lovelace. 

2.  To  play  ill  on  a fiddle.  Johnson. 

3.  To  draw  the  foot  on  the  floor  or  ground  : 

— to  make  an  awkward  bow.  Ainsworth. 

To  scrape  off,  to  remove  or  take  away  by  scraping. 
Swift.  — To  scrape  acquaintance,  to  curry  favors  by 
bows  ; to  insinuate  into  one’s  familiarity.  Johnson. 

SCRAPE,  71.  1.  A drawing  of  one  thing,  usually 

an  edged  instrument,  over,  and  in  contact  with, 
the  surface  of  another  thing.  Ascham. 

2.  The  noise  made  by  scraping,  as  the  sound 

of  the  foot  drawn  over  the  floor.  Johnson. 

3.  An  act  of  civility  ; a bow.  Johnson. 

4.  A state  of  difficulty  or  trouble,  — generally 
the  effect  of  ill  conduct;  perplexity;  distress. 

The  too  eager  pursuit  of  this,  his  old  enemy,  through  thick 
and  thin,  lias  led  him  into  many  of  these  scrapes.  Arbuthnot. 

SCRAP'ER,  n.  1.  One  who  scrapes  ; whatever  is 
used  for  scraping,  as  an  iron  instrument  at  a 
doorway  to  take  off  mud  from  the  hoots,  an  in- 
strument drawn  by  oxen  or  horses  for  scraping 
dirt  in  making  cellars,  roads,  &c.,  an  iron  tool 
used  for  scraping  the  masts  and  decks  of  a ship, 
an  engraver’s  instrument  for  working  mezzo- 
tinto,  a carpenter’s  tool  for  cleaning  planks  and 
casks,  &c.  Siinmonds. 

2.  A miser  ; a scrape-penny.  Herbert. 

3.  An  awkward  or  vile  fiddler.  Cowley. 

SCRAp-I-A'NA,  n.  pi.  A collection  of  literary 
scraps  or  fragments,  [r.]  Ec.  Rev. 

SCRAp'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  that  scrapes. 

2.  Any  thing  scraped  off.  Boyle. 

SCRAP' |NG-LY,  ad.  In  a scraping  manner. 

SCRAP'— IR-ON  (-i-urn),  n.  The  cuttings  and 
parings  of  iron  work,  which  are  saved,  collected 
together,  and  melted  again  in  the  puddling 
furnaces.  Sim77ionds. 

t SCRAT,  v.  a.  To  scratch.  Burton. 

f SCRAT,  v.  71.  To  rake  ; to  search.  Mir.  for  Mag. 

SCRAT,  71.  [A.  S.  scritta.]  An  hermaphrodite. 

[Obsolete  or  local.]  Skinner. 

SCRATCH,  v.  a.  [Ger.  hratzen ; Dut.  krassc7i ; 
Dan.  kradse  ; Sw.  kratsa,  kratta.  — Gael,  sgriob, 
sgrabi]  \i.  scratched  ; pp.  scratching, 

SCRATCHED.] 

1.  To  tear  or  to  mark  with  something  sharp 
or  pointed,  as  the  nails. 

The  laborin'?  swain 

Scratched  with  a rake  a furrow  for  his  grain.  JDnjden. 

2.  To  wound  slightly  ; to  hurt  slightly  with 

any  thing  pointed  or  keen.  Johnson. 

3.  To  rub  with  the  nails  so  as  not  to  wound. 

Be  mindful,  when  invention  fails, 

To  scratch  your  head  and  bite  your  nails.  Swift. 

4.  To  write  or  draw  as  with  scratches,  awk- 

wardly,  irregularly,  or  badly.  Sicift. 

5.  To  dig  or  excavate  with  the  claws.  Wright. 

To  scratch  out,  to  erase  by  scratching ; fo  obliterate. 

SCRATCH,  7i.  1.  An  incision  ragged  and  shallow. 

2.  A laceration  with  the  nails ; a slight  wound. 

Heaven  forbid  a shallow  scratch  should  drive 

The  Prince  of  Wales  from  such  a field  as  this.  Shak. 

3.  An  irregular  mark  of  any  character.  “ A 

few  scratches  upon  paper.”  Search. 

The  coarse  file  cuts  deep,  and  makes  deep  scratches  in  the 
work.  Moxon. 

4.  A small  wig  ; a scratch-wig.  Wright. 

5.  (Boxing.)  A line  across  the  prize-ring  up 

to  which  the  combatants  are  brought  when  they 
join  fight.  Wright. 

To  come  tip  to  the  scratch,  to  stand  to  the  ronse- 
quences,  or  to  appear  when  expected.  [Low.]  Wright. 

SCRATCH'— CRA'DLE,  7i.  See  Cratch-cradle. 

SCRATCH' IJR,  ti.  He  who,  or  that  which,  scratch- 
es,— particularly  a fowl  that  scratches  for  food. 

SCRATCH' ti.  pi.  (Farriery.)  An  inflamma- 
tion of  the  skin  of  the  heel  of  a horse,  the  first 
appearance  of  which  is  usually  a dry  and  scurvy 
state  of  the  skin  of  the  heel,  with  redness,  heat, 
and  itching;  grease.  Dr.  Dadd. 

SCRATCHING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  scratches.  I 


SCRAtch'!NG-LY,  ad.  With  scratches.  Sidney. 

SCRATCH'-WEED,  71.  ( Bot .)  Cleavers  ; goose- 

grass  ; catch-weed  ; Galiutn  aparine.  Loudon. 

SCRATCH'— WIG,  ti.  A thin,  rough  wig.  Simmonds. 

f SCRAW,  ti.  [Ir.  $Erse.]  Surface  or  scurf.  Swift. 

SCRAWL,  v.  a.  [Corrupted  from  scrabble.  Skinner .] 
[j.  SCRAWLED  ; pp.  SCRAWLING,  SCRAWLED.] 
To  write,  draw,  or  mark  awkwardly  or  irregu- 
larly; to  scrabble;  to  scribble.  Sicift. 

SCRAWL,  v.  n.  1.  To  write  unskilfully  and  in- 
elegantly ; to  scribble. 

Though  with  a golden  pen  you  scrawl, 

And  scribble  in  a berlin.  Suhft. 

2.  f [From  crawl. ] To  crawl.  Ainsicorth. 

SCR  AWL,  n.  1.  Unskilful  and  inelegant  writing  ; 
scribble.  “ In  Greek  scrawls.”  TickeU. 

The  left  hand  will  make  such  a scrawl  that  it  will  not  he 
legible.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  Broken  branches  ; brushwood.  [U.  S.] 

SCRAWL'ER,  n.  One  who  scrawls;  a clumsy  and 
inelegant  writer.  Johtison. 

SCRAWL'ING,  p.  a.  Writing  unskilfully  and  in- 
elegantly ; scribbling. 

SCRAW'NY,  a.  Thin  ; seranny.  [Colloquial, U.  S.] 

SCRAY  (skra),  n.  ( Ornith .)  A species  of  sea- 
swallow  or  tern ; the  common  tern ; Sterna 
hirundo.  Ray. 

f SCRE'A-BLE,  a.  [L.  screabilis ; screo,  to  hawk, 
to  hem.]  That  may  be  spit  out.  Bailey. 

SCREAK  (skrek),  v.  77.  [Dan.  skrige  ; Sw.  skrika  ; 
Icel.  skracka.  — Gael,  sgrettch.  — See  Shriek.] 
[i.  SCREAKED  ; pp.  SCREAKING,  SCREAKED.] 
To  make  a shrill  noise ; to  shriek,  [it.]  Spenser. 

SCREAK  (skrek),  71.  A shriek  ; a creak.  Rp.  Bull. 

SCREAM  (skreni),  v.  ti.  [A.  S hr  reman,  to  cry 
aloud.  Sotimer.  — Serenius  considers  the  word 
to  be  connected  with  the  Sw.  skrama,  to  frighten 
or  be  frightened.  Todd.  — Gael,  sgread. ] [t. 

SCREAMED  ; pp.  SCREAMING,  SCREAMED.]  To 
cry  out  shrilly,  as  in  terror  or  agony  ; to  make 
a cry  of  terror ; to  shriek  ; — to  screech,  as  a bird. 

The  fearful  matrons  raise  a screaming  cry, 

And  feeble  men  with  fainter  groans  reply.  Lhpdcn. 

I heard  the  owl  scream  and  the  crickets  cry.  Shak. 

The  famished  eagle  screams , and  passes  by.  Gray. 

SCREAM,  7i.  A shrill,  quick,  loud  cry  of  terror  or 
of  pain ; a shrill,  harsh  cry  as  that  of  certain 
birds.  “ Strange  screatns  of  death.”  Shak. 

SCREAM'ER,  ti.  1.  One  who  screams.  Smart. 

2.  (Ortiith.)  A name  given  to  two  species  of 
South  American  birds  (Palamcdea  cornuta,  the 
horned  screamer,  and  Chattna  cliavaria)  placed 
by  Vigors  in  the  order  Gralla-  ; — so  called  from 
their  loud,  shrill  cry.  Eng.  Cyc. 

SCREAM'ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  screams. 

SCREECH,  v.  n.  [Icel.  skraeka  ; Ger.  schreicn ; 
Dut.  schreeuwen  ; Dan.  skrige  ; Sw  skrika.  — 
Gael,  sgreach. \ [/.  screeched  ; pp.  screech- 

ing, screeched.]  To  cry  out  shrilly,  as  in 
terror  or  in  anguish,  or  as  a bird;  to  scream; 
to  shriek.  “ Screeching  owls.”  Bp.  Hall. 

SCREECH,  n.  A sharp,  shrill  cry,  as -of  horror  or  of 
pain,  or  as  of  certain  birds ; a shriek  ; a scream. 

A screech  or  shriek  is  the  cry  of  terror  or  passion ; perhaps 
it  may  be  called  sharper  and  harsher  than  a scream,  but,  in 
human  beings  especially,  scarcely  to  be  distinguished  from  it. 

C.  Richardson. 

SCREECH'-OWL,  n.  ( Ornith.)  An  owl  that  hoots 
or  screeches  at  night,  regarded  by  the  supersti- 
tious as  a bird  of  ill-omen.  Shak. 

SCREECH'Y,  a.  Like  a screech.  II.  Cockburn. 

SCREED,  n.  [A.  S.  screade,  a shred  ; screadian, 
to  cut.  — Gael,  scread,  a cry  ; screadan,  a noise 
made  by  rending.]  A shred  : — a shrill  sound  ; 
a cry  ; — an  harangue.  [Scotland.]  Jamieson. 

SCREED,  n.  (Arch.)  A wooden  rule  for  run- 
ning mouldings  : — the  extreme  guide  on  the 
margin  of  walls  and  ceilings  for  floating  to,  by 
the  aid  of  the  rules.  Brando. 

SCREEN,  n.  [Low  L.  screona  ; Old  Fr.  escran  ; 
Fr.  reran.  — Skinner  thinks  from  Ger  schirmen, 
to  cover,  to  protect.  — Old  Fr  escran,  from  L. 
exccrno,  to  separate.  Britton.  — Probably  con- 
nected with  the  L.  scrinium,  a case  for  keeping 
books,  &c.,  and  the  Ger.  schrcin.  P.  Cyc  ] 


MIEN,  SIR^^MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RtJLE.  — ^ g,  soft;  ff,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  S;  as  z ; % as  gz. — THIS,  this. 


SCREEN 


1290 


SCRIPTURE 


6 

fi  p 

cs 

pi 

1.  Something  that  affords  shelter  or  conceal- 
ment, or  something  that  excludes  light,  heat,  or 
cold,  as  a movable  framework. 

There  is  a screen,  between  the  candle  and  the  eye.  Bacon. 

Some  ambitious  men  serve  as  screens  to  princes  in  matters 
of  danger  and  envy.  Bacon. 

2.  A kind  of  sieve,  for  separating  stones  or 

lumps  from  earth,  for  parting  the  dust  from 
coals,  &c.  Simmonds. 

8.  (Arch.)  A partition  dividing  off  some  por- 
tion of  an  interior  or  room  from  the*rest  of  its 
plan,  without  similarly  contracting  or  shutting 
up  the  space  overhead,  being  carried  up  only  to 
a certain  height,  so  as  to  admit  a view  over  the 
top  of  it  : — a colonnade  or  wall  architecturally 
decorated,  enclosing  a court-yard  in  front  of  a 
building.  P.  Cyc. 

SCREEN,  V.  a.  [l.  SCREENED  ; pp.  SCREENING, 
SCREENED.] 

1.  To  protect,  as  from  heat,  light,  or  cold  ; to 
cover;  to  shield  ; to  shelter  ; to  conceal ; to  hide. 

Backed  with  a ridge  of  lulls 

That  screened  the  fruits  of  the  earth  and  seats  of  men.  Milton. 

2.  To  sift  through  a screen  ; to  riddle. 

Mixed  with  one  part  of  very  mellow  soil  screened.  Evelyn. 

SCREW  (skru),  n.  [Ger.  schraube  ; Dut.  schrocf ; 
Dan.  skrue  ; Sw.  skruf.) 

1.  A cylinder  of  wood  or 
of  metal  grooved  spirally: 

— one  of  the  six  mechani- 
cal powers,  consisting  of  a 
spiral  ridge  or  a groove, 
winding  round  a cylinder, 
or  round  a cylindrical  per- 
foration, so  as  to  cut  every  line  on  the  surface 
parallel  to  the  axis  at  the  same  angle  ; — used 
where  great  pressure  is  required  to  be  exerted 
within  a small  space,  as  in  compressing  cotton 
and  other  goods,  for  pressing  books,  extracting 
juices  from  solid  substances,  &c.  Loomis. 

- Screws  are  of  two  kinds  : convex , also  called 
external  or  male , and  concave , also  called  internal  or 
female.  Tile  first  kind  consists  of  a solid  cylinder  of 
wood  or  metal,  on  the  surface  of  which  is  a projecting 
rih,  fillet,  or  thread,  passing  spirally  round  so  as  to 
make  equal  anstles  with  lines  parallel  to  the  axis  of 
the  cylinder.  The  second  kind  of  screw  consists  of  a 
cylindrical  perforation  through  a solid  block,  the  sur- 
face of  the  perforation  being  spirally  grooved  so  ns  to 
correspond  to  the  thread  on  the  solid  cylinder,  which 
fits  it,  or  to  which  it  is  adapted.  Tomlinson. 

2.  A nail  grooved,  used  by  carpenters  for 

fastening  pieces  of  wood,  or  wood  and  metal,  to- 
gether;— called  also  wood-screws,  and  screic- 
nails.  P.  Cyc. 

3.  A miser;  an  extortioner.  Jlalliwell. 

4.  State  of  being  stretched.  “ Strained  to 

the  last  screw  that  he  can  bear.”  Coicper. 

5.  A rigid  examination  of  a student  bv  an  in- 
structor. [College  cant,  U.  S.]  Yale  Lit.  Mag. 

Archimedes ’ screw.  See  AR- 
CHIMEDEAN.— Endless  screw, 
or  perpetual  screw,  a screw  used 
to  convey  circular  motion  from 
an  axle  to  a toothed  wheel  the 
plane  of  which  passes  through 
the  central  line  of  the  axle  ; — Endless  screw, 
sometimes  called  by  mechanics  a worm.  Bigelow. — 
Micrometer  screw , a screw  employed  for  the  measure- 
ment of  very  minute  motions  and  spaces.  Loomis. 

SCREW  (skrii),  V.  a.  [i.  SCREWED  ; pp.  SCREW- 
ING, SCREWED.] 

1.  To  turn  or  move  by  a screw ; to  squeeze. 
“ The  press  by  utmost  vigor  screwed."  Philips. 

2.  To  fasten  witl;  a screw,  or  as  with  a screw'. 

To  screio  your  lock  on  the  door.  Moxon. 

3.  To  bring  by  effort;  to  force. 

Screw  your  courage  to  the  sticking  place.  Shah. 

4.  To  deform  by  contortions  ; to  distort. 

He  screwed  his  face  into  a hardened  smile.  Lriiden. 

5.  To  oppress  by  extortion.  Swift. 

6.  To  examine  rigidly  or  minutely,  as  a stu- 
dent. [College  cant,  U.  S.]  Ilarvardiana. 

To  screw  up,  to  tighten:  — to  bring  to  a certain 
state  by  violent  pressure.  Swift.  — To  screw  out,  to 
unscrew  : — to  press  out ; to  extort. 

SCREW'— BOLT  (skru'-),  n.  A bolt  secured  by  a 
screw.  Simmonds. 

SCREW'— DRIV-f.R,  n.  An  iron  or  steel  tool 
shaped  like  a chisel,  but  terminating  in  a blunt 
edge ; — used  for  turning  screws.  Simmonds. 

SCREW'IJR  (skru'er),  n.  He  who,  or  that  which, 
screws. 


SCREW'— JACK  (skru'jhk),  n.  A por- 
table machine  for  raising  great 
weights  by  the  agency  of  a screw, 
or  of  a combination  of  teeth  and 
pinions  ; a jack-screw.  P.  Cyc. 

KISf-  In  the  figure  the  rack-work  of 
a screw-jack  of  (lie  second  kind  is 
shown,  the  stock  in  which  it  is  en- 
closed being  removed. 

SCREW'-ICEY,  n.  A part  of  a lathe  : 

— a lever  for  turning  the  screw  of 
a press.  Simmonds. 

SCREW'-PiNE  (skru'-),  n.  (Bot.)  .J^L, 

The  English  name  of  endogenous  „ . , 

trees  and  bushes  of  the  order  Scrcw"Jack- 
Pandanacem. 

KJT  Some  of  the  screw-pines 
send  down  aerial  roots,  others 
are  weak  and  decumbent.  They 
abound  in  the  Mascaren  islands, 
especially  the  Isle  of  France, 
wiiere  they  are  found  covering 
sandy  plains.  There  they  send 
down  strong  aerial  roots  from 
the  stem  towards  the  earth, 
which  quickly  bury  themselves 
when  they  reach  the  soil,  thus 
adding  to  the  number  of  mouths 
for  extracting  food  from  the 
earth,  and  acting  as  stays  to  pre- 
vent the  stems  from  being  blown 
about  by  tile  wind.  Screw-pines 
are  common  in  most  tropical 
islands  of  the  Old  World,  but 
rare  in  America.  Lindlcy. 

SCREW'-PRESS 
communicatins 


Screw-pine. 


or  screws. 


(skru'pres),  n.  A machine  for 
pressure  by  means  of  a screw 
P.  Cyc. 


SCREW'— PRO-PEL' LER,  n. 
(.V  nut.)  An  instrument 
for  the  propulsion  of  ves- 
sels, consisting  of  two  or 
more  twisted  blades,  set 
on  an  axis  running  paral- 
lel with  the  keel,  and  re- 
volving beneath  the  water 
at  the  stern.  Brande. 


Screw-propeller. 


SCREW'-SHELL  (skru'shel),  n.  (Conch.)  The 
shell  of  an  animal  of  the  genus  Turbo ; wreath- 
shell.  Hamilton. 

SCREW'— STEAM-JJR,  n.  A steam-vessel  furnished 
with  a screw ; — a propeller.  Simmonds. 

SCREW'— TREE  (skru'tre),  n.  (Bot.)  The  com- 
mon name  of  evergreen  shrubby  plants  of  the 
genus  Helicteres,  found  in  warm  countries ; — 
so  called  from  the  manner  in  which  the  fruit  is 
twisted.  • Loudon. 

SCREW'— WRENCH,  n.  A wrench  used  for  turn- 
ing screws.  Simmonds. 

f SCRIB'A-BLE,  a.  [L.  scribo,  to  write.]  That 
may  be  written  upon.  Old  Ballad. 

+ SCRI-BA'TloyS,  a.  Skilful  in,  or  addicted  to, 
writing.  Barrow. 

f SCRIB/BpT,  n.  A painter’s  pencil.  Evelyn. 

SCRIB'BLE  (skrlb'hl),  v.  a.  [L.  scribo,  to  write.  — 
Gael,  sgriobh. — See  Scrire.]  [f.  scribbled; 
pp.  scribbling,  scribbled.]  To  write  with- 
out care  or  elegance ; to  fill  with  artless  or 
worthless  writing;  to  scrawl.  “lie  scribbled 
a pamphlet.”  Johnson. 

SCRIB'BLE,  v.  n.  To  write  without  care  or  beau- 
ty ; to  write  negligently  or  inelegantly. 

My  hasty  hand  forthwith  doth  scribble  on  apace.  Gascoigne. 

SCRIB'BLE,  n.  Worthless  or  careless  writing  ; a 
scrawl.  “ In  a hasty  scribble."  Boyle. 

SCRIB'ULE-MENT,  n.  A worthless  or  careless 
writing;  scribble,  [r.]  Southey. 

SCRIB'BLFIR,  n.  1.  One  who  scribbles  or  scrawls  ; 
a petty  author. 

The  scribbler , pinched  with  hunger,  writes  to  dine. 

And  to  your  genius  must  conform  his  line.  Granville. 

2.  One  who  performs  the  act  of  scribbling  in 
the  manufacture  of  woollen  cloth.  A.  Smith. 

SCRlB'BLING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  scrib- 
bles ; the  act  of  writing  hastily  or  carelessly. 

2.  A preliminary  process  to  carding  in  the 
woollen  manufacture.  Simmonds. 

SCRIB'BLING-LY,’  ad.  In  a scribbling  manner. 


SCRIBE,  n.  [L.  scriba  ; scribo,  to  write  ; It.  scri- 
ba  ; Sp.  escriba-,  Fr.  scribe.  — Ger.  schreiber ; 
Dut.  schrijcer  ; Dan.  skriver  ; Sw.  skribent .] 

1.  A public  or  professional  writer  ; a writer  : 
— a notary' ; a clerk  ; a secretary'. 

The  following  letter  comes  from  some  notable  young  fe- 
male scribe.  Spectator. 

2.  (Jewish  Ilist.)  One  of  a learned  body  of 

men,  also  called  lawyers,  who  were  copyists, 
and,  at  the  same  time,  interpreters,  of  the  Mo- 
saic law.  Kitto. 

Syn.  — Sbe  Writer. 

SCRIBE,!;,  a.  [/.  SCRIBED  \pp.  SCRIBING,  SCRIBED.] 

1.  To  mark  or  write  upon.  Spenser. 

2.  To  score  with  a scribing-iron.  Simmonds. 

3.  (Carp.)  To  mark  and  adjust  with  com- 
passes ; to  fit,  as  one  edge  of  a board,  or  one 
piece  of  timber  or  wood,  to  another.  Brande. 

SCRlB’ING,  n.  (Carp.)  The  act  of  fitting  the 
edge  of  a board  to  another  hoard  in  the  same 
plane  as  the  edge  : — the  fitting  of  one  piece  of 
wood  to  another  so  that  their  fibres  may  be 
respectively  at  right  angles.  Brande. 

SCRIB'ING— IR-ON,  n.  An  iron-pointed  instru- 
ment for  marking  casks  and  timber.  Simmonds. 

SCRIG'GLE,  v.  n.  To  writhe  ; to  struggle  or  twist 
about  with  more  or  less  force ; to  squirm ; to 
squiggle  ; to  wriggle.  [Local,  Eng.]  Forby. 

+ SCRI'MIJR,  n.  [Fr.  escrimeur.)  A gladiator:  a 
fencing-master.  Shak. 

SCRIm'MAQJE,  n.  A skirmish  ; a scuffle  ; a 
brawl;  a riot.  [Local.]  Halliwell. 

SCRIMP,  a.  Short;  scanty.  [Local,  Eng.  and 
U.  S.]  Brackett. 

SCRIMP,  i>.  a.  [Ger.  schrumpfen,  to  shrivel ; Dut. 
krimpen  ; Sw.  skrumpna.)  [i.  scrimped  ; pp. 
scrimping,  scrimped.]  To  spare;  to  he  nig- 
gardly of;  to  make  scant;  to  pinch.  [Local, 
Eng.  and  U.  S.]  Brnckett. 

SCRIMP,  n.  A niggard;  a miser.  Wright. 

SCRTMP'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a scrimping  manner. 

SCRl  MP'NIJSS,  n.  Scantiness,  [r.]  Bailey. 

SCRIMP'TION,  n.  A small  portion;  a pittance. 

[Local,  Eng.]  • Forby. 

f SCRINE,  n.  [L.  scrinhim. ] A shrine.  Spenser. 

SCRIN(5E,  v.  n.  [Corruption  of  cringe .]  To 
shrink ; to  cringe.  [Local,  Eng.  andU.  S.)Porby. 

SCRIP,  n.  [Sw.  skriippa  ; W.  ysgrepan,  ysgrepyn.) 
A small  bag  ; a satchel. 

Carry  neither  purse,  nor  scrip,  nor  shoes.  Luke  x.  4. 

SCRIP,  n.  [L.  scriptum,  something  written  ; scribo, 
scriptus,  to  write  ; Fr.  scrip.) 

1.  A small  piece  of  paper  containing  a writ- 
ing ; a schedule  ; a small  writing.  Locke. 

Call  them  man  ly  man,  according  to  the  scrip.  Shak. 

2.  A kind  of  certificate  in  evidence  of  some 
property  or  interest  possessed,  as  in  bank-stock, 
city-stock,  railway-stock,  government-stock,  &c. 

f SCRIP'PAQrE,  n.  That  which  is  contained  in  a 
scrip  or  small  bag.  Shake. 

SCRIPT,  n.  [L.  scriptum,  something  written; 
scribo,  scriptus,  to  write;  Old  Fr.  escript.] 

1.  f A small  writing ; a scrip.  Chaucer. 

2.  An  imitation  of  writing  or  manuscript  in 

print:  — a kind  of  printing  type  formed  to  imi- 
tate writing.  P.  Cyc.  Simmonds. 

3.  (Law.)  An  original  instrument.  Bouvicr. 

SCRIP'TO-RY,  a.  [L.  scriptorius .]  Written ; 
not  orally  delivered,  [r.]  Swift. 

SCRIPT'IT-RAL  (skript'yu-ral),  a.  Relating  to,  or 
in  accordance  with,  Scripture;  biblical.  “The 

- scriptural  use  of  that  word.”  Atterbury. 

SCRlPT'(J-RAL-I§M,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
scriptural ; adherence  to  Scripture.  Lyell. 

SCRlPT'U-RAL-IST,  n.  Scripturist.  Smart. 

SCRIPT' U-R A L-LY,  ad.  In  a scriptural  manner  ; 
according  to  Scriptures.  Allen. 

SCRlPT'U-RAL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
scriptural.  Allen. 

SCRIPT'URE  (skrlpt'yur),  n.  [L.  scriptura  ; scribo, 
scriptus,  to  write.] 


A,  E,  I.  o.  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  D,  Y,  short ; A,  JJ,  I,  O,  IT,  Y,  obscure ; FARE,  PAR,  FAST,  PALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


SCRIPTURE 


1291 


SCUDO 


1.  Any  thing  written  ; a writing. 

It  is  not  only  remembered  in  many  scriptures,  but  famous 
for  the  death  and  overthrow  of  Crassus.  Raleigh. 

2.  A term  applied  distinctively  to  the  writings 
of  the  Old  and  the  New  Testament ; the  Bible  ; 
the  Holy  Scriptures  ; — usually  in  the  plural. 

But  the  Scripture  will  give  him  a clear  precept.  South. 

Scriptures  means  no  more  than  writing;  but  this  inspired 
writing  has  been  felt  to  be  so  far  above  all  other  writings,  that 
this  name  it  has  challenged  as  exclusively  its  own.  Trench. 

I have  regularly  and  attentively  read  these  Holy  Scriptures , 
and  am  of  opinion  that  this  volume,  independent  of  its  divine 
origin,  contains  more  sublimity  and  beauty,  more  pure  mo- 
rality,  more  important  history,  and  finer  strains  of  poetry  and 
eloquence,  than  can  be  collected  from  ull  other  books,  in  what- 
ever age  or  languuge  they  may  have  been  composed. 

Sir  W.  Jones. 

SCRIPT'URE  (skrlpt'yur),  a.  Relating  to  the  Bible 
or  the  Scriptures  ; scriptural.  Milton. 

SCRIP-TU'RI-AN,  n.  Scripturist.  [r.]  Franklin. 

SCRlPT'UR-IST,  n.  One  who  adheres  to,  or  is 
versed  in,  the  Scripture.  Abp.  Newcome. 

SCRLVEL'LO,  n.  A small  tusk  of  an  elephant, 
weighing  less  than  twenty  pounds.  Simmonds. 

SCRlVE'Nf.R  (skriv'ner)  [skriv'ner,  S.  W.  P.  J.E. 
F.  Wr. ; skrlv'jn-er,  Ja.  K.  S»t.],  n.  [It.  scri- 
vano,  a scribe;  Sp.  escribano ; Norm.  Fr.  es- 
cryer.\ 

1.  Formerly,  one  who  drew  contracts  or  any 

writings,  — more  recently,  one  whose  business 
it  was  to  place  money  at  interest;  a kind  of 
money-broker.  Dryden. 

2.  A writing-master.  Halliwell. 

SCRO-BlC'U-LATE,  a.  [L.  scrobicidus,  dim.  of 
scrobis,  a ditch.]  ( Bot .)  Excavated  into  shal- 
low pits ; pitted.  Lindley. 

SCROD,  ? n a.  schrode.  — See  Sciirode.  Riley. 

SCRODE,  > 

SCROF'U-LA,  n.  [L.  scrofula ; scrofa,  a breeding- 
sow, — because  swine  were  supposed  to  be  sub- 
ject to  a similar  complaint.  Dunglison .]  (Med.) 
A disease  characterized  by  indurated  glandular 
tumors,  especially  about  the  neck,  suppurating 
slowly  and  imperfectly,  and  healing  with  diffi- 
culty, — the  disease  ordinarily  occurring  in  those 
of  a sanguine  temperament;  struma  ; — -vulgar- 
ly called  king’s-evil.  Dunglison. 

SCROF'U-LOUS,  a.  [Fr.  scrofuleux .]  Relating 
to,  or  suffering  from,  scrofula.  Dunglison. 

SCROF'U-LOUS-LY,  ad.  In  a scrofulous  manner. 

SCROF'U-LOUS-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
scrofulous.  Ash. 

SCROG,  n.  A stunted  shrub  or  bush.  Brockett. 

SCROLL  (skrol),  n.  [Old  Fr.  escroe,  which  Skin- 
ner derives  from  L.  ex,  from,  and  rota,  a wheel. 
— Gael,  sgrol.  — Corrupted  from  roll.  Minsheu .] 

1.  A paper  or  parchment,  usually  containing 
some  writing,  and  rolled  up  so  as  to  conceal  it. 
Some  made  in  books,  some  in  long  parchment  scrolls , 

That  were  all  worm-eaten  and  full  of  canker  holes.  Spenser. 

/Kg=*The  papers  on  which  jurors’  names  are  written 
and  so  drawn  out  of  the  box,  are  still  sometimes  called 
scrolls.  Burrill. 

2.  A flourish  with  the  pen,  at  the  end  of  a 

signature,  or  a circle  of  ink,  or  other  mark  with 
a pen,  representing  a seal;  — allowed  in  some 
of  the  United  States  as  a valid  substitute  for  a 
seal  : — a paraph.  Bouvier. 

3.  (Arch.)  A convolved  or  spiral  ornament, 

applied  to  a common  arrangement  of  the  tessera 
of  a Roman  pavement,  and  to  volutes  of  the 
Ionic  and  Corinthian  capitals.  Britton. 

SCROLLED  (skrold),  a.  Enclosed  in  a scroll  or 
roll.  “ Scrolled  works.”  Pope. 

SCRO'TAL,  a.  Relating  to  the  scrotum.  Mead. 

SCRO'TI-FORM,  a.  (Bot.)  Purse- shaped.  Wright. 

SCROT'O-CELE,  n.  [L.  scrotum,  the  scrotum, 
and  Gr.  a tumor  ; Fr.  scrotoclle.]  (Med.) 
Inguinal  hernia,  descending  into  the  scrotum. 

SCRO1  TUM,  n.  [L.]  (Anat.)  The  integuments 
which  cover  the  testes.  Dunglison. 

SCROUQrE,  v.  a.  To  crowd;  to  squeeze.  [Local, 
Eng.,  and  colloquial,  U.  S.]  Halliwell.  Bartlett. 

SC  ROW,  n.  1.  t V scroll.  Fabyan. 

2.  pi.  Curriers’  cuttings  or  small  clippings 
from  skins  ; — the  ears  and  other  redundancies 
used  for  making  glue  or  size.  Simmonds. 


f SCROYLE,  n.  [Old  Fr.  escrouelles,  king’s-evil; 
Fr.  ecrouelles .]  A rascal ; a wretch.  Shan. 

SCRUB,  v.  a.  [Ger.  schrubben;  Dut.  schrobben  ■, 
Dan.  skrubbe;  Sw.  skrubba.  — Gael,  sgrob.  — To 
scrub  is  to  scrape  by  the  change  of  the  vowel  a 
into  u.  Richardson .]  [t.  scrubbed  ; pp.  scrub- 
bing, scrubbed.]  To  rub  hard  with  some- 
thing coarse  and  rough  ; to  scour  ; to  cleanse. 

She  sits  at  squat,  and  scrubs  her  leathern  face.  Dryden. 

Now  Moll  had  whirled  her  mop  with  dexterous  airs, 

Prepared  to  scrub  the  entry  and  the  stairs.  Sivi/t. 

SCRUB,  v.  n.  To  work  hard;  to  be  industrious 
and  frugal.  Smart. 

SCRUB,  n.  1.  A mean  fellow;  one  that  works 
hard  and  lives  frugally  or  meanly. 

And  neighboring  jades  resolved  to  tarry, 

Kuther  than  with  such  scrubs  they ’d  marry.  King. 

2.  Any  thing  mean  or  despicable.  Swift. 

3.  A worn-out  brush  or  broom.  Ainsworth. 

4.  Dense  underwood.  [Local.]  Simmonds. 

SCRUB'BpD,  a.  Mean  ; vile  ; worthless  ; shabby  ; 

scrubby.  “ A little,  scrubbed  boy.”  Shak. 

SCRUB'BY,  a.  Mean;  vile;  like  a scrub;  shab- 
by; stunted;  scrubbed.  “ Scrubby  trees.”  Swift. 

SCRUB'— RACE,  n.  A race  between  mean  or  in- 
ferior animals.  Porter. 

SCRUFF,  n.  1.  f Scurf.  Bailey. 

2.  The  hinder  part  of  the  neck  ; scuff.  [Lo- 
cal, Eng.]  Forby. 

SCRUMP'TIOUS  (skrump'shus),  a.  Nice;  particu- 
lar; excellent.  [Local  and  vulgar,  U.  S.]  Judd. 

SCRUNCH,  v.  a.  To  scranch.  Jennings. 

SCRU'PLE  (skru'pl),  n.  [L.  scrupulus,  a sharp  or 
pointed  pebble,  a scruple  ; scrupus,  a rough  or 
sharp  stone,  anxiety,  solicitude ; It.  scrupolo ; 
Sp.  escrupuloso ; Fr.  scrupule .] 

1.  Difficulty  of  determination  ; perplexity, 
generally  about  minute  things;  inquietude  of 
conscience  ; a kind  of  repugnance  to  do  a thing ; 
doubt ; — an  apprehension  ; a nicety  ; a delicacy. 

The  receiving  of  the  king  without  the  least  scruple,  pause, 
or  question.  Bacon. 

Inordinate  anxiety  and  unnecessary  scruples,  which  only 
entangle  the  soul.  Bp.  Taylor. 

2.  A weight  equal  to  the  third  of  a dram,  or 
twenty  grains,  used  in  compounding  medicines. 

3.  Proverbially,  any  small  quantity.  Shak. 

SCRfl'PLE,  v.  n.  \i.  scrupled  ; pp.  scrupling, 
scrupled.]  To  have  a hesitation  about  doing 
a thing  ; to  doubt ; to  hesitate  ; to  waver ; to 
fluctuate. 

lie  scrupled  not  to  eat 

Against  his  better  judgment.  Milton. 

Syn. — A person  scruples  from  a feeling  of  doubt 
as  to  the  propriety  of  a tiling,  and  hesitates  and  wavers 
from  various  motives,  particularly  such  as  affect  his 
interest.  He  may  scruple  to  say  what  would  give  of- 
fence, hesitate  to  engage  in  an  enterprise,  and  waver 
in  his  resolution.  Conscience  produces  scruples  ; fear, 
hesitation ; irresolution,  wavering. 

SCRUrPLE  (skru'pl),  v.  a.  To  doubt  or  hesitate 
about ; to  suspect.  “ He  did  not  much  scruple 
the  honesty  of  these  people.”  [r.]  Dampier. 

SCRU'PLER,  n.  One  who  has  scruples  ; a doubter. 
“ Away  with  those  nice  scruplers”  Graunt. 

f SCRU'PU-LIST,  n.  One  who  doubts  or  scruples. 
“The  sceptics  or  scrupulists Shaftesbury. 

f SCRU'TU-LIZE,  v.  a.  To  perplex  with  scruples. 

Other  articles  may  be  so  scrupulized.  Mountagu. 

SCRU-PU-LOS'I-TY,  7i.  [L.  scrupulositas.]  The 

state  of  being  scrupulous  ; minute  and  nice 
doubtfulness  ; doubt  : — tenderness  of  con- 
science; over-nicety;  niceness;  delicacy. 

This  perplexity  and  scrupulosity  about  actions.  Sharp. 

But  when  they  have  made  the  breach,  their  scrupulosity 
soon  retires.  Decay  of  Piety. 

SCRU'PU-LOUS,  a.  [L.  scrupulosus ; It.  scrojio- 
loso\  Sp.  escrupuloso ; Fr.  sci'upuleux J] 

1.  Having  scruples  or  doubts ; hard  to  satis- 
fy, or  be  satisfied,  in  determinations  of  con- 
science ; conscientious ; strict ; punctilious. 

Their  weak  brethren  which  were  scimpidous.  Hooker. 

Their  flesh  is  so  like  in  taste,  that  the  sci-upulous  are  al- 
lowed them  on  fish-days.  Locke. 

2.  f Liable  to  be  doubted  ; doubtful. 

The  justice  of  that  cause  ought  to  be  evident,  not  obscure, 
not  scrupulous.  Bacon. 

3.  Given  to  raising  objections  ; captious. 


Equality  of  two  domestic  powers 

Breeds  scnipulous  faction.  Sri  cue. 

4.  Careful ; vigilant ; cautious  ; exact. 

I have  been  the  more  scrupulous  and  wary,  in  regard  the 
inferences  from  these  observations  are  of  importance. 

Woodward. 

Syn.  — See  Conscientious. 

SCRU  PU-LOUS- LY,  ad.  In  a scrupulous  manner ; 
carefully  ; nicely  ; anxiously.  Addison. 

SCRU’PU-LOUS-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  scru- 
pulous ; niceness  ; carefulness.  Boyle. 

SCRU'TA-BLE,  a.  [L.  serntor,  to  search  care- 
fully.] That  may  be  scrutinized  or  inquired 
into;  discoverable  by  inquiry,  [it.]  Dec.  of  Piety. 

t SCRU-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  scrutatio,]  Search  ; ex- 
amination ; inquiry.  Bailey. 

SCRU-TA'TOR,  n.  [L.]  One  who  scrutinizes  ; an 
inquirer  ; a searcher  ; an  examiner.  Hales. 

SCRO-TI-NEER',  n.  One  who  scrutinizes  or  ex- 
amines ; a searcher.  Bailey. 

SCRU'TI-NIZE,  v.  a.  [See  Scrutiny.]  [i.  scru- 
tinized; pp.  SCRUTINIZING,  SCRUTINIZED.] 
To  search  or  examine  closely  ; to  inquire  into ; 
to  investigate  ; to  pry  into. 

"Whose  votes  they  were  obliged  to  scrutinize.  Ayliffe. 

SCRU'TI-NIZ-IJR,  n.  One  who  scrutinize®. 

SCRU'TI-NlZ-ING,  p.  a.  Examining  closely,  mi- 
nutely, or  critically. 

SCRU^TI-NOUS,  a.  Closely  examining  or  inquir- 
ing ; cautious,  [r.]  Denham. 

SCRU'TI-NOUS-LY,  ad.  In  a scrutinous  manner; 
by  using  scrutiny.  Nutt  all. 

SCRU'TI-NY,  n.  [L.  scrutinium  ; serntor,  to  search 
carefully ; scrota  (Gr.  ypirii),  trash,  frippery  ; 
It.  scrutinio  ; Sp.  cscrutinio ; Fr.  servtin,  ballot, 
balloting.  — A.  S.  scrudnian,  to  scrutinize.] 

1.  Careful  inquiry  ; a critical  or  close  exami- 
nation or  investigation  ; close  search. 

I thought  thee  worth  my  nearer  view 
And  narrow  scrutiny.  Milton. 

He  should  he  chiefly  conversant  in  such  authors  as  require 
close  attention,  and  will  abide  the  test  of  a rational,  though 
candid,  scrutiny.  Knox. 

2.  In  parliamentary  language,  an  examination 
of  the  votes  given  at  an  election  by  a committee, 
at  which  the  bad  given  on  both  sides  are  reject- 
ed, and  the  poll  corrected  accordingly.  Braude. 

3.  (Eccl.)  An  examination,  in  the  last  week 

of  Lent,  of  the  catechumens  who  were  to  he 
baptized  on  Easter  day;  — used  chiefly  in  the 
ancient  church  of  Rome.  Brande. 

4.  (Canon  Law.)  A little  paper  billet  on 

which  a vote  is  written.  Wright. 

Syn.  — See  Examination. 

f SCRU'TI-NY,  v.  a.  To  scrutinize.  Johnson. 

SCRti-TOIRE'  (skru-twor')  [skru-tor',  S.  W.  P.  J. 
E.  F. ; skru-twor',  Ja.  K.  &»».],  n.  [Fr.  ecritoire ; 
ecrire,  to  write.  — See  Scribe.]  A kind  of  cab- 
inet or  desk  with  a door  or  lid  folding  down- 
wards for  the  purpose  of  writing  on.  Wright. 

f SCRIJZE,  v.  a.  To  squeeze ; to  compress.  Spenser. 

f SCRY,  n.  Aery.  Berners. 

SCUD,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  sccotan,  to  shoot;  Dut .schieten, 
to  shoot ; Dan.  skyde  ; Sw.  skrida,  to  advance, 
to  skud.  — See  Shoot.]  [i.  scudded  ; pp. 

SCUDDING,  SCUDDED.] 

1.  To  flee ; to  run  away  with  precipitation. 

Away  the  frighted  spectre  scuds , 

And  leaves  my  lady  in  the  suds.  Swift. 

2.  ( Naut.)  To  drive  before  a gale',  with  no  sail, 

or  with  only  enough  to  keep  the  vessel  before 
the  wind.  Dana. 

SCUD,  v.  a.  To  pass  over  quickly.  Shenstone. 

SCUD,  n.  1.  The  act  of  scudding ; a hurrying  or 
running  away  with  precipitation. 

2.  A loose,  vapory  cloud  driven  swiftly  along 

• by  the  wind.  “ The  showery  scuds."  Dryden. 

The  blackening  ocean  curls,  the  winds  arise, 

And  the  dark  scud  in  swift  succession  flies.  Falconer . 

SCUD'DING,  n.  (ATaut.)  A driving  before  a gale, 
with  no  sail,  or  with  only  sail  enough  to  keep 
the  vessel  before  the  wind.  Falconer. 

SCUD'DLE,  v.  n.  To  scud  awkwardly,  [it.]  Bailey. 

SCU ' VO,  n. ; pi.  scu  di.  [It.,  a buckler,  a scudo.) 
An  Italian  gold  coin  worth  about  64s.  lid.  ster- 


MiEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  R<JLE.  — 9,  <?,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  £, 


hard;  § as  z;  Jf  as  gz. — THIS,  this. 


SCUFE 


1292 


SCUTE 


ling  ($15.70) : — also  an  Italian  silver  coin  equal 
to  about  4s.  sterling  ($0.97.)  Cyc.  of  Com. 

SCUFE,  n.  The  racket  used  in  striking  the  ball 
at  tennis.  [Scottish.]  Simmonds. 

SCUFF,  n.  The  hinder  part  of  the  neck.  [North 
of  Eng.]  Brockett. 

Rough  scuff,  the  lowest  people  ; the  rabble.  [Collo- 
quial and  vulgar,  U.  S.] 

SCUF’FLE,  v.  n [A.  S.  scufan , to  shove;  Sw. 
skitffa , to  shove.  — From  shuffle.  — See  Shuf- 
fle, Shove.]  [j.  scuffled  ; p p.  scuffling, 
scuffled.]  To  strive  or  struggle  roughly, 
blindly,  or  without  direction  for  the  mastery  ; 
to  tight  confusedly  and  tumultuously. 

A gallant  man  had  rather  fight  to  great  disadvantage  in  the 
field,  in  an  orderly  way,  than  scuffle  with  an  undisciplined 
rabble.  ' Ting  Charles. 

SCUF'FLE,  n.  1.  A contest  in  which  the  parties 
struggle  blindly  or  without  direction  for  the 
mastery ; a tumultuous  broil  or  fight ; a con- 
fused quarrel. 

A scuffle  ensued,  in  which  Parcea  was  knocked  down  by  a 
violent  blow  on  the  head  by  an  oar.  Cook. 

The  dog  leaps  upon  the  serpent,  and  tears  it  to  pieces;  but, 
in  the  settle,  the  cradle  happened  to  be  overturned. 

L'Estranrje. 

2.  A pinafore.  [Local,  Eng.]  HaUiwell. 

3.  A tool ; a sculller.  [Local,  Eng.]  Halliioell. 

Syn.  — See  Quarrel. 

SCUF'FLER,  n.  1.  One  who  scuffles. 

2.  An  implement  for  cutting  up  weeds,  and 
stirring  the  surface  of  the  ground.  Farm.  Ency. 

SCUG,  n.  [Dan.  skyyge,  a shade  ; Sw.  skugga.] 
A sheltered  place.  [Local,  Eng.]  Craven  Dialect. 

SCUG,  v.  a.  To  hide.  [Local,  Eng.] 

SCULK,  v.  n.  [See  Skulk.]  To  lurk  in  hiding- 
places  ; to  skulk.  Swift. 

SCULK'ER,  n.  A linker.  — See  Skulker.  Johnson. 

SCULL,  7i.  [See  Skull.]  (Anat.)  The  bone  of 
the  head ; the  brain-pan  ; the  skull.  Sharp. 

SCULL,  n.  [“  Minslieu  derives  it  from  the  hollow- 
ness of  a boat,  like  a shell  or  skull  \ or  it  may 
be,  Skinner  adds,  from  the  Fr.  escuelle  ( ecuelle , a 
porringer)  <L.  scutula),  a little  dish  or  platter, 
— from  some  resemblance  to  a charger  or  plat- 
ter.” Richardson .] 

1.  A small  boat ; a cock-boat ; sculler. 

Sherwood. 

2.  One  who  rows  a cock-boat  or  sculler  : — an 

oar  so  short  that  one  man  can  work  a pair,  — 
most  generally  an  oar  placed  over  the  stern  of  a 
boat  and  worked  from  side  to  side,  the  blade, 
which  is  turned  diagonally,  being  always  in  the 
water.  Brande. 

f SCULL,  n.  [From  A.  S.  sceole,  a great  com- 
pany, which  is  undoubtedly  from  scylan  (Su. 
Goth,  skilia),  to  separate.  Jameson.  — See 
School.]  A shoal  or  school  of  fish.  Shah. 

SCULL,  v.  a.  To  impel,  as  a boat,  by  a single 
oar  over  the  stern.  Jamieson. 

SCULL'CAP,  71.  See  Skullcap. 

SCULLER,  n.  1.  One  who  sculls  or  rows  a boat. 

2.  A boat  rowed  by  one  man,  with  two  short 
oars  or  sculls.  Drydcn. 

SCUL'LER-Y,  n.  [Ger.  schatt,  a shell,  a cup,  a 
bowl ; Dan.  skaal,  a bowl,  a dish ; Sw.  ska! ; 
Icel.  skal,  skaal.  — Norm.  Fr.  squillcrge , a scul- 
lery ; Fr.  icuelle,  a porringer.  — Originally  the 
same  as  skull.  Douglas. — It  is  highly  probable 
that  a cup  or  bowl  received  this  name  from  the 
barbarous  custom,  which  prevailed  among  sev- 
eral ancient  nations,  of  drinking  out  of  the 
skulls  of  their  enemies.  Jamieson.]  A place 
where  culinary  utensils,  as  kettles  or  dishes,  are 
cleansed  and  kept.  Peacham. 

SCULL'ION(skul'ynn),w.  [Old  Fr.  sev/ier.  Roque- 
fort. — See  Scullery.]  A low  domestic  ser- 
vant who  cleans  the  kettles  and  the  dishes  in 
the  kitchen ; a servant  of  the  scullery.  Shak. 

f SCULL'ION-LY  (skirl 'yun-le),  a.  Low;  base; 
worthless ; vile.  Milton. 

f SCULP,  v.  a.  [Gr.  yllipu ; L.  sculpo,  scalpo .] 
To  carve ; to  engrave  ; to  sculpture.  Sanclys. 

SCUL'PIN,  n.  [Perhaps  a corruption  of  L.  scor- 
pias  (Gr.  cKopuios).]  The  common  name  of  sev- 


eral species  of  fishes  having  large  spines  upon 
the  head.  — See  Duacuncvlus.  Slorer. 

fSCULP'TILE,  a.  [L.  sculptilis.]  Made  or  formed 
by  carving.  Browne. 

SCULP'TOR,  7i.  [L.  — See  Sculp.]  An  artist 

who  carves  or  cuts  with  the  chisel  images  or 
statues  out  of  wood,  stone,  or  metal.  Dryden. 

SCULP'TRIJSS,  n.  A female  sculptor.  Qu.  Rev. 

SCULPT1  y-R  A L,  a.  Relating  to,  or  resembling, 
sculpture.  Maunder. 

SCU  LPT'URE  (skulpt'yur),  n.  [L.  sculptura  ; It. 
scultura  ; Sp.  escultura  ; Fr.  sculpture.] 

1.  The  art  of  carving  or  chiselling  in  wood, 
stone,  or  other  materials,  or  of  forming  images  or 
statues  of  visible  objects  from  solid  substances. 

,6®*  The  term  sculpture  lias  been  applied  to  carving, 
to  modelling  or  the  plastic  art,  to  casting  in  metal,  ami 
to  gem-engraving  ; but  it  is  usually  applied  to  the  art 
of  forming  images  in  stone.  Tomlinson. 

2.  The  work  of  the  sculptor;  carved  images 

or  statues  ; carved  work.  Milton. 

There,  too,  in  living  sculpture  might  be  seen 

The  mad  affection  of  the  Cretan  queen.  Drydcn. 

3.  The  art  of  engraving  on  copper.  Johnson. 

SCULPTURE  (skulpt'yur),  V.  a.  [i.  SCULPTURED; 
pp.  SCULPTURING,  SCULPTURED.]  To  work  ill 


sculpture  ; to  carve  ; to  engrave.  Pope. 

SCULPTURED,  p.  a.  Carved ; engraved.  “Massy 
sculptured  vase.”  Pope. 

SCULPT-UR-ESQUE'  (skulpt-yur-esk'),  a.  Relat- 
ing to,  or  resembling,  sculpture,  [it.]  Knight. 


SCUM,  7i.  [Ger.  schamn  ; Dut.  srhttim  ; Dan.  Sg 
Sw.  skum ; Gael.  sgum.  — It.  shiuma  ; Old  Fr. 
escume  ; Fr.  ecume.] 

1.  The  froth  or  refuse  that  rises  on  the  sur- 

face of  heated  liquors  or  melted  metal ; dross  ; 
recrement.  Shmnonds. 

2.  That  part  which  is  worthless  or  of  little 
use. 

The  great  and  innocent  are  insulted  by  the  scum  and  ref- 
use of  tile  people.  Addison. 

Syn.  — See  Dregs. 

SCUM,  V.  a.  [i.  SCUMMED;  pp.  SCUMMING, 
SCUMMED.]  To  clear  the  scum  off ; to  take  the 
scum  from  ; to  skim.  Milton. 

SCUM'BJJR,  7i.  Excrement;  dung.  Ainsworth. 

SCfJM'BIJR,  v.n.  To  dung,  [r.]  Massinger. 

SCUM'BgR,  v.  a.  ( Oil  Painting.)  To  lightly  rub 
over  with  a semi-transparent  color.  Clarke. 

SCUM'BLING,  n.  ( Oil  Painting.)  A blending  of 
tints  with  a neutral  semi-transparent  color,  form- 
ing a sort  of  glazing  which,  when  lightly  rubbed 
over  that  portion  of  a picture  which  is  too  bright 
in  color,  or  which  requires  harmonizing,  partial- 
ly covers  the  ground  tint.  Fah-liolt. 

SCUM'MER,  71.  Dung ; scumber.  Musarum  Delicim. 

SCUM'MIJR,  n.  One  who,  or  that  which,  scums; 
a skimmer.  “ Wooded  scummcrs."  Ray. 

SCUM'MINGij,  71.  pi.  The  matter  skimmed  from 
boiling  liquors.  Wright. 

SCUM'  My,  a.  Covered  with  scum ; vile.  Sidney. 

SCUP'PER,  n.  [Ger.  schopfen,  to  leak.  Skinner.] 
( Naut. ) One  of  the  holes  cut  in  the  water-ways 
for  the  water  to  run  from  the  decks.  Dana. 

SCOP'PJJR— HOLE,  n.  A scupper.  Dailey. 

SCUP'PER-HO§E,  n.  (Naut.]  A leather  tube 
nailed  round  the  scuppers  of  the  lower  deck, 
on  the  outside,  to  prevent  the  water  from  enter- 
ing when  the  vessel  inclines.  Mar.  Diet. 

SCfJP'PlJR— NAIL,  n.  (Naut.)  A nail  with  a broad 
head,  for  fastening  leather  or  canvas  to  the 
scuppers.  Mar.  Diet. 

SCCrp'PER— PLUG,  71.  (Naut.)  A plug  used  occa- 
sionally to  stop  a scupper.  Jamieson. 

+ SCUR,  v.  71.  To  move  fast ; to  scour.  Beau.  § FI. 

SCURF,  n.  [A.  S.  sceorfa,  scurf-,  Dut.  schurft ; 
Ger.  schorf ; Dan.  skurv ; Sw.  skorf ; Icel.  scur- 
fur  — Old  L.  scarro,  to  become  rough.  Bos- 
ivoi'th.) 

1.  (Med.)  A kind  of  dry,  miliary  scab  ; small 

exfoliations  of  the  cuticle.  Dunglison. 

2.  Foul  remains;  soil;  stain. 


Then  are  they  happy  when,  by  length  of  time, 

The  scurf'  is  worn  uway  of  each  committed  crime.  Dryden. 

3.  Any  thing  adhering  to  the  surface. 

There  stood  a hill  whose  grisly  top 

Shone  witli  a glossy  scurj.  ■ Milton. 

SCURF'l-NESS,  71.  The  state  of  being  scurfy. 

SCURF'Y,  a.  Having  scurfs,  scabs,  or  scales; 
resembling  Scurf ; furfuraceous.  Johnson. 

tSCUR'Rpii,  7i.  One  who  scurs.  Berners. 

SCUR'RILE,  a.  [L.  scurrilis,  from  scurra,  a buf- 
foon, a jester  ; It.  ly  Fr.  scurrile.]  Befitting  a 
buffoon  or  vulgar  jester ; low ; mean ; grossly 
jocose;  scurrilous.  “ Scurrile  talk.”  Burton. 

SCI  R-Itl  L'l-TV’,  71.  [L.  scurrilitas ; scurra,  a buf- 
foon, a jester;  It.  scurrilith ; Fr.  scurrilite .] 
The  quality  of  being  scurrilous  ; vulgar  or  abu- 
sive language  ; vileness  of  speech ; grossness  of 
reproach  ; mean  buffoonery  ; scurrilousness. 

Banish  scurrility  and  profaneness,  and  restrain  the  iicen- 
tious  insolence  of  poets.  Dryden. 

SCUR'R!L-OUS,  a.  Using  or  containing  offensive 
and  vile  language;  grossly  opprobrious  or  re- 
proachful ; abusive  ; foul ; coarse  ; vile  ; low. 

The  same  man  called  by  Bale  a scurrilous  fool.  Fuller. 

Tickled  with  wit  scurrilous  or  injurious.  Ilabinyton. 

Syn.  — See  Reproachful. 

SCUR'RIL-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  a scurrilous  manner; 
with  vile  language  ; grossly.  Dryden. 

SCUR'RIL-OUS-NESS,  7i.  Scurrility.  Johnson. 

SCUR'RY,  v.  n.  To  move  rapidly,  [r.]  North. 

SCUR'VI-LY,  ad.  In  a scurvy  manner ; vilely; 
basely ; coai'sely ; meanly.  B.  Jo7ison. 

SCUR'VI-NESS,  71.  The  state  or  the  quality  of 
being  scurvy.  Shertcood. 

SCUR'VY,  a.  1.  Diseased  with  the  scurvy;  cov- 
ered with  scabs  ; scabbed.  Per.  xxi.  20. 

2.  .Vile  ; bad  ; sorry  ; worthless ; mean  ; low  ; 
contemptible  ; offensive. 

I know  him  for  a man  divine  and  holy. 

Not  scurry , nor  a temporary  meddler.  Shak. 

lie  spoke  scurvy  and  provoking  terms.  Shak. 

SCUR'VY,  71.  [See  Scurf.]  (Med.)  A disease 
which  occurs  either  at  sea  or  on  land,  charac- 
terized by  livid  spots  on  the  skin  from  ex- 
travasated  blood,  by  languor,  loss  of  muscular 
strength,  pain  in  the  limbs,  &c. 

IK it  In  sea  scurvy,  there  are  spots  of  different  hues 
intermixed  with  the  livid,  principally  at  the  roots  of 
the  hair ; tile  teeth  are  loose;  t lie  gums  are  spongy 
and  bleeding;  the  breath  is  fetid,  and  the  debility 
universal  and  extreme.  It  occurs  after  exposure  to  a 
moist,  cold,  foul  atmosphere,  with  long  use  of  one 
kind  of  food  and  of  stagnant  water.  Dunglison. 

SCUR'VY— GRASS,  71.  ( Bot .)  The  common  name 
of  plants  of  the  genus  Cochlearia ; spoonwort; 
— so  called  from  its  supposed  efficacy  in  curing 
scurvy.  Loudon.  Phillips. 

Common  scurvy-grass,  Cochlearia  officinalis.  — Eng- 
lish scurvy-grass , Cochlearia  Anglica.  Eng.  Cyc. 

’SOUSE,  n.  Contracted  from  excuse . Shak. 

SCUT,  71.  [Icel.  skott.]  The  tail  of  a hare  or 
other  short-tailed  animal.  Shak. 

SCUTA  (IF.,  7i.  [Law  I.,  scutagium,  from  L.  scu- 
tum, a buckler.]  (Old  Pug.  Late.)  A sum  of 
money  assessed  on  those  tenants  by  knight-ser- 
vice, who  had  not  followed  their  lord  to  the  wars, 
nor  found  a substitute,  being  a certain  amount 
for  each  shield  : — a compensation  or  satisfac- 
tion paid  to  tenants  by  knight-service  in  lieu  of 
military  service  ; escuage.  Burrill. 

SCU'TATE,  a.  [L.  scuta/us,  armed  with  a buck- 
ler; scutum,  a buckler.] 

1.  (Zoijl.)  Covered  with  scales.  Brande. 

2.  (Bot.)  Having  the  form  of  a buckler; 

buckler-shaped.  Gray. 

SCUTCH,  v.  a.  [See  Scotch.]  [t.  scutched; 
pp.  scutching,  scutched.] 

1.  To  strike  ; to  whip.  [Local,  Eng.]  Wright. 

2.  To  dress,  or  break  and  separate  the  woody 

part  of,  as  flax.  Loudon. 

SCUTCH,  7i.  A wooden  implement  for  dressing 
flax  and  hemp.  Simmonds. 

SCOTCH 'EON  (skuch'un),  n.  [L.  scutum.]  An 
escutcheon.  — See  Escutcheon.  Sidney. 

SCUTE,  71.  [L.  scutum,  a buckler.] 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  o,  0,  Y,  short;  A,  ?,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


SCUTEL 


1293 


SEA-CARD 


1.  f A small  shield.  Gascoigne. 

2.  A French  gold  coin  worth  $0.80.  Burrill. 

3.  (Zoiil.)  The  scale  of  a reptile.  Brands. 

SCU'TIJL,  n.'  ( Bot .)  A scutellum.  Smart. 

SCU'TEL-LATE,  a.  (Bot.)  Shaped  like  a platter 

or  saucer  ; scutelliform.  Gray. 

SCU'TpL-LAT-pD,  a.  Divided  into  surfaces  re- 
sembling little  plates.  Woodward. 

SCU-TEL'LI-FORM,  a.  [L.  scutella,  a waiter,  and 
forma , form.]  (Bot.)  Shaped  like  a platter  or 
saucer  ; scutellate.  Gray. 

SCU-TEL' LUM,  n.  [L.  scutella,  dim.  of  scutra, 
a'  flat  dish,'  a platter.]  (Bot.)  A shield  with  an 
elevated  rim  formed  by  the  thallus.  Bindley. 

SCU-TI-BRAN'CHI-AN,  n.  (Zoiil.)  One  of  the 
Scutibranchiata.  Eng.  Cyc. 

SCU-Tl-BRAJY-eHI-A'TA,  n.  pi.  ' [L.  scutum,  a 
buckier,  and  branchial,  gills.]  (Zoiil.)  An  order 
of  gasteropodous  mollusks  in  which  the  gills  are 
protected  by  a shield-shaped  shell.  Brande. 

SCU-TI-BRANCII'I-ATF.,  n.  (Zoiil.)  An  animal  of 
the  order  Scutibranchiata.  Wright. 

SCU-Tl F'  f,  R-OUS,  a.  [L.  scutum,  a buckler,  and 
fero,  to  bear.]  Bearing  a buckler.  Blount. 

SCU'TF-FORM,  a.  [L.  scutum,  a buckler,  and 
forma,  form.]  Shaped  like  a buckler.  Johnson. 

SCU'TI-tgF.R,  n.  [L.  scutum,  a buckler,  and  gero, 
to  bear.]  (Zord.)  One  of  a genus  of  chilopods 
with  unequal  legs,  frequenting  houses  and  out- 
buildings. Brande. 

SCU'TI-rEO,  n.  [L.  scutum,  a buckler,  and  pcs, 
pedis,  a foot.]  (Ornitk.)  A bird  having  the  an- 
terior part  of  the  leg  covered  with  segments  of 
unequal  horny  rings,  terminating  on  each  side 
in  a groove.  Brande. 

SCUT'TLE  (skut'tl),  n.  [L.  scutella,  dim.  of  scu- 
tra, a flat  dish,  a platter  ; It.  scodella,  a porrin- 
ger ; Sp.  escudilla  ; Old  Fr.  csculle  ; Fr.  ecuelle. 
— A.  S.  scutel,  a platter;  Dut.  schotel;  Ger. 
schiissel',  Celt,  scutell ; W.  ysgudell.] 

1.  A wide,  shallow  basket,  resembling  a dish 

or  platter  in  form.  Tusser. 

2.  A small  vessel  for  holding  coal ; a coal- 

hod  ; a coal-scuttle.  Simmonds. 

SCUT'TLE,  n.  [Sp . escotillon  •,  Fr.  ecoutille. — 
Perhaps  from  Dut.  schuit,  a boat;  or  schotcl,  a 
porringer.  Skinner.  — More  probably  from  A.  S. 
sccotan,  sccotian,  to  shoot.  Richardson .] 

1.  (Naut.)  A small  hatchway  or  opening  in  a 

vessel’s  deck  or  sides,  or  through  the  coverings 
of  the  hatchways  and  ladder-ways,  and  furnished 
with  a lid  for  closing  it.  Mar.  Diet. 

2.  An  opening  in  a floor,  a roof,  &c.,  like 
the  hatchway  of  a vessel,  and  closing  with  a lid. 

3.  A small  grate  or  lid  closing  an  opening,  as 

in- a wall.  Mortimer. 

SCUT'TLE,  n.  [From  scud,  or  scuddle.)  Act  of 
running  with  affected  haste  : a quick  pace. 

She  went  with  an  easy  scuttle  out  of  the  shop.  Spectator. 

SCUT'TLE,  V.  a.  [i.  SCUTTLED  ; pp.  SCUTTLING, 
scuttled.]  (Mailt.)  To  cut  holes  in,  as  the 
bottom,  sides,  or  decks  of  a vessel,  for  any  pur- 
pose:— to  make  holes  in,  as  a vessel,  in  order 
to  sink  her.  Mar.  Diet.  Dana. 

SCOT'TLE,  v.  n.  To  run  with  affected  precipita- 
tion ; to  scuddle.  Arbuthnot. 

SCUT'TLE— BUTT,  n.  (Mailt.)  A cask,  with  a 
hole  cut  in  its  bilge,  kept  on  deck  to  hold  water 
for  daily  use.  Dana. 

SCUT'TLE-CASK,  n.  A scuttle-butt.  Clarke. 

SCUT'TLE— FISH,  it.  A cuttle-fish.  Wright. 

SCU'TIJM,  n.  . [L.,  a shield.) 

1.  (Roman  Ant.)  A shield  worn  by  the  heavy- 

armed  infantry,  either  oval  or  of  the  shape  of  a 
door.  Win.  Smith. 

2.  (Old  Eng.  Laiv.)  A pent-house;  a lean- 

to  ; an  awning.  Burrill. 

3.  (Ent.)  The  second  section  of  the  upper 

surface  of  a segment.  Westivood. 

SCYE  ' LJE-A,  n.  (Zoiil.)  A genus  of  nudibranchi- 
ate  gasteropods,  having  tree-like  gills  placed  on 
fin-like  processes  on  the  edge  of  the  back.  Baird. 

t SOYLE,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  scylan,  to  separate,  to  with- 
draw.] To  conceal;  to  veil.  Chaucer. 


SCYL-LA'RI-AN,  n.  (Conch.)  One  of  a tribe  of 
niacrurous  decapods,  distinguished  by  a singular 
conformation  of  the  external  antennae.  Eng. Cyc. 

SCYM'J-TAR,  n.  [It .scimitarra;  Sp .cimitarra; 
Fr.  cimetcrre.)  A cutting 
sword  with  a curved  blade, 
used  chiefly  by  the  Asiat- 
ics ; — also  written  cimeter, 
cimitar,  eyinetar,  scimutar,  scimitar,  and  simi- 
tar. Fairliolt. 

SCYPH'  U-LUS,  n.  (Bot.)  The  cup-like  appendage 
from  which  the  seta  of  Ilepaticat  arises,  Ilensloio. 

SCY'PHUS,  it.  [L.,  from  Gr.  <nc6</raj.] 

1.  (Ant.)  A large  drinking-cup  used_  by  the 
lower  orders  of  Etrurians  and  Greeks.  Fairliolt. 

2.  (Bot.)  A kind  of  corona 

or  appendage  of  the  corolla, 
proceeding  from  the  base  of 
the  limb,  and  forming  an 
undivided  cup,  as  in  the 
Narcissus.  Lindley. 

SCYT'A-LF.,  n.  [L.]  A ge- 
nus of  highly  poisonous 
snakes,  having  a stout,  cy- 
lindrical body.  Baircl. 

SCYTHE,  n.  [A.  S.sithe-,  Dut.  Scyphus. 

zeis,  zeissen ; Frs.  sied ; Icel.  sigd.) 

1.  An  instrument  for  mowing,  consisting  of  a 
long  blade  affixed  commonly  at  an  acute  angle 
to  a pole  or  handle,  called  sued,  sneath,  or  snath. 

While  the  milk-maid  singetli  blithe, 

And  the  mower  whets  his  scythe.  Milton. 

Time  is  commonly  drawn  ...  an  old  man,  bald,  winged, 
with  a scythe  and  an  hour-glass.  Peacham. 

ft£jf  Dr.  Johnson  says,  “ This  word  is  variously 
written  by  authors.  1 have  chosen  the  orthography 
[sithe]  which  is  at  once  simple  and  most  agreeable  to 
etymology.” — Several  English  lexicographers  who 
preceded  Johnson,  as  Bailey,  Martin,  &c.,  adopted 
the  orthography  scythe  ; and  this  form,  as  was  stated 
by  Nares  in  1784,  and  by  Smart  in  1841,  still  prevails. 

2.  A curved  blade  affixed  to  the  end  of  the 

axle  of  ancient  war-chariots.  Davis. 

SCYTHE,  V.  a.  [i.  SCYTHED  ; pp.  SCYTHING, 
scythed.]  To  cut  with  a scythe  ; to  mow.  Shah. 

SCYTHED  (slthd),  a.  Armed  with  scythes,  as  a 
war-chariot.  “ The  scythed  car.”  Warton. 

SCYTHE'— LIKE,  a.  Having  the  form  of  a scythe. 

SCYTHE'MAN,  n.  One  who  uses  a scythe;  a 
mower.  “ The  stooping  scytheman.”  Marston. 

SCYTHE'— STONE,  n.  A whetstone  for  sharpen- 
ing scythes.  Simmonds. 

SCYTH'I-AN,  a.  Relating  to  Scythia.  Murray. 

SCYTH'l-AN,  n.  An  inhabitant  of  Scythia.  Ency. 

t SDAIN  (sdan),  n.  Disdain.  Spenser. 

fSDAIN  ) , m 

fSDEIGN  ) Cs(ian)>  v-  a ■ To  disdain.  Spenser. 

SDEATH,  inlerj.  Noting  terror.  Congreve. 

fSDEIGN'FUL  (sdan'ful),  a.  Disdainful.  Spenser. 

SEA  (se),  it.  [A.  S.  see,  se,  stew ; Dut.  zee  ; Frs. 
sc  ; Ger.  see  ; Dan.  si),  sue  ; Sw.  sjn;  Icel.  sjar.) 

1.  A large  bod)'  of  salt  water  communicating 
with  an  ocean  ; as,  “The  Mediterranean  sea ” ; 
“ The  sea  of  Azof”  ; “ The  North  sea.” 

2.  A large  body  of  inland  water  ; a lake. 
“Walking  by  the  sea  of  Galilee.”  Matt.  iv.  18. 

3.  The  ocean  ; the  water;  — opposed  to  land. 

The  Lord  made  heaven,  and  earth,  the  sea,  and  all  that  in 
them  is.  Exod.  xx.  11. 

The  seal  the  seal  the  open  seal 
The  blue,  the  fresh,  the  ever  free!  Procter. 

4.  A wave  ; a billow;  as,  “To  ship  a sea.” 

5.  The  flowing  or  running  of  waves  of  the  sea 
in  a particular  direction,  as  under  the  action  of 
a violent  wind  ; as,  “A  head  sea.” 

With  the  wind  quartering  and  a heavy  sea.  Dana. 

6.  A large  quantity  of  any  thing  liquid. 

“ That  sea  of  blood.”  King  Charles. 

7.  Any  thing  rough  and  tempestuous.  “A 

troubled  sea  of  passion.”  Milton. 

At  sea,  in  the  open  sea  out  of  sight  of  land.  “ When 
two  vessels  speak  at  sea."  Dana.  — Half  seas  over, 
half  drunk.  Spectator. — The  hiyh  seas,  the  open 
ocean.  — Molten  sea,  (Bible.)  a large  brazen  reservoir 
in  the  court  of  Solomon’s  temple,  containing  16,000  or 
24,000  gallons.  Kitto. 

& g“  Sea  is  much  used  in  composition. 

Syn.  — See  Ocean. 


SEA'— Ad-DJR,  n.  (Ich.)  An  acanlhoptcrygious 
fish,  of  an  elongated  and  slender  form,  having 
fifteen  spines  on  the  back,  and  a very  long  snout ; 
fifteen-spined  stickleback  ; Gastcrosteus  spina- 
chia  of  Linnteus.  Yarrell. 

SEA'— AlR,  n.  The  air  from,  or  near,  the  sea.  Mead. 

SEA— A-NEM'O-Np,  n.  (Zoiil.)  A polype  of  the 
genus  Actinia.  — See  Actinia.  Brande. 

SEA'— APE,  n.  (Ich.)  A species  of  shark  ; Carct- 
charias  vu/pes  of  Cuvier  ; — called  also  fox- 
shark,  thresher,  and  sea-fox.  Yarrell. 

SEA'— bANK,-ji.  1.  The  sea-shore.  Sha/c. 

2.  A bank  or  mole  to  prevent  encroachment 
of  the  sea.  Todd. 

SEA'— BAR,  n.  The  common  tern.  Yarrell. 

SEA'— BAR-ROW,  ji.  The  sea-pincushion.  G.Mag. 

SEA'— BAT,  n.  A sort  of  flying-fish.  Cotgrave. 

SEA'— BATHED  (se'bathd),  a.  Bathed  or  dipped 
in  the  sea.  “ Sea-bathed  Hesperus.”  Sandys. 

SEA'— BEACH,  n.  The  shore  of  the  sea.  Maunder. 

SEA'— BEAR,  n.  (Zoiil.)  1.  The  polar  or  white 
bear  ; Frsus  maritimus  of  Linnccus,  or  Tha- 
larctos  maritimus  of  Gray.  Eng.  Cyc. 

2.  A name  given  to  several  species  of  seals  of 
the  genus  Arctocephalus,  especially  to  Arcto- 
cephalus  ursinus  ; ursine  seal.  Eng.  Cyc. 

SEA'BEARD,  n.  (Bot.)  A marine  plant  growing 
in  dense  tufts  ; rock-conferva;  Conferva  rupcs- 
tris.  Clarke. 

SEA'-BEAST,  n.  An  animal  or  monster  of  the 
sea.  “ That  sea-beast,  Leviathan.”  Milton. 

SEA  —BEAT  (se  bet),  l Beaten  or  dashed 

SEA'— BEAT-EN  (se'bet-tn),  > by  the  waves  of  the 
sea.  “ Ships  . . . extremely  sea-beaten.”  Halt. 

SEA'— BIRD,  n.  A bird  that  frequents  the  sea. 

SEA'— BLUB-BpR,  il.  A marine  insect.  Pennant. 


SEA'BOARD,  ad.  Towards  the  sea.  Todd. 

SEA'BOARD,  n.  The  sea-coast;  the  country  bor- 
dering on  the  sea.  Qu.  Rev. 

SEA'BOARD,  a.  Bordering  on  the  sea.  Mason. 

SEA'— BOAT,  n.  (Naut.)  A term  applied  to  a ves- 
sel as  respects  her  qualities  in  bad  weather. 
“ Their  ships  being  bad  sea-boats.”  Brande. 

SEA'BORD,  a.  Seaboard.  Spenser. 

SEA'—  BOR-D£R-ING,  a.  Bordering  on  the  sea  ; 


sea-board.  “ Sea-bordering  shores.”  Drayton. 

SEA'— BORN,  a.  1.  Born  of,  or  produced  by,  the 
sea.  “ Neptune  and  his  sea-born  niece.”  Waller. 

2.  Born  at  sea.  Clarke. 

SEA'-BORNE,  a.  Wafted  or  borne  upon,  or  from, 
the  sea.  “ Sea-borne  breezes.”  Goldsmith. 

SEA'BOUND,  a.  Bounded  by  the  sea.  Sandys. 

SEA'— BOUND- J)D,  a.  Bounded  by  the  sea. 

SEA'— BOY,  il.  A boy  employed  on  shipboard.  Slink. 

SEA'— BREACH,  it.  An  irruption  of  the  sea  by 
breaking  the  banks.  L’ Estrange. 

SEA'-BREAM,  il.  (Ich.)  An  acanthopterygious, 
marine  fish,  having  a dark  patch  on  each  side  of 
the  body  near  the  head  ; Pagellus  centrodnntus 
of  Cuvier  ; — also  called  gilt-head,  and  red  gilt- 
head.  Yarrell. 

SEA'-BRED,  a.  Bred  or  trained  upon,  or  for,  the 
sea.  Congreve. 

SEA'— BREEZE  (se'brez),  n.  A breeze  or  wind 
blowing  from  the  sea.  Mortimer. 

SEA'— BUILT  (se'bilt),  a.  1.  Built  for  the  sea. 

The  sea-built  forts  in  dreadful  order  move.  Dpi/ den. 

2.  Built  on  the  sea.  Clarke. 

SEA'-CAB-BA£E,  it.  (Bot.)  Sea-kale;  Crambe 
maritima>  — See  Sea-kale.  Miller. 

SEA'-CALF  (sS'kaf),  n.  (Zoid.)  The  common  seal ; 
Caloccphalus  vitulinus  of  Cuvier.  Eng.  Cyc. 

SEA'— CAP,  n.  A cap  worn  on  shipboard.  Shak. 

SEA '-CAP-TAIN,  n.  A master  of  a sea-vessel. 

SEA'— CARD,  n.  The  card  of  the  mariner’s  com- 
pass.— See  Card.  Bp.  Morton. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  sdN ; BULL,  BUR,  RLlLE.  — 9,  9,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  £ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


1294 


SEA-LEECH 


SEA-CARP 

SEA'— CARP,  n.  (Ich.)  A spotted  fish  that  lives 
among  rocks.  Johnson. 

SEA'— CHANGE,  n.  Change  effected  by  the  sea. 
Nothing  of  hjm  that  (loth  fade, 

But  doth  suffer  a sea-change.  Shak. 

SEA’— CHART,  Jt.  A map  of  the  sea,  its  coasts, 
islands,  &c.  Watts. 

SEA'— CHICK-WEED,  n.  ( Bot .)  Sea-sandwort; 
Honkenya  peploidcs.  Gray. 

SEA'— CHIEF,  n.  A sea-captain.  Blackmore. 

SEA'-CIR-CLED  (se'si'r-kld),  o.  Surrounded  by 
the  sea  ; sea-girt.  Sandys. 

SEA'-CLIFF,  n.  A cliff  bordering  on  the  sea; 
— particularly  an  inland  cliff,  from  which  the 
waters  have  retreated  in  consequence  of  the 
elevation  of  the  intervening  land.  Lyell. 

SEA'— COAL,  n.  Mineral  coal;  pit-coal;  — so 
called  because  carried  to  London  by  sea.  Shak. 

SEA'— COAST  (se'kost),  n.  The  coast  or  shore  of 
the  sea.  “ The  southern  sea-coast.”  Bryant. 

SEA'— COB,  n.  ( Ornith .)  A sea-gull.  Johnson. 

SEA'— COLE-WORT  (-wiirt),  n.  (Bot.)  Sea-cab- 
bage ; sea-kale  ; Crambe  maritima.  ' Johnson. 

SEA'— COM-PASS  (se'kum-pjs),  n.  The  mariner’s 
compass.  Camden. 

SEA'— COOT,  n.  (Ornith.)  The  coot.  Johnson. 

SEA'— COR' MO-RANT,  n.  (Ornith.)  A sea-crow. 

Johnson. 

SEA'— COW,  n.  (Zoul.)  1.  The  walrus,  or  morse  ; 
Trichechus  Rosmarus  ; — also  called  sea-horse. 

2.  A name  applied  to  the  cetaceous  animals 
of  the  genus  Manatus  ; the  manatee.  Eng.  Cyc. 

SEA'— CRAB,  n.  A maritime  shell-fish.  Goldsmith. 

SEA'-CRAW-FISH,  n.  (Zo- 

ol.)  A crustacean  of 
the  genus  Palinurus,  re- 
markable for  the  hard- 
ness of  its  crust.  The 
common  sea-crawfish,  or 
spiny  lobster  (Palinurus 
vulgaris),  is  in  common 
use  as  a wholesome  arti- 
cle Of  food.  Enq.  Cl/C.  Common  sen-crawfish 

y if  (Palinurus  vulgaris). 

SEA’— CROw  (se'kro),  n.  (Ornith.)  A species  of 
gull ; laughing  gull ; mire-crow  ; Xenia  ridi- 
bundus.  Eng.  Cyc. 

SEA'— CUR-R^NT,  n.  A current  in  the  sea. 

SEA'— DAF'FO-DlL,  n.  (Bot.)  A hardy,  bulbous 
plant ; Pancratium  maritimnm.  Crabb. 

SEA'— DF/I-TY,  n.  A god  of  the  sea.  Warburton. 

SEA'— DEV-IL,  n.  (Ich.)  1.  A large,  cartilaginous, 
marine  fish  of  the  family  Rat  idee,  or  rays,  and 
genus  Cephaloptera;  horned  ray.  Brande. 

2.  An  acanthopterygious  fish  without  scales  ; 
Lophius  piscatonus ; — also  called  angler,  and 
fishing-frog.  Eng.  Cyc. 

SEA'— DOG,  it.  1.  A marine  animal,  — perhaps 
the  shark.  “ Fierce  sea-dogs.”  Roscommon. 

2.  The  common  seal ; sea-calf.  R.  Hamilton. 

SEA'— DOT-TJJR-pL,  n.  (Ornith.)  A bird  of  the 
family  Charadriadte,  or  plovers  ; turnstone  ; 
Strepsilus  interpres  of  Illiger,  or  Tringa  inter- 
pres  of  Gmelin.  Eng.  Cyc. 

SEA'— DRAG-ON,  n.  [A.  S.  see-draca .] 

1.  A marine  fish  ; a species  of  Cottus.  Hill. 

2.  A marine  monster,  somewhat  resembling 

an  alligator,  and  having  two  legs  terminating  in 
hoofs,  said  to  have  been  caught  on  the  coast  of 
England  in  the  middle  of  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury. Gent.  Mag. 

SEA'— DRAKE,  n.  The  sea-cormorant.  Johnson. 

SEA'— DUCK,  n.  (Ornith.)  A duck  which  feeds 
for  the  most  part  in  salt  water,  as  distinguished 
from  a.  pond-duck.  Eng.  Cyc. 

SEA'— EA-GLE,  n.  1.  (Ornith.)  A large  species 
of  eagle  ; the  bald  or  white-headed  eagle  ; Hali- 
cetus  leucocephalus.  Eng.  Cyc.  Wilson. 

2.  (Ich.)  A species  of  ray ; the  eagle  ray ; 
Myliobatis  aquila.  Hill. 

SEA’— EAR,  n.  (Zoiil.)  A gasteropodous  mollusk 
of  the  family  Ilaliotida:,  so  named  in  allusion  to 


its  shell,  which  resembles  an  ear  in  form ; — 
also  called  ear-shell.  • Eng.  Ci/c. 

SEA'-EEL,  n.  The  conger-eel.  Johnson. 

SEA'— EGG,  n.  (Zoiil.)  A marine  radiated  animal ; 
the  sea-urchin.  — See  Sea-urchin.  Eng.  Cyc. 

SEA— EL'^-PH  ANT,  n. 

(Zoiil.)  A very  large 
species  of  seal,  the 
male  of  which  has  a 
proboscis ; Macrorhi- 
nus  proboscideus  ; — 
also  called  elephant- 
seal,  and  bottle-nose. 

Eng.  Cyc. 

SEA'-PN-CIR'CLED  (-kid),  a.  Surrounded  by  the 

■ sea  ; sea-girt.  Thomson. 

SEA'— pN-GAIjrE'Mf  NT,  n.  A naval  battle. 

SEA'fAr-ER,  n.  A mariner ; a seaman ; a sailor. 

Some  mean  seafarer  in  pursuit  of  gain.  Pope. 

Syn.  — See  Sailor. 

SEA'fAr-ING,  a.  Following,  or  pertaining  to,  the 
occupation  of  a seaman.  Arbuthnot. 

SEA'— FEN-NgL,  n.  (Bot.)  Samphire.  Johnson. 

SEA'— FlGHT  (se'fit),  n.  A battle  on  the  sea  or 
between  vessels  ; a naval  battle.  Bacon. 

SEA'— FISH,  n.  A fish  living  in  the  sea  or  in  salt 
water  ; a marine  fish.  Swift. 

SEA'— FOAM,  n.  (Min.)  Sea-froth.  Simmonds. 

SEA'— FOWL,  n.  A bird  that  lives  on  sea-coasts 
and  procures  its  food  from  the  sea ; a marine 
bird.  Derhain. 

SEA'— FOX,  n.  (Ich.)  A species  of  shark ; the 
sea-ape  ; — so  called  from  the  extraordinary 
length  of  its  tail.  Hill.  Eng.  Cyc. 

SEA'— FROTH,  n.  (Min.)  A dull-white,  opaque, 
hydrous  silicate  of  magnesia,  of  which  bowls  of 
tobacco-pipes  are  made  ; meerschaum.  Eng.  Cyc. 

SEA'— GA^E,  n.  The  depth  of  water  that  a vessel 
draws.  Smart. 

SEA'-GAR-LAND,  n.  An  herb.  Todd. 

SEA'— GIR-DLE  (se'gTr-dl),  n.  A kind  of  marine 
plant.  Johnson. 

SEA'— GIRT,  a.  Girded  or  encircled  by  the  sea. 
“Sea-girt  Ithaca.”  Milton. 

SEA'— GOD,  n.  A fabulous  deity  of  the  sea,  as 
Neptune  ; a marine  deity.  Drayton. 

SEA'— GOD-DpSS,  ii.  A fabulous  female  deity  of 
the  sea  ; a marine  goddess.  Pope. 

SEA'— GOWN,  n.  A short-sleeved  gown  or  gar- 
ment worn  by  mariners.  Shak. 

SEA'— GRASS,  ii.  (Bot.)  A plant  growing  on  the 
sea-shore.  Johnson. 

SEA'— GREEN,  a.  Of  the  color  of  the  water  of  the 
sea ; of  a faint  bluish  green.  Pope. 

SEA'— GREEN,  n.  1.  The  color  of  the  sea  ; faint 
bluish-green.  Simmonds. 

2.  (Bot.)  A plant ; saxifrage.  Johnson. 

SEA'— GULL,  n.  (Ornith.)  Amarine  bird  of  the 
family  Laridce  ; a gull ; a sea-mew.  Eng.  Cyc. 

SE  fill,  n.  (Ant.)  A Hebrew  measure  containing 
G61.92  Parisian  cubic  inches.  Kitto. 

SEA'— HARE,  Jt.  (Zoiil.)  A marine,  tectibranchi- 
ate  gasteropod  of  the  genus  Aplysia ; — so 
called  from  its  long  tentacles,  which  cause  its 
head  to  resemble  that  of  a hare.  Brande.  Crabb. 

SEA'— HEATH,  n.  (Bot.)  The  name  of  evergreen, 
herbaceous  plants  of  the  genus  Frankenia, 
growing  on  salt-marshes  and  sca-coasts.  Loudon. 

SEA'— HEDGE-HOG,  ii.  The  sea-urchin,  or  sea- 
egg.  — See  Sea-urchin.  Carew. 

SEA'— HEN,  w.  (Ornith.)  A sea-bird;  the  com- 
mon guillemot ; Uria  troile.  Wright. 

SEA'— HOG,  Jt.  (Zoiil.)  The  porpoise.  Johnson. 

SEA'— 1IOL-LY,  Jt.  (Bot.)  An  evergreen,  herba- 
ceous, umbelliferous  plant,  with  a branched  and 
leafy  stem,  growing  on  the  sea-shore  ; Eryn- 
gium  maritimum.  Loudon. 

SEA'— HOLM,  Jt.  1.  A small,  uninhabited  island 
in  the  sea.  Johnson. 

2.  (Bot.)  The  sea-holly.  Carew. 


SEA'— HORSE,  jt.  1.  (Zoiil.)  The  walrus  or  morse; 
sea-cow;  Trichechus  Rosmarus.  Eng.  Cyc. 

2.  (Ich.)  A fish,  allied  to  the  pipe-fish,  having 
a prehensile  tail,  and  swimming  in  a vertical 
position  ; Hippocampus  brevirostris.  Yarrell. 

Ilf  ‘ By  sea-horse  Dryden  means  probably  the  hip- 
popotamus. Johnson. 

Sea-horses  floundering  in  the  slimy  mud.  Dnjden. 

SEA'— I-DOL,  jt.  An  idol  representing  a god  of 
the  sea.  Milton. 

SEA'— IN-SECT,  jt.  A marine  insect.  Cook. 

SEA'— KALE,  Jt.  (Bot.)  A cruciferous,  tuberous- 
rooted  plant,  growing  on  sandy  shores,  the 
shoots  and  leaf-stalks  of  which  are  eaten  as 
greens  ; sea-colewort  ; sea-cabbage  ; Crambe 
maritima.  Loudon. 

SEA'— KING,  Jt.  An  ancient  Danish  or  Norwegian 
pirate.— See  Viking.  Laing. 

SEAL  (sel),  Jt.  [L.  sigillum,  a little  image  or 
figure,  a seal,  dim.  of  signum,  a sign,  a figure  or 
image  ; It.  sigillo,  a seal ; Sp.  sigilo,  scllo  ; Fr. 
sceau.  — A.  S.  sigcl,  sigl,  a neck-ornament,  a 
brooch  or  jewel ; Dut.  zegel,  a seal ; Ger .siegel; 
Dan.  segl,  seigl ; Sw.  si  gill.) 

1.  A piece  of  precious  stone,  metal,  or  other 

hard  substance,  with  an  inscription  engraved  on 
it,  used  for  making  an  impression  on  some  soft 
substance,  as  on  wax  that  closes  letters  or  is 
affixed  to  iegal  instruments  in  token  of  perform- 
ance or  of  authenticity.  Locke.  Burrill. 

2.  Wax  affixed  to  a letter  or  instrument,  and 
impressed  with  a seal. 

Till  thou  canst  rail  the  seal  from  off  my  bond.  Shak. 

Solyman  showed  him  his  own  letters,  asking  him  ...  if  he 
knew  not  that  seal.  Knolle s. 

3.  The  wax,  wafer,  or  other  adhesive  sub- 
stance which  closes  a letter  or  other  paper. 

4.  That  which  confirms  or  secures ; confir- 
mation ; authentication;  attestation. 

The  prize  is  no  otherwise  valued  than  as  the  mark  and 
seal  of  victory.  Bp.  Horsley. 

The  seal  of  mine  apostleshipare  j-e  in  the  Lord.  ICor.  ix.  2. 

Great  seal.  See  GREAT-SEAL.  — Privy  seal.  See 
Privy. 

SEAL,  7i.  [A.  S.  seol\ 

Dan.  sail ; Sw.  sjcil ; 

Icel.  selr.']  (Zoul.)  A 
marine,  carnivorous, 
mammiferous  quad- 
ruped of  the  family 
Phocida,  found  chief- 
ly in  high  latitudes. 

Eiig.  Cijc.  Seal. 

XS^  Seals  are  characterized  by  their  limbs  being 
short,  and  so  enveloped  in  skin  as  to  be  more  like  fins 
than  legs.  Their  neck  is  very  short,  and  their  head 
resembles  that  of  a dog.  They  have  the  power  of 
opening  and  closing  the  nostrils  at  pleasure.  Their 
body  is  elongated  and  fusiform,  and  the  tail  very 
short.  The  soles  of  the  feet  are  hairy,  and  they  have 
simple  toes  armed  with  sharp  claws.  Baird. 

SEAL  (sel),  V.  a.  [ i . SEALED  ; pp.  SEALING, 

SEALED.] 

1.  To  fasten  or  close  with  a seal. 

I have  seen  her  . . . take  forth  paper,  fold  it,  write  upon ’t, 
and  afterwards  seal  it.  Shak. 

A book  . . . sealed  with  seven  seals.  Rev.  v.  1. 

2.  To  affix  a seal  to,  as  a mark  of  authentici- 
ty. “ To  seal  such  writs.”  Bouvicr. 

3.  To  confirm  ; to  ratify.  Bom.  xv.  28. 

With  my  hand  I seal  our  true  hearts’  love.  Shak. 

4.  To  make  fast ; to  fasten  ; to  secure. 

They  went  and  made  the  sepulchre  sure,  sealing  the  stone 
and  setting  a watch.  Halt,  xxvii.  (JG. 

5.  To  close;  to  shut;  — often  followed  by  up. 

Seal  up  your  lips,  and  give  no  words.  Shak. 

Now  pleasing  sleep  hath  sealed  each  mortal  eye.  Pope. 

6.  To  mark  with  a stamp,  as  proof  of  legal 
size,  weight,  or  quality  ; as,  “ To  seal  measures.” 

7.  (Carp.)  To  fasten  a piece  of  wood  or  iron 
to,  as  to  a wall,  for  staples,  hinges,  &c.  Wright. 

SEAL  (sel),  v.  n.  To  fix  a seal.  Shak. 

SEA'-LAN-GUAGE,  jj.  The  language  of  seamen  ; 
nautical  phraseology.  Chambers. 

SEA'— LARK,  n.  (Ornith.)  A bird  of  the  family 
Charadriadte,  or  plovers,  allied  to  the  dotterel 
and  the  sand-piper.  Eng.  Cyc. 

SEA'— LEECH,  Jt.  (Zoiil.)  A leech  inhabiting  the 

sea.  Pennant. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  £,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  fAr,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


SEA-LEGS 


1295 


SEARCH 


SEA'-LEG^S,  n.  pi.  Ability  to  walk  on  the  deck  of 
a vessel  when  pitching  or  rolling.  Wright. 


SEA'-LEM-ON,  n.  (Zoo/.)  A marine,  gasteropo- 
dous  niollusk  of  the  genus  Dons,  having  a skin 
resembling  the  rind  of  a lemon.  Baird. 

SEA'— LEOP-A  RD,  n.  (Zoiil.)  A spotted  seal  found 
in  the 
land  Is 
rhynch 
DUS.  E, 

SEAL'JJF 
who  se 

SEA'-LET-TER,  n.  A document  which  neutral 
vessels  arc  bound  to  carry  in  time  of  war,  as  an 
evidence  of  nationality,  and  for  the  purpose  of 
protection  against  belligerent  powers.  Burrill. 

SEA'— LIFE,  n.  The  life  of  seamen.  Johnson. 

SEA'- LIKE,  a.  Resembling  the  sea.  Thomson. 

SEAL'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  seals. 

2.  The  act  or  the  business  of  hunting  and 
catching  seals,  and  curing  their  skins. Simmonds. 

3.  (Arch.)  Act  of  fixing  a piece  of  wood  or 
iron  to  a wall  for  staples,  hinges,  &c.  Wright. 


SEAL'ING— VOY'A<?E,  n.  A voyage  for  the  pur- 
pose of  taking  seals.  Wright. 


SEAL'ING— WAX,  1 l.  Wax  for  sealing  letters,  le- 
gal instruments,  &c.  Boyle. 

The  best  red  sealing-wax  is  made  tu-  melting  four  pounds 
of  light-colored  or  bleached  shell-lac  with  one  pound  of  Ven- 
ice turpentine  and  three  pounds  of  Chinese  vermilion. 

Tomlinson. 


SEA'— LI-ON,  n.  (Zoiil.)  A 
name  given  to  several 
large  species  of  seals, 
but  particularly  to  those 
having  a mane  on  the 
neck  of  the  male,  as  the 
Platyrhynchus  Leoninus. 

Robt.  Hamilton. 


SEA'-LOUSE,  n.  (Zool.)  Sea-lion. 

The  Molucca  crab ; Pediculus  marinus. Hamilton. 
SEAL'— SKIN,  n.  The  skin  of  a seal.  Johnson. 


SEAM  (sem),  n.  [A.  S.  scam  ; Hut.  zoom  ; Ger. 
saum  ; Dan.  som  ; Sw.  sum ; Icel.  saumri] 

1.  The  line  or  suture  formed  by  sewing  to- 
gether two  edges  of  cloth  or  other  material. 

The  coat  was  without  scam , woven  from  the  top  through- 
out. John  xix.  23. 

2.  A line  of  juncture  ; a suture.  Smart. 

3.  A long  crevice  or  fissure.  Clarke. 

4.  A scar  ; a cicatrix.  Johnson. 

5.  The  space  between  the  edges  of  planks  in 

a vessel’s  deck  or  sides.  Dryden. 

6.  (Geol.  & Mining.)  A term  applied  to  any 

thin  layer  or  bed,  especially  to  a thin  layer  or 
stratum  separating  thicker  strata.  Ansted. 

SEAM,  n.  [A.  S.  seam  a horse-load;  a load.] 

1.  A measure  of  grain  containing  eight  bush- 
els ; a quarter.  Piers  Plouhman. 

XOf  Still  used  in  some  pints  of  England.  Ray. 

2.  A horse-load  of  timber,  being  about  three 

hundred  weight.  [England.]  Simmonds. 

Seam  of  glass,  in  England,  120  lbs.,  or  24  stone  of 
five  lbs.  Simmonds. 

SEAM  (sent),  V.  a.  [t.  SEAMED  ; pp.  SEAMING, 
SEAMED.] 

1.  To  join  together  by  a seam.  Johnson. 

2.  To  mark  with  a cicatrix  ; to  scar.  “ Seamed 

o’er  with  wounds.”  Pope. 

SEAM,  n.  [A.  S.  seim  ; Frs.  siama  ; Dut.  zeem  ; 
W.  saim.\  Hog’s  lard  ; fat ; grease.  Shah. 

ftjT  Still  used  in  some  parts  of  England.  Grose. 

SEA 'MAID,  n.  1.  A mermaid.  Shah. 

2.  A water-nymph.  P.  Fletcher. 

SEA'— MALL,  n.  A gull ; a sea-mew.  Ray. 

SEA'MAN,  n. ; pi.  seamen.  1.  One  who  practises 
navigation  at  sea ; a mariner  ; a sailor.  Dryden. 

2.  A merman ; the  male  of  the  mermaid. 
“ Mermaids  or  seamen."  [it.]  Locke. 

SEA'MAN— LIKE,  a.  Like  a skilful  seaman. Clarke. 


SEA' MAN-SHIP,  n.  The  skill  of  a good  seaman  ; 

skill  in  navigation.  Burke. 

+ SEA'— MARGE,  n.  The  shore  of  the  sea.  Shak. 


SEA'— MARK,  n.  A point  of  land,  or  an  object  on 
land,  as  a light-house,  to  assist  mariners  in  di- 
recting their  course.  Bacon. 

SEAM'— BLAST,  n.  A blast  made  by  filling  with 
powder  the  seams  or  crevices  made  by  a previ- 
ous drill-blast.  Ila/e. 

SEA'— MELL,  n.  A sea-mew  ; a gull.  Shak. 

SEA'MEW  (se'mu),  n.  (Ornith.)  A marine  bird 
of  the  family  Laridm ; a gull.  Eng.  Cyc. 

SEA'— MILE,  n.  The  marine  geographical  mile, 
being  the  sixtieth  part  of  a degree  of  latitude  or 
of  a great  circle  of  the  sphere.  Hutton. 

SEA'-MILK-WORT  (-wiirt),  n.  (Bot.)  A low, 
leafy,  fleshy  perennial  growing  on  the  sea- 
shore ; Glaux  maritima.  Gray. 

SEAM' jNG— LACE,  n.  Lace  used  by  coach-trim- 
mers to  cover  seams  and  edges.  Simmonds. 

SEAM'LJJSS  (sem'Ies),  a.  Having  no  seam.  Hall. 

SEA'— MON-STJpR,  n.  A marine  monster.  Milton. 


SEA'-PASS,  n.  A passport  carried  by  a merchant- 
vessel  in  time  of  war.  — See  Passport. 

SEA'-PEN,  n.  A compound  eight-armed  polype 
resembling  a quill.  Owen. 

SEA'— PERCH,  n.  (Ich.)  A perch  which  lives  in 
salt  water ; a marine  perch.  Pennant. 

SEA'— PHEAfj- ANT,  n.  (Ornith.)  The  pin-tail 
duck  ; DajUa  caudacuta.  Eng.  Cyc. 

SEA'— PIE,  n.  1.  (Ornith.)  A bird  of  the  family 
Charadriadce,  or  plovers,  living  on  the  sea-shore  ; 
oyster-catcher;  HcematopuS ostralegus.  Yarrell. 

2.  Meat  stewed  in  a saucepan  with  a cover  or 
crust  of  dough.  Simmonds. 

SEA'— PIECE  (se'pes),  n.  A picture  representing 
a scene  at  sea ; a marine  view.  Addison. 

SEA'— PIKE,  n.  (Ich.)  A marine  fish  ; sea-needle  ; 
garfish ; Belone  vulgaris  of  Cuvier.  Yarrell. 

SEA'— PIN'CUSH-ION,  n.  The  egg  of  the  skate, 
a fish  of  the  genus  Raia.  Gent.  Mag. 


SEA'— MOSS,  n.  Coral.  Drayton. 

SEA'-MOUSE,  n.  (Zoul.)  A su- 
perbly colored,  oval,  dorsibranchi- 
ate,  marine  anellidan ; Ilalithca 
acideata  of  Savigny,  or  Aphrodita 
acu/cata  of  Linmcus.  Eng.  Cyc. 

SEAM'-PRESS-ER,  n.  (Agric.)  An 
implement,  consisting  of  two  cyl- 
inders, for  pressing  earth  newly 
turned  up  by  the  plough. 


SEA'— PINK,  n.  (Bot.)  The  name  of  herbs  or 
under-shrubs  of  the  family  Plumbaginacecc, 
growing  near  the  sea.  Baird. 

SEA'— PLANT,  n.  A plant  which  grows  in  the 
sea  or  salt-water  ; a marine  plant.  Gent.  Mag. 

SEA'— POOL,  n.  A lake  of  salt  water.  Spenser. 

SEA'— POR'CU-PInE,  n.  A sea-urchin.  Goldsmith. 

SEA'PORT,  n.  A port  on  the  sea-coast.  Shak. 

SEA'POY  (se'pbi),  n.  See  Sepoy. 


Simmonds.  Sea-mouse. 

SEAM'— RENT,  n.  The  separation  or  breaking  of 
a seam  ; a breach  of  stitches.  Johnson. 

SEAM'— RENT,  a.  Having  ripped  clothes;  ragged. 

“ Poor,  seam-rent  fellows.”  B.  Jonson. 

||  SEAM'STIJR,  n.  A seamstress.  Gauden. 

||  SEAM'STRESS  (sem'stres)  [sem'stres,  S.  II".  J. 
F.  Ja.  Sm. ; sem'stres,  P.  E.  Wr.  I Vb.\,  n.  A 
woman  whose  occupation  it  is  to  sew;  — written 
also  sempstress,  and  semstress.  Clcaveland. 

SEA'— MUD,  n.  A rich  saline  deposit  from  salt 
marshes  and  sea-shores.  Farm.  Ency. 

SEA'— MULE,  n.  A sea-mell  ; a sea-mew.  Smart. 


SEA'— PURS'LANE,  n.  (Bot.)  A prostrate  mari- 
time herb  with  a succulent  stem,  growing  on  the 
sea-coast  ; Scsuvium  portulacastrum.  Gray. 

SEA'— ClUAKE,  n.  A concussion,  or  sudden  and 
violent  agitation,  of  the  ocean.  Goldsmith. 

SEAR  (ser),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  searian. ] [t.  seared  ; 

pp.  SEARING,  SEARED.] 

1.  To  dry;  to  wither.  Shak. 

2.  To  burn  the  surface  of;  to  cauterize. 

I am  scared  with  burning  steel.  Rowe. 

To  sear  up,  to  close  by  cauterizing.  Temple. 

SEAR  (ser),  a.  Dry;  withered;  no  longer  green. 
“ The  sear,  the  yellow  leaf.”  Shak. 


SEAM'Y,  a.  Having  or  showing  a seam.  Shak. 

SEAN  (sen),  n.  A net ; a seine.  Sandys. 

SEA'— N’A-VEL,  n.  A small  shell-fish  resembling 
a navel.  Scott. 

SEA'-NA-VEL-WORT  (-na-vl-wurt),  n.  (Bot.)  A 
Syrian  herb  of  the  genus  Androsace,  by  which 
great  cures  are  said  to  be  performed.  Johnson. 

SE'ANCE,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  sessio  ; sedco,  to  sit.] 
A session  ; a sitting.  R.  Owen. 

SEA'— NEE-DLE,  n.  A marine  fish  allied  to  the 
pike  ; sea-pike  ; gar-fish  ; Esox  belone  of  Lin- 
naeus, or  Belone  vulgaris  of  Cuvier.  Eng.  Cyc. 

SEA'— NET-TI.E,  n.  (Zoiil.)  A marine,  inverte- 
brate, radiate  animal  of  the  class  Acaleplne, 
some  species,  at  least,  of  which  possess  the  pow- 
er of  stinging.  Eng.  Cyc. 

SEAN'NA-GHY,  n.  See  Sennachy. 

SEA'— NURSED  (se'nurst),  a.  Nursed  or  trained 
at  sea  or  by  the  sea.  Smart. 

SEA'— NYMPH,  n.  A nymph  or  goddess  of  the 
sea  ; a marine  nymph.  Broome. 

SEA'— ON-ION  (se'un-yun),  n.  (Bot.)  A bulbous 
plant  growing  on  certain  sea-coasts  ; a species 
of  squill ; Scilla  maritima.  Ainsicorth. 

SEA'— OOZE  (se'oz),  n.  The  soft  mud  found  on 
or  near  the  sea-shore.  Mortimer. 


SEA'— ORB,  n.  (Ich.)  A marine  fish  almost  round, 
with  a mouth  like  that  of  a frog.  Goldsmith. 


SEA'-OT-TF,R,  n.  (Zool.) 

A species  of  otter  found, 
in  the  Northern  Pacific, 
having  a short  tail,  and 
valued  for  its  fur ; Enhy- 
dra  marina ; — called  also 
sea-beaver.  Eng.  Cyc. 

SEA'— OWL,  n.  (Ich.)  The  lump-fish  or  lump- 
sucker ; Cyclopterus  lumpus.  ' Eng.  Cyc. 


SEA'-PAD,  n.  The  star-fish.  Johnson. 


SEA'— PAN-TH^R,  n.  A fish  like  a lamprey. 

Johnson. 


SEA'— RA-VEN  (se'ra-vn),  n.  A bird.  Goldsmith. 

SEAROE  (sers),  v.  a.  [Fr.  sasser.)  To  sift.  “ Fine- 
ly searced  powder  of  alabaster.”  [it.]  Boyle. 

SEARCE  (sers),  n.  [Fr.  sas.]  A sieve  ; a bolter; 

— written  also  sarse.  [it.]  Sherwood. 

SEAR^'ER,  n.  One  who  sifts,  [r.]  Cotgrave. 

SEARCH  (serch),  v.  a.  [It.  circare ; Fr.  chercheri] 
[t.  SEARCHED;  pp.  SEARCHING,  SEARCHED.] 

1.  To  look  over,  through,  or  into,  in  order  to 
find  something;  to  explore  ; to  examine. 

That  they  may  seaj-ch  the  land  of  Canaan.  JjTum.  xiii.  2. 

Search  the  Scriptures;  for  in  them  ye  think  ye  have  eter- 
nal life.  John  v.  39. 

Search  others  for  their  virtues,  and  thyself  for  thy  vices. 

Tulle  r. 

2.  To  seek  ; to  hunt;  to  inquire  for. 

Enough  is  left  besides  to  search  and  know.  Milton. 

3.  To  probe,  as  a wound.  Shak. 

To  search  out,  to  find  by  seeking.  “ To  search  out 

truth.”  Watts. 

gyn.  — To  search,  to  explore,  and  to  examine,  all 
denote  the  looking  upon  places  or  objects  in  order  to 
become  acquainted  with  them.  A person  searches  for 
objects  that  are  hidden  or  removed  to  a certain  dis- 
tance, or  for  curiosities  ; be  explores  those  that  are 
unknown,  or  distant  countries  ; and  be  examines  those 
that  are  near.  A botanist  searches  for  rare  plants  ; a 
traveller  explores  unknown  regions  ; an  author  exam- 
ines books,  or  investigates  subjects  ; a person  seeks 
whatever  he  wishes  to  find  ; a boy  seeks  birds’  nests. 

— See  Examination. 

SEARCH  (serch),  v.  n.  1.  To  make  search;  to 
seek.  “ Once  more  search  with  me.”  Shak. 

2.  To  make  inquiry  ; to  inquire. 

They  have  once  with  care  sifted  the  matter,  and  searched 
into  alt  the  particulars.  Locke. 

SEARCH  (serch),  n.  The  act  of  searching;  a 
seeking  or  looking  for;  examination;  investi- 
gation ; research  ; inquiry  ; quest ; pursuit;  ex- 
ploration. 

The  orb  he  ronnied 

With  narrow  search  and  with  inspection  deep.  Milton. 

If  zealous  love  should  go  in  search  of  virtue. 

Where  should  he  find  it  purer  than  in  Blanche?  Shak. 

Things  which  the  mind  may  be  satisfied  with  in  its  search 
after  knowledge.  Locke. 


MiEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;’  BULL,  BUR,  RULE. — 9,  9,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  % as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


SEARCHABLE 


1296 


SEA-UNICORN 


Right  of  search , (International  Law.)  the  right  of  a 
belligerent  power  to  examine  and  search  private  mer- 
chant-vessels at  sea  for  enemy’s  property  and  articles 
contraband  of  war.  Burrill. 

ffcg*  “ This  is  wholly  distinct  from  what  is  termed 
right  of  visit , which  is  conceded  for  the  sole  purpose 
of  ascertaining  the  real  character  of  a vessel  sailing 
under  suspicious  circumstances.”  Burrill. 

SEARCH' A- BLE  (serch'j-bl),  a.  That  may  be 
searched  or  explored.  Cotgrave. 

SEARCH' A-BLE-NESS,  11.  The  state  of  being 
searchable.  Clarke. 

SEARCH'f.R  (serch'er),  n.  1.  One  who,  or  that 
which,  searches ; a seeker  ; an  explorer  ; an  ex- 
aminer. “ A searcher  after  truth.”  Watts. 

2.  In  London,  a person  appointed  to  examine 

the  bodies  of  the  dead,  and  report  the  cause  of 
death  ; a coroner.  Graunt. 

3.  {Eng.  Law.)  An  officer  of  the  customs, 

whose  duty  it  is  to  search  outward-bound  ships, 
to  ascertain  whether  they  have  any  prohibited  or 
uncustomed  goods  on  board.  Bouvicr. 

4.  {Gimnenj.)  An  instrument  for  examining 

pieces  of  ordnance  to  ascertain  whether  they 
have  any  cavities  within.  London  Ency. 

SEARCHING,  p.  a.  Examining  closely;  explor- 
ing ; probing.  Wiseman. 

SEARCH 'ING,  n.  1.  Examination  ; inquisition. 
“ Searchings  of  heart.”  Juclg.  v.  16. 

2.  {Stag.)  The  operation  of  ascertaining,  by 
introducing  an  instrument,  whether  a patient 
has  a stone  in  the  bladder.  Dunglison. 

SEARCH'JNG-LY,  ad.  In  a searching  manner; 
by  searching  or  inquiring.  Wright. 

SEARCH'ING-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  searching 
or  examining.  Clarke. 

SEARCH'L$SS,  a.  Avoiding  or  eluding  search  or 
investigation ; inscrutable.  Thomson. 

SEARCH'-WAR-llANT  (-wor'?nt),  n.  {Law.)  A 
warrant  granted  by  a justice  or  a magistrate 
upon  the  oath  or  affirmation  of  a party,  author- 
izing the  search  of  premises,  usually  for  goods 
stolen,  but  sometimes  for  other  purposes. Burrill. 

SEAR'— CLOTH,  n.  [A.  S.  sar-clath,  a sore-cloth.] 
A cloth  to  cover  a sore;  a plaster.  Mortimer. 

SEAR'— CLOTH,  v.  a.  To  bind  or  cover  with  a sear- 
cloth,  as  a wound.  Dryden. 

SEARED  (ser'ed  or  serd),  p.  a.  Burnt  on  the  sur- 
face ; cauterized ; hardened ; callous. 

SEAR'flD-NESS  (ser'ed-nes),  n.  The  state  of  being 
seared  or  cauterized;  cauterization:  — insen- 
sibility ; callousness.  Bp.  Hall. 

SEA'— REED,  n.  (Bot.)  A grass  found  on  sandy 
sea-shores ; Calamagrostis  arenaria.  Gray. 

SEA'— R1J-§EM'BLING,  a.  Like  the  sea.  Sandys. 

SEA'— RISK,  it.  Hazard  or  risk  at  sea.  Arbuthnot. 

SEA'— ROB-Bf.R,  n.  A pirate ; a sea-thief.  Milton. 

SEA'— ROB-IN,  n.  { Ich .)  An  acanthopterygious 
fish,  of  the  genus  Trigla ; the  gurnard.  Storer. 

SEA'— ROCK-pT,  n.  {Bot.)  An  annual  plantof  the 
genus  Cakile,  growing  on  sandy  coasts.  Loudon. 

SEA'— ROOM,  n.  {Naut.)  Ample  space  or  distance 
from  land,  rocks,  or  shoals,  for  a vessel  to  drive 
or  scud  without  danger  of  shipwreck.  Mar.  Diet. 

SEA'— ROV-1JR,  n.  One  who  roves  over  the  sea  ; 
a pirate  ; a freebooter.  Milton. 

SEA'— RUFF,  n.  A kind  of  sea-fish.  Johnson. 

SEA'— SALT,  n.  Common  salt,  obtained  by  the 
evaporation  of  sea-water.  Simmonds. 

SEA'— SAND— REED,  n.  {Bot.)  A plant  of  the 
grass  family,  growing  on  sandy  beaches  ; Cala- 
magrostis arenaria.  Gray. 

SEA'— SAND-WORT  (-wiirt),  n.  {Bot.)  A very 
fleshy,  maritime  perennial  plant  growing  on  the 
sea-beach  in  large  tufts  in  the  sands ; Ilonken- 
ya  pcploides.  Gray. 

SEA'— SCOR'PI-ON,  n.  {Ich.)  An  acanthoptery- 
gious, marine  fish,  with  a large  head  furnished 
with  spines  or  tubercles  ; Cottus  scorpius  ; — 
called  also  short-spined  Cottus.  Eng.  Cyc. 

SEA'— SER-PIJNT,  11.  1.  A name  applied  to  what 
has  been  supposed  to  be  a large  serpent  inhab- 
iting the  sea. 


To  believe  nil  that  has  been  said  of  the  sea-serpent,  or  the 
kraken,  would  In-  credulity  ; to  reject  the  possibility  of  their 
existence  would  be  presumption.  Goldsmith. 

I regard  the  negative  evidence  from  the  utter  absence  of 
any  of  the  recent  remains  of  great  sea-serpents , ns  stronger 
against  their  actual  existence  than  the  positive  statements 
which  have  hitherto  weighed  with  the  public  mind  in  favor 
of  their  existence.  It.  Owen. 

2.  A species  of  eel  inhabiting  the  Mediterra- 
nean ; snake-eel.  Hill. 

SEA'— SER-VJCE,  n.  Naval  service.  Swift. 

SEA'— SHARK,  n.  {Ich.)  A ravenous  sea-fish;  the 
shark.  “ The  ravening  salt  sea-shark."  Shak. 

SEA'— SHELL,  n.  A shell  found  in  the  sea,  or  on 
the  sea-coast;  a marine  shell.  Mortimer. 

SEA'— SHORE,  n.  1.  The  shore  of  the  sea.  Dryden. 

2.  {Law.)  The  ground  between  the  ordinary 
high-water  mark  and  low-water  mark.  Burrill. 

HOP  “ In  the  Roman  law,  the  shore  inclutled  the 
land  as  high  up  as  the  largest  wave  extended  in  win- 
ter.” Burrill. 

SEA'— SICK,  a.  Affected  by  sea-sickness.  Shak. 

SEA'— SICK-NIJSS,  n.  A sickness,  or  nausea  caused 
by  being  in  a vessel  tossed  by  the  sea.  Falconer. 

SEA'— SIDE,  n.  The  shore  or  edge  of  the  sea  ; the 
sea-shore.  “ The  green  sea-side."  Pope. 

SEA'— SLUG,  n.  {Zoiil.)  The  trepang.  Baird. 

SEA'— SNAIL,  n.  {Ich.)  A fish  of  the  genus  Lipo- 
ids, allied  to  the  lump-sucker,  found  on  the  sea- 
shore, under  stones,  at  low- water  mark.  Yarrell. 

SEA'— SNAKE,  n.  A name  applied  to  a family  of 
snakes  {Hydridec)  of  several  genera,  and  mostly 
of  small  size,  inhabiting  the  sea.  Baird. 

ggp-  The  existence  of  this  family  of  water-snakes 
has  undoubtedly  given  rise  to  the  notion  that  there  is 
a large  ophidian  answering  to  the  popular  view  of  a 
great  sea-serpent.  Eng.  Cijc. 

SEASON,  (se'zn),  n.  [It . stagione  ; Sp .cstacion; 
sazon;  Fr.  saison. — From  L.  statio,  station. 
Menage.  — From  L.  sectio,  a section.  Duchat .] 

1.  One  of  the  four  divisions  or  parts  of  the 
year,  namely,  spring,  summer,  autumn,  winter. 
“The  several  seasons  of  the  year.”  Addison. 

2.  A time  as  distinguished  from  others. 

The  season  prime  for  sweetest  scents  and  airs.  Milton. 

3.  A fit,  suitable,  or  convenient  time. 

All  business  should  be  done  betimes;  and  there’s  ns  little 
trouble  of  doing  it  in  season , too,  as  out  of  season.  L' Estrange. 
The  seasoji  when  to  come  and  when  to  go, 

To  sing  or  cease  to  sing,  we  never  know.  Pope. 

4.  A time  of  some  continuance,  but  not  long. 

“ We’ll  slip  you  for  a season.”  Shak. 

5.  fThat  which  gives  a relish  ; seasoning. 

Salt  too  little  which  may  season  give.  S/tak. 

Syn.  — See  Occasion,  Time. 

SEASON  (se'zn),  v.  a.  [It.  acconciare  ; Sp.  sazo- 
nar;  Fr.  assaisonner .]  \_i.  seasoned;  pp.  sea- 

soning, SEASONED.] 

1.  To  fit  by  habit;  to  habituate;  to  inure. 

A man  should  harden  and  season  himself  beyond  the  de- 
gree of  cold  wherein  he  lives.  Addison. 

2.  To  prepare  for  use  by  time ; to  mature  ; — 

particularly  to  prepare  by  drying.  “Well  sea- 
soned timber.”  Ilayward. 

3.  To  prepare  or  fit  for  the  taste  ; to  make 

palatable  ; to  give  a relish  to.  Lev.  ii.  13. 

They  seasoned  every  sacrifice,  whereby  a greater  portion 
was  eaten  by  the  priests.  Broivne. 

4.  To  cause  to  be  enjoyed  ; to  give  zest  to. 

You  season  still  with  sports  your  serious  hours.  Dryden. 

The  proper  use  of  wit  is  to  season  conversation.  Tillntsnn. 

5.  To  qualify  by  admixture  of  another  ingre- 
dient ; to  moderate  ; to  temper. 

Earthly  power  doth  then  show  likest  God’s 

When  mercy  seasons  justice.  Shak. 

6.  To  imbue  ; to  tinge  or  taint.  Milton. 

Season  their  younger  years  with  prudent  and  pious  prin- 
ciples. Dp.  Taylor. 

SEASON  (se'sn),  v.  ii.  1.  To  become  seasoned; 
to  become  mature  or  fit  for  any  purpose.  Moxon. 

2.  + To  betoken  ; to  savor.  Beau.  FI. 

SEASON- A-BLE  (se'zn-a-bl),  a.  Happening  or 
done  at  a proper  time  ; opportune  ; timely. 

Mercy  is  seasonable  in  the  time  of  affliction,  as  clouds  of 
rain  in  the  time  of  drought.  Ecclus.  v.  2. 

SEASON- A-BLE-NESS  (se'zn-a-bl-nes),  n.  State 
of  being  seasonable  ; opportuneness.  Addison. 

SEASON- A-BLY  (se'zn-a-ble),  ad.  In  proper  time  ; 
in  season  ; opportunely.  Sprat. 

fi  SEA'ljON-A^E  (se'zn-aj),  n.  Seasoning.  South. 

SEA'ijON-AL  (se'zn-al),  a.  Relating  to  the  sea- 
sons of  the  year,  [it.]  Sat.  Mag. 


SEASONED  (se'znd),  p.  a.  1.  Fitted  by  habit ; 
habituated  ; accustomed  ; inured.  Shak. 

2.  Prepared  by  time ; matured;  — dried. 

3.  Mixed  with  something  that  gives  a relish  ; 
having  seasoning;  as,  “Seasoned  food.” 

SEA'ijON-pR  (se'zu-er),  n.  One  xvho,  or  that 
which,  seasons.  Johnson. 

SEA'§ON-lNG  (sE'zn-Ing),  n.  1.  The  act  of  one 
who,  or  of  that  which,  seasons. 

2.  Something  added  to  food  to  give  it  a relish. 

“Leavenings  and  seasonings.”  Bacon. 

3.  Something  added  to  give  zest.  Addison. 

A foundation  of  good  sense  and  a cultivation  of  learning 
are  required  to  give  a seasoning  to  retirement.  Dryden . 

SEA'§ON-LESS,  a.  Having  no  seasons.  Byron . 

SEASON— RING,  71.  The  ring  of  new  wood  formed 
in  a tree  by  one  year’s  growth. 

In  the  permian  and  triassic  ages,  trees  of  tough  fibre  and 
with  season-rings  are  found.  Bayne. 

SEA'-SPEAR-GRASS,  n.  {Bot.)  A plant  of  the 
grass  family  growing  on  the  sea-coast ; Gly- 
cerin maritima.  Gray. 

SEA'— STAR,  n.  The  star-fish.  Sir  T.  Browne. 

SEA'— STICK,  ii.  A kind  of  herring  caught  and 
cured  at  sea.  ' A.  Smith. 

SEA'-SUN-FLoW'flR,  n.  {Zoiil.)  A polype  of 
the  genus  Actinia  ; the  sea-anemone.  Brande. 

SEA'— SUR-<jIEON  (se'sUr-jun),  n.  A surgeon  em- 
ployed on  shipboard.  Wiseman. 

SEA'— SUR-RdUND'ED,  a.  Encircled  or  sur- 
rounded by  the  sea  ; sea-girt.  Pope. 

SEA'— SWAL-LOW  (se'swol-o),  n.  {Ornith.)  The 
common  tern  ; Sterna  hirundo.  Yarrell. 

SEAT  (set),  n.  [A.  S.  sctl;  Dut.  zctel;  Ger.  sitz; 
Dan.  sade ; Sw.  sate  ; W.  sedd  ; Gael,  seitliir.  — 
L.  sedes ; sedco,  to  sit;  Sp.  sede ; Fr.  siege.] 

1.  That  on  which  one  sits  or  may  sit,  as  a 
chair,  a bench,  or  a stool. 

Round  about  the  throne  were  four  and  twenty  seats:  and 
upon  the  seats  I saw  four  and  twenty  elders  sitting.  Rev.  iv.  4. 

2.  Chair  of  state  or  post  of  authority  ; throne  ; 

tribunal.  “ The  seat  of  majesty.”  Shak. 

3.  Abode  : residence  ; mansion  ; dwelling. 

A vast  multitude  compelled  by  necessity  to  seek  a new 
seat.  Raleigh. 

4.  Situation  ; site.  “ The  seat  of  Eden.”  Ra- 
leigh. “ This  castle  has  a pleasant  seat.”  Shak. 

5.  Bottom,  as  of  a chair  or  a sofa.  Clarke. 

6.  That  part  of  a garment  on  which  one  sits ; 
as,  “ The  seat  of  a pair  of  pantaloons.” 

7.  {Mail.)  Manner  of  sitting  in  the  saddle. 

Syn.  — See  Mansion. 

SEAT,  V.  a.  [i.  SEATED  ; pp.  SEATING,  SEATED.] 

1.  To  place  on  a seat ; to  cause  to  sit  down. 

The  guests  were  no  sooner  seated  but  they  entered  into  a 

warm  debate.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  To  place  in  a post  of  power  or  authority, 
or  place  of  distinction. 

Thus  high,  by  thy  advice 

And  thy  assistance,  is  King  Richard  seated.  Shak. 

3.  To  fix  ; to  settle  ; to  establish  ; to  set  firm. 

They  had  seated  themselves  in  Nova  Guinea.  Raleigh. 

4.  To  give  or  assign  a seat  to.  Clarke. 

5.  To  put  a seat  or  bottom  in,  as  a chair.  Wr. 

f SEAT  (set),  v.  n.  To  rest ; to  lie  down.  Spenser. 

SEA'— TERM,  n.  A term  or  a word  peculiar  to 

seamen ; a nautical  or  naval  term.  Pope. 

SEA'— THIEF  (se'thef),  it.  A pirate.  Bp.  Curtegs. 

SEAT'ING,  n.  Leather,  hair-cloth,  or  other  ma- 
terials used  for  covering  cushions  of  chairs, 
sofas,  &c.  Simmonds. 

SEA'-TOAD  (se'tod),  n.  An  ugly  fish.  Cotgrave. 

SEA'-TORN,  a.  Torn  by,  or  at,  the  sea.  Browne. 

SEA'— TOR-TOISE,  n.  {Zoiil.)  A tortoise  inhab- 
iting the  sea’;  a turtle.  Eng.  Cyc. 

SEA'-TOST,  a.  Tossed  by  the  sea.  Shak. 

SEA'-TRAV-EL-LING,  ii.  Travelling  or  journey- 
ing by  sea.  Clarke. 

SEA'— TURN,  n.  A gale,  breeze,  or  mist  coming 
from  the  sea.  Scott. 

SEA'-TUR-TLE,  n.  1.  {Zoiil.)  A sea-tortoise  ; a 
turtle.  Goldsmith. 

2.  {Ornith.)  The  diver.  Hill. 

SEA'— U'NI-CORN,  n.  {Zoiil.)  The  narwhal ; — so 
called  from  its  projecting  tusk.  Brande. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  £,  I,  6,  U,  f,  short;  A,  5,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


SEA-URCHIN 


1297 


SECONDARY 


SEA'-UR-CHIN,  n.  ( Zool .)  A marine,  radiated 
animal  of  the  family  Echini- 
dat,  having  an  oval  or  circu- 
lar body,  sustained  by  a sol- 
id, calcareous  shell,  com- 
posed of  polygonal  plates  Edible  sea-urchin 
disposed  in  radiated  order  in  (Echinus  esculentus). 
twenty  rows  ; sea-egg.  The  shell  supports,  upon 
proportionable,  mammillary  projections,  stiff 
spines  of  various  forms  and  sizes  according  to 
the  genus.  Eng.  Cyc.  Forbes. 

SEAVE?  (sevz),  n.  pi.  [Dan.  siv  ; Sw.  seif.]  Rush- 
es. [North  of  England.]  Ray. 

SEA'-VIEVV  (se'vu),  n.  A prospect  at  sea,  or  of 
the  sea  ; or,  a picture  representing  a scene  at 
sea  ; a marine  view.  Morgan. 

SEA'-VOY-A^E,  n.  A journey  by  sea.  Swift. 

SEAV'Y  (sSv'e),  a.  Overgrown  with  seaves  or 
rushes.  [Local,  Eng.]  Ray. 

SEA'— WALL,  n.  A wall  or  embankment  on  the 
shore  to  prevent  the  encroachment  of  the  sea  or 
tide.  Blackstone. 

SEA '-WALLED  (se'wSlld),  a.  Surrounded  by  the 
sea.  “ Sea-walled  garden.”  Shale. 

SEA'WAN,  n.  [Indian.]  Wampum.’  O' Callaghan. 

SEA'WARD,  a.  Directed  towards  the  sea.  Donne. 

SEA'WARD,  ad.  Towards  the  sea.  Drayton. 

SEA'-WARE,  n.  Weeds  thrown  on  shore  from 
the  sea,  collected  and  used  for  various  pur- 
poses, as  in  agriculture.  Farm.  Ency. 

SEA'-WASP,  n.  A kind  of  insect.  Johnson. 

SEA'- WA-TIJR,  n.  The  salt  water  of  the  sea.  Bacon. 

SEA'-WEED,  n.  ( Bot .)  The  common  name  of  the 
very  numerous,  cellular,  flowerless  plants  of 
the  order  Alga,  vegetating  in  salt  and  in  fresh 
water,  and  in  very  damp  places. 

tJEg-  Sea-weeds  are  composed  of  fronds  of  various 
kinds,  nourished  through  their  whole  surface  by  the 
medium  in  which  they  grow,  and  are  propagated  by 
spores  contained  in  mother  cells.  In  many  of  them 
the  spores  are  provided  witli  ciliary  processes,  which 
exhibit  spontaneous  movements.  Some  sca-wceds  are 
of  gigantic  growth,  attaining  the  length  of  more  than 
a thousand  feet,  and  others  are  extremely  minute. 
Some  of  them  are  valuable  for  food,  some  for  manures, 
and  others  for  manufacturing  purposes.  Lindley.  Baird. 

SEA'— WIFE,  n.  ( Ich .)  An  oblong  aeanthoptery- 
gious,  marine  fish,  allied  to  the  wrasse  ; Labrus 
vetula  of  Bloch.  Eng.  Cyc. 

SEA'-WlL-LOW,  n.  ( Zoiil .)  A polype  of  the  ge- 
nus Gorgonia.  Eng.  Cyc. 

SEA'— WING,  n.  ( Zoiil .)  A bivalve  mollusk  allied 
to  the  muscles.  Menda  de  Costa. 

SEA'— W1TH-WIND,  n.  Bindweed.  Johnson. 

SEA'— WOLF  (se'wulf),  n.  1.  (Ich.)  An  acanthop- 
terygious,  osseous,  marine  fish  found  in  north- 
ern seas,  having  a smooth,  blunt  head,  and  an 
elongated  body  covered  w'ith  small  scales  ; Anar- 
rhicas  lupus  ; — called  also  ivolf-fish,  sea-cat , and 
cat-fish. — See  Wolf-fisii.  ' Eng.  Cyc. 

2.  (Zoiil.)  The  sea-elephant.  R.  Hamilton. 

SEA'— WORM  (se'wUrm),  n.  A kind  of  worm  found 
in  the  mud  on  the  sea-shore.  Pennant. 

SEA'-WORM-WOOD  (se'wurln-wud),  n.  (Bot.)  A 
sort  of  wormwood  growing  on  the  sea-shore ; 
Artemisia  maritima.  Johnson. 

SEA'-WORN,  a.  Worn  by  the  sea.  Drayton. 

SEA'-WOR'THI-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  sea- 
worthy ; fitness  for  sustaining  a voyage  at  sea, 
as  a ship  or  other  vessel.  P.  Cyc. 

SEA'— WOR-THY  (se'wur-the),  a.  Fit  to  go  to 
sea  ; being  in  a state  to  make  a sea  voyage  with 
probable  safety,  as  a ship.  Todd. 

SEA'- WRACK  (se'r&k),  n.  (Bot.)  A marine 
plant  with  the  habit  of  sea-weeds,  which  has 
grassy,  thin  leaves,  sheathing  it  at  the  base,  and 
its  flowers  enclosed  in  a spathe  filled  with  air  ; 
Zostera  marina-,  — used  for  packing,  stuffing 
cottagers’  cushions,  &c.  Lindley. 

SEB'A-CATE,  n.  (Chem.)  A sebate.  Turner. 

SE-BA'CEOUS  (se-ba'shus),  a.  [Low'  L.  scbaceus  ; 
from  L.  sebum,  tallow',  suet.]  Pertaining  to, 
resembling,  or  made  of  tallow  or  suet.  Todd. 


Sebaceous  glands,  (Anat.)  small,  rounded  or  pinni- 
form  hollow  organs  in  the  substance  of  the  skin,  and 
opening  on  its  surface  by  small  excretory  ducts,  fur- 
nishing a yellow,  unctuous  humor  [sometimes  called 
sebaceous  humor],  which  serves  to  lubricate  the  sur- 
face of  the  body.  Dunglison. 

Sg-BA^'IC,  a.  [Fr.  sebacique.]  (Chem.)  Noting 
a crystallizable  acid  obtained  from  fat  and  va- 
rious other  substances.  Miller. 

SE'BATE,  n.  (Chem.)  A salt  composed  of  sebacic 
acid  and  a salifiable  base  ; — called  also  seba- 
cate.  Miller. 

Sp-BES'TEN,  n.  [Per.  sebestdn .]  (Bot.)  A small 
tropical  tree  of  the  genus  Cordia  ; — called  also 
sepistan:  — the  fruit  of  this  tree;  — called  also 
sebesten-plum.  Eng.  Cyc. 

SF.B-UN-DEE1,  ? n%  jn  India,  an  irregular,  na- 

SEB’  UJT-DY,  ) tive  soldier  employed  on  police 
duties.  ' Smart. 

SE-CA  'LE,  n.  [L.,  rye.] 

1.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  grasses  or  cereal  grains 

to  which  rye  belongs.  — See  Rye.  Gray. 

2.  Ergot ; — properly Secale  cornutum.  Brande. 

SE'CANT,  n.  [It.  § Sp.  sccante  ; Fr.  secante .] 

1.  (Geom.)  A line  that  cuts  another,  whether 

right  or  curved  : — a straight  line  that  cuts  a 
curve  in  two  or  more  points.  Hutton.  Davies. 

2.  (Trigonometry .)  A right 

line  drawn  from  the  centre  of 
a circle  through  one  end  of  an 
arc,  and  terminated  by  a tan- 
gent drawn  through  the  other 
end.  Hutton. 

SE'CANT,  a.  [L.  seco,  sccans,  to  cut ; Fr.  secant.] 
Cutting  ; dividing  into  two  parts.  Bentley. 

SF.C'CO,  n.  [It.]  A kind  of  fresco-painting  which 
absorbs  the  colors  into  the  plaster,  giving  them 
a dry,  sunken  appearance.  Fairholt. 

SiJ-CEDE',  n.  [L.  seccdo ; se,  an  inseparable 
preposition,  denoting  aside,  apart,  and  cedo,  to 
go,  to  move ; It.  secedere.]  [i.  seceded  ; pp.  se- 
ceding, seceded.]  To  withdraw  from  union  or 
fellowship  in  society,  or  in  any  matter  or  busi- 
ness ; to  separate  one’s  self ; to  retire. 

The  sccedinq  members  had  again  resumed  their  seats  in 
the  House  of  Commons.  Smollett. 

Syn.—  See  Retire. 

SE-CED'ER,  n.  1.  One  who  secedes.  Johnson. 

2.  (Eccl.  Hist.)  In  Scotland,  one  of  a numer- 
ous body  who  seceded  from  the  established 
church  in  the  year  1733.  P.  Cyc. 

SE-CED'!NG,  p.  a.  That  secedes  ; withdrawing. 

SJJ-CERN',  v.  a.  [L.  secerno-,  sc,  denoting  sepa- 
ration, and  cerno,  to  separate.]  [i.  secerned  ; 
pp.  secerning,  secerned.]  To  separate  from 
grosser  matter  ; to  secrete. 

The  pituite  or  mucus  secerned  in  the  nose.  Arbuthnot. 

SE-CERN'JJNT,  a.  (Med.)  Secreting.  Dunglison. 

SIJ-CERN'IJNT,  n.  (Anat.)  A vessel  whose  func- 
tion it  is  to  deposit  matters  separated  from  the 
blood;  a secreting  vessel.  Iloblyn. 

Sg-CERN'ING,  p.  a.  Secreting.  Dunglison. 

SE-CERN'MENT,  n.  Separation  ; secretion. Kirby. 

+ SiJ-CESS',  n.  [L.  secmMS.]  Retirement.  More. 

Sp-CES'SION  (se-sesh'un),  n.  [L.  secessio ; It. 
secessione  ; Sp.  secesion.]  Act  of  seceding  or 
withdrawing ; separation.  Bp.  Hall. 

SE'CIII-UM,  n.  The  esculent  fruit  of  a cucurbita- 
ceous  plant  of  South  America,  resembling  in 
shape  a large  bell-pear,  and  prepared  for  the 
table  like  squash.  Farm.  Ency. 

SECK'EL  (sek'kl),  n.  A small,  delicious  pear  ; — 
first  noticed  near  Philadelphia,  about  1770. 

Hosack. 

f SE'CLE  (se'kl),  n.  [L.  seculum ; Fr . siecle.]  A 
century ; an  age.  Hammond. 

SJE-CLUDE',  v.  a.  [L.  secludo  ; se,  denoting  sep- 
aration, and  claudo,  to  shut.]  [t.  secluded  ; 
pp.  SECLUDING,  SECLUDED.] 

1.  To  separate;  to  keep  apart. 

lie  is  secluded  by  the  infinite  sacredness  of  his  own  majesty 
from  all  immediate  converse  and  intercourse  with  us.  Scott. 

2.  To  shut  out;  to  repel;  to  exclude.  “Se- 
cluding all  entrance  of  cold.”  Evelyn. 


SJJ-CLUD'ED-LY,  ad.  In  a secluded  manner. 

fSE-CLUSE'NESS,  n.  Seclusion.  More. 

S^-CLU'^rON  (se-klu'zhun),  n.  Act  of  secluding, 
or  state  of  being  secluded;  separation  ; retire- 
ment ; privacy.  Bp.  Horsley. 

Syn.  — See  Privacy. 

SiJ-CLU'SIVE,  a.  Tending  to  seclude.  Coleridge. 

SEC'OND,  a.  [L.  secundus  ; sequor,  to  follow; 
It.  secondo;  Sp.  segundo ; Fr,  second.] 

1.  Following,  or  next  to,  the  first  in  place  or 
in  time  ; — the  ordinal  of  two. 

The  first  foundation  was  jasper;  the  second,  sapphire;  the 
third,  a chalcedony.  Her.  xxi.  19. 

In  the  second  year  of  their  coming  unto  the  house  of  God 
at  Jerusalem.  Ezra  iii.  H. 

2.  Next  to  the  first  in  rank,  value,  dignity,  or 
importance  ; secondary  ; inferior. 

None  I know 

Second  to  me,  or  like;  equal,  much  less.  Milton. 

They  are  second  to  none  in  the  Christian  world.  Bacon. 

Syn. — Second  relates  merely  to  order;  secondary 
implies  lower  merit.  B is  the  .second  letter  in  the  al- 
phabet. A man  may  be  second  on  a list,  and  yet  lie 
may  not  be  secondary  in  estimation.  Secondary  is  ap- 
plied to  tlie  importance  and  value  of  tilings  ; inferior, 
to  nil  qualities  and  conditions.  Secondary  importance 
or  consideration  ; inferior  abilities  or  rank. 

SEC'OND,  n.  1.  One  who  backs  or  supports  an- 
other ; a supporter  ; a maintainor. 

Being  sure  enough  of  seconds , after  the  first  onset.  I Votton. 

2.  One  who  attends  another  (called  the  prin- 
cipal) in  a duel,  to  make  all  necessary  arrange- 
ments, and  to  see  that  the  rules  of  the  duelling 
code  are  observed  by  the  parties.  Addison. 

3.  The  sixtieth  part  of  a minute  of  time. 

Sounds  move  above  eleven  hundred  and  forty  English  feet 

in  a second.  Locke. 

4.  (Mus.)  An  interval  of  one  degree.  Dwight. 

5.  (Trigonometry.)  A division  of  a degree; 

the  sixtieth  part  of  a minute.  Hutton. 

SEC'OND,  v.  a.  [I,,  secundo ; It.  secondare-,  Sp. 
segundar  ; Fr.  seconder.]  [ i . seconded  ; pp. 

SECONDING,  SECONDED.] 

1.  To  follow  in  the  next  place. 

Sin  is  seconded  with  sin;  and  a man  seldom  commits  one  sin 
to  please,  but  he  commits  another  to  defend,  himself.  South. 

2.  To  back  ; to  support ; to  forward ; to  pro- 
mote ; to  assist ; to  aid  ; to  help ; to  advance. 

We  have  supplies  to  second  our  attempt.  Shak. 

The  authors  of  the  former  opinion  were  presently  scroudcd 
by  other  wittier  and  better  learned.  llookcr. 

3.  In  deliberative  assemblies,  to  express  ap- 
proval of,  as  a motion.  L.  S.  Cushing. 

Syn.  — To  second  expresses  less  than  to  support.  A 
person  seconds  a motion  or  resolution  by  a simple  dec- 
laration, and  supports  it  by  a speecli  or  by  influence  ; 
and  lie  assists,  forwards,  and  encourages  in  different 
modes. 

SEC'OND-A-RI-LY,  ad.  In  the  second  degree  or 
order  ; not  primarily ; not  originally.  Diejby. 

SEC'OND- A-RI-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  secondary. 

SEC'OND-A-RY,  a.  [L.  secundarius  ; It.  seconda- 
rio\  Sp.  secitndario ; Fr.  second dire.] 

1.  Succeeding  to  the  first ; subordinate,  or 
inferior  to  the  first ; not  primary. 

To  transfer  the  words  of  Job  from  the  first  and  real  cause 
to  the  secondary.  Bentley. 

2.  Acting  by  deputation  or  delegated  author- 
ity ; not  the  first  in  order  or  in  rank. 

That  we  were  formed  then,  say’st  thou,  and  the  work 

Of  secondary  hands,  by  task  transferred 

From  father  to  his  son  ? Milton. 

3.  (Astron.)  Noting  a planet  which  revolves 

round  another  or  attends  it,  while  both  revolve 
round  the  sun; — used  in  contradistinction  to 
primary.  “ The  planets,  both  primary  and  sec- 
ondary.” Bentley. 

4.  (Med.)  Acting  in  subordination  to  another  ; 

supervening  on  the  primary.  “ Secondary  symp- 
toms.” Dunglison. 

5.  (Min.)  Noting  a crystal,  or  some  form  of 

a crystal,  which  is  constructed  on  the  primitive 
form,  as  a substratum.  Cleaveland. 

Secondary  circle,  (Astron.)  a great  circle  of  a sphere 
perpendicular  to  another  great  circle;  a secondary. — 
Secondary  current,  (Elec.)  a momentary  electrical  cur- 
rent induced  in  a closed  circuit  conveying  a current 
of  electricity,  and  also  in  a contiguous  conducting 
circuit,  both  when  the  primitive  current  begins  and 
when  it  ceases  to  flow,  — flowing,  in  t lie  former  case, 
in  a direction  opposite  to  that  of  the  primitive  cur- 
rent, and,  in  the  latter  case,  in  the  same  direction  as 


MIEN,  SIR  ; MOVE,  NOR,  SON  ; BULL,  BUR,  RULE. 

163 


‘ 9,  9)  b>  soft;  £,  G,  £,  g,  hard ; § as  z;  X as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


SECONDARY 


SECTOR 


1298 


tlie  primitive  current.  Faraday.  — Secondary  fever, 
{Med.)  a fever  arising  after  a crisis,  or  the  discharge 
of  some  morbid  matter,  as  after  the  declension  of  the 
small-pox  or  the  measles.  Quincy.  — Secondary  plane , 
( Crystallography .)  a plane  produced  by  decrements. 
Brooke.  — Secondary  quill , ( Ornith .)  a quill  on  the  sec- 
ond bone  of  the  wing.  Brande.  — Secondary  rocks  or 
strata , or  secondary  formation,  ( Geol .)  an  extensive  se- 
ries of  the  stratified  rocks  which  compose  the  crust  of 
the  globe,  underlying  the  eocene,  or  lowest  tertiary 
group,  and  overlying  the  Permican  group,  the  upper- 
most of  the  paheozoic  or  primary  strata,  and  compris- 
ing the  Cretaceous,  Wealden,  Oolitic,  Liassic,  and 
Triassic  groups.  Lyell. 

The  designation  secondary  strata  has  been  vari- 
ously applied.  In  the  early  history  of  geology,  it  was 
applied  to  all  the  fossiliferous  strata,  or  those  sup- 
posed to  be  such  ; afterwards  to  the  strata  included 
between  the  transition  and  the  tertiary  strata. 

Syn.  — See  Second. 

SEC'ON  D-A-RY,  n.  1.  One  who  acts  in  subordi- 
nation to  another ; a delegate  ; a deputy  ; a sub- 
ordinate. Warton. 

2.  (Astron.)  A great  circle  of  a sphere  per- 

pendicular to  another  great  circle  ; a secondary 
circle;  as,  “ A secondary  to  the  ecliptic.”  — A 
secondary  planet ; a satellite.  Hutton. 

3.  (Ornith.)  A quill  or  large  feather  on  the 

second  bone  of  the  wing.  Brande. 

SEC'OND— BEST,  n.  Next  to  the  best;  second- 
rate.  “ My  second-best  bed.”  Shak. 

SEC'OND— COU§'(N,  n.  A cousin’s  child.  Booth. 

SEC'OND-JJR,  n.  One  who  seconds.  Burke. 

SEC'OND-HAND,  a.  1.  Not  original  or  primary  ; 
received  from  another. 

They  have  but  a second-hand  or  implicit  knowledge.  Locke. 

2.  That  has  been  used  by  another,  as  cloth- 
ing ; not  new.  Simmonds. 

SEC'OND-HAND,  n.  Possession  received  from  a 
first  possessor.  Johnson. 

At  second-hand,  by  transmission  ; not  primarily  or 
originally.  Temple. 

SEC'OND-LY,  ad.  In  the  second  place  or  order. 

SE-COJV  DO,  n.  [It.]  (Mus.)  The  second  part 
or  voice  in  a concerted  piece.  Dwight. 

SEC'OND— RATE,  n.  The  second  order  in  respect 
to  size,  dignity,  value,  &c.  “ They  call  it  thun- 
der of  the  second-rate.”  Addison. 

SEC'OND— RATE,  a.  Of  the  second  order  or  class  ; 
second  in  size,  rank,  or  value.  Dryden. 

SEC'OND.^,  n.  pi.  A coarse  kind  of  flour.  Shak. 

SEC'OND— SIGHT  (sek'und-slt),  n.  The  power  of 
intellectual  vision,  by  which  some  persons  are 
supposed  to  see  or  know  what  is  to  follow  things 
now  seen  or  known,  — a faculty  that  has  been 
claimed  by  some  persons  in  the  Highlands  and 
islands  of  Scotland.  P.  Cyc. 

SEC'OND— SIGHT- pD  (sek'uml-slt-ed),  a.  Having 
second  sight.  Addison. 

SE'CRE-CY,  n.  1.  The  state  of  being  secret  or 
hidden  ; concealment ; privacy. 

Thut’s  not  suddenly  to  be  performed, 

But  with  advice  and  silent  secrecy.  Shak. 

2.  Solitude  ; retirement ; seclusion. 

Thou,  in  thy  secrecy  although  alone, 

Best  with  thyself  accompanied,  scekest  not 

Social  communication.  Milton. 

3.  The  keeping  of,  or  fidelity  to,  a secret ; close 
silence.  “ For  secrecy  no  lady  closer.”  Shak. 

SE'CRpT,  a.  [L.  sccretus-,  seccrno,  to  put  apart, 
to  separate  ; It.  segreto  ; Sp.  secreto  ; Fr.  secret .] 

1.  Hidden;  concealed;  occult;  latent ; privy  ; 
not  seen  or  apparent ; not  revealed. 

The  secret  things  belong  unto  . . . God.  Deut.  xxix.  29. 

2.  Retired;  secluded;  private.  “ Abide  in  a 

secret  place.”  1 Sam.  xix.  2. 

There,  secret  in  her  sapphire  cell, 

He  with  the  Nais  wont  to  dwell.  Fenton. 

Syn.  — What  is  secret  may  be  so  accidentally,  and 
be  known  to  some  one  ; what  is  hidden,  concealed , or 
clandestine,  is  intentionally  kept  secret.  Covert  implies 
not  openly  expressed.  Secret  is  opposed  to  well-known  ; 
hidden  and  concealed,  to  open  ; covert , to  avowed.  La- 
tent signifies  lying  bid  or  concealed  ; occult , secret  or 
unknown.  A secret  remedy  ; a hidden  plot  ; a con- 
cealed intention  ; a clandestine  marriage  : a covert  al- 
lusion ; latent  motive  or  beat  ; occult  science  ; un- 
known circumstance ; private  reason  j retired  situation. 
— See  Clandestine. 


SE'CRjpT,  n.  [L.  secretion ; It.  segreto ; Sp.  se- 
creto ; Fr.  secret.'] 

1.  Something  studiously  hidden  or  concealed. 

A tale-bearer  revealeth  secrets.  Prov.  xi.  13. 

2.  Something  not  discovered  or  known.  “ All 

secret*  of  the  deep.”  Milton. 

3.  pi.  The  private  parts  ; the  genital  organs. 
In  secret,  in  solitude,  retirement,  or  privacy.  “ Bread 

eaten  in  secret .”  Prov.  ix.  17. 

f SE'CRpT,  v.  a.  To  keep  secret.  Bacon. 

SEC-RE-TA'RI-AL,  a 

[»•] 


Relating  to  a secretary. 

Ch.  Ob. 


SEC'RE-TA-Rr-ATE,  n.  Secretaryship. [r.]£c. Rev. 

SEC'RE-TA-RY,  n.  [Low  L.  secretarius , from  L. 
secretion,  a secret ; It.  segretario ; Sp.  secrcta- 
rio ; Fr.  secretaire.] 

1.  A person  employed  by  a public  or  a private 
association,  or  by  an  individual  to  write  letters, 
despatches,  records,  &c.  ; one  who  writes  for 
another  or  for  others  ; a writer ; a scribe. 

Cottington  was  secretary  to  the  prince.  Clarendon. 

The  presiding  officer  [of  a deliberative  assembly]  is  usually 
denominated  the  president,  and  the  recording  officer,  the  sec- 
retary. L.  S.  Cushing. 

2.  A public  officer  intrusted  with  the  man- 
agement of  some  department  of  a government ; 
as,  “ The  secretary  of  state,  of  the  treasury,  &c.” 

3.  (Ornith.)  The  secretary-bird.  Eng.  Cyc. 

Secretary  nf  state,  a high  executive  officer  who  has 

the  management  of  eitiier  the  domestic  or  the  foreign 
affairs  of  a government,  or  of  both  the  domestic  and 
foreign  affairs  ; — the  latter  is  the  fact  in  relation  to 
tile  government  of  t he  United  States.  — Secretaries  of 
the  treasury,  war,  navy,  &c.,  high  executive  officers  of 
these  several  departments. 

SEC'RIJ-TA-RY— BIRD,  n.  (Ornith.)  A large, long- 
legged  bird,  resem- 
bling the  crane,  hav- 
ing a tuft  of  plumes 
at  the  back  of  the 
head  ; — found  in 
Southern  Africa  and 
the  East ; Gypogera- 
nus  serpentarius. 

Eng.  Cyc. 

Illy- The  secretary-bird 
derives  its  name  from 
the  tufts  of  feathers  at 
the  back  of  its  head, 
which  bear  a fanciful  resemblance  to  pens  stuck  be- 
hind the  ear.  It  feeds  on  snakes  and  other  reptiles, 
of  which  it  consumes  an  amazing  number.  Wood. 

SEC'RE-TA-RY-SHIp,  n.  The  state  or  office  of  a 
secretary.  Sicift. 

sp-CRETE',  v.  a.  [L.  seccrno,  secretns;  se,  de- 
noting separation,  and  cerno,  to  divide.]  [i. 
SECRETED  ; pp.  SECRETING,  SECRETED.] 

1.  To  put  aside  ; to  hide  ; to  conceal.  Pope. 

2.  To  secern  or  separate,  as  from  the  blood 
in  animals,  or  the  sap  in  vegetables.  Johnson. 

Syn.  — See  Conceal. 

Sp-CRE'TION  (se-kre'shun),  n.  [L.  secretio  ; It. 
secrczione  ; Sp.  sccrecion ; Fr.  s&rttion.] 

1.  The  act  or  the  process  of  secreting  ; sepa- 

ration of  substances  from  the  blood  of  animals 
or  from  the  sap  of  vegetables.  Johnson. 

2.  That  which  is  secreted.  Dunglison. 

f SE'CRpT-IST,  n.  A dealer  in  secrets.  Boyle. 

SEC-Rp-Tp'TIOUS  (sek-re-tlsh'us),  a.  Parted  or 
separated  by  secretion.  Floyer. 

sp-CRE'TI  VE-NESS,  n.  (Phren.)  Disposition  to 
secrecy  or  concealment.  Combe. 

SE'CRpT-LY,  ad.  1.  In  a secret  manner;  pri- 
vately ; privily  ; not  openly. 

Give  him  this  letter;  do  it  secretly.  Shak. 

2.  Not  obviously  or  apparently;  latently. 

Those  thoughts  arc  not  wholly  mine:  but  either  they  are  se- 
cret/!/ in  the  poet  or  may  be  fairly  deduced  from  Kxm.Dryden. 

SE'CRpT-NESS,  n.  1.  The  state  of  being  hid; 
concealment ; privacy.  Bale. 

2.  The  quality  of  keeping  a secret.  Donne. 

SP-CRE'TO-RY,  or  SE'CRp-TO-RY  [se-kre'to-re, 
W.  J.  F.  K.  Sm.  R.  Rees,  Wr. ; se'kre-tur-e,  P. 
E.  Ja.  Wb. ; sek're-tur-e,  S.],  a.  [It.  St  Sp.  _*e- 
crctorio  ; Fr.  sicreioire.]  Performing  the  office 
of  secretion  ; secreting.  Ray. 

SECT,  n.  [L.  sect.a  ; seco,  sectus,  to  cut  off;  It. 
setta ; Sp.  sce.ta  ; Fr.  secte.] 


1.  A body  of  persons  who  follow  some  teacher 
a body  of  persons  united  in  some  settled  tenets 
as  in  religion  or  in  philosophy ; a religious  de 
nomination,  or  a philosophical  school. 

Slave  to  no  sect , who  takes  no  private  road. 

But  looks  through  nature  up  to  nature’s  God.  Pope 
Sects  of  old  philosophers.  Dryden 

2.  A body  of  persons  separated  from  the  es 

tablished  religion  of  a country.  Brande 

3.  f A section  or  cutting  ; a scion.  Sha/c 

Spc-TA'RJ-AN,  a.  Pertaining,  or  adhering,  to  a 

sect  or  to  sects.  Barrow. 

SIJC-TA'RI-AN,  n.  One  who  belongs  to  a sect; 
one  who  dissents  from  the  established  religion 
or  church  ; a sectary.  Scott. 

Syn. — See  Heretic. 

SJJC-TA'RI-AN-I§M,  n.  State  or  quality  of  being 
sectarian  ; devotion  or  adherence  to  a sect. 

SIJC-TA'RI-AN-IZE,  v.  a.  To  render  sectarian  ; 
to  cause  to  become  sectarian.  Ec.  Rev. 

SEC'TA-IUrj.M,  n.  Sectarianism.  K.  Charles. 

SEC'T A-RIST,  n.  A sectary  ; a sectarian.  Warton. 

SEC'TA-ItY,  n.  [It.  settario ; Sp.  scctario;  Fr. 
sect  at  re.) 

1.  One  attached  to  a sect;  a sectarian.  Shak. 

2.  f A follower  or  pupil.  Spenser. 

fSpC-TA'TOR,  n.  [L.]  1.  An  adherent  to  a 

sect ; a follower  ; a disciple.  Raleigh. 

2.  (Old  Eng.  Law.)  One  obliged  to  do  suit, 
— especially  suit  at  court.  Burrill. 

SEC'TILE,  a.  [L . sectilis  ; It.  settile;  Fr.  scctilc.) 

1.  That  may  be  cut  or  divided.  Andrews. 

2.  (Min.)  Applied  to  minerals  which  can  be 

cut  without  the  particles  flying  about,  and  which, 
when  a slice  is  cut  off,  present  a smooth  sur- 
face. Phillips. 

SECTION  (sek'shun),  n.  [L.  sectio ; seco,  sectus, 
to  cutoff';  It.  sezione ; Sp.  section ; Fr.  section.) 

1.  The  act  of  cutting  or  dividing;  division. 

“ In  the  section  of  bodies.”  Wotton. 

2.  A part  divided  or  separated  from  the  rest ; 

a division  ; a fragment.  Johnson. 

3.  A division  or  distinct  part  of  a book,  writ- 
ing, or  chapter.  Hooker. 

The  production  of  volatile  salts  I reserve  till  I mention 
them  in  another  section.  Boyle. 

4.  A division  or  parcel  of  the  public  lands 

containing  640  acres.  [U.  S.]  Bouvier. 

5.  (Arch.)  A drawing  or  representation  of  the 
whole  or  a part  of  a building,  as  if  cut  through 
vertically,  intended  to  show  the  construction  of 
the  interior,  the  height  of  the  stories,  the  breadth 
and  thickness  of  walls,  floors,  &c.  Britton. 

6.  (Printing .)  The  mark  [ $ ] used  to  denote 
a division  of  a subject,  or  to  make  a reference 
to  something  on  the  margin. 

7.  (Geom.)  A line  formed  by  the  intersection 
of  two  planes  : — the  surface  made  when  a body 
is  cut  by  a plane  : — the  line  cut  out  of  a sur- 
face by  a plane  intersecting  that  surface. 

Hutton.  Davies. 

Conic  section,  a curve  cut  out  of  the  surface  of  a 
right  cone,  having  a circular  base,  by  a plane.  Davies. 
— Principal  section,  ( Opt.)  a plane  passing  through  tile 
optical  axis  of  a crystal ; as,  a plane  passing  through 
the  short  diagonal  of  a rhomb  of  Iceland  spar.  Pow- 
ell. — Horizontal  section  of  a building,  a ground  plan, 
or  a section  parallel  to  the  horizon.  Hutton. 

SEC 'T ION- A L,  a.  Relating  to,  or  embracing,  a 
section  or’distinct  part,  as  of  a territory  or  coun- 
try ; partial.  [Modern.]  Qu.  Rev. 

SEC'TION-AL-LY,  ad.  In  a sectional  manner. 

SEC-TION-AL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state 
of  being  sectional,  [r.]  Wm.  Taylor. 

SEC'TION-IZE,  v.  a.  To  form  into  parts  or  sec- 
tions. [r.]  Q.u.  Rev. 

SECT'— M As-TElt,  n.  The  leader  of  a sect.  Baxter. 

SEC'TOR,  n.  [L.  sector,  a cutter ; seco,  sectus,  to 
cut  off ; It.  settore,  a sector ; Sp.  sector ; Fr.  sec- 
teur.) 

1.  (Geom.)  A portion  of  the  area  of  a circle 
included  between  two  radii  and  an  arc.  Davies. 

2.  (Astron.)  An  instrument  for  determining 
the  zenith  distances  of  stars;  — called  also  ze- 
nith sector.  Brande.  — An  instrument  for  find- 
ing the  difference  in  right  ascension  and  decli- 
nation between  two  objects  whose  distance  is 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  p,  J,  O,  II,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  IIEIR,  HER; 


SECULAR 


1299 


SEDITIOUS 


too  great  to  be  observed  through  a fixed  tele- 
scope by  means  of  a micrometer  ; — called  also 
astronomical  sector.  Hutton. 

3.  A mathematical  instrument,  consisting  of 
two  rulers  movable  round  a point,  on  the  faces 
of  which  several  scales  are  drawn,  as  of  equal 
parts,  of  chords,  of  sines,  &c.  Brande. 

Similar  sectors.  ( Oeoin .)  sectors  which  have  equal 
angles  included  between  their  radii.  — - Sector  of  a 
sphere,  or  spherical  sector,  a solid  generated  by  the 
revolution  of  a sector  of  a circle  about  one  of  its  ra- 
dii, or  about  a straight  line  drawn  through  the  vertex 
of  the  sector  as  an  axis.  Hutton.  Dories.  — Sector  of  an 
ellipse,  hyperbola,  &c.,  a part  resembling  the  circular 
sector,  being  contained  between  two  radii,  or  lines 
drawn  from  the  centre  of  the  figure  to  the  curve,  and 
the  intercepted  arc  or  part  of  that  curve.  Hutton. 

SEC'IJ-LAR,  a.  [L.  secularis ; seculum,  an  age, 
a generation,  a century,  the  world  ; It.  secolare  ; 
Sp.  secular  ; Fr.  seculaire. ] 

1.  Coming  or  happening  once  in  a century. 

“ The  secular  year.”  ' Addison. 

Though  her  body  dies,  her  fame  survives 
A secular  bird,  ages  of  lives.  Milton. 

2.  Pertaining  to  temporal  things,  or  things  of 

the  present  world  ; temporal ; civil ; worldly  ; 
not  spiritual.  “ Secular  folk.”  Chaucer. 

3.  ( Roman  Catholic  Church.')  Not  bound  by 

monastic  rules  ; not  regular.  “ The  clergy,  both 
secular  and  regular.”  Temple. 

Secular  equation , ( Astron .)  the  numerical  expression 
of  the  magnitude  and  period  of  a secular  inequality. 
Brande.  — Secular  frames , ( Roman  Ant.)  games  cele- 
brated in  honor  of  certain  deities,  and  continuing 
three  days  and  three  nights.  “ If  we  were  to  judge 
from  their  name,  these  games  would  have  been  cele- 
brated once  in  every  century  or  seculum ; but  we  do 
not  find  that  they  were  celebrated  with  this  regularity 
at  any  period  of  Roman  history.”  IV.  Smith.  — Secu- 
lar inequality , (Astron.)  tile  inequality  in  a disturbed 
orbit  which  remains  after  the  mutual  destruction  or 
compensation  of  a much  larger  amount  of  periodical 
inequalities,  and  which  requires  a very  long  period  to 
compensate  it.  Herschel.  — Secular  refrigeration , ( Ge- 
ol.)  the  periodical  cooling  and  consequent  consolida- 
tion of  the  crust  of  the  globe.  Brande.  — Secular  song 
or  poem , a song  or  a poem  composed  for,  or  sung  at, 
the  secular  games. 

Syn.  — Secular  is  opposed  to  ecclesiastical ; temporal 
and  worldly , to  spiritual  and  eternal.  Secular  power 
or  authority  ; temporal  affairs  or  crown  ; worldly  pos- 
sessions or  enjoyments.  The  upper  house  of  the  Brit- 
ish Parliament  consists  of  lords  spiritual  and  temporal. 

SEC'IJ-LAR,  n.  1.  An  ecclesiastic  in  the  Romish 
church  not  bound  by  monastic  rules.  Johnson. 

2.  A layman.  Hales. 

3.  An  unordained  official  of  a cathedral  or 

chapel,  whose  duties  are  confined  to  the  vocal 
department  of  the  choir.  Moore. 

SEC'U-LAR-I^M,  n.  Attention  or  devotion  to  tem- 
poral or  secular  things  ; worldliness. 

The  aim  of  secularism  is  to  aggrandize  the  present  life. 

Fleming. 

SEC-U-LAR'I-TY,  n.  [It.  secolarith  ; Sp.  seculari- 
dad ; Fr.  secularite.]  The  state  of  being  secu- 
lar ; attention  to  the  things  of  the  present  life ; 
worldliness.  Burnet. 

SEC-IJ-LAR-I-ZA'TION,  n.  [It.  sccolarizzazione  ; 
Sp.  secularizacion  ; Fr.  secularisation .]  The  act 
of  secularizing;  conversion  from  spiritual  ap- 
propriation to  common  or  secular  use,  as  of  a 
church  or  church  property.  Chambers. 

SEC'l-LAR-IZE,  v.a.  [It.  secolarizzare  ; Sp.  secu- 
larizar  ; Fr.  seculariser .]  [«.  secularized  ; pp. 
SECULARIZING,  SECULARIZED.] 

1.  To  make  secular ; to  convert  from  spiritu- 
al appropriation  to  secular  use.  Johnson. 

2.  To  make  secular  or  worldly.  Bp.  Horsley. 

SEC'U-LAR-LY,  ad.  In  a secular  or  worldly  man- 
ner. Johnson. 

SEC'P-L  AR-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  secular; 
worldliness  ; secularity.  Johnson. 

SE'CUND,  a.  ( Bot .)  Having  all  the  parts,  xg 
by  twists  in  their  stalks,  turned  one  way ; A ■. 
one-sided.  Bindley,  If 

SIJ-cUN'dAte,  v.  a.  [L.  secundo,  secun-  8^ 
datus ; secundus,  prosperous.]  To  make 
prosperous  ; to  direct  favorably,  [r.]  Clarke. 

SE-CUN-DA'TION,  n.  Prosperity,  [it.]  Clarke. 

SEU'UN-DlNE,  n.  ; pi.  sec'un-dine$.  [It.  secon- 
dina ; secondo  (L.  secundus),  second  ; Sp.  se- 
cundina  ; Fr.  secondines.] 


1.  ( Bot .)  The  coat  enclosing  the  ovule,  lying 

within  and  next  to  the  primine.  Lindley. 

2.  (Med.)  All  that  remains  in  the  uterus 

after  the  birth  of  the  child ; viz.,  the  placenta, 
a portion  of  the  umbilical  cord,  and  the  mem- 
branes of  the  ovum;  afterbirth; — usually  in 
the  plural.  Dunglison. 

SE-CUK' DUM  AR'TF.M.  [L.]  According  to 
art ; skilfully.  Hamilton. 

Sg-CUR'A-BLE,  a.  That  maybe  secured.  Qu.  Rev. 
sy-CURE',  a.  [L.  securus ; se  and  cura;  or  sine 
cura,  without  care  ; — It.  sicitro  ; Sp.  seguro .] 

1.  Free  from  care  ; careless  ; without  caution 
or  vigilance.  “ Gideon  went  up  . . . and  smote 
the  host ; for  the  host  was  secure.”  Judg.  viii.  11. 

2.  Free  from  fear  or  apprehension  ; assured. 

Confidence  then  bore  thee  on  secure 

To  meet  no  danger.  Milton. 

3.  Not  distrustful  or  doubting;  confident; 
sure  ; certain  ; — usually  with  of. 

We  live  and  act  as  if  we  were  perfectly  secure  of  the  final 
event  of  things.  Atterbury. 

4.  Free  from  danger;  safe.  “ Secure  from 

fortune’s  blows.”  Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Safety. 

SE-CURE',  v.  a.  [It.  assicurare  ; Sp.  asegurar .] 

[i.  SECURED;  pp.  SECURING,  SECURED.] 

1.  To  make  safe  ; to  guard ; to  protect. 

To  secure  the  mind  from  weariness.  Watts. 

2.  To  make  certain  ; to  put  beyond  hazard; 
to  insure  ; to  assure  ; to  guarantee. 

To  secure  that  perfect,  durable  happiness  hereafter.  Locke. 
Men  are  secured  in  the  quiet  possession  of  their  lives,  prop- 
erties, and  every  thing  they  have  a right  to.  Addison. 

3.  To  make  fast ; to  make  firm  ; to  fasten ; as, 
“ To  secure  a door.” 

sy-cClRE'Ly,  ad.  1.  In  a secure  manner ; with- 
out danger ; safely.  Dryden. 

2.  Without  fear  or  apprehension;  confidently. 
Whether  any  of  the  reasonings  are  inconsistent,  I securely 
leave  to  the  judgment  of  the  reader.  Atterbury. 

t SE-CURE'M^NT,  n.  Security.  Browne. 

SJJ-CURE'NJJSS,  n.  Safety ; security.  Temple. 

SU-CUR'I?R,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  secures. 
SIJ-CU'RI-FJJR,  n.  [L.  securis,  an  axe  or  hatchet, 
and  fero,  to  bear.]  ( Ent .)  One  of  a tribe  of  bor- 
ing hymenopterous  insects,  the  females  of  which 
have  a hatchet-shaped  or  saw-shaped  append- 
age to  the  posterior  part  of  the  abdomen,  for  the 
purpose  of  preparing  a place  in  which  to  deposit 
their  eggs.  Brande. 

SIJ-CU'RI-FORM,  a.  [L.  securis,  an  axe  or  hatch- 
et, and  forma,  form.]  Shaped  like  an  axe  or 
hatchet.  Smart. 

Sfl-CU'RI-PALP,  n.  [L.  securis,  an  axe  or  hatch- 
et, and  palpo,  to  touch  softly.]  (Ent.)  One  of 
a family  of  coleopterous  insects,  in  which  the 
maxillary  palps  terminate  in  an  elongated  and 
hatchet-shaped  joint.  Brande. 

SJJ-CU'RI-TY,  n.  [L.  securitas-,  It.  sicurezza-,  Sp. 
seguridad ; Fr.  secunte.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  secure  ; freedom  from 
care,  fear,  or  danger ; safety. 

[They]  seemed  to  live  in  a state  of  conscious  security.  Cook. 

2.  That  which  guards  or  protects  ; protec- 

tion; defence;  safeguard. 

If  the  providence  of  God  be  taken  away,  what  security 
have  we  against  those  innumerable  dangers  to  which  human 
nature  is  continually  exposed?  Tillotson. 

3.  Any  thing  given  as  a pledge,  as  for  the  pay- 
ment of  a debt,  or  the  performance  of  a contract. 

Exchequer  hills  have  been  generally  reckoned  the  surest 
and  most  sound  of  all  securities.  Swift. 

4.  A person  bound  to  secure  the  payment  of 

a debt  or  the  performance  of  a contract ; a sure- 
ty- [R-]  Burrill. 

Syn. — See  Deposit,  Safety. 

SJJ-DAN',  n.  [Named  from  Sedan,  France,  where 
it  was  first  made.  Johnson.  — L.  sedeo,  to  sit. 
Skinner.']  A kind  of  portable  covered  chair  or 
vehicle  for  one  person.  Dryden. 

S5-DATE',  a.  [L.  sedatus  ; sedo,  to  allay,  to  still, 
to  calm ; It.  sedato.\  Settled ; composed  ; tran- 
quil ; calm  ; quiet ; unruffled  ; serene  ; undis- 
turbed. “ That  calm  and  sedate  temper.”  Watts. 

Composed  in  Bufferings,  and  in  joy  sedate. 

Good  without  noise,  without  pretension  great.  Pope. 
Syn.  — See  Calm. 

S]J-DATE'LY , ad.  In  a sedate  manner;  calmly; 
without  agitation ; tranquilly.  Locke. 


SU-DATE'NIJSS,  n.  State  of  being  sedate  ; calm- 
ness; tranquillity;  serenity.  Addison. 

SE-nA'TION,  n.  [T.  sedatio .]  The  act  of  calming 
or  composing,  [r.]  Coles.  Atlantic  Monthly. 

SED'A-TIVE,  a.  [It.  <Sp  Sp.  sedativo-,  Fr.  sedatif. ] 
Tending  to  assuage;  composing;  calming; 
soothing ; tranquillizing.  Boswell. 

Sedative  salt,  (Chem.)  boracic  acid.  Henry. 

SED'A-TIVE,  n.  (Med.)  A medicine  which  direct- 
ly depresses  the  vital  forces ; — used  to  dimin- 
ish preternaturally  increased  action.  Dunglison. 

SE  DE-FEJV-DEJV'DO.  [L.]  (Law.)  In  defend- 
ing one’s  self ; in  self-defence.  Whishaw. 

SE'DJjlNT,  a.  [L.  sedens.]  Sitting ; quiet.  Wright. 
||  SED'EN-TA-RI-LY,  ad.  In  a sedentary  manner. 

II  SED'JJN-TA-RI-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
sedentary.  L.  Addison. 

II  SED'UN-TA-RY  [sSd'en-t?-re,  S.  W.  P.  J.  F.  K. 
Sm.  R.  Wr.  Wb.  ; se'den-tj-re,  Ja. ; se-den't?-re, 
Buchanan ],  a.  [L.  sedentarius  ; sedeo,  to  sit ; It. 
<Sf  Sp.  sedentario  ; Fr.  sedentaire .] 

1.  Occupied  in  an  employment  which  requires 
a sitting  posture  ; sitting  much. 

The  E{?yptians,  whose  sages  were  not  sedentary  scholastic 
sophists,  like  the  Grecian,  but  men  employed  and  busied  in 
the  public  affairs  of  religion  and  government.  Wurburton. 

2.  Passed  chiefly  in  sitting;  requiring  a habit 

of  sitting.  “ A sedentary  life.”  Harvey. 

3.  Inactive ; motionless  ; sluggish  ; torpid. 

“ The  sedentary  earth.”  Milton. 

II  SED'EN-TA-RY,  n.  (Ent.)  One  of  a tribe  of 
spiders  that  sit  or  rest  in  the  hiding-places  of 
their  web  until  their  prey  is  entangled.  Brande. 

SF.-DE  'RUNT,  n.  [L.,  they  have  sat.)  (Scotch 
Law.)  A session  or  meeting  of  a court.  Smart. 

SEDfjJE  (sej),  n.  [A.  S.  seeg,  segc .]  (Bot.)  The 
common  name  of  the  glumaceous,  endogenous 
plants  of  the  order  Cyperacea,  resembling  the 
grasses,  but  having  solid  and  frequently  angu- 
lar stems,  and  inhabiting  every  latitude  and 
every  variety  of  situation  where  phsenogamous 
vegetation  can  exist ; a grass-like  or  rush-like 
herb.  The  name  is  given  especially  to  plants 
of  the  genera  Carex.  Lindley. 

SEDf^E'— BIRD,  n.  The  sedge-warbler.  Brande. 

SED^E'— CROWNED  (-kround),  a.  Crowned  with 
sedge.  “ Sedge-crowned  sisters.”  Collins. 

SEDfJIED  (sejd),  a.  Composed  of  sedge  or  flags. 
“ Scdged  crowns.”  Shah. 

SED<?E'— WAR-IiLER,  n.  (Ornith.)  A bird  of  the 
family  Sylvia  dee,  or  warblers,  found  in  summer 
in  thick  patches  of  reeds  or  willows ; Salicaria. 
phragmitis.  Yarrell. 

SJEDI-I'Y  (sej'e),  a.  Overgrown  with  sedge  or  nar- 
row Hags.  “ Severn’s  sedgy  bank.”  Shah. 

SE-DIL' I-A,n.  pi.  [L.,seafs.]  (Eccl.)  Seats  near 
the  altar  in  a church  for  ministers  officiating  at 
the  eucharist.  Ilook. 

SED'I-MENT,  n.  [L.  sedimentum  ; sedeo,  to  sit, 
to  settle  ; It.  § Sp.  sedimento-,  Fr.  sediment .] 
That  which  subsides  or  settles  at  the  bottom  of 
a liquid  ; lees  ; dregs.  Bacon. 

Syn.  — See  Dregs. 

SED-I-MEN'TA-RY,  a.  Relating  to,  formed  by,  or 
containing,  sediment.  1' eatherstonehaugh. 

Sedimentary  rocks,  ( Grid.)  rocks  formed  of  materi- 
als thrown  down  from  a state  of  suspension  or  solu- 
tion in  water.  Lyell. 

S^-dF'TION  (se-disli'un),  n.  [L.  seditio  ; sc,  de- 
noting separation,  and  itio,  a beginning ; eo, 
itum,  to  go  ; It.  sctlizione  ; Sp.  sedicion;  Fr.  se- 
dition.] An  offence,  not  capital,  and  not  amount- 
ing to  treason,  against  the  government  of  a 
country,  consisting  in  disturbing  the  tranquilli- 
ty of  the  state  or  exciting  discontent  against 
the  government,  by  meetings,  speeches,  publi- 
cations, &c.  Burrill. 

Syn.—  See  Insurrection. 

S5-Dl"TION-A-Ry,  n.  A promoter  of  sedition  ; 
a factious  person.  Bp.  Hall. 

SE-Dl''TIOl:S  (se-dish'us),  a.  [L.  seditiosus ; It. 


MIEN,  SIR  ; 


MOVE,  NOR,  SON  ; 


BULL,  BUR,  RtJLE.  — £,  (},  g,  soft;  tc,  G,  5,  g,  hard; 


§ as  z; 


y as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


SEDITIOUSLY 


1300 


SEEDY 


setlizioso ; Sp.  scdicioso ; Fr.  seditieux.]  Per- 
taining to,  partaking  of,  or  inciting  to,  sedition  ; 
factious  ; refractory  ; turbulent ; tumultuous. 

With  murderous  rapine,  and  seditious  strife.  Prior. 

Syn. — See  Factious,  Tumultuous. 

SJ5-Dl"TIOyS-Ly  (se-dlsh'us-le),  ad.  AVith  sedi- 
tion ; in  a seditious  manner ; factious])’. 

S5-nI"TIOyS-NfiSS  (se-dlsh'us-nes),  n.  The  qual- 
ity of  being  seditious  ; factious  turbulence. 

SED'LITZ— POYt'DIJIt?, )!.  pi.  (Med.)  A term  ap- 
plied.to  powders  used  for  making  an  efferves- 
cing aperient  drink;  Rochelle-powders. — See 
Rochelle-powdehs.  Wood  § Bachc. 

SED'L1TZ-WA'T$R,  n.  The  mineral  water  of 
Sedlitz.  in  Bohemia,  containing  a large  quanti- 
ty of  sulphate  of  magnesia,  a little  sulphate  of 
soda,  and  sulphate  of  lime,  carbonic  acid,  and 
carbonates  of  lime  and  magnesia ; — employed 
as  a purgative.  Dunglison. 

SJJ-DUCE',  v.  a.  [L.  seduco , to  lead  aside ; se, 
apart,  aside,  and  d/ico,  to  lead ; It.  sedurre ; Sp. 
seducir ; Fr.  seduire.]  \i.  seduced;  pp.  se- 
ducing, seduced.] 

1.  To  draw  aside  from  the  right;  to  lead 
astray  ; to  tempt ; to  corrupt ; to  deprave  ; to  mis- 
lead ; to  deceive  ; to  allure  ; to  decoy  ; to  entice. 

Subtle  he  needs  must  he  who  could  seduce 

Angels,  nor  think  superfluous  others’  aid.  Milton. 

But  they  hearkened  not:  and  Manasseh  seduced  them  to 
do  more  evil  than  did  the  nations  whom  the  Lord  destroyed 
before  the  children  of  Israel.  2 Kings  xxi.  9. 

2.  To  induce  to  surrender  chastity,  as  a woman. 

S^-DUCE'MgNT,  ft.  The  act  of  seducing  : — art 
or  means  used  in  order  to  seduce. 

Her  hero’s  dangers  touched  the  pitying  power. 

The  nymph’s  seducements  and  the  magic  bower.  Pope. 

SE-DU£'J?R,  ft.  One  who  seduces  ; a corrupter. 

When  women  send  the  seduced  to  Coventry,  but  counte- 
nance and  even  court  the  seducer , ought  we  not  to  wonder  if 
seductions  were  scarce?  Colton. 

SfJ-DUy'l-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  seduced;  cor- 
ruptible. “ Seducible  understandings.”  Glanvill. 

S$-DUg'ING,  p.  a.  Leading  astray;  enticing; 
alluring ; decoying  ; corrupting ; misleading. 

sp-DUy'ING,  ?j.  Act  of  one  who  seduces.  Jewell. 

Sf-DU^'ING-Ly,  ad.  In  a seducing  manner. 

Sf-DUC'TION,  n.  [L.  scductio  ; It.  seduzione ; Sp. 
seduccion  ; Fr.  seduction .] 

1.  The  act  of  seducing ; a drawing  aside  from 

the  right;  enticement  to  evil.  Browne. 

2.  (Law.)  The  offence  of  a man  who  induces 
a woman  to  surrender  her  chastity.  Bouvicr. 

S£-DUC'TIVE,  a.  Tending  to  seduce ; apt  to 
mislead.  “ Soft  seductive  arts.”  Lang  home. 

sp-UUC'TIVE-LY,  ad.  In  a seductive  manner. 

Sp-DU'LI-TY,  n.  [L.  sedulitas ; sedulus,  fond  of 
sitting,  sedulous ; sedeo,  to  sit ; It.  sedulita.] 
Diligent  assiduity ; constant  or  close  applica- 
tion ; industry  ; sedulousness.  South. 

Man  oftentimes  pursues  with  great  scdulitij  and  earnestness 
that  which  cannot  stand  him  in  any  stead  for  vital  purpose. 

1 looker. 

SED'U-LOUS,  a.  [L.  sedulus,  fond  of  sitting,  i.  e. 
averse  to  moving  or  any  change,  persevering ; 
sedeo,  to  sit.]  Assiduous  ; diligent ; constant 
in  application  to  any  business  ; steadily  indus- 
trious ; laborious.  “ The  sedulous  bee.”  Prior. 

Be  sedulous  to  discharge  thy  trust,  to  perform  thy  charge; 
be  zealous  for  souls,  and  careless  of  money.  Bp.  Taj/lor. 

Syn. — Sedulous  and  assiduous  both  express  the 
habit  of  sitting  or  sticking  close  to  a thing  or  employ- 
ment. Sedulous  application  to  learning;  & sedulous 
teacher  or  scholar  ; assiduous  attention  to  a person  or 
to  study  ; diligent  in  employment ; industrious  in  habit. 

SED'U-LOUS-Ly,  ad.  Assiduously;  industrious- 
ly  ; laboriously  ; diligently.  Philips. 

SED'U-LOUS-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality 
of  being  sedulous  ; assiduity  ; assiduousness  ; 
industry;  diligence;  sedulity.  Boyle. 

SE'DUM,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants  having 
stems  crowded  with  leaves,  and  usually  branched 
from  the  base,  and  flowers  of  various  colors. 

Pi,  ‘ Many  of  the  species  have  been  used  in  medi- 
cine, especially  Sedum  acre,  — called  also  acrid  stone- 
crop,  and  wall-pepper,  — which,  when  applied  to  the 
skin,  produces  vesication,  and,  taken  internally,  it 
causes  vomiting.  Eng.  Cyc. 


SEE,  n.  [Gr.  'iSos,  a seat ; L.  scdcs,  a seat ; se- 
deo, to  sit;  It.  sedia  ; Sp.  sede;  Fr.  siege. ] 

1.  t A seat ; — a seat  of  power.  Spenser. 

2.  Properly,  the  seat  or  throne  on  which  a 

bishop  takes  his  place  when  installed  into  office, 
but  it  is  metaphorically  used  "for  the  extent  of 
the  jurisdiction  possessed  by  a bishop;  a dio- 
cese — originally  applied  exclusively  to  the  pa- 
pal chair  at  Rome.  Brande. 

SEE,  v.  a.  [Goth,  saiivan  ; A.  S.  seon  ; Dut.  zien ; 
Gcr.  sehen;  Dan.  sec;  Sw.  se. — Junius  and 
Skinner  derive  it  from  Gr.  Oiaoym,  to  see,  by  the 
change  of  B into  g.  Richardson.  — See  Sight.] 
[i.  SAW  ; pp.  SEEING,  SEEN.] 

1.  To  perceive  by  the  eye ; to  receive  knowl- 
edge of  by  the  eye ; to  behold ; to  descry ; to 
view. 

Uriel,  no  wonder  if  thy  perfect  sight. 

Amid  the  sun’s  bright  circle,  where  thou  sitt’st, 

See  far  and  wide.  Milton. 

2.  To  perceive  by  the  mind;  to  take  notice 
of ; to  notice  ; to  observe  ; to  know  ; to  under- 
stand; to  discern;  to  remark. 

Who  is  so  gross 

As  cannot  see  this  palpable  device? 

Yet  who  so  bold  but  says  he  secs  it  not, 

When  such  ill  dealing  must  be  seen  in  thought?  Shale. 

I had  a mind  to  sec  him  out,  and  therefore  did  not  care  for 
contradicting  him.  Addison. 

3.  To  mingle  with  ; to  hold  intercourse  with. 

To  an  improvement  in  wisdom  and  prudence,  by  seeing 
men,  and  conversing  with  people  of  different  tempers  and 
customs.  Locke. 

4.  To  pay  a visit  to  ; to  visit;  to  call  on. 

I will  not  see  you  now  by  the  way;  but  I trust  to  tarry  a 
while  with  you,  if  the  Lord  permit.  1 Cor.  xvi.  7. 

5.  To  meet  with  ; to  feel ; to  experience. 

What  man  is  he  that  liveth,  and  shall  not  see  death? 

Ps.  lxxxix.  48. 

Syn.  — To  see  is  a general  term,  and  is  an  action 
either  voluntary  or  involuntary  ; to  perceive , volun- 
tary ; to  observe , intentional.  Sec  with  the  eye  ; descry 
what  is  distant;  perceive,  with  the  eye  or  the  mind  ; 
discern  with  the  mind.  Every  one  who  lias  sight  sees  ; 
an  astronomer  observes.  The  eyes  open  to  see , turn  to 
look  at,  fix  to  behold,  and  roll  to  view.  — “ YVe  sec  all 
objects  before  our  eyes  ; we  look  at  those  which  excite 
our  curiosity  ; we  behold  such  as  cause  our  admiration  ; 
we  view  those  which  we  are  desirous  of  examining.” 
Truslcr. 

SEE,  v.  ft.  1.  To  have  the  power  of  sight ; to 
have  perception  of  things  by  the  eye. 

Air  hath  some  secret  degree  of  light;  otherwise  cats  and 
owls  could  not  see  in  the  night.  Bacon. 

2.  To  have  a perception  of  things  by  the  mind  ; 
to  discern  ; to  understand  ; to  look  ; — used  with 
through  or  into. 

Many  sagacious  persons  will  find  us  out,  will  look  under 
our  mask,  and  see  through  all  our  fine  pretensions.  Tillotson. 

Could  you  see  into  my  secret  soul, 

Tliwe  you  might  read  your  own  dominion  doubled.  Dri/den. 

3.  To  inquire';  to  distinguish ; to  examine. 

See  whether  fear  doth  make  thee  wrong  her.  Shak. 

4^  To  pay  attention  ; to  be  attentive ; to  take 
heed;  to  take  care.  “Mark  and  perform  it, 
see’st  thou.”  Shah. 

When  I appear,  see  you  avoid  the  place.  Dn/deti. 

To  see  to,  to  look  well  after  ; to  look  at.  “ An  altar 
by  Jordan,  a great  altar  to  see  to Josh.  xxii.  10. 

SE§,  interj . Lo  ! look  ! observe  ! behold  ! 

See  I seel  upon  the  banks  of  Boyne  he  stands.  Halifax. 

Hgjf’The  imperative  mode  of  the  verb  used  interjec- 
tionally. 

SEED,  ft.  [Goth,  seths,  seds  ; A.  S.  seed  ; Icel. 
sad;  Dut.  zaad ; Ger.  saat ; Dan.  seed ; Sw.  sad.] 

1.  ( Zool .)  The  fecundating  fluid  of  male  ani- 
mals; sperm;  semen.  Dunglison. 

2.  (Bot.)  A body  enclosed  in  a pericarp, 
clothed  with  its  own  integuments,  and  contain- 
ing the  rudiment  of  the  future  plant.  Lindley. 

figp  The  seed  of  a plant  is  the  ovule  in  its  most  per- 
fect and  finally  organized  state.  It  is  enclosed  in  a 
pericarp,  is  clothed  with  its  own  integuments  called 
the  testa,  and  contains  the  rudiment  of  the  future 
plant,  called  the  embryo,  and  a substance  interposed 
between  the  embryo  and  the  testa,  called  the  albumen. 
The  albumen  is  often  absent.  The  embryo,  in  dico- 
tyledonous plants,  consists  of  the  radicle , or  undevel- 
oped root,  the  plumule,  or  undeveloped  stem,  and  the 
cotyledons,  or  undeveloped  seed-leaves.  Lindley. 

3.  Principle  of  production. 

Praise  of  great  acts  he  scatters  ns  a seed. 

Whicji  may  the  like  in  coming  ages  breed.  Waller. 

4.  First  principle  ; original  source. 

The  seed  of  whatsoever  perfect  virtue  groweth  from  us  is  a 
right  opinion  touching  things  divine.  Hooker. 


5.  Progeny;  offspring ; descendants  ; — used 
to  denote  a single  individual  or  many. 

When  God  gave  Canann  to.Abraham,  he  thought  fit  to  put 
his  see d into  the  grant  too.  Locke. 

6.  Race  ; generation  ; birth. 

Of  mortal  seed  they  were  not  held.  Waller. 

SEED,  V.  n.  [(.  SEEDED  ; pp.  SEEDING,  SEEDED.] 
To  grow  to  maturity,  so  as  to  bear  or  produce 
seed  : — to  shed  seed.  “ It  hath  already  flower, 
so  that  I fear  it  will  shortly  seed.”  Lyte. 

Whate’er  I plant,  like  corn  on  barren  earth. 

By  an  equivocal  birth, 

.Seeds,  and  runs  up  to  poetry.  Swift . 

SEED,  v.  a.  To  supply  with  seed;  to  sow.  Smart. 

To  seed  down,  to  sow  with  grass-seed.  Smith. 

SEED'— BUD,  n.  (Bot.)  The  ovule.  Lankester. 

D5J-  This  word  was  used  by  Lankester  in  rendering 
the  German  samen-knospe,  in  his  Translation  of  Schlei- 
den’s  Principles  of  Botany  (1849),  but  it  is  not  used  in 
English  works  on  botany.  Oray. 

SEED'— CAKE,  n.  A sweet  cake  having  aromatic 
seeds.  “ The  seed-cake,  the  pasties.”  Tusser. 

SEED'— COAT,  n.  (Bot.)  The  coat  or  covering 
of  a seed.  Gray. 

SEED'— COD,  n,  A vessel  for  holding  seed,  while 
the  husbandman  is  sowing  it.  Whishaw. 

SEED'— CORN,  n.  Corn  for  seed.  Warburton. 

SEED'— DOWN,  n.  The  pappus  or  downy  sub- 
stance attached  to  some  seeds,  as  to  those  of 
the  dandelion,  thistle,  &c.  Wright. 

SEED'f.D,  a.  I.  Bearing  or  having  seed. 

The  vernal  blades  that  rise  with  seeded  stem.  Mason. 

2.  Interspersed  as  with  seeds. 

A blue  mantle,  seeded  with  stars.  B.  Jonson. 

SEED'ER,  n.  One  who  seeds  or  sows.  Todd. 

SEED'-GAR-DEN,  n.  A garden  fer  raising  seed. 

SEED'— GRAIN,  n.  Grain  for  seed.  Clarke. 

SEED'— LAC,  n.  The  granular  residue  which  re- 
mains after  stick-lac  has  been  broken  from  the 
twigs  which  it  incrusts,  freed  in  great  part  of  its 
coloring  matter  by  trituration  in  water,  and 
dried  in  the  sun.  Ure. 

SEED'— LEAF,  n.  (Bot.)  A cotyledon,  or  a leaf  de- 
veloped from  a cotyledon,  being,  in  monocoty- 
ledonous  plants,  the  first  leaf,  and  in  dicotyledo- 
nous plants,  one  of  the  first  pair  of  leaves.  Gray. 

SEED'LING,  n.  A plant  or  a fruit  produced  from 
a seed.  Clarke. 

SEED'LING,  a.  Produced  from  the  seed,  llovey. 

SEED  LIP,  ? n%  [A.  S.  seed-laid.]  A basket  or 

SEED'LOP,  > vessel  in  which  a sower  carries  seed 
when  sowing  it.  Ainsworth. 

SEED'— LORE,  n.  (Bot.)  One  of  the  two  lobes  of 
the  embryo  ; cotyledon.  Wright. 

t SEED'NfSS,  n.  Seed-time.  Shak. 

SEED'— 6T  L,  n.  (Com.)  A term  applied  to  oils  ex- 
pressed from  the  seeds  of  plants  ; — especially 
to  the  oil  expressed  from  the  nuts  or  seeds  of 
Jatropha  carcass,;  which  is  used  for  burning 
and  for  dressing  cloth.  Archer. 

SEED'-PEARL  (sed'perl),  v.  A very  small  pearl 
in  the  form  of  a small  grain.  Boyle. 

SEED'-PLOT,  n.  A nursery  in  a garden,  or 
ground  on  which  seeds  are  sown  to  produce 
plants  for  transplanting.  Hammond. 

SEEDS  MAN,  n.  ; pi.  seedsmen.  One  who  sows 
seeds  ; — one  who  sells  seeds.  Johnson. 

SEED'— TIME,  n.  The  season  for  sowing  or  plant- 
ing. 

While  the  earth  remaineth,  seed-time  and  harvest,  and  cold 
and  heat,  and  summer  and  winter,  and  day  and  night,  shall 
not  cease.  Gen.  via.  22. 

SEED'— VES-SIJL,  n.  (Bot.)  The  pericarp,  being 
the  walls  of’ the  matured  ovary,  and  enclosing 
the  seed.  Gray. 

SEED'Y,  a.  1.  Abounding  with,  or  containing, 
seeds  : — running  to  seeds.  Johnson. 

2.  Noting  a peculiar  flavor  of  certain  parcels 
of  French  brandy,  supposed  to  be  derived  from 
weeds  that  grow  among  the  vines.  London  Ency. 

3.  Having  the  appearance  of  poverty.  Halliicell. 

Little  Flanigan  here  is  a little  seetly,  as  we  say  among  us 

that  practise  the  law.  Goldsmith. 


A,  E,  !,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  fl,  \,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


SEEING 


1301 


SEIGNIORAGE 


SEE'ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  sees;  sight; 
vision  : — the  sense  we  have  of  external  objects 
by  means  of  the  eye  ; perception. 

The  organ  of  seeing  is  the  eye.  Locke. 

SEE’ING,  conj.  Since  ; inasmuch  ; it  being  so. 

Why  should  not  they  be  as  well  victualled,  for  so  long  a 
time,  as  the  ships  are  usually  for  a year,  seeing  it  is  easier’ to 
keep  victuals  on  land  than  on  water?  Spenser. 

SEEK,  v.  a.  [Goth,  sokjan-,  A.  S.  secan;  Frs. 
sc/ca  ; Dut.  zoeken  ; Ger.  suchen ; Dan.  siige ; Sw. 
saka -,  Ieel.  scekia. — Wachter , with  prefixing 
s,  derives  it  from  the  Ger.  auge,  ook,  ocl i,  the  eye, 

— the  first  investigation  being  made  by  the  eye. 

Adelung  agrees  with  Wachter,  finding  Ger. 
suchen,  to  seek,  related  to  Ger.  sehen,  to  see  : 
but  as  these  words  denote  also  tending  towards, 
approaching,  seeking,  they  may  be  from  the 
Heb.  pTiU,  to  run  about,  to  run  to  and  fro,  also 
the  leg  by  which  the  body  is  moved  forward,  or 
a street  where  men  walk  to  seek  what  they  have 
in  view.  Bosworth .]  [/.  sought  ; pp.  seeking, 

SOUGHT.] 

1.  To  look  for  or  after  ; to  search  for ; to  go 
to  find ; to  try  to  find  ; — often  with  out,  or  after. 

I sought  thee  in  n secret  cave,  bert. 

He  did  range  the  town  to  seek  me  out.  Shak. 

To  seek  after  some  better  reason.  Addison. 

2.  To  solicit ; to  endeavor  to  gain  ; to  ask. 

And  others,  tempting  him,  sought  of  him  a si^n  from 

heaven.  Luke  xi.  10. 

Syn.  — See  Search. 

SEEK,  v.  n.  1.  To  make  search  or  inquiry. 

Seek  ye  out  of  the  book  of  the  Lord,  and  read.  Isa.  xxxiv.  16. 

2.  To  endeavor;  to  strive;  to  try.  Dry  den . 

Why  should  he  mean  me  ill  or  seek  to  harm?  Mdton. 

t To  seek,  under  the  necessity  of  seeking  or  search- 
ing ; without  knowledge  or  experience. 

Unpractised,  unprepared,  and  still  to  seek.  Milton. 

— To  seek  after , to  try  to  find  or  to  take  ; to  make 
pursuit  after.  “ Violent  men  have  sought  after  my 
soul.”  Ps.  lxxxvi.  14.  — To  seek  for,  to  searcli  for  ; to 
try  to  find.  Knollcs.  — ] To  seek  to,  to  seek. 

And  Wisdom’s  self 

Oft  seeks  to  sweet,  retired  solitude.  Milton. 

And  in  that  day  there  shall  he  a root  of  Jesse,  which  shall 
stand  for  an  ensign  of  the  people;  to  it  shall  the  Gentiles 
seek.  Isa.  xi.  10. 

SEEK'JJR,  n.  1.  One  who  seeks;  an  inquirer. 

Cato  is  represented  as  a seeker  to  oracles.  Bentley. 

2.  (liccl.  Hist.)  One  of  a sect  which  professed 
to  have  no  determinate  form  of  religion,  but  to 
be  in  search  of  one.  Burnet. 

SEEK'ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  seeks. 

SEEK'— SOR-ROW  (sek'sor-ro),  n.  One  who  vexes 
himself ; a self-tormentor.  Sidney. 

SEEL,  v.  a.  [Fr.  siller .]  [/.•seei.ed  ; pp.  seel- 

ing, seeled.]  To  close  the  eyelids  of,  as  those 
of  a hawk  by  passing  a fine  thread  through 
them  ; — metaphorically,  to  close  the  eyes  in  any 
way.  “ A seeled  dove.”  Sidney. 

To  seel  her  father’s  eyes  up,  close  as  oak.  Shak. 

f SEEL,  v.  n.  [Fr.  siller,  to  bear.]  (Naut.)  To 
lean  on  one  side  ; to  roll  to  the  leeward  ; to 
heel.  Raleigh. 

f SEEL,  ) The  agitation  or  rolling  of  a 

f SEEL'ING,  ) ship  in  foul  weather.  Sandys. 

SEEL,  n.  [A.  S.  sal.']  Season;  time;  — used 
especially  in  composition,  as,  hay -seel,  i.  e.  hay- 
time : — a sieve.  [Local,  Eng.]  Ray.  Holloway. 

f SEEL'Y,  a.  [A.  S.  saeliy,  happy.  — See  Silly.] 
Lucky  ; happy  : — inoffensive  ; harmless  : — sim- 
ple ; silly  ; foolish.  Spenser. 

SEEM,  v.  n.  [Dut.  zweemen,  to  resemble ; Ger. 
ziemen,  to  become ; scheinen,  to  appear,  to 
seem  ; Dan.  synes  ; Sw.  synas.  — L.  si/nulo,  to 
make  like  ; similis,  like  ; It.  sembrare  ; Sp.  sem- 
b/ar;  Fr.  sembter.]  [/.  SEEMED;  pp.  seeming, 
seemed.]  To  appear  ; to  make  a show ; to  have 
semblance  ; to  present  the  appearance. 

So  spake  the  Omnipotent;  and  with  his  words 

All  seemed  well  pleased— all  seemed , but  were  not  all.  Milton. 

It  seems,  it  appears  ; it  has  the  appearance  of  truth  ; 
it  is  so  stated  ; — used  in  slight  affirmation.  “ He  had 
been  a chief  magistrate,  and  had,  it  seems,  executed 
that  high  office  justly  and  honorably,”  Atterbury. 

Syn.  — To  appear  is  a stronger  term  than  to  seem. 
The  sun  appears  above  the  horizon,  and  seems  to  move. 
A thing  seems  plausible,  and  appears  to  he  true.  To  a 
common  observer  the  heavenly  bodies  seem  to  move 
round  the  earth  ; but  to  a man  of  science  it  will  clear- 


ly appear  that  it  is  the  earth  that  moves,  and  not  the 
sun  or  the  stars.  He  looks  well,  appears  healthy,  and 
seems  contented. 

f SEEM,  v.  a.  To  become;  to  befit;  to  beseem. 
“ Honest  mirth  that  seemed  her  well.”  Spenser*. 

SEEM'^R,  n.  One  who  seems.  Shak. 

SEEM'ING,  n.  1.  Appearance  ; show  ; semblance. 

2.  Fair  or  goodly  appearance. 

For  you  there ’s  rosemary  and  rue;  these  keep 
Seeming  and  savor  all  the  winter  long.  Shak. 

3.  f Opinion;  judgment;  estimate. 

His  persuasive  words,  impregned 
With  reason,  to  her  seeming,  and  with  truth.  Milton. 

SEEM'ING,  p.  a.  Appearing;  making  a show  or 
semblance ; apparent. 

Syn.  — See  Apparent. 

SEEM'ING-LY,  ad.  Apparently;  in  appearance. 

SEEM'ING-NESS,  n.  Plausibility;  appearance; 
semblance  ; show.  Bp.  Taylor. 

f SEEM'Lf,SS,  a.  Unseemly  ; indecorous.  Spenser. 

f SEEM'LI-LY,  ad.  Decently  ; comelily.  Iluloet. 

SEEM'LI-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  seemly  ; 
decency  ; comeliness  ; beauty.  Camden. 

SEEM'LY,  a.  Beseeming;  befitting  ; decent ; be- 
coming ; proper  ; suitable  ; appropriate  ; fit ; 
meet.  “ To  make  a seemly  answer.”  Shak. 

Suspense  of  judgment  and  exercise  of  charity  were  safer 
and  seemlier  tor  Christian  men  than  the  hot  pursuit  of  these 
controversies.  Hooker. 

SEEM'LY,  ad.  In  a decent  or  proper  manner. 

f SEEM'LY-HED,  n.  Decent  or  comely  appear- 
ance. ' Chaucer. 

SEEN,  p.  from  see.  Beheld  ; perceived.  — See  See. 

f SEEN,  a.  Skilled  ; versed  ; accomplished.  “ A 
schoolmaster  well  seen  in  music.”  Shak. 

SE'gR,  n.  1.  One  who  sees  or  perceives  with  the 
eye.  “ A seer  of  visions.”  Addison. 

2.  One  who  sees  into  the  future  ; one  who 
foresees  ; a prophet ; a foreteller. 

Go,  preach  to  the  coward,  thou  death-telling  seer.  Campbell. 
How  soon  lujth  thy  prediction,  seer  blest. 

Measured  this  transient  world,  the  race  of  time!  Milton. 

SE ' F.R,  n.  A variable  weight  of  the  East  Indies, 
that  of  the  East  Indian  Company  being  about 
two  pounds  avoirdupois.  C.  P.  Broum. 

SEER,  a.  Several ; divers.  [North  of  Eng.]  Ray. 

SEER'HAND,  n.  A kind  of  muslin,  particularly 
adapted  for  dresses.  Simmonds. 

SE'JJR-SHIP,  n.  The  state,  office,  or  quality  of  a 
seer.  Month.  Rev. 

SEER'SUCK-JJR,  n.  A kind  of  linen  having  blue 
and  white  stripes,  imported  from  India. 

tSfigR'WOOD(-wftd),>  D od.  R 

f SEAR' WOOD  (-wud),  ) 

SEE'SAW,  v.  n.  [Perhaps  saw-saw,  a reduplica- 
tion of  sale,  and  intended  to  express  the  motion 
to  a»ul  fro,  backwards  and  forwards,  in  the  act 
of  sawing.  Richardson.]  [/.  seesawed  ; pp. 
seesawing,  seesawed.]  To  move  or  play  with 
a reciprocating  motion  to  and  fro,  or  up  and 
down. 

Sometimes  they  were  like  to  pull  John  over;  then  it  went 
all  of  a sudden  again  on  John’s  side;  so  they  Avent  seesawing 
up  and  down  from  one  end  of  the  room  to  the  other.  Arbuthnof. 

SEE'sAw,  n.  1.  A reciprocating  motion.  Pope. 

2.  A kind  of  play  in  which  two  children,  seat- 
ed one  at  each  end  of  a board  supported  on  a 
fulcrum,  move  alternately  upwards  and  down- 
wards : — the  board,  as  used  in  this  play. 

HaUiwell. 

3.  (At  Whist.)  The  playing  of  two  partners, 

so  that  each,  alternately,  enables  the  other  to 
win  the  trick.  Smart. 

SEE'sAw,  a.  Undulating  with  reciprocal  motion  ; 
moving  to  and  fro,  or  up  and  down.  Savage. 

SEETHE,  V.  a.  [A.  S.  seothan  ; Dut.  zieden  ; Ger. 
sieden  ; Dan.  syde ; Sw.  sjuda ; Icel.  seyda,  sioda. 
— Gr.  £fw.]  [/.  seethed  or  fson  ; pp.  seeth- 

ing, seethed  or  sodden.]  To  boil  ; to  decoct 
in  hot  liquor.  “ Seethe  pottage.”  2 Kings  iv.  38. 

The  Scythians  used  to  seethe  the  flesh  in  the  hide,  and  so 
do  the  northern  Irish.  Spenser. 

SEETHE,  v.  n.  To  be  in  a state  of  ebullition  ; to 
be  hot;  to  boil.  1 Sam.  ii.  13. 

The  boiling  baths  at  Cairbadon, 

"Which  seethe  with  secret  fire  eternally.  Spenser . 


SEETH'gR,  n.  1.  One  who  seethes. 

2.  A boiler  ; a pot.  Drydcn. 

SG-FA'TIAN  (se-fa'shjn),  n.  [Arab,  sefat,  quali- 
fication, attribute.]  (Eccl.  Hist.)  One  of  a sect 
of  Mohammedans,  who  hold  the  opposite  opin- 
ion to  the  Motazelites,  with  respect  to  the  eter- 
nal attributes  of  God.  P.  Cyc. 

SEG,  it.  Sedge  ; a rush.  [Local,  Eng.]  Barret. 

SEG,  or  SEGG,  n.  A castrated  bull ; a hull-stag. 

— See  Bull-stag.  [Scotland,  and  north  of 

England.]  Jamieson.  Brockett. 

SJg-GAR',  >t.  [Sp.  cigarro.]  A little  roll  of  to- 
bacco for  smoking  ; — more  correctly  written 
cigar.  — See  Cigar.  Twiss. 

SEG'  BAN,  it.  [Turkey.]  A horseman  who  has 
the  care  of  the  baggage  of  an  army.  Crabb. 

SEG'GAR,  it.  A cylindric  or  oval  case  of  fire-clay, 
in  which  fine  stone-ware  is  enclosed,  to  protect 
it  from  the  smoke  and  the  injurious  products  df 
combustion,  while  baking  in  the  kiln  ; — written 
also  sagger.  Ure . 

SEG'MJJNT,  it.  [L.  segmentum ; scco,  to  cut;  It. 

Sp.  segmento  ; Fr.  segment .] 

1.  A part  cut  off ; a section.  Miller. 

2.  (Bot.)  One  of  the  subdivisions  of  any  part 

or  organ.  Henslow. 

Jingle.  in  a segment,  ( Gram.)  an  angle  formed  by 
lines  drawn  from  the  extremities  of  the  chord  to  any 

point  in  tile  arc. tingle  of  a segment,  an  angle  formed 

by  the  chord  and  a tangent  to  tlic  arc  at  one  of  its  ex- 
tremities. — Segment,  of  a circle,  a part  of  the  area  of  a 
circle  included  between  a chord  and  the  arc  winch  it 
subtends.  — Segment  of  a sphere , a portion  of  a sphere 
cut  oil  by  a plane. — Similar  segments,  segments  that 
have  their  chords  proportional  to  their  radii,  or  that 
have  arcs  containing  the  same  number  of  degrees. 

Hutton. 

SfG-MEN'TAL,  a.  Pertaining  to,  consisting  of, 
or  like,  a segment.  Clarke. 

SEG-MEN-TA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  dividing  or 
separating  into  segments.  Maunder. 

f SEG'NI-TUDE,  n.  [L.  segnis,  slow,  sluggish.] 
Sluggishness ; segnity  ; inactivity.  • Todd. 

f SEG'NI-TY,  n.  [L . segnitas  \ segnis,  sluggish.] 
Sluggishness  ; inactivity  ; segnitude.  Bailey. 

SEG'RJJ-gAte,  v.  a.  [L . segrego -,  se,  aside,  and 
grego,  to  gather  in  a flock  ; grex,  gregis,  a flock  ; 
It.  segregate-,  Sp.  segregar-,  Fr.  sign  ger.]  [i. 
segregated  ;pp.  segregating,  segregated.] 
To  set  apart ; to  separate  from  otheffc  ; — op- 
posed to  aggregate,  [r.]  Bp.  Berkeley. 

f SEG'RIJ-GATE,  a.  Select;  separate.  Wotton. 

SEG'RE-GAT-iJD,  p.  a.  Set  or  placed  apart  ; 
separated  from  others.  _ Maunder. 

SEG-RiJ-GA'TION,  n.  [L.  segregation ; Fr.  segre- 
gation.] Separation  from  others.  Shak. 

Veins  of  segregation,  silicious,  calcareous,  or  other 
matters  which  have  been  simultaneously  infiltrated 
from  surrounding  rocks  into  small  cracks  or  cavities 
caused  by  a shrinking  or  contraction  of  t lie  mass.  Lyell. 

SEID,  n.  A descendant  of  Mahomet.  Smart. 

SEID'LITZ— POW'DER,  n.  See  Sedlitz-powder. 

SEin'LlTZ-wA'Tf.R,  n.  See  Sedlitz-water. 

SpIG-NEU'RI-AL  (se-nu're-ril),  a.  [Fr.  seigncurial. 

— See  Seignior.]  Relating  to  a lord  of  the 
manor ; manorial  : — invested  with  large  pow- 
ers ; independent. 

Those  lands  were  seiyneurial.  Temple. 

SEIGN'IOR  (sen'yur),  n.  [L.  senior-,  senex,  old; 
It.  signore-,  Sp.  schor\  Fr.  seigneur.]  Among 
the  feudists,  a lord  of  the  fee  : — a title,  in  some 
European  countries,  equivalent  to  lord  in  Eng- 
land ; — written  also  signior,  and  signor. 

Most  potent,  grave,  and  reverend  seigniors.  Shak. 

VGp  Tlie  sultan  or  emperor  of  Turkey  is  styled  the 
Grand  Seignior. 

Kdf  The  most  extended  signification  of  this  word 
includes  not  only  a lord  or  peer  of  Parliament,  but  is 
applied  to  the  owner  of  a tiling  ; hence  the  owner  of 
a hawk,  and  tlie  master  of  a fishing-vessel,  is  called 
a seignior.  Bouvier. 

S E 1 G N T O R - A E (s?n'yur-jj],n.  [Fr.  seigneuriage. 

— See  Senior.]  An  ancient  prerogative  of  the 
English  crown,  whereby  it  claimed  a percentage 
upon  every  ingot  of  gold  and  silver  brought  to 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RlJLE.  — <^,  <?,  9,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  5,  |,  hard;  § as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


SEIGNIORIAL 


1302 


SELF 


the  mint  to  be  coined  : — in  commercial  law, 
the  profit  derived  from  issuing  coins  at  a rate 
above  their  intrinsic  value.  Bratule. 

SEIGN-IO'RI-AL  (-yo'-),  a.  Seigneurial.  Clarke. 

SEIGN'IOR-iZE  (sen'yur-Iz),  v.  a.  To  rule  as  a 
seignior  ; to  lord  over,  [r.]  Fairfax. 

SEIGN'IOR-Y  (sen'yur-e),  n.  [Fr.  seigneurie.) 
The  right  or  estate  which  a lord  has  in  the  land 
held  by  his  tenant ; a lordship  ; a manor. 

All  the  land  in  England  in  the  hands  of  any  layman  is 
held  of  some  lord,  to  whom  the  holder  or  tenant  owes  some 
service.  It  is  by  doing  this  service  that  the  tenant  is  entitled 
to  hold  the  land,  llis  duty  is  u service,  and  the  right  of  the 
lord  is  a seigniory.  P • Cyc. 

SEINE  (sen),  n.  [A.  S.  segue,  a net.  — Gr.  aayfm  ; 
L.  Sj  It.  sagena ; Fr.  seine.]  A kind  of  large 
fishing-net. 

The  seine  is  a net  of  about  forty  fathoms  in  length,  with 
which  they  encompass  a part  of  the  sea,  and  draw  the  same 
on  land  by  two  ropes  fastened  at  his  ends,  together  with  such 
fish  as  lighteth  within  his  precinct.  Carew. 

SEINE'— BOAT,  n.  A fishing-boat  of  about  fifteen 

tons  burden,  — used  in  the  fisheries  on  the  west 
coast  of  England,  to  carry  the  large  seine  or 
casting-net.  Simmonds. 

SEINE'— FISH- 5 R,  re.  One  who  fishes  with  a 
seine  ; a seiner.  Clarke. 

SEIN'yR  (sett'er),  n.  A fisher  with  a seine.  Carew. 

SEI§'IN,  or  SEIZ'IN  (se'zjn),  n.  [Law  L.  seisina  ; 
Law  Fr.  seisine ; seiser  (Fr.  saisir),  to  seize.] 

Written  seisin  by  Bailey,  Martin,  Brande,  Whi- 
sliaw,  Bouvier,  Burrill,  &c. : — seizin  by  Johnson, 
Walker,  Jameson,  Smart,  &c. 

1.  (Law.)  Possession  of  land  ; possession  of 
an  estate  of  freehold  in  lands. 

4Eg=-  Seisin  is  properly  applied  to  freehold  ; posses- 
sion, to  goods  and  chattels  ; although  sometimes  the 
one  is  used  instead  of  the  other.  Seisin  in  fact,  or  in 
deed  is  actual  possession  of  the  freehold  ; seisin  in  law 
is  a legal  right  to  such  possession,  as  where  lands 
have  descended  to  a party  who  has  not  entered  into 
actual  possession  of  them,  or  is  by  wrong  disseized  of 
them.  In  some  of  the  United  States,  seisin  means 
merely  ownership  ; and  the  distinction  between  seisin 
in  deed  and  in  law  is  not  known  in  practice.  Burrill. 

2.  The  act  of  taking  possession. 

Every  indulged  sin  gives  Satan  livery  and  seisin  of  his 
heart.  Dec.  of  Chr.  Piety. 

Livery  of  seisin.  See  Livery. 

SEIS-MOM'p-T£R,  n.  [Gr.  < reurpoj,  an  earthquake  ; 
(reftii,  to  shake,  and  perpov,  a measure.]  An  in- 
strument for  measuring  the  shock  of  an  earth- 
quake, and  other  concussions.  Brande. 

SE'I-TY,  n.  [L.  se,  one’s  self.]  Something  pecu- 
liar to  one’s  self,  [r.]  Tatler. 

SEIZ'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  seized.  Todd. 

SEIZE  (sez),  v.  a.  [Fr.  saisir.  — Low  L.  saisio, 
from  L.  sessio,  sessionis,  a sitting,  or  the  Gr. 
oaKKt('n,  to  strain.  Menage.  Du  Cange.  — Per- 
haps A.  S.  ceosan,  to  choose.  Richardson. — 
“ Till  that  death  me  cese,  I will  be  hers.”  Chau- 
cer.] 

1.  To  take  hold  of  suddenly  and  forcibly ; to 
take  possession  of  by  force  ; to  lay  hold  on ; to 
gripe ; to  grasp. 

The  tiger  now  hath  seized  the  gentle  hind.  S/tak. 

At  last  they  seize 

The  sceptre,  and  regard  not  David’s  sons.  Milton. 

And  hope  and  doubt  alternate  seize  her  soul.  Pope. 

2.  To  take  possession  of  by  virtue  of  an  exe- 
cution or  legal  authority. 

His  whole  estate  [was]  confiscated  and  seized , and  his 
houses  pulled  down.  Bacon. 

3.  To  lay  with  a gripe;  to  fasten  ; to  fix.  [it.] 

So  down  he  fell  before  the  cruel  beast, 

Who  on  his  neck  his  bloody  claws  did  seize.  Spenser. 

4.  (Naut.)  To  bind  or  fasten  together,  as  any 

two  ropes,  or  different  parts  of  one  rope,  with  a 
small  line  or  cord.  Mar.  Diet. 

Syn. — See  Get. 

To  be  seized  of,  to  have  possession  of. 

So  Pluto,  seized  of  Proserpine,  conveyed 

To  hell’s  tremendous  gloom  the  affrighted  maid.  Addison. 

To  seize  on,  or  upon,  to  take  possession  of:  to  lav 

hold  on. 

Jezebel  projects  not  to  seize  on  Naboth’s  vineyard  without 
a precedent  charge.  Pec.  of  Chr.  Piety. 

SEIZED  (sezd),  p.  a.  (Law.)  Flaying  possession  ; 
being  in  possession.  < Blackstone. 

SEIZ'yR  (sdz'er),  n.  One  who  seizes.  Todd. 

SEIZ'IN  (se'zjn),  n.  (Law.)  See  Seisin.  Ilale. 


SEIZ'ING,  n.  Act  of  one  who  seizes  ; seizure. 

SEIZ'OR,  n.  (Law.)  One  who  seizes;  one  who 
takes  possession.  Blackstone. 

SEIZ'URE  (se'zhur),  n.  1.  The  act  of  seizing. 

Thy  lands,  and  all  things  that  thou  dost  call  thine 

Worth  seizure,  do  we  seize  into  our  hands.  Shak. 

2.  Possession  ; gripe  ; grasp  ; hold. 

Make  o’er  thy  honor  by  a deed  of  trust, 

Aud  give  me  seizure  of  the  mighty  wealth.  JDryden. 

3.  The  thing  seized.  Milton. 

4.  (Law.)  Act  of  taking  possession  by  virtue 
of  an  execution  or  legal  authority.  Bouvier. 

Syn.  — See  Rapture. 

SE  JANT,  J (Her.)  Noting  a beast  sitting 

SE'J^-ANT,  > so  as  to  have  the  fore  legs  straight 
and  vertical.  * Crabb. 

f Sp-JOIN',  v.  a.  [L.  sejungo ; se,  apart,  and 
jungo,  to  join.]  To  separate  ; to  disjoin. Bp. Hall. 

Sg-JU'GOUS,  or  SEJ'U-GOUS  [se-jd'gus,  Sm.  Wr. 
Wbi],  a.  [L.  sejugis,  a team  of  six  horses  ; sex, 
six,  and  jugum,  a yoke.]  (Bot.)  Having  leaflets 
in  six  pairs,  as  some  pinnate  leaves.  Henslow. 

f Sf-JUNC'TION,  n.  [L.  sejunctio .]  The  act  of 
disjoining.  Pearson. 

f SE-JUN'(?I-BLE,  a.  [L.  sejungo,  to  disunite.] 
That  may  be  disjoined.  Pearson. 

f SEKE,  a.  [A.  S.  seoc  ; Dut.  ziek.~\  Sick.  Chaucer. 

SE'KOS,  n.  [Gr.  arprdf.]  A place,  in  a pagan 
temple,  for  images  ; a shrine.  Maunder. 

S£-LA'CIAN  (se-la'shjn),  n.  [Gr.  crfla^oc,  a fish 
with  cartilages  instead  of  bones.]  (Ich.)  One 
of  a tribe  of  fishes  which  includes  the  rays  and 
sharks.  Brande. 

SEL'A-DON-ITE,  n.  (Min.)  A soft  variety  of  pyr- 
oxine  of  different  shades  of  green,  and  of  an 
earthy  or  minutely  crystalline  appearance  ; — 
called  also  green-earth.  Dana. 

SE  ' L AH,  n.  [ILeb.  H3D.]  A word  occurring  fre- 
quently in  the  book  of  Psalms. 

Ugy  Its  meaning  it  is  by  no  means  easy  to  determine. 
The  Septuagint  translators  and  some  commentators 
look  upon  it  as  a mere  musical  mark  ; whilst  others, 
from  the  probable  derivation  of  the  word,  consider  it 
as  synonymous  with  Hallelujah,  and  used  therefore  at 
the  end  of  passages  which  the  writer  would  point  out 
as  worthy  of  most  attentive  observation.  Eden. 

tSEL'COUTH  (sel'koth),  a.  [A.  S.  sel-cutli .] 
Rarely  known  ; uncommon.  Spenser. 

f SELD,  ad.  [A.  S.  seld.\  Seldom.  Shak. 

t SELD,  a.  Rare  ; scarce.  Old  Play. 

SEL'DOM,  ad.  [A.  S.  seldan,  seldon,  sold;  Frs. 
sielden  ; Dut.  zcldcn  ; Ger.  sclt.cn  ; Dan.  siclden; 
Sw.  srillan  ; Ieel.  sialdan.\  Rarely  ; not  often  ; 
not  frequently.  Hooker. 

SEL'DOM,  a.  Rare  ; not  frequent,  [r.] 

The  seldom  discharge  of  a higher  . . . office.  Hilton. 

SEL'DOM-NESS,  n.  Infrequency  ; rareness  ; rari- 
ty ; uncommonness,  [r.]  Hooker. 

t SELD'— SEEN,  a.  Seldom  seen.  Drayton. 

f SELD'— SHOWN,  a.  Seldom  shown.  Shak. 

SJJ-LECT',  v.  a.  [L.  seligo,  selectus  ; sc,  apart, 
separate  from,  and  lego,  lectus  (Gr.  Uyw,  to 
choose),  to  arrange  iri  order.]  \i.  selected  ; 
pp.  selecting,  SELECTED.]  To  choose  in  pref- 
erence to  others  rejected  ; to  take  in  preference 
to  others ; to  pick ; to  cull. 

The  pious  chief 

A hundred  youth  from  all  his  train  selects.  Dry  den. 

Syn.  — See  Choose. 

Sp-LECT',  a.  Chosen  in  preference  to  others ; 
culled  out;  selected;  — nicely  chosen  ; choice; 
excellent ; as,  “ A select  library.” 

And  happy  constellations  on  that  hour 

Shed  their  selectest  influence.  Milton. 

Features  of  beauty  and  all  shapes  select.  Siienser. 

Sg-LECT'jpD-LY,  ad.  With  care  in  the  selection. 

Workmen  . . . selcctedly  employed.  Heywood. 

SE-LEC'TION,  n.  [L.  selectio.'] 

1.  Act  of  selecting ; act  of  culling  ; choice. 

While  we  single  out  several  dishes,  and  reject  others,  the 

selection  seems  but  arbitrary.  Browne. 

2.  Aggregate  of  things  selected. 

SP-LEC'TIVE,  a.  That  selects.  N.  Brit.  Rev. 


S1J-LECT'— MAN,  n. ; pi.  se-lect'-mEn.  One  of 
a certain  number  of  magistrates,  commonly 
from  three  to  seven  in  all,  annually  elected  by 
the  freemen  of  a town  or  township  in  some  of 
the  states  of  New  England,  to  superintend  and 
manage  the  affairs  and  government  of  the 

town.  Dane. 

Sg-LECT'NySS,  n.  State  of  being  select.  Johnson. 

SJg-LEOT'OR,  n.  One  who  selects.  Knox. 

sy-LE'NI-ATE,  n.  (Chem.)  A compound  of  se- 
lenic  acid  and  a salifiable  base.  Miller. 

Sp-LEN'IC,  a.  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  composed 
of  one  equivalent  of  selenium  and  three  of  oxy- 
gen, and  resembling  closely  sulphuric  acid,  its 
salts  being  isomorphous  with  the  sulphates  of 
the  same  bases.  Miller. 

SEL'E  NIDE,  n.  (Chem.)  A compound  of  seleni- 
um and  a metal  or  an  equivalent  body  ; ccleni- 
uret ; as,  “ Selenide  of  bismuth.”  GrUham. 

SEL-lJ-NiF'ER-OUS,  a.  [Eng.  selenium,  and  L. 
fero,  to  bear.]  Containing  Selenium.  Graham. 

S£-LE'NI-OUS,  a.  Noting  an  acid  composed  of 
one  equivalent  of  selenium  and  two  equivalents 
of  oxygen.  Graham. 

SEL'Jl-NITE,  n.  [Gr.  aehjviTr/s,  from  tnhjvy,  the 
moon,  in  allusion  to  its  lustre ; L.  selenites.] 
(Min.)  A name  applied  to  the  transparent  va- 
rieties of  sulphate  of  lime.  . Dana. 

SEL-f-NIT  IC,  ) a # Pertaining  to  selenite. 

SEL-5-NlT'I-CAL,  ) Chambers. 

SJf-LE'NI-UM,  n.  [Named  by  Berzelius,  the  dis- 
coverer, from  Gr.  cthjvt),  the  moon,  on  account 
of  its  resemblance  to  tellurium,  which  derived 
its  name  from  L.  tellus,  the  earth.]  (Chem.)  A 
non-metallic,  tasteless,  inodorous,  brittle,  com- 
bustible, crystallizable  solid,  with  a glassy  frac- 
ture, metallic  lustre,  and  deep-brown  color.  It 
melts  a little  above  212°,  and  is  ductile  when 
melted ; is  a non-conductor  of  electricity  and 
heat,  and  varies  in  specific  gravity  from  4.3  to 
4.32.  It  is  nearly  allied  to  sulphur  and  telluri- 
um. Miller. 

SEL-5-Nl'U-RET,  n.  (Chem.)  A compound  of 
selenium  with  some  other  element ; selenide. 

SEL-E-Ni'U-RET-TtlD,  a.  Containing  selenium. 

Seleniuretted  hydrogen,  a colorless,  very  fetid  gas, 
resembling  hydrosulphuric  acid,  and  composed  of  one 
equivalent  of  selenium  and  one  of  hydrogen  ; — called 
also  hydroselenic  add.  The  inhalation  of  a bubble  of 
the  gas  no  larger  than  a pea,  deprived  t lie  celebrated 
chemist,  Berzelius,  of  tile  sense  of  smell  for  several 
hours.  . Miller. 

SEL-IJ-NOG'RA-PHER,  n.  One  versed  in  selenog- 
raphy. Murchison. 

SEL-p-NO-GRAPH  IC,  ? a_  Belonging  to  sel- 

SEL-y-NO-GRAPH'I-CAL,  > enography.  Johnson. 

SftL-IJ-NOG'RA-PHlST,  n.  A describer  of  the 
moon.  Scott. 

SEL-E-NOG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  othjvri,  the  moon, 
and  ypa </>w,  to  describe  ; It.  & Sp.  selenografia ; 
Fr.  selenographie.\  (Astron.)  A description  of 
the  surface  of  the  moon,  as  geography  is  a 
description  of  the  surface  of  the  earth.  Brande. 

SEL-pN-PAL'L AD-ITE,  n.  (Min.)  Native  palla- 
dium in  small  hexagonal  tables  of  a pale,  steel- 
gray  color,  and  a bright  lustre;  — called  also 
hexagonal  palladium.  Dana. 

SELF,  a.pron.-,  pi.  sElve?.  [Goth,  silba  ; A.  S. 
st/lf,  self,  seolf',  Dut.  zelf\  Ger.  selb,  selbst ; 
Dan.  sclv  ; Sw.  sjef;  Ieel.  sia/fr.  — Adelung 
observes  that  selb  or  selbst,  being  originally  a 
demonstrative  pronoun,  signifies  an  existing 
thing,  an  individual  in  general,  and  so,  by  the 
derivative  syllable  sal,  related  to  seele,  soul. 
Bosworth. ] 

1.  fVery;  particular;  this  above  others; 
same. 

She  was  slain  right  in  the  self  place.  Chaucer. 

Shoot  another  arrow  that  self  way, 

Which  you  did  shoot  the  first.  Shak. 

2.  The  individual  as  subject  to  his  own  con- 
templation or  action  ; one’s  individual  person  ; 
personality  ; individuality  ; personal  identity  ; 
— used  as  a noun. 

The  fondness  we  have  for  self.  Watts. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  1,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  ?,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


SELF-ABASED 


1303 


SELF-GLORIOUS 


Consciousness  ...  is  that  that  makes  every  one  to  be  what 
he  calls  self.  Locke. 

In  respect  to  the  inflection  in  the  way  of  case,  there  are  no 
logical  limitations  whatever.  There  is  nothing  against  the 
existence  of  a genitive  form,  self's,  except  the  habit  of  the 
English  not  to  use  one,  founded  on  the  little  necessity  for  so 
doing.  Are  you  sure  this  is  your  own?  Yes,  I am  sure  it  is 
my  own  self's.  Such  an  expression  is  both  logic  and  gram- 
mar. Latham. 

egf  The  primary  signification  of  self  seems  to  be 
that  of  an  adjective.  Johnson.  — The  evidence  of  the 
forms  like  myself,  as  well  as  other  facts  adducible 
from  comparative  philology,  prove  the  substantial 
character  of  self.  Latham. 

Sff  Self,  united  to  the  personal  pronouns  my,  tliy, 
him,  her,  our,  your,  them,  and  it,  forms  the  class  of 
reciprocal  pronouns,  or  by  some  grammarians  called 
compound  personal  pronouns,  which  are  used  in  the 
nominative  and  objective  cases  when  an  action  re- 
verts upon  the  agent,  and  also  when  some  persons  are 
to  be  distinguished  from  others;  as,  “He  hurt  him- 
self” ; “ He  himself  was  present  ” ; “ They  themselves 
were  present.” 

tjff  Self  is  sometimes  separated  from  its  personal 
pronoun  by  an  adjective  ; as,  “ His  own  self."  When 
this  occurs,  the  personal  pronoun  is  always  put  in  the 
possessive  form. 

Self  is  much  used  in  composition. 

SELF— A-BASED'  (-bast'),  a.  Humbled  by  con- 
scious guilt ; ashamed.  Law. 

SELF— A-BASE'M1JNT,  n.  Abasement  or  humil- 
iation of  one’s  self.  Watts. 

SELF— A-BAS'ING,  a.  Abasing  or  humbling  by 
the  consciousness  of  guilt. 

SELF— AB-HOR'RF.NCE,  n.  Abhorrence  of  one’s 
self.  Johnson. 

SELF— AD-HOR'RING,  a.  Abhorring  one’s  self. 

SELF— A-RUSE',  n.  1.  Abuse  of  one’s  self.  Shah. 

2.  (Med.)  Voluntary  pollution;  onanism; 
masturbation.  Dunglison. 

SELF-AC-OU^ED'  (-kuzd'),  a.  Accused  by  one’s 
self.  Ash. 

SELF— AC-CU§'ING,  a.  Accusing  one’s  self.  “ A 
self-accusing  look.”  Sidney. 

SELF— ACT'ING,  a.  Acting  of  one’s  self  or  of 
itself.  Ure. 

SELF— AC-TIV'I-TY,  n.  Activity  in  one’s  self  or 
in  itself ; self-motion.  Bentley. 

SELF— AD-JUST'ING,  a.  Adjusting  by  one’s  self, 
or  by  itself. 

SELF— AD-MI-RA'TION,  n.  Admiration  of  one’s 
self.  Ash. 

SELF— AD-MIR'ING,  a.  Admiring  one’s  self. 

Roget. 

SELF— AF-fAiR§',  n.  pi.  Affairs  pertaining  to 
one’s  self.  “ Over  full  of  self-affairs."  Shah. 

SELF— AF-FRIGHT'£D,  a.  Frightened  at  one’s 
self.  " Shah. 

SELF— AG-GRAN' DIZE-MENT,  n.  The  aggran- 
dizement of  one’s  self.  Clarke. 


SELF— AN-Nl'HI-LAT-ED,  a. 
one’s  self. 


Annihilated  by 
Clarke. 


SELF — \N-NI-HI-LA'TION,  n.  Annihilation  by 
one’s  self.  Addison. 

SELF— AP-PLAU.SE',  n.  Applause  or  commenda- 
tion of  one’s  self.  Goldsmith. 

SELF— AP-PLY'ING,  a.  Applying  by  one’s  self  or 
alone'.  , Clarke. 

SELF— AP-PRO-BA'TION,  n.  Approbation  of  one’s 
self.  ’ Watts. 

SELF— AP-PROV'ING,  a.  Approving  one’s  self  or 
of  one’s  conduct. 

One  self-approving  hour  whole  years  outweighs 
Of  stupid  starers  and  of  loud  huzzas.  Pope. 

SELF— AS-SURED'  (self-j-shurd'),  a.  Assured  by 
one’s  self. 

SELF— AT-TRAC'TIVE,  a.  Attractive  by  one’s 
self.  Clarke. 

SELF— BAN'ISHED,  a.  Banished  voluntarily.  Rope. 

SELF— B$-GOT'TEN,  a.  Begotten  by  one’s  self. 
“ That  self-begotten  bird.”  Milton. 

SELF— BIJ-GUiLED',  a.  Beguiled  or  deceived  by 
one’s  self  or  in  itself. 

SELF— BORN',  a.  Self-begotten.  Dryden. 

SELF— CEN'TRED  (self-sen'terd),  a.  Centred  in 
one’s  self,  or  in  itself. 

There  hangs  the  hall  of  earth  and  water  mixt, 
Self-centred  and  unmoved.  Dryden. 


SELF— CEN'TRING,  a.  Centring  in  one’s  self. 

SELF-CHAR'I-TY,  n.  Self-love.  Shak. 

SELF— COM-mAnd',  n.  Command  or  control  of 
one’s  self ; self-possession  ; self-control ; self- 
government.  Hiime. 

SELF— COM-MU'NI-CA-Tl  VE,  a.  Communicative 
of  itself.  Norris. 


SELF— COM-PLA'CIJNT,  a. 
with  one’s  self. 


Satisfied  or  pleased 
Churchill. 


SELF— CON-CEIT',  n. 
self ; vanity. 


Too  high  opinion  of  one’s 
Colman. 


The  weakest  are  the  most  wilful,  and  they  that  have  the 
least  reason  have  the  most  self-conceit.  Whiclicote. 


Having  self-conceit ; 

Baldwin. 


SELF— CON'QUEST, 
over  one’s  self. 


Syn.  — See  Vanity. 

SELF— CON-CEIT'ED,  a. 
egotistical ; vain. 

SELF— CON-CEIT'ED-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  self-conceited  ; self-complacency.  Locke. 

SELF— CON-D(lM-NA'TION,  n.  Condemnation  by 
one’s  own  conscience.  Roget. 

SELF— CON-DEMN'ING,  a.  Condemning  one’s 
self.  “ Self-condemning  expressions.”  Boswell. 

SELF— CON'FI-DENCE,  n.  Confidence  in  one’s 
self,  or  in  one’s  own  ability  or  capability. 

Self-confidence  is  the  first  requisite  to  great  undertakings. 

Johnson. 

SELF— CON'FI-DENT,  a.  Confiding  in  one’s  self, 
or  in  one’s  own  ability.  Mitchell. 

SELF— CON'FI-DENT-LY,  ad.  In  a self-confident 
manner;  by  confiding  in  one’s  self. 

SELF— CON-FID'ING,  a.  Confiding  or  trusting  in 
one’s  self,  or  in  one’s  own  powers.  Pope. 

A conquest  or  victory 
Roget. 

SELF— CON 'SC IO US  (-shus),  a.  Conscious  of  self, 
or  of  one’s  existence  : — conscious.  Dryden. 

SELF— CON'SOIOUS-NESS,  71.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing self-conscious ; consciousness  of  one’s  self, 
or  of  one’s  existence.  Locke. 

SELF— CON-SID'£R-lNG,  a.  Considering.  Pope. 

SELF— CON-SUMED',  a.  Consumed  by  one’s  self. 

SELF— CON-SUM'ING,  a.  Consuming  of  one’s 
self.  “ Self-consuming  care.”  Spenser. 

SELF— CON-TRA-DlC'TION,  n.  Contradiction  or 
repugnancy  in  terms.  Addison. 

SELF-CON-TRA-DIC'TO-RY,  a.  Contradictory  in 
itself.  Burnet. 

SELF— CON-TRoL',  n.  The  control  of  one’s  self ; 
self-government ; self-command.  Roget. 

SELF— CON-VICT'ED,  a.  Convicted  by  one’s  self. 

Palt  Guilt  starts  self-convicted , when  arraigned.  Savage. 

SELF— CON- VIC 'TION,  n.  Conviction  by  one’s 
consciousness.  Swift. 

SELF— CR15-AT'ED,  a.  Created  by  one’s  self.  Cl. 

SELF— DE-CEIT',  n.  Deception  proceeding  from 
one’s  self.  “Fatal  . . . self-deceit.”  Addison. 

SELF— DE-CEIVED'  (self-de-sevd'),  a.  Deceived  by 
one’s  self.  King. 

SELF— DIJ-CEIV'^R,  n.  One  who  deceives  him- 
self. Ash. 

SELF— DE-CEIV'ING,  a.  Deceiving  one’s  self. 

SELF— D IJ-CEP 'TION,  n.  The  act  of  deceiving 
one’s  self.  Roget. 

SELF-DE-FENCE',  7i.  The  act  of  defending  one’s 
self  ; the  right  to  protect  one’s  person  and  prop- 
erty from  injury.  “ Self-defence,  the  eldest  law 
of  nature.”  ’ Rowe. 

SELF— DE-FEN'SIVE,  a.  Defending  one’s  self.  Cl. 

SELF-D5-LU'§ION,  n.  The  act  of  deluding  one’s 
self.  “ Strange  self-delusions."  South. 

SELF— DIJ-NI'AL,  n.  The  act  of  denying  one’s  self. 

The  religion  of  Jesus,  with  all  it9  self-denials , virtues,  and 
devotions,  is  very  practicable.  * Watts. 

SELF— DE-NY'ING,  a.  Denying  one’s  self ; for- 
bearing  to  follow  one’s  inclinations  or  desires. 
“ Self-denying  frame  of  spirit.”  South. 

Self-denying  ordinance,  (Eng.  Hist.)  a resolution  of 
the  Lons  Parliament  in  1644,  by  which  its  members 
bound  themselves  not  to  take  certain  executive  offices, 
particularly  commands  in  the  army.  Braude. 


SELF— DE-NY'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a self-denying 
manner  ; with  self-clenial.  Clarke. 

SELF— D1J- PEN D'5NT,  a.  Dependent  on  one’s 
self.  “ Self-dependent  power.”  Goldsmith. 

SELF— DIJ-PEND'ING,  a.  Depending  on  one’s  self. 

SELF— DIJ-STROYED',  a.  Destroyed  or  ruined  by 
one’s  self.  Lord  Mansfield. 

SELF— DIJ-STROY'JER,  71.  One  who  destroys  or 
ruins  himself;  a suicide.  Clarke. 

SELF— D5-STROY'lNG,  a.  Destroying  one’s  self. 

SELF— Dg-STRUC'TION,  7i.  Destruction  of  one’s 
self ; suicide.  Ch.  Ob. 

SELF— D5-STRUC'TIVE,  a.  Destructive  to  one’s 
self.  “ Self-destructive  ideas.”  Blackmore. 

SELF— Dp-TER-MI-NA'TION,  n.  Determination 
by  one’s  own  mind.  Locke. 

SELF— DE-TER'MINED,  a.  Determined  or  settled 
by  one’s  self.  Ash. 

SELF— Djp-TER'MIN-lNG,  a.  Determining  by  one’s 
self,  or  by  one’s  own  mind.  Coleridge. 

Individual,  self-moving,  self-determining  principle.  Pope. 

SELF-D5-Vl§ED',  a.  Devised  by  one’s  self.  Cl. 

SELF-D5-VOT’5D,  a.  Devoted  by  one’s  self; 
voluntarily  devoted.  Clarke. 

SELF-DE-VOTE'MIJNT,  n.  Devotion  of  one’s  self 
to  something  hazardous.  Clarke. 

SELF— D5-VOT'lNG,  a.  Devoting  one’s  self  to 
some  hazardous  or  difficult  undertaking. 

SELF— Dp-VO’TION,  ».  Voluntary  devotion  of 
one’s  self  to  something  hazardous.  Clarke. 

SELF-D5-VOUR'!NG,  a.  Devouring  one’s  self. 
“ Self-devouring  silence.”  Denha7n. 

SELF— DIF-FU'SIVE,  a.  That  diffuses  itself.  Norris. 

SELF-DOOMED',  a.  Doomed  by  one’s  self.  Jones. 

SELF-DUBBED',  a.  Dubbed  by  one’s  self. 

SELF-£d'U-CAT-ED,  a.  Educated  by  one’s  self, 
or  without  the  help  of  teachers  or  schools.  Davis. 

SELF— 5-LECT'ED,  a.  Elected  by  one’s  self. 

SELF-E-LEC'TI  VE,  a.  Having  the  right  to  elect 
one’s  self  or  one’s  own  members.  Clarke. 

SELF— JSN-JOY'MENT,  71.  Enjoyment  of  one’s 
self ; self-satisfaction.  Warburton. 

SELF— JfS-TEEM',  n.  Esteem  or  good  opinion  of 
one’s  self ; — vanity. 

Ofttimcs  nothing  profits  more 
Than  self-esteem , grounded  on  just  and  right.  Milton. 

sElF-ES-TI-MA'TION,  71.  Estimation  or  esteem 
of  one’s  self ; self-esteem.  Milner. 

SELF— EV'I-DENCE,  n.  Evidence  commanding 
the  immediate  assent  of  the  mind ; evidence 
contained  in  the  subject  itself. 

By  the  same  self-evidence  that  one  and  two  are  equal  to 
three.  * Locke. 

SELF— EV'I-DENT,  a.  Evident  in  its  own  nature  ; 
apparent  or  manifest  in  itself ; commanding  im- 
mediate assent  without  proof.  Paley. 

SELF— EV'I-DENT-LY,  ad.  In  a self-evident 
manner ; hv  self-evidence.  Clarke. 

SELF-E^-AL-TA'TION,  71.  Exaltation  or  enno- 
bling of  one’s  self.  Knowles. 

SELF-5X-ALT'ING,  a.  Exalting  one’s  self. 

SELF— EX- AM- I-N  A 'TION,  n.  The  act  of  exam- 
ining one’s  own  conduct  and  motives. 

Let  a man  apply  himself  to  the  difficult  work  of  self-ex- 
amination by  a strict  scrutiny  into  the  whole  estate  of  his 
soul.  Souths 

SELF— 5X-CU£jl'ING,  a.  Excusing  one’s  self.  CL 

SELF— E.y-IST'ENCE,  71.  Underived  and  inde- 
pendent existence ; existence  of  one’s  self,  in- 
dependent of  any  other  being  or  cause, — an  at- 
tribute peculiar  to  God.  Paley. 

SELF— 5^-IST'JgNT,  a.  Existing  without  origin 
or  dependence  on  another.  Grew. 

SELF— FED',  a.  Fed  or  nurtured  by  itself.  Milton. 

SELF— FLAT'TER-ING,  a.  Flattering  one’s  self. 
“ Self -flattering  delusions.”  Watts. 

SELF— FLAT'TJJR-Y,  71.  Flattery  of  one’s  self. 

SELF-GLO'RI-OUS,  a.  Proceeding  from,  or  char- 
acterized by,  vanity  ; vainglorious. 

Being  free  from  vainness  and  self-glorious  pride.  Shak. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RilLE.  — 9,  9,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  5,  g,  hard ; $ as  z;  ^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


SELF-GOVERNED 


1304 


SELF-RIG  IITEOUSNESS 


SELF-GOV'ERNED,  a.  Governed  by  one’s  self. 

A self- governed  state  is  a strong  state,  for  it  is  made  up  of 
self-governed  citizens.  Brit . Rev. 

SELF— GOV'IJRN-MENT,  n.  1.  Government  of 
one’s  self ; self-control.  Paley. 

Notwithstanding  nil  his  [Dr.  Johnson’s]  piety,  self-govern- 
ment, or  the  command  of  his  passions,  docs  not  seem  to  have 
been  among  his  attainments.  Murphy. 

2.  Government  by  the  people ; democracy. 

Self-government,  in  its  deepest  sense,  the  founders  of  the 
republic  learnt  in  our  English  Protestant  homos,  schools,  and 
civil  institutions.  Brit.  Rev. 

Self-government  makes  every  member  of  the  state  a man. 
v Brit.  Rev. 

In  a country  which  has  reached  that  stage  of  freedom  and 
self-government  on  which  England  now  stands,  ministers 
must  govern  in  conformity  with  the  will  of  the  effective  body 
of  the  nation.  Fd.  ReVt 

SELF-GRAT-U-LA'TION,  n.  Gratulation  of  one’s 
self.  ‘ ‘ Roget. 

SELF— HARM 'ING,  a.  Harming  one’s  self.  Shak. 

SELF'HEAL,  n.  ( Bot .)  The  common  name  of  la- 
biate plants  of  the  genus  Prunella.  Loudon. 

SELF-HEAL'ING,  a.  Healing,  or  having  power 
to  heal,  itself.  Clarke. 

SELF— HOM'I-CIDE,  n.  The  act  of  killing  one’s 
self ; suicide  ; self-destruction.  Hakewill. 

SELF'HOOD  (selPhud),  n.  Individual  or  inde- 
pendent existence  or  character,  [it.] 

When  the  soul  has  tasted  of  the  love. 

And  been  illuminated  from  above, 

Still  in  its  selfhood  it  would  seek  to  shine, 

And  as  its  own  possess  the  light  divine.  Byrom. 

SELF— i'DOL-IZED,  a.  Idolized  by  one’s  self. 

And,  though  self-idolized  in  every  case. 

Hate  thine  own  image  in  a brother’s  face.  Coioper. 

SELF— IG'NO-RANCE,  n.  Ignorance  of  one’s  self. 

SELF— IG'NO-R ANT,  a.  Ignorant  of  one’s  own 
nature  or  character.  Clarke. 

SELF— IM’MO-LAT-ING,  a.  Immolating  or  sacri- 
ficing one’s  self.  Clarke. 

SELF— TM-PA RT' ING,  a.  Imparting  or  communi- 
cating one’s  own  self.  Norris. 

SELF— IM-POR'TANCE,  n.  High  opinion  of  one’s 
self ; pride  ; vanity.  Coioper. 

SELF— IM-POR'TANT,  a.  Important  in  one’s  own 
esteem  or  opinion  ; vain  ; proud.  Ash. 

SELF— IM-POS'TURF,,  n.  Imposition  practised  on 
one’s  self ; self-deception  ; self-delusion.  “ A 
fatal  self-imposture.”  South. 

SELF— IN-DU L'G?NCE,  n.  Indulgence  of  one’s 
own  appetites  or  passions  ; intemperance.  “ The 
love  of  ease  and  self-indulgence.”  Hawkins. 

SELF— IN-FLlCT'ED,  a.  Inflicted  on  one’s  self. 

SELF— IN-SUF-Fp'CIpN-Cy,  n.  Insufficiency  or 
incompetence  of  one’s  self.  Clarke. 

SELF-lN'T^R-EST,  n.  One’s  own  interest,  or 
regard  to  one’s  own  interest.  Duppa. 

SELF— IN'TER-EST-JJD,  a.  Having  a regard  to 
one’s  own  interest ; selfish.  Addison. 

SELF— IN-V1T'ED,  a.  Invited  by  one’s  self.  Clarke. 

SELF'ISH,  a.  Devoted  wholly  or  unduly  to  one’s 
own  interest ; void  of  due  regard  for  others. 
“ Selfish  passions.”  Cudworth. 

When  they  [the  Fresbyterians]  saw  he  was  not  selfish  (it  is 
a word  of  their  owu  new  mint),  some  of  their  minsters,  &c. 

Hacket , 101)3. 

The  selfish  heart  deserves  the  pain  it  feels.  Young. 

It  is  possible  to  be  selfish  in  the  highest  degree  without  be- 
ing at  all  too  much  actuated  by  self-love,  but  unduly  neglect- 
ful of  others  when  your  own  gratification,  of  whatever  kind, 
is  concerned.  Whately. 

SELF'ISH-LY,  ad.  With  regard  only  or  chiefly  to 
one’s  own  interest.  rope. 

SELF'ISH-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state  of 
being  selfish ; inordinate  regard  to,  or  pursuit 
of,  one’s  own  interest ; undue  love  of  self. 

The  weakness  of  the  social  affections  and  the  strength  of 
the  private  desires  constitute  selfishness.  Mackintosh. 

Selfishness  will  show  itself  in  as  many  different  shapes  as 
there  are  different  dispositions  in  men.  Whately. 

jG3f-“The  undue  love  of  self,  with  the  postponing 
of  the  interests  of  all  others  to  our  own,  had  for  a 
long  time  no  word  to  express  it  in  Englislu  Help  was 
sought  from  the  Greek  and  from  the  Latin  ; ‘ Philauty  ’ 
(( piXavria ) had  been  more  than  once  attempted  by  our 
scholars,  but  found  no  acceptance.  This  failing,  men 
turned  to  the  Latin  ; one  writer  trying  to  supply  the 
want  by  calling  the  man  a ‘ suist,’  as  one  seeking  his 
own  things  (sua),  and  the  sin  itself  ‘suicism.’  The 
gap,  however,  was  not  really  filled  up  till  some  of 
the  Puritan  writers,  drawing  on  our  Saxon,  devised 


‘ selfish  ’ and  ‘ selfishness words  which  to  us  seem  ob- 
vious enough,  but  which  yet  are  not  more  than  two 
hundred  years  old.”  Dean  Trench. 

Syn.  — Self-love  is  not  only  a feeling,  but  a prin- 
ciple of  action,  and  has  happiness  for  its  object.  Self- 
ishness is  the  pursuit  of  one’s  own  gratification,  with- 
out regard  to,  or  in  opposition  to,  the  welfare  of  others. 
Selfishness  is  always  used  in  a had  sense.  Self-love  is 
necessary  to  the  existence  of  a rational  being,  and  if 
unaccompanied  by  selfishness , is  not  blamable. 

SELF'I^M,  n.  Devotedness  to  self ; excessive 
self-love  ; selfishness.  R.  W.  Hamilton . 

SELF'IST,  n.  One  devoted  to  self ; a selfish  per- 
son. [it.]  Isaac  Taylor. 

SELF— JUDGING,  a.  Judging  one’s  self.  Clarke. 

SELF— JUS-TI-FI-CA’TION,  n.  Justification  or 
vindication  of  one’s  self.  Smith. 

SELF— JUS'TI-Fl-J£It,  n.  One  who  justifies  him- 
self; a justifier  of  one’s  self.  Clarke. 

SELF— KIN'DLED,  a.  Kindled  of  itself ; spon- 
taneously kindled.  Dryden. 

SELF— KNOW'ING  (self-nd'jng),  a.  Knowing  of 
one’s  self ; knowing  intuitively.  Milton. 

SELF— KNOYVL'EDtJE  (self-nol'ej),  n.  The  knowl- 
edge of  one’s  self,  or  one’s  own  character,  abili- 
ties, opinions,  virtues,  and  vices.  John  Mason. 

The  imperfection  of  self-knoivlcdgc  must  often  expose  us 
to  the  danger  of  self-delusion,  the  only  remedy  for  which  is 
self-distrust;  this  evinces  the  necessity  of  self-denial;  and 
our  general  security  (with  divine  assistance)  must  be  in  self- 


command.  W.  Dauby. 

SELF— LEFT',  a.  Left  to  one’s  self.  Milton. 

SELF'LESS,  a.  Devoid  of  selfishness.  “ In  self- 
less boyhood.”  Coleridge. 

SELF— LIKE',  a.  Like  one’s  self.  Sidney. 


SELF— LIM'IT-pD,  a.  (Med.)  Noting  diseases 
which  appear  to  run  a definite  course,  but  little 
modified  by  treatment,  as  small-pox.  Dunglison. 

SELF— LOATH'JNG,  a.  Loathing  one’s  self.  Clarke. 

SELF-LOVE',  n.  That  principle  of  man’s  na- 
ture which  prompts  him  to  seek  his  own  good  ; 
the  desire  of  happiness. 

That  the  principle  of  self-love  (or,  in  other  words,  the  de- 
sire of  happiness)  is  neither  an  object  of  approbation  nor  of 
blame,  is  sufficiently  obvious.  It  is  inseparable  from  the  na- 
ture of  man  as  a rational  and  a sensitive  being.  D.  Stewart. 

The  error  of  Ilobhes,  and  the  school  of  philosophers  whe 
maintained  that  in  doing  cood  toothers  our  ultimate  aim  is 
to  do  good  to  ourselves,  lay  in  supposing  that  there  is  any 
antagonism  between  benevolence  and  self-loi'e.  So  long  as 
self-lore  docs  not  degenerate  into  selfishness,  it  is  quite  com- 
patible with  true  benevolence.  Fleming. 

Syn.  — See  Selfishness. 

SELF— LOV'ING,  a.  Seeking  one’s  own  good. 

With  a jovful  willingness  these  self-loving  reformers  took 
possession  or  all  vacant  preferments.  Walton. 

SELF— LU' MI-NOUS,  a.  Noting  bodies,  as  the 
stars,  flames,  and  substances  shining  when 
heated  or  rubbed,  which  possess  in  themselves 
the  power  of  emitting  light ; luminous,  Brewster. 

SELF-MADE',  a.  Made  or  constituted  by  one’s 
self.  “ Self-made  fools.”  Coivper. 

SELF-MAS'TER-Y,  n.  Mastery  of  one’s  self; 
self-command;  self-government;  self-control. 

What,  in  our  view,  marks  the  full  development  of  man- 
hood, and  dissevers  it  totally  from  the  states  of  boyhood  and 
youth,  is  a sustained  self-mastery.  Bayne. 

SELF-MATE',  n.  A mate  for  one’s  self.  Shak. 

SELF— MET'AL,  n.  The  same  metal.  Shak. 

SELF— MET'TLE,  n.  Mettle  or  spirit  that  comes 
of  itself ; natural  mettle. 

Anger  is  like 

A full-hot  horse,  who,  being  allowed  his  way, 

Self-mettle  tires  him.  Shak. 

SELF— MO 'TI ON,  n.  Motion  by  inherent  power. 

Matter  is  not  endued  with  self-motion.  Cheyne. 

SELF-MOVED'  (self-inovd'),  a.  Moved  by  inhe- 
rent power  or  inclination.  Clarke. 

SELF— MOV'ING,  a.  Moving  by  inherent  power. 

SELF— MUR'DF.R,  n.  The  murder  of  one’s  self; 
suicide ; self-destruction. 

By  all  human  laws,  as  well  as  divine,  self-murder  has  ever 
been  agreed  on  as  the  greatest  crime.  Temple. 

SELF— MUR'D^R-ER,  n.  One  who  kills  or  mur- 
ders himself ; a suicide.  Paley. 

SELF— NIJG-LECT'ING,  n.  The  act  or  the  habit 
of  neglecting  one’s  self. 

Self-love,  my  liege,  is  not  so  great  a sin 
As  self-neglecting.  Shak. 


f SELF'NpSS,  n.  Self-love  ; selfishness.  Sidney. 

SELF— O-PlN'ION, n.  Ahigh  opinion  of  one’s  self. 

Confidence,  as  opposed  to  modesty,  and  distinguished  from 
decent  assurance,  proceeds  from  self-opinion,  occasioned  by 
ignorance  or  flattery.  Collier. 

SELF— O-PLY'IONED  (-yund),  a.  Opinionated  ; con- 
ceited. “ A . . . sclf-opinioncd  physician.”  South. 

SELF— PAR-TI-AL'J-TY  (-she-),  il.  That  weakness 
of  human  nature  through  which  men  overvalue 
themselves  when  compared  witli  others.  Karnes. 

SELF— PLEA§'JNG,  a.  Pleasing  or  gratifying 
one’s  self.  Bacon. 

SELF— POL-LU'TION,  n.  Masturbation ; onan- 
ism; secret  vice.  Dunglison. 

SELF— POijj-iyESSED'  (self-poz-zest'),  a.  Composed  ; 
not  disturbed;  calm.  Ec.  Rev. 

SELF— POSSES  SION  (self-poz-zesh'un),  n.  The 
possession  cf  one’s  faculties,  as  in  circumstances 
of  excitement  or  danger  ; self-command ; self- 
control  ; calmness  ; composure.  CoUinson. 

SELF— PKAI.se',  n.  The  praise  or  commendation 
of  one’s  self ; self-applause. 

Self-praise  is  sometimes  no  fault.  Broome. 

SELF— PREF'ER-ENCE,  n.  Preference  of  one’s 
self  to  others.  Knowles. 

SELF— PRE§-£R-VA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  pre- 
serving one’s  self.  Bentley. 

SELF— PREFER  V' ING,  a.  Preserving  one’s  self. 
“ Self-preserving  wiles.”  Somerville. 

SELF— PRIDE',  n.  Pride  in  one’s  own  character, 
abilities,  or  reputation  ; self-esteem. 

Self-pride  is  the  common  friend  of  our  humanity,  and, 
like  the  bell  of  our  church,  is  resorted  to  on  all  occasions;  it 
ministers  alike  to  our  festivals  or  our  fasts,  our  merriment 
or  our  mourning,  our  weal  or  our  woe.  Colton. 

SELF-PROP' A-GAT-ING,  a.  Propagating  itself 
or  one’s  self.  Clarke. 

SELF— REIy'IS-TIJR-TNG,  a.  Registering  itself,  or 
marking  the  highest  and  lowest  degrees  of  tem- 
perature which  may  occur  in  the  absence  of  the 
observer,  as  a thermometer.  Francis. 

SELF— REG'y-I.AT-ED,  a.  Regulated  by  one’s 
self,  or  by  itself.  Clarke. 

SELF— RE-Li'ANCE,  n.  Reliance  on  one’s  self; 
confidence  in  one’s  own  powers.  Roget. 

SELF— RE-LY'ING,  a.  Relying  on  one’s  self.  Cl. 

SELF— RE-PEL'LJJN-CY,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
self-repelling;  inherent  repellency.  Clarke. 

SELF— RJp-PEL'LING,  a.  Repelling  by  its  own 
power.  Clarke. 

SELF— RE-PROACH',  n.  The  reproach  of  one’s 
own  conscience.  Hannah  More. 

SELF-RE-PROACHED'  (-procht'),  a.  Reproached 
or  smitten  by  one’s  own  conscience.  Clarke. 

SELF— RE-PRO ACH 'ING,  a.  Reproaching  one’s 
self ; self-upbraiding.  Wright. 

SELF— R£-PROACH'!NG-LY,  ad.  In  a self-re- 
proaching manner.  Clarke. 

SELF— RE-PROOF',  n.  Reproof  of  one’s  self;  re- 
proof-of  conscience.  Ash. 

SELF-RE-PROVED',  a.  Reproved  by  one’s  self 
or  one’s  own  heart  or  conscience.  Clarke. 

SELF— RE-PRO V 'ING,  n.  The  act  of  reproving 
one’s  self ; reproof  of  conscience.  Shak. 

SELF-RE-PROV'ING,  a.  Reproving  one’s  self.  Cl. 

SELF-RE-PUL'SIVE,  a.  Repulsive  in  one’s  self, 
or  in  itself.  Clarke. 

SELF-RE-SPECT',  n.  Respect  for  one’s  self. 

SELF-RE-STRAINED'  (self-re-strand'),  a.  Re- 
strained or  controlled  by  one’s  self.  Dryden. 

SELF-RE-STRAIN'ING,  a.  Restraining  or  check- 
ing one’s  self  or  itself.  Clarke. 

SELF-RE-STRAINT'i  n.  Restraint  or  control 
imposed  on  one’s  self ; self-control.  Ash. 

SELF— RIGH'TEOUS  (self-rl'clms),  a.  Righteous 
or  upright  in  one’s  own  esteem.  Ch.  Ob. 

SELF— RIG  H'TEOUS-NF.SS  (self-rl'chus-nes),  n. 
Righteousness,  the  merits  of  which  a person 
attributes  to  himself;  false  or  pharisaical  righ- 
teousness. Paley. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  Cr,  Y,  short;  A,  E,  l.  Q,  V,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


SELF-RUINED 


1305 


SEMIBRIEF 


SELF-RO'INED,  a.  Ruined  by  one’s  own  con- 
duct ; self-destroyed. 

Self-rmned,  blindly  hurried  to  his  fate.  Armstrong. 

SELF— SAC' RI-FICE  (self-salc're-fiz,  66),  n.  Sacri- 
fice of  one’s  self,  or  of  self-interest.  Charming. 

SELF-SAC'RI-FlC-JNG  (-sak're-fiz-jng),  a.  Sacri- 
ficing one’s  self,  or  one’s  own  interest.  Clarke. 

SELF'-SAME,  a.  Exactly  the  same;  the  very 
same  ; identical.  “ The  self-same  hour.”  Milton. 
In  my  school  days,  when  I had  lost  one  shaft, 

I shot  his  fellow  of  the  self-same  flight 

The  self-same  way,  with  more  advised  watch 

To  find  the  other  forth.  Shak. 

SELF-SAT'iS-FlED,  a.  Satisfied  with  one’s  self. 

No  caverned  hermit  rests  self-satisfied.  Pope. 

SELF— SAT'IS-FY-ING,  a.  Satisfying  one’s  self. 
They  ravel  more,  still  less  resolved. 

But  never  find  self -satisfying  solution.  Milton. 

SELF— SEEK' £R,  n.  One  who  seeks  only  his  own 
interest ; a selfish  person.  Clarke. 

SELF— SEEK'! NG,  n ■ Undue  attention  to  the  in- 
terest of  one’s  self.  Month.  Reo. 

SELF— SEEK' ING,  a.  Seeking  one’s  own  interest, 
lie  is  a tradesman,  a self-seeking  wretch.  Arbuthnot. 

SELF-SLAugh'TEU,  n.  The  slaughter  of  one’s 
self ; suicide  ; self-murder. 

That  the  Everlasting  had  not  fixed 

His  canon  ’gainst  self -slaughter.  Shak. 

SELF— SOUND'jNG,  a.  Sounding  by  itself.  Clarke. 

SELF— SPUR 'RING,  a.  Spurring,  impelling,  or  in- 
citing one’s  self.  Clarke. 

SELF-STYLED',  a.  Called  or  styled  by  one’s 
self ; pretended  ; would-be.  Roget. 

SELF-SUB-DUED'  (self-sub-dud'),  a.  Subdued  or 
overcome  by  one’s  self.  Shak. 

SELF— SIJB- VER'SI  VE,  a.  Subversive  of  itself. 

SELF— SUF-FI"CIENCE  (self-suf-fish'ens),  > n 

SELF— SyF-Fi"CUJN-CY  (self-suf-fish’en-se),  ) 
Undue  confidence  in  one’s  own  strength,  abil- 
ity, competence,  or  merit. 

lie  has  given  you  all  the  commendation  which  his  self- 
sufficiency  could  afford  to  any.  Dryden. 

SELF— SU F-FI"CIpNT  (self-suf-fish'ent),- a.  Re- 
lying or  depending  too  much  on  one’s  self; 
haughty  ; assuming  ; proud  ; overbearing.  “ A 
rash  and  self-sufficient  manner.”  Watts. 

SELF— SUS-PEND'JJD,  a.  Suspended  by  itself.  Cl. 

SELF-SyS-Pi"CIOyS  (self-sus-plsh'ys),  a.  Suspi- 
cious of  one’s  self.  Clarke. 

SELF— SUS-TAlNED',  a.  Sustained  by  one’s  self. 

SELF'-TAUGHT  (-t&wt),  a.  Taught  by  one’s  self. 

Fergusson,  the  self-taught  philosopher.  Boswell. 

SELF— TOR-MENT'ING,  a.  Tormenting  one’s  self. 

Sf  LF— TOR-MENT'OR,  n.  One  who  torments 
himself.  “ A subtle  self  -tormentor .”  Savage. 

SELF— TOR'TUR-ING,  a.  Torturing  one’s  self.  Cl. 

SELF— TllOUB'LING,  a.  Troubling  one’s  self.  Cl. 

f SELF— UNED'  (se)f-und'),  a.  United  to  itself; 
unmixed  with  other  things.  Sglvester. 

SELF— UP-BrAID'ING,  a.  Upbraiding  one’s  self; 
self-reproaching ; conscience-smitten.  Clarke. 

SELF— vAl'U-ING,  a.  Esteeming  one’s  self.  Cl. 

SELF— Vi'O-LIJNCE,  n.  Violence  or  injury  in- 
flicted on  one’s  self.  Young. 

SELF— WILL',  n.  Obstinacy.  Gen.  xlix.  6. 

SELF-WILLED'  (-wild'),  a.  Governed  only  by 
one’s  own  will ; bent  on  having  one’s  own  way  ; 
not  easily  restrained  ; obstinate  ; headstrong. 

Presumptuous  are  they,  self-willed.  2 Pet.  ii.  10. 

SELF-WOR'SHIP  (self-wiir'shjp),  n.  Worship  or 
idolizing  of  one’s  self.  Roget. 

SELF— WOR'SHIP-PJgR,  n.  One  who  worships  or 
idolizes  himself.  Clarke. 

SELF— WRONG',  n.  Wrong  or  injury  done  by  a 
person  to  himself. 

But  lest  myself  be  guilty  of  self-wrong . 

I ’ll  stop  mine  ears  against  the  mermaid’s  song.  Shak. 

f SEL’ION,  n.  [Low  L.  sclio .]  A ridge  of  land, 

. or  ground  between  two  furrows.  Ainsworth. 

SELL,  v.  a.  [Goth,  saljan,  to  deliver,  to  offer  ; 
A.  S.  syllan,  to  give,  to  sell ; Dan.  satlge  ; Sw. 
stilja ; Icel.  selia.]  [i.  sold;  pp.  selling, 


sold.]  To  deliver,  part  with,  or  dispose  of,  for 
some  equivalent  in  money ; to  exchange  for 
money  ; to  vend  ; — correlative  to  hug.  and  dis- 
tinguished from  to  barter,  which  implies  an  ex- 
change of  one  commodity  for  another. 

As  many  as  were  possessors  of  lands  or  houses  sold  them, 
and  brought  the  prices  of  the  things  that  were  sold,  and  laid 
them  down  at  the  apostles’  feet.  Acts  iv.  34,  35. 

SELL,  v.  n.  1.  To  have  traffic  or  trade  with. 

I will  buy  with  you,  sell  with  you;  but  I will  not  eat  with 
you.  Shak. 

2.  To  be  sold  ; to  have  a market. 

Few  writings  sell  which  are  not  filled  with  great  names. 

Addison. 

SELL,  pron. ; pi.  sells.  Self.  B.  Jonson. 

j8®=  Still  used  in  the  north  of  England,  and  in 
Scotland.  Tudd. 

fSELL,  n.  [L.  sella,  a seat,  a saddle  ; Fr.  se/lei] 

1.  A saddle;  as  for  a horse.  Spenser. 

2.  A royal  seat.  Fairfax. 

SEL  LAN-DIJRij,  ) n.  pi.  A disease  in  a horse’s 
SEL'LEN-DpR§,  ) hock,  or  back  of  the  knee,  sim- 
ilar to  the  mallinders.  Loudon. 

SELL'ER,  n.  One  who  sells  ; a vender  ; a vendor. 

fl®*The  term  seller  is  more  usually  applied  in  the 
sale  of  chattels,  that  of  vendor,  in  the  sale  of  estates. 
Bonder. 

SELT'ZpR— WA'TER,  n.  A highly  prized  medici- 
nal mineral  from  Seltzer,  near  Frankfort,  in 
Germany.  It  contains  chloride  of  sodium,  car- 
bonates of  magnesia,  soda,  and  lime,  and  a 
large  quantity  of’free  carbonic  acid.  Wright. 

SEL'VA§1E,  n.  [ Skinner  considers  selvage  the 
same  as  salvage,  from  its  saving  the  cloth.  — 
“ May  it  not  be  the  self  or  selve-eclge ; emphati- 
cally its  own  proper  edge ; the  final  edge  of  the 
piece  ; that  which  finishes  or  confines  it  ? ” 
Richardson.  — It  is  written  self-edge  by  Rag  : 
“ The  self -edge  makes  show  of  the  cloth.”  — The 
corresponding  word  in  Dut.  is  zelf-kant ; zelf, 
self,  and  kant,  border,  edge.] 

1.  The  edge  of  a piece  of  cloth  so  woven  as 

to  prevent  ravelling.  Exod.  xxvi.  4. 

2.  (Naut.)  A kind  of  rope  composed  of  yarns 

not  twisted  together,  but  laid  parallel,  and  wound 
with  marline.  Brande. 

SEL'VAIjJED  (-v?jd),  a.  Having  a selvage. 
SEL'VA-£EE,  n.  (Naut.)  A skein  of  rope-yarns 
or  spunyarn  marled  together.  Dana. 

+ SELVE,  a.  [See  Self.]  Self.  Chaucer. 

SEL'VgDIjJE,  n.  Selvage.  Ex.  xxvi.  4. 

SEL'VED^ED,  a.  Having  a selvage.'  Clarke. 

SELVES  (selvz).  The  plural  of  self.  Locke. 

f SE'LY,  a.  [Ger.  selig.\  Happy ; blessed.  Wickliffe. 

SEM'A-PHoRE,  n.  [Gr.  arjga,  a sign,  and  tpipw,  to 
bear.]  A machine  or  contrivance  for  communi- 
cating intelligence  to  a distance  by  means  of 
signals  ; a telegraph.  Tomlinson. 

SEM-A-PHOR  1C,  ) a.  j£e]at;ng  to  a sema- 

SEM-A-PH&R'I-CAL,  ) phore  or  telegraph  ; tele- 
graphic. Jackson. 

SEM-A-PHOR'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  By  means  of  a sem- 
aphore or  telegraph.  Maunder. 

SEM-A-T0L'0-§rY,  n.  [Gr.  arjpa,  arjyaros,  a sign, 
and  i.byos,  a discourse.]  The  doctrine  of  the 
use  of  signs,  particularly  of  verbal  signs,  in  the 
operations  of  thinking  and  reasoning,  compre- 
hending the  theory  of  grammar,  logic, -and 
rhetoric.  Mart. 

f SEM'BLA-BLE,  a.  [Fr.]  Like;  resembling; 
similar.  “ Semblable  reason.”  Browne. 

f SEM'BLA-BLE,  n.  Likeness ; resemblance.  Shak. 
fSEM'BLA-BLY,  ad.  With  resemblance.  Shak. 

SEM'BLANCE,  n.  [L.  similis,  like  ; It.  semblanza, 
sembianza ; Sp.  semejanza  ; Fr.  semblance .] 

1.  Likeness  ; resemblance  ; similitude  ; rep- 
resentation ; similarity. 

That  we  put  on  the  outward  face  and  semblance  of  virtue, 
only  to  conceal  and  disguise  our  vice.  Royers. 

2.  Appearance;  show;  air;  figure. 

Their  semblance  kind,  and  mild  their  gestures  were.  Fairfax. 
fSEM'BLANT,  a.  [Fr.]  Like  ; resembling.  Prior. 
f SEM'BLANT,  n.  Show;  resemblance.  Spenser. 

fSEM'BLA-TIVE,  a.  Suitable  to  ; fit  for ; resem- 
bling. “ Semblative  of  a woman’s  part.”  Shak. 


SEM'BLE,  v.  n.  [L.  simulo  ; Fr.  sembler.] 

1.  fTo  represent;  to  make  a likeness.  Prior. 

2.  (Law.)  To  seem  ; — a word  often  used  im- 

personally (it  seems)  before  the  statement  of  a 
point  of  law  which  has  not  been  directly  settled, 
but  about  which  the  court  have  expressed  an 
opinion,  intimating  what  it  is.  Bouvier. 

SEME  (sa-ma'),  a.  [Fr.,  sown.]  (Her.)  Applied 
to  a shield  covered  with  small  charges  over  its 
entire  surface.  Fairholt. 

SE-MJJI-OG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  argiiiov,  a symptom, 
and  ypa<l>w,  to  describe.]  (Med.)  A description 
of  symptoms  or  signs  of  disease.  Dunglison. 

SE-MIJI-O-LOIJf'I-CAL,  a.  (Med.)  Pertaining  to 
semeiology.  Clarke. 

SE-MEI-0L'0-(?Y,  n.  [Gr.  aninTor,  a symptom, 
and  Ltyos,  a discourse.]  (Med.)  That  branch  of 
pathology  which  treats  of  the  signs  or  symptoms 
of  diseases.  Dunglison. 

SE-Mpi-OT'IC,  a.  (Med.)  Relating  to  the  signs 
or  symptoms  of  diseases.  Brande. 

SE-MJgl-OT'ICS,  n.  pi.  (Med.)  Semeiology.  Smart. 

SE  'MEN,  n.  [L.]  (Anat.)  The  fecundating  fluid 
of  male  animals  ; sperm  ; seed.  Dunglison. 

SE'MEM—CdM' TRA,  n.  (Med.)  Semen-cynse. 

SE  'MEN—CY'NJE,  n.  (Med.)  A drug  supposed  to 
be  the  product  of  Artemesia  contra,  which  grows 
in  Asia  Minor,  Persia,  and  other  parts  of  the 
East,  and  consisting  of  globular,  unexpanded 
flowers,  mixed  with  their  broken  peduncles,  and 
with  minute,  obtuse,  smooth  leaves  ; — called  also 
European  wormseed,  Semen  contra , and  Santo- 
nici  semen,  and  used  as  a vermifuge : — a drug 
of  similar  properties  supposed  by  some  to  be 
derived  from  Artemesia  judiaca,  and  by  others 
from  Artemesia  glomerata,  both  of  which  plants 
grow  in  Palestine  and  Arabia;  — called  also 
Barbary  wormseed.  Wood  % Bache. 

SE-MES'  TER,  n.  [Ger.,  from  L.  semestris,  half- 
yearly  ; sex,  six,  and  mensis,  a month.]  (Ger. 
Univ.)  A term  of  six  months.  Adler. 

SEM'l  (sem'e),  n.  [L.]  A word  signifying  half, 
used  as  a prefix  in  composition  ; as,  semi-circle, 
half  a circle. 

SllM-J-A-ClD'J-FlED,  a.  Partially  acidified.  Cl. 

SEM-I-AM-PLEX'J-CAUL,  a.  [L.  semi,  half,  am- 
plcetor,  amplexus,  to  embrace,  and  caulis,  a 
stem.]  ( Bot .)  Half  clasping  the  stem,  as  a 
leaf.  Wright. 

SEM-I-A-NAT'RO-POUS,  a.  [L.  semi,  half,  and 
Eng.  anatropous.]  (Bot.)  Noting  ovules  differ- 
ing from  amphitropous  ovules  in  the  ovule  be- 
ing parallel  to  the  funiculus,  instead  of  being 
at  right  angles  to  it.  Lind  leg. 

SEM-I-AN'NU-AL,  a.  Happening  every  half-year, 
or  once  in  six  months  ; half-yearly.  Month.  Rev. 

SEM-I-An'NU-AL-LY,  ad.  Every  half-year.  Dale. 

SEM-J-AN'NU-LAR,  a.  Having  the  form  of  half 
a ring.  “A  serniannular  figure.”  Grew. 

SEM-J-Ap'ER-TURE,  n.  Half  an  aperture.  Smart. 

SEM-J— A'RI-AN,  n.  ( Eccl . Hist.)  One  who  adopts, 
in  part,  the  doctrines  or  principles  of  Arius  ; 
one  who  denies  the  consubstantiality  of  the  Son 
with  the  Father,  but  admits  the  similarity  of 
substance.  Brande. 

SEM-J—  A'RJ-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Semi-Ari- 
ans  or  to  their  doctrines.  Wright. 

SEM-I— A'RI-AN-Ii-iM,  n.  The  principles  or  the 
doctrines  of  the  Semi-Arians.  Buck. 

SEM-I— BAR- BA ’RJ- AN,  n.  A person  who  is  but 
partially  civilized.  Ec.  Rev. 

SEM-I— BAR-RA'RI-AN,  a.  Half  civilized.  Wright. 

SEM'l— BAR'BA-ROUS,  a.  Half-civilized  ; semi- 
barbarian.  Goldsmith. 

SEM'I-BREVE,  n.  (Mus.)  Half  a breve  ; a whole 
note  ; — the  longest  note  now  in  common  use. 

i;'i;  Tbe  semibreve  is  now  made  round,  but  was 
anciently  in  the  form  of  a lozenge.  It  is  adopted  as 
the  measure-note  in  music,  the  other  five  characters 
that  denote  duration,  as  minim,  crotchet,  &.C.,  being 
considered  as  proportional  parts  of  it.  Moure.  P.  Cur. 

SEM'I-BRIEF,  n.  (Mus.)  A semibreve.  Harris. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  ROLE.  — 9,  Q,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  £,  g,  hard ; § as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 
164 


SEMICALCINED 


1306 


SEMIPROTOLITE 


SEM-I-CAL'CINED  (-sjnd),  a.  Half  calcined.  Ure. 

SEM-I-CAS'TRATE,  v.  a.  To  castrate  in  part ; to 
deprive  of  one  testicle.  Smart. 

SEM-I-CAS-TRA'TION,  n.  The  removal  of  one 
testicle  ; partial  castration.  Cole. 

SEM-l-£HA-OT'JC,  a.  Half  chaotic.  Clarke. 

SEM-I-CHO'RUS,  n.  ( Mus .)  A short  chorus  : — a 
chorus  sung  by  a part  of  a choir.  Warner. 

SEM-J— jCHRIS'TIAN-IZED,  a.  Half  or  partially 
Christianized.  Clarke. 

SEM'I-CIR-CLE,  n.  Half  of  a circle;  a figure 
comprehended  between  the  diameter  of  a circle 
and  the  portion  of  the  circumference  cut  off 
by  it.  Hutton. 

SEM'I-CIR-CLED  (-khl),  a.  Semicircular.  Shak. 

SEM-I-CIR'CU-LAR,  a.  Having  the  form  of  a 
semicircle  ; half  round  or  half  circular.  Browne. 

SEM-I-CIR-CUM'FER-yNCE,  n.  Half  of  a circum- 
ference. Bailey. 

SEM-I-CO'LON,  n.  ( Punctuation .)  A point  [;] 
used  to  separate  such  parts  of  a sentence  as  are 
somewhat  less  closely  connected  than  those 
separated  by  a comma.  Wilson. 

SEM-I-COL'UMN  (-kol'lum),  n.  Half  of  a column. 

SEM-I-CO-LUM'NAR,  a.  ( Bot .)  Resembling  half 
a column.  Smart. 

SEM-I-COM-PACT',  a.  Partially  compact.  Smart. 

SEM'I-CON,  «.  (Mus.)  An  ancient  musical  instru- 
ment resembling  a harp.  Moore. 

SEM-I-CRES-TA'CEOyS  (-krus-ta'shus),  a.  Half  or 
partially  crustaceous.  Smart. 

SEM-J-CRYS'TAL-LINE,  a.  Half  or  imperfectly 
crystalline.  Clarke. 

SEM-I-CU'BI-CAL,  a.  (Math.)  Noting  a parab- 
ola which  may  be  referred  to  coordinate  axes 
such  that  the  squares  of  the  ordinates  of  its 
points  shall  be  to  each  other  as  the  cubes  of 
the  abscissas  of  the  same  points.  Davies. 

SEM-I-CU'BI-U.M,  ) n [l.  semi,  half,  and  cubo, 

SEM-I-CU'PI-UM,  ) to  lie  down.]  (Med.)  A half 
bath,  or  such  as  receives  only  the  hips  or  ex- 
tremities. Dunglison. 

SEM-I-CY-LIN'DRIC,  ) a.  Half  cylindrical; 

SfiM-I-CY-LiN'DRl-CAL,  ) semicylindrical.  “ A 
semicyiindric  beak.”  Mill. 

Sy-MID'A-LITE,  n.  [Gr.  otpibahe,  fine  wheaten 
flour.]  (Eccl.  Hist.)  One  of  a sect  of  heretics 
in  the  sixth  century  who  made  use  of  wheat 
flour  in  their  sacrifices  ; a Barsanian.  Hook. 

SEM-I-Dy-IST'I-CAL,  a.  Half  or  partly  deistical ; 
inclined  to  deism.  Ec.  Rev. 

SEJl-T-DI-AM'y-TJJR,  71.  (Geom.)  Half  a diame- 
ter ; the  radius  of  a circle  or  a sphere.  Davies. 

SEM-I-Dl-A-PA'fjON,  n.  (Mus.)  An  imperfect  oc- 
tave, or  an  octave  diminished  by  a minor  semi- 
tone. Brande. 

SEM-J-HI-A-PEN'TE,  n.  (Mus.)  An  imperfect  or 
false  fifth.  Moore. 

SEM-I-DI-A-PHA-NE'J-TY,  n.  Half  or  imperfect 
transparency.  Boyle. 

SEM-I-Dl-APH'A-NOUS,  a.  Half  or  imperfectly 
transparent.  Woodward. 

SEM-I-Di-A-TES'SA-RON,  n.  (Mus.)  A defective 
or  false  fourth.  Brande. 

SEM-I-DI'TONE,  n.  (Mus.)  A lesser  third;  a 
hemiditone  ; a semiditono.  Moore. 

SEM-I-DIT'O-NO,  n.  (Mus.)  A minor  third. Brande. 

SEM-I-DT-UR'NAL,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  continu- 
ing, half  a day. 

Semidiurnal  arc,  (Kstron.)  half  the  arc  described  by 
a heavenly  body  between  its  rising  and  setting.  Hind. 

SEM'I-DOUB-LE  (sem'e-dub-bl),  n.  1.  (Eccl.)  An 
office  or  feast  in  the  Romish  breviary,  that  is 
celebrated  with  less  solemnity  than  a double 
one,  and  more  than  a single  one.  Bailey. 

2.  (Bot.)  Having  the  innermost  stamens 
perfect,  while  the  outermost  have  become  peta- 
loid.  Ilenslow. 


SEM'l-FLO-R?T,  n.  (Bot.)  A floret  the  corolla 
of  which  is  ligulate  or  strap-shaped,  as  of  the 
dandelion  ; a ligulate  floret.  Gray. 

SEM-J-FLOS'Cy-L  AR,  a.  Composed  of  semiflo- 
rets. Wright. 

SEM-I-FLOS'CULE,  n.  A semifloret.  Wright. 

SEM-J-FLOS'Cy-LOUS,  a.  Composed  of  semi- 
florets ; semifloscular.  Bailey. 

SEM-I-FLU'ID,  n.  An  imperfect  fluid.  Arbuthnot. 

SEM'I-FORM,  n.  An  imperfect  form.  Smart. 

SEM'l-FORMED,  a.  Imperfectly  formed.  Clarke. 

SEM-I-IN'DU-RAT-yD,  a.  Partially  or  imperfect- 
ly indurated.  Smart 

SEM-I-LA-PJD'I-FlED,  a.  Imperfectly  lapidified 
or  changed  into  stone.  Maunder. 

SEM-I-EEN-TIC'U-LAR,  a.  Half  lenticular  or 
convex  ; imperfectly  resembling  a lens.  Wright. 

SEM-1-LIQ.'tJlD,  a.  Partially  liquid.  Roget. 


SEM-I-LI-QUlD’I-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being  semi- 
liquid ; partial  liquidity.  Roget. 

SEM-I-LU  NAR,  ? a semi , half,  and  luna, 

SEM-I-LU'NA-RY,  ) the  moon;  Fr.  semilunaire .] 
Resembling  in  form  a half-moon  ; having  the 
shape  of  a half  moon.  Grew. 


SEM-I-MET'AL,  n.  A half  metal ; an  imperfect 
metal,  — a term  applied  by  the  old  chemists  to 
the  brittle  metals.  Brande. 


SEM-!-ME;-TAl'L!C,  a.  Pertaining  to  a semi- 
metal, or  partaking  of  its  nature.  Wright. 

SEM-J-MIN'I-MAj  n.  (Mus.)  A half  minim  or 
crotchet.  Brande. 

SEM'I-NAL,  a.  [L.  seminnlis ; semen,  seed;  It. 
seminale;  Sp.  seminal-,  Fr.  seminal .] 

1.  Of,  or  pertaining  to,  seed.  Gray. 

2.  Contained  in  the  seed  ; radical  ; original. 

It  [Mr.  Locke’s  book]  is  said,  very  unjustly,  to  contain  the 
seminal  principles  of  Mr.  Paine’s  matured  and  expanded 
tree.  Knox. 

Seminal  leaves,  (Bot.)  the  first  leaves  of  a plant,  be- 
ing developed  from  the  cotyledons.  Humble. 

fSEM'l-NAL,  n.  Seminal  state.  “ The  scminals 
of  other  iniquities.”  Browne. 

f SEM-I-NAT/J-TY,  n.  The  nature  or  the  quality 
of  seed ; power  of  production.  Browne. 

SEMI-NA-RIST,  n.  (Eccl.)  A Roman  Catholic 
priest  educated  in  a foreign  seminary.  Sheldon. 

fSEM'I-NA-RIZE,  v.a.  To  sow  or  plant.  Cockeram. 

SEM'I-NA-RY,  n.  [L . seminarium  \ semen,  semi- 
nis,  seed  ; It.  Sp.  seminario  ; Fr.  seminaire.] 

1.  f The  ground  where  any  thing  is  sown  to 
be  transplanted ; a seed-plot ; a nursery. 

Transplanting  trees  out  of  their  seminaries.  Mortimer. 

2.  +The  place  or  original  stock  whence  any 

thing  is  brought: — seminal  state;  — seminal 
principle.  “ Matter  to  be  converted  into  pesti- 
lent seminaries.”  Harvey. 

3.  A place  of  education  ; a literary  institution, 
as  a school,  academy,  college,  or  university. 

Ilfjj*  In  Roman  Catholic  countries,  seminaries  are 
colleges  appointed  for  the  instruction  and  education 
of  young  persons  destined  for  the  priesthood.  Hook. 

4.  +An  Englishman  educated  as  a Roman 

Catholic  priest  in  a foreign  seminary ; a semi- 
narist. B.  Jonson. 

t j?  seminary  -priest , a seminarist.  Wares. 

Syn.  — See  School. 

SEM'I-NA-RY,  a.  Seminal;  belonging  or  per- 
taining to  seed.  Smith. 

f SEM'I-NATE,  v.  a.  [L . semino,  seminatus.)  To 
sow ; to  propagate.  Waterhouse. 

SEM-I-NA’TION,  n.  [L.  seminatio  ; semen,  seed; 
It.  seminazione  ; Fr.  simulation.) 

1.  The  act  of  sowing  seed.  Evelyn. 

2.  (Bot.)  The  natural  dispersion  of  seeds.  Wr. 

fSEM’lNED  (sem'jnd),  a.  Covered  as  with  seeds. 

“ Semined  with  stars.”  B.  Jonson. 

SEM-I-NlF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  semen,  seed,  and  fero, 
to  bear ; Fr.  seminifire .) 

1.  Bearing  or  producing  seeds.  Miller. 

2.  (Med.)  Noting  the’ vessels  which  secrete 

and  convey  the  seminal  fluid.  Dunglison. 


SEM-I-NIFTC,  la.  [L.  semen,  seed,  an&facio, 

SEM-i-NlF'i-CAL,  ) to  make.]  Productive  of 
seed  or  semen.  Browne. 

SEM-I-NIF-I-CA'TION,  n.  Propagation  from  seed 
or  from  seminal  parts,  [n.]  Hale. 

SEM'I-NUDE,  a.  Half  nude  or  naked.  Qu.  Rev. 

SEM'J-NYMPH,  n.  (Ent.)  The  nymph  of  those 
insects  which  undergo  but  slight  changes  in 
passing  to  the  perfect  or  imago  state.  Lyonnet. 

SEM-I-OG'RA-PHY,  n.  (Med.)  Semeiography.  D. 

SEM-I-O-LCjy'yCAL,  a.  (Med.)  Semeiological. 

SEM-I-OL'O-GY,  n-  (Med.)  Semeiology.  — See 
Semeiology’.  Dunglison. 

SEM-I-O-PA'COyS,  a.  Half  dark;  semiopaque; 
translucent.  Boyle. 

SEM-I-O’PAL,  n.  (Min.)  A variety  of  opal,  not 
opalescent.  Dana. 

SEM-I-O-PA&UE  (-pak'),  a.  Half  opaque.  Smart. 

SEM-I-OR-B1C  U-LAR,  a.  Half  orbicular.  Smart. 

f SEM-I-OR'DI-NATE,  n.  (Math.)  The  half  of  a 
chord  of  a curve  perpendicular  to  an  axis ; — 
now  called  an  ordinate.  Davies. 

SEM-I-OS'SEOUS  (sem-e-osh'us),  a.  Half  as  hard 
as  bone  ; partially  bony.  Smart. 

SEM-I-OT'JC,  a.  (Med.)  Semeiotie.  Clarke. 

SEM-I-OT'ICS,  n.  pi.  (Med.)  Semeiotics;  sem- 
eiology. Month.  Rev. 

SEM-I-O'VATE,  a.  (Bot.)  Half  ovate.  Gray. 

SEM-!-0X'Y-9E-NAT-EU,  a.  (Chem.)  Partially 
oxidized.  Wright. 

SEM-I-OX'Y-£EN‘tZED,  (j.  Half  oxygenized.  Ure. 

SEM-I-PA'GAN,  a.  Half  pagan.  Bryant. 

SEM-I-PAL'MATE,  a.  [L.  semi,  half,  and  palma, 
a palm.]  (Zoiil.)  Having  the  toes  connected 
together  by  a web  extending  along  only  their 
proximal  half.  Brande. 

SEM-I-PAL'mAt-ED,  a.  Semipalmate.  Pennant. 

SEM-I-PA-RAb'O-LA,  n.  A curve  of  such  a na- 
ture that  the  powers  of  its  ordinates  are  to 
each  other  as  the  next  lower  powers  of  its  ab- 
scissas. Hutton. 

SEM'I-PED,  n.  [L.  semi,  half,  and  pes,  pedis,  a 
foot.]  (Pros.)  Half  a foot,  in  poetry.  Smart. 

SEM-I-PE'DAL,  or  SE-MlP'E-DAL  [sem-e-pe'dal, 

S.  P.  K.  C.  Wb.  Ash',  ’ se-mip'e-dal,  IF.  Ja. ; 
sem-e-ped^I,  Sm.  ; se-mip'e-dal  or  sem-e-pe'dal, 
Wr.),  a.  Consisting  of  a semiped.  Phillips. 

SEM-I— PE-LA'<H-AN,  n.  (Reel.  Hist.)  One  who 
holds  the  Pelagian  doctrine  in  a modified  or 
partial  manner.  Bailey. 

The  Scmi-Pclagians  maintained,  on  the  one 
hand,  that  the  grace  purchased  by  Christ  was  neces- 
sary for  salvation.  and  that  no  in  an  could  persevere 
or  advance  in  holiness  without  its  perpetual  support 
and  assistance ; on  the  other,  that  our  natural  faculties 
were  sufficient  for  the  beginning  of  repentance  and 
amendment ; that  Christ  died  for  all  men  ; that  his 
grace  was  equally  offered  to  all  men  ; that  man  was 
horn  free,  and  therefore  capable  of  receiving  its  influ- 
ences or  resisting  them.  Eden. 

SEM-!-PE-LA'pi-AN,  a.  Relating  to  the  Semi- 
Pelagians.  Buck. 

SEM-I— PE-EA'<?!-AN-T§M,  n.  The  doctrines  of 
the  Semi-Pelagians.  Milner. 

SEM-I-PEL-LU'CID,  a.  Half  clear  or  transpar- 
ent ; imperfectly  transparent.  Woodward. 

SEM-I-PEL-LU-CID'I-TY,  n.  The  state  or  the 
quality  of  being  semipellucid.  Clarke. 

SEM-I-PER-SPIC'U-OUS,  a.  Imperfectly  perspic- 
uous, clear,  or  transparent.  . Grew. 

SEM-I-PHLO-GIS'TI-CAT-ED,  a.  Half  or  par- 
tially phlogisticated.  Clarke. 

SEM-I-PRI-Mlgi'E-NOUS,  a.  [L.  semi,  half,  pri- 
mus, first,  and  gigno  (Gr.  -yewau),  to  produce.] 
(Gcol.)  Of  a middle  nature  between  substances 
of  primary  and  secondary  formation.  Wright. 

SEM'I-PROOF,  n.  A presumption  of  fact.  Bouvier. 

SEM-I-PRO'TO-LITE,  n.  [L.  semi,  half,  and  Gr. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long; 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  E,  l,  9,  u,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


SENILITY 


SEMIQUADRATE 

7rpuro?,  first,  and  XiBo;,  a stone.]  ( Geol .)  A 
semiprimigenous  fossil.  Wright. 

SEM-I-QUA'DRATE,  ) n-  ( Astrol .)  An  aspect  of 

SEM-1-Q.uAR'TjLE,  > two  planets  when  they  are 
distant  from  each  other  the  half  of  a quartile,  or 
forty-five  degrees.  llutton. 

SEM'I-auA-VpR  (sem'e-kwa-ver),  n.  (Mus.)  A 
note  whose  time  is  half  that  of  a quaver.  Brande. 

SEM-I-UUA'VpR,  v.  a.  To  sing  or  to  play  with 
semiquavers. 

With  wire  and  catgut  he  concludes  the  day, 

Quavering  and  semiquavering  care  away.  Cowper. 

SEM-I-aUIN'TILE,  n.  ( Astrol .)  An  aspect  of  two 
planets  when  they  are  distant  from  each  other 
half  of  a quintile,  or  thirty-six  degrees.  Hutton. 

SEM-I-REC'ON-DITE,  a.  ( Ent .)  Noting  the  head 
of  an  insect  when  it  is  half  covered  by  the 
shield  of  the  thorax.  Maunder. 

SEM-T-SAV'ApE,  a.  Half  savage  ; partially  civ- 
ilized ; semibarbarian.  Clarke. 

SEM-t-SAV  A^E,  n.  A semibarbarian;  a half  civ- 
ilized person.  Clarke. 

SEM-I-SEX'TILE,  n.  (Astrol.)  An  aspect  of  two 
planets  when  they  are  distant  from  each  other 
half  of  a sextile,  or  thirty  degrees.  Hutton. 

SEM-I-SOS-pP RO,n.  [It.]  (Mus.)  A pause  equal 
to  an  eighth  of  a bar  in  common  time.  Brande. 

SEM-I-SPHER'IC,  ? a%  Having  the  figure  of 

SEM-1-SPHER'J-CAL,  > a half  sphere.  Wright. 

SEM-I-SPHE-R0Td'AL,  a.  Having  the  form  of  a 
half  spheroid.  Johnson. 

SEM-I-TER'TIAN  (-sh?n),  n.  (Med.)  A fever 
having  the  characters  of  both  the  tertian  and 
the  quotidian  intermittent.  Arbuthnot. 

SEM-I-TER'TIAN,  a.  (Med.)  Possessing  the  char- 
acteristics both  of  the  tertian  and  quotidian  in- 
termittent fevers.  Dunglison. 

SJJ-MIT'IC,  a.  Relating  to  Shem  or  to  his  de- 
scendants; shemitic.  — See  Shemitic.  Qu.  Rev. 

SEM'I-TONE,  n.  [Fr.  semi-ton.']  (Mus.)  Half  a 
tone  : — the  smallest  of  the  intervals  admitted 
in  modern  music  ; a small  second.  Warner. 

SEM-I-TON'IC,  a.  (Mus.)  Relating  to  a semi- 
tone ; consisting  of  a semitone.  Dwight. 

SEM-I-TRAN'SEPT,  n.  (Arch.)  Half  of  a tran- 
sept; a lateral  projection  from  the  nave.  Wart. 

SEM-I-TRANS-pAr'EN-CY,  n.  The  state  or  the 
quality  of  being  semitransparent.  Boget. 

SEM-I-TRANS-PAr'ENT,  a.  Half  or  imperfectly 
transparent ; translucent.  P.  Cyc. 

SEM-I-VER-TR:'|E-lATE,  a.  (Bot.)  Partially 
verticillate  or  whorled.  Sir  J.  E.  Smith. 

fSEM'I-VIF,  a.  Only  half  alive.  Piers  Plouhman. 

SEM-I-VIT'R E-OIFS,  a.  Half  or  imperfectly  vit- 
reous ; half  glassy.  Smart. 

SEM-I-VIt'RI-FIED,  a.  Partially  converted  into 
glass  ; half  glassy.  Maunder. 

SEM-I-VO'CAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  semivowels  ; 
half  or  imperfectly  vocal.  Smart. 

SEM'I-VO\V-pL,  n.  (Gram.)  A consonant  the 
utterance  of  which  is  only  slightly  obstructed 
by  the  closure  of  the  vocal  organs.  Browne. 

The  semivowels  are  c soft,  f.  g soft,  h , 7,  l.  m , 
»!,  r,  s,  v,  w,  x,  y,  z. 

SEM-O-LEL  LA,  l n_  j-jj  ] a name  applied  to 

SEM-O- LI ' JVO,  ) small,  hard  granules  of  wheat 
which  have  resisted  the  millstones  and  become 
rounded  by  attrition  ; — chiefly  imported  from 
Italy,  and  used  as  food  for  infants  and  inva- 
lids- Archer. 

S&MOULE  (sa-niol’),  n.  [Fr.]  Semolino.  Ure. 

SEM-PIJR-vi'RENT,  a.  [L.  semper,  always,  and 
vireo,  virens,  to  be  green.]  Always  green  or 
flourishing;  evergreen.  Smart. 

SEM'PER-VIVE,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the  genus 
Sempcrvivum.  Bacon. 


1307 

SEM-PF.R-Vi' VUM,  n.  [L.  semper,  always,  and 
raws,’ alive.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  succulent  plants, 
very  tenacious  of  life  ; houseleek.  Loudon. 

SEM-PI-TER’NAL,  a.  [L.  sempiternus ; semper, 
always,  and  eternas,  eternal ; It.  sempiternale  ; 
Sp.  sempiterno  ; Fr.  sempiternel.] 

1.  Eternal  in  futurity;  having  beginning,  but 
no  end  ; everlasting ; endless  ; perpetual.  Hale. 

2.  Eternal ; without  either  beginning  or  end. 

[Poetical  and  rare.]  Blackmore. 

j-SEM'PI-TERNE,  a.  Sempiternal.  Gower. 

SEM-PI-TER'NI-TY,  n.  [L.  sempiternitas ; It. 
sempiternita ; Fr.  sempiternite.]  Future  dura- 
tion without  end.  Hale. 

SEM'PRE  (sem'pra).  [It.]  (Mus.)  Always,  or 
throughout.  Moore. 

SEMP'STpR  (sem'ster),  n.  [A.  S.  seamestre,  a 
seamstress  ; seamere,  a tailor.]  One  who  used 
a needle  ; a seamster  ; a sempstress  ; — origi- 
nally applied  to  females,  but  afterwards  to  males. 
S.  A sempster  apeak  with  me,  say ’st  thou  ? 
iY.  Yes,  sir;  she’s  there.  Old  Play. 

He  [Johnson]  supposed  that  Walton  had  given  up  his  busi- 
ness as  a linen-draper  and  sempster.  Boswell. 

SEMP' STRESS  (sem'stres),  11.  A woman  whose 
business  it  is  to  sew ; a seamstress.  Todd. 

SEMP'STRESS-Y  (sem’stres-e),  n.  The  business 

or  employment  of  a seamstress.  Hunter. 

SEMUNCIA  (se-mun'she-j),  n.  [L.]  A small  Ro- 
man coin  equivalent  to  half  an  ounce,  being 
l-24th  of  the  Roman  pound.  Brande. 

f SEN,  lad.  [See  Since.]  Since.  “In  battle 

■j  SENS,  ) won  long  sens.”  Spenser. 

SEN'A-RY,  a.  [L.  senarius  ; seni,  six  each  ; It.  &; 
Sp.  senario  ; Fr.  senaire .]  Relating  to  the  num- 
ber six ; containing  six.  Johnson. 

SEN'ATE,  n.  [L.  senatus ; senex,  senis,  an  old 
man ; It.  senato ; Sp.  senado  ; Fr.  senat.] 

1.  (Ant.)  The  highest  deliberative  assembly 
of  the  nation  ; the  great  national  council. 

In  all  the  republics  of  antiquity,  the  government  was  di- 
vided between  a senate  and  a popular  assembly.  IF.  Smith. 

2.  The  upper  house  of  a national  assembly  or 
of  a state  legislature,  in  many  modern  republics. 

In  the  senate  of  the  United  States,  eacli  state, 
in  its  politica.1  capacity,  is  represented  upon  a footing 
of  perfect  equality,  like  a congress  of  sovereigns  or 
ambassadors  ; whereas  in  the  House  of  Representa- 
tives, the  people  are  directly  represented.  In  most  of 
the  state  legislatures,  the  people  are  represented  in 
the  senate  as  well  as  in  the  other  house.  Buuvicr. 

3.  The  executive  and  legislative  branch  of  the 
government  of  Cambridge  University,  England. 

“ All  persons  who  are  masters  of  arts,  or  doc- 
tors in  one  of  the  three  faculties,  viz.,  divinity,  civil 
law,  or  physic,  having  their  names  upon  the  college 
boards,  holding  any  university  office,  or  being  resident 
in  the  town  of  Cambridge,  have  votes  in  this  assem- 
bly. The  senate  is  divided  into  two  houses,  denomi- 
nated the  Regent  and  the  Non  Regent  house  ; the  for- 
mer consisting  of  the  doctors  of  less  than  two  years’ 
standing,  and  the  masters  of  arts  under  five  years’ 
standing  ; the  latter,  of  the  masters  of  arts  above  five 
years.  The  doctors  of  more  than  two  years’  standing 
vote  in  either  house  at  pleasure.”  P.  Cyc. 

4.  The  legislative  power  or  department  of  a 

government;  “The  crown,  the  senate , and  the 
bench.”  A.  Fanblanque. 

SEN'ATE-CHAM'BER,  n.  A chamber  or  room 
occupied  by  a senate.  Savage. 

SEN'ATE— HOUSE,  n.  A house  or  building  in 
which  a senate  meets.  Milton. 

SEN'A-TOR,  n.  [L.]  1.  A member  of  a senate. 

No  person  shall  be  a senator  [in  Congress]  who  shall  not 
have  attained  the  age  of  thirty  years,  and  been  nine  vears  a 
citizen  of  the  United  States.  Constitution  of  the  U.  S. 

2.  ( Old  Eng.  Law.)  A member  of  the  king’s 
council ; a king’s  councillor.  Burn'll. 

SEN-A-TO'RT-AL,  a.  [L.  senator)' us ; senator,  a 
senator ; It.  <S,  Sp.  senatorio ; Fr.  senatorial.] 
Pertaining  or  suited  to  a senate  or  to  a senator. 

There  is  a sort  of  senatorial  dignity  about  him  which  . . . 
seems  to  become  him  exceedingly.  Reynolds. 

SEN-A-TO'RI-AL-LY,  ad.  In  a senatorial  man- 
ner ; as  a senator.  Drummond. 

SEN-A-TO'RI- AN,  a.  Of,  or  pertaining  to,  sena- 
tors. “ The  senatorian  rank.”  Middleton. 


fSEN-A-TO'RI-OUS,  a.  Senatorial.  More. 

SEN'A-TOR-SHIP,  n.  The  state,  office,  or  dignity 
of  a senator.  Carew. 

SF.-.YA  ' ■/'US-COJV-SUL'  TUM,  n.  [L.]  A decree 
of  tiie  Roman  senate.  W.  Smith. 

SEND,  v.  a.  [Goth,  sandjan  ; A.  S.  sendan ; Gcr. 
senden-,  Dan.  sonde ; led.  send  a ; Sw.  stinda. — 
Wacliter  derives  it  from  the  Old  Ger.  sind,  a 
way,  a journey.]  [i.  sent  ; pp.  sending,  sent.] 

1.  To  impel ; to  throw  ; to  cast ; to  hurl. 

In  his  right  hand  he  held  a trembling  dart, 

Whose  fellow  he  before  had  sent  apart.  Spenser. 

Cherubic  songs  by  night  from  neighboring  hills 
Aerial  music  sena.  Milton. 

2.  To  cause  to  go  or  move  ; to  despatch. 

Pray  ye,  therefore,  the  Lord  of  the  harvest,  that  lie  will 
send  forth  laborers  into  his  harvest.  Matt.  ix.  3.S. 

He  . . . sent  letters  by  posts  on  horseback.  Esth.  viii.  10. 

3.  To  convey  by  another  ; to  transmit. 

4.  To  confer ; to  bestow ; to  grant ; to  give. 

“ If  God  send  life.”  Johnson. 

I prny  thee,  send  me  good  speed  this  day,  and  show  kind- 
ness unto  my  master.  Gen.  xxiv.  1 2. 

SFff-  “ It  is  used  witli  correspondent  English  prepo- 
sitions as  equivalent  to  t lie  compounds  of  tiie  L.  mit- 
tere,  to  emit  or  send  forth,  to  innnit,  to  dismiss,  to 
transmit,  &c.”  Richardson. 

SEND,  v.  n.  1.  To  despatch  a messenger  or  a 
message.  Shak. 

They  sent  the  same  day  again  to  the  king.  Clarendon. 

2.  (Naut.)  To  pitch  suddenly  and  violently 

into  the  trough  of  the  sea.  Dana. 

To  send  for,  to  require  by  message  to  come,  or  cause 
to  be  brought. 

SEND,  n.  The  motion  of  waves,  or  the  impetus 
caused  by  it.  Cooper.  Longfellow. 

fSEN'DAL,  n.  [Low  L.  cendalum ; Sp.  ccndal.] 
A sort  of  thin  Cyprus  silk.  Chaucer. 

SEND'gR,  n.  One  who  sends.  Milton. 

SEN'E-CA— OIL,  n.  Petroleum; — so  called  be- 
cause it  was  formerly  collected  and  sold  by  the 
Seneca  Indians.  Dana. 

SEN'JJ-GA,  ) n_  The  root  0f  the  Poly  gala  sen- 

SEN'F-KA,  S ega,  or  Seneca  snake-root; — once 
esteemed  a specific  for  the  bite  of  the  rattle- 
snake, and  in  pleurisy,  &c.,  and  called  also 
rattlesnake-root.  Dunglison. 

SEN'E-gAl,  n.  Gum-senegal.  Clarke. 

SEN'p-GINE,  n.  (Chem.)  An  acrid  and  astrin- 
gent substance  extracted  from  Polygala  senega, 
or  seneca  snake-root.  Gregory. 

Sp-NES'CENCE,  n.  [L.  senesco,  senescens,  to  grow 
old  ; senex,  old.]  The  state  of  growing  or  of 
being  old ; decay  by  time,  [it.]  Woodward. 

||  SEN'pS-f^'HAL  [sen'e-shSl,  P.  E.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  C. 
Wb.  Keswick , Wr.  ; sfn'es-kal,  S.  W.  J.  E.],  n. 
[Low  L.  seniscallus  ; It.  siniscalco,  sescalco ; Sp. 
sencscal ; Fr.  senechal.  — From  L.  senior,  older, 
and  Low  L.  scalcus,  a servant,  from  Ger.  schalk. 
Wachter.]  One  who  had  the  care  of  feasts,  do- 
mestic ceremonies,  &c.,  in  great  houses,  — a 
French  title  of  office  and  dignity,  derived  from 
the  middle  ages,  answering  to  that  of  sleivard, 
or  high  steicard,  in  England.  Brande. 

/fjf-  Seneschal  is  a word  rarely  used  except  by  per- 
sons who  affect  a kind  of  refinement  of  style,  which 
they  think  is  attained  by  using  words  of  exotic  growth 
rather  than  words  t lie  natural  growth  of  their  own 
soil.  In  poetry  and  romance  writing  it  is  sometimes 
used  for  a principal  otticer  in  the  household  of  dis- 
tinguished persons,  when  it  is  thought  that  the  word 
steward  would  be  too  familiar.  P.  Cyc. 

||  SEN'gS-^HAL-SHTP,  n.  The  state,  office,  or 
dignity  of  a seneschal.  Sir  W.  Scott. 

SEN'GREEN,  n.  (Bot.)  The  common  houseleek  ; 

Sempervivum  tectorum.  Dunglison. 

SE'NfLE  [se'nll,  S.  IF.  J.  F.  Ja.  Sm.  Wr.-,  se'njl, 
P. ; se-nll',  Li.],  a.  [L.  senilis-,  senex,  an  old 
man;  It.  senile ; Sp.  senil ; F r.  senile.]  Pertain- 
ing to,  or  consequent  on,  old  age.  Boyle. 

S1J-NIL'J-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being  old;  imbecili- 
ty resulting  from  old  age  ; dotage. 

Mr.  Edwards,  when  going  away,  again  recurred  to  his  con- 
sciousness of  senility.  Boswell. 

liQr*  “In  general,  senility  is  merely  a loss  of  energy 
in  some  of  the  intellectual  operations,  while  the  affec- 
tions remain  natural  and  unperverted.”  Bouvier . 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  <?,  t,  g,  soft ; £,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


SENIOR 


SENSIBLENESS 


1308 


||  SEN'IOR,  a.  [L.,  comp,  of  senex,  old.] 

1.  Elder;  older  in  birth  or  in  office;  as,  “The 
senior  partner  in  a firm.” 

B£if  The  addition  of  senior  is  sometimes  made  to  a 
mail’s  name,  when  two  persons  bear  the  same,  in  or- 
der to  distinguish  them.  In  practice,  when  nothing  is 
mentioned,  the  senior  is  intended.  Bonnier. 

2.  Noting  a class,  or  a member  of  a class, 

pursuing  the  course  of  studies  prescribed  for 
the  last  year  of  residence  in  an  American  col- 
lege or  a professional  school.  Sparks. 

||  SEN'IOR  (sen'yur)  [se'nyur,  S.  E.  F.  K.  R.  Wr. ; 
se'ne-ur,  P.  J.  ja.  C. ; se'ne-uror  sen'yur,  IT'.],  n. 

1.  One  older  than  another  ; an  elder.  Whitgift. 

2.  One  rvho  has  priority  of  rank,  office,  or  ap- 
pointment over  another. 

3.  An  old  or  aged  person,  [r.]  Dryden.  . 

4.  A member  of  the  senior  class  in  an  Amer- 
ican college  or  a professional  school.  E.  Everett. 

II  SEN-IOlt'I-Ty  (sen-ySr'e-te),  n.  1.  The  state  of 
being  senior  or  elder  ; priority  of  birth. 

lie  was  the  elder  brother;  and  Ulysses  might  he  consigned 
to  his  care  by  the  right  due  to  his  seniority.  Broome. 

2.  Priority  of  rank  or  office.  Stocgueler. 

||  SEN'IOR-IZE,  v.  n.  To  lord  it ; to  rule.  Fairfax. 

||  t SEN'IO-RY  (sen'yo-re),  n.  Seniority.  Shak. 

SEN'N  A,  n.  [Arab.  si«ia.]  (Med.)  The  dried  pur- 
gative leaves  of  certain  plants  of  the  genus  Cas- 
sia. Wood  iy  Bache. 

SE.N’NA-CHY,  n.  A Highland  bard  or  minstrel ; 
an  antiquary  or  genealogist  [Scotland.]  G.  Mag. 

fSEN'NpT,  >i.  A set  of  notes  on  a trumpet  or 
cornet,  different  from  a flourish.  Wright. 

SEN'NIGHT  (sen'njt),  n.  [Contracted  from  seven- 
night.']  The  space  of  seven  nights  and  days  ; a 
week  ; a sevennight.  Shak. 

SEN'NIT,  n.  1.  (Naut.)  A sort  of  flat,  braided 
cordage,  formed  by  plaiting  rope-yarns  or  spun- 
yarn  together.  Mar.  Diet. 

2.  (Com.)  Plaited  straw  or  palm-leaves,  Ac., 
tised  in  making  straw-hats.  Simmonds. 

SpM-OC'C-LAR.  a.  [L.  seni,  six  each,  and  oculus, 
an  eye.]  Having  six  eyes.  Derham. 

SEN  SATE,  / a Perceived  by  a sense  or  by 

SEN’SAT-^D,  > the  senses.  Baxter. 

SfN-sA'TION,  n.  [It .sensazione;  Sp .sensacion; 
Fr.  sensation ; — from  L . sensus,  sense;  sentio, 
to  perceive  ; to  feel.] 

1.  The  immediate  effect  produced  on  the  mind 

by  something  acting  on  the  bodily  organs  ; feel- 
ing. “ Sensations  of  pain.”  Addison. 

Hunger  and  thirst  art*  internal  sensations.  Dunglison. 

The  very  notion  of  death  is,  that  all  sensation , and  activi- 
ty, and  power  of  motion  is,  in  that  state  of  the  man,  extin- 
guished. Bp.  Horsley. 

2.  Excitement ; feeling  excited ; impression 
made  on  others  ; as,  “To  make  a sensation .” 

Syn.  — “ Sensations'*  according  to  Reid,  “is  a 
name  given  by  philosophers  to  an  act  of  mind,  which 
may  be  distinguished  from  all  others  by  this,  that  it 
lias  no  object  distinct  from  itself.  Perception  has  al- 
ways an  external  object.  Almost  all  our  perceptions 
have  corresponding  sensations  which  constantly  ac- 
company them,  and  on  that  account  are  very  apt  to 
he  confounded  with  them.,,  Sentiment  has  its  seat  in 
the  heart,  and  is  thought  prompted  by  feeling  : feeling, 
the  sense  of  touch,  is  one  of  the  five  senses  ; sense  is  the 
faculty  by  which  external  objects  are  perceived  ; all  sen- 
sations are  feelings , hut  all  feelings  are  not  sensations. 

A "reeable -sensation  ; clear  perception  ; lively  sentiment ; 
strong,  tender,  or  rough  feeling  ; a sense  of  feeling;  a 
sense  of  smell.  Feeling  is  transitory  and  fluctuating  ; 
sense,  permanent  and  regular.  A sensation  of  pain  ; a 
perception  of  truth  ; a.  sentiment  on  a religious  or  moral 
question  ; a feeling  of  pleasure  or  sorrow  ; a feeling  or 
sense  of  gratitude  ; a sense  of  right  or  wrong.  — See 
Conception. 

SEN-SA'TION-AL,  a.  1.  Having  sensation  ; per- 
ceiving by  the  senses  ; sentient.  Dunylison. 

2.  Relating  to  sensation. 

lie  whose  eye  is  so  refined  by  discipline  that  he  can  repose 
with  pleasure  Upon  the  serene  outline  of  beautiful  form  has 
reached  the  purest  of  the  sensational  raptures.  F.  \V. Robertson. 

S£N-SA'TTON-AL-I^M,  7i.  A system  of  philoso- 
phy which  ascribes  all  our  knowledge  to  infor- 
mation derived  through  the  senses.  Morell. 

Idealism  on  the  one  hand,  and  sensationalism  on  the  other, 
— such  are  . . . the  two  poles  around  which  all  the  metaphys- 
ical evolutions  of  mankind  have  taken  place.  Kc.  Rev. 

SJPN-SA'TION-AL-IST,  n.  An  advocate  of,  or  be- 
liever in,  sensationalism  ; one  of  a school  of 


philosophers  who  hold  that  man  is  a mere  crea- 
ture of  sensation.  C.  Richardson. 

SEN-SA'TION-A-RY,  a.  Possessing,  or  relating 
to,  sensation  ; sensational.  Athenceum. 

SENSE,  n.  [L.  sensus , perception  ; sentio , to  per- 
ceive, to  feel;  It.  sensu ; Fr. 

1.  The  faculty  or  power  by  which  the  proper- 
ties and  states  of  external  things  are  perceived. 

Both  contain 

Within  them  every  lower  faculty 

Of  sense,  whereby  they  hear,  see,  smell,  touch,  taste.  Milton. 

The  pith  of  my  system  is,  to  make  the  senses  out  of  the 
mind,  not  the  mind  out  of  the  senses,  as  Locke  did.  Coleridge. 

4^=*  The  senses  are  five  in  number:  sight,  hearing, 
taste,  touch,  and  smell.  The  late  Dr.  Thomas  Brown 
of  Edinburgh,  and  Sir  C.  Bell,  have  propounded  the 
novel  doctrine  of  a sixth  sense , called  the  muscular 
sense , (our  whole  muscular  frame  being  supposed  to 
be  a distinct  organ  of  sense ) ; a doctrine  to  which  Mr. 
Whewell  has  recently  declared  his  adherence  in  his 
“ Philosophy  of  the  Inductive  Sciences. ” Braude. 

2.  The  effect  produced  on  the  mind  by  any 
thing  that  acts  on  the  senses ; susceptibility  of 
emotion  ; feeling ; sensibility ; sensation. 

Reason’s  whole  pleasure,  all  the  joys  of  sense , 

Lie  in  three  words  — health,  peace,  and  competence.  Pope. 

3.  Perception  ; discernment ; sagacity. 

Basilius,  having  the  quick  sense  of  a lover.  Sidney. 

4.  Understanding ; intellect ; soundness  of 
faculties  ; strength  of  natural  reason  ; reason. 

Of  plain,  sound  sense  life’s  current  coin  is  made; 

With  that  we  drive  the  most  substantial  trade.  Young. 

Good  sense,  which  only  is  the  gift  of  heaven.  Pope. 

5.  Conformity  to  reason  ; reasonable  meaning. 

He  raves;  his  words  are  loose 

As  heaps  of  sand,  and  scattering  wide  from  sense.  Shak. 

6.  Opinion;  notion;  idea;  judgment. 

I speak  my  private  but  impartial  sense 

With  freedom,  and,  I hope,  without  offence.  Roscommon. 

7.  Consciousness  ; conviction  ; persuasion. 

In  the  due  sense  of  my  want  of  learning,  I only  make  a 
confession  of  my  own  faith.  Dryden. 

8.  Moral  perception  or  appreciation. 

Some  are  so  hardened  in  wickedness,  as  to  have  no  sense 
of  the  most  friendly  offices.  L" Estrange. 

9.  Meaning  ; signification  ; import ; view. 

In  one  sense,  it  is,  indeed,  a building  of  gold  and  silver 
upon  the  foundation  of  Christianity.  Tillotson. 

10.  ( Psychology .)  The  faculty,  the  act,  or  the 

organ  of  sensitive  apprehension.  Fleming. 

Common  sense , that  power  of  the  mind  which  per- 
ceives truth,  or  commands  belief,  not  by  progressive 
argumentation,  but  by  an  instantaneous,  instinctive, 
and  irresistible  impulse,  derived  neither  from  educa- 
tion, nor  from  habit,  but  from  nature,  — acting  inde- 
pendently of  our  will,  whenever  its  object  is  present- 
ed, according  to  an  established  law,  and  therefore 
called  sense,  — acting  in  a similar  manner  upon  all,  or 
at  least  a majority  of,  mankind,  and  therefore  called 
common  sense.  Ency.  Brit.  — The  faculty  in  which 
the  various  reports  of  the  several  senses  are  reduced 
to  the  units  of  a common  apperception.  Hamilton. 
Reid.  — Mural  sense,  a determination  of  the  mind  to 
be  pleased  with  the  contemplation  of  those  affections, 
actions,  or  characters  of  rational  agents  which  we  call 
good  or  virtuous.  Ency.  Brit.  — Reflex  senses,  a term 
used  by  Dr.  Hutcheson  to  denote  certain  powers  of 
perception  by  means  of  which  we  acquire  ideas  in  ad- 
dition to  those  we  have  by  sensation  or  reflection. 
Fleming. 

ftSr*  Reflection,  from  which,  according  to  Mr.  Locke, 
we  derive  the  simple  ideas  of  the  passions  and  affec- 
tions of  the  mind,  was  considered  by  Hutcheson  as  an 
internal  sense  or  faculty,  operating  directly.  But  this 
faculty  by  which  we  perceive  the  beauty  or  deformity, 
the  virtue  or  vice,  of  these  passions  and  affections, 
was  called  by  Hutcheson  a reflex  internal  sense. 
Fleming. 

Syn.  — See  Reason,  Sensation. 

f SENSED  (senst),  p.  a.  Perceived  or  recognized 
by  tlie  senses.  Glanvill. 

fSENSE'FUL,  a.  Reasonable  ; judicious.  Spensei'. 

SENSE'LESS  (sens'les),  a.  1.  Wanting  sense  or 
life  ; void  of  life  or  perception  ; insensible. 

You  blocks,  you  worse  than  senseless  things.  Shak. 

2.  Incapable  of  sympathy  or  emotion  ; want- 
ing sensibility ; unfeeling. 

The  senseless  grave  feels  not  your  pious  sorrows.  Rome. 

3.  Unreasonable  ; stupid  ; doltish  ; foolish. 
“ This  their  senseless  perverseness.”  Clarendon. 

4.  Contrary  to  true  judgment  or  reason. 

It  is  a senseless  thing  in  reason  to  think  that  one  of  these 
interests  can  stand  without  the  other.  South. 

5.  Wanting  knowledge  ; unconscious. 

lie  sins  and  sees  not,  senseless  of  his  loss.  Dryden. 


SENSE’LfSS-LY,  ad.  In  a senseless  manner  ; 
stupidly ; unreasonably.  Locke. 

SENSE' LpSS-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality 
of  being  senseless;  folly;  unreasonableness; 
absurdity ; stupidity.  Hales. 

SEN-SI-bIl'I-TY,  n.  [It.  sensibilita  ; Sp.  sensi- 
bilidad;  Fr.  sensibilite.] 

1.  The  quality  or  the  state  of  being  sensible ; 

capability  or  quickness  of  sensation  ; suscepti- 
bility of  feeling  ; feeling.  Johnson. 

2.  Capability  of  quick  emotion  ; aptness  to 
be  affected  ; delicacy  of  feeling;  tender  feeling. 

Though  it  cannot  be  denied  that,  by  diffusing  a wanner 
coloring  over  the  visions  of  fancy,  sensibility  is  often  a source 
of  exquisite  pleasure,  — to  others,  if  not  to  the  possessor, — 
yet  it  should  never  be  confounded  with  benevolence,  since  it 
constitutes,  at  best,  rather  the  ornament  of  a fine,  than  the 
virtue  of  a good,  mind.  R.  Hall. 

Modesty  is  such  an  exquisite  sensibility  as  warns  a woman 
to  shun  the  first  uppearance  of  every  thing  hurtful.  Addison. 

3.  That  quality  of  a balance  or  other  instru- 
ment that  renders  it  easily  affected.  Wright. 

4.  (Phys.)  The  power  which  any  organ  or 

tissue  of  the  body  has  of  causing  changes  in- 
herent or  excited  on  it,  to  be  perceived  and 
recognized  by  the  mind.  Todd. 

SEN'SJ-BLE  (sSn'se-bl),  a.  [Low  L.  sensibilis,  that 
can  be  perceived  by  the  senses ; It.  sensibile ; 
Sp.  Y Fr.  sensible.] 

1.  Capable  of  being  affected  through  the 
senses  ; capable  of  sensation. 

A blind  man  conceives  not  colors  but  under  the  notion  of 
some  other  sensible  faculty.  G'lanviU. 

2.  Liable  to  quick  emotions ; easy  to  be  af- 
fected ; taking  quickly  to  heart ; sensitive. 

With  affection  wondrous  sensible.  Shat:. 

3.  Capable  of  exciting  sensation  ; perceptible 
hy  the  senses. 

By  reason  man  attains  unto  the  knowledge  of  things  that 
are  and  are  not  sensible.  Hooker. 

4.  Perceived  or  perceptible  hy  the  mind. 

The  disgrace  was  more  sensible  than  the  pain.  Temple. 

5.  Perceiving  by  the  mind  or  by  the  senses. 

I do  not  say  there  is  no  soul  in  man  because  he  is  not  sen- 
siljle  of  it  in  his  sleep;  but  I do  say  he  cannot  think  at  any 
time,  waking  or  sleeping,  without  being  sensible  of  it.  Locke. 

The  versification  is  as  beautiful  as  the  description  [is]  com- 
plete; every  ear  must  be  sensible  of  it.  liromne. 

6.  Having  moral  perception,  or  the  quality  of 
being  affected  by  moral  good  or  ill. 

These  be  those  discourses  of  God  whose  effects  those  that 
live  witness  in  themselves  — the  sensible  in  their  sensible  na- 
tures, the  reasonable  in  their  reasoning  souls.  Raleigh. 

7.  Strongly  affected  ; convinced  ; persuaded. 

These  are  very  sensible  that  they  had  better  have  pushed 

their  conquests.  Addison. 

8.  Having  good  sense  ; judicious;  wise  ; rea- 
sonable ; intelligent.  “ Sensible  men.”  Addison. 

9.  Movable  by  a small  weight  or  impulse,  as 

a balance.  Wright. 

10.  ( Mus .)  Applied  to  the  sharp  seventh  of 

any  key,  because  it  renders  the  ear  sensible  of 
the  next  tone  above,  which  is  the  fundamental, 
or  tonic,  of  the  key.  Moore. 

Tooke  remarks  our  improper  use  of  sensible,  a., 
in  common  with  many  other  adjectives  in  bills  z “ VVe 
have  senseful — full  of  sense  ; sensitive — that  can  feel ; 
and  sensible  — that  may  be  felt  ; and  yet  we  talk  of  a 
sensible  man,  who  is  very  sensible  of  the  cold,  and  of 
any  sensible  change  in  the  weather.”  Richardson. 

Syn. — Sensible,  sensitive,  and  sentient  are  all  de- 
rived from  the  same  source,  and  have  a similar  mean- 
ing, but  a different  application.  Sensible  denotes  the 
capacity  of  being  moved  through  the  senses,  and  the 
act  of  feeling  ; sensitive,  the  capacity  of  feeling  acute- 
ly ; sentient,  the  act  of  feeling.  A person  is  said  to  be 
sensible  of  cold  or  heat,  of  benefit  or  injury  ; a sensi- 
tive nature  ; sensitive  plant ; a sentient  being.  — A sen- 
sible difference;  a difference  scarcely  perceptible. — 
Sensible  is  also  used  to  imply  having  sense  or  judg- 
ment ; as  a sensible,  reasonable,  judicious,  or  wise  man, 
measure,  or  conduct. 

SEN'SI-BLE,  n.  1.  Sensation,  [r.]  Milton. 

2.  Whatever  is  perceptible  around  us ; that 
which  is  capable  of  affecting  some  sense  ; that 
which  is  the  object  of  sense.  More. 

Aristotle  distinguished  sensibles  into  common 
and  proper.  Tile  common  — those  perceived  by  all,  or 
by  a plurality  of,  the  senses  — were  magnitude,  figure, 
motion,  rest,  number;  the  proper  — those  objects  of 
sense  which  are  peculiar  to  one  sense,  as  color  to 
the  eye,  sound  to  the  ear,  taste  to  the  palate,  and 
touch  to  the  body.  Fleming. 

SEN'SI-BLE-NESS,  n.  1.  The  quality  or  the  state 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


SENSIBLY 


1309 


SENTRY 


of  being  sensible  ; capability  of  sensation  or  of 
emotion ; sensibility. 

The  sen«frZeness  of  the  eye  renders  it  subject  to  pain.  Sharp. 
This  feeling  and  sensiblencss  and  sorrow  for  sin.  Hammond. 

2.  Judgment;  reasonableness.  Johnson. 

SEN'SI-BLY,  ad.  1.  In  a sensible  manner ; per- 
ceptibly to  the  senses  or  to  the  mind. 

2.  Judiciously;  reasonably.  Johnson. 

S^N-StP'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  sensus,  sense,  and  fero, 
to  bear.]  Producing  sense  or  sensation.  L.'Gaz. 

S^N-SIF'IC,  a.  [L.  sensus,  feeling,  and  facio,  to 
produce.]  Causing  sensation.  Good. 

SEN'SI§M,  n.  The  doctrine  that  all  our  knowledge 
is  derived  originally  from  the  sense  ; sensuism  ; 
sensualism.  Fleming. 

SEN'SI-TIVE,  a.  fit.  iSr  Sp.  sensitivo  ; Fr.  sensitif. ] 

1.  Alive  to  organic  affections  from  external 
objects  ; having  sense,  but  not  reason  ; pertain- 
ing to,  or  dependent  on,  sense  ; sentient. 

The  sensitive  faculty  may  have  a sensitive  love  of  some  sen- 
sitive object.  Hammond. 

Sensitive  knowledge  reaching  no  farther  than  the  existence 
of  things  actually  present  to  our  senses.  Locke. 

2.  Liable  to  quick  emotions  ; easily  affected  ; 
affected  by  touch  ; as,  “ A sensitive  person,” 

SEN'SI-TIVE-LY,  ad.  In  a sensitive  manner. 

SEN'SI-Tj  VE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  sen- 
sitive ; sensibility.  Ash. 

SEN'SI-TIVE— PLANT,  n.  ( Bot .)  A name  ap- 
plied to  plants,  especially  of  the  genus  Mimosa, 
which  shrink  or  show  marks  of  irritability  on 
being  touched,  and  particularly  Mimosa  pudica. 

Gray. 

DQy  In  certain  species  of  Oralis  an  irritability  of  so 
marked  a kind  has  been  found  as  to  cause  them  to  be 
classed  among  sensitive-plants.  Lmdlcy. 

Wild  sensitive  plant , a leguminous  plant  growing  in 
sandy  fields  near  the  coast  of  the  V.  S.,  from  New 
England  southward  ; Cassia  luctiUms. ‘ Gray. 

SEN-SI-TI V'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being  sensi- 
tive ; sensibility  ; sensitiveness.  Fleming. 

f SEN'SIVE,  a.  Sensible;  feeling.  Sidney. 

SpN-SO'RI-AL,  a.  Relating  to  the  sensorium ; 
sensory.  Tucker. 

SF.JV-SO  ’ It  I-  UM,  n. ; pi.  L.  sens  our  a ; Eng.  si:x- 
soitiuMS.  [L.  sentio,  sensus,  to  discern  by  the 
senses.]  ( Anat .)  The  common  centre  of  sen- 
sations ; the  organ  by  which,  or  place  in  which, 
the  sensations  of  the  several  senses  are  reduced 
to  the  unity  of  consciousness.  Fleming. 

peff-  According  to  Aristotle,  the  sensorium  was  in 
all  warm-blooded  animals  the  heart,  and  therefore  so 
in  man.  According  to  modern  philosophers,  the  cen- 
tral organ  is  the  brain  ; the  pineal  gland,  according  to 
Descartes  ; the  ventricles,  or  corpus  callosum,  accord- 
ing to  others.  Fleming. 

SEN'SO-RY,  n.  The  sensorium.  Bentley. 

SEN'SO-RY,  a.  Relating  to  the  sensorium;  sen- 
tient ; sensorial.  Belsham. 

Sensory  ganglia-,  a series  of  ganglionic  masses  at  the 
base  of  the  brain,  which  are  in  direct  communication 
with  tile  nerves  of  sensation,  as  the  optic,  olfactory, 
auditory,  and  gustatory.  — Sensory  nerves,  nerves  of 
sensation.  These  are  general,  as  those  connected 
witli  the  posterior  part  of  the  spinal  marrow  ; and 
special,  as  those  of  the  senses.  Dunglison. 

SEN'SU-AL  (-slni-al),  a.  [Low  L.  sensualis,  sen- 
sitive ; It.  sensuale  ; Sp.  sensual ; Fr.  sensuel.] 

1.  Relating  to  the  senses ; depending  on  the 
senses  ; affecting  the  senses. 

Men  in  general  are  too  partial  in  favor  of  a sensual  appetite 
to  take  notice  of  truth  when  they  have  found  it.  L'  Estrange. 

2.  Pleasing  to  the  senses ; carnal ; not  spir- 
itual. “ That  good  which  is  sensual.”  Hooker. 

3.  Devoted  to  sense  ; lewd  ; voluptuous. 

These  be  sensual,  having  not  the  spirit.  Jude  19. 

Belial,  the  dissolutest  spirit  that  fell, 

The  sensualest.  Milton. 

SEN'SU-AL-I§M  (sen'shu-jl-lzm),  n.  1.  Sensual- 
ity ; sensual  indulgence,  appetite,  or  ideas. 

2.  ( Mental  Philosophy .)  The  theory  which  re- 
solves all  the  mental  acts  and  intellectual  pow- 
ers of  man  into  various  modifications  of  mere 
sensation  ; the  doctrine  that  all  our  knowledge 
is  derived  originally  from  the  senses.  Brande. 

SEN'SU-AL-IST  (sen'shu-jl-Tst),  n.  One  devoted 
to  sensual  pleasures ; a voluptuary ; an  epicure  ; 
a carnal  person.  South. 


Syn.  — A sensualist  is  devoted  to  the  gratification 
of  his  senses,  and  is  a slave  of  tire  grossest  appetites  ; 
a voluptuary  is  devoted  to  the  pleasures  of  sense  ; an 
epicure,  to  the  indulgence  of  his  appetite,  or  to  the 
pleasures  of  tile  table. 

SEN-SU-AL'I-TY  (sen-shu-al'f-tg),  n.  [It.  sensu- 
alith  ; Sp.  sensualidad ; Fr.  sensualite.]  The 
quality  of  being  sensual ; devotedness  to  the 
senses  or  to  sensual  pleasures  ; voluptuousness. 

Mar  not  her  sense  with  sensuality.  Davies. 

They  avoid  dress  lest  they  should  have  affections  tainted 
by  any  sensuality.  Addison. 

SEN-SU-AL-I-ZA'TION  (sen-shu-al-e-za'slmn),  n. 
The  act  of  rendering  sensual ; the  state  of  being 
sensualized.  Qu.  Rev. 

SEN'SU-AL-IZE  (sen'shu-al-Iz),  V.  a.  [t.  SENSU- 
ALIZED ; pp.  SENSUALIZING,  SENSUALIZED.]  To 
give  up  to  sensuality ; to  make  sensual ; to 
make  carnal ; to  carnalize. 

Not  to  suffer  one’s  self  to  be  sensualized  by  pleasures,  like 
those  who  were  changed  into  brutes  by  Circe.  Hope. 

SilN'SU-AL-LY  (sen'shu-?l-le),  ad.  In  a sensual 
manner.  Davies. 

SEN'SU-AL-NESS,  n.  Sensuality.  Wright. 

SEN'SU-I§M,  n.  Sensism;  sensualism.  Fleming. 

f SEN-SU-OS'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being  sensu- 
ous. Scott. 

SEN'SU-OUS  (sen'shu-us),  a.  Relating  to  sense 
or  the  senses  ; pertaining  to  sensible  objects  ; 
affecting,  as  by  images  presented  to  the  senses. 

To  this  poetry  would  be  made  precedent,  as  being  less 
subtile  and  fine,  but  more  simple,  sensuous,  and  passionate. 

Milton. 

To  express  in  one  word  all  that  appertains  to  the  percep- 
tion, considered  as  passive  and  merely  recipient,  I have 
adopted  from  our  elder  classics  the  word  sensuous.  Coleridge. 

SEN'SU-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  a sensuous  manner  ; so 
as  to  affect  the  senses.  Coleridge. 

SEN'SU-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  sen- 
suous. Coleridge. 

SENT,  i.  & p.  from  send. 

SEN'TIJNCE,  n.  [L.  sententia,  an  opinion ; It. 
sentenza ; Sp.  sentencia  ; Fr.  sentenced] 

1.  Determination  ; decision  ; judgment. 

Neither  sentence  of  men  grounded  upon  such  manifest  and 

clear  proof.  Hooker. 

2.  A maxim  ; an  axiom,  generally  moral. 

A divine  sentence  is  in  the  lips  of  the  king.  Prov.  xvi.  10. 

3.  {Gram.)  An  assemblage  of  words  logically 
and  grammatically  joined  so  as  to  make  a com- 
plete sense ; a period  in  writing.  — See  Period. 

Long  sentences  in  a short  composition  are  like  large  rooms 
in  a little  house.  Shenstone. 

Ever)7  sentence , to  whatever  extent  the  rela- 
tions which  it  comprehends  may  have  been  multi- 
plied, is  composed  of  only  three  kinds  of  combina- 
tions,— the  predicative,  the  attributive,  and  the  ob- 
jective. C.  F.  Becker. 

4.  ( Law .)  The  judgment  of  a court  pro- 
nounced after  the  hearing  of  a cause.  Burrill. 

the  common  law,  sentence  is  exclusively 
used  to  denote  the  judgment  in  criminal  cases.  Bur- 
rill. 

SEN'TENCE,  v.  a.  [Fr.  sentencier.~\  [i.  sen- 
tenced;;?^?. SENTENCING,  SENTENCED.] 

1.  To  pass  sentence  upon  ; to  pass  judgment 
on  ; to  condemn  ; to  doom  to  punishment. 

After  this  cold  consideration,  sentence  me.  Shak. 

Came  the  mild  Judge,  and  Intercessor  both 
To  sentence  man.  Milton. 

2.  f To  express  in  a sentence.  Felton. 

SEN'TEN-CpR,  n.  One  who  sentences.  Southey. 

SyN-TEN'TIAL  (sen-ten'shjl),  a.  Pertaining  to 

sentences.  Abp.  Newcome. 

SyN-TEN'TIAL-LY,  ad.  By  means  of  sentences, 
[it.]  Coleridge. 

SyN-TEN'TI-A-Ry  (-she-a-re),  n.  One  who,  in  for- 
mer times,  read  lectures  on  the  sentences  of  Pe- 
ter Lombard,  a school  divine  of  the  twelfth  cen- 
tury, who  was  Archbishop  of  Paris.  Wright. 

fSpN-TEN-TI-OS'l-TY  (sen-ten-she-os'e-te),  n. 
Sententiousness.  ’ Browne. 

SlJN-TEN'TIOyS  (sen-ten'shus),  a.  [It.  sentenzio- 
so  ; Sp.  sentencioso ; Fr.  sentencieux.) 

1.  Abounding  with  sentences,  axioms,  and 
maxims  ; short  and  energetic  ; full  of  meaning  ; 
very  expressive  ; pithy  ; terse  ; sentential.  Shak. 

Eloquence,  with  all  her  pomp  and  charms, 

Foretold  us  useful  and  sententious  truths.  Waller. 


2.  Comprising  sentences.  “ Sententious  marks 
. . . such  as  the  Chinese  still  retain.”  Grew. 

SgN-TEN'TIOL'S-LY,  ad.  In  a sententious  man- 
ner ; expressively  ; pithily. 

They  describe  her  in  part  gravely  and  sententiously.  Bacon. 

S^N-TEN'TIOUS-NESS  (s$n-ten'shiis-nes),  n.  Qual- 
ity of  being  sententious  ; brevity  with  strength. 
The  Medea  I esteem  for  its  gravity  and  sententiousness.  Dr  yd en. 

t SEN'T5R-Y,  n.  A sentry.  Milton. 

SEN'TIfN-CY  (sen'shen-se),  n.  State  of  being 
sentient ; perception  ; feeling,  [r.]  Barrett. 

SEN'TI-JgNT  (sen'she-ent),  a.  [L.  sentio,  sentiens , 
to  discern  by  the  senses.]  Having  sensation 
or  the  capacity  of  sensation ; affected  through 
the  senses  ; sensitive ; sensible.  “Any  sentient, 
conscious,  or  intellectual  nature.”  Cudwortli. 

SEN'TI-gNT  (sen'she-ent),  it.  A being  having  sen- 
sation ; a sentient  being.  Glanvill. 

SEN'TiyNT-LY,  ad.  By  sensation.  Clarke. 

SEN'TI-MENT,  n.  [L .sentio,  to  feel;  It.  senti- 
inento  ; Sp.  sentimiento  ; Fr.  sentiment .] 

1.  Sensibility  ; feeling  ; emotion  ; tenderness. 

He  pretends  to  . . . sentiment  and  liberality.  Sheridan. 

I am  apt  to  suspect  . . . that  reason  and  sentiment  concur 
in  almost  all  moral  determinations  and  conclusions,  llume. 

2.  Thought ; notion  ; opinion  ; judgment. 

Serving  to  give  us  due  sentiments  of  the  wisdom  and  good- 
ness of  the  sovereign  Disposer  of  all  things.  Locke. 

3.  The  sense  considered  distinctly  from  the 

language  or  things  ; a striking  sentence  in  a 
composition. 

Those  who  could  no  longer  defend  the  conduct  of  Cato 
praised  the  sentiments.  Dennis. 

4.  A particular  disposition  of  mind,  as  love, 
hatred,  hope,  pride,  humility,  &c. 

So  we  speak  of  sentiments  of  respect,  of  esteem,  of  grati- 
tude. lieid. 

5.  ( Fine  Arts.)  The  idea  which  governs  the 
general  conception  of  a work  of  art.  Fairholt. 

Xfzjp’  “ The  word  sentiment , agreeably  to  (lie  use  made 
of  it  by  our  best  English  writers,  expresses  very  hap- 
pily those  complex  determinations  of  the  mind  which 
result  from  t lie  cooperation  of  our  rational  powers  and 
our  moral  feelings.  We  do  not  speak  of  a man’s  sen- 
timents concerning  a mechanical  contrivance,  or  a 
physical  hypothesis,  or  concerning  any  speculative 
question  whatever,  by  which  the  feelings  are  not  lia- 
ble to  be  roused  or  the  heart  affected.”  Stewart. 

The  term  sentiment  is  in  English  applied  to 
the  higher  feelings .”  Sir  W.  Hamilton. 

Syn.  — See  Opinion. 

SEN-TI-MEN'TAL,  a.  1.  Abounding  in  sensibil- 
ity ; easily  affected  ; having  sentiment. 

A sentimental  mind  is  rather  prone  to  overwrought  feeling 
and  exaggerated  tenderness.  Eng.  Syn. 

2.  Exciting  to  sensibility  ; pathetic. 

Perhaps  there  is  no  less  danger  in  works  called  sentimen- 
tal. They  attack  the  heart  more  successfully  because  more 
cautiously.  Knox. 

3.  Affecting  sensibility.  Todd. 

SEN-Tl-MEN'TAL-IljM,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
sentimental ; an  affectation  of  sentiment  or  sen- 
sibility. Qu.  Rev. 

SEN-TI-MEN'T AL-IST,  n.  One  who  has,  or  who 
affects,  sentiment  or  sensibility.  Montgomery. 

SEN-TI-MIJN-TAL'I-TY,  11.  The  state  of  being 
sentimental  ; affected  sensibility  ; sentimental- 
ism. “ False  pity  and  sentimentality.”  H at  ton. 

SEN-TI-MEN'TAL-IZE,  V.  11.  To  form,  cherish, 
or  affect  sentiment  or  sensibility.  Ec.  Rev. 

SEN-TJ-MEN'TAL-LY,  ad.  In  a sentimental  man- 
ner ; with  sensibility.  Clarke. 

SEN'TI-NEL,  n.  [L.  sentio,  to  see;  It.  3;  Port. 
sentinel/a-,  Sp . centinela;  Fr.  sentinelled 

1.  (Mil.)  A private  soldier  placed  in  some 
post  to  watch  the  approach  of  the  enemy,  to 
prevent  surprises,  or  stop  such  as  would  pass 
without  order  ; a soldier  on  guard.  Stocqucler. 

2.  f Watch  ; guard  ; duty  of  a sentinel.  “ The 

parson  in  sentinel.”  ' Herbert. 

SEN'TI-NEL,  v.  a.  To  watch  ; to  guard.  Ford. 

SEN'TI-NELLED  (sen'te-neld),  p.  a.  Furnished 
with  sentinels.  Pollok. 

SEN'TRY,  n.  [Corrupted  from  sentinel.'] 

1.  A soldier  on  guard  ; a sentinel.  Shak. 

2.  Watch;  guard;  duty  of  a sentinel. 

O’er  my  slumbers  sentry  keep.  Browne. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 


DULL,  BUR,  R1JLE.  — (J,  Q,  9,  *,  soft ; Id,  G,  9,  g,  hard;  Sj  as  z ; 


^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


SENTRY-BOX 


1310 


SEPTILATERAL 


SEN'TR  Y-BOX,  n.  A small  wooden  house,  serving 
to  shelter  a sentry  in  bad  weather.  Simmonds. 

SEJY'ZA  (sent'zi).  [It.]  (Mus.)  Without.  Moore. 

SE'PAL,  n.  [Fr.  sepale.  De  Candolle .]  (Bot.)  A 
division  or  leaf  of  the  calyx.  Gray. 

Ijpjp  Each  leaf  or  separate  piece  of  the  corolla  is 
called  a petal ; each  leaf  of  the  calyx  is  called  a sepal. 
The  sepals  and  petals,  or,  in  other  words,  the  leaves 
of  the  blossom,  serve  to  protect,  support,  or  nourish 
the  parts  within.  Gray. 

SEP'A-LlNE,  a.  (Bot.)  Relating  to  sepals.  Gray. 

SEP'A-LOlD,  a.  (Bot.)  Sepal-like.  Gray. 

SEP'A-LOUS,  a.  Sepaline.  Eng.  Cyc. 

SEP-A-RA-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being  sep- 
arable ; divisibility. 

The  greatest  argument  of  real  distinction  is  separability 
and  actual  separation.  Norris. 

SEP'A-RA-BLE,  a.  [L.  separabilis ; It.  separa- 
ble-, Sp.  separable;  Fr.  separable .]  That  may 
be  separated  ; divisible  ; discerptible.  Locke. 

SEP ' A-R A- BLE-NESS,  n.  Separability.  Boyle. 

SEP'A-RA-BLy,  ad.  In  a state  of  separation. 

SEP'A-R  ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  separo,  separatus,  to  part; 
It  .separate;  Sp.  separar  ; Tr.  sparer.]  [t.  sep- 
arated ; pp.  SEPARATING,  SEPARATED.] 

1.  To  disunite;  to  disjoin;  to  dispart;  to 
make  a space  between  ; to  disconnect ; to  divide. 

Our  separated  fortunes 

Shall  keep  us  both  the  safer.  Shak. 

2.  To  sever  ; to  part ; to  sunder  ; to  detach. 

Death  from  sin  no  power  can  separate.  Milton. 

3.  To  set  apart ; to  segregate. 

Separate  me  Barnabas  and  Saul  for  the  work  whercunto  I 
have  called  them.  Acts  xiii.  2. 

4.  To  withdraw  ; to  remove.  “ Separate  thy- 
self, I pray  thee,  from  me.”  Gen.  xii.  9. 

Syn.  — To  separate  is  a general  term,  expressing 
an  act  done  with  or  without  violence  ; to  sever  im- 
plies violence  ; as,  the  head  is  severed  from  the  body. 
Friends  and  tilings  contiguous  are  separated ; the 
whole  is  parted  or  divided ; that  which  was  joined, 
disjoined ; that  which  was  united,  disunited  or  sun- 
dered ; a part  of  a body  or  a company  is  detached  from 
the  rest ; a person  icithdraics  himself  from  society. — 
See  Divide. 

SEP' A-R  ATE,  v.  n.  To  part ; to  be  divided  or  dis- 
united. “ They  by  consent  separated .”  Locke. 

SEP'A-RATE,  a.  1.  Divided  from  the  rest ; part- 
ed from  another;  disparted;  disjoined;  disu- 
nited; disconnected;  unconnected;  distinct. 
Pieces  . . . were  never  separate  one  from  the  other.  Burnet. 

2.  Being  apart ; withdrawn  ; removed. 

• Eve  separate  he  wished.  Milton. 

3.  Disunited  from  the  body  ; disengaged  from 
corporeal  nature. 

The  soul,  or  any  separate  spirit.  Locke. 

Separute  estate,  (Law.)  property  given  or  settled  to 
the  separate  use  ot  a married  woman.  Burritl.  — Sep- 
arate maintenance,  (Law.)  an  allowance  made  hy  a 
husband  to  his  wife  for  her  separate  support  and 
maintenance.  Bouvier. 

Syn.  — See  Different. 

SEP'A-RATE-LY,  ad.  In  a separate  manner; 
apart ; singly  ; not  in  union  ; distinctly. 

It  is  of  singular  use  to  princes  if  they  take  the  opinions  of 
their  council  both  separately  and  together.  Bacon. 

SEPA-RATE-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  separate. 

SEP-A-RAT'J-CAL,  a.  Relating  to  separation; 
sectarian ; schismatical.  [r.]  Dr.  T.  Dwight. 

SEP-A-RA'TION,  n.  [L.  separatio,  a sundering  ; 
It.  separazione  ; Sp.  separation ; Fr.  separation.] 

1.  The  act  of  separating  or  the  state  of  being 
separated  ; disjunction  ; disunion. 

They  have  a dark  opinion  that  the  soul  doth  live  after  the 
separation  from  the  body.  Abbot. 

As  the  confusion  of  tongues  was  a mark  of  separation,  so 
the  being  of  one  language  was  a mark  of  union.  Bacon. 

2.  The  operation  of  disuniting  things  min- 
gled ; chemical  analysis.  Bacon. 

3.  Dissolution  of  marriage  ; divorce.  Shak. 

SEP'A-R A-Tl§M,  n.  The  principles  or  qualities 
of  the  Separatists.  Ch.  Ob. 

SEP' A-RA-TIST,  n.  [Fr .separatists,  a dissenter.] 

1.  One  who  separates  himself,  particularly 

from  a church ; a sectary  ; a schismatic ; a se- 
cedcr.  South. 

2.  One  of  a religious  sect  which  originated  in 


Dublin  about  the  year  1803.  Their  principle 
was  to  return  more  nearly  to  what  they  con- 
ceived to  he  the  primitive  form  of  Christianity: 
— also  one  of  a sect  who  dissented  from  the 
main  body  of  the  Mohammedans  about  the  for- 
tieth year  of  the  Hegira  ; — called  also  Mota- 
zalitcs.  Brande. 

SEP-A-RA-TIS'TIC,  a.  Relating  to  separatists  ; 
schismatical.  Schaff. 

SEP'A-RA-TlVE,  a.  Tending  to  separate.  Boyle. 

SEP' A-RA-TOR,  n.  One  that  separates.  Bailey. 

SEP'A-R  A-TO-RY,  a.  Separative.  Cheyne. 

SEP'A-RA-TO-RY,  n.  1.  (Chem.)  A vessel  for 
separating  fluids  of  different  densities  from  each 
other.  Dunglison. 

2.  ( Surg .)  An  instrument  for  separating  the 
pericranium  from  the  skull.  Wright. 

SE-PAWN',  n.  Maize  boiled  in  water  ; — written 
also  sepon.  [Local,  U.  S.]  Clarke. 

f SEP'5-LI-BLE,  a.  [L.  sepelio,  to  inter.]  That 
may  be  buried.  Bailey. 

SE'  PI-A,  n. ; pl^sE'pr-^35.  [Gr.  ctnlnj,  a sack  ; ay- 
n ia,  a squid.] 

1.  (ZoSl.)  A genus  of  oblong,  naked,  cepha- 

lopodous  mollusks,  which  emit  a black  liquor 
when  pursued  ; the  cuttle-fish.  Eng.  Cyc. 

2.  A species  of  pigment  prepared  from  a black 

juice  secreted  by  certain  glands  of  the  cuttle- 
fish. Brande. 

Sepia  drawing,  a neutral  tinted  picture  colored  with 
sepia.  Simmonds. 

f SEP-$-LI"TION,  n.  [L  .sepelio,  to  bury.]  An 
interment ; a burial.  Bp.  Ilall. 

SEP-I-DA'C^OUS  (sep-e-da'shus),  a.  Pertaining  to 
mollusks  of  the  genus  Sepia.  Smart. 

fSEP'I-MENT,  n.  [L.  sepimentum,  an  enclosure.] 
A hedge ; a fence.  Bailey. 

S^-PON',  n.  Maize  boiled  in  water.  [Local.]  Clarke. 

fsp-PO§E'  (se-poz'),  v.  a.  [L . sepono,  sepositus, 
to  lay  aside.]  To  set  apart.  Donne. 

t SEP-O-^P'TION,  n.  [L.  sepositio,  a laying  aside.] 
The  act  of  setting  apart.  Bp.  Taylor. 

SE'POY,  n.  [Per.  sipah ; Hind,  sipahee,  a sol- 
dier. Gilchrist’s  Hind.  Diet.] 

1.  One  of  the  native  soldiers  in  the  service  of 
the  East  India  Company. 

ppg-  The  character  of  the  sepoys,  as  soldiers,  has 
been  the  subject  of  much  discussion.  They  have  just- 
ly been  celebrated  for  patience  and  fortitude  under 
difficulties  and  privations.  Brande. 

2.  A messenger.  [Bombay.]  • Simmonds. 

SEPS,  n.  [Gr.  aiina,  to  make  putrid ; L.  seps,  a 
venomous  serpent,  whose  bite  occasioned  pu- 
trefaction.] (Zoiil.)  A genus  of  saurian  reptiles 
which  have  a cylindrical,  elongate  body,  with 
four  very  short,  slender,  and  scaly  feet  termi- 
nated, in  most  species,  by  one  small  toe  or  more. 

- 'I’Ih'  members,  in  reptiles  of  the  genus  Seps , 
being  merely  rudimentary,  tile  species  seem  to  form 
the  link  between  the  sauriaus  and  ophidians.  The 
typical  species  ( Seps  chalcides)  is  about  a foot  long,  and 
its  elongate  body  and  pointed  tail  give  it  very  much 
the  appearance  of  a serpent.  Baird. 

SEPT,  n.  [Heb.  1313123;  a tribe  ; It.  ceppo,  the  trunk 

of  a tree  ; Sp.  cepa  ; Fr.  ccp.]  A clan  ; a race  ; 
a family;  a generation;  — used  particularly  of 
a clan  in  Ireland.  Spenser. 

The  true  and  ancient  Russians,  a sept  whom  he  harl  met 
with  in  one  of  the  provinces  of  that  vast  empire.  Boi/le. 

SEPT,  n.  [L.  septum,  an  enclosure.]  (Arch.)  A 
railing.  Britton. 

SEP ' TA,  n.  pi.  Partitions.  — See  Septum. 

SEP'TAN-GLE,  n.  A figure  having  seven  sides 
and  seven  angles  ; a heptagon.  Phillips. 

SEP-TAN'GU-LAR,  a.  [L.  septem,  seven,  and  an- 
gulus,  an  angle.]  Having  seven  angles  or  cor- 
ners, and  seven  sides.  Bailey. 

SEP-TA'RI-A,  n.  pi.  [L.,  from  septum,  a parti- 
tion.] (Geol.)  Flattened  balls  of  stone,  generally 
a kind  of  iron-stone,  which,  on  being  split,  are 
seen  to  he  separated  in  their  interior  into  irreg- 
ular masses.  Lyell. 

SIJP-TEM'BIJR,  n.  [L.,  from  septem,  seven.]  The 


ninth  month  of  the  year ; — so  called  from  being 
the  seventh  month  from  March,  which  was  the 
first  month  of  the  Roman  year.  Peacham. 

SIJP-TEM'BRISTS,  n.pl.  The  agents  in  the  mas- 
sacre which  took  •place  in  Paris  on  September 
2,  1792.  Brande. 

HOP  The  term  has  become  proverbial  throughout 
Europe  for  all  that  is  bloodthirsty  and  malignant  in 
human  nature.  Brande 

SEP-TEM'  VIR,  n.;  pi.  SEP-TiiM'  virJ.  [L.  sep- 
tem, seven,  and  vir,  a man.]  One  of  seven 
men  joined  in  any  office.  Ainsworth. 

S£P-TEM'VI-RATE,  n.  The  office  of  the  septem- 
viri ; a government  of  seven  persons.  Davies. 

SEP'TJJN-A-RY,  a.  [L.  septenarius,  containing 
seven;  It . settenario;  Sp.  septenario ; Fr.  sep- 
tenaire.]  Consisting  of  seven;  as,  “The  sep- 
tenary number.”  IJakewill. 

SEP'TIJN-A-RY,  n.  The  number  seven.  Browne. 

SBP-TEN'NI-AL,  a.  [L.  septennis,  of  seven  years; 
septem,  seven,  and  annus,  a year.] 

1.  Lasting  seven  years;  as,  “A  septennial 

duration  of  Parliament.”  Burke. 

2.  Happening  once  in  seven  years.  “ For  his 

septennial  visit.”  Howell. 

Sf.P-TEN'TRI-AL,  a.  Of,  or  belonging  to,  the 
north.  Drayton. 

SEP-TEJY'TRI-O,  n.  [L.]  (Ash-on.)  The  con- 
stellation otherwise  called  the  Great  Bear  or 
Ursa  Major.  Land.  Ency. 

Sf.P-TEN'TRl-ON,  n.  [L.  septentrio,  the  Great 
Bear,  the  north  ; septentriones,  Seven  Stars  in 
the  Great  Bear  or  Charles’s  AVain ; Sp.  Fr. 
septentrion.]  That  part  of  the  heavens  in  which 
are  the  Seven  Stars  in  the  constellation  Septen- 
trio ; the  north.  Shak. 

SBP-TEN'TRj-ON,  ) [L.  scptcntrionalis, 

SJEP-TEN'TRl-O-NAL,  ) northern.]  Of,  or  belong- 
ing to,  the  north  ; northern. 

The  Goths,  and  other  septentrional  nations.  Howell. 

f SEP-TEN-TRI-O-NAL'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of  be- 
ing northern ; northerliness.  Johnson. 

SpP-TEN'TRI-O-NAL-LY,  ad.  Towards  the  north  ; 
northerly.  Browne. 

f SEP-TEN'TRI-O-NATE,  v.  n.  [L.  septentrio,  the 
north.]  To  tend  northerly.  Browne. 

SEPT’FolL,  n.  [L.  septem,  seven,  and  folium,  a 
leaf.] 

1.  (Bot.)  The  common  name  of  plants  of  the 

genus  Tormcntella,  the  roots  of  which  are  used 
in  the  Western  Isles  of  Scotland  and  in  the 
Orkneys  for  tanning  leather,  and  also  for  dye- 
ing red.  Loudon. 

2.  A typical  figure  composed  of  seven  equal 
segments  of  a circle,  used  in  the  Catholic 
Church  to  denote  the  number  of  sacraments, 
the  gifts  of  the  Holy  Ghost,  &c.  Fairholt. 

SEP'TIC,  n.  (Med.)  A substance  which  corrodes 
and  disorganizes  the  soft  parts  without  causing 
much  pain.  Dunglison. 

SEPTIC,  ) a_  [Gr.  ai]iTTiK6g,  putrefying  ; L.sep- 

SEP'TI-CAL,  1 ticus;  Sp.  septico;  Fr.  septique.] 
( Med.)  Having  the  power  to  produce  putrefac- 
tion ; causing  putrefaction.  Browne. 

Septic  poisons,  poisons  furnished  by  the  animal  king- 
doin.  Dunglison. 

SEP-TI-Cl'DAL,  a.  [L.  septum,  a partition,  and 
credo,  to  cut.]  (Bot.)  Noting  that  form  of  de- 
hiscence in  which  the  dissepiments  divide  or 
split  into  two  plates.  Lindley.  Gray. 

spP-TIG'I-TY,  n.  Tendency  to  putrefaction.  Sm. 

SEP-TI-FA'RI-OUS,  a.  [L.  septem,  seven.]  (Bot.) 
Turned  seven  different  ways.  Gray. 

SEP-TIF'f.R-OUS,  a.  [L.  septum,  a partition,  and 
fero,  to  bear.]  (Bot.)  Bearing  the  partitions 
or  septa.  Gray. 

SBP-TlF'RA-GAL,  a.  [L.  septum,  a partition,  and 
frango,  to  break.]  (Bot.)  Noting  that  form  of 
dehiscence  in  which  the  dissepiments  remain 
coherent  with  the  axis  and  separate  from  the 
valves.  Gray. 

SEP-TI-LAT'p.R-AL,  a.  [L.  septem,  seven,  and 


FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


A,  E,  i,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short ; A,  F.,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure ; FARE, 


SEPTINSULAR 


1311 


SERAPHIM 


lat.us,  a side  ; pi.  latera.]  Having  seven  sides ; 
as,  “ A septilateral  figure.”  Browne. 

SIJP-TIN'SU-LAR,  a.  [L.  septan,  seven,  and  in- 
sula, an  island.]  Consisting  of  seven  islands  ; 
as,  “The  Septinsular  Republic.”  Qu.  Rev. 

SEP-TI-SYL'L  A-BLE,  n.  [L.  septem,  seven,  and 
syttciba,  a syllable.]  A word  having  seven  syl- 
lables. Oswald. 

SEP-Tli-A-yy-NA'RI-AN,  n.  One  who  is  seventy 
years  of  age.  Scott. 

SEP-TU-AG'E-NA-RY,  n.  One  who  is  seventy 
years  old ; septuagenarian.  Ii.  More. 

SEP-Ty-AtJr'JJ-NA-RY,  a.  [L.  septuagenarius,  of 
seventy ; Fr.  septuagenaire .]  Consisting  of 
seventy,  or  seventy  years.  Browne. 

SEP-  TU-A-QES  'I-MA,  n.  [L.  septuagesimus,  sev- 
entieth.] The  third  Sunday  before  Lent,  so 
called  from  its  being  the  seventieth  day  before 
Easter.  Hook. 

SEP-TU-A-tJrES'l-MAL,  a.  [L.  septuagesimus,  sev- 
entieth.] Consisting  of  seventy.  Browne. 

SEP'TU-A-yiNT,  n.  [L.  septuaginta,  seventy.] 
A version  of  the  Hebrew  Scriptures  into  Greek, 
otherwise  called  the  Alexandrian  version  of  the 
Old  Testament.  P.  Cyc. 

j&g*  The  Septuagint  is  reported  by  Josephus  to  have 
been  made  by  seventy-two  elders  at  the  command  of 
Ptolemy  Philadelphus.  But  this  account  is  very 
doubtful,  and  is  now  generally  rejected.  Most  critics 
imagine  that  the  version  of  the  Pentateuch  was  made 
during  the  reign  of  Ptolemy  Soter,  and  between  the 
years  298  and  285,  B.  C.,  for  the  benefit  of  the  Jews 
whom  Ptolemy  had  carried  into  Egypt  (B.  C.,  320), 
and  probably  under  the  patronage  of  the  king  ; and 
that  the  name  Septuagint  is  derived  from  the  circum- 
stance of  the  version  having  been  approved  by  the 
Sanhedrim  of  the  Alexandrine  Jews.  It  is  evident 
from  the  style  of  the  version  of  the  remaining  books 
of  the  Old  Testament,  that  they  were  translated  by 
different  hands  and  at  different  times.  That  the 
translators  of  the  Septuagint  were  Egyptians  is  evi- 
dent from  the  Coptic  words  which  occur  in  the  ver- 
sion. It  was  used  not  only  by  the  Hellenistic  Jews, 
but  by  all  Jews  who  understood  Greek  ; and  even 
some  of  the  Talmudists  mention  it  with  praise.  It  is 
constantly  quoted  by  Josephus,  and  very  frequently 
by  the  writers  of  the  New  Testament.  P.  Cyc. 

SEP'TIJ-A-GlNT,  a.  Belonging  to  the  version  of 
the  Old  Testament  called  the  Septuagint.  Ash. 

Septuagint  chronology,  that  formed  from  the  dates 
and  periods  of  time  mentioned  in  the  Septuagint  trans- 
lation of  the  Old  Testament.  It  reckons  1500  years 
more  from  the  creation  to  Abraham  than  the  Hebrew 
Bible.  Ency.  Brit. 

SEPT'U-A-Ry,  n.  [L.  septem,  seven.]  Any  thing 
composed  of  seven  ; a week.  Wright. 

SEP'TUM,  n.\  pi.  sep'ta.  [L.]  1.  (Anat.)  A 

partition;  a membrane;  — a term  applied  to 
several  parts  of  the  body  which  serve  to  separate 
one  part  from  another  ; as,  “ The  septum  or 
partition  between  the  nostrils.”  Encyc.  Brit. 

2.  ( Bot .)  A partition,  as  of  the  ovary  and 
fruit ; dissepiment.  Gray. 

SEP'TU-PLE,  a.  [Low  L.  septuplex;  L.  septem, 
seven,  and  plico,  to  fold.]  Seven  times  as 

much ; sevenfold.  Johnson. 

SEP'TU-PLE,  v.  a.  To  make  sevenfold. 

Let  any  one  figure  to  himself  the  condition  of  our  globe, 
were  the  sun  to  be  septupled.  Herschel. 

Sy-PUL'CHRAL  (-krai),  a.  [L.  sepulchralis ; se- 
pulchrum,  a sepulchre.]  Relating  to  a sepul- 
chre or  to  burial ; monumental. 

Mine  eye  hath  found  that  sad,  sepulchral  rock, 

That  was  the  casket  of  Heaven’s  richest  store.  Milton. 

Sp-PUL'CHRAL-IZE,  v.  a.  To  render  sepulchral 
or  solemn.  Ch.  Ob. 

SEP'UL-jCIIRE  (sep'ul-ker)  [sep'ul-ker,  S.  W.  P.J. 
E.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  R.  Wr.  Wb.  ; se-pul'ker,  Pen- 
ning, Bailey\,  n.  [L.  sepulchrum,  a burial- 
place;  It.  sepolcro;  Sp.  6r  Port,  sepulcro ; Fr. 
sepulcre.]  The  place  where  a corpse  is  buried ; 
a grave ; a tomb ; a monument  for  the  dead. 

tfry-  A tomb  of  the  dead,  among  the  ancients,  occa- 
sionally assumed  the  form  of  an  important  building. 
The  castle  of  St.  Angelo,  at  Rome,  is  but  the  remains 
of  the  sepulchre  of  Hadrian.  Fairholt. 

BSP  “ I consider  this  word  as  having  altered  its 
original  accent  on  the  second  syllable,  either  by  the 
necessity  or  caprice  of  the  poets,  or  by  its  similitude 
to  the  generality  of  words  of  this  form  and  number  of 


syllables,  which  generally  have  the  accent  on  the  first 
syllable.  Hr.  Johnson  tells  us  it  is  accented  by  Shake- 
speare and  Milton  on  the  second  syllable,  but  by  Jon- 
son  and  Prior,  more  properly,  on  the  first ; and  lie 
might  have  added,  as  Shakespeare  has  sometimes 
done.”  Walker. 

Sf.-PUL'UHRE  (se-pul'ker)  [se-pul'ker,  S.  W.J.L. 

• F.  Ja.  Sm.;  sep'ul-ker,  P.  Wb.],  v.  a.  [i. 
SEPULCHRED  ; pp.  SEPULCHRING,  SEPUL- 
CHRED.] To  bury  ; to  entomb.  Shah. 

SE-PUL'eHRED  (se-pul'kerd),  p.  a.  Deposited  in 
a sepulchre.  Milton. 

SEP'UL-TURE,  n.  [L.  sepultura,  a burial;  Fr. 
sepulture.]  Interment ; burial.  Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Burial. 

Sy-auA'CIOUS  (se-kwa'slius),  a.  [L.  sequax,  pur- 
suing ; sequor,  to  follow.] 

1.  "Following  ; attendant.  “ A sequacious  and 

credulous  easiness.”  [r.]  Bp.  Taylor. 

2.  Yielding  easily;  ductile ; pliant.  “The 
matter  being  ductile  and  sequacious.”  [r.]  Ray. 

f Sy-auA'CIOUS-NESS  (se-kwa'shus-nes),?i.  State 
of  being  sequacious  ; sequacity.  Bp.  Taylor. 

f sy-QUAy'I-TY,  n.  [L.  sequacitas,  a facility  in 
following.] 

1.  The  act  of  following.  “ In  lazy  or  blind 
sequacity  of  other  men’s  votes.”  Whitlock. 

2.  Ductility;  toughness.  Bacon. 

Sjp-auA'RI-OUS,  a.  Following,  [r.]  Rogct. 

SE'aUyL  (se'kwel),  n.  [L.  sequela ; that  which  fol- 
lows, a follower  ; It.  &;  Sp.  sequela  ; Fr.  sequelle  ] 

1.  That  which  follows  ; the  close  ; conclusion  ; 

succeeding  part.  “ It  will  appear  more  fully  in 
the  sequel.”  Waterland. 

2.  Consequence  ; event ; issue. 

I have  seen  the  fearful  sequel  of  that  experiment.  Holland. 

3.  Logical  sequence  ; consequentialness. 

What  sequel  is  there  in  this  argument?  Whltgift. 

SE'OUIJNCE  (se'kwens),  n.  [L.  sequor,  sequens, 
to  follow;  It.  seguenza ; Fr.  sequence.] 

1.  Order  of  succession  ; connection  in  a series. 

The  inevitable  sequences  of  sin  and  punishment.  Bp.  Hall. 

In  states,  arms  and  learning  have  a concurrence  or  near 
sequence  in  times.  Bacon. 

2.  (Mas.)  A regular  alternate  succession  of 

similar  chords.  Moore. 

SE'CIUIJNT,  a.  Following;  succeeding;  conse- 
quential. [r.]  Shak. 

f SE'QUyNT,  n.  A follower.  Shak. 

SJE-QUEN'TIAL,  a.  Succeeding;  following,  [r.] 
Wallb'ridge.  West.  Rev. 

Sy-GUEN'TIAL-LY,  ad.  By  sequence  or  succes- 
sion. J.  Cassell,  1850. 

SE-CiUES'TJJR  (se-kwes'ter);  v.  a.  [Low  L.  seques- 
tro,  to  give  up  for  safe  keeping  ; L.  sequester,  a 
mediator;  It.  sequestrare;  Sp.  sequestrar ; Fr. 
siquestrer.]  [i.  sequestered  ; pp.  seques- 
tering, SEQUESTERED.] 

1.  To  separate  from  others  ; to  set  apart. 

Him  hath  God  the  Father  specially  sequestered  and  sev- 
ered and  set  aside  out  of  the  number  of  all  creatures.  More. 

2.  To  withdraw  ; to  remove. 

When  men  most  sequester  themselves  from  action.  Hooker. 

3.  To  set  aside  from  the  use  of  the  owner  to 
that  of  others  ; to  sequestrate.  “ His  annuity 
is  sequestered  to  pay  his  creditors.”  Johnson. 

4.  To  cause  to  retire  or  withdraw. 

5.  {Law.]  In  the  civil  law,  to  deposit,  as  a 

thing  which  is  the  subject  of  a controversy,  in 
the  hands  of  a third  person,  to  hold  for  the  con- 
tending parties  : — in  international  law,  to  seize 
and  appropriate  to  public  use,  as  the  property 
of  an  individual ; to  confiscate  : — in  ecclesias- 
tical law,  to  gather,  as  the  fruits  of  a void  bene- 
fice, and  keep  them  for  the  use  of  the  next  in- 
cumbent : — to  take  possession  of,  as  the  prop- 
erty of  a defendant,  and  hold  it  until,  out  of  the 
rents,  tithes,  and  profits,  the  plaintiff’s  debt  be 
satisfied.  Burrill. 

Sy-aUES’T£R,  v.  n.  1.  To  withdraw;  to  retire. 
“To  sequester  out  of  the  word.”  Milton. 

2.  ( Civil  & Eccl.  Law.]  To  decline,  as  a 
widow,  to  interfere  with  a deceased  husband’s 
estate  ; to  renounce.  Bouvier. 

SE-GUES'TyR,  n.  1.  f Separation  ; sequestra- 
tion. Shak. 

2.  { Civil  Laic.]  A mediator  or  umpire  be- 
tween two  parties  ; a referee.  Burrill. 


S£-(1UES'TRA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  sequestered 
or  sequestrated.  Boyle. 

Sy-aUES'TRATE,  v.  a.  [i.  SEQUESTRATED  ; pp. 
sequestrating,  sequestrated.]  To  sepa- 
rate ; to  set  aside  ; to  sequester.  Arbuthnot. 

||  SEa-UflS-TRA'TfON  (sek-wes-tra'shun),  n.  [L. 
sequestratio  ; It.  sequestrazione ; Sp.  secuestra- 
cion;  Fr  .sequestration.] 

1.  The  act  of  sequestering  ; separation.  Shak. 

2.  The  state  of  being  sequestered  or  set  aside. 

Since  I-Ienry  Monmouth  first  began  to  reign, 

Before  whose  glory  I was  great  in  arms. 

This  loathsome  sequestration  have  1 had.  tihafc. 

3.  Disunion  ; disjunction,  [r.]  Boyle. 

4.  ( Law .)  In  the  civil  law,  the  depositing  of  a 
thing  in  controversy,  either  by  the  contending 
parties  themselves,  or  by  order  of  a court,  in 
the  hands  of  a third  person  called  a sequester,  to 
be  held  by  him  until  it  be  ascertained  which 
party  is  entitled  to  it: — in  English  practice, 
the  taking  possession  of  a defendant’s  property, 
by  virtue  of  a judicial  process,  and  holding  it 
until  some  act  be  done  or  claim  satisfied ; as, 
until  a defendant  in  equity  clears  himself  of  a 
contempt,  or,  in  ecclesiastical  practice,  until 
out  of  the  rents  and  profits  the  plaintiff’s  debt  is 
levied  ; the  taking  possession  of  the  property  of 
a deceased  person,  where  there  is  no  one  to 
claim  it.  — {International  Law.]  The  seizure  of 
the  property  of  an  individual,  and  the  appropri- 
ation of  it  to  the  use  of  the  government.  Burrill. 

II  SEtl'UES-TRA-TOR  [sek-wes-tra'tur,  W.  J.  F. 
K.  ; sek'wes-tra-tur,  S.  E.  Sm.  Wr,.;  se-kwes- 
tra'tur,  P.  Wb.],  n. 

1.  One  who  sequesters,  or  who  takes  prop- 

erty from  another.  “ Sequestrators,  men  for  the 
most  part  of  insatiable  hands.”  Milton. 

2.  One  to  whom  a sequestration  is  made. 

Bouvier. 

SE'dUIN,  n.  [It.  zecchino;  zecca,  a mint;  Sp. 
zequi,  zequin ; Fr.  sequin.]  An  Italian  gold 
coin,  of  the  value  of  about  9s.  Gd.  sterling 
($2.29):  — a Turkish  gold  coin  worth  from  7s. 
6d.  to  7s.  8d.  sterling  ($1.81  to  $1.85).  — Writ- 
ten also  zechin,  and  chequin.  Simmonds.  P.  Cyc. 

SE-RAGL'IO  (se-ral'yo),  n.  [Per.  serai,  a palace. 
— It.  serraglio;  Sp.  serallo ; Fr.  serail.]  The 
palace  of  the  Turkish  sultan,  at  Constanti- 
nople : — a place  for  concubines  in  the  East ; a 
harem. 

There  is  a great  deal  more  solid  content  to  be  found  in  a 
constant  course  of  well  living  than  in  the  voluptuousness  of 
a seraglio.  Morr  is. 

X “ By  Europeans  it  is  generally  confounded  with 
the  harem,  and  hence  is  sometimes  used  to  signify  a 
house  of  women  kept  for  debauchery.”  Smart . 

SE-RA  '/,  n.  [Per.,  a palace.]  A place  for  the 
accommodation  of  travellers  in  the  East  Indies ; 
a khan  ; a caravansary.  Hamilton . 

SER-AL-BU'MEN,  n.  [serum  and  albumen.]  The 
albumen  contained  in  the  blood,  the  chemical 
reactions  of  which  differ  in  some  respects  from 
those  of  ovalbumen,  or  the  albumen  contained 
in  the  white  of  an  egg.  Miller. 

SE-RANG'j  n.  The  boatswain  of  a vessel.  [East 
Indies.]  Simmonds. 

SER  ' APH  (ser'qf),  n. ; pi.  Heb.  seraphim  ; Eng. 
seraphs.  [See  Seraphim.]  An  angel  of  the 
highest  rank  ; one  of  the  seraphim. 

As  the  rapt  seraph  that  adores  and  burns.  Pojie. 

Jfgp  In  the  English  version  of  the  Bible,  the  plural 
form,  seraphims,  is  used.  “ One  of  the  Seraphims 
Isa.  vi.  6 See  Seraphim. 

SJJ-RAPH'IC,  ? a_  (it.  (Sf  Sp.  serafico  ; Fr.  sira- 

SJJ-RAPH'J-CAL,  ) phique.) 

1.  Pertaining  to,  or  resembling,  a seraph  ; an- 
gelic ; celestial.  “ Seraphic  love.”  Boyle. 

2.  Refined  from  sensuality ; pure.  Swift. 

3.  Burning  with  love  or  zeal.  Wright. 

SIJ-RAPH'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  Like  a seraph.  Clarke. 

SB-RApH'I-CAL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
seraphic.  Scott. 

SB-RAPH'I-Cl§M,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality  of 
a seraph.  Cudworth. 

SER'A-PHIM  (ser'?-fim),  n.  pi.  [Heb.  ; 

CpC,  to  burn,  to  be  eminent  or  noble  ; Gr.  «pa- 
<piy  ; L.  seraphim  ; It.  serafino ; Sp.  serafin ; Fr. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — C,  <?,  $,  g,  soft ; <3,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  ij  as  z;  £ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


SERAPHINA 


1312 


SERIES 


seraphin.]  Angels  of  the  highest  rank  in  the  | 
celestial  hierarchy,  represented  as  surrounding 
the  throne  of  God.  “To  thee  iherubira  and 
seraphim  continually  do  cry.”  Common  Prayer. 

4Ur  See  Cherubim,  ami  Seraph. 

SER-A-PHI'NA,  n.  A seraphine.  Wright. 

SER'A-PHINE,  n.  (Mas.)  A kind  of  small  organ, 
resembling  a melodeon,  in  which  the  tone  is  pro- 
duced by  tlie  vibration  of  metallic  reeds.  Diciyht. 

SE-RA'PIS,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  Xiparas.]  An  Egyp- 
tian divinity,  whose  worship  was  introduced  into 
Greece  and  Rome.  W.  Smith. 

SE-Rjs'EIER,  or  SER-HS-KIER'  [se-rfts'kcr,  Sm. 
Wr.  Wb.;  se-ras-kcr',  K. ; ser'?s-ker,  Brande],  n. 
[Fr.  serasquier.]  The  commander-in-chief  of 
the  Turkish  army ; a generalissimo ; a general; 
— written  also  serasquier.  Simmonds. 

SER'CpL,  n.  See  Sarcel.  Booth. 

SERE,  a.  Dry ; withered ; sear.— See  Sear  .Spenser. 

f SERE,  n.  [Fr.  serve. ] The  claw  or  talon  of  a 

bird  of  prey.  Chapman. 

SER-E-NADE',  n.  [It.  Sj  Sp.  serenata ; Fr.  s ere- 
nade.— From  L.  serotinus,  happening  late;  sc- 
ro,  late.  Landais.  — From  L.  serenus , clear,  se- 
rene. Brande.'] 

1.  A musical  performance  at  night  under  win- 
dows, especially  by  gentlemen  in  the  spirit  of 
gallantry,  under  the  windows  of  ladies.  Addison. 

2.  A song  or  piece  for  serenading.  Diciyht. 

SER-E-NADE',  v.  a.  [Fr.  serenade)-.]  [i.  sere- 
naded ; pp.  SERENADING,  SERENADED.]  To 
entertain  with  a serenade.  Spectator. 

SER-E-NADE',  v.  n.  To  perform  a serenade 

A man  might  as  well  serenade  in  Greenland  as  in  our 
region.  Tatler . 

SF.R-E-JYH  ' TA,  n.  [It.]  (Mus.)  A vocal  compo- 
sition on  an  amorous  subject.  Moore. 

■f-  SER'E-NATE,  n.  A serenade.  Milton. 

SE-RENE',  a.  [L.  serenus-,  It.  A Sp.  sereno ; Fr. 
serein.] 

1.  Clear ; calm ; placid ; quiet. 

The  moon,  serene  in  glory,  mounts  the  sky.  Pope. 

2.  Unruffled  ; undisturbed  ; tranquil ; peace- 
ful ; composed ; collected. 

A serene  expectation  of  the  future  life.  Grew. 

3.  Applied  as  a title  of  courtesy  or  honor  in 
some  European  countries. 

The  most  serene  Prince  Leopold,  Archduke  of  Austria.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Calm,  Clear. 

t SE-RENE',  n.  [Fr.  serein.]  Cold,  damp  air 
coming  on  after  sunset.  Davies. 

The  fogs  and  the  serene  offend  us.  Daniel. 

SE-RENE',  v.  a.  [L.  sereno  ; It.  serenarc ; Sp.  se- 
ven ar  ; Fr . strtner.] 

1.  To  make  serene;  to  calm;  to  quiet,  [r.] 

Makes  the  mind  to  lie 

With  gentle  motion,  and  serenes  the  sky.  Fanshaw. 

2.  To  clear;  to  brighten,  [r.]  Philips. 

SE-RENE'LY,  ad.  In  a serene  manner ; with  se- 
renity ; calmly.  Pope. 

SE-RENE’NESS,  n.  Serenity.  Fcltham. 

f SE-REN'J-TUDE,  n.  Serenity.  Wotton. 

SE-REN'J-TY,  n.  [L.  serenitas  ; It.  sercnitii ; Sp. 
screnidad ; Fr.  serenite.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  serene  ; calmness  with 

clearness,  as  of  the  air.  Dumpier. 

2.  Undisturbed  state  ; peace  ; quietness. 

“General  peace  and  serenity.”  Temple. 

3.  Calmness  of  mind  ; evenness  of  temper ; 
composure  ; collectedness  ; coolness. 

I cannot  sec  how  any  men  should  ever  transgress  those 
moral  rules  with  confidence  and  serenity.  Locke. 

4.  A title  of  honor  or  courtesy. 

The  sentence  of  that  court  now  sent  to  your  serenity.  Milton. 

SERF,  n.  [L.  servus,  a slave  ; It.  servo  ; Sp.  sier- 
ro  ; Fr.  serf.]  A slave  attached  to  the  soil;  — 
sometimes  written  cerf. 

A great  part  of  them  were  serfs,  and  lived  in  a state  of  ab- 
solute slavery  or  villainage.  Hume. 

erff-  “ The  .serf  [in  feudal  times]  was  bound  simply 
to  labor  on  the  soil  where  be  was  born,  without  any 
right  to  go  elsewhere  without  the  consent  of  his  lord  ; 
but  lie  was  free  to  act  as  he  pleased  in  his  daily  ac- 
tion. The  slave , on  the  contrary,  is  the  property  of 
Ins  master,  who  may  require  him  to  act  as  be  pleases 


in  every  respect,  and  who  may  sell  him  as  a chattel.” 
Bouvicr. 

SERF'A^E,  k.  The  state  or  condition  of  a serf 
or  of  serfs  ; serfdom.  Qu.  Bev. 

I hate  the  institution  of  serfage.  Czar  Alexander  II. 

SERF  DOM,  n.  The  state  or  condition  of  serfs; 
serfage.  Ed.  Bey. 

SER<jiE  (serj),  n.  [It  saja  ; Sp.  sarga;  Fr.  serge.] 
A kind  of  twilled  cloth,  commonly  of  wool,  but 
sometimes  of  silk.  “ In  kersey  or  serge.”  Ilale. 

SERGE,  n.  A large  candle  used  in  the  ceremonies 
of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church.  Fairholt. 

||  SER'GEAN-CY  (s’ir'jen-se),  n.  The  office  of  ser- 
geant. Racket. 

||  SER'GEANT,  or  SERJEANT  (sir'jent  or  ser'jent, 
13)  [sar'jent,  S.  II'.  P.  J.  E.  E.Ja.  II.  Wr.  Wb. ; 
ser'jent  or  sdr'jent,  A'.;  ser'jent,  C.],  n.  [It.  ser- 
gente  ; Sp.  sargento  ; Fr.  sergent.  — From  L.  ser- 
vio,  serviens,  to  serve ; servus,  a servant,  a slave. 
Skinner.] 

r;,  • The  two  orthographies  sergeant  and  serjeant 
are  both  well  authorized  : — sergeant  by  Dailey,  Mar- 
tin, Johnson,  Walker,  Jameson,  &c. ; serjeant  by 
Smart,  Whishaw,  Burrill,  Brande,  P.  Cyc.,  Black- 
stone,  Sec. 

1.  Formerly,  in  England,  an  officer  to  exe- 
cute the  commands  of  magistrates,  answering 
to  the  more  modern  bailiff  of  the  hundred. 

The  magistrate  sent  the  sergeants,  saying,  Let  those  men 
go.  Acts  xvi.  35. 

2.  In  England,  a lawyer  of  the  highest  rank 
under  a judge,  corresponding  with  doctor  in  the 
civil  law ; a sergeant-at-law. 

The  Court  of  Common  Picas  is  open  to  serjeants  only  for 
the  purpose  of  pleading.  Brande. 

3 In  England,  a title  sometimes  given  to 
certain  of  the  king’s  servants.  “Sergeant- chi- 
rurgeon.”  Johnson. 

4.  (Mil.)  A non-commissioned  officer,  of  the 
second  rank,  in  a company  or  troop.  Stocqueler. 

Col  or- sergeant,  (Mil.)  a.  sergeant  appointed  to  guard 
the  colors  carried  by  an  ensign.  — Covering  sergeant , 
a sergeant  who,  during  the  exercise  of  a battalion, 
stands  or  moves  behind  each  officer  commanding  or 
acting  with  a platoon  or  a company.  — Drill  sergeant , 
a sergeant  who,  under  the  direction  of  a sergeant- 
major,  instructs  raw  recruits  in  the  principles  of  mili- 
tary exercise.  — Lance  sergeant , a corporal  acting  as  a 
sergeant  in  a company.  — Pay-sergeant , a sergeant 
employed  to  pay  the  men,  and  to  account  for  all  dis- 
bursements. — Quartermaster-sergeant,  a sergeant  act- 
ing under  the  quartermaster  of  a regiment.  Stocqueler. 
— Sergeant-at-arms , in  England,  an  officer  whose  duty 
it  is  to  attend  the  person  of  the  king,  to  arrest  traitors 
or  persons  of  quality  offending,  and  to  attend  the  lord- 
high-steward  sitting  in  judgment  on  a traitor,  &c. 
Cowell.  — In  a legislative  body,  an  officer  who  exe- 
cutes the  commands  of  the  house  in  apprehending  de- 
linquents or  offenders,  and  in  preserving  order,  &c. 
In  the  Mouse  of  Lords,  the  sergeant-at-arms  attends 
upon  the  chancellor  with  the  mace,  and  executes  the 
orders  of  the  house  for  the  apprehension  of  delin 
quents.  — A ministerial  officer  attending  a court  of 
chancery.  Brande.  Burrill.  — Sergeant  of  the  mace,  in 
England,  an  officer  who  attends  the  lord  mayor  of 
London,  or  the  chief  magistrate  of  a corporate  town. 
Burrill.  — Sergeant-at-law , (Eng.  Law.)  a lawyer  of 
the  highest  rank  under  a judge  ; — also  called  sergeant. 
Brande.  — Sergeant-major , (Mil.)  the  chief  noil-com- < 
missioned  officer  in  a regiment,  who  assists  the  adju- 
tant, &c.  Gins,  of  Mil.  Terms.  — White  sergeant,  a 
term  of  ridicule,  in  the  British  service,  for  a lady  who 
interferes  in  military  matters.  Stocqueler. 

Kly-  “There  is  a remarkable  exception  to  the  com- 
mon sound  of  the  letter  c in  the  words  cleric , sergeant,, 
and  a few  others,  where  we  find  the  c pronounced 
like  the  a in  dark  and  margin.  But  this  exception,  I 
imagine,  was,  till  within  these  few  years,  the  general 
rule  of  sounding  this  letter  before  r , followed  by  an- 
other consonant.  Thirty  years  ago,  every  one  pro- 
nounced t lie  first  syllable  of  merchant,  like  the  mono- 
syllable march,  and  as  it  was  originally  written,  mar- 
chant.  Service  and  servant  arc  still  heard,  among  the 
lower  orders  of  speakers,  as  if  written  sarvice  and  sar- 
vant\  and  even  among  the  better  sort,  we  sometimes 
have  the  salutation,  ‘ Sir,  your  sarvant 9 ; though  this 
pronunciation  of  the  word  singly  would  be  looked 
upon  as  a mark  of  the  lowest  vulgarity.  The  proper 
names  Derby  and  Berkeley  still  retain  the  old  sound  ; 
but  even  these,  in  polite  usage,  are  getting  into  the 
common  sound,  nearly  as  if  written  Darby  and  Burke- 
ley.  As  this  modern  pronunciation  of  the  c has  a ten- 
tency  to  simplify  the  language  by  lessening  the  num- 
ber of  exceptions,  it  ought  certainly  to  be  indulged.” 
Walker. 

“ The  letters  er  are  irregularly  sounded  ar  in  clerk 
and  sergeant,  and  formerly,  hut  not  now,  in  merchant, 
Derby , and  several  other  words.”  Smart. 

In  the  United  States,  the  letters  er  are,  by  good 


speakers,  regularly  sounded,  as  in  her,  in  (he  words 
merchant , servant,  Derby,  Berkeley , &c.  The  regular 
pronunciation  of  clerk  [clerk]  is  also  a very  common, 
if  not  the  prevailing,  mode.  Many  give  the  same 
sound  to  e in  sergeant.  — See  Clerk,  and  Mer- 
chant. 

||  SEIt'^EAN-TRV  (sir'-),  n.  Sergeanty.  Johnson. 

||  SER'^rjp ANT-SHlP  (sar'jent-ship),  n.  The  office 
of  a sergeant.  Clarke. 

||  SER'<?EAN-TY,  or  SER'J£ANT-Y  (slr'jent-y  or 
ser'jent-y),  n.  [Low  L.  serj  anti  a.']  (Eng.  Laic.) 
An  honorary  kind  of  feudal  service  due  to  the 
crown  for  lands  held  of  it,  and  which  is  still  re- 
tained. Burrill. 

Grand  sergeanty,  a species  of  tenure  whereby  a 
tenant  was  hound,  instead  of  serving  the  king  gen- 
erally in  bis  wars,  to  do  some  special  honorary  ser- 
vice to  the  king  in  person,  as  to  carry  Ins  banner, 
sword,  &c.  Burrill.  — Petit  sergeanty.  See  Petit. 

SE'RI-AL,  a.  Relating  or  belonging  to,  or  con- 
sisting of,  a series.  p.  Cyc. 

SE'RI-AL,  n.  A work  or  publication  issued  in 
successive  parts  or  numbers.  Month.  Rev. 

SE'R[-ATE,  a.  Arranged  in  a series.  Clarke. 

SE  RI-ATE-LY,  ad.  In  a series  ; seriatim.  Clarke. 

SE-RI-J ' TIJ\I,  ad.  [L.]  In  a series;  in  order; 
one  after  another.  Ch.  Ob. 

SG-Ri"CEOi;S  (se-rlsli'us,  66),  a.  [L.  scriceus  ; 
sericus,  silken.] 

1.  Pertaining  to,  or  resembling,  silk;  silky. 

2.  (Bot.)  Covered  with  silky  pubescence  or 

down.  ' Gray. 

SER'I-CULT-tJRE  (ser'e-kult-yur),  n.  [L.  sericum, 
silk,  and  cultura,  cultivation.]  The  cultivation 
of  silk-worms.  Tomlinson. 

SE'Rl-Efj  (sS're-ez),  n.  sing.  & pi.  [L.  ; sero,  to 
join  or  bind  together.] 

1.  A connected  or  continued  succession,  or- 
der, or  course ; sequence. 

An  implexed  series  or  concatenation  of  causes.  Cudworth. 

The  chasms  of  the  correspondence  I cannot  supply,  hav- 
ing destroyed  too  many  letters  to  preserve  any  series.  Pope. 

2.  (Arith.  & Algebra.)  An  indefinite  number 
of  quantities  or  terms  which  succeed  each  other 
according  to  some  determinate  law.  Hutton. 

Sericses,  in  the  plural,  is  sometimes,  though 
not  often,  used.  “ Sericses  of  periodic  terms.”  James 
Ivory. 

Arithmetical  series , a series  in  which  each  term  is 
derived  from  the  preceding  by  the  addition  of  a con- 
stant quantity,  called  the  common  difference,  which 
may  he  either  a positive  or  a negative  quantity. — As- 
cending series,  a series  in  which  the  powers  of  the  in- 
determinate quantity  increase.  — Converging  series , a 
series  in  which,  the  greater  t lie  number  of  terms  taken, 
the  nearer  will  their  sum  approach  in  value  to  a fixed 
quantity,  called  the  sum  of  the  scries.  — Decreasing  se- 
ries, a series  in  which  the  numerical  value  of  each  term 
is  less  than  that  of  the  preceding  term. — Descending 
series,  a series  in  which  the  powers  of  one  of  the  inde- 
terminate quantities  decrease,  or  else  increase  in  the 
denominators.  Hutton.  — Determinate  scries,  a series 
whose  terms  proceed  by  the  powers  of  a determinate 
quantity.  — diverging  series,  a series  whose  terms  con- 
tinually  increase,  or  which  has  the  successive  sums 
of  its  terms  departing  farther  and  farther  from  a fixed 
quantity,  called  the  sum  of  the  series.  — Exponential  se- 
ries, a series  derived  from  the  development  of  exponen- 
tial functions.  — Geometrical  series,  a series  in  which 
each  term  is  derived  from  the  preceding  one  by  multi- 
plying it  by  a constant  quantity,  either  integral  or  frac- 
tional, called  the  ratio  of  the  progression.  — Harmonical 
series,  a series  consisting  of  the  reciprocals  of  an  arith- 
metical series  or  progression.  — Increasing  series,  a se- 
ries in  which  the  numerical  value  of  each  term  is  great- 
er than  that  of  the  preceding  term.  Davies.  — Indeter- 
minate series , a series  whose  terms  proceed  by  the  pow- 
ers of  an  indeterminate  quantity,  with  indeterminate 
exponents, or  with  indeterminate  coefficients.  — Infinite 
scries , a series  considered  as  infinitely  continued  in 
respect  to  the  number  of  its  terms,  as  the  quotient 
of  unity  divided  by  3,  which  is  equal  to  the  series 
YV  ~f"  i olT-^  TItVoj  &c* — Interpolation  of  series,  the 
finding  of  intermediate  terms  of  a series,  their  place  in 
the  series  being  given.  — Interscendent  scries,  a se- 
ries consisting  of  terms  having  radical  quantities  for 
their  exponents.  — Recurring  series,  see  RECURRING. 

• — Sum  of  an  infinite  series , the  limit  which  is  ap- 
proached more  nearly  by  adding  more  terms,  but 
which  cannot  be  exceeded  by  adding  any  number  of 
terms  whatever.  — Summable  series,  a series  whoso 
sum  can  be  accurately  found.  Hutton. 

Syn.  — Series  means  succession  ; order,  method  or 
rank.  A series  of  ages,  figures,  or  experiments  ; order 
of  a procession  ; a succession  of  sovereigns  ; a course 
ol  lectures  or  of  events. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  T,  6,  U,  y,  short;  A,  E,  !.  Q,  u,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


SERIN 


1313 


SERVANT 


SER'IN,  n.  [Fr.]  ( Ornith .)  A small  passerine 

singing-bird,  of  the  family  Fringillidxe,  or 
finches  ; the  canary-bird  or  canary-finch  ; Frin- 
gilU  canaria  of  Linnaeus.  Eng.  Cyc. 

SE'RI-O— COM'IC,  ? a Being  both  serious 

SE'RI-O-COM'J-CAL,  ) and  comic.  Baldwin. 

SE'RI-OUS,  a.  [L.  serins;  It.  & Sp.  scrio ; Fr. 
serieui r.] 

1.  Grave  ; solemn  ; sedate  ; not  gay,  sportive, 
or  volatile  ; not  light  of  behavior. 

I am  more  serious  than  my  custom.  Shak. 

How  conformable  Socrates  was  to  the  pagan  religion  and 
worship  may  appear  from  those  last  dying  words  of  his,  when 
he  should  be  most  serious.  Cudworth. 

2.  Important ; weighty  ; momentous;  not  tri- 
fling. “ A very  serious  business.”  Shak. 

3.  (Med.)  Attended  with  danger.  Dunglison. 

Syn.  — See  Grave. 

SE'RI-OUS-I.Y,  ad.  In  a serious  manner  ; grave- 
ly ; in  earnest.  Dryden. 

SE'RI-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state  of 
being  serious  ; gravi  ,y ; solemnity. 

The  first  requisite  in  religion  is  seriousness.  Paley. 

SERGEANT  (s&r'jent),  n.  See  Sergeant. 

t SER-Moy-I-NA'TION,  n.  [L.  sermocinatio.] 
T he  act  of  making  speeches.  Peacham. 

f SER-MOy'I-NA-TOR,  n.  [L.  sermocinor,  to  dis- 
course.] A preacher  or  a speech-maker.  Howell. 

SER'MON,  n.  [L.  sermo,  a discourse;  sero,  to 
join  ; serta  oratio,  i.  e.  connected  speech.  IF. 
Smith.  — It.  sermone  ; Sp.  % Fr.  sermon .] 

1.  f A word  or  an  expression ; something 

said.  Wickliffe. 

2.  A religious  discourse  delivered  from  the 

pulpit  or  to  a congregation.  South. 

Sermons  he  heard,  yet  not  so  many 
As  left  no  time  to  practise  any; 

He  heard  them  reverently,  and  then 

His  practice  preached  them  o’er  again.  Crashaw. 

3.  A serious  exhortation.  Smart. 

+ SER'MON,  v.  a.  1.  To  utter  in  a sermon;  to 
discourse  of,  as  in  a sermon.  Spenser. 

2.  To  tutor  ; to  lesson  ; to  teach  ; to  instruct. 
“ Sermon  me  no  farther.”  Shak. 

f SER'MON,  v.  n.  To  compose  or  deliver  a ser- 
mon. “ A weekly  charge  of  sermoning.”  Milton. 

SER-MON-EER',  n.  A sermonizer.  B.  Jonson. 

SfR-MON'I-CAL,  a.  Like  a sermon.  Doddridge. 

f SER'MON-lNG,  n.  Discourse;  instruction; 
“There  needeth  little  sermoning.”  Chaucer. 

SER'MON-ISH,  a.  Partaking  of  the  character  of 
a sermon  ; somewhat  like  a sermon,  [r.]  Ch.  Ob. 

SER'MON-IST,  n.  A writer  of  sermons.  Dibdin. 

SER-MO'JVI-llM,  n.  [Low  L.]  An  interlude  or 
historical  play,  formerly  acted  by  the  inferior 
orders  of  the  Catholic  clergy,  assisted  by  youths, 
in  the  body  of  the  church.  Cowel. 

SER'MON-IZE,  v.  n.  [i.  sermonized;  pp.  ser- 
monizing, SERMONIZED.] 

1.  To  deliver  sermons;  to  preach.  Nicholson. 

2.  To  inculcate  formal  precepts  or  rigid  rules. 
The  dictates  of  a morose  and  sermonizing  father.  Chesterfield. 

SER'MON-IZ-ER,  n.  A writer  of  sermons.  Knox. 

SER'MON-IZ-JNG,  n.  The  act  of  writing  or 
preaching  a sermon  or  sermons.  Ch.  Ob. 

SER'MOUN-TAIN,  n.  ( Bot .)  A plant  with  aromatic 
seeds  and  roots  ; heart-wort ; Laserpitium  siler, 
or  Siler  montanum.  Dunglison. 

Sg-RON',  or  SE-ROON',  n.  [Sp.  seron,  a frail, 
pannier,  hamper,  or  crate  ; zurron,  a game-bag, 
a sack,  a seron ; Fr.  serron .] 

1.  A bale  or  package  made  of  skin  or  hide, 

or  a bale  formed  of  pieces  of  wood,  and  covered 
or  fastened  with  hide.  Simmonds. 

ttSf*  Cochineal,  indigo,  and  various  drugs  are  im- 
ported in  serous  or  scroons.  Simmonds. 

2.  A matted  bale  of  almonds  or  a pannier  of 

raisins,  weighing  each  about  87£  lb£.  : — an  Af- 
rican weight  of  185.55  grains.  Simmonds. 

SE'ROSE,  a.  Watery;  serous.  More. 

SE-ROS'I-TY,  n.  [Fr.  sero  site.] 

1.  The  most  watery  part  of  animal  fluids, 
as  of  blood,  milk,  &c. ; serum.  „ Dunglison. 


2.  The  fluid  which  exudes  from  the  albumen 
of  the  serum  of  the  blood  when  coagulated  by 
heat.  Dunglison. 

SER'O-TlNE,  n.  [Fr . se'rotine.]  (Zoiil.)  A species 
of  bat  found  in  England  and  other  parts  of  Eu- 
rope ; Vespertillio  serotinus.  Bell. 

SE'ROUS,  a.  [It.  ^ Sp.  seroso ; Fr.  sereux.]  Per- 
taining to  serum  ; thin  ; watery  ; — used  of  the 
most  watery  portion  of  animal  fluids,  as  of  the 
blood.  Dunglison. 

SER'PENT,  n.  [L.  serpens;  serpo  (Gr.  cptuo),  to 
creep  ; It.  serpente  ; Sp.  serpiente  ; Fr.  serpent.] 

1.  ( Zoiil .)  A reptile  without  feet  of  the  order 
Ophidia;  a snake. 

t* r,  • The  serpents,  with  one  exception  ( Deirodon  of 
Owen,  or  Coluber  of  Linnteus,  which  feeds  on  birds’ 
eggs),  subsist  on  living  prey.  Serpents  can  creep, 
glide,  grasp,  suspend  themselves,  erect  themselves, 
leap,  dart,  bound,  swim,  and  dive.  Eng.  Cyc. 

idr-  The  serpent  is  a symbol  of  eternity,  and,  as  the 
symbol  of  renovation,  is  an  attribute  of  yEsculapius, 
the  god  of  the  healing  art ; and  also  of  liis  father 
Apollo.  Fairholt. 

2.  A sort  of  fire-work  which  has  a serpentine 

motion  in  the  air.  Dryden. 

3.  A subtle,  malicious  person.  Wright. 

4.  ( Mus .)  A bass  wind-instrument ; — so 

named  from  its  convolutions.  Brande. 

5.  ( Astron .)  A northern  constellation.  P.  Cyc. 

SER'PENT,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  like,  a serpent ; 
serpentine  ; — used  in  composition.  Milton. 

SER- PEN- TA’RI-Jl,  n.  (Bot.)  A name  applied 
to  the  roots  of  numerous  species  of  the  genus 
Aristolochia,  especially  of  Aristolochia  serpen- 
taria;  Virginia  snake-root.  Wood  fy  Bache. 

SER-PEM-tA'RI-  C/S,  n.  (Astron.)  An  ancient 
constellation,  in  the  northern  hemisphere  ; — 
called  also  Ophiucus.  Hutton. 

SER'PENT-CU'CUM-BER,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of 
the  genus  Trichosanthes,  resembling  the  cu- 
cumber ; snake-gourd.  Wright. 

SER'PENT— EAT-ER,  n.  (Ornith.)  An  African  bird 
that  feeds  on  serpents  ; secretary-bird.  Baird. 

SER'PENT— FISH,  n.  (Ich.)  A marine  fish  ; red 
snake-fish  ; Cepola  rubescens.  P.  Cyc. 

SER-PEN'TI-FORM,  a.  [L.  serpens,  serpentis,  a 
serpent,  and  forma,  form.]  Having  the  form 
of  a serpent.  Brande. 

SER-I’EN-Tiy'I-NOUS,  a.  [L.  serpens,  serpentis, 
a serpent,  and  gigno,  to  produce.]  Bred  of  a 
serpent.  Maunder. 

SER'PEN-TINE  (19),  a.  [L . serpentinus ; serpens, 
a serpent ; It.  Sj  Sp.  serpentino .] 

1.  Pertaining  to,  or  resembling,  a serpent. 

To  free  him  from  so  serpentine  a companion  as  I am.  Sidney. 

The  figures  and  their  parts  ought  to  have  a seipentine  and 
flaming  form  naturally.  Dryden. 

2.  Winding  like  a serpent ; anfractuous. 

“Mazes  serpentine.”  Blackmore. 

Serpentine  line,  ( Geom.)  a spiral  line.  Crabb.  — Ser- 
pentine stone,  (Min.)  serpentine.  Wotton.  — Serpentine 
tongue,  (Manege.)  an  expression  applied  to  the  tongue 
of  a horse  when  he  constantly  moves  it,  and  some- 
times passes  it  over  the  bit.  London  Ency.  — Serpen- 
tine verse,  (Poetry.)  a verse  which  begins  and  ends 
with  the  same  word.  Crabb. 

SER'PEN-TINE,  n.  1.  (Min.)  A species  of  rock 
or  mineral  occurring  crystallized  and  massive, 
and  also  fibrous  and  foliated,  and  composed 
chiefly  of  hydrous  silicate  of  magnesia.  Dana. 

Xf/i ■ Serpentine  often  constitutes  mountain  masses. 
Mixed  with  carbonate  of  lime  it  forma  rerd  antique 
marble,  which  occurs  in  extensive  beds.  Chromic  iron 
is  often  disseminated  through  it,  giving  it  a mottled 
appearance,  somewhat  similar  to  the  skin  of  a snake, 
whence  the  name  seiqientuie  or  ophite.  Common  ser- 
pentine is  opaque  or  nearly  so,  often  of  dark  shades  of 
green,  and  constitutes  extensive  beds.  Precious  or  no- 
ble serpentine,  is  translucent  and  massive,  with  a rich, 
oil-green  color,  of  pale  or  dark  shades.  Dana. 

2.  (Bot.)  An  herb  of  the  genus  Dracontium ; 
— so  called  from  being  mottled  like  the  skin 
of  a snake.  Ainsioorth. 

SER'PEN-TINE,  v.  n.  To  wind  like  a serpent ; to 
meander ; to  serpentize.  [r.]  Harte. 

SER'PEN-TlNE-LY,  ad.  In  a serpentine  manner. 

SER'PEN-TI-NOys,  a.  Relating  to  serpentine  ; 
of  the  nature  of  serpentine.  De  la  Bcchc. 


SiiR'PENT-IZE,  v.  n.  To  wind  like  a serpent ; to 
meander.  “ The  lane  serpentizes.”  Mason. 


SER'PENT— LIKE,  a.  Resembling  a serpent;  ser- 
pentine. Clarke. 

SER'PENT-RY,  n.  1.  A winding  like  that  of  the 
serpent.  Wright. 

2.  A habitation  of  serpents.  Keates. 

SER'PENT’S— TONGUE  (-tung),  n.  (Bot.)  A name 
applied  to  plants  of  the  genus  Ophioglossum ; 
adder’s-tongue.  Ainsworth. 


f SER'PET,  ft.  A basket.  Ainsworth. 

SER-Ply'I-NOUS,  a.  (Med.)  1.  Pertaining  to,  or 
affected  with,  serpigo.  Wiseman. 

2.  Noting  affections  which  creep,  as  it  were, 
from  one  part  to  another.  Dunglison. 


SER-PU'LE-AN,  n.  (Zoiil.)  An 
anellidan  of  the  genus  Ser- 
pula.  Brande. 

SER-PU'LI-DAN,  ft.  (Zoiil.)  A 
serpulean.  Wright. 


SER-PI'GO,  or  SER-PI'GO  [ser-pl'go,  S.  Wb. ; ser- 
pe'go,  Ja.  K.  Sm. ; ser-pl’go  or  ser'pe-go,  IF. ; ser'- 
pe-go,  P.],  n.  [Low  L.,  from  L.  serpo,  to  creep.] 
(Med.)  A cutaneous  disease  consisting  of  vesi- 
cles with  reddish  bases,  uniting  in  rings  ; ring- 
worm ; Herpes  circinatus.  Dunglison. 

SER  'PU-LJi,  ft.  [L.,  a little 
snake.]  (Zoiil.)  A genus  of 
anellidans  inhabiting  twist- 
ing calcareous  tubes,  which 
cover  stones,  shells,  and  other 
marine  bodies.  Baird. 


Serpula. 


SER'PU-LITE,  ft.  (Pal.)  A fossil  anellidan  of 
the  genus  Serpula.  Eng.  Cyc. 


f SERR,  v.  a.  [Fr.  serrer.]  To  drive  or  crowd 
together  or  into  a little  space.  Baron. 


SER'RATE,  ) [L.  serratus ; serra, 

SER'RAT-ED,  ) a saw.]  (Bot.)  Hav- 
ing the  margin  cut  into  teeth  point- 
ing forwards,  as  a leaf.  Gray.  Derham. 


+ SER-RA'TION,  ft.  Formation  in  the  shape  of  a 
saw.  Bailey. 

SER'RA-TURE,  ft.  [L.  serratura,  a sawing.]  In- 
denture like  the  teeth  of  a saw.  Woodward. 

SER'RI-CA-TED,  a.  [L.  sericus,  silken.]  (Zoiil.) 
Covered  with  short,  thick,  silky  down.  Maunder. 

SER'RI-CORN,  w.  [L.  serra,  a saw,  and  cornu,  a 
horn.]  (Ent.)  A coleopterous  insect,  with  ser- 
rated antenna;.  Brande. 


SER'RIED  (ser'rjd),  p.  a.  Close;  crowded;  com- 
pact. “ Serried  tiles.”  Milton. 

fSER'RING,  n.  The  act  of  crowding  or  placing 
close  together.  Bacon. 

SER'RU-LATE,  a.  [L.  serrula,  a small  saw.] 
(Bot.)  Having  minute  teeth  or  notches  ; mi- 
nutely serrate.  Gray. 

SER-RU-LA'TION,  ft.  A notching ; an  indenta- 
tion. Loudon. 


f SER'RY,  v.  a.  [Fr.  serrer .]  [t.  serried  ; pp. 

serrying,  serried.]  To  crowd  or  press  close 
together.  Milton. 

SER  ' TU-Lt/M,  n.  (Bot.)  A term  sometimes  ap- 
plied to  the  simple  umbel.  Lindley. 

SE'RUM,  ft.  [L.]  The  watery  part  of  animal 
fluids,  as  of  blood,  milk,  &c.  Dunglison. 

Rip-  The  serum  of  blood  is  the  liquid  which  sepa- 
rates from  the  blood  when  coagulated  at  rest.  It  is 
composed  of  water,  chloride  of  sodium,  certain  phos- 
phates, and  albumen  constantly  united  to  soda,  almost 
in  a saponaceous  combination.  The  serum  of  milk,  ox 
whey,  is  that  part  of  milk  from  which  the  butter  and 
caseous  matter  have  been  separated.  It  contains 
sugar  of  milk,  mucilage,  acetic  acid,  phosphate  of 
lime,  and  some  other  saline  substances.  Dunglison. 

SERV'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  served.  Mackintosh. 

f SER'VAlyE,  n.  The  state  or  condition  of  a ser- 
vant ; servitude.  Wickliffe. 

SER'VAL,  n.  (Zoiil.)  A small  tiger-cat  found  in 
Southern  Africa ; Pelts  serval.  Eng.  Cyc. 

SER'VANT,  n.  [L.  servus;  Fr.  servant.  — See 
Serve.] 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  s6N ; BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — C,  (?,  c,  g,  soft ; C,  «,  5,  |,  hard;  S as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 
165 


SERVANT 


SERVITUDE 


1.  One  who  serves,  whether  male  or  female ; 
— correlative  of  master,  mistress,  or  employer. 

The  servant  is  not  greater  than  his  jord.  John  xiii.  16. 

A servant  is  not  bound  to  obey  the  unlawful  commands  of 
his  master.  Faley. 

If  you  would  have  a faithful  servant,  and  one  whom  you 
like,  serve  yourself.  Franklin. 

2.  One  in  a state  of  subjection  ; a menial  ; a 

domestic  ; a drudge  ; a slave.  Shak. 

3.  A word  of  civility  or  courtesy.  Swift. 

When  our  betters  tell  us  they  are  our  humble  servants . but 
understand  us  to  be  their  slaves.  Swift. 

Syn.  — The  term  servant  implies  the  general  idea 
of  one  who  perforins  service  for  another  according  to 
compact.  A slave  is  one  who  is  the  property  of  the 
slaveholder  or  owner,  and  is  subject  to  his  will.  A 
domestic  is  a servant,  or  a person  hired,  and  employed 
in  the  house  or  family  ; a menial , one  who  labors  in 
some  low  employment  ; a drudge,  one  who  is  dis- 
agreeably and  laboriously  employed. 

+ SiiR'VANT,  v.  a.  To  subject.  Shak. 

+ SiiR'VANT-ESS,  n.  A maid-servant.  Wicklijfe. 

SER'VANT-MAlD,  n.  A female  servant.  Ash. 

SiiR'VANT— MAN,  n.  A male  servant.  Ash. 

SERVE,  v.  a.  [L.  servio-,  servits,  a servant;  It. 
servire ; Sp.  $ Fr.  servir. ] [t.  served;  pp. 

SERVING,  SERVED.] 

1.  To  work  for  and  obey,  as  an  inferior  a su- 
perior ; to  do  or  perform  labor  or  duties  for. 

Because  thou  art  my  brother,  shouldst  thou  therefore  seri'e 
me  for  nought?  Gen.  xxix.  15. 

I will  seri’e  thee  seven  years  for  Rachel,  thy  younger 
daughter.  Gen.  xxix.  16.  i 

2.  To  minister  to  ; to  wait  on;  to  attend;  to 
aid;  to  assist;  to  help. 

A goddess  among  gods  adored,  and  served 

By  angels  numberless,  thy  daily  train.  Milton. 

3.  To  be  subordinate  or  subservient  to. 

Bodies  bright  and  greater  should  not  serve 

The  less  not  bright.  Milton. 

4.  To  supply  with  food,  as  at  table.  . 

Others,  pampered  in  their  shameless  pride. 

Are  served  in  plate,  and  in  their  chariots  ride.  Dryden. 

5.  To  perform  the  duties  required  in.  “ The 

curate  served  two  churches.”  Johnson. 

6.  To  be  of  use  to  ; to  contribute  to  ; to  ben- 
efit ; to  assist ; to  promote ; to  advance  ; to  for- 
ward ; to  help.  “ It  can  serve  another  end.” 

Bp.  Taylor. 

With  inspection  de>ep 
Considered  every  creature,  which  of  all 
Most  opportune  might  serve  his  wiles.  Milton. 

7.  To  comply  with ; to  submit  to  ; to  yield  to. 

They  think  herein  we  serve  the  time,  because  thereby  we 

either  hold  or  seek  preferment.  hooker. 

8.  To  be  sufficient  for ; to  satisfy  ; to  content. 

Nothing  would  serve  them  then  but  riding.  If Estrange. 

9.  To  stand  in  place  of  something  to;  as, 

“ The  falsehood  serves  them  for  policy.”  Dryden. 

10.  To  behave  towards  ; to  treat ; to  requite. 

“ He  served  me  ungratefully.”  Johnson. 

11.  To  worship;  to  adore.  “To  serve  wood 

and  stone.”  Ezek.  xx.  32. 

12.  To  perform  military  duties  for.  “He 
served  the  king  in  three  campaigns.”  Johnson. 

13.  {Laic.)  In  practice,  to  deliver  with  judi- 
cial effect;  to  deliver  to  a person  so  as  to  charge 
him  with  the  receipt  of ; to  execute ; as,  “ To 
serve  process  ” ; “ To  serve  a writ.”  Burrill. 

To  serve  in,  fo  bring  in  from  the  kitchen,  as  food. 

“ Serve  in  the  meat,  and  we  will  come  in  to  dinner.” 
Shak.  — To  serve  an  office,  to  discharge  its  duties. 
Johnson.  — To  serve  one's  self  of,  to  make  use  of.  “ 1 
uill  serve  myself  of  this  concession.”  [A  Gallicism.] 
Chillingworth. — To  serve  out,  to  distribute,  as  food. — 
To  serve  a rope,  {JVaut.)  to  wind  small  stuff,  as  rope- 
yarn,  spun-yarn,  &c.,  round  a rope,  to  prevent  it  from 
chafing.  Dana.  — To  serve  up,  to  cook  or  prepare,  and 
place  on  a table,  as  food.  “ Serving  up  a banquet.” 
By.  Taylor.  — To  expose  to  contempt  or  ridicule. 

| Vulgar.]  Bartlett. 

SERVE,  v.  n.  1.  To  be  a servant  or  slave ; to 
work  for  and  obey  another. 

The  hard  bondage  wherein  thou  wast  made  to  serve.  Isa.  xiv.  3. 

2.  To  be  in  subjection.  Isa.  xliii.  24. 

3.  To  attend  or  wait  on  another.  “ My  sister 

hath  left  me  to  serve  alone.”  Luke  x.  40. 

4.  To  perform  duty  ; to  be  dutiful ; to  obey. 

They  also  serve  who  only  stand  and  wait.  Milton. 

5.  To  perform  military  duties.  Shak. 

Many  noble  gentlemen  . . . now  served  as  private  gentle- 
men without  pay.  Knolles. 

6.  To  officiate;  to  minister.  “He  served  at 

the  public  dinner.”  Johnson. 


1314 

7.  To  he  sufficient  for  a purpose ; to  be  of 
use  ; to  conduce. 

This  little  brand  will  serve  to  light  your  fire.  Dnjden. 

Our  victory  only  served  to  lead  us  on  to  further  visionary 
prospects.  Swift. 

8.  To  be  suitable  ; to  be  convenient ; to  6uit. 

As  occusion  serves,  this  noble  queen 

And  prince  shall  follow  with  a fresh  supply.  Shak. 

SERVER,  n.  1.  One  who  serves  ; a servant.  Todd. 

2.  f A salver.  Randolph , 1687. 

SER'VICE  (ser'vjs),  n.  [L.  servitium;  It.  servizio  ; 
Sp.  servicio  ; Fr.  service.] 

1.  The  act  of  one  who  serves ; labor  or  duty 
performed  for,  or  at  the  command  of,  a superior. 

This  poem  was  the  last  piece  of  service  I did  for  my  mas- 
ter, King  Charles.  Dryden. 

2.  Attendance  of  a servant  on  a superior. 

Madam,  I entreat  true  peace  of  you. 

Which  I will  purchase  with  my  duteous  service.  Shak. 

3.  Place,  state,  or  employment  of  a servant. 

I have  served  Prince  Florizel;  but  now  I am  out  of  ser- 
vice. Shak. 

4.  Duty  ; office  ; employment ; business.  “ To 

qualify  themselves  for  public  service.”  Swift. 

5.  Benefit  rendered  ; advantage  ; good. 

I have  done  the  state  some  service,  and  they  know  it.  Shak. 

That  service  may  really  be  done,  the  medicine  must  be 
given  in  larger  quantities.  Mead. 

6.  Purpose ; use  ; avail ; utility. 

All  the  vessels  of  the  king’s  house  are  not  for  uses  of  hon- 
or; some  be  common  stuff,  and  for  mean  services.  Spclman. 

7.  Military  duty  or  employment. 

When  he  eometh  to  experience  of  service  abroad,  ...  he 
maketh  a worthy  soldier.  Siienser. 

8.  A military  achievement  or  exploit. 

Where  services  were  done  at  such  and  such  a breach.  Shak. 

9.  Profession  of  respect ; homage. 

Pray  do  my  service  to  his  majesty.  Shak. 

10.  Public  office  of  devotion  ; public  worship. 

The  congregation  was  discomposed,  and  divine  service 

broken  off.  Watts. 

11.  A musical  composition  sung  in  churches, 
consisting  of  choruses,  trios,  duets,  &c.  Mason. 

12.  Things  required  for  use  : furniture. 

So  the  service  of  the  house  of  the  Lord  was  set  in  order. 

2 Chron.  xxix.  35. 

13.  Course  or  order  of  dishes. 

Cleopatra  made  Antony  a supper,  sumptuous  and  royal: 
howbeit  there  was  no  extraordinary  service  seen  on  the 
board.  J lake  well. 

14.  A set  of  dishes  or  vessels  used  at  table ; 
as,  “ A tea  service.” 

15.  An  assortment  of  table-linen.  Simmonds. 

16.  {Law.)  In  feudal  and  old  English  law, 

the  duty  rvhich  a tenant  was  bound  to  render  to 
his  lord  in  recompense  for  the  land  be  held. 
Davies.  — In  Scotch  law,  the  inquisition  or  ver- 
dict of  a jury,  by  which  the  character  of  an  heir 
is  judicially  established.  — In  practice,  judicial 
delivery  of  a paper  or  execution  of  a process  ; 
the  delivery  of  a pleading,  notice,  or  other  paper 
in  a suit  to  the  opposite  party,  so  as  to  charge 
him  with  the  receipt  of  it,  and  subject  him  to 
its  legal  effect.  As  applied  to  writs,  it  properly 
means  execution  without  arrest.  Burrill. 

17.  {Naut.)  Rope-yarns,  spun-yarn,  &c., wound 
round  a rope  to  prevent  it  from  chafing.  Dana. 

18.  {Bot.)  The  service-tree  : — the  fruit  of  the 
service-tree.  “ A basket  of  services.”  Peacham. 

To  see  service,  {Mil.)  to  be  in  actual  collision  with 
an  enemy.  Stoct/ueler. 

Syn.  — See  Advantage,  Avail,  Benefit, 
Homage,  Utility. 

SER'VICE- A-BUE,  a.  1.  Doing  service  or  good 
offices;  conferring  benefit;  useful;  helpful; 
profitable  ; advantageous  ; beneficial. 

Ilis  own  inclinations  were  to  confine  himself  to  his  own 
business  and  be  serviceable,  to  religion  and  learning.  Atterbury. 

The  most  serviceable  treatise  that  could  have  been  pub- 
lished. Swift. 

2.  Active;  diligent;  officious.  “A  service- 
able villain.”  [r.]  Shak. 

3.  {Mil.)  Capable  of,  or  fit  for,  duty.  Campbell. 

SER'VICE- A -BEE- NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  the 
state  of  being  serviceable.  Norris. 

SER'VICE-A-BLY,  ad.  So  as  to  be  serviceable  ; 
usefully.  Sherwood. 

t SER'VICE-AljJE,  n.  Servitude.  Fairfax. 

SER'VICE— BER'RV,  n.  {Bot.)  The  common  name 
of  the  fruit  of  several  pomaceous  trees  and  shrubs, 
as  of  Amelanchicr  Canadensis  in  the  United 


States,  and  of  Pyrus  domestica  in  England  : — 
also  the  common  name  in  the  United  States  of 
Amelanchier  Canadensis ; shad-bush.  Cray. 

SER'VICE— BOOK  (ser  vjs-bfik),  n.  A book  of  de- 
votion ; a prayer-book.  Milton. 

SER'VJCE— MON'EY,  n.  Money  paid  for  service. 
“ Secret  service-money  to  Betty.”  Addison. 

SER' VICE-PIPE,  n.  A pipe  leading  from  water 
and  gas  mains  into  a house,  &c.  Simmonds. 

SER'VICE— TREE,  n.  {Bot.)  An  ornamental  Eu- 
ropean tree,  of  two  varieties,  cultivated  for  their 
fruit  in  some  parts  of  France,  and  near  Genoa  ; 
Pyrus  domestica.  Loudon. 

SiiR'Vl-ENT,  a.  [L.  servio,  serviens,  to  serve.] 

1.  That  serves  ; serving  ; subordinate,  [r.] 

Then  servient  youth  and  magisterial  eld.  Dyer. 

2.  {Law.)  Noting  an  estate  burdened  with  a 

servitude.  BarriU. 

SER-  VI-ETTE  ’ , n.  [Fr.]  A napkin  for  the  table. 

SER'VILE  (ser'vjl,  18)  [ser'vil,  S.  W.  P.  J.  E.  F.K. 
Sm.  IV r. ; ser'vil,  Ja.],  a.  [L.  senilis  ; servits, 
a servant ; It.  servile  ; Sp.  servil ; Fr.  servile.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  a servant  or  slave  ; slavish ; 
mean;  — fawning;  cringing. 

She  must  bend  the  servile  knee.  Thomson. 

2.  Held  in  subjection  or  slavery  ; dependent. 

Even  fortune  rules  no  more  a servile  land.  Dope. 

3.  {Gram.)  Noting  a letter  not  belonging  to 
the  original  root ; — opposed  to  radical.  Wright. 

SER'VILE,  n.  1.  {Gram.)  A letter  not  belonging 
to  the  original  root  of  a word. — a letter  of  a 
word  which  is  not  sounded,  as  the  final  e in 
peace,  or  in  servile.  Elphinston. 

2.  A Spanish  political  nickname,  originally 
applied  to  one  of  those  who  opposed  the  changes 
advocated  by  the  liberal  party  in  the  Cortes  of 
1808  and  the  following  years.  Brande. 

SER'VILE-Ly,  ad.  In  a servile  manner;  slavish- 
ly ; meanly.  Dryden. 

SER'VILE-NESS,  n.  Servility,  [r.]  Johnson. 

■SpR- VTL'I-T Y,  n.  [It.  servilita ; Sp.  servilidad ; 
Fr.  servilite.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  servile  ; slavery.  “ A 

slave  in  base  servility .”  Shak. 

2.  Mean  submission  or  dependence  ; slavish- 
ness ; baseness.  I Vest. 

3.  Mean  obedience  or  obsequiousness.  “ Ser- 
vility to  custom.”  Gov.  of  the  Tongue. 

SERVING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  serves.  Tyndale. 

SERV'ING,  p.  a.  Acting  as  a servant ; doing  ser- 
vice ; ministering  to  ; attending. 

SERV'ING— BOARD,  n.  {Naut.)  An  implement 
for  serving  ropes.  Dana. 

SERV'ING— M AID,  n.  A female  servant.  Bp.  Bull. 

SERV'ING— MAL'LgT,  n.  {Naut.)  A serving- 
board.  Simmonds. 

SERV'ING— MAN,  n.  A male  servant.  Shak. 

SER'VI-TOR,  n.  [L.  servitor  ; It.  servitore  ; Sp. 
servidor-,  Fr . serviteur.) 

1.  A servant ; an  attendant : — a follower  ; an 

adherent,  [r.]  Davies. 

And  henceforth  I am  thy  true  seniitor.  Shak. 

2.  In  the  University  of  Oxford,  England,  an 

undergraduate  partly  supported  by  the  college 
funds,  corresponding  to  a sizar  in  the  University 
of  Cambridge.  Brande. 

Servitor  of  bills,  {Old  Eng.  La.ro.)  a messenger  of  the 
marshal  of  the  court  of  King’s  Bench,  who  was  sent 
with  bills  or  writs  to  summon  men  to  that  court. 

fVhishaw. 

SER'VI-TOR-SHIP,  n.  The  office  or  state  of  a 
servitor.  Boswell. 

SER'VI-TUDE,  n.  [L.  servitudo  ; It.  servitu ; Sp. 
servidumbre ; Fr.  servitude.] 

1.  The  state  or  condition  of  a servant,  or 
more  commonly  of  a slave ; slavery  ; bondage. 

You  would  have  sold  your  king  to  slaughter, 

His  princes  and  his  peers  to  servitude.  Shak. 

2.  + Servants  collectively ; train  of  attendants. 

A cumbrous  train 

Of  herds,  and  flocks,  and  numerous  servitude.  Milton. 

3.  {Law.)  A charge  upon  one  estate  for  the 

benefit  of  another.  Burrill. 


A,  E,  i,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  J,  O,  II,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


SERYITURE 


1315 


SET 


Syn.  — Servitude  is  the  state  of  a servant  or  of  a 
slave,  and  may  he  voluntary,  but  is  mostly  compulso- 
ry ; slavery  is  compulsory  servitude  ; bandage,  aggra- 
vated slavery. 

f SBR'VI-TURE,  re.  Servants  collectively  ; train  of 
attendants.  “ Calling  the  rest  of  the  sei~vi- 
ture.”  Milton. 

SfiS'A-M^l  [ses'a-me,  K.  Sm.  C.  Cl.  ; ses'jm,  117;. ; 
se'sjm,  U.],  n.  [Fr.  sesame.]  ( Bot .)  The  common 
name  of  plants  of  the  genus  Sesamum.  Defoe. 

SES-A-MOlD  , £ [Gr.  of/aayov,  a seed  of 

SES-A-MOID'AL,  > sesamum,  and  i iSo;,  form.] 
(Anal.)  Noting  small  bones  situated  in  the  sub- 
stance of  the  tendons,  near  certain  joints,  as  of 
the  great  toes.  Dunglison. 

SES'A-MUM,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  cr/adyti,  the  plant, 
ayanyor,  the  seed  ; It.  sesamo ; Fr.  sesame.] 
(Bot.)  A genus  of  annual  herbaceous  plants, 
originally  natives  of  India,  but  now  cultivated 
in  many  countries  for  the  seed,  which  is  used 
for  food,  and  from  which  an  oil  is  expressed ; 
oily-grain  ; oil-plant.  Eng.  Cyc. 

The  seeds  of  plants  of  the  genus  Sesamum  con- 
tain an  abundance  of  a fixed  oil,  as  tasteless  as  that 
of  olive  oil,  for  which  it  may  be  substituted,  and  which 
is  expressed  in  great  quantities  in  Egypt.  It  is  some- 
times called  gingilie-oil,  and,  if  of  very  good  quality, 
is  employed  for  adulterating  oil  of  almonds.  Lindlcy. 

SES'QUi-.  [L.]  1.  A prefix  denoting  one  and  a 
half,  one  half  more,  or  more  by  a half.  Crabb. 

2.  ( Chem .)  A prefix  denoting  a combination 
of  three  equivalents  of  one  element  or  compo- 
nent, with  two  equivalents  of  another  element 
or  component.  Miller. 

SES-dUJ-AL'TpR,  n.  ( Mus .)  A mixed  stop  of  an 
organ,  running  through  the  scale  of  the  instru- 
ment, and  consisting  of  three,  four, -and  some- 
times of  five  ranks  of  pipes,  tuned  in  thirds, 
fifths,  and  eighths.  P.  Cyc. 

SES-dUJ-AL'TSR,  ? [L.  sesquialter ; ses- 

SES-QUI-AL'TJJR-AL,  ) qui,  more  by  a half,  and 
alter,  another.]  (Geotn.)  Having  the  ratio  of 
one  and  a half  to  one.  Wright. 

SES-QUI-Al'TER-ATE,  a.  (Math.)  Noting  a 
ratio  equal  to  one  and  a half.  Hutton. 

SES-QUI-AL'T^R-OUS,  a.  (Ent.)  Noting  a fas- 
cia in  which  both  wings  are  traversed  by  a con- 
tinued band,  and  either  the  primary  or  second- 
ary by  another.  Maunder. 

SES-QUI-BRO'MIDE,  n.  (Chem.)  A compound 
of  three  equivalents  of  bromine  and  two  of  a 
metal  or  an  equivalent  body ; as,  “ Sesquibro- 
mide  of  arsenic.”  Turner. 

SES-aUI-CAR'BON-ATE,  n.  (Chem.)  A compound 
of  three  equivalents  of  carbonic  acid  and  two 
equivalents  of  abase;  as,  “ Sesquicarbonate  of 
soda,”  which  is  a hydrated  compound  of  three 
equivalents  of  carbonic  acid  and  two  equiva- 
lents of  soda.  Graham. 

SES-QUI-EIILO'RIDE,  n.  (Chem.)  A compound 
of  three  equivalents  of  chlorine  and  two  equiv- 
alents of  another  body;  as,  “ Sesquichloride  of 
iron.”  Graham. 


SUS-QUIP'LI-CATE,  a.  A ratio  compounded  of 
a ratio  and  its  subduplicate  ratio  ; as  the  ratio 
of  to  M ^3,  which  is  compounded  of  the 

ratio  of  a to  b,  and  the  subduplicate  ratio  of 

V«  to  V6“.  P.  Cyc. 

SES-Q.UI-Q.UAD'RATE  (-kwod'rjt),  n.  (Astrol.)  An 
aspect  or  position  of  planets  distant  from  each 
other  by  four  signs  and  a half,  or  135°.  Hutton. 

SES-CIUI-Q.UIN'T!LE,  re.  (Astrol.)  An  aspect  or 
position  of  planets  distant  from  each  other  one 
fifth  of  a circle  and  a half,  or  108°.  Hutton. 

SES'QUI-SALT,  re.  (Chem.)  A salt  containing 
two  equivalents  of  one  component  to  three  of 
another.  — See  Salt.  Graham. 

SES-aUI-SULPH'IDE,  re.  (Chem.)  A compound 
of  three  equivalents  of  sulphur  and  two  equiv- 
alents of  a metal  or  other  body  ; sesquisulphu- 
ret ; as,  “ Sesquisulphide  of  cobalt.”  Miller. 

SES-dUI-SUL'PHU-RET,  re.  A sesquisulphide. 

SES-Q.UI-TER'TIAL,  a.  Noting  ratios  equal  to 
one  and  one  third.  Hutton. 

SES-QUI-TER'TIAN-AL,  a.  (Math.)  Noting  a 
proportion  in  which  the  ratios  are  each  equal 
to  one  and  one  third.  Hutton. 

SES-QUI-TER'TIOUS,  a.  [L.  sesqui,  more  by  a 
half,  and  tertius,  third.]  (Ent.)  Noting  a fascia 
in  which  a wing  or  elytrum  contains  a band  and 
a third  of  a band.  Maunder. 

SES'QUI-TONE,  re.  (Mus.)  An  interval  of  three 
semitones.  Moore. 

t SESS,  re.  An  assessment ; a tax  ; a cess.  Davies. 

f SESS,  v.  a.  To  assess  ; to  tax.  North. 

SES'SjLE,  a.  [L.  sessilis,  sitting,  growing  low.] 
(Bot.)  Having  no  stalk,  as  a leaf  destitute  of  a 
petiole,  or  an  anther  destitute  of  a filament.  Gray. 

SES'SION  (sesh'un),  re.  [L.  sessio  ; sedeo,  sessum, 
to  sit;  It.  sessione ; Sp.  sesion-,  Fr.  session.] 

1.  The  act  or  the  state  of  one  who  sits. 

His  session  at  the  right  hand  of  God.  HooJcer. 

2.  The  sitting  of  a court,  of  a council,  or  of 
a political,  legislative,  or  other  assembly. 

Then  of  their  session  ended  they  bid  cry 

With  trumpets’  regal  sound  the  great  result.  Milton. 

.ggpWhen  applied  to  the  sitting  of  a court,  it  is 
frequently  used  in  the  plural.  Burrill. 

3.  The  time  or  term  during  which  a court,  a 
legislative  body,  or  other  assembly,  sit,  with  no 
other  interval  than  short  intermissions  or  daily 
adjournments  ; the  time  between  the  first  meet- 
ing of  an  assembly  and  its  prorogation  or  final 
adjournment;  as,  “A  session  of  Congress.” 

The  said  lord  president  and  council  shall  keep  four  gen- 
eral  sittings  or  sessions  in  the  ytar,  every  of  them  to  continue 
by  the  space  of  one  whole  month.  Burnet. 

4.  pi.  (Law.)  The  title  of  several  courts  in 

England  and  in  the  United  States,  chiefly  those 
of  criminal  jurisdiction.  Burrill. 

Court  of  Session,  tile  supreme  civil  court  of  Scot- 
land, originally  consisting  of  fifteen,  but  now  of  thir- 
teen, judges Quarter  Sessions.  See  Quarter. — 

Session  of  the  Peace,  {Eng.  Law.)  a sitting  of  justices  of 
the  peace  for  the  execution  of  their  duties.  Whishaw. 


SES-QUJ-CY'A-NlDE,  re.  (Chem.)  A compound 
of  three  equivalents  of  cyanogen  and  two  equiv- 
alents of  a metal  or  other  body  ; as,  “ Scsquicy- 
anide  of  cobalt.”  Graham. 

SES-QUI-DU'PLI-CATE,  a.  Noting  a ratio  equal 
to  two  and  a half,  or  in  which  the  consequent  is 
two  and  a half  times  the  antecedent.  Davies. 

SES-Q.UI'0-DIDE,  re.  (Chem.)  A compound  of 
three  equivalents  of  iodine  and  two  equivalents 
of  another  body  ; as,  “ Sesquiodide  of  phospho- 
rus.” Turner. 

SES-QUI-OX'IDE,  re.  (Chem.)  A compound  of 
three  equivalents  of  oxygen  and  two  equivalents 
of  another  body;  as,  “ Sesquioxide  of  lead.” 

Graham. 

S£S-Q.UIP'E-DAL  [ses-kwip'c-dal,  W.  Ja.  Wb. ; 
ses-kwe-pe'dai,  S.  K.  Sm.],  a.  Sesquipedalian. 

SES-QUI-PJf-DA'LI-AN,  a.  [L.  sesquipedalis ; ses- 
qui, more  by  a half,  and  pes , pedis,  a foot.]  Con- 
taining or  measuring  a foot  and  a half.  Arbuth. 

SES-CUJI-P^-DAL'I-TY,  re.  The  space  of  a foot 
and  a half.  ’ Sterne. 


SES'SION-AL  (sesh'un-al),  a.  Relating  to  a ses- 
sion. Ed.  Rev. 

SESS'—POOL,  re.  A reservoir  or  pit  in  a drain  to 
receive  sediment,  and  to  prevent  the  passage  of 
noxious  effluvia  ; — written  also  cess-pool.  Forby. 

SES'TERCE,  re.  [L.  sestertius'.  It.  sesterzio ; Sp. 
sestercio ; Fr.  sesterce .]  A Roman  coin,  origi- 
nally of  silver,  afterwards  both  of  silver  and  of 
brass,  of  the  value  of  the  fourth  part  of  a dena- 
rius (originally  2£  asses,  afterwards  4 asses), 
equal  to  about  2d.  sterling  ($0.04).  W.  Smith. 

Sesterce  is  sometimes  used  as  an  English  word. 
If  so,  it  ought  to  be  used  only  as  the  translation  of 
sestertius,  never  of  sestertium  [which  was  equal  to 
1000  sestertii],  IV.  Smith. 

SES  TET,  "I  re.  [It.  sestetto,  from  L.  sextus, 

.SES'TETT,  sixth.]  (Mus.)  A composition  for 

SES'TETTE  I s*x  distinct  instruments  or  voices ; 

j a concerted  piece  in  six  real  parts; 

SES-TET'TO,  J — usually  written  sextet.  Dwight. 

SES'TINE,  re.  [It.  sestina.]  (Pros.)  A stanza  of 
six  lines  ; a sextain.  Maunder. 

SET,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  settan ; Ger.  setzen ; Dut.  zetten ; 


Dan.  sette ; Sw.  siitta.  — L.  sedeo,  to  sit ; sedo, 
to  allay,  to  settle;  sido,  to  seat  one’s  self,  to  set- 
tle.] [(.  SET  ; pp.  SETTING,  SET.] 

1.  To  put ; to  place  ; to  plant ; to  put  in  any 
place,  condition,  state,  or  posture. 

I do  set  my  bow  in  the  cloud.  Gen.  ix.  13. 

Behold,  the  Lord  hath  set  a king  over  you.  1 Sam.  xii.  13. 

And  the  Lord  set  a mark  upon  Cain.  Gen.  iv.  15. 

After  that  things  are  set  in  order  here, 

"We  ’ll  lollow  then  with  all  the  power  we  have.  Shak. 

For  I am  come  to  set  a man  at  variance  against  his  father. 

Matt.  x.  35. 

Set  your  affections  on  things  above.  Col.  iii.  2. 

2.  To  make  motionless  ; to  fix  immovably ; 
to  fasten  to  one  spot;  to  fix,  as  in  metal. 

Thy  eyes  are  almost  set  in  thy  head.  Shak. 

Too  rich  a jewel  to  be  set 

In  vulgar  metal  for  a vulgar  use.  Dryden . 

3.  To  fix  ; to  settle  ; to  determine  ; to  agree 
upon  ; to  appoint ; to  state  ; to  establish. 

In  studies,  whatsoever  a man  commandeth  upon  himself 
let  him  set  hours  for  it.  Bacon. 

Set  places  and  set  hours  are  but  parts  of  that  worship  we 
owe.  South. 

4.  To  regulate ; to  adjust ; to  conform  to  a 
standard ; as,  “ To  set  a clock  or  a watch.” 

He  rules  the  church’s  blest  dominions, 

And  sets  men’s  faith  by  his  opinions.  Prior. 

5.  To  plant  by  root  or  slip  ; to  transplant. 

I ’ll  not  put 

The  dibble  in  earth  to  set  one  slip  of  them.  Shak. 

6.  To  variegate  or  adorn  with  detached  fixed 
points  or  objects  ; to  stud. 

As  with  stars  their  bodies  all 

And  wings  were  set  with  eyes.  Milton. 

7.  To  assign  to  a post;  to  depute;  as,  “To 
set  a rogue  to  catch  a rogue.” 

So  the  sovereign  ruler  of  the  universe  is  affronted  by  a 
breach  of  allegiance  to  those  whom  he  has  set  over  us.  Ac/dison. 

8.  To  value  ; to  estimate;  to  rate;  to  prize. 

I do  not  set  my  life  at  a pin’s  fee.  Shak. 

For  gnarling  sorrow  hath  less  power  to  bite 

The  man  that  mocks  at  it  and  sets  it  light.  Shak. 

You  have  set  at  nought  all  my  counsel.  Prov.  i.  25. 

9.  To  embarrass;  to  distress  ; to  perplex. 

How  hard  they  are  set  in  this  particular.  Addison. 

10.  To  offer  a wager  at  dice  ; to  stake  at  play. 

"Who  sets  me  else?  I 'll  throw  at  all.  Shak. 

So  weary  with  disasters,  tugged  with  fortune. 

That  I would  set  my  life  oh  any  chance.  Shak. 

11.  To  offer  for  a price  ; to  expose  to  sale. 

There  is  not  a more  wicked  thing  than  a covetous  man; 
for  such  an  one  setteth  his  own  soul  to  sale.  Eccles.  x.  9. 

12.  To  bring  to  a fine  edge  ; as,  “ To  set  a 

razor.”  Johnson. 

13.  To  point  out  without  noise  or  disturbance ; 

as,  “A  dog  sets  birds.”  Johnson. 

14.  (Mus.)  To  adapt  with  notes ; as,  11  To  set 
words  to  music  ” : — to  pitch  or  lead  off  the  tune 
in  singing. 

Set  thy  own  songs,  and  sing  them  to  thy  lute.  Dryden. 

I had  one  day  set  the  hundredth  psalm,  and  was  singing 
the  first  line,  in  order  to  put  the  congregation  into  the  tune. 

Spectator. 

15.  (Surg.)  To  restore  to  its  natural  place  ; to 
reduce  from  a fractured  or  dislocated  state. 

Can  Honor  set  to  a leg?  — no;  or  an  arm  ? — no:  Honor  hath 
no  skill  in  surgery,  then?  — no.  Shak. 

16.  ( Naut .)  To  loosen  and  expand,  as  the 

sails  of  a ship:  — to  observe  the  bearings  of  a 
distant  object  by  the  compass  ; as,  “To  set  the 
land,  or  the  sun.”  Mar.  Diet. 

To  set  about , to  apply  one’s  self  to  ; to  begin  ; to  take 
in  hand.  “ Shall  we  set  about  some  revels  ? ” Shak.  — 
To  set  abroach.  See  Abroach.  — To  set  against  or  set 
up  against,  to  place  in  opposition  to  ; to  place  in  compar- 
ison or  contrast  with  ; to  offer  as  an  equivalent  or  off- 
set ; to  oppose.  “ He  was  skilful  enough  to  have  lived 
still,  if  knowledge  could  be  set  up  against  mortality.” 
Shak.  — To  set  a-going , to  cause  to  begin  to  go  or  move, 
as  a wheel,  a clock,  a steam-engine,  &c.  — To  set  apart , 
to  separate  for  a particular  use  ; to  appropriate  ; to  ded- 
icate ; to  devote.  “ The  Lord  hath  set  apart  him  that 
is  godly  for  himself.”  Ps.  iv.  3.  To  reserve  for  future 
use  or  consideration.  “All  other  matters  for  that 
time  set  apart.' ’ Knolles.  — To  set  a saw , to  bend  eve- 
ry alternate  tooth  a little  on  one  side,  and  the  inter- 
mediate teeth  to  an  equal  extent  on  the  other  side,  so 
that  the  opening  made  by  the  saw  may  be  a little 
wider  than  its  blade  is  thick,  and  thus  prevent  the  bind- 
ing of  the  latter.  Tomlinson.  — To  set  aside , to  omit  or 
neglect  for  the  present ; to  reserve ; to  leave  out  of 
the  account.  “ Setting  aside  all  other  considerations.” 
Tillotson.  To  reject.  “ To  taste  the  true,  or  set  the 
false  aside.”  Prior.  “ To  annul ; to  make  void  ; as,  “ To 
set  aside  an  award  or  a verdict.”  Bouvicr.  — To  set  at 
defiance , to  dare  to  combat;  to  defy. — To  set  before , 
to  exhibit ; to  display:  — to  propose  to  choice.  — To 
set  by,  to  reject ; to  dismiss ; to  put  aside  ; to  omit  for 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  g,  soft;  j0,  £,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  as  gz. — THIS,  this. 


SET 


1316 


SETTING 


the  present.  Bacon.  To  regard  ; to  esteem  ; to  value. 
“ His  name  was  much  set  by.”  1 Sam.  xviii.  30. — To 
set  down , to  register  or  make  a note  of ; to  enter  in  a 
book  or  record  ; to  put  in  writing.  “ Meet  it  is  I set  it 
down Shak.  To  fix  ; to  establish.  Hooker. — To  set 
forth , to  publish  ; to  promulgate  ; to  make  appear.  Wal- 
ler. To  display  ; to  explain  ; to  expound  ; to  represent. 
Spenser.  Dryden.  To  arrange  ; to  place  in  order.  Shak. 
To  display  ; to  show  ; to  exhibit  ; to  put  forward. 
“ Whom  God  hath  set  forth  to  be  a propitiation.” 
Rom.  iii.  25. — To  raise,  as  a regiment,  an  army;  to 
levy;  to  send  on  expeditions.  “ A fleet  of  sixty  gal- 
leys set  forth  by  the  Venetians.”  Knolles.  To  setfor- 
ward , to  advance  ; to  promote  ; to  further  ; to  forward. 
Hooker. — To  set  free , to  liberate;  to  acquit;  to  re- 
lease ; to  clear  ; to  emancipate.  “ I ’ll  set  til eefrec  for 
this.”  Shak. — To  set  in,  to  put  in  a way  to  begin. 
“ If  you  please  to  assist  and  set  me  in,  I will  recollect 
myself.”  Collier. — To  set  milk , to  place  milk  in  open 
dishes  where  it  may  remain  undisturbed,  so  that  the 
cream  may  rise: — to  prepare  milk  with  rennet  for 
cheese. — To  set  much  by , or  to  set  a store  by,  to  place  a 
high  value  upon  ; to  esteem  highly.  Forby.  — To  set  off, 
to  adorn  ; to  decorate;  to  embellish;  to  recommend. 
“ He  hath  a kind  of  honor  sets  him  off.”  Shak.  To 
measure  or  portion  off,  as  a piece  of  land: — to  an- 
swer for  as  an  equivalent  ; to  compensate;  to  offset. 
“There  be  some  sports  are  painful  ; but  their  labor 
delight  in  them  sets  off.”  Shak. — To  set  on  or  upon, 
to  animate  ; to  instigate ; to  incite  ; to  prompt.  “ Thou, 
traitor,  hast  set  on  thy  wife  to  this.”  Shak.  To  at- 
tack ; to  assault.  “ Cassio  hath  here  been  set  on  in 
the  dark.”  Shak.  “ We  set  upon  them,  and  gave  them 
file  chase.”  Bacon.  To  employ  as  in  a task.  “Set 
on  thy  wife  to  observe.”  Shak.  To  determine  to  any 
thing  with  settled  purpose. 

Then  plainly  know,  my  heart’s  dear  love  is  set 
On  the  fair  daughter  of  rich  Capulet: 

As  mine  on  hers,  so  hers  is  set  on  mine.  Shak. 

— To  set  out,  to  assign  ; to  allot.  “ The  lot  that  Prov- 
idence has  set  out  for  him.”  V Estrange.  To  publish  ; 
to  proclaim.  “ I will  use  no  other  authority  than  that 
excellent  proclamation  set  out  by  the  king.”  Bacon. 
To  mark  by  boundaries  or  distinctions  of  space.  Locke. 
To  adorn  ; to  embellish.  “ A rich  habit  set  out  with 
jewels.”  Dryden.  To  raise  ; to  levy  ; to  equip,  [r.] 
Addison.  — To  show  ; to  display  ; to  recommend  ; to 
setoff.  “I  could  set  out  that  best  side  of  Luther.” 
Atterbury.  To  show  ; to  make  manifest ; to  prove. 
“ Those  very  reasons  set  out  how  heinous  his  sin  was.” 
[r.]  Atterbury. — To  set  over,  to  appoint  to  the  office 
of  governor,  overseer,  or  director  over.  “ I have  set 
thee  over  all  the  land  of  Egypt.”  Oen.  xli.  41.  — To 
set  sail,  (M'aut.)  to  set  a vessel  under  sail  ; to  commence 
sailing.  — To  set  to,  to  affix.  “ He  . . . hath  set  to  his 
seal.”  Johniu.  33.  — To  setup,  toerect.  “ Statues  were 
set  up  to  all  those  who  had  made  themselves  eminent 
for  any  noble  action.  Dryden.  To  institute  ; to  found, 

“ There  are  many  excellent  institutions  of  charity 
lately  set  up.”  Atterbury.  To  enable  to  commence  a 
new  business  ; as,  “ His  father  set  him  up  in  trade.” 
To  raise  ; to  exalt  ; to  put  in  power.  “ I will  set  up 
shepherds  over  them.”  Jer.  xxiii.  4.  To  fix  ; to  es- 
tablish ; to  appoint.  “ Here  will  I set  up  my  everlast- 
ing rest.”  Shak.  To  place  in  view  ; as,  “ To  set  up  a 
mark,  a scarecrow,  & c.”  To  raise,  as  the  voice. 

“ I ’ll  set  up  such  a note  as  she  shall  hear.”  Dryden. 
To  advance  ; to  propose  to  reception.  “ The  authors 
that  set  up  this  opinion.”  Burnet.  To  place  on  a 
firm  basis  of  fortune  or  reputation.  “ One  lucky  hit 
sets  up  a man  for  ever.”  L’ Estrange. — To  set  up  the 
rigging,  ( Naut .)  to  tauten  it  by  tackles.  Dana. 

JKxT  “ This  is  one  of  the  words,”  says  Dr.  Johnson, 

“ that  can  scarcely  be  referred  to  any  radical  or  prim- 
itive notion  ; it  very  frequently  includes  the  idea  of  a 
change  made  in  the  state  of  the  subject,  with  some 
degree  of  continuahce  in  the  state  superinduced.” 

SET,  v.  n.  1.  To  eintt-b^low  the  horizon,  as  the 
sun  at  evening;  *tq. go  down. 

Dies  erOthe  wftiry  siy?  set  in  the  west.  Shak. 

2.  To  be  firmly  fixed.  “ Maketh  the  teeth  to 

set  hard  one  against  another.”  Bacon. 

3.  To  cease  to  be  fluid ; to  concrete. 

That  fluid  substance  in  a few  minutes  begins  to  set.  Boyle. 

4.  To  begin  a jouri^y  ; to  put  one’s  self  into 
any  posture  of  removal ; to  start ; to  set  out. 

The  king  is  set  from  London.  Shak. 

The  faithless  pirate  soon  will  set  to  sea.  Dryden. 

5.  To  catch  birds  with  a dog  that  sets  them 

(that  is,  lies  down  and  points  them  out)  : — also 
to  catch  birds  with  a large  net.  “ When  I go  a 
hawking  or  setting .”  Boyle. 

6.  To  plant  by  root  or  slip.  “To  sow  dry, 

and  set  wet.”  Old  Proverb. 

7.  To  flow  or  tend  in  a certain  direction ; as, 
“ The  tide  sets  to  the  east.” 

8.  To  apply  one’s  self  to,  or  to  assume  a pos- 
ture for,  some  purpose. 

If  he  sets  industriously  and  sincerely  to  perform  the  com- 
mands of  Christ.  Hammond. 

ffctT  It  is  commonly  used  in  conversation  for  sit, 
which,  though  undoubtedly  barbarous,  is  sometimes 
found  in  authors.  Johnson. 


To  set  about,  to  fall  to  ; to  begin  ; to  take  the  first 
step  in.  “ To  set  about  works  of  charity.”  Atterbury . 
— To  set  in,  to  begin  ; as,  “ Cold  weather  sets  in  ear- 
lier than  usual.”  To  become  settled  in  a given  state 
or  direction.  “ The  weather  was  set  in  to  be  very 
bad.”  Addison.  To  flow  towards  the  shore ; as,  “ The 
tide  sets  in.”  — To  set  off,  to  set  out  on  any  pursuit ; to 
start.  [Colloquial.]  — To  set  on  or  upon , to  begin  a 
march,  journey,  or  enterprise.  Shak.  Locke.  To  make 
an  attack.  “ We  will  set  on  thee.”  Shak.  — To  set 
out,  to  have  beginning.  Browne.  To  begin  a journey 
or  course.  “ I shall  set  out  for  London  to-morrow.” 
Addison.  — To  set  to,  to  apply  one’s  self  to  any  work. 
— To  set  up,  to  begin  in  business  ; to  begin  a scheme 
in  life  ; as,  “To  set  up  in  trade  ” ; “ To  set  up  for 
one’s  self.”  To  profess  publicly  ; to  make  pretensions. 
“ Meu  who  set  up  for  morality.”  Swift . 

SET,  p.  a.  1.  Regular ; formal ; squared  by  rule. 

Rude  am  I in  my  speech, 

And  little  blessed  with  the  set  phrase  of  peace.  Shak. 
And  railed  on  Lady  Fortune  in  good  terms, — 

In  good  set  terms,  — and  yet  a motley  fool.  Shak. 

2.  Fixed  ; determined  ; positive ; stiff ; un- 
yielding ; obstinate  ; as,  “ To  be  set  in  opinion.” 

3.  Prescribed;  ordained;  established.  “Us- 
ing set  and  prescribed  forms.”  King  Charles. 

SET,  n.  1.  A number  of  things  of  the  same  kind 
or  suited  to  each  other,  or  to  be  used  together, 
of  which  each  is  a necessary  complement  of  all 
the  rest ; a number  of  things  of  which  one  can- 
not be  taken  away  without  detriment  to  the 
whole  ; a complete  suit  or  assortment;  as,  “A 
set  of  China  ware  ” ; “A  dinner  set  ” ; “ A set 
of  chairs  ” ; “A  full  set  of  an  encyclopaedia,” 
(that  is,  all  the  volumes.) 

I ’ll  give  my  jewels  for  a set  of  beads.  Shak. 

2.  A number  of  persons  united  by  some  affin- 
ity of  taste  or  character,  or  by  a common  object ; 
a group  ; a clique. 

Some  particular  set  of  writers.  Pope. 

3.  Any  thing  not  sown,  but  put  in  a state  of 
some  growth  into  the  ground. 

’T  is  raised  by  sets  or  berries,  like  whitethorn.  Mortimer. 

4.  The  apparent  sinking  of  the  sun,  or  other 
heavenly  body,  below  the  horizon. 

That  will  be  ere  set  of  sun.  Shak. 

5.  A wager  at  dice.  Dryden. 

6.  A game.  “Play  a set.”  Shak. 

A dead  set,  a concerted  scheme  against  any  one  ; a 

scheme  to  defraud  a person  by  gaming.  Grose. 

SK ' TA,  n. ; pi.  sU'T/E.  [L .,  a bristle .]  (Bot.)  A 
bristle,  or  a slender  appendage  resembling  a 
bristle  ; — the  stalk  supporting  the  theca  of 
mosses: — the  awn  of  grasses,  when  it  is  not 
below  the  apex,  but  forms  a termination  to  any 
of  the  floral  bracts.  Henslotv. 

SE-TA'CEOyS  (se-ta'shus),  a.  [L.  seta,  a bristle.] 

1.  Set  with  strong  hair  or  bristles;  bristly; 
consisting  of  strong  lftirs  ; setose  ; setous. 

The  parent  insect  with  its  stiff',  setaceous  tail  terebrates  the 
rib  of  the  leaf.  Derham. 

2.  (Bot.)  Having  the  character  of  a seta; 

bristle-shaped  ; setiform.  Gray. 

SET'— BOLT,  7i.  (Naut.)  An  iron  pin  for  closing 
planks.  Crabb. 

SET'— DOWN,  n.  A rebuff;  a rebuke  ; an  unex- 
pected and  overwhelming  answer  or  reply.  “ I 
gave  him  a set-down  upon  the  subject.”  Todd. 

SpT-EE',  n.  (Naut.)  A vessel  rigged  with  lateen- 
sails. — See  Settee.  Simmonds. 

SET'FOIL,  n.  (Bot.)  Septfoil.  — See  Septfoil. 

SETH'IC,  a.  (Chron.)  Noting  a period  of  14G0 
years.  West.  Rev. 

Sp-TIF'JJR-OOS,  a.  [L.  seta,  a bristle,  and  fero, 
to  bear  ] Bearing  bristles  ; setigerous.  Maunder. 

SE'TI-FORM,  a.  [L.  seta,  a bristle,  and 
forma,  a form.]  Having  the  form  of 
a bristle  ; setaceous.  Loudon. 

SJJ-TltjJ'IJR-OUS,  a.  [L.  seta,  a bristle, 
and  r/ero,  to  bear.]  Bearing  bristles  ; 
setiferous.  Loudon. 

SET'j-REME  [se'te-rem,  Sm. ; set'e-rem,  C.  Wr.],n. 
[L.  seta,  a bristle,  and  remus,  an  oar.]  (Ent.)  A 
natatory  leg,  fringed  with  bristles,  of  an  aquatic 
insect.  Kirby. 

SET'NpSS,  n.  1.  Quality  of  being  set  or  squared 
by  rule  ; formality  ; regularity  ; uniformity. 

The  starched  setness  of  a sententious  writer.  Masters. 


2.  Fixedness;  persistency;  obstinacy.  Wr. 

SET'— OFF,  n.  1.  A counterbalance  ; an  offset. 

2.  A decoration  ; any  thing  worn  or  added  to 
set  off  and  improve  the  appearance.  Todd. 

3.  (Law.)  A demand  of  the  defendant  to 

counterbalance  the  previous  and  admitted  de- 
mand of  the  plaintiff ; a counterclaim ; a cross- 
demand. — See  Offset.  Burrill. 

4.  (Ar%h.)  A sloping  face  of  masonry  be- 

tween two  divisions  of  a wall,  or  buttress  ; an 
offset.  Britton. 

SE'TON  (sS'tn),  n.  [Fr.  seton,  from  L.  seta,  a 
bristle.]  (Surg.) 

1.  A twist  of  silk,  thread,  or  hair  passed 

through  the  skin  and  areolar  membrane,  to  keep 
up  an  issue  ; a rowel.  Dunglison. 

2.  An  issue  ; an  artificial  ulcer.  Dunglison. 

Sp-TOSE',  a.  [L.  setosus,  from  seta,  a bristle ; It. 
setoso,  full  of  silk  ; setoloso,  bristly.]  (But.  & 
Zool.)  Covered  with  bristles  or  stiff  hair  ; bris- 
tly; setaceous;  setous.  Gray.  Brande. 

SE'TOUS,  a.  (Bot.)  Bristly,  applied  to  a leaf; 
setose.  Loudon. 

SET'— SCREW  (set'skru),  n.  A screw,  as  in  a 
cramp,  for  bringing  pieces  of  wood,  metal,  &c., 
into  close  contact.  Weale. 

SETT,  n.  1.  A piece  placed  temporarily  on  the 
head  of  a pile  which  cannot  be  reached  by  the 
weight  of  the  pile-driver  on  account  of  some 
intervening  obstacle.  Wright. 

2.  A screw  or  other  contrivance  used  to  bring 
two  pieces  together  in  making  masts.  Mar.  Diet. 

3.  (Mining.)  A number  of  mines  taken  upon 

lease.  Simmonds. 

S^T-TEE',  n.  1.  A large,  long  seat,  with  a back. 

2.  (Naut.)  A vessel  very  common  in  the  Med- 
iterranean, with  a very  long,  sharp  prow,  and 
generally  having  two  masts  furnished  with  la- 
teen-sails.  Lond.  Ency. 

S^T-TEE'— BED,  n.  A bed  that  turns  up  in  the 
form  of  a settee.  Simmonds. 

SET'T^R,  n.  1.  One  who  sets. 

Proud  setter  up  and  puller  down  of  kings.  Shak. 

2.  (Zosl.)  A useful 
sporting  dog,  trained 
to  sit  or  crouch  to  the 
game  he  finds ; the 
Canis  index.  Youatt. 

They  point  as  so  many 
setters  at  a partridge. 

Atterbury. 

The  setter  is  evidently  the  Setter, 

large  spaniel  improved  to 

his  peculiar  size  and  beauty,  and  taught  another  way  of  mark- 
ing his  game,  viz.  by  sitting  or  crouching The  setter  is  used 

for  the  same  purpose  as  the  pointer,  which  is  descended  from 
the  hound.  . . . Settei's  are  not  so  numerous,  and  they  are 
dearer,  and  with  great  difficulty  obtained  pure.  . . . The  set- 
ter is  more  active  than  the  pointer.  He  has  greater  spirit  and 
strength.  He  will  better  stand  continued  hard  work.  Youatt. 

3.  A man  who  performs  the  office  of  a setting 
dog,  or  finds  out  persons  to  be  plundered. 

The  devil’s  setters , who  continually  beat  their  brains  how 
to  draw  in  60ine  innocent,  unguarded  heir  into  their  hellish 
net.  South. 

4.  One  who  adapts  words  to  music,  or  com- 
poses music  to  words.  Davies. 

5.  (Gunnery .)  A round  stick  to  drive  fusees, 

or  any  other  compositions,  into  cases  made  of 
paper.  Stocqueler. 

A setter  forth,  a proclaimed  “ He  seemetli  to  be  a 
setter  forth  of  strange  gods.”  Acts  xvii.  18. d set- 

ter off,  whatever  sets  off,  decorates,  or  recommends. 
“Gilders,  setters  off,  of  thy  graces.”  Whitlock.  — A 
setter  on,  an  instigator  ; an  inciter.  Ascham. 

SET'TfR— WORT  (-wlirt),  n.  (Bot.)  A species  of 
hellebore,  used  as  medicine  ; bear’s-foot ; llcl- 
leborus  feetidus.  Dunglison. 

SET'TfNG,  7i.  I.  The  act  of  one  who  sets;  the 
act  of  putting,  placing,  fixing,  &c. 

2.  An  enclosure,  that  in  which  a gem  is  set. 

“ Settings  of  stones.”  Exod.  xxviii.  17. 

3.  (Astron.)  The  apparent  sinking  of  the  sun, 
or  other  heavenly  body,  below  the  horizon. 

I have  touched  the  highest  point  of  all  my  greatness; 

And,  from  that  full  meridian  of  my  glory, 

I haste  now  to  my  setting.  Shak. 

4.  (Naut.)  Direction  ; tendency  ; course  ; as, 

“ The  setting  of  a current.”  Wright, 

5.  (Arch.)  The  hardening  of  mortar  or  ce- 
ment. Wright. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  £,  I,  6,  U,  V,  short;  A,  p,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


SETTING-COAT 


1317  SEVER 


SET'TING— COAT,  n.  {Arch.)  The  best  kind  of 

plastering  for  walls  and  ceilings.  Simmonds. 

SET'TING— DOG,  n.  A dog  taught  to  find  game  ; 
a setter.  — See  Setter.  Addison. 

SET'T{NG— POLE,  n.  A pole  pointed  with  iron, 
used  for  propelling  vessels  and  boats.  Bartlett. 

SET'TLE  (set'll),  n.  [A.  S.  setl,  settl,  gesetl ; Ger. 
sessel ; Dut.  zetcl.  — L.  sedile.]  A seat ; a bench  ; 
— a wooden  bench  having  a high  back. 

A common  settle  drew  for  either  guest.  Dt-yden. 

SET'TLE  (set'tl),  v.  a.  [From  the  noun  settle,  or 
from  set.)  [i.  settled  ; pp.  settling,  set- 
tled.] 

1.  To  place  in  any  certain  and  permanent  state 
after  fluctuation,  wandering,  or  disturbance. 

I will  settle  you  after  your  old  estates.  Ezek.  xxxvi.  11. 

2.  To  establish  in  any  business  or  way  of  life. 

The  father  thought  the  time  drew  on 

Of  settling  in  the  world  his  only  son.  Dryden. 

3.  To  fix,  as  in  an  abode  ; to  establish. 

I will  settle  him  in  my  house  and  in  my  kingdom  forever. 

1 Chron.  xvii.  14. 

4.  To  free  from  ambiguity  ; to  make  clear ; to 
determine  ; to  decide. 

Comprising  such  passages  as  are  true  in  old  authors,  and 
settling  such  as  are  told  after  different  manners.  Addison. 

5.  To  persuade  to  adopt  some  definite  opin- 
ion or  conduct ; to  free  from  doubt  or  hesitation. 

It  will  settle  the  wavering  and  confirm  the  doubtful.  Swift. 

6.  To  make  close  or  compact ; to  compress. 

Cover  ant-hills  up.  that  the  rain  may  settle  the  turf  before 

the  spring.  Mortimer. 

7.  To  fix  inalienably  by  legal  sanctions;  to 
establish  by  gift  or  grant;  to  confirm. 

I have  settled  upon  him  a good  annuity  for  life.  Addison. 

8.  To  attach  inseparably;  to  fasten. 

Exalt  your  passion  by  directing  and  settling  it  upon  an  ob- 
ject the  due  contemplation  of  whose  loveliness  may  cure  per- 
fectly all  hurts  received  from  mortal  beauty.  Boyle. 

9.  To  cause  to  deposit  dregs  or  impurities. 

Gathered  like  scum,  and  settled  to  itself.  Milton. 

10.  To  compose ; to  tranquillize  ; to  calm. 
“ Settling  thyself  to  thy  devotions.”  Ditppa. 

11.  To  adjust ; to  regulate  ; to  bring  to  a con- 
clusion ; as,  “ To  settle  a dispute.” 

12.  To  ordain  as  pastor  of  a church  or  parish  ; 
as,  “To  settle  a minister.”  [U.  S.]  Ch.  Ex. 

13.  To  colonize;  to  people;  as,  “The  Puri- 
tans setiled  New  England.”  Clarke. 

14.  {Laic.)  To  adjust;  to  liquidate;  to  bal- 
ance, as  an  account ; to  pay,  as  a debt.  Bouvier. 

15.  {Naut.)  To  lower;  to  cause  to  sink. 
“ Settle  the  main-top-sail  halyards.”  Mar.  Diet. 

To  settle  the  land,  ( JVant .)  to  cause  tile  land  to  sink 
below  the  horizon,  by  sailing  from  it.  Mar.  Diet. 

Syn.  — See  Fix,  Ratify. 

SET'TLE,  v.  n.  1.  To  sink  to  the  bottom  of  a 
liquid  and  rest,  as  dregs  or  lees ; to  deposit 
dregs ; to  subside. 

Mud  brought  down  by  the  Nilus,  which  settled  by  degrees 
into  a firm  land.  Browne. 

2.  To  establish  a residence  ; to  fix  one’s  hab- 
itation ; as,  “They  settled  in  the  west.” 

The  Spinetre,  descended  from  the  Pelasgi,  settled  at  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Po.  Arbuthnot. 

3.  To  choose  a method  of  life  ; to  establish  a 

domestic  state;  — to  quit  an  irregular  and  des- 
ultory for  a methodical  life.  Johnson. 

As  people  marry  now  and  settle.  Prior. 

4.  To  cease  changing  and  become  fixed. 

The  wind  came  about,  and  settled  in  the  west.  Bacon. 

5.  To  take  any  lasting  state  ; to  become  fixed. 

Chyle  . . . runs  through  all  the  intermediate  colors,  till  it 
settles  in  an  intense  red.  Arbuthnot. 

6.  To  assume  a state  of  rest ; to  rest;  to  re- 
pose. 

And  shades  eternal  settle  o’er  his  eyes.  Pope. 

7.  To  grow  calm;  to  cease  from  agitation; 
to  be  composed ; to  be  tranquillized ; to  be  ap- 
peased. 

Till  the  fury  of  liis  highness  settle, 

Come  not  before  him.  Shak. 

8.  To  sink  by  the  force  of  gravity;  to  con- 
tract; to  shrink;  to  become  compact;  as,  “To 
allow  earth  to  settle  in  embankments.” 

9.  To  become  established  as  a pastor  of  a 
church.  [U.  S.] 

SET'TLE— BED,  n.  A bed  turned  so  as  to  form  a 
settle,  or  seat.  Crabb. 


SET'TLED,  p.  a.  Determined  ; fixed  ; estab- 
lished ; definite  ; secure  ; conclusive. 

SET'TLED-NESS  (set'tld-nes),  n.  The  state  of 
being  settled  ; a confirmed  state. 

We  have  attained  to  a settledness  of  disposition.  Bp.  Hall. 

SET'TLE-MENT,  n.  1.  The  act  of  settling,  or 
the  state  of  being  settled.  Johnson. 

2.  An  adjustment  of  differences  ; a reconcilia- 
tion ; as,  “ The  settlement  of  a controversy.” 

3.  The  act  of  establishing  a colony  ; the  act  of 
settling  or  peopling  a place  ; colonization ; as, 
“ Since  the  settlement  of  the  country.” 

4.  A colony  ; a district  newly  settled. 

After  discovering  the  continent  and  making  settlements  in 
the  islands  of  America,  he  [Columbus]  was  treated  like  a 
criminal,  and  carried  over  to  Europe  in  irons.  Guthrie. 

5.  Act  of  giving  possession  by  legal  sanction. 

"With  settlement  as  good  as  law  can  make.  Dryden. 

6.  An  adjustment  of  accounts  or  claims ; 

liquidation ; payment.  Simmonds. 

7.  The  act  of  quitting  a roving  for  a domestic 
and  methodical  life  ; the  act  of  settling  down. 

Wealth,  power,  or  settlement  in  the  world.  L' Estrange. 

8.  The  sinking  of  the  dregs  or  feculencies 
in  liquor  to  the  bottom  ; subsidence. 

9.  f Lees  ; dregs  ; settlings.  Mortimer. 

10.  The  ordination  or  installation  of  a minis- 
ter over  a religious  society  or  parish.  [U.  S.] 

11.  A sum  of  money  settled  upon  a minister, 
exclusive  of  his  salary.  [U.  S.]  Emerson. 

12.  {Laic.)  A jointure  granted  to  a wife  ; a 

disposition  of  property  by  deed,  usually  through 
a trustee,  for  the  benefit  of  a wife,  a child,  &c.  : 
— a legal  residence  by  which  relief  is  claimed 
from  a parish.  Burrill. 

It  was  enacted  that  forty  days’  undisturbed  residence 
should  gain  any  person  a settlement  in  any  "parish.  A.  Smith. 

The  Act  of  Settlement  ( Eng . Hist.)  was  that  of  the 
12th  and  13th  of  William  III.,  by  which  the  crown 
was  limited  to  the  house  of  Hanover.  Blackstone. 

SET'TLIJR,  n.  One  who  settles,  as  in  a new  place 
or  colony;  a colonist. 

All  those  colonists  had  established  themselves  in  countries 
inhabited  by  savage  and  barbarous  nations,  who  easily  gave 
place  to  the  new  settlers.  A.  Smith. 

SET'TLING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  settles. 

2.  The  act  of  subsiding;  — subsidence. 

One  part  being  moist  and  the  other  dry  occasions  its  set- 
tling more  in  one  place  than  another,  which  causes  crack9 
and  settlings  in  the  wall.  Mortimer. 

3.  That  which  subsides  ; sediment ; dregs. 

* ’Tis  but  the  lees 

And  settlings  of  a melancholy  blood.  Milton. 

4.  f One  recently  planted  or  settled. 

Easily  moved  as  young  settlings.  Becon. 

SET'-TO,  n.  A combat;  a contest:  — a warm 
debate  or  argument.  [Colloquial.]  Brackett. 

SET'U-LA,  n.  {Bot.)  A term  applied  to  the  stipes 
of  certain  fungi.  Henslom. 

SET'y-LOSE,  a.  [L.  seta,  a bristle.]  Setose  or 
bristly,  with  the  bristles  truncated.  Maunder. 

SET'-WALL,  n.  A species  of  valerian.  Johnson. 

SEV'EN  (sev'vn),  a.  [A.  S.  seofon,  seofan,  seofen  ; 
Ger.  sieben-,  Dut.  zeven;  Sw.  sjn ; Dan.  syv. — 
Heb.  SSip ; Gr.  etrrh  ; L.  septem ; It.  sette ; Sp. 

siete;  Fr.  sept.)  One  more  than  six;  four  and 
three. 

DSP  The  lexicons  generally,  both  ancient  and  mod- 
ern, also  assign  to  the  word  and  its  derivatives  the 
farther  office  of  a round  or  indefinite  number,  to  ex- 
press a small  number,  in  the  sense  of  several.  ...  It 
appears  to  us  possible  to  resolve  all  the  other  passages 
[in  the  Bible],  referred  to  by  Gesenius  and  others  to 
this  class,  into  the  idea  of  sufficiency,  satisfaction, 
fulness,  completeness,  perfection,  abundance,  &.C.,  in- 
timated in  tile  Hebrew  root  from  which  the  numeral 
is  derived.  ...  It  is  most  likely  that  this  idea  be- 
came originally  associated  with  the  number  seven 
from  the  Creator  having  finished  all  his  work  on 
the  seventh  day  ; and  that  lienee,  also,  it  was  adopted 
as  a sacred  number,  or  a number  chiefly  employed 
in  religious  concerns,  in  order  to  remind  mankind 
of  the  creation  and  its  true  author.  Tims  there 
were  seven  offerings  in  making  a covenant  (Gen.  xxi. 
28)  ; seven  lamps  in  the  golden  candlestick  (Ex. 
xxxvii.  23) ; the  blood  was  sprinkled  seven  times  (Lev. 
iv.  Iti,  18)  ; every  seventh  year  was  sabbatical,  seven 
sabbaihs  of  years  in  the  jubilee  (xxv.  8)  ; seven  trum- 
pets, seven  lamps,  seven  seals,  Ac.  We  also  find  tile 
number  seven  introduced  into  forms  of  superstition, 
&c.  ...  It  was  considered  a fortunate  number  among 


tile  Persians.  Cicero  calls  it  the  knot  and  cement  of 
all  tilings.  Kittu. 

The  Seven  Stars,  the  cluster  of  stars  in  the  neck  of 
file  constellation  Taurus; — called  also  Pleiades. 
Hutton.  — Seven  sciences.  See  SCIENCES.  — The  sev- 
en sages  or  wise  men  of  Greece , a name  commonly 
applied  to  seven  of  the  earlier  Greek  philosophers, 
some  of  whom  were  legislators,  viz.  Perianderof  Cor- 
inth, Pittacus  of  Mitylene,  Thales,  Solon,  Bias,  Clnlo, 
and  Cleobiilus.  — Seven  wonders  of  the  world.  See 
Wonders. 

SEV'EN  (sev'vn),  n.  The  sum  of  six  and  one  : — 
the  symbol  representing  six  and  one  ; as  7- 

SEV'EN-FOLD,  a.  Repeated  seven  times  ; in- 
creased or  multiplied  seven  times.  Shak. 

SEV'EN-FOLD,  ad.  Seven  times  as  much  ; seven 
times.  Gen.  iv.  15. 

SEVENNIGHT  (sen'njt),  n.  A week  ; the  time  of 
seven  nights  and  days,  from  one  day  of  the 
week  to  the  next  day  of  the  same  denomination 
preceding  or  following;  — now  contracted  to 
sennight,  and  thus  used ; as,  “ It  happened  on 
Monday  sevennight,  or  sennight,”  that  is,  on  the 
Mondag  before  last  Monday  ; “It  will  be  done 
on  Monday  sevennight,  or  sennight,”  that  is,  on 
the  Mondag  after  next  Monday.  Addison. 

SEV'EN— SCORE  (sev'vn-skor),  a.  Seven  times 
twenty  ; one  hundred  and  forty. 

The  old  Countess  of  Desmond,  who  lived  till6he  was  seven- 
score  years  old.  Bacon. 

SEV'EN-SOME,  a.  Noting  an  arrangement  or 
gradation  by  sevens,  [r.]  jV.  Brit.  Rev. 

SEV'EN-SOME-NESS,  n.  An  arrangement  or  gra- 
dation of  things  in  the  order  of  the  number 
seven;  a system  of  sevens,  [r.]  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

SEV'EN-TEEN  (sev'vn-ten),  a.  [A.  S.  seofontine .] 
Seven  and  ten  ; seven  added  to  ten. 

SEV'EN-TEEN,  n.  The  sum  of  seven  and  ten  : — 
the  symbol  representing  seven  and  ten  ; as  17. 

SEV'EN-TEENTH  (sev'vn-tenth),  a.  The  seventh 
after  the  tenth  ; — the  ordinal  of  seventeen  : — 
noting  one  of  seventeen  parts  into  which  a 
thing  is  divided. 

SEV'ENTH  (sev'vnth),  a.  I.  The  first  after  the 
sixth  ; — the  ordinal  of  seven. 

2.  Noting  one  of  seven  parts  into  which  a thing 
is  divided  ; as,  “ The  seventh  part  of  an  apple.” 

SEV'ENTH  (sev'vnth),  n.  1.  One  part  in  seven  ; 
the  seventh  part. 

2.  {Mus.)  An  interval  embracing  seven  de- 
grees, as  from  A to  G,  &c.  : — the  seventh  note  in 
any  scale  reckoning  upward  from  the  key-note, 
and  in  this  sense  (if  a major  seventh)  technically 
termed  the  sensible  or  leading  note.  Dwight. 

SEV'ENTH-LY  (sev'vnth-le),  ad.  In  the  seventh 
place.  Bacon. 

SEV'EN-TI-ETH  (sev'vn-te-eth),  a.  The  next  after 
the  sixty-ninth;  — the  ordinal  of  seventy:  — 
noting  one  of  sefenty  parts  into  which  a thing 
is  divided. 

SEV'EN-TY  (sev'vn-te),  a.  Seven  times  ten. 

SEV'EN-TY,  n.  The  sum  of  seven  times  ten  : — 
the  symbol  representing  seven  times  ten  ; as  70. 

The  Seventy,  the  seventy-ttv»  translators  of  the  Sep- 
tuagint,  or  Greek  version  Tit  tUaOld  Testament.  Clarke. 

SEV'^R,  v.  a.  [L.  separo  ; It.  separare,  serrare, 
sceverare  ; Sp.  separar ; Fr.  separer,  sewer.)  [t. 
SEVERED  ; pp.  SEVERING,  SEVERED.] 

1.  To  divide  or  part  by  force ; to  separate  vio- 
lently ; to  force  asunder  ; to  rend  in  twain  ; — 
to  detach,  as  one  part  from  another  ; to  dis- 
join ; to  disunite ; to  part. 

Our  state  cannot  be  severed ; we  are  one. 

One  flesh.  Milton. 

And  who  can  sever  love  from  charity  ? Shale. 

Death,  called  life,  which  us  from  life  doth  sever.  Milton. 

2.  To  put  in  different  orders  or  places;  to 
segregate  ; to  set  apart. 

The  angels  shall  come  forth,  and  sever  the  wicked  from 
among  the  just.  Matt.  xiii.  49. 

3.  To  divide  by  distinctions  ; to  discriminate. 

This  axiom  is  of  large  exten t,  and  would  be  severed  and 
refined  by  triul.  Bacon. 

4.  To  keep  distinct ; to  keep  apart. 

Three  glorious  suns,  each  one  a perfect  sun; 

Not  separated  with  the  racking  clouds, 

But  severed  in  a pale,  clear,  shining  sky.  Shak. 

5.  {Law.)  To  divide,  as  a joint  estate,  among 


L 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RltLE.  — (j,  £,  £,  if  soft ; £,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  $ as  z ; Jf  as  gz.  — THIS,'  this. 


SEVER 

several.  “How  an  estate  in  joint  tenancy  may 
be  severed  and  destroyed.”  Blackstone. 

Syn.  — See  Separate. 

SEV'^R,  v.  n.  1.  To  make  a separation  ; to  dis- 
tinguish between ; to  discriminate. 

The  Lord  will  sever  between  the  cattle  of  Israel  and  the 
cattle  of  Egypt.  Ex.  ix.  4. 

2.  To  suffer  disjunction  ; to  part  or  go  off 
from  one  another  ; to  be  separated. 

Look,  love,  what  envious  streaks 
Do  lace  the  severing  clouds  in  yonder  east.  Shak. 

3.  {Law.)  In  practice,  to  separate  or  divide. 

Defendants  are  said  to  sever  in  their  pleas  where  each 
pleads  separately.  Burn'll. 

SEV'ER-AL,  a.  [From  sever ; — Old  Fr.  several .] 

1.  Different;  distinct  from  one  another. 

For  several  virtues 

Have  I liked  several  women.  Shak. 

2.  Divers  ; sundry  ; various  ; consisting  of  any 
small  number  more  than  two. 

After  several  victories  gained  over  us  [we]  might  have  still 
kept  the  enemy  from  our  gates.  Addison. 

3.  Single  ; individual ; particular. 

I ’ll  kiss  each  several  paper  for  amends.  Shak. 

4.  + Separate  ; disjoined  ; not  together. 

Be  several  at  meat  and  lodging.  Beau.  V FI. 

5.  (Law.)  Separate;  distinct ; exclusive  ; in- 
dependent ; the  opposite  of  joint  or  common. 
“A  several  estate.”  “A  several  fishery.”  Burrill. 

Why  should  my  heart  think  that  a several  plot 

Which  my  heart  knows  the  world’s  wide  commonplace?  Shak. 

Joint  and  several,  ( Law .)  applied  to  a deed  of  obli- 
gation by  which  the  signers  are  both  collectively  and 
individually  bound  for  the  whole.  Burrill. 

f SEV'^R-AL,  n.  1.  State  of  separation.  Burrill. 

More  profit  is  quieter  found 

Where  pastures  in  several  be.  Tusser. 

2.  Each  particular  singly  taken  ; detail. 

There  was  not  time  enough  to  hear 

The  severals.  Shak. 

3.  Any  enclosed  or  separate  place. 

They  had  their  several  for  heathen  nations,  their  several 
for  the  people  of  their  own  nation,  their  several  for  men,  their 
several  for  women,  &c.  Hooker. 

4.  A piece  of  open  land,  adjoining  to  a com- 

mon field,  and  a kind  of  joint  property  of  the 
landholders  of  a parish.  Bacon.  Todd. 

5.  ( Old  Eng.  Law.)  A separate  share  or  par- 
tition. Burrill. 

t SEV'ER-AL-I-TY,  n.  Each  particular  singly 
taken  ; detail.  Bp.  Hall. 

f SEV'IJR-AL-IZE,  v.  a.  To  make  several;  to 
distinguish ; to  separate.  Bp.  Hall. 

SEV'jpR-AL-LY,  ad.  Distinctly  ; separately; 
apart  from  others. 

It  will  not  be  improper  to  say  something  severally  and  dis- 
tinctly  of  each.  Waterland. 

SEV'ER-AL-TV,  oi.  A state  of  separation  from 
the  rest,  or  from  all  others.  Wotton.  Bacon. 

An  estate  in  severalty , (Laic.)  an  estate  held  by  a 
person  in  liis  own  right  only.  Blackstone. 

SEV' IJR-ANCE,  n.  1.  The  act  of  severing  ; sepa- 
ration ; partition.  Carew. 

2.  (Law.)  The  adoption  by  several  defend- 
ants of  several  pleas,  instead  of  joining  in  one 
plea  : — the  partition  of  a joint  estate  or  inter- 
est. Bouvier. 

S£-VERE',  a.  [L.  severus ; It.  <Sf  Sp.  severo  ; Fr. 
severe.) 

1.  Rigid  ; harsh  ; sharp  ; hard ; stern  ; rigor- 
ous ; apt  to  punish  or  blame  ; not  indulgent ; — 
austere  ; morose ; cruel ; inexorable ; relentless. 

Come,  you  are  too  severe  a moraller.  Shak. 

When  angry  most  he  seemed  and  most  severe.  Milton. 

2.  Very  strict  or  exact;  regulated  by  rigid 
rules ; as,  “ Severe  discipline.” 

Truth,  wisdom,  Banctitude,  severe  and  pure, 

Severe,  but  in  true  filial  freedom  placed.  Milton. 

3.  Exempt  from  all  levity  of  appearance ; 
grave  ; sober ; sedate ; stern. 

With  eyes  severe  and  beard  of  formal  cut.  Shak. 

4.  Strictly  methodical ; rigidly  exact ; not  lax. 

I leave  it  rather  to  the  delicate  wit  of  poets  than  venture 

upon  so  nitfe  a subject  with  my  sei'erer  style.  More. 

5.  Concise  ; close  ; not  redundant. 

The  Latin,  a most  severe  and  compendious  language,  often 
expresses  that  in  one  word  which  modern  tongues  cannot  in 
more.  Dryden. 

6.  Keen ; cutting ; sarcastic  ; satirical. 

The  Lady  Lizard  desired  him  not  to  be  so  severe  on  his 
relations.  Addison. 


1318 

7.  Afflictive;  painful;  distressing;  biting; 
extreme  ; hard  to  endure  ; as,  “ A severe  pain  ” ; 
“ A severe  climate.” 

Syn.  — See  Harsh,  Hard,  Austere,  Strict, 
Keen. 

S£-VERE'LY,  ad.  In  a severe  maimer  ; harshly  ; 
sharply;  sternly;  rigidly;  — strictly;  rigorous- 
ly;— alflictively  ; distressingly;  extremely. 

SE-VERE'NESS,  n.  Severity  Temple. 

SEV  RR-lTE,  n.  (Min.)  A mineral  composed  of 
silica,  alumina,  and  water;  — found  near  St. 
Sever,  in  France.  Dana. 

SE-VER  I-TY,  n.  [L.  severitas  ; It . severita  ; Sp. 
sevendad ; Fr.  severite.] 

1.  Quality  or  state  of  being  severe  ; harsh- 
ness; hardness;  sharpness;  sternness;  rigor; 
want  of  indulgence  ; acrimony ; austerity. 

There  is  a difference  between  an  ecclesiastical  censure  and 
seventy.  Aylijfe. 

Strict  age  and  sour  severity.  Milton. 

2.  Strictness  ; rigid  accuracy  ; rigor ; exact- 

ness.  “ The  severity  of  truth.”  Dryden. 

3.  Power  of  distressing  ; afflictiveness  ; ex- 
tremity ; as,  “ The  severity  of  pain  ” ; “ The 
severity  of  the  climate.” 

Syn.  — See  Acrimony,  Austerity. 

SEV'pR-Y,  n.  [From  sever.]  (Arch.)  A sepa- 
rate portion  or  compartment  of  a building;  — 
also  written  severe y,  severee,  and  civery.  Britton. 

f SE V-O-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  sevoco,  sevocare,  to  call 
aside.]  The  act  of  calling  aside.  Bailey. 

f SEW  (su),  v.  a.  [Fr.  suivre.]  To  pursue ; to 
sue.  — See  Sue,  v.  a.  No.  4.  Spenser. 

SEW  (so),  V.  n.  [A.  S.  siwian,  sitivan ; Dan.  sye  ; 
Sw.  sy.  — L.  suo .]  \i.  sewed  ; pp.  sewing, 
sewed. — sewn  is  sometimes,  though  rarely, 
used  as  the  participle.]  To  work  with  needle 
and  thread  ; to  stitch. 

A time  to  rent  and  a time  to  seiv.  Eccles.  iii.  7. 

I cun  sing,  weave,  sew , and  dance.  Shak. 

SEW  (s5),  v.  a.  To  join  or  fasten  together  by 
threads  drawn  with  a needle. 

No  man  seweth  a piece  of  new  cloth  on  an  old  garment. 

Mark  ii.  21. 

To  sew  up,  to  enclose  in  any  tiling  sewed.  “ Scut  me 
up  in  the  skirts  of  it  ” [a  gown].  Shale. — To  be  sewed 
up,  (JVaut.)  to  rest  upon  the  ground,  as  a ship,  when 
tiiere  is  not  deptli  of  water  enough  to  float  her.  M.  Diet. 

t SEW  (so.),  v.  a.  To  drain,  as  a pond,  in  order 
to  take  the  fish  in  it.  Ainsworth. 

SEW'A^E  (so'fij),  n.  1.  The  water  flowing  in 
sewers  ; the  water  carried  off  by  sewers.  Marlin. 

2.  The  system  of  servers  or  subterranean 
conduits  for  carrying  off  filth  or  superfluous 
water  in  a city  ; sewerage.  Oyilvie. 

f SEW'jER  (su'er),  n.  [Old  Fr.  cscuyer .]  An  an- 
cient officer  who  served  up  a feast.  Herbert. 

SEWER  (so'eror  shor)  [shor,  S.  IF.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  IF. 
R.\  su'er,  E.  IVr. ; so’er,  K. ; sor,  vulgarly  pro- 
nounced shor,  Snfr.  ; sor,  C.],  n.  [Fr.  suivre,  to 
follow;  issir,  to  issue.  Richardson.]  A pas- 
sage to  convey  water  under  ground  ; a drain  ; — 
sometimes  corrupted  by  orthography,  as  well  as 
pronunciation,  into  shore. 

Where  houses  thick  and  sewers  annoy  the  air.  Milton. 

BCtf“  The  corrupt  pronunciation  of  this  word  is 
become  universal,  though  in  Junius’s  time  it  should 
seem  to  have  been  confined  to  London  ; for,  under  the 
word  shore,  he  says,  1 Common  shore,  Londinensibus 
ita  corrupti  dicitur,  the  common  sewer.’  Johnson  has 
given  us  no  etymology  of  tins  word  ; but  Skinner  tells 
us,  1 Non  infelieiter  Cowcllus  declinat  a verbo  issue, 
dictumque  putat  quasi  issuer,  abject  J initiali  syllabi.’ 
Nothing  can  be  more  natural  than  this  derivation  ; 
the  s going  into  sh  before  u,  preceded  by  the  accent,  is 
agreeable  to  analogy,  and  the  u in  this  case,  being  pro- 
nounced like  cw,  might  easily  draw  the  word  into  the 
common  orthography,  sewer ; while  the  sound  of  sh 
was  preserved,  and  the  em,  as  in  shew,  strew,  and  sew, 
might  soon  slide  into  o,  and  thus  produce  the  present 
anomaly,”  Walker. 

SEW'Elt  (sa'er),  n.  One  who  sews  or  uses  a 


needle.  Johnson. 

SEW'fiR- A£E  (so'er-aj  or  shor'aj),  n.  The  con- 

struction or  the  support  of  sewers ; a system  of 
drainage  by  means  of  sewers.  P.  Mag. 

SEW'TNG  (so'jng),  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  sews. 

2.  Work  done  with  the  needle.  Ash. 

SEW’JNG-MA-IjTHINE',  n.  A machine  for  sew- 
ing. U re. 


SEXFID 

SEW'JNG— NEE'DLE,  n.  A needle  used  in  sow- 
ing- , Ash. 

SEW'ING§  (so'jngz),  n.  pi.  Compound  threads  of 
silk,  wound,  cleaned,  doubled,  and  thrown  for 
sewing-silk.  Simmonds. 

SEW'ING— SILK,  n.  Silk  spun  into  threads  for 
sewing.  Deed. 

t SEW'ST^R  (so'ster),  n.  A seamstress.  B.  Jonson. 

SEX  (seks),  n.  [L . sexus ; It.  sesso ; Sp.  sexo ; Fr. 
sexe.] 

1.  The  characteristic  property  by  which  an 
animal  or  a vegetable  is  male  or  female. 

Under  his  forming  hand  a creature  grew 

Manlike,  but  different  sex.  Milton. 

The  universality  of  sexes  in  vegetables.  Lindley. 

2.  One  of  the  two  divisions  of  animals,  male 
and  female. 

These  two  great  sexes  animate  the  world.  Milton. 

3.  Womankind;  women.  Garth . 

Unhappy  sex l whose  beauty  is  your  snare.  Jh-yden. 

SEX*  A-(-rJ>-NA  RI-AN,  n.  One  who  is  sixty  years 
old  ; a sexagenary.  Bentley. 

||  S K X - A (jr ' - N A - R V [seks-ad'jen-a-re,  S.  IF.  P.  J. 
F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  ; seks'a-je-ner-e,  Wb.  ; seks'a-je- 
lier-e  or  s£ks-ad  ’jen-a-rc,  IF)'.],  a.  [L.  sexage- 
narius-,  sexageni,  sixty;  It.  sessagenario ; Sp. 
sexagenario  ; Fr.  sexagenaire.] 

1.  Three  score  ; sixty.  Chesterfield. 

2.  (Math.)  Pertaining  to  the  number  sixty ; 

noting  a scale  of  numbers  in  which  the  modulus 
is  sixty.  Davies. 

||  SEX-A(jF£-NA-RY,  n.  1.  A person  sixty  years 
old  ; a sexagenarian,  [r.]  Wright. 

2.  (Math.)  A scale  in  which  the  modulus  is 
sixty.  Davies. 

SEX-A-IjJES  J-MA,  n.  [L.  sexagesinms,  sixty.] 
The  second  Sunday  before  Lent,  being  the  six- 
tieth day  before  Easter.  Buck. 

SEX-A-l-rES'I-MAL,  a.  Sixtieth;  pertaining  to 
the  number  60.  Hutton. 

Sexagesimal,  or  sexagenary  arithmetic,  a method  of 
computation  proceeding  by  sixtieths.  Hutton Sex- 

agesimal fractions,  (Math.)  fractions  wltose  denomina- 
tors are  some  power  of  60  ; — called  also  astronomical 
fractions,  because  anciently  no  others  were  used  in 
astronomical  operations.  Lacies. 

SEX-A-<?ES'J-MAL,  n.  (Math.)  A sexagesimal 
fraction.  Davies. 

SEX'A-NA-RY,  a.  Consisting  of  six  ; sixfold. 

SEX'AN-GLE,  n.  [L.  sex,  six,  and  angulus,  an 
angle.]  (Geom.)  A figure  having  six  angles 
and  six  sides  ; a hexagon.  Hutton. 

SEX'AN-GLED  (ang-gld),  a.  Sexangular.  Hawes. 

SEX-An'GU-LAR,  a.  Having  six  angles  ; hexag- 
onal. Dryden. 

SEX-AN'GIT-LAR-LY,  ad.  With  six  angles  ; hex- 
agonally.  Johnson. 

SEX-DEC'I-MAL,  a.  [L.  sex,  six,  and  decent,  ten.] 
(Crystallography .)  Noting  a crystal  the  pris- 
matic part  of  which  has  six  faces,  and  the  two 
summits  taken  together  ten  faces,  — or  the  re- 
verse. Cleaveland. 

SEX-DI(jFlT-l§M,  n.  [L.  sex,  six,  and  digitus,  a 
finger,  a toe.]  The  state  of  having  six  fingers 
on  one  hand,  or  six  toes  on  one  foot.  Perry. 

SEX-DI^-'lT-iST,  n.  One  who  has  six  fingers  on 
one  hand,  or  six  toes  on  one  foot.  Perry. 

SEX-DIJ-O-DEC'I-MAL,  a.  [L.  sex,  six,  and  duo- 
decim,  twelve,]  ( Crystallography .)  Noting  crys- 
tals, the  prismatic  or  middle  part  of  which  has 
six  faces,  and  the  two  summits,  taken  together, 
twelve  faces,  — or  the  reverse.  Cleaveland. 

SEXED  (sekst),  a.  Having  sex;  — used  in  com- 
position. “ Gentle-sexcd.”  Beau.  & FI. 

SEX  E-NA-RY,  a.  (Arith.)  Noting  a scale  of  no- 
tation in  which  the  local  value  of  the  digits  in- 
creases in  a sixfold  proportion  ; sextuple.  Hutton. 

S£X-EN'NI-AL,  a.  [L.  sexennis ; sex,  six,  and 
annus,  a year.]  Lasting  six  years,  or  happen- 
ing once  in  six  years.  Burke. 

SEX-EN'NI-AL-LY,  ail.  Once  in  six  years.  Clarke. 

SEX  FID,  or  SEX'I-FlD,  a.  [L.  sex,  six,  and  findo, 
Jidi,  to  split.]  (Bot.)  Six-cleft.  Wright. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  V,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  G,  Y,  short;  A,  J,  O,  IT,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


SHADING 


SEXISYLLABLE 


1319 


SEX-I-SYL'L  A-BLE,  n.  A word  having  six  syl- 
lables. Oswald. 

SEX'LpSS,  a.  Destitute  of  sex,  or  of  the  charac- 
teristics of  sex.  Shelley. 

SEX-LOC'U-LAR,  a.  [L.  sex,  six,  and  loculus, 
dim.  of  locus,  a place.]  ( Hot .)  Having  six  cells; 
six-celled.  Gray. 

SEX'TAIN  (seks'tin),  n.  [L.  sextans,  a sixth.]  A 
stanza  of  six  lines.  Johnson. 

SEX' Tj1N§,  n.  [L.,  from  sex,  six.] 

1.  (Rom.  Ant.)  A coin  equal  to  the  sixth  part 

of  an  as.  W.  Smith. 

2.  (Astron.)  The  Sextant.  Hind. 

SEX'TANT,  n.  [It.  sestante,  from  L.  sextans,  a 
sixth  ; sex,  six  ; Sp.  sextante  ; 

Fr.  sextant .] 

1.  (Math.)  The  sixth  part 

of  a circle,  or  an  arc  of  GO 
degrees.  Davies. 

2.  An  instrument  for  meas- 
uring angles  by  reflection, 
having  a graduated  arc  equal 
to  the  sixth  part  of  a circle, 
and  divided  into  120  equal 
parts.  It  is  constructed  on 
the  same  principle  as  the  quadrant.  — See 
Quadrant. 

Ii®=-  til  the  figure  the  mirror  C,  affixed  to  the  mova- 
ble index  C E,  reflects  a ray  of  light  C P,  from  a star 
to  tile  fixed  mirror  D,  which  also  reflects  the  ray 
through  tile  telescope  F,  to  the  eye,  causing  an  image 
of  the  star  to  be  seen  in  the  direction  of  F Cl.  Tlie 
angle  made  by  the  first  incident  ray  and  the  last  re- 
flected ray  is  indicated  by  the  graduated  arc  A E,  half 
degrees  being  numbered  as  degrees. 

3.  (Astron.)  A constellation  placed  across 

the  equator  and  on  the  south  side  of  the  eclip- 
tic. Hutton. 

SEX'TA-RY,  n.  [L.  sextaruis  ; sextus,  the  sixth  ; 
sex,  six.]  (Rom.  Ant.)  A liquid  measure  con- 
taining a sixth  part  of  a congius,  or  about  an 
English  pint : — a dry  measure  containing  the 
sixteenth  part  of  a modius,  or  about  an  English 
pint.  IV.  Smith. 

f SEX'TA-RY,  ) n_  sacristy;  a vestry. 

fSEX'TRY,  ) Wickliffe.  Bailey. 

SEX'TET,  n.  (Mus.)  A composition  for  six  voices 
or  six  instruments  ; a sestet.  Warner. 

SEX'TILE,  n.  [Low  L.  sextilis;  L.  sextus,  sixth; 
sex,  six.]  (Astrol.)  Noting  the  aspect  of  two 
planets  when  they  are  distant  from  each  other 
the  sixth  part  of  a circle,  or  60  degrees.  Brandc. 

SEX-TILL'ION  (-tll'yun),  n.  A number,  represent- 
ed, according  to  the  French  method  of  numera- 
tion, by  a unit  with  twenty-one  ciphers  annexed, 
— according  to  the  English  method,  by  a unit 
with  thirty-six  ciphers  annexed.  Greenleaf. 

SEX'TO,  n. ; pi.  sex't5$.  [L.  sextus,  sixth.]  A 
book  formed  by  folding  each  sheet  into  six 
leaves.  Southey. 

SEX'TON,  n.  [Corrupted  from  sacristan .]  A sub- 
ordinate officer  of  a church,  whose  duty  it  is  to 
take  care  of  the  building,  the  furniture,  uten- 
sils, &c.,  and,  sometimes,  to  dig  graves.  Shak. 

SEX'TON-ESS,  n.  A female  sexton,  or  a sexton’s 
wife.  Woolrych. 

t SEX'TON-RY,  n.  Sextonship.  Berners. 

SEX'TON-SHIP,  n.  The  office  of  a sexton.  Swift. 

SEX'TU-PLE,  a.  [Low  L.  sextuplus ; sex,  six,  and 
duplus,  double.] 

1.  Sixfold  ; six  times  as  much.  Broicne. 

2.  (Mus.)  Noting  a measure  of  two  times, 

composed  of  six  equal  notes,  three  for  each 
time.  Moore. 

SEX'U-AL  (sek'shu-al),  a.  [L . sexualis ; scxus,  a 
sex  ; It.  sessuale ; Sp.  sexual ; Fr.  sexuel.) 

1.  Pertaining  to,  or  distinguishing,  the  sex  or 
sexes.  “ Sexual  attachment.”  Barrington. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  genital  organs.  “ Sexual 

diseases.”  Dunglison. 

Sexual  system,  (Bat..)  a designation  applied  to  the 
system  of  classification  of  Linnasus,  which  is  founded 
on  the  relations  of  the  stamens,  or  male  organs,  and 
the  pistils,  or  female  organs,  of  plants  ; — called  also 
the  artificial  system.  Dudley. 

SEX'U-AL-IST,  n.  One  who  believes  in  the  doc- 


trine of  sexes  in  plants,  or  who  classifies  plants 
according  to  the  sexual  system.  Wright. 

SEX-U-Al'i-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being  distin- 
guished by  sex.  Bulwer. 

The  sexuality  of  plants  . . . appears  to  be  established  be- 
yond controversy.  Lindlcy. 

SEX'U-AL-LY,  ad.  In  a sexual  manner.  Clarke. 

SEY'Bf  RT-ITE  ^st  nert-It),  n.  (Min.)  A mineral 
composed  of  silica,  alumina,  magnesia,  lime, 
oxide  of  iron,  and  water  ; clintonite.  Dana. 

SFOR-zAjy' DO,  I [It.]  (Mus.)  A direction  placed 

SFOR-zA ' TO,  > over  a note  or  a passage  which 
is  to  be  played  with  emphasis  and  force.  Moore. 

SFU-jVA'  TO,  a.  [It.]  (Paint.)  Intentionally 
smoky  or  misty,  as  certain.styles.  Smart. 

SGRAf’ FI-TO,  a.  [It.]  (Paint.)  Noting  a species 
of  painting  in  which  a white  overlaid  surface  is 
chipped  away,  so  as  to  form  the  design  from  a 
dark  ground  underneath.  Smart. 

SHAb,  n.  A disease  in  sheep  ; the  scab.  Loudon. 

SHAB,  V.  71.  [f.  SHABliF.D  ; pp.  SHABBING,  SHAB- 

bed.]  [A  low,  cant  word.  Johnson .] 

1.  To  play  mean  or  shabby  tricks.  Johnson. 

2.  To  slink  away  ; — used  with  off.  Palmer. 

SHAB'BED,  a.  Shabby;  mean;  paltry.  A.  Wood. 

SHAb'BI-LY,  ad.  In  a shabby  manner  ; meanly; 

despicably.  Johnson. 

SHAb'BI-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  shabby; 
meanness ; paltriness.  Spectator. 

SHAb'IIY,  a.  [Dut.  schabberig ; Ger . schabig. — 
From  scabby.  Lye.) 

1.  Giving  the  notion  of  poverty  ; ragged ; 

faded  ; worn.  “ A man  with  very  shabby 
clothes.”  Goldsmith. 

2.  Mean;  despicable;  low;  vile;  base. 

They  were  very  shabby  fellows,  pitifully  mounted  and 

worse  armed.  Clarendon. 

These  shabby  evasions  are  themselves  sufficient  arguments 
against  those  who  use  them.  Tooke. 

SHAb'rAcK,  n.  [Hungarian.]  (Mil.)  The  cloth 
furniture  of  a troop-horse  or  charger.  Stocqueler. 

SHACK,  n.  1.  Grain  shaken  from  the  ripe  ear, 
eaten  by  hogs,  &c.,  after  harvest : — feed  among 
stubble.  Homilies. 

2.  A shiftless  fellow  ; a vagabond.  Forby. 

Common  at  shack,  (Eng.  Law.)  a species  of  common 
by  vicinage,  in  the  counties  of  Norfolk,  Lincoln,  and 
Yorkshire,  being  the  right  of  persons  occupying  lands 
lying  together  in  the  same  common  field  to  turn  out 
their  cattle,  after  harvest,  to  feed  promiscuously  in 


that  field.  Burrill. 

SHACK,  v.  n.  1.  To  shed,  as  corn  at  harvest. 
[Local,  Eng.]  Grose. 

2.  To  feed  or  pasture  in  the  stubble.  [Local, 
Eng.]  Todd. 

SHAcK'A-TO-RY,  n.  An  Irish  hound.  Dekker. 
SHAC'KLE,  71.  Stubble.  [Local,  Eng.]  Pegge. 


SHAC'KLE  (shak'kl),  n. ; pi.  siiXc'kles  (shak’klz). 
[A.  S.  sceacul ; Dut.  schakel,  a link  of  a chain. 
— Per.  shckil,  the  chain  by  which  the  dagger 
hangs  to  the  girdle ; Arab,  shakal,  to  tie  the 
feet.] 

1.  t A metal  band  or  chain  worn  on  the  limbs 

for  ornament.  Dampier. 

2.  A fetter  ; a gyve  ; a handcuff ; a manacle. 

The  forge  in  fetters  only  is  employed. 

Our  iron  mines  exhausted  and  destroyed 
In  shackles.  Dryden. 

3.  An  iron  loop  for  coupling  railway  car- 
riages, &c.  Wright. 

4.  (Naut.)  A link  in  a chain-cable,  fitted  with 

a movable  bolt,  so  that  the  chain  can  be  sep- 
arated. Dana. 

SHAC'KLE  (shak'kl),  v.  a.  [i.  SHACKLED  ; pp. 
SHACKLING,  SHACKLED.] 

1.  To  bind  the  limbs  of,  so  as  to  impede  free 
motion  ; to  fetter ; to  manacle  ; to  chain. 

To  lead  him  shackled,  and  exposed  to  scorn.  Philips. 

2.  To  unite  by  a shackle,  as  railway  carriages. 

3.  To  impede  ; to  embarrass  ; to  obstruct. 

You  must  not  shackle  and  tie  him  up  with  rules  about  in- 
different matters.  Locke. 

fSHACK'LOCK,  n.  A kind  of  shackle.  Broicne. 

SHACK'LY,  a.  Loose  ; rickety.  “What  a shackly 
old  carriage  ! ” [Vulgar  and  local.]  Bartlett. 

SHAd,  n.  [Ger.  schade.)  (Ich.)  A fish  of  the 


family  Clupeidw,  allied  to  the  herring,  highly 
esteemed  for  food  ; Alosa  finta.  Yarrell. 

SHAD'— BUSH,  n.  (Bot.)  The  common  name  in 
the  United  States  of  Amelancliier  Canadensis 
— called  also  service-berry.  Gray. 

SHAu'DOCK,  n.  [A  Malay  word.  Latham .]  (Bot.) 
A tree  allied  to  the  orange  and  the  lemon,  cul- 
tivated chiefly  in  the  East  and  West  Indies; 
Citrus  decumana : — the  fruit  of  the  Citrus  decu- 
mana.  Eng.  Cyc. 

SHADE,  7i.  [M.  Goth,  skadau ; A.  S.  scead,  scad, 

seed,  sceaclo , sceadw;  Dut.  schaduw ; Ger. 
schatten  ; Dan.  skygge  ; Sw.  skugga,  skygd ; 
Icel.  skuggi ; W.  cysgod.  — Connected  with  Gr. 
oki6,  a shade,  shadow.  Junius.  — Past  part,  of 
A.  S.  sceadan , to  separate,  to  divide.  Tooke.) 

1.  Obscurity  caused  by  the  interception  or 
interruption  of  the  rays  of  light ; shadow. 

Under  the  cool  shade  of  a sycamore.  Shak. 

The  fainty  knights  were  scorched,  and  knew  not  where 

To  run  for  shelter,  for  no  shade  was  near.  Dryden. 

2.  Darkness,  as  of  night ; obscurity  ; gloom. 

The  weaker  light  unwillingly  declined, 

And  to  prevailing  shades  the  murmuring  world  resigned. 

Itoscommon. 

3.  An  obscure  place,  as  in  a grove  or  a wood 
from  which  the  sun’s  rays  are  excluded. 

Let  us  seek  out  some  desolate  shade,  and  there 

Weep  our  sad  bosoms  empty.  Shak. 

4.  A screen  intercepting  light  or  heat ; as, 

“ A shade  for  the  eyes.”  Phillips. 

5.  The  figure,  formed  upon  any  surface,  of  a 
body  by  which  the  light  is  intercepted ; a shadow. 

Envy  will  merit  as  its  shade  pursue.  Pope. 

6.  The  dark  part  of  a picture,  or  a part  not 

brightly  colored.  Dryden. 

The  means  by  which  the  painter  works,  and  on  which  the 
effect  of  his  picture  depends,  are,  light  and  shade,  warm  and 
cold  colors.  Beynolds. 

7.  Gradation  of  light  or  color. 

White,  red,  yellow,  blue,  with  their  several  degrees,  or 
shades  and  mixtures.  Locke. 

8.  Protection  ; shelter.  Johnson. 

9.  The  soul  separated  from  the  body,  so 
called  because  supposed  by  the  ancients  to  be 
perceptible  to  the  sight,  not  to  the  touch ; a 
ghost ; a spirit ; a shadow  ; manes. 

Nor  e’er  was  to  the  bowers  of  bliss  conveyed 
A fairer  spirit  or  more  welcome  shade.  Tickell. 

10.  A small  quantity  or  degree;  a little.  [Col- 
loquial or  vulgar.]  Ogilrie. 

11.  pi.  The  abode  of  spirits.  Clarke . 

12.  pi.  A wine  cellar.  Clarke. 

Syn.  — Shade  and  shadow  both  denote  the  obscura- 
tion produced  by  the  interception  of  the  rays  of  the 
sun  or  some  other  luminous  body  ; hut  shade  expresses 
more  generally  the  absence  of  light,  shadow  the  figure 
of  the  body  which  intercepts  the  light.  Sunshine  and 
shade  ; sit  in  the  shade  ; the  shadow  of  the  sun-dial,  of 
a tree,  or  a man.  Shade , however,  as  well  as  shadow , 
is  often  applied  to  the  figure  of  the  body  produced  by 
the  interception  of  the  sun’s  rays,  as  the  shade  of  a tree. 

SHADE,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  sceadan ; Dut.  scheiden , to 
separate.]  [?.  shaded  ; pp.  shading,  shaded.] 

1.  To  shelter  or  screen  from  light  or  the  rays 
of  the  sun ; to  overspread  with  a shade. 

I went  to  crop  the  sj'lvan  scenes. 

And  shade  our  altars  with  their  leafy  greens.  Dryden. 

2.  To  temper  with  shade ; to  obscure ; to  cloud. 

Thou  shadest 

The  full  blaze  of  thy  beams.  Milton. 

3.  To  shelter;  to  hide  ; to  ensconce. 

Ere  in  our  own  house  I do  shade  mv  head. 

The  good  patricians  must  be  visited.  Shak. 

4.  To  screen  or  cover  from  injury  ; to  protect. 

Leave  not  the  faithful  side 

That  gave  thee  being,  still  shades  thee  and  protects.  Milton. 

5.  To  paint  in  dark  colors,  or  with  gradations 

of  colors.  Johnson. 

SHAdE'FUL,  a.  Abounding  in  shade ; shady. 
“ Shadeful  Savernake.”  [u.]  Drayton. 

SIIAdE'LIJSS,  a.  Without  shade. 

A gnp  in  the  hills,  an  opening 

Shade  less  and  shelterless.  Wordsworth. 

SHAd'JJR,  n.  One  who,  or  that  which,  shades. 

SHA'DI-LY,  ad.  With  shade.  Clarke. 

SIlA'DI-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  shady;  um- 
brageousness. Sherwood. 

SHAd'ING,  n.  Act  of  one  who  shades  ; intercep- 
tion of  light,;  obscuration;  — act  of  painting 
with  gradation  of  colors. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  ^ as  gz. — THIS,  this. 


SHADOW 


1320 


SIIAKER 


SHAD'OYV  (shid'o),  n.  [M.  Goth,  skadau ; A.  S. 
sceado;  Dut.  schaduw. — See  Shade.] 

1.  The  representation  of  an  opaque  body  on 
one  side  of  it,  when  it  intercepts  the  rays  of 
light  on  the  other,  or  a portion  of  space  from 
xvhich  light  is  intercepted  by  an  opaque  body ; 
shade.  “ The  shadow  of  this  tree.”  Shak. 

jgg-  The  shadow  appears  more  intense  in  proportion 
as  the  illumination  is  stronger.  . . . Shadows  are  said 
to  be  riV/t£  or  versed  according  to  the  position  of  the 
hollies  ’projecting  them  and  that  of  the  planes  on 
which  they  are  projected.  The  shadow  of  an  upright 
body  projected  on  the  plane  of  the  horizon  is  a right 
shadow  ; and  that  of  a body  on  a vertical  plane  to  which 
the  body  is  perpendicular,  as  that  of  a bar  of  iron 
fixed  perpendicularly  in  a wall,  is  a versed  shadow. 
Braude. 

2.  Darkness;  obscurity;  shade.  “Night’s 

sable  shadows.”  Denham. 

3.  Shelter ; protection  ; cover ; security. 

Came  they  under  the  shadow  of  my  roof.  Gen.  xix.  8. 

He  that  dwelleth  in  the  secret  place  of  the  Most  High  shall 
abide  under  the  shallow  of  the  Almighty.  Ts.  xci.  1. 

4.  Obscure  place  ; privacy  ; shade.  “ To  the 

secret  shadows  I retire.”  Dryden. 

5.  The  dark  part  of  a picture  ; shade. 

After  great  lights  there  must  be  great  shadows.  Dnjden. 

6.  Imperfect  and  faint  representation  or  pre- 
figuration ; a foreshowing ; adumbration. 

In  the  glorious  lights  of  heaven  we  perceive  a shadow  of 
his  divine  countenance.  Baleigh. 

’T  is  the  sunset  of  life  gives  me  mystical  lore, 

And  coming  events  cast  their  shadows  before.  Campbell. 

7.  Mystical  representation  ; symbol.  “ Types 

and  shadows  of  that  destined  seed.”  Milton. 

8.  Something  unreal  or  unsubstantial ; — op- 
posed to  substance. 

If  substance  might  be  called  that  shadow  seemed.  Milton. 
What  shadows  we  are,  and  what  shadows  we  pursue  I Burke. 

9.  An  inseparable  companion.  “ Sin,  and 

her  shadow,  Death.”  Milton. 

10.  A spirit ; a ghost ; a phantom ; a shade. 

Hence,  horrible  shadowl 

Unreal  mockery,  hence  I Shak. 

11.  An  uninvited  stranger  or  guest.  [A  Latin- 
ism.  Nares.) 

I must  not  have  my  board  pestered  with  shadows.  Massinger. 

Syn.  — See  Shade. 

SHAD'OYV,  V.  a.  [i.  SHADOWED  ; pp.  SHADOWING, 
SHADOWED.] 

1.  To  intercept  light  or  heat  from  ; to  shade. 

This  tree 

So  fair  and  great,  that  shadowed  all  the  ground.  Sjwnser. 

2.  To  throw  a gloom  over ; to  cloud ; to 
darken;  to  obscure. 

I must  not  6ee  the  face  I love  thus  shadowed.  Beau.  Sf  FI. 

3.  To  screen  ; to  cover  ; to  conceal ; to  hide. 

Let  every  soldier  hew  him  down  a hough, 

And  bear’t  before  him;  thereby  shall  we  shadow 

The  number  of  our  host.  Shak. 

4.  To  mark  or  paint  in  shadows,  or  with  gra- 
dations of  color  or  light;  to  shade.  Peacham. 

5.  To  represent  imperfectly  or  typically ; to 
typify ; to  symbolize. 

Augustus  is  shadowed  in  the  person  of  Aeneas.  Dryden. 
The  element  which  shadoweth  or  signifieth  grace.  Hooker. 

To  shadow  forth,  to  show  ; to  indicate. 

SHAD'OYV-CAsT'ING,  a.  Casting  a shadow. 

SHAD'OYV— GRASS,  n.  A kind  of  grass.  Johnson. 

ShAd'OYV-I-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  shad- 
owy. Todd. 

SHAD'OYV-ING,  n.  A shading  ; gradation  of  light 
or  coior  ; shade.  Feltham. 

t SHAD'OYV-  ISH,  a.  Shadowy.  Hooker. 

SHAD'OYV-LESS,  a.  Having  no  shadow.  Pollolc. 

SHAD'OYV-Y,  a.  1.  Full  of  shade  or  shadows; 
shady ; dark  ; obscure  ; gloomy. 

This  shadowy  desert,  unfrequented  woods.  Shak. 

2.  Faintly  or  dimly  representative;  typical. 

“ Shadowy  expiations.”  Milton. 

3.  Unreal;  unsubstantial.  Addison. 

SHA'DRAGH  (sha'drak),  n.  A mass  of  iron  on 

xvhich  the  operation  of  smelting  has  failed  of  its 
intended  effect.  XVriyht. 

SHA'DY,  a.  Abounding  with  shade;  sheltered 
from  the  rays  of  the  sun ; shadowy. 

The  shady  trees  cover  him  with  their  shadow.  Job  xi.  22. 

SHAF'FLE,  v.  n.  To  move  awkwardly ; to  walk 
lamely  ; to  hobble  ; to  shuffle.  [North  of  Eng- 
land.] Brackett. 


SHAF'FLER,  n.  One  who  shaffles.  Huloet. 

SHAFT,  n.  [A.  S.  sceaft,  sceft\  Dut.  (r,  Ger. 
scha/t ; Dan.  &;  Sw.  shaft ; Icel.  skapt.  — From 
A.  S.  sceofan,  to  shove,  to  thrust.  Tooke.\ 

1.  An  arrow  ; a missive  weapon. 

With  shafts  shot  out  from  their  back-turned  bow.  Sidney. 

2.  The  straight  part  of  any  thing.  “ The 

shaft  of  a steeple.”  Peacham. 

Of  beaten  work  6hall  the  candlestick  be  made;  his  shaft 
and  his  branches  . . . shall  be  of  the  same.  Ex.  xxv.  31. 


3.  A long  pit  or  opening  made  in  the  earth, 

as  into  a mine.  Carew. 

4.  A pole  or  a thill  of  a carriage.  Johnson. 

5.  A may-pole.  Stowe. 

6.  A handle,  as  of  a weapon.  Johnson. 

7.  The  stem  of  a feather  or  quill.  Wright. 

8.  {Arch.)  The  part  of  a column  between  the 

base  and  the  capital ; the  trunk  : — formerly  a 
tall  spire  or  pinnacle  : — the  part  of  a chimney 
above  the  roof.  Britton. 

9.  {Machinery .)  A large  axle.  Tomlinson. 

10.  ( Ornith .)  A species  of  Trochilus,  or  hum- 
ming-bird. Lond.  Ency. 

SHAfT'-BEND-ER,  n.  A person  who  bends  tim- 
ber by  steam  and  pressure.  Simmonds. 

SHAFTED,  a.  (Her.)  Having  a shaft  or  handle, 
as  a spear-head.  Todd. 


SHAFT'— HORSE,  n.  The  horse  that  goes  in  the 
shafts  or  thills.  Crabb. 


f SHAFT'MAN,  n.  A shaftment.  Harrington. 

f SHAFT'MENT,  n.  [A.  S.  seceftmand .]  A span  ; 
a measure  of  about  six  inches.  Ray. 

SHAG,  n.  [A.  S.  sceacga,  a bush  of  hair,  some- 
thing rough  ; Dan.  skiatg  ; Sw.  schagg.) 

1.  Rough,  woolly  hair.  Grew. 

2.  Coarse  nap  of  cloth.  “ Whitney  broad- 
cloth with  its  shag  unshorn.”  Gay. 

3.  A kind  of  cloth  with  a coarse  nap.  “Though 
it  be  lined  with  velvet  and  shag.”  Waterhouse. 

4.  (Ornith.)  A species  of  cormorant  having 

a tuft  of  feathers  on  the  head  between  the  eyes, 
at  the  commencement  of  spring;  green  cormo- 
rant ; Phalacrocorax  graculus.  Yarrell. 

f SHAG,  a.  Hairy;  shaggy.  Shak. 

SHAG,  v.  a.  To  make  shaggy  or  rough  ; to  de- 
form. Thomson. 

SHAG'BARK,  n.  ( Bot .)  A North  American  tree, 
of  the  genus  Carya,  or  hickory,  having  rough, 
shaggy  bark  ; Carya  alba : — the  nut  of  the  tree 
Carya  aU>a.  Gray. 

SHAG'— EARED  (shSg'erd),  a.  Having  shaggy  ears. 
“ Shag-eared  villain.”  Shak. 

f SHA^E’— BUSH,  n.  A sackbut.  Nichols. 

SIIAG'GF.D,  a.  Hairy  ; rough  ; shaggy.  Dryden. 

SllAG'GUD-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  shagged; 
shagginess.  More. 

SHAg'GT-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  shaggy  ; 
shaggedness.  Cook. 

SHAG'GY,  a.  1.  Rough  with  long  hair  or  wool. 

About  his  shoulders  hangs  the  shaggy  skin.  Shak. 

2.  Rough  ; rugged.  “ Shaggy  hill.”  Milton. 

3.  (Bot.)  Covered  with  long,  slender  hairs. 

Bindley. 

SHA-GREEN',  n.  [Per.  sagri,  shagrain. — It.  si- 
grin  o ; Fr.  chagrin .]  A dried  animal  skin,  pre- 
pared in  Astraehan,  in  Russia,  and  in  the  East, 
differing  from  leather  in  not  being  tanned  or 
tawed,  and  resembling  parchment,  but  having 
the  grain  or  hair  side  granulated  or  covered 
with  small,  round,  rough  specks,  produced  by 
forcing  small  seeds  into  it  when  wet.  Tomlinson. 

Shagreen,  is  said  to  he  prepared  from  the  skins 
of  horses,  wild  asses,  and  camels,  but  was  formerly 
erroneously  supposed  to  be  prepared  from  the  skin  of 
a species  of  whale  or  shark.  Ure.  Brandc. 

SHA-GREEN',  a.  Made  of  shagreen.  Wright. 

SIIA-GREEN',  v.  a.  See  Chagrin.  Johnson. 

SHA-GREENED'  (sh?-grend'),  a.  Made  of,  having, 
or  like,  shagreen.  Pennant. 

SHAG'— TO-bAc'CO,  n.  A very  strong,  dark  kind 
of  tobacco,  cut  into  fine  threads.  Simmonds. 

SHAG'— YVEAV-gR,  n.  One  who  weaves  shag.  Ash. 

SHRII,  n.  [Per.,  prince .]  The  title  given  by  Eu- 
ropeans to  the  monarch  or  emperor  of  Persia. 


S HA II- NAME //,  n.  [Per.,  The  Book  of  Kings.) 
The  most  ancient  and  celebrated  poem  of  the 
modern  Persian  language,  by  the  poet  who  re- 
ceived as  a title  of  honor  the  name  Firdousi 
(of  paradise).  P.  Cyc.  Brande. 

SHAlK,  n.  See  Sheik.  Clarke. 

t SHAlL,  v.  n.  [Ger.  schiden,  to  squint,  to  be 
oblique.]  To  walk  sidewise.  [Low.]  L’  Estrange. 

SHAKE,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  sceacan,  scacan  ; Dut.  schud- 
den,  schokken  ; Ger.  schiittem  ; Sw.  skaka.\  [i. 
SHOOK  ; pp.  SHAKING,  SHAKEN.] 

1.  To  cause  to  move  with  quick  vibrations  ; to 
move  quickly  backwards  or  forwards  ; to  agitate. 

A fig-tree  . . . shaken  of  a mighty  wind.  Rev.  vi.  13. 

She  first  her  husband  on  the  poop  espies. 

Shaking  his  bund  at  distance  on  the  main; 

She  took  the  sign,  and  shook  her  hand  again.  Dryden. 

2.  To  make  to  totter,  tremble,  or  quiver. 

The  rapid  wheels  shake  heaven’s  basis.  Milton. 

3.  To  make  to  fall  by  a violent  motion. 

The  tyrannous  breathing  of  the  north 

Shakes  all  our  buds  from  blowing.  Shak. 

4.  To  rid  one’s  self  of ; to  put  away ; to  re- 
move from  ; — followed  by  off  ox  from. 

At  sight  of  thee  my  heart  shakes  off  its  sorrows.  Addison. 

’To  shake  all  cares  and  business  from  our  age. 

5.  To  make  less  firm ; to  move  from  any  state 
of  steadiness;  to  weaken;  to  endanger. 

When  his  doctrines  grew  too  strong  to  be  shook  [shaken]  by 
his  enemies,  they  persecuted  his  reputation.  Aiterbury. 

6.  To  make  to  waver  ; to  drive  from  resolu- 
tion ; to  intimidate  ; to  frighten. 

A sly  and  constant  knave,  not  to  be  shaken.  Shak. 

7.  To  trill,  as  a note  in  music.  Wright. 

To  shake  hands,  to  join  hands,  as  two  persons,  and 

shake  them,  at  meeting  or  at  parting. — “Of  one 
practice  which  is  prevalent  with  you,  I wish  to  say  a 
word.  It  is  that  of  shaking  hands.  Since  my  arrival 
in  the  country  [the  U.  S],  I have  been  surrounded  by 
crowds  of  well-wishers,  whose  greatest  desire  seemed 
to  be  to  have  a shalce-hands  with  ine.  In  Ireland  this 
practice  does  not  prevail  ; but  here  it  seems  to  be  a 
universal  custom.”  Smith  O'Brien.  — To  shake  hands 
with,  to  unite  with  ; to  make  a compact  or  agreement 
with: — to  take  leave  of.  “Nor  can  it  he  safe  to 
a king  to  tarry  among  them  who  are  shaking  hands 
with  their  allegiance,  under  pretence  of  laying  faster 
hold  of  their  religion.”  King  Charles. 

SHAKE,  v.  n.  1.  To  be  agitated  with  a vibratory 
motion.  Johnson. 

2.  To  totter ; to  tremble  ; to  quake  ; to  quiver. 

Under  his  burning  wheels 

The  steadfast  empyrean  shook  throughout.  Milton. 

3.  To  tremble,  as  with  terror  or  emotion. 

He,  short  of  succors,  and  in  deep  despair, 

Shook  at  the  dismal  prospect  of  the  war.  Dryden. 

Syn.  — A person  shakes  and  quivers  with  cold, 
shakes  or  totters  from  weakness,  trembles , quivers , and 
quakes  witli  fear,  and  shudders  at  a tale  of  murder. 

SHAKE,  n.  1.  The  act  of  shaking;  wavering  or 
vibratory  motion  ; concussion  ; agitation. 

No  more  than  blossoms  that  would  fall  away  with  every 
shake  of  hand.  Addison. 

The  great  soldier’s  honor  was  composed  of  thicker  stuff, 
which  could  endure  a shake.  Herbert. 

2.  A crack,  fissure,  or  cleft  in  timber.  Wright. 

3.  pi.  The  fever  and  ague : — intermittent 

fever.  [U.  S.]  Dunglison. 

4.  (Mus.)  A rapid  alternation  of  two  notes 

comprehending  an  interval  not  greater  than  one 
whole  tone  ; a trill.  Moore. 

’ 5.  (Naut.)  One  of  the  staves  of  a hogshead 

taken  apart ; shook.  Dana. 

No  great,  shakes,  nothing  great,  excellent, or  impor- 
tant; an  inferior  person  or  thing.  Byron. 

SHAKE'— DOWN,  n.  A temporary  bed,  as  that 
formed  on  the  floor  or  on  chairs.  Wright. 

SHAkE'-FORK,  n.  A fork  to  toss  hay  about ; a 
hay-fork.  Bp.  Hall. 

SHAK'EN  (slia'kn),  a.  Shaky,  as  timber.  Weale. 

SHAk'IJR,  n.  1.  One  who,  or  that  xvhich,  shakes. 
“ The  shaker  of  the  earth.”  Pope. 

2.  One  of  a religious  denomination,  styled 
“The  United  Society,”  that  first  rose  in  Lan- 
cashire, England,  in  1747,  hut  afterxvards  emi- 
grated to  the  United  States,  — so  called  from  a 
kind  of  dancing  xvhich  they  practise  in  their  re- 
ligious exercises.  Evans.  Brande. 

.dSf-The  leader  of  the  sect  in  England  was  Ann 
Lee,  who  emigrated  to  America  with  a few  proselytes 
in  1774,  and  formed  a settlement  at  Niskayuna,  in  the 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  £,  !,  6,  0,  Y,  short;  A,  E,  I,  O,  (J,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


SHAKESPEARIAN 


1321 


SHAME  FASTNESS 


State  of  New  York.  There  are  several  settlements  or 
villages  of  Shakers  in  the  U.  S.,  the  chief  of  which  is 
at  New  Lebanon,  in  the  State  of  New  York.  They 
lead  a life  of  celibacy,  and  all  property  is  held  in  com- 
mon. Wright, 

SHAKE-SPEA'RI-AN,  a.  Relating  to,  or  like, 
Shakespeare.  C.  Lamb, 

SHAK'ING,  n,  1.  The  act  of  one  who,  or  that 
which,  shakes  ; concussion  ; agitation. 

2.  A trembling  or  quaking.  Waller, 

SHAK'lNG-auAK'ER,  n,  A Shaker.  Bartlett, 

SHA'KO,  n,  A military  cap.  Glos.  of  Mil,  Terms. 

SHA'KY,  a.  Noting  timber  which  has  cracks, 
clefts’,  or  fissures  ; not  sound.  Chambers, 

SHALE,  n.  [Corrupted  from  shell.  — Ger.  schale.'] 

1.  A shell  or  husk,  as  of  a nut.  Gower. 

2.  (Min.)  Indurated  clay  less  fissile  than 

schist,  but  splitting  with  tolerable  facility  in 
plates  parallel  to  each  other  and  to  the  original 
planes  of  bedding.  Ansted. 

SHALE,  v.  a.  To  shell  or  peel.  Browne. 

SHALL,  v.  [A.  S.  sceal , I am  obliged,  I ought; 
Dut.  zullen , to  be  obliged  ; zal , zul,  shall ; Ger. 
sollen , to  be  obliged  ; soil,  shall ; Dan.  simile , to 
be  obliged  ; skal,  shall ; Sw.  skola , to  be  obliged  ; 
skulle,  shall ; Icel.  skal,  I ought,  I shall.]  [i. 
should.]  It  is  an  auxiliary  and  defective  verb, 
used  to  form  the  future  tense.  In  the  first  per- 
son, it  implies  having  intention  or  purpose  to,  or 
being  in  a state  to;  as,  “ I shall  go  ” ; “I  shall 
die.”  In  the  second  and  third  persons,  it  im- 
plies compulsion,  command,  promise,  or  threat ; 
as,  “ You  shall  go  ” ; “ You  shall  die  ” ; “ They 
shall  go  ” ; “ They  shall  die.” 

Shall  and  will , the  two  signs  of  the  future  tense 
in  the  English  language,  are  often  confounded  with 
each  other,  especially  by  foreigners,  and  by  persons 
not  well  versed  in  the  language.  A sad  misapplica- 
tion of  these  auxiliaries  was  made  by  the  foreigner,  in 
England,  who,  having  fallen  into  the  Thames,  cried 
out,  “I  will  be  drowned;  nobody  shall  help  ine.” 
Shall,  in  the  first  person,  simply  foretells  ; as,  44  I shall 
speak  — in  the  second  and  third  persons,  it  com- 
mands, promises,  or  threatens  ; as,  “You  shall  speak  ” ; 
“ He  shall  be  rewarded  ” ; “ They  shall  be  punished.” 
Will,  in  the  first  person,  promises  or  threatens  ; as,  “ I 
will  do  it”:  — and,  in  the  second  and  third  persons, 
it  simply  foretells ; as,  “ You,  he,  or  they  will  do  it.” 

The  following  remarks  are  quoted  from  Johnson: 

“ The  explanation  of  shall,  which  foreigners  and  pro- 
vincials confound  with  will,  is  not  easy  ; and  the  dif- 
ficulty is  increased  by  the  poets,  who  sometimes  give 
to  shall  an  emphatical  sense  of  will ; but  I shall  en- 
deavor, crassd,  Miner  oh,  to  show  the  meaning  of  shall 
in  the  future  tense  : 1.  I shall  love.  It  will  be  so  that  I 
must  love;  I am  resolved  to  love.  2.  Shall  / love  ? 
Will  it  be  permitted  me  to  love?  Will  you  permit  me 
to  love?  Will  it  be  that  I must  love?  3.  Thou  shall 
love,  l command  thee  to  love  ; It  is  permitted  thee  to 
love;  [in  poetry  or  solemn  diction,]  It  will  be  that 
thou  must  love.  4.  Shalt  thou  love?  Will  it  be  that 
thou  must  love?  Will  it -be  permitted  to  thee  to  love? 
5.  He  shall  love.  It  will  be  that  he  must  love  ; It  is 
commanded  him  that  he  love.  6.  Shall  he  lovel  Is  it 
permitted  him  to  love?  [in  solemn  language,]  Will  it 
be  that  he  must  love  ? 7.  The  plural  persons  follow 
the  signification  of  the  singulars.” 

44  This  verb  is  unquestionably  a derivative  from 
the  Saxon  sceal,  I owe  or  I ought , and  was  originally 
of  the  same  import.  I shall  denoted,  4 It  is  my  duty,’ 
and  is  precisely  synonymous  with  debe.o  in  Latin. 
Chaucer  says,  4 The  faith  I shall  to  God  9 ; that  is, 

4 The  faith  I owe  to  God.’  4 Thou  shalt  not  kill,’  or 
* Thou  oughtest  not  to  kill.’  In  this  sense  shall  is  a 
present  tense,  and  denotes  a present  duty  or  obliga- 
tion. But,  as  all  duties  and  all  commands,  though 
present  in  respect  to  their  obligation  and  authority, 
must  be  future  in  regard  to  their  execution,  so,  by  a 
natural  transition  observable  in  most  languages,  this 
word,  significant  of  present  duty,  came  to  denote  a 
future  time.  I have  considered  it,  however,  as  a 
present  tense,  1st,  because  it  originally  denoted  pres- 
ent time;  2dly,  because  it  still  retains  the  form  of  the 
present,  preserving  thus  the  same  analogy  to  should 
that  can  does  to  could , may  to  might,  will  to  would  ; 
and,  3dly,  because  it  is  no  singular  thing  to  have  a 
verb  in  the  present  tense,  expressive  of  future  time, 
commencing  from  the  present  moment,  for  such  pre- 
cisely is  the  Greek  verb  yzWo,  futurus  sum.  Nay, 
the  verb  will  denotes  present  inclination,  yet  in  some 
of  its  persons,  like  shall,  expresses  futurition.  I have 
considered,  therefore,  the  verb  shall  as  a present  tense, 
of  which  should  is  the  preterperfect.”  Crombie. 

44  Shall  or  will  implies  present  time  referring  to  the 
future.  Should  or  would  implies  past  time  referring  to 
the  future  — that  is,  to  time  which  is  future  in  com- 
parison with  the  past  time.  4 1 shall  or  will  teach 9 ex- 
presses a. -present  disposition  towards  a future  act;  4 1 


should  or  would  teach  ’ expresses  a predisposition  to- 
wards a future  act.  In  the  former,  the  tendency  to- 
wards the  future  is  represented  as  originating  now  ; 
in  the  latter,  it  is  represented  as  originating  in  the 
past .”  Hunter. 

Wallis’s  rule,  as  given  in  Brightland  and  Steele’s 
Grammar,  is  as  follows : — 

In  the  first  person,  simply  shall  foretells; 

In  will  a threat  or  else  a promise  dwells. 

Shall  in  the  second  and  the  third  does  threat; 

Will  simply  there  foretells  the  future  feat. 

— See  Will. 

SIlAL'LI,  n.  A kind  of  twilled  cloth,  made  from 
native  goat’s  hair,  at  Angora.  Simmonds. 

SHAL-LOON',  n.  A worsted  stuff,  first  made  at 
Chalons,  in  France.  Simmonds . 

In  blue  shalloon  shall  Hannibal  be  clad, 

And  Scipio  trail  an  Irish  purple  plaid.  Swift. 

SHAL'LOP,  n.  [It .scialuppa;  Sp . chalupa;  Fr. 
chaloupe.  — See  Sloop.]  ( Naut .)  A kind  of 
large  boat  with  two  masts,  usually  rigged  like  a 
schooner.  Mar.  Diet. 

SHAL-LOT',  n.  [Fr.  echalotte.  — Dut.  sjalot ; Ger. 
schalotte .]  (Hot.)  A mild  species  of  onion  ; an 
eschalot ; Allium,  ascalonicum.  Phillips. 

SHAL'LOW  (shM'lo),  a.  [From  shoal  and  low. 

Johnson. — A.  S.  scylfe,  a shelf.  Ruddiman .] 

1.  Having  little  depth  ; not  deep  ; having  the 
bottom  at  no  great  distance  front  the  surface. 

That  inundation,  though  it  were  shallow , had  a long  con- 
tinuance. Bacon. 

2.  Not  of  deep  tone,  as  sound.  Bacon. 

3.  Not  deep  intellectually  ; not  profound  or 
wise  ; superficial ; empty  ; ignorant ; simple. 

The  king  was  neither  so  shallow  nor  so  ill  advertised  as 
not  to  perceive  the  intention  of  the  French  king.  Bacon. 

Syn.  — See  Superficial. 

SHAL'LOW,  n.  A place  where  the  water  is  not 
deep  ; a shoal ; a shelf ; a flat. 

Dashed  on  the  shallows  of  the  moving  sand.  Dryden. 

+ SIIAl'LOW,  v.  a.  To  make  shallow.  Browne. 

SHAL'LOW— BRAINED  (slial  lo-brand),  a.  Not 
deep  intellectually;  foolish;  simple.  South. 

SHAL'LOW-LY,  ad.  1.  With  no  great  depth. 

2.  Simply;  foolishly;  superficially.  Shah. 

SHAL'LOW-NESS,  n.  1.  The  state  of  being  shal- 
low ; want  of  depth  ; small  depth.  Cook. 

2.  Want  of  intellectual  depth;  superficial- 
ness; silliness;  foolishness;  ignorance. 

Upright  simplicity  is  the  deepest  wisdom,  and  perverse 
craft  the  merest  shallowness.  Barrow. 

SHAL'LOW— PAT' 5 D,  a.  Of  weak  mind;  silly; 
foolish  ; shallow-brained.  Ash. 

SIIAL'LOW— SEARCHING,  a.  Searching  super- 
ficially. Milton. 

SHALM  (sham),  n.  A musical  instrument ; a 
shawm.  — See  Shawm.  Knolles. 

SHAL'STONE,  n.  [Ger.  schaalstein ; schale,  a 
scale,  and  stein,  a stone.]  Table-spar  ; tabular 
spar ; grammite.  Wright. 

SHALT.  2d  person  singular  of  shall.  See  Shall. 

SIlA'LY,  a.  Pertaining  to,  partaking  of,  or  re- 
sembling, shale.  Loudon. 

SHAM,  v.  a.  [W.  siomi,  to  deceive  ; siom,  decep- 
tion. Lye.  — Contracted  from  ashamed.  North.] 
\i.  SHAMMED  ; pp.  SHAMMING,  SHAMMED.] 

1.  To  deceive  by  a trick  ; to  impose  upon ; to 
trick  ; to  cheat ; to  dupe  ; to  delude. 

When  they  find  themselves  fooled  and  shammed  into  a 
conviction.  V Estrange. 

2.  To  obtrude  by  fraud  or  deceit ; to  impose. 

We  must  have  a care  that  we  do  not . . . sham  fallacies 
upon  the  world  for  current  reason.  L' Estrange. 

3.  To  make  a pretence  of,  in  order  to  deceive ; 
to  feign  ; as,  “To  sham  illness.” 

To  sliam  Abraham,  to  feign  sickness.  — See  Abra- 
HAM-MAN.  Grose. 

SHAM,  v.  n.  To  make  false  pretences.  Prior. 

SHAM,  n.  A false  pretence  ; a trick  ; a fraud;  a 
delusion  ; an  imposture  ; an  imposition. Addison. 

SHAM,  a.  Pretended;  make-believe;  counter- 
feit; false.  “ The  sham  quarrel.”  Gay. 

SHA'M  AN,  n.  A professor  or  a priest  of  Shaman- 
ism. Lond.  Ency. 

SHA'MAN,  a.  Relating  to  Shamanism.  Ency. 


SHA'MAN-1§M,  n.  The  idolatrous  religion  of 
some  barbarous  tribes  of  the  Finnish  race,  as 
the  Ostiaks,  Sainojeds,  &c.,  of  Siberia.  Brande. 

SHA'MAN-IsT,  n.  An  adherent  to  Shamanism. 

N.  Brit.  Bev. 

SHAM'BLE,  v.  n.  To  walk  awkwardly  or  irregu- 
larly ; to  hobble  ; to  shuffle.  Garth. 

SHAM'BLE,  n.  A kind  of  shelf  or  landing-place 
in  the  shaft  of  a mine.  Ash. 

SHAm'BLESj  (sham'blz),  n. pi.  [A.  S.  scamel,  sca- 
mol,  a bench,  a stool.] 

1.  The  stalls  or  benches  on  which  butchers 
expose  their  meat  for  sale  : — a flesh-market. 

Whatsoever  is  sold  in  the  shambles,  that  eat.  1 Cor.  x.  25. 

2.  A slaughter-house.  Shak. 

SHAM'BLING,  n.  An  awkward,  irregular  walk  or 

gait.  Dryden. 

SHAM'BLING,  a.  Walking  or  moving  awkwardly 
and  irregularly.  Smith. 

SHAME,  n.  [A.  S.  sceamu,  scamu,  scama,  scame  ; 
Dut.  schaamte  ; Ger.  scham;  Dan.  & Sw.  skam.] 

1.  The  passion  or  feeling  of  a person  who  is 
conscious  of  having  done  something  wrong,  or 
injurious  to  reputation,  or  of  having  exposed 
something  which,  for  the  sake  of  modesty,  was 
meant  to  be  concealed. 

Shame  his  ugly  face  did  hide  from  living  eye.  Spenser, 

Shame  causeth  blushing  and  casting  down  of  the  eyes. 
Blushing  is  the  resort  of  blood  to  the  face,  which,  in  the  pas- 
sion of  shame , is  the  part  that  laboreth  most.  Bacon, 

Where  there  is  shame  there  may  yet  be  virtue.  Johnson, 

Shame  is  a painful  sensation  occasioned  by  the  quick  ap- 
prehension that  reputation  and  character  are  in  danger,  or  by 
the  perception  that  they  are  lost.  Cogan. 

2.  The  cause  or  reason  of  shame  ; reproach. 

God  deliver  the  world  from  such  guides,  who  are  the  shame 

of  religion.  South. 

It  is  a shame  for  men  to  be  iguorant.  Addison. 

3.  Disgrace  ; dishonor  ; ignominy  ; infamy. 

Honor  and  shame  from  no  condition  rise; 

Act  well  your  part,  — there  all  the  honor  lies.  Pope. 

4.  The  parts  of  the  body  which  modesty  re- 
quires should  be  concealed ; the  private  parts. 

Thy  nakedness  shall  be  uncovered;  yea,  thy  shame  shall 
be  seen.  Isa.  xlvii.  3. 

To  put  to  shame , to  make  ashamed  ; to  shame. 

SHAME,  v.  a.  \i.  shamed  \pp.  shaming,  shamed.] 

1.  To  make  ashamed;  to  put  to  shame;  to 
abash ; to  confuse ; to  confound. 

Despoiled 

Of  all  our  good;  shamed , naked,  miserable.  Milton. 

2.  To  disgrace  ; to  dishonor.  Spenser. 

3.  To  mock  at;  to  deride  ; to  jeer. 

Ye  have  shamed  the  counsel  of  the  poor,  because  the  Lord 
is  his  refuge.  Ps.  xiv.  6. 

SHAME,  v.  n.  To  be  ashamed,  [r.]  Spenser. 

SHAME'FACED  (sliam'fast),  a.  [From  shame- 
fast.]  Bashful;  modest;  diffident;  easily  put 
out  of  countenance.  — See  Shamefastness. 

Your  shamefaced  virtue  shunned  the  people’s  praise 

And  senate’s  honors.  Dryden. 

SHAME'fAced-LY  (-fast-),  ad.  Modestly  ; bash- 
fully. Woolton. 

SHAME'FAcED-NESS  (sham'fast-nes),  n.  Mod- 
esty ; bashfulness.  Dryden. 

f SHAME'FAST,  a.  [A.  S.  sceam-fast,  scam-fast, 
sceam,  scam,  shame,  and  fast,  fast,  firm.]  Bash- 
ful ; modest ; shamefaced.  Wickliffe.  Cotgrave. 

t SHAME'FAST-LY,  ad.  Modestly;  bashfully; 
shamefacedly.  Wickliffe. 

f SHAME'FAST-NESS,  n.  [A.  S.  scamfcestnes.] 
Modesty ; shamefacedness. 

In  like  manner,  also,  that  women  adorne  themselues  in 
modest  apparell,  with  shamefastnesse,  and  sobrietie. 

Authorized  Version , 1st  ed.,  1611. 

In  mancrly  aparell,withs/iaw/as/«es.  Tyndalc'sJYans.,\5'lij. 

&#=-  44  Shamefast,  shamefastness,  as  steadfast , stead- 
fastness. It  is  also  found  so  written  in  old  authors. 
The  source  of  the  change  is  obviously  from  the  effect 
of  shame,  in  many  cases,  upon  the  face.”  Richardson. 

44  It  is  a pity  that  shamefast  and  shatnefastness,  by 
which  last  word  our  translators  rendered  Stotpyoovvr) 
here,  should  have  been  corrupted  in  modern  use  to 
shamefaced  and  shamefacedness.  The  words  are  prop- 
erly of  the  same  formation  as  steadfast , steadfastness, 
soothfast , soothfastness , and  those  good  old  English 
words,  now  lost  to  us,  rootfast  and  rootfastness.  As 
by  rootfast  our  fathers  understood  that  which  was 
firm  and  fast  by  its  root,  so  by  shamefast,  in  like  man- 
ner, that  which  was  established  and  made /</.•*•£  by  ran 
honorable)  shame.  To  change  this  into  shame-faced  is 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RtJLE.  — C, 
106 


(J,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as 


as  g/„  — THIS,  this. 


SHAMEFUL 


1322 


SHARK 


to  allow  all  the  meaning  and  force  of  the  word  to  run 
to  the  surface,  to  leave  us,  ethically,  a far  inferior 
word.  It  is  very  inexcusable  that  all  modern  reprints 
should  have  given  in  to  tins  corruption.”  Trench's 
Synonymcs  of  the  Wexo  Testament. 

SHAME'FUL,  a.  1.  Bringing  shame  ; injurious 
to  character  or  reputation  ; disgraceful ; disrep- 
utable ; dishonorable ; scandalous  ; infamous. 

Shameful  murder  of  a guiltless  king.  Shak. 

2.  Raising  shame  in  others  ; exciting  shame. 
“ Most  shameful  sight.”  Spenser. 

9HAME'FUL-LY,  ad.  In  a shameful  manner;  dis- 
gracefully ; scandalously.  Milton. 

SIIAME'FUL-NESS,  7i.  The  state  of  being  shame- 
ful ; disgracefulness.  Barnes. 

SHAME'LpSS,  a.  Wanting  shame  or  modesty; 
impudent ; immodest  ; unblushing ; brazen- 
faced ; frontless  ; indecent ; audacious. 

SHAME'LpsS-LY,  ad.  In  a shameless  manner ; 
impudently.  Hale. 

SHAME'LfSS-NESS,  n.  Want  of  shame;  impu- 
dence ; immodesty.  Sidnexj. 

Syn.  — See  Assurance. 

SHAME'— PROOF,  a.  Callous  or  insensible  to 
shame.  Shak. 

SHAM'gR,  n.  Whoever  or  whatever  makes 
ashamed.  Beau.  A FI. 

SHAM'-FIGHT  (sh&m'flt),  n.  A feigned  fight; 
a mock  fight.  Coxvper. 

SHAM'MEL,  7i.  ( Mining .)  A method  of  lifting 

ore  or  water  to  an  intermediate  platform  before 
bringing  it  to  the  surface  of  the  ground.  Ansted. 

SHAM'MgR,  n.  One  who  shams;  a cheat;  an 
impostor ; a pretender.  Johnson. 

SHAM'MY,  7i.  [Fr.  chamois,  a chamois,  sham- 
my.] A kind  of  soft,  pliable  leather,  prepared 
by  dressing  in  oil,  originally  made  of  the  skin 
oif  the  chamois,  but  now  chiefly  of  the  skin  of 
sheep  or  does  ; chamois-leather  ; wash-leather  ; 
— also  written  shamois,  and  shamoy.  Tomlinson. 

SHA-MOY'JNG,  71.  The  operation  in  preparing 
certain  kinds  of  leather,  as  wash-leather,  of 
working  into  the  skin  a quantity  of  oil,  which 
supplies  the  place  of  the  vegetable  astringent, 
or  of  the  chloride  of  aluminum,  in  the  processes 
of  tanning  and  tawing.  Miller. 

SHAM-P06',  v.  a.  [Hind,  champna,  to  press.]  [i. 

SHAMPOOED;  pp.  SHAMPOOING,  SHAMPOOED.] 

1.  To  press  and  rub  the  body  and  limbs,  and 

crack  the  joints  of,  when  in  a warm  bath,  in 
order  to  mitigate  pain,  or  to  restore  tone  and 
vigor,  as  in  the  East  Indies  ; — written  also 
champoo.  Qu.  Rev. 

2.  To  wash  and  rub  the  head  and  hair  of,  in 
order  to  cleanse  the  scalp  and  the  hair. 

SHAM-POO'pR,  71.  One  who  shampooes. 

SHAM-Po6'ING,  n.  The  act  or  the  process  of  one 
who  shampooes.  Brande. 

SHAM'ROCK,  7i.  [Ir.  seamrog,  or  shamrog,  from 
Gael,  semi,  pacific,  soothing,  — in  allusion  to 
its  use  as  an  anodyne  in  the  diseases  of  cattle.] 

( Bot .)  1.  A three-leafed  plant,  the  national 
emblem  of  Ireland ; white  trefoil ; white  clover ; 
Dutch  clover ; Trifolium  repens.  Eng.  Cxjc. 

KTT  The  original  shamrock  of  Ireland  does  not  ap- 
pear to  have  been  a clover,  but  the  Oralis  acetosella,  or 
common  wood-sorrel,  which  has  also  leaves  with  three 
divisions.  Eng.  Cyc. 

2.  A species  of  medic ; hop-trefoil ; black- 
nonesuch  ; Mcdicago  Ixipalina.  Loudon. 

SHANK  (shangk,  82),  71.  [A.  S.  scea7ica,  sconca, 

scone,  a shank ; Dut.  schonk,  a bone  ; schenkel, 
a shank;  Ger.  schenkel-,  Dan.  <Sf  Sw.  skank.\ 

1.  The  part  of  the  leg  from  the  knee  to  the 
ankle  ; the  middle  joint  of  the  leg. 

His  youthful  hose  well  saved,  a world  too  wide 

For  his  shrunk  shank.  Shak. 

2.  The  large  bone  of  the  leg  below  the  knee  ; 

the  tibia.  “Reeky  shanks  and  yellow,  chap- 
less  skulls.”  Shak. 

3.  The  whole  leg.  “ And  rest  the  walker’s 

weary  shanks.”  . Spenser. 

4.  Any  thing  resembling  a leg  ; a support. 

Standing  upon  four  stones  cut  with  a shank.  Ray. 

5.  The  long  part  of  any  instrument.  “ The 

shank  of  a key.”  Moxon. 


6.  The  shaft  or  main  part  of  an  anchor,  at 

one  end  of  which  Ae  stock  is  fastened,  and  at 
the  other  the  arms.  Dana. 

7.  (Arch.)  The  space  between  the  channels 

of  a triglyph  in  the  Doric  order.  Brande. 

8.  (Founding.)  A double  hand-ladle  holding 
from  two  to  four  cwt.  of  melted  metal. Simmonds. 

9.  (Bot.)  A name  applied  to  plants  of  the  ge- 
nus Bryonia.  Johnson. 

SHANKED  (shdngkt),  a.  Having  a shank.  J0I171S071. 

SHANK'yR,  n.  (Med.)  See  Chancre.  Dunglison. 

SHAiYK'LIN-SAND,  n.  (Geol.)  A name  given  to 
the  lower-  green-sand,  from  its  being  found  at 
Shanklin,  in  the  Isle  of  Wight.  Ansted. 

SHANK'-PAiNT-lJR,  n.  (Naut.)  A strong  rope 
by  which  the  lower  part  of  the  shank  of  an  an- 
chor is  secured  to  the  ship’s  side.  Dana. 

SHAN'TY,  or  SHAN'T£E,  71.  A mean  cabin  or 
shed ; a slight,  temporary  shelter ; a hut.  S.  Mag. 

SHAN'TY,  a.  Showy;  gay;  janty.  [North  of 
Eng.]  Brockett. 

SHAN'TY— MAN,  71.  One  who  lives  in  a shanty; 
a lumherer  or  wood-cutter.  Simmonds. 

SHAP'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  shaped. 

I made  things  [of  earthen  ware]  round  and  shapable . Defoe. 

SHAPE,  v.  a.  [Goth,  skapjan;  A.  S.  sceapan, 
scyppan,  to  shape,  to  make,  to  form  ; Dut.  schcp- 
pen,  to  create  ; Ger.  schaffen-,  Dan.  skahe ; Sw. 
sAft/Irt.]  [i.  SHAPED  ; pp.  SHAPING,  SHAPED,  07' 
shapen.  — In  modern  use,  it  is  regular.] 

1.  To  mould,  with  respect  to  external  dimen- 
sions ; to  bring  to  a form  or  figure  ; to  form. 

I that  am  not  shaped  for  sportive  tricks.  Shak. 

Grace  shaped  her  limbs  and  beauty  decked  her  face.  Prior. 

2.  To  determine  the  tendency  or  character 
of ; to  cast ; to  fashion  ; to  regulate ; to  adjust. 

To  the  stream,  when  neither  friends,  nor  force, 

Nor  speed,  nor  art  avail,  he  shapes  his  course.  Denham. 

And  shape  my  foolishness  to  iheir  desire.  Prior. 

3.  To  image  ; to  imagine  ; to  conceive. 

And  oft  my  jealousy 

Shapes  faults  that  are  not.  Shak. 

4.  fTo  create;  to  make;  to  beget.  Ps.  li.  5. 

SHAPE,  v.  71.  To  square  ; to  suit.  Shak. 

SHAPE,  71.  1.  External  appearance  ; form  ; figure. 

Ye  have  a man’s  shape  as  well  as  I.  Chaucer. 

2.  Particular  make  of  the  trunk  of  the  body. 

[They]  seem  to  have  no  other  wish  towards  the  little  girl, 

but  that  she  may  have  a fair  skin,  a fine  shape,  dress  well,  and 
dance  to  admiration.  Law. 

3.  Being,  as  moulded  into  form. 

Before  the  gates  there  sat 

On  either  side  a formidable  shape.  Milton. 

4.  Idea;  ideal;  pattern.  Milton. 

Thy  actions  to  thy  words  accord,  tin-  words 
To  thy  targe  heart  give  utterance  due.  thy  heart 
Contains  of  good,  wise,  just,  the  perfect  shape.  Milton. 

5.  Manner.  [Colloquial  and  low.]  Johnson. 

Syn.  — See  Figure. 

SHAPED  (shapt),  p.  a.  Having  a shape  or  form; 
formed  ; — much  used  in  composition. 

SHAP'ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  shapes. 

SH.APE'I.pss,  a.  Destitute  of  regular  shape; 
wanting  regularity  of  form  ; wanting  symmetry. 

He  is  deformed,  crooked,  old,  and  sere. 

Ill-faced,  worse-bodied,  shapeless  every  where.  Shak. 

The  shapeless  rock  or  hanging  precipice.  Pope. 

SHAPE 'LESS-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  shapeless. 

SHAPE'LI-NESS,  71.  The  state  of  being  shaped; 
beauty  or  proportion  of  form.  Wicldijfe. 

SHAPE'LY,  a.  Symmetrical  ; well  shaped  or 
formed.  “ The  shapely  column.”  Warton. 

SHAPE'— SMITH,  71.  One  who  undertakes  to  im- 
prove a person’s  shape  or  form.  Garth. 

SHARD,  n.  [A.  S.  scea/rd,  a fragment,  a shard; 
scera7i,  to  cut ; Dut.  schaard,  a notch  in  a knife  ; 
Ger.  scharte-,  Dan.  skciat ; Sw.  skara,  a notch; 
Icel.  shard,  a rupture.  — See  Share.] 

1.  A fragment  of  an  earthen  vessel,  of  a tile, 
or  of  any  brittle  substance  ; sherd.  Milton. 

Shards,  flints,  and  pebbles  should  be  thrown  on  her.  Milton. 

2.  The  hard  wing-case  of  a beetle.  [Probably 
from  a fancied  resemblance  to  a fragment  of  a 
pot.  Nares.] 

They  are  his  shards , and  he  their  beetle.  Shak. 


3.  The  shell  of  an  egg  or  a snail.  Gower. 

4.  A plant ; chard.  — See  Chard. 

Shards  or  mallows  for  the  pot.  Dryden * 

5.  A frith  or  strait. 

In  I’hsedria’s  flit  bark,  over  that  perlous  shard.  Spenser. 

6.  A gap.  [Local,  Eng.]  Johns07i. 

7.  A kind  oi  fish.  Joli7ison. 

8.  A prospect  through  an  avenue.  [Local, 

North  of  Eng.]  Todd. 

PSf-  Shard  appears  once  to  be  used  hy  Spenser  in  the 
sense  of  boundary ; the  boundary  in  question  being  a 
river.  Wares. 

SHARD'— BORNE,  a.  Borne  along  by  wings  that 
have  shards  or  sheaths. 

The  shardhbome  beetle,  with  drowsy  hums.  Sltak 

SHARD'pD,  a.  Having  wings  as  within  shells; 
sheath-winged.  “ The  sharded  beetle.”  Shak. 

SHARE,  v.  a.  [A.  S . sceran,  sciran,  scirian,  scy- 
7ia/i-,  Frs.  scera,  to  shear;  Dut.  scheren,  sc/xee- 
ren,  to  shear;  schexxren,  to  tear,  to  split;  Ger. 
sherexi,  to  shear;  Dan.  skiare,  to  shear;  Sw. 
skara,  to  shear;  Icel.  skera,  to  shear.  — W.  sy- 
gar,  to  separate.  — Sansc.  schaura,  or  chaura,  to 
shave.]  [i.  shared  ; pp.  sharing,  shared.] 

1.  To  divide  ; to  part  among  two  or  more. 

The  latest  of  my  wealth  I ’ll  share  amongst  you.  Shak. 

Suppose  I s/kot  1113'  fortune  equally  between  my  children 

and  a stranger,  will  that  unite  them?  $wift. 

2.  To  partake  with  others ; to  seize  or  pos- 
sess jointly  with  another  or  with  others. 

Not  a love  of  liberty  nor  thirst  of  honor 

Drew  you  thus  far,  but  hones  to  share  the  spoil 

Of  conquered  towns  and  plundered  provinces.  Addison. 

3.  fTo  cut;  to  shear. 

Scalp,  face,  and  shoulders  the  keen  steel  divides, 

And  the  shared  visage  hangs  on  equal  sides.  Dryden. 

shAre,  v.  71.  To  have  part ; to  have  a dividend. 

A title  to  share  in  the  goods  of  his  father.  Locke. 

SHARE,  71.  [A.  S.  scear ; Dut.  schaar,  shears; 

Ger.  schere,  shears  ; schar,  a ploughshare  ; Dan. 

Sw.  sax,  scissors  ; Icel.  skcP7'i,  scissors;  ske/f, 
a part.  — Ir.  slxara,  searra,  a plough.] 

1.  A part ; a portion,  — particularly  of  any 
thing  owned  by  two  or  more  in  common  ; an 
allotment ; an  apportionment ; a dividend. 

In  poets  as  true  genius  is  but  rare, 

True  taste  as  seldom  is  the  critic's  share.  Pope. 

lie  takes  his  share  of  the  prolit,  and  yet  leaves  his  share  of 
the  burden  to  be  borne  by  others.  Swift . 

2.  One  of  the  equal  proportions  into  which 
the  capital  stock  of  a company  or  corporation  is 
divided. 

The  capital  stock  is  usually  divided  into  equal  proportions 
called  shares.  Bouvier. 

3.  The  proportion  which  descends  to  one  of 
several  children  from  his  ancestor.  Bouvier. 

4.  The  blade  of  a plough  that  cuts  or  cleaves 
the  ground  ; a ploughshare. 

The  shining  shares  full  many  ploughmen  guide.  Pope. 

On  shares , with  the  condition  of  having  a portion 
or  share.  — Share  and  share  alike,  in  equal  proportions. 
Bnxivicr.  — To  go  shares,  to  partake  together  of  any 
thing.  L'Estrange. 

Syn.  — See  Part. 

SII  ArE'BEAM,  7i.  That  part  of  a plough  to  which 
the  share  is  applied.  Ash. 

SHArE'-BONE,  71.  (Anat.)  The  anterior  part  of 
the  bone  that  divides  the  trunk  from  the  lower 
limbs ; the  os  pubis.  Dimglison. 

ShArE'-BRO-KER,  n.  A broker  who  deals  in 
railway  and  other  shares.  Sinxxnoxxds. 

SHArE'-HOLD-ER,  71.  An  owner  of  a share  in  a 
joint  stock.  Qu.  Rev. 

ShAr'JJR,  n.  One  who  shares;  a partaker. 

ShAr'ING,  n.  Participation.  Spenser. 

SHARK,  n.  [Perhaps  from  the  A.  S.  scear-an,  to 
sheer,  to  cut, — applied  to  the  fish  from  its  vo- 
racity, and  to  the  person  for  his  similar  qualities. 
Richard  son.  — Gr.  xxapyayias,  a kind  of  shark,  so 
called  from  his  sharp  teeth ; xdpxapoj,  sharp- 
pointed  ; L.  carcharus.  Thomson.] 

ly  Squalida,  Blue  shark  (Carcharias  glaueus). 
which  is  com- 
posed of  many  genera  and  many  species. 


A,  E,  i,  6,  U,  Y,  lo7ig ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  J,  O,  y,  Y,  obscure  ; FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


SHARK 


1323 


SHAVE 


Ilammer-headed  Shark. 


The  form  of 
the  body  differs 
much  in  the  differ- 
ent genera.  They 
are  characterized, 
however,  in  gener- 
al, by  having  a 
rounded  body  ter- 
minated by  a large, 
conical,  fleshy  tail.  The  muzzle  is  rounded  or  point- 
ed, depressed,  and  projects  over  the  mouth  ; so  that, 
when  the  shark  is  going  to  seize  its  prey,  it  is 
obliged  to  turn  on  one  side  or  on  its  back.  The  teeth 
are  generally  large  and  in  the  form  of  an  isosceles  tri- 
angle, sometimes  smooth,  sometimes  finely  notched 
on  their  outer  margin.  They  are  arranged  in  several 
series,  one  within  another.  The  skin  is  usually  rough 
and  covered  with  a multitude  of  little  osseous  tuber- 
cles. It  is  an  extremely  voracious  fish,  and  it  swims 
with  great  velocity.  The  white  shark  ( Carcharias 
vulgaris)  in  size  and  voracity  is  the  most  formidable 
of  all  the  species,  and  attains  sometimes  the  length 
of  thirty  feet.  — See  Hammer-fish.  Baird. 

2.  A greedy,  artful  fellow;  one  who  fills  his 
pockets  by  sly  tricks ; a sharper  ; a cheat. 

Cheaters,  sharks,  and  shifting  companions.  Bp.  Reynolds. 

3.  Trick;  fraud;  petty  rapine.  [Low.] 

Wretches  who  live  upon  the  shark.  South. 


SHARK,  V.  11.  [t.  SHARKED  ; pp.  SHARKING, 

SHARKED.] 

1.  To  prey  upon  another ; to  play  the  petty 
thief ; to  practise  cheats  ; to  live  by  fraud. 

The  sharking  officer  that  receives  bribes.  Dr.  White. 

2.  To  live  scantily,  catching  at  invitations  to 
the  tables  of  others  ; to  live  by  shifts.  Wood. 

SHARK,  v.  a.  To  pick  up  hastily  or  slyly.  Shah. 

SHARK'pR,  n.  One  who  sharks;  an  artful  fel- 
low. “ A . . . renegado,  a dirty  sharker."  Wotton. 

SHARK'ING,  n.  Petty  rapine;  trick:  — the  act 
of  living  scantily  or  by  shifts.  Dr.  Westfield. 

SHARP,  a.  [A.  S.  soearp;  Dut.  scherp ; Frs. 
skerp ; Ger.  scharf ; Dan.  <St  Sw.  sharp ; Icel. 
skarpr ; Ir.  scarb,  biting.  — - Turk,  scerp.  — Skin- 
ner refers  it  to  the  A.  S.  scyran,  to  shear  or 
shave.] 

1.  Having  a keen  edge  or  an  acute  point ; 

having  an  edge  or  a point  that  will  cut  or  pierce 
quickly  or  easily  ; acute  ; not  blunt ; keen.  “ A 
sharp  razor.”  Ps.  lii.  2.  “ My  cimeter’s  sharp 

point.”  Shah. 

2.  Terminating  in  a point  or  edge  ; not  obtuse. 

The  form  of  their  heads  is  narrow  and  sharp.  More. 

There  was  seen  some  miles  in  the  sea  a great  pillar  of  light, 
not  sharp,  but  in  form  of  a column.  Bacon. 

3.  Acute  of  mind ; quick  of  apprehension  or 
invention  ; discerning  ; discriminating  ; witty  ; 
ingenious ; inventive ; shrewd. 

The  sharpest  philosophers  have  never  yet  arrived  at  clear 
and  distinct  ideas.  Watts. 

There  is  nothing  makes  men  shaiper , and  sets  their  hands 
and  wits  more  at  work,  than  want.  Addison. 

4.  Quick  or  keen  of  sight ; — attentive  ; vigi- 
lant. 

As  the  sharpest  eye  discerneth  nought. 

Except  the  sunbeams  in  the  air  do  shine. 

So  the  best  soul,  with  her  reflecting  thought. 

Sees  not  herself  without  some  light  divine.  Davies. 

5.  Keen  to  the  taste  ; biting ; pungent ; poig- 
nant ; acid  ; tart.  “ A most  sharp  sauce.”  Shak. 

6.  Keen  or  acute  to  the  ear ; piercing  the  ear 
with  a quick  noise;  shrill;  not  flat. 

Let  one  whistle  at  the  end  of  a trunk,  and  hold  your  ear 
at  the  other,  and  the  sound  strikes  so  sharp  as  you  can  scarce 
endure  it.  Bacon. 

7.  Severe;  harsh;  sarcastic. 

How  often  may  we  meet  with  those  who  are  one  while 
courteous,  hut  within  a small  time  after  are  so  supercilious, 
sharp,  troublesome,  fierce,  and  exceptions,  that  they  . . . be- 
come the  very  sores  and  burdens  of  society  1 South. 

8.  Severely  rigid ; quick  to  punish ; cruel. 

“The  sharp  Athenian  law.”  Shak. 

9.  Eager,  as  for  food ; hungry  ; keen. 

To  satisfy  the  sharp  desire  I had 

Of  tasting  those  fair  apples.  Milton. 

10.  Fierce;  ardent;  fiery;  impetuous. 

A sharp  assault  already  is  begun.  Dryden. 

11.  Severely  painful ; acute  ; distressing.  “A 

sharp  torture.”  Tillotson. 

12.  Nipping  ; pinching  ; piercing,  as  the  cold. 
“ Sharp  air.”  Ray.  “ Sharp  frost.”  Cook. 

13.  Shrewd  and  exacting  in  business  transac- 
tions ; as,  “A  man  sharp  at  a bargain.” 

14.  Subtle;  nice;  witty;  acute;  — applied  to 
things.  “ Sharp  and  subtle  discourses.”  Hooker. 

15.  Hard;  — so  applied  among  workmen. 

“The  sharpest  sand.”  Moxon. 


16.  Thin  in  features  ; emaciated  ; lean. 

His  visage  drawn  he  felt  to  sharp  and  spare.  hfiiton. 

17.  (Mas.)  Higher  by  a semitone,  as  a note  : 

— above  true  pitch  ; too  high. 

Sharp  up,  said  of  yards  when  braced  as  near  fore- 
and-aft  as  possible.  Dana. 

Syn.  — See  Acute,  Keen. 

SHARP,  n.  1.  A sharp  or  acute  sound.  Shak. 

2.  A pointed  weapon  ; a rapier.  Collier. 

3.  pi.  The  hard  parts  of  the  wheat,  which  re- 

quire grinding  a second  time; — called  also 
middlings.  Simmonds : 

4.  (Mus.)  A character  (#)  which  prefixed  to 

a note  signifies  that  it  is  to  be  sung  or  played  a 
semitone  higher  than  it  naturally  would  have 
been  without  such  a character.  Moore. 

SHARP,  V.  a.  [».  SHARPED  ; pp.  SHARPING, 
SHARPED.] 

1.  To' make  sharp  or  keen.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  To  make  quick  or  discerning ; to  render 
discriminating.  “ To  sharp  my  sense.”  Spenser. 

3.  (Mus.)  To  mark  with  a sharp  ; to  make 
higher  by  a semitone  ; to  sharpen.  Moore. 

SHARP,  v.  n.  To  play  the  sharper. 

And  he  that  sharped, 

And  pocketed  a prize  by  fraud  obtained. 

Was  marked  and  shunned  ns  odious.  Cowper. 

SHARP'— COR-NgRED  (kor'nerd),  a.  Having  sharp 
corners.  Burney. 

SHARP'— EDGED  (-ejd),  a.  Having  a sharp  or 
keen  edge.  “ Sharp-edged  cimeter.”  Drayton. 

SHAR'PEN-  (sh'drpn),  v.  a.  [See  Sharp,  «.]  [i. 

SHARPENED;  pp.  SHARPENING,  SHARPENED.] 

1.  To  make  sharp  or  keen  ; to  edge  ; to  point. 

But  nil  the  Israelites  went  down  to  the  Philistines,  to 
sharpen  every  man  his  share,  and  his  colter,  and  his  axe,  and 
his  mattock.  1 Saw.  xiii.  20. 

The  weaker  their  helps  are,  the  more  their  need  is  to 
sharpen  the  edge  of  their  own  industry.  1 looker. 

2.  To  make  quicker  or  keener  of  perception. 

Over-much  quickness  of  wit.  either  given  by  nature  or 
sharpened  by  study,  doth  not  commonly  bring  greatest  learn- 
ing, best  manners,  or  happiest  life  in  the  end.  Ascham. 

3.  To  make  eager;  to  render  keener,  as  an 
appetite  ; to  make  hungry. 

Epicurean  cooks 

Sharpen  with  cloyless  sauce  his  appetite.  Shak. 

4.  To  make  biting,  sarcastic,  or  severe. 

My  haughty  soul  would  swell, 

Sharpen  each  word,  and  threaten  in  my  eyes.  Smith. 

5.  To  make  fierce  or  angry. 

Mine  enemy  sharpeneth  his  eyes  upon  me.  Job  xvi.  9. 

6.  To  make  more  piercing  or  shrill  to  the  ear. 

Enclosures  not  only  preserve  sound,  hut  increase  and 

sharpen  it.  Bacon. 

7.  To  make  sharp  or  keen  to  the  taste;  to 

render  sour,  acid,  or  tart.  Johnson. 

8.  To  make  more  intense,  as  grief,  joy,  pain. 

9.  (Mus.)  To  raise  by  a semitone;  to  make  a 

semitone  higher  ; to  sharp.  Dtoight. 

SHAR'PEN  (shir’pn),  v.  n.  To  grow  or  become 
sharp.  Shak. 

SHARP'ER,  n.  One  who  practises  sharpness,  in 
cheating,  defrauding,  or  gaining  advantages  ; a 
tricking  fellow  ; a cheat ; a defrauder. 

Sharpers,  as  pikes,  prey  upon  their  owTn  kind.  L' Estrange. 

SIIARP'LY,  ad.  With  sharpness;  with  a sharp 
edge  or  point : — keenly  ; acutely  ; vigorously  : 

— minutely  ; accurately  : — severely  ; rigorous- 
ly : — acutely  or  wittily.  Johnson. 

SHARP'N^SS,  n.  [A.  S.  scearpnes .] 

1.  State  of  being  sharp  in  the  edge  or  the  point. 

The  sharpness  of  the  weapons.  Sidney. 

2.  Intellectual  acuteness ; quickness  of  ap- 
prehension ; ingenuity  ; wit.  Addison. 

3.  Quickness  of  sense,  as  of  seeing  or  hearing. 

4.  The  quality  of  being  keen,  biting,  or  pierc- 
ing, as  the  cold.  “ Sharpness  of  the  air.”  Cook. 

5.  Quality  of  being  biting  to  the  tongue  ; pun- 
gency ; tartness.  “ Sharpness  in  vinegar.”  Watts. 

6.  Eagerness  or  keenness  of  appetite.  “ The 

sharpness  of  starving.”  Sir  J.  Cheeke. 

7.  Severity  of  language;  sarcasm;  satire. 

Some  did  all  folly  with  just  sharpness  blame. 

While  others  laughed  and  scorned  them  into  shame.  Dryden. 

8.  Keenness,  as  of  pain  or  grief ; intense- 
ness ; poignancy  ; painfulness  ; atllictiveness. 

And  the  best  quarrels  in  the  heat  arc  curst 

By  those  that  feel  their  sharpness.  Shak. 


SHARP'— POINT-1JD,  a.  1.  Having  sharp  points. 
“ Sharp-pointed  sword.”  Shak. 

2.  (Bot.)  Terminating  at  once  in  a point 
without  tapering  in  any  degree  ; acute.  Lindlcy. 

SHARP'— SET,  a.  Hungry;  ravenous:  — eager. 

An  eagle  sharp-set , looking  about  her  for  her  prey,  spied  a 
leveret.  L' Estrange. 

SHARP'— SHOOT-^R,  n.  A rifleman ; a good 
marksman.  Park. 


SHARP'-SHOOT-ING,  n.  A shooting  with  great 
skill  and  accuracy.  Clarke. 

SHARP'— SIGHT-ED  (-sit-ed),  a.  Having  quick  or 
sharp  sight,  or  quick  discernment.  L' Estrange. 

SHARP  — SIGHT-ED-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing sharp-sighted. 

SHARP'— TAIL,  11.  ( Ornith .)  A bird  of  the  order 
Passcres,  family  Ccrthidae , and  sub-family  Sy- 
nallaxina.  ■ Gray. 

SHARP'— TAST-JD,  a.  Having  a sharp  taste. 

Sharp-tasted  citrons  Median  climes  produce; 

Bitter  the  rind,  but  generous  is  the  juice.  Dryden. 

SHARP’— TOOTHED  (shdrp'totht),  a.  Having  a 
sharp  tooth.  Shak. 


SHARP'— VI§-AGED,  a.  Having  a thin  face.  Hale. 

SHARP'— WIT-TpD,  a.  Having  an  acute  mind; 
sagacious.  “ Very  sharp-witted  men.”  Wotton. 

SHASH,  n.  1.  f A turban.  Fuller.  Herbert. 

2.  A sash.  — See  Sash.  Cotton. 

SHAS  T 1?R,  ? n.  A sacred  book  of  the  Hindoos, 

SIlAS'TRA,  > containing  the  doctrines  and  pre- 
cepts of  their  religion  and  the  ceremonies  of 
their  worship,  and  serving  as  a commentary  on 
the  Veda  or  Vedam.  Wright. 

SH  AT'TpR,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  scateran,  to  scatter.  — See 
Scatter,  v.  a.]  [i.  shattered  ; pp.  shatter- 
ing, SHATTERED.] 

1.  To  break  at  once  into  many  pieces ; to  rend, 
by  breaking  into  parts ; to  break  so  as  to  scat- 
ter the  pieces  ; to  dash  into  fragments. 

Black  from  the  stroke  above,  the  smouldering  pine 
Stands  as  a shattered  trunk.  Thomson. 

2.  To  break  or  dash  the  vigor  of ; to  dissipate. 
“ A man  ...  of  shattered  humor.”  Norris. 

3.  To  derange  ; to  render  insane  or  delirious; 
to  disorder;  as,  “A  man  shattered  in  intellect.” 

SHAt'TER,  v.  11.  To  be  broken,  or  to  fall,  by  any 
force  applied,  into  fragments. 

Of  bodies,  some  are  fragile, . . . some  shatter , and  fly  in 
many  places.  Bacon. 

SHAT  TER,  n.  One  part  of  many  into  which  any 
thing  is  shattered  ; a fragment  ; — used  chiefly 
in  the  plural.  “ Break  it  into  shatters.”  Swift. 

SHAT'TER— BRAIN,  n.  A person  of  disordered 
mind;  a scatter-brain ; — a giddy  person.  Ash. 

SHAt'T£R-BRAINED  (-brand),  a.  Disordered  in 
mind ; — inattentive  ; heedless.  Goodman. 


SHAt'T£R-PAT’JED,  a.  Shatter-brained.  [Low.] 

SHAt'TBR-Y,  a.  Easily  shattered ; loose  of 
structure  ;’ brittle  ; frangible.  “ A brittle,  shat- 
ter)/ sort  of  spar.”  Woodward. 

SHAVE,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  scafan;  Dut.  shaven-,  Ger. 
schaben  ; Dan.  shave-,  Sw . skafwa.  — L.  scabo, 
to  scratch,  to  scrape.]  [*.  shaved  ; pp.  shav- 
ing, shaved  or  shaven  ; now  commonly 
SHAVED.] 

1.  To  cut  or  pare  close  to  the  surface,  as  by  a 
razor  ; to  cut  off,  as  the  beard. 

Zelim  was  the  first  of  the  Ottomans  that  did  share  his 
beard.  Bacon . 

2.  To  make  bare  or  smooth  by  cutting  the 
hair  from  the  surface. 

The  Egyptians,  from  a very  early  age,  shave  their  heads. 

Beloe. 

3.  To  make  smooth  by  cutting  any  thing 
from  the  surface. 

The  bending  scythe 

Shai'es  all  the  surface  of  the  waving  green.  Gay. 

4.  To  cut  in  thin  slices  ; to  slice. 

Plants  bruised  or  shaven  in  leaf  or  root.  Bacon. 

5.  To  skim  by  passing  near. 

He  shares  with  level  wing  the  deep,  then  soars 

Up  to  the  fiery  concave  towering  nigh.  Milton. 

6.  To  strip  ; to  fleece  ; to  oppress  by  extor- 
tion ; to  pillage.  Johnson. 

To  shave  off,  to  cut  off.  “ I caused  the  hair  of  his 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  rBLE.  — 9,  <?,  <;,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  % as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


SHAVE 


1324 


SHED 


head  to  he  shaved  off.”  Wiseman.  — To  shave  a note , to 
buy  a note  at  a great  discount.  [Colloquial.] 

SHAVE,  v.  n.  1.  To  cut  off’  the  beard  with  a ra- 
zor close  to  the  surface. 

Were  I the  wearer  of  Antonius’  beard, 

I would  not  shave  to-day.  Shak. 

2.  To  cut  closely  ; to  cut  as  a razor. 

3.  To  be  hard  and  severe  in  bargains.  Baker. 

SHAVE,  n.  An  instrument  or  tool,  having  a long 
blade  and  two  handles,  used  for  shaving  hoops, 
&c. ; — called  also  drawing-knife.  Chamberlin. 

SHAvE'-GRASS,  n.  ( Bot .)  A cryptogamous  plant 
having  a rush-like,  hollow  stem,  used  for  polish- 
ing wood,  bone,  ivory,  and  various  metals,  par- 
ticularly brass ; Equisctum  hyemale  ; — called  al- 
so Dutch-rush.  Gray.  Loudon. 

SHA VE’LING,  n.  A man  shaved;  a monk  or 
friar,  in  contempt.  Spenser. 

SHAV'jgR,  n.  1.  One  who  shaves  ; a barber. 

2.  One  whose  dealings  are  close  and  keen  for 
his  own  profit ; — an  extortioner  ; a plunderer. 

Tliis  Lewis  is  a cunning  sharer.  Swift. 

By  these  shavers  the  Turks  were  stript  of  all  they  had. 

KnoiliS. 

flg=-Tbis  word,  in  the  United  States,  is  applied  to 
money  brokers  who  purchase  notes  at  more  than  legal 
interest.  Banks,  when  they  resort  to  any  means  to 
obtain  a large  discount,  are  also  called  shavers  or 
shaving  banks.  Bartlett. 

A young  shaver , a boy.  Halliwell. 

SHAV'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  shaves. 

2.  A thin  paring  of  wood  planed  or  shaved 
off ; a thin  slice  pared  off.  Bacon. 

To  a shaving,  within  a small  fraction;  to  a tittle  ; 
to  a nicety.  “ It  fits  to  a shaving.11  Craven  Dialect. 

SHAV'ING— BRUSH,  n.  A brush  used  in  shaving. 

SHAW,  n.  [A.  S.  scuica,  a shade;  Dan.  skov,  a 
forest;  skygge,  a shade;  Sw.  skog,  a forest; 
skttyya,  shade  ; Ieel.  skuyyi.  — See  Shade.]  A 
thicket  or  small  wood.  [Local,  Eng.] 

Thither,  to  seek  some  flocks  or  herds,  we  went. 

Perhaps  close  hid  beneath  the  greenwood  shuw.  Fairfax. 

Whither  ridest  thou  under  this  green  shaw?  Chaucer. 

The  word  is  still  in  use  in  Staffordshire,  and 
is  frequent  in  the  composition  of  names  j as  Alder- 
shaw , Gentles/mw,  &cc.  Todd. 

SII AYV'FOYVl,  n . An  artificial  fowl  made  to 
shoot  at.  Johnson. 

SHAWL,  n.  [Per.  shulli ; Turk,  shal ; Hind.  shal. 
— Dut.  sjaal ; Gcr.  schahl ; Dan.  schavl ; Sw. 
schawl.  — It.  scialle , sciallo  ; Sp.  chal ; Fr.  chule.] 
A piece  of  cloth,  long  or  square,  made  of  wool, 
silk,  wool  and  silk,  cotton,  or  hair,  and  chiefly 
worn  by  women  over  the  shoulders  and  hack. 

/fcS^The  manufacture  of  shawls  is  believed  to  have 
originated  in  the  valley  of  Cashmere,  in  the  north- 
west of  India.  These  shawls  are  considered  the  best 
that  are  made.  They  are  formed  of  the  inner  hair  of 
a variety  of  the  common  goat  reared  on  the  cold,  dry 
table-land  of  Thibet.  The  genuine  shawl-wool  has 
been  imported  into  Europe,  and  the  finest  Edinburgh 
and  Paisley  shawls  have  been  made  of  it.  Cyc.  of  Com. 

SHAWL'— PIN,  n.  A pin  for  fastening  a shawl. 

SIIAWM,  7i.  [Ger.  schalmeie ; schallen , to  sound.] 

1.  [Mas.)  A sort  of  pipe  resembling  a haut- 
boy ; — written  also  shalm. 

Even  from  the  shrillest  shawm  unto  the  cornamute.  Drayton. 

2.  The  stalk  or  haulm  of  the  potato.  Brochett. 

3.  The  foliage  of  esculent  plants.  Jamieson. 

SHAY,  7i.  A chaise.  [Vulgar.]  C.  Lamb. 

SHE,  pron.  personal,  fern.  [Goth,  si ; A.  S.  heo  ; 
Dut.  zy  ; Ger.  sie  ; Dan.  &;  Icel.  hun  ; Sw.  hon.] 
[she,  hers,  her;  pi.  they,  tiieirs,  them.] 

1.  The  female  before  understood  or  alluded  to. 

The  most  upright  of  mortal  men  was  he; 

The  most  sincere  and  holy  woman  she.  Dryden. 

2.  The  woman  ; the  female  ; — used  substan- 
tively with  some  degree  of  contempt. 

Lady,  you  are  the  cruellest  she  alive.  Shak. 

The  sites  of  Italy  shall  not  betray 
Mine  interest  and  his  honor.  Shak. 

Tit ' She  is  also  used  adjectively  or  in  composition 
for  female.  “ A sAe-slave.”  Prior.  “ SAc-bear.”  Shak. 

SHEADING,  n.  A tithing,  division,  or  district  in 
the  Isle  of  Man.  Whisliaw. 

SHEAF  (shSf),  n. ; pi.  SHEAVES.  [A.  S.  sceaf, 
scaf;  scafan,  to  shove ; Dut.  schoof ; Ger. 
schaub. ] 


1.  A bundle  of  grain  in  stalks  bound  together; 
a bundle  of  the  stalks  or  straw  of  grain. 

The  reaper  fills  his  greedy  hands, 

And  binds  the  golden  sheaves  in  brittle  bands.  Dryden. 

2.  Any  bundle  or  collection  ; — particularly  a 
bundle  of  arrows  sufficient  to  fill  a quiver,  the 
number  being  usually  twenty-four.  Fairholt. 

SHEAF,  n.  [Dut.  schij .]  (Mech.)  A solid  cylin- 
drical wheel  fixed  in  a channel  and  movable 
about  an  axis,  as  in  the  block  of  a pulley ; a 
sheave.  Brande. 

SHEAF,  v.  n.  To  make  sheaves  or  bundles. 

They  that  reap  must  sheaf  and  bind.  Shak. 

SHEAF'Y,  a.  Pertaining  to,  consisting  of,  or  re- 
sembling, sheaves.  Gray. 

f SIIEAL  (shel),  v.  a.  To  shell ; to  shale.  Shak. 

SHEAL,  n.  A hut.  [Scottish.]  Jamieson. 

SHEAL'ING^,  n.  pi.  The  coarse  husks  of  oats 
taken  off  between  millstones  before  the  grain  is 
kiln-dried,  as  in  the  process  of  preparing  it  for 
being  ground  into  meal.  Simmonds. 

SHEAR  (slier),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  sceran,  sciran,  scirian, 
scyran  ; Frs.  scera  ; Dut.  scheren,  sheeren  ; 
Ger.  scheren  ; Dan.  skicere ; Sw.  skeira,  to  cut, 
to  carve  ; Ieel.  skera.  — W.  ysyar,  to  separate.  — 
Sansc.  schaura,  or  cliaura,  to  shave.  — Akin  to 
the  Gr.  kc Iptn,  to  shear  ; ^upiut,  to  shave.  Liddell  d, 
Scott.  — See  Shake.]  [i.  sheared  ; pp.  shear- 
ing, SHORN  or  SHEARED.] 

1.  To  take  the  wool  or  hair  from  by  cutting  or 
clipping  it  near  to  the  surface,  by  means  of 
shears,  or  two  blades  moving  on  a rivet. 

And  Laban  went  to  shear  his  sheep.  Gen.  xxxi.  19. 

2.  To  clip  or  cut  close  with  shears,  or  as  with 
shears  ; to  cut ; to  clip. 

So  many  months  ere  I shall  shear  the  fleece.  Shak. 

lie  easily  shears  the  grass  whereon  he  feeds.  Grew. 

3.  f To  cut  down,  as  with  a sickle  ; to  reap. 

She  pulleth  up  some  [herbs]  by  the  root, 

And  many  with  a knife  she  sheareth.  Gower. 

SHEAR,  v.  n.  To  turn  aside;  to  sheer.  Sandys. 

SHEAR  (slier),  n. ; pi.  shear?  (slierz).  1.  An  in- 
strument to  cut  with;  — seldom  used  in  the  sin- 
gular.— See  Shears.  Chaucer. 

2.  State  of  being  sheared  ; — a term  denoting 
the  age  of  sheep,  as  being  sheared  yearly. 

When  sheep  is  one  shear,  they  will  have  two  broad  teeth 
before.  Mortimer. 

SHEAR'BlLL,  n.  ( Ornith .)  A water-fowl;  the 
Rhynchops  nigra.  — See  Sheerwater.  Wright. 

f SIIEARD  (sherd),  n.  A fragment ; shard.  Nares. 

SHF.AR'IJR,  n.  1.  One  who  shears,  — particularly 
one  who  clips  the  wool  from  the  fleece.  Milton. 

2.  f A reaper.  Johnson. 

SHEAR'— HtJLK,  n.  ( Naut .)  An  old  vessel  fitted 
with  shears,  &c.,  and  used  for  taking  out  and 
putting  in  the  masts  of  other  vessels.  Dana. 

SHEAR'ING,  n.  1.  Act  of  one  who  shears  ; act  of 
clipping  or  cutting  off,  as  wool  from  sheep. 

2.  The  act  of  reaping.  [Scotland.]  Brande. 

SIIEAR'LING,  n.  A sheep  that  has  been  but  once 
shorn.  Simmonds. 

SHEAR'MAN,  n.  One  who  shears  ; shearer.  Shak. 

SIlEARfj  (slierz),  n.  pi.  1.  An  instrument  to  cut 
with,  consisting  of  two  blades,  usually  moving 
on  a pin,  between  which  the  thing  to  be  cut, 
is  interposed  ; a kind  of  large  scissors.  Shak. 

2.  Any  thing  in  the  form  of  the  blades  of 

shears.  Johnson. 

3.  An  apparatus  for  raising  heavy  weights  ; 

sheers. — See  Sheers.  Wright. 

4.  f Wings.  Spenser. 

SHEAR'— STEEL,  n.  Steel  prepared  by  laying 
several  bars  of  common  steel  together,  heating 
them  in  a furnace  till  they  acquire  the  welding 
temperature,  beating  them  together  with  forge 
hammers,  and  afterwards  drawing  them  anew 
into  bars  for  sale ; — so  called  because  shears 
for  dressing  woollen  cloth  are  made  of  it. 

Library  of  Useful  Knowledge. 

SHEAR’VVA-TER,  n.  (Ornith .)  The  name  of 
oceanic  web-footed  birds  of  the  genus  Puffinus, 
having  the  same  general  characters  as  the  true 
petrel,  and  noted  for  their  running  lightly  on  the 
surface  of  the  water  : — also  the  seissor-bill  or 
sheerwater.  Audubon. 


SHEAR'WA-TIJR— PI 
(Ornith.)  A name 
the  Manx  puffin, 
shearwater ; Puffi- 
nus  Anglorum. 

Baird. 

SHE  AT'— FISH,  n. 

(Ich.)  A large 
fresh-water  fish,  Shearwater-petrel, 

with  a long,  thick,  slimy  body,  destitute  of  scales, 
the  back  dark-colored  like  that  of  the  eel ; Si- 
lurus  glanis.  — See  Silurida;.  Yarrell. 

SHEATH  (slisth),  n. ; pi.  sheath?.  [A.  S.  scatth, 
sceath  ; sceadan,  to  separate,  to  shade,  to  cover  ; 
Dut.  schede ; Old  Ger.  sceida,  schaide ; Ger. 
Schelde  ; Dan.  skede-  Sw.  skida  ; Ieel . skeidr.] 

1.  The  case  of  any  thing,  as  a knife ; the  scab- 
bard of  a sword,  &c.  Addison. 

2.  (Bot.)  The  base  of  leaves,  as  of  grasses, 

which  are  wrapped  round  the  stem.  Gray. 

3.  (Ent.)  The  wing-case  of  coleopterous  or 

other  insects.  Eng.  Cyc. 

SHEATH'— BILL,  n.  (Ornith.)  A bird  of  the  or- 
der Gallince,  family  Chionididce,  and  sub-fami- 
ly Chionidince.  Gray. 

SHEATHE  (shetb),  V.  a.  [i.  SHEATHED  ; pp. 
sheathing,  sheathed.]  [See  Soothe.] 

1.  To  put  into,  or  to  enclose  in,  a sheath  or 

scabbard  ; to  enclose  in  any  case.  “ Draw  your 
swords  and  sheathe  them  not.”  Shak. 

The  leopard  keeps  the  claws  of  his  fore  feet  turned  up  from 
the  ground  and  sheathed  in  the  skin  of  his  toes.  Grew. 

2.  To  cover  or  line.  Wright. 

3.  To  fit  with  a sheath.  Shak. 

4.  To  defend  the  main  body  by  an  outward 

covering;  to  case  or  cover  with  boards,  sheets 
of  copper,  Ac.  Raleigh. 

5.  ( Old  Chem.)  To  take  away  sharpness  or 

acridness  from.  “They  blunt  or  sheathe  those 
sharp  salts.”  Arbuthnot. 

To  sheathe  the  sword,  to  make  peace. 

SHEATH'pR,  n.  One  that  sheathes.  Bampfield. 

SHEATH'ING,  p.  a.  1.  Enclosing  in  a sheath; 
covering  or  lining. 

2.  (Bot.)  Surrounding  a stem  or  other  body 
by  the  convolute  base;  vaginant;  — applied 
chiefly  to  the  petioles  of  grasses.  Lindley. 

SHEATH'ING,  n.  1.  Act  of  one  who  sheathes. 

2.  The  casing  or  covering  of  a ship’s  bottom 
and  sides,  to  defend  it  from  worms;  a sheath. 

Sheets  of  thin  copper,  nailed  on  with  copper  nails,  consti- 
tute, at  present,  the  sheathing  of  all  the  better  kind  of  ves- 
sels. Brande. 

SHEATH 'L^SS,  a.  Having  no  sheath.  Eusden. 

SHEATH WI NG E D. (sheth'wingd),  a.  (Ent.)  Hav- 
ing  sheaths  or  cases  which  are  folded  over  the 
wings.  Browne. 

SHEATH'Y,  a.  Forming  a sheath,  or  resembling 
a sheath.  “ Sheathy  cases.”  Browne. 

SHE' A— TREE,  n.  (Bot.)  The  butter-tree  of  Africa  ; 
Bassia  butyracea.  Mungo  Park. 

f SHEAVE,  v.  a.  [See  Sheaf.]  To  bring  togeth- 
er ; to  collect.  Ashmole. 

SHEAVE,  n.  [Dut.  schijf. ] (Naut.)  The  wheel 
on  which  a rope  works  in  a block  ; — called  also 
shiver.  - Dana. 

f SHEAVED  (slievd),  a.  Made  of  straw.  Shak. 

SHEAVE— HOLE,  n.  (Naut.)  A channel  cut  in  a 
block  for  the  ropes  to  reeve  through.  Dana. 

SHEB'AN-DpR,  n.  A Dutch  East-India  commer- 
cial officer.  Hawkcsicorth. 

SHECH'I-NAH,  or  SH^-CHI'NAH  [shek'e-ni,  W. 
Sm.  C. ; slie-kl'na,  P.  Brande ],  n.  [Heb. 
from  'plljt  to  dwell.]  The  Jewish  name  for  the 

visible  manifestation  of  the  divine  presence, 
which  rested,  in  the  shape  of  a cloud,  over  the 
mercy-seat  or  propitiatory,  and  from  which 
God  gave  forth  his  oracles  with  an  articulate 
voice ; — written  also  shekinah.  Hook. 

f SHECK'LA-TfiN,  n.  [Old  Fr.  ciclaton .]  Gilded 
leather.  Spenser. 

SHED,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  scedan.  — See  Shade.]  [i. 
SHED;  pp.  SHEDDING,  SHED.] 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  $,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  Ilf1. Ill,  HER; 


SHED 


1325 


SHEKEL 


1.  To  effuse  ; to  pour  out ; to  spill ; to  drop. 

The  painful  service,  and  the  drops  of  blood 
Shed  for  my  thankless  country.  Shak. 

Cromwell,  I did  not  think  to  shed  a tear.  Shak. 

2.  To  let  fall ; to  scatter  ; to  diffuse  ; to  spread. 

As  his  summer’s  youth  shall  shed 

Eternal  sweets  around  Maria’s  head.  Prior. 

SHED,  v.  n.  To  let  fall  the  parts,  as  leaves,  &c. 
The  shedding  trees  began  the  ground  to  strow 
With  yellow  leaves,  and  bitter  blasts  to  blow.  Dryden. 

SHED,  n.  1.  A slight  covering  or  building. 

Yet  shall  it  ruin  like  the  moth’s  frail  cell. 

Or  sheds  of  reeds;  which  summer's  heat  repel.  Satidys. 

2.  A part  of  a weaver’s  loom.  Simmonds. 

erg-  Shed  is  used  in  composition  in  the  sense  of 
effusion  ; as,  blood-s/ted. 

SHED'D|JR,  n.  One  who  sheds;  a spiller.  “A 
shedder  of  blood  shall  surely  die.”  Ezek.  xviii.  10. 

SlIED'DING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  spilling  or  of  cast- 
ing off.  [it.]  Gloucester. 

2.  That  which  is  shed.  Wordsworth. 

SHEEL'ING,  n.  A hut ; a shelter  ; — written  also 
sheilling.  [Scottish.]  Sir  W.  Scott. 

SHEEN,  a.  [A.  S.  sciene,  scieno,  scene,  sceone ; 
Frs.  scene ; Out.  schoon;  Ger.  schun,  shining, 
beautiful.  — See  Shine.]  Bright;  shining; 
glittering;  sheeny.  [Used  in  poetry.] 

Her  garment  was  so  bright  and  wondrous  sheen.  Spenser. 

SHEEN,  n.  Brightness;  splendor;  shine;  gloss. 

By  fountain  clear  and  spangled  starlight  sheen.  Shak. 

But  far  above  in  spangled  sheen.  Milton. 

And  the  sheen  of  their  spears  were  like  the  stars  on  the  sea. 

Byron. 

SHEEN' Y,  a.  Bright;  glittering;  shining;  fair. 
“ Sheeny  heaven.”  Milton. 

SHEEP,  n.  sing.  & pi.  [A.  S.  sceap,  sceop,  seep ; 
Dut.  schanp  ; Ger.  schafi] 

1.  ('/.oil.)  An  animal  that  bears  wool,  of  the 
sub-tribe  Oveee,  and  family  Bovidce. 

tfjy*  The  sheep  is  one  of  those  animals  which  man 
has  domesticated,  and  which,  like  the  horse,  dog,  cat, 
pig,  and  ox,  is  subjected  to  the  greatest  possible  varie- 
ty. These  varieties  have  been  often  described  as  spe- 
cies ; but  the  most  distinguished  zoologists  of  the 
present  day  regard  all  the  forms  of  Oois  as  belonging 
to  the  species  Ovis  aries.  The  domestic  sheep  is  re- 
markable for  its  harmlessness,  timidity,  and  useful- 
ness. Its  wool  is  used  for  clothing,  and  its  flesh  for 
food.  Eng.  Cijc. 

2.  A foolish  or  silly  fellow.  Ainsworth. 

3.  ( Theol .)  The  people  considered  as  under  a 
spiritual  shepherd  or  pastor. 

We  are  his  people  and  the  sheep  of  his  pasture.  Ps.  c.  3. 

SHEEP'— BER-RY,  n.  ( Bot .)  A small,  handsome 

tree,  with  simple,  ovate,  pointed,  serrate,  smooth 
leaves,  white  flowers  in  flat,  compound  cymes, 
and  edible  fruit;  Viburnum  lentago  ; — called 
also  sweet  viburnum.  Gray. 

t SIIEEP'BlTE,  v.  n.  To  practise  petty  thefts. 

“ Show  your  sheepbiting  face.”  Shak. 

f SHEEP'BIT-BR,  n.  A petty  thief.  Tusscr. 

SHEEP'COT,  n.  An  enclosure  for  sheep  ; a sheep- 
pen  ; a sheepfold.  Shak. 

SIIEEP'FOLD,  n.  The  place  where  sheep  are  en- 
closed ; a sheepcot.  Prior. 

SHEEP'HOOK  (shep'huk),  n.  A hook  fastened  to 
a pole,  by  which  shepherds  lay  hold  of  the  legs 
of  their  sheep  ; a shepherd’s-crook.  Bacon. 

SHEEP'ISH,  a.  1.  f Relating  to  sheep.  Stafford. 

2.  Bashful  to  silliness  ; shame-faced  ; timid  ; 
over-modest ; meanly  diffident.  Locke. 

SHEEP'ISH-LY,  ad.  With  excessive  modesty ; 
with  mean  diffidence  ; bashfully.  Ash. 

SHEEP'ISH-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  sheep- 
ish ; bashfulness  ; mean  diffidence.  Grew. 

SHEEP'— LAU-REL,  n.  (Bot.)  A small  evergreen 
shrub,  with  opposite,  nearly  sessile,  oblong, 
coriaceous  leaves,  and  terminal,  few-flowered 
corymbs ; Kahnia  angustifolia.  Gray. 

SHEEP'— MAR-KJJT,  n.  A market  for  sheep. 

SHEEP'mAs-TIJR,  n.  A feeder  of  sheep  ; a shep- 
herd. Bacon. 

SHEEP'— PELT,  n.  The  pelt  of  a sheep.  Simmonds. 

SHEEP'— PEN,  n.  An  enclosure  for  sheep.  More. 

SHEEP'— RfjN,  n.  An  extent  of  open  country  de- 
voted to  the  grazing  of  sheep.  Simmonds.  I 


SHEEP’S'-BEARD,  n.  (Bot.)  The  common  name 
of  plants  of  the  genus  Tragopogon.  Loudon. 

SHEEP’S'— EYE  (sheps'l),  n.  A modest,  diffident 
look  ; a wishful  glance. 

Those  [eyes]  of  an  amorous,  roguish  look  derive  their  title 
even  from  the  sheep;  and  we  say  such  an  one  has  a sheej/s- 
eye,  not  so  much  to  denote  the  innocence  as  the  simple  sly- 
ness of  the  cast.  Spectator, 

SIIEEP’S'-FOOT  (-fut),  n.  (Printing.)  An  iron 
tool  combining  the  hammer  and  the  lever. 

SHEEP'— SHANK,  n.  (Naut.)  A kind  of  hitch  or 
bend,  used  to  shorten  a rope  temporarily.  Dana. 

SHEEP’S'— HEAD,  n.  1.  (Ich.)  A name  applied  to 
several  kinds  of  fish,  — especially  to  the  Sparus 
oris,  a large  fish  well  known  for  its  excellent 
flesh,  and  probably  so  called  from  the  appear- 
ance of  its  mouth  and  teeth.  De  Kay. 

Lake  sheep’s-head,  (Ich.)  the  Corvina  oscula. — Three- 
tailed  sheep’s-head,  the  Ep  flip  pus  fab  re : — a name  ap- 
plied by  fishermen  in  allusion  to  its  prolonged  dorsal 
and  anal  fin.  De  Kay. 

2.  A silly  fellow ; a dunce.  Maxwell. 

SHEEP'— SHEAR- JJR,  n.  One  who  shears  sheep. 

SHEEP'-SHEAlt-ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  shearing, 
or  the  time  of  shearing,  sheep.  Shak. 

2.  The  feast  made  when  sheep  are  shorn. 

There  happened  a great  and  solemn  festivity,  such  as  the 
8heep-shearinys  used  to  be.  South. 

SHEEP'— SHEAR?,  n.  pi.  Shears  for  shearing 
sheep.  Barnes. 

SHEEP'SKIN,  n.  The  skin  of  a sheep  : — also  the 
leather  prepared  from  the  skin.  Simmonds. 

SHEEP'— SPLIT,  n.  The  skin  of  a sheep,  split  by 
a knife  or  machine  into  two  sections.  Simmonds. 

SHEEP’S'— SGA'BI-oCrS,  ii.  (Bot.)  The  common 
name  of  the  evergreen  herbaceous  plants  of  the 
genus  Jasione.  Loudon. 

SHEEP’S'— SOR-REL,  n.  (Bot.)  A common  weed 
growing  in  pastures  and  waste  grounds,  on  dry, 
hard  soils-,  having  halbert-shaped  leaves,  very 
acid,  but  pleasant  to  the  taste ; field  sorrel ; 
Rumex  acctosella.  Wood. 

SHEEP'— STEAL- JJR,  n.  One  who  steals  sheep. 

SHEEP'— STEAL-JNG,  n.  The  crime  of  stealing 
sheep.  Farm.  Ency. 

SHEEP’S'-WOOL  (sheps'wfil),  n.  The  wool  of  a 
sheep.  Booth. 

SHEEP'WALK  (shep'w&wk),  n.  Pasture  for  sheep. 
“The  other  part  sheepwalks  and  folds.”  Milton. 

SHEEP'— WASH  (shep'wosli),  n.  A wash  for  the 
fleece  or  skin  of  sheep,  either  to  kill  vermin,  or 
to  preserve  the  wool.  Simmonds. 

SHEEP'Y,  a.  Like  sheep.  Chaucer. 

SHEER,  a.  [A.  S.  scir,  scyr;  Frs.  scir ; Ger. 
schier;  Dan.  skieer ; Sw.  skclr ; Icel.  shir. — 
Sansc.  charu,  tscharu.\ 

1.  f Clear  and  transparent  like  pure  water. 

Thou  sheer,  immaculate,  and  silver  fountain.  Shak. 

2.  Pure  and  unmixed;  as,  “ Sheer  nonsense.” 

Sheer  ignorance,  ignorance  separated  from  any  the  small- 
est mixture  of  information.  Iticharclson. 

3.  Noting  very  thin  fabrics  of  cotton  or  silk. 

“ Sheer  muslin.”  [U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

t SHEER,  ad.  Clean  ; quick  ; at  once  ; sheerly. 

Thrown  by  angry  Jove 

Sheer  o’er  the  crystal  battlements.  Milton. 

SHEER,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  sciran,  to  shear,  to  divide.] 
[i.  SHEERED  ; pp.  SHEERING,  SHEERED.]  To 
deviate  or  turn  aside  from  a direct  course,  as  a 
ship  or  a horse  ; to  shear.  Wright. 

To  sheer  off,  to  remove  to  a greater  distance  ; to 
steal  away. — To  sheer  up,  (Kant.)  to  approach  in 
nearly  a parallel  direction.  Mar.  Diet. 

SHEER,  v.  a.  To  mow  lightly  over;  to  shear. — 
See  Shear.  [Local,  Eng.]  Jennings. 

SHEER,  n.  (Naut.)  1.  The  curve  which  the  line 
of  ports  or  of  the  deck  presents  to  the  eye  when 
viewing  the  side  of  the  ship.  Cyc.  of  Com. 

2.  The  position  in  which  a ship  is  sometimes 

kept  when  at  single  anchor,  in  order  to  keep 
her  clear  of  it.  Mar.  Diet. 

3.  The  sheer-strake.  Dana 

To  break  sheer,  (Naut.)  to  deviate  from  tile  position 
when  riding  by  a single  anchor.  Mar.  Diet. 

SHEER'-lIULK,  n.  An  old  ship  of  war  cut  down 
to  the  lower  deck,  and  furnished  with  sheers,  for 


shipping  and  unshipping  the  masts  of  other  ves- 
sels ; — written  also  shear-hulk.  Falconer. 

f SHEER'LY,  ad.  At  once;  quite;  absolutely. 
“ Outstripped  them  sheerly.”  Beau.  6,  FI. 

SHEER?,  n.  pi.  (Naut.)  Two  masts  or  spars, 
lashed  together  at  or  near  the  head,  and  raised 
to  a vertical  position,  for  lifting  the  masts  into 
and  out  of  a vessel,  and  for  other  purposes  ; 
shears.  — See  Shears.  Brando. 

SHEER'— STRAKE,  n.  (Ship-building.)  The  line 
of  plank  on  a vessel’s  side  running  fore-and-aft 
under  the  gunwale.  Dana. 

SHEER'WA-TIJR,  n.  (Ornith.)  An  aquatic  bird, 
a native  of  the  tropical  and  temperate  parts  of 
America ; Rhgnchops  nigra  ; — called  also  shear- 
water, cut-water,  skimmer,  black-skimmer,  and 
scissor-bill.  — See  Scissor-uill.  Wilson. 

The  sheer-water  is  formed  for  skimming  with 
its  thin,  sharp,  lower  mandible,  while  on  the  wing, 
tile  surface  of  the  sea  for  its  food,  which  consists  of 
small  fish,  shrimps,  &c.  Wilson. 

SHEET,  n.  [A.  S.  scyte,  scete,  which  Tooke  con- 
siders to  be  the  past  participle  of  A.  S.  sceotan, 
scytan,  to  shoot ; Old  Eng.  schete.  — Shoot  was 
anciently  also  written  schete.  “ As  he  wolde 
schete  an  hert.”  R.  Gloucester.  — From  L. 
scheda  (Gr.  a%( tin),  a sheet  of  paper.  Sullivan .] 

1.  A broad  and  large  piece  of  linen  or  of  cot- 
ton used  as  one  of  the  coverings  of  a bed. 

As  it  had  been  a great  sheet,  knit  at  the  four  corners  and 
let  down  to  the  earth.  Acts  x.  11. 

2.  As  much  paper  as  is  made  in  one  body  or 
piece ; the  quantity  or  piece  of  paper  which 
receives  the  peculiar  folding  for  being  bound  in 
a book,  or  for  common  use  as  a material  to  write 
on.  “ A sheet  of  blank  paper.”  Spectator. 

3.  pi.  A book  ; a pamphlet. 

To  this  the  following  sheets  are  intended  for  a full  and  dis- 
tinct answer.  I Vaterland. 

4.  Any  thing  expanded,  or  broad  and  thin  ; 
as,  “A  sheet  of  copper”  ; “A  sheet  of  water.” 

Such  sheets  of  fire,  such  bursts  of  horrid  thunder.  Shak. 

SHEET,  n.  (Naut.)  A rope  used  in  setting  a sail, 
to  keep  the  clew  down  to  its  place. 

ttff-  With  square-sails,  the  sheets  run  through  each 
yard-arm.  With  boom  sails,  they  haul  the  boom  over 
one  way  and  another.  They  keep  down  the  inner  clew 
of  a studding-sail  and  the  after  clew  of  a jib.  Dana. 

SHEET,  v.  a.  1.  To  furnish  with  sheets.  Johnson. 

2.  To  infold  in  a sheet,  or  to  cover  with  a 
sheet  or  as  with  a sheet. 

The  sheeted  dead 

Did  squeak  and  gibber  in  the  Roman  streets.  Shak. 
Like  the  stag,  when  snow  the  pasture  sheets. 

The  bark  of  trees  thou  browsedst.  Shak. 

To  sheet  home,  (Naut.)  to  haul  the  clews  chock  out 
to  the  sheave-holes. 

SHEET'— AN-GHOR  (shet'angk-or),  n.  [Formerly 
shoot-anchor.  “ This  saying  they  make  their 
shoot-anchor.”  Cranmer.'] 

1.  (Naut.)  The  largest  anchor  in  a ship,  being 

that  upon  which  the  mariner  chiefly  relies  in 
stress  of  weather.  Bacon. 

2.  A chief  support;  a refuge.  Smart. 

SHEET'-CA-BLE,  n.  (Naut.)  The  cable  attached 
to  the  sheet-anchor.  Simmonds. 

SHEET'— COP-P£R,  n.  Copper  in  sheets.  Ure. 

SHEET'FUL,  n.  As  much  as  a sheet  contains. 

SHEET'— GLASS,  n.  A plate  of  glass,  run  or  cast 
in  a solid  frame.  Simmonds. 

SHEET'JNG,  il.  Cloth  for  making  sheets  for  beds. 

SHEET'— IR-ON  (-l-urn),  n.  Iron  in  sheets. 

SHEET'— LEAD,  n.  Lead  in  sheets.  Ure. 

SHEET'LING,  n.  A small  sheet.  Wilberforce. 

SHEIK,  n.  [Arab.,  elder,  or  eldest .]  A title  of 
dignity  properly  belonging  to  the  chiefs  of  the 
Arabian  tribes  or  clans  : — the  head  of  a mon- 
astery, among  the  Mohammedans  ; — also  the 
title  of  a religious  person  of  the  higher  order 
who  preaches  in  the  mosques.  Brande. 

SIIEIL'LING,  n.  A hut;  a shelter  ; — written  also 
sheeling.  [Scottish.]  Jamieson. 

SHEK'EL  (shek'kl)  [shek'kl,  W.  E.  K.  Sm.  Wr. 
Wb.  Bees;  she'kl,  S.  J.  F.  Ja . ; she'kel,  P.],  n. 
[Heb.  bpO  ; L.  siclus ; Fr.  side. ] A weight  and 
a coin  in  use  among  the  Jews. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  B11LL,  BUR,  RlJLE.  — <J,  <?,  I.  s°ft  i £>  6>  £>  §>  hard;  ? as  v;  ? as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


SIIEKINAH 


1326 


siiephp:rd’s-club 


IJ^TIio  weight  of  the  shekel  was  about  half  an 
ounce  in  English  avoirdupois  weight,  and  the  value  of 
the  coin  was  2s.  7d.  sterling  ($0,025).  There  were 
two  standards  of  the  shekel : the  shekel  of  the  sanctuary , 
which  was  used  in  calculating  the  offerings  of  the 
temple  and  all  sums  connected  with  the  sacred  law, 
and  the  royal  or  profane  shekel , used  for  all  civil  pay- 
ments. Braude. 

SUEK'I-NAH,  or  SH^-Kl'NAH,  n.  See  Shechi- 
nah.  Brande. 


SIIELD,  a.  Speckled ; piebald.  [Local,  Eng.]  Ray. 
SHEL'DA-FLE,  n.  A chaffinch.  Johnson. 


SHEL'DRAKE,  n.  ( Or - 
nith.)  A name  given 
to  the  species  of 
ducks  of  the  genus 
Tadorna  ; — written 
also  shieldrake. 


1]  - The  common 
sheldrake,  Tadorna  vul- 
panser , is  common  on 
the  shores  of  the  North 
Sea  and  the  Baltic,  and 
nestles  generally  in  de- 
serted rabbit  burrows. 
Yarrcll. 


SHEL'DUCK,  n.  The  female  or  hen  of  the  shel- 
drake. Mortimer. 


SHELF,  n.  \ pi.  shelves.  [A.  S.  scylfe.] 

1.  A platform,  plank,  or  board  fixed  to  a 
wall  or  set  in  a frame  to  place  articles  upon. 

Bind  fast,  or  from  their  shelves 
Your  hooks  will  come  and  right  themselves.  Swift. 

2.  f A sand-bank  or  a rock  or  ridge  of  rocks 
in  the  sea,  rising  from  the  main  bed  near  the 
surface  ; a shallow ; a shoal. 

God  wisheth  none  should  wreck  on  a strange  shelf.  B.  Jonson. 

3.  {Mining.)  The  loose  stones  over  the  firm 
rock,  whether  granite,  killas,  or  other  mineral, 
which  forms  the  country  in  a mining  district. 

Ansted. 


BYT  Shallow , shelf,  and  shoal  seem  to  be  the  same 
word  differently  written.  Richardson. 


SHELF,  v.  a.  To  lay  on  the  shelf.  Wilkinson. 

SHELF'Y,  a.  1.  Full  of  shelves;  shelvy. 

Glides  by  the  siren’s  cliffs  a shelf//  coast, 

Long  infamous  for  ships  aud  sailors  lost.  Dryden. 

2.  ( Agric .)  Full  of  slaty,  dry  rock.  Carew. 

SHELL,  71.  [A.  S.  seel,  scell,  scyll,  sciel ; Dut. 

schil,  s-liel,  schaal ; Ger.  sc  hale ; Dan.  Sw. 
skill.  — See  Scale.] 

1.  The  hard  or  stony  covering  of  certain 
fruits  and  animals  ; as,  “ The  shell  of  a walnut, 
a chestnut,  &c.  ” ; “ The  shell  of  an  oyster,  &c.” 

HYP  The  hard,  calcareous  substance  which  protects, 
either  partially  or  entirely,  the  testaceous  moilusks 
externally,  or  supports  certain  of  them  internally,  is 
termed  shell.  The  term  shell  is  also  commonly  applied 
to  the  covering  of  crustaceous  animals  and  tiie  crusts 
of  Echini;  thus  people  familiarly  talk  of  the  shell  of 
a lobster,  and  of  the  shell  of  a sea-egg.  Eng.  Cijc. 

2.  The  hard  covering  or  outer  layer  of  any 

thing.  “The  shell  of  the  earth.”  Locke. 

3.  The  covering  of  an  egg.  Shak. 

4.  The  outer  part  of  a house.  Addison. 

5.  A rough  or  coarse  kind  of  coffin.  Wright. 

6.  The  case  of  a block ; the  frame  which  sup- 
ports the  sheave  or  sheaves  of  a block.  Wright. 

7.  An  engraved  copper  roller,  used  in  print- 
works. Simmonds. 

8.  A musical  instrument, — because  the  first 
lyre  is  said  to  have  been  made  by  straining 
strings  over  the  shell  of  a tortoise. 

Within  the  hollow  of  that  shell 

That  spoke  so  sweetly  and  so  well.  Dryden. 

The  soul  of  music  slumbers  in  the  shell 

Till  waked  and  kindled  by  the  master’s  spell.  S.  Boyers. 

9.  The  superficial  or  external  part.  “ This 

outward  shell  of  religion.”  Ayliffe. 

10.  (Gunnery.)  A hollow  iron  ball,  which, 

being  filled  with  gunpowder  and  fired  from  a 
mortar,  bursts  into  pieces  when  the  powder  is 
exploded;  bomb.  Brande. 

Message  shell,  a howitzer  shell  in  the  inside  of 
which  a letter  or  other  papers  are  put  to  convey  infor- 
mation. Stocquelcr. 

SHELL,  V.  a.  [i.  SHELLED  ; pp.  SHELLING, 
SHELLED.] 

1.  To  take  out  of  the  shell  or  pod ; to  strip 

the  shell  or  pod  from.  Johnson. 

2.  To  separate  from  the  ear,  as  Indian  corn. 

To  shell  out,  to  furnish  money ; to  pay.  [Low.] 


SHELL,  v.  n.  1-  To  fall  off,  as  a shell.  Wiseman. 
2.  To  cast  the  shell.  Johnson. 

SHELL'— BARK,  n.  (Bot.)  A species  of  hickory, 
the  trunk  of  which,  when  old,  is  very  rough  ; 
shag-bark ; Carya  alba.  Gray. 

SHELL'— BUT'TON,  n.  A hollow  button  made  of 
two  pieces  of  metal,  one  for  the  front,  and  the 
other  for  the  back.  Simmonds. 

SHEL'— LAC,  ) n.  Seed-lac  melted  and  formed 

SHELL'— LAC,  ) into  thin  cakes.  Tomlinson. 

SHELL'DUCK,  n.  See  Shelduck.  Hill. 

SHELL'— FISH,  n.  Aquatic  animals  invested  with 
a hard  covering,  either  testaceous,  as  oysters, 
or  crustaceous,  as  lobsters.  Johnson. 

jKJfTlie  term  is  chiefly  applied,  in  commerce,  to 
crabs,  lobsters,  and  cray-fish,  oysters,  muscles,  peri- 
winkles, and  whelks.  — See  Shell.  Simmonds. 

SHELL'— FLoW-ER,  n.  (Bot.)  A smooth  peren- 
nial plant,  with  an  upright  branching  stem, 
bearing  flowers  with  an  inflated  tubular  corolla 
in  spikes  or  clusters ; Chelone  glabra  ; — called 
also  snake-head  and  turtle-head.  Gray. 

SHEL'LING,  n.  (Com.)  A name  sometimes  given 
to  groats.  Simmonds. 

SHELL'— jACK-f.T,  n.  (Mil.)  An  undress  mili- 
tary jacket.  Simmonds. 

SHELL'— LIME,  n.  Lime  obtained  by  burning 
shells.  Simmonds. 

SHELL'— MARL,  n.  (Geol.)  A deposit  of  clay, 
peat,  and  silt,  mixed  with  shells  which  collects 
at  the  bottom  of  fresh-water  lakes.  Ansted. 

SHELL'— MEAT,  n.  Shell-fish  used  as  food.  Fuller. 

SHELL§,  n.  pi.  The  husks  of  the  nut  of  the  co- 
coa, or  chocolate-tree  ( Theobroma  cacao),  an 
infusion  of  which  is  used  as  a beverage  : — the 
drink  made  of  them.  Adams. 


SHELL'WORK  (shei'wiirk),  il.  Work  made  of,  or 
adorned  with,  shells.  Cotgrave. 

SHEL'LY,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to,  consisting  of,  or 
resembling,  a shell  or  shells. 

The  snail,  whose  tender  horns  being  hit, 

Shrinks  backward  in  his  shelly  cave  with  pain.  Shak. 

2.  Abounding  in  shells  ; covered  with  shells. 

The  ocean  rolling,  and  the  shelly  shore.  Prior. 

SHEL'TEIt,  n.  [See  Shelter,  v.  a.] 

1.  That  which  covers  or  defends  ; an  asylum  ; 
a refuge  ; a retreat ; a cover  ; a harbor. 

Yet  seek  no  shelter  to  avoid  the  storm.  Shak. 

And  gains  the  friendly  shelter  of  the  wood.  Pope. 

2.  The  state  of  being  covered  or  protected ; 
protection  ; security. 

Who  into  shelter  takes  their  tender  bloom  ? Youny. 

Syn.  — See  Asylum,  Harbor. 


SHEL'TJJR,  v.  a.  [“  Formed  from  to  shield,  A.  S. 
scgldan,  to  cover,  to  protect;  preterite  and  past 
participle  shielt,  like  feel,  felt ; build,  built.” 
Barclay.  — See  Shield.]  [i.  sheltered  ; pp. 
SHELTERING,  SHELTERED.] 

1.  To  cover  from  injury  or  violence.  “A 
cove  . . . sheltered  from  the  winds.”  Dampier. 

Our  Saviour  meek  betook  him  to  his  rest 
Wherever  under  some  concourse  of  shades. 

Whose  branching  arms,  thick  intertwined,  might  shield 
From  dews  and  damps  of  night  his  sheltered  head, 

But  sheltered  slept  in  vain.  Milton. 

2.  To  defend  ; to  protect ; to  harbor. 

What  endless  honor  shall  you  gain. 

To  save  and  shelter  Troy’s  unhappy  train!  Dryden. 

3.  To  betake  to  cover. 


They  sheltered  themselves  under  a rock.  Abbot. 

4.  To  cover  from  notice;  to  conceal,  [r.] 

In  vain  I strove  to  check  my  gr°wmg  flame, 

Or  shelter  passion  under  friendship’s  name.  Trior. 

Syn.  — See  Harbor. 


SHEL'TJJR,  v.  n.  1.  To  take  shelter. 

There  the  Indian  herdsman,  shunning  heat, 

Shelters  in  cook  Milton. 


2.  To  give  shelter. 


Thomson. 


SHEL'TIJR-jER,  n.  One  who  shelters.  Ash. 

SHEL'TF.R-LESS,  a.  Having  no  shelter  ; with- 
out shelter  or  protection.  “ An  opening  shade- 
less and  shelterless."  Wordsworth. 


f SHEL'TIJR-Y,  a.  Affording  shelter.  White. 
SHEL'TIfl  (shel'te),  n.  [“  Can  this  have  any  con- 


nection with  Ger.zelt,  an  ambling  horse  ; zelter, 
a Spanish  horse  ? Or  may  not  sheltie  be  rather 
a corruption  of  Shetland  ? ” Jamieson.']  A Shet- 
land pony ; a horse  of  the  smallest  size,  in 
Scotland. 

It  is  common  for  a man  of  ordinary  strength  to  lift  a shel- 
tie from  the  ground;  yet  this  little  creature  is  able  to  carry 
double.  Martin. 

SHELVE  (shelv),  V.  a.  [i.  SHELVED  ; pp.  SHELV- 
ING, SHELVED.] 

1.  To  place  on  a shelf.  Com.  on  Chaucer , 1665. 

2.  To  put  aside  or  out  of  use  ; to  shelf.  Stuart. 

SHELVE,  v.  n.  To  slope  ; to  incline. 

We  must  imagine  a precipice  of  more  than  an  hundred 
yards  high  on  the  side  of  a mountain,  which  shelves  awav  a 
mile  above  it.  Goldsynth. 

SHELVING,  a.  Having  declivity  ; sloping. 

Her  chamber  is  aloft,  far  from  the  ground, 

And  built  so  shelviny  that  one  cannot  climb  it 

Without  apparent  hazard  of  his  life.  Shak. 

SHELV'ING,  n.  A rock  or  sand-bank  lying  near 
the  surface  of  the  sea ; a shelf. 

He  spoke;  and  speaking  at  his  stem  he  saw 

The  Doid  Cloan thus  near  the  shelvinys  draw.  Dryden. 

SHELV'Y,  a.  Full  of  shelves;  abounding  with 
sand-banks  or  rocks  near  the  surface  ; shelfy. 

I had  been  drowned  but  that  the  shore  was  shelvy  and 
shallow.  Shak. 

SIIf.-MIT'IC,  a.  Relating  to  Shem,  the  son  of 
Noah,  or  to  his  descendants  ; Semitic. 

Shcmitic  languages,  tiie  Chaldee,  Syriac,  Arabic, 
Hebrew,  Samaritan,  Ethiopic,  and  Old  Phoenician. 

Objections  may  he  made  to  tiie  term  ; as  the 
Phoenicians  or  Canaanites,  who  took  their  origin  from 
Ham,  spoke  a Shemitic  dialect.  Bosworth. 

SHEM'lTE,  n.  A descendant  of  Shem.  Wright. 

SHEM'l-TisM,  n.  An  idiom  or  peculiarity  of  the 
Shemitic  languages.  Salisbury. 

f SHEND,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  scendan  ; Dut.  schenden  ; 
Ger.  schcinden.]  \i.  shent;  pp.  shending, 
shent.] 

1.  To  reproach  ; to  scold  ; to  blame.  “ I am 

shent  for  speaking  to  you.”  Shak. 

2.  To  injure;  to  disgrace.  “That  knight 
should  knighthood  ever  so  have  shent.”  Spenser, 

3.  To  punish;  to  chastise.  “For  which  ere 

long  himself  was  after  shent.”  Harrington. 

4.  To  destroy  ; to  ruin  ; to  spoil. 

But  we  must  yield  whom  hunger  soon  will  shend.  Fairfax. 

5.  To  protect;  to  defend.  [“An  error.” 

Nares.]  Browne. 

SHE'-OAK,  n.  (Bot.)  A jointed,  leafless,  tropi- 
cal or  sub-tropical  tree,  the  young  branches  and 
young  cones  of  which  yield,  when  chewed,  a 
pleasant  acid,  useful  to  persons  in  want  of  wa- 
ter, and  very  grateful  also  to  cattle.  Lindley. 

SHE1  OL,  n.  [Heb.  The  abode  or  world 

of  the  dead ; hades.  ! Kitto. 

The  general  state  of  the  dead  is  denoted  in  the  Old  Testa- 
ment by  the  Hebrew  word  sheol.  Sears. 

SHEP'HERD  (shep'erd),  n.  [A.  S.  sceap-hyrde; 

sccap,  a sheep,  and  hyrde,  a keeper.] 

1.  One  who  tends  sheep  in  the  pasture  ; a 
herdsman  of  sheep  : — a swain. 

I am  shepherd  to  another  man. 

And  do  not  shear  the  fleeces  that  I graze.  Shak. 

If  that  the  world  and  love  were  j'oung, 

And  truth  in  every  shepherd's  tongue.  Ralciyh. 

2.  One  who  ministers  to  a church  or  congre- 
gation ; a pastor.  Boget. 

SHEP'HERIJ,  v.  n.  To  act  the  part  of  a shepherd  ; 
to  take  care  of  sheep.  Gisborne. 

SHEP'Hf.RD-ESS  (shep'erd-es),  n.  A woman  who 
tends  sheep  : — a rural  lass.  Sidney. 

SHEP'HERD-ING  (shep'erd-Ing),  n.  Act  of  taking 
care  of  sheep.  “ Canine  shepherding.”  Gisborne. 

f SIIEP'HpRD-ISH  (shep'f  rd-isli),  a.  Pertaining 

to,  resembling,  or  suiting,  a shepherd ; pasto- 
ral ; rustic.  Sidney. 

SHEP'HERD-I§M,  11.  The  life  or  occupation  of  a 
shepherd;  pastoral  life.  Wright. 

SHEP'Hf.RD-LING,  n.  A little  shepherd.  Brotcne. 

SHEP'HpRD-LY  (sliep'erd-le),  a.  Pastoral;  rustic. 
“ Shepherdly  simplicity.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

SHEP'HPRD’^— CLUB,  n.  (Bot.)  A species  of  mul- 
len  ; high-taper ; Verbascum  thapsus.  Loudon. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long  i A,  E,  I,  6,  0,  Y,  short ; A,  5,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


SHEPHERD’S-CROOK 


1327 


SHILLING 


SlIEP'IipRlV^— CROOK  (-krfik),  n.  An 
implement  used  by  a shepherd  to  se- 
cure a sheep  by  the  legs  without  dis- 
turbing the  flock.  Stephens. 

SHEP'HIJRn’ij— NEE'DLE,  n.  ( Bot .)  A 
plant  of  the  genus  Scandix ; Venus’s 
comb;  Scandix pecten  Veneris. 

Eng.  Cyc. 

SHEP'H]JRD’§— POUCH,  ( n.  (Bot.)  A 

SHEP'H1JRD’§-PURSE,  ) plant  of  the 
genus  Capse/la,  having  a triangular, 
obovate  pouch  or  silicle  ; Capsella  bur- 
sa pastoris.  Eng.  Cyc. 


Shepherd’s- 

crook. 


SHEP'HERD’§-ROD,  n.  {Bot.)  A species  of  Dip- 
saciis,  or  teasel.  Johnson. 

SHEP'HeRD’^-BTAFF,  n.  (Bot.)  A species  of 
teasel ; shepherd’s-rod.  Crabb. 

SHER'B£T,  or  SHIJR-BET'  [sher-bet',  S.  W.  P.  J. 
E.  F.  Ja.  IVr. ; sher'bet,  K.  Sm.  R.  C.  W-b.  Ash, 
Dyche ],  n.  [Per.]  A beverage  in  the  East, 
somewhat  like  lemonade,  made  of  water,  lemon- 
juice,  and  sugar,  with  the  addition  of  some 
other  ingredients,  such  as  rose-water,  to  give  it 
a delightful  perfume.  Brande. 

4tS=“Tlie  French  name  is  sorbet,  which,  as  well 
as  tile  Italian  sorbetto  and  the  Spanish  sorbetc,  is  prob- 
ably derived  from  the  Latin  sorbere,  to  slip.”  P.  Cyc. 


SHERD,  n.  A fragment  of  broken  earthen-ware; 
shard.  — See  Shard.  Dryden. 

SIIE-REEF' , or  SHIR- RIFFE' , n.  A descendant 
of  Mahomet.  — See  Sherif.  Malcom. 

SHER ' IF , n.  An  Arabic  word,  which  signifies 
noble,  illustrious-,  — used  as  a title  in  Arabia, 
Egypt,  and  Barbary,  to  designate  those  who  are 
descended  from  Mahomet,  and  written  also 
scherif,  shereef,  shirriffe,  and  sheriffe. 

It  is  one  of  the  privileges  of  Mecca  to  be  governed  by  a 
sherif  of  the  posterity  of  Hasan.  P.  Cyc. 

SHER'IFF,  n.  [A.  S.  scyre-yerefa , shire-reeve.] 
{Law.)  The  chief  civil  officer  "of  a county,  spe- 
cially intrusted  with  the  execution  of  the  laws, 
and  the  preservation  of  the  peace. 

“ In  England,  he  lias  judicial  as  well  as  min- 
isterial powers,  being  authorized  to  hold  courts  for  the 
trial  of  small  causes.  In  his  ministerial  capacity,  he 
is  bound  to  execute  all  process  issuing  out  of  the 
superior  courts.  In  the  United  States,  the  powers 
and  duties  of  the  sheriff,  in  addition  to  those  of  con- 
servator of  the  peace,  are  chiefly  ministerial,  he  being 
the  officer  to  whom  the  process  of  the  superior  courts 
in  the  several  states  is  always  directed  for  execution. 
In  the  commencement  of  civil  causes,  he  serves  the 
writ,  and,  in  cases  requiring  it,  arrests  and  takes  bail ; 
when  the  cause  comes  to  trial,  he  summons  and  re- 
turns the  jury,  and,  when  it  is  determined,  he  sees  the 
judgment  of  the  court  carried  into  execution.  In  crim- 
inal matters,  he  also  arrests  and  imprisons,  he  returns 
the  jury,  he  has  the  custody  of  the  delinquent,  and  he 
executes  the  sentence  of  the  court,  though  it  extend  to 
death  itself.  His  judicial  powers  are  much  more  lim- 
ited than  in  England,  being  chiefly  confined  to  the 
taking  of  inquisitions  on  writs  of  inquiry  of  damages 
before  a jury  summoned  for  the  purpose.”  Burrill. 

Sheriff fs  jury , {Law.)  a jury  summoned  for  the  tak- 
ing of  inquisitions  before  the  sheriff  or  under-sheriff, 
on  a writ  of  inquiry.  Burrill . 

SHER'IFF- AL-TY,  n.  {Law.)  The  term  of  a sher- 
iff’s office  ; shrievalty,  [r.]  Burrill. 


\ SHEIt  IFF-DOM,  ^ n The  office  or  jurisdiction 
fSHER'lFF-SHIP,  > of  a sheriff;  bailiwick, 
t SHER’lFF-WICK,  j Seldeiv.  Bacon. 

f SHERRIS,  ^ ) n>  A kind  of  wine  formerly 

fSHER'RIS— SACK,  ) in  much  repute  in  England, 
and  supposed  to  have  been  sherry.  “ Good 
sherris-sack.” — See  Sack,  and  Sherry.  Shak. 


SHER'RY,  n.  A rich  dry  wine,  of  many  varieties, 
having  a deep  amber  color,  and,  -when  good,  a 
fine  aromatic  odor  ; — so  called  from  Xeres,  not 
far  from  Cadiz,  in  Spain,  where  it  is  principally 
produced.  Cyc.  of  Com. 

SHER'RY-VAL'LIE§,  n.  pi.  Pantaloons  made  of 
thick  velvet  or  leather,  buttoned  on  the  outside 
of  each  leg,  and  generally  worn  over  other  pan- 
taloons. [Local,  U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

SHET'LAND— PO'NY,  n.  A small  horse  bred  in 
the  Shetland  Islands  ; a sheltie.  Simmonds. 


SHEW  (slid),  v.  a.  [i.  shewed  ; pp.  SHEWING, 
shewn.]  To  exhibit  to  view;  to  display;  to 


make  known ; to  give  proof  of ; to  prove  ; — writ- 
ten also  show.  — See  Show. 

Tliis  mode  of  writing  the  verb  show  has  given 
rise  to  the  error  of  substituting  shew,  pronounced  shu, 
for  shewed  or  showed,  in  tile  preterite.  This  corrupt 
colloquial  use  of  slicio  for  shewed  is  now  more  or  less 
common  in  some  parts  of  the  United  States;  as,  ” I 
shew  [shu]  it  to  him  yesterday.”  Pickering. 

SHEW  (slio),  n.  A spectacle  ; show.  — See  Show. 

SHEW'BREAD  (slio'bred),  n.  See  Showbread. 

SHEW'ER  (sho'er),  n.  One  who  shews  ; shower. 

SHI' J II,  n.  A Shiite.  — See  Shiite.  Hamilton. 

SHIB' BO-LETH,  n.  [Heb.  Tip21I3>  a stream  or 

flood.] 

1.  A word,  the  pronunciation  of  which  was 
made  a criterion,  whereby  the  Gileadites  discov- 
ered the  Ephraimites  to  be  their  enemies,  and 
not  Gileadites,  as  they  pretended  to  be,  the 
Ephraimites  pronouncing  the  word  sibboleth, 
from  inability  to  sound  the  aspirate.  — See 
Judges  xi.  15-27,  and  xii.  1-6. 

That  sore  battle,  when  so  many  died 
Without  reprieve,  adjudged  to  death 
For  want  of  well  pronouncing  Shibboleth.  Milton. 

2.  A criterion  of  party ; watchword ; test. 

The  matter  of  the  oaths  they  agreed  it  was  time  enough  to 

dispute  about  whenever  the  shibboleth  should  be  tendered. 

Sir  W.  Scott. 

SHIDE,  n.  [A.  S.  sceadan,  to  divide.]  A piece  of 
wood  split  off ; a shingle  ; a small,  solid  piece  ; 
a billet.  [Local,  Eng.]  Grose. 

SHIE,  v.  a.  To  toss  obliquely  ; to  throw  askant ; 
— written  also  shy.  Bulwer. 

SHIELD  (sheld),  n.  [A.  S.  scyld ; Dut.  ty  Ger. 
sc  hi  kl ; Dan.  skildt,  skjold ; Sw.  sky  It,  sk:ld ; 
Icel.  skiiilldr.  — Gael,  sgiath  ; Ir.  sciath.  — Heb. 
tsbl?"-  — From  Old  Ger . schalen,  schelen,  schil- 
len,  to  cover.  Adelung.] 

1.  A broad  piece  of  defensive  armor  held  on 
the  left  arm  to  ward  off  blows,  much  used  be- 
fore the  invention  of  gunpowder  ; a buckler. 

His  ponderous  shield. 

Ethereal  temper,  massy,  large,  and  round, 

Behind  him  cast;  the  broad  circumference 

Iluug  on  his  shoulders  like  the  moon.  Milton. 

43=-“  The  shield  varied  considerably  in  size,  form, 
and  materials  in  different  ages  and  nations.  Amongst 
the  earliest  people  of  the  world,  shields  of  wicker- 
work were  used  ; afterwards  they  were  made  of  wood 
covered  with  leather,  and  ornamented  with  metal 
plates,  and,  during  the  middle  ages,  entirely  of  met- 
al.” Britton. 

2.  One  who,  or  that.which,  gives  protection  ; 

defence  ; protection.  Johnson. 

The  terror  of  the  Trojan  field, 

Tlxe  Grecian  honor,  ornament  and  shield.  Dryden. 

3.  (Her.)  The  field  on  which  a coat  of  arms 

is  emblazoned.  Britton. 

4.  (Bot.)  The  common  shield-shaped  fructi- 
fication of  most  lichens.  Gray. 

SHIELD  (sheld),  V.  a.  [i.  SHIELDED  ; pp.  SHIELD- 
ING, shielded.] 

1.  To  cover  with  a shield,  or  as  with  a shield  ; 
to  secure  from  any  injury  ; to  defend  ; to  protect. 

Shouts  of  applause  ran  ringing  through  the  field, 

To  see  the  son  the  vanquished  father  shield.  Dryden. 

2.  To  keep  or  ward  off ; to  defend  against. 

They  brought  with  them  their  usual  weeds  [cloths],  fit  to 
shield  the  cold,  to  which  they  had  been  inured.  Spenser. 

SHIELD'DRAKE,  n.  ( Ornith .)  The  sheldrake. — 
See  Sheldrake.  Baird. 

SHIELD'— FERN,  n.  (Bot.)  The  common  name 
of  a genus  of  ferns;  Aspidium;  — called  also 
wood-fern.  Gray. 

SHIELD'LESS,  a.  Having  no  shield  or  defence  ; 
unshielded  ; unprotected  ; defenceless.  “ The 
shieldless  maid.”  Southey. 

SHIELD'L(iSS-LY,  ad.  Without  defence  or  pro- 
tection. ‘ Clarke. 

SHIELD'LESS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
shieldless.  Clarke. 

SI-HELD’— SHAPED  (sheld’shapt),  a.  (Bot.)  Having 
the  form  of  a shield  ; scutate.  Lindley. 

SHIFT,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  seyftan,  to  divide,  to  verge, 
to  decline,  to  drive  away  ; Dut.  schiften  ; Ger. 
schichten  ; Dan.  skifte,  to  part ; Icel.  skipt.a, 
skifta,  to  divide  ; Sw.  skifta,  to  shift,  to  divide.] 
[f.  SHIFTED  ; pp.  SHIFTING,  SHIFTED.] 

1.  To  change  place  ; to  move. 


Vegetables  being  fixed  to  the  same  place,  and  so  not  able  to 
shift  and  seek  out  after  proper  matter  tor  their  increment,  it 
was  necessary  that  it  should  be  brought  to  them.  Woodward. 

2.  To  give  place  to  other  things  ; to  change. 

If  the  ideas  of  our  minds  constantly  change  and  shift  in 
a continual  succession,  it  would  be  impossible  for  a man  to 
think  long  of  any  one  thing.  Locke. 

3.  To  change  the  clothes,  particularly  the  un- 
der garments  or  the  linen.  Young. 

4.  To  resort  to  some  expedient ; to  adopt 
some  course  in  a case  of  difficulty. 

Men  in  distress  will  look  to  themselves  and  leave  their 
companions  to  shift  as  well  as  they  can.  L' Estrange. 

Nature  instructs  every  creature  how  to  shift  for  itself  in 
cases  gf  danger.  V Estrange. 

5.  To  practise  indirect  methods.  Raleigh. 

SHIFT,  v.  a.  1.  To  transfer  from  one  place  or 
position  to  another  ; to  change  ; to  alter. 

Shift  the  scene  for  half  an  hour.  Swift. 

2.  To  change,  as  clothes,  particularly  the  un- 
der garments.  “ To  shift  a shirt.”  Shak. 

3.  To  dress  in  fresh  or  clean  clothes. 

As  it  were  to  ride  day  and  night,  and  not  to  have  patience 
to  shift  me.  Shak. 

To  shift  about,  to  turn  quite  round.  Smart.  — To  shift- 
off,  to  defer ; to  delay  ; lo  put  away  by  some  expedi- 
ent. Locke. 

SHIFT,  n.  1.  Change  ; substitution. 

My  going  to  Oxford  was  not  merely  for  shift  of  air.  Ifotfon. 

2.  Course  adopted  in  a case  of  difficulty  ; ex- 
pedient; resort;  resource. 

She  redoubling  her  blows,  drove  the  stranger  to  no  other 
shift  than  to  ward  and  go  back.  Sidney. 

But  they  can  make  a shift  without  it.  Addison. 

3.  Indirect  expedient;  stratagem;  artifice; 

trick  ; fraud  ; subterfuge  ; evasion.  “ Little 
souls  on  little  shifts  rely.”  Dryden. 

4.  A woman’s  under-garment  or  under-linen  ; 

a chemise.  Johnson. 

5.  The  time  a miner  works  in  one  day.  IVeale. 

Syn.  — See  Evasion. 

SHlFT'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  shifted.  Ash. 

SHIFT'gR,  n.  1.  One  who  shifts.  Churchill. 

2.  A man  of  artifice  ; a trickster.  “Cozeners, 

shifters,  outlaws.”  Burton. 

’T  was  such  a shifter , that,  if  truth  were  known, 

Death  was  half  glad  when  he  had  got  him  down.  Milton. 

3.  (Naut.)  A person  appointed  to  assist  the 

ship’s  cook  in  washing,  steeping,  and  shifting 
the  salt  provisions.  Mar.  Diet. 

SHIFT'I-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  shifty; 
changeableness.  • West.  Rev. 

SHlFT'ING,  p.  a.  Changing  place. 

Shifting  use,  (Law.)  a use  which  is  made  to  shift  or 
change  from  one  person  to  another  by  matter  ex  post 
facto,  or  of  after  occurrence.  Burrill. 

SHlFT'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  changing.  “The 
shiftings  of  ministerial  measures.”  Burke. 

6.  Evasion;  fraud;  artifice;  shift.  “Subtle 

shiftings.”  Mir.  for  Mug. 

SHlFT'ING-LY,  ad.  By  change  : — cunningly. 

SHlFT'Lpss,  a.  Wantingmeans  to  act  or  to  live  ; 
destitute  of  energy  or  expedients  ; inefficient. 

He  [Aubrey]  was  a. shiftless  person.  Life  of  A.  Wood. 

SHIFT'LIJSS-LY,  ad.  In  a shiftless  manner. 

SHIFT'LpSS-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  shiftless. 

SHlFT'Y,  a.  Changeable  ; shifting,  [it.]  Ed.  Rev. 

In  abject  and  shifty  poverty.  Helps. 

SHI’ITE,  n.  A Mahometan  sectary  holding  re- 
ligious opinions  contrary  to  those  of  the  Sun- 
nites, or  orthodox  Mahometans  ; a Shiah. 

The  Persians  are  Shiites,  and  the  Turks  Sunnites.  P.  Cyc. 

SHILF,  n.  [Ger.  sehilf,  sedge.]  Straw.  Wright. 

SHlLL,  v.  a.  To  shell: — to  put  under  cover. 
[North  of  England.]  Brockett. 

SHIL-LA'LAH,  ) n%  Am  oak  sapling  ; a cudgel  ; 

SHIL-LE'LAH,  ) a club.  [Ireland.]  Sydney  Smith. 

SHIL'LING,  n.  [A.  S.  scill,  scilling  : Dut.  schel- 
ling  ; Ger.  schilling ; Dan.  <Sj  Sw.  skilling ; Icel. 
skillingr.  — Low  L.  schellingus  ; It.  schellino  ; 
Port,  xelim  ; Fr.  escalin .] 

1.  An  English  silver  coin  of  the  value  of  12d. 
sterling  ($0,242)  ; one  twentieth  of  a pound. 

2.  A term  applied  to  different  divisions  of  the 
dollar  in  the  currency  of  the  United  States. 

4®“  In  Massachusetts,  Connecticut,  Rhode  Island, 


MIEN,  SIR  ; MOVE,  NOR,  SON  ; 


BULL,  BUR,  RpLE.  — 9,  9,  g,  soft;  G,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  ij  «s  z; 


y as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


SHILL-I-SHALL-I 


1328 


SHIPPEN 


New  Hampshire,  Vermont,  Maine,  Kentucky,  Indi- 
ana, Illinois,  Missouri,  Virginia,  Tennessee,  Missis- 
sippi, Texas,  and  Florida,  the  shilling  is  equivalent  to 
one  sixth  of  a dollar,  or  sixteen  cents  and  two  thirds. 
In  New  York,  Ohio,  and  Michigan,  it  is  equivalent  to 
one  eighth  of  a dollar,  or  twelve  cents  and  a half.  In 
North  Carolina,  it  is  equivalent  to  one  tenth  of  a dol- 
lar, or  ten  cents.  In  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Del 
aware, and  Maryland,  it  is  equivalent  to  thirteen  cents 
and  one  third,  the  dollar  being  reckoned  at  seven 
shillings  and  a half.  In  South  Carolina  and  Georgia, 
it  is  equivalent  to  twenty-one  cents  and  three  sev- 
enths, the  dollar  being  reckoned  at  four  shillings  and 
two-tliirds.  Winslow. 

f^(‘Some  derive  this  word  from  the  Jewish  or 
Hebrew  to  weigh  ; Lat.  Mid.  siclus  ; Fr.  side, 

~ T 

the  fourth  part  of  an  ounce,  and  observe  that  pay- 
ments were  originally  made  by  weight,  as  they  still 
are  in  some  countries.  Junius  refers  shilling  to  the 
old  sheila , to  sound.  He  pretends  that  all  thicker 
coins  were  called  shilling , in  opposition  to  the  coin 
made  of  thin  plated  metal,  or  bracteates,  which  had 
no  sound.  Wachter  thinks  that  the  Moes.  shula  [a 
debtor],  the  A.  S.  scyldig , is  the  root  of  shilling , origi- 
nally used  for  a fine.  Other  etymologists  derive  this 
word  from  the  Ger.  schild , shield  ; and  thus  shilling , or 
rather  s child  in g,  would  signify  a coin  stamped  with 
the  arms  of  the  prince,  or  any  other  person  who  has 
the  right  or  privilege  of  coinage.  Frisch  derives  shil- 
ling from  the  Lat.  solidus.  Hire,  whose  views  Ade- 
lung  most  approves,  thinks  that  the  original  significa- 
tion of  shilling  is  the  Ger.  scheide  munge  ; Swed.  skilje 
mynt ; Dan.  sktlle  mynt.  This  opinion  is  confirmed 
by  the  circumstance  that  the  oldest  larger  coins  were 
marked  by  a deep  stamped  or  impressed  cross,  in  such 
a manner  that  they  could  be  easily  broken  into  two, 
three,  or  four  pieces;  the  different  value  of  shillings 
is  thus  easily  explained.  — Scylan , to  divide,  or  sceale , 
a balance,  a scale.”  Bosworth . 

SHILL— I— SHALL— I,  J a^%  [A  corrupt  reduplica- 

SHIL'LY— SHAL'LY,  > tion  of  shall  /?  Shall  I, 
or  shall  I not  ?]’  In  the  manner  of  one  who 
does  not  know  his  own  mind  ; — an  expression 
of  indecision. 

I do  n’t  stand  shill-I-shall-I  then;  if  I say ’t,  I ’ll  do ’t. 

Congreve. 

SHI'LOH,  n.  [Heb.  nS"1!!"-]  An  epithet  applied 
by  Jacob  on  his  death-bed  (Gen.  xlix.  10)  to  the 
personage  to  whom  the  “ gathering  of  the  na- 
tions should  be  ” ; — regarded  by  Christians  and 
by  the  ancient  Jews  as  a denomination  of  the 
Messiah.  Kitto. 

SHi'Ly,  ad.  See  Shyly.  Johnson. 

SHlM,  n.  (Agric.)  A tool  used  for  breaking  up 
land.  Simmonds. 

SHl.M'MpR,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  scymrian , sciman,  to 
glitter;  scima,  splendor;  Dut.  schemeren,  to 
dazzle  ; Ger.  schimmern,  to  sparkle  ; Dan.  skim- 
re,  to  shine  faintly  ; Icel.  skima  ; Sw.  skimra .] 
To  shine  faintly  ; to  glimmer;  to  gleam. 

Twinkling  faint  and  distant  far, 

Shimmers  through  mist  each  planet  star.  Sir  W.  Scott. 

SHlM'M?R-lNG,  n.  A faint  or  imperfect  light ; a 
glimmer ; a gleam.  Chaucer. 

SHIN,  n.  [A.  S.  scina ; Dut.  scheen ; Ger.  schiene ; 
Dan.  skinnebeen,  shin-bone ; Sw.  skenben.  — 
“ Probably  the  skin  or  skinned  bone,  the  bone 
covered  or  protected  by  skin  only.”  Richard- 
son.'] The  fore  part  of  the  leg,  between  the 
ankle  and  the  knee ; the  spine,  or  anterior  part 
of  the  tibia.  Dunglison. 

SHIN,  v.  n.  To  borrow  money.  [U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

SHINDY,  n.  A row;  a spree;  a riot.  [Low.]  Neal. 

SHINE,  v.  n.  [Goth,  skeinan ; A.  S.  scinan  ; Dut. 
schijnen  ; Ger.  scheincn  ; Dan.  skinne  ; Icel. 
skina ; Sw.  skina.]  [i.  shone  or  shined  ; pp. 
SHINING,  SHONE  Or  SHINED.] 

1.  To  emit  rays  of  light ; to  be  luminous, 
bright,  or  brilliant ; to  beam ; to  radiate ; to 
glitter. 

We  can  dismiss  thee  ere  the  morning  shine.  Milton. 

Ilis  face  did  shine  as  the  sun,  and  his  raiment  was  white  as 
the  light.  Matt.  xvii.  2. 

2.  To  be  conspicuous  on  any  account. 

Few  are  qualified  to  shine  in  company;  but  it  is  in  most 
men’s  power  to  be  agreeable.  Swift. 

To  make  one's  face  shine  upon , to  favor  ; to  be  pro- 
pitious to.  “ Tile  Lord  make  his  face  shine  upon  thee, 
and  be  gracious.”  • J\Tum.  vi.  25. 

Syn.  — To  shine  expresses  simply  the  idea  of  emis- 
sion of  light.  The  sun  shines ; diamonds  glisten  or 
glitter  ; lightning  glances  ; fire  sparkles  ; light  gleams 
and  radiates. 

f SHINE,  v.  a.  To  cause  to  shine.  WicJcliffe. 


SHINE,  n.  1.  Fair  or  pleasant  weather. 

He  will  accustom  himself  to  heat  and  cold,  and  shine  and 
rain.  Locke. 

2.  Brightness  ; splendor ; lustre ; brilliancy. 

Cynthia  obscures  her  silver  shine.  Shak. 

3.  A liking ; a fancy  ; as,  “To  take  a shine 

to  one.”  [Colloquial,  U.  S.]  Everett. 

4.  A disturbance  ; a row ; as,  “ To  kick  up  a 

shine'*  [Local,  England.]  Brockett. 

SIHN'jpR,  7i.  1.  One  who  shines.  Campbell. 

2.  Cash  ; hard  money  ; specie.  [Low.] 

Has  she  the  shiners,  d’ ye  think?  Foote. 

3.  ( Ich .)  A name  applied  to  several  species 

of  fish,  mostly  of  the  family  Cyprinidte,  from 
their  shining  appearance,  as  the  Leuciscus  niti- 
dus,  or  shining  dace.  De  Kay. 

Bay  shiner,  the  Leuciscus  chrysopterus.  — Blunt- 
nosed  shiner,  a fish  of  the  family  Scoinbridai ; Vomer 
Brownu. — New  York  shiner,  tile  Leuciscus  (or  Stilbe) 
clirysolcucas.  De  Kay. 

SHl'NpSS,  n.  See  Shyness.  Temple. 

SHIN'GLE  (shing'gl,  82),  n.  [L.  scindida ; scin- 
do,  to  split.  — Ger.  schindel. — Holland  writes  it 
shindle. ] 

1.  An  oblong  piece  of  wood,  thinner  at  one 

end  than  at  the  other,  used  instead  of  slates  or 
tiles  for  covering  roofs.  Ray. 

2.  ( Geol .)  The  loose  water-worn  fragments 

of  stone  or  gravel  found  on  the  sea-shore,  or 
where  the  sea  has  once  been.  Ansted. 

SHIN'GLE  (shing'gl),  v.  a.  [*.  SHINGLED  ; pp. 
shingling,  shingled.]  To  cover  with  shin- 
gles or  tiles.  Evelyn. 

SIllN'GLED  (shlng'gld),  p.  a.  Covered  with  shin- 
gles. Piers  Plouhman. 

SHlN'GL^R,  n.  One  who  shingles.  Jodrell. 

SHIN'GLE— ROOFED  (slnng'gl-roft),  a.  Having  a 
roof  covered  with  shingles.  Clarke. 

SHIN'GLE^  (slilng'glz),  n.  pi.  [L.  cingulum,  a 
girdle.]  (Med.)  A variety  of  herpes,  or  tetter, 
in  which  the  vesicles  spread  round  the  body 
like  a girdle.  Dunglison. 

SHlN'GLING  (shing'gling),  n.  The  act  of  covering 
with  shingles  ; a covering  of  shingles.  Wright. 

SIHN'GLY  (shlng'gle),  a.  Abounding  with  gravel 
or  shingle.  Wright. 

SHlN'ING,  n.  Emission  of  light;  brightness; 
brilliancy;  splendor.  “The  stars  shall  with- 
draw their  shining.”  Joel  ii.  10. 

SIliN'ING,  a.  1.  Bright;  radiant;  resplendent. 

lie  was  a burning  and  a shining  light.  John  v.  35. 

2.  Conspicuous  ; illustrious  ; splendid.  “ Shin- 
ing instances  of  virtue.”  Addison. 

3.  ( Bot .)  Having  a smooth,  even,  polished 

surface,  as  many  leaves.  Lindley. 

SIllN'LEAF,  n.  (Bot.)  A low,  smooth,  perennial 
herb,  bearing  a many-flowered  raceme  of  nod- 
ding flowers  ; Pyrola  ellptica.  Gray. 

SHlN'ING-I.Y,  ad.  In  a shining  manner.  Wickliffe. 

SIllN'ING-NESS,  n.  Brightness;  splendor.  Spence. 

SIIIN'TY,  n.  [“Perhaps  from  Ir . shon,  a club.” 
Jamieson.]  A Scottish  game  in  which  bats 
somewhat  resembling  a golf-club  are  used ; 
hockey  : — the  club  or  stick  used  in  playing  the 
game.  Jamieson. 

SHl'NY,  a.  Bright;  brilliant;  splendid;  luminous. 

It  was  upon  a summer’s  shiny  day.  Spenser. 

—SHIP.  [A.  S.  scipe.]  A termination  denoting 
state,  office,  or  dignity  ; as,  friends/tty),  lords/t(p, 
stewardship. 

SHIP,  n.  [Goth,  skip  ; A.  S.  scip  ; Dut.  schip; 
Ger.  schijf-,  Dan.  skib  ; Sw.  skepp;  Icel.  skip. 

— Gr.  cKbtpy,  a boat ; L.  scapha ; It.  schifo,  a 
skiff ; Port.  cSf  Sp.  esquifo.  — Bret,  skaf,  a boat. 

— Wachter  derives  it  from  the  Ger.  schieben,  to 

shove,  to  push,  because  pushed  or  forced  on  by 
oars  ; Tooke,  from  A.  S.  scypan,  to  make,  form, 
frame,  or  shape.  — “ Adelung  thinks  that  the 
idea  of  cavity  or  of  a hollow  space  is  predomi- 
nant in  most  languages;  hence  vessel  had  its 
name  from  vas  ; the  L.  navis,  a vessel,  is  relat- 
ed to  the  Ger.  napf,  a platter,  a bowl ; the  Gr. 
ouaipy  and  <r/c£n/)Of,  a boat,  a vessel,  to  wertor  and 
oKanTtiv,  to  excavate.”  Bosworth.]  ( Navt .)  Any 
vessel  employed  in  navigation  : — a vessel  with 
three  masts  and  tops  to  each.  Dana. 


. By  the  late  English  statute  of  5 and  G Will.  IV.,  the  term 
ship  is  declared  to  comprehend  every  description  of  vessel 
navigating  on  the  sea.  liurnlL 

Jt  ship  of  the  line,  a man-of-war  usually  carrying 

sixty  guns  or  upwards  ; a line-of-battle  ship. firmed 

ship,  a vessel  occasionally  taken  into  the  service  of  the 
government,  in  time  of  war,  and  armed  and  equipped 
in  all  respects  like  a ship-of-war.  Mar.  Diet. 

Syn.  — See  Vessel. 

SHIP,  v.  a.  [ i . shipped  ; pp.  shipping,  shipped.] 

1.  To  put  on  board  a ship ; to  send  or  trans- 
port in  a ship  ; as,  “To  ship  goods.” 

2.  To  engage  to  serve  on  hoard  a vessel  as  a 

seaman,  for  a certain  voyage  or  for  a specified 
term.  Burrill. 

3.  To  receive  into  the  ship.  “ We  shipped  a 

heavy  sea.”  Mar.  Diet. 

4.  To  fix  in  its  place  ; as,  “ To  ship  the  tiller.” 

The  sailors  ship  their  oars,  and  cease  to  row.  Dryden. 

SHIP,  v.  n.  To  engage  one’s  self  for  service  on 
board  pf  a ship.  Wright. 

SHIP'— BIS-CUjT,  n.  Hard,  coarse  biscuit,  spe- 
cially prepared  for  use  on  shipboard.  Simmonds. 

SHIP'BOARD  (shlp'bord),  n.  A plank  of  a ship. 
They  have  made  all  thy  shipboards  of  fir-trees.  Ezek.  xxvii.  5. 

45T  Seldom  used  except  in  the  adverbial  phrase  on 
shipboard , that  is,  in  a ship. 

SHIP'— BOY,  n.  A boy  that  serves  in  a ship.  Shak. 

SHiP'-BREAK-ER,  n.  A person  who  buys  the 
hulls  of  worn-out  vessels,  to  break  up  for  the 
timber  and  metal  they  contain.  Simmonds. 

SHIP'— BROK-fR,  n.  A mercantile  agent  who 
transacts  the  business  for  a ship  when  in  port, 
as  in  procuring  freight,  charters,  &c.  Simmonds. 

SHIP'— BUlLD-IJR,  n.  A builder  of  ships;  a ship- 
wright ; a naval  architect.  Fowler. 

SHlP'-BUILD-ING,  n.  The  art  of  building  ships  ; 
naval  architecture.  Tomlinson. 

SHIP'— CAR-PJJN-TJJR,  n.  A carpenter  employed 
in  the  construction  of  ships  ; a shipwright.  Lee. 

SHIP'— CARV-ER,  n.  One  who  carves  figure-heads, 
mouldings,  &c.,  for  a ship.  Simmonds. 

SIMP'— OHAn-DLER,  n.  One  who  deals  in  cordage, 
sails,  and  other  furniture  and  provisions  for 
ships.  Page. 

SHIP'— CHAN-DL1JR-Y,  n.  The  business  and  com- 
modities of  a ship-chandler.  Adams. 

SIIIP'-FE-V^R,  n.  (Med.)  A variety  of  typhus  ; 
— called  also  putrid  fever,  jail  fever,  and  hospi- 
tal fever.  Dunglison. 

SHlP'FUL,  n.  As  much  as  a ship  will  hold. 

SIllP'-HOLD-iJR,  n.  The  owner  of  a ship  ; a ship- 
owner. Smart. 

SHIP'— JdlN-^R,  n.  A joiner  employed  in  the 
construction  of  ships.  Simmonds. 

SIllP'LIJSS,  a.  Destitute  of  ships.  Gray. 

SIlIP'LIJT,  n.  A small  ship  or  vessel.  Holinshed. 

SHIP'— LOAD,  n.  The  load,  cargo,  or  freight  of  a 
vessel.  Rogct. 

f SHIP'MAN,  n.  A sailor;  a seaman.  Shak. 

SHIP'— mAS-TIJR,  n.  A commander  or  master  of 
a ship  ; the  captain  of  a vessel.  Jonah  i.  6. 

SIlIP'MATE,  n.  One  who  serves  in  the  same 
ship.  Taylor. 

SHlP'M?NT,  n.  1.  The  act  of  shipping  or  putting 
on  board  a ship  ; transportation  by  water.  Smart. 

2.  That  which  is  shipped  ; goods  or  merchan- 
dise transported  by  water.  Craig. 

SHIP'— MdN-iJY  (ship'mfin-e),  n.  (Eng.  ITist.)  A 
famous  tax  imposed  by  Charles  I.  of  England, 
without  the  authority  of  Parliament. 

IHpThis  tax  was  first  imposed  in  1C34,  by  a writ 
directed  to  tile  sheriff  of  every  county,  to  provide  a 
ship  for  the  king’s  service,  accompanied  by  written 
instructions  appointing  a sum  of  money  to  he  levied 
instead.  The  tax  was  paid  for  about  four  years  with- 
out opposition,  or  until  the  question  of  its  legality  was 
raised  by  the  refusal  of  Hampden  to  pay  his  share. 
Brande. 

SHlP'-OWN-fR,  n.  A person  who  owns  one  or 
more  ships  ; a ship-hoider.  Qu.  Rev. 

SHIP'P^N,  n.  [A.  S.  scypen.]  A stable  ; a cow- 
house. [Provincial,  Eng.]  Chaucer.  Ray. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  I,  O,  IT,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


SHIPPER 


1329 


SHOCK 


SHIP'PJJR,  n.  1.  The  merchant  or  person  who 
ships  goods  on  board  a vessel.  Burrill. 

2.  One  who  charters  or  freights  a vessel.  Kent. 

SHIP'PING,  n.  1.  Ships  and  vessels  of  navigation 
generally  or  collectively  ; tonnage. 

The  numbers  and  courage  of  our  men,  with  the  strength 
of  our  s/iipjnwj,  have,  for  many  ages  past,  made  us  a match 
for  the  greatest  of  neighbors  at  Iund,  and  an  overmatch  for 
the  strongest  at  sea.  Temple. 

2.  f Passage  in  a ship. 

They  took  shipping,  and  came  to  Capernaum.  John  vi.24. 

Shipping  articles,  an  agreement  in  writing  made  be- 
tween tile  master  of  a vessel  and  the  seamen  engaging 
to  serve  on  board,  specifying  the  voyage  or  term  for 
which  they  are  shipped,  and  the  rate  of  wages,  and 
when  they  are  to  render  themselves  on  board.  Burrill. 

SIIIP'-RIGGED,  a.  { Naut .)  Square-rigged,  as  a 
three-masted  ship  is  ; having  square  sails  and 
spreading  yards.  Simmonds. 

SHIP'— SHAPE,  ad.  {Naut.)  In  a seaman-like 

manner ; according  to  the  fashion  of  a ship. 
“ The  mast  is  not  rigged  ship-shape.”  Mar.  Diet. 

SHIP’S'— HU§- BAND,  n.  {Naut.)  A person  ap- 
pointed by  the  several  owners  of  a ship,  usual- 
ly one  of  their  number,  to  manage  the  concerns 
of  the  ship  for  the  common  benefit.  Burrill. 

SHIP’S'— PA-PJJRf-;,  n.  pi.  {Naut.)  Papers  with 
which  a vessel  is  required  by  law  to  be  provided, 
either  as  evidences  of  title,  or  in  compliance 
with  custom-house  regulations,  or  the  pro- 

visions of  treaties,  or  for  the  protection  of  the 
ship  and  cargo  in  time  of  war.  Burrill. 

SHIP'— WORM,  n.  A bivalve  which  bores  into 
timbers,  and  lines  the  cavity  which  it  makes 
with  a calcareous  tube  ; Teredo.  Woodward. 

SHlP'WRECK  (slilp'rek),  n.  1.  The  breaking  or 
shattering  of  a ship  or  vessel,  by  being  driven 
ashore,  by  being  thrown  upon  rocks  or  shoals 
in  the  mid-seas,  or  by  the  mere  force  of  the 
winds  and  waves  in  tempests.  Burrill. 

2.  Broken  parts,  as  of  a shattered  ship. 

The  shipwrecks  of  the  Athenian  and  Roman  theatres.  Dryden. 

3.  Destruction  ; miscarriage  ; ruin. 

Holding  fhith  and  a good  conscience,  which  some,  having 
put  away,  concerning  faith  have  made  shipwreck.  1 Tim.  i.  19. 

SHlP'WRECK,  V.  a.  [t.  SHIPWRECKED  ; pp.  SHIP- 
WRECKING, SHIPWRECKED.] 

1.  To  break  or  shatter,  as  a ship,  by  running 

ashore,  by  driving  upon  rocks  or  shoals  in  the 
mid-seas,  or  by  the  shock  of  winds  and  waves 
in  a tempest.  Shale. 

2.  To  throw  into  distress  or  difficulty,  as  by  a 
shipwreck  ; to  cast  away. 

A little  pagan  monument  of  two  persons  who  were  ship- 
wrecked. Addison. 

SHIP  WRIGHT  (shlp'rlt),  n.  A builder  of  ships  ; 
a ship-carpenter. 

Why  such  impress  of  shipwrights,  whose  sore  task 

Does  not  divide  the  Sunday  from  the  week?  Shah. 

SHIP'— YARD,  n.  A yard  or  piece  of  ground  near 
the  water  in  which  ships  or  vessels  are  con- 
structed. Clarke. 

SHLRAZ',  or  SIII-RAZ',  n.  A Persian  wine  from 
Shiraz.  Sir  J.  Mackintosh. 

II  SHIRE,  or  SHIRE  [slier,  W.  P.  J.  Sin.  ; shir,  S. 
E.  Ja.  K.  C.  Wr.  IV  b. ; slur  or  slier,  F. 1 , n. 
[A.  S.  scir,  scire ; sceran,  seiran,  to  shear,  to 
divide.  — W.  sir,  a shire.]  In  England,  a ter- 
ritorial division,  same  as  county  : — used  also  in 
composition;  as  Yorkshire,  i.  e.  the  county  of 
York. 

The  noble  youths  from  distant  shires  resort.  Prior. 

ngyln  the  United  States,  the  word  shire  is  used 
to  form  tile  constituent  parts  of  two  names  of  counties  ; 
ns,  Berkshire  and  HampAire.  In  the  north  of  Eng- 
land, some  districts  smaller  than  counties  have  the 
provincial  appellation  of  shires,  as  Richmonds/tire  in 
the  North  Riding  of  Yorkshire;  Hallams are,  or  the 
manor  of  Hallam,  in  the  West  Riding,  which  is  near- 
ly coextensive  with  the  parish  of  Sheffield.  Braude. 

/Kip  “The  pronunciation  of  this  word  is  very  ir- 
regular, as  it  is  the  only  pure  English  word  in  the 
language  where  the  final  c does  not  produce  the  long 
diphthongal  sound  of  t when  the  accent  is  on  it ; but 
this  irregularity  is  so  fixed  as  to  give  the  regular  sound 
a pedantic  stiffness.  Mr.  Sheridan,  Mr.  Scott,  and 
Buchanan,  however,  have  adopted  this  sound,  in 
which  they  have  been  followed  by  Mr.  Smith  ; but 
Mr.  Elphinston,  Dr.  I.owth,  Dr.  Kenrick,  Mr.  Perry, 
and  Barclay  are  for  the  irregular  sound  ; W.  Johnston 
gives  both,  but  places  the  irregular  first.  It  may  like- 
wise be  observed,  that  this  word,  when  unaccented  at 
the  end  of  words,  as  Nottinghams/ure,  Wilts/iire,  &c., 
is  always  pronounced  with  the  t like  ec.”  Walker. 

Syn.  — See  District. 


||  f SHIRE'— MOTE,  n.  [A.  S.  scire-gcmot.]  A coun- 
ty court ; the  principal  court  of  the  Saxons, 
held  twice  a year  before  the  bishop  and  aider- 
men.  Burke. 

||  SHlRE'-REEVE,  n.  The  reeve  or  bailiff  of  a 
shire,  answering  to  the  viscount  of  the  Anglo- 
Normans,  and  the  sheriff  of  later  times.  Burke. 

||  SHIRE'— TOWN,  n.  The  capital  town  of  a coun- 
ty or  shire  ; the  town  in  which  county  courts 
are  held.  W.  Phillips. 

SHIRK,  v.  n.  [See  Shark.]  [*.  shirked  ; pp. 

SHIRKING,  SHIRKED.] 

1.  To  practise  mean  tricks  : to  live  scantily 
or  by  using  expedients  ; to  shark.  Grimstone. 

2.  To  shift ; to  depart ; to  quit ; — with  from. 

My  last  letters  will  have  taught  you  to  expect  an  explosion 
here : one  of  the  cities  shirked  from  the  league.  Byron. 

SHIRK,  v.  a.  1.  To  procure  by  mean  tricks  ; to 
cheat ; to  trick  ; to  shark. 

Idle  companions,  that  shirk  living  from  others.  Bp.  Rainbow. 

2.  To  get  off  from  ; to  avoid ; to  evade.  Smart. 

SHIRK,  n.  1.  A tricking  fellow  ; a shark.  Scott. 

2.  One  who  seeks  to  avoid  duty.  Wright. 

SHIRKING,  n.  The  practice  of  mean  tricks; 
trick  ; evasion  ; sharking.  Qu.  Rev. 

SIIIRK'Y,  a.  Trickish  ; deceitful;  artful.  [Local, 
Eng.]  Cooper. 

t SIIIRL,  a.  Shrill.  — See  Shrill.  Hu/oet. 

SHIRR,  n.  An  elastic  cord  inserted  between  two 
pieces  of  cloth.  Simmonds. 

SHIRRED,  a.  Noting  cloth  composed  of  two  thick- 
nesses, with  elastic  cords  between  them.  Wright. 

SHIRT,  n.  [Dan.  skiorta  ; Sw.  skjortc.  — The  past 
part,  of  sceran,  scyran,  to  shear.  Tooke.\  The 
under-garment,  of  cotton,  flannel,  linen,  or  silk, 
worn  by  men; — formerly,  the  under  garment 
worn  by  either  sex. 

It’s  like  sending  them  ruffles  when  wanting  a shirt. 

Goldsmith. 

She  had  her  shirts  and  girdles  of  hair.  Bp.  Fisher. 

SHIRT,  V.  a.  [ i . SIIIRTED  ; pp.  SHIRTING,  SKIRT- 
ED.1 To  cover  with  a shirt,  or  as  with  a shirt. 
“Skirted  but  with  air.”  Dryden. 

SIIIRT'ING,  n.  Cloth  of  a suitable  width  for  mak- 
ing shirts.  McCulloch. 

SHIRT'L^SS,  a.  Wanting  a shirt.  Pope. 

SIIIST.  ? {Min.)  See  Schist,  and  Schis- 

SHIS'TOSE.  ) TOSE. 

SHIT'TAH,  ; n%  [Heb-  nt3C-]  {Bible.)  A sort 

SHIT'TIM  ) T.  * 

• ’ of  hard  precious  wood  which  was 

employed  in  making  various  parts  of  the  tab- 
ernacle while  the  Israelites  were  wandering  in 
the  wilderness.  Kitto. 

/KSP  Considerable  doubts  have  been  entertained  re- 
specting T lie  kind  of  wood  or  tree  intended  by  this 
name.  We  think  the  probability  is  that  the  Jicacia 
Seyel  supplied  the  shittim  wood,  if,  indeed,  the  name 
did  not  denote  acacia  wood  in  general.  Kitto. 

f SHIT'TLE,  a.  Wavering;  unsettled.  Mir.forMag. 

SHIT'TLE-COCK,  n.  See  Shuttlecock. 

fSHIT'TLE-NESS,  n.  Unsettledness.  Barret. 

SHIVE  [shiv,  S.  W.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  IC.  Sm.  C. ; 
shiv,  Wb.),  n-  [Dut.  schijf-,  Ger.  scheibe;  Dan. 
skive-,  Sw.  skifva.  — Ger.  scheiden,  to  divide,  to 
separate.  Skinner.) 

1.  t A slice,  as  of  bread.  Warner. 

2.  f A shaving,  or  thick  lamina.  Boyle. 

3.  A little  piece  or  fragment,  as  of  flax.  Smart. 

SHIV'ER,  v.  a.  [«.  shivered  ; pp.  shivering, 
shivered.] 

1.  To  break  by  one  act  into  many  parts  ; to 
dash  to  pieces  ; to  shatter. 

The  ground  with  shivered  armor  strown.  Milton. 

2.  {Naut.)  To  cause  to  shiver  or  flutter,  as  a 

sail,  by  bracing  it  so  that  the  wind  strikes  upon 
the  leech.  Dana. 

SHlV'JJR,  v.  n.  To  break  or  fall  instantaneously 
into  many  small  pieces. 

ITadst  thou  been  aught  but  gossamer,  feathers,  air, 

So  many  fathoms  down  precipitating, 

Thou  hadst  shivered  like  an  egg.  Sheik. 

SHlV'flR,  v.  n.  [Ger.  schaurcn.  Wachter.  — In 


Sicambric  (the  dialect  spoken  in  Gueldres), 
schoeueren.  Kilian.]  To  shudder,  as  with  cold 
or  fear  ; to  quake  ; to  tremble. 

Any  very  harsh  noise  will  set  the  teeth  on  edge,  and  make 
all  the  body  shiver.  Bacon. 

Why  stand  we  longer  shivering  under  fear?  Milton. 

SHIV'JpR,  n.  lGer.se/iiefer  ; Dan.  skifer.'] 

1.  One  fragment  of  many  into  which  any  thing 
is  broken  ; a little  piece  broken  off  by  sudden 
violence. 

Of  your  white  bread  a shiver.  Chaucer. 

Surging  waves  against  a solid  rock, 

Thouuh  nil  to  shivers  dashed,  the  assault  renew, 

Vain  battery,  and  in  froth  or  bubbles  end.  JMilton . 

2.  f A spindle.  Hist.  R.  Society. 

3.  {Naut.)  The  wheel  on  which  the  rope 

works  in  a block  ; a sheave.  Mar.  Diet. 

4.  {Min.)  A friable  shale.  Craig. 

SIIIV'^R,  n.  A shaking  fit  caused  by  fear,  cold, 

or  sickness  ; a tremor.  Johnson. 

SHIV'JpR-ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  shaking  or  shud- 
dering, as  from  cold  or  fear.  Dryden. 

2.  Division  ; dismemberment.  Bacon. 

SHI  V'£R-iNG-LY,  ad.  With  shivering.  Clarke. 

SHI  V'pR— SPAR,  n.  [Ger . schiefer-spath.\  {Min.) 
A carbonate  of  lime  ; — more  properly  called 
slate-spar.  Boag. 

SHIV'JJR-Y,  a.  1.  Easy  to  shiver;  not  firmly  co- 
hering; friable.  “ Shivery  stone.”  Woodward. 

2.  Pertaining  to,  or  resembling,  a shiver  or 
tremor,  [it.] 

Sad  ocean’s  face 

A curling  undulation  shivery  swept 

From  wave  to  wave.  Mallet. 

SIIOAD,  n.  {Min.)  See  Shode. 

SHOAD'STONE,  n.  A stone  occurring  in  a 
shoad.  Wright. 

SHOAL  (shol),  n.  [A.  S.  sceol,  a multitude,  which 
Tooke  considers  the  past  part,  of  A.  S.  scylan, 
to  divide,  to  separate.] 

1.  A crowd  ; a great  multitude  ; a throng  ; a 
large  number  together,  as  of  fishes. 

The  vices  of  a prince  draw  shoals  of  followers.  Dec.  of  Piety. 

A shoal  of  silver  fishes  glides.  Waller. 

2.  A shallow;  a sand-bank. 

The  haven’s  mouth  they  durst  not  enter  for  the  dangerous 
shoals.  Abbot. 

Dgp“  There  is  this  difference  [between  a shoal  and 
a shallow ] : a shallow  is  never  supposed  to  be  dry,  even 
at  the  lowest  ebb,  but  shoals  are  often  dry  at  low  wa- 
ter.” Mar.  Diet. 

SHOAL,  v.  n.  1.  To  crowd  ; to  throng.  “Entrails 
about  which  . . . fish  did  shoal.”  Chapman. 

2.  To  be  or  grow  shallow.  Milton. 

3.  To  lounge  about.  [Local,  U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

SHOAL,  v.  a.  To  get  into  less  depth  of.  [r.] 

As  we  were  steering  round  its  western  extremity, . . . we 
suddenly  shoaled  our  water.  Cook. 

SHOAL,  a.  Shallow;  obstructed  by  sand-banks. 

The  boat  could  not  come  to  land,  the  water  was  so  shoal. 

Hackluyt. 

SHOAL'I-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  shoal  or 
shoaly  ; shallowness.  Johnson. 

SHOAL'Y,  a.  Full  of  shoals  ; shallow. 

Where  with  his  shoaly  fords  Vulturnus  roars.  Dryden. 

SHOAR,  n.  A prop  ; a shore.  — See  Shore. 

SHOAT,  n.  A shote.  — See  Shote. 

SHOCK,  n.  [Dut.  schok.  — Fr.  choc.  — Past  p.  of 
the  verb  to  shake.  Richardson.  — See  Shake.] 

1.  A violent  collision  ; a concussion.  “ Through 

the  shock  of  fighting  elements.”  Milton. 

2.  External  violence ; blow ; buffet. 

Midst  all  the  shocks  and  injuries  of  fortune.  Addisoii. 

3.  The  conflict  of  enemies ; onset ; assault. 

Twice  he  arose  and  joined  the  horrid  shock.  Philips. 

4.  A strong  feeling,  as  of  horror  or  dislike. 

Fewer  shocks  a statesman  gives  his  friend.  Young. 

5.  A pile  of  sheaves  of  grain,  varying  in  num- 
ber from  twelve  to  sixteen;  a stook  ; a hattock. 

Thou  slialt  come  to  thy  grave  in  a full  age,  like  as  a shock 
of  corn  cometh  in  his  season.  Job  v.  2d. 

6.  {Elec.)  A term  applied  to  the  disagreeable 

sensation,  and  the  concussion,  or  violent  mus- 
cular contraction  instantaneously  experienced 
when  a charge  or  current  of  electricity  passes 
through  the  body.  Faraday. 

Magnetic  shocks,  (Mag.)  the  sudden  disturbances  of 
the  magnetic  needle,  which  sometimes  occur  simul- 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  9,  g,  soft ; £,  G,  5,  g,  hard ; S as  1 ; $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 

167 


SHOCK  1330  SHOOTING-STAR 


taneously  over  whole  continents,  and  perhaps  over 
tlio  whole  globe.  Herschel. 

7.  {Med.)  An  agitation  or  disarrangement  of 
the  nervous  system,  consequent  upon  all  severe 
injuries,  upon  sudden  encephalic  hemorrhage, 
and  upon  overwhelming  emotions.  Dunglison. 

8.  {Com.)  A lot  of  sixty  pieces  of  loose  goods, 

as  staves.  Simmonds. 

Syn.  — Shock  is  a violent  shake  or  agitation,  and 
may  affect  either  the  body  or  the  mind  ; concussion  is 
a shaking  together,  and  affects  properly  only  the  body 
or  material  substances.  The  shock  of  an  earthquake; 
a shock  caused  by  unexpected  and  painful  tidings;  a 
concussion  of  atoms  or  of  carriages. 

SHOCK,  n.  [From  shag.]  A shaggy  (log.  Locke. 

SHOCK,  v.  a.  [Dut.  schohken.  — Fr.  choquer,]  [i. 
SHOCKED;  pp.  SHOCKING,  SHOCKED.] 

1.  To  shake  by  violence.  Johnson. 

2.  To  meet  in  violent  encounter. 

Come  the  three  corners  of  the  world  in  arms 

And  we  will  shock  them.  Sheik. 

3.  To  strike  with  disgust,  dread,  or  abhor- 
rence ; to  offend ; to  disgust. 

Julian,  who  loved  each  sober  man  to  shock.  Hartc. 

4.  To  appall ; to  terrify ; to  affright. 

They  who  could  not  be  shocked  by  persecution  were  in 
danger  of  being  overcome  by  flattery.  Stillingjlcet. 

5.  To  make  up  into  shocks,  as  grain. 

SHOCK,  v.  n.  1.  To  meet  with  hostile  violence. 

With  horrid  clangor  shocked  the  ethereal  arms.  Pope. 

2.  To  pile  sheaves  into  shocks.  “ Bind  fast, 
shock  apace.”  Tussef. 

SHOCK'— DOG,  n.  A dog  having  very  long,  silky 
hair.  Booth. 

SHOCK'— HEAD-JJD,  a.  Having  thick,  bushy  hair. 

SHOCK'ING,  a.  That  shocks  ; offensive  ; disgust- 
ing ; formidable  ; dreadful.  “ Shocking  villa- 
ges.” Seeker.  “ Shocking  corruption.”  Knox. 

The  conclusion  is  too  shucking  to  appear  in  broad  terms. 

Waterland. 

Syn.  — See  Formidable. 

SIIOCK'ING-LY,  ad.  So  as  to  disgust;  offensively. 

SHOCK'ING-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality  of 
being  shocking.  Clarke. 

SHOD,  i.  & p.  from  shoe.  See  Shoe. 

SHOD'DY,  n.  Old  woollen  cloths  and  refuse  goods 
torn  into  fibres  in  a mill,  and  respun  into  yarn, 
with  the  addition  of  a little  fresh  wool.  Simmonds. 

Shoddf/  is  made  into  an  inferior  cloth,  into  drugget,  pad- 
ding, and  other  articles.  Simmonds. 

SHODE,  n.  {Mining.)  A name  applied  to  frag- 
ments of  ore  which  have  been  torn  off  from 
lodes  or  veins  of  ore  by  rain  or  currents  of 

water.  Ansted. 

SHODE'— PIT,  n.  {Mining.)  A trench  cut  to  dis- 
cover stones  of  ore  in  shoding.  Ansted. 

SHOD'JNG,  n.  {Mining.)  The  operation  of  tra- 
cing rolled  metalliferous  stones  from  a river- 
course  to  the  lode  whence  they  were  broken. 

Ansted. 

SHOE  (sho),  n. ; pi.  shoe?  ; — anciently,  and  still 
provineially,  shoon.  [Goth,  sko  ; A.  S.  sceo  ; 
Frs.  sc/iou,  scon ; Dut.  schoen ; Ger.  schuh  ; Dan. 
.S-  Sw.  sko ; Icel.  skor.  — W.  esgid.  — “ Martinius 
derives  this  word  from  the  L.  soccus;  Junius, 
from  [the  Gr.]  okvto;,  leather ; lhre,  from  the 
Old  Sw.  sky  a,  to  cover ; and  Richards,  from 
Chal.  mshga  or  meshega,  a shoe,  or  Heb. 

"I’  shecc  or  sheccc,  to  cover.  The  Dut.  hand- 
schoen,  Ger.  handschuh,  a hand-cover,  glove, 
seem  to  favor  this  derivation.”  Bosworth .] 

1.  A protection  or  covering  for  the  foot,  usu- 
ally made  of  leather,  and  consisting  of  a sole,  a 
vamp,  and  two  quarters. 

They  [the  Greeks  ami  Romans]  had  both  shops  and  san- 
dais;  the  former  covered  the  whole  foot;  the  last  consisted  of 
one  or  of  more  soles,  aud  were  fastened  with  thongs  above 
the  foot.  Beloc. 

. The  dull  swain 

Treads  on  it  daily  with  his  clouted  shoon.  Milton. 

2.  An  iron  plate  or  rim  nailed  to  the  under 

surface  of  the  foot  of  horses  and  other  beasts  of 
burden,  in  order  to  defend  and  preserve  the 
hoof;  a horseshoe.  Osmer. 

3.  A long  plate  or  bar  of  iron,  or  a piece  of 
wood,  fastened  under  the  runner  of  a sleigh  or 
a sled,  to  defend  the  runner  from  injury,  or  to 
enable  it  to  slide  over  the  snow  more  easily. 

4.  Any  thing  resembling  a shoe  ; as,  “ A shoe 

for  the  end  of  a beam.”  Stephens. 


5.  A sort  of  drag  or  contrivance  for  stopping 

a carriage  wheel.  Simmonds. 

6.  {Arch.)  The  part  at  the  bottom  of  a water- 

trunk  or  leaden  pipe,  for  turning  the  course  of 
the  water  from  a building.  Francis. 

7.  {Mining.)  A kind  of  trough  used  in  a 

crushing-mill.  Simmonds. 

8.  {Naut.)  A piece  of  wood  for  the  bill  of  an 

anchor  to  rest  upon,  to  save  the  vessel’s  side  ; 
also,  for  the  heels  of  shears,  &c.  ’ Dana. 

SHOE  (silo),  V.  a.  [i.  SHOD  ; pp.  SHOEING,  SHOD.] 

1.  To  fit  with  a shoe  or  with  shoes  ; to  put  a 
shoe  or  shoes  on. 

He  doth  nothing  hut  talk  of  his  horse*,  aud  . . . can  shoe 
him  himself*/  Shdk. 

2.  To  cover  the  bottom  of.  Drayton. 

SHOE'ULACK  (sho’blak),  n.  One  who  cleans  and 
blacks  shoes.  Todd. 

SHOE'RLAcK-JJR,  n.  A shoeblack.  Gent.  Mag. 

SHOE'BOY  (slio'bbl),  n.  A boy  that  cleans  shoes. 

SHOE'BUC-KLE,  n.  A buckle  for  fastening  a 
shoe  on  the  foot.  McCulloch. 

SHOE'— fAc-TOR,  n.  A factor  or  wholesale  deal- 
er in  shoes.  Simmonds. 

SHOE'ING— HORN  (sho’jng-librn),  n.  1.  A piece  of 
horn,  one  end  of  which  is  placed  in  a shoe,  at  the 
heel,  to  facilitate  the  introduction  of  the  foot. 

2.  Or(e  who,  or  that  which,  is  used  merely  as 
a medium,  or  to  facilitate  any  transaction,  as  a 
subservient  assistant ; — in  contempt.  Spectator. 

3.  An  incitement  to  liquor,  as  certain  kinds 

of  fbbd.  [Low.]  Beau.  &•  FI. 

A gammon  of  bacon  well  dressed  is  a good  shoeimj-horn  to 

l pull-down  a cup  of  wine.  Haven  of  Health. 

SHOE'LATCH-$T,  n.  A latchet  or  string  for 
fastening  a shoe  to  the  foot.  Milton. 

SHOE'— LEATH-fR,  n.  Leather  for  shoes  or 
boots.  McCulloch. 

SHOE'LfSS,  a.  Destitute  of  shoes  ; barefoot. 

SHOE'MAK-f-R,  n.  One  whose  trade  it  is  to  make 
shoes.  Watts. 

SHOE'MAK-ING,  n.  The  act  or  the  business  of 
making  shoes.  McCulloch. 

SHOE'— NAIL,  n.  A nail  used  in  making  shoes. 

SHOE'— PACK,  n.  A mocasson  made  of  tanned 
leather,  the  black  side  in.  Simmonds. 

SHO'ER,  n.  One  who  shoes.  Todd. 

SHOE'— STONE,  ii.  A sharpening  stone  used  by 
shoemakers,  saddlers,  &c.  Simmonds. 

SHOE'STRAp,  n.  A strap  for  fastening  a shoe. 

SIIOE'STRING,  n.  A string  with  which  a shoe  is 
fastened  to  the  foot ; shoetie.  Randolph. 

SHOE'TlE  (sho'tl),  n.  A string  or  ribbon  for  fas- 
tening a shoe  to  the  foot ; shoestring.  Crashaw. 

fSHOG,  n.  [From  shock.  Johnson.  — From  jog, 
Naresi]  A shock  ; a jog.  Dryden. 

fSHOG,  v.  a.  To  shake  ; to  shock.  Wickliffe. 

fSHOG,  v.  n.  To  jog  or  move.  “Will  you  shog 
off?”  Shak. 

t SHOG'GING,  n.  Concussion;  agitation.  Harmar. 

SHOG'GLE,  v.  a.  To  shake  ; to  joggle.  [Local, 
Eng.]  Pcgge. 

SHOG'— TROT,  n.  Jog-trot.  Richardson. 

SHONE,  or  SHONE  [shSn,  S.  W.  J.  F.  Ja.  Sm.  R. 
Kenrick  ; shon,  E.  C.  Wr.  Wb. ; shun,  P. ; shdn 
or  shon,  K.\,  i.  from  shine.  See  Shine. 

Kjf  “ This  word  is  frequently  pronounced  so  as  to 
rhyme  with  tone;  but  the  short  sound  of  it  is  by  far 
tlie  most  usual  among  those  who  may  he  styled  po- 
lite speaker-.  This  sound  is  adopted  by  Mr.  Elpliin- 
ston,  Mr  Sheridan,  Dr.  Kenrick,  and  Mr.  Smith  ; nor 
do  I find  the  other  sound  in  any  of  our  dictionaries 
that  have  the  word.”  Walker. 

SHOO,  interj.  or  v.  n.  imperative  and  defective. 
[Ger.  scheuchen,  to  scare,  to  drive  away.]  Be- 
gone ; go  away  ; — a word  used  to  drive  away 
fowls,  sheep,  &c. — Written  also  shough,  shu, 
and  shue.  Lemon. 

SHOOK  (slifik,  51)  [sliuk,  8.  V.  J.  F.  Sm.  Wr.  Wb. ; 
sliok,  W.  Ja.  K.~\,  i.  from  shake.  See  Shake. 


SIIOOKS  (sliuks),  n.  Staves  for  making  hogsheads  ; 
— boards  for  making  sugar-boxes.  Simmonds. 

t SIIOON, Plural  of  shoe.  See  Shoe.  Shak. 

SHOOT,  T.  a.  [A.  S . sceotan,  scotan  ; Dut . schie- 
ten  ; Ger.  schiessen  ; Dan.  skyde ; Sw.  skjuta. ] 

[t.  SHOT  ; pp.  SHOOTING,  SHOT,  f SIIOTTEN.] 

1.  To  discharge  so  as  to  make  fly  with  speed 

or  violence.  “ To  shoot  an  arrow.”  Shak. 

And  from  about  her  shot  darts  of  desire.  Milton. 

2.  To  let  off,  as  a bow  or  a gun ; to  fire. 

The  two  ends  of  a bow  shot  oft' fly  from  one  another.  Boyle. 

Men  who  know  not  hearts  should  make  examples 

which,  like  a warning-piece,  must  be  shot  oft', 

To  fright  the  rest  from  crimes.  Dryden. 

3.  To  strike  or  hit  with  any  thing  shot. 

lie  shall  surely  be  stoned  or  shot  through.  Ex.  xix.  13. 

4.  To  send  or  put  forth  ; to  emit.  Denham. 

"When  it  [a  grain  of  mustard-seed]  is  sown,  it  groweth  up, 
. . . and  shooteth  out  great  branches.  Mark  iv.  32. 

5.  To  thrust  or  dart  forth.  Milton. 

Beware  the  secret  snake  that  shoots  a 6ting.  Dryden. 

6.  To  drive,  force,  or  push  suddenly.  “ To 

shoot  a bolt  or  lock.”  Johnson. 

The  liquid  air  his  moving  pinions  wound. 

And  in  the  moment  shot  him  on  the  ground.  Dryden. 

7.  To  pass  through  or  over  with  swiftness. 

‘While  we  were  shooting  this  gulf,  our  soundings  were  from 
thirty  to  seven  iathoms.  Cook. 

8.  To  fit  by  planing  or  paring  with  a chisel. 

Two  pieces  of  wood  that  are  shot,  that  is,  planed,  or  else 

pared  with  a paring-chisel.  Mur  an. 

To  be  shot  of,  to  he  discharged,  cleared,  or  freed  of. 
[Colloquial.]  Todd. 

SHOOT,  v.  n.  1.  To  perform  the  act  of  shooting, 
as  with  a bow  or  a gun ; to  fire. 

The  archers  . , have  shot  at  him.  Gen.  xlix.  23. 

2.  To  pass  or  fly,  as  any  thing  shot. 

Thy  words  shoot  through  my  heart.  Addison. 

3.  To  move  with  velocity ; to  dart. 

Not  half  so  swiftly  shoots  along  in  air 

The  gliding  lightning.  Tope. 

4.  To  put  forth  sprouts  or  branches  ; to  ger- 
minate ; to  bud  ; to  sprout. 

Onions,  as  they  hang,  will  shoot  forth.  Bacon. 

"Where  weeds  and  flowers  promiscuous  shoot.  Pope. 

Delightful  task  to  rear  the  tender  thought, 

To  teach  the  young  idea  how  to  shoot. ' Thomson. 

5.  To  jut ; to  project;  to  protuherate. 

The  land  did  shoot  out  with  a very  great  promontory.  Abbot. 

6.  To  be  formed  by  emission,  as  from  a radi- 
cal particle  ; to  be  emitted. 

If  the  menstruum  be  overcharged,  metals  will  shoot  into 
crystals.  Bacon. 

7-  To  become  any  thing  by  sudden  or  rapid 
growth.  “He’ll  soon  shoot  up  a hero.”  Dryden. 

8.  To  be  affected  with  a quick,  darting  pain. 

A coming  shower  your  shooting  corns  presage.  Swift. 

SHOOT,)!.  1.  Act  of  shooting  ; discharge;  shot. 

The  Turkish  bow  givetli  a very  forcible  shoot.  Bacon. 
A country  fellow  was  making  a shoot  at  a pigeon.  L' Estrange. 

2.  A sprout  or  a young  branch. 

Plucking  ripe  clusters  from  the  tender  shoots.  Milton. 

3.  A young  swine  ; a shote.  Cotgrare. 

4.  A shaft,  pit,  or  trough  full  of  water : a 

branch  from  the  main  trunk.  Simmonds. 

5.  A passage-way  on  the  side  of  a steep  hill 

or  a mountain,  down  which  wood  and  timber  are 
thrown  or  slid.  [Local,  IJ.  S.]  Bartlett. 

6.  A place  where  a stream,  confined  by  rocks 
which  appear  above  the  water,  is  shot  through 
an  aperture  with  great  force.  [Canada.]  Bartlett. 

7.  {Mining.)  A vein  parallel  to  the  stratifica- 
tion. Ansted. 

SHOOT'BR,  n.  One  who  shoots.  Dryden. 

SHOOT'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who,  or  that 
which,  shoots.  Sprat. 

2.  A sensation  of  darting  pain.  Goldsmith. 

SHOOT'LNG-BOX,  n.  A sportsman’s  country-seat 
or  quarters.  Simmonds. 

SHOOT'ING— STAR,  it.  {Astron.)  A luminous 
body,  often  followed  by  a train,  seen  in  the 
heavens  moving  with  great  velocity  for  a brief 
period,  and  then  suddenly  disappearing. 

Shooting-stars  are  sometimes  seen  in  great  numbers, 
apparentlv  diverging  from  a common  point  in  tlie 
heavens,  about  tlie  13th  of  November,  and  also  about 
the  10th  of  August.  They  are  supposed  to  be  mete- 
ors encountered  hv  the  earth  in  the  progress  of  their 
circulation  round  the  sun.  There  is  reason  to  lielieve 
that  one  of  these  bodies  has  become  attached  to  the 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  "Y,  short;  A,  ?,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


SHOOTING-STICK 


1331 


SHORT-SIGHTEDNESS 


earth  as  a permanent  satellite,  revolving  about  it 
in  three  hours  and  twenty  minutes,  at  the  distance  of 
5000  miles  from  its  surface.  Herschel. 

SIlddT'ING-STICK,  n.  (Printin'/.)  A wedge- 
shaped  piece  of  wood  for  tightening  and  loosen- 
ing the  quoins  that  wedge  up  the  pages  in  a 
chtise.  Brande. 

SHOOT'RfSS,  n.  A female  who  shoots  ; a female 
archer.  Fairfax. 

SHOOT'Y,  a.  Of  equal  size.  [Local,  Eng.]  Clarke. 

SHOP,  n.  [A.  S.  sceoppa,  a storehouse,  a treasu- 
ry ; Dut.  schap,  a shelf ; Dan.  skab,  a cabinet ; 
Sw.  skap. — Er.  echoppe,  a stall,  a covered  stall.] 

1.  A place,  building,  or  room  in  which  things 

are  sold  ; a store.  “ Sold  in  shops.”  Boyle. 

2.  A room  or  building  in  which  mechanics 

work  ; a workshop.  Howell. 

3.  An  assemblage  of  six  or  eight  looms  occu- 
pying the  lower  story  of  a factory.  Simmonds. 

SHOP,  v.  n.  To  visit  shops  for  purchasing  goods. 
“ They  are  shopping.”  Todd. 

SHOP'— BILL,  n.  An  advertisement  of  a shop- 
keeper’s business,  or  list  of  his  goods,  printed 
separately  for  distribution.  Owen. 

SHOP'— BOARD,  n.  A board  or  bench  on  which 
any  work  is  done.  South. 

SHftP'BOOK  (shop'buk),  n.  A book  in  which  a 
tradesman  or  a mechanic  makes  entries  of  goods 
sold  or  work  done.  Locke.  Bouvier. 

SHOP'-BOY,  n.  A boy  employed  in  a shop.  Ash. 

fSHOPE.  Old  pret.  of  shape.  Shaped.  Spenser. 

SHOP'— GIRL,  n.  A girl  employed  in  a shop. 

SHOP'KEEP-pR,  n.  One  who  sells  goods  in  a 
shop  ; one  who  sells  goods  by  retail ; a trades- 
man ; a storekeeper.  Addison. 

SHOP'KEEP-ING,  n.  The  business  or  employ- 
ment of  a shopkeeper.  Ash. 

SIIOP'LlFT-f.R,  n.  One  who,  under  pretence  of 
buying,  steals  goods  out  of  a shop  ; a shop-thief. 
“These  women  they  call  shoplifters.”  Swift. 

SHOP'LIFT-ING,  it.  The  act  or  the  crime  of  a 
shoplifter.  Sterne. 

SHOP'— LIKE,  a.  Low;  vulgar;  common.  “Be 
she  never  so  shop-like.”  B.  Jonson. 

SHOP'— MAID,  n.  A young  woman  who  attends 
in  a shop  ; shop-girl.  Jodrell. 

SIIOP'MAN,  n.  1.  A shopkeeper  ; a tradesman. 

2.  One  who  attends  in  a shop  ; a salesman. 

SHOP-OC'RA-CY,  n.  [Eng.  shop  and  Gr.  Koariui, 
to  rule.]  The  body  of  shopkeepers.  Ec.  Rev. 

SHOP'PpR,  n.  One  who  shops.  Bartlett. 

SHOP'PING,  n.  The  act  of  visiting  shops  for  the 
purchase  of  goods.  Byron. 

SHOP'— RENT,  n.  Rent  paid  for  the  use  of  a shop. 

SHOP'— THIEF,  n.  One  who  steals  from  shops  ; a 
shoplifter.  Smart. 

SHOP'— WALK-IJR  (shop'w&k-er),  n.  A person  em- 
ployed in  a shop  or  store  to  direct  customers  to 
the  proper  department  for  the  goods  they  seek, 
and  to  see  that  they  are  waited  on.  Simmonds. 

SHOP'— WIN-DOW,  n.  The  window  of  a shop. 

SIIOP'VVOM-AN  (shop'wum-jn),  n.  A woman  who 
serves  in  a shop.  Maunder. 

SHOR'AtJE,  n.  (Law.)  Duty  paid  for  goods 
brought  on  shore.  Crabb. 

f SHORE,  i.  from  shear.  Sheared.  — See  Shear. 

SHORE,  n.  [A.  S.  score;  sciran,  to  shear,  to  di- 
vide.] Land  bordering  on  the  sea,  on  a lake,  or 
on  a river.  “ Sea  without  shore.”  Milton. 

The  fruitful  shore  of  muddy  Nile.  Spenser. 

STip  “ The  shore  of  a fresh-water  river  is  where  the 
land  and  water  ordinarily  meet ; but  this  is  more 
properly  called  the  bank.  A river  in  which  the  tide 
does  not  ebb  and  flow  has  no  shores,  in  the  legal  sense 
of  the  term.”  BurriU . 

Syn. — See  Coast. 

SHORE,  V.  a.  [i.  SHORED  ; pp.  SHORING,  SHORED.] 

1.  To  support  by  a shore  ; to  prop  up. 

They  undermined  the  wall,  and,  as  they  wrought,  shored 
it  up  with  timber.  Knolles. 

2.  fTo  set  on  shore;  to  land.  Shak. 


SHORE,  n.  [Dut.  schoor.]  A piece  of  timber  or 
other  material  used  to  prop  up  or  support  a wall 
or  other  thing.  Brande. 

t SHORE,  n.  A sewer.  Johnson. 

SHORED  (shord),  p.  a.  Supported  by  a shore ; 
propped  up.  “ Shored  houses.”  Mir.  for  Mag. 

SHORE'lAnd,  n.  Land  bordering  on  a shore  or 
sea-beach;  the  sea-coast.  Loudon. 

SHORE' HJSS,  a.  Having  no  shore  or  coast; 
boundless.  “ A shoreless  ocean.”  Thomson. 

fSHOR'pR,  n.  A prop;  a shore.  Sir  T.  More. 

SHORE'— WEED,  n.  ( Bot .)  A delicate  aquatic 
plant  with  long,  tremulous,  white  stamens  ; Lit- 
torella  lacustris.  Loudon. 

SHOR'ING,  a.  Supporting;  propping.  Bacon. 

SHORL,  n.  (Min.)  See  Schorl.  Wright. 

SHORL'ING,  n.  1.  f A shorn  priest;  a shave- 
ling;— in  contempt.  IJal/iwell. 

2.  The  skin  of  a sheep  shorn  before  being 
killed  : — a sheep  of  the  first  year’s  shearing;  a 
shearling  : — a newly-shorn  sheep.  [Local, 
Eng.]  Lond.  Ency.  Wright. 

SHORN  [shorn,  IF.  P.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sin.  R.  Wb. ; 
shorn,  N.],  p.  from  shear.  See  Shear. 

SHORT,  a.  [A.  S . scort,  sceort ; Dut.  kort;  Ger. 
kurz  ; Dan.  £,  Sw.  kort ; Icel.  kortr.  — L.  curtus ; 
It.  <Sr  Sp.  corto  ; Fr.  court.] 

1.  Not  long  in  space  or  extent;  not  having 
great  length  or  extension;  not  extended.  “A 
short  knife.”  “ The  way  being  short.”  Shak. 

2.  Not  long  in  time  or  duration;  brief. 

The  triumphing  of  the  wicked  is  short.  Job  xx.  5. 

Remember  how  short  my  time  is.  Bs.  Lxxxix.  47. 

3.  Not  far  distant  in  time  ; early. 

lie  commanded  those  who  were  appointed  to  attend  him 
to  be  ready  by  a short  day.  Clarendon. 

4.  Expired  and  inspired  with  brief  intermis- 

sion ; — applied  to  the  breath.  “ Her  breath 
then  short.”  Sidney. 

5.  Not  reaching  a certain  point;  falling  be- 
low some  standard  of  comparison  ; inadequate  ; 
defective  ; deficient ; imperfect ; scanty  ; insuf- 
cient ; — sometimes  with  of. 

Where  reason  came  short , revelation  discovered  on  which 
side  the  truth  lay.  Locke. 

The  Turks  give  you  a quantity  rather  exceeding  than 
short  of  your  expectations.  Sandy s. 

6.  Being  in  want ; wanting  ; destitute.  “ Short 
of  succors,  and  in  deep  despair.”  Dryden. 

The  English  were  inferior,  and  grew  short  in  their  pro- 
visions. Hayward. 

7.  Narrow;  limited;  contracted;  not  com- 
prehensive. “ Short  understandings.”  Rowe. 

Men  of  wit  and  parts,  but  of  short  thoughts  and  little  med- 
itation, are  apt  to  distrust  every  thing  for  a fancy.  Bumet. 

8.  Laconic ; brief ; concise ; — abrupt ; sharp  ; 

pointed.  “ A short  answer.”  Johnson. 

9.  [Sw.  sLir.]  Crumbling  easily  ; brittle  ; fria- 
ble ; — light  and  crisp,  as  cake. 

Marl  from  Derbyshire  was  very  fat,  though  it  bad  so  great 
a quantity  of  sand,  that  it  was  so  short  that,  when  wet,  you 
could  not  work  it  into  a ball.  Mortimer. 

To  be  short,  not  to  have  abundance  or  sufficiency  ; 
to  be  scantily  supplied  ; as,  “ To  be  short  of  money.” 
— To  come  short,  to  fail;  to  be  deficient. — To  cut 
short,  to  abridge. — To  fall  short,  to  fail  ; to  be  defi- 
cient. 

Syn.  — Short  is  a generic  term,  of  extensive  appli- 
cation, and  is  opposed  to  long.  A short  distance  ; short 
time  ; short  life  ; short  essay  ; brief  discourse  ; concise 
style  ; laconic  answer  ; succinct  account ; summary 
statement;  defective  performance;  scanty  supply. 

SHORT,  n.  A summary  account.  Shak. 

Tlu-  short,  on ’t  is,  ’t  is  inditferent  to  your  humble  servant 
whatever  your  party  says.  Dryden. 

In  short,  in  a few  words  ; summarily  ; briefly. 

SHORT,  ad.  1.  Not  long; — used  in  composition. 
“ S/iorf-enduring  joy.”  Dryden. 

2.  At  once;  suddenly;  as,  “To  stop  short.” 

To  he  taken  short,  to  be  seized  suddenly  as  by  urgent 
necessity.  Swift.  — To  turn  short,  to  turn  on  the  ground 
occupied,  or  without  making  a circuit.  Dryden. 

f SHORT,  v.  a.  To  shorten  ; to  abridge.  Chaucer. 

t SHORT,  t’.  n.  To  fail ; to  decrease.  “ His  life 
shorteth."  Book  of  Good  Manners,  1486. 

SHORT'—  AL-LOW'ANCE,  n.  A stipulated  quanti- 
tity  of  provisions  less  than  the  usual  allowance, 
as  on  board  of  ships  on  occasions  of  scarcity. 


SHORT'— ARMED  (-irind),  a.  Having  short  arms. 

SHORT'— BI LLED  (-blld),  a.  Having  a short  bill. 

SHORT'-BREATHED  (short'bretht),  a.  Having  a 
short  breath  or  respiration. 

SHORT'— CAKE,  n.  Cake  in  which  shortening  is 
put.  Forby. 

SHORT'COM-ING,  «.  1.  A failure  of  the  usual 

amount  or  quantity,  as  of  a crop.  Dr.  Chalmers. 

2.  Failure  or  deficiency  in  duty.  Ch.  Ob. 

In  haste  to  make  up  for  shortcomings.  Qu.  Rev. 

SHORT'— DAT-gD,  a.  Having  little  time  to  con- 
tinue or  run.  “ Thy  short-dated  life.”  Sandys. 

SHORT'— DRAWN,  a.  Of  short  inspiration,  as 
breath.  Bright. 

SHORT'— EARED  (-erd),  a.  Having  short  ears. 

SHORT'EN  (shor'tn),  V.  a.  [i.  SHORTENED;  pp. 
SHORTENING,  SHORTENED.] 

1.  To  make  short  in  space  or  in  time;  to 

abridge;  to  contract;  to  lessen;  to  reduce;  to 
diminish  ; to  abbreviate.  “ To  shorten  its  ways 
to  knowledge.”  Locke. 

No  prince  nor  peer  shall  have  just  cause  to  say, 

Heaven  shorten  Harry’s  happy  life  one  day  1 Shak. 

2.  To  restrain  ; to  confine  ; to  hinder.  Spenser. 

Where  the  subject  is  so  fruitful,  I am  shortened  by  my 
chain.  Dryden. 

3.  To  lop ; to  deprive.  “ Shortened  of  his 

ears.”  Dryden. 

4.  To  make  short  or  light,  as  paste,  by  the 

addition  of  butter  or  lard.  Craig. 

SHORT'EN,  v.  n.  To  grow  short  or  shorter ; to 
be  diminished.  “ The  shortening  day.”  Swift. 

SHORT'EN-£R,  il.  One  who,  or  that  which,  short- 
ens. Swift. 

SHORT'EN-ING,  11.  1.  Act  of  making  short. 

2.  Something  added  to  paste  to  make  it  short 
or  friable,  as  butter  or  lard.  Forby. 

SHORT'— FIN-G£RED,  a.  Having  short  fingers. 

SHORT'— FOOT- IJD  (-fut-ed),  a.  Having  short  feet. 

SHORT'-IlAlRED  (-bird),  a.  Having  short  hair. 

SHORT'— HAND,  it.  A contracted  method  of  writ- 
ing by  using  characters  or  symbols  for  words  or 
phrases  ; stenography  ; brachygraphy.  Locke. 

SHORT'— HEAD  (-lied),  n.  A sailor’s  term  for  a 
sucking  whale,  under  one  year  old.  Simmonds. 

SHORT'— HORNED,  a.  Having  short  horns.  Hill. 

SHORT'— JOINT-ED,  a.  Having  a short  pastern, 
as  a horse.  Clarke. 

SHORT'— LEGGED  (-legd),  a.  Having  short  legs. 

SHORT'— LIVED  (-llvd),  a.  Not  living  or  lasting 
long.  “ Short-lived  pleasure.”  Addison. 

SHORT'LY,  ad.  1.  In  a little  time ; soon. 

I must  leave  thee,  love,  and  shortly , too.  Shak. 

2.  In  few  words  ; briefly  ; concisely.  Pope. 

SHORT'— NECKED,  a.  Having  a short  neck. 

SHORT'NfSS,  n.  1.  Quality  or  state  of  being 
short.  “The  shortness  of  the  distance.”  Bacon. 

2.  Deficiency  ; imperfection  ; limited  reach. 

Whatsoever  is  above  these  proceedeth  of  shortness  of  mem- 
ory, or  of  want  of  a stayed  attention.  Bacon. 

3.  Fewness  of  words  ; brevity  ; conciseness. 

Your  plainness  and  your  shortness  please  me  well.  Shak. 

SHORT'— NO§ED,  a.  Having  a short  nose.  Ash. 

SHOIIT'-RIB,  ii.  One  of  the  ribs  below  the  ster- 
num ; false  rib.  I Viseman. 

SHORTS,  n.  pi.  The  bran  and  coarse  part  of 
meal  in  mixture.  Wright. 

SHORT'-SlGHT,  n.  Short-sightedness.  Good. 

SHORT’— SIGHT- ED  (shbrt'slt-ed),  a.  1.  Able  to 
see  only  objects  that  are  very  near  ; near-sight- 
ed ; myopic.  Newton. 

2.  Unable  to  see  far  intellectually  ; not  pro- 
found ; imprudent ; inconsiderate  “ Snares  to 
the  short-sighted  and  credulous.”  L' Estrange. 

SHORT'— SIGHT' 5 D-NESS  (shdrt'slt'ec-nes),  n.  1. 
The  state  of  being  short-sighted  ; inability  to 
see  distinctly  objects  which  are  not  quite  near; 
near-sightedness  ; myopy.  Chambers. 

£,}  ■ Short-sightedness  arises  from  the  curvature  of 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  <?,  9,  g,  soft;  G,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  Y as  gz- — THIS,  this. 


SHORT-TAILED 


1332 


SHOW 


the  surfaces  of  the  eye,  and  its  refracting  power  being 
too  great  for  the  distinct  perception  of  distant  objects, 
all  the  rays  except  tho-e  proceeding  from  a near  dis- 
tance being  brought  to  a focus  before  they  reach  the 
retina.  The  defect  may  be  remedied  by  the  aid  of  a 
concave  lens.  Lloyd. 

2.  Defective  or  limited  intellectual  sight. 

Cunning  is  a sort  of  short-sightedness.  Addison. 

SHORT'— TAILED  (-tald),  a.  Having  a short  tail. 

SHORT'— WAIST-ED,  a.  Having  a short  waist  or 
body.  Dryden. 

SHORT'— WIND- ED,  a.  Having  shortness  of 
breatli ; short-breathed.  Shak. 

SHORT'— WINGED,  a.  Having  short  wings. 

SHORT'— WIT-TJJD,  a.  Scant  of  wit  or  under- 
standing; simple;  foolish.  Hales. 

SHORTS,  n.  pi.  1.  The  bran  and  coarse  part  of 
flour  ; — refuse  of  grain.  Ilalliwell. 

2.  Short  clothes  ; breeches.  [Local.]  Bartlett. 

SIIOR'y,  a.  Lying  near  the  coast,  or  having 
shore’s,  [r.]  Burnet. 

SIIoT,  i.  & p.  from  shoot.  See  Shoot. 

SHOT,  n. ; pi.  shot  or  shots.  [Dut.  schot ; Ger. 
schoss  ; Dan . skud;  S\v.  skott. — See  Shoot.] 

1.  Act  of  shooting  ; discharge  as  of  a gun  or  a 
bow.  “ To  kill  three  [ducks]  at  one  shot.”  Cook. 

lie  caused  twenty  shot  of  his  greatest  cannon  to  be  made 
at  the  king’s  army.  Clarendon. 

2.  A ball  used  for  artillery  or  fire-arms;  a 

ball  or  a bullet.  Stocqueler. 

Over  one  thousand  great  shot  were  spent  upon  the  walls. 

Clarendon. 

3.  A small  globular  piece  of  lead  used  for 

shooting  small  game.  Tomlinson. 

4.  The  range  of  a missile  weapon. 

She  went  and  sat  her  down  over  against  him,  a good  way 
off,  as  it  were  a bow  -shot.  Gen.  xxi.  10. 

5.  Any  thing  emitted  or  discharged  swiftly 

and  violently.  “ Shots  of  rain.”  It  ay. 

6.  A marksman  ; as,  “ He  is  a good  shot." 
[Colloquial.] 

Shot  of  a cable,  ( JVaut .)  tile  splicing  of  two  cables 
together,  or  two  cables  so  spliced  that  a vessel  may 
ride  safe  in  deep  water.  “ A ship  will  ride  easier  by 
one  shot  of  a cable,  than  by  three  short  cables  out 
ahead.”  Loud.  F.ncy. 

f SHOT,  n.  [A.  S.  sceat,  a part  or  portion. — See 
Scot.]  A reckoning ; scot.  “ Let  each  pay  his 
shot.”  B.  Jonson. 

SHOT,  v.  a.  To  load  with  shot,  as  a gun.  M.  Diet. 

f SHOT'— ANjCH-OR,  «.  A sheet-anchor.  Old  Play. 

SHOT'— BELT,  n.  A belt  or  long  pouch  for  hold- 
ing shot.  Simmonds. 

SHOT'— BELT-pD,  a.  Wearing  a shot-belt.  Wright. 

SHOT'CLOG,  n.  A person  tolerated  because  he 
pays  the  shot  or  scot  for  the  rest.  B.  Jonson. 

SHOTE,  n.  [A.  S.  scoot.] 

1.  A fish  resembling  the  trout.  Carew. 

2.  A young  hog  ; a hog  partially  grown. 

Dfg=This  old  English  word  is  written  in  different 

forms  in  several  of  the  counties  of  England.  Cot- 
grave  (1611)  spells  it  shote,  shoat,  and  shoot,  and  de- 
fines it  “ a bog  that  is  a year,  or  under  a year,  old.” 
Bailey,  Martin,  and  Johnson  spell  it  shoot-,  Ainsworth, 
shote  ; Ash,  sheat ; Lemon,  shot ; Moor  and  Forby  _ shot 
and  shoat ; Holloway,  shoot  and  sheet. : Ray.  sheat.,  shote, 
and  shout ; and  Ray  remarks  that  “ in  Essex  they 
called  it  a shote.”  In  this  country,  the  common  form 
is  shote,  used  for  a young  hog,  and  also  applied  to  a 
man  in  contempt ; as,  “ A poor  shote.” 

SHOT'— FREE,  a.  1.  Free  from  being  shot.  Feltham. 

2.  Clear  of  the  reckoning  ; scot-free.  Shak. 

3.  Unpunished;  acquitted.  Johnson. 

SHOT'— gAu^E,  n.  An  instrument  for  measuring 
the  diameter  of  round  shot.  Crabb. 

SHOTS,  7i.  pi.  Refuse  cattle  taken  from  a drove. 
[Local,  Eng.]  Hattiwell. 

SHOT'TEN  (shot'tn),  a.  [From  shoot.] 

1.  Having  ejected  the  spawn.  “ A shotten 

herring.”  Shak. 

2.  Having  been  put  forth  or  emitted  ; having 

grown  into  some  form  by  thrusting  out  the 
parts;  — used  in  composition.  “That  nook- 
shotteti  isle.”  Shak. 

3.  Dislocated;  sprained.  “His  horse  shoul- 

der -shotten.”  . Shak. 

4.  Curdled  by  keeping  too  long.  Johnson. 


SHOT'— ToW-F.R.  n.  A tower  from  the  top  of 
which  melted  lead  is  dropped  in  the  process  of 
making  shot.  Simmonds. 

SHOUGH  (sliBk),  n.  A shaggy  dog;  a shock. — 
See  Shock.  Shak. 

SHOUGH  (slio),  interj.  An  exclamation  used  in 
driving  away  fowls,  &c.  — See  Shoo. 

SHOULD  (slifld),  v.  n.  [Old  Eng.  shulden. — See 
Shall.]  An  auxiliary  and  defective  verb,  de- 
noting obligation,  duty,  possibility,  or  contin- 
gency. 

It  is  regarded  as  the  preterite  of  shall,  and  is 
used  to  form  tile  past  tenses  of  the  potential  mood  ; but 
it  is  likewise  used  in  the  conditional  present  and  fu- 
ture tenses.  “ He  should  have  paid  t lie  bill  yesterday.” 
“ lie  should  do  right  now  and  always.”  “ If  I should 
see  him,  or  should  I see  liim  to-morrow,  I will  inform 
him.”  In  the  first  instance, should  is  used  in  the  past 
tense  ; in  the  second,  in  tile  present ; and,  in  the  third, 
in  the  future.  The  following  remarks  are  quoted  from 
Dr.  Johnson  : *•  1.  This  is  a kind  of  auxiliary  verb 
used  in  the  conjunctive  [potential]  mood,  of  which 
the  signification  is  not  easily  fixed.  2.  I should  go,  it 
is  my  business  or  duty  to  go.  3 . If  I should  go,  if  it 
happens  that  I go.  -1.  Thun  shouldst  go,  lliou  oughte.sl 
to  go.  5.  If  thou  shouldst  go,  if  it  happens  that  thou 
goest.  6.  The  same  significations  are  joined  in  all 
the  other  persons,  singular  and  plural.” 

j855“  Tliediflerence  between  should  and  would,  when 
used  as  futures  in  connection  with  past  tenses,  is  the 
same  as  that  between  shall  and  wi  l ; that  is,  should 
simply  foretells  in  tile  first  person,  and  promises  or 
threatens  in  the  others.  Would  promises  or  threatens 
in  tile  first,  and  simply  foretells  in  the  others.  Hunter. 
— See  Ought,  and  Shall. 

SHOUL'DER  (sliol'der),  n.  [A.  S.  sculder,  scal- 
dor ; Frs.  sculder ; Dut.  schouder ; Ger.  schulter ; 
Dan.  sku/der;  Sw.  skuldra.  — From  A.  S.  scylxn, 
to  separate,  to  divide.  Tooke.] 

1.  The  part  of  the  animal  frame  where  the 
arm  or  the  fore  leg  is  connected  with  the  body. 

To  be  carried  on  men’s  shoulders.  Bp.  Taylor. 

We  must  have  a shoulder  of  mutton.  Shak. 

2.  The  upper  part  of  the  back. 

Adown  her  shoulders  fell  her  length  of  hair.  Dryden. 

3.  That  which  supports ; a support ; — a term 
emblematic  of  strength. 

For  on  my  shoulders  do  I build  my  seat.  Shak. 

4.  A prominent  part ; a part  projecting  rec- 
tangularly, so  as  to  furnish  a rest  or  bearing. 

When  you  rivet  a pin  into  a hole,  your  pin  must  have  a 
shoulder  to  it.  Muxon. 

Four  parts  were  as  little  shoulders  under  the  washing 
vessel.  Wicklifj'e. 

5.  pi.  A name  given  by  leather-dealers  to 

tanned  or  curried  hides  and  kip-skins,  and  also 
to  offal.  Simmonds. 

6.  {Fort.)  The  angle  of  a bastion,  included 

between  the  face  and  the  flank.  Bratide. 

SHOUL'DER  (sliol'der),  v.  a.  [t.  SHOULDERED; 
pp.  SHOULDERING,  SHOULDERED.] 

1.  To  push  with  the  shoulder,  or  as  with  the 
shoulder  ; to  push  rudely  ; to  push  with  violence. 

Around  her  numberless  the  nibble  flowed. 

Shouldering  each  other,  crowding  for  a view.  Rowe. 

The  rolling  billows  beat  the  ragged  shore, 

As  they  the  earth  would  shoulder  from  her  seat.  Spenser. 

2.  To  take  upon  the  shoulder  or  the  shoul- 
ders. “ Giants  shouldering  mountains.”  Glanvill. 

SHOUL'DER— BELT,  n.  A bolt  worn  over  the 
shoulder,  as  to  carry  a sword.  Dryden. 

SHOUL'DER-BLADE,  71.  ( Allot .)  An  irregular, 

broad,  flat,  triangular  bone  at  the  posterior  part 
of  the  shoulder  ; the  scapula.  Dunglison. 

SIIOUL'DJSR-CLAP'PER,  n.  One  who  claps  an- 
other on  the  shoulder,  as  in  familiarity,  or  to 
arrest  him.  Shak. 

SHOUL  DER— KNOT,  n.  An  ornamental  knot 
worn  on  the  shoulder  ; an  epaulet.  Swift. 

SHOUL'BER-SHOT'TEN  (-shot'tn),  a.  Having  the 
shoulder  dislocated  or  sprained.  Shak. 

SHOUL'DER— SLIP,  n.  Dislocation  of  the  shoul- 
der. “ Only  a strain  or  a shoulder-slip.”  Swift. 

SHOUT,  n.  [From  shoot.  Skinner.]  A loud,  ve- 
hement cry,  no  of  triumph  or  exultation. 

This  general  applause  and  cheerful  shout.  Shah. 

SHOUT,  V.  71.  [i.  SHOUTED  ; pp.  SHOUTING,  SHOUT- 
ED.] To  utter  a loud,  vehement  cry,  as  in  tri- 
umph or  exultation  ; to  exclaim  ; to  vociferate. 

Shout  unto  God  with  the  voice  of  triumph.  Ps.  xlvii.  1. 

The  people  will  be  glad,  the  soldiers  shout.  Dryden. 


To  shout  at,  to  treat  with  shouts  or  clamor,  as  in 
derision.  Bp.  Hall. 

SHOUT'ER,  7i.  One  who  shouts.  Dryden. 

SIIOUT'JNG,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  shouts;  a 
shout.  “ Shrieks  and  shoutings.”  Dryden. 

SHOVE  (sliuv),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  scvfan,  sceofun  ; Dut. 
schuivpn  ; Ger.  schicben  ; Dan.  skttjfe  ; Sw. 
skuffa.]  [i.  shoved  ; pp.  shoving,  shoved.] 

1.  To  push  by  main  strength  ; to  propel. 

* Shoving  back  this  earth  on  which  I sit.  Dryden. 

2.  To  press  or  rush  against.  Pope. 

He  used  to  shove  and  elbow  his  fellow-creatures.  Arbuthnot. 

To  shove  by , to  push  aside  ; to  put  by. 

Often ce’s  gilded  hand  may  shove  by  justice.  Shak. 

SHOVE  (sliuv),  v.  7i.  1.  To  push  any  thing  along. 

The  seamen  towed,  and  I shoved  till  we  arrived  within  for- 
ty yards  of  the  shore.  Swift. 

2.  To  move  in  a boat  by  pushing  it  along  with 
a pole.  “ He  . . . shoved  from  shore.”  Garth. 

SHOVE  (shuv),  n.  The  act  of  shoving;  a push. 
“ I then  gave  the  boat  another  shove.”  Swift. 

f SHOVE'— GRoAt,  n.  A piece  of  metal  used  in 
the  game  of  shovel-board.  Shak. 

SHoV'EL  (shuv'vl),  n.  [A.  S . scojl , sceofl  \ scvfan, 
to  shove;  Dut.  schojfel ; Ger.  schavfel;  Dan. 
skovl\  Sw.  skofvel.]  An  implement  consisting 
of  a broad  blade  or  scoop  with  a handle. 

A handbarrow,  wheelbarrow,  shovel,  and  spade.  Tusser. 

SHOV'EL  (shuv'vl),  v.  a.  [i.  shovelled;  pp. 
SHOVELLING,  SHOVELLED.] 

1.  To  take  up  and  throw  with  a shovel. 

Some  hangman  must  put  on  my  shroud,  and  lay  me 

Where  no  priest  shovels  in  dust.  Shak. 

2.  To  take  up  as  with  a shovel. 

Ducks  shovel  them  up  as  they  swim.  Derham. 

t SHOV'EL-ARD  (shuv'vl-ard),  71.  A kind  of  duck  ; 
a shoveller.  Browne. 


SHOV'EL— BOARD  (shuv'vl-bord),  n.  A long  board 
on  which  a play  is  performed  by-  sliding  metal 
pieces  at  a mark  : — also  the  game  itself.Dn/t/cn. 


SIIO  V'EL-FUL,  71. ; pi.  SHOVELFULS.  As  much 
as  a shovel  will  hold. 

Qu.  Rev. 


SHOV'EL-LER  (sliuv'- 
vl-er),?t.  1.  One  who 
shovels. 

2.  (Ornith.)  A spe- 
cies of  duck  having  a 
much  depressed,  di- 
lated bill,  rounded  at 
the  end ; Anas  clype- 
ata.  Yarrell. 


Shoveller. 


SHOW  (slio),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  sccawia7i,  to  look  or  see, 
to  look  out,  to  view ; Dut.  seliouwen  ; Ger.  schau- 
en  ; Dan.  skill ; Sw.  skada.]  [i.  showed;  pp. 
SHOWING,  SHOWN.] 

1.  To  present  or  expose  to  view  or  notice ; 
to  exhibit ; to  display. 

He  showed  the  riches  of  his  glorious  kingdom.  Esther  i 4. 

Nor  want  we  skill  or  art  from  whence  to  raise 

Magnificence;  and  what  can  Heaven  s/ioiomorc?  Milton. 

2.  To  make  to  see,  perceive,  or  know;  to  ex- 
hibit to ; to.  point  out  to. 

I am  sent 

To  show  thee  what  shall  come  in  future  days.  Milton. 

3.  To  make  known  ; to  make  public;  to  dis- 
close ; to  divulge ; to  publish  ; to  proclaim. 

I am  young,  and  ye  are  very  old;  wherefore  I was  afraid, 
and  durst  not  show  you  mine  opinion.  Job  xxxii.  G. 

4.  To  point  out,  as  a guide ; to  make  clear  to 

the  sight.  “ To  shoiv  the  way.”  Johnson. 

5.  To  prove  ; to  make  manifest ; to  manifest. 

I’ll  to  the  citadel  repair. 

And  show  my  duty  by  my  timely  care.  Dryden. 

6.  To  inform  ; to  teach;  to  instruct. 

The  time  cometh  when  I shall  no  more  speak  unto  you  in 
proverbs,  but  I shall  show  you  plainly  of  the  Father. 

John  xvi.  25. 

7.  To  afford  ; to  bestow;  to  confer.  “ A good 

man  showeth  favor.”  Ps.  cxii.  5. 

To  him  that  is  afflicted  pity  should  be  showed  from  his 
friend.  Joh  v‘- 14- 

8.  To  make  clear;  to  interpret;  to  discover; 

to  explain  ; to  expound.  Dan.  v.  12. 

9.  To  conduct ; to  usher. 

She  . . . shows  him  into  the  dining-room.  Swift. 

To  show  forth,  to  make  public  ; to  proclaim  ; to 
manifest.  “Ye  should  show  forth  the  praises  of  him.” 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  lotig ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  E,  1.  9,  V,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


SHOW 


1333 


SHRIFT 


1 Pet.  ii.  9.  — To  show  off,  to  set  off ; to  exhibit  osten- 
tatiously ; to  display.  Shale, — To  show  up,  to  expose. 

“This  word  is  frequently  written  shew  ; but., 
since  it  is  always  pronounced  and  often  written  show , 
which  is  favored  likewise  by  the  Dutch  schouwen , I 
have  adjusted  the  orthography  to  the  pronunciation.” 
Dr.  Johnson.  — In  the  English  dictionaries  which  pre- 
ceded that  of  Johnson,  this  word  is  printed  shew  ; and 
in  nearly  all  those  which  have  appeared  since  that  of 
Johnson,  it  is  printed  show ; yet,  notwithstanding  the 
orthography  show  11  is  favored  by  the  Dutch  schouwen ,” 
by  the  pronunciation,  and  by  the  authority  of  the  dic- 
tionaries in  common  use,  the  form  shew  maintains  its 
ground  by  perhaps  the  prevailing  usage  of  the  best 
authors.  Smart,  however,  says,  “ Shew  is  almost  ob- 
solete.”—See  Shew. 

Syn.  — To  show  is  a more  common  and  familiar 
term  than  to  exhibit  and  display.  We  show  to  one  or 
many  ; we  exhibit  or  display  in  public  or  to  great  num- 
bers.— Show  courage,  favor,  or  dislike;  exhibit  skill, 
bravery  ; display  heroism  or  talents. — Show , point  out , 
or  direct  the  way  or  course  ; show  or  prove  a statement 
to  be  true  ; expound  a text ; explain  the  meaning  ; dis- 
cover the  intention.  — See  Demonstrate. 

SHOW  (slid),  v.  n.  1.  To  be  in  appearance;  to 
appear  ; to  look  ; to  seem.  Dnjden . 

Still  on  we  press,  and  here  renew  the  carnage. 

So  great  that  in  the  stream  the  moon  showed  purple.  Philips. 

2.  To  have  appearance  ; to  become.  “ It  bet- 
ter showed  with  you,”  &c.  Shak. 

To  show  off , to  make  an  ostentatious  exhibition  of 
one’s  accomplishments.  Shah. 

SHOW  (slid),  n.  1.  Something  presented  or  offered 
to  view;  a sight;  a spectacle  ; an  exhibition. 
“ Public  shows  and  diversions.”  Spectator. 

There  are  poultry-sAoics,  cattle-s/ioics,  horticultural  and 
floricultural  shows , &c.  Simmonds. 

2.  Exposure  or  exhibition  to  view  or  notice. 

I have  a letter  from  her, 

The  mirth  whereof ’s  so  larded  with  my  matter, 

That  neither  singly  can  be  manifested 

"Without  the  show  of  both.  Shak. 

3.  Ostentatious  display ; ostentation;  parade. 

I envy  none  their  pageantry  and  show.  Young. 

4.  Superficial  or  external  appearance  ; resem- 
blance ; semblance,  as  opposed  to  reality. 

He  said,  and  clothed  himself  in  coarse  array, 

A laboring  hind  in  show;  then  forth  he  went.  Dry  den. 

5.  Representative  action.  “ Expressed  in 

dumb  show."  ' Addison. 

6.  (Med.)  A mucous  discharge  a short  time 

before  labor.  Dwiglison. 

Show  of  hands,  a raising  of  hands  in  voting,  as  in  a 
public  meeting.  Wright. 

Syn.  — Show  is  a general  term  for  any  thing  that  is  I 
exhibited  or  set  fortli  to  view.  A show  of  wild  beasts  ; 
a cattle  show;  a show  of  finery  ; an  exhibition  of  pic- 
tures, of  public  performances,  of  horsemanship  ; a dis- 
play of  talents  ; a pleasing  sight ; a shocking  spectacle  ; 
a theatrical  representation.  — A love  of  show  ; a show 
of  liberality;  a parade  of  equipage;  an  ostentation  of 
learning. 

SHOW'— BILL,  n.  A large  sheet  containing  an 
advertisement  in  large  letters  or  devices.  Carter. 

SHOW'— BOX,  n.  A box  containing  some  object 
of  curiosity  to  be  exhibited.  Simmonds. 

SHOW'BREAD,  or  SHEW'BREAD  (sho'bred),  71. 
Among  the  Jews,  twelve  loaves  of  unleavened 
bread,  sprinkled  with  frankincense,  represent- 
ing the  twelve  tribes  of  Israel,  placed  weekly  on 
the  golden  table  in  the  outer  apartment  of  the 
tabernacle,  and  afterwards  lawfully  eaten  only 
by  the  priests,  and  in  the  holy  place.  Kitto. 

And  thou  shalt  set  upon  the  table  shewbread  before  me 
alway.  Ex.  xxv.  30. 

SHOW'— CARD,  n.  A trader’s  placard.  Simmonds. 

SHOW'— CASE,  n.  A case  or  box  with  the  top  and 
one  side  of  glass,  in  which  articles  are  placed  in 
a shop  for  exhibition.  Wright. 

SHOW'JJR  (sho'er),  n.  1.  One  who  shows;  an  ex- 
hibitor. Todd. 

2.  f A mirror.  Wickliffe.  Exod.  xxxviii.  8. 

SHOW'IJR  (shou'er),  ?t.  [M.  Goth,  skura;  A.  S. 

scar;  Ger . s chauer  ; Sw.  skur.] 

1.  A fall  of  rain  or  hail  of  short  duration. 

As  showers  that  water  the  earth.  lJs.  lxxii.  G. 

Small  showers  last  long,  but  sudden  storms  are  short.  Shale. 

2.  A copious  fall  of  any  thing.  “ A sharp 

shower  of  arrows.”  Spenser. 

3.  Copious  supply;  liberal  distribution.  “The 

great  shower  of  your  gifts.”  Shak. 

SIIOW'ER  (shou'er),  V.  a.  [i.  SHOWERED;  pp. 
SHOWERING,  SHOWERED.] 


1.  To  wet  with  a shower  or  falling  water. 

"When  God  hath  showered  the  earth.  Milton. 

2.  To  bestow  copiously  or  liberally;  to  dis- 
tribute or  scatter  in  abundance. 

That  showers  down  greatness  on  his  friends.  Addison. 

SHOW'^R  (shou'er),  v.  n.  To  rain  in  a shower 
or  showers.  Johnson. 

SHoW'ER— BATH,  n.  A bath  in  which  water  is 
poured  in  drops  upon  a person.  Clarke. 

SHOW'^R-J-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  showery. 

SHOW'JJR-LESS,  a.  Without  showers. Armstrong. 

SHOW'ER-Y,  a.  1.  Raining  in  showers;  abound- 
ing in  showers.  “ The  showery  season.”  Bacon. 

2.  Pertaining  to,  or  resembling,  a shower. 
“ Showery  radiance.”  Savage. 

SHOW'— GLASS,  n.  A show-man’s  glass;  a mir- 
ror. Cowper. 

SI-IO  W'I-LY,  ad.  In  a showy  manner;  with  osten- 
tation or  parade.  Todd. 

SHOW'I-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  showy  ; gau- 
diness ; ostentation  ; parade.  Todd. 

SIIOW'ING,  n.  Act  of  one  who  shows ; exhibition. 

SHOW'ISH,  a.  Showy,  [r.]  Swift. 

SHOW'— MAN,  7i. ; pi.  show'-men.  One  who  exhib- 
its a show  or  shows.  Cook. 

SHOWN  (slion),  p.  from  show.  See  Show. 

SHOW'— PLACE,  71.  A place  for  public  shows  or 
exhibitions.  Shak. 

SHOW'— STONE,  71.  A glass  ball  supposed  to 
show  future  events.  Clarke. 

SHOW'Y,  a.  1.  Splendid;  gay;  gaudy;  fine; 
glaring;  finical.  “ Every  showy  trifle.”  Cook. 

2.  Consisting  of  show;  ostentatious;  vain. 

Men  of  warm  imaginations  neglect  solid  and  substantial 
happiness  for  what  is  showy  and  superficial.  Addison. 

Syn.  — See  Finical,  Vain. 

fSHRAG,  v.  a.  [“  Probably  scrag."  Richardson .] 
To  lop  ; to  trim,  as  trees.  Huloet. 

f SHRAG,  71.  A twig  of  a tree  cut  off.  Iluloet. 

f SIIRAG'GgR,  71.  One  that  trims  trees.  Huloet. 

SHRAM,  v.  a.  To  shrivel  ; to  pinch,  as  with  cold. 
[Local,  Eng.]  Holloway. 

f SHRANK,  i.  from  shrink.  Shrunk. — See  Shrink. 

f SHRAP,  / n-  a place  baited  with  chaff  to  en- 

f SIIRAPE,  > tice  birds.  Bp.  Bedell. 

SHRAP'NIJL,  a.  (Gunnery .)  Noting  shells  filled 
with  musket-balls  and  powder,  which,  when 
exploded,  project  the  balls  still  farther;  — so 
applied  from  the  name  of  the  inventor,  General 
Shrapnel.  Stocqueler. 

SHRED,  v.  a.  [M.  Goth,  skreitan,  to  cut ; A.  S. 
sereadian.]  [i.  shred  ; pp.  shredding,  shred.] 

1.  To  cut  into  small  pieces  or  strips. 

One  went  out  into  the  field  to  gather  herbs,  and  found  a 
wild  vine,  and  gathered  thereof  wild  gourds  his  lap  full,  and 
came  and  shred  them  into  the  pot  of  pottage.  2 Kings  iv.  39. 

2.  f To  lop;  to  trim;  to  prune.  Anderso7i. 

SHRED,  n.  1.  A small  piece  cut  off ; a strip  ; as, 

“ Shreds  of  leather.”  Bacoti. 

2.  A fragment ; a piece  ; a shredding. 

His  panegyric  is  made  up  of  half-a-dozen  shreds.  Swift. 

SHRED'DING,  71.  1.  The  act  of  cutting  off. 

2.  That  which  is  cut  off;  a shred.  Hooker. 

3.  (Arch.)  Slight,  short  pieces  fixed  below  the 
roof  and  hearers  in  old  buildings,  and  forming 
a straight  line  with  the  upper  part  of  the  raf- 

•ters  ; — called  also  furrings.  Bucha7ian. 

SHRED'DY,  a.  Consisting  of  shreds.  Palmer. 

SHRED'LIJSS,  ad.  Without  a shred.  Clarke. 

SIIREE'TA-LY,  n.  An  East  Indian  name  for  the 
tallipot  palm  (Comjphaumbraculifera),  from  the 
pith  of  which  a kind  of  flour  is  made.  Simmonds. 

SHREW  (shru),  n.  [Ger.  schreie7i,  to  cry  out.]  A 
peevish,  brawling  woman  ; a scold  ; a terma- 
gant : — also  a name  applied,  formerly,  to  a 
worthless  or  turbulent  man.  Jolms07i. 

And  every  feature  spoke  aloud  the  shrew.  Dryden. 

By  this  reckoning  he  is  more  shrew  than  she.  Shak. 

Your  husband,  bein£  troubled  with  a shrew,  measures  my 
husband’s  sorrow  by  Ins  woe.  Shak. 

KtJ  Sometimes  written  and  rhymed  as  sliroiv.  Shale. 


SHREW  (shrd),ra.  [A.S. 
screawa .]  (Zoi',1.)  A 

small  insectivorous 

quadruped,  of  the  ge- 
nus Sorex  of  Linnaeus ; 

— called  also  shrew-  Common  shrew  {Sorex 
7710USB.  Bell.  arancus). 

t SHREW  (shru),  v.  a.  To  beshrew  ; to  curse. 

O nice  proud  churl,  I shrew  his  face.  Chaucer. 

SHREWD  (shrud),  a.  [The  participle  of  the  verb 
shretv.] 

1.  f Pernicious  ; hurtful ; dangerous. 

"Worldly  pleasures  be  shrewd  and  noisome  to  the  soul.  Fisher. 

2.  Malicious  ; miscliievious  ; shrewish. 

Her  eldest  sister  is  so  cursed  and  shrewd.  Shak. 

3.  Betokening  ill ; bad. 

A shreu-d  indication  and  sign  whereby  to  judge  of  those 
who  have  sinned.  South. 

4.  Artful ; sagacious ; sensible ; sharp-sighted  ; 
penetrating;  acute;  keen;  astute;  arch;  sly. 
“A  man  of  shreted  discernment.”  Qu.  Rev. 

A man  who  is  shrewd , and  nothing  more,  understands  all 
the  windings  and  turnings  of  dishonesty,  trickery,  and  false- 
hood. Kc.  lieu. 

Syn. — See  Keen. 

SIIREWD'LY  (shrud'le),  ad.  1.  In  a shrewd  man- 
ner; mischievously;  destructively. 

His  want  of  experience  in  maritime  affairs  had  been  some- 
what shrewdly  touched.  Wotton. 

2.  Vexatiously;  — used  commonly  of  slight 
mischief,  or  in  ironical  expressions. 

Yet  seemed  she  not  to  wince,  though  shrewdly  pained. Dnjden. 

3.  Cunningly;  sagaciously.  “You  apprehend 

passing  shrewdly.”  Shak. 

SHREWD'NIJSS  (sbrud'n§s),  7i.  1.  + Mischievous- 

ness ; maliciousness ; wickedness. 

In  their  houses  is  iniquity  and  shrewdness.  Chaucer. 

2.  The  quality  of  being  shrewd ; sagacity ; 
acuteness ; archness. 

Shrewdness  is  to  the  man  of  activity  what  scholarship  is  to 
the  man  of  thought;  the  one  is  the  knowledge  of  the  content 
of  books,  the  other  is  the  knowledge  of  the  ways  of  men. 

Ec.  llev. 

SHREW'ISH  (shru'jsh),  a.  Having  the  qualities  of 
a shrew  ; froward  ; petulant ; clamorous. 

My  wife  is  shrewish  when  I keep  not  hours.  Shak. 

SHREW' ISH-LY  (shru'jsh-le),  ad.  Petulantly; 
peevishly ; frowardly.  Shak. 

SHREW'ISH- NESS  (shrii'jsh-nes),  n.  The  qualities 
of  a shrew  ; frowardness  ; petulance  ; clamor- 
ousness. “ I have  no  gift  in  shrewishness.”  Shak. 

SHREW'-MOLE  (shru'mol), 

71.  (Zoiil.)  A small  in- 
sectivorous quadruped  of 
North  America,  resem- 
bling the  European  mole ; Shrew-mole, 

brown  mole ; Scalops  aquaticus.SirJ. Richardson. 

DOT  The  shrew-mole  is  of  an  elongate,  cylindrical 
form,  about  six  inches  long,  with  a depressed,  elon- 
gated muzzle,  and  a nearly  naked  tail.  It  burrows 
like  the  mole,  but  lives  near  tile  banks  of  rivers.  Baird. 

SHREW'-MOUSE  (shru'-),  n.  ; pi.  SHREW-MICE. 
(Zoiil.)  The  shrew;  — so  called  from  its  resem- 
blance to  a mouse.  — See  Shrew.  Bell. 

SHRIEK  (shrek),  v.  n.  [Su.  Goth,  shrika;  Dut. 
schreijcn,  to  cry;  Ger.  schreien;  Dan.  skrige,  to 
cry;  Sw.  shrika.']  \i.  shrieked;  pp.  shriek- 
ing, shrieked.]  To  utter  a sharp,  shrill  cry, 
as  in  distress  ; to  cry  out  in  anguish  or  horror ; 
to  scream.  “ It  was  the  owl  that  shrieked."  Shak. 

SHRIEK  (shrek),  v.  a.  To  utter  with  a shriek. 

[The  owl]  shrieking  his  baleful  note.  Spenser. 

SHRIEK  (shrek),  7i.  An  inarticulate  cry  of  distress 
or  anguish  ; a scream  ; a shrill  outcry. 

Time  has  been  niv  senses  would  have  cooled 

To  hear  a night  s/nnek.  Shak. 

SHRIEK'flR,  n.  One  who  shrieks.  G.  Crabhe. 

SHRIEK'JNG,  7i.  The  act  of  one  who  shrieks. 

SHRIEK'ING,  p.  a.  Uttering  a sharp,  shrill  cry. 

SHRIEV'AL  (shrev'jl),  a.  Belonging  to  the  shrieve 
or  sheriff.  Dryden. 

SHRIEV' AL-TY  (shrev'stl-te),  71.  The  office  or  ju- 
risdiction of  a sheriff ; sheriffalty.  Blackstone. 

Shrieve  is  obsolete,  sheriff  being  used  instead  of 
it ; yet  the  derivative  shrievalty  is  more  in  use  than 
sheriffalty 

f SHRIEVE  (slirev),  n.  A sheriff.  Blackstone. 

+ SHRIFT,  n.  [A.  S.  scrift.]  Confession  made  to 
a priest.  Shak.  Rowe. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  $,  g,  soft;  IS,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  as  z;  * as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


SHRIFT-FATHER 


1334 


SHUDDERING 


SHRlFT'-FA-THJJR,  n.  A father  or  priest  to 
whom  confession  is  made.  Fairfax. 

f SHRIGHT  (slirlt),  p.  Shrieked.  Chaucer. 

t SHRlGHT  (shrlt),  n.  A shriek.  Spenser. 

SHRIKE, n.  ( Ornith .) 

A dentirostral  bird 
of  the  order  Passe- 
rcs,  family  Lani- 
idw,  and  genus  La- 
nins of  Linnaeus  ; 
butcher-bird.  Gray. 

Shrikes  live  in  shriko  fxc"H,or>’ 

families,  and  build  on  trees.  Some  of  them  are  so 
courageous  and  cruel,  that  many  naturalists  have 
thereby  been  induced  to  place  them  among  the  birds 
of  prey.  Cuvier. 

SHRILL,  a.  [W.  grill,  a creaking.  — From  the 
same  source  as  shriek.  Richardson.  — Bale 
writes  it  shirle .]  Sounding  in  a piercing,  trem- 
ulous manner;  sharp;  acute. 

And  fetch  shrill  echoes  from  the  hollow  earth.  Shak. 

Up  springs  the  lark  shrill-voiced  and  loud.  Thomson. 

SHRILL,  v.n.  To  make  a shrill  or  piercing  sound. 

A shrilling  trumpet  sounded  from  on  high.  Shah. 

SHRILL,  v.  a.  To  express  in  a shrill  manner. 

How  poor  Andromache  shrills  her  dolors  forth.  Shah. 


SHRILL'ING,  n.  A piercing,  shrill  sound.  Kirby. 

SHRILL'NgSS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  shrill. 

SHRILL'— TONGUED  (-tungd),  a.  Having  a shrill 
voice.  “ Is  she  shrill-tongued  or  low  ? ” Shak. 

SHRXL'LY,  ad.  With  a shrill  noise  or  sound.  More. 

SHRIMP,  n.  [A.  S.  scrimman,  to  dry  up,  to  with- 
er. Richardson.  — Ger.  krimpen,  to  crimp  or 
cramp,  to  draw  together,  because,  when  boiled, 
it  draws  into  a gibbous  shape.  Junius.  — Ger. 
schnimpfen,  to  shrivel.  Skinner.'] 

1.  ( Zoijl .)  A name  applied 
to  the  decapod  crustaceans 
of  the  families  Palemonidee 
and  Crangonidte,  but  partic- 
ularly of  the  latter,  the  type 
of  which  is  the  common 
shrimp,  or  Crangon  vulgaris. 

The  latter  is  about  two  and 
a half  inches  in  length,  and 
of  a grayish-brown  color,  dotted  all  over  with 
dark  brown.  It  is  esteemed  for  food,  and  is  dis- 
tinguished from  the  prawn  by  the  absence  of 
the  long,  anterior,  serrated  spine.  Baird. 

2.  Any  thing  diminished  or  contracted  in  its 

growth  ; — a little,  wrinkled  man ; a dwarf ; — in 
contempt.  Shak. 

f SHRIMP,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  scrimman,  to  wither,  to 
contract.]  To  contract ; to  shrink.  Echard. 

SHRLMP'ING,  n.  The  catching  of  shrimps  by 
means  of  a shrimp-net.  Maunder. 

SHRIMP'— NET,  n.  A net  for  catching  shrimps, 
being  a dredge-net  fixed  on  a pole,  or  a sweep- 
net  dragged  over  the  fishing  ground.  Simmonds. 


Common  shrimp. 


SHRINE,  n.  [A.  S.  serin;  Dut.  scryn;  Ger. 
schrein;  Sw.  skrin.  — L.  scrinium,  a basket  or 
chest ; It.  scrigno  ; Sp.  escrino  ; Fr.  ecrin.]  A 
case,  box,  oY  receptacle  for  something  sacred,  as 
the  remains  or  relics  of  a saint. 


Shrine  of  the  mighty!  can  it  be 

That  tikis  is  all  remains  of  thee?  Byron. 

Rff*  There  were  two  sorts  of  shrines-,  the  first  small 
and  portable,  generally  containing  a single  relic,  and 
called  fenetra  ; the  other  sort  were  tombs  differing 
from  the  generality  of  such  monuments  only  in  the 
richness  of  their  decorations,  and  in  the  sanctity  of 
the  persons  whose  remains  they  enshrined.  Britton. 


SIIltINE,  v.  a.  To  place  in  a shrine  ; to  enshrine. 
“ Shrining  them  alway  for  saints.”  Tyndale. 

SHRINK,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  scrincan.\  [i.  shrunk  ; pp. 
shrinking,  shrunk.  — The  preterite  shrank , 
and  the  participle  shrunken,  are  nearly  obsolete.] 

1.  To  contract  spontaneously;  to  shrivel. 

And  shrink  like  parchment  in  consuming  fire.  Dryden. 

2.  To  withdraw  or  fall  back,  as  from  danger; 
to  recoil,  as  in  terror,  fright,  or  distress. 

Many  shrink  which  at  the  first  would  dare.  Daniel. 

Training  children  to  suffer  some  pain  without  shrn/l'iog  is 
a way  to  gain  firmness  and  courage.  Locke. 

SHRINK,  v.  a.  To  make  to  shrink  ; to  contract. 

If  lie  lessens  the  revenue,  he  will  also  shriiJc  the  neces- 
sity. Bp.  Taylor. 


SHKfNK,  n.  1.  Process  of  shrinking  ; contraction 
into  less  compass  ; corrugation.  Woodward. 

2.  Act  of  recoiling,  as  from  danger. 

As  not  a sigh,  a look,  a shrink  bewrays 

The  least  felt  touch  of  a dangerous  fear.  Daniel. 

SHRINKAGE,  n.  1.  A shrinking  or  contracting 
into  a less  compass.  Bartlett. 

2.  An  allowance  for  shrinking.  Clarke. 

SHRINK'IJR,  n.  One  who  shrinks;  one  who  re- 
tires from  danger.  Old  Sea-Song. 

SHRINKING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  shrinks. 

2.  A recoiling  ; contraction.  South. 

SHRINK'ING-Ly,  ad.  In  a shrinking  or  contract- 
ing manner ; by  shrinking.  Clarke. 

SHRITE,  n.  ( Ornith .)  The  thrush.  Booth. 

SHRIV'AL-TY,  n.  Shrievalty.  Johnson. 

f SHRIVE,  v.  a.  [A.  S . scrifan,  to  receive  con- 
fession.] [i.  SHROVE  or  SHRIVED  ; pp.  SHRIV- 
ING, shriven.]  To  hear,  as  a priest,  at  con- 
fession ; to  administer  confession  to. 

I had  rather  he  should  shrive  me  than  wive  me.  Shak. 

f SHRIVE,  v.  n.  To  administer  confession. 

Where  holy  fathers  wont  to  shrive . Spenser. 

SHIUV'EL  (shrlv'vl),  v.  n.  [Dut.  schrompelen; 
Ger.  schrumpelen,  to  draw  into  wrinkles.]  [i. 
SHRIVELLED;  pp.  SHRIVELLING,  SHRIVELLED.] 
To  be  contracted  into  wrinkles ; to  wither;  to 
shrink  ; to  dwindle  ; to  contract. 

Leaves,  if  they  shrivel  and  fold  up,  give  them  drink.  Evelyn. 

SHRIV'EL  (shrlv'vl),  v.  a.  To  contract  into  wrin- 
kles ; to  cause  to  shrink. 

The  scorching  blast  invades 

The  tender  corn,  and  shrivels  up  the  blades.  Dryden. 

SIIRI  V'JELLED,  a.  Contracted  into  wrinkles.  Cl. 

tSHRlV'f.R,  n.  One  who  shrives;  a confessor. 
“ When  lie  was  made  a shriver.”  Shak. 

fSHRIV'lNG,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  shrives,  or 
hears  confession  ; shrift.  Spenser. 

SHROFF,  n.  An  Indian  name  for  an  East  Indian 
banker  or  money-changer.  Brown. 

SHROFFAGE,  n.  The  examination  of  coins,  and 
separation  of  the  good  from  the  bad.  Simmonds. 

SHROVE,  n.  [A.  S.  scrud,  clothing.] 

1.  f That  which  protects  ; a shelter  ; a cover. 

A cedar  in  Lebanon,  with  fair  branches,  and  with  a shad- 
owing shroud.  Ezek.  xxxi.  3. 

2.  The  dress  of  a corpse  ; a winding  sheet. 

The  knell,  the  shroud,  the  mattock,  and  the  grave, 

The  deep,  damp  vault,  the  darkness,  and  the  worm.  Young. 

3.  fThe  branch  of  a tree.  War  ton. 

4.  pi.  ( Naut .)  A set  of  ropes  reaching  from 

the  mast-head  to  the  vessel’s  sides,  to  support 
the  mast.  Dana. 

Bowsprit  shrouds,  those  put  over  the  head  of  the 
bowsprit,  and  extended  on  each  side  to  the  ship’s 
bows,  to  support  the  former.  — Futtock  or  foothook 
shrouds,  pieces  of  rope  communicating  with  the  fut- 
tock plates  above  ami  catharpings  below,  and  forming 
ladders.  Mar.  Diet. 

SHROUD,  V.  a.  \i.  SHROUDED  ; pp.  SHROUDING, 
SHROUDED.] 

1.  +To  cover;  to  shelter;  to  conceal;  — to 
protect. 

Under  this  thick-grown  brake  we  ’ll  shroud  ourselves.  Shak. 

Besides  the  faults  men  commit,  with  this  immediate  avowed 
aspect  upon  their  religion,  there  are  others  who  slyly  shroucl 
themselves  under  the  skirt  of  its  mantle.  Decay  of  Piety. 

2.  To  dress  for  the  grave,  as  a dead  body. 

Whoever  comes  to  shrouil  me.  do  not  harm 

That  subtile  wreath  of  hair  about  mine  arm.  Donne.* 

3.  fTo  cut  or  lop  off,  as  the  top  branches  of 

trees.  Chambers. 

SHROUD,  v.  n To  harbor ; to  take  shelter.  Milton. 

SHROUD'Lpss,  a.  Having  no  shroud.  Dodsley. 

t SHROUD'Y,  a.  Affording  shelter.  MiUon. 

t SHROVE,  v n.  To  revel  at  Shrovetide.  Bcau.^Fl. 

SIIROVE'TIDE,  n.  [Eng.  shrive,  shrove,  and  tide.] 
The  time  of  confession  ; Shrove-Tuesday. 

And  welcome  merry  Shrovetide.  Shak. 

SHROVE'— TUESDAY  (shrov'tuz-da),  n.  [Eng. 
shrive,  shrove,  and  Tuesday.]  The  Tuesday  after 


Quinquagesima  Sunday,  and  immediately  pre- 
ceding Ash- Wednesday,  the  first  day  of  Lent. 

jgr-g-It  was  a custom  of  the  Roman  Catholics  to 
confess  their  sins  on  that  day,  in  order  to  receive  t lie 
sacrament,  and  thereby  qualify  themselves  for  a more 
religious  observance  of  Lent.  This,  in  process  of  time, 
was  turned  into  a custom  of  entertainments  wherein 
they  leave  off  flesh  and  oilier  daimies,and  afterwards 
by  degrees «nto  sports  and  merriments,  which  still,  in 
that  church,  make  up  the  whole  business  of  the  car- 
nival. Eden. 

fSHROV'ING,  n.  The  act  of  revelling  at  Shrove- 
tide ; the  festivity  of  shrovetide.  Hales. 

f SHROYV,  7i.  A shrew.  — See  Shrew.  Wright. 

Pox  of  that  jest,  I beshrev  all  shrou-s.  Shak. 

SHRUB,  n.  [A.  S.  scrob  ; Ger.  scroff,  rugged.  — 
Ir.  sgrabuch,  rough;  Gael,  scraban,  a stunted 
bush.]  A small,  low,  dwarfish  tree,  having 
branches  which  proceed  directly  from  the  earth 
without  any  supporting  trunk  ; a bush.  Lindley. 
Covered  with  houghs  and  shrubs  from  heaven's  light.  MiUon. 

Syn.  — See  Bush. 

SHRUB,  n.  [Eng.  syrup,  by  an  easy  corruption  of 
y to  h,  — shrop,  shrup,  shrub.  Tooke.  — Perhaps 
from  Arab,  sharab,  sirup.]  A beverage  or  liquor 
composed  of  rum  or  other  spirits,  acid,  and  su- 
gar. Dunglison. 

SHRUB,  v.  a.  To  rid  from  shrubs.  Anderson. 

SIIROb'B]JR-Y,  n.  A plantation  or  growth  of 
shrubs  ; shrubs  collectively.  Graves. 

SHRUB'BI-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  shrubby.  Ash. 

SIIRUB'BY,  a.  1.  Having  the  nature  of  a shrub  ; 
as,  “ Shrubby  plants.”  Mortimer. 

2.  Full  of  shrubs  ; bushy. 

Due  west  it  rises  from  this  shrubby  point.  Milton. 

3.  Consisting  of  shrubs. 

The  goats  their  shrubby  browse 
Gnaw  pendent.  Philips. 

Shrubby  plant,  a perennial  plant,  with  woody  stems 
which  continue  alive  and  grow  year  after  year.  Gray. 

SlIRUB'LfSS,  a.  Destitute  of  shrubs.  Byron. 

fSHRUFF,  n.  [Ger.  scliroff,  rugged.]  Dross; 
refuse  of  metal  tried  by  the  fire.  Bailey. 

SHRUG,  v.  n.  [Dut.  schrik,  fear.  Skinner. — 
From  the  same  root  as  shriek.  Wachter.]  [i. 
SHRUGGED  ; pp.  SHRUGGING,  SHRUGGED.]  To 
express  fear,  aversion,  or  surprise  by  drawing 
up  the  shoulders  towards  the  ears. 

With  a shrugging  kind  of  tremor.  Sidney. 

SHRUG,  v.  a.  To  contract  or  draw  up. 

And  shrug  myself  into  my  shell,  as  a tortoise.  Florio. 
He  shrugs  his  shoulders  when  you  talk  of  security.  Addison. 

SHRUG,  n.  A drawing  up  of  the  shoulders,  usu- 
ally expressing  fear  or  aversion. 

A nod,  a slo-ug , a scornful  smile. 

With  caution  used,  may  serve  awhile.  Swift. 

SHRUNK,  i.  & p.  from  shrink. 

SHRUNK'EN  (shrunk'kn),  p.  from  shrink.  Shrunk. 
[Nearly  obsolete.]  Spenser. 

SHU,  interj.  Begone!  shoo!  shough  ! — a term 
used  to  frighten  poultry.  Lancashire  Dialect. 

SHU 'BIT,  n.  [Arab.]  The  aromatic  and  carmin- 
ative fruit  of  Anethum  soica.  Simmonds. 

SHUCK,  n.  The  outer  shell  of  the  walnut,  chest- 
nut, &c.  : — the  husk  of  Indian  corn.  Bartlett. 

In  England,  the  word  is  applied  to  pods  as  well 
as  husks  ; as,  pea -shucks.  Wright. 

SHUD'DlfR,  v.  n.  [Dut.  schudden,  to  shake  ; Ger. 
schiittern,  to  shake.]  [i.  shuddered  ; pp. 
shuddering,  shuddered.]  To  shiver,  or  feel 
a tremor,  as  from  cold,  fear,  horror,  or  aversion  ; 
to  quake  with  cold  or  with  fear  ; to  tremble  ; to 
shake  ; to  quiver  ; to  quake. 

He  gave  me  leave  to  put  on  my  clothes  again,  for  I was 
shuddering  with  cold.  Swift. 

Caisar  will  shrink  to  hear  the  words  thou  utter’st, 

And  shudder  in  the  midst  of  all  his  conquests.  Addison. 

Syn.  — See  Shake. 

SHU  D'D^R,  n.  A tremor;  a state  of  trembling. 

Into  strong  shudders,  and  to  heavenly  agues.  Shak. 

SHUD'D^R-ING,  n.  A peculiar  sensation  felt 
either  externally  or  internally,  which  seems  to 
be  the  result  of  a spasmodic  movement  of  the 
parts  in  which  it  occurs  ; a trembling  caused  by 
fear  or  dread.  Dunglison. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  V,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


SHUDDERING 


1335 


SICCATION 


SHUD'DfR-ING,  a.  Trembling  with  horror  or 
aversion  ; quaking  with  fear.  Clarke. 

SHUD'DpR-ING-LY,  ad.  With  trembling.  ClarMi 

SHUDE,  n.  The  husks  of  rice  and  other  refuse  of 
rice-mills,  largely  used  as  an  adulterating  in- 
gredient for  linseed  cake.  Simmonds. 

SHUF'FLE  (shuf'fl),  V.  a.  [Dim.  ofTlng.  shove.— 
A.  S.  scafan,  to  shove.]  [i.  shuffled  ; pp> 
SHUFFLING,  SHUFFLED.] 

1.  To  throw  into  disorder  ; to  agitate  tumultu- 
ously, so  as  that  one  thing  takes  the  place  of 
another ; to  confuse. 

When  lots  are  shuffled  together  in  a lap.  South. 

In  most  things  good  and  evil  lie  shuffled.  South. 

2.  To  cause  to  change  positions  with  respect 
to  each  other,  as  the  cards  of  a pack. 

We  sure  in  vain  the  cards  condemn; 

Ourselves  both  cut  and  shuffled  them.  Prior. 

3.  To  remove,  or  to  introduce,  by  means  of 
designed  confusion. 

Her  mother. 

Now  firm  for  Dr.  Caius,  hath  appointed 

That  he  shall  likewise  shuffle  her  away.  Shale. 

It  was  contrived  by  your  enemies,  and  shuffled  into  the 
papers  that  were  seized.  Dryden. 

To  shuffle  off,  to  get  rid  of.  “ When  vve  have  shuf- 
fled ojfthis  mortal  coil.”  Shale. — To  shuffle  up,  to  form 
tumultuously  or  fraudulently  ; to  throw  together  in 
haste.  “ They  used  to  shuffle  up  a summary  proceed- 
ing by  examination,  without  trial  of  jury.”  Bacon. 

SIIUF'FLE  (shuf'fl),  v.  n.  1.  To  cause  the  cards 
of  a pack  to  change  positions  with  respect  to 
each  other. 

A sharper  both  shuffles  and  cuts.  L' Estrange. 

2.  To  play  mean  tricks  ; to  practise  fraud ; 

to  evade  fair  questions  ; to  prevaricate  ; to  quib- 
ble. “ A shuffling  excuse.”  Arbuthnot. 

If  a steward  be  suffered  to  run  on  without  bringing  him 
to  a reckoning,  such  a sottish  forbearance  will  teacn  him  to 
shuffle.  South. 

3.  To  practise  expedients;  to  contend  with 
difficulties  ; to  struggle  ; to  shift. 

Your  life,  good  master, 

Must  shuffle  for  itself.  Shah. 

4.  To  step  by  pushing  the  feet  without  rais- 
ing them  ; — to  move  with  irregular  gait. 

Who  like  a cripple  shuffled  on  the  ground.  Drayton. 

Mincing  poetry, 

’T  is  like  the  forced  gait  of  a shuffling  nag.  Shah. 

SHUF'FLE,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  shuffles,  or 
steps  by  pushing  the  feet  without  raising  them  ; 

— an  irregular  movement.  Bentley. 

2.  A trick ; an  evasion  ; a quibble. 

The  gifts  of  nature  are  beyond  all  shams  and  shuffles. 

L' Estrange. 

SHUF'FLE- BOARD,  n.  The  old  name  of  shovel- 
board.  Todd. 

SHUF'FLE-CAP,  n.  A play  at  which  money  is 
shaken  in  a hat.  Arbuthnot. 

SHUF'FLgR,  n.  One  who  shuffles,  or  plays  tricks. 

SIIUF'FLING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  shuffles; 
act  of  throwing  into  disorder  ; confusion.  Locke. 

2.  Trick  ; artifice  ; duplicity  ; fraud. 

But ’t  is  not  so  above; 

There  is  no  shuffling.  Shak. 

3.  Act  of  stepping  by  pushing  the  feet  without 

raising  them  ; — an  irregular  gait.  Johnson. 

SHUF'FLING,  p.  a.  Throwing  into  confusion  : 

— fraudulent;  evasive;  disingenuous: — mov- 
ing by  pushing  the  feet ; moving  irregularly. 

SHUF'FLING-LY,  ad.  With  a shuffle  or  an  irreg- 
ular gait.  ' Dryden. 

SHU  ' MA,  n.  [Arab.]  Beeswax.  Simmonds. 

SHU'MAC,  n.  Sumach.  McCulloch. 

SHUN,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  scunian  ; Dut.  schuwen ; Ger. 
scheuen .]  [«.  shunned  ; pp.  shunning,  shun- 

ned.] To  avoid  ; to  keep  clear  of ; to  endeavor 
to  escape ; to  evade  ; to  elude ; to  eschew. 

Part  curb  their  fiery  steeds,  or  shun  the  goal 

"With  rapid  wheels.  Milton. 

So  chanticleer,  who  never  saw  a fox, 

Yet  shunned  him  as  a sailor  shuns  the  rocks.  Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Avoid. 

SHUN,  v.  n.  To  decline;  to  avoid  to  do  a thing. 

The  lark  still  shuns  on  lofty  boughs  to  build; 

Her  humble  nest  lies  silent  in  the  field.  Waller. 

SIIUN'LF.SS,  a.  Inevitable ; unavoidable.  Shak. 

SHUNT,  n.  [Contracted  from  shun  it.]  (Rail- 

roads.) A turning  oil'  to  a short  track,  that  the 


principal  track  may  be  left  free  ; a short  rail- 
road to  turn  from  a longer.  [Eng.]  Smart. 

SHUNT,  v.  a.  1.  To  shove.  Bailey. 

2.  To  give  sudden  start  to.  [Local.]  Ash. 

3.  To  move  oft'  from  one  set  of  rails  to  an- 
other, on  the  line  of  a railroad ; to  switch.  Clarke. 

On  approaching  the  King’s  Cross  terminus,  the  royal  train 
was  shunted  into  the  goods  station.  Enrj.  Newspaper. 

iifiF  This  is  an  obsolete  term  recently  revived,  and 
in  daily  use  throughout  England  in  the  railroad  vo- 
cabulary. Albert  Way. 

SHUT,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  scittan,  to  shut  up  ; Dut. 
schutten,  to  shut  in ; Ger.  schiitzen,  to  shut,  to 
dam.]  [i.  shut  ; pp.  shutting,  shut.] 

1.  To  close  so  as  to  prevent  ingress  or  egress. 

Shut , shut  the  door,  good  John.  Pope. 

2.  To  enclose  ; to  confine  ; to  imprison. 

Go,  shut  thyself  within  thine  house.  Ezek.  ill.  24. 

3.  To  prohibit ; to  bar  ; to  exclude. 

Shall  that  be  shut  to  man  which  to  the  beast 

Is  open  ‘t  Milton. 

4.  To  contract;  not  to  keep  expanded. 

Nor  shut  thine  hand  from  thy  poor  brother.  Deut.  xv.  7. 

To  shut  out , to  exclude;  to  deny  admission  to.  “ In 
sucli  a night  to  shut  me  out ! ” Shak.  — To  shut  up,  to 
close  up;  to  make  impervious;  to  make  impassable, 
or  impossible  to  be  entered  or  quitted.  “ You  shut  up 
the  kingdom  of  heaven  against  men.”  Matt,  xxiii.  13. 
— To  conclude  ; to  terminate.  “ The  kind  grave  shuts 
up  the  mournful  scene.”  Dryden. — To  yet  shut  of 
any  thing,  to  get  it  thrown  or  cast  off  or  away,  clear 
away  ; to  get  clear  of,  rid,  or  free ; to  be  shot  of. 
Richardson . 

SHUT,  v.  n.  To  be  closed  ; to  close  itself.  ■ 

Flowers  open  in  the  day,  and  shut  at  night.  Johnson. 

SHUT,  p.  a.  Quit ; rid  of  ; clear.  [Local.]  Bartlett. 

SHUT,  n.  1.  A close  ; the  act  of  shutting. 

That  since  the  shut  of  evening  none  had  seen  him.  Drtjden. 

2.  A small  door  or  cover;,  a shutter.  Newton. 

SHUT'TpR,  n.  1.  One  who,  or  that  which,  shuts. 

2.  A cover  for  a window,  of  wood  or  iron. 

Sleep  at  ease;  the  shutters  make  it  night.  Dryden. 

SHUT'TLE  (shut'tl),  n.  [A.  S.  sceotan,  to  shoot ; 
Dut.  schietspoel ; schieten,  to  shoot,  and  spoel,  a 
spool,  a quill  ; Icel.  shutul. ] 

1.  ( Weaving .)  An  instrument  which  guides 

the  thread  it  contains  so  as  to  make  it  form  the 
woofs  of  stuffs,  cloths,  linen,  and  other  fabrics, 
by  throwing  the  shuttle  alternately  from  left  to 
right  and  from  right  to  left  across  between  the 
threads  of  the  warp,  which  are  stretched  out 
lengthwise  on  the  loom.  Brande.  Shak. 

My  days  are  swifter  than  a weaver’s  shuttle.  Job  vii.  G. 

2.  (Founding.)  A gate  or  stop  to  the  sow  or 

trough  by  which  the  melted  metal  is  let  out  into 
the  mould.  Simmonds. 

SHUT'TLE-COCK,  n.  1.  A cork  stuck  with  feath- 
ers, to  be  driven  backward  and  forward  by  play- 
ers with  a battledoor.  Johnson.  Spenser. 

2.  (Bot.)  An  evergreen  shrub  of  the  mallow 
family,  indigenous  in  Mexico ; Periptcra  puni- 
cea\  — so  called  from  the  resemblance  of  its 
flowers  to  a shuttlecock.  Loudon. 

SHUT'TLE— RACE,  n.  A sort  of  shelf  in  the  weav- 
er’s loom.  . Simmonds. 

SHWAN'PAN,  n.  A Chinese  abacus,  or  calculat- 
ing instrument.  Smart. 

SHY  (slil),  a.  [Dut.  schuw,  shy  ; Ger.  scheir,  Dan. 
sky  ; Sw.  skygg .] 

1.  Disinclined  to  associate  with  others  ; keep- 
ing apart  from  society ; not  free  of  behavior  ; 
reserved  ; not  familiar  ; coy  ; bashful. 

A shy  fellow  was  the  duke:  and  I believe 

1 know  the  cause  of  his  withdrawing.  Shak. 

2.  Cautious  ; heedful ; wary  ; chary. 

Wc  grant,  although  he  had  much  wit. 

He  was  very  shy  of  using  it.  Huclibras. 

3.  Suspicious ; jealous. 

Princes  are,  by  wisdom  of  state,  somewhat  shy  of  their 
successors.  Wotton. 

SHY,  n.  A fling;  a throw.  Bartlett. 

If  his  lordship  gets  a stone  in  his  hand,  he  must  have  a shy 
at  somebody.  London  Tunch. 

SHY,  v.  n.  [i.  shied  ; pp.  shying,  shied.]  To 
turn  aside  or  start,  as  a horse ; to  sheer.  Forty. 

SHY,  v.  a.  To  throw,  as  a flat  stone  or  a shell, 
with  a careless  jerk  ; to  fling.  Wright. 

SHY'LY,  ad.  In  a shy  manner;  not  familiarly. 


SHY'NJSS,  n.  The  state  of  being  shy  ; reserved- 
ness ; bashfulness.  Bp.  Horne. 

Syn. — Shyness  arises  from  a disinclination  to  be 
familiar,  and  from  thinking  too  much  about  one’s 
self,  and  it  generally  implies  caution  or  suspicion  ; 
coyness  is  modest  or  diffident  reserve  ; bashfulness,  an 
awkward  timidity  ; diffidence,  a feeling  which  arises 
generally  from  underrating  one’s  powers.  A shy 
man ; a diffident  person  ; a bashful  youth  ; a coy  maid. 

St,  n.  (Mus.)  The  syllabic  name  of  the  seventh 
tone  of  any  major  diatonic  scale.  Warner. 

SI'A-GUSH,  n.  (Zoijl.)  The  caracal.  Smcllie. 

Sl-AL'A-GOGUE  (sl-al'tt-gog),  n.  [Gr.  alal.ov,  sali- 
va, and  liyoi,  to  lead.]  (Med.)  That  which  pro- 
motes the  secretion  of  saliva.  Dunglison. 

SI-  AM-E§E',  n.  sing.  & pi.  A native  or  the  natives 
of  Siam.  Ency. 

SI-AM-E§E',  a.  Belonging  to  Siam.  Ec.  Rev. 

fSIB,  a.  [A.  S.  sib,  relation.]  Akin,  in  affinity  ; 
related  by  consanguinity.  Beau.  A FI. 

tslB,  n.  A relation  ; — a companion.  Mountagu. 

US}  ' It  is  still  in  use  in  Lincolnshire,  Eng.  Halliwell. 

SIB'BF.N^,  n.  An  infectious  disease  in  the  moun- 
tainous parts  of  Scotland,  resembling  syphilis. 

Dunglison. 

SI-BE'Rj-AN,  a.  Relating  to  Siberia,  a large 
country  comprehending  the  most  northerly 
parts  of  the  Russian  empire  in  Asia.  Ency. 

SI-BE'RI-AN,  n.  A native  of  Siberia.  P.  Cyc. 

SI-BE'RI-AN-CRAB,  n.  (Bot.)  A deciduous  tree, 
indigenous  in  Siberia,  bearing  pink  flowers  in 
sessile  umbels  ; Pyrus  prunifolia.  Loudon. 

SI-BE'RI-AN— PE  A 'TREE,  n.  (Bot.)  The  com- 

mon name  of  deciduous  leguminous  trees  and 
shrubs,  of  the  genus  Caragana ; — so  called 
from  their  being  indigenous  in  Siberia.  Loudon. 

SI-BE'RITE,  or  SlB'E-RITE  [se-be'rlt,  Brande-, 
slb'e-rlt,  K.  C.  Wb.\,  n.  (Min.)  A variety  of 
tourmaline ; rubellite.  Phillips. 

SIB'I-LANCE,  n.  A hissing  sound.  Dr.  Southey. 

SIB'I-LANT,  a.  [L.  sibilo,  sihilans,  to  hiss  ; sibi- 
llts,  a hissing,  which  Quintilian  has  recorded  to 
be  one  of  the  three  words  (munitus,  sibilus,  mur- 
mur) formed  from  the  sound.]  Having  a hiss- 
ing sound,  or  the  sound  of  the  letter  s ; hissing. 

SIB'I-LANT,  n.  A letter  or  character  having  a 
hissing  sound,  as  s and  z.  Latham. 

SIB-1-LA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  hissing  ; a hissing 
sound.  “ A sibilation  or  hissing.”  Bacon. 

SIB'IL-OUS,  a.  Hissing;  sibilant.  Pennant. 

SIB'YL,  n.  [Gr.  mPvV.n  ; 2i<5{,  Doric  for  An 5f,  gen. 
of  Zebs,  Jupiter,  and  (lov). n,  counsel,  i.  e.  she  that 
tells  the  will  of  Jupiter  ; L.  sibylla,  a prophet- 
ess.] (Myth.)  A prophetic  woman  of  ancient 
Greece  and  Italy. 

UQy  Of  the  prophetic  virgins,  called  Sibyls,  who 
were  believed  to  be  thrown  hy  a god  into  a kind  ot 
transport  or  insanity,  in  which  they  were  able  to  un- 
veil futurity,  ancient  writers  mention  ten,  among 
whom  the  Sibyl  of  Cutna1,  in  Campania,  was  the  most 
celebrated.  According  to  O.  Miilier,  the  oracle  of  the 
Sibyls  and  the  worship  of  Apollo  were  carried  to  Cuma; 
from  the  Trojan  Ida.  Ency.  -diner. 

SiB'YL-LlNE  (19),  a.  [L.  siby/linus.]  Of,  or  be- 
longing to,  a sibyl.  Addison. 

Sibylline  books,  a collection  of  prophecies  said  to 
have  been  written  liy  t lie  Sibyl  of  Cuma?,  and  offered 
by  her  to  Tarquin  for  sale.  When  the  king,  on  ac- 
count of  the  high  price  asked,  refused  to  buy  them, 
the  old  woman  threw  three  of  the  books  into  the  fire, 
and,  on  a second  refusal,  three  more;  after  which, 
the  king,  alarmed,  paid  for  the  three  remaining  the 
price  asked  for  the  whole,  and  committed  them,  as 
an  oracle,  to  be  consulted  on  important  political  occa- 
sions, to  the  keeping  of  two  men.  Ency.  Amer. 

SIB'YL-LIST,  n.  A devotee  of  the  sibyl.  Cudworth. 

SIC' A-WORE,  n.  The  sycamore.  Peacham. 

SIC'CA,  n.  A weight  for  gold  and  silver  in  India, 
equal  to  179|  troy  grains.  Waterston. 

SIC'CA— RU-PEE',  n.  An  East  Indian  coin  of  the 
value  of  2s.  0.54d.  sterling  ($0,494).  McCulloch. 

f SIC'CATE,  v.  a.  [L . siccoi]  To  dry.  Cockeram. 

fSIC-CA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  drying.  Bailey. 


WIEN,  SIR;  WOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — ((1,  £,  g,  soft;  jC,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


SICCATIVE 


SIDEROCALCITE 


SIC'CA-TIVE,  a.  [L.  sicco,  siccatus,  to  dry.]  Dry- 
ing ; causing  to  dry.  Smart. 

fSIC-glF'rc  (sik-slf'jk),  a.  [L.  siccus,  dry,  and 
facio,  to  make.]  Causing  dryness.  Bailey. 

SIC'CJ-TY  (slk’se-te),  n.  [L.  siccitas,  drought;  It. 
siccith ; Fr . siccite.]  Dryness;  aridity;  want 
of  moisture.  Bacon. 

SlCE  (sir.,  66)  [slz,  S.  IF.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.K.  Sm.], 
n.  [Fr.  st>.]  The  number  six  at  dice.  Dryclen. 

fSICH,  a.  Such.  [Still  in  vulgar  use.]  Spenser. 

S[-ClL'I-AN,  a.  Relating  to  Sicily.  Ency. 

Sicilian  Vespers,  ( French  Hist.)  the  massacre  of  all 
the  French  in  Sicily  on  Easter  Monday,  March  30, 
1282,  at  the  hour  of  vespers.  Ency.  Amer. 

SJ-cIl'I-AN,  n.  A native  of  Sicily.  Brydone. 

Si-  ClL-I-A'JTO  (se-tshil-e-a/no),  11.  {Mas.)  Noting 
a gentle,  rural  kind  of  movement,  in  six-eight 
measure  of  rather  a slow  time,  somewhat  re- 
'sembling  the  Pastorale,  and  borrowing  its  rhyth- 
mical form  from  the  Sicilian  dance.  Warner. 

SICK,  a.  [A.  S.  seoc,  sick  ; Dut.  ziek\  Ger.  siech  ; 
Sw.  sink  ; Icel.  sgke.  — Gr.  <wc%6s,  squeamish.] 

1.  AlTlicted  with  disease  ; not  well ; ill ; — 
used  with  of  before  the  disease. 

Many  are  weak  and  sick  among  you.  Bible , 1551. 

Cassius,  I am  sick  of  many  griefs.  Shak. 

Tended  the  sick,  busiest  from  couch  to  couch.  Milton. 

The  sick  in  body  call  for  aid;  the  sick 

In  mind  are  covetous  of  more  disease.  Young. 

2.  Affected  with  nausea; — now  used  chiefly 

in  this  sense  in  England.  Dunglison. 

3.  Disgusted;  tired;  weary;  — used  with  of. 

Why  will  you  break  the  Sabbath  of  my  days. 

Now  sick  alike  of  envy  and  of  praise?  Pope. 

4.  t Corrupted.  “Sick  interpreters.”  Shak. 

5.  Applied  to  a place  where  there  is  sickness, 
or  to  the  bed  on  which  a sick  person  lies  ; as, 
“ A sick  room  ” ; “A  sick  bed.” 

The  sick  and  feeble  parts  of  France.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Sickness. 

■f  SICK,  v.  n.  To  sicken  ; to  be  ill.  Shak. 

SICK'— BED,  n.  A bed  on  which  a sick  person 
lies.  Congreve. 

I could  not  prevail  on  myself  to  desert  his  sick-bed  for  any 
Bcheme  of  amusement.  11.  More. 

SICK'— BERTH,  n.  A berth  for  the  sick.  Clarke. 

SICK'— BRAINED,  a.  Having  a disease  of  the 
brain.  Clarke. 

SICK'EN  (slk'kn),  v.  a.  [i.  SICKENED  ; pp.  SICK- 
ENING, SICKENED.] 

1.  To  make  sick;  to  disease;  — to  weaken. 

Which  should  one  earth,  one  clime,  one  stream,  one  breath, 
Raise  this  to  strength,  and  sicken  that  to  death.  Prior. 

2.  To  weary  ; to  disgust.  Roget. 

SICK'EN  (slk'kn),  v.  n.  1.  To  grow  siek  ; to  fall 

into  disease. 

My  lord  of  S. . . . and  his  eldest  son  sickened  at  the.  siege 
and  died  at  Berghen.  Howell. 

2.  To  grow  weak  ; to  decay  ; to  languish. 

So  sicken  waning  moons  too  near  the  sun.  Bryden. 

3.  To  feel  aversion ; to  be  disgusted. 

Pensive  she  stood  on  Ilion’s  towery  height. 

Beheld  the  war,  and  sickened  at  the  sight.  Pope. 

StCK'EN-lNG,  p.  a.  Nauseating  ; disgusting. 

fSICK'ER,  a.  [L.  securus.  — Dut.  zeker ; Ger. 
sicker ; Dan.  sikker.]  Sure  ; certain.  Spenser. 

tSlCK'JJR,  ad.  Surely;  certainly.  Spenser. 

f SlCK'F.R-LY,  ad.  Surely.  Robinson. 

t SICK'JJR-NESS,  n.  Security.  Spenser. 

SlCK'jSH,  a.  1.  Somewhat  sick  ; inclined  to  be 
sick.  “The  medicine  did  not  make  her  sick- 
ish.”  Bogle. 

2.  Causing  nausea  ; nauseating;  nauseous. 

S'iCK'ISH-LY,  ad.  In  a siekish  manner.  Dr.  Allen. 

SlCK'ISH-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  siekish. 

SIC'KLE  (slk'kl),  n.  [A.  S.  sicel,  sicol\  Dut.  sik- 
kcl ; Ger .sichel;  Dan.  segel,  segl ; Sw.  sickel. — 
Gr.  IpyKly,  fiyuiov ; L.  sccula.)  A hook  for 
reaping  grain  ; a short,  curved  reaping-hook. 

Immediately  he  putteth  in  the  sickle,  because  the  harvest 
is  come.  Mark  iv.  29. 

SfC'KLED  (slk'kld),  a.  Furnished  with  a sickle. 
“ The  sickled  swain.”  Thomson. 

SIC'KLE-MAN,  n.  ; pi.  SICKLEMEN.  A reaper. 
“ You  sunburnt  sicklemen.”  Shak. 


1336 

fSlC'KLER,  n.  One  who  reaps  with  a sickle  ; a 
reaper.  Sandys. 

SlC'KLE— SHAPED,  a.  Shaped  like  a sickle. 

f SICK'LifSS,  a.  Not  being  sick.  Tubervitte. 

SIC'KLE- WORT  (-wurt),  n.  [A.  S.  sicolimjrt.] 
( Bot .)  A plant  of  the  genus  Coronilla.  Wright. 

SICK'LIED,  p.  a.  Made  sick.  Shak. 

SICK'LI-NESS,  n.  1.  State  of  being  sickly  ; dis- 
position to  sickness  ; habitual  disease.  Shak. 

2.  Unhealthiness,  as  of  a climate.  Graunt. 

SICK'— LIST,  n.  A list  of  the  sick.  Clarke. 

SlCK'LY,  a.  1.  Not  in  good  health  ; ailing;  ha- 
bitually indisposed  ; weak  ; languishing. 

"Would  we  know  what  health  and  ease  arc  worth,  let  us  ask 
one  that  is  sickly  or  in  pain,  and  we  have  the  price.  Grew. 

2.  Faint;  feeble;  languid. 

The  moon  grows  sickly  at  the  sight  of  day.  Bryden. 

3.  Marked  by,  or  connected  with,  sickness. 

When  on  my  sickly  couch  I lay.  Swift. 

Syn.  — See  Sickness. 

SlCK'LY,  ad.  Not  in  health.  Shak. 

f SlCK'LY,  v.  ra.  To  make  diseased ; to  sicken. Shak. 

Is  sicklied  o’er  with  the  pale  cast  of  thought.  Shak. 

SlCK'NgSS,  n.  [Ger.  sucht,  passion.  — See  Sick.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  sick ; disease  ; disor- 
der ; malady ; illness. 

Jesus  went  about  healing  every  sickness.  Matt.  iv.  23. 

Sickness  is  a kind  of  adversity  which  is  both  a trial  and  a 
discipline.  . Whately. 

2.  Disorder  of  the  stomach ; nausea. 

Syn.  — Sickness  denotes  the  state  of  being  sick ± ill- 
ness, that  of  being  ill ; indisposition,  that  of  being  indis- 
posed. Of  these  three  terms  sickness  is  the  strongest, 
and  indispositioji  the  weakest.  Sick  and  ill  are  often 
used  indiscriminately  ; but  sick  often  supposes  the  dis- 
ease to  proceed  from  within,  ill  from  without;  sick 
at  the  stomach,  sick'  of  a fever;  ill  of  the  measles  or 
of  wounds.  Sick  denotes  a temporary  state  : sickly,  a 
more  permanent  one,  as  he  who  is  sickly  is  seldom 
well  ; a sickly  constitution  ; very  sick  or  ill ; a severe 
sickness  ; a slight  indisposition  ; an  ill  state  of  health  ; 
ill  at  ease;  morbid  feeling;  disordered  mind.  Sick 
often  implies  nausea,  disgust,  distaste,  or  dislike  ; as, 
sick  at  heart ; sick  of  a bargain,  of  company,  or  of  the 
world. 

Rl  and  illness,  as  applied  to  disease,  are  now  much 
more  used  in  the  language  than  formerly.  The  term 
illness  is  not  to  be  found  in  the  common  version  of  the 
Bible,  or  in  the  poetry  of  Shakespeare  or  of  Milton, 
sick  and  sickness  being  used  instead  of  ill  and  illness  ; 
as,  “All  manner  of  sickness “Heal  the  sick ”; 
“ Sick  of  the  palsy,  of  fever,”  &c.  But  the  terms  ill 
and  illness , as  applied  to  common  diseases,  have  been 
much  more  used  within  the  past  century  than  they 
were  previously.  — See  Disease. 

SIC  PAS' SIM,  7i.  [L.]  So  every  where. 

SID'DOYV,  a.  Noting  peas  that  boil  freely.  Loudon. 

SIDE,  n.  [A.  S.  side  ; Frs.  sid  ; Dut.  ztjde  ; Ger. 
seitc  ; Dan.  side  ; Sw.  Icel.  sida.’] 

1.  One  of  the  opposite  parts  in  man  and  other 
animals  fortified  by  the  ribs. 

But  one  of  the  knights  opened  his  side  with  a spear. 

John  xix.  34,  Wick  life's  Trans. 
Ere  the  soft,  fearful  people  to  the  flood 
Commit  their  woolly  sides.  Thomson. 

2.  A part  of  any  thing  which  is  long  and 
broad,  as  distinguished  from  an  end  ; one  of  the 
parts  of  any  body  that  run  collaterally,  or  that, 
being  opposite  to  each  other,  are  extended  in 
length  ; as,  “ The  side  of  a house,  a fence,  &c.” 

The  tables  were  written  on  both  their  sides;  on  the  one 
side  and  on  the  other  were  they  written.  Ex.  xxxii.  15. 

3.  The  part  of  persons  on  the  right  hand  or 
the  left. 

The  lovely  Thais  by  his  side. 

Sat  like  a blooming  Eastern  bride.  JDn/rlen. 

4.  Line  of  boundary ; margin  ; edge  ; verge. 

In  wood  or  grove,  by  mossy  fountain  side.  Milton. 

5.  A part  considered  in  regard  to  its  direc- 
tion or  its  situation  as  to  the  points  of  the  com- 
pass. 

They,  looking  back,  all  the  eastern  side  beheld 

Of  Paradise.  Milton. 

6.  One  of  two  parties  placed  in  contradistinc- 
tion or  opposition  to  each  other. 

There  began  a sharp  and  cruel  fight,  many  being  slain  and 
wounded  on  both  sides.  Knolles. 

It  is  granted  on  both  sides  that  the  fear  of  a deity  doth  uni- 
versally possess  the  minds  of  men.  Tillotson. 

7.  Party;  interest;  faction;  sect. 

Some,  valuing  those  of  their  own  side  or  mind. 

Still  make  themselves  the  measure  of  mankind.  Pope. 


8.  Line  of  consanguinity  or  kindred;  as,  “ He 
is  cousin  by  the  mother’s  side.” 

9.  ( Geom .)  A straight  line  forming  a part  of 
the  boundary  of  a plane  figure ; as,  “ The  side  of 
a triangle,  or  a polygon  ” : — the  line  in  which 
any  two  of  the  planes  which  bound  a solid 
intersect  each  other  ; as,  “The  side  of  a cube.” 

To  cltoose  sales,  to  select  persons  to  be  opposed  to 
each  other,’ in  any  game,  or  other  exercise  of  compe- 
tition.— To  take  sides,  to  espouse  the  cause  of  one  of 
the  parties  in  a contest. 

SIDE,  a.  1.  Being  on  the  side ; lateral.  “ The 
two  side  posts.”  Ex.  xii.  7. 

2.  Oblique  ; indirect.  “ A side  wind.”  Swift. 

Side  bar  rale,  (Eng.  Law.)  a rule  authorized  by  the 
courts  to  be  granted  by  their  officers  as  a matter  of 
course,  without  formal  application  being  made  to  them 
in  open  court  ; — so  called  because  moved  for  by  tiie 
attorney  at  side  bar,  that  is,  informally.  Bun-ill. 

SIDE,  a.  [A.  S.  sid,  sida,  ample  ; Dan.  sid,  long ; 
Scot,  side.]  Broad  ; long  ; large  ; extensive. 
[Local,  north  of  Eng.]  Brockeft. 

His  branched  cassock,  a side  sweeping  gown.  B.  Jonson. 

SIDE,  V.  U.  [/.  SIDED  ; pp.  SIDING,  SIDED.]  To 
join  a party  ; to  espouse  a cause  ; to  engage  in 
a faction  ; to  take  sides. 

Some  follow  law,  and  some  with  beauty  side.  Granville. 

fSIDE,  v.  a.  1.  To  be  or  to  stand  at  the  side  of. 

The  pair  which  do  each  other  side.  11.  Jonson. 

2.  To  attach  to  a side  or  party. 

All  rising  to  great  place  is  by  a winding  stair;  and  if  there 
be  factions,  it  is  good  to  side  a man's  self  whilst  rising,  and 
balance  himself  when  placed.  Bacon. 

3.  To  be  equal  with  ; to  match. 

[He]  carried  more  about  him  in  his  excellent  memory  than 
any  man  I ever  knew,  my  lord  Falkland  only  excepted,  who 
I think  sided  him.  Clarendon. 

SfDE'BOARD  (sld'bord),  n.  A table  with  drawers, 
&c.,  for  dining  utensils.  Britton. 

SIDE'— Box,  n.  An  enclosed  seat  on  the  side  of 
a theatre.  Pope. 

SIDE'— CUT,  n.  A lateral  canal  diverging  from 
the  main  canal.  Tanner. 

SlD'f.D,  a.  Having  a side  ; as,  “ One-sided.” 

SIDE'FLY,  n.  A species  of  insect.  Derham. 

SlDE'HILL,  n.  The  side  of  a hill  ; a hillside. 

SIDE'LjNG,  n.  A ridge  or  balk  on  the  side  of  an 
arable  field.  Cowell. 

SlDE'LING,  a.  Inclined;  oblique;  sloping;  as, 
“ Sideling  ground.”  Francis. 

SlDE'LONG,  a.  Lateral ; oblique  ; not  in  front  ; 
not  direct.  “ A sidelong  glance.”  Dryden. 

SlDE'LONG,  ad.  1.  Laterally;  obliquely. 

Sidelong  had  pushed  a mountain  from  his  seat.  Milton. 

2.  On  the  side.  “ Lay  pots  sidelong.”  Evelyn. 

SIDF/LOOK  (-Iuk),  it.  An  oblique  view.  Steele. 

SIDE'— POSTS,  n.  pi.  (Carp.)  A kind  of  truss- 
posts  placed  in  pairs.  Buchanan. 

SlD'IJR,  n.  One  who  sides  or  joins  a party.  Sheldon. 

fSl'DJJR,  ii.  Cider.  — See  Cider.  Ash. 

SID'ER-AL,  a.  [L.  si derali s ; sidtts,  a star  ; It. 
siderale  ; Fr.  sideral.]  Starry  ; sidereal.  Milton. 

SID'i;r-AT-]JD,  a.  [L.  sideror,  sideratus,  to  be 
sun-struck.]  Blasted  ; planet-struck.  Brou-ne. 

SID-IJR-A'TION,  n.  [L.  sideratio,  a blight;  It. 
siderazione  ; Fr  . sideration.]  The  state  of  one 
struck  suddenly,  without  apparent  cause,  and 
as  if  by  the  influence  of  the  stars  or  planets  : — a 
blast  or  blight  as  in  plants.  Dunglison.  Ray. 

SI-DE'Rf-AL,  a.  [L.  sidereus,  of,  or  belonging 
to,  the  constellations.]  Relating  to  the  stars  ; 
astral ; starry.  “ Sidereal  splendors.”  Coventry. 

Sidereal  day,  tile  interval  of  time  between  two  suc- 
cessive transits  of  the  meridian  by  any  star.  — Sidereal 
year,  the  interval  of  time  between  two  successive  re- 
turns of  the  sun  to  the  same  position  in  respect  to  I lie 
same  stars,  or  a fixed  point  in  space.  Herschel. 

SID'ER-lTE  [sld'er-It,  Ja.  K.  Cl.  IFr.  Wb.  ; se- 
de'rlt,  S»l.],  11. 

1.  jfliii.)  A.  name  applied  to  an  indigo-blue 

variety  of  quartz,  to  an  arseniate  of  iron,  and 
to  a carbonate  of  iron.  Dana. 

2.  (Bot.)  Aplantof  thegenus  Sideritis. Clarke. 

SID-E-RI ' T1S,  n.  [Gr.  allnpos,  iron.]  (Bot.)  A 
genus  of  labiate  plants  ; ironwort.  Loudon. 

SlD-J3-RO-CAL'CiTE,  n.  (Min.)  A name  given 


A,  E,  I,  6, 


U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6;  U,  Y,  short;  A,  J,  O, 


[J,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


»- 


SIDEROGRAPHIC 

by  Kirwan  to  brown  spar  (the  braun  spath  of 
Werner).  Cleaveland . 

SID-E-RQ-GRAPH'IC,  ) a Relating  to  side- 

SlD-5-RO-GRAPH'I-CAL,  ) rography.  Eng.  Cgc. 

SlD-E-ROG'RA-PHlST,  n.  One  who  practises  sid- 
erography. Knowles. 

SID-U-ROG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  oiSripo;,  iron  or  steel, 
and  ypaipm,  to  write.]  The  art  or  practice  of  en- 
graving on  steel.  Ency. 

SID'Jg-RO-MAN-CY,  n.  [Gr.  cibnpos,  iron,  and  yav- 
Tiia,  divination.]  Divination  by  burning  straws, 
&c.,  on  red-hot  iron.  Crabb. 

SID-E-ROM'E-LANE,  n.  {Min.)  An  amorphous 
variety  of  orthoclase  consisting  chiefly  of  sili- 
ca, alumina,  peroxide  of  iron,  and  lime.  Dana. 

SlD-E-RO-SCHIS'O-LITE,  n.  [Gr.  oitgpos,  iron, 
and  0x'$w’  *'°  cleavei  and  H8os,  a stone.]  {Min.) 
A silicate  of  iron  of  a velvet-black  color.  Dana. 

SlD'E-RO-SCOPE,  or  SI-DE'RO-SCOPE  [sld'e-ro- 
skop,  C.  Wr.  I Vb.\  sld-e-ros'kop,  Ii . ; se-de'ro- 
skap,  Sm.  O.],  n.  [Gr.  aiSypo;,  iron,  and  aro-cui, 
to  view.]  An  instrument  for  detecting  small 
particles  of  iron  in  any  substance.  Smart. 

SID-E-Rdx'Y-LOJf , n.  [Gr.  oi&npot,  iron,  and 
(ii/ov,  wood.]  (Hot.)  A genus  of  tropical  trees 
with  very  hard  wood.  Baird. 

SIDE'-SAD-DLE,  n.  A woman’s  riding  saddle, 
with  a pommel  and  one  stirrup.  Simmonds. 

Queen  Anne,  wife  of  Richard  II.,  first  taught  English 
women  to  ride  on  side-saddles , when,  as  heretofore,  they  rid 
astride.  Remains  concerning  Britain , 101 4. 

SIDE— SaD'DLE— FLOW'JgR,  n.  {Bot.)  The  com- 
mon name  of  a genus  of  perennial  North  Amer- 
ican plants,  having  tubular  or  pitcher-shaped 
leaves  capable  of  holding  water,  and  furnished 
with  an  arching  hood  in  some  species ; Sarra- 
cenia  ; — so  called  from  the  resemblance  of  its 
stigma  to  a pillion.  Loudon. 

SIDEijs'MAN,  n.  [A  corruption  of  synodsman .] 

1.  An  assistant  to  a churchwarden.  Hook. 

2.  One  who  takes  sides  ; a partisan.  Milton. 

SIDE'—1 TA-BLE,  n.  A table  to  be  placed  at  the 
side  of  a room.  Tatler. 

SIDE'— TAK-JNG,  n.  Act  of  joining  a party.  Hall. 

SIDE'— VIEW,  n.  An  oblique  view;  a side-look. 

SIDE'wALK  (sld'wHwk),  n.  A walk  for  foot- 
passengers  by  the  side  of  a street  or  road  ; a 
foot-way  ; a foot-path.  Sat.  Mag. 

/US'  Sidewalk,  causeway;  trottoir,  is  probably  a pure 
American  coinage.  Bristed. 

SlDE'-WAY,  n.  A way  on  one  side.  Southey. 

SIDE'YVAY§  (sld'waz),  ad.  Inclining  to  one  side; 
laterally  ; sidewise.  Milton. 

SIDE'— WIND,  n.  A wind  blowing  laterally,  or 
against  the  side.  Swift. 

SiDE'Wi^E,  ad.  On  or  toward  one  side  ; later- 
ally ; sideways.  Newton. 

SID'ING,  n.  1.  Attachment  to  a side  or  party. 

As  soon  as  discontents  drove  men  into  sidingS.  K.  Charles. 

2.  A turn-out  or  place  for  passing,  as  on  a 
railway.  [England.]  Simmonds. 

SI'DLE  (sl'dl),  v.  n.  1.  To  go  or  move  sidewise  or 
with  the  side  foremost.  Swift. 

2.  To  lie  or  be  placed  on  one  side.  Swift. 

3.  To  saunter.  [Local,  Eng.]  Swift. 

SIDE'LING,  ad.  With  the  side  foremost;  sidewise. 

SIE(IE  (sej),  n.  [L.  sedes,  a seat;  sedeo,  to  sit; 
It.  sedio,  sede,  a seat ; assedio,  a siege  ; Sp.  asi- 
ento,  a seat ; sitio,  a siege  ; Fr.  siige,  a seat,  a 
siege.  — See  Set,  and  Sit.] 

1.  t A seat.  “ Siege  of  justice.”  Shah. 

2.  fThe  pope’s  see.  Berners. 

3.  f Place;  situation;  site.  “The  siege  of 

his  abode."  Palace  of  Pleasure. 

4.  f Rank  ; class  ; estimation.  Shak. 

5.  T Stool ; discharge  of  feces.  Browne. 

6.  A continued  attempt  to  gain  possession. 
Love  stood  tile  siege,  and  would  not  yield  bis  breast,  ' Dry  den. 

7.  {Mil.)  The  placing  of  an  army  round  or 
before  a fortified  place  for  the  purpose  of  at- 
tacking it,  and  compelling  a surrender,  or  the 
operation  of  attacking  a fortified  place  under 
cover  o 1 earth  thrown  up  from  trenches. 

Glos.  of  Mil.  Terms. 


1337 

t SIE(rE  (sej),  v.  a.  To  besiege.  Spenser. 

SI'E-NiTE,  n.  {Min.)  A plutonic  rock  consisting 
of  quartz,  felspar,  and  hornblende,  and  resem- 
bling granite  except  in  having  hornblende  as  a 
substitute  for  mica  ; — so  named  because  origi- 
nally quarried  at  Syene,  Egypt,  and  written  also 
syenite.  Lyell. 

Sf-p-NlT'JC,  a.  Relating  to,  resembling,  or  con- 
taining, sienite.  Phil.  Mag. 

SI-F.R’RA,  n.  [Sp.,  from  L.  serra,  a saw.]  A 
saw  : — a chain  of  hills,  or  a ridge  of  mountains 
and  craggy  rocks.  Velazquez. 

SI-ES ' TA,  n.  [Sp.]  A nap  taken  after  dinner, 
in  the  hot  part  of  the  day.  Velazquez. 

SI-ES'TJJR,  n.  A silver  coin  of  Bavaria,  worth 
about  8jd.  ($.0,165).  Simmonds. 

SIEUR  (se'ur),  n.  [Fr.]  Sir;  — a title  of  respect 
or  courtesy  to  a superior.  Landais. 

SIEVE  (slv),  n.  [A.  S.  sife,  syfe  ; siftan,  to  sift ; 
Dut.  zee/’;  Ger.  sieb;  Sw.  sikt ; Icel.  sia.J 

1.  A vessel  or  utensil  with  a bottom  of  net- 

work, or  of  some  material  perforated,  used  for 
separating  finer  substances,  or  parts  of  sub- 
stances, from  coarser,  as  flour  from  bran,  and 
also  for  uniformly  mixing  powders,  the  parti- 
cles of  which  are  so  small  as  to  freely  pass 
through  the  openings.  Tomlinson. 

2.  A basket  of  a certain  measure.  Steevens. 

f SIF'FLE-MENT,  n.  [Fr.  siffler,  to  whisper.]  A 

whistling.  Brewer. 

SIFT,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  siftan  ; Dut.  ziften ; Ger.  sie- 
b/n,  sichten ; Dan.  sigte  ; Sw.  sikta.)  [*.  sifted  ; 
pp.  SIFTING,  SIFTED.] 

1.  To  separate  by  a sieve,  js  flour  from  bran  : 

— to  mix  by  a sieve,  as  powders.  Holland. 

2.  To  separate  ; to  part.  Dry  den. 

3.  To  examine  critically  ; to  try  ; to  discuss. 

As  near  as  I could  sift  him  on  that  argument.  Shak. 

Those  who  have  not  sifted  this  question  to  the  bottom. 

Horsley. 

Syn.  — See  Discuss. 

SIFT'pR,  n.  One  who,  or  that  which,  sifts. 

SIFT'ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  sifts. 

SIG,  n.  Urine.  [Local,  England.]  Ash. 

SIG,  an  Anglo-Saxon  prefix  signifying  victory, 
used  in  proper  names,  as  in  Sigbert,  famous  for 
victory  ; Steward,  victorious  preserver.  It  cor- 
responds to  Gr.  ns,  in  Nicander,  &c.,  and  to  L. 
vie,  m Victorinus.  Gibson. 

SIGAULTIAN  (se-gStwl'slian),  a.  {Surg.)  Noting 
an  operation  or  section  for  the  purpose  of  in- 
creasing the  capacity  of  the  pelvis  in  cases 
of  impracticable  labor  ; symphyseotomy  ; — so 
termed  because  first  performed  by  Sigault,  a 
French  surgeon.  Dunglison. 

SIGH  (si),  v.  n.  [A.  S.  sican ; Dut.  zuchtcn-, 
Ger.  scufzen ; Dan.  sukke  \ Sw.  sucka  ; Old  Eng. 
sike,  sithe,  sythe.  — Apparently  the  same  as 
A.  S.  sucan,  sycan,  to  suck,  llichardson.]  \i. 
sighed  ; pp.  sighing,  sighed.]  To  inhale  and 
expire  a long  breath  audibly,  as  from  grief. 

Sighed , and.  looked,  and  sighed  again.  Zh'yden. 

SIGH  (si),  v.  a.  1.  To  emit  by  sighing. 

I loved  the  maid  I married;  never  man 

Sighed  truer  breath.  Shak. 

2.  To  express  by  sighing.  “ Sighed  back  her 

grief.”  ‘ Hoolc. 

3.  fTo  sigh  for;  to  lament ; to  mourn. 

Ages  to  come,  and  men  unborn 

Shall  bless  her  name  and  sigh  her  fate.  Prior. 

SIGH  (si),  n.  [A.  S.  siccet ; Dut.  zucht ; Ger.  scuf- 
zer  ; Dan.  suk  ; Sw.  suck  ; Old  Eng.  sithe,  sythe.) 
A deep  or  long  breath  or  respiration,  made  au- 
dibly, as  in  grief. 

My  sighs  are  many,  and  my  heart  is  faint.  Lam.  i.  22. 

A very  extraordinary  pronunciation  of  this 
w'ord  prevails  in  London,  and,  vvliat  is  more  extraor- 
dinary, on  tile  stage,  so  different  from  every  other 
word  of  the  same  form  as  to  make  it  a perfect  oddity 
in  the  language.  This  pronunciation  approaches  to 
the  word  sithe  ; and  the  only  difference  is,  that  sithe 
has  the  fiat  aspiration,  as  in  this,  and  sigh  the  sharp 
one,  as  in  thin.  It  is  not  easy  to  conjecture  what 
could  be  the  reason  of  this  departure  from  anal- 
ogy, unless  it  were  to  give  the  word  a sound  which 
seems  an  echo  to  the  sense  : but  pronouncing  gh  like 
th  in  this  word  is  too  palpable  a contompt  of  orthog- 
raphy to  pass  current  without  the  stamp  of  the  best, 
the  most  universal,  and  permanent  usage  on  its  side.” 


SIGHT-SEEING 

Walker.  This  “ extraordinary  pronunciation  ” of  sigh 
is  more  or  less  common  in  some  parts  of  the  United 
States.  It  is  not  countenanced  by  any  of  the  ortho- 
epists. 

SlGH'ER  (sl'er),  n.  One  who  sighs.  Beau.  § FI. 

SIGII'JNG  (sl'jng),  n.  The  act  of  one  who  sighs. 

SlGH'JNG-LY  (sl'jng-),  ad.  With  sighs.  Wright. 

SIGHT  (sit),  «.  [A.  S.  gesiht ; Dut.  gezigt ; Ger. 

gesicht ; Dan.  sigte,  sicht ; Sw.  sigte.  — “The 
preterite  perfect  of  see  was  anciently  written 
sigh ; whence  sighed,  sighd,  sight."  Richardson.') 

1.  Act  of  seeing ; perception  by  the  eye ; view. 

Not  to  me  returns 

Day,  or  the  sweet  approach  of  even  or  morn, 

Or  right  of  vernal  bloom  or  summer’s  rose, 

Or  Hocks,  or  herds,  or  human  face  divine.  Milton. 

Who  ever  loved  that  loved  not  at  first  sight ? Marlowe . 

2.  The  power  or  the  faculty  of  seeing ; the 
power  of  perceiving  objects  by  the  eye;  the 
sense  of  seeing  ; vision  ; extent  or  limit  of  vision. 
If  bees  go  right  to  a place,  they  must  needs  have  sight.  Bacon . 

O loss  of  sight,  of  thee  I most  complain.  Milton. 

3.  Open  view;  situation  to  be  seen. 

JEncas  cast  his  wondering  eyes  around, 

And  all  the  Tyrrhene  army  had  in  sight. 

Stretched  on  the  spacious  plain  from  left  to  right.  Dri/den. 

4.  Something  to  be  seen  ; a spectacle ; a 
show  ; an  exhibition.  “A  sight  so  fair.”  Milton. 

And  Moses  said,  I will  now  turn  aside,  and  see  this  great 
sight,  why  the  bush  is  not  burned.  Ex.  lii.  3. 

Not  proud  Olympus  yields  a nobler  sight. 

Though  gods  assembled  grace  his  towering  height.  Pope . 

5.  The  organ  of  seeing;  the  eye.  [it.] 

From  the  depth  of  hell  they  lift  their  sight.  Drgdcn. 

6.  Knowledge,  notice,  or  examination  from 
seeing;  inspection. 

It  was  writ  as  a private  letter  to  a person  of  piety,  upon  an 
assurance  that  it  should  never  come  to  any  one’s  sight  hut 
her  own.  Hake. 

7.  One  of  two  small  boles  or  narrow  slits 

made  in  the  opaque  plates  affixed  to  certain  in- 
struments for  measuring  angles,  and  so  arranged 
that  the  object  to  be  observed  may  be  seen 
through  the  posterior  and  anterior  openings  at 
the  same  time;  sight-hole.  Lardner. 

Their  eyes  of  fire  sparkling  through  sights  of  steel.  Shak. 

8.  A small,  projecting  piece  of  metal  on  the 

upper  surface  of  the  barrel,  near  the  muzzle,  of 
a rifle  or  other  fire-arm,  to  assist  the  eye  in  aim- 
ing. Stocqucler. 

9.  A great  number  or  quantity.  Brockelt. 

If  youth  could  know  what  age  do  crave, 

Sights  of  pennies  youth  would  save.  Eng.  Proverb. 

The  great  man  brought,  on  his  side,  a great  sight  of  law- 
yers. 'Latimer's  Sermons. 

At  sight,  on  presentation.  “ A hill  payable  at  sight." 
Bouvier.  — Field  of  sight,  the  circular  space  within 
which  objects  arc  visible  through  a properly  adjusted 
microscope  or  telescope;  — called  also  field  of  view. 
Hublyn.  — To  take  sight , to  take  aim. 

SIGHT  (sit),  v.  a.  To  bring  within  sight.  Clarke. 

SIGHT  (sit),  v.  n.  To  look  along  a straight  line 
or  surface,  as  along  the  barrel  of  a gun  in  aim- 
ing, or  through  the  sight-holes  of  an  instrument 
for  measuring  angles  ; to  take  sight.  Davies. 

SIGHTED  (slt'ed),  a.  Having  sight;  — used 
chiefly  in  composition  ; as,  “ Short -sighted.” 

t SIGHT'FUL,  a.  Visible ; perspicuous.  Chaucer. 

f SIGHT'FU L-NESS  (slt'ful-nes),  n.  Clearness  of 
sight ; perspicuity.  Sidney. 

SJGIIT'-HOLE,  n.  A hole  to  see,  or  to  be  seen, 
through.  Shak. 

SlGHT'LpSS  (slt'les),  a.  1.  Wanting  sight ; blind. 

2.  That  cannot  be  seen  ; invisible.  “ The 

sightless  couriers  of  the  air.”  Shak. 

3.  f Offensive  to  sight ; unsightly.  Shak. 

SIGIIT'LljlSS-LY,  ad.  In  a sightless  manner. 

SIGHT'LJJSS-NESS  (slt'les-nSs),  n.  Want  of  sight. 

SIGIIT'LI-NESS  (slt'Ie-nes),  n.  Appearance  pleas- 
ing to  the  eye  ; comeliness.  Fuller. 

SIGHT'LY  (slt'le),  a.  1.  Pleasing  to  the  eye ; 
comely.  “ Sightly  horses.”  L’Estranye. 

2.  Raving  an  extensive  view  or  prospect,  as 
a place ; conspicuous.  Wright. 

SIGHT'-SEE-ING,  n.  The  act  of  seeing  sights, 
or  objects  of  curiosity.  J.  B.  Ireland. 

SIGHT'-SEE-ING,  a.  Employed  or  engaged  in 
seeing  sights  or  curiosities.  Ec.  Rev. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — £,  9,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  £,  |,  hard;  § as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 

168 


SIGHT-SEER 


1338 


SIGNIFICATION 


SIGHT'— SE-1JR,  n.  One  who  sees  sights  or  curi- 
osities. Ec.  Rev. 

SIGHT'— SHOT,  n.  Reach  of  the  sight. 

Till  I get,  as  it  were,  out  of  sight-shot.  Cowley. 

SIGHTS'— MAN  (sits'-),  n.  (.1/as.)  One  who  reads 
or  sings  music  readily  at  first  sight.  Moore. 

SI£'IL,  n.  [L.  sigiUum,  dim.  of  signum,  a sign.] 
A seal  ; a signature.  Dry  den. 

SIQ-IL-LA'  RT-A,  n.  pi.  [L.,  from  sigilla,  little 
earthen-ware  images.] 

1.  ( Roman  Ant.)  The  last  two  days  of  the 
Saturnalia,  on  which  little  earthen-ware  images 
were  exposed  to  sale  and  given  as  toys  to  chil- 
dren : — also  the  images  themselves.  IK.  Smith. 

2.  (Pal.)  An  extinct  genus  of  trees  found 

in  the  coal  formation,  with  regular  fluted  cylin- 
drical stems  without  branches,  and  marked  at 
intervals  by  scars  where  leaves  were  inserted. 
They  sometimes  grew  to  the  height  of  sixty  or 
seventy  feet.  Lyell.  Ansted. 

f SI^'IL-LA-TIVE,  a.  [Old  Fr.  sigillatif,  from  L. 
sigilium,  a seal.]  Fit  to  seal,  or  fora  seal;  — 
composed  of  wax.  Cotgrave. 

SIG'MA,  n.  The  name  of  the  Greek  letter  i),  a,  ; 
(English  s). 

SIG'MOID,  )a  [Gr.  t,  sigma,  and  ilbos,  form.] 

SIG-MOID'AL,  ) ( Bot . & Anat.)  Curved  like  the 
Greek  s,  or  the  English  s.  Gray.  Dunglison. 

Sigmoid  flexure  of  the  colon , the  last  curve  of  the 
colon  before  its  termination  in  the  rectum.  Dunglison. 

SIGN  (sin),  n.  [L .signum;  It.  segno;  Sp . senal, 
signo , sena  ; Fr.  signe.  — A.  S.  segen,  a standard  ; 
Dut.  sein,  a signal ; Ger.  zeichcn,  a token  ; Arm. 
sygn , syn. — Ir.  sighin.  — Sansc.  zaga.\ 

1.  Any  thing  indicating  or  representing  some- 
thing else  ; a token  ; an  indication  ; a signal. 

Signs  must  resemble  the  things  they  signify.  Hooker. 

Signs  are  either  to  represent  or  resemble  things,  or  only  to 
inti  mate  and  suggest  them  to  the  mind.  Oldfield. 

They  made  signs  to  his  father  how  he  would  have  him 
called.  Luke  i.  62. 

When  it  is  evening,  ye  say.  It  will  lie  fair  weather,  for  the 
sky  is  red;  and.  in  the  morning.  It  will  be  foul  weather  to- 
day, for  the  sky  is  red  and  lowering.  O ye  hypocrites!  ye  can 
discern  the  signs  of  the  sky,  but  can  ye  not  discern  the  signs 
of  the  times?  Matt.  xvi.  2, 8. 

Among  all  nations,  and  at  all  times,  certain  signs  have  been 
considered  as  proof  of  assent  or  dissent.  Bouoier. 

2.  Something  hung  or  placed  near  or  over  a 

door,  as  a lettered  board,  or  a carved  or  painted 
figure,  indicating  the  occupation  of  the  tenant, 
or  giving  notice  of  what  is  made  or  sold  within. 
“An  ale-house’s  paltry  sign.”  Shah. 

3.  A wonder ; a miracle  ; a prodigy  ; a por- 
tent. “ Signs  and  judgments  dire.”  Milton. 

Except  ye  see  signs  and  wonders,  ye  will  not  believe. 

John  iv.  49. 

4.  A memorial ; a monument ; a warning. 

The  earth  opened  her  mouth,  and  swallowed  them  up  to- 
gether with  Korah,  when  that  company  died,  what  time  the 
fire  devoured  two  hundred  and  fifty  nien;  and  they  became 
a sign.  Hum.  xxvi.  10. 

5.  A mark  of  representation  , a symbol ; a 
type.  “ Holy  symbols  or  signs.”  Brereioood. 

It  was  usual  for  persons  who  could  not  write  to  make  the 
sign  of  the  cross  in  confirmation  of  a charter.  Robertson. 

6.  A mark  of  distinction  ; cognizance  ; note. 

When  the  great  ensign  of  Messiah  blazed 

Aloft  by  angels  borne,  his  sign  in  heuven.  Milton. 

7.  The  subscription  of  one’s  name ; a signa- 
ture. Johnson. 

8.  A term  used  by  the  English  Church,  in  her 

formularies,  to  signify  the  relation  that  subsists 
between  an  external  ordinance  and  that  which 
it  represents.  Eden. 

9.  (Mus.)  Any  character.  Moore. 

10.  ( Astron .)  A portion  of  the  ecliptic  or  zo- 

diac containing  thirty  degrees,  or  a twelfth  part 
of  the  complete  circle.  Brande. 

ASF*  The  first  of  the  twelve  signs  commences  at  the 
point  of  the  ecliptic  through  which  the  sun  passes  at 
the  time  of  tiie  vernal  equinox,  and  they  are  counted 
from  west  to  east.  Their  names,  in  the  order  in  which 
they  follow  each  other,  together  with  the  characters 
by  which  they  are  indicated  on  globes,  in  almanacs, 

and  in  books  of  astronomy,  are  as  follows; dries 

( 1 : ),  Taurus  ( y ),  Gemini  ( n ),  Cancer  (n),  Leo 
(Cl),  Tirgo  (\\\ J),  Libra  (o.),  Scorpio  ( IT]  ),  Sagitta- 
rius (7),  Capricornus  (l^),  Aquarius  (— ),  Pisces 
(^x). — The  signs  derived  their  names  from  twelve 
constellations  of  the  zodiac,  with  winch  their  places 
coincided  in  ancient  times  (above  200  years  before  the 
Christian  era) ; but  owing  to  the  precession  or  west- 
ward motion  of  the  equinoxes,  the  constellations  are 


now  each  about  thirty  decrees  east  of  the  sign  of  the 
same  name.  — See  Precession  of  the  equi- 
noxes Brande.  Herschel. 

11.  (Algebra.)  A symbol  used  to  denote  the 
relation  of  quantities,  to  indicate  an  operation 
to  be  performed,  or  to  show  the  nature  of  a re- 
sult of  some  previous  operation ; as,  the  sign 
+ (plus)  for  addition,  the  sign  — (minus)  for 
substruction,  the  sign  X for  multiplication,  &c. 

Davies. 

Syn.  — See  Mark,  Signal. 

SIGN  (sin),  v.  a.  [L.  signo  ; It.  segnare ; Sp.  sena- 
tor; Fr.  segner. — A.  S.  senian ; Dut.  seinen. ] 
[i.  SIGNED;  pp.  SIGNING,  SIGNED.] 

1.  To  mark  with  a type  or  symbol. 

We  receive  this  child  into  the  congregation  of  Christ’s  flock, 
and  do  sign  him  with  the  sign  of  the  cross.  Com.  Prayer. 

2.  To  mark  with  one’s  name  or  signature,  as 
an  instrument  or  writing ; to  subscribe. 

Be  pleased  to  sign  these  papers;  they  are  all  of  great  con- 
cern. Dryc/cn. 

It  was  usual  for  persons  who  could  not  write  to  make  the 
sign  of  a cross  in  confirmation  of  a charter.  From  this  is 
derived  the  phrase  of  signing,  instead  of  subscribing  a pa- 
per. Robertson. 

3.  To  represent  typically ; to  indicate  by  a 
sign;  to  signify;  to  betoken;  to  denote. 

They  [the  sacraments  and  symbols]  receive  the  names  of 
what  themselves  do  sign.  Bp.  Taylor. 

4.  To  make  known  ; to  show ; to  manifest,  [it.] 

You  sign  your  place  and  calling  in  full  seeming 

With  meekness  and  humility.  Shak. 

5.  fTo  dress  or  array  in  insignia. 

Here  thy  hunters  stand. 

Signed  in  thy  spoil  and  crimsoned  in  thy  lcthe.  Shak. 

SIGN  (sin),  v.  n.  1.  fTo  be  a sign  or  omen.  Shak. 

2.  To  make  a sign  ; to  give  a signal.  “ Sign- 
ing to  their  heralds  with  his  hand.”  Dry  den. 

SIGN'A-BLE  (sin-),  a.  That  may  be  signed.  Bacon. 

SIG'NAL,  n.  [It.  segnale  ; Sp.sehaf;  Hr . signal.] 

1.  A sign  that  gives  notice ; any  thing  that 
gives,  or  that  is  intended  to  give,  notice;  token. 

Whistle  then  to  me, 

As  signal  that  thou  hcar’st  something  approach.  Shak. 

At  a signal  given,  the  streets  with  clamors  ring.  Dryden. 

2.  Notice  given  by  a sign  ; indication. 

The  wcarv  sun  hath  made  a golden  set, 

And,  by  the  bright  track  of  his  fiery  car. 

Gives  signal  of  a goodly  day  to-morrow.  Shak. 

3.  (Trigonometry.)  An  object  used  to  mark 
the  positions  of  triangulation  points.  Davies. 

Syn. — Signal  is  a sign  previously  agreed  upon, 
which  serves  to  give  warning  or  notice  of  something, 
and  is  arbitrary  ; a sign  enables  a person  to  recog- 
nize some  object,  and  may  be  natural.  We  converse 
with  those  who  are  present  by  signs ; we  convey  in- 
formation or  warning  to  those  who  are  at  a distance 
by  signals. 

SIG'NAL,  a.  [It.  segnalato ; Sp.  seiialado.]  Em- 
inent ; memorable  ; remarkable  ; extraordina- 
ry ; distinguished.  “ Signal  acts  of  cruelty.” 
Clarendon.  “ A very  signal  accident.”  Swift. 

SIG'NAL,  v.  a.  To  mark  with  a sign.  Layard. 

SlG'NAL-FIRE,  n.  A fire  serving  as  a signal. 

t SIG-NAL'!-TY,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state  of 
being  signal.  Browne. 

SlG'NAL-IZE,  V.  a.  [i.  SIGNALIZED  ; pp.  SIGNAL- 
IZING, SIGNALIZED.] 

1.  To  make  signal,  eminent,  or  remarkable ; 

to  celebrate  ; to  distinguish.  Addison. 

Some  one  eminent  spirit  having  signalized  his  valor  and 
fortune  in  defence  of  his  country.  Swift. 

2.  To  make  a signal  or  signals  to.  Rogct. 

3.  To  give  notice  of,  by  a signal,  or  by  tele- 

graph. “The  ship  was  signalized  about  eight 
o’clock.”  N.  Y.  Com.  Advertiser. 

Syn.  — See  Distinguish. 

SIG'NAL-LY,  ad.  Eminently;  remarkably  ; mem- 
orably. ’ South. 

SlG'NAL— POST,  I n_  a pole  or  Spar  erected  on 

SIG'NAL-STAfF,  ) some  prominent  or  some  dis- 
tinguishable place,  for  making  signals  to  ship- 
ping, &c.  Simmonds. 

t SIG-NA'TION,  n.  [L.  signatio.]  The  act  of 

signing ; sign.  Browne. 

f SIG’NA-TO-RY,  a.  [L.  signatorivs.]  Pertain- 
ing to,  or  used  in,  sealing.  Bailey. 

SIG'NA-TURE,  n.  [It.  segnatura  ; Sp.  signatura ; 
Fr.  signature.] 

1.  A sign  or  mark  impressed  ; a stamp. 


The  brain  being  well  furnished  with  various  traces,  signor 
tures,  und  images.  ifatts. 

Vulgar  parents  cannot  stamp  their  race 
With  signatures  of  such  majestic  grace.  Pope . 

2.  A mark  upon  any  body,  — particularly  on 
a plant,  by  which  it  was  formerly  supposed  its 
nature  or  medicinal  use  was  peinted.  More. 

Herbs  are  distinguished  by  marks  and  signatures.  Bo.ker . 

3.  A mark  giving  proof,  or  proof  drawn  from 

marks.  Glanvill. 

4.  The  name  of  a person  signed  or  subscribed 
as  to  an  instrument  or  writing. 

5.  (Eccl.  Law.)  A sort  of  rescript  without 

seal,  containing  the  supplication  for  a pardon, 
the  grant  of  the  pardon,  and  the  signature  of  the 
pope,  or  of  his  delegate.  Bouvier. 

6.  (Printing.)  A letter  or  figure  at  the  bottom 

of  the  first  page  of  each  sheet,  to  denote  the 
order  of  the  sheets,  and  to  facilitate  the  arran- 
ging of  them  for  binding.  Brande. 

7.  (Mus.)  The  flats  or  the  sharps  placed  after 

the  clef,  at  the  beginning  of  the  staff,  affecting, 
throughout  the  movement,  all  notes  of  the  same 
letter.  Brande. 

f SIG'NA-TURE,  v.  a.  To  mark  or  distinguish  by 
a signature  ; to  sign.  Cheyne. 

SIG'NA-TU-RIST,  n.  One  who  holds  the  doctrine 
of  signatures  impressed  naturally  on  bodies, 
especially  on  plants,  [r.]  Browne. 

SIGNER  (sln'er),  n.  One  who  signs. 

SIG'N^T,  n.  A seal  for  making  impressions;  — 
a sign  of  authority ; a royal  seal.  Dryden. 

Here  is  the  hand  and  seal  of  the  duke;  you  know  the  char- 
acter, I doubt  not,  and  the  signet.  Shak. 

Pricy  signet,  in  England,  one  of  the  seals  of  the 
sovereign,  used  in  sealing  private  letters  and  grants 
under  the  sign-manual.  Brande. 

( Scottish  Law.)  The  signet  is  the  seal  by  which  the 
king’s  letters  and  writs  for  the  purpose  of  justice  are 
now  authenticated. 

Writer  to  the  signet , (Scotland.)  anciently  a clerk  in 
the  office  of  the  secretary  of  state,  by  whom  writs 
were  prepared.  Craig. 

SIG'NJJT—  RING,  n.  A ring  containing  a signet  or 
seal.  Ay  tiff c . 

SIG-NIF  I-CANCL,  £ n i.  That  which  is  sig- 

SIG-NIF'I-CAN-CY,  ) nified;  meaning;  import. 
“ The  significance  of  his  action.”  Siillingfcet. 

2.  Power  of  signifying;  force;  energy. 
“ Terms  of  particular  significancy.”  Atterbury. 

3.  Importance ; moment ; consequence. 

A circumstance  of  less  significancy  has  been  construed  into 
an  overt  act  of  high  treason.  Addison. 

SIG-NIF'l-CANT,  a.  [I,,  significans ; It.  § Sp. 
significante ; Fr.  signifiant.] 

1.  Standing  as  a sign  of  something ; betok- 
ening; signifying;  significative;  indicative. 

It  was  well  said  by  Plotinus  that  the  stars  were  significant , 
but  not  efficient.  Raleigh. 

2.  Expressing  meaning ; bearing  signification. 

“ Significant  expressions.”  Holder. 

3.  Expressive  or  representative.  “ Such  rites 
and  ceremonies  as  are  significant."  Hooker. 

4.  Important ; momentous.  Johnson. 

Syn. — A look  is  significant  when  it  expresses  an 

idea  that  exists  in  the  mind,  and  expressive  when  it 
is  made  to  express  tile  whole  inind  or  heart.  Sig- 
nificant is  used  in  an  indifferent  sense;  expressive,  in 
a good  sense.  A significant  look  may  convey  a good 
or  a bad  idea  ; but  an  expressive  countenance  expresses 
good  feeling. 

f SIG-NIF'l-CANT,  n.  That  which  is  significant ; 
a sign  ; a token.  Shak. 

SfG-NlF'I-CANT-LY,  ad.  In  a significant  man- 
ner. South. 

SIG-NIF'I-CATE,  n.  (Logic.)  One  of  several  things 
signified  by  a common  term.  1 1 luitvhj . 

SIG-NI-Fj-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  significatio  ; It.  signi- 
ficazione;  Sp.  significacion  ; Fr.  signification.] 

1.  The  act  of  signifying  or  making  known  by 
signs  or  words ; expression. 

All  speaking  or  signification  of  one’s  mind  implies  an  act 
or  address  of  one  man  to  another.  South. 

2.  That  which  is  expressed  by  signs  or  words  ; 
meaning;  import;  sense. 

It  [Lord]  is  a word,  therefore,  of  large  and  various  signifi- 
cation.  Horsley. 

Tropes,  which,  you  know,  change  the  nature  of  a known 
word  by  applying  to  it  some  other  signification.  Dryden. 

3.  (French  Law.)  The  notice  given  of  a de- 
cree, sentence,  or  other  judicial  act.  Bouvier. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


SIGNIFICATIVE 


1339 


SILICO-FLUORIDE 


Syn.  — The  signification  of  a word  is  that  which  it 
is  made  to  signify  ; tile  meaning , that  which  it  is 
meant  to  express.  In  this  sense,  we  inay  say  indiffer- 
ently the  proper,  improper,  metaphorical,  general,  &c  , 
signification  or  meaning  of  words  ; Imt,  in  reference  to 
individuals,  meaning  is  more  proper  than  signification, 
as  to  convey  a meaning,  to  attach  a meaning  to  a word, 
and  not  to  convey  or  attach  a signification.  On  the 
other  hand,  it  is  more  proper  to  say  a literal  significa- 
tion than  a literal  meaning.  The  common  or  literal 
signification  of  a word  ; the  meaning  intended  to  be 
conveyed  ; the  import  of  the  phrase  or  the  terms  ; the 
sense  or  meaning  of  the  writer  or  of  the  sentence. 

S|G-NTF.'I-OA-TlVE,  a.  [L.  significatimis ; It.  Sf 
Sp.  significative) ; Fr.  signijicatif.) 

1.  Betokening  by  an  external*  sign. 

The  holy  symbols  or  signs  are  not  barely  significative. 

Uverewood. 

2.  Having  meaning  or  signification  ; strong- 
ly expressive.  “ Significative  words.”  Camden. 

SIG-NiF'I-CA-TIVE-EY,  ad.  In  a significative 
manner.  Abp.  Usher. 

SIG-NlF'I-C  A-TI VE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing significative.  West.  Rev. 

SIG-NIF'l-cA-TOR,  n.  One  who,  or  that  which, 
signifies.  Burton. 

S]G-NIF'I-C  A-TO-RY,  n.  That  which  signifies  or 
represents.  Bp.  Taylor. 

SlG-fiTI-FI-CA'  V1T,  n.  [L.,  he  has  signified.'] 
( Eccl . Law.)  A writ  issuing  out  of  chancery, 
upon  a certificate  given  by  the  ordinary  of  a 
man’s  standing  excommunicate  by  the  space  of 
forty  days,  for  his  confinement  in  prison  until 
he  submit  himself  to  the  authority  of  the  church  ; 
— so  termed  from  the  emphatic  word  in  the 
writ.  IVhishaw. 

SIG'NI-FY  (slg'ne-fl),  v.  a.  [L.  significo  ; signum, 
a sign,  and./ae/o,  to  make  ; It.  significare  ; Sp. 
significar;  Fr.  significr.]  \i.  SIGNIFIED;  pp. 
SIGNIFYING,  SIGNIFIED.] 

1.  To  make  known  by  some  sign;  to  express 
or  declare  by  a token;  to  betoken  ; to  point  to. 

Then  Paul  took  the  men,  and,  the  next  day,  purifying 
himself  with  them, entered  into  the  temple,  to  signify  the  ac- 
complishment of  the  days  of  purification.  Acts  xxi.  I'd. 

Nobody  ever  saw  one  animal,  by  its  gestures  and  natural 
cries,  signify  to  another,  This  is  mine;  that  yours;  I am  will- 
ing to  give  this  for  that.  A.  Smith. 

2.  To  make  known  ; to  declare  ; to  proclaim. 

It  secmetli  to  me  unreasonable  to  send  a prisoner,  and  not 

withal  to  signify  the  crimes  laid  against  him.  Acts  xxv.  27. 

3.  To  mean  ; to  express ; to  denote ; to  im- 
ply ; to  purport. 

It  is  a tale 

Told  by  an  idiot,  full  of  sound  and  fury, 

Signifying  nothing.  Shak. 

4.  To  import;  to  weigh.  “ What  signifies  the 

splendors  of  courts  ? ” Is  Estrange. 

If  the  first  of  these  fall,  the  power  of  Adam,  were  it  never 
so  great,  will  signify  nothing  to  the  present  societies  in  the 
world.  Locke. 

SIG'NI-FY,  v.  n.  To  express  meaning  with  force. 

If  the  words  he  but  comely  and  signifying.  B.  Jonson. 

S/GNIOR  (sen'yur),  n.  [It.  signore.]  A title  of 
respect  in  some  countries.  — See  Seignior. 

f SIGN'IOR-IZE  (sen'yur-Iz),  v.  a.  To  lord  over  ; 
to  seigniorize.  . Skelton. 

f SIGN'IOR-IZE  (sen'yur-Iz),  V.  71.  To  have  do- 
minion ; to  bear  rule.  Old  Play. 

SIGN'IOR-y  (sen'yur-e),  n.  [It.  signoria.] 

1.  Dominion  or  domain  ; seigniory.  Shak. 

2.  f Priority  of  birth  ; seniority.  Shak. 

SIGN'— MAN'IJ-AL,  n.  {Eng.  Law.)  The  royal  sig- 
nature of  England  written  at  the  top  of  grants 
and  letters.  Whishato. 

SIGN'— PAlNT-^R,  71.  A painter  of  signs  for  shop- 
keepers, &c.  Bimiey. 

SIGN'— POST  (sln'post),  n.  A post  on  which  a 
sign  is  suspended  or  fitted.  Dryden. 


| SILE,  71.  [Sw.  sil.] 

1.  A fine  sieve.  [Local,  Eng.]  W7'ight. 

2.  A young  herring.  Pe7inant. 

I SEEpNCE,  71.  [L.  silentiu77i ; sileo,  to  be  silent; 

It.  stlenzio  ; Sp.  silencio  ; Fr.  sile/ice.] 

1 The  state  of  being  silent;  absence  of  sound 
or  noise  ; stillness  ; noiselessness  ; quiet. 

Hail,  happy  groves,  calm  and  secure  retreat 

Of  sacred  silence , rest’s  eternal  scat.  Iiosconitnon. 

2.  The  state  of  holding  peace  ; forbearance  of 
speech  or  utterance  ; — taciturnity  ; muteness. 

Unto  me  men  gave  ear,  and  waited,  and  kept  silence  at  my 
counsel.  Job  xxix.  21. 

I was  dumb  with  silence:  I held  my  peace.  Ps.  xxxix.  2. 

3.  Want  of  mention ; oblivion  ; obscurity. 

Thus  fame  shall  be  achieved. 

And  what  most  merits  fame  in  silence  hid.  Milton. 

4.  Withdrawal  from  notice ; secrecy  Johnson. 

Syn.  — See  Taciturnity. 

SL'LIJNCE,  uiterj.  Be  silent!  be  still ! Shak. 

Sl'LpNCE,  V.  a.  [*.  SILENCED  ; pp.  SILENCING, 
SILENCED.] 

1.  To  make  silent;  to  put  to  silence;  to  re- 

strain from  sound  or  noise;  to  still;  to  hush. 
“ Silence  that  dreadful  bell.”  Shak. 

Suspend  the  fight,  and  silence  all  our  guns.  Waller. 

2.  To  restrain  from  speaking  ; to  oblige  to 
hold  peace.  “ The  ambassador  is  silenced.”  Shak. 

If  it  please  him  altogether  to  silence  me, . . . yet  I hope  he 
will  give  me  grace  even  in  my  thoughts  to  praise  him.  Watts. 

3.  To  quiet ; to  put  to  rest ; to  put  an  end  to. 

This  would  silence  all  further  opposition.  Clarendon. 

Si-LE  N£,  7i.  [L.  Silenus,  the  drunken  attendant 

of  Bacchus.]  ( Bot .)  A genus  of  small  incon- 
spicuous plants,  of  numerous  species,  mostly 
herbaceous  and  annual,  and  usually  covered  with 
a viscid  secretion  ; catch-fly.  Loudon. 

Sl'LyNT,  a.  [L.  silens ; sileo,  to  be  silent;  It. 
sile7izioso ; Sp . silencioso  \ Fr . silencieux.] 

1.  Having  no  noise  or  sound ; still ; noise- 
less ; quiet.  “ The  sile7it  waves.”  Spe/tser. 

2.  Not  speaking  ; mute  ; dumb. 

O my  God,  I cry  ...  in  the  night  season,  and  am  not 
silent.  Bs.  xxii.  2. 

To  persevere  in  one's  duty,  and  be  silent,  is  the  best  answer 
to  calumny.  Washington. 

3.  Taciturn;  not  talkative  : not  loquacious. 

Ulysses,  adds  he,  was  the  most  eloquent  and  silent  of  men. 

Broome. 

4.  Not  mentioning  or  proclaiming. 

This  new-created  world,  whereof  in  hell 

Fame  is  not  silent.  Milton. 

5.  Wanting  efficacy ; inoperative.  Raleigh. 

6.  Not  pronounced  ; as,  “ A silent  letter.” 

Silent  partner,  one  who  assists  in  furnishing  means 

to  carry  on  a business,  ami  shares  in  its  profits  or 
losses,  without  taking  an  active  or  ostensible  part  in 
it ; a dormant  partner.  — See  Dormant. 

Syn. — See  Dumb. 

fSl'LpNT,  n.  Silence,  or  silent  period.  “The 
silent  of  the  night.”  Shak. 

f SI-LEN'TI-A-RY  (sl-len'she-rt-re),  n.  [Low  L. 
silent iarius!]  One  who  is  appointed  to  keep 

silence  or  order  in  court: — one  sworn  not  to 
divulge  secrets  of  state.  Jolmson.  Barrow. 

SI  L^NT-Ly,  ad.  In  a silent  manner;  with  si- 
lence or  stillness  ; without  noise  or  speech. 

SI’L^NT-NESS,  71.  State  of  being  silent ; silence. 

SI-LE'SI-A  (se-le'she-j),  71.  A kind  of  linen  orig- 
inally made  in  Silesia,  in  Prussia.  S/nart. 

SJ-LE'SI  AN  (se-le'shjn),  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  made 
in,  Silesia.  Wright. 

SI-LE  SIAN,  7i.  {Geog.)  A native  or  an  inhabit- 
ant of  Silesia.  Claike. 

SILpX,  7i.  [L.,  a flint.]  {Min.)  Pure  quartz,  or 

flint;  silicic  acid;  silica.  — See  Silica.  Dana. 


f SlK,  f SIKE,  a.  Such.  — See  Sich.  Spoiser. 
SlKE,  7i.  1.  f A sign.  Chaucer. 

2.  A sick  person.  [Local,  Eng.]  Wright. 

3.  A small  stream ; a rill.  [Local,  Eng.]  Todd. 

t SIK'pR,  a.  & ad.  Sure : — surely.  Chaucer. 
f SIK'£R-NESS,  n.  Sureness.  Chaucer. 


SIEE,  v.  a.  [Sw.  sila.]  To  strain  or  skim,  as  milk  : 
— to  boil  gently.  [Local,  Eng.]  G/-ose.  Wright. 


SILHOUETTE  (sil'6-et'),  71.  [Fr.,  from  Silhouette, 
a French  minister  of  finance,  the  inventor  or 
improver.]  {Erne  Arts.)  A profile,  or  the  entire 
figure  of  any  thing  represented  in  black,  the 
form  being  indicated  only  by  the  outline  : — a flat 
piece  of  metal,  card,  or  other  material  cut  so  as 
to  represent  the  outline  of  any  figure.  Fairholt. 

JS3F  Tho  invention  of  what  is  called  a silhouette  is, 

however,  ascribed  to  a remote  period The  Etruscan 

vases  furnish,  to  an  amazing  extent, and  in  boundless 


variety,  some  of  the  most  beautifully  drawn  and  ele- 
gant monochromes,  or  silhouettes,  that  have  ever  been 
executed.  Braude. 

SlL'I-CA,  7i.  [L.  silex,  silicis,  a flint.]  {Client.) 

A substance  composed  of  silicon  and  oxygen, 
constituting  the  principal  portion  of  most  of  the 
hard  stones  and  minerals  which  compose  the 
crust  of  the  globe,  and  occurring  nearly  pure  in 
rock  crystal,  quartz,  agate,  chalcedony,  flint,  &c. 
It  is  capable  of  forming  salts  with  bases,  and  is 
hence  called  also  silicic  acid.  Ure. 

BPS-  Silica  was  formerly  ranked  among  the  earths 
proper,  but  since  the  researches  of  Davy  and  Berzeli- 
us, it  has  been  transferred  to  the  class  of  acids.  When 
prepared  pure  it  is  a white,  tasteless,  inodorous  pow- 
der, rough  to  the  touch,  gritty  between  the  teeth,  and 
insoluble  in  any  acid  except  the  fluoric.  In  its  solid 
form  it  is  quite  insoluble  in  water,  but  Berzelius  has 
shown  that  if  presented  to  water,  while  in  the  nascent 
state,  it  is  dissolved  in  large  quantity.  Its  specific 
gravity  is  2.66.  Ure.  Turner. 

SIEI-CATE,  n.  A compound  of  silicic  acid  and 

some  base.  Ure. 

SI  L'[-CAT-£D,  a.  Impregnated  with  silica.  Brande. 

Silicated  soap,  ( Chem .)  a mixture  of  silicate  of  soda 
and  hard  soap,  — usually  adulterated  with  china 

clay.  Purnell. 

SIE'ICE,  n.  {Bot.)  A silicle.  S/nart. 

SI-Lly'IC,  a.  Derived  from  or  containing  silica. 

Silicic  acid,  (Chem.)  silica.  — See  Silica. 

sTL-I-CI-CAL-CA  Itp-OUS,  a.  Consisting  of  silica 
and  calcareous  matter.  Clarke. 

SIL-I-CI-CALCE',  n.  [L.  silex,  flint,  and  calx,  Cal- 
ais, lime  or  limestone.]  (Min.)  A mixture  of 
silica  and  carbonate  of  lime  occurring  in  amor- 
phous masses  in  Provence.  Brongniait. 

SlE-I-dF'JgR-OCrS,  a.  [L.  silex  and  fero,  to  bear.] 
Containing  silica.  Ure. 

SI-LIC-1-FI-cA'TION,  7i.  Conversion  into  stone 
by  the  infiltration  of  silicious  matter  ; petrifac- 
tion. Sir  J.  C.  Ross. 

SI-Ll(l'!-FiED,  p.  a.  Petrified  or  mineralized  by 
silicious  earth.  Lyell. 

SI-Lin  i-FY,  v.  a.  [L.  silex,  silicis,  flint,  and  facio, 
to  make.]  To  convert  into  silica,  or  to  petrify 
by  silica.  Dana. 

S[-Ll''CIOUS  (se-lish'us),  a.  [L.  silicius,  silicons ; 
silex,  silicis,  flint.]  Pertaining  to,  resembling,  or 
containing  silica.  “ Silicious  earth.”  Kirwan. 

Silicious  sinter,  (Min.)  a light,  cellular  quartz. Dana. 

pftp  This  word  is  written  silicious  and  siliceous. 
The  orthography  of  silicious  is  that  which  is  found  in 
nearly  or  quite  all  the  common  English  dictionaries  ; 
but  that  of  siliceous  is  more  common  in  works  of  sci- 
ence. It  is  sometimes  confounded  with  ciltcious. 

SIE'I-CITE,  n.  (Min.)  A mineral  composed  of 
silica,  alumina,  lime,  and  soda ; labradorite ; 
Labrador  spar.  It  is  susceptible  of  a fine  pol- 
ish, is  often  very  beautiful  from  its  chatoyant 
reflections,  and  is  sometimes  used  in  jewellery. 

Da/ia. 

SI-LPl'I-TED,  a.  Impregnated  with  silica. Kirwan. 

S!-Li"C!-UM  (se-Iish’e-um),  n.  (Che7n.)  The  name 
formerly  applied  to  silicon  when  it  was  classed 
with  the  metals.  — See  Silicon.  Tui'ner. 

SI-I.Ic’I-y-RET-TyD,  a.  (Chem.)  Containing,  or 
combined  with,  silicon.  Graha7n. 

Sihciuretted  hydrogen,  (Chem  ) a remarkable  gaseous 
compound  of  silicon  and  hydrogen,  which  takes  fire 
spontaneously  when  it  escapes  into  the  air,  producing 
a brilliant  white  light  and  a copious  white  flame. 

Graham. 

SIL'I-CLE,  71.  [L.  silicula,  dim.  of  siliqva,  a pod.] 

(Bot.)  A pod,  as  that  of  shepherd’s  purse,  dif- 
fering from  the  silique  only  in  being  short  and 
broad  ; a pouch.  Gray. 

SlL-T-CO-FLU'ATE,  n.  (Chem.)  A salt  composed 
of  silicofluoric  acid  and  a salifiable  base.  Bra7ide. 

SIL-I-CO-FLU-OR'IC,  a.  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid 
composed  of  hydrofluoric  acid  and  fluoride  of 
silicon,  and  combining  with  bases  to  form  salts  ; 
hydrofluosilicic.  Miller. 

SIL'I-CQ— FLU'O-RIDE,  n.  (Chem.)  A compound 
of  silicon  and  fluorine;  as,  silico-fluonde  of  po- 
tassium. Bnmde. 


MIEN,  SIR  ; MOVE,  NOR,  SON  ; BUEL,  BUR,  RIJLE. 


— 9.  <?>  £>  soft;  S. 


hard;  § as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


SILICON 


1340 


SILVER 


SILT-CON,  n.  ( Chem .)  A simple,  non-metallic, 
infusible  substance,  constituting  the  base  of 
silica. 

Hi, ' There  are  three  modifications  of  silicon  which 
exhibit  different  appearances  and  have  different  prop- 
erties, in  respect  to  combustibility,  solubility,  t lie 
power  of  conducting  electricity,  &c.  Two  of  them 
are  in  the  form  of  a dull  powder;  the  other  is  in  the 
form  of  brilliant  plates  possessed  of  metallic  lustre. 
Miller. 

SI-LIC'U-LA,  n.  [L.]  ( Bot .)  A silicle.  Branch. 

SIL'I-CULE,  n.  (Bot.)  A silicle.  Loudon. 

SI-LIC-U-LOSE',  a.  [L.  silicula,  a pod.] 

1.  (Bot.)  Bearing,  or  pertaining  to,  silicles. 

Gray. 

2.  Full  of  husks;  husky.  Bailey. 

•f-PI-LItj-I-NOSE',  a.  [L.  siligo,  fine  wheat.]  Made 
of  fine  wheat.  Bailey. 

Si  LING— DISH,  n.  [Sw.  sila,  to  strain.]  A strain- 
er ; a colander.  [Local,  Eng.]  Barret. 

SIL'r-QUA,  n. ; pi.  siliqvje.  [L.] 

1.  (Bot.)  A silicle.  Henslow. 

2.  (Gold  Finers.)  A carat;  a weight  of  about 

four  grains.  Bailey. 

SI-LIC1UE'  (se-lek'),  n.  [Fr.]  (Bot.)  A long,  nar- 
row, two-celled  pod  having  a false  partition 
between  the  two  parietal  placentae,  as  in  plants 
of  the  mustard  family.  Gray. 

SIL-I-CiUEL'LA,  n.  (Bot.)  A subordinate  part  of 
such  fruit  as  the  poppy,  composed  of  the  carpel 
and  two  extended  placenta;.  Henslow. 

SIL'I-QUI-FORM,  a.  Having  the  form  of  a si- 
lique.  Clarke. 

SiL-I-aUO'SA,  n.  [L.  siliqua,  a pod.]  (Bot.)  A 
Linnaoan  order  of  plants,  containing  those  whose 
seed-vessels  are  siliques.  Hensloio. 

SIL-I-dUOSE',  a.  (Bot.)  Bearing  siliques,  or  pods 
resembling  siliques.  Gray. 

SILK,  n.  [A.  S.  seolc  ; Hut.  zijde  ; Ger.  seide ; 
Dan.  4;  Sw.  silke  ; Icel.  silki.  — Ir.  sioda  ; W.  si- 
dan.  — Russ,  schilk.  — Gr.  aypuciv,  Xnpcs,  a peo- 
ple of  Eastern  Asia  (the  Chinese),  from  whom 
the  ancients  first  obtained  silk  ; L.  sericum  ; It. 
seta ; Sp.  seda;  Fr.  sole. — Arab.  5,  Per.  silk,  a 
thread.  — Chinese,  se,  silk.  — Bostcorth  derives 
the  Arab,  and  Per.  from  Arab,  salaka,  to  send 
in,  to  insert,  to  pass  or  go.  — Richardson  derives 
the  A.  S.  and  Eng.  from  L.  sericum  (Gr.  oi/ptKdu), 
and  the  Ger.,  It.,  Fr.,  &c.,  from  L.  Sidonii,  the 
Sidonians  or  Phoenicians. — Landais  and  Diez 
derive  the  It.,  Sp.,  Fr.,  Ger.,  &c.,  from  L.  seta, 
thick,  stiff  hair  on  animals.] 

1.  Fine,  glossy  thread,  spun,  in  the  form  of 
cocoons,  by  various  species  of  caterpillars,  es- 
pecially by  the  larva:  of  the  genus  Bombyx,  or 
Phalama,  or  the  silk-worm,  being  secreted  by 
two  glandular  organs.  Eng.  Cyc.  Micrcg.  Viet. 

2.  Cloth  made  of  silk.  “ Rustling  of  silks." 
Shak.  “ Persian  silks.”  Waller. 

3.  The  style  of  maize ; — so  called  on  account 
of  its  resemblance  to  threads  of  silk.  Clarke. 

Raw  silk,  thread  made  by  winding  off  on  a reel  sev- 
eral cocoons  immersed  iu  hot  water  to  soften  the  nat- 
ural gum  on  the  filaments.  Braiulc.  — Virginian  silk, 
a climbing  plant  growing  in  Syria  ; Periploca  Grccca. 
Crabb. 

SILK,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  made  of,  silk  ; silken. 

SILK'— COT-TON  (-kot'tn),  n.  The  cottony  sub- 
stance surrounding  the  seeds  of  the  silk-cotton- 
tree.  Simmonds. 

SILK'— COT'TON— TREE,  n.  (Bot.)  The  common 
name  of  evergreen  trees  of  the  genus  Bombax, 
native  of  South  America  and  the  East  and  West 
Indies,  the  seeds  of  which  are  enveloped  in  a 
cottony  substance.  • Loudon. 

SILK1— DRESS-1JR,  n.  One  employed  in  dressing, 
or  stiffening  and  smoothing  silk.  Simmonds. 

SILK'EN  (silk'kn),  a.  1.  Made  of  silk ; silk.  “A 
silken  thread.”  Shak. 

2.  Resembling  silk  ; silky ; soft.  Dryden. 

3.  Soft ; tender ; delicate.  “ Silken  lan- 
guage.” Watts. 

4.  Dressed  in  silk.  “ A cockered,  silken  wan- 
ton.” Shak. 

SILK'EN  (silk'kn),  v.  a.  To  make  soft  or  smooth 
like  silk,  [it.]  Dyer. 


SILK'-GRAsS,  n.  1.  A filamentous  plant  of  the 
genus  Yucca,  or  Adam’s  needle.  Farm.  Ency. 

2.  The  fine  fibres  of  Agavevi  vipara  and  Agave 
yuccafolia.  Simmonds. 

SILK'I-NESS,  n.  1.  Quality  or  state  of  being 
silky  ; softness  and  smoothness.  Chesterfield. 

2.  Effeminacy  ; pusillanimity.  B.  Jonson. 

SILK'mAN,  n.  A dealer  in  silk;  a silk-mercer. 
“ Master  Smooth’s,  the  silkman.”  Shak. 

SlLK'-MER-CpR,  n.  A dealer  in  silk.  Johnson. 

SILK'— MILL,  n.  A manufactory  of  raw  or  thrown 
silk,  or  of  silk  goods.  Sterne. 

fSlLK'NESS,  n.  Silkiness.  B.  Jonson. 

SILK'— SHAG,  n.  A coarse,  rough,  woven  silk, 
resembling  plush.  Simmonds. 

SILK'— THROW-^R,  n.  One  who  twists  or  spins 
and  prepares  silk  for  weaving ; one  who  makes 
thrown-silk  ; a silk-throwster.  Simmonds. 

SILK'—1 THROW-STJJR,  n.  One  who  twists  or 
spins  and  prepares  silk  for  weaving ; a silk- 
thrower.  Branch. 

SILK'— TREE,  n.  (Bot.)  An  ornamental,  decidu- 
ous tree,  indigenous  in  the  Levant.  Louclon. 

SILK'— WEAV-£R,  n.  One  who  weaves  silk. 

SILK'-WEED,  n.  (Bot.)  A name  of  perennial, 
upright  herbs  of  the  genus  Asclcpias,  the  seeds 
of  which  are  furnished  with  a long  tuft  of  silky 
hairs  at  the  hilum  ; milk- weed.  Cray. 

SILK'— WORM  (-wiirm),  n.  A caterpillar  or  larva 
which  produces  silk,  especially  of  the  Bombyx 
mori,  a lepidopterous  insect.  Its  profier  food  is 
the  mulberry.  Eng.  Cyc. 

SILK'— WORM-GUT  (-wiirm-),  n.  A substance 
prepared  from  the  entrails  of  silk-worms,  for 
making  lines  for  angling.  Tomlinson. 

SlLK'— WORM— ROT  (-wiirm-),  n.  A disease  affect- 
ing silk-worms  ; muscardine.  Simmonds. 

SlLK'Y,  a.  1.  Made  of  silk  ; silken.  Shenstone. 

2.  Resembling  silk  ; glossy  and  smooth.  Dana. 

3.  Soft ; tender.  Smith  on  Old  Age. 

4.  (Bot.)  Covered  with  very  fine,  close-pressed 

hairs,  silky  to  the  touch.  Lindley. 

Si  LL,  n.  [A.  S.  syl ; Ger.  schwelle  ; Dan.  sylcl ; 
Sw.  syll\  Icel.  §-  W.  sail,  syl ; Ir.  <Sf  Gael,  sail,  a 
beam.  — Low  L.  solium,  from  L.  solum,  base, 
foundation,  ground  ; It.  saglia ; Fr.  seuil.) 

1.  (Arch.)  The  lower,  horizontal  piece  of  a 

frame,  as  of  a door  or  window  : — the  lower  hor- 
izontal part  of  a framed  partition  : — a beam  or 
timber  on  which  the  external  wall  of  a building 
rests  ; ground-sill.  Britton.  Clarke. 

2.  A shaft  of  a carriage  [Local.]  Wright. 

3.  A herring.  [Local,  Eng.]  Halliwell. 

SlL'LA-BUB,  n.  A liquor  made  of  milk  and  wine, 
or  of  milk  and  cider  and  sugar.  Wotton. 

SI L'LI-LY,  ad.  In  a silly  manner;  foolishly. 

SiL'LJ-MAN-ITE,  n.  (Min.)  A silicate  of  alumi- 
na; — so  named  from  Professor  Silliman.  Dana. 

SIL'LI-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  silly  ; harm- 
less folly  ; simplicity.  Bentley. 

SlL'LOCK,  n.  [Gael,  shialac. — Sw.  sill,  a herring.] 
A name  in  the  Orkneys  for  the  coal-fish,  a spe- 
cies of  Gadus,  or  cod;  — also  written  sellok,  si- 
lak,  and  sillak.  Jamieson. 

SIL'LON,  n.  [Fr.  sillon,  a furrow,  from  L.  sulcus.) 
(Fort.)  A work  raised  in  the  middle  of  a ditch, 
to  defend  it  when  it  is  too  wide;  — called  also 
envelope.  Stocqueler. 

SII/LY,  a.  [A.  S.  gescelig,  geselig,  scelig,  happy  ; 
Ger .'  selig.  — Scot,  sely  ; Old  Eng.  seely,  sely ,1 

1.  t Happy;  fortunate.  Wickliffe. 

2.  f Weak  ; frail.  “ My  silly  bark.”  Spenser. 

3.  f Rustic  ; rude;  plain.  “A  fourth  man 

in  a silly  habit.”  Shak. 

4.  -(-Harmless;  inoffensive;  artless.  Spenser. 

5.  Timid;  pusillanimous.  [Scot.]  Jamieson. 

6.  Simple  ; witless  ; senseless  ; foolish ; stu- 
pid ; weak-minded ; stolid. 

The  meanest  subjects  censure  the  actions  of  the  greatest 
prince;  the  silliest  servants,  of  the  wisest  master.  Temjrte. 

7.  Weak  from  sickness  or  disease  ; sickly. 
[Scot.,  and  local,  Eng.]  Jamieson.  Wright. 

Syn.  — See  Simple. 


f SIL'LY-HoW,  n.  [A.  S.  saelig,  happy,  and  Dut. 
huive,  a hood  ; Scot,  silyhou :.]  The  membrane 
that  covers  the  head  of  the  foetus.  Browne. 


SI'LO,  n.  A pit  or  subterraneous  repository  for 
grain.  Simmonds. 


SIL'  PHI- (JM,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  olhfuov,  a plant 
that  produced  a gum-resin.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of 
tall,  rough,  perennial  herbs,  with  a copious  res- 
inous juice  ; rosin  plant.  Gray. 


SILT,  n.  [Sw.  sila,  to  strain,  to  filter  ; sylta,  to 
pickle.] 

1.  f Mud  ; slime  ; sediment.  Hale. 

2.  (Geol.)  Fine  sand,  clay  and  earth  trans- 
ported by  running  water,  and  often  accumulated 
in  banks,  as  at  the  mouth  of  rivers.  Brande. 

SILT,  V.  a.  \i.  SILTED  ; pp.  SILTING,  SILTED.]  To 
choke  or  obstruct  by  accumulations  of  mud, 
clay,  sand,  or  earth.  Lycll. 

SILT'Y,  a.  Of  the  nature  of  silt.  Carlyle. 


SI-LU'RI-AN,  a.  [L.  Silures,  an  ancient  people  of 
Britain.]  (Geol.)  Noting  the  group  of  primary 
fossiliferous  strata  found  below  the  old  red  sand- 
stone or  Devonian  group,  and  above  the  Cam- 
brian group;  — so  termed  by  Murchison  from 
their  being  best  developed  in  that  part  of  Eng- 
land and  Wales  formerly  included  in  the  ancient 
kingdom  of  the  Silures,  and  called  also  grau- 
wacke  or  graywacke  series.  Lyell. 

j(!£g»The  Silurian  group  comprises  the  greater  part 
of  the  strata  formerly  called  transition  rocks  or  strata. 
Some  authors  include  in  the  Silurian  group  the  Cam- 
brian and  Cumbrian  strata,  which  are  next  above  the 
metamorphic  rocks.  Lycll.  Ansted. 


SI-LU'  Rl-DJE,  n.  pi. 

(Icli.)  A family  of 
malacopterygious 
fishes,  of  which  the 
genus  Silurus  is  the 
type.  They  are  with- 
out true  scales,  and 
chiefly  inhabit  fresh 
waters  in  warm  climates. 


Silurus  glnnis. 


Baird. 


SI-LU'RI-dAn,  n. 
luridee. 


(Ich.)  A fish  of  the  family  Si- 
ll rand  c. 


SI-LU' RUS,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  oll.ovpos.)  (Ich.) 
A genus  of  fishes  constituting  the  type  of  the 
family  Siluridee.  Baird. 

SIL'VAN,  a.  Relating  to,  or  abounding  with, 
woods;  woody.  — See  Sylvan.  Dryden. 

SIL’VAN-ITE,  n.  (Min.)  A very  sectile  mineral, 
sometimes  crystallized,  of  a metallic  lustre,  and 
composed  of  tellurium,  gold,  and  silver ; — 
called  also  graphic  tellurium,  and  highly  valua- 
ble as  an  ore  of  gold.  Dana. 

SlL  VA§,  n.  pi.  [L.  silva,  a wood.]  Wooded 
plains  in  South  America.  St.  John. 

SIL'VpR,  n.  [M.  Goth,  silubr ; A.  S.  seolfer,  syl- 
for  ; Dut.  zilver  ; Ger.  silber  ; Dan.  sC.lv  ; Sw. 
silfver ; Icel.  silfr.  — Russ,  screbro .] 

T.  A white,  very  malleable,  ductile,  tenacious, 
and  crystallizable  metal,  of  a brilliant  lustre 
when  polished,  much  used  for  coin  and  plate. 

USp  Silner  has  a specific  gravity  of  10.53  ; is  fusible 
at  1S733  Fahrenheit,  and  on  cooling  undergoes  consid- 
erable expansion  at  the  moment  of  becoming  solid  ; is 
intermediate  between  copper  and  gold  in  hardness ; is 
an  excellent  conductor  of  heat  and  electricity  ; is  not 
oxidized  by  exposure  to  a dry  or  to  a moist  atmos- 
phere, but  is  tarnished  by  sulphuretted  hydrogen,  a 
thill  film  of  sulphide  of  silver  being  formed.  Silrcr 
has  been  used  as  a medium  of  exchange  by  all  civ- 
ilized nations  from  the  earliest  ages.  It  occurs  in 
small  quantities  in  very  many  localities,  and  is  found 
in  considerable  quantities  in  Norway,  Saxony,  Bohe- 
mia, Siberia,  but  most  abundantly  in  Mexico  and  Pe- 
ru. Miller.  Amer.  Ency. 

2.  Money  or  coin  of  silver.  Johnson. 

Antimonial  silver,  (Min.)  a mineral  of  a metallic 
lustre,  sometimes  crystallized,  and  composed  of  silver 

and  antimony  ; called  also  discrasite.  Dana. dr  sc  me 

silver,  (Min.)  a mixture  of  mispickel,  arsenical  iron, 
and  discrasite.  Dana.  ■ — Bismuth  silver,  (Min.)  a 
soft,  sectile  mineral,  rarely  presenting  acicular  or 
capillary  crystallizations,  generally  amorphous,  of  a 
tin-white  or  grayish  color,  and  consisting  of  bismuth, 
lead,  silver,  iron,  copper,  and  sulphur  ; called  also  bis- 
mutliic  silver  ore.  Dima.  — Black  silver,  (Mm.)  a sec- 
tile, iron-black  mineral,  sometimes  crystallized,  of  a 
metallic  lustre,  and  composed  of  silver,  antimony, 
and  sulphur.  This  valuable  ore  of  silver  occurs  in 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  K,  short;  A,  JJ,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


SILVER 


1341 


SIMIOUS 


Germany,  Mexico,  and  Peru.  It  is  also  called  brittle 
silver  ore,  brittle  silver  glance,  brittle  sulphuret  of  sil- 
ver, and  stephanite,  Dana.  — Bromic  silver,  (Min.)  a 
sectile  mineral  of  splendent  lustre,  occurring  in  small 
concretions,  rarely  in  crystals,  and  consisting  of  bro- 
mine and  silver  : — called  also  bromyritc  and  bromite, 
and  found  in  Mexico,  Chili,  and  Brittany.  Dana. 

— Horn  silver,  (Mm.)  a sectile  mineral,  sometimes 
crystallized,  usually  massive,  and  looking  like  wax  ; 
sometimes  columnar  or  bent  columnar,  and  often  in 
crusts  ; of  various  colors,  more  or  less  translucent, 
and  composed  of  chlorine  and  silver  ; — valuable  as  a 
silver  ore,  and  called  also  chloride  of  silver,  and  kerar - 
gyrite.  Dana.  — Cupreous  sulphuret  of  silver,  (Min.) 
a sectile,  dark  steel-gray  mineral,  crystallized,  mas- 
sive, or  compact,  of  a metallic  lustre,  and  composed 
of  silver,  copper,  and  sulphur  ; — called  also  sulphuret 
of  silver  and  copper,  and  stromeyerite.  Dana.  — Flex- 
ible silver  ore,  (Mtn.)  a variety  of  sternbergite,  and 
consisting  of  silver,  iron,  and  sulphur.  Dana — 
Gray  silver,  (Min.)  a sectile,  brittle,  crystalline  min- 
eral, of  metallic  lustre,  of  various  shades  of  gray, 
and  composed  of  sulphur,  antimony,  lead,  and  silver  , 

— called  also  freislebcnite,  antimonial  sulphuret  of  sil- 
ver, and  sulphuret  of  silver  and  antimony.  Dana. — 
Fulminating  silver,  (Chem.)  a very  explosive  black 
powder,  formed  by  digesting  for  some  hours  newly 
precipitated  oxide  of  silver  in  concentrated  ammonia  ; 

— supposed  by  some  chemists  to  be  an  ammoniuret  of 
silver,  and  by  others  a nitride  of  silver.  Graham.  Miller. 

— Iodic  silver,  (Min.)  a soft,  sectile,  yellow,  or  yellow- 
ish mineral,  occurring  in  crystals,  and  in  thin,  sectile, 
flexible  plates,  and  composed  of  iodine  and  silver;  — 

called  also  ioduritc.  Dana. N'ativc  silver,  (Mtn.)  a 

white,  ductile  mineral,  consisting  of  silver,  with 
some  copper,  gold,  platinum,  antimony,  and  other 
metals  ; of  metallic  lustre,  occurring  crystallized,  in 
plates,  or  superficial  coatings,  and  in  masses.  When 
pure,  it  has  a specific  gravity  of  10.5.  It  is  some- 
times found  in  masses  weighing  several  hundred 
pounds.  — Ruby  silver,  (Min.)  a sectile  mineral,  some- 
times crystallized,  of  a black  color,  sometimes  ap 
preaching  to  cochineal-red,  of  a metallic,  adamantine 
lustre,  and  composed  of  silver,  antimony,  and  sul- 
phur ; — called  also pyrargyrite  and  black  silver.  Dana. 

— Telluric  silver,  (Min.)  a gray,  slightly  malleable 
mineral,  occurring  granular  and  in  coarse  grained 
masses,  of  metallic  lustre,  and  composed  of  tellurium 
and  silver; — called  also  hessite.  Dana.  — Vitreous 
silver,  (Min.)  an  opaque,  blackish  lead-gray  mineral, 
sometimes  crystallized,  of  metallic  lustre,  and  com- 
posed of  sulphur  and  silver ; — called  also  silver  glance, 
and  sulphuret  of  silver.  Dana. — Silver  glance.  See  VIT- 
REOUS Silver.  — Brittle  silver  glance,  or  ore,  (Min.) 
See  Black  Silver.  — German  silver,  a compound  of 
copper,  nickel,  and  zinc,  of  a yellowish-white  color, 
and,  when  freshly  polished,  resembling  silver ; — called 
also  packfong.  Miller. — Light-red  silver  ore , (Min.) 
a suh  transparent,  or  sub-translucent,  cochineal-red, 
crystallized  or  granular  mineral,  of  adamantine 
lustre,  and  composed  of  silver,  arsenic,  and  sulphur  ; 

— called  also  proustite.  Dana. 


SIL'VER,  a.  1.  Made  or  consisting  of  silver. 
“The  silver  cup.”  Gen.  xliv.  2. 

2.  White  like  silver  ; silvery.  Shak. 

3.  Soft  and  clear  of  sound.  “ Their  silver 

voices.”  Spenser. 

4.  Gentle;  quiet.  “ Silver  slumber.”  Spenser. 


SIL'VER,  v.  a.  [ i . silvered;^,  silvering, 

SILVERED.] 

1.  To  cover  with  a thin  coating  of  silver  or  of 
quicksilver,  or  of  an  amalgam,  as  of  quicksil- 
ver and  tin-foil  in  making  mirrors. 

As  in  cloth  of  silver  and  silvered  rapiers.  Bacon. 

A ring  silvered  o’er  with  mercurial  fumes.  Boyle. 
The  inside  of  glass  globes  is  silvered  by  pouring  into  them 
a fusible  alloy  of  tin,  lead,  bismuth,  and  mercury.  Bitjelow. 

2.  To  adorn  with  mild  or  soft  lustre. 

Smiling  calmness  silvered  o’er  the  deep.  Pope . 


3.  To  make  white  or  hoary. 

His  head 

Not  yet  by  time  completely  silvered  o’er.  Cowper. 


SiL'VJJR-BEAT'JJR,  n.  One  who  beats  silver. 


SIL'VER— BELL'— TREE,  n-  ( Bot .)  The  common 
name  of  the  shrubs  or  small  trees  of  the  genus 
Halesia ; snow-drop  tree.  Gray. 

SlL'VER-BER-RY,  n.  ( Bot .)  A deciduous  tree, 
with  oblong  silvery1  leaves,  acute  at  each  end  ; 
Elaeagnus  argenteci.  Gray.  Loudon. 


SIL'VER— BUSH,  ft.  (Bot.)  A leguminous  ever- 
green undershrub  ; Jupiter’s  beard  ; Anthyllis 
barba  Jovis  of  Linnaeus.  Crabb. 


SIL'VER— BUS'KINED  (-bus'kjnd),  a.  Having,  or 
wearing,  silver  buskins.  Milton. 

SIL'VERED  (sll'verd),  p.  a.  Covered  with  a coat- 
ing of  silver  or  of  an  amalgam  ; as,  “ A silvered 
mirror.” 

SIL'VER— FIR,  n.  (Bot.)  A species  of  fir,  a native 


of  the  mountains  of  the  middle  and  south  of 
Europe,  often  growing  to  the  height  of  100  or 
150  feet,  and  yielding  Burgundy  pitch  and  Stras- 
burg  turpentine ; Abies  picea,  or  Picea  pecti- 
nata.  Baird. 

American  silver-fir,  ail  elegant  evergreen  tree  with 
a tapering  trunk  and  numerous  branches,  diminishing 
in  length  in  proportion  to  their  height ; balm  of 
Gilead  ; Abies  balsama.  This  tree  yields  the  greenish 
yellow  turpentine  known  by  tbe  name  of  Canada 
balsam.  Wood  tf  Bachc.  Baird. 

sTl'VER-FISH,  n.  ( Ich .)  A small  species  of  carp 
of  a silver  hue.  Hill. 

SIL'VER-  FOX,  71.  ( Zoiil .)  The  black  fox  inhab- 

iting the  northern  parts  of  Asia,  Europe,  and 
America,  and  distinguished  for  its  rich  fur  ; Vul- 
pes  argenteus.  Baird. 

SILVER -GRAIN,  71.  (Bot.)  A name  applied  to 
the  narrow  plates  of  the  cellular  tissue  of  stems, 
otherwise  termed  medullary  rays.  Gray. 

SIL'VER— GRAY,  «•  Of  a gray  color  somewhat 
resembling  silver.  Smellie. 

SIL'VER— HAIRED  (-bird),  a.  Having  hair  of  the 
color  of  silver.  Pennant. 

slL'VER-ING,  7i.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  silvers; 
— the  process  of  covering  any  substance  with  a 
coating  of  silver,  or  of  covering  glass  with  an 
amalgam,  as  of  quicksilver  and  tin-foil.  Bigelow. 

2.  A coating  of  silver.  Wright. 

SIL'VER-LEAF,  n.  Silver  beaten  into  a thin 
leaf ; foliated  silver.  Ure. 

SlL'VER-LESS,  a.  Without  silver  or  money; 
moneyless.  Piers  Plouhman. 

SlL'VER-LLNG,  n.  A silver  coin.  Isa.  vii.  23. 

Ugy  “ The  word  silvcrling  lias  troubled  tile  com- 
mentators. It  is,  however,  a true  diminutive.”  Latham. 

SlL'VER-LY,  ad.  With  the  appearance  of  silver 

Let  me  wipe  off  this  honorable  dew. 

That  silverly  doth  progress  on  thy  cheeks.  S/iafc. 

SlL'VERN,  a.  Made  of  silver  ; silver.  Wickliffe. 

SlL'VER-SHED'DING,  a.  Shedding  silver,  or 
something  like  it.  “ Silver-shedding  tears.” 

Shaft. 

SlL'VER— SMITH,  n.  One  who  works  in  silver. 
“Demetrius,  a silversmith.”  Acts  xix.  24. 

SIL'VER-SOUND'lNG,  a.  Soft  and  clear  of  sound. 
“ The  silver -soundmg  instruments.”  Spenser. 

SIL'VER— STICK,  7i.  A term  applied  to  the  field- 
officer  of  the  English  lifeguards.  Brande. 

SIL'VER— THIS'TLE  (-tliis'sl),  n.  (Bot.)  A spe- 
cies of  Acanthus.  Miller. 

SlL'VER-TONGUED  (sil'ver-tungd),  a.  Having  a 
smooth  tongue  or  speech.  Dr.  Allen. 

SIL'VER— TREE,  n.  An  evergreen  dioecious  tree, 
with  villous  branches  and  silky  leaves  ; Leuca- 
dendron  argenteum.  Loudon. 

SIL'VER— WEED,  n.  (Bot.)  1.  An  evergreen 
under-shrub  of  the  genus  Argyreia,  with  leaves 
of  a silvery  texture.  Loudon. 

2.  An  herbaceous  plant  with  a creeping  stem 
and  silver-white  leaves  with  silky  down  under- 
neath; wild  tansy;  Potentillaanserina.  Loudon. 

SlL'VER-Y,  a.  1.  Besprinkled  with,  or  contain- 
ing, silver.  Woodward. 

2.  Resembling  silver ; white ; silver. 

The  enamelled  race  whose  silvery  wing 

Waves  to  the  tepid  zephyrs  of  the  spring.  Pope. 

3.  Soft  and  light,  as  tones  of  color.  Fairholt. 

4.  (Bot.)  White,  approaching  to  bluish-gray, 
with  something  of  a metallic  lustre.  Lindley. 

SI'MA,  7i.  (Arch.)  A cyma.  — See  Cyma.  Francis. 

+ SIMA-GRE  (-ger),  n.  [Fr.  simagree. ] A gri- 
mace. Dngden. 

SI-MAR',  n.  [It.  zimarra ; Sp.  zamarra-,  Fr.  si- 
mar  re.  \ A kind  of  long  gown  or  robe  ; — also 
written  cymar,  cimmar,  chimmar,  simare,  and 
simarre.  Dryden. 

SIM-A-RU'BA,  n.  The  bark  of  the  root  of  Quas- 
sia simaruba; — used  as  a tonic.  Wood  § Bache. 

SIM ’BLOT,  71.  [Fr.]  (Weaving.)  The  harness 

of  a draw-loom.  Simmonds. 

SIM'f-A,  n.  [L.  simia,  a species  of  ape;  simus 


(Gr.  aipds),  flat-nosed.]  (Zoiil.)  The  Linntcan 
generic  name  for  all  the  different  species  of  quad- 
rumanous  mammals,  except  the  lemurs,  includ- 
ing the  ape,  monkey,  baboon,  &c.  Brande. 

SlM'I-LAR,  a.  [L.  similis,  from  Gr.  opa,  at  once, 
together,  opo s,  one  and  the  same,  ttyoios,  similar; 
It.  similare,  simile  ; Sp.  similar  ; Fr.  similairc.] 

1.  Like;  resembling;  having  resemblance. 

The  laws  of  England  relative  to  those  matters  were  the 
original  and  exemplar  from  whence  those  similar  or  parallel 
laws  of  Scotland  were  derived.  Hale . 

2.  Homogeneous  ; uniform.  Boyle . 

Similar  figures , ( Geom .)  figures  made  up  of  the 

same  number  of  parts,  which  are  arranged  in  the 
same  manner,  so  that  the  figures  shall  be  of  the  same 
form,  and  differ  from  each  other  only  in  magnitude. 

— Similar  polygons,  ( Gcom .)  polygons  which  have  the 
same  number  of  sides,  their  angles  equal  each  to  each, 
and  their  homologous  sides  proportional. — Similar 
arcs , sectors,  segments,  ( Gcom.)  those  which  correspond 
to  equal  angles  at  the  centre.  — Two  similar  curves  of 
the  same  kind,  curves  such  that,  if  a polygon  can  be 
inscribed  in  one  of  them,  a similar  one  can  he  inscribed 
in  the  other.  — Similar  ellipses,  or  hyperbolas,  those 
which  have  their  axes  respectively  proportional  to  each 
other,  fn  this  case  their  eccentricities  are  equal. — 
Similar  polyhedrons,  polyhedrons  bounded  by  the  same 
number  of  mutually  similar  faces,  similarly  placed  ; 
their  polyhedral  angles  are  then  equal  each  to  each. 

— Similar  cones , cones  generated  by  the  revolution  of 
similar  triangles  about  homologous  sides.  — Similar 
right  cylinders . cylinders  generated  by  the  revolution 
of  similar  rectangles  about  homologous  sides.  Davies . 

SIM-I-LAr'I-TY,  n.  [Fr.  similarity. "]  State  of  be- 
ing similar  ; likeness  ; resemblance.  Arbuthnot . 

Syn.  — See  Likeness. 

SIM'I-LAR-LY,  ad.  In  a similar  manner;  with 
resemblance. 

Similarly  divided , applied  to  lines  so  divided  that 
any  two  adjoining  parts  of  the  one  have  to  one 
another  the  same  ratio  with  the  corresponding  parts 
of  the  other.  Library  of  Useful  Knowledge.  — Simi- 
larly placed,  applied  to  two  lines  in  two  similar  fig- 
ures, which  cut  corresponding  sides  of  the  figures 
proportionally.  Library  of  Useful  Knowledge. 

f SI M'I-LAR-Y,  a.  Similar.  Johnson.  Reid. 

SIM'I-LE,  n.  ( Rhet .)  A comparison  by  which  any 
thing  is  illustrated  or  aggrandized ; a compari- 
son of  two  objects,  which,  though  in  the  main 
dissimilar,  yet  have  resemblance  in  some  point 
or  points  ; a comparison  ; a similitude.  Shah. 

The  metaphor  expresses  with  rapidity  the  anal- 
ogy as  it  rises  in  immediate  suggestion,  and  identi- 
fies it,  as  it  were,  with  the  object  or  emotion  which  it 
describes  ; the  simile  presents  not  t lie  analogy  merely, 
but  the  two  analogous  objects,  and  traces  their  resem- 
blances to  each  other  with  the  formality  of  regular 
comparison.  The  metaphor,  therefore,  is  the  figure  of 
passion,  the  simile  the  figure  of  calm  description. ” 

Dr.  Thomas  Brown. 

The  metaphor  is  only  a bolder  and  more  ellip- 
tical simile P.  Cyc. 

Syn.  — Simile  and  comparison , as  figures  of  rheto- 
ric, are  used  synonymously  ; similitude  is  also  used  for 
a simile,  or  a prolonged  and  continued  simile.  A sim- 
ile or  comparison  differs  from  a metaphor  chiefly  in 
form  ; the  resemblance  in  a simile  being  stated,  and  in 
a metaphor  implied.  The  phrase,  “ The  moon  bright 
as  silver ,”  contains  a simile  or  comparison  ; the  phrase, 
“ The  silver  moon,”  contains  a metaphor. 

SI-MIL'  I-TER,  n.  [L.,  in  like  manner.']  (Laic.) 
A short  formula  used  either  at  the  end  of  plead- 
ings, or  by  itself,  expressing  the  acceptance  of 
an  issue  of  fact  tendered  by  the  opposite  party  ; 

— called  also  joinder  in  issue.  Burrill . 

SI-MIL'T-TUDE,  n.  [L.  similitudo  ; similis , simi- 
lar ; It.  similitudine  ; Sp  .similitude  Fr.  simili- 
tude.'] 

1.  Likeness  ; resemblance  ; image. 

Let  us  make  man  in  our  image,  man 

In  our  similitude.  Milton. 

2.  A simile;  a comparison.  Wotton. 

Tasso,  in  his  similitudes,  never  departed  from  the  woods; 
that  is,  all  his  comparisons  were  taken  from  the  country. 

Dryden. 

3.  (Geom.)  The  relation  of  figures  similar  to 

each  other.  Brande. 

Syn.  — See  Likeness. 

f SI-MIL-J-TU'DI-NA-RY,  a.  Similar.  Coke. 

SIM'I-LOR,  n.  [Fr.]  An  alloy  of  copper  and 
zinc ; a golden-colored  variety  of  brass.  Ure. 

SIM'I-OUS,  a.  [L.  simia,  an  ape.]  Relating  to, 
or  resembling,  the  monkey.  Sydney  Smith. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  ROLE.  — 9,  9,  9, 


soft;  jC,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  If  as  gz. — THIS,  this. 


SIMITAR 


1342 


SIN 


SlM'l-TAR,  n.  See  Scymitar,  and  Cimeter. 

SIM'M^R,  v.  n.  [Written  simber  by  Mure,  and 
simper  by  Skinner,  who  thinks  it  the  same  word 
as  simper.  — “A  word  made  probably  from  the 
sound.”  Johnson.]  [i.  simmered  ; pp.  sim- 
mering, simmered.]  To  boil  or  bubble  gently, 
or  with  a gentle  hissing. 

Placing  the  vessel  in  warm  sand,  increase  the  heat  by  de- 
grees till  the  spirit  of  wine  begin  to  sunnier.  Houle. 

fSlM'NpL.,  n.  [Ger.  sernmel ; Dan.  simle  ; Sw. 
simla.\  A sort  of  cake  ; a cracknel.  Bullein. 

SI-MO'NJ-Ac,  n.  [Fr.  simoniaque.]  One  who 
practises  simony.  Bp.  Bedell. 

SIM-O-Nl'A-CAL,  a.  Guilty  of,  relating  to,  or 
partaking  of,  simony.  Spectator. 

SlM-O-NI'A-CAL-LY,  ad.  With  the  guilt  of  sim- 
ony ; so  as  to  constitute  simony.  Burnet. 

Sl-MO  NI-AN,  n.  One  of  the  followers  of  Simon 
Magus,  who  pretended  to  be  the  power  of  God 
sent  from  heaven  to  earth.  Brande. 

Saint  Simon ian.  See  Saint-Simonian. 

t SI-MO'NI-OUS,  a.  Simoniacal.  Milton. 

Sl.M'ON-IST,  n.  One  who  practises  or  defends 
simony.  Burn. 

SI 'MON-PURE,  a.  Very  pure;  genuine;  real. 

•[Colloquial  and  low,  U.  S ] Bartlett. 

SIM'O-NY  [sTm'o-ne,  S.  IF.  P.  J.  E.  F.Ja.  K.  Sm.; 
sT’mo-ue,  Kenrick],  n.  [Low  L.,  It.,  <Sf  Sp.  si- 
monia  ; Fr.  simonie.  — From  Simon  ( Acts  viii. 
18,  191,  who  wished  to  purchase  the  power  of 
conferring  the  Holy  Ghost.]  (Eng.  Eecl.  Law.) 
The  crime  of  buying  or  selling  church  prefer- 
ment, or  the  unlawful  presentation  of  any  one 
to  a benefice,  as  for  money  or  reward.  Walton. 

Sl-MOOM' , or  SI-MOOJF,  n.  [Arab,  samoom, 
simoom.]  A very  hot,  dry  wind,  blowing  from  a 
desert,  and  generally  bearing  along  a quantity 
of  fine  sand,  in  Arabia,  Syria,  and  the  adjacent 
countries,  chiefly  about  the  time  of  the  equi- 
noxes. It  is  the  Turkish  samiel,  the  khamsin  of 
Syria,  and  the  harmattan  of  Senegambia  and 
Guinea.  Brande.  P.  Cyc. 

Sl'MOl  S,  a.  [L.  simus,  from  Gr.  ei/jo;.]  Having 
a flat  nose  ; snub-nosed.  Browne. 

Sl.M'PpR,  v.  n.  [Of  doubtful  origin. — -From  A.  S. 
symbhan,  to  banquet.  Skinner.  — Perhaps  de- 
rived from  simmer.  Johnson.  — From  Sw.  sem- 
ner,  semper , affecting  modesty  by  contortion  of 
the  face.  Sercnius.)  \i.  simpered;  pp.  sin- 
tering, simpered.]  To  smile  affectedly  or  in 
a silly  manner ; to  smirk.  Sidney. 

SIM'PpR,  n.  An  affected  or  silly  smile  ; a smirk. 

The  conscious  simper  and  the  jealous  leer.  Pope. 

SLM'PJpR-fR,  n.  One  who  simpers.  Nellie. 

SIM'Pf  R-1NG,  n.  Affected  or  silly  smiling.  Sidney. 

SIM'P^R-lNG-LY,  ad.  With  an  affected  or  foolish 
smile ; with  a simper.  Marston. 

SIM'PLE  (slm'pl),  a.  [L.  simplex ; sine,  without, 
and  plica,  a fold  ; or  scmcl,  once,  a single  time, 
and  pheo,  to  fold ; It.  semplice ; Sp.  <Sf  Fr.  simple.] 

1.  Single;  consisting  of  one  thing;  uncom- 
pounded ; unmingled  ; uncombined  ; not  com- 
plicated, complex,  or  compound.  “ Simple  sub- 
stances.” Watts.  “ This  simple  syllogism.”  Shah. 

The  Ideas  they  [qualities  affecting  the  senses]  produce  in 
the  mind  enter  by  the  senses  simple  and  unmixed.  Locke. 

2.  Plain  : artless  ; undesigning  ; sincere. 

A simple  husbandman  in  garments  gray.  Spenser. 

I am  a simple  woman,  much  too  weak 

To  oppose  your  cunning.  Shak. 

3.  Unadorned  ; unaffected  ; natural  ; plain. 

In  stmjjle  manners  all  the  secret  lies.  Young. 

4.  Silly ; not  wise  or  sagacious  ; weak  ; fool- 
ish. “ Shallow,  simple  skill.”  Shak. 

The  snnnle  believeth  every  word;  but  the  prudent  man 
looketh  well  to  his  going.  Prov.  xiv.  15. 

5.  ( Bot .)  Having  no  subordinate  parts  or  dis- 

tinct ramifications  ; of  one  piece  ; — opposed 
to  compound.  Hcnsloiv. 

6.  ( Chern  ) Noting  a body  or  substance  which 

cannot  be  decomposed  ; any  element.  Turner. 

7.  (Min.)  Applied  to  minerals  and  rocks 

which  are  homogeneous.  Dana. 

Simple  cerate , an  unctuous  substance  consistin';  of 
two  parts  by  weight  of  lard  and  one  of  white  wax; 
— an  unctuous  substance  consistin';  of  olive  oil  and 
white  wax,  in  the  proportion  of  a pint  of  t lie  former 


to  twenty  ounces  of  the  latter.  Wood  fy  Bachc . — 
Simple  contract , (Law.)  a contract  not  under  seal. — 
Simple  larceny.  t*ee  LARCENY.  — Simple  obligation , 
(Ciml  Law.)  an  obligation  not  depending  for  its  exe- 
cution on  any  event  provided  for  by  the  parties,  or  not 
agreed  to  become  void  on  the  happening  of  any  such 
event.  Burrill. — Simple  interest.  See  INTEREST. — 
Simple  quantity , (Algebra.)  a quantity  consisting  of 
only  one  term  ; a monomial.  Danes.  — Simple  equa- 
tion, (Algebra.)  an  equation  of  the  first  degree.  — Sim- 
ple decomposition , (Chem.)  the  action  of  a body  upon 
a compound  of  two  constituents,  by  which  it  unites 
with  one  constituent  and  leaves  the  other  at  liberty. 
Henry.  — Simple  leaf,  (Bot.)  a leaf  whose  blade  con- 
sists of  a single  piece.  Lindlcy. — Simple  minerals . 
individual  mineral  substances,  as  distinguished  from 
rocks,  which  are  usually  an  aggregation  of  simple 
minerals.  Lycll.  — Simple  rocks , rocks  containing  some 
very  predominant  mineral  and  abundant  in  nature,  as 
limestone,  sandstone,  &c.  Ansted.  — Simple  stem, 
(Bot.)  astern  which  is  not  branched.  Simple  umbel,  an 

. umbel  each  pedicel  of  which  bears  a single  flower. 
Lindley. 

Syn. — Simple  is  opposed  to  complex  -,  as,  a simple 
substance  or  circumstance  ; a single  article  or  in 
stance.  — A simple  or  plain  statement ; simple  or  artless 
manners.  — Simple  implies  a want  of  knowledge  or 
good  sense;  silly  and  foolish  are  stronger  terms.  A 
simple  child  ; a foolish  person  or  action  ; a silly  speech 
or  book ; a weak  understanding  ; a dull  scholar.  — See 
Bare. 

SIM'PLE,  n.  [It.  semplice  ; Sp.  <$,*  Fr.  simple 

1.  Something  not  mixed  or  compounded. 

2.  In  the  materia  medica , a medicinal  plant 

or  herb,  as  having  its  particular  virtue  whereby 
it  becomes  a simple  remedy.  Dunglison. 

lie  would  ope  his  leathern  scrip, 

And  show  me  simples  of  a thousand  names.  Milton. 

f SIM  PLE,  v.  n.  To  gather  simples  or  medicinal 
herbs.  Garth. 

SIM'PLE— HEARTED,  a.  Ingenuous  ; open  ; 
frank.  Clarke. 

SIM'PLE— MIND'jpD,  a.  Artless;  undesigning; 
simple.  Akenside. 

SIM'PLE— MlND'ED-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing simple-minded ; artlessncss.  Ch.  Ob. 

SIM’PLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality  of 
being  simple.  Digby. 

SlM'PLpR,  n.  A collector  of  simples  ; a simplist. 

f SlM'PLpSS,  n.  Simplicity;  silliness.  Spenser. 

SIM'PLE-TON,  n.  A silly  or  foolish  person.  Pope. 

f SIM-PLI”CIAN  (sim-plisli'sin),  n.  An  artless, 
undesigning,  unskilled  person;  — opposed  to 
politician.  Arnway 

SIM-PLlq'I-TY,  n.  [L.  simplicitas  ; It.  semplici- 
ta  ; Sp.  simplicidaa ; Fr.  simplicity.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  simple,  or  unmixed  ; 
state  of  being  not  complex  ; singleness. 

Mandrakes  afford  a papaverous,  unpleasant  odor  in  the 
leaf  or  apple,  discoverable  in  their  simplicity  und  mixture. 

Browne- 

2.  Artlessness;  plainness;  — opposed  to  sub- 
tlety, cunning,  or  duplicity. 

Genuine  simplicity  of  heart  is  a healing  and  cementing 
principle.  Burke. 

Of  manners  gentle,  of  affections  mild; 

In  wit  a man,  simplicity  a child.  Pope. 

3.  Freedom  from  ornament;  chasteness,  as 

in  dress ; — opposed  to  finery.  Dry  den. 

4.  Freedom  from  subtlety  or  abstruseness. 
“The  simplicity  of  that  doctrine.”  Hammond. 

5.  State  ot  being  unaffected ; naturalness. 
“ Simplicity  of  her  manners.”  Female  Quixote. 

6.  Want  of  wisdom  ; silliness  ; folly. 

llow  long,  ye  simple  ones,  will  yc  love  simplicity.  Prov.  i.  22. 

7.  (Fine  Arts.)  The  quality  of  a work  of  which 
the  elements  are  arranged  in  the  most  natural 
order  ; without  excess  or  exaggeration.  Brande. 

SIM-PLI-FI-CA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  simplifying, 
or  the  state  of  being  simplified.  A.  Smith. 

SIM'PLI-FY,  v.  a.  [L.  simplex,  simple,  and  fiacio, 
to  make;  It.  simplificare  ; Sp . simplijicar ; Fr. 
simplifier.]  [i.  simplified  ; pp.  simplifying, 
simplified.]  To  make  simple  or  plain. 

It  is  necessary  that  the  music  be  ...  so  simplified  that  the 
supplications  and  thanksgivings  ...  may  both  be  distinctly 
heard  and  clearly  understood.  Mason. 

SlM'PLJNG,  n.  The  act  of  collecting  medicinal 
herbs.  Goldsmith. 

SlM'PLIST,  n.  One  skilled  in  simples  or  medi- 
cinal herbs  ; a simpler.  Browne. 

SIM-PLIS'TIC,  a.  Pertaining  to  a simplist  or  to 
simples.  Wilkinson. 


t SlM'PLI-Ty,  n.  Simplicity.  Piers  Vlouhman, 

SIM'PLO-CE,  n.  See  Symploce.  Clarke. 

SIM  PLY,  ad.  1.  In  a simple  manner  ; with  sim- 
plicity ; without  art ; artlessly  ; plainly. 

Subverting  worldly  strong  and  worldly  wise 

By  simjjly  meek.  Milton. 

2,  Of  itself ; merely ; barely  ; solely. 

I will  cat,  and  drink,  and  sleep  as  soft 
As  captain  shall:  simply  the  thing  I am 
Shall  make  me  live.  Shak. 

3.  Sillily  ; foolishly.  Johnson. 

f SIM'y-LA-CHRE  (sim'u-la-ker),  n.  [L.  simula- 
crum.] An  image.  Sir  T.  Elyot. 

1"  SIM'U-LAR,  a.  [L.  simulo,  to  feign.]  Feigned; 
counterfeit ; specious.  Shak. 

Thou  perjured,  and  thou  simular  man  of  virtue, 

That  art  incestuous!  Shak. 

SIM'U-LATE,  v.  a.  [L.  simulo,  simulatus ; si  mi- 
lls, similar ; It.  simulare ; Sp.  simular ; Fr.  simu- 
ler.]  \_i.  simulated  ; pp.  simulating,  simu- 
lated.] To  feign  ; to  counterfeit.  Thomson. 

I have  known  man?  young  fellows  who  . . . have  simulated 
a passion  which  they  did  not  feel.  Chesterfield. 

t SIM'U-LATE,  a.  [L.  simulatus.]  Feigned; 
counterfeited ; simulated.  Bale. 

SIM'y-LAT-ED,  p.  a.  Counterfeited;  feigned; 
pretended.  Bosivell. 

SLM-U-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  simulatio ; It.  simula- 
zione;  Sp.  simulacion ; Fr.  simulation.]  The 
act  of  simulating  or  feigning  something.  Bacon. 

/)Sr“  Simulation  is  a pretence  of  what  is  not,  and 
dissimulation  a concealment  of  wiiat  is.”  Sir  R.  Steele. 

SI-MUL-TA-NE'I-TY,  n.  [Fr.  simultaneity .]  The 
state  of  being  simultaneous  ; simultaneousness. 
[r.]  Coleridge. 

||  Sl-MUL-TA'NE-OUS  [si-nml-tS'ne-us,  S.  IF.  P. 
J.  Ja.  K.  Wb. ; slm-ul-ta'ne-us,  F.  Sm.  R.  IF;  .], 
a.  [It.  <Sr  Sp.  simultaneo ; Fr.  simultane.  — From 
L.  simui,  at  the  same  time,  together.] 

1.  Happening  or  existing  at  the  same  time. 

A like  mutual  and  simultaneous  exchange.  Glanvxll. 

2.  (Math.)  Noting  two  equations  or  a group 
of  equations  in  which  the  unknown  quantities 
are  the  same  in  both  or  in  all  at  the  same  time  : 

— noting  the  corresponding  changes  or  incre- 
ments that  result  from  the  relation  which  exists 
between  the  function  and  the  variable.  Davies. 

II  Sl-MUL-TA'N^-OUS-LY,  ad.  At  the  same  time, 
together.  “ Acting  simultaneously .”  Shenstone. 

II  Sf-MUL-TA'NE-Oys-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  be- 
ing simultaneous.  Qu.  Rev. 

f SlM'UL-TY,  n.  [L.  simultas.]  Private  quarrel. 
“ To  inquire  after  domestic  simidtics .” B . Jonson. 

SIM'URG,  n.  A fabulous,  monstrous  bird  of  the 
Persians ; a roc.  Brande. 

SIN,  n.  [A.  S.  syn,  sin,  synn\  Old  Put.  sunde\ 
Dut.  zonde ; Ger.  slinde  ; Dan.,  Sw.,  <5?  Icel.  synd ; 
Fin.  sindia.  — From  Gr.  oiveiv,  to  injure.  Junius. 

— From  Ger.  silhnen,  to  expiate.  Wachter. — 
Perhaps  allied  to  A.  S.  syndrian,  to  separate,  to 
sunder.  Richardson.  — “The  oldest  German 
signification  of  sin  is,  any  transgression  of  the 
law.  . . . The  Latin  sons,  guilty,  criminal,  be- 
longs to  the  same  family.  The  Gael,  saine, 
variety,  sedition,  discord,  and  the  Ir.  Gael,  sain, 
to  vary,  change,  are  perhaps  related  to  [A.  S.j 
syn.”  Bosworth.] 

1.  Any  action,  word,  desire,  purpose,  or  omis- 
sion contrary  to  the  law  of  God ; a violation  of 
the  divine  law,  or  a voluntary  failure  to  comply 
with  it;  depravity;  wickedness;  iniquity;  moral 
evil ; guilt ; sipfulness  ; crime. 

Sin  is  a transgression  of  the  law.  1 John  iii.  4. 

Behold  the  Lamb  of  God,  which  taketh  away  the  sin  of 
the  world.  John  i.  29. 

Fools  make  a mock  at  sin.  Prov.  iv.  9. 

He  is  the  propitiation  for  our  sins;  and  not  for  ours  only, 
but  also  for  the  sins  of  the  whole  world.  1 John  ii.  2. 

All  crimes  are  indeed  sins,  but  not  all  sins  crimes.  A sin 
may  be  in  the  thought  or  secret  purpose  of  a man,  of  which 
neither  a judge,  nor  a witness,  nor  any  mau  can  take  notice. 

Jlobbs. 

2.  A sin-offering,  or  a sacrifice  for  sin. 

For  he  hath  made  him  to  be  sin  for  us,  who  knew  no  sin. 

2 Cor.  v.  21. 

3.  A person  enormously  wicked,  [r.] 

Thy  ambition. 

Thou  scarlet  sin,  robbed  this  bewailing  land 

Of  noble  Buckingham.  Shak. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  J,  O,  IT,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


1343 


SINGING-SCIIOOL 


SIN 

Original  sin,  “ the  rebellion  of  the  first  man,  Adam, 
against  his  Creator.”  Cruden. 

The  sinfulness  of  that  estate  whereinto  man  fell,  consists 
in  the  guilt  of  Adam’s  first  sin,  the  want  of  original  righteous- 
ness, and  the  corruption  of  Ins  whole  nature,  which  is  coin- 
inonly  called  original  sin.  Assembly's  Catechism. 

seven  deadly  sins,  ( Roman  Catholic  Church.) 
pride,  idleness,  envy,  murder,  covetousness,  lust,  and 
gluttony. 

Syn.  — See  Crime,  Evil. 

SlN,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  singian;  Dut.  zondigen.~\  [i. 
sinned  ; pp.  sinning,  sinned.]  To  violate  or 
transgress  the  law  of  God ; to  do  wrong  or  wick- 
edness ; to  offend  against  right ; to  trespass. 
“ Stand  in  awe,  and  sin  not.”  Ps.  iv.  4. 

I am  a man 

More  sinned  against  than  sinning.  Shale. 

t SI N,  ad.  Since.  Spenser. 

Sl-NA-IT'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  Mount  Sinai. 

Wright. 

SIN'A-PIC,  a.  ( Chem .)  Y 'ting  an  acid  formed 
from  sinapine  by  the  action  of  potash  and 

soda.  Miller. 


SIN-CER'1-TY,  n.  sinceritas  ; It.  sincerity  ; 
Sp.  sinceridad ; Fr.  sinciritc.]  The  state  or  the 
quality  of  being  sincere ; honesty  ; ingenuous- 
ness ; candor ; frankness  ; artlcssness. 

Sincerity  is  like  travelling  on  a plain,  beaten  road,  which 
commonly  brings  a man  sooner  to  Ills  journey’s  end  than  by 
byways,  in  which  men  often  lose  themselves.  Tillotson. 

1!  t) ' “ Sincerity  and  sincere  have  a twofold  meaning 
of  great  moral  importance.  Sincerity  is  often  used  to 
denote  mere  reality  of  conviction , that  a man  believes 
what  he  professes  to  believe.  Sometimes,  again,  it  is 
used  to  denote  unbiassed  conviction,  or,  at  least,  an 
earnest  endeavor  to  shake  off  all  prejudices,  aritl  all  un- 
due influence  of  wishes  and  passions  on  the  judgment, 
and  to  decide  impartially.”  Whatcly. 

SIN-ClP'I-TAL,  a.  ( Anat .)  Pertaining  to  the 
sinciput. 

Sincipital  bones,  the  parietal  bones.  Dunglison. 

SIN'CI-PUT,  n.  [L.,  semi,  half,  and  caput,  the 
head.]  (Anat.)  The  top  of  the  head : — the 
fore  part  of  the  cranium.  Dunglison. 

SIN-DAR',  n.  A native  chief  of  Hindostan.  Maun. 


SlN'EW-LESS  (sln'nu-les),  a.  Having  no  sinews 
or  strength;  weak;  powerless.  Bp.  Hall. 

f SIN'EW-OUS  (sln'nu-),  a.  Sinewy.  Holinshed. 

SlN'EW— SHRUNK  (sln'nu-),  a.  Having  the  sin- 
ews under  the  belly  stiff  and  contracted,  as  a 
horse  over-worked.  Farrier’s  Did. 

SlN'EW-Y  (sln'nu-e),  a.  1.  Consisting  of,  or  re- 
sembling, a sinew,  or  sinews.  Donne. 

2.  Strong;  powerful;  vigorous;  firm;  robust ; 
sturdy.  “ Sinewy  Ajax.”  . Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Robust. 

SlN'FUL,  a.  Partaking  of,  or  committing,  sin  ; 
contrary  to  the  divine  law  ; wicked;  iniquitous; 
unholy  ; unrighteous.  “ Pure  of  sinful  thought.” 
Milton.  “ Sinful  men.”  Num.  xxxii.  14. 

I have  lived  a sinful  life,  in  all  sinful  callings;  for  I have 
been  a soldier,  a captain,  a sea  captain,  and  a courtier,  which 
arc  all  places  of  wickedness  and  vice.  Sir  II'.  Paleigh. 

Syn.  — See  Wicked. 

SIN'FUL-LY,  ad.  In  a sinful  manner ; wickedly. 

SIN'FUL-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality  of 
being  sinful ; wickedness  ; iniquity.  Milton. 

SING,  v.  n.  [M.  Goth,  sigguan  ; A.  S.  singan  ; Dut. 
zingen  ; Ger.  singen  ; Dan.  sgnge  ; Sw.  sjunga  ; 
Icel.  sgngia.)  [i.  sung  or  sang  ; pp.  singing, 
sung.  — Sang  is  growing  obsolete.] 

1.  To  utter  words  with  musical  modulation  ; to 
chant;  to  carol.  “ Sing  to  the  Lord.”  Ex.  xv.  21. 

I will  sing  with  the  spirit,  and  I will  sing  with  the  under- 
standing. t Cor.  xiv.  15. 

2.  To  utter  musical  sounds,  as  birds  ; to  war- 
ble. 

Hark ! hark  I the  lark  at  heaven’s  gate  sings.  Shak. 

3.  To  make  a shrill,  ringing  sound. 

We  hear  this  fearful  tempest  sing.  Shak. 

4.  To  make  recital  or  celebration  in  poetry. 

War,  he  sung,  is  toil  and  trouble.  Drgdcn. 

SING,  v.  a.  1.  To  utter  with  musical  modulations 
of  voice  ; to  chant ; to  carol ; to  hymn. 

And  when  they  had  sung  a hymn,  they  went  out  into  the 
Mount  of  Olives.  Matt.  xxvi.  dO. 

2.  To  relate  or  celebrate  in  poetry  or  verse. 

I sing  the  man  who  Judah's  sceptre  bore.  Cowley. 

The  last,  the  happiest  British  king. 

Whom  thou  shalt  paint  or  I shall  sing.  Addison. 

SINtyE  (sTnj),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  scengen  ; Dut.  zengen ; 
Ger.  sengen.  — Perhaps  the  sound  produced  by 
singing  has  given  origin  to  the  name,  so  near 
related  to  the  verb  to  sing.  Bosworth .]  \i. 


SINGED  ; pp.  SINGEING,  SINGED.] 

1.  To  burn  the  surface  or  ends  of;  to  scorch. 
Whose  beard  they  have  singed  off  with  brands  of  fire.  Shak. 

He  seemed  to  pass 

A rolling  fire  along,  and  singe  the  grass.  Dn/den, 

2.  To  burn  the  hair  or  feathers  from.  “To 

singe  a fowl.”  Swift. 

SlNQJE  (sinj),  n.  A slight  burn.  Todd. 


SINGE'jNG,  n.  1.  Act  of  one  who  singes,  or  the 
process  of  being  singed. 

2.  ( Calico  Printing.)  The  process  of  remov- 
ing the  fibrous  down  or  nap  on  the  surface  of  cot- 
ton cloth  before  dyeing  or  printing  it,  by  draw- 
ing it  rapidly  over  a red-hot,  semi-cylindrical 
bar  of  copper,  or  passing  it  quickly  through  a 
coal-gas  flame.  Parnell. 

S1N'9ER  (sin'jer),  n.  One  who  singes.  Smart. 

SING'JJR,  n.  1.  One  who  sings,  or  one  skilled  in 
singing.  “ A chorus  of  singers.”  Drgdcn. 

2.  A singing-bird.  Bacon. 

t SING'F.R-ESS,  n.  A woman  who  sings.  Wickliffe. 

SIN-G II A-LE§E',  n.  sing.  & pi.  A native,  or  the 
natives,  of  Ceylon  ; Ceylonese.  Earnshaw. 

SlNG'ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who,  or  that  which, 
sings  ; utterance  of  melodious  sounds.  Spenser. 

SlNG'ING— BIRD,  n.  A bird  that  sings.  Addison. 

SlNG'ING— BOOK  (slng'jng-buk),  n.  A book  of 
tunes  for  singing.  Brewer. 

SING'!NG-LY,  ad.  In  a singing  manner ; with  a 
kind  of  tune.  North. 

sTNG'ING-MAN,  n.  A man  who  sings,  or  is  em- 
ployed to  sing,  as  in  a cathedral.  Shak. 

SING'JNG-MAs'TIJR,  n.  One  who  teaches  the 
art  of  singing;  a teacher  of  vocal  music. 

SI NG'(NG— SCHOOL,  n.  A school  where  singing 
is  taught.  Clarke. 


SIN'A-PINE,  n.  ( Chem .)  A peculiar  alkali  ob- 
tained from  white  mustard.  Miller. 

SI-JYA'  PIS,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  oivyiri.]  ( Bot .)  A 
genus  of  cruciferous  plants  with  siliquose  fruit 
and  hot,  acrid  seeds  ; mustard.  Loudon. 

SlN'A-PIS-INE,  n.  (Chem.)  A white,  crystalliza- 
ble,  bitter  principle,  resembling  fat,  extracted 
from  mustard  seeds,  to  which  they  appear  to 
owe  most  of  their  pungency.  Kane. 

SlN'A-PI§M,  [sln'ft-plzm,  K.  Sm.  C.  Wr.  Wb .; 
sl'iia-pizm, P.],n.  [L. sinapismus ; It .senapismo; 
Sp.  sinapismo ; Fr.  sinapisme.]  (Med.)  A cata- 
plasm made  chiefly  of  mustard-seed,  used  for 
exciting  redness,  and  as  a counter-irritant ; a 
mustard-plaster  or  poultice.  Dunglison. 

SJ-NAP'O-LINE,  n.  (Chem.)  A feeble  base,  which 
crystallizes  in  brilliant,  greasy  flakes  from  its 
solution  in  water;  — formed  by  digesting  es- 
sence of  mustard  upon  hydrated  oxide  of  lead. 

Miller. 

SlN'-BORN,  a.  Born  of,  or  sprung  from,  sin. 
“The  sin-born  monster.”  Milton. 

SIN'-BRED,  a.  Produced  or  bred  by  sin.  Milton. 

SINCE,  conj.  [A.  S.  sith,  late,  afterwards  ; siththa, 
since  ; siththan;  sith,  after,  and  thonne,  theenne, 
then;  Dut.  sedert,  sinds,  afterwards,  after ; Old 
Ger.  sid,  sidor ; Ger.  sett,  since ; Dan.  siden, 
afterwards,  since  ; sidst,  last , Sw.  sedan,  since  ; 
Icel.  sid,  lately,  sidan,  next,  after  that ; Scot. 
syne,  sen ; Old  Eng-  sythe,  suth-the,  sithenes, 
sithence,  sith,  sin.  — From  the  verb  see  (A.  S. 
seon,  geseon).  Tooke.  — W aehter  derives  the 
Ger.  seit  from  A.  S.  sithian,  to  journey ; sith,  a 
journey.]  Because  that ; seeing  that. ; inas- 
much as. 

Since  truth  and  constancy  are  vain, 

Since  neither  love,  nor  sense  of  pain, 

Nor  force  of  reason  can  persuade, 

Then  let  example  be  obeyed.  Granville. 

SINCE,  ad.  Ago;  before  this: — from  that  time. 

How  many  ages  since  has  Virgil  writ?  Roscommon. 
There  arose  not  a prophet  since  in  Israel.  Deut.  xxxiv.  10. 

SINCE,  prep.  After;  from  the  time  of. 

He  since  the  morning  hour  set  out  from  heaven.  Milton. 

SIN-CERE',  a.  [L.  sincerus,  supposed  by  many 
to  be  compounded  of  sine,  without,  and  cera, 
wax,  and  to  have  been  applied  originally  to  pure 
honey  ; It.  Sp.  sincero  ; Fr.  sincere.) 

1.  Pure ; unmixed  ; unmingled,  [r.] 

There  is  no  sincere  acid  in  any  animal  juice.  Arbuthnot. 

The  sincere  milk  of  the  word.  1 Pet.  ii.  2. 

2.  Unhurt  ; uninjured ; intact ; entire,  [r.] 

He  tried  a tough,  well-chosen  spear; 

The  inviolable  body  stood  sincere.  Drgdcn. 

3.  Unfeigned  ; real ; genuine  ; not  pretended 
or  simulated  ; hearty.  “ His  love  sincere.” Shak. 

4.  Honest ; ingenuous  ; candid  ; open  ; frank-; 
undissembling  ; guileless  ; artless. 

The  more  sincere  you  are,  the  better  it  will  fare  with  you 
at  the  great  day  of  account.  In  the  mean  while,  give  us  leave 
to  be  sincere  too  in  condemning  heartily  what  we  heartily 
disapprove.  Waterland. 

Syn.  — See  Candid,  Hearty,  Honest. 

SIN-CERE'LY,  ad.  1.  Without  alloy  ; perfectly  ; 
wholly.  “ Sincerely  good.”  [r.]  Milton. 

2.  Honestly ; unfeignedly ; without  simula- 
tion or  dissimulation.  Shak. 

STN-CERE'NESS,  n.  Honesty;  sincerity.  Temple. 


SIN'DON,  n.  [L.,  a kind  of  muslin,  from  Gr.  tnvbthv.] 

1.  t A wrapper.  “ Wrapped  in  sindons  of 

fine  linen  ” Bacon. 

2.  (Stirg.)  A small  rag  or  round  pledget,  sup- 

ported by  a thread  in  the  middle,  introduced 
into  the  opening  made  by  the  trephine  in  the 
cranium.  Dunglison. 

SINE,  n.  [L.  sinus,  a bent  or  curved  surface,  a 
curve;  It.  § Sp.  seno.]  (Trigonometry.)  A line 
drawn  from  on?  extremity  of  an  arc  perpendic- 
ularly to  the  diameter  drawn  through  the  other 
extremity.  Davies. 

Artificial  sines,  logarithmic  sines,  or  logarithms  of 
the  sines  — Line  of  sines,  a line  in  Gunter’s  scale, 
&c.,  divided  according  to  the  sines,  or  expressing  the 
sines.  — Sine  of  the  complement,  the  cosine.  See  Co- 
sine.— Sine  of  an  angle,  the  sine  of  the  arc  which 
measures  that  angle.  — Sine  of  incidence,  of  reflection , 
or  of  refraction,  the  sine  of  tile  angle  of  incidence,  re- 
flection, or  refraction.  Hatton.  — Versed  sine,  the  dis- 
tance from  the  foot  of  the  sine  of  an  arc  to  the  extrem- 
ity of  tlio  arc  measured  on  the  radius  passing  through 
that  extremity. 

SI  'JYE,  prep.  [L.]  Without. 

Sl'N^-CU-RAL,  a.  Relating  to  a sinecure.  Ec.  Bev. 

SI'NE-CURE  [si'ne-kur,  S.  W.  P.  J.  F.  Sm.],  n. 
[Low  L.  sinecura,  from  L.  sine,  without,  and 
cura,  care,  or  Low  L.  cur  a,  a cure ; Fr.  sine- 
cure.] 

1.  (Eccl.)  A benefice  without  a cure  or  with- 
out the  care  of  souls.  Aylijfe. 

2.  An  office  which  has  revenue  without  duties 

or  employment.  Burke. 

3.  Money  paid  for  work  performed  by  a dep- 
uty of  the  recipient.  1 Simmonds. 

Sl'N£-CURE,  v.  a.  To  place  in  a sinecure.  Ec.  Rev. 

Si'NE-CU-RL'jiiM,  n.  The  state  of  one  who  has  a 
sinecure.  Blackwood’s  Mag. 

Sl'NB-CU-RIST,  n.  One  who  holds  a sinecure,  or 
an  advocate  for  sinecures.  Ed.  Rev. 

SI'NE  Dp  E.  [L.,  without  day.]  In  legal  and 
parliamentary  language,  without  fixing  any  day 
for  resuming  the  subject,  or  for  reassembling  ; 
as,  “To  adjourn  sine  die.” 

SpJYE  QUA  NON.  [L.,  without  which  not.] 
That  without  which  the  matter  in  hand  is  null ; 
an  indispensable  condition.  Ed.  Rev. 

SlN'EW  (sln'nu),  n.  [A.  S.  sinu,  sinw,  senw ; 
Dut.  zenuw  ; Old  Ger.  sennit ; Ger.  sehne;  Dan. 
sene',  Sw.  sena ; Icel.  sin ; Old  Eng.  .sin.] 

1.  (Anat.)  A fibrous  white  cord  which  trans- 
mits the  motion  of  a muscle  to  a bone  ; a tendon. 

Then  imitate  the  action  of  the  tiger: 

Stiffen  the  sinews , summon  up  the  blood.  Shak. 

Sinews  are  used  by  many  nations  as  thread.  Simmomls. 

2.  A nerve,  [r.]  Davies. 

3.  That  which  gives  strength  or  power;  as, 

“Money  is  the  sinews  of  war.”  Johnson. 

SlN'EW  (sln'nu),  v.  a.  To  knit  or  ioin  as  by  sin- 
ews. • Shak. 

SIN'F.WED  (sTn'nud),  a.  1.  Having  sinews. 

“ Strong-st'ncMierf  was  the  youth.”  Dn/den. 

2.  Strong;  powerful;  sinewy.  Shak. 

SIN'EW-I-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  sinewy.  Scott. 

f SIN'EW-ISH  (sln'nu-),  a.  Sinewy.  Holinshed. 


MIEN,  SIR  ; MOVE,  NOR,  SON  ; 


BULL,  BUR,  RiJLE.  — 9,  <?,  g,  soft; 


C,  G,  £,  g,  hard ; § as  z;  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


SINGING-WOMAN 


1344 


SINK 


SING'JNG— WOM-AN  (-wam'?n),  n.  A woman 
who  sings,  or  is  employed  to  sing.  2 Sam.  xix.  35. 

SlN'GLE  (slng'gl,  82),  a.  [L.  singulus .] 

1.  One  only  ; not  double  or  more  ; sole. 

Where  the  poesy  or  oratory  shines,  a single  reading  is  not 
sutHcient  to  satisfy  a mind  that  has  a true  taste.  Watts. 

2.  Particular ; individual. 

No  single  man  is  born  with  a right  of  controlling  the  opin- 
ions of  all  the  rest.  Pope. 

3.  Not  compounded  ; simple. 

Simple  ideas  are  opposed  to  complex,  and  single  ideas  to 
compound.  I I'atts. 

4.  Having  no  companion  ; solitary  ; alone. 

Who  single  hast  maintained 
Against  revolted  multitudes  the  cause 
Of  truth.  Stilton. 

5.  Unmarried.  “ Is  the  single  man  therefore 

blessed?  No!”  Shale. 

6.  That  in  which  one  is  opposed  to  one. 

“ Single  fight.”  Drgden. 

7.  f Singular;  peculiar.  “Being  too  single 

and  precise.”  Whole  Duty  of  Man. 

8.  Without  taint ; pure  ; uncorrupt. 

The  light  of  the  body  is  the  eye:  if  therefore  thine  eye  be 
single,  thy  whole  body  shall  be  full  of  light.  Matt.  vi.  22. 

9.  t Weak  ; silly  ; simple.  “ Is  not  your  chin 

double  ? your  wit  single  ? ” Shah. 

Single  ale,  single  beer,  or  single  drink,  small  beer. 

Beau.  Sf  FI.  JiTares. 

Syn.  — See  Simple,  Solitary. 

SlN'GLE  (slng'gl,  82),  v.  a.  [i.  singled  ; pp.  sin- 
gling, SINGLED.] 

1.  To  choose  from  a number ; to  select. 

Him  soon  she  singled  from  the  flying  train.  j Dryden. 

2.  To  withdraw  ; to  sequester,  [r.] 

An  agent  singling  itself  from  consorts.  Hooker. 

SlN'GLE— EN'TIty,  n.  A mode  of  book-keeping 
in  which  the  record  of  every  transaction  is  car- 
ried to  the  debit  or  the  credit  of  only  a single 
account.  — See  Book-keeping.  Brande. 


SLN'GLE— FI.OW'JJRED  (-fldu'erd),  a.  Having  a 
single  flower.  Hill. 

sIn'GLE-HAND'BD,  a.  1.  Having  only  one  hand. 

2.  Unassisted;  unaided;  alone.  Smith. 

SlN'GLE— HEART'fD,  a.  Without  duplicity  ; sin- 
cere ; ingenuous  ; upright.  Betham. 

SlN’GLE— MIND'^D,  a.  Having  a single  purpose. 

SIN'GLE-NESS,  n.  I.  The  state  of  being  single 
or  only  one.  Johnson. 

2.  The  state  of  having  no  companion.  “.The 

sober  singleness  of  widowhood.”  Mason. 

3.  Simplicity  ; sincerity  ; integrity  ; ingenu- 
ousness. “ Singleness  of  heart.  Law. 

SlN'GLE  ij  (slng'glz),  n.  Reeled  thread  of  raw  silk 
twisted  to  give  it  strength  and  firmness.  Brande. 

SlN'GLE— SEEDED,  a.  Having  only  one  seed. 

SlN'GLE— STICK,  n.  A stout  cudgel  for  fencing 
or  fighting  with:  — also,  a game  with  single- 
sticks. [Scot.,  and  local,  Eng.]  Todd.  Jamieson. 

SlN'GLE— TREE,  n.  The  cross-piece  of  a car- 
riage to  which  the  traces  are  attached ; a whiffle- 
tree.  Simmonds. 

SIN'GLE-VALVED  (-v&lvd),  a.  Having  but  one 
valve.  Smith. 


SIN'GLIN,  n.  A single  gleaning,  or  a handful  of 
gleaned  grain.  [Local,  Eng.]  Wright. 

SlN'GLO,  n.  A fine  kind  of  tea,  with  large,  flat 
leaves,  not  much  rolled.  Simmonds. 


SlN'GLY  (sTng'gle),  ad.  1.  By  one’s  self;  only; 
alone ; without  assistant,  partner,  or  compan- 
ion. “ Thou  singly  honest  man.”  Shah. 

2.  Individually  ; particularly.  “ To  make 

men  singly  and  personally  good.”  Til/otson. 

3.  Honestly  ; sincerely.  Johnson. 


SING'SONG,  n.  1.  Bad  singing.  Rymer. 

2.  Repetition  of  similar  words  or  tones.  Sm. 


f SING'STgR,  n.  A woman  who  sings.  Wickliffe. 

SIN'Gl'-LAR  (6lng'gu-l?r,  82),  a.  [L.  singularis ; 
singulus,  single ; singidi,  one  to  each ; It.  sin- 
goiare-,  Sp.  singular  ; Fr.  singulaire.] 

1.  fiBy  one’s  self;  alone;  unattended. 

When  he  was  singular  or  by  himself. 

Mark  iv.  10,  Wickliffe' s Trans. 

2.  Of  which  there  is  but  one  ; unique. 


These  busts  of  the  emperors  . . . are  all  very  scarce,  and 
some  of  them  almost  singular  in  their  kind.  Addison. 

3.  Single ; not  complex  ; not  compound. 

That  idea  which  represents  one  particular,  determinate 

thing  is  called  a singidar  idea.  ll'atts. 

4.  Particular  ; unexampled ; unparalleled  ; re- 
markable. “ So  singular  a sadness.”  Denham. 

5.  Not  common  ; unusual  ; odd  ; eccentric. 

Iiis  zeal 

None  seconded,  as  singidar  and  rash.  Milton. 

6.  (Gram.)  Expressing  only  one;  not  plural; 
not  dual;  as,  “The  singular  number.” 

Singular  point  of  a curve,  (Math.)  a point  at  which 
tile  curve  possesses  some  peculiar  properties  not  pos- 
sessed by  other  points.  Davies.  — Singular  term, 
(Logic.)  a term  which  stands  for  one  individual. — 
Singular  proposition,  a proposition  tile  subject  of  which 
is  either  a singular  term,  or  a common  term  limited  to 
one  individual  by  a singular  sign.  W /lately. 

Syn.  — See  Odd,  Particular. 

f SIN'GU-LAR,  n.  A particular.  More. 

+ SIN'GU-LAR-IST,  n.  One  who  affects  singu- 
larity. Barrow. 

sIN-GU-lAr'J-TY,  n.  [L.  singularitas  ; It.  singo- 
larita  ; Sp.  singularidad  ; Fr.  singularity.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  singular  ; peculiarity. 

Pliny  addeth  this  singularity  to  that  soil,  that  the  second 
year  the  very  falling  down  of  the  seeds  y ieldeth  corn.  Raleigh. 

2.  Uncommonness  of  character  or  form  ; 

something  remarkable  or  curious.  Shak. 

I took  notice  of  this  little  figure  for  the  singularity  of  the 
instrument;  it  is  not  unlike  a violin.  Addison. 

3.  Particular  privilege  or  prerogative.  “ The 
legal  singularity  of  the  Jewish  nation.”  Pearson. 

4.  Character  or  manners  different  from  those 
of  others  ; eccentricity  ; oddity. 

Let  those  who  would  affect  singularity  with  success  first 
determine  to  be  very  virtuous,  aud  they  will  be  sure  to  be 
very  singular.  Colton. 

Syn.  — See  Particular. 

f SlN'GU-LAR-IZE,  v.  a.  To  make  singular  or 
single.  Johnson. 

SIN'GU-LAR-LY,  ad.  1.  In  a singiilar  manner  ; 
in  a manner  different  from  others  ; peculiarly. 

2.  So  as  to  express  one,  or  the  singular  num- 
ber. Bp.  Morton. 

f SIN'GULF,  n.  A sob,  or  a hiccough.  Spenser. 

f SIN'GULT,  n.  A sob,  or  a hiccough.  Browne. 

SIN-GULT'OUS,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  affected 
with,  hiccough.  Dunglison. 

SIJf-Gt/L’TUS,  n.  [L.]  (Med.)  A noise  made 
by  the  sudden  and  involuntary  contraction  of 
the  diaphragm,  and  the  simultaneous  contrac- 
tion of  the  glottis,  which  arrests  the  air  in  the 
trachea;  hiccough.  Dunglison. 

SIN'I-CAL,  a.  [From  sine.]  Pertaining  to  a sine 
or  to  sines. 

Sinical  quadrant,  a kind  of  quadrant  with  an  index 
divided  by  sines,  and  sometimes  divided  into  equal 
parts.  In  the  latter  case  it  is  used  by  seamen  to  re- 
solve problems  of  plane  sailing.  Ilutton. 

II  SIN'IS-Ty R,  or  SI-NIS'TpR  [sin'is-ter,  S.  W.  P. 
J.  K.  Wr.  Wb.  ; se-nis'ter,  F.  Ja.  Sm. j,  a.  [L.  si- 
nister-, It.  sinistro;  Sp.  siniestro;  Fr.  simstre.] 

1.  On  the  left  hand  or  side  ; left;  — opposed 

to  right.  “ His  sinister  cheek.”  Shak. 

2.  Unlucky  ; unfortunate  ; inauspicious.  “ A 

sinister  birth.”  B.  Jonson. 

3.  Evil ; bad  ; ill ; perverse  ; corrupt ; wicked. 

The  Duke  of  Clarence  was  soon  after,  by  sinister  means, 
made  clean  away.  Spenser. 

Sinister  aspect , ( Astrol .)  an  appearance  of  two  plan- 
ets happening  according  to  the  succession  of  the  signs, 
as  Saturn  in  Aries,  and  Mars  in  the  same  degree  of 
Gemini.  Loud.  Ency. 

idSrThis  word,  in  the  sense  of  left , is  accented  by 
the  poets  Milton,  Dryden,  &c.,  on  the  second  syllable, 
though  most  lexicographers  and  orthoepists  accent  it 
on  the  first  syllabic,  whether  it  is  used  in  the  sense  of 
left  or  perverse.  — Walker  says,  u This  word,  though 
uniformly  accented  on  the  second  syllable  in  the  poets 
quoted  by  Johnson,  is  as  uniformly  accented  on  the 
first  by  all  our  lexicographers,  and  is  uniformly  so  pro- 
nounced by  the  best  speakers.  Mr.  Nares  tells  us  that 
Dr.  Johnson  seems  to  think  that,  when  this  word  is 
used  in  its  literal  sense, — as, 

‘In  his  sinister  hand,  instead  of  ball. 

He  placed  a mighty  mug  of  potent  ale,*  Dryden. 
— it  has  the  accent  on  the  second  syllable  ; but  when 
in  the  figurative  sense  of  corrupt , insidious , &c.,  on 
the  first.  This  distinction  seems  not  to  be  founded  on 
the  best  usage.” 

II  SIN'IS-TIJR-HAnd'ED,  a.  Left-handed;  un- 
lucky. Lovelace. 


SINTS-TBR-LY,  ad.  Perversely;  corruptly;  un- 
fairly. A.  Wood. 

SIn'IS-TRAL,  a.  Belonging  to,  or  on,  the  left 
hand  ; left ; sinister ; sinistrous.  Dunglison. 


sin-is-trAl'i-ty,  n. 

istral. 

sIn'is-trAl-ly,  ad. 
hand. 

SlN-IS-TROR'SAL,  a. 
left,  and  vorto,  to  ti 
right,  as  a spiral  line 


The  quality  of  being  sin- 
Dr.  Roget. 

On,  or  towards,  the  left 
For.  Qu.  Rev. 
[L.  sinistrorsus ; sinister, 
rn.]  Rising  from  left  to 
Smart. 


SlN'JS-TRORSE,  a.  (Bot.)  Turned  to  the  left.  Gray. 
II  SIN'IS-TROUS  [sin'js-trus,  S.  W.  P.  F.  K.  Wr. ; 
sln'js-triis  or  se-nls'trus,  Sm.],  a.  [L.  sinister.] 

1.  Being  on  the  left  hand  ; left ; sinister. 

2.  Wrong;  perverse;  corrupt.  Bentley. 


II  SlNTS-TROUS-LY,  ad.  1.  With  a tendency  to 
the  ieft,  or  to  use  the  left  hand. 

Many,  in  their  infancy,  are  sinistrously  disposed.  Browne. 

2.  Wrongly;  perversely;  sinisterly. 

To  accuse,  calumniate,  backbite,  or  sinistrously  interpret 
others.  Browne. 

SINK  (slngk,  82),  v.  n.  [M.  Goth,  sigewan,  sig- 
guan ; A.  S.  sincan\  Dut.  zinken ; Frs.  siga-, 
Ger.  sinken ; Dan.  sanke ; Sw.  sjunka  ; Icel. 
siga.]  \i.  sunk  or  sank  ; pp.  sinking,  sunk. 
— Sank  is  growing  obsolete  ; and  sunken  is  used 
as  a participial  adjective.] 

1.  To  descend,  settle,  or  fall  through  a me- 
dium, as  water ; to  go  or  tend  to  the  bottom. 

They  came  and  filled  both  the  ships,,  so  that  they  began  to 
sink.  Luke  v.  7. 

What!  will  the  aspiring  blood  of  Lancaster 
Sink  in  the  ground?  I thought  it  would  have  mounted.  Shak. 

2.  To  fall  gradually. 

The  arrow  went  out  at  his  heart,  and  he  sunk  down  in  his 
chariot.  2 Kings  ix.  21. 

3.  To  penetrate  or  enter  into  any  body. 

David  put  his  hand  in  his  bag.  and  took  thence  a stone, 
and  slang  it,  and  smote  the  Philistine  in  his  forehead,  that 
the  stone  sunk  into  his  forehead.  1 Sam.  xvii.  19. 

4.  To  become  lower ; to  fall  or  subside  to  a 
level ; to  settle. 

Tlie  Alps  and  Pyreneans  sink  before  him.  Addison. 

5.  To  lose  prominence  ; to  retire  or  recede 
within  the  surface.  “Sunk  are  her  eyes.”  Drgden. 

6.  To  be  overwhelmed  or  depressed. 

Our  country  sinks  beneath  the  yoke.  Shak. 

7.  To  decline  ; to  decrease  ; to  decay. 

This  republic  ...  is  still  likelier  to  sink  than  increase  in 
its  dominions.  Addison. 

Let  not  the  fire  sink  or  slacken,  but  increase.  Mortimer. 

8.  To  fall  into  rest  or  indolence. 

Wouldst  thou  have  me  sink  away 

In  pleasing  dreams?  Addison. 

9.  To  become  less,  as  value.  A.  Smith. 


SINK,  v.  a.  1.  To  cause  to  sink  ; to  make  to  set- 
tle or  descend  in  a medium,  as  water.  “ A load 
would  sink  a navy.”  Shak. 

2.  To  make  by  digging  ; to  excavate  ; to  dig. 

In  this  square  they  sink  a pit.  Addison. 

3.  To  depress;  to  degrade;  — to  diminish; 
to  lessen  ; to  reduce  ; to  lower. 

Trifling  painters  or  sculptors  bestow  infinite  pains  upon 
the  most  insignificant  parts  of  a figure,  till  they  sink  the  gran- 
deur of  the  whole.  rope. 

They  catch  at  all  opportunities  of  ruining  our  trade,  and 
sinking  the  figure  we  would  make.  Addison. 

4.  To  make  to  fall  ; to  plunge.  “ Sinking 
them  [mountains]  into  the  abyss.”  Woodward. 

5.  To  plunge  into  ruin  or  destruction. 

If  I have  a conscience,  let  it  sink  me.  Shak. 

6.  To  make  shallower  ; to  make  less  deep. 

You  sunk  the  river  with  repeated  draughts.  Addison. 

7.  To  cause  to  decline  or  fail. 

Thy  cruel  and  unnatural  lust  of  power 

Has  sunk  thy  father  more  than  all  his  years.  Rowe. 

8.  To  suppress  ; to  conceal,  [r.] 

If  sent  with  ready  monev  to  buy  any  thing,  and  you  hap- 
pen to  lie  out  of  pocket,  sink  the  money,  and  take  up  the 
goods  on  account.  Swift. 

9.  To  suppress ; to  reduce ; — especially  to 

reduce,  as  a capital  sum  of  money,  for  the  sake 
of  greater  profit  or  interest  from  it.  Smart. 

SINK,  n.  1.  A drain  to  carry  off  filthy  water  or 
other  foul  matter  ; — a box  or  receptacle,  with 
a drain  attached,  as  in  a kitchen,  for  receiving 
filthy  water,  &c.  Shak. 

Gather  more  filth  than  any  sink  in  town.  Granville. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  !,  6,  U,  Y,  short; 


A,  p,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


SINKER 


1345 


SIREN 


2.  Any  place  where  corruption  is  gathered. 

What  sink  of  monsters,  wretches  of  lost  minds.  B.  Jonson. 

SINK'fR,  n.  1.  One  who,  or  that  which,  sinks. 

2.  A weight  for  sinking  a fishing-line  or  a 
net.  Simmonds. 

SINK'-HOLE,  n.  A hole  for  receiving  and  con- 
ducting oft’ dirty  water,  &c. ; a sink.  Clarke. 

SlNK'ING-FUND,  n.  A fund,  or  provision  made 
by  Parliament,  consisting  of  the  surplusage  of 
other  funds,  intended  to  be  appropriated  to  the 
payment  of  the  national  debt ; — a fund  pro- 
vided from  other  funds  for  the  gradual  pay- 
ment of  the  debt  of  a government  or  a corpo- 
ration. Brande. 

SIN'LflSS,  a.  Free  from  sin  ; guileless  ; pure  ; 
innocent.  “ His  sinless  soul.”  Dryden. 

SIN'LpSS-LY,  ad.  In  a sinless  manner;  inno- 
cently. 

SIN'LESS-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  sinless; 
freedom  from  sin  ; guilelessness.  Boyle. 

SlN'NflR,  n.  One  who  sins  ; a wicked  or  irre- 
ligious person;  — an  offender. 

I am  not  come  to  call  the  righteouB,  but  sinners  to  repent- 
ance. Matt.  ix.  13. 

SIN'N£R,  v.  n.  To  act  the  part  of  a sinner;  to 
be  a sinner  ; — used  with  it. 

* 'Whether  the  charmer  sinner  it  or  saint  it.  Pope. 

f SIN'N^R-ESS,  n.  A woman  who  sins. 

Luke  vii.  37,  Wickliffe's  Trans. 

SIN'NpT,  n.  { Naut .)  See  Sennit.  Crabb. 

SIN'— dF-F£R-ING,  n.  An  offering  or  sacrifice  in 
expiation  of  sin.  Exod.  xxix.  14. 

SIN'O-PpR,  n.  {Min.)  Sinople.  Ainsworth. 

SlN'O-PlTE,  n.  {Min.)  Sinople  ; Sinoper.  Dana. 

SIN'O-PLE  (sin'o-pl),  n.  [Gr.  Sii/wirc's,  a kind  of 
red  earth  ; Xivurie,  Sinope,  a town  on  the  Black 
Sea ; L.  sinopis ; Fr.  sinople.) 

1.  {Min.)  A variety  of  quartz  of  a blood-red, 
brownish-red,  or  deep-brown  color,  with  a tinge 
of  yellow,  occurring  in  small  crystals,  and  in 
masses,  resembling  some  varieties  of  jasper ; — 
called  also  red  ferruginous  quartz. 

Brooke.  Cleaveland. 

2.  {Her.)  The  continental  designation  of  the 

color  green  ; vert.  Brande. 

SIN'-OP-PRESSED'  (-prest'),  a.  Oppressed  with 
sin  or  a sense  of  sin.  Clarke. 

SIN'— POL-LU'T'gD,  a.  Polluted  with  sin.  Dryden. 

f SINQUE  (sink),  n.  Cinque.  Beau.  § FI. 

SIN'— STUNG,  a.  Stung  with  remorse  for  sin. 

SIN'T^R,  n.  [Ger.  sinter,  dross  of  iron,  scale.] 
{Min.)  A German  name  applied  to  a rock  de- 
posited from  mineral  waters.  Hoblyn. 

Calcareous  sinter , a variety  of  concreted  carbonate 

' of  lime,  of  various  forms,  and  composed  of  a series  of 
successive  layers,  concentric,  plane,  or  undulated,  and 
nearly  or  quite  parallel.  Cleaveland. — Ceramiian  sin- 
ter, a variety  of  quartz  consisting  of  silicious  tubes 
found  in  sands,  supposed  to  be  produced  by  lightning, 
and  called  fulgurites,  lightning-tubes , and  thunder- 
tubes. — See  Thunder-tube.  Hoblyn. — Pearl  sin- 
ter, a variety  of  opal.  Dana.  — Quartz  sinter , stalag- 
mitic  quartz,  the  most  remarkable  variety  of  which 
are  the  silicious  concretions  deposited  by  the  cele- 
brated hot  spring  in  Iceland,  the  Geyser.  Hoblyn.  — Si- 
licious sinter,  a light,  cellular  variety  of  quartz.  Dana. 

SIN'TOC,  n.  The  bark  of  a species  of  Laurus  of 
the  East  Indies,  used  as  a spice ; — also  written 
sindoc.  [East  Indian.]  P.  Cyc. 

s!n'U-ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  sinuo,  sinuatus ; sinus,  a 
curve.]  \i.  sinuated  ; pp.  sinuating,  sinuat- 
ed.]  To  wind  ; to  bend  in  and  out.  Woodward. 

SiN'U-ATE  (sln'yu-?t),  a.  {Bot.)  Not- 
ing a margin,  as  that  of  a leaf,  ren- 
dered uneven  by  alternate  rounded 
and  rather  large  lobes  and  sinuses. 

Henslow. 

t iN'U-AT-yD,  a.  {Bot.)  Bending  in 
and  out ; sinuate.  Henslow. 

SIN-U-A'TION,  n.  [L.  sinuatio .]  A bending  in 

and  out.  Hale. 

SIN-U-OSE',  a.  Sinuous.  Loudon. 

SIN-y-OS'I-TY,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality  of 

being  sinuous.  Drayton. 

SIN'U-OUS  (sln'yy-us),  a.  [L . sinuosus ; sinus,  a. 
bent  surface,  a ciwve  ; It.  Sj  Sp.  sinuoso ; Fr. 


sinueux.)  Bending  in  and  out ; winding  ; of  a 
serpentine  or  undulating  form. 

Streaking  the  ground  with  sinuous  trace.  Milton. 

SIN'U-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  a sinuous  manner;  wind- 
ingly.  Clarke. 

SI'NUS,  n. ; pi.  L.  sinus-,  Eng.  sI'nvs-e?.  [L.] 

1.  A bay  of  the  sea,  or  an  opening  of  the 
land.  “Arms  of  the  sea,  or  sinuses.”  Burnet. 

2.  A fold;  a hollow.  Biblioth.  Bibl.  i.  235. 

3.  {Anat.)  Any  cavity  the  interior  of  which  is 

more  expanded  than  the  entrance:  — a venous 
canal  into  which  several  vessels  empty,  as  of 
the  spine  : — the  bosom.  Dunglison. 

4.  {Surg.)  A long,  narrow,  hollow  track  lead- 
ing from  some  abscess,  &c.  Dunglison. 

5.  {Bot.)  A curved  or  rounded  recess  or 

concavity  in  the  margin  of  an  organ,  as  of  a 
leaf.  Lindley. 

SIN'— WORN,  a.  Worn  by  sin.  Milton. 

SIP,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  sipan  ; But.  sippen  ; Dan.  slibe  ; 
Sw.  supa-,  Icel.  syp. — See  Sup.]  [?.  sipped  ; 
pp.  SIPPING,  sipped.] 

1.  To  take  into  the  mouth  by  small  quantities 

with  the  lips,  as  a fluid.  Pope. 

Charles  sipped  a little  of  the  poisonous  draught.  Bolingbroke. 

2.  To  drink  or  imbibe  in  small  quantities. 

“Every  herb  that  sips  the  dew.”  Milton. 

3.  To  drink  out  of. 

They  skim  the  floods  and  sip  the  purple  flowers.  Dryden. 

SIP,  v.  n.  To  drink  a small  quantity  or  sparingly. 

He  that  sips  of  many  arts  drinks  of  none.  Fuller. 

SIP,  n.  A small  draught  taken  with  the  lips. 

One  sip  of  this 
Will  bathe  the  drooping  spirits  in  delight 
Beyond  the  bliss  of  dreams.  Be  wise,  and  waste.  Milton. 

SIPE,  v.  n.  To  ooze  or  drain  out  slowly.  [Local, 
England.]  Grose. 

SlPH'i-Lls,  n.  {Med.)  See  Syphilis. 

SI'PHOlD,  n.  A vase  or  apparatus  for  receiving 
and  giving  out  gaseous  waters.  Simmonds. 


Sl'PHON  (sl'fon),  n.  [Gr.  aiipuiv  ; L.  sipho  ; It.  si- 
fone ; Sp.  si  foil ; Fr.  siphon.) 

1.  An  apparatus  or  tube 
for  decanting  a liquid  from 
a vessel  without  inverting 
or  otherwise  disturbing 
the  position  of  the  ves- 
sel. Young.  siphon. 


The  most  simple  form  of  the  siphon  is  a bent 
tube,  as  B C in  the  figure.  When  tho  siphon  is  filled 
with  liquid,  and  one  branch  is  partly  immersed  in  the 
liquid  to  be  decanted,  while  the  outer  branch  descends 
lower  than  the  surface  of  that  liquid,  the  pressure  of 
the  atmosphere  tends  equally  to  force  the  liquid  up- 
wards in  both  branches.  But  the  tendency  of  the 
liquid,  due  to  its  gravity,  to  flow  downwards  in  the 
outer  branch,  exceeds  that  in  the  inner,  in  proportion 
as  the  outer  orifice  is  lower  than  the  surface  of  the 
liquid  in  the  vessel ; this  excess  destroys  the  equilib- 
rium. The  atmospheric  pressure  propagated  from 
the  surface  of  the  liquid,  thus  becoming  effective  in 
the  inner  branch,  forces  the  liquid  up  through  the 
tube,  replacing  it  with  more  liquid  from  the  vessel, 
and  thus  maintaining  the  stream,  till  the  surface  of 
the  liquid  is  lower  than  the  orifice  of  the  inner  or  of 
the  outer  branch.  A,  iii  the  figure,  represents  a 
siphon  provided  with  a lateral  tube  and  stop-cock,  for 
more  conveniently  exhausting  the  air  from  the  siphon 
when  it  is  to  be  filled.  B represents  a Wurtemburg 
siphon,  which  may  be  kept  constantly  filled  with  a 
liquid,  and  always  ready  for  immediate  use. 


2.  {Zool.)  A membranous  and  calcareous  tube 
which  traverses  the  septa  and  the  interior  of 
polythalamous  shells  : — also  the  tubular  pro- 
longation of  the  mantle  in  certain  mollusks, 
and,  according  to  Latreille,  the  mouth  of  cer- 
tain suctorious  and  apterous  insects.  Brande. 


SI-PHO  'JVI-A,  n.  {Bot.)  A genus  of  euphorbi- 
aceous  plants,  one  species  of  which,  Siphonia 
elastica,  inhabiting  Guiana  and  Brazil,  yields 
caoutchouc.  Lindley. 

SI-PHON'IC,  a.  Relating  to,  or  resembling,  a 
siphon.  Buckland. 

SI-PHON'I-FJJR,  n.  [Eng.  siphon,  and  L .fero,  to 
bear.]  {Zoijl.)  One  of  an  order  of  cephalopods, 
including  those  species  which  have  a siphon 
contained  within  a polythalamous  shell.  Brande. 

S I - P H o N-O- B R A NU  If  'I-  A TE , n.  [Eng.  siphon, 
and  Gr.  fpdvyia,  gills.]  {Zolil.)  One  of  an  order 
of  gastropods,  including  those  in  which  the 
branchial  cavity  terminates  in  a tube  or  siphon 
more  or  less  prolonged.  Brande. 


SI-PHO-NOS'TOME,  n.  [Gr.  trhpoiv,  oitfuovd^,  a si- 
phon, and  ar6pa,  the  mouth.]  {Zool.)  One  of  a 
family  of  crustaceans,  comprehending  those 
which  have  a siphon-shaped  mouth  for  suc- 
tion. Brande. 

Si'PHUN-CLE,  n.  [L.  siphunculus,  dim.  of  sipho, 
a siphon.]  {Conch.)  The  tube  communicating 
with  the  chambers  of  the  shells  of  cephalopodous 
mollusks,  as  in  the  nautilus,  &c.  Woodward. 

SI'PHUN'CLED,  a.  Possessed,  or  formed  with,  a 
siphuncle.  Wright. 

SI-PHUN'CU-LAR,  a.  Pertaining  to  a siphuncle  ; 
like  a siphuncle.  Wright. 

SI-PHUN'CLt-LAT-ED,  a.  Having  a little  spout  or 
siphon.  Wright. 

fSlP'ID,  a.  Savory.  Cockeram. 

SIP'P^R,  n.  One  who  sips.  Johnson. 

SlP'PfT,  n.  A small  sop  ; a sip.  Milton. 

SlP'UN-CLE  (slp'un-kl),  n.  [L.  sipunculus,  a little 
tube.]  {Zool.)  A genus  of  worms  which  burrow 
in  the  sands  of  the  sea-shore  ; — classed  by  Cu- 
vier with  Echinoderms,  and  by  Blainville  with 
Entozoa.  Brande. 

SI'QUJS  (sl'kwjs),  n.  [L.,  if  any  one.)  An  ad- 
vertisement or  notification;  — so  called  from 
the  L.  siquis  (if  any  one)  occurring  in  the 
notice. 

It  is  applied  to  a notification  of  an  intention  to 
take  holy  orders,  with  a consequent  inquiry  if  any  one 
can  allege  impediment.  Hook. 

SIR,  n.  [L.  senior,  an  aged  person  ; It.  signore-, 
Sp.  sehor ; Fr.  seigneur,  sire.  — According  to 
Morin  from  Gr.  Kbpio;,  lord,  master.  Landais.) 

1.  The  word  of  respect  in  compellation  to 

man,  in  common  conversation.  Shah. 

2.  The  title  of  a baronet  and  a knight,  pre- 

fixed to  the  Christian  name  ; as,  “ Sir  John  ” ; 
“ Sir  Horace  Vere,  his  brother.”  Bacon. 

3.  A man  ; a gentleman. 

But,  sire,  be  sudden  in  the  execution.  Shak. 

4.  A title  formerly  applied  to  a priest  and  cu- 
rate in  general.  Spenser. 

4©““  Dominus,  the  academical  title  of  bachelor  of 
arts,  was  usually  rendered  by  sir  in  English,  at  the 
universities  ; so  that  a bachelor  who,  in  the  books, 
stood  Dominus  Brown,  was,  in  conversation,  called 
Sir  Brown.  This  was  in  use  in  some  colleges  even 
in  my  memory.  Therefore,  as  most  clerical  persons 
had  taken  that  first  degree,  it  became  usual  to  style 
them  sir.”  JYares. 

5.  Formerly,  a bachelor  of  arts,  in  some  of 
the  American  colleges. 

Voted,  Sep.  5th,  1763.  That  Sir  Sewall,  B.  A.,  be  the  in- 
structor in  the  Hebrew  and  other  learned  languages  for  three 
years.  Peirce's  Hist,  llarv.  Univ. 

SI-rAs'KIER,  n.  [Turk.]  See  Seraskier. 

SIR'CAR,  n.  1.  A general  division  of  a province 
in  India  ; a circar.  Simmonds. 

2.  A Hindoo  accountant.  C.  P.  Brown. 

SIR'DAR,  n.  [Hind.]  A chief.  C.  P.  Brown.  A 
principal  palankin  bearer.  Simmonds. 

SIRE,  n.  [Fr.  sire,  from  L.  senior,  an  aged  person. 
— See  Sir.] 

1.  A father.  [Used  in  poetry.] 

Strike  for  your  altars  and  your  fires; 

Strike  for  ilic  green  graves  of  your  sires ; 

God,  and  your  native  land.  Fitz-Greene  Halleck. 

2.  A title  of  honor  given  to  kings  or  emper- 
ors in  speaking  or  writing  to  them.  Bourier. 

3.  The  male  parent  of  a beast ; — particular- 

ly used  of  a horse.  “ The  horse  had  a good  sire, 
but  a bad  dam.”  Johnson. 

4Sr"  It  is  used  in  composition  ; as,  a grand-sire. 

SIRE,  v.  a.  To  beget.  [Used  of  beasts.]  Shak. 

SJ-RE'DON,  n.  {Zolil.)  The  axolotl.  Eng.  Cyc. 

Sl'RgN  [sl'ren,  S.  W.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.),  n.  ; pi. 
sirens.  [Gr.  atipriv  ; L.  siren ; It.  A Sp. stmta  ; 
Fr.  sirene.) 

1.  {Myth.)  One  of  the  damsels,  of  whom  some 

state  there  were  two,  and  others  three,  and  who 
lived  on  an  island  near  the  south-western  coast 
of  Italy,  and  were  believed  to  have  the  power  of 
enchanting  and  charming  by  their  song  any  one 
who  heard  them.  W.  Smith. 

2.  A mermaid.  “ A mermaid  or  siren  there 

buried.”  Holland. 

3.  An  enticing  or  alluring  woman.  Chapman. 

4.  {Zolil.)  A genus  of  reptiles  belonging  to 
the  perenni-branchiate  batrachians,  and  peculiar 
to  the  southern  portions  of  the  U.  S.  Brande. 


M}EN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  S6N ; Bl)LL,  BUR,  RlJLE.  — 9,  <?,  £,  g,  soft;  C,  fi,  £,  g,  hard;  § as 
169 


z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


SIREN 


1346 


SITHE 


4Cg=*  The  siren  has  an  elongated  form  nearly  like 
that  of  an  eel,  three  branchial  tufts  on  each  side,  no 
posterior  feet  nor  any  vestige  of  a pelvis,  depressed 
head,  the  lower  jaw  armed  with  a horny  sheath  and 
several  rows  of  small  teeth,  and  the  upper  one  tooth- 
less. Eng.  Cyc. 

Sl'R£N,  a.  Bewitching  like  a siren;  alluring; 
dangerously  fascinating.  Hammond. 

SJ-RENE',  n.  [Fr.]  An  instrument  for  determin- 
ing the  number  of  aerial  vibrations  per  second 
corresponding  to  any  musical  sound.  Lardner. 

Sf'R^N-IZE,  v.  n.  To  practise  the  arts  of  a siren  ; 
to  entice,  [it.]  Cockeram. 

SI-Rf'rf-SlS,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  ceiplaai^.']  (Med.) 
An  affection  produced  by  the  action  of  the  sun 
on  some  region  of  the  body,  — head,  hands, 
arms,  &c. ; a stroke  of  the  sun  ; a sun-stroke  ; 
insolation.  Dunglison. 

SIRITCH,  n.  An  Arab  name  for  the  sweet  oil  ob- 
tained by  expression  from  the  seeds  of  the  Sesa - 
mum  Orient  ale , much  used  for  food,  for  friction 
of  the  body,  and  for  lamps.  Simmonds. 

SIR 'I- US,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  aeloios.)  ( Astron .)  A 
star  of  the  first  magnitude  in  the  constellation 
of  Cams  Major , or  the  Great  Dog,  and  the 
brightest  in  the  heavens ; the  dog-star.  Brande. 

SIR' LOIN  [si'r'loin,  J.  E.  F.Sm.R.  Wb.\  sir-loin', 
Ja . Rees],  n.  The  loin,  or  the  upper  part  of 
the  loin  of  beef,  or  a piece  of  beef  covering 
either  kidney  ; — written  also  surloin.  \V.  Ency. 

Ktr-  Johnson,  in  his  definition  of  sir,  says  it  is  “a 
title  given  to  the  loin  of  beef,  which  one  of  our  kings 
knighted  in  a fit  of  good  humor,”  or,  as  another 
phrases  it,  “ in  one  of  his  merry  moods.”  In  this 
account  of  the  origin  of  sirloin  Johnson  has  been  gen- 
erally followed  by  subsequent  English  lexicographers 
who  have  spoken  of  its  etymology.  The  king  referred 
to,  according  to  some,  was  Charles  II.,  but,  according 
to  a greater  number,  James  I.  The  following  account 
is  given  by  Dean  Swift  in  his  “ Polite  Conversation  ” : 
“But  pray  why  is  if  called  a sirloin ? — Why,  you 
must  know  that  our  King  James  I.,  who  loved  good 
eating,  being  invited  to  dinner  by  one  of  his  nobles, 
and  seeing  a large  loin  of  beef  at  his  table,  he  drew 
out  his  sword,  and  in  a frolic  knighted  it.”  Whether 
this  was  related  by  Swift  in  a serious  or  “ merry 
mood”  may  be  doubted,  as  it  may  well  be  doubted 
whether  this  is  a correct  account  of  the  origin  of  the 
word. 

T.  T.  Wilkinson  (in  “ Notes  and  Queries, ” vol. 
ii.)  says,  “The  popular  tradition  of  knighting  the 
sirloin  has  found  its  way  into  many  publications 
of  a local  tendency,  and,  among  the  rest,  into  the 
graphic  ‘ Traditions  of  Lancashire,’  by  the  late  Mr. 
Roby.”  Mr.  Roby,  in  giving  an  account  of  an  enter- 
tainment given  to  James  I.  at  Hoghton  Tower,  near 
Blackburn,  Lancashire,  says,  “These  fooleries  put 
the  king  into  such  good  humor,  that  he  was  more 
witty  in  his  speech  than  ordinary.  Some  of  these 
sayings  have  been  recorded,  and,  amongst  the  rest, 
that  well-known  quibble,  which  has  been  the  origin 
of  an  absurd  mistake,  still  current  through  the  coun- 
try, respecting  the  sirloin.  The  occasion,  as  far  as 
we  have  been  able  to  gather,  was  thus:  Whilst  he 
sat  at  meat,  casting  his  eyes  upon  a noble  surloin  at 
the  lower  end  of  the  table,  he  cried  out,  4 Bring  hither 
that  surloin , sirrah,  for  ’t  is  worthy  of  a more  honor- 
able post,  being,  as  1 may  say,  not  sur  loin.  but  sir- 
loin, the  noblest  joint  of  all  ’;  which  ridiculous  and 
desperate  pun  raised  the  wisdom  and  reputation  of 
England’s  Solomon  to  the  highest.” 

This  word  is  not  found  in  any  English  dictionary 
previous  to  that  of  Johnson  with  the  orthography  of 
sirloin,  the  earlier  orthography  being  surloin.  Bailey’s 
Dictionary  has  surloin  of  beef , corresponding  to  the 
French  surlonge  de  bceuf,  the  obvious  or  probable  ety- 
mology. Surloin  is  also  given  by  Ainsworth  ; and  the 
word  occurs  repeatedly  in  Cotgrave’s  Dictionary,  first 
published  in  1611,  with  the  orthography  of  surloine 
and  surloyne.  — See  SURLOIN. 

SIR/NAME,  n.  See  Surname. 

SJ-ROC'CO,  n. ; pi.  si-roc'c6$.  [It.  sirocco ; Sp. 
siroco  ; Fr . siroc.  — It  may  be  ventus  Syriacus, 
or  blowing  from  Syria.  Skinner .]  A periodical, 
warm,  relaxing  south  or  south-east  wind,  which 
generally  blows  in  the  south  of  Italy,  in  Malta, 
Sicily,  and  in  Dalmatia.  Brande. 

SIR'RAH  (sar'r?h  or  sir'rah)  [sSr'rS,  S.  W.  P.  J. 
F.  K.;  ser'rii,  Ja.  Sm.  C.  Johnston ; sir'r'i,  Wb.\ 
sir'rah,  E.  Elphinston ],  n.  or  interj.  [s«r  ha, 
Minsheu  and  Skinner.)  An  adaptation  of  the 
word  sir,  when  used  with  anger,  contempt,  or 
insult,  or  in  playfulness. 

This  is  a corruption  of  the  first  magnitude, 
but  too  general  and  inveterate  to  be  remedied.  Mr. 
Sheridan,  Mr.  Nares,  Mr.  Scott,  Dr.  Kenrick,  and  Mr. 


Perry  pronounce  it  as  I have  done.  W.  Johnston 
alone  pronounces  it  as  if  written  serrah ; and  Mr.  El- 
phinston, because  it  is  derived  from  sir  and  the  inter- 
jection ah,  says  it  ought  to  have  the  first  syllable  like 
sir.1 9 Walker. 

f SIRT,  n.  [L.  syrtis.]  A bog.  — See  Syrtis. 

||  SIR'UP  (sir'up  or  sur'rup)  [sur'rup,  S.  W.  J.  K. 
IVb.  ; ser'rup,  F.  Ja. ; sir' nip,  P.  R.  C.  ; sir'up, 
colloquially  sur'up,  Sm.],  n.  [Arab,  sirab,  si - 
ruph.  — Low  L.  sirupus  ; It.  siroppo  ; Fr.  strop, 
syrop .]  Vegetable  juice  boiled  with  sugar,  or  a 
saturated  solution  of  sugar  in  water. 

Not  poppy,  nor  mandragora. 

Nor  nil  the  drowsy  sirups  of  the  w orld.  Shale. 

This  word  is  spelt  syrop  by  Kersey,  Bailey,  and 
Martin  ; and  sirup  by  Johnson,  and  by  the  later  Eng- 
lish lexicographers  ; yet  it  is  now  perhaps  more  com- 
monly written  syrup,  as  it  is  spelt  by  the  P.  Cyc.  and 
by  Dunglison. 

||  SlR'UPED  (slr'upt),  a.  Covered,  or  tinged  with, 
sirup.  “The  siruped  leaves.”  Drayton. 

||  SIR'UP-Y,  a.  Resembling  sirup.  Mortimer. 

SIRVEJYTE  (ser-vangt'),  n.  [Fr.]  A species  of 
poem  in  common  use  among  the  Troubadours 
of  the  middle  ages.  Brande. 

t SI§E,  n.  [Contracted  from  assize.']  See  Assize. 

SIS'KIN,  n.  ( Ornith .)  A song-bird  of  the  family 
Fringillidte,  a native  of  the  north  of  Europe ; 
aberdevine  ; Fringilla  spinns.  Yarrell. 

flfg*  The  siskin  visits  England  in  autumn,  remain- 
ing there  during  the  winter,  and  it  is  called  in  some 
parts  of  that  country  the  barley-bird.  Baird. 

SlS'KI-WXT,  n.  [Indian  name.]  (Ich.)  A species 
of  salmon  caught  in  Lake  Superior;  Salmo  sis- 
khoit.  It  is  stout,  broad  and  thick,  of  a high 
flavor,  and  very  fat.  Agassiz. 

SISS,  v.  n.  To  hiss  ; to  sizzle.  [Local.]  Halliwcll. 

SIS'SOO,  n.  ( Bot .)  A valuable  evergreen  timber 
tree,  indigenous  in  the  East  Indies,  of  the 
genus  Dalbcrgia.  Lindley. 

SlS'TfR,  n.  [M.  Goth,  swistar ; A.  S.  swuster, 

suster,  sweoster,  swyster  ; Old  Eng.  sustre  ; Dut. 

zuster ; Ger.  schwester  ; Dan.  s lister,  syster ; Sw. 
syster ; Icel.  systir.  — Sansc.  swasri.] 

1.  A female  born  of  the  same  parents  ; — cor- 

relative to  brother.  “ I am  the  sister  of  one 
Claudio.”  Shak. 

2.  A woman  of  the  same  faith,  — of  the  same 
condition, — of  the  same  kind,  — of  the  same 
church,  society,  or  community. 

“Brother”  and  "sister"  were  tjitles  by  which  Christians 
anciently  called  themselves  on  account  of  their  being,  by 
adoption,  made  the  “Israel  of  God  ” as  much  ns  the  original 
Israel,  who  wrere  descendants  of  Jucob  after  the  flesh.  Eden. 

3.  One  of  the  same  kind  ; one  of  the  same 
condition,  — generally  used  adjectively. 

Alike  their  leaves,  but  not  alike  they  smiled 

With  sister  fruits;  one  fertile,  one  was  wild.  Pope. 

fSIS'T^R,  v.  a.  To  resemble  closely.  Shak. 

f SIS'TpR,  v.  n.  To  be  akin  ; to  be  near  to.  Shak. 

SlS'T^R— BLOCK,  n.  A solid  piece  of  wood,  with 
two  holes,  one  above  the  other,  with  or  without 
sheaves,  to  pass  a pulley  through.  Simmonds. 

SIS'TSR-HOOD  (-lidd),  n.  1.  The  state  or  duty  of 
a sister.  “ The  part  of  sisterhood.”  Daniel. 

2.  Sisters  collectively  ; a number  of  women 
of  the  same  order,  faith,  or  society.  Shak. 

SIS'T^R— IN— LAW,  n.  The  sister  of  a husband 
or  a wife. 

SIS'TyR-LV,  a.  Like  a sister;  becoming  a sister. 

SJS'TRUM,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  of  tarpon  ; acta,  to 
shake.]  (Musi)  A musical  instrument  of  per- 
cussion, anciently  used  in  Egypt  at  the  rites  of 
Isis  and  other  festivals.  P.  Cyc. 

SI-SYM' BRI-trM,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  mofcp/Ipiov.] 
(Bot.)  A genus  of  plants  containing  many  spe- 
cies, the  juice  and  seeds  of  several  of  which,  as 
of  Sisymbrium  officinale,  or  common  hedge  mus- 
tard, are  used  in  medicine.  Loudon. 

SIT,  v.  n.  [Goth,  sit  fin ; A.  S.  sittan  ; Frs.  sitha ; 
Dut.  zitten  ; Ger.  sitzen ; Dan.  sidde ; Sw.  sitta, ; 
Icel.  sitia.  — Ir.  suidhim,  eisidhim,  seisim  ; W. 
eistedd,  seddu.  — Gr.  'i(opat ; L.  sedeo ; It.  sedere  ; 
Fr.  seoir.  — Sansc.  sad-,  Heb.  piic,  tQ  set,  to 
place.  — See  Set.]  [*.  sat;  pp.  sitting,  sat, 
or  sitten.  — Sitten  is  now  nearly  obsolete.] 


1.  To  rest  on  the  lower  extremity  of  the  body ; 
to  rest  upon  the  buttocks  ; to  repose  on  a seat. 

Their  wives  do  sit  beside  them  carding  wool.  May. 

2.  To  perch,  as  a bird. 

A white  thorn  that  every  bird  sitteth  upon.  Baruch. 

3.  To  be  in  a seat  of  authority.  Burrill. 

4.  To  be  in  a state  of  rest  or  idleness. 

Shall  your  brethren  go  to  war,  and  shall  ye  sir  here? 

Rwn.  xxxii.  6. 

5.  To  be  in  any  local  position,  [u.] 

The  ships  are  ready,  and  the  wind  sits  fair.  A.  Philips. 

6.  To  rest,  as  a weight  or  burden. 

Your  brother’s  death  sits  at  your  heart.  Shak. 

The  calamity  sits  heavy  on  us.  Bp.  Taylor. 

7.  To  settle  ; to  abide  ; to  stay. 

Pale  horror  sat  on  each  Arcadian  face.  Dryden. 

8.  To  brood  ; to  incubate. 

As  the  partridge  sitteth  on  eggs.  Jcr.  xvii.  11. 

9.  To  be  adjusted ; to  be  with  respect  to  fit- 
ness or  unfitness,  decorum  or  indecorum. 

This  new  and  gorgeous  garment,  majesty, 

Sits  not  so  easy  on  me  as  you  think.  Shak. 

10.  To  take  a position  in  order  to  be  painted; 

as,  “To  sit  for  a portrait.”  Garth. 

11.  To  be  in  any  situation  or  condition,  [r.] 

The  merchant  cannot  drive  his  trade  so  well,  if  he  sit  at 

great  usury.  Bacon. 

12.  To  be  convened,  as  an  assembly  of  a pub-  . 
lie  or  authoritative  kind ; to  be  formally  consti- 
tuted and  held  for  the  transaction  of  business  ; 
to  hold  a session.  “The  Parliament  sits.”  “The 
last  general  council  sat  at  Trent.”  Johnson. 

13.  To  have  or  to  exercise  authority. 

One  council  sits  upon  life  and  death,  the  other  is  for 
taxes.  Addison. 

14.  To  be  in  any  solemn  assembly  as  a mem- 
ber ; to  be  present  and  take  part  in  a public 
body. 

Three  hundred  and  twenty  men  sat  in  council  daily. 

1 Macc. 

To  sit  down,  to  begin  a siege;  to  rest  ; to  settle. — 
To  sit  out,  to  be  without  engagement  ; to  remain  to 
the  end.  — To  sit  up,  to  rise  from  lying  to  sitting  ; not 
to  go  to  bed. — To  sit  at  meat.,  to  be  placed  at  table. 

“ lie  that  sitteth  at  meat  or  be  that  servetli.”  Luke 
xxii.  27.  — To  sit  down,  to  place  or  put  one’s  self  on  a 
seat:  — to  begin  a siege.  “Nor  would  the  enemy 
have  sat  down  before  it.”  Clarendon.  To  settle  ; to 
fix  an  abode.  “ From  besides  Tanais  the  Goths,  Huns, 
and  Getes  sat  down .”  Spenser.  To  rest  ; to  cease,  as 
satisfied.  Rogers. — To  sit  out,  to  be  without  engage- 
ment or  employment.  [R.]  Bp.  Sanderson. — To  sit 
up,  to  rise  from  lying  to  sitting.  “ He  that  was  dead 


sat  up  and  began  to  speak.”  Luke  vii.  15.  To  watch  ; 
not  to  go  to  bed. 

Some  sit  up  late  at  winter  fires,  and  fit 

Their  sharp-edged  tools.  May. 

SIT;,  v.  a.  1.  To  keep  the  seat  upon,  [r.] 

* Hardly  the  muse  can  sit  the  headstrong  horse.  Pnor. 

2.  To  place  on  a seat.  Prior. 

He  . . . calling  for  a chair,  sat  him  down.  Bacon. 


As  an  active  verb,  it  is  generally  used  by  way 
of  ellipsis  ; as,  “ To  sit  a horse  ” is  to  sit  upon  a horse. 
“ In  our  older  authors  we  meet  with  4 The  court  was 
sat.,1  and  4 He  sat  himself  down,’  in  which  use  it  is 
certainly  active;  but  the  practice  should  not  be  imi- 
tated.” Smart. 

SITE,  n.  [L.  situs  ; sedeo , to  sit.] 

1.  Situation ; local  position  ; locality  ; place  ; 
situation  of  a city  or  of  a building;  the  plot  of 
ground  on  which  a building  stands. 

Before  my  view  appeared  a structure  fair; 

Its  site  uncertain  if  on  earth  or  air.  Pope. 

2.  Posture  or  situation  of  a thing  with  respect 
to  itself.  [Improper.  Johnson.] 

And  leaves  the  semblance  of  a lover  fixed 
In  melancholy  site,  with  head  declined.  Thomson. 

Syn.  — See  Situation. 

f SIT'IJD,  a.  Placed  ; situated.  Spenser. 

SIT'fAst,  n.  (Farriery .)  An  ulcerated  sore  or 
tumor  growing  on  a horse’s  back  under  the  sad- 
dle. Farrier's  Diet. 

f SiTH,  conj.  [A.  S.  sitli.]  Since  ; seeing  that ; 
because. 

f SITH,  ad.  Since;  afterwards.  Mir.  for  Mag. 

f SITHE,  n.  Time.  “ A thousand  sithes.”  Spenser. 

SITHE,  n.  An  instrument  for  mowing;  a scythe. 
— See  Scythe.  Wickliffe.  Chaucer. 

SITHE,  v.  n.  To  draw  a long  breath  ; to  suspire  ; 
to  sigh.  — See  Sigh.  Forby.  Halloway. 

It  is  provincial  and  cockney  in  England,  and  a 
colloquial  vulgarism  in  the  United  States. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  f,  short;  A,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


SITHEMAN 


1347 


SKATE 


SITHE'M  AN,  n.  A scytheman.  Peacham. 

fSlTH'ENCE,  ad.  [sitk  thence,  from  thence ; or 
at  once  from  A.  S.  sithtthan.  Nares.  — Con- 
tracted to  since.]  Since ; in  latter  times.  Spenser. 

SI-T0L'0-<?Y,  n.  [Gr.  (tiros,  food,  and  l.byo; , a 
discourse.]  A treatise  on  food.  Braude. 

SIT'TA,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  airry,  a kind  of  wood- 
pecker.] ( Ornith .)  A genus  of  birds  belonging 
to  the  family  Certhidce ; the  nut-hatch.  Gray. 

SIT'TEN  (slt’tn),  p from  sit.  Placed  on  a seat ; 

— formerly  used  for  sat.  Hume. 

SlT'TpR,  n.  1.  One  that  sits. 

The  Turks  are  great  sitters , and  seldom  walk.  Bacon. 

2.  A bird  that  broods  or  incubates. 

The  oldest  hens  are  reckoned  the  best  sitters.  Mortimer. 

SIT-  Ti  'NJE,  n.  pi.  ( Ornith .) 

’A  sub-family  of  fissirostral 
birds,  of  the  order  Passeres 
and  family  Caprimulgidce ; 
oil-birds.  Gray. 

SIT'TING,  p.  a.  1.  Resting 

on  the  lower  extremity  of  s‘tta  Europea. 

the  body  : — perching,  as  fowls  : — incubating  : 

— occupying  a place  in  an  official  capacity. 

2.  ( Bot .)  Sessile.  Gray. 

SIT'TJNG,  n_  i The  act  0f  one  wjj0  s;ts- 

2.  The  posture  of  being  on  a seat.  Johnson. 

3.  Act  of  placing  one’s  self,  or  the  time  during 
which  one  sits,  in  older  to  be  painted.  Fairholt. 

4.  A seat  in  a pew  at  church.  Simmonds. 

5.  A meeting  of  an  assembly  ; a session. 

I wish  it  may  be  at  that  sitting  concluded,  unless  the  neces- 
sity of  the  time  press  it.  Bacon. 

6.  A course  of  study  unintermitted. 

I read  it  all  through  at  one  sitting.  Locke. 

7.  A time  for  which  one  sits,  as  at  play,  or 

work,  or  a visit.  Dryden. 

8.  Incubation.  Addison. 

9.  pi.  (Law.)  The  holding  of  a court  with 
full  form,  and  before  all  the  judges.  Burrill. 

SIT'U-ATE  (sTt'yu-at),  ) a_  £Jj.  situs,  situa- 

SlT'y-AT-ED  (slt'yu-at-ed),  ) tion.] 

1.  Placed  with  respect  to  every  thing  else ; 
having  a situation. 

So  great  and  opulent  a duchy,  and  situate  so  opportunely 
towara  England.  Bacon. 

Thus  situated,  we  began  to  clear  places  in  the  woods.  Cook. 

2.  Placed;  consisting. 

Earth  hath  this  variety  from  heaven 

Of  pleasure  situate  in  hill  or  dale.  Milton. 

SlT-y-A'TlON,  n.  [It.  situazione;  Sp.  situacion ; 
Pr.  situation.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  situated ; local  respect ; 
position  with  respect  to  something  else ; loca- 
tion ; site  ; station  ; place  ; locality. 

Prince  Cesarini  has  a palace  in  a pleasant  situation,  and  set 


off  with  many  beautiful  walks.  Addison. 

2.  Condition ; state  ; predicament.  “ A sit- 
uation of  the  greatest  ease.”  Rogers. 

3.  Temporary  state  ; circumstances.  [Used 
of  persons,  in  a dramatic  sense.]  Johnson. 


4.  Station;  office;  post;  employment;  as, 
“ To  have  a good  situation .” 

Syn. — Situation  relates  more  especially  to  the  rel- 
ative, condition  to  the  accidental  or  changeable,  and 
state  to  the  habitual,  circumstances  of  a person  or  thing. 
The  situation  of  a house  has  respect  to  surrounding 
objects  ; its  good  or  bad  condition  or  state  has  respect 
to  its  want  of  repair.  A pleasant  or  unpleasant  situ- 
ation ; good  or  bad,  high  or  low,  condition ; state  of 
health  or  of  affairs  Choose  a situation  or  site  ; seek 
or  fill  a place ; occupy  a station  ; stand  in  a position  ; 
remain  at  a post-,  exist  in  a state See  Case,  Cir- 

cumstance. 

Si'TUS,  n.  [L.  situs,  situation.]  (Bot.)  The 
peculiar  mode  in  which  parts  are  disposed,  as 
well  as  the  position  which  they  occupy.  Henslow. 

i'VA,  n.  (Hind.  Myth.)  The  third  person  of  the 
Hindoo  triad  or  trinity,  or  the  Supreme  Being, 
considered  in  the  character  of  a destroyer  or 
avenger.  Brande. 

J-VA-THE' RI-CrM,  n.  [ Siva  and  Gr.  Oypio v,  a 
wild  beast.l  (Pal.)  An  extinct,  huge,  rumi- 
nating quadruped,  larger  than  the  rhinoceros, 
provided  with  a large  upper  lip,  or  a short  pro- 
boscis, and  having  two  horns  resembling  those 
of  antelopes;  — found  in  the  miocene  fresh- 
water deposits  of  the  sub-Himalayan  hills.  Lyell. 


Six,  a.  [Goth,  saihs ; A.  S.  six,  syx,  sex,  seox ; 
Dut.  zes ; Frs.,  Dan.,  § Sw.  sex;  Ger.  seeks  ; 
Icel.  sex.  — Heb.  fflffl.  — Gr.  t| ; L.  sex ; It.  set ; 
Sp.  seiz ; Fr.  six.  — Sansc.  shash.]  Twice  three; 
one  more  than  live. 


Six,  n.  The  sum  of  three  and  three  : — a symbol 
representing  this  sum  ; as  6. 

A cup  of  six,  a cup  of  beer  sold  at  six  shillings  the 
barrel.  JVares.  — To  be  at  six  and  seven,  or  sixes  and 
sevens,  is  to  be  in  a state  of  disorder  and  confusion. 

SIX'-COR-NJgRED  (-nerd),  a.  Having  six  corners. 

SIX'FOLD,  a.  Six  times  told  or  repeated ; six 
times  as  much  or  as  many. 

SlX'PfNCE,  n.  Six  pennies  : — a small  English 
silver  coin  ; half  a shilling  ($0,121).  Shah. 

SIX'PyN-NY,  a.  Worth  sixpence.  Preston. 

SIX'— PET-ALLED,  a.  (Bot.)  Having  six  petals. 

SIX'SCORE,  a.  & n.  Six  times  twenty.  Sandys. 

SIX'-SID-IJD,  a.  Having  six  sides.  Crahh. 


SlX'TEEN,  a.  [A.  S.  sixtene,  syxtene .]  Six  and 
ten  ; twice  eight.  Bacon. 

SlX'TEEN,  n.  The  sum  of  six  and  ten  : — a sym- 
bol representing  this  sum  ; as  16. 

SIX'TEENTH,  a.  The  sixth  after  the  tenth;  — 
the  ordinal  of  sixteen  : — noting  one  of  sixteen 
parts  into  which  a thing  is  divided. 

SIX'TEENTH,  n.  (Mus.)  An  interval  consisting 
of  two  octaves  and  a second.  Moore. 


SIXTH,  a.  The  first  after  the  fifth  ; — the  ordinal 
of  six  : — noting  one  of  six  parts  into  which  a 
thing  is  divided. 

SIXTH,  n.  1.  A sixth  part.  Cheyne. 

2.  (Mus.)  An  interval  of  five  diatonic  degrees. 

There  are  four  kinds  of  sixths,  two  consonant 
and  two  di>sonant.  The  consonant  sixths  are,  first, 
the  minor  sixth,  composed  of  three  tones  and  two 
semitones  major;  secondly,  the  major  sixth,  composed 
of  four  tones  and  a major  semitone.  The  dissonant 
sixths  are,  first,  the  diminished  sixth,  composed  of 
two  tones  and  three  major  semitones  ; secondly,  the 
superfluous  sixth,  composed  of  four  tones,  a major 
semitone,  and  a minor  semitone.  Moore. 

SIXTH'LY,  ad.  In  the  sixth  place.  Bacon. 

SIXTH'— RATE,  n.  A British  vessel  of  war  bear- 
ing a captain.  Simmonds. 

SlX'TJ-ETH,  a.  The  next  after  the  fifty-ninth  ; — 
the  ordinal  of  sixty  : — noting  one  of  sixty 
parts  into  which  a thing  is  divided. 

SIX'TY,  a.  [A.  S.  sixtig.]  Six  times  ten. 

SIX'TY,  n.  The  sum  of  fifty  and  ten  : — a symbol 
representing  this  sum  ; as  60. 

SIZ'A-BLE,  a.  1.  Of  suitable  size. 

He  should  be  purped,  sweated,  vomited,  and  starved  till  he 
come  to  a sizable  butte.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  Of  considerable  bulk ; large.  “ A sizable 

volume.”  Hurd. 


SI'ZAR,  n.  A student  of  the  lowest  rank,  or  one 
admitted  on  easier  terms,  with  regard  to  ex- 
penses, than  others,  at  Cambridge,  in  England, 
and  at  Dublin,  in  Ireland ; corresponding  to  ser- 
vitor at  Oxford  ; — written  also  sizer. 

455=  In  college  phraseology,  a size  is  a portion  of 
bread,  meat,  Sec.,  allotted  to  a student;  and  hence 
the  name  sizar.  Brande. 

Sl'ZAR-SHlP,  n.  The  rank  or  the  station  of  a 
sizar.  Southey. 

SIZE,  n.  [An  abbreviation  of  assize.  Skinner.] 

1.  Quantity  of  superficies  ; comparative  mag- 
nitude ; magnitude ; bulk  ; bigness  ; greatness. 

■ Like  thee,  Telemachus,  in  voice  and  size.  Pope. 

Objects  near  our  view  are  thought  greater  than  those  of  a 
larger  size,  that  are  more  remote.  Locke. 

2.  A portion  of  bread,  meat,  &c.,  allotted  to 

a student  distinct  from  the  regular  dinner  at 
commons  ; — a settled  quantity ; an  allowance. 
[Univ.,  Cambridge,  Eng.]  Brande. 

3.  Condition  ; standing ; rank. 

Men  of  a less  size  and  quality.  L' Estrange. 

4.  A measure  of  length  used  by  shoemakers. 

Wright. 

5.  An  instrument  consisting  of  thin  leaves 

fastened  together  at  one  end  by  a rivet,  used 
for  ascertaining  the  size  of  pearls.  Wright. 

Syn. — Size  is  a general  term,  applied  to  all  kinds 
of  dimension,  great  or  small.  Magnitude,  from  the 
Latin  magnitudo,  is  employed  in  science,  and  is  of  the 


same  signification  as  the  common  English  word  great- 
ness, which  is  not  employed  in  science.  Bulk  denotes 
a considerable  degree  of  greatness.  Great  or  small 
size  ; the  size  of  an  animal ; the  magnitude  of  tho  plan- 
ets ; quantity  of  land  or  timber  ; greatness  of  mind  ; 
the  bulk  of  a ship ; the  bulk  of  the  inhabitants 

SIZE,  n.  [W.  syth,  stiffening,  glue.  — Sp.  stVt.] 

1.  A kind  of  glue  made  by  boiling  down  in 
water  the  clippings  of  parchment  and  the  thin- 
ner kinds  of  skins,  and  used  almost  always  in  a 

' gelatinous  condition  for  various  purposes  in 
manufactures  and  the  arts ; sizing.  Simmonds. 

2.  (Pathology.)  The  huffy  coat  which  appears 

on  the  surface  of  coagulated  blood  drawn  in  in- 
flammation. Wright. 

SIZE,  v.  a.  [i.  sized  ; pp.  SIZING,  SIZED.] 

1.  To  arrange  according  to  size.  Dryden. 

2.  To  settle  or  fix  by  comparison  with  a stand- 
ard. “ To  size  weights  and  measures.”  Bacon. 

3.  To  feed  w ith  sizes  or  small  scraps ; to  sup- 
ply with  a small  quantity  of  food.  Beau.  (j  FI. 

4.  To  cover  with  glutinous  matter;  to  be- 
smear with  size.  Sir  W.  Petty. 

5.  (Mil.)  To  take  the  size  of,  as  men,  for  the 

purpose  of  placing  them  in  military  array,  and 
of  rendering  their  relative  statures  more  effec- 
tive. Stocqueler. 

6.  (Mining.)  To  separate,  as  the  finer  from 

the  coarser  parts,  of  a metal,  by  sifting  them 
through  a wire  sieve.  Wright. 

SIZE,  v.  n.  To  score  as  students  do  in  the  but- 
tery-book at  Cambridge,  Eng.  Wright. 

SIZED  (slzd),  a.  1.  Adjusted  according  to  size. 

2.  Having  a particular  magnitude.  Locke. 

gp  ■ Sized  is  used  in  composition  ; as,  medium-sued. 

SIZ'gL,  n.  The  clippings  of  various  metals  or  of 
slips  or  plates  from  which  blanks  for  coins  have 
been  cut ; scissel.  Simmonds. 

Si'Z^R,  n.  See  Sizar.  Bp.  Corbet. 

SIZE'— ROLL,  n.  A small  piece  of  parchment 
added  to  some  part  of  a record.  Simmonds. 

SIZ'£R§,  n.pl.  See  Scissors.  Tusser. 

SlZ']JR§,  n.  pi.  Machines  used  in  Ceylon,  made 
of  perforated  sheet  zinc  or  wire  gauze,  for  sepa- 
rating coffee  into  three  sizes,  the  round  or  pea- 
berry,  and  a larger  and  smaller  berry.  Simmonds. 

SIZE'— STICK,  n.  A measuring  stick  used  by 
shoemakers.  Wright. 

SI'ZI-NESS,  n.  Glutinousness;  viscosity.  “A 
siziness  and  viscosity  in  the  blood.”  Arbuthnot. 

SlZ'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  covering  with  size : — 
pieces  of  skin  and  hide  used  for  making  glue  : — 
a viscous  or  glutinous  substance.  Ash. 

2.  Food  for  a student,  as  bread,  meat,  &c., 
ordered  in  commons  or  from  the  buttery.  [Univ., 
Cambridge,  Eng.]  Bristed. 

SIZ'ZLE,  v.  n.  To  hiss  from  the  action  of  fire  ; to 
effervesce.  Forby. 

SIZ'ZLE,  n.  A hiss  from  the  action  of  fire  ; effer- 
vescence. Halliwell. 

Sl'ZY,  a.  Relating  to  size  ; viscous  ; glutinous. 
“ The  blood  is  sizy.”  Arbuthnot. 

SKAD'DLE,  n.  [A.  S.  scathe ; Dut.  skade.]  Hurt; 
damage ; injury.  [Obs.  or  local.]  Bailey.  Wright. 

SKAD'DLE,  a.  [A.  S.  sccethig.]  Mischievous ; 
ravenous.  [Local,  Eng.]  Ray. 

f SKAd'DON§,  n.pl.  The  embryos  of  bees.  Bailey. 

SKAiN,  n.  [Old  Fr.  esnaigne.]  A knot  of  thread 
or  of  silk ; skein.  — See  Skein.  Johnson. 

SKAiN  (skan),  n.  [Supposed  to  be  of  Erse  extrac- 
tion, being  chiefly  borrowed  from  the  Irish  or 
Highlanders.  Nares.]  Anciently,  a kind  of 
sword  or  dagger ; — written  also  skean.  Wright. 

And  for  their  weapons  had  but  Irish  skains  and  darts. 

Drayton. 

f SKAINS'mAte,  n.  A messmate  ; a companion. 

Scurvy  knave  I I am  none  of  his  flirt-gills,  I am  none  of  his 
skainsmates.  Shak. 

XtBr’  “ I am  inclined  to  think  that  the  old  lady 
means  roaring  or  swaggering  companions.”  Nares. 

SKALD,  n.  A bard.  — See  Scald. 

SKATE,  n.  [Dut.  schaats.]  A sort  of  shoe,  or  a 
piece  of  w'ood  made  so  as  to  be  fastened  to  the 
bottom  of  the  foot,  and  furnished  with  an  iron 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — (f,  <?,  g,  soft;  E,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  ^ as  z;  If  as  gz.  — THIS,  tfiis. 


SKATE 


runner,  used  to  slide  or  travel  on  the  ice ; — 
usually  in  the  plural ; as,  “ A pair  of  skates.” 

As  they  sweep 

On  sounding  skates  a thousand  different  ways, 

In  circling  poise,  swift  as  the  winds,  along.  Thomson. 

SKATE,  V.  n.  \i.  SKATED  ; pp.  SKATING,  SKATED.] 
To  slide  on  the  ice  by  the  use  of  skates. 

A Dutchman  skating  upon  the  ice.  Tucker. 

SKATE,  n.  [L.  squatina,  a kind  of  shark.  — A.  S. 
sceadda.)  ( Ich .)  The  name  given  to  several 
species  of  fish,  having  a rhomboidal  body,  of  the 
genus  Raia.  — See  Ray.  Yarrell. 

The  skates  are  very  numerous  on  the  British 
coasts,  and  some  of  the  species  are  used  as  food.  The 
common  skate  ( Raia  batis ),  called  also  the  blue  skate. 
the  gray  skate , and  the  tinker,  is  sometimes  found 
weighing  200  pounds.  Baird. 

SKAT'EK,  n.  One  who  skates.  Smith. 

SKAT'ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  skates.  Nares. 

f SKAYLE§,  n.  pi.  Skittles  or  ninepins.  North. 

SKEAN,  n.  A short  sword  ; a skain.  — See  Skain. 

The  road  was  lined  by  Rapparees,  armed  with  skeam, 
stakes,  and  half-pikes.  Macuulay. 

SKEEL,  n.  [Ger.  schale.  — See  Shell.]  A shal- 
low, wooden  vessel,  for  holding  milk  or  cream ; 
a milking-pail.  [North  of  Eng.]  Grose. 

SKEET,  n.  ( Naut .)  A sort  of  long  scoop,  used  to 
wet  tlie  decks  and  sides  of  a ship,  in  order  to 
keep  them  cool.  Mar.  Diet. 

SKEG,  n.  1.  A kind  of  wild  plum.  Bailey. 

2.  pi.  A sort  of  oats.  Farm.  Ency. 

SKEG'GpR,  n.  A little  salmon.  Walton. 

SKEIN  (skan),  n.  A knot  of  thread  or  of  silk  : — 
a quantity  of  yarn  as  taken  off'  the  reel. 

grg-  The  skein  of  cotton-yarn  contains  80  threads  of 
54  inches  ; 17  skeins  make  a hank  ; 18  hanks  a spin- 
dle Simmonds. 

f SKEL’DER,  v.  a.  To  cheat.  B.  Jonson. 

t SKEL'ET,  n.  A mummy.  Holland. 

SKEL-E-TOL'O-ljJY,  n.  [Gr.  aseXirtu,  a skeleton, 
and  l.iiyot,  a discourse.]  ( Anat .)  A treatise  on 
the  solid  parts  of  the  body.  Dunglison. 

SKEL'5-TON,  n.  [Gr.  OKtl.frtiv  (sc.  < rwpa) ; auiXtros, 
dried  up  ; It.  scheletro  ; Sp.  esqueleto  ; Fr.  sque- 
lette.  — Old  Eng.  skelet,  a mummy.] 

1.  ( Anat .)  The  harder  parts  of  organized 

bodies,  which  form  the  framework  upon  which 
the  softer  tissues  are  fixed  ; — more  particularly 
the  collection  of  bones  which,  in  an  animal, 
either  serve  as  fixed  points  for  the  attachment 
of  the  soft  parts,  or  form  cavities  for  enclosing 
and  protecting  important  organs,  or  constitute 
the  apparatus  of  support  and  the  passive  instru- 
ment of  voluntary  motion.  Eng.  Cyc. 

esp-  When  the  bones  are  united  by  their  natural  lig- 
aments, the  skeleton  is  said  to  be  natural ; when  artic- 
ulated by  means  of  wires,  artificial.  Dunglison. 

2.  The  compages  or  frame  of  any  thing.  “The 

great  skeleton  of  the  world.”  Hale. 

3.  A rough  draught ; sketch ; outline ; as, 
“ Simeon’s  ‘ Skeletons  of  Sermons.’  ” 

4.  A very  lean  person.  Smart. 

SKEL'E-TON— BILL,  n.  {Law.)  A blank  paper 
properly  stamped,  in  those  countries  where 
stamps  are  required,  with  the  name  of  a person 
signed  at  the  bottom.  Bouvier. 

SKEL'E-TON— KEY,  n.  A thin  key  used  for  sev- 
eral varieties  of  locks. 

fSKEL'LUM,  n.  [Ger.  schelm.  — Old  Fr.  schel- 
me.\  A villain  ; a scoundrel.  Cotgrave. 

SKEL'LY,  v.  n.  To  squint.  Todd. 

SKEL'LY,  n.  A squint.  [North  of  Eng.]  Brockett. 

SKELP,  n.  A blow;  a smart  stroke.  [North  of 
England.]  Brockett. 

SKELP,  n.  The  rolled  sheet  of  wrought  iron, 
from  which  a gun-barrel  is  made.  Simmonds. 

SKEN,  v.  n.  To  squint.  [Local,  Eng.]  Holloway. 

SKEP,  n.  1.  A coarse,  round  farm-basket.  Tusser. 

2.  A bee-hive.  [Scotland,  and  provincial, 
Eng.]  Farm.  Ency. 

SKEP'TJC,  n.  [Gr.  onntTiKis,  inclined  to  reflec- 
tion ; nrtrron a ( , to  look  about  or  carefully,  — ac- 
cording to  Hemsterhuis  from  aniira;,  a covering, 


1348 


SKIMMING 


or  tsKtn&iji,  to  cover,  and  so  strictly  to  shade  the 
eyes  with  the  hand,  and  look  steadily.  — See 
Sceptic]  One  who  doubts  of  every  thing; 
sceptic.  — See  Sceptic.  Johnson. 

SKEP  TjC,  (a.  Doubtful;  doubting. — See 

SKEP'TI-CAL,  ) Sceptical.  Johnson. 

SKEP'TJ-CAL-Ly,  ad.  In  a sceptical  manner.  — 
See  Sceptically.  Johnson. 

SKEP'TI-CAL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
sceptical.  — See  Scepticalness. 

SKEP'TJ-CI^M,  n.  Universal  doubt.  — See  Scep- 
ticism. Johnson. 

SKEP'TJ-ClZE,  v.  n.  To  doubt.  — See  Scepti- 
CIZE.  [r.]  Johnson. 

SKER'RY,  n.  An  insulated  rock.  Jamieson. 

SKETCH,  n.  [Dut.  schcts ; Ger.  skizze\  Dan. 
skitze.  — It.  schizzo  ; Sp.  csquicio  ; Fr.  esquisse. 
— From  A.  S.  sceotan,  to  shoot;  Dut.  senieten; 
Ger.  schiessen.  Tooke .]  A design  in  outline  ; a 
first  or  rough  draught ; outline  ; delineation. 
The  memorandums  and  rude  sketches  of  the  master.  A)ison. 

To  make  a sketch  ...  of  a picture.  Di'yden. 

Syn.  — A sketch  is  an  unfinished  or  rough  draught, 
and  may  comprehend  the  outline  and  something  more  : 
an  outline  is  the  exterior  line  of  a figure  ; a delineation 
is  something  more  than  a sketch.  A hasty  sketch ; an 
outline  of  the  plan  ; an  accurate  delineation. 

SKETCH,  v.  a.  [Dut.  schetsen .]  [ i . sketched  ; 

pp.  sketching,  sketched.] 

1.  To  draw,  by  tracing  outlines,  and  slightly 
shading  ; to  make  a rough  draught  of. 

Some  admirable  design  sketched  out  only  with  a black 
pencil.  Watts. 

2.  To  suggest  the  first  notion  of ; to  plan  ; to 
delineate ; to  depict. 

Those  ideas  which  I have  only  sketched , and  which  every 
man  must  finish  for  himself.  Dryden. 

SKETCH'— BOOK  (-buk),  n.  A book  for  sketches, 
drawings,  or  outlines.  W.  Iriing.  Simmonds. 

SKETCH 'ER,  n.  One  who  sketches. 

SKETCHING,  n.  The  art  of  copying  from  nature 
for  a finished  work.  Fairliolt. 

SKETCH'Y,  a.  Relating  to  a sketch  ; appertain- 
ing to  a sketch  or  first  plan ; possessing  the 
character  of  a sketch  ; unfinished.  Knight. 

SKEW  (sku),  a.  [Dan.  skiaev .]  Oblique;  dis- 
torted. [r.]  Brewer. 

f SKEW  (sku),  ad.  Awry ; askew.  Huloet. 

f SKEW  (sku),  v.  a.  1.  To  look  obliquely  upon  ; 

to  notice  slightly.  Beau  6$  FI. 

2.  To  shape  or  form  in  an  oblique  way. 

Windows  broad  within  and  narrow  without,  or  skewed  and 
closed.  Margined  note  on  1 Kings  vi.  4. 


SKEW  (sku),  v.  n.  To  walk  or  to  move  obliquely  : 
— to  start  aside,  as  a horse.  [Local.]  L’ Estrange. 


SKEW'-BACK,  n.  (Arch.) 
The  sloping  abutment  in 
brick-work  and  masonry, 
for  the  ends  of  the  arched 
head  of  an  aperture,  as  at 
A and  B.  Brande. 


Skew-back. 


SKEW'— BRIDGE,  n.  A kind  of  bridge  construct- 
ed obliquely  across  a stream  or  a common  road, 
as  when  either  is  intersected  at  an  oblique  angle 
by  a railway.  Tomlinson. 

SKEW'ER  (sku'er),  n.  A small  wooden  or  iron 
pin  used  to  keep  meat  in  form. 


Sweetbreads  and  collops  were  with  skewers  pricked.  Dryden. 


SKEW'ER  (sku'er),  v.  a.  To  fasten  with  skewers. 

SKID,  n.  1.  A piece  of  timber  placed  up  and 
down  a vessel’s  side  to  bear  any  articles  off  clear 
that  are  hoisted  in.  Dana. 

2.  The  chain  by  which  the  wheel  of  a wagon 
is  fastened,  so  as  to  prevent  its  turning  round 
when  descending  a steep  hill.  Farm.  Ency. 

3.  A piece  of  light  timber  upon  which  heavier 

timber  is  rolled  or  slid.  Bartlett. 

4.  A short  piece  of  wood  or  timber  laid  cross- 

wise to  support  logs  or  timbers  in  making  a 
fence  with  logs.  [U.  S.]  Barnes. 

SKIFF,  n.  [Ger.  schiff.  — See  Ship.]  A small, 
light,  boat ; a wherry.  Dryden. 

SKIFF,  v.  a.  To  pass  over  in  a skiff.  Beau.  % FI. 


SKIL'DER,  v.  n.  To  live  by  begging  or  pilfering. 
[Local.]  Sir  W.  Scott. 

SKlL'FUL,  a.  Having  skill ; qualified  with  skill; 
experienced  ; well-versed  ; knowing  ; ingenious ; 
dexterous  ; adroit ; expert ; able ; eleven 
Your  skilful  hand  employed  to  save 
Despairing  wretches  from  the  gruve.  Swift. 

Will  Vafer  is  skilful  at  finding  out  the  ridiculous  side  of  a 
thing-  Tatler. 

Instructors  should  not  only  be  skilful  in  those  sciences 
which  they  teach,  hut  have  skill  iu  the  method  of  teaching, 
and  patience  in  the  practice.  Watts. 

Syn.  — See  Able,  Artful,  Clever,  Cunning. 

SKlL'FUL-LY,  ad.  In  a skilful  manner ; ably.  * 

SKIL'FUL-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  skilful ; 
ability  ; dexterity ; expertness  ; skill.  Ps. 

SKILL,  n.  [A.  S.  scylan,  to  distinguish  ; to  sep- 
arate, to  divide ; Dut.  sche/en,  to  be  distin- 
guished ; Frs.  scheelcn,  to  differ  ; Dan.  skille,  to 
separate  ; Sw.  skilja,  to  separate,  to  divide  ; I cel. 
skilia , to  separate.] 

1.  Knowledge  of  any  practice  or  art ; readi- 
ness or  dexterity  in  any  practice ; knowledge 
united  with  dexterity,  power,  or  ability  to  do  a 
thing  as  it  ought  to  be  done  ; as,  “ The  skill  of  a 
physician  or  a lawyer  ” ; “ The  skill  of  an  artist." 

His  great  wisdom  and  skill  at  negotiations.  Sic\ft.  • 

2.  Any  particular  art.  “ Learned  in  one 

skill.”  [it.]  Hooker. 

3.  f A distinct  or  particular  cause  or  reason. 

I think  you  have  as  little  skill  to  fear.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Ability. 


f SKILL,  v.  n.  [See  Skill,  n.] 

1.  To  be  knowing  ; to  be  dexterous. 

There  is  not  among  us  any  that  can  skill  to  hew  timber  like 
unto  the  Sidonians.  l Kings  v.  6. 

They  that  skill  not  of  so  heavenly  matter.  Milton. 

2.  To  make  difference;  to  matter;  to  signify. 

tVhat  skills  it  if  a bug  of  stones  or  gold 

About  thy  neck  do  drown  thee?  Herbert. 


SKILL,  v.  a.  To  know ; to  understand.  [Still 
used  in  some  parts  of  England.]  Forby. 

I skill  not  what  it  is.  Beau.  8f  FI. 


SKILLED  (sklld),  a.  Having  skill;  knowing, 
dexterous  ; skilful  ; adept ; proficient.  Milton. 

SKlL'LESS,  a.  Wanting  skill ; artless.  Sidney. 

SKIL'LET,  n.  [OldFr . escuellettei]  A small  iron 
kettle  or  boiler  with  a handle.  Shak. 


SKlLL'JNG,  n.  A bay  of  a bam  : — a slight  addi- 
tion to  a cottage.  Wright. 

f SKILT,  n.  Difference.  Cleaveland. 


SKILTS , n.  pi.  Short,  loose,  tow  trowsers.  [Lo- 
cal, U.  S.]  Judd. 

SKIM,t>.  a.  [Dan.  skumme,  to  skim.  — See  Scum.] 
[i.  skimmed  ; pp.  skimming,  skimmed.] 

1.  To  clear  of  any  grosser  matter,  from  the 
upper  part,  by  passing  a vessel  a little  below  the 
surface;  as,  “To  skim  milk.” 

2.  To  gather  from  the  surface  of  a liquid. 

Whilom  I’ve  seen  her  skim  the  clotted  cream. 

And  press  from  spungy  curds  the  milky  stream.  Gag. 

3.  To  brush  slightly,  as  the  surface  ; to  pass 
near  the  surface  of ; to  pass  over  superficially. 

The  swallow  skims  the  river’s  watery  face.  Dryden. 


SKIM,  v.  n.  1.  To  pass  lightly  ; to  glide  along. 

Flies  o’er  th’  unbending  com,  and  skims  along  the  main.  Tope. 

2.  To  pass  near  the  surface  : — to  go  over  su- 
perficially. “ They  skim  over  a science.”  Watts. 

t SKIM,  n.  [See  Scum.]  Scum;  refuse.  Bryskett. 

SKlM'BLE-SKAM'BLE,  a.  Rambling;  uncon- 
nected ; wandering ; wild.  [Low.]  Shak. 


SKIM'-COL-TER,  n.  The  colter  of  a plough  used 
for  paring  land.  Simmonds. 

SKIMMED  (skimd),  p.  a.  Having  the  grosser  mat- 
ter taken  from  the  surface : — taken  from  the 
surface  of  a liquid. 

SKIM'MER,  n.  1.  One  w’ho  skims ; one  who  skims 
over  a book  or  a subject.  Skelton. 

2.  A shallow  vessel  used  for  skimming ; a 

scoop.  Mortimer. 

3.  ( Ornith .)  The  sheer-water.  Baird. 

SKiM'-MiLK,  n.  Milk  from  which  the  cream  has 
been  skimmed  ; skimmed  milk.  Clarke. 


SKIM'MJNG,  n.  X.  The  act  of  taking  off  the  sur- 
face of  a liquid.  Bp.  Hall- 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  tj,  Y,  short;  A,  E,  I.  9,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  fAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HF.R  ; 


SKIMMINGLY 


1349 


SKUE-SIGHT 


2.  That  which  is  skimmed  off. 

They  relished  the  very  shimmings  of  the  kettle.  Cook. 

SKfM'MING-LY,  ad.  By  passing  lightly  'along 
the  surface. 

SKIM'MING-TON,  ) [“  Skimmington  has  been 

SKIIVI'M  pll-TON,  > supposed  to  be  the  name 
of  some  notorious  scold  of  the  olden  time.” 
Todd.]  Used  jestingly,  as  in  the  phrase,  “To 
ride  skimmington ” 

To  ride  skimmington,  or  riding  skimmington , 
phrases  used  in  respect  to  a ludicrous  cavalcade  in 
ridicule  of  a man  beaten  by  his  wife.  It  consists  of 
a procession  in  which  the  man  rides  behind  a woman 
with  Ins  face  to  the  horse’s  tail,  holding  a distatf  in 
his  hand,  at  which  he  seems  to  work,  the  woman  all 
the  while  beating  him  with  a ladle,  and  those  who 
accompany  them  make  hideous  noises,  or  mock-music 
with  frying-pans,  bull’s-horns,  &c.  Halliwell. 

$3^  To  ride  the  stang  is  a phrase  of  similar  import 
in  the  north  of  England.  JVares. 

SKIN,  n.  [A.  S.  scin  ; Old  Ger.  schiti ; Dan.  skind  ; 
Sw.  skinn . — W.  skan ; Ir.  scann , a membrane.] 

1.  The  natural  covering  of  the  flesh  of  the 
animal  body. 

&g=*The  skin  of  animals  is  divisible  into  three  parts 
or  membranes:  the  exterior,  called  the  scarf-skin  or 
cuticle  ; under  this  is  a thin  layer  of  soft  or  pulpy  mat- 
ter, called  the  mucous  network , which  is  the  seat  of 
color ; and  under  these  the  cutis , or  true  skin,  which 
is  a gelatinous  texture.  Braude. 

Skins  may  differ;  but  affection 

Dwells  in  white  and  black  the  same.  Cowpcr. 

2.  The  hide  of  an  animal  which  is  taken  to 

make  parchment  or  leather;  hide;  pelt.  - “A 
wild  goat’s  shaggy  skin”  Chapman. 

3.  The  body;  the  person.  [Ludicrous.] 

Wherein  ’tis  hard  for  a man  to  save  both  his  skin  and  his 
credit.  L'  Estrange. 

4.  The  covering  or  coating  of  vegetables ; 

husk  ; peel  ; rind.  Johnson. 

5.  (Kant.)  The  part  of  a sail  which  is  outside 

and  covers  the  rest  when  it  is  furled: — also, 
familiarly,  the  sides  of  the  hold  ; as,  “ An  arti- 
cle is  stowed  next  the  skin.”  Dana. 

Syn.  — Skin  is  a term  applied  to  the  natural  cover- 
ing of  the  flesh  of  men  and  all  animals,  and  also  to 
the  covering  of  some  vegetables.  Hide  is  used  for  the 
skin  of  large  animals.  The  skin  of  a man,  sheep, 
bird,  or  fish  ; the  hide  of  an  ox  or  horse  ; the  rind  of 
pork  or  cheese  ; the  peel  of  an  orange. 

SKIN,  v.  a.  \i.  SKINNED  ; pp.  SKINNING,  skinned.] 

1.  To  strip  or  divest  of  the  skin;  to  flay;  as, 
“ To  skin  an  animal.” 

2.  To  cover  with  skin,  or  as  with  skin.  “ The 

wound  was  skinned.”  Dryden. 

Heaps  of  rubbish,  skinned  over  with  a covering  of  vegeta- 
bles. Addison. 

SKIN,  v.  n.  To  acquire  a skin  ; to  become  skinned 
over.  Clarke. 

SKINOH,  v.  a.  To  stint ; to  scrimp ; to  give  a 
short  allowance.  [Local,  England.]  Forby. 

SKIN'— DEEP,  a.  Slight;  superficial.  Feltham. 

SKIN'FLINT,  n.  A very  niggardly  or  mean  per- 
son ; a miser.  Johnson. 

SKIN'FUL,  n. ; pi.  SKINFULS.  As  much  as  the 
skin  will  hold.  Hawkesworth. 

SK1NK  (sklngk,  82),  n.  [A.  S.  scenc.\ 

1.  f Drink  ; any  thing  potable  ; liquor. Marston. 

2.  f Pottage.  “ Scotch  skink.”  Bacon. 

SK1NK  (skingk),  n.  [Gr.  ouiy/cos ; L.  scincus.] 

(ZoOl.)  A scaly  lizard  or  saurian  reptile,  of  the 
family  Scincidas,  found  in  tropical  countries, 
and  the  most  arid  regions  of  temperate  climates; 
a scincoidian.  — See  Scincoidian.  Baird. 

f SKlNK,  v.  n.  To  pour  out  liquor.  B.  Jonson. 

f SKINK'ER,  n.  One  who  serves  drink.  Shak. 

SKlN'LfiSS,  a.  Having  no  skin  or  a slight  skin. 
“ The  skinless  pear.”  Todd. 

SKIN'— LIKE,  a.  Resembling  the  skin.  Booth. 

SKINNED  (skind  ),  a.  1.  Having  skin  ; covered  with 
skin  ; — used  in  composition,  as,  thick-skinned, 
thin-skinned.  Sharp. 

2.  Divested  of  skin. 

SKI N'N E It,  n.  1.  One  who  skins.  Dampier. 

2.  A dealer  in  skins,  hides,  or  pelts  ; a leather- 
dealer;  a furrier.  Johnson. 

SKIN'NI-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  skinny. Bailey. 


SKIN'NY,  a.  Consisting  of  skin  only ; wanting 
flesh.  “ Upon  her  skinny  lips.”  Shak. 

SKIN'-WOOL  (-vvul),  n.  Wool  pulled  from  the 
dead  skin,  not  sheared  from  the  living  animal ; 
felt-wool.  Booth. 

SKIP,  v.  n.  [Dan.  kippe,  to  leap.  — “ In  A.  S., 
forth-scipe  is  expedition,  speed,  despatch ; but 
all  other  traces  of  the  word  are  lost.”  Richard- 
son.'] \i.  skipped;  pp.  skipping,  skipped.] 
To  fetch  quick  leaps  ; to  bound  lightly ; to 
leap  ; to  jump  ; to  spring.  “ John  skipped  from 
room  to  room.”  Arbuthnot. 

To  skip  over,  to  pass  without  notice ; to  disregard  ; 
to  neglect.  “ A gentleman  made  it  a rule,  in  reading, 
to  skip  over  all  sentences  where  he  spied  a note  of 
admiration  at  the  end.”  Swift. 

SKIP,  v.  a.  To  miss  ; to  pass  ; to  omit. 

They  who  have  a mind  to  see  the  issue,  may  skip  these  two 
chapters,  and  proceed  to  the  following.  Burnet. 

SKIP,  n.  1.  A light  leap  or  bound;  a spring. 
“Fetching  a little  skip.”  Sidney. 

2.  (Mas.)  A passing  over  or  skipping  of  one 
degree,  or  more  than  one,  of  the  scale.  Warner. 

SKIP'— JACK,  n.  1.  An  upstart.  “To  see  how 
this  skip-jack  looks  at  me.”  Sidney. 

2.  (Ent.)  The  common  name  of  the  coleop- 
terous insects  of  the  family  Elateridee.  Baird. 

SKIP'— Kf  N-NEL,  n.  A lackey  ; a foot-boy.  Swift. 

SKlP'PlJR,  n.  1.  One  who  skips  or  dances. 

2.  A giddy,  thoughtless  youth ; an  inconsid- 
erate youngling.  Shak. 

3.  ( Ich .)  A popular  name  of  the  saury-pike  ; 

Scomberesox  saurus.  Farrell. 

4.  (Ent.)  The  common  name  of  the  lepidop- 
terous  insects  of  the  family  Hesperiidee.  Baird. 
— A name  applied  to  the  cheese-maggot. 

SKlP'P£R,  n.  [Dut.  schippcn  ; Dan.  skipper.] 

1.  (Naut.)  The  master  of  a small  merchant 

vessel.  Simmonds. 

2.  f A ship-boy.  Congreve. 

fSKlP'PgT,  n.  A small  boat ; a skiff.  Spenser. 

SKIP'PING,  a.  (Mas.)  Applied  to  notes  which 
do  not  proceed  by  conjoint  degrees,  nor  in  any 
regular  course,  but  which  lie  at  awkward  and 
unexpected  distances  from  each  other.  Moore. 

SKIP'PING-LY,  ad.  By  skips  and  leaps.  Howell. 

SKIP'PING— ROPE,  w.  A short  cord  or  rope  used 
by  children  to  skip  over.  Simmonds. 

SKIRL,  v.  n.  To  scream.  [Local,  Eng.]  Brockett. 

SKIR'MISH,  n.  [It.  scaramuccia,  schermugio ; 
Sp.  escaramuza  ; Fr.  escarmouehe.  — Dut.  scher- 
mutseling  ; Ger.  scharmfitzel ; Dan.  skiermydsel ; 
Sw.  skiirmytsel ; W.  ysgarmes.  — “ The  word 
seems  to  have  an  affinity  with  the  A.  S.  scyran, 
to  part,  to  divide.”  Richardson.  “ It  is  a deriv- 
ative from  schermire,  to  fight ; Old  Ger.  sker- 
man."  Diez.] 

1.  (Mil.)  A loose,  desultory  kind  of  engage- 

ment, in  presence  of  two  armies,  between  small 
detachments  sent  out  for  the  purpose  either  of 
drawing  on  a battle,  or  of  concealing  by  their 
fire  the  movements  of  the  troops  in  the  rear ; 
a slight  fight  in  war.  Stocqueler. 

2.  A contest;  a contention. 

They  never  meet  but  there ’s  a skinnish  of  wit.  Shak. 

SKIR'MISH,  V.  n.  [i.  SKIRMISHED  ; pp.  SKIRMISH- 
ING, skirmished.]  To  fight  in  small  parties  or 
detachments  ; to  engage  in  skirmishes. 

Though  broken,  scattered,  fled,  they  skirmish  still.  Fairfax. 

SKIR'MISH-IJR,  n.  One  who  skirmishes.  Barret. 

SKIR'MJSH-ING,  n.  The  act  of  fighting  loosely  or 
in  small  detachments.  Bp.  Taylor. 

t SKIRR,  v.  a.  [See  Scour.]  To  scour ; to  ram- 
ble over  in  order  to  clear.  Beau.  § FI. 

f SKIRR,  v.  n.  To  scour;  to  scud;  to  run  in 
haste.  Shak. 

SKIR'RfT,  n.  [A  corruption  of  skirwort,  its  old 
name.]  (Bot.)  An  umbelliferous  perennial  wa- 
ter-plant of  the  genus  Siam,  native  of  China, 
and  cultivated  for  its  succulent  roots  or  tubers  ; 
Siam  Sisarum.  London. 

Skirret  of  Peru,  a name  applied  to  a species  of  Con- 
volvulus, or  bindweed,  the  tubers,  young  leaves,  and 
tender  shoots  of  which  are  used  for  food  ; Spanish 


potato ; Convolvulus  batatas.  It  is  the  potato  ol 
Shak.  and  contemporary  writers,  the  Solatium  tubero- 
sum being  then  scarcely  known  in  Europe.  Loudon. 

SKIRT,  n.  [Dan.  skiorte,  a shirt ; Sw.  short,  a 
skirt. — “ Skirid,  skir’d,  skirt,  from  A.  S.  scyran, 
to  cut.  to  divide,  to  separate.”  Richardson.] 

1.  Tire  lower,  loose  part  of  a garment  below 
the  waist;  as,  “ The  skirt  of  a coat  or  a gown.” 

2.  A petticoat ; a woman’s  loose  under-gar- 
ment extending  from  the  waist  downwards. 

3.  The  edge  of  any  part  of  dress. 

A narrow  lace,  or  a small  skirt  of  ruffled  linen,  which  runs 
along  the  upper  part  of  the  stays  before.  Addison. 

4.  The  extreme  part  of  any  thing;  the  bor- 
der; the  edge  ; the  margin. 

Night  winds. 

That  sweep  the  skirt  of  some  far-spreading  wood 

Of  ancient  growth,  make  music  not  unlike 

The  dash  of  ocean  on  his  winding  shore.  Cowper. 

5.  The  diaphragm  or  midriff  in  butcher’s 

meat.  Smart. 

SKIRT,  V.  a.  [?.  SKIRTED  ; pp.  SKIRTING,  SKIRT- 
ED.] To  border  ; to  run  along  the  edge  of. 

A spacious  circuit  on  the  hill  there  stood, 

Level  and  wide,  and  skirted  round  with  wood.  Addison. 


SKIRT  ING,  ( n (Arch.)  A narrow  board 

SKIRT'ING— BOARD,  ) placed  vertically  or  edge- 
wise on  the  floor,  round  the  sides  of  an  apart- 
ment ; wash-board.  Brande. 


SKIT,  n.  [A.  S.  scitan,  to  throw  out.] 

1.  A light,  wanton,  wench.  Howard. 

2.  A reflection  ; a jeer ; a gibe,  [r.]  Tooke. 


SKIT,  v.  a.  To  cast  reflections  on ; to  asperse ; 
to  vilify.  [Local,  Eng.]  Grose. 

SKlT'TISH,  a.  [A.  S.  scitan,  to  throw  out.] 

1.  Shy;  easily  frightened;  timid. 

A restiff,  skittish  jade  had  gotten  a trick  of  rising,  starting, 
and  flying  out  at  his  own  shadow.  Jy Estrange . 

2.  Unsteady  ; uncertain  ; fickle  ; changeable  ; 

wanton.  “ Skittish  spirits.”  Shak. 

Some  men  sleep  in  skittish  Fortune’s  hall.  Shak. 


SKIT'TISH-LY,  ad.  In  a skittish  manner;  shyly. 

SKIT'TISH-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  skittish. 

SKlT'TLE— BALL,  n.  A disk  of  hard  wood  for 
throwing  at  skittles,  or  ninepins.  Simmonds. 

SKIT'TLE§  (skit’tlz),  n.  pi.  Ninepins.  Warton. 

SKIVE,  n.  The  iron  lap  used  in  finishing  or  pol- 
ishing the  facets  of  diamonds.  Tomlinson. 

SKI'V^R,  n.  [A.  S.  scafan,  to  shave. — See  Shi- 
ver, and  Shive.]  An  inferior  kind  of  leather, 
made  of  sheep  skins  split  by  a machine,  when 
in  the  state  of  pelt,  tanned  by  means  of  sumach, 
and  afterwards  dyed.  Parnell. 

t SKLERE,  v.  a.  To  cover ; to  protect ; to  take 
care  of.  Chaucer. 


SKOL'IJ-CITE,  n.  (Min.)  A mineral  composed  of 
silica,  alumina,  lime,  and  water;  lime  meso- 
type ; — written  also  scolecite.  Dana. 

SKO-LOP'SITE,  n.  (Min.)  A massive,  imper- 
fectly granular,  brittle  mineral,  of  a grayish- 
white,  or  pale  reddish-gray  color,  and  consisting 
chiefly  of  silica,  alumina,  lime,  and  soda.  Dana. 

SKCJNCE,  n.  A sconce.  — See  Sconce.  Carew. 

SKOR'OD-lTE,  n.  [Gr.  au6polov,  garlic,  — in  al- 
lusion to  its  odor  before  the  blowpipe.]  (Min.) 
A pale  leek-green  or  liver-brown  mineral,  of 
vitreous  lustre,  composed  of  arsenic  acid,  per- 
oxide of  iron,  and  water.  Dana. 

SKOUT,  n.  (Ornith.)  A name  applied  to  the 
guillemot.  Chambers. 

SKoW,  n.  A small  boat  made  of  willows,  &c.,  and 
covered  with  skins  : — a flat-bottomed  boat  used 
as  a lighter  on  rivers  and  canals;  — written 
also  scow.  — See  Scow.  [Scotland.]  Jamieson. 

SKREEN,  n.  & v.  See  Screen.  Tusser. 

SKRIM'MA<?E,  n.  A slight  battle ; a contest;  a 
skirmish.  [Local,  U.  S.]  Kendall. 

SKRIM'PY,  a.  Mean;  niggard;  scrimp.  [York- 
shire dialect.]  Hamilton. 

SKRINI-rE,  v.  a.  To  squeeze  violently.  — See 
Scringe.  [North  of  England.]  Brockett. 

SKUE,  a.  Oblique  ; skew.  — See  Skew.  Bentley. 

SKUE'-SIGIIT  (sku'-slt),  n.  (Med.)  That  kind 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  R0LE.—  £,  «?,  q,  g,  soft , 


£,  G,  5,  |,  hard ; § as  z;  £ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


SKUG 


1350 


SLACKEN 


of  vision  which  is  accurate  only  when  the  object 
is  placed  obliquely.  Dunglison. 

SKUG,  v.  a.  To  hide.  — See  Scug.  [Eng.]  Grose. 

SKULK,  v.  re.  [Dut.  schuilen  ; Dan.  skulke;  Sw. 
skolka.  — “ The  origin  seems  to  be  the  A.  S.  scy- 
lan,  to  separate,  to  secrete.”  Richardson .]  [t'. 

SKULKED;  pp.  SKULKING,  SKULKED.]  To  lurk 
in  hiding-places  ; to  endeavor  to  keep  out  of 
sight ; to  hide  ; to  lurk. 

The  thief,  discovered,  straight  his  prey  forsook, 

And  skulked  amid  the  sedges  of  the  brook.  Seattle. 

SKOLK,  v.  a.  To  produce  or  bring  forward  clan- 
destinely or  improperly,  [it.]  Ec.  Rev. 

SKULK,  n.  A company  or  herd  of  foxes.  Wright. 


SKULK' ^R,  n.  One  who  skulks  ; a lurker. 


SKULL,  n.  [Dut.  schedel ; Dan.  skal;  Sw.  skalle. 
The  past  part,  of  the  A.  S.  scylan,  to  divide,  to 
separate.  Tooke.  — Skinner  refers  it  to  shell.] 

1.  (Anat.)  The  collection  of  bones  which 

form  the  case  for  lodging  the  brain  and  its  mem- 
branes, as  well  as  their  vessels,  and  some  of 
the  nerves  ; the  cranium.  Dunglison. 

S3P  The  bones  of  the  skull  are  eight  in  number ; 
the  frontal , tile  occipital , two  parietal , two  temporal , 
the  sphenoid , and  the  ethnoid.  Dunglison. 

2.  The  brain  as  the  seat  of  intelligence. 

Skulls  that  cannot  teach,  and  will  not  learn.  Cowper. 

3.  An  oar.  — See  Scull. 


SKULL,  re.  [A.  S.  sceole,  a company.]  A multi- 
tude, as  of  fishes. — See  Scull,  and  Shoal,  [r.] 

A knavish  skull  of  boys  and  girls  did  pelt  at  him  with 
stones.  Warner. 

SKULL’— CAP,  re.  1.  A head-piece  or  cap  fitting 
closely  to  the  skull.  Addison. 

2.  ( Bot .)  The  common  name  of  the  herba- 
ceous and  mostly  deciduous,  labiate  plants  of 
the  genus  Scutellaria.  Loudon. 

SKULL'— FISH,  re.  A whale  which  is  more  than 
two  years  old.  Simmonds. 

SKUM,  re.  See  Scum. 


SKUNK,  re.  [The  seecawk 
of  the  Cree  Indians.] 

(Zoul.)  The  common 
name  of  the  American 
quadrupeds  of  the  genus 
Mephitis,  chiefly  dis- 
tinguished for  their  ex- 
cessively fetid  odor, 
which  is  similar  to  that 
of  the  polecat,  proceed- 
ing from  a fluid  secreted  (.Mephitis  Americana). 
by  anal  glands,  and  used  as  a means  of  defence. 
The  species  found  in  the  United  States  is  the 
Mephitis  chinga  of  Tiedemann.  Audubon. 


Skunk  blackbird,  ( Ornilh .)  a common  name  applied 
to  the  bobolink,  or  Dolychonyz  orizivorus  ; — called 
also  skunk-bird. 


We  followed  that  old  polyglot,  the  skunk  blackbird,  and 
heard  him  describe  the  way  they  talked  at  the  winding  up  of 
the  Tower  of  Babel.  H.  IF.  Beecher. 


SKUNK'— BIRD,  re.  ( Ornith .)  A common  name 
applied  to  the  bobolink.  Audubon. 

SKUNK'-CAB-BA<?E,  re.  (Bot.)  An  American 
perennial  herb  of  the  genus  Symplocarpus, 
growing  in  moist  grounds,  and  having  a strong 
odor  like  that  of  the  skunk,  and  also  somewhat 
alliaceous ; Symplocarpus  feetidus.  Gray. 

SKUNK'-HEAD,  re.  (Ornith.)  The  pied  duck; 
Anas  Labradora  of  Wilson.  Bartlet. 


SKUNK'— WEED,  re.  (Bot.)  The  skunk-cabbage; 
Symplocarpus  feetidus.  Dunglison. 

SKUR'RY,  re.  Haste  ; impetuosity.  Brockett. 

t SKUTE,  re.  [Dut.  schuit .]  A boat  or  small 
vessel.  Williams. 

SKOT'Tp-RU-DITE,  re.  (Min.)  A crystalline  and 
also  massive  granular  mineral,  of  bright  metal- 
lic lustre,  sometimes  iridescent,  of  a color  be- 
tween tin-white  and  pale  lead-gray,  and  con- 
sisting of  arsenic  and  cobalt;  — so  called  from 
Skutterud , in  Norway,  where  it  is  found.  Dana. 

II  SKY  [ski,  P.  E.  Ja.  R. ; skyl,  S.  J.  F. ; skSI,  W. 
K. ; sk’y,  Sire.],  re.  [Dan.  sky,  a cloud ; sky- 
himmcl,  the  sky  ; Sw.  sky,  a cloud.  — Probably 
from  the  A.  S.  scectdan,  to  shade.  Richardson .] 

1.  + A cloud  ; a shadow.  Chaucer. 

2.  The  region  of  the  clouds;  the  apparent 


arch  or  vault  of  heaven,  which,  on  a clear  day, 
is  of  a bluish  color ; the  firmament ; the  heavens. 
The  soft,  blue  sky  did  never  melt 
Into  his  heart;  he  never  felt 

The  witchery  of  the  soft,  blue  sky.  Wordsworth. 

3.  The  weather  ; the  climate. 

Thou  wert  better  in  thy  grave  than  to  unswer  with  thy 
uncovered  body  this  extremity  of  the  skies.  Shak. 

||  SKY'— BLUE,  a.  Blue  as  the  sky;  cerulean; 
azure.  Hill. 

||  SKY'— BORN,  a.  Born  in  the  sky.  “Gentlest  of 
sky-born  forms.”  Collins. 

||  SKY'— BUILT,  a.  Built  in  the  sky.  Wordsworth. 

||  SKY'— COL-OR,  re.  An  azure  color  ; the  color  of 
the  sky.  “ A light  touch  of  sky-color.”  Boyle. 

||  SKY'— c6L-ORED,  a.  Colored  like  the  sky ; blue. 

||  SKY'— DYED  (-did),  a.  Colored  like  the  sky  .Pope. 

||  SKYED  (skid),  a.  Enveloped  by  the  skies.  “The 

skied  mountain.”  Thomson. 

II  SKY'-EN-COllNT'ER-ING,  a.  Meeting,  or  reach- 
ing to,  the  sky.  Sterlinge,  1603. 

||  SKY'fY  (skl'e),a.  Pertaining  to,  or  resembling, 
the  sky  ; ethereal.  “ Skyey  influences.”  Shak. 

||  SKY'— HIGH,  a.  As  high  as  the  sky.  Clarke. 

||  SKY'JSH,  a.  Approaching  the  sky ; skyey. 

To  o’ertop  old  Pelion,  or  the  skyish  head 

Of  blue  Olympus.  Shak. 

||  SKY'LARK,  re.  (Ornith.)  A 
conirostral,  passerine  bird 
of  the  family  FringiUidce  and 
sub-family  Alaudince,  found 
in  all  parts  of  Europe,  in 
Asia,  and  in  the  north  of 
Africa,  celebrated  for  its 
beautiful  song  chanted  forth 
far  up  in  the  air  when  at  lib- 
erty and  in  its  natural  state ; 
the  laverock ; Alauda  ar- 
vensis.  Gray.  Skylark. 

||  SKY'LARK-ING,  re.  (A Taut.)  A term  used  by 
seamen  for  games  or  tricks  with  each  other  in 
the  rigging,  tops,  &c.,  of  ships;  — the  act  of 
sporting  or  frolicking.  Mar.  Diet. 

IISKY'IdGHT  (-lit),  re.  A glazed  frame  or  window 
in  a roof.  Arbuthnot. 

||  SKY'-POINT-JNG,  a.  Pointing  to  the  sky. Clarke. 

||  SKY'— ROCK-gT,  re.  A kind  of  firework,  or 
rocket,  which  flies  high,  and  burns  as  it  flies.  “ I 
considered  a comet ...  as  a sky-rocket.” Addison. 

||  SKY'— ROOFED  (skl'roft),  a.  Having  the  sky  for 
a roof.  Clarke. 

||  SKY'— SAIL,  re.  (Naut.)  A light  sail,  next  above 
the  royal.  Dana. 

||  SKY'-SCRAP-ER,  re.  (Naut.)  A name  given  to 
a sky-sail,  when  it  is  triangular.  Dana. 

II  SKY'-TINCT-URED  (-tlnkt-yurd),  a.  Tinctured 
by  the  sky.  “ Sky-tinctured  grain.”  Milton. 

||  SKY' WARD,  ad.  Towards  the  sky.  Clarke. 

t SLAB,  a.  Thick  ; slimy  ; viscous. 

Make  the  gruel  thick  and  slab.  Shak. 

SLAB,  re.  [A.  S.  slipan,  to  slip.  Richardson.} 

1.  f Moist  earth  ; slime.  Evelyn. 

2.  A thin,  flat  piece  of  marble  or  other  stone 
having  a plane  surface. 

A massy  slab,  in  fashion  square  or  round.  Cowper. 

3.  The  outside  strip  of  a log  or  piece  of  timber 

when  sawn  off,  as  in  the  prooess  of  making 
boards.  Ray. 

4.  A small  mass  of  metal,  as  of  tin,  run  into 

a mould.  Simmonds. 

II  SLAB'B^R  [slSb'ber,  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  R ; slob'ber,  S. 
P.  K.  \Vb. ; slSb'ber  or  slob'ber,  W.  Sm.  Wr.} , 
v.  a.  [Dut.  slabben ; Ger . schhbben,  schlabbem. 
— See  Slab.]  [*.  slabbered;  pp.  slabber- 
ing, slabbered!]  [Sometimes  written  slobber.] 

1.  t To  sup  up  in  a hasty  manner,  or  so  as  to 
wet  the  lips.  “ To  slabber  pottage.”  Barret. 

2.  To  smear  with  spittle  or  a liquid  suffered 
to  fall  from  the  mouth  or  lips  ; to  slaver ; to 
slobber.  “ He  slabbered  me  all  over.”  Arbuthnot. 

3.  To  cover  with  a liquid  spilled. 

The  milk-pan  and  cream-pot  so  slabbered  and  tost.  Tusser. 

11®*  “ The  second  sound  of  this  word  is  by  much 
the  more  usual  one;  but,  as  it  is  in  direct  opposition 


to  the  orthography,  it  ought  to  be  discountenanced, 
and  tile  a restored  to  its  true  sound.”  IValkcr. 

||  SLAB'BfR,  V.  re.  To  let  the  spittle  fall  from  the 
mouth ; to  drivel ; to  slaver.  Swift. 

||  SLAB'BgR,  re.  Slimy  moisture  that  falls  from 
the  mouth  ; slaver.  C.  Richardson. 

||  SLAB'BfR-^R,  re.  One  who  slabbers  ; an  idiot. 

SLAB'BpR-Y,  a.  [Dut.  slibberig ; Ger.  schlabbe- 
rig .]  Slippery  ; wet ; sloppy. 

Our  frost  is  broken  since  yesterday,  and  it  is  very  slob- 
bery. Swift. 

SLAb'BI-NESS,  re.  State  of  being  slabby.  Bunyan. 

SLAb'BY,  a.  1.  Thick;  viscous;  glutinous. 
“ Slabby  and  greasy  medicaments.”  Wiseman. 

2.  Wet;  sloppy;  muddy;  slimy.  “ The  slob- 
by pavements.”  Gray. 

SLAb'-LINE,  re.  (Naut.)  A small  line  used  to 
haul  up  the  foot  of  a course.  Dana. 

SLACK,  a.  [A.  S.  sleac,  sieve ; Sw.  slak ; Icel. 
slakr.  — W.  yslac,  slack.  — Dut.  slak,  a snail.] 

1.  Slow;  tardy;  not  rapid,  [r.] 

Their  pace  was  formal,  grave,  and  slack.  Dryden. 

2.  Remiss;  not  eager  or  diligent;  backward. 

He  6ees  that  human  equity  is  slack 

To  interfere,  though  in  so  just  a cause.  Cowper. 

3.  Relaxed;  loose  ; not  tense,  tight,  or  rigid. 

From  his  slack  hand  the  garland  wreathed  for  Eve 

Down  dropped,  and  all  the  faded  roses  shed.  Milton. 

Slack  in  staijs , ( JVaut .)  said  of  a vessel  when  she 
works  slowly  in  tacking.  Dana. 

SLACK,  v.  re.  [i.  slacked  ; pp.  slacking, 
slacked.] 

1.  To  be  slow,  remiss,  or  negligent ; to  fail. 

When  thou  shalt  vow  a vow  unto  the  Lord,  thou  shalt  not 

slack  to  pay  it.  Deut.  xxiii.  21. 

2.  To  be  diminished ; to  abate  ; to  slacken. 

3.  To  become  less  tense,  tight  or  rigid  ; to  re- 
lax ; to  slacken;  to  loosen.  Clarke. 

4.  To  combine  with  water,  or  with  water  and 
carbonic  acid,  as  lime ; to  be  slaked.  Miller. 

SLACK,  v.  a.  [A.  S . siacian;  Dut.  slaken;  Sw. 
slakna.  — W.  yslacio. \ 

1.  To  cause  to  be  slower  ; to  retard;  to  slacken. 

You  may  sooner  by  imagination  quicken  or  slack  a motion 

than  raise  or  cease  it.  Bacon. 

Well  pleased  with  such  delay,  they  slack  their  pace.  Milton. 

2.  To  make  less  tight,  rigid,  or  tense  ; to  loos- 
en ; to  relax. 

Taught  not  to  slack  nor  strain  its  tender  strings.  Pope. 

3.  To  make  less  intense;  to  mitigate;  to 
abate ; to  remit. 

If  there  be  cure  or  charm 
To  respite  or  deceive,  or  slack  the  pain 
Of  this  ill  mansion.  Milton. 

4.  To  cause  to  be  used  or  applied  less  liber- 
ally ; to  cause  to  be  withheld. 

Whose  worthiness  would  stir  it  [virtue!  up  where  it  wanted 
rather  than  slack  it  where  there  is  such  abundance.  Shak. 

5.  To  quench  ; to  extinguish  ; to  slake. 

To  all  moons  some  succulent  plant 
Allotted,  that  poor  helpless  man  might  slack 
His  present  thirst.  Philips. 

6.  To  neglect ; to  defer;  to  put  off. 

Well.  I must  of  another  errand  to  Sir  John  Falstatf  from 
my  two  mistresses:  what  a beast  am  I to  slack  it!  Shak. 

7.  To  cause  to  combine  with  water,  as  lime ; 

to  slake.  — See  Slake.  Mortimer. 

SLACK,  ad.  Partially;  imperfectly  ; insufficient- 
ly. “ A handful  of  stocA-dried  hops.”  Mortimer. 

SLACK,  re.  1.  (Naut.)  The  part  of  a rope  or  sail 
that  hangs  down  loose.  Dana. 

2.  Small  coal ; coal  broken  into  parts  smaller 

than  the  size  of  an  egg.  Brande. 

3.  A valley  ; a dell.  [Local,  Eng.]  Grose. 

SLACKED-LIME  (siakt-),  re.  A compound  of 

one  equivalent  of  water  and  one  equivalent  of 
lime;  hydrate  of  lime.  . Miller. 

Slacked  lime  is  formed  by  pouring  water  upon  lime, 
a chemical  combination  taking  place,  attended  with 
great  heat.  — Air-slacked  lime,  a compound  of  one 
equivalent  of  carbonate  of  lime  and  one  of  hydrate  of 
lime,  formed  by  lime,  when  exposed  to  the  air,  slowly 
attracting  water  and  carbonic  acid.  As  a result  of 
this  action,  it  falls  to  powder.  Miller. 

SLACK'EN  (slSk'kn),  v.  re.  [i.  slackened  ; pp. 
SLACKENING,  SLACKENED.] 

1.  To  become  less  intense  ; to  abate ; to  slack. 

Whence  these  raging  fires 

Will  slacken,  if  his  breath  stir  not  their  flames.  Milton. 

2.  To  become  less  rigid,  tight,  or  tense. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  0,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  g,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


SLACKEN 


1351 


SLATE 


SLACK'EN  (siak'kn),  v.  a.  1.  To  cause  to  become 
more  slow  ; to  retard  ; to  slack. 

The  other  slackens  his  pace.  Dryden. 

I should  be  grieved,  young  prince,  to  think  my  presence 
unbent  your  thoughts  and  slackened  them  to  arms.  Addison. 

2.  To  make  to  abate  ; to  cause  to  be  remitted. 

This  doctrine  must  supersede  and  slacken  all  industry  and 

endeavor.  Hammond. 

3.  To  cause  to  become  less  tense,  tight,  or 
rigid  ; to  loosen  ; to  relax. 

Our  wearied  thoughts,  . . . like  the  strings  of  a lute,  by  be- 
ing slackened  now  and  then,  will  sound  the  sweeter  when 
they  are  wound  up  again.  Scott. 

SLACK'LY,  ad.  In  a slack  manner ; loosely;  not 
tightly  ; not  closely  : — tardily  ; remissly. 

SLACK'NIJSS,  n.  1.  The  state  of  being  slack; 
slowness  ; tardiness.  “ A slackness  to  heal.” 
Sharp.  “ Slackness  of  motion.”  Brcrewood. 

2.  Remissness  ; inattention  ; negligence. 

From  his  slackness  and.  base  cowardice 

These  towns  were  lost.  Daniel. 

3.  The  state  of  being  relaxed ; looseness ; 

want  of  tension.  “ Knowing  well  the  slackness 
of  his- arm.”  Blair. 

SlACK'-WA-T^R,  n.  The  interval  between  the 

flux  and  reflux  of  the  tide,  or  during  which  the 
water  apparently  remains  at  rest.  Mar.  Diet. 

f SLADE,  n.  [A.  S.  sited.]  A flat,  low  piece  of 
ground ; — a dale  ; a valley.  Drayton. 

SLAG,  n.  [Ger.  schlacken  ; Sw.  slagg.  — “ It  is  per- 
haps the  A.  S.  slog,  a slough.”  Richardson.]  The 
vitreous  mass  which  covers  the  fused  metals  in 
smelting  hearths ; cinder;  refuse. 

Tile  slao  of  iron  works  is  usually  called  cinder.  Simmonds. 

SLAG'GY,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  like,  slag.  Clarke. 

SLATE  (sla),  n.  [A.  S.  sice.]  A weaver’s  reed; 
a sley.  — See  Sley.  Johnson. 

SLAIN  (slan),  p.  from  slay.  See  Sley,  and  Slay. 

SLAKE,  v.  a.  [Sw.  slilcka-,  Dan.  slukke;  Icel. 
sltecka.]  [».  slaked  ; pp.  slaking,  slaked.] 

1.  To  quench  ; to  extinguish  ; to  slacken  ; to 
allay. 

The  traveller  slaked 

His  thirst  from  rill  or  gushing  fount.  Wordsworth. 

2.  To  cause  to  combine  with  water,  or  with 
water  and  carbonic  acid,  as  lime ; to  slack.  Miller. 

11®=-“  It  is  used  of  lime;  so  that  it  is  uncertain 
whether  the  original  notion  of  to  slack  or  slake  lime 
be  to  powder  or  quench  it.”  Johnson.  Slack  and  slake, 
as  applied  to  lime,  are  much  confounded. 

ft®*  “ There  is  a corrupt  pronunciation  of  this  word 
like  the  word  slack.  This  is  the  word,  as  Dr.  Johnson 
observes,  from  which  it  is  evidently  derived  ; but,  as 
it  has  acquired  a distinct  and  appropriated  meaning, 
it  is  with  great  propriety  that  it  differs  a little  from 
its  original  both  in  orthography  and  pronunciation. 

“ All  our  orthoepists  unite  in  pronouncing  this  word 
regularly  ; but,  as  Mr.  Smith  observes,  bricklayers  and 
their  laborers  universally  pronounce  it  with  the  short 
a,  as  if  written  slack ; and  it  may  be  added  that  the 
correctest  speakers,  when  using  the  participial  adjec- 
tive in  the  words  unslaked  lime,  pronounce  the  a in  the 
same  manner;  but  this  ought  to  be  avoided.”  Walker. 

“ Slaked  lime  is  usually  called  slacked  lime,  which 
implies  lime  loosened  or  reduced  to  powder  ; hut  the 
original  notion  is  probably  quenched  lime.”  Smart. 

Syn.  — To  slake  is  to  quench  partially  ; to  quench 
or  extinguish  is  to  put  out  entirely.  If  a person  slakes 
his  thirst,  he  is  but  partially  satisfied  with  drink  ; if 
he  quenches  it,  he  is  entirely  satisfied.  Slake  thirst ; 
quench  thirst  or  fire  ; extinguish  flame. 

SLAKE,  v.  n.  1.  To  grow  less  tense  ; to  slack. 

But  when  the  body’s  strongest  sinews  slake.  Davies. 

2.  To  abate.  “ The  fever  slaketh.”  Barret. 

3.  To  he  quenched;  to  be  extinguished.  “ His 

flame  did  slake."  Browne. 

SLAKE’LySS,  a.  That  cannot  be  slaked;  quench- 
less ; unextinguishable  ; insatiable.  “ Slake- 
less  thirst  of  change.”  Byron. 

SLAM,  v.  a.  [Belg.  lamen.  — See  Lamm.]  \i. 

SLAMMED  ; pp.  SLAMMING,  SLAMMED.] 

1.  To  cause  to  strike  violently  or  with  a loud 
noise  ; as,  “ He  slammed  the  door.”  Grose. 

2.  To  beat;  to  cuff.  [Local,  Eng.]  Grose. 

3.  To  slaughter  ; to  crush.  [Low.]  Johnson. 

4.  To  beat  by  winning  every  trick.  Todd. 

SLAM,  n.  1.  A violent  push  so  as  to  cause  noise  ; 
as,  “ To  give  the  door  a slam." 

3.  Defeat  at  cards  by  winning  every  trick. 

And  gave  the  cheaters  a clear  slam.  Loyal  Song. 

3.  The  refuse  of  alum  works.  Francis. 


SLAM'-BAng,  ad.  With  violence  ; so  as  to  cause 
noise.  [Colloquial.]  Halliwell. 

SLAM  KIN,  ) n%  [Ger.  schlampe.]  A slat- 

SLAM'MjpR-KIN,  > ternly  woman;  a trollop;  a 
slut.  [Vulgar.]  Todd. 

SLAn'D^R,  v.  a.  [Su.  Goth,  blander,  from  kland, 
infamy.  Jamieson. — Old  Fr.  esclandir.  — Sw. 
kltinda,  to  dishonor.  — See  Slander,  n.]  [i. 

SLANDERED  ; pp.  SLANDERING,  SLANDERED.] 
To  injure  by  false  and  malicious  reports;  to 
censure  falsely ; to  belie  ; to  defame  ; to  asperse  ; 
to  calumniate. 

He  hath  slandered  thy  servant  unto  the  king.  2 Sam.  xix.  27. 

Syn.  — See  Asperse. 

SLAn'D^R,  n.  [L.  scandalum,  from  Gr.  tncdvhal.ov, 
a stumbling-block.  Johnson.  — Nor.  Fr.  esclaun- 
der.  — Sw.  blunder.  — Anciently  written  sclaun- 
der.] 

1.  Detraction  ; defamation  ; calumny  ; false 
reproach  ; utterance  of  injurious  reports  against 
another;  backbiting;  aspersion. 

Whether  we  speak  evil  of  a man  to  his  face  or  behind 
his  back:  the  former  way,  indeed,  seems  to  be  the  most  gen- 
erous, but  yet  it  is  a great  fault,  and  that  which  we  call  revil- 
ing; the  latter  is  more  mean  and  base,  and  that  which  we 
properly  call  slander  or  backbiting.  1'illotson. 

The  worthiest  people  are  the  most  injured  by  slander,  as 
we  usually  tind  that  to  be  the  best  fruit  which  the  birds  have 
been  pecking  at.  Swift. 

In  all  cases  of  slander  currency,  whenever  the  forger  of  the 
lie  is  not  to  be  found,  the  injured  parties  should  have  a right 
to  come  on  auy  of  the  indorsers.  Sheridan. 

2.  Disgrace  ; dishonor  ; reproach,  [r.] 

Thou  slander  of  thy  mother’s  heavy  womb.  Shak. 

3.  {Law.)  Defamation  by  words  spoken  ; the 

utterance  of  false,  malicious,  and  defamatory 
words,  tending  to  the  damage  and  derogation  of 
another:  — in  old  law,  defamation  generally, 
whether  oral  or  written.  Burrill. 

Written  or  printed  slanders  are  libels.  Bouvier. 

Syn.  — Slander , defamation,  calumny,  detraction,  and 
aspersion  all  imply  hostility,  and  an  intention  to  in- 
jure the  person  who  is  the  object  of  them.  Slander  or 
defamation  is  the  act  of  maliciously  uttering  in  words 
that  which  is  false,  to  the  gross  injury  of  a person  in 
his  reputation  or  livelihood  ; and  it  is  a less  offence 
in  law  than  libel,  which  is  a written  or  printed  defa- 
mation. A person  slanders  or  calumniates  another  hy 
fabricating  and  circulating  false  arid  injurious  reports, 
or  hy  communicating  to  others  such  as  are  already  in 
circulation  ; lie  defames  by  promulgating  any  tiling 
calculated  to  injure  a person’s  fair  fame  or  character  ; 
he  detracts  by  depreciating  the  merit,  motives,  and 
good  deeds  of  another  ; and  he  asperses  by  throwing 
out  insinuations  against  a person’s  character  or  con- 
duct. A calumniator  is  more  despicable  than  a slan- 
derer, the  former  term  being  more  restricted  to  one 
who  originates  the  false  accusation. 

SLAn'DER-]JR,  n.  One  who  slanders  ; a calumni- 
ator ; a defamer ; a detractor  ; backbiter.  Dryden. 

SLAn'DER-OUS,  a.  1.  Uttering  or  containing 
slander  ; defamatory  ; false  and  malicious  ; ca- 
lumnious. “ Slanderous  tongues.”  Shak. 

As  by  flattery  a man  opens  his  mouth  to  his  mortal  enemy, 
so  by  detraction  and  a slanderous  misreport  he  shuts  the  same 
to  his  best  friends.  South. 

2.  Scandalous  ; reproachful ; shameful,  [r.] 

The  vile  and  slanderous  death  of  the  cross.  Homilies. 

SLAn'D^R-OUS-LY,  ad.  With  slander;  calum- 
niously.  Spenser. 

SLAn'D^R-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
slanderous ; reproach.  Scott. 

t SLANG,  i.  from  sling.  Slung.  — See  Sling. 

SLANG,  n.  1.  A fetter  worn  by  convicts ; — so 
called  from  being  slung  on  their  legs  by  a string 
to  prevent  slipping  to  the  ground.  John  Bee. 

2.  Vile,  low,  or  ribald  language  ; the  cant  of 
sharpers  or  of  the  vulgar ; gibberish.  Qu.  Rev. 

SLAN'GOUS,  a.  Partaking  of  slang.  John  Bee. 

SLANG'WHANG-?R,  n.  An  officious  and  noisy 
demagogue.  [A  cant  term.]  W.  Irving. 

f SLANK,  p.  from  slink.  Slunk.  — See  Slink. 

SLANK,  n.  ( Bot .)  A species  of  Alga.  Ainsicorth. 

SLANT,  a.  [Sw.  slinta,  to  slip.  Serenius.  — W. 
ysglentio,  to  slide.  — “ The  A.  S.  hlenigan  \lily- 
mian,  to  lean],  with  the  prefix  se,  is  probably  the 
root.”  Richardson.]  Being  or  moving  at  any 
angle  less  than  a right  angle  ; oblique  ; inclin- 
ing ; sloping ; slanting.  “ The  slant  light- 
ning.” Milton. 

Upon  the  southern  side  of  the  slant  hills.  Cowper. 


SLANT,  n.  1.  An  inclined  plane ; a slope.  “ It 
lies  on  a slant.”  Richardson. 

2.  A Swedish  copper  coin,  the  one  hundred 
and  ninety-sixth  part  of  a rix  dollar.  Wright. 

A slant  of  wind,  (JYaut.)  a transitory  breeze.  Burn. 

SLANT,  v.  a.  or  n.  [ i . slanted  ; pp.  slanting, 
slanted.]  To  turn  aside  from  a perpendicu- 
lar ; to  incline  ; to  slope  ; to  lean.  Fuller. 

Where  the  green  hill  so  gradual  slants.  Cunningham. 

SLANT'ING,  p.  a.  Inclining;  oblique;  slant; 
sloping.  “ Under  slanting  hill.”  Dodsley. 

Using  sometimes  slanting , seldom  downright,  railing.  Fuller. 

SLANT'ING-LY,  ad.  With  oblique  direction  ; 
slopingly  ; in  an  indirect  manner.  Clarke. 

SLAn  1 LY,  ) afj  Obliquely  ; not  perpendicu- 

SlAnT'WI§E,  ) larly  ; in  a sloping  manner. 

SLAP,  n.  [Ger.  schlappe.  — W.  yslap.  — From  the 
L.  alapha,  s prefixed.  Wachter.  — “ Perhaps 
from  A.  S.  slipan,  to  slip.”  Richardson.]  A blow, 
as  with  the  open  hand  or  with  something  broad. 

What  defence  can  be  used,  in  such  a despicable  encounter 
as  this,  but  either  the  slap  or  the  spurn  ? Milton. 

SLAP,  ad.  With  a slap  or  sudden  blow. 

Then  straight  went  the  yard  slap  over  their  noddfe.  Arbuthnot. 

SLAP,  V.  a.  \i.  SLAPPED  ; pp.  SLAPPING,  SLAPPED.] 
To  strike  with  something  broad,  as  the  open 
hand  ; to  give  a slap  ; to  dab  ; to  pat.  Prior. 

SLAP-DASH',  ad.  I.  All  at  once  ; slap.  Prior. 

2.  With  wild  aim;  at  random.  [Low.]  Smart. 

SLAPE,  a.  Slippery;  smooth.  [Local,  Eng.]  Ray. 

SLAP'jAck,  n.  A pancake  ; a flapjack.  Bartlett. 

SLAP'PyR,  n.  1.  He  who,  or  that  which,  slaps. 

2.  Any  thing  very  large.  [Local,  Eng.]  Grose. 

SLASH,  v.  a.  [Icel.  slasa.  Johnson.  — A.  S.  slean, 
slegen,  to  strike.  Richardson.]  [t.  slashed  ; pp. 
SLASHING,  SLASHED.] 

1.  To  cut  with  long  incisions;  to  slit. 

Slashing  and  pinking  their  skin.  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

2.  To  lash.  [“  Improper.”  Johnson.]  King. 

3.  To  snap;  to  crack;  to  smack.  “She 

slashed  a whip.”  More. 

SLASH,  v.  n.  To  deal  blows  at  random  with  a 
sword  or  other  cutting  instrument. 

Who,  when  they  slash  and  cut  to  pieces, 

Do  all  with  civilest  addresses.  Hudibras. 

SLASH,  n.  1.  A long  cut  or  incision ; a wound. 

Cuts  and  slashes  that  had  drawn  blood.  Clarendon. 

2.  A cut  in  cloth,  particularly  a slit  made  to 
show  a bright  color  beneath,  as  in  the  sleeves  of 
ancient  costumes.  Shak. 

SLASHED  (slasht),  p.  a.  1.  Cut  in  slits;  cut. 

2.  (Bot.)  Noting  leaves  divided  into  many 
segments  ; multifid  ; lancinate.  Lindley. 

SLASH'Y,  a.  Wet  and  dirty;  slashy  ; sloshy  ; 
slushy".  — See  Slushy.  [Local.]  Brockett. 

SLAT,  n.  [Dut.  slot,  a lock.  — Gael,  slat,  a rod, 
a wand.  — See  Sloat.] 

1.  A thin,  narrow  piece  of  wood  connecting 
parts  of  any  framework;  a sloat;  as,  “The 
slats  of  a cart,  a blind,  or  a bedstead.” 

2.  The  flat  step  of  a ladder.  Wright. 

SLAT,  v.  a.  To  beat ; to  knock ; to  slap.  “ [I] 

slatted  his  brains  out.”  Marston. 

SLATCH,  n.  (Naut.)  The  middle  part  of  a rope 
or  cable  that  hangs  down  loose;  slack: — the 
period  of  a transitory  breeze  of  wind  : — an  in- 
terval of  fair  weather.  Mar.  Diet.  Bailey.  Shere. 

SLATE,  n.  [ Junius  refers  to  slit.  — Tooke  derives 
from  A.  S.  scylan,  to  scale,  to  separate,  and 
traces  it  thus  : skalit,  sklait,  sklate,  slate.  — Old 
Fr.  esclate.  — Gael,  sgleat.  — Old  Eng.  sclate .] 

1.  (Min.)  A name  applied  to  several  rocks 
which  have  the  property  of  cleavage  or  splitting 
into  plates,  and,  in  some  instances,  in  a direc- 
tion oblique  to  the  stratification.  — See  Slaty- 

CLEAVAGE. 

g f, ' Schist  is  often  used  as  synonymous  with  slate.-, 
but  hypogene  or  primary  schists,  such  as  gneiss,  mica 
schist,  and  other  kinds,  cannot  be  split  into  an  indefi-. 
nite  number  of  parallel  lamintE  like  rocks  which  have* 
a true  slaty  cleavage.  Lyell. 

Aluminous  or  alum  slate,  a sectile  kind  of  slate,  oc- 
curring low  in  the  coal  measures,  used  in  the  manu- 
facture of  alum,  and  consisting  chiefly  of  silica,  alu- 
mina, carbon,  sulphur,  and  water.  Cleavelund.  Gra- 
ham.  drpillaceons  or  clay  slate , argillaceous  schist. 

See  Schist.  — Stoncsfield  slate , a fissile,  calcareous 
slate,  occurring  in  the  lower  oolite  formation,  and 


MfEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  B^LL,  BUR,  RfJLE.  — 9,  9,  g,  soft;  C,  6,  £,  g,  hard;  $ as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


SLATE 


1352 


SLAVONIC 


abounding  in  organic  remains  so  called  from  Stones- 
field,  Oxfordshire,  near  which  it  is  found,  and  locally 
used  for  slating.  Ousted.  — Chlorite  slate , chlorite  schist. 
See  Schist.  — Graphic  slate, 'a  sectile,  smooth,  and 
sometimes  unctuous  slate,  used  by  artificers  for  tra- 
cing lines,  and,  when  fine,  soft,  and  pure,  for  black 
crayons  in  drawing  ; — called  also  Italian  stone.  Cleave- 
land. — Talcose  slate,  a dark,  slaty  rock,  having  a 
somewhat  greasy  feel,  consisting  largely  of  talc,  mixed 
intimately  with  more  or  less  of  felspar  and  quartz. 
Dana.  — Drawing  slate  or  black  chalk.  See  GRAPHIC- 
SLATE.  adhesive  slate,  a variety  of  slate,  of  a green- 

ish-gray color,  that  absorbs  water  rapidly  with  a 
crackling  sound  and  the  emission  of  air-bubbles;  — 
so  called  from  its  adhering  strongly  to  the  tongue. 
Tomlinson.  — Slate  clay,  one  of  the  alternating  beds  of 
the  coal  measures.  It  is  an  infusible  compound  of 
silica  and  alumina,  and  is  used  for  making  fire-bricks. 
Stourbridge  clay  is  a variety  of  it.  Tomlinson.  — Polish- 
ing slate,  a very  soft,  massive  slate,  of  a cream-yellow 
color  in  alternate  stripes,  dull  lustre,  and  adhering  to 
the  tongue  ; — found  only  in  Bohemia.  Ure.  — Roof- 
slate,  a hard  slate,  dull  or  of  feeble  lustre,  blackish- 
gray,  bluish-black,  bluish  or  reddish-brown,  or  green- 
ish, &c.,  and  characterized,  in  its  most  perfect  state, 
by  easily  splitting  into  large,  thin,  and  straight  lay- 
ers or  plates,  which  are  sonorous  when  struck  by  a hard 
body.  The  better  qualities  of  this  kind  of  slate  are 
used  for  roofing,  writing  slates,  and  for  monuments  in 
grave-yards.  Cleaveland.  — Hornblende  slate,  a rock 
consisting  of  felspar  and  hornblende,  with  some  chlo- 
rite ; — used  for  flagging.  Dana. — B'het  slate,  a va- 
riety of  argillaceous  slate,  of  various  colors,  used  for 
sharpening  instruments,  under  the  names  of  hone,  oil- 
stone, Turkey-stone,  and  wliet-stone  ; — called  also  no- 
vaculite.  Cleaveland.  — Silicious  slate,  a mineral  of  a 
more  or  less  slaty  structure,  occurring  in  masses  which 
are  usually  amorphous,  sometimes  rounded,  and  al- 
most always  traversed  bv  veins  of  quartz,  and  com- 
posed chiefly  of  silica,  alumina,  potash,  and  oxide  of 
iron.  Cleaveland. 

2.  A thin  plate  or  tablet  of  slate  for  writing  on. 

W e proceed  in  the  same  manner  a person  would  who  should 
undertake  to  draw  any  plan  assigned  him  upon  a stare.  Search. 

3.  A thin  flat  piece  of  slate,  as  used  for  cov- 
ering the  roofs  of  houses.  Simmonds. 

4.  f A lamina ; a thin  plate  ; a flake.  Holland. 

SLATE,  v.  a.  [i.  slated  ; pp.  slating,  slated.] 

To  cover  with  slates,  as  a roof.  Swift. 

SLATE,  ) v_  n To  set  a dog  loose  at  any  thing, 

SLETE,  ) as  sheep,  &c.  [North  of  Eng.]  Ray. 

SLATE'— AXE,  n.  A mattock  for  shaping  slates 
for  roofing,  and  making  holes  in  them  to  fasten 
them  to  the  roof.  Simmonds. 

SLATE'— GRAY,  a.  ( Bot .)  Gray  bordering  on 

blue.  Linaley. 

SLATE'—  PEN-CIL,  n.  A thin,  narrow  slip  of  soft 
slate  for  writing  with.  Simmonds. 

SLAT'ER,  n.  One  who  manufactures  slates,  or 
who  slates  roofs.  Simmonds. 

SLATE'— ROCKS,  n.  pi.  ( Geol .)  Rocks  cleavable 
into  an  indefinite  number  of  thin  lamina,  which 
are  parallel  to  each  other,  but  which  are  not 
generally  parallel  to  the  planes  of  true  strata 
or  layers  of  deposition.  Lyell. 

SLATE'— SPAR,  n.  {Min.)  An  almost  pure,  trans- 
lucent, sectile  variety  of  carbonate  of  lime, 
usually  white,  and  occurring  in  masses  and  in 
extremely  thin  tabular  plates  intersecting  each 
other  in  various  directions.  * Phillips. 

SLAT'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  manufacturing  slates, 
or  of  covering  roofs  with  slates.  TV.  Ency. 

2.  Materials  for  slating  ; slates.  IE.  Ency. 

SLAT'TIJR,  v.  n.  [“  Lye  refers  to  slut,  and  slat- 
ter  does  seem  formed  from  that  word,  and  to 
express  the  effect  of  laziness  or  sluttishness.” 
Richardson.  — See  Slut.] 

1.  To  be  sluggishly  indifferent  to  order,  neat- 

ness, or  cleanliness  ; to  be  slovenly.  “ A dirty, 
stuttering  woman.”  Ray. 

2.  To  move  or  act  idly ; to  idle.  Halliwell. 

SLAT'TER,  v.  a.  To  use  wastefully ; to  waste; 

to  slattern.  [Local,  Eng.]  Halliwell. 

SLAT'TERN,  n.  An  untidy  woman  ; a slut. 

This  sort  of  woman  is  usually  a janty  slattern-,  she  hangs 
on  her  clothes,  plays  her  head,  varies  her  p06ture,  and  changes 
place  incessantly.  Spectator. 

And  love  can  make  a slattern  of  a slut.  Dryden. 

U®*  “ Dryden  distinguishes  a slattern  from  a slut  in 
degree  only.”  Richardson. 

SLATTERN,  a.  Sluttish  ; slatternly.  “ The  slat- 
tern air.”  Gay. 

SLAT'TERN,  v.  a.  To  waste,  as  a slattern ; to 
consume  carelessly  or  negligently. 


All  that  I desire  is,  that  you  will  never  slattern  away  one 
minute  in  idleness.  Chesterfield. 

SLAT'TERN-LI-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  the 
state  of  being  slatternly.  West,  Rev, 

SLAT'T^RN-LY,  a.  Not  clean  ; slovenly  ; slut- 
tish. Ld.  Chesterfield, 

SLAT'T^RN-LY,  ad.  In  the  manner  of  a slat- 
tern ; awkwardly  ; negligently.  Ld.  Chesterfield. 

f SLAT'TJpR— POUCH,  n.  A boyish  game  of  active 
exercise.  Gayton. 

SLA'TY,  a.  Resembling  slate  ; foliated  in  struc- 
ture ; laminated.  Woodward. 

Slaty  cleavage , a form  of  divisional  structure,  due 
sometimes  to  successive  aqueous  deposition,  and  some- 
times to  crystalline  or  polar  forces  acting  simultane- 
ously and  somewhat  uniformly  in  given  directions, 
on  large  homogeneous  masses,  the  cleavage  planes, 
in  this  case,  being  often  oblique  to  the  true  stratifica- 
tion, and  perfectly  symmetrical  and  parallel  even 
when  the  strata  are  contorted.  Lyell.  — Slaty  coal , a 
coal  of  a black  or  nearly  black  color,  resinous  lustre, 
and  a slaty  or  foliated  structure,  the  layers  of  which 
usually  divide  into  prismatic  solids,  with  bases  slight- 
ly rhomboid  al.  Cleaveland. 

ttgr*  The  figure  repre-  7 

sents  a slate-lock  divid- 
ed from  contiguous  strat- 
ified rocks  by  the  joints 
A A,  B B,  and  traversed 
by  a third  joint  J J paral- 
lel to  them,  and  also  by 
other  joints  perpendicu- 
lar to  them.  D D are  lines 
of  cleavage  oblique  to  the  joints  and  to  the  lines  of 
stratification  S S. 

Slaty  gyieiss,  (Geol.)  a variety  of  gneiss,  of  which 
the  texture  is  usually  minute,  and  the  scales  of  mica 
or  crystals  of  hornblende  form  small  laminae,  render- 
ing the  rock  easily  fissile.  Hoblyn. 

SLAUGHTER  (sl&w'ter),  n.  [Goth,  slauhts ; slaha , 
a blow  ; A.  S.  slcege , sliht,  slaughter  ; Ger. 
schlag ; Dut.  slagting.] 

1.  Destruction  of  human  life  by  violence ; 
massacre  ; carnage. 

Forbade  to  wade  through  slaughter  to  a throne, 

And  shut  the  gates  of  mercy  on  mankind.  Gray. 

2.  Act  of  butchering  beasts  for  the  market, 
lie  is  brought  as  a lumb  to  the  slaughter.  Isa.  liii.  7. 

Syn.  — See  Carnage. 

SLAUGH'TER  (slOw'ter),  V.  a.  [Formed  from 
s/aught,  the  old  past  part,  of  A.  S.  slean,  slogan, 
to  slay.  Barclay.  Richardson .]  [».  slaugh- 

tered ; pp.  SLAUGHTERING,  SLAUGHTERED.] 

1.  To  put  to  a violent  death  ; to  kill  with  the 
sword ; to  massacre  ; to  slay ; to  kill. 

Your  castle  is  surprised,  your  wife  aud  babes 
Savagely  slaughtered.  Shak. 

2.  To  butcher,  as  beasts,  for  food.  Johnson. 

Syn.  — See  Kill. 

SLAUGHTERED  (sl&w'terd),  p.  a.  Put  to  a vio- 
lent death ; massacred  ; slain. 

Avenge,  O Lord,  thy  slaughtered  saints,  whose  bones 
Lie  scattered  on  the  Alpine  mountains  cold; 

Ev’n  them  who  kept  thy  truth  so  pure  of  old, 

"When  all  our  fathers  worshipped  stocks  and  stones.  Milton. 

SL.\UGH'TER-ER  (slivv'ter-er),  n.  One  who  slaugh- 
ters or  slays ; a slayer. 

SLAUGHTER— HOUSE  (sllw'ter-),  n.  A house  in 
which  beasts  are  butchered  for  the  market.  Shak. 

SLAUGH'TER-MAn  (slliv'ter-),  n.  A slaughter- 
er ; a slayer.  Shak. 

SLAUGH'TER-OOs  (slaw'ter-us),  a.  Destructive; 
murderous.  “ Slaughterous  thoughts.”  Shak. 

SLAUGH-TER-OUS-LY,  ad.  Murderously. 

SLAVE,  n.  [Dut.  slaaf;  Ger.  sklave;  Dan.sfafle; 
Sw.  slaf.  — It.  schiavo  ; Sp.  esclavo  ; Fr.  esclave. 
— “ The  word,  in  its  present  application,  is  from 
the  Slavi  or  Sclavi  [Slavonians],  reduced  to  ser- 
vitude by  the  Germans.”  Richardson .] 

1.  One  held  in  bondage  or  slavery,  so  as  to 
he  regarded  by  the  law  as  the  property  of  his 
master;  one  who  serves  from  necessity,  not 
from  choice  ; a bondman. 

The  condition  of  servants  was  different  from  what  it  is 
now;  they  being  generally  stoves,  and  such  as  were  bought 
and  sold  for  money.  South. 

The  banished  Kent,  who  in  disguise 
Followed  his  ehemy  king,  and  did  him  service 
Improper  for  a slave.  Shale. 

2.  One  who  has  no  power  of  resistance. 

“ Slaves  to  our  passions.”  Waller. 

Servant  of  Providence,  not  slave  of  Fate.  Wordsworth. 

3.  One  employed  in  menial  offices  ; a drudge. 

ISP  ■ “ From  the  Euxine  to  the  Adriatic,  in  the  state 


of  captives  or  subjects,  or  allies  or  enemies,  of  the 
Greek  empire,  they  [the  Sclavonians]  overspread  the 
land  ; and  the  national  appellation  of  the  Slaves  has 
been  degraded  by  chance  or  malice  from  the  significa- 
tion of  glory  (slat >a,  laus,  gloria)  to  that  of  servitude. 
This  conversion  of  a national  into  an  appellative 
name  appears  to  have  arisen  in  the  eighth  century  in 
the  Oriental  France,  where  the  princes  and  bishops 
were  rich  in  Sclavonian  captives.  Gibbon. 

Syn.  — See  Servant. 

SLAVE,  V.  n.  [i.  SLAVED  ; pp.  SLAVING,  SLAVED.] 

1.  To  drudge  ; to  moil ; to  toil.  Swift. 

2.  To  procure  slaves  ; to  carry  on  the  slave- 

trade.  Ed.  Rev. 


t SLAVE,  v.  a.  To  reduce  to  servitude  or  bond- 
age ; to  enslave. 

Nay,  grant  they  had  slaved  my  body,  mv  free  mind 

Like  to  the  palm-tree  walling  fruitful  Nile.  Heart,  V FI. 

SLAVE'— BORN,  a.  Born  in  slavery.  Drummond. 

SLAVE'— COAST,  n.  (Gcog.)  A maritime  tract 
of  Guinea,  Africa,  lying  between  the  Gold-Coast 
and  Benin,  and  comprehending  the  populous 
kingdoms  of  Whidah,  Kobo,  Quitta,  Popo,  and 
Ardrak.  The  shores  of  this  coast  are  flat,  and 
covered  with  extensive  salt  marshes  and  nu- 
merous lagoons.  Wright. 

SLAVE'— COF-FLE,  n.  A gang  of  negroes  for 
sale.  Clarke. 


SLAVE'— DEAL-ER,  n.  One  who  trades  in  slaves. 
SLAVE'— HOLD-ER,  n.  One  who  holds  or  owns 
slaves  ; slave-owner.  Ec.  Rev. 

SLAVE'— HOLD-ING,  n.  The  act  of  holding  or 
owning  slaves.  Ec.  Rev. 

SLAVE'— HOLD-ING,  a.  Holding  or  owning  slaves  ; 

as,  “ The  slave-holding  states.” 

SLAVE'— LIKE,  a.  Like  or  becoming  a slave. 
“ This  slave-like  habit.”  - Shak . 


SLAVE'— MER-CHANT,  n.  A merchant  engaged 
in  the  slave-trade  ; slave-trader.  Williams. 


SLAVE'— OWN-ER,  n.  An  owner  of  slaves  ; a 
slave-holder.  Ed.  Rev. 


SLAV'ER,  n.  A ship  or  vessel  employed  in  the 
slave-trade.  , Ed.  Rev. 

SLAV'ER,  n.  1.  [Dut.  slabben,  to  slabber.  — See 
Slabber.]  Spittle  running  from  the  mouth  ; 
drivel ; slabber. 

Then,  moistening  the  whole  body  over  with  its  slaver , it 
[the  liboya]  makes  it  fit  for  deglutition,  and  swallows  it 
whole.  Goldsmith. 

2.  A small  parcel,  as  of  wool.  Booth. 

SLAV'ER,  V.  n.  [i.  SLAVERED  J pp.  SLAVERING, 
SLAVERED.] 

1.  To  be  smeared  with  spittle.  Shak. 

2.  To  emit  spittle  ; to  slabber.  Swift. 

SLAV'ER,  v.  a.  To  smear  with  slaver  or  spittle. 

Till  with  white  froth  his  gown  is  slavered  o’er.  Dryden. 

SLAv'ER-ER,  n.  One  who  slavers;  a driveller; 
a slabberer  ; an  idiot.  Johnson. 

SLAv'ER-ING-LY,  ad.  With  slaver  or  drivel. 

SLA'VER-Y  [sla'ver-e,  S.  W.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm 4 
R.;  slav're,  Wbi],  n. 

1.  The  state  of  absolute  subjection  to  the  will 
of  another  ; the  condition  of  a slave  ; servitude  ; 
bondage. 

Slavery  was  abolished  throughout  the  British  colonies  in 
1834.  Haydn. 

2.  Menial  or  laborious  offices ; drudgery. 

Syn.—  See  Servitude. 

SLAVE'— SHIP,  n.  A vessel  employed  in  the 
slave-trade  ; a slaver.  Williams. 

SLAVE'— TRADE,  n.  The  act  of  buying  and  sell- 
ing men  for  slaves ; the  trade  in  slaves,  espe- 
cially as  carried  on  by  Europeans  and  Ameri- 
cans with  Africa.  Brande. 

,8®=- The  first  English  expedition  in  the  slave-trade 
took  place  in  1563  ; and  the  trade  was  abolished  by 
the  English  Parliament  in  1807.  Haydn. 

US’  By  the  act  of  May  15,  1820,  Congress  declared 
the  slave-trade  piracy,  punishable  with  death.  Bouvier. 

SLAVE'-TRAD-ER,  n.  One  who  trades  in  slaves. 

SLAVISH,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  resembling, 
slaves  or  slavery;  servile.  “ Slavish  tenants.” 
Bp.  Hall.  “ Slavish  brains.”  Denham. 

SLA  V'lSH-LY,  ad.  In  a slavish  manner  ; servilely. 

SLAV'JSH-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality  of 
being  slavish  ; servility.  Johnson. 

SLA-VON'IC,  a.  [According  to  some  from  slava, 
glory;  according  to  others,  from  slovo,  word. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  B,  V,  short;  A,  E.  1,  9,  V,  V,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  H&IR,  HER; 


SLAVONIC 


1353 


SLEIGHT 


P.  Cyc.]  Relating  to  Slavonia;  Sclavonic. — 
See  Sclavonic. 

SLA-VON'IC,  n.  The  Slavonic  tongue.  Clarke. 

SLAW,  n.  [Dut.  slaa.~\  Sliced  cabbage.  Clarke. 

SLAY  (si a),  v.  a.  [Goth,  slahan  ; A.  S.  slean  ; Frs. 
sla  ; Dut.  slaan  ; Ger.  schlagen ; Dan.  slaae  ; Sw. 
sla  ; Icel  .sla.  — Gael . slaidse  ; Ir.  slaighim.\  \i. 
slew;  pp.  SLAYING,  slain.]  To  put  to  death  ; 
to  kill ; to  destroy  ; to  slaughter. 

Thy  son  is  rather  sinning  them;  that  outcry 

From  slaughter  of  one  foe  could  uot  ascend.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Kill. 

SLAY,  n.  A weaver’s  reed.  — See  Sley.  Todd. 

SLAY'^R,  n.  One  who  slays ; a killer ; a destroyer. 

SLEAVE,  n.  [A.  S.  slae,  a weaver’s  reed.  — Icel. 
slefa.  Serenius.  — See  Sley.]  Soft  floss-silk 
used  for  weaving ; raw,  untwisted  silk.  Nares. 
Macbeth  doth  murder  sleep,  the  innocent  sleep, 

Sleep  that  knits  up  the  ravelled  sleave  of  care.  Shak. 

SLEAVE,  V.  a.  [i.  SLEAVED  ; pp.  SLEAVING, 
sleaved.]  To  separate  into  threads  ; to  sleid. 
“ [Thread]  more  hard  to  sleave  a-two.”  Whitlock. 

SLEAVED  (slevd),  a.  Unwrought ; raw  ; not 
spun.  “ Sleaved  silk.”  Holinshed. 

SLEAVE'-SILK,  n.  Sleave ; raw,  untwisted  silk, 
such  as  is  used  in  weaving.  Shak. 

SLEA'ZJ-NESS,  ii.  Quality  of  being  sleazy.  Ash. 

SLEA'ZY  (sle'ze),  a.  [ Sleasy  holland,  a light, 
thin,  linen  fabric  ; — so  called  because  made  in 
Silesia,  in  Germany.  Chambers .]  Weak;  want- 
ing substance  ; thin  ; flimsy  ; — written  also 
sleasy,  and  sleezy.  “Such  sleazy  stuff.”  Howell. 

SLED,  n.  [Dut.  slede ; Ger .schlitten-,  Dan.  sliede  ; 
Sw .fickle. — Gael,  slaod. — From  A.  S.  slidan, 
to  slide.  Wachter .]  A carriage  or  vehicle  with 
runners  instead  of  wheels,  used  for  conveying 
loads  on  snow  : — also  called  sledge.  Wickliffe. 

In  winter  they  travel  only  on  sleds,  the  ways  being  hard 
and  smooth  with  snow.  Milton. 

BSP  Mr.  Nares  says  that  “ the  words  sled  and  sledge 
have  been  confounded  in  both  of  their  senses  — that 
of  a hammer,-  and  that  of  a carriage- without  wheels. 
But,  according  to  the  etymologies  given  by  Johnson 
and  Todd,  sledge  is  right  in  the  sense  of  a hammer, 
being  from  siege,  Saxon  ; and  sled  for  a carriage  with- 
out wheels,  as  that  comes  from  sledde,  Dutch,  or  sited, 
Danish.”  — The  common  use  of  the  two  words,  in  the 
United  States,  is  in  accordance  with  this  remark. 

SLED,  v.  a.  [i.  sledded  ; pp.  sledding,  sled- 
ded.] To  convey  or  transport  on  a sled.  Forby. 

SLED'DJpD,  a.  Mounted  or  conveyed  on  a sled. 
“ The  sledded  Polack.”  Shak. 


slepan ; Frs.  slepa  ; Dut.  slapen ; Ger.  schlafen. 
— From  Goth,  slap,  relaxed.  Wachter.  Kilutn.] 
[i.  SLEPT  ; pp.  SLEEPING,  SLEPT.] 

1.  To  take  rest  by  suspension  of  the  voluntary 
exercise  of  the  mental  and  corporeal  powers;  to 
slumber  ; to  drowsy;  to  doze  ; to  nap  ; to  repose. 

I will  both  lay  me  down  in  peace  and  sleep ; for  thou.  Lord, 
only  makest  me  dwell  in  safety.  Ps.  iv.  8. 

2.  To  be  motionless  or  still ; to  rest.  Shak. 
The  giddy  ship,  betwixt  the  winds  and  tides 

Forced  back  and  lorwards,  in  a circle  rides, 

Stunned  with  the  different  blows,  then  shoots  amain, 

Till,  counterbuffed,  she  stops,  and  sleeps  again.  Dry  den. 

3.  To  be  dead ; to  lie  in  the  grave. 

The  graves  were  opened;  and  many  bodies  of  the  saints 
which  dept  arose.  Matt,  xxvii.  52. 

4.  To  be  thoughtless,  inattentive,  or  careless. 

Heaven  will  one  day  open 
The  king’s  eyes,  that  60  long  have  slept  upon 
This  bold,  bad  man.  Shale. 

5.  To  be  unnoticed  or  unattended  to.  “ The 

matter  sleeps.”  Johnson. 

Syn.  — To  sleep  is  the  general  term,  and  relates  to 
that  state  of  the  body  to  which  all  animated  beings 
are  subject  at  certain  seasons.  To  slumber  is  to  sleep 
lightly  or  softly  ; to  doze  and  to  drowse,  to  incline  to 
sleep  ; to  nap,  to  take  a short  sleep.  Sleep  long  or 
through  the  night ; slumber  gently;  doze  or  drowse  on 
a couch  or  in  a chair;  nap,  or  take  a nap,  after  din- 
ner ; rest  or  repose  after  being  agitated  or  weary. 

SLEEP,  n.  Temporary  or  periodical  repose  of  the 
organs  of  sense,  the  intellectual  faculties,  and 
voluntary  motion ; the  state  of  an  animal  in 
which  is  suspended  the  voluntary  exercise  of 
the  mental  and  corporeal  powers. 

The  innocent  sleep-,  - 
Sleep , that  knits  up  the  ravelled  sleave  of  care, 

The  death  of  each  day’s  life,  sore  labor’s  bath. 

Balm  of  hurt  minds,  great  nature’s  second  course. 

Chief  nourisher  in  life’s  feast.  Shah. 

How  many  thousands  of  my  poorest  subjects 
Are  at  this  hour  asleep  I O,  sleep.  O.  gentle  sleep , 

Nature's  soft  nurse,  how  have  I frighted  thee. 

That  thou  no  more  wilt  weigh  mine  eyelids  down, 

And  steep  my  senses  in  forgetfulness ‘t  Shak. 

Sleep  is  Death’s  younger  brother,  and  so  like  him,  that  I 
never  dare  trust  him  without  my  prayers.  Browne. 

Blessings  on  him  who  invented  sleep,  the  mantle  that  cov- 
ers all  human  thoughts.  Trans,  of  Don  Quixote. 

Sleep  of  plants,  ( Bot .)  a peculiar  condition  assumed 
by  many  plants  on  the  withdrawal  of  tile  stimulus  of 
light,  in  which  the  flowers  close,  and  the  leaves  either 
apparently  droop  or  fold  together  their  leaflets  as  if  in 
repose.  — See  Sensitive-plant.  Gray.  P.  Cyc. 


SLED'DING,  n.  The  act  of  conveying  on  a sled 
or  sleds: — snow  in  sufficient  quantity  and  fit 
state  for  the  use  or  running  of  sleds.  Foster. 

SLEDGE  (slej),  it.  [A.  S.  slecge,  siege-,  slean,  to 
slay,  to  beat;  s/eege,  a striking;  Dut.  slij;  Dan. 
slcegge,  slegge ; Sw.  slilnga.]  A large,  heavy 
hammer,  used  principally  by  blacksmiths  ; — 
also  called  sledge-hammer.  Spenser. 

SLEDGE,  n.  [Dut.  slede.  — See  Sled.]  A vehi- 
cle with  low  wheels  for  conveying  loads  : — a 
sled  or  a sleigh.  [England.]  Mortimer.  Johnson. 

SLEDGE'— HAM-M1JR,  n.  A large,  heavy  hammer; 
a sledge.  Simmonds. 

SLEEK,  a.  [Goth,  slahits,  smooth  ; A.  S.  slith  ; 
Dut.  sluik  ; slechten,  to  level ; Ger.  schlicht ; 
Dan.  slet ; Sw.  slat ; Old  Eng.  slik,  slick.'] 

1.  Having  a smooth  surface  ; smooth ; glossy. 

“ Thy  head  and  hair  are  sleek.”  Dry  den. 

2.  Not  rough  ; not  harsh. 

Those  rugged  names  to  our  like  mouths  grow  sleek.  Milton. 

f SLEEK,  n.  That  which  makes  sleek  or  smooth; 
varnish.  Translation  of  Boccalini,  1626. 

SLEEK,  V.  a.  [i.  SLEEKED  ; pp.  SLEEKING, 
sleeked.]  To  make  sleek,  smooth,  soft,  or 
glossy.  “ Sleek  o’er  your  rugged  looks.”  Shak. 

Whose  soft,  refreshing  streams 

Sleek  the  smooth  skin,  and  scent  the  snowy  limbs.  Pope. 


f SLEEP,  v.  a.  To  put  to  sleep  or  rest ; to  suspend. 

The  Carthaginian  generals  . . . slept  not  their  business,  nor 
made  delay.  Holland. 

SLEEP'— CHARGED,  a.  Heavy  with  sleep.  Wright. 

SLEEP'JgR,  n.  1.  One  who  sleeps.  Shak. 

2.  A lazy  person  ; a sluggard;  a drone.  Grew. 

3.  That  which  lies  dormant  or  without  effect, 

as  a law  not  executed.  Bacon. 

4.  An  animal  that  sleeps  or  is  dormant  all 

winter,  as  a bat.  London  Ency. 

5.  (Arch.)  A beam  or  timber  which  supports 

the  joists  of  a floor  : — formerly,  a rafter  in  the 
valley  of  a roof : — a timber  laid  on  the  ground, 
across  which  rest  the  rails  of  a railway  or  the 
planks  of  a platform.  Brande. 

6.  (Mil.)  One  of  the  undermost  timbers  of  a 

gun  or  a mortar.  Stocqveler. 

7.  (Glass-manufacture.)  A large  iron  bar 

crossing  smaller  ones  in  a grate.  Wright. 

8.  (Naval  Arch.)  One  of  the  knees  that  con- 

nect the  transoms  to  the  after  timbers  on  the 
quarter.  Dana. 

9.  (Ich.)  An  acanthopterygious  fish  of  the 
family  Gobiadee,  or  gobies,  inhabiting  fresh  wa- 
ters of  warm  climates,  and  concealing  them- 
selves in  the  mud ; Eleotris  dormatrix.  Eng. Cyc. 

t SLEEP'FUL,  a.  Very  sleepy.  Scott. 

f SLEEP 'FUL-NESS,  n.  Sleepiness.  Todd. 

SLEEP'I-LY,  ad.  In  a sleepy  manner  ; drowsily  ; 
— dully ; lazily  : — stupidly.  Atterbury. 

SLEEP 'I-N  ESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  sleepy  ; de- 
sire to  sleep  ; drowsiness.  Arbuthnot. 

SLEEP'ING,  n.  I.  State  of  one  who  sleeps. 

2.  The  state  of  being  at  rest  or  undisturbed. 
“ The  sleeping  of  this  business.”  Shak. 

SLEEP'ING,  a.  Devoted  to,  or  occupied  with, 
sleep.  “ Sleeping  time.”  Clarke. 

Sleeping  partner.  See  DORMANT-PARTNER. 

+ SLEEP'ISH,  a.  Sleepy.  Udal. 

SLEEP'LfSS,  a.  Without  sleep  ; wanting  sleep  ; 
awake ; wakeful.  Pope. 


SLEEP'LIJSS-LY,  ad.  In  a sleepless  manner. 

SLEEP'LIJSS-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  sleepless; 
want  or  deprivation  of  sleep.  Bp.  Hall. 

SLEEP'— WAK-^R,  n.  One  who  is  in  a state  of 
clairvoyant  sleep  ; a noctambulist.  Clarke. 

SLEEP'— WAK-ING,  n.  State  of  one  who  is  in 
Mesmeric  sleep  ; noctambulism. 

SLEEP'— wALK-£R  (-wawk-),  n.  One  who  walks 
in  his  sleep  ; a somnambulist.  Dunglison. 

SLEEP'— WALK-1NG  (-wlvvk-],  n.  Act  of  walking 
while  asleep  ; somnambulism.  Dunglison. 

SLEEP'Y,  a.  1.  Inclined  or  disposed  to  sleep  ; 
drowsy.  “ Sleepy  Morpheus.”  Dryden. 

2.  Producing  sleep  ; soporific  ; somniferous. 

We  will  give  you  sleepy  drinks.  Shak. 

3.  Dull ; lazy  ; sluggish.  Shak. 

SLEEP'Y— LOOK'JNG  (slep'e-luk'jng),  a.  Appear- 
ing to  be  sleepy.  Clarke. 

SLEET,  n.  [A.  S.  sliht  (slaughter),  rain,  sleet ; 
Dan.  slud,  sleet ; Icel.  sletta.  — Past  participle 
of  A.  S.  slean,  to  slay,  to  beat,  to  cast.  Tooke .] 

1.  Rain  mixed  with  hail  or  snow,  usually  in 

fine  particles.  Dryden. 

Ruins  would  have  been  poured  down,  as  the  vapors  became 
cooler;  next  sleet,  then  snow  and  ice.  Cheyne. 

2.  pi.  (Gunnery.)  The  parts  of  a mortar  ex- 

tending from  the  chamber  to  the  trunnions,  to 
strengthen  that  part.  Stocqueler. 

SLEET,  v.  n.  To  snow  or  hail  in  fine  particles, 
with  rain  mingled.  Johnson. 

SLEETCH,  n.  Thick  mud  or  slush  at  the  bottom 
of  rivers.  Simmonds. 

SLEET'I-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  sleety.  Scott. 

SLEET'Y,  a.  Consisting  of,  or  bringing,  sleet. 
“ The  sleety  storm.”  Warton. 

SLEEVE,  n.  [A.  S.  slyf,  slef,  a sleeve  ; slefan, 
to  clothe,  to  cover  ; Dan.  sluice.  — W.  llawes.] 

1.  That  part  of  a garment  into  which  the  arm 
is  thrust  and  by  which  it  is  covered.  Sidney. 

2.  f A strait  or  channel,  as  between  England 

and  France.  Drayton. 

3.  The  knotted  part  of  silk  or  of  thread ; 

sleave.  — See  Sleave.  Johnson. 

To  laugh  in  one’s  sleeve,  to  laugh  unperceived  or  se- 
cretly, as  behind  the  sleeve,  when  it  was  large  and 
pendent.  South.  — To  pin  or  hang  on  a sleeve,  to  make 
dependent ; — an  allusion  to  the  custom  of  wearing  a 
token  of  faith  or  of  love  on  tlie  sleeve,  and  swearing 
to  maintain  it.  Hooker. 

SLEEVE,  v.  a.  To  furnish  with  sleeves.  Clarke. 

SLEEVE'-BUT-TON  (slev'but-tn),  n.  A button 
for  a sleeve.  Maunder. 

SLEEVED  (slevd),  a.  Having  sleeves. 

SLEEVE'— HAND,  n.  The  cuff  or  wristband  of  a 
sleeve.  Shak. 

SLEEVE'L^SS,  a.  1.  Having  no  sleeves.  “Sleeve- 
less his  jerkin  was.”  Donne. 

2.  Unreasonable  ; profitless  ; useless  ; fruit- 
less; vain.  “A  sleeveless  errand.”  [n.]  Shak. 

SLEID  (slad),  v.  a.  [See  Slaie,  and  Sley.]  [i. 
SLEIDED  ; pp.  sleiding,  sleided.]  To  pre- 
pare for  the  weaver’s  sley  ; to  sley. 

She  weaved  the  sleided  silk.  Shak. 

SLEIGH  (sla),  n.  [Gael,  slaod,  a drag,  a sledge  ; 
A.  S.  slidan,  to  slide.  — See  Sled,  and  Sledge.] 
A vehicle  with  runners,  for  travelling  on  snow 
or  ice. 

You  hear  the  merry  tinkle  of  the  little  bells  which  an- 
nounce the  speeding  sleigh.  Ec.  Rev. 

Btg=  It  is  a very  common  vehicle  in  the  northern 
part  of  America,  but  comparatively  little  known  in 
England,  and  there  commonly  called  a sledge. 

SLEIGH'— BELL  (sla'bel),  n.  A small  bell  at- 
tached to  a sleigh  or  to  some  part  of  the  har- 
ness of  a horse  drawing  a sleigh.  Cooper. 

SLEIGH'ING  (sla'jng),  n.  1.  The  act  of  riding  or 
travelling  in  a sleigh.  P.  Mag. 

2.  The  state  of  the  roads  or  of  the  travelling 
with  respect  to  snow  sufficient  for  using  or  run- 
ning sleighs.  Bartlett. 

SLEIGHT  (slit),  ».  [Icel.  sleegd,  cunning.  Sere- 
nius. Johnson.  — From  A.  S.  slith,  smooth,  slip- 
pery ; slythe,  deceit.  Todd.  — From  A.  S.  slean, 
to  strike,  to  beat,  to  cast.  Bichurdson.  — See 
Slight,  Sly.]  An  artful  or  adroit  trick  ; a sly 


SLEEK'LY,  ad.  In  a sleek  manner;  smoothly; 

glossily.  “ Sleekly  combed.”  Shak. 

SLEEK'NgSS,  n.  Smoothness ; glossiness. Feltham. 
SLEEK'— STONE,  n.  A stone  for  smoothing. 

“With  a sleek-stone  rub  [it]  smooth.”  Peacham. 
SLEEK'Y,  a.  Of  a sleek  appearance  ; sleek  ; 

smooth,  [r.]  Thomson. 

SLEEP,  v.  n.  [M.  Goth,  slepan ; A.  S.  slapan, 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — C,  £,  g,  soft ; C,  6,  £,  g,  hard;  ^ as  z;  * as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 
170 


SLEIGHT 


SLILY 


artifice  ; — dexterous  practice ; adroitness ; dex- 
terity. “ Cunning  sleights.”  Hooker. 

As  lookers-on  feel  most  delight, 

That  least  perceive  the  juggler’s  sleight.  Hudibras. 

Sleight  of  hand,  legerdemain.  L' Estrange. 

SLEIGHT  (slit),  a.  Sly  ; artful ; deceitful.  Milton. 

SLEIGHT'FUL  (sllt'ful),  a.  Sly;  artful;  cun- 
ning. W.  Browne. 

fSLEIGHT'l-LY  (sllt'e-l?).  ad.  By  means  of 
sleight ; slyly’;  craftily  ; cunningly.  Haloet. 

+ SLEIGHT' Y (sll'te),  a.  Sly;  crafty;  artful.  Huloet. 

SLEIVE,  n.  See  Sle.vve.  Todd. 

SLEN'Df  R,  a.  [Old  Dut.  slinder.] 

1.  Small  in  circumference  compared  with  the 
length  or  height ; slim ; thin  ; not  thick. 

Each  flower  of  slender  stalk.  Milton. 

2.  Small  in  the  waist ; having  a fine  shape. 

Beauteous  Helen  shines  among  the  rest. 

Tall,  slender , straight,  with  all  the  graces  blest.  Dryden. 

3.  Not  bulky  or  strong ; easily  broken  ; slight ; 

fragile.  “ Slender  chains.”  Pope. 

4.  Small ; inconsiderable  ; weak  ; feeble. 

They  . . . must  have  special  regard  that  their  first  founda- 
tions aud  grounds  be  more  than  slender  probabilities.  Hooker. 

5.  Sparing ; meagre ; scanty  ; less  than 
enough  ; not  amply  supplied ; poorly  furnished. 

The  good  Ostorius  often  deigned 

To  grace  my  slender  table  with  his  presence.  Philips. 

6.  Spare  ; abstemious  ; light. 

The  aliment  ought  to  be  cool,  slender , thin,  diluting. 

Arbuthnot. 

SLEN'DfR— LIMBED  (-Hind),  a.  Having  slender 
limbs  ; narrow  in  form.  Cowley. 

SLEN'DpR-Ly,  ad.  In  a slender  manner  ; 
slightly  ; with  slenderness.  Hayward. 

SLEN'DEIt-NESS,  n.  1.  The  state  or  the  quality 
of  being  slender ; slimness  ; littleness.  Bacon. 

2.  Weakness;  slightness;  inconsiderableness. 
“ The  slenderness  of  your  reasons.”  Whitgift. 

3.  Want  of  plenty;  scarcity;  spareness. 

“ The  slenderness  of  the  diet.”  Gregory. 

fSLENT,  v.  n.  To  make  a slant  or  an  oblique  re- 
mark ; to  sneer ; to  jest  or  be  sarcastic,  fuller. 

SLEPT,  i.  & p.  from  sleep.  See  Sleep. 

SLEW  (slu),  i.  from  slay.  See  Slay. 

SLEW  (slu),  v.  a.  To  turn  around.  — See  Slue. 

SLEWED  (slud),  a.  Moderately  or  partially  drunk. 
[Local,  Eng.  and  U.  S.]  Wright.  Bartlett. 

SLEY  (sla),  n.  [A.  S.  site.]  A weaver’s  reed ; — 
written  also  slaie,  and  slay.  , 

The  woof  and  warp  unite  pressed  by  the  toothy  sley.  Croxall. 

SLEY  (sla),  v.  a.  To  separate  or  part  into  threads, 
as  weavers  ; to  prepare  for  the  sley ; — written 
also  slaie.  Shak. 

SLICE,  r.  a.  [A.  S.  slitan,  to  slit ; Ger.  schleissen. 

— See  Slit.]  [i.  sliced  ;'pp.  slicing,  sliced.] 

1.  To  cut  into  broad,  thin  pieces. 

An  iron  bar  sliced  out  into  a multitude  of  plates.  Tucker. 

2.  To  cut  into  parts  ; to  divide  as  by  cutting. 

Nature  lost  one  by  thee,  and  therefore  must 

Slice  one  in  two  to  keep  her  number  just.  Cleareland. 

Princes  and  tyrants  slice  the  earth  among  them.  Burnet. 

3.  To  cut  off  in  a broad  piece  or  pieces. 

I sliced  the  luncheon  from  the  barley  loaf.  Gay. 

SLICE,  n.  1.  A thin,  broad  piece  cut  olf ; a collop. 

lie  from  out  the  chimney  took 
A flitch  of  bacon  off  the  hook. 

And  freely  from  the  fattest  side 

Cut  out  large  slices  to  be  fried.  Swift. 

2.  A broad  piece.  “ Slices  of  pilaster.”  Pope. 

3.  A spatula.  Hakewill. 

4.  A fire-shovel ; a peel.  [Local,  Eng.  and 

U.  S.]  Gent.  Mag.  Wright. 

SLiypR,  n.  1.  One  wrho,  or  that  which,  slices. 

2.  A slitting-mill,  or  circular  saw,  used  by  lap- 
idaries. Simmonds. 

SLlCH,  ii.  [Ger.  schlich.]  (Metallurgy .)  Pulver- 
ized gangue  ; slime;  — written  also  schlich. — 
See  Slime,  No.  3.  Land.  Ency. 

SLICK,  a.  [A.  S.  slith  ; Ger.  slicht ; Dut.  slecht. 

— See  Sleek.]  Sleek  ; smooth  ; slippery  ; glos- 
sy. Chapman.  Browne.  Wright. 

SLICK,  n.  (Metallurgy .)  See  Slick.  Wright. 

SLlCK' pN-SIDE,  n.  (Mining.)  1.  A vein  of  clay 
intersecting  a lode,  and  producing  a vertical  dis- 
location. Ansted. 


1354 

2.  A provincial  name  for  a variety  of  galena. 

Humble. 

3.  One  of  the  polished  or  smoothly  striated 

surfaces  of  a fissure  or  of  a fault,  such  as  would 
be  produced  by  the  continued  rubbing  together 
of  surfaces  of  unequal  hardness.  Lyell. 

SLlCK'JNG§,  n.  pi.  (Mining.)  Narrow  veins  of 
ore.  Watson. 

SLICK'NIJSS,  n.  State  of  being  slick  ; sleekness. 

SLID,  i.  & p.  from  slide.  See  Slide. 

SLlD'DEN  (slld'dn),  p.  from  slide.  See  Slide. 

f SLID'DjJR,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  sliderian,  slidrian.]  To 
slide  with  interruption.  Dryden. 

fSLID'DJgR,  fSLlD'DpR-y,  a.  Slippery.  Chaucer. 

SLIDE,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  slidan,  to  slide  ; Dut.  ghjdcn, 
to  glide.  — See  Glide.]  [i.  slid  ; pp.  sliding, 

SLID  or  SLIDDEN.] 

1.  To  move  by  slipping,  as  on  ice  or  a smooth 

surface  ; to  slip  ; to  glide.  Chaucer. 

llis  nigh  foreweuried  feeble  feet  did  slide.  Spenser. 

She,  crowned  with  olive-green,  cume  softly  sliding 

Down  through  the  turning  sphere.  * Milton. 

2.  To  pass  along  smoothly  ; to  swim. 

‘ Fish  that  through  the  wet 

Sea-paths  in  shoals  do  slide , and  know  no  dearth.  Milton. 

3.  To  pass  inadvertently. 

Make  a door  and  a bar  for  thy  mouth;  beware  thou  slide 
not  by  it.  Ecclus.  xxviii.  2G. 

4.  To  pass  unnoticed,  unobserved,  or  unre- 
garded. “ Let  the  world  slide.”  Shak. 

Their  eye  slides  over  the  pages,  or  the  words  slide  over 
their  eyes.  Watts. 

5.  To  pass  gradually  from  one  state  to  an- 
other. “ To  slide  into  any  error.”  Bacon. 

Nor  could  they  have  slid  into  those  brutish  immoralities  of 
life.  South. 

6.  To  be  not  firm  ; to  be  wavering ; to  waver. 

“ Your  sliding  hearts.”  Thomson. 

7.  To  practise  sliding  on  snow  or  ice,  as  for 
amusement. 

They  bathe  in  summer,  and  in  winter  slide.  Waller . 

Syn.  — To  slide  is  a voluntary  movement ; to  slip , 
involuntary.  Boys  slide  on  the  ice  by  vvay  of  amuse- 
ment, and  slip  accidentally  ; a vessel  glides  along  in 
the  water. 

SLIDE,  v.  a.  To  slip  or  move  by  slipping.  Watts. 

SLIDE,  n.  [A.  S.  slide.'] 

1.  The  act  of  sliding ; smooth  and  easy  passage. 

Kings  that  have  able  men  of  their  nobility  shall  find  ease 
in  employing  them,  and  a better  slide  into  their  business. 

Bacon. 

2.  Continuous  or  even  course  ; easy  flow. 

Whose  fortunes  are  like  Homer’s  verses,  that  have  a slide 
and  easiness  more  than  the  verses  of  other  poets.  Bacon. 

3.  Something,  or  a part,  that  slides. 

4.  The  descent  or  sliding  of  a mass  of  earth 

or  rock  down  a declivity  ; a slip.  Wright. 

5.  A place  in  a river,  or  on  the  side  of  a hill 
or  mountain,  for  timber  to  descend.  Simmonds. 

6.  (Mining.)  A vein  of  clay  which  intersects  a 
lode  and  causes  a dislocation  vertically.  Watson. 

7.  (Mus.)  A smooth  gliding  of  one  note  into 

another  : — an  ornament  consisting  of  two  small 
notes  leading  by  conjoint  degrees  up  or  down  to 
the  principal  note.  Dwight. 

Slide  of  Alpnach,  a remarkable  wooden  railway  in 
Switzerland,  by  which  timber  from  Mt.  Pilate  was 
formerly  carried  by  its  gravity  with  great  velocity  to 
the  Lake  of  Four  Cantons.  Johnston. 

f SLIDE'— GROTE,  n.  A kind  of  game;  shovel- 
board  ; shuffle-board.  Ilolinshed. 

SLID'UR,  n.  One  who,  or  that  which,  slides.  Burke. 

SLID' IJR— PUMP,  n.  A name  applied  to  pumps 
of  various  forms,  the  piston  of  which  is  made 
to  revolve  continually  and  force  the  water 
through  a pipe  by  means  of  a slide  or  spring, 
which  intercepts  its  passage  in  any  other  direc- 
tion. Young. 

SLlDE'-REST,  n.  An  apparatus  adapted  to  a 
turning-lathe  for  carrying  the  tool  or  chisel,  and 
which  is  made  to  slide  along  the  frame  so  as  to 
bring  the  tool  successively  to  the  different  parts 
of  the  work.  Brande. 

SLIDE'— RULE,  n.  A sliding-rule.  Simmonds. 

SLID'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  or  the  motion  of  one 
who,  or  that  which,  slides  ; a slide;  a slip. 

2.  Lapse  ; transgression  ; fault,  [r.]  Shak. 


SLlD'ING,  p.  a.  That  slides  or  has  a slide  ; mov- 
ing smoothly ; gliding. 

SLIDING— KEEL,  n.  (Naut.)  A narrow,  oblong 
frame  or  platform  let  down  vertically  through 
the  bottom  of  a small  vessel,  to  sustain  it 
against  the  lateral  force  of  the  wind.  Brande. 

SLIDING— ItC'LE,  n.  A mathematical  instrument 
variously  constructed  for  the  mechanical  per- 
formance of  certain  arithmetical  operations  ; — 
also  called  sliding-scale. 

SSSj”  Tile  instrument  consists  of  two  parts,  one  of 
which  slides  along  the  other.  Eacli  of  them  has  cer- 
tain sets  of  numbers  marked  upon  it,  and  so  arranged 
that  when  a given  number  on  one  part  is  brougln  to 
coincide  with  a given  number  on  the  other,  tile  prod- 
uct or  some  other  function  of  the  two  numbers  may 
be  found  by  inspection.  Davies. 

SLID'ING— SCALE,  m.  1.  A scale  for  raising  or 
lowering  the  duties  on  grain,  in  proportion  to  the 
fall  and  rise  of  prices.  [England.]  Sir  R.  Peel. 

2.  A sliding-rule.  Davies. 

SLIGHT  (slu),  a.  [Dut.  slecht,  bad,  mean,  worth- 
less ; Ger.  schlecht.  — See  Slight,  v.] 

1.  Small ; inconsiderable  ; trifling  ; insignifi- 
cant; of  little  account  or  importance;  paltry. 

Slight  is  the  subject,  but  the  praise  not  small.  Dryden. 

2.  Not  strong,  firm,  or  cogent;  weak  ; frail. 
Some  firmly  embrace  doctrines  upon  slight  grounds.  Loeke. 

3.  Not  vehement  or  forcible  ; faint. 

The  shaking  of  the  bead  is  a gesture  of  slight  refusal.  Baron. 

4.  Cursory  ; superficial ; desultory  ; scanty  ; 
as,  “A  slight  examination.” 

5.  Weak  in  mind;  foolish;  silly,  [r.] 

No  beast  ever  was  so  slight. 

For  man  as  for  his  God  to  fight.  Hudibras. 

Syn.  — See  Cursory,  Superficial,  Trifling. 

SLIGHT  (slit),  n.  1.  The  act  of  slighting  or  dis- 
regarding ; neglect ; disregard  ; inattention. 

People  in  misfortune  construe  unavoidable  incidents  into 
slights  or  neglects.  S.  Richardson. 

2.  An  artful  trick;  artifice;  a sleight. — See 

Sleight.  * Shak. 

3.  An  effect  of  art ; a device  ; an  ornament. 

In  ivory  sheath  ycarved  with  curious  slights.  Spenser. 

Syn. — See  Disregard. 

f SLIGHT  (slit),  ad.  Slightly.  Shak. 

SLIGHT  (slit),  v.  a.  [Dut.  slechten,  to  level,  to 
demolish;  Ger.  schlichten;  Scot,  slight.  — From 
A.  S.  slean,  to  slay,  to  beat,  to  cast.  Richard- 
son.] [f.  SLIGHTED  ; pp.  SLIGHTING,  SLIGHTED.] 

1.  f To  overthrow ; to  demolish  ; to  raze. 

They  slighted  and  demolished  all  the  works.  Clarendon. 

2.  f To  throw;  to  cast;  to  hurl.  “The  rogues 

slighted  me  into  the  river.”  Shak. 

3.  To  pass  by  as  of  little  account ; to  neglect ; 
to  disregard  ; to  treat  as  unworthy  of  notice. 

If  they  transgress  and  slight  that  sole  command.  Mdton. 

You  cannot  expect  your  sou  should  have  auy  regurd  for 
one  whom  he  sees  you  slight.  Locke. 

4.  To  treat  or  perform  carelessly  or  with  in- 
difference ; — sometimes  followed  by  over. 

Themes  that  ought  not  to  be  slighted  over'.  Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Disregard,  Neglect. 

t SLIGHT'EN  (sll'tn),  v.  a.  To  slight.  B.  Jonson. 

SLIGHTER  (sllt'er),  n.  One  who  slights.  Taylor. 

SLIGHT'ING  (silt'ing),  p.  a.  Disregarding  ; neg- 
lecting; negligent. 

SLIGHT'JNG-LY  (sllt'jng-le),  ad.  With  contempt 
or  neglect ; without  respect.  Boyle. 

SLlGHT'LY  (sllt'Ie),  ad.  1.  In  a slight  manner  ; 
not  strongly  or  forcibly  ; weakly. 

The  facile  gates  of  hell  too  slightly  barred.  Milton. 

2.  Negligently;  without  regard;  cursorily. 

“ Slightly  handled  in  discourse.”  Shak. 

3.  Scornfully  ; contemptuously  ; slightingly. 
“He  spoke  slightly  ...  of  such  a lady.”  South. 

SLIGIIT'NpSS  (sllt'nes),  n.  1.  The  state  or  the 
quality  of  being  slight ; weakness.  Johnson. 

2.  Negligence ; want  of  proper  attention. S/ittA. 

SLTgHT'Y  (sllt'e),  a.  Trifling ; superficial.  “This 
slothful  and  slighty  way.”  [u.]  Echard. 

t SLlKE,  a.  Like.  Chaucer. 

SLl'LY,  ad.  Cunningly.  — See  Slyly. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  p,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


SLIM 


1355 


SLOAT 


SUM,  a.  [Dut.  slim,  bad,  worthless,  sly  ; Ger. 
schlimm  ; Dan.  # Sw.  slem  ; Icel.  sltemr.] 

1.  Weak;  slight;  trifling;  inconsiderable; 
unsubstantial.  “ A slim  excuse.”  Barroic. 

2.  Small  in  circumference  or  thickness  com- 

pared to  the  height ; slender.  “ A slim,  young 
girl  of  seventeen.”  Addison. 

3.  Slight ; not  sufficient ; — applied  to  work- 
manship. [Scotland.]  Jamieson. 

4.  Worthless;  poor;  naughty;  bad.  [Scot., 

and  Local,  Eng.]  Jamieson.  Grose. 

SLIME,  n.  [A.  S.  slim ; Dut.  slijm  ; Ger.  schlamm ; 
Dan.  sliim;  Sw.  slem  ; Icel.  slim.) 

1.  Moist  and  adhesive  earth  ; viscous  or  glu- 
tinous mud  or  mire.  Bacon. 

Brick  for  stone,  and  slime  had  they  for  mortar.  Gen.  xi.  3. 

2.  Any  viscous  or  glutinous  substance.  Milton. 

3.  ( Metallurgy .)  The  finest  portions  of  the 

pulverized  gangue  from  which  the  metallic  par- 
ticles have  been  partially,  and,  when  it  is  pure, 
wholly  separated,  by  stamping  and  washing ; — 
called  also  slich.  Ure. 

SLiME'-PiT,  n.  A pit  containing  slime.  Clarke. 

SLI'MI-NEPS,  n.  State  or  quality  of  being  slimy  ; 
viscosity.  “ The  earth’s  sliminess.”  Austin. 

SLIM'NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  slim.  Johnson. 

SLIM'SY,  a.  Weak  ; flimsy  ; slender  ; frail : — lazy ; 
dawdling.  [Local  or  vulgar.]  Judd.  Wright. 

SLl'MV,  a.  1.  Abounding  with,  or  resembling, 
slime  ; viscous  ; glutinous.  Bentley. 

2.  ( Bot .)  Covered  with  a viscous  secretion. 

Lindley. 

SLI'NESS,  n.  Designing  artifice.  — See  Slyness. 

SLING,  n.  [Dut.  sling er ; Ger.  schlinge ; Dan. 
slynge ; Sw.  slunga.) 

1.  An  instrument  or  weapon,  anciently  much 
used  in  war,  for  throwing  stones,  &o.,  consisting 
of  a strap  and  two  strings.  The  stone  is  placed 
in  the  strap,  and  cast  by  rapidly  swinging  the 
sling  round  and  letting  go  one  string  when  suf- 
ficient velocity  is  attained.  1 Sam.  xvii.  40. 

2.  A throw  ; a stroke.  “ At  one  sling  of  thy 

victorious  arm.”  Milton. 

3.  A kind  of  hanging  bandage  placed  round 

the  neck,  for  sustaining  a wounded,  lame,  or  a 

broken  arm.  Dunglison. 

4.  A kind  of  spirituous  drink.  Bartlett. 

5.  ( Naut .)  A rope  or  an  iron  band  for  securing 

a yard  to  the  mast  : — a large  rope  to  be  passed 
round  a cask  or  other  article  which  is  to  be 
hoisted  or  lowered.  — Commonly  used  in  the 
plural.  Dana. 

SLING,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  slingan  ; Dut.  slingeren  ; Ger. 
schlingen,  to  wind,  to  sling;  Dan . slynge,  sloenge, 
to  sling  ; Sw.  sltinga.)  [i.  slung,  + slang  ; pp. 

SLINGING,  SLUNG.] 

1.  To  throw  with  a sling.  Judg.  xx.  16. 

2.  To  throw  ; to  cast ; to  hurl. 

Or  slings  a broken  rock  aloft  in  air.  Addison. 

3.  To  hang  loosely,  as  in  a sling. 

From  rivers  drive  the  kids,  and  sling  your  hook.  Dryden. 

4.  (Naut.)  To  put  in  the  slings  ; to  put  a 

rope  round,  to  which  to  attach  a tackle  and 
hoist  or  lower.  Dana. 

SLING'IJR,  n.  One  who  slings  or  uses  a sling. 

SLINK  (sllngk,  82),  v.  n.  [A.  S.  slinean;  Ger. 
schleichen ; Sw.  slinka.)  [i.  slunk,  fSLANK; 
pp.  SLINKING,  SLUNK.] 

1.  To  creep  or  steel  away ; to  sneak.  Milton. 

She  slunk  into  a corner,  where  she  lay  trembling  till  the 
company  went  their  way.  V Estrange. 

2.  To  miscarry,  as  a beast  with  young.  Smart. 

SLINK,  v.  a.  To  cast  prematurely  ; to  miscarry  of. 

To  prevent  a mare’s  slinking  her  foal.  Mortimer. 

SLINK,  a.  Produced  prematurely  or  before  its 
time,  as  young.  “ Slink  calves.”  Student. 

SLINK,  n.  1.  The  young  of  a beast,  brought  forth 
before  its  time.  Ash. 

2.  A mean,  low  fellow;  a sneak.  [Local, 
England.]  Wright. 

SLINK'Y,  a.  Thin;  lank.  [Vulgar.]  Bartlett. 

SLIP,  v.n.  [A.  S.  slipan;  Put.  slippen ; Ger. 
schltlpfen  ; Dan.  slippe  ; Sw.  slippa  ; Icel.  slep- 
pa.~)  [ i . SLIPPED  ; pp.  SLIPPING,  SLIPPED.] 

1.  To  move  smoothly  along  the  surface  of  any 
thing  ; to  slide  ; to  glide. 


They  trim  their  feathers,  which  makes  them  oily  nnd  slip- 
pery, that  the  water  may  slip  oil  them.  Mortimer. 

2.  To  move  or  slide  out  of  place.  “ The  bone 

slips  out  again.”  Wiseman. 

3.  To  go  or  pass  quietly  or  secretly  ; to  escape. 

Tlrus  one  tradesman  slips  away 

To  give  his  partner  fairer  play.  Swift. 

Thrice  the  flitting  shadow  slipped  away.  Dryden. 

4.  To  fall  into  error  or  fault ; to  err.  Shak. 

An  eloquent  man  is  known  far  and  near,  but  a man  of 
understanding  knoweth  when  he  slippelh.  Ecclus.  xxi.  7. 

5.  To  creep  or  enter  by  oversight. 

Some  mistakes  may  have  slipped  into  it.  Pope. 

6.  To  cast  a foal  prematurely.  Halliwell. 

To  let  slip,  to  let  loose  from  the  slip  or  noose,  as  a 

hound.  “ Let  slip  the  dogs  of  war.”  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Slide. 

SLIP,  v.  a.  1.  To  cause  to  slide  or  glide ; to  put 
or  convey  secretly  and  quickly. 

He  tried  to  slip  a powder  into  her  drink.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  To  omit ; to  lose  by  inadvertence  or  negli- 
gence. “ Let  us  not  slip  the  occasion.”  Milton. 

3.  To  cut  from  the  trunk  or  branches. 

The  branches  also  may  be  slipped  and  planted.  Mortimer. 

4.  To  leave  or  escape  from  slyly  or  unob- 
served. “ Luceniio  slipped  me.”  Shak. 

5.  To  let  loose,  as  from  the  leash. 

The  impatient  greyhound  slipped  from  far.  Dryclen. 

6.  To  throw  off;  to  disengage  one’s  self  from. 

“ My  horse  slipped  his  bridle.”  Swift. 

7.  To  suffer  abortion  of,  as  a mare.  Smart. 

To  slip  a cable,  (Want.)  to  let  a cable  go  or  out.  Da- 
na.— To  slip  on,  to  put  on  in  haste,  as  clothes. — To 
slip  over,  to  pass  over  negligently.  “ With  what  rea- 
son can  that  [doctrine]  about  indulgences  be  slipped 
over?”  Jitter  bury.  Todd. 

Syn.  — See  Slide. 

SLIP,  n.  1.  Act  of  slipping;  a sliding-,  a slide. 

2.  An  error  ; a fault ; a mistake.  Dryden. 

Any  little  slip  is  more  conspicuous  nnd  observable  in  n 
good  man’s  conduct  than  in  another's.  Addison. 

3.  A twig  or  shoot  separated  or  cut  from  the 

main  stock ; a cutting.  Bag. 

The  slips  of  their  vines  have  been  brought  into  Spain.  Abbot. 

4.  A kind  of  noose  for  holding  a dog,  which 

slips  or  becomes  loose  by  relaxation  of  the 
hand.  “ Greyhounds  in  the  slips.”  Shak. 

5.  A long,  narrow  piece  ; a strip.  “A  slip  of 
paper.”  “ A slip  of  lower  ground.”  Addison. 

Blank  slips  of  refuse  or  neglected  parchment.  Warton. 

6.  A kind  of  counterfeit  coin,  being  brass 

covered  with  silver.  Shak.  Steer ens. 

7.  Matter  which  slips  or  falls  from  grind- 
stones in  grinding  edge-tools.  Petty. 

8.  A narrow  dock  or  place  for  hauling  up  a 
vessel  or  for  building  a vessel  in.  Simmonds. 

9.  An  opening  or  space  between  wharves  or 

in  a dock.  [Local,  U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

10.  A long  seat  or  a pew  in  a church,  having 

no  door.  [Local,  U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

11.  A particular  quantity  of  yarn.  [Local, 

Eng.]  Barret. 

12.  A kind  of  loose  frock,  skirt,  or  petticoat 

worn  by  ladies.  Johnson. 

13.  That  which  slips,  or  falls  by  slipping ; a 

slide  ; as,  “ A land-slip.”  Brande. 

14.  A mixture  of  clay  and  flint  prepared  for 

the  potter.  ’ Wright. 

15.  ( Geol .)  A mass  of  strata  separated  verti- 
cally or  aslant.  Brande. 

16.  (Printing.)  A galley-proof  of  a column 

of  type.  Simmonds. 

To  give  the  slip,  to  desert  or  escape  from  secretly. 
“ To  give  so  near  a friend  the  slip.”  Hudibras. 

SLlP'BOARD,  n.  A board  sliding  in  grooves.  “ To 
draw  back  the  slipboard  on  the  roof.”  Swift. 

SLIP’COAT,  n.  New-made  cheese.  Simmonds. 

SLIP'KNOT  (-not),  n.  A knot  which  runs  or  slips 
along  the  cord  or  line  on  which  it  is  tied.  Moron. 

SLIP’— ON,  n.  A great-coat  worn  over  the  shoul- 
ders loosely  like  a cloak.  [Scotland.]  Jamieson. 

SLIP’ PER,  n.  1.  One  who,  or  that  which,  slips. 

2.  A light,  thin  shoe,  into  which  the  foot  is 
easily  slipped.  “ Fair  lined  slippers.”  Raleigh. 

3.  A kind  of  shoe  for  a wheel.  Simmonds. 

4.  (Bot.)  A plant  or  herb  (probably  Helmin- 

thia  echioicles).  Johnson. 

t SLIP'PJgR,  a.  [A.  S.  slipur.)  Slippery.  Spenser. 


SLIP'PpRED  (-perd),  a.  Wearing  slippers.  “The 
silver -slippered  virgin.”  Warton. 


SLIP'PpR-l-LY,  ad.  In  a slippery  manner  ; with 
slipperiness.  Johnson. 

SLiP'PIJR-I-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality  of 
being  slippery  ; smoothness,  as  of  ice.  Sharp. 


f SLIP'PpR-NESS,  n.  Slipperiness.  Taverner. 


SLlP'PfR-Y,  a.  1.  Smooth,  like  ice. 

They  trim  their  feathers,  whicli  makes  them  oily  and  slip - 
pery,  that  the  water  slips  off.  Mortimer. 

2.  Not  affording  firm  footing.  “Thou  didst 
set  them  in  slippery  places.”  Ps.  lxxiii.  18. 

3.  Hard  to  hold  ; slipping  from  the  grasp. 

The  slippery  god  will  try  to  loose  his  hold.  Dryden. 

4.  Not  standing  firm;  liable  to  slip.  “ Slip- 
pery standers.”  Shak. 

5.  Unstable  ; uncertain  ; changeable  ; muta- 
ble. “ The  slippery  state  of  kings.”  Denham. 

6.  Not  certain  in  its  effect,  as  a trick.  Swift. 

7.  Unchaste.  “ My  wife  \s  slippery Shak. 

f SLIP'PY,  a.  [A.  S.  slipeg.)  Slippery  ; easily 
slipping  or  sliding.  Davies. 

SLIP'-ROPE,  n.  (Naut.)  A rope  bent  to  the 
cable  just  without  the  hawse-hole,  and  brought 
in  on  the  weather  quarter,  for  slipping.  Dana. 

SLIP'SHOD,  a.  Wearing  shoes  slipped  on,  but 
not  pulled  up  at  the  heels.  Swift. 


SLIP'SHOE  (-sho),  n.  A slipper,  ora  shoe  slipped 
on,  but  not  pulled  up  at  the  heel.  Johnson. 

t SLIP'SKIN,  a.  Slippery  ; evasive.  Milton. 
SLIP'SLOP,  n.  1.  Bad  liquor.  Johnson. 

2.  Feeble  composition.  Qu.  Rev. 

SLIP'SLOP,  a.  Feeble;  poor;  jejune.  Roget. 

f SLIP'STRlNG,  n.  One  who  has  loosened  him- 
self from  restraint ; a prodigal.  Cotgravc. 


f SLIP'THRLFT,  n.  A spendthrift.  Granger. 

SLISH,  n.  A cut ; a wound  ; — a low  word  formed 
from  slash.  “ Slish  and  slash.”  Shak. 


SLIT,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  slitan-,  Dut.  slyten;  Ger. 
schleissen ; Dan.  slide  ; Sw.  slita  ; Icel.  slita .] 
[(.  SLIT  or  SLITTED  ; pp.  SLITTING,  SLIT  Of 
SI.ITTED.] 

1.  To  cut  lengthwise  ; to  make  a long  cut  in. 

To  make  plants  medicinable,  slit  the  root,  and  infuse  into 

it  the  medicine.  Bacon. 

A tinned  or  plated  body  . . . slit  into  threads.  Newton. 

2.  To  divide  by  cutting  ; to  sunder. 

Comes  the  blind  Fury  with  the  abhorred  shears. 

And  slits  the  thin-spun  life.  Milton. 

SLIT,  n.  A long  cut  or  narrow  opening.  Bacon. 

A perpendicular  slit  in  a piece  of  pasteboard.  Boyle. 

SLIT'— DEAL,  n.  An  inch  and  a quarter  plank 
cut  into  two  boards.  Simmonds. 

SLITH'IJR,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  slith,  slippery.]  To  slide  ; 
to  slip  : — to  lounge.  [Local,  Eng.]  Wright. 

SLIT'TJJR,  n.  One  who  cuts  or  slits.  Cotgrave. 

SLIT'TING,  p.  a.  Cutting  lengthwise. 

Slitting  rollers,  rollers  for  dividing  plates  of  iron 
into  narrow  rods,  formed  with  elevated  rings  upon 
their  circumferences,  wind)  reciprocally  enter  be- 

tween each  other,  their  edges  being  angular,  and 
passing  in  close  contact  with  each  other,  so  as  to  cut 
like  shears.  Bigelow. 

SLIT'TING— MILL,  n.  A mill  for  cutting  plates 
or  flat  bars  of  iron  into  itarrowrods.  Young. 

SLiVE,  v.  n.  To  sneak.  [Local,  Eng.]  Grose. 

||  SLl'VER,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  slifan,  to  split,  to  cleave.] 
To  split  or  cleave,  particularly  into  thin  pieces. 

Slips  of  yew 

Slivered  in  the  moon’s  eclipse.  SJiak. 

II  SLl'VER.  or  SLlV'ER  [sll'ver,  S.  W.  P.  J.  F. 
Ja.  K.  Sm.  R.  ; sllv'er,  C.  Wb.\,  n. 

1.  A long,  thin  piece  split  or  rent  off.  Shak. 

2.  A long,  continuous  lap  or  twist  of  wool  or 

of  cotton.  Simmonds. 


SLOAM  (slom),  n.  (Geol.)  A term  applied  to 
layers  of  clay  between  layers  of  coal.  Brande. 

SLOAT  (slot),  n.  [Dan.  shttte,  to  close. — Gael. 
slat,  a rod.]  A narrow  piece  of  timber  which 
holds  larger  timbers  together,  as  of  a cart ; a 
slat.  — See  Slat.  Bailey. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — £ , <jl,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  5,  g,  hard ; § as  z;  ^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


SLOBBER 


1356 


SLOWLY 


SLOB'BER,  v.  a.  [Dut.  slabben.]  To  smear  with 
spittle;  to  slabber;  to  slayer. — See  Slabber. 

SLOB'BpR,  v.  n.  To  drivel;  to  slabber.  Swift. 

SLOB’BfR,  n.  Slaver  or  slabber.  Todd. 

SLOB'BpR-pR,  n.  1.  One  who  slobbers  or  slabbers. 

2.  A slovenly  farmer.  [Local,  Eng.]  Grose. 

SLOB'BfR-Y,  a.  Moist;  dank;  floody.  Shak. 

"f  SLfCK,  ) v.  n.  To  slake  ; to  quench. 

tSLOCK'EN  (-kn),  5 Schism  of  the  Brownists,  1612. 

SLOCK' I NG— STONE,  il.  (Mining.)  A rich  stone 
of  ore  from  a mine,  exhibited  in  order  to  induce 
adventurers  to  proceed  in  a mining  scheme. 

Ansted. 

SLOE  (slo),  n.  [A.  S.  sla  ; Dut.  slee  ; Ger.  schlehe  ; 
Dan.  slaacn ; Sw.  slan.]  (Bot.)  A thorny  shrub, 
and  its  fruit,  which  is  a globose  drupe  ; black- 
thorn ; Primus  spinosa.  Wood. 

Tile  leaves  of  the  sloe  have  been  used  in  Eu- 
rope as  a substitute  for  tea,  and  for  adulterating  the 
black  tea  of  China.  Lindlty. 

SLO'GAN,  n.  [Scot.,  corrupted  from  slughome.] 
The  war-cry  or  gathering- word  of  a clan. 
[Scotland.]  Jamieson.  Ec.  Rev. 

Our  slogan  is  their  lyke-wake  dirge.  W.  Scott. 

SLOKE,  il.  An  esculent  substance  consisting  of 
the  fronds  of  marine  plants ; laver.  Eng.  Cyc. 

SLOO,  n.  A slough.  [Local,  Eng.]  Halliwell. 

SLOOM,  il.  A slumber.  [Local,  Eng.]  Grose. 

SLOOM'Y,  a.  [Teut.  lome.\  Sluggish  ; slow;  dull. 
[Local  or  obsolete.]  Skinner.  Wright. 

SLOOP,  n.  [Dut.  sloep  ; Ger.  schaluppe  ; Dan. 
s/uppe  ; Sw.  ship.  — It.  scialuppa  ; Sp.  chalupa  ; 
Fr.  chaloupe .]  (Naut.)  A fore-and-aft  rigged 
vessel,  generally  of  small  size,  with  one  mast 
and  a jib-stay.  Mar.  Diet. 

Sloop  of  war,  a vessel  of  war,  of  any  rig,  mounting 
between  eighteen  and  thirty-two  guns.  Dana. 

SLOP,  v.  a.  [Of  doubtful  etymology.  — The  past 

participle  of  slip.  Tooke .]  [t.  slopped  ; pp. 

SLOPPING,  SLOPPED.] 

1.  To  spill,  as  a liquid.  Richardson. 

2.  To  wet  or  soil  by  spilling  a liquid  on.  Todd. 

3.  [From  lap.  Johnson.]  To  drink  grossly 

and  greedily.  . Johnson. 

SLOP,  n.  1.  Liquid  spilt,  as  on  a floor,  or  a spot 
or  dirty  place  made  by  spilling  a liquid.  Todd. 

2.  Mean  liquor ; — generally  used  of  some 
nauseous  or  useless  medicinal  liquor. 

The  sick  husband  here  wanted  for  neither  slops  nor  doc- 
tors. V Estrange. 

3.  pi.  A loose,  lower  garment,  as  breeches, 

trousers,  or  drawers  ; — formerly  used  in  the 
singular.  “ Your  French  slop."  Shak. 

His  overest  slop  is  not  worth  a mite.  Chaucer 

4.  pi.  Ready-made  clothing.  Todd. 

5.  pi.  Dirty  water,  &c.,  from  the  kitchen. 

6.  pi.  (Naval.)  Clothes,  bedding,  &c.,  sup- 
plied to  seamen  from  the  ship’s  stores.  Mar. Diet. 

SLOP  — BA-SIN,  / ra_  \ vessel  or  bowl  for  empty- 

SLOP'-BOWL,  i ing  the  dregs  from  tea-cups  or 
coffee-cups  into  at  table.  Simmonds. 

SLOPE,  a.  [Of  uncertain  etymology.  — From 
Dut.  slap,  slack,  loose.  Skinner.  — The  past 
participle  of  slip.  Tooke.]  Forming  an  angle 
with  the  plane  of  the  horizon  ; oblique ; sloping. 
“ The  slope  hills.”  [r.]  Milton. 

SLOPE,  n.  1.  An  oblique  direction ; inclination 
to  the  plane  of  the  horizon.  Johnson. 

2.  A surface  forming  an  angle  with  the  plane 
of  the  horizon;  a declivity  or  acclivity.  Bacon. 

The  land  upon  this  side  of  the  island  rises  in  a gentle 
slope.  Cook. 

SSP  Tile  slope  of  a plane,  or  its  inclination  to  the 
horizon,  is  generally  given  by  its  tangent.  Thus  the 
slope  ) is  equal  to  Hie  angle  whose  tangent  is  | ; or 
the  slope  is  said  to  be  1 upon  2 ; that  is,  in  ascending 
such  a plane,  we  rise  a vertical  distance  of  1 in  pass- 
ing over  a horizontal  distance  of  2.  Davies. 

SLOPE,  ad.  Obliquely;  not  perpendicularly. 

Bore  him  slope  downward  to  the  sun.  Milton. 

SLOPE,  V.  a.  [l.  SLOPED  ; pp.  SLOPING,  SLOPED.] 
To  foijm  or  direct  obliquely  ; to  incline.  Milton. 

Though  palaces  and  pyramids  do  slope 

Their  heads  to  their  foundations.  Shak. 

SLOPE,  v.  n.  1.  To  take  or  to  have  an  oblique 
direction  ; to  slant ; to  incline. 


Up  starts  a palace;  Jo,  the  obedient  base 

Slopes  at  its  foot,  the  woods  its  sides  embrace.  Pope. 

2.  To  run  away.  [Local,  U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

SLOPE'NfSS,  n.  Obliquity ; declivity.  Wotton. 

SLOPE' Wli*SE,  a.  Obliquely;  with  a slope;  not 
perpendicularly.  Carew. 

SLOP'ING,  p.  a.  Having  or  taking  an  oblique 
direction  ; oblique  ; declivous.  Dryden. 

SLOP'JNG-LY,  ad.  Obliquely.  Digby. 

SLOP'— PArL,  n.  A pail  or  bucket  for  receiving 
slops,  or  for  chamber  use.  Simmonds. 

SLOP' PI-N ESS,  n.  State  of  being  sloppy.  Clarke. 

SLOP'PY,  a.  Wet  under  foot,  as  the  ground  ; 
splashy  ; muddy  and  wet.  Johnson. 

SLOP'-S£LL-?R,  n.  One  who  sells  ready-made 
clothes.  Maydman. 

SLOP'— SHOP,  n.  A shop  or  place  where  ready- 
made clothes  are  sold.  Todd. 


SLOP'Y,  a.  Sloping  ; declivous.  Cunningham. 

SLOSH,  n.  Snow  in  a state  of  liquefaction,  as  in 
the  spring  ; slush.  Carey. 

1] ' Sleetch,  slash,  slatch,  slosh,  and  sludge  are  all 
used  for  nearly  the  same  thing. 


SLOSH' Y,  a.  Being  in  a state  of  slosh;  resem- 
bling slosh ; slushy.  Carey. 

SLOT,  v.  a.  [Dut.  sluiten,  to  shut.]  To  shut  vio- 
lently ; to  slam,  as  a door.  [Local,  Eng.]  Ray. 

SLOT,  n.  [Dut.  slot,  the  track  of  a wild  beast 
in  the  snow ; Icel.  slod.  — The  past  participle 
of  A.  S.  slitan,  to  slit.  Tooke.] 

1.  (Sporting.)  The  track  or  footprint  of  a 

deer,  as  followed  by  the  scent.  Milton. 

2.  (Machinery.)  A slit  or  aperture  in  a ma- 
chine to  admit  another  part.  Smart. 

SLOT,  n.  [Dut.  slot.]  A bolt  or  a bar.  Simmonds. 

SLOTE,  n.  A trap-door  in  the  stage  of  a theatre. 

Simmonds. 

||  SLOTH  [sloth,  .S.  IF.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm. 
Wr. ; sloth,  I FA],  n.  [A.  S.  slcewth,  sleivth  ; 
slaw,  slow.] 

1.  Slowness;  tardiness;  dilatoriness. 

I abhor 

This  dilatory  sloth  and  tricks  of  Rome.  Shak. 

2.  Laziness  ; sluggishness  ; inertness  ; idle- 
ness ; indolence  ; torpor.  Milton. 

Weariness 

Can  snore  upon  the  flint,  when  restive  sloth 
Finds  the  down  pillow  hard. 

3.  (Zoiil.)  An  edentate  mam- 
mal, of  the  family  Bradypidee, 
or  bradypods,  having  very  long 
fore  legs,  and  living  in  trees, 
moving,  resting,  and  sleeping 
suspended  from  the  branches 
by  the  feet,  which  have  very 
long  claws  ; — so  named  from 
the  remarkable  slowness  of  its 
pace  on  the  ground.  Baird. 

Three-toed  sloth , the  Bradypus 
tridactylus,  or  ai.  — Two-toed  sloth, 
the  CholtEpus  didaclylus.  Baird. 

||  f SLOTH,  v.  n.  To  be  idle  or 
slothful.  Gower. 


Shak. 


Sloth. 


||  SLOTH'FUL,  a.  Addicted  to  sloth;  sluggish; 
lazy;  idle;  indolent;  inert;  inactive. 

Ho  that  is  slothful  in  his  work  is  brother  to  him  thnt  is  n 
great  waster.  Prov.  xviii.  9. 

||  SLOTH'FUL-LY,  ad.  Lazily;  sluggishly;  idly. 

||  SLOTH'FUL-NESS,  n.  Laziness  ; sluggishness; 
idleness  ; inertness  ; indolence  ; torpor. 

Slothfulness  casteth  into  a deep  sleep;  and  an  idle  soul  shall 
suffer  hunger.  Prov.  xix.  15. 

SLOT'— HOUND,  n.  A blood-hound.  Simmonds. 

f SLOT'T^R-Y.  a-  [Dut.  slodder,  a sloven.] 
Squalid  ; dirty  ; sluttish  or  slovenly.  Chaucer. 


SLOT'TING— MACHINE',  n.  A machine  for 
grooving  metal  surfaces.  Brande. 

SLOUCH,  n.  [Of  uncertain  etymology.  — Dan. 
slov,  dull,  sluggish,  heavy.  Skinner.  — From 
Su  Goth,  slok,  a lubber.  Serenius.  — From 
A.  S.  slcec,  slow,  slack.  Tooke.] 

1.  A lazy,  idle  fellow  ; one  who  is  stupid  and 

clownish  ; a lubber.  Granger. 

2.  A lazy,  stooping  posture  or  gait.  Swift. 


SLOUCH,  v.  n.  \i.  SLOUCHED  ; pp.  SLOUCHING, 
slouched.]  To  have  a downcast,  clownish 
look,  gait,  or  manner.  Chesterfield. 

SLdOcil,  v.  a.  To  make  to  hang  or  lop  down  ; to 
depress.  “ To  slouch  the  hat.  ’ Todd. 

SLOUCH'JNG,  n.  A stooping,  awkward  gait  or 
posture.  " Lloyd. 

SLOUCH'ING,/).  a.  Having  a stooping,  awkward 
gait  or  mien  ; awkward  ; uncouth. 

SLOUGH  (slbu)  [slou,  S.  W.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Sm.  Wb. ; 
sluf,  Ja.  K.],  il.  [A.  S.  slog.  — Gael,  she,  slochd ; 
Ir.  sloe,  slide ; W.  yslwc ; Old  Eng.  slowe.]  A 
place  of  deep  mud  ; a deep,  miry  pit ; a quag- 
mire ; a morass.  “ Slough  of  Despond.”  Banyan. 

A carter  had  laid  his  wagon  fast  in  a slough.  V Estrange. 

SLOUGH  (sluf)  [sluf,  S.  IF  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  Sm.],n. 

1.  The  cast  skin  of  a serpent ; a tegument. 

"When  he,  renewed  in  all  the  speckled  pride 

Of  pompous  youth,  has  cast  Ins  slouyh  aside. 

And  in  his  summer  livery  rolls  along.  Dryden. 

The  body  which  we  leave  behind  in  this  visible  world  is  as 
the  womb  or  slou(jh  from  whence  we  issue.  Grew. 

2.  (Surg.)  The  crust  or  disorganized  portion 
arising  from  the  mortification  of  a part  or  from 
a foul  sore  ; a scab  ; an  eschar.  Dunglison. 

SLOUGH  (sluf),  V.  n.  [i.  SLOUGHED  ; pp.  SLOUGH- 
ING, sloughed.]  (Surg.)  To  separate  from 
the  sound  flesh,  as  an  eschar.  Johnson. 

SLOUGH'Y  (slou'e),  a.  Miry;  boggy.  Swift. 

SLOUGH' Y (sluf'e),  a.  Resembling,  or  partaking 
of,  a slough  or  eschar.  Ware. 

SLOV'pN  (sluv'en),  n.  [Dut.  slof,  careless,  neg- 
ligent ; shjfen,  to  neglect,  to  go  slipshod.]  A 
man  or  a boy  negligent  of  cleanliness  and  neat- 
ness, or  carelessly  or  dirtily  dressed  ; — the  cor- 
relative of  slut.  Hooker. 

SLOV'JJN-LI-NESS,  n.  1.  Negligence  of  cleanli- 
ness and  neatness,  particularly  in  dress.  Wotton. 

2.  Negligence  ; carelessness.  Gilpin. 

SLOV'JJN-Ly,  a.  Negligent  of  cleanliness  and 
neatness,  particularly  in  dress;  not  neat  and 
cleanly.  “ A slovenly,  lazy  fellow.”  L’ Estrange. 

SLOV'EN-LY,  ad.  In  a careless  manner.  Pope. 

f SLOV'gN-RY,  il.  Slovenliness.  Shak. 

SLOW,  a.  [A.  S.  slate,  s/eaw ; Dan.  sluv,  dull, 
heavy.  — See  Slack.] 

1.  Long  in  moving  or  going  a short  distance  ; 
not  fast ; not  swift ; not  rapid  ; not  speedy  ; 
without  celerity  or  velocity.  “ Slow  but  stately 
pace.”  Shak.  “ The  motion  is  so  slow."  Locke. 

2.  Sluggish  ; tardy  ; dilatory  ; inactive. 

The  Trojans  are  not  slow 

To  guard  their  shore  from  an  expected  toe.  Dryden. 

3.  Late  ; not  happening  in  a short  time. 

These  changes  in  the  heavens,  though  sloiv,  produced 

Like  changes  on  sea  and  land.  Milton. 

4.  Not  ready  ; not  prompt  or  quick. 

I am  slow  of  speech,  and  of  a slow  tongue.  Ex.  iv.  10. 

I knew  thou  wert  not  slow  to  hear.  Addison. 

5.  Acting  with  deliberation  ; not  hasty,  vehe- 
ment, or  precipitate. 

Thou  art  a God  ready  to  pardon,  gracious  and  merciful, 
slow  to  anger,  and  of  great  kindness.  Neh.  ix.  17. 

6.  Heavy  in  wit ; dull  ; stupid.  Pope. 

The  blockhead  is  a sloiv  worm.  Pope. 

7.  Behind  in  time ; indicating  a time  earlier 
than  the  true  time,  as  a watch  or  a clock. 

/gg=-  Used  adverbially,  particularly  in  composition, 
for  slowly,  as,  slow-pacing. 

Syn.  — Slow  is  a general  term,  applied  to  the  mo- 
tion or  operation  of  persons  or  things,  mind  or  body  ; 
dilatory  and  tardy  are  applied  to  the  operations  or  ac- 
tions of  persons.  Slow  motions  or  operations  ; slow 
at  work  or  learning;  dilatory  in  commencing:  tardy 
or  sluggish  in  execution  ; dull  or  tedious  performance. 

f SLOW  (slo),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  slawian .]  To  make 
slow  ; to  slacken  in  pace  ; to  delay.  Shak. 

f SLOW,  n.  A moth.  Chaucer. 

SLOW'BACK,  n.  A lubber  ; an  idle  fellow.  “The 
s/owbacks  and  lazy-bones.”  [r.]  Favour. 

SLOW'-GAIT-ED,  a.  Having  a slow  gait;  mov- 
ing or  going  slowly  Shak. 

SLOW'LY  (slo'le),  ad.  In  a slow  manner ; not 
swiftly,  quickly,  or  rapidly; — not  soon;  not 
hastily;  tardily: — not  readily;  not  promptly. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  short , A,  £,  J,  O,  IT,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


SLOWNESS 


1357 


SLY 


SLOW'NfiSS  (slS'ngs),  n.  1.  State  of  being  slow  ; 
slow  motion  ; want  of  celerity  or  swiftness. 

Swiftness  or  slowness  are  relative  ideas.  Watts. 

2.  Want  of  promptness  or  quickness;  tardi- 
ness ; dilatoriness  ; procrastination.  Johnson. 

3.  Dulness  to  admit  conviction  or  affection. 
“The  . . . sloivness  of  their  hearts.”  Bentley. 

4.  Caution  in  deciding ; deliberation.  Johnson. 

SLOW'-PACED  (slo'past),  a.  Having  a slow  pace 

or  motion ; not  swift.  Ash. 

SLOW§,  n.  A disease  occurring  in  some  of  the 
Western  and  Southern  states;  — called  also 
milk-sickness,  stvamp-sickness,  &c  Dunglison. 

SLOW'-SlGHT-ED,  a.  Slow  to  see.  More. 

SLOW'-WINGED,  a.  Flying  slowly.  Clarke. 

SLOW'WOItM  (slo'wiirm),  n.  [A.  S.  slaw-wyrm.] 
( ZoSl .)  An  innocuous  reptile,  having  a very 
brittle  body,  and  feeding  on  earth-worms,  in- 
sects, &c. ; blind-worm  ; Anguis  fragilis.  Baird. 

SLUB,  9i.  A roll  of  wool  drawn  out  and  slightly 
twisted,  used  for  the  weft  in  cloth-making ; a 
rove.  Sim99W9ids. 

SLUB,  v.  a.  To  form  into  slubs,  as  wool.  P.  Mag. 

SLUB'B£R,  v.  a.  [Same  as  slabber,  slobber,  or 
slaver.  Richardson.]  [t.  slubbered  ; pp.  slub- 
bering, slubbered.]  [Rare  or  vulgar.] 

1.  To  obscure  or  darken,  as  by  smearing  over  ; 
to  smear  ; to  daub  ; to  slaver  ; to  slobber. 

To  slubber  the  gloss  of  your  new  fortunes.  Shah. 

2.  To  do  in  a slovenly,  hurried  manner. 

Slubber  not  business  for  my  sake.  Shak. 

SLUB'BIJR,  v.  n.  To  move  or  act  in  a slovenly  or 
hurried  manner.  [Rare  or  vulgar.]  Herbert. 

SLUB'B^R,  9i.  One  who  makes  slubs  or  manages 
the  slubbing-machine.  P.  Mag. 

SLUB-B]JR-DE-GUL'LION  (-yun),  n.  [, slubber  and 
gull.]  A paltry,  dirty,  sorry  wretch.  “ Base 
slubberdegullion.”  [Vulgar.]  Hudibras. 

SLUB'B£R-ING-LY,  ad.  In  a slovenly,  hurried, 
or  imperfect  manner.  Drayton. 

SLUB'BING-BIL'LY,  91.  A machine  for  making 
slubs.  P.  Mag. 

SLUB'B1NG-MA-<?h{nE',  91.  1.  A machine  for 

drawing  out  wool  into  slubs.  P.  Mag. 

2.  A machine  for  drawing  out  the  slivers  or 
laps  of  cotton,  twisting  them,  and  winding  them 
on  bobbins.  Si9nmo9ids. 

SLUDGE  (sluj),  n.  [A.  S.  slog,  a slough.]  Earth 
mixed  with  water ; watery  mire ; soft  mud ; 
slosh ; slush. — See  Slosh,  and  Si.usH.jV/orfmer. 

SLUDf-i'tlR,  n.  An  iron  instrument  for  boring  in 
quicksand.  Loudon. 

SLUE,  v.  a.  [t.  slued  ; pp.  sluing,  slued.] 
( Naut .)  To  turn  around,  as  a mast  or  boom  ly- 
ing on  its  side,  by  moving  the  ends  while  the 
centre  remains  stationary,  or  nearly  stationary  ; 
— also  written  slew.  Mar.  Diet. 

SLUG,  n.  [From  slow.  Tooke. — Dut.  slak,  a 
snail.  — See  Slack.] 

1.  A slow,  heavy,  lazy,  sleepy  fellow ; a drone  ; 

an  idler ; a sluggard.  Shak. 

2.  A hinderance  ; an  obstruction  ; an  impedi- 
ment. “If  it  were  not  for  this  slug.”  Bacon. 

3.  ( Zoiil .)  An  air- 

breathing,  naked, 
gasteropodous  mol- 
lusk  or  snail  of  the  slus- 

genus  Limax,  very  injurious  to  vegetation . Baird. 

4.  (Mil.)  A cylindrical,  oval,  or  cubical  piece 
of  metal  used  as  a bullet  or  shot.  Stocqueler. 

+ SLUG.u.n.  To  lie  idle  ; to  be  dronish  Spe9iser. 

f SLUG,  v.  a.  To  make  sluggish.  Milton. 

f SLUG'— A-BED,  9i.  One  fond  of  lying  in  bed  ; 
a sluggard ; a drone.  Shak. 

SLtrG'GARD,  n.  A lazy,  idle,  sleepy  fellow ; an 
idler  ; a lounger;  a drone  ; a slug. 

’T  is  the  voice  of  the  sluggard ; I heard  him  complain, 

You  have  waked  me  too  soon;  I must  slumber  again.  Watts. 

SLUG'GARD,  a.  Lazy ; sluggish.  Dryden. 

f SLUG'GARD-IZE,  v.  a.  To  make  lazy,  idle,  or 
dronish.  “ Living  dully,  sluggardized."  Shak. 

SLUG'GARD-Y,  9i.  The  state  of  a sluggard.  Gower. 


SLUG'GISH,  a.  1.  Lazy;  idle;  inert;  slothful; 
inactive  ; indolent.  “ The  sluggish  beast.” 
Waller.  “ Sluggish  idleness.”  Spenser. 

2.  Moving  slowly  ; not  brisk  ; slow  ; as,  “ A 
sluggish  stream.”  Spenser. 

Syn. — See  Indolent,  Slow. 

SLUG'GISH-LY,  ad.  Lazily;  slothfully ; idly; 
drowsily ; slowly.  Milton. 

SLUG'S [SH-NESS,  n.  Laziness;  sloth;  idleness; 
slowness  ; dulness  ; inertness.  Locke. 

f SLUG'GY,  a.  Sluggish.  Chaucer. 

SLUGS,  n.  pi.  (Mining.)  Half-roasted  ore.  Sint. 

SLUG'SNAlL,  n.  A slug;  a kind  of  snail.  Ash. 

SLUICE  (slus),  91.  [Dut.  sluis ; Ger.  schleuse-, 
Dan.  sluse  ; Sw.  sluss.  — It.  chiusa ; Sp.  esclusa  ; 
Old  Fr.  csclitse.  — From  L.  claudo,  clausus,  to 
shut.  Kilia9i.  Richardsoyi.] 

1.  A framework  of  stone,  timber,  or  other 

material,  with  a gate,  serving  to  retain  and  raise 
the  water  of  a river  or  a canal,  and,  when  ne- 
cessary, to  give  it  passage  or  vent.  B9'a9ide. 

2.  A vent  for  water ; a water-course. 

Two  other  precious  drops  that  ready  stood, 

Each  in  their  crystal  sluice.  31ilton. 

3.  The  stream  of  water  issuing  through  a 

flood-gate.  Sma9't. 

4.  That  through  which  any  thing  flows ; an 
opening  or  vent. 

Each  sluice  of  affluent  fortune  opened  soon.  Havte. 

SLOlCE  (slus),  v.  a.  l.To  emit  by  flood-gates. Shak. 

2.  f To  have  carnal  connection  with.  Shak. 

3.  To  overflow,  as  by  sluices.  Clarke. 

SLUICE'-GATE,  91.  The  gate  of  a sluice  ; a 

flood-gate ; a water-gate.  Clarke. 

SLUI'CY  (slu'se),  a.  Falling  in  streams  or  tor- 
rents, as  from  a sluice.  “ Sluicy  rain.”  Dryden. 

SLUM,  n.  [Perhaps  from  Scot,  slump,  a marsh, 
a swamp.]  A filthy,  narrow  lane,  alley,  or  close 
in  a city ; a dark  retreat. 

He  lives  in  a dirty  slum.  Dickens. 

Close  under  the  Abbey  of  Westminster  there  lie  concealed 
labyrinths  of  lanes  and  courts,  and  alleys  and  slums. 

Cardinal  Wiseman. 

A saturnalia  in  some  back  slums.  London  Dispatch. 

Warren,  in  a note  of  his  father  on  ‘The 
Queen  or  the  Pope,’  asks,  ‘What  are  slums ? and 
where  is  the  word  to  be  found  or  explained  ? Is  it 
Romish  or  Spanish?  There  is  none  such  in  our  lan- 
guage, at  least,  used  by  gentlemen.’  I would  ask, 
May  not  the  word  be  derived  from  asylum ? seeing  that 
the  precincts  of  alleys,  &c.,  used  to  be  in  ancient 
times  an  asylum  for  robbers  and  murderers.”  Notes 
4r  Queries,  vol.  iii.  p.  2*21. 

SLUM'B^R,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  slumerian  ; Dut.  sluime- 
ren  ; Ger.  schlummern ; Dan.  slumme  ; Sw. 
slumra ; Old  Eng.  slomer.']  [?’.  slumbered; 
pp.  SLUMBERING,  SLUMBERED.] 

1.  To  sleep  lightly  ; to  doze  ; to  nap. 

He  that  keepeth  Israel  shall  neither  slumber  nor  sleep. 

Ps.  exxi.  4. 

2.  To  sleep;  to  repose.  [Poetical.]  Milton. 

3.  To  be  negligent,  supine,  idle,  or  inactive. 

“ Why  slumbers  Pope  ? ” Yowig. 

Syn.  — See  Sleep. 

SLUM'BpR,  v.  a.  1.  To  make  to  slumber  or 
sleep  ; to  put  or  lay  to  sleep.  Wotto9i. 

2.  To  stupefy ; to  stun.  Spenser. 

SLUM'BpR,  n.  1.  Light  sleep  ; sleep  not  deep  or 
profound.  “ Unquiet  slu9nbcrs.”  Shak. 

From  carelessness  it  shall  fall  into  a slumber , and  from  a 
slumber  it  shall  settle  into  a deep  and  long  sleep.  South. 

2.  Sleep ; repose.  Dryden. 

Boy!  Lucius!  fast  asleep?  It  is  no  matter; 

Enjoy  the  honey -heavy  dew  of  slumber.  Shak. 

SLUMTlpR-IJR,  91.  One  who  slumbers.  Donne. 

SLUM'BIJR-ING,  n.  Slumber;  sleep;  repose. 
“ Slumberings  upon  the  bed.”  Job  xxxiii.  15. 

SLUM'BIJR-lNG-LY,  ad.  As  if  slumbering.  Clarke. 

SLUM'BfR-LESS,  a.  Without  slumber  or  sleep  ; 
sleepless.  “ Thy  slumberless  head.”  Shelley. 

SLUM'BIJR-OUS,  a.  Inviting  or  causing  slum- 
ber or  sleep ; sleepy  ; soporiferous  ; drowsy. 
“ Pensive  in  the  silent,  slumberous  shade.”  Pope. 

+ SLUM'B^R-Y,  a.  Slumberous.  Shak. 

SLUMP,  v.  n.  [ i . slumped  ; pp.  slumping, 

slumped.]  To  sink  in  mire;  snow,  or  any  soft 


substance,  as  in  walking ; to  go  down,  as  a per- 
son through  ice,  or  in  a bog,  where  he  breaks 
the  surface  which  before  bore  him.  [Scot.,  and 
local,  Eng.,  common,  U.  S.]  Jamieson.  Forby. 

By  the  side  of  yon  river  he  weeps  and  he  slumps , 

Uis  boots  tilled  with  water  as  if  they  were  pumps.  Holmes. 

SLUMP,  9i.  [Ger.  schlamm,  slime,  mire,  mud; 
Scot,  slump,  a swamp,  a marsh.] 

1.  Boggy  earth ; a bog ; a swamp.  [Scot., 

and  local,  Eng.]  Ja9nieso9i.  Wright. 

2.  A dull  noise  made  by  any  thing  falling 

into  a hole.  [Scot.]  Jamieson. 

SLUMP' Y,  a.  Marshy;  boggy;  swampy; — in 
which  one  slumps.  Ja9nieson. 

SLUNG,  i.  8c  p.  from  sling.  See  Sling. 

SLUNG'— SHOT,  n.  A kind  of  weapon  for  striking, 
consisting  of  a metal  ball  attached  to  a short 
strap  or  string.  A9mals  of  Sa9i  Fra?icisco  ■ 

SLUNK  (slungk),  i.  & p.  from  slink.  See  Slink. 

SLUR,  v.  a.  [Perhaps  from  slut.  Richardson. — 
Dut.  slordig,  sluttish,  bad.]  [i.  slurred;  pp. 
SLURRING,  SLURRED.] 

1.  To  soil;  to  sully;  to  tarnish;  to  pollute. 

They  impudently  slur  the  gospel  in  making  it  no  better 
than  a romantic  legend.  Cudworth. 

2.  To  disparage  by  innuendo  or  insinuation  ; 
to  speak  of  slightingly  ; to  traduce  ; to  asperse. 

3.  To  pass  so  as  to  leave  an  obscurity  on  ; to 
pass  lightly  or  inattentively. 

With  periods,  points,  and  tropes  he  slurs  his  crimes.  Dn/den. 

4.  To  cheat  by  sliding  or  slipping,  as  a die  ; 

— to  cheat ; to  trick.  Complete  Gamester,  1630. 

To  slur  men  of  what  they  fought  for.  Hudibras. 

5.  To  pronounce  in  a sliding  manner.  Blair. 

6.  (Mus.)  To  perform  in  a smooth,  gliding 

manner,  as  notes,  or  a passage.  Moore. 

SLUR,  n.  1.  Slight  reproach  or  disgrace  ; stigma. 
“ To  put  a slur  upon  him.”  L’ Estrange. 

2.  A trick  ; an  imposition.  Butler. 

3.  (Mus.)  A character  placed  over  or  _ 
under  notes  not  in  the  same  degree,  in- 
dicating that  they  are  to  be  played  or  sung  in  a 
continuous  manner,  or  to  one  syllable.  Moore. 

SLUSH,  9i.  [Scot,  slusch,  slush  ; Old  Eng.  sluwke. 

— Perhaps  from  Sw.  slash,  wet,  filth.  Jamicso9i. 

— A.  S.  slog,  a slough;  Dan.  slaske,  to  puddle. 

— See  Slough.] 

1.  A pool ; plashy  ground.  [Scot.]  Ja9nieso9i. 

2.  Soft  mud  ; slosh ; sludge.  Sim/nonds. 

3.  Snow  in  a state  of  liquefaction ; slosh. 
[Scot.,  local,  Eng.,  and  colloquial,  U.  S.] 

Ja99iieso9i.  Todd.  Ba9-tlett. 

4.  (Na9it.)  Grease  or  fat  from  salt  pork  and 
beef,  skimmed  from  the  coppers.  Si/9im09ids. 

See  Sleetcii,  and  Slosh. 

SLUSH,  v.  a.  (Naut.)  To  smear  or  grease  with 
slush,  as  a mast.  Dana. 

SLUSH'— TUB,  n.  A tub  or  vessel  for  holding 
slush  or  grease.  Sini9no9ids. 

SLUSH'Y,  a.  Relating  to,  resembling,  or  consist- 
ing of,  slush  ; sloshy.  Forby. 

SLUT,  n.  [Frs.  slot,  a clout;  Dut.  slet,  a slut,  a 
clout ; Old  Eng.  slout.  — A.  S.  sleac,  slcec,  slack, 
slow.  — From  slow.  Bicha9-dso9i.] 

1.  A woman  negligent  of  neatness  or  cleanli- 
ness ; a slattern  ; — correlative  of  sloven.  King. 

2.  A term  of  contempt  for  a woman.  Shak. 

3.  A female  dog ; a bitch.  Clarke. 

SLUTCH,  n.  Slush  ; slosh ; sludge.  Pe9i9umt. 
SLUTCH'Y,  a.  Miry  ; boggy  ; slushy.  Pen9ia9it. 
SLUTH 'HOUND,  n.  A sleuth-hound.  Ash. 

SLUT'TIJR-Y,  n.  The  qualities  or  the  practice  of 

a slut ; sluttishness,  [r.]  Shak. 

SLUT'TtSH,  a.  [Dut.  slettig ; slet,  a slut.] 

1.  Pertaining  to,  or  like,  a slut;  negligent  of 

neatness  and  cleanliness  ; dirty  ; careless  ; un- 
cleanly. “ So  sluttish  a vice.”  Sid9iey. 

2.  Meretricious  ; whorish.  [r.]  Holiday. 

SLUT'TISH-LY,  ad.  In  a sluttish  manner;  neg- 
ligently ; dirtily  ; not  neatly.  Sandy s. 

SLUT'T(SH-NESS,  9i.  The  state  of  being  sluttish  ; 
negligence  of  cleanliness  and  neatness ; dirti- 
ness ; uncleanliness.  Ray. 

SLY  (sll),  a.  [A.  S.  slith,  slippery ; Dut.  sluik. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RllLE.— 


*?>  9>  §>  soft>  C,  G,  £,  I,  hard;  § as  z ; ^ as  gz. — THIS,  this. 


SLYBOOTS 


SMEAR 


1358 


slender,  underhand  ; Ger.  schlau , sly ; Dan.  slu. 

— Perhaps  the  same  word  as  sleight.  Richard- 
son.— See  Sleight.] 

1.  Artful ; cunning  ; crafty  ; wily  ; subtle  ; 
insidious;  arch.  “ The  Greekish  monarch  sly." 
Fairfax.  . “ Sly  circumspection.”  Milton. 

2.  f Slight ; thin  ; fine.  “ Lids  devised  of 

substance  slg.”  Spenser. 

Syn. — See  Cunning,  Subtle. 

SLY'BOOTS.n.  A cunning  or  sly  person  ; a sub- 
tle fellow  ; a sharper.  Goldsmith. 

SLY'Ly,  ad.  In  a sly  manner ; craftily ; cun- 
ningly ; insidiously.  Philips. 

SLY'N£SS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality  of  being 
sly  ; artfulness  ; cunning.  Swift. 

SMACK,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  smaccan , to  taste ; Dut. 
smaaken  ; Ger.  schmechen  ; Dan.  smage  ; Sw. 
smacka .]  [i.  smacked  ; pp.  smacking, 

SMACKED.] 

1.  To  have  a taste,  as  a substance  ; to  taste. 

“ [It]  srnacketh  like  pepper.”  Barret. 

2.  To  have  a particular  tincture,  savor,  or 
quality.  “ All  ages  smack  of  this  vice.”  Shak. 

3.  To  make  a noise  by  separation  of  the  lips, 

as  after  tasting,  or  in  kissing.  Barrow. 

She  kissed  with  smacking  lip.  Gay. 

SMACK,  v.  a.  1.  To  make  a noise  with,  as  the 
lips  on  separating  them  after  tasting  or  kissing. 

2.  To  kiss  with  a report  on  separating  the 

lips.  Donne. 

3.  To  make  a quick,  smart  noise  by  striking 

with  ; to  crack.  “ With  what  an  air  she  smacks 
the  silken  thong.”  Young. 

4.  To  strike,  as  with  a whip.  Whitehead. 

SMACK,  n.  [A.  S.  smtec ; Dut.  smaak;  Ger. 

schmack ; Dan.  smag  ; Sw.  smak  ; Icel.  smeckr  ; 
Polish  smak.  — W.  ysmac,  a stroke.] 

1.  Taste;  savor;  flavor;  — a pleasing  taste. 
Lest  dove  and  the  cadow  there  finding  a smack.  Tnsser. 

2.  Quality  from  something  mixed ; particular 
quality  ; tincture.  “ Some  smack  of  age.”  Shak. 

3.  A small  quantity ; a taste. 

He  essays  the  wimble,  often  draws  it  back, 

And  deals  to  thirsty  servants  but  a smack.  Drydcn. 

4.  A noise  made  by  separating  the  lips,  as 

after  tasting.  Johnson. 

5.  A kiss  with  a report  on  separating  the  lips. 

[He]  kissed  her  lips 

"With  such  a clamorous  smack , that,  ut  the  parting, 

All  the  church  echoed.  Shak. 

6.  A quick,  smart  noise,  as  in  striking  with  a 

whip ; a crack.  Richardson. 

7.  A quick,  smart  blow,  as  with  the  flat  of  the 
hand  ; a slap.  “ A smack  on  the  face.”  Johnson. 

SMACK,  n.  [Dut.  smakschip .]  ( Xavt.)  A small 

sailing-vessel  chiefly  used  in  the  coasting  and 
fishing  trade.  Mar.  Diet. 

SMACK'IJR,  n.  One  who,  or  that  which,  smacks  : 

— a loud  kiss.  Ash. 

SMACK'JNG,  n.  The  act  or  the  noise  of  one  who 

smacks  or  kisses  with  a report.  Dryden. 

SMACK'JNG,  a.  Brisk,  as  a breeze.  Clarke. 

SMALL,  a.  [A.  S.  smtel,  smal,  small,  slender, 
thin  ; Frs.  smel ; Dut.  smal.  narrow  ; Ger. 
schmal,  narrow,  small ; Dan.  If  Sw.  smal ; Icel. 
smar.  — W.  mal,  ysmala,  small,  light,  fickle.] 

1.  Little  ; diminutive  ; not  large  ; not  great. 

‘‘Two  small  fishes.”  Johnv i.  9. 

2.  Minute  ; slender ; fine.  Ex.  ix.  9. 

Grind  their  bones  to  powder  small.  Shak. 

3.  Little  in  quantity,  amount,  duration,  or 

number.  “ This  small  inheritance.”  Shak. 

The  army  of  the  Syrians  came  with  a small  company  of 
men.  2 Chron.  xxiv.  24. 

4.  Little  in  degree  or  importance ; inconsid- 
erable ; petty  ; trifling ; trivial. 

And  she  said  unto  her,  Is  it  & small  matter  that  thou  hast 
taken  my  husband  ? Gen.  xxx.  15. 

When  therefore  Paul  and  Barnabas  had  no  small  dissen- 
sion and  disputation  with  them.  Acts  xv.  2. 

5.  Of  little  genius  or  ability ; insignificant. 

Small  poets,  small  musicians. 

Small  painters,  and  still  smaller  politicians.  Harte. 

6.  Little  in  the  principal  quality  or  in 

strength  ; weak.  “ Small  beer.”  Swift. 

7.  Soft;  gentle;  faint;  not  loud.  “A  still, 

small  voice.”  1 Kings  xix.  12. 

8.  Narrow-minded;  mean;  sordid;  selfish; 
ungenerous  ; as,  “ A small  man.” 

Syn..  — See  Little. 


SMALL,  n.  The  small  or  narrow  part  of  any 
thing,  as  of  a leg.  Sidney. 

f SMALL,  v.  a.  To  make  small.  Prompt.  Pare. 

SMALL’A(rE,  n.  (Bot.)  An  umbelliferous  plant ; 
common  celery  ; Apium  yraceolens.  Dunglison. 

SMALL'-ARM§,  n.  pi.  (Mil.)  Muskets,  fusees, 
rifles,  carbines,  pistols,  &c.  Stocqueler. 

SMALL'— BEER,  n.  A weak  kind  of  beer.  Pnor. 

SMALL'CLOTHE§,  n.  pi.  Breeches.  Grant. 

SMALL'— COAL  (kol),  n.  1.  Little  wood-coals 
used  for  lighting  fires.  Spectator. 

2.  Coal  in  small  lumps  or  pieces.  Simmunds. 

SMALL'— CRAFT,  n.  A vessel  or  vessels  of  small 
size,  or  smaller  than  a ship  or  a brig.  Dryden. 

SMALL'— GRAINED  (-grand),  a.  Having,  or  con- 
sisting of,  small  grains.  Clarke. 

SMALL'ISH,  a.  Somewhat  small.  Chaucer. 

SMALL'N^SS,  n.  J.  The  state  of  being  small; 
littleness  in  bulk,  quantity,  amount,  number,  du- 
ration, or  importance  ; diminutiveness.  Bacon. 

2.  Want  of  strength;  weakness.  Johnson. 

3.  Softness  or  gentleness  of  tone.  “ The 

smallness  of  a woman’s  voice.”  Johnson. 

SMALL'— PIECE,  n.  A Scotch  coin  worth  about 
2.]d  sterling  ($'0,454).  Crabb. 

SMALL-POX',  or  SMALL'-POX  [smM-poks',  S.  IF. 
J.  Ja.  Wb.  ; smdl'poks,  F.  K.  Sm.  if.],  n.  A 
contagious,  olfensive  disease,  characterized  by 
fever,  with  pustules  which  appear  from  the 
third  to  the  fifth  day,  and  suppurate  from  the 
eighth  to  the  tenth  ; variola.  Dunglison. 

Lady  Mary  Wortley  Montagu  introduced  inoculation  for 
the  snuill-pox  from  Turkey  in  J718.  Haydn. 

The  small-pox  was  always  present,  filling  the  churchyards 
with  corpses,  tormenting  with  constant  fears  all  whom  it  had 
not  yet  stricken,  leaving  on  those  whose  lives  it  spared  the 
hideous  traces  of  its  power,  turning  the  babe  into  a change- 
ling at  which  the  mother  shuddered,  and  making  the  eyes 
and  cheeks  of  the  betrothed  maiden  objects  of  horror  to  the 
lover.  Macaulay. 

SMALL'-STUFF,  n.  (Naut.)  Spunyarn,  marline, 
and  the  smallest  kinds  of  rope.  Dana. 

SMALL'— WAR  E§,  n.  pi.  A term  in  trade  for 
knitting  and  reel-cotton,  ribbon,  wire,  webbing, 
tape,  fringes,  braid,  buttons,  laces,  bindings, 
&c. ; haberdashery.  Simmonds. 

SMAl'LY,  ad.  In  a small  quantity  or  degree; 
with  smallness  or  minuteness.  Ascham. 

SMALT,  n.  [Ger.  schmaltc;  schmellzen,  to  melt; 
Sw.  smalts. J A fine,  blue  substance  made  by 
fusing  glass  with  the  protoxide  of  cobalt,  and 
used  as  a coloring  matter  for  ornamenting  por- 
celain and  earthenware,  for  staining  glass,  for 
painting  on  enamel,  for  tinting  writing-paper, 
and  for  other  purposes.  Tomlinson. 

SMAlT'JNE,  n.  (Min.)  A brittle,  opaque  min- 
eral, of  a tin-white  or  gray  color,  metallic  lus- 
tre, sometimes  crystallized,  and  consisting  of 
arsenic  combined  with  nickel  or  with  cobalt,  or 
with  both  of  them  and  iron.  Dana. 

SMAr'AGD,  n.  [Gr.  cfj/jpnyC'os ; L.  smaragdus .] 
The  emerald.  Bale.  Brande. 

SMA-RAg'DINE,  a.  Pertaining  to,  made  of,  or 
resembling,  emerald.  Johnson. 

SMA-RAg'DITE,  n.  (Min.)  A mineral  of  a bril- 
liant or  emerald-green  color,  a silky  or  pearly 
lustre,  a laminated  structure,  and  composed 
of  silica,  alumina,  lime,  magnesia,  oxide  of 
chrome,  and  oxide  of  iron.  Phillips. 

SMART,  n.  [Dut.  smart  ; Ger.  schmerz  ; Dan. 
smerte  ; Sw.  smftrta .] 

1.  Quick,  pungent,  lively  pain  ; acute  or  lan- 
cinating pain.  “ A burning  smdrt.”  Search. 

It  increased  the  smart  of  his  present  happiness  to  compare 
them  with  his  former  happiness.  Atterbury. 

2.  A fellow  affecting  vivacity.  [Cant.]  Johnson. 

3.  pi.  (Mil.)  Smart-money.  Stocqueler. 

SMART,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  smeortan-,  Dut.  smarten ; 
Ger.  schmertzen ; Dan.  smerte ; Sw.  smdrta.] 

[ i . SMARTED  ; pp.  SMARTING,  SMARTED.] 

1.  To  feel  a quick,  lively  pain  ; to  suffer  a 
sensation  of  acute,  lancinating  pain. 

Human  blood,  when  first  let,  is  mild,  and  will  not  make 
the  eye  or  a fresh  wound  smart.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  To  produce  a sharp,  quick  pain.  “The 

smarting  scourge.”  Pope. 


SMART,  a.  1.  Causing  smart  or  sharp  pain; 
painful ; sharp.  “ Too  smart  a stroke.”  Granville. 

How  smart  a lash  that  speech  doth  give  my  conscience!  Shak. 

2.  Vigorous  ; active  ; severe.  “ Smart  skir- 
mishes in  which  many  fell.”  Clarendon. 

3.  Producing  any  effect  with  force  and  vigor; 

acting  vigorously.  Dryden. 

4.  Acute  ; witty.  “ A smart  reply.”  Tillotson. 

5.  Brisk;  vivacious;  lively;  sprightly.  “A 

smart  rhetorician.”  Addison. 

6.  Shining  and  spruce  in  apparel ; dressed 

showily  ; pretty  ; gay.  Addison. 

7.  Expert;  dextrous;  quick;  clever.  Roget. 

SMART'EN  (smirt'tn),  v.  a.  To  make  smart  or 
showy,  as  in  dress.  Todd. 

SMAR'TLE  (sm&r'tl),  v.  n.  [Perhaps  Sw.  smillta, 
to  melt.  Todd.)  To  waste  or  melt  away. 
[Local,  Eng.]  Grose.  Ray. 

SMART'LY,  ad.  In  a smart  manner  ; vigorously  : 

— acutely  ; wittily  ; keenly  ; cleverly  : — showily. 

SMART'— MON-pY,  n.  1.  (Law.)  Damages  be- 
yond the  value  of  a thing  sued  for,  given  by  a 
jury  in  cases  of  gross  misconduct  or  cruelty  on 
the  part  of  the  defendant.  Burrill. 

2.  (Mil.)  Money  paid  by  recruits  to  the  re- 

cruiting parties  in  order  to  be  released  from 
their  engagements  previous  to  attestation  ; — 
called  also  smarts.  Stocqueler. 

3.  Money  paid  to  be  delivered  from  an  un- 
pleasant engagement  or  situation.  Clarke. 

4.  Money  allowed  to  soldiers  and  sailors  for 
wounds  and  injuries  received.  [Eng.]  Wright. 

SMART'NfSS,  n.  1.  The  state  or  the  quality  of 
being  smart;  pungency;  poignancy. 

2.  Vigor;  quickness;  expertness.  Boyle. 

3.  Liveliness  ; vivacity  ; wittiness.  Bp.  Taylor. 
SMART'-TtCK-ET,  n.  (Naut.)  A certificate 

given  to  a wounded  or  disabled  officer  or  sea- 
man entitling  him  to  receive  a certain  sum  of 
money  from  a fund  at  Greenwich.  Mar.  Diet. 
SMART'— WEED,  n.  (Bot.)  A smooth,  acrid  plant 
growing  in  moist  or  wet  ground,  with  slender, 
short,  loosely-flowered,  greenish,  drooping 
spikes  ; Polygonum  hydropiper.  Gray. 

SMASH,  v.  a.  [It.  smaccare,  to  crush,  to  squash. 

— Ger.  schmeissen,  to  smite,  to  cast,  to  fling. 

Todd.  — Same  as  mash.  Richardson.]  [j. 
SMASHED  ; pp.  SMASHING,  SMASHED.]  To 
break  in  pieces  with  violence ; to  dash  in 
pieces  ; to  mash.  Todd. 

SMASH,  n.  A dashing  in  pieces.  Brockelt. 

SMASHER,  n.  1.  One  who,  or  that  which, 
smashes.  P.  Mag. 

2.  Any  thing  very  large.  [Vulgar.]  Wright. 

3.  One  who  passes  counterfeit  coin.  Wright. 

SMASHING,  n.  Act  of  one  who  smashes,  or  the 
state  of  being  smashed.  Clarke. 

f SNATCH,  v.  n.  [Corrupted  from  smack.]  To 
have  a taste  ; to  smack.  Banister. 

SMATCH,  n.  1.  A smack  ; a taste ; a smatter- 
ing.— See  Smack,  [r.]  Holder.  Shak. 

2.  A kind  of  bird.  Johnson. 

SMAT'TIJR,  v.  n.  [From  smack  or  smatch.  — See 
Smack.]  [i.  smattered;  pp.  smattering, 

SMATTERED.] 

1.  To  have  a slight  taste,  or  a slight,  superfi- 
cial knowledge.  Huloet. 

2.  To  talk  superficially  or  with  but  little 
knowledge  of  the  subject. 

Of  state  affairs  you  cannot  smatter.  Siuift. 

SMAt'TER,  n.  Superficial  knowledge  ; a smatter- 
ing. “ A smatter  of  judicial  astrology.”  Temple. 

SMAt'T^R-FR,  n.  One  who  has  a smattering,  or 
a slight,  superficial  knowledge.  Burton. 

SMAT'TpR-ING,  n.  Slight,  superficial  knowledge  ; 

sciolism.  “ A little  smattering  of  law.”  Bp.  Hall. 
SMEAR  (smer),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  smyrian,  smerian ; 
smere,  fat,  grease  ; Dut.  smeeren  ; smeer,  grease  ; 
Ger.  schmieren ; Dan.  smirre ; Sw.  sm/irja ; 
Icel.  smyria.  — Gael,  smeur ; Ir.  smearam .]  [t. 

SMEARED  ; pp.  SMEARING,  SMEARED.] 

1.  To  overspread  with  an  unctuous,  viscous, 
or  adhesive  substance  ; to  daub ; to  besmear. 
“ Three  arrows  smeared  with  blood.”  Drayton. 

Began  to  build  a vessel  of  huge  bulk, 

Smeared  round  with  pitch.  Milton. 

2.  To  soil ; to  contaminate  ; to  pollute.  Shak. 


A,  E,  !,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  ?,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; IlfelR,  HER; 


SMEAR 


SMITHERY 


SMEAR,  to.  [A.  S.  smere,  fat,  grease ; Frs.  smoar ; 
Dut.  smeer ; Ger.  schmeer ; Dan.  <%■  S\v.  smiir.] 

1.  A fat  or  oily  substance  ; an  ointment, 

[m]  Johnson. 

2.  A stain ; a daub.  Simmonds. 

SMEAR'DAB,  n.  (Ich.)  A species  of  flat-fish  al- 
lied to  the  flounder  and  the  sole.  Crabb. 

SMEAR'Y  (smer'e),  a.  Dauby  ; adhesive.  Rowe. 

SMEATII  (smeth),  n.  A kind  of  sea-fowl.  Rowe. 

SMEC'TlTE,  n.  [Gr.  fuller’s  earth  ; opf,- 

to  rub.]  (Min.)  A greenish,  hydrous  sili- 
cate of  alumina,  which,  in  certain  states  of  hu- 
midity, appears  transparent,  and  almost  gelati- 
nous. Dana. 

f SMEETH,  v.  a.  To  smoke  ; to  smutch.  Johnson. 

SMEETH,  v.  a.  To  smooth  : — to  rub  with  soot. 
[Local,  Eng.]  Wright. 

SMEG-MAT'IC,  a.  [Gr.  oprjypa,  cpijpa,  an  un- 
guent, a soap.]  Soapy  ; detersive,  [r.]  Bailey. 

SME'LITE,  n.  [Gr.  <r prjlto,  to  wash  clean,  and 
HiBos,  a stone.]  (Min.)  A grayish-white,  or 
bluish,  rather  tough  hydrous  silicate  of  alu- 
mina. Dana. 

SMELL,  v.  a.  [Of  uncertain  etymology.  — Min- 
sheu  derives  it  from  Ger.  schmecken  (A.  S'. 
smeeccan),  to  smack. — It  is  only  to  suppose 
A.  S.  smaclian  or  smceglian,  a diminutive  of 
smeeccan,  and  the  word,  by  dropping  the  gut- 
tural, is  formed.  Richardson.  — Thomson  men- 
tions Belg.  smettlen,  to  smoke  or  reek.  — Dut. 
smoel,  the  muzzle,  the  mouth.]  [t.  smelt  or 
SMELLED  ; pp.  SMELLING,  SMELT  Or  SMELLED.] 

1.  To  perceive  by  the  nose  or  the  olfactory 
nerves  ; to  have  a sensation  of  by  the  nose, 
through  the  medium  of  air ; to  receive  impres- 
sions of  on  the  olfactory  nerves  by  odorous 
particles  from  a body  suspended  in  the  atmos- 
phere. “ We  smelled  the  smoke  of  fire.”  Cook. 

Their  neighbors  . . . smell  the  same  perfumes.  Collier. 

2.  To  find  by  sagacity  ; to  perceive  the  inten- 
tions of ; — followed  by  out.  L’ Estrange. 

To  smell  a rat,  to  have  strong  suspicion  of  any 
thing.  [Vulgar.]  Lowell. 

SMELL,  v.  n.  1.  To  affect  the  sense  of  smell; 
to  have  an  odor  or  scent. 

The  violet  smells  to  him  as  it  does  to  me.  Shak. 

The  butter  smells  of  smoke.  Swift. 

2.  To  have  a tincture  ; to  smack. 

You  shall  stifle  in  your  own  report, 

Aud  smell  of  calumny.  Shah. 

3.  To  exercise  the  sense  of  smell  ; to  prac- 
tise smelling.  Ex.  xxx.  38. 

4.  To  exercise  sagacity.  Shak. 

SMELL,  n.  1.  The  sense  or  faculty  by  which  are 
perceived  the  impressions  made  on  the  olfactory 
nerves  by  odors ; the  sense  or  the  power  of 
smelling.  Davies. 

2.  Scent ; odor ; quality  of  affecting  the  ol- 

factory nerves.  “ The  smell  of  a violet.”  Locke. 

Syn.  — The  term  smell  has  both  an  active  and  a pas- 
sive meaning,  denoting  the  sense  or  power  of  smell- 
ing and  of  receiving  odor  by  the  nose.  Smell  and 
scent  are  both  said  either  of  that  which  receives  or 
that  which  gives  smell ; odor,  perfume,  and  fragrance, 
of  that  which  communicates  smell.  All  animals  are 
supposed  to  possess  smell,  and  some,  particularly  dogs, 
possess  a peculiar  scent.  Smell  is  indefinite  in  its 
sense,  and  of  general  application  ; scent,  odor,  per- 
fume, and  fragrance  are  species  of  smell.  Every  ob- 
ject that  acts  upon  the  olfactory  nerves  is  said  to 
have  smell.  Scent  is  commonly  applied  to  the  smell 
which  proceeds  from  animal  bodies ; odor  to  that 
which  is  artificial  or  extraneous.  Smell  and  odor  may 
be  pleasant  or  unpleasant ; perfume  and  fragrance 
pleasant. 

SMELL'JJR,  n.  1.  One  who  smells.  Beau.  % FI. 

2.  The  organ  of  smelling.  Johnson. 

SMELL'FEAST,  n.  One  who  frequents  good 

tables  ; a parasite.  South. 

SMELL'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  smells. 

2.  The  sense  of  smell.  1 Cor.  xii.  17. 

SMELL'ING— BOT'TLE,  n.  A small  bottle  filled 
with  salts,  or  some  fragrant  substance,  chiefly 
used  by  ladies.  Simmonds. 

SMELT,  i.  & p.  from  smell.  See  Smell. 

SMELT,  to.  [A.  S.  smelt.)  (Ich.)  A small  fish  of 
the  family  Salmonida  and  genus  Osmerus,  re- 


1359 

sembling  the  common  trout  in  form,  and  much 
esteemed  for  food. 

Osmerus  eperlanus,  the  common  smelt,  is  from  four 
to  eight  inches  long.  When  first  taken  out  of  the 
water  smelts  have  a strong  smell  of  cucumber.  Yarrell. 

SMELT,  v.  a.  [Dut.  smelten,  to  melt  ; Ger. 
schmelzen  ; Dan.  smelte  ; Sw.  smitlta.  — See 
Melt.]  [i. smelted  ; pp.  smelting,  smelted.] 
To  melt  or  fuse,  as  ore,  for  the  purpose  of  sep- 
arating metal  from  extraneous  matter.  Derham. 

SMELT'^R,  n.  One  who  smelts.  Woodward. 

SMELT'ER-Y,  n.  A building  or  place  for  smelt- 
ing ores.  Wright. 

SMELT'JNG,  n.  The  operation  of  melting  ores 
for  the  purpose  of  extracting  the  metal.  Ure. 

SMELT'JNG— FUR'N  ACE,  n.  A furnace  for  smelt- 
ing ores.  Ure. 

SMERK,  v.  n.  To  smirk.  — See  Smirk.  Bailey. 

SMERK,  ii.  A smirk.  — See  Smirk.  Chesterfield. 

SMERK'Y,  a.  Nice  ; smart ; janty.  [r.]  Spenser. 

SMER'LJN,  n.  (Ich.)  An  abdominal,  malacopter- 
ygious  fish  of  the  genus  Cobitis.  Ainsworth. 

SMEW  (sinu),  n. 

(Ornith.)  A spe- 
cies of  duck  or 
diver  ; Mergus 
albcllus ; — called 
also  white-nun , 
vare-widgeon,  and 
smee.  Yarrel. 

SMICKER,  V.  n.  Smew. 

[Dan.  smigre,  to 

flatter  ; Sw.  smickra .]  To  smirk  ; to  look  amo- 
rously or  wantonly  ; to  simper.  Kersey. 

SMICKER,  a.  Amorous;  fawning,  [r.]  Ford. 

SMICK'JJR-ING.  n.  A look  of  amorous  inclina- 
tion ; an  amorous  look  ; a smirk.  Dryden. 

f SMICK'gT,  n.  [Dim.  of  smock.)  The  under 
garment  of  a woman  ; a smock.  Johnson. 

SMlCK'LY,  ad.  Prettily ; trimly ; amorously.  Ford. 

SMlD'DUM-TAlL§,  n.  pi.  (Mining.)  The  slimy 
matter  deposited  in  washing  ore.  Simmonds. 

f SMID'DY,  n.  [A.  S.  smiththe  ; Ger.  schmiede.) 
The  shop  of  a smith ; a smithy.  Todd. 

SMlFT,  n.  A match  of  paper,  or  other  light  com- 
bustible substance,  for  firing  a charge  of  pow- 
der, as  in  a mine  ; a fuse.  Ure. 

f SMIGI1T  (smlt),  v.  a.  To  smite.  Spenser. 

SMlL'A-CINE,  n.  (Chetn.)  A crystalline  sub- 
stance found  in  Smilax  sarsaparilla.  Gregory. 

SMI' LAX,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  opiXu£.)  A genus  of 
monocotyledonous,  evergreen,  climbing  shrubs, 
natives  of  the  temperate  and  warm  parts  of 
both  hemispheres. 

flfjf-  The  valuable  medicine  known  as  sarsaparilla, 
or  sarza,  is  furnished  by  several  species  of  smilar, 
which  grow  in  the  forests  of  tropical  America,  the 
West  Indies,  British  Guiana,  &c.  Baird. 

SMILE,  v.  n.  [Dan.  smile-,  Sw.  smila. — The 
origin  of  this  word  is  perhaps  A.  S.  smelt,  smylt, 
smilt,  smolt,  serene,  placid,  fair.  Richardson.) 

[l.  SMILED  ; pp.  SMILING,  SMILED.] 

1.  To  contract  the  face  so  as  to  express 

pleasure  ; to  express  pleasure,  kindness,  love, 
or  approbation  by  the  countenance;  — opposed 
to  frown.  “ The  smiling  infant.”  Pope. 

She  smiled  to  see  the  doughty  hero  slain.  Pope. 

Pensive  Beauty  smiling  in  her  tears.  Campbell. 

2.  To  express  slight  contempt,  sarcasm,  or 
derision  by  a Sliding  look. 

Our  king  replied,  which  some  will  smile  at  now, 

But  according  to  the  learning  of  that  time.  Camden. 

3.  To  look  gay  and  joyous.  “ Smiling  plen- 
ty.” Shak.  “ The  desert  smiled."  Pope. 

4.  To  be  favorable  or  propitious. 

Then  let  me  not  pass 

Occasion  which  now  smiles.  Milton. 

5.  To  ferment.  [Local,  Eng.]  Halliwell. 

SMILE,  v.  a.  1.  To  awe  with  a contemptuous  smile. 

And  sharply  smile  prevailing  folly  dead.  Young. 

2.  fTo  receive  with  a smile;  to  smile  at. 

Smile  you  my  speeches,  as  I were  a fool?  Shak. 


SMILE,  n.  1.  The  act  of  smiling;  a slight  con- 
traction of  the  face,  expressing  pleasure,  ap- 
probation, kindness,  or  favor.  Wordsworth. 

To  whom  the  an«*l,  with  a smile  that  glowed 
Celestial  rosy  red.  Milton. 

2.  Gay  or  joyous  appearance. 

The  smiles  of  nature  and  the  charms  of  art.  Addison. 

3.  A contraction  of  the  face  as  in  smiling, 

expressing  slight  contempt,  derision,  &c. ; as, 
“ A derisive  smile.”  Roget. 

SMILE'FUL,  a.  Full  of  smiles  ; smiling.  Ch.  Ob. 

SMILE'LfSS,  a.  Without  a smile.  Clarke. 

SMIL'pR,  n.  One  who  smiles.  Young. 

SMIL'JNG,  a.  Expressing  kindness,  love,  pleas- 
ure, or  approbation  by  the  countenance  or  look. 

SMIL'JNG-LY,  ad.  With  a look  of  pleasure.  Boyle. 

SMIL'JNG-NESS,  ii.  The  state  of  being  smiling. 
And  made  despair  a smilingness  assume.  Byron. 

t SMII.T,  v.  n.  To  smelt.  Mortimer. 

SMIRCH,  v.  a.  [From  murk  or  murky.  Johnson. 
— Perhaps  a corruption  of  smutch.  Nares.) 
[t.  SMIRCHED  ; pp.  SMIRCHING,  SMIRCHED.]  To 
cloud ; to  dusk ; to  soil ; to  smutch.  Shak. 

SMIRK,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  smercian.)  [i.  smirked  ; 
pp.  smirking,  smirked.]  To  smile  wantonly, 
affectedly,  conceitedly,  or  pertly  ; to  look  af- 
fectedly soft ; to  smicker  ; to  simper.  Young. 

SMIRK,  n.  An  affected  smile  ; a soft  look. 

With  the  smirk  of  those  delicate  lips.  Jenyns. 

SMIRK,  a.  Affected  ; spruce  ; trim,  [r.]  Spenser. 

SMIRK'ING,  p.  a.  That  smirks  ; looking  affect- 
edly or  conceitedly  soft  or  kind.  “ A certain 
smirking  air.”  1 Addison. 

SMIT,  p.  from  smite.  Smitten.  — See  Smite. 

SMITE,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  smitan  ; Dut.  smijten  ; Ger. 
schmeissen  ; Dan.  smide  ; Sw.  smitta.)  \i. 
smote  ; pp.  smiting,  smitten  or  smit.  — Smit 
is  little  used.] 

1.  To  strike,  as  with  the  hand,  or  with  some- 
thing held  in  the  hand  ; to  give  a blow  to. 

Thou  shalt  smite  the  rock.  Ex.  xvii.  6. 

If  a man  smite  you  on  the  face.  2 Cor.  xi.  20. 

2.  To  kill  or  destroy,  as  by  beating,  or  with  a 
weapon  ; to  slay. 

The  angel  of  the  Lord  smote  in  the  camp  of  the  Assyrians 
a hundred  fourscore  and  five  thousand.  2 Kings  xix.  35. 

3.  To  blast ; to  destroy  as  by  a blow.  “ The 
flax  and  the  barley  was  smitten.”  Ex.  ix.  31. 

4.  To  afflict ; to  chasten  ; to  punish. 

Let  us  not  mistake  God’s  goodness,  nor  imagine,  because 
he  smites  us,  that  we  are  forsaken  by  him.  Wake. 

5.  To  affect  with  some  passion. 

Smit  with  the  love  of  sacred  song.  Milton. 

To  smite  with  the  tongue , to  reproach  ; to  revile. 
“ Let  us  smitchim  with  the  tongue Jer.  xviii.  18. 

SMITE,  v.  n.  To  strike  ; to  collide. 

The  heart  melteth,  and  the  knees  smite  together.  Nah.  ii.  10. 

SMITE,  n.  A blow.  [Local,  Eng.]  Farmer. 

SMIT'^R,  to.  One  who  smites.  “ I gave  my  back 
to  the  smiters.”  Isa.  1.  6. 

SMITH,  to.  [M.  Goth,  smitha  ; A.  S.  smith  (from 
sinithan,  to  smite)  ; Frs.  smed ; Dut.  smid,  smit ; 
Ger.  schmied,  schmid,  schmidt ; Dan.  <Sj  Sw. 
smed.) 

1.  One  who  forges  with  a hammer ; one  who 
works  in  metals,  as  iron,  gold,  silver,  copper,  &c. 

I saw  a smith  stand  with  his  hammer  thus, 

The  whilst  his  iron  did  on  the  anvil  cool. 

With  open  mouth  swallowing  a tailor’s  news.  Shak. 

There  are  whitc-s/mMs,  black- smiths,  and  general  smiths. 

Simmonds. 

2.  A workman  generally  ; one  who  makes  or 

effects  any  thing.  Dryden. 

f SMITH,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  smithian.)  To  beat  into 
shape,  as  a smith;  to  forge.  Chaucer. 

SMITH'-CRAfT,  to.  [A.  S.  smith-craft.)  The 
craft  or  art  of  a smith,  [r.] 

Inventors  of  pastorage,  smithcraft , aud  music.  Ttalcigh. 

SMITH' pR§,  to. pi.  Fragments;  atoms.  [Local, 

Eng.]  Halliwell. 

SMITH'ER-Y,  to.  1.  The  shop  of  a smith  ; a 
smithy;  a stithy  ; a forge.  Todd. 

2.  Work  done  in  a smith’s  shop;  smithing. 
“ The  din  of  all  this  smithery .”  Burke. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  ROLE.  — 9,  9,  g,  soft;  jC,  <5,  5,  1,  hard;  ^ as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


SMITHING 


1360 


SMOTHER 


SMlTH'lNG,  n.  The  act  or  the  art  of  forging  a 
mass  of  iron  into  any  shape  ; smithery.  Moxon. 

SMlTH'Y  [snilth'e,  S.  IK.  J.  F,.  K.  Sm.  R. ; smith'?, 
P.  Ja.],  n.  [Su.  Goth,  smida;  A.  S.  srniththe.] 
The  shop  of  a smith ; a smithery ; a stithy ; a 
forge.  Dryden. 

SM1TT,  n.  Fine  clayey  ore  or  ochre  used  for 
marking  sheep.  Woodward. 

SMIT'TEN  (smlt'tn),  pp.  from  smite.  Struck : — 
killed;  slain: — captivated;  charmed;  seized 
with  a tender  passion  ; fascinated.  — See  Smite. 

He  was  himself  no  less  smitten  with  Coustantia.  Addison. 

SMlT'TLE,  n.  [Teut.  smettelick.]  Infection. 
[Local,  Eng.]  Brockett. 

SMlT'TLE,  v.  a.  To  infect.  [Local,  Eng.]  Grose. 

SMlT'TLE,  ) a Infectious;  contagious.  [Scot- 

SMIT'TLISH,  ) land  and  north  of  Eng.]  Brockett. 

SMOCK,  n.  [A.  S.  smoc.] 

1.  The  under  garment  of  a woman  ; a shift ; 

a chemise.  Chaucer.  Sliak.  Pope. 

2.  A farm-laborer’s  blouse  or  frock  worn  over 

the  coat ; a smock-frock.  Simmonds. 

S£g=-  Smock  is  used  ludicrously  in  composition,  for 
any  thing  relating  to  women.  “ Smock-loyalty .”  Dry- 
den. “ Smock-treaoon .”  B.  Jonson . 

SMOCK'— FACED  (-fast),  a.  Of  girlish  face  or  com- 
plexion ; maidenly  ; beardless.  [Low.] 

Leave  young  smock-J'aced  beaux  to  guard  the  rear.  Fenton. 

SMOCK'— FROCK,  ii.  A coarse  linen  shirt  or  frock 
worn  over  the  coat  by  laborers ; a laborer’s 
blouse  ; a gabardine.  Halliwell. 

SMOCK'L^SS,  a.  Destitute  of  a smock.  Chaucer. 

SMOCK'— Ml  LL,  n.  A windmill  of  which  the  top 
only  turns  to  meet  the  wind.  Francis. 

SMOCK'— RA  CE,  n.  A race  run  by  women  for  the 
prize  of  a fine  smock.  [N.  of  Eng.]  Brockett. 

SMOK'A-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  smoked;  fit 
for  smoking,  [r.]  For.  Qu.  Rev. 

SMOKE,  n.  [A.  S.  smoca,  smic,  smec,  smeoc  ; Old 
Frs.  stnay/c ; Ger.  schmauch  ; Dut.  smook ; Dan. 
smog.]  The  visible,  minutely  divided,  carbo- 
naceous matter  which  is  emitted  without  being 
consumed,  from  many  combustible  substances 
when  undergoing  combustion  ; — in  a more  ex- 
tended sense,  the  mixture  of  carbonaceous 
matter,  gaseous  exhalations,  and  volatile  pro- 
ducts which  arise  from  many  burning  bodies ; 
sooty  vapor.  P.  Cyc. 

As  smoke,  that  rises  from  the  kindling  fires, 

Is  seen  this  moment,  and  the  next  expires.  Prior. 

SMOKE,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  smcocan,  smec  an,  smocian, 
smican  ; Ger.  schinauchen ; Dut.  smoo/cen  ; Dan. 
smoge.]  \i.  smoked;  pp.  smoking,  smoked.] 

1.  To  emit  smoke  ; to  emit  a dark  exhalation 
by  heat  or  fire  ; to  throw  off  sooty  particles  of 
carbon  during  combustion. 

To  him  no  temple  stood  nor  attar  smoked.  Milton. 

2.  To  reek ; to  steam ; to  evaporate. 

His  brandished  steel, 

■Which  smoked  with  bloody  execution.  Shak. 

3.  To  burn;  to  be  kindled;  to  wax  hot;  to 
fume;  to  be  enraged. 

The  angel  of  the  Lord  and  his  jealousy  shall  smoke  against 
that  man.  Dent.  xxix.  JO. 

4.  To  raise  a dust  or  smoke  by  rapid  motion. 

Proud  of  his  steeds,  he  smokes  along  the  field.  Dryden. 

5.  To  inhale  and  exhale  the  smoke  of  burn- 

ing tobacco  or  other  substance  in  a cigar  or  a 
pipe.  “ Libbing  and  smoking.”  Wood. 

6.  To  smell  or  hunt  out ; to  suspect,  [r.] 

I began  to  smoke  that  they  were  . . . mummers.  Addison. 

7.  To  suffer  ; to  smart ; to  be  punished. 

Some  of  you  shall  smoke  for  it  in  Rome.  Shak. 

SMOKE,  v.  a.  1.  To  expose  to  smoke  ; to  hang 
or  place  in  smoke;  to  foul  or  to  scent  with 
smoke  ; to  cure  or  dry  with  smoke,  as  meat ; to 
fumigate  or  fill  with  smoke,  as  a room. 

A gambon  of  bacon  smoked.  JTitloet. 

Let's  quit  this  ground. 

And  smoke  the  temple  with  our  sacrifices.  Shak. 

2.  To  use,  as  tobacco,  for  inhaling  and  exhal- 
ing the  smoke  while  burning. 

The  practice  of  smoking  tobacco  prevails  among  the  rich 
and  poor,  the  learned  and  the  gay.  Asiatic  Journal. 


3.  To  use  as  a means  for  inhaling  the  smoke 
of  tobacco ; to  draw  the  smoke  of  tobacco 
through  into  the  mouth. 

Sometimes  I smoke  a pipe  at  Child’s.  Addison. 

4.  To  expel  by  smoke  ; — used  with  out. 

This  king,  upon  that  outrage  against  his  person,  smoked 
the  Jesuits  out  of  his  nest.  Samlys. 

5.  To  smell  out ; to  find  out ; to  discover  ; to 
detect.  “ They  begin  to  smoke  me.”  Shak. 

6.  To  sneer  at ; to  ridicule  to  the  face. 

Thou  Tt  very  smart,  my  dear:  but  see,  smoke  the  doctor! 

Addison. 

SMOKE'— BLACK,  n.  Lamp-black.  Simmonds. 

SMOKE’— BOARD,  n.  A board  hung  in  front  of  a 
fireplace  to  keep  the  smoke  from  emerging  into 
the  room.  Ogilvie. 

SMOKE'— BOX,  n.  A box  at  the  end  of  a steam- 
boiler  for  receiving  the  smoke  before  it  enters 
the  chimney.  Clarke. 

SMOKE'— CLOUD,  n.  A cloud  of  smoke.  Ilcmans. 

SMOKE'— CON-SUM'ING,  p.  a.  Consuming  smoke. 

SMOKE'— DRIED,  a.  Dried  by  smoke.  Irving. 

SMOKE'— DRY,  v.  a.  To  dry  by  smoke.  Mortimer. 

SMOKE'— JACK,  11.  A machine  turned  round  by 
the  ascent  of  smoke,  or  by  a rising  current  in  a 
chimney  : — an  engine  for  turning  a spit.  Booth. 

SMOIvE'LF.SS,  a.  Having  no  smoke.  Pope. 

SMOK'ER,  n.  1.  One  who  smokes  or  dries  by 

smoke.  Johnson. 

2.  One  who  uses  tobacco  in  a cigar  or  pipe. 

SMOKE'— SAIL,  n.  ( Naut .)  A small  sail  hoisted 
against  the  foremast,  when  a ship  rides  head 
to  wind,  to  give  the  smoke  of  the  galley  or 
kitchen  an  opportunity  to  rise.  Mar.  Diet. 

SMOKE'— TREE,  n.  ( Rot .)  A beautiful,  much 
cultivated,  deciduous  shrub  ; Rhus  cotinus  ; — 
called  also  Venetian  sumach,  and  used  in  Europe 
in  dyeing  and  tanning.  Emerson. 

SMO'Kl-LY,  ad.  In  the  manner  of  smoke  ; so  as 
to  be  full  of  smoke.  Sherwood. 

SMO'KJ-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  smoky.  Ash. 

SMO'KING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  exposing  to  smoke. 

2.  The  act  of  one  who  smokes  tobacco. 

In  1601  the  Dutch  introduced  smokrint / into  Java.  Tomlinson. 

SMO'KY,  a.  1.  Emitting  smoke  ; fumid.  “Smo- 
ky fires.”  Dryden. 

2.  Having  the  appearance  or  nature  of  smoke. 
“ Smoky  fog.”  Harvey.  “ Smoky  rain.”  Chaucer. 

3.  Noisome  with  smoke  ; blackened  or  im- 

pregnated with  smoke.  “ The  mark  of  smoky 
muskets.”  Shak. 

4.  Infested  with  smoke  from  chimneys  or 
fireplaces.  “ Worse  than  a smoky  house.”  Shak. 

5.  Dark  ; obscure  ; hard  to  understand  ; mys- 
tical. “ Their  smoky  doctrine.”  [it.]  Skinner. 

6.  Filled  with  smoke  or  a blue  vapor  resem- 
bling smoke  ; as,  “ A smoky  atmosphere.” 

SMOLT,  n.  ( Ich .)  A salmon  of  a year  or  two  old, 
that  has  acquired  its  silver  scales.  Simmonds. 

When  they  [salmons]  remove  to  the  sea  they  assume  a 
more  brilliant  dress,  and  there  become  the  smolt , varying" 
from  four  to  six  inches  in  length.  Baird. 

SMOOR,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  smoran.]  To  smother:  — 
to  smear.  Wright.  “ Smoored  and  stifled.” 
Sir  T.  More.  [Written  also  smore.]  [Local, 

’ Eng.] 

SMOOTH,  a.  [A.  S.  smooth,  smethe. — W.  esmwyth. 
— “ Smethe  ground.”  R.  Gloucester.] 

1.  Even  on  the  surface ; not  rough  ; having 

no  asperities  ; level;  plane;  flat.  “ Smooth  as 
monumental  alabaster.”  Shak. 

2.  Evenly  spread;  plane  ;*  glossy ; sleek. 

“ The  smooth-haired  horses.”  Pope. 

And  stick  musk-roses  in  thy  sleek,  smooth  head.  Shak. 

3.  Moving  equably,  without  obstruction  ; gen- 
tly flowing  ; unruffled  ; without  starts  or  breaks. 

The  course  of  true  love  never  did  run  smooth.  Shak. 

4.  Having  a continuous,  easy  flow;  uttered 
without  hesitation  ; voluble  ; soft ; not  harsh. 

From  her  sweet  lips  smooth  elocution  flows.  Gay. 

5.  Bland ; mild ; flattering ; adulatory. 

The  thorny  point 

Of  bare  distress  hath  ta  en  from  me  the  show 
Of  smooth  civility  Shak. 

Syn. — See  Level. 


SMOOTH,  n.  1.  That  which  is  smooth ; the 
smooth  part  of  any  thing. 

And  she  put  the  skins  of  the  kids  of  the  goats  upon  his 
hands,  and  upon  the  smooth  of  his  neck.  Gen.  xxvii.  16. 

2.  A meadow,  or  grass  field.  [Local.]  Bartlett. 

Get  some  plantain  and  dandelion  on  the  smooth  for 
Rreens.  Judd. 

SMOOTH,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  smethian,  gesmethian .]  [/. 
SMOOTHED  ; pp.  SMOOTHING,  SMOOTHED.] 

1.  To  make  smooth  ; to  make  plain  or  even, 
on  the  surface;  to  level;  to  flatten. 

The  god  hath  smoothed  the  waters  of  the  deep.  Pope. 

2.  To  free  from  obstruction  ; to  make  easy. 

I would  n-inove  these  tedious  stumbling-blocks. 

And  smooth  my  way  ujion  their  headless  necks.  Shak. 

3.  To  free  from  harshness  or  roughness ; to 
make  flowing  or  mellifluous. 

Let  Carolina  smooth  the  tuneful  lay.  Point. 

4.  To  palliate  ; to  soften ; to  extenuate.  “ To 

smooth  his  fault.”  Shak. 

5.  To  calm;  to  mollify ; to  mitigate;  to  as- 
suage ; to  allay. 

And  smooth  the  frowns  of  war  with  peaceful  looks.  Shak. 

6.  To  render  easy  ; to  ease. 

The  difficulty  smoothed,  the  danger  shared.  Dryden. 

7.  To  soften  with  blandishment  ; to  flatter. 

Because  I cannot  flatter,  and  look  fair. 

Smile  in  men's  faces,  smooth,  deceive,  and  cog.  Shak. 

SMOOTH'— CHINNED  (-chlnd),  a.  Having  a smooth 
chin ; beardless.  Drayton. 

SMOOTH’-DlT-TjED  (dlt'ljd),  a.  Smoothly  sung 
or  played  ; having  a gentle  melody 

Who  with  his  soft  pipe,  and  smooth-dillied  song.  Milton. 

SMOOTII'EN  (-tfm),  v.  a.  To  make  smooth;  to 
smooth,  [r.]  Moxon. 

SMOOTHER,  n.  One  who  smooths.  “Smooth- 
ers and  polishers  of  language.”  Bp.  Percy. 

SMOOTH'— FACED  (-fast),  a.  Having  a soft  or 
smooth  face ; mild-looking.  “ Words  that 
smooth-faced  wooers  say.”  Shak. 

SMOOTH'— HAlRED  (-bird),  a.  Having  smooth 
hair.  “ W eave  the  smooth-haired  silk.”  Milton. 

SMOOTH '(NG—IR'ON,  n.  A flat  iron  to  be  heat- 
ed, used  by  tailors  and  laundresses.  Simmonds. 

SMOOTHING— PLANE,  n.  ( Carp .)  A fine,  short, 
finishing  plane.  Ash. 

SMOOTH'LY,  ad.  In  a smooth  manner;  not 
roughly  ; evenly  : — with  even  glide  or  flow  : — 
without  obstruction  ; without  difficulty  ; easily ; 
readily  : — mildly  ; pleasantly  ; flatteringly. 

SMOOTH'NJJSS,  n.  1.  The  state  of  being  smooth  ; 
evenness ; freedom  from  roughness  or  asperity. 

The  nymph  is  all  into  a laurel  gone; 

The  smoothness  of  her  skin  remains  alone.  Dryden. 

2.  Softness  or  mildness  to  the  palate ; as, 
“ The  smoothness  of  oil,  of  wine,  &c.” 

3.  Softness  of  numbers  ; easy  flow  of  style. 

Virgil,  though  smooth  where  smoothness  is  required,  is  so 

far  from  affecting  it  that  he  rather  disdains  it.  Dryden. 

4.  Blandness  or  gentleness  of  speech  or  of 
manner  ; bland  address. 

Her  smoothness , 

Her  very  silence,  and  her  patience, 

Speak  to  the  people,  and  they  pity  her.  Shak. 

In  the  very  torrent,  tempest,  and  (as  I may  say)  whirlwind 
of  your  passion,  you  must  acquire  and  beget  a temperance 
that  may  give  it  smoothness.  Shak. 

SMOOTH'-SPOK-EN  (-spok'kn),  a.  Speaking 

smoothly  or  pleasantly  ; flattering.  Roget. 

SMOOTH-TONGUED  (-tungd),  a.  Having  a 
smooth  tongue ; using  flattery ; adulatory  ; 
plausible.  “ Smooth-tongued  villain.”  Armstrong. 

f SMORE,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  smoran.]  To  smother. 
“They  smored  and  stifled  them.”  Hall. 

SMOR-ZAAT' DO,  ? p.  a,  [It.]  (Mus.)  Gradually 

SMOR-ZA ' TO,  ’ dying  away.  Moore. 

SMOTE,  i.  from  smite.  See  Smite. 

SMOTHER  (smutfi'er),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  smoran  ; Dut. 
smooren ; Ger.  schmoren.]  [*.  smothered  ; 

pp.  SMOTHERING,  SMOTHERED.] 

1.  To  suffocate  with  smoke  or  dust,  or  by  ex- 
clusion of  the  air ; to  stifle. 

Some  smoke  of  those  flames  wherewith  else  she  was  not 
only  burned,  but  smothered.  Sidney. 

And,  smothered  in  the  dusty  whirlwind,  dies.  Addison. 

Untimely  smothered  in  their  dusky  graves.  Shak. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  "Y,  short;  A,  ?,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


SMOTHER 


1361 


SNAKE GOURD 


2.  To  suppress  ; to  extinguish  ; to  conceal. 

To  smother  the  light  of  natural  understanding.  Hooker. 
My  thought’  whose  murder  yet  is  but  fantastical. 

Shakes  so  my  single  state  of  man,  that  function 
Is  smothered  in  surmise.  Shale. 

Syn.  — See  Suffocate. 

SMOTH'pR  (smutfi'er),  v.  n.  1.  To  smoke  with- 
out vent ; to  smoulder.  Bacon. 

2.  To  be  suppressed  or  kept  close  ; to  be  re- 
strained ; to  be  repressed  ; to  be  stifled. 

A man  had  better  talk  to  a post  than  let  his  thoughts  lie 

smoking  and  smothering.  Collier. 

SMOTH'JJR  (smutfi'er),  n.  1.  Smoke;  thick  dust. 
Thus  must  I from  the  smoke  into  the  smother. 

2.  f A state  of  suppression.  “ After  a long 
smother  of  discontent.”  Bacon. 

SMOTH'pR-l-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  smothery. 

SMOT H'JJIt-ING-LY,  ad.  So  as  to  smother. 

SMOTII'pR-Y,  a.  Tending  to  smother.  Clarke. 

f SMOUCII,  v.  a.  To  salute  ; to  kiss.  Stubbcs. 

SMOUI/DpR,  V.  n.  [f.  SMOULDERED  ; pp.  SMOUL- 
DERING, smouldered.]  To  burn  and  smoke 
without  flame  or  vent.  Sir  W.  Scott. 

Cpfi-  Smoulder , smoutler , smooder , smudder , smother , 
seem  to  he  merely  different  ways  of  writing  the  same 
word,  from  the  A.  S.  smoran,  to  suffocate.  Richardson. 

SMOUL'Dpil,  n.  Smoke  smothered.  Gascoigne. 

SMOUL'D£R-lNG,  p.  a.  Burning  and  smoking 
without  vent ; that  smoulders.  Milton. 

SMOUL'DflR-ING-NESS,  n.  State  of  smouldering. 

f SMOUL'DRY,  a.  Smouldering.  Spenser. 

SMUDGE,  v.  a.  1.  To  stifle.  [Local.]  Ilalliwell. 

2.  To  smear  ; to  soil.  [Local,  Eng.]  Ilalliwell. 

SMUDGE,  n.  1.  A suffocating  smoke.  [North  of 
England.]  Grose. 

2.  A heap  of  damp  combustibles  partially  ig- 
nited, so  as  to  raise  a dense  smoke  to  keep  off 
mosquitoes.  [Local,  U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

I have  had  a smudge  made  in  a chafing-dish  at  my  bed- 
6ide.  Mrs.  Clovers. 

SMUG,  a.  [A.  S.  smicere;  Ger .schmuck;  Dut.  <Sf 
Dan.  smuk.  — Tooke  says,  “ Smug  is  the  past 
part,  of  smeegan , smeagan,  deliberare  [to  delib- 
erate], studere  [to  study],  considerare  [to  con- 
sider]. Applied  to  the  person  or  to  dress,  it 
means  studied ; that  on  which  care  and  attention 
have  been  bestowed.”]  [Colloquial  or  low.] 

1.  Nice  ; spruce  ; trim  ; dressed  with  affecta- 
tion of  niceness  ; neat  but  not  elegant. 

A beggar,  that  used  to  come  so  smug  upon  the  mart.  Shah. 

2.  Affectedly  smart.  “ That  trim  and  smug 

saying.”  Annot.  on  Glanvill,  6$c.,  1682. 

SMUG,  v.  a.  To  adorn  ; to  spruce.  Chapman. 

No  sooner  doth  a young  man  sec  his  sweetheart  coming, 
hut  he  smugs  up  himself.  Burton. 

SMUG'GLE  (smug'gl),  v.  a.  [A.S . smugan,  simian, 
to  creep;  Dut.  smidgen,  to  eat  in  secret;  smok- 
kelen,  to  smuggle  ; Ger.  schmuggeln ; Sw.  smy- 
ga,  to  withdraw  privately.]  [i.  smuggled  ; pp. 
SMUGGLING,  SMUGGLED.] 

1.  To  import  or  export,  as  goods,  without 

paying  the  customs  or  duties ; to  import  or  ex- 
port unlawfully.  Martin. 

2.  To  introduce  or  convey  secretly.  Todd. 

SMUG'GLE,  v.  n.  To  import  or  export  articles 
without  paying  the  duties  chargeable  upon  them. 

Now  there  are  plainly  but  two  ways  of  checking  this  prac- 
tice— either  the  temptation  to  smuggle  must  be  diminished 
by  lowering  the  duties,  or  the  difficulties  in  the  way  of  smug- 
gling must  be  increased.  Cyc.  of  Com. 

SMUG'GLED  (smug'gld),  p.  a.  Imported  or  ex- 
ported  contrary  to  law,  or  without  having  the 
duties  paid;  as,  “ Smuggled  goods.” 

SMUG'GLIJR,  n.  1.  One  who  smuggles. 

Snarers  and  smugglers  here  their  gains  divide.  Crabbe. 

2.  A vessel  engaged  in  smuggling.  Simmonds. 

SMUG'GLING,  n.  The  offence  of  secretly  import- 
ing or  exporting  goods  without  paying  the  du- 
ties chargeable  upon  them.  Blackstone. 

SMUG'GL  Y,  ad.  Neatly ; sprucely,  [r.]  Gay. 

SMUG'NJpSS,  n.  Spruceness;  neatness.  Sheru-ood. 

SMU'LY,  a.  Demure-looking.  [Eng.]  Wright. 


SMUT,  n.  [A.S.  smitta ; Ger.  schmutz;  Dut. 
smet;  Dan.  smuds-,  Sw.  smuts.'] 

1.  A spot  made  with  soot  or  coal,  or  the  like. 

The  steam  of  lamps  still  hanging  on  her  cheeks 

In  ropy  smut.  Dry  den. 

2.  A disease  affecting  almost  every  species  of 

corn,  the  grains  of  which  become  filled  with  a 
fetid  black  powder,  instead  of  containing  fari- 
naceous matter;  a mildew  or  blight  in  corn, 
caused  by  a parasitical  fungus  (by  the  majority 
of  naturalists  called  Uredo  segetum)  which  preys 
upon  the  sap  and  destroys  the  very  organic 
structure  of  the  grain  and  chaff  upon  which  it 
fixes  ; — called  also  dustbrand,  blight,  burnt- 
corn,  &c.  Farm.  Ency. 

3.  Obscene  language ; obscenity.  Addison. 

In  puns  or  politics,  or  tales  or  lies, 

Or  spite,  or  smut,  or  rhymes,  or  blasphemies.  Pope. 

SMUT,  v.  a.  [i.  smutted  ; pp.  smutting,  smut- 
ted.] 

1.  To  stain  or  mark  with  smut;  to  blacken 
with  soot  or  coal ; to  soil ; to  tarnish.  Addison. 

2.  To  taint  with  mildew. 

Mildew  falleth  upon  corn,  and  smutteth  it.  Bacon. 

SMUT,  v.  n.  To  gather  mould  or  smut.  Mortimer. 

||  SMUTCH  [smuch,  S.  W.  P.  J.  F.  K.  Sm. ; sntuch, 
Ja.],  v.  a.  To  blacken  with  smoke  or  soot ; to 
smear  with  something  dirty  and  black  ; to  smut. 
“ What,  hast  smutched  thy  nose  ? ” [Low.]  Shah. 

||  SMUTCH,  n.  A foul  spot;  smut.  Coivpcr. 

SMUTCH'IN,.?!.  Snuff;  powdered  tobacco,  [r.] 

The  Spanish  and  Irish  take  it  most  in  powder  or  smutch  in, 
and  it  mightily  refreshes  the  brain.  Howell. 

SMUT'— MILL,  n.  A contrivance  to  cleanse  grain 
from  smut  or  dust.  Farm.  Ency. 

SMUT'TI-LY,  ad.  1.  In  a smutty  manner  ; black- 
ly ; smokiiy  ; foully. 

2.  Obscenely  ; grossly  ; impurely.  Tatler. 

SMUT'TI-NESS,  n.  1.  The  state  of  being  smutty 
or  dirty  ; soil  from  smoke,  soot,  or  coal  .Temple. 

2.  Obscenity.  Wright. 

SMUT'TY,  a.  1.  Black  with  smoke,  soot,  or  coal ; 
dirty  ; foul.  “ The  smutty  air  of  London. "Howell. 

2.  Diseased,  soiled,  or  tainted  with  smut  or 

mildew.  “ Smutty  corn.”  Locke. 

3.  Obscene  ; indecent ; not  modest. 

The  smutty  joke  ridiculously  lewd.  Smollett. 

SNACK,  n.  [From  snatch,  — so  much  as  is  taken 
at  a snatch.  Richardson.] 

1.  A share  ; a part  taken  by  compact : — chief- 
ly used  in  the  phrase  “ To  go  snacks  with  one” ; 
i.  e.  to  share  together. 

At  last  he  whispers,  Do,  and  we  go  snacks.  Pope. 

2.  A slight,  hasty  repast.  [Local,  Eng.]  Todd. 

SNACK' f.T,  n.  The  hasp  of  a casement;  a fas- 
tening.— See  Sneck.  [r.]  Shenvood. 

SNAC'OT,  n.  [L.  acus.]  ( Ich .)  The  gar-pike  or 
sea-needle.  Ainsworth. 

SNAF'FLE  (sn&f*fl),  n.  [Ger.  Schnabel,  a bill,  a 
beak,  a snout ; Dut.  snavel ; Dan.  &;  Sw.  snabe/.] 

1.  A bridle  which  crosses  the  nose,  or  which 
consists  of  a slender  bit  or  bit-mouth. 

The  third  of  the  world  is  yours,  which  with  a snaffle 

You  may  pace  easy.  Shak. 

2.  A snaffle-bit.  Herbert. 

SNAF'FLE  (sn&f'fl),  v.  a.  [i.  snaffled;  pp. 
snaffling,  snaffled.]  To  bridle  ; to  hold  as 
in  a bridle ; to  manage.  Mir.  for  Mag. 

SNAF'FLE— BIT,  n.  A plain,  slender  bit,  having 
a joint  in  the  middle.  Herbert. 

SNAG,  n.  [Perhaps  snack . — that  which  we  may 
snatch,  catch,  or  seize  hold  of.  Richardson.] 

1.  A jag  or  short  protuberance ; a knot ; a 
knob ; a knarl. 

A staff,  all  full  of  little  snags.  Spenser. 

2.  A tooth  by  itself,  or  projecting  beyond  the 
rest ; a tooth,  in  contempt. 

In  Chinn,  none  hold  women  sweet 

.Except  their  snags  are  black  as  jet.  Prior. 

3.  A tree  having  its  roots  fastened  in  the 

bottom  of  a river,  or  a branch  of  a tree  thus 
fastened; — common  in  the  Mississippi  and 
some  of  its  tributaries.  [U.  S.]  Flint. 

4.  A branch  on  the  antler  of  a deer.  Brande. 


1.  To  hew  roughly  with  an  axe  ; — to  rut  the 
knots  or  branches  from.  [North  of  Eng.]  Todd. 

2.  To  stop,  upset,  or  wreck,  as  a boat  or  ves- 
sel, by  running  against  a tree  or  snag  in  a river. 

— See  Snag,  n.  [U.  S.]  Flint. 

SNAG'— BOAT,  n.  A steamboat  with  an  appara- 
tus for  removing  snags,  or  obstructions  to  navi- 
gation in  rivers.  Simmonds. 

SNAG'GpD,  a.  Full  of  snags  or  protuberances; 
snaggy  ; knotty.  “ Snagged  sticks.”  More. 

SNAg'GY,  a.  1.  Full  of  snags  or  points;  abound- 
ing with  knots.  “ A snaggy  oak.”  Spenser. 

2.  Testy  ; peevish.  [I^orth  of  Eng.]  Grose. 

SNAIL  (snal),  n.  [A.  S.  sncegel,  snagl,  snail,  sne- 
gal\  Ger.  schnecke ; sehnegeT,  Dan . snegl;  Sw. 
snigel.]  

1.  (.?o:f.)Thecoin-  /fif 

mon  name  of  several 

genera  of  mollusks 
belonging  to  the  — 

classes  Gasteropoda  “ 

and  Pteropoda  ; — 

properly  a mollusk  of  the  genus  Helix.  Woodward. 

I can  tell  why  a snail  has  a house.  — Why  ? — Why,  to  put ’s 
head  in.  # Shak. 

2.  A sluggish  person ; one  who  moves  very 
slowly ; a drone. 

Dromio,  thou  drone,  thou  snail,  thou  slug,  thou  sot.  Shak. 

3.  f A tortoise.  — See  Tortoise. 

There  be  also  in  that  country  a kind  of  snails  [testudincs], 
that  be  so  great  that  many  persons  may  lodge  them  in  their 
shells  as  men  would  in  a house.  Sir  John  Mam/crille. 

Apelles  used  to  paint  a good  housewife  on  a snail  to  import 
that  she  was  home-keeping.  Howell. 

When  he  had  once  enjoined  himself  so  hard  a task,  he 
then  considered  the  Greek  proverb  [ IlJct  ,\;cAg3i/J7S  Kpia 
(payflu,  ij  pg  (jiayciv],  that  he  must  either  eat  the  whole 
snail  or  let  it  quite  alone.  Dryden . 

4.  ( Dot .)  A plant,  native  of  the  south  of  Eu- 

rope, cultivated  for  the  curiosity  of  its  pods, 
which  resemble  snail-shells  ; Mcdicago  scvtella - 
ta.  Wood. 

Many -flowered  snail , ( Bot .)  a plant  indigenous  in 
the  South  of  Europe  ; Mcdicago  helix.  Loudon . 

The  land-snails , or  shell  land-snails,  are  slow- 
creeping  mollusks,  having  a glutinous  body,  of  the 
family  Helicidcc.  The  animals  respire  free  air  in  a 
closed  chamber  lined  with  pulmonic  vessels,  usu- 
ally placed  on  the  front  of  the  back  of  the  animal, 
covered  by  the  shell,  and  having  an  opening  closed 
by  a valve  on  the  side.  The  shells  are  various  in 
form,  and  always  external  and  capable  of  contain- 
ing the  entire  animal.  The  pond-snails  are  molluscous 
animals  of  the  family  Limncidai,  belonging  to  the  in- 
operculate  pulmoniferous  Gasteropoda , and  containing 
many  species,  having  thin,  horn-colored  shells.  They 
inhabit  fresh  water,  and  have  the  power  of  floating 
on  the  surface  with  the  back  downwards,  the  concave 
surface  of  the  foot  forming  a kind  of  boat:  — also  g«is- 
teropodous  mollusks  found  in  fresh  water,  of  the  genus 
Paludina.  The  shells  of  these  pond-snails  are  for  the 
most  part  conical  in  shape,  with  a rounded  oval  mouth, 
and  an  orbicular  horny  operculum.  The  slugs  or  mol- 
lusks of  the  genus  Limax  are  also  called  snails.  Baird. 

SNAIL'— CLAV-ER,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the  ge- 
nus Mcdicago  ; snail-trefoil.  Wright . 

SNAIL'-FLOW-ER,  n.  (Bot.)  A leguminous 

plant  of  the  genus  Phaseolus , or  kidney-bean  ; 
Phaseolus  Caracalla.  Loudon . 

SNAIL'— LIKE,  a.  Resembling  a snail  ; very  slow. 

You  courtiers  move  so  snail-like  in  your  business. 

SNAIL'— PACED  (snal'past),  a.  Moving  very  slow, 
as  a snail.  “ Snail-paced  Beggary  ! ” Shak. 

SNAIL'— SHELL,  n.  The  covering  of  the  snail. 

SNAIL'— SLOW,  a.  Slow  as  a snail.  Shak. 

SNAIL'— TRE-FOIL,  n.  (Bot.)  The  snail-claver. 

SNAKE, n.  [A.  S.  snaca , snake  ; snican,  to  creep  ; 
Ger.  schnake  (provincial),  a water-snake;  Dan. 
snog-,  Sw.  snok-,  Icel.  snakr,  snikr.  — Sansc. 
naga.]  (Zotil.)  A serpent ; — the  general  name 
of  serpents,  whether  harmless  or  venomous, 
but  specially  a serpent  of  the  oviparous  kind, 
whose  bite  is  harmless,  as  distinguished  from  a 
viper. 

A needless  Alexandrine  ends  the  song, 

That,  like  a wounded  snake,  drags  its  slow  length  along. 

Pope. 

SNAKE,  v.  a.  ( Naut .)  To  wind  about  spirally,  as 
a rope,  with  spun-yarn,  marline,  &e.  Mar.  Diet. 

SNAKE'— BIRD,  n.  (Ornith.)  The  darter;  — so 
called  from  its  longneck.  — See  Darter.  Baird. 

SNAKE'GOURD,  n.  (Bot.  The  common  name 
of  climbing  plants  of  the  genus  Tricosanthes ; 

— so  called  from  the  fruit  of  one  of  the  spe- 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  9,  ?,  g,  soft;  G,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


SNAG,  v.  a.  [i.  snagged;  pp.  snagging, 

SNAGGED.] 


SNAKE-HEAD 


1362 


SNEAKING 


cies  ( Tricosanthes  anguina)  resembling  a ser- 
pent. Baird.  Loudon. 

SNAKE  —HEAD,  ) n j ( Bot .)  A plant  of  the 

SNAKE’S'— HEAD,  > fig-wort  family;  the  turtle- 
head  ; shell-flower  ; balmony  ; Chelone  glabra  ; 

— so  called  from  the  corolla  resembling  in  shape 

the  head  of  a reptile.  Gray. 

2.  ( Railroads .)  The  end  of  an  iron  rail,  thrown 
up  in  front  of  the  car-wheels,  and  sometimes 
entering  the  car.  [U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

SNAKE'MOSS,  n.  (Bot.)  A name  for  the  com- 
mon club-moss,  or  Lycopodium  clavatum , the 
inflammable  spores  of  which  are  used  in  Ger- 
many, for  artificial  lightning  on  the  stage,  and 
also  for  rolling  up  in  pills.  Simmonds. 

SNAKE'NUT,  n.  (Bot.)  The  fruit  of  the  Ophi- 
ocaryon  paradoxum,  a tree  growing  in  Demara- 
ra  ; — so  called  from  its  large  embryo  resembling 
a snake  coiled  up.  Lindley. 

SNAKE'ROOT,  n.  (Bot.)  1.  A name  applied  to 
several  plants  of  different  genera,  from  their 
supposed  virtue  of  curing  snake-bites.  Gray. 

Black  snakeroot,  a name  applied  to  perennial  herbs 
of  the  genus  Sanicnla , especially  to  Sanicula  -Mar  Han- 
dled ; — also  to  Cimicif'uga  ruccmosa,  or  Aetna  racemosa. 

— Hatton  -snake root,  a name  applied  to  plants  of  the 
genus  Eryngium,  especially  to  Eryngium  yuccafolium , 
which  is  called  also  rattlesnake -master  ; — also  to  pe- 
rennial herbs  of  the  genus  Liatris.— Heart  snakeroot, 
a species  of  Asaruin , or  wild  ginger;  Asarum  Cana- 
dense,  or  Canada  snakeroot.  — Virginia  snakeroot,  a 
species  of  Ihrthwort ; Aristolochia  serpentaria  \ — used 
in  medicine  as  a tonic  and  stimulant.  — White  snake- 
root, the  perennial  herb  Eupatorium  ageratoides. 

Gray.  Dunglison. 

2.  The  root  of  several  plants  used  in  medi- 
cine, and  reputed  to  be  efficacious  in  curing 
snake-bites.  Loudon.  Simmonds. 

SNAKE’S'— HEAD-l'IUS,  n.  (Bot.)  A species  of 
iris  ; Iris  tuberosa.  Loudon. 

SNAKE'STONE,  n.  (Pal.)  1.  An  ammonite;  — 
being  curved  like  a coiled  snake.  Brande. 

2.  A kind  of  hone-slate,  or  whetstone  ob- 
tained in  Scotland.  Simmonds. 

SNAKE'WEED,  n.  (Bot.)  A name  applied  to 
Aristolochia  serpentaria,  and  to  Polygonum  bis- 
torta.  Dunglison. 

SNAKE'WOOD  (-wud),  n.  (Bot.)  1.  A climbing 
plant  of  the  genus  Strychnos,  a native  of  the 
coast  of  Coromandel  and  of  Silhet,  having  small 
greenish-yellow  flow'ers,  a yellowish  fruit  as 
large  as  an  orange,  and  a bitter  wood,  sup- 
posed to  be  a remedy  for  the  bite  of  the  cobra  de 
capello,  or  hooded  snake ; the  snake-poison- 
nut;  Strychnos  colubrina,  Eng.  Cyc. 

2.  The  common  name  of  plants  of  the  genus 

Ophioxylon  ; — so  called  from  their  twisted  roots 
and  stems.  Eng.  Cyc. 

3.  The  hard  beautiful  wood  or  timber  obtained 

from  a species  of  Brosimum  (called  by  Aublet 
Piratinera  Giiiunensis),  a tree  growing  in  South 
America.  Lindley. 

SNAK'ISH,  a.  Like  a snake;  having  the  form 
and  qualities  of  a snake;  snaky.  E.  Erving. 

SNA'KY,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to,  or  resembling,  a 
snake;  snakish;  serpentine;  winding.  Spenser. 

2.  Abounding  in  snakes ; infested  with 
snakes  ; having  snakes  ; as,  “ Snaky  swamps.” 

In  his  hand 

lie  took  caduceus,  his  snaky  wand.  Milton. 

3.  Insinuating  ; cunning  ; sly  ; deceitful. 

So  to  the  coast  of  Jordan  he  directs 

liis  easy  steps,  girded  with  snaky  wiles.  Milton. 

SNAP,  v.  a.  [Dut.  snappen,  snaamoen;  Ger. 
schnappen  ; Dan.  snappe;  Sw.  snappa.  — From 
Ger.  schnebbe,  the  beak  of  a bird,  with  which  it 
snaps  or  seizes  its  prey.  Wachter.)  [i.  snapped 
or  snapt;  pp.  snapping,  snapped  or  snapt.] 

1.  To  bite  or  catch  suddenly ; to  catch  or 

snatch  at ; to  seize.  “ One  of  the  horses  snapt 
off  the  end  of  his  finger.”  Wiseman. 

He  maps  deceitful  air  with  empty  jaws.  Gay. 

2.  To  break  at  once  or  suddenly,  as  with  the 
teeth  ; to  break  short,  as  a brittle  substance. 

And.  struggling  to  escape,  they  snapped  the  pole, 

And  with  the  splintered  fragment  new  to  Troy.  Cowper. 

3.  To  strike  or  shut  to  with  a quick,  sharp 

sound.  “ Then  snapt  his  box.”  Pope. 

4.  To  cause  to  spring  back  and  vibrate  with  a 

sudden  sound;  to  twang;  as,  “To  snap  the 
strings  of  an  instrument.”  Dwight. 


5.  To  crack,  as  a whip. 

6.  To  interrupt  or  break  upon  suddenly  with 
sharp,  captious,  angry  language  ;— often  with  up. 

A surly,  ill-bred  lord, 

That  chides  and  maps  her  up  at  every  word.  Granville. 

SNAP,  v.  n.  1.  To  make  an  effort  to  bite  with 
eagerness  ; to  try  to  seize. 

If  the  young  dace  try  to  be  a bait  for  the  ofd  pike,  I see  no 
reason  but  I may  snap  at  him.  Shak. 

2.  To  break  short;  to  fall  asunder  suddenly  ; 
to  break  without  bending. 

With  the  least  bending  it  will  snap  asunder.  Moxon. 

3.  To  utter  sharp,  impatient,  angry  words; 
to  snarl;  as,  “To  snap  at  any  one.” 

SNAP,  n.  1.  An  attempt  to  seize  or  bite ; a quick, 
eager  bite  ; a seizure  ; a catch. 

They  would  cut  an  apple  in  two  at  one  snap.  Carew. 

2.  A sudden  breaking  of  any  thing.  Johnson. 

3.  A sharp  noise ; the  crack  of  a whip. 

4.  A catch  or  small  fastening  to  a bracelet,  a 
necklace,  a purse,  a locket,  &c.  Simmonds. 

5.  A greedy  fellow  ; a snapper.  L' Estrange. 

6.  A sudden  turn  of  cold  weather.  “ A cold 

snap.”  [Colloquial,  U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

7.  A small,  round,  crisp  cake.  Brockett. 

SNAp'-DRAg-ON,  n.  1.  (Bot.)  The  common 

name  of  plants  of  the  genus  Antirrhinum.  Gray. 

2.  A child’s  play,  called  also  fap-dragon.  — 
See  Flap-dragon.  Tatlcr.  Swift. 

SNAp'HANCE,  n.  (Mil.)  A Dutch  firelock,  intro- 
duced to  the  English  army  in  the  time  of  Charles 
I. ; a gun  that  fires  without  a match.  Stocqueler. 

SNAp'PER,  n.  One  who,  or  that  which,  snaps. 

A mapper-up  of  unconsidered  trifles.  Shak. 

SNAp'PING— TUR'TLE,  n.  (Zoul.)  A species  of 
fresh-water  tortoise  common  in  the  United 
States,  which  snaps  eagerly  at  every  thing  that 
approaches  it ; Chelydra  serpentina.  Agassiz. 

SNAP'PISH,  a.  1.  Eager  to  bite  ; in  the  habit  of 
snapping.  “ Snappish  curs.”  Addison. 

2.  Sharp  in  reply  ; peevish  ; snarling  ; surly  ; 
waspish ; tart ; irascible.  “ Smart  and  snappish 
dialogue.”  Cou-per. 

SNAp'PISH-LY,  ad.  In  a snappish  manner;  tart- 
ly ; peevishly  ; crossly.  Prior. 

SNAP'PISH-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state  of 
being  snappish  ; tartness;  peevishness. 

lie  threatened,  with  great  snappishness,  to  flog  me. 

Wakefield. 

SNAP'PY,  a.  Snappish  ; cross.  Sir  E.  Brydgcs. 

SNAp'sAck,  n.  [Sw.  snapptick. ] (Mil.)  A sol- 
dier’s bag ; a knapsack.  South. 

SNAPT,  i.  & p.  Sometimes  used  for  snapped. 

fSNAR,  v.  n.  To  snarl.  Spenser. 

SNARE,  n.  [Dut.  snoer,  a string,  a cord;  Ger. 
schnur-,  Dan.  snor,  a string,  a cord;  snare,  a 
snare ; Sw.  snore,  a string,  a cord ; snara,  a 
snare.] 

1.  Any  thing  set  to  catch  an  apimal,  particu- 
larly a bird  ; a gin ; a net ; a trap  ; a noose. 

IIow  sweet  thou  sing’st,  how  near  the  deadly  $narc\  Milton. 

2.  Any  thing  by  which  one  is  ensnared.  Shak. 

A fool’s  mouth  is  his  destruction,  and  his  lips  are  the  snare 
Of  his  soul.  Prov.  xviii.  7. 

3.  One  of  the  strings  of  twisted  raw  hide 
strained  upon  the  lower  head  of  a drum.  Town. 

SNARE,  v.a.  [?.  SNARED  ; pp.  SNARING,  SNARED.] 
To  catch  with  a snare  ; to  entrap  ; to  entangle  ; 
to  ensnare  ; to  betray  into  unexpected  trouble. 
The  wicked  is  snared  in  the  work  of  his  own  hands.  Ps.  ix.  lfl. 

SNARE'— DRUM,  n.  The  common  small  military 
drum,  as  distinguished  from  the  bass-drum.  — 
See  Snare,  n.  No.  3.  Town. 

SNAr'IJR,  n.  One  who  snares.  Middleton. 

SNARL,  v.  n.  [Ger.  schnarren .]  [i.  snarled  ; pp. 
SNARLING,  SNARLED.] 

T.  To  growl  as  a dog  or  other  animal ; to  gnarl. 

That  I should  snarl , and  bite,  and  play  the  dog.  Shak. 

Like  dogs  that  snarl  about  a bone. 

And  play  together  when  they ’ve  none.  Butler. 

2.  To  speak  roughly  or  harshly;  to  talk  in 
rude,  grumbling  tones.  Congreve. 

Sometimes  my  plague,  sometimes  my  darling; 

Kissing  to-day,  to-morrow  snarling.  Prior. 

SNARL,  v.  a.  To  entangle;  to  complicate;  to 
embarrass  ; to  involve  in  knots  ; to  twist. 

And  from  her  head  oft  rent  her  snarled  hair.  Spenser. 


SNARL,  n.  1.  An  entanglement  as  in  twisted 
thread  ; a complication  ; a tangle.  Holloway. 

To  pick  a snarl  out  of  the  yarn  she  is  winding.  Judd. 

2.  An  angry  contest;  a quarrel.  [Local, 
Eng.,  colloquial,  U S.]  Holloway.  Bartlett. 

SNARL'UR,  n.  One  who  snarls;  a growling,  sur- 
ly, quarrelsome  fellow.  Swift. 

SNARL'ING,  p.  a.  Growling;  grumbling  angrily 
or  peevishly  ; snappish  ; cross  ; waspish. 

SNAr'Y,  a.  Tending  to  ensnare;  insidious;  en- 
tangling. “ Their  snary  webs.”  Dryden. 

t SNAST,  n.  [Ger.  schnauze,  a snout,  a muzzle.] 
The  snuff’  of  a candle.  Bacon. 

SNATCH,  v.  a.  [Dut.  snakken,  to  gasp,  to  long, 
to  aspire.]  [i.  snatched  ; pp.  snatching, 

SNATCHED.] 

1.  To  catch  eagerly  or  violently  ; to  seize  ab- 

ruptly or  suddenly  ; to  grasp  ; to  gripe.  “ Nay, 
do  not  snatch  it  from  me.”  Shak. 

2.  To  seize  and  transport  suddenly  or  swift- 
ly. “ Snatch  me  to  heaven.”  Thomson. 

3.  To  take  as  by  grasping;  to  take  suddenly. 

From  vulgar  bounds  with  brave  disorder  part, 

And  snatch  a grace  beyond  the  reach  of  art.  Pope. 

SNATCH,  v.  n.  To  bite,  or  catch  eagerly  at 
something.  “And  fiends  will  snatch  at  it."  Shak. 

SNATCH,  n.  I.  A hasty  catch  ; an  attempt  to 
seize  suddenly  or  abruptly. 

Why,  then,  it  seems  some  certain  snatch  or  so 

Would  serve  your  turns.  Shak. 

2.  A short  fit  of  exertion  ; a broken  or  inter- 
rupted action  ; a short  spell  or  turn. 

After  a shower  to  weeding  a snatch.  Tusser. 

They  move  by  fits  and  snatches.  Wilkins. 

3.  A small  part  of  any  thing  ; a fragment. 

She  chanted  snatches  of  old  tunes.  Shak. 

4.  A shuffling  answer ; a quip. 

Come,  sir,  leave  me  your  snatches,  and  yield  me  a direct 
answer.  Shak. 

5.  A hasty  repast ; a snack.  [Scot.]  Boswell. 

SNATCH'— BLOCK,  n.  (Naut.)  A single  block, 
with  an  opening  in  its  side,  below  the  sheave, 
to  receive  the  bight  of  a rope.  Dana. 

SNATCHER,  n.  One  who  snatches.  Shak. 

SNATCH'ING-LY,  ad.  In  an  abrupt  or  snatching 
manner  ; hastily  ; abruptly.  Johnson. 

SNATH,  n.  [A.  S.  snccd.)  The  handle  or  pole  of 
a scythe. 

llii  ft  is  written  snath  in  the  United  States.  Ray 
and  Grose  spell  the  word  with  the  same  meaning, 
snathe  i Ash,  snead  and  sneed ; Holloway,  snead  and 
sneathe  ; Evans , sneatli  ; Baker,  snathe  ; Wright , sneed, 
snead,  and  sneath.  In  the  north  of  England  and  in 
Scotland,  it  is  called  sued.  Brockett  and  Jamieson. 

SNATHE,  v.  a.  [M.  Goth,  sneithan,  to  cut  off; 
A.  S.  snidan,  snithan ; Dut.  snijden ; Ger. 
schneiden,  to  cut.]  To  prune;  to  lop.  [Local, 
Eng.]  Brockett. 

fSNAT'TOCK,  n.  [From  snathe .]  A chip;  a 
slice  ; a cutting;  a piece  cut  off.  Gayton. 

SNEAD,  n.  1.  Thehandleof  a scythe  ; a snath.  Ash. 

2.  A line  ; a string.  [Local,  Eng.]  Travis. 

SNEAK  (snek),  v.  n.  [A.  S.  snican ; Dan.  snige.) 

[t.  SNEAKED  ; pp.  SNEAKING,  SNEAKED.] 

1.  To  creep  slyly,  covertly,  meanly,  or  ser- 

vilely ; to  come  or  go  as  if  afraid  to  be  seen  ; to 
steal  away  privately ; to  skulk.  Shak. 

You  skulked  behind  the  fence,  and  sneaked  away.  Dryden. 

2.  To  behave  with  meanness  and  servility;  to 

crouch ; to  truckle.  South. 

The  fawning,  sneaking,  and  flattering  hypocrite.  that  will 
do  or  be  any  thing  for  his  own  advantage.  Stil/ingfect. 

f SNEAK  (snek),  v.  a.  To  hide  or  cqnceal  in  a 
mean  or  cowardly  manner.  Wake. 

SNEAK  (snek),  n.  A sneaking,  mean  fellow. 

A set  of  simpletons  and  superstitious  sneaks.  Glanvilt. 

SNEAK'-CUP,  n.  See  Sneakur.  Shak. 

SNEAIv'IJR,  n.  1.  One  who  sneaks ; a sneak. 
“ Sneakers  and  time-servers.”  Waterland. 

2.  A small  drinking-cup  or  punch-bowl.  [Lo- 
cal, Eng.]  Spectator. 

SNEAK'ING,  p.  a.  1.  Creeping  away  slyly  or 
meanly  ; stealing  along. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  l,  6,  V,  Y,  short;  A,  y,  {,  O,  y,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


SNEAKINGLY 


1363 


SNORT 


2.  Servile ; mean  ; low  ; crouching ; truckling. 

What  sneaking  fellow  comes  yonder?  Shak. 

3.  Meanly  parsimonious  ; niggardly.  Johnson. 

SNEAK'[NG-LY,  ad.  In  a sneaking  or  cowardly 
manner;  meanly;  covertly. 

Do  all  things  like  a man,  not  sncakinglp.  Herbert. 

SNEAK'ING-NESS,  n.  Meanness;  baseness;  piti- 
fulness ; niggardliness.  Boyle. 

f SNEAKS'BY,  n.  A sneaking,  mean,  paltry  fel- 
low; a sneak.;  a coward.  Barrow. 

t SNEAK/UP,  n.  A sneak;  a sneaker.  Shak. 

+ SNEAP  (snep),  v.  a.  [Dut.  snippen,  to  snip, 
to  clip ; Dan.  snibbe,  a rebuke,  a check.] 

1.  To  reprimand ; to  rebuke  or  reprove  quick- 
ly or  abruptly ; to  check.  Bp.  Hall. 

2.  To  nip  or  pinch,  as  frost.  Shak. 

f SNEAP  (snep),  n.  A reprimand  ; a check. 

I will  not  undergo  this  siteap  without  reply.  Shak. 

SNEATH,  I n%  The  handle  of  a scythe.  — See 

SNEATHE,  ) Snath.  Wright. 

f SNEB,  v.  a.  To  check  ; to  chide  ; to  reprimand 
abruptly  ; to  sneap.  Spenser. 

SNECK,  n.  The  latch  or  bolt  of  a door  ; — written 
also  snick.  [Local,  Eng.]  Ray. 

SNECK'ET,  n.  A string  to  draw  up  the  latch  of 
a door.  [Local,  Eng.]  Bailey. 

SNED,  n.  The  handle  of  a scythe. — See  Snath. 

SNED,  v.  a.  To  cut  off ; to  lop  ; to  snathe.  — See 

Snathe.  [Local,  Eng.]  Todd. 

SNEE,  n.  A knife.  [Obsolete  or  local.] 

Snick  and  snee,  a combat  with  knives.  [A  cant 
phrase.]  Ash. 

SNEED,  n.  The  handle  of  a scythe.  — See  Snath. 

SNEER,  v.  n.  [“  Apparently  of  the  same  family 
with  snore  and  snort.”  Johnson.  — Perhaps 
connected  with  snarl.  Richardson.  — Perhaps 
with  sneeze.  — See  Sneeze.]  [i.  sneered  ; pp. 
sneering,  sneered.]  Evelyn. 

1.  To  show  contempt  or  scorn  by  outward 
manner,  as  by  turning  tip  the  nose.  Johnson. 

2.  To  insinuate  contempt  by  covert  expres- 
sions ; to  scoff';  to  deride  ; to  gibe  ; to  jeer. 

Damn  with  faint  praise,  assent  with  civil  leer, 

And,  without  sneering , teach  the  rest  to  sneer.  Pope. 

3.  To  show  mirth  awkwardly.  Tatlcr. 

Syn.  — See  Scoff. 

SNEER,  n.  A look  or  utterance  of  contemptuous 
or  scornful  ridicule  ; a turning  up  of  the  nose 
in  derision  ; an  expression  of  ludicrous  scorn ; 
a jeer;  a gibe  ; a scoff. 

There  was  a laughing  devil  in  his  sneer.  Byron. 

An  eloquent  historian,  beside  his  more  direct,  and  there- 
fore fairer,  attacks  upon  the  credibility  of  evangelic  story,  has 
contrived  to  weave  into  his  narration  one  continued  sneer 
upon  the  cause  of  Christianity,  and  upon  the  character  and 
writings  of  its  ancient  patrons.  Who  can  refute  a sneer?  Paley. 

t SNEER,  v.  a.  1.  To  jeer  at;  to  scoff  at. 

Nor  sneered  nor  bribed  from  virtue  into  shame.  Savage. 

2.  To  utter  with  contemptuous  expression  or 
grimace  ; to  deride.  Congreve. 

SNEER'ER,  n.  One  who  sneers.  Warburton. 

fSNEER'FUL,  a.  Given  to  sneering;  sneering. 
“ The  sneerful  maid.”  Shenstone. 

SNEER'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a sneering  or  scornful 
manner ; contemptuously.  Mather. 

SNEEZE,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  niesan,  to  sneeze,  snytan, 
to  blow  the  nose,  to  snite ; Dut.  niezen  ; Old 
Ger.  niusan ; Ger.  niesen ; Dan.  nyse ; Sw.  nysa. 
— Icel.  snirre,  snerii.]  \i.  sneezed  ; pp.  sneez- 
ing, sneezed.]  To  emit,  spasmodically  and 
audibly,  breath  and  moisture,  from  irritation  of 
the  inner  membrane  of  the  nose. 

Which  tickled  my  nose  like  a straw,  and  made  me  sneeze 
violently.  Swift. 

SNEEZE,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  sneezes,  or  the 
noise  made  by  sneezing ; a violent  emission  of 
air  with  moisture,  audibly,  by  the  nose. 

Harmless,  if  not  wholesome,  as  a sneeze.  Milton. 

SNEEZE'— WEED,  n.  ( Bot .)  A plant  which  caus- 
es sneezing;  Helenium  autumnale.  Gray. 

SNEEZE'WORT  (snez'wiirt),  n.  (Bot.)  A species 
of  yarrow  with  white  flowers  ; Achillea  ptarmi- 
ca.  Gray. 

SNEEZ'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  sneezing;  sternu- 
tation. Bacon. 


2.  A medicine  to  promote  sneezing. 

Sneezings , mas  tic  a tones,  and  nasals.  Burton. 

t SNELL,  a.  [A.  S.  sneT,  Dut.  snel;  Ger.  schnell .] 
Nimble  ; active;  lively.  [Obsolete,  or  local.]  Lye. 

SNET,  n.  (Hunting.)  The  fat  of  a deer.  Bailey. 

f SNEVV.  The  pret.  of  snow.  Snowed.  Chaucer. 

t SNIB,  v.  a.  To  check;  to  reprimand  abruptly  ; 
to  snub  ; to  nip ; to  sneap.  Chaucer. 

SNICK,  n.  1.  t A small  cut  or  mark.  Todd. 

2.  A latch.  — See  Sneck.  [Local.]  Todd. 

Snick  and  snee,  a combat  with  knives.  Wiseman. 

SNIOK'IJR,  V.  n.  [Probably  from  the  sound.]  [i. 
SNICKERED  ; pp.  SNICKERING,  SNICKERED.]  To 
laugh  in  a sly  or  half-suppressed  manner ; to 
giggle  ; to  titter  ; to  snigger. 

Ha.  ha,  ha!  snickered  out  the  woman,  more  afraid  of  paper 
money  than  the  doctor’s  knife.  . Judd. 

SNIFF,  v.  n.  [Dut.  snuiven,  to  snuff';  Ger. 
schniivffehl,  schnliffeln,  to  snuffle.]  \i.  sniffed  ; 
pp.  sniffing,  sniffed.]  To  draw  breath  au- 
dibly up  the  nose  ; to  snuff. 

And  something  in  the  wind 

Coujectured,  sniffing  round  and  round.  Cowper. 

SNIFF,  v.  a.  To  draw  in  with  the  breath  through 
the  nose;  to  snuff,  [r.]  Toad. 

SNIFF,  n.  The  act  of  sniffing.  Warton. 

SNIF'FLE,  v.  n.  To  snuffle.  Rogct. 

SNIFT,  v.  n.  To  snort;  to  snuff,  [it.]  Johnson. 

SNIFT,  n.  A moment:  — slight  snow;  sleet. 
[Local,  Eng.]  Ilalliwell. 

SNIFT'ING— VALVE,  n.  A valve  immersed  in 
water,  and  resembling  a small  unloaded  safety- 
valve,  at  the  end  of  a pipe  through  which  air 
may  be  ejected  from  the  cylinder  or  the’  con- 
denser of  a low-pressure  steam-engine  ; a blow- 
valve  ; — so  named  from  the  peculiar  noise  made 
when,  the  air  having  all  escaped,  the  steam  be- 
gins to  follow  and  is  instantly  condensed  by  the 
water.  Tomlinson. 

SNIG,  n.  To  chop  off : — to  sneak.  Rogers.  Wright. 

SNIG,  I M j A small  eel.  [Local,  Eng.]  Grose. 

SNIGG,  j 2.  A kind  of  sailing  vessel .Simmonds. 

SNIG'GIJR,  v.  n.  To  sneer ; to  giggle  with  ill-na- 
ture ; to  snicker. — See  Snicker.  Forby. 

SNIG'GLE,  v.  n.  1.  To  catch  eels  by  pushing  a 
worm  with  a straight  needle  attached  to  a string 
into  their  holes.  Walton. 

2.  To  sneer  ; to  snicker.  [Local,  Eng.]  W Rev. 

SNIG'GLE,  v.  a.  To  catch  ; to  snare.  “ I have 
sniggled  him.”  Beau.  § FI. 

SNIP,  v.  a.  [Dut.  snippen,  to  snip  ; Ger.  schnip- 
pen,  to  snap ; Dan.  snubbe .]  \i.  snipped  ; pp. 

snipping,  snipped.]  To  cut  or  nip  off  at  once, 
as  with  shears  or  scissors  ; to  clip.  Arbuthnot. 

SNIP,  n.  [Dut.  snippel ; Ger.  snitt.] 

1.  A single  cut,  as  with  scissors  ; a clip.  Shak. 

2.  A bit  cut  off;  a small  shred.  Wiseman. 

3.  A share  ; a snack.  “ Let  me  go  snip  with 

you.”  [Vulgar.]  Dry  den. 

4.  A cant  name  for  a tailor.  Clarke. 

SNIPE,  n.  [A.  S.  snite  ; Dut.  snip  ; Ger.  sclmepfe; 

Dan.  sneppe  ; Sw.  smipp'i. 

— So  named  from  its 
long  bill.  Rosworth.\ 

1.  ( Ornith.)  A small 
grallatorial  marsh  bird, 
of  the  family  Scolopaci- 
dat,  having  a long,  slen- 
der bill,  and  highly  es- 
teemed as  food.  Yarrell. 

Common  snipe,  (Ornith.) 

Scolopaz  gallinago.  — Jack 
snipe,  Scolopax  gatlinula.  — - 
Solitary,  double,  or  great 
snipe,  Scolopaz  major. 

2.  A fool ; a blockhead;  a dojt.  Shak. 

SNIPE'— BILL,  n.  The  bolt  which  connects  the 
body  of  a cart  with  the  axle.  [Local,  U.  S.] 

SNIPE'— FISH,  n.  (Ich.)  A marine  acanthopter- 
ygious  fish  of  the  family  Fistularidw,  having  a 
long,  tubular  snout;  Centriscus  scolopax ; — 
called  also  trumpet-fish,  and  bellows-fish.  Yarrel. 

SNlP'Pf.R,  n.  One  who  snips:  — a tailor.  Dryden. 

SNIP'PIJR— SNAP'PIJR,  n.  An  effeminate  young 
man ; a frivolous  fellow.  [Colloquial.]  Bartlett. 

This  gentile  snipper-snapper.  Robin  Hood's  Visions , 1G77. 


fSNIP'Pf.T,  n.  A small  part  or  share.  Butler. 

SNIP'SNAP,  n.  [Formed  by  reduplication  of 
snap.)  A ‘■art  dialogue,  with  quick  replies  ; an 
angry  retort.  [Cant.]  Pope. 

SNIP'SNAP,  a.  Short  and  quick.  [Cant.] 

A quick  venew  of  wit;  snipsnap , quick  and  home.  Shak. 

f SNlTE,  n.  [A.  S.]  (Ornith.)  A snipe.  Carew. 

f SNITE,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  snytan;  Ger.  schneuzen ; 
Dut.  snuiten;  Dan.  snyde;  Sw.  snyta.\  To 
blow,  as  the  nose  ; to  snuff'.  Grew. 

To  snite  a candle,  to  snulf  a candle.  Jamieson. 

SNlTIIE,  ) a_  [a.  S.  snithan,  to  cut.]  Sharp ; 

SNITH'Y,  > piercing ; cutting;  — applied  to  the 
wind.  [Local,  Eng.]  Carr. 

SNIV'EL  (snlv'vl),  n.  [A.  S.  snofel.  Richardson.'] 
Mucus  running  from  the  nose ; snot.  Johnson. 

SNIV'EL  (snlv'vl),  v.  t).  [Dim.  of  sniff,  as  snuffle 
is  of  snuff.  Richardson .]  [i.  snivelled  ; pp. 

snivelling,  snivelled.] 

1.  To  run  at  the  nose.  Skelton. 

2.  To  cry,  weep,  or  fret  as  children  do. 

“Away  goes  he  snivelling .”  L’ Estrange. 

SNIV'EL,  v.  a.  To  make  or  unite  in  a peevish, 
childish,  or  drivelling  manner.  Couper. 

SNIV'EL-LpR  (snlv'vl-ler),  n.  One  who  snivels  ; 
one  who  cries  with  snivelling. 

He ’d  more  lament  when  I was  dead 

Than  all  the  snivellers  rouna  my  bed.  Swift . 

SNIVEL-LING,  n.  The  act,  or  the  noise,  of  one 
who  snivels  ; a crying  through  the  nose. 

SNlV'EL-LV  (snlv'vl-e),  a.  Running  at  the  nose  ; 
snotty  : — pitiful ; whining.  Todd. 

SNOB,  n.  1.  A vulgar  upstart.  HaUiweU. 

2.  One  who,  during  a strike,  works  for  lower 

wages,  those  who  insist  upon  higher  wages  be- 
ing called  nobs.  De  Quincey. 

3.  A townsman,  as  opposed  to  a student. 

[Cambridge  University,  Eng.]  Bristed. 

4.  A journeyman  shoemaker.  Ilalliwell. 

SNOB'BjSH,  a.  Relating  to,  or  resembling,  a 
snob ; vulgar.  Thackeray. 

SNOB'BISH-LY,  ad.  In  a snobbish  manner.  Cl. 

SNOB'BISII-NESS,  n.  The  character  or  practice 
of  a snob  ; snobbism.  Thackeray. 

SNOB’Bl^M,  n.  The  character  or  practice  of  a 
snob  or  of  snobs  ; snobbishness.  Clarke. 

f SNOD,  7i.  [A.  S.  stiod .]  A fillet ; a ribbon.  Todd. 

SNOD,  a.  Trimmed;  smooth;  — sly;  cunning; 
demure.  [Local,  Eng.]  Brockett. 

SNOOD,  n.  [A.  S.  snod,  a fillet.] 

1.  The  fillet  or  head-band  worn  by  a miiden. 
[Scotland;  local,  Eng.]  Jamieson.  Wright. 

2.  A short  hair-line  to  which  a fishing-hook 
is  attached.  [Scotland  ; local,  Eng.]  Jamieson. 

SNOOD,  v.  a.  To  bind,  as  the  hair.  Jamieson. 

SNOOK,  v.  n.  [Swed.  snoka,  to  search,  to  search 
for.  — Probably  from  nook,  a corner.  iVares.] 
To  lurk  ; to  lie  in  ambush,  [n.]  Scott. 

SNOOK,  n.  (Ich.)  An  acanthopterygious  fish  ; 
sea-pike  ; Centropomus  undecimalis.  Simmonds. 

SNOOZE,  v.  n.  To  slumber  ; to  nap.  Clarke. 

SNOOZE,  7i.  A short  sleep  ; a nap.  [Provincial 
in  England,  and  colloquial  in  the  U.  S.] 

In  order  that  he  might  enjoy  his  short  snooze  in  comfort. 

Qu.  Sen . 

SNORE,  v.7i.  [A.  S.  S7iora,  a snoring  ; Dut.  s7tor- 

ken,  to  snore;  Ger.  schnarchen;  Dan.  s7iorke; 
Sw.  snarka.  — From  L.  jiaris,  the  nose.  Thom- 
S071 .]  [t.  SNORED;  pp.  SNORING,  SNORED.]  To 

breathe  audibly  through  the  nose  in  sleep. 

“ Thou  dost  S7iore  distinctly.”  Shak. 

SNORE,  7i.  The  noise  of  one  who  snores  ; audi- 
ble respiration  made  through  the  nose  in  sleep. 

SNOR'IJR,  n.  One  who  snores.  Jolmson. 

SNOR'JNG,  7i.  Noise  made  by  breathing  through 
the  nose  in  sleep.  Beaumont. 

SNORT,  v.  n.  [See  Snore.]  [t.  snorted  ; pp. 

SNORTING,  SNORTED.] 

1.  f To  snore.  Bp.  Taylcr. 


MIEN,  SIR  ; 


MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9, 


<?>  9>  soft;  E,  G,  5,  I,  hard ; § as  z ; as  gz.  — THIS,  tfiis. 


SNORT 


1364 


SNUFFLING 


2.  To  blow  through  the  nose,  as  a high-met- 
tled horse,  so  as  to  utter  a strong  sound. 

He  chafes,  he  stamps,  careers,  and  turns  about: 

He  foams,  snorts,  neighs,  and  fire  and  smoke  breathes  out. 

Fairfax. 

3.  To  laugh  outright.  [Local,  and  \ovi.]Fairfax. 

f SNORT,  v.  a.  To  turn  up,  as  the  nose,  in  anger, 
scorn,  or  derision.  Chaucer. 

SNORT'JpR,  n.  One  who  snorts.  Sherwood. 

SNORT'LNG,  re.  1.  + A snoring.  Todd. 

2.  The  act  of  blowing  through  the  nose,  as  a 
horse,  so  as  to  make  a ioud  noise.  “ The  snort- 
ing of  his  horses  was  heard.”  Jer.  viii.  16. 

SNOT,  n.  [A.  S.  snote  ; Dut.  S;  Dan.  snot.']  The 
secretion  or  mucus  of  the  nose.  Dunglison. 

SNOT,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  snytan.]  To  blow,  as  the 
nose;  to  snite.  [Vulgar.]  Swift. 

SNOT'TIJR,  v.  n.  To  snivel.  [Local,  Eng.]  Grose. 

SNOT'TJJR,  n.  (Xaut.)  A rope  going  over  a yard- 
arm, with  an  eye,  and  used  to  bend  a tripping 
line  to  in  sending  down  top-gallant  and  royal 
yards  in  vessels  of  war.  Dana. 

SNOT'TY,  a.  Dirty  or  foul  with  snot: — dirty; 
mean.  Arbuthnot. 

SNOUT,  n.  [Dut.  snuit ; Ger.  schnauze ; Dan. 
snude ; Sw.  snyte.  — W.  ysnid.  — Past  part,  of 
A.  S.  snytan,  to  snite,  — that  which  is  suited  or 
wiped.  Richardson.] 

1.  The  nose  of  a beast,  — particularly  a long, 

projecting  nose,  as  that  of  a hog.  Tusser. 

2.  The  nose  of  a man,  in  contempt.  Dryden. 

3.  The  nozzle  or  end,  as  of  a pipe.  Johnson. 

SNOUT,  v.  a.  To  furnish  with  a nozzle  or  point. 
“ Snouted  and  piked.”  Camden. 

SNOUT'JJD,  a.  Having  a snout.  Ileylin. 

SNOUT'Y,  a.  Resembling  a beast’s  snout,  [it.] 
The  nose  was  ugly,  long,  and  big, 

Broad  and  snouty  like  a pig.  Otway. 

SNOW  (sno),  re.  [Goth,  snaivs  ; A.  S.  snaw  ; Dut. 
sneeuio ; Ger.  schnce  ; Dan.  snec ; Sw.  snii ; Icel. 
snior.  — Ir.  sneacha. — Bohemian  snih  ; Pol. 
smeg ; Slav,  sneg,  sieg,  sneh.  — From  Gr.  vhpa, 
snow  ; L.  nix  ; It.  ne re.  Junius.  Skinner.] 

1.  Frozen  water  precipitated  from  the  atmos- 
phere in  the  form  of  white  crystals  or  flakes. 

He  giveth  snow  like  wool;  he  scattereth  the  hoar-frost  like 
ashes.  lie  casteth  forth  his  ice  like  morsels:  who  can  stand 
before  his  cold?  Ps.  cxlvii.  16, 17. 

2.  (Xaut.)  A vessel  with  two  masts  resem- 
bling the  main  and  foremasts  of  a ship,  and  a 
third  small  mast  just  abaft  the  mainmast,  carry- 
ing a sail  similar  to  a ship’s  mizzen.  Mar.  Diet. 

MB’"  Red  snow,  a substance  of  a red  hue,  which  is 
produced  by  the  presence  of  an  infinite  number  of  a 
certain  class  of  microscopic  plants.  These  minute 
vegetable  forms  are  composed  of  globules  which  vary 
in  diameter  from  one  thousandth  of  an  inch  to  one 
three  thousandth.  Each  globule  contains  from  one 
to  seven  or  eight  cells,  filled  with  a liquid  in 
which  are  several  moving  spores.  Brocklesby.  One 
of  the  species  of  animalcules  which  produce  red. 
snow  is  the  P/ulodina  roseola  of  Ehrenherg.  It  has  a 
much  higher  organization  than  the  other  animalcules, 
and  contains  in  its  inside  a number  of  red  globules, 
which  may  be  distinctly  seen  through  its  transparent 
body.  These  globules  are  its  ova.  Agassi-.  — Snow- 
line, or  line  of  perpetual  snow,  the  elevation  — dimin- 
ishing as  latitude  increases  — at  and  above  which 
snow  never  disappears.  Lardner. 

SNOW,  v.  re.  [A.  S.  sniwan,  snaivan ; Dut.  sneeur- 
ven.]  [*.  snowed  ; pp.  snowing,  snowed.  — 
The  preterite  snew  has  long  been  obsolete.]  To 
fall  in  snow ; — used  impersonally  with  it. 

The  bills  being  high  about  them,  it  snows  at  the  tops  of 
them  oftener  than  it  rains.  Browne. 

SNOW,  v.  a.  To  scatter  like  snow,  [it.] 

Till  age  snow  white  hairs  on  thee.  Donne. 

SNOW'— Ap-FLE,  re.  A species  of  apple.  Ash. 

SNOW'BALL,  w.  A round  lump  of  snow.  Dryden. 

SNOW'BALL,  v.  re.  To  throw  snowballs. 

SNOW'BALL,  v.  a.  To  throw  snowballs  at. Clarke. 


cultivation,  having  large  bright  white  berries; 
Symphoricarpus  raccmosus.  Gray. 

Creeping  snowberry,  ( Bot .)  the  common  name  of 
a genus  of  trailing  and  creeping  evergreen  plants, 
having  white  globulous  berries  ; Chiogenes.  Gray. 

SNOW'— BER-RY— TREE,  re.  {Bot.]  The  common 
name  of  American  tropical  and  medicinal 
shrubs  of  the  genus  Cliiococa,  the  fruit  of  which 
consists  of  snow-white  berries.  Baird. 

SNOW'— BIRD,  re.  ( Ornith .)  A small,  migratory 
bird,  of  the  family  Fringillidce,  appearing  in 
time  of  snow ; Fringilla  Hudsonia,  Fringilla 
hyemalis,  or  Emberiza  hyemalis.  IVilson. 

Ifi}-  Snow-birds  are  frequently  accompanied  by  the 
snow  bunting,  the  humbly-dressed  yellow-bird,  and 
the  querulous  chicadce.  JVuttall. 

White  snow-bird,  a name  sometimes  applied  to  the 
snow-bunting.  . U'ilson. 

SNOW'-BLIND,  a.  Blind  from  exposure  to  snow; 
affected  with  snow-blindness.  IV.  W.  Cooper. 

SNOW'— BLIND-NgSS,  re.  Blindness  caused  by 
the  reflection  of  light  from  the  snow.  Cooper. 

SNOW'-BROTH,  re.  Very  cold  liquor.  Shah. 

SNOW'-BUNT-ING,  re.  (Ornith.)  A bird  of  the 
family  Fringillidee,  or  finches,  common  to  both 
continents,  and  so  called  because  the  predomi- 
nant color  of  its  plumage  is  white ; Emberiza 
glacialis,  Emberiza  montana,  Emberiza  nivalis, 
or  Plectrophanes  nivalis.  Wilson. 

,6®’  This  species,  from  its  various  changes  of  plu- 
mage, has  been  multiplied  into  several ; and  in  form 
being  allied  to  many  genera,  it  has  been  variously 
placed  by  different  ornithologists.  T.  M.  Brewer. 

SNOW'— CAPT,  a.  Capt  or  crowned  with  snow. 

SNOW'— CLAD,  a.  Clothed  or  covered  with  snow. 
“ Each  snow-clad  height.”  Walker. 

SNOW'— CROWNED  (-krbund),  a.  Crowned  with 
snow ; snow-capt. 

From  sr,ow-crowned  Skiddaw’s  lofty  cliffs.  Drayton. 

SNOW'DEEP,  re.  A plant  or  herb.  Johnson. 

SNOW'-DRIFT,  re.  A drift  of  snow;  a bank  of 
snow  heaped  up  by  the  wind.  Fairfax. 

SNOW'— DROP,  re.  (Bot.)  An  early  flowering 
plant  with  white  delicate  and  drooping  flowers ; 
Galanthus  nivalis  ; — so  called  from  the  flowers 
often  appearing  while  the  snow  is  still  on  the 
ground.  Baird. 

SNOW'-DROP-TREE,  re.  (Bot.)  The  common 
name  of  early  blossoming,  ornamental  shrubs 
of  the  genus  Halesia,  the  snowy-white  flowers 
of  which  appear  before  the  leaves,  and  hang  in 
small  bunches  all  along  the  branches,  each  bud 
producing  from  four  to  eight  or  nine  flowers. 

Loudon.  Farm.  Ency. 

SNOW'— FED,  a.  Swollen  or  increased  by  a fall 
of  snow,  as  a torrent.  Thomson. 

SNOW'-FLAKE,  re.  A small  aggregation  of  mi- 
nute crystals  of  snow.  Cupid  and  Psyche,  1799. 

SNOW'— FLECK,  re.  (Ornith.)  The  snow-bunting. 
— See  Snow-buntino.  Booth,. 

SNOW'— GOOSE,  re.  (Ornith.)  A white  species 
of  goose  common  to  the  northern  parts  of  both 
continents  ; Anser  hyperboreus,  or  Anas  hyper- 
borea  ; — called  also  white-brant.  Wilson. 

SNOW'— HAlRED  (-bird),  a.  Having  white  hair 
or  locks.  “ The  snow-haired  sire.”  Bucke. 

SNOW'|SH,  a.  Resembling  snow;  white  like 
snow;  snowy.  “ Her  snowish  neck.”  Warner. 

SNOW'L^SS,  a.  Without  snow.  Clarke. 

SNOW'— LIKE,  a.  Resembling  snow.  Todd. 

SNOW'— NOD-DING,  a.  Tipped  with  impending 
snow.  “ Snow-nodding  crags.”  Dyer. 

SNOW'— PLOUGH,  re.  A machine  for  clearing 
away  snow  from  roads,  railways,  & c.  Simmonds. 

SNOW'-SHOE,  re.  A light  shoe  or  frame  worn  on 
the  feet  for  travelling  on  deep  snow.  Trumbull. 


IEE,  i 


(Bot.)  An  ornamental 
shrub  well  known  in  gar- 


snow'bAll, 
snow'bAll-tree, 

dens  and  shrubberies  for  its  fine  large  cymes 
of  white  flowers  ; a variety  of  Viburnum  o /lu- 
lus. Loudon. 


SNOW'— SLIP,  re.  A large  mass  of  snow  which 
slips  down  from  a mountain  or  elevated  place  ; 
an  avalanche  of  snow.  Goldsmith. 

SNOW'— STORM,  re.  A storm  attended  with  snow; 
a storm  of  snow.  Holmes. 


I SNOW'— WHITE  (sno'hwlt),  a.  White  as  snow. 
“ A snow-white  swan.”  Chaucer. 

SNOW'Y,  a.  1.  Resembling  snow;  white  like 
snow.  “ A snowy  dove.”  Shah. 

2.  Abounding  with  snow ; covered  with  snow. 
“ The  snowy  top  of  cold  Olympus.”  Milton. 

3.  Pure;  unblemished;  immaculate;  unsul- 
lied. “ Snowy  innocence.”  J.  llall. 

SNUB,  re.  [See  Snib.]  A jag;  a snag;  a knot 
in  wood  ; a nub.  “ Ragged  snubs.”  Spenser. 

SNUB,  v.  a.  [Sw.  snubba ; Dan.  snibbe,  a rebuke.] 
[*•  SNUBBED;  pp.  SNUBBING,  SNUBBED.] 

1.  To  check;  to  reprimand;  to  rebuke;  to 
reprove ; to  chide  pettishly  ; to  rate  ; to  scold. 

In  the  sermons  of  Barrow,  who  certainly  in- 
tended to  write  an  elevated  style,  and  did  not  seek 
familiar,  still  less  vulgar,  expressions,  we  yet  meet 
such  terms  as  to  rate , to  snub,  to  gull,  dumpish , and 
the  like  ; which  we  may  confidently  atfirm  were  not 
vulgar  when  he  used  them.  Trench. 

2.  To  check  in  growth  ; to  stunt.  Bay. 

Trees  . . . whose  heads  and  boughs  I have  observed  to  run 
out  far  to  landward,  but  towards  the  sea  to  he  so  snuhtnul  by 
the  winds,  as  if  their  boughs  and  leaves  had  been  pared  or 
shaven  off  on  that  6ide.  liny. 

To  snub  a rope , ( Naut .)  to  check  a rope  sud- 
denly. Dana. 

t SNUB,  v.  n.  [Ger.  schnauben.]  To  sob.  Bailey. 

SNUB'— NO§E,  re.  A snubbed  or  stunted  nose  ; a 
short  or  a flat  nose.  S.  Richardson. 

SNUB'-NO§ED  (snuh'nozd),  a.  Having  a flat  or 
a short  nose  ; having  a snub-nose.  Todd. 

f SNOd<?E,  v.  re.  To  lie  close  or  snug ; to  snug- 
gle. “ And  snudge  in  quiet.”  Herbert. 

t SNUDljrE,  re.  A miser  ; a niggard.  Ascham. 

SNUFF,  re.  [Dut.  snuif;  Ger.  schnuppe  ; Dan. 
§ Sw.  snus.  — See  Sniff.] 

1.  f Smell  ; odor ; scent. 

In  some  this  light  goes  out  with  an  ill-savored  stench;  but 
others  have  a save-all  to  preserve  it  from  making  unv  snuff 
at  all.  b Jfowcll. 

2.  Resentment  expressed  by  sniffing. 

What  hath  been  seen 

Either  in  snuffs  or  packings  of  the  duke’s.  JShaJc. 

3.  Powdered  tobacco  or  other  material  to  be 

snuffed  up  the  nose.  Pope. 

4.  That  part  of  the  wick  of  a candle  which 

has  been  charred  by  the  flame.  Wilkins. 

5. .Inhalation  by  the  nose  ; sniff. 

6.  A candle  almost  burnt  out.  Shak. 

To  take  a thing  in  snuff,  or  to  take  snuff  at  any 

thing,  to  be  angry  at  it.  [Low.]  V Estrange Up 

to  snuff,  having  great  penetration  or  acuteness. 
[Low.]  B.  Jons  on. 

SNUFF,  v.  a.  [Dut.  snuiven ; Ger.  schnupfen.] 

[ l . SNUFFED  ; pp.  SNUFFING,  SNUFFED.] 

1.  To  draw  in  with  the  breath ; to  inhale. 

“ He  snuff's  the  wind.”  Dryden. 

2.  To  smell ; to  scent.  Dryden. 

3.  To  crop,  as  the  snuff  of  a candle. 

Our  lamps  should  be  dressed,  our  lights  snuffed.  J Ip.  Taylor. 

SNUFF,  v.  re.  [Dut.  snuiven.] 

1.  To  draw  or  inhale  breath  by  the  nose  so  as 
to  make  a noise  ; to  snort  : — to  inhale  snuff. 

The  fury  fires  the  pack;  the  snuff  they  vent, 

And  feed  their  hungry  nostrils  with  the  scent.  Dryden. 

2.  To  sniff  in  contempt.  Mai.  i.  13. 

Do  the  enemies  of  the  church  rage  and  snuff?  Bp.  Hall. 

SNUFF'BOX,  re.  A small  box  carried  in  the 
pocket,  to  contain  snuff.  Swift. 

SNUFF'JpR,  re.  One  who  snuffs.  Churchill. 

SNUFF'JJR^,  re.  pi.  An  instrument  to  snuff  can- 
dles with.  Swift. 

SNUFF'ING,  re.  Act  of  one  who  snuffs.  Beau.  Sg  FI. 

SNUFF'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a snuffing  manner  ; sul- 
kily ; peevishly.  Holinshcd. 

SNUF'FLE  (snuf'fl),  v.  re.  [Dut.  snvffelen  ; Ger. 
niefeln,  schnuffeln  ; Dan.  snuvlef]  [t.  snuf- 
fled ; pp.  snuffling,  snuffled.]  To  speak 
through  or  in  the  nose,  or  to  breathe  hard 
through  the  nose  ; to  sniffle. 

It  came  to  the  ape  to  deliver  bis  opinion,  who  smelt,  and 
snuffled,  and  considered  on ’t.  L' Estrange. 

SNUF'FLIJR,  re.  One  who  snuffles.  Johnson. 

SNUF'FLEIS,  re.  pi.  Obstruction  in  the  nose;  a 

breathing  hard  through  the  nose.  Dunglison. 


SNOW 'BER-RY,  re. 


(Bot.)  A plant  common  in 


SNOW'— TRACK,  re.  A track  in  snow.  Goldsmith. 


SNUF'FLING,  re.  Act  of  one  who  snuffles.  Dryden. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  ],  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


SHUFFLINGLY 


1365 


SOB 


SNUF'FLING-LY,  ad.  In  a snuffling  manner ; 
with  snuffing.  C.  Richardson. 

SNUFF'— TA-KpR,  n.  One  who  takes  snuff ; one 
who  inhales  snuff  in  the  nose.  Tatler. 

SNUFF'— TAK-JNG,  n.  The  act  or  the  practice  of 
taking  snuff.  Ash. 

SNUFF'Y,  a.  1.  Grimed  with  snuff.  Todd. 

2.  Sulky ; displeased.  [Scotland.]  Jamieson. 

SNUG,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  snican,  to  sneak,  to  creep  ; 
Dan.  snige. — See  Sneak.]  [ i . snucoed  ; p/i. 
SNUGGING,  snugged.]  To  lie  snug  or  close,  as 
in  bed  ; to  snuggle.  Sidney. 

SNUG,  a.  1.  Close;  lying  close ; concealed. 

When  you  lay  snug  to  snap  young  Damon’s  goat.  Dryden. 

2.  Compact  and  comfortable  ; being  at  ease. 

They  spied  a country  farm, 

Where  all  was  snug,  and  clean,  and  warm.  Prior. 

SNUG'GpR-Y,  n.  A snug  place,  room,  or  dwell- 
ing. [it.] " Basil  Hall. 

SNUG'GLE  (-gl),  V.  n.  [f.  SNUGGLED  ; pp.  SNUG- 
GLING, snuggled.]  To  lie  snug  or  close  and 
warm  ; to  cuddle  ; to  snug ; to  nestle.  Johnson. 

SNUG'I-FY,  v.  a.  To  make  snug,  [r.]  C.  Lamb. 

SNUG'LY,  ad.  In  a snug  manner;  closely.  Todd. 

SNUG'NJgSS,  n.  The  state  of  being  snug.  Warton. 

SNY'ING,  n.  ( Naid .)  A circular  plank,  edgeways, 
to  work  in  the  bows  of  a ship.  Mar.  Diet. 

SO,  ad.  [M.  Goth.  swa;  A.  S.  swa;  Dut.  zoo ; 
Ger.  so  ; Dan.  saa  ; Sw.  sre.] 

1.  In  like  manner,  preceded  or  followed  by 
as,  and  noting  comparison. 

As  into  air  the  purer  spirits  flow. 

And  separate  from  the  kindred  dregs  below, 

So  flew  her  soul  to  its  congenial  place.  Pope. 

2.  To  such  a degree,  or  in  such  a manner  ; — 
often  followed  by  that. 

Since,  then,  our  Arcite  is  with  honor  dead. 

Why  should  we  mourn  that  he  so  soon  is  freed?  Dry  den. 
Wlieje  the  power  that  charms  us  so.  Waller. 

He  is  in  Sir  Roger’s  esteem,  so  that  he  lives  in  the  family 
rather  as  a relation  than  dependant.  Addison. 

So  frowned  the  mighty  combatants,  that  hell 
Grew  darker  at  their  frown.  Milton. 

3.  In  the  same  manner  ; likewise. 

Cause  all  your  family  to  do  so  too.  Locke. 

4.  In  this  manner  or  state  ; thus. 

Does  this  deserve  to  be  rewarded  so?  Dryden. 

This  is  certain,  that  so  it  is.  Locke. 

5.  Therefore  ; for  this  reason. 

God  makes  him  in  hi?  own  image  an  intellectual  creature, 
and  so  capable  of  dominion.  Locke. 

It  leaves  instruction,  and  so  instructors,  to  the  sobriety  of 
the  settled  articles  and  rule  of  the  church.  llolyday. 

6.  On  these  terms; — noting  a conditional 
petition,  and  answered  by  as. 

So  grant  my  suit  as  I enforce  my  might 

In  love  to  be  thy  champion.  Di'ydcn. 

7.  In  like  manner; — noting  concession  of 
one  proposition  and  assumption  of  another, 
and  answering  to  as. 

As  a war  should  be  undertaken  upon  a just  motive,  so  a 
prince  ought  to  consider  the  condition  he  is  in  wheu  he  en- 
ters on  it.  Swift. 

8.  In  the  way  or  state  before  mentioned. 

He  was  great  ere  fortune  made  him  so.  Dryden. 

They  are  beautiful  in  themselves,  and  much  more  so  in 
that  noble  language  peculiar  to  that  great  poet.  Addison. 

9.  Thus  it  is  ; this  is  the  state. 

How  sorrow  shakes  him  I 

So  now  the  tempest  tears  him  up  by  the  roots.  Dryden. 

10.  Thus  be  it ; well. 

If  your  father  will  do  me  any  honor,  so;  if  not,  let  him 
kill  the  next  Percy  himself.  S/tak. 

11.  Noting  some  latent  or  surd  comparison, 
as  being  omitted. 

An  astringent  is  not  quite  so  proper  where  relaxing  the 
urinary  passages  is  necessary.  Arbnthnot. 

The  Wash  of  Edmonton  so  gay.  Cowper. 

fiffp  So  is  sometimes  used  to  avoid  repetition  ; as, 
“ The  two  brothers  were  valiant,  but  the  eldest  was 
more  so  ” ; i.  e.  more  valiant.  Johnson. 

12.  Noting  desire,  used  in  a form  of  petition. 

And  ready  are  the  appellant  and  defendant, 

The  armorer  and  his  man,  to  enter  the  lists, 

So  please  your  highness  to  behold  the  fight.  Shak. 

jftSf’  The  various  usages  of  so  may  be  explained  by 
substituting  it  or  that,  and  supplying  the  ellipses  of 
cause  or  case,  state  or  condition,  sort  or  kind,  &c. 
Richardson. 

jQQpSo  forth,  denoting  more  of  the  like  kind.  “ Man- 


hood, learning,  and  so  forth.”  Shak.  — So  help  me 
God,  on  condition  of  my  speaking  the  truth,  or  per- 
forming this  promise,  may  God  help  me,  and  not  oth- 
erwise. Paley. — So  much  as,  however  much;  as 
much  as.  [R.]  Pope. — So  so,  implying  discovery 
or  observation  of  some  effect;  well  well.  “So  so; 
it  works  ; now,  mistress,  sit  you  fast.”  Dryden.  In- 
differently ; not  much  amiss  ; as  heretofore.  “ Ilis  leg 
is  but  so  so  ; and  yet ’t is  well.”  Shak. — So  then,  thus 
then  it  is  that  ; therefore.  “ To  a war  are  required 
a just  quarrel,  sufficient  forces,  and  a prudent  choice 
of  the  designs  ; so  then,  I will  first  justify  the  quarrel, 
balance  the  forces,  and  propound  designs.”  Bacon. 

SO,  conj.  Provided  that ; on  condition  that. 

So  the  doctrine  be  but  wholesome  and  edifying,  though 
there  should  he  a want  of  exactness  in  the  manner  of  speak- 
ing or  reasoning,  it  may  be  overlooked.  Atterbury. 

SO,  interj.  1.  Stand  still ; — used  in  quieting  a cow. 

2.  ( Naut .)  Stop! — used  as  an  order  to  stop 
hauling  upon  any  thing  when  it  has  come  to  its 
right  position.  Dana. 

SOAK  (sole),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  socian,  sicerian , to  soak.  — 
AV.  soegi,  to  steep  in  water  or  other  fluid.]  p. 
SOAKED;  pp.  SOAKING,  SOAKED.] 

1.  To  macerate  in  any  fluid  or  moisture  ; to 
keep  wet  till  the  moisture  is  imbibed ; to  steep  ; 
imbrue  ; to  drench. 

Wormwood  put  into  the  brine  you  soak  your  corn  in  pre- 
vents the  birds  eating  it.  Mortimer. 

There  deep  Galesus  soaks  the  j'ellow  sands.  Dryden. 

2.  To  draw  in  through  the  pores ; to  imbibe. 

To  suck  the  moisture  up  and  soak  it  in.  Dryden. 

3.  To  drain  ; to  exhaust,  [it.]  Bacon. 

His  forts,  and  his  garrisons,  and  his  icastiugs  . . . could 
not  but  soak  his  exchequer.  Wotton. 

4.  To  bake  thoroughly.  [Local.]  Ilalliwell. 

SOAK  (sok),  v.  n.  1.  To  lie  soaked  ; to  lie  steeped 
in  any  fluid  or  moisture.  Shak. 

2.  To  enter  by  degrees  into  pores.  “ Rain 

soaking  into  the  strata.”  Woodward. 

3.  To  drink  liquor  intemperately.[Low.]  Loe/re. 

SOAK'ApE,  n.  The  act  of  soaking  or  the  state 
of  being  soaked.  P.  Mug. 

SOAK'JpR,  n.  One  who  soaks  : — a great  drinker. 
“ A maudlin  kind  of  soakers."  Goodman. 

SOAK'ING,  n.  A wetting  ; a drenching. 

Few  in  the  ships  escaped  a good  soaking.  Cook. 

SOAK'Y,  a.  Moist  on  the  surface  ; steeped  in 
water;  soggy;  — written  also  socky.  Forby. 

SOAL,  n.  A fish;  a sole.  — See  Sole.  Todd. 

SOAP  (sop),  n.  [A.  S.  sape ; Dut.  zeep ; Ger. 
seife ; Dan.  scebc;  Sw.  sapa;  Icel.  sapa.  — Gr. 
eiinimi ; L.  sapo ; It.  sapone ; Sp.  xabon ; Port. 
sabao  ; Fr.  sacon.  — W.  schon.  — Hind,  saboon, 
savin;  Pers.  sabun.  — “ Pliny  and  Martial  as- 
sure us  that  soaj),  made  ex  sebo  et  einere,  from 
tallow  and  ashes,  is  an  invention  of  the  Gauls.” 
Bosworth.)  A word  applied,  in  its  most  extended 
signification,  to  all  the  compounds  which  result 
from  the  reactions  of  salifiable  bases  with  fats 
and  oils  ; but  commonly  applied,  in  a more  re- 
strictive sense,  to  detergent  substances,  soluble 
in  water  and  alcohol,  especially  when  hot,  but 
insoluble  in  strong  brine  or  concentrated  solu- 
tions of  caustic  potash  or  of  soda  ; and  consist- 
ing, for  the  most  part,  of  three  fatty  acids,  — 
termed  stearic,  margaric,  and  oleic  acids,  — or 
of  two  of  them,  combined  with  an  alkaline 
base.  Miller.  Wood  § Bache. 

Hfp  There  are  in  commerce  three  varieties  of  soap  ; 
hard  white  soap,  which  is  made  from  tallow  and  caus- 
tic soda  ; hard  yellow  soap,  which  is  made  from  soda, 
with  tallow,  palm  oil,  and  rosin  ; and  soft  soap,  in 
which  the  alkali  is  potash,  combined  with  fatty  acids 
derived  usually  from  whale  or  seal  oil,  or  tallow. 
The  common  soft  soaps  contain  an  excess  of  alkali, 
which  adds  to  their  detergent  powers,  and  they  usu- 
ally contain  the  glycerine  of  the  fat  diffused  through 
them.  Miller.  Kane.  — Most  soaps  contain  a large 
proportion  of  water.  Olive  oil  soaps  are  composed  of 
a mixture  of  tnargarate  and  oleate  of  soda.  The  fixed 
alkaline  soaps  are  harder  the  more  stearate  and  tnar- 
garate  they  contain,  and  softer  when  the  oleate  pre- 
dominates. Wood  4-  Bache. 

Castile  soap,  or  Spanish  soap,  a soap  made  from 
olive  oil  and  soda,  and  mottled  by  the  addition  of 
green  vitriol  and  sulphuretted  ley  to  the  soap  while 
in  the  pasty  state.  Miller. — Insoluble  snaps,  com- 
pounds, without  detergent  properties,  resulting  from 
the  combination  of  fatty  acids  with  metallic  oxides  ; 
as  soap  of  the  protoxide  of  lead,  or  lead  plaster,  and 
the  soap  of  lime  or  lime  liniment ; — also  called  me- 


tallic and  earthy  soaps,  and  chiefly  used  in  pharmacy. 

— Lime  soap,  a name  applied  to  insoluble  compounds, 
without  detergent  properties,  of  fatty  acids  and  lime. 

— Palm  soap,  a soap  prepared  from  soda  arid  palm  oil, 
with  the  addition  of  tallow  to  give  it  firmness. — 
Windsor  soap , a scented  soap  made  of  soda  with  one 
part  of  olive  oil  and  nine  parts  of  tallow.  Wood 
Bache.  Miller. 

SOAP,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  sapan;  Ger.  seifen .]  To 
rub  or  cover  with  soap.  C.  Richardson. 

SOAP'BER-RY,  n.  A red,  saponaceous  berry, 
used  in  many  countries  for  washing  cloth,  ob- 
tained from  several  species  of  the  genus  Sapin- 
dus,  especially  from  Sapindus  saponaria,  a 
middle-sized  tree  growing  in  the  West  Indies 
and  the  continent  of  America.  Baird. 

SOAP'BOIL-ER,  n.  One  whose  trade  it  is  to  make 
soap.  Addison. 

SOAP'BOIL-ING,  n.  The  act,  or  the  business,  of 
making  soap.  Ash. 

SOAP'-BUB-BLE,  n.  A thin  film  of  soapy  water 
inflated  into  a spherical  form.  Brewster. 

40“  The  black  spot  seen  at  the  highest  point  of  a 
soap-bubble,  and  tile  gorgeous  tints  of  color  seen  in 
other  parts  of  it,  are  due  to  the  interference  of  rays  of 
light  reflected  from  its  inner  surface.  The  thickness 
of  the  soap-bubble  at  the  black  spot  is  the  600,000th 
part  of  an  inch.  Young. 

SOAP'— CE-R  ATE,  n.  A substance  prepared  from 
subacetate  of  lead,  soap,  white  wax,  and  olive 
oil ; — used  as  a sedative  in  external  inflamma- 
tion. Wood  <Sf  Bache. 

SOAP'NUT,  n.  A name  for  the  seed  of  Mimosa 
abstergens.  Simmonds. 

SOAP'STONE,  n.  {Min.)  I.  A very  seetile,  mas- 
sive, generally  granular  variety  of  steatite,  quite 
greasy  to  the  feel,  or  like  soap,  of  a coarse-gray 
or  grayis"h-green  color,  — also  of  fine  dexture, 
occasionally  yellowish  or  reddish,  sometimes 
lamellar,  but  usually  compact,  and  composed 
chiefly  of  silica  and  magnesia  ; steatite.  Dana. 

4f3f  Soapstone  may  be  sawed  into  slabs,  turned  in 
a lathe,  or  formed  into  tubes  by  boring.  It  is  used  for 
stoves  and  fireplaces,  for  firestones  in  furnaces  and 
stoves,  and,  when  ground,  for  diminishing  friction, 
and  also  in  the  manufacture  of  some  kinds  of  porce- 
lain. Dana.  Abbott. 

2.  Another  name  for  saponite.  — See  SAro- 
nite.  Dana. 

SOAP'SUD§,  n.  Water  impregnated  with  soap; 
suds.  Mortimer. 

SOAP'WORT  (sop'wiirt),  n.  ( Bot .)  A genus  of 
plants,  the  mucilaginous  juice  of  the  common 
species  of  which  ( Saponaria  officinalis,  or 
bouncing-bet)  forms  a lather  with  water ; Sa- 
ponaria. Gray. 

SOAP'Y,  a.  1.  Resembling,  or  pertaining  to, 
soap.  “ A soapy  medicine.”  Bp.  Berkeley. 

2.  Covered  or  smeared  with  soap.  Ash. 

SOAR  (sor),  v.  n.  [It.  sorare ; Fr.  essor,  a flight.] 
[i.  SOARED  ; pp.  SOARING,  SOAKED.] 

1.  To  fly  aloft;  to  rise  on  high  ; to  reach  or 
attain  great  height  or  elevation ; to  tower ; to 
mount.  “ No  higher  than  a bird  can  soar.”  Shak. 

2.  To  mount  intellectually  ; to  tower  mentally. 


How  high  a pitch  his  resolution  soars  1 Shak. 

Valor  soars  above 

What  the  world  calls  misfortune  and  afflictions.  Addison. 
SOAR,  n.  Towering  flight ; ascent.  Milton. 
SOAR,  a.  Painful.  — See  Sore.  Todd. 

SOAR'ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  soars.  Todd. 

SO  A ' VE,  ad.  [It.]  (Mus.)  In  a soft,  sweet,  and 
engaging  style ; with  sweetness.  Moore. 


SOB,  v.  n.  [Perhaps  from  the  A.  S.  siofian,  sco- 
fian,  to  mourn.  Somner.  — “ Sob  seems  to  ex- 
press a physical  action,  probably  supping  up 
strongly,  convulsively,  the  breath.”  Richardson .] 
[t.  sobbed  ; pp.  sobbing,  sobbed.]  To  heave 
the  breast  audibly  with  convulsive  sorrow ; to 
sigh  convulsively  ; to  lament ; to  weep. 

lie  twenty  times  made  pause  to  sob  and  weep.  Shak . 

SOB,  n.  A spasmodic,  sudden,  and  momentary 
contraction  of  the  diaphragm,  immediately  fol- 
lowed by  relaxation,  by  which  the  little  air  that 
the  contraction  has  caused  to  enter  the  chest  is 
driven  out  with  noise,  — an  evidence  of  corpo- 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  Bt)LL,  BUR,  RpLE.  — 9,  £,  9,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  5,  |,  hard;  § as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


SOB 


1366 


SOCK 


real  or  mental  suffering ; a convulsive  sigh ; 
audible  expression  of  grief  or  sorrow.  Pope. 

The  sigh  differs  from  the  sob,  the  latter  being  involuntary 
and  spasmodic.  Dunylison. 

f SUB,  v.  a.  To  soak  ; to  sop.  [Cant.]  Mortimer. 

SOB'BING,  n.  The  act,  or  the  sound,  of  one  who 
sobs.  “ Hoarse  sobbings.”  Drummond. 

SO'BpR,  a.  [L.  sobrius-.  It.  & Sp.  sobrio ; Fr. 
sobre. — A.  S.  sifer,  pure,  sober.] 

1.  Temperate  ; not  accustomed  to  drink  spir- 
ituous liquors  to  excess  ; habitually  temperate ; 
not  drunken  ; abstinent ; abstemious.  South. 

The  vines  give  wine  to  the  drunkard  as  well  as  to  the  sober 
man.  Up.  Taylor. 

2.  Not  overpowered  by  drink  ; not  intoxicated 

by  liquor  ; not  drunk.  Hooker. 

3.  Right  in  the  understanding;  sane. 

There  was  not  a sober  person  to  be  had;  all  was  tempestu- 
ous and  blustering.  Dryden. 

4.  Free  from  inordinate  passion  ; calm  ; well- 
regulated  ; temperate  ; moderate  ; unimpas- 
sioned. “ A grave  and  sober  writer.”  Abbot. 
“ Great  courage  and  sober  judgment.”  Hayward. 

5.  Serious  ; solemn  ; grave  ; sedate. 

Now  came  still  Evening  on:  and  Twilight  gray 

Had  in  her  sober  livery  all  things  clad.  Milton. 

Syn. — See  Abstemious. 

SO'BpR,  V.  a.  [ i . SOBERED  ; pp.  SOBERING,  SO- 
BERED.] To  make  sober  or  temperate. 

A little  learning  is  a dangerous  thing: 

Drink  deep,  or  taste  not  the  Pierian  spring; 

There  shallow  draughts  intoxicate  the  brain, 

And  drinking  largely  sobers  us  again.  Pope. 

SO'BpR-IZE,  V.  a.  To  sober,  [r.]  G.  Crabbe. 

SO'BER-IZE,  v.  n.  To  become  sober.  Grahame. 

SO'BER-LY,  ad.  1.  In  a sober  manner;  temper- 
ately ; without  intemperance.  Johnson. 

2.  Without  passion  ; coolly  ; calmly. 

Whenever  children  are  chastised,  let  it  be  done  without 

passion,  and  soberly , laying  on  the  blows  slowly.  Locke. 

3.  Sedately  ; seriously  ; gravely.  Wright. 

SO'BpR-MlND'ED,  a.  Free  from  passion  ; calm  ; 

rational ; temperate  ; unruffled.  Milton. 

SO'BER— MIND'ED-NESS,  n.  Freedom  from  in- 
ordinate passion  ; calmness ; regularity.  Porteus. 

SO'BpR-NESS,  n.  1.  The  state  of  being  sober; 
temperance.  Common  Prayer. 

2.  Freedom  from  inordinate  passion ; free- 
dom from  enthusiasm  ; calmness  ; coolness. 

A person  noted  for  his  soberness  and  skill  in  spagvrical 
preparations.  Boyle. 

SO'BER— SUIT'JgD  (-su'ted),  a.  Dressed  in  mod- 
est apparel.  Thomson. 

SOB'O-LE.s,  n.  [!>.,  a shoot.]  ( Bot .)  A slender 
stem  which  creeps  along  horizontally  below  the 
surface  of  the  earth,  emitting  new  plants  at  in- 
tervals, as  that  of  Triticum  repens  : — a name 
applied  also,  by  some  botanists,  to  a sucker  of 
a tree  or  a shrub.  Lindley. 

SOB-O-LlF'^R-OUS,  a.  [L.  soboles,  a sprout,  a 
shoot,  and  fero,  to  bear.]  (Bot.)  Bearing  shoots 
from  near  the  ground.  Gray. 

SO-BRl'E-TY,  n.  [L . sobrietas\  It.  sobriela  ; Sp. 
sobriedatl ;’  Fr.  sobriete.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  sober ; temperance  in 
the  use  of  spirituous  iiquors ; abstinence  from 
intoxicating  drinks ; soberness. 

Sobriety  hath  obtained  to  signify  temperance  in  drinking. 

Bp.  Taylor. 

2.  Freedom  from  inordinate  passion;  gen- 
eral temperance  ; — calmness  ; coolness. 

Modesty  and  humility  are  the  sobriety  of  the  mind:  tem- 
perance and  chastity  are  the  sobriety  of  the  body.  W hichcote. 

3.  Seriousness  ; sedateness  ; gravity.  “ With- 
out any  sobriety  or  modesty.”  Waterland. 

Syn.  — See  Abstinence. 

SOBRIQUET  (sob're-k5'),  n.  [Fr.]  A fanciful 
name  ; a nickname.  Brarnle. 

SOC,  n.  [A.  S.  soc,  soca,  soce ; socan,  to  seek  to 
follow.] 

1.  (Saxon  & Old  Eng.  Law.)  The  power  of 
administering  justice  granted  to  the  lord  within 
his  manor  or  lordship  : — a manor,  or  a part  of  a 
manor  ; — liberty  or  privilege  of  tenants  excused 
from  customary  burdens  ; soke.  Cowell.  Burrill. 

2.  An  exclusive  privilege  claimed  by  millers 

of  grinding  all  the  corn  which  is  used  within 
the  manor,  or  township,  wherein  their  mill 
stands.  Grose. 


SQC'A^E)  n-  [Mod.  L.  socagium,  sockagium, — 
from  A.  S.  soc  or  socn,  a liberty  or  privilege,  or 
from  Fr.  soke,  Mod.  L.  soca,  soccus,  a plough.] 
(Eng.  Law.)  A tenure  by  any  certain  and  deter- 
minate service  ; plough-service.  Blackstone. 

Socage  lias  generally  been  divided  into  free  soc- 
age and  villein  socugc.  Free  socage,  a tenure  by  some 
certain  and  determinate  service  (usually  in  England 
fealfy  and  rent);  called  free  because  the  service  was 
not  only  certain  but  honorable,  and  thus  distinguished 
from  villein  socage,  where  the  services,  though  cer- 
tain, were  of  a baser  nature.  Free  socage,  called  also 
common  socage,  is  the  tenure  by  which  t lie  great  bulk 
of  real  property  in  England  is  now  held.  Burrill. 

SOC'A-^JJR,  n.  A tenant  by  socage.  Johnson. 

SO'— CALLED  (so'kald),  a.  Thus  named. 

SO-CI-A-BIL'I-TY  (so-she-j-bll'e-te),  n.  [Fr.  so- 
ciability.] The  quality  or  the  state  of  being 
sociable  ; soeiableness.  Warburton. 

SO'CI-A-BLE  (so'she-9-bl)  [sB'slie-a-bl,  W.  P.  F. 
Ja.  Sm.;  so'she-bl,  S.  J.  Wr.],  a.  [L.  sociabilis  ; 
socio,  to  associate;  socius,  a companion;  It. 
sociabils  ; Sp.  dr  Fr.  sociable.] 

1.  Fit  to  be  conjoined  or  united;  social. 

Another  law  teacheth  them  as  they  are  sociable  parts  unit- 
ed into  one  bod}'.  Hooker. 

2.  Ready  to  unite  in  a general  interest ; in- 
clined to  associate  with  others ; inclined  to 
company  ; companionable  ; friendly  ; familiar. 

To  make  man  mild  and  sociable  to  man.  Addison. 

3.  Free  or  ready  to  converse;  inclined  to 

conversation  ; conversable  ; — opposed  to  re- 
served or  taciturn.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Social. 

SO'CI-A-BLE  (so’she-a-bl),  n.  A kind  of  phaeton, 
or  open,  four-wheeled  carriage,  with  two  seats 
facing  each  other.  Mason. 

SO 'Cl- A-BL  E-NESS  (sS'she-a-hl-nes),  n.  The  qual- 
ity of  being  sociable  ; disposition  to  associate 
with  others  ; good-fellowship.  More. 

SO'Cl-A-BLY  (so'she-a-ble),  ad.  In  a sociable 
manner  ; conversably  ; companionably.  Milton. 

SO'CIAL  (so'shal),  a.  [L.  socialis ; socius,  a com- 
panion ; Fr.  social.] 

1.  Relating  to  a general  or  public  interest ; 

relating  to  society.  “ Social  morality.”  Locke. 

True  self-love  and  social  arc  the  same.  Tope. 

2.  Inclined  to  associate  or  converse  with 
others  ; companionable  ; conversable  ; sociable. 

Withers,  adieu!  yet  not  with  thee  remove 

Thy  martial  spirit  or  thy  social  love.  Pope. 

3.  Consisting  in  union  or  converse  with  an- 
other. “ Social  communication.”  Milton. 

4.  (Bot.)  Noting  plants  many  species  of 
which  grow  together  in  a wild  state,  so  as  to  oc- 
cupy a considerable  extent  of  ground.  Henslow . 

Syn.  — Those  who  are  formed  for  society  are 
social ; those  who  are  inclined  to  have  familiar  inter- 
course with  others  are  sociable.  Man  is  asocial  being, 
yet  all  men  are  not  sociable.  Social  duties  or  pleas- 
ures ; sociable  or  companionable  disposition  ; familiar 
intercourse.  — See  Convivial. 

SO'CIAL-I^M  (so'shal-izm),  n.  [Fr.  socialisme .] 
The  science  of  reconstructing  society  on  en- 
tirely new  bases,  by  substituting  the  principle 
of  association  for  that  of  competition  in  every 
branch  of  human  industry.  Branch. 

Syn.  — In  the  various  forms  under  which  society 
has  existed,  private  property,  individual  industry  and 
enterprise,  and  the  right  of  marriage  and  the  family, 
have  heen  recognized.  Of  late  years,  several  schemes 
of  social  arrangement  have  heen  proposed,  in  which 
one  or  all  of  these  principles  have  been  abandoned  or 
modified.  These  schemes  may  be  comprehended 
under  the  general  term  of  socialism.  The  motto  of 
them  all  is  solidarity , or  fellowship  and  mutual  re- 
sponsibility.— Communism  demands  a community 
of  goods  or  property.  Fourierism , or  Philansteris'm, 
is  the  system  of  Charles  Fourier,  who  advocated 
the  plan  of  reorganizing  society  into  so  many  phi- 
lansteries , containing  each  from  500  to  2000  per- 
sons, upon  principles  similar  to  those  of  joint-stock 
companies  ; the  members  to  live  in  one  spacious 
edifice,  cultivating  a common  domain,  the  proceeds 
to  he  shared  according  to  the  amount  of  capital,  skill, 
or  labor  invested  by  each.  Saint  Simoriianism , or 
Humanitarianism,  is  the  system  of  Claude  Henri,  Count 
de  Saint  Simon,  who  thought  that  the  present  evils 
of  society  were  to  be  remedied  by  a just  division  of 
the  fruits  of  common  labor  between  its  members. 
After  his  death  his  disciples  formed  an  association, 
called  the  St.  Sim  on  van  family,  which,  after  the  French 
revolution  of  1830,  rose  rapidly  into  notoriety  and 


favor.  With  the  notions  common  to  many  other 
social  reformers  the  members  of  this  association 
united  the  doctrine  that  the  division  of  the  goods  of 
the  community  should  be  in  due  proportion  to  the 
merits  or  capacity  of  the  recipient ; and  the  govern- 
ment of  the  society  was  to  be  intrusted  to  a hierarchy 
consisting  of  a supreme  pontiff',  apostles,  and  disci- 
ples of  the  first,  second,  and  third  order.  Practical 
difficulties  arose  in  carrying  the  scheme  into  execu- 
tion, and,  in  1832,  the  association  was  dispersed  by 
the  French  government  on  account  of  their  immoral 
and  licentious  practices.  Fleming.  Ogilcic . Braude . 

SO'CI AL-1ST,  n.  [Fr.  socialists.]  An  advocate 
of  socialism.  Ch.  Ob. 

SO-CI  AL-IST'IC,  a.  Relating  to,  or  resembling, 
socialism.  Bib.  Sacra . 

SO-CI-AL'I-TY  (s5-slie-al'e-te),  n.  [L.  socialitas  ; 
It.  socialita ; Fr.  socialite.]  The  quality  of  be- 
ing social ; socialness,  [it.]  Sterne . 

SO'CIAL-IZE  (so'sh<il-lz),  v.  a.  To  render  social  : 
— to  regulate  as  socialists.  Qu.  Iiev. 

SO'CIAL-LY  (sd'shfd-le),  ad.  In  a social  way  or 
manner ; companionably.  Todd. 

SO'CIAL-NESS  (sS'shal-nes),  n.  The  quality  or 
the  state  of  being  social.  Johnson. 

f SO'CI-ATE  (sd'she-at),  v.  n.  [L.  socio , sociatus.] 
To  associate  ; to  mix  in  company.  Shelf  wd. 

f SO'CI-ATE,  a.  Associated;  joined  in  fellow- 
ship or  partnership.  Udal. 

SO-Cl'jp-TY,  n.  [L.  societas ; socius , a compan- 
ion ; It.  societa;  Sp.  sociedudi  Fr.  socidte.] 

1.  Union  of  many  in  one  general  interest ; 
numbers  united  in  one  interest ; community. 

A commonwealth  is  called  a society  or  common  doing  of  a 
multitude  of  free  men  collected  together  and  united  by  com- 
mon accord  and  covenant  among  themselves.  A.  Smith. 

2.  A number  of  persons  united  together  by 
mutual  consent,  in  order  to  deliberate,  deter- 
mine, and  act  jointly  for  some  common  pur- 
pose ; an  association  formed  for  the  promotion 
of  some  object,  either  literary,  religious,  benev- 
olent, political,  or  convivial ; as,  the  societies 
or  academies  for  promoting  the  cause  of  litera- 
ture ; charitable  societies,  for  purposes  of  public 
charity;  missionary- societies,  for  sending  mis- 
sionaries abroad. 

XjST  Societies  are  either  incorporated  and  known  to 
the  law,  or  unincorporated,  of  which  the  law  does 
not  generally  tako  notice.  Associations  formed  for 
commercial  purposes  are  usually  styled  companies  or 
partnerships.  Societies  formed  for  convivial  or  politi- 
cal purposes,  are  most  usually  denominated  clubs. 
Bouvier.  Braude. 

3.  Social  sympathy ; companionship  ; fellow- 
ship ; company  ; converse. 

For  solitude  sometimes  is  best  society; 

A short  retirement  urges  sweet  return.  Milton. 
There  is  society  where  none  intrudes 
By  the  deep  sea,  and  music  in  its  roar.  Byron. 

Civil  society,  a state ; a nation  ; a body  politic. 

Bouvier. 

Syn.  — Society  is  a more  general  term  than  com- 
pany, and  is  of  extensive  application  ; as  a scientific, 
literary,  religious,  political,  or  lievevolent  society’,  tiie 
Royal  Society  ; t lie  Historical  Society  ; a commercial 
company’,  the  East  India  Company ; a military  com- 
pany ; partnership  in  trade  ; tile  general  community. 
A person  is  said  to  lie  fond  of  society  or  fond  of  com- 
pany. — See  Association. 

SO-CIN'I-AN,  a.  Of,  or  relating  to,  Socinus,  So- 
cinians,  or  Socinianism.  Hurd. 

SO-CIN'I-AN,  n.  ( Eccl . Hist.)  A follower  of  Lte- 
lius  Socinus,  and  his  nephew  Faustus  Socinus, 
who  lived  in  the  16th  century,  and  maintained 
that  Jesus  Christ  was  a mere  man,  who  had  no 
existence  before  he  was  conceived  by  the  Virgin 
Mary.  Eden. 

SO-OlN'I-AN-IijM,  n.  (Eccl.  Hist.)  The  tenets 
of  the  Socinians.  Bp.  Hall. 

SO-CIN'!-AN-iZE,  v.  a.  To  conform  or  adapt  to 
Socinianism.  Milner. 

SO-CI-O-LOt^'jC,  ? a.  Relating  to  sociology. 

SO-Cl-O-LOtJf'J-CAL,  ) West.  Rev. 

S6-CI-6L'0-£Y  (so-she-ot'o-je),  n.  [L.  socius,  a 
companion,  and  Gr.  ibyos,  a discourse.]  The 
science  which  relates  to,  or  treats  of,  human 
society ; political  science.  iV.  Brit.  Rev. 

SOCK,  n.  [L.  soccus,  a low-heeled,  light  shoe  ; 
It.  socco  ; Sp.  zoco,  a wooden  shoe  ; Fr.  soque. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  V,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U.'V,  short;  A,  5,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


SOCKET 


1367 


SOFTEN 


— A.  S.  socc ; Dut.  sok  ; Frs.  socca ; Ger.  socke  ; 
Dan.  sokke ; S\v.  socka;  Icel.  soc/cr.] 

1.  The  name  given  to  the  peculiar  kind  of 
shoe  worn  by  the  ancient  comedians  ; — hence, 
metaphorically,  comedy  itself,  as  opposed  to 
buskin,  or  tragedy. 

Great  Fletcher  never  treads  in  buskins  here, 

Nor  greater  Jonson  dares  in  socks  appear.  Dryden. 

2.  Something  put  between  the  foot  and  shoe  ; 

a short  stocking.  Shak. 

3.  An  inner  warm  sole  for  a shoe.  Simmonds. 

4.  A ploughshare.  [Local,  Eng.]  Ray. 

SOCK'ET,  n.  A tube  or  cavity  that  receives 
something  inserted,  as  the  hollow  cylinder  of  a 
candlestick,  the  spherical  cup  in  which  a ball 
turns,  or  the  receptacle  of  the  eye.  “ A candle 
in  the  socket."  Hudibras. 

The  connection  of  a tooth  to  its  socket.  Wiseman. 

SOCKET— CHIS'EL,  n.  A strong  sort  of  chisel 
used  for  mortising.  Moxon. 

SOCK'ET— POLE,  n.  A pole  having  a socket, 
used  for  propelling  a boat,  &c.  Clarke. 

SOCK'LESS,  a.  Without  socks.  Beau.  8$  FI. 

SOCK'— PLATE,  n.  A plate  from  which  a plough- 
share is  made.  Stephens. 

SOCK' Y,  a.  Soaky.  — See  Soaky. 

SOO'LE  (sok'kl  or  so’kl)  [sok'kl,  S.  Sm.  ITT.; 
so'kl,  IF.  K.  I Vb.],  n.  [It.  zoccolo,  a shoe.  — 
See  Sock.]  (Arch.)  A square  member  or  piece 
of  masonry,  whose  breadth  is  greater  than  its 
height,  used  instead  of  a pedestal  for  the  recep- 
tion of  a column,  and  differing  from  a pedestal 
in  being  without  base  or  cornice.  Brande. 

SOC'MAN,  n.  (Old  Eng.  Law.)  A tenant  by  soc- 
age ; a socager  ; — written  also  sokman,  and 
sokeman.  Whishaw. 

SOC'MAN-RY,  n.  (Old  Eng.  Law.)  Tenure  by 
socage.  Cowell. 

SOC'OME,  n.  ( Old  Eng.  Law.)  A custom  of  ten- 
ants to  grind  corn  at  their  lord’s  mill.  Cowell. 

SOC'O-TRlNE,  a.  Relating  to  Socotra,  an  island 
in  the  Indian  Ocean,  or  noting  a kind  of  aloes 
which  come  from  Socotra.  Dunylison. 

SO-CIIAI  IC,  ) a_  Relating  to  Socrates,  the 

SO-CRAT'T-CAL,  ) Grecian  philosopher,  to  his 
philosophy,  or  to  his  method  of  teaching. 

,fl®*Tl]e  Socratic  method  of  arguing  is  that  which 
proceeds  by  putting  questions  to  the  opponent,  so  as 
to  draw  from  hint  an  admission  of  the  tiling  to  be 
proved. 

SO-CRAT'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  With  the  Socratical 
mode  or  manner.  Goodman. 

SOC'RA-TIijM,  n.  The  philosophy  or  doctrine  of 
Socrates.  Todd. 

SOC'RA-TIST,  n.  A disciple  of  Socrates.  Martin. 

SOD,  n.  [Dut.  zode;  Ger.  sode .]  The  grassy 

surface  of  the  soil  pared  off  with  a portion  of 
the  earth ; a clod  with  grass  on  it ; a turf. 

The  sexton  shall  green  sods  on  thee  bestow.  Swift. 

SOD,  ti.  a.  \i.  SODDED;  pp.  SODDING,  SODDED.] 
To  cover  with  sods  or  turf;  as,  “ To  sod  a lawn.” 

SOD,  a.  Made  of  sods.  Cunningham. 

SOD,  i.  from  seethe.  Seethed. — See  Seetiie. 

SO'DA,  n.  (Chem.)  An  alkali  composed  of  one 
equivalent  of  oxygen  and  one  of  sodium,  and 
forming  the  basis  of  an  important  series  of 
salts.  Miller. 

B8T  Pure  anhydrous  soda  can  be  obtained  by  burn- 
ing sodium  in  dry  air  or  oxygen  gas.  It  is  a white 
solid,  difficult  of  fusion,  and  is  very  similar  in  all  its 
properties  to  potassa.  By  combination  with  water, 
for  which  it  has  a very  strong  affinity,  it  becomes  a 
solid  hydrate  of  soda,  which  is  fusible  by  heat,  very 
soluble  in  water  and  alcohol,  has  powerful  alkaline 
properties,  and  in  all  its  chemical  relations  is  ex- 
tremely analogous  to  hydrate  of  potassa.  Turner. 

Ball  soda,  (Chem.)  a black  mass  formed  in  the 
process  of  manufacturing  carbonate  of  soda,  by  fusing 
a mixture  of  sulphate  of  soda,  powdered  chalk  and 
powdered  coal,  and  containing  about  twenty  percent, 
of  pure  soda  mixed  with  unburned  coal  and  oxysul- 
pbide  of  calcium;  — called  also  black  ash  and  British 
barilla.  Miller.  — Carbonate  of  soda,  (Chem.)  a salt 
composed  of  carbonic  acid  and  soda,  and  used  in 
immense  quantities  in  the  manufacture  of  glass,  soap, 


and  in  the  preparation  of  various  other  compounds  of 
soda.  It  was  formerly  obtained  from  barilla  and 
kelp,  but  it  is  now  manufactured  from  sea-salt. — 
Caustic  soda,  a compound  of  one  equivalent  of  pro- 
toxide of  sodium  and  one  of  water;  hydrate  of  soda. 

Wood  t(  Bache Salts  of  soda,  an  impure  carbonate 

of  soda  containing  chloride  of  sodium  and  sulphate 
of  soda ; soda-ash.  Graham. 

SO'DA— AL'UM,  n.  (Min.)  A crystalline  mineral 
soluble  in  water,  and  of  an  astringent  taste, 
composed  of  sulphate  of  soda,  sulphate  of  alu- 
mina, and  water.  Dana. 

SO'DA— ASH,  n.  (Chem.)  An  impure  carbonate 
of  soda,  in  white  or  gray  compact  masses,  con- 
taining variable  quantities  of  foreign  salts, 
which  consist  chiefly  of  chloride  of  sodium  and 
sulphate  of  soda.  Wood  <Sj-  Bache.  Horsford. 

SO'DA-LITE,  n.  (Min.)  A crystalline,  and  also 
massive,  subtransparent  or  translucent  mineral 
of  various  colors,  composed  of  silica,  alumina, 
soda,  sodium,  and  chlorine.  Dana. 

SO-DAL'I-TY,  n.  [L.  sodalitas ; sodalis,  a com- 
rade ; Fr.  sodalite .]  A fellowship  ; a traternity  ; 
a brotherhood.  Stilling. fleet. 

SO'DA— SALTS,  n.  pi.  (Chem.)  A series  of  oxy- 
salts  of  which  the  base  is  soda.  Miller. 

SO'DA— YVA'TER,  n.  Water  often  holding  other 
substances  in  solution,  mechanically  charged 
with  a large  quantity  of  carbonic  acid  gas, 
which  escapes  on  the  removal  of  compression 
with  brisk  effervescence.  Miller. 

SOD'DEN  (-dn),/).  1.  Seethed. — See  Seethe. Shak. 

2.  Soaked  and  softened  in  water.  Dickens. 

SOD'DY,  a.  Consisting  of,  or  covered  with,  sods  ; 
turfy.  Cotgrave. 

SOD'ER  [sod'er,  S.  W.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  B.  Wb. ; so'- 
der,  P.  ; sSt'der,  K.  Sm.  Wr.],v.  a.  [L.  solido,  to 
make  solid  ; solidus,  solid  ; It.  sodare  ; Sp.  sol- 
dar ; Fr.  soudcr .]  [i.  sodered  ; pp.  soderino,  | 
sodered.]  To  unite  or  fasten  with  a metallic 
cement;  to  solder. — See  Solder.  Milton. 

SOD'ER,  n-  Metallic  cement;  solder.  Collier. 

SO'DI-UM,  n.  (Chem.)  One  of  the  lightest  and 
most  fusible  of  the  metals,  being  a little  lighter 
than  water,  and  melting  at  194°  Fahrenheit, 
white,  and  having  the  aspect  of  silver,  easily 
cut,  and  so  soft  as  to  yield  to  the  pressure  of 
the  fingers  ; rapidly  oxidating  when  thrown 
upon  water,  decomposing  it,  evolving  hydrogen 
gas,  and  forming  an  alkaline  solution  of  s.oda  ; 
and  becoming  so  hot,  when  the  quantity  of 
water  is  relatively  small,  as  to  take  fire. 

Horsford. 

As  potassium  is,  in  some  degree,  characteristic 
of  the  vegetable  kingdom,  so  sodium  is  the  alkaline 
metal  of  the  animal  kingdom,  its  salts  being  found  in 
all  animal  fluids.  Graham. 

s6D'OM-lTE,  n.  1.  An  inhabitant  of  Sodom. 

2.  One  guilty  of  sodomy.  Ash. 

SOD-OM-lT'I-CAL,  a.  Relating  to  sodomy.  Ash. 

SOD'O-MY,  n.  The  sin  of  Sodom;  a carnal  cop- 
ulation against  nature  ; buggery.  Dunglison. 

SOE,  n.  [Sw.  sa.  — Scot,  sag,  sey,  sai.  — Old  F r. 
seau.\  A large  wooden  bucket  or  tub  ; a cowl. 
[Local,  Eng.]  More. 

SOE'FUL,  n.  As  much  as  a soe  will  hold.  II.  More. 

SO-F.V'ER,  ad.  [Eng.  so  and  ever.]  A word  usu- 
ally joined  with  a pronoun  or  an  adverb,  as  who, 
what,  which,  how,  &c.,  giving  a wider  extent  of 
meaning ; as,  whosoever,  whatsoever,  howsoever. 
It  is  sometimes  separated  from  the  pronoun. 

■What  great  thing  soever  a man  proposed  to  do  in  bis  life, 
he  should  think  of  achieving  it  hy  fifty.  Temple. 

SO 'FA,  n.  ; pi.  so'fa$.  [Per.  sofat.  — It.,  Sp., 
4r  Fr.  sofa.]  A long,  soft,  easy,  stuffed  seat  for 
parlors,  &e.  Guardian. 

Thus  first  necessity  invented  stools, 

Convenience  next  suggested  elbow  chairs, 

And  luxury  th’  accomplished  sofa  last.  Cowper. 

SO ’FA— BED,  n.  A kind  of  sofa  which  can  be 
converted  into  a bed,  as  by  letting  down  the 
back  ; — called  also  sofa-bedstead.  Clarke. 

SO'FETT,  n.  A small  sofa.  Clarke. 

SOF'FIT,  n.  [It.  sofftb  ; Fr.  soffte.]  (Arch.) 

Any  timber-ceiling  formed  of  cross-beams  or 


flying  cornices,  the  square  compartments  or 
panels  of  which  are  enriched  with  sculpture, 
painting,  or  gilding.  Weak. 

SO'FI  (sfl'fe),  n. ; pi.  so'F.Ly.  [Probably  a corrup- 
tion of  Gr.  crowds,  wise.  Brande.]  A religious 
person  among  the  Mahometans,  otherwise  called 
a dervise  or  dervish  ; — written  also  sophi  and 
soofee.  Brande. 

SO'FlfM,  n.  The  mystical  doctrines  of  the  class  of 
Mohammedan  religionists  called  softs.  Brande. 

||  SOFT  (soft  or  sflwft)  [soft,  IF.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja. 
Sm.  ]{.  ; s&wft,  S.  K.  Nares],  a.  [A.  S.  soft, 
soft ; Dnt.  zacht ; Ger.  sacht,  sauft ; Dan.  sayte  ; 
Sw.  sakta.  — It.  soffice,  pliant,  soft.] 

1.  Easily  yielding  to  pressure  ; easy  to  be 
pierced,  penetrated,  or  compressed;  not  hard; 
as,  “ Soft  clay  ” ; “A  soft  bed.” 

Ilot  and  cold  were  in  one  body  fixt. 

And  soft  witli  hard,  light  with  heavy,  mixt.  Dryden. 

2.  Not  rugged;  notrough;  smooth;  fine. 

A man  clothed  in  soft  raiment.  Mutt.  xi.  8. 

3.  Easily  persuaded  ; easily  influenced  ; not 
resolute  ; flexible  ; facile  ; irresolute. 

A few  divines  of  so  soft  and  servile  tempers.  K.  Charles. 
One  king  is  too  soft  and  easy,  another  too  fiery.  V Estrange. 

4.  Tender;  compassionate;  timid;  fearful. 

However  soft  within  themselves  they  are, 

To  you  they  will  be  valiant  by  despair.  Dryden. 

5.  Mild  ; gentle  ; kind  ; not  severe ; lenient. 

Yet  soft  his  nature,  though  severe  his  lay.  Pope. 

A soft  answer  turneth  away  wrath.  Brov.xv.  1. 

6.  Placid;  still;  easy;  quiet. 

With  inoffensive  pace  that  spinning  sleeps 

On  her  soft  axle;  while  she  paces  even, 

And  bears  thee  soft  with  the  smootu  air  along.  Milton. 

7.  Effeminate  ; viciously  nice ; luxurious. 

An  idle  and  soft  course  of  life  is  the  source  of  criminal 
pleasures.  liroome. 

8.  Delicately  organized ; delicate;  tender. 

Her  heavenly  form 

Angelic,  but  more  soft , and  feminine.  Milton. 

The  ladies  first 

’Gan  murmur,  as  became  the  softer  sex.  Cowper. 

9.  Weak;  simple;  silly;  foolish. 

What  cannot  such  scoffers  do.  especially  if  thej'  find  a soft 
creature  on  whom  they  may  work?  Burton. 

The  deceiver  soon  found  thisso/Y  place  of  Adam’s.  Glanvill. 

lie  made  soft  fellows  stark  noddies.  Burton. 

10.  Noting  a slight  degree  of  strength  or  in- 
tensity of  sound  ; — opposed  to  loud. 

The  intensity  of  sounds  depends  on  the  force  of  the  im- 
pulse, and  may  be  of  any  degree  of  strength,  from  the  softest 
to  the  loudest  sound.  Moore. 

Her  voice  was  ever  soft , 

Gentle,  and  low;  an  excellent  thing  in  woman.  Shak. 

11.  Mild  to  the  eye  ; not  glaring.  “ The  soft- 
est, sweetest  lights  imaginable.”  Browne. 

12.  Not  forcible;  not  violent ; gentle;  light. 

Sleep  falls  with  softy  slumberous  weight.  Milton. 

13.  Noting  water  not  containing  any  sub- 

stance, as  sulphate  of  lime,  capable  of  decom- 
posing soluble  soaps.  Miller. 

Syn.  — See  Gentle. 

||  SOFT,  ad.  Softly  ; gently  ; quietly.  Spenser. 

||  SOFT,  interj.  Hold;  stop;  not  so  fast. 

Softl  by  and  by  let  me  the  curtains  draw.  Shak. 

SOFT-CON'SenjNOED  (-kon'shenst),  a.  Having 
a tender  conscience.  “ Soft-conscienccd  men.” 

Shak. 

II  SOFT'EN  (sof'fn),  V.  a.  [*.  SOFTENED  ; pp.  SOFT- 
ENING, softened.] 

1.  To  make  soft  or  less  hard. 

Their  arrow’s  point  they  soften  in  the  flame.  Gay. 

2.  To  make  less  fierce  or  obstinate  ; to  make 

tender;  to  intenerate  ; to  mollify;  to  qualify. 
“I  will  soften  stony  hearts.”  Milton. 

3.  To  make  easy;  to  compose;  to  make 
placid  ; to  allay  ; to  mitigate ; to  alleviate. 

Music  can  soften  pain  to  ease.  Pope. 

Bid  her  be  all  that  cheers  or  softens  life  — 

The  tender  sister,  daughter,  friend,  and  wife.  Pope. 

4.  To  make  less  bad  ; to  extenuate  ; to  palliate. 

Our  friends  see  not  our  faults,  or  conceal  them,  or  soften 
them  by  their  representation.  Addison. 

5.  To  make  less  harsh,  less  severe,  less  vehe- 
ment, or  less  violent. 

He  bore  his  great  commission  in  his  look. 

But  sweetly  tempered  awe,  and  softened  all  he  spoke.  Dryden. 

6.  To  make  less  strong  or  intense  in  sound  ; 
to  make  less  loud;  to  make  smooth  to  the  ear; 
as,  “To  soften  the  tones  of  one’s  voice.” 

7.  To  make  less  glaring,  as  light.  Johnson. 

Syn.  — See  Qualify. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RtlLE.  — (J,  (},  *,  soft;  £,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


SOFTEN 


1368 


SOLAR 


||  SoFT'EN  (sSf'fn),  v.  n.  1.  To  grow  soft  or 
softer  ; to  become  less  hard. 

Many  bodies  that  will  hardly  melt  will  soften.  Bacon. 

2.  To  become  less  obdurate,  cruel,  or  obstinate. 

lie  may  soften  at  the  sight  of  the  child.  Shak. 

3.  To  become  more  mild  or  warm.  “The 

softening  air  is  balm.”  Thomson. 

II  SOFT'EN-ER  (sof'fn-er),  n.  One  who,  or  that 
which,  softens ; a softner.  C.  Richardson. 

II  SOFT'EN-lNG  (sof'fn-Ing),  n.  1.  The  act  of 
making  soft  or  softer.  Abp.  Hart. 

2.  (Painting.)  The  blending  of  tints  into 
harmony  with  each  other.  Fairholt. 

||  SOFT'— GRASS,  n.  (Dot.)  A gramineous  plant 
of  the  genus  Holcus.  Loudon. 

||  SOFT'— HEAD-ED,  a.  Having  a weak  or  feeble 
intellect.  Bailey. 

||  SOFT'— IIEART-1JD,  a.  1.  Having  a soft  or  kind 
heart;  kind-hearted;  gentle;  meek.  Milton. 

2.  Cowardly;  effeminate  ; unmanly.  t>hak. 

||  SOFT'JSH,  a.  Somewhat  soft  ; inclining  to 
softness.  Chambers. 

||  SOFT'LING,  ti.  An  effeminate  person.  Woolton. 

||  SOFT'LY,  ad.  In  a soft  manner ; with  softness. 

||  SOFT'NJJR  (sof'ner),  n.  One  who,  or  that  which, 
softens  ; a softener.  Swift. 

||  SOFT'NpSS,  n.  1.  The  quality  of  being  soft; 
that  quality  in  bodies,  in  virtue  of  which  their 
particles  yield  more  or  less  to  the  action  of  ex- 
ternal force  ; — opposed  to  hardness. 

2.  Mildness  ; kindness  ; meekness  ; tender- 
ness ; gentleness.  Drydcn. 

For  contemplation  he,  and  valor,  formed; 

For  softness  she,  and  sweet,  attractive  grace.  Milton. 

3.  Vicious  delicacy  ; effeminacy ; voluptu- 
ousness. “ Softnesses  of  the  court.”  Clarendon. 

4.  Pusillanimity ; timorousness ; want  of  valor. 

This  virtue  could  not  proceed  out  of  fear  or  softness;  for 
he  was  valiant  and  active.  Bacon. 

5.  A small  degree  of  strength  or  intensity  of 

sound  ; — opposed  to  loudness.  Cook. 

Softness  of  sounds  is  distinct  from  exility  of  sounds.  Bacon. 

6.  Easiness  to  be  affected  or  influenced ; 
pliancy  ; pliableness  ; facility. 

Such  was  the  ancient  simplicity  and  softness  of  spirit.  Ilookcr. 

||  SOFT'— VOICED  (soft'vbist),  a.  Having  a soft  or 
gentle  voice.  Clarke. 

SOG'GY,  a.  [“Perhaps  from  A.  S.  sugan,  to 
suck,  to  absorb.”  Richardson.  — W.  soegi,  to 
steep.  — See  Soak.]  Soaked  with  water  or 
moisture  ; thoroughly  damp  ; moist  throughout ; 
as,  “ Soggy  land  ” ; “ Soggy  timber.” 

The  warping  condition  of  this  green  and  soggy  multitude. 

B.  Jonson. 

SO-HO',  interj.  A form  of  calling  from  a distant 
place ; a sportsman’s  halloo.  Shak. 

SOI-DISANT  (swa'dS-zitng'),  a.  [Fr.]  Pretended; 
would-be  ; self-styled.  Ch.  Ub. 

SOIL,  v.  a.  [Goth,  saulnjan  ; A.  S.  selan  ; Dan. 
stile ; Iccl.  <Sf  Sw.  Sola.  — Ir.  salaighim ; Gael,  sa- 
laich.  — Fr.  salir,  souiller .]  [ i . soiled  ; pp. 

SOILING,  SOILED.] 

1.  To  make  dirty ; to  foul ; to  pollute ; to 
stain ; to  sully  ; to  tarnish ; to  defile. 

I would  not  soil  these  pure  ambrosial  weeds 

With  the  rank  vapors  of  this  sin-worn  mould.  Milton. 

2.  To  manure  ; to  dung.  South. 

3.  To  feed,  as  horses  or  cattle,  with  cut  grass 

and  other  green  food,  which  has  the  effect  of 
purging  them.  Shak.  Farm.  Ency. 

Syn.  — See  Stain. 

SOIL,  n.  [See  Soil,  il]  1.  Dirt ; filth ; foul  earth 
or  other  foul  matter ; compost. 

The  place  which  is  shown  for  the  haven  is  on  a level  with 
the  town,  and  has  probably  been  stopped  up  by  the  great 
heaps  of  dirt  that  the  sea  has  thrown  into  it;  for  all  the  soil 
on  that  side  of  Ravenna  has  been  left  there  insensibly  by  the 
sea’s  discharging  itself  upon  it  for  many  years.  Addison. 

2.  Blot;  stain;  spot;  tarnish;  defacement. 

That  would  be  a great  soil  in  the  new  gloss  of  your  mar- 
riage. s/iak. 

3.  [L.  solum ; It.  suolo;  Fr.  sof.]  A superfi- 
cial layer  of  earth  more  or  less  mixed  with  the 
remains  of  animal  and  vegetable  substances  in 
a state  of  decomposition  ; mould ; loom. 

Spring  unlocks  the  flowers  to  paint  the  laughing  soil.  Jleber. 

Kir  A soil  may  be  described  as  sandy,  clayey, 
marly,  or  calcareous,  according  as  silica,  alumina,  or 
lime  is  tile  prevailing  ingredient.  Miller. 


4.  Land  ; country.  “ In  foreign  soil.”  Shak. 

All  hail  I thou  noble  land, 

Our  fathers’  native  soil.  Allston. 

To  take  soil,  t to  wallow  in  the  mile,  as  swine. 
Cotarav e.  — To  take  to  the  water,  as  a hunted  deer. 
Km.  Browne. 

Syn.  — See  Land. 

f SOlL'I-NESS,  7i.  Stain;  foulness.  Bacon. 

SOIL'JNG,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  soils. 

2.  A mode  of  feeding  horses  and  cattle,  in  the 
stable,  with  grass  and  other  green  food.  P.  Cyc. 
SOI  L'L^SS,  a.  Destitute  of  soil  or  mould.  Wright. 
SOIL'URE  (sbll'yur),  n.  Stain  ; pollution  ; defile- 


ment;— incontinence,  [it.]  Shak. 

f SOIL'Y,  a.  Dirty  ; foul ; soiled.  Ash. 

SOIREE  (swa-ra'),  n.  [Fr.  ; from  soir,  evening.] 
An  evening  party.  Braude. 

||  SO'JOl'RN  (so'jurn)  [sS'jurn,  S.  IP.  J.  F.  Ja.  K. 
Sm.  R.  IP/’.  C.  ; so'jurn  or  so-jurn',  P . ; so-jurn', 
Kenrick,  Entick  ; soj'iirn,  Ash),  v.  n.  [It.  sog- 


giornare  ; Fr.  sojourner-, — front  L.  sub-diurno, 
to  tarry  for  some  days.  Menage.  Skinner .]  [i. 

SOJOURNED  ; pp.  SOJOURNING,  SOJOURNED.] 
To  dwell  or  abide  for  a time  ; to  have  a tempo- 
rary abode  ;.  to  live  as  not  at  home. 

Say,  uncle  Gloster,  if  our  brother  come. 

Where  shall  we  sojourn  till  our  coronation?  Shale. 

This  verb  and  noun,  as  may  be  seen  in 
Johnson,  are  variously  accented  by  the  poets  ; but  our 
modern  orthoepists  have,  in  general,  given  the  accent 
to  the  first  syllable  of  both  words.  Dr.  Kenrick, 
Entick,  and  Buchanan,  accent  the  second  syllable ; 
but  Dr.  Johnson,  Mr.  Sheridan,  Dr.  Ash,  Mr.  Nares, 
W.  Johnston,  Bailey,  Barclay,  and  Fenning,  the  first. 
Mr.  Scott  gives  both  accents,  but  that  on  the  first  syl- 
lable the  first  place.’1  Walker. 

Syn.  — See  Abide. 

SO’JOURN  (so'jurn),  n.  [It.  soggiorno ; Fr.  se- 
jour.~\  A temporary  residence  or  abode. 

Scarce  viewed  the  Galilean  towns, 

And  once  a year  Jerusalem,  few  days’ 

Short  sojourn.  Milton. 

||  SO'JOUliN-lJR,  n.  One  who  sojourns  ; a tempo- 
rary dweller.  Drydcn. 

||  Su'JOURN-lNG,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  so- 
journs ; temporary  abode.  Ex.  xii.  40. 

||  SO'JOURN-MENT,  n.  The  act  or  the  time  of  so- 
journing ; sojourning,  [it.]  Sir  H.  Halford. 

SOKE,  n.  1.  (Law.)  Soc.  — See  Soc.  Spclman. 

2.  A territorial  division  subsisting  in  Lin- 
colnshire, Eng.  Brande. 

SOKE'MAN,  n.  (Law.)  See  Socman.  Whishaw. 

SOKE'MAN-RY,  n.  (Law.)  Socage.  Blackstonc. 

SOKE'REE VE,  n.  (Law.)  A rent-gatherer  in  a 
lord’s  soke.  Crabb. 

SOL,  n.  [L.]  1.  (Myth.)  The  sun. 

2.  ( Old  Chem.)  Gold.  Dunglison. 

3.  A French  copper  coin  ; a sou.  Landais. 

4.  A Swiss  copper  coin  and  money  of  ac- 
count. Wright. 

5.  (Her.)  The  color  of  gold  in  the  coats  of 

sovereign  princes.  Wright. 

SOL  [sol,  Ja.  K.  R.  Wr.  C. ; sol,  O.  Wb.],  n. 
(Mas.)  The  name  given  to  the  note  G of  the 
musical  scale  ; — sometimes  applied  to  the  fifth 
tone  of  any  major  diatonic  scale.  Dwight. 

SOL'ACE,  i’.  a.  [L.  solatium,  solace  ; — It.  sollazr 
zare,  to  solace ; Sp.  solazar ; Old  Fr.  solacier .] 
\i.  solaced  ; pp.  solacing,  solaced.]  To  con- 
sole ; to  comfort ; to  cheer  ; to  relieve  ; to  soothe. 
We  will  with  some  strange  pastime  solace  them.  Shuk. 

f SOL'ACE,  v.  n.  To  take  comfort;  to  be  con- 
soled ; to  be  cheered. 

But  one  thing  to  rejoice  and  solace  in, 

And  cruel  Death  hath  catched  it  from  my  sight.  Shak. 

SOL'ACE,  n.  [L.  solatium ; solar,  to  console  ; 
It . sollazzo;  Sp.  solaz ; Old  Fr  .solace.]  Com- 
fort in  grief ; consolation ; alleviation  ; that 
which  gives  comfort ; relief ; recreation. 

Though  sight  be  lost, 

Life  yet  hath  many  solaces.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Comfort. 

SOL'ACE-MENT,  n.  The  act  of  solacing,  or  that 
which  solaces  ; solace  ; consolation,  [r.] 

There  [they]  discovered  some  large  springs.  This  proved 
their  solacement  and  relief.  * Gordon.  , 

f SO-LA'CIOUS  (so-la'sbus),  a.  [Fr.  solaciettx. ] 
Affording  solace  or  comfort.  Bale. 


So  ' lAk,  n.  An  archer  belonging  to  the  personal 
guard  of  the  Grand  Seignior.  • Crabb. 

SOI.-B-NB'  CF.-JE,  n.  (Bot.)  A family  of  plants, 
most  of  which  are  tropical,  and  possess  narcotic 
qualities,  and  some  are  highly  poisonous ; night- 
shade family.  Baird. 

SOL-A-NA'CEOPS  (-tia'shus),  a.  Of,  or  pertaining 
to,  plants  of  the  family  Solanacece. 

SO-LAN'D^R,  n.  [Fr.  solunder. ] A disease  in 
horses.  Bailey. 

SO 'LAND— GOOSE,  or  SO'LAN-GOOSE,  n.  (Or- 
nith.)  A species  of  pelican  ; the  gannet.  — See 
Gannet.  Todd.  Eng.  Cyc. 

SO-LA'NI-A,  n.  (Chem.)  A poisonous  alkaloid  ; 
solanine.  — See  Solanine.  Brande. 

SOL'A-NINE,  n.  (Chem.)  A crystalline,  very  hit- 
ter, acrid,  and  highly  poisonous  alkaloid,  oc- 
curring in  the  common  potato  plant,  and  many 
other  species  of  Solatium  ; — called  also  sola- 
nia.  Gregory. 

HCg-The  injurious  properties  of  unripe  potatoes  re- 
sult from  the  presence  of  solanine.  It  exists  abun- 
dantly in  the  early  shoots  (under  ground)  and  buds  of 
the  tubers.  Kane. 

SO-lA  'JfO,  n.  [Sp.]  A hot,  oppressive  wind, 
which  blows  occasionally  in  the  Mediterranean, 
particularly  on  the  eastern  coast  of  Spain  ; a 
modification  of  the  sirocco.  Brande. 

SOL'A-NOID,  a.  [L.  solatium,  the  nightshade 
(Solanum  tuberosum  (Bot  ),  the  potato),  and 
Gr.  eVtoi,  form.]  (Med.)  Noting  a cancer  which 
resembles  a potato.  Dunglison. 

SO-LB'NUM,  n.  [L.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants 
of  several  species,  including  the  potato  (Sola- 
tium tuberosum)  and  the  egg-plant  (Solanum 
melongcna).  Gray.  Eng.  Cyc. 

K£~  The  tomato,  or  love-apple,  was  formerly 
classed  in  this  genus,  but  is  now  separated  from  it, 
and  called  Lycopersicum  esculentum . Gray. 

SO'LAR,  u.  [L.  Solaris ; sol,  solis,  the  sun;  It. 
solare-,  Sp  .solar;  Fr.  solaire. ] 

1.  Pertaining  to,  proceeding  from,  or  resem- 
bling the  sun ; sunny. 

His  soul  proud  science  never  taught  to  stray 

Far  as  the  solar  walk  or  milky  way.  Pope. 

2.  Measured  by  the  sun.  “ Any  day  of  any 

solar  month.”  Holder . 

3.  Born  under,  or  in,  the  predominant  influ- 
ence of  the  sun.  “ Solar  people.”  Dryden. 

4.  Produced  by  the  action  of  the  sun  ; as, 
“ Solar  salt.” 

Solar  apex , the  point  in  space,  situated  in  the  constel- 
lation Hercules,  towards  which  t lie  sun  is  moving:. 
Hcrschel.  — Solar  flowers.  (Bot.)  flowers  which  open 
and  shut  daily  at  certain  hours.  Wright.  — Solar  cycle , 
(jSstron.)  a period  of  twenty-eight  Julian  years,  after 
the  lapse  of  which  the  same  days  of  the  week,  on  the 
Julian  system,  would  always  return  to  the  same  days 
of  each  month  throughout  the  year.  The  place  of  any 
year  A.  D.,  as,  1859,  in  this  cycle  is  found  by  adding 
9 to  the  year  and  dividing  by  28.  The  remainder  is 
the  number  sought.  Hcrschel.  — Solar  eclipse , the 
partial  or  total  disappearance  of  the  sun’s  disk  in  con- 
sequence of  the  moon  passing  between  the  sun  and 
the  earth. — Total  solar  eclipse,  a solar  eclipse  in  which 
the  whole  of  the  sun’s  disk  disappears  for  a short 
time. — Partial  solar  eclipse , a solar  eclipse  in  which 
only  a part  of  the  sun’s  disk  disappears. — Annular 
solar  eclipse , a solar  eclipse  in  which  the  edge  of  the 
sun  appears  for  a few  minutes  as  a narrow  ring  of 
light,  projecting  on  all  sides  beyond  the  dark  circle 
occupied  by  the  moon  in  its  centre.  Hcrschel. — 
Solar  day,  the  interval  of  time  between  two  succes- 
sive arrivals  of  the  sun  on  the  same  meridian.  The 
actual  solar  day  is  never  two  days  in  succession  of 
the  same  length.  — Alcan  solar  day , the  average  of  all 
the  solar  days  throughout  the  year.  — Solar  year,  the 
year  as  measured  by  the  apparent  motion  of  the  sun 
in  the  heavens.  It  is  either  astronomical  or  civil. 

Hutton. Astronomical  solar  year,  the  year  which  is 

determined  precisely  by  astronomical  observations. 
It  is  of  two  kinds,  tropical  and  sidereal ; the  former 
being  the  time  the  sun  takes  in  passing  through  the 
twelve  signs  of  the  zodiac,  and  the  latter,  the  time 
between  two  successive  returns  of  the  sun  to  the 
same  star.  Hutton. — Civil  solar  year,  a solar  year 
consisting  of  an  exact  or  integral  number  of  days,  as 
determined  by  civil  governments.  It  is  among  civil- 
ized nations,  at  the  present  time,  the  same  as  the 
Julian  year,  consisting  of  365  days,  with  an  addi- 
tional day  every  fourth  year.  Hutton.  — Solar  month, 
the  time  in  which  the  sun  passes  through  one  entire 
sign  of  the  ecliptic.  Hutton.  — Civil  solar  month , same 
as  civil  or  calendar  month. — Solar  spots , large,  irreg- 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  l,  6,  0,  Y,  short;  A,  ]J,  I,  O,  IT,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; IIEIU,  HER; 


SOLAR 


13G9 


SOLEMNIZATION 


ular,  black  spots  visible  occasionally  on  the  disk  of 
the  sun,  generally  on  two  zones  parallel  to  its  equa- 
tor, of  changing  forms  and  dimensions,  being  some- 
times at  least  45,(100  miles  in  diameter,  and  indicating 
by  their  motion  from  east  to  west  a rotation  of  the 
sun  about  its  axis;  — supposed  to  be  caused  by  the 
displacement  of  the  upper  and  luminous  strata  of  the 
sun’s  atmosphere  by  ascending  portions  of  the  subja- 
cent, noil-luminous,  transparent  strata,  whereby  the 
dark,  solid  body  of  the  sun  is  exposed  to  view. 
Herschel. — Solar  microscope,  a microscope  for  pro- 
ducing on  a screen  or  wall,  in  a darkened  room,  highly 
magnified  images  of  minute  objects  illuminated  by 
reflected  solar  rays.  It  is  composed  essentially,  in  its 
most  simple  form,  of  a plain  mirror  and  two  conver- 
ging lenses.  The  mirror,  being  placed  on  the  outside 
of  a window  shutter,  and  capable  of  being  adjusted 
according  to  the  direction  of  the  sun,  reflects  through 
an  aperture  in  it  a beam  of  solar  light  which  is  con- 
centrated upon  the  object  by  the  first  lens.  The  object 
being  thus  strongly  illuminated  and  situated  a little 
before  the  focus  of  the  second  lens,  an  inverted,  highly 
magnified  image  of  it  is  formed  on  the  screen.  In 
many  forms  of  the  instrument,  there  are  additional 
parts,  as  a second  mirror,  a third  lens,  &c.  Farrar. 
— Solar  system,  a name  applied  to  the  sun  and  the 
various  bodies  that  revolve  around  it.  Herschel. — 
Solar  phospliori,  a name  applied  to  certain  bodies 
which  have  the  property  of  absorbing  the  rays  of 
light,  of  retaining  them  for  some  time,  and  of  again 
evolving  them  unchanged,  and  unaccompanied  by 
sensible  heat ; as  the  diamond,  putrid  fish.  Henry. 

SO'LAR,  n.  A sollar.  — See  Sollaii.  Britton. 

SO-LAR-I-ZA'TION,  n.  (Photography .)  A term 
denoting  the  injurious  effects  produced  upon 
photographic  pictures  by  too  long  exposure  to 
the  action  of  light  in  the  camera,  as  indistinct- 
ness of  outline,  obliteration  of  the  high  lights, 
loss  of  relief,  &c.  Whipple. 

SO'LAR-IZE,  v.  n.  ( Photography .)  To  become  in- 
jured by  too  long  exposure  to  the  action  of  light 
in  the  camera.  — See  Solarization.  Whipple. 

SO'LAR-IZE,  v.  a.  ( Photography .)  To  injure  by 
solarization.  — See  Solarization.  Whipple. 

SO'LAR-Y,  a.  Solar,  [r.]  Bogle. 

SOLD,  i.  & p.  from  sell.  See  Sell. 

Suhl  note,  an  instrument  in  writing,  given  by  a 
broker  to  a buyer  of  merchandise,  in  which  it  is 
stated  that  the  goods  therein  mentioned  have  been 
sold  to  him.  Bouvier. 

SOLD,  n.  [It.  soldo ; Sp.  sueldo ; Fr.  solde. — 
Ger.  sold. ] (Mil.)  Military  pay  ; the  wages  of  a 
soldier.  Spenser  Stocqueler. 

f SOL-DA' DO,  n.  [Sp.]  A soldier.  Marston. 

SOL'DAN  [sol'dan,  S.  P.  Ja.  Sin.  R.  Wr.  Wb.  ; 
sol 'dan,  W.  J.  F.  K.\,  n.  A sultan.  Milton. 

fSOL'DA-NEL,  n.  [Low  L.  soldanella.]  (Bot.) 
A plant  of  the  genus  Soldanella.  Miller. 

SOL-DA-NEL  'LA,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  alpine 
plants  with  round  leaves,  and  remarkable  for 
the  manner  in  which  their  corolla  is  cut  or 
lacerated.  Loudon. 

||  SOL'DER  (sol'der  or  slw'der)  [sol'der,  IF.  P.  J. 

Ja.  U.  ; sHw'der,  K.  Sm.  C. ; sol'der  or  s&w'der, 
Ja.  Wr.  ; sod'der,  N.  ; sol'der,  F.],v.  a.  [L.  solido, 
to  make  solid,  to  fasten  together;  solidus,  solid  ; 
It.  solidare,  soldare,  to  solder  ; Sp.  soldar  ; Fr. 
souder .]  [i.  soldered  ; pp.  soldering,  sol- 

dered.] To  unite  or  fasten,  as  the  edges  or 
surfaces  of  metals,  by  partial  fusion,  or  by  the 
insertion  of  an  alloy  which  is  more  fusible  than 
the  metals  to  be  united  ; to  cement ; to  soder  ; 
— often  written  soder.  — See  Soder.  Tomlinson. 

“ Dr.  Johnson  seems  to  favor  writing  this  word 
without  the  l,  as  it  is  sometimes  pronounced  ; but  the 
many  examples  he  has  brought,  where  it  is  spelt  with 
l,  show  sufficiently  how  much  this  orthography  is 
established.  — Though  our  orthoepists  agree  in  leav- 
ing out  the  /,  they  differ  in  pronouncing  the  o.  Sheri- 
dan sounds  tile  o as  in  sod  ; W.  Johnston  as  in  sober  ; 
and  Mr.  Nares  as  the  diphthong  aw.  Mr.  Smith  says 
that  Mr.  Walker  pronounces  the  l in  this  word, -but 
every  workman  pronounces  it  as  rhyming  with  fod- 
der-, to  which  it  may  be  answered,  that  workmen 
ought  to  take  their  pronunciation  from  scholars,  and 
not  scholars  from  workmen.”  IValhcr. 

||  SOL'DER  (sol'der  or  s&w'der),  n.  An  alloy  for 
uniting  the  edges  or  surfaces  of  metals,  which 
is  more  fusible  than  the  metals  to  be  united; 
soder.  Tomlinson. 

dfg=-  Solders  are  distinguished  as  hard  and  soft. 
Hard  solders  fuse  only  at  a red  heat ; soft  solders 
fuse  at  comparatively  low  temperatures.  Tomlinson. 

||  SOL'DER-ER  (sol'der-er  or  s&w’der-er),  n.  One 
who  solders.  Johnson. 


||  SOL'DIJR-ING,  n.  The  act  or  the  process  of 
uniting  the  edges  or  surfaces  of  metals  by 
means  of  solder.  Tomlinson. 

SOL'DIER  (sol'jer),  n.  [It.  soldato  ; Sp . soldado  ; 
Old  Fr.  soudoyer,  so  tidier Fr.  soldut.  — Dut. 
soldaat ; Ger.,  Dan.,  ir  Sw.  sotdat.  — Some  refer 
this  word  to  L.  soldurii,  retainers  of  a chieftain  ; 
others  to  L.  solidus  or  soldlis,  the  pay  of  a sol- 
dier.— See  Sold,  n.] 

1.  A man  employed  in  the  military  service  of 
a sovereign  or  of  a state  ; a member  of  a mili- 
tary company  or  of  an  army ; a fighting  man ; 
— a warrior. 

A soldier , 

Full  of  strange  oaths,  and  bearded  like  a pard. 

Jealous  in  honor,  sudden  and  quick  in  quarrel, 

Seeking  the  bubble  reputation 

Even  in  the  cannon’s  mouth.  Shak. 

2.  A member  of  a military  company  who  is 
not  an  officer  ; a common  soldier  ; a private. 

It  were  meet  that  any  one,  before  he  came  to  be  a captain, 
should  have  been  a soldier.  Spenser. 

“ In  its  limited  acceptation,  the  word  means 
a common  soldier , hut  in  its  more  enlarged  sense,  it 
comprehends  every  grade  from  the  private  to  the  gen- 
eral officer.”  Mil.  Ency. 

SOL'DIpR— CRAB  (sol'jer-),  n.  (Zoul.)  The  her- 
mit-crab.— See  Hermit-crab.  Bell. 

SOL  DIIJR-ESS  (sol'jer-es),  n.  A female  soldier 
or  warrior.  Beau.  § FI. 

SOL'DIER-lNG  (sol'jer-Ing),  n.  The  business  or 
.employment  of  soldiers.  Wilberforce. 

SOL'DIER— LIKE  (sol'jer-llke),  a.  Resembling,  or 
becoming,  a soldier  ; martial  ; soldierly. 

I will  maintain  the  word  with  my  sword  to  be  a soldier-like 
word,  and  a word  of  good  command.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Martial, 

SOL'DIER-LY  (sol'jer-lel,  a.  Becoming,  pertain- 
ing to,  or  resembling,  a soldier  ; martial ; mili- 
tary ; warlike  ; valiant ; brave.  Sidney. 

SOL'DIER-SHIP  (sol'jer-sliip),  n.  The  state  or  the 
quality  of  a soldier;  military  character;  mar- 
tial or  military  skill.  Cowper. 

SOL'DIER-WOOD  (sol'jer-wud),  n.  (Bot.)  An  ele- 
gant, evergreen,  leguminous  shrub,  indigenous 
in  the  West  Indies  ; Inga  purpurea.  Loudon. 

SOL'DIER-Y  (sol'jer-e),  n.  1.  A body  of  military 
men ; soldiers  collectively. 

Garrisoned  round  about  him  like  a camp 

01‘  faithful  soldiery.  Milton. 

2.  Common  soldiers,  as  distinguished  from 

the  officers.  Addison. 

3.  f Soldiership  ; military  service.  Sidney. 

SOL'DIER-Y,  a.  Having  a military  quality  ; mili- 
tary ; soldierly.  “ Soldiery  ballads.”  Milton. 

SOLE,  n.  [A.  S.  sol ; Dut.  zooT,  Ger.  solile  ; Sw. 
sola.  — L.  solea,  solum ; It.  suolo ; Sp.  suela ; Fr. 
sole.  — See  Sill.] 

1.  The  bottom  or  under  surface  of  the  foot. 

Such  resting  found  the  sole  of  unblest  feet.  Milton. 

2.  The  foot.  “ Weary  soles.”  [r.]  Spenser. 

3.  The  bottom  part  of  a shoe  or  boot. 

Sandals  . . consisted  of  one  or  more  soles,  and  were  fas- 
tened with  thongs  above  the  foot.  Beloe. 

4.  The  flat,  bottom  part  of  any  thing,  upon 
which  it  rests.  “ Soles  of  wheels.”  Mortimer. 

The  strike-block  is  a plane  shorter  than  the  jointer,  hav 
ing  its  sole  made  exactly  flat  and  straight.  Moxon. 


5.  ( Naut .)  A piece  of  timber  fastened  to  the 

foot  of  the  rudder,  to  make  it  level  with  the 
false  keel.  Dana. 

6.  (Farriery.)  A sort  of  horn  under  a horse’s 

foot,  which  is  more  tender  than  the  other  horn 
that  encompasses  the  foot.  London  Ency. 

7.  (Ich.)  A.  mala- 
copterygious  fish  of 
the  family  Pleuronec- 
tidee,  distinguished  by  lpj| 
the  flattened  form  of 
the  body,  and  in  hav- 
ing both  the  eyes  on 
one  side  ; — so  called  from  its  flatness,  in  which 
it  resembles  the  sole  of  the  foot.  Eng.  Cyc. 

8.  ( Agnc .)  The  bottom  part  of  a plough,  to 
the  fore  part  of  which  is  affixed  the  point  or 
share  ; — called  also  slade.  P Cyc.  The  bot- 
tom of  a furrow.  Farm.  Ency. 

9.  (Mining.)  The  bottom  of  a mine: — ap- 
plied to  horizontal  veins  or  lodes.  Watson. 

SOLE,  v.  a.  [ i . soled  ; pp.  SOLING,  soled.]  To 
furnish  with  a sole,  or  with  soles. 


Sole  ( Solea  vidyaris). 


I soled  my  shoes  with  wood.  Swift. 


SOLE,  a.  [L.  solus  ; It.  $ Sp.  solo  ; Fr.  seul.] 

1.  Single  ; only  ; alone  ; solitary  ; individual ; 
without  any  other;  unaccompanied. 

To  do  aught  good  never  will  ho  our  task, 

But  ever  to  do  ill  our  sole  delight.  Milton. 

2.  (Law.)  Composed  of  a single  person.  “A 
sole  corporation.” Roja’icr. — Unmarried.  Aylijf'e. 

Syn.  — See  Solitary. 


SOL'^-CI^M,  n.  [Gr.  aol.otKtoyog ; c6?.oikoc,  speak- 
ing incorrectly;  It.  dr  Sp.  solecismo ; Fr.  su/e- 
cisme\  — said  to  come  from  the  corruption  of 
the  Attic  dialect  among  the  Athenian  colonists 
of  Soli  in  Cilicia.] 

1.  (Rhet.)  An  offence  against  the  rules  of 

grammar  by  the  use  of  words  in  a wrong  con- 
struction ; false  syntax.  Water/and. 

Modern  grammarians  designate  by  solecism. 
any  word  or  expression  which  does  not  agree  with 
tile  established  usage  of  writing  or  speaking.  But  as 
customs  change,  that  which  at.  one  time  is  considered 
a solecism , may  at  another  be  regarded  as  correct 
language.  A solecism , therefore,  differs  from  a bar- 
barism, inasmuch  as  the  latter  consists  in  the  use  of  a 
word  or  expression  which  is  altogether  contrary  to 
the  spirit  of  the  language,  and  can,  properly  speak- 
ing, never  become  established  as  correct  language. 
P.  Cijc. 

2.  Any  unfitness,  incongruity,  or  impropriety. 

It  is  the  solecism  of  power  to  think  to  command  the  end, 
and  yet  not  endure  the  means.  Bacon. 


Syn.  — See  Barbarism. 

SOL'IJ-CLST,  n.  [Gr.  ooAoi/citrn/5.]  One  who  com- 
mits a solecism.  Blackmail. 

SOL-B-Cis  TIC,  ) a Pertaining  to,  or  con- 
SOL-IJ-CiS'Tj-CAL,  > taining,  a solecism,  or  sol- 
ecisms. Crombie. 


SOL-Jjj-CIS'TI-CAL-Ly,  ad.  In  a solecistical  man- 
ner ; with  solecism.  Wollaston. 

SOL'E-CIZE,  v.  n.  [Gr.  aol.oiKi^io.]  To  practise 
solecism ; to  commit  a solecism.  More. 


SOLE'— LEATH  ER,  n.  Thick,  stout  leather  suit- 
able for  soles  of  shoes  and  boots.  Simmonds. 

SOLE'LY,  ad.  With  no  other  person  or  thing ; 
singly  ; only  ; alone. 

To  rest  the  cause  solely  on  logical  disputation.  Waterland. 

SOL'EMN  (sol 'em),  a.  [L.  solemnis,  sollcnnis;  It. 
sole  line-,  Sp.  solemne-,  Fr.  solemncl,  solenncT, — 
from  Oscan  sollus,  all,  and  L.  annus,  a year.] 

1.  Ritual  ; ceremonial ; formal  ; religiously 
regular  and  grave.  “ Solemn  feasts.”  Milton. 

The  necessary  business  of  a man’s  calling,  with  some,  will 
not  afford  much  time  for  set  and  solemn  prayer.  Hr.  D.  of  Man. 

2.  Causing  a feeling  of  seriousness,  rever- 
ence, or  awe;  awful;  sober;  serious;  sacred. 

Now  fades  the  glimmering  landscape  on  the  sight, 

And  all  the  air  a solemn  stillness  holds.  Gray. 

3.  Affectedly  serious,  grave,  or  important. 

“ A solemn  coxcomb.”  Swift. 

1-Iow  would  an  old  Roman  laugh,  were  it  possible  for  him 
to  see  the  solemn  dissertations  that  have  been  made  on  these 
weighty  subjects.  Addison. 

4.  Having  a regular  form  ; with  all  the  forms 

of  a proceeding.  “ Solemn  war.”  Burrill. 

Syn.  — See  Formal,  Grave. 


SOL'IJMN-BREATH'ING,  a.  Diffusing  or  inspir- 
ing solemnity.  Gray. 

SOL'EM-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality  of 
being  solemn  ; solemnity.  Browne. 

SO-LEM'NI-TY,  n.  [L.  solemnitas,  solennitas ; 
It.  solennitu. ; Sp.  solemnidad  ; Fr.  solemnity,  so- 
lennite.] 

1.  A ritual  or  ceremonial  observance  per- 
formed at  stated  times  ; a rite. 

Great  was  our  cause;  our  old  solemnities 
From  no  blind  zeal  or  fond  tradition  rise; 

But.  saved  from  death,  our  Argives  yearly  pay 
These  grateful  honors  to  the  god  of  day.  rope. 

2.  Any  celebration  or  ceremony  calculated  to 
inspire  a feeling  of  seriousness,  reverence,  or 
awe  ; a religious  ceremony. 

What  funeral  pomp  shall  floating  Tiber  see. 

When,  rising  from  his  bed,  he  views  the  sad  soleivmityl 

Dryden. 

3.  Gravity;  seriousness.  “The  solemnity  of 

their  [the  Spanish]  language.”  Addison. 

4.  Affected  gravity  or  seriousness. 

Solemnity's  a cover  for  a sot.  Young. 

5.  (Law.)  The  formality  necessary  to  render 

a contract,  agreement,  &c.,  valid.  Bouvier. 


f SO-LEM'NT-ZATE,  v.  a.  To  solemnize.  Burnet. 


SOL-JJM-NI-ZA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  solemnizing ; 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RLfLE.  — £,  (J , 9, 

172 


soft;  £,  G,  9,  I,  hard;  § as  z;  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


SOLEMNIZE 


1370 


SOLIDITY 


celebration.  “ The  solemnization  of  the  mar- 
riage between  Charles  and  Anne.”  Bacon. 

SOL'pM-NIZE,  v.  a.  [It.  solennizzare ; Sp.  solem- 
nizin' ; Fr.  tolemniser.]  [t.  solemnized;^. 
SOLEMNIZING,  SOLEMNIZED.] 

1.  To  dignity  by  solemn  ceremonies  or  for- 
malities ; to  celebrate  in  due  form  ; to  perform 
religiously  ; as,  “ To  solemnize  a marriage.” 

2.  To  make  solemn  or  serious;  to  impress 

with  reverence  or  awe.  Dr.  O.  Gregory. 

Idle  talk  unfit  to  solemnize  the  mind.  Wilberforce. 

D5P  Tins  use  of  solemnize  is  common  in  the  United 
States;  and,  though  modern  in  England,  it  is  now 
supported  by  respectable  English  authorities. 

Syn.  — See  Celebrate. 

SOL'p.M-NIZ-ING,  p.  a.  Making,  or  tending  to 
make,  solemn  or  serious. 

What  a calming,  elevating,  solemnizing  view  of  the  tasks 
which  we  find  ourselves  set  in  this  world  to  do,  this  word  [vo- 
cation] would  give  us,  if  we  did  but  realize  it  to  tlie  full! 

SOL'pM-NlZ-flR,  n.  One  who  solemnizes.  Todd. 

SoL'p.MN-LY  (sol'em-le),  ad.  In  a solemn  man- 
ner ; with  solemnity.  Bacon. 

SO'HJ.V,  n.  [Gr.  auh)v,  a channel.] 

1.  (Anat.)  The  vertebral  or  spinal  canal. 

Dunglison. 

2.  ( Surg .)  A semicircle  of  thin  wood  or 

strips  of  wood  used  for  preventing  the  con- 
tact of  the  bed  clothes  in  wounds,  fractures, 
&c. ; a cradle.  Dunglison. 

3.  ( Zo'il .)  A genus  of  marine  mollusks ; the 

razor-fish.  — See  Razor-fish  Brande. 

SOL-p-NA'CEAN  (-shan),  n.  (Zolil.)  One  of  a 
family  of  bivalve  mollusks,  of  which  the  razor- 
fish  or  solen  is  the  type.  Brande. 

SiiL-f-NA'CEOUS  (-situs),  a.  (ZoOl.)  Relating  to 

the  solenaceans.  P.  Cyc. 

SOLE'NfSS,  n.  Single  state  ; individuality;  sin- 
gleness. [r.]  Ld.  Chesterfield. 

SO'LpN-ITE,  n.  (Pal  ) A fossil  solen.  Humble. 

SO-LEN'O-DON,  n.  [Gr.  awl.tjv,  channel,  and  dloo;, 
dlbrros,  tooth.]  (Zo'jl.)  A genus  of  insectivorous 
mammals  found  in  Hispaniola.  Eng.  Cyc. 

SO'HJ-NblO,  n.  [Gr.  owbiv,  a channel,  and  tldos, 
form.]  (Electro- Dynamics.)  A system  of  small 
electrical  currents,  equal  and  equidistant  and 
returning  into  themselves,  the  planes  of  which 
are  normals  to  any  given  line  or  curve  upon 
which  their  centres  are  situated,  and  which 
forms  the  axis  of  the  system.  Brande. 

SO'L(£R,  n.  A sollar.  — See  Sollar.  Todd. 

fSO'LERT,  a.  [L.  solers,  sailers,  clever.]  Crafty; 
subtle  ; clever.  Cudicorth. 

fSQ-LER'TIOUS-NESS,  n.  Expertness;  skill. 
“Natural  soiei't  ions  ness.”  Bp.  Hacket. 

SOLE'SIMP,  n.  Single  state;  soleness.  “This 
dangerous  soleship.”  [r.]  Sir  E.  Dering. 

SOL-FA'  [sol-fi',  Ja.  K.  Sin.  R. ; sol-fa',  IF/;.] , 
v.  n.  (Mus.)  To  sing  the  notes  of  the  scale  to 
the  syllables  applied  to  them  by  Guido.  Moore. 

SOL-FA-NA'RI-A,  ii.  [It.  solfo,  sulphur.]  A 
sulphur  mine.  Smart. 

SOL-FA-TA'RA,  n.  [It.  solfo,  sulphur.]  (Geol.) 
A volcanic  vent  from  which  sulphur,  sulphure- 
ous, and  w'atery  vapors  and  gases  are  emitted. 

Lyell. 

SOL-FA-TAR'fTE,  n.  (Min.)  A species  of  alum 
consisting  of  sulphate  of  soda,  sulphate  of 
alumina  and  water  ; soda  alum.  Dana. 

SOLFEGGIARE  (sol-fed-jar'e),  v.  11.  [It.]  To  sol- 
fa. — See  Sol-fa.  Moore. 

SOLFEGGIO  (sol-fed'jo),  n.  [It.]  (Mus.)  An  ex- 
ercise for  the  voice,  through  all  the  various  in- 
tervals, upon  the  syllables  do,  re,  mi,  fa,  sol, 
la,  si.  Dwight. 

SO' LI.  [It.,  pi.  of  sc/o.]  (Mus.)  Applied  to  two 
or  more  instruments  or  voices  performing  their 
respective  parts  singly.  Dwight. 

SO-Lip’IT  (so-lls'jt),  v.  a.  [L.  solicito,  solliciio, 
to  agitate  ; Oscan  sollus,  all,  and  L.  ciea,  to  ex- 
cite ; It.  sollecitare  ; Sp.  soliritar  ; Fr.  solliciter.] 

1.  To  disturb  ; to  disquiet,  [r.] 

Solicit  not  thy  thoughts  with  matters  hid.  Milton. 


2.  To  excite ; to  awaken  ; to  summon ; to  in- 
vite ; to  arouse ; to  induce. 

Solicit  Henry  with  her  wondrous  praise.  Shak. 

lie  is  solicited  by  popular  custom  to  indulge  himself  in  for- 
bidden liberties.  Rogers. 

3.  To  try  to  obtain  ; to  seek  to  acquire. 

To  solicit  by  labor  what  might  be  ravished  by  arms  was 
esteemed  unworthy  of  the  German  spirit.  Gibbon. 

4.  To  request  with  urgency;  to  ask  earnest- 
ly ; to  importune  ; to  entreat ; to  implore. 

We  heartily  solicit 

Your  gracious  self  to  take  on  you  the.  charge 

And  kingly  government  of  this  your  lund.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Ask. 

SO- Lie,]  IT,  v.  n.  To  make  solicitation  ; to  pre- 
fer requests  or  petitions  ; to  ask. 

There  are  great  numbers  of  persons  who  solicit  for  places. 

Addison. 

f SO-Lly'lT,  n.  A solicitation.  Shak. 

SO-Llg'I-TANT,  n.  One  who  solicits.  Roget. 

SO-Lly-I-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  sollicitatio  ; It.  solle- 
citazione  ; Sp.  solicitacion  ; Fr.  sollicitation.\ 

1.  The  act  of  soliciting  or  inviting ; excite- 
ment ; invitation. 

Children  are  surrounded  with  new  things,  which,  by  a 
constant  solicitation  of  their  senses,  draw  the  mind  constant- 
ly to  them.  Locke. 

2.  Urgent  request ; importunity. 

Spare  that  proposal,  father;  spare  the  trouble 

Of  that  solicitation.  Milton. 

Syn.  — Solicitation  is  an  earnest  request;  impor- 
tunity, a teasing  and  troublesome  solicitation.  The 
solicitation , invitation,  or  request,  of  a friend  or  neigh- 
bor ; the  importunity  of  a beggar. 

SO-Llg'lT-ING,  n.  Solicitation.  Shak. 

SO-Lig'I-TOR,  n.  [Fr.  solliciteur .] 

1.  One  who  solicits,  importunes,  or  entreats. 

2.  (Law.)  A person  authorized  to  appear  and 

act  for  parties  to  suits  in  chancery;  a person 
admitted  to  practice  in  courts  of  chancery  or 
of  equity.  Burrill. 

Syn.  — See  Lawyer. 

SO-Lig'I-TOR— GEN'ER-AL,  n.  (Eng.  Law.)  A 
law-officer  of  the  crown  appointed  by  patent 
during  the  royal  pleasure,  and  who  has  the  care 
of  managing  the  sovereign’s  affairs.  Wharton. 

SO-Lig'I-TOUS,  a.  [L.  solicitus,  sollicitus ; It. 
sollecito  ; Sp.  solicitoi]  Having  solicitude  ; anx- 
ious; careful;  apprehensive;  concerned;  very 
desirous;  deeply  interested;  earnest. 

IBJ*“It  has  commonly  about  before  that  which 
causes  anxiety  ; sometimes  fur  or  of.  For  is  proper 
before  something  to  be  obtained.”  Johnson. 

No  man  is  solicitous  about  the  event  of  that  which  lie  has 
in  his  power  to  dispose  of.  South. 

We  are  not  solicitous  of  the  opinion  and  censures  of  men, 
but  only  that  we  do  our  duty.  lip.  Taylor. 

lie  was  solicitous  for  his  advice.  Clch'cndon. 

Syn.  — See  Careful. 

SO-Llg'l-ToOS-LV,  ad.  Anxiously;  with  solici- 
tude ; with  care  and  concern.  Barrow. 

SO-Lln'r-TOUS-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quali- 
ty of  being  solicitous  ; solicitude.  Boyle. 

SO-Llg'I-TRESS,  n.  A woman  who  solicits;  a 
female  solicitor.  Dryden. 

SO-Llg'I-TUDE,  ii.  [L.  sollicitudo  ; It.  soldi citu ■ 
dine-,  Sp.  solicitud ; Fr.  sollicitude .]  Mental 

disquietude  resulting  from  the  apprehension  of 
evil  or  the  hope  of  good  ; anxiety  ; carefulness; 
concern;  care;  anxious  care. 

If  they  would  hut  provide  for  eternity  with  the  same  so- 
licitude and  real  care  as  they  do  for  this  life,  they  could  not 
fail  of  heaven.  Tillotson. 

Syn.  — See  Care. 

f SO-LI^-I-Tl/'DI-NOUS,  a.  Extremely  solicitous. 

Rather  carefully  solicitous  than  anxiously  solicitudinovs. 

Jirowne. 

SOL'ID,  a.  [L  .solidus-,  solum,  the  bottom,  the 

ground  ; It.  & Sp.  snlido  ; Fr.  solide.] 

1.  Hard  ; firm  ; not  liquid,  fluid,  or  gaseous. 

Land  that  ever  burned 

With  solid,  as  the  lake  with  liquid,  lire.  Milton. 

IKP“  In  physics,  tile  term  solid  is  applied  to  tltat 
condition  of  matter  in  which  the  attractive  forces  of 
rite  molecules  are  greater  than  the  repulsive,  and  the 
molecules  consequently  cohere  witlt  greater  or  less 
force.”  Brande. 

2.  Full  of  matter  ; compact;  dense;  not  hol- 
low or  superficial.  “ This  solid  globe.”  Shak. 


3.  Having  all  the  geometrical  dimensions,  — 
length,  breadth,  and  thickness. 

In  a solid  foot  are  1728  solid  inches.  Arbuthnot. 

4.  Firm;  strong;  stout;  substantial. 

The  duke’s  new  palace  is  a noble  pile  built  utter  this  man- 
ner, which  makes  it  look  very  solid  and  "majestic.  Addison. 

5.  Sound;  not  weakly;  healthy;  robust; 
strong.  “ A solid  constitution  of  body.”  Watts. 

6 Real;  true;  weighty;  important;  valid; 
not  empty  ; not  fallacious.  “ Pregnant  and  solid 
reasons.”  K.  Charles. 

7.  Affecting  gravity  or  seriousness;  wearing 
an  air  of  assumed  dignity  or  wisdom,  [it.] 

A solid  man  is,  in  plain  English,  a solid,  solemn  fool.  Dryden. 

8.  (Bot.)  Without  any  cavities.  lien  slow. 

Solid  angle,  (Grom.)  See  Angle.  — Solid  foot,  a 

cube  whose  side  is  one  foot,  or  twelve  inches,  and 
which  consequently  contains  1 728 cubic  incites.  1 Litton. 
— Solid  neu-el,  (Arcli.)  See  Hollow-newel.  — Solid 
number , (Aritli  ) the  product  of  a number  multiplied 
by  another  number  which  is  the  product  of  two 
factors.  Hutton.  — Solid  problem,  a problem  which 
cannot  lie  constructed  by  t lie  intersections  of  circles 
and  straight  lines,  hut  requires  for  its  construction 
tlie  description  of  one  or  more  conic  sections.  Brande. 
— Solid  square,  (Mil.)  a body  of  infantry  where  both 
ranks  and  files  are  equal.  Mil.  Ency. — Solid  yard,  a 
cube  whose  side  is  one  yard. 

Syn.  — See  Firm,  Hard. 

SOL'ID,  n.  1.  A solid  or  compact  body  or  sub- 
stance, the  adhesion  of  whose  particles  is  such 
that  an  appreciable  force  is  required  to  withdraw 
them  from  their  places,  or  to  change  their  rela- 
tive situation  ; — used  in  contradistinction  to 
fiuid  and  liquid.  Young. 

The  solids  in  tlie  human  body  are  the  bones,  cartilages, 
tendons,  muscles,  ligaments,  arteries,  veins,  nerves,  mem- 
branes, skin,  &c.  Dunglison. 

2.  (Geom.)  A magnitude  having  length, 

breadth,  and  thickness;  magnitude  extended  in 
every  possible  direction  ; volume.  Hutton. 

Syn.  — See  Fluid. 

Cubation  of  a solid,  or  cubature  of  a solid,  the  finding 
of  a cube  equal  to  a given  solid.  — Regular  solids, 
solids  that  are  bounded  by  regular  and  equal  polygons 
or  faces;  regular  polyhedrons.  They  are  tlie  tetra- 
hedron, hexahedron,  octahedron,  dodecahedron,  and 

icosahedron. Measure  of  a solid,  (he  number  of  cubic 

incites,  cubic  feet,  &c.,  contained  in  it.  — Solid  of 
least  resistance.  See  RESISTANCE.  Hutton. 

tSOL'LDARE,  n.  A small  piece  of  money.  Shak. 

SOL-I-DAR'I-TY,  11.  [Fr.  solidarity.]  Fellow- 
ship, or  joint  interest,  and  mutual  responsibil- 
ity. [Modern.]  Malmesbury. 

iff)-  Solidarity,  a u'ord  which  we  owe  to  the  French 
Communists,  and  which  signifies  a community  in  gain 
and  loss,  in  honor  and  dishonor,  a being,  so  to  speak, 
all  in  the  same  bottom,  is  so  convenient  that  it  will 
he  in  vain  to  struggle  against  it  Dr.  Trench. 

j-SoL'I-DATE,  v.  a.  [L.  solido,  solidatus.]  To 
make  solid  ; to  consolidate.  Cowley. 

SO-LlD-I-FI-CA'TION,  ii.  [L.  solidus,  solid,  and 
facio,  to  make  ; Fr.  solidification.]  The  act,  or 
the  process,  of  making  solid.  Brande. 

SO-LlD'I-FY,  v.  a [L.  solidus,  solid,  and  facio, 
to  make  ; Fr.  solidifier.]  (i.  solidified;  pp. 
solidifying,  solidified.]  To  make  solid; 
to  reduce  to  the  state  of  a solid  ; to  consolidate. 

SO-LID'I-FY,  v.  n.  To  become  solid.  Miller. 

SOL'ID-I§M,  n.  (Med.)  The  doctrine  that  refers 
all  diseases  to  alterations  of  the  solid"  parts  of 
the  body.  Dunglison. 

SOL'ID-IST,  n.  (Med.)  One  who  holds  the  doc- 
trine of  solidism. 

The  solid istr  think  that  the  solids  alone  are  endowed  with 
vital  properties;  that  they  alone  can  receive  tire  impression  of 
morbific  agents,  and  be  the  seat  of  pathological  phenomena. 

Dunglison. 

SO-LID'I-TY,  n.  [L.  soliditas',  solidus,  solid;  It. 
solidita  ; Sp.  solidez  ; Fr.  solidite.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  solid ; the  quality  of  a 

body  whose  integrant  molecules  are  so  united  by 
the  force  of  cohesion  that  an  appreciable  force 
is  required  to  separate  them,  or  to  change  their 
relative  situation  ; — opposed  to  fluidity  or  li- 
quidity. Young.  Hutton. 

2.  Fulness  of  matter;  compactness;  density; 

— opposed  to  hollowness.  Johnson. 

3.  Truth;  reality;  weight;  soundness;  im- 
portance ; — opposed  to  fallaciousness  or  weak- 
ness. “ The  solidity  of  his  reasoning.”  Prior. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  I,  O,  IT,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


SOLVABLENESS 


SOLIDLY 


1371 


This  pretence  has  a great  deal  more  of  art  than  of  solidify 
in  it.  Waterland. 

4.  Thoroughness ; profound  and  accurate 
scholarship ; profound  attainments. 

His  solidity  and  elegance,  improved  by  the  reading  of  the 
finest  authors,  both  of  the  learned  and  modern  languages,  dis- 
covered itself  in  all  his  productions.  Addison . 

5.  ( Geom .)  The  solid  contents  of  a^body; 

volume.  Davies. 

SOL'ID-LY,  ad.  1.  In  a solid  manner;  with  so- 
lidity ; firmly  ; densely.  Johnson. 

2.  On  firm  or  good  grounds  ; truly. 

A complete  brave  man  ought  to  know  solidly  the  main 
end  he  is  in  the  world  for.  Diyijy. 

SOL'ID-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality  of 
being  solid  ; solidity  ; firmness  ; density.  Bacon. 

SOL-I-DUN'GU-LAR,  a.  Solidungulous.  J.Acjric. 

SOL-I-DUN'GU-LATE,  n.  [L.  solidus,  solid,  and 
ungula,  a hoof.]  ( Zoiil .)  A soliped.  Brande. 

SOL-I-DUN'GU-LOUS,  a.  Having  hoofs  that  are 
whole,  as  a horse  ; not  cloven-footed.  Browne. 

SOL  I-FID'I-AN,  n.  [L.  solus,  alone,  and  Jidcs, 
faith.]  (Theol.)  One  who  rests  on  faith  alone 
for  salvation,  without  any  connection  with 
works;  — opposed  to  Nullijidian.  Buck. 

Such  is  first  the  persuasion  of  the  Solifidians , that  all  reli- 
gion consists  in  believing  aright.  Hammond. 

SOL-I-FID'I-AN,  a.  Relating  to  the  Solifidians. 
“ A Solifidian  Christian.”  Feltham. 

SOL-!-FId'!-AN-T§M,  n.  (Theol.)  The  doctrines 
or  tenets  of  Solifidians. 

That  we  may  be  able  to  answer  the  rapists,  M ho  charge  us 
with  Solifidiamsm ; as.  if  we  were  of  this  opinion,  that  if  a 
man  do  but  trust  in  Christ,  — that  is,  be  but  confidently  per- 
suaded that  he  will  save  him  and  pardon  him,  — this  is  suffi- 
cient, and,  consequently,  he  that  is  thus  persuaded  need  not 
take  any  further  care  of  his  salvation,  but  may  live  as  he 
list.  Tillotson. 

f SOL'I-FORM,  a.  [L.  sol,  solis,  the  sun,  and 

forma,  form.]  Formed  like  the  sun.  Cudworth. 

SO-I.lL'O-aUiZE  (so-lll'o-kwiz),  v.  n.  To  utter 
a soliloquy  ; to  talk  to  one’s  self.  Cooper. 

SO-LIL'O-QUlZ-ING,  n.  The  act  of  uttering  a 
soliloquy.  Clarke. 

SO-LlL'O-QUY  (so-lll'o-kwe),  n.  [L.  soliloquium  ; 
solus,  alone,  and  loquor,  to  speak  ; It.  <Sr  Sp.  so- 
li loquio  ; Fr.  soiiloque. ] A talking  to  one’s 
self ; a discourse  uttered  in  solitude,  or  ad- 
dressed by  a person  to  himself ; a monologue. 

The  whole  poem  is  a soliloquy,  Solomon  is  the  person  that 
speaks  ; he  is  at  once  the  hero  and  the  author.  Prior 

JJQP  Soliloquium  seems  to  us  so  natural,  indeed,  so 
necessary  a word,  this  soliloquy,  or  talking  of  a man 
with  himself,  something  which  would  so  inevita- 
bly seek  out  its  suitable  expression,  that  it  is  hard 
to  persuade  one’s  self  that  no  one  spoke  of  a soliloquy 
before  Augustine,  that  the  word  should  have  been  in- 
vented, as  he  distinctly  informs  us,  by  himself. 
Trench. 

SOL'I-PED,  n.  [L.  solus,  alone,  and  pes,  pedis,  a 
foot;  It.  solipedc\  Sp.  solipedo  ; Fr.  solipede .] 
(ZoH.)  One  of  a tribe  of  mammals  including 
those  with  only  a single  hoof  on  each  foot,  as 
the  horse,  the  ass,  &c. ; a solidungulate.  Brande. 

AQp  The  last  syllable  of  the  following  class  of 
words  is  derived  from  the  Latin  word  pes,  foot,  viz. : 
biped,  centiped,  cirroped,  condyloped,  millcped,  multi- 
ped, palmiped,  plumiped,  quadruped,  and  soliped  ; and 
it  would  seem  proper  that  tile  syllable  ill  each  should 
be  spelled  and  pronounced  in  the  same  manner.  The 
last  syllable  of  biped  and  quadruped  is  uniformly 
written  ped,  without  a final  e.  With  regard  to  the 
others,  usage  is  divided,  though  the  final  syllable  of 
most  of  them  has  been  heretofore  more  commonly 
written  pede,  with  a finale;  and  it  is  pronounced 
by  some  orthoepists  long,  and  by  others  short.  There 
is  no  good  reason  for  this  diversity,  and  the  best,  and, 
perhaps,  only  practicable  mode  of  establishing  uni- 
formity, is  to  spell  them  all  without  a final  e,  and 
pronounce  the  final  syllable,  pid,  short.  — See  Mille- 

PED. 

SO-LIP'E-DOUS,  a.  Having  hoofs  which  are  not 
cloven  ; solidungulous.  Clarke. 

SOL-I-TAiRE'  (sol-e-tir'),  n.  [Fr.]  1.  A hermit; 
an  anchorite  ; a recluse.  Pope. 

2.  An  ornament  for  the  neck.  Shenstone. 

3.  Any  game,  as  at  cards,  that  can  be  played 

by  only  one  person  ; — particularly  applied  to  a 
game  played  with  thirty-six  pegs  upon  a board 
pierced  with  thirty-seven  holes  arranged  in  a 

peculiar  manner.  Landais. 

SOL  I-TA'RI-AN,  n.  A hermit;  a solitary;  an 
anchorite  ; a recluse.  Sir  R.  Twisden. 


f SOL-I-TA-Rl'F-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being  soli- 
tary. " ’ Cudworth. 

SOL'I-TA-RI-LY,  ad.  In  a solitary  manner;  in 

solitude  or  loneliness.  Hooker. 

SOL'I-TA-RI-NfiSS,  n.  The  state  of  being  solita- 
ry ; solitude  ; loneliness.  Sidney. 

SOL'I-TA-If  Y,  a.  [L.  solitarius  ; solus,  alone  ; It. 
c5f  Sp.  solitario  ; Fr.  solitaire .] 

1.  Living,  or  being,  alone  ; not  having  com- 
pany ; without  society  ; alone  ; lonely. 

Those  rare  and  solitary,  these  in  flocks.  Milton. 

Satan  explores  his  solitary  flight.  Milton. 

2.  Gloomy  ; desolate  ; dismal. 

Let  that  night  be  solitary,  let  no  joyful  voice  come  therein. 

Job  iii.  7. 

3.  Single  ; sole  ; individual. 

Nor  did  a solitary  vengeance  serve.  King  Charles. 

4.  ( Dot .)  Single  ; not  associated  Gray . 

Syn.  — Solitary , sole , only , and  single,  are  opposed 

to  several  or  many.  A solitary  act  of  kindness;  the 
sole  ground  of  defence  ; the  only  reason  or  means  ; a 
single  instance  or  sheet.  Solitary , lonely , retired , 
desert , and  desolate,  are  all  applied  to  places,  but  with 
different  modifications  of  solitude , which  belongs  to 
all  of  them.  A solitary  dwelling  ; a lonely  place  ; a 
retired  situation  ; a desert  island  ; a desolate  country. 
— See  Alone,  Lonely. 

SOL'I-TA-RY,  n.  [Fr.  solitaire.']  One  who  lives 
alone  or  in  solitude  ; a hermit ; a recluse.  Pope. 

SOL'I-TUDE,  n.  [L.  solitudo ; solus,  alone;  It. 
solitudine ; Sp.  soledad  ; Fr.  solitude.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  alone ; a lonely  state  ; 
a lonely  life  ; loneliness. 

Whosoever  is  delighted  with  solitude  is  cither  a wild  beast 
or  a god.  Bacon. 

How  sweet,  how  passing  sweet,  is  sohtudel 
But  grant  me  still  a friend  in  my  retreat 
Whom  I may  whisper.  Solitude  is  sweet.  Cowper. 

2.  Isolation  ; seclusion  ; remoteness.  “ The 

solitude  of  his  little  parish.”  Law. 

3.  A lonely  or  solitary  place ; a desert. 

“ These  deep  solitudes.”  Pope. 

Syn.  — See  Privacy. 

SO-LI V'A-GANT,  a.  Wandering  about  alone; 
solivagous.  Granger. 

SO-LlVA-GOUS,  a.  [L.  solivagus  ; solus,  alone, 
and  vagor,  to  wander.]  Wandering  about  alone  ; 
solivagant.  Gent.  Mug. 

SOL'LAR,  n.  [L.  solarium,  a flat  house-top,  a 
terrace  or  balcony;  sol,  soli's,  the  sun.] 

1.  f An  open  gallery  at  the  top  of  a house  : — 
an  upper  room  ; a loft ; a garret.  Tusser.  Wood. 

2.  An  entrance  or  a gallery  of  boards  in  a 

mine.  [Cornwall,  Eng.]  Todd. 

SOL-MI-ZA'TION  (sol-me-za'sliun),  n.  [From  the 
musical  terms  sol,  mi.)  ( Mus .)  The  actor  the 
art  of  sounding  the  notes,  with  the  correspond- 
ing syllables,  of  the  gamut ; sol-faing.  Moore. 

SO'Lfi,  n. ; pi.  so'eo$.  [It.,  from  L.  solus,  alone.] 
(Mus.)  A composition  for  a single  voice,  or  for 
a single  instrument.  Mason. 

s6l'0-M0N’§— LOAF,  n.  A plant.  Johnson. 

SOL'O-MON’ij— SEAL,  n.  (Bot.)  The  common 
name  of  liliaceous  perennial  herbs  of  the  genus 
Polygonatum,  bearing  axillary,  nodding,  green- 
ish flowers.  Gray. 

False  Solomon’s  seal,  a name  applied  to  perennial 
herbs  of  the  genus  Smilacina.  Gray. 

f SOL'STEAD  (-sted),  ii.  Solstice.  Holland. 

SOL'STICE  (sol'stjs),  ii.  [L . solstitium  \ sol,  the 
sun,  andsiVo,  to  stand;  It.  solstido ; Sp.  solsti- 
cio  ; Fr.  solstice .) 

1.  (Astron.)  The  time  at  which  the  sun  is  at 

its  greatest  distance  from  the  equator,  either 
north  or  south,  and  when  its  diurnal  motion  in 
declination  ceases  ; or  the  point  in  the  ecliptic, 
either  north  or  south  of  the  equator,  at  which 
the  sun  ceases  to  approach  to,  or  to  recede  from, 
the  pole,  being,  on  the  north,  the  first  point  of 
Cancer,  at  which  the  sun  arrives  about  the  21st 
of  June,  or,  on  the  south,  the  first  point  of 
Capricorn,  at  which  the  sun  arrives  about  the 
21st  of  December.  Brande.  Herschel. 

2.  The  act  of  standing  still,  as  of  the  sun. 

The  Jews  that  onn  believe  the  supernatural  solstice  of  the 
sun  in  the  days  of  Joshua,  have  yet  the  impudence  to  deny 
the  eclipse,  which  every  pagan  confessed  at  his  (Christ’s) 
death.  Jirowne. 


SOL-STl''TIAL  (soI-stIsli'?l),  a.  [L . solstitialis ', 
It.  solstiziale  ; Sp.  &;  Fr.  solsticial.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  a solstice.  Browne. 

2.  Happening  at  a solstice,  particularly  at 

the  summer  solstice.  “ Solstitial  summer’s 

heat.”  Milton. 

Solstitial  points,  (Astron.)  tile  points  of  the  ecliptic 
at  which  the  suu  arrives  at  t lie  time  of  the  solstices  ; 
the  first  points  of  Cancer  and  Capricorn.  Brande. 

SOL-y-lltL'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being  soluble  ; 
the  quality  of  being  susceptible  of  solution  in  a 
menstruum.  Glunvill. 

SOL'IT-BLE,  a.  [L.  solubilis  ; solvo.  to  loosen,  to 
solve  ; It.  solubile ; Sp.  St  Fr.  soluble .] 

1.  That  may  be  dissolved;  susceptible  of  be- 
ing held  in  solution.  Henry. 

2.  Producing  laxity  ; relaxing,  [r.]  Johnson. 

Soluble  glass,  a silicate  of  potassa  and  soda,  which, 

applied  in  solution  to  the  surface  of  wood,  calico, 
paper,  &c.,  renders  them  unsusceptible  of  taking  fire 
from  contact  with  an  ignited  body.  Urc. 

SOL'P-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state  of 
being  soluble  ; solubility.  Clarke. 

SO 'LUND— GOOSE,  n.  See  Soland-goose.  Grew. 

SO'LtJS,a.  [L.  — feminine  sola.)  Alone;  — used 
in  dramatic  and  musical  entertainments. 

SO-LUTE',  a.  [I.,  solutus,  loosed  ;-solvo,  to  loosen.] 

1.  f Loose  ; free;  relaxed;  joyous.  Young. 

2.  (Bot.)  Loose  ; not  adhering  or  adnate.  Sin. 

f SO-LUTE',  v.  a.  1.  To  solve  ; — to  dissolve.  Bacon. 

2.  To  grant  absolution  to  ; to  absolve.  Bale. 

SO-LU'TION,  n.  [L.  solutio ; solvo,  solutus,  to 
loosen,  to  solve;  It.  soluzione ; Sp.  solucion] 
Fr.  solution.) 

1.  The  act  of  solving,  or  the  state  of  being 
solved;  resolution;  explanation;  explication. 
“ A solution  of  all  difficulties.”  Bp.  Horsley 

Something  yet  of  doubt  remains. 

Which  only  thy  solution  can  resolve.  Mdton. 

Homer  has  divided  each  of  his  poems  into  two  parts,  and 
has  put  a particular  intrigue,  and  the  solution  of  it,  into  each 
part.  J’ojic. 

2.  The  act  of  dissolving,  or  the  state  of  being 

dissolved  ; the  diffusion  of  the  particles  of  a 
solid  throughout  a liquid  without  destroying  its 
transparency,  the  cohesion  of  the  solid  being 
overcome  by  the  mutual  affinity  of  the  two 
bodies.  Henry. 

“ Solution  is  the  result  of  a feeble  affinity,  lint 
one  in  which  the  properties  of  the  dissolved  body  are 
unaltered.”  Silliman. 

Agjr-“  When  any  solvent  lias  taken  up  as  much  of 
any  particular  substance  as  it  is  capable  of,  t lie  solu- 
tion obtained  is  termed  a saturated  one;  and  what 
shows  that  the  change  of  form  from  solid  to  fluid  is 
the  result  of  chemical  affinity,  is  the  fact  that  water, 
which  is  saturated  with  one  substance,  will  take  up 
another.”  P.  Cyc. 

3.  A substance  dissolved  in  a menstruum,  or 

a fluid  having  a substance  dissolved  in  it ; a 
transparent  compound  of  a liquid  and  a solid, 
in  which  the  solid  disappears ; as,  “ A solution 
of  salt  in  water.”  Henry. 

4.  Separation  ; disjunction  ; breach  ; disrup- 
tion. “ Solution  of  continuity.”  Bacon. 

5.  Dissolution;  disunion.  “ Solutions  of  con- 
jugal society.”  Locke. 

6.  Release  ; deliverance  ; discharge  ; libera- 
tion ; disengagement.  Barrow. 

7.  (Math.)  The  operation  or  the  method  of 

finding  such  values  of  unknown  quantities  as 
will  satisfy  a given  equation,  or  answer  the 
conditions  of  a given  problem  ; resolution  : — 
also,  the  answer  to  a problem  or  to  an  equa- 
tion. P.  Cyc. 

8.  (Med.)  The  termination  of  a disease  ; — a 
termination  of  a disease  accompanied  by  criti- 
cal signs  : — the  crisis  of  a disease.  Dunglison. 

9.  ( Civil  Late.)  Payment;  satisfaction  of  a 

creditor.  Boimier. 

SOL'U-TIVE,  a.  [It.  $ Sp.  solutivo  ; Fr.  solutif) 
Dissolvent ; laxative.  Bacon. 

SOLV-A-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [It.  solvabilitd  ; Fr.  solva- 
bility.) Ability  to  pay  all  debts ; solvency ; 
solvableness.  Coleridge. 

SOLV'A-BLE,  a.  I.  That  may  be  solved,  resolved, 
or  explained  ; solvible.  Horne  Tookc. 

2.  That  can  be  paid,  as  a debt.  Todd. 

SOLV'A-BLE- NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  solva- 
ble ; solvability.  Ash. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 


BULL,  BUR,  R1JLE.  — 9,  9,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  JC  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


SOLVE 


SON 


1372 


SOLVE  (solv),  v.  a.  [L.  solro , to  loosen,  to  solve ; 
It.  solvere  ; Sp.  solver ; Fr.  soudre.]  [i.  solved  ; 
pp.  SOLVING,  SOLVED.] 

1.  To  explain  ; to  resolve  ; to  cloar  ; to  unfold. 

To  raise  objections  merely  for  the  sake  of  answering  and 

solving  them.  H ad*. 

2.  (Math.)  To  find  such  values  for  the  un- 
known quantities  of,  as  of  an  equation  or  a 
problem,  as  will  satisfy  the  former  or  answer  the 
conditions  of  the  latter. 

Syn.  — To  solve  and  to  resolve,  differ  little  in  mean- 
ing and  application.  Solve  problems  and  doubts;  re- 
solve, difficulties  or  intricate  questions  ; explain  words 
and  sentences. 

SOLV'JJN-CV,  n.  The  state  of  being  solvent; 
ability  to  pay  all  debts.  — See  Solvent.  Burke. 

SOLV'F.N’D,  n.  Something  to  be  dissolved.  Clarke. 

SOLV'F.NT,  a.  [L.  solro,  solvens,  to  solve,  to  pay.] 

1.  Having  power  to  dissolve,  as  a fluid.  Bogle. 

2.  Able  to  pay  all  debts.  Racket. 

IKg»  Solvent  implies  a present  ability  to  pay.  . . . 

Ability  to  pay  in  full  lias  also  always  been  considered 
an  essential  element  of  solvency.  Burrill. 

SOLVENT,  n.  A fluid  that  dissolves  a substance  ; 
a menstruum.  “ Solvents  for  silver.”  Boyle. 

SOLV'pR,  n.  One  who,  cr  that  which,  solves. 

SOLV'I-BLE,  a.  Solvable.  — See  Solvable.  Rale. 

*f*  SO- MAT  1C,  I [Gr.  treipariKhs  ; auipa,  the 

f SO-MAT'I-CAL,  ) body.]  Pertaining  to  the  body  ; 
bodily  ; corporeal.  Ash. 

SO-MAT'ICS,  n.  pi.  The  science  of  bodies  or 
material  substances  ; somatology.  llocjet. 

SO'.M  A-TlST,  n.  [Gr.  <n3 per,  the  body.]  One  who 
admits  the  existence  of  material  substances 
only,  or  who  denies  the  existence  of  spiritual 
substances ; a materialist,  [it.]  Glanvill. 

SO-M A-TOL'O-^rY,  71.  [Gr.  albpa,  tTwparog,  the 
body,  and  /.iyot,  a discourse ; It.  $ Sp.  somato- 
logia  ; 'Fr.  somatologie .] 

1.  The  doctrine  of  bodies  or  material  sub- 
stances ; — opposed  to  psychology . Coleridge. 

2.  A discourse  on  the  human  body.  Dunglison. 

SO-M  A-TOT'O-MY,  n.  [Gr.  txmpa,  adiparog,  the  body, 
and  rlpvoi,  to  cut.]  Anatomy.  Dunglison. 

SOM'BRE  (som'ber)  [som'ber,  Ja.  K.  Sm.  R.  Wb.], 
a.  [F'r.  sombre,  from  Low  L.  sumibra,  shade, 
from  L.  umbra.)  Dark  ; dusky ; gloomy  ; mel- 
ancholy ; sad  ; shady  ; sombrous  ; obscure. 

With  blood-shot  eyes  and  sombre  mien.  Granger. 

t SOM'BRE,  n.  Gloom;  duskiness.  Williams. 

SOM'BRE-LY,  ad.  Gloomily;  darkly.  Clarke. 

SOM'BRE-NESS  (som'ber-nes),  n Shadiness  ; 
gloominess ; darkness.  Sat.  Mug. 

SOM-BRE  'J?0(-bra'ro),  11.  [Sp.]  A hat.  Vclascpiez. 

IISOM'BKOUS,  or  SOM'BROI  S [som'brus,  C.  Cl. 
Wr. ; som'brus,  Ja.  Sm.  li.  Wb  ; som'brus  or 
som'brus,  A'.],  a.  Dark  , gloomy ; sombre.  “A 
sombrous  hue.”  Knox. 

||  SOM'BROUS-LY,  ad.  Gloomily;  duskily.  Clarke. 

||  SOM'BROl'S-NESS,  n.  Sombreness  Clarke. 

S6.ME.  [Dut.  zanm , Ger.  sain.]  A termination 
of  many  adjectives  denoting  a certain  degree  of 
the  quality  or  property  indicated ; as  gamesome, 
blithesome,  wholesome,  toilsome,  lonesome. 

SOME  (sum),  a.  [Goth,  sum-,  A.  S.  sum,  som ; 
Dut.  sommige  ; Frs.  sume;  Old  Ger.  sum,  same-, 
Dan.  somme,  some,  som,  who,  which,  that ; Sw. 
smnliga,  some,  som,  who,  which,  that ; Icel. 
sumr,  a certain  one.] 

1.  Denoting  a certain,  but  indeterminate, 

quantity  or  amount  of;  more  or  less  as  to  quan- 
tity. “ Some  fresh  water.”  Raleigh. 

2.  Denoting  a certain,  but  indeterminate, 
number  of ; more  or  less  as  to  number  ; several. 

Some  Seeds  fell  by  the  wayside.  Matt.  xiii.  4. 

3.  One,  without  determining  who  or  which ; 
a,  an,  any. 

Let  us  slay  him,  and  cast  him  into  some  pit,  and  we  will 
say.  Some  evd  beast  hath  devoured  him.  Gen.  xxxvii.  20. 

The  pilot  of  some  small,  night-foundered  skiff.  Milton. 

Krf  Some  is  often  used  substantively,  for  some  peo- 
ple, some  persons  , or  some  tiling,  some  tilings,  some 
portion  ; — or  as  an  adjective  pronoun,  for  some  people, 
certain  persons,  or  some  portion  , and  it  is  often 


opposed  to  others;  as,  “ Some  are  happy,  while  others 
are  miserable.” 

Some  flee  the  city,  some  the  hermitage.  Blair. 

Your  edicts  some  reclaim  front  sins. 

But  most  your  life  and  blest  example  wins.  Jlrydcn. 

The  priest  shall  put  some  of  the  blood  upon  tile  horns  of 
the  altar.  Lev.  iv.  7. 

Let  me  now  leave  with  thee  some  of  the  folk  that  are 
with  me.  Gen.  xxxiii.  15. 

USy  It  is  sometimes  used  before  a number  or  quan- 
tity ill  the  sense  of  about  or  near,  showing  that  the 
number  or  quantity  is  uncertain  or  conjectural  “ A 
village  of  same  eighty  bouses.”  Carew.  “ Some 
eight  leagues.”  Raleigh.  “ The  object  is  at  same 
good  distance.”  Bacon.  Some  usually  denotes  a 
larger  number  than  several,  blit,  in  opposition  to 
many,  A small  number;  as,  “ Many  engaged  in  the 
enterprise;  some  of  them  succeeded.” 

/Eg=It  is  often  incorrectly  used,  colloquially,  in  the 
United  States,  for  somewhat  ; as,  “ He  is  some  better, 
sotne  stronger,  some  older,  some  wiser.” 

SOME'BOD-Y  (sum'bod-e),  ii.  1.  A person  not 
known  or  identified  ; some  person  ; one. 

Jesus  said,  Somebody  hath  touched  me.  Lithe  viii.  4G. 

2.  A person  of  importance  or  consideration. 

Before  these  days  rose  up  Theudas,  boasting  himself  to  lie 
somebody.  Acts  v.  3G. 

fSOME'DEAL  (sum'del),  ad.  In  some  degree  or 
extent ; somewhat.  Spenser. 

SOME'IIoW  (sum'hbu),  ad.  In  one  way  or  other; 
in  some  way.  Cheyne. 

fSOM'gR,  n.  [Fr.  sommicr.]  A sumpter-horse  ; 
a horse  for  bearing  burdens.  Berners. 

SOM'ER-sAULT  (-siwlt),  n.  A somerset.  Donne. 

SOM'IJR-SET  (sum'er-set),  n.  [It.  sopra  salto ; so- 
pra  (L.  supra),  over,  above,  and  salto  (L .saltus), 
a leap  ; Fr.  soubresaut.]  A leap  in  which  a per- 
son throws  the  heels  over  the  head  and  lights 
on  the  feet ; — written  also  somersault,  summer- 
sault, sommerset,  and  summerset.  Gay. 

SOM'ER-VlLL-ITE,  n.  (Min.)  A mineral  com- 
posed chiefly  of  silica,  alumina,  lime,  and  mag- 
nesia, found  at  Vesuvius  in  dull-yellow  crys- 
tals ; a variety  of  mellilite.  Dana. 

SOME'THING  (sum'tbjng),  it.  1.  A thing,  indefi- 
nitely ; a thing  unknown,  indeterminate,  or  not 
specified.  “Fetch  me  something.”  ‘‘Some- 
thing doth  approach.”  Shah. 

lie  charged  them  . . . and  commanded  that  something 
6hould  be  given  her  to  eat.  Mark  v.  43. 

2.  An  indeterminate  quantity ; some  part, 
portion,  or  degree. 

Something  yet  of  doubt  remains.  Milton. 

Something  of  it  arises  from  our  infant  state.  lVatts. 

3.  A thing  or  a person  meriting  considera- 
tion ; a person  or  thing  of  importance. 

If  a man  thinketh  himself  to  be  something  when  he  is 
nothing,  he  deceiveth  himself.  Gal.  vi.  3. 

s6mE'TIIJNG,  ad.  In  some  degree;  somewhat. 
“ A wrong  something  unfilial.”  Shah. 

SOME'TiME  (sum'tlm),  ad.  1.  Once;  formerly; 
— now  and  then  ; sometimes,  [it.] 

That  fair  and  warlike  form 
In  which  the  majesty  of  buried  Denmark 
Did  sometime  march.  Shak. 

2 At  one  time  or  other  hereafter.  Johnson. 

f SOME'TIME  (sum'-),  a.  Being  or  existing  for- 
merly. “ My  sometime  daughter.”  Shak. 

SOME'TIME.^  (sum'tlmz),  ad.  1.  At  some  times  ; 
at  one  time  or  other  ; now  and  then. 

It  is  good  that  we  sometimes  be  contradicted,  and  that  wc 
always  bear  it  well.  lip.  Taylor. 

2.  At  one  time.  “ Sometimes  the  one  and 
sometimes  the  other.”  Burnet. 

SOME'WIIAT  (sum'hwot),  n.  A certain,  but  in- 
determinate, quantity,  degree,  or  part ; more  or 
less.  “ Somcichat  of  work.”  Wickliffe. 

The  salts  have  somewhat  of  a nitrous  taste.  Grew. 

SOME'WIIAT  (sum'hwot),  ad.  In  some  quantity 
or  degree  ; more  or  less.  “ He  is  somewhat  ar- 
rogant at  his  first  entrance.”  Dryden. 

SOME'WHERE  (sum'hw&r),  ad.  In  some  place; 
in  one  place  or  another.  Newton. 

They  are  returned,  and  somewhere  live  obscurely.  Dryden. 

f SOME'WHILE,  ad.  Once  ; for  a time.  Spenser. 

SOME'WIIITII'pR,  ad.  To  some  place.  Smart. 

SOMME!  L (som'mal'),  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  somnus .] 

1.  Sleep  ; repose.  Landais. 


2.  (Mils.)  A grave  air  in  old  serious  operas, 
as  inducing  sleepiness  or  drowsiness.  Moore. 

SOM'MITE,  n.  (Min.)  A variety  of  nepheline 
from  Somma,  Italy  Dana. 

SOM-NAM-Bl -I.A'TION,  v.  The  act  of  walking 
in  one’s  sleep  ; somnambulism.  Dunglison. 

SOM-NAm'RU-lA-TOR,  n.  One  who  walks  in 
sleep ; a somnambulist.  Pritchard. 

SOM-NAM'BULE,  n.  [Fr.]  A somnambulist ; a 
somnambulator.  Qu.  Rev. 

SOM-NAM'BU-LlC,  a.  Relating  to,  or  practising, 
somnambulism.  Qu.  Rev. 

SOM-N AM  I! (J-I.IijM,  n.  [L.  somnus,  sleep,  and 
ambulo,  to  walk  ; It.  sonnnmbu/ismo  ; Sp.  som- 
nambulismo  ; Fr.  somnambulisme.]  The  act, 
the  practice,  or  the  disease,  of  walking  in  one’s 
sleep  ; — the  state  of  a person  who,  apparently 
insensible  to  external  objects,  acts  as  if  in  a state 
of  consciousness.  P.  Cyc. 

SOM-NAM'BU-LIST,  i i.  One  affected  with,  or 

practising,  somnambulism;  a sleep-walker. 

The  somnambulist  directs  himself  with  unerring  certainty 
through  the  most  intricate  windings.  Dp.  Torteus. 

SOM-NAM-BU-LlST'lC,  a.  Pertaining  to  som- 
nambulism ; somnambulic.  Dunglison. 

f SOM'Nf.ll,  n.  A summoner.  — See  Summoner. 


SOM'NI-AL,  a.  [L.  somnialis ; somnium,  a dream.] 
Relating  to  dreams.  Coleridge. 

SOM'NI-A-TIVE,  a.  Relating  to,  or  producing, 
dreams,  [it.]  Coleridge. 

1"  SOM-NIC'U-LOUS,  a.  [L.  somniculosus.]  Drow- 
sy ; sleepy  ; sluggish.  Blount. 

SOM-NIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  somnifer  ; somnus, 
sleep,  and  fero,  to  bring;  It.  sonnifero;  Sp. 
somnifero  ; Fr.  somnifirc.]  Causing  or  indu- 
cing sleep  ; soporiferous ; soporific;  somnific. 
“ Somniferous  potions.”  Walton. 

SOM-NIF'IC,  a.  [L.  somnificus ; somnus,  sleep, 
and  facio,  to  make.]  Causing  or  inducing 
sleep;  somniferous;  soporific.  Johnson. 

f SOM-NIF'I -GOUS,  a.  [L.  somnus,  sleep,  and 
fugio,  to  flee.]  Driving  away  sleep.  Bailey. 

SOM-NIL'O-QUENCE,  11.  [L.  somnus,  sleep,  and 

loquor,  to  speak.]  The  act  or  the  practice  of 
talking  in  one’s  sleep  ; somniloquism.  Detidy. 

SOM-NlL'p-auI§M,  n.  The  act  of  talking  in 
one’s  sleep  ; somniloquence.  Coleridge. 

SOM-NlL'O-CiUIST,  ii.  One  who  talks  in  sleep  ; 
one  who  practises  somniloquism.  Dendy. 

SOM-NlL'p-aUOUS,  a.  Apt  to  talk  in  sleep; 
talking  in  one’s  sleep.  Wright. 

SOM-NIL'O-CtUY,  n-  The  act  of  talking  in  one’s 
sleep  ; somniloquism ; somniloquence.  Craig. 


SOM-NIP'A-THY,  ii.  Somnopathy.  Wright. 

SOM’  MI-tiM,  n.  [L.,  a dream  ; somnus,  sleep.] 

1.  A dream  ; a combination  of  ideas  or  images 

that  present  themselves  to  the  mind  during 
sleep.  Dunglison. 

2.  A state  between  sleeping  and  waking  in 

which  persons  perform  acts  of  which  they  are 
unconscious.  Mitchell. 


)M  NO-LENCE,  ) n.  [L.  somnolentia  ; somnus, 
JM'NO-LEN-CY,  ) sleep;  It.  sonnolenza  ; Sp. 


SOM' 

SOM' 

somnolencia  ; Fr.  somnolence .] 

1.  Inclination  to  sleep  ; sleepiness  ; drowsi- 
ness. Chaucer. 

2.  A peculiar  state  between  waking  and  sleep- 
ing. Dunglison. 

SOM 'NO- LENT,  a.  [L.  snmnolentus  ; Fr.  somno- 
lent.] Sleepy ; drowsy.  Bullokar. 

SOM'NO-LENT-LY,  ad.  Sleepily.  Wright. 


SOM-NOP'A-THY,  ii.  [L.  somnus,  sleep,  and  Gr. 
tniOo ;,  a passive  state!]  Mesmeric  sleep  ; mes- 
meric somnambulism.  Dunglison. 

f SOMP'JVOUR,  n.  [See  Summon.]  An  officer 
who  summoned  delinquents  to  appear  in  eccle- 
siastical courts  ; an  apparitor.  Chaucer. 


SON  (sun),  n.  [M.  Goth,  sunus ; A.  S.  sunn,  suite  ; 
Dot.  zoon ; Ger  sohn ; Dan.  Soil ; Sw.  son ; 
Icel.  sonr.  — Polish,  Russ.,  &c.,  syn.  — Sansc. 
sunn.] 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  1J,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


SONANCE 


1373 


SOOTHE 


1.  A male  child ; — opposed  to  daughter. 

“ The  son  of  Henry  the  Fifth.”  Shak. 

Would  God  I had  died  for  thee,  O Absalom,  iny  son,  my 
mu.  ~ Sum.  xviii.  33. 

2.  A male  descendant,  however  distant. 

I am  the  son  of  the  wise,  the  son  of  ancient  kings.  Isa.  xix.  11. 

3.  A compellation  or  style  of  address  of  an 
old  person  to  a young  man,  or  of  a priest  or 
teacher  to  his  disciple. 

Be  plain,  good  son.  and  homely  in  thy  drift; 

Riddling  confession  iiuds  but  riddling  shrift.  Shak. 

4.  A native  of  a country. 

Britain  then 

Sees  arts  her  savage  sons  control.  Pope. 

5.  Any  person  or  thing  in  which  the  relation 
of  a son  to  a parent  is  perceived  or  imagined. 

Earth's  tall  sons,  the  cedar,  oak,  and  pine.  Blackmore. 

6.  Jesus  Christ;  the  Son  of  God;  Saviour. 

The  Father  sent  the  Son  to  be  the  Saviour  of  the  world. 

1 .John  iv.  14. 

SO'NANCE,  n.  [Fr.  son,  sound.]  Sound;  — writ- 
ten also  sonaunce.  Hegioood. 

SO'NANT,  a.  [L.  sono , sonans,  to  sound.]  Re- 
lating to,  or  giving,  sound.  Gibbs. 

SO-JVJi ' TA  [so-na'ta,  S.  IF.  P.  F. ; so-na'ta,  J.  Ja. 
K.  Sm  I FA],  n.  [It.,  from  sonare  (L.  sono),  to 
sound.]  (Mus.)  A composition  for  a piano,  an 
organ,  or  other  instrument,  usually  of  three  or 
four  distinct  movements,  each  with  a unity  of 
its  own,  yet  all  related  so  as  to  form  one  varied 
but  consistent  whole.  Dwight. 

It  commonly  begins  with  an  allegro,  some- 
times preceded  by  a slow  introduction.  Then  come 
the  andante,  adagio,  or  largo  ; then  the  lively  and 
playful  minuet  and  trio,  or  scherzo  ; and  lastly  the 
finale,  in  quick  time.  The  sonata  form  is  common 
also  to  the  symphony  and  the  trio,  quartet,  quintet, 
&o.,  for  stringed  instruments.  Dwight. 

SuN'CY,  a.  Pleasant;  lucky;  thriving.  [North 
of  Eng.]  Brockctt. 

SONG,  n.  [A.  S.  sang,  song ; Hut.  zang  ; Ger. 
sang,  gesang;  Dan.  sang-,  Sw.  sang-,  Scot. 
sang.  — See  Sing.] 

1.  That  which  is  sung  or  uttered  with  musi- 

cal modulations  of  the  voice.  “ The  sound  of 
dance  and  song.”  Milton. 

2.  A poem  sung  or  to  be  sung  ; a ballad. 
“ Songs  of  woe.”  “ Songs  of  peace.”  Shah. 

The  oldest  literary  compositions,  among  all  nations,  are 
found  to  be  songs.  Mitjord. 

I never  heard  the  old  song  of  Percy  and  Douglas  that  1 
found  not  my  heart  moved  more  than  with  a trumpet.  Sidney. 

3.  A lay;  a strain  ; a hymn  ; a poem. 

The  bard  that  first  adorned  our  native  tongue, 


Tuned,  to  his  British  lyre  this  ancient  song.  Dryden. 

4.  Poetry  ; poesy  ; verse.  Milton. 

Names  memorable  long. 

If  there  be  force  in  virtue  or  in  song.  Pope. 

5.  Notes  or  singing  of  a bird, 

The  lark,  the  messenger  of  day. 

Saluted  in  her  song  the  morning  gray.  Dry  den. 

6.  A trifle  ; something  of  little  or  no  value  ; 
as,  “ To  buy  a thing  for  a song.” 

Old  song,  a trifle.  “ I do  not  intend  to  be  thus  put 
off  with  an  old  song.”  More. 

Syn. — Song , psalm,  hymn,  anthem,  carol , lay,  bal- 


lad, ditty,  dirge,  and  requiem,  all  denote  small  poems 
or  poetical  compositions  intended  to  be  sung.  Song 
is  a term  of  various  application  ; as  a sacred,  a 
humorous,  a bacchanalian,  a patriotic,  or  awarsono-; 
the  song  of  the  angels  or  of  drunkards.  Psalms , 
hymns,  and  anthems,  are  sacred  songs,  used  in  divine 
worship.  Carol,  or  a strain,  is  a song  of  joy  or  of  de- 
votion. Lays , ballads,  and  ditties,  are  small,  light 
pieces  of  poetry  sung  on  various  common  topics.  A 
funeral  dirge  ; a requiem  for  the  dead. 

SONG'— CRAFT,  n.  The  art  of  composing  songs; 
versification.  Longfellow. 

SONG'-FjN-NO'BLED  (-hid),  a . Ennobled  or  ex- 
alted in  song.  Coleridge . 

SONG'FUL,  a.  Of  melodious  sound.  Savage. 

f SONG'ISH,  a Consisting  of,  or  like,  songs. 

Dryden. 

SONG'LJ^SS,  a.  Without  song  ; not  singing. 

Silent  rows  the  songless  gondolier.  Byron. 

SONG'STJ^R,  n.  A person,  or  a bird,  that  sings. 
Either  songster , holding  out  their  throats. 

And  folding  up  their  wings,  renewed  their  notes.  Dryden. 

SONG'STRpSS,  n.  A female  singer.  Thomson. 

SO-NIF'pR-OUS,  a.  [L.  sonus,  a sound,  and  fero, 
to  bear.]  Producing  sound ; sonorific.  Derham.  | 


SON'— IN-LAW,  n.  The  husband  of  a daughter. 

It  pleased  David  well  to  be  the  king's  son-in-law. 

1 Sam.  xviii.  26. 

SON'NIJT,  n.  [It.  sonetto ; Sp.  soncto  ; Fr.  son- 
net.]  A short  poem  ; — especially  a short  poem 
consisting  of  fourteen  lines,  comprising  two 
quatrains  and  two  tercets.  Holland.  P.  Cgc. 

f SON'NJJT,  v.  n.  To  compose  sonnets.  Bp.  Ilall. 

SON-N  pT-EER',  n.  A writer  of  sonnets;  a small 
poet ; — usually  in  contempt.  Pope. 

f SON'NET-jjR,  n.  A sonneteer.  Shah. 

SON'NgT-ING,  n.  The  act  of  making  sonnets, 
or  the  act  of  singing. 

Leafy  groves  now  mainly  ring 

"With  each  sweet  bird’s  sonneting.  Browne. 

f SuN'NJJT-IST,  n.  A sonneteer.  Bp.  Hall. 

SON'NET-iZE,  v.  n.  To  compose  a sonnet  or 
sonnets.  Maunder. 

SON'NpT-WRiT'lyR  (-rlt'er),  n.  A writer  of  son- 
nets ; a sonneteer.  Warton. 

fSON'NISII,  a.  Like  the  sun  or  the  beams  ot 
the  sun  ; sunny.  Chaucer 

SON'NiTE,  n.  One  of  a Mahometan  sect  who  be- 
lieved in  the  authority  of  tradition,  as  opposed 
to  the  Shiites  ; an  orthodox  Mussulman  ; — writ- 
ten also  Sunnite,  Soonee,  and  Sunnie.  P.  Cgc. 

SO-NO  JI'IJ-TJJR,  n [L.  sonus,  a sound,  and  me- 
trum,  a measure.] 

1.  An  apparatus  for  illustrating  the  phenom- 

ena presented  by  sonorous  bodies,  and  the  ratios 
of  their  vibrations,  by  the  transverse  vibrations 
of  tense  cords.  Hoblgn. 

2.  An  instrument  for  testing  the  efficacy  of 

treatment  for  deafness,  consisting  of  a bell 
fixed  on  a table.  Simmonds. 

SON-O-RIF'IC,  a.  [L.  sonor,  sonus,  sound,  and 
facio,  to  make.]  Giving  or  producing  sound  ; 
soniferous.  Watts. 

SO-NOR'l-Ty,  n.  [Fr.  sonorite.]  The  quality  of 
being  sonorous  ; sonorousness,  [r.]  Athenaeum. 

SO-NO'ROUS,  a.  [L.  sonorus  ; sonor,  sonus, 
sound;  It.  § Sp.  sonoro;  Fr.  sonorc .] 

1.  Giving  sound,  as  when  struck  ; sounding  ; 

resonant.  “ Sonorous  metal.”  Milton. 

Bodies  are  distinguished  as  sonorous  or  unsonorous.  Johnson. 

2.  Full,  high,  or  loud  in  sound  ; high-sounding. 

Ills  expressions  are  sonorous  and  more  noble.  Dryden. 

Sonorous  figures,  figures  formed  by  nodal  lines,  as 
when  fine  sand  is  strewed  on  a disk  of  glass  or  metal, 
and  the  bow  of  a violin  drawn  down  on  its  edge,  a 
musical  note  will  be  heard,  and  at  the  same  instant 
tile  sand  will  be  in  motion,  and  gather  itself  to  those 
parts  which  continue  at  rest,  that  is,  to  the  nodal 
lines.  Ogilcie. 

SO-NO'ROFS-LY,  ad.  In  a sonorous  manner; 
with  sound.  ’ More. 

SO-NO'ROFS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state 
of  being  sonorous.  Boyle. 

SON'SHIP,  n.  The  state  or  the  relationship  of  a 
son-  Locke.  Waterland. 

SON'SY,  a.  See  Soncy.  Wright. 

fSON'TIE§  (son'tjz),  n.  pi.  A corruption,  per- 
haps, of  santes,  for  saints.  Mares. 

By  God’s  sonties,  ’t  will  be  a hard  way  to  it.  Slink. 

SOO'CpY,  n.  A mixed,  striped  fabric  of  silk  and 
cotton.  [India.]  Simmonds 

SO 6 ' DF.R,  n.  The  fourth,  or  lowest,  caste  among 
the  Hindoos,  consisting  of  artisans,  laborers, 
and  servants.  C.  P.  Brown.  Booth. 

sdd'VRjl,n.  Same  as  SooDEit.  C.  P.  Brown. 

SO 6 'FEE,  a.  Noting  a Persian  dynasty,  — whence 
the  ancient  appellation  of  Sophi,  applied  to  a 
Persian  monarch.  P.  Cgc. 

Sod  'FEE,  n.  A believer  in  Soofeeism.  Wright. 

SOO'FEE-LSM,  n.  A kind  of  pantheism  among 
certain  Mahometans  in  Persia.  Wright. 

SOO'JEE,  n.  Indian  wheat  ground  but  not  pul- 
verized ; a kind  of  semolino.  Simmonds. 

SOON,  ad.  [M.  Goth,  suns-,  A.  S.  sona .] 

1.  In  a short  time  ; before  long  ; shortly. 

Ye  shall  soon  utterly  perish  from  off  the  land.  Deut.  iv.  20. 

To  their  general's  voice  they  soon  obeyed.  Milton. 

2.  Before  any  time  supposed  ; early. 

How  is  it  that  ye  are  come  so  soon  to-day?  Ex.  ii.  18. 


3.  Readily  ; willingly  ; gladly. 

I would  as  soon  sec  a river  winding  through  woods  and 
meadows  as  when  it  is  tossed  up  in  so  many  whimsical  figures 
at  Versailles.  Addison. 

As  soon  as,  immediately  after  ; at  the  very  lime. 
“ The  wicked  are  estranged  from  the  womb  ; they  go 
astray  as  soon  as  they  be  born.”  Ps.  lviii.  3. 

f SOON,  a.  Speedy  ; quick  ; early.  “ A soon 
and  prosperous  issue.”  Sidneg. 


SOO  'NEE,  n.  One  of  a sect  of  Mahometans  ; a 
Sonnite.  — See  Sonnite.  Hamilton. 

t SOON'LY,  ad.  Quickly  ; speedily.  More. 

SOOP'BER-RY,  n.  See  Soapberry.  Miller. 
fSOORD,  n.  The  skin  of  bacon.  Bp.  Hall. 

SOOR'MA,  n.  A preparation  of  antimony,  with 
which  women  in  India  anoint  their  eyelids.  Sim. 


SOO-SHONG',  n.  See  Souchong.  Clarke 


SOO'SOO,  n.  See  Sousou. 


Clarke. 


||  SOOT  (sot  or  sut,  .51)  [sut,  .7.  E.  F.  Ja.  Sm.  Wb.  ; 
sut,  S.  P.  Kenrick-,  sot,  IF.  K.  if.],  n.  [A.  S. 
soot,  sot  - Old  Hut.  zot ; Dan.  sod ; Sw.  § Icel. 
sot.  — Ir.  suth;  Gael,  suithe,  suidh.  — Fr.  side.'] 
A black  substance  deposited  from  smoke,  as  in 
a chimney ; black  dust.  Bacon. 

US. f“  Soot  consists  chiefly  of  carbon  in  a pulveru- 
lent form,  condensed  from  the  smoke  of  wood  or  coal 
fuel.  The  soot  of  pit  coal  contains  sulphate  and  car- 
bonate ot  ammonia,  and  some  bituminous  matter.” 
Tomlinson. 

/©*  “ Notwithstanding  I have  Air.  Sheridan,  Mr. 
Nares,  Dr.  Kenrick,  W.  Johnston,  Air.  Perry,  and  tile 
professors  of  the  black  art  themselves,  against  me  in 
the  pronunciation  of  this  word,  1 have  ventured  to 
prefer  the  regular  pronunciation  to  the  irregular  [i.  e. 
sot  not  sut].  The  adjective  sooty  has  its  regular  sound 
among  the  correctest  speakers,  which  lias  induced  Air. 
Sheridan  to  mark  it  so  ; but  nothing  can  be  more  ab- 
surd than  to  pronounce  the  substantive  in  one  man- 
ner, and  the  adjective,  derived  from  it  by  adding  y, 
in  another.  The  other  orthoepists,  therefore,  who 
pronounce  both  these  words  with  the  oo  like  ii,  are 
more  consislent  than  Mr  Sheridan,  though,upon  the 
whole,  not  so  right.”  kVal/ccr. 

||  SOOT  (sot  or  sut),  v.  a.  To  cover,  stain,  or  soil 
with  soot,  [it.]  Chapman. 

f SOOTE,  or  SOTE,  a.  Sweet.  Surrey. 

||  SOOT' ED  (sot'ed  or  sut'ed),  a.  Soiled,  covered, 
or  manured  with  soot.  Mortimer. 

SOOT'F.R-KIN,  n.  A kind  of  false  birth  fabled  to 
be  produced  by  Dutch  women,  from  sitting  over 
their  stoves.  Swift. 

f SOOTH,  n.  [A.  S.  soth .] 

1.  Truth  ; verity  ; reality.  Shah. 

The  very  sooth  of  it  is,  that  an  ill  habit  has  the  force  of  an 
ill  fate.  L' Estrange. 

2.  Prognostication.  “ Sooth  of  birds.”  Spenser. 

3.  That  which  soothes  ; pleasingness  ; sweet- 
ness ; kindness.  “ With  words  of  sooth.”  Shah. 

f SOOTH,  a.  [A.  S.  soth.] 

1.  True  ; faithful  ; trustworthy.  Shah. 

2.  Pleasing  ; delighting.  Milton. 

SOOTHE  (soth),  v.  a.  [Goth,  sothyan,  to  satisfy  ; 
A.  S.  gesothian,  to  assert,  to  flatter,  to  soothe. 
— From  A.  S.  soth,  true.  Skinner.]  [i. 

SOOTHED  ; pp.  SOOTHING,  SOOTHED.] 

1.  To  please  by  assenting  to ; to  flatter. 

“ Can  I soothe  tyranny.”  Dryden. 

I’ve  tried  the  force  of  every  reason,  him 

Soothed  and  caressed,  been  angry,  soothed  again.  Addison. 

2.  To  gratify  ; to  please  ; to  delight.  “ Soothed 

with  his  future  fame.”  Dryden. 

3.  To  assuage ; to  calm  ; to  mollify  ; to  tran- 
quillize ; to  soften  ; to  appease;  to  allay. 

The  lyrG  of  David  was  able  to  soothe  the  troubled  spirits  to 
repose.  fr  Knox. 

“ Th,  at  the  end  of  words,  is  sharp,  as  death, 
breath,  &c.,  except  in  beneath,  booth,  with,  and  the 
verbs  to  seeth,  to  smooth , to  sooth , to  mouth,  all  which 
ought  to  be  written  withe  final  [YValker  so  spells  them 
all  in  his  Rhyming  Dictionary],  not  only  to  distin- 
guish some  of  them  from  the  nouns,  but  to  show  that 
th  is  soft ; for  th,  when  final,  is  sometimes  pronounced 
soft,  as  in  to  mouth’,  yet  the,  at.  the  end  of  words, 
is  never  pronounced  hard.  There  is  as  obvious  an 
analogy  for  this  sound  of  th  in  these  verbs,  as  for  the 
z sound  of  5 in  verbs  ending  in  sc  ; and  why  wo 
should  write  some  verbs  with  r..  and  others  without 
it,  is  inconceivable.  The  best  way  to  show  the  ab- 
surdity of  our  orthography,  in  this  particular,  will  he 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE. — 9,  <?,  <;,  g,  soft;  Vr  G,  c,  g,  hard ; § 


as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


SOOTHER 


1374 


SORBONNE 


to  draw  out  t lie  nouns  and  verbs  as  they  stand  in 
Johnson’s  Dictionary  : — 

Xouns.  kc. 

Sheath, 

Smooth, 

Sooth, 

Swuth. 


X0IW8,  f)'C. 

Bath, 

Breath, 


Cloth, 

Eouth, 

Mouth, 


Verbs. 
to  bathe, 
to  breathe, 
to  ctothe, 
to  iincloath. 
to  loathe, 
to  mouth. 


Wreath, 


Verbs. 

to  sheath,  sheathe, 
to  smooth, 
to  sooth, 
to  swathe. 

S to  wreath, 

/ to  inwreathe. 

Surely  nothing  can  he  more  evident  than  the  analogy 
of  the  language  in  this  case.  Is  it  not  absurd  to  hesi- 
tate a moment  at  writing  all  the  verbs  with  e final’ 
This  is  a departure  from  our  great  lexicographer 
which  he  himself  would  approve,  as  nothing  but 
inadvertency  could  have  led  him  into  this  unmeaning 
irregularity.”  Walker. 

Although  Walker  speaks  so  decidedly  on  this  mat- 
ter, vet  he  has  not  accommodated  the  orthography  of 
all  tiiese  words  to  the  principle  which  he  inculcates. 
It  could  be  wished  that  all  the  words  of  this  class 
were  conformed  in  their  orthography  to  tins  rule. 
The  only  ones  which  are  not  now  actually,  by  respect- 
able usage,  conformed  to  it,  are  the  verbs  to  bequeath , 
to  mouth,  and  to  smooth,  which  we  rarely  see  written 
to  bequeathe . to  moutlie , and  to  smoothe. 

Syn.  — See  Allay,  Appease. 

SOOTH  pit,  n.  Ons  who  soothes  or  flatters.  Shak. 

+ Sd6Tll'FAsT,  re.  [A.  S.  soth-feest ; soth , truth, 
and  fast,  fast.]  True;  veracious.  I Vickliffe. 

+ SOOTITfAsT-N^SS,  n.  Truth;  scrupulous  ve- 
racity. Chaucer. 

SOOTII'ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  soothes;  al- 
leviation. Shak. 

SOOTII'IXG,  p.  a.  That  soothes  ; calming. 

SOOTH'IXG-LY,  ail.  In  a soothing  manner;  with 
flattery  or  soothing  words.  Shelton. 

f SOOTII'LY,  ad.  In  truth;  really.  Hales. 

+ SOOTll'NpSS,  n.  Truth.  Robert  of  Gloucester. 

SOOTII'SAY,  v.  n.  To  predict.  Acts  xvi  16. 

f sdOTH'SAY,  n.  1.  A true  saying.  Chaucer. 

2.  A prediction  ; a soothsaying.  Spenser. 

SOOTH 'SAY- pit  (soth'sa-er),  n.  One  who  fore- 
tells future  events  ; a foreteller.  Shak. 

SOOTH'SAY-ING,  n.  [A.  S.  solh-saga.']  The  act 
of  foretelling  future  events.  Ecslus.  xxxiv.  5. 

||  SOOT'I-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality  of 
being  sooty  ; fuliginousness.  Johnson. 

||  SOOT'ISII  (sot'isli  or  sut'ish),  a.  Resembling, 
or  partaking  of,  soot ; sooty.  - Clarke. 

||  SOOT’Y  (sot'e  or  sut'e)  [sut'e,  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  Sm. ; 
sot'e,  S.  IV.  K.  ; sut'e,  P.  — See  Soot],  a. 

1.  Producing  soot.  “ Sooty  coal.”  Milton. 

2.  Consisting  of,  covered  with,  or  resembling, 
soot ; fuliginous.  “ Sooty  matter.”  Wilkins. 

3.  Black  ; dark  ; dusky  ; murky.  “ The  sooty 

flag  of  Acheron.”  Milton. 

Swift  on  his  sooty  pinions  flits  the  gnome.  l*ope. 

||  SOOT  V,.  v.  a.  To  make  black  or  foul  with  soot. 
“ Sootied  with  noisome  smoke.”  Chapman. 


SOP,  n.  [A.  S.  sop,  soup ; syp,  a wetting,  a mois- 
tening ; Dut.  sop,  soup  ; Ger.  § Dan.  suppe  ; Sw. 
soppa.  — Fr.  soupe,  soup.  — See  Sip,  and  Sup.] 

1.  Any  thing  steeped  or  dipped  in  liquor,  es- 
pecially to  be  eaten.  Shak. 

So/vt  in  wine,  quantity  for  quantity,  inebriate  more  than 
wine  of  itself.  Bacon. 

2.  Anything  given  to  pacify  or  appease  ; — 
so  called  front  the  sop  given  to  Cerberus. 

To  Cerberus  they  give  a sop, 

llis  triple  barking  mouth  to  stop.  Swift. 

Ill  nature  is  not  cured  with  a sop.  V Estrange. 

3.  f A tiling  of  no  value.  Piers  Plouhman. 

SOP,  t’.  re.  [i.  sopped;  pp.  sopping,  sopped.] 
To  steep,  dip,  or  soak  in  liquor.  Fletcher. 

SO  PE,  n.  See  Aap.  Todd. 


SOPII  (sof),  n.  1.  A sophistcr.  “Three  Cam- 
bridge sophs.”  [Cambridge  Univ.,  Eng.]  Pope. 

Learned  sophs  in  systems, jaded.  Bp.  Horne. 

2.  A sophomore.  College  Words  and  Customs. 

SO  'PHI,  n.  [Per.]  A monarch  of  Persia  ; a soft. 
— See  Sofi,  and  Soofee.  Congreve. 

t SOPH'jC,  ? a.  [Gr.  aotjiin,  wisdom.]  Teaching 
t SflPH'j-CAE,  ) wisdom  ; sophical.  Harris. 

SOPIl'IfjM  (sof'iztn),  n.  [Gr.  c6i)noiya  ; aotfii^to,  to 
make  wise  ; aoipiCpyai,  to  be  wise,  to  devise  skil- 


fully ; ooijiii,  wise  ; L sophisma  ; It.  sofismo ; 
Sp.  sofisma ; Fr.  sophisme .]  A specious,  but 
fallacious,  argument ; a fallacy,  deception,  or 
subtlety  in  argument  or  reasoning ; paralogism. 

When  a false  argument  puts  on  the  appearance  of  a true 
one,  then  it  is  properly  culled  a sojihirm.  Halts. 

fl®5-  “ Sophism  is  a false  argument.  This  word  is 
noi  usually  applied  to  mere  errors  in  reasoning,  but 
only  id  those  erroneous  reasonings  of  the  fallacy  of 
which  the  person  wllo  maintained  them  is,  in  some 
degree,  conscious  ; and  which  lie  endeavors  to  con- 
cetti from  examination  by  subtlety  and  by  some  am- 
biguity, or  other  unfairness  in  the  use  of  words.” 
Taylor. 

Syn. — See  Paralogism. 

SOPH'IST  (sof'jst),  n.  [Gr.  ooipiarq;  ; L.  sophistes  ; 
It.  if  Sp.  sofista;  Fr.  sophiste.\ 

1.  In  ancient  Greece,  one  who  gave  lessons 
in  the  arts  and  sciences  for  money.  Temple. 

K3T  “ If  the  earlier  sophists  are  to  be  blamed  rather 
for  lalse  display  than  for  actual  false  intention,  their 
trade  soon  became  that  of  perverting  and  opposing 
truth,  as  such,  and  in  this  character,  being  attacked 
by  Socrates  and  Plato,  as  also  by  Aristophanes  and 
others,  they  tell  into  deserved  odium.”  Liddell  <y 
Scott. 

2.  A specious,  but  fallacious,  reasoner ; a 

disputant  fallaciously  subtle  ; an  artful,  but  in- 
sidious, logician.  Wright. 

3.  A sophister.  [Camb.  Univ.,  Eng.]  Crabb. 

Iftj  ' The  words  sophist  and  sophister  are  sometimes 

confounded,  the  proper  sense  of  t lie  former  being  a 
teacher  of  philosophy  in  ancient  Grtfece  ; of  the  latter, 
a specious,  but  false  reasoner.  Dr.  Campbell. 

SOPII'IS-TIJR,  n.  1.  f A Grecian  sophist.  Hooker. 

2.  A specious,  but  fallacious,  reasoner.  Shak. 

3.  A student  in  a university  or  a college,  ad- 
vanced beyond  the  first  year  of  the  course;  — 
a name  originally,  and  particularly,  applied  in 
Camb.  Univ.,  Eng.  College  Words  and  Customs. 

t SOPH'jS-TfR,  v.  a.  To  maintain  by  sophistry 
or  fallacious  argument.  Ld.  Cobham. 

SO-PHIS  TIC,  ? re.  [Gr.  c-ot/ntrrixdt ; L.  sophis- 

SO-PHlS'TI-CAE,  ) ticus  ; It.  A'  Sp.  sofistico ; Fr. 
sophistigue .]  Partaking  of  sophistry ; falla- 
ciously subtle  ; fallacious  ; logically  deceitful  ; 
illogical.  “ Sophistic  reasoning.”  Burke. 

Syn.  — See  Fallacious. 

SO-PHIS'T[-CAL-LY,  ad.  AVith  sophistry;  with 
fallacious  subtlety.  “ Bolingbroke  argues  most 
sophistically.”  Swift. 

SO-PIHS'TI-CAL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  the 
state  of  being  sophistical ; sophistry.  Ash. 

SO-PHLS  Tj-CATE,  v.  re.  [It.  sofisticare  ; Sp.  sofis- 
ticar  ; Fr.  sophistiquer .]  [»'.  sophisticated  ; 

pp.  SOPHISTICATING,  SOPHISTICATED.]  To 
adulterate  ; to  corrupt  with  something  spurious  ; 
to  vitiate  ; to  debase  ; to  pervert.  Dry  den. 

SO-PIUS'TI-CATE,  re.  Adulterated;  spurious; 
not  genuine  ; counterfeit.  Cowley. 

SO-PHlS-TJ-CA'TtON,  n.  The  act  of  sophisti- 
cating ; adulteration.  Boyle. 

SO-PIlI S’TI-OA-TOR,  n.  One  who  sophisticates  ; 
an  adulterator.  Whitaker. 

SOPH'IR-TRY  (sSf'js-tre),  n.  1.  t Logic  ; reason- 
ing. “ Youthful  exercises  of  sophistry,  themes, 
and  declamations.”  Fenton. 

2.  Specious,  but  fallacious,  reasoning;  false 
or  deceitful  logic  ; paralogy  ; fallacy. 

These  men  have  obscured  and  confounded  the  natures  of 
things  by  their  false  principles  and  wretched  sophistry.  South. 

SOPH'O-MORE,  n.  [Gr.  ovr/iik,  wise,  and  uibpo ;,  dull, 
foolish.  — “The  freshman’s  year  [in  Cambridge 
University,  Eng.]  being  expired,  the  next  dis- 
tinctive appellation  conferred  is  A soph  Mor.  . . . 
Is  not  Mor  an  abbreviation  of  the  Gr.  Mwpm 
[folly],  and  might  not  this  quaint  title  have 
been  introduced  at  a time  when  the  Encomium 
Morice,  the  Praise  of  Folly,  of  Erasmus,  was  so 
generally  read  that  ten  editions  of  it  speedily 
issued  from  the  press  ? It  is  worthy  of  notice, 
that  near  the  beginning  of  this  admirable  trea- 
tise the  word  pwotxro^k,  foolishly  wise,  occurs, 
and  it  is  obvious  that  Soph  Mor  is  only  a trans- 
position of  the  word,  with  a curtailing  of  the 
former  part  of  it.”  Gent.  Mag.  vol.  lxv.  1795, 
p.  818.]  A student  belonging  to  the  second 
class,  or  class  next  above  the  freshman  class,  in 
a college,  or  who  is  in  the  second  year  of  his  col- 
legiate course.  [U.  S.]  Sidney  Willard. 


SOPH-O-Mult  jC,  ^ a Relating  to,  or  like, 

SOPH-O-MOR'l-CAL,  > a sophomore  ; bombastic; 
inflated  ; turgid ; pompous.  Calhoun.  Hall. 

f SO 'RITE,  v.  a.  [L.  sopio,  sopitus;  sopor,  a deep 
sleep.]  To  lay  or  put  asleep;  to  set  to  rest ; to 
quiet ; tranquillize.  Wood. 

t SO-FF'TION  (-pish'-),  n.  Sleep;  rest.  Browne. 

SO'  POR,  n.  [L.]  A profound  sleep  ; morbid  sleep 
or  drowsiness  ; lethargy.  Uunglison. 

f s6p'0-RATE,  v.  a.  [L.  soporo,  soporatas.]  To 
lay  or  put  asleep  ; to  stupefy.  Cudicorth. 

"St H’-O-Rl F' IJR-OFS,  re.  [L.  soporifer\  sopor,  a 
heavy  sleep,  and  fero,  to  bring ; It.  A Sp.  sopo- 
rifero ; Fr.  soporifere.\  Causing  or  inducing 
sleep  ; narcotic  ; somniferous  ; soporific.  “ Sop- 
oriferous  medicine.”  Swift. 

SOP-O-RlF'jpR-OUS-LY,  ad.  So  as  to  induce 
sleep  ; narcotically.  ’ Clarke. 

SOP-O-RiF'ER-OFS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  the 
power  of  causing  sleep.  Johnson. 

SOP-O-RIF'IC  [sop-o-rlf'ik,  W.  J.  F.  Ja.  Sm.;  so- 
po-rlfjlt,  S.  1‘.  E.  if.],  re.  [L.  sopor,  a heavy 
sleep,  and  facio,  to  make ; Fr.  soporifque.\ 
Causing  sleep  ; soporiferous  ; narcotic.  Locke. 

Sor-O-RIF'IC,  n.  (Med.)  A soporific  medicine, 
or  a medicine  causing  sleep.  Uunglison. 

SOP-O-ROSE',  re.  [L.  soporus.']  Causing  sleep  ; 
soporific  ; soporilerous.  Brit.  Almanac. 

SOP  O-ROUS,  re.  Causing  sleep.  Greenhill. 

SOP'PIpR,  n.  One  who  sops.  Johnson. 

SO'PRM.  [It.,  from  L.  super,  above.]  ( Mus .) 

Above  or  upper.  Moore. 

SO-PRA'NIST,  n.  (Mus.)  A singer  of  soprano  ; a 
treble  singer.  Wright. 

SQ-PRA'JVO,  n. ; pi.  so-pra'kI.  [It.]  (Mus.) 
Treble  ; the  highest  female  voice  or  part.  Moore. 

SOP'S  A- VINE,  n.  An  early  apple.  Kcnrick. 

SOPS— IN— WINE,  n.  A kind  of  pink.  Spenser. 

fSOR'ANCE,  n.  Soreness.  Drayton. 

SORR,?i.  [L.  sorbus,  sorbum.']  (Bot.)  The  service- 
tree,  and  its  fruit.  — See  Service-tree.  Milton. 

SORB'— AP-PLE,  n.  The  fruit  of  the  sorb.  Phillips. 

SOR'BATE,  n.  ( Chem .)  Same  as  Malate  ; —for- 
merly supposed  to  be  a distinct  salt.  lire. 

SOR- BP-FA '01  If.NT  (sbr-be-fa'slient),  re.  [L.  sor- 
beo,  to  absorb,  and  facio,  to  make.]  (Med.) 
Promoting  absorption.  Uunglison. 

SOR-BE-FA’CIpNT,  n.  (Med.)  A medicine  or 
remedy  promoting  absorption.  Park. 

SOR'Bf.NT,  n.  [L.  sorbeo,  sorbens,  to  absorb.] 
An  absorbent,  [it.]  Clarke. 

SOR'BIyT,  n.  A kind  of  beverage.  Smollett. 

SOR'BIC,  re.  (Chem.)  Same  as  Malic;  — used 
formerly  to  note  what  was  supposed  to  be  a dis- 
tinct acid.  Turner. 

fSOR'BILF.,  re.  [L.  sorbilis  ; sorbeo,  to  drink.] 
That  may  be  drunk,  as  a liquid.  Bailey. 

SOR'BINE,  n.  (Chem.)  A crystalline,  saccharine 
substance  obtained  from  berries  of  the  moun- 
tain-ash (Pyrus  aucuparia).  Miller. 

f SOR-Bl'  TION  (snr-hlsh'un),  n.  [L.  sorbitio. ] 
The  act  of  drinking  or  sipping.  Cockcram. 

SOR-BON'I-CAE,  re.  Of,  or  belonging  to,  a Sor- 
bonist  or  the  Sorbonne.  Bale. 

SOR'BON-IST,  n.  A doctor  of  the  theological 
college  of  the  Sorbonne,  in  the  ancient  Uni- 
versity of  Paris.  Hudibras. 

SOR-BONJVE  ' (stir-lion'),  n.  [Fr.]  A celebrated 
college  in  the  University  of  Paris,  founded  by 
Robert  de  Sorbonne,  in  1252  or  1253.  P.  Cyc. 

rqF*  The  college  of  the  Sorbonne  was  one  of  the 
four  constituent  parts  of  the  faculty  of  theology  in 
the  University  of  Paris,  and  though  the  least  numer- 
ous part,  yet"  from  the  number  of  eminent  men  be- 
longing to  it,  this  college  frequently  gave  t lie  name 
to  the  whole  faculty,  and  graduates  of  the  University 
of  Paris,  though  not  connected  with  this  college,  fre- 
quently styled  themselves  doctors  or  bachelors  of 
the  Sorbonne.  P.  Cyc. 


A,  E,  i,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  t,  I,  6,  O',  Y,  short; 


A,  I?,  I,  O,  U,  y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FAlE  ; 


HEIR,  HER; 


SORB-TIiEE 


1375 


SORT 


SoRB'-TREE,  n.  The  service-tree.  Pilkington. 

SOR'UIJR-IJR,  n.  [Low  L.  sortiarius ; sors,  sortis, 
a lot,  fate,  destiny;  Fr.  sorcier .]  One  who 

practises  divination  by  lot,  or  who  exercises 
magical  powers,  especially  by  the  aid  of  evil 
spirits  ; a magician  ; a conjurer.  “ The  Egyp- 
tian sorcerers.”  Watts. 

SOR'Cf  R-ESS,  n.  A female  sorcerer  or  magi- 
cian ; an  enchantress.  Shale. 

SOR'CflR-OOS,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  containing, 
sorcery  or  enchantments,  [it.]  Bale. 

SOR'CJg-RY,  n.  [Fr.  sorcel’.crie.)  Divination,  es- 
pecially by  the  aid  of  evil  spirits ; magic  ; enchant- 
ment ; witchcraft.  “ Sorceries  terrible.”  Shak. 

SORD  [sord,  IF.  P.  J.  F.  K.  ; sord,  IF4.],  n.  [Cor- 
rupted from  sward.]  The  grassy  surface  of 
land ; sward,  [it.]  Milton. 

SOR'DA-WAL-iTE,  n.  (Min.)  A brittle,  grayish 
or  bluish-black  mineral,  composed  of  silica, 
alumina,  protoxide  of  iron,  magnesia,  phosphor- 
ic acid,  and  water,  and  occurring  in  thin  layers  on 
trap  near  Sordawal  t,  in  Finland.  Dana. 

SOR'DE$,n.  [L.]  Foul  or  filthy  matter  ; dirt ; 
dregs;  refuse;  excretions.  Woodward. 

SOR-DET',  n.  A sordine.  Bailey. 

SOR  DID,  a.  [L.  sordidus ; sordeo,  to  be  dirty  or 
filthy  ; It.  § Sp.  sordido  ; Fr.  sordide .] 

1.  Filthy  ; dirty  ; foul ; unclean,  [it.]  Bp.  Hall. 

There  Charon  stands, 

A sordid  god ; down  from  his  hoary  chin 

A length  of  beard  descends,  uncombed,  unclean.  Dryden. 

2.  Mean  ; low  ; vile  ; base  ; degraded. 

Whit-h  vulgar,  sordid  mortals  take.  Cowley. 

3.  Covetous  ; avaricious  ; niggardly  ; miserly. 

Tf  we  should  cease  to  be  generous  and  charitable  because 

another  is  sordid  and  ungrateful,  it  would  be  much  in  the 
power  of  vice  to  extinguish  Christian  virtues.  L'Estranye. 

Syn.  — See  Avaricious. 

f SOR-DID'I-TY,  n.  Sordidness.  Burton. 

SoR'DID-LY,  ad.  In  a sordid  manner ; meanly; 
basely;  — covetously;  avariciously.  Crashaw. 

SOR'DID-NESS,  n.  1.  The  state  or  the  quality  of 
being  sordid  ; filthiness  ; dirtiness.  Ray. 

2.  Meanness  ; vileness  ; baseness.  Cowley. 

3.  Avariciousness  ; covetousness  ; niggardli- 
ness ; closeness.  Knox. 

SOR-DiNE'  (sor-den')  [sor-den',  IF.  P.  Ja.  K.  ; 
sor'djn,  Sni.j,  n.  [It.  sordina,  sordino  ; sordn 
(L.  surdus),  deaf;  Fr.  sourdine .]  (Mas.)  A 
small  instrument  or  damper  put  into  the  mouth 
of  a trumpet,  or  on  the  bridge  of  a violin  or  vio- 
loncello, to  render  the  sound  fainter.  Bailey. 

SORE,  n.  [A.  S.  sar,  sorrow  ; sar,  sore,  painful ; 
sic<er,  sicar,  burdensome,  sorrowful ; Dut.  zecr, 
ziceer,  a sore  ; zwaar,  heavy,  grievous  ; South 
G°r.  seer,  sehr,  sore;  Ger.  geschwiir,  a sore; 
schwer,  heavy,  grievous  ; Dan.  saar,  a sore,  an 
ulcer  ; sveer,  heavy  ; Sw.  s tra,  a sore ; sar,  sore.] 

1.  A tender  and  painful  place  on  the  body  ; 

an  ulcer.  “ Festering  sores.”  Dryden. 

There  was  a certain  beggar  named  Lazarus,  which  was 
laid  at  his  gate,  full  of  tores.  Luke  xvi.  20. 

/Eg*  “ It  is  not  used  of  a wound,  hut  of  a breach  of 
continuity,  either  Ions  continued  or  from  internal 
cause.  To  be  a sore,  there  must  be  an  excoriation  ; a 
tumor  or  bruise  is  not  called  a sore  before  some  dis- 
ruption happen. ”,  Johnson. 

2.  f Grief;  affliction;  calamity;  plague. 

Whatsoever  sore,  or  whatsoever  sickness  there  be. 

2 Chron.  vi.  28. 

SORE,  a.  1.  Tender  and  painful,  as  from  inflam- 
mation or  excoriation.  “ My  arm  is  sore.”  Shale. 

2.  Tmder,  as  the  mind;  easily  vexed,  or 
grieved;  irritable.  “Your  friends  are  sore.”  Pope. 

Malice  and  hatred  are  very  fretting  and  vexatious,  and  are 
apt  to  make  our  minds  sore  and  uneasy.  TMotson. 

3.  Distressing ; afflictive  ; severe  ; violent. 

Sore  hath  been  their  fight.  Milton. 

_ 4.  f Criminal ; wicked  ; evil. 

To  lapse  in  fulness 

Is  sorer  than  to  lie  for  need.  Sink. 

5.  f Cowardly  ; timid ; spiritless.  Wickhffe. 

f SORE,  ad.  1.  With  painful  violence  ; painfully  ; 
grievously  ; severely  ; violently  ; sorely. 

Thv  hand  presseth  me  sore.  Common  Prayer . 

They  all  wept  sore , and  fell  on  Paul’s  neck.  Acts  xx.  37. 

2.  f Intensely  ; in  a great  degree. 

Men  delight  sore  when  they  hear  of  virtuous  men.  Thorpe. 

f SORE,  v.  a.  To  make  sore.  Spenser. 

SORE,  n.  [Fr.  satire,  sorrel,  their  color.  Skinner.) 


1.  A hawk  of  the  first  year.  Broiene. 

2.  A buck  of  the  fourth  year.  Shak. 

SO-RFf  DI-UJI,  n.;  pi.  so-RE' DT-A.  [Gr.  mnois,  a 

heap.]  (Bot.)  A patch  of  granular  bodies  on 
the  surface  of  the  thallus  of  lichens.  Ilenslow. 

SOR-E-DlF'pR-oCrS,  a.  [Eng.  soredium,  and  L. 
fero,  to  bear.]  (Bot.)  Bearing  soredia.  Loudon. 

j-  SORE'HON,  n.  [Ir. ; — from  Ir.  srone,  a meas- 
ure of  oatmeal  containing  three  pottles.]  For-' 
merly,  in  Ireland,  an  exaction  or  servile  tenure 
by  which  tenants  were  compelled  to  maintain 
gratuitously  their  chieftain  and  his  followers, 
whenever  he  wished  to  indulge  in  a revel ; — 
same  as  sorn  in  Scotland  — See  Sorn.  Spenser. 

SOR  5L  [sor'el,  P.  K.  Sm.  R.  Wb.;  so'rel,  S.  IF. 
J.  F.},  n.  [Dim.  of  sore.] 

1.  A buck  of  the  third  year.  Shak. 

2.  A reddish  color.  — See  Sorrel.  Todd. 

SORE'LY,  ad.  With  great  pain  or  distress; 

grievously  ; severely  ; violently.  Dryden. 

SORE'NJJSS,  n.  The  state  of  being  sore  ; tender- 
ness and  painfulness,  as  of  a wound.  Temple. 

SUR'  GHUM,  n.  [The  Asiatic  name  of  a culti- 
vated species.  Gray.)  (Bot.)  A genus  of  tall 
grasses  with  succulent  stems,  native  of  the 
tropical  parts  of  Asia  ; broom-corn.  Gray. 

/Eg*  The  genus  Sorghum  lias  acquired  considerable 
importance  within  a few  years,  on  account  of  the  in- 
troduction of  a species  or  a variety  of  it  as  a sugar- 
producing  plant,  under  the  names  of  Chinese  sugar- 
cane, Sorghum,  Sorgo,  Imphre , &ec.  Its  true  botanical 
character  does  not  seem  to  be  settled.  It  is  probably 
a variety  of  Sorghum  vulgare  (common  sorghum,  In- 
dian millet,  or  doura).  Darlington. 

SoR'GO,  n.  [It.]  (Bot.)  A species  of  Sorylium  ; 
Indian  millet ; Sorghum  vulgare.  Eng.  Cyc. 

SO  RI,  n.  pi.  (Bot.)  The  fruit-dots  on  the  back 
of  the  fronds  of  ferns.  — See  Soitus.  Gray. 

SO-RLTES-i,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  ouipcirij; ; ouipos,  a 
heap.]  (Logic.)  An  abridged  form  of  stating  a 
series  of  syllogisms  of  which  the  conclusion  of 
each  is  a premise  of  the  succeeding.  Whately. 

SORN,  n.  [Scot.,  from  Fr.  sejourner,  to  sojourn, 
to  tarry.  Sibbald. ] Formerly,  in  Scotland,  a 
kind  of  tenure  by  which  tenants  were  obliged 
to  entertain  gratuitously  their  chieftain  and  his 
followers  whenever  he  wished  to  indulge  in  a rev- 
el ; — the  same  as  sorehon,  in  Ireland.  Macbean. 

SORN,  v.  n.  To  obtrude  one’s  self  on  another  for 
bed  and  board.  [Scotland.]  Jamieson. 

SORN'lyR,  n.  One  who  obtrudes  on  another  for 
bed  and  board.  [Scotland.]  Macbean. 

SO-ROR'I-CI DE  [so-ror'e-sid,  IF”.  P.  Ja.  ; so-ro're- 
sld,  S.  K.  Sm.),  n.  [L.  sororicida ; soror,  a 
sister,  and  ccedo,  to  kill ; Fr.  soroncide .]  The 
murderer,  or  the  murder,  of  a sister.  Johnson. 

f SOR  RApE,  ??,.  Blades  of  green  wheat,  of  bar- 
ley, or  of  other  grain.  Bailey. 

SORIIANCE,  n.  (Farriery.)  Any  disease  or  sore 
in  horses.  Bailey. 

SOR  R£E,  n.  [Fr.  sitrelle.  — From  A S.  sur,  sour. 
Skinner.]  (Bot.)  A term  applied  to  several 
species  of  plants,  so  named  from  their  acid  taste. 

Common  sorrel,  a deciduous,  herbaceous  plant,  often 
cultivated  for  the  sake  ol  its  leaves,  which  are  used  as 
salad  , Rinnex  acetosa.  — Sheep  sorrel  or  field  sorrel,  an 
abundant  weed  in  waste  places  and  sterile  lands.  Gray. 

— .Mountain  sorrel,  the  common  name  of  plants  ot  the 
genus  Oxyria.  — Red  sorrel,  a popular  name  applied  in 
the  West  Indies  to  Hibiscus  sabdariffa , from  tile  calyxes 
and  capsules  of  which  tarts  are  made.  A decoction 
of  them,  sweetened  and  fermented,  is  called  sorrel 
cool  drink,  which  is  much  used  in  that  sultry  climate. 
London.  — Salt  of  sorrel,  a salt  obtained  from  the  juice 
of  the  Oralis  acetosella  or  Rumex  acetosa,  and  consist- 
ing of  two  equivalents  of  oxalic  acid,  one  of  potash, 
and  two  of  water  ; binoxalate  of  potasli  ; — called  also 
essential  salt  of  lemons.  Henry.  — Wood-sorrel,  the 
common  name  of  plants  of  the  genus  Oxalis.  Gray. 

SOR  REL,  a.  [It.  saurox  Fr.  satire. — From  L. 
svrrufus,  somewhat  reddish.  Ferrari.  — From 
Goth,  sattr,  smoky  red.  Landais .]  Of  a yel- 
lowish red  or  brown.  “ A sorrel  horse.”  Todd. 

SO  it  R EL,  n.  A yellowish  red  or  brown  color. 

— See  Sorel.  Clarke. 

SOR'REL— TREE,  n.  (Bot.)  A deciduous  tree  of 

the  genus  Oxydendrum,  with  white  flowers,  and 
foliage  sour  to  the  taste  ; sour-wood.  Gray 

SOR'RI-LY,  ad.  In  a sorry  manner ; meanly ; 
poorly;  despicably;  wretchedly.  Sidney. 


SOR'RI-NESS, n.  Meanness;  poorness ; wretched- 
ness ; despicableness,  [it.]  Bailey. 

SOR'ROVV  (sor'ro),  n.  [M.  Goth,  saurga,  care, 
sorrow ; A.  S.  sorg,  sorhg ; Dut.  zorg ; Ger. 
sorge  ; Dan.,  Sw.,  <Sf  Icel.  sorg ; Old  Eng.  sorwe, 
soreue.  — From  sore.  Skinner.  Tooke.  — See 
Sore.]  Mental  pain  or  suffering,  as  on  be- 
reavement or  disappointment;  grief;  affliction; 
regret;  sadness.  “ Woe  and  sorrow."  Milton. 

The  path  of  sorrow,  and  that  path  alone, 

Leads  to  the  land  where  sorrow  is  unknown.  Cowper. 

Syn.  — Sorrow , grief,  and  affliction,  all  denote  a 
state  of  mental  suffering  or  distress.  Affliction  is  a 
stronger  term,  and  of  more  extensive  application,  than 
grief  j grief,  a stronger  term  than  sorrow ; sorrow, 
stronger  than  regret..  Sadness  denotes  a dejected 
state  of  mind.  Affliction,  grief,  and  sorrow , are  ail 
caused  by  the  death  of  friends  or  relatives.  Afflicted 
or  grieved  by  the  death  of  friends  ; son-y  for  a friend’s 
misfortune  ; regret  for  a mistake,  for  a loss,  or  for 
misspent  time.  — See  Affliction. 

SOR'ROW  (sor'ro),  v.  n.  [M.  Goth,  saiirgan; 
A.  S.  sarian,  sargian,  sorgian  ; Dut.  zorgen , to 
have  care  or  solicitude  ; Ger.  sorgenf]  [/’.  SOR- 
ROWED ; pp.  SORROWING,  SORROWED.]  To 
have  sorrow  or  be  sorry  ; to  grieve  ; to  be  sad. 

They  shall  not  sorrow  any  more.  Jer.  xxxi.  12. 

I desire  no  man  to  sorrow  for  me.  Hayward. 

SOR'RO  W— BLIGHT' (-hllt'ed),  a.  Blighted  or 
ruined  with  sorrow.  Clarke. 

SORROWED  (sor'rod),  a.  Accompanied  with  sor- 
row. “ To  make  their  sorrowed  tender.”  Shak. 

SOR'ROVV-FUL  (sor'ro-ful),  a.  1.  Full  of,  or  hav- 
ing, sorrow  ; grieving  ; sad  ; sorry.  “ They 
were  exceeding  sorrowful.”  Matt.  xxvi.  22. 

Ye  shall  weep  and  lament  . . . and  shall  be  sorrowful,  but 
your  sorrow  shall  be  turned  into  joy.  John  xvi.  liO. 

2.  Expressing,  or  accompanied  with,  sorrow. 

“ My  sorrowful  meat.”  Job  vi.  7. 

3.  Distressed;  dismal;  melancholy.  “A 

woman  of  a sorrowful  spirit.”  1 Sam.  i.  15. 

Syn.  — See  Dismal. 

SOR'ROVV-FUL-LY,  ad.  In  a sorrowful  manner; 
so  as  to  produce  sorrow.  Herbert. 

SOR'ROW-FUL-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  sor- 
rowful; grief;  sadness.  Sidney. 

SOU'ROW-ING,  n.  Expression  of  sorrow.  Browne. 

SOR'ROW-LESS,  a.  AVithout  sorrow.  Ilewyt. 

SOR'ROW-STRICK'EN  (-strlk'kn),  a.  Struck  or 
depressed  with  sorrow.  Clarke. 

SOR’RY,  a.  1.  Having  or  feeling  sorrow;  grieved  ; 
sorrowful.  “ I am  sorry  for  thee.”  Shak. 

I will  be  sorry  for  my  sin.  rs.  xxxviii.  18. 

We  are  sorry  for  the  satire  interspersed  in  some  of  these 
pieces,  upon  a few  people.  Swift. 

2.  Melancholy  ; dismal ; mournful ; sad  ; pain- 
ful. “ A sorry  sight.”  Spenser. 

3.  AVorthless  ; poor;  menu;  vile;  had;  tri- 
fling ; wretched.  “ A sorry  slave.”  If  Estrange. 
“ A slight  and  sorry  business.”  Bentley. 

Syn.  — See  Sorrow. 

SOR$,  n.  ; pi.  sor'tes.  [L.]  A lot:  — divina- 
tion by  means  of  lots.  Hook. 

SORT,  n.  [L.  sors,  sortis,  lot,  fate,  condition, 
share;  It.  sorta,  species ; Sp.  suerte;  Fr.  sorte. 
— Dut.  soort ; Ger.  sorte  ; Dan.  Sw.  sort.) 

1.  f A lot.  “ Draw  the  sort.’’  Shak. 

2.  A kind : a species.  “ Three  sorts  of  poems.” 
Walsh.  “All  sorts  of  grain.”  A.  Smith. 

Things  are  ranked  under  names  into  sorts  or  species  only 
as  they  agree  to  certain  abstract  ideas.  Locke. 

3.  Manner;  form  ofbeingorof  acting;  degree. 
“ To  Adam  in  what  sort  shall  I appear  ? ” Milton. 

That  I nwv  laugh  at  her  in  equal  sort 

As  she  doth  laugh  at  me.  Spenser. 

4.  Class;  order;  kind;  raejp  ; species ; rank ; 
description.  “ All  sorts  of  people.”  Shak. 

There  was  none  such  in  the  army  of  any  sort.  Shak. 

5.  A company  ; a set;  a gang.  “A  sort  of 
traitors  here.”  Shak.  “A  sort  of  country 
fellows.”  B.  Jenson,  [r.] 

6.  pi.  (Printing.)  Letters,  marks,  points,  or 

quadrats  which  are  either  deficient  or  redundant 
in  quantity.  Braude. 

Out  of  sorts,  not  very  well;  somewhat  ill  or  un- 
well ; not  in  good  humor.  Halliwell. 

/Eg*  “ There  is  an  affected  pronunciation  of  this 
word  so  as  to  rhyme  with  port.”  Walker. 

Syn.  — See  Kind. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RtJLE.  — 9,  (f,  9,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  5,  |,  hard;  § as  z ; % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


SORT 


1376 


SOUND 


SORT,  v.  a.  [L.  sortior  ; It.  assortire  ; Fr.  assor- 
tir .]  [i.  SORTED  ; pp.  SORTING,  SORTED.] 

1.  To  separate  or  distribute  into  distinct 
kinds  or  classes  ; to  assort. 

Each  remains  what  it  was  before  if  the  threads  were  pulled 
asunder,  and  sorted  each  color  by  itself.  Boyle. 

Shell-fish  have  been,  by  some  of  the  ancients,  compared 
and  sorted  with  the  insects.  Bacon. 

2.  To  reduce  to  order;  to  arrange.  Shak. 
These  they  sorted  into  their  several  times  and  places.  Hooker. 

3.  To  put  together  in  distribution  ; to  conjoin. 

She  sorts  things  present  with  things  past.  Davies. 

4.  To  choose  or  select  from  a number. 

Send  his  mother  to  his  father’s  house. 

That  lie  may  sort  her  out  a worthy  spouse.  Chapman. 

SORT,  v.  re.  1.  To  be  joined  or  associated  with 
others  of  the  same  species  or  kind. 

Nor  do  metals  only  sort  and  herd  with  metals  in  the  earth, 
and  minerals  with  minerals,  but  both  in  common  together. 

Woodward. 

2.  To  consort ; to  associate. 

The  illiberality  of  parents  towards  their  children  makes 


them  base,  and  sort  with  any  company.  Bacon. 

3.  To  suit;  to  fit;  to  be  adapted;  — common- 
ly followed  by  with. 

Whose  natures  sort  with  their  vocations.  Bacon. 

Different  styles  with  different  subjects  sort.  Pope. 

fSORT,  v.  n.  [Fr.  sortir,  to  issue.] 

1.  To  issue  ; to  result;  to  terminate. 

It  sorted  not  to  any  fight,  but  to  a retreat.  Bacon . 

And  so  far  am  I glad  it  did  so  sort.  Shak. 

2.  f To  have  success  ; to  succeed.  Bacon. 

SORT'A-BLE,  a.  [Ft.  sortable.] 

1.  + Suitable  ; befitting  ; proper.  Bacon. 

2.  That  may  be  sorted.  Clarke. 

•fSORT'A-BLY,  ad.  Suitably;  fitly.  Cotgrave. 

fSORT'AL,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  representing,  a 
sort  or  species ; specific.  Locke. 


f SORT' ANCE,  n.  Suitableness;  agreement.  Shak. 


SORTED,  p.  a.  Reduced  to  order  or  arrangement ; 
classed ; arranged.  Simmonds. 

SORT'IJR,  n.  One  who  sorts.  A.  Smith. 

SOR-TIE'  (sor-te'),  n.  [Fr. ; from  sortir,  to  go 
out,  to  issue.]  (Mil.)  A sudden  attack  made  by 
a body  of  soldiers  from  a besieged  place  upon 
the  besiegers  ; a sally.  Brande. 

SOR’TI-LEtyE,  n.  [L.  sors,  sortis,  a lot,  and  lego, 
to  select;  It.  4'  Sp.  sortilegio  ; Fr.  sortilge .] 
The  act  or  the  practice  of  drawing  lots,  or  divi- 
nation by  drawing  lots.  Holland. 

SOR-TJ-LE'fylOUS  (-jus),  a.  Relating  to  sortilege. 

“ Sortilegions  charms.”  Daubiiz. 

SdR'TI-LE-pY,  n.  Sortilege,  [r.]  Browne. 

t SOR-TI''TION,  it.  [L.  sortitio.]  Selection,  de- 
termination, or  choice  by  lot.  Bp.  Hall. 

f SORT'M^NT,  n.  The  act  of  sorting.  Johnson. 

SO  R US,  re.;  pi.  so'rT.  [Gr.  a heap.]  (Bot.) 
One  of  the  small  clusters  of  capsules  or  fruit 
dots  on  the  back  of  the  fronds  of  ferns.  Grag. 

fSO'RY,  re.  (Chem.)  Sulphate  of  iron.  Francis. 

SO'— SO , a.  Indifferent;  passable.  Boget. 

SOSS,  v.  a.  To  throw  lazily.  [Vulgar.]  Swift. 

SOSS,  v.  n.  [See  Souse.] 

1.  To  sit  or  fall  lazily  into  a seat  or  chair. 
“ Snssing  in  an  easy  chair.”  [Vulgar.]  Swift. 

2.  To  lap,  as  a dog.  [Local,  Eng.]  Brockctt. 

SOSS,  re.  1.  fA  lazy,  heavy  fellow.  Cotgrave. 

2.  A heavy  fall.  [Local,  Eng.]  Brockctt. 

3.  A mucky  puddle.  [Local,  Eng.]  Grose. 

SOS-TE-NU ' TO,  a.  [It.]  (Mus.)  Notingthatthe 
notes  of  a movement  or  passage  are  to  be  fully 
sustained: — noting  also  a protracted  rate  of 
movement;  as,  “ Adagio  sostenuto.”  Dwight. 

SOT,  re.  [A.  S.  sot ; Dut.  zot.  — Sp.  zote  ; Fr.  sot.) 

1.  A blockhead  ; a dolt;  a numskull.  Shak. 

2.  An  habitual  drunkard  ; a toper  ; a tippler. 

SOT,  v.  a.  To  stupefy ; to  besot,  [r.]  Dryden. 

SOT,  v.  re.  To  tipple  to  stupidity,  [r.]  Goldsmith. 

SO-TAD'IC,  re.  An  obscene  composition  like  the 
verses  of  Sotades,  a poet  of  Greece.  Milton. 

f SOTE,  a.  Sweet.  Fairfax. 


SO-TE-RI-OL'O-GY,  re.  [Gr.  trarjyjj/a,  safety,  and 
I'lyos,  a discourse.]  A treatise  on  health,  or  the 
science  of  preserving  health  ; hygiene.  Wright. 

f SOTH'BLN D,  a.  [A.  S.  soth,  truly,  and  bindan, 
tobind.]  Inveterate,  as  a sore.  Mir.  for  Mag. 

SOTH'IC,  a.  Noting  the  Egyptian  year  of  365 
days,  which  was  so  called  from  Sothis,  the  dog- 
star,  at  whose  heliacal  rising  it  was  supposed 
to  commence.  Brande. 

Sothie  period,  a period  in  Egyptian  chronology  of 
1460  years,  in  which  time  the  months  returned  to  the 
same  day  of  the  year ; also  called  Suthiac  period. 

Park.  P.  Cyc. 

SOT'TISH,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to,  or  like,  a sot ; 
stupid;  dull;  doltish;  foolish.  “Sottish  pre- 
tenders to  astrology.”  Swift. 

2.  Stupid  with  intemperate  drinking;  intoxi- 
cated ; drunken  ; besotted ; tipsy’.  Johnson. 

SOT'TISH-LY,  ad.  In  a sottish  manner  ; stupidly. 

SOT'TISII-NESS,  re.  1.  The  state  of  being  sottish ; 
dulness  ; stupidity  ; doltislmess.  “ The  folly 
and  sottishness  of  atheism.”  Bentley. 

2.  Stupidity  from  intemperance  or  drunken- 
ness ; drunken  stupidity.  South. 

SOT ' TO—  V 6 ' CE  (-vo'cha).  [It.]  (Mas.)  With 
subdued  or  moderate  voice  or  sound.  Moore. 

SOU  (so),  re.  ; pi.  sous  (soz).  [Fr.]  A French 
copper  coin  ; the  twentieth  part  of  a livre,  equal 
to  five  centimes,  or  about  a half-penny  sterling, 
or  one  cent.  Simmonds. 

SOU' bAu,  re.  A province  or  viceroyship  ; a dis- 
trict ; — also  written  subeth.  [India.]  Maurice. 

SOU-B.dH-DAR  ',  re.  The  governor  of  a soubah  or 
province.  [India.]  C.  P.  Brown. 

SOU-BRETTE1  (so-bret'),  re.  [Fr.]  A chamber- 
maid ; a waiting-maid.  Sir  W.  Scott. 

SOU-gilONG'  (sS-shong')  [so-sliong',  P.  F.  K.  Sm. 
Wb.  ; sou-chong',  IF.  J.  Ja.],  re.  [Chinese.]  A 
kind  of  black  tea.  — See  Tea.  Todd. 

SOUGH  (suf),  v.  re.  To  whistle,  as  the  wind.  Todd. 

SOUGH  (suf)  [suf,  Ja.  K.  B.  Wb. ; sof,  P.  Sm.],  n. 

1.  A whistling,  as  of  the  wind.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  A subterraneous  drain  ; a sewer.  Bay. 

SOUGHT  (sffwt),  i.  & p.  from  seek.  See  Seek. 

SOUL  (sol),  re.  [M.  Goth,  sairala;  A.  S.  saicl, 
saul ; Dut.  ziel ; Frs.  § Ger.  scele  ; Dan.  sicel ; 
Sw.  sjiil ; Icel.  sal,  sala.  — “The  first  and  oldest 
sense  of  this  word  in  these  dialects  is  life,  the 
vital  power  of  an  animated  being,  and  then  the 
immaterial  and  immortal  part  which  animates 
our  bodies.”  Bosworth.] 

1.  That  part  of  man  which  is  considered  dis- 

tinctly from  the  material  body,  as  giving  it  life, 
sensibility,  and  understanding  ; the  immaterial 
and  immortal  part  of  man  ; the  mind  ; the  spirit. 
“ The  soul’s  immortality.”  Heylin. 

Receiving  the  end  of  your  faith  even  the  salvation  of  your 
souls.  1 Pet.  i.  9. 

2.  The  vital  or  animating  principle  ; heart ; 

life.  “ The  souls  of  animals.”  Shak. 

Thou  sun,  of  this  great  world  both  eye  and  soul.  Milton. 
So  coldly  sweet,  so  deadly  fair. 

We  start,  for  soul  is  wanting  there.  Byron. 

3.  Principal  or  essential  part ; essence  ; spirit. 

“ The  very  soul  of  beauty.”  Shak. 

Add  faith. 

Add  virtue,  patience,  temperance:  add  love, 

Iiv  name  to  come  called  charity,  the  soul 

OF  all  the  rest.  Milton. 

4.  Internal  power  or  principle. 

There  is  some  sold  of  goodness  in  things  evil.  Shak. 

5.  A human  being  ; a person  ; a man. 

And  we  were  in  all  in  the  ship  two  hundred  threescore 
and  sixteen  souls.  Acts  xxvii.  37. 

My  life  is  here  no  soul's  concern.  Swift. 

6.  An  intelligent  being  ; an  individual. 

Every  soul  in  heaven  shall  bend  the  knee.  Milton. 

7.  Active  power  ; energy. 

Earth,  air,  and  seas  through  empty  space  wo.uld  roll, 

And  heaven  would  fly  before  the  driving  soul.  Dryden. 

8.  Spirit ; fire  ; grandeur  of  mind. 

That  he  wants  courage  he  must  needs  confess, 

Buf  not  a soul  to  give  our  arms  success.  Young. 

9.  Generosity  ; kindness  ; goodness  ; heart. 

[Colloquial.]  Wright. 

Syn. — Soul,  mind,  and  spirit,  tire  all  used  to  de- 
note the  thinking  principle  in  man.  Soul  is  opposetl 


to  body  ; mind  and  spirit  to  matter.  Soul  is  used  in 
tile  active  sense  ; mind  commonly  in  tbe  passive;  tbo 
soul  acts;  the  mind  receives;  yet  we  speak  of  a vig- 
orous or  active  mind,  not  soul.  J\Iind  is  soul  without 
regard  to  personality  ; soul  is  tbe  appropriate  mind,  or 
tlie  disembodied  spirit,  of  tbe  person  under  notice. 
We  speak  of  the  number  of  souls,  that  is,  persons  in 
a town  ; or  of  a person  being  tbe  soul  of  a society  ; 
and  of  tile  faculties  of  the  mind,  as  the  will  and  un- 
derstanding; the  philosophy  of  t he  mind,  tbe  same  as 
intellectual  or  mental  philosophy. 

f SOUL  (sol),  v.a.  To  endue  with  a soul.  Chaucer. 

fSOUL  (sol),  v.  re.  [Fr.  soaler,  to  satisfy  with 
food.]  To  afford  suitable  or  sufficient  suste- 
nance ; — written  also  sowl.  Warner. 

fSOUL'— BELL  (sol'bel),  re.  The  passing-bell. 
— See  Passing-bell.  Bp.  Hall. 

SOUL'— B£-TRA  Y'jNG,  a.  Betraying,  or  tending 
to  betray,  the  soul.  ' " Clarke. 

SOUL'— CALM-ING  (-k'im-),  a.  Calming  or  sub- 
duing the  soul  or  passions.  " Wright. 

SOUL'— CON-FIRM'ING,  a.  Giving  confidence  or 
reliance.'  “ Soul-confirming  oaths.”  Shak. 

fSOUL'DpR  (sol'-),  v.  a.  To  solder.  Holland. 

SOUL'— Dg-STROY'ING,  a.  Destroying  or  ruining 
the  soul.  Evan.  Mag. 

SOUL'DIIJR  (sol'jer),  re.  See  Soldier.  Todd. 

SOUL'— DI§-EA§ED'  (-djz-ezd'),  a.  Diseased  in 
soul  or  mind  ; soul-sick.  Spenser. 

SOUL'— DI§-fjOLV'ING,  a.  Dissolving,  subduing, 
or  softening  the  soul  or  heart.  Dryden. 

SOULED  (sold),  a.  Furnished  with  a soul  or 
mind.  “ Largely  souled.”  Drf/den. 

SOUL'— BN-TRAN9'ING,  a.  Entrancing  or  enrap- 
turing the  soul.  Coleridge. 

SOUL'— FELT,  a.  Deeply  felt.  Clarke. 

f SOUL'FOOT,  a.  Soulscot. — See  Soulscot. OaJ5. 

SOUL'-HARD-ENED  (sol'liiir-dnd),  a.  Having  an 
obdurate  soul  or  heart.  Wright. 

SOUL'ISII,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  soul,  [r.]  Byrom. 

SOUL'L£SS  (sol'les),  a.  1.  Without  a soul  ; life- 
less. “ A . . . soulless  body.”  Sandys. 

2.  Mean  ; low  ; base ; vile  ; spiritless.  “ Slave, 
soulless  villain.”  Shak. 

SOUL'— Rp-FRESH'ING,  a.  Refreshing  the  soul 
or  mind.  Cowper. 

SOIJL'-RIJ-VIV'ING,  a.  Reviving  the  soUl  or 
mind.  Watts. 

SOUL'SCOT,  re.  [A.  S.  saulsccat.]  . Formerly, 
money  paid  at  the  opening  of  the  grave  to  the 
Catholic  priest  for  the  good  of  the  soul  of  the 
deceased;  — also  called  sou/shot.  Bosworth. 

SOUL'-SEARCH-ING,  a.  Searching  or  examin- 
ing the  soul  or  heart.  Clarke. 

SOUL'— SELL-ING,  a.  Selling  souls  or  human 
beings.  Smart. 

SOUL'SIIOT,  re.  An  ancient  funereal  duty  paid 
for  a soul’s  requiem.  — See  Soulscot.  Ayliffe. 

SOUL'— SICK  (sol'slk),  a.  Diseased  in  soul  or 
mind  ; soul-diseased.  Bp.  Hall. 

SOUL'— STIR-RING,  a.  Stirring  or  exciting  the 
soul  or  the  passions.  IF.  Irving. 

SOUL'— SUB-DU 'ING,  a.  Subduing  the  soul.  “Soul- 
subduing  fear.”  Collins. 

SOUL'-VEXED  (sol'vekst),  a.  Vexed  at  soul  or 
heart ; tormented  in  mind.  Shak. 

SOUND,  a.  [A.  S.  sund;  Frs.  sunt,  sund ; Dut. 
gezond ; Old  Ger.  sund ; Ger.  gesurnl;  Dan.  St 
Sw.  sund.  — L.  sanus  ; It.  &•  Sp.  sano  ; Fr.  sain.) 

1.  Whole  ; healthy  ; healthful ; not  diseased, 
decayed,  or  injured;  uninjured. 

He  hath  received  him  safe  and  sound.  Luke  xv.  27. 

The  king  visits  nil  around, 

Comforts  the  sick,  congratulates  the  sound.  Dryden. 

We  can  preserve 

Unhurt  our  minds  and  understanding  sound.  Milton. 

2.  Founded  in  truth  ; free  from  error  ; true ; 
correct;  — firm;  strong;  valid. 

The  rules  arc  sound  and  useful.  Wake. 

They  will  not  endure  sound  doctrine.  2 Tim.  iv.  3. 

3.  Firmly  grounded  ; fixed;  established. 

Let  my  heart  be  sound  in  thy  statute's.  Ps.  cxix.  80. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  £,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


SOUND 


1377 


SOUSE 


4.  Heavy ; lusty  ; forcible  ; severe. 

The  men  . . . give  sound  strokes  with  their  clubs.  Abbot. 

5.  Fast;  deep;  profound;  unbroken.  “New 

waked  from  soundest  sleep.”  Milton. 

6.  Perfect;  sane.  “ Sound  mind.”  Bouvier. 

Syn.  — See  Healthy. 

SOUND,  ad.  Soundly ; profoundly. 

So  sound  he  slept  that  nought  might  him  awake.  Spenser. 

SOUND,  n.  [A.  S.  sund,  a swimming,  a narrow 
or  shallow  sea;  Ger.,  Dan.,  §Sw.  sund,  a sound.] 

1.  ( Geog .)  A strait  or  narrow  passage  of  the 

sea,  as  between  two  capes  or  headlands  ; — dis- 
tinctively the  strait  which  connects  the  German 
Ocean  and  the  Baltic.  Brande. 

2.  The  air-bladder  of  a fish. 

These  are  eaten,  especially  cod  sounds , fresh  or  salted; 
others  furnish  isinglass.  Simmonds. 

Sound  dues , tolls  imposed  by  Denmark  on  vessels 
passing  through  the  Baltic  Sound.  Cyc.  of  Coin. 

SOUND,  7i.  [Sp.  sonda  ; Fr.  sonde.']  (Sure/.)  An 
instrument,  commonly  shaped  like  a catheter, 
introduced  in  order  to  discover  whether  there  is 
a stone  in  the  bladder.  Dunglison. 

SOUND,  n.  [L.  sonus;  It.  suono  ; Sp.  ^ Fr.  son. 
— A.  S.  son.  — W.  sain,  swn  ; Ir.  so  in.] 

1.  The  sensation  excited  in  the  organs  of 
hearing  by  the  vibrations  of  the  air  or  other 
medium  ; that  which  is  perceived  by  the  ear ; 
any  thing  audible  ; noise.  “ A solemn  sound." 
Gray.  “ Sound  of  trumpets.”  Milton. 

Dash  a stone  against  a stone  in  the  bottom  of  the  water, 
and  it  maketh  a sound.  Bacon. 

2.  Empty  noise  ; noise  without  meaning. 

It  is  the  sense,  and  not  sound , that  must  be  the  principle. 

Locke. 

Syn.  — The  sound  of  the  voice  is  determined  by 
the  physical  structure  of  the  organ  ; its  tone  by  tem- 
porary affections.  A smooth,  rough,  or  shrill  sound  ; 
sound  of  a trumpet  ; the  tone  of  a musical  instru- 
ment ; tone  of  distress  : a loud  noise. 

SOUND,  n.  The  cuttle-fish.  Ainsworth. 

SOUND,  v.  n.  [L.  sono\  It.  snonarc  ; Sp.  sonar ; 
Fr.  sonner.'\  [i.  sounded  ; pp.  sounding, 

SOUNDED.] 

1.  To  make  or  emit  a sound  or  noise. 

All  the  congregation  worshipped,  and  the  singers  sang,  and 
the  trumpeters  sounded.  2 Chron.  xxix.  28. 

The  trumpet  shall  sound , and  the  dead  shall  be  raised  in- 
corruptible, and  we  shall  be  changed.  1 Cor.  xv.  52. 

2.  To  appear  by  sound  or  on  narration. 

This  relation  sounds  rather  like  a chemical  dream  than  a 
philosophical  truth.  Wilkins. 

3.  To  be  conveyed  in  sound  or  report. 

From  you  sounded  out  the  word  of  the  Lord.  1 Thess.  i.S. 

4.  (Laic.)  To  have  an  essential  quality,  as 
an  action.  “ To  sound  in  damages.”  Burrill. 

SOUND,  v.  a.  1.  To  cause  to  sound;  to  cause  to 
emit  or  make  a noise. 

The  priests  sounded  trumpets  before  them.  2 Chron.  vii.  6. 

Many  tritons,  which  their  horns  did  sound.  Spenser. 

2.  To  utter  audibly;  to  express  by  a sound; 
as,  “To  sound  a low  note.” 

3.  To  direct,  order,  or  give  notice  of  by  a 
sound  ; as,  “To  sound  a retreat.” 

"When  the  congregation  is  to  be  gathered  together,  ve  shall 
blow,  but  ye  shall  not  sound  an  alarm.  Num.  x.  7. 

4.  To  celebrate  or  spread  abroad  by  sound  or 

report.  “ Sound  his  praise.”  Milton. 

SOUND,  v.  n.  1.  To  try  or  ascertain  the  depth  of 
water,  and  sometimes  also  the  nature  of  the 
bottom,  as  by  a plummet  or  the  lead  and  line. 

The  shipmen  deemed  that  they  drew  near  to  some  country, 
and  sounded , and  found  it  twenty  fathoms.  Acts  xxvii.  28. 

2.  (Surg.)  To  ascertain,  by  introducing  a 
sound,  whether  a patient  has  a stone  in  the 
bladder ; to  search.  Dunglison. 

SOUND,  v.  a.  1.  ( Naut .)  To  try  or  test  in  regard 
to  the  depth,  as  water,  or  in  regard  to  the  na- 
ture of  the  ground  under  the  water,  by  means 
of  a plummet  attached  to  a line  and  sunk  to  the 
bottom  : — to  ascertain  the  depth  of,  as  water 
in  a pump  ; to  fathom  ; to  measure.  Dana. 

2.  To  try  ; to  examine  ; to  search ; to  test. 

To  sound  the  purposes  of  all  their  hearts.  Shale. 

I have  sounded  my  Numidians  man  by  man, 

Aud  find  them  ripe  tor  a revolt.  Addison. 

3.  (Surg.)  To  examine,  by  introducing  a 

sound,  in  order  to  ascertain  whether  there  be  a 
stone  in  the  bladder.  Dunglison. 

SOUND,  v.  a.  To  heal;  to  cure.  Chaucer. 


SOUND'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  sounded.  Perry. 

SOUND'— BOARD  (-honl),  n.  A board  to  propa- 
gate sound ; a sounding-board.  Bacon. 

SOUNDER,  n.  1.  One  who  sounds.  Gascoigne. 

2.  A herd  of  wild  swine.  Beau.  1$  FI. 

SOUND'-HEAD-]JD,  a.  Having  sound  or  correct 
principles  ; sane.  Clarke. 

SOUND'— HEART-£D,  a.  Having  a sound  or  un- 
corrupted heart.  Ed.  Rev. 

SOUND'ING,  a.  Uttering  or  making  a sound. 

SOUND'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who,  or  that 
which,  sounds.  Ezck.  vii.  7. 

2.  pi.  (Naut.)  Apart  of  the  ocean,  or  a depth 
of  water,  where  the  bottom  is,  or  can  be,  reached, 
as  by  a sounding-line: — the  quality  of  the 
ground  or  bottom  reached  in  sounding,  as  indi- 
cated by  the  sand,  shells,  &c.,  adhering  to  the 
tallow  stuck  upon  the  base  of  the  lead.  Mar.  Diet. 

SOUND'ING— BOARD,  n.  1.  (Mus.)  A thin  hoard 
in  an  instrument,  as  in  an  organ,  to  propagate 
the  sound  ; a sound-board.  Moore. 

2.  A board  or  structure  over  a pulpit,  &c.,  to 
diffuse  the  sound  of  the  speaker’s  voice  through 
the  church  or  room  ; a sound-board.  Britton. 

SOUND'ING-LINE,  n.  A line  with  a plummet  or 
weight  attached  for  sounding.  Scott. 

SOUND'ING— ROD,  n.  (Naut.)  An  iron  rod  marked 
with  a scale  of  feet  and  inches,  used  for  sound- 
ing the  pumps  or  the  well.  Mar.  Diet. 

SOUND'LpSS,  a.  1.  Without  sound ; giving  no 
sound  ; silent ; noiseless.  Shak. 

2.  That  cannot  be  sounded  or  fathomed ; un- 
fathomable. “ A soundless  lake.”  Broivne. 

SOUND'LY,  ad.  In  a sound  manner;  healthily; 
heartily  : — lustily ; severely  ; stoutly  : — truly  ; 
rightly  ; correctly  : — deeply  ; profoundly. 

SOUND'N^iSS,  n.  1.  The  state  of  being  sound; 
wholeness  ; unimpaired  state.  Shak. 

2.  Firmness  ; strength;  solidity.  “Strength 

and  soundness  of  reason.”  Hooker. 

3.  Truth ; rectitude  ; correctness.  “ His 

soundness  in  religion.”  Swift. 

SOUND'— POST,  n.  A small  post  or  prop  within  a 
violin  between  the  back  and  belly  of  the  instru- 
ment and  nearly  under  the  bridge.  Hutton. 

f SOUNST,  p.  a.  Soused.  Mir.  for  Mag. 

SOUP  (sop),  n.  [Dut.  soep ; Ger.  A Dan.  suppe ; 
Sw.  soppa.  — It.  zvppa  ; Sp.  sopa;  Fr.  soupe. — 
See  Sup.]  A strong  decoction  of  flesh  for  food; 
a rich  or  strong  broth.  Gay. 

Portable  soup,  a hard,  semi-transparent  substance, 
which  breaks  with  a glossy  fracture,  and  consists  of 
gelatine,  with  small  proportions  of  other  animal  com- 
pounds. It  is  soluble  in  hot  water,  and  unalterable 
by  keeping,  if  it  is  not  exposed  to  moisture;  — pre- 
pared as  a convenient  kind  of  nutriment  for  convey- 
ance to  a distance.  Henry. 

f SOUP,  v.  a.  1.  To  sup  ; to  swallow.  T Vickliffe. 

2.  To  breathe  out,  as  words.  Camden. 

f SOUP  (sop),  v.  n.  To  sweep.  Bp.  Hall. 

SOUP'— KITCH-JEN,  n.  A public  establishment 
for  supplying  soup  to  the  poor.  Simmonds. 

SOUP'— LA-DLE,  n.  A ladle  for  soup.  Shenstone. 

s6uP'-TICK-£T,  n.  A ticket  entitling  the  holder 
to  soup  from  a soup-kitchen.  Simmonds. 

SOUR,  a.  [A.  S.  sur ; Dut.  zuur\  Old  Ger.  sur, 
suar,suor;  Ger.  saner-,  Dan.  suur;  Sw.,  Icel., 
W.,  &;  Arm.  sur.  — Fr.  sur.  — Polish  surowy  ; 
Slav,  serou  ; Armenian  xaur.] 

1.  Sharp  or  pungent  to  the  taste  ; acid  ; tart ; 
— opposed  to  sweet. 

AH  sour  things,  as  vinegar,  provoke  appetite.  Bacon. 

2.  Crabbed;  harsh;  austere;  cross;  morose; 
acrimonious.  “ A very  sour  man.”  Brown. 

A scholar  . . . 

Lofty  and  sour  to  them  that  loved  him  not, 

But  to  those  men  that  sought  him  sweet  as  summer.  Shak. 

3.  t Afflictive.  “ Sour  adversities.”  Shak. 

4.  Expressing  discontent,  moroseness,  or 
peevishness.  “ A sour  countenance.”  Swift. 

Syn.  — See  Austere. 

SOUR,  n.  A sour,  acid  substance,  [r.]  Spenser. 


2.  To  make  harsh,  or  to  ferment.  “ Tufts  of 

grass  sour  land.”  Mortimer. 

3.  To  make  cross,  crabbed,  or  morose. 

Pride  had  not  soured , nor  wrath  debased,  my  heart.  Haric. 

4.  To  make  less  pleasant ; to  imbittcr. 

To  sour  your  happiness,  I must  report 

The  queen  is  dcau.  Shak. 

SOUR,  v.  n.  1.  To  become  sour  or  acid,  as  milk. 

Asses’  milk,  when  it  sours  in  the  stomach,  and  whey  when 
turned  sour,  will  purge  strongly.  Aruuthnot. 

2.  To  become  cross,  crabbed,  or  peevish. 

If  I turn  my  eyes  from  them,  or  seem  displeased,  they  sour 
upon  it.  Spectator. 

SOURCE  (sors)  [sors,  S.  IF.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm. 
R.  1 Vb. ; sors,  P.  Kenrick ],  n.  [L.  surgo,  to  rise  ; 
It.  sorgere,  to  rise  ; Fr.  source .] 

1.  Spring;  fountain;  head;  origin.  “The 

hidden  sources  of  the  Nile.”  Addison. 

2.  Original ; first  or  primary  cause. 

The  true  source  and  original  of  this  mischief.  South. 

That  eternal  Infinite  and  One, 

"Who  never  did  begin,  who  ne’er  can  end, — 

On  him  all  beings  ns  their  source  depend.  Dryden. 

3.  The  first  producer ; the  originator. 

Famous  Greece, 

That  source  of  art  and  cultivated  thought.  Waller. 

USf-  “ Some  respectable  speakers  have  attempted  to 
give  the  French  sound  to  the  diphthong  in  this  word 
and  its  compound  resource , as  if  written  soorce,  and 
resoorcc  ; hut,  as  this  is  contrary  to  analogy,  so  it  is 
to  general  usage.”  Walker. 

Syn.  — See  Origin. 

SOUR'— CROUT,  n.  [Ger.  sauer-kraut ; sauer,  sour, 
and  kraut,  cabbage.]  A German  preparation  of 
pickled  cabbage,  made  by  placing  slices  of  cab- 
bage in  layers  with  salt  and  caraway-seeds  in  a 
tub,  and  allowing  the  mixture  to  ferment ; — 
written  also  sour-krout,  and  saur-kraut.  Qu.  Rev. 

f SOURDE,  v.  n.  [Fr.  sourdre,  from  L.  surgo.] 
To  arise  ; to  spring  ; to  have  source.  Chaucer. 

SOUR'D^T,  n.  [Fr.  sourdine  ; sottrd,  deaf.]  The 
little  pipe  of  a trumpet ; a sordine.  Johnson. 

SOUR'DOCK,  7i.  A plant ; sorrel.  Smart. 

SOUR'— EYED  (-Id),  a.  Having  a sour  look.  Shak. 

SOUR'GOURD,  n.  (Bot.)  A very  large  tree  of 
tropical  Africa,  being  sometimes  thirty  feet  in 
diameter,  bearing  an  oblong  fruit  resembling  a 
gourd,  from  the  pulp  of  which  the  negroes  pre- 
pare an  acidulous  drink  ; Adansonia  digitata  ; 
— called  also  baobab,  monkey-bread,  and  lalo- 
plant.  Eng.  Cyc. 

SOUR'— GUM,  n.  (Bot.)  A deciduous,  ornamental 
tree  bearing  green  flowers  ; a species  of  tupelo  ; 
Nyssa  villosa.  Loudon. 

SOUR'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  making  sour,  or 
that  which  makes  sour.  Ash. 

2.  A kind  of  sour  apple.  Clarke. 

SOUR'ISII  (sour'jsh),  a.  Somewhat  sour.  Boyle. 

SOUR-KROUT,  n.  See  Sour-crout.  Brande. 

SoDr'LY,  ad.  1.  With  sourness.  Johnson. 

2.  With  acrimony  ; peevishly.  Dryden. 

3.  With  discontent ; discontentedly.  Browne. 

SOUR'NpsR,  n.  1.  The  quality  of  being  sour; 
acidity.  “ Sourness  of  the  sloes.”  Dryden. 

2.  Asperity  ; acrimony  ; crossness  ; morose- 
ness. “ The  sourness  of  his  disposition.”  Hooker. 

SOURSOP,  n.  (Bot.)  A small  tree  of  the  West  In- 
dies bearing  a yellowish-green  fruit  filled  with 
white  pulp  which  is  sweet  mixed  with  a very 
agreeable  acid  ; Anona  muricata.  Eng.  Cyc. 

SOUS  (so)  [so,  S.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm. ; sous  or 
so,  IF.],  n.  A French  coin;  a sou.  Prior. 

BSg=  Considered  as  a French  word,  it  is  the  plural 
of  sou.  — See  Sou. 

SoftSE,  7i.  [L.  salsum,  salted;  sal,  salt : — Dut. 

zalt,  souse.] 

1.  Pickle  made  of  salt.  Johnson. 

2.  Any  thing  kept  or  steeped  in  pickle,  par- 
ticularly the  ears,  feet,  &c.,  of  swine  pickled. 

He  that  can  rear  up  a pig  in  his  house 

Hath  cheaper  his  bacon  and  sweeter  his  souse.  Tusser. 

3.  The  ear,  as  of  a hog.  [Local,  Eng.]  Grose. 

4.  A sudden  plunge  or  dip  in  the  water.  Wright. 

SOUSE,  V.  a.  \i.  SOUSE!)  ; pp.  SOUSING,  SOUSED.] 

1.  To  sink,  soak,  or  steep  in  souse  or  pickle  ; 
to  pickle.  “ Souse  the  cabbage.”  Pope. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  Q,  9,  g,  soft;  0,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 

173 


SOUR,  v.  a.  [7.  SOURED  ; pp.  SOURING,  soured.] 
1.  To  make  sour  or  acid.  Dryden. 

The  sun’s  heat,  with  different  powers, 

Ripens  the  grape,  the  liquor  sours.  Swift. 


SOUSE 


1378 


SOW-THISTLE 


2.  To  plunge,  as  into  water.  “ They  soused 

me  into  the  Thames.”  Shak. 

3.  To  rush  or  fall  down  on  violently,  as  a 

hawk  on  its  prey.  Shak. 

SOUSE,  v.  n.  To  rush,  fall,  or  plunge  with  vio- 
lence, as  a bird  on  its  prey. 

Jove’s  bird  will  souse  upon  the  timorous  hare.  Dn/dcn. 

SOUSE,  atl.  With  a plunge.  Young. 

SOUS'LIK,  n.  [Fr.]  (Zo.il.)  A name  of  certain 
marmots  with  cheek-pouches,  belonging  to  the 
genus  Spermophilus  of  Cuvier.  Eng.  Cyc. 

t SOUT'AQfE,  n.  That  in  which  any  thing,  as 
hops,  is  packed.  Tusser. 

f SOU'TIJR  (so'ter),  n.  [L.  sutor  ; suo,  to  sew. — 
A.  S.  sutere.]  A shoemaker ; a cobbler.  Chaucer. 

jBEjy  Still  used  in  Scotland.  Jamieson. 

t SOU'Tglt-LY',  a.  Like  a cobbler  ; low.  Florio. 

•f-  SOU-TER-RAIN'  (so-ter-ran'),  n.  [Fr.,  from  L. 
sub,  under,  and  terra,  the  earth.]  A subterra- 
nean cavern  or  grotto.  Arbuthnot. 

SOUTH,  n.  [A.  S.  suth  ; Dut.  zuid,  zuiden ; Frs. 
suda  ; Ger.  sud;  Dan.  syd,  sotiden ; Sw.  syd, 
slider  ; Icel.  sudr.  — Fr.  sud.] 

1.  One  of  the  four  cardinal  points  of  the 

compass,  being  that  point  of  the  horizon  which 
is  in  the  direction  in  which  the  sun  always  ap- 
pears at  noon  to  the  inhabitants  of  the  northern 
hemisphere  without  the  tropic,  or  that  point 
which  is  on  the  right  hand  of  a person  facing 
the  east ; — opposed  to  north.  Bacon. 

2.  A region  or  country,  or  a part  of  a region 
or  country,  relatively  nearer  the  south  point 
than  another.  “ The  queen  of  the  south."  Matt. 
xii.  42.  “ The  cities  of  the  south.”  Jer.  xxxiii.  13. 

3.  A wind  blowing  from  the  south. 

The  sweet  south , 

That  breathes  upon  a bank  of  violets, 

Stealing  and  giving  odor.  Shak. 

SOUTH,  a.  Pertaining  to,  coming  from,  or  being 
in,  a direction  towards  the  south  ; southern.  “ A 
south  sea.”  Shak.  “ The  south  wind.”  Milton. 

SOUTH,  ad.  1.  Towards  the  south.  Shak. 

2.  Front  the  south.  “When  the  wind  blow- 
eth  not  south.”  Bacon. 

SOUTH,  v.  n.  ( Astron .)  To  pass  the  meridian  of 
a place ; as,  “ The  moon  souths.” 

SOUTH-COT'TI-AN,  n.  One  of  the  followers  of 
Joanna  Southcott,  who,  in  England,  towards 
the  close  of  the  eighteenth  century,  declared 
herself  to  be  the  woman  in  the  wilderness,  men- 
tioned in  the  Apocalypse.  Buck. 

SOUTH'— DOWN,  a.  From  the  South  Downs  of 
England  ; as,  “ South  Down  sheep.”  Clarke. 

SOUTH-EAST',  n.  The  point  of  the  compass 
midway  between  the  east  and  south.  Arbuthnot. 

SOUTH-EAST',  a.  1.  Being  midway  between 
the  south  and  the  east.  Ash. 

2.  Coming  from  the  south-east,  as  a wind. 

SOUTH— EAST’ JjlR-LY,  a.  Pertaining  to,  from,  or 
in  the  direction  of,  south-east.  Hildreth. 

SOUTH-EASTERN,  a.  Relating  to,  or  towards, 
the  south-east.  Olmsted. 

II  SOUTH' ER-LI-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
southerly,  as  of  a place.  Ash. 

II  SOUTH'ER-LY  (sutti'er-le)  [sutli'er-le,  S.  P.  Ja. 
K. ; suth'er-le  or  sbutfi'er-lc,  IV.  J.  fibre.],  a. 

1.  Pertaining  to,  or  lying  in,  a southern 

direction.  “The  easterly,  westerly,  and  south- 
erly parts  of  England.”  Graunt. 

2.  Coming  from  the  south,  or  a point  nearly 

south.  “ The  wind  is  southerly.”  Shak. 

II  SOUTHERN  [sutri'em,  S.  P.  E.  K.  Wb sbuth'- 
ern  or  sutfi'ern,  IV.  E.  Ja.  Sin.],  a. 

1.  Pertaining  to,  or  lying  in,  the  south  ; me- 
ridional. “ The  southern  sphere.”  Dryden. 

2.  Coming  from  the  south  ; southerly. 

“ When  southern  winds  blow.”  Bacon. 

||  SOUTHERN,  n.  A southron.  Sat.  Mag. 

SOUTHERN— CROSS,  re.  (Astron.)  A small,  bril- 
liant, southern  constellation,  the  principal  stars 
of  which  are  so  arranged  as  to  resemble  a 
cross.  Herschel. 

||  SOUTHERNER,  re.  A native-  or  an  inhabitant 
of  the  south,  or  of  the  Southern  States  ; a south- 
ron ; — opposed  to  Northerner.  [U.  S.]  Abbot. 

II  SOUTHERN-Ly,  ad.  In,  or  from,  a southern 
direction.  ’ llakewcll. 


II  SOtjTH'f.RN-MOST,  a.  Farthest  towards  the 
south.  “ The  southernmost  fort.”  Graves. 

Il  SOUTHERN-WOOD  (suth'ern-wfkd),  re.  (Bot.) 
A fragrant,  evergreen,  trailing  plant,  used  in 
Europe  in  making  beer  ; Artemisia  abrotanum. 

Lindley. 

SOUTH 'INC,  a.  Going  or  tending  towards  the 
south.  “ The  southing  sun.”  Dryden. 

SOUTII'ING,  re.  1.  Motion,  direction,  or  tenden- 
cy towards  the  south.  Dryden. 

2.  (Naut.)  The  difference  of  latitude  made  in 

sailing  southward.  Mar.  Diet. 

3.  (Surveying.)  The  distance  advanced  to- 
wards the  south  in  running  any  course.  Davies. 

Southing  of  tltc  moon,  the  time  at  which  the  moon 
passes  the  meridian  of  a place.  Mar.  Diet. 

f SOUTH 'LY,  ad.  Towards  the  south.  Fabyan. 

SOUTH'MOST,  a.  Farthest  towards  the  south; 
southernmost.  “ Southmost  Abarim.”  Milton. 

SOUTHRON,  re.  A native  or  an  inhabitant  of  a 
southern  country,  or  of  the  southern  part  of  a 
country ; a southerner.  Sat.  Mag. 

f SOUTH'SAY,  v.  re.  To  soothsay.  Camden. 

SOUTH'— SEA— TEA,  re.  (Bot,)  An  evergreen,  or- 
namental tree,  the  leaves  of  which  are  much 
used  by  the  North  American  Indians  for  making 
a medicinal  decoction  ; Ilex  vomitoria.  Loudon. 

||  SOUTII'tVARD  (south'ward  or  suth'urd)  [suth'- 
urd, S.  P.  J.  E.  R. ; south'ward  or  suth'ard,  IV. 
F.  Sm. ; south'wjrd,  Ja.  K.  IVr.],n.  The  south- 
ern parts,  regions,  or  countries.  Raleigh. 

||  SOUTH'WARD  (sbuth'wjrd  or  suth'urd),  ad.  To- 
wards the  south.  Thomson. 

SOUTH-WEST',  re  The  point  of  the  compass 
midway  between  the  south  and  the  west.  Bacon. 

SOUTH-WEST',  a.  1.  Being  midway  between 
the  south  and  the  west.  Ash. 

2.  Coming  from  the  south-west,  as  a wind. 

SOUTH-WESTER,  re.  1.  A gale  or  strong  wind 
blowing  from  the  south-west.  Sullivan. 

2.  A painted  canvas  hat  with  a flap  over  the 
back  of  the  neck,  worn  by  sailors  in  rough 
weather.  Simmonds. 

SOUTH-WESTER-LY,  a.  Being  in,  or  coming 
from,  a south-west  direction.  • Iloldsioorth. 

SOUTH-WESTERN,  a.  Relating  to,  or  towards, 
the  south-west.  Olmsted. 

SOUPE'mAjyce  (sov'nins),  re.  [Old  Fr.]  Re- 
membrance. Spenser. 

SOUVE'NIR,  n.  [Fr.]  A remembrancer;  a 
keepsake.  Simmonds. 

||  SOVER-EIGN  (suv'er-jn  or  sov’er-jn)  [suv’er-in, 
fit  IF.  P.  J.  F.  K.  R.  I Vb.  ; sov'er-an,  Ja. ; sov'- 
er-In,  Sm.  I Fr.],  a.  [L.  supremus,  supreme; 
super,  supra,  above,  over;  It.  sovrano,  chief; 
sovra,  above;  Sp.  § Port,  soberano,  chief;  Fr. 
souverain.] 

1.  Supreme  in  power  ; having  no  superior. 

We  acknowledge  God  our  sovereign  good.  Jlooker. 

2.  Supreme  in  efficacy  ; efficacious  ; predom- 

inant over  diseases ; as,  “ The  most  sovereign 
prescription  in  Galen.”  Shak. 

Some  sovereign  comforts  drawn  from  common  sense.  Dryden. 

3 Principal ; predominant ; chief  .Richardson. 

Sovereign  state,  one  which  governs  itself  independ- 
ently of  any  foreign  power.  Bouvier. 

||  SOVER-EIGN  (suv'er-jn),  re.  1.  A ruler  with 
supreme  power;  one  possessing  sovereignty  ; a 
supreme  ruler  or  lord  ; a monarch. 

The  one  is  my  sovereign,  whom  both  my  oath 

And  duty  bids  defend.  Shak. 

2.  A king  or  other  magistrate  with  limited 

powers.  Bouvier. 

3.  The  principal  gold  coin  of  England,  equal 

to  twenty  shillings,  or  one  pound  sterling 
($4.84).  Simmonds. 

Syn.  — See  Monarch. 

||  f SOV'ER-EIGN-IZE  (suv'er-jn-Iz),  v.  re.  To  ex- 
ercise supreme  power.  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

||  SOV'ER-EIGN-LY  (suv'er-jn-le),  ad.  Supremely. 
“ He  was  sovereignly  lovely.”  Boyle. 

II  SOV'ER-EIGN-TY  (suv'er-jn-te),  re.  [It.  sovran- 
ith  ; Sp.  soberania  ; Fr.  souveraineti.)  The  state 
or  the  power  of  a sovereign  ; supremacy ; su- 
preme power  or  rule. 


IIanpy  were  England,  would  this  virtuous  prince 

Take  on  his  grace  the  sovereignty  thereof.  Shak. 

Let  us,  above  all  things,  possess  our  souis  with  awful  ap- 
prehensions of  the  majesty  and  sovereignty  of  God.  Rogers. 

1; o ‘ 1 n the  United  States  the  absolute  sovereignty 
of  the  nation  is  in  the  people  of  the  nation,  and”the 
residuary  sovereignty  of  each  state  not  granted  to 
any  of  its  public  functionaries,  is  in  the  people  of  the 
state.  Story.  Bouvier. 

Syn.  — See  Authority. 

SOW  (sod),  re.  [A.  S.  sttyu ; Frs.  siuyge ; Dut. 
zog,  zeug ; Ger.  sau ; Dan.  so  ; Sw.  so,  suyya  ; 
Fin.  sica.  — Gr.  Is ; L.  sits.  — \V.  hroch.] 

1.  A female  pig  or  swine.  Bacon. 

2 A large  trough  in  a foundery  for  holding 
melted  metal.  Simmonds. 

3.  An  ingot  or  mass  of  metal.  Simmonds. 

4.  A kind  of  insect;  a sow-bug.  Ainsworth. 

5.  (Mil.)  A kind  of  covered  "shed  fixed  on, 

wheels,  under  which  the  besiegers  anciently 
filled  up  and  passed  the  ditch,  sapped  or  mined 
the  walls,  and  sometimes  worked  a kind  of 
ram  ; — probably  so  called  from  being  used  for 
rooting  up  the  earth,  after  the  manner  of 
swine.  Stocqueler. 

SOW,  v.  a.  [M.  Goth,  sajan,  insajan,  to  sow,  to 

spread  abroad ; A.  S.  sawan ; Dut.  zaaijen  ; 
Ger.  seten  ; Dan.  sade  ; Sw.  sa ; Icel.  sd.  — Old 
L.  sao,  seo,  to  sow ; L.  sero.]  \i.  sowed  ; pp. 
SOWING,  SOWED  Of  SOWN.] 

1.  To  scatter  on  ground  in  order  to  growth, 
as  seed;  to  propagate  by  seed. 

Neither  shall  ye  build  house,  nor  sow  seed,  nor  plant  vine- 
yard. Jer.  xxxv.  7. 

In  the  morning  sow  thy  seed,  and  in  the  evening  withhold 
not  thine  hand.  JSccl.  xi.  G. 

He  that  observeth  the  wind  shall  not  sow.  Eccl.  xi.  4. 

They  that  sow  in  tears  shall  reap  in  ,ioy.  Ps.  exxvi.  5. 

2.  To  scatter  seed  in  for  growth. 

Sow  the  fields,  and  plant  vineyards,  which  may  yield  fruits 
of  increase.  Ps.  evii.  37. 

3.  To  spread  ; to  spread  abroad  ; to  dissem- 
inate ; to  disperse  ; to  propagate.  “ Sow  dis- 
sension.” Addison. 

He  deviseth  mischief  continually;  he  someth  discord. 

l'rov.  vi.  14. 

4.  To  impregnate  or  stock  with  seed,  or  as 
with  seed. 

The  intellectual  faculty  is  a goodly  field,  . . . and  it  is  the 
worst  husbandry  in  the  world  to  sow  it  with  trifles  or  im- 
pertinences. Hole. 

5.  To  scatter  over  ; to  besprinkle. 

All  sowed  with  glistering  stars  more  thick  than  grass.  .Spenser. 
Now  Morn,  her  rosy  steps  in  the  eastern  clime 
Advancing,  sowed  the  earth  with  orient  pearl.  Milton. 

SOW  (so),  v.  n.  To  scatter  seed  in  order  to  a 
harvest. 

They  that  pray  do  but  yet  sow:  they  that  give  thanks  de- 
clare  they  have  reaped.  Hooker. 

SOVV'AN§,  re.  pi.  See  Sowens.  Buchanan. 

SoW'bAne,  re.  (Bot.)  Nettle-leaved  goosefoot ; 
Chenopodium  murale.  Crabb. 

SOVV  BREAD  (sou'bred),  re.  (Bot.)  The  common 
name  of  plants  of  the  genus  Cyclamen ; — so 
called  because  their  tuberous  roots,  notwith- 
standing their  very  acrid  character,  are  eagerly 
devoured  by  swine.  Lindley. 

SoW'BUG,  re.  A name  of  isopods  of  the  genus 
Oniscus,  found  in  moist  places.  Gould. 

SoWCE  (soils),  v.  a.  To  souse.  — See  Souse. 

SO\V'EN§,  n.  pi.  [From  A.  S.  seawe,  paste. 
Jamieson.]  A kind  of  porridge  made  of  the 
dust  of  oatmeal  remaining  among  the  seeds, 
steeped  and  soured  ; flummery  ; — written  also 
sowins,  sewings,  and  soioans.  [Scot.]  Jamieson. 

SOWER  (so'er),  re.  1.  One  who  sows  or  scatters 
seed  in  order  to  a harvest. 

A sower  went  out  to  sow  his  seed.  Luke  viii.  4. 

2.  One  who  scatters  or  spreads;  a scatterer. 

“A  sower  of  words.”  Hakeicill. 

3.  An  originator  ; a promoter  ; a breeder. 

They  are  sowers  of  suits  which  make  the  court  swell  and 

the  country  pine.  Bacon. 

SOW'ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  sows. 

SoW'IN§  (sciu'jnz),  re.  pi.  Sowens.  Mortimer. 

f SoWl.E  (soul),  v.  a.  [From  sole,  to  seize,  or 
pull  by  the  ears,  as  dogs  do  swine.  Skinner.] 
To  pull  by  the  ears.  Shak. 

SOWN  (son),  p.  from  sole. 

SovV'-THIS-TLE  (siiu'tlus-sl),  n.  (Bot.)  The 

common  name  of  leafy-stemmed  weeds  of  the 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  ¥,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FAKE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


SOY 


1379 


SPANISH-BAYONET 


genus  Sonchus,  which  have  corymbose  or  um- 
bellate heads  of  yellow  flowers.  Gray. 

Common  sow-thistle,  Sonchus  olcraceus.  — Corn  sow- 
thistle, Sonchus  arvensis.  Gray. 

SOY,  n.  1.  A kind  of  sauce  or  flavoring,  prepared 
in  Japan  and  China  from  a small  bean,  the  fruit 
of  the  Dolichos  soja.  McCulloch. 

2.  ( Bot .)  The  plant  from  which  soy  is  pre- 
pared ; Dolichos  soja.  Loudon. 

f SOYNED,  p.  a.  [From  Fr.  soigncr,  to  care  for.] 
Astonished;  amazed.  Mir.  for  May. 

SOZ'ZLE,  v.  a.  To  mingle  confusedly;  to  soss ; 
to  toss.  [Local  or  vulgar,  Eng.]  Holloway. 

SOZ'ZLE,  v.  n.  To  loll;  to  lounge;  to  act  or 
manage  sluttishly.  [Local,  U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

SOZ'ZLE,  n.  1.  A confused  mixture.  Wright. 

2.  A sluttish  woman.  [Local,  U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

SPA  [spa,  Earnshaw ; spa w,  Sira.],  n.  A place  in 
Belgium  celebrated  for  its  mineral  waters  ; — 
hence  a term  applied  to  places  where  there  arc 
mineral  waters  ; a mineral  water.  Smart. 

t SPA  AD,  n.  (Min.)  A kind  of  spar.  Woodward. 

SPACE,  n.  [Dor.  Gr.  an  dinar ; L.  spatium ; It. 
spazio  ; Sp.  espacio;  Fr.  cspace.] 

1.  Extension  in  all  directions  ; room. 

Pure  space  is  capable  neither  of  resistance  nor  motion.  Locke. 

That  which  yields  or  tills  all  space.  Milton. 

Space  is  not  so  properly  an  object  of  sense  as  a 
necessary  concomitant  of  the  objects  of  si  "lit  and 
touch.  It  is  when  we  see  or  touch  a body  that  we 
get  the  idea  of  space ; but  the  idea  is  not  furnished  by 
sense  — it  is  a conception  a priori  of  the  reason.  Reid. 

2.  Any  quantity  of  place  or  extension  ; ex- 
tent ; area,  or  distance. 

The  whole  space  that’s  in  the  tyrant’s  grasp.  Shak. 

Measuring  first  with  careful  eyes 

The  space  his  spear  could  reach,  aloud  he  cries.  DrycJcn. 

3.  Any  quantity  or  interval  of  time. 

Nine  times  the  space  that  measures  day  and  night.  Milton. 

God  may  defer  his  judgments  for  a time,  and  give  a people 
a longer  space  of  repentance.  Tillotson. 

4.  A short  time  ; a while.  “ Stay  your  dead- 
ly strife  a space.”  [it.]  Milton. 

5.  (Printing.)  A small  opening  or  distance, 
as  between  lines:  — a piece  of  wood  or  cast 
metal  to  separate  letters  or  words.  Simmonds. 

6.  (Mus.)  The  void  or  open  place  between 

the  lines  of  the  staff.  Brande. 

Absolute  space,  space  considered  in  its  own  nature 
without  regard  to  any  tiling  external,  or  that  always 

remains  the  same,  and  is  infinite  and  immovable • 

Relative  space,  a movable  quantity  or  portion  of  abso- 
lute space  which  our  senses  define  by  its  positions  in 
respect  to  bodies  within  it.  Ilutton. 

Syn.  — Space  is  a general  term,  including  within 
itself  what  infinitely  surpasses  our  comprehension  ; 
room  is  a limited  term,  which  comprehends  those  por- 
tions of  space  which  are  artificially  formed  ; and  it  is 
hounded  space.  Infinite,  unlimited,  or  limited  space  ; 
ample  room  ; room  for  improvement ; wide  extension. 

SPACE,  v.  a.  \i.  spaced  ; pp.  spacing,  spaced.] 
(Printing.)  To  form  with  spaces.  Metcalf. 

f SPACE,  v.  n.  To  rove ; to  expatiate.  Spenser. 

+ SPACE'FUL  (spas'ful),  a.  Spacious.  Sandys. 

SPACE'LfSS,  a.  Destitute  of  space.  Coleridge. 

SPACE'— RULE,  n.  (Printing.)  A thin  piece  of 
metal,  of  the  height  of  the  type,  used  for  mak- 
ing a delicate  line  in  algebraic  and  other  for- 
mula;. Simmonds. 

SPA'CIOUS  (spa'slms)^  a.  [L . spatiosus  ; It . spa- 
zioso  ; Sp.  espacioso  ; Fr.  spacieux.)  Having 
much  space  ; ample  ; wide  ; roomy  ; capacious  ; 
extensive  ; extended. 

The  spacious  firmament  on  high.  Addison. 

And  all  the  ocean  make  my  spacious  grave.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Ample. 

SPA'CIODS-LY,  ad.  Extensively;  widely;  amply. 

SPA'CIOUS-NESS  (spa'shus-nes),  n.  Extensive- 
ness ; roominess ; wide  extent  or  extension. 

SPAD'DLE  (spad'dl),  n.  A little  spade.  Mortimer. 

SPADE,  n.  [A.  S.  spad,  spadu;  Dut.  spade,  Ger. 
spaten ; Dan.  Sw.  spade.  — Gael,  spaidc. — 
Polish  szpado,  a broadsword.  — Gr.  cnalhj,  any 
broad  blade ; L.  spatha,  a broad  blade ; It. 
spuda,  a sword  ; Sp.  espada,  a sword.] 

1.  A tool  or  implement  for  digging,  consisting 
of  an  iron  blade  with  a handle.  Bacon. 


2.  A deer  of  the  third  year.  Ainsworth. 

3.  The  name  of  one  of  the  four  suits  of  cards, 

from  the  figure  thereon.  Hoyle. 

Our  figure  is  taken  from  the  French,  and  is 
that  of  the  end  of  a pike  (pique).  The  Spanish  fig- 
ure is  a sword  (espada),  and  from  that  we  take  our 
name.  C.  Richardson. 

SPADE,  n.  [L.  spado.)  A gelded  beast.  Clarice. 

SPADE,  v.  a.  To  dig  or  pare  with  a spade.  Clarke. 

SPADE'BONE,  n.  The  shoulder-blade.  Drayton. 

SPADE'FUL,  n. ; pi.  spadefuls.  As  much  as  a 
spade  holds.  Stuart. 

SPA-Dl"CEOUS  (sprt-dish'us),  a.  [L.  spadix,  spa- 

dicis,  of  a date-brown  color.] 

1.  Of  a light-red  color,  Browne. 

2.  (Bot.)  Like,  or  bearing,  a spadix.  Eng.  Cyc. 

SPA-DIL'IO  (spj-dll'yo),  n.  Spadille.  Pope. 

SPA-DILLE'  (spa-dll'),  n.  [It.  sp'tdiglia;  Sp.cs- 
padilla ; Fr.  spadille .]  The  ace  of  spades  in 
the  game  of  quadrille.  Hoyle. 

SPA'DlX,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  air a palm-branch 
broken  off  with  its  fruit.]  (Bot.)  A fleshy  spike 
enveloped  by  a large  bract  or  modified  leaf 
called  a spatlie.  Gray. 

SPA  'DO.  n. ; pi.  SPA- Do  'Nicy.  [L.  ; Gr.  arrahov.) 

1.  (Civil  Law.)  One  who,  for  any  cause,  has 

not  the  power  of  procreation  ; an  impotent  per- 
son. Bouvier. 

2.  A castrated  animal;  a gelding.  Clarke. 

SPA-DROON',  n.  A sword  lighter  than  a broad- 
sword, and  made  to  cut  and  to  thrust.  Stocquclcr. 

SPA-(JYR'IC  (spa-jlr'ik),  n.  [Gr.  aitaw,  to  sepa- 
rate, and  ayeipw,  to  assemble, — in  allusion, 
probably,  to  the  operation  of  decomposing  sub- 
stances into  their  elements,  and  forming  from 
them  new  compounds.  Dunglison. — Low  L. 
spagyricus .] 

1.  A kind  of  alchemist ; a spagyrist.  Hall. 

2.  One  of  a sect  of  physicians  who  pretended 

to  account  for  the  changes  in  the  human  body 
in  health  and  disease,  in  the  same  manner  as 
the  chemists  of  their  day  explained  those  of  the 
inorganic  kingdom.  Dunglison. 

t SPA-<?\  R IC,  I a.  Pertaining  to  the  spagy- 

f SPA-GYR'I-CAL,  ) rists  ; chemical.  Bp.  Taylor. 

f SPAG'YR-IST  (spaj'e-rist),  n.  [Fr . spagyriste.) 
A kind  of  alchemist ; a spagyric.  Boyle. 

SPJUIEE,  ) (Spa/§  or  spi-liE'),  n.  [Turk,  sipahi .] 

SPJ1HI,  > Formerly  one  of  the  principal  cavalry 
of  the  Turkish  empire;  a sepoy.  Stocquclcr. 

SPAKE.  The  old  preterite  of  speak.  Spoke. 

SPAlvE'NET,  n.  A net  for  catching  crabs.  [Lo- 
cal, England.]  Halliwell. 

f SPALL,  n.  [It.  spalla;  Old  Fr.  espaule ; Fr. 
epaule.)  The  shoulder.  Spenser. 

SPALL,  v.  a.  [Dut.  <5;  Ger.  spaltcn,  to  split; 
spalt,  a cleft,  a fissure.]  (Mining.)  To  break 
into  small  pieces,  as  ore.  Clarke. 

SPALL,  n.  A chip;  a splinter;  — written  also 
spate.  [Local,  Eng.]  Halliwell. 

SPALT,  n.  (Min.)  A white,  scaly  mineral,  used 
to  promote  fusion  of  metals.  Bailey. 

SPALT,  a.  [Ger.  spaltcn,  to  split.] 

1.  Easily  split ; liable  to  split  or  break ; brit- 
tle : — decayed.  [Local,  England.]  Halliwell. 

2.  Heedless;  careless;  clumsy:  — pert;  sau- 
cy. [Local,  Eng;]  Halliwell. 

SPAN,  n.  [A.  S.  & Dut.  span ; Old  Ger.  spana ; 
Ger.  spanne. — Mid.  L.  espanna,  spannus\  It. 
spanna;  Fr.  empan.) 

1.  The  space  or  distance  from  the  end  of  the 
thumb  to  the  end  of  the  little  finger  extended  ; 
nine  inches.  “ The  stretching  of  a span.”  Shak. 

2.  A short  duration  ; a brief  period ; a spell. 

So  well  she  acted  in  this  span  of  life.  Waller. 

3.  (Arch.  & Engineering .)  The  extent  or 

spread  of  an  arch  between  its  piers  or  abut- 
ments. Brande. 

4.  (Navt,.)  A rope  with  both  ends  made  fast, 
for  a purchase  to  be  hooked  to  its  bight.  Dana. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — (t,  Q,  9,  g, 


SPAN,  n.  [Dut.  span ; Ger.  gespann ; Dan. 
speende .) 

1.  A pair,  as  of  horses  harnessed,  or  fit  to  be 
harnessed,  side  by  side.  Pickering.  Bartlett. 

2.  A yoke  of  oxen,  [r.]  Simmonds. 

Syn.  — See  Pair. 


SPAN,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  spannan,  to  measure,  to  clasp  ; 
Dut.  Ger.  spannen , to  stretch  ; Dan.  spannte, 

to  span,  to  stretch,  to  harness  to  a carriage.] 
[t.  SPANNED  ; pp.  SPANNING,  SPANNED.] 

1.  To  measure  by  the  hand  extended. 

And  spati  the  distance  that  between  us  lies.  Tickell. 

My  right  hand  hath  spanned  the  heavens.  Isa.  xlviii.  V). 

2.  To  attach  to  a vehicle,  as  draught  cattle. 

[Local.]  Simmonds. 

3.  To  shackle  the  legs  of,  as  a horse.  [Lo- 
cal, Eng.]  Simmonds. 

SPAN.  Old  preterite  of  spin.  Spun.  Drayton. 

SPAN'CpL,  n.  A rope  to  tie  a cow’s  hind  legs. 
[Local,  Eng.]  Grose. 

SPAN'Cf.L,  v.  a.  To  tie  or  shackle  with  a span- 
cel.  [Local,  Eng.]  Malone. 

SPAN'— COUN-TIJR,  n.  A puerile  game  in  which 
one  throws  a counter  or  piece  of  money,  which 
the  other  wins  if  he  can  throw  another  so  as 
to  hit  it,  or  lie  within  a span  of  it  : — a sort  of 
chuck-farthing.  Shak. 

SPAN'DR^L,  n.  [Probably 
from  span.)  (Arch.)  The  tri- 
angular space  formed  be- 
tween the  outer  curve  or 
extrados  of  an  arch,  a hori- 
zontal line  across  its  apex,  Spandrels, 
and  a perpendicular  line  from  its  springing  : — 
a space  between  the  outer  mouldings  of  two 
arches,  and  a horizontal  line  or  string-course 
above  them : — a space  between  the  outer 
mouldings  of  two  arches  and  the  line  of  another 
arch  rising  above,  and  enclosing  the  two  .Britton. 

Spandrel  bracketing,  a cradling  of  brackets  fixed 
between  one  or  more  curves.  Gwilt.  — Spandrel  wall, 
a wall  built  on  tile  back  of  an  arch.  Wright. 

SPANE,  v.  a.  [Dut.  spenen  ; Ger.  spiinen.)  To 
wean,  as  a child.  [Local,  England.]  Brockelt. 

SPAN'— FAR-THING,  n.  Span-counter.  Swift. 

f SPANG,  n.  [Dut.  spang ; Ger.  spange.)  A 
shining  ornament  of  metal ; a spangle.  Spenser. 


t SPANG,  v.  a.  To  spangle.  Gascoigne. 

SpAn'GLE,  n.  [Ger.  spange.  — See  Spang.] 

1.  A small  plate,  boss,  or  piece  of  shining 

metal,  or  other  shining  material,  used  as  an  or- 
nament. “ Silver  spangles.”  Sidney. 

2.  Anything  sparkling  and  shining;  a sp:  rk. 

That  now  the  dew  with  spangles  decked  the  ground.  Dryden. 

SpAn'GLE  (spang'gl),  v.  a.  [i.  SPANGLED  ; pp. 
spangling,  spangled.]  To  set  or  besprii.itle 
with  spangles,  or  shining  bodies.  Shak. 

SPAN'GLED,  p.  a.  Besprinkled  with  spangles. 

SPAN'GLER,  n.  One  who  spangles.  Keatcs. 

SPANIARD  (span'yjrd),  n.  A native  of  Spain. 

|[  SPAN'IJpL  (span'yel)  [span'yel,  S.  W.  J.  E.F.Ja. 
K.  Sm.  Wr.  ; span'el,  P.],  n.  [Old  Fr.  espa- 
gneuT,  Fr.  epagneul. — From  Hispaniola,  now 
Hayti,  where  the  best  breed  of  this  dog  was. 
Hyde.) 

1.  (Zoiil.)  A sport- 
ing dog,  remark- 
able for  sagacity  > 
and  obedience. 

Sidney. 

2.  A mean,  fawn- 
ing, or  cringing 
person.  Shak. 

II  SPANTpL  (span'yel),  a.  Like  a spaniel. 


Spaniel. 


Shak. 


II  SPAN'IEL  (span'yel),  v.  n.  To  fawn  ; to  cringe  ; 
to  play  the  spaniel.  Churchill. 

II  SPAN'IEL  (span'yel),  v.  a.  To  follow  like  a 
spaniel.  Toilet. 

SPAN'ISII,  n.  The  language  of  Spain.  Howell. 


SPAN'ISII,  a.  Relating  to  Spain.  Southey. 

Spanish  arbor  vine,  (Bot.)  a plant  growing  in  Ja- 
maica, from  which  a drastic  substance,  similar  to 
scammony,  is  obtained  ; Iponica  tuberosa.  Lindlcij . 

SPAN'ISII-BAY'O-NET,  n.  (Bot.)  A species  of 


soft;  C,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


SPANISH-BLACK 


1380 


SPARKLE 


Yucca,  with  sharp-pointed,  rigid  leaves,  growing 
in  Georgia,  Texas,  New  Mexico,  and  Arizona. 

SPAN'ISH— BLACK,  n.  A powder  or  soft  black 
prepared  by  burning  cork.  Weak. 

SPAN'ISH— BROOM,  n.  (Bot.)  A leguminous 
plant,  cultivated  as  green  food  for  sheep  in  the 
south  of  France ; Spartium  junceum.  From  its 
fibres  cloth  and  cordage  are  made.  Loudon. 

SPANISH-BROWN,  n.  A reddish-brown  earth, 
used  as  a pigment.  Smith. 

SPAN'ISH-CHAlK  (-cli&k),  n.  (Min.)  A variety 
of  steatite  found  in  Arragon,  Spain.  Cleaveland. 

SPAn'ISH-CRESS,  n.  (Bot.)  A species  of  pep- 
perwort;  Lepidum  Cardamines.  Loudon. 

SPAN'ISH— ELM,  n.  (Bot.)  An  evergreen  tree  of 
theWest  Indies;  CordiaGeraschanthus.  Loudon. 

SPAN'ISH-FER'RE-TO,  n.  A rich  reddish-brown, 
obtained  by  calcining  copper  and  sulphur  to- 
gether in  closed  crucibles.  Fairholt. 

SPAN'JSH— FLY,  n.  (Ent.)  A coleopterous  insect 
about  three  quarters  of  an  inch  long,  of  a bright- 
green  color,  with  bluish-black  legs  and  anten- 
nae; blister-fly;  blister-beetle;  Cantharis  vesi- 
catoria.  It  is  used  chiefly  in  medicine  for  blis- 
tering. Baird. 

SPAn'ISH-NUT,  n.  (Bot.)  A culinary,  bulbous 
plant  growing  in  the  south  of  Europe ; Morcea 
sisyrinchium.  Loudon. 

SPAN-'ISH— PO-tX't6,  n.  (Bot.)  A tuberous-rooted 
plant,  native  of  the  East  and  the  West  Indies 
and  of  China  ; skirrets  of  Peru ; Convolvulus 
batatas.  Loudon. 

SPAN'ISH— RED,  n.  An  ochre  resembling  Vene- 
tian red,  but  slightly  yellower.  Fairholt. 

SPAN'ISH-WHITE,  n.  A pigment  prepared  from 
chalk  which  has  been  separated  in  an  impalpa- 
ble form  by  washing.  Cleaveland. 

SpAnk  (spingk,  82),  v.  a.  [i.  spanked;  pp. 
spanking,  spanked.]  To  strike  with  the  open 
hand  ; to  slap.  Bailey.  Ash. 

SPANK,  v.  n.  To  move  between  a trot  and  a gal- 
lop, as  a horse ; to  move  with  speed.  Wright. 

SPAnk'ER,  n.  1.  A small  coin.  Denham. 

2.  A person  that  takes  long  steps  in  walking ; 

a stout  or  a tall  person.  [Vulgar.]  Todd. 

3.  Any  thing  very  large.  [Vulgar.]  Smart. 

4.  (Naut.)  A fore-and-aft  sail,  with  a gaff  and 

a boom  on  the  mizzen-mast ; the  after  sail  of  a 
ship  or  a bark.  Dana. 

SPANK'JNG,  a.  Moving  nimbly  or  with  long  steps 
or  strides:  — large;  lusty;  sprightly;  active. 
[Provincial  and  colloquial.]  Forby.  Haiti  well. 

SPAN  — LONG,  a.  Of  the  length  of  a span.  “Span- 
long  elves.”  B.  Jonson. 

SPANKER,  n.  1.  One  who,  or  that  which,  spans. 

2.  The  lock  of  a fusee  or  carbine.  Bailey. 

3.  A fusee  or  carbine.  Bowring. 

4.  (Mech.)  An  iron  tool,  used  in  the  manner 
of  a lever,  to  tighten  nuts  upon  screws.  Brande. 

5.  Formerly,  in  steam-engines,  a part  for 

moving  the  valves  for  the  alternate  admission 
and  shutting  off  of  the  steam.  Craig. 

SPAN'— NEW  (span'nu),  a.  [Dut.  fy  Ger.  spannen, 
to  stretch ; span-new,  fresh  from  the  stretchers, 
or  frames,  alluding  to  the  manufacture  of  cloth. 
Arares.]  Quite  new;  brand-new;  fire-new;  new, 
as  from  the  warehouse.  — See  Spick.  Chaucer. 

SPAn'NISH-ING,  n.  [Old  Fr.  espanouissement ; 
Fr.  epanouissement ; Fr.  epandre,  to  spread.] 
The  expansion  or  full  blow  of  a flower.  Chaucer. 

SPAN'-SHAc-KLE,  n.  (Naut.)  A large  bolt  driven 
through  the  forecastle  and  forelocked  under  the 
forecastle  beam.  Falconer. 

SPAN'— ROOF,  n.  A common  roof  formed  by  two 
inclined  planes.  Buchanan. 

SPAn'WORM  (-wurm),  n.  A name  applied  to 
caterpillars  of  the  family  Geometrce  of  Linnams, 
of  which  the  canker-worm  is  an  example  ; — so 
named  from  its  manner  of  moving,  in  which  it 
measures  or  spans  as  it  were  over  the  ground 
step  by  step,  and  called  also  geometer  and 
looper.  Harris. 


SPAR,  n.  [Dut.  spar,  a spar,  a rafter ; Gcr.  spar- 
ren ; Dan.  Af  Sw.  sparre.  — Brit,  ysper.  — It. 
sbarra,  a bar ; Fr.  barre.  — From  A.  S.  sparran, 
to  spar,  to  bar.  llichardson.  — See  Spar,  v.  a.] 

1.  t A bar,  as  of  a gate.  Bale. 

2.  Contention;  a sparring,  [it.]  Roget. 

3.  (Arch.)  Formerly  a beam  or  timber  used 

as  a rafter  ; a rafter.  Britton. 

4.  (Naut.)  A general  term  for  masts,  yards, 

booms,  gaffs,  &c.  Dana. 

f SPAR,  v.  [A.  S.  sparran  ; Ger.  sperren ; 
Dan.  sperre ; Sw.  sparigen .]  To  fasten  by  a 
bar,  as  a door  ; to  bar.  Chaucer. 


SPAR,  n.  [Dut.  spaath;  Ger.  Sf  Dan.  spath  ; Sw. 
spat.  — It.  spato ; Sp.  espato ; Fr.  spath.]  (Min.) 
A term  applied  to  certain  crystallized  sub- 
stances which  easily  break  into  cubic,  pris- 
matic, or  other  fragments,  with  polished  sur- 
faces. Brande. 

Derbyshire  spar,  fluoride  of  calcinum  ; fluorspar. — 
Heavy  spar,  sulphate  of  barytes.  — Iceland  spar , rhom- 
boidal  carbonate  of  lime.  Tomlinson. 

SP.AR,  v.  n.  [Perhaps  from  Ger.  sparren,  to  bar, 
to  stop,  to  hinder.  Todd.  — A.  S.  spirian,  to  dis- 
pute.]" [i.  SPARRED  ; pp.  SPARRING,  SPARRED.] 

1.  To  invite  to  fight  by  gestures  ; to  box. 

Prologue  to  the  Dramatist. 

2.  To  dispute;  to  wrangle.  Clarke. 


SPAR'A-BLE,  n. 
making  shoes. 


f spar'a-drAp,  n 

tSPAR'A<?E,  ) 

FspAr'a-gus,  ) 1 


A small  nail  such  as  is  used  in 
Simmonds. 
A cerecloth.  Wiseman. 


[Fr.] 
Asparagus. 


Bp.  Taylor. 


f SPAR'BLE  (spar'bl),  v.  a.  [Old  Fr.  esparpiller, 
to  disperse.]  To  scatter;  to  disperse.  Wickliffe. 

SPAR'— DECK,  n.  (Naut.)  An  upper  deck  appro- 
priated to  the  reception  of  spars,  &c.  Mar.  Diet. 

SPARE,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  spartan ; Dut.  § Ger.  sparen ; 
Dan.  spare ; Sw.  St  Icel.  spara.  — It.  sparagnare ; 
Old  Fr.  espargner ; Fr.  epargner.  — From  L. 
parco,  to  spare.  Ihrc.  Skinner. — Probably  a 
consequential  application  of  A.  S.  sparran,  to 
spar,  to  bar.  Richardson.]  [ i . spared  ; pp. 
SPARING,  SPARED.] 

1.  To  reserve  from  any  particular  use. 

All  the  time  he  could  spare  from  the  necessary  cares  of  his 
weighty  charge  he  bestowed  on  prayer  and  serving  of  God. 

Knolles. 

Every  one  who  can  spare  a shilling  6hall  be  a subscriber. 

Swift. 

2.  To  save  or  preserve,  as  from  death,  de- 
struction, punishment,  affliction,  pain,  or  indig- 
nity. “ 0 spare  my  guiltless  wife.”  Shak. 

The  king  spared  Mepliibosheth,  the  son  of  Jonathan. 

2 Sam.  xxi.  7. 

But  man  alone  can  whom  he  conquers  spare.  Waller. 
Spare  my  sight  the  pain 

Of  seeing  what  a world  of  tears  it  costs  you.  Dryden. 

3.  To  part  with  willingly,  or  without  great 

inconvenience;  to  do  without.  “Nor  can  we 
spare  you  long.”  Dryden. 

I could  have  better  spared  a better  man.  Shale. 

4.  To  omit;  to  forbear;  to  withhold. 

Be  pleased  your  politics  to  spare.  Dt'yden. 

5.  To  use  frugally  ; not  to  waste  ; to  econo- 
mize. 

Thou  thy  father’s  thunder  didst  not  spare.  Milton. 

6.  To  grant ; to  give ; to  allow  ; to  afford. 
Where  angry  Jove  did  never  spare 

One  breath  of  kind  and  temperate  air.  Roscommon. 
Syn.  — See  Afford. 

SPARE,  v.  71.  1.  To  live  frugally  ; to  be  frugal  or 

parsimonious;  to  be  not  liberal. 

I who  at  some  times  spend,  at  others  spare , 

Divided  between  carelessness. and  care.  Tope. 

2.  To  forbear ; to  be  scrupulous  ; to  refrain. 
His  soldiers  spared  not  to  say  that  they  should  be  unkindly 

dealt  with,  if  they  were  defrauded  of  the  spoil.  Knolles. 

3.  To  use  mercy;  to  forgive;  to  be  tender. 

Their  kin",  out  of  a princely  feeling,  was  sparing  and 
compassionate  towards  his  subjects.  Bacon. 

SP.4RE,  a.  [A.  S.  speer,  spare,  moderate.] 

1.  Scanty  ; not  abundant ; frugal ; sparing. 
Men  ought  to  beware  that  they  use  not  exercise  and  a 

spare  diet  both.  Bacon. 

He  was  spare  but  discreet  of  speech.  Carew. 

2.  Superfluous;  supernumerary;  not  wanted 

or  used.  “ Spare  clothes.”  Spenser. 

They  have  more  spare  time  upon  their  hands.  Addison. 


3.  Lean ; thin  in  flesh  ; poor  ; meagre. 

I do  not  know  the  man  I should  avoid 

So  soon  as  that  spare  Ca68ius.  Shah. 

4.  Slow.  [Local,  England.]  Grose. 

f SPARE,  71.  1.  Parsimony  ; frugal  use.  Chapman. 
2.  An  opening  in  a gown  or  petticoat.  Skclto/i. 

fSPARE'FUL,  a.  Sparing;  chary.  Fairfax. 

f SPArE’FUL-NESS,  n.  Parsimony.  Sidney. 

SpAre'LY,  ad.  Sparingly.  Milton. 

SPARE'NJJSS,  n.  The  state  of  being  spare.  “ Spare- 
ness and  slenderness  of  stature.”  Hammond. 

SPAR'BR,  n.  One  who  spares.  Wotton. 

SpArE'RIB,  n.  A joint  of  pork,  consisting  of 
ribs  with  but  little  flesh.  Simmonds. 

SPAR-^E-FAc'TION,  n.  [L.  spargo,  to  strew.] 
The  act  of  sprinkling.  Swift. 

SPAR'OER,  7i.  A copper  cylinder  used  by  brew- 
ers for  dashing  or  sprinkling.  Bre7cer. 

SPAR'HAWK,  n.  See  Sparrowhawk. 

SPAR'— HUNG,  a.  Hung  with  spar.  Holmes. 


SPAR  ’I- DAS,  7i.pl.  (Ich.)  A family  of  acanthop- 
tervgious  fishes  resembling  the  perches,  the 
body  being  of  an  ovate  form  and  covered  with 
large  scales.  Baird. 

SpAr'ING,  a.  1.  Scarce ; little  ; not  much. 

Of  this  there  is  with  you  sparing  memory  or  none.  Bacon. 

2.  Scanty  ; not  plentiful ; spare  ; thin  ; lean. 

If  much  exercise,  then  use  n plentiful  diet;  and  if  sparing 
diet,  then  little  exercise.  Bacon. 

3.  Saving;  frugal ; parsimonious;  not  liberal. 

Though  sparing  of  his  grace,  to  mischief  bent, 

He  seldom  does  a good  with  good  intent.  Roj  e. 

SpAr'ING,  n.  Frugality  ; economy.  Shak. 

SPAr'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a sparing  manner;  not 
abundantly: — frugally;  parsimoniously;  not 
lavishly  : — with  abstinence ; with  moderation  : 
— cautiously ; tenderly. 

SpAr'ING-NESS,  n.  1.  Parsimony ; frugality. 
“ The  sparmg7iess  of  our  alms.”  Duty  of  Man. 

2.  Caution;  wariness. 

This  opinion  Mr.  Hobbes  mentions  as  possible;  but  he 
does  it  with  hesitancy,  diffidence,  and  sparingness.  Clarke. 


SPARK,  7i.  [A.  S.  spear ca.  — Allied  to  L.  spargo 

(Gr.  aireipw),  to  scatter.  Richardson .] 

1.  A particle  of  fire  or  ignited  matter  thrown 

from  bodies  in  combustion.  Hooker. 

2.  Anything  shining,  vivid,  or  active;  as, 
“ Some  sparks  of  bright  knowledge.”  Locke. 

Vital  spark  of  heavenly  flame.  Pope . 


3.  A lively,  showy,  gay  man. 

These  sparks  with  awkward  vanity  display 

What  the  fine  gentleman  wore  yesterday.  Pope. 

4.  A gallant ; a beau  ; a lover.  Johnso7i. 

Electric  spark,  (Elec.)  the  light  accompanying  a dis- 
ruptive electric  discharge.  Faraday. 

f SPARK,  v.  n.  To  emit  particles  of  fire,  or  of 
ignited  matter  ; to  sparkle.  Spe/iser. 

f SPARK'FUL,  ft.  Lively  ; brisk.  Camden. 


SPARK'ISH,  a.  1.  Airy;  gay. 

2.  Showy  ; well-dressed  ; fine. 


Walsh. 
L'  Estra7ige. 


SPAR'KLE  (spar'kl),  7i.  [Dim.  of  spark.] 

1.  A spark  ; a small  particle  of  fire.  Dryden. 

2.  A luminous  particle ; any  bright  particle, 

as  of  wine,  &c. : — lustre.  Pope. 

SPAR'KLE  (spar'kl),  V.  n.  [ i . SPARKLED;  pp. 

SPARKLING,  SPARKLED.] 

1.  To  emit  sparks  ; to  throw  out  small  parti- 
cles of  ignited  matter.  Jo/mson. 

2.  To  shine  brightly;  to  glitter;  to  glisten; 

to  glare.  “Bright,  sparkling  colors.”  Locke. 

But  their  eyes,  especially  those  of  the  women,  are  full  of 
expression,  sometimes  sparkling  with  tire,  and  sometimes 

melting  with  softness.  Cook. 

3.  To  emit  little  shining  bubbles,  as  wine  in 

a glass.  Joh7ison. 

Syn.  — See  Shine. 


SPAR'KLE,  v.  a.  1.  fTo  disperse  ; to  scatter. 

Beaten,  and’t  please  your  grace, 

And  all  his  forces  sparkled.  Beau.  8f  Ft. 

2.  fTo  spread,  as  a report. 

The  Danes  had  prepared  a navy  to  come  to  rob  in  Eng- 
land; but  it  was  sparkled.  Leland. 

3.  To  flash  as  whep  sparks  are  emitted;  as, 
“ Anger  caused  his  eyes  to  sparkle  fire.” 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  fj,  Y,  short;  A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure  ; FARE,  fAr,  FAST,  FALL ; HtllR,  HER; 


SPARKLER  1381  SPEAK 


SPAR'KLER,  ft.  One  who  sparkles,  or  whose 
eyes  sparkle.  Addison. 

SPAR'KI.JJT,  n.  A small  spark  ; a sparkle.  Cotton. 
fSPAR'KLI-NESS,  n.  Vivacity.  Aubrey. 

SPAr'KLING,  a.  Emitting  sparks,  or  any  thing 
resembling  sparks  ; lively  ; glittering.  Clarke. 
SPAR'KLING-LY,  ad.  With  vivid  and  twinkling 
lustre.  Boyle. 

SPAR'KLING- NESS,  n.  Vivid  and  twinkling  lus- 
tre. “ Clearness  and  sparklingness.”  Boyle. 

SPAR'LING,  n.  [Old  Fr.  esperlan.]  (Ich.)  A smelt. 

[Local,  Eng.]  Cotgrave. 

■[SPAR'— LYRE, ft.  [A.  S.  spear-lira,  thecalf  of  the 
leg.]  The  hinder  part  of  the  leg.  Wickliffe. 

SPAR'— PIECE,  «.  (Arch.)  The  collar  beam  of  a 
roof.  Gwilt. 

f SPAR'POIL,  v.  a.  To  spread  abroad.  Wickliffe. 

SPA'ROID,  a.  [L.  spams,  a kind  of  fish,  and  Gr. 
dlo;,  form.]  (Ich.)  Noting  fishes  of  the  family 
Sparidce. — See  Si1  arid. re.  Baird. 

SPAR'RING,  ft.  The  act  of  one  who  spars  or 
wrangles  ; a wrangling  ; contention  ; strife. 
SPAR'ROW  (spar'io),  n.  [Goth,  spanoa ; A.  S. 
spearwa ; Old  Eng.  spam >e.\  (Ornith.)  The 
common  name  of  several  species  of  birds  hav- 
ing short,  strong,  conical,  pointed  bills,  of  the 
order  Passeres  and  family  Fringillidce.  Baird. 

SSf  The  common  sparrow,  or  house  sparrow  ( Passer 
domesticus,  or  Fringilla  domestica ) of  Linnaeus,  isnoted 
for  irs  amazing  fecundity,  its  attachment  to  its  young, 
its  familiarity,  and  its  voracity.  — The  tree-sparrow 
or  mountain-sparrow  ( Passer  moot  an  us)  is  smaller  than 
the  common  sparrow,  and  builds  in  the  holes  of  de- 
cayed trees  remote  from  houses.  The  food  of  spar- 
rows consists  chiefly  of  grains,  and  occasionally  of 
insects.  Baird.  Eng.  Cyc. 

SPAR'ROW— GRASS,  n.  A corruption  of  aspara- 
gus. King. 

SPAR 'ROW-HAWK,  ft.  [A.S . spear-ha, foe.]  (Or- 
nith.) The  common  name  of  several  species  of 
hawks,  particularly  of  Accipiter  nisus  (Falco  ni- 
sus  of  Linnseus),  a destructive  predaceous  bird 
inhabiting  the  deep  solitudes  of  forests,  and 
preying  upon  hares,  squirrels,  the  larger  ground 
birds,  upon  mice,  rats,  and  small  birds  which  it 
takes  on  the  wing.  Baird. 

SPAR'ROW- WORT  (-wiirt),  ft.  (Bot.)  An  ever- 
green shrub  ; Erica  passerina.  Loudon. 

SPAR'RY,  a.  Consisting  of,  or  resembling,  spar. 
The  sparry  stria;,  or  icicles  called  stalactite.  Woodward. 
Sparry  iron.  See  Iron. 

SPARSE,  a.  [Gr.  onclpio,  to  sow,  to  scatter;  L. 
spargo,  sparsus,  to  strew.]  Scattered ; thinly 
spread  ; not  dense.  P.  Mag.  Dr.  Armstrong. 

DSP  This  word  lias  been  regarded  as  of  American 
origin  ; but  it  is  found  in  Jamieson’s  Dictionary  of 
tlie  Scottish  Language. 

ItSY  “ Sparse  is,  for  any  thing  we  know,  a new  word 
and  well  applied  : tire  Americans  say  a sparse,  instead 
of  a scattered.,  population  ; and  we  think  tile  word 
has  a more  precise  meaning  than  scattered,  and  is  tire 
proper  correlative  of  dense.”  P.  Cyc. 

f SPARSE,  v.  a.  [L.  spargo,  sparsus,  to  scatter.] 
To  disperse  ; to  spread.  Spenser. 

SPARSED,  p.  a.  Thinly  scattered.  Smart. 

SPARS'yD-Ly,  ad.  Scatteringly.  Evelyn. 

SPARSE'LY,  ad.  In  a scattered  or  sparse  man- 
ner ; thinly.  Dr.  Franklin. 

SPARSE'Nyss,  ft.  State  of  being  sparse.  Wallace. 

SPAR  'SIM,  ad.  [L.]  Here  and  there  ; dispers- 
edly;  scatteredly.  [it.]  Roget. 

SPAR'TAN,  a.  (Gcog.)  Relating  to  Sparta:  — 
hardy  ; brave  ; courageous.  Mitforcl. 

SPAR'TIJR-IE,  w.  [Sp.  esparto,  bass-weed, — a 
rush.]  Woven  work,  as  mats,  nets,  baskets, 
ropes,  and  cordage,  made  of  Lygeum  Spartum 
and  Stipa  tenacissima.  Simmonas.  Eng.  Cyc. 

SpA' RUM,  ra.  [L.]  (Antiq.)  A kind  of  dart  to 
be  shot  out  of  a cross-bow.  Stocqueler. 

t SPAr'Y,  a.  Sparing.  Holland. 

SPA§M,  n.  [Gr.  oitaapt; ; craw,  to  draw  out  or  [ 


forth  ; to  cause  spasm  ; L.  spasmus ; It.  spasi- 
mo  ; Sp.  espasmo  ; Fr.  spasme.\  A violent  and 
involuntary  contraction  of  a muscle  or  muscles, 
generally  attended  with  pain  ; a fit.  Dunglison. 

R Pip  Spasm  is  divided  into  clonic  spasm  and  tonic 
spasm.  Clonic  spasm  consists  in  alternate  contractions 
and  relaxations.  Tonic  spasm  consists  in  permanent 
rigidity  and  immobility  of  tile  muscles  that  are  the 
seat  of  it,  as  in  tetanus.  Dunglison. 

f SPA§-MAT'I-CAL,  a.  Relating  to  spasms; 
spasmodical.  Blount. 

SPA§-MOD  IC,  la  [Gr.  anaapiis,  a convul- 

SPA§-MOD'J-CAL,  5 sion,  and  BSo;,  form  ; It .spas- 
modico ; Fr . spasmodique.]  Relating  to  spasms; 
convulsive.  Bailey.  Dunglison. 

SPA§-MOD'IC,  m.  (Med.)  A remedy  for  spasms 
or  convulsions  ; an  antispasmodic-  Smart. 

SPA^-MOL'O-GY,  ft.  [Gr.  airaapdi,  a convulsion, 
and  l6yo;,  a discourse.]  (Med.)  A treatise  on, 
or  the  doctrine  of,  spasms.  Dunglison. 

SPAS'TIC,  a.  [Gr.  o-naariKiis,  stretching  ; L.  spas- 
ticus  ; Fr.  spastique .]  Relating  to  spasms  ; 
spasmodic.  Park. 

SPAS-TIQ'I-TY,  w.  Tendency  to  spasms.  Clarke. 

SPAT.  The  old  preterite  of  spit.  Spit. 

SPAT,  n.  1.  The  spawn  of  shell-fish.  Woodicard. 

2.  A blow.  [Local.]  Kent.  Halliwell. 

3.  A quarrel  of  words  ; a dispute.  [Colloqui- 
al, New  England.]  W.  Brown. 

SPAT,  V.  11.  [i.  SPATTED  ; pp.  SPATTING,  SPAT- 
TED.] To  dispute  ; to  quarrel.  Smart. 

SPA-TAjVGUS,  11.  [Gr.  (TTrarayyo;.]  (Zodl.)  A 
genus  of  heart-shaped  Echinidce.  Baird. 

SPATCH'— COCK,  ft.  [Eng.  despatch.']  A fowl  just 
killed  and  quickly  broiled  for  any  sudden  occa- 
sion. Halliwell. 

SPA-THA'CEOUS  (-shus),  a.  (Bot.)  Furnished 
with,  or  having  the  general  appearance  of,  a 
spathe.  Henslow. 

SPATIIE,  ft.  [Gr.  crddit,  a sheath  ; L.  spatha ; It. 
spata:  Fr.  spatlic .]  (Bot.)  A foliaceous  or 

membranaceous  involucrum,  of  one  or  few 
sheathing  bracts,  which  more  or  less  envelop 
a flower  or  an  inflorescence.  Gray.  Henslow. 

SPATH'IC,  a.  [Ger.  spath,  spar.]  (Min.)  Foli- 
ated or  lamellar.  Dana. 

Spathic  iron.  See  Iron. 

SPATH'I-FORM,  a.  (Min.)  Spar-shaped.  Clarke. 

SPATH  OSE,  P a_  ^ (Bot.)  Relating  to,  or  formed 

SPATH'OljS,  ' like,  a spathe  ; spathaceous.  Ure. 

2.  [Ger.  spath , spar.]  (Min.)  Sparry;  having 
the  nature  or  character  of  spar.  Braude. 

SPATH'U-LATE,  a.  (Bot.)  Spatulate.  Gray.  \ 

f SPA'TI-ATE  (spa'she-at),  v.  ft.  [L.  spatior,  spa- 
tiatus .]  To  rove;  to  expatiate.  Bacon. 

SPAt'TJJR,  v.  a.  [A.S.  spittan,  to  spit;  Ger. 
splltzen;  Belg.  spatten , to  spot.  — Formed  upon 
spat,  spate,  the  past  tense  of  spit,  to  throw  out. 
Richardson .]  \i.  spattered  ; pp.  spattering, 

SPATTERED.] 

1.  To  sprinkle  with  any  soft  matter,  or  with 
water  or  other  liquid  ; to  bespatter. 

The  pavement  swam  in  blood,  the  walls  around 
Were  spattered  o'er  with  brains.  Addison. 

2.  To  throw  out  offensively.  “To  spatter  foul 

speeches,  and  to  detract.”  Shak. 

3.  To  asperse  ; to  defame.  Johnson. 

SPAT'TIJR,  v.  ft.  To  spit ; to  sputter,  as  at  any 

thing  nauseous  taken  into  the  mouth.  Milton. 

SPAt'TER-DASII-E^,  n.  pi.  Coverings  for  the 
legs,  to  protect  them  from  wet  or  dirt ; gaiters 
or  leggings.  Simmonds. 

fSPAT'TLE  (spat'tl),  ft.  1.  Spittle.  Bale. 

2.  A spatula.  Clarke. 

SPAT'TLING-POP'PY,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant;  Si- 
lene  inffita,  or  Cucubalus  behen.  Miller. 

SPATTS,  n.  pi.  Short  spatterdashes,  reaching  but 
little  above  the  ankle.  Crabb. 

SPAt'U-LA,  ft.  [L.  spatula,  dim.  of  spatha  (Gr. 
c-rraOr/),  a broad  piece  ; It.  spatola  ; Sp.  espatula  ; 
Fr.  spatule.]  (Med.)  A thin,  broad  knife,  used 


to  spread  plasters,  and  to  mix  or  extend  soft 
substances,  to  hold  down  the  tongue,  &c. : — 
also  the  scapula.  ' Dunglison. 

SPAT'IT-LATE,  a.  (Bot.)  Oblong 
with  the  lower  end  very  much 
attenuated,  so  that  the  whole 
resemble  a spatula.  Bindley. 

SPAv'IN,  ii.  [It.  spavenio  ; Sp. 
esparavan  ; Old  Fr.  esparvent ; 

Fr.  eparvin  and  epervin. — 

Skinner  thinks  from  the  root  of  spasm.]  (Far- 
riery.)  An  enlargement  of  the  little  bag  inside 
of  the  hock  at  the  bending  of  a horse’s  leg,  or 
a distention  by  accumulated  blood  of  a vein 
passing  over  this  hag  and  reaching  as  low  down 
as  the  next  valve,  the  former  being  called  a 
bag-spavin,  and  the  latter  a blood-spavin:  — 
also  an  affection  of  the  bones  of  the  hock-joint, 
called  bone-spavin,  appearing  generally  in  the 
form  of  a tumor  where  'the  head  of  the  splint- 
bone  is  united  with  the  shank,  and  in  front  of 
that  union.  Youatt. 

SPAv'INED  (spav'jnd),  a.  Diseased  with  spavin. 

Spavined  horses  are  generally  capable  of  slow  work.  Youatt. 

SPAw,  ft.  A mineral  water ; spa.  Johnson. 

SPAWL,  v.  ft.  [Ger.  speichel,  saliva  ; speien,  to 
spit.]  To  spatter  saliva  ; to  spit.  Swift. 

SPAWL,  ft.  1.  Spittle  or  saliva  ejected.  Dry  den. 

2.  A splinter,  as  of  wood;  a spall. — pi. 
Branches  of  trees.  [Local,  Eng.]  Halliwell. 

SPAWL'ING,  ft.  Spittle;  spawl.  Congreve. 

SPAWN,  ft.  [A.  S.  spana,  teats ; Dut.  speen,  teats. 
Skinner.  Somner.  — Perhaps  A.  S.  spiivan,  to 
spew.  Richardson.] 

1.  The  semen,  or  milt,  and  eggs  of  fish  or  of 

frogs,  as  ejected  to  produce  young.  Milton. 

Both  the  spawner  and  the  milter  cover  their  spawn  with 
sand*  Walton. 

These  ponds,  in  spawing  time,  abounded  with  frogs  and  a 
great  deal  of  spawn.  liap. 

2.  Any  product  or  offspring;  — in  contempt. 

’T  was  not  the  spa  wn  of  such  as  these 

That  dyed  with  Punic  blood  the  conquered  seas. Roscommon. 

3.  (Bot.)  The  filaments  from  which  Fungi, 

or  plants  of  the  mushroom  family,  originate  ; 
mycelium.  Balfour.  Gray. 

SPAWN,  v.  a.  [i.  spawned;  pp.  spawning, 

SPAWNED.] 

1.  To  produce,  as  fishes  produce  spawn. 

Some  report  a sea-maid  spawned  him.  Shak. 

2.  To  generate  or  bring  forth  ; — in  contempt. 
Whnt  practices  such  principles  as  these  may  spawn.  Swift. 

SPAWN,  v.  ft.  1.  To  produce  eggs,  as  fish.  “ The 
fish  having  spawned.”  Brown. 

2.  To  issue  ; — in  contempt.  Locke. 

SPAWN'yR,  n.  One  that  spawns ; the  female 
fish.  Walton. 

SPAY,  ft.  [L.  spado,  a gelding.]  The  young  male 
of  the  red  deer  in  its  third  year.  Holinshed. 

SPAY,  v.  a.  [Gr.  arrow,  to  draw  forth  ; L.  spado, 
a eunuch. — AV.  dispaddu,  to  geld  ; Arm.  spaza, 
or  spahein,  to  geld.]  \i.  spayed  ; pp.  spaying, 
spayed.]  To  castrate  or  render  incapable  of 
being  impregnated,  as  a female  beast,  by  extir- 
pating the  ovaries. 

The  males  must  be  gelt,  and  the  sows  spayed-,  the  spayed 
they  esteem  as  the  most  profitable  because  of  the  great  quan- 
tity of  fat  upon  the  inwards.  Mortimer. 

SPEAK  (spek),  v.  ii.  [A.  S.  spa-can,  and  sprrecan  ; 
Dut.  spreken  ; Ger.  spreclien ; Sw.  spriika.]  [£. 
SPOKE  or  SPAKE  ; pp.  SPEAKING,  SPOKEN,  Or 
spoke.  — Spake  is  obsolescent,  and  spoke  is  lit- 
tle used  as  a participle,  except  colloquially.] 

1.  To  utter  articulate  sounds  ; to  express 
thoughts  by  words  ; as,  “ He  could  not  speak.” 

2.  To  utter  a set  discourse;  to  make  a 
speech  ; to  harangue  ; to  discourse  ; — to  talk, 
as  an  advocate  ; to  talk  for  or  against ; to  plead. 

Manyot'the  nobility  made  themselves  popular  by  spenkiny 
in  Parliament  against  those  things  which  were  most  grateful 
to  his  majesty.  Clarendon. 

An  honest  man,  sir,  is  able  to  speak  for  himself.  Shak. 

3.  To  address  words  to  another  or  to  others, 
as  in  conversation  ; to  converse  ; to  discourse. 

Lot  went  out,  and  Spoke  unto  his  sons-in-law.  Gen.  xix.  11. 

to  treat.  “ The  fire 
B.  Jenson. 


4.  To  make  mention  ; 
you  speak  of.” 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON ; BULL,  BUR,  RflLE. — y,  y,  9,  g,  soft;  j0,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  $ as  gz. — THIS,  this. 


SPEAK 


1382 


SPECIFICAL 


5.  To  give  sound;  to  sound. 

Make  all  your  trumpets  speak ; give  them  all  breath, 
Those  clamorous  harbingers  of  blood  and  death.  Shak. 
To  speak  with , to  converse  with  ; to  address. 

Syn.  — To  speak , talk,  converse , and  discourse , all 
imply  the  idea  of  oral  communication  to  or  with 
others.  Speak  little  or  much  ; talk  familiarly  or  for 
pleasure  *,  converse  freely  with  friends  ; discourse  on 
important  subjects  ; harangue  to  the  multitude. 

SPEAK  (spek),  v.  a.  1.  To  utter  or  express  with 
the  mouth ; to  utter  in  words ; to  deliver ; to 
pronounce;  to  articulate. 

Speck  thou  the  things  that  become  sound  doctrine.  Tit.  ii.  1. 

2.  To  proclaim  ; to  celebrate  ; to  announce  ; 
to  make  known  ; to  declare. 

And  taught 

The  tongue  not  made  for  speech  to  speak  thy  praise.  Milton. 

3.  To  address  in  words  ; to  accost. 

If  lie  have  need  of  thee,  he  will  deceive  thee,  smile  upon 
thee,  put  thee  in  hope,  und  speak  thee  fair.  Bcclus.  xiii.  0. 

4.  To  express  by  signs  ; to  indicate.  Smart. 

SPEAK'A-BLE,  a.  1.  That  may  be  spoken. 

Oaths  . . . most  horrible  and  not  spcakable . Ascham. 

2.  Having  the  power  of  speech.  Milton. 

SPEAK'ER,  n.  1.  One  who  speaks; — one  that 
celebrates,  proclaims,  or  mentions. 


After  my  death,  I wish  no  other  herald, 
No  other  speaker  of  my  living  actions. 


Shak. 


2.  The  chairman  or  presiding  officer  in  a de- 
liberative assembly  : — a prolocutor. 

Like  an  elected  speaker  of  the  house.  Dry  den. 

SPEAK' pR-SHIP,  n.  The  office  of  speaker.  Clarke. 

SPEAK'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  expressing  in 
words  ; discourse  ; talk. 

Let  all  evil  .peaking  be  put  away  from  you.  Ephes.  iv.  31. 

2.  Elocution ; oratory  ; declamation.  Smart. 

SPEAK'ING-TR&M'PpT,  n.  A trumpet  by  means 
of  which  the  voice  may  he  made  audible  at  a 
great  distance.  Marine  Diet. 

SPEAK'ING— TUBE,  n.  A pipe  of  gutta  percha 
or  other  material  for  communicating  orders 
from  one  room  to  another.  Simmonds. 

SPEAR  (spGr),  n.  [A.  S.  spore,  spectre;  Dut.  &; 
Ger.  speer ; Dan.  speer ; Icel.  spior.  — W.  ysper.) 

1.  A long  weapon  with  a sharp  point,  used 
in  thrusting  or  throwing;  a lance. 

Nor  wanted  in  his  "rasp 

What  seemed  both  shield  ana  spear f Milton. 

2.  An  instrument,  generally  with  barbs  or 

prongs,  to  kill  fish.  Carew. 

3.  A slender  stalk,  as  of  grass ; a spire.  Clarke. 

SPEAR,  v.  a.  [£.  SPE.VItED  ; pp.  SPEARING, 
speared.]  To  kill  with  a spear  ; to  pierce  with 
a spear.  Johnson. 

SPEAR,  v.  n.  To  shoot  or  sprout  in  the  form  of  a 
spear.  Mortimer. 

+ SPEAR'pR,  n.  One  who  uses  a spear.  Barret. 

SPE  AR'FOOT  (spEr'fut),  n.  A horse’s  off  foot 
behind.  Crabb. 

SPEAR'— GRASS,  n.  ( Bot .)  A common  name  ap- 
plied to  certain  species  of  grass  of  the  genus 
J’oa,  and  also  to  one  species  of  the  genus 
Ghjccria  (Glycerin,  maritima,  or  sea  spear- 
grass).  Gray. 

Tickle  our  noses  with  spear-grass.  Shak. 

SPEAR'— HAND,  n.  The  hand  in  which  the  spear 
is  held  by  a horseman  ; the  right  hand.  Crabb. 

SPEAR'JNG,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  spears. 

SPEAR' MAN,  n. ; pi.  spearmen.  A soldier  who 
is  armed  with  a spear.  Prior. 

SPEAR' MINT,  n.  (Bot.)  A species  of  mint; 
Mentha,  viridis.  Gray. 

SPEAR'— THlS-TLE  (sper'this-sl),  n.  A species 
of  thistle.  Smart. 

SPEAR'WORT  (-vviirt),  n.  (Bot.)  A name  applied 
to  certain  species  of  plants  of  the  genus  Ranun- 
culus, especially  to  Ranunculus  fiammula. Gray . 

Creeping  spearwort,  a variety  of  Ranunculus  fiam- 
mula. Gray. 

•fSPECHT,  n.  [Teut . specht.]  A woodpecker. — 
See  Speight.  Sherwood. 

SPE"CIAL  (spesh'al),  a.  [L.  species,  form;  spe- 
cials, not  general,  individual ; It.  speziale  ; Sp. 
especial-,  Fr.  special .] 


1.  Noting  a sort  or  species. 

A special  idea  is  called  by  the  schools  a “ species.”  Watts. 

2.  Particular ; peculiar. 

Nought  so  vile,  that  on  the  earth  doth  live, 

But  to  the  earth  sumc  sjjecial  good  doth  give.  Shak. 

3.  Appropriate,  designed  fora  particular  pur- 
pose. “ Any  special  revelation. ” Wilkins. 

To  tempt  or  punish  mortals,  except  whom  God  and  pood 
angels  guard  by  special  grace.  Milton. 

4.  Extraordinary  ; uncommon. 

The  other  scheme  takes  special  care  to  attribute  all  the 
work  of  conversion  to  grace.  Hammond. 

5.  Chief  in  excellence  ; especial. 

The  sjiecialest  and  surest  men  of  war.  Berners. 

I never  yet  beheld  that  sjjecial  face  that  I could  fancy 
more  than  uny  other.  Shak. 

Special  agent , (Law.)  one  constituted  or  appointed 
for  a special  purpose. — Special  bail , bail  to  the  action, 
given  by  a defendant  as  a security  to  abide  the  event 
of  it  ; the  act  or  recognizance  by  which  a person 
is  specially  hound  for  the  appearance  of  another. — 
Special  constable , one  appointed  for  a particular  oc- 
casion. — Special  damages , damages  not  necessarily 
resulting  from  an  injury  complained  of ; damages 
which  require  to  be  specially  stated,  and  will  not  be 
implied  by  law.  — Special  demurrer , in  pleading,  a 
demurrer  to  a pleading  on  the  ground  of  some  defect 
of  form  which  is  specially  set  forth.  — Special  deposit , 
a deposit  made  of  a particular  thing  with  the  depos- 
itary, distinguished  from  an  irregular  deposit.  Bur- 
rill.  Bouvier.  — Special  grace , ( Theol .)  extraordinary 
grace,  or  such  as  is  given  tc  some  persons  only  ; — 
opposed  to  common  grace.  Ilook.  — Special  injunction , 
in  practice,  an  injunction  by  which  parties  are  re- 
strained from  committing  waste,  damage,  or  injury 
to  property.  — Special  jury,  in  practice,  a jury  or- 
dered by  the  court  on  The  motion  of  either  party,  in 
cases  of  unusual  importance  or  intricacy,  — called 
from  the  manner  in  which  it  is  constituted,  a struck 
jury. — Special  issue,  a plea  to  the  action  which 
denies  some  particular  material  allegation,  which  is 
in  effect  a denial  of  the  entire  right  of  action.  Bur 
rill.  — Special  movement,  (Bot.)  the  moving  or  bending 
of  one  part  of  a plant  upon  another,  to  assume  a 
particular  position.  Gray.  — Special  occupant,  (Law.) 
a person  having  a special  right  to  enter  upon 
and  occupy  lands  granted  pur  auter  vie  on  the  death 
of  the  tenant,  and  during  the  life  of  cestui  qui  vie. 
This  doctrine  of  special  occupancy  has  been  adopted 
in  some  of  the  United  States,  but  not  recognized  in 
others.  — Special  partner , a partner  with  a limited  or 
restricted  responsibility  ; a member  cf  a limited  part- 
nership, who  furnishes  certain  funds  tc  the  common 
stock,  and  whose  liability  extends  no  farther  than  the 
fund  furnished.  — Special  partnership , a partnership 
limited  to  a particular  branch  of  business,  or  to  one 
particular  subject.  — Special  pica,  a special  kind  of 
plea  in  bar,  distinguished  by  this  name  from  the  gen 
cral  issue,  and  consisting  usually  of  some  new  affirm 
ative  matter,  though  it  may  also  he  in  the  form  of  a 
traverse  or  denial. — Special  pleader,  in  English  prac- 
tice, a person  whose  profession  and  occupation  is  to 
give  verbal  or  written  opinions  upen  statements  made 
verbally  or  in  writing,  and  tc  draw  pleadings,  civil 
or  criminal,  and  such  practical  proceedings  as  may 
be  out  of  the  usual  course. — Special  pleading,  the 
popular  denomination  of  the  science  of  pleading,  so 
called  from  the  special  pleas,  which  occupy  a promi- 
nent place  in  if.  Perhaps  the  term  special  may  have 
been  used  to  distinguish  it  from  pleading  which,  in 
the  popular  sense,  imports  oral  arguments  at  the  bar. 

— Special  property,  a property  of  a special  quality  or 
temporary  kind,  arising  from  the  peculiar  circum- 
stances under  which  it  is  acquired,  such  as  the  prop- 
erty of  things  lost.,  until  the  right  owner  is  discovered. 

— Special  rule , in  practice,  a rule  granted  upon  the 
actual  motion  cf  counsel  in  court,  as  distinguished 
from  a common  rule  r rule  f course.  — Special  trav- 
erse,in  pleading,  a peculiar  form  of  traverse  or  denial, 
the  design  of  which,  as  distinguished  from  a common 
traverse,  is  to  explain  or  qualify  the  denial,  instead 
of  putting  it  in  tne  direct  and  absolute  form.  — Special 
trust,  a trust  in  which  a trustee  is  appointed  for  some 
purpose  particularly  designated.  — Special  verdict,  in 
practice,  a special  finding  of  the  facts  of  a case  by  a 
jury,  leaving  to  the  court  the  application  of  the  law 
to  the  facts  thus  found.  Burrill.  Bouvier. 

Syn.  — Special  and  especial  arc  considered  as  the 
same,  both  being  derived  from  the  Latin  word  spe- 
cialis.  The  adjective  special  is  more  used  than  es- 
pecial-, hut  the  adverb  especially  is  more  used  than 
specially.  Special  is  that  which  comes  under  the  gen- 
eral ; the  particular  is  that  which  comes  under  the 
special.  Hence  we  speak  of  a special  rule  and  a par- 
ticular case.  Special  messenger,  act,  pleading,  or  provi- 
dence ; especial  manner;  particular  object,  instance; 
specific  property,  gravity,  medicine. 

SPE"CIAL,  n.  1.  f A particular.  Hammond. 
2.  One  specially  appointed,  [r.]  Dickens. 

SPE"OlAL-lST  (spesh'al-ist),  n.  A person  de- 
voted to  a specialty  or  particular  subject  or 
pursuit ; a practical  man.  Qu.  Rev. 


SPE-CI-AL'I-TY  (spesh-e-al'e-te),  n.  [It.  speciali- 
ty ; Fr . specialite.] 

1.  Specialty.  Hale . 

2.  The  quality  of  the  species.  E.  C.  Otte . 

SPE9-I-AL-I-ZA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  specializ- 
ing ; particularization.  Mill. 

f SPE"CIAL-IZE  (spesh'sd-Iz),  v.  a.  To  particu- 
larize ; to  reduce  from  a more  general  significa- 
tion ; to  mention  specially.  Sheldon. 

SPE"CIAL-LY  (spcsh'ftl-le),  ad.  1.  In  a special 
manner  ; particularly  above  others.  Chaucer. 

2.  Not  in  a common  way  ; peculiarly. 

If  there  be  matter  of  law  that  carries  any  difficulty,  the 
jury  may  . . . find  it  specially.  'Hale. 

3.  For  a special  object.  “ Congress  was  spe- 
cially convened.”  Pub.  Doc. 

Syn.  — See  Special. 

SPE'  CIAL-T  Y (spesh'al-te),  n.  1.  A particular  or 
peculiar  case  ; particularity. 

On  these  two  general  heads  all  other  specialties  are  denen- 
dent.  Hooker. 

2.  A special  or  particular  object  of  pursuit 
or  of  study  ; as,  “ Music  is  his  specialty .” 

3.  (Law.)  A contract  or  obligation  under 

seal;  a contract  by  deed;  an  instrument  in 
writing,  sealed  and  delivered.  Burrill. 

SPE'CI£  (spe'she),  n.  [Fr.  espice.]  Coin  ; gold, 
silver,  &c.,  coined  and  used  as  a circulating 

medium.  Brande. 

Jttap  (Law.)  The  term  specie  is  used  in  contradis- 

tinction to  paper  money,  which  in  some  countries  is 
emitted  by  government,  and  is  a mere  engagement 
which  represents  specie.  Bank  paper  in  the  United 
States  is  also  called  paper  money.  Specie  is  the  only 
constitutional  money  in  this  country.  Boucier. 

SPE  CIE^  (spe'shez),  n.  sing.  & pi.  [L.  species, 
sight,  form,  appearance,  species  ; sjiccio,  to  be- 
hold ; It.  specie,  spczie  \ Sp.  espccie ; Fr.  esp  'ce.] 

1.  Appearance  to  the  senses  or  the  mind  ; 
sensible  or  intellectual  representation. 

The  species  of  the  letters  illuminated  with  indigo  and  vio- 
let appeared  so  confused  aud  indistinct  that  I could  not  read 
them.  Xeicton. 

Wit  in  the  poet  or  wit-writing  is  no  other  than  the  faculty 
of  imagination  in  the  writer,  which  searches  over  all  the 
memory  for  the  species  or  ideas  of  those  things  which  it  de- 
signs to  represent.  Dryden. 

2.  An  assemblage  of  individuals  allied  by 

common  characters,  and  subordinate  to  a genus 
or  a sub-genus  ; a group.  Bentley. 

XIQf'  In  zoology  and  botany,  species  is  founded  on 
identity  of  form  and  structure,  both  external  and  in- 
ternal. The  principal  characteristic  of  .species,  in  ani- 
mals and  vegetables,  is  the  power  to  produce  beings 
like  themselves,  who  are  also  productive.  A species 
may  be  modified  by  external  influences,  and  thus  give 
rise  to  races  or  varieties ; but  it  never  abandons  its 
own  proper  character  to  assume  another.  In  miner- 
alogy species  is  determined,  according  to  some  writers, 
by  identity  of  physical  properties,  as  specific  gravity, 
hardness,  &c.  ; according  to  others,  by  perfect  iden- 
tity of  chemical  composition,  the  natural  properties 
going  for  nothing.  In  some  mineralogical  systems, 
the  term  genus  is  dropped,  and  the  species  is  mado 
subordinate  to  the  order  or  the  section.  Prichard. 
Shepard.  Dana. 

3.  Kind  ; sort ; description. 

[Gainsborough]  invented  a new  species  of  dramatic  paint- 
ing, in  which,  probably,  he  will  never  be  equalled.  Iteynolds. 

4.  f A spectacle;  a public  sbow. 

Shows  and  species  serve  best  with  the  people.  Bacon. 

5.  f Hard  money  ; coin  ; specie. 

There  was,  in  the  splendor  of  the  Roman  empire,  a less 
quantity  of  current  sjiecics  iu  Europe  than  there  is  now. 

Arbuthnot. 

6.  f(Mcd.)  Any  simple  ingredient  of  a com- 
pound medicine  : — a name  formerly  given  to 
any  compound  powder.  Johnson,  Dunglison. 

7.  (Logic.)  A prcdicable  which  is  considered 

as  expressing  the  whole  essence  of  the  individ- 
uals of  which  it  is  affirmed.  Whately. 

8.  (Math.)  A subdivision  of  an  order,  as  of 

lines  or  a surface.  Davies. 

9.  (Civil  Laic.)  Form;  figure;  fashion  or 

shape.  Burrill. 

Syn.  — Sec  Kind. 

SPp-CIF'IC,  ? n.  [L.  species,  appearance, 

SPp-CIF'I-CAL,  > kind,  and  facio,  to  make  ; It. 
specif co  ; Sp.  especifico  ; Fr.  specfque.] 

1.  That  makes  a thing  of  the  species  of  which 
it  is;  noting  those  characteristics  of  a thing 
which  are  common  to  all  the  individuals  of  the 
same  species  ; distinguishing  one  species  from 
others,  or  an  individual  of  one  species  from 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  1J,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; Il£lR,  HER; 


SPECIFIC 


1383 


SPECULATIVE 


those  of  others.  “Having  only  a general  or 
spccifical  identity.”  Cudworth. 

As  to  the  specific  nature  of  its  acts,  it  [the  understanding] 
is  determined  by  the  object.  South. 

To  talk  of  specific  differences  in  nature,  without  reference 
to  general  ideas  and  names,  is  to  talk  unintelligibly.  Locke. 

2.  Specified  ; that  is  particularized. 

To  compel  the  performance  of  the  contract,  and  recover 
the  spccifical  sum  due.  Jilackstone. 

3.  {Mecl.)  Having  the  property  of  curing 

some  particular  disease.  Bacon. 

4.  (Laic.)  Having  a certain  form  or  designa- 
tion ; observing  a certain  form  ; precise.  Burrill. 

Specific  character , the  difference  which  distin- 
guishes one  species  from  others  of  the  same  genus. — 
Specific  gravity.  See  Gravity. — Specific  heat , the 
quantity  of  heat  required  to  raise  the  temperature  of 
any  body  a single  degree,  or  through  a certain  num- 
ber of  degrees,  compared  with  the  quantity  of  heat 
required  to  produce  the  same  change  of  temperature 
in  an  equal  weight  of  water  ; capacity  for  heat. 
Miller. — Specific  legacy,  {Law.)  a legacy  or  gift  by 
will  of  a particular  specified  thing,  as  of  a horse,  a 
piece  of  furniture,  and  t lie  like.  Burrill. — Specific 
name , the  name  of  a specie?,  or  the  name  which,  ap- 
pend <1  to  the  name  of  the  genus,  constitutes  the 
name  of  the  species. — Specific  performance , {Law.) 
performance  of  a contract  in  the  precise  form,  or  ac- 
cording to  the  precise  terms,  agreed  upon.  Burrill. 

Syn.  — See  Special. 

SP^-CiF'IC,  n.  1.  (Med.)  A substance  to  which 
is  attributed  the  property  of  removing,  directly, 
one  disease  rather  than  any  other.  Dunglison. 

2.  Something  certain  to  effect  the  purpose  for 
which  it  is  used  ; an  unfailing  agent.  “ A spe- 
cific to  awaken  sadness.”  Lady  Morgan. 

Each  vying  with  the  other  who  should  recommend  the 
most  upp/oved  specific  for  getting  out  the  stain  of  red  wine. 

//.  More. 

SPIJ-CIF'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a specific  manner. 

STIJ-Cl  F'l-CAL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state 
of  being  specifical.  Ash. 

f SPE-ClFT-CATE,  v.  a.  To  specify.  Hale. 

SPEy-T-FJ-CA'TION,  n.  [It.  spccificazione  ; Sp. 
especificaoion  ; Fr.  specification.'] 

1.  The  act  of  specifying,  or  the  state  of  being 
specified  ; particular  mention  ; statement  of  par- 
ticulars or  in  detail ; particularization. 

A specification  of  a few  improvements  will  add  but  little 
to  the  sum  of  my  transgressions.  Knox. 

2.  The  act  of  placing  in  a particular  species  ; 
determination  or  notation  of  the  properties 
which  distinguish  one  thing  from  others. 

The  principle  of  specification  is,  that  beings  the  most  like 
or  homogeneous  disagree  or  are  heterogeneous  in  some  re- 
spect. Fleming. 

3.  A written  instrument  containing  an  exact 
and  minute  description,  account,  or  enumera- 
tion of  particulars,  as  of  an  invention.  Bouvicr. 

SPp-CIF'IC-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  spe- 
cific ; specificalness.  • Todd. 

SPEy'l-FIED,  p.  a.  Specially  designated;  partic- 

ularized; as,  “A  specified  sum.” 

SPEy'l-FY  (spes'e-fl),  v.  a.  [It.  specificare  ; Sp. 
especificar ; Fr.  specifier.]  \i.  specified  ; pp. 
specifying,  specified.]  To  mention,  name, 
or  indicate  with  some  particular  marks  of  dis- 
tinction ; to  designate  particularly,  or  in  detail ; 
to  particularize. 

St.  Peter  doth  not  specify  what  the  waters  were.  Burnet. 

Syn.  — See  Name. 

SPE-cIl1  LUM,  n.  ( Sury .)  A stylet.  Dunglison. 

SPjjC'F-MEN  (spSs'e-mSn),  n.  [L.,  from  specio,  to 
behold.]  A part  of  any  thing  exhibited  that  the 
rest  maybe  known  ; copy ; a pattern  ; a sample. 

Several  persons  have  exhibited  specimens  of  this  art  before 
multitudes  of  beholders.  Addison. 

Syn.  — See  Copy,  Model. 

f SPE-C[-OS'l-TY,  n.  Speciousness.  II.  More. 

SPE'CIOFS  (spe'shus),  a.  [L.  speciosus  ; specio, 
to  behold  ; It.  specioso  ; Sp.  espee  'eoso  ; Fr.  spe- 
cieux.] 

1.  Pleasing  or  striking  at  first  view  ; superfi- 
cially fair  ; showy.  “ Specious  forms.”  Milton. 

That  specious  monger,  my  accomplished  snare.  Milton. 

2.  Having  the  appearance  of  truth  or  propri- 
ety ; not  solidly  but  apparently  good  or  right; 
colorable  ; plausible  ; ostensible. 

Temptation  is  of  greater  danger  because  it  is  covered  with 
the  specious  names  of  good  nature  and  good  manners,  liogers. 

"Who  truth  from  specious  falsehood  can  divide, 

lias  all  the  gownsmen’s  skill  without  their  pride.  Dryden. 

Syn. — See  Plausible. 

SPE  cioys-LY  (spe'shus-le),  ad.  In  a specious 
manner  ; with  speciousness.  Hammond. 


SPE'CIOUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state  of 
being  specious  ; plausibility.  Ash. 

SPECK,  n.  [A.  S.  specca.] 

1.  A small  spot  of  a different  color  from  that 
of  the  surface  it  is  upon,  or  of  which  it  forms  a 
part ; a small  discoloration  ; a blemish  ; stain. 
The  bottom  consisting  of  gray  sand  with  black  specks.  Anson. 

2.  A small  piece  ; a bit.  Clarke. 

3.  The  sole  of  a shoe.  [Local,  Eng.]  Forby. 

4.  Blubber,  as  of  whales.  Ogilxie. 

Syn.  — See  Blemish. 

SPECK,  v.  a.  [i.  specked  ; pp.  specking, 

SPECKED.] 

1.  To  spot ; to  mark  or  stain  in  drops  or  spots 


“Specked  with  gold.”  Milton. 

2.  To  put  a sole  upon,  as  a shoe.  Forby. 
SPECK'— FALL§,  n.  pi.  ( Naut .)  In  the  whale- 
fishery,  falls  for  hoisting  the  blubber  and  bone 
from  a whale.  Ogilcie. 

SPECK’LE  (spek'kl),  n.  [A  dim.  of  speck.  — Dut. 
spikkel.]  A small  speck;  a little  spot. 

An  huge  great  serpent  all  with  speckles  pied.  Spenser. 


SPECK'LE  (spek'kl),  V.  a.  [i.  SPECKLED ; pp. 
speckling,  speckled.]  To  mark  with  small 
specks  or  spots  of  a different  color. 

Infinite  numbers  of  a sort  of  moth  elegantly  speckled  with 
red,  black,  and  white.  Cook. 

SPECK'LE!)  (spelr'kld),  a.  Marked  or  covered 
with  speckles  or  small  specks.  Spenser. 

SPECK'LED-NESS  (spek'ld-nes),  n.  The  state  of 
being  speckled.  Ash. 

SPECK'SION-EIt  (spek'shun-er),  n.  In  the  whale- 
fishery,  the  man  who  directs  the  operation  of 
cutting  up  a whale.  Ogilcie. 

SPECKT,  n.  A woodpecker.  — See  Speigiit. 

SPEC'TA-CLE  (spek'tfi-kl),  n.  [L.  spcctaculum  ; 
specto,  to  behold  ; It.  spettacolo  ; Sp.  espectacu- 
lo ; Fr.  spectacle.] 

1.  Any  thing  that  may  be  seen  ; a sight. 

The  dreadful  spectacle  of  that  sad  house  of  pride.  Spenser. 

2.  Any  thing  exhibited  to  the  view  as  re- 
markable ; an  exhibition  ; a show  ; a pageant. 

In  open  place  produced  they  me 
To  be  a public  spectacle  to  all.  Shak. 

3.  pi.  An  optical  instrument,  consisting  of 
two  lenses  set  in  a frame,  for  assisting  or  cor- 
recting the  defects  of  imperfect  vision.  Brande. 

Syn.  — See  Show. 

SPEC'TA-CLE— Bg-STRID',  a.  Wearing  specta- 
cles, as  the  nose.  Coicpcr. 

SPEC'TA-CLED  (spek't?-kld),  a.  Furnished  with, 
or  wearing,  spectacles.  Shak. 

SPEC'TA-CLE— MAK'^R,  n.  A maker  of  specta- 
cles to  assist  imperfect  vision.  Ash. 

SPEC-TAC'U-LAR,  a.  1.  Relating  to  shows. 
“ Spectacular  sports.”  [r.]  Dr.  Ilickes. 

2.  Pertaining  to  spectacles,  or  glasses  for  as- 
sisting vision.  Campbell. 

f SPyC-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  spectatio.]  Regard; 

respect.  Harvey. 

SPEC-TA'TOR,  n.  [L.  spectator ; specto.  to  be- 
hold ; It.  spettatore ; Sp.  cspectador ; Fr.  spee- 
tateur.]  One  present  and  looking  on  without 
taking  part ; a looker-on  ; a beholder  ; observer. 
The  tame  spectators  of  his  deeds  of  war.  Pope. 

SPEC-TA-TO'RI-AL,  a.  Pertainingto  a spectator. 

I shall  publish  the  following  edict  by  virtue  of  that  specta- 
torial  authority  with  which  I stand  invested.  Addison. 

SP^C-TA 'TOR-SHIP,  n.  The  act  of  beholding; 
the  state  of  a spectator.  Shak. 

SPJJC-TA  J RUSS,  > [l.  spectatrix.]  A female 

Spyc-TA'TRIX,  ) looker-on  or  beholder. 

Like  Helen  in  the  night  when  Troy  was  sacked, 

Sjicctatrcss  of  the  mischief  which  she  made.  Rowe. 

SPECTRAL,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  resembling, 
spectres  or  apparitions  ; ghostly. 

Some  of  the  spectral  appearances  which  lie  had  been  told 
of  in  a winter’s  evening.  Sir  W.  Scott. 

SPECTRE  (spek'tur),  n.  [L.  spectrum,  an  image, 
an  apparition  ; specio , to  behold  ; It.  spettro  ; 
Sp.  cspcctro  ; Fr.  spectre.]  An  apparition  ; an 
appearance  of  a person  who  is  dead  ; a ghost ; 
a spirit ; a phantom  ; a phantasm. 

Com’st  thou  alive  to  view  the  Stygian  hounds, 

Where  the  wan  spectres  walk  eternal  rounds 't  Rope. 

Syn.  — See  Apparition. 

SPEC'TRE— PEO'PLED  (spek'ter-pS'pld),  a.  Peo- 
pled by  spectres  or  ghosts.  Clarke. 


SPEC'TRUM,  n. ; pi.  sp£c'tra.  [L.]  (Opt.)  Rep- 
resentation ; appearance ; image. 

Solar  spectrum,  a beautiful,  oblong  image  of  the 
sun,  exhibiting  the  hues  of  the  rainbow,  formed  on  a 
wall  or  a screen,  in  a darkened  room,  by  a beam  of 
solar  light  transmitted  through  a triangular  glass 
prism,  and  separated  by  refraction  into  its  primary 
colors  ; prismatic  spectrum.  Besides  the  colored  rays, 
the  spectrum  contains  thermal  or  heating  rays,  the 
maximum  intensity  of  which  nearly  coincides  with  the 

i red  rays  ; and  chemical  rays,  the  maximum  intensity 
of  which  is  found  in  and  a little  beyond  the  violet 
rays.  See  Primary  Colors.  — Chromatic  spectrum, 
a name  applied  to  the  colored,  visible  rays  of  the 
solar  spectrum. — Thermal  spectrum , a name  applied 
to  the  invisible  thermal  or  heating  rays  of  the  solar 
spectrum. — Chemical  spectrum,  a name  applied  to  tiie 
invisible  chemical  rays  of  the  solar  spectrum.  Brew- 
ster. Pesc/iel. — Ocular  spectrum , the  apparition  or 
image  of  an  object  which  has  been  steadily  viewed 
for  some  time,  seen  after  the  eye  has  been  withdrawn 
from  t he  object.  The  color  of  the  object  and  that  of 
the  image  or  spectrum  a*ve  complementary  to  each 
other,  or  together  make  white  light.  Thus,  if  the 
eye,  after  having  been  fixed  upon  a mark  in  t lie  centre 
of  a red  wafer  placed  on  a sheet  of  white  paper,  is 
turned  upon  the  white  paper,  a circular  spot  of  bluish- 
green,  of  the  same  size  as  the  wafer,  is  seen,  the  part 
of  the  retina  occupied  by  the  red  image  having  become 
deadened  to  red  light,  and  sensible  only  to  the  other 
rays  in  the  white  light  of  the  paper.  Brewster. 

SPEC'U-LAR,  a.  [L.  specif  laris  ; It.  speculare ; 
Sp.  espeeulario  ; Fr.  speculaire.] 

1.  Having  the  qualities  of  a mirror  or  looking- 
glass.  “ The  use  of  specular  stone.”  Bonne. 

A specular  body  to  reflect  that  color  to  the  eye.  Boyle. 

2.  Affording  view  or  prospect.  “ This  specu- 
lar mount.”  Milton. 

3.  Aiding  the  sight,  as  a magnifying  glass. 

Thy  specular  orb 

Apply  to  well-dissected  kernels.  J.  Philips. 

“ Dr.  Johnson  lias  unjustly  taxed  Philips  with 
using  the  word  improperly  in  the  passage  cited.” 
Scager.  — “It  is  an  old  French  meaning,  of  which 
he  was  not  aware.”  Todd. 

SPEC’ U-L ATE,  v.  n.  [L.  speculor,  speculatus  ; 
specula , a look-out ; specio , to  behold  ; It.  spe- 
culare ; Sp.  especular ; Fr.  c specular.]  [i.  spec- 
ulated; pp.  SPECULATING,  SPECULATED.] 

1.  To  meditate;  to  contemplate;  to  take  a 
view  of  any  thing  with  the  mind  ; to  theorize. 

To  speculate  is,  from  premises  given  or  assumed,  but  con- 
sidered unquestionable,  as  the  constituted  point  of  observa- 
tion. to  look  abroad  upon  the  whole  field  of  intellectual  vision, 
and  tlu  nce  to  decide  upon  the  true  form  and  dimension  of 
all  which  meets  the  view.  Marsh. 

2.  To  lay  out  money  with  a view  to  more  than 
usual  success  in  trade  ; to  incur  risks  in  busi- 
ness in  the  hope  of  large  remuneration.  Homans. 

fi  SPEC'I'-LATE,  v.  a.  To  consider  attentively; 
to  meditate  upon.  Browne. 

SPEC-y-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  speculatio  ; It.  specu- 
lazionc;  Sp.  especulacion ; Fr  .speculation.] 

1.  The  act  of  speculating ; intellectual  exam- 
ination ; mental  view;  contemplation. 

Thenceforth  to  speculations  high  or  deep 

I turned  my  thoughts,  and  with  capacious  mind 

Considered  all  things  visible.  Milton. 

2.  That  part  of  philosophy  which  is  neither 
practical  nor  experimental ; mental  scheme  not 
reduced  to  practice,  or  mental  view  not  substan- 
tiated by  fact ; a theory  ; a scheme. 

■Whatever  preference,  therefore,  in  speculation,  he  might 
give  to  the  republican  form,  he  could  not,  with  these  princi- 
ples, be  practically  an  enemy  to  the  government  of  kings. 

Bp.  Jiorsley. 

3.  The  act  of  laying  out  money,  or  of  incur- 

ring extensive  risks,  with  a view  to  more  than 
usual  success  in  trade.  A.  Smith. 

4.  f Examination  by  the  eye  ; ocular  view. 

Let  us  descend  now,  therefore,  from  this  top 

Of  speculation.  Milton. 

5.  f Power  or  faculty  of  sight. 

Thou  bast  no  speculation  in  those  eyes 

"Which  thou  dost  glare  with.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Theory. 

SPEC'y-LA-TIST,  n.  A speculator:  — a theorizer. 

Fresh  confidence  the  sppcuJatist  takes 

From  every  hair-brained  proselyte  he  makes.  Cowper. 

SPEC'U-LA-TIVE,  a.  [It.  speculativo ; Sp.  espe- 
culaiiro  ; Fr . speetdatif.] 

1.  Given  to  speculation  ; contemplative. 

The  mind  of  man  being  by  nature  speculative.  llooher. 

2.  Pertaining  to  speculation  or  theory ; nei- 
ther practical,  experimental,  nor  substantiated 
by  fact  ■ theoretical ; ideal. 

The  speculative  part  of  philosophy  is  metaphysics.  Tho 
speculative  part  of  mathematics  is  that  which  1ms  no  applica- 
tion to  the  arts.  Fleming. 


MlEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RIJLE.  — y,  $,  g,  soft;  > C,  jG,  £,  g,  hard;  f}  as  z;  ? as  gz.  — THIS,  Ibis. 


SPECULATIVELY 


1384 


SPELT 


3.  Pertaining  to  speculation  in  trade,  or  pe- 
cuniary ventures  on  the  chance  of  profit. 

The  speculative  merchant  exercises  no  one  regular,  estab- 
lished, or  well-known  branch  of  business.  A.  Smith. 

4.  Pertaining  to  vision  or  sight.  Cowper. 

5.  f Prying  ; inquisitive.  Bacon. 

SPEC'li-LA-Tl  VE-LY,  ad.  In  a speculative  man- 
ner ; ideally  ; theoretically.  Swift. 

SPEC'U-LA-TJVE-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the 
quality  of  being  speculative.  Scott. 

SPEC'U-LA-TOR,  n.  1.  One  who  speculates;  a 
speculatist ; ’ a theorizer.  More. 

2.  One  who  speculates  in  trade ; one  who 
deals  in  stocks  or  the  funds,  who  buys  lands  or 
goods  upon  the  chance  of  a rise  in  price,  or  who 
incurs  any  other  pecuniary  risk,  in  the  expecta- 
tion or  hope  of  large  remuneration.  Oh.  Ob. 

3.  An  observer ; a contemplator.  Browne. 

4.  f A spy  ; a watcher. 

All  the  boats  had  one  speculator , to  give  notice  when  the 
fish  approached.  Broome. 

t SPEC-U-LA-TO'RI-AL,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  spy- 
ing. Blount. 

2.  Speculative  ; contemplative.  Bailey. 

SPEC'U-LA-TO-RY,  a.  1.  Exercising  specula- 
tion ; theorizing  ; speculative.  Carew. 

2.  Calculated  for  spying  or  viewing.  “ Spec- 
ulator;/ outposts.”  Warton. 

SPEC'U-LIST,  n.  An  observer.  Goldsmith. 

SPEC'  U-Lt/M,  n. ; pi.  spec  1 v-la.  [L.] 

1.  A mirror  ; a looking-glass.  Boyle. 

2.  (Opt.)  A metallic  mirror,  especially  one  of 

those  which  are  used  in  the  construction  of  re- 
flecting telescopes.  Nichol. 

3.  (Surg.)  An  instrument,  of  various  con- 

struction, for  dilating  cavities,  and  facilitating 
their  examination.  Dunylison. 

4.  (Nat.  Hist.)  The  bright  spot  on  the  wings 

of  ducks,  &c.  Maunder. 

SPEC'U-LUM— MET'AL,  n.  An  alloy,  usually  of 
tin  and  copper,  used  for  making  reflectors  of 
telescopes.  Tomlinson. 

SPED,  i.  & p.  from  speed.  See  Speed. 

fSPEECE,  n.  Kind;  species.  B.  Jonson. 

SPEECH,  n.  [A.  S.  spreec,  spree;  Frs.  spreke ; 
Dut.  spraak ; Ger.  sprache ; Dan.  sprog ; Sw. 
sprak  ; Icel.  speki,  wisdom.] 

1.  Articulate  utterance ; the  expression  of 
thoughts  by  means  of  the  voice  as  modified  in 
its  passage  through  the  vocal  organs. 

The  elementary  qualities  of . . . speech  are  tone,  time,  and 
force.  But  of  these  the  principal  modifications  are  common- 
ly called  by  grammarians  accent,  quantity,  and  emphasis. 

Sir  J.  St od dart. 

2.  AVords  as  expressing  thoughts  ; language. 

To  such  questions  as,  How  many  cases,  how  many  parts 

of  speech,  how  many  irregular  verbs,  arc  there  in  English? 
no  cautious  grammarian  would  venture  an  unqualified  an- 
swer. Latham. 

3.  A particular  tongue,  as  distinct  from  others. 

There  is  no  speech  nor  language  where  their  voice  is  not 

heard.  Ps.  xix.  3. 

4.  An  observation  expressed.  in  words  ; a re- 
mark; talk;  mention;  saying. 

Smile  you  [at]  my  speeches , os  I were  a fool?  Shah. 

Speech  of  a man’s  seif  ought  to  be  seldom.  Bacon. 

5.  A public  or  formal  address  ; a set  dis- 
course ; an  oration  ; an  harangue. 

Eurlcc  may  be  thought  greatly  inferior  to  Pitt  and  Fox, 
if  we  judge  of  him  by  iris  speeches  as  he  delivered  them,  but 
greatly  superior  to  both,  if  wc  arc  to  judge  of  him  by  his 
speeches  as  ho  published  them.  C.  Butler. 

6.  Declaration  of  thoughts. 

I,  with  leave  of  speech  implored,  replied.  Milton. 

Syn.  — Speech , oration , harangue,  and  discourse , all 
denote  a set  form  of  words  spoken  on  some  subject, 
and  addressed  to  some  persons  or  a body  of  men.  A 
member  of  Parliament,  of  Congress,  or  of  a legislative 
body  makes  a speech  ; an  oration  is  a formal  speech  de- 
livered on  some  particular  occasion,  as  a public  funeral, 
the  4th  of  July,  &c.  ; an  harangue , on  some  exciting 
topic,  is  addressed  to  the  multitude  ; a discourse  is 
delivered  from  the  pulpit .See  Language. 

f SPEECH,  v.  n.  To  make  a speech.  Pyle. 

SPEECH'FUL,  a.  Having  an  abundance  of  words 
at  command  ; fluent ; voluble.  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

SPEECH-I-FI-CA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  speechify- 
ing or  haranguing.  [Low.]  Ec.  Rev.  Ed.  Rev. 

SPEECH'I-FY,  v.  n.  [Eng.  speech  and  L.  facto, 
to  make.]  [ i . speechified  ; pp.  speechify- 


ing, speechified.]  To  make  a speech  or 
speeches ; to  harangue.  [Colloquial  or  vul- 
gar.] Oh.  Ob.  Kinglake. 

SPEECH'ING,  n.  Act  of  making  a speech.  Clarke. 

SPEECH'LIJSS,  a.  Lacking  the  power,  or  de- 
prived, of  speech  ; physically  unable  to  speak  ; 
mute;  dumb; — not  speaking;  silent, 
lie  fell  down,  foamed  at  mouth,  and  was  speechless.  Shah. 

lie  that  never  hears  a word  spoken,  it  is  no  wonder  he  re- 
main speechless;  as  any  one  must  do  who  from  an  infant 
should  be  bred  up  among  mutes.  Holder. 

Syn.  — See  Dumb. 

SPEECII'LIJSS-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
speechless.  Bacon. 

SPEECH'— MAK-^R,  n.  One  who  makes  a speech 
or  oration.  Arbuthnot. 

SPEED,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  spedan;  Dut.  spoeden  ; Ger. 
sputen,  spuden.  — Gr.  aiuLhoi,  to  make  haste.] 
[i.  SPED  ; pp.  SPEEDING,  SPED.] 

1.  To  make  haste;  to  move  with  celerity. 

If  prayers 

Could  alter  high  decrees,  I to  that  place 

Would  speed  before  thee,  and  be  louder  heard.  Milton. 

2.  To  have  success  ;-  to  succeed  ; to  prosper. 

I told  you  then  he  should  prevail,  and  speed 

In  his  bad  errand.  Milton. 

These  were  violators  of  the  first  temple:  aud  those  that 
profaned  and  abused  the  second  sped  no  better.  South. 

3.  To  have  any  condition,  good  or  bad;  to  be 
in  any  state  or  condition  ; to  fare. 

Ships  heretofore  in  seas  like  fishes  sped. 

The  mightiest  still  upon  the  smallest  fed.  Dryden. 

SPEED,  v.  a.  [Fr.  expedier.] 

1.  To  despatch  or  send  in  haste ; to  send 
away  quickly. 

He  sped  him  thence  home  to  his  habitation.  Fairfax. 

2.  To  hasten  ; to  put  into  quick  motion  ; to 
accelerate  ; to  expedite  ; to  press  forward. 

The  priest  replied  no  more. 

But  sped  his  steps  along  the  hoarsc-resounding  shore.  Dryden. 

3.  To  bring  to  a conclusion  ; to  carry  through. 

Judicial  acts ...  are  sped  in  open  court  at  the  instance  of 
one  or  both  of  the  parties.  Aylijf'e. 

4.  To  assist ; to  help  forward  ; to  advance. 

True  friendship's  laws  are  by  this  rule  expressed, 

Welcome  the  coming,  speed  the  parting  guest.  Pope. 

5.  To  make  prosperous  ; to  cause  to  succeed. 

By  a very  unusual  concurrence  of  providential  events, 
[he]  happened  to  be  sped.  Fell. 

6.  +To  acquaint ; to  make  to  be  versed.  “In 

Chaucer  I am  sped.”  Skelton. 

7.  To  kill ; to  destroy  ; to  despatch,  [n.] 

He  sped  the  centaur  with  one  single  thrust.  Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Hasten. 

SPEED,  n.  [A.  S.  sped ; Dut.  spoed ; Ger.  spate.] 

1.  Quickness  ; celerity  ; swiftness  ; haste  ; ve- 
locity ; despatch  ; rapid  pace  or  course. 

lie  run  away  with  sucli  speed  as  made  it  hopeless  to  follow 
him.  Cooh. 

Gallop  after  him  . . . with  full  speed.  Swift. 

2.  Success  ; good  fortune  ; event ; issue. 

I pray  thee  send  me  good  speed  this  day.  Gen.  xxiv.  12. 

The  prince,  your  son,  with  mere  conceit  and  fear 

Of  the  queen’s  speed , is  gone.  Shah. 

Syn.  — See  Haste,  Quickness. 

SPEED'ER,  n.  One  who  speeds.  Chapman. 

fSPEED'FUL,  a.  Serviceable ; useful.  Wickliffe. 

f SPEED'FUL-Ly,  ad.  Speedily  ; quickly.  Fisher. 

SPEED'I-LY,  ad.  AVith  speed  ; quickly.  Shah. 

SPEED'I-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  speedy  ; 
swiftness  ; quickness  ; nimbleness.  Chapman. 

SFEED'LESS,  a.  Unsuccessful  ; unfortunate  ; 
not  prosperous.  “ Speedless  wooers.”  Chapman. 

SPEED'WELL,  n.  ( Bot .)  The  common  name  of 
plants  of  the  genus  Veronica,  one  species  of 
which,  Veronica  officinalis,  or  common  speed- 
well, was  once  extensively  used  as  a substitute 
for  tea.  Eng.  Cyc. 

SPEED' Y,  a.  Quick  in  motion  or  in  performance ; 
swift ; nimble  ; rapid  ; hasty  ; hurrying. 

He,  making  speedy  way  through  spersed  air, 

To  Morpheus’  house  doth  hastily  repair.  Spenser. 

The  speedy  gleams  the  darkness  swallowed.  Burns. 

SPEER,  v.  a.  To  inquire.  — See  Spere.  Brockctt. 

f SPEET,  v.  a.  [Dut.  spetan.  — See  Spit.]  To 
stab.  Com.  of  Gammer  Gurton’s  Needle. 

SPEIGHT  (spat),  n.  The  black  woodpecker:  — 

| written  also  specht,  and  speckt.  Todd. 


SPEISS,  n.  [Ger.  speise,  mixed  metal.]  (Metal- 
lurgy.) Arseniuret  of  nickel.  Ure. 

SPEL'DING,  n.  A dried  haddock.  Booth. 

SPELK,  n.  [A.  S.  spelc.]  A splinter;  a small  stick 
to  fix  on  thatch  with.  [Local,  Eng.]  Grose. 

SPELL,  n.  [A.  S.  spell,  history,  speech,  doctrine, 
tidings  ; Old  Ger.  spcl,  spil ; Icel.  spiall .] 

1.  t A story  ; a tale  ; a narrative.  Chaucer. 

2.  A form  of  words,  supposed  to  be  endowed 
with  magical  virtues ; a charm  consisting  of 
words  of  occult  power ; an  incantation. 

And,  as  the  old  swain  said,  she  can  unlock 

The  clasping  charm,  and  thaw  the  numbing  spell, 

If  she  be  right  invoked  in  warbled  song.  Milton. 

And  spoke  the  powerful  spells  that  babes  to  birth  disclose. 

Dryden. 

SPELL,  n.  [A.  S.  spelian,  to  take  another’s  place.] 

1.  A turn  of  work ; a vicissitude  of  labor ; a 
short  time  spent  in  any  occupation  or  employ- 
ment. 

Their  toil  is  so  extreme  as  they  cannot  endure  it  above 
four  hours  in  a day,  but  are  succeeded  by  spells.  Carew. 

2.  A short  turn  or  time;  season.  “This 
dreadful  spell  of  weather.”  John  Randolph. 

Spain  has  obtained  a breathing  spell  of  some  duration  from 
the  internal  convulsions  which  have,  through  so  many  years, 
marred  her  prosperity.  Frcs.  Tyler,  Mess,  to  Cony.  18+4. 

>0®“  In  this  sense,  provincial  in  England,  and  col- 
loquial in  the  United  States. 

SPELL,  v.  a.  [M.  Goth,  spellon,  to  narrate  ; A.  S. 
spellian  ; Dut.  spellen,  to  spell.  — Fr.  rpeler.] 
[t.  SPELLED  or  SPELT  ; pp.  SPELLING,  SPELLED 
or  SPELT.] 

1.  fTo  tell;  to  relate  ; to  narrate;  to  teach. 

Might  I that  holy  legend  find 

By  fairies  spelt  in  mystic  rhymes.  Warton. 

2.  To  name,  write,  or  print,  with  the  proper 
letters  in  their  regular  order  ; to  combine  in  due 
form,  as  the  letters  of  a word,  either  orally  or 
in  writing;  to  form  by  correct  orthography. 

Rural  carvers,  who  with  knives  deface 
The  panels,  leaving  an  obscure,  rude  name 
In  characters  uneouth,  and  sj*ell  amiss.  Cowper. 

3.  To  read  ; to  learn  ; to  find  out  ; to  discov- 
er ; — sometimes  used  with  out. 

Whether  to  settle  pence,  or  to  unfold 

The  drift  of  hollow  states,  hard  to  be  spelled.  Milton. 

4.  To  charm  ; to  fascinate.  “ He  was  much 
spelled  with  Eleanor  Talbot.”  Sir  G.  Buck. 

5.  To  protect  by  spells  or  enchantment. 

Thor,  Frey  a,  Woden,  hear,  and  spell  your  Saxons 

With  sacred  Runic  rhymes  from  death  in  battle.  Bri/dcn. 

SPELL,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  spelian,  to  take  another’s 
place.]  To  relieve  by  taking  a turn  at  a piece 
of  work.  Falconer. 

SPELL,  v.  n.  1.  To  form  words,  either  orally  or 
in  writing,  with  the  proper  letters  arranged  in 
due  order. 

Another  cause  which  hath  maimed  our  language  is  a fool- 
ish opinion  that  wc  ought  to  spell  exactly  as  we  speak.  SwiJ't. 

2.  To  learn  ; to  read,  [li.] 

■Where  I may  sit.  and  rightly  spell 

Of  every  star  that  heaven  doth  shew 

And  every  herb  that  sips  the  dew.  Milton. 

SPELL' BOUND,  a.  Bound  by  a spell ; under 
magic  influence  ; enchanted.  Lady  Morgan. 

SPELL'flR,  n.  One  who  spells.  Ash. 

SPELL'FUL,  a.  Having  spells  or  charms.  “Each 
spelful  mystery.”  [it.]  Iloole. 

SPELLING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  spells. 

2.  Orthography ; the  art  or  the  manner  of 
forming  words,  by  arranging  their  proper  letters 
in  due  order. 

The  natural  aim  of  orthography,  of  spelling , or  of  writing 
(for  the  three  terms  mean  the  same  thing),  is  to  express  the 
sounds  of  the  language.  Latham. 

S PEEL' I NG— BOOK  (-buk),  n.  An  elementary 
book  for  teaching  orthography  ; an  orthographi- 
cal manual  for  schools.  Spectator. 

SPELL'-LAND,  n.  An  enchanted  land.  Clarke. 

SPELI/-STOPPED  (-stopt),  a.  Stopped  by  a spell 
or  magical  power.  Shak. 

f SPELT,  v.  n.  [Ger.  spalten.]  To  split.  Mortimer. 

SPELT,  n.  [A.  S.  § Dot.  spelt,  bread,  corn  ; Ger. 
spelt,  spelt. — L .'spelta,  spelt;  It.  spelda;  Sp. 
espelta ; Fr.  epeautre.]  (Bot.)  A species  of 
Triticum,  or  wheat,  more  hardy  than  common 
wheat,  having  a stout,  almost  solid  stalk,  with 
strong  spikes  and  chaff  adhering  firmly  to  the 
grain ; cultivated  in  Switzerland,  and  in  Ger- 
many ; Triticum  spelta.  Loudon. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  15,  {,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


SPELTER 


1385 


SPHENO-TEMPORAL 


SPEL'TjpR,  n.  A terra  applied  to  zinc.  McCulloch. 

f SPE'LUNC,  n.  [Gr.  airfjkvy^ ; L.  spelunca.]  A 
den;  a cave;  a cavern.  Wiclcliffe. 

f SPENCE,  n.  [Old  Fr.  despence .]  A buttery  ; a 
larder;  a store-room.  Chaucer. 

SPEN'CIJR,  n.  1.  f [From  spence.]  One  who  has 
the  care  of  the  spence.  Prompt.  Panmlorum. 

2.  An  outer  coat  or  jacket,  without  skirts. 

Lord  Spencer  first  wore,  or  at  least  first  brought  into  fash- 
ion, a spencer.  Trench. 

3.  ( Naut .)  A fore-and-aft  sail,  set  with  a gaff 

and  no  boom,  and  hoisting  from  a spencer- 
mast.  Dana. 

SPEN'CER— MAST,  n.  {Naut.)  A small  mast 
just  abaft  the  fore  and  the  main  masts.  Dana. 

SPEND,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  spendan,  to  spend,  to  con- 
sume ; Ger.  spenden,  to  distribute  ; Dan.  spen- 
dera,  to  spend  ; Sw.  spendera.  — Gr.  circuhw,  to 
pour  out ; Fr.  epandre,  to  scatter.  — L.  expendo ; 
ex,  out  of,  and  pendo,  to  weigh  ; It.  spendere;  Sp. 
expender .]  [i.  spent;  pp.  spending,  spent.] 

1.  To  expend;  to  lay  out;  to  part  with;  to 
dispose  of  ; to  disburse. 

Wherefore  do  ye  spend  money  for  that  which  is  not  bread, 
and  your  labor  for  that  which  satisfieth  noti*  Isa.  lv.  2. 

2.  To  waste  ; to  exhaust ; to  consume. 

Our  cannon’s  malice  vainly  shall  be  spent 

Against  the  invulnerable  clouds.  Shak. 

3.  To  bestow;  to  devote;  to  employ;  — fre- 
quently used  with  on  or  upon. 

Unwilling  to  spend  any  more  time  upon  the  debate.  Boyle. 
He  spent  a considerable  part  of  his  time  in  travelling.  Pope. 

4.  To  exhaust  of  force  or  strength  ; to  de- 
prive of  force  ; to  wear  out. 

Till  it  [the  storm]  has  spent  itself  on  Cato’s  head.  Addison. 
Some  spent  with  toil,  some  with  despair  oppressed.  Dryden. 

Syn.  — To  spend  and  to  expend,  are  regarded  as 
variations  from  the  Latin  expendo , to  weigh  out,  to 
weigh  out  money  in  payment,  to  pay  ; but  spend  is  til© 
more  common,  and  of  more  extensive  application  ; 
and  it  implies  simply  to  turn  to  some  purpose,  or 
make  use  of ; to  expend  carries  with  it  the  idea  of  ex- 
hausting. We  spend  money  when  we  purchase  any 
thing  with  it  ; we  expend  it  when  we  lay  it  out  in 
large  quantities.  Individuals  spend  what  they  have  ; 
government  expends  vast  sums  in  conducting  public 
affairs,  or  in  carrying  on  war.  Spend  money,  fortune, 
property,  life  ; spend  or  consume  time,  means  ; exhaust 
resources.  Strength,  money,  and  property  are  often 
exhausted , wasted , and  squandered , and  fortunes  dis- 
sipated. 

SPEND,  v.  n.  1.  To  make  expense  ; to  lay  out  or 
dispose  of  money. 

He  spends  as  a person  who  knows  that  he  must  come  to  a 
reckoning.  South. 

2.  To  prove  in  the  use. 

Butter  spent  as  if  it  came  from  the  richest  soil.  Temple. 

3.  To  be  lost  or  wasted  ; to  be  consumed. 

The  sound  spendeth  ...  in  the  open  air.  Bacon. 

4.  To  be  employed  to  any  use.  [li.] 

The  vines  that  they  use  for  wine  are  so  often  cut,  that  their 
sap  spendeth  into  the  grapes.  Bacon. 

SPEND' ER,  n.  One  who  spends  : — a prodigal. 

SPENDING,  n.  The  act  of  expending  or  con- 
suming ; expenditure.  Whitelock. 

SPEND'THRIFT,  n.  One  who  spends  lavishly  or 
profusely  ; an  improvident  person  ; a prodigal. 

Some  fawning  usurer  does  feed 
With  present  sums  the  unwary  spendthrift's  need.  Dryden. 

f SPEND'THRIFT-Y,  a.  Prodigal ; lavish.  Ropers. 

SPENT'— BALL,  n.  A cannon-ball,  or  musket- 
ball,  which  reaches  an  object  without  sufficient 
force  to  pass  through  or  penetrate  it.  Crabb. 

f SPER,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  sparran.]  To  shut;  to 
close ; to  bar ; — written  also  sperr.  Shak. 

f SPE'R  A-BLE,  a.  [L.  sperabilis .]  That  may  be 
hoped  for.  Bacon. 

SPER'A-BLE,  n.  See  Sparable.  Herrick. 

f SPERAGE,  n.  The  asparagus.  Sylvester. 

SPE'RATE,  a.  [L.  spero,  speratus,  to  hope.] 
That  may  be  hoped  ; hoped  for.  [r.] 

He  should  distinguish  between  those  assets  which  are  spe- 
rate  and  those  which  are  desperate.  Bouvier. 

SPERE,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  spirian ; Dut.  speuren  ; Ger. 
sptiren .]  [f.  spered  ; pp.  spering,  spered.] 

To  inquire  ; to  ask.  [Local,  Eng.]  Goicer. 

SPERM,  n.  [Gr.  an  Id  pa. ; anitpoi,  to  sow;  L.  &;  It. 
sperma  ; Sp.  esperma ; Fr.  sperme.] 


1.  The  fecundating  principle  in  animals  ; se- 
men ; the  spermatic  fluid  or  liquor.  Dunglison. 

2.  A substance  obtained  from  the  head  of 

some  species  of  whales;  — incorrectly  used  for 
spermaceti.  Dunglison. 

3.  Spawn  of  fish,  &e.  Bailey. 

||  SPER-MA-CE'TI  [sper-mj-se'te,  W.  P.  F.  Ja.  Sm. ; 
sper-mj-slt'e,  S.  J.  E.  A'.],  n.  [Gr.  air ippa, 
sperm,  and  kotos,  a whale  ; Fr.  spermaceti .]  A 
solid  crystalline  fat  extracted  from  the  head  of 
the  sperm  whale  or  blunt-headed  cachelot  (Ca- 
todon  macroccphalus),  where  it  exists  in  a fluid 
state  accompanied  by  oil  (sperm  oil),  from  which 
it  concretes  after  death  ; — used  for  candles. 

Baird.  P.  Cyc. 

J3ST  Spermaceti  differs  from  the  ordinary  fats  in  not 
yielding  glycerine  when  saponified,  but  in  its  stead  a 
different  base,  termed  ethat.  Pure  spermaceti,  or  ce- 
tine,  fuses  at  about  120°  Fahrenheit,  and  solidifies  to 
a silky,  semi-transparent,  crystalline  fat  of  delicate 
whiteness.  Miller. 

||  SPER-MA-CE'TI,  a.  Relating  to,  or  made  of, 
spermaceti.  Armstrong. 

II  SPER-MA-CE'TI— WHALE,  n.  ( Zodl .)  A species 
of  whale  from  which  spermaceti  is  obtained  ; 
Catodon  macroccphalus ; — called  also  sperm- 
whale,  and  blunt-headed  cachelot.  Baird. 

SPERM'A-PHORE,  n.  [Gr.  airlppa,  sperm,  and 
atpopew,  to  bear.]  (Bot.)  The  placenta.  Clarke. 

SPER- MAT  IC,  ) [Gr.  airepparinds  ; L.  sper- 

SPER-MAT'r-CAL,  ) maticus-,  It.  spcrmatico  ; Sp. 
espermatico  ; Fr.  spermatiqae. ] Relating  to,  or 
consisting  of,  sperm  ; seminal.  Rag. 

fSPER'MA-TfZE,  V.  n.  [Gr.  aircppaT^w.]  To 
yield  seed  ; to  throw  out  sperm.  Browne. 

SPJJR-MAT'O-CELE  [sper- mat'o-sSl,  IV.  K.  Sm. 
T Vb. ; sper'ma-to-sel,  Ja.],  n.  [Gr.  airlppa,  sperm, 
and  Krjl.ri,  a tumor;  Fr.  spermatocele.]  {Med.) 
A varicose  dilatation  of  the  veins  of  the  scrotum 
and  spermatic  cord  ; varicocele.  Dunglison. 

SPER'MA-TOID,  a.  [Gr.  airlppa,  sperm,  and  ados, 
form.]  (Zo’Sl.)  Similar  to  sperm.  Dunglison. 

SPER-MA-TOL'O-^Y,  n.  [Gr.  airlppa,  sperm,  and 
kayos,  a discourse  ; Fr.  spermatologie.]  A trea- 
tise on  sperm.  Dunglison. 

SPERM'A-TO-PHORE,  n.  [Gr.  airlppa,  airtpparo s, 
sperm,  and  tpoptm,  to  bear.]  (Zoul.)  One  of  the 
tubular  sheaths  which,  in  some  animals,  are 
secreted  around  the  masses  of  spermatozoa 
whilst  contained  in  the  seminal  apparatus. 

Micrographic  Diet. 

SPER -MA-TO  PH 'O- ROUS,  a.  [Gr.  airlppa,  sperm, 
and  0£(hd,  to  bear.]  (Zord.)  Bearing  sperm ; 
seminiferous.  Dunglison. 

SPER-MJ1-TO  ZO  .1,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  antppa,  sperm, 
and  (Ciov,  an  animal.]  {Zoul.)  Minute  bodies, 
reputed  formerly  to  be  animalcules,  seen  in  the 
sperm,  and  considered  by  physiologists  to  be  es- 
sential to  impregnation.  Brands. 

HSy  The  form  of  the  spermatozoa  varies  in  different 
animals,  but  they  usually  consist  of  a rounded  or 
oval  body  or  head,  at  one  end  of  which  is  appended  a 
movable  filament.  Micrographic  Diet. 

HSy  More  properly  called  spermatozoids,  for  their 
animalcular  nature  is  not  demonstrated.  Dunglison. 

SPER-MA-TO-ZO'JD,  n.  [Gr.  airlppa,  sperm,  and 
clbos,  form.] 

1.  (Rhys.)  One  of  the  reputed  animalcules 

seen  in  sperm.  Dunglison. 

2.  (Bot.)  One  of  the  vegetable  filaments  pro- 
duced in  the  organs  called  Antheridia,  and 
which  exist  in  the  plants  of  many  eryptoga- 
nious  families,  regarded  as  analogous  to  the 
spermatozoa  of  animals,  and  as  the  agents  of  fer- 
tilization of  the  germ-cell.  Micrographic  Diet. 

SPER-MA-TO-ZO'ON,  n.  One  of  the  spermatozoa. 

Micrographic  Diet. 

SPERM'— CELL,  n.  (Anat.)  One  of  the  cells  con- 
tained in  the  semen,  in  which  the  spermatozoa 
are  formed.  Brande. 

SPER-MID’ I-tjM,  n.  [Gr.  airlppa,  sperm.]  (Bot.) 
A one-seeded,  one-celled,  superior,  indehiscent, 
hard,  dry  fruit,  with  the  integuments  of  the  seed 
distinct  from  it ; achenium.  Bindley. 

SPERM'-OIL,  n.  Oil  from  the  sperm-whale. 


SP^iR-MOL'O-^IST,  n.  [Gr.  aircppoklyos.]  One 
who  gathers  or  treats  of  seeds,  [r.]  Bailey. 

SPERM'— WHALE,  n.  Spermaceti-whale.  Baird. 

f SPERSE,  v.  a.  To  disperse;  to  scatter.  Spenser. 

f SPET,  v.  a.  To  spit.  — n.  Spittle.  Milton. 

SPETCH'lJfjS,  n.  pi.  Scraps  of  glue: — the  offal 
of  skins  and  hides.  Simmonds. 

SPEW  (spu),  v.  a.  [Goth,  speiwan-,  A.  S.  spiwan; 
Dut.  spugen ; Ger.  speien-,  Dan.  spye ; Icel. 
spy  a ; Sw.  spy.  — Gr.  irniio,  to  spit  out ; L.  spuo. 
— See  Spit.]  [i.  spewed  ; pp.  spewing, 
spewed.]  [Written  also  spue.] 

1.  To  eject  from  the  month;  to  vomit;  to 
cast  up  ; to  puke  ; to  eject  with  loathing. 

Therewith  she  spewed  out  of  her  filthy  maw 
A flood  of  poison  horrible  and  black.  Spenser. 

2.  To  eject ; to  cast  forth.  Dryden. 

Contentious  suits  ought  to  be  spewed  out,  as  the  surfeit  of 
courts.  Bacon. 

SPEW  (spu),  v.  n.  1.  To  vomit.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  To  swell,  as  wet  land  affected  by  frost  so 
as  to  throw  seed  out  of  the  ground  ; as,  “ The 
ground  spews.” 

SPEW'JJR  (spu'er),  n.  One  who  spews.  Todd. 

SPEW'ING,  n.  The  act  of  vomiting.  Hab.  ii.  16. 

SPEW' Y,  a.  Disposed  to  swell,  as  wet  land  affect- 
ed by  frost,  so  as  to  throw  seed  out  of  the 
ground.  [Local,  Eng.,  and  U.  S.]  Mortimer. 

SPHA^'E-LATE  (sfas'e-lat),  V.  a.  [ i . SPHACE- 

LATED ; pp.  SPHACELATING,  SPHACELATED.] 
To  affect  with  sphacelus  or  gangrene.  Sharp. 

SPHA9'E-LATE  (sfas'e-lat),  V.  n.  To  mortify  ; to 
suffer  gangrene.  Sharp. 

SPHAlJ  E-L^TE,  ) a Affected  with  sphacelus  ; 

SPHA9'E-LAT-?D,  ) mortified.  Clarke. 

SPIlAg-E-LA'TlON,  n.  (Med.)  State  of  being 
sphacelated  ; mortification.  Dunglison. 

SPHAIJ'E-LUS  (sfas-),  n.  [Gr.  ac/taKekos  ; It .sfacclc-, 
Sp.  esfacelo  ; Fr.  sphacele.]  (Med.)  The  disor- 
ganized portion  in  cases  of  mortification. 

>0Eg=  “ This  word  is  used  by  some  synonymously  with 
gangrene  ; by  others,  with  gangrene  when  it  occupies 
the  whole  substance  of  a limb.  Sphacelus  was  for- 
merly used  to  denote  excessive  pain  ; and  for  agitation 
from  excessive  pain  or  violent  emotion.”  Dunglison. 

SPH-iER'U-LlTE,  n.  (Min.)  See  Spherulite. 

SPHAG'NOUS,  a.  Relating  to  plants  of  the  ge- 
nus Sphagnum  ; mossy.  Clarke. 

SPHAG  'MUM.  n.  [Gr.  atjiayvos,  a kind  of  fragrant 
lichen.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  the  natural  order 
of  mosses,  growing  mostly  in  bogs,  and  consti- 
tuting the  principal  portion  of  peat;  peat-moss; 
bog-rnoss.  Gray. 

SPHENE,  n.  [Gr.  atfn’iv,  a wedge.]  A brittle  min- 
eral of  various  colors,  sometimes  crystallized, 
transparent,  and  also  opaque,  and  consisting  of 
silica,  titanic  acid,  and  lime  ; — so  called  in  al- 
lusion to  the  form  of  its  crystals.  Dana. 

SPHEM-  IS-  Cl'MJE, 
n.  pi.  (Ornith.)  A 
sub-family  of  birds 
of  the  order  Anse- 
rcs  and  family  Alci- 
d<c ; penguins.  Gr< 

SPHE'NOID,  a.  [Gr.  aipl/v,  a wedge,  and  RSos, 
form;  Fr.  sphenotde.]  (Anat.)  Wedge-shaped. 

Sphenoid  bone,  an  azygous  bone  situate  on  the  me- 
dian line,  and  at  the  base  of  the  cranium  ; pterygoid 
bone.  Dunglison. 

SPHE'NOID,  n.  [Fr.  splienoule.]  (Anat.)  The 
sphenoid  bone.  Dunglison. 

SPUp-NOID'AL,  a.  (Anat.)  Relating  or  belong- 
ing to  the  sphenoid  bone.  Dunglison. 

SPHE'NO— MAX'IL-LA-RY,  a.  (Anat.)  Pertaining 
to  the  sphenoid  and  maxillary  bones.  Dunglison. 

SPHE'NO-PAL'A-TINE,  a.  (Anat.)  Fertaining 
to  the  sphenoiil  and  palate  bones.  Dunglison. 

SPHE'NQ-PA-Rl'E-TAL,  a.  (Anat.)  Pertaining 
to  the  sphenoid  and  parietal  bones.  Dunglison. 

SPHF.'NO— TEM'PO-RAL,  a.  (Anat.)  Pertaining 
to  the  sphenoid  and  temporal  bones.  Dunglison. 


Spheniscus  demersus. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 

174 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  9,  9,  g,  soft;  jC,  G,  j,  |,  hard; 


§ as  z;  ^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


SPHERE 


1386 


SPICE-WOOD 


SPHERE  (s(3r),  n.  [Gr.  mpalpa  •,  L.  sphccra ; It. 
sj'era  ; Sp.  csfera  ; Fr.  sphere.'] 

1.  Any  orbicular  body,  solid  or  hollow;  an 
orb  ; a globe  ; a ball. 

All  kinds  of  natures 

That  labor  on  the  bosom  of  this  sphere.  Shak. 

2.  ( Gcom .)  A solid  or  volume  bounded  by 
a surface,  every  point  of  which  is  equally  dis- 
tant from  a point  within,  called  the  centre ; a 
solid  that  may  be  generated  by  the  revolution  of 
a semicircle  about  its  diameter  as  an  axis. Davies. 

3.  (Astron.)  The  concave  expanse  of  the 
heavens,  which  appears  to  the  eye  as  the  inte- 
rior surface  of  a sphere,  and  in  which  the  sun, 
moon,  planets,  stars,  and  comets  appear  to  be 
fixed  at  an  equal  distance  from  the  eye  ; — 
called,  also,  the  sphere  of  the  world.  llutton. 

The  rude  sea  grew  civil  at  her  song: 

And  certain  stars  shot  madly  from  their  spheres, 

To  hear  the  sea-maid's  music.  Shak. 

XgjT*  Iii  the  Ptolemaic  system,  spheres  were  sup- 
posed to  be  transparent  spherical  surfaces,  moving 
about  a common  centre,  independently  of  each  other, 
and  each  carrying  with  it  one  of  the  heavenly  lumi- 
naries. 

4.  ( Geog .)  A representation  of  the  earth  on 

the  surface  of  a globe,  which  has  also  repre- 
sented on  it  an  assemblage  of  circles  showing 
the  positions  of  the  equator,  ecliptic,  meridi- 
ans, &c.  Brande. 

5.  A socket ; an  orbit. 

I could  a tale  unfold,  whose  lightest  word 
Would  harrow  up  thy  soul,  freeze  thy  young  blood. 

Make  thy  two  eyes,  like  stars,  start  from  their  spheres.  Shak. 

6.  Circuit,  circle,  or  compass  of  knowledge, 
action,  or  influence  ; province. 

Every  man,  versed  in  any  particular  business,  finds  fault 
with  these  authors  so  far  as  they  treat  of  matters  within  his 
sj  there.  Addison. 

Many  more  [vegetable  productions]  might  be  hid  from  the 
narrow  sphere  of  our  researches.  Cook. 

Armillary  sphere , {Astron.)  an  astronomical  instru- 
ment representing  the  principal  circles  of  the  sphere 
in  their  relative  order  and  position,  and  serving  to 
resolve  various  problems  in  astronomy.  Hutton. — 
Obliyuc  sphere , a sphere  in  which,  as  in  those  parts 
of  the  earth  which  are  intermediate  between  the 
equator  and  the  poles,  the  circles  of  apparent  daily 
revolution  of  the  heavenly  bodies  are  oblique  to  the 
horizon.  — Parallel  sphere , a sphere  in  which,  as  at 
the  poles,  the  circles  of  apparent  daily  revolution  of 
the  heavenly  bodies  are  parallel  to  the  horizon. — 
Right  or  direct  sphere,  a sphere  in  which,  as  at  the 
equatorial  parts  of  the  earth,  the  circles  of  apparent 
daily  revolution  described  by  the  heavenly  bodies  are 
at  right  angles  to  the  horizon. 

SPHERE,  V.  a . [l.  SPHERED;  pp.  SPHERING, 

SPHERED.] 

1.  To  place  in  a sphere. 

And  therefore  is  the  glorious  plnnet  Sol 

In  noble  eminence  enthroned  and  sphered 

Amidst  the  other.  Shak. 

2.  To  make  round.  “ [Light]  sphered  in  a 

radiant  cloud.”  Milton. 


SPHERE'— BORN,  a.  Born  of,  or  among,  the 
spheres.  Milton. 

SPHERE'— DE-SCEND'ED,  a.  Descended  from 
the  spheres.  Collins. 


SPHERE'-MEL-O-DY,  n. 
of  the  spheres. 


The  melody  or  music 
Clarke. 


SPHERIC,  ? a.  [Gr.  a<patpu<6s ; andipa,  a ball ; 
SPHER'I-CAL,  ) L.  sp/uericus ; It.  sferico  ; Sp.  es- 
ferico\  Fr.  spherique.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  a sphere  ; orbicular ; globular. 
We  must  know  the  reason  of  the  spherical  figures  of  the 
drops.  G lan  v ill. 


2.  f Planetary.  “ Villains  by  spherical  pre- 
dominance. ” Shak. 

Spherical  angle,  an  angle  included  between  the  arcs 
of  two  great  circles  intersecting  each  other  on  the  sur- 
face of  a sphere.  — Spherical  coordinates , trigonomet- 
rical coordinates. — Spherical  excess,  the  excess  of  the 
sum  of  the  three  angles  of  a spherical  triangle  over 
180°. — Spherical  geometry,  that  department  of  geom- 
etry which  treats  of  the  sphere,  particularly  of  the  cir- 
cles described  on  its  surface.  Hutton.  — Spherical  lune, 
a portion  of  the  surface  of  a sphere  included  between 
two  great  semicircles  having  a common  diameter. — 
Spherical  polygon,  a portion  of  the  surface  of  a sphere 
hounded  by  arcs  of  three  or  more  great  circles.  — 
Spherical  projections.  See  PROJECTION. — Spherical 
pyramid,  a portion  of  a sphere  bounded  by  a spherical 
polygon  and  by  three  or  more  sectors  of  great  circles 
meeting  at  the  centre  of  a sphere.  — Spherical  sector, 
a portion  of  a sphere  which  may  he  generated  by  the 
revolution  of  a sector  of  a circle  about  a straight  line 
passing  through  its  vertex  as  an  axis.  — Spherical 


segment , a portion  of  a sphere  included  between  a 
zone  of  t lie  surface  and  a secant  plane  or  between 
two  parallel  secant  planes.  — Spherical  triangle,  a 
spherical  polygon  of  three  sides,  being  a portion  of 
the  surface  of  a sphere  hounded  by  the  arcs  of  three 
great  circles.  — Spherical  trigonometry , that  branch  of 
trigonometry  which  explains  the  method  of  solving 
spherical  triangles  where  three  of  the  parts  are  given. 
It  also  treats  of  the  general  relations  existing  between 
the  six  parts  of  which  the  triangle  is  composed. — 
Spherical  ungula , a portion  of  a sphere  bounded  by  a 
lune  and  two  semicircles  meeting  in  a diameter  of  the 
sphere.  — Spherical  zone,  a portion  of  the  surface  of  a 
sphere  included  between  two  parallel  planes.  Dauies. 

SPHER'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  the  form  of  a sphere. 

SPHER'I-CAL-NESS,  n . The  quality  of  being 

spherical ; sphericity.  Digby. 

SPH£-RI£'I-TY  (sfe-ris'e-te),  n.  [Gr.  atpaipa,  a 
ball,  a sphere  ; It.  sfericitn  ; Sp.  esjericidad ; Fr. 
spheric  it  ej]  The  quality,  of  being  spherical ; ro- 
tundity ; globosity;  roundness. 

It  will  not  of  itself  recover  its  sphericity.  Hoyle. 

Syn.  — See  Rotundity. 

SPIIER'I-CLE  (sfer'e-kl),  n.  A small  sphere.  Clarke. 

SPHER'ICS  (sfer'jks),  n.  The  doctrine  of  the 
properties  of  the  sphere  ; spherical  trigonome- 
try. Brande. 

SPHE'ROID  (sfs'rold)  [sfe'rmd,  S.  IV.  P.  J.  F.  K. ; 
sfe-rdld',  Ja.  Sm.  C.],  n.  [Gr.  atpaipoith'/s,  spher- 
ical, <r</iai pit,  a sphere,  and  ilbos,  form ; L.  sphee- 
roicles,  spherical;  Fr.  spheroXde.]  A solid  re- 
sembling a sphere  in  form,  and  which  may  be 
generated  by  the  revolution  of  an  ellipse  about 
one  of  its  axes.  Davies. 

DSr-If  an  ellipse  is  revolved  about  its  transverse 
axis,  the  spheroid  generated  is  called  a prolate  spheroid ; 
if  it  is  revolved  about  its  conjugate  axis,  the  spheroid 
generated  is  called  an  oblate  spheroid.  Davies. 

SPHIJ-ROID'AL  (sfe-rold'al),  j a_  [Sp.  esfe- 

SPHE-ROID'IC  (sfe-rold'jk),  > roidal  ; Fr. 

SPIlE-IlOlD'I-CAE  (sfe-rbid'e-kal),  ) spheroidal.] 

1.  Having  the  form  of  a spheroid.  Adams. 

2.  ( Crystallography .)  Noting  crystals  bound- 
ed by  several  convex  faces,  as  one  variety  of  the 
diamond,  which  has  forty-eight  faces .Cleavcland. 

Spheroidal  state,  ( Physics.)  a state 
assumed  by  a smull  quantity  of  wa- 
ter on  falling  upon  a metallic  cap- 
sule heated  to  between  30(P  and 
400^  F.,  in  which  it  rolls  about  in 
a spheroidal  mass  without  being 
heated  to  the  boiling  point,  — an 
effect  due  to  the  prevention  of  contact  by  the  repulsion 
of  the  heated  metal  and  by  the  intervening  layer  or 
cushion  of  non-conducting  steam,  and  also  to  the  cool- 
ing influence  of  evaporation.  On  removing  the  source 
of  heat,  the  liquid  soon  boils  vehemently,  and  is  dis- 
persed in  steam,  with  a loud,  hissing  noise.  Instead 
of  a capsule,  a metallic  plate  may  be  used.  Other  liq- 
uids are  affected  in  like  manner.  The  temperature  of 
the  spheroid  of  water  is  about  205°  F.,  that  of  the  sphe- 
roid of  ether  about  ‘J4°,  and  that  of  the  spheroid  of 
sulphurous  acid  14°,  or  18°  below  the  freezing  point 
of  water,  — so  that,  if  a little  water  is  dropped  into  a 
spheroid  of  sulphurous  acid,  contained  in  a red-hot 
capsule,  it  is  instantly  frozen.  Miller . 

SPIIE-RolD'l-TY,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality  of 
being  spheroidal.  Mason. 

SPII^-ROM'p-TER,  n . [Gr.  c<l>u7pa,  a sphere,  and 
plrpov,  a measure  ; Fr.  sphrromttrc.']  An  in- 
strument for  measuring  with  great  precision  the 
thickness  of  small  bodies,  the  curvature  of  op- 
tical glasses,  &c.  Hoblyn. 

SPII ER-O-51  D'ER-ITE,  n.  (Min.)  A variety  of 
fibrous  carbonate  of  iron,  the  fibres  of  which 
radiate  and  form  amammelated  surface.  Brooke. 

SPHER'U-LATE,  a.  Having  one  or  more  rows  of 
minute  tubercles.  Maunder. 

SPHER'ULE  (sfer'rul),  n.  [L.  sphccrula,  dim.  of 
sphccra , a sphere.]  A little  sphere. 

Mercury  is  a collection  of  exceedingly  small,  vastly  heavy 
spherules.  • Cheyne. 

SPIIER'U-I.lTE,  n.  (Min.)  A variety  of  obsidian  or 
pearlstone,  occuring  in  rounded  grains.  Brande. 

fSPHE'RY  (sle're),  a.  1.  Spherical;  round.  “Her- 
mia’s  splicrg  eyne.”  Shak. 

2.  Belonging  to  the  spheres.  “ The  sphery 
chime.”  Milton. 

SPIIIG-MOM'Iy-TER,  n.  Sphygmometer.  Brande. 

SPIIINC'TER  (sfingk'ter,  82),  n.  [Gr.  aiplyyin,  to 
contract.]  (Anat.)  A name  given  to  several  an- 


nular muscles,  which  constrict  or  close  certain 
natural  openings.  ’ Dunglison. 

SPHINX  (sfingks,  82),  n.  [Gr.  mf,iy(  ; L.  sphinx. — 
The  usual  derivation  is  from  Gr.  v0i'yyw,  to  bind 
tight,  as  if  the  Throttler.  Liddell  *■  Scott.]  A 
fabulous  being  occurring  in  the  mythology  of 
Greece,  Egypt,  and  India.  J\  Cyc. 

It*}- Grecian  sphinxes  were  portrayed  in  different 
ways,  but  their  figure  was  always  a compound  of  tile 
animal  and  the  human  form.  The  sphinx  which 
occurs  in  the  early  legends  of  Thebes  is  usually  rep- 
resented with  the  head  of  a woman  and  the  body  of  a 
lion.  The  Egyptian  sphinxes  are  lions  without  wings, 
and  are  represented  in  a recumbent  position,  like 
those  of  Greece  ; the  upper  part  of  their  body  is  either 
human,  and  mostly  female,  or  they  have  the  head  of 
a ram.  Sphinxes  are  also  found  in  India  as  ornaments 
of  temples,  but  they  are  always  represented  with  the 
head  of  a man.  P Cyc. 

SPII R A tf  'l  HE,  n.  [L.  sphragis,  spragulis,  Lemnian 
earth,  — so  called  because  anciently  sold  in 
sealed  parcels  ; from  Gr.  tnppayis,  aifiayiios,  a seal.] 
(Min.)  A yellowish-gray  earth  or  clay,  speckled 
with  red,  called  Lemnian  earth. 

SPUR A-^rlS'TICS,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  cippaytg,  a seal.] 
(Diplomatics.)  The  science  of  seals,  their  his- 
tory, peculiarities,  and  distinctions,  especially 
with  a view  to  the  means  which  they  afford  of 
ascertaining  the  age  and  genuineness  of  docu- 
ments to  which  they  are  affixed.  Brande. 

SPIIYG'MIC,  a.  [Gr.  oiJivypiKos  l c<Pvyyls,  the  pulse.] 
Pertaining  to  the  pulse.  Wright. 

SPHYG-MOM'E-TER,  n.  [Gr.  aijwypS;,  the  pulse, 
to  throb,  and  phpov,  measure.]  (Med.) 
An  instrument  for  measuring  the  quickness  or 
force  of  the  pulse.  Dunglison. 

+ SPl'AL,  n.  A spy  ; a watch.  Bacon. 

SPi'CH,  n.  [L.]  1.  (Bot.)  A spike.  Ilcnslow. 

2.  (Med.)  A bandage,  so  called  because  some- 
what resembling  a spike  of  barley.  Dunglison. 

3.  (Astron.)  A star  of  the  first  magnitude  in 

the  constellation  Virgo.  Young. 

SPI  C.yt  E,  ( a [L.  spico,  spicatt/s,  to  furnish 

SPI'CAT-jpD,  > with  spikes.]  (Bot.)  Belonging 
to,  or  disposed  in,  a spike.  Grag. 

SPIC-CJi' TO,  n.  [It.]  (Mits.)  A word  denoting 
that  the  notes  over  which  it  is  placed  are  to  be 
performed  in  a distinct  manner.  Moore. 

SPICE,  n.  [L.  species,  spices,  drugs,  &c.,  of  the 
same  sort ; It.  spezie  ; Sp.  cspecia  ; Fr.  epice.] 

1.  f Species.  Chaucer.  Wicklijfe. 

2.  Any  pungent  aromatic  vegetable  substance 
used  for  seasoning  food,  as  pepper,  nutmeg,  gin- 
ger, cinnamon,  cloves,  &c.  ; condiment.  Baker. 

3.  A small  portion  or  quantity,  sufficient  to 
give  flavor  or  pungency  ; a grain  ; a particle. 

Too  busy  senates,  with  an  over-care 

To  make  us  better  than  our  kind  can  bear, 

Have  dashed  a spice  of  envy  in  the  laws.  Dry  den. 

SPICE,  v.  a.  [i.  SPICED  ; pp.  SPICING,  spiced.] 

1.  To  season  with  spice  ; to  mix  with  pungent 
aromatic  vegetable  substances  ; to  pepper. 

Spiced  syllabubs  and  cider  of  the  best.  Drayton. 

2.  To  render  fragrant  or  redolent  with  spiees. 

“The  spiced  Indian  air.”  Shak. 

3.  To  render  nice,  delicate,  or  dainty. 

Take  it;  ’t  is  yours. 

Be  not  so  spiced ; it  is  good  gold.  Beau.  FI. 

SPICE'— AP-PLE,  n.  The  name  of  an  apple.  Ash. 

SPICE'— BUSH,  n.  (Bot.)  A species  of  wild  all- 
spice ; spice-wood  ; Benzoin  odoriferum.  Gray. 

SPlCED  (splst),  p.  a.  Seasoned  with  spice:  — 
scrupulous.  “ Spiced  conscience.”  Chaucer. 

Under  pretence  of  spiced  holiness.  Tract , 1594. 

SPl'CER,  n.  One  who  spices,  or  one  who  deals  in 
spices.  “ A spicer  or  grocer.”  Fabyan. 

SPl'CER-Y,  n.  [Old  Fr.  espiccrie  ; Fr.  epicerie.] 

1.  Spices  collectively.  “ Their  camels  were 

loaden  with  spicery.”  llaleigh. 

2.  A repository  of  spices. 

The  spicery,  the  cellar,  and  its  furniture,  are  too  well 
known  to  be  here  insisted  upon.  Addison. 

SPICE'— WOOD  (-wud),  il.  (Bot.)  A deciduous 
shrub,  from  six  to  twelve  feet  high,  found  in 
moist  woods  in  Canada  and  the  United  States; 
fever-bush  ; Benjamin-tree  ; Benzoin  odorife- 
rum, or  Laurus  benzoin  of  Linnaius;  — so  called 
from  the  spicy  taste  of  the  bark.  Wood. 


A,  E,  f,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  JJ,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


SPICIFEROUS 


1387 


SPIN 


f SPI-CIF'BR-OUS,  re.  [L .spicifer.]  Bearing  ears 
of  corn: — bearing  spikes  ; spicated.  Bailey. 

SPlt^'I-FORM,  n.  [L . spica,  a spike,  and  forma, 
form.]  Having  tire  shape  of  a spike.  Gray. 

SPl'CI-LY,  ad.  In  a spicy  manner.  Clarke. 

SPpCI-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  spicy. 

SPl(J'!NG,  n.  The  act  of  seasoning  with  spices. 

SPlCK'-AND-SPAN',  a.  [Of  disputed  and  un- 
certain etymology.]  Quite  new  ; now  first  used. 

I keep  no  antiquated  stuff; 

But  spick-and-span  I have  enough.  Swift. 

Spick-and-span  new , just  made  or  finished  ; entirely 
new;  brand-new;  firc-new.  “A  play  spick-and-span 
new.11  Howell. — “ Brave  purple  cassocks  . . . spick- 
and-span  new.11  North. 

Kfff-  Span-new  is  used  by  Chaucer,  and  is  supposed 
to  come  from  A.  S.  spannan , to  stretch.  Span-new  is, 
therefore,  originally  used  of  cloth  newly  extended  or 
dressed  at  the  clothier’s,  and  spick-and-span  is  newly 
extended  on  the  spikes  or  tenters.  Johnson.  — Spick-new 
is  merely  nail-new , and  span-new , chip-new.  Many 
similar  expressions  are  current  in  the  north  of  Eu- 
rope ; fire-new,  spark-new,  splinter-new,  also  used  in 
Cumberland  ; High-German  nagd-neu,  equivalent  to 
the  Lower  Saxon  spiker-neu.  The  leading  idea  is  that 
of  something  quickly  produced.  — The  Icelandic  spann 
signifies  not  only  chip,  but  spoon.  R.  Garnett. 

SPICK'NEL,  n.  A plant ; spignel.  Bailey. 

SPI-COSE  , ) a Having  ears  like  corn  ; pointed; 

SPI'OOUS,  ’ spicous.  [r.]  Ash. 

f SPLCOS'LTY,  n.  [L.  spica,  a spike.]  The  qual- 
lity  of  being  spiked  like  ears  of  corn.  Bailey. 

SP/C ' U-L.f,  n.  ; pi.  spic'u-Lj e.  [L.  dim.  of  spi- 
ca, a spike.]  ( Bot .)  A small  spike  ; a spikelet : 
— a pointed,  fleshy,  superficial  appendage:  — 
acicula.  Henslow. 

SPIC'U-LAR,  a.  [L.  spiculus.]  Having  sharp 
points.  Maunder. 

SPlc'F-LATE,  v.  a.  [L.  spiculo,  spicalatas  ; spica, 
a point.]  To  make  sharp  at  the  point.  “ Spec- 
ulated paling.”  [it.]  Mason. 

SPIC'U-LATE,  a.  (Bot.)  Noting  a surface  cov- 
ered with  fine,  pointed,  fleshy  appendages  : — 
noting  a spike  that  is  composed  of  several 
smaller  spikes  crowded  together.  Ilenslow. 

Sl’IC'ULE,  n.  [L.  spiculum,  dim.  of  spica,  a 
point.]  (Bot.)  Spicula.  Clarke. 

SPI-CU'LI-FORM,  a.  [L.  spiculum,  a little  sharp 
point,  and  forma,  form.]  Being  of  the  form  of 
a spicule.  Clarke. 

SPIC-U-Llljr'B-NOUS,  a.  [L.  spiculum,  a little 
sharp  point,  and  gigno  (Gr.  yerriiio),  to  produce.] 
Producing,  or  containing,  spicula.  Clarke. 

SPi'OY,  a.  Pertaining  to,  abounding  in,  or  hav- 
ing  the  qualities  of,  spice  ; aromatic.  “ A fra- 
grant mist  of  spicy  fumes.”  Addison. 

Sabrcan  odors  from  the  spicy  shore 

Of  Araby  the  blest.  Milton. 

SPi'DER,  n.  [From  spin,  n being  dropped.  Skin- 
ner.— So  named  from  spinning  his  xveb.  Rich- 
ardson.— Dut.  spin-,  Ger . spinne  ; Sw . spinnel, 
spindel.  — Old  Eng.  spither.\ 

1.  (Zoiil.)  An  insect  of  the  family  Araneidtr, 

and  class  Arachnitla.  Bairtl. 

Spiders  are  characterized  by  having  palpi  or  feelers, 
which  resemble  small  feet  without  a claw  at  the  tip, 
frontal  claws  terminated  by  a movable  hook  which 
moves  downwards,  and  has  on  its  underside  a little 
slit  for  the  emission  of  a poisonous  fluid  that  is  se- 
creted in  a gland  of  the  preceding  joint,  a thorax  con- 
sisting of  a single  piece,  to  which  is  attached  behind 
a movable  and  soft  abdomen  terminated  by  spinnerets, 
or  apparatus  for  producing  long  filamentous  cords 
with  winch  most  of  the  species  form  their  nests  and 
their  webs  for  catching  flies  on  which  they  feed. 
Owen.  Cuvier. 

Spider  monkey,  the  common  name  of  quadruma- 
tious  animals  inhabiting  South  America,  of  the  genus 
Hides,  remarkable  for  their  long  tails,  strongly  pre- 
hensile and  callous  at  the  extremity,  their  x'ery  slen- 
der limbs,  and  for  their  anterior  hands  having  only 
four  fingers.  Baird.  — Spider  crab , a decapodous  crus- 
tacean of  the  genus  Maia,  — particularly  Maia  stjui- 
vado,  or  corwich,  found  abundantly  in  England  and 
Ireland,  and  eaten  by  the  poorer  classes.  Baird. 

2.  A sort  of  stewpan  bearing  some  resem- 
blance to  a spider.  Wright. 

3.  A trevet  to  support  vessels  over  a fire.  Wr. 

4.  Any  thing  in  the  form  of  a spider,  as  a 

toy.  Clarke. 


SPI'DER— CATC  I PER,  n.  1.  One  who  makes  a 
business  of  catching  spiders.  Addison. 

2.  A species  of  woodpecker.  Johnson. 

SPi'DIJR— LIKE,  a.  Resembling  a spider.  Hay. 

SPi'DIJR-dR'CIIIS,  n.  (Bot.)  A name  given  to 
two  species  of  orchidaceous  plants,  Ophrys  ara- 
nifera,  and  Ophrys  arachnites.  Eng.  Cyc. 

SPI'DER— SHELL,  n.  A kind  of  murex-shell.  Hill. 

SPI'DER-WORT  (-wiirt),  ii.  (Bot.)  The  common 
name  of  plants  of  the  genus  Tradescantia,  one 
species  of  which,  Tradescantia  Virginica,  is 
cultivated  as  a border-flower.  Lindley. 

SPIG'NflL,  n.  (Bot.)  The  common  name  of  her- 
baceous plants  of  the  genus  Athamanta.  Loudon. 

SPlG'NIJT,  n.  The  common  name  of  A:alia  ra- 
cemosa  ; — corrupted  from  spikenard.  Gray. 

SPIG'OT,  n.  [W.  yspigod  -,pig,  yspig,  a spike. — 
See  Spike.]  A peg  to  stop  the  vent-hole  in  a 
cask  or  in  a faucet.  Swift. 

SPI-GUR'NpL,  n.  (Eng.  Law.)  The  sealer  of 
the  king’s  writs.  Whishaw. 

SPIKE,  il.  [L.  spica,  a point,  an  ear  of  grain  ; It. 
spiga  ; Sp.  espiga.  — Dut.  spijker  ; Dan.  spiger ; 
Sw.  spik.  — W.  pig,  yspig.] 

1.  An  ear  of  corn  or  grain,  as  of  wheat  or  rye. 

The  gleaners, 

Spike  after  spike,  their  sparing  harvest  pick.  Thomson. 

2.  A very  large  nail,  usually  of  iron.  Bacon. 

3.  A long  rod  sharpened  at  one  end. 

ITe  wears  on  his  head  the  corona  radiata.  another  type  of 
his  divinity;  the  spikes  that  shoot  out  represent  the  rays  of 
the  sun.  Addison. 

4.  (Bot.)  An  inflorescence  resembling  a ra- 
ceme, except  that  the  flowers  are  sessile:  — a 
shrubby  species  of  lavender,  native  of  southern 
Europe,  from  which  is  procured  an  essential 
oil  used  in  veterinary  medicine  and  in  the  prep- 
aration of  certain  varnishes  ; Lavandula  spica  ; 
— called  also  spike-lavender.  Baird.  Eng.  Cyc. 

SPIKE,  v.  a.  [ i . spiked  ; pp.  spiking,  spiked.] 

1.  To  fasten  with  spikes. 

Lay  long  planks  upon  them,  spiking  or  pinning  them 
down  fast.  Mortimer. 

2.  To  set  with  spikes.  “A  youth  leaping 

over  the  spiked  pales.”  Wiseman. 

3.  To  fix  upon  a spike,  [r.]  Young. 

4.  To  make  sharp  at  the  end.  Johnson. 

5.  (Mil.)  To  stop  the  vent  of,  by  a nail  or 

spike,  so  as  to  render  unserviceable ; as,  “To 
spike  a gun.”  Glos.  of  Mil.  Terms. 

To  spike  a gun,  ( Naut .)  to  fasten  a quoin  with 
spikes  to  the  deck,  close  to  the  breech  of  the  gun-car- 
riage, so  that  the  gun  may  not  break  loose  when  the 
ship  rolls.  Mar.  Diet. 

SPIKED  (splkt),  ft.  Formed  with,  or  having, 
spikes.  “ The  spiked  corn.”  Rotter. 

SPlKE'-LAV-BN-DER,  n.  (Dot.)  A shrubby 
species  of  lavender ; spike.  — See  Spike.  Baird. 

SPlKE'LIJT,  n.  (Bot.)  A small  or  secondary 
spike  ; the  inflorescence  of  grasses.  Gray. 

SPIKE'— NAIL,  n.  A large,  long  nail.  Halliwell. 

SPlKE'NARD  [splk'nard,  >S.  W.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  K. 
■Sm.  R. ; splk'nard,  E.  Wb.  Elphinston],  n.  [L. 
spica,  a spike,  an  ear,  and  nardus,  nard.] 

1.  (Bot.)  An  East  Indian  dwarf  plant  with  a 
long,  hairy  tap-root,  used  in  the  East  as  a rem- 
edy for  a number  of  diseases,  and  much  esteemed 
as  a perfume;  Nardostachys  Jatamansi  : — an 
aromatic  plant  formerly  held  in  high  repute  ; 
Andropogon  nardus.  — See  Nard.  Baird.  — An 
herbaceous  plant,  with  large,  spicy,  aromatic 
roots,  growing  in  rich  woodlands  in  the  U.  S. ; 
Aralia  racemosa.  Gray. 

2.  The  oil  or  balsam  of  Nardostachys  Jata- 
mansi. John  xii.  3. 

Ploughmatfs  spikenard,  (Bot.)  a European  plant 
common  on  calcareous  soils,  possessing  a volatile  oil 
with  a peculiar  scent,  used  for  the  purpose  of  driving 
away  fleas  and  gnats  ; Inula  Conyia.  Eng.  Cyc. 

SPl'KY,  a.  1 Having  a sharp  point  or  sharp 
points.  “ The  spiky  harrow.”  Scott. 

The  tapering  pyramid, . . . whose  spiky  top 

Has  wounded  the  thick  cloud.  Blair. 

2.  Set,  or  armed,  with  spikes. 

Or  by  the  spiky  harrow  cleared  away.  Scott. 

The  spiky  wheels  through  heaps  of  carnage  tore.  Vope. 

SPILE,  ii.  [Dut.  spijl,  a bar ; spil,  an  axis,  a 
pivot,  a stalk  ; Ger.  spille,  a peg,  a pin.] 


1.  A wooden  peg  to  stop  a hole  in  a cask  of 

liquor  ; a spill  ; a spigot.  Brackett. 

2.  A large  stake  driven  into  the  ground  as 

a foundation  for  some  superstructure ; a pile 
[Local,  Eng.  and  U.  S.]  Halliwell. 

SPILE'— HOLE,  n.  The  air-hole  of  a cask  ; the 
hole  for  a spile,  or  spigot.  Forty. 

SPlL'I-KlN§,  n.  pi.  Pegs  of  wood,  bone,  or  ivory, 
for  marking  the  score  of  cribbage  or  other 
games.  Simmonds. 

SPILL,  n.  [See  Spile.] 

1.  A small  shiver,  — particularly  a small  piece 

of  wood  used  for  lighting  pipes,  or  for  making 
matches.  Halliwell.  Simmonds. 

2.  A spigot ; a spile.  Mortimer. 

3.  A thin  bar  of  iron  ; a spindle.  Curew. 

4.  i A small  slip  of  paper.  Nares. 

5.  f A small  quantity  of  money.  Ayliffe. 

SPILL,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  spillen ; Dut.  § Ger.  spi/lcn  ; 

Dan.  sjntde  ; Sw.  tk  Icel.  spilla.]  [*.  spilt  or 
SPILLED  ; pp.  SPILLING,  SPILT  Of  SPILLED.] 

1.  To  suiter  to  fall,  or  be  shed,  or  scattered, 
as  a liquid  or  a powder;  to  throw  away;  to 
scatter  ; to  effuse  ; to  pour  out ; to  shed. 

He  who  would  have  shuddered  to  spill  a drop  of  blood  in 
a hostile  contest,  as  a private  man,  shall  deluge  whole  prov- 
inces, as  an  absolute  prince,  and  laugh  over  the  subjugated 
plains  which  lie  has  fertilized  with  human  gore.  Knox . 

2.  f To  destroy  ; to  mar  ; to  spoil. 

And  greater  glory  think  to  save  than  spill.  Spenser. 

If  thou  wilt  go.  quoth  she,  and  spill  thyself, 

Take  us  with  time  in  all  that  may  betide.  Surrey. 

3.  t To  diversify  with  pieces  ; to  inlay. 

Though  all  the  pillars  of  the  one  were  gilt, 

And  all  the  other’s  pavement  were  with  ivory  spilt.  Spenser. 

4.  (Naut.)  To  shake  out  of  a sail,  as  the 

wind,  by  bracing  it  so  that  the  wind  may  strike 
its  leach  and  shiver  it.  Dana. 

SPILL,  v.  n.  1.  To  waste ; to  lavish. 

Thy  father  bids  thee  spare,  and  chides  for  spilling.  Sidney. 

2.  To  be  shed,  lost,  or  wasted ; to  flow  over. 

lie  was  so  topful  of  himself,  that  he  let  it  spill  on  all  tire 
company.  IVatls. 

SPlLL'BR.n.  1.  One  who  spills,  sheds,  or  scatters. 

2.  A kind  of  fishing-line. 

They  are  taken  bv  spiUcrs  made  of  a cord,  to  which  divers 
shorter  are  tied  at  a little  distance,  and  to  each  of  these  a honk 
is  fastened  with  a bait.  Curew. 

SPIL  LfT-FISH  ING,  ) w.  a system  of  fishing 

SPIL'LIARD— FISII'JNG,  ) practised  on  the  west 
coast  of  Ireland  by  means  of  a number  of  hooks 
set  on  snoods,  all  on  one  line.  Simmonds. 

SPILL'ING— LINE,  ii.  (Naut.)  A rope  used  for 
spilling  a sail.  Lana. 

SPILT,  i.  & p.  from  spill.  See  Spill. 

f SPILTH,  n.  [From  sp t7I.]  Any  thing  spilt  or 
poured  out.  Shak. 

SPIN,  v.  a.  [Goth.,  A.  S.,  § Old  Ger.  spinnan  ; 
Dut.  § Ger.  spinnen;  Dan.  spinde  ; Sw.  <Sf  Icel. 
spinna .]  [i.  spun,  f span  ; pp.  spinning,  spun.] 

1.  To  combine  into  a thread,  or  to  form,  as  a 
thread,  by  drawing  out  and  twisting  together 
short  fibres,  as  of  cotton,  flax,  or  wool,  or  by 
simply  twisting  together  long  filaments,  as  in 
the  case  of  silk  of  the  best  quality.  R.  Cyc. 

The  women  spun  goats’  hair.  Ex.  xxxv.  26. 

All  the  yarn  she  [Penelope]  spun  in  Ulysses’ absence  did 
but  till  Ithaca  full  of  moths.  tShuk. 

2.  To  form  by  the  extrusion  of  a tenacious 
transparent  secretion  from  spinnerets. 

The  webs  named  gossamer  are  composed  of  lines  spun  by 
spiders,  which,  on  being  brought  into  contact  by  the  action 
of  a gentle  air,  adhere  together,  till  by  continual  additions 
they  are  accumulated  into  irregular  white  flakes  and  masses 
of  considerable  extent.  Eng.  Cyc. 

3.  To  extend  to  a great  length  ; to  protract ; 
to  draw  out ; to  prolong  ; — usually  with  out. 

I passed  lightly  over  many  particulars  on  which  learned 
and  witty  men  might  spin  out  large  volumes.  L' Estrange. 

By  one  delay  after  another  they  spin  out  their  whole  lives, 
till  there ’s  no  more  future  left  before  them.  L' Estrange. 

4.  To  put  into  a turning  motion  like  that  of 
a spinning-wheel ; to  twirl  ; as,  “ To  spin  a top.” 

To  spin  hay,  (Mil.)  to  twist  it  into  ropes  for  conven- 
ience of  transportation,  when  on  the  march.  Burn. 

SPIN,  v.  n.  1.  To  perform  the  act,  or  exercise  the 
art,  of  spinning. 

Consider  the  lilies  of  the  field,  how  they  grow;  they  toil 
not,  neither  do  they  spin:  and  yet  1 say  unto  you,  that  even 
Solomon  in  all  his  glory  was  not  arrayed  like  one  of  these. 

Matt.  vi.  28. 

lie  spins  and  weaves,  and  weaves  and  spins.  Couper. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE. — 9,  9,  9,  g,  soft ; jC,  G,  £,  g,  hard; 


fj  os  z;  ^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


SPINACEOUS 


1388 


SPIRACLE 


2.  To  revolve  on  the  axis,  as  a spindle. 

Earth, . . . that  spinning  sleeps 
On  her  sort  axle.  Milton. 

3.  To  stream  out  in  a thread  or  small  current. 

The  blood  out  of  their  helmets  span.  Drayton. 

SPI-NA'CEOliS  (-situs),  a.  ( Bot .)  Noting  a class 
of  plants  including  spinach.  I F.  Ency. 

SPIN'ACH,  t n.  [It.  spin  ace  •,  Sp . espinaca.  \ Fr. 

SPIN'A^IE,  < epinard.  — Dut.  spinazie  ; Ger.  <5f 
Dan.  spinal ; Sw.  spcncit ; — from  L.  spina,  a 
prickle.]  The  common  name  of  plants  of  the 
genus  Spinacia,  one  species  of  which,  Spinacia 
oleracea,  or  common  spinach  or  spinage,  is  a 
well-known  esculent  or  pot-herb.  Loudon. 


SPl'NAL,  a.  [L.  spinalis ; spina,  the  spine  ; It. 
spindle-,  Sp.  espinal;  Fr.  spinal.)  Belonging  to 
the  spine  or  back-bone. 

Forth  from  the  bone  the  spinal  marrow  flies.  Pope. 

SPIN'DLE,  n.  [A.  S.  spindel ; Old  Ger.  spinnala  ; 
Ger.,  Dan.,  § Sw.  spindel.) 

1.  A pendent  reed  or  piece  of  wood  for  twisting 
and  winding  the  fibres  drawn  from  the  distaff. 

fl®-“At  the  top  was  a slit  to  attach  the  thread, 
and  at  the  other  end  was  a whorl  or  wheel  to  steady 
it.  The  thread,  being  attached  to  the  spindle,  was 
drawn  from  the  distatf  until  a sufficient  length  had 
been  gained  for  the  attached  spindle  to  touch  the 
ground,  a fresh  turn  being  frequently  given  to  the 
spindle  to  increase  tile  twist  of  the  thread.  As  soon 
as  the  spindle  readied  the  ground,  a length  was  said 
to  be  spun,  and  the  spinster,  winding  it  up  on  the 
spindle,  and  securing  it  firmly  in  tile  slit,  proceeded  to 
spin  another  length.”  Tomlinson. 


2.  A pin  or  rod  forming  part  of  a spinning- 

wheel  or  spinning-machine,  and  revolving  with 
a rapid  motion  to  twist  the  fibres  which  are 
attached  to  the  end  of  it.  A.  Jamieson. 

3.  The  fusee  of  a watch.  Simmonds. 

4.  A long,  slender  stalk.  Mortimer. 

5.  A measure  of  yarn.  Simmonds. 

gefy  “ In  cotton  yarn,  a spindle  of  eighteen  hanks 

is  15,120  yards  ; in  linen  yarn,  a spindle  of  twenty- 
four  heers  is  14,400  yards.”  Simmonds. 


6.  ( Mech .)  A small  axle  or  axis,  in  contra- 
distinction to  a shaft,  or  large  axle. 

We  say,  the  shaft  of  a fly-wheel,  the  spinclle  of  a pinion. 

Grier. 


7.  (Math.)  A solid  generated  by  the  revolu- 
tion of  a portion  of  a curve  about  a chord  per- 
pendicular to  an  axis  of  the  curve.  Danes. 

8.  (Conch.)  The  shell  of  a mollusk  of  the 
genus  Strombus,  resembling  a spindle.  Eng.  Cyc. 

Iffy-  Tlio  spindle  is  denominated  circular,  elliptic, 
hyperbolic,  &c.,  according  to  the  character  of  the  gen- 
erating curve.  Davies. 


SPIN'DLE,  v.  n.  To  shoot  or  grow  like  a spindle  ; 
to  grow  in  a long,  slender  stalk  or  tuft. 

When  the  flowers  begin  to  sjyindle.  Mortimer. 

SPLN'DLE-LEGGED  (spln'dl-legd),  a.  Having 

long,  slender  legs ; spindle-shanked.  Tatler. 

SPIN'DLE— LEG§,  n.  A tall,  slender  person;  a 
spindle-legged  person  ; — in  contempt.  Smart. 


SIM N-DLE— SHANKED  (spln'dl-shangkt),  a.  Spin- 
dle-legged. Addison. 

SPIN'DLE— SHANKS,  n.  Spindle-legs.  Smart. 

SPTN'DLE-SHAPED  (spxn'dl-shapt),  a.  1.  Shaped 
like  a spindle  ; fusiform.  Lee. 

2.  (Bot.)  Terete  and  tapering  to  each  end. 

SPIN'DLE— SHELL,  n.  (Zo'yl.)  A mollusk  of  the 
genus  Buccinum.  Ash. 

SPIN'DLE— TREE,  n.  (Bot.)  The  popular  name 
of  ornamental  shrubs  of  the  genus  Euonymits, 
one  species  of  which  (Euonymus  Europcea ) af- 
fords a tough  wood  used  for  making  skewers 
and  spindles.  Loudon.  Baird. 

SPIN'DLE— WORM  (-wiirin),  n.  (Ent.)  Alepidop- 
terous  insect,  the  caterpillar  of  which  attacks 
maize,  and  sometimes  the  dahlia  ; Gortyna 
zece ; — so  named  from  its  destroying  the  spindle 
of  the  Indian  corn.  Harris. 


SPIN'DLING,  p.  a.  Shooting  into  a small  stalk; 
long  and  slender.  Ash. 

SPINE,  n.  [L.  Sc  It.  spina,  a thorn,  the  spine ; Sp. 
espina ; Fr.  epine.) 

1.  (Anat.)  The  bony  column  extending  from 
the  head  to  the  sacrum ; the  back-bone  ; the 
vertebral  column  ; — so  called  from  the  thorn- 
like processes  of  the  vertebra.’:  — the  anterior 
part  of  the  tibia  or  leg  ; the  shin.  Dunglison. 


2.  (Bot.)  A sharp,  hard,  conical  process;  a 
thorn.  — See  Thorn. 

Roses,  their  sharp  spines  being  gone.  Beau.  V FI. 

Iff  ■ ‘ ‘ Spines,  or  thorns  sometimes  represent  leaves, 
as  iu  the  barberry.  . . . Most  commonly  spines  are 
stunted  and  hardened  branches,  arising  from  the  axils 
of  leaves,  as  in  the  hawthorn  and  pear.”  Gray. 

3.  (Zoul.)  A stout,  rigid,  and  pointed  process 
of  the  integument  of  an  animal,  formed  exter- 
nally by  the  epidermis,  and  internally  of  a por- 
tion of  the  cutis  or  corresponding  structure  ; — 
often  applied  to  stout,  rigid,  and  pointed  pro- 
cesses of  the  epidermis  only.  Micrographic  Diet. 

S1MNED  (splnd),  a.  Having  spines.  Pennant. 

SPi'NIJL  [spl'nel,  IF.  P.  J.  Ja.  C.  Wr.  ; spln'el, 
S.  K.  Sm.  ; spj-nel',  Brande),  n.  [Ger.  spinet U. 
— Fr.  spinelle.)  (Min.)  A hard  mineral  occur- 
ring in  octahedral  crystals,  of  various  shades  of 
red  passing  into  blue,  green,  yellow,  brown, 
and  black,  and  composed,  when  pure,  of  alu- 
mina and  magnesia.  The  magnesia  is  often 
partly  replaced  by  protoxide  of  iron,  zinc,  or 
manganese,  or  by  lime,  and  the  alumina  is  some- 
times partly  replaced  by  peroxide  of  iron.  Dana. 

UPS’  The  varieties  of  spinel  have  been  denominated, 
according  to  their  colors,  as  follows  : — the  black  va- 
rieties, pie  onus  te  ; tile  scarlet,  spinelle  ruby  ; the  rose- 
red,  balas  ruby,  the  yellow,  or  orange-red,  rubicclle  ; 
the  violet  colored,  almandine  ruby.  The  oriental  ruby 
is  sapphire.  Dana. 

SPIN'EL-LANE,  n.  (Min.)  A mineral  found  crys- 
tallized and  massive,  and  composed  chiefly  of 
silica,  sulphuric  acid,  alumina,  and  soda  ; — 
called  also  nosean.  Dana. 


SPI-NELLE',  n.  [Fr.]  (Min.)  Spinel.  Brande. 

SPI-NES'CjENT,  a.  (Bot.)  Terminating  in  a spine, 
or  somewhat  spinose.  Gray. 

SPIN'  ET,  or  SPI-NET'  [spin'et,  IF.  P.  F.  Ja.  C.  IFr. 
IFA. ; spe-net',  S.  J.  K.  Sm.  R.),  n.  [It .spinct- 
ta  ; Sp.  espinetea  ; Fr.  epinette  ; — from  L.  spina, 
a thorn,  because  its  quills  resemble  thorns. 
Dicz.)  (Mus.)  A stringed  instrument  formerly 
much  in  use,  resembling  a harpsichord,  but 
smaller,  and  having  only  one  set  of  jacks  and 
strings,  and  consequently  only  one  stop ; — 
originally  called  a couched  harp.  Moore. 

When  miss  delights  in  her  spinet , 

A fiddler  may  a fortune  get.  Swift. 

fSPl'N^T,  n.  [L.  spinctum-,  spina,  a thorn.]  A 
small  wood,  or  a place  of  briers  and  bushes  ; — 
written  also  spiny,  and  spinney.  B.  Jonson. 

f SPlN'JJT-lJD,  a.  Slit  or  opened.  Ascham. 

SPl-NIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  spina,  a thorn,  and fero, 
to  bear.]  Bearing  spines  or  thorns.  Blount. 

SPI-Nl£'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  spina,  spine,  and  gcro, 
to  bear.]  Having  or  bearing  a spine.  Maunder. 


SPl'NI-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  spiny.  Chapman. 

SPINK  (splnglc,  82),  n.  (Ornith.)  A finch. 

The  Spink  chants  sweetest  in  a hedge  of  thorns.  Uarte. 

SPlN'NUR,  n.  1.  One  who  spins.  Graunt. 

2.  A spider.  “ Long-legged  spinners.”  Shah. 

3.  (Ent.)  The  caterpillar  of  a moth  of  the 

group  Bombyces.  T.  IF.  Harris. 

4.  pi.  (Zoil.)  Two  long,  coiled  glands  which 

secrete  the  silk  in  insects,  occupying  the  sides 
of  the  body,  and  terminating  anteriorly  in  a 
common  orifice  beneath  the  labium: — in  spi- 
ders, the  nipples  placed  at  the  end  of  the  ab- 
domen, below  the  anus,  and  pierced  at  the  ex- 
tremity with  an  immense  number  of  minute 
orifices  for  the  discharge  of  silken  threads, 
which  are  produced  from  matter  formed  in  in- 
ternal reservoirs.  Brande.  Eng.  Cyc. 


SPlN'NER-ET,  n.  (Zolil.)  A 
spinning  organ,  as  of  the  spi- 
der; a spinner.  Eng.  Cyc. 

SPIN'N|JR-Y,  n.  A place  where 
spinning  is  performed ; a mill 
for  spinning.  P.  Cyc. 

SPlN'NIJY,  n.  [See  Spinet.] 


A small  wood  ; a thicket ; a spinet. 


Magnified  spinneret. 


One  of  our  most  favorite  walks  is  spoiled.  The  spinney  is 
cut  down  to  the  stumps,  even  the  lilacs  and  the  syringes'  to 
the  stumps.  Cowper. 


SPIN'NING,  n.  1.  The  act  or  the  art  of  forming 
a uniform  continuous  thread  out  of  fine  fibrils 
of  animal  or  of  vegetable  origin,  arranged  as 


equally  as  possible  alongside,  and  usually  rt 
the  ends,  of  each  other,  and  then  twisted  to- 
gether. Ure. 

2.  The  act  or  practice  of  forming  lines,  webs, 
or  cocoons,  by  the  extension  of  a tenacious 
transparent  secretion  from  spinnerets.  Eng.  Cyc. 

SPIN'NING— JEN'NY,  n.  A machine  used  in  the 
manufacture  of  cotton,  and  consisting,  in  its 
simplest  form,  of  a number  of  spindles  turned 
by  a common  wheel,  or  cylinder,  worked  by 
hand.  Bigelow. 

H©-  It  was  originally  invented  by  Hargreaves,  in 
17G7,  but  ultimately  improved  by  Sir  Richard  Ark- 
wright. Tile  term  jenny  was  derived  from  the  wife 
of  Hargreaves,  whose  name  was  Jane.  Pullcyn. 

It  was  so  named,  according  to  some,  from  its 
doing  the  work  of  a female;  hut  according  to  a 
grandson  of  Hargreaves,  the  inventor,  from  the  word 
gin,  a contraction  of  engine,  the  new  machine  being 
called  a ginny,  and  the  process  ginning.  Tomlinson. 

SPIN'NING-WHEEL,  n.  A machine  for  spinning, 
consisting  of  a single  spindle  driven  by  a large 
wheel  with  which  it  is  connected.  Gay. 

SPlN'NY,  a.  Small;  thin;  slender,  [n.]  Mortimer 

SPI'NOSE,  or  SPi-NOSE'  (129),  a.  [L.  spinosus.) 
(Bot.)  Full  of  spines  or  thorns;  thorny;  spi- 
nous. Dray. 

SPl-NOS'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state  of  being 
spinous  or  thorny.  More. 

SPI'NOUS,  a.  [L.  spinosus;  spina,  a thorn.] 

Thorny;  full  of  thorns  ; spiny  ; spinose.  Mede. 

||  SPIN 'O-ZI.SM  [spln'o-zlzm,  K.  C.  Wr.  ; spl'no- 
zizm,  Sm.  IFA.;  spe-no'zlzm,  Brande),  n.  A pan- 
theistic doctrine  or  system  of  Benedict  Spinoza, 
a Jew,  who  was  born  at  Amsterdam  in  1932. 

SST  Spinoza  deduces,  by  strictly  mathematical  rea- 
soning, from  a few  axioms,  the  well-known  princi- 
ples, “ that  there  can  be  no  substance  hut  God  ; what- 
ever is,  is  in  God  ; and  nothing  can  be  conceived 
without  God.”  Brandc. 

||  SPIN'O-ZIST,  n.  An  adherent  of  Spinoza ; a 
believer  in  Spinozism.  Warburton. 

SPIN'STER,  n.  1.  One  who  spins  ; a spinner.S/iaA. 

2.  f A woman  of  ill  life. 

Many  would  not  be  indicted  spinsters,  were  they  spinsters, 
nor  come  to  so  public  and  shameful  punishments,  if  painful- 
ly employed  in  that  vocation.  Thomas  Fuller. 

3.  (Law.)  The  addition  given  to  an  unmar- 
ried woman,  in  legal  proceedings,  and  in  con- 
veyancing ; a single  woman. 

Rebecca  Dingiey,  of  the  city  of  Dublin,  spinster.  Swift. 

Formerly  it  was  a maxim  that  a young  woman 
should  never  be  married  till  she  had  spun  herself  a 
set  of  body,  table,  and  bed  linen.  From  this  custom 
all  unmarried  women  were  termed  spinsters,  an  ap- 
pellation they  still  retain  in  all  deeds  and  law  pro- 
ceedings. Pullcyn. 

Iffy-  “ The  term  single  woman  is  now  generally  used 
in  its  place.”  Burrill. 

STS=  “ Originally  words  in  ster  were  limited  to 
females,  and  were  opposed  to  the  substantives  in  cr, 
the  names  of  male  agents.  The  single  word  spinster 
still  retains  its  feminine  force.”  Latham. 

SI’lN'STRY,  n.  The  work  or  the  business  of  spin- 
ning; spinning,  [r.]  Milton. 

SPlN'THERE,  n.  (Min.)  A greenish-gray  variety 
of  sphene.  Dana. 

SPIN'ULE,  n.  [L.  spinula  ; dim.  of  spina,  a spine.] 
A small  or  minute  spine.  Hill. 

SPJN-U-LES'CENT,  a.  (Bot.)  Producing  small 
spines  ; becoming  spinous  or  thorny.  Loudon. 

SPIN-U-LOSE'  (129),  a.  (Bot.)  Covered  with  spin- 
ules  or  small  spines  ; spinulous.  Loudon. 


SPIN'F-LOUS,  a.  Covered  with  small  spines  ; 
spinulose.  II right. 

SPI'NY,  a.  1.  Full  of  spines  or 

thorns  ; thorny  ; briery  ; spinous.  _ j\  / A / 

“ Spiny  rays.”  Pennant.  — f=~ 

2.  Perplexed;  difficult;  vexa-  \ I 
tious  ; troublesome  ; arduous. 

The  spiny  deserts  of  scholastic  philosophy.  Warburton. 

SPI'NY,  n.  A small  wood.  — See  Spinet.  Todd. 


f SPl'ON,  n.  [Fr.  espion.)  A spy.  Old  Play. 
f SPI'R  A-BLE,  a.  [L.  spirabilis  ; spiro,  to  breathe.] 
That  can  breathe  ; respirable.  Trans.  Cicero. 

SPIR'A-CLE,  or  SPI'RA-CLE  [spir'a-kl,  IF.  J.  F. 
Ja.  C.  IFA. ; spl'ra-ki,  S.  P.  E.  K.  Sm.  R.),  n. 


A,  E,  l,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  $,  I,  O, 


Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HF.IR,  HER; 


SPIRITLESSNESS 


SPIRAEA 

[L.  spiraculum ; spiro,  to  breathe ; It.  spira- 
colo.] 

1.  ( Zoal .)  The  external  orifice  ot  one  of  the 

tracheae  of  insects  and  arachnids ; — called  also 
stigma.  Micrograpluc  Diet. 

2.  One  of  the  blow-holes,  or  breathing-holes, 

of  a whale.  Simmonds. 

3.  A small  aperture  or  vent.  Woodward. 

SPl-RJE'A,n.  [L.  ; from  Gr.  tmstpaia.]  {Bot.)  A 
genus  of  perennial  rosaceous  plants,  comprising 
many  species,  diffused  through  the  temperate 
parts  of  the  northern  hemisphere.  Eng.  Cgc. 

SPI'RAL,  a.  [L.  spira,  a coil,  a spire  ; It.  spirals ; 
Sp.  cspiral ; Fr.  spiral.] 

1.  Winding  like  the  worm  of  a screw;  wind- 

ing round  a cylinder  or  circularly,  and  constant- 
ly advancing.  Bag. 

2.  Pointed  like  the  spire  or  steeple  of  a 

church,  [it.]  Fairholt. 

3.  ( Bot .)  Arranged  in  a spiral  manner  round 

some  common  axis.  Lindley. 

Spiral  pump.  See  Archimede  an-screw. 

SPI'RAL,  n.  (Geom.)  A curve  that  may  be  gen- 
erated by  a point  moving  along  a straight  line, 
in  the  same  direction,  according  to  any  law, 
while  the  straight  line  revolves  uniformly  about 
a fixed  point, -always  continuing  in  the  same 
plane.  Davies. 

The  moving  point  is  the  generatrix  of  the 
spiral,  tile  fixed  point  is  the  pole  of  the  spiral,  and 
the  distance  from  the  pole  to  any  position  of  the  gen- 
eratrix is  the  radius  vector  of  that  point.  The  law, 
according  to  which  the  generatrix  moves  along  the 
revolving  line,  is  the  law  of  the  spiral,  and  determines 
the  nature  of  the  curve.  Daoies. 

Hyperbolical  spiral,  a spiral,  the  law  of  which  is, 
that  the  distance  from  the  pole  to  the  generatrix 
varies  inversely  as  the  distance  swept  over.  — Loga- 
rithmic spiral.  See  Logarithmic.  — Parabolic  spiral, 
a spiral,  the  law  of  which  is,  that  the  distance  of  the 
pole  from  the  generatrix  varies  as  the  square  root  of 
the  angle  swept  over  by  the  revolving  line.  — Spiral 
rluct  or  spiral  vessel,  (Bot.)  an  elongated  cell  or  duct 
formed  by  the  confluence  of  several  cells  with  their 
delicate  membranous  walls  strengthened  by  the  dep- 
osition of  fibres  within  in  the  form  of  a continuous 
spiral  coil.  Gray.  — Spiral  of  Archimedes,  a spiral, 
the  law  of  which  is,  that  the  generatrix  moves  uni- 
formly along  the  revolving  line.  Davies.  — Spiral  of 
Pappus,  a spiral  formed  on  the  surface  of  a sphere  by 
a motion  similar  to  that  by  which  tile  spiral  of  Ar- 
chimedes is  described  on  a plane.  Ilatton. 

SPI'RAL— COAT'IJD,  a.  Coated  spirally.  Clarke. 

SPl'RAL-LY,  ad.  In  a spiral  form.  Ray. 

f SPI-RA'TION,  n.  [L . spiratio.]  A breathing. 

God  did  by  a kind  of  spiraiion  produce  them.  Barrow. 

SPfRE,  n.  [Gr.  oueipa  ; L.  § It.  spira  ; Sp.  espi- 
ra ; Fr.  spire.] 

1.  A line  winding  like  the  worm  of  a screw  ; 
a spiral  line  ; a spiral  ; a wreath. 

Burnished  neck  of  verdant  "old,  erect 

Amidst  his  circling  s/)ircs,  that  on  the  grass 

Floated  redundant.  Milton . 

2.  {Arch.)  Among  the  ancients,  the  base  of 
a column:— the  astragal,  or  torus,  of  the  base: 
— in  modern  architecture,  a pyramidal  struc- 
ture of  brickwork,  masonry,  or  wood,  either  hol- 
low or  solid  ; a steeple.  Britton.  Brande. 

Spires  whose  silent  fingers  point  to  heaven.  Wordsworth. 

W/f'  “ Spires  sometimes  rise  immediately  from  the 
ground,  and  are  carded  up  to  a great  height ; in  other 
instances,  they  are  placed  upon  round,  square,  or 
polygonal  buildings,  called  towers.”  Britton. 

3.  A stalk  or  shoot,  as  of  grass.  “ An  oak 

corneth  of  a little  spire.”  Chaucer. 

4.  The or  uppermost  point;  summit. 

“ The  spire  and  top  of  praises.”  Shah. 

5.  {Math.)  That  portion  of  a spiral  which  is 
generated  by  one  revolution  of  the  straight  line 
revolving  about  the  pole.  — See  Spiral. Davies. 

6.  {Conch.)  The  part  of  univalve  shells  which 

consists  of  all  the  whorls  except  the  lower  one, 
called  the  body.  Woodward. 

Syn.  — See  Steeple. 

f SPIRE,  v.  n.  1.  To  shoot  up  in  spires  or  pyram- 
idally. “ The  spiring  grass.”  Drayton. 

2.  To  sprout,  as  grain  in  malting.  Wright. 

3.  f [L.  spiro.]  To  respire.  Shenstone. 

t SPIRE,  v.  a.  To  shoot  forth.  Spenser. 

SPIRED  (splrd),  a.  Having  a spire.  Mason. 


1389 

SPIRE'— STEE-PLE,  n.  The  summit  of  a turret  of 
a church,  [r.]  Swift. 

SPl'Rl-FpR,  n.  [L.  spira,  a spire,  and  fero,  to 
bear.]  {Pal.)  An  extinct  genus  of  Brachiopoda, 
characterized  by  having  two  internal  calcareous 
spiral  appendages  to  the  shell-  Brande. 

SPiR'IT  [splr'it,  IF.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  R.  Wb. ; 
sper'it,  S.],  n.  [L.  spiritus ; spiro,  to  breathe, 
to  blow;  It.  spinto ; Sp.  espiritu-,  Fr.  esprit .] 

1.  f Breath.  “ A raw  spirit,  or  wind.”  Bacon. 

2.  Immaterial  substairce ; immateriality. 

3.  An  intelligent  being  or  substance  imper- 
ceptible by  our  present  senses  ; soul.  Milton. 

The  term  spirit  properly  denotes  a being  without  a [ma- 
terial] body.  A being  that  never  had  a [material]  body  is  a 
pure  spirit.  A human  soul,  when  it  has  left  the  body,  is  a dis- 
embodied spirit.  Mind  or  soul  is  incorporated  sjjirit. Fleming. 

4.  That  which  is  apparent  to  sight,  but  usu- 
ally not  otherwise  perceptible  ; an  apparition  ; 
a ghost ; a spectre. 

They  were  terrified  and  affrighted,  and  supposed  that  the_y 
had  seen  a spirit.  Luke  xxiv.  37. 

A spirit  passed  before  my  face.  . . . It  stood  still,  but  I could 
not  discern  the  form  thereof..  . . There  was  silence;  and  I 
heard  a voice  saying,  Shall  mortal  man  be  more  just  than 
God?  Job  iv.  15, 1G,  17. 

5.  Constitution  or  disposition  of  mind  with 
regard  to  the  sensibilities  ; temper. 

That  peculiar  law  of  Christianity  which  forbids  revenge,— 
no  man  can  think  it  grievous  who  considers  the  restless  tor- 
ment of  a malicious  and  revengeful  spirit.  Tillotson. 

6.  Intellectual  constitution  ; power  or  strength 
of  understanding  ; turn  or  power  of  mind. 

More  ample  spirit  than  hitherto  was  wont 

Here  needs  me.  Spenser. 

A perfect  judge  will  view  each  work  of  wit 

With  the  same  spirit  that  its  author  writ.  Pope. 

7.  Intellectual  perception  ; imagination. 

In  spirit , perhaps,  lie  also  saw 

Rich  Mexico,  the  seat  of  Montezume.  Milton. 

Absent  in  body,  but  present  in  spirit.  1 Cor.  v.  3. 

8.  Elevation  or  vehemence  of  mind  ; cour- 
age  ; ardor  ; fire  ; resolution. 

This  morning,  like  the  spirit  of  a youth 

That  means  to  be  of  note,  begins  betimes.  Shake. 

9.  An  emotion  or  activity  of  the  mind  directed 
to  the  attainment  of  an  object ; eager  desire. 

God  has  changed  men’s  tempers  . . . made  a spirit  of  build- 
ing succeed  a spirit  of  puiling  down.  South. 

10.  A man  of  activity  or  energy  ; a person  of 
life,  fire,  or  enterprise. 

The  watery  kingdom  is  no  bar 
To  stop  the  foreign  spirits ; but  they  come.'  Shake. 

11.  A person,  as  characterized  by  particular 
qualities  of  mind  or  soul. 

The  choice  and  master  spirits  of  this  age.  Shake. 

12.  pi.  Those  properties  of  the  mind  which 
produce  excitement ; cheerfulness  ; gayety. 

So  much  I feel  my  genial  spirits  droop.  Milton. 

13.  Characteristic  quality  or  expression. 

A descending  light  which  doth  set  oft'  men’s  faces  in  their 
truest  spirit.  IVotton. 

14.  Vital  or  active  principle  ; essence. 

There  is  in  wine  a mighty  spirit , that  will  not  be  con- 
gealed. South. 

15.  Nature  ; character  ; complexion. 

A change  came  o’er  the  spirit  of  my  dream.  Byron. 

16.  A mark  to  denote  an  aspiration;  a 
breathing. 

The  . . . troublesome  luggage  of  spirits  and  accents. Dakgarno. 

17.  A term  applied  to  all  inflammable  liquors 
obtained  by  distillation,  as  brandy,  ruiji,  gin, 
whiskey,  &c. 

“ Spirits  were  formerly  distinguished  into  in- 
flammable, acid,  and  alkaline  ; and  consequently  a 
number  of  substances  were  crowded  together,  which 
often  resembled  each  other  in  no  other  property  than 
in  being  volatile.  The  term  is  now  confined  to  alco- 
holic liquors.”  Dunglison. 

18.  pi.  (Dyeing.)  Solutions  of  tin  in  acids, 
used  for  dyeing  different  colors.  Thomson. 

19.  (Theol.)  The  third  person  in  the  Trinity  ; 

the  Holy  Spirit ; the  Holy  Ghost.  Hook. 

Animal  spirits , the  fluid  which  is  supposed  to  cir- 
culate through  the  nerves,  and  which  lias  been  re- 
garded as  the  agent  of  sensation  and  motion  ; the 
nervous  fluid  or  principle.  Dunglison.  — Holy  Spirit , 
(.Theol.)  the  third  person  in  the  Trinity  ; the  Holy 
Ghost.  — Pyroxylic  spirit , wood  spirit ; methylic  alco- 
hol. Miller.  — Rectified  spirit , proof  spirit  freed  by 
distillation  from  foreign  matters.  Wood  tif  Buchc. — 
Spirit  of  ammonia,  a solution  of  caustic  ammonia  in 
rectified  spirit.  — Spirit  of  hartshorn,  an  impure  car- 
bonate of  ammonia,  obtained  from  the  shavings  of 
the  horns  of  the  hart  or  stag,  by  destructive  distil- 
lation a term  applied  also  to  ammoniacal  solutions 


of  carbonate  of  ammonia. — Spirit  of  lavender,  a per- 
fume obtained  by  distilling  lavender  flowers  and 
diluted  spirit  of  wine.  — Spirit  of  Mindercrus,  an 
aqueous  solution  of  acetate  of  ammonia.  — Spirit  of 
nitre,  nitric  acid.  — Spirit  of  salt,  muriatic  or  hydro- 
chloric acid  dissolved  in  water.  Brande.  — Spirit  of 
sense,  the  utmost  refinement  or  delicacy  of  sensation. 
Shak.  — Spirit  of  sulphuric  ether , sulphuric  ether  di- 
luted with  twice  its  volume  of  alcohol.  — Spirit  or 
spirits  of  turpentine,  a volatile  oil  distilled  from  the 
turpentine  of  various  species  of  pine  (Pinus).  When 
perfectly  pure,  it  is  limpid  and  colorless,  of  a strong, 
penetrating  odor,  of  a hot,  pungent,  bitterish  taste, 
highly  volatile  and  inflammable,  lighter  than  water, 
and  consisting  of  hydrogen  and  carbon  : — called  also 
camphcne.  Wood  Bachc.  — Spirit  of  wine,  or  spirits 
of  wine,  alcohol;  — so  called  from  its  having  been 
originally  distilled  from  wine.  Silliman. 

fiOr*  “ Among  modern  philosophers  in  Germany,  a 
distinction  is  taken  between  i pv\h,  (Secle.)  and 
rvevpa,  ( Oeist ,)  or  soul  and  spirit.  According  to  G. 
II.  Schubert,  professor  at  Munich,  and  a follower  of 
Schelling,  the  soul  is  the  inferior  part  of  our  intellec- 
tual nature,  that  which  shows  itself  in  the  phenom- 
ena of  dreaming,  and  which  is  connected  with  the 
state  of  the  brain.  The  spirit  is  that  part  of  our  na- 
ture which  tends  to  the  purely  rational,  the  lofty,  and 
divine.”  Fleming. 

“ The  general  sound  of  the  first  i,  in  this  word 
and  all  its  compounds,  was,  till  lately,  the  sound  of 
e in  merit ; but  a very  laudable  attention  to  propriety 
has  nearly  restored  the  i to  its  true  sound  ; and  now 
spirit  sounded  as  if  written  sperit  begins  to  grow  vul- 
gar.” Walker. 

Syn.  — See  Soul. 

SPIR'IT,  V.  a.  [i.  SPIRITED  ; pp.  SPIRITING,  SPIR- 
ITED.] 

1.  To  animate  or  actuate  as  a spirit,  [r.] 

So  talked  the  spirited  sly  snake.  Milton. 

2.  To  invigorate  or  incite  to  action ; to  excite ; 
to  animate  ; to  encourage. 

Shall  our  quick  blood,  spirited  with  wine, 

Seem  frosty  ? Shake. 

3.  To  carry  off  swiftly  and  secretly,  by  the 
agency  of  a spirit,  or  as  by  a spirit;  — com- 
monly used  with  away. 

The  ministry  had  him  spirited  away , and  carried  abroad 
as  a dangerous  person.  Arbuthuot. 

f SPIR'IT-AL-LY,  ad.  By  means  of  the  breath 
only.  “ Pronounced  spiritally.”  Holder. 

SPiR'IT— DUCK,  n.  {Ornith.)  A 
species  of  duck  abundant  in  the 
summer  on  the  rivers  and  fresh- 
water lakes  of  the  fur-countries, 
and  in  autumn  and  winter  very 
common  in  the  United  States, 
sometimes  on  the  sea-shores ; 

Fuligula  albcola.  It  is  a very 
expert  diver  and  very  quick  of 
motion.  Audubon. 

SPlR'IT-BD,  a.  Full  of  spirit  ; 
lively  ; vivacious  ; animated  ; 
earnest ; ardent ; active. 

Dryden’s  translation  of  Virgil  is  noble  and  spirited.  Pope. 

Syn.  — See  Spirituous. 

SPIR'IT-^ D-LY,  ad.  In  a spirited  manner. 

SPIR'IT- £D- NESS,  n.  1.  The  quality  of  being 
spirited  ; life  ; animation. 

2.  Disposition,  or  mental  character.  Addison. 

f SPIR'IT-FUL,  a.  Lively;  spirited.  Ash. 

f SPlR'IT-FUL-LY,  ad.  In  a lively  manner.  Todd. 

f SPlR'IT-FUL-NESS,  n.  Sprightliness  ; liveli- 
ness. “ Mirth  and  spirit/ ulness.”  Harvey. 

SPIR'IT-iNG,  n.  The  business  or  work  of  a spirit. 

I will  be  correspondent  to  command, 

And  do  my  spiriting  gently.  Shak. 

SPIR'IT-IST,  n.  A beiiever  in  the  modern  doc- 
trine of  spiritualism,  or  spiritual  manifesta- 
tions ; a spiritualist.  O.  A.  Brownson. 

SPIR'IT— LAMP,  n.  A lamp,  of  various  forms,  in 
which  spirit  of  wine  is  burned.  It  gives  but 
little  light,  and  is  used  for  producing  heat. 

Wood  &;  Bachc. 

SPIR'IT-LESS,  a.  1.  Devoid  of  spirit,  vigor,  or 
courage  ; depressed  ; discouraged  ; dejected. 

Exhausted,  spiritless,  afflicted,  fallen.  Milton. 

2.  Having  no  breath  ; breathless  ; lifeless ; dull. 
“ The  spiritless  body.”  Greenhill. 

SPIR'n’-LESS-LY,  ad.  Without  spirit.  More. 

SPlR'IT-LpSS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state 
of  being  spiritless.  Leighton. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.—  £,  <?,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  5,  g,  hard ; § as  z;  JC  as  gz.  — THIS, 


this. 


SPIRIT-LEVEL 


1390 


SPITEFULLY 


SPlR'JT— LEV'LL,  n.  A levelling  instrument 
consisting  essentially  of  a glass  tube  nearly 
filled  with  spirit  of  wine,  and  hermetically 
scaled  at  both  ends,  so  that  when  held  with  its 
axis  in  a horizontal  position  the  bubble  of  air 
enclosed  with  the  liquid  is  in  contact  with  the 
upper  surface,  and,  if  the  tube  is  perfectly  cy- 
lindrical, the  extremities  of  the  bubble  will  be 
at  equal  distances  from  the  middle  point  in  the 
length  of  the  glass.  Tomlinson. 

SPIR-I-TO’ §0.  [It.]  (Mus.)  With  spirit.  More. 

SPIR'IT-OUS,  a.  1.  Partaking  of  the  qualities  of 
a spirit  ; resembling  spirit ; spiritual. 

More  refined,  more  spiritous  nnd  pure, 

As  nearer  to  him  placed  or  nearer  tending.  Milton. 

2.  Ardent;  active;  spirituous;  lively.  “ Spirit- 
ous and  fiery  spume.”  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Spirituous. 

SPIR'IT-OIJS-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality 
of  being  spiritous.  Boyle. 

SPIR'IT—  PIERCING,  a.  Piercing  or  penetrating 
the  spirit  or  soul.  Clarke. 

SPIR'IT— ROUS'jNG,  a.  Rousing  or  exciting  the 
spirit  or  soul.  Clarke. 

SFlR'IT— SEARCHING,  a.  Searching  or  examin- 
ing the  spirit  or  soul.  Clarke. 

SPIR'jT— STIR'RING,  a.  Rousing  the  spirit ; an- 
imating. “ The  spirit-stirring  drum.”  Shak. 

SITR'IT-I-AL  (splr'it-yu-?l),  a.  [L.  spiritualise 
spiritus,  spirit;  It.  spirituale ; Sp.  espiritual; 
Fr.  spirituel.\ 

1.  Pertaining  to  spirit;  having,  or  partaking 
of,  the  nature  of  a spirit ; existing,  or  relating 
to,  that  which  exists  imperceptibly  to  the  or- 
gans of  sense  ; not  corporeal ; ghostly  ; imma- 
terial ; incorporeal ; mental. 

Millions  of  spiritual  creatures  walk  the  earth. 

Unseen,  botli  when  we  wake  and  when  we  sleep.  Milton. 

2.  Separated  from  the  things  of  sense  ; holy. 

Some,  who  pretend  to  be  of  a more  spiritual  and  refined 
religion,  spend  their  time  in  contemplation,  and  talk  much 
of  communion  with  God.  Calami/. 

3.  Pertaining  to  religion,  or  to  a religious 
organization  or  establishment ; divine  ; ecclesi- 
astical ; not  lay,  secular,  or  temporal. 

Thou  art  reverend 

Touching  thy  spiritual  function,  not  thy  life.  Shak. 

She  loves  them  as  her  spiritual  children,  and  they  rever- 
ence her  as  their  spiritual  mother.  Laic. 

4.  Pertaining  to  modern  spiritualism  or  spirit- 
ualists ; as,  “ A spiritual  circle.” 

Spiritual  court,  {Eng.  Law.)  an  ecclesiastical  court ; 
a court  Christian. 

Syn.  — See  Incorporeal,  Internal,  Spirit- 
uous. 

SPiR'IT-U-AL-I§M,  ?{.  1.  That  system  (as  op- 

posed to  materialism ) according  to  which  all 
that  is  real  is  spirit,  soul,  or  self;  — that  which 
is  called  the  external  world  being  either  a suc- 
cession of  notions  impressed  on  the  mind  by 
the  Deity,  or  else  the  mere  educt  of  the  mind 
itself.  The  former  is  the  spiritualism  of  Berke- 
ley ; the  latter,  that  of  Fichte.  Brancle. 

2.  The  doctrine  that  departed  spirits  hold 
communication  with  men.  O.  A.  Brownson. 

SPIR'IT-IJ-AL-IST,  n.  1.  One  who  professes  re- 
gard to  spiritual  things  only,  or  one  whose  em- 
ployment is  spiritual.  Echard. 

2.  One  who  believes  in  the  doctrine  of  spirit- 
ualism as  opposed  to  materialism  ; one  who  ad- 
mits the  reality  of  an  intelligent  being  distinct 
from  the  perceptible  universe. 

ftp  ' “ Spiritualist/!,  with  respect  to  the  human  mind 
or  soul,  seem  to  hold  different  opinions,  so  as  to  bring 
them  under  the  different  denominations  of  Platonists 
and  Anti-Platonists.  The  Platonists  believe  the  soul 
to  be  quite  distinct  from  the  body,  in  such  a manner 
that  death  is  the  literal  separation  of  one  from  the 
other,  the  one  continuing  to  exist  as  mere  matter,  the 
other  as  an  intelligent  being,  whose  substance  is  in- 
telligence or  intellectuality  merely;  the  Anti-Pla- 
tonists deem  mind  or  soul  to  be  nothing  more  than  a 
name  for  the  capabilities  of  sensation,  perception, 
and  thought,  with  which  man  is  endowed  simply  in 
consequence  of  his  Maker’s  will ; that  these  capa- 
bilities cease  at  death  as  motion  ceases  in  a rolling 
ball,  when  it  conies  to  a state  of  rest ; and  conse- 
quently that  a future  state  of  existence  is  not  the  ex- 
istence of  the  soul  separately  from  the  body,  (which 
is  the  doctrine  of  the  pure  Platonists,)  nor  of  the 
reunion  of  the  soul  with  the  body,  after  the  former 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long,  A,  E,  I,  6 


has  for  a while  existed  separately,  (which  is  the 
opinion,  perhaps,  of  the  majority  of  Christians,)  but 
is  the  raising  of  the  body,  through  the  power  of  the 
Creator,  under  new  circumstances  of  existence,  a 
spiritual  body  from  that  which  was  a material  body  ; 
— and  this  is  the  opinion  of  the  Anti-l’latonists 
among  Christians.”  Smart. 

3.  A believer  in  the  doctrine  that  the  spirits  of 
the  dead  hold  communication  with  men.  Beecher. 

SPIR-IT-U-AI.-IST'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  spiritual- 
ism, or  to  the  spiritualists.  Ec.  Rev. 

SPIR-IT-U-AL'I-TY  (splr-jt-yu-ai'e-te),  n.  [L. 
spiritualitas  ; It.  spiritualita ; Sp.  espirituali- 
dad  ; Fr.  spirituality .] 

1.  The  quality  or  the  state  of  being  spiritual. 

If  this  light  be  not  spiritual,  yet  it  npproacheth  nearest 
unto  spirituality.  Raleigh. 

If  there  be  a will,  there  must  be  spirituality  in  man. 

Coleridge. 

2.  A spiritual  exercise  ; a pure  act  of  the  soul. 

Many  secret  indispositions  and  aversions  to  duty  will  steal 

upon  the  soul,  and  it  will  requirt  both  time  and  close  appli- 
cation of  mind  to  recover  it  to  such  u frame  us  shall  dispose 
it  for  the  spiritualities  of  religion.  South. 

3.  That  which  belongs  to  a religious  estab- 
lishment, or  to  any  one  as  an  ecclesiastic  ; — 
opposed  to  temporality. 

Of  common  right,  the  dean  and  chapter  are  guardians  of 
the  spiritualities  during  the  vacancy  of  a bishopric.  Ayliffe. 

4.  +An  ecclesiastical  body  ; spiritualty.  Shak. 

SPIR-IT-U-AL-I-ZA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  spiritu- 
alizing. Chambers. 

SPlR'jT-U-AL-iZE,  v.  a.  [It . spiritualizzare;  Sp. 
espirituahzar  f Fr.  spiritualise)'.]  [i.  spiritu- 
alized ; pp.  SPIRITUALIZING,  spiritualized.] 

1.  To  render  spiritual;  to  purify  from  the 
feculence  of  the  world. 

It  seems  to  be  the  decisive  doctrine  of  Scripture,  that, 
■whatever  may  be  the  immediate  state  of  our  souls,  our  bod- 
ies, in  some  spiritualized  form  which  we  understand  not, 
6hall  be  again  united  to  them.  Gilpin. 

2.  To  convert  to  a spiritual  meaning.  Smart. 

3.  (Chcm.)  To  raise  by  distillation. 

Spirit  of  wine  is  sometimes  spiritualized  to  that  degree, 
that,  upon  throwing  a quantity  into  the  air,  not  a drop  shall 
fall  down,  but  the  whole  evaporate  and  be  lost.  Chambers. 

SPIR'IT-U-AL-iZ-yR,  n.  One  who  spiritualizes; 
a spiritualist.  Warburton. 

SPIR'IT-y-AL-LY,  ad.  In  a spiritual  manner; 
without  corporeal  grossness.  Bp.  Taylor. 

SPIR'IT-U-AL— MIND'JP.D-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or 
the  state  of  having  pure  and  religious  princi- 
ples ; spirituality.  Clarke. 

SPIR'IT-U-AL-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  spir- 
itual. Clarke. 

f PPlR'lT-C-AL-TY,  n.  An  ecclesiastical  body  ; 
the  clergy  ; spirituality.  Shak. 

f SPIR-IT-II-OS'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
spirituous ; spirituousness.  Cudworth. 

SPIR'IT-U-OUS  (splr'jt-yu-us),  a.  [It .spiritoso; 
Fr.  spiritueux.] 

1.  Pertaining  to,  or  partaking  of,  spirit,  par- 
ticularly distilled  spirit ; ardent ; alcoholic  ; spir- 
itous. 

The  most  spirituous  and  most  fragrant  part  of  the  plant  ex- 
hale9  by  the  action  of  the  sun.  Arbuthnot. 

Spirituous  liquors  distilled  not  for  sale,  but  for  private  use, 
arc  not,  in  Great  Britain,  liable  to  any  duties  of  exeisc.  Smith. 

2.  f Lively  ; vivid  ; airy ; gay.  B.  Jonson. 

Syn. — Spirituous  (Fr.  spiritueux)  signifies  hav- 
ing spirit,  as  a physical  property  ; as,  spirituous 
liquors.  Spiritous  (L.  spiritus,  spirit)  lias  the  same 
meaning,  but  is  less  used.  Spirited  is  applied  to  the 
animal  spirits  ; as,  a spirited  horse  ; spirited  manner. 
Spiritual  is  applied  to  the  spirit  or  soul,  and  is  opposed 
to  carnal,  secular,  or  temporal ; as  a spiritual  person, 
gifts,  blessings  ; ghostly  father,  enemy. 

SPlR'lT-y-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quali- 
ty of  being  spirituous.  Johnson. 

SPIR'KpT-ING,  n.  ( Ship-building .)  The  planks 
from  the  water-ways  to  the  port-sills.  Dana. 

SPI-ROM'JJ-Tpt,  n.  [L.  spiro,  to  breathe,  and 
Gr.  plrpov,  a measure.]  (Med.)  An  instrument 
for  measuring  the  quantity  of  air  concerned  in 
respiration,  and,  consequently,  the  capacity  of 
the  lungs.  Dunglison. 

SPIRT,  v.  n.  [i.  spirted  ; pp.  spirting,  spirt- 
ed.] To  spring  or  stream  out,  as  a fluid  through 
an  orifice,  suddenly  or  at  intervals ; — written 
also  spurt.  — See  Spurt.  Bacon. 


SPIRT,  v.  a.  To  throw  out  in  a jet.  Drydcil. 

SPIRT,  n.  1.  Sudden  ejection  ; a spout.  Johnson. 

2.  A sudden  and  short  effort.  Old  Morality. 

f SPIR'TLE,  v.  a.  To  spirt  scatteringly.  Drayton. 

SITR'U-LA,  n.  [L.,  a small,  twisted  cake.]  (/.o  il.) 
A genus  of  decapodous,  dibranchiate  cephalo- 
pods,  having  an  internal  spiral  shell.  Braude-. 

SPl'Ry,  a.  1.  Wreathed  ; curled  ; spiral. 

Hid  in  the  spiry  volumes  of  the  snake.  Drydcn. 

2.  Like  a spire;  tapering  to  a point;  pyram- 
idal. “ Spiry  turrets.”  Pope. 

Where  sprang  the  thorn,  the  spiry  fir  shall  spring.  Cowper. 

3.  Abounding  in  spires  or  steeples. 

And  spiry  towns  by  surging  columns  marked 

Of  household  smoke.  Thomson. 

t SPISS,  a.  [L.  spissus.]  Close  ; firm  ; thick  ; 
dense  ; compact.  B rerewood. 

SPIS'SA-TED,  a.  Thickened  ; inspissated.  “The 
spissated  juice  of  the  poppy.”  Warburton. 

SPIS'SI-TUDE,  n.  [L.  spissitudo .]  Grossness  or 
thickness,  as  of  soft  substances. 

Spissitudo  is  subdued  by  acrid  tilings.  Arbuthnot. 

SPIT,  n.  [A.  S.  spitu,  a spit;  Frs.  spit,  a spear; 
Dut.  spit ; Ger.  spiess,  a spear,  a spit;  Dan. 
spid ; Sw.  spett.  — It.  spiedc,  spiejdo  ; Sp.  espeton .] 

1.  A long  spike  or  bar,  usually  of  metal,  and 
pointed  at  one  end,  on  which  meat  is  roasted. 

lie  laid  the  spit  low,  near  the  coals.  Chapman. 

2.  The  depth  of  earth  which  a spade  pierces 

at  once  ; a spadeful.  Mortimer. 

3.  A small  point  or  tongue  of  land,  or  a long, 
narrow  shoal  running  out  into  the  sea. 

After  making  a few  boards  to  weather  a spit  that  run  out 
from  an  island  on  our  lee.  Captain  Clerke  made  the  signal 
for  having  discovered  a harbor.  Cook. 

SPIT,  v.  a.  [Dut.  spetan.]  \i.  spitted  ; pp.  spit- 
ting, SPITTED.]  To  pierce  or  transfix  with  a 
spit,  or  as  with  a spit.  Shak. 

SPIT,  v.  a.  [Goth,  spciican ; A.  S.  spatan,  spit- 
tan-,  Frs  .spin;  Dut.  spugen,  spuwen;  Ger.  spiit- 
zen  ; Dan.  spytte  ; Sw.  spotta  ; Icel.  spyta.  — “It 
is  nearly  related  to  the  L.  sputare;  Gr.  <pbrreiv, 
nrcetv,  to  spit.”  Bosworth.]  [ i . spit  or  spat  ; 
pp.  spitting,  spit,  or  spitten.  — Spat  and 
spitten  are  growing  obsolete.]  To  eject  from 
the  mouth,  as  saliva.  Shak. 

SPIT,  v.  n.  To  eject  or  throw  out  spittle  or  saliva 
from  the  mouth. 

No  man  could  spit  from  him  without  it  [the  tongue],  hut 
would  he  forced  to  drivel,  like  some  paralytics  or  a fool.  Grew. 

SPIT,  n.  The  secretions  ejected  from  the  mouth 
in  the  act  of  spitting  : spittle.  Todd. 

fSPlT'AE,  n.  [An  abbreviation  or  corruption  of 
hospital.  — See  Hospital.]  A hospital.  South. 

f srlT'AL— HOUSE,  n.  A hospital.  Shak. 

SPIT'— BOX,  n.  A box  to  spit  in  ; spittoon.  Baker. 

SPlTCH'COCK,  v.  a.  [i.  sriTCHCOCKKn  ; pp. 
spitchcocking,  spitchcocked.]  To  split 
lengthwise,  and  broil,  as  an  eel.  King. 

SPlTCH’COCK,  n.  An  eel  spitchcocked.  Decker. 

SPITE,  n.  [Dut.  spijt.  — L.  despectus ; dcspicio, 
to  despise  ; dc,  down  from,  and  spccio,  to  look 
•at;  It.  dispetto ; Sp.  despccho ; Old  Fr.  despit; 
Fr.  depit.] 

1.  Malice;  rancor;  hate;  malevolence. 

With  ireful  eyes  and  face  that  shook  with  spite.  Sidney. 

2.  Defiance  ; opposition  ; despite  ; — com- 
monly used  in  the  phrase  spite  of,  or  in  spite  of. 

In  s/iitc  of  pride,  in  erring  reason’s  spite. 

One  truth  is  clear  — whatever  is  is  right.  Pope. 

3.  Chagrin  ; vexation  ; trouble.  Shak. 

Syn.  — Sec  Malice. 

SPITE,  v.  a.  [».  spited  ; pp.  sriTixG,  spited.] 

1.  To  meditate,  or  to  do,  mischief  to ; to  treat 
maliciously  or  with  rancor. 

Beguiled,  divorced,  wronged,  spited , slain, 

Most  detestable  death,  by  thee.  • Shak. 

2.  To  fill  with  spite  ; to  offend. 

The  which  spited  Pcrpcnna  to  the  heart.  North. 

SPlTE'FUL,  a.  Full  of  spite  ; malicious  : malig- 
nant; malevolent.  “ Spiteful  wretches.”  White. 

Syn.  — Sec  Malicious. 

SPlTE'FUL-LY,  ad.  Maliciously;  malignantly; 
malevolently ; rancorously.  Waller. 


, U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


SPITEFULNESS 


1391 


SPLINTERY 


SPITE'FUL-NESS,  n.  Desire  to  vex  or  annoy  ; 


malice  ; malignity  ; malevolence.  Kcil. 

SPIT'FIRE,  ’ll.  An  angry,  passionate,  or  irascible 
person.  Congreve. 

SPIT'FUL,  n.  A spadeful.  Clarke. 

f SPIT'OUS,  a.  Spiteful ; malicious.  Chaucer 
t SPlT'OUS-Ly,  acl.  Spitefully.  Chaucer. 

SPIT'RACK,  n.  A rack  for  spits.  W.  Ency. 


SPJT'TED,  a.  1.  Put  upon  a spit,  as  meat. - 

2.  Having  the  horns  shot  out  into  length,  as 
the  head  of  a deer.  Bacon. 


SPIT'TEN,  the  obsolescent  past  part,  of  spit. 

SPIT'TJJR,  n.  1.  One  who  spits.  Iluloet. 

2.  A young  deer  whose  horns  begin  to  shoot ; 
a pricket.  Barret. 

SPIT'TING,  n.  The  act  of  one  w-lio  spits.  P.  Cyc. 

f SPIT'TLE,  n.  A hospital ; a spital.  B.  Jonson. 

SPTt'TLE,  n.  [A.  S.  spatl.\  Saliva;  spit.  Dryden. 

f SPIT'TLE,  v.  a.  To  dig  or  to  stir  with  a small 
spade.  Wright. 

t SPIT'TLY,  a.  Slimy;  full  of  spittle.  Cotgrave. 

SPIT-TOON',  n.  A spit-box.  Ec.  Rev. 

SPIT'— VEN-OM,  n.  Venom  orpoison  ejected  from 
the  mouth.  Hooker. 

SPLANjCII'NIC  (splangk'nik,  82),  a.  [Gr.  cnXayxiuKbi  I 
asXdyxror,  a viscus.]  (Anat.)  Pertaining  to  the 
viscera.  “ Splanchnic  nerves.”  Hunglison. 

SPLANGII-NOG'RA-PHy  (splangk-nog'ra-fe,  82),  n. 
[Gr.  MT?.ayx>>ov,  a viscus,  and  yoaipui,  to  describe.] 
(Med.)  That  part  of  anatomy  which  treats  of 
the  viscera.  Hunglison. 

SPLANjEH-NOL'O-QY  (splangk-nol'o-je),  n.  [Gr. 
cTtlayxyov,  a viscus,  and  X6yoi,  a discourse.]  The 
doctrine  of,  or  a treatise  on,  the  viscera.  Brande. 

SPLANCH-NOT'O-MY  (splangk-),  n.  [Gr.  cH.<iyx- 
vov,  a viscus,  and  Tipmo,  to  cut.]  {Med.)  Dissec- 
tion or  anatomy  of  the  viscera.  Hunglison. 

SPLASH,  v.  a.  [See  Plash.]  [t.  splashed  ; pp. 

SPLASHING,  SPLASHED.] 

1.  To  dash  or  spatter  with  a liquid,  as  with 
dirty  water  ; to  plash. 

2.  To  dash  or  spatter,  as  w'ater.  Lloyd. 

SPLASH,  n.  1.  Water  or  dirty  water  thrown  up, 
as  from  a puddle  : — a puddle  ; a plash.  Todd. 

2.  The  act  or  the  noise  of  splashing.  Clarke. 

SPLASH,  v n.  To  strike  and  dash  a liquid,  as 
water.  Clarke. 

SPLASH'— BOARD,  n.  The  dash-board  of  a car- 
riage. [England.]  Bristed. 

SPLASHER,  n.  A guard  placed  over  the  wheels 
of  a locomotive  engine,  to  prevent  any  person 
on  the  engine  from  coming  in  contact  with 
them,  and  also  to  protect  the  machinery  from 
wet  or  dirt  thrown  up  by  the  wheels.  Weale. . 

SPLASH' Y,  a.  Full  of  dirty  water,  or  apt  to  dash 
or  daub.  Johnson. 


SPLAT'TIJR,  v.  n.  To  make  a noise  in  beating  or 
dashing  water ; to  splash.  Jamieson. 

SPLAT'TJJR-DASII,  n.  An  uproar.  Jamieson. 

SPLAY,  v.  a.  [L.  plico,  to  fold.  — See  Displ  tv.] 

1.  +To  display  ; to  spread  out.  “Each  spray 

a banner  splayed.”  Mir.  for  Mag. 

2.  To  spread  ; to  extend.  Britton. 

3.  To  slope  or  slant,  as  a window.  Francis. 

4.  To  dislocate  or  break  the  shoulder-bone 

of,  as  a horse.  Johnson. 


SPLAY  (spla),  a.  Spread  or  turned  outward.  “A 
splay-foot.”  Burnet. 

SPLAY,  n.  (Arch.)  A sloped  or  slanted  surface  ; 
a slanting  expansion,  as  of  a window.  Weale. 

SPLAY'— FOOT  (-fut),  n.  A foot  the  plantar  sur- 
face of  which  is  flattened  instead  of  being  con- 
cave ; a flat-foot.  Hunglison. 

SPLAY  —FOOT  (spla'fut),  ? a-  Having  the 

SPLAY'— FOOT-IJD  (spla'fut-ed),  > foot  turned  out- 
ward ; flat-footed.  Machin. 

SPLAY'-MOUTH,  n.  A mouth  widened  or  spread, 
as  by  design.  Hayden. 


SPLAY'— MOUTHED,  a.  Having  a wide  mouth. 

SPLEEN,  n.  [Gr  anXijv  ; L.  splen.] 

1.  (Anat.)  A soft,  spongy,  parenchymatous, 

oval  organ  situated  deeply  in  the  left  hypochon- 
drium,  below  the  diaphragm,  above  the  colon, 
between  the  great  tuberosity  of  the  stomach  and 
the  cartilages  of  the  false  ribs,  and  above  and 
anterior  to  the  kidneys;  the  milt.  Its  functions 
are  unknown.  Hunglison. 

Tile  spleen  was  anciently  supposed  to  be  the 
seat  of  melancholy,  anger,  or  peevishness. 

2.  Anger ; ill-humor ; peevishness ; spite. 

“ Spleen  and  sour  disdain.”  Pope. 

3.  A freak  ; a caprice  ; a whim. 

A hare-brained  Hotspur,  governed  by  a spleen . Shale. 

Charge  not  in  your  spleen  a noble  person.  Shuk. 

4.  A sudden  motion  ; a fit.  [r.]  Shak. 

Brief  as  the  lightning  in  the  collied  night 

That,  in  & spleen,  unfolds  botli  heaven  and  earth.  Shak. 

5.  Melancholy  ; hypochondriasis.  “ Spleen , 

vapors,  and  small-pox.”  Pope. 

6.  f Immoderate  or  extravagant  merriment. 
They  that  desire  the  spleen , and  would  die  with  laughing. 

Shak. 

SPLEENED  (splend),  re.  Deprived  of  the  spleen. 
“ Animals  spleeucd  grow  salacious.”  Arbuthnot. 

SPLEEN'FUL,  re.  Angry  ; peevish  ; fretful ; mel- 
ancholy ; splenetic.  Shak. 

SPLEEN'ISH,  a.  Fretful;  spleeny.  B.  Hall. 

SPLEEN' (SII-LY,  ad.  In  a spleenish  manner  ; 
peevishly  ; fretfully  ; angrily.  Clarke. 

SPLEEN'ISH-NESS,  il.  Peevishness;  fretfulness; 
moroseness.  Clarke. 

f SPLEEN'LpSS,  re.  Kind  ; gentle.  Chapman. 

SPLEEN' WORT  (-wlirt),  n.  ( Bot .)  The  common 
name  of  a genus  of  ferns;  Asplenium ; — so 
called  from  their  being  formerly  supposed  to  be 
a sovereign  remedy  for  all  diseases  of  the 
spleen.  Loudon. 

SPLEEN'y,  re.  Angry;  peevish;  fretful;  ill-tem- 
pered ; irritable.  Shak. 

SPLEiJr'iJT,  ii.  A cloth  dipped  in  a liquor,  for 
washing  a sore.  Crabb. 

SPLEN'DIJNT,  re.  [L.  spleiulco,  sqilendens,  to 
shine.] 

1.  Having  great  lustre  ; shining ; splendid ; 
bright ; resplendent.  “ Splendent  planets.” 

Browne 

2.  Eminently  conspicuous ; illustrious. 

“ Splendent  fortunes.”  Wotton. 

God’s  third  attribute  is  his  goodness.;  and  this  is  splendent 
in  two  respects.  Shcljbrd. 

SPLEN'DID,  a.  [L.  splendidus ; splcndco,  to 

shine  ; It.  splendido  ; Sp.  esplendido  ; Fr.  splen- 
didc.\ 

1.  Having  splendor  ; shining ; showy  ; mag- 
nificent ; conspicuous  ; sumptuous  ; pompous. 

Fast  by  his  side  Pisistratus  lay  spread, 

In  age  ids  equal,  on  a splendid  bed.  Pope. 

2.  Illustrious  ; brilliant  ; glorious  ; heroic  ; 
sublime;  grand;  as,  “Splendid  achievements.” 

Syn.  — Sec  Magnificence,  Sublime. 

f SPLEN-DID'I-OUS,  a.  Splendid.  Hrayton. 

SPLEN'DID-LY,  ad.  In  a splendid  manner ; mag- 
nificently ; showily.  More. 

SPLEN'DID-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state  of 
being  splendid  ; splendor.  Boyle. 

SPLEN'DOR,  n.  [L.  splendor-.  It.  splendor e ; Sp. 
esplendor;  Fr.  splendour .] 

1.  Great  brightness  ; lustre ; brilliancy. 

The  dignity  of  gold  above  silver  is  not  much;  the  splendor 
is  alike,  ami  more  pleasing  to  some  eyes.  Bacon. 

2.  Magnificence  ; grandeur  ; pomp  ; show. 

“ Splendor  of  habit  and  retinue.”  South. 

Syn.  — See  Brightness,  Clearness,  Gran- 

deur, Magnificence. 

+ SPLEN'DROUS,  a.  Splendid.  Hrayton. 

SPLEN'E-TlC  (122)  [splen'e-tlk,  .8.  IF.  P.  J.  E.  F. 
Ja.  Sm.  B.  Tiy.  Wb.\  sule-net'jk,  K.  C.  Ash],  a. 
[L.  splencticus  ; It.  splcnetico  ; Sp.  esplenetico  ; 
Fr.,  splinetique.]  Affected  with,  or  proceeding 
from,  spleen  ; fretful ; peevish  ; morose.  Pope. 

SPLEN'E-TIC,  n.  A splenetic  person.  Taller. 

SPLE-NET'I-CAL,  re.  Splenetic  ; fretful.  Wotton. 


SPLE-NET'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a splenetic  or  fretful 
manner;  peevishly.  Alexander. 

SPLEN'IC,  re.  [Gr.  airXr/viKo; ; ovAijv,  the  spleen  ; 
L.  spleidcus ; It.  splenica ; Sp.  esplcnico  ; Fr. 
splenique.]  (Anat.)  Of,  or  pertaining  to,  the 
spleen.  “ Splenic  artery.”  Hunglison. 

SPEN'I-CAL,  re.  Pertaining  to  the  spleen.  Ash. 

SPLEN'ISH,  a.  Fretful;  spleenish.  [r.]  Hrayton. 

SPLE-NI'TIS,  n.  (Med.)  Inflammation  of  the 
spleen.  Hunglison. 

f SPLEN'I-TIVE,  re.  Hot;  fiery ; splenetic. Shak. 

SPLEN-I-ZA'TION,  n.  (Med.)  The  state  of  the 
lungs  in  the  first  or  second  stage  of  pneumonia, 
or  lung  fever,  in  which  its  tissue  resembles  that 
of  the  spleen.  Hunglison. 

SPLEN'O-CELE,  n.  [Gr.  arX/jr,  the  spleen,  and 
Kt’i/.t],  a tumor,  hernia.]  (Med.)  Hernia  formed 

by  the  spleen.  Hunglison. 

SPLIJ-NOG'RA-PH Y,  n.  [Gr.  a-Xnv,  the  spleen, 
and  yout/ioi,  to  describe.]  (Med.)  A description 

of  the  spleen.  Hunglison. 

SPLE-NOL'O-t^Yi  n.  [Gr.  airh'/v,  the  spleen,  and 
X6 yos,  a discourse.]  (Med.)  A treatise  or  dis- 
course on  the  spleen.  Hunglison. 

SPLIJ-NOT'O-MY,  n.  [Gr.  airXrjv,  spleen,  and  rtprio, 
to  cut.]  Dissection  of  the  spleen.  Hunglison. 

SPLENT,  n.  A splint.  — See  Splint. 

SPLENT,  n A kind  of  cannel  coal ; — called  also 
splent-coal  and  splint.  Clcaveland. 

SPLICE,  v.  a.  [Dut.  sph/sen;  Ger.  splissen ; Dan. 
splisse ; Sw.  sp/issa.  — Sec  Split.]  [t.  spliced  ; 
pp.  splicing,  spliced.]  To  join  together,  as 
two  ropes,  by  interweaving  their  strands.  Hana. 

To  splice  the  main  brace , to  give  or  to  talce  a drink 
of  liquor,  as  in  cold  or  wet  weather  ; — a cant  phrase 
among  sailors.  Mar.  Diet. 

SPLICE,  n.  The  junction  of  two  ropes  by  inter- 
weaving their  strands  : — a piece  added  by  spli- 
cing. Mar.  Hict. 

SPLl'CTNG,  ii.  The  act  of  one  who  splices. 

SPLINT,  n.  [Dut.  splinter,  splijtcn,  to  split; 
Ger  splitter,  splint ; Dan.  splint .] 

1.  A thin  piece  of  wood  or  other  solid  sub- 
stance split  off ; a splinter.  Holland. 

2.  (Surg.)  A thin  piece  of  wood,  or  other  ma- 

terial, for  confining  in  their  place  the  parts  of 
broken  bones,  when  set.  Hunglison. 

3.  (Armor.)  A small  overlapping  metal  plate 

covering  the  inner  bend  of  the  arm  above  the 
elbow,  and  serving  as  a defence  for  it,  while  it 

admits  of  free  motion.  Fairholt. 

4.  (Farriery.)  A tumor,  first  callous  and  af- 

terwards bony,  with  part  of  its  base  resting  on 
the  line  of  union  of  the  shank-bone  and  the 
splint-bones  of  a horse.  Youatt. 

SPLINT,  v re.  1.  To  split  into  thin  pieces;  to 
splinter  ; to  shiver.  Florin. 

2.  To  confine  or  secure  by  splints.  Shak. 

SPLINT,?!.  A kind  of  cannel  coal;  splcnt-coal; 
— written  also  splent.  Clcaveland. 

SPLINT'— BONE,  n.  (Farriery.)  A name  applied 
to  one  of  the  two  small  bones  extending  from 
the  knee  to  the  fetlock  of  a horse,  behind  the 
canon,  or  shank-bone.  Youatt. 

SPI.IN'TlJR,  n.  [Dut.  splinter.  — See  Stlint.] 
A thin  or  pointed  piece  of  wood  or  other  sub- 
stance split  or  rent  off';  a splint.  Bacon. 

SPLIN'TlJR,  v.  re.  [ i . splintered  ; pp.  splin- 
tering, SPLINTERED.] 

1.  To  split  or  rend  into  fragments,  or  long, 
thin  pieces  ; to  shiver. 

I’ll  seek  no  safety  from  a splintered  reed.  Harte . 

2.  To  confine  by  splints  ; to  splint.  Bp.  Wren. 

3.  To  support;  to  prop.  Beau,  fy  FI. 

SPLIN'TJJR,  v.  n.  To  be  split  or  broken  into  frag- 
ments or  thin  pieces.  Woodland  Companion. 

SPLIN'TlJR— BAR,  n.  A cross-piece  supporting 

the  springs  of  a carriage.  Simmonds. 

SPLIN'TJJR— PROOF,  ?i.  (Mil.)  Able  to  resist  the 
splinters  of  bursting  shells.  Glos.  of  Mil.  Terms. 

SPLlN'TER-V',  re.  Consisting  of,  having,  or  re- 
sembling, splinters.  Brande. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NoR,  SON; 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — (J,  (}, 


g,  soft;  jC,  G,  g,  g,  hard;  § res  z;  ^ as  gz. — THIS,  this. 


SPLIT 


1392 


SPONSION 


SPLIT,  v.  a.  [Dut.  splijten ; Ger . spleissen,  split  - 
tern,  spalten;  Dan.  splitte;  Sw.  splittra .]  [/. 

SPLIT  or  SPLITTED  ; pp.  SPLITTING,  SPLIT  01' 

splitted.  — Splitted  is  little  used.] 

1.  To  divide  or  separate  longitudinally ; to 
cleave  ; to  rive  ; to  rend. 

With  sounding  axes  to  the  grove  they  go, 

Fell,  split , and  lay  the  fuel  in  a row.  Dt'yden. 

2.  To  divide  ; to  part ; to  separate  ; to  sunder. 
Two  crimes  which  he  lias  dealt  with,  and,  to  make  the 

more  solemn  show,  lie  split  them  into  twenty.  Attcrbury. 

3.  To  divide  or  break  into  discord. 

A secret  and  irresistible  power  splits  their  counsels.  South. 
Syn.  — See  Crack. 


2.  That  which  is  gained  by  strength  or  effort. 

Each  science  and  each  art  his  spoil.  Bentley. 

3.  Robbery  ; pillage  ; rapine  ; spoliation. 

Tiic  man  that  hath  no  music  in  himself. 

Nor  is  not  moved  with  concord  of  sweet  sounds, 

Is  tit  for  treasons,  stratagems,  and  spoils.  Shak. 

4.  Corruption  or  cause  of  corruption  ; ruin. 

Villanous  company  hath  been  the  spoil  of  me.  Shak. 

5.  A serpent’s  slough  or  cast  skin.  Bacon. 
Syn.  — See  Booty. 

SPolL'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  spoiled.  Dr. Arnold. 

SPOIL'— BANK,  n.  A bank  formed  by  earth  dug 
out  of  any  place,  as  in  making  a canal.  Crabb. 


SPLIT,  v.  n.  1.  To  burst  or  part  asunder;  to 
suffer  disruption.  “ If  the  mast  split.”  Dryden. 

A huge  vessel  of  exceeding  hard  marble  split  asunder  by 
congealed  water.  Boyle. 

2.  To  burst  with  laughter;  to  shout. 

Each  had  a gravity  would  make  you  split.  Pope. 

3.  To  be  broken  or  dashed  to  pieces,  as 
against  rocks.  “ After  our  ship  did  split.”  Shak. 

4.  To  betray  confidence.  [Local, Eng.]  Wright. 

Syn.  — See  Break. 

SPLIT,  n.  1.  A longitudinal  crack  or  fissure. 

2.  A division  or  breach,  as  in  a party. 

A split  among  the  British  archicologists.  Lond.  Athenceum. 


SPLIT,  p.  a.  1.  Divided  longitudinally. 

Johnson.  ( 

2.  ( Bot .)  Divided  about  to  the  mid- 
dle, or  somewhat  more  deeply,  into  a 
determinate  number  of  segments ; 
cleft.  Bindley. 

Split  in  two , ( Bot .)  bifid;  two-cleft. — • 
Split  in  three,  ( But .)  trifid  ; three-cleft.  Lindlcy. 


Gray. 


SPLIT'— PEA^E,  n.  Husked  peas  split  for  making 
soup  or  puddings.  Simmonds. 

SPLIT'TER,  n.  One  tvho  splits.  Swift. 


SPLURpE,  n.  A great  effort;  a struggle  ; a bus- 
tle. [Local  and  vulgar,  U.  S.]  Bartlett. 


SPLUT'TIJ R,  n.  Bustle;  tumult;  stir;  excite- 
ment. [Vulgar.]  Johnson. 

SPLUT'TpR,  V.  n.  [r.  SPLUTTERED  ; pp.  SPLUT- 
TERING, spluttered.]  To  speak  hastily  and 
confusedly;  to  stammer.  Carleton. 


SPLUT'TpR-£R,  n.  One  who  splutters,  or  speaks 
imperfectly  through  haste.  [V ulgar.]  Smart. 

SPOCH'DOG,  n.  A species  of  dog.  Dryden. 

SPOD’O-mAN-CY,  11.  [Gr.  oirolos,  ashes,  and  pav- 
reia,  divination.]  Divination  by  ashes.  Smart. 

SPOD'U-MENE,  n.  (Min.)  A crystalline  and  also 
eleavablc  massive  mineral,  of  pearly  lustre,  of 
various  colors,  translucent  or  subtranslucent, 
and  composed  chiefly  of  silica,  alumina,  and 
lithia.  Sometimes  the  alumina  is  replaced  by 
the  protoxide  of  iron.  Dana. 

SPOIL,  v.  a.  [L . spolio  ; spolium,  spoil;  It.  spo- 
gliare;  Fr.  spolier.]  [i.  spoiled  or  spoilt; 
pp.  spoiling,  spoiled  or  spoilt.] 

1.  To  strip  or  deprive  of  goods  or  property  ; 
to  rob  ; to  plunder  ; to  despoil ; to  fleece. 

They  were  most  injuriously  spoiled  of  all  they  had.  Knollcs. 

2.  To  seize  by  robbery  or  violence ; to  steal. 

Ilow  can  one  enter  into  a strong  man’s  house,  and  spoil  his 
goods,  except  he  first  bind  the  strong  man?  Malt.  xii.  29. 

This  mount 

With  all  his  verdure  sj/oiled,  and  trees  adrift.  Milton. 

SPOIL,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  spillan;  Dut.  <§■  Ger.  spillen-, 
Dan.  spilde  ; Sw.  Icel.  spi/Ja.]  To  deprive  of 
use  or  usefulness ; to  render  useless ; to  cor- 
rupt; to  mar;  to  ruin.  “Spiritual  pride  spoils 
many  graces.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

It  spoils  the  pleasure  of  the  time.  Shak. 

Women  are  . . . spoiled  by  this  education.  Locke. 

SPOIL,  v.  n.  To  practise  robbery  or  plunder  ; to 
rob  ; to  steal ; to  pilfer. 

England  was  infested  by  robbers  and  outlaws,  which,  lurk- 
ing in  woods,  used  to  break  forth  to  rob  and  spoil.  Spenser. 

SPOIL,  v.  n.  To  grow  useless;  to  become  cor- 
rupted or  ruined  ; to  decay,  as  fruit. 

He  was  only  to  look  that  he  used  them  before  they  spoiled. 

Locke. 

SPOIL,  n.  [L.  spolium-.  It.  spoglia  ; Sp.  despajo.\ 

1.  That  which  is  taken  by  robbery  or  violence ; 
plunder  ; pillage  ; booty  ; prey. 

My  vote  was  counted  in  the  day  of  battle,  but  I was  over- 
looked in  the  division  of  the  spoil.  Gihbon. 

I have  loadcn  me  with  many  spoils.  Shak. 


SPOILER,  n.  One  who  spoils  or  robs  ; a plunder- 
er ; a robber  ; a corrupter  ; a destroyer.  South. 

f SPOIL' FUL,  a.  Wasteful;  rapacious.  Spenser. 

SPOIL'ING,  n.  Plunder;  pillage;  spoil.  Clarke. 

SPOKE,  n.  [A.  S.  spaca ; Dut.  speek ; Ger. 
speiche. — See  SriKE.] 

1.  One  of  the  bars  of  a wheel  which  extend 
from  the  nave  or  hub  to  the  felly  or  rim.  Shak. 

The  spoken  wc  are  by  Ovid  told. 

Were  silver,  aud  the  axle  gold.  Swift. 

2.  A round  of  a ladder.  Lovelace. 

3.  A kind  of  skid  for  a vehicle.  Simmonds. 

To  put  a spoke  in  one’s  wheel,  to  throw  an  impedi- 
ment in  one’s  way  ; to  thwart  a design.  IV right. 

Ka-  “ Spoke  [in  the  phrase,  to  put  a.  spoke  in  his 
wheel ] is  probably  a corruption  of  spike,  to  put  or 
drive  a spike  into  the  nave,  so  as  to  prevent  the 
wheel  from  turning  on  its  axle.  The  etfect  is  similar 
to  that  of  spiking  cannon.”  Richardson. 

SPOKE,  v.  a.  To  fit  or  furnish  with  spokes.  Pope. 

SPOKE,  i.  from  speak.  See  Speak. 

SPOKED  (spokt),  p.  a.  Having  spokes.  Ilobhousc. 

SPO'KEN  (spo'kn), p.  from  speak.  See  Speak. 

SPOKE'SHAVE,  n.  A kind  of  shave  for  smooth- 
ing spokes,  &c.  Palsgrave. 

SI’OKES'MAN,  n.  One  who  speaks  for  another. 

lie  shall  be  thy  spokesman  unto  thy  people.  Ex.  vi.  1G. 

SPO'LI-A-RY,  n.  [L.  spoliarium. ] A place  in  a 
Roman  amphitheatre  where  the  clothes  were 
stripped  from  the  slain  gladiators  who  were 
dragged  thither.  Milton. 

SPO'LI-ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  spolio,  spoliatus-,  spolium, 
spoil.]  To  rob  ; to  plunder  ; to  spoil.  Broker. 

SPO'LI-ATE,  v.  n.  To  rob  ; to  spoil.  . Craig. 

SPO-LI-A'TION,  n.  [L.  spoliatio ; It.  spoglia- 
zione  ; Sp.  espoliacion  ; Fr.  spoliation.'] 

1.  The  act  of  plundering  ; violent  deprivation 

of  possession  ; robbery.  Bnrrill. 

2.  (Eng.  Eccl.  Law.)  An  injury  done  by  one 

clerk  or  incumbent  to  another  by  taking  the 
fruits  of  his  benefice  under  a pretended  title  : — 
a waste  of  church  property  by  an  ecclesiastical 
person.  Blackstonc. 

SPO'LI-A-T! VC,  a.  [Fr.  spoliatif.]  Spoliatory: 
— diminishing,  — applied  to  blood-letting. 

Dunglison. 

SPO'LT-A-TOR,  n.  [L.]  One  who  commits  spo- 
liation ; a spoiler.  Perrin. 

SPO'LI-A-TO-RY,  a.  Causing  spoliation  ; de- 
structive. [it.]  Ch.  Ob. 

SPOM-DA'IC,  l a [Gr.  airoviti uk6<  ; L.  spon- 

SPON-DA'I-CAL,  S daicus ; It.  spondaieo  ; Fr. 
spondalrpte.]  Pertaining  to,  or  consisting  of,  a 
spondee  or  spondees.  Fefrand. 

SPON'DEE,  n.  [Gr.  airovlelu; ; trirovht),  a libation,  a 
treaty;  — so  called,  because,  at  treaties,  slow, 
solemn  melodies  were  used,  chiefly  in  this  metre  ; 
It.  spondeo  ; Sp.  espondeo  ; Fr.  spondee.]  (Pros.) 
A foot  consisting  of  two  long  syllables.  Broome. 

SPON'DYL,  n.  [Gr.  aipdvlvXo;,  at Tovfiukos’,  L.  spon- 
dylus;  It.  spondilo ; Fr.  spondgle.]  A single 
joint  of  the  spine ; a vertebre.  Bp.  Taylor. 

SPONG,  n.  A projection  of  land  ; a projecting 
part  of  a field.  [Local,  Eng.]  Fuller. 

SPONGE  (spunj),  n.  [Gr.  irnoyyog,  croyyla ; L. 
spongia  ; It.  spogna,  spugna  ; Sp.  esponja ; Fr. 
eponge.  — A.  S.  spinge,  sponge  ; Dut.  spons.] 

1.  A soft,  porous  substance,  or  cellular,  fibrous 
tissue,  produced  naturally,  and  used  for  wiping 
and  cleansing,  or  for  imbibing  moisture. 

Sponyes  are  gathered  from  the  sides  of  rocks.  Bacon.  I 


tfa ” “ Generally,  and  we  think  justly,  zoologists 
have  claimed  these  organizations  for  the  animal  king- 
dom, and  ranked  them  among  the  zoophytes ; but 
there  are  eminent  writers  wiio  dissent  from  this  view 
on  different  grounds,  and  prefer  to  rank  the  marine 
and  frcsli  water  sponges  with  plants.”  Eng.  Cyc. 

r . “ The  sponges  of  commerce  are  usually  pre- 
pared before  they  come  to  the  market,  by  being  beaien 
and  soaked  in  dilute  muriatic  acid,  with  a view  to 
bleach  them,  and  to  dissolve  any  adherent  portions  of 
carbonate  ot  lime.”  Braude. 

2.  Any  instrument  or  soft  substance  used  for 
wiping  and  cleaning  ; as,  “ A sponge  for  a gun.” 

3.  Soft  dough  for  bread.  Simmonds. 

4.  One  who  sponges  or  gains  by  mean  arts ; 

a sponger.  _ Clarke. 

5.  The  hinder  part  of  a horse-shoe.  Burn. 

Platinum  sponge,  spongy  platinum.  — See  PLATI- 
NUM. 

SPONGE  (spunj),  v.  a.  [t.  sroxGED  ; pp.  spon- 
ging, SPONGED.] 

1.  To  cleanse  or  wipe  with  a sponge.  Johnson. 

2.  To  wipe  out  with  a sponge.  Hooker. 

3.  To  gain  by  extortion  or  by  mean  arts. 

To  sponye  a breakfast  once  a week.  Swift. 

4.  To  wet  or  dampen,  as  cloth,  to  prevent 

shrinking.  . Preble. 

SPONGE  (spunj),  v.  n.  1.  To  suck  in  or  imbibe 
moisture,  as  a sponge.  Johnson. 

2.  To  live  by  mean  arts  ; to  hang  on  others 
for  maintenance. 

The  fly  is  an  intruder,  and  a common  smell-feast,  that 
sponyes  upon  other  people's  trenchers.  L'Bstranye. 

SPONGE'— CAKE,  n.  A very  light  and  porous 
kind  of  sweet  cake.  Nicholls. 

SPONGE'L£T,  n.  (Bot.)  A spongiole.  Eng.  Cyc. 

SPON'GG-OUS,  a.  Having  the  nature  of  sponge  ; 
spongy.  Humble. 

SPON'GGR  (spun'jer),  n.  One  who  sponges  or 
hangs  on  others  for  a maintenance.  L’ Estrange. 

SPONGE'— TREE,  n.  (Bot.)  An  evergreen  tree 
of  St.  Domingo  ; Acacia  farnesiana.  Loudon. 

SPON'Gl-FORIM,  a.  [L.  spongia,  sponge,  and  forma, 
form.]  Having  tire  form  of  sponge.  Phillips. 

SPON'G!-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state  of 
being  spongy  ; softness  and  porousness. Harvey. 

SPONG'ING,  p.  a.  Wiping  up  or  squeezing  out 
what  remains,  as  with  a sponge.  Smart. 

SPONG' ING-HOUSE,  n.  (Law.)  A bailiff’s  house 
or  office,  where  persons  arrested  for  debt  are 
kept  for  a time,  till  they  compromise  with  their 
creditors,  or  are  removed  to  a closer  confine- 
ment. Crabb. 

SPON'Gl-OLE,  n.  [L.  spongiola,  a small  root  of 
the  asparagus ; Fr.  spongiole,  a spongiole.] 
(Bot.)  A name  applied  to  the  extremity  of  a 
fibre  of  a root  which  was  formerly  erroneously 
supposed  to  be  destitute  of  epidermis,  and  ca- 
pable of  absorbing  moisture  from  the  surround- 
ing medium  ; a spongelet.  Gray. 

SPON'Gl-OSE,  a.  [L.  spongiosus ; spongia, 
sponge.]  Resembling  sponge  ; spongy  .Maunder. 

f SPON'Gl-OUS,  a.  [Fr.  spongieux .]  Full  of 

small  cavities  like  a sponge  ; spongy.  Cheyne. 

SPONG'OIII,  a.  [Gr.  ondyyos,  sponge,  and  t bos, 
form.]  Resembling  sponge  ; spongy.  Dunglison. 

SPON'GY  (spun'je),  a.  1.  Resembling  sponge ; soft 
and  porous.  “ A spongy  excrescence.”  Bacon. 

2.  Wet ; drenched  ; soaked  ; full  of  liquor,  as 
a sponge.  “ His  spongy  officers.”  Shak. 

Spongy  platinum.  See  PLATINUM. 

SPONK,  n.  Spunk. — See  Spunk.  Jamieson. 

SPON'SAL,  a.  [L.  sponsalis.]  Relating  to  mar- 
riage or  espousals  ; nuptial.  Bailey. 

SPON'SI-BLE,  a.  Responsible.  [Local,  Eng.]  I Vr. 

SPON'SION,  n.  [L.  sponsio  ; spondeo,  to  promise 
solemnly ; It.  sponsions.] 

1.  The  act  of  becoming  a surety,  especially  in 

baptism.  Napleton. 

2.  (International  Law.)  An  engagement 

made  on  behalf  of  a state  by  an  agent  not 
specially  authorized,  or  exceeding  the  limits  of 
the  authority  under  which  it  purports  to  be 
made,  and  which,  to  be  valid,  must  be  confirmed 
by  express  or  tacit  ratification,  'as  the  official 
act  of  an  admiral  or  a general  suspending  or 
limiting  hostilities,  c pitulations  of  surrender, 
cartels  of  exchange,  &c.  Burrill. 


A,  E,  I,  5,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  [,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


SPONSIONAL 


SPON'SION-AL,  a.  Responsible;  implying  a 
pledge."  “That  sponsional  person.”[lt.]  Leighton. 

SPON'SOR,  n.  [L.]  A surety,  — particularly 
one  who  is  surety  for  an  infant  in  baptism,  pro- 
fessing the  Christian  faith  in  its  name,  and 
guaranteeing  its  religious  education ; a god- 
father or  a godmother.  Ayliffe. 

SPON-SO'RI-AL,  a.  Relating  to  a sponsor.  Clarke. 

SPON'SOR-SIllP,  n.  The  state  or  the  office  of  a 
sponsor.  Dana. 

SPON-TA-NE'I-TY,  n.  [School  L.  spontaneitas, 
from  L.  sponte,  voluntarily ; It.  spontaneity ; 
Sp.  espontaneidad ; Fr.  spontaneite. ] The  state 
or  the  quality  of  being  spontaneous  ; the  true 
and  real  dependence  of  our  actions  on  ourselves  ; 
spontaneousness.  Bramhall. 

SPON-TA'N£-OUS,  a.  [L.  spontaneus  ; sponte,  of 
free  will,  voluntarily  ; It.  spontaneo  ; Sp.  espon- 
taneo ; Fr.  spontani. ] Arising  or  existing 
from  natural  inclination,  disposition,  or  ten- 
dency, or  without  external  cause;  acting,  pro- 
ceeding, or  growing  of  itself  or  of  its  own  ac- 
cord; self-moving,  self-acting,  or  self-existing  ; 
not  compelled,  constrained,  reluctant,  or  artifi- 
cial ; voluntary  ; as,  “ Spontaneous  growth.” 

The  spontaneous  effusions  of  the  heart  are  more  than  the 
voluntary  services  of  benevolence.  Crabb. 

J0£S=“‘  Those  operations  of  mind  which  are  contin- 
ually going  on  without  any  effort  or  intention  on  our 
part,  ar e spontaneous.”  Fleming. 

Syn.  — See  Voluntary. 

SPON-TA'NE-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  a spontaneous 
manner  ; of  one’s  own,  or  its  own,  accord  or  nat- 
ural tendency ; voluntarily.  Bentley. 

SPQN-TA'NU-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
spontaneous  ; spontaneity.  Hale. 

f SPON'TA-NY,  a.  Spontaneous.  Chaucer. 

SPON-TOON',  n.  [It.  spuntone  ; Sp.  A Fr.  espon- 
toni]  (Mil.)  A weapon  resembling  a halberd, 
formerly  used  instead  of  a half-pike  by  infantry 
officers.  Stocqueler. 

SPOOK,  n.  [Dut.]  A ghost;  a spectre.  Royet. 

SPOOL,  n.  [Dut.  spoel ; Ger.  spule  ; Dan.  &;  Sw. 
spate.  — Gael .spal;  Ir .spot.]  A piece  of  cane  or 
reed  with  a knot  at  each  end,  or  a piece  of  wood 
turned  with  a ridge  at  each  end,  used  to  wind 
thread  or  yarn  on.  Johnson. 

SPOOL,  v.  a.  [i.  spooled;  pp.  SPOOLINC, 
spooled.]  To  wind  on  a spool.  Ash. 

SPOOL'JJR,  n.  One  who  spools.  Mason. 

SPOOM,  v.  n.  [Probably  from  spume , a foam.  John- 
son.]  ( Naut .)  To  sail  swiftly  before  the  wind, 

as  a vessel.  Dryden. 

SPOON,  n.  [A.  S.  spon,  a chip  ; Dut.  spaan ; Ger. 
span-,  Dan.  spaan-,  Sw.  span;  Icel.  spann,  a 
chip,  a spoon.  — Gael.  Spain,  a spoon  ; Ir.  Spain, 
sponog.\  A utensil  consisting  of  a bowl  or  con- 
cave vessel  with  a handle,  used  for  taking  up 
liquids,  &c.,  at  table,  and  for  dipping.  Shak. 

f SPOON,  v.  n.  To  spoom.  — See  Spoom.  Bailey. 

SPOON'-IHLL,  n.  ( Ornith .) 

A bird  of  the  family  Ardei- 
d<e  and  genus  PLtalea, 
distinguished  by  the  beak 
being  long,  broad,  and  flat 
throughout  its  length,  but 
more  so  at  the  tip,  where 
it  has  the  form  of  a round, 
spoon-shaped  disk.  Baird. 

Roseate  spoon-bill,  the  Pla- 
talca  Jt\aja,  a native  of  Guiana 
and  Mexico.  — White  spoon- 
bill, the  Platalea  leucorodia , a 
native  of  most  parts  of  the  Old  World.  Baird. 

SPOON'DRIFT,  n.  (Naut.)  Water  swept  from 
the  tops  of  the  waves  by  the  violence  of  the 
wind  in  a tempest,  and  driven  along  before  it, 
covering  the  surface  of  the  sea.  Dana. 

SPOONEY,  n.  A dull  or  weak-minded  fellow ; a 
dolt ; a blockhead.  [Low.]  C.  Bronte. 

SPOON’FUL,  n.  ; pi.  spoonfuls.  1.  As  much  as 
a spoon  will  hold.  Bacon. 

2.  A small  quantity.  Arbuthnot. 

SPOON'MEAT,  n.  Food  taken  with  a spoon  ; 
liquid  food,  as  broth.  Wiseman. 


1393 

SPOON'WORT  (spon'wtirt),  n.  (Bot.)  The  com- 
mon name  of  plants  of  the  genus  Cochlearia, 
the  leaves  of  which  are  hollowed  like  a spoon; 
scurvy-grass.  Harte. 

SPOOR,  n.  [Dut.  spoor.\  1.  The  track  or  trail  of 
a wild  animal.  Crabb. 

2.  The  dung  of  the  moose.  Hammond. 

SPOR  'JI-DF.ijj,  n.  pi.  [L.,  from  Gr.  a-nopAle;.] 

1.  Scattered  islands  ; — particularly  a group  of 
islands  off  the  west  coast  of  Asia  Minor.  Crabb. 

2.  (Astron.)  A name  applied  by  the  ancients 

to  such  stars  as  were  not  included  in  any  con- 
stellation, called  by  the  moderns  unformed  or 
informed  stars.  Hutton. 

SPO-RA’DI-AL,  a.  Sporadic;  scattered.  P.  Mag. 

| SPO-RAd  IC,  l a%  [Qr.  onopa&iKds,  scattered, 

SPO-RAD  I-CAL,  > sporadic;  oireipoi,  to  sow,  to 
scatter ; It.  sporadico ; Sp.  espo'radico  ; Fr.  spo- 
radique. ] 

1.  (Med.)  Noting  diseases  which  supervene 
in  every  season  and  situation  from  accidental 
causes,  and  independently  of  any  epidemic  or 
contagious  influence  ; scattered  ; not  epidemic. 

Dunglison. 

2.  (Bot.)  Noting  species  which  occur  in  more 

than  one  of  the  separate  districts  assigned  to 
particular  floras.  Henslow. 

SPO-RAd'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a scattered  manner. 

SPORE,  n.  [Gr.  ottbpos,  a sowing;  oirtipoi,  to  sow.] 
(Bot.)  A body  resulting  from  the  fructification 
of  cryptogamous  plants,  and  analogous  to  the 
seed  of  phamogamous  plants.  Gray. 

SPOR'RAN,  n.  [Scot.]  A leathern  pouch  worn 
in  front  by  Highlanders  in  full  dress.  Jamieson. 

SPORT,  n.  [Gael,  spors,  spurt,  sport.  — Dut.  spot, 
mock,  mockery  ; boert,  jest ; Ger.  spott ; Icel. 
spott.  — It.  diporto,  sport ; Old  Fr.  desport .] 

1.  That  which  diverts  or  produces  mirth  or 
pleasure  ; play  ; diversion  ; amusement ; pas- 
time ; game ; fun. 

They  called  for  him  [Samson]  out  of  the  prison-house,  and 
he  made  them  sport.  Judy.  xvi.  25. 

lie  that  spends  all  his  life  in  sports  is  like  one  who  wears 
nothing  but  fringes,  and  eats  nothing  but  sauces.  Fuller. 

By  sports  like  these  are  all  his  cares  beguiled; 

Tne  sports  of  children  satisfy  the  child.  Goldsmith. 

2.  That  with  which  a person  or  thing  plays. 

Each,  on  his  rock  transfixed,  the  sport  and  prey 

Of  racking  whirlwinds.  Milton. 

3.  Contemptuous  or  derisive  mirth  ; mock  ; 
mockery  ; ridicule  ; derision. 

They  had  his  messengeis  in  derision,  and  made  a sport  of 
his  prophets.  Fsclras  i.  51. 

4.  Play  or  idle  jingle.  “ Who  should  intro- 
duce such  a sport  of  words.”  Broome. 

5.  Diversion  of  the  field,  as  of  fowling,  hunt- 
ing, racing,  or  fishing.  Clarendon. 

In  sport,  in  jest ; not  in  earnest. 

Syn.  — See  Amusement,  Play. 

SPORT,  v.  a.  \i.  sported  ; pp.  sporting, 

SPORTED.] 

1.  To  divert ; to  make  merry  ; — used  with  a 

reciprocal  pronoun.  “ They  sported  themselves 
in  his  pain.”  Sidney. 

2.  To  represent  sportfully  or  by  play. 

Sportinrj  on  the  lyre  thy  love  of  youth.  Dryden. 

3.  To  utter  sportively  ; — used  with  off. 

He  thus  sports  off  a dozen  epigrams.  Addison. 

4.  To  exhibit  or  make  a show  of ; as,  “Jack 

Jehu  sported  a new  gig  yesterday.”  Grose.  [Col- 
loquial or  vulgar.]  Wright. 

SPORT,  v.  n.  1.  To  play;  to  frolic;  to  wanton. 
“ Sporting  the  lion  ramped.”  Milton. 

O’er  the  green  mead  the  sporting  virgins  play.  Pope. 

2.  To  jest;  to  joke;  to  trifle ; — followed  by 
with.  “ He  sports  with  his  own  life.”  Tillotson. 

3.  To  practise  the  diversions  of  the  field  ; to 
be  engaged  in  hunting,  racing,  fishing,  & c. 

Syn.  — See  Jest. 

SPORT-A-bIl'I-TY,  n.  Frolicsomeness.  Sterne. 

SPORT'AL,  a.  Relating  to,  or  used  in,  sports. 
“ Sportal  arms.”  Dryden. 

SPORT'ER,  n.  One  who  sports.  Sherwood. 

SPORT'FUL,  a.  1.  Full  of  sport;  mirthful  ; mer- 
ry ; sportive.  “ The  sportful  herd.”  Milton. 

2.  Done  for  play  or  in  jest.  Bentley. 


SPOTTY 

SPORT'Fl)L-LY,  ad.  With  sport;  merrily;  play- 
fully ; in  jest.  Herbert. 

SPORT'FUL-NESS,  n.  Playfulness  ; frolicsome- 
ness ; merriment.  Sidney. 

SPORT'ING,  p.  a.  Relating  to  or  practising  sport 
or  diversions  of  the  field  ; as,  “Asporting  man.” 

SPORT'JNG-LY,  ad.  In  jest;  in  sport.  Hammond. 

SPORTIVE,  a.  Playful  ; frolicsome  ; merry  ; gay  ; 
facetious ; humorous  ; comic ; jocose ; ludicrous. 

Syn.  — See  Ludicrous. 

SPORT'IVE-LY,  ad.  In  a sportive  manner  ; play- 
fully ; merrily.  Dryden. 

SPORT'IVE-NESS,  n.  Playfulness;  frolicsome- 
ness ; merriment.  Walton. 

SPORT'LpSS,  a.  Without  sport  or  mirth ; joy- 
less ; sad.  “ Sportless  nights.”  P.  Fletcher. 

SPORT'LING,  n.  A bird  or  other  creature  that 
sports  or  plays. 

Where  the  linnets  sit  and  sing, 

Little  sportlinys  of  the  spring.  Sio\ft. 

SPORTS'MAN,  n.  ; pi.  sportsmen.  One  who  pur- 
sues the  sports  of  the  field.  Addison. 

SPORTS'MAN-SHIP,  n.  The  practice  or  the  skill 
of  a sportsman  or  of  sportsmen.  Clarke. 

f SPOR'TU-LA-RY,  a.  Subsisting  on  alms.  Hall. 

fSPORT'ULE  (spbrt'yul),  n.  [L.  sportula,  a gift, 
a present.]  Alms  ; a dole.  Ayliffe. 

SPOR'ULE,  n.  (Bot.)  A little  spore.  Gray. 

SPOR-U-LlF'ER-OUS,  a.  [ sporule  and  L.  fero, 

to  bear.]  (Bot.)  Producing  sporules.  Loudon. 

f SPOR'Y-AR,  n.  One  who  makes  spurs ; a spur- 
rier. Gammer  Gurton. 

SPOT , n.  [Dut.  spat;  T>nx\.  spette ; — past  part,  of 
spit  (A.  S.  spittan).  Tooke.  — Gael,  spot,  a spot. 
— Perhaps  from  to  spatter.  Junius .] 

1.  A mark,  as  made  by  discoloration  or  any 

foreign  matter ; a speck  ; a speckle  ; a blot. 
“ The  crimson  spots  of  blood.”  Shak. 

Can  the  Ethiopian  change  his  skin,  or  the  leopard  his 
spots'i  then  may  yc  also  do  good.  Jer.  xiii.  23. 

2.  A mark  of  impurity  or  imperfection  ; a 
stain;  a blemish;  a taint;  a flaw.  “A  lamb 
without  blemish  and  without  spot.”  1 Pet.  i.  19. 

Chloe  sure  was  formed  without  a spot.  Pope . 

3.  A particular  place,  or  a place  of  small  ex- 
tent ; a locality.  “ Fixed  to  one  spot."  Otway. 

That  spot  to  which  I point  is  Paradise.  Milton . 

Here  Adrian  fell;  upon  this  fatal  spot 

Our  brother  died.  Granville. 

4.  A kind  of  pigeon  having  a spot  on  the 

head  just  above  the  beak.  Todd. 

On  or  upon  the  spot,  at  once  ; immediately  ; with- 
out changing  place.  “ It  was  determined  upon  the 
spot.”  Swift. 

Syn.  — See  Blemish. 

SPOT,  v.  a.  \i.  spotted  ; pp.  spotting,  spotted.] 

1.  To  make  a spot  or  spots  on  ; — to  mark. 

Have  you  not  seen  a handkerchief 

Spotted  with  strawberries?  Shak. 

2.  To  stain;  to  blemish;  to  taint. 

The  people  of  Armenia  have  retained  the  Christian  faith 
from  tire  day  of  the  apostles;  but  at  this  day  it  is  spotted  with 
many  absurdities.  Abbot. 

3.  To  note  something  as  peculiar  to,  in  order 
to  identify,  as  a thief  or  other  suspected  per- 
son ; — a cant  word  used  by  the  police.  Bartlett. 

SPOT'LESS,  a.  1.  Free  from  spots  ; unspotted. 

2.  Free  from  reproach  or  impurity  ; stainless  ; 
untainted;  blameless;  unblemished;  innocent; 
pure.  “ A spotless  virgin.”  Waller. 

SPOT'LpSS-LY,  ad.  In  a spotless  manner.  Clarke. 

SPOT'LySS-NESS,  n.  Freedom  from  spot  or 
stain  ; stainlessness  ; purity.  Donne. 

SPOT'TJpD,  a.  Marked  with  spots  or  discolora- 
tions. “ Spotted  skins.”  Tate. 

SPOT'TJD-FE’vyR,  n.  (Med.)  A species  of  fe- 
ver accompanied  with  an  eruption  of  red  spots  ; 
typhus  fever.  Dunglison. 

SPOT'TJ5D-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  spotted.  Clarke. 

SPOT'TyR,  n.  One  who  spots.  Johnson. 

SPOT'TI-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality  of 
being  spotty.  Todd. 

SPOT'TY,  a.  Full  of  spots  ; marked  with  spots  ; 
spotted ; maculated.  Milton. 


White  spoor.-bill. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RiJLE.  — 9,  q,  g,  soft;  £,  jG,  q,  g,  hard;  as  7. ; % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 

175 


SPOUSAGE 


1394 


SPRING 


t SPOU'^A^E,  n.  The  act  of  espousing.  Bale. 

SPOU'^AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  espousal  or  mar- 
riage ; nuptial ; matrimonial ; conjugal  ; con- 
nubial. “ Spousal  rites.”  Shah. 

SPOUSAL  (spbu'z?l),  n.  ; pi.  spousals.  [L.  spon- 
salia  ; Pr.  epousailles.]  Marriage ; nuptials  ; 
espousals  ; — commonly  in  the  plural.  Milton. 

SPOUSE  (spofiz),n.  [L.  sponsus,  sponsa-,  spondco, 
to  promise  solemnly  ; It.  sposo,  sposa ; Sp.  espo- 
so,esposa\  Fr . epouse.]  A person  joined  in  mar- 
riage to  another;  a husband  or  a wife.  Johnson. 

The  spouse  of  any  noble  gentleman.  Shak. 

So  cheered  he  his  fair  spouse,  and  she  was  cheered.  Milton. 

At  once,  farewell,  O faithful  spouse,  they  said.  Dnjden. 

ggp  Spouse  lias  long  been  used  to  denote  a married 
person,  more  commonly  a wife.  Yet  Sir  John  Stod- 
dart  says,  “The  English  word  spouse  has  been  repre- 
sented as  synonymous  with  a married  person,  either 
husband  or  wife  ; whereas  in  truth  it  signifies  a person 
betrothed,  but  not  yet  married .” 

f SPOUSE  (spouz),  v.  a.  To  espouse.  Chaucer. 

t SPOUSE'— BREACH,  n.  Adultery.  Cowel. 

SPOUSE 'L$SS,  a.  Without  a husband  or  a wife  ; 
unmarried.  “ The  spouseless  queen.”  Pope. 

t SI’OU§'ESS,  n.  A married  woman.  Fabyan. 

SPOUT,  n.  [Put.  spurt. — The  past  part,  of  A.  S. 
spittan,  to  spit.  Junius.  Tooke.] 

1.  A pipe  or  tube  through  which  any  thing,  as 
water,  runs,  or  is  poured. 

In  this  single  cathedral,  the  very  spouts  are  loaded  with  or- 
naments. Addison. 

In  Gaza,  they  couch  vessels  of  earth  in  their  walls,  to  gath- 
er the  wind  from  the  top,  and  to  pass  it  down  in  spouts  into 
rooms.  Bacon. 

2.  The  nozzle  or  projecting  mouth  of  a vessel 
for  holding  a liquid,  as  of  a tea-pot. 

From  silver  spoidsthe  grateful  liquors  glide. 

And  China’s  earth  receives  the  smoking  tide.  Pope. 

3.  {Meteor.)  A waterspout.  Young. 

Not  the  dreadful  spout 

"Which  shipmen  do  the  hurricano  call.  Shak. 

To  put  up  the  spout , to  pawn.  [Vulgar.]  Wright. 

SPOUT,  v.  a.  [Dut.  spuiten.]  [t.  spouted  ; pp. 
SPOUTING,  SPOUTED.] 

1.  To  pour  with  violence  or  in  a continuous 
stream,  as  from  a spout. 

The  abundance  of  water  that  this  monstrous  fish  [a  whale] 
spouted  and  filled  it  withal.  Holland. 

2.  To  pour  out  in  a pompous  manner  or  with 

affected  gravity,  as  words.  “ Pray,  spout  some 
French,  son.”  Beau.  6$  FI. 

3.  To  pledge  at  a pawnbroker’s.  [Cant  and 

vulgar.]  Simmonds. 

SPOUT,  v.  n.  1.  To  issue  with  violence  or  in  a 
stream  from  a spout  or  an  orifice. 

Waters  which  spouted  out  of  the  side  of  the  hills.  Sidney. 

2.  To  make  a speech.  [Low.]  Bartlett. 

SPOUT'^R,  n.  One  who  spouts  or  speaks  pom- 
pously or  with  affected  gravity.  Knox. 

SPOUT'— HOLE,  n.  A hole  through  which  any 
thing,  as  water,  spouts.  Pennant. 

SPOUT'JNG,  n.  The  act  of  one  who,  or  that 
which,  spouts.  Knox. 

SPOUT'L^SS,  a.  Having  no  spout  or  nose.  “ The 
spoutless  tea-pot.”  Cowpcr. 

SPRACK,  a.  [Sw.  spraeg.  Toone.]  Sprightly ; 
active ; alert ; sprag.  [Local,  Eng.]  Grose. 

SPRAG,  a.  Sprightly  ; alert.  [Local,  Eng.]  Shak. 

SPRAG,  n.  1.  A young  salmon.  [Eng.]  Grose. 

2.  A brad  : — a sprig.  Craven  Dialect. 

SPRAIN  (spran),  v.  a.  [Of  uncertain  etymology. 
— Corrupted  from  strain.  Lye.  Skinner. — 
From  Sw.  spranga,  to  spring.  Serenius.  — Per- 
haps from  spray,  or  spread.  Richardson .]  \i. 

SPRAINED  ; pp.  SPRAINING,  SPRAINED.]  To 
injure,  as  a joint,  by  straining,  twisting,  or 
wrenching  the  soft  parts  which  surround  it. 

The  sudden  turn  may  stretch  the  swelling  vein, 

Thy  cracking  joint  unhinge,  or  ankle  sprain.  Gay. 

SPRAIN,  n.  A violent  strain  or  twisting  of  the 
soft  parts  surrounding  a joint.  Dunglison. 

+ SPRAINTS  (sprants),  n.  pi.  The  dung  of  an 
otter.  Bailey. 

SPRANG,  i.  from  spring.  Sprung.  — See  Spring. 

SPRAT,  n.  [Dut.  sprot ; Ger.  sprotte.]  {Ich.)  A 


small  fish  of  the  family  Clupcidce,  allied  to  the 
herring ; Clupea  sprattus.  Baird. 

SPRAWL,  v.  n.  [“The  dim.  of  spread-,  [thus], 
spreaddle,  spraddle,  sprawl.”  Richardson.']  [i. 
SPRAWLED  ; pp.  SPRAWLING,  SPRAWLED.] 

1.  To  spread  or  stretch  the  body  or  limbs 

about  widely,  particularly  while  in  a horizontal 
or  lying  posture.  “ A little,  thin,  sprawling 
worm.”  llolinshed. 

' Some  lie  sprawling  on  the  ground. 

With  many  a gash  and  bloody  wound.  Hudibras. 

2.  To  quiver  or  move  about  as  a fish  placed 

alive  on  the  ground.  Wickliffe. 

SPRAWL,  n.  A small  branch ; a twig ; a spray. 
[Local,  Eng.  and  U.  S.]  Halliwell.  Forby. 

SPRAY  (spra),  n.  [“Of  the  same  race  with  spirt 
and  sprout.”  Johnson.  — “ Rather  of  the  same 
race  with  sprig.”  Todd.  — Perhaps  from  spread 
(A.  S.  spradari).  Richardson.] 

1.  A little  twig  or  shoot  at  the  end  of  a branch. 

The  wood  dove  upon  the  spray. 

He  sang  full  loud  and  clear.  Chaucer. 

The  painted  birds,  companions  of  the  spring. 

Hopping  from  spray  to  spray,  were  heard  to  sing.  Dnjden. 

2.  Drops  of  water  scattered  by  the  wind  or  by 

the  dashing  of  the  waves.  “ The  spray  of  the 
sea  being  lifted  up.”  Cook. 

SPREAD  (spred),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  spreedan ; Dut. 

spreiden ; Ger.  spreiten ; Dan.  sprede ; Sw.  spri- 
da.]  [ i . SPREAD  ; pp.  SPREADING,  spread.] 

1.  To  extend  in  all  directions ; to  expand;  to 

stretch ; to  dilate.  “ Silver  spread  into  plates 
is  brought  from  Tarshish.”  Jer.  x.  9. 

Upon  the  golden  altar  they  shall  spread  a cloth  of  blue  and 
cover  it  with  a covering  of  badgers’  skins.  Mum.  iv.  11. 

A very  great  multitude  spread  their  garments  in  the  way  ; 
others  cut  down  branches  from  the  trees.  Matt.,  xxi.  8. 

Spread  o’er  the  silver  waves  thy  golden  hair.  Shak. 

2.  To  extend  over  ; to  overspread;  to  cover. 

An  unusual  paleness  spreads  her  face.  Granville. 

The  workman  melteth  a graven  image,  and  the  goldsmith 
spreadeth  it  over  with  gold.  Is.  xl.  19. 

3.  To  disperse  ; to  scatter  ; to  distribute. 

The  Philistines  . . . spread  themselves  in  Lehi.  Judg.  xv.  9. 

4.  To  publish  ; to  divulge ; to  disseminate  ; 
to  circulate ; to  propagate  ; to  make  public ; to 
make  known ; — often  with  abroad. 

They,  when  they  were  departed,  spread  abroad  his  fame 
in  all  tnat  country.  Mutt.  ix.  31. 

5.  To  unfold  ; to  unfurl ; to  open.  “ They 
could  not  spread  the  sail.”  Isa.  xxxiii.  23. 

6.  To  cover  or  set  with  food  ; as,  “To  spread 
a table.” 

Syn.  — To  spread  is  a general  term,  of  extensive 
application.  A cloth  is  spread  upon  a table  ; the 
branches  of  a tree  are  spread ; fame,  news,  and  re- 
ports are  spread  ; tilings  are  scattered  at  random  ; the 
clouds  and  tile  mob  are  dispersed  ; flowers  are  expand- 
ed ; books,  news,  &c.,  are  published ; knowledge  is 
diffused  ; stories  are  circulated  ; crimes  are  divulged  ; 
animals  and  plants  are  propagated  ; principles  are  dis- 
seminated ; favors  and  benefits  are  distributed. 

SPREAD,  v.  n.  To  extend  or  expand  itself ; to  be 
extended  or  expanded. 

Plants,  if  they  spread  much,  are  seldom  tall.  Bacon. 

The  valley  opened  at  the  further  end,  spreading  forth  into 
an  immense  ocean.  Addison. 

SPREAD,  n.  1.  Extent ; compass.  “ A fine 
spread  of  improvable  lands.”  Addison. 

2.  Extension  or  expansion  of  parts. 

That  kind  of  spread  that  the  woodbine  hath.  Bacon. 

3.  A cloth  to  be  spread  over  any  thing  as  a 
cover;  as,  “Abed -spread.” 

SPREAD'-EA-GLE,  n.  An  eagle  with  the  wings 
extended.  Booth. 

The  arms  of  Russia,  Poland,  and  Germa  y are 
spread-eagles.  Booth.  — The  spread-eagle,  which  con- 
stitutes with  some  variations  the  arms  of  Austria  and 
Prussia,  originated  with  Charlemagne,  the  first  empe- 
ror of  Germany,  who  added  the  second  head  to  the 
eagle  to  denote  that  the  empires  of  Rome  and  Germa- 
ny were  united  in  him,  A.  D.  802.  Pulleyn. 

SPREAD'Jf.R  (spred'er),  n.  One  who,  or  that 
which,  spreads.  Hooker. 

SPREADING  (spred'ing),  n.  The  act  of  extend- 
ing or  expanding.  Cook. 

SPREADING,  p.  a.  1.  Extending;  expanding. 
“ A spreading  vine.”  Ezek.  xvii.  6. 

2.  Diffusing  itself;  increasing.  “ Aspread- 
ing plague.”  Lev.  xiii.  57. 

SPREAD'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a spreading  manner. 


SPREE,  n.  A merry  frolic,  especially  one  attended 
with  drinking ; a carousal.  [Low  or  colloqui- 
al.] Halliwell.  Month.  Rev. 

f SPRENT,  p.  Sprinkled.  Sidney. 

SPREY  (spra),  a.  Spruce:  — spry.  Todd. 

SPRIG,  n.  [A.  S.  spree.  — W.  ysbrigyn,  brigyn.] 

1.  A small  shoot  or  twig.  “To  pluck  one 

sprig  of  olive.”  Knox. 

2.  A nail  without  a head  ; a brad.  Todd. 

3.  {Naut.)  A small  eye-bolt  ragged  at  the 

point.  Mar.  Diet. 

SPRIG,  v.  a.  [ i . sprigged  ; pp.  sprigging, 

sprigged.]  To  mark  or  adorn  with  the  repre- 
sentations of  sprigs,  as  in  embroidery  ; to  work 
in  sprigs.  Ash. 

SPRIG,  a.  {Min.)  Noting  a crystal  of  quartz  found 
in  the  form  of  an  hexangular  column,  adhering 
at  one  end  to  the  stone,  and  at  the  other  ter- 
minating in  a point.  Woodward. 

SPRIG 'G1JD,  a.  Growing  in  sprigs,  or  having 
sprigs.  ' Gray. 

SPRIG'GY,  a.  Full  of  sprigs.  Sherwood. 

SPRIGHT  (sprit),  n.  [A  contraction  of  spirit.] 

1.  A spirit ; a shade  ; a soul.  Spenser. 

Gaping  graves  receive  the  guilty  spright.  Dnjden. 

2.  A walking  spirit ; an  apparition ; a ghost. 

“ Goblins  and  sprights.”  Locke. 

3.  Power  which  gives  cheerfulness  or  cour- 
age ; that  which  produces  mental  excitement; 
spirits. 

Hold  thou  my  heart,  establish  thou  my  sprights.  Sidney. 

4.  f A kind  of  short  arrow.  Bacon. 

BSP  Spright  and  sprite  are  used  as  contractions  of 

spirit,  particularly  by  the  old  poets.  — See  Spirit, 
and  Sprite. 

f SPRIGHT,  v.  a.  To  haunt,  as  a spright.  Shak. 

f SPRIGHT'FUL  (sprlt'ful),  a.  Full  of  spirit ; live- 
ly ; sprightly.  Shak. 

t SPRlGHT'FUL-LY  (sprlt'ful-le),  ad.  Briskly; 
vigorously.  Shak. 

f SPRiGHT'FUL-NESS  (sprlt'ful-nes),  n.  Liveli- 
ness ; sprightliness.  Hammond. 

SPRIGHT'LESS  (sprlt'Ies),  a.  Spiritless  ; dull  ; 
sluggish.  Marston. 

SPRlGHT'LI-NESS  (sprlt'le-nes),  n.  Liveliness; 
life ; vivacity  ; briskness  ; cheerfulness  ; gayety. 

Syn.  — See  Cheerfulness. 

SPRlGHT'LY  (sprxt'le),  a.  Full  of  spirit  or  life  ; 
lively  ; vivacious  ; brisk  ; gay  ; cheerful. 

The  sprightly  Sylvia  trips  along  the  green.  Tope. 

Each  morn  they  waked  me  with  a sprightly  lay.  Trior. 

Syn.  — * See  Cheerful. 

SPRING,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  spring  an,  spry  ng  an  ; Dut. 
&;  Ger.  spi'ingen  ; Dan.  springe  ; Sw.  spring a^\ 
£i.  SPRUNG  or  SPRANG \pp.  SPRINGING,  SPRING. 
— Sprang  is  growing  obsolete.] 

1.  To  rise  or  come  forth,  as  out  of  the 
ground ; — to  put  forth ; to  begin  to  grow. 

Other  [seed]  fell  on  good  ground,  and  sprang  up,  and  hare 
fruit  a hundred  fold.  Luke  viii.  8. 

Tell  me  in  what  happy  fields 

The  thistle  springs  to  which  the  lily  yields.  Tope. 

2.  To  come  into  existence  ; to  have  origin  ; to 
proceed  ; to  issue  ; to  arise  ; — to  shoot  forth. 

What  makes  nil  this  but  Jupiter,  the  king 

At  whose  command  we  perish  and  we  sjiring?  Dryden. 

Much  more  good  of  sin  shall  spring.  Milton. 

Even  thought  meets  thought  ere  from  the  lips  it  part. 

And  each  warm  wish  spnngs  mutual  from  the  heart.  Tope. 
Then  shook  the  sacred  shrine,  and  sudden  light 
Sprung  through  the  vaulted  roof.  Dryden. 

3.  To  begin  to  exist  or  appear.  “ My  spring- 
ing hopes. Rowe. 
When  the  day  began  to  spring,  they  let  her  go.  Jiufg.  xix.  25. 

Where  Tagus  and  Euphrates  spring.  Boscommon. 

4z.  To  leap  ; to  bound  ; to  jump.  Dryden. 
The  mountain  stag  that  springs 
From  height  to  height.  Philips. 

5.  To  fly  with  elastic  power ; to  start. 

The  end  of  the  stick  that  springs.  Mortimer. 

6.  To  rise  or  start  suddenly  from  a covert. 

A covey  of  partridges  springing  in  our  front.  Addison. 

7.  To  warp  or  bend  out  of  shape  or  out  of  a 
straight  direction,  as  a piece  of  timber.  W right. 


Syn.  — See  Arise. 

A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  V,  short;  A,  £,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


SPRING 


1395 


SPRITE 


SPRING,  v.  a.  1.  To  start  or  rouse,  as  game  from 
a covert.  “ He  springs  the  prey.”  Gay. 

A large  cock-pheasant  he  sprung  in  one  of  the  neighboring 
woods.  Addison. 

2.  To  produce  quickly  or  unexpectedly. 

And  Reason  saw  not  till  Faith  sprung  the  light.  Dry  den. 

He  that  has  such  a burning  zeal,  and  springs  such  miahty 
discoveries,  must  needs  be  an  admirable  patriot.  Collier. 

3.  To  discharge  or  explode  ; — applied  to 

mines.  “ I sprung  a mine.”  Addison. 

4.  To  pass  by  leaping  ; to  leap  ; to  jump. 

Unbeseeming  skill 

To  spring  the  fence,  to  rein  the  passing  steed.  Thomson. 

5.  To  cause  to  come  together  violently,  as 
the  parts  of  an  instrument  which  are  acted  upon 
by  a spring ; as.  “ To  spring  a trap,  or  a rattle.” 

6.  (Naut.)  To  crack  or  split  transversely  or 

obliquely,  as  a mast  or  a yard.  Mar.  Diet. 

7.  {Arch.)  To  commence  from  an  abutment, 

as  an  arch.  Burn. 

To  spring  a butt,  (Naut.)  to  loosen  the  end  of  a 
plank  in  a ship’s  side  or  bottom,  by  reason  of  the 
ship’s  weakness  or  laboring. — To  spring  a leak,  to 
admit  the  water,  by  a sudden  breach,  through  the 
sides  or  bottom  of  a ship,  into  the  hull ; to  commence 
leaking.  — To  spring  the  luff,  to  force  a vessel  close 
to  the  wind  in  sailing.  Mar.  Diet.  Dana. 

SPRING,  n.  1.  The  season  in  which  general  vege- 
tation begins;  the  vernal  season,  or  quarter  of 
the  year,  comprising  the  months  of  March, 
April,  and  May. 

Come,  gentle  Spring , ethereal  mildness,  come, 

And  from  the  bosom  of  yon  dropping  cloud 

Upon  our  plains  descend.  Thomson. 

For  the  northern  hemisphere,  the  astronomical 
Sprinrr  begins  at  the  time  of  the  vernal  equinox,  or  on 
the  21st  of  March,  and  ends  at  the  time  of  the  summer 
solstice,  or  on  the  21st  of  June,  when  the  sun  reaches 
its  highest  position  in  the  heavens  at  mid-day.  Herschel. 

2.  An  issue  of  water  from  the  earth ; a source 
of  water  rising  out  of  the  ground ; a fountain  ; 
a well. 

The  water  that  falls  down  from  the  clouds,  sinking  into 
beds  of  rock  or  clay,  breaks  out  in  sjjrings,  commonly  at  the 
bottom  of  hilly  ground.  Locke. 

3.  ( Mech .)  An  elastic  body,  as  a metallic  coil, 
generally  used  for  the  purpose  of  preventing 
a shock  from  the  collision  of  hard  bodies,  or  of 
giving  motion  to  mechanism  by  its  effort  to  un- 
bend itself. 

He  that  was  sharp-sighted  enough  to  sec  the  configuration 
of  the  minute  particles  of  the  spring  of  a clock,  and  upon 
what  peculiar  impulse  its  eiastic  motion  depends,  would  no 
doubt  discover  something  very  admirable.  Locke. 

4.  An  elastic  force ; elasticity;  resiliency. 

The  soul  is  gathered  within  herself,  and  recovers  that 
spring  which  is  weakened  when  6he  operates  more  in  concert 
with  the  body.  Addison. 

5.  Any  cause  by  which  action  is  produced; 
active  power.  “ The  springs  of  life.”  Dryden. 

6.  A leap  ; a bound  ; a jump  ; a sudden  effort. 

The  prisoner  witll  a spring  from  prison  broke.  Dryden. 

7.  An  opening  in  a seam  ; a leak  ; a breach. 

Where  her  springs  are, . . . and  how  to  stop  them.  B.  Jonson. 

8.  That  from  which  any  thing  takes  its  origin, 
or  by  which  it  is  supplied ; source  ; original. 

The  first  springs  of  great  events,  like  those  of  great  rivers, 
are  often  mean  and  little.  Swift. 

lie  has  a secret  spring  of  spiritual  joy  and  the  continual 
feast  of  a good  conscience  within  that'forbids  him  to  be  mis- 
erable. Bentley. 

9.  The  beginning ; the  dawn,  [r.] 

It  came  to  pass,  about  the  sjjring  of  the  day,  that  Samuel 
called  Saul  to  the  top  of  the  house.  1 Sam.  ix.  2G. 

10.  f A young  shoot,  as  of  a tree  ; a scion. 

To  dry  the  old  oak’s  sap,  and  cherish  springs.  Shak. 
In  yonder  spring  of  roses  intermixed 
With  myrtle.  Milton. 

11.  f A grove  of  trees ; a piece  of  woodland. 

If  I retire,  who  shall  cut  down  this  spring?  Fairfax. 

12  f A youth  ; a lad ; a springal. 

She  pictured  winged  Love 
With  his  young  brother  Sport;  — 

The  one  his  bow  and  shafts,  the  other  spring 
A burning  tead  about  his  head  did  move.  Spenser. 

13.  f A tune;  an  air;  a melody.  “We  will 
. . . strike  him  such  new  springs.”  Beau.  &■  FI. 

14.  {Naut.)  A crack  running  transversely  or 

obliquely  through  any  part  of  a mast  or  yard  : 
— a rope  or  hawser  by  which  a ship  is  held  at 
one  part,  as  the  bow  or  quarter,  in  order  to 
keep  her  in  a particular  position,  or  to  turn  her 
in  a short  compass.  Mar.  Diet.  Brande. 

A spring  of  pork,  the  lower  part  of  the  fore-quarter, 
which  is  divided  from  the  neck,  and  has  the  leg  and 
foot,  without  the  shoulder.  Beau.  Sf  FI. 


f SPRING'AL,  ) n.  [Old  Fr.  cspringalle.\ 

t SPRIn'GALL,  > !•  A youth;  a growing  lad. 

Two  springals  of  full  tender  years.  Spenser. 

2.  An  engine  of  war  for  shooting  by  the  force 
of  a spring.  Chaucer. 

SPRING'— BACK,  n.  {Book-binding.)  A curved  or 
semicircular  false  back,  made  of  thin  sheet- 
iron  or  of  stiff  pasteboard  fastened  to  the  under 
side  of  the  true  back,  and  causing  the  leaves  of 
a book  thus  bound  to  spring  up  and  lie  flat ; 

— commonly  used  in  binding  ledgers  and  other 

blank  books.  Carter. 

SPRING'-BAL-ANCE,  n.  An  instrument  for  weigh- 
ing, consisting  of  a spiral  spring  enclosed  in  a 
case,  and  furnished  with  an  index.  Weak. 

SPRING'-BEE-TLE,  n.  {Ent.)  An  insect  of  the 
family  Elateridce.  — See  Elateridas.  Harris. 

SPRING'-BOC,  or  SPRING'-BOCK,  n.  [Dut. 
spring,  spring,  and  bok,  a he-goat.]  (Zoiil.)  A 
species  of  antelope  ; the  spring-buck.  Baird. 

SPRING'— BOX,  n.  The  box  or  barrel  containing 
the  spring  of  a wat"1' 
sprTng'-buck,  11. 

(Zool.)  A very 
graceful  species  of 
antelope,  beauti- 
fully varied  in  its 
colors,  inhabiting 
the  interior  of 
South  Africa  ; the 
showy  goat ; prong- 
buck  ; Antidorcas 
Euchore ; — written 
also  spring-boc  and 
spring-bock.  Eng.  Cyc.  Spring-buck. 

The  spring-buck  is  so  called  from  its  remarkable  habit  of 
jumping  almost  perpendicularly  upwards.  Eng.  Cyc. 

StPRING'-CAR-RIA^E,  n.  A carriage  having  its 
body  supported  by  springs.  F.  Cyc. 

SPRINGE  (sprinj),  n.  [From  spring .]  A noose, 
which,  fastened  to  any  elastic  body,  catches  by 
a spring  or  jerk  ; a gin  ; a snare.  “ Springes  to 
catch  woodcocks.”  Shak. 

SPRlNQJE  (sprinj),  v.  a.  [i.  stringed  ; pp.  SPRINGE- 
ing,  springed.]  To  catch  by  means  of  a 
springe  ; to  insnare  ; to  entrap.  Beau.  <Sf  FI. 

SPRINGER,  n.  1.  One  who  springs;  one  who 
rouses  game  : — a jumper.  Johnson. 

2.  A young  plant.  Evelyn. 

3.  A name  given  to  the  grampus.  Wright. 

4.  A variety  of  the  dog,  differing  little  in  fig- 
ure from  the  setter.  Wright. 

5.  {Zoiil.)  The  spring-buck.  Clarke. 

6.  {Arch.)  The  point  where  a vertical  support 
terminates,  and  the  curve  of  an  arch  begins  : 

— the  first  stone  of  an  arch  above  the  impost : 

— the  rib  of  a groined  roof.  Britton.  Francis. 

f SPRING'— GAR-DEN,  n.  A garden  where  con- 
cealed springs  were  made  to  spout  jets  of  water 
upon  the  visitors.  Beau.  § FI. 

SPRING'— GRASS,  n.  {Bot.)  The  common  name 
of  the  very  early  flowering-grasses  of  the  genus 
Anthoxanthum,  having  yellow  spikes.  Loudon. 

t SPRIN'GALD,  n.  Same  as  Springal.  Jamieson. 

SPRING'— GUN,  n.  A gun  which  is  discharged  by 
a spring  being  trodden  on.  Clarke. 

SPRING'— HALT  (sprlng'hfilt),  n.  An  affection  of 
the' hind  leg  of  a horse  ; string-halt.  Shak. 

SPRING'— HEAD  (spring'hed),  n.  The  original 
source  ; a fountain  ; a well ; fountain-head. 

The  wolf,  drinking  at  the  spring-head , quarrelled  with  the 
lamb  for  troubling  his  draught  when  he  was  quenching  his 
thirst  ut  the  stream  below.  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

SPRING'— HOOK  (-lifik),  n.  {Locomotive  Engines.) 
One  of  the  hooks  fixing  the  driving-wheel  spring 
to  the  frame.  Weale. 

SPRING'I-NESS,  n.  1.  Elasticity  ; power  of  spring- 
ing or  restoring  itself.  Bentley. 

2.  The  state  of  abounding  in  springs. 

The  art  of  draining  consists  essentially  in  giving  to  the  dif- 
fused  and  injurious  springiness  of  particular  soils  and  situa- 
tions a concentrated  current.  P.  Cyc. 

SPRINGING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who,  or  of 
that  which,  springs. 

2.  {Arch.)  The  lower  part  of  an  arch,  or  that 
part  from  which  it  rises.  Brande. 


f SPRIN'GLE  (sprlng'gl),  n.  A springe.  Carew. 

SPRING'— PIN,  n.  (Locomotive  Engines.)  One 
of  the  iron  rods  fitted  between  the  springs  and 
the  axle  boxes,  to  sustain  and  regulate  the  press- 
ure on  the  axles.  Weale. 

SPRING'— RYE,  n.  (Bot.)  A variety  of  rye  to  bo 
sown  in  the  spring.  Fessenden. 

SPRING'— STAY,,  n.  (Naut.)  A preventer-stay,  to 
assist  the  regular  one.  Dana. 

SPRING'— TIDE,  n.  1.  The  highest  tide  for  the 
month,  occurring  at  the  new  and  full  moon  ; — 
opposed  to  neap-tide,  which  is  the  lowest  for 
the  month.  Cook. 

2.  The  time  or  season  of  spring.  Thomson 

SPRING1— TIME,  n.  The  vernal  season  ; spring. 

Winter,  spring-time , summer,  and  fall.  Drayton. 

SPRING'— WA-TIJR,  n.  Water  issuing  from  a 
spring  or  fountain.  Armstrong. 

SPRING'— WHEAT,  n.  A variety  of  wheat  to  be 
sown  in  the  spring.  Buel. 

SPRING'Y  [spring'?,  P.  J.  E.  Ja.  K.  Sm. ; sprln'je, 
S ; spring'?  or  sprln'je,  W.  E’.],  a.  Having  the 
quality  of  a spring ; elastic  ; having  the  power 
of  recovering  itself. 

Though  the  bundle  of  fibres  which  constitute  the  muscles 
may  be  small,  the  fibres  may  be  6trong  and  springy.  Arbuthnot. 

“ A most  absurd  custom  has  prevailed  in  pro- 
nouncing this  adjective,  as  if  it  were  formed  from 
springe,  a gin,  rhyming  with  fringe,  when  nothing 
can  he  plainer  than  its  formation  from  spring,  an 
elastic  body,  and  that  the  addition  of  y ought  no  more 
to  alter  the  sound  of  g in  this  word  than  it  does  in 
stringy,  full  of  strings.”  Walker. 

SPRING'Y,  a.  Full  of  springs  or  fountains. 

Where  the  sandy  or  gravelly  lands  are  springy  or  wet, 
rather  marl  them  for  grass  than  corn.  Mortimer . 

SPRIN'KLE  (sprlng'kl,  82),  v.  a.  [Dim.  of  A.  S. 
spramgan,  sprengan,  to  sprinkle.  Barclay.  — 
Dut.  sprengen,  sprcnkelen ; Ger.  sprenkeln,  to 
speckle,  to  spot.]  [t.  sprinkled  ; pp.  sprin- 
kling, SPRINKLED.] 

1.  To  scatter  in  drops  or  small  particles. 

Take  to  you  handfuls  of  ashes  of  the  furnace,  and  let  Moses 
sprinkle  it  toward  the  heaven  in  the  sight  of  Pharaoh.  Ex.  ix.S. 

2.  To  wash,  wet,  or  dust,  by  scattering  in 
small  particles  ; to  besprinkle  ; to  bedew. 

The  prince,  with  living  water  sprinkled  o’er 

llis  limbs  and  body;  then  approached  the  door.  Dryden. 

To  Troy  they  drove  him,  groaning,  from  the  shore, 

And  sprinkling , as  he  passed,  the  sands  with  gore.  Pope. 

Wings  he  wore 

Of  many  a colored  plume  sprinkled  with  gold.  Milton. 

SPRIN’KLE,  v.  n.  1.  To  perform  the  act  of  scat- 
tering in  drops  or  minute  particles. 

The  priest  shall  sprinkle  of  the  oil  with  life  finger  seven 
times  before  the  Lord.  Lev.  xiv.  lti. 

2.  To  fall  or  fly  in  small  drops. 

It  will  make  the  water  . . . sprinkle  up  in  a fine  dew.  Bacon. 

3.  To  rain  with  drops  coming  infrequently  ; 
to  rain  moderately ; as,  “ It  begins  to  sprinkle.” 

SPRIN'KLE  (sprlng'kl,  82),  n.  1.  A small  quantity 
scattered;  a sprinkling.  Johnson. 

2.  A utensil  to  sprinkle  with  ; a sprinkler. 

A holy  water — sprinkle  dipt  in  dew.  Spenser. 

SPRINK'LflR  (sprlngk'l?r),  n.  1.  One  who  sprin- 
kles or  scatters  in  drops.  Johnson. 

2.  A utensil  for  sprinkling ; a watering-pot. 

SPRINK'LING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  scattering  in 
small  drops  or  particles.  Bp.  Hall. 

2.  A small  quantity  scattered ; a sprinkle 
“ A sprinkling  of  irreligion.”  II.  Hall. 

f SPRIT,  v.  a.  [See  Spurt,  and  Sprout.]  To 
throw  out ; to  eject ; to  spirt.  Browne. 

f SPRIT,  v.  n.  To  shoot  or  sprout,  as  barley 
wetted  for  malt.  Johnson. 

SPRIT,  ii.  1.  A shoot ; a sprout.  Mortimer. 

2.  [A.  S.  spreot,  a sprit,  a spear ; Dut.  § Ger. 
spriet.)  (Naut.)  A small  boom  or  gaff,  used 
with  some  sails  in  small  boats.  The  lower  end 
rests  in  a becket  or  snotter  by  the  foot  of  the 
mast,  and  the  other  end  spreads  and  raises  the 
outer  upper  corner  of  the  sail,  crossing  it  diag- 
onally. Dana. 

SPRITE,  n.  A spirit;  an  incorporeal  agent;  — 
used  by  the  old  poets  as  a contraction  of  spirit. 
The  sprites  of  fiery  termagants  in  flame 
Mount  up,  and  take  a salamander’s  name.  Pope. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE. — 9,  9,  $,  g,  soft;  G,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


SPRITEFUL 


1396 


SPURGE 


f SPRITE'FUL,  a.  Gay  ; lively  ; sprightly.  Fuller. 
f SPRl'PE'FUL-LY,  ad.  Sprightfully.  Chapman. 
f SPRITE'FUL-NESS,  n.  Sprightfulness.  Taylor. 
f SPRITE'LIJSS,  a.  Sprightless.  Surry. 

f SPRITE'LI-NESS,  n.  Sprightliness.  Warton. 
f SPRITE'LY,  a.  See  Sprightly. 
f SPRiTE'LY,  ad.  Gayly.  Chapman. 

SPRlT'SAIL,  n.  (Naut.)  A sail  extended  by 
means  of  a sprit:— a sail  attached  to  a yard 
which  hangs  under  the  bowsprit.  Mar.  Diet. 

SPROD,  n.  A salmon  while  in  its  second  year’s 
growth.  [Local,  Eng.]  Chambers. 

f SPRONG,  the  pret.  of  spring.  Sprung.  Hooker. 

SPROUT,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  sprytan,  spryttan ; Dut. 
spruitan ; Old  Ger.  sprinzen  ; Ger.  spriessen, 
sprossen ; Icel.  spretta.  — “Sprout,  sprit,  and, 
by  a very  frequent  transposition,  spirt  or  spurt, 
are  all  the  same  word.”  Johnson .]  [{.sprout- 
ed ; pp.  SPROUTING,  SPROUTED.] 

1.  To  shoot,  as  the  seed  or  the  root  of  a plant ; 
to  germinate  ; to  vegetate  ; to  begin  to  grow. 

We  were  told  . . . that  what  was  seen  sprouting  upon  the 
trees  would  not  be  lit  to  use  in  less  than  three  months.  Cook. 

2.  To  shoot  into  ramifications  ; to  ramify. 

Vitriol  is  apt  to  sprout  with  moisture.  Bacon. 

SPROUT,  n.  1.  A shoot  of  a plant,  whether  from 
the  seed,  the  root,  or  the  stem  ; a germ  ; branch. 

Ilaste  I all  about. 

Number  my  ranks,  and  visit  every  sprout.  Milton. 

2.  pi.  Young  coleworts.  Bailey.  Johnson. 

SPRUCE,  a.  [Perhaps  from  Fr.  prevx,  valiant, 
gallant.  Skinner.  — From  A.  S.  sprytan,  to 
sprout.  Junius  — From  L.  purus,  pure.  Min- 
sheu. — “ I know  not  whence  to  deduce  it,  ex- 
cept from  pruce.  In  ancient  books  we  find 
furniture  of  pruce,  a thing  costly  and  elegant, 
and  thence  probably  came  spruce .”  Johnson. ] 
Neat  without  elegance  ; smartly  or  trimly  decked 
or  dressed  ; tidy  ; nice  ; smart ; trim  ; finical. 

Along:  the  crisped  shades  and  bowers 

Revels  the  spruce  and  jocund  spring.  Milton. 

He  is  so  spruce  that  he  can  never  be  genteel.  Tatler. 

“ It  was  anciently  used  of  things  witli  a seri- 
ous meaning ; it  is  now  used  only  of  persons,  and 
witli  levity. ” Johnson. 

“ Perhaps  the  quotation  from  Hall  will  show 
the  true  origin  of  the  word.  It  was  the  custom  of  our 
ancestors,  on  especial  occasions,  to  dress  after  the 
manner  of  particular  countries.  The  gentlemen  who 
adopted  that  of  Prussia,  or  Spruce , seem,  from  the  de- 
scription of  it,  to  have  been  arrayed  in  a style  to  which 
the  epithet  spruce,  according  to  our  modern  usage, 
might  have  been  applied  with  perfect  propriety. — 
Prussian  leather  is  called,  in  Barret,  by  the  familiar 
name  of  spruce.”  Richardson. 

After  them  came  Sir  Edward  Hayward,  then  admiral,  and 
with  him  Sir  Thomas  Parre,  in  doublets  of  crimson  velvet, 
. . . laced  on  the  breast  with  chains  of  silver,  and  over  that 
short  cloaks  of  crimson  satin,  and  on  their  heads  hats  after 
dancers’  fashion,  with  feathers’  fashion  in  them.  They  were 
apparelled  ufter  the  fashion  of  Prussia,  or  Sjwuce.  Hall. 

Syn.  — See  Finical. 

SPRUCE,  V.  n.  [ i . SPRUCED  ; pp.  SPRUCING, 

spruced.]  To  dress  in  a spruce  manner  or 
with  affected  neatness  ; to  prink.  Cotgrave. 
SPRUCE,  v.  a.  To  trim  ; to  deck  ; to  dress. 

What  is  truth  would,  I hope,  nevertheless  be  truth  in  it, 
however  oddly  spruced  up  by  such  an  author.  Locke. 

SPUttCE,  n.  1.  f A kind  of  leather ; Prussian 
leather  ; pruce  ; spruce  leather.  Barret. 

2.  ( Bot .)  A name  given  to  certain  species  of 
Abies,  or  fir.  Gray. 

t~ tj  ■ “ The  spruce  fir  was  thus  named  because  first 
known  as  a native  of  Prussia.”  JVares. 

For  masts,  &c.,  those  [firs]  of  Prussia  (which  we  call  spruce ) 
and  Norway  are  the  best.  Evelyn. 

Black  spruce,  or  double  spruce,  an  evergreen  tree 
abounding  in  the  northern  parts  of  the  U.  S.,  distin- 
guished by  having  four-cornered,  needle-shaped  leaves, 
equally  distributed  all  around  the  branch  ; Mies 
nigra.  — Hemlock  spruce,  a large  evergreen  tree,  very 
common  in  the  Northern  States,  having  flat,  linear, 
obtuse,  leaves,  of  a bright  green  color  above,  and  sil- 
very underneath,  arranged  in  two  opposite  ranks  ; 
Abies  Canadensis.  — Norway  spruce,  a very  tall,  valu- 
able, evergreen  timber  tree  of  the  mountainous  parts 
of  the  north  of  Europe,  characterized  by  long  drooping 
branches,  pendent  cones,  and  dull  green  leaves  spread 
equally  around  the  branches ; Abies  excelsa.  The 
wood  of  this  tree  is  known  in  commerce  under  the 

name  of  white  deal  or  Christiania  deal.  Baird Single 

or  white  spruce,  a slender,  tapering  tree  growing^in 


swamps  in  the  northern  parts  of  the  U.  S.,  and  closely 
resembling  the  black  spruce,  but  having  leaves  of  a 
lighter  green,  — whence  it  derives  its  name,  — and 
longer  cones ; Abies  alba.  O.  B.  Emerson.  Gray. 

SPRUCE'— BEER,  n.  A fermented  beverage  tinc- 
tured with  the  leaves  and  small  branches  of 
spruce,  or  with  the  essence  of  spruce.  Phillips. 

f Sl’RUCE'-LEATH-pR,  n.  [A  corruption  of 
Prussian  leather. ] A kind  of  leather.  Ainsworth. 

SPIUJCE'LY,  ad.  In  a spruce  manner.  Marston. 

SPRUCE'NIJSS,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state  of 
being  spruce  ; trimness  ; smartness.  Blackwell. 

SPRIJE,  n.  [Dut.  spromo,  spruw.) 

1.  Matter  formed  in  the  mouth  in  certain  dis- 
eases ; thrush  ; aphthae.  Smart. 

2.  Scoria  or  dross.  Smart. 

SPRUNG,  i.  & p.  from  spring.  See  Spring. 

SPRUNT,  n.  [“  Probably,  by  mere  transposition 

of  the  r,  spurn’d,  spurnt.”  Richardson .] 

1.  f Any  thing  that  is  short  and  stiff.  Johnson. 

2.  A leap  ; a spring.  [Local,  Eng.]  Todd. 

3.  A steep  road.  [Local,  Eng.]  Ilalliwell. 

4.  A short  curled  hair.  Congreve. 

f SPRUNT,  v.  n.  To  spring  forwards  or  outwards. 

See  this  sweet,  simpering  babe, 

Dear  image  of  thyself;  see!  how  it  sprunts 

With  joy  at  thy  approach.  Somerville. 

f SPRUNT,  a.  Vigorous  ; active  ; strong.  Kersey. 

fSPRUNT'LY,  ad.  Trimly;  smartly;  sprucely. 
“ Dressed  spruntly.”  B.  Jonson. 

SPRY,  a.  Lively  ; active  ; nimble  ; alert ; quick 
in  action.  [Provincial  in  England,  and  collo- 
quial in  the  U.  S.]  Jennings.  Rogct. 

She  is  as  spry  as  a cricket.  Judd. 

If  I ’m  not  as  large  ns  you, 

You  are  not  so  small  as  I, 

And  not  half  so  spry.  R.  W.  Emerson. 

SPUD,  n.  [A.  S.  spad.  — See  Spade,  and  Spit.] 

1.  An  implement  resembling  a large  chisel 
with  a long  handle,  used  for  cutting  up  weeds. 

My  spud  these  nettles  from  the  stones  can  part.  Swift. 

2.  Any  thing  short  and  thick,  in  contempt. 

SPUE, r. a.  §n.  [L.  spuo.)  Tovomit.  — SeeSpF.w. 

Scott. 

SPUKE,  n.  A spirit  or  spectre,  [r.]  Bulioer. 

f SPUL'LiJR,  n.  An  inspector  of  yarn.  Bailey. 

SPUME,  n.  [L.  spuma;  spuo,  to  spit,  to  spew; 
It.  spuma ; Sp.  espuma.]  The  foam  or  froth 
thrown  up  to  the  surface  by  liquids  ; scum. 

Ilis  steeds  their  flaming  nostrils  cool 

In  spume  of  the  cerulean  pool.  Cotton. 

SPUME,  v.  n.  [i.  spumed  ; pp.  spuming,  spumed.] 

1.  To  foam  ; to  froth.  Johnson. 

2.  To  scour  or  course,  so  as  to  create  a foam. 

When  virtue  spumes  before  a prosperous  gale, 

My  heaving  wishes  help  to  fill  the  sail.  Dryden. 

f SPU'ME-OUS,  a.  [L.  spumeus ; spuma,  spume.] 
Foamy;  spumous;  spumy.  More. 

SPU-MES'CIJNCE,  n.  [L.  spumcsco,  spumcscens, 
to  grow  foamy.]  The  quality  or  the  state  of 
foaming ; frothiness.  Smart. 

f SPU'MID,  a.  [L.  spumidus  ; spuma,  foam.] 
Foamy  ; frothy  ; spumous.  Blount. 

SPU-MIF'IJR-OUS,  a.  [L.  spuma,  foam,  and.  fero, 
to  bear.]  Producing  spume  or  froth.  Scott. 

SPU'MI-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  spumy.  Ash. 

SPU'MOUS,  a.  [L.  spumeus  ; spuma,  foam.] 
Foamy;  frothy;  spumy.  Arbuthnot. 

SPU'MY,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  consisting  of, 
spume  ; frothy  ; foamy  ; spumous. 

The  spumy  waves  proclaim  the  watery  war.  Dryden. 

SPUN,  i.  & p.  from  spin.  See  Spin. 

SPUN£E  (spunj),  n.  & v.  See  Sponge. 

SPUN^'ING— HOUSE,  n.  See  Sponoino-house. 

SPUN'— HAY,  n.  (Mil.)  Hay  twisted  for  carriage 
or  transportation.  Smart. 

SPUNK  (spungk,  82),  n.  [Gael,  spong,  tinder. — 
Tent,  voncke.  Jamieson .] 

1.  Rotten  wood  that  readily  takes  fire  ; touch- 
wood  ; — a term  applied  to  a kind  of  tinder  pre- 
pared from  a species  of  fungus  (Boletus  igni - 
arias),  by  steeping  it  in  a solution  of  saltpetre, 
and  drying  it;  German  tinder;  amadou;  punk. 

Wood  A Bache. 

2.  Spirit;  mettle;  fire.  [Vulgar.]  Brockctt. 

SPUNK'Y,  a.  Spirited ; fiery.  [Low.]  Forby. 


SPUN'— YARN,  n.  ( Naut .)  A cord  formed  by 
twisting  together  two  or  three  rope-yarns.  Dana. 

SPUR,  n.  [A.  S.  spura  ; Dut.  spoor  ; Ger.  sporn  ; 
Dan.  spore  ; Sw.  sporre  ; Icel.  spori.  — Ir.  spor ; 
Gael,  spor,  spuir;  W.  yspardun.  — It.  sprone ; 
Sp.  cspuela,  espolon  ; Port,  espora,  esporao ; Old 
Fr  .esperon;  Fr.  eperon.  — “The  idea  of  a sting 
or  prick,  being  predominant  in  this  word,  gives 
it  a relation  to  Ger.  speer,  a spear ; Gr.  niyivy,  a 
small  point,  a spike.”  Adelung .] 

1.  A goad,  or  an  instrument  having  a rowel, 
or  series  of  goads  on  the  circumference  of  a 
movable  wheel,  to  be  fixed  to  the  heel  of  a 
horseman,  and  used  to  urge  a horse  forward. 

Whether  the  body  politic  be 
A horse  whereon  the  governor  doth  ride, 

Who,  newly  in  the  seat,  that  it  may  know 

He  can  command  it,  lets  it  straight  feel  the  spur.  Shak. 

2.  Incitement;  instigation;  incentive;  mo- 
tive ; inducement ; stimulus. 

Who  would  ever  care  to  do  brave  deed. 

Or  strive  in  virtue  others  to  excel, 

If  none  should  yield  him  his  deserved  meed, 

Due  praise,  that  is  the  spur  of  doing  well?  Spenser. 

3.  The  longest  and  largest  root  of  a tree. 

And  by  the  spurs 

Plucked  up  the  pine  and  cedar.  Shak. 

4.  A hard,  pointed  projection  on  the  leg  of  a 

cock,  with  which  he  fights.  Hale. 

5.  Any  projection  ; a point ; a snag.  Shak. 

6.  A spiked  iron  for  the  bottom  of  a sailor’s 
boot,  to  enable  him  to  stand  on  the  carcass  of  a 
whale  while  stripping  the  blubber  off.  Simmonels. 

7.  A branch  or  subordinate  range  of  moun- 
tains that  shoots  out  from  a larger  range.  P.  Cyc. 

The  northern  spurs  of  Hermon.  M.  Brit.  Rev. 

8.  pi.  In  a wooden  bridge,  braces  which  prop 
the  two  pillars  that  support  it.  Bond.  Ency. 

9.  A sea-swallow;  a tern.  [Local,  Eng.]  Ray. 

10.  (i Ship-building .)  A piece  of  timber  fixed 

on  the  bilge-ways,  the  upper  end  being  bolted 
to  the  vessel’s  side  above  the  water  : — a curved 
piece  of  timber,  serving  as  a half  beam,  to  sup- 
port the  deck  where  a whole  beam  cannot  be 
placed.  Dana. 

11.  (Fort.)  A wall  that  crosses  a part  of  the 
rampart,  and  joins  to  the  town  wall.  Loud.  Ency. 

12.  (Rot.)  Any  projecting  appendage  of  the 

flower,  looking  like  a spur,  as  that  of  lark- 
spur. Gray. 

13.  (Med.)  The  angle  at  which  the  arteries 

leave  a cavity  or  trunk.  Dunglison. 

14.  (Bot.)  An  enlarged  seed  of  rye  and  also 

of  other  grasses,  diseased  and  perverted  in  its 
nature  by  the  influence  of  a parasitic  fungus  at- 
tached to  it  from  the  beginning  of  its  develop- 
ment ; horn-seed  ; ergot ; — so  called  from  its 
resemblance  to  the  spur  of  a cock,  and  used  to 
promote  the  contraction  of  the  uterus  in  partu- 
rition. Wood  Sj  Bache. 

SPUR,  V.  a.  [{.  SPURRED  ’,  pp.  SPURRING,  SPURRED.] 

1.  To  prick  or  drive  with  the  spur. 

Resolved  to  learn,  he  spurred  his  fiery  steed 

With  goring  rowels  to  provoke  his  speed.  Dryden. 

2.  To  urge  forward  ; to  instigate  ; to  incite  ; 
to  induce  ; to  stimulate. 

Let  the  awe  he  has  got  upon  their  minds  be  so  tempered 
with  the  marks  of  good-will,  that  affection  may  spur  them  to 
their  duty.  Locke. 

Love  will  not  be  sjiurred  to  what  it  loathes.  Shak. 

3.  To  fix  a spur  or  spurs  to.  “ With  well- 

spurred  boot.”  Old  Ballad. 

SPUR,  v.  n.  1.  To  travel  very  fast ; to  press  for- 
ward. “ Spu?'  through  Media.”  Shak. 

They  stayed  not  to  aviso  who  first  should  be, 

But  all  spurred  after,  fast  as  they  mote  fly, 

To  rescue  her  from  shameful  villany.  Spenser. 

2.  To  offer  an  incentive  or  inducement. 

Self-interest,  . . . spniwing  to  action  by  hopes  and  fears, 
caused  all  those  disorders  amongst  men  which  required  the 
remedy  of  civil  society.  Warburton. 

SPUR-CLAD,  a.  Wearing  spurs.  Wright. 

SPUR'GALI.,  v.  a.  To  gall  with  the  spur.  Shak. 

SPUR'G  ALL,  n.  A wound  or  hurt  occasioned  by 
the  use  of  the  spur.  Ash. 

SPUR'G  ALLED  (spiir'gfild),  a.  Hurt  or  wounded 
with  the  spur.  Beau.  <S,  FI. 

SPURGE,  n.  [Fr.  Ipurge; — from  L.  purgo,  to 
purge.]  (Bot.)  The  common  name  of  plants  of 
the  genus  Euphorbia,  which  are  mostly  herba- 
ceous and  have  a milky  and  very  acrid  juice, 
and  of  which  some  species  possess  powerful 
cathartic  and  emetic  properties.  Loudon. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  !,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  ?,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


SPUR-GEARING 


SPUR'-GEAR-ING,  n.  The  connection  of  one 
toothed  wheel  with  another,  when  both  wheels, 
with  their  teeth,  are  in  the  direction  of  the 
same  plane.  Bigelow. 

SPURGE-FLAX,  n.  ( Bot .)  A plant  common  in 
the  south  of  Europe,  and  sometimes  used  as  a 
purgative ; Daphne  gnidium.  Johnson. 

SPURGE'— LAU-REL,  n.  (Bot.)  An  evergreen 
shrub ; Daphne  laureola.  Loudon. 

SPURGE'-OL-IVE,  n.  (Bot.)  An  evergreen  shrub  ; 
Daphne  oleoides.  Johnson. 

SPURGE'-WORT  (-vviirt),  n.  A plant.  Johnson. 

t SPURG'ING,  n.  The  act  of  purging.  B.Jonson. 

SPU'RI-OUS  (spu’re-us),  a.  [L.  spurius ; It.  spu- 
rio  ; Sp.  espurio .] 

1.  Of  unknown  or  uncertain  parentage  or 
origin;  illegitimate;  bastard;  supposititious. 

Your  Scipios,  Caesars,  Pompeys,  and  your  Catos, 

These  gods  on  earth,  are  all  the  spurious  brood 

Of  violated  maids.  Addison. 

2.  Counterfeit;  false  ; ; adulterine ; unauthen- 

tic ; fictitious  ; not  genuine.  Bp.  Horsley. 

I npvcr  could  be  imposed  on  . . . to  mistake  your  genuine 
poetry  for  their  spurious  productions.  Brydcn. 

Spurious  wing,  ( Or  nit  h. ) three  or  five  quill-like 
fealliers,  placed  at  a small  joint  rising  at  the  middle 
part  of  the  wing.  Swainson. 

Syn. — Spurious,  supposititious,  and  counterfeit,  all 
denote  modes  of  the  false  ; the  first  two,  indirectly  ; 
the  last,  directly.  A spurious  production  ; spurious  or 
illegitimate  offspring;  a supposititious  child  ; counter- 
feit money  or  coin  ; a false  account. 

SPU'RI-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  a spurious  manner. 

SPU'RI-OUS- NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state  of 
being  spurious  or  counterfeit.  Waterland. 

SPilR'L£SS,  a.  Having  no  spurs.  “Thou  shalt 
ride  spurless.”  Ritson. 

SPUR'LING,  n.  (Ich.)  A small  marine  fish  ; smelt; 
sparling.  Tusser. 

SPUR'LING— LINE,  n.  (Naut.)  A line  communi- 
cating between  the  wheel  and  the  telltale.  Dana. 

SPURN,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  spurnan. — L.  sperno.]  \i. 

SPURNED;  pp.  SPURNING,  SPURNED.] 

1.  To  strike  with  the  foot ; to  kick. 

You  that  did  void  your  rheum  upon  my  beard, 

And  foot  me  as  you  spurn  a stranger  cur 

Over  your  threshold.  Shah. 

2.  To  reject  with  disdain  ; to  despise. 

What  safe  and  nicely  I might  well  delay. 

The  rule  of  knighthood  I disdain  and  spurn..  Shak. 

3.  To  treat  with- contempt ; to  scout.  Locke. 

SPURN,  v.  n.  1.  To  manifest  disdain  ; to  make 
contemptuous  opposition  or  insolent  resistance. 

I.  Pnndulph,  do  religiously  demand 

Why  thou  against  the  church,  our  holy  mother, 

So  wilfully  dost  spurn.  Shak. 

2.  To  toss  or  kick  up  the  heels. 

The  drunken  chairman  in  the  kennel  spurns. 

The  glasses  shatters,  and  his  charge  o’erturns.  Gay. 

3.  To  strike  with  the  foot;  to  stumble,  [r.] 

The  maid  . . . ran  up  stairs,  but,  spurning  at  the  dead  body, 
fell  upon  it  in  a swoon.  Memoirs  of  M.  Scriblerus. 

SPURN,  n.  1.  A blow  with  the  foot ; a kick,  [r.] 

What  defence  can  .properly  be  used  in  such  a despicable 
encounter  ns  this  but  either  the  slap  or  the  spurn ? Milton. 

2.  Disdainful  or  contemptuous  treatment. 

The  insolence  of  office,  and  the  spurns 

That  patient  merit  of  the  unworthy  takes.  Shak. 

SPURN'ER,  n.  One  who  spurns.  Sherwood. 

SPUR'NEY  (spiir'ne),  n.  A plant.  Johnson. 

SPURN'-WA-TER,  n.  (NautT)  A channel,  as  in 
a deck,  to  check  water.  Clarke. 

SPURRE,  n.  (Ornith.)  A tern;  a spur.  Clarke. 

SPURRED  (spiird), /j.  a.  Wearing  or  having  spurs  ; 
fitted  with  spurs.  “ Booted  and  spurred.”  Fox. 

Spurrcd-rye,  a diseased  seed  of  rye  ; ergot ; spur. 

Wood  If  Bache. 

SPUR'RGR,  n.  One  who  uses  spurs.  Swift. 

SPUR'RISY,  n.  (Bot.)  The  common  name  of 
plants  of  the  genus  Spergula,  one  species  of 
which,  Spergula  arvensis,  is  cultivated  in  Ger- 
many and  the  Netherlands  for  fodder.  Loudon. 

SPUR'RI-pR,  n.  One  who  makes  spurs.  B.  Jonson. 

SPUR'— RoW-EL,  n.  The  rowel,  or  little  wheel 
with  sharp  points,  at  the  end  of  a spur.  Sprat. 


1397 

SPUR'ROY-AL,  n.  A gold  coin,  first  coined  in 
the  time  of  Edward  IV.,  and  valued  at  15s.  in 
the  reigns  of  Elizabeth  and  James  I.  It  had  a 
star  on  the  reverse,  resembling  the  rowel  of  a 
spur;  a rial;  — sometimes  written  spur-rial,  or 
spur-ryal.  Beau.  § FI. 

SPUR'RY,  n.  A plant.  — See  Spurrey.  Phillips. 

SPURT,  v.  n.  [By  a customary  metathesis,  the 
past  part,  of  the  A.  S.  sprytan,  spryttan,  to 
shoot  out,  to  cast  forth.  Touke.  — See  Sprout.] 
[£.  SPURTED  ; pp.  spurting,  spurted.]  To 
spring  or  stream  out,  as  a fluid,  suddenly ; to 
gush  ; — written  also  spirt.  Dampier. 

SPURT,  v.  a.  To  throw  out  in  a stream  or  jet. 

SPURT,  n.  1.  A sudden,  short  ejection  of  a fluid 
in  a small  stream  ; a jet.  Browne. 

2.  A sudden  or  short  effort  or  act.  Bragge. 

We  . . . see  the  breeze  curling  on  the  water,  . . . and  some- 
times get  a sjmrt  of  it  to  help  us  forward.  Dampier. 

3.  A few  drops  of  rain.  [Local,  Eng.]  Carr. 

SPUR'WAY  (spiir'wa),  n.  A bridle-path,  as  dis- 
tinct from  a road  for  carriages,  [r.]  Bailey. 

SPUR'— WHEEL,  n.  ( Mech .)  A wheel  having 
cogs  or  teeth  on  the  edge  or  periphery,  project- 
ing radially  from  the  centre.  Tomlinson. 

SPU-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  sputo,  sputatus,  to  spit  ; 
sputum , spittle.]  (Med.)  Rejection  of  the  mat- 
ters accumulated  in  the  pharynx  and  the  larynx  ; 
the  act  of  spitting;  exspuition.  Dunglison. 

f SPU'TA-TIVE,  a.  Disposed  to  spit.  Wotton. 

f SPQTE,  v.  a.  To  dispute.  Wickliffc. 

SPUT'TJJR,  v.  n.  [“From  spout  is  formed  the 
frequentative  to  sputter,  answering  to  the  L. 
sputo,  from  spuo.”  Barclay.  — Sputter  and  spat- 
ter are  the  same  word.  Richardson.  — See 
Sprout.]  \i.  sputtered  ; pp.  sputtering, 

SPUTTERED.] 

1.  To  spit  or  eject  moisture  in  small,  scat- 
tered drops  ; to  tlirow  out  as  if  spitting. 

It  scalds  along  my  checks,  like  the  green  wood 

That,  sputtering  in  the  flame,  works  outward  into  tears. 

Dry  den. 

When  sparkling  lamps  their  sputtering  light  advance.  Dryden. 

2.  To  speak  hastily  and  obscurely  ; to  throw 
out  spittle  by  hasty  speech  ; to  splutter. 

A pinking  owl  sat  sputtering  at  the  sun,  and  oslred  him 
what  he  meant  to  stand  staring  her  in  the  eyes.  L' Estrange. 

tty-:  • “ Spurt  is,  because  of  the  obscure  u,  something 
between  spit  and  spout  -,  and,  by  reason  of  adding  r, 
it  intimates  a frequent  iteration  and  noise.”  Wallis. 

SPUT'TJEIR,  v.  a.  To  throw  out  or  utter  with 
haste  and  indistinctness  ; — used  with  out. 

Til  the  midst  of  caresses,  and  without  the  least  pretended 
incitement,  to  sputter  out  the  basest  accusations.  Swift. 

SPtJT'TER,  n.  1.  Moisture  or  water  thrown  out 
by  sputtering.  Johnson. 

2.  A noise  ; a bustle;  an  uproar.  Bailey. 

SPUT'T£R-£R,  n.  One  who  sputters.  Johnson. 

SPU'TUM,  n.  [L.]  The  secretions  ejected  from 
the  mouth  in  the  act  of  spitting,  composed  of 
saliva,  and  of  the  mucus  secreted  by  the  mucous 
membrane  of  the  nasal  fossae  and  fauces,  and 
often  by  the  membrane  of  the  larynx  and  bron- 
chia ; spit ; spittle.  Dunglison. 

SPY  (spl),  n.  [It.  spin,  spione  ; Sp.cs/ffa,  espion ; 
Fr.  espion.  — Dut.  spie,  spiedc.  — From  Old  Ger. 
spehtm,  to  spy  ; Ger.  spethen.  Diez .]  One  on 
the  watch  to  gain  and  send  intelligence  of 
transactions  intended  to  be  kept  secret;  — par- 
ticularly, a person  sent  to  gain  intelligence  in 
an  enemy’s  camp' or  country  ; a secret  emissary. 

Sends  he  some  spy , amidst  these  silent  hours. 

To  try  your  camp,  and  watch  the  Trojan  powers?  Pope. 

Syn.  — See  Emissary. 

SPY  (spl),  v.  a.  [i.  spied;  pp.  spying,  spied.] 
To  see;  to  gain  sight  of;  to  discover;  to  de- 
tect by  sight ; to  espy. 

Achilles,  starting,  as  the  chiefs  he  spied. 

Leaped  from  his  seat,  and  laid  the  harp  aside.  Pope. 

To  spy  out , to  search  or  discover  by  artifice.  “ And 
Moses  sent  to  spy  out  Jaazer.**  JVum.  xxi.  32. 

SPY,  v.  n.  To  search  narrowly  or  closely. 

It  is  my  nature’s  plague 
To  spy  into  abuse;  and  oft  my  jealousy 
Shapes  faults  that  are  not.  Shak. 

SPY'— BOAT  (spi'bdt),  n.  A boat  sent  out  for  in- 
telligence. Arbuthnot. 


SQUALL 

SPY'— GLASS,  n.  A small  telescope.  Ed.  Rev. 

SPY'I§M,  n.  The  conduct  of  a spy.  [r.]  Maunder. 

SPY'— MON-GY,  n.  Money  paid  to  spies,  or  paid 
for  secret  intelligence.  Addison. 

SQUAB  (skwob),  a.  [ Richardson  refers  to  rpiah.’] 

1.  Unfeathered  ; unfledged,  as  birds.  King. 

2.  Thick  and  stout  ; awkwardly  bulky  ; fat. 

Nor  the  squab  daughter  nor  the  wife  were  nice.  Betterton. 

SQUAB  (skwob),  n.  1.  A young  and  unfledged 
bird  ; — a young  pigeon.  C.  Richardson. 

2.  A short,  fat  person.  Pope. 

Gorgonius  6its,  abdominous  and  wan, 

Like  a fat  squab  upon  a Chinese  fan.  Cowper. 

3.  A kind  of  sofa  or  couch ; a stuffed  cushion. 

On  her  large  squab  you  find  her  spread.  Pope. 

SQUAB  (skwob),  ad.  With  a heavy,  sudden  fall, 
as  something  plump  and  fat.  [Low.] 

The  eagle  took  the  tortoise  up  into  the  air  and  dropt  him 
down  squab  upon  a rock.  V Estrange. 

SQUAB  (skwob),  V.  n.  [i.  SQUADDED  ; pp.  SQUAB- 
DING,  squadded.]  To  fall  down  plump  or  flat. 
[Rare  or  vulgar.]  " Johnson. 

SQUAB'BISII  (skwob'bjsh),  a.  Thick  ; heavy  ; 
fleshy ; bulky  ; squab.  Harvey. 

SQUAB'BLE  (skwob'bl),  v.  n.  [Of  uncertain  ori- 
gin.— Ger.  qvabbeln,  to  shake.]  [ i . squab- 

bled ; pp.  squabbling,  squabbled.]  To 
struggle  in  contest ; to  fight ; to  scuffle ; to  wran- 
gle ; to  quarrel.  Shak. 

Though  logicians  might  squabble  a whole  day.  IVatts. 

SQUAB'BLE  (skwob'bl),  v.  a.  (Printing.)  To  dis- 
arrange or  mix,  as  lines  of  type,  by  forcing  them 
horizontally  out  of  their  place  ; — distinguished 
from  to  pie  by  the  types  standing  on  their  feet, 
and  retaining  their  parallel  position.  Warfield. 

SQUAB'BLE  (skwob'bl),  n.  A low  brawl ; a wran- 
gle ; a petty  quarrel.  Arbuthnot. 

SQUAB'BLGR  (skwob'bler),  n.  One  who  squabbles. 

SQUAB'BY  (skwob'be),  a.  Short  and  thick  ; very 
corpulent;  squab;  squabbish.  Smart. 

SQUAB 'CHICK  (skwob'chlk),  n.  A chicken  not 
fully  feathered.  Ash. 

SQUAB'— PfE  (skwob'pl),  n.  A pie  made  of  squab 
pigeons,  or  of  fish,  flesh,  and  vegetables.  King. 

SQUAC'CO,  n.  (Ornith.)  A species  of  heron; 
Ardea  comata.  Yarrell. 

SQUAD  (skwod),  n.  [Fr.  escouade. — “An  ab- 
breviation of  squadron.”  Wright .] 

1.  (Mil.)  Any  small  number  of  men,  horse  or 
foot,  assembled  for  drill  or  inspection.  Stocqueler. 

2.  A small  party  or  set,  as  of  people.  Smart. 

SQUAD'RON  (skwod'run)  [skw&'drun,  W.  F.  Ja. ; 

skwod 'run,  J.  Sm.  Wr.  Wb.],  n.  [It.  squadrone; 
Sp.  escuadron-,  Fr.  escadron  ; — from  L.  quad- 
ratus,  square  ; quatuor,  four.] 

1.  A body  of  troops  drawn  up  in  a square,  [r.] 
Training  his  devilish  enginery,  impaled 

On  every  side  with  shadowing  squadrons  deep, 

To  hide  the  fraud.  Milton. 

2.  (Mil.)  A body  of  cavalry,  composed  of  two 

troops,  the  number  of  which  is  not  fixed,  but 
generally  consisting  of  from  eighty  to  one  hun- 
dred and  twenty  men  each.  Stocqueler. 

3.  (Naval.)  A number  of  ships  of  war  de- 
tached from  the  main  fleet.  Arbuthnot. 

SQUAD' RONED  (skwod 'rund),  a.  Formed  into 
squadrons.  “ Squadroned  angels.”  Milton. 

SQUAL'jD  (skwol'jd)  [skwol'jd,  S.  W.  P.  J.  F.  Ja. 
K.  Sm.  ; skwal'jd,  E.)  , a.  [L.  squalidus  ; sqaa- 
leo,  to  be  filthy ; It.  squallido .]  Covered  or  filled 
with  dirt;  extremely  foul ; filthy;  nasty. 

Next  came  Ulysses,  lowly,  at  the  door, 

A figure  despicable,  old,  and  poor. 

In  squalid  vests  with  many  a gaping  rent. 

Propped  on  a stall’,  and  trembling  as  lie  went.  Pope. 

SQU A-LID'I-TY,  n.  [L.  squaliditas .]  Squalid- 
ness; squalor;  filth.  Bailey. 

SQUAL'ID-LY  (skwol'jd-Ie),  ad.  In  a squalid 
manner  ; foully.  Dr.  Allen. 

SQUAL'JD- NESS  (skwol'jd-ngs),  n.  The  state  of 
being  squalid  ; squalidity  ; squalor.  Scott. 

SQUALL,  v.  n.  [Dan.  skraale\  Sw.  sqviila. — 
“ From  the  A.  S.  giellan,  or  gyllan,  to  yell.” 
Richardson. — See  Squeal,  and  Yell.]  [i. 

SQUALLED  ; pp.  SQUALLING,  SQUALLED.]  TO 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — y,  G>  9.  i,  soft;  C,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  $ as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


SQUALL 


scream  or  cry  out,  as  a frightened  child  or 
woman  ; to  scream  violently. 

I put  five  [of  the  Lilliputians]  into  mv  coat  pocket:  and  ns 
to  the  fifth,  I made  a countenance  as  if  I would  eat  him  alive. 
The  poor  man  squalled  terribly.  Swift. 

SQUALL,  n.  X.  A harsh,  violent  scream  or  cry. 
There  oft  are  hcanl  the  notes  of  infant  woe  — 

The  short,  thick  sob,  loud  scream,  and  shriller  squall.  Pope. 

2.  A short,  violent  storm  ; a sudden  and  ve- 
hement gust,  or  succession  of  gusts,  often  ac- 
companied by  rain,  snow,  or  sleet ; a flaw. 

A lowering  squall  obscures  the  northern  sky.  Falconer. 

A black  squall , a squall  attended  with  a dark  cloud, 

diminishing  the  usual  quantity  of  light. i white 

squall,  a squall  which  produces  no  diminution  of 
light.  — A thick  squall,  a squall  accompanied  with 
hail,  sleet,  &c.  Mar.  Diet. 

A squall  differs  from  a gale  in  the  suddenness 
of  its  beginning,  and  in  the  shortness  of  its  continu- 
ance.” C.  Richardson . 

SQUALL'?!*,  n.  One  who  squalls.  Johnson. 

SQUALL'Y,  a.  1.  Abounding  in  squalls  ; gusty. 
“ Squally  weather.”  Smollett. 

2.  Growing  only  in  patches  or  spots  ; — used 
of  corn  and  turnips.  [Local,  Eng.]  Wright. 

3.  ( Weaving.)  Faulty  or  uneven,  as  cloth.  Ash. 

SQUA'LOID,  a.  [L.  squah/s,  a shark,  and  Gr. 
illos,  form.]  (Zoiil.)  Resembling  a shark. ArestoL 

SQUA  'LOR,  n.  [L.]  Want  of  cleanliness  ; foul- 
ness ; filthiness ; squalidity.  — Burton. 

SQUA-MA'CEOUS  (-situs),  a.  [L.  squama,  a scale.] 
(Bot.)  Scaly ; squamous.  Gray. 

SQUA'MATE.o.  (Bot.)  Scaly  ; squamous.  Gray. 

SQUA'MA-TED,  a.  [L.  squama,  a scale.]  Scaly; 
squamate.  Hill. 

t SQU.AME,  n.  [L.  squama.]  A scale.  Chaucer. 

SQUA'MpL-LATE,  a.  {Bot.)  Furnished  with 
little  scales  ; squamulose.  Gray. 

SQUA'MI-FORM,  a.  [L.  squama,  a scale,  and 
forma,  form.]  Shaped  like  a scale.  Gray. 

SQUA-Ml<?'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  squama,  a scale,  and 
gero,  to  bear.]  Bearing  scales  ; scaly.  Blount. 

SQUAm'I-PEN,  n.  [L.  squama,  a scale,  and  pen- 
na,  a fin.]  {Ich.)  A fish  whose  dorsal  and  anal 
fins  are  covered  with  scales.  Clarke. 

SQUA'MOID,  a.  [L.  squama,  a scale,  and  Gr. 
illos,  form.]  Covered  with  scales  ; scaly  ; squa- 
mous. Agassiz. 

SQUA-MOSE'  (129),  a.  [L.  squamosus;  squama, 
a scale.]  Having  scales,  or  composed  of  scale- 
like appendages  ; scaly  ; squamous.  Hill. 

SQUA'MOUS  (skwa'mus),  a.  Pertaining  to,  con- 
sisting of,  or  resembling,  scales;  scaiy;  squa- 
mose.  “ Squamous  oak-cones.”  Derham. 

SQUA'MU-LOSE,  a.  {Bot.)  Furnished  with  little 
scales ; squamellate.  Gray. 

SQUAN'DER  (skwon'der),  v.  a.  [Ger.  verschicen- 
den.  Skinner.  — Barclay  suggests  the  Ger. 
schwenden,  to  destroy,  past  part,  schwand.  — 
“It  maybe  from  the  A.  S .wanian,  to  diminish.” 
Richardson.  — See  Wander.]  [j.  squan- 
dered ; pp.  SQUANDERING,  SQUANDERED.] 

1.  To  scatter  lavishly ; to  spend  profusely  ; to 
throw  away  prodigally  ; to  waste  ; to  lavish. 

And  such  expense  as  pinches  parents  blue, 

And  mortifies  the  liberal  hand  of  love, 

Is  squandered  in  pursuit  of  idle  sports 

And  vicious  pleasures.  Cowper. 

2.  f To  scatter ; to  disperse. 

Islands,  that  lie  squandered  in  the  vast  ocean.  Howell. 

They  charge,  re-charge,  and  all  along  the  sea 

They  drive  and  squander  the  huge  Belgian  fleet.  Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Spend. 

SQUAN'DER  (skwon'der),  n.  The  act  of  squan- 
dering. [r.]  Inquiry  into  State  of  Nation. 

SQUAN'D£R-£R  (skwSn'der-er),  n.  One  who 
squanders  ; a spendthrift ; a prodigal.  Locke. 

SQUAN'DpR-ING-LY  (skwon'-),  ad.  Lavishly ; 
prodigally  ; wastefully.  Clarke. 

SQUARE  (skwir),  a.  [L.  quadro,  quadratus,  to 
make  square ; quadrum,  a square ; quatuor, 
four  ; It.  quadro,  square  ; squadra,  a square  ; 
Sp.  cuadro,  escuadro  ; Fr.  carre,  equerre.  — W. 
ysgwar.] 

1.  Having  four  equal  sides  and  four  right 


1398 


SQUASH 


angles ; quadrilateral,  with  sides  and  angles 
equal. 

All  the  doors  and  posts  were  square.  1 Kings  vii.  5. 

2.  Forming  a right  angle;  perpendicular. 

Striking  lines  square  to  other  lines.  Moron. 

3.  Having  sides  ; — used  only  in  composition. 

Catching  up  in  haste  his  three-square  shield.  Spenser. 

4.  Having  great  breadth  in  proportion  to  the 

height.  “ A square  man.”  Johnson. 

5.  Free  from  falsity  ; suitable;  true. 

If  report  be  square  to  her.  Shak. 

6.  Equitable;  equal;  exact;  honest;  up- 
right ; fair.  “ Square  dealing.”  Beau.  $ FI. 

For  those  that  were  it  is  not  square  to  take 

On  those  that  are  revenge;  crimes  like  to  lands 

Are  not  inherited.  Shak. 

7.  Adjusted;  balanced;  settled;  even;  as, 
“ The  account  is  square.” 

8.  {Naut.)  At  right  angles  with  the  mast  or 

the  keel,  as  the  yards  and  their  sails: — of 
greater  extent  than  usual,  as  the  yards  and 
their  sails.  Mar.  Diet. 


S&F  “ When  the  yards  hang  at  right  angles  with 
the  mast,  they  are  said  to  be  square  by  the  lifts; 
when  they  hang  perpendicular  to  the  ship’s  length, 
they  are  called  square  by  the  braces  ; but  when  they 
lie  in  a direction  perpendicular  to  the  plane  of  the 
keel,  they  are  square  by  the  lifts  and  braces;  or,  in 
other  words,  they  hang  directly  across  the  ship,  and 
parallel  to  the  horizon.  The  yards  are  said  to  be 
very  square  when  they  are  of  extraordinary  length  ; 
and  the  same  epithet  is  then  applied  to  their  sails 
with  respect  to  their  breadth.”  Mar.  Diet. 

Square  of  a quantity , (Algebra.)  the  product  obtained 
by  multiplying  the  quantity  by  itself,  or  by  taking  it 
twice  as  a factor.  — Square  measures,  the  squares  of 
linear  measures,  as  a square  foot,  which  is  a square 
having  each  side  one  foot  long  and  containing  144 
square  inches.  — Square  number,  the  productof  a num- 
ber multiplied  by  itself ; a square.  Hutton. 


SQUARE,  n.  1.  {Geom.)  A four-sided,  rec- 
tilineal figure,  all  the  angles  of  which  are 
right  angles,  and  all  the  sides  equal ; an 
equilateral  and  equiangular  quadrilateral. 

2.  {Arith.)  A number  which  may  be  resolved 
into  two  equal  factors  ; the  product  of  a number 
multiplied  by  itself ; a square  number.  Davies. 

3.  (Asfrol.)  The  situation  of  planets  distant 

90°  from  each  other  ; a quartile.  Milton. 

4.  An  open  area  in  a town  or  city  formed  by 
the  junction  or  crossing  of  two  or  more  streets. 

The  statue  of  Alexander  VII,  stands  in, -he  large  square  of 
the  town.  Addison. 

5.  A rule  or  instrument  by  which  workmen 

ascertain  whether  an  angle  is  a right  angle  or 
not.  Shenstone. 

6.  Conformity  or  adaptation  to  rule;  exact 
proportion  ; regularity  ; rule,  [r.] 

I have  not  kept  my  square , but  that  to  come 
Shall  all  be  done  by  the  rule.  Shak. 

I shall  break  no  squares , whether  it  be  60  or  not.  L' Estrange. 

7.  f Equal  proportion  or  measurement. 

Then  did  a sharped  spire  of  diamond  bright, 

Ten  feet  each  way  in  square,  appear  to  me.  Spenser. 

8.  Equality  ; level,  [r.] 

We  live  not  on  the  square  with  such  as  these.  Dry  den. 


□ 


9:  A term  applied  to  one  hundred  superficial  i 
feet  of  boarding.  Simmonds.  i 

10.  f A quarrel.  Promos  <5r  Cass,  j 

11.  t The  front  of  the  female  dress,  near  the  j 
bosom,  generally  worked  or  embroidered.  Shak.  j 

Her  curious  square  embossed  with  swelling  gold.  Fairfax.  • 

12.  (Naut.)  The  upper  part  of  the  shank  of 

an  anchor.  Mar.  Diet,  j 

13.  f Quaternion  ; number  four. 

I profess 

Myself  an  enemy  to  all  other  joys  I 

Which  the  most  precious  square  of  sense  possesses.  Shak. 
ffesp’  Perhaps  it  only  means  capacity.  Johnson. 

14.  (Mil.)  A particular  formation  into  which  ; 
troops  are  thrown  on  critical  occasions,  partieu-  I 
larly  to  resist  the  charge  of  cavalry.  Mil.  Ency.  ! 

Jill  squares , all  right.  — To  break  squares , to  depart  ! 
from  an  accustomed  order.  — To  break  no  squares,  to 
give  no  offence  ; to  make  no  difference.  — To  play  \ 
upon  the  square , to  play  honestly. 

Amongst  known  cheats,  to  play  upon  the  square 
You’ll  l)e  undone.  Rochester. 

To  be  upon  the  square  with , to  be  even  with. 

Drink,  you  dog,  that  we  may  be  upon  the  square  with  her. 

Mountfort.  Wright. 

— To  be  at  square,  to  be  in  a state  of  quarrelling. 

(t  Falling  at  square  with  her  husband. ” Holinshed. 

— To  see  how  the  squares  go,  to  see  how  the  game 
proceeds,  — a chess-board  or  checker-board  being 


full  of  squares.  “ One  frog  looked  about  him  to  see 
how  squares  went  with  their  new  king.”  V Es- 
trange. — Hollow  square , (Mil.)  a body  of  foot  drawn 
up  three  deep  or  four  deep  on  each  side,  with  an 
empty  space  in  the  centre  for  the  commanding  officer, 
staff,  colors,  drums,  and  baggage,  facing  every  way  to 
resist  a charge  of  cavalry.  Mil.  Ency.  — Magic  square. 
See  Magic. 

Solid  square , (Mil.)  a body  of  infantry  where  both 
ranks  and  files  are  equal.  Mil.  Ency. — Square  of  the 
circle.  See  Quadrature. 


SQUARE,  v.  a.  [i.  SQUARED  ; ]Jp.  SQUARING, 
SQUARED.] 

1.  To  form  with  right  angles  ; to  make  square. 

2.  +To  form  quartile  with. 

O’er  Libra’s  sign  a crowd  of  foes  prevails. 

The  icy  Goat  and  Crab  that  square  the  scales.  Creech. 

3.  To  admeasure  ; to  reduce  to  a measure  ; to 
compare  with  a given  standard. 

Stubborn  critics,  apt,  without  a theme 
For  depravation,  to  square  all  the  sex 
By  Cressid’s  rule.  Shak. 

4.  To  regulate  ; to  shape  ; to  fashion ; to  ac- 
commodate ; to  fit ; to  suit ; to  adapt. 

Thou  ’rt  said  to  have  a stubborn  soul, 

That  apprehends  no  further  than  this  world, 

And  squar'st  thy  life  accordingly.  Shak. 

Eye  me,  blest  Providence,  and  square  my  trial 

To  my  proportioned  strength.  Milton. 

5.  To  adjust ; to  settle  ; to  close ; to  balance  ; 
as,  “ To  square  an  account.” 

6.  (Math.)  To  multiply  into  itself.  Davies. 

7.  (Naut.)  To  make  square,  as  a yard  or  sail. 

Yards  are  squared  when  they  are  horizontal  and  at  right 
angles  with  the  keel.  Dana. 

To  square  the  circle,  to  find  a square  equal  in  area 
to  the  area  of  a given  circle.  Tins  problem  has  been 
only  approximately  solved.  The  diameter  of  a cir- 
cle is  to  the  side  of  an  equal  square  nearly  as  44 
to  39.  Hutton. 

SQUARE,  v.  n.  1.  To  suit ; to  fit;  to  accord. 

His  description  squares  exactly  to  lime.  Woodward. 

2.  f To  take  an  attitude  of  offence  or  defence ; 
to  quarrel.  “ But  they  do  square.”  Shak. 

To  square  off,  to  take  an  attitude  of  offence  or  de- 
fence ; to  square.  [Low.] 

SQUARE  LY,  ad.  In  a square  form  ; suitably  ; 
in  conformity.  Imago  Seeculi,  1676. 

SQuAre'N^SS,  n.  State  of  being  square.  Moxon. 

SQUAr'£R,«.  1.  One  who,  or  that  which,  squares. 

2.  One  in  an  attitude  of  defence  or  of  of- 
fence ; a quarreller.  Shak. 

SQUArE'-RIGGED  (-rigd),  a.  (Naut.)  Noting  a 

vessel,  as  a ship,  the  principal  sails  of  which 
are  extended  by  yards  which  are  suspended 
horizontally  and  by  the  middle,  and  not  by 
stays,  booms,  and  gaffs,  or  lateen  or  lug-sail 
yards.  Mar.  Diet. 

SQUARE'— SAIL,  n.  (Naut.)  Any  sail  extended 
to  a yard,  which  hangs  parallel  to  the  horizon, 
as  distinguished  from  the  other  sails  which  are 
extended  obliquely  : — a sloop’s  or  a schooner’s 
sail  which  hauls  out  to  the  lower  yard  ; — used 
chiefly  to  scud  in  a tempest.  Mar.  Diet. 

SQUARE'— TOED  (-tod),  a.  Having  the  toes  or 
ends  square,  as  boots  or  shoes.  Robinson. 

SQuAr'JSH,  a.  Somewhat  square.  La  Costa. 


SQUAR-ROSE',  a.  1.  (Nat.  Hist.) 

Cut  into  deep  segments  that  are 
elevated  above  the  plane  of  the 
surface ; jagged.  Maunder. 

2.  (Bot.)  Noting  parts  spread 
out  at  right  angles,  or  nearly  at 
right  angles,  from  a common  axis, 
as  the  leaves  of  some  mosses,  the  involucre  of 
some  composite,  &c.  Lindley. 

SQUAR-ROSE'-SLASHED,«  (Bot.) 

Slashed  with  minor  divisions  at 
right  angles  to  the  others. 

Lindle 

SQUAR-RO'SO-DEN'TATE,  a. 

(Bot.)  Noting  leaves  which  have 

teeth  on  the  margin  bent'aside  Squarrose-slashed. 

from  the  plane  of  its  blade.  Henslow. 

SQUAR'ROUS,  a.  (Bot.)  Squarrose.  Wright. 


SQUAR'RU-LOSE,  a.  Slightly  squarrose.  Gray. 
SQUASH  (skwosh),  v.  a.  [See  Quash.]  [i. 
SQUASHED  ; pp.  SQUASHING,  SQUASHED.]  TO 
crush  ; to  press  into  pulp  or  into  a flat  mass. 

Yet  will  she  squash  and  break  the  raven’s  eggs.  Holland . 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  1,  6,  0,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  \,  O,  I/,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HfilR,  HER; 


SQUASH 

SQUASH  (skwosh),  n.  1.  Something  soft,  as  a 
soft,  unripe  pod  of  pease.  Shak. 

2.  A sudden  fall,  as  of  some  soft  body,  or  a 
crushing  of  a soft  body  by  a fall.  Arbuthnot. 

3.  A shock  or  concussion  of  soft  bodies,  or 

with  a soft  body.  Swift. 

SQUASH  (skwosh),  n.  [Indian  askutasquasli.] 
An  American  plant,  and  its  fruit,  of  the  genus 
Cucurbita,  allied  to  the  pumpkin. 

This  vegetable  was  used  for  food  by  the  In- 
dians before  the  settlement  of  the  country  by  the 
English,  and  its  name  is  derived  from  them  : u Askuta- 
squash, their  vine  apples,  which  the  English  from 
them  call  squashes.”  Roger  Williams. 

4gy-  In  summer  when  their  [the  Indians]  corn  is 
spent,  squanter  squashes  is  their  best  bread,  a fruit 
like  a young  pumpkin.  Wood’s  J\Tew  England,  1G34. 

SQUASH  (skwosh),  n.  ( Zoiil .)  A species  of  weasel. 

The  smell  of  our  weasels,  and  ermines,  and  polecats  is 
fragrance  itself  when  compared  to  that  of  the  squash  and  the 
skunk,  which  have  been  called  the  polecats  of  America. 

Goldsmith. 

SQUASH'— BUG  (skwosh'-),  n.  A fetid  hemipter- 
ous insect  very  injurious  to  squash-vines  ; 
Coreus  tristis.  Harris. 

SQUASH'JgR,  n.  One  who  squashes.  Cotgrave. 

SQUASH'Y  (skwosh'e),  a.  Soft ; yielding.  Rogct. 

SQUAT  (skwot),  v.  n.  [It.  acquattarsi ; quatto, 
squatting,  quiet,  still.  — W.  yswatio,  a squat.  — 
Perhaps  from  L.  quietus,  quiet.  Skinner.]  [i. 
SQUATTED  ; pp.  SQUATTING,  SQUATTED.] 

1.  To  sit  down  on  the  hams  or  heels  ; to  sit 
close  to  the  ground ; to  cower. 

They  . . . squat  down  on  their  breeches  again.  Dampier. 

Canadians  and  Indians,  who  formed  the  flanks  of  the  army, 
squatted  below  bushes,  or  skulked  behind  trees.  ltussell. 

2.  To  settle  on  another’s  lands,  or  on  the 
public  lands,  without  having  a title.  [Modern.] 

On  either  side  of  the  bank,  the  colonists  had  been  allowed 
to  squat  on  allotted  portions,  until  the  survey  of  the  town 
should  be  completed.  Wakefield. 

SQUAT  (skwot),  v.  a.  1.  To  put  or  place  on  the 
hams  or  heels  or  close  to  the  ground. 

She  . . . squatted  herself  down  on  her  heels.  Cook. 

2.  +To  bruise  or  flatten  by  letting  fall.Gro.se. 

3.  To  squeeze;  to  press.  “ The  boy  has  squat 
his  fingers.”  [Vulgar.]  Halliwcll.  Bartlett. 

SQUAT  (skwot),  a.  1.  Sitting  on  the  heels  or 
hams,  or  close  to  the  ground  ; cowering.  Swift. 

Him  there  they  found, 

Squat,  like  a toad,  close  at  the  ear  of  Eve.  Milton. 

2.  Resembling  one  who  squats ; short  and 
thick  ; dumpy.  “ Squat  or  tall.”  Prior. 

SQUAT  (skwot),  n.  1.  The  posture  of  one  who 
squats  ; a cowering  posture.  Dryden. 

2.  A sudden  fall.  Herbert. 

3.  A small,  separate  vein  of  ore.  Halliwell. 

4.  A mineral  consisting  of  tin  ore  and  spar 

incorporated.  Woodward. 

SQUAT'TgR  (skwflt'er),  n.  1.  One  who,  or  that 
which,  squats. 

2.  One  who  settles  on  land,  usually  on  new 
or  wild  land,  without  obtaining  a legal  title. 
[Modern.  — U.  S.  and  Australia.]  Robb. 

SQUAW,  n.  A wife  or  a woman  ; — so  used  among 
some  tribes  of  North  American  Indians.  Drake. 

SQUAWL,  v.  n.  See  Squall. 

SQUEAK  (skwek),  v.  n.  [W.  gwichio,  gwichian,  to 
squeak,  to  squeal.  — Ger.  quicken  ; Sw.  sqvitka. 
— It.  squittior,  to  yelp,  to  squeak. — Formed 
from  the  sound.  Skinner.]  [i.  squeaked  ; pp. 

SQUEAKING,  SQUEAKED.] 

1.  To  make  a sharp,  shrill  cry  or  noise  ; to 

cry  with  a shrill,  acute  tone.  “ The  puppet 
squeaks.”  “ Squeaking  pigs.”  Pope. 

Cart-wheels  squeak  not  when  they  are  liquored.  Bacon . 

2.  To  break  silence  or  secrecy,  as  from  fear 

or  pain.  Dryden. 

SQUEAK,  n.  [W.  gwich,  a squeak.]  An  acute, 
shrill  cry,  tone,  or  noise. 

Many  a deadly  grunt  and  doleful  squeak.  Dryden. 

SQUEAKER,  n.  1.  One  who,  or  that  which, 
squeaks.  “ Squeakers  and  bellowers.”  Echard. 

2.  A young  pigeon. 

SQUEAK'ING,  n.  Act  of  one  who,  or  that  which, 
squeaks ; act  of  making  a sharp,  shrill  cry  or 
sound.  “ The  squeaking  of  a fiddle.”  Dryden. 


1399 

SQUEAL  (skwel),  v.  n.  [Sw.  sqvctla.  — See 
Squall.]  [ i . squealed  ; pp.  squealing, 
squealed.]  To  utter  a prolonged,  shrill,  sharp 
cry,  as  a pig  in  pain.  Tatlcr. 

SQUEAL,  n.  A prolonged  squeak,  or  shrill, 
sharp  cry.  Pennant. 

SQUEAM'ISH  (skwe'mish),  a.  [Corrupted  from 
qualmish.  — See  Qualm.]  Having  a taste  dif- 
ficult to  please  ; easily  disgusted ; over  nice ; 
very  particular  ; fastidious  ; queasy. 

lie  seemed  very  squeamish  in  respect  of  the  charge  he  had 
of  the  Princess  Pamela.  Sidney. 

He  was  too  squeamish  to  drink  turtles’  blood.  Cook. 

Syn.  — See  Fastidious. 

SQUEAM'JSH-LY,  ad.  In  a squeamish  manner; 
fastidiously.  Warton. 

SQUEAM'ISH-NESS,  n.  1.  The  state  of  being 
squeamish  ; fastidiousness.  South. 

2.  (Med.)  The  condition  of  a stomach  that  is 
readily  affected  with  nausea.  Dunglison. 

f SQUEAM'OUS,  a.  Squeamish.  Chaucer. 

SQUEA'lyl-NESS,  n.  Squeamishness.  Hammond. 

f SQUEA'§Y,  a.  Queasy  ; squeamish.  Bp.  Earle. 

SQUEEZ'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  squeezed.  Ec.R. 

SQUEEZE  (skwez),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  cwysan,  to  crush, 
to  squeeze  ; Frs.  queaze  ; Low  Ger.  quesen.  — 
W.  gwasgu.  — Old  Eng.  squire.  — See  Quash.] 
[t.  SQUEEZED  ; pp.  SQUEEZING,  SQUEEZED.] 

1.  To  press  closely;  to  compress;  to  gripe. 

If  gentle  Damon  did  not  squeeze  her  hand.  Pope. 

2.  To  force  out  by  pressure;  — commonly 
followed  by  out.  “ They  squeezed  the  juice.” 
Dryden.  “ And  so  squeeze  out  a tear.”  Corbet. 

3.  To  oppress  with  hardships  or  extortion, 
as  subjects  ; to  crush  ; to  harass.  L’ Estrange. 

4.  To  force  between  close  bodies.  Johnson. 

SQUEEZE,  v.  n.  To  force  a way  by  pressing,  as 
through  a narrow  aperture  ; to  crowd. 

lie  is  fain  to  squeeze  hard  before  he  can  get  off.  L' Estrange. 

SQUEEZE,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  squeezes; 
pressure  ; compression.  Phillips. 

SQUEEZING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  pressing  closely  ; 
pressure  ; compression.  Wilkins. 

2.  That  which  is  forced  out  by  pressure. 

Even  to  the  dregs  and  squeezings  of  the  brain.  Pope. 

f SQUELCH,  or  SQUELSH,  v.  a.  To  crush. 

’Twas  your  luck  ...  to  be  squelched.  Beau.  !f  FI. 

t SQUELCH,  n.  A flat,  heavy  fall.  Hudibras. 

SQUENCH,  v.  a.  To  quench.  [Low.]  Beau.  Sy  FI. 

SQU1J-TEAGUE'  (skwe-teg'), n.  ( Ich .)  Amarine 
fish,  abundant  in  Long  Island  Sound;  Labrus 
squeteague ; — called  also  weak-fish.  Storer. 

SQUIB,  n.  [Of  uncertain  etymology.  — From 
Ger.  schieben,  to  shove.  Skinner.] 

1.  A little  firework,  or  a cylinder  of  paper,  filled 
with  explosive  materials,  that  makes  a whizzing 
and  cracking  noise  when  fired  ; a cracker.  Swift. 

A squib,  or  fire  of  flax,  which  burns  and  crackles  for  a 
time,  but  suddenly  extinguishes.  Howell. 

2.  A sudden  flash.  “ Squibs  of  mirth.”  Donne. 

3.  A little  or  petty  censorious  speech,  or  writ- 
ing ; a lampoon.  [Colloquial.]  Johnson. 

4.  A petty  fellow,  or  a person  of  mere  noise. 
The  squibs , in  the  common  phrase,  are  called  libellers.  Tatler. 

SQUIB,  v.  n.  To  throw  squibs ; to  utter  sarcas- 
tic reflections  ; to  fling.  [Colloquial.]  Qu.  Rev. 

SQUID  (skwld),  n.  (Zoiil.)  A cephalopodous 

mollusk  of  the  family  Sepiadce,  or  cuttle-fishes ; 
— used  as  bait  by  fishermen.  Forbes. 

SQUIG'GLE.  v.  n.  1.  To  shake  a fluid  about  the 
mouth  with  the  lips  closed.  [Local,  Eng.]  Forby. 

2.  To  move  about  like  an  eel ; to  squirm. 
[Local  and  low,  U.  S.]  Pickering . Bartlett. 

SQUILL,  n.  [Gr.  at <M.a ; L.  scilla,  squilla  ; It. 
scilla  ; Sp.  escila ; Fr.  scille,  squille.  — Arab. 
asgyl.] 

1.  ( Bot .)  The  common  name  of  bulbous 
plants  of  the  genus  Scilla  or  Squilla,  of  which 
the  Squillamaritima,  or  sea-onion,  furnishes  the 
well-known  medicine  called  small.  Baird. 

2.  (Med.)  The  bulb  of  the  Squilla  maritima, 
or  an  extract  or  a tincture  of  it.  Dunglison. 

3.  (Zoiil.)  A crustacean  of  the  order  Stomap- 


SQUIRREL 

oda  and  genus  Squilla,  having  large  claws  ter- 
minating in  sharp  hooks ; mantis  crab.  Baird. 

4.  (Ent.)  An  insect  covered  with  a crust 
composed  of  several  rings  ; — also  called  Squill- 
insect.  Crew. 

SQUIL-LIT'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  squill.  Holland. 

f SQUIN'ANCE,  n.  The  quinsy.  North. 

f SQUIN'AN-CY,  n.  [It.  sqmnanzia  ; Fr.  squinan- 
cie.]  The  quinsy. — See  Quinsy.  Bacon. 

SQUINNY,  n.  Quinsy.  — See  Quinsy. Dunglison. 

SQUINT,  a.  [Dut.  schuin,  sloping,  oblique; 
schuinte,  a slope.  — Perhaps  the  same  word  as 
askant.  Richardson.] 

1.  Looking  obliquely.  “ Squint  eye.” Spenser. 

2.  Looking  suspiciously.  Milton. 

SQUINT,  n.  1.  A want  of  concordance  of  the 
optic  axes  ; an  oblique  look  or  vision.  Swift. 

2.  (Arch.)  An  opening  through  the  wall  of  a 
church  so  that  persons  in  the  transept  may  see 
the  host.  Clarke. 

SQUINT,  v.  n.  [i.  squinted  ; pp.  squinting, 

SQUINTED.] 

1.  To  look  obliquely,  or  with  the  eyes  differ- 
ently directed.  Bacon. 

2.  To  slope  ; to  deviate  from  a straight  line  ; 

to  go  obliquely.  Wright. 

SQUINT,  v.  a.  To  turn  obliquely,  as  the  eye. 
“ He  . . . squints  the  eye.”  Shak. 

SQUINT'IJR,  n.  One  who  squints.  Warton. 

SQUINT'— EYED  (-Id),  a.  Having  eyes  that  squint, 
or  the  axes  of  which  are  not  coincident;  squint- 
ing ; affected  with  strabismus.  Knollcs. 

f SQUINT-J-FE'GO,  a.  Squinting.  [A  cant  word.] 

The  timbrel,  and  the  squintifego  maid.  Dryden. 

SQUINT'ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  squints  ; 
strabismus.  P.  Cyc. 

SQUINT'ING-LY,  ad.  With  an  oblique  look,  or 

oblique  vision.  Shencood. 

t SQUIN'Y,  v.  n.  To  look  obliquely;  to  squint. 
[Cant.]  ' 

Dost  thou  squiny  at  me?  Shak. 

SQUlR-AR'EUp-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a squir- 

archy.  Clarke. 

SQUIR'AR-jEHY,  n.  [Eng.  squire  and  Gr.  dp^w,  to 
rule.]  The  body  or  the  state  of  country-squires. 
[A  modern  cant  word,  Eng.]  Sir  E.  Brydges. 

SQUIRE  (skwlr),  n.  [Contracted  from  esquire.] 

1.  The  shield-bearer  of  a knight ; an  esquire. 

No  earl,  no  baron,  no  knight,  no  squire.  R.  Bnmere. 

2.  The  title  of  a gentleman  next  in  rank  to 

a knight ; an  esquire.  [England.]  Shak. 

3.  A title  of  a justice  of  the  peace,  a magis- 
trate, a lawyer,  or  a gentleman.  — See  Esquire. 

SQUIRE  (skwlr),  v.  a.  1.  To  attend  or  wait  on  as 
a squire  ; to  esquire.  Chaucer. 

2.  To  escort,  as  a lady  ; to  wait  on  ; to  attend. 

The  third  man  squires  her  to  a play.  Dekker. 

I squired  his  lady  out  of  her  chaise  to-day.  Swift. 

SQUIR-EEN',  n.  A country-squire  ; a petty 
squire.  [Modern,  England.]  Clarke. 

Ignorant  and  worthless  squireens.  Macaulay. 

A small  country  gentleman,  in  Hibernian-English  called 
a squireen.  Ec.  Rev. 

SQUlRE'IIOOD  (-hud),  ) n-  Rank  and  state  of 

SQUlRE'SHlP,  ) an  esquire.  Shelton. 

SQUIRE'— LIKE,  a.  Resembling  a squire.  Shak. 

f SQUIRE'LY,  a.  Becoming  a squire.  Shelton. 

f SQUI-R1L'I-TY,  n.  Scurrility.  Old  Play. 

SQUIRM,  v.  n.  To  wriggle  or  twist  about,  as  an 
eel ; to  writhe.  Bailey.  Ray.  Holloway. 

f SQUIRR,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  sceran,  scyran,  to  shear,  to 
cut.]  To  throw,  as  a flat  thing,  with  the  edge 
or  cutting  part  foremost.  Addison. 

||  SQUIR'REL  (skwlr'rel, 
ekwSr'rel,  or  skwur'rel) 

[skwer'rel,  S.  W.  P.  J.  F. 

Ja.  K.  Sm.  C.  Wr. ; skwur'- 
rel, E.  R.  Wb.  Kenrick.  — 

See  Panegyric],  n.  [Gr. 
tTKtovpos ; ate  id,  a shadow, 
and  ovpA,  a tail ; L.  sciurus, 
sciuriolus ; Fr.  ecureuil.]  (Zoiil.)  A small  ro- 
dent mammal,  of  the  family  Sciuridte,  having 


Common  squirrel. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RtjLE.  — p,  p,  9,  g,  soft ; £,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z ; as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


1400 


STAFF 


SQUIRREL-FISH 

long  toes  armed  with  sharp  claws,  and  a long, 
tufted  tail.  Baird. 

4®=»“The  i in  this  word  ought  not,  according  to 
analogy,  to  be  pronounced  like  e ; but  custom  seems 
to  have  fixed  it  too  firmly  in  that  sound  to  be  altered 
without  the  appearance  of  pedantry.”  Walker. — 
“ The  irregular  sound  of  t and  y in  squirrel  and  pane- 
gyric we  may  hope  in  time  to  hear  reclaimed,  a cor- 
respondent reformation  having  taken  place  in  spirit 
and  miracle. , which  were  once,  but  are  not  now,  pro- 
nounced sper'it  and  mer'^-cle.”  Smart. 

II  SQUIR'RIJL-FISH,  n.  A kind  of  perch.  Crdbb. 

SQUIRT,  v.  a.  [Old  Fr.  esquarter,  to  scatter. 
Talbot.  — From  Su.  Goth,  squeetta.  Serenius. 
— With  squirr,  from  A.  S.  sccran,  scyran,  to 
shear,  to  cut.  Richardson.]  [ i . squirted  ; pp. 
SQUIRTING,  SQUIRTED.] 

1.  To  throw  or  cast  so  as  to  cut  the  air ; to 
squirr.  “I  will  squirt  the  pear.”  Drayton. 

2.  To  throw  or  eject  in  a stream  through  a 
narrow  orifice  or  pipe. 

Sir  Roger  she  mortally  hated,  and  used  to  hire  fellows  to 
squirt  kennel  water  upon  him  as  he  passed  along.  Arbuthnot. 

SQUIRT,  v.  n.  To  pour  or  throw  out  words  ; to 
prate.  [Low.]  L’  Estrange. 

SQUIRT,  n.  1.  An  instrument  for  forcibly  eject- 
ing a small  stream.  Pope. 

2.  A small,  quick  stream  squirted.  Bacon. 

SQUIRT'^R,  n.  One  who  squirts.  Arbuthnot. 

SQUIRT'ING-CU'CUM-Bf,R,  n.  ( Bot .)  A dicoty- 

ledonous plant,  the  fruit  of  which,  when  ripe, 
casts  out  its  seeds  and  juice  with  great  force, 
through  the  hole  in  the  base  where  the  foot- 
stalk is  inserted;  Ecbalium  elaterium  : — the 
fruit  of  Ecbalium  elaterium.  Baird. 

-f  SQUlR'Y,  n.  The  body  of  squires.  Brunne. 

STAB,  v.  a.  [From  Dut.  staren,  to  fix  to  estab- 
lish; or  from  Ger.  stab,  a staff.  Skinner.  Rich- 
ardson.'] [j.  STABBED  ; pp.  STABBING,  STABBED.] 

1.  To  pierce  with  a pointed  weapon ; to 
thrust  a pointed  weapon  into. 

Clarence, 

That  stabbed  me  in  the  field  by  Tewksbury.  Shale. 

2.  To  wound  mortally  or  wantonly.  Philips. 

STAB,  v.  n.  1.  To  give  a wound  with  a pointed 
weapon  ; to  make  a stab. 

With  shortened  sword  to  stab  in  closer  war.  Dryden. 

2.  To  give  a mortal  wound. 

He  speaks  poniards,  and  every  word  stabs.  Shale. 

To  stab  at,  to  offer  or  attempt  to  stab.  Shah. 

STAB,  n.  1.  A wound  or  thrust  with  a pointed 
weapon.  “A  base  assassin’s  stab.”  Rowe. 

2.  A injury  done  covertly.  Johnson. 

StA  ' bAt—jmA  ’ TER,  n.  [L.,  the  mother  stood.] 
(A/us.)  A Latin  hymn  on  the  crucifixion,  com- 
mencing with  these  words.  Moore. 

STAB'BpR,  n.  1.  One  who  stabs ; a privy  mur- 
derer ; an  assassin.  Johnson. 

2.  (Nant.)  An  instrument  to  prick  holes 
with;  a pricker.  Dana. 

STAB'BING-LY,  ad.  With  intention  to  wound  or 
injure  secretly ; so  as  to  injure.  Wright. 

STA-BIL'I-MENT,  n.  [L.  stabilimentum.]  The  act 
of  making  stable  or  firm ; firm  support,  [r.] 

Stabiliment , propagation,  and  shade.  Dcrham. 

j-  STA-BIL'I-TATE,  v.  a.  To  make  stable.  More. 

BTA-BIL'J-TY,  n.  [L.  stabilitas ; It.  stabilith ; 
Sp.  estabilidad ; Fr.  stab  Hite.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  stable  ; firmness  ; steadi- 
ness; fixedness;  permanence.  Temple. 

2.  Fixedness  or  firmness  of  mind ; constancy  ; 
as,  “ A man  of  stability.” 

3.  Fixedness  ; solidity  ; — opposed  to  fluidity. 

Fluidness  and  stability  are  contrary  qualities.  Boyle. 

Syn.  — See  Constancy. 

STA'BLE  (-bl),  a.  [L.  stabilis ; sto,  stare,  to 
stand  ; It.  stabile  ; Sp.  cstable  ; Fr.  stable.] 

1.  Able  to  stand  or  endure  ; fixed  ; firmly  es- 
tablished ; durable ; permanent. 

This  region  of  chance  and  vanity,  where  nothing  is  stable, 
nothing  equal.  Rogers. 

2.  Fixed  in  resolution,  purpose,  or  conduct ; 
firm ; constant ; steady  ; not  fickle  or  wavering. 

Even  the  perfect  angels  were  not  stable.  Davies. 

Stable  equilibrium,  (Physics.)  a condition  in  which, 
if  a body  supported  is  slightly  displaced  from  its  po- 
sition of  equilibrium,  the  forces  acting  upon  it  tend  to 
bring  it  hack  to  that  position.  This  occurs  when  the 
centre  of  gravity  of  the  body  would  be  obliged  to  as- 


cend if  it  were  displaced,  while  in  tottering  or  unsta- 
ble equilibrium  it  would  descend.  Young. 

Syn.  — Bqe  Firm. 

STA'BLE,  n.  [L.  stabulum;  sto,  stare,  to  stand; 
Sp.  establo  ; I r.  etablc.]  A house  or  building  for 
horses  or  other  beasts  ; a stall.  Prior. 

STA'BLE,  v.  n.  [L . stabulor.]  [t.  stabled  ; pp. 
stabling,  stabled.]  To  dwell  or  be  kept  in 
a stable,  as  beasts.  Milton. 

STA'BLE,  v.  a.  1.  f To  make  stable.  Drayton. 

2.  To  put  or  keep  in  a stable.  Spenser. 

STA'BLE— BOY,  n.  A boy  who  attends  in  a stable 
or  acts  as  ostler.  Swift. 

STA'BLE— KEEPER,  n.  One  who  keeps  a stable. 

STA'BLE-MAN,  n.  A man  who  attends  in  a 
stable  ; a groom  ; an  ostler.  Bramston. 

STA'BLE-NESS,  n.  Fixedness;  firmness;  steadi- 
ness ; constancy ; stability  ; permanence.  Shak. 

STA'BLE— ROOM,  n.  Room  or  space  in  a stable, 
or  for  stables.  Ash. 

STA'BLE-STAND,  n.  (Eng.  Forest  Law.)  The  of- 
fence of  being  at  a standing  in  a forest,  in  such 
a position  or  act,  as  with  a bow  bent,  or  with 
greyhounds  in  a leash  ready  to  slip,  as  to  af- 
ford presumptive  evidence  of  an  intention  to 
kill  the  king’s  deer.  Cowell. 

STA'BLING,  n.  The  act  of,  or  room  for,  housing 
horses,  &c.  Thomson. 

f STAb'LISH,  v.  a.  To  establish.  Spenser. 

f STAb'LISH-MENT,  n.  Establishment.  More. 

STA'BLY,  ad.  Firmly  ; steadily;  fixedly.  I/uloct. 

t STAB-U-LA'TION,  n.  [L . stabulatio.]  The  act 
of,  or  a place  for,  housing  beasts.  Cockeram. 

STAC-CA ' TO,  n.  [It.]  (Afus.)  A word  denoting 
that  the  passage  over  which  it  is  written  is  to  be 
performed  in  a short,  pointed,  and  distinct  man- 
ner ; — opposed  to  legato.  Moore. 

STACK,  n.  [Sw.  stack  ; Dan.  stak.  — From  Dut. 
steken,  to  stick.  Skinner.  — From  A.  S . stigan, 
to  rise.  Tooke.] 

1.  A quantity  of  hay,  grain,  straw,  wood,  &c., 
piled  up  and  brought  to  a point  or  a ridge  at  top. 

A stack  of  wood  [in  England]  is  one  hun- 
dred and  eight  cubic  feet.”  Simmonils. 

2.  A number  of  chimneys  or  funnels  stand- 
ing together.  Wiseman. 

3.  A number  of  muskets  or  rifles  placed  to- 

gether with  their  breeches  on  the  ground,  and 
the  bayonets  crossing  each  other,  so  as  to  form 
a conical  pile.  Simmonds. 

STACK,  v.  a.  [*.  STACKED ; pp.  stacking, 
stacked.]  To  place  or  pile  up  into  a stack  or 
into  stacks.  Mortimer. 

STACK'A<?E,  n.  Things  stacked,  as  hay,  grain, 
&c. ; — also  a tax  on  such,  [li.]  Ilolinshed. 

STACK'IJT,  n.  A stockade.  Sir  W.  Scott. 

STACK'-GUARD,  n.  A covering  of  canvas  or  tar- 
paulin for  a haystack.  Loudon. 

STACK'ING— BAND,  n.  A stacking-belt.  Wright. 

STAcK'ING-BELT,  n.  A belt  or  band  for  bind- 
ing thatch  on  the  top  of  stacks.  Clarke. 

STAck'JNG-STAnd,  n.  A stand  or  stage  used 

in  making  stacks.  Clarke. 

STACK'— YARD,  n.  A yard  for  stacks.  Clarke. 

STAC'TU  (stak'te),  n.  [Gr.  aranr!, ; ord(ai,  to  drop  ; 
L.  stacte .]  The  oil  which  trickles  from  fresh 
myrrh  or  cinnamon  ; oil  of  myrrh  or  cinnamon. 

Sweet  spices,  stacte,  and  onycha.  Exod.  xxx.  34. 

STAD'DLE,  n.  [A.  S.  stathel,  stathol,  a founda- 
tion ; stede,  a place  ; standan,  to  stand.] 

1.  That  on  which  any  thing  stands ; a sup- 
port ; a foundation ; a basis.  Johnson. 

2.  f A staff ; a crutch.  Spenser. 

3.  A small  tree,  or  a young  tree  left  standing 
when  the  large  trees  in  a wood  are  cut ; standard. 

Coppice-woods,  if  you  leave  in  them  staddles  too  thick, 
will  run  to  bushes  ana  briers.  Bacon. 

STAD'DLE,  v.  a.  To  leave  staddles  in,  as  a wood. 

Then  see  it  well  staddled  without  and  within.  Tusser. 

STAD'DLE— ROOF,  n.  The  roof  or  covering  of  a 
stack.  Clarke. 

STADE,  n.  1.  A furlong;  a stadium,  [r.]  Donne. 

2.  A landing  or  shipping  place.  Simmonds. 


STADE'— DUE§  (-duz),  n.  pi.  Tolls  formerly  lev- 
ied on  ships  in  the  Elbe; — so  named  from 
Stade,  a small  city  of  Hanover.  Simmonds. 

STADE'— TOLL,  n.  Stade-dues.  Cyc.  of  Com. 

STA  'DI-t/M,  n. ; pi.  sta  ' di- a.  [L.,  from  Gr. 
ardlnov;  It.  stadio ; Sp .estado;  Fr.  stade.] 

1.  (Ant.)  The  principal  Greek  itinerary  meas- 

ure of  length,  adopted  by  the  Romans  chiefly 
for  nautical  and  astronomical  measurements, 
ecjual  to  600  Greek,  or  625  Roman,  feet,  or  one 
eighth  of  a Roman  mile,  or  606  feet  and  9 
inches  in  English  measurement : — the  course 
for  foot-races  at  Olympia  in  Greece,  which  was 
exactly  a stadium  in  length.  Wm.  Smith. 

2.  (Med.)  The  stage  or  period  of  a disease, 

especially  of  an  intermittent.  Dunglison. 

STADT'HOLD-UR  (stkt'hold-er),  71.  [Dut.  stud - 
houder;  stad,  a city,  a town,  and  houder,  a 
holder,  a keeper.]  Formerly  the  chief  magis- 
trate or  president  of  the  republic  of  the  Seven 
United  Provinces  of  the  Netherlands:  — in  the 
cantons  of  German  Switzerland,  the  civil  officer 
who  is  next  to  the  landamman.  P.  Cyc. 

STAdt'HOLD-ER-ATE,  n.  The  state  or  the  of- 
fice of  stadtholder.  Grattan. 

STAdt'HOLD-ER-SIUP,  n.  The  office  of  stadt- 
holder; stadtholderate.  A.  Smith. 

STAFF,  n. ; pi.  stave$,  or  st.\ve$.  — Sec  Staves. 
[A.  S.  staf,  staf;  Dut.  staf ; Ger.  stab ; Dan. 
stav,  Sw.  staf;  Icel.  staff.  — Adelung  thinks 
it  related  to  Eng.  stiff,  and  L.  stipes,  a post.] 

1.  A stick  used  for  support  in  walking;  a 
cane.  “Leaning  on  ...  his  staff.”  I/eb.  xi.  21. 

Take  nothing  for  your  journey,  neither  staves , nor  scrip. 

Luke  ix.  3. 

An  old,  old  man,  with  beard  as  white  as  snow. 

That  on  a stuff  his  feeble  steps  did  frame.  Spenser . 

2.  That  which  supports  or  upholds  ; a sup- 
port ; a prop  ; a stay.  Isa.  iii.  1. 

The  boy  was  the  very  staff  of  my  age.  Shak. 

3.  A stick  used  as  a weapon ; a club. 

Are  ye  come  out,  as  against  a thief,  with  swords  and  sfai'es 
for  to  take  me?  Matt.  xxvi.  55. 

With  forks  and  staves  the  felon  they  pursue.  J>ryden. 

4.  The  long  part  or  handle,  as  of  a weapon  ; 
a shaft.  “ The  staff  of  his  spear.”  1 Sam.  xviii.  7. 

5.  A round  of  a ladder.  Brown. 

6.  A stick  borne  as  an  ensign  of  office  or 

badge  of  authority.  Hayward. 

This  staff,  mine  office  badge  in  court.  Shak. 

7.  (N aut.)  A pole  to  hoist  flags  upon.  Dana. 

lie  forthwith  from  the  glittering  staff  unfurled 

The  imperial  ensign.  Milton. 

8.  (Arch.)  A cylindrical  piece  used  for  filling 

the  lower  part  of  a fluting  of  a column  ; ruden- 
ture.  Brande. 

9.  (Surg.)  A steel  instrument  with  a groove 

on  its  convex  surface,  used  for  directing  the 
gorget  or  knife  in  lithotomy.  Dunglison. 

10.  [Low  Ger.  staf,  stave,  a writing ; staven, 
to  read  for  another  to  repeat.  — Icel.  staf.  a 
staff  or  stanza.  Johnson .]  A stanza,  or  a series 
of  verses  so  disposed  that  when  it  is  concluded, 
the  same  order  begins  again  ; a stave.  Shak. 

Mr.  Cowley  had  found  out  that  no  kind  of  staff  is  proper 
for  an  heroic  poem,  as  being  all  too  lyrical.  Drydcn. 

11.  ( Mus .)  The  five  horizontal  and  parallel 

lines  and  the  spaces  between  them,  on  which 
the  notes  are  placed.  Moore . 

Jacob  staff,  ( Surveying .)  a staff*  sometimes  used 
instead  of  a tripod  to  support  the  compass.  Davies. 
— To  have  or  keep  the  staff  in  one's  hand , to  retain 
possession  of  one’s  property.  — To  put  down  one's 
staff , to  take  up  one’s  residence.  — To  part  with  the 
staffy  to  part  with  one’s  property.  Halliwell. 

UQy*  “ The  plural  staff  has  hitherto  been  generally 
written  staves , a puzzling  and  useless  anomaly,  both 
in  form  and  sound  ; for  all  the  compounds  of  staff  are 
regular;  as  distaffs , whipstaffs , tipstaffs,  flag  staffs, 
quarterstaffs . — Staffs  is  now  sometimes  used  ; as  ‘ I 
saw  the  husbandmen  bending  over  their  staffs.'  Lord 
Caernarvon."  Ooold  Brown.  — In  some  uses  of  the 
word  staff,  it  has  the  regular  plural,  as  seen  in  the 
following  article. 

Syn.  — A staff  serves  as  a support  for  a person  in  a 
state  of  motion  ; stay  and  prop  are  supports  of  things 
in  a state  of  rest.  A stuff  to  lean  upon  ; a staff,  cane , or 
stick  to  walk  with;  a crutch  for  the  lame  ; a crook 
used  by  shepherds  ; a crosier,  the  crook  of  a bishop,  the 
symbol  of  his  pastoral  office. 

STAFF,  n. ; pi.  staffs.  1.  (Mil.)  The  body  of  offi- 
cers intrusted  with  the  direction  of  the  several 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  ?,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure  ; FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


STAFFIER 


STAIR 


1401 


departments  of  the  army,  in  aid  of  the  com- 
mander-in-ehief.  Stocqueler. 

2.  The  body  of  officers  or  persons  assisting 
an  engineer,  or  the  body  of  officers  attached  to 
any  establishment.  Clarke. 

Garrison  staff',  the  town-major,  tile  fort-major,  and 
the  fort-adjutant.  — General  staff,  the  adjutant-gen- 
eral, the  quartermaster -general,  majors  of  brigade,  the 
commissary -general,  the  paymaster- general,  inspec- 
tor-generals of  hospitals,  stall'  surgeons,  chaplains  to 
the  forces,  deputy  judge-advocates,  and  provost-mar- 
shals, with  their  respective  deputies  and  assistants. 
— Personal  stuff,  military  secretaries,  with  their  as- 
sistants, and  aides-de  camp,  who  are  appointed  by 
the  general,  and  are  constantly  about  his  person. — 
Regimental  staff,  the  adjutant,  the  quartermaster,  the 
chaplain,  and  the  surgeon.  Stucqueler. 

f ST.VFF't-GR,  n.  An  attendant  bearing  a staff. 
“ Stqffiers  on  foot.”  Hudibras. 

f STAff'ISH,  a.  Stiff;  harsh;  severe.  Ascham. 

StAfF’-OF-FI-CER,  re.  An  officer  of  the  staff. 

STAFF'-TREE,  re.  ( Bot .)  The  common  name  of 
shrubs  or  small  trees  of  the  genus  Celastrus, 
having  alternate  leaves  and  numerous  small 
flowers.  Loudon. 

STAG,  n.  [From  A.  S.  stician  ; M.  Goth,  staggan, 
stiggan,  to  stick.  Skinner.  — From  A.  S.  stigan, 
to  ascend,  to  rise.  Tooke.] 

1.  The  red  deer  ; Cervus  elaphus  : — the  male 
of  the  red  deer  ; a hart.  — See  Deer.  Eng.  Cgc. 

The  swift  stag  from  under  ground 

Bore  up  his  branching  head.  Hilton. 

2.  A castrated  bull.  [Local,  Eng.  and  U.  S.] 

EPfr*  In  some  parts  of  England  it  is  called  also  seg , 

bull-seg,  and  bull-stag.  Holloway.  Grose. 

3.  A wren  ; — a romping  girl: — a cock-tur- 
key;— a colt ; a filly.  [Local,  Eng.]  Wright. 

4.  An  outside,  irregular  jobber  or  broker  in 

stocks,  shares,  &c.  : — a getter  up  of  sham  com- 
panies, or  one  who  tries  fraudulently  to  obtain 
shares.  [Cant.]  Wright.  Clarke. 

STAG'— BEE-TLE,  n.  ( Ent .)  A kind  of  beetle,  so 
called  from  the  very  large  and  powerful  mandi- 
ble of  the  males.  Eng.  Cyc. 

STAGE,  n.  [Old  Fr.  estage  ; Fr.  etage,  a story,  a 
floor,  a step,  a degree,  a stratum.  — A.  S.  steejer, 
a stair.  — The  past  participle  of  A.  S.  stigan, 
(Dut.  stijqen  ; Ger.  stciqen),  to  rise,  to  ascend, 
to  mount.  Tooke.] 

1.  f A story  of  a house.  Wickliffe. 

2.  A raised  floor  or  platform,  as  for  an  exhi- 
bition. “ A mountebank’s  stage.”  Tatler. 

We  princes,  I tell  you,  are  set  on  stages  in  the  sight  and 
view  of  all  the  world.  Queen  Elizabeth. 

3. *The  theatre;  the  place  of  scenic  or  theat- 
rical entertainments. 

All  the  world ’s  a stage , 

And  all  the  men  and  women  merely  players.  Shale. 

Soul  of  the  age! 

The  applause,  delight,  the  wonder  of  our  stagel 

My  Shakespeare,  rise!  B.  Jonson. 

4.  A place  where  any  thing  is  publicly  exhib- 
ited or  performed.  “ Stage  of  fools.”  Shak. 

5.  A scaffold  or  staging.  Simmonds. 

6.  (Arch.)  The  part  of  a buttress  between 

any  two  of  its  splayed  faces.  Britton. 

7.  A single  step  of  gradual  process : a de- 
gree of  advance  or  progression;  a period. 

The  first  stage  of  healing,  or  the  discharge  of  matter,  is  by 
surgeons  called  digestion.  Sharp. 

Brought  to  perfection  by  gradual  advances  through  several 
hard  and  laborious  stages  of  discipline.  Rogers. 

8.  As  much  of  a journey  as  is  travelled  with- 
out intermission  ; the  distance  or  road  between 
one  place  of  rest  to  the  next  on  a journey. 

Our  next  stage  brought  us  to  the  mouth  of  the  Tiber. 

Addison. 

9.  A coach  or  carriage  running  regularly  be- 

tween two  places  for  conveying  passengers  ; a 
stage-coach.  Macaulay. 

A place  was  taken  in  the  Stamford  stage.  Fawkes. 

A parcel  sent  by  the  stage.  Courier. 

I went  in  the  sixpenny  stage.  Swift. 

A Mr.  Smith  comes  into  the  city  every  morning  on  the  top 
of  one  of  the  Blackwall  stages.  Ed.  Rev. 

Irk ’ The  use  of  stage , for  a stage-coach,  has  been 
styled  an  Americanism.  Pickering.  — “ Stage  is  the 
American  term  for  stage-coach , and  it  is  sometimes,  but 
rarely,  used  in  that  sense  by  the  English.”  JVeio  Jim. 
Cijc. — On  this  the  London  Athenaeum  remarks, 
“ Stage  is  now  but  very  rarely  used  in  that  sense, 
because  stages  are  themselves  a rarity;  tut  the  word 
has  only  disappeared  with  the  tiling  ” 

f STAGE,  v.  a.  To  exhibit  on  a stage  ; to  exhibit 
publicly.  “Tojtsyeme."  Shak. 


STAGE'— BOX,  n.  A box  in  a theatre  close  to  the 
stage.  Baker. 

STAGE'— CAR-RIAGE  (kSr'rij),  n.  A stage-coach  ; 
a stage.  Political  Diet. 

STAGE'— COACH  (staj'kSch),  n.  A coach  or  car- 
riage that  travels  regularly  at  stated  times,  for 
the  accommodation  of  passengers.  Addison. 

STAGE'— COACH-MAN,  n.  A driver  of  a stage- 
coach ; a stage-driver.  Mansfield. 

STAGE'— DOOR  (-dor),  n.  The  actors’  and  work- 
men’s entrance  to  a theatre.  Johnson. 

STAGE'-DRIV-GR,  n.  The  driver  of  a stage- 
coach ; a stage-coachman.  Morse. 

f STAGE'LV,  a.  Belonging  to,  or  befitting,  the 
stage.  “ Stagely  visage.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

STAGE'— PLAy,  n.  Theatrical  or  dramatic  enter- 
tainment ; a drama.  Dryden. 

STAGE'— PLAY-GR,  n.  One  who  represents  char- 
acters on  the  stage  ; an  actor.  Arbuthnot. 

STA0'GRi  n-  1-  An  actor  on  the  stage.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  An  old  practitioner.  L' Estrange. 

3.  A horse  used  on  a stage-coach.  Simmonds. 

tSTA0'G-RY>  n-  Exhibition  or  show  on  the 
stage  ; scenic  exhibition.  Milton. 

STAGE'— VE-HI-CLE,  n.  A stage-coach.  Coelebs. 

STAG'— E-VIL  (stag'e-vl),  n.  (Farriery.)  A kind 
of  palsy  in  the  jaw  of  a horse.  Crabb. 

STAGE'— WAG-ON,  n.  A wagon  or  carriage  run- 
ning between  two  places  for  the  conveyance  of 
passengers  and  goods  ; a stage-coach.  Ash. 

STAG'GARD,  ii.  A hart  four  years  old.  Ainsworth. 

STAG'GGR,  v-  n ■ [Dut.  staggeren,  to  stagger,  or 
as  written  by  Chaucer  and  Berners,  to  stakker, 
may  be  formed  from  stack,  past  participle  of 
stick,  to  cleave,  to  be  fixed,  to  hesitate.  Richard- 
son.— Old  Eng.  stakker.']  [i.  staggered;  pp. 
STAGGERING,  STAGGERED.] 

1.  To  stand  or  walk  totteringly,  or  without 
steadiness ; to  reel ; to  totter.  “ Deep  was  the 
wound  ; he  staggered  with  the  blow.”  Dryden. 

2.  To  begin  to  yield  or  give  way.  “The  en- 
emy staggers.”  Addison. 

3.  To  hesitate  ; to  begin  to  doubt ; to  waver. 

He  staggered  not  at  the  promise  of  God.  Rom.  iv.  20. 

A man  may,  if  he  were  fearful,  stagger  in  this  attempt.  Shak. 

Syn.  — To  stagger,  reel,  and  totter,  all  imply  in- 
voluntary and  unsteady  motion.  Intoxication  causes 
a person  to  stagger  and  reel ; weakness  causes  him  to 
totter.  A drunkard  staggers  and  reels  in  attempting 
to  walk  ; children  and  old  men  totter. 

STAG'GGR,  v.  a.  1.  To  make  to  stagger.  Shak. 

2.  To  cause  to  doubt,  hesitate,  or  waver  ; to 
make  less  steady  or  confident. 

Whosoever  will  read  the  history  of  this  war  will  find  him- 
self much  staggered,  and  put  to  a kind  of  riddle.  Howell. 

Wrhen  a prince  fails  in  honor  and  justice,  ’t  is  enough  to 
stagger  his  people  in  their  allegiance.  L' Estrange. 

STAG'S Gr-rUSH.  n.  (Bot.)  A North  American 
plant,  growing  in  low,  sandy  places,  near  the 
coast,  and  bearing  large,  nodding  flowers ; An- 
dromeda mariana.  Gray. 

STAG'GGR-ING,  n.  The  act  of  reeling.  Shak. 

STAG'GGR-ING-LY,  ad.  1.  In  a staggering  or 
reeling  manner.  ’ Granger. 

2.  With  doubt  or  hesitation.  Browne. 

STAG'GGR?-  re.  pi-  I-  (Farriery.)  A kind  of 
apoplexy  which  attacks  horses,  attended  at  first 
with  dulness,  sleepiness,  and  staggering  when 
standing,  and  finally  with  delirium  and  convul- 
sions, and,  often,  blindness.  It  is  generally 
fatal.  Youatt. 

2.  f Madness;  wild,  irregular  conduct.  Shak. 

Mad  staggers,  inflammation  of  the  brain,  or  brain- 
fever  in  horses.  Youatt. 

STAG'GER-WORT  (-wurt),  n.  A plant.  Booth. 

STAG'— HOUND,  re.  A hound  used  in  hunting  the 
stag  or  deer.  Booth. 

STAG'ING,  re.  1.  The  management  of,  or  the  act 
of  travelling  in,  stage-coaches.  C.  Colton. 

2.  A stage  or  platform  for  support,  as  of  work- 
men ; a scaffolding.  [U.  S.]  Pickering. 

STAG'l-ElTE,  n.  A native  of  Stagira,  an  ancient 
town  of  Macedonia; — an  appellation  applied 
especially  to  Aristotle.  Burke. 


STAG  ’MA,  il.  [Gr.  i rrdy/ja,  a drop;  <r  rd£w,  to 
drop.]  (Chem.)  A distilled  liquor,  [it.]  Crabb. 

STAg'NAN-CY,  re.  Stagnation.  Cotton. 

STAg'NANT,  a.  [It.  stagnante  ; Fr.  stagnant.] 

1.  Standing,  as  water ; not  flowing  or  run- 

ning ; not  agitated  ; motionless ; still  ; quiet. 
“ Stagnant  water.”  Woodward. 

2.  Inactive;  inert;  sluggish;  torpid ; heavy  ; 

dull.  “ The  stagnant  soul.”  Irene. 

STAg'NANT-LY,  ad.  In  a stagnant  manner. 

STAG 'N Ate,  v.  n.  [L.  stagno,  stagnatum;  stag- 
num,  a piece  of  standing  water  ; It.  stagnare  ; 
Sp.  estancarse ; Old  Fr.  stagner.]  [i.  stag- 
nated ; pp.  stagnating,  stagnated.] 

1.  To  cease  to  run  or  flow,  as  water;  to  be 
stagnant,  motionless,  or  still ; to  stand  still. 

The  water  which  now  arises  must  liave  all  stagnated  at 
the  surface.  Woodward. 

2.  To  be  dull,  quiet,  or  inactive.  Clarke. 

Syn.  — See  Stand. 

f STAG'NATE,  a.  Stagnant.  Somerville. 

STAG-NA'TION,  re.  [It.  ristagnamento  ; Sp.  es- 
tagnacion-,  Fr.  stagnation.]  The  state  of  being 
stagnant ; cessation  of  flowing  or  running,  as 
of  a fluid.  “ Stagnation  of  vapors.”  Addison. 

STAg'WORM  (-wiirm),  n.  A kind  of  insect  that 
is  troublesome  to  deer.  Clarke. 

STAHL'IAN  (st'il'yan),  re.  (Med.)  An  advocate 
or  supporter  of  Stahlianism.  Dunglison. 

STAHL'I  AN-I§M  (stil'yan-Izm),  re.  (Med.)  The 

doctrine  of  Stahl,  a German  physician,  who 
considered  every  vital  action  under  the  direction 
and  presidency  of  the  soul.  Dunglison. 

STAID,  i.  & p.  from  stay.  Stayed.  — See  Stay. 

STAID  (stad),  a.  [From  stay.]  Sober;  grave; 
steady  ; not  wild.  “ Staid  persons.”  Addison. 

STAID'LY,  ad.  In  a staid  manner  ; soberly.  Lee. 

STAlD'NGSS,  n.  Sobriety;  gravity;  steadiness; 
regularity.  “ Fixed  staidness.”  Glanvill. 

STAIN  (stan),  v.  a.  [Old  Fr.  desteindre ; Fr. 
temdre,  from  L.  tingo,  to  tinge,  to  dye.  — W. 
ystamio.  — ‘‘Stain  is  formed  from  distain,  as 
sdain  from  disdain.”  Richardson.]  \i.  stained  ; 
pp.  STAINING,  STAINED.] 

1.  To  discolor;  to  spot;  to  sully;  to  soil;  to 

tarnish  ; to  maculate ; to  blot.  “ His  armor 
stained,  erewhile  so  bright.”  Milton. 

Their  blood  shall  be  sprinkled  upon  my  garments,  apd  I 
will  stain  all  my  raiments.  Isa.  lxiii.  3. 

2.  To  dye  ; to  tinge  ; to  color.  Davies. 

3.  To  paint  with  metallic  oxides  or  chlorides, 

and  fuse  their  colors  into  the  surface  of,  as 
glass.  Ere. 

4.  To  spot  with  guilt ; to  pollute ; to  disgrace. 

ne  would  not  have  his  honor  stained  for  any  crown.  More. 

Syn.  — To  stain , soil,  sully,  tarnish,  blot , maculate, 
and  discolor,  all  imply  the  act  of  diminishing  bright- 
ness or  injuring  the  appearance  of  an  object  ; but  to 
stain  is  stronger  than  tire  other  terms,  and  is  variously 
applied.  Various  things  are  stained  ; the  hands  may 
be  stained  with  blood  ; the  character  stained  by  crimes. 
To  stain  is  sometimes  used  in  a good  sense  ; as  glass 
is  stained  to  ornament  it.  Books  and  linen  are  soiled ; 
paper  is  blotted  or  maculated  ; glass  is  sullied  by  smoke  ; 
bright  metals  are  tarnished  and  discolored.  Honor  is 
sullied  ; glory  tarnished.  — See  COLOR. 

STAIN,  v.  re.  To  take  or  receive  stains ; to  be- 
come stained.  Shak. 

STAIN,  re.  1.  A discoloration;  a spot  of  a dif- 
ferent color;  a blot.  “ Crimson  stains.”  Pope. 

2.  Taint  of  guilt  or  infamy ; tarnish ; pollu- 
tion ; disgrace ; blemish. 

Sanctity  that  shall  receive  no  stain.  Milton. 

A stain  upon  them  for  want  of  merit.  Broome. 

3.  Cause  of  disgrace ; reproach ; shame. 

“ The  stain  of  all  womankind.”  Sidney. 

Syn.  — See  Blemish. 

STAlN'GR,  n.  One  who  stains  or  dyes.  Johnson. 

STAlN'LGSS,  a.  1.  Free  from  stains,  blots,  or 
spots.  “ Stainless  hue.”  Sidney. 

2.  Free  from  reproach  or  guilt ; guiltless  ; 
unsullied.  “Fresh  and  stainless  youth.”  Shak. 

STAlN'LGSS-LY,  ad.  In  a stainless  manner.  Cl. 

STAlR  (stir),  n.  [A.  S.  stager ; stigan,  to  ascend. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — G,  G>  9- 

176 


soft ; j0,  G,  5,  |,  hard;  ? as  z;  as  gz. — THIS,  this. 


STAIR-CARPET 


STAMEN 


1402 


to  mount;  Dut.  steiger ; Dan.  stige,  a ladder; 
Sw.  stege.  — See  Stage.] 

1.  A series  or  flight  of  steps  for  ascending,  as 
from  the  lower  to  the  upper  part  of  a house,  or 
from  one  story  to  another; — now  commonly 
used  in  the  plural.  “ A winding  stair.”  Chau- 
cer. “ The  stairs  that  mount  the  Capitol.”  Shah. 

I would  have  one  only  goodly  room  above  stairs.  Bacon. 

2.  One  step  of  a flight  of  steps.  Britton. 

Ifjj-  The  phrase  a pair  of  stairs,  for  a set  of  steps, 

or  a fight  of  stairs,  though  condemned  by  many  gram- 
marians, is  supported  by  respectable  authorities,  as 
Dr.  Goldsmith,  Dr.  Burney,  Thos.  Campbell,  &.C.  — See 
Pair. 

StAiR'— CAR-PET,  n.  A carpet  for  stairs. 

StAiR'CASE,  n.  A series  of  stairs  with  the  walls 
and  balustrades  enclosing  them.  Britton. 

STAlR'-HEAD,  n.  The  top  of  a staircase.  Addison. 

STAIR'— ROD,  n.  A rod  for  confining  a stair  car- 
pet in  its  place.  Simmonds. 

STAITH,  n.  A line  of  rails  on  a stage  or  plat- 
form. generally  near  navigable  waters,  from 
which  vessels  are  loaded.  Simmonds. 

STAITH'MAN,  n.  A man  employed  in  weighing 
and  shipping  coals  at  a staith.  Simmonds. 

STAKE,  n.  [A.  S.  stace  ; stician,  to  stick  ; Dut. 
staak;  Frs.  is  Ger.  stake;  Dan.  stage ; Sw. 
stake  ; Icel.  stockr.  — It.  steccone ; Sp.  estaca.J 

1.  A stick  or  piece  of  timber  fixed,  or  to  be 
fixed,  in  the  ground,  especially  by  driving. 

In  France,  the  grapes  that  make  the  wine  grow  upon  low 
vines  bound  to  small  stakes.  Bacon. 

2.  A long  piece  of  wood,  used  in  a palisade 
or  in  a fence. 

A sharpened  stake  strong  Dryas  found.  Dryden. 

3.  A post  to  which  a beast  is  tied  to  be  baited, 
or  to  which  a martyr  is  bound  to  be  burned.  J.Fox. 

4.  That  which  is  pledged,  wagered,  or  put  at 
hazard  ; money  deposited  as  a wager  or  pledge. 

The  game  was  so  contrived  that  one  particular  cast  took 
up  the  whole  stake.  Arbuthnot. 

He  ventures  little  for  so  great  a stake.  More. 

5.  The  state  of  being  pledged,  wagered,  or 
put  at  hazard ; — commonly  preceded  by  at. 

Every  moment  Cato’s  life ’s  at  stake.  Addison. 

6.  A small  anvil  used  on  a bench.  Moxon. 

Stake  and  rice,  a fence  formed  by  stakes  driven  into 

the  ground,  interwoven  with  branches  and  twigs. 

Loudon. 

STAKE,  V.  a.  [t.  STAKED  ; pp.  STAKING,  STAKED.] 

1.  To  fasten,  support,  or  defend  with  stakes. 

Stake  and  bind  up  your  weakest  plants.  Evelyn. 

2.  To  mark  the  limits  of,  by  stakes  driven,  as 
of  a piece  of  land;  — used  with  out.  Clarke. 

3.  To  wager;  to  hazard;  to  put  to  hazard. 

The  desperate  gamester  who  had  staked  his  person  and 
liberty  on  a last  throw  of  the  dice.  Gibbon. 

4.  To  pierce  with  a stake,  [it.]  Spectator. 

STAKE'— FEE-LOW,  n.  One  tied  or  burnt  at  the 
same  stake  with  another.  Southey. 

STAKE'-HEAD  (-lied),  n.  ( Rope-making .)  A stake 
with  wooden  pins  in  the  upper  side,  to  keep 
strands  apart.  Clarke. 

STAkE'-HOLD-JJR,  n.  One  who  holds  stakes,  or 
with  whom  bets  are  deposited.  Booth. 

STA-LAC'TIC,  £ a Relating  to,  or  resem- 

STA-LAC'TJ-CAL,  > bling,  a stalactite.  Derham. 

STA-LAC'TI-FORM,  a.  Having  the  form  of  a 
stalactite.  Phillips. 

STA-LAC'TITE,  n. ; pi.  sta-lXc'tItes.  [It. 
stalattite ; Sp.  estalactita;  Fr.  stalactite.  — From 
Or.  araltijoi,  to  drop,  to  drip.]  {Min.)  A pen- 
dent mass  of  limestone  formed  in  a limestone 
cavern  by  the  percolation,  through  their  rocky 
roofs,  of  water  holding  lime  in  solution.  Dana. 

f STAL-AC-TI'TE§,  n.  Stalactite.  Woodward. 

STAL-AC-TIT  1C,  ) a'  Relating  to,  or  like, 

STAL-AC-TIT'I-CAL,  ) stalactites.  P.  Cyc. 

STAL-AC-TIT'I-FdRM,  a.  Stalactiform.  Wright. 

STA-LAG'MlTE,  n.  [It.  stalagmite ; Fr.  stalag- 
mite.— From Gr. uralaypdf,  dripping,  dropping; 
cr al.a^tn,  to  drop,  to  drip.]  (Min.)  A layer  or 
deposit  of  limestone  formed  on  the  floor  of  a 
limestone  cavern  by  evaporation  of  water  hold- 


ing lime  in  solution,  which  drops  through  the 
roof.  Dana. 

STAL-AG-MIT'IC,  I a Relating  to,  or  like, 

STAL-AG-MIT'J-CAL,  ) stalagmites.  Urc. 

STAL-AG-MIT'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  the  form  or 
manner  of  stalagmite.  Buckland. 

STAl'DIJR,  n.  A frame  to  set  casks  on.  Smart. 

STALE,  a.  [Dut.  § Ger.  stal;  A.  S.  stal,  steal,  a 
place,  — a place  in  which  things  are  exposed  for 
sale.  — Dut.  stullen,  staellen ; Old  Fr.  esfaller 
(Fr.  Haler),  to  set  upon  a stall,  to  expose  to 
the  view  of  all  customers,  comers,  and  passen- 
gers. Richardson .] 

1.  Altered  by  age,  or  worse  for  age ; old  ; 
tasteless;  flat.  “ The  bread  was  stale.”  Swift. 

Upon  two  distant  pots  of  ale, 

Not  knowing  which  was  mild  or  stale.  Prior. 

2.  Worn  out  ; faded  ; decayed  ; having  passed 
the  period  of  youth.  “ A stale  virgin.”  Shak. 

3.  Used  till  of  no  esteem  ; worn  out  of  re- 

gard or  notice.  “ His  pretensions  grew  stale  for 
want  of  a timely  opportunity.”  Swift. 

Wit  itself,  if  stale,  is  less  taking.  Grew. 

Stale  demand,  (Law.)  a claim  which  has  been  for  a 
long  time  undemanded.  Bouvier. 

STALE,  n.  1.  Stalemate.  “ A stale  at  chess.” 

Bacon. 

2.  f The  form  of  a bird  placed  or  set  up  to 
allure  a hawk,  or  other  bird  of  prey. 

I,  like  the  hawk  that  soars  in  good  estate. 

Did  spy  a stale.  Mir.  for  Mag. 

3.  f Any  thing  used  to  allure  or  draw  on  ; a 
lure ; a decoy  ; a pretence ; a trick. 

This  easy  fool  must  be  my  stale , set  up 

To  catch  the  people’s  eyes.  Dryden. 

4.  f A stalking  horse.  B.  Jonson. 

5.  f A prostitute  ; a strumpet.  Shak. 

6.  -j-  Old  beer  ; beer  kept  until  flat.  Johnson. 

7.  f Old  urine,  particularly  of  beasts.  Swift. 

STALE,  n.  [A.  S.  stcl,  stele.']  A handle  or  stock, 

as  of  a rake  or  other  implement.  Mortimer. 

f STALE,  v.  a.  To  make  stale  or  old  ; to  wear  out. 
Age  cannot  wither  her,  nor  custom  stale 
Her  infinite  variety.  Shak. 

STALE,  v.  n.  [Dut.  § Ger.  stallen,  to  stable,  to 
stale  ; Dan.  stalle  ; Sw.  stalla.]  [?.  staled  ; pp. 
staling,  staled.]  To  void  urine,  as  a horse 
or  other  beast.  Hudibras. 

+ STALE'LY,  ad.  Of  old  ; of  longtime.  B.  Jonson. 

STAlE'MATE,  n.  (Chess.)  The  position  of  a 
king  when  he  is  not  in  check,  but  cannot  be 
moved  without  being  checked.  Agnel. 

STAi.E'NIJSS,  n.  State  of  being  stale.  Addison. 

STALK  (st!Uvk),  v.  n.  [A.  S.  steelean.]  [t.  stalked  ; 

pp.  STALKING,  STALKED.] 

1.  To  walk  softly  and  warily,  as  a fowler  be- 
hind a stalking-horse.  Gower. 

The  fowler  is  employed  his  limed  twigs  to  set; 

One  underneath  his  horse  to  get  a shoot  doth  stalk.  Drayton. 

2.  To  walk  as  on  stilts,  or  with  lofty  and 
proud  steps. 

Ilis  monstrous  enemy 

With  sturdy  steps  came  stalking  in  his  sight.  Shak. 

With  manly  mien  he  stalked  along  the  ground.  Dryden. 

STALK  (stSLvk),  v.  a.  To  watch  or  follow  softly 
in  order  to  seize,  as  prey. 

When  a lion  is  very  hungry,  and  lying  in  wait,  the  sight 
of  an  animal  may  make  him  commence  stalking  it.  — A man, 
while  stealthily  crawling  towards  a rhinoceros,  happened  to 

f dance  behind  him,  and  found,  to  his  horror,  a lion  stalking 
lim;  he  only  escaped  by  springing  up  a tree  like  a cat. 

Dr.  Livingstone's  Travels. 

STALK  (stawk),  n.  [A.  S.  statlg,  a column  ; Dut. 
steel,  a stem,  a stalk  ; Ger.  stiel ; Dan.  stilk  ; 
Sw.  styelk.  — Gr.  orll.e^o;,  the  trunk  of  a tree.] 

1.  The  stem  of  a plant,  flower,  leaf,  or  leaf- 
let ; a stem,  petiole,  peduncle,  or  pedicel ; a 
spire.  “ Four  red  roses  on  a stalk.”  Shak. 
Seven  ears  of  corn  came  up  upon  one  stalk.  Gen.  xli.  5. 

2.  The  stem  of  a quill.  Grew. 

3.  (Arch.)  An  ornament  in  the  Corinthian 
capital  resembling  a stalk.  Brande. 

STALK  (st&wk),  n.  A high,  proud  gait.  Spenser. 
STALKED  (stlwkt),  p.  a.  Having  a stalk  or  stem. 
“ The  long -stalked  pear.”  Todd. 

STALK'ER  (stshvk’er),  n.  1.  One  who  stalks,  or 
walks  with  high,  proud  steps.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  A kind  of  fishing-net.  Todd. 


STALKING— HORSE  (stawk'jng-hors),  n.  1.  A 
horse,  or  the  image  or  figure  of  a horse,  by 
which  a fowler  hides  himself  from  the  sight  of 
the  game  in  approaching  it.  C.  Richardson. 

2.  A term  for  some  person  or  thing  thrust 
forward  to  conceal  a more  important  object ; a 
pretence;  a mask.  “Hypocrisy  is  the  devil’s 
■ stalking-horse.  If  Estrange. 

A fellow  that  makes  religion  his  stalking-horse.  Old  BlatJ. 

STALK'LpSS  (stltvk'les),  a.  Having  no  stalk  or 
stem,  as  a flower.  Brown. 

STALK'Y  (st&wk'e),  a.  Resembling  a stalk  ; hard 
as  a stalk.  Mortimer. 

STALL,  n.  [A.  S.  steal,  stal,  a stall,  a stable; 
Dut.  stal ; Ger.  stall;  Dan.  staid;  Sw.  stall; 
Icel.  stallr.  — W.  ystal.  — L.  stabulum;  sto, 
stare,  to  stand;  It.  stalla;  Sp.  establo;  Fr. 
stalle,  Gal. — Sansc.  stala,  a place.] 

1.  A compartment  of  a stable,  in  which  a 
horse  or  other  beast  stands  and  is  fed ; a stable. 

Doth  not  each  one  of  you  . . . loose  his  ox  or  his  ass  from 
the  stall,  and  lead  him  away  to  watering?  Luke  xiii.  15. 

Solomon  had  four  thousand  stalls  for  horses.  2 Chron.  ix.  25. 

2.  A bench,  form,  or  frame  on  which  any 
thing  is  exposed  for  sale. 

Cheapening  old  authors  on  a stall.  Swift. 

3.  A small  house  or  shed  used  by  a trader  or 

an  artisan.  “ A butcher’s  stall”  Skelton. 

4.  (Arch.)  In  a cathedral  or  collegiate  church, 

a seat,  especially  in  the  choir  or  chancel,  for  a 
dignitary.  Brande. 

STALL,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  styllam  ; Dut.  stallen.]  (i. 

STALLED  ; pp.  STALLING,  STALLED.] 

1.  To  place  or  keep  in  a stable  or  stall. 

■Where  King  Latinus  then  his  oxen  stalled.  Dryden. 

2.  To  place;  to  install.  “Amid  his  ledgers 

stalled."  Thomson. 

3.  t To  forestall.  Massinger. 

4.  To  set  fast,  as  a cart  in  a slough.  Burton. 

5.  To  satiate ; to  fatten.  [Local,  Eng.]  Wright. 

STALL,  v.  n.  1.  fTo  dwell;  to  live;  to  inhabit. 

We  could  not  stall  together  in  the  world.  Shak. 

2.  To  kennel,  as  dogs.  Johnson. 

STALL'AGE,  n.  1.  (Eng.  Law.)  The  liberty  or 
right  of  erecting  stalls  in  fairs  or  markets  : — a 
duty  paid  for  the  liberty  of  having  stalls  in  a 
fair  or  market,  or  of  removing  them  from  one 
place  to  another.  Burrill. 

2.  f Laystall;  dung;  compost.  Johnson. 

fSTAL-LA'TION,  n.  Installation.  Cavendish. 

STALL'-FED,  p.  a.  F’ed  or  fattened  in  a stall,  or 
with  dry  feed.  “ Stall-fed  oxen.”  Arbuthnot. 

STAll'-FEED,  v.  a.  [i.  stall-fed;  pp.  stall- 
feeding,  stall-fed.]  To  feed  or  fatten  in  a 
stall,  or  with  dry  feed.  Chapman. 

STAlL'-FEED-ING,  n.  The  act  of  feeding  cattle 
with  dry  fodder,  or  in  stalls  or  stables.  Brande. 

STALL'ION  (stal'yun),  n.  [It.  Stallone;  Old  Fr. 
stalon  ; Fr.  Galon.  — Old  Eng.  stalaunt.  — From 
stall.  Serenius.]  A horse  not  castrated  ; an  en- 
tire horse  ; a horse  kept  for  mares.  Temple. 

STAL'LON,  n.  A scion ; a cutting.  Holinshed. 

STALL'— RE AD-lpR,  n.  One  who  reads  books  on 
a stall.  Milton. 

STAl'WART,  a.  Strong;  stout;  lusty;  brave; 
stalworth. — See  Stalwouth.  Roget. 

STAl'WORTII  (st&l'wiirth),  a.  [Scot,  stalwart. — 
Perhaps  from  A.  S.  stal-fcrhth,  a man  of  iron 
mood.  IJickes.  — Perhaps  from  A.  S.  steel-weorth, 
worth  taking  or  stealing.  Jamieson .]  Stout; 
strong ; robust ; brave  ; stalwart.  R.  Gloucester. 

His  stalworth  6tced  the  champion  stout  bestrode.  Fairfax. 

Written  both  stalworth  and  stalwart.  “ Tile 
form  stalworth  is  getting  ground.”  Smart. 

f STAL'WORTH-HOOD  (-hud),  n.  Strength  ; stout- 
ness ; stalworthness.  Robert  of  Gloucester. 

fSTAL' WORTH-NESS,  n.  Stoutness;  robust- 
ness ; bravery  ; stalworthhood.  Wickliffe. 

STM’ MF.J\r,  n.  ; pi.  stAm'i-na.  [L.  stamen,  from 
Gr.  CTij/ioiv  ; lOTryn,  to  stand.] 

1.  The  warp  in  the  ancient  upright  loom  at 

which  the  weaver  stood  upright  instead  of  sit- 
ting. Hist,  of  the  Royal  Society. 

2.  A thread.  [A  Latinism.]  Richardson. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


STAMEN 


1403 


STAND 


3.  Texture ; foundation  ; basis.  Tatler. 

4.  pi.  The  first  or  fixed  principles  of  any 
thing,  or  that  part  or  element  of  any  thing 
which  gives  it  strength  and  solidity  ; — particu- 
larly the  solids  of  the  human  body.  Johnson. 

A prerogative  that  had  moulded  into  its  original  stamina 
irresistible  principles  of  decay  and  dissolution.  liufcJce. 

STA'MfN,  re.  [L.  — See  Sraiifi’.v.]  pi.  sta'men?. 
(Bot.)  A part  of  a flower  consisting  of  the  fila- 
ment, or  stalk,  and  the  anther,  which  contains 
the  pollen,  or  fertilizing  powder.  Gray. 

,8gS=In  this  sense  stamen  is  Anglicized,  and  takes 
a regular  English  plural. 

STA'MENED  (-mend),  p.  a.  Having  stamens. 

STA'MIN,  n.  A slight  sort  of  woollen  cloth.  Chaucer. 

StJm’I-M,  n.  pi.  See  Stamen. 

STAM'I-NAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  stamens.  Craig. 

STAM'I-NATE,  v.  a.  To  endue  with  stamina  or 
first  principles.  Biblioth.  Bibl. 

STAM'I-NATE,  a.  (Bot.)  Consisting  of,  or  fur- 
nished with,  stamens.  Loudon. 

STA-MIN'IJ-OUS,  a.  [L.  stamineus .]  1.  Consist- 
ing of  threads.  Johnson. 

2.  (Bot.)  Pertaining  to,  or  having,  stamens ; 
as,  “ Stamineous  flowers.”  Miller. 

STAM-I-NIf'IJR-OUS,  a.  [Eng.  stamen,  and  L. 
fero,  to  bear.]  (Bot.)  Bearing  or  having  sta- 
mens. Loudon. 

STA-MI-NO  ' Dl-  t/M,  n.  [Low  L.,  from  Eng.  sta- 
men, and  Gr.  elbos,  form.]  (Bot.)  An  abortive 
stamen,  or  an  organ  resembling  an  abortive  sta- 
men. Henslow. 

STAM'MEL,  re.  1.  A species  of  red  color  paler 
than  scarlet.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  A great  clumsy  horse.  [Local.]  Wright. 

STAM'MEL,  a.  Of  a pale  reddish  color.  Beau.  &j  FI. 

STAM'MER,  v.  re.  [A.  S.  stamer,  a stammerer ; 
Dut.  stamelen,  to  stammer  ; Ger.  stammeln ; 
Dan.  stamme-,  Sw.  stamma .]  \i.  stammered  ; 

pp.  STAMMERING,  STAMMERED.]  To  Speak  Or 
pronounce  with  hindered  or  obstructed  utterance 
or  articulation ; to  have  a spasmodic  impedi- 
ment of  speech  ; to  stutter  ; to  hesitate  ; to  falter. 

I would  thou  couldst  stammer , that  thou  mightst  pour  out 
of  thy  mouth,  as  wine  comes  out  of  a narrow-mouthed  bot- 
tle, either  too  much  at  once,  or  none  at  all.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Hesitate. 

STAM'MJjlR,  v.  a.  To  pronounce  with  hesitation, 
or  imperfectly.  Beau.  § FI. 

STAM'MER,  re.  An  involuntary  interruption  of 
utterance,  arising  from  difficulty,  and  often  total 
inability  to  pronounce  certain  syllables,  the  or- 
gans of  speech  being  frequently  affected  with 
spasm  in  the  effort  to  speak ; a stutter.  P.  Cyc. 

STAm'M£R-ER,  re.  One  who  stammers  or  stut- 
ters ; a stutterer.  Bp.  Taylor. 

STAM'MIJR-ING,  re.  The  act  or  habit  of  one  who 
stammers;  a spasmodic  impediment  in  speech  ; 
a stuttering.  Bp.  Taylor. 

STAm'MIJR-ING, p.  a.  That  stammers;  hesitat- 
ing in  speech ; stuttering.  Dryden. 

STAM'MIJR-JNG-LY,  ad.  In  a stammering  man- 
ner ; with  stops  or  hesitation  in  speech.  Blount. 

STAMP,  v.  a.  [Dut.  § Ger.  stampen ; Dan.  stampe  ; 
Sw.  stampa.  — It.  stampare ; Sp.  estampar ; Fr. 
estamper .]  [i.  stamped  ; pp.  stamping, 

STAMPED.] 

1.  To  strike  or  beat  forcibly  by  thrusting  the 

foot  down  upon.  “ He  fumes,  he  stares,  he 
stamps  the  ground.”  Dryden. 

2.  To  pound  or  beat,  as  in  a mortar.  Bacon. 

I took  your  sin,  the  calf  which  ye  had  made,  and  burnt  it 
with  tire,  and  stamped  it,  and  ground  it  very  small. 

Deut.  ix.  21. 

3.  To  impress  or  imprint  with  some  mark, 

character,  or  figure  ; to  mark.  South. 

There,  stamjied  with  arms,  Newcastle  shines  complete.  Pope . 

4.  To  fix  by  impressing  ; to  impress. 

Out  of  mere  ambition,  you  have  made 

Your  holy  hat  be  stamped  on  the  king’s  coin.  Shale. 

God  . . . has  stamped  no  original  characters  on  our  minds 
wherein  we  may  read  his  being.  Locke. 

5.  To  mint;  to  coin  ; to  form.  Shah. 

STAMP,  v.  n.  To  strike  the  foot  or  feet  suddenly 
and  forcibly  downward.  Addison. 

They  got  to  the  top,  which  was  flat  and  even,  and,  stamp- 
ing  upon  it,  they  found  it  was  hollow.  Swift. 


STAMP,  re.  [Dut.,  Ger.,  § Dan.  stempel.  — It. 
stampa ; Sp.  estampa ; Fr.  estampe .] 

1.  An  instrument  for  making  impressions. 

’T  is  gold  so  pure, 

It  cannot  bear  the  stamp  without  alloy;  Dryden. 

2.  A mark  impressed ; an  impression. 

That  sacred  name  gives  ornament  and  grace. 

And,  like  his  stamp , makes  basest  metals  pass.  Dryden. 

3.  A thing  stamped  or  marked. 

Hanging  a golden  stamp  about  their  necks.  Shak. 

4.  A picture  made  by  impression. 

Very  curious  stamps  of  the  several  edifices.  Addison. 

5.  A mark  set  on  any  thing  for  which  a duty 

is  paid  to  the  government,  as  on  paper  or 
parchment.  Swift. 

6.  Make;  cast;  form;  character.  “One  of 

his  own  stamp.”  Addison. 

7.  Reputation  derived  from  some  attestation  ; 
— authority;  currency;  current  value. 

The  common  people  do  not  judge  of  vice  or  virtue  by  mo- 
rality, or  the  immorality,  so  much  as  by  the  stamp  that  is  set 
upon  it  by  men  of  figure.  L' Estrange. 

8.  (Metallurgy.)  A machine  for  crushing 

ores ; a stamping-mill.  Clarke. 

Syn.  — See  Mark. 

STAMP'— ACT,  re.  An  act  of  the  British  Parlia- 
ment imposing  a duty  on  deeds,  contracts, 
agreements,  papers  in  law  proceedings,  bills  and 
notes,  letters,  receipts,  newspapers,  cards,  dice, 
&c.,  on  which  a stamp  is  impressed  in  token  of 
the  payment  of  the  duty.  Graham. 

STAMP'— COL-LECT'OR,  re.  A collector  or  re- 
ceiver of  stamp-duties.  Simmonds. 

STAMP'— DU-TY,  re.  A duty  imposed  by  the  British 
Parliament  on  deeds,  bills,  receipts,  newspapers, 
cards,  dice,  &c.,  on  which  a stamp  is  impressed 
in  token  of  its  payment.  B.  ande. 

STAM-PEDE',  re.  [Sp.  estampida .] 

1.  A sudden  flight  and  scampering  of  horses 

or  cattle  on  the  western  prairies  of  the  United 
States.  Kendall. 

2.  A hurried  flight,  as  of  persons.  Judd. 

STAM-PEDE',  v.  a.  To  cause  to  scamper  off  in  a 

fright,  as  horses  or  cattle.  H.  Greeley. 

STAMPER,  re.  1.  One  who  stamps.  Carew. 

2.  An  instrument  for  stamping  ; a stamp. 

STAMP'HEAD,  re.  An  iron  weight  or  head  at- 
tached to  the  end  of  the  wooden  rod  worked  in 
the  stamping  machine.  Ansted. 

STAMP'ING— MA-tJHINE',  re.  A machine  or  appa- 
ratus for  stamping  metals.  lire. 

STAMP'ING-MlLL,  re.  (Metallurgy.)  A machine, 
consisting  of  several  movable  pillars  of  wood, 
for  crushing  or  bruising  ores.  XJre. 

STAMP'— NOTE,  re.  A memorandum  delivered  by 
a shipper  of  goods  to  the  searcher,  which,  when 
stamped  by  him,  allows  the  goods  to  be  sent  by 
lighter  to  the  ship,  and  is  the  captain’s  author- 
ity for  receiving  them  on  board.  Simmonds. 

STAMP'— OF-FICE,  re.  An  office  where  stamps  are 
delivered.  [England.]  Maunder. 

fSTAN,  an  ancient  termination  of  the  superla- 
tive degree  ; as  in  Athelstore,  most  noble  ; Bet- 
store,  the  best ; Leofstore,  the  dearest;  Dunstore, 
the  highest.  Gibson. 

STANCH,  v.  a.  [Sp.  <$■  Port,  estancar ; Old  Fr. 
cstancher;  Fr.  stancher.  — From  L.  stagno,  to 
make  stagnant.  Richardson. J [i.  stanched  ; 
pp.  stanching,  stanched.] 

1.  To  stop  or  hinder  from  running,  as  blood. 

He  stoppeth  the  orifice  again  with  mud,  and  so  stanclieth 

the  blood  and  healeth  up  the  wound.  Holland. 

2.  fTo  extinguish,  as  fire  er  flame.  Gower. 

STANCH,  v.  re.  To  stop  or  cease  from  flowing. 

Immediately  her  issue  of  blood  stanched.  Luke  viii.  44. 

STANCH,  a.  1.  Strong;  firm;  sound;  stout. 
“ Stancher  vessels.”  Boyle. 

2.  Firm  or  sound  in  principle  or  conduct ; 
steady;  constant;  trusty.  “A  stanch  church- 
man.” Addison.  “ Stanchest  friends.”  Knox. 

Stanch  hound,  a hound  that  follows  the  scent  with- 
out error  or  remissness.  Somerville. 

f STANCH,  re.  That  which  stanches  or  extin- 
guishes. Poems  of  Uncertain  Authors. 

STANCHER,  re.  One  who,  or  that  which,  stanches 
or  stops,  as  blood.  Sherwood. 


STANCHION  (stSn'shun),  re.  [Old  Fr.  estorefore ; 
Fr.  etanpon.  — See  Stanch.] 

1.  (Arch.)  A timber  supporting  one  of  the 
main  posts  of  a roof  ; — one  of  tbe  vertical  bars 
of  a window,  a screen,  a railing,  &c.  Britton. 

2.  (Naut.)  An  upright  post  supporting  a 

beam  : — an  upright  piece  of  timber  supporting 
the  bulwarks  and  the  rail,  and  reaching  down  to 
the  bends,  by  the  side  of  the  timber  to  which  it 
is  bolted  : — any  fixed,  upright  support,  as  of  an 
awning,  or  for  the  man-ropes.  Dana. 

STANCH 'LfSS,  a.  That  cannot  be  stanched  ; in- 
satiable. “ Stanchless  avarice.”  Shak. 

STANCH'NpSS,  re.  The  state  of  being  stanch  ; 
stoutness ; firmness  ; soundness.  Boyle. 

STAND,  v.  re.  [M.  Goth.  A.  S.  standan  ; Dut. 
staan-,  Ger.  stehen;  Dan.  staae-,  Sw.  sta ; 
Icel.  standa ; Scot,  store.  — Gr.  'ioTryu  ; L.  sto, 
stans ; It.  stare-,  Sp.  & Port,  estaro.  — Russ. 
stogu  ; Polish  stoie.  — Sansc.  sta,  stidaha ; Pers. 
astaden. ] 

1.  To  be  upon  the  feet  in  an  erect  position  ; 
not  to  sit,  kneel,  or  lie. 

He.  leaping  up,  stood  and  walked,  and  entered  with  them 
into  tile  temple.  Acts  iii.  8. 

Tlie  absolution  to  be  pronounced  by  the  priest  alone  stand- 
ing, the  people  still  kneeling.  Common  Prayer. 

2.  To  be  or  become  erect,  or  in  an  upright 
posture.  “ A field  of  standing  corn.”  Drayton. 

Mute  and  amazed,  my  hair  with  horror  stood.  Dryden. 

3.  To  continue,  remain,  or  endure  erect  or 
upright ; not  to  fall ; not  to  be  demolished,  sub- 
verted, or  overthrown. 

A living  temple,  built  by  faith  to  stand.  Milton. 

To  stand  or  fall. 

Free  in  thine  own  arbitrament  it  lies.  Milton. 

4.  To  be  placed  or  situated  ; to  have  location. 

This  poet’s  tomb  stood  on  the  other  side  of  Naples,  which 
looks  towards  Vesuvio.  Addison. 

5.  To  stop  ; to  halt ; not  to  move  or  go  for- 
ward. “ Stand,  and  unfold  yourself.”  Shak. 

Mortal,  who  this  forbidden  path 
In  arms  presum’st  to  tread,  I charge  thee  stand , 

And  tell  thy  name.  Dryden. 

6.  To  be  stationary ; not  to  advance  or  recede. 

At  what  part  of  nature  will  they  stand ? Pope. 

7.  To  be  stagnant ; to  stagnate  ; not  to  flow. 

Where  Ufens  glides  along  the  lowly  lauds, 

Or  the  black  water  of  Pomptina  stands.  Dryden. 

8.  To  remain  ; to  abide  ; to  continue. 

If  meat  make  my  brother  to  offend,  I wilt  eat  no  flesh  while 
the  world  standeth.  1 Cor.  viii.  1,3. 

Stand  fast  in  the  faith,  quit  you  like  men.  1 Cor.  xvi.  13. 

9.  To  be  in  a state  of  firmness  or  fixedness. 

Commonwealths  by  virtue  ever  stood.  Davies. 

My  mind  on  its  own  centre  stands  unmoved, 

And  stable  as  the  fabric  of  the  world.  Dryden. 

10.  To  be  in  a state  or  posture  of  resistance, 
defence,  or  hostility. 

From  enemies  Heaven  keep  your  majesty; 

And,  when  they  stand  against  you,  may  they  fall.  Shak. 

The  king  granted  the  Jews  which  were  in  every  city  to 
stand  for  their  life.  Esther  viii.  11. 

11.  To  stay ; to  keep  a position  ; not  to  fly, 
retire,  yield,  or  give  way. 

Standi  the  ground’s  your  own,  my  braves.  Pierpont. 

12.  To  be  placed  with  regard  to  order  or  rank  ; 
to  be  ranked  ; to  have  rank  ; to  rank. 

Amongst  liquids  endued  with  tills  quality  of  relaxing, 
warm  water  stands  first.  Artmthnot. 

Theology  would  truly  enlarge  the  mind,  were  it  studied 
with  that  freedom  and  that  sacred  charity  which  it  teaches; 
let  this,  therefore,  always  stand  chief.  IF atts. 

13.  To  be  in  any  particular  state ; to  he,  — 
emphatically  expressed.  “ I stand  dishonored.” 
Shak.  “ I stand  resigned.”  Dryden. 

He  [God]  neither  stands  in  need  of  logic  nor  uses  it.  Hater. 

14.  To  have  validity  or  force  ; not  to  be  void. 

“ The  judgment  must  stand.”  Bouvier. 

No  conditions  of  our  peace  can  stand.  Shak. 

15.  To  consist ; to  have  its  being  or  essence. 

Sacrifices  . . . which  stood  only  in  meats  and  drinks.  lie b.  ix.  1). 

16.  To  have  a place  or  position.  Shak. 

This  excellent  man,  who  stood  not  upon  the  advantage- 
ground  before,  provoked  men  of  all  qualities.  Clarendon. 

17-  To  be  with  regard  to  state  of  mind.  “ I 
stand  in  doubt  of  you.”  Gal.  iv.  20.  “ Stand 

in  awe,  and  sin  not.”  Ps.  iv.  4. 

18.  To  depend ; to  rest ; to  have  support. 

This  reply  standeth  all  by  conjectures.  Whitgift. 

The  truth,  and  the  ground  it  stands  on.  Locke. 

19.  To  succeed ; to  be  approved  or  acquitted. 
Readers  by  whose  judgment  I would  stand  or  fall.  Addison. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RllLE.  — q,  £,  9,  g,  soft;  fo,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  JC  as  gz.  — THIS,  tfiis. 


STAND 


1404 


STANNATE 


20.  To  place  one’s  self ; to  be  placed. 

I stood  between  the  Lord  and  you  at  that  time.  Dent.  v.  5. 

21.  To  offer  one’s  self  as  a candidate. 

He  stood  to  be  elected  one  of  the  proctors.  Walton. 

22.  To  be  with  respect  to  chance.  Addison. 

He  was  a gentleman  of  considerable  practice  at  the  bar,  and 
stood  fair  for  the  first  vacancy  on  the  bench.  Howe. 

23.  To  be  satisfied  or  convinced. 

Though  Page  be  a genuine  fool,  and  stand  so  firmly  on  his 
wife’s  frailty.  Shak. 

24.  To  insist ; — followed  by  on  or  upon. 
“ To  stand  upon  every  point.”  2 Macc.  ii.  30. 

I never  stood  on  ceremonies.  Shak. 

25.  To  be  exposed;  — used  with  in.  “To 

stand  in  the  taunt  of  one.”  Shak. 

26.  To  persist ; to  persevere ; to  hold  out. 

Never  stand  in  a lie  when  thou  art  accused.  Bp.  Taylor. 

27.  To  adhere ; to  abide  : to  cling. 

Despair  would  stand  to  the  sword.  Daniel. 

28.  To  hold  a course,  as  at  sea. 

From  the  same  parts  of  heaven  his  navy  stands.  Dnjden. 

Full  for  the  port  the  ithacensians  stand.  lJope. 

29.  To  have  direction  ; to  be  directed. 

The  wand  did  not  really  stand  to  the  metals.  Boyle. 

30.  To  be  to  one  with  respect  to  expense, 

cost,  or  value.  Carew . 

31.  (Law.)  To  remain  as  it  is  ; to  remain  in 
force ; to  be  valid. 

Pleadings  demurred  to,  and  held  good,  are  allowed  to 
stand.  Burrill. 

32.  (Law.)  To  appear  in  court.  Burrill. 

To  stand  by , to  stand  or  be  near  ; to  be  present 

without  being  an  actor.  “ Standing-  by  when  Richard 
killed  her  son.”  Shak.  — To  put  aside  with  disre- 
gard. “ The  commands  stand  by.”  Decay  of  Chr. 
Piety.  — To  assist ; to  defend  ; to  support  ; not  to  de- 
sert. *'  You’ll  stand  by  me.”  Dryden.  — To  rest  in  ; 
to  repose  on.  Pope.  — ( Want an  order  signifying  to 
be  prepared.  Dana c To  stand  for,  to  be  representa- 
tive of ; to  be  in  the  place  of.  “ Their  language,  being 
scanty,  had  no  words  in  it  to  stand  for  a thousand.” 
Locke.  — To  support ; to  defend  ; to  be  on  the  side  of 
“Freedom  we  all  stand  for.”  B.  Jonson.  — Stand 
fast , (Mil.)  an  order  for  some  part  of  a line  or  column 
to  remain  standing  while  the  rest  are  moving.  Stcc 
qnrler.  — To  stand  off,  to  keep  at  a distance.  “ Stand 
off,  and  at  me  take  my  fill  of  death.”  Dryden.  — Not 
to  comply.  Shak.  — To  forbear  intimacy;  to  keep 
one’s  self  aloof.  “ Though  nothing  can  be  more  hon- 
orable than  an  acquaintance  with  God,  we  stand  off 
from  it.”  Atterbury.  — To  appear  prominent  or  pro- 
tuberant ; to  have  relief.  “ Picture  is  best  when  it 
standeth  off  as  if  it  were  carved.”  IVotlon . — To 
stand  on,  (Naut.)  to  continue  a course.  Braude. — To 
stand  out , to  be  prominent  or  protuberant.  “ Tiieir 
eyes  stand  out.”  Ps.  Ixxiii.  7.  — To  persist  in  resist 
ance  or  opposition  ; not  to  comply,  assent,  or  recede. 
“ While  you  stand  out  upon  these  traitorous  terms.” 
B.  Jonson.  — To  stand  to  any  thing,  to  remain  fixed  in 
purpose  or  opinion.  “ i will  stand  to  it,  that  this  is  Ins 
sense.”  Stillingjleet.  — To  abide  bv;  to  adhere  to. 
“ To  stand  to  the  award  of  my  enemies.”  Dryden. — 
To  submit  to  ; to  obey.  “ To  stand  to  the  order  of  a 
court.”  Burrill.  — To  ply.  Dryden.  — To  stand  under , 
to  undergo  ; to  sustain  ; to  endure.  Shak. — To  stand 
up,  to  assume  an  erect  posture,  as  a person  ; to  rise  from 
sitting.  Johnson. — To  rise  to  one’s  feet,  in  order  to 
obtain  notice.  “ When  the  accusers  stood  up.”  Acts 
xxv.  18. — To  make  a party.  “When  we  stood  up 
about  the  corn  '*  Shak  — To  stand  up  for,  to  defend  ; 
to  support ; to  sustain;  to  justify. — To  stand  upon, 
to  concern  ; to  interest.  “ Does  it  not  stand  them 
upon  to  examine  upon  what  grounds  they  presume  it 
to  be  a revelation  from  God  ? ” Locke.  — To  value  ; 
to  pride  one’s  self  on.  “ We  highly  esteem  and  stand 
much  upon  our  birth.”  Ray. — To  insist.  11  Stand 
upon  security.”  Shak.  — To  stand  with,  to  be  consist- 
ent with.  “ ft  stood  with  reason  that  they  should  be 
rewarded  liberally.”  Davies. — To  stand  together,  to 
lie  consistent.  [R.]  Felton. — To  stand  in  hand,  to  be 
important,  necessary,  or  advantageous  ; to  behoove. 
Jlo  loway. 

Syn.  — To  stand,  stop,  halt,  rest , stay,  and  stagnate, 
all  imply  absence  of  motion.  To  stand  is  the  most 
general  of  these  terms,  and  signifies  simply  not  to 
move  ; to  stop  or  to  halt  is  to  cease  to  move.  To  stag- 
nate is  applied  to  liquids.  Water  stands  in  low  grounds 
till  it  stagnates.  A man  or  a horse  stands  when  erect 
and  not  moving,  stops  on  a journey,  halts  on  a march, 
rests  from  labor,  and  stays  at  home. 

STAND,  v.  a.  1.  To  endure;  to  sustain  : to  re- 
ceive or  resist  without  yielding  or  receding: ; 
to  withstand.  “ We  stand  much  hazard.”  Shak. 

Love  stood  the  siege,  and  would  not  yield  his  breast. 

Dryden. 

2.  To  abide,  to  await;  to  submit  to. 

Bid  him  disband  the  legions. 

Submit  his  actions  to  the  public  censure. 

And  stand  the  judgment  of  a Roman  senate.  Addison. 


3.  To  cause  to  stand ; to  place  in  an  upright 
position  ; as,  “To  stand  an  image  on  a shelf.” 

To  stand  one's  ground , to  keep  or  maintain  the 
ground  or  position  one  has  taken  ; not  to  be  overcome 
or  compelled  to  retreat  or  retract.  Dryden. 

STAND,  n.  1.  The  act  of  standing  or  stopping; 
a stop  ; a halt. 

The  Earl  of  Northampton  followed  the  horse  so  closely, 
that  they  made  a stand , when  he  furiously  charged  and  rout- 
ed them.  Clarendon. 

At  every  turn  she  made  a little  stand.  Dryden. 

2.  A place  where  one  stands  or  remains  ; a 
station  ; a post ; a position  ; — rank. 

I took  my  stand  upon  an  eminence.  Addison. 

Then  from  his  lofty  stain/  on  that  high  tree 

Down  he  alights  among  the  sportful  nerds.  Milton. 
Father,  since  your  fortune  did  attain 
So  high  a stand , I mean  not  to  descend.  Daniel. 

3.  Interruption;  cessation;  stop;  stand-still. 

There  will  ensue  presently  a great  stand  of  trade.  Bacon. 

4.  The  act  of  opposing  or  resisting.  Shak. 

5.  The  farthest  or  extreme  point ; a point 
from  which  the  next  motion  is  regressive. 

In  the  beginning  of  summer  the  days  are  at  a stand,  with 
little  variation  of  length  or  shortness.  Dryden. 

6.  Difficulty;  perplexity;  hesitation.  “To 

put  a body  to  a stand.”  L’ Estrange. 

Then  you  are  at  a stand.  Locke. 

7.  A table  or  frame  on  which  vessels  or  other 
things  are  placed ; a small  table. 

After  supper,  a stand  was  brought  in,  with  a brass  vessel 
full  of  wine,  of  which  he  that  pleased  might  drink.  Dryden. 

8.  That  on  which  any  thing  stands  or  rests 

for  support,  as  a desk  or  rest  for  music,  news- 
papers, &c.  Simmonds. 

9.  An  erection  with  seats  for  spectators  or 

the  judges  on  a race-course,  &c.  Simmonds. 

10.  A counter  in  a bazaar,  or  a stall  in  a 

market,  &c.  Simmonds. 

11.  A station  or  place  where  carriages  wait 

to  be  hired.  ' Simmonds. 

12.  A weight  for  pitch  from  two  and  one  half 

to  three  hundred  pounds.  Simmonds. 

13.  A young,  unpolled  tree.  [Eng.]  Wright. 

Stand  of  arms,  (Mil.)  a complete  set  of  arms  for  one 

soldier.  Stocqucler. 

STAND'ARD,  n.  [A.  S.  standard,  a flag  or  ban- 
ner; Dot.  standaard ; Ger.  standarte;  Dan. 
standart ; Sw.  stemdar.  — It.  stendardo  ; Sp. 
estandarte  ; Fr  ctendard.  — See  Stand.] 

1.  An  ensign  or  flag  in  war  ; a kind  of  banner 

borne  as  a signal  for  the  junction  of  the  several 
troops  belonging  to  the  same  body.  Stocqucler. 

llis  armies,  in  the  following  day. 

On  those  fair  plains  their  standards  proud  display.  Fairfax. 

2.  An  officer  who  carries  a standard  ; a stand- 
ard-bearer ; an  ensign,  [it.]  Shak. 

3.  That  by  which  quantity  or  quality  is  fixed, 
regulated,  estimated,  or  valued  ; a test  or  rule 
of  measure  or  quality  ; criterion. 

The  standard  whereby  I give  judgment.  Woodward. 

By  the  present  standard  of  the  coinage,  sixty-two  shillings 
are  coined  out  of  one  pound  weight  of  silver.  Arbuthnot. 

4.  A standing  tree  or  stem  ; a tree  not  sup- 
ported or  attached  to  a wall.  Bacon. 

Iti  France,  part  of  their  gardens  is  laid  out  for  flowers,  oth- 
ers for  fruits;  some  standards , some  against  walls.  Temple. 

5.  An  upright  timber,  as  of  a scaffold  ; — an 

upright  part  upon  which  a piece  of  machinery, 
or  any  part  of  it,  rests.  Francis. 

6.  A solid  measure  for  hewn  timber,  varying 

in  different  countries  Simmonds. 

7.  ( Naval  Arch.)  An  inverted  knee  placed 

■ above  the  deck,  instead  of  beneath  it.  Dana. 

8.  ( Bot .)  The  upper  petal  of  a papilionaceous 

corolla  : vexillum  ; banner.  Gray. 

9.  (Mining.)  The  market  price  of  copper. 

Syn.  — Standard,  fl ay,  ensign,  and  colors,  are  all 

employed  to  denote  a badge,  sign,  or  signal  under 
which  men  are  united  for  some  common  purpose  ; and 
they  are  used  with  respect  to  the  army  and  navy  of  a 
country  or  nation  ; as  the  national  standard,  flag,  en- 
sign, or  colors.  Flag  is  a generic  term  ; a streamer  is 
a floating  flag;  a pennant  or  pennon  a small  flag  — 
See  Criterion,  Model. 

STAND'ARD,  a.  Being  a standard  in  quantity, 
measure,  or  quality  Holder. 

STAND’ARD-BeAr'F.R,  n.  (Mil.)  An  officer  who 
bears  a standard  or  ensign.  Spectator. 

ST  AND 'CROP,  n.  A kind  of  herb.  Ainsworth . 

t STAND'EI.,  n.  A tree  of  long  standing.  Howell. 


STAND'ER,  n.  1.  One  who,  or  that  which,  stands. 

2.  A tree  that  has  stood  long.  Ascham. 

Stander  up,  one  who  takes  a side.  South. 

StAnD'ER-BY,  n.  One  who  stands  near  ; a spec- 
tator ; a bystander,  [it.]  Baxter. 

STAND'ER-GRAsS,  n.  A name  given  by  the  old 
botanists  to  some  species  of  orchis.  Fletcher. 

STAnd'|NG,  p.a.  1.  That  stands  ; fixed  ; settled; 
established  ; not  temporary  ; standard ; perma- 
nent. “ The  standing  measure.”  Locke. 

The  common  standing  rules  of  the  gospel.  Atterbury. 

2.  Lasting ; permanent ; not  transient  or 
transitory.  “ A standing  crimson.”  Addison. 

3.  Stagnant ; not  running  or  flowing.  'Milton. 

From  standing  lake  to*t ripping  ebb.  Milton. 

4.  Remaining  erect;  not  cut  down.  “The 
standing  corn  of  the  Philistines.”  Juilg.  xvi.  5. 

Standing  army,  a regular  army  kept  in  constant  ser- 
vice, as  distinct  from  militia.  Temple. — Standing 
rigging,  (JVaut.)  stationary  rigging,  as  shrouds, stays, 
backstays,  &c.  Dana. 

STANDING,  n.  1.  Continuance;  duration. 

Your  fortune  had  enabled  you  to  have  continued  longer 
in  the  university,  till  you  were  of  ten  years’  standing.  Swift. 

2.  A station  ; a place  to  stand  in. 

I will  provide  you  a good  standing  to  see  his  entry.  Bacon . 

3.  Power  or  ability  to  stand.  l’s.  lxix.  2. 

4.  Rank  ; condition  ; estimation.  Johnson. 

5.  A stall  in  a market,  or  on  the  foot-pave- 
ment in  a street.  Simmonds. 

6.  A workman’s  loom  in  the  lower  flat  or 

story  of  a factory.  Simmonds. 

STAnD'ISH,  n.  A stand  for  pen  and  ink.  Wotton. 

STAND'— POINT,  n.  [Ger.  stand-punct.\  Place  of 
standing  ; position  ; point  of  view.  Ec.  Rev. 

STAND'— STILL,  n.  A standing  or  stopping  with- 
out motion  ; a state  of  rest.  Carpenter. 

Commerce  was  at  a perfect  standstill.  Ec.  Itev. 

STANE,  n.  [A.  S.  stan.~\  A stone.  [Scot,  and 
north  of  England.]  Jamieson.  Todd. 

STANG,  n.  [A.  S.  stang,  steng,  stgnu  ; Dut.  stang  ; 
Ger.  stangc ; Dan.  stang  ; Sw.  stang.] 

1.  f A measure  of  land  ; a perch.  Swift. 

2.  A long  bar  or  pole  ; the  shaft  of  a cart. 

[Scot,  and  local,  Eng.]  Todd. 

To  ride  the  stang , is  to  he  mounted  on  a strong  pole, 
borne  on  men’s  shoulders,  and  carried  about  from 
place  to  place.  [Scot,  and  local,  Eng.]  See  Skim- 
MINGTON.  Callander. 

STANG,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  stingan,  to  sting.]  To  thrill 
with  acute  pain.  [Scot,  and  local,  Eng.]  Grose. 

STANG'— BALL,  n.  Two  half-bullets  joined  to- 
gether by  a bar ; bar-shot.  Crabb. 

STAN'HOPE, n.  Alight,  open,  two-wheeled  pleas- 
ure carriage; — so  named  from  its  inventor, 
Earl  Stanhope.  Sat.  Mag. 

STAn'HOPE-PRESS,  n.  A printing  press  invented 
by  Earl  Stanhope.  Simmonds. 

+ STANTEL-RY,  n.  Base  falconry.  Alimony. 

f STANK,  a.-  Weak ; worn  out.  Spenser. 

STANK,  v.  n.  [Sw.  Goth.  stanka.\  To  pant  or 
gasp  for  breath  ; to  sigh.  [Local,  Eng.]  Brockett. 

STANK  (stSngk,  82),  n.  [From  L.  stagnum,  a pool. 
Ruddiman.] 

1.  + A pool  or  pond  of  water.  Chalmers. 

2.  A bank  to  stop  water.  [Local,  Eng.]  Bailey. 

STANK  (stangk),p.  from  stink.  See  Stink. 

STAn'N  a-RY,  n.  [L.  stannum,  tin.] 

1.  A tin-mine  : — the  tin-mines  of  a district. 

The  great  stanneries  of  England  are  those  of  Devon  and 

Corn  wall.  P*  Cyc. 

2.  The  royal  rights  in  respect  of  tin-mines 

within  a district.  Wright. 

STAN'NA-RY,  a.  Relating  to  the  tin  mines  or 
works.  “ The  stannary  rights.”  P.  Cyc. 

Stannary  Court,  a court  held  in  Devonshire  and 
Cornwall,  England,  for  the  administration  of  justice 
among  the  tinners.  Whishaw. 

STAN'N  ATE,  n.  ( Chem .)  A salt  formed  by  the 
union  of  stannic  acid  and  a base.  Miller. 

Stannate  of  soda,  a crystallizd  salt  extensively  used 
as  a mordant  in  dyeing  and  calico-printing,  and 
forming  the  bases  of  what  is  called  till  prepare  liquor. 

Miller. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


STANNEL 


1405 


STAR-CHAMBER 


STAN'NpL,  n.  An  inferior  kind  of  hawk ; the 
kestrel  or  windhover;  — also  written  staniel, 
stcmyel,  stannycl,  and  stanch  'd.  Shale.  Nares. 

STAN’NIC,  a.  [L.  stannum,  tin.]  Pertaining  to, 
or  consisting  partly  of,  tin. 

Stannic  acid,  (Chem.)  a term  applied  to  hydrated 
binoxide  of  tin,  winch  acts  the  part  of  an  acid  in 
forming  salts  with  bases.  Mdler.  — Stannic  chloride, 
( Chem .)  bichloride  of  tin.  — Stannic  oxide,  binoxide  of 
tin.  — Stannic  suits,  compounds  of  stannic  acid  and  a 
salifiable  base.  — Stannic  sulphide , bisulphide  of  tin. 
Graham. 

STAN-NlF'JJR-OUS,  a.  [L.  stannum,  tin,  and  fero, 
to  bear.]  Containing  tin.  Ahsted. 

STAN'NINE,  n.  (Min.)  An  opaque  brittle  mineral 
rarely  crystallized,  of  metallic  lustre,  of  various 
colors,  and  consisting  of  sulphur,  tin,  copper, 
iron,  and,  commonly,  of  zinc  ; — called  also  tin 
pyrites,  and,  from  its  resemblance  to  bell-metal, 
bell-metal  ore.  Dana. 

STAN'NOUS,  a.  (Chem.)  Containing  tin,  or  not- 
ing certain  compounds  of  tin.  Graham. 

Stannous  iodide,  protiodideof  tin.  — Stannous  nitrate, 
protonitrate  of  tin.  — Stannous  oxide,  (Chem.)  protox- 
ide of  tin,  — the  base  of  certain  oxysalts.  — Stannous 
salts,  protosalts  of  tin.  — Stannous  sulphate,  protosul- 
phate of  tin.  Graham. 

STAN'NY-EL  (stan'e-el),  n.  See  Stannel.  Shale. 

STAN'TlIJNT  (-shent),  n.  A stanchion.  Weale. 

STAn'ZA,  n.  ; pi.  stanzas.  [It.  stanza,  a room  or 
dwelling-place,  a stanza;  Sp.  estancia;  Fr. 
stance.  — From  L.  sto,  stare,  to  stand.] 

1.  (Arch.)  An  apartment  or  division  in  a 

building.  Brande. 

2.  (Poetry.)  A distinct  part  or  division  of  a 
poem  or  hymn,  consisting  of  a number  or  series 
of  lines  regularly  adjusted  to  each  other. 

Horace  coniines  himself  strictly  to  one  sort  of  verse  or 
stanza  in  every  ode.  Drytlen. 

There  is  a great  variety  of  stanzas  in  the  poetry  of  modern 
languages,  according  to  the  rhythm  and  structure  of  the 
poem.  P.  Cyc. 

STAN-ZA'IC,  a.  Relating  to,  or  composed  of, 
stanzas.  Qu.  Rev. 

STA-PE'LI-A,  n.  ( Bnt .)  An  extensive  genus  of 
African  succulent,  branched  plants,  without 
leaves,  and  having  large  flowers,  generally  spot- 
ted or  marbled  with  a deep  red-brown,  some  of 
which  exhale  a strong  odor  of  decomposing 
animal  matter;  — so  named  in  honor  of  John 
Bodteus  a Stapel.  Baird.  Loudon. 

ST.\'PE§,  n.  [Low  L.,  a stirrup. ] (Anat.)  The 
innermost  of  the  small  bones  of  the  ear,  which 
resembles  a stirrup.  Dunglison. 

STAPH'Y-LINE,  a.  [Gr.  eratpbl.ivos oraifivl.ii,  a 
bunch  of  grapes.]  Having  the  form  of  a bunch 
of  grapes ; botryoidal.  Clarke. 

STA PH-Y-LO  ' MA,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  tTraipbltopa  ; 
araipvl.i',,  a bunch  of  grapes.]  (Med.)  A term 
applied  to  different  tumors  of  the  anterior  sur- 
face of  the  globe  of  the  eye.  Dunglison. 

STAPH-Y-LO-PLAS'TIC,  a.  [Gr.  err aipuXf/,  a bunch 
of  grapes,  the  uvula,  and  irl.acetn,  to  form.] 
Noting  the  operation  for  replacing  the  soft  pal- 
ate when  it  has  been  lost.  Dunglison. 

StAPII-Y-LOR'A-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  oratpiih'i,  the  uvula, 
and  [iiu/in,  a suture.]  (Surg.)  The  operation  of 
uniting  a cleft  palate.  Dunglison. 

StAph-Y-LO  ' SIS,  n.  (Med.)  A tumor  of  the 
eye  ; staphyloma.  • • Dunglison. 

STA'PLF,  (sta'pl),n.  [A.  S.  stapel,  stapol,  a staple, 
a prop,  a post  or  log  set  in  the  ground ; Dut. 
stapel,  a staple,  a pile,  stocks ; stapeln,  staple 
goods  ; Ger.  stapel,  a pile,  a staple  or  mart,  a 
stake  ; Dan.  stabel,  a pile,  stocks ; stapelstad,  a 
mart ; Sw.  stapel,  a pile,  stocks,  a staple  or 
mart.  — The  staple  of  a door  is  so  called  be- 
cause it  props  the  door,  and  renders  it  stable, 
fixed,  firm.  Skinner.  — “ Staple,  in  all  its  other 
applications,  seems  to  have  the  same  origin, 
i.  e.  stable,  established.”  Richardson.] 

1.  A loop  of  iron  or  other  metal,  the  two  ends 
of  which  are  driven  into  wood  to  hold  a hook, 
padlock,  pin,  bolt,  &c.  “Staples  out  of  brass.” 
Surrey.  “ Staples  of  doors.”  Peacham. 

2.  Formerly,  a mart  or  market ; an  emporium. 

Tvre  Alexander  the  Great  sacked,  and,  establishing  the 

sta/iie  at  Alexandria,  made  the  greatest  revolution  in  trade 
that  ever  was  known.  Arbuthnot. 


tfzp  Staple  appears  to  havo  been  used  to  indicalo 
those  marts  botli  in  this  country  [England]  and  at 
Bruges,  Antwerp,  Calais,  Sec.,  on  the  continent,  wliero 
tile  principal  products  of  a country  were  sold.  Proba- 
bly in  tiro  first  instance  they  were  held  at  such  places 
as  possessed  some  conveniences  of  situation  for  t lie 
purpose.  Afterwards  they  appear  to  have  been  con- 
firmed, or  others  appointed  for  the  purpose,  by  tile 
authorities  of  the  country.  In  England  this  was  done 
by  the  king,  (2  Edw.  III.  c.  9.)  All  merchandise  sold 
for  the  purpose  of  exportation  was  required  either  to 
be  sold  at  the  staple,  or  afterwards  brougiit  there  before 
exportation.  P.  Cyc. 

3.  The  merchandise  which  was  sold  at  a staple 

or- mart.  P.  Cyc. 

4.  A principal  commodity  grown  or  manufac- 
tured in  a country  or  district.  Brande. 

5.  The  fibre  of  cotton,  wool,  or  flax. 

Until  about  the  year  1815,  it  was  thought  that  the  cotton- 
wool of  India,  from  the  shortness  of  its  staple,  could  not  he 
spun  with  advantage  upon  machinery.  Cyc.  of  Com. 

Tier  wool,  whose  staple  doth  excel, 

And  seems  to  overmatch  the  golden  Phrygian  fell.  Drayton. 

6.  The  material  of  manufacture  ; the  sub- 
stance of  a thing  ; raw  material.  Shah. 

7.  f A district  granted  to  an  abbey.  Camden. 

8.  (Coal  Mines.)  A small  underground  pit 

sunk  from  the  workings  on  the  upper  seam  to 
those  on  the  scam  below  for  promoting  ventila- 
tion. Tomlinson. 

STA'PLE  (sta'pl),  a.  1.  Being  a mart  for  staples. 
“ Each  staple  town.”  P.  Cyc. 

2.  Settled  or  established  in  commerce.  “ Our 

staple  trade.”  Dryden. 

3.  According  to  the  laws  of  commerce ; fit 

for  market ; marketable.  Swift. 

4.  Consisting  of  staples;  chief;  principal. 

“ Staple  goods.”  P.  Cyc. 

STA'PLE,  v.  a.  To  sort  or  adjust  the  different 
staples  of,  as  wool.  Jamieson. 

STA'PLE!)  (sta'pld),  a.  Having  a staple  or  fibre. 
“ Short-stapled  cotton.”  Cyc-  of  Com. 

STA'PLIJR,  n.  A dealer  in  some  staple  or  in 
staples.  “ A wool-stapler.”  lloivell. 

STAR,  n.  [M.  Goth,  staerrio;  A.  S.  steorra-,  Dut. 
star  ; Ger.  stern  ; Dan.  stierne  ; Sw.  stjerna  ; 
Icel.  stiarna.  — Gael,  steorn ; Arm.  steren  ; W. 
seren.  — Gr.  iarrip,  darpov  ; L.  astrum  ; It.,  Sp., 
Sy  Port,  astro.  — Fr.  astre,  etoile.  — Pers.  starch  ; 
Sanse.  tara.  — From  A.  S.  styran,  stiran,  to 
steer,  to  stir,  to  move.  Richardson .] 

1.  An  apparently  small,  steadily  luminous 
body  visible  in  the  heavens  at  night. 

Behold  the  height  of  th’e  stars,  how  high  they  are.  Jobxxii.  12. 
Hast  thou  a charm  to  stay  the  morning-star 
In  his  steep  course?  Coleridge. 

Astronomers  are  in  the  habit  of  distinpuish- 
inji  the  stars  into  classes,  according  to  their  apparent 
brightness.  These  are  termed  magnitudes.  The 
brightest  stars  are  said  to  he  of  the  first  magnitude  ; 
those  which  fall  so  far  short  of  the  first  degree  of 
brightness  as  to  make  a strongly  marked  distinction, 
are  classed  in  the  second  ; and  so  clown  to  the  sixth 
or  seventh,  which  comprise  the  smallest  stars  visible 
to  the  naked  eye  in  the  clearest  and  darkest  night. 
Beyond  these,  however,  telescopes  continue  the  range 
of  visibility,  and  magnitudes  from  the  eight Ii  down 
to  the  sixteenth  are  familiar  to  those  who  are  in  the 
practice  of  using  powerful  instruments. ” Hcrschel. 

2.  The  pole-star  ; the  north-star.  “ Sailing 

by  the  star”  Shah. 

3.  A person  of  shining  or  brilliant  qualities 

above  others,  — a term  applied  particularly  to 
an  actor  of  great  eminence.  Smart. 

4.  Any  thing  in  the  figure  of  a star. 

With  battlements,  that  on  their  restless  fronts 

Bore  stars.  Wordsworth. 

5.  The  figure  of  a star,  used  as  a mark  of 
reference  : an  asterisk. 

Remarks  . . . with  a marginal  star.  Watts. 

6.  (Astral.)  A configuration  of  the  planets, 
supposed  to  influence  fortune.  L'  Estrange. 

The  fault,  dear  Brutus,  is  not  in  our  stars, 

But  in  ourselves,  that  we  are  underlings.  Shah. 

Double  star,  a star  which  appears  single  to  the 
naked  eye,  but  when  examined  by  a telescope,  is 
found  to  consist  of  two  or  more  stars,  as  Castor.  — 
Fixed  star,  a star  which  preserves  a high  degree  of 
permanence  as  to  apparent  relative  situation.  — Nebu- 
lous star,  a sharp  and  brilliant  star  concentrically  sur- 
rounded by  a perfectly  circular  disk  or  atmosphere  of 
faint  light. — Periodical  star,  a star  which  undergoes 
a more  or  less  regular  periodical  increase  and  diminu- 
tion of  lustre.  Hcrschel.  — Star  of  Bethlehem,  a mono- 
cotyledonous  plant ; Ornithogaluni  uinbcllatuin.  Baird. 
— Star  of  the  earth,  a species  of  plantain  growing  on 
tile  sea-shore  ; Pluntago  coronopus.  Loudon. 


STAR,  v.  a.  [t.  starred;  pp.  starrinc, 
starred.]  To  set,  adorn,  or  bespangle  with 
stars ; to  affix  a star  or  stars  to.  G.  Fletcher. 

STAR,  v.  n.  To  shine  as  a star.  Ed.  Rev. 

STAR'— AN-ISE,  n.  The  fruit  of  the  aniseed-tree 
of  China  (lllicinm  anisatum),  exported  from 
Canton  and  used  for  itsaromatic  and  carminative 
properties,  to  flavor  certain  liquors,  &c.  Baird. 

STAR'— AP-PLEj  n.  (Dot.)  A dicotyledonous  tree, 
indigenous  to  tropical  America,  — particularly 
Chrysophyllum  Cainito,  which  bears  a fruit  re- 
sembling a large  apple  : — the  fruit  of  a plant 
of  the  genus  Chrysophyllum.  Baird. 

t-  /,  ■ When  cut  across,  the  seeds,  which  are  regu- 
larly disposed  around  the  axis  of  t lie  fruit,  present  a 
stellate  figure,  from  whence  the  name  of  star-apple  is 
derived.  Eng.  Cyc. 

STAR'-BE-SPAN'-GLED  (-gid),  a.  Adorned  with 
stars  or  with  luminous  splendor.  “ Ilis  star- 
bespangled  robe.”  Walker. 

Sl'AR'-Bf.-STUD’DiED,  a.  Studded  or  encircled 
with  stars.  “ Star-bcstuddcd  crown.”  Drayton. 

STAR'— BLAST-ING,  n.  The  malignant  influence 
of  the  stars.  Shak. 

STAR'— BLIND,  a.  Partially  blind.  Ash. 

STAR'BOARD,  or  STAR  BOARD,  n.  [A.  S.  steor- 
bord  ; stcora,  a steerer  ; styran,  steoran,  to  steer, 
and  bord,  a side  ; Dut.  stuurboord  ; Ger.  steuer- 
bord;  Dan.  <5;  Sw.  styrbord.]  (Want.)  The  right- 
band  side  of  a vessel  to  a person  standing  aft  and 
looking  forward ; — opposed  to  larboard.  Dana. 

STAR'BOARD,  or  STAR'BOARD,  a.  (Naut.)  Per- 
taining to  the  right-hand  side  of  a vessel  ; as, 
“ The  starboard  quarter.”  Mar.  Diet. 

STAR  — BOW-LINE^,  n.  pi.  (Naut.)  A term  for 
the  men  in  the  starboard  watch.  Dana. 

STAR'— BRIGHT  (stdr'brlt),  a.  Bright  or  shining 
as  a star.  Milton. 

STARCH,  n.  [Ger.  stiirke.  — See  Stark.]  1.  A 
vegetable  substance  used  to  stiffen,  and  for- 
merly also  to  color,  linen  or  other  cloth. 

Starch  is  one  of  tile  most  abundant  constituents 
of  vegetable  principles,  occurring  in  the  interior  of 
vegetable  cells  in  the  form  of  transparent  granules,  of 
varied  size  and  form,  and  in  varying  quantity,  in  all 
classes  of  plants  except  the  fungi.  In  its  pure  state 
it  is  a fine,  white  powder,  without  taste  or  smell,  and 
is  insoluble  in  cold  water,  in  alcohol,  and  ether.  The 
usual  sources  of  starch  used  in  tire  arts  are  wheat 
and  the  grains  of  cereals,  the  tubers  of  tile  potato, 
arrow-root,  Indian  corn,  rice,  &c.  Micrograpliic  Diet. 
2.  A stiff,  formal  manner.  Addison. 

STARCH,  a.  [A.  S.  stearc,  stark. — See  Stark.] 
Stiff ; precise  ; rigid,  [r.]  Killingbeck. 

STARCH,  v.  a.  \i.  STARcnED  ; pp.  starching, 
starched.]  To  stiffen  with  starch ; to  apply 
starch  to;  as,  “To  starch  linen.” 

STAR'— CHAM-B^iR,  n.  An  English  court  of  very 
ancient  origin,  but  new-modelled  by  statutes  of 
Henry  VII.  and  of  Henry  VIII.,  having  juris- 
diction over  riots,  perjuries,  misbehavior  of 
sheriff’s,  and  other  notorious  misdemeanors, 
which  were  tried  without  the  intervention  of  a 
jury; — abolished,  after  having  greatly  abused 
its  powers,  in  the  reign  of  Charles  I.,  and  called 
also  Court  of  Star-chamber.  Burrill. 

“ This  court  is  said  to  have  been  so  called 
either  from  the  A.  S.  steoran,  to  steer  or  govern,  or 
from  its  punishing  the  crimen  stcllionatiis,  or  cozenage ; 
or  because  the  room  wherein  it  sat,  the  old  council- 
chamber  of  the  palace  of  Westminster,  was  full  of 
windows;  or  because  haply  the  rcof  or  ceiling  was 
at  tile  first  garnished  with  gilded  stars, — the  latter 
being  the  opinion  of  Lord  Coke.  All  these  are  very 
reasonably  pronounced  by  Sir  W.  Blackstone  to  be 
merely  conjectures,  no  stars  being  visible  in  t lie  roof 
of  tile  apartment  in  liis  day,  nor  are  any  said  in  have 
remained  there  so  late  as  the  reign  of  Queen  Eliza- 
beth. The  learned  commentator’s  own  opinion  is, 
that  tile  Star-chamber  was  so  called  from  being  held 
in  that  room  at  the  exchequer  where  the  chests  con- 
taining those  Jewish  contracts  and  obligations  called 
starrs  (from  tire  Heb.  shetar , pronounced  shtar)  were 
kept.  That  the  principal  repository  of  these  starrs 
was  in  the  king’s  exchequer  at  Westminster,  is  clearly 
shown  by  an  ordinance  of  Richard  I.,  preserved  by 
Hoveden  ; and  the  first  time  the  Star-clumber  is  men- 
tioned in  any  record,  it  is  expressly  said  to  have  been 
situated  near  the  receipt  of  the  exchequer  at  West- 
minster.” Burrill. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — g,  <J,  9,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  9,  g,  hard ; § as  z;  £ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


STARCHED 


1406 


STAR-THISTLE 


STARCHED  (sfircht),p.  a.  1.  Stiffened  with  starch. 
“ The  starched  beard.”  B.  Jonson. 

2.  Stiff ; formal ; precise.  Addison. 

STARCH'ED-NESS,  n.  Stiffness;  formality ; ex- 
cessive preciseness.  L.  Addison. 

STARCH'fR,  n.  One  who,  or  that  which,  starches. 
“Tailors,  starchers,  seamsters.”  Marston. 

STARCH'LY,  ad.  Stiffly ; formally.  Swift. 

STARCH'NpSS,  n.  Stiffness  preciseness;  for- 
mality. Johnson . 

STARCH'Y,  a.  Pertaining  to,  consisting  of,  or 
resembling,  starch.  Brande. 

f STAR  — CON-NpR,  n.  A star-gazer;  an  astrono- 
mer or  an  astrologer.  Gascoigne. 

STAR-CROSSED  (-kiost),  a.  Ill-starred.  Shah. 

STAR’— CROWNED,  a.  Crowned  with  stars. 
“Your  star-crowned  heads.”  Mason. 

STARE,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  starian  ; Dut.  staren,  staroo- 
qen ; Ger.  starren;  Dan.  stirre ; Sw.  stirra ; 
Icel.  stem.]  [t.  stared  ; pp.  staring,  stared.] 

1.  To  look  with  fixed  eyes,  wide  open,  as 
in  admiration,  wonder,  horror,  stupidity,  or  im- 
pudence ; to  look  or  gaze  steadily ; to  wonder. 

So  many  gazers  as  on  her  do  stare.  Spenser. 

Look  not  big,  nor  stare,  nor  fret.  Shak. 

And  all  the  world  would  stare.  Cowper. 

2.  To  stand  out  prominent ; to  project.  “ Star- 
ing straws  and  jags.”  [r.]  Mortimer. 

3.  f To  stand  up  or  bristle,  as  hair. 

His  hair  stareth , or  standeth  on  end.  Bairet. 

Syn.  — See  Gape. 

STARE,  v.  a.  To  stare  at ; to  affect  or  influence 
by  staring.  Drydcn. 

To  stare  in  the  face , to  be  undeniably  evident  to. 
“ The  law  . . . that  stares  them  in  the  face  whilst  they 
are  breaking  it.”  Locke. 

STARE,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  stares  ; a fixed 
look  with  the  eyes  wide  open.  Dryden. 

2.  f [A.  S.  stare.]  A starling.  Sir  T.  Elyot. 

STAR'— pN-CIR'C LED  (-kid),  a.  Encircled  or  sur- 
rounded with  stars.  Clarke. 

StAr'^R,  n.  One  who  stares.  rope. 

STAR'fTnCII,  n.  ( Ornith .)  The  common  red- 
start ; Phoenicura  ruticilla.  Hill. 

STAR'FISH,  n.  1.  ( Zoiil .)  A marine,  radiated 
animal,  of  the  order  Echinodermata,  and  family 
Asteriadw,  and  particularly  of  the  genus  -4s- 
terias  ; — so  called  from  its  star-like  form,  and 
named  also  sea-star,  and  five-finger.  — See  As- 
terias.  Eng.  Cyc. 

Ifij-  The  star-fishes  are  formed  of  a semi-transpar- 
ent and  gelatinous  substance,  covered  with  a thin 
membrane.  They  are  divided  into  two  sections,  thescu- 
tellated  star-fishes,  and  the  radiated  star-fishes  ; the  for- 
mer having  an  angular  body,  the  lobes  or  rays  of  which 
are  short,  their  length  not  exceeding  the  diameter  of 
the  disk  ; the  latter  having  the  body  furnished  with 
elongated  rays,  whose  length  far  exceeds  the  diameter 
of  the  disk.  Eng.  Cyc. 

2.  ( Bot .)  A diminutive,  succulent,  leafless 
African  plant ; Stapelia  asterias.  Loudon. 

STAR'FLOVV-ER,  n.  {Bot.)  1.  The  star  of  Bethle- 
hem; Ornithogalum  umbellatum.  Crabb. 

2.  An  American  perennial  plant,  with  elon- 
gated, lanceolate  leaves,  growing  in  damp,  cold 
woods  ; Trientalis  Americana.  Gray. 


STAR'HAWK,  n.  A kind  of  hawk.  Ainsworth. 

STAR'— HEAD-5D— IIY'A-OlNTH,  n.  {Bot.)  A 
bulbous  plant ; Scilla  autumnalis.  Crabb. 

STAR'I-KT,  n.  {Ornith.)  A bird  of  the  sub-fam- 
ily Phaleridince.  — See  Phaleridinas.  Gray. 

STAr'ING,  a.  Looking  with  fixed  gaze;  gazing 
fixedly.  “ Staring  eyes.”  Spenser. 

STAr'ING-LY,  ad.  With  fixed  look.  Clarke. 

STAR'— JEL-LY,  n.  (Bot.)  The  common  name  of 
fungous  plants,  of  the  genus  Tremclla  ; — so  ap- 
plied from  their  soft,  tremulous,  tenacious  sub- 
stance. Smart. 


STARK,  a.  [A.  S.  stearc,  sterc\  Frs.  sterik  ; Dut. 
sterk;  Ger.  stark  ; Dan.  stcerk-,  Sw.  stark ; Icel. 
sterkr,  styrkr.  — Related  to  the  Ger.  starr, 
rigid.  Bosworth .] 

1.  f Stiff";  rigid.  “ Stark  as  marble.”  Spenser. 

2.  f Strong;  powerful.  Beau.  § FI. 

Fowles  of  sight  so  proud  and  stark.  Wyatt. 

3.  f Deep ; full.  “ Stark  security.”  B.  Jonson. 

4.  Mere;  absolute;  gross;  simple;  sheer. 

“ Stark  nonsense.”  Collier. 

STARK,  ad.  Completely;  wholly;  entirely;  fully. 
“ Stark  mad.”  Donne.  “ Stark  blind.”  Spenser. 

f STARK'LY,  ad.  Stiffly;  strongly.  Shah. 

f ST  ARK'NJJSS,  n.  Stiffness  ; strength.  Holland. 
STAR'-LED,  a.  Guided  by  a star.  Milton. 

STAR'LIJSS,  a.  Having  no  stars  visible,  or  no 
light  of  stars.  “ Starless  nights.”  Dryden. 

STAR'LIGHT  (star 'lit),  n.  The  light  of  the  stars. 

They  danced  by  starlight  and  the  friendly  moon.  Dryden. 
STAR'LIGHT,  a.  Lighted  by  the  stars.  “ A 
starlight  evening.”  Dryden 


STAR'LIKE,  a.  Like  a star  or  stars 
lustrous ; illustrious. 


bright ; 
Dryden. 


STAR'LING,  n.  [A.  S.  stare  ; 
Ger.  staar,  stahr ; Dan. 
stair  ; Sw.  stare.]  ( Ornith.) 
A conirostral  bird  of  the 
order  Passeres  and  family 
Stumidce,  of  which  the 
Sturnus  vulgaris,  or  com- 
mon starling,  very  abun- 
dant in  England,  is  the 
type  ; stare.  Gray. 


Common  starling. 


STAR'LIT,  a.  Lit  by  a star  or  by  stars.  Fisher. 


STAR'MON-EpR,  n.  An  astrologer  or  an  astron- 
omer ; an  observer  of  the  stars.  Swift. 

STAR  ' OST,  n.  A nobleman  possessing  a starosty. 
[Poland.]  Brande. 

STAR' OS-TY,  n.  A castle  or  domain  conferred 
for  life  on  a nobleman.  [Poland.]  Brande. 

STAR'— PAVED  (-pavd),  a.  Paved  or  studded  with 
stars.  “ The  road  of  heaven  star-paved."  Milton. 

STAR'PROOF,  a.  Impervious  to  the  light  of  the 
stars.  “ Branching  elm  star-proof."  Milton. 

f STAR'— READ,  n.  The  doctrine  or  science  of  the 
stars ; astronomy.  Spenser. 

STARRED  (stird),  p.  a.  1.  Adorned  with  a star  or 
with  stars.  “ The  stnrraf  Ethiop  queen.”  Milton. 

2.  Influenced  by  the  stars  in  fortune.  Shak. 

He#-  Used  in  composition  ; as,  “ Ill-starred." 


STAR'RI-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  starry.  Ash. 


STAR'-FORT,  n.  (Fort.)  A fort  with  several 
salient  angles,  in  the  form  of  a star.  Mil.  Ency. 

STAR'— GAZ-ER,  n.  1.  One  who  gazes  at  the 
stars  ; — a term  of  contempt  or  ridicule  for  an 
astronomer  or  an  astrologer.  If  Estrange. 

"2.  A kind  of  fish.  Chambers 

STAR'— GAZ-ING,  n.  The  act  or  the  practice  of 
gazing  at  the  stars  ; astronomy  or  astrology.  Ash. 

STAR'-GAZ-ING,  a.  Gazing  at,  or  admiring,  the 
stars.  Congreve. 

STAR'— GRASS,  n.  (Bot.)  1.  A small,  stemless 
herb,  xvith  grassy  and  hairy  linear  leaves,  and 
slender  scapes,  xvith  few  flowers,  from  a solid 
bulb  ; Hypoxys  erecta.  Gray. 

2.  The  very  bitter,  perennial,  smooth,  stem- 
less herbs,  with  fibrous  roots,  of  the  genus  Ale- 
tiis ; colic-root.  Gray. 


STAR'RING,  a.  Shining  as  xvith  the  light  of  stars. 
“ Starring  comets.”  Crasluiw. 

STAR'RY,  a.  1.  Abounding,  studded,  or  adorned 

with  stars.  “ The  starry  sky.”  Rope. 

2.  Consisting  of,  or  emitted  by,  stars.  “ Star- 
ry lights.”  Spenser.  “ Starry  flame.”  Dryden. 

3.  Resembling  stars;  shining  or  glistening 

like  stars.  “ Her  starry  eyes.”  Shak. 

4.  (Bot.)  Stellate.  Henslow. 

STAR'SHOOT.  n.  A gelatinous  plant  of  the  order 
Fungi,  formerly  vulgarly  supposed  to  be  a sub- 
stance emitted  from  a shooting  star;  star-jelly. 

That  jelly,  by  the  vulgar  called  starshoot , as  if  it  remained 
upon  the  extinction  of  a falling  star.  Boyle. 

STAR'-SPAN-GLED  (-spang-gld),  a.  Spangled  with 
stars.  “ Heaven’s  star-spangled  plain.”  Potter. 

Star -span tried  banner,  a name  given  to  the  national 
ensign  of  the  United  States.  i 


The  star-spangled  banner,  O,  long  may  it  wave 

O’er  the  land  of  the  free  and  the  home  of  the  brave.  Key. 

STAR'— SPOT-TgD,  a.  Spotted  xvith  stars;  star- 
spangled.  Wordsworth. 

STAR'STONE,  n.  A rare  variety  of  sapphire, 
xvhich,  xvhen  cut  and  viexved  in  certain  direc- 
tions, presents  a peculiar  reflection  of  light  in 
the  form  of  a star  of  six  rays  ; — called  also  as- 
teriated  sapphire,  asteria,  astentc,  astrites,  and 
astrite.  Humble.  Cleaveland.  Brande. 

START,  v.  n.  [Of  uncertain  etymology.  — From 
A.  S.  styran,  stiran,  to  stir,  to  move.  Skinner. 
Tooke.  — From  Sxv.  start  a , to  precipitate,  to  cast 
doxvn,  to  fall  doxvn.  Todd  — Old  Eng,  stert.] 
\i.  STARTED  ; PP  STARTING,  STARTED.] 

1.  To  move  or  to  be  txvitched  suddenly,  as 
from  agitation,  surprise,  or  alarm ; to  move 
xvith  sudden  quickness;  to  shrink;  to  wince; 


to  startle. 

A shape  appeared, 

Bending  to  look  on  me:  1 started  back; 

It  started  back.  Milton. 

I start  as  from  some  dreadful  dream.  Dryden . 

2.  To  rise  xvith  sudden  quickness  ; — com- 
monly folloxved  by  up. 

They,  starting  up,  beheld  the  heavy  sight.  Dryden. 

3.  To  come  into  existence  suddenly  ; to  arise. 

There  started  up,  in  Queen  Elizabeth’s  reign,  a new  Pres- 
byterian sect.  White. 


4.  To  go  out  of  a course  ; to  deviate. 

Things  which  start  from  nature’s  common  rules.  Creech. 
Keep  your  soul  to  the  work,  when  ready  to  start  aside.  Watts. 

5.  To  begin  or  set  out,  as  on  a race  or  journey. 

When  from  the  goal  they  start.  Dryden. 

To  start  after , to  pursue.  — To  start  against , to  enter 
as  a candidate  against. — To  start  from,  to  issue  or 
proceed  from.  — To  start  for,  to  become  a candidate 
for  some  place.  — To  start  with , to  begin  with. 

START,  v.  a.  1.  To  alarm,  disturb,  or  rouse  sud- 
denly ; to  fright ; to  scare  ; to  startle. 

I started  from  its  vernal  bower 

The  rising  game>  and  chased  from  flower  to  flower.  Pope. 

2.  To  call  forth;  to  raise;  to  evoke. 

Brutus  will  start  a spirit  as  soon  as  Caesar.  Shak. 

3.  To  discover ; to  bring  xvitliin  pursuit.  Shak, 

The  sensual  men  agree  in  pursuit  of  every  pleasure  they 
can  start.  Temple. 

4.  To  dislocate  or  put  suddenly  out  of  place, 

as  a bone.  Wiseman. 

5.  ( Naut .)  To  empty,  as  liquor  from  a cask  . 

— to  open,  as  a cask  : — to  punish  with  a rope’s 
end,  in  order  to  cure  laziness,  or  quicken  mo- 
tions or  efforts.  Mar.  Diet.  Dana. 

START,  n.  1.  A short,  sudden  motion  or  action, 
as  from  convulsion,  agitation,  or  alarm.  Shak. 

The  fright  awaked  Arcite  with  a start.  Dryden. 

2.  A sudden  rousing  ; excitement ; stimulus. 

IIow much  had  I to  do  to  calm  his  rage! 

Now  fear  I this  will  give  it  start  again.  Shak. 

3.  A sally;  a sudden  motion  or  effusion. 

“ This  start  of  thought.”  Addison. 

4.  Sudden  and  intermitted  action  ; a fit. 

She  did  speak  in  starts  distractedly.  Shak. 

Stiff  in  opinions,  always  in  the  wrong. 

Was  every  thing  by  starts,  and  nothing  long.  Dryden. 

5.  A quick  spring  or  motion  ; a shoot. 

Cause  the  string  to  give  a quicker  start.  Bacon. 

6.  The  act  of  setting  out,  as  on  a race  or  a 
journey  ; first  motion  from  a place  ; beginning. 

You  stand  like  greyhounds  in  the  slips 

Straining  upon  the  start.  Shak. 

The  start  of  first  performance  is  all.  Bacon. 

To  have  or  to  get  the  start,  to  begin  before  a compet- 
itor ; to  have  the  advantage  in  the  outset.  “ Oct  the 
start  of  the  majestic  world.”  Shak.  — “She  might 
have  forsaken  him,  if  lie  had  not  got  the  start  of  her.” 
Dryden. 

START,  n.  [A.  S.  steort.]  A long  handle: — a tail, 
as  of  a plough.  [North  of  Eng.]  Todd. 

START'f R,  n.  1.  One  xvho  starts,  as  from  his 
purpose.  “ I am  no  starter."  Hudibras. 

2.  One  xvho  suddenly  moves  or  suggests,  as  a 

question  or  an  objection.  Swift. 

3.  A dog  for  rousing  game.  Delany. 

START'FUL,  a.  Apt  to  start  or  move  suddenly  ; 

skittish,  as  a horse,  [r.]  Wright. 

START'FUL-NESS,  n.  Aptness  to  start ; skittish- 
ness, as  of  a horse  [r.]  Wright. 

STAR'-THIS-TLE  (-thls-sl), n.  (Bot.)  An  annual 
plant  with  many-floxvered  heads,  and  a calyx 
resembling  a caltrop  ; Centaurea  calcitrapa. 

Loudon. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  1IER; 


STAKTING 


1407 


STATESMAN 


STARTING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who,  or  that 
which,  starts  or  moves  suddenly.  Donne. 

f STARTING— HOLE,  n.  An  evasion;  a loop- 
hole, as  for  retreat.  Shak. 

START'ING-LY,  ad.  With  frequent  starts  and 
intermissions  ; by  sudden  fits.  Shak. 

START'ING-POINT,  n.  A point  from  which  mo- 
tion begins  ; a place  of  departure.  Clarke. 

START'ING— POST,  n.  A post  or  barrier  from 
which  a race  begins.  Johnson. 

START'ISH,  ) a Apt  to  start  ; skittish,  as  a 

START'LISH,  ) horse.  [Colloquial.]  Ash. 

STAR'TLE  (stdr'tl),  V.  n.  [Dim.  of  start.]  [i. 
STARTLED  ; pp.  STARTLING,  STARTLED.]  To 
shrink ; to  move  suddenly,  as  from  a sudden 
impression  of  alarm  or  terror ; to  start. 

The  startling  steed  was  seized  with  sudden  fright.  Dryden. 

Why  shrinks  the  soul 

Back  on  herself,  and  startles  at  destruction?  Addison. 

STAR'TLE,  v.  a.  1.  To  impress  with  sudden  sur- 
prise, alarm,  or  terror ; to  fright ; to  shock. 

Such  whispering  waked  her,  but  with  startled  eye 

On  Adam,  whom  embracing,  thus  she  spoke.  Milton. 

That  angels  assume  bodies  needs  not  startle  us.  Locke. 

2.  To  deter  ; to  make  to  deviate,  [r.] 

From  which  it  was  not  possible  to  . . . startle  him.  Clarendon. 

STAR'TLE,  n.  A sudden  motion  arising  from  sur- 
prise, alarm,  or  affright ; sudden  alarm ; sud- 
den impression  of  terror  ; shock  ; start. 

After  having  recovered  from  my  first  startle , I was  very 
well  pleased  at  the  accident.  Spectator. 

STAR'TLING,  p.  a.  Impressing  with  surprise  or 
fear ; shocking.  Gilpin. 

f START'D  P,  n.  1.  An  upstart.  Shah. 

2.  A kind  of  high,  rustic  shoe.  Drayton. 

f START'UP,  a.  Suddenly  come  into  notice  ; up- 
start. “ A new  start-tip  sect.”  ‘ Warburton. 

STAR-VA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  starving,  or  the 
state  of  being  starved  ; famishment. 

I shall  not  wait  for  the  advent  of  starvation  from  Edin- 
burgh to  settle  my  judgment.  Henry  Dundas,  1775. 

After  months  of  starvation  and  despair.  Macaulay. 

/^^“Tlie  word  starvation  was  first  introduced 
into  the  English  language  by  Mr.  Dundas  [the  first 
Lord  Melville]  in.  a speech,  in  1775,  on  an  American 
debate,  and  hence  applied  to  him  as  a nickname 
— Starvation  Dundas/’  Horace  Walpole. 

Dr.  Trench  appears  to  be  mistaken  with  respect  to 
the  origin  of  this  word.  He  says,  “ Starvation  is  a 
word  of  quite  recent  introduction,  — its  first  formers, 
indeed,  not  observing  that  they  were  putting  a Latin 
termination  to  a Saxon  word.  The  word  is  an 
Americanism.”  — “ Strange  as  it  may  appear,  it  is 
nevertheless  quite  true,  that  this  word  [ starvation ], 
now  unhappily  so  common  on  every  tongue,  is  not 
to  be  found  in  our  own  English  dictionaries  ; neither 
in  Todd’s  Johnson,  nor  in  Richardson’s,  nor  in 
Smart’s  Walker  Remodelled,  published  in  1836.  In 
his  Supplement,  issued  a few  years  ago,  Mr.  Smart 
adopted  it  as  ‘a  trivial  word,  but  in  very  common, 

'and,  at  present,  good  use/  ” Notes  Queries. 

JQGUr  “ It  is,  I think,  a solitary  instance  of  this  Latin 
termination  to  a native  English  root.”  Richardson's 
Supplement. 

STARVE  (starv),  v.  n.  [A.  S.  steorfan , stearfian , 
to  die,  to  perish ; Dut.  sterven ; Ger.  sterben.~\ 
\i.  STARVED  ; pp.  STARVING,  STARVED.] 

1.  +To  perish;  to  be  destroyed. 

To  her  came  message  of  the  murderment. 

Wherein  her  guiltless  friends  should  hopeless  stai re.  Fairfax. 

2.  To  perish  with  hunger : — to  suffer  extreme 
hunger  or  want ; — with  with  or  for  before  the 
cause,  less  properly  with  of. 

An  animal  that  starves  of  hunger  dies  feverish  and  de- 
lirious. Arbuthnot. 

Sometimes  virtue  starves  while  vice  is  fed; 

What  then!  is  the  reward  of  virtue  bread?  Pope. 

3.  To  perish  or  to  be  destroyed  with  cold ; — 
with  with  or  for  before  the  cause.  [Rare,  U.  S.] 

Have  I seen  the  naked  starve  fur  cold, 

While  avarice  my  charity  controlled?  Santlys. 

They  [seeds]  must  have  starved  for  want  of  sun.  Woodward. 

STARVE  (stdrv),  v.  a.  1.  To  kill  with  hunger. 

To  staive  a man,  in  law,  is  murder.  Prior. 

2.  To  cause  to  suffer  extremely  by  hunger ; 

to  subdue  or  subjugate  by  famine.  “ Attains 
endeavored  to  starve  Italy.”  Arbuthnot. 

3.  To  kill  with  cold ; — to  cause  to  suffer  with 
cold.  [Rare  in  U.  S.] 

From  beds  of  raging  fire  to  stai've  in  ice 

Their  soft  ethereal  warmth.  Milton. 

Serenate  which  the  starved  lover  sings.  Milton. 


4.  To  deprive  of  force  or  vigor. 

The  powers  of  their  minds  are  starved  by  disuse.  Locke. 

STARVE'— GUT-T^D,  a.  Famished.  Arbuthnot. 

STARVE'LING,  n.  An  animal  or  a plant  thin 
and  weak  for  want  of  nourishment 

The  fat  ones  would  be  making  sport  with  the  lean,  and 
calling  them  starvelings.  L' Estrange. 

STARVE’LING,  a.  Hungry  ; lean  ; pining.  Swift. 

STARVING,  p.  a.  Perishing  with  hunger. 

STAR'WORT  (-wiirt),  n.  ( Bot .)  1.  The  common 
name  of  shrubby  and  herbaceous  plants  of  the 
genus  Aster.  Loudon. 

2.  A genus  of  plants,  the  most  common 
of  which  is  common  chickweed  ( Stellaria  me- 
dia) ; Stellaria ; — so  called  in  allusion  to  the 
star-shaped  flowers.  Gray. 

STA'TANT,  a.  [L.  sto,  stans,  to  stand.]  (Her.) 
Standing,  as  a lion.  Brande. 

f STA-TA'RI-AN,  a.  Steady  ; statary.  Tucker. 

f STA-TA'RI-AN- LY,  ad.  In  a statarian  manner ; 
steadily.  Tucker. 

f STA'TA-RV,  a.  [L.  statarius.]  Fixed.  Browne. 

STATE,  n.  [L.  status,  a standing,  position,  con- 
dition ; sto,  stans  (Gr.  tarruii) ; It.  stato  ; Sp. 
estado;  Fr . etat.  — See  Stand.] 

1.  Condition  as  determined  by  whatever  cir- 
cumstances ; the  circumstances  under  which 
any  being  or  thing  exists;  situation;  position; 
predicament ; case  ; plight. 

Acquaint  her  with  the  danger  of  my  state.  Shak. 

2.  f Stationary  point;  point  from  which  the 
next  movement  is  regression  ; crisis  ; height. 

Tumors  have  their  several  degrees  and  times;  as  begin- 
ning, augment,  state , and  declination.  Wiseman. 

3.  f Estate  ; seigniory  ; possession.  Daniel. 

4.  A body  of  persons  united  together  in  one 

community  for  the  defence  of  their  rights ; a 
whole  people  united  into  one  body  politic ; civil 
power,  not  ecclesiastical ; a civil  community  ; a 
commonwealth:  — in  a more  limited  sense,  the 
positive  or  actual  organization  of  the  legislative 
or  judicial  powers,  as  in  the  expression,  “The 
state  has  passed  such  a law.”  Bouvier. 

5.  A large  district  of  country  having  a sepa- 
rate government,  but  confederated  with  other 
states,  as  one  of  the  members  or  states  of  the 
American  Union  ; as,  “ The  State  of  Maine.” 

6.  pi.  ( Modern  European  Hist.)  Those  divis- 

ions of  society,  professions,  or  classes  of  men 
which  have  partaken,  either  directly  or  by  rep- 
resentation, in  the  government  of  their  coun- 
try ; — called  also  estates.  Brande. 

7.  Rank;  condition;  quality. 

Fair  dame,  I am  not  to  you  known 

Though  in  your  state  of  honor  I am  perfect.  Shak. 

8.  Solemn  pomp  ; appearance  of  greatness  ; 
dignity ; grandeur.  “ A life  of  state.”  Law. 

In  state  the  monarch  marched.  Dryden. 

9.  An  elevated  chair  or  throne  of  dignity, 

with  a canopy  ; — sometimes  used  for  the  can- 
opy. “ Sitting  in  my  state.”  Shak. 

Ascending  his  throne,  which,  under  state 

Of  richest  texture  spread,  at  the  upper  end 

Was  placed  in  regal  lustre.  Milton. 

10.  f A person  of  high  rank  ; a dignitary. 

She  is  a duchess,  a great  state.  Latimer. 

The  bold  design 

Pleased  highly  those  infernal  states.  Milton. 

f&2f‘  In  composition,  state  usually  signifies  public , 
national , pertaining  to  the  body  politic  ; as,  “ State-af- 
fairs ” ; “ State-trials.” 

Eastern,  or  New  England  States , Maine,  New  Hamp- 
shire, Vermont,  Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island,  Con- 
necticut.— Middle  States , New  York,  New  Jersey, 
Pennsylvania,  Delaware.  — Southern  States,  Mary- 
land, Virginia.  North  Carolina,  South  Carolina, 
Georgia,  Florida,  Alabama,  Mississippi,  Louisiana, 
Texas,  Arkansas,  Missouri,  Tennessee,  Kentucky. — 
Western  States , Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Michigan, 
Wisconsin,  Iowa,  Minnesota,  California,  Oregon. 

Syn. — State  is  a term  applied  to  political  com- 
munities, nations,  or  countries  under  every  form  of 
government ; realm  is  applied  to  such  nations  as  have 
a monarchical  and  aristocratical  government ; com- 
monwealth refers  to  the  aggregate  body  of  the  people, 
and  is  applied  to  a republic.  The  different  states  of 
Europe,  or  of  the  American  Union  ; the  peers  of  the 
realm  of  England  ; the  commonwealth  of  Massachu- 
setts. — See  Situation,  Case. 

STATE,  v.  a,  [i.  stated  ; pp.  stating,  stated.] 


1.  To  settle;  to  regulate  ; to  establish.  “This 

is  so  stated  a rule.”  Decay  of  Ch.  Piety. 

2.  To  express  the  particulars  of  in  writing  or 
in  words ; to  set  down  or  set  forth  in  detail  or 
in  gross  ; to  place  in  mental  view,  or  represent 
all  the  circumstances  of  modification ; to  make 
known  specifically  ; to  explain  particularly. 

To  state  the  cause  of  action  in  a declaration.  Bouvier. 

I don’t  pretend  to  state  the  exact  degree  of  mischief  that  is 
done  by  it.  Law. 

I pretended  not  fully  to  state,  much  less  demonstrate,  the 
truth  contained  in  the  text.  Atterbury. 

STATE,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  state  or  nation  ; 
national;  public;  as,  “ State  affairs.”  Ec.  Rev. 

STAte'-bAr^E,  n.  A royal  barge,  or  one  be- 
longing to  some  civil  government.  Simmonds. 

STATE'-BED,  n.  A bed  elaborately  carved  or 
decorated.  Simmonds. 

STAtE'-CAR-RIA^E  (-kar-rjj),  n.  A highly  deco- 
rated carriage  for  officials  going  in  state,  or 
taking  part  in  public  processions.  Simmonds. 

STATE'— CRAFT,  n.  Statesmanship,  in  contempt ; 
political  subtlety.  Brit.  Crit. 

STATE'— CRIM-I-NAL,  n.  An  offender  against 
the  state  ; a political  offender.  Pope. 

STATED,  p.  a.  1.  Fixed;  regular;  established. 

Stated  seasons  for  the  public  worship  of  God.  Bp.  Horsley. 

2.  Set  down  or  set  forth  in  detail. 

STAT'iJD-LY,  ad.  At  stated  times  ; regularly. 

STATE'— HOUSE,  n.  The  capitol  of  a state. 

STATE'LgSS,  a.  Without  state  or  pomp. 

STATE'LI-LY,  ad.  In  a stately  manner. 

The  cavalcade  moved  statelily  along.  lloger  forth. 

STATE'LI-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  stately  ; 
majestic  appearance ; grandeur ; loftiness ; mag- 
nificence ; dignity  ; majesty. 

We  may  . . . guess  at  the  stateliness  of  the  building  by  the 


magnificence  of  its  ruins.  South. 

STATE'LY,  a.  1.  August;  grand;  lofty;  elevat- 
ed ; majestic ; magnificent ; pompous. 

High  cedars  and  other  stately  trees.  Raleigh. 

2.  Elevated  ; dignified  ; magisterial. 

Those  who  come  to  visit  me,  think  I am  grown  on  tire 
sudden  wonderfully  stately  and  reserved.  Swift. 

Syn.  — See  Magisterial. 

STATE'LY,  ad.  Majestically,  [r.]  Milton. 

STATE'MfNT,  n.  1.  The  act  of  stating.  Ash. 
2.  That  which  is  stated.  Malone. 


STATE'MON-GER  (stat'mung-ger),  n.  A states- 
man, in  contempt ; a mere  politician.  Williams. 

STATE'— PA-PiJR,  n.  A paper,  document,  or 
treatise,  relating  to  public  affairs,  or  to  affairs 
of  state.  “ Folios  of  state-papers.”  Johnson. 

STATE'— PRI$-ON  (-prlz-zn),  n.  A public  prison  ; 
a penitentiary.  Blackmore. 

STATE'— PRIip-ON-lJR,  n.  One  imprisoned  for  a 
political  offence  against  the  state.  Smollett. 

STAT'JER,  n.  One  who  states.  Craig. 

STAT'  F.R,  n.  [Gr.  araryp.]  A gold  coin  of  Greece 
of  different  values. 

fl@-The  stater  of  Alexander  was  worth  about  1£ 
3s.  6d.  sterling  ($5.79)  The  term  stater,  in  later  times, 
was  applied  to  t he  silver  tetradrachm.  IV.  Smith. 

STATE-ROOM,  n.  1.  A magnificent  room  in  a 
palace  or  large  mansion.  Young. 

2.  A small  room  in  a ship  or  steam-vessel, 
for  one  or  two  passengers.  Collins. 

STATES  (stats),  n.  pi.  Nobility.  Shak. 

The  other  sceptre-bearing  states  arose.  Chapman. 

STATES'— <jrEN']JR-AL,  n.  pi.  A legislative  as- 
sembly composed  of  different  orders. 

The  states-gencral  of  the  Netherlands  consists 
of  two  chambers.  The  states -general  of  France,  be- 
fore the  revolution,  consisted  of  the  three  orders  of 
the  kingdom,  — the  nobility,  the  clergy,  and  the  third 
estate,  or  common  people.  Burke. 

STATES'M AN,  n. ; pi.  statesmen.  1.  One  versed 
or  employed  in  public  affairs,  or  in  the  arts  of 
government ; a politician. 

Statesman,  yet  friend  to  truth;  of  soul  sincere; 

In  action  faithful,  and  in  honor  clear; 

Who  broke  no  promise,  served  no  private  end; 

Who  gained  no  title,  and  who  lost  no  friend.  Pope. 

A statesman,  we  are  told,  should  follow  public  opinion. 
Doubtless  — as  a coachman  follows  his  horses,  having  a firm 
hold  on  the  reins,  and  guiding  them.  Hare. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  Q,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  £,  |,  hard;  § as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


STATESMAN-LIKE 


1408 


2.  One  who  occupies  his  own  estate  ; a small 
land-holder.  [Craven  dialect.]  Carey. 

STATES'MAN— LIKE,  a.  Like  a statesman  ; be- 
coming a statesman  ; statesmanly.  Qu.  Rev. 

STATES'MAN-LY,  a.  Relating  to,  or  befitting,  a 
statesman;  statesmanlike.  R.  \V.  Hamilton. 

STATES'MAN-SIIIP,  n.  The  qualities  or  the  func- 
tions of  a statesman.  Churchill. 

STATES' WOM-AN  (stats'wfim-.yn),  n.  A woman 
who  meddles  with  public  allairs  ; — used  in  con- 
tempt. -B.  Jonson. 

STATE'— TRl-AL,  n.  A trial  for  some  political 
offence  against  the  state  or  government.  Clarke. 

STAT'IC,  ? a,  1.  Relating  to  statics. 

STAT'I-CAL,  S 2.  (Med.)  Noting  the  physical  phe- 
nomena presented  by  organized  bodies  in  contra- 
distinction to  the  organic  or  vital.  Dunglison. 

Statical  electricity,  electricity  excited  by  friction  ; 
ordinary,  frictional,  or  Franklinic  electrity.  Faraday. 

STAT'ICS,  n.  [See  Mathematics.]  [Gr.  crnri- 
nn\  ttrrrjfjit,  to  stand;  It.  statica ; Fr.  statique.] 
That  branch  of  mechanics  which  relates  to 
bodies  considered  as  in  a state  of  rest,  or  as 
submitted  to  the  influences  of  forces  which  arc 
in  equilibrium ; the  science  of  the  equilibrium 
of  forces  ; — used  in  contradistinction  to  dy- 
namics. Nichol. 

STAT'ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  states;  the 

act  of  making  a statement.  Richardson. 

STA'TION  (sta'shun),  n.  [L.  statio ; xfo,  stans,  to 
stand;  It.  stazione ; Sp.  estacion;  Fr  .station.] 

1.  The  act  or  the  mode  of  standing,  [it.] 

Thoir  manner  was  to  stand  at  prayer,  whereupon  their 

meetings  unto  that  purpose  on  those  days,  had  the  name  of 
stations  given  them.  Hooker, 

2.  A state  or  condition  of  rest,  [it.] 

Impelling  forward  some  part  which  was  before  in  station 

or  at  quiet.  Browne. 

3.  A place  where  any  person  or  thing  stands 
or  is  ; situation  ; case  ; position  ; location. 

The  fi"  and  date,  why  love  the}’  to  remain 
In  middle  station  and  an  even  plain?  Prior. 

4.  Assigned  post  of  duty  ; office. 

The  cherubims  taking  their  stations  to  guard  the  place.  Milton. 

5.  Condition  of  life  ; rank  ; state. 

I (‘.in  be  contented  with  an  humbler  station  in  the  temple 
of  viitue.  Dnjden. 

6.  ( Mil.)  A place  calculated  for  the  rendez- 

vous of  troops,  or  for  the  distribution  of  them  : 
— also  a spot  well  calculated  for  offensive  or 
defensive  measures.  Stocqueler. 

7.  ( Surveying .)  A point  from  which  obser- 
vations are  made  with  an  instrument.  Davies. 

8.  pi.  ( Eccl .)  A term  applied  to  those  rep- 
resentations of  the  successive  stages  of  our 
Lord’s  passion  which  are  often  placed  round 
the  naves  of  large  churches,  and  by  the  side  of 
the  way  leading  to  sacred  edifices,  and  which 
are  visited  in  rotation.  Fairholt.  The  weekly 
fasts  of  Wednesday  and  Friday.  Hook. 

9.  (Rom.  Cath.  Church .)  A church  in  which 
indulgences  are  granted  on  certain  days .Brande. 

10.  ( Railroads .)  A place  at  which  a halt  is 
made  for  the  purpose  of  receiving  or  letting 
down  passengers  or  goods. 

The  last  stations  on  a railroad  are  called  the  termini.  Brande. 

11.  ( Civil  Law.)  A place  where  ships  may 

ride  at  anchor  in  safety.  Bouvier. 

Syn. — See  Case,  Circumstance,  Situation. 

STA'TION  (sta'shun),  V.  a.  [f.  STATIONED  ; pp. 
stationing,  stationed.]  To  place  in  a cer- 
tain post,  rank,  or  situation ; to  set ; to  estab- 
lish ; to  fix  ; to  post ; to  locate. 

lie  gained  the  brow  of  the  hill,  where  the  English  phalanx 
was  stationed.  Lord  Littleton. 

STA'TION-AL,  a.  [L.  stationalis .]  Relating  to 
a station  ; stationary.  Smart. 

STA'TION- A-RI-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  the 
state  of  being  stationary.  Ed.  Rev. 

STA'TION-A-RY,  a.  [L.  stationarius ; Fr.  sta- 
tionnaire .] 

1.  Fixed:  not  progressive;  standing;  mo- 
tionless ; still ; permanent. 

Between  the  descent  and  ascent,  where  the  image  seemed 
stationary , I stopped  the  prism.  JVewton. 

2.  Respecting  place. 

The  same  harmony  and  stationai'y  constitution.  Browne. 

3.  (Med.)  Noting  diseases  which  depend  upon 
a particular  state  of  the  atmosphere,  and  which 


prevail  in  a district  for  a certain  number  of  years 
and  then  give  way  to  others.  Dunglison. 

Stationary  engine,  a steam  engine  in  a fixed  posi- 
tion, which  draws  loads  on  a railway  by  a rope  or 
other  means  of  communication  extended  from  the 
station  of  the  engine  along  the  line  of  road;  — in 
contradistinction  to  locomotive  engine.  Brande. 

STA'TION-A-RY,  n.  One  that  is  stationary,  or 
stands  still.  Holland. 

STA'TION— BILL,  n.  (Naut.)  A list  containing 

the  appointed  posts  of  the  ship’s  company, 
when  navigating  the  ship.  Mar.  Diet. 

STA'TIQN-IJR  (sta'shun-er),  n.  [It  is  not  improb- 
able the  name  stationer  may  have  been  given  to 
the  sellers  of  books,  paper,  &c.,  from  the  stalls 
or  stations  kept  by  them,  especially  at  fairs. 
Richardson .] 

1.  Originally,  one  who  kept  a shop  or  stall 
for  selling  books  ; a bookseller. 

Some  modern  tragedies  are  beautiful  on  the  stage;  and  yet 
Trvphon,  the  stationer , complains  they  are  seldom  asked  lor 
in  Ins  shop.  Dryden. 

2.  A seller  of  stationery,  or  of  paper,  quills, 
pens,  ink,  wafers,  account-books,  &c.  Johnson. 

StA'TION-ER-Y,  n.  The  goods  sold  by  a sta- 
tioner, as  books,  paper,  quills,  pens,  sealing- 
wax,  wafers,  ink,  &c.  Hansard. 

STA'TION-ER-Y,  a.  Relating  to  a stationer  or  to 
his  goods.  Hansard. 

STA'TION-HOUSE,  n.  A depot  on  a railroad ; — 
called  also  station.  P.  Cyc. 

STA'TION— POINTER,  n.  (Surveying.)  An  in- 
strument used  in  plotting  the  place  of  an  obser- 
vation made  upon  three  fixed  points.  Davies. 


fSTA'TI^M,  n.  Policy;  the  art  of  government. 

The  enemies  of  God  . . . call  our  religion  statism.  South. 
STA'TIST,  n.  One  versed  in  statistics;  a states- 
man ; a politician.  Milton.  Shah. 


STA-TIS’TjC, 

STA-TIS'TI-CAL, 


i a 

) tc 


as,  “ Statistical  tables.' 


[Fr.  statistique .]  Relating 
to,  or  containing,  statistics ; 


Knox. 


STA-TIS'TI-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a statistical  man- 
ner ; by  means  of  statistics.  Babbage. 


STAT-IS-Tl "CIAN  (stSt-js-tlsh'sin),  n.  One  who 
is  versed  in  statistics.  Qu.  Rev. 


STA-TIS'TICS,  n.  sing,  or  pi.  [Sec  Mathemat- 
ics.] [L.  status,  a standing,  condition ; sto, 
statum,  to  stand  ; It.  statistica  ; Sp.  estadistica; 
Fr.  statistique.']  A collection  of  facts  relating 
to  a part,  or  the  whole,  of  a country  or  people, 
— especially  those  facts  which  illustrate  its 
physical,  social,  moral,  intellectual,  political, 
industrial,  and  economical  condition,  or  changes 
of  condition,  and  which  admit  of  numerical 
statement,  and  of  arrangement  in  tables;  and 
also  of  facts  relating  to  classes  of  individuals 
or  interests  in  different  countries  : — the  science 
which  classifies,  arranges,  and  discusses  statis- 
tical facts.  E.  B.  Elliott. 


,8®=  The  science  of  statistics  embraces  a very  wide 
range  of  facts,  — tacts  relating  to  population,  deaths, 
births,  and  marriages;  health,  disease,  and  duration 
of  life;  wealth,  agriculture,  manufactures,  commerce, 
the  arts,  and  all  other  industrial  interests  and  pur- 
suits ; financial,  military,  and  other  national  re- 
sources; education,  literature,  science,  religion,  gov- 
ernment, legislation,  crime,  and  civil  and  criminal 
jurisprudence;  and  facts  of  every  kind  tending  to 
show  the  condition  of  a country,  community,  race,  or 
class  of  individuals  or  of  interests.  E.  B.  Elliott. 

F - The  word  statistics  was  first  introduced  by 
Professor  Achenwall,  of  Gottingen,  in  1749.  But  the 
word  was  long  tabooed  by  the  learned  as  of  doubtful  pu- 
rity ; even  so  late  as  the  beginning  of  tins  century,  Mr. 
Pinkerton,  in  the  introduction  to  his  Geography, 
apologizes  for  using  a word  now  so  common.  Brande. 


STAT-IS-TOL'O-OY,  n-  [Eng.  statistics  and  Gr. 
l.dyos.]  A discourse  on  statistics.  West.  Rev. 


StA'TIVE,  a.  [L.  stativus.]  Pertaining  to  mili- 
tary posts,  stations,  or  quarters.  Clarke. 

STAT'y-A-RY  (stSt'yu-a-re),  n.  [L.  statuarius, 
pertaining  to  statues ; statua,  an  image ; stat- 
uo,  to  cause  to  stand  ; It.  statuaria ; Sp.  cstatu- 
aria  ; Fr.  statuaire.] 

1.  Tiie  art  of  carving  or  otherwise  forming 
statues.  “ Architecture  and  statuary.”  Temple. 

2.  A collection  of  statues.  Fairholt. 

3.  [It.  statuario  ; Sp.  estatuario  ; Fr.  statuaire .] 
An  artist  who  makes  statues,  generally  under- 
stood to  be  after  the  designs  of  some  other  ar- 


STATUTE-STAPLE 

tist,  to  whom  the  term  sculptor  is  properly  ap- 
plied. Fairholt. 

STAT'UE  (stSt'yu),  n.  [L.  statua  ; statuo,  to  cause 
to  stand;  It.  statua-,  Sp.  cstatua  ; Fr.  statue.] 
(Sculp.)  A representation  in  relief  in  some  solid 
substance,  as  marble  or  bronze,  or  in  some  ap- 
parently solid  substance,  of  a man  or  other 
animal ; an  image.  Brande. 

Equestrian  statue,  a statue  in  which  tile  figure  is 
seated  on  horseback.  Brande. 

STAT'UE,  v.  a.  To  place,  or  to  form,  as  a statue. 

My  substance  should  he  stutued  in  thy  stead.  She ik. 

STAT'UED  (stat'yud),  a.  Furnished  with,  or  con- 
taining, statues.  Ed.  Rev. 

STAT'U-ESQUE  (stat'yu-esk),  a.  Relating  to  a 
statue.  Coleridge. 

STAT-U-ETTE',  n.  [Fr.]  A statue,  not  exceed- 
ing half  the  natural  size  of  a figure.  Fairholt. 

t STA-TU'MI-nATE,  v.a.  [L.  statumino,  statu- 
minatus.]  To  prop  up.  B.  Jonson. 

STAT'I  RE  (stSt'yur),  n.  [L.  ts  It.  slatura  ; Sp. 
estatura-,  Fr.  stature.]  The  height  of  any  ani- 
mal body,  particularly  of  man ; tallness.  Milton. 

STAT'URED  (st&t'yitrd),  a.  Having  stature;  ar- 
rived at  full  stature.  J.  Hall. 

STA'TUS,  n.  [L.]  Standing;  rank;  station; 
condition  in  society.  Ed.  Rev. 

STA'TUS  QUO,  STA’TUS  /JY  QUO,  or  stA’tu 
QUO.  [L.,  the  state  in  which,  in  the  same  state 
as  before.]  (Politics.)  A phrase  applied  to  a 
treaty  between  two  or  more  belligerents  which 
leaves  each  party  in  possession  of  the  same 
territories,  fortresses,  &c.,  as  it  occupied  be- 
fore hostilities  broke  out.  Brande. 

STAT'U-TA-BLE,  a.  Proceeding  from,  or  accord- 
ing to,  statute.  Addison. 

STAT'y-TA-BLY,  ad.  In  a manner  agreeable  to 
law.  “ Statutably  established.”  Warton. 

STAT'UTE  (stat'yut),  n.  [L.  statuo,  statutus,  to 
cause  to  stand;  sto,  statum,  to  stand;  It.  sta- 
tute ; Sp.  estatuto-,  Fr.  statut.] 

1.  A iaw  promulgated  by  a legislative  body ; 

a written  law,  in  contradistinction  to  an  un- 
written law,  or  the  common  law.  Bouvier. 

There  was  a statute  against  vagabonds.  Bacon. 

2.  A law  or  rule  of  action  of  a corporation  ; 
as,  “ The  statutes  of  a college.” 

3-  (Foreign  & Civil  Law.)  Any  particular 
municipal  law  or  usage,  though  resting  for  its 
authority  on  judicial  decisions,  or  the  practice 
of  nations.  Burr  ill. 

Statute  of  limitations,  ( Law .)  a statute  by  which 
rights  of  action  are  limited  to  certain  prescribed  pe- 
riods of  time.  Burrill. 

Syn.  — See  Law. 

STAT'UTE— BOOK  (-buk),  n.  A register  oflaws 
or  legislative  acts.  Mansfield.  Addison. 

STAT'UTE— CAP,  n.  A woollen  cap  ; — so  named 
from  a statute  of  Queen  Elizabeth  in  relation  to 
the  wearing  of  woollen  caps.  Shale. 

STAT'UTE— lA'BOR,  71.  A definite  amount  of 

labor  required  for  the  public  service  in  making 
roads,  streets,  bridges,  &c.,  in  certain  British 

colonies.  Simmonds. 

STAT'UTE— MER'CII  A NT,  n.  (Eng.  Law.)  A se- 
curity for  a debt  acknowledged  to  be  due,  en- 
tered into  before  the  chief  magistrate  of  the 
trading  town,  pursuant  to  a statute  by  which 
not  only  the  body  of  the  debtor  might  be  im- 
prisoned and  his  goods  seized  in  satisfaction  of 
the  debt,  but  also  his  lands  might  be  delivered 
to  the  creditor  till  out  of  the  rents  and  profits 
of  them  the  debt  be  satisfied  ; — now  fallen  into 
disuse.  Whishaw.  Burrill. 

STAT'UTES,  n.  pi.  Assemblages  of  farming  ser- 
vants, held  possibly  by  statute,  in  the  early  part 
of  May,  at  various  places  in  England,  in  the 
country,  where  masters  and  mistresses  attend 
to  hire  servants  for  the  ensuing  year. 

At  these  statutes  the  groom  will  be  distin- 
guished by  a straw  or  two  in  Ins  hat,  the  carter  or 
wagoner  by  a piece  of  whip-cord,  the  shepherd  by  a 
lock  of  wool,  &.c.  Halliwell. 

STAT'UTE-STA'PLE  (-sta'pl),  n.  (Eng.  Late.) 
A security  for  a debt  acknowledged  to  be  due, 
so  called  from  its  being  entered  into  before  the 
mayor  of  the  staple,  that  is  to  say,  the  grand  mart 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


STATUTORY 


1409 


STEALTH 


for  the  principal  commodities  or  manufactures 
of  the  kingdom,  formerly  held  by  act  of  Parlia- 
ment in  certain  trading  towns.  In  other  re- 
spects it  resembled  the  statute-merchant,  and 
and  has  lately  fallen  into  disuse.  Burrill. 

STAT'U-TO-RY,  a.  Enacted  by  statute.  “ Stat- 
utory regulations.”  A.  Smith. 

STAUNCH,  a.  See  Stanch.  Todd. 

STAU'RO-LITE,  n.  [Gr.  armfuls,  a cross,  and 
kid  os,  a stone.]  {Min.) 

1.  Staurotide.  — See  Staurotide.  Dana. 

2.  A brittle,  transparent  or  translucent  min- 
eral, commonly  crystallized,  with  the  crystals 
often  intersecting  each  other,  and  composed  of 
silica,  alumina,  baryta,  and  water ; harmotome. 

Dana.  Phillips. 

STAu'RO-TIDE,  n.  [Gr.  aravpds,  a cross,  and 
Bios,  form.]  (Min.)  A crystalline  mineral  of  a 
dark  reddish-brown  or  brownish-black  color, 
and  composed  of  silica,  alumina,  and  peroxide 
of  iron  ; — called  also  cross-stone,  grenatite,  and 
staurolite.  Dana. 

STAU'RO-TY-POUS,  a.  [Gr.  oravphs,  a cross,  and 
rin os,  a blow.]  (Min.)  Having  the  macles  or 
spots  in  form  of  a cross.  Wright. 

ST.VVE,  n.  1.  One  of  the  narrow,  thin  pieces  of 
wood  of  which  a cask  is  made. 

Shaping  or  planing  the  staves  is  one  of  the  most  difficult, 
and  also  the  most  important,  parts  of  the  cooper’s  work.  Each 
stave  must  form  part  of  a double  conoid.  Tillutson. 

2.  A stanza;  averse. 

Poetry  was  frequently  inscribed  upon  quadrangular  staves, 
each  face  containing  a line;  hence  averse  [stanza]  and  a stave 
arc  still  considered  synonymous.  Jas.  Hunt. 

Our  old  name  for  a stanza  was  a staff,  whence  the  parish 
clerk  sings  staves , and  by  corruption,  a stave , in  the  singular. 

leaves. 

3.  (Mus.)  The  staff.  Todd. 

STAVE,  v.  a.  [From  staff.)  [i.  stayed  or  stove  ; 

pp.  STAVING,  STAVED  or  STOVE.] 

1.  To  break  in  pieces,  as  a barrel,  by  sep- 
arating the  staves  of  which  it  is  made. 

A cask  in  one  place,  and  a cask  in  another, . . . some  staved 
against  the  trees.  Dawpier. 

2.  To  pour  out  by  breaking  the  staves. 

All  the  wine  in  the  city  hath  been  staved.  Sandys. 

3.  To  furnish  with  rundles  or  staves .Knolles. 

4.  To  push  as  with  a staff ; — often  with  off. 
The  condition  of  a servant  naves  him  off  to  a distance.  South. 

5.  To  delay  ; to  prevent ; — with  off. 

Whom  the  virulency  of  the  calumnies  have  not  staved  off 
from  reading.  B.  Jonson. 

6.  To  make  firm  by  compression,  as  lead  in 

the  socket-joints  of  pipes.  Ogilvie. 

To  st.ane  and  tail,  to  part  as  (logs  by  interposing  a 
staff,  and  by  pulling  the  tail.  Hudibras. 

f STAVE,  v.  n.  To  fight  with  staves.  Hudibras. 

STAVES,  or  STAVE?  [stavz,  S.  W.  P.  E.  Ja.  K. 
Sin.  It.  Wr. ; stavz  or  st'ivz,  F.  ; stivz,  W 6.],  n. 
pi.  of  staff.  See  Staff. 

/Eg*  “ Some  people  pronounce  staves,  the  plural  of 
staff,  with  tile  Italian  a ; but  the  practice  is  not  gen- 
eral.” Smart.  It  is  often  thus  pronounced  in  the 
United  States. 

STAVE?'— A-CltE  (stavz'a-ker),  n.  [A  corruption 
of  the  Gr.  ormpis,  a dried  grape,  and  aypios,  wild.] 
(Bot.)  A species  of  Delphinium,  or  larkspur, 
the  seeds  of  which  are  irritant  and  narcotic  ; 
Delphinium  Staphisagria.  Baird. 

STAVES'— WOOD  (stavz'wud),  n.  A tall  West 
India  tree  ; the  quassia.  Booth. 

STAw,  v.  n.  [Su.  Goth,  staa .]  To  be  fixed  or 
set.  [North  of  England.]  Holloway. 

ST  Ay  (sta),  v.  n.  [Dut.  staen,  to  stand;  Ger. 
stchen,  to  stand.  — Old  Fr.  estayer  ; Fr.  etayer. 
— See  Stand.]  [i.  stayed  or  staid  ; pp.  stay- 
ing, STAYED  or  STAID.] 

1.  To  continue  in  a place;  to  abide  or  stop 
in  a place  ; to  forbear  departure ; to  tarry. 

As  though  she  bid  me  stay  by  her  a week.  Shak. 

2.  To  continue  in  any  state ; to  remain;  to 
dwell ; to  sojourn. 

The  flumes  augment  and  stay 
At  their  full  height,  then  languish  to  decay. 

3.  To  wait ; to  attend  ; to  forbear  to  act. 

The  father  cannot  stay  any  longer  for  the  fortune,  nor  the 
mother  for  a new  set  of  babies  to  play  with.  Locke. 

4.  To  stop  ; to  stand  still ; fo  be  fixed. 

She  would  command  the  hasty  sun  to  stay.  Spenser. 


5.  To  rest  confidently ; to  be  stayed  or  up- 
held ; — usually  with  on  or  upon.  ■ 

Because  ye  despise  this  word,  and  trust  in  oppression  and 
perversion,  and  stay  thereon.  Isa.  xxx.  12. 

6.  (Xaut.)  To  tack  ; to  be  in  stays.  Brande. 

Syn.  — See  Abide,  Continue,  Stand. 

STAY  (sta),  v.  a.  [i.  stayed  or  staid  ; pp.  stay- 
ing, STAYED  or  STAID.] 

1.  To  stop  ; to  withhold  ; to  strain  ; to  repress. 

To  stay  those  sudden  gusts  of  passion.  llowe. 

2.  To  delay  ; to  obstruct ; to  hinder. 

The  joyous  time  will  not  be  staid 

Unless  she  do  him  by  the  forelock  take.  Spenser. 

You  might  have  . . . staid  me  here.  Dryden. 

3.  To  hold  up  ; to  uphold ; to  support ; to  prop. 

Sallows  and  reeds  for  vineyards  useful  found 

To  stay  thy  vines.  Dryden. 

And  Aaron  and  Hur  stayed  up  his  hands,  the  one  on  the 
one  side,  and  the  other  on  the  other  side.  Ex.  xvii.  12. 

4.  To  keep  from  sinking  or  fainting. 

He  took  nothing  but  a bit  of  bread  to  stay  his  stomach.  Locke. 

5.  (Xaut.)  To  bring  on  the  other  tack,  as  a 

ship.  Mar.  Diet. 

STAY  (sta),  n.  1.  Continuance  in  a place  ; for- 
bearance of  departure  ; a stop  ; a sojourn. 

Make  haste,  and  leave  thy  business  and  thy  care: 

No  mortal  interest  can  be  worth  thy  stay.  Dryden. 

2.  Stand  ; cessation  of  progression  ; a stop. 

Made  of  sphere-metal,  never  to  decay 

Until  his  revolution  was  at  stay.  Milton. 

3.  An  obstruction  ; an  obstacle ; a hinder- 
ance  ; a check  ; a bar. 

Ilis  fell  heart  thought  long  that  little  way, 

Grieved  with  each  step,  tormented  with  each  stay.  Fairfax. 

4.  Steadiness  ; prudence  ; caution. 

The  wisdom,  stay.  and  moderation  of  the  king.  Bacon. 

5.  A fixed  or  permanent  state  ; permanence. 

Alas!  what  stay  is  there  in  human  state?  Dryden. 

6.  A prop  ; a support ; a staff. 

My  only  strength  and  stay  I forlorn  of  thee. 

Whither  shall  I betake  me?  where  subsist?  Milton. 

7.  (Xaut.)  One  of  the  large  ropes  used  to 
support  masts,  and  leading  from  the  head  of 
some  mast  down  to  some  other  mast  or  to  some 
part  of  the  vessel,  those  which  lead  forward 
being  ctxWe A fore-and-aft  stays,  and  those  which 
lead  to  the  vessel’s  sides,  backstays.  Dana. 

In  stays,  or  hove  in  stays,  the  situation  of  a vessel 
when  she  is  staying,  or  going  about  from  one  tack  to 
tile  other. — To  miss  stays,  to  fail  in  attempting  to 
tack.  Brande. 

Syn.  — See  Staff. 

STAY'— BOB-GIN,  n.  A bobbin  for  stays.  Ash. 

STAY'— BUSK,  n.  A stiff  piece  of  wood,  steel,  or 
whalebone  for  the  front  support  of  a woman’s 
stays.  Simmonds. 

STAYED  (stad),  p.  a.  Fixed  ; serious  ; staid.  — 
See  Stay,  and  Staid.  Bacon. 

STAYED'LY  (stad'le),  ad.  Staidly,  [r.]  Johnson. 

STAYED'NJJSS  (stad'nes),  n.  The  quality  of  being 
staid;  staidness. — See  Staidness.  Camden. 

STAY'pR  (sta'er),  n.  One  who  stays,  holds,  or 
supports.  “ Stayer  of  our  troops.”  A.  Philips. 

STAy'LACE  (sta'las),  n.  A.  lace  for  fastening 
stays  or  a bodice.  ’ Swiff. 

STAY'LESS  (sta'les),  a.  AVithout  stop  or  delay. 
“ With  stayless  steps.”  Mir.  for  Mag. 

STAY'— MAK-1JR,  n.  One  who  makes  stays  or 
bodices  for  ladies.  Spence. 

STAY?  (staz),  n.  pi.  1.  A bodice  ; a kind  of  waist- 
coat made  stiff  by  whalebone  or  other  material, 
worn  by  women.  Gay. 

2.  Any  thing  that  keeps  another  extended. 

Weavers,  stretch  your  stays  upon  the  weft.  Dryden. 

3.  (Xaut.)  See  Stay,  No.  7. 

STAY?  (staz),  n.  pi.  [A.  S.  stede. — See  Stead.] 
A station  for  vessels  ; fixed  anchorage. 

Our  ships  lay  anchored  close;  nor  needed  we 

Fear  harm  on  any  stays.  Chapman. 

STAY'sAlL,  n.  (Xaut.)  A sail  which  hoists  upon 
a stay.  ' Dana. 

STAYr— TAC-KLE,  n.  (Xaut.)  A large  tackle  at- 
tached to  the  main  stay.  Mar.  Diet. 

STEAD  (sted),  it.  [Goth,  staths  : A.  S.  stede,  styde  ; 
Dut.  a Frs.  stede ; Ger.  statt ; Dan.  sted ; Sw. 
stad ; Icel.  stadr .) 


1.  t Place.  “ Fly  this  fearful  stead.”  Spenser. 

2.  Place  which  another  had  or  might  have ; 
room  : — used  with  the  preposition  in  preceding. 
“ To  place  in  their  stead  others.”  Hooker. 

They  dwelt  in  their  steads  until  the  captivity.  1 Citron,  v.22. 

3.  Tlie  frame  of  a bed  ; — now  bedstead. 

Sallow  the  feet,  the  borders,  and  the  stead.  Dryden. 

To  stand  in  st.rad , to  be  of  great  use  ; to  help  ; to 
advantage.  “ The  smallest  act  of  charity  shall  stand 
us  ill  great  stead.”  Atterbury. 

f STEAD  (sted),  v.  a.  1.  To  help  ; to  support. 
Your  friendly  aid  and  counsel  much  may  stead  me.  Rowe. 

2.  To  fill  up  the  place  of.  Shak. 

STEAD'FAST  (sted'f?st),  a.  [A.  S.  stedfast.) 

1.  Fast  in  place;  firm;  fixed;  established. 

“ This  steadfast  globe  of  earth.”  Spenser. 

2.  Constant;  resolute;  not  turned  aside  by 
fear  or  temptation;  persevering;  unmoved; 
steady.  “ Steadfast  in  the  faith.”  1 Pet.  v.  9. 

Syn. — See  Firm. 

STEAD'FAST-LY  (sted'fjst-le),  ad.  Firmly  ; ’con- 
stantly ; fixedly. 

God’s  omniscience  steadfastly  grasps  the  greatest  and  most 


slippery  uncertainties.  ' South. 

STEAD'FAST-NESS  (sted'fast-nes),  11.  1.  The 

quality  of  being  steadfast ; fixedness.  Chaucer. 

2.  Firmness ; constancy  ; resolution.  “ Tem- 
perance and  steadfastness."  Spenser. 

Syn.  — See  Constancy. 

STEAD'I-LY  (sted'e-le),  ad.  1.  In  a steady  man- 
ner ; without  tottering  or  shaking.  South. 


2.  AVithout  variation  or  irregularity ; with 
constancy  ; firmly.  “ Blowing  steadily.”  Cook. 

STEAD'I-NESS  (sted'e-nes),  n.  [A.  S.  stidiynys .] 

1.  The  state  of  being  steady  ; firmness  of  po- 
sition ; the  state  of  being  not  tottering  or  easily 
shaken.  “ Steadiness  and  nimblcness.”  Sidney. 

2.  Firmness;  constancy;  persistence;  perse- 
verance. “ Great  steadiness  of  mind .”  Arbvthnot. 

Steadiness  is  a point  of  prudence.  L' Estrunyc. 

Syn.  — See  Constancy,  1’erseverance. 

STEAD'Y  (sted'e),  a.  1.  Firm  ; fixed ; not  totter- 
ing or  shaking.  “ Their  feet  steady.”  Sidney. 

2.  Regular  ; constant  ; undeviating ; unre- 
mitted. “ Steady  beating  of  the  pulse.”  Search. 

3.  Not  wavering;  not  fickle;  not  changeable 
with  regard  to  resolution  or  attention. 

A clear  sight  keeps  the  understanding  steady.  Locke. 

STEAD'Y  (sted'e),  r.  a.  \i.  STEADIED  ; pp.  stead- 
ying, steadied.]  To  make  steady.  While. 

STEAK  (stale),  n.  [A.  S.  sticce,  stycce,  a part,  a 
piece  ; Dut.  stuk,  a piece  ; Ger.  stuck,  a piece  ; 
Dan.  stykke,  a piece  ; Sw.  sty  eke.)  A slice  of 
beef  or  other  meat,  for  broiling  or  frying ; collop. 

To  feast  on  ale  and  steaks.  Swift. 

STEAL  (stel),  v.  a.  [M.  Goth,  stilan;  A.  S.  stce- 
lan,  stelan\  Dut.  stolen ; Ger.  stehlen ; Dan. 
sticele  ; Sw.  sfjiila  ; Icel.  stela.)  [i.  stole  ; pp. 
stealing,  stolen.] 

1.  To  take  and  carry  away  feloniously  or  un- 
lawfully, as  the  property  of  another;  to  take 
without  right ; to  take  by  theft ; to  purloin  ; to 
pilfer ; to  filch. 

How  then  should  Ave  steal  out  of  thy  lord’s  house  silver  or 
gold.  Gen.  xliv.  8. 

2.  To  withdraw  or  convey  without  notice, 
secretly  or  clandestinely. 

So  they  Avould  insinuate  and  steal  themselves  under  the 
same  by  their  humble  carriage  and  submission.  Spenser. 

3.  To  gain  or  effect  gradually  and  privately. 

Young  Lorenzo 

Stole  her  soul  with  many  vows  of  faith.  Shak. 

STEAL  (stel),  v.  n.  1.  To  practise  theft;  to  take 
any  thing  feloniously;  to  purloin;  to  pilfer. 
“ Thou  shalt  not  steal.”  Ex.  xx.  13. 

Let  him  that  stole  steal  no  more.  Eph.  iv.  28. 

2.  To  withdraw  privily;  to  pass  silently  or 
unnoticed. 

Through  Athens’  gate  have  we  devised  to  steal.  Shak. 

As  souls  from  bodies  steal , and  are  not  spied.  Donne. 

STEAL,  n.  A handle.  — See  Stale,  [r.]  Todtl. 

STEAL'fR,  n.  One  who  steals  ; a thief.  Shak. 

STEAL'ING,  n.  The  act  or  the  crime  of  one  who 
steals  ; larceny ; theft.  Bouvier. 

STEAL'ING-LY,  ad.  By  theft ; slyly.  Sidney. 

STEALTH  (stelth),  n.  1.  + The  act  of  stealing. 
“The  owner  proveth  the  stealth.”  Spenser. 


WIEN,  SIR  ;^MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  Bt)LL,  BUR  RIJLE.  — 9,  <?,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  ? as  z;  X.  as  gz.  — THIS,  tfiis. 


STEALTIIFUL 


1410 


STEELYARD 


2.  f That  which  is  stolen. 

On  his  back  a heavy  load  he  bare 

Of  nightly  stealths  and  pillage  several.  Spenser. 

3.  Secret  act ; clandestine  practice  ; secrecy ; 
slyness  ; — commonly  used  in  a bad  sense. 

With  steel  invades  his  brother's  life  by  stealth.  Drydcn. 
Do  good  by  stealth , and  blush  to  find  it  fame.  Pope. 

By  stealth,  secretly,  clandestinely. 

t STEALTH'FUL,  a.  Stealthy.  Chapman. 

t STEALTII'FUL-LY,  ad.  Stealthily.  Craig. 

t STEALTH'FUL-NESS,  n.  Stealthiness.  Clarke. 

STEALTH'I-LY,  ad.  In  a stealthy  manner.  Knox. 

STEALTH'I-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state  of 
being  stealthy ; stealth.  Ch.  Ob. 

STEALTH' Y (steltli’e),  a.  Done  or  performed  by 
stealth  ; clandestine ; secret ; sly. 

Now  withered  Murder  with  his  stealth y pace 

Moves  like  a ghost.  Shal'. 

STEAM  (stem),  n.  [A.  S.  stem,  steam  ; Dut.  stoom. ] 
The  invisible,  elastic  fluid  into  which  water  is 
converted  by  heat ; water  in  the  aeriform  or  gas- 
eous condition  : — in  a popular  sense,  water  in 
the  state  of  cloud  or  mist;  visible  vapor.  Nichol. 

Syn.  — See  Vapor. 

STEAM  (stem),  V.n.  [t.  STEAMED  ; pp.  STEAMING, 
STEAMED.] 

1.  To  send  forth  or  emit  vapor  or  steam. 

Let  the  crude  humors  dance 
In  heated  brass,  steuminy  with  fire  intense.  Philips. 

Yc  mists  that  rise  from  steaming  lakes.  Milton. 

2.  To  pass  o(T  in  vapor  ; to  evaporate. 

When  the  last  deadly  smoke  aloft  did  steam.  Spenser. 

The  dissolved  amber  . . . steamed  away  into  the  air.  Boyle. 

3.  To  sail  or  move  by  steam,  [it.]  Ireland. 

STEAM,  v.  a.  1.  To  exhale;  to  evaporate. 

In  slothful  sleep  his  molten  heart  to  steam.  Spenser. 

2.  To  expose  to  steam  ; to  apply  steam  to ; 
to  soften  or  to  concoct  with  steam.  Wright. 

STEAM'— BOAT,  n.  A large  boat  propelled  by 
steam  ; a steam-vessel.  Fulton. 

STEAM'— BdlL-ER,  n.  A large  boiler,  or  vessel,  for 
generating  steam.  Braude. 

STEAM'— CAR,  n.  A car  propelled  by  steam. 

STEAM'— cAR-RIA<JJE,  n.  A carriage  propelled 
by  power  of  steam.  P.  Cgc. 

STEAM'— CHEST,  n.  A box  attached  to  the  cyl- 
inder of  a steam-engine  in  which  the  sliding 
valves  work.  Tomlinson. 

STEAM'— CYL-IN-DpR,  n.  The  cylinder  of  a 
steam-engine  in  which  the  movable  disk  or  pis- 
ton moves.  Simmonds. 

STEAM'— DOME,  n.  A dome-shaped  structure  on 
a steam-boiler  for  receiving  the  steam  generated, 
and  allowing  it  to  be  drawn  into  the  steam-pipe, 
free  from  the  fine  spray  or  mist  which  is  apt  to 
accompany  it  when  drawn  off  near  the  surface 
of  the  boiling  water.  Tomlinson. 

STEAM'— DRED(J-£R,  n.  A machine,  worked  by 
steam,  for  clearing  rivers,  harbors,  &c. Simmonds. 

STEAM'— EN-(JINE,  n.  An  engine  acted  upon  by 
the  expansive  force  of  steam,  and  employed  to 
impel  boats,  cars,  and  other  machinery.  Prout. 

STEAM'JgR,  n.  1.  A vessel  propelled  by  steam  ; 
a steam-boat ; a steam-ship.  Qu.  Rev. 

2.  Any  vessel  in  which  steam  is  applied  for 
softening  or  cooking  any  thing.  Simmonds. 

STEAM'f.R— DUCK,  n.  ( Ornith .)  A large  duck  ; — 
so  called  from  its  swift  paddling  motion ; race- 
horse ; Micropterus  brachypterus.  King. 

STEAM'— GAUpE,  n.  A contrivance  to  show  the 
exact  amount  of  pressure  of  steam.  Simmonds. 

KPT"  The  mercurial  steam  pawpe  consists  of  a glass 
tube  bent  into  t lie  siphon  form,  the  bent  part  and  a 
portion  of  each  leg  being  filled  with  mercury.  One 
leg  communicates  with  the  steam  within  the  boiler, 
and  the  other  is  open  to  the  atmosphere.  The  differ- 
ence between  the  levels  of  the  columns  of  mercury  in 
tlie  two  legs  is  always  a measure  of  the  difference  be- 
tween the  pressure  of  the  steam  and  that  of  the  at- 
mosphere. Tile  position  of  the  surface  of  the  mercu- 
ry in  the  tube  is  often  indicated  by  a float.  Braude.  \ 

STE  AM'— GUN,  n.  A gnn  by  which  halls  and  other 
projectiles  may  be  projected  by  steam.  Brande. 

STEAM'— PACK-1JT,  n.  A steam-vessel  for  car- 
rying passengers,  letters,  &c.,  and  running  pe- 
riodically between  certain  ports.  Qu.  Rev. 


STEAM'— PIPE,  n.  A pipe  which  collects  and 
conveys  the  steam  in  locomotive  engines,  to 
the  steam-chest.  Simmonds. 

STEAM'— POVfy-f.R,  n.  The  power  of  steam  em- 
ployed in  moving  machinery.  Tomlinson. 

STEAM'— PRESS,  n.  A printing-press  worked  by 
steam.  Simmonds. 

STEAM'— PRO-PEL'LpR,  n.  A propeller  for  driv- 
ing a steam-vessel.  Simmonds. 

STEAM'-'-PUMP,  n.  A pump  worked  by  steam. 

STEAM'— SHIP,  n.  A ship  propelled  by  steam. 

STEAM'— TUG,  71.  A small  steam-boat  employed 
to  tow  vessels,  barges,  &c.  Simmonds. 

STEAM'— VES-S^L,  n.  A vessel  propelled  by 
steam  ; steam-ship.  Qu.  Rev. 

STEAM'— WHIS-TLE  (-hwls-sl),  n.  A pipe  at- 
tached to  the  boiler  of  a steam-engine,  from 
which  steam  escapes  with  a loud,  shrill,  or  hiss- 
ing noise ; — used  to  give  warning  of  the  ap- 
proach of  the  engine,  &c.  Tanner. 

STEAM'Y,  a.  Consisting  of,  or  abounding  in, 
steam  ; moist  or  damp  with  steam.  Coicper. 

STEAN,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  staman,  to  stone.]  To  line, 
as  a well,  with  stone  or  brick.  [Local.]  Ilalliwell. 

f STEAN,  71.  [A.  S.  stoma.]  A vessel  of  stone. 

Upon  a huge,  great,  carthpot  stean  he  stood.  Spenser. 

STE'A-RATE,  7i.  ( Chem .)  A salt  consisting  of 

stearic  acid  and  a base.  Miller. 

STIJ-AR'IC,  a.  (Chem.)  Noting  a fatty  acid  ex- 
isting in  combination  with  glycerine  in  certain 
animal  and  vegetable  fats.  Gregory. 

STE'A-RINE,  n.  [Gr.  or  lap,  stiff  fat,  tallow.] 

1.  (Chem.)  A white,  crystalline  fat,  soluble  in 

boiling  alcohol  and  in  hot  ether,  and  the  most 
abundant  of  the  solid  constituents  of  fats  and 
oils.  It  is  a compound  of  stearic  acid  and  gly- 
cerine. Miller. 

2.  A popular  name  tor  stearic  acid,  as  used  in 

making  candles.  Horsford. 

STEA-RONE,  71.  (Chem.)  A crystalline  body,  sol- 
uble in  ether,  obtained  by  distilling  stearic  acid 
with  lime.  Thomson. 


STE- A-ROP'TEN,  71.  (Chon.)  A solid  crystalline 
substance  obtained  from  many  essential  oils 
on  slowly  cooling  them,  being  one  of  their  two 
components,  and  elacopten,  a liquid  chemical 
compound,  being  the  other.  Miller. 

STE'A-TITE,  n.  [Gr.  artao,  ariaroq,  tallow.]  (Min.) 

1.  A variety  of  talc  ; soapstone. 

2.  A mineral  of  various  colors,  of  greasy 

lustre,  soft,  almost  like  butter,  but  brittle  on 
drying,  and  consisting  of  silica,  magnesia,  alu- 
mina, and  water  ; saponite.  Dana. 

STE-A-TIT'JC,  a.  Relating  to,  or  containing, 
steatite.  P.  Cyc. 

STE-AT'O-CELE,  71.  [Gr.  trrlap,  ctUtos,  stiff  fat, 
and  Kt)?.rj,  a tumor;  Fr.  steatoce/e.]  (Med.)  A 
tumor  formed  by  a collection  of  steatomatous 
matter  in  the  scrotum.  Dunglison. 

STE-.f-TO  ’MB,  71.  [L.,  from  Gr.  orfarw/ia  ; or  inn, 

suet.]  (Med.)  An  encysted  tumor,  whose  con- 
tents are  similar  to  fat.  Dungliso7i. 

STE-A-TOM'A-TOUS,  a.  Relating  to  a steatoma, 
or  to  a fat  substance.  “ Steatomatous  mat- 
ter.” Dunglison. 


STE-B-  TO-Ri’ NJE,  n.  pi. 
(Ornith.)  A sub-family  of 
fissirostral  birds  of  . the 
order  Passeres  and  fam- 
ily Caprimulgidce ; oil- 
birds.  Gray. 


STED,  7i.  See  Stead. 


STED' FAST,  a.  See  STEADFAST. 


Podargus  phalcnoides. 


STEE,  } (A.  S.  steeger,  a stair.  — See  Stair.] 

STEY,  > A ladder.  [North  of  England.]  Brockett. 


STEED,  7i.  [A.  S.  stcda.~\  A horse  of  high  mettle 

for  state  or  for  war. 

Farewell  the  neighing  steed  and  the  shrill  trump.  Shak. 


STEEK,  v.  a.  [Scottish.]  To  shut;  to  close. 
“ To  steck  the  door.”  Jamieson. 


STEEK'KAN,  n.  A Dutch  liquid  measure,  the 
twelfth  part  of  a barrel,  and  averaging  about 
four  gallons.  Simmotids. 

STEEL,  n.  [A.  S.  style-,  Dut.  S,  Dan.  staaT,  Ger. 
stahl-,  Sw.  stal-,  Icel.  still] 

1.  Iron  combined  with  a portion  of  carbon, 
and  sometimes  a small  quantity  of  silicon,  &c. ; 
a carburet  of  iron  ; — extensively  used  in  mak- 
ing edge-tools,  and  for  other  purposes. 

USS“Tlie  general  method  of  forming  steel  is  by  the 
process  of  cementation,  in  which  malleable  iron  and 
charcoal  powder  in  alternate  layers  are  exposed  to  a 
high  heat  in  a furnace  for  eight  or  ten  days.  The 
product  of  this  operation  is  named  blistered  steel,  from 
the  blisters  which  appear  on  its  surface.  To  render 
it  more  perfect  it  is  subjected  to  the  action  of  the  ham- 
mer, in  nearly  the  same  manner  that  is  ; ractised  with 
forged  iron.  Bigelow. 

Iron  is  employed  in  the  arts  in  three  different 
states,  — as  crude  or  cast  iron,  as  steel,  and  as  wrought- 
iron,  the  differences  depending  upon  the  relative 
amounts  of  carbon  with  which  the  metal  is  com- 
bined. Cast-iron  contains  a larger  proportion  of  car- 
bon than  steel,  and  steel  more  than  wrought  or  mal- 
leable iron,  which  ought  to  be  quite  free  from  carbon. 
In  practice,  however,  this  is  never  found  to  he  the 
case,  although  the  best  malleable  iron  retains  only 
a very  mir.ute  portion  of  carbon.  Tomlinson. 

2.  Armor;  a weapon  or  weapons. 

Brave  Macbeth  with  his  brandished  steel.  Shak. 

3.  A proverbial  term  for  hardness  ; as, 

“ Heads  of  steel."  Johnson. 

4.  (Med.)  A term  applied  to  chalybeate  med- 
icines. 

After  relaxing  steel  strengthens  the  solids.  Arhuthnot. 

Cast  steel , a variety  of  steel  of  superior  quality,  used 
for  cutlery  of  the  best  description,  and  formed  by  fusing 
blistered  steel,  whereby  the  carbon  is  more  equally 
distributed  throughout  the  mass.  Miller.  — Natural 
steel , a steel  of  inferior  quality  produced  lrom  the  best 
cast-iron  by  heating  it  by  means  of  charcoal,  and 
burning  off  a portion  of  the  carbon,  and  rendering  it 
homogeneous  by  forging  : — used  for  making  agricul- 
tural implements,  springs  for  machinery,  &.c.  Miller. 
— Tilted  steely  a variety  of  steel  obtained  from  blistered 
steel  by  subjecting  it  to  various  operations,  in  the  last 
of  which  it  is  forged  by  means  of  the  tilt-hammer, 
into  smaller  bars.  These  tilted  bars,  when  broken  up 
and  welded  together,  form  shear-steel.  Miller. 

STEEL,  a.  Made  of  steel.  Chapman . 

STEEL,  v . a.  [i.  steeled;  pp.  STEELING, 
STEELED.] 

1.  To  cover,  point,  or  edge  with  steel.  “ Steel 

my  lance’s  point.”  Shak. 

2.  To  make  hard  or  firm. 

Lies  well  steeled  with  weighty  arguments.  Shat. 

Why  will  you  fight  against  so  sweet  a passion, 

And  steel  your  heart  to  sueh  a world  of  charms?  Addison. 

STEEL’— CAP,  n.  Armor  for  the  head;  a cap  or 
head-piece  of  steel.  Booth. 

STEEL'— CL.AD,  u.  Clad  or  mailed  with  steel. 
“ Steel-clad  seeds.”  Wharton. 


STEEL'pR,  n.  (Ship-building.)  The  foremost  or 
aftmost  plank  in  a strake,.  which  is  dropped 
short  of  the  stem  or  the  sternpost.  Mar.  Diet. 

STEEL'I-NESS,  71.  Quality  of  being  steely.  Smart. 

STEEL'— PEN,  71.  A pen  made  of  steel.  Gillot. 

STEEL'— PLAT-^D,  a.  Plated  with  steel. 

STEEL'— TRAP,  71.  A trap  having  jaws  and  a 
steel  spring.  So7ne7-viIIe. 

STEEL'— WINE,  n.  Wine,  commonly  sherry,  in 
which  steel  filings  have  been  placed  for  some 
time,  used  medicinally.  Simmonds. 

f STEEL'Y,  a.  1.  Made  of  steel.  “ The  steely 
point  of  Cliflord’s  lance.”  Shak. 

2.  Hard  ; firm  ; unmoved  ; unfeeling.  “ Steely 
heart.”  Bp.  Hall.  “ Steely  resistance.”  Sidney. 

STEEL'YARD  (stel'yard,  colloquially  stil'yard) 
[stel'yard,  S.  IF.  P.  F.  Ja.  K.  C. ; stll'yjrd,  J. 
F.  ; stel'yard,  colloquially  stel'yard,  Sm.],  n.  A 
kind  of  balance,  com- 
monly consisting  of  a 
beam  of  iron  furnished 
with  projecting  knife- 
edges  upon  which  'it 
rests,  and  having  une- 
qual arms,  the  substance 
to  be  weighed  being  sus- 
pended from  the  shorter, 
and  the  longer  being  pro- 
vided with  a constant  weight,  which  is  made  to 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; IIEIR,  I1ER; 


STEEN 


1411 


STEM 


slide  along  it  till  the  two  forces  are  in  equilibri- 
um, when  the  weight  of  the  substance  is  indi- 
cated by  the  position  of  the  constant  weight  on 
this  arm,  which  is  graduated  to  fractional  parts 
of  a pound  ; Roman  balance.  Tomlinson. 

/jjp.  “This  word,  in  common  usage  among  those 
who  weigh  heavy  bodies,  has  contracted  its  double  e 
into  single  i,  and  is  pronounced  as  if  written  stilyard. 
This  contraction  is  so  common,  in  compound  words 
of  this  kind,  as  to  become  an  idiom  of  pronunciation, 
which  cannot  be  easily  counteracted  without  opposing 
the  current  of  the  language.”  Walker.  — It  is  some- 
times written  slillyard.  Crabb. 

f STEEN,  n.  A vessel  of  clay  or  stone;  — writ- 
ten also  stean.  — See  Stean.  Johnson. 

STEEN'ING,  > n_  q'hg  brick  or  stone  wall  or  lin- 

STEAN'ING,  $ ing  of  a well.  Brande. 

STEEN'BOC,  n.  ( Zo"l .)  See  Steinboc. 

t STEEN'KIRK,  n.  A neck-cloth.  [Cant.]  King. 

STEEP,  a.  [A.  S.  steap, — perhaps  from  the 
A.  S.  stupian,  to  stoop,  or  from  stcppan,  to  step. 
Richardson.]  Rising  or  descending  with  great 
inclination;  precipitous;  approaching  perpen- 
dicularity ; as,  “ A steep  hill”  ; “ A steep  j: oof.” 
lie  now  had  conquered  Anxur’s  steep  ascent.  Addison. 

STEEP,  n.  A precipice  ; a precipitous  place;  a 
steep  ascent  or  descent. 

A thousand  irregular  steeps  and  precipices.  Addison. 

STEEP,  v.  a.  [Dut.  Ss  Ger.  stippen  ; Sw.  stiipa. — 
From  the  same  root  as  dip  with  s prefixed. 
Wachter.]  [i.  steeped  ;pp.  steeping,  steeped.] 
To  soak  ; to  macerate  ; to  imbue  ; to  drench  ; 
to  retain,  as  a substance,  in  a fluid,  till  the  sub- 
stance'is  imbued  with  the  liquid,  or  till  the  es- 
sence of  the  substance  is  extracted;  as,  “To 
steep  tea  ” ; “ To  steep  herbs.” 

Wheat  steeped  in  brine . . . prevents  the  smuttiness. Mortimer. 

STEEP,  n.  A liquid  for  steeping  grain  or  seeds  : 
— a rennet-bag.  [Local.]  Wright. 

STEEP'— DOWN,  a.  Having  steep  descent.  Shah. 

STEEP' I- NESS,  n.  Steepness,  [it.]  llowell. 

STEEP'ING,  n.  The  act  of  soaking.  “ The  steep- 
ing of  the  seed.”  Bacon. 

STEE'PLE  (ste'pl),  n.  [A.  S.  stepel,  stypel ; Dut. 
stippel,  a point.]  (Arch.)  A tower  of  various 
forms,  usually  attached  to  churches  and  other 
public  buildings,  in  which  bells  are  frequently, 
but  not  always,  suspended  ; a spire.  Brande. 

Syn.  — Steeple , spire,  tower , and  turret , arc  all  ap- 
plied to  a high  structure  raised  above  the  main  edifice. 
Steeple  is  the  more  general  term  ; spire,  tower,  and  tur- 
ret are  the  more  particular.  Steeple  is  the  turret  of  a 
church  of  whatever  form  ; spire,  a slender  steeple 
rising  taper  at  the  top  ; tower,  a square  steeple  ; turret, 
a small,  slender,  tali  tower:  — minaret  is  a turret  of 
Saracen  architecture,  as  a minaret  of  a mosque. 

STEE'PLE— BUSH,  n.  (Bot.)  Hardhack  ; Spireea 
tomentosa.  Gray. 

STEE'PLE— CHASE,  n.  A race-course  or  chase 
pursued  in  a right  line  towards  an  object  regard- 
less of  obstructions.  Observer. 

STEE'PLED  (ste'pld),  a.  Furnished  with  a stee- 
ple or  with  steeples.  Fairfax. 

STEE'PLE— HOUSE,  n.  A church  ; — in  dispar- 
agement or  contempt.  Bp.  Taylor. 

STEEP'LY,  ad.  In  a steep  manner  ; with  steep- 
ness ; precipitously.  Johnson. 

STEEP'NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  steep  ; pre- 
cipitous declivity.  Bacon. 

STEEP'Y,  a.  A poetical  word  for  sleep.  Wotton. 

STEER,  n.  [Goth,  stiurs  ; A.  S.steor  ; Dut.  Ger. 
stier  ; Dan.  A-  Icel.  tyr ; Sw.  tjur.  — Arab,  thur ; 
Ileb.  “iY,”.  — Gr.  Taboo; ; L.  taunts ; It.  § Sp.  toro ; 
Port,  touro;  Fr.  taureau.  — Celt,  tcirv,  or  toro; 
Gael,  tarbh,  tairbh ; Ir.  tarbh;  W.  tunc. — 
Polish  tnr.  — “ The  Goth,  stiur  is  the  oldest  in- 
stance where  the  hissing  letter  s is  prefixed  to 
this  word.”  Bosworth.]  A young  bullock  or 
a young  ox,  — generally  a young  ox. 

Hnocoon,  Neptune’s  priest, 

With  solemn  pomp  then  sacrificed  a steer.  Dryden. 

STEER,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  styran,  stiran,  stcoran, 
to  stir,  to  move,  to  steer,  to  rule  ; Dut.  sturen  ; 
Ger.  steuern ; Dan.  sty  re;  Sw.  styra.  — Gael. 


stuir.]  [{.  STEERED  ; pp.  STEERING,  STEERED.] 
To  direct ; to  guide  or  direct  the  motion  of  ; to 
guide  in  a passage  ; to  govern, — particularly  to 
keep  on  a given  direction,  as  a ship,  by  the 
movements  of  the  helm  ; as,  “ To  steer  a ship.” 

A comely  palmer,  clad  in  black  attire, 

Of  ripest  years,  ami  hairs  all  hoarv  gray. 

That  with  a stuff’  his  feeble  steps  did  steer.  Spenser. 

STEER,  v.  n.  1.  To  direct  the  course  of  a ship,  or 
a course  as  of  a ship  ; to  direct  and  govern  a 
vessel  in  its  passage  through  the  water. 

Wc  steered  by  the  sound  of  the  breakers.  Cook. 

2.  To  be  directed  or  governed  as  a vessel  in 
its  passage  through  the  water  ; as,  “ The  vessel 
steers  well  in  high  sea.” 

3.  To  conduct  one’s  self.  Johnson. 

f STEER,  n.  A rudder  or  helm.  Gower. 

STEER'ApE,  71.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  steers. 

lie  committed  the  steerayc  of  it  [his  vessel]  to  such  as  he 
thought  capable  of  conducting  it.  Spectator. 

2.  The  stern  or  hinder  part  of  a ship.  Johnson. 

3.  That  part  of  a vessel  between  decks  which 

is  just  forward  of  the  cabin  : — that  part,  in  a 
passenger-ship,  allotted  to  second-class  passen- 
gers. Dana.  Simmonds. 

4.  The  effort  of  the  helm  to  govern  a ship’s 
course,  or  the  effect  of  the  helm  in  steering. 

Mar.  Diet. 

5.  Direction  ; regulation  ; management. 

lie  that  hath  the  steerage  of  my  course.  Shak. 

6.  That  by  which  any  course  is  guided.  “ The 

steerage  of  his  wings.”  Dryden. 

Steerage  passenger,  one  who  occupies  the  steerage. 

STEER'ApE— WAY,  n.  (Mailt.)  That  degree  of 
progressive  motion  which  renders  a ship  gov- 
ernable by  the  helm.  Mar.  Diet. 

STEER'JJR,  n.  One  who  steers;  a pilot;  a steers- 
man ; a helmsman,  [it.]  Pearson. 

STEER'ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  steers. 

STEER'ING-WHEEL,  n.  (Maut.)  A wheel  to 
which  the  tiller-rope  is  conveyed,  for  the  con- 
venience of  steering  the  ship.  Mar.  Diet. 

t STEER’LJgSS,  a.  Without  rudder  or  helm. 

STEER'LTNG,  n.  A young  or  little  steer.  Francis. 

STEERSMAN,  n.  One  who  steers  a ship  ; the 
person  employed  at  the  helm  to  regulate  the 
ship’s  course ; the  helmsman.  Mar.  Diet. 

STEER§'MATE,  n.  A steersman.  Milton. 

STEEVE,  v.  a.  [i.  steeved  ; pp.  STEEVING, 
STEEVED.]  (Ship-building.)  To  elevate  at  a 
certain  angle  with  the  horizon,  as  a bowsprit. 

Mar.  Diet. 

STEEVE,  v.  n.  To  rise  angularly  from  the  hori- 
zon, as  a bowsprit.  Wright. 

STEEVE,  n.  1.  (Ship-building.)  The  angle  which 
a bowsprit  makes  with  the  horizon.  Dana. 

2.  (Maut.)  A long,  heavy  spar  with  a place 
to  fit  a block  at  one  end,  and  used  in  stowing 
certain  kinds  of  cargo,  which  need  to  be  driven 
in  close.  Dana. 

STEEV'JNG,  ii.  (Maut.)  The  angle  of  elevation 
which  the  bowsprit  of  a vessel  makes  with  the 
horizon ; steeve.  Mar.  Diet. 

STEG,  n.  [Icel.  stegge.]  A gander.  [North  of 
Eng.]  Brochett. 

STEG-A-NOG'RA-PHIST,  n.  One  versed  in  steg- 
anography.  Bailey. 

STEG-A-NOG'R A-PHY,  11.  [Gr.  trriyavis,  covered; 
arlyai,  to  cover  closely,  and  ypo</)«,  to  write  ; It. 
steganografa ; Fr.  steganographie.]  The  art  of 
writing  in  characters  or  ciphers  legible  to  those 
only  who  possess  the  key  or  secret.  Brande. 

STE-GAN'O-POD,  11.  [Gr.  trrcyavdg,  covered,  com- 
pact, water-proof,  and  nobs,  nobis,  a foot.]  (Or- 
nith.)  A swimming  bird.  Smart. 

STEG-NOT'IC,  a.  [Gl*.  OTtyviOTiicbs  ; trrlyu,  to 
cover  closely.]  (Med.)  Suited  for  making  cos- 
tive ; astringent.  Bailey. 

STIJG-NOT'IC,  n.  (Med.)  A binding  or  costive 
medicine ; an  astringent.  Copeland. 

STEIN,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  stanan,  to"  stone.]  To  line 
with  stone  or  brick,  as  a well.  Loudon. 


STElN'BOC,  or  STEIN'BOCK,  n.  [Dut.  stein, 
stone,  and  boc,  buck.] 

(Zoiil.)  1.  A graceful  and  elegant  antelope 
found  on  the  stony  plains  and  mountain  valleys 
of  South  Africa  ; Calutragiis  campestris,  or  An- 
tilope tragulus  of  Lichtenstein.  Eng.  Cyc. 

2.  A species  of  goat  inhabiting  the  Carpathi- 
an mountains,  the  Pyrenees,  and  various  parts 
of  the  Alps  ; the  ibex  ; Capra  ibex.  Eng.  Cyc. 

STEIN'Il^I-LITE,  n.  (Min.)  A mineral  com- 
posed chiefly  of  silica,  alumina,  magnesia,  and 
protoxide  of  iron;  iolitc.  — See  Iolite.  Dana. 

STE  'LA,  n.  [Gr.  orr,hi ; 'inrppt,  to  stand  ; L.  stela  ; 
Fr.  stile.  — A.  S.  St  el,  stele.]  A small  column, 
without  base  or  capital,  usually  with  an  inscrip- 
tion to  record  an  event,  or  to  perpetuate  the 
memory  of  some  deceased  person  ; — also  used 
for  marking  distance.  Brande. 

STELE  (stel),  n.  [A.  S.  stel,  stele;  Dut.  steel; 
Ger.  stiel.]  A stalk  ; a handle  ; a stale.  [Local 
or  obsolete.]  Piers  Plouhman.  Wilbraham. 

STEL'U-£HlTE,  n.  A fine  kind  of  storax.  Wright. 

STEL'ENE,  a.  [Gr.  art'ihj,  a column.]  Resembling 
a stela  ; columnar.  Wright. 

STEL'LAR,  a.  [L.  stellaris  ; stclla,  a star  ; It. 
stellare  ; Fr.  stellaire.]  Relating  to  a star  or  to 
stars  ; astral  ; starry  ; stellular  ; stellary. 

Stellar  figure  of  the  stone  nsteria.  Glanvill. 

STEL'LA-RY,  a.  Stellar;  starry;  astral.  “Groups 
of  stellary  orbs.”  Stuhely. 

STLL  LATE,  ) a [p.  stellatus  ; Stella,  a star; 

STEL'LAT-ED,  ) It.  stel/afo.] 

1.  Pointed,  as  the  emblem  of  a star  ; radiated 
as  a star. 

2.  (Bot.)  Divided  into  seg- 

ments radiating  from  a common 
centre ; stellular.  Lindley. 

f STIJL-LA'TION,  n.  Emission 
of  light.  Bailey. 

f STEL'LIJD,  a.  Starry ; stellate.  Shak. 

STJJL-LER'I-DAN,  n.  [L.  Stella,  a star.]  (Ich.)  One 
of  a family  of  eehinoderms,  of  which  the  star- 
fish is  the  type.  Brande. 

STEL-Lp-Rln'5-AN,  11.  (Ich.)  Stclleridan.  — 
See  Stelleridan.  Eng.  Cyc. 

STJgL-LIF'JJR-OUS,  a.  [L.  stellifer;  Stella,  star, 
and  fero,  to  bear.]  Having,  dr  bearing,  stars; 
star-bearing.  . Bailey. 

STEL'LI-FORM,  a.  [L.  Stella,  a star,  anil  forma, 
form.]  Having  the  form  of  a star;  star-like. 

f STEL'LT-FY,  v.  a.  [L.  stclla,  a star,  and  facio, 
to  make.]  To  turn  into  a star  ; to  star.  Drayton. 

STELL'ION  (-yun),  n.  [L.  stcllio  ] A newt 
having  star-like  spots  on  its  back.  Ainsworth. 

STELL'ION-ATE  (stel'yun-?t),  it.  [L.  stelliona- 
tus,  cozenage  ; ste/lio,  a lizard,  a crafty,  knav- 
ish person  ; Fr.  stellionat.]  (Civil  Law.)  Any 
fraud  or  crime  committed  in  matters  of  agree- 
ment, which  was  not  designated  by  any  more 
special  appellation,  — as  if  a man  should  sell  a 
thing  to  two  purchasers,  or  sell  that  for  his  own 
estate  which  is  actually  another  man’s.  Brande. 

STEL'LITE,  ii.  (Min.)  A white,  radiated,  silky 
mineral  composed  of  silica,  alumina,  lime,  pro- 
toxide of  iron,  magnesia,  and  water  ; a variety 
of  pectolite.  Dana. 

STEL'LU-LAR,  a.  [L.  stelhtla,  a little  star.] 
Star-like  ; stellar  ; starry ; astral.  Cray. 

STEL'LU-LATE,  a.  Resembling  little  stars ; 
stellular  ; stellate.  Loudon. 

STEL'O-jCHlTE,  n.  (Min.)  Osteocolla.  Wright. 

STIji-LOG'RA-PIl  Y,  11.  [Gr.  erti?.oypn(l>ia  ; txri/l.rj,  a 
column,  and  ypaipei,  to  write.]  The  art  of  writ- 
ing or  engraving  upon  a pillar.  Stackhouse. 

STEM,  n.  [A.  S.  stemn ; Dut.  <Sr  Sw.  stam  ; Ger. 
stamm  ; Dan.  stamme.  — Sansc.  stamina,  stem, 
race.  — Gr.  artppa,  materials  for  crowning  ; ori- 
to  surround ; L.  stemma,  a garland,  espe- 
cially a garland  hung  upon  an  ancestral  image  ; 
a genealogical  tree;  pedigree.] 

1.  The  principal  body  of  a tree,  shrub,  or 
plant,  forming  its  ascending  axis  ; the  main 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  <?,  9,  £,  soft ; £,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  ^ as  z ,•  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


STEM 


1412 


STERCORACEOUS 


body  of  a tree  or  other  plant ; that  part  of  a 
plant  which  grows  upward  into  the  air,  and  sus- 
tains the  branches,  leaves,  tlowers,  and  fruit; 
trunk. 

Then,  when  the  fiery  suns  too  fiercely  ploy, 

Ami  shrivelled  herbs  on  withering  struts  decay.  Drjttlen. 

Beats  down  the  slender  stem,  and  bearded  grain.  Jlrydtn. 

2.  The  peduncle,  or  the  pedicel  or  partial  pe- 
duncle ; the  stalk  which  supports  the  flower, 
leaf,  or  fruit  of  a plant. 

Two  lovely  berries  moulded  on  one  stem.  Shah. 

3.  The  stock  of  a family ; the  progenitors  ; 

family;  race;  generation.  “All  that  are  of 
noble  stem.”  Milton. 

Bearn  well  their  lineage  and  their  ancient  stem.  Tiekcll. 

4.  A branch  of  a family  ; progeny  ; offspring. 

This  is  a stem 

Of  that  victorious  stock.  Shak. 

5.  ( Xaut .)  The  circular  piece  of  timber  into 

which  the  two  sides  of  the  ship  are  united  at 
the  fore  end  : — the  fore  part  of  the  ship,  as  op- 
posed to  the  stern.  Davis. 

6.  (Mas.)  The  linear  part  of  a note  extending 

upward  or  downward  from  the  circular  point  or 
head  ; the  tail  of  a note.  Dwight. 

From  stem  to  stern,  from  tile  fore  part  to  the  stern 
of  a slop,  or  throughout  its  whole  extent.  Drtjden. 

STEM,  v.  a.  [From  the  stem  of  a ship,  which 
keeps  its  way,  through,  against,  or  in  opposi- 
tion to,  the  waves,  the  tide,  the  current,  or  the 
stream.  'Richardson.]  [i.  stemmed  ; pp.  stem- 
ming, stemmed.]  To  oppose,  as  a current ; to 
keep  way  steadily  against ; to  bear  up  against; 
to  stay  ; to  stop. 

At  length  Erasmus,  that  prent  injured  name, 

Slammed  the  wild  torrent  of  n barbarous  age.  Pope. 

STEM,  v.  n.  To  make  -way  by  opposing  some  ob- 


struction, as  the  wind  or  a current. 

They  on  the  trading  flood 
Through  the  wide  ./Ethiopian  to  the  Cape 
Ply,  stemming  nightly  toward  the  pole.  Milton. 

STEM'— CLASP-JNG,  «.  Enclosing  the  stem  ; ain- 
plexicaul.  Loudon. 

STEM'— LEAF,  n.  A leaf  inserted  into,  or  pro- 
ceeding from,  the  stem.  Crabb. 

STEM'LJJSS,  a.  1.  Having  no  stem.  Crabb. 

2.  ( Bot .)  Acaulescent.  Gray. 

STEMLJJT,  n.  A young  or  little  stem.  Gray. 


STEM'MA-TA,  »t.  pi.  [Gr.  errippa,  a garland.] 
( Ent .)  In  insects,  three  smooth  hemispheric 
dots,  generally  on  top  of  the  head,  and  chiefly  in 
the  hymenoptera  ; — sometimes  called  ocelli  : — 
the  simple  and  minute  eyes  found  in  worms,  and 
generally  throughout  the  lower  animals  those 
simply  added  to  the  large,  compound  eyes  .Baird. 

STEM'PLE,  n.  ( Mining .)  A cross-bar  of  wood 
in  a shaft.  Smart. 

STEM'SON,  n.  ( Naut .)  A piece  of  compass-tim- 
ber, fixed  on  the  after  part  of  the  apron  inside, 
having  the  lower  end  scarfed  into  the  keelson, 
and  receiving  the  scarf  of  the  stem,  through 
which  it  is  bolted.  Dana. 

STENCH,  n.  [See  Stink.]  A stink ; a fetid  or 
bad  smell.  “ Noisome  stench.”  Shale. 

STENCH,  v.  a.  To  make  to  stink,  [it.]  Mortimer. 

+ STENCH,  v.  a.  To  stanch.  Harvey. 

STENCH'— TRAP,  n.  A contriv- 
ance to  prevent  the  escape  of 
offensive  effluvia  from  sinks 
and  drains;  cesspool.  Weale. 

IFif  In  the  figure  the  arrows 
show  the  course  of  a liquid  ad- 
mitted into  a stench-trap  through 
small  holes  in  the  plate  A B,  in 
its  passage  from  a kitchen  sink 
to  a drain  below.  An  inverted  Stench-trap, 
cup  being  attached  to  this  plate,  and  having  its  edges 
immersed  in  the  liquid,  wh  oil  is  maintained  at  the 
level  of  the  dotted  line,  or  of  the  orifice  of  the  pipe, 
interposes  an  effectual  obstacle  to  the  escape  of  any  gas. 

STENCH'Y,  a.  Having  a bad  smell.  Dyer. 

STEN'CIL,  n.  A piece  of  metal,  oil-cloth,  leath- 
er, or  other  material,  in  which  patterns,  as  let- 
ters, or  figures,  have  been  cut  out,  to  be  placed 
on  some  surface,  and  brushed  over  with  some 
coloring  matter,  by  which  the  patterns  are  im- 
printed on  the  material  beneath.  Simmonds. 

STEN'CIL,  V.  a.  [*.  STENCILLED  ; pp.  STENCIL- 
LING, stencilled.]  To  paint  or  color  in  fig- 


ures with  a stencil ; to  form  with  a stencil ; to 
make,  as  letters,  by  a stencil.  Francis. 

STEN'CML-LpR,  71.  One  who  works  or  forms  fig- 
ures with  a stencil.  Simmonds. 

STEN'CJL-LING,  n.  The  process  of  forming  let- 
ters or  figures  by  means  of  a stencil.  Simmonds. 

STEN'CIL— PLATE,  n.  A stencil.  Hall. 

STEN-p-Q-SAU'RlTS,  71.  [Gr.  trrtvis,  narrow, 
straight,  and  oabpu,  a lizard.]  (Pal.)  A genus 
of  fossil  saurians.  Buckland. 

STEN'O-GRAPH,  v.  7i.  To  write  or  represent  by 
stenography,  [it.]  London  News. 

STIJ-NOG'RA-PH  IJR,  7i.  One  who  practises  ste- 
nography ; a stenographist.  Harding. 

SI  EN-O-GRAPH  JO,  ) [Fr .stenographique.] 

STEN-O-GRAPH'I-CAL,  > Itelating  to  stenogra- 
phy; writing  or  written  in  short-hand.  Harding. 

STE-NOG'RA-PHIST,  n.  One  who  is  versed  in 
stenography ; a stenographer.  Quackenbos. 

STE-NOG'RA-PHY,  71.  [Gr.  orted;,  narrow,  close, 
and  yodipoi,  to  write;  It.  stenografia ; Fr.  steno- 
graphic^ The  art  of  writing  in  short-hand,  in 
which  characters,  or  at  least  abbreviations,  are 
used  for  whole  words  ; tachygraphy.  Wright. 

t STENT,  v.  a.  To  stint.  — See  Stint.  Spcttscr. 

STENT,  7i.  A stint.  — See  Stint.  Palsgrave. 

STENT'INGf-5,  7i.  pi.  Openings  in  a wall  in  a coal- 
mine. [Local,  Eng.]  Halliwell. 

STEM'  TOR,  7i.  [Gr.  Yrlrroip.]  A Greek  (a  her- 
ald mentioned  by  Homer),  whose  voice  is  said 
to  have  equalled  the  united  voices  of  fifty  men  : 
— a person  of  a loud  voice.  Coleridge. 

STEN-TO'RT-AN,  a.  [Gr.  orevTopno;.] 

1.  Relating  or  belonging  to  a stentor. 

2.  Very  loud.  “ Stentorian  clamors. "He/hert. 

f STEN-TO-RON'IC,  a.  Stentorian.  Warburton. 

STEN-TO-RO-PIION'IC,  a.  [Gr.  Zrtvrup,  a herald 

mentioned  by  Homer,  and  voice.]  Loudly 
sounding ; stentorian,  [it.] 

Of  this  stentorophnnic  born  of  Alexander  there  is  n figure 
preserved  in  the  V utienn.  JOerliu.it. 

STEP,  7i.  [A.  S.  steep,  stop  ; Dut.  stop ; Old  Ger. 

stapfe ; Ger.  stufe.  — Gael,  stap,  stapa .] 

1.  One  movement  of  the  foot,  as  in  walking ; 
progression  by  one  removal,  or  a single  change 
of  the  place  of  the  foot;  a pace. 

I’ll  be  as  patient  as  a pentle  stream. 

And  make  n pastime  of  each  weary  step, 

Till.the  last  step  have  brought  me  to  my  love.  Shak. 

2.  One  remove  in  ascending  or  descending ; 
hold  for  the  foot  ; a stair. 

The  breadth  of  every  single  step  or  stair.  Wotton. 

3.  Space  passed  over  or  measured  by  one  re- 
moval of  the  foot;  apace. 

The  grad  us,  a Roman  measure,  may  be  translated  a step, 
or  the  half  of  a passus  or  puce.  Arhuthnut. 

4.  A small  space  ; a small  length. 

There  is  but  a step  between  me  and  death.  1 Sam.  xx.  3. 

5.  Gradation  ; grade ; degree. 

The  same  sin  . . . hath  sundry  steps  and  degrees.  Perkins. 

6.  Movement  forward  or  backw-ard,  — partic- 
ularly the  act  of  advancing;  progression. 

To  derive  two  or  three  general  principles  of  motion  from 
phenomena,  and  afterwards  to  tell  ns  how  the  properties  and 
actions  of  all  corporeal  things  follow  from  those  manifest 
principles,  would  be  a very  great  step  in  philosophy.  Newton. 

I take  no  step  backward.  D.  Webster. 

7.  Manner  of  walking;  gait. 

With  a submissive  step  I hasted  down.  Prior. 

8.  Act  in  any  business ; action  ; procedure. 

The  reputation  of  a man  depends  upon  the  first  steps  he 

makes  in  the  world.  Pope. 

9.  The  round  of  a ladder;  rundle.  Simmonds. 

10.  (Nattt.)  A block  of  wood,  secured  to  the 

keel,  for  the  purpose  of  receiving  the  heel  of 
the  mast.  Dana. 

11.  ( Mech .)  A part  that  receives  the  lower 

gudgeon  of  an  upright  shaft;  — any  piece  of 
timber  having  the  foot  of  another  fixed  upright 

in  it.  Wright. 

STEP,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  stopprt7i ; Hut.  stappen  ; Ger. 
stapfen,  stappe7i.  • — Gr.  ortipto.]  [t.  STEPPED 
and  stept  ; pp.  stepping,  stepped  and  stept.] 

1.  To  make  one  pace  or  movement  of  the 
foot,  as  in  walking ; to  move  forward  or  back- 
ward, by  a single  change  of  the  place  of  the 
foot ; to  move  forward  by  the  feet ; to  walk. 

Back  stepped  these  two  fair  angels  half  amazed.  Milton. 


2.  To  come  as  it  were  by  chance  or  suddeilly. 

The  old  poets  stepped  in  to  the  assistance  of  the  medallist. 

Addition. 

3.  To  move  mentally  ; to  go  in  imagination. 

They  arc  sfc/i/nn.o  almost  three  thousand  years  hack  into 

the  remotest  antiquity.  J'flpe. 

To  step  aside,  to  walk  apart,  or  a little  distance,  from 
others.  Shalt. — To  step  forth,  to  come  forth.  Com  tj. 
— To  step  in  or  into,  to  go  or  to  walk  into  a place  or  a 
state:  — to  become  possessed  of  without  difficulty. 
“He’s  stepped  into  a great  estate.”  Shah. — To  step 
short,  (Mil.)  todiminish  or  slacken  your  pace  accoid 
ing  to  the  regulations,  stncijueler.  — To  step  out,  (Mil.) 
to  lengthen  flic  step  to  thirty-three  inches  by  leaning 
forward  a little,  but  without  altering  the  cadence. 
Stocqueler. 

STEP,  v.  a.  1.  To  set  or  place,  as  the  foot.  Smart. 

2.  To  put,  as  a mast,  in  its  step.  Dana. 

STEP—.  [A.  S.  stcop-,  from  steopan,  stepan,  to  be- 
reave ; Hut.  4r  Ger.  stief- ; Dan.  stif-,  stir-,  sted- ; 
Old  Sw.  stiup-,  stivpli-  ; Sw.  styf-  ; I cel.  stiup-. 
— This  word  is  generally  found' in  composition, 
even  in  the  most  ancient  writings.  About  the 
derivation  etymologists  differ  much.  Frisch 
refers  it  to  the  Bohemian  stij.etii,  ingrafting, 
stipiti,  to  plant ; and,  according  to  him,  stief  sig- 
nifies a person  giving  assistance.  Jittiius,  with 
whom  Hire  agrees,  refers  this  word  in  the  most 
reasonable  manner  to  the  A.  S.  steopan,  and  the 
Old  Ger.  stiufan,  to  bereave.  Bosworth.]  A 
prefix  denoting  relationship  arising  out  of  or- 
phanage. Thus  a sfep-mother  is  a father’s  wife, 
when. the  real  mother  is  dead. 

J&JT  Strp-fnther,  step- mother,  step- sister,  &c.,  are 
sometimes  confounded  with  father-in-law,  mother-in- 
law,  sister  ill-law,  &c.  ; but  the  difference  will  be 
understood  by  one  example:  — a sister-in-law  is  a 
brother’s  wife,  or  a husband’s  or  a wife’s  sister;  a 
step-sister  is  tile  daughter  of  a step-father  or  a step- 
mother by  a former  marriage  to  another  person  ; 
while  the  daughter  of  a step-mother  by  present  mar- 
riage is  a half-sister ; and  the  daughter  of  a step- 
father by  present  marriage  is  a uterine  sister,  as  well 
as  half-sister . Smart. 

STEP'— BROTII-pR,  n.  The  son  of  a step-father 
or  a step-mother  by  a former  marriage. 

STEP'— CHILD,  7i.  [A.  S.  steop-cild.] 

1.  F An  orphan.  L7je. 

2.  The  child  of  a step-father  or  a step-mother. 

STEP'— DAME,  7i.  A step-mother.  Ramsay. 

STEP'— D AUG H-TpR,  n.  [A.  S.  steop-dohter .] 
The  daughter  of  one’s  wife  or  one’s  husband  by 
a former  marriage.  Parker. 

STEP'-FA-THER,  71.  [A.  S.  steop-f wrier.]  A 

mother’s  husband,  when  one’s  real  father  is 
dead.  Burrows. 

STEPH'AN-lTE,  n.  (Min.)  A valuable  ore  of 
silver  ; black  silver. — See  Silver.  Da/ia. 

STEP’— MOTH- BR,  n.  [A.  S.  steop-moder .]  A 
father’s  wife,  when  one’s  real  mother  is  dead. 

His  step-mother  Esculda  was  made  a martyr.  Ilolinshed. 

STEPPE,  7i.  [Rus.]  A plain  of  vast  extent,  un- 
cultivated, and  often  barren,  peculiar  to  Asia, 
and  synonymous  with  the  prairie  of  North 
America  and  the  Uha7io  of  South  America. 

tfjf  The  steppes  of  Russia  are  not  unlike  the  heaths 
of  Germany,  being  in  part  susceptible  of  cultivation, 
and  affording  pasturage  for  numerous  herds  of  no- 
madic tribes.  Brande. 

STEP  PING,  71.  The  act  of  going  forward  by  steps. 

The  flood  crept  by  little  steppings.  Bp.  Taylor. 

ST EP'PING— STONE,  71.  1.  A stone  laid  to  assist 

the  foot  in  a difficult  or  dirty  way.  Swift. 

2.  Any  aid  or  means  to  advancement.  Smart. 

STEP'-SlS-Tf.R,  n.  The  daughter  of  a step- 
father or  a step-mother  by  a former  marriage. 

STEP'-SON,  7i.  [A.  S.  steop-sunu.]  The  son  of, 

one’s  wife  or  one’s  husband  by  a former  mar- 
riage to  another  person.  — See  Step-.  Bouvier. 

STEP'— STONE,  71.  A stone  before  a door  as  a step 
in  entering  a house  ; a stepping-stone.  Clarke. 

STER-.  [A.  S.  steore,  rule,  government ; steo- 
ra7i,  to  rule,  to  steer.  So7nner.]  A termination, 
as  in  spinsfer,  drugsto-,  gamester,  &c.,  denoting 
probably  skill  or  mastery.  " Somner. 

STER-CO-RA’CEOI  S (-shus),  a.  [L.  stercorosus ; 
stercus,  dung;  Fr.  stercoraire.]  Belonging  to 
dung;  partaking  of  the  nature  of- dung;  fecal. 

“ Stcrccraceous  matter.”  Dtaiglison. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long  ; A,  E,  1,  6,  V,  Y,  short;  A,  J,  O,  U,  y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


STERCORANIST 


1413 


STERN-CHASE 


STER'CO-RA-NIST,  n.  [Fr.  stercoraniste.\  Aster- 
corarian.  Wright. 

STER-CO-RA'RI-AN,  n.  A believer  in  stercorian- 
ism ; a stercoranist.  Smart. 

STER'CO-R  A-R  Y,  n.  [L.  stercorarius,  pertaining 
to  dung.]  A place  for  holding  dung.  Smart. 

+ STER'CO-RATE,  n.  Dung  ; excrement.  Martin. 

f STER-CO-rA'TION,  n.  [L.  stercoratio .]  The 
act  of  dunging  or  manuring.  Bacon. 

STER-CO'RI-AN-I§M,  n.  [L.  stercus,  dung.] 
( Eccl . Hist.)  A nickname  applied  to  the  doctrine 
of  those  who  held  that  the  consecrated  host  is 
digested  like  common  bread.  Brande. 

fSTER'CO-RY,  n.  [L.  stercus.']  Dung.  Skelton. 

STERF.,  n.  [Fr.  st're,  from  Gr.  orepetls,  solid.] 
The  unit  of  French  solid  measure,  equivalent  to 
a cubic  metre,  or  35.31714  cubic  feet,  employed 
for  measuring  fire-wood,  stone,  &c. 

STER' 5-0- BATE,  n.  [Fr.  stereohate,  from  Gr. 
ortptijs,  solid,  and  flam {,  base.]  {Arch.)  The 
lower  part  or  basement  of  a building  : — some- 
times, but  less  properly,  a stylobate.  Britton. 

STER-5-OjCH’RQ-MY,  n.  [Gr.  onpeos,  solid,  and 
Xtxipa,  color,  dye.]  A kind  of  wall-painting,  in 
which  the  colors  are  mixed  with  water,  and  the 
whole  picture  permanently  fixed  by  profuse 
sprinklings  of  water,  containing  a certain  pro- 
portion of  fluoric  acid.  Fairholt. 

ster-fj-o-grAph'ic,  ) a.  ReIatingt0  stere. 

STER-5-O-GRApH'I-CAL,  ) ography  Reid, 

ttsp  Stereographic  projection.  See  PROJECTION. 

STER-f-O-GRAPH'r-CAL-LY,  ad  In  the  man- 
ner of  stereography  ; by  s’terography. 

STER-5-OC'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  e 

onoios,  firm,  solid,  and  cEb  Y/V 
yoitif >u>,  to  write;  Fr.  ste-  o*  \/ 
reographie .]  {Descriptive  A 
Geom.)  The  representa-  * /r\ 
tion  or  delineation  of  solids  / V\ 
on  a plane.  Harris. 

JifJT  Tile  mode  of  representing  by  stereography  the 
surfaces  which  hound  the  five  regular  solids  is  illus- 
trated in  the  cut.  By  folding  pieces  of  paper  or  card 
cut  as  here  represented,  so  ns  to  make  them  meet  at 
their  edges,  these  solids  may  be  formed.  A is  the 
tetrahedron  ; B the  hexahedron  or  cube  ; C the  octa- 
hedron , D the  dodecahedron  , and  E the  icosahedron. 

STRR'E-O—  E-LEC'TRIC,  a.  [Gr.  orrprof,  solid,  and 
Eng.  electric.]  {Elec.)  Noting  electric  currents, 
as  the  thermo-electric  current,  developed  in 
systems  of  elements  formed  of  solid  bodies 
alone.  Roget. 

STER-5-OM'5-TER,  n.  [Gr.  orrpfdr,  solid,  and 
pirpov,  a measure.]  (Hgdronamics.)  An  instru- 
ment for  determining  the  specific  gravity  of 
liquid  bodies,  porous  bodies,  and  powders,  as 
well  as  of  solids  Brande. 

STER-E-O-MET'RIC,  > a.  Relating  to  stere- 

STER-IJ-O-MET'RI-CAL,  > ometry.  Ash. 

STER-E-OM'E-TRY,  n.  [Gr.  arepeos,  firm,  solid, 
and  perptw,  to  measure  ; Fr.  stereometrie.]  The 
art  of  measuring  solid  bodies,  and  determining 
their  solid  contents.  Chambers. 

STER' E-O-SCOPE,  il*  [Gr.  oreplogf  solid,  and 
GKonita,  to  view.]  (Optics.)  An  instrument,  of 
various  forms,  for  causing,  by  refraction  or  by 
reflection,  the  superposition  or  coalescence  of 
the  virtual  images  of  two  dissimilar  perspective 
pictures  of  the  same  object,  presented  separately 
one  to  each  eye,  and  representing  the  object, 
one,  as  it  appears  to  the  right  eye,  and  the  other, 
as  it  appears  to  the  left,  — so  that  the  combined 
virtual  image  seen  appears  to  be  a solid  body, 
and  a perfect  counterpart  of  the  object. 

When  we  look  with  both  eyes  at  an  object,  as 
a small  cube,  placed  at  the  distance  of  distinct  vision, 
each  eye  sees  parts  of  it  not  visible  to  the  other,  and 
the  images  of  it  on  the  retina0  of  the  two  eyes  are 
in  some  degree  dissimilar.  There  is  the  same  dis- 
similarity in  the  pictures  used  in  the  stereoscope.  In 
the  instrument,  as  first  invented  by  Professor  Wheat- 
stone, two  reflectors,  joined  perpendicularly  at  their 
edges,  with  their  backs  towards  each  other,  are  used 
for  deviating  the  light  proceeding  from  the  pictures 
situated  one  on  each  side  of  them.  The  eyes  are  to 
be  placed  close  to  the  angle  of  junction.  Sir  David 
Brewster  has  since  invented  numerous  other  forms  of 
it,  one  of  which,  the  Lenticular  Stereoscope,  is  exten- 


sively used.  It  consists  of  two  semi-lenses  or  eye- 
pieces contained  in  short  tubes  at  the  top  of  a box 
represented  by  the  upper  figure) 
ivided  by  a longitudinal  partition 
in  the  inside  into  two  equal  parts. 

Opposite  to  the  semi-lenses,  at  the 
bottom  of  the  box,  are  placed  the 
two  dissimilar  pictures,  rays  of 
light  from  which  are  so  refracted 
as  to  enter  the  eye  as  if  they  came 
from  one  and  the  same  object,  and 
thus  form  a combined  virtual  image 
between  the  pictures.  The  relative 
positions  of  the  eyes,  E,  E,  of  the 
semi-lenses,  L,  L,  of  two  dissim- 
ilar pictures  of  a cube,  and  of 
the  virtual  image  formed  between 
them,  are  represented  in  the  lower 
figure.  In  certain  forms  of  the  in- 
strument, only  one  picture  is  used.  Stereoscope, 
it  being  converted  in  appearance  into  a solid  by  com- 
bining with  it,  as  seen  directly  with  one  eye,  a vir- 
tual reflected  and  reversed  image  seen  with  tiie  other. 
Wheatstone.  Brewster . 

STER-5-O-SCOP'IC,  > Relating  to,  or  per- 

STER-p-O-SCOF1  j-CAL,  5 formed  by,  the  stereo- 
scope. Smith. 

STER'5-O-SCO-PIST,  n.  A maker  of  stereo- 
scopes. Clarke. 

STER-5-O-TOM'lC,  ) Pertaining  to  stere- 

STER-5-O-TOM'I-CAL,  ) otomy.  Wright. 

STER-5-OT'O-MY,  n.  [Gr.  orepei;,  firm,  solid, 
and  ropi'i,  a cutting;  rtpnui,  to  cut;  Fr.  stirioto- 
mie.]  The  science  or  the  art  of  cutting  solid 
bodies  into  specified  forms.  Davies. 

II  STEREO-TYPE  [ster'e-o-tlp,  P.  J.  Ja.  Sm.  R. ; 
ste're-o-tlp,  W.  C.  }Vr.;  ster'e-o-tlp  or  ste're- 
o-tlp,  A.] , n.  [Gr.  artpii;,  firm,  solid,  and  rimos, 
a biow,  model,  type  ; rvirrui,  to  strike  ; It.  ste- 
reotipia  ; Sp . estereotipia  ; Fr  .stereotype.] 

1.  A duplicate  of  a page  of  movable  types, 

or  of  wood  engravings,  &c.,  procured  by  the 
process  of  moulding  the  original  in  gypsum, 
and  then  immersing  the  mould  in  melted  metal 
composed  of  lead,  tin,  and  antimony,  which, 
when  cooled,  presents  a fac-simile  of  the  page, 
&c.,  in  a solid  plate.  Peters. 

2.  The  art  or  mode  of  forming  solid,  metallic 

plates  from  pages  of  movable  types,  or  from 
wood  engravings,  8zc.,  by  the  process  of  casting 
in  a mould  of  gypsum,  for  the  purpose  of  print- 
ing from  them.  Fairholt. 

||  STER'5-Q-TYPE,  a.  1.  Relating  to  the  art  of 
stereotyping  ; pertaining  to  fixed  metallic  plates 
for  printing.  Entick. 

Stereotype  printing  was  suggested  by  Wm.  Ged  in  1735: 
the  present  mode  was  invented  bv  Tilloch  in  1771);  and  the 
invention  has  also  been  attributed  to  Didot  about  the  same 
time.  • Hatpin. 

2.  Made  by  fixed  metallic  plates.  P.  Cyc. 

II  STER'E-O-TYPE,  V.  a.  [It.  stereotipare ; Sp. 
estereotipar ; Fr.  stereotyper.]  [f.  stereo- 
typed ; pp.  STEREOTYPING,  STEREOTY'PED.] 

1.  To  cast,  as  stereotype-plates.  Entick. 

2.  To  print  by  the  use  of  stereotype-plates; 
as,  ‘‘To  stereotype  a book.” 

3.  To  fix  or  establish  firmly  or  unchangeably. 

II  STER'5-O-TYPE— BLOCKS,  n.pl.  Blocks,  gener- 
ally made  of  wood,  with  small  clasps  on  the 
sides,  used  for  holding  stereotype-plates,  and 
making  them  of  the  height  of  type,  while 
printing.  Shepard. 

II  STER'5-O-TYPED  (-tlpt),  p a.  1.  Made  or 
printed  from  stereotype-plates. 

2.  Fixed  firmly  or  unchangeably. 

From  1707  to  the  present  hour,  the  amount  of  the  land-tax 
remains  stereotyped . Ec.  Rev 

II  STER'5-O-TYPE-FOUND'ING,  n.  The  process 
of  making  stereotype-plates.  Davis. 

||  STER'E-O-TYPE-PLATE,  n.  A sheet  of  metal 
taking  the  place  of  type  or  wood-cuts  for  print- 
ing ; — usually  mounted  on  blocks  of  wood  to 
the  height  of  type.  Simmonds. 

||  STER'5-O-TYP-JJR,  n.  One  who  stereotypes,  or 
makes  stereotype.  Entick. 

II  STER'5-O-TYPE— WORK  (-wiirk), n.  Work  done 
by  a stereotyper  ; stereotype-plates.  Davis. 

||  STER-E-O-TYP'IC,  a.  Relating  to  stereotype; 
stereotype.  Entick. 

||  STER'5-O-T^P-ING,  n.  The  act  or  the  process 
of  making  stereotype-plates.  Davis. 

Stereotyping  was  introduced  into  London  by  Wilson  in 
1804.  Haydn. 


II  STElt-5-O-TY-PoG'RA-PlipR,  n.  A stereotype 
printer.  Entick. 

I)  STER-5-O-TY-POG'RA-PIIY,  n.  . [Gr.  ore pits, 
firm,  solid,  rln rot,  a blow,  type,  and  yoii^u,  to 
write.]  The  art  of  printing  on  stereotype ; 
printing  in  stereotype.  Entick. 

STER'ILE,  a.  [Gr.  oriipo;,  crt'j.os,  stiff  with  ago, 
barren;  L.  sterilis ; It.  sterile-,  Sp . cstcril;  Fr. 
sterile.] 

1.  Barren;  unfruitful;  not  productive;  that 
cannot  hear  orbring  forth  ; infecund  ; — opposed 
to  fertile.  “A  sterile  promontory.”  Shak. 

She  is  grown  sterile  and  barren,  and  her  births  of  animals 
arc  now  very  inconsiderable.  More. 

2.  {Bot.)  Noting  flowers  which  bear  stamens, 

hut  not  pistils  ; staminate.  Gray. 

ST5-ltlL'!-TY,  n.  [L.  stcrilitas  ; It.  sterilita  ; Sp. 
estcrilidad ; Fr.  stiriliti-.]  The  state  of  being 
sterile ; want  of  fertility ; barrenness  ; unfruitful- 
ness ; unproductiveness. 

The  fruitfulness  of  their  valleys  recompenses  the  sterility 
of  their  hills.  Howell. 

One  cannot  ascribe  this  to  any  sterility  of  expression,  hut 
to  the  genius  of  his  times. 

STER'JL-IZE,  v.  a.  To  make  sterile  or  barren  ; 
to  deprive  of  fecundity,  or  the  power  of  pro- 
duction. “ Sterilizing  the  earth.”  Woodward. 

STER'LfT,  n.  (Ich.)  A species  of  sturgeon,  the 
swimming-bladder  of  which  yields  the  best 
Russian  isinglass,  and  its  roe  caviare;  Acipcn- 
ser  Ruthenus.  Pennant. 

STER'LING.  a.  [From  A.  S.  stcoran,  to  rule,  to 
direct.  Somner.  — From  Easterlings,  people  of 
the  north  east  of  Europe,  some  of  whom  were 
employed,  in  the  twelfth  century,  in  regulating 
the  coinage  of  England.  Camden.] 

1.  A word  applied  to  all  lawful  money  of 

Great  Britain;  as,  “ A pound  sterling “A 
shilling  sterling.”  P.  Cyc. 

2.  According  to  a fixed  standard ; genuine ; 
standard  ;'  pure  ; true  ; real ; positive  ; substan- 
tial ; as,  “ A work  of  sterling  merit.” 

Then  decent  pleasantry  ami  sterling  sin  so. 

That  neither  gave  nor  would  endure  oftenee.  Couiper. 

jRSr-“  The  word  was  not  ill  use  before  the  Con- 
quest, though  some  have  given  it  a Saxon  derivation. 

, . . From  tiie  twelfth  century  English  money  was 
designated  all  over  Europe  as  sterling  ” P.  Cijc. 

STER'LING,  n.  1.  Standard  English  money  or 
coin. 

Four  thousand  pound  of  sterlings.  R.  Gloucester. 

2.  A term  denoting  a standard,  [it.]  Leake. 

STER.'LING,  n.  {Arch.)  A defence  to  the  pier  of 
abridge;  starling,  [it.]  Pennant. 

STERN,  a.  [A.  S.  styrne;  Dut.  stuursch-,  Ger. 
strrrig.  — From  to  stare.  Skinner.  Serenixts.] 

1.  Severe  of  countenance  or  look  ; harsh  in 
aspect;  forbidding;  severe;  austere;  strict. 

By  the  stej'ii  brow  and  waspish  action.  Sha/c. 

I would  outstarc  the  sternest  eyes  that  look.  Shah. 

2.  Severe  of  manners;  harsh;  rigid;  cruel; 
rigorous;  hard;  unrelenting;  inflexible. 

Women  are  soft,  mdd,  pitiful,  and  flexible: 

Thou  stem,  obdurate,  flinty,  rough,  remorseless.  Shah. 

Syn. — See  Austere. 

STERN,  n.  [A.  S.  steorern  ; styran,  stcoran,  to 
steer.  — See  Steer.] 

1.  (Naut.)  The  after  end  or  hindermost  part 
of  a vessel,  where  the  rudder  is  placed.  Dana. 

2.  Post  of  management ; direction. 

The  kinfffrom  Eltham  I intend  to  send, 

And  sit  at  chiefest  stern  ot  public  weal.  Shah. 

3.  The  hinder  part  of  any  thing.  Bp.  Hall. 

By  the  stern,  (Naui.)  said  of  a ship  when  her  stern 

is  lower  than  her  head;  — in  contradistinction  to  by 
the  head.  Dana. 

f STERN'A^E,  n.  The  steerage  or  stern.  Shak. 

STER'N  AL,  a.  Relating  to  the  sternum  or  breast- 
bone. ’ Dunglison. 

STERN'BgP.G-l’TE,  n.  (Min.)  A very  sectile  min- 
eral, composed  of  sulphur,  silver,  and  iron,  and 
leaving  traces  on  paper  like  plumbago;  — so 
named  from  Count  Sternberg.  Dana. 

STERN'BO  ARD,  n ( Nant .)  The  motion  of  a 
vessel  when  going  stern  foremost.  Mar.  Diet. 

To  inahr  a stern  baa  ’-/l,  to  fall  back,  as  a vessel,  from 
the  point  site  lias  gained  on  tiie  last  tack.  Mar.  Diet . 

STERN'— CIlASE,  n.  A chase  or  pursuit  when 
the  stern  only  is  seen,  and  afar  off ; a chase  far 
behind.  Clarke. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RtjLE.  — tp,  Q,  <;,  g,  soft ; £,  G,  £,  |,  hard;  § as 


^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


STEllN-CHASER 


1414 


STICK 


STERN'— CHAS-pR,  n.  ( Naut .)  A cannon  in  the 
after  part,  of  a ship,  pointing  astern,  and  in- 
tended to  anitoy  a vessel  in  pursuit.  Mar.  Diet. 

STERNED  (sterml ),  p.  a.  (Xaut.)  Having  a partic- 
ular kind  of  stern.  “A  square-sferaed,  or  a 
pink-s<er»ed,  vessel.”  Todd. 

t STERN'pR,  n.  [A.  S.  steoran,  to  steer,  to  rule.] 
A governor ; a director.  Dr.  Clarke. 

STERN'— FAST,  n.  ( Xaut .)  A rope  to  confine  the 
stern  of  a vessel  to  a wharf,  &c.  Mar.  Diet. 

STERN'— FRAME,  n.  {Ship-building.)  The  frame 
composed  of  the  stern-post  transom  and  the 
fashion-pieces.  Mar.  Diet. 


STF.R-Ni  'NJE,  n.  pi.  ( Or- 
nith.)  A sub-family  of 
birds  of  the  order  Ansercs 
and  family  Laridce,  hav- 
ing a slender  bill  nearly 
straight,  long  wings,  and  a 
forked  tail ; terns.  Gray. 


Sterna  macroura. 


STERN'KNEE,  n.  ( Ship-building .)  The  sternson. 

Ogilvie. 


STERN'LY,  ad.  In  a stern  manner.  Milton. 


STERN’MOST,  a.  {Xaut.)  Farthest  astern,  as  a 
ship  or  ships.  Falconer. 

STERN'N^SS,  n.  1.  The  quality  of  being  stern  ; 
severity  of  countenance  or  look ; austerity. 

2.  Rigor  ; inflexibility  ; cruelty. 

I have  sternne ss  in  my  soul  enough 

To  hear  of  soldiers’  work.  Dryden. 

STER'NO-COS-TAL,  a.  [Gr.  artpmn,  the  breast, 
and  L.  costa , a rib.]  Noting  ribs  attached  to 
the  breast-bone.  Robei-ts. 


STER'NON,  n.  [Gr.  rsrlavov , the  breast.]  The 
breast-bone  ; the  sternum.  Wiseman. 

STERN'— PORT,  7i.  {Xaut.)  A port-hole  in  the 
stern.  Mar.  Diet. 

STERN'— POST,  n.  {Xaut.)  The  aftermost  timber 
in  a ship,  reaching  from  the  after  end  of  the 
keel  to  the  deck. 


The  stem  and  stern-jiost  are  the  two  extremities  of  a ves- 
sel’s frame.  Dana. 

STERN'-SIIEETS,  n.  pi.  {Xaut.)  That  part  of  a 
boat  included  between  the  stern  and  the  after- 
most seat  of  the  rowers,  — generally  furnished 
with  seats  for  passengers.  Mar.  Diet. 

t STERN^'MAN,  n.  A steersman.  Chapman. 

STERN'SON,  n.  {Ship-building.)  The  continua- 
tion of  the  keelson,  to  which  the  stern-post  is 
secured  by  bolts.  Ogilvie. 

CTER  'JiTUM,  71.  [Low  L. ; Gr.  < rrtpvov,  the  breast.] 
{Anat.)  A flat,  azygous,  symmetrical  bone  at 
the  fore  part  of  the  chest,  and  articulated  with 
the  clavicles  and  with  the  seven  upper  ribs  on 
each  side  by  means  of  their  cartilages  ; the 
breastbone.  Dunglison. 

STER-NU-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  sternutatio.]  The 
act  of  sneezing.  Quincy 

STJJR-NU'TA-TlVE,  a.  [L.  sternuto,  sternuo,  to 
sneeze.]  Having  the  quality  of  provoking  to 
sneeze;  sternutatory.  Bailey. 

STER-NU'TA-TO-RY,  a.  [It.  sternutatorio ; Fr. 
sternulatoire.)  That  provokes  sneezing ; tend- 
ing. to  cause  sneezing ; sternutative.  Good. 

STER-NU'TA-TO-RY,  n.  {Med.)  A substance 
that  provokes  sneezing,  as  tobacco.  Dimglison. 

STERN'— WAY,  n.  {Xaut.)  The  movement  by 
which  a ship  retreats,  or  goes  backward,  with 
her  stern  foremost.  Mar.  Diet. 

f STER-CtUI-Lt'NOUS,  a.  [L.  sterquilmhim,  a 
dung-pit.]  Mean  ; dirty  ; paltry  ; vile.  Howell. 

T STERT,  v.  7i.  To  start.  Chaucer. 


STlyR-TO'RI-OUS,  a.  Stertorous.  Carlyle. 

STER'TO-ROUS,  a.  [L.  sterto,  to  snore ; Fr.sfer- 
toreiix .]  Noting  the  deep  snoringwhich  accom- 
panies inspiration  in  some  diseases,  particularly 
in  apoplexy.  Dimglison. 

fSTERVE,  73.  n.  To  starve.  Spenser. 

STETCH,  n.  (Agric.)  The  ridge  or  strip  of  land 
lying  between  one  furrow  and  another.  [Local, 
England.]  Halliwell. 


STIJ-TIIOM'JF.-TJJR,  n.  [Gr.  (m)0of,  the  breast, 
and  ptrpor,  a measure.]  {Med.)  An  instrument 
for  measuring  the  extent  of  movement  of  the 
walls  of  the  chest,  as  a means  of  diagnosis  in 
thoracic  diseases.  Dunglison. 

STETIl'O-SCOPE,  71.  [Gr.  orpOos,  the  breast,  and 
oKtntlui,  to  examine  ; Fr.  stethoscope.']  An  in- 
strument for  exploring  the  chest. 

ftp  - The  stethoscope , sometimes  called  a pectnri - 
toque,  is  a cylinder  of  wood  from  four  inches  to  a foot 
long,  pierced  by  a longitudinal  canal  about  a quarter 
of  an  inch  in  diameter,  and  having  the  end  terminat- 
ing in  a funnel-shaped  cavity.  The  physician  puts 
the  funnel-shaped  extremity  on  the  chest  of  the  pa- 
tient, and  applies  his  ear  to  the  other.  Dunglison. 

STETH-O-SCOP  IC,  l a Relating  to  the  steth- 

STETH-O-SCflP'I-CAL,  ) oscope.  Med.  Jour. 

STEVE,  v.  a.  To  stow  away  in  a ship.  Knowles. 

STE'VJE-DORE,  7i.  A person  who  superintends 
the  stowage  of  a ship’s  cargo.  Simmonds. 

f STE'VEN  (ste’vn),  71.  [A.  S.  stefnan,  to  call,  to 

proclaim.]  A cry  or  loud  clamor.  Spenser. 

STEW  (stu),  n.  ; pi.  STEWS.  [A.  S.  stofa,  a stove, 
a bath;  Old  Fr.  cstuve,  a stove,  a sweating- 
house;  Fr.  etuve,  a stove,  a sweating-house.]. 

1.  A bagnio  ; a hot-house. 

As  burning  iEtna  from  his  boiling  stew 

Doth  belch  out  flames.  Spenser. 

2.  A house  of  prostitution ; a brothel ; — 

generally  used  in  the  plural.  South. 

With  them  there  are  no  stews,  no  dissolute  houses.  Bacon. 

3.  f A prostitute  ; a whore.  Sir  A.  Weldon. 

4.  Meat  stewed.  “ A stew  of  veal.”  Johnson. 

5.  Confusion;  difficulty;  disorder  or  excite- 
ment of  mind.  Boget. 

STEW,  n.  [A.  S.  stow,  a place.  — See  Stow.]  A 
small  pond  where  fish  are  kept  for  the  table  ; 
a store-pond.  Chaucer.  Simmonds. 

STEW  (stu),  v.  a.  [It.  stufare  ; Sp.  estofar;  Old 
Tr.  estuver,  to  stew;  Fr.  etuver. — Dut.  <5  Ger. 
stolen-,  Dan.  stove;  Sw.  stufva.  — From  A.  S. 
stofa,  stove,  bath  ; Old  Fr.  cstuve,  stove,  sweat- 
ing-house ; Fr.  etuve,  stove,  sweating-house.  — 
See  Stove,  n.)  [i.  stewed  ; pp.  stewing, 

stewed.]  To  boil,  seethe,  cook,  concoct,  or  pre- 
pare, with  a little  water,  in  a slow,  moist  heat. 
Stewed  shrimps  and  Afric  cockles  shall  excite 
A jaded  drinker’s  languid  appetite.  Francis. 

STEW,  v.  n.  To  be  seethed  in  a slow,  moist  heat, 
or  in  a slow,  gentle  manner.  Johnson. 

STEW'ARD  (stu'?rd),  ».  [A.  S.  stiward ; — from 

Icel.  stia,  work,  and  weard,  a guard.  Bnsworth. 
— Anciently  stede-ward.  A.  S.  stede,  place, 
stead,  and  weard,  a guard.] 

1.  A superintendent  of  another’s  affairs. 

Take  on  you  the  charge 
And  kingly  government  of  this  your  land; 

Not  as  protector,  steward,  substitute, 

Or  lowly  factor  for  another’s  gain.  Shah. 

2.  An  officer  of  state. 

The  Duke  of  Suffolk  Is  the  first,  and  claims 

To  be  high  steward.  Sliak. 

3.  In  colleges,  an  officer  who  provides  pro- 
visions for  the  students  ; — also  an  officer  who 
adjusts  the  accounts  of  the  students.  Stearns. 

4.  {Naut.)  An  officer  who  has  the  manage- 
ment of  the  table,  and  the  charge  of  provisions. 

Lord  high  steward,  anciently  one  of  the  great  officers 
of  state  in  England,  now  an  officer  appointed  only  for 
some  special  occasion,  as  a coronation  or  the  trial  of 
a peer.  P.  Cyc. 

f STEW'ARD  (stu'ard),  V.  a.  To  manage,  as  a 
steward.  “ Steioarding  the  state.”  Fuller. 

STEW'ARD-ESS,  71.  A female  steward.  Martmeau. 

f STEW' ARD-LY,  ad.  In  the  manner  of  a stew- 
ard. “ Stewardlg  dispensed.”  Tooker. 

STEW'ARD-RY,  n.  The  office  of  a steward  ; 
stewardship  ; superintendence.  Ryrom. 

STEW'ARD-SIMP,  71.  The  office  or  dignity  of  a 
steward ; stexvardry.  Shale. 

STEW'ING,  n.  The  act  or  operation  of  seething 
or  boiling  slowly.  Cook. 

STEW'ISH.n.  Suiting  a brothel  or  stews.  “Rules 
of  steioish  ribaldry.”  Bp.  Ilall. 

STEW'pAn,  w.  A pan  used  for  stewing.  Johnson. 

STEW'pGT,  71.  A pot  used  for  stewing.  Overbury. 

STIIEN'IC,  a.  [Gr.  aOlvo;,  strength.]  {Med.)  Not- 


ing diseases  which  depend  upon  excessive  ex- 
citement ; dynamic.  Dunglison. 

STIACCIATO  (ste-at-cli'i'to),  n.  [It.]  {Sculp.) 
A very  low  relief,  adopted  for  works  which 
could  be  allowed  little  projection  from  the  sur- 
face or  base-line  chosen.  Fairholt. 

STI'AN,  n.  A humor  in  the  eyelid  ; a sty.  Smart. 

STlB'J-AL,  a.  [L.  stibium,  antimony.]  Pertain- 
ing to,  or  resembling,  antimony ; antimonial. 
“ Stibial  or  eruginous  sulphur.”  Harvey. 

t STIB-J-A'RI-AN,  n.  [L.  stibium,  antimony.]  A 
cant  term  for’ a violent  man.  White. 

ST1B'!-At-£D,  a.  [L.  stibium,  antimony.]  Im- 
pregnated with  antimony.  Smart. 

STi'BIC,  a.  {Chem.)  Antimonic.  Wright. 

STIb'I-OUS,  a.  {Chem.)  Antimonious.  Wright. 

ST1B '/-  UM,  7i.  [L.]  {Min.)  Antimony;  — anti- 
mony glance ; stibnite.  Dana. 

STlB'NlTE,  71.  {Min.)  A sectile  mineral  some- 
times crystallized,  of  metallic  lustre,  lead-gray 
color,  and  consisting  of  sulphur  and  antimony  ; — 
called  also  antimony-glance,  and  stibium.  Liana. 

t STIC'A-DOS,  7i.  A plant  or  herb.  Ainsworth. 

STIC-CA'DO,  71.  {Mas.)  An  instrument  consist- 
ing of  small  lengths  of  wood,  metal,  or  glass, 
resting  on  the  edges  of  a kind  of  open  box,  and 
gradually  increasing  in  size.  Moore. 

STIjCH  (stJk),  n.  [Gr.  oti^oj.]  Aline;  a verse  : 
— a term  formerly  used  in  poetry  and  in  num- 
bering the  books  of  Scripture  ; — in  rural  affairs, 
an  order,  row,  or  rank  of  trees.  Todd.  Chalmers. 

STIdl'IC,  a.  Relating  to,  or  consisting  of,  lines 
or  verses.  Beck. 

STlEH'O-MAN-CY,  71.  [Gr.  ari^ot,  a verse,  and 
pavrtin,  divination.]  Divination  by  lines  or  pas- 
sages in  a book,  taken  at  hazard.  Bra7ide. 

STI-EHOM'^-TRY  (ste-koin'e-tre),  71.  [Gr.  orthos, 
a verse,  and  pirpov,  measure.]  A catalogue  of 
books  of  Scripture,  to  which  is  added  the  num- 
ber of  the  verses  each  book  contains.  I-ardner. 

STlCH'WORT  (-wiirt),  n.  (Bot.)  The  common 
name  of  plants  of  the  genus  Stellaria.  Loudon. 

STICK,  71.  [A.  S.  sticca,  a stick;  sticce,  a piece; 

Dut.  stok,  a stick  ; Ger.  5 tecken,  stock  ; Dan. 
stole;  Sw.  stika,  stock  ; Icel.  stiki.  — Gael,  stic, 
stoc,  stuic  ; Ir.  stoc.  — It.  stccca,  stecco.  — See 
Stake,  and  Stock.] 

1.  A twig  or  small  branch  separated  from  a 
shrub  or  tree  ; — a piece  of  wood  cut  for  the  fire. 

Some  gather  sticks  the  kindled  flames  to  feed.  Dryden. 

2.  A portion  of  a tree  used  in  the  framework 
of  a building;  as,  “A  stick  of  timber.” 

3.  A piece  of  wood  fit  to  be  held  in  the  hand  ; 
a club  ; a cane  ; a staff;  as,  “A  walking  stick.” 

4.  A long,  slender  cylinder,  as  of  candy. 

Licorice  paste  in  the  form  of  sticks.  Simmonds. 

5.  Any  instrument  of  greater  length  than 
breadth  ; as,  “ A printer’s  composing  stick.” 

6.  A wound  made  with  a pointed,  penetrating 

weapon  ; a stab.  Tooke. 

A slick  of  cels,  twenty-five  eels.  [Local, Eng.]  Wright. 

Syn.  — See  Staff. 

STICK,  v.  a.  [Goth,  staggan,  stiggan;  A.  S. 
stician;  Dut.  steken ; Ger.  stoc  ken  ; Dan.  stikke ; 
Sw . sticka; — W.  ystigan ; Ir.  steacham ; Gael. 
Stic.]  [i.  STUCK  ; pp.  STICKING,  STUCK.] 

1.  To  pierce,  as  with  a pointed  weapon  ; to 
stab  ; to  penetrate : — to  kill  by  piercing. 

The  Ileruli,  when  their  old  kindred  fell  sick,  stuck  them 
with  a dagger.  Grew. 

2.  To  thrust,  or  to  fasten  by  thrusting  ; to  in- 

fix ; to  cause  to  penetrate;  to  insert.  “Thou 
slickest  a dagger  in  me.”  Sliak. 

Here,  Fluellcn,  wear  thou  this  favor  for  me,  and  stick  it  in 
thy  cap.  S/tak. 

3.  To  fasten  by  causing  to  adhere  to  the  sur- 
face ; to  attach.  “ Sticking  on  a patch. "Addison. 

A whitely  wanton  with  a velvet  brow, 

With  two  pitch-balls  stuck  in  her  face  for  eyes.  Shale. 

4.  To  set  with  something  pointed. 

Stick  the  sides  with  boughs  of  baleful  yew.  Dryden. 

5.  To  fix  on  a pointed  instrument  or  body. 

He  stuck  the  fruit  upon  his  knife.  Johnson. 

To  stick  out , to  put  out  j to  cause  to  project. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  1,  6,  U,  V,  short;  A,  ¥,,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER ; 


STICK 


1415 


STILETTO 


STICK,  v.  n.  1.  To  cleave  or  adhere  ; to  stay  or 
remain  fixed,  fast,  or  united. 

In  their  quarrels,  they  proceed  to  calling  names  till  they 
light  upon  one  that  is  sure  to  stick.  Dryden. 

I had  most  need  of  blessing,  and  Amen 
Stuck  in  my  throat.  Shale. 

2.  To  rest  or  be  lodged  in  the  memory. 

The  going  away  of  that  which  had  staid  so  long  doth  yet 
stick  with  me.  Bacon. 

3.  To  be  hindered  from  moving  or  proceed- 
ing, by  insertion  ; to  be  stopped  ; to  be  infixed. 

He  threw;  the  trembling  weapon  passed 

Through  nine  bull-hides,  each  under  other  placed 

On  his  broad  shield,  and  stuck  within  the  last.  Dryden. 

4.  To  be  embarrassed  or  puzzled. 

Where  they  stick,  they  are  not  to  be  farther  puzzled  by 
putting  them  upon  finding  it  out  themselves.  Locke. 

5.  To  hesitate  ; to  scruple  ; to  doubt ; to  waver. 

Wherein  necessity,  of  matter  beggared. 

Will  nothing  stick  our  person  to  arraign.  Shak. 

To  stick  by,  to  he  constant  or  faithful  to  ; to  support. 
“ The  knave  will  stick  by  thee,  I can  assure  thee  that : 
lie  will  not  out  ; lie  is  true  bred.”  Shak. — To  stick 
out,  to  be  prominent ; to  project.  “ 1 1 is  hones,  that 
were  not  seen,  stick  out.”  Job  xxxiii.  21.  — To  refuse 
compliance  ; to  ho  obstinate.  — To  stick  to,  to  he  con- 
stant or  firm  in  adherence  or  attachment. — To  stick 
upon,  to  dwell  or  remain  upon  ; not  to  lease.  Addison . 

STICK'— CIllM-NpY,  n.  Part  of  a chimney  above 
the  fireplace,  made  with  sticks  laid  crosswise 
and  cemented  with  clay.  [Local.]  Mrs.  Clavers. 

STICK'IJR,  n.  One  who  sticks  or  stabs.  Booth. 

STICK'I-NESS,  ii.  The  state  or  the  quality  of 
being  sticky  ; viscosity.  Johnson. 

STICK'— LAC,  n.  A form  of  lac,  known  in  com- 
merce, encrusting  the  shoots  of  certain  tropical 
trees  from  which  this  resin  exudes  in  conse- 
quence of  the  punctures  of  the  female  of  a 
small  insect  ( Coccus  ficus).  — See  Lac.  Miller. 

STIC'KLE  (stlk'kl),  v.  n.  [“  From  the  practice 
of  prize-fighters,  who  placed  seconds  with 
staves,  or  stichs,  to  interpose  occasionally.” 
Johnson.]  \i.  stickled  ; pp.  stickling, 
STICKLED.] 

1.  To  take  part;  to  interpose:  — to  contend 
pertinaciously  ; to  altercate. 

Fortune,  as  she ’s  wont,  turned  fickle, 

And  for  the  foe  began  to  stickle.  JIudibras. 

The  moralist,  though  he  always  prefers  substantial  before 
forms,  yet,  where  tire  latter  affect  the  former,  he  will  stickle 
as  earnestly  for  them.  Search , 

2.  To  act  indecisively  ; to  hesitate  ; to  waver. 

When  he  sees  half  of  the  Christians  killed,  and  the  rest  in 
a fair  way  of  being  routed,  he  stickles  between  the  remainder 
of  God’s  host  and  tire  race  of  fiends.  Dryden. 

f STIC'KLE,  v.  a.  To  arbitrate.  Drayton. 

STIC'KLE- BACK,  n.  (Ich.)  An  acanthopterygious 
fish  of  the  genus  Gastc- 
rosteus  and  family  Trig- 
lidre  ; — distinguished 
by  having  hard  cheeks, 
dorsal  and  ventral 
spines,  and  a body  gen- 
erally scaleless,  but  protected  more  or  less  at 
the  sides  by  shield-like  plates.  Storer. 

STIC'KLE-bAg,  n.  The  stickleback.  Walton. 

STlc'KI.pR,  n.  1.  A sidesman  to  fencers  ; for- 
merly one  who  stood  by  to  part  the  combatants 
when  victory  could  be  determined  without  blood- 
shed ; — so  called  from  the  sticks,  or  staves,  in 
their  hands,  with  which  they  interposed  between 
the  duellists.  Dryden. 

2.  A pertinacious  contender  about  any  tiling. 

No  sycophant  or  slave,  that  dared  oppose 

ller  sacred  cause,  hut  trembled  when  he  rose; 

And  every  venal  stickler  for  the  yoke 

Felt  himself  crushed  at  the  first  word  he  spoke.  Cowper. 

3.  ( Eng . Laic.)  An  inferior  officer  who  cut 

wood  for  the  priory  of  Ederose,  within  the 
king’s  parks  of  Clarendon.  Cowell. 

STICKLER— LIKE,  a.  Like  a stickler.  Shak. 

STICK'Y,  a.  Viscous  ; adhesive  ; glutinous  ; 
viscid;  adherent;  tenacious;  gluey.  Bacon. 

STID'DY,  n.  [Icel.  stedia.]  An  anvil;  — also,  a 
smith's  shop  ; a stithy.  [Local,  Eng.]  Brockett. 

STIFF,  a.  [A.  S.  stif ; Dut.  stijJ ’;  Ger.  steif ; 
Dan.  stiv,  stiiv ; Sw .styf;  Icel.  styfr.—'W.  syth.] 

1.  Hard  to  bend  ; resisting  flexure  ; not  flex- 
ible, limber,  flaccid,  or  pliant ; rigid.  Milton. 

As  a stick,  when  once  it  is  dry  and  stiff",  you  may  break  it, 
but  you  can  never  bend  it  into  a straignter  posture,  so  doth 
the  man  become  incorrigible  who  is  settled  and  stiflened  in 
vice.  Barrow. 

2.  Tolerably  hard  or  firm  ; not  yielding  easily 
to  the  touch  ; not  soft  or  fluid. 


Still  less  and  less  my  boiling  spirits  flow; 

And  I grow  stiff,  as  cooling  metals  do.  Dryden. 

3.  Strong;  fresh.  “ A stiff  gale.”  Denham. 

4.  Stubborn;  obstinate;  unyielding;  rigor- 
ous ; pertinacious ; dogmatic. 

Stiff  in  opinions,  always  in  the  wrong.  Dryden. 

5.  Formal  ; starched  ; ceremonious  ; con- 
strained ; not  easy  or  natural  in  manner. 

The  French  arc  open,  familiar,  and  talkative;  the  Italians 
stiff,  ceremonious,  and  reserved.  Addison. 

6.  Not  written  with  ease;  harsh,  rough;  rude. 

“ Stijf,  formal  style.”  Gondibert. 

Your  composition  needs  not  he  at  all  the  stiffer , but  may 
be  the  freer,  for  the  pains  thus  employed  upon  it.  Seeker. 

7.  ( Naut .)  Able  to  carry  a great  deal  of  sail 

without  lying  over  much  on  the  side  ; — opposed 
to  crank.  Dana. 

Syn.  — See  Formal. 

STIFF'— BORNE,  a.  Strenuously  supported.  Shak. 

STIF'FEN  (stlf'fn),  v.  a.  \i.  STIFFENED  ; pp. 
stiffening,  stiffened.]  To  make  stiff,  in- 
flexible, unpliant,  or  torpid. 

When  the  blast  of  war  blows  in  our  ears, 

Stiffen  the  sinews,  summon  up  the  blood.  Shak. 

STIF'FEN  (stlf'fn),  v.  n.  1.  To  grow  or  become 
stiff,  rigid,  unpliant,  or  inflexible. 

Like  one  just  blasted  by  a stroke  from  heaven, 

Who  pants  for  breath,  and  stiffens  yet  alive.  Addison.- 

2.  To  become  hard  or  firm  from  a liquid  state. 

The  tender  soil,  then  stiffening  by  degrees. 

Shut  from  the  bounded  earth  the  bounding  seas.  Dryden. 

3.  To  become  obstinate  or  less  susceptive  of 
impression  ; to  grow  obdurate. 

Some  souls  we  see 

Grow  hard  and  stiffen  with  adversity.  Dryden. 

STIF'FEN-lNG,  n.  1.  The  act  of  making  stiff,  or 
the  state  of  becoming  stiff.  Bp.  Taylor. 

2.  That  which  makes  stiff.  Clarke. 

STIF'FEN-lNG— OR'PER,  n.  (Com.)  A permis- 
sion granted  by  the  customs  to  take  on  board 
heavy  goods  as  ballast.  Simmands. 

STIFF'— IIEART-ED  (-hirt-ed),  a.  Obstinate  ; 
stubborn  ; contumacious  ; obdurate. 

They  are  impudent  children,  and  stiff-hearted.  Ezck.  ii.  4. 

STIFF'LY,  ad.  With  stiffness  ; inflexibly;  stub- 
bornly. “ Bear  me  stiffly  up.”  Shak. 

STIFF'— NECKED  (-nekt),  a.  Stubborn ; obsti- 
nate ; pervicacious  ; headstrong  ; contumacious. 
Be  ye  not  stiff-necked , as  your  fathers  were.  2 Citron,  xxx.  8. 

STIFF'— NECK- ^ D-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 

' stiff-necked  ; stubbornness.  Phillips. 

STIFF'NgSS,  n.  1.  The  state  or  the  quality  of 
being  stiff ; want  of  pliancy,  flexibility,  or  lim- 
berness ; rigidity ; inflexibility. 

2.  Torpidness;  sluggishness;  inactivity. 

My  sinews  slacken,  and  an  icy  stiffness 

Benumbs  my  blood.  Denham. 

3.  Obstinacy;  stubbornness;  pertinacity. 
These  hold  their  opinions  with  the  greatest  stiffness.  Locke. 

4.  Formality;  ceremoniousness.  Atterbury. 

5.  Want  of  ease  or  naturalness  ; harshness. 

A stiffness  nml  affectation  which  arc  utterly  abhorrent  from 
ail  good  writing.  Felton. 

STI'FLE  (stl'fl),  v.  a.  [A  dim.  of  stuff.  — Fr. 
itoffer,  to  stuff ; itoiffer,  to  stifle.  Richardson.] 
[i.  STIFLED;  pp.  STIFLING,  STIFLED.] 

1.  To  oppress  or  to  kill,  in  consequence  of 
impeding  respiration  by  covering  the  mouth,  or 
filling  it  with  some  irrespirable  substance  ; to 
suffocate;  to  smother;  to  choke. 

So  he  wrapped  them  and  entangled  them,  keeping  down 
by  force  the  feather  bed  and  pillows  hard  unto  their  mouths, 
that  within  a while  smored  [smotheredj  and  stifled , their 
breath  failing,  they  gave  up  to  God  their  innocent  souls  into 
the  joys  of  heaven.  Sir  T.  More. 

I took  my  leave,  being  half  stifled  with  the  closeness  of  the 
room.  Swift. 

2.  To  extinguish ; to  quench ; to  check ; to 
suppress  ; to  deaden  ; to  destroy. 

[Colored  bodies]  stop  and  stifle  in  themselves  the  rays 
which  they  do  not  reflect  or  transmit.  A 'cwton. 

By  some  trivial  pretences  lie  seems  to  have  satisfied  him- 
self, and  stifled  the  sentiments  which  natural  pity  and  reli- 
gion could  not  but  suggest  to  him.  Atterbury. 

Syn. — See  Suffocate. 

STI'FLE,  v.  n.  To  perish  by  suffocation  or  stran- 
gulation. Shak. 

STI'FLE  (stl'fl),  n.  The  joint  which  connects  the 
upper  bone  of  a horse’s  thigh  with  the  lower  ; 
the  stifle-joint.  Youatt. 

STl'FLE-BONE  (stl'fl-bon),  n.  A small,  irregular 


bone  connected  with  both  the  upper  and  lower 
bones  of  a horse’s  thigh,  and  corresponding 
to  the  knee-pan  in  the  human  skeleton.  Youatt. 

STI'FLE— JOINT,  n.  The  joint  which  connects 
the  two  bones  of  a horse’s  thigh.  Youatt. 

f STI'FLE- M ENT,  n.  The  act  of  stifling.  Brewer. 

STlGII  (sti),  n.  See  Sty.  Todd. 

STIG'MA,  n. ; pi.  L.  .s 77 o’ ' M a- t a ; F.ng.  sti'g'mas. 
[L.,  from  Or.  ariy/ta  ; arl(w,  to  prick,  to  brand.] 

1.  A brand;  a mark  with  a hot  iron.  Johnson. 

2.  A mark  or  badge  of  infamy  ; disgrace. 

3.  ( Bot .)  The  top  of  the  pistil,  being  that 

part  which  receives  the  pollen.  Gray. 

4.  pi.  The  marks  of  the  five  wounds  of  Christ, 

on  the  feet,  hands,  and  side  ; and  sometimes,  in 
addition  to  these,  of  the  wounds  on  the  fore- 
head ; — said  to  have  been  received  by  St.  Fran- 
cis, and  many  other  saints  of  the  Roman  Catho- 
lic Church.  Fairholt. 

5.  pi.  (Zotil.)  The  external  orifices  of  the 

trachea;  or  air-vessels  of  insects  and  arach- 
noids ; spiracles.  Micrcg.  Diet. 

Syn.  — See  Mark. 

STIGrMA'RI-A,  n.  [Gr.  ariyya,  a mark.]  (Pal.) 
The  fossil  root  of  Sigillaria,  a fossil  tree  of 
great  height  found  in  tile  coal  formation.  — Sec 
Sigillaria.  Lyell. 

liQf-  Stigmaria  and  Sigillaria  are  generic  names  that 
include  a large  proportion  of  (lie  vegetation  hitherto 
discovered  as  forming  t he  basis  of  coal.  The  fossils 
to  which  the  term  stigmaria  is  applied  were  formerly 
supposed  to  constitute  a distinct  genus  of  aquatic 
plants.  Ansted.  Lyell. 

STIG-MAt  1C,  ) a y Relating  to,  or  having, 

STIG-MAT'I-CAL,  ) a stigma  ; branded  or  marked 
with  some  token  of  infamy  or  deformity. 

"What  could  that  apish  and  stigmatical  friar  have  done 
either  more  or  worse?  Bp.  Hall. 

2.  Of  the  nature  of  a stigma;  disgraceful; 
ignominious.  “ Stigmatic  wrinkles.”  Old  Play. 

3.  (Bot.)  Pertaining  to  the  stigma ; stigma- 

tose.  Gray. 

f STJG-M  AT'IC,  n.  One  who  lias  a mark  of  infamy 
or  of  deformity. 

Foul  stigmatic,  that’s  more  than  thou  canst  toll.  Shak. 

STJG-MAT'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  With  a mark  of  in- 
famy or  of  deformity.  Decker. 

STIG'MA-TlZE,  V.  a.  [Gr.  ortypari'^w ; ariyya,  a 
stigma;  Fr.  stigmatise!-.]  [i.  stigmatized; 
pp.  stigmatizing,  stigmatized.] 

1.  To  mark  with  a hot  iron;  to  fix  a stigma 
upon  ; to  brand. 

Their  cheeks  stigmatized  with  a hot  iron.  Burton. 

2.  To  fix  or  set  a mark  of  disgrace  or  in- 
famy on  ; to  disgrace;  to  reproach;  to  vilify. 

Bake,  cut-throat,  thief,  whatever  was  his  crime, 

They  freely  stigmatized  the  wretch  in  rhyme.  Francis. 

STIG'MA-TOSE,  a.  (Bot.)  Belonging  to  the 
stigma ; stigmatic.  Gray. 

STIG'O-NO-MAN-CY,  n.  [Gr.  crriyuiv,  ariyuvos, 
one  who  is  marked,  and  yavnia,  divination.] 
Divination  by  writing  on  the  bark  of  a tree.  Ash. 

f STlKE,  n.  [Gr.  arigo;.]  A stanza.  Sackville. 

STI'LAR,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  stile  of  a dial. 

Laying  a ruler  to  the  centre  of  the  plane,  and  to  this  mark, 
draw  a line  for  the  stilar  line.  Moxon. 

STIL'BITE,  n.  [Gr.  arli.fr,,  lustre.]  (Min.)  A 
brittle,  subtransparent  or  translucent,  crystal- 
line mineral  occurring  mostly  in  cavities  in 
amygdaloid  or  trap,  and  composed  chiefly  of 
silica,  alumina,  lime,  and  water.  Dana. 

STILE,  n.  [A.  S.  sti  gel ; Dut.  Steiger,  steps  ; Ger. 
stcige-,  Dan.  stige  ; Sw.  stage  ; Icel.  stigi.] 

1.  A set  of  steps  to  pass  over  a fence  or  wall. 

There  comes  my  master,  and  another  gentleman  from 

Frogmorc.  over  the  stile  this  way.  Shak. 

2.  (Arch.)  The  vertical  piece  in  framing  or 

panelling.  Brande. 

STILE,  n.  Pin  of  a sundial.  — See  Style.  Moxon. 

STI-LET' TO,  n.  [It.  stiletto,  dim.  from  stilo  (L. 
stylus),  a style,  a dagger.] 

1.  A small,  round,  pointed  dagger. 

Out  with  your  bodkin. 

Your  pocket-dagger,  your  stiletto,  — out  with  it.  Beau.  8f  FI. 

2.  An  instrument  for  making  eyelet  holes  in 

needle-work  ; an  eyeleteer.  Simmonds. 

3.  f A sharp  and  pointed  beard  resembling  a 

stiletto  in  form.  Ford. 


Stickleback. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  <?,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  f?  as  z;  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


STILETTO 


1416 


STINK 


STt-LET'TO,  v.  a.  To  stab  with  a stiletto. 

This  king,  likewise  stilettoed  by  a rascal  votary.  Bacon. 

STILL,  v.  a.  [Ai  S.  stillnn  ; Dut.  <Sf  Ger.  stillen  ; 
Dan.  stil/e ; Sw.  stilla .]  [t. stilled  ; pp.  still- 
ing, STILLED.] 

1.  To  set  or  put  at  rest;  to  stop  the  motion 
of ; to  quiet ; to  calm  ; to  compose  ; to  allay. 

He,  having  a full  sway  over  the  water,  had  power  to  still 
and  compose  it,  as  well  as  to  move  and  disturb  it.  Woodward . 

2.  To  cause  to  be  low  or  gentle  in  sound. 

The  soft  word  the  loud  stilleth.  Gower. 

3.  To  make  silent;  to  silence;  to  hush. 

[Morning]  with  her  radiant  finger  stilled  the  roar 

Of  thunder,  chased  the  clouds,  and  laid  the  winds.  Milton. 

4.  To  appease;  to  tranquillize  ; to  quiet. 

Here  comes  a man  of  comfort,  whose  advice 

Hath  often  stilled  my  brawling  discontent.  Shale. 

Syn.  — See  Appease. 

STILL,  a.  [A.  S.  stille;  Dut.  stil ; Ger.  still, 
stille ; Dan.  stille ; Sw.  stilla. ] 

1.  Silent;  making  no  noise  ; noiseless. 

The  sea,  that  roared  at  thy  command. 

At  thy  command  was  still.  Addison. 

2.  Soft;  gentle;  mild;  low;  not  loud.  “Af- 
ter the  fire  a still,  small  voice.”  1 Kings  xix.  12. 

Ushered  with  a shower  still.  Milton. 

3.  Motionless  ; without  moving  or  stirring. 

“ Still  as  the  grave.”  Shak. 

4.  Quiet;  calm;  tranquil;  serene;  placid. 

Religious  pleasure  moves  gently,  and  therefore  constantly. 

It  does  not  affect  by  rapture,  but  is  like  the  pleasure  of  health, 
which  is  still  and  sober.  South. 

5.  f Continual  ; constant ; unremitting. 

I of  these  will  wrest  an  alphabet. 

And  by  still  practice  learn  to  know  the  meaning.  Shak. 

t STILL,  n.  1.  Calm;  silence;  stillness.  Bacon. 

2.  A steep  ascent.  Wm.  Browne. 

STILL,  conj.  or  ad.  [“  Skinner  knows  not  whether 
from  til,  with  the  mere  prefix  s. — Tooke  con- 
siders it  to  be  the  imperative  of  [A.  S.]  stellan, 
ponere,  to  put  or  place,  and  to  be  in  effect 
equivalent  to  yet.  Still,  then,  must,  upon  this 
etymology,  be  explained  to  mean,  pone,  put  or 
place,  — or  hoc  posito,  — this  being  put,  placed, 
supposed,  proposed,  assumed,  granted.”  Rich- 
ardson.] 

1.  To  this  time;  till  now;  yet. 

Cajeta  still  the  place  is  called  from  thee.  Dryden. 

2.  Nevertheless;  notwithstanding;  however. 

The  desire  of  fame  betrays  the  ambitious  man  into  inde- 
cencies that  lessen  his  reputation;  lie  is  stiff  afraid  lest  any  of 
his  actions  should  be  thrown  away  in  private.  Addison. 

3.  In  an  increasing  degree. 

The  moral  perfections  of  the  Deitv,  the  more  attentively  we 
consider,  the  more  perfectly  still  shall  we  know  them.  Addison. 

4.  Always  ; ever  ; continually. 

Dream  after  dream  ensues; 

And  stiff  they  dream  that  they  shall  still  succeed, 

And  still  aredisappointed.  Cowper. 

5.  After  that ; again  ; in  continuance. 

In  the  primitive  church,  such  as  by  fear  being  compelled 
to  sacrifice  to  strange  gods  after  repented,  and  kept  stiff  the 
office  of  preaching  the  gospel.  Whitgift. 

t Still  and  anon , every  now  and  then  ; continually  ; 
without  intermission.  S/ialc. 

Syn.  — See  But,  However. 

STILL,  v.  a.  1.  To  extract  or  refine  by  distilla- 
tion ; to  distil.  “ Stilled  water.”  Barret. 

2.  To  let  fall  in  drops. 

Ilis  once  unkembed  and  barbarous  locks  behold 

Stilling  sweet  oil.  Dryden. 

STILL,  n.  [From  distil.]  An  apparatus  for  the 
distillation  of  liquids  on  a large  or  a small  scale  ; 
a vessel  for  distillation  ; an  alembic. 

I ordered  the  still  to  he  fitted  to  the  largest  copper,  which 
held  about  sixty -four  gallons.  Cook. 

t STILL,  v.  n.  To  drop  ; to  fall  in  drops  ; to  distil. 

From  her  fair  ey<  s wiping  the  dewy  wet 

"Which  softly  stilled.  Spenser. 

ST1L-LA  'TIM,  ad.  [L.]  Drop  by  drop.  Foster. 

STTl-LA-TI''TIOIIS,  a.  [L . sfillatilius.\  Falling 
in  drops,  or  drawn  by  a still.  Johnson. 

STI  L'LA-TO-R  Y,  n.  [From  still  or  distil .] 

1.  A vessel  used  in  distillation  ; a still.  Bacon. 

2.  The  room  in  which  distillation  is  con- 
ducted ; a laboratory,  [r.]  Wotton. 

STILL'-BIRTH,  n.  The  state  of  being  still-born  ; 
the  birth  of  a lifeless  child.  Cowper. 

STILL'— BORN,  a.  Born  lifeless;  dead  in  the 
birth ; dead-born. 


Many  casualties  were  but  matter  of  sense,  as  whether  a 
child  were  abortive  or  still-horn.  Graunt. 

The  still-horn  sounds  upon  the  palate  hung, 

And  died  imperfect  on  the  faltering  tongue.  Dryden. 

STILL'BURN,  v.  a.  To  burn  while  in  the  pro- 
cess of  distillation.  Smart. 

STILLER,  n.  One  who  stills  or  quiets.  Casaubon. 

STILL'— HOUSE,  n.  A house  where  distilling  is 
performed ; a distillery.  Ash.  Simmonds. 

STlL'LI-ClDE,  n.  [L.  stillicidium ; stilla,  a drop, 
and  cado,  to  fall.]  A succession  of  drops,  as 
from  the  eaves  of  a house,  [it.]  Bacon. 

STlL-LI-GTD'l-OUS,  a.  Falling  in  drops;  stilla- 
titious.  [r.]  Browne. 

STILL'ING,  n.  1.  Act  of  one  who  stills  or  quiets. 

2.  A stand  for  casks,  [r.]  Johnson. 

STILL'— LIFE,  n.  (Painting.)  The  representa- 
tion of  such  things  as  are  without  animal  life, 
and  which  generally  form  mere  adjuncts  to  a 
picture,  as  fruit,  flowers,  groups  of  furniture, 
and  a variety  of  other  objects.  Fairholt. 

STILL'NiJSS,  n.  1.  The  state  of  being  still ; free- 
dom from  noise  or  motion  ; quiet;  calm. 

2.  Habitual  silence  ; taciturnity. 

The  gravity  and  stillness  of  your  youth 

The  world  hath  noted.  Holmes. 

STILL'— ROOM,  n.  1.  A room  fora  still;  a do- 
mestic laboratory.  IF.  Ency. 

2.  An  apartment  in  a house  for  keeping 
liquors,  preserves,  &c.  Simmonds. 

STILL'— STAND,  n.  Stand-still,  [r.]  Shak. 

STIL'LY,  ad.  Silently;  not  loudly;  gently; 

calmly.  “ He  . . . stilly  goes.”  More. 

STIL'LY,  a.  Calm;  quiet;  silent;  still,  [it.] 

Oft,  in  the  stilly  night. 

Ere  slumber’s  chain  has  bound  me, 

Fond  memory  brings  the  light 
Of  other  days  around  me.  T.  Moore. 

STILL'YARD,  n.  See  Steelyard.  Crabb. 

STILP-NOM'E-LANE,  n.  [Gr.  crthnls,  glittering, 
and  pikas,  black.]  A black  or  greenish  black 
mineral,  occurring  in  crystalline,  lamellar,  and 
fibrous  masses  in  Silesia,  and  composed  chiefly 
of  silica,  oxide  of  iron,  alumina,  and  water. 

Phillips.  Dana. 

STJLP-NO-SID’ER-ITE,  n.  [Gr.  orihrvds,  glitter- 
ing, and  tnbrigos,  iron.]  (Min.)  A pitch-black  or 
blackish-brown  mineral,  occurring  amorphous, 
stalactitic,  or  massive,  and  composed  chiefly  of 
peroxide  of  iron  and  water.  Dana. 

STILT,  n.;  pi.  stilts.  [Dut.  stclt ; Ger.  stelze; 
Dan .stylte;  Sw . stylta.] 

1.  A prop  or  pole  with  a rest  for  the  foot, 
used  in  pairs  for  walking  in  a raised  position. 

Some  could  not  be  content  to  walk  upon  battlements,  but 


they  must  put  themselves  upon  stilts.  Howell. 

2.  A root  rising  above  the  ground,  [r.] 

Neither  the  black  nor  white  mangrove  grow  towering  up 
from  stilts  or  rising  roots.  Dampier. 

3.  (Ornith.)  The  long-legged  plover ; the 
stilt-bird ; Himantopus  melanopterns.  Yarrell. 

STILT,  V.  a.  [/.STILTED  ; pp.  STILTING,  STILTED.] 
To  raise  on  stilts,  or  as  on  stilts. 

This  antic  prelude  of  grotesque  events, 

Where  dwarfs  are  often  stilted.  Young. 


STILT'— BIRD,  n.  (Ornith.)  One  of  the  wading 
birds,  — particularly  the  long-legged  plover,  or 
llimantopus  melanopterns,  distinguished  by  hav- 
ing very  long  and  slender  legs  ; the  stilt.  Owen. 

STlL'TI-FY,  v.  a.  [Eng.  stilt  and  L.  facio,  to 
make.]  To  raise,  as  on  stilts ; to  stilt.  Byron. 

STILT'— PLOV-^R,  n.  (Ornith.)  A species  of 
plover  ; the  stilt.  P.  Cyc. 

STlL'TY,  a.  Raised  on  stilts;  pompous.  Qu.  Rev. 

STIME,  n.  A particle  of  light.  [Local.]  Halliwell. 

STlM'U-LANT,  a.  [L.  stimnlo,  stimulans,  to 
stimulate.]  Stimulating;  exciting.  Falconer. 

STIM'U-LANT,  n.  1.  (Med.)  A medicine  having 
the  power  to  excite  organic  action.  Dunglison. 

2.  Any  thing  which  incites;  that  which  ani- 
mates ; an  incentive  ; a stimulus  ; a spur. 

The  misfortune  is,  that  the  stimulant,  used  to  attract  at 
first,  must  be  not  only  continued,  but  heightened,  to  keep  up 
the  attraction.  H.  More. 

STIm'U-LAte,  v.  a.  [L.  stimnlo,  stimulatus ; 


stimulus,  a goad  ; It.  stimolare  ; Sp.  estimular  ; 
Fr.  stimulcr.]  [i.  stimulated  ; pp.  stimulat- 
ing, STIMULATED.] 

1.  To  excite  by  some  physical  or  some  intel- 
lectual stimulus  ; to  spur  ; to  impel ; to  goad  ; 
to  urge  ; to  incite  ; to  encourage  ; to  animate. 

The  ethereal  glow  that  stimulates  thy  frame.  Beattie. 

2.  (Med.)  To  excite  the  organic  action  of,  as 

any  part  of  the  animal  economy.  Sharp. 

STIM-II-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  stimulatio  ; It.  stimo- 
lazione  ; Sp.  estimnlacion  ; Fr  .stimulation.] 

1.  The  act  of  stimulating  or  inciting  ; impul- 
sion ; encouragement ; a prompting. 

Some  persons,  from  the  secret  stimulations  of  vanity  or 
envy,  despise  a valuable  book,  and  throw  contempt  upon  it 
by  wholesale.  Watts. 

2.  The  action  of  a stimulant.  Dunglison. 

STIM'y-LA-TJVE,  a.  That  stimulates  ; stimu- 
lating ; animating  ; exciting.  Ash. 

STlM'U-LA-TjVE,  n.  That  which  stimulates. 

The  grief  which  the  109s  of  friends  occasioned  Johnson 
seems  to  have  been  a frequent  stimulative  witli  him  to  com- 
position. Sir  J.  Hawkins. 

STlM'y-LA-TOR,  n.  One  who  stimulates.  Scott. 

STIm'U-LA-TR  ySS,  n.  A female  who  stimulates, 
animates,  or  encourages.  Sumner. 

STIM'  U-hOs,  n. ; pi.  stIm'u-i.1.  [L.]  1.  Some- 
thing that  excites  or  stimulates  ; a stimulant ; 
a spur  ; an  incitement.  Coleridge. 

If  he  could  succeed  in  establishing  it,  it  would  cripple  eve- 
ry incitement  to  virtue,  and  palsy  every  stimulus  to  action. 

Anderson. 

2.  (Med.)  Any  thing  which  excites  the  ani- 
mal economy.  Dunglison. 

STING,  v.  a.  [Goth,  staggan,  stiggan ; A.  S. 
stingan  ; Dan.  stikke,  stinge  ; Sw.  sticka,  stinga  ; 
Icel  .stinga.  — See  Stick.]  [/.stung  (fsTANG) ; 
pp.  STINGING,  STUNG.] 

1.  To  pierce  or  wound  with  a sharp-pointed 
organ,  like  that  of  certain  insects  and  plants. 

That  snakes  and  vipers  sting  and  transmit  their  mischief 
by  the  tail  is  not  easily  to  be  justified,  the  poison  lying  about 
the  teeth,  and  communicated  by  the  bite.  Browne. 

2.  To  pierce  with  pain ; to  pain  acutely. 

“ Slander  stings  the  brave.”  Pope. 

STlNG,  n.  [A.  S.  stineg , sting  ; Dan.  stik ; Sw. 
stick. J 

1.  The  act  of  stinging  ; a prick.  Spenser. 

2.  (ZoSl.)  A sharp-pointed  organ  with  which 
certain  animals,  particularly  the  females  of 
hymenopterous  insects,  are  provided  for  the 
purposes  of  defence  and  attack.  Westwood. 

Serpents  have  venomous  teeth,  which  are  mistaken  for 
their  sting.  Bacon. 

3.  (Bot.)  A large,  stiff,  and  pungent  hair, 
giving  out  an  acrid  juice  if  touched.  Bindley. 

4.  Any  thing  which  resembles  a sting  in  its 
effects  or  mode  of  acting  ; whatever  causes  sharp 
pain.  “ The  sting  of  conscience.”  Sherwood. 

The  sting  of  death  is  sin,  and  the  strength  of  sin  is  the 
law.  1 Cor.  xv.  56. 

It  is  not  the  jerk  or  sting  of  an  epigram.  Dryden. 

STING'-BULL,  n.  (Ich  ) A fish,  which,  with  the 
spinous  rays  of  its  dorsal  fin,  inflicts  painful 
wounds  ; Trachinus  draco.  Yarrell. 

STING'yR,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  stings. 

STlN'yi-LY,  ad.  In  a stingy  or  niggardly  manner. 

STlN'yi-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  stingy  ; 
covetousness  ; niggardliness.  Johnson. 

STING'ING,  p.  a.  1.  Wounding  with  a sting; 
piercing;  painful.  Gilpin. 

2.  (Bot.)  Covered  with  rigid,  sharp-pointed, 
bristly  hairs,  which  emit  an  irritating  fluid 
when  touched.  Bindley. 

STING'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a stinging  manner  ; by 
stinging.  Stingingly  cold.”  More. 

STING'LysS,  a.  Having  no  sting.  ‘‘Stingless 
snake.”  “ The  stingless  tale.”  Bp.  Hall. 

STIN'GO  (stlng'go),  n.  Sharp  old  beer  ; — so  called 
because  it  stings  the  palate.  [Cant.]  Addison. 

STIN'yY,  a.  [“  It  may  have  been  formed  from 
the  A.’S.  stingan,  to  lay  up,  and,  consequentially, 
to  hoard.”  Richardson.}  Covetous  ; niggardly  ; 
avaricious  ; parsimonious  ; close.  Arbuthnot. 

No  little  art  is  made  use  of  to  persuade  them  that  I am 
stingy , and  that  my  place  is  the  worst  in  town.  Knox. 

STINK  (stlngk,  82),  v.  n.  [A.  S.  stincan;  Dut.  # 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  0,  Y,  short;  A,  ?,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


STINK 


1417 


STITCH 


Ger.  stinken  ; Dan.  stinke;  Sw.  stinka.  — See 
Stench.]  [*.  stunk  or  stank  ; pp.  stinking, 
stunk.  — >S tank  is  obsolescent.]  To  emit  a 
stench  or  an  offensive  smell ; to  smell  ill. 

STIN  K (stlnglc),  v.  a.  To  annoy  with  stench.  Sic iff. 

STINK  (stlngk,  82),  n.  An  offensive  or  fetid 
smell ; a stench.  Howell. 

STINK'ARD,  n.  1.  A mean,  stinking,  paltry  fel- 
low. “ You  perpetual  stinkard,  go.”  B Jonson 
2.  (Zonl.)  A carniv- 
orous animal  of  the 
weasel  tribe,  about 
fourteen  inches  in 
length,  inhabiting 
Java  and  Sumatra, 
and  capable,  like  the  Stinkard  {Msduus  meliceps). 
skunk,  of  ejecting  a highly  offensive  fluid  from 
anal  glands,  when  irritated  ; the  teledu  ; Mydaus 
meliceps.  Eng.  Cyc. 

STINK' fR,  n.  lie  who,  or  that  which,  stinks  ; — 
a stink-pot.  Ilarvey. 


T Vr.\  stl-pen'jer-c,  S. ; stl-pen'ilyiir-e,  E.  F.  K. ; 
sti-pen’ile-a-re  or  stl-pen'je-gt-re,  fV.],a.  [L . sti- 
pendianus , stipendium,  a stipend  ; It.  stipcn- 
diario ; Sp.  estipendiario .]  Pertaining  to,  or 
receiving,  a stipend  “A  stipendiary  parish 
priest.”  A.  Smith. 

||  STi-PEN'DJ-A-RY,  n.  One  who  receives  a sti- 
pend, or  fixed  salary,  for  his  services.  Glover. 

fSTl-PEN'DI-ATE,  v a.  [L.  stipendior,  stipcn- 
diatns,  to  serve  for  pay.]  To  hire.  Harrington. 

STIP  PLE,  v.  a.  [Perhaps  a dim.  of  stop. — 
See  Stop.]  [i.  stippled  ; pp.  stippling,  stip- 
pled.] To  engrave  in  dots,  and  not  by  means 
of  incised  lines  or  strokes.  Todd. 

STIP'PLE,  n.  A mode  of  engraving,  in  imitation 
of  chalk  drawings,  in  which  the  effect  is  pro- 
duced by  dots  instead  of  lines.  Fuirholt. 

STIP'PLING,  n.  The  act  or  the  art  of  engraving 
by  the  use  of  dots.  Brands. 

STlP'TIC,  n.  See  Styptic.  Johnson. 


STlNK'HORN,  n.  ( Bot .)  A fungous  plant  of  the 
genus  Phallus  ; — so  called  from  the  disgusting 
odor  it  emits  when  growing.  Baird. 

STINK'ING-Ly,  ad.  With  a stink  or  stench.  Shak. 

STINK'— POT,  n.  An  earthen  jar  or  shell,  charged 
with  powder,  grenades,  and  often  materials  of 
an  off  ensive  and  suffocating  smell ; — sometimes 
used  to  annoy  an  enemy  whom  it  is  designed  to 
board.  Mar.  Diet. 

STINK'STONE,  n.  (Min.)  An  anhydrous  car- 
bonate of  lime  which  emits  a fetid  odor  when 
struck'  with  a hammer  ; — called  also  swine- 
stone.  Dana. 

STINK’— TRAP,  n.  A kind  of  trap  or  valve  to 
prevent  the  exhalation  of  noxious  vapors  from 
a sewer  ; stench-trap.  'Tomlinson. 

STINT,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  stintan.  — See  Stunt.]  [i. 
STINTED;  pp.  STINTING,  STINTED.] 

1.  To  bound;  to  limit,  to  confine;  to  re- 
strain ; to  stop. 

Cease,  daughter,  to  complain,  and  stint  the  strife.  Dryden. 

2.  To  assign  a task  or  piece  of  work  to,  to 
be  performed  in  a definite  time.  [U.  S.] 

STlNT,  v.  n.  To  cease  ; to  stop;  to  desist.  [1:.] 

Then  stinted  she,  as  if  her  song  were  done.  Gascoigne. 

STlNT,  n.  1.  A limit;  a bound;  a restraint. 
“Without  any  stint.”  Hooker. 

2.  A proportion  or  quantity  assigned.  Shak. 

How  much  wine  drink  you  in  a day?  My  stint  in  com- 
pany is  a pint  at  noon.  Swift. 

3.  An  allotted  task  or  performance.  Biglow. 

4.  (Ornith.)  A name  given  to  certain  species 

of  birds,  belonging  to  the  family  ScolopacidtB, 
and  sub-family  Tringince,  a.s  the  Tringa  minu- 
ta,  and  the  Tringa  Temminckii.  Yarrell 

f STINT’ ANCE,  n.  Restraint;  stoppage;  stint. 
“ Without  any  stintance.”  Loud.  Prodigal. 

STlNT’EU-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  stinted. 


STINT’ER,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  stints,  re- 
strains, of  cramps.  South. 

STINT’ING,  n.  The  act  of  restraining  or  con- 
fining. “A  stinting  of  the  spirit.”  South. 


STIPE,  n.  [L.  stipes,  a stock,  a trunk, 
a branch;  Fr.  stipe,  a stipe.]  (Bot.) 
The  stalk  of  a pistil,  &c. : — the  stem 
of  a mushroom  or  of  a fern.  Gray. 


STl’P^L,  n.  (Bot.)  A stipule  of  a leaflet.  Gray. 
STI-PEL’LATE,  a.  (Eot.)  Having  stipels.  Gray. 


STI  PEND,?!.  [L.  stipendium;  stips,  3.  piece  of 
money,  and  pendo,  to  weigh,  to  pay  out ; It. 
stipendio  ; Sp.  estipendio. \ A settled  compen- 
sation for  services  rendered  ; wages  ; salary  ; 
allowance  ; compensation  ; hire  ; pay. 

St.  Paul’s  zeal  was  expressed  in  preaching  without  any 
offerings  or  stipend.  lip.  Taj/lor. 

Syn.  — See  Allowance. 


STIPEND,  v.  a.  To  pay  by  settled  wages,  [r.] 
I,  sir,  am  a physician  : and  am  stipended  in  this  island  to 
be  so  to  the  governors  of  it.  Trans,  of  Von  Quixote. 

STI-PEN-DI-A'RI-AN,  a.  Mercenary;  stipendiary. 
“ Stipendiarian  rapacity.”  Seward. 

||  STI-PEN'DI-A-RY  [stl-pen’de-a-re,  P.  J.  Ja.  Sm. 


STIP'U-L.d,  n. ; pi.  sT'ip'v-LJE.  [L.,  a stalk,  a 
stem. ] (Bot.)  A stipule.  Ilenslow. 

STIP-U-LA'CEOUS  (-sbus),  a.  (Bot.)  Having 

stipulte  or  stipules  ; stipulate.  Loudon. 

STlP'U-LA-Ry,  a.  Relating  to  stipules.  Loudon. 

STIP'U-LATE,  v.  n.  [L.  stipulor,  stipulatus;  It. 
sti pular e ; Sp.  estipular ; Fr.  stipuler .]  [ i . 

STIPULATED  ; pp.  STIPULATING,  STIPULATED.] 
To  make  a stipulation  ; to  contract ; to  bargain  ; 
to  covenant ; to  engage  ; to  settle  terms. 

In  all  stipulations,  whether  they  he  expressed  or  implied, 
private  or  public,  formal  or  constructive,  the  parties  sti/mlat- 
xng  must  both  possess  the  liberty  of  assent  and  refusal,  and 
also  be  conscious  of  that  liberty.  Raley. 

STlP'U-LATE,  a.  (Bot.)  Having  stipules.  Gray. 

STiP-y-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  stipulatio ; It.  stipu- 
lazione ; Sp.  estipulacion  ; Fr  .stipulation.) 

1.  An  agreement ; an  engagement ; a bargain. 

We  promise  obediently  to  keep  all  God’s  commandments; 
the  hopes  given  by  the  gospel  depend  on  our  performance  of 
that  stqmlution.  Rogers. 

2.  (Law.)  An  engagement  or  undertaking  in 

writing  to  do  a certain  act,  as  to  try  a cause  at  a 
certain  time  ; — an  undertaking  in  the  nature  of 
bail,  entered  into  on  arrest  of  a defendant,  or 
the  seizure  of  property.  Burrill. 

3.  (Bot.)  The  situation  and  structure  of  the 

stipules.  Crabb. 

Syn.  — See  Agreement,  Article. 

STI  P'I-lA-TOR,  n.  [L.]  One  who  stipulates, 
contracts,  or  bargains.  Sherwood. 

STIP'ULE,  n.  [L.  stipula,  a stem.]  (Bot.) 

A name  applied  to  each  of  a pair  of  Vw0j 
small  appendages  found  at  the  base  of  \SfpZT 
the  petiole  of  many  leaves,  commonly 
of  a texture  less  firm  than  that  of  the 
petiole.  Lindlcy.  "" 

Sometimes  stipules  appear  like  little  blades  on 
each  side  of  the  leaf-stalk,  as  in  the  pea  and  the  quince, 
and  remain  as  long  as  the  leaf;  sometimes  they  serve 
as  Imd. scales,  and  fall  off  when  file  leaves  expand,  or 
soon  afterwards;  sometimes  they  make  a conspicuous 
part  of  the  leaf,  sometimes  they  are  quite  small,  and 
in  some  plants  are  reduced  to  bristles  and  prickles; 
sometimes  they  are  separate  and  distinct ; often  they 
are  united  witli  the  base  of  the  leaf-stock,  and  some- 
times they  grow  together  by  botli  margins  so  as  to 
form  a sheath  around  the  stem.  The  small  and  thin 
appendage  commonly  found  at  the  top  of  the  sheath 
of  grasses  answers  to  the  stipule.  Gray. 

STIP'ULED,  a.  (Bot.)  Having  stipules. 

STIR,  v.  a.  [Goth . stauran;  A.S.  styran,  stirian  ; 
Dut.  storen ; Gcr.  sthren ; Sw.  stiira.  — W. 
ystwr.]  \i.  stirred  ; pp.  stirring,  stirred.] 

1.  To  cause  to  change  place ; to  move. 

My  foot  I had  never  yet  in  five  days  been  able  to  stir,  but 
as  it  was  lifted.  Temple. 

2.  To  cause  the  particles  of,  as  a liquid,  to 
change  places  by  passing  something  through  it. 

My  mind  is  troubled,  like  a fountain  sfitred , 

And  I myself  see  not  the  bottom  of  it.  Shak. 

3.  To  start ; to  raise  ; to  agitate  ; to  moot. 

Stir  nnt  questions  of  jurisdiction.  Bacon. 

4.  To  instigate;  to  prompt;  to  incite;  to 
rouse  ; to  excite  ; to  awaken. 

0 masters,  if  I were  disposed  to  stir 

Your  hearts  and  minds  to  mutiny  and  rage, 

1 should  do  Brutus  wrong  and  Cassius  wrong.  Shak. 


To  stir  up,  to  incite  ; to  animate  ; to  instigate  by 
inflaming  the  passions. 

Thou  with  rebel  insolence  didst  dare  . . . 

To  stir  tile  factious  rabble  up  to  arms.  Rowe. 

To  put  in  action;  to  excite;  to  quicken.  “To  stir 
up  vigor  in  him,  employ  him  in  some  constant  bodily 
labor.”  Locke. 

Syn.  — See  Awaken. 

STIR,  v.  n.  1.  To  move  ; to  change  place. 

No  power  he  had  to  stir , nor  will  to  rise.  Spenser. 

2.  To  become  the  object  of  notice. 

They  fancy  they  have  a right  to  talk  freely  upon  every 
thing  that  stirs  or  appears.  I Vatrs. 

3.  To  rise  in  the  morning.  [Colloquial.] 

Gentlemen,  why  do  you  stir  so  early?  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Move. 

STIR,  n.  1.  Tumult;  bustle;  hurry;  agitation. 
’T  is  pleasant,  through  the  loopholes  of  retreat. 

To  peep  at  such  a world:  to  see  the  stir 

Of  the  great  Babci,  and  not  feel  the  crowd.  Coioper. 

2.  A public  commotion  or  disturbance  ; tu- 
multuous disorder  ; tumult ; bustle  ; uproar. 

lie  did  make  these  stirs,  grieving  that  the  name  of  Christ 
was  at  all  brought  into  those  parts.  Abbot. 

3.  Agitation  or  excitement  of  mind;  conflict 

of  passions  or  of  thoughts.  Shak. 

STIR'A-BOUT,  n.  A dish  of  oatmeal,  boiled  in 
water  to  a certain  consistency.  Malone. 

STfRE,  n.  A sort  of  cider-apple.  Loudon. 

STIr'I-AT-UD,  a.  [L.  stiria,  an  icicle.]  Having 
pendants,  as  icicles.  Smart. 

STIr’I-OUS  (sttr'e-us),  a.  Resembling  icicles. 
“ Stirious  . . . dependencies.”  [it.]  Browne. 

STIRK,  n.  A young  ox  or  heifer.  Simmonds. 

STIR'LIJSS,  a.  Without  motion  ; motionless. 

STl'ROM,  n.  A kind  of  cider.  [Local.]  Somerville. 

fSTIRP,  n.  [L.  stirps.)  Race;  family  ; genera- 
tion. “ Stirps  of  nobles.”  Bacon. 

STIRPS,  n.;  pi . sTiR'rEtf.  [L .,  root,  stalk,  stem.) 

1.  (Laic  ) A descent  ; a stock.  Burrill. 

2.  (Bot.)  Race.  Ilenslow. 

tSTIR'RAlrE,  n.  The  act  of  stirring.  Granger. 

STIR'RER,  n.  1.  One  who  stirs,  excites,  or  insti- 
gates ; a mover.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  One  who  rises  in  the  morning.  “Give  me 
your  hand,  sir ; an  early  stirrer.”  Shak. 

Stirrer  up,  an  inciter ; an  instigator.  “ A stirrer 
up  of  quarrels.”  J}rbuthnot. 

STIR'RING,  n.  The  act  of  moving,  exciting,  or 
instigating.  “ The  stirrings  of  desire.”  Crabbe. 

||  STIR'RUP  (stlr'up  or  slur'up)  [stiir'up,  S.  IF.  P. 
J.  E.  K.  W b. ; ster'up,  F.  Ja.  Sm.  Wr  ; stlr'up, 
R.  C.  — See  Squirrel],  n.  [A.  S.  slige-rap, 
sti-rap ; stigan,  to  mount,  and  rap,  a rope.] 

1.  A hoop  or  rest  for  the  foot,  commonly  of 

iron,  suspended  from  a saddle  by  means  of  a 
strap; — used  to  assist  a horseman  in  mount- 
ing and  in  riding.  Spenser. 

Stirrups , unknown  to  the  ancients,  were  used  in  the  fifth 
century.  Haydn. 

2.  pi.  (Naut.)  Ropes  with  thimbles  at  their 

ends,  through  which  the  foot-ropes  are  rove, 
and  by  which  they  are  kept  up  towards  the 
yards.  Dana. 

||  STlR'RUP— CUP,  11.  A parting  cup  taken  on 
horseback  before  leaving.  Ilalliwell . 

||  STlR'RUP— Ir'ON  (stlr’up-l'urn),  n.  An  iron  or 
steel  hoop  which  is  suspended  from  a saddle  by 
a leather  strap  ; a stirrup.  Booth. 

||  STlR'RUP— LEATHER,  n.  The  strap  by  which 
the  stirrup  is  suspended  from  the  saddle. 

Simmonds. 

||  STIR'RUP-STRAP  (stlr'up-strap),  n.  A strap 

by  which  a stirrup  is  suspended.  Ash. 

STlTCH,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  stican,  to  piece,  to  stick; 
Dut.  stikken,  to  stitch  ; Ger.  stickcn  ; Sw.  sticka.] 
[i.  stitched;  pp.  stitching,  stitched.] 

1.  To  sew  ; — particularly  to  sew  by'  taking  a 
stitch  backward  on  the  upper  surface,  and  a 
longer  stitch  forward  on  the  under  surface. 

A scarlet  piece  or  two,  stitched  in.  Ji.  Jonson. 

2.  To  unite  or  join,  generally  with  some  de- 
gree of  clumsiness  or  inaccuracy.  Il'otton. 

Having  stitched  together  these  animadversions  tom  bing 
architecture  and  their  ornaments.  Il'otton. 

To  stitch  up,  to  join  together  by  sewing.  “1  with 


MIEN, 


SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,.  ROLE.  — C, 

178 


Si  St  sofi  > E,  G,  5,  |,  hard;  § as  z; 


^ as  gz. — THIS,  this. 


STOCK-LIST 


STITCH 

a needle  and  thread  stitched  up  tho  artery  and  the 
wound.”  Wiseman. 

STITCH,  v.  n.  To  practise  needlework.  Johnson. 

STITCH,  n.  1.  A pass  of  the  needle  and  thread 
through  any  thing  in  sewing,  or  the  length  of 
thread  consumed  by  a single  thrust  of  the 
needle.  Wiseman. 

2.  An  acute  lancinating  pain,  like  that  pro- 
duced by  the  puncture  of  a sharp  needle. 

A pleurisy  which  is  ever  painful  and  attended  with  a 
stitch.  Harvey. 

3.  A link  of  yarn  in  knitting. 

There  fell  twenty  stitches  in  his  stocking.  Motteux. 

4.  A ridge  in  ploughed  ground.  Wright. 

Many  men  at  plough  lie  made,  that  drave  earth  here  and  there, 
And  turned  up  stitches  orderly.  Chapman. 

5.  f Space  ; distance  ; way. 

You  have  gone  a good  stitch;  you  may  well  be  aweary. Bunyan. 

STITCH'LL,  n.  A sort  of  hairy  wool.  Clarke. 

STTTCH'IJR-Y,  n.  Needlework,  in  contempt.  Shah. 

STITCH'— FALL-EN,  a.  Fallen  or  dropped,  as  a 

stitch  in  knitting.  Dryden. 

STITCH'WORT  (stich'wiirt),  n.  (Bot.)  A name 
given  to  plants  of  the  genus  Stellaria.  Loudon. 

STITH,  a.  [A.  S.  stith.  1 Strong;  firm;  rigid; 
stiff.  [Local,  England.]  Ray. 

f STlTH,  n.  An  anvil.  Chaucer. 

STITH'Y,  7i.  [A.  S.  & Old  Eng.  stith,  hard,  strong ; 
Dan.  if  Sw.  stadig,  steady,  solid.] 

1.  A smith’s  shop ; a smithy  ; a smithery. 

And  my  imaginations  are  as  foul 

As  Vulcan’s  stithy.  Shak. 

2.  An  anvil.  [Local,  Eng.]  Halliwell. 

STITH'Y,  v.  a.  To  forge,  [it.]  Shak. 

STITH'Y,  a.  Hot ; stifling.  [Local,  Eng.]  Wright. 

STIVE,  v.  a.  [Fr.  etuver.  — See  Stew,  Stow, 

Stuff.]  [i.  stived;  pp.  stivino,  stived.] 

1.  To  stuff  up  close  ; to  stow. 

If  you  saw  them  stive  it  in  their  ships.  Sandys. 

2.  To  make  hot,  close,  or  sultry. 

His  [Essex’s]  chamber  being  commonly  stived  with  friends 
or  suitors  of  one  kind  or  other.  lVotton. 

3.  To  cook  by  a gentle  fire ; to  stew.  “ To 

stive  or  stew  meat.”  C.  Richardson. 

STi'VER,  7i.  [Dut.  stuirer.']  A Dutch  copper 
coin  equal  to  a penny  sterling.  Cowley. 

STOAK,  w.  a.  ( Naut .)  To  stop ; to  choke.  Bailey. 

STOAT  (stot),  71.  (Zo- 

ol.)  A digitigrade, 
carnivorous  mam- 
mal of  the  weasel 
tribe,  found  in  the 
northern  portions 
of  both  continents ; 
the  ermine  ; Mustela  erminea.  Audubon. 

BSP  The  color  of  the  stoat  in  winter  is  more  or  less 
white,  and  in  summer  a reddish-brown,  the  animal 
being  lienee  called  the  ichitestoat  or  the  hr.own  stoat , 
according  to  the  color  of  its  fur  at  these  seasons. 
This  change  in  the  stoat  from  brown  to  white,  how- 
ever, is  less  perfect  the  farther  south  it  is  found.  Jiu- 
dubon. 

fSTO'CAH,  71.  [Irish.]  An  attendant;  a wallet- 


boy.  Spenser. 

STOC-CADE',  n.  See  Stockade.  Maso/i. 

STOC-cA'DO,  7i.  [It.  stoccata.] 

1.  A push  or  thrust  with  a rapier.  Shak. 

2.  A stockade.  Wright. 


•f-  STO-GHAS'TIC,  a.  [Gr.  aTo^aariKd; ; oro^a^opai, 
to  guess.]  Able  to  conjecture  ; conjectural.  IVr. 

STOCK,  n.  [A.  S.  stoc,  stocce,  the  stem  of  a tree  ; 
Dut.  stok,  a stick,  stock ; Ger.  stock ; Dan. 
stok\  Sw.  stock.  — It.  stocco ; Fr.  estoc. — Gael. 
stoc.  — Stock,  stuck,  slocks,  stocking,  stucco, 
stake,  steak,  stick,  stitch,  all  past  participles  of 
A.  S.  stician,  to  stick.  Tooke. \ 

1.  The  trunk  or  stem  of  a plant  or  tree,  from 
which  the  branches  proceed ; the  trunk  or 
branch  into  which  a graft  is  inserted  ; a stalk. 

There  is  hope  of  a tree,  if  cut  down,  that  it  will  sprout 
again,  though  the  . . . stock  die  in  the  ground.  Job  xiv.  8. 
As  fruits  ungrateful  to  the  planter’s  care, 

On  savage  stocks  inserted,  learn  to  bear.  Pope. 

2.  A log;  a post;  a block. 

Men,  serving  either  calamity  or  tyranny,  did  ascribe  unto 
stones  and  stocks  the  incommunicable  name.  Wisdom  xiv.  21. 


1418 

3.  A stupid,  senseless,  or  blockish  person ; a 
dunce  ; a dolt ; a dullard. 

While  we  admire 

This  virtue  and  this  moral  discipline, 

Let’s  be  no  stoics  nor  no  stocks.  SJiak. 

4.  A handle,  as  of  an  instrument.  Johnso7i. 

5.  The  whole  of  the  wooden  part  of  a musket 

or  other  fire-arm.  Tomlinson. 

6.  f A thrust,  as  with  a rapier ; a stoccado. 
“ Thy  puncto,  thy  stock,  thy  reverse.”  Shak. 

7.  A kind  of  stiff  neckcloth  ; cravat.  Johnson. 

8.  t A covering  for  the  leg;  a stocking. 

Before  the  costly  coach  and  silken  stock  came  in.  Drayton. 

XJQf*  “ In  this  sense  we  now  call  it  a stocking , 
though  a half-stocking  is  still  called  a stock.”  Smart 

9.  fThe  remainder  of  the  pack,  in  games 
where  only  a part  of  the  cards  is  used.  Nares. 

10.  A source  of  succession,  or  descent;  the 
person  or  persons  from  whom  others  are  de- 
scended ; race  ; lineage  ; pedigree. 

Thou  hast  seen  one  world  begin  and  end, 

And  man  as  from  a second  stock  proceed.  Milton. 

11.  The  capital  or  property  of  a merchant, 
tradesman,  or  a company,  invested  in  any  busi- 
ness, including  merchandise,  money,  and  cred- 
its ; a fixed  fund  ; principal. 

Though  they  spent  their  income,  they  never  mortgaged 
the  stock.  Arbuthnot. 

12.  A fund  consisting  of  a capital  debt  due 
by  a government  to  individual  holders,  who  re- 
ceive a rate  of  interest;  as,  ‘‘Massachusetts 
stock ” ; — or  a fund  employed  in  some  business 
or  enterprise,  divided  into  shares  and  owned  by 
individuals  who  jointly  form  a corporation  ; as, 
“Bank  stock”-,  “Railroad  stock,”  &c.  — See 
Stocks. 

tt&f"' “ In  this  sense  it  generally  occurs  in  the  plural, 
though  not  always  ; for  we  speak  of  buying  into  one 
stock  rather  than  into  another.”  Smart. 

13.  Quantity;  amount  ;•  store ; supply’. 

No  small  stuck  of  fame  in  future  ages.  Arbuthnot. 

14.  Farming  store,  distinguished  into  live 

stock,  or  the  domestic  animals  kept  on  a farm, 
and  dead  stock , which  consists  of  the  imple- 
ments of  husbandry,  and  the  produce  stored  up 
for  use.  — See  Live-stock.  P.  Cyc. 

15.  ( Book-keeping .)  A term  used  to  represent 

the  person  or  persons  whose  accounts  are  re- 
corded in  the  books.  Foster. 

16.  (Naut.)  A beam  or  bar  secured  to  the 
upper  end  of  the  shank  of  an  anchor,  at  right 
angles  with  the  arms.  — See  Anchor.  Dana. 

17.  (Bot.)  The  common  name  of  cruciferous 

plants  of  the  genus  Mathiola,  several  species  of 
which  are  cultivated  for  ornament.  Loudoti. 

And  lavish  stock  that  scents  the  garden  round.  Thomson. 

liSf*  “ Take  the  word  stock : in  what  an  almost 
infinite  number  of  senses  it  is  employed  ! We  have 
live  stock,  stock  in  trade,  the  village  stocks , the  stock • 
of  a gun,  the  stock-dove,  the  stocks  on  which  ships 
are  built,  the  stock  which  goes  round  the  neck,  the 
family  stock,  tho  stocks,  or  public  funds,  in  which 
money  is  invested,  and  other  stocks,  very  likely,  besides 
these.  What  point  in  common  can  we  find  between 
them  all  ? This,  that  they  arc  all  derived  from,  and 
were  originally  the  past  participle  of  to  stick,  which, 
as  it  now  makes  stuck,  made  formerly  stock,  and  they 
cohere  in  the  idea  of  fixedness,  which  is  common  to 
every  one.  Thus  the  stock  of  a gun  is  that  in  which 
the  barrel  is  fixed  ; the  village  stocks  are  those  in 
which  the  feet  are  fastened  ; the  stuck  in  trade  is  the 
fixed  capital ; and  so,  too,  the  stock  on  the  farm,  al- 
though the  fixed  capital  has  there  taken  the  shape  of 
horses  and  cattle  ; in  the  stocks,  or  public  funds, 
money  sticks  fast,  inasmuch  as  those  who  place  it 
there  cannot  withdraw  or  demand  the  capital,  hut 
receive  only  the  interest ; the  stuck  of  a tree  is  fast 
set  in  the  ground ; and  from  this  use  of  the  word,  it 
is  transferred  to  a family;  the  stock  or  stirps  is  that 
from  which  it  grows,  and  out  of  which  it  unfolds 
itself.  And  here  we  may  bring  in  tho  stock-dove,  as 
being  the  stock  or  stitys  of  the  domestic  kinds.”  Dr. 
R.  C.  Trench.  — See  Stocks. 

STOCK,  v.  a.  [i.  stocked  ; pp.  stocking, 
STOCKED.] 

1.  To  store  ; to  fill ; to  supply  ; to  furnish. 

Did  he  [God]  make  a bad  world,  and  stock  it  with  had  in- 
habitants, for  no  purpose  but  to  make  them  miserable?  Gilpin. 

Springs  and  rivers  are  by  large  supplies  continually  stocked 
with  water.  Woodward. 

2.  To  lay  up  in  store  ; to  reposit. 

He  stocks  what  he  cannot  use.  Johnson. 

3.  To  put  or  confine  in  the  stocks. 

Rogues  and  vagabonds  are  often  stocked.  Ilolinshed. 

4.  To  extirpate  ; — sometimes  used  with  up. 

The  wild  boar  not  only  spoils  her  branches,  but  stocks  vp 
her  roots.  Decay  of  Piety. 


5.  To  hit  in  an  onset  in  fencing. 

O,  the  brave  age  is  gone;  in  my  young  days, 

A chevalier  would  stock  a needle’s  point 

Three  times  together.  Beau,  tf  PI. 

6.  (Agric.)  To  supply  with  domestic  animals, 

as  a farm  : — to  supply  with  seed,  as  land  • — to 
suffer  to  retain  their  milk,  as  cows,  for  a day  or 
more,  previous  to  sale.  Wright.  Ogilcic. 

To  stock  an  anchor,  (Naut.)  to  fix  tile  end  of  ail  an- 
chor firmly  in  the  stock.  Mar  Did. 

STOCK-ADE',  7i.  [It.  stoccata,  a thrust  with  a 
sword  ; Sp.  estocada  ; Fr.  estocade. — See  Stake, 
and  Stock.] 

1.  (Fort.)  A line  of  stakes  or  posts  fixed  in 
the  ground  as  a barrier  to  the  advance  or  ap- 
proach of  an  enemy.  Glos.  of  Mil.  Terms. 

2.  A pen  or  enclosure  for  cattle.  Simmonds. 

STOCK-ADE',  v.  a.  To  defend  or  fortify  with 

stockades.  Smart. 

ST5CK'— BRO-KpR,  11.  A broker  who  negotiates 
transactions  in  the  public  funds.  Phillips. 

STOCK'DOVE  (stok'duv),  n. 

( Ornith.)  The  wood-pigeon 
(Columba  JEnas),  formerly 
regarded  as  the  stock,  or 
stirps,  of  the  domestic 
kinds.  Yarrell. 

STOCK'-^X-CHAN^E,  71.  An 
association  of  brokers  for 
effecting  the  purchase,  sale, 
and  transferrence  of  stock 
and  shares.  — See  Stock- 
jobber.  Brande. 

STOCK'FiSIl,  7i.  Codfish  which,  after  being  washed 
in  the  sea,  is  simply  dried  in  the  sun,  and  not  salt- 
ed ; — so  called  from  its  hardness.  Simmonds. 

STOCK— <?Tl'LY-FLoW-ER,  n.  (Bot.)  A crucif- 
erous plant  cultivated  for  the  beauty  and  sweet- 
ness of  its  flowers  ; Mathiola  inca7ia.  Baird. 

STOCK'— GOLD,  71.  Gold  or  coin  hoarded  or  ac- 
cumulated. Guardian. 

STOCK'HOLD-ER,  7i.  A holder  or  owner  of  stock; 
a shareholder,  as  of  a corporation. 

The  stockholders  who  allow  inferior  capitalists  to  derive  a 
profit  from  commission  will  diminish  that  allowance.  Ed.  Rev. 

STOCK'ING,  77.  A close  covering  made  for,  and 
shaped  to,  the  foot  and  leg. 

J83T  “ It  is  the  past  part,  of  the  Saxon  stican 
[stician),  to  stick  ; corruptly  written  for  stochen  (i.  e. 
stole,  with  the  addition  of  the  participial  termination 
e.n),  because  it  was  stuck  or  made  with  sticking-pins, 
now  called  knitting-needles.”  Tucks. 

STOCK'ING,  v.  a.  To  dress  in  stockings.  Dryden. 

STOCK'ING-FEET,  n.  The  state  of  a person  who 
has  only  stockings  on  the  feet;  as,  “To  walk 
in  one’s  stocking-feet.”  [Colloquial.] 

STOCK'ING— FRAME,  77.  A machine  for  weaving 
stockings  or  hosiery.  Ure. 

STOCK'ISH,  a.  Hard;  blockish;  stupid. 

Nought  so  stockish , hard,  and  full  of  rage. 

But  music  for  the  time  doth  change  his  nature.  Shak. 

STOCK'— JOB-BflR,  n-  An  intermediate  agent 
between  the  buyer  and  the  seller  of  public 
securities  ; a dealer  in  stocks. 

It  was  about  the  j'ear  1688  that  the  word  stock-jobber  was 
first  heard  in  London.  Macaulay. 

The  members  of  the  stock-exchange  are  divided 
into  two  distinct  classes  ; viz.  the  brokers  and  the 
jobbers.  It  is  the  business  of  the  brokers  to  receive 
and  execute  the  orders  of  merchants,  bankers,  capi- 
talists, and  private  individuals.  The  jobbers  hold 
themselves  ready  to  act  upon  the  orders  thus  received 
by  the  brokers.  For  instance,  if  a broker  has  to  do 
business  in  5000/.  consols  (the  market  price  being 
about  90),  the  jobber  offers  to  buy  his  5000/.  at  90,  or 
to  sell  him  that  amount  at  90£,  without  being  in  the 
slightest  degree  aware  whether  the  orders  of  the 
broker  are  to  buy  or  to  sell,  and  thus  taking  upon 
himself  the  risk  of  selling  that  which  he  does  not 
possess,  or  of  buying  what  he  does  not  intend  to  keep, 
his  only  object  being  to  undo  his  bargain,  at  a differ- 
ence of  \ per  cent.,  or  even  less,  with  another  broker, 
who  may  have  to  effect  an  operation  the  very  reverse 
of  the  other,  which  i,  or  even  -Ap  constitutes  liis 
profit.  London  Times. 

STOCK'-JOB-BING,  n.  The  act  or  the  practice 
of  speculating  in  stocks,  as  practised  by  stock- 
jobbers ; trade  in  stocks.  Berkeley. 

STOCK'— LIST,  n.  A list  published  daily  or  peri- 


Stoat. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  1,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  ?,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure  ; FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


STOCK-LOCK 


1419 


STONE 


oclically,  enumerating  the  public  stocks  dealt 
in,  the  prices  current,  &c.  Simmonds . 

STOCK'— LOCK,  n.  A large  lock  fitted  in  a wood- 
en case,  as  for  an  outer  door.  Moxon. 

STOCK'MAN,  n.  A keeper  of  cattle.  Simmonds. 

STOCK'— MAR-KpT,  ll.  The  stock-exchange:  — 
a market  for  cattle.  Simmonds. 

STOCK'PURSE,  n.  (Mil.)  A certain  saving  which 
is  made  in  a corps,  and  applied  to  regimental 
purposes.  Stocqueler. 

STOCKS,  n.  pi.  [See  Stock.]  1.  A machine 
constructed  of  wood,  with  holes,  through  which 
the  feet  of  offenders  were  passed,  and  their 
persons  thus  confined. 

Fetch  forth  the  stocks; 

As  I have  life  and  honor,  there  shall  he  sit  till  noon.  Shak. 

2.  ( Ship-building .)  The  frame  or  timbers 

upon  which  a vessel  is  built.  Dana. 

3.  Red  and  gray  bricks  used  for  the  exterior 
of  walls,  and  the  front  of  buildings.  Simmonds. 

4.  Public  funds  or  securities;  funds  consist- 
ing of  a public  debt  due  by  a government  to  in- 
dividual holders,  who  receive  a rate  of  interest ; 
— or  funds  employed  in  some  business  or  en- 
terprise by  an  incorporated  company,  and  di- 
vided into  shares.  — See  Stock. 

In  the  U.  S.,  the  term  stocks  includes  U.  S. 
funded  loans  and  state  loans,  and  the  shares  in 
various  corporations,  such  as  railroad  companies, 
hanks,  funded  debts  of  cities,  &c.  In  England,  the 
term  stocks  is  applied  mainly  to  government  funded 
debt,  — such  as  consols,  Bank  of  England  stock,  &.c. ; 
and  the  term  shares  is  used  when  applied  to  the  capi- 
tal or  joint-stock  of  railroad,  banking,  and  mining 
companies.  Cyc.  of  Com. 

STOCK'— SHAVE,  n.  An  instrument  used  in 
block-making.  Simmonds. 

STOCK  — STA-TION,  n.  A district  for  rearing  and 
herding  cattle.  Simmonds. 

STOCK'— STILL,  a.  Motionless  as  a log;  quite 
or  perfectly  still ; stone-still. 

Our  preachers  stand  ’stock-still  in  the  pulpit,  and  will  not 
so  much  as  move  a finger  to  set  off  the  best  sermon.  Addison. 

STOCK— TAK-ING,  n.  A periodical  examination 
and  inventory  of  goods,  or  stock,  in  a shop  or 
warehouse ; a taking  account  of  stock. Si mmonds. 

STOCIC'Y,  a.  Short  and  thick;  thick;  stubbed. 
“ Such  a one  is  stocky."  [Colloquial.]  Addison. 

STO'IC,  n.  [Gr.  aroi'isaq ; an&,  a colonnade,  a 
porch,  — particularly  the  porch  where  Zeno  and 
his  successors  taught  their  disciples  ; L.  stoicus  ; 
It.  stoico ; Sp.  estoico ; Fr.  sto’cien.] 

1.  A follower  of  Zeno  of  Citium,  an  ancient 
philosopher,  who  taught  that  a wise  man  ought 
to  be  free  from  all  passions,  to  be  unmoved 
either  by  joy  or  grief,  and  to  esteem  all  things 
governed  by  unavoidable  necessity. 

Then  certain  philosophers  of  the  Epicureans,  and  of  the 
Stoics,  encountered  him.  Acts  xvii.  18. 

2.  One  who  is  indifferent,  or  who  manifests 
indifference,  both  to  pleasure  and  pain. 

In  lazy  apathy  let  stoics  boast 

Their  virtue  fixed;  ’t  is  fixed  as  in  a frost.  Pope. 

A stoic  of  the  woods;  a man  without  a tear.  Campbell. 

STO  IC,  ) a_  i Pertaining  to  the  Stoics,  or 

STO'I-CAL,  ) to  their  tenets. 

The  Stoic  philosophers  discard  all  passions.  Addison. 

2.  Holding  all  things  indifferent ; indifferent 
to  pleasure  or  to  pain  ; passionless ; insensible. 

Notwithstanding  all  that  has  been  said  on  the  happiness  of 
a stoical  disposition,  every  one  who  has  formed  a true  estimate 
of  things  will  deprecate  it  as  a curse.  Knox. 

STO'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a stoical  manner  ; aus- 
terely ; with"  indifference.  Browne. 

STOI-CAL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state  of 
being  stoical ; stoicism  ; insensibility.  Scott. 

STOI-GIII-OM'E-TRY,  n.  [Gr.  aroixGov,  an  ele- 
ment, and  yerpov,  a measure.]  ( Cliem .)  The 
science  of  chemical  elements ; the  doctrine  of 
chemical  equivalents.  Watts,  Trans,  of  Gmelin. 

STO'I-CIfjM,  n.  [It.  stoicismo ; Sp.  estoicismo-, 
Fr.  stoicisme.]  The  system,  doctrines,  charac- 
ter, or  manners,  of  the  Stoics  ; insensibility  to 
pleasure  and  pain  ; apathy  ; indifference. 

’Tis  pride,  rank  pride,  and  haughtiness  of  soul; 

I think  the  Romans  call  it  Stoicism.  Addison. 

t STO-I<J  I-TY,  11.  Stoicalness.  B.  Jonson. 


STOKE  (stok),  11.  [A.  S.  stock]  An  affix  signify- 

ing place:  — hence  the  names  of  many  Eng- 
lish towns,  &c.  ; as,  “ Basingsfo/ce.” 

STOKE,  v.  11.  To  stir  a fire.  [Local,  Eng.]  Ifalliwell. 

STO'KIJR,  11.  [Ir.  stoca,  a servant-boy.  — Merely 
sticker,  one  'who,  or  that  which,  sticks,  pushes, 
and  consequentially  stirs,  as  the  fire.  Richard- 
son.'] 

1.  A person  who  attends  to  a fire-grate  or 

furnace,  and  supplies  it  with  fuel;  — chiefly  ap- 
plied to  men  so  employed  on  locomotive  and 
marine  steam-engines.  Green. 

2.  A poker,  [r.]  C.  Richardson. 

STOKE'— HOLE,  11.  The  mouth  of  the  grate  of  a 
furnace.  Simmonds. 

STO'KEY,  a.  Sultry.  [Local,  Eng.]  Halliwell. 

STO 'Lot,  11.  [L.  — See  Stole.]  (Ant.)  Along 

dress  worn  by  Roman  women  over  their  tunic, 
and  fastened  by  a girdle.  Wm.  Smith. 

STOLE,  11.  [Gr.  oroh'i,  a garment  ; arOJai,  to  ar- 
ray ; L.  § It.  stola;  Sp.  estola  ; Fr.  stole. — A.  S. 
stol.} 

1.  ( Eccl .)  A narrow  band  of  silk  or  other  ma- 

terial, sometimes  enriched  with  embroidery  and 
jewels,  worn  on  the  left  shoulder  of  deacons, 
and  across  both  shoulders  of  bishops  and 
priests,  hanging  on  each  side  nearly  to  the 
ground;  an  orary.  Fairholt. 

2.  A robe  of  royalty.  Weber. 

3.  (Bot.)  A stolon.  Ilensloiv. 

Groom  of  the  stole,  the  first  lord  of  the  bedchamber, 

an  officer  of  the  King  of  England’s  household;  — so 
called  from  the  long  robe  wont  by  his  majesty  on 
solemn  occasions.  Braude. 

STOLE,  i.  from  steal.  See  Steal. 

STOLED  (stold),/).  a.  Wearing  astole.  G.  Fletcher. 

STo'LEN  (sto'In),/).  from  steal.  See  Steal. 

STOL'ID,  a.  [L.  stolulus  ; It.  stolido ; Sp.  estoli- 
do.]  Stupid ; foolish  ; dull ; doltish ; blockish  ; 
obtuse.  Coekeram.  Ec.  Rev. 

STO-LID'I-TY,  11.  [L . stoliditas  \ stoliclus,  dull; 
It.  stoliditii ; Fr.  stolidite.]  Want  of  sense; 
stupidity  ; foolishness  ; dulness. 

These  certainly  are  the  fools  in  the  text — indocile,  imprac- 
ticable fools,  whose  stolidity  can  baflie  all  arguments,  and  be 
proof  against  demonstration  itself.  Bentley. 

STOL'ID-NESS,  11.  Stupidity  ; stolidity.  Scott. 

STO'LON,  n.  [L.  stolo,  stolonis.]  (Bot.)  A trail- 
ing, or  reclining  branch,  as  of  the  strawberry, 
which  takes  root  where  it  touches  the  soil,  sends 
up  a shoot  with  a root  of  its  own,  and  becomes, 
when  the  connecting  part  dies,  an  independent 
plant.  Gray. 

STOL-O-NIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  stolo,  stolonis,  a 
sucker,  and  fero,  to  bear.]  Producing  sto- 
lons. Gray. 

STO 'MB,  n.\  pi.  SToM'A-TA.  [Gr.  aroya,  a 
mouth.]  (Bot.)  A minute  orifice  or  pore  in  the 
epidermis  of  leaves,  which  opens  directly  into 
the  air-cavities  pervading  the  parenchyma,  and 
through  which  exhalation  takes  place  ; a 
breathing  pore. 

,6®“  The  number  of  the  stomata'  varies  in  different 
leaves  from  800  to  about  170,000  on  a square  inch  of 
surface.  Their  mechanism  is  sucli  that  when  the 
atmosphere  is  moist  and  the  leaves  are  fully  supplied 
with  sap,  the  stomata  open  and  allow  the  free  escape 
of  moisture  by  evaporation  ; but  when  the  supply  of 
sap  fails,  they  close  and  check  the  evaporation  as  soon 
as  it  becomes  injurious  to  the  plant.  Gray. 

STO-MBC' B-CE,n.  [L.;  Gr.  ardya,  the  mouth,  and 
Kashi,  bad.]  (Mecl.)  Fetor  of  the  mouth,  with 
a bloody  discharge  from  the  gums.  Dunylison. 

STOM'AGH  (stum'ak),  n. ; pi.  stom'aghs.  [Gr. 
aToyayot ; aroya,  a mouth,  any  outlet ; L.  stoma- 
chits  ; It.  stomaco ; Sp.  estomayo  ; Fr.  estomac .] 

1.  (Anat.)  One  of  the  principal  organs  of 

digestion,  being  a musculo-membranous  reser- 
voir, continuous  on  the  one  side  with  the  oesoph- 
agus, and  on  the  other  with  the  duodenum.  It 
is  situated  in  the  epigastric  region,  and  extends 
into  the  left  hypochondria.  Dunylison. 

2.  Desire  of  food ; appetite. 

She  [Fortune]  either  gives  a stomach , ami  no  food, — 

Such  are  the  poor  in  health.  — or  else  a feast, 

And  takes  away  the  stomach;  such  the  rich. 

That  have  abundance,  and  enjoy  it  not.  Shak. 


3.  Inclination;  liking;  taste. 

The  very  trade  went  against  his  stomach.  Ly  Estrange. 

4.  f Violence  of  temper;  anger. 

Stern  was  his  look,  and  full  of  stomach  vain.  Spenser. 

5.  f Obstinacy;  stubbornness;  sullonness. 

Not  courage,  but  stomach , makes  people  break  rather  than 
they  will  bend.  L' Estrange. 

6.  Pride  ; haughtiness  ; arrogance,  [r.] 

He  [Cardinal  Wolsey]  was  a man 
Of  an  unbounded  stomach,  ever  ranking 
Himself  with  princes.  Shak. 

STOM'AGH  (stum'ak),  v.  a.  [».  stomached;  pp. 
stomaching,  stomached.] 

1.  fTo  be  angry  with,  or  on  account  of. 

All  stomach  him,  but  none  dare  speak  a word.  Marlowe. 

2.  To  put  up  with  ; to  brook  ; to  endure. 

Believe  not  all;  or,  if  you  must  believe, 

Stomach  not  all.  Shak. 

f STOM'AGH  (stum'jk),  v.  it.  To  be  angry;  to 
feel  resentment.  Hooker. 

STOM'AGH-AL,  a.  [It.  stomacale  ; Sp.  estomaral ; 
Fr.  stomacal .]  Good  for  the  stomach  ; cordial. 
“ The  stomachal  acidity  of  vinegar.”  Cowley. 

STOM'AGH-AL,  11.  A stomachic.  Dunylison. 

STOM'AGHED  (stum'?kt),  p.  a.  Filled  with  anger 
or  resentment.  Shak. 

STOM'A-CHIJR  (stum  Vcher),  11.  An  ornamental 
covering  worn  by  women  on  the  breast.  Donne. 

STOM'AGH-pjR,  11.  One  who  stomachs.  Smart. 

STOM'AGH-FUL,  a.  Sullen;  stubborn;  obstinate, 

A stomachful  boy  put  to  school,  the  whole  world  could  not 
bring  to  pronounce  the  first  letter.  L' Estrange. 

STOM'AGH-FUL-LY,  ad.  In  a stubborn  manner  ; 
sullenly ; stubbornly.  ■ Johnson. 

STOM'AGII-FUL-NESS,  11.  The  quality  of  being 
stomachful ; sullenness  ; obstinacy.  Granger. 

STO-MAGII  IC,  ? g f . [Gr.  <&s>  L.  sto- 

STO-MAGH'I-CAL,  ) machicus ; It.  stoniachico  ; 
Fr.  stomachique .]  Pertaining  to,  or  good  for, 
the  stomach;  stomachal.  Floyer. 

STO-MAGH'IC,  11.  (Med.)  A medicine  that  gives 
tone  to  the  stomach  ; a stomachal.  Dunylison. 

STOM'AGH-ING,  11.  Resentment,  [it.]  Shak. 

STOM'AGII-LESS,  a.  Having  no  stomach  : — be- 
ing without  appetite.  Bp.  Hull. 

fSTOM'AGH-OUS  (stum'ak-us),  a.  Obstinate; 
sullen  ; stubborn.  Spenser. 

STOM'AGH— PUMP,  11.  (Med.)  A small  pump  or 
syringe  with  a flexible  tube,  used  for  convey- 
ing fluids  to  the  stomach,  when  deglutition  is 
impracticable,  or  for  pumping  out  the  contents 
of  that  organ.  Dunylison. 

STOM'AGH-Y,  a.  Sullen;  obstinate.  Jennings. 

STOM'A-POD,  11.  [Gr.  ardya,  a mouth,  and  roll ;, 
nobis,  a foot.]  ( Zo  :l .)  One  of  an  order  of  crus- 
taceans, comprehending  those  in  -which  the 
maxillary  feet  are  formed  like  the  first  four 
thoracic  feet ; the  squill  &c.  Brande. 

STOMf b-TB,  n. pi.  See  Stoma. 

STO'MATE,  n.  (Bot.)  A stoma.  Lindley. 

STO-MAT'IC,  n.  [Gr.  oroyamed;,  pertaining  to 
the  mouth;  ardya,  the  mouth.]  (Med.)  A med- 
icine used  in  diseases  of  the  mouth.  Dunylison. 

STO-MAT'IC,  a.  (Bot.)  Relating  to,  or  having 
the  nature  of,  a stomate  or  stoma.  Lindley. 

STO-MA'TO— GAS'TRIC,  a.  [Gr.  ardya,  ardyaro;, 
the  mouth,  and  yaam'/p,  the  belly.]  (Med.)  Per- 
taining to  the  mouth  and  stomach.  Dunylison. 

STO-MA  TO— PLAS'TIC,  a.  [Gr.  aroya,  ardyaro ;, 
a mouth,  and  nl.aaaui,  to  form.]  (Med.)  Noting 
the  operation  of  forming  a mouth  where  the 
aperture  has  been  contracted.  Dunylison. 

f STOND,  n.  [See  Stand.] 

1.  A post ; a station  ; a stand.  Spenser. 

2.  Indisposition  to  proceed.  Bacon. 

STONE,  n.  [Goth,  staina,  stains-,  A.  S.  stan; 
Dut .steen-,  Ger.  stein-,  Dan.  steen  ; Sw.  sten  ; 
Icel .stein.  — From  Gr.  'iartiyi,  to  stand.  Skinner.] 

1.  Earthy  or  mineral  matter  condensed  into 
a hard  state,  and  varying  greatly  in  size. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — <?,  9,  g,  soft;  G,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  ^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


STONE 


1420 


STOOP 


Should  I go  to  church,  and  see  the  holy  edifice  of  stone , 

And  not  bethink  me  straight  of  dangerous  rocks?  Shak. 

And  this  our  life,  exempt  from  public  haunt, 

Finds  tongues  in  trees,  nooks  in  the  running  brooks. 
Sermons  in  stones , and  good  in  every  thing.  Shak. 

Fling  but  a stone , the  giant  dies.  31.  Green. 

2.  A precious  stone  ; a gem  ; a jewel. 

Sparkles  this  stone  as  it  was  wont?  or  is ’t  not 

Too  dull  for  your  good  wearing?  {$ hak. 

3.  Any  thin"  made  of  stone,  as  a mirror  or  a 
funeral  monument. 

Lend  me  a looking-glass: 

If  that  her  breath  will  mist  or  stain  the  stone , 

Why  then  she  lives.  Shak. 

We  carved  not  a line,  we  raised  not  a stone , 

But  we  left  him  alone  with  his  glory.  Wolfe. 

4.  An  inorganic  concretion  in  the  kidneys  or 

the  bladder  ; vesical  calculus,  or  the  disease  oc- 
casioned by  vesical  calculus.  Wiseman. 

5.  One  of  the  testes  ; a testicle.  Shak. 

6.  The  hard  covering  in  which  the  kernel  of 

a drupe  is  contained.  Bacon. 

7.  A state  or  a quality  of  torpidness  and  in- 
sensibility ; want  of  feeling,  [it.] 

I have  not  yet  forgot  myself  to  stone.  Pope. 

8.  A weight  varying  with  the  article  weighed, 

but  legally  fourteen  pounds.  Simtnonds. 

JfcTr*  “ The  stone  of  butcher’s  meat  or  of  fish  is 
usually  reckoned  at  8 lbs.;  of  cheese,  at  16  lbs.;  of 
lieinp,  at  32  lbs. ; of  glass,  at  5 lbs  ” Simtnonds. 

9.  t A lump.  “ Great  stones  of  iron.”  Berners. 

Atlantic  stone , a substance  supposed  by  some  to  be 

the  same  as  citron  wood,  but  thought  by  others,  with 
more  probability,  to  be  ivory.  Mitford. 

Gorgeous  feasts 

On  citron  tables  or  Atlantic  stone.  3Itlton. 

— Meteoric  stone,  a stone  which  has  fallen  from  the 
atmosphere  ; a meteorite.  Meteoric  stones  are  sup- 
posed to  be  fragments  projected  from  bodies  revolving 
round  the  sun,  and  becoming  heated  in  their  passage 
through  the  earth’s  atmosphere  by  the  condensation 
of  the  air  before  them,  in  consequence  of  their  enor- 
mous velocity  Their  chemical  composition  is  differ- 
ent from  that  of  any  terrestrial  body.  They  consist 
chiefly  of  silica  and  iron,  with  smaller  proportions 
of  magnesia,  nickel,  sulphur,  chrome,  manganese, 
cobalt,  chlorine,  &c.  Masses  of  malleable  iron,  often 
of  vast  size,  have  also  fallen  from  the  atmosphere. 
An  alloy  of  iron  and  nickel  is  the  characteristic  com- 
ponent of  all  meteorites.  Herschel.  C.  T Jackson.  — 
Philosopher's  stone.  See  PHILOSOPHER. — Rocking 
stone , a stone  poised  so  equally  upon  another  that  a 
slight  force  will  cause  it  to  oscillate  ; a logan.  Hitch- 
cock.— To  leave  no  stone  unturned , to  do  every  tiling 
that  can  he  done  to  produce  ail  effect,  or  promote  an 
object.  Hudihras. 

STONE,  a.  Consisting  of,  or  resembling,  stone. 
“ She  bought  stone  jugs.”  Shak. 

STONE,  V . a.  [/.  STONED  ; pp.  STONING,  STONED.] 

1.  To  pelt,  or  beat,  or  kill  with  stones. 

What  shall  I do  unto  this  people?  they  be  almost  ready  to 
stone  me.  Exod.  xvii.  4. 

2.  To  change  to  stone  ; to  harden  ; to  indu- 
rate. 

O peijured  woman,  thou  dost  stone  my  heart.  Shak. 

3.  To  remove  stones  from.  Bp.  Hall. 

4.  To  face  with  stones;  to  stein.  Smart. 

STONE'— BLIND,  a.  Blind  as  a stone;  totally 

blind.  Halliwell.  Forby. 

STONE'— BLUE,  n.  A coloring  material  consisting 
of  indigo  mixed  with  starch  or  whiting.  Hoblyn. 

STONE— BOR-UR,  n.  ( Zoiil .)  A molluscous  bi- 
valve which  perforates  or  bores  into  rocks  by 
means  of  a fleshy  foot,  on  which  it  turns  as  on 
a pivot.  Brande. 

STONE'— BOW  (ston'ho),  n.  A smaller  kind  of 
cross-bow  for  throwing  stones. 

O for  a stone-bow , to  hit  him  in  the  eyel  Shak. 

STONE'-BRAM-BLE,  n.  (Bot.)  A deciduous, 
trailing  species  of  bramble;  Rubus  saxatilis. 

Loudon. 

STONE'— BRASH,  n.  A- subsoil  composed  of  pul- 
verized rock  or  stone.  Loudon 

STONE'— BREAK  (ston'brak),  n.  (Bot.)  A plant 
of  the  genus  Saxifraga.  Ainsworth. 

STONE'— BlfCK,  n.  (Zoiil.)  An  animal  of  the  deer 
kind;  steinboc.  — See  Steixuoc.  I Vest. 

STONE'— BUT-TE1R,  n.  A kind  of  alum.  Crabb. 

STONE— CHAT,  £ n (Ornith.)  A dentiros- 

STONE'— CIIAt-TIJR,  > tral,  passerine  bird,  found 
in  various  parts  of  Europe,  Asia,  and  Africa  ; 
Saxicola  rubicola.  Yarrell. 

STONE'— COAL,  n.  Anthracite  coal.  Wright. 


STONE'— COLD,  a.  Cold  as  stone.  Fairfax. 

STONE'— CO L-OR,  n.  The  color  of  stone  ; a gray- 
ish color.  . floget. 

STONE'-COR-AL,  n.  A hard  kind  of  coral.  Lyell. 

STONE'— CRAY,  n.  A disease  in  hawks.  Johnson. 

STONE'— CROP,  n.  (Bot.)  A name  applied  to 
low,  succulent  plants  of  the  genus  Sedttm, 
growing  in  barren,  rocky  situations.  Loudon. 

STONE'-CRUSH,  n.  A sore  on  the  foot.  Fox. 

STONE'— CUR-LEW,  n.  (Ornith.)  A large  species 
of  plover,  which  haunts  downs  and  open  places, 
and  has  a loud,  shrill  erv ; stone-plover  ; the 
< Edicnemus  crepitans  of  Temminck.  Owen. 

STONE'— CUT-TJJR,  n.  One  who  hews  stones. 
“ A monument  at  the  stone-cutter's.”  Swift. 

STONE'— CUT-TING,  n.  The  work  or  business 
of  a stone-cutter.  Ure. 

STONE'— DEAD,  a.  As  dead  as  a stone  ; lifeless. 

STONE'—  DRESS-fR,  n.  One  who  smooths  and 
shapes  stone  for  building  purposes.  Simmonds. 

STONE'— EAT-IJR,  n.  An  animal  that  devours 
stones  ; a stone-borer  Kirby. 

STONE'-FAL-CON  (-ftw-kn),  n.  A sort  of  hawk 
which  builds  her  nest  in  rocks.  Crabb.  Phillips. 

STONE'— FERN,  n.  A plant.  Ainsworth. 

STONE'— FLY,  n.  An  insect.  Ainsworth. 

STONE'— FRUIT  (ston'frut),  n.  A one-celled,  one- 
seeded  or  two-seeded,  simple,  indehiscent  fruit, 
as  the  peach,  with  the  inner  part  of  the  pericarp 
(endocarp)  hard  or  bony,  while  the  outer  (exocarp 
or  sarcocarp)  is  fleshy  or  pulpy  ; a drupe.  Gray. 

STONE'— IIAM-MpR,  n.  A small  hammer  for 

breaking  stones  Simmonds. 

STONE'— HAWK,  n.  A kind  of  hawk.  Ainsworth. 

STONE'— HE ART-gD,  a.  Hard-hearted;  stony- 
hearted. “ Stone-hearted  men.”  Browne. 

STONETlENtJE,  n.  [Probably  from  A.  S.  stan, 
stone,  and  hangian,  to  hang.  P.  Cyc .]  An 
ancient  Celtic  temple  of  England,  situated  on 
a wide  tract  of  unenclosed  land  called  Salisbury 
Plain,  in  Wiltshire.  In  its  present  state  it  con- 
sists of  a number  of  large  stones,  either  stand- 
ing upright  or  lying  on  the  ground.  Britton. 

STONE'— HORSE,  n.  A horse  not  castrated;  a 
stallion.  Halliwell.  Mortimer. 

STONE'— LIL-Y,  n.  (Pal)  A name  applied  to  the 
fossil  remains  of  certain  radiated  animals  called 
crinoidednsj  or  encrinites,  the  best  known  spe- 
cies of  which  is  Encrinitis  moniliformis,  or  the 
great  lily  encrinite.  — See  Enckinite. 

Ansted.  Bucklaiul. 

STONE'— MAR-T1JN,  n. 

(Zoiil.)  A species  of 
marten  found  more 
frequently  in  moun- 
tainous and  stony 
places,  and  nearer 
the  habitations  of 
man,  than  thfe  pine- 
marten  ; the  Martes 
Foina  of  Gmelin  ; — 
called  also  bcccli-martin.  Bell. 

STONE'— MA-SON,  n.  A mason  whose  business 
it  is  to  work  in  stone  Ash. 

STONE'-MOR-TAR,  n.  A kind  of  mortar  in 
which  stones  are  laid.  Ash. 

STONE'— O-jEHRE  (o-kur),  n.  An  earthy  oxide  of 
iron,  used  in  painting.  Fairholt. 

STONE'— PINE,  n.  (Bot.)  A species  of  pine  com- 
mon in  the  south  of  Europe,  having  edible 
seeds ; Pinus  Pinca.  Loudon. 

STONE'— PlT,  n.  A pit  where  stones  are  dug  ; a 
quarry.  Woodivard. 

STONE'— PITCH,  n.  Hard,  inspissated  pitch. 
“ Mummies  ...  as  hard  as  stone-pitch.”  Bacon. 

STONE'-PLbV-UR  (ston'pluv-er),  n.  (Ornith.)  A 
species  of  plover;  stone-curlew.  Ainsworth. 

STONE'— POCK,  n.  (Med.)  Tubercular  tumors  of 
the  face.  Hoblyn. 

STONE'— Q.UAR-RY  (-kwor-e),  n.  A place  where 
stones  are  quarried.  Goldsmith. 

STON'UR,  n.  One  who  beats  or  kills  with  stones. 


STONE'— ROOT,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the  mint 
family  growing  in  North  America,  and  exhaling 
the  odor  of  lemons  ; Collinsonia  Canadensis. 

Gray. 

STONE’§'-CAST,  n.  The  distance  to  which  a 
stone  may  be  thrown  ; a stone’s-throw.  Herbert. 

STONE'— SEED,  n.  A perennial  plant.  Booth. 

STONE’§'FIELD-SLAte,  n.  See  Slate.  Ansted. 

STONE’S'— MIC-KLE,  n-  A bird.  Ainsworth 

STONE'— SQUAR-.gR,  n.  One  who  squares  or 
shapes  stone.  Wright. 

STONE’S'-TIIROW,  n.  The  distance  to  which  a 
stone  may  be  thrown  ; a stone’s-cast.  Clarke. 

STONE'— STILL,  a.  Resembling  a stone  in  im- 
mobility ; still  as  a stone ; motionless.  Pope. 

STONE'— WALL,  71.  A wall  made  of  stone.  Steele. 

STONE'— WARE,  n.  A kind  of  pottery  composed 
of  clay  and  silex,  partially  vitrified  by  heat,  and 
glazed  by  means  of  salt  thrown  upon  it  while 
in  the  furnace.  McCulloch. 

STONE'— WEED,  n.  (Bot.)  A pernicious  weed, 
beset  with  bristle-like  hairs,  and  bearing  small, 
yellowish,  or  milk-white  flowers  ; red-root ; 
Lithospermum  arvense.  Farm.  Ency. 

STONE'— WORK  (-wiirk),  n.  Work  or  masonry 
consisting  of  stone.  Mortimer. 

STON'I-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality  of  be- 
ing stony ; hardness.  Mortimer. 

STON'Y,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to,  consisting  of,  or 
abounding  in,  stone.  “ Stony  Moenalus.”  Milton. 
Nor  store / tower,  nor  walls  of  beaten  brass. 

Can  be  retentive  to  the  strength  of  spirit.  Shak. 

2.  Converting  into  stone  ; petrific.  [it.] 

Now  let  the  stout/  dart  of  senseless  cold 

Pierce  to  my  heart,  and  pass  through  every  side.  S/tenser. 

3.  Hard;  inflexible;  unrelenting,  [it.] 

A stony  adversary,  an  inhuman  wretch 
Uncapable  of  pity.  Shak. 

STON'Y— HEART'UD,  a.  Hard-hearted,  cruel; 
pitiless ; remorseless.  Shak. 

STOOD  (stud),  i.  & p.  from  stand.  See  Stand. 

STOOK  (stuk,  51)  [stok,  Ja.  K. ; stuk,  Wb.~\,n.  A 
shock  of  corn  containing  twelve  sheaves. 

Loudon . 

STOOK  (stuk),  v.  a.  To  set  up  in  stooks,  as 
sheaves  of  grain.  Ash. 

STOOL,  n.  [Goth,  stols ; A.  S.  stop,  Dut.  stool; 
Ger.  stuhl ; Dan.  Sw.  stol ; Ieel.  sti  ll.  — W. 
ystol , a seat;  Ir.  sdol,  stol ; Gael,  stol,  stoil  — 
Slav,  stolek.  — “From  A.  S.  stellan,  to  put,  to 
set.”  Richardson .] 

1.  A seat  for  a single  person,  without  a hack, 

as  distinguished  from  a chair.  Watts. 

2.  A carpenter’s  bench.  Simmonds , 

3.  A natural  evacuation  or  discharge  from 

the  bowels.  Arbutlinot. 

4.  An  artificial  duck  or  other  water-fowl  used 

as  a decoy.  [Local,  U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

5.  pi.  (Naut.)  Small  channels  for  the  dead- 

eyes  of  the  back-stays.  Dana. 

Stool  of  repentance,  an  elevated  seat  on  which  per- 
sons stood,  m Scottisli  churches,  who  had  been  guilty 
of  furnication  or  adultery  ; a cutty-stool.  L' Estrange. 

STOOL,  n.  [L.  sto/o.\ 

1.  A shoot  from  the  trunk  of  a tree.  Todd. 

2.  (Bot.)  The  parent  plant  from  which  young 

plants  are  propagated  by  the  process  of  layer- 
ing. Lindley. 

STOOL,  v.  n.  To  shoot  or  send  oot  stools  or  suck- 
ers ; to  tiller.  Wright. 

STOOL'-BAlL,  n.  A rural  play  in  which  balls 
are  driven  from  stool  to  stool.  Prior. 

STOOL’— Pit^-EON,  n.  A decoy  robber,  in  the  pay 
of  the  police,  who  brings  his  associates  into  a 
trap  laid  for  them.  [Local,  U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

STOOM,  v.  a.  To  mix  with  stum,  as  wine,  to 
raise  a new  fermentation  ; to  stum.  Chambers. 

STOOP,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  stupian ; Sw.  stupa.)  [f. 

STOOPED  ; pp.  STOOPINO,  STOOPED.] 

I.  To  bend  down  or  forward,  as  in  picking 
any  thing  off  the  ground  ; to  lean  forward ; to 
cower. 

Mary  stood  without  at  the  sepulchre,  weeping:  and  . . . 
6hc  stooped  down  and  looked  into  the  sepulchre.  John  xx.  11. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  Cr,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  IIER; 


STOOP 


1421 


STORM 


2.  To  yield ; to  submit ; to  surrender ; to 
succumb  ; — to  give  way  ; to  retreat. 

I am  the  son  of  llenry  the  Fifth, 

Who  made  the  dauphin  and  the  French  to  sloop.  Shak . 

3.  To  descend  from  rank  or  dignity  ; to  hum- 
ble one’s  self;  to  condescend. 

He  that  condescended  so  far,  and  stooped  so  low,  to  invite 
and  bring  us  to  heaven,  will  not  refuse  us  a gracious  recep- 
tion there.  Hoyle. 

4.  To  be  inferior  or  subordinate. 

These  are  arts,  my  prince. 

In  which  your  Zama  does  not  stoop  to  Rome.  Addison. 

5.  To  come  down  or  descend,  as  a falcon  on 
prey;  to  make  a swoop. 

Here  stands  my  dove;  stoop  at  her,  if  you  dare.  B.Jonson. 

6.  To  alight  from  the  wing. 

Satan  ready  now 

To  stoop , with  wearied  wings  and  willing  feet, 

On  the  bare  outside  of  this  world.  Milton. 

7.  To  sink  to  a lower  place  ; to  fall. 

Cowering  low 

With  blandishment,  each  bird  stooped  on  his  wing.  Milton. 

STOOP,  v.  a.  1.  To  bend  down  or  forward;  to 
lower  ; to  bow ; to  abase. 

The  king  before  the  Douglas’  rage 

Stooped  liis  anointed  head  as  low  as  death.  Shak 

2.  To  subject ; to  submit ; to  give  up. 

Before  his  sister  should  her  body  stoop 

To  such  abhorred  pollution.  Shak. 

STOOP,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  stoops  ; incli- 
nation forwards  or  downwards. 

2.  Descent  from  dignity  or  superiority.  “ Such 

a stoop  from  sovereignty.”  Dryden. 

3.  Fall,  as  of  a bird  upon  his  prey  ; a swoop. 

An  eagle  made  a stoop  at  him  in  the  middle  of  his  exalta- 
tion, and  carried  him  away.  V Estrange. 

STOOP,  n.  [A.  S.  stoppri ; Dut.  stoop,  a gallon  ; 
Ger.  stauf,  a large  drinking-cup  ; Dan  stob  ; Sw. 
stop,  a liquid  measure  of  three  pints ; Icel. 
staup , a bowl.] 

1.  A drinking  vessel  ; a flagon  ; a bowl. 

Set  me  the  stoops  of  wine  upon  that  table.  Shah. 

2.  f A post  fixed  in  the  earth.  Old  Play. 

STOOP,  n.  [Dut.  stoep.~\  The  steps  at  the  en- 
trance of  a house  ; door-steps  ; a porch  with 
steps,  a balustrade,  and  seats  [Local,  U.  S.] 

Nearly  all  the  houses  [in  Albany]  were  built  with  their  pa- 
bles  to  the  streets,  and  each  had  heavy  wooden  Dutch  stoops , 
with  seats  at  the  door.  Cooper. 

There  was  a large,  two-story  house,  having  a long  stoop  in 
front.  Judd. 

STOOP' ^ R,  n.  One  who  stoops  Sherwood 

STOOP'ING,  p.  a.  Bending  down  or  forward. 

STOOP'LNG-LY,  ad.  With  inclination  forwards 
or  downwards  ; in  a stooping  manner. 

STOOR,  v.  n.  To  rise  up  in  clouds,  as  smoke  or 
dust.  [Local,  Eng.]  Halliwell. 

STOOT ' F.R,  n.  [Dut.]  {Com.)  A small  silver  coin 
of  Holland,  in  value  two  and  a half  stivers 
($0.05).  Wright. 

STOP,  v.  a.  [Dut.  stoppen  ; Ger . stop  fen-,  Dan. 
stoppe  ; Sw.  stoppa.  — It.  stoppare  ; Fr.  etouperk] 
[i.  STOPPED  ; pp.  STOPPING,  STOPPED.] 

1.  To  hinder  from  progressive  motion  or  from 
further  operation ; to  hinder  from  change  of 
state  ; to  stay  ; to  intercept  ; to  thwart ; to  im- 
pede ; to  check ; to  repress  ; to  suppress. 

To  stop  the  approaches  of  decay.  Dorset. 

Fixed  in  his  throat  the  flying  weapon  stood, 

And  stopped  his  breath  and  drank  his  vital  blood.  Dryden. 

2.  To  press  against  the  finger-board  with  the 
fingers,  as  the  string  of  a musical  instrument, 
and  thereby  determine  the  pitch  of  a note 

In  instruments  of  strings,  if  you  stop  a string  high,  where- 
by it  hath  less  scope  to  tremble,  the  sound  is  more  treble,  but 
yet  more  dead.  Bacon. 

3.  To  block  or  close  up  ; to  obstruct 

His  majesty  stojtped  a leak  that  did  much  harm.  Bacon. 

They  refused  to  hearken,  . . . and  stopped  their  ears,  that 
they  should  not  hear.  Zech.  vii.  11. 

4.  fTo  point  with  stops  ; to  punctuate.  Todd. 

5.  (Naut.)  To  fasten;  to  make  fast.  Turner. 

Syn.  — See  Hinder 

STOP,  v.  n.  1.  To  cease  to  go  forward  ; to  stay 
progress ; to  be  at  a stand-still. 

He  bites  his  lip,  and  starts; 

Stops  on  a sudden,  looks  upon  the  ground. 

Then  lays  his  finder  on  his  temple;  straight 

Springs  out  into  fast  gait,  then  stops  again.  Shak. 

2 To  cease  from  any  course  of  action  ; to 
make  an  end  ; to  leave  off;  to  forbear  ; to  desist. 

The  best  time  to  stop  is  at  the  beginning.  Leslie. 

Syn.  — See  Stand 


STOP,  n.  1.  Act  of  stopping  ; cessation  of  motion ; 
intermission ; pause  ; rest. 

And  time,  that  takes  survey  of  all  the  world, 

Must  have  a stop.  Shak. 

A lion,  ranging  for  his  prey,  made  a stop  on  a sudden,  at  a 
hideous  yelling  noise.  L' Estrange. 

2.  Hinderance  of  progress  or  operation ; ob- 
struction; obstacle;  check;  impediment. 

Occult  qualities  put  a stop  to  the  improvement  of  natural 
philosophy.  jSewton. 

I have  made  my  way  through  more  impediments 
Thun  twenty  times  your  stop.  Shak. 

3.  Interruption  ; hesitation  ; pause. 

Thou  art  full  of  love  and  honestly, 

And  weigh’st  thy  words  before  tliou  giv’st  them  breath; 

Therefore  these  'stops  of  thine  f right  me  the  more.  Shak. 

4.  Act  of  applying  the  stops  of  an  instru- 
ment. 

The  organ  sound  a time  survives  the  stop.  Daniel. 

5.  A point  in  writing  or  printing ; a mark  of 

punctuation.  Crashaw. 

6.  A Swedish  liquid  measure  containing  2J 

pints.  . Simmonds. 

7.  {Naut.)  A fastening  of  small  stuff: — one 

of  the  small  projections  on  the  outside  of  the 
cheeks  of  a lower  mast,  at  the  upper  parts  of 
the  hounds.  Dana. 

8.  (Mas.)  The  pressure  of  the  finger  on  a 
string  of  a stringed  instrument,  by  which  it  is 
brought  into  contact  with  the  finger-board  and 
the  pitch  of  the  note  is  determined; — an  ap- 
paratus in  an  organ  by  which  a set  of  pipes  can 
be  stopped  ; — a set  of  pipes  in  an  organ. 

Ency.  Amer, 

Syn.  — See  Cessation. 

STOP'COCK,  n.  An  instrument  for  stopping  at 
pleasure  the  passage  of  a fluid  through  a pipe 
or  from  a vessel,  being  a sort  of  revolving  valve  ; 
a tap  with  a turning  handle  ; a cock.  Grew. 

STOPE,  n.  {Mining.)  A term  literally  denoting 
a step,  and  used  in  reference  to  a method  of 
hewing  away  ore  in  a mine,  so  that  the  upper  or 
under  surface  of  the  excavation  presents  the 
form  of  a series  of  steps.  Ansted.  De  Beaumont. 

ST6p’-GAP,  n.  Something  substituted  ; a tempo- 
rary expedient,  [r.]  Foote. 

SToP'LJJSS,  a.  Not  to  be  stopped  ; irresistible. 

As  stopless  as  a running  multitude.  Davenant. 

STOP'PAf'.E,  n.  1.  The  act  of  stopping,  or  the 
state  of  being  stopped.  Floyer.  Ec.  Rev. 

2.  A deduction  made  from  pay  or  allowances 
to  repay  advances,  &c.  Simmonds. 

Stoppage  in  transitu,  (Law.)  the  seizure  by  the  seller 
of  goods  sold,  during  the  course  of  their  passage,  to 
the  buyer.  Burrill. 

STOP'PIJR,  n.  1.  One  who,  or  that  which,  stops. 

2.  A stopple,  as  of  a bottle.  Todd. 

3 {Naut.)  A stout  rope  with  a knot  at  one 
end,  and  sometimes  with  a hook  at  the  other, 
used  for  various  purposes  about  decks  ; — as  for 
making  fast  a cable  so  as  to  overhaul  it.  Dana. 

STOP'PIJR,  v.  a.  To  close  or  make  fast  with  a 
stopper  ; to  stopple,  [it.]  Clarke. 

STOP' PER— BOLT,  n.  {Naut.)  A ring-bolt  to 
which  a deck-stopper  is  secured.  Dana. 

STOP  PING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who,  or  that 
which,  stops.  Bp.  Taylor. 

2.  (Mining.)  Act  of  cutting  down  mineral 
ground  with  a pick.  J Vatsoti. 

STOP 'PING— OUT,  n.  (Etching.)  A mode  of  giv- 
ing effect  to  lines  varying  in  darkness  and 
breadth,  by  allowing  the  acid  to  remain  on 
some  longer  than  on  others.  Fairholt. 

STOP'— PLANKS,  n.  pi.  A kind  of  dam  used  on 
canals  and  other  hydraulic  works.  Ogilvie. 

STOP'PLE  (stop'pl),  n.  [Gael,  stoipeal .]  That 
which  stops  or  closes  the  mouth  of  a bottle  or 
other  vessel ; a stopper.  Bacon. 

STOP'PLE  (stop'pl),  v.  a.  To  stop  or  close  with  a 
stopple  ; to  stopper.  Coicper. 

STOP'— WATCH  (-wocli),  n.  A watch  so  made 
that  it  can  be  stopped  at  will.  Simmonds. 

STORAGE,  n.  1.  The  act  of  storing  goods  Ash. 

2.  A charge  for  storing  goods.  Simmonds. 

STO'RAX,  n.  [Gr.  or{jpa| ; L.  styraz.]  ( Chcm .) 
A gum-resin  of  the  consistence  of  honey,  of  a 
brownish-gray  color,  of  a powerful,  oppressive 
odor  and  an  aromatic  taste,  and  consisting  of  a 
mixture  of  styracine,  cinnaminic  acid,  a pecu- 
liar resin,  and  styrole.  Millet. 


STORE,  n.  [W.  ystor.;  Gael,  stor,  storas,  a 
store,  plenty.  — A.  S.,  Dan.,  Sw.,  Sg  Icel.  stor, 
great,  vast.  — The  past  part,  of  A.  S.  styran,  to 
stir.  ' I'ooke .] 

1.  A large  number  or  quantity  ; a great  num- 
ber or  a great  deal ; abundance  , plenty. 

The  ships  are  fraught  with  store  of  victuals.  Bacon. 

Grant  me  length  of  life,  anti  years’  good  store.  Dryden. 

2.  A stock  accumulated ; a supply  ; a hoard. 

Ye  shall  eat  of  the  old  store.  Lev.  xxv.  22. 

3.  pi.  (Mil.  & Naut.)  Arms,  ammunition, 
clothing,  provisions,  wares,  furniture,  and  all 
other  articles  made  use  of: — in  commercial 
navigation,  the  supplies  of  different  articles  pro- 
vided for  the  subsistence  and  accommodation  of 
the  crew  and  passengers.  Mar.  Diet.  McCulloch. 

4.  A storehouse  ; a magazine.  Milton. 

5.  A building  or  room  in  which  goods  of  any 
kind  are  kept  for  sale;  a shop  for  the  sale  of 
goods. — See  Bookstore.  [U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

In  store,  in  a state  of  accumulation  or  preservation 
for  future  use.  “ Let  every  one  of  you  lay  by  him  in 
store.”  1 Cor.  xvi.  2. — To  set  store  by,  to  value  ; to 
regard  highly.  [Local,  Eng.  and  U.  S.J  Halliwell. 

STORE,  a.  1.  f Hoarded  ; laid  up  ; accumulated  ; 
put  in  store.  “ Store  treasure.”  ■ Bacon. 

2.  Fit  or  designed  to  be  kept  for  sale  or 
slaughter  ; as,  “ Store  pigs.”  [Eng.]  Loudon. 

STORE,  v.  a.  [W.  ystorio,  to  store  up.]  [/. 
STORED  ; pp.  STORING,  STORED.] 

1.  To  lay  up  ; to  reposit  for  preservation  ; to 
hoard.  “ Corn  laid  in  and  stored  tip.”  Bacon. 

2.  To  furnish;  to  supply;  to  stock. 

Her  mind,  with  thousand  virtues  stored.  Prior. 

Having  stored  a pond  of  four  acres  with  carps,  tench,  and 
other  fish.  Hall. 

STORE 'HOUSE,  n.  1.  A building  in  which  things 
are  stored,  or  laid  up  for  future  use  ; a maga- 
zine ; a repository  ; a warehouse. 

Joseph  opened  all  the  storehouses,  and  sold  unto  the  Egyp- 
tians. Gen.  xli.  oil. 

2.  f A great  mass  laid  up.  Spenser. 

STORE'-KEEP-ER,  n.  1.  The  officer  having  the 
care  of  military  or  naval  stores.  Stocqueler. 

2.  One  who  takes  care  of  a store.  Ash. 

3.  A shop-keeper.  [U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

STOR'ER,  n.  One  who  stores  or  lays  up. 

STORE'-ROOM,  n.  A room  in  which  things  are 
stored:  — a space  for  stores.  Sir  IF.  Jones. 

STORE'— SHIP,  n.  (Naut.)  A vessel  employed  to 
carry  artillery  or  naval  stores  for  the  use  of  a 
fleet,  fortress,  or  garrison.  Mar  Diet. 

STOR r CL,  or  STORffE  [stbr'je,  Sm.  Cl.  Ash ; 
stiirj ,K.  Wb.  Maunder),  n.  [Gr.  cropyi}.]  Affec- 
tion of  parents  for  their  young , parental  love 
or  instinct ; regard  for  offspring.  Ash. 

f STO'RI-AL  (sto're-til),  a.  Historical.  Chaucer. 

STO'RIED  (std'rjd),  a.  1.  Furnished  with  stories 
or  with  representations  of  stories ; adorned 
with  historical  paintings  or  pictures.  Pope. 

Storied  windows  richly  dight.  Milton. 

Can  storied  urn,  or  animated  bust, 

Back  to  its  mansion  call  the  fleeting  breath?  Gray. 

2.  Celebrated  or  related  in  story.  Smart. 

3.  Having  stories,  or  apartments  one  above 
another  ; as,  “ A three-storied  building.” 

f STO'RI-ER,  n.  An  historian.  Bp.  Peacock. 

f STO'RI-FY,  v.  n.  To  relate  stories.  Clarke. 

fSTO'RI-FY,  v.  a.  To  arrange  in  stories.  Clarke. 

STORK,  n.  [A.  S.  store ; Dut. 
stork-,  Ger.  storch;  Dan.  $ 

Sw.  stork  ; Icel.  stor/cr.]  (Or- 
nith.)  A bird  of  the  order 
Grallce,  family  Ardeidre,  and 
sub-family  Ciconince,  allied  to 
the  heron,  and  having  a long, 
straight,  conical,  pointed  bill. 

— See  CiconiNjE.  Gray. 

STORK’S'-BILL,  n.  ( Bot .)  The 
common  name  of  tuberous- 
rooted  plants  of  the  genus 
Pelargonium,  the  beak  of  the 
fruit  of  which  resembles  the 
bill  of  a stork.  Loudon. 

STORM,  n.  [A.  S.  storm,  stearin-,  Dut.  storm-, 
Ger.  sturm-,  Dan.  § Sw.  stornl;  Icel.  stormr. 


White  stork 
( Ciconia  alba). 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.—  9,  (I;  <(,  *,  soft ; £,  G,  c,  j§,  hard;  § as  z;  £ as  gz.  — THIS,  ibis. 


STORM 


1422 


STRAGGLE 


— W.  y storm  ; Gael.  <S>-  Ir.  stoirm.  — It.  stor- 
mo,  a fight,  a combat;  stormire,  to  make  a 
noise.] 

1.  A violent  commotion  of  the  atmosphere  ; a 

violent  wind,  accompanied  with,  or  followed  by, 
a fall  of  rain,  snow,  or  hail ; a tempest ; a gale  ; 
a hurricane  ; a*  tornado.  “ A great  storm  of 
wind.”  Mark  iv.  37. 

Nor  heed  the  storm  that  howls  along  the  sky.  Smollett. 

In  the  torrid  zone  storms  display  the  greatest  violence, 
and  rage  with  most  destructive  fury.  ...  In  the  polar  regions 
they  seldom  amount  to  more  than  a strong  wind.  Bratule. 

2.  A vigorous  assault  on  a fortified  place. 

How  by  storm  the  walls  were  won.  Dryden. 

3.  Violent  commotion ; sedition ; insurrec- 
tion ; tumult ; clamor  ; disturbance. 

I will  stir  up  in  England  some  black  storms.  Shak. 

4.  Affliction  ; adversity ; calamity. 

A brave  man  struggling  in  the  storms  of  fate.  Pope. 

5.  Violence  ; tumultuous  force.  Hooker. 

Syn.  — See  Wind. 

STORM,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  styrman,  to  assail.]  [t. 
STORMED  ; pp  STORMING,  stormed.]  To  make 
a vigorous  assault  on,  as  a fortified  place  ; to  at- 
tack with  violence  by  open  force. 

They  fight  in  fields,  and  storm  the  shaken  town.  Dryden. 

STORM,  v n.  [A.  S.  styrman.'] 

1.  To  raise  a storm  or  tempest.  Spenser. 

2.  To  be  violently  angry;  to  rage  ; to  fume. 

The  master  storms,  the  lady  scolds.  Swift. 

3.  To  blow  violently,  or  to  rain,  snow,  or  hail 
violently  , — used  with  it ; as,  “ It  storms.” 

STORM'— BEAT,  a.  Beaten,  battered,  or  injured 
by  storms.  “ Thy  storm-beat  vessel.”  Spenser. 

STORM'BIRD,  n.  The  stormy  petrel.  Hill. 

STORM 'COCK,  n.  The  missel-thrush.  Pennant. 

STORM'FINCH,  n.  The  stormy  petrel.  Hamilton. 

STORM'FUL,  a.  Tempestuous;  stormy  “The 
stormful  day.”  [r.]  Collins. 

STORM'FUL-NESS,  n.  Storminess,  [r.]  Carlyle. 

STORM 'I-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  stormy  ; 
tempestuousness.  Tocld. 

STORM'ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who,  or  a force 
which,  storms.  Whitehead. 

STORM'ING— PAR'TY,  n.  (Mil.)  A select  body 
of  men,  who  first  enter  the  breach,  in  storming 
a fortified  place  or  its  outworks.  Campbell. 

STORM'LfSS,  a.  Destitute  of  storms  ; calm. 
“ The  tide  of  stormless  time.”  Montyomery. 

STORM'-MEN-A-ClNG,  a Threatening  or  fore- 
boding a storm.  Clarke. 

STORM'— PE-TRpL,  n.  The  stormy  petrel.  Clarke. 

STORM’— PR E-SAp'jNG,  a.  Presaging  or  fore- 
boding a storm.  Clarke. 

STORM'— PROOF,  a.  Proof  against  storms. Garrick. 

STORM'— SAIL,  n.  ( Naut .)  A strong  sail  used  in 
a storm  or  gale.  Clarke. 

STORM'— TOSSED  (-tost),  a.  Tossed  or  agitated 
by  storms  or  gales.  Clarke. 

STORM'— VEXED  (-vekst),  a.  Vexed  or  harassed 
by  storms.  Coleridye 

STORM'Y,  a.  1.  Abounding  with  storms;  tem- 
pestuous; windy;  squally;  gusty;  boisterous. 

2 Resembling,  or  pertaining  to,  a storm  ; 
blustering.  “ A stormy  sound.”  Addison. 

3.  Violent;  passionate;  rough.  Johnson. 

STORTH  ING  (stort'ing),  n.  The  parliament  or 
legislative  body  of  Norway,  which  is  elected 
once  in  three  years,  and  sits  every  year  Brande. 

STO'RY,  n.  [Gr.  ioropi'a,  a history ; ionop,  know- 
ing ; tibivat,  to  know  ; L.  historia  ; It.  istoria, 
storia ; Sp.  historia  ; Fr.  histoire.  — A.  S.  star, 
star-,  Dut.,  Ger.,  Dan.,  iS;  Sw.  historic.  — W. 
ysdori ; Ir.  sdair,  stair.] 

1.  History  ; an  account  of  past  events  or  trans- 
actions. “The  subjectof  ancient  story.”  Temple. 

Governments  that  once  made  such  a noise,  as  founded 
upon  the  deepest  councils,  are  now  so  utterly  extinct,  that 
nothing  remains  of  them  hut  a name;  nor  are  there  the  least 
traces  of  them  to  he  found  but  only  in  story.  South. 

2.  A narrative  ; a narration;  an  account;  a 
recital ; a tale.  “ A mournful  story."  Pope. 


lie,  with  his  consorted  Eve, 

The  story  heard  attentive,  and  was  filled 
With  admiration  and  deep  muse  to  hear 
Of  things  so  high  and  strange.  Milton. 

3.  A trifling  tale  ; a petty  narrative  ; an  anec- 
dote ; an  incident ; — a petty  fiction  ; a fable. 

What  stories  had  we  heard 

Of  fairies,  satyrs,  and  the  nymphs  their  dames!  Denham. 

4.  A falsehood.  [Colloquial.]  C.  Richardson. 

Syn.  — See  Anecdote,  Novel. 

STO'RY,  n.  [“  Story,  which  the  French  denomi- 
nate estaye,  etaye , and  which  was  formerly  in 
England  also  called  a stayc,  is  merely  stagery, 
stayery  (the  a broad),  stawry  or  story ; i.  e.  a 
set  of  stairs.”  Tooke. — From  L.  sto,  stare,  to 
stand.  Britton.]  (Arch.)  One  of  the  vertical 
divisions  of  a building ; a subdivision  of  the 
height  of  a house,  comprehending  the  height  or 
part  ascended  by  one  flight  of  stairs.  Britton. 

STO'RY,  v.  a.  To  relate  ; to  narrate.  Shak. 

What  the  sage  poets,  taught  by  the  heavenly  muse, 

Storied  of  old  in  high  immortal  verse.  Milton. 

STO'RY,  v.  a.  To  arrange  or  form  in  stories,  or 
one  under  another.  Bentley. 

STO'RY— BOOK  (buk),  n.  A book  containing  sto- 
ries or  petty  tales.  Boswell. 

STO'RY— POST,  n.  (Arch.)  An  upright  piece  of 
timber  in  a story,  for  supporting  the  superin- 
cumbent part  of  the  exterior  wall.  Francis. 

STO'RY— TELLER,  n.  1.  One  who  tells  stories  ; 
a relater  of  stories  or  petty  tales.  Dryden. 

2.  An  historian,  in  contempt.  Swift. 

STO'RY— TELL'ING,  n.  The  act  or  the  practice 
of  telling  stories.  Guardian. 

STOT,  n.  [A.  S.  stod , a stud;  stotte,  a hack,  a 
worthless  horse.] 

1.  f A horse.  Chaucer. 

2.  A young  bullock ; a steer.  [Scot.,  and 

local,  Eng.]  Jamieson.  Todd. 

STOTE,  n.  1.  A kind  of  weasel.  — See  Stoat. 

2.  t An  old  woman,  in  contempt.  Chaucer. 

STOUND,  v.  n.  [Icel.  stunde.]  To  be  in  pain  or 
sorrow ; to  ache.  [Local,  Eng.]  Brockett. 

t STOUND,  p.  Stunned.  Spenser. 

STOUND,  n.  1.  f Sorrow  ; grief;  mishap;  — a 
sharp  or  severe  pain.  Spenser. 

2.  f A noise  ; a sound.  Spenser. 

3.  f Astonishment ; amazement.  Gay. 

4.  A vessel  for  beer.  [Local,  Eng.]  Wright. 

t STOUND,  it.  [A.  S.  stund.)  Time;  moment; 
hour  ; season  ; occasion  ; exigence.  Spenser. 

STOUP  (stop),  n.  [A.  S.  stoppa  ; Dut.  stoop.] 

1.  A flagon  ; a stoop.  [Local  ] Jamieson. 

2.  (Eccl.)  A portable  vessel  for  holding  holy 
water  ■ — a stone  basin  for  holding  holy  water, 
placed  near  the  door  of  the  church.  Fairholt. 

STOUR,  n.  [A.  S.  styran,  to  stir.] 

1.  t Tumult ; distress  ; contention.  Spenser. 

2.  Perilous  situation  ; hardship  ;•  conflict : — 

trouble  ; vexation  : — force  ; violence  : — severe 
reproof : — battle  ; fight  : — agitation  of  any 
thing  : — dust  in  a state  of  motion  : — a gush  of 
water  : — a paroxysm  of  rage  : — a fright ; a 
state  of  perturbation.  [Scot.]  Jamieson. 

STOUR,  n.  [A.  S.  stur.]  A word  used  in  compo- 
sition, signifying  river,  as  in  Sforerbridge. 

f STOUR,  a.  Harsh;  austere;  rough.  Ascliam. 

i£s“  Still  used  in  Yorkshire,  Eng.  Halliwdl. 

STOUT,  a.  [Dut.  stout,  bold,  stout.  Skinner.] 

1.  Strong  ; lusty  ; robust ; sturdy  ; sinewy. 

A stouter  champion  never  handled  sword.  Shale 

Stout  of  his  hands,  but  of  a soldier's  wit.  Dryden. 

2.  Strongly  built ; firm  ; solid. 

The  stoutest  vessel  to  the  storm  gave  way.  Dryden. 

3.  Bold;  resolute;  brave;  valiant;  intrepid. 

A bold,  stout,  and  magnanimous  man.  Clarendon. 

4.  Obstinate  ; stubborn  ; contumacious. 

Your  words  have  been  stout  against  me.  Mai.  ill.  13. 

5.  Large  ; bulky.  [Colloquial.]  Smart. 

Syn.  — See  Robust. 

STOUT,  n.  A very  strong  kind  of  beer  or  ale  ; a 
kind  of  porter.  Swift. 

STOUT'— HEART-^D,  a.  Brave;  resolute;  cour- 
ageous ; valiant.  Ps.  lxxvi.  5. 


STOUT' LY,  ad.  Lustily  ; boldly  ; strongly  ; firm- 
ly. “ She  speaks  for  you  stoutly."  Shak. 

STOUT'NpSS,  n.  1.  The  state  or  the  quality  of 
being  stout ; strength  ; sturdiness.  Johnson. 

2.  Courage  ; boldness  ; bravery.  Ascham. 

3.  Obstinacy  ; stubbornness  ; contumacy. 

STOVE,  n.  [A.  S.  stofa,  a stove,  a bath;  Dut. 

stoof',  Old  Ger.  stur.c,  a room  ; Ger.  stube ; 
Dan.  stue  ; Sw.  stufva,  stuga  ; Icel.  stofa.  — It. 
stufa,  a stove,  a hothouse ; Sp.  k Port,  estufa  ; 
Old  Fr.  estuce ; Fr  .Have. — See  Stow.] 

1.  A hothouse ; a house  or  room  artificially 

heated,  as  for  plants.  Holland.  Miller. 

2.  A fireplace  or  fire-grate;  — particularly 
an  iron  box  or  cylinder  in  which  fire  is  made  for 
warming  a room  or  for  cooking.  Tomlinson. 

STOVE,  v.  a.  1.  To  keep  warm  in  a house  artifi- 
cially heated,  as  certain  plants.  Bacon. 

2.  To  heat  in  a stove,  as  feathers.  Clarke. 

STO'VjpR,  n.  [Old  Fr.  estover,  to  furnish.] 

1.  Fodder  for  cattle,  as  hay,  straw,  &c.  Shak. 

2.  Stubble  ; — the  second  growth  of  clover. 

[Local,  Eng.]  Wright. 

STOW  (sto),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  stow,  a place  ; Dut. 
stourven,  sturven  ; Ger.  staven  ; Dan.  stuve  ; Sw. 
stufva.]  [i.  stowed  ; pp.  stowing,  stowed.] 

1.  To  place  or  put  compactly  ; to  pack. 

The  goddess  shoved  the  vessel  from  the  shores, 

And  stowed  within  its  womb  the  naval  stores.  rope. 

All  the  patriots  were  beheaded,  stowed  in  dungeons,  or 
condemned  to  work  in  the  mines.  Addison. 

2.  To  place  things  in  compactly,  or  closely, 

as  the  hold  of  a vessel.  Mar  Diet. 

t STOW,  n.  [A.  S.]  A place  ; — used  in  compo- 
sition in  names ; — written  also  stoe.  Gibson. 

STOW' A(JE,  n.  1.  The  act  or  the  operation  of 
stowing;  — particularly  the  arrangement  in  a 
vessel  of  the  different  articles  comprising  the 
cargo,  so  that  they  may  not  be  injured  by  fric- 
tion, or  by  leakage  of  the  vessel.  Bouiicr. 

2.  Room  for  stoning  or  packing  things,  as 
goods  in  a ship’s  hold  or  in  a warehouse. 

In  every  vessel  is  stowage  for  immense  treasures  when  the 
cargo  is  pure  bullion,  or  merchandise  of  a great  value.  Addison. 

3.  The  state  of  being  stowed  or  laid  up.  “To 

have  them  in  safe  stowage."  Shak. 

4.  Things  stowed  or  packed.  “When  we 
have  such  stowage  as  these  trinkets.”  Beau.  Sf  FI. 

5.  Money  paid  for  stowing  goods.  Johnson. 

STRA'BI^M,  n,  A squinting;  strabismus.  Blount. 

STRA-BIS'MUS,  re.  [Low  L.,  from  L.  Strabo  (Gr 
arpafiZi'),  a squint-eyed  person;  It.  strabismo  ; 
Sp.  estrabismo ; Fr.  strabisme. ] (Med.)  Ob- 
liquity in  the  axis  of  the  eye ; a want  of  con- 
cordance in  the  optic  axes,  or  an  affection  of 
the  eye  in  which  the  optic  axes  are  not  directed 
to  the  same  object ; squinting  Dunylison. 

STRA-BOT'O-MY,  re.  [Gr.  arpafiiv,  a squint-eyed 
person,  and  r'l/ivui,  to  cut.]  (Surg.)  Removal 
of  strabismus,  by  dividing  the  muscle  or  mus- 
cles which  distort  the  eyeball.  Dunglison. 

f STRA'jCHY,  re.  [Gr.  arparriyds,  a commander.] 
A commander  ; a governor.  Shak. 

STRAD'DLE  (str&d'dl),  V.  re.  [Dim.  of  stride. — A.  S. 
striede;  stredan,  to  spread.]  [?.  straddled  ; 
pp.  straddling,  steaddled.]  To  stand,  walk, 
or  be  placed  with  the  feet  far  apart  to  the  right 
and  left;  to  part  or  separate  the  legs  widely.  “A 
forked,  straddling  animal.”  Arbuthnot. 

A certain  King  of  Siam  was  firmly  persuaded  that  Som- 
mona-Codoin  had  straddled  over  the  Gulf  of  Bengal;  that 
the  print  of  his  right  foot  was  seen  at  Prabat,  and  that  of  his 
left  foot  at  Lanca.  Dolinghrokc. 

STRAD'DLE,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  straddles; 
a straddling ; a position'  with  the  feet  far  apart 
to  the  right  and  left.  Couper 

STRAD'DLE,  v.  a.  To  stand  over,  or  to  sit  upon, 
with  one  leg  on  one  side  and  the  other  leg  on 
the  other  side  ; to  bestride.  Wright. 

STRAD'DLING,  re.  Act  of  one  who  straddles.  Clarke. 

STRAD-O-MET'Rt-CAL,  a.  [It.  strada,  a street, 
a road,  and  Gr.  ylrpov,  a measure.]  Pertaining 
to  the  measuring  of  streets  or  roads.  Ogilvie. 

STRAG'GLE  (strag'gl),  V.  n.  [Perhaps  a dim.  of 
the  verb  stray.  Skinner.  — A.  S.  stuegan,  to 
spread,  to  disperse.]  [i.  straggled  ; pp.  strag- 
gling, straggled.] 


A,  E.  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long,  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short ; A,  £,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


STRAGGLER 


1423 


STRAND 


1.  To  wander  without  any  certain  direction  ; 

to  rove  ; to  ramble  ; to  stray.  Shaft. 

A wolf  spied  out  a straggling  kid.  V Estrange. 

2.  To  exuberate  ; to  shoot  too  far  or  irregu- 
larly in  growth,  as  branches.  Mortimer. 

3.  To  project  or  extend  irregularly.  Ilaleigh. 
Some  other  straggling  low  rocks  lie  west  of  the  cape.  Cook. 

4.  To  be  apart  from  others  or  from  the  main 

body  ; to  stand  alone  ; to  be  isolated.  “ But  here 
and  there  a straggling  house.”  Dry  den. 

STRAG'GLIJR,  n.  One  who,  or  that  which,  strag- 
gles. Shah. 

STRAG'GLING,  p.  a.  Moving  irregularly  ; roving. 

STRAG  GLING-LY,  ad.  In  a straggling  manner; 
ramblingiy ; rovingly.  Goldsmith. 

STRAIIL'STEIN  (str'al'stln),  n.  [Ger . strahl,  a 
beam,  a ray,  and  stein,  a stone.]  (Min.)  A va- 
riety of  hornblende  ; actinolite.  Dana. 

STRAIGHT  (strat),  a.  [A.  S.  strac,  strtcc,  straight, 
rigid.  — From  streccan,  to  stretch.  Richardson .] 

1.  Not  having  a change  of  direction  between 
any  two  points ; not  crooked,  curved,  or  devi- 
ating; rectilinear;  direct;  right. 

2.  Tight;  narrow;  strait.  — See  Stiiait. 

3.  Upright ; right ; vertical. 

Straight  arch,  (Jirch.)  an  arch  over  an  aperture, 
whose  intrados  is  straight,  but  with  its  joints  drawn 
concentrically,  as  in  a common  arch.  Brandt. — 
Straight  line,  (Geom.)  a line  the  direction  of  which  is 
not  changed  between  any  two  of  its  points.  Davies. 

It  is  well  observed  by  Ainsworth,  that  for  not 
crooked  we  ought  to  write  straight,  and  for  narrow, 
strait;  but  for  streight,  which  is  sometimes  found, 
there  is  no  good  authority.”  Johnson. 

Syn. — Straight  is  applied  to  corporeal  or  material 
objects  ; right  and  direct  to  material  and  intellectual 
matters.  A straight  or  rectilinear  line  ; a straight 
road  or  course;  a right  angle,  line,  or  opinion;  a 
direct  course,  means,  or  answer  ; a strait  gate.  — See 
Strait. 

STRAIGHT  (strut),  v.  a.  To  straighten.  A.  Smith. 

STRAIGHT  (strat),  ad.  Immediately;  directly; 
at  once.  “I  will  after  straight."  Shah. 

STRAIGHT'— EDGE  (strat'ej),  n.  A piece  or  strip 
of  wood  or  metal  having  one  edge  straight,  used 
for  ascertaining  whether  a surface  is  perfectly 
even  or  level.  Clarke. 

STRAIGHT'EN  (stra'tn),  V.  a.  [i.  STRAIGHTENED  ; 
pp.  STRAIGHTENING,  STRAIGHTENED.]  To 
make  straight ; to  free  from  crookedness.  “To 
straighten  our  paths.”  Hooker. 

STRAIGHT'EN-ER  (stra'tn-?r),  n.  One  who,  or 
that  which,  straightens.  Cotgrave. 

f STRAIGHT'FORTH  (strat'forth),  ad.  Directly; 
immediately ; at  once  ; straight.  Spenser. 

STRAlGHT'FOR-WARD  (strat' for-w?rd),  a.  Pro- 
ceeding in  a straight  course  or  direction  ; direct ; 
undeviating  ; upright.  Sir  E.  Brydges. 

STRAIGHT'FOR-W ARD-LY,  ad.  In  a straight  or 
direct  manner ; directly.  Ec.  Rev. 

STRAigiit'FOR-WARD-NESS,  n.  Direction  di- 
rectly forward  ; undeviating  rectitude.  P.  Cyc. 

STRAIGHT'— JOINT  (strat'-),  a.  (Arch.)  Noting 
a floor  the  boards  of  which  are  so  laid  that 
their  joints  or  edges  form  a continued  line 
throughout  the  direction  of  their  length.  Brande. 

STRAIGHT'LY  (strat'le),  ad.  In  a straight  or 
right  line  ; not  crookedly.  Johnson. 

STRAIGHT'NSSS  (strat'nes),  n.  The  state  or  the 
quality  of  being  straight.  Bacon. 

f STRAIGHT'— PlGHT  (strat'pTt),  a.  [straight  and 
fight.]  Straight  in  shape  or  form  ; erect.  Shah. 

STRAIGHT'wAy  (strat'wa),  ad.  Immediately! 
directly ; without  delay  ; straight.  “ They 
straightway  left  their  nets.”  Matt.  iv.  20. 

t STRAIGHT'WAY^,  ad.  Straightway.  Bacon. 

STRAIN  (stran),  v.  a.  [L.  stringo  ; It.  strignere  ; 
Old  Fr.  estreindre  ; Fr.  etreindre.  — Dut.  stren- 
gen  ; Ger.  strengen ; Sw.  stranga.]  [(.  strained  ; 
pp.  straining,  strained.] 

1.  To  stretch;  to  draw  tightly;  to  extend 
with  force  ; to  make  tight  or  tense. 

A bigger  string  more  strained , and  a lesser  string  less 
strained , may  fall  into  the  same  tone.  Bacon. 

To  strain  his  fetters  with  a stricter  care.  Dryden.  I 


2.  To  injure  or  weaken  by  stretching;  to 
wrench  ; to  sprain.  “ Strain  their  necks.”  Swift. 

3.  To  put  to  the  utmost  strength  or  exertion. 

Men  will  strain  themselves  for  relief  of  their  own  part,  hav- 
ing law  and  authority  against  them.  Ilooker. 

4.  To  push  beyond  the  proper  extent  or  limit. 

Strain  not  the  laws  to  make  their  torture  grievous.  Addison. 

5.  To  squeeze  or  fold  tightly  in  the  arms. 

Old  Evander  with  a close  embrace 

Strained  his  departing  friend.  Dryden. 

6.  To  force ; to  compel ; to  constrain. 

lie  talks  and  plays  with  Fatima;  but  his  mirth 

Is  forced  and  strained.  Denham. 

7.  To  force  through  some  porous  body,  or 
through  interstices  ; to  purify  by  filtration ; to 
percolate  ; to  filtrate ; to  filter. 

Their  aliment  ought  to  be  light  — rice  boiled  in  whey,  and 
strained.  Arbutlir.ot. 

Earth  doth  not  strain  water  so  finely  as  sand.  Bacon. 

STRAIN,  v.  n.  1.  To  make  violent  efforts. 

Straining  with  too  weak  a wing.  Pope. 

To  build  his  fortune  I will  strain  a little.  Shak. 

2.  To  be  filtered  ; to  be  strained. 

Sea-water  passing  or  straining  through  the  sands.  Bacon. 

3.  To  run  or  flow  as  a river,  [it.] 

And  tell  him  how  she  [the  Severn]  doth  strain 

Down  her  delicious  dales.  Drayton. 

STRAIN  (stran),  n.  1.  The  act  of  straining  or 
stretching  ; any  application  of  force. 

A bar  of  malleable  iron  is  extended  one  ten-thou- 
sandth part  of  its  length  hy  a direct  strain  equal  to 
one  ton  for  every  square  inch  in  the  area  of  the  trans- 
verse section.  P.  Cyc. 

2.  An  injury  caused  by  excessive  stretching, 
drawing,  or  exertion  ; a sprain  ; a wrench.  Grew. 

3.  A musical  sound,  or  a series  of  musical 
sounds;  a succession  of  notes;  a tune. 

Their  heavenly  harps  a lower  strain  began.  Dryden. 

4.  A song;  a lay  ; a sonnet;  a poem. 

Whose  frown  can  disappoint  the  proudest  strain. 

Whose  approbation  prosper  even  mine.  Cowper. 

5.  Manner  of  speaking  or  writing  ; style. 

The  genius  and  strain  of  the  Book  of  Proverbs.  Tillotson. 

6.  Manner  of  action;  bearing;  conduct. 
“ Some  take  too  high  a strain  at  first.”  Bacon. 

7.  (Mas.)  That  portion  of  a composition 
which  is  comprised  in  one  of  its  movements  ; — 
frequently  marked  by  double  bars.  Warner. 

Syn.  — See  Song. 

STRAIN,  n.  [A.  S.  streng,  a string,  race;  strind, 
stock,  race.] 

1.  Stock;  race;  descent;  family;  lineage. 

Thus  far  I can  praise  him;  he  is  of  a noble  strain.  Shak. 

Juvenal  himself  did  not  hold  family  pride  in  less  esteem 
than  I do;  yet,  where  the  strain  is  goou,  it  may  be  pardoned. 

2\  Keightley. 

2.  f Hereditary  or  natural  disposition  ; turn  ; 
tendency.  “ The  strain  of  a nation.”  Tillotson. 


3.  Rank;  character;  kind;  sort;  — make. 
“ Of  the  common  strain.”  [r.]  Dryden. 

STRAlN'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  strained.  Bacon. 
STRAlN'JJR,  n.  1.  One  who  strains.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  An  instrument  for  straining.  Bacon. 
STRAlN'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  strains. 

2.  That  which  is  strained.  Todd. 

fSTRAlNT,  n.  A stretching;  strain.  Spenser 


STRAIT  (strat),  a.  [L.  stringo,  strictus,  to  strain, 
to  stretch;  It.  stretto;  Sp.  estrecho ; Old  Fr. 
cstroict,  estroit;  Fr.  ctroit.  — See  Stretch  ] 

1.  Constrained;  constricted;  confined;  con- 
tracted; narrow;  close;  not  broad;  not  wide. 

The  place  ...  Is  too  strait  for  us.  2 Kings  vi.  1, 
Strive  to  enter  in  at  the  strait  gate.  Luke  xiii.  24. 

2.  Intimate  ; familiar  ; near,  [r.] 

ITe,  forgetting  all  former  injuries,  had  received  that  naugh- 
ty Plexistus  into  a strait  degree  of  favor.  Sidney. 

3.  Strict ; rigorous  ; rigid  ; severe 

After  the  most  straitest  sect  of  our  religion  I liverl  a Phar- 
isee. Actsxxvi.5. 

4.  Difficult ; distressful ; grievous. 

To  make  your  strait  circumstances  yet  straiter.  Seeker. 

Syn.  — See  Straight. 

STRAIT  (strat),  n.  1.  Anarrowpass;  — especial- 
ly a narrow  passage  of  water  between  two  seas  ; 
— in  this  sense  commonly  plural;  as,  “The 
Straits  of  Gibraltar  ” ; “ The  Straits  of  Magel- 
lan.” 

2.  A state  of  embarrassment;  distress;  dif- 
ficulty. “ Kings  reduced  to  straits.”  Davenant. 

Honor  travels  in  a strait  so  narrow 

Where  one  but  goes  abreast.  Shak. 

But,  in  this  strait , to  honor  I ’ll  be  true.  Dryden. 


f STRAIT,  v.  a.  To  put  to  distress,  inconven- 
ience, or  difficulties  ; to  straiten.  Shak. 

STIlAlT'EN  (stra'tn),  v.  a.  [i.  STRAITENED  ; pp. 
STRAITENING,  STRAITENED.] 

1.  To  make  strait ; to  constrain;  to  constrict; 
to  contract ; to  confine  ; to  limit ; — to  narrow. 

A dangerous  entrance,  straitened  on  the  north  side  by  the 
sea-mined  wall  of  the  mole.  Sandys. 

The  causes  which  straiten  the  British  commerce  will  en- 
large the  French.  Addison. 

Waters,  when  straitened , as  in  the  falls  of  bridges,  give  a 
roaring  noise.  Bacon. 

2.  To  make  tight  or  tense  ; to  stretch.  Pope. 

As  they  straiten  at  each  end  the  cord.  Pope. 

3.  To  put  to  difficulty  or  inconvenience ; to 

distress;  to  embarrass;  to  perplex.  Ray. 

STRAIT'hAND-ED,  a.  Parsimonious;  sparing; 

niggardly  ; stingy  ; miserly.  Johnson. 

STRAlT'HAND-ED-NESS,  n.  Niggardliness;  par- 
simoniousness ; stinginess.  Bp.  llall. 

STRAIT'— HEART-ED  (-hirt-ed),  a.  Having  a 
narrow  or  contracted  heart  or  disposition.  Sterne. 

STRAIT'— JACK-JgT,  n.  A strait-waistcoat.  — See 
Strait- waistcoat.  Simmonds. 

STRAlT'LACED  (strat'last),  a.  1.  Laced  tightly 
or  closely  ; pinched  by  stays. 

We  have  few  well-shaped  that  are  straitlaced.  Locke. 

2.  Stiff;  constrained;  formal;  strict;  rigid. 

Men  of  a more  sanguine  and  cheerful  temper  arc  not  so 
straitlaced  in  their  principles.  Goodman. 

STRAlT'LY,  ad.  Narrowly;  closely:  — strictly; 
rigorously.  Hooker. 

STRAlT'NJJSS,  n.  1.  The  state  of  being  strait  or 
narrow;  narrowness.  2 Macc.  xii. 

2.  Strictness;  rigor;  severity.  “The  strait- 

ncss  of  his  proceeding.”  Shak. 

3.  Distress  ; difficulty  ; trouble.  Johnson. 

4.  Want;  scarcity.  “ Straitncss  of  the  con- 
veniences of  life  amongst  them.”  Lockc. 

STRAlT'-WAlST-COAT,  n.  A garment  for  re- 
straining a lunatic  person  or  one  laboring  under 
violent  delirium  ; — also  called  strait-jacket. 
It  has  long  sleeves,  which  are  tied  behind  the 
body,  so  that  the  arms  cannot  be  extricated 
from  them.  Dunglison. 

f STRAke,  the  old  preterite  of  strike.  Struck. 

STRAKE,  n.  1.  t A streak.  Johnson. 

2.  t A narrow  board.  Johnson. 

3.  The  iron  band  on  the  circumference  of  a 

wheel  ; a tire.  Barret. 

4.  (Naat.)  A range  of  planks  running  fore 
and  aft  on  a vessel’s  side  ; a streak.  Dana. 

5.  (Mining.)  A frame  made  of  boards,  or  a 
trough  of  wood,  without  ends,  in  which  the  pro- 
cesses of  washing  and  dressing  small  ore  are 
carried  on  with  the  aid  of  a stream  of  water. 

A nsted. 

STRAM,  v.  a.  To  dash  down  : — v.  n.  to  recoil  with 
violence  and  noise.  [Local,  Eng.]  Wright. 

STRAM'ASH,  v.  a.  [It.  stramazzare.]  To  beat ; to 
bang ; to  break  ; to  stram.  [Local,  Eng.]  Grose. 

STRAM'ASH,  n.  A broil.  [Scotland.]  Jamieson. 

f STRAm'A-ZOUN,  n.  [It.  stramazzone,  a cut  or 
slash.]  A descending  blow.  B.  Jonson. 

STRA-MIN'p-OUS,  a.  [L.  stramineus ; stramcn, 
straw;  sterno,  to  strew.]  Consisting  of,  or  re- 
sembling, straw ; strawy.  Burton. 

STRAm'O-NINE,  n.  (Chem.)  A volatile,  crystal- 
lizable  alkaloid  found  in  stramonium.  Gregory. 

STR  A-MO'NI-UM,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  with  a funnel- 
shaped  calyx  and  corolla  ; thorn-apple  ; James- 
town weed ; Datura  stramonium.  All  parts  of 
the  plant  are  powerfully  narcotic,  and  are  used 
in  medicine.  Wood  S,  Bache. 

STR  AM'O-NY,  ii.  Stramonium.  Brande. 

STRAND,  n.  [A.  S.,  Dut.,  Ger.,  Dan.,  § Sw. 
strand ; Icel.  strand,  strind. — Slav,  stran,  strana, 
strona,  the  side.  — Most  probably  from  Ger. 
rand,  border,  extremity.  Bosuorth.] 

1.  The  shore  or  beach,  as  of  the  sea  ; coast. 

“ The  Cretan  strand.”  Shak. 

2.  The  name  of  a street  in  London,  lying  on 

the  bank  of  the  Thames.  Bosuorth. 

3.  A division  or  twist  of  a rope  or  cord ; a 

number  of  yarns  twisted  together,  and  compos- 
ing part  of  a rope.  Johnson. 

Syn.  — See  Coast. 


MIEN,  SIR; 


MOVE,  NOR,  SON  ; 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — £,  £,  9,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z; 


^ as  gz. — THIS,  ibis. 


1424 


STRATIFIED 


STRAND 

STRAND,  V.  a.  [('.  STRANDED  ; pp.  STRANDING, 
STRANDED.] 

1.  To  drive  on  a strand  or  shore,  as  a vessel. 

“ Stranded  by  great  storms.”  Prior. 

2.  ( Naut .)  To  break  or  sunder  a strand  of, 

as  a rope.  Dana. 

STRAND,  v.  n.  To  be  driven  on  a strand  or 
shore,  as  a vessel;  to  run  aground.  Wright. 

STRANG,  a.  Strong.  [North  of  Eng.]  Brackett. 

STRANGE  (strSnj),  a.  [L.  extraneus ; extra,  be- 
yond, without;  e or  ex  (Gr.  t/c),  out  of;  It. 
estraneo  ; Sp.  extranjero  ; Old  Er.  estrange  ; Fr. 
etrange.  — See  Stranger.] 

1.  Foreign  ; of  another  country,  [r.] 

The  strange  subjects  that  they  govern.  Bacon. 

The  knowledge  of  strange  and  divers  tongues.  Ascham. 

2.  Not  being  at  one’s  home;  not  domestic ; 
belonging  to  others,  [r.] 

So  she,  impatient  her  own  faults  to  see, 

Turns  from  herself,  anil  in  strange  things  delights.  Davies. 

3.  Causing  wonder  or  surprise  ; unheard  of  ; 
rare  ; wonderful ; new  ; unusual ; uncommon  ; 
irregular;  singular;  odd;  eccentric. 

It  is  strange  they  should  be  so  silent  in  this  matter,  where 
there  were  so  many  occasions  to  speak  of  it.  Tillotson. 

Long  custom  had  inured  them  to  the  former  kind  alone, 
by  which  the  latter  was  new  and  strange  in  their  ears.  Hooker. 

4.  Unknown  or  unacquainted. 

I am  something  curious,  being  strange.  Shak. 

And  Joseph  saw  his  brethren,  and  be  knew  them,  hut 
made  himself  strange  unto  them.  (Jen.  xiii.  7. 

Strange  sail,  an  unknown  vessel.  Mar.  Diet. 

Syn.  — See  Odd,  Particular. 

STRANGE,  interj.  An  exclamation  of  wonder. 

f STRANGE,  v.  n.  1.  To  be  estranged.  Gower. 

2.  To  be  surprised;  to  be  astonished;  to 
wonder. 

1s  t not  enough  to  make  one  strange. 

That  some  men’s  fancies  ne’er  should  change.  Hudibi'as. 

t STRANGE,  v.  a.  [Old  Fr.  estrange)'.}  To  alien- 
ate ; to  estrange.  Wodroephe. 

STRANGE'— LOOK-ING  (-luk-jng),  a.  Having  an 
odd  or  singular  appearance.  West.  Rev. 

STRANt^E'LY,  ad.  1.  + With  a relation  to  stran- 
gers or  a foreign  country.  Shah. 

2.  In  a strange  manner  ; so  as  to  cause  won- 
der ; wonderfully  ; singularly  ; oddly. 

It  would  strangely  delight  you  to  see  with  what  spirit  he 
converses.  Law. 

STRAN<?E'N(:SS,  n.  1.  The  state  of  being  strange 
or  foreign  ; foreignness.  Sprat. 

2.  Distance  in  manner  ; reserve  ; uncommu- 
nicativeness ; shyness ; coldness. 

TJngird  thy  strangeness,  and  tell  me  what  I shall  vent  to 
my  lady.  Sltak. 

3.  Mutual  dislike  ; estrangement;  alienation. 
“ A strangeness  between  the  nations.”  Bacon. 

4.  The  quality  or  power  of  causing  surprise 
or  wonder  ; wonderfulness  ; uncommonness. 

The  strangeness  and  seeming  unreasonableness  of  all  the 
former  articles.  South. 

5.  Uncouthness  ; oddness  ; singularity.  “ The 

savage  strangeness  he  puts  on.”  Shah. 

STRAN'CfjlR,  n.  [L.  extraneus-.  It.  straniero ; 
Sp.  extranjero ; Old  Fr.  estranger ; Fr.  etranger. 
— “ The  most  singular  formation  in  our  lan- 
guage is,  undoubtedly,  that  the  word  stranger 
should  come  ftom  the  Latin  preposition  e,  out 
of,  from.  E,  for  the  sake  of  euphony,  often 
changes  into  ex.  It  is  further  prolonged  into 
extra,  familiar  to  every  ear.  Our  English  ad- 
jective now  arises,  extraneous.  It  passes  into 
French,  estranger,  changing  the  x into  s ; and 
returns  to  us  as  stranger,  one  who  comes  from 
without.”  It.  W.  Hamilton.'] 

1.  One  belonging  to  another  country  ; an  in- 
habitant of  another  land;  a foreigner;  an  alien. 

I am  a poor  woman,  and  a stranger , 

Born  out  of  your  dominions.  Shak. 

2.  One  unknown  or  unacquainted. 

His  perusal  of  the  writings  of  his  friends  and  strangers.  Fell. 

I was  no  stranger  to  the  original.  Dryden. 

3.  A guest ; a visitor  ; a visitant. 

A pretty,  neat  room,  which  seems  to  be  designed  for  the 
reception  of  strangers.  Dumpier. 

4.  One  not  admitted  to  any  fellowship. 

I unspeak  my  detraction,  here  abjure 

The  taints  and  blnmes  upon  myself 

For  strangers  to  m v nature.  Shale. 

Gyn.  — Stranger  is  a person  not  known,  whether 


of  the  same  or  another  country  ; foreigner , one  from  I 
a foreign  country  ; alien , a foreigner  who  is  resident, 
but  not  naturalized,  in  distinction  from  native  citi-  | 
zens. 

f STRANGER,  v.  a.  To  estrange.  Shah. 

STRAN'££R,  a.  Foreign,  unacquainted,  or  un-  i 
known.  “ The  stranger  guest.”  Pope. 

STRAN'GLE  (str&ng'gl,  82),  V.  a.  [Gr.  arpayyui.i^w, 
arpayyai.iui ; crpayyai.n,  a halter ; arpayyu),  to 
draw  or  bind  tight ; L.  strangulo  ; It.  strango- 
lare ; Old  Fr.  estrangler ; Fr.  etrangler.]  \i. 
STRANGLED  ; pp.  STRANGLING,  STRANGLED.] 

1.  To  kill  by  intercepting  the  breath ; to 
choke  to  death  ; to  suffocate. 

So  heinous  a crime  was  the  sin  of  adultery,  that  our  Saxon 
ancestors  compelled  the  adulteress  to  strangle  herself.  Ay  life. 

2.  To  prevent  from  coming  into  life  or  exist- 
ence ; to  hinder  from  birth  ; to  suppress.  Shah. 

||  f STRAN'GLE,  n.  Strangulation.  Chaucer. 

||  STRAN'GLE- A-BLE  (strang'gl-a-bl),  a.  That 
may  be  strangled,  [it.]  Chesterfield. 

||  STRAn'GLER,  n.  One  who  strangles.  Shak. 


2.  Any  thing  very  large  of  its  kind,  — partic- 
ularly a large  person.  [Vulgar.]  Centlivre. 

STRAP’PjNG,  a.  Vast;  large;  bulky.  [Vulgar 
or  colloquial.]  Johnson. 

fSTIlAP'PLE,  v a.  To  bind  ; to  strap.  Chapman. 


STRAP'— SHAPED  (-sliapt),  a.  ( Bot .)  Long,  flat, 
and  narrow,  as  a corolla  ; ligulate.  Gray. 


Olllrtl  ■ 


-vvukiv  ^sirap  . /7  ... 

(Arch.)  An  ornament,  preva- 
lent in  the  fifteenth  and  six- 
teenth centuries,  consisting  of 
a narrow  fillet  or  band,  folded 
and  crossed,  and  occasionally 
interlaced,  with  another.  Fairholt. 


STRASS,  n.  [From  the  name  of  its  German  in- 
ventor.] A variety  of  flint-glass,  but  contain- 
ing more  lead,  and,  in  some  cases,  a smaller 
proportion  of  borax;  — used  in  the  manufacture 
of  fictitious  gems.  . Tomlinson. 

itOD  The  materials  for  stress  must  be  very  pure,  and 
when  well  made  it  is  a successful  imitation  of  tile 
diamond.  It  lias  a remarkable  lustre  Tomlinson. 


||STRAN'GLE§  (stran'glz),  n.  pi.  (Farriery.)  A 
disease  in  horses,  consisting  of  a tumor  seated 
nearly  in  the  centre  of  the  channel  under  the 
jaw,  and  soon  filling  the  whole  space.  Youatt. 

II  STRANGLING  (strang'gling),  n.  The  act  of  kill- 
ing by  strangling  or  choking.  Job  vii.  15. 

II  STRAN'GU-LA-TED  (strang'gu-la-ted),  a.  1. 
(Med.)  Noting  hernia  when  the  aperture  oc- 
casions more  or  ’less  constriction  on  the  pro- 
truded part ; incarcerated.  Dunylison. 

2.  (Bot.)  Irregularly  contracted  at  intervals. 

Henslow. 

II  STrAN-GU-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  strangulatio  ; It. 
strangulazione ; Fr.  strangulation.] 

1.  ’rhe  act  of  strangling  or  the  state  of  being 

strangled.  Wiseman. 

2.  (Med.)  The  state  of  a part  too  closely 

constricted.  Dunylison. 

STRAN-GU'RI-OUS,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  stran- 
gury. [r.]  Chegne. 

STRAN'GU-RY  (strang'gu-re),  n.  [Gr . trrpayyoupt'a  ; 
arpriyi,  crpayyds,  a drop,  and  oipov,  urine  ; L.  § It. 
stranguria-,  Sp.  estranguma ; Fr.  stranyurie.] 

1.  (Med.)  Painful  difficulty  in  voiding  urine, 

which  issues  only  by  drops.  Dunylison. 

2.  (Bot.)  A disease  in  plants  produced  by 

tight  ligatures.  Loudon. 

STRAP,  n.  [A.  S.  stropp-,  Dut.  strop,  a rope,  a 
halter  ; Ger.  strippe,  struppe,  streifen,  a strap  ; 
Dan.  stroppe;  Sw.  stropp-,  Icel.  stroppa.  — L. 
struppvs,  stroppus,  a strap,  from  Gr.  erp/rfios, 
oTpoifnov,  a band,  a cord  ; arplpoi,  to  turn,  to  twist.] 

1.  A long,  narrow  strip  of  leather,  cloth,  or 

some  similar  material ; a thong  Shak. 

2.  A strip  of  leather  for  sharpening  razors, 
&c.  ; a strop  ; — usually  written  strop.  Smart. 

3.  (Carp.)  An  iron  plate  placed  across  the 

junction  of  two  or  more  timbers  for  securing 
them  together.  Weak. 

4.  (Naut.)  A piece  of  rope  spliced  round  a 

block  to  keep  its  parts  together.  Dana. 

5.  (Bot.)  The  flat  part  of  the  corolla  of  a 

ligulate  floret: — in  grasses,  an  appendage  of 
the  sheath  ; ligula.  Gray. 

6.  (Mil.)  A decoration  of  worsted,  silk,  gold, 

or  silver,  worn  on  the  shoulder  without  an 
epaulet.  Slocqueler. 

STRAP,  v.  a.  [i.  strapped  ; pp.  strapping, 

STRAPPED.] 

1.  To  beat  or  chastise  with  a strap.  Johnson. 

2.  To  bind  or  fasten  with  a strap.  Coioper. 

3.  To  sharpen  on  a strap  ; to  strop.  Wright. 

STRAP-PA 'DO,  n.  [It.  strappata,  a pull,  the 
strappado  ; strapparc,  to  pull ; Fr.  estrapade.] 
A military  punishment  formerly  inflicted,  by 
which  dislocation  of  joints  was  usually  effected. 
It  consisted  in  hoisting  the  soldier  with  his 
arms  tied  behind  him,  and  then  suddenly  letting 
him  down  within  a certain  distance  o'f  the 
ground.  Stocqueler. 

STRAP-PA'DO,  v.  a.  To  punish  or  torture  by,  or 
as  by,  the  strappado.  Milton. 

STRAP'PJJR,  n.  1.  One  who  straps. 


STRA'TA,  n.  pi.  [L.]  (Ceol.)  Beds  or  layers, 
as  of  rocks.  — See  Stratum.  Lycll. 

STRAT'A-(?EM,  n.  [Gr.  arpuTfiyryia  ; arparriyiij), 
to  be  general,  to  out-general  ; arparriyds,  a gen- 
eral; orpardi,  an  army,  and  aym,  to  lead;  L. 
strategema ; It.  strutagemma ; Sp.  estratagema  ; 
Fr.  stratagime.] 

1.  An  artifice  in  war ; a scheme  or  plan  for 
deceiving  and  surprising  an  army  or  a body  of 
troops  ; a piece  of  generalship.  Stocqueler. 

2.  An  artifice;  art;  a trick  ; a deception  ; a 
ruse  ; deceit ; finesse  ; imposition. 

Those  oft  are  stratagems  which  errors  seem.  Pope. 

Syn.  — See  Art,  Artifice. 

STRAT-A-9EM'!-CAL,  a.  Full  of,  or  containing, 
stratagems  or  artifice,  [r.]  Swift. 

STRAT-A-RItH'ME-TRY,  n.  [Gr.  urpm-os,  an 
army,  apiOpdf,  number,  and  pirpov,  measure.] 
The  act  of  drawing  up  an  army  or  body  of  men 
in  a geometrical  figure.  Crabb. 

STRAT-p-eET'lC,  ) a.  [Gr 

. oTpaTtiypTiKi'n.] 

STRAT-E-<?ET'!-CAL,  ) (Mil.)  Relating  to,  or  ef- 
fected by,  strategy ; strategic,  [r.]  Qu.  Rev. 

STRAT-f-pET'j-CAL-LY,  ad.  By  means  of  strat- 
egy.  [R.]  ’ Ec.  Rev. 

STRAT-E-<?ET'!CS,  n.  pi.  (Mil.)  Military  tac- 
tics; generalship;  strategy.  Th.  Campbell. 

STRA-TE^r  IC,  ) a t £Gr#  arparpyikdi  ; arpar - 

STR A-TEp'I-CAL,  ) "yos,  a general;  Fr.  strate- 
gique.]  (Mil.)  Pertaining  to,  or  performed  by, 
strategy.  Qu.  Rev. 

STRA-TE<?'ICS,  n.  pi.  (Mil.)  Strategetics  ; strat- 
egy. [r.]  Ed.  Rev.  Bode. 

STItAT'E-fjlST,  n.  [Fr.  strategists.]  One  who 
is  versed  in  strategy  or  military  tactics.  Qu.  Rev. 

STRA-TF. ' GUS,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  arparriyds  ; crpn- 
rdf,  an  army,  and  dyui,  to  lead.]  (Gr.  Ant.)  The 
commander  of  the  army  ; a general.  Mitford. 

STRAT'E-RY  [strat'e-je,  K.  Sm.  Wb.  Crabb,  1 Vr.  ; 
stra-tu 'je,  P.  Cgc.],  n.  [Gr.  arparriyia  ; aroaTyyds,  a 
general ; It.  stralegia  ; Sp.  estrategia  ; Fr.  strate- 
gic.] (Mil.)  The  science  or  the  art  of  military 
command,  or  of  conducting  complicated  mili- 
tary movements  ; generalship  ; military  science  ; 
military  tactics.  Glos.  of  Mil.  Terms. 

STRATH,  n.  [W.  ystrad ; Gael,  srath.]  A valley 
of  considerable  extent,  through  which  a river 
or  stream  runs.  [Scotland.]  Jamieson. 

When  o’er  the  watery  strath  or  qunggy  moss 
They  sec  the  gliding’ ghosts  unbodied  troop.  Collins. 

STrAtH'PP^Y  (strath'spe),  n.  ^From  the  district 
of  Strathspey.]  A lively  Scottish  dance  in 
which  two  persons  are  engaged: — also  the 
music,  or  air,  to  which  they  dance.  Jamieson. 

STRAT-I-FI-CA'TION,  n.  [It.  stratificazione  \ Sp. 
estratificacion  ; Fr.  stratification.]  The  process 
of  stratifying,  or  the  state  of  being  stratified ; 
arrangement  in  strata.  Lyell. 

STrAt'I-FIeD  (-fT<l),  p.  a.  Formed  into  a stra- 
tum, or  composed  of  strata,  or  layers.  P.  Cyc. 


A,  E,  I",  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short; 


A,  E,  !,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


STRATIFORM 


1425 


STRENGTH 


STRATH-FORM,  a.  In  the  form  of  a stratum  or 
of  strata ; stratified.  Phillips. 

STRAT'I-FY,  v.  a.  [L.  stratum  and  facio,  to 
make;  It.  stratificare ; Sp.  estratiflcar ; Fr. 
stratifier •]  [i.  stratified;  pp.  stratifying, 

stratified,]  To  form  into  a stratum,  or 
layer;  to  arrange  in  strata,  or  layers.  Hill. 

STRAT-I  GRAPH'I-CAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  stra- 
tography.  Murchison. 

STRAT-I-GRApH'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a stratigraph- 
ical  manner.  ‘ Sedgwick. 

STRA-TOO'RA-CY,  n.  [Gr.  orpaTos,  an  army,  and 
Kpuriui,  to  rule;  Fr.  stratocratie.]  A military 
government;  government  by  military  chiefs  and 
an  army.  Guthrie. 

STRA-TOG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  arpar 6s,  an  army, 
and  yfiuc/iu,  to  describe.]  A description  of  armies, 
or  of  whatever  relates  to  them.  Todd. 

STRA-TON'IC,  a.  [Gr.  crpards,  an  army.]  Per- 
taining to  an  army;  military;  warlike.  Wright. 

STRA'TUM,  n.  [L.]  pi.  stra'ta;  Eng.  stra'- 
TyMij ; — the  latter  rarely  used.  [L.  sterno,  stra- 
tus, to  spread.]  ( Geol . & Min.)  A bed  or  layer 
of  any  thing,  as  of  rock,  gravel,  &c.  Woodward. 

STRA  ' TUS,  n.  [L.  sterno , stratus,  to  spread.] 
{Meteorology.)  An  extended,  continuous,  hori- 
zontal layer  of  clouds,  the  under  surface  of 
which  sometimes  rests  on  the  earth,  forming 
mists  and  fogs.  Howard. 

f STRAUGHT  (StiAwt),  old  pret.  & p.  from  stretch. 
Stretched.  Chaucer. 

STRAW,  n.  [A.  S.  streow,  stream ; Dut.  stroo; 
Frs.  stre ; Ger.  stroll-,  Dan.  straw,  Sw.  strd ; 
Icel.  stra,.  — Gael,  srabh.  — See  Strew.] 

1.  The  stalk,  stem,  or  culm  of  grain  after 
being  threshed.  “ Hay  and  strata.”  Bacon. 

Pleased  with  a rattle,  tickled  with  a straw.  Pope. 

2.  Any  thing  proverbially  worthless. 

Of  which  I will  not  bate  one  straw.  Hwlibras. 

If/y-  Straio  lias  a plural  with  reference  to  single 
straws  ; but  it  is  generally  used  collectively.  Smart. 

In  the  straw,  lying  in,  as  a mother  ; in  child-bed.  — 
Man  of  straw,  an  inefficient  person  : — an  imaginary 
person.  Dryden. 

STRAW,  v.  a.  To  strew.  — See  Strew.  Todd. 

STRAw'-BAiI,,  n.  Fictitious  or  worthless  bail. 

STRAW'— BED,  n.  A bed  of  straw.  Holdsworth. 

STRA W'BJJR-RY,  n.  [A.  S.  straw-herie,  streow- 
berie  ; streowian,  to  strew.]  {Bot.)  A name  ap- 
plied to  stemless,  perennial  plants,  with  run- 
ners, of  the  genus  Fragaria,  and  to  their  fruit, 
which  is  very  delicious.  Gray. 

Wild  strawberry,  a name  indiscriminately  applied 
to  Fragaria  Virginiana,  otherwise  called  scarlet  straw- 
berry, ahd  to  Fragaria  vesca,  otherwise  called  JUpinc 
strawberry,  wood  strawberry,  and  English  strawberry. 

Gray.  Wood. 

STRAW' BER-RY— BIJSH,  n.  {Bot.)  A low,  up- 
right, or  straggling  American  shrub,  having 
bright  green  leaves  and  rough  pods,  crimson 
when  ripe ; Euonymus  Americanus.  Gray. 

S T R A W ' B E R - R Y - P E A R (-pir),  n.  {Bot.)  A plant 
of  the  West  Indies,  bearing  a fruit  which  is 
slightly  acid,  sweet,  pleasant,  and  cooling; 
Cactus  triangularis.  Loudon. 

STRAw'BER-RY— TREE,  n.  {Bot.)  A name  ap- 
plied to  evergreen  shrubs  of  the  genus  Arbutus, 
— especially  to  Arbutus  unedo,  an  elegant,  har- 
dy, evergreen  shrub,  native  of  the  south  of  Eu- 
rope and  of  the  Levant,  bearing  bright  yellow 
and  red  berries,  studded  with  little  projec- 
tions. Loudon. 

STRAW'-BUiLT  (-blit),  a.  Built  or  made  of 
straw.  “Their  straw-built  citadel.”  Milton. 

STRAW'— COL-OR,  n.  The  color  of  straw;  a 
whitish  yellow.  Ency. 

STRAW'— COL-ORED  (-kul-urd),  a.  Of  the  color 
of  straw ; light  or  whitish  yellow.  Shah. 

STRAW|— CUT-TER,  n.  A machine  for  cutting 
straw  into  chaff'  for  fodder.  Farm.  Ency. 

STRAW'— DRAIN,  n.  A drain  filled  with  straw. 

STRAW'— hAt,  n.  A hat  made  of  straw.  Urc. 


STRA  W'-PLAt,  n.  Platted  or  twisted  straw. 

Straw-jjlat,  chip,  and  grass  for  hats.  Simmonds. 

STRAW'— STONE,  n.  {Min.)  A mineral  found 
in  granite  in  Bohemia,  of  a straw  color,  and 
disposed  in  silky,  radiating  fibres,  composed 
chiefly  of  silica,  alumina,  oxide  of  manganese, 
protoxide  of  iron,  and  iron.  Dana. 

STRA  W'-STUFFEI)  (-stuft),  a.  Stuffed  with  straw. 

STRAW'-WORM  (-wiirm),  n.  A worm  bred  in 
straw.  Johnson. 

STRAW'Y,  a.  Pertaining  to,  consisting  of,  or 
resembling,  straw.  Boyle. 

STRAY  (stra),  v.  n.  [“The  same  word  as  straw, 
and  means  to  spread,  to  disperse.”  Bicharclson. 
— A.  S.  streowian,  streawian,  to  strew: — sire- 
dan,  to  disperse.]  [i.  strayed  ; pp.  straying, 

STRAYED.] 

1.  To  go  from  the  common  or  direct  course  ; 
to  deviate  ; to  wander  ; tq  rove ; to  ramble ; to 
roam  ; to  range. 

In  wilderness  and  wasteful  deserts  strayed.  Spenser. 

Where  Thames  among  the  wantoi\  valley  strays.  Denham. 

Strayed  from  those  fair  fields.  Dryden. 

2 To  swerve  from  rectitude;  to  err.  “AVe 
have  erred  and  strayed.”  Common  Prayer. 

f STRAY  (stra),  v.  a.  To  make  to  stray  ; to  cause 
to  wander  ; to  mislead.  Shak. 

STRAY  (stra),  n.  1.  The  act  of  straying. 

I would  not  from  your  love  make  such  a stray.  Shah. 

2.  An  animal  that  has  strayed,  or  is  found 
wandering  and  unclaimed.  “Impounded  as  a 
stray.”  Shak.  “ A stray  of  bullocks.”  Addison. 

STRAY,  a.  Strayed  ; gone  astray  ; wandering  un- 
claimed ; as,  “ A stray  horse.”  [Colloquial.] 

STRAy'IJR  (stra'er),  n.  One  who  strays ; one 
who  rambles  about ; a wanderer.  Fox. 

STRAY'jNG,  n.  The  act  of  wandering  or  going 
astray.  “ Irregular  strayings."  Bp.  Hopkins. 

STREAK  (strek),  n.  [A.  S.  strica,  stricc,  a stroke, 
a line;  Dut.  streek ; Ger.  strich ; Dan.  streg  ; 
Sw.  strek.  — Gael,  strioc,  a streak.] 

1.  A line  or  long  mark  of  a color  different 
from  that  of  the  ground ; a stripe. 

What  envious  streaks 

Do  lace  the  severing  clouds  in  yonder  east!  Shak. 

2.  {Naut.)  A range  of  pianks  running  fore 
and  aft  on  a vessel’s  side  ; a strake.  Dana. 

3.  (Mi it.)  The  color  of  the  surface  of  a min- 
eral where  it  is  scratched.  Dana. 

STREAK  (strek),  V.  a.  \_l.  STREAKED  ; pp.  STREAK- 
ING, STREAKED.] 

1.  T-o  form  streaks  on  or  in  ; to  mark  or  vari- 
egate with  streaks  ; to  stripe. 

A mule  admirably  streaked  and  dappled  with  white  and 
black.  Sandy s. 

2.  f To  stretch  ; to  extend.  Chapman. 

STREAK,  v.  n.  To  run  fast.  [Vulgar,  U.  S.]  Ross. 

STREAKED  (strek'ed  or  strekt),  p.  a.  Having,  or 
marked  with,  streaks  ; striped ; streaky. 

STREAK'Y,  a.  Marked  or  variegated  with  streaks ; 
striped ;’  streaked.  Dryden. 

STREAM  (strem),  n.  [A.  S.  stream  ; Frs.  strame ; 
Dut.  stroom-,  Ger.  § Dan.  strom ; Sw.  strain-, 
Icel.  straumr.  — AY.  ystrym  ; Ir.  sreamh,  srear.] 

1.  A running  water  ; a flow  of  water  ; a cur- 
rent ; a course  : — a river  ; a brook  ; a rivulet. 

Streams  never  flow  in  vain;  where  streams  abound. 

How  laugh?  the  land  with  various  plenty  crowned!  Cowper. 

2.  Any  fluid  or  liquid  flowing  in  a course  ; as, 
“ A stream  of  gas  ” ; “A  stream  of  melted  lead.” 

3.  Any  thing  issuing  and  proceeding  con- 
tinuously. “ A stream  of  words.”  Dryden. 

lie  followed  the  stream  of  people.  Johnson. 

4.  A regular  series  or  succession  ; course. 

The  very  stream  of  his  life.  Shak. 

Syn.  — Stream  and  current  both  denote  a fluid 
body  in  progressive  motion,  but  in  stream,  the  length, 
and  in  current,  the  running,  is  the  prominent  idea. 
All  rivers  and  brooks  are  streams,  with  currents  of 
greater  or  less  rapidity.  A large  or  small  stream-, 
a rapid  current ; a water  course,  or  course  of  a river. 

STREAM  (strem),  v.  n.  [A.  S.  streamian .]  [*. 

STREAMED  ; pp.  STREAMING,  STREAMED.] 

1.  To  flow;  to  move  in  a current,  as  water. 

Where  rivers  now 

Stream , and  perpetual  draw  their  humid  train.  Milton. 


2.  To  emit  or  pour  out  a current,  as  of  tears. 

Then  grateful  Greece  with  streaming  eyes.  Pope. 

3.  To  issue  in  a stream  or  continuously. 

From  opening  skies  may  streaming  glories  shine.  Pope 

4.  To  extend  ; to  stretch  out  or  float  in  a long 

line.  “ AVith  streaming  locks.”  Thomson. 

STREAM,  v.  a.  1.  To  pour  in  a stream  or  current. 

• She  at  length  will  stream 

Some  dew  of  grace  into  my  withered  heart.  Shak. 

2.  To  mark  with  colors  in  long  tracks;  to  va- 
riegate with  streaks ; to  streak  ; to  stripe. 

The  herald’s  mantle  is  streamed  with  gold.  Bacon. 

To  stream  a buoy , (Naut.)  to  drop  it  into  the  wa- 
ter. Dana. 

STREAM'— ANjEH-OR,  n.  (Naut.)  A small  anchor 
used  for  warping,  and  sometimes  for  mooring 
by,  in  a river,  &c.  Dtina. 

STREAM'— CA-BLE,  n.  (Naut.)  The  hawser  or 
cable  of  a stream-anchor.  Mar.  Diet. 

STREAMER,  n.  1.  A long,  narrow  flag,  which 
streams  or  floats  in  the  wind;  a pennon. 

Ilis  brave  fleet 

With  silken  streamers  the  young  Phoebus  fanning.  Shak. 

2.  The  aurora  borealis  in  the  form  of  a beam. 

lie  knew  by  the  streamers,  that  shot  so  bright, 

That  spirits  were  riding  the  northern  light.  IF.  Scott. 

3.  (Mining.)  One  who  works  in  search  of 

stream-tin.  Watson. 

STREAM'FUL,  a.  Abounding  with  streams  or 
currents  of  water.  Drayton. 

STREAM'— ICE,  n.  A continued  ridge  of  pieces 
of  ice,  running  in  any  direction.  Simmonds. 

STREAM'LfT,  n.  A small  stream;  a brook;  a 
rivulet ; a rill.  Thomson. 

STREAM'— TIN,  n.  (Min.)  A very  pure  native 
binoxide  of  tin  occurring  in  detached,  rounded 
masses  in  the  low  grounds  of  Cornwall,  whither 
it  had  been  carried  from  its  original  vein,  and 
rounded  by  the  action  of  water.  Miller. 

STREAM'— WORKS  (-wiirks),  n pi.  The  name 
given  by  Cornish  miners  to  alluvial  deposits  of 
tin  ore,  usually  worked  in  the  open  air.  Ure. 

STREAM'Y  (strem'e),  a.  1.  Abounding  with 
streams  or  currents  of  water.  Prior. 

2.  Flowing  in  a stream  or  current.  “ His 
nodding  helm  emits  a streamy  ray.”  Pope. 

STREEK,  v.  a.  To  lay  out  for  interment,  as  a 
dead  body.  [Local,  Eng.]  Ray. 

STREET,  n-  [A.  S.  strait-,  Frs.  strete ; Dut. 
straat , Ger.  strasse ; Dan.  streede.  — AY.  ystrad ; 
Ir.  &;  Gael,  sraid,  sraule.  — It.  strada,  a street ; 
Sp  § Port,  estrada,  a causeway  ; Fr.  estrade. — 
From  L.  sterno,  stratus,  to  spread,  to  level. 
Skinner.  — From  L.  stringo,  strict  us,  to  stretch, 
whence  strait.  Cotgrave.  Richardson.]  A 
public  way  in  a city  or  a town,  passable  by  car- 
riages. “ The  streets  of  Rome.”  Shak. 

Into  the  streets  and  lanes  of  the  city.  Luke  xiv.  21. 

STREET'-DOOR,  n.  A door,  as  of  a house,  open- 
ing into  the  street.  Hawkins. 

STREET'— PA-CJNG,  a.  Pacing  or  perambulating 
the  street  or  streets.  Cowper. 

STREET'— AVALK-pR  (stret'wawk-er),  n.  A com- 
mon prostitute  ; — so  termed  from  her  practice 
of  walking  the  streets  at  night. 

STREET'— WALK-ING,  n.  The  practice  or  the 
crime  of  a street-walker.  Clarke. 

STREETWARD,  ) n Formerly  an  officer  having 

STRET'wARD,  ) the  care  of  the  streets.  Cowell. 

f STREIGHT  (strat),  a.  Narrow.  — Sec  Strait. 

t STREIGHT  (strat),  ad.  Strictly.  Spenser. 

STREIGHT  (strat),  n.  A strait.  Gascoigne. 

f STREIGHT’JjiN  (strat'en),  v.  a.  To  contract; 
to  straiten.  — See  Straiten.  Drayton. 

STREL'JTZ,  n.  A soldier  of  the  ancient  Musco- 
vite militia,  [r.]  Braude. 

STRIJ-LlT'ZI-A,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  splendid 
evergreen,  herbaceous  plants,  natives  of  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope.  Loudon. 

fSTRENE,  n.  Race  ; descent;  strain.  Chaucer. 

STRENGTH,  n.  [A.  S.  strength,  streneth;  — 
strung,  streng,  strong.  — See  Strong.] 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RtJLE. 

179 


G *?>  sofii  C,  £>  1)  hard ; ij  as  z as  gz  — THIS,  this. 


STRENGTH 


142G 


STRICT 


1.  The  state  or  the  quality  of  being  strong ; 
active  power  ; force  ; might ; vigor. 

Hast  thou  given  the  horse  strength?  Ilnst  thou  clothed  his 
neck  with  thunder?  Job  xxxix.  ID. 

O.  it  is  excellent 

To  have  a giant’s  strength ; but  it  is  tyrannous 

To  i^se  it  like  a giant.  Shak. 

2.  Passive  power  ; power  of  resisting  force. 

Our  castle's  strength 

Will  laugh  a siege  to  scorn,  Shak, 

3.  Intellectual  or  mental  power ; energy. 

Aristotle’s  large  views,  acuteness,  and  penetration  of 
thought  and  strength  of  judgment,  few  have  equalled.  Luckc. 

4.  That  which  sustains  ; support ; security. 

I will  love  thee,  O Lord,  my  strength,  J*».  xviii.  1. 

5.  Spirit ; animation  ; courage ; fortitude. 

I feel  new  strength  within  me  rise.  Milton. 

6.  Force  in  writing ; vigorous  or  forcible  style  ; 

nervous  diction  ; energy  ; nerve.  “ Denham’s 
strength  and  Waller’s  sweetness.”  Pape. 

7 (Pine  Arts.)  Boldness  or  vigor  of  concep- 
tion or  treatment.  Fairholt. 

Caracci’s  strength , Correggio’s  softer  line, 

Paulo’s  free  stroke,  and  Titian’s  warmth  divine.  Pope. 

8.  Potency  of  a liquor  ; as,  “ The  strength  of 
tea  ” ; “ The  strength  of  wine.” 

9.  Moral  or  legal  force;  validity.  Johnson. 

10.  Argumentative  force  ; cogency.  “ Strength 

and  soundness  of  reason.”  Hook. 

11.  Confidence  imparted  by  any  thing. 

The  allies,  after  a successful  summer,  are  too  apt,  upon  the 
strength  of  it,  to  neglect  their  preparations  for  the  ensuing 
campaign.  - Addison. 

12.  Brightness  ; vividness ; brilliancy. 

Out  of  his  mouth  went  a sharp  two-edged  sword,  and  his 
countenance  was  as  the  sun  shineth  iu  his  strength.  Rev.  i.  1G. 

13.  Military  or  naval  force  ; armament. 

Nor  was  there  any  other  strength  designed  to  stand  about 
his  highness  than  one  regiment.  Clarendon. 

14.  A fortification ; a fortress ; a fort ; a strong- 
hold. “ Betrayed  in  all  his  strengths.”  Denham. 

He  thought 

This  inaccessible  high  strength  to  have  seized.  Milton. 

15.  Means  of  support ; maintenance  of  power. 

What  they  boded  would  be  a mischief  to  us  you  arc  pro- 
viding shall  be  one  of  our  principal  strengths.  Sprat. 

Syn. — Strength  and  force  denote  power  in  exer- 
cise, and  capable  of  being  exerted  ; and  they  are 
properties  of  both  body  ami  mind.  Strength  is  inter- 
nal, and  capable  of  exertion  ; force  is  power  exerted. 
A person  may  have  strength  to  move,  but  if  bound 
with  cords,  he  has  not  the  power.  Vigor , as  well  as 
strength  and  force,  is  a property  both  of  body  and  of 
mind  ; energy  lies  only  iu  the  mind.  Strength , force , 
or  vigor  of  body  or  mind  ; strength  of  timber,  of  iron, 
of  brandy,  of  the  will,  of  attachment  ; strength  or 
force  of  argument  or  of  language  , strength  or  energy 
of  character  ; force  of  habit  or  of  circumstances. 

+ STRENGTH,  v.  a.  To  strengthen.  Daniel. 

STRENGTHEN  (streng'thn),  v.  a.  [2.  strength- 
en kd  ; pp.  STRENGTHENING,  STRENGTHENED.] 

1.  To  make  strong  01  stronger  ; to  add  or  im- 
part strength  to  ; to  fortify. 

lie  hath  strengthened  the  bars  of  thy  gates.  Ps.  cxlvii.  13. 

2.  To  impart  health  to;  to  invigorate. 

The  Lord  will  strengthen  him  upon  the  bed  of  languish- 
ing; thou  wilt  make  all  his  bed  in  his  sickness.  Ps.  xli.  3. 

3.  To  confirm  ; to  establish ; to  settle. 

Whose  own  example  strengthens  all  his  laws.  Pope. 

4.  To  animate;  to  fix  in  resolution;  to  im- 
part confidence  to ; to  cheer ; to  enliven. 

Charge  Joshua,  and  encourage  him,  and  strengthen  him; 
for  he  shall  go  over  before  this  people.  JJeut.  iii.  28. 

5.  To  make  to  increase  in  power  or  security. 

Let  noble  Warwick,  Cobham.  and  the  rest. 

With  powerful  policy  strengthen  themselves.  Shak. 

Syn.  — Whatever  adds  to  the  strength  strengthens  ; 
— discipline  and  exercise  strengthen  the  body  and 
mind.  Whatever  gives  strength  for  a particular  emer- 
gency, fortifies ; religion  fortifier  the  mind  against 
adversity.  Whatever  adds  to  the  strength  so  as  to 
give  it  a positive  degree  of  strength  invigorates ; as 
morning  exercise  in  fine  weather  invigorates. 

STRENGTHEN  (streng'thn),  v.  n.  To  grow  strong. 
The  disease,  that  shall  destroy  at  length. 

Grows  with  his  growth,  and  strengthens  with  his  strength. 

Pope. 

STRENGTHEN-ER  (streng'thn-er),  n.  1.  One  who, 
or  that  which,  strengthens.  Temple. 

2.  A medicine  that  strengthens.  Quincy. 

STRENGTH'EN-ING,  p.  a.  Imparting  strength. 

STRENGTH 'FUL-N ESS,  n.  Fulness  of  strength; 
great  strength,  [it.]  West.  Rev. 

t STRENGTIl'ING,  n.  A fortification.  WicJdiffe. 


STRENGTHEpsSj.a.  Wanting  strength  ; weak; 
powerless;  feeble.  Boyle. 

STRENGTll'N^K,  11.  A strengthener.  Johnson. 

t STRExNGTH'Y,  a.  Having  strength;  strong; 
powerful;  mighty.  R.  Gloucester. 

f STRJ^-N 0 'I-T Y,  n.  [L.  strenuitas ; strenuus , ac- 
tive.] Activity ; nimbleness.  Bailey. 

STREN'I  i-OUS  (stren'yu-us),  a.  [L.  slrcnuus,  from 
Gr.  oTpyvgsj  strong,  rough;  it.  strenuo ; Sp. 
estrenuo.] 

1.  Boldly  or  zealously  active  ; vigorous ; spir- 
ited. “ A rich  man  and  a strenuous .”  Chapman. 

2.  Zealous;  ardent;  earnest;  energetic. 

He  resolves  to  be  strenuous  for  taking  off  the  test.  Swift. 

STREN'U-OUS-Ly,  ad.  In  a strenuous  manner  ; 
urgently  ; ardently  ; vigorously.  Browne. 

STItEN  T-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  stren- 
uous ; zeal ; earnestness  ; ardor.  Scott. 

STREP'pNT,  a.  [L.  strepo,  steepens,  to  make  a 
noise.]  Noisy ; clamorous,  [it.]  Shenstone. 

f STRET'ER-OUS, a.  Loud;  obstreperous. Browne. 

STRF.PS-I P'T]J-RA,  n.  [Gr.  crplipw,  to  turn,  to 
twist,  and  imp 6v,  a feather,  a wing.]  ( Ent .)  An 
order  of  insects  the  larva;  of  which  live  in  the 
bodies  of  bees,  wasps,  &c.,  and  are  distinguished 
by  having  the  anterior  pair  of  wings  transformed 
into  a pair  of  short,  slender,  contorted  appen- 
dages resembling  narrow  balances.  Baird. 

STRESS,  n.  [From  A.  S.  strece,  a stretch,  vio- 
lence, or  from  distress.  Johnson.  — From  dis- 
tress. Richardson.  — See  Distrain,  and  Dis- 
tress.] 

1.  t Distress.  “ Ilis  heavy  stress.”  Spenser. 

2.  That  which  strains  or  constrains , force ; 
strain ; — violence. 

The  single-twined  cords  may  no  such  stress  endure 

As  cables  braided  threefold  may.  Surrey. 

By  stress  of  weather  driven.  Dnjden. 

3.  Importance;  force:  — accent;  emphasis. 

Consider  how  great  a stress  he  laid  upon  this  duty.  Atterbury. 

Syn.  — Sec  Emphasis. 

t STRESS,  v.  a.  To  distress.  Spenser. 

STRETCH  (strecli),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  streccan-,  strec, 
since,  straight ; Dot.  strekken  ; Ger.  strccken  ; 
Dan.  streekke ; Sw.  striicka  ; Old  Eng.  stroke, 
stratch.  — L.  stringo.]  [i.  stretched  , pp. 
STRETCHING,  STRETCHED.] 

1.  To  draw  or  extend  in  length  ; to  make  tense. 

Who  hath  stretched  the  line  upon  it?  Job  xxxviii.  5. 

2.  To  draw  out  or  extend  in  breadth,  or  in 
all  directions  ; to  spread  ; to  expand  ; to  display. 

Doth  the  hawk  fly  by  thy  wisdom,  and  stretch  ’her  wings 
towards  the  south?  Job  xxxix.  20. 

It  is  lie  that  sitteth  upon  the  circle  of  the  earth,  . . . that 
stretcheth  out  the  heavens  as  a curtain.  Jen.  xl.  2d. 

3.  To  extend;  to  reach.  “ Stretch  out  thine 

hand  upon  the  waters.”  Exod.  vii.  19. 

4.  To  extend  too  far';  to  strain;  to  exagger- 
ate. “ To  stretch  a text.”  Johnson. 

STRETCH,  v.  n.  1.  To  be  extended;  to  be  drawn 
out ; to  extend  itself ; to  reach. 

As  far  as  stretches  any  ground.  Gower. 

Will  the  line  stretch  .out  to  the  crack  of  doom?  Shak. 

Your  dungeon  stretching  far  and  wide  beneath.  Milton. 

2.  To  be  extended  or  bear  extension  without 
breaking,  as  an  elastic  body. 

The  inner  membrane  . . . would  stretch  and  yield.  Boyle. 

3.  Togo  or  strain  beyond  the  truth;  to  ex- 
aggerate. Gov.  of  the  Tongue. 

STRETCH,  n.  I.  The  act  of  stretching;  exten- 
sion ; reach ; extent. 

lie  thought  to  swim  the  stormy  main. 

IJy  stretch  of  arms  the  distant  shore  to  guin.  Dnjden. 

This  is  the  utmost  stretch  that  nature  can.  Granville. 

2.  Effort ; struggle  ; strain.  Addison. 

They  put  a lawful  authority  upon  the  stretch.  L' Estrange. 

3.  Course ; direction,  as  of  seams  of  coal  in 

mines.  Wright. 

4.  ( Naut .)  Progress  of  a vessel  under  a heavy 
press  of  sail,  and  close-hauled.  Mar.  Diet. 

STRETCHER,  n.  1.  One  who,  or  that  which, 
stretches  or  extends.  Chapman. 

2.  (Masonry.)  A brick  or  a stone  laid  hori- 

zontally with  its  length- in  the  direction  of  the 
face  of  a wall.  Brande. 

3.  (Naut.)  A piece*  of  wood  placed  across  a 


boat’s  bottom,  inside,  for  an  oarsman  to  place 
his  feet  against  in  rowing : — a cross-piece 
placed  between  a boat’s  sides,  to  keep  them 
apart  when  hoisted  up  and  griped.  Dana. 

4.  A frame  for  carrying  a person  in  a reclining 

posture  ; a litter.  Clarke. 

5.  One  of  the  rods  of  an  umbrella,  which  are 

attached  at  one  end  to  the  ribs,  and  at  the  other 
to  the  sliding  tube.  P.  Cyc. 

STRETCHING— COURSE, «.  (Masonry.)  Acourse 

or  row  of  stretchers.  Britton. 

II  STREW  (stru  or  stro),  [stru,  S.  J.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  C. ; 
stro,  W.  E.  F ],  v.  a.  [Goth,  strawan;  A S. 
streowian,  streaivian,  to  strew ; streilan,  stregan, 
to  spread;  Dut.  strooijen ; Ger.  streuen;  Dan. 
strOe  ; Sw.  stro  ; Icel.  stru.  — Gr.  erpurrcoj,  arpuw- 
vupt t ; Old  L.  strao;  L.  sterno,  stratus.  — “This 
word  expresses  the  rustling  produced  by  the  ac- 
tion of  strewing  or  spreading  straw.”  Addling .] 
[i.  STREWED  ; pp.  STREWING,  STREWED.] 

1.  To  spread  by  scattering ; to  scatter ; to 
strow. 

Others  cut  down  branches  from  the  trees,  and  strewed 
them  iu  the  way.  Mutt.  xxi.  8. 

2.  To  cover  or  overspread  by  being  scattered. 

The  snow  that  does  tire  top  of  Pindus  strew.  Spenser. 

3.  To  scatter  something,  as  flowers,  on. 

I thought  thy  bride-bed  to  have  decked,  sweet  maid, 

And  not  have  strewed. thy  grave.  Shak. 

||  STREW'ING  (stru')ng  or  slro'ing),  n.  1.  The  act 
of  one  who,  or  that  which,  strews 

2.  Something  strewed  or  to  be  strewed. 

Strewings  fitt;d  for  graves.  Shak. 

3.  f pi.  Litter  for  cattle.  • Wickliffe. 

||  + STREYV'MpNT,  n.  Any  tiling  strewed,  as  in 
decoration ; strewing.  Shak. 

STRl'A,  n.  ; pi  stria:.  [L-]  (Arch.)  A chan- 
nel or  groove  of  a column.  Fairholt. 

STRi  JF.  (strl’e),  n.  pi  [L.,  channels,  furrows  A 

1.  (Nat.  llist.)  Small  channels  or  furrows  in 

the  shells  of  cockles,  scallops,  Sic.  Boyle. 

2.  (Arch.)  Fillets  between  the  flutes  of  col- 
umns, Ac.  Clarke. 

3.  (Med  ) Large  purple  spots,  resembling  the 

marks  produced  by  the  strokes  of  a whip,  ap- 
pearing under  the  skin  in  certain  malignant 
fevers ; vibices.  Dunglison. 

Ciliary  stria:,  (Anat.)  ciliary  processes.  Duiialison. 

STRI'ATE,  v.  a.  [L . strio,  slriatus.)  To  furnish 
with  furrows  or  channels.  Andrews. 

STRIAl’E,  ( a 1.  Having,  or  formed  in,  striae; 

STRI'AT-ED,  > channelled ; grooved.  Woodward. 

2.  (Zoiil.)  Noting  a surface  painted  or  im- 
pressed with  narrow  transverse  streaks.  jBpamfe. 

3.  (Fine  Arts.)  Disposed  in  ornamental  lines, 

parallel  or  wavy.  Fairholt. 

4.  (Bot.)  Marked  with  slender,  longitudinal 

grooves  or  channels.  . Cray. 

STRI-A’TION,  n.  Striature  [r.]  Clarke. 

STRI'A-TURE,  n.  [L.  striatura .]  The  state  of 
being  striated  ; striation.  [it.]  Woodward. 

f STRICK,  n.  [Gr.  arpiy(,  a screech-owl ; L. 
strix.)  A bird  of  bad  omen.  Spenser. 

STRICK,  v.  a.  To  level  with  a strickle.  Ar.  Bacon, 

STRICK'EN  (strlk'kn),  p.  from  strike.  Struck. — 
Sec  Strike. 

STRICKEN  (strlk'kn),  p.  a.  1.  Smitten  ; wound- 
ed ; alllicted. 

Lon?  since 

I was  a stricken  deer  that  lull  tne  herd.  Cowper. 

2.  Advanced  in  years  ; far  gone. 

Joshua  was  old,  and  stricken  in  years.  Josh . xiii.  1. 

STRIC'KLE  (strlk'kl),  n.  1.  An  instrument  to 
strike  off  the  surplus  from  a heaped  measure,  as 
of  grain  ; a strike.  Ilolmv. 

2.  A stone  or  instrument  for  whetting  a 

scythe  ; a rifle.  [Local,  Eng.]  Grose. 

3.  A tool  used  in  moulding  pipes,  Simmonds 

STRlCKEfR,  ) n a strickle  or  strike.  [Local, 

STItiCKEpSS,  ) Eng.]  Wright. 

STRICT,  a.  [L.  strictus ; stringo,  let  draw  tight, 
to  strain;  It.  stretto-,  Sp.  cstriclo. — A.  S-slrwc, 
straight,  rigid.  — See  Strait.] 

1.  Drawn  tight;  tight;  close;  strained;  tense. 

Wc  feel  our  libres  grow  strict  or  lax  according  to  the  stale 
of  the  air.  Arbnthnat. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  u,  U, 


short;  A,  5,' I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure ; FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  11EIR,  HER; 


STRICTLY 


1427 


STRING 


2.  Exact;  accurate;  precise;  careful;  rigor- 
ously nice.  “ Strictest  watch.”  Milton. 

3.  Severe  ; rigorous;  stringent;  stern. 

If  a strict  hand  be  kept  over  children  from  the  beginning, 
they  will  in  that  age  be  tractable.  Locke. 

4.  Confined  ; limited  ; not  extensive. 

As  they  took  the  compass  of  their  commission  stricter  or 
larger,  so  their  dealings  were  more  or  less  moderate.  Hooker. 

5.  ( Bot .)  Straight  and  narrow.  Gray. 

Strict  settlement,  (Eng.  Law.)  a settlement  of  an 

estate  upon  a parent  for  life,  with  remainder  to  his 
first  and  other  sons  successively  in  tail,  including  the 
appointment  of  trustees  to  preserve  contingent  re- 
mainders. Burrill. 

Syn.  — Strict,  exact,  and  accurate  are  commonly 
used  in  a good  sense  ; severe,  rigorous,  stern,  and  rigid, 
more  commonly,  but  not  always,  in  an  ill  sense. 
Strict  disciplinarian ; exact  statement ; accurate  ac- 
count ; scot  re.  trial  ; rigorous  punishment ; stern  coun- 
tenance ; rigid  discipline. 

STRICT'LY,  ad.  In  a strict  manner;  tightly; 

closely  ; — exactly  ; accurately  ; precisely ; — se- 
verely ; rigorously  ; stringently. 

STRlCT'NlJSS,  n.  1.  The  state  of  being  strict; 
tightness  ; tenseness  ; closeness.  Johnson. 

2.  Exactness  ; rigorousness  ; precision. 

Eusebius,  who  is  not  in  strictness  to  be  reckoned  with  the 

Ante-Nicenes.  IVaterlund. 

3.  Severity  ; rigor ; rigorousness.  Bacon. 

STRICT'URE  (strlkt'yur),  n.  [L.  strictura ; Fr. 
stricture.'] 

1.  A stroke  ; a touch  ; a mark  ; a sign. 

Certain  passive  strictures , or  signatures,  of  that  wisdom 

which  hath  made  and  ordered  all  things  with  the  highest 
reason.  Hale. 

2.  A touch  of  criticism  ; a critical  remark  ; 
animadversion  ; censure. 

To  what  purpose  are  these  strictures?  To  a great  and  good 
one.  They  tend  to  show  the  expediency  of  increasing  the 
personal  merit  of  individuals,  and  consequently  the  merit  of 
the  aggregate.  Knox. 

3.  f Strictness ; rigor.  Shah. 

A man  of  stricture  and  firm  abstinence.  Shak. 

4.  {Med.)  A contraction  of  some  tube  or  duct, 

as  of  the  oesophagus.  Dunylison. 

Syn.  — See  Animadversion. 

STRIDE,  n.  [A.  S.  streede  ; streednn,  to  spread.] 
Act  of  one  who  strides  ; a long  step  ; a straddle. 
“ A manly  stride .”  Shah. 

STRIDE,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  stridan,  stredan,  to  spread.] 
[i.  STRODE  or  STItID  J pp.  STRIDING,  STRIDDEN 
or  STIIID.] 

1.  To  walk  with  strides  or  long  steps. 

Mars  in  the  middle  of  the  shield 

Is  graved,  and  strides  along  the  liquid  field.  Drydcn. 

2.  To  straddle;  to  place  the  feet  far  apart  to 

the  right  and  left.  Johnson. 

STRIDE,  v.  a.  1.  To  pass  by  a stride.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  To  straddle;  to  get  or  to  sit  astride  on. 
“ To  stride  your  steed.”  Shak. 

STItI ' DOR,  n.  [L.]  A harsh,  shrill,  grating, 
whizzing,  or  creaking  sound.  Drydcn. 

STRlD'U-LOUS,  a.  [L.  stridulus.]  Making  stri- 
dor ; harsh,  grating,  or  creaking,  [it.]  Bp.  Hall. 

STRIFE,  n.  [Old  Fr.  cstrif.  — See  Strive.] 

1.  The  act  of  striving ; struggle  in  opposi- 
tion ; contention  ; contest ; conflict ; discord. 

Where  envying  and  strife  is,  there  is  confusion  and  every 
evil  work.  James  iii.  l6. 

2.  Contrariety ; opposition  ; disagreement. 

“ The  strife  of  acid  and  alkali.”  Johnson. 

Syn.  — See  Conflict,  Disagreement. 

f STRlFE'FUL,  a.  Contentious.  Spenser. 

STRl'GJ,  n. ; pi.  stiit'gje.  [L.,  a windrow.] 

1.  {Bot.)  A straight,  hair-like  scale.  Hcnsbw. 

2.  {Arch.)  A fluting  of  a column.  Brande. 

STRItf'  1-DJE,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  arpty^,  arpryyij;,  an  owl ; 
L.  strix,  striyis.]  ( Ornitli .)  A family  of  birds 
of  the  order  Accipitres,  including  the  sub-fam- 
ilies Surnince,  Bubonina,  Syrniince,  and  Striyi- 
nce ; owls.  Gray. 

STItirFiL,  n.  [L.  striyilis  ; strinyo,  to  draw  tight, 
to  graze.]  A scraper  for  the  skin  : — a flesh- 
brush. Hoblyn. 

STRig'lL-LOSE,  a.  {Bot.)  Beset  with  rigid  bris- 
tles ; — a diminutive  of  striyose.  Gray. 


STRl-Ql'jrJE,  n.  {Ornith.)  A 
sub-family  of  birds  of  the  or- 
der Accipitres  and  family 
Striyidte ; owls.  Gray. 

f STRIG'M  fNT,  n.  [L.  stri.y- 
mentum .]  That  which  is 
scraped  off ; a scraping. 

Browne. 

STRf-GOSE',  a.  . [L.  striya,  a Strix flammea. 
windrow,  a furrow.]  {Bot.)  Beset  with  stout 
and  appressed  scale-like  or  rigid  bristles ; strig- 
illose.  Gray. 

STRl'GOUS,  a.  {Bot.)  Strigose.  Clarke. 

STRIKE,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  astrican  ; Frs.  strica  ; 
But.  strijken  ; Ger.  streichen ; Dan.  stryye  ; Sw. 
stryka .]  [i. ‘struck  ; pp.  striking,  struck  or 
stricken.  — Stricken  is  nearly  obsolete,  except 
as  a participial  adjective.] 

1.  To  hit  with  some  force,  as  with  the  hand, 
or  with  something  held  in  the  hand  ; to  act  up- 
on by  a blow ; to  give  a blow  to  ; to  smite ; to  beat. 

The  servants  did  strike  him  with  the  palms  of  their  hands. 

JJIark  xiv.  05. 

One  of  them  . . . drew  a sword,  and  struck  a servant  of  the 
high  priest,  and  smote  off  his  ear.  Matt.  xxvi.  51. 

2.  To  throw  by  a quick  motion  ; to  dash ; to 
cast. 

They  shall  take  of  the  blood,  and  strike  it  on  the  two  side- 
posts,  and  on  the  upper  door-post.  Exod.  xii.  7. 

3.  To  form  by  impression;  to  stamp;  to  im- 
press ; to  imprint ; — to  mint ; to  coin. 

Some  very  rare  coius  struck  of  a pound  weight.  Arbuthnot. 

4.  To  thrust ; to  cause  to  penetrate  ; to  shoot. 

He  shall  grow  as  the  lily,  and  strike  forth  his  roots  as  Leb- 
anon. Hos.  xiv.  5,  marginal  reading. 

5.  To  give,  as  a blow  or  stroke;  to  deal;  to 
inflict.  “ Do  you  but  strike  the  blow.”  Shak. 

6.  To  punish,  as  by  blows  ; to  alllict. 

To  punish  the  just  is  not  good,  nor  to  stnke  princes  for 
equity.  Rrov.xvii.  26. 

7.  To  cause  to  sound  by  blows  ; to  begin  to 

beat ; — commonly  followed  by  up.  “ Strike  up 
the  drums.”  Shak. 

8.  To  produce  by  a sudden  action. 

Strike  a terror  through  the  Stygian  strand.  Dryden. 

9.  To  affect  suddenly  in  some  particular  man- 
ner ; to  impress.  “ Struck  with  horror.”  Waller. 

Strike  her  young  hones, 

Ye  taking  airs,  with  lameness.  Shak. 

Nice  works  of  art  strike  and  surprise  us  most  upon  the 
first  view.  * Atterbury. 

10.  To  make  and  ratify,  as  a bargain  ; — prob- 

ably from  a ceremony  of  the  Romans  of  strik- 
ing or  killing  a victim  in  making  a compact. 
“ To  strike  perpetual  leagues.”  Philips. 

11.  To  lower  or  take  down,  as  a sail,  a flag, 

or  a tent.  Dryden. 

12.  To  level  with  the  top  of  the  measure  with 

a strike  or  strickle,  as  grain.  Wright. 

13.  {Joinery.)  To  run  or  form  with  a plane, 

as  a moulding.  Wright. 

To  strike  hands  with,  to  make  a treaty  or  compact 
with  ; to  join.  Job  xvii.  3.  — To  strike  a docket,  ( Eng . 
Law.)  to  have  an  entry  made  at  tile  bankrupt-office 
of  an  affidavit  and  bond  in  bankruptcy,  as  a petition- 
er.— To  strike  a jury,  (Law.)  to  constitute  a special 
jury  by  each  party  striking  out  before  the  clerk,  out 
of  court,  a certain  number  of  names  from  a list  of 
jurors  prepared  by  the  clerk  or  master  of  the  court,  so 
as  to  reduce  it  to  the  number  of  persons  required  by 
law,  who  are  to  be  summoned  and  returned  as  jurors 
by  the  sheriff.  Burrill.  — To  strike  off,  to  erase  or  re- 
move, as  from  an  account.  Shak.  — To  separate  by 
a blow  or  any  sudden  action.  “ Strike  off  his  bead.” 
Shak.  — To  print ; to  issue  from  the  press.  — To  strike 
out,  to  produce  by  a blow  or  collision.  “ My  pride 
struck  out  new  sparkles  of  her  own.”  Dryden.  — 
To  blot  out ; to  erase  ; to  efface ; to  expunge.  Pope. 
— To  bring  to  light.  Johnson.  — To  form  at  once  as 
by  a quick  effort.  Pope.  — ■ To  strike  sail,  to  stop 
progress  : to  go  no  farther.  Shak.  — To  strike  up,  to 
begin,  as  a tune. 

STRIKE,  V.  n.  1.  To  make  a blow  or  blows. 

I cannot  strike  at  wretched  kerns.  Shak. 

2.  To  hit;  to  collide  ; to  dash  ; to  clash. 

Holding  a ring  by  a thread  in  a glass,  tell  him  that  holdcth 
it,  it  shall  strike  so  many  times  against  the  side  of  tile  glass, 
and  no  more.  Bucon. 

3.  To  sound  by  a blow  or  blows  ; to  sound,  as 
with  a hammer;  to  sound  by  percussion. 

Clocks  may  strike,  and  bells  ring.  Grew. 

4.  To  pass  with  a quick  or  strong  action  or 
motion  ; to  dart ; to  shoot. 

Till  a dart  strike  through  his  liver.  Prop.  vii.  23. 

It  began  raining,  and  I struck  into  Mrs.  Yanliomrigh’s  and 
dined.  Swift. 


5.  To  run  or  dash  against  the  shore,  a rock, 
or  other  object,  as  a vessel. 

The  admiral  galley,  wherein  the  emperor  was,  struck 
upon  a sand,  and  there  stuck  fust.  Knolles. 

6.  To  lower  colors  or  sails  in  token  of  respect, 
submission,  or  surrender;  — to  yield.  Shak. 

The  interest  of  our  kingdom  is  ready  to  strike  to  that  of 
your  poorest  fishing  towns.  Swift. 

7.  +To  break  forth.  “It  struck  on  a sudden 
into  such  reputation.”  Gov.  of  the  Tongue. 

8.  To  cease  from  work,  in  order  to  extort 
higher  wages,  as  workmen  ; — to  disobey  ; to 
revolt  ; to  mutiny.  [Modern.]  , Smart,  ltoyct. 

To  strike  at,  to  make  or  aim  a blow  at;  to  attempt 
to  strike.  Shak. — To  strike  home,  to  give  an  effective 
blow.  Shak.  — To  strike  in,  to  enter  suddenly  : — to 
recede  within  tile  surface  ; to  disappear.  Clarice.  — 
To  strike  in  with,  to  conform  or  agree  to.  South. — 
To  strike  out,  to  rove;  to  wander  ; to  make  a sudden 
excursion.  Burnet.  — To  strike  up,  to  begin  to  play 
on  a musical  instrument.  “ Come,  harper,  strike  up.” 
Swift. 

STRIKE,  n.  1.  The  act  of  striking;  a stroke. 

2.  f A bushel ; four  pecks.  Tttsser. 

3.  An  English  dry  measure  containing  four 

bushels.  Simmonds. 

4.  A stick  or  instrument  with  a straight 

edge  for  scraping  off  the  surplus  from  a heaped 
measure,  as  of  grain ; a strickle.  Palmer. 

5.  f An  iron  spear  or  stanchcl  in  a gate  or 

palisade.  Britton. 

6.  f A handful.  “ A strike  of  flax.”  Chaucer. 

7.  A cessation  from  work,  as  of  workmen,  in 

order  to  extort  higher  wages  ; — a revolt ; a mu- 
tiny. [Modern.]  Clarke.  Itoyet. 

6.  {Gcol.  & Mining.)  The  direction  or  line 
of  bearing  of  strata  which  is  always  at  right 
angles  to  their  prevailing  dip  ; the  direction  of 
any  horizontal  line  on  a stratum.  Lyell.  Ansted. 

By  the  strike,  by  the  level  measure,  or  measure  not 
heaped  up  with  articles,  as  is  usually  done  with  po- 
tatoes, apples,  &c.,  but  having  what  was  above  the 
level  scraped  off.  “ Cranberries  and  all  other  berries 
shall  be  measured  by  the  strike."  Laws  of  Massachu- 
setts. 

STRIKE'BLOCK,  n.  A plane  shorter  than  the 
jointer,  used  for  shooting  a short  joint.  Moxon. 

STRIKER,  n.  One  who,  or  that  which,  strikes. 

STRlK'|NG,  a.  Affecting;  surprising;  wonder- 
ful ; impressive ; extraordinary. 

Though  color  be  the  lowest  of  ail  the  constituent  parts  of 
beauty,  yet  it  is  vulgarly  the  most  striking.  Spence. 

STRlK'lNG-LY,  ad.  So  as  to  affect  or  surprise  ; 
surprisingly  ; impressively.  Warton. 

STRlK'lNG-NESS,  n.  The  power  or  the  quality 
of  affecting  or  surprising.  Todd. 

STRIK'LE,  n.  A strickle  ; a strike.  Clarke. 

STRING,  n.  [A.  S.  streny,  string  ; Dut.  streny  ; 
Ger.  strung;  Dan.  streny j.  Sw.  strong;  Icel. 
strenyr.  — Ir.  srarty ; Gael,  sreany,  sreing.  — 
Hungarian  istrang  ; Slav,  strona,  struna.  — It. 
stringa,  a lace,  a tie.  — Gr.  arpayyoi,  to  twist ; L. 
strinyo,  to  draw  or  bind  tight.] 

1.  A slender  rope  or  band ; a small  cord ; a 
twine  ; a thread  ; a line. 

Thou,  logo,  who  hast  had  my  purse 

As  if  the  strings  were  thine.  Shak. 

2.  A ribbon  ; a fillet. 

Round  Ormond’s  knee  thou  tiest  the  mystic  string.  Prior. 

3.  A cord  of  a musical  instrument.  “ An  in- 
strument of  ten  strings.”  Ps.  xxxiii.  2. 

4.  The  cord  or  line  of  a bow. 

They  make  ready  their  arrow  upon  the  string.  Ps.  xi.  2. 

5.  A nerve  ; a tendon. 

And  straightway  his  ears  were  opened,  and  the  string  of  his 
tongue  was  loosed.  Mark  vii.  35. 

6.  A fibre,  or  small,  slender  root. 

Duckweed  putteth  forth  a little  string  into  the  water  from 

the  bottom.  Bacon. 

7.  A thread  or  cord  on  which  any  things  are 

filed.  St  illlnq fleet. 

8.  A number  or  set  of  things  filed  on  a thread 
or  cord  ; as,  “ A string  of  beads. 

9.  A number  of  things  placed  or  following 

in  succession  , a series  , a concatenation.  “ A 
string  of  propositions.”  Johnson. 

10.  The  tough  substance  that  unites  the  two 
parts  of  the  pericarp  of  leguminous  plants.  Wr. 

11.  {Mining.)  A small  branch  of  a lode  or 

vein.  Ansted. 

12.  . ( Ship-building .)  The  highest  rafige  of 

planks  in  a vessel’s  ceiling.  Mar  Diet. 


MIEN,  FIR  ; MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL;  BUR,  RULE. 


*?>  b>  sofl  > Pi  c>  £>  l,  hard;  $ as  z; 


$ as  gz.  — THIS,  ibis. 


STRING 

13.  {Arch.)  A string-course.  Britton. 

■ To  have  two  strings  to  one's  bow , to  have  two  expedi- 
ents ; to  have  double  advantage  or  security.  JIudibras. 

STRING,  V.  a.  [i.  STRUNG  ;pp.  STRINGING,  STRUNG 
or  stringed.  — Stringed  is  little  used  except  as 
an  adjective.] 

1.  To  furnish  with  strings,  cords,  or  tendons. 

Hath  not  wise  Nature  strung  the  legs  and  feet?  Gay. 

2.  To  adjust  or  tune  the  strings  of;  to  tune. 

Here  the  muse  so  oft  her  harp  hath  strung. 

That  not  a mountain  rears  its  head  unsung.  Addison. 

3.  To  put  or  place  on  a string  ; to  file. 
“ Orient  pearls  at  random  strung.’’ Sir  IT.  Junes. 

4.  To  make  tense  or  firm  ; to  strengthen. 

Toil  stmng  the  nerves,  and  purified  the  blood.  Dryden. 

5.  To  deprive  of  strings  or  tendons.  Clarke. 

STRING'— BEAN§,  n.pl.  Green  beans  cooked  and 
eaten  with  the  pods  ; — so  called  from  the  stringy 
substance  which  is  stripped  from  the  back  of 
the  pods  in  preparing  them.  [U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

STRING'— BOARD,  n.  (Arch.)  A board  with  its 
face  next  to  the  well-hole  in  a staircase,  and 
receiving  the  ends  of  the  steps.  Brande. 

STRING'— COURSE,  n.  (Masonry.)  A narrow, 
horizontal,  and  slightly  projecting  course  in  a 
wall  of  a building.  Britton. 

STRINGED  (strlngd),  a.  1.  Furnished  with  strings, 
as  a musical  instrument.  Isa.  xxxviii.  20. 

2.  Produced  by  strings  or  stringed  instru- 
ments. “ The  stringed  noise.”  Milton. 

STRIN'GENT,  a.  [L.  stringo,  stringens,  to  draw 
tight ; Sp.  astringente .] 

1.  Drawing  tight ; binding  ; contracting. 

The  serpent  twisting  round  their  stringent  folds.  Thomson. 

2.  Severe  ; rigid  ; rigorous  ; strict.  Boget. 

STRlN'GENT-LY,  ad.  In  a stringent  manner. 

STRING'^!!,  n.  1.  One  who  strings;  one  who 

makes,  or  furnishes  with,  strings. 

The  bowyer  who  made  the  bows,  the  fleteher  who  made 
the  arrows,  and  the  stringer  who  made  the  strings.  Hares. 

2.  f A fornicator  ; a wencher.  Beau.  FI. 

3.  pi.  (Ship-building  ) Strakes  of  plank 

wrought  round  the  inside  of  a vessel,  close  to 
the  under  sides  of  the  beams,  and  serving  as  a 
shelf  to  rest  the  beams  on.  Ogilvie 

STRING'— HALT,  n.  (Farriery.)  An  involuntary 
twitching  or  convulsive  action  of  the  muscles  by 
which  the  hind  leg  of  a horse  is  bent,  principally 
observed  when  the  horse  first  comes  from  the 
stable,  and  gradually  ceasing  after  he  has  been 
exercised ; — called  also  spring-halt.  Youatt. 

STRI NG'I-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  stringy. Loudon. 

STRlNG'LJSS,  a.  Having  no  strings.  Shak. 

STRING'— PIECE  (-pes),  n.  1.  A piece  of  timber 
in  a bridge.  Clarke. 

2.  (Arch.)  That  part  of  a flight  of  stairs  which 
forms  its  ceiling  or  soffit.  Ogilvie. 

STRING 'Y,  a.  1.  Having  strings;  filamentous; 
fibrous.  “ Stringy  parts  of  roots.”  Greta. 

2.  That  may  be  drawn  into  strings  or  threads, 
as  a glutinous  substance  ; ropy.  Wright. 

STRING 'Y— BARK,  n (Bot.)  The  name  given  in 
Australia  to  a tree,  the  bark  of  which  is  used 
by  the  aborigines  to  make  canvas  and  cordage  ; 
Eucalyptus  rubusta.  Eng.  Cyc. 

STRIP,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  bestrypan  ; Dut.  stroopen,  to 
ravage,  to  strip  ; Ger .streifen.)  [t.  stripped  or 
STRICT  ; pp.  stripping,  stripped  or  STRICT.] 

1.  To  take  or  tear  off  or  away,  as  a covering ; 
— sometimes  followed  by  off,  emphatically. 

To  strip  bad  habits  from  a corrupted  heart  is  stripping  off 
the  skin.  Gilpin. 

2.  To  deprive  of  covering ; to  make  naked ; 
to  lay  bare  ; to  uncover  ; to  denude  ; — usually 
with  of  before  the  thing  taken  away. 

Quick  let  me  strip  thee  of  thy  tufty  coat.  Thomson. 

The  moment  they  saw  the  king  enter,  they  stripped  them- 
selves in  great  Jiaste,  being  covered  before.  Cook. 

3.  To  make  destitute  ; to  deprive  ; to  divest ; 
to  despoil;  — usually  with  of  before  the  thing 
taken  away ; as,  “ To  strip  one  of  his  fortune.” 

The  thoughts  of  things,  stripped  of  these  specific  differ- 
ences. Locke. 

4.  To  rob  ; to  plunder  ; to  pillage.  “ A thief 

stripped  the  house.”  Johnson. 

5.  To  milk  very  clean  so  as  to  leave  no  milk 
in  the  dug  ; to  milk  dry,  as  a cow.  Wright. 


1428 

To  strip  off,  to  tear  or  lake  off ; as,  “ To  strip  off 
the  bark  of  a tree.” — To  strip  from,  to  take  away 
from  : — t to  deprive  of. 

Ills  iin kindness, 

That  8tript  her  from  his  benediction.  Shak. 

— t To  separate  from  something  adhesive  or  con- 
nected. “ Men  wiio  examine  not  scrupulously  their 
own  ideas,  and  strip  them  not  from  the  marks  men 
use  for  them.”  Locke. 

STRIP,  v.  n.  To  take  off  the  covering  or  clothes  ; 
to  uncover  ; to  undress.  Ash. 

STRIP,  n.  A piece,  shred,  or  slip,  taken  or  torn  off ; 
a narrow  shred  ; a long,  narrow  piece.  Bp.  Hall. 

STRIPE  (strip),  v.  a.  [Dut.  strepen  ; Ger.  streifen. 

— Perhaps  the  same  as  strip.  Richardson .]  [t. 
STRIPED  ; pp.  STRIPING,  STRIPED.] 

1.  To  diversify  with  stripes;  to  variegate  with 
streaks,  bands,  or  lines  of  different  colors. 

"Whose  body  is  curiously  striped  with  equal  lists  of  black 
and  white.  Dampier. 

2.  To  beat  so  as  to  leave  stripes ; to  lash. 

Johnson. 

STRIPE,  n.  [Dut.  strepe ; Ger.  streif ; Dan.  strobe.] 

1.  A narrow  division  or  space  of  different 

color  from  the  adjoining  substance ; a line, 

band,  or  mark  of  color  ; a streak. 

These  strives  are  two  or  three  fingers  broad,  . . . one  white 
and  one  black.  Dampier. 

2.  A mark  made  on  the  body  by  a lash  or 
blow ; a wale. 

Cruelty  marked  him  with  inglorious  stripes.  Thomson. 

3.  A blow  or  lash,  as  with  a rod  or  a whip. 

A body  cannot  be  so  torn  with  stripes  as  a mind  with  re- 
membrance of  wicked  actions.  Hayward. 

STRl'PlJD,  a.  Having  stripes,  colored  lines,  or 
streaks;  streaked;  as,  “ A striped  cloth.” 

STRIP'— LEAF,  n.  Tobacco  from  which  the  stalks 
have  been  removed  before  packing  it .Simmonds. 

STRIP'LING,  n.  [Dim.  of  strip,  — a small  strip 
from  the  main  stock  or  stem.  Richardson .]  A 
male  child  in  the  state  of  adolescence  ; a boy. 

As  when  young  striplings  whip  the  top  for  sport.  Dryden. 

STRIPTF.lt,  n.  One  who  strips.  Sherwood. 

fSTRIP'i’pT,  n.  A little  brook.  Holinshed. 

STIUP'PING^,  n.  pi.  The  last  milk,  at  a milking, 
taken  from  a cow  ; after-milking.  Grose. 

STRITCH'FL,  n.  A strickle.  — See  Strickle. 

STRIVE,  v.  n.  [Dut.  streven  ; Ger.  streben  ; Dan. 
strafe  ; Sw.  strilfva. — Gael,  strigh.]  [i.  strove  ; 
jip.  striving,  striven,  f stri’ved.] 

1.  To  make  an  effort ; to  exert  one’s  self ; to 
endeavor  ; to  labor  ; to  toil ; to  try  ; to  aim. 

Our  blessed  Lord  commands  you  to  strive  to  enter  in,  be- 
cause many  will  fail  who  only  seek  to  enter.  Law. 

So  have  I strived  to  preach  the  gospel.  Lorn.  xv.  20. 
Striving  to  better,  oft  we  mar  what’s  well.  Shak. 

2.  To  contest ; to  contend ; to  struggle  in  op- 
position to  another  ; to  oppose  ; — with  against 
or  with  before  the  person  or  thing  opposed. 

Do  as  adversaries  do  in  law; 

Strive  mightily,  but  eat  and  drink  as  friends.  Shak. 

Why  dost  thou  strive  against  him  ? Job  xxxiii.  13. 

Now  private  pity  strove  with  public  hate.  Denham. 

3.  To  vie  ; to  be  comparable  ; to  compare;  to 
emulate  ; to  contend  in  excellence. 

Nor  that  sweet'grove 
Of  Daphne  by  O routes,  and  the  inspired 
Castahan  spring,  might  with  this  Paradise 
Of  Eden  strive.  Milton. 

Syn.  — Seo  Aim,  Endeavor. 

STRIV'IJR,  n.  One  who  strives.  Glanvill. 

STRlV'ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  strives  ; con- 
test ; struggle ; endeavor. 

Labor  and  disquiet,  strivings  and  temptations.  Bp.  Taylor. 

STRIV'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a striving  manner ; with 
struggle  ; with  contest.  Huloet. 

STR/X,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  arpiy(,  a night  bird  ; — so 
called  from  its  shrieking  cry.] 

1.  (Ornith.)  A genus  of  owls.  Gray. 

2.  (Arch.)  A channel  in  a fluted  pillar.  Wright. 

STROB-!-LA'CEOUS  (-sluts,  66),  a.  (Bot.)  Per- 
taining to,  or  resembling,  a strobile.  Gray. 

STROB'ILE,  n.  [Gr.  orph/hlo; ; L.  strobilus  ; Fr. 
strobile .]  (Bot.)  A collective  fruit  in  the  form 
of  a cone  or  head,  as  that  of  the  hop  and  the 
pine.  Gray. 

STRO-BIL'J-FORM,  a.  Having  the  form  of  a 
strobile  or  vegetable  cone.  Craig. 


STROMBUS 

STROB'I-LINE,  a.  Pertaining  to  a strobile ; 
cone-shaped.  • Wright. 

STRO'CAL  ) n-  A-  shovel  used  in  the  glass 
’ (trade,  having  a turned-up  edge, 

_ ' f suited  to  filling  the  pots  or  moulds 

STRO'KAL,  ) from  the  chests  or  harbors  of  ma- 
terials. Simmonds. 

t STROKE,  old  pret.  of  strike.  Struck.  Sidney. 

STROKE,  n.  [The  old  pret.  of  strike.  See  Strike.] 

1.  Act  of  one  who,  or  that  which,  strikes  ; 
sudden  effect  of  forcible  contact ; a blow ; a 
knock. 

llow  bowed  the  woods  beneath  their  sturdy  stroke  1 Gray. 

2.  A sudden  disease  or  affliction. 

At  this  one  stroke,  the  man  looked  dead  in  law.  Ilarte. 

3.  The  moment  of  striking; — applied  to  a 

clock.  What  is ’t  o’clock? 

Upon  the  stroke  of  four.  Shak. 

4.  The  touch  of  a pencil. 

But  imitative  strokes  can  do  no  more 

Than  please  the  eye.  Cowper . 

5.  A successful  attempt  ; a masterly  effort. 

The  boldest  strokes  of  poetry,  when  managed  artfully,  most 

delight  the  reader.  Dryden. 

6.  An  effect  suddenly  or  unexpectedly  pro- 
duced. Johnson. 

7.  Power  ; efficacy  ; influence,  [r.]  Ray. 

lie  has  a great  stroke  with  the  reader,  when  he  condemns 
any  of  my  poems,  to  make  the  world  have  a better  opinion 
of  them.  Dryden. 

8.  A single  movement  of  a body  through  a 

certain  short  space,  as  that  of  a pen  in  writing, 
of  an  oar  in  rowing,  or  of  a piston  in  a steam- 
engine.  Simmonds. 

9.  A series  of  operations  or  efforts  ; as,  “ A 

good  stroke  of  business.”  Brockett. 

STROKE,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  stracan ; Dut.  strooken ; 
Ger.  streichen  ; Dan.  stryge  ; Sw.  stryka  ; Icel. 
stryiika.  — See  Strike.]  \i.  stroked  ; pp. 
stroking,  stroked.] 

1.  To  rub  gently  in  one  direction  with  the 
hand,  — as  by  way  of  kindness  or  endearment. 

lie  dried  the  falling  drops,  and,  yet  more  kind, 

lie  stroked  her  cheeks.  Dryden. 

One  doth  not  stroke  me,  nor  the  other  strike.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  To  make  smooth.  Smart. 

STROK'ER,  n.  One  who  strokes  or  rubs  gently' 
with  the  hand.  Warburton. 

STROKES'MAN  (stroks'-),  n.  Theperson  who  rows 
the  aftmost  oar  in  a boat,  and  gives  the  stroke, 
which  the  rest  are  to  follow.  Mar.  Diet. 

STROK'ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  strokes ; act 
of  rubbing  gently  with  the  hand.  Wotton. 

STROK'{NG§,  n.  pi.  The  last  milk  of  a cow  which 
is  milked  clean  ; strippings.  Ash. 

STROLL,  v.  n.  [Contracted  from  straggle.  Rich- 
ardson.]  [i.  STROLLED  ; pp.  STROLLING, 

strolled.]  To  stray  about;  to  wander;  to 
ramble  ; to  rove  idly  ; to  roam. 

’T  is  she  who  nightly  strolls  with  sauntering  pace.  Gay. 

Syn.  — See  Wander. 

STROLL  (stroll,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  strolls  or 
roves  about ; a ramble ; a roving.  Todd. 

STROLLER,  n.  One  who  strolls  ; a vagrant ; a 
wanderer ; a vagabond.  Swift. 

STROLL'ING,  p.  a.  Roving  from  place  to  place  ; 
wandering  ; as,  “ A strolling  play-actor.” 

STRO'MA,  n.  [Gr.  arpibpa,  a bed.]  (Bot.)  A 
fleshy  body,  found  in  fungous  plants,  to  which 
flocci  are  attached.  Lindley. 

STRO-M  AT'IC,  a.  [Gr.  arpioyatiis,  patchwork.] 
Miscellaneous.  Wright. 

STROMB,  n.  An  animal  of  the  genus  Strombus. 

Tile  stromb  are  carrion-feeders  and  very  active.  Baird. 

STROM'BfTE,  n.  (Pal.)  A fossil  shell  of  the 
genus  Strombus.  Humble. 

STROM-BU'LI-FORM,  a.  [Gr.  orpopPos  (crphpto,  to 
turn),  a top,  and  L.  forma,  form.]  (Geol.) 
Shaped  like  a top.  Smart. 

STROM ' BUS,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  arpbpPos,  a snail- 
shell,  also  the  snail  ; arplipoi,  to  twist,  to  turn.] 
(Zoiil.)  A genus  of  marine  gasteropodous  spi- 
ral mollusks,  having  a thick,  oval-oblong  shell, 
conical  in  front  and  behind,  and  the  right  lip  or 
external  border  dilated,  and  with  a sinus  a little 
behind  the  canal.  Rang. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  ?,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


ST  ROME  Y E RITE 


1429 


STRUMA 


STROM’IJY-ER-ITE  (stroin'e-er-It),  n.  (Min.)  A 
dark,  steel-gray,  sectile  mineral,  sometimes  crys- 
tallized, and  consisting  chiefly  of  sulphur,  sil- 
ver, and  copper;  — so  named  from  the  chemist 
Stromeyer.  Dana. 

f STROND,  n.  A shore  ; a bank  ; a strand.  Sliali. 

STRONG,  a.  [A.  S.  strong,  strang,  streng,  strang ; 
Frs.  strang  ; I)ut.  I) ail.  streng,  severe,  rigid  ; 
Ger.  strenge  ; Sw.  strung.  — Strong  is  the  past 
part,  of  the  verb  to  string.  — “A  strong  man 
is  a man  well  -strung.”  Richardson .] 

1.  Having  great  physical  ability  to  act  or  to 
endure  ; vigorous  ; forceful ; muscular  ; sinewy  ; 
robust ; hale  ; healthy  ; stout ; hardy. 

That  our  oxen  may  be  strong  to  labor.  Ps.  cxliv.  14. 

Sound  and  strong  in  constitution.  Ecclus.  xxx.  14. 

2.  Able  to  resist  attack ; well  fortified. 

“ Within  Troy’s  strong  immures.”  Shak. 

3.  Having  great  power  to  act;  having  mental 
power  or  means  for  any  thing ; having  great 
resources  ; able  ; powerful  ; potent ; mighty. 

Those  that  are  strong  at  sea  may  easily  bring  them  to  what 
terms  they  please.  Addison . 

I was  stronger  in  prophecy  than  in  criticism.  Dryden. 

Alasi  when  evil  men  are  strong. 

No  life  is  good,  no  pleasure  long.  Wordsworth. 

4.  Moving  with  force  or  rapidity  ; violent ; 
forcible  ; impetuous  ; as,  “ A strong  wind.” 

lint  her  own  kings  she  likened  to  his  Thamcj; 

Severe  yet  strong , majestic  yet  sedate.  Prior. 

5.  Forcibly  acting  on  the  mind  or  imagina- 
tion ; cogent ; forcible  ; impressive  ; conclusive. 

Strong  reasons  make  strong  actions.  Shak. 

This  is  one  of  the  strongest  examples  of  a personation  that 
ever  was.  Bacon. 

6.  Ardent;  eager;  zealous;  hearty. 

The  knight  is  a much  stronger  tory  in  the  country  than  in 
town.  Addison. 

7.  Having  the  peculiar  quality  in  a great  de- 
gree ; as,  “ Strong  tea  ” ; “ Strong  lye.” 

8.  Containing  much  alcohol ; intoxicating  ; 
as,  “ Strong  liquor  ” ; “ Strong  drink.” 

9.  Forcibly  affecting  some  particular  sense, 
as  the  sight,  the  taste,  or  the  smell ; as,  “ Strong 
light  ” ; “ Strong  butter  ” ; “ Strong  scent.” 

10.  Substantial,  but  not  of  easy  digestion. 
Strong  meat  belongeth  to  them  that  arc  of  full  age.  Hcb.  v.  14. 

11.  Of  binding  force  ; confirmed  ; valid.  . 

All  ungodly  custom,  grown  strong,  was  kept  as  law. 

Wisdom  xiv.  16. 

12.  Violent;  vehement.  “He  offered  up 
prayers  with  strong  crying  and  tears.”  lleb,  v.  7. 

13.  Firm;  compact;  not  easily  broken. 

Full  on  his  nrikle  fell  the  ponderous  stone, 

Burst  the  strong  nerves  and  crushed  the  solid  bone.  Pope. 

14.  Forcibly  expressed  ; having  much  mean- 
ing ; energetic. 

Like  her  sweet  voice  is  thy  harmonious  song; 

As  high,  as  sweet,  as  easy,  and  as  strong.  Smith. 

15.  Supplied  with  forces ; having  a force. 

He  was,  at  his  rising  from  Exeter,  between  six  and  seven 
thousand  strong.  Bacon. 

16.  Effected  by  strength.  “ I wot  not  by 

what  strong  escape.”  [it.]  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Able,  Cogent,  Firm,  Hearty, 
Powerful,  Robust. 

STRONG-BACKED  (-bakt),  a.  Having  a strong 
back.  “ Strong-backed  knaves.”  Dryden. 

STRONG'— BASED  (-bast),  a.  Having  a firm  base. 
“ Strong-based  promontory.”  Shak. 

STRONG'— BOD-IED  (-bod-did),  a.  Having  a strong 
body.  “ Strong-bodied  trees.”  Cowley. 

STRONG'— BOX,  n.  A coffer  or  safe  for  holding 
money.  Roget. 

STRONG'-COL-ORED  (-kul-lurd),  a.  Having 
a strong  color  or  strong  colors. 

STRONGER  (strong'ger),  a.  Comparative  of  strong. 

STRONGEST  (strong'gest),  a.  Superlative  of  strong. 

STRONG'— FIST-pD,  a.  Having  a muscular  hand  ; 
strong-handed.  Arbuthnot. 

STRONG'— HAND,  n.  Force  ; strength  ; violence. 

Take  what  they  needed  by  strong-hand.  Raleigh. 

STRONG'— HAND-^iD,  a.  Having  strong  hands; 
having  a strong  support.  Johnson. 

STRONG 'HOLD,  or  STRONG '-HOLD,  n.  A place 
of  strength  ; a fortified  place  ; a fortress.  Q.  R. 

ir  1,  - Stronghold  is  formed  from  the  adjective  strong, 
and  the  noun  hold,  a place  of  custody  or  a fortified 


place.  Hold  also  means  a (irasp  or  seizure  ; and  when 
in  lliis  sense,  it  is  preceded  by  strung , strong  and  hold 
are  properly  printed  as  separate  words,  as  in  the  fol- 
lowing quotation  : — 

Had  not  the  eternal  King  omnipotent 

From  his  strung  hold  of  heaven,  high  overruled 

And  limited  their  might.  Hilton. 

But  stronghold  used  in  the  sense  oi  a fortress  or 
fortified  place,  is  often  printed  in  three  different 
modes,  viz.  as  two  separate  words,  or  as  one  word, 
either  with  or  without  a hyphen  ; thus,  strong  hold, 
strong-hold,  stronghold  , and  all  these  three  inodes  are 
supported  by  respectable  authority. 

STRONG'ISFI,  a.  Somewhat  strong.  Byron. 

STRONG'-LUNGED  (-lungd),  a.  Having  strong 
lungs.  Blair. 

STRONG'LY,  ad.  With  strength  ; powerfully  ; 
forcibly  : — with  firmness  , firmly  . — vehement- 
ly ; violently ; eagerly. 

STRONG'— MIND-5 D,  a ■ Having  a strong  mind  ; 
of  powerful  intellect ; sensible.  Scott. 

STRONG'— POUNCED  (-pbunst),  a.  Having  pow- 
erful talons,  as  ah  eagle.  Thomson. 

STRONG'— RIBBED  (-ribd),  a.  Having  strong  ribs 
or  sides.  Shak. 

STRONG'— SET,  a.  Firmly  compacted.  “ His 
body  strong-set  and  fleshy.”  Swift. 

STRONG'— SMELL-ING,  a.  Having  a strong  scent 
or  smell.  “ Strong -smelling  odors.”  Cowley. 

STRONG'— VOICED  (-volst),  a.  Having  a strong 
or  deep  voice.  Wright. 

STRONG'— WA-TER,  n.  Distilled  spirits.  Bacon. 

STRON'TI-A  (stron'slie-?),  > n%  [From  Stron- 

STRON'Tl-AN  (stron'she-fin),  ’ tian,  in  Argyle- 
shire,  where  it  was  first  found.]  (Chem.)  A 
gray,  porous,  alkaline  earth,  resembling  baryta, 
becoming  a hydrate  by  exposure  to  air,  and  con- 
sisting of  oxygen  and  strontium  ; the  protoxide 
of  strontium.  Graham. 

Nitrate  of  strontia,  a salt  used  in  the  preparation  of 
fireworks,  to  give  a splendid  crimson  color  to  their 
flames.  Miller. 

STRON'TI-AN-lTE  ( stron'slie -an-It),  n.  (Min.) 
The  carbonate  of  "strontia ; strontites.  Dana. 

STRON-TI'TE§,  n.  (Min.)  Strontianite.  Dana. 

STRON-TIT'IC,  a.  Relating  to,  or  containing, 
strontia.  Ure. 

STRON'TI-UM  (stron'she-um),  n.  (Chem.)  A mal- 
leable metal  of  a pale  yellow  color,  resembling 
barium,  and  forming  the  base  of  strontian.  Miller. 

ttSf=  Strontium  decomposes  water  with  the  evolution 
of  hydrogen,  and,  when  heated  in  air,  it  hums  with 
a yellowish  flame,  emitting  sparks.  Miller. 

f STROOK,  old  pret.  from  strike.  Struck.  Dryden. 

STROP,  n.  [Gr.  arpdipos,  a twisted  rope ; crptipu,  to 
twist,  to  turn  — See  Strap.] 

1.  (Naut.)  A piece  of  rope  used  to  surround 

the  body  of  a block,  and  for  other  purposes  ; — 
usually  written  strap.  Todd. 

2.  A leather  on  which  a razor  is  sharpened ; 

— written  also  strap.  Simmonds. 

STROP,  V.  a.  [i.  STROPPED  ; pp.  STROPPING, 
Stropped.]  To  sharpen  by  means  of  a strop, 
as  a razor  ; to  strap.  Th.  Hood. 

STRO'PHf  (stro'fe),  ?i.  [Gr.  arpoiph ; crphpm,  to  twist, 
to  turn  ; L.  stropha  ; Fr.  strophe .]  (Poetry.)  A 
division  of  a Greek  choral  ode  answering  to  a 
stanza,  sung  during  the  evolution  and  dancing 
of  the  chorus,  from  right  to  left,  towards  one 
side  of  the  orchestra,  and  answering  to  the  an- 
tistrophe, which  was  of  the  same  length  and 
metre  of  the  strophe.  Liddell  & Scott. 

STROPH'IC,  a.  [Gr.  orpotpiKo;.']  Relating  to,  or 
consisting  of,  strophes.  Beck. 

STROPH  I-O-LATE,  ?a  (Bot.)  Noting  a seed 

STr6pH'I-0-LAT-5D,  i furnished  with  a stroph- 
iole ; carunculate.  Balfour. 

STROPH'I-OLE  (strop-),  n.  [L.  strophiolum,  dim. 
of  strophinrh  (Gr.  crpdipiov),  a chaplet.]  (Bot.) 
An  irregular  protuberance  on  the  surface  of 
some  seeds  about  the  hilum  ; caruncle.  Lindley. 

STROPH' U-LCrs,  n.  (Med.)  An  eruption  of  red, 
or  sometimes  whitish,  pimples,  occurring  in 


early  infancy,  chiefly  about  the  face,  neck,  and 
arms,  surrounded  by  a reddish  halo,  or  inter- 
rupted by.patches  of  cutaneous  blush. Dunglison. 

STROUD'JNG,  n.  A coarse  kind  of  cloth  used  in 
the  American  Indian  trade.  Me  Kenney. 

f STROUT,  v.  n.  [See  Strut.]  To  swell  out ; to 
look  stately ; to  strut.  Drayton. 

f STROUT,  v.  a.  To  swell  or  puff  out  with  pomp  ; 

to  enlarge  by  affectation.  Bacon. 

STROVE,  i.  from  strive.  See  Strive. 

STROW  (stro),  v.  a.  [See  Strew.]  [i.  stuowed  ; 
pp.  strowing,  strowed  ofstrown.]  To  strew. 

Thick  as  autumnal  leaves  that  strow  the  brooks 
In  Valloinbrosa.  Mill  on. 

STROWL,  v.  n.  To  stroll.  — See  Stroll  Gray. 

f STROY,  v.  a To  destroy.  Titsser 

STRUCK,  i.  8c  p.  from  strike.  See  Strike.  Dryden. 

Struck  jury,  (Law.)  a special  jury  selected  by  striking 
from  the  panel  of  jurors  a certain  number  by  each 
party,  so  as  to  leave  a number  required  by  law  to  try 
the  cause.  Bonder.  — Struck  in  years,  affected  by 
years  ; aged  , old  ; stricken.  Shak. 

fSTRUCK'EN  (strilk'kn),  p from  strike.  Fairfax. 

STRUCT'U-RAL  (strukt'yur-al),  a.  Relating  to 
structure.  Sat.  Mag.  Cooper. 

STRUCTU  RE  (strukt'yur),  n.  [L.  structura  ; 
struo,  structus,  to  construct ; It.  struttura  ; Sp. 
estructura  ; Fr.  structure .] 

1.  The  act  or  the  practice  of  building,  [r.] 

Till  the  last  farthing  is  in  structure  spent.  Dryden. 

2.  Mode  of  building  or  forming  ; manner  of 
construction  ; make  ; arrangement.  Dryden. 

Want  of  insight  into  the  stnxcture  and  constitution  of  the 
terraqueous  glooe.  Woodward. 

3.  A building  ; an  erection  ; edifice  ; fabric. 

There  stands  a structure  of  majestic  frame.  Pope. 

A column  or  an  obelisk,  if  formed  of  many  stones,  is  a 
structure , but  not  so  if  it  be  of  n single  stone.  Britton. 

4.  (Anat.)  The  arrangement  of  the  different 

tissues  or  organic  elements  of  which  animals 
and  vegetables  are  composed.  Dunglison. 

Syn.  — See  Edifice. 

STRUCT'U-RIST,  n.  One  who  makes  structures; 
a builder.  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

STRUDE,  n.  A stock  of  breeding  mares  ; a stud  ; 
— written  also  strode,  [n.]  Bailey. 

STRUGGLE  (strug'gl),  V.  n.  [“Perhaps  a dim. 
from  the  verb  to  streak  or  stretch.”  Richardson .] 

[i.  STRUGGLED  ; pp.  STRUGGLING,  STRUGGLED.] 

1.  To  act  with  effort;  to  labor  intently;  to 
endeavor  arduously;  to  strive  ; to  contend;  to 
contest ; as,  “ To  struggle  with  the  waves.” 

And  wish  and  struggle,  as  they  pass,  to  reach 

The  tempting  stream.  Milton. 

2.  To  writhe  in  difficulty  or  pain  ; to  labor  in 
difficulties  ; to  be  in  agonies  or  distress. 

’Tis  wisdom  to  beware. 

And  better  shun  the  bate  than  struggle  in  the  snare.  Dryden , 

STRUG'GLE,  n.  1.  The  act  of  struggling  ; labor; 
great  exertion ; vigorous  effort,  or  endeavor ; 
contest  ; contention ; strife  ; conflict. 

Those  unnatural  struggles  for  the  chair  which  have  dis- 
turbed the  peace  of  this  great  city.  Atterbury. 

2.  A writhing  in  difficulty  or  pain  ; tumultu- 
ous distress ; agony ; distress. 

They  are  only  the  uneasy  struggles  of  a man  fast  hound 
and  fettered.  Waterland. 

Syn.  — See  Conflict. 

STllUG'GLER,  n.  One  who  struggles.  Martin. 

STRUGGLING, »n.  The  act  of  striving  or  con- 
tending. “The  strugglings  of  my  soul.”  Iloole. 

STRUGGLING,  p.  a.  Striving;  making  efforts  ; 
contending ; as,  “ A struggling  man.” 

STRULL,  n.  A bar  so  placed  as  to  resist  weight. 

Loudon. 

STRUM,  v.  n.  To  play  noisily  and  unskilfully  on 
a musical  instrument;  to  thrum.  [Local.]  Roget. 

STRU  ’MB,  n.  [L  struma-,  struo,  to  build.] 

1.  (Anat.)  An  enlargement  of  a gland  ; — par- 

ticularly goitre,  or  an  enlargement  of  the  thyroid 
gland.  Dunglison. 

2.  (Bot.)  A swelling  or  irregular  protuber- 

ance at  the  extremity  of  the  petiole  next  the 
blade,  or  on  one  side  of  the  base  of  the  theca 
of  a moss.  Lindley. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.—  q,  (f,  $,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  JC  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


STRUMOSE 


1430 


STUDY 


STRll-MOSE',  ) a.  [L.  strumosus.]  (Med.)  Having 
STRO'MOUS  ) swellings  in  the  glands  ; scrofu- 
lous. ' ’ Dunglison. 

STRti'MOUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
strumous.  Clarke. 


STRUM'PJJT,  n.  [Gael,  strumpaid,  striopach.  — 
Dut.  strontpot,  a chamber-pot.  Skinner .]  A liar- 
lot  ; a prostitute  ; a bawd  ; a punk.  Shak. 

STRfJM'PyT,  a.  Like  a strumpet ; false  ; incon- 
tinent ; unchaste.  Shak. 

t STRUM'PpT,  v.a.  To  debauch  ; to  whore.  Shak. 

STRUM'STRUM,  n.  A noisy  musical  instrument ; 
— so  called  from  its  sound.  Dampier. 

STRUNG,  i.  & p.  from  string.  See  String.  Gag. 

STRUN'TAjN,  n.  A tape  made  of  coarse  worsted, 
less  than  an  inch  broad.  [Scot.]  Jamieson. 

STRfJSE,  n.  Along  craft  used  for  transport  on 
the  inland  waters  of  Russia.  Simmonds. 

STRUT,  v n.  [Ger.  strotzen. — “Perhaps  from 
straught,  past  part,  of  stretch.”  Richardson.] 

[(.  STRUTTED  ; pp.  STRUTTING,  STRUTTED.] 

1.  To  walk  with  affected  dignity ; to  stride 
pompously  ; to  swell  with  stateliness. 

Does  he  not  hold  up  his  head,  and  strut  in  his  gait?  Shak. 

2 To  swell ; to  protuberate. 

As  thy  strutting  bags  with  money  rise, 

The  love  of  gain  is  of  equal  size.  Dryden. 

STRUT,  n.  1.  An  affectation  of  stateliness  or 
dignity  in  walking  ; a pompous  stride. 

Certain  gentlemen,  by  smirking  countenances  and  an  un- 
gainly strut  in  their  walk,  have  got  preferment.  Swift. 

2.  (Arch.)  A piece  of  timber  placed  obliquely 

in  the  framed  part  of  a building,  serving  to  keep 
a main  beam  in  its  proper  situation;  — called 
also  brace,  and  stretching-piece.  Britton. 

STRU-THI-0'NE§,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  arpooB, !s,  a bird; 
6 peyas  arpouOds,  the  great  bird,  the  ostrich.] 
(Ornith.)  An  order  of  birds  incapable  of  flight, 
with  very  short  wings,  and  long,  strong  legs, 
inoluding  the  family  Struthionidce.  Gray. 


S TR U- Till- ON ' I- DJE,  n.  pi.  [See  Struthi- 
ones.]  (Ornith.)  A family  of  birds,  including 
the  sub-families  Struthionince,  Apterygince , and 
OtidiiMB ; ostriches.  Gray. 


S TR  U-  Till-  0-JV7  'NJK,  n. 
pi.  [See  Strutiiio- 
nes.]  (Ornith.)  A sub- 
family of  birds  of  the 
order  Struthiones  and 
family  Struthionidce  ; 
ostriches. 


STRU  THI-OUS,  a.  [Gr.  Struthus  cainclus. 

crpovOcios  ; crpovBd;,  a 

bird  ; L.  strut  hens.]  Relating  to,  or  resembling, 
the  ostrich.  Brande. 


STRUT'TpR,  «.  One  who  struts.  Todd. 


STRUT'TING,  n.  The  actof  one  that  struts. Cook. 


STRUT'TING-LV,  ad.  With  a strut ; vauntingly. 

STRU' V It E,  n.  (Min.)  A crystalline  mineral 
found  in  guano  from  Saldanha  Bay,  coast  of  Af- 
rica, and  composed  chiefly  of  phosphoric  acid, 
magnesia,  oxide  of  ammonium,  and  water.Darea. 

STRfCH'NI-A,  n.  (Chem.)  A. solid,  crystalline, 
inodorous,  bitter,  and  very  poisonous  alkaloid, 
obtained  from  several  species  of  plants  of  the 
genus  Strychnos,  and  principally  from  the  seeds 
of  Strychnos  nux  vomica ; — called  also  strych- 
nine. Dunglison. 

STRYEII'nIne,  n.  Strychnia.  -=  See  Strychnia. 

STUB,  n.  [A.  S.  stub,  stybb ; Frs .stobbe;  Dan. 
stub  ; Sw.  stubbe  ; feel,  stubbr,  stubbi .] 

1.  A thick,  short  stock,  left  when  the  rest"  is 
cut  off ; the  stump  of  a tree. 

Upon  cutting  down  an  old  timber  tree,  the  stub  hath  put 
out  sometimes  a tree  of  another  kind.  Bacon. 

2.  A log ; a block.  “ Stocks  and  stubs  ” Milton. 

STUB,  V a \i.  STUBBED  \pp.  STUBBING,  STUBBED.] 

1.  To  force  up;  to  extirpate;  to  eradicate; 
to  grub  up  ; — frequently  with  up. 

lie  stubs  up  edible  roots  out  of  the  ground.  Grew. 

2 To  strike,  as  the  toes,  against  some  object 
in  walking  or  running.  [U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

STUB'BIJD,  a.  1.  Truncated;  short  and  thick. 

Against  a stubbed  tree  he  reels.  Drayton. 


2.  f Hardy  ; stout.  “ The  hardness  of  stubbed, 
vulgar  constitutions.”  Bp.  Berkeley. 

STUB'BpD-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  stubbed.  Bai. 

STtJB'Bl-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  stubby.  Clarke. 

STUB'BLE  (stub'bl),  n.  [Dim.  of  stub.  Bichard- 
son. — From  L.  stipula,  a stalk,  a stem.  Me- 
nage.] The  root  ends  of  the  stalks  of  wheat, 
rye,  oats,  and  other  grains  or  grasses,  left  in  the 
field  standing  as  they  grew,  after  having  been 
reaped  by  the  sickle  or  scythe.  Brande. 

STUBBLED  (stub  'bid),  a.  1.  t Stubbed.  Skelton. 

2.  Covered  with  stubble.  Gay 

STUB'BI.E— GOOSE  (stub'bl-gos),  n.  A goose  fed 
among  stubble.  Chaucer. 

STUB 'BEE— RAKE  (stub'bl-ruk),  n.  A rake  for 
gathering  stubble.  Wright. 

STUB'BORN,  a.  [Minsheu  derives  this  word  from 
stout-born  ; Junius  from  the  Gr.  enfiapd;,  thick, 
stout,  sturdy  ; and  Lye,  from  the  preceding 
stub ; the  last  appears  the  more  probable  — 
stubb,  stubber,  stubberen,  stubborn,  stubborn. 
Richardson.] 

1.  Hard  to  be  moved;  obstinate;  inflexible; 
unyielding;  wilful;  headstrong;  contumacious. 

He  believed  he  had  so  humbled  the  garrison,  that  they 
would  be  no  longer  so  stubborn.  Clarendon. 

2.  Persisting ; persevering  ; steady. 

All  this  is  to  be  had  only  from  the  epistles  themselves  with 
stubborn  attention  and  more  than  common  upplieation.ZocAc. 

3.  Stiff ; not  pliable  ; not  easily  bent ; firm. 

Take  a plant  of  stubborn  oak.  Dryden. 

4.  Harsh;  rough;  rugged. 

We  will  not  oppose  any  thing  that  is  hard  and  stubborn, 
hut  by  a soft  answer  deaden  their  force.  Burnet. 

Syn.  — See  Obstinacy. 

STUB'BORN-LY,  ad.  In  a stubborn  manner;  ob- 
stinately ; inflexibly  ; wilfully.  Locke. 

STUB'BORN-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  stub- 
born ; obstinacy  ; contumacy  ; inflexibility. 

lie  chose  a course  least  subject  to  envy,  between  stiff  stub- 
bornness and  filthy  flattery.  lluyivard. 

Syn.  — See  Contumacy,  Obstinacy. 

STUB'BY,  a.  Full  of  stubs  ; stubbed.  Grew. 

STUB'— MOR-TISE,  n.  A mortise  that  does  not 
pass  through  the  timber  mortised.  Loudon. 

STUB'— NAIL,  n.  A nail  broken  off;  a short, 
thick  nail.  Simmonds. 

STUC'CO,  n.  [It  .'stucco;  Sp.  estuco  ; Fr.  stuc. — 
From  its  being  a composition  stuck  or  fixed 
upon  walls.  Tooke.]  A fine  plaster  for  covering 
walls,  and  for  interior  decorations,  usually 
made  of  pulverized  marble  and  gypsum.  Weale. 

STUC'CO,  v.  a.  [It.  stuccare.]  [*.  stuccoed; 
pp.  STUCCOING,  stuccoed.]  To  overlay  or  cov- 
er with  stucco  ; to  plaster  with  stucco. 

The  apartment  at  the  end  is  very  warmly  stuccoed  with 
moss  and  hay.  ^ Goldsmith. 

STUC'COED  (stuk'kod),  p.  a.  Covered  or  overlaid 
with  stucco.  “ Stuccoed  walls.”  Cowper. 

STUC'CO-^R,  n.  One  who  stuccoes.  Wright. 

STUCK,  i.  & p.  from  stick.  See  Stick.  Addison. 

f STUCK,  n.  A thrust.  Shak. 

BIS1’  It  is  a corruption  of  stock,  itself  abbreviated 
from  stockado.  Nurcs. 

STUC'KLE  (stuk'kl),  n.  A stook.  Ainsworth. 

STUD,  n.  [A.  S.  study, ; Dut.  stut ; Ger.  stntze; 
Dan.  st'  tie  ; Sw.  st  'tta  ; Icel.  stytta.  — Ir.  stid.] 

1.  A piece  of  timber  inserted  in  a sill  to  sup- 
port a beam  ; a post  or  prop.  Weale. 

2.  A nail  with  a large  head  driven  in  work 
chiefly  for  ornament,  an  ornamental  knob. 

A belt  of  straw  and  ivy  buds. 

With  coral  clasps  and  amber  studs.  Raleigh. 

3.  An  ornamental  button,  link,  or  catch  for  a 

shirt  bosom.  Simmonds. 

STUD,  n.  [A.  S.  stod;  Old  Ger.  stout ; Ger.  stute, 
a mare  ; Dan.  stodhest,  stallion  ; Sw.  sto,  a mare  ; 
Icel.  stedda,  a mare.  — Gael,  steud,  a steed.]  A 
collection  of  breeding  horses  and  mares ; — also 
the  place  where  they  are  kept.  Davies. 

In  the  studs  of  Ireland,  where  care  is  taken,  we  see  horses 
bred  of  excellent  shape,  vigor,  and  size.  Temple. 

STUD,  V.  a.  [l.STUDDED  ; pp.  STUDDING,. STUD- 
DED.] To  adorn  with  studs  or  knobs.  * 

Their  harness  studded  all  with  gold  and  pearl. . Shak. 


t STUD'D^R-Y,  n A place  where  a stud  of  horses 
is  kept.  Holinshed. 

STUD'DJNG— SAIL,  n.  (Naut.)  A light  sail  set 
outside  of  a square  sail,  on  a boom  rigged  out 
from  the  yard.  Dana. 

STU'DfNT,  n.  [L.  studeo,  studens,  to  be  zealous, 
to  apply  one’s  self  to  learning.  — See  Study.] 

1.  One  who  studies  or  examines,  — particu- 
larly one  given  to  books  ; a bookish  man. 

Keep  a gamester  from  dice,  and  a good  student  from  his 
book.  Shak. 

2.  One  engaged  in  study  in  a literary  institu- 
tion ; a scholar ; as,  “ A student  of  a college.” 

Syn.  — See  Scholar. 

STU'D^NT-SIllP,  n.  State  of  a student.  A.  Phil. 

STUD'-HORSE,  it  [A.  S.  stod-hors.]  A breed- 
ing horse  ; a stallion.  Knowles. 

STUD'IED  (stud'jd),  p.  a.  1.  Closely  or  carefully 
examined;  carefully  read , — premeditated. 

2.  Versed  in  any  study  or  branch  of  learning ; 
qualified  by  study  ; learned. 

Some  man  reasonably  studied  in  the  law.  Bacon. 

3.  f Having  any  particular  inclination. 

A prince  should  not  be  so  loosely  studied  as  to  remember 
so  weak  a composition.  _ Shak. 

STUD'IED-LY,  ad.  In  a studied  manner.  Todd. 

STUD'I-RIR,  n.  One  who  studies;  a student,  [it.] 

Lipsius  was  a great  studier  of  the  stoical  philosophy.  Tillotson. 

STU'DI-O,  n.\  pi.  stP'di-o#.  [It.]  A study ; 
— the  office  or  work-shop  of  an  artist. 

Studios  for  painters  are  erected  fin  Rome]  on  the  tops  of 
houses,  the  lower  rooms  of  which  are  let  to  sculptors.  Bryant. 

II  STU'DI-OUS  [stu'de-us,  P.  J.  F._Ja.  Sm.  Wr.  ; 
stu'jus,  S. ; stu'dyus,  E.  K. ; stu'de-us  or  stu 'je-us, 
IK.],  a.  [L.  studiosus-,  It.  studioso  ; Sp.  estudi- 
oso;  Fr . studieux.] 

1.  Zealous;  assiduous;  diligent;  eager. 

Studious  to  find  new  friends  ancj  new  allies.  Ticked. 

2.  Devoted  to  study,  books,  or  learning ; 
given  to  contemplation  ; contemplative  ; medi- 
tative ; thoughtful ; reflective. 

The  studious  and  contemplative  part  of  mankind.  Locke. 

3.  Attentive  ; careful ; zealous  ; — with  of. 

Studious  of  pious  and  venerable  antiquity.  White. 

. 4.  Suitable  for  study  or  contemplation,  [it.] 

To  walk  the  studious  cloisters  pale.  Milton. 

||  STU'DI-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  a studious  manner; 
diligently  ; zealously  ; eagerly ; attentively. 

All  of  them  studiously  cherished  the  memory  of  their  hon- 
orable extraction.  Atterbury. 

||  STU'DI-OUS-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  studious. 

•STUD'— WORK  (-wiirk),  n.  (Masonry.)  A wall 
built  between  studs  or  quarters.  Crahb. 

STUD'Y,  n.  [L.  studium ; studeo,  to  he  eager  or 
zealous  ; It.  studio-,  Sp.  estudio  ; OldFr.  estude ; 
Fr.  etude.] 

1.  Application  of  the  mind  to  a subject ; con- 
tinued attention  ; meditation  ; investigation  ; re- 
search ; — in  a restrictive  sense,  application  of 
the  mind  to  books  and  learning. 

Just  men  they  seemed,  and  all  their  study  bent 

To  worship  God  aright  and  know  his  works.  Milton. 

Wi  tliout  study  this  art  is  not  attained.  Tlolyday. 

During  the  whole  time  of  his  abode  in  the  university, 
Ilammond  generally  spent  thirteen  hours  of  the  day  in 
study.  Fell. 

2.  A studious  mood  ; absorption  of  the  mind 
in  meditation  ; deep  cogitation  ; perplexity. 

The  Kin"  of  Castile,  a little  confused  and  in  a study,  said. 
That  can  I not  do  with  my  honor.  Bacon. 

3.  The  pursuit  or  acquisition  of  knowledge, 
literature,  or  learning;  learning. 

Studies  serve  for  delight,  for  ornament,  and  ability.  The 
chief  use  for  delight  is  in  privateness  and  retiring;  for  orna- 
ment. is  in  discourse;  and  for  ability,  is  in  the  judgment  and 
disposition  of  business.  . . . Crafty  men  contemn  studies:  sim- 
ple men  admire  them;  and  wise  men  use  them,  for  they  teach 
their  own  use.  Bacon,, 

It  would  have  been  well  if  Bacon  had  added  some  hints 
as  to  the  mode  of  study.  Whatcly. 

Beholding  the  bright  countenance  of  truth  in  the  quiet 
and  still  air  of  delightful  studies.  Milton. 

4.  Subject  of  study  or  attention. 

The  Holy  Scriptures  . . . are  her  daily  study.  Law. 

5.  An  apartment  appropriated  to  study. 

Let  all  studies  and  libraries  be  towards  the  east.  Wotfon. 

6.  (Fine  Arts.)  A finished  sketch  from  nature, 
generally  intended  to  aid  in  the  composition  of 
a larger  and  more  important  work,  or  as  a me- 
morial of  some  particular  object  for  future  use, 
or  to  facilitate  drawing  or  composition. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  1J,  {,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; I1EIR,  HER; 


STUDY 


1431 


STUNTEDNESS 


A single  head  or  figure,  afterwards  introduced  in  a large 
work,  would  be  termed  a study  for  that  work;  a tree,  a group 
of  plants,  &c.,  would  be  a study  for  a landscape.  Fairholt. 

Syn.  — See  Attention. 

STOd'Y,  v.  n.  [I.,  studeo;  It.  studiare ; Sp.  estu- 
diar ; Old  Fr.  estudier;  Fr  etudier .]  [i.  stud- 

ied ; pp.  STUDYING,  STUDIED.] 

1.  To  apply  the  mind  ; to  think  with  close  ap- 
plication ; to  meditate  attentively  ; to  reflect. 

I found  a moral  first,  und  then  studied  for  a fable.  Swift. 

2.  To  be  zealous  ; to  endeavor  diligently. 

Study  to  be  quiet  and  do  your  own  business.  1 Thess.  iv.  11. 

3.  To  apply  one’s  self  to  learning  or  to  books 

STIJD'Y,  v.  a.  1.  To  apply  the  mind  to  ; to  labor 
to  uiiderstand ; to  learn  by  application ; to 
search  into. 

For  nothing  lovelier  can  be  found 

In  woman  than  to  study  household  good. 

And  good  works  in  her  husband  to  promote.  Milton. 

You  could,  for  a need,  study  a speech  of  some  dozen  lines, 
which  I would  set  down.  Shak. 

2.  To  consider  attentively  ; to  examine  close- 
ly or  carefully  ; to  scrutinize. 

You  have  studied  every  spot  of  ground  in  Flanders  which 
has  been  the  scene  of  battles  and  sieges.  Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Learn. 

STUD'Y-ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  studies. 

STV'FA,  n.  [It.,  a stove.]  A jet  of  steam  issu- 
ing from  a fissure  in  a volcanic  region  at  a tem- 
perature often  above  the  boiling  point.  Lyell. 

STUFF,  n.  [Dut.  stof,  stoffe,  stuff;  Ger.  stoff ; 
Dan.  stof-,  Sw.  stoft,  dust.  — It.  stojfa,  stuff;  Sp. 
estofa,  quilted  stuff;  Old  Fr.  estoffe  ; Fr.  etoffe .] 

1.  A mass  of  matter  indefinitely  ; — the  ma- 
terial out  of  which  any  thing  is  made. 

The  workman  on  his  stuff  his  skill  doth  show.  Davies. 

Csesar  hath  wept: 

Ambition  should  be  made  of  sterner  stuff.  Shak. 

2.  Furniture  ; goods. 

lie  took  away  locks,  and  gave  away  the  king’s  stuff.Hayward, 

3.  Essence  ; essential  part,  [it.] 

Yet  do  I hold  it  very  stuff  o’  the  conscience 

To  do  no  contrived  murder.  Shak. 

4.  Any  mixture  or  medicine  ; a potion. 

A certain  stuff. \ which,  being  taken,  would  seize 

The  present  power  of  life.  Shak. 

5.  A woven  or  texile  fabric  ; cloth. 

Let  us  turn  the  wools  of  the  land  into  cloths  and  stuffs  of 
our  own  growth.  Jiacon. 

6.  Matter  or  thing,  in  contempt ; trash. 

O,  proper  stuff  I 

This  is  the  very  painting  of  your  fear.  Shak. 

7»  ( Naut .)  Any  composition  or  melted  mass, 
as  turpentine  or  resin,  used  to  smear  or  pay  the 
sides,  bottom,  or  masts  of  a ship.  Mar.  Diet. 

STUFF,  v.  a.  [Old  Fr.  estoffer ; Fr.  etoffer.  — See 
Stuff,  n.]  [t.  stuffed;  pp. stuffing, stuffed.] 

1.  To  fill  very  full  with  any  thing  ; to  stow  or 
pack  with  any  thing ; to  crowd ; to  cram  ; to  feed. 

This  cook  drew  hazel-boughs  adown, 

And  stufled  her  apron  wide  with  nuts  so  brown.  Gay. 

2.  To  thrust  in  ; to  stow  or  pack  closely. 

Put  roses  in  a glass  with  a narrow  mouth,  stuffing  them 
close  together,  but  without  bruising.  Bacon 

3.  To  fill  by  being  put  into  any  thing. 

With  inward  arms  the  dire  machine  they  load, 

And  iron  bowels  stuff  the  dark  abode.  Dryden. 

4.  To  swell  out  by  putting  something  in. 

Should  with  a swelling  dropsy  stuff  thy  skin.  Dryden. 

5.  To  fill  with  any  thing  superfluous. 

It  is  not  usual,  among  the  best  patterns,  to  stuff  the  report 
of  particular  lives  with  matter  of  public  record.  Wotton. 

6.  To  affect  with  some  impediment  in  an  or- 
gan of  sertse. 

I am  stuffed,  cousin;  I cannot  smell.  Shak. 

7.  To  fill,  as  meat,  with  seasoning  or  some- 
thing of  high  relish. 

She  went  for  parsley  to  stuff  a rabbit.  Shak. 

8.  To  form  by  stuffing. 

An  eastern  king  put  a judee  to  death  for  an  iniquitous 
sentence,  and  ordered  his  hide  to  be  stuffed  into  a cushion 
and  placed  upon  the  tribunal.  Swift. 

STUFF,  v.  n.  To  feed  gluttonously;  to  cram. 

Taught  harmless  man  to  cram  and  stuff.  Swift. 

STUFFED  (stuff),  p.  a.  Filled  very  full  ; crowded. 

STUFFING,  n.  1.  Act  of  filling  very  full.  Dale. 

2.  That  b)7  which  any  thing  is  filled.  Hale. 

3.  Relishing  ingredients  put  into  meat. 

Arrach  leaves  are  very  good  in  pottage  and  stuffings.  Mortimer. 

FTUFF'ING— BOX,  n.  A small  box  at  the  top  of  I 


the  cylinder  of  a steam-engine,  stuffed  with  a 
wadding  of  hemp  and  tallow,  intended  to  keep 
the  orifice  around  the  piston-rod  steam  tight ; — 
a cavity  in  the  orifice  made  for  any  sliding  rod, 
holding  some  elastic  substance  smeared  with 
grease  and  pressed  upon  the  rod,  so  as  to  pre- 
vent the  passage  of  steam  or  of  air.  Tomlinson. 

STUF'FY,  a.  1.  Stout;  resolute..  [Scot.]  Jamieson. 

2.  Angry;  sulky  ; obstinate.  [Colloquial, U.  S.] 

f STUKE,  f STUCK,  n.  Stucco  Bailey. 

STULL,  n.  {Mining.)  An  arch  of  boards  serving 
to  protect  the  miner  from  falling  stones.  Ansted. 

STULM,  n.  A shaft  used  to  drain  a mine.  Bailey. 

STULP,  n.  A stout  post  driven  into  the  ground 
for  any  purpose.  [Local,  Eng.]  HalliioeU. 

STUL-TI-FI-CA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  stultifying; 
a making  foolish.  Sydney  Smith. 

STUL'TJ-FI-ER,  n.  One  who  stultifies.  Clarke. 

STUL'TI-FY,  v.  a.  [L.  stultus,  foolish,  and.  facto, 
to  make.]  [i.  stultified  ; pp.  stultifying, 

STULTIFIED.] 

1.  To  make  or  to  prove  foolish.  Johnson. 

2.  {Law.)  To  make  or  declare  to  be  insane. 

It  is  a general  rule  in  the  English  law  that  a man  shall  not 
be  permitted  to  stultify  himself;  that  is,  he  shall  not  be  al- 
lowed to  plead  his  insanity  to  avoid  a contract.  Bouvier. 

STUL-TIL'O-aUENCE,  n.  [L.  stultiloquentia- ; 
stultus,  foolish,  and  loquentia,  a talking  ] Fool- 
ish talk  ; a silly  babbling,  [it.]  Bailey. 

STUL-TIL'O-QUY,  n.  [L.  stultiloquium.\  Fool- 
ish talk  or  discourse ; stultiloquence.  [it.] 
“ Stultiloquy  or  talking  like  a fool.”  lip.  Taylor. 

fSTUL'TY,  a.  [L.  stultus.]  Foolish.  Chaucer. 

STUM,  n.  [From  Dut.  stom,  Ger.  stum,  dumb, 
or  Dut.  stomp,  blunt,  obtuse.  Skinner.  — The 
past  part,  of  A.  S.  styman,  to  steam.  Tooke. — 
Supposed  to  be  contracted  from  L.  mustiim, 
must.  Johnson.] 

1.  Unfermented  juice  of  the  grape  ; wine  that 
has  not  fermented;  must; — frequently  mixed 
with  vapid  wines  to  renew  fermentation.  Paley. 

2.  Wine  revived  by  a new  fermentation 

through  the  influence  of  must  Hudibras. 

STUM,  v.  a.  1.  To  mix  with  stum,  as  wine,  to 
raise  a new  fermentation  ; to  stoom.  Floyer. 

2.  To  fumigate  with  burning  sulphur,  as  a 
cask.  “ Stummed  casks.”  C.  Richardson. 

STUM'BLE,  v.  n.  [ Junius  infers  that  to  stumble 
is  to  strike  against  a stump,  rising  or  projecting 
from  the  surface.  Richardson.]  \i.  stumbled  ; 

pp.  STUMBLING,  STUMBLED.] 

1.  To  trip  or  fall  in  walking  or  running  ; to 
make  a false  step  ; to  stagger  after  a false  step. 


His  steed  no  longer  bears  the  rein. 

But  stumbles  o’er  the  heap  his  hand  had  slain.  Prior. 
Methought  that  Gloster  stumbled.  Shak. 

2.  To  slide  into  crimes  or  blunders ; uo  err. 
That  they  may  stumble  on  and  deeper  full.  Milton. 

3.  To  strike  against  by  chance  ; to  light  on 
by  chance  ; — with  on  or  upon. 

Forth  as  she  waddled  in  the  brake. 

A gray  goose  stumbled  on  a snake.  Smart. 

Many  of  the  greatest,  inventions  have  been  accidentally 
stumbled  upon  by  men  busy  and  inquisitive.  Hay. 

STUM'BLE,  v.  a.  1.  To  cause  to  stumble  ; to  cause 


to  take  a false  step  ; to  obstruct  in  progress ; 
to  make  to  trip,  stop,  or  stagger. 

False  and  dazzling  fires  to  stum 1 lc  men.  Milton. 

2.  To  make  to  boggle;  to  confound;  to  con- 
fuse ; to  puzzle  ; to  embarrass 

If  one  illiterate  man  was  stumbled,  ’i  was. likely  others  of  his 
form  would  be  so  too.  Fell. 

STUM'BLE,  n.  1.  A trip  or  false  step  in  walking 
or  running.  Johnson. 

2.  A blunder;  an  error  ; a failure. 

One  stumble  is  enough  to  deface  the  'haracter  of  an  honor- 
able life.  L*  Estrange. 

STUM'BLpR,  n.  One  who  stumbles.  Herbert. 

STOm'BLING,  v.  The  act  of  one  who  stumbles  ; 
a tripping  ; a blundering  ; a stumble. 

STUM  BEING— BLOCK,  l Something  that  caus- 

STUM'BLING— STONE,  > es  stumbling;  cause  of 
error ; cause  of  offence.  Sir  T More. 

STUM  BLING-LY,  ad.  In  a stumbling  manner; 

with  failure ; blunderingly.  Sidney. 


STUMP,  n.  [Dut.  stomp  ; Ger.  stumpf:  Dan.  St 
Sw.  stump.] 

1.  The  part  of  any  solid  body  remaining  after 
the  rest  is  cut  or  taken  away  ; a stub  of  a tree. 

He  through  the  bushes  scrambles; 

A stump  doth  trip  him  in  his  pace.  Drayton. 

2.  The  part  remaining  from  which  a limb  or 
other  part  has  been  amputated  or  removed  ; as, 
“ The  stump  of  a leg”  ; “ The  stump  of  a tooth.” 

3.  pi.  Legs;  as,  “Stir  your  stumps."  Brockctt. 

4.  A thin  post  used  at  cricket.  Simmonds. 

5.  An  artist’s  soft  pencil  or  rubber,  especially 

a thick  layer  of  strong  paper,  made  round  and 
cut  to  a point,  similar  to  a black-lead  pencil, 
used  for  rubbing  down  harsh  lines  in  pencil  or 
crayon  drawing,  or  rubbing  solid  tints  on  paper 
from  colors  in  powder.  Fairholt. 

35=  To  take  the  stump,  or  to  stump  it,  to  make  elec- 
tioneering speeches  from  a slump  or  other  elevation  ; 
— a term  borrowed  from  the  backwoods  in  the  United 
States,  where  the  stump  of  a tree  sometimes  supplies 
tile  place  of  a rostrum  or  platform  for  the  speaker; 
and  tlte  speakers  are  styled,  in  cant  language,  stump- 
speakers  or  stump-orators,  and  their  performances 
stump-speeches  or  stump-orations. 

To  stir  one's  stumps,  to  set  about  any  thing  expe- 
ditiously. [Vulgar.]  Ualliwell. — To  be  put  to  one's 
stumps,  to  be  put  to  a hard  shift.  Ualliwell. 

STUMP,  v.  a.  [Dut.  stompen,  to  stump,  to  blunt ; 
Dan.  stumpe,  to  curtail ; Sw.  stympa,  to  muti- 
late.] \i.  STUMPED  ; pp.  STUMPING,  STUMPED.] 

1.  To  lop  ; to  cut.  “ The  stumped  toe.”  More. 

2.  To  challenge:  — to  puzzle.  [Vulgar,  U.  S.] 

STUMP,  v.  n.  1.  To  brag;  to  boast.  Bailey. 

2.  To  move  like  one  with  his  limbs  cut  down 
to  a stump ; to  walk  about  stiffly,  heavily,  or 
clumsily.  [Low.]  Todd. 

To  stump  it,  to  make  electioneering  speeches  ; to 
take  the  stump.  [Low,  U.  S.]  — To  stump  up,  to  pay 
cash.  [Local  and  low.]  Halliwe.il. — To  stump  out, 
to  knock  down  the  stump  at  wicket.  Clarke. 

STUMP'AfjrE,  n.  Timber  in  trees  standing. 
[A  term  used  in  Maine,  U.  S.]  Chandler. 

STUMP'fR,  n.  One  who  stumps  . — a boaster.  Ash. 

STUMP'I-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  stumpy. CTarAc. 

STUMP'Y,  a-  1.  Full  of  stumps,  or  resembling 
stumps; — hard;  stiff;  strong.  Granger. 

2.  Short  and  thick  ; stubby.  [Low.]  Todd. 

STUN,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  stunian,  to  strike  against,  to 
stun;  Ger.  stannen,  to  be  astonished.  — L.  at- 
tono,  to  thunder  at,  to  stun  ; ad,  at,  and  tono, 
to  thunder  ; Old  Fr.  estonner,  to  astonish  ; Fr. 
etonner,  to  astonish.]  \i.  stunned  ; pp.  stun- 
ning, STUNNED.] 

1.  To  make  senseless  or  dizzy  by  a blow  on 
the  head ; to  dull  or  deaden  jhe  sense  or  sensa- 
tions of.  by  a blow,  or  as  by  a blow. 

One  hung  a poleaxe  at  his  saddle-how, 

And  one  a heavy  mace  to  stun  the  foe.  Dryden , 

2.  To  confound  or  dizzy  with  noise;  to  stu- 

pefy, as  the  sense  of  hearing,  by  noise.  “ Too 
strong  a noise  stuns  the  ears.”  Cheyne. 

STUNG,  i.  & p.  from  sting.  See  Sting. 

STUNK  (stungk),  i.  & p.  from  stink.  See  Stink. 

STUNNED  (stund),  p.  a.  Made  senseless  by  a 
blow  ; — applied  to  one  who,  in  consequence  of 
a fall  or  other  accident,  has  received  such  a 
concussion  of  the  brain  as  to  deprive  him,  for  a 
time,  of  his  reason  or  senses.  DunglisOn. 

STUN'NJJR,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  stuns. 

STUN'NING,  p.  a.  That  stuns;  stupefying;  as, 
“ A stunning  noise  ” ; “A  stunning  blow.” 

STUNT,  v.  a.  [Icel.  stunta.  — “ Stunt  is  stopped 
in  growth,  the  past  part,  of  A.  >S.  stintan,  to 
stop.”  Tooke.]  [i.  stunted  ; pp.  stunting, 
stunted.]  To  hinder  from  growth;  to  stop 
the  growth  of;  to  stint.  “This  usage  stunted 
the  girl.”  Arbuthnot. 

STUNT,  n.  1.  A check  in  growth.  Forby. 

2.  An  animal  or  thing  stunted.  Richardson. 

3.  A young  whale  two  years  old,  which,  hav- 

ing been  weaned,  is  lean,  and  yields  little  blub- 
ber. Simmonds. 

STLTNT'ED,  p.  a.  Hindered  in  growth;  as,  “A 
stunted  child  ” ; “A  stunted  tree.” 

STUNT'ED-NfiSS,  n.  The  state  of  being  stunted 
or  hindered  in  growth.  Smart. 


MIEN,  SIR  ; MOVE,  NOR,  SON  ; 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — Q,  Q , 9,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  ^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


STUPE 


1432 


STYLE 


STUPE,  n.  [Gr.  orlmny,  arbirr),  tow;  L . stuppa, 
stupa,  tow.]  (Mccl.)  Cloth;  tow  or  other  mate- 
rial used  in  fomentations. 

And  get  your  plasters  and  your  warm  stupes  ready.  Beau.  Sf  FI. 

A flannel  or  other  article  wrung  out  of  hot  water,  plain  or 
medicated,  applied  to  a part,  is  a stupe.  Dunglison. 

STUPE,  v.  a.  To  foment;  to  dress  with  stupes. 
“ I stuped  the  ulcer.”  Wiseman. 

STUPE,  n.  A stupid  person,  [r.]  Bickerstaff. 

STU-PJJ-FAC'TION,  n.  [L.  stupefacio,  stupef ac- 
tus, to  stupefy  ; It.  stupefazione ; Sp.  estupefa- 
cion  ; Fr.  stupefaction .] 

1.  The  act  of  stupefying  or  rendering  stupid. 

2.  The  state  of  being  stupefied  ; sluggishness 
of  mind  ; dulness  ; stupidity  ; insensibility. 

All  resistance  of  the  dictates  of  conscience  brings  a hard- 
ness and  stupefaction  upon  it.  South. 

STU-PJJ-fAC'T!VE,  a.  [It.  stupef attivo ; Sp. 
estnpefactivo ; Fr.  stupefactif]  That  causes 
stupefaction  or  insensibility ; obstructing  the 
senses;  dulling  the  sense  of  feeling.  Bacon. 

STU-PJJ-fAC'TIVE,  n.  That  which  stupefies;  an 
opiate,  [n.]  Bacon. 

STU'Pp-FfED,  p.  a.  Made  stupid;  senseless  or 
sluggish  of  understanding  ; insensible. 

STU'PE-FIED-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  stu- 
pefied ; insensibility.  Boyle. 

STU'Pg-Fl-^R,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  stu- 
pefies. Berkeley. 

STU'PU-FY,  v.  a.  [L.  stupefacio ; stupeo  (Gr. 
Tbitr w,  to  strike),  to  be  struck  senseless,  and 
faeio,  to  make ; It.  stupefare ; Fr.  shipejier .] 
[i.  STUPEFIED  ; pp.  STUPEFYING,  STUPEFIED.] 

1.  To  make  stupid;  to  deprive  of  sensibility  ; 
to  cause  to  be  obtuse  or  sluggish  ; to  dull. 

The  fumes  of  drink  discompose  and  stupefy  the  brain  of  a 
man  overcharged  with  it.  South. 

2.  +To  deprive  of  material  motion. 

It  is  not  malleable;  but  yet  it  is  not  fluent,  but  stupefied. 

Bacon. 

J&g“  Tliis  word,  in  order  to  be  in  accordance  with 
its  etymology,  should  obviously  be  spelt  stupefy. 
The  words  stupefy,  stupefaction,  and  stupefactive  are 
all  of  the  same  origin  ; and  consistency  requires  that 
the  second  syllable  of  all  of  them  should  be  spelt 
alike.  Johnson  spells  them  thus,  stupefaction,  stupe- 
factive, slupify ; but  with  respect  to  the  last  he  says, 
“ This  should  be  spelled  stupefy,  but  the  authorities 
are  against  it.”  In  this  inconsistency  Johnson  has 
been  followed  by  most  of  the  English  lexicographers. 
Usage  has  long  been,  and  it  still  is,  more  or  less 
divided  ; but  the  prevailing  usage  in  England  still 
appears  to  be  to  spell  this  word  stupify. 

STUTJJ-FY-ING,  V-  a-  That  stupefies  ; stupefac- 
tive ; as,  “ A stupefying  potion  or  medicine.” 

STU-PEN'DOUS,  a.  [L.  stupendus  ; stupeo,  to  be 
struck  senseless ; It.  stupmdo ; Sp.  estupendo. ] 
"Wonderful;  amazing;  astonishing;  surprising. 

All  those  stupendous  acts  are  deservedly  the  subject  of  a 
history.  Clarendon. 

&#=  “ By  an  inexcusable  negligence,  this  word  and 
tremendous  are  frequently  pronounced  as  if  written 
slupendtons  and  tremendions , even  by  those  speakers 
who,  in  other  respects,  are  not  incorrect.”  Walker. 

STU-PEN'DOUS-LY,  ad.  In  a stupendous  or  won- 
derful manner.  Sandy  s. 

STy-PEN'DOUS-NESS,.n.  The  quality  or  the 
state  of  being  stupendous ; wonderfulness.  Ellis. 

STU'PIJ-OUS,  a.  [L.  stupa,  tow.]  Covered  with 
long,  loose  scales,  like  tow  ; stupose.  Maunder. 

STU'PID,  a.  [L.  stupidus  ; stupeo,  to  be  struck 
senseless ; It.  stupido ; Sp.  cstupido ; Fr.  stu- 
pide. ] 

1.  Wanting  sense,  sensibility,  or  apprehen- 
sion ; void  of  understanding ; slow  of  apprehen- 
sion ; dull  ; obtuse  ; sluggish ; insensible. 

O that  men  should  be  60  stupid  grown 

As  to  forsake  the  living  God!  ZTiltcm. 

No  man  who  knows  aught  can  be  so  stupid  to  deny  that  all 
men  naturally  were  born  free.  Milton. 

2.  Made  or  performed  without  skill  or  gen- 
ius ; dull ; foolish.  “ Stupid  rhymes.”  Swift. 

STU-Pln'I-TY,  n.  [L.  stupiditas;  It.  stupidith; 
Fr.  stupiditt.]  The  quality  or  the  state  of  being 
stupid;  want  of  perceptive  power;  sluggish- 
ness of  understanding ; dulness.  Dryden. 

STU'PID-LY,  ad.  In  a stupid  manner ; without 
understanding;  dully.  Dryden. 


STU'PID-NESS,  n.  Stupidity.  Bp.  Hall. 

STU'PI-FY,  v.  a.  To  make  stupid  ; to  stupefy'. — 
See  Stupefy.  Bacon. 


STUP'jNG,  n.  The  act  or  operation  of  applying 
the  stupe.  • Dunglison. 

STU'  PUR,  n.  [L.]  Suspension,  or  great  dimi- 
nution, of  the  intellectual  faculties,  or  of  sensi- 
bility, often  amounting  to  lethargy ; intellec- 
tual insensibility ; numbness.  Arhuthnot. 

STU-POSE',  a.  [L.  stupa,  tow.]  ( Bot .)  Com- 
posed of  matted  filaments.  Hcnslow. 

STU'PR ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  stupro,  stupratvs.]  To 
ravish  ; to  constuprate.  [it.]  llcywood. 

STU-PRA'TION,  n.  [L.  stupratio.]  Rape  ; rav- 
ishment; constupration.  [it.]  Browne. 

STU'PRUM,  n.  [L.]  Stupration  ; rape.  Dunglison. 

STU'PU-LOSE,  a.  [L.  stupa,  tow.]  Covered  with 
coarse,  decumbent  hairs.  Maunder. 

STUR'DI-LY,  ad.  In  a sturdy  manner  ; stoutly; 
hardily  ; resolutely  ; obstinately.  Donne. 

STUR'DI-NESS,  71.  1.  The  sttite  or  the  quality  of 
being  sturdy  ; stoutness  ; hardness.  Locke. 

2.  Brutal  strength.  Johnson. 

STUR'DY,  a.  [Old  Fr.  estourdi ; Fr.  etourdi, 
stunned,  astonished.  Skinner.  — The  past  par- 
ticiple of  stir,  by  the  addition  of  ig  or  y.  Tooke .] 

1.  Hardy;  firm;  obstinate;  dogged;  bold;  — 
implying  a degree  of  coarseness  or  rudeness. 

The  sturdy  kerns  in  due  subjection  stand.  Dryden. 

A sturdy,  hardened  sinner.  Atterbury. 

2.  Strong  ; lusty  ; stout ; robust ; forcible. 

The  ill-apparellcd  knight  now  had  gotten  the  reputation 

of  some  sturdy  lout.  Sidney. 

He  was  not  of  any  delicate  contexture,  his  limbs  rather 
sturdy  than  dainty.  IVotton. 

Syn.  — See  Robust. 


STUR'DY,  n.  A disease  in  sheep  attended  by 
stupor  and  blindness.  Wright. 

STUR'tjJEON  (stiir'jun),  n.  [Low  L.  stnrio,  stur- 
gio  ; It.  storione  ; Sp.  estarion  ; Fr.  csturgeon. 
— Ger.  star.  — From  A.  S.  stirian,  to  stir,  — be- 
cause it  stirs  up  the  mud  as  it  swims.  Gesner.] 
( Ich .)  An 
acanthopte- 
rygious  fish  y 

having  free  ' 

gills  and  the  Stureeon‘ 

body  more  or  less  covered  with  bony  plates  in 
longitudinal  rows. 

B Jy  The  common  sturgeon  ( Acipenser  Sturio), 
most  abundant  in  the  northern  parts  of  Europe  and 
in  the  American  seas,  is  generally  about  six  feet  in 
length  ; but  specimens  occasionally  occur  over  eigh- 
teen feet  long.  Its  body  is  long  and  slender,  gradu- 
ally tapering  towards  the  tail,  and  covered  through- 
out the  whole  length  by  large,  bony  tubercles.  The 
flesh  is  white, delicate,  firm,  and  excellent  food  when 
fresh.  The  roe  of  the  female  furnishes  caviare,  and 
isinglass  is  made  from  tile  air-bladder.  Baird. 

STU-RI-O'NI-AN,  n.  (Ich.)  One  of  a family  of 
cartilaginous  fishes,  of  which  the  sturgeon  is  the 
type.  Brande. 

STURK,  7i.  [A.  S.  styre.]  A young  ox  or  heifer ; 

stirk.  [Local,  Eng.]  Bailey. 

STUR'fri-DJE,  n.  pi.  [L.  sturnus,  a starling.] 
(Ornith.)  A family  of  conirostral  birds  of  the 
order  Passercs,  including  the  sub-families  Ptil- 
onorhynchince,  Graculinee,  Bupliagince,  Sturni- 
nce,  Quiscalinat,  Icterince,  and  Agclainar,  star- 
lings. Gray. 

STVR-m’fTJE,  rt.pl.  [See 
Sturnidje.]  (Ornith.)  A 
sub-family  of  conirostral 
birds  of  the  order  Pas- 
seres  and  family  Sturni- 
dre ; starlings.  Gray. 

STtlRT,  n.  (Mining.) An  ex- 
traordinary profit  earned 
by  a tributer.  Ansted. 

fSTUT,  v.  n.  To  stutter. 


Sturnus  vulgaris. 

Skelton. 


STUT'TIJR,  v.  n.  [Dut.  stotteren  ; Ger.  stottern.) 
[i.  STUTTERED  ; pp.  STUTTERING,  STUTTERED.] 
To  speak  with  hesitation;  to  hesitate  in  utter- 
ance or  speaking  ; to  stammer.  Sivift. 

Syn.  — See  Hesitate. 


f STUT'TFR,  n.  A stutterer.  Bacon. 

STUT'TIJR,  n.  Stuttering.  Gent.  Mag. 

STUT'T^R-pR,  n.  One  who  stutters.  llowell. 

STUT'TJJR-iNG,  p.  a.  Hesitating  in  utterance 
or  speech ; stammering. 

STUT'Tf.R-ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  stutters  ; 
stammering.  Dunglison. 

STUT'TFR-ING-LY,  ad.  In  a stuttering  manner; 
with  stammering  speech.  Iluloet. 

STY  (stl),  n.  [A.  S.  stige,  a hog-pen  ; stigend,  a 
tumor  on  the  eyelid.  — A sty  or  stian  on  the 
eye  is  in  A.  S.  stigend,  the  pres.  part,  of  stigan, 
to  ascend,  — a sty  for  pigs  is  stige,  past  partici- 
ple of  the  same  verb.  Richardson.'] 

1.  A pen  or  house  for  swine  ; hogsty.  Shak. 

2.  Any  place  literally  or  morally  filthy.ALVfon. 

3.  (Med.)  A small  inflammatory  tumor,  like  a 
boil,  near  the  free  edge  of  the  eyelids,  particu- 
larly near  the  inner  angle  of  the  eye.  Dunglison. 

STY,  v.  a.  To  shut  up  in  a sty.  Shak. 

t STY,  v.  n.  [M.  Goth,  steigan,  to  go;  A.  S.  sty- 
gan,  stigan,  to  ascend.]  To  soar  ; to  ascend. 

That  was  ambition,  rasb  desire  to  sty.  Spenser. 

STY'AN,  n.  A sty  ; stian.  — See  Sty.  Dunglison. 

STY'CA,  n.  [A.  S.  Stic.]  A Saxon  copper  coin 
of  the  value  of  half  a farthing.  Leake. 

f STY^'I-AL,  a.  [L.  stygialis.]  Stygian.  Skelton. 

STY£'I-AN  (stld'je-an),  a.  [Gr.  Ilroyof,  the 
river  Styx,  from  arvylui,  to  hate ; L.  stygius.] 
Pertaining  to  the  Styx  ; belonging  to  the  lower 
world  ; infernal ; hellish  ; diabolical.  Shak. 
The  Stygian  council  thus  dissolved,  and  forth 
In  order  came  the  grand  internal  peers.  Milton. 

STYL-A-gAl'MA-IC,  a.  [Gr.  ctvI.os,  a column, 
and  ayal.pa,  an  image.]  (Arch.)  Noting  fig- 
ures serving  as  columns. . Brande. 

STY'LAR,  a.  Relating  to  the  style  of  a dial.  Sm. 

STYLE,  n.  [Gr.  ariiXos,  a pillar;  L .stylus,  stilus; 
It.  stile  ; Sp.  estilo  ; Fr.  style,  stile.  — It  is  prob- 
able the  L.  stilus  belongs  to  the  Gr.  ari/.i^o;,  a 
stalk.  Liddell  Sco<L] 

1.  A kind  of  pencil  used  by  the  Romans,  hav- 
ing one  end  sharp  for  writing  on  waxen  tablets, 
and  the  other  blunt  and  smooth  to  make  era- 
sures with. 

Hence,  “to  turn  the  style"  is  a phrase  used  by  ancient 
writers,  signifying  to  make  corrections.  ISrande. 

2.  Something  with  a sharp  point, as  a graver, 
an  etching-needle,  surgeon’s  probe,  &c.  Davies. 

3.  The  distinctive  manner  of  writing  which 
belongs  to  each  author,  and  also  to  each  body 
of  writers,  allied  as  belonging  to  the  same 
school,  country,  or  age ; manner  of  writing  or 
of  composition  ; diction  ; phraseology. 

The  style  of  Dryden  is  capricious  and  varied;  that  of  Pope 
is  cautiobs  and  uniform.  Johnson. 

Johnson’s  style,  unfortunately,  is  particularly  easy  of  imi- 
tation, even  by  writers  utterly  destitute  of  bis  vigor  of  thought; 
and  sucli  imitators  are  intolerable.  Abp.  Whately. 

4.  Manner  of  speaking  appropriated  to  par- 
ticular characters  ; manner  of  speaking  ; mode 
of  expression  ; character  of  the  language  used. 

No  style  is  held  for  base  where  love  well  named  is.  Sidney. 

5.  Title  ; appellation. 

The  king  gave  them  in  his  commission  the  style  and  ap- 
pellation which  belonged  to  them.  Clarendon. 

6.  Course  of  writing;  train  of  remark,  [r.] 

To  gentle  Arcite  let  us  turn  our  style.  Dryden. 

7.  Manner ; method ; way ; form  ; mode  ; fash- 
ion ; as,  “ An  exhibition  conducted  in  fine  style.” 

We  say  not  only,  style  of  writing,  and  style  of  speaking, 
hut  style  of  painting,  style  of  architecture,  style  of  dancing, 
style  of  dross,  style  of  any  thing  in  which  form  or  manner  is 
conceived  to  be,  in  however  slight  a degree,  expressive  of 
taste  or  sentiment.  P.  Cyc. 

8.  (Mus.)  That  cast  or  manner  of  composi- 

tion or  performance  on  which  the  effect  chiefly 
or  wholly  depends.  Moore. 

9.  (Fine  Arts.)  The  peculiar  manner  in  which 
an  artist  expresses  his  ideas,,  exhibited  in  his 
choice  of  forms  and  mode  of  treating  them. 

Besides  the  individual  style,  there  is  also  a national  style: 
for  instance,  the  Egyptian,  the  Grecian  ;-4he  style  of  Greek 
art  at  particular  epochs,  as  that  of  Phidias.  Fairholt. 

10.  (Arch.)  Any  general  plan  or  particular 
fashion  of  building,  not  confined,  like  the  order, 
in  the  relative  proportion  of  the  various  parts, 
to  any  set  of  scientific  rqles. 

The  Grecian  and  Roman  styles  of  architecture.  Britton. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  fAr,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


STYLE 


1433 


SUBALTERN 


11.  ( Bot .)  The  part  of  a pistil  which  raises 

the  stigma  above  the  ovary.  Gray. 

12.  (Dialling.')  The  line  whose  shadow  de- 
termines the  hour ; the  gnomon.  Davies. 

13.  (Chron.)  A manner  of  reckoning  time  ; — 
used  in  reference  to  the  Julian  and  Gregorian 
calendar. 

Srg-  The  manner  of  reckoning  time  according  to 
the  Julian  calendar  is  termed  Old  Style , and  that 
according  to  the  reformed  calendar  of  Gregory,  JVew 
Style.  According  to  the  calendar  instituted  by  Julius 
Caisar,  in  the  doth  year  before  Christ,  the  mean  year 
consists  of 3G5J  days,  being  about  11  minutes  more  than 
a tropical  year.  The  difference  amounts  to  about  a day 
in  130  years.  In  the  time  of  Pope  Gregory  XIII.  the 
error  amounted  to  12  days.  The  latter,  assuming  for 
his  fixed  point  of  departure  not  A.  L>.  1,  but  the  year 
of  the  Council  of  Nice,  A.  II.  325,  reformed  the  calen- 
dar by  causing  10  days  to  be  dropped  in  1582,  the  15th 
of  October  in  that  year  being  reckoned  immediately 
after  the  4th  ; and  it  was  ordained  that  every  centes- 
imal year  (which  by  the  former  calendar  was  a leap 
year)  should  be  a common  year,  except  those  divisible 
by  4,  after  suppressing  the  two  zeros  : thus  1600  was 
a leap  year  ; 1700  and  1800  common  years  ; 1900  will 
be  a common  year,  2000  a leap  year,  &c.  The  change 
was  adopted  immediately  in  all  Catholic  countries. 
In  England  “ the  change  of  style  ” took  place,  by  legis- 
lative enactment,  after  the  2d  of  September,  1752, 
eleven  nominal  days  being  then  struck  out,  tho  last 
day  of  Old  Style  being  the  2d,  and  the  first  of  New 
Style  (the  next  day)  the  14th  instead  of  the  3d,  and 
the  legal  year,  which  had  previously  been  held  to 
begin  with  the  25th  of  March,  was  made  to  begin 
with  the  first  of  January.  The  Gregorian  and  the 
tropical  year  so  nearly  coincide  in  length  that  the 
difference  in  3000  years  amounts  to  less  than  one  day. 
The  old  style,  which  is  adhered  to  only  by  Russia  and 
Greece,  now  differs  12  days  from  the  new.  Herschel. 

Syn.  — Style  (Gr.  otvXo t),  from  its  etymology, 
would  naturally  be  applied  only  to  written  composi- 
tion ; and  diction  (L.  dictio)  to  what  is  spoken.  They 
are  both,  however,  applied  to  the  manner  both  of 
writing  and  speaking;  yet,  more  commonly,  to  what 
is  written.  Style  expresses  much  more  than  diction. 
The  terms  phrase  and  phraseology  are  applied  as  often 
to  what  is  spoken  as  to  what  is  written.  Phrase 
respects  single  words  or  a single  expression  ; phraseol- 
ogy, a succession  of  words,  or  a series  of  expressions. 
— See  Language. 

STYLE,  V.  a.  [i.  STYLED  ; pp.  STYLING,  STYLED.] 
To  denominate;  to  give  a title  to;  to  entitle; 
to  designate  ; to  call , to  term  ; to  name. 

The  chancellor  of  the  exchequer  they  had  no  mind  should 
be  styled  n knight.  Clarendon. 

Syn.  — See  Name. 

STY'LET,  n.  [Fr.]  1.  A stiletto.  Smart. 

2.  (Surg.)  An  instrument  for  examining 
wounds,  and  fistulas,  and  for  passing  setons, 
&c. ; a specillum.  Dunglison. 

STY'LI-FORM,  a.  [L.  stylus , a style,  and  forma, 
form;  Fr.  styliforme.]  Having  the  form  of  a 
style  ; styloid.  Dunglison. 

STY'LISH, a.  Modish;  showy;  finical;  fashion- 
able ; courtly ; genteel.  [Colloquial.]  Qu.  Rev. 

STY'LISIl-LY,  ad.  In  a stylish  manner.  Clarke. 

STY'LISIl-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality  of 
being  stylish.  Clarke. 

STY'LIST,  n.  One  who  is  particularly  attentive 
to,  or  a master  of,  style.  fVm.  Taylor. 

STY-LIS'TIC,  n.  The  art  of  forming  a good  style 
in  writing;  a treatise  on  style,  [it.]  Ec.  Rev. 

STY'LITE,  n.  [Gr.  orvhos,  a column.]  One  of  a 
class  of  ancient  anchorites,  who  took  up  their 
abodes  on  the  tops  of  columns,  in  Egypt  and 
Syria.  Brands. 

STY'LO-BATE,  n.  [Gr.  onlofiaTy; ; orEJoy,  a col- 
umn, and  fiaivio,  to  go,  to  be  or  stand  in  a place  ; 
L.  stylobates,  stylohata ; Fr.  stylobate.']  (Arch.) 
An  uninterrupted  base  below  a range  of  col- 
umns or  pillars.  Brande. 

STY'LO-BITE,  n.  (Min.)  A mineral  composed 
chiefly  of  silica,  alumina,  protoxide  and  perox- 
ide of  iron  and  lime  ; gehlenite.  Dana. 

ST\ -LO-GRAPII  1C,  J a Jte]ating  to  stylog- 

STY-LO-GRAPH'I-CAL,  > raphy.  Crosman. 

STY-LOG'R  A-PHY,  11.  [Q}r.  arvl.os,  a pillar  (L. 

stylus),  a style,  and  yp&ifxa,  to  write.]  The  art  of 
writing  -with  a style,  — particularly  a new  meth- 
od of  engraving  or  drawing,  invented  by  Mr.  J. 
C.  Crosman,  performed  by  the  use  of  a style  on 
a tablet.  Hale. 


STY'LO— IIY'oIl),  a.  [Gr.  criXo;,  a pillar,  and 
uofuipf ; v,  the  letter  upsilon,  and  Rios,  form.] 
(Med.)  Pertaining  to  the  styloid  and  hyoid-pro- 
cesses. “ The  stylo-hyoid  ligament.”  Dunglison. 

STY'LOID,  a.  [Gr.  a rul.os,  a pillar,  and  eTSos,  form  ; 
Fr.  styloide.]  (Anat.)  Resembling  a style; 
shaped  like  a peg  or  a pen  Dunglison. 

STY'LO-MAS'ToID,  a.  [Gr.  orvkos,  a pillar,  paa- 
t6s,  the  breast,  and  Abo;,  form.]  (Med.)  That 
relates  to  the  styloid  and  mastoid  processes. 
.“  The  stylo-mastoid  artery.”  Dunglison. 

STY-LOM'E-TIJR,  n.  [Gr.  aroi.o;,  a column,  and 
perpov,  measure.]  An  instrument  for  measur- 
ing columns.  Simmonds. 

STY-LO-PO' DI-  fjM,  n.  [Gr.  arvl.o;,  and  7roEy, 
mbd;,  a foot.]  (Bot.)  A fleshy  disk  at  the  base 
of  the  style  in  an  umbelliferous  plant,  llcnsloio. 

STY'LUS,  n.  [L.]  (Ant.)  A style  for  writing 
with  ; — also  written  stilus.  IV.  Smith. 

STYPII'NIC,  a.  (Chem.)  Noting  a crystallizable, 
yellow  acid,  formed  by  acting  on  certain  gum- 
resins  with  nitric  acid.  Miller. 

STYP’TIC,  n.  (Med.)  A remedy  to  check  the 
flow  of  blood,  or  hemorrhage; — sometimes 
used  synonymously  with  astringent.  Dunglison. 

STA  P PjC,  J a.  [Gr.  ctvtttik6s  ; orhijioi,  to  con- 

STYP'Tl-CAL,  > tract,  to  be  astringent;  L.  styp- 
ticus  ; Fr.  stgptique.]  Checking  hemorrhage  ; 
that  stops  bleeding  ; astringent.  Browne. 

STYP-TT((!'!-TY,  n.  [Fr.  stypticite .]  The  quality 
of'  being  styptic ; astringency.  Flayer. 

STYR'A-CINE,  n.  (Chem.)  A crystallizable  solid, 
freely  soluble  in  alcohol  and  in  ether,  found  in 
balsam  of  Peru.  Miller. 

STY'RAX,  n.  [Gr.  erCpa( ; L . sty  rax.]  (Bot.)  A 
genus  of  deciduous  shrubs,  one  species  of 
which  (Styrax  officinale)  yields  storax.  Loudon. 

STY'ROLE,  n.  (Chem.)  A very  mobile,  colorless, 
aromatic  oil  prepared  by  distilling  fluid  storax 
with  water.  . Thomson. 

STYTH'Y.  «•  «•  See  Stithy. 

STYX,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  2rO(;  arvylto,  to  hate.] 
(Grecian  & Roman  Myth.)  The  principal  river 
in  the  nether  world,  around  which  it  flows 
seven  times.  IV.  Smith. 

SU-A-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality  of 
being  suable,  [h..]  Smart. 

SU'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  sued,  [it.]  Knowles. 

f SUADE  (swad),  v.  a.  [L.  suadeo .]  To  persuade  ; 
to  try  to  induce.  Grimoald. 

f Sl’A'IJI-BLE,  a.  Suasible.  Wickliffe. 

t SUAfjJE  (swaj),  v.  a.  To  assuage.  Bp.  Fisher. 

SU'ANT.  See  Suent. 

SUA'SI-BLE  (swa'se-bl),  a.  [L.  suadeo,  to  advise, 
to  persuade.]  That  may  be  persuaded  ; easy  to 
be  persuaded  ; persuasible.  [r.]  Bailey. 

SUA'.siON  (swa'zhun),  n.  [L.  suasio ; It.  suasione.] 
Act  of  persuading ; persuasion  ; enticement. 

They  had  by  the  subtile  suasion  of  the  devil  broken  the 
third  commandment.  More. 

SUA'SIVE  (swa'sjv),  a.  Tending  to  persuade; 
suasory ; persuasive,  [it.]  South. 

SUA'SO-RY  (swa'so-re),  a.  [L.  suasorius  ; It.  <Sf 
Sp.  suasorio .]  Having  a tendency  to  persuade  ; 
persuasive  ; suasive.  Bp.  Hopkins. 

SUAV'I-FY  (sw5v'e-fi),  v.  a.  [L.  suavis,  sweet, 
and  facio,  to  make.]  To  render  affable.  Clarke. 

t SUA-VlL’O-CIUENT,  a.  [L.  suaviloquens ; suavis, 
sweet,  and  loquor,  loquens,  to  speak.]  Speak- 
ing sweetly.  Bailey. 

f SUA-VlL'O-QUY,  n.  Sweetness  of  speech.  Coles. 

SUAV'I-TY  (swiv'e-te),  n.  [L.  suavitas  ; suavis 
(Sansc.  svadu,  Gr.  yfius),  sweet;  It  suavita-,  Sp. 
suavidad ; Fr.  suavite.) 

1.  f Sweetness  to  the  senses.  Browne. 

2.  Sweetness  to  the  mind  ; softness  of  tem- 
per ; gentleness  of  manner ; mildness ; pleas- 
antness ; urbanity  ; gentleness  ; amenity. 

Delicacy  of  sentiment  and  suavity  of  expression.  Knox. 

SUB-,  a Latin  preposition  signifying  under,  be- 


low, much  used  in  composition,  meaning  a less 
or  subordinate  degree.  Sub  sometimes  changes 
b into  c,f,  g,  m,  p,  r,  before  those  letters  re- 
spectively. 

AST  Sub,  prefixed  to  the  name  of  a chemical  com- 
pound, gives  some  one  of  the  following  indications 
in  respect  to  its  composition  : — 1.  That  it  contains 
the  smallest  number  of  equivalents  of  the  electro- 
negative component  known  to  combine  with  the  elec- 
tro-positive component ; as,  suboxide,  of  bismuth,  other- 
wise called  binoxidc  of  bismuth,  which  consists  of  two 
equivalents  of  oxygen  and  one  of  bismuth.  — 2 That 
it  contains  a smaller  number  of  equivalents  of  the 
electro-negative  than  of  the  electro-positive  compo- 
nent ; as,  suboxide  of  silver,  which  consists  of  one 
equivalent  of  oxygen  and  two  of  silver,  and  sub- 
chloride of  carbon,  which  consists  of  two  equivalents 
of  chlorine  and  four  of  carbon.  — 3.  That  it  contains, 
if  it  is  an  oxysalt,  a smaller  number  of  equivalents 
of  the  acid  than  of  tile  base  ; as,  subacetate  of  lead, 
otherwise  called  tribasic  acetate  of  lead,  which  con- 
sists of  one  equivalent  of  acid  to  three  of  base  ; — or 
that  the  oxysalt  lias  a suboxide  for  its  base  ; as,  sub- 
acetate  of  mercury,  which  is  a compound  of  one  equiv- 
alent of  acetic  acid  and  one  of  suboxide  (otherwise 
called  dioxide ) of  mercury.  Sub,  in  some  of  its  appli- 
cations as  a chemical  prefix,  is  in  a great  measure 
superseded  by  the  more  definite  prefixes,  di,  tri,  and 
the  terms  basic,  bibasic,  tribasic,  &c.  Graham.  Millen 
Gregory. 

SUB-Aq'E-TATE,  n.  (Chem.)  1.  A subsalt  con- 
taining two  or  more  equivalents  of  base  to  one 
of  acetic  acid  ; as  subacetate  of  lead,  otherwise 
called  tribasic  acetate  of  lead.  Gregory. 

2.  A subsalt  whose  base  is  a suboxide,  as 
subacetate  of  mercury,  which  is  a compound  of 
one  equivalent  of  acetic  acid  and  one  of  sub- 
oxide (otherwise  called  dioxide)  of  mercury. 

Miller. 

SUB-Ag'lD,  a.  [L.  subacidus.)  Acid  in  a small 
degree  ; moderately  acid.  Arbuthnot. 

SUIl-Atp'jD,  n.  A substance  moderately  acid.  IVr. 

SUB-AC'RID,  a.  Acrid  in  a small  degree.  Flayer. 

f SUB-ACT',  v.  a.  [L.  subigo,  subactus.]  To  put 
down  ; to  subjugate  ; to  subdue.  Bp.  Hall. 

SUB-Ac'TION,  n.  [L.  subactio .]  The  act  of  re- 
ducing to  any  state  ; subjugation.  Bacon. 

SUB-A-CUTE',  a.  Acute  in  a slight  degree.  Hill. 

SUB-AD' VO-CATE,  n.  A subordinate  or  inferior 
advocate.  ‘ Milton. 

SUB-A-E'RI-AL,  a.  Being  under  the  air.  Phillips. 

SUB-A'^IJN-CY,  n.  A subordinate  or  inferior 
agency.  Cong.  Report. 

SUB-A'<?13NT,  n.  An  agent  appointed  by  one  who 
is  himself  an  agent.  Burrill. 

SUB-A(J-r-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  subagitatio .]  Carnal 
knowledge  ; sexual  commerce.  Clarke. 

SU  'BAH,  n.  A province.  [India.]  Hamilton. 

SU  ' BAH-DAR,  n.  A governor  of  a subah  : — a 
native  officer,  who  ranks  as  captain  in  the  East 
India  Company’s  regiment,  but  ceases  to  exer- 
cise any  command  when  a European  officer  is 
present.  Mackintosh.  Stocqueler. 

SU'BAH-SHTp,  n.  The  office  of  a subah.  Clarke. 

SUB-AID'ING,  a.  Giving  secret  or  private  aid  ; 
aiding  in  an  indirect  manner.  Daniel. 

SUB-AL'M0-N£R,  n.  A subordinate  or  inferior 
almoner.  Wood. 

SUB-AL'PINE,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  region  at  the 
foot  of  the  Alpine  mountains. 

II  SUB'AL-TERM,  or  SUB-AL'TERN  [sub'al-tern,  S. 
W.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  Sm.  R.  Kenrick;  sub-al'tern 
or  sub-Stl'tern,  K.\  sub-al'tern,  C. ; sub-ol ' tern , 
IVb.],  a.  [Fr.  subalterne,  from  L.  sub,  under, 
and  alternus,  one  after  the  other ; alter,  the 
other  of  two.]  Inferior ; subordinate. 

I am  of  a little  and  subaltern  spirit.  Swift. 

HSl*  Johnson,  Bailey,  Fenning,  Barclay,  Ash,  and 
Richardson  place  the  accent  on  the  second  syllable. 
“In  England,”  tile  author  of  Remarks  on  Sheridan 
and  Walker  says,  “usage  is  universally  with  those 
who  place  the  accent  on  the  first  syllable  ; ” but  in 
tho  United  States  it  is  very  common  to  place  it  on 
the  second  syllable. 

II  SUB'AL-TERN,  or  SUB-AL'TERN,  n.  An  officer 
who  exercises  his  authority  under  the  control 
of  a superior  ; — an  officer  in  the  army  below 
the  rank  of  captain.  Stocqueler. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  ROLE.  — (7,  Q,  <;,  g,  soft;  £,  0,  j,  g,  hard;  § as  z ; ^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 
180 


SUBALTERNATE 


1434 


SUBDUE 


SUB- AL-TER'NATE,  a.  1.  Succeeding  by  turns  ; 
alternately  successive.  Bailey. 

2.  Subordinate  ; subaltern.  Evelyn. 

SUB-AL-TER-NA'TION,  n.  1.  The  act  of  suc- 
ceeding by  course.  Bvllokar. 

2.  State  of  being  in  subjection  to  another ; 
state  of  inferiority  ; relationship  of  subalterns. 

Unless  there  were  suhalter nation  between  them,  which 
subultenuitioH  is  naturally  grounded  upon  inequality. Hooker. 

SUB-AN  GU-LAR,  a.  Slightly  angular.  Pennant. 

SOB-AP'EN-NINE,  a.  ( Geol .)  Pertaining  to  the 
region  of  the  foot  of  the  Apennines  in  Italy  ; — 
applied  to  a series  of  strata  of  the  older  plio- 
cene period.  Lyell. 

SI  B-AP'?N-NfNE§,  n.pl.  Low  hills  which  skirt 
the  chain  of  the  Apennines  in  Italy.  Lyell. 

SUB-AP'I-CAL,  a.  Just  under  the  apex  or  tip. 
“ A black,  subapical  ring.”  Eng.  Cyc. 

t SU B- A-CIUA'Np-OUS,  a.  Being  or  living  under 
water ; subaquatic.  Blount. 

SUB-A-QU.AT  IC,  a.  [L.  sub,  under,  and  aqua, 
water.]  That  is  under  water ; lying  under 
water.  Kirwan. 

SUB-A'CAUf-OUS,  a.  Immersed  in  water;  sub- 
aquatic.  Campbell. 

SUB-Ar'CI-AT-ED,  a.  Inclined  to  the  figure  of 
a bow;  incurvated.  Pennant. 

+ SUB-AR-RA'TION,'  n.  [Low  L.  subarrare,  from 
L.  sub,  under,  and  arrha,  earnest  money.]  The 
ancient  custom  of  betrothing  by  the  man’s  giv- 
ing the  tokens  of  spousage,  as  rings,  money, 
or  some  other  thing,  to  the  woman.  Wheatly.- 

SUB-AS’TRAL,  a.  [L.  sub,  under,  and  aster,  a 
star.]  Beneath  the  stars ; terrestrial ; mun- 
dane. Warburton. 

SUB-AS-TRlN'QgNT,  a.  Astringent  in  a small 
degree.  Pilkington. 

SUB-AU-DP'TION  (sub-ivv-dlsh'un),  n.  [L.  subau- 
dition] That  which  is  understood  or  implied 
from  that  which  is  expressed ; understood 
meaning.  'l'ooke. 

s0b-AX'IL-LA-RY,  a.  [L.  sub,  under,  and  axilla, 
the  armpit.] 

1.  ( Anat .)  Under  the  armpit  or  the  cavity  of 
the  wing  “ Subaxilliry  feathers.”  Pennant. 

2.  (But.)  Situated  just  beneath  the  axil.  Gray. 

SUB-BASS',  n.  [L.  sub,  under,  and  Eng.  Sn.ss.l 

(Mus.)  The  ground-bass ; the  fundamental 
bass.  Dwight. 

SCTB- BEA'DLE  (-be'dl),  n.  [L.  sub,  under,  and 
Eng.  beadle .]  A subordinate  beadle.  Ayliffe. 

SUB-BRA 'jEHI-AL,  a.  ( Ich .)  Noting  a fish  be- 
longing to  the  order  of  subbrachians.  Eng.  Cyc. 

SUB-BRA'GHI-AN,  n.  [L.  sub,  under,  and  bra- 
chium,  the  arm.]  (Ich.)  One  of  an  order  of 
malacopterygious  fishes,  comprising  those  Which 
have  the  ventral  fins  situated  either  immediate- 
ly beneath  and  between,  or  a little  in  front  of, 
the  pectoral  fin.  Brande. 

sCb-BIUG'A-DIER,  n.  (Mil.)  The  second  corpo- 
ral of  cavalry  in  an  army.  Burn. 

SUB-BRO'MIDE,  n.  (Chcm.)  A haloid  subsalt 
containing  a less  proportion  of  bromine  than  the 
bromide ; as,  “ Subbromide  of  copper,”  — which 
consists  of  one  equivalent  of  bromine  and  two 
of  copper ; called  also  dibromide.  Kane. 

SUB-CAR'BO-NATE,  n.  [L.  sub,  under,  and  Eng. 
carbonate .]  (Chem.)  A carbonate  in  which 
there  is  more  than  one  equivalent  of  the  base  to 
one  of  carbonic  acid.  Gregory. 

SUB-CAR'BU-RET-TJJD,  a.  [L.  sub,  under,  and 
Eng.  carburetted.]  (Chem.)  Noting  substances 
combined  with  the  lowest  proportion  of  carbon  ; 
as,  ‘‘  Subcarburetted  hydrogen.”  Graham. 

SUB-CAR-T!-LA(?'!-NOUS,  a.  [L.  sub,  under,  and 
Eng.  cartilaginous.) 

1.  Being  under  the  cartilages.  Ash. 

2.  Partially  cartilaginous.  Wright. 

SUB-CAU'DAL,  a.  [L.  sub,  under,  and  Eng.  cau- 
dal.] Lying  or  situated  under  the  tail.  “ Sub- 
caudal  fins.”  Pennant. 

SUB-Cg-LES'TIAL,  a.  [L.  sub,  under,  and  Eng. 
celestial .]  Placed  beneath'  the  heavens.  Clarke. 

StTB-CfiN'TRAL,  a.  [L.  sub,  under,  and  Eng. 
central .]  Under  the  centre.  Clarke. 


SUB-CHANTER,  7i.  [L.  sub,  under,  and  Eng. 
chanter.]  (Eccl.)  An  under-chanter;  the  dep- 
uty of  a precentor  in  a cathedral.  Davies. 

SUB-CLA'V|-AN,  a.  [L.  sub,  under,  and  clavis 
(Gr.  icAet's),  a key.]  (Aflat.)  That  is  under  the 

' clavicle  ; noting  vessels,  nerves,  &c.,  under  the 
armpit.  Dunglison. 

SUB-COM-MIT'TgE,  n.  [L.  sub,  under,  and  Eng. 
committee.]  A subordinate  committee.  Milton. 

SUB-COM-PRESSED'  (sub-koni-prest'),  a.  [L.  sub, 
under,  and  Eng.  compressed .]  Not  fully  com- 
pressed. Smart. 

SUB-CON-FORM'A-BLE,  a.  [L.  sub,  under,  and 
Eng.  conformable.]  Not  quite  conformable  ; 
that  may  be  partially  conformed.  Smart. 

SUB-CON'I-CAL,  a.  Not  quite  conical.  Smart. 

SU B-CON-ST^L-LA  TION,  n.  [L.  sub,  under,  and 
Eng.  constellation.]  A subordinate  or  inferior 
constellation.  Browne. 

SUB-COn'TRACT,  n.  [L.  sub,  under,  and  Eng. 
contract .]  A contract  under  another.  Maunder. 

SUB-CON-TRACT'£D,  a.  [L.  sub,  under,  and 
Eng.  contracted .]  Contracted  after  a former 
contract.  Shah. 

SUB-CON-TRACT'OR,  71.  [L.  sub,  under,  and 

Eng.  contractor.]  One  who  contracts  from  the 
principal  contractor  Simmonds. 

SUB-CON'TRA-RY,  a.  1.  Contrary  in  an  inferior 
degree.  Watts. 

2.  (Geom.)  Having  a contrary  order.  Davies. 

3.  (Logic.)  Noting  the  particular  affirmative 

proposition  and  the  particular  negative  proposi- 
tion, with  relation  to  the  universal  affirmative 
proposition  and  the  universal  negative  proposi- 
tion above  them,  which  have  the  same  subject 
and  predicate ; thus,  some  man  is  mortal,  and 
some  man  is  not  mortal,  are  subcontraries,  with 
relation  to  every  man  is  mortal,  and  no  mail  is 
mortal,  which  are  contraries.  Whately. 

Subcontrary  section,  (Geom.)  a section  of  an  oblique 
rone  on  a circular  base  by  a plane  not  parallel  to  the 
base,  but  inclined  to  the  axis,  so  that  the  section  is  a 
circle.  Braude. 

SUB-CON'TRA-RY,  n.  (Logic.)  A subcontrary 
proposition.  Whately. 

SUB-COR'DATE,  a.  [L.  sub,  implying  diminu- 
tion, and  Eng.  cordate.]  (Bot.)  Slightly  heart- 
shaped.  Gray. 

SUB-COS'TAL,  a.  [L.  sub,  under,  and  costa,  a 
rib;  Fr.  sous  costal .]  (Anat.)  That  is  situate 
between  the  ribs  ; intercostal.  Wright. 

SUB-CRYS'TAL-LINE,  a.  [L.  sub,  implying  dim- 
inution, and  Eng.  crystalline.]  Not  perfectly 
crystalline.  Clarke. 

SUB-CUL'TRAT-JJD,  a.  [L.  sub,  under,  and  Eng. 
cultrated .]  Partially  colter-shaped.  Smart. 

SUB-CIT-TA'NE-OOS,  a.  [L.  sub,  under,  and  Eng. 
cutaneous .]  (Anat.)  That  is  placed  immediate- 
ly under  the  skin.  Dunglison. 

SUB-CU-TlC'U-LAR,  a.  [L.  sub,  under,  and  cutie- 
ida,  cuticle.]  Under  the  cuticle.  Clarke. 

SUB-CY-LIN'DRI-CAL,  a.  [L.  sub,  under,  and 
Eng.  cylindrical .]  Partially  cylindrical.  Smart. 

SIJB-DEA'CON  (-de'kn),  n.  [L.  subdiaconus.] 
(Eccl.  Hist.)  A clerical  officer  in  the  Christian 
Church  employed  in  subordination  to  a deacon. 

The  office  of  subdeacon  does  not  subsist  in  the  Church  of 
England.  Hook.  \ 

SUB-DEA'CON-Ry  (-de'kn-re),  n.  The  office  of  a 
subdcacon  ; subdeaconship.  Martin. 

S&B-DEA'CON-SHTp  (-de'kn-shlp),  n.  The  office 
or  dignity  of  a subdeacon.  Bp.  Bedell. 

SUB-DEAN'  (sub-deu'),  7i.  [L.  sub,  under,  and 

Eng.  dean.]  The  vicegerent  or  subordinate  of 
a dean.  Ayliffe. 

SUB-DEAN  ER-Y,  71.  The  rank  or  the  office  of  a 
subdean  ; the  office  of  a dean’s  deputy.  Bacon. 

SOB-DEC'A-NAL,  or  SUB-Dg-CA'NAL,  a.  Re- 
lating to  a subdean,  or  subdeanery.  McCulloch. 

SUB-DEC'U-PLE  (-dek'ku-pl),  a.  [L.  sub,  under, 
and  decuplus  (Gr.  biKair).ocf),  ten  times  greater 
than.]  Containing  one  part  of  ten.  Johnson. 

SUB-DEL'B-GATE,  n.  [L.  sub,  under,  and  Eng. 
delegate.]  A subordinate  delegate.  “ The  sub- 
delegate  of  the  intendance.”  Smollett. 


sC’B-DEL'P-GATE,  v.  a.  To  appoint  to  act  under 
another;  to  depute.  Scott. 

SUB-DENT'pD,  a.  Indented  beneath.  Smart. 

SUB-Dp-POly'IT,  n.  [L.  sub,  under,  and  Eng.  de- 
posit.] A deposit  under  another.  Lyell. 

t SUB-DER-I-SO'RI-OUS,  a.  [L.  sub,  under,  and 
derisorius,  serving  for  laughter.]  Somewhat 
derisory.  “ Subdcrisorious  mirth.”  More. 

SUB-Dp-llIV’A-TIVE,  n.  [L.  sub,  under,  and 
Eng.  derivative.]  A word  following  in  imme- 
diate grammatical  derivation.  Richardson. 

SUB-Di'AL,  a.  [L.  subdialis .]  Being  in,  or  per- 
taining to,  the  open  air.  [it.]  N.  Bacon. 

SUB-Di'A-LEUT,  n.  [L.  sub,  under,  and  Eng. 
dialect.]  An  inferior  dialect.  Howell. 

SUB-DJ-LAt'PD,  a.  [L.  sub,  implying  diminu- 
tion, and  Eng.  dilated.]  Partially  dilated. Clarke. 

SUB-DjS-TlNC'TION,  «.  [L.  sub,  under,  and  Eng. 
distinction .]  An  inferior  distinction.  B.  Jonsoii. 

SUB-DI-TP'TIOUS  (-de-tlsli'us),  a.  [L.  subdititius .] 
Put  secretly  in  the  place  of  something  else ; 
foisted  in  ; supposititious  ; spurious.  Bailey. 

SUB-DI- VER'SI-FY,  v.  a.  [L.  sub,  under,  and 
Eng.  diversify.]  [1.  subdiveesifibd  ; pp.  sub- 
diversifying,  subdiversified.]  To  diversify 
again  what  is  already  diversified.  Hale. 

SUB-DI-VfDE',  v.  a.  [i.  subdivided  ; pp.  subdi- 
viding, subdivided.]  To  divide  what  has  been 
already  divided;  to  separate  into  subdivisions. 

Tie  [Stephen  Langton)  was  the  first  that  divided  the  whole 
Bible  into  chapters,  as  Robert  Stephens  [ob.  I5511J,  a French- 
man, that  curious  critic  and  painful  printer,  some  six  score 
years  since,  first  sulxlivided  iuto  verses.  Thomas  Fuller. 

SUB-DI-VIDE',  v.  n.  To  separate  into  subdivis- 
ions. 

When  one  of  the  factions  is  extinguished,  the  remaining 


suhdivideth.  Bacon. 

SUB-DI-VfNE',  a.  [L.  sub,  under,  and  Eng.  di- 
vine.] Divine  in  a lower  degree.  Bp.  Hall. 

SUB-DI-Vl"§ION  (-de-vlzh'un,  93),  n.  [L.  subdi- 
vision 

1.  The  act  of  subdividing.  Watts. 

2.  A part  obtained  by  subdividing  any  thing; 

a part  subdivided  ; a share.  Knox. 


f SUB'DO-LOUS,  a.  [L.  subdolus  ; sub,  implying 
diminution,  and  dolus,  deceit.]  Somewhat 
crafty ; cunning ; sly ; deceitful.  Bp.  Reynolds. 

SUB-DOM'I-NANT,  »i.  [L.  sub,  under,  and  Eng. 

dominant.]  (Mus.)  The  name  given  by  some 
theorists  to  the  fourth  note  of  any  mode  or  key  ; 
— so  called  because  it  has  the  same  interval 
with  the  tonic  in  descending,  which  the  domi- 
nant has  with  the  tonic  in  ascending.  Moore. 

SUB-DU' A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  subdued  or  sub- 
jected; conquerable.  Dr.  Ward. 

SUB-DU'AL,  it.  The  act  of  subduing.  “ The 
subdual  of  the  passions.”  [it.]  Warburton. 

SUB-DUCE',  v.  a.  [L.  subduco  ; sub,  under,  and 
cluco,  to  draw.]  [i.  subduced  ; pp.  subducing, 
SUBDUCED.] 

1.  To  take  away  ; to  withdraw. 

He  doth  not  always  subtlucc  his  spirit  with  his  visible 
presence.  Bp.  Ball. 

2.  To  subtract  by  arithmetical  operation.  “ If 

...  we  should  subduce  ten.”  Hale. 

SUB-DUCT',  v.  a.  [L.  subduco,  subductus  ; sub, 
under,  and  duco,  ductus,  to  draw.]  [t.  sub- 
ducted; pp.  SUBDUCTING,  SUBDUCTED.] 

1.  To  withdraw  ; to  take  away.  Milton. 

2.  To  subtract  by  arithmetical  operation. 

From  the  opposite  sides  equal  quantities  are  subducted. 

Bp.  Berkeley . 

SUB-DUC'TION,  n.  [L.  subductio.] 

1.  The  act  of  taking  away.  Bp.  Hall. 

2.  Arithmetical  subtraction. 

The  other  operation  of  arithmetic,  subduction.  Ilale. 

SUB-DUE',  v.  a.  [From  L.  subdo,  to  put  under. 
Skinner.  — Perhaps  from  L.  subjugo,  to  subju- 
gate. Richardson.]  [i.  subdued  ; pp.  subdu- 
ing, SUBDUED.] 

1.  To  bring  under  power  or  under  a new  do- 
minion ; to  bring  or  reduce  to  obedience ; to 
conquer  ; to  subjugate  ; to  subject ; to  over- 
come ; to  overpower  ; to  overbear  ; to  vanquish. 
To  overcome  in  battle,  and  svbchie 
Nations,  and  bring  home  spoils.  Hilton. 

To  sway  the  world,  and  land  and  sea  svbdue.  Dryden. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  0,  U,  V,  short;  A,  P,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  11ER; 


SUBDUEMENT 


1435 


SUB  JUDICE 


2.  To  crush  ; to  oppress  ; to  sink. 

Nothing  could  have  subdued  nature 
To  such  a lowness  but  his  unkind  daughters.  Shak. 

3.  To  improve  by  cultivation  ; to  tame. 

Nor  is ’t  unwholesome  to  subdue  the  land 

13y  often  exercise.  May. 

Syn.  — See  Conquer. 

f SUB-DUE'M^NT,  re.  Conquest.  Shak. 

SUB-DU'ER,  re.  One  who,  or  that  which,  subdues 
or  conquers  ; a conqueror.  Spenser. 

SUB-DUL'C[D,  a.  [L.  sub,  under,  and  dulcis, 
sweet.]  Somewhat  sweet ; sweetish.  Evelyn. 

SUB'DU-PLE,  a.  [L.  sub,  under,  and  duplus, 
double.]  Containing  one  part  of  two.  “ A sub- 
duple  proportion.”  Wilkins. 

SUB-DU'PLI-CATE,  a.  [L.  sub,  under,  and  Eng. 
duplicate .]  (Math.)  Noting  the  ratio  of  the 
square  roots  of  the  terms  of  a ratio.  Davies. 

SUB-5-LON'G  ATE,  a.  [L.  sub,  under,  and  Eng. 
elongate .]  Not  fully  elongated.  Smart. 

SUB-E'QUAL,  a.  [I,,  sub,  under,  somewhat,  and 
Eng.  equal.)  Nearly  equal.  Smart. 

SU'B$R-ATE,  re.  ( Client .)  A salt  composed  of 
suberic  acid  and  a base.  Turner. 

SU-BER'5-OUS,  a.  [L.  subereus.)  Pertaining  to 
a substance  resembling  cork.  Maunder. 

Sll-BER'IC,  a.  [L.  suber,  the  cork-tree.]  ( Chem .) 
Noting  a crystalline  acid  first  obtained  by  the 
action  of  nitric  acid  on  cork.  Miller. 

SU'BlJR-lNE^  re.  (Chem.)  The  cellular  tissue  of 
cork  -after  the  soluble  matters  have  been  re- 
moved from  it  by  the  action  of  water  and  alco- 
hol. Brande. 

SU-BJJR-OSE',  a.  ( Bot .)  Of  the  nature  or  tex- 
ture of  cork;  corky;  suberous.  Balfour. 

SU'BER-OUS,  re.  [L.  subereus ; suber,  the  cork- 
tree.] Corky  ; soft  and  elastic.  Smart. 

SUB-FAM'J-LY,  re.  (Nat.  Hist.)  A subdivision 
of  a family.  P.  Cyc. 

SU'B-Fi'BROUS,  a.  [L.  sub,  under,  and  Eng.  fi- 
brous.) Somewhat  or  slightly  fibrous.  Dana. 

SUB-FUSC',  a.  [L.  suhfuscus ; sub,  somewhat, 
and  fuscus,  tawny.]  Somewhat  brown  ; dusky. 
“ Curtains  subfusc.”  [u.]  Shenstone. 

SUB-y E-LAT'I-NOUS,  a.  [L.  sub,  under,  and 
Eng.  gelatinous.)  Not  fully  gelatinous.  Smart. 

SUB-pE-NER'IC,  a.  [L.  sub,  under,  and  Eng. 
generic.)  Not  entirely  generic.  Smart. 

SUB-yE'NUS,  re.  (Nat.  Hist.)  A subdivision  of 
a genus.  P.  Cyc. 

SUB-GLO-BOSE',  a.  [L.  sub,  under,  and  Eng. 
globose.)  Not  quite  globose.  Hill. 

SUB-GLOB'U-LAR,  a.  [L.  sub,  somewhat,  and 
Eng.  globular.)  Globular  in  some  degree.  Smart. 

SUB-GLU-MA'CEOUS  (-slius),  a.  [L.  sub,  under, 
and  Eng.  glumaccous.)  Somewhat  glumaeeous. 

SUB-GOV'ERN-OR,  re.  A governor  who  is  under 
or  inferior  to  a governor.  Cook. 

SUB-GRAN'U-LAR,  a.  [L.  sub,  under,  and  Eng. 
granular.)  Slightly  granular.  Clarke. 

SUB-HAS-TA'TION,  re.  [L.  ubhastatio  ",  sub,  un- 
der, and  hasta,  a spear,  which  v as  stuck  in  the 
ground  at  a public  auction.]  A sale  by  public 
auction.  Smart. 

SUB-HORN-BLEN'DIC,  a.  [L.  sub,  under,  some- 
what, and  Eng.  hornblende.)  (Geol.)  Contain- 
ing hornblende  in  a scattered  state.  Clarke. 

f SUB-HU'My-RATE,  v.  a.  [L.  sub,  under,  and 
humerus,  a shoulder.]  To  place  the  shoulders 
under.  “ To  subhumerate  the  burden.”  Feltham. 

t SUB-lN-CU-SA'TION,  re.  [L.  sub,  under,  and 
incusatio,  an  accusation.]  An  accusation  in  a 
slight  degree.  ' Bp.  Hall. 

SUB-IN'DI-CATE,  v.  a.  [L.  sub,  under,  and  Eng. 
indicate.)  To  indicate  in  a less  degree.  More. 

SUB-IN-DI-CA'TION,  re.  Indication  by  signs. 
Subindication  and  shadowing  of  heavenly  things.  Barrow. 

t SUB-IN-DUCE',  v.  a.  [L.  sub,  under,  and  Eng. 
induce.)  To  offer  indirectly.  Sir  E.  Dering. 

SUB-IN-FER',  v.  71.  [L.  sub,  under,  and  Eng.  in- 

fer.) To  infer  or  deduce  from  an  inference  al- 
ready made,  [r.]  Bp.  Hall. 


SDB-IN-FEU-DA'TION,  re.  [L.  sub,  under,  and 
Eng . infeudation.)  (Feudal  Law.)  The  < rant- 
ing of  a feud  or  a fief  out  of  another,  to  be  held 
by  an  under  tenant ; — a term  applied  to  the 
practice  or  system,  introduced  by  the  inferior 
lords  who  held  of  the  king’s  greater  barons  in 
England,  of  carving  out  portions  of  their  own 
fees  or  estates  and  granting  them  to  others,  to 
be  held  as  of  themselves.  Blackstone.  Burrill, 

SUB- IN-FLA  M-MA'TION,  re.  [L.  sub,  under,  and 
Eng.  inflammation.)  A mild  or  slight  degree 
of  inflammation.  Dunglison. 

SUB-IN-GRES'SION  (- jn-gresli'un),  re.  [L.  sub, 
implying  secrecy,  anil  Eng.  ingression.)  Secret 
entrance.  Boyle. 

SUB-I'O-DlDE,  w.  (Chem.)  A haloid  subsalt  con- 
taining a less  proportion  of  iodine  than  the 
iodide  ; as,  “ Subiodide  of  copper,”  — which 
consists  of  one  equivalent  of  iodine  and  two  of 
copper ; — called  also  diniodide.  Kane. 

f SUB'I-TANE,  71.  A sudden  event.  Milton. 

fSUB-I-TA'NIS-OUS,  a.  [L . subitaneus  \ subitus, 
sudden.]  Sudden ; hasty.  Bullokar. 

t SUB-I-TA'N5-OyS-NESS,  re.  Suddenness;  a 
sudden  impulse.  Bailey. 

+ SUB'I-TA-NY,  a.  Hasty;  subitaneous.  Hales. 

SU'BI-TO,  ad.  [L.  § It.]  (Mus.)  Quickly;  ex- 
peditiously. Moore. 

sOb-jA'CIJNT,  a.  [L.  subjaceo,  subjaccns,  to  lie 
under.]  Lying  under  or  beneath. 

The  superficial  parts  of  mountains  are  . . . borne  down 
upon  the  subjacent  plains.  Woodward. 

SUB-JECT',  v.  a.  [L.  subjicio,  subjectus ; sub, 
under,  and  jacio,  to  cast,  to  throw  ; It.  sugget- 
tare ; Sp.  sujetar.)  [t.  subjected  ; pp.  sub- 
jecting, SUBJECTED.] 

X.  To  put  or  bring  under  ; to  place  beneath. 

Down  the  clift  as  fast 

To  the  subjected  plain.  Milton. 

2.  To  bring  under  rule  ; to  make  submissive; 
to  make  subordinate;  to  subdue;  — to  enslave. 

By  subjecting  rage 

To  the  cool  dictates  of  experienced  agc.  Drydcn. 

lie  is  the  most  subjected , the  most  enslaved,  who  is  so  in 
his  understanding.  Locke. 

3.  To  expose  ; to  make  liable  or  obnoxious. 

If  the  vessels  yield,  it  subjects  the  person  to  all  the  incon- 
veniences of  an  erroneous  circulation.  Arbuthnot. 

4.  To  make  to  undergo  ; to  submit. 

God  is  not  bound  to  subject  his  ways  of  operation  to  the 
scrutiny  of  our  thoughts.  Locke. 

5.  To  offer  for  use ; to  make  subservient. 

[lie]  subjected  to  man’s  service  angel-wings.  Milton. 

SUB'jyCT,  a.  [L.  subjectus',  It.  suggetto  ; Sp. 
sujeto  ; Fr.  sujet.) 

1.  Placed  or  situated  under  or  beneath. 

Long  he  them  bore  above  the  subject  plain.  (Spenser. 

2.  Being  under  the  power,  sway,  or  rule  of 
another  ; living  under  the  dominion  of  another. 

Esau  was  never  subject  to  Jacob,  but  founded  a distinct 
people  and  government.  Locke. 

3.  Exposed  ; liable ; obnoxious. 

Most  subject  is  the  fattest  soil  to  weeds.  Shak. 

All  human  things  are  subject  to  decay.  Dryden. 

4.  Submissive  ; obedient. 

Put  them  in  mind  to  be  subject  to  principalities  and  powers, 
to  obey  magistrates,  to  be  ready  to  every  good  work.  Tit.  iii.  1. 

Syn.  — Subject , liable , exposed , and  obnoxious , are 
all  applied  to  circumstances  in  human  life  by  which 
we  are  affected  independently  of  our  own  choice. 
Obnoxious  is  applied  only  to  persons  ; the  other  terms, 
to  both  persons  and  things.  Persons  are  subject  to 
disease  and  death,  liable  to  sickness,  exposed  to  danger, 
and  obnoxious  to  punishment.  Things  are  subject  to 
decay,  liable  to  be  destroyed,  and  exposed  to  injury. — 
See  Obnoxious,  Subordinate. 

SUB'J^CT,  n.  [L.  subjectus ; It.  suggetto ; Sp. 
sujeto  ; Fr.  sujet.] 

1.  One  who  is  under  the  dominion  of  another  ; 
— opposed  to  ruler , or  sovereign  ; as,  “ A subject 
of  the  Queen  of  Great  Britain.”  — One  who 
lives  under  the  protection  of,  and  owes  allegi- 
ance to,  a government;  as,  “A  subject  of  the 
United  States.” 

Though  the  term  “ citizen”  seems  to  be  appropriate  to  re- 
publican freemen,  yet  we  are  equally  with  the  inhabitants  of 
all  other  countries  subjects:  for  we  are  equally  bound  by  alle- 
giance and  subjection  to  the  government  and  law  of  the 
land.  Kent. 

2.  That  on  which  any  operation,  either  men- 
tal  or  material,  is  performed ; matter ; materi- 
als ; object ; theme. 


Since  first  this  subject  for  heroic  song 

Pleased  me,  long  choosing  and  beginning  late.  Milton. 

3.  That  in  which  any  thing  adheres  or  exists. 

Anger  is  certainly  a kind  of  baseness,  as  it  appears  well  in 
the  weakness  of  those  subjects  in  whom  it  reigns.  Bacon. 

4.  The  person  treated  of,  as  the  hero  of  a 

piece.  Wright. 

5.  (Fine  Arts.)  That  which  it  is  the  object 

and  aim  of  the  artist  to  express.  Brahdc. 

6.  (Logic.)  That  term  of  a proposition  of 
which  the  other  is  affirmed  or  denied.  Whately. 

7.  (dram.)  That  of  which  any  thing  is  af- 
firmed ; the  nominative  of  a verb.  Andrews. 

8.  (Mus.)  The  leading  melody  or  theme  of  a 

composition.  " Dwight. 

9.  (Anat.)  A dead  body  for  dissection.  Clarke. 

Syn.  — See  Matter,  Object. 

SITB-JECT'ED  [sub-jekt'ed,  P.  W.  K.  Sm.  Wb.), 
p.  a.  Put  under  the  rule,  sway,  or  dominion  of 
another  ; reduced  to  submission  : — exposed  ; 
made  liable  to  any  thing. 

HOP  “A  very  improper  accentuation  (sub'ject-ed) 
of  the  passive  participle  of  the  verb  to  subject,  lias 
obtained,  which  ought  to  bo  corrected.”  Walker. 

SUB-JEC'TION,  re.  [L . subjcctio  ; It . suggezione 
Sp.  sujecion;  Fr.  sujetion.) 

1.  The  act  of  subduing  or  subjecting. 

The  . . . subjection  of  the  rebels.  Hale. 

2.  The  state  of  being  subject  or  under  the 
rule,  sway,  or  dominion  of  another. 

To  frame  himself  to  subjection  1 Spenser. 

SUB'JECT-IST,  n.  One  versed  or  skilled  in  the 
subjective  philosophy.  Ec.  Rev. 

SUB-JEC'TIVE,  a.  [L.  subjectivus ; Fr.  subjectify] 
Relating  to  the  subject ; — opposed  to  objective. 

“ Objective  certainty  is  when  the  proposition  is  cer- 
tainly true  in  itself;  and  subjective , when  we  are 
certain  of  the  truth  of  it.”  Watts.  — “ Subjective  and 
objective  are  terms  expressing  the  distinction  which, 
in  analyzing  every  intellectual  act,  we  necessarily 
make  between  ourselves,  the  conscious  subject , and 
that  of  which  we  are  conscious,  the  object..  ‘ / know,' 
and  1 something  is  knoicn  by  me,'  are  convertible  prop- 
ositions ; every  act  of  t lie  soul  which  is  not  thus 
resolvable,  belongs  to  the  emotive  part  of  our  nature, 
as  distinguished  from  the  intelligent  and  percipient.” 
Brande.  — In  the  philosophy  of  mind,  subjective  de- 
notes what  is  to  be  referred  to  the  thinking  subject, 
the  ego ; objective,  what  belongs  to  the  object  of 
thought,  the  non  ego.  . . . The  adjectives  subjective 
and  objective  are  convenient  expressions.  ...  In  phil- 
osophical language,  it  were  to  he  wished  that  the 
word  subject  should  be  reserved  for  the  subject  of 
inhesion  — the  materia  in  qua;  and  the  term  object 
exclusively  applied  to  the  subject  of  operation  — the 
materia  circa  quain.  If  this  be  not  done,  the  grand 
distinction  of  subjective  and  objective  in  philosophy 
is  confounded.  Sir  W.  Hamilton.  — See  Objective. 

SUB-JEC'TIVE-LY,  ad.  In  relation  to  the  sub- 
ject ; as  existing  in  a subject  or  in  the  mind ; 
— opposed  to  objectively.  Pearson. 

All  knowledge,  of  whatever  kind,  must  have  a twofold 
groundwork  of  faith  — one  subjectively , in  our  own  faculties, 
and  the  laws  which  govern  them;  the  other  objectively , in 
the  matter  submitted  to  our  observations.  Hare. 

SUB-JEC'TI  VE-NESS,  re.  The  state  of  being  sub- 
jective ; subjectivity.  Clarke. 

SUB-JEC'TIV-I§M,  re.  The  doctrine  of  Kant,  that 
all  human  knowledge  is  merely  relative,  or  that 
we  cannot  prove  it  to  be  absolute.  Fleming. 

SUB-JEC-TI  V'I-TY,  re.  The  quality  or  the  state 
of  being  subjective  ; subjectiveness.  Coleridge. 

SUB'JgCT— MAt'TJJR,  re.  The  matter  or  sub- 
stance of  the  thing  under  consideration  or  dis- 
cussion ; the  cause  or  object  in  dispute. 

The  style  and  subject-matter  of  most  comical  theatrical 
interludes.  Prynne. 

As  to  the  subject-matter,  words  are  always  to  be  understood 
as  having  a regard  thereto.  Blackstone. 

The  subject-matter  of  his  intended  discourse.  Swift. 

SUB-JEF.',  71.  The  name,  in  Hindostan,  for  the 
’leaves  or  capsules  of  the  Indian  hemp,  used  for 
smoking,  &c.  SimmoTids. 

SUB-JOIN',  v.  a.  [L.  subjungo  ; snb,  under,  and 
jitngo,  to  join  ; It.  soggiungere.)  [i.  SUBJOINED  ; 
pp.  subjoining,  subjoined.]  To  add  at  the 
end  ; to  add  after  something  else ; to  join  to 
something  preceding  ; to  annex  ; to  affix. 

He  makes  an  excuse  from  ignorance  . . . that  he  knew  not 
that  he  was  the  high-priest,  and  subjoins  a reason.  South. 

Syn.  — See  Add,  Affix,  Annex. 

SUB-JOINED',  p.  a.  Added  after  something  else. 

SLfB  JU'DI-CF..  [L.,  under  the  judge.)  (Law.) 
Under  discussion  ; not  yet  decided.  Hamilton. 


M?EN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RIJLE.  — <J,  <?,  <;,  g,  soft ; £,  G,  £,  |,  hard;  fj>  as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


SUBJUGATE 


SUBMINISTRANT 


SUB'JU-GATE,  v.  a.  [L.  subjugo ; sub,  under, 
and  jugum,  a yoke ; jungo,  to  join  ; It.  suggiu- 
gare;  Sp . sojuzgar ; Fr.  subjuguer.]  [i.  sriiji'- 
GATED  ; pp.  SUBJUGATING,  SUBJUGATED.]  To 
bring  under  power  or  dominion  by  force  ; to 
reduce  to  subserviency  or  obedience ; to  en- 
slave; to  subject ; to  subdue;  to  conquer. 

tic  subjugated  a king,  and  called  him  his  vassul.  Baker. 

Syn.  — See  Conquer. 

SUB'JU-GAT-f,D,  p.  a.  Brought  under  the  power 
or  rule  of  another.  “ Subjugated  tribes.”  Knox. 

SUB-JU-GA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  subjugating; 
subjection  ; conquest.  Bp.  Horsley. 

SUB'JU-GA-TOR,  n.  [L.]  One  who  subjugates; 
a conqueror ; an  enslaver.  Coleridge. 

SUB-JUNC'TION,  n.  The  act  of  subjoining  or  the 
state  of  being  subjoined.  * Blair. 

SUB-JUNC'TIVE  (sub-junk'tjv),  a.  [L.  subjuncti- 
vus ; It.  subiuntivo  ; Sp.  subjuntivo  ; Fr.  subjonc- 
tif.  — See  Subjoin.] 

1.  Subjoined  ; annexed  ; added  ; joined. 

A few  things  more,  subjunctive  to  the  former.  Hacket. 

2.  (Gram.)  Noting  a mood,  mode,  or  form  of 
the  verb  which  expresses  supposition,  doubt,  un- 
certainty, condition,  or  contingency.  Murray. 

It  is  commonly  preceded  by  a conjunction,  ex- 
pressed or  understood  ; and  it  derives  its  name  from 
the  clause  in  which  it  occurs  being  subjoined  or  sub- 
ordinate to  another  clause  ; as,  “ If  he  study,  he  will 
improve  ” ; or,  “ Unless  he  study,  he  will  not  im- 
prove ” ; “ Were  he  here,  he  would  do  it.”— The  man- 
ner of  its  dependence  is  commonly  denoted  by  one 
of  the  following  conjunctions  : — if,  that.,  though,  less, 
unless.  G.  Brown. 

SUB-JUNC'TIVE,  n.  The  subjunctive  moot). Harris. 

SUB-KING'DOM,  n.  [L.  sub,  under,  and  Eng. 
kingdom .]  A subordinate  kingdom.  Clarke. 

SUB-LA'NATE,  a.  [L.  sub,  somewhat,  and  Eng. 
lanate.\  (Bot.)  Somewhat  woolly.  Clarke. 

SUB-LAP-SA'RI-AN,  a.  [L . snblabor,  sublapsus-, 
sub,  under  or  down,  and  labor,  lapsus,  to  fall.] 
Relating  to  the  Sublapsarians,  or  to  their  tenets. 
“ The  Sublapsarian  doctrine.”  Hammond. 

SUB-LAP-SA'RI-AN,  n.  ( Eccl . Hist.)  One  of  a class 
of  Calvinists,  called  also  Infralapsarians,  who 
hold  that  God  permitted  the  fall  of  Adam  with- 
out predetermining  it,  and  that  God’s  decrees 
concerning  election  and  reprobation  were  sub- 
sequent to  that  event ; — opposed  to  Supralap- 
sarian.  Eden. 

SUB-LAP'SA-RY,  a.  Sublapsarian.  Johnson. 

SUB’LATE,  v.  a.  [L.  t olio , sublatus.]  To  lift; 
to  raise ; to  bear  away,  [r.]  Bp.  Hall. 

SUB-LA  'TION,  n.  [L.  sublatio-,  It.  sublazione .] 
The  act  of  taking  away.  Bp.  Hall. 

StJB'LA-TIVE,  a.  Having  depriving  power.  Harris. 

SUB-LEASE',  n.  (Law.)  A lease  by  a tenant  to 
another  tenant ; an  underlease.  Bouvicr. 

SUB-LET',  V.  a.  [ i . SUBLET  ; pp.  SUBLETTING, 
sublet.]  To  underlet.  McCulloch. 

SUB-LIJ-VA'TION,  n.  [L.  sublevatio  ; sublevo,  to 
lift  up  from  below  ; sub,  under,  and  levo,  to  lift.] 
The  act  of  raising  on  high  ; elevation.  More. 

SUB-Ll-BRA ’RI- AN,  n.  A librarian  acting  under 
another  librarian  ; assistant  librarian.  Clarke. 

SUB-LIEU-TEN'ANT  (sub-lev-ten'rmt  or  sub-lu- 
ten'ant),  n.  A subordinate  lieutenant.  Crabb. 

SUB-LI-GA'TION,  n.  [L.  subligatio  ; sub,  under, 
and  ligo,  to  bind.]  A binding  underneath.  Smart. 

SUB-LI'MA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  sublimed  or 
sublimated.  Boyle. 

SUB-Ll'MA-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  qual- 
ity of  being  sublimable.  Boyle. 

SUB'LJ-MATE,  v.  a.  [L.  sublimo,  sublimatus , to 
lift  up  on  high  ; sublimis,  high  ; It.  sublimare, 
to  sublimate  ; Sp.  sublimar ; Fr.  sublime r.)  \i. 

SUBLIMATED  ; pp.  SUBLIMATING,  SUBLIMATED.] 

1.  (Chem.)  To  raise  by  heat  into  vapor,  as  a 
solid,  and  then  condense  it ; to  sublime.  Johnson. 

2.  To  refine  ; to  exalt ; to  elevate. 

I suspect  that  Mr.  Daniel’s  fancy  was  too  fine  and  subli- 
mated to  be  wrought  down  to  his  privute  profit.  Fuller. 


1436 

SUB'Ll-MATE,  n.  ( Chem .)  The  product  of  sub- 
limation. Bacon. 

When  the  product  of  sublimation  is  compact, 
it  is  called  sublimate  ; when  slightly  cohering,  it  is 
called  flowers , as  flowers  of  sulphur.  Wood  <$'  Bache. 

Corrosive  sublimate , a crystalline  compound  of  one 
equivalent  of  chlorine  and  one  of  mercury  ; chloride 
of  mercury;  protochloride  of  mercury.  It  is  soluble 
in  sixteen  parts  of  cold  water,  and  in  less  than  three 
of  boiling  water  ; has  an  acrid,  burning  taste,  and  a 
disgusting  metallic  flavor.  It  is  a violent,  acrid  poi- 
son. The  best  antidote  for  it  is  the  whites  of  several 
raw  eggs,  taken  immediately.  Turner,  Henry,  and 
other  chemists  contemporary  with  them,  regarded 
corrosive  sublimate  as  a compound  of  two  equivalents 
of  chlorine  and  one  of  mercury,  and  called  it  bichlo- 
ride of  mercury.  Later  chemical  writers,  as  Graham, 
Kane,  Ilegnault,  and  Miller,  make  it  a protochloride. — 
See  Calomel. 

SUB'LT-MATE,  a.  Volatilized  and  again  con- 
densed ; sublimated.  Neioton. 

SUB-LI-MA'TION,  n.  [L.  sublimo , to  elevate  ; It. 
sublimazione ; Sp. sublimation;  Fr. sublimation.] 

1.  {Chem.)  The  act  or  the  process  of  sub- 

liming; the  conversion  of  a solid  substance 
into  a vapor  by  heat  and  jts  subsequent  conden- 
sation. Brande. 

2.  The  act  of  heightening  or  improving ; ex- 
altation ; elevation  ; refinement. 

Religion  is  the  perfection,  refinement,  and  sublimation  of 
morality.  South. 

This  book  is  a sublimation  of  Swedenborg’s  scientific  sys- 
tem. P.  Cyc. 

SUB'LI-MA-TO-RY,  a.  That  is  used  in  sublima- 
tion ; tending  to  sublimate.  . Boyle. 

SUB'LI-MA-TO-RY,  n.  [It.  sublimatorio.]  A 
vase  or  vessel  used  in  sublimation.  Tyrwhitt. 

SUB-LIME',  a.  [L.  sublimis;  It.,  Sp.,  § Fr.  su- 
blime.) 

1.  High  in  place  ; raised  aloft ; elevated. 

Sublime  on  radiant  spheres  lie  rode.  Dryclen. 

2.  High  in  excellence  or  dignity ; exalted ; 
lofty  ; eminent ; noble  ; grand  ; great. 

In  that  celestial  colloquy  sublime.  Milton. 

Easy  in  style  thy  work,  in  sense  sublime.  Prior. 

Know  how  sublime  a thing  it  is 
To  suller  and  be  strong.  Longfellow. 

3.  Elevated  by  joy  ; exhilarated  ; elated. 

Their  hearts  were  .jocund  and  sublime , 

Drunk  with  idolatry,  drunk  with  wine.  Milton. 

Syn.  — Sublime , magnificent , splendid , grand , great , 
superb,  and  lofty,  are  all  terms  more  or  less  applied  to 
the  productions  of  genius  either  in  literature  or  in  art ; 
and  of  these  terms  sublime  is  t lie  highest  and  strong- 
est ; magnificent  is  stronger  than  splendid  and  grand  ; 
and  splendid  and  grand  are  stronger  than  great.  A 
sublime  style  or  character  ; a magnificent  edifice  ; a 
sjjlcndid  building  ; a grand  design  ; a great  perform- 
ance ; a superb  structure  ; a lofty  steeple. 

Orandcur  and  sublimity  are  both  applied  to  what  is 
great  in  either  a natural  or  a moral  sense  ; but  sublim- 
ity is  more  commonly  used  in  a moral  sense.  The 
grandeur  or  sublimity  of  the  heavens  ; the  sublimity 
of  Milton’s  Paradise  Lost  ; the  moral  sublimity  of  the 
character  of  Christ.  — See  Great. 

SUB-LlME',  n.  1.  The  grand  or  lofty,  as  distin- 
guished from  the  beautiful. 

There  is  a sublime  in  nature,  as  in  the  ocean  or  the  thun- 
der; in  moral  action,  as  in  deeds  of  daring  and  self-denial; 
and  in  art,  as  in  statuary  and  painting,  by  which  what  is  sub- 
lime in  nature  and  in  moral  character  is  represented  and 
idealized.  Fleming. 

2.  The  emotion  produced  by  grandeur.  Smart. 

Jigp  “ The  sublime  is  a Gallicism,  but  now  natu- 
ralized.” Johnson. 

SUB-LIME',  V.  a.  [i.  SUBLIMED  ; pp.  SUBLIMING, 
SUBLIMED.] 

1.  To  raise  on  high  ; to  lift  aloft.  Denham. 

2.  To  elevate  ; to  exalt  ; to  heighten. 

An  ordinary  gift  cannot  sublime  an  ordinary  person  to  a 
supernatural  employment.  Bp.  Taylor. 

3.  (Chem.)  To  convert,  as  sulphur  or  other 

solid,  into  vapor,  by  heat,  and  recondense  into 
the  solid  form  ; to  sublimate.  Miller. 

SUB-LIME',  v.  n.  To  be  volatilized  by  the  force 
of  beat,  and  then  be  condensed,  as  a solid  sub- 
stance ; to  become  sublimated.  Newton. 

This  Balt  is  fixed  in  a gentle  fire,  and  sublimes  in  a great 
one.  Arbutlmot. 

SUB-LIME'LY,  ad.  In  a sublime  manner.  Pope. 

SUB-LIME'NIJSS,  n.  Sublimity.  Burnet. 

f SUB-LIM-I-FI-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  sublimis,  sub- 
lime, and  facio,  to  make.]  The  act  or  process 
of  making  sublime.  Gilpin. 


SUB-LIM'I-TY,  n.  [L.  suhlimitas ; It.  sublimitit; 
Sp.  sublimulad ; Fr.  sublimite.] 

1.  Height  of  place  ; local  elevation.  Johnson. 

2.  The  state  or  the  quality  of  being  sublime ; 
grandeur ; loftiness  ; elevation. 

Beauty  charms,  sublimity  moves  us,  and  is  often  accompa- 
nied with  a feeling  resembling  tear,  while  beauty  rather  at- 
tracts and  draws  us  towards  it.  Fleming. 

Though  Milton  is  most  distinguished  for  his  sublimity . yet 
there  is  also  much  of  the  beautiful,  the  tender,  and  the  pleas- 
ing in  many  parts  of  his  work.  Blair. 

SUB-lIn-E-A'TION,  71.  A line  or  lines  drawn 
under  another  line.  Letters  to  Abp.  Ushei . 

SUB-LIN'GUAL  (sub-llng'gwal),  a.  [L. sub, under, 
and  lingua , the  tongue  ; Fr.  sublingual .]  (Anat.) 
Situated  under  the  tongue.  Dunglison. 

SUB-Lp'TION  (sub-llsh'un),  n.  [L.  sub  lino,  sub- 
litus,  to  lay  on,  as  ground-color ; sub,  finder, 
and  lino,  to  besmear.]  (Paint.)  The  laying  of 
the  ground-color  under  the  perfect  color.  Crabb. 

SUB-LIT'O-KAL,  a.  [L.  sub,  under,  and  litus, 
litoris,  the  sea-shore.]  Being  or  situated  under 
the  shore.  Smart. 

SUB-LU'NAR,  a.  Sublunary.  Milton. 

SUB'LU-NA-RY  [sub  jti-nft-re,  S.  IF.  J.  F.  Ja.  K. 
Sm.  It.  ; sub-lu-na-re  or  sub'lu-nj-re,  P.],  a.  [L. 
sub,  under,  and  lima,  the  moon  ; It.  sublunare; 
Sp.  sublunar;  Fr.  sublunaire .]  Situated  be- 

neath the  moon ; belonging  to  the  earth  or  this 
world  ; terrestrial ; earthly  ; mundane. 

Yet,  being  free,  I love  thee  [England];  for  the  sake 

Of  that  one  feature,  can  be  well  content . . . 

To  seek  no  sublunary  rest  beside.  Cowpcr. 

t SUB'LU-NA-RY,  n.  Any  worldly  thing.  Feltham. 

SUB-LUX-A'TION,  n.  A partial  dislocation  ; an 
incomplete  luxation.  Med.  Did. 

SUB-MA-RINE'  (sub-ma-ren'),  a.  [L.  sub,  under, 
and  marinas,  marine;  mare,  the  sea;  Fr.  sub- 
marin.\  Living,  or  being,  under  the  sea.  Cook. 

SUB-MA-RINE',  n.  A submarine  plant.  Hill. 

SUB-MAR'SIIAL,  n.  A deputy  marshal.  Whishaw. 

SUB-mAxtL-LA-RY,  a.  (Anat.)  Seated  beneath 
the  jaw.  “ The  stibmaxillary  gland.”  Dunglison. 

SUB-ME'DI-AL,  ) a Lying  under  or  below  the 

SUB-ME'DI-AN,  5 middle  of  a body.  Wright. 

SUB-ME'DI-ANT,  n.  (Mus.)  The  sixth  of  the 

key,  or  the  middle  note  between  the  octave  and 
subdominant.  Moore. 

SUB-MEN'TAL,  a.  [L.  sub,  under,  and  mentum, 
the  chin.]  (Anat.)  Seated  under  the  chin.  “Sub- 
mental  artery.”  Dunglison. 

SUB-MERtJlE',  v.  a.  [L.  submergo;  sub,  under, 
and  mergo,  to  plunge ; It.  sommergere  ; Sp.  su- 
mergir;  Fr.  submerger.']  ft.  submerged;  pp. 
submerging,  submerged.]  To  plunge  under 
water  ; to  immerge  ; to  drown  ; to  overwhelm. 

So  half  my  Egypt  were  submerged, and  made 

A cistern  for  scaled  snakes.  Shale. 

SUB-MER<jE',  v.  n.  To  be  or  to  lie  under  water. 

Some  say,  swallows  submerge  in  ponds.  Gent.  Mag. 

SUB-MERGENCE,  n.  The  act  of  submerging,  or 
the  state  of  being  submerged.  Lyell. 

SUB-MERSE'.  v.  a.  [L.  submergo,  submersus  ; 
sub,  under,  and  mergo,  to  plunge.]  \i.  sub- 
mersed ; pp.  submersing,  submersed.]  To 
put  under  water ; to  submerge ; to  immerse. Scoff. 

SUB-MERSED'  (-merst'),  p.  a.  Living  or  growing 
under  water ; submerged.  Clarke. 

SUB-MER'SION,?i.  [L.  submersio ; Fr.  submersion.] 
The  act  of  submersing,  or  the  state  of  being 
submersed  or  submerged. 

Some  of  our  countrymen  have  given  credit  to  the  submer- 
sion of  swallows.  Fennant . 

SUB-ME-TAL'LIC,  a.  Partially  metallic.  Dana. 

SUB-MIN'IS-TIJR,  v.  a.  [L.  subministro  ; sub, 
under,  and  ministro,  to  serve ; It.  somminis- 
trare;  Sp.  suministrar ; Fr.  subministre.]  To 
supply ; to  subserve,  [r.]  Hale. 

SUB-MIN'IS-T^R,  v.  n.  To  be  subservient. 

. Passions,  as  fire  and  water,  are  good  servants,  but  bad  mas- 
ters,  and  subminister  to  the  best  and  worst  purposes. L' Estrange. 

SUB-MIn'IS-TRANT,  a.  [L.  subministro, _ sttb- 
ministrans,  to  serve  under.]  Subservient  ; 
serving  in  subordination,  [r.]  Bacon. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  I,  O,  IT,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HHilR,  HER; 


SUBREADER 


SUBMINISTRATE  1437 


SUB-MlN'lS-TRATE,  v.  a.  [L.  subministro,  sub- 
tnitii stratus. \ To  subminister,  [it.]  Harvey. 

SyR-MtN-IS-TRA'TION,  n.  [L.  subministratio.\ 
The  act  of  subministering.  Wotton. 

f SUB-MISS',  a.  [L.  submitto,  submissus,  to  sub- 
ject ; sub,  under,  and  mitto,  to  send.] 

1.  Humble  ; obsequious  ; submissive.  MiUon. 

2.  Low  ; soft ; gentle.  Smith  on  Old  Aye. 

SUB-MlS'SION  (sub-mlsh'un),  n.  [L .submission 
It.  sommissione ; Sp.  suniision  ; F r.  soumissione.] 

1.  The  act  of  submitting  or  yielding  to  supe- 
rior force  or  authority;  surrender. 

Siibm ission , Dauphin;  ’tis  a mere  French  word; 

We  English  warriors  wot  not  what  it  means.  Bnak. 

2.  Acknowledgment  of  inferiority  or  depend- 
ence ; suppliant  behavior ; humiliation. 

Nothlcss  tire  knight,  now  in  so  needy  case, 

Gan  him  entreat  even  with  submission  base. 

And  humbly  prayed  £o  let  them  in  that  nigh*.  Spenser. 

3.  Acknowledgment  of  a fault ; confession  of 
error  ; repentance  ; penitence ; contrition. 

Be  not  as  extreme  in  submission  as  in  oftcncc.  iShaic. 

4.  Obedience  ; compliance  ; resignation. 

No  duty  in  religion  is  more  justly  required  by  God  Almigh- 
ty than  a perfect  submission  to  Ills  will  in  all  things.  Temple. 

5.  {Law.)  An  agreement,  usually  in  writing 

and  by  bond,  by  which  parties  consent  to  sub- 
mit their  differences  to  the  decision  of  an  arbi- 
trator. Burrill. 

Syn.  — See  Obedience,  Patience. 

Sl'B-MIS'SI  VE,  a.  1.  Yielding;  obedient;  humble. 
Her,  at  his  feet,  submissive  in  distress. 

He  thus  with  peaceful  words  upraised*  Milton. 

2.  Showing,  or  pertaining  to,  submission. 

He,  in  delight 

Both  of  her  beauty  nud  submissive  charms, 

Smiled  with  superior  love.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Humble,  Obedient. 

Sl'B-MIS'SIVE-LY,  ad.  In  a submissive  manner; 
with  submission  ; humbly.  Drydeh. 

SUB-MIS'SIVE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state 
of  being  submissive  ; submission  ; humility. 

Frailty  gets  pardon  by  submissiveness.  Herbert. 

f Sl'B-MISS'LY,  ad.  Submissively.  Bp.  Taylor. 

t SUB-MtSS'NjfSS,  n.  Submissiveness.  Burton. 

SUB-MIT',’  v.  a.  [L.  submitto  ; sub,  under,  and 
mitto,  to  send  ; It.  sommettere  ; Sp.  sometcr  ; 
Fr.  soumettre.]  [£.  submitted  ; pp.  submit- 
ting, SUBMITTED.] 

1.  f To  let  down  ; to  put  lower  ; to  sink. 

Sometimes  the  hill  submits  itself  a while 

Iu  small  descents,  which  do  its  height  beguile.  Dryden. 

2.  To  subject ; to  yield  ; to  surrender  ; to  re- 
sign ; to  comply;  — often  with  a reflexive  pro- 
noun. 

Return  to  thy  mistress,  and  submit  thyself  under  her 
hands.  Gen.  xvi.'J. 

Will  ye  submit  your  neck,  and  choose  to  bend 

The  supple  knee  ? Milton. 

3.  To  refer  for  judgment  or  decision. 

Whether  the  condition  of  the  clergy  be  able  to  bear  a 

heavy  burden  is  submitted  to  the.  house.  Swift. 

SlrB-MlT',  v.  n.  To  be  subject;  to  yield;  to  sur- 
render ; to  succumb ; to  cease  to  resist. 

All  is  not  lost:  the  unconquerable  will, 

And  study  of  revenge,  immortal  hate. 

And  courage  never  to  slfbmit  or  yield.  Milton. 

SITB-MIT'Ty  R,  n.  One  who  submits.  Whitlock. 

SUB-MlT'TJNG,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  submits  ; 
a yielding  ; a surrendering.  Waterland. 

SUB  MO' DO.  [L .,  in  a manner.']  Under  a par- 
ticular modification  or  restriction. 

f SUB-MON'ISH,  v.  a.  [L.  submoneo.]  To  re- 
mind ; to  suggest.  Granger. 

SUB-MO-NX"TION,  71.  Suggestion,  [r.]  Clarke. 

SUB-MU'COUS,  a.  [L.  sub,  under,  and  mucus, 
snot.]  Situate  under  a mucous  membrane. 
“The  submucous  areolar  tissue.”  Dunglison. 

SUB-MUL'TI-PLE  (sub-mul'te-pl),  n.  { Arith .)  A 
quantity  contained  in  another  an  exact  number 
of  times ; thus,  7 is  a submultiple  of  42.  Davies. 

SUB-MUL'TI-PLE,  a.  Relating  to  a submulti- 
ple ; that  is  submultiple.  Clarke. 

SUB-MUS'CU-LAR,  a.  {Med.)  Seated  beneath 
muscles  or  a muscular  layer.  Dunglison. 

SUB-NAR-COT'IC,  a.  Slightly  narcotic.  Clarke. 

sOB-NAS'CENT  (sub-n&s'sent),  a.  [L.  subnascor, 


subnaseens,  to  grow  under.]  Growing  beneath 
something  else.  Evelyn. 

SUB-NECT',  v.  a.  [Tj.  subnecto ; sub,  under,  and 
necto,  to  tie.]  To  tie  or  bind  under,  [it.] 

His  robe  might  be  subnectcd with  a fibula.  Pope. 

f SUB-NEX',  v.  a.  [L.  subnecto,  subnexus .]  To 
subjoin  ; to  add  after  something  else.  Holland. 

SUB-NOR'MAL,  n.  [L.  sub,  under,  and  norma, 
a rule.]  (Gcom.)  That  part  of  the  axis  of  a 
curve  line  which  is  intercepted  between  the  or- 
dinate and  the  normal.  Hutton. 

s0B-NO-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  sid)7iotatio  ; subnoto, 
to  subscribe ; sub,  under,  and  7ioto,  to  mark.] 
The  answer  of  a prince  to  questions  which  had 
been  put  to  him  respecting  some  obscure  or 
doubtful  point  of  law;  a rescript  given  at  the 
request  of  private  citizens.  Bouvier. 

SUB-NUDE',  a.  [L.  sub,  somewhat,  and  7iudus, 
naked.]  {Bot.)  Nearly  free  from  hairs,  down, 
or  any  sort  of  unevenness.  Clarke. 

SUB-OB-SCURE'LY,  ad.  Somewhat  obscurely  ; 
dimly  in  a small  degree.  Doime. 

SUB-OC-CiP'l-TAL,  a.  {Anat.)  Situated  under 
the  occiput.  Dunglison. 

SUB-OC'TAVE,  a.  SuboctUple.  Arbuthnot. 

SUB-OC'TU-PLE,  a.  Being  a proportion  or  ratio 
of  one  to  eight.  Wilkins. 

SUB-OC'U-LAR,  a.  [L.  subocularis  ; sub,  under, 
and  oculus,  the  eye.]  Being  under  the  eye  or 
the  eyes.  Turner. 

SUB'OF-FI-CIJR,  n.  An  under  officer.  Booth. 

SUB-OR-BIC'U-LAR,  )-a.  Almost  orbicular  or 

SUB-OR-BlC'U-LATE,  ) orbiculate.  Scott. 

SUB-OR'BI-TAR,  a.  {Anat.)  Seated  beneath  the 
orbitar  cavity.  Dmiglison, 

SUB-OR'DI-NA-CY,  7i.  The  state  of  being  subor- 
dinate ; subjection  to  control. 

A whole,  coherent  and  proportioned  in  itself,  with  due  sub- 
jection and  subordinacy  of  constituent  parts.  Shaf  tesbury. 

t SUB-OR'DI-NANCE,  71.  Subordinacy.  More. 

f SUB-OR'DI-NAN-CY,  n.  Subordinacy.  Temple. 

SUB-OR'DI-NA-RY,  71.  {Her.)  An  ordinary  when 
it  comprises  less  than  one  fifth  of  the  whole 
shield.  Brande. 

SUB-OR'DI-NATE,  a.  [L.  sub,  under,  and  ordino, 
ordinatus,  to  range,  to  rank  ; ordo,  order ; It. 
subordinato ; Sp.  subordinado  ; Fr.  suhordomie.] 
1.  Inferior  in  order,  rank,  nature,  dignity,  or 
power;  subject;  subservient. 

For  the  truth  of  their  general  principle,  that  subordinate 
beings  may  be  the  immediate  agents  in  many  preternatural 
effects,  analogy  is  clearly  on  their  side.  Bp.  Horsley. 

Syn.  — Subordinate , subject , inferior , and  subservient 
may  express  the  relations  of  persons  to  persons  or 
things,  or  of  things  to  things.  Subject  respects  the 
exercise  of  power;  subordinate,  the  station  and  rank  ; 
inferior , either  outward  circumstances,  merit,  or  qual- 
ifications of  a porson  ; subservient,  the  relative  services 
of  one  to  another,  but  almost  always  in  a bad  sense. 
Children  are  subject  to  their  parents  ; an  inferior  officer 
must  act  iu  a subordinate  capacity  A man  of  no  prin- 
ciple will  be  disposed  to  be  subservient  to  the  base  pur- 
poses of  those  who  will  pay  him  most.  — See  Under. 

SUB-OR'DI-NATE,  n.  One  who  is  subordinate  to 
another;  one  who  is  lower  than  another  in  rank 
order,  or  station.  Milton . 

SUB-OR'DI-NATE,  v.  a.  [L.  sub , under,  and  or- 
dino, ordinatus , to  rank  ; ordo , order  ; It.  sub- 
ordinare\  Sp.  subordinar\  Fr.  subordonner.~\ 
[**.  SUBORDINATED  ; pp.  SUBORDINATING,  SUB- 
ORDINATED.] To  make  subordinate;  to  place 
in  an  inferior  order  or  rank ; to  subject. 

We  esteem  it  as  enhancing  the  manifestation  of  intelligence 
that  one  single  law,  as  gravitation,  should,  as  from  a central 
and  commanding  eminence,  subordinate  to  itself  a whole  host 
of  most  important  phenomena.  Chalmers. 

SIJB-OR'DI-NATE-LY,  ad.  In  a subordinate  man- 
ner ; in  a lower  order  or  rank.  Cowley. 

SUB-OR'DI-NATE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  the 
state  of  being  subordinate.  Hall. 

SUB-OR'DJ-NAT-ING,  7i.  The  act  of  one  who  sub- 
ordinates or  renders  subordinate.  Hooker. 

SUB-OR-DI-NA'TION,  71.  [It.  srtbordmazione  : Sp. 
subordinacion;  Fr.  subordination.] 

1.  The  act  of  subordinating,  or  the  state  of 
being  subordinate. 


2.  A series  regularly  descending. 

God  hath  bestowed,  for  his  own  wise  reasons,  different  tal- 
ents on  different  men;  to  one  man  lie  hath  given  ten,  to  an- 
other only  one.  Now,  this  subordination,  in  fact,  pervades  all 
the  works  of  God.  Gilpin. 

3.  Place  or  order  of  rank  among  inferiors. 

Diligent  iu  choosing  persons  who,  in  their  several  subordi- 
nations, would  be  obliged  to  follow  the  examples  of  their 
superiors.  Swift, 

4.  {Mil.)  A submission  or  subjection  to  the 

orders  of  superiors.  Stocgueler. 

SU B-OIl'DI-N A-TI  VE,  a.  Implying,  or  causing, 
subordination  or  dependence.  “ A subordina- 
tive  proposition,”  Gibbs. 

SUB-ORN',  r.  a.  [L.  suborno  ; sub,  under,  secretly, 
and  C7iio,  to  prepare,  to  deck,  to  dress  ; It.  sub- 
ornare ; Sp.  subornar ; Fr.  suborner.]  [i.  sub- 
orned ; pp.  SUBORNING,  SUBORNED.] 

1.  To  procure  in  an  underhand  manner  or  by 
secret  collusion  ; to  procure  by  indirect  means. 

So  men  oppressed,  when  weary  of  their  breath, 

Throw  off  the  burden,  and  sidjorn  their  death.  Dryden. 

2.  {Laic.)  To  procure  or  cause,  as  a person, 

to  commit  perjury.  Burrill. 

SUB-OR-NA'TION,  71.  [It.  subornazione ; Sp. 
subornacion  ; Fr.  suboiouition .] 

1.  The  crime  of  procuring  any  one  to  do  a 

bad  action.  Shak. 

2.  (Laiv.)  The  act  of  suborning,  or  procuring 

another  to  commit  perjury.  Burrill. 

SIJB-ORN'pR,  n.  One  who  suborns.  Bacon. 

SUB-O'VAL,  a.  Inclining  to  the  form  of  an  egg  ; 
somewhat  oval.  Tennant. 

SUB-o'vAte,  a.  {Bot.)  [L.  sub,  nearly,  and 
ovum,  an  egg.]  Somewhat  ovate.  Clarke. 

SUB-6'vAT-IJD,  a.  Inclined  to  the  form  of  an 
egg;  subovate.  [r.]  Pennant. 

SUB-PP-DUN'CU-LATE  (-pe-dung'ku-lat,  82),  a. 
Having  a short  peduncle.  Maunder. 

SUB-P£L-LU'CID,  a.  Nearly  pellucid.  Peimant. 

SUB-P^N-TAN'GU-LAR  (-pen-tang'gu-Iar),  a.  Not 
quite  pentangular.  Smart. 

SUB-PER-I-TO'NJJ-AL,  a.  ( Anat .)  Lying  under 
the  peritoneum.  Dunglison. 

SUB-PER-PpN-DlC'U-LAR,  a.  Subnormal.C/ar/ce. 

SUB-PET'J-O-LATE,  a.  {Bot.)  Having  a very 
short  petiole.  Clarke. 

SUB-PCE'NA  (sub-pu'nj),  71.  [L.  sub,  under,  and 

poena,  punishment.]  {Law.)  A writ  command- 
ing the  attendance  or  appearance  of  a witness 
or  a party  in  court,  or  before  a judicial  officer, 
under  a penalty  in  case  of  disobedience  ; — the 
process  by  which  a defendant  is  commanded  to 
appear  and  answer  the  plaintiff’s  bill.  Burrill. 

SUB-PCE'NA  (sub-pe'nq),  V.  a.  [*.  SUBPOENAED  ; pp. 
subpcenaing,  SUBPOENAED.]  {Law.)  To  serve 
with  a subpoena. 

My  friend  ...  . would  never  have  come  up,  had  he  not  been 
subpoenaed  to  it.  Addison. 

SU  B-PO-LYG'O-NAL,  a.  [L.  sub,  somewhat,  and 
Fng.  polygonal .]  Somewhat  polygonal.  Smart. 

SU B-POR-PH Y-RIT'IC;  a.  {Ceol.)  Allied  to  por- 
phyritic,  but  with  smaller  and  less  distinct 
crystals.  Wright. 

SUB-PRU-HEN'SJLE,  a.  [L.  sub,  under,  and  Eng. 
prehensile .]  Moderately  prehensile.  Maunder. 

SUB-PRl'OR,  7i.  The  vicegerent  of  a prior.  Loietli. 

SUB-PUR'CIIAS-ER,  71.  One  who  purchases  from 
a previous  purchaser.  Clarke. 

SUB-QUAD'RATE  (-kwod'rsd),  a.  Approaching 
the  form  of  a square.  Clarke. 

SUB-aUAD'RU-PLE  (sul>-kwod'ru-pl),  a.  Being  a 
proportion  or  ratio  of  one  to  four.  Wilkins. 

SUB-QUIN'ClUp-FlD  (-kwing  kwc-fld),  a.  Some- 
what quinquefid.  Clarke. 

SUB-GUIN'TU-PLE  (sub-kwln'tu-pl),  a.  Being  a 
proportion  or  ratio  of  one  to  five.  Wilkins. 

SUB-RA'MOSE,  ) (7-  (Bot.)  [L-  sub,  implying 

SUB-RA'MOyS,  ) diminution,  and  raynosus,  full 
of  branches.]  Having  few  branches  ; slightly 
branched.  Clarke. 

SUB-BEAD'ER,  n.  {Law.)  An  under  reader  in 
the  inns  of  court.  Crabb. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON,  BULL.  BUR,  RULE. 


C,  <?,  Si  soft;  £,  G,  £,  |,  hard;  ij  as  z;  ^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


SUBRECTOR 


1438 


SUBSISTENCE 


SUB-REC'TOR,  n.  A rector’s  vicegerent  or  sub- 
ordinate. “ Subrector  of  the  college.”  Walton. 

SUB-RKl*'TION,  n.  [L.  subreptio ; sub,  secretly, 
and  repo,  to  creep ; Fr.  subreption.]  A fraud 
committed  to  obtain  a pajdon,  title,  grant,  or 
other  favor,  by  alleging  facts  contrary  to  truth ; 
surreption.  Bp.  Hall. 

tSUC-Rp[’-Ti''TIOUS  (sub-rep-tlsli'us),  a.  [L. 
subrep  ti  tius .]  Surreptitious.  Cotgrave. 

f SUB-Rfl  l’-TI"TIOyS-I,Y,  ad.  In  a surreptitious 
manner ; surreptitiously.  Sherwood. 

f SUB-REP'TIVE,  a.  [L.  subreptivus;  Fr.  sub- 
rep  t if.]  Surreptitious.  Cotgrave. 

SUIi-Rly'ID,  a.  Somewhat  rigid  or  stiff.  Hill. 

tSUB-RlG'U-OUS,  a.  [L.  subnguus.]  Watered; 
waterish  underneath.  Blount. 

f sOb’RO-GATE,  v.  a.  [L.  subrogo,  subrogatus.] 
To  put  in  the  place  of  another  ; to  surrogate. 
— See  Surrogate.  Lcl.  Herbert. 

sOB-RO-GA'TION,  n.  [Sp.  subrogacion  ; Fr  .sub- 
rogation.] ( Law .)  The  substitution  of  one 

person  or  thing  in  the  place  of  another,  particu- 
larly the  substitution  of  one  person  in  the  place 
of  another  as  a creditor  with  a succession  to 
the  rights  of  the  latter.  Burrill. 

SUB  RO'§A.  [L.  sub,  under,  and  rosa,  a rose.] 
Under  the  rose  ; secretly  ; privately.  — See 
Rose.  Macdonnel. 

SUB-RO-TUND',  a.  Nearly  round.  Balfour. 

SUB-SA-LlNE',  a.  In  some  degree  salt.  lire. 

SUB'SALT,  n.  ( Chern .)  An  oxysalt  having  two 
or  more  equivalents  of  base  to  one  of  acid  : — 
an  oxysalt  having  a suboxidc  for  its  base,  — as 
subacetate  of  mercury,  which  consists  of  one 
equivalent  of  acetic  acid,  and  one  of  suboxide 
(otherwise  called  dinoxide)  of  mercury  : — a 
haloid  or  analogous  salt,  'containing  fewer 
equivalents  of  the  electro-negative  than  of  the 
electro-positive  component,  as  subchloride  (oth- 
erwise called  dichloride)  of  copper,  or  subcya- 
nide of  copper.  Kane.  Graham.  Miller. 

t SUB-SAN-NA'TION,  n.  ' [L.  svbsnnno,  to  de- 
ride.] Derision  ; mockery  ; dishonor. 

Idolatry  is  as  absolute  a subsunnation  and  vilification  of 
God  as  malice  could  iuvent.  11.  More. 

SUB-SCAP'U-LAR,  ( a.  {Anat.)  Being  beneath 

SUB-SC  A P'U-LA-RY,  ) the  scapula.  Dunglison. 

SI  B-13CRlB'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  subscribed  or 
signed,  [it.]  Coleridge. 

SUB-SCRIBE',  v.  a.  [I,.  subscribo;  sub,  under, 
and  scribo,  to  write  ; It.  soscricere  ; Sp.  subscri- 
ber-, Fr.  souscrire.]  [(.subscribed;  /^.sub- 
scribing, SUBSCRIBED.] 

1.  To  write  or  annex  the  name  to  in  token  of 
assent  to  what  is  written  above  ; to  give  consent 
to  by  underwriting  the  name. 

The  reader  sees  the  names  of  those  persons  by  whom  this 
letter  is  subscribed.  Addison. 

2.  To  sign  in  witness  or  attestation ; to  attest 
by  writing  one’s  name  beneath. 

Their  particular  testimony  ought  to  lie  better  credited  than 
some  other  subscribed  with  an  hundred  hands.  Whitgift. 

3.  To  promise  to  contribute,  by  signing  one’s 

name  to  an  agreement.  Wright. 

4.  f To  submit ; to  surrender ; to  yield. 

The  king  gone  to-night!  subscribed  his  power  1 S/iak. 

SI  B-SCRIBE',  v.  n.  1.  To  sign  the  name  in 
token  of  assent  to  what  is  written  above  ; — to 
give  consent  or  assent ; to  agree. 

Advise  thee  what  is  to  be  done. 

And  we  will  all  subscribe  to  thy  advice.  Shak. 

2.  To  promise  a stipulated  sum  for  the  pro- 
motion of  any  undertaking. 

A conflagration,  or  a wintry  flood. 

Has  left  some  hundreds  without  home  or  food; 

Extravagance  and  Avarice  shall  subscribe , 

"While  fame  and  self-complacence  are  the  bribe.  Cowper. 

3.  +To  yield  or  submit. 

For  Hector,  in  his  blaze  of  wrath,  su bscribes 
To  tender  objects.  Shak. 

SI'B-SCRIB'yR,  n.  One  who  subscribes.  Swift. 

SUB 'SCRIPT,  n.  [L.  subscribo,  subscript  us,  to 
subscribe.]  Any  thing  underwritten.  Bentley. 

SUB-SCRIP'TION,  n.  [L . subscriplio  ; It . soscri- 
zione ; Sp.  suscripcion  ; Fr.  conscription.] 


1.  The  act  of  subscribing,  or  signing. 

2.  Any  thing  written  underneath. 

The  man  asked.  Arc  ye  Christians?  We  answered  we 
were;  fearing  the  less  because  of  the  cross  we  had  seen  in 
the  subscription.  Bacon. 

3.  That  which  is  subscribed  or  signed,  as  a 

paper  with  namoe  subscribed.  Wright. 

A.  Consent  or  attestation  given  by  under- 
writing or  signing  the  name. 

Subscription  to  articles  of  religion.  Pale;/. 

5.  The  act  of  contributing  to  any  undertaking, 
or  the  amount  contributed. 

South-sea  subscriptions  take  who  please.  Pope. 

lie  visited  several  convents,  and  gathered  subscriptions 
from  all  the  well-disposed  monks  and  nuns.  Addison. 

6.  f Submission  ; obedience. 

I never  gave  you  kingdom,  called  you  children; 

You  owe  me  no  subscription.  S/tak. 

SUB-SEC'TION,  n.  A subdivision  of  a larger  sec- 
tion ; a section  of  a section.  Burton. 

f SUB'Sf-CUTE,  v.  a.  [L.  subsequor,  suhsecutus.] 
To  follow  close  after.  Edw.  Hall. 

SUB-SEC'U-TIVE,  a.  [Fr.  subsecutif.]  Follow- 
ing in  train.  Cotgrave. 

SUB-SF.L'  LI-A,  n.  pi.  [L.  subscl/ium,  a low  bench.] 
(Eccl.  Arch.)  The  small,  shelving  seats  in  the 
stalls  of  churches  or  cathedrals  made  to  turn 
upon  hinges  so  as  to  form  either  a seat  or  a form 
to  kneel  upon  ; — also  called  misereres.  Ogilvie. 

SUB— SEM'I-TONE,  n.  (Mus.)  The  sharp  seventh, 
or  sensible,  of  any  key.  Moore. 

SUB-SEP'TU-PLE  (sub-sep'tu-pl),  a.  Being  a pro- 
portion or  ratio  of  one  to  seven.  Wilkins. 

SUB'Sp-CiUENCE,  n.  [It.  sussequenza  ; Sp.  sub- 
secucncia.]  The  state  of  being  subsequent  or 
following  next  after  ; sequence.  Grew. 

SUB'SlJ-CiUEN-CY,  n.  Subsequence.  Greenhill. 

SU B'SE-QUENT,  a.  [L.  subsequor,  subsequens,  to 
follow  next  in  order  ; sub,  under,  and  sequor,  to 
follow;  It.  sussequente ; Sp.  subsiguiente ; Fr. 
subseqtient.]  Following  in  train  ; succeeding  in 
time  or  in  order ; coming  after  ; posterior. 

The  subsequent  words  come  on  before  the  precedent  van- 
ish. Bacon. 

This  article  is  introduced  as  subsequent  to  the  treaty  of 
Munster,  made  about  1G48.  , Swift. 

SUB'S^-tlUENT-LY,  ad.  At  a later  time  ; so  as 
to  follow ; afterwards.  South. 

SUB-SE'ROUS,  a.  ( Anat .)  Under  a serous  mem- 
brane. Dunglison. 

SUB-SERVE'  (sub-serv'),  v . a.  [L.  subservio  ; sub, 
under,  and  servio,  to  serve.]  [(.  subserved; 
pp.  subserving,  subserved.]  To  be  subser- 
vient to  ; to  promote  ; to  Help  forward  ; to  serve 
in  subordination  or  instrumcntally.  Southey. 

To  subserve  the  interests  of  a party.  11.  Hall. 

SUB-SERVE',  v.  n.  To  serve  in  a subordinate  ca- 
pacity ; to  be  subservient. 

Not  made  to  rule, 

But  to  subserve  where  Wisdom  bears  command.  Milton. 

SlIB-SER  VI-^NCE,  ) State  of  being  subser- 

SUB-SER'VI-fN-CY,  3 vient;  instrumental  fitness. 

There  is  a regular  subordination  and  subserviency  among 
all  tile  parts  to  beneficial  ends.  Cheync. 

SUB-SER'VI-ENT,  a.  1.  Serving  under;  acting 
in  a subordinate  capacity  ; subordinate. 

Many  inferior  and  subservient  gods.  Stillinyjtcct. 

2.  Instrumentally  useful;  helpful;  conducive. 

Most  critics,  iond  of  some  subservient  art. 

Still  make  the  whole  depend  upon  a part.  Pope. 

Syn.  — See  Subordinate. 

SUB-SER'VJ-^INT-LY,  ad.  In  a subservient  man- 
ner ; by  subserving.  Clarke. 

SUB-SES'Q.UI — ( Chcm .)  A prefix  indicating  a 

combination  of  tw'o  equivalents  of  an  electro- 
negative component,  and  three  of  an  electro- 
positive component.  Miller. 

SUB-SES'QUI-AtJ'E-TATE,  n.  ( Chcm .)  A sub- 
salt, containing  two  equivalents  of  acetic  acid  to 
three  of  base  ; as,  “ Subsesqui-acetate  of  lead,” 
which  is  a hydrated  compound  of  two  equiva- 
lents of  acetic  acid  and  three  equivalents  of 
protoxide  of  lead.  Miller. 

SUB-SES'SIXjE,  a.  ( Bot .)  Almost  sessile.  Wright. 

SUB-SEX'TIT-PLE,  a.  Containing  one  part  out  of 
six  ; as,  “ A subscxtuple  proportion.”  Wilkins. 


SUB-SIDE',  v.  n.  [L.  subsido ; sub,  under,  and 
sido,  to  sit,  to  settle.]  [(.  subsided  , pp.  sub- 
siding, SUBSIDED.] 

1.  To  settle  or  tend  downwards  ; to  sink  to  the 

bottom,  as  lees.  More. 

2.  To  settle  into  a state  of  rest ; to  become 
calm  or  tranquil  ; to  cease  raging  ; to  abate. 

The  sea  subsiding , and  the  tempests  o’er.  Pitt. 

3.  To  become  lower;  to  sink  ; to  settle. 

A large  tract  of  country,  of  which  it  was  part,  subsided  by 
some  convulsion  of  nature.  Cook. 

Syn.  — Sec  Abate. 

SI  B-SID  f.NCE,  ) y The  act  of  subsiding  or 

SUB-SID'fN-CV,  ) sinking,  as  lees.  Burnet. 

2.  The  a_ct  of  settling  into  a state  of  rest. 

Subsidence  of  the  more  violent  passions.  Warburton. 

||  SUB-Sln'J-A-RI-LY,  ad.  In  a subsidiary  man- 
ner ; so  as  to  assist.  Sherwood. 

||  SUB-SID'I-A-RY  [sub-sld'e-a-re,  P.  J.  Ja.  I Vr. ; 
sub-sId 'ya-re,  S.  E.F.K.  Srn . ; sub-sld'e-a-re  or 
sub-sld'je-a-re,  IF.],  a.  [L.  subsidiaries;  It. 

sussidiario;  Sp.  subsidiario;  Fr.  subsidiaire.] 

1.  Furnishing  help  or  additional  supplies; 
helping ; assistant ; aiding ; auxiliary. 

Great  pains  is  taken  to  supply  that  delect  with  some  sub- 
sidiary proposition.  llule. 

Life  will  frequently  languish,  even  in  the  hands  of  tho 
busy,  if  they  have  not  some  employment  subsidiary  to  that 
which  forms  their  main  pursuit.  Blair. 

2.  Pertaining  to,  or  stipulating  the  payment 
of,  subsidies.  “ Subsidiary  treaties.”  Lyttleton. 

||  SUB-SID' [-A-RY,  n.  An  assistant.  Hammond. 

SUB'SI-DIZE,  v.  a.  [(.  subsidized  ; pp.  subsi- 
dizing, subsidized.]  To  furnish  with  a sub- 
sidy ; to  stipulate  to  pay  money  for  services. 

Lord  Chatham  was  obliged  to  call  to  its  aid  the  mercenary 
troops  of  other  nations;  these,  indeed,  he  subsidized  with  a 
liberal,  but  with  a prudent,  hand.  Seward. 

SUB'SI-DY,  n.  [L.  subsidium ; subsido,  to  sit 
under ; It.  sussidio ; Sp.  subsidio  ; Fr.  subside.] 

1.  Pecuniary  aid,  or  a stipulated  sum  of 

money,  granted  by  one  government  to  another 
in  pursuance  of  a treaty  of  alliance  for  offensive 
or  defensive  war.  Stoequeler. 

2.  {Eng.  Law.)  An  extraordinary  grant  of 
money  by  the  Parliament  to  the  crown;  — now 
commonly  termed  a supply,  or  supplies.  Burrill. 

Syn. — Subsidy  and  tribute  both  signify  a sum 
agreed  to  be  paid  periodically  by  one  nation  to  an- 
other. A subsidy  is  voluntary,  and  is  paid  to  an  ally 
for  assistance.  A tribute  is  exacted,  and  is  paid  to  an 
enemy  for  forbearance,  or  in  acknowledgment  of  sub- 
jection. 

SUB-SIGN'  (sub-sin'),  v.  a.  [L.  subsigno .]  [(.sub- 
signed  ; pp.  SUBSIGNING,  SUBSIGNED.]  To 
sign  under  ; to  subscribe.  Camden. 

StiB-SlG-NA'TION,  n.  [L.  subsignatio.]  The  act 
of  subscribing,  or  signing  under,  [r.]  Shclden. 

SUB  SI-LKJV'-  Tl-O  (se-len'she-o).  [L.]  In  si- 
lence ; without  notice  being  taken.  Hamilton. 

SUB-SIST',  v.  n.  [L.  subsisto ; sub,  under,  and 
sisto,  to  stan'd  ; It.  sussistere  ; Sp.  subsistir  ; FT. 
subsister.]  [(.  subsisted  ; pp.  subsisting,  sub- 
sisted.] 

1.  To  exist;  to  be;  to  have  existence ; to  live. 

Inequalities  are  said  to  subsist  in  the  same  sense  when  the 
first  members  are  the  greatest  in  both  or  least  in  both.  Davies. 

2.  To  continue  ; to  remain  in  the  same  state 
or  condition  ; to  remain ; to  abide. 

Firm  wc  subsist , but  possible  to  swerve.  Milton. 

3.  To  have  the  means  of  living;  to  be  main- 
tained  with  food  and  clothing;  to  be  supported. 

Forlorn  of  thee. 

Whither  shall  I betake  me,  where  subsist  ? Milton. 

4.  To  inhere ; to  have  existence  by  means  of 

something  else.  . South. 

SUB-SIST',  v.  a.  To  feed;  to  maintain;  to  support. 

The  said  persons  might  be  subsided  in  a sober  and  decent 
manner.  Mem.  of  Martin  Scriblerus. 

SUB-SlST'lJNCE,  n.  [It.  sussistenza  ; Sp.  subsis- 
tencia;  Fr.  subsistance.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  subsistent;  real  being. 

Not  only  the  things  had  subsistence , but  the  very  images 

were  of  some  creatures  existing.  Stilling  fleet. 

2.  That  in  which  any  thing  subsists. 

What  is  God  but  the  very  being  of  all  things  that  yet  are 
not,  and  the  subsistence  of  things  that  are?  Cudworth. 

3.  Means  of  support ; livelihood  ; mainte- 
nance ; sustenance;  living;  support. 

Reduced  subsistence  to  implore.  Drydcn. 

4.  Inherence  in  something  else.  Johnson. 

Syn.—  See  Living. 


A,  E,  f,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  PALI,;  HEIR,  HER; 


SUBSISTENCY 


1439 


SUBTER 


SliB-SlST'JpN-CY,  n.  Subsistence.  Glanvill. 

SUB-STST'pNT,  a.  [L.  subsistens .] 

1.  Having  subsistence  or  real  being.  “ Spir- 
its subsistent  without  bodies.”  Browne. 

2.  Inherent.  “The  qualities  are  not  sub- 
sistent in  those  bodies.”  Bentley. 

SUB-SI'ZAR,  n.  A student  lower  in  rank  than  a 
sizar.  [Cambridge  Univ.,  Eng.]  Bp.  Corbet. 

SUB'SOIL,  n.  A layer  of  earth  or  soil  lying  be- 
tween the  superficial  soil  and  a base  or  stratum 
still  lower.  Brande. 


SUB 'SOIL— PLOUGH  (-plijfi) 
of  plough  used 
for  turning  or 
breaking  up  the 
soil  at  Some  depth 
below  the  sur- 
face. Simmonds. 


A particular  kind 


Subsoil-plough. 


SUB'SOIL-PLOUGHTNG, 
n.  The  operation  of 
ploughing  deep,  or  of  turning  up  the  subsoil,  or 
substratum,  by  a subsoil-plough.  Farm.  Ency. 

SUB'SO-LA-RY,  a.  Being  under  the  sun  ; terres- 
trial ; mundane  ; earthly,  [it.]  Browne. 

SUB-SPE'CIg^,  n.  A subordinate  species;  a di- 
vision of  a species.  Dampier. 

SUB-SPHER'I-CAL  (-sfer-),  a.  Somewhat  spher- 
ical; partially  spherical.  Eny.  Cyc. 


SUB'STANCE,  n.  [L.  substantia ; sub,  under,  and 
sto,  stans,  to  stand  ; It.  snstanza  ; Sp.  substan- 
cia ; Fr.  substance.'] 

1.  That  which  is  subsistent  or  has  real  being, 
as  distinct  from  that  which  has  only  metaphysi- 
cal existence  ; substantiality  ; reality  ; being  ; 
existence  ; — matter  ; body  ; material ; texture. 


Substance,  in  its  logical  and  metaphysical  sense,  is  that 
nature  of  a thiDg  which  niav  be  conceived  to  remain  when 
every  other  nature  is  removed  or  abstracted  from  it.  Hampden. 

j&3=-  “ The  idea  ...  to  which  we  give  the  name  of 
substance,  being  nothing  but  tile  supposed  but  un- 
known support  of  those  qualities  we  find  existing, 
which  vve  imagine  cannot  subsist  without  something 
to  support  them,  we  call  that  support  substantia ; 
which,  according  to  the  true  import  of  the  word,  is, 
in  plain  English,  standing  under,  or  upholding.” 
Locke. 


2.  The  essential  or  material  part ; essence ; 
abstract ; compendium  ; meaning. 

They  are  the  best  epitomes,  and  let  yon  sec  with  one  cast 
of  the  eye  the  substance  of  a hundred  pages.  Addison. 

3.  That  which  is  solid,  palpable,  real,  or  sub- 
stantial, not  imaginary. 

Lively  is  the  semblaunt,  though  the  sitbstance  dead.  Spenser. 
Heroic  virtue  did  his  actions  guide. 

And  he  the  substance,  not  the  appearance,  chose.  Dr  Oden. 

4.  Wealth  ; property;  means  of  life  or  support. 
He  hath  eaten  me  out  of  house  and  home,  and  hath  put 

all  my  substance  into  that  fat  belly  of  his.  Sbak. 

5.  ( Theol .)  That  which  forms  the  divine  es- 

sence or  being  ; that  in  which  the  divine  attri- 
butes inhere.  Hook. 

The  Son  is  said  to  be  the  same  substance  os  the  Father  — 
that  is,  truly  and  essentially  God  as  the  Father  is.  Eden. 


+ SUB'STANCE,  v.  a.  To  furnish  with  substance 
or  property  ; to  enrich.  Chapman. 

SUB-STAN'TIAL  (sub-stan'sh^l),  a.  [It.  sustan- 
tiale;  Fr  .substantial.] 

1.  Relating  to,  or  having,  substance ; real ; 

actually  existing  ; existent.  Bcnt'ey. 

2.  True  ; solid ; not  merely  seeming  or  imagi- 
nary. “ Substantial  happiness.”  Cowpcr. 

3.  Material  ; corporeal. 

Now  shine  these  planets  with  substantial  rays?  Prior. 

4.  Stout ; strong  ; fftm  ; solid  ; bulky. 

* Substantial  doors. 

Cross-barred  and  bolted  fast,  fear  no  assault.  Milton. 

5.  Possessed  of  substance,  or  the  means  of 
life  ; moderately  wealthy. 

The  honest  and  most  substantial  freeholders.  Spenser. 

SUB-STAN-TI-AL'I-TY  (sub-stan-she-al'e-te),  n. 

1.  State  of  being  substantial,  or  having  real  ex- 
istence. “ Substantiality  of  the  soul.”  War  burton. 

2.  Corporeity  ; materiality. 

The  soul  is  a stranger  to  such  gross  substantiality.  Glanvill. 

SUB-ST  A N'TIAL-IZE,  v.  a.  To  make  substantial ; 
to  substantiate,  [it.]  Dr.  Reeder. 

SUB-ST  A N'TIAL-LY,  ad.  In  a substantial  man- 
ner ; with  reality  of  existence; — by  including 


the  material  or  essential  part : — strongly ; 
stoutly;  solidly; — truly;  really. 

SUB-STAN'TI  AL-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
substantial ; substantiality.  Wotton. 

SUB-STAN'TI  AL§  (syb-st&n'shalz),  fl.pl.  Essen- 
tial or  material  parts.  Ayliffe. 

SUB-STAN'TJ-ATE  (-slnj-at),  V.  a.  [t.  SUBSTANTI- 
ATED ; pp.  SUBSTANTIATING,  SUBSTANTIATED.] 

1.  To  make  to  exist  or  subsist.  Ayliffe. 

2.  To  establish  by  proof  or  competent  evi- 
dence ; to  verify  ; to  prove.  Smart. 

SUB'STAN-TI V-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  resem- 
bling, a substantive.  Latham. 

SUB'STAN-TIVE,  a.  [L.  substantivus ; It.  sos- 
tantixo  ; Sp.  sustantivo  ; Fr.  substanlif.] 

1.  t Solid  ; depending  only  on  itself.  Bacon. 

2.  (Gram.)  Betokening  existence ; as,  “The 
verb  ‘ to  be  ’ is  a verb  substantive  ” : — not  adjec- 
tive ; as,  “ A noun  substantive.”  Arbuthnot. 

3.  (Med.)  Noting  aliments  which  are  nu- 
tritious. Dr.  Paris. 

Substantive  color.  See  COLOR. 

SUB'STAN-TIVE,  n.  (Gram.)  That  part  of 
speecli  which  denotes  a substance  or  subject,  as 
distinguished  from  an  attribute  or  predicate  ; 
the  name  of  any  thing  that  exists,  whether  ma- 
terial or  immaterial ; a noun.  Lowth. 

SUB'STAN-TIVE,  v.  a.  To  convert  into  a sub- 
stantive. [r.]  Cudworth. 

SUB'STAN-Tl  VE-LY,  ad.  As  a substantive. 

Galbaneo  cannot  be  used  substantively.  Holdsworth. 

SUB'STI-TUTE,  v.  a.  [L . subslituo,  substitutes', 
sub,  under,  and  statuo,  to  place  ; It.  sustituire  ; 
Sp.  substituir ; Fr.  substitucr.]  [t.  substituted  ; 
pp.  SUBSTITUTING,  SUBSTITUTED.]  To  put  ill 
the  place  of  another  ; to  exchange  ; to  change. 

Reject  him,  lest  he  darken  all  the  flock, 

And  substitute  another  from  thy  stock.  Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Change. 

SUB'STI-TUTE,  n.  [It.  % Sp.  sustituto ; Fr.  sub- 
stitut .]  One  placed  by  another  to  act  with  del- 
egated power ; one  acting  for,  or  put  in  place 
of,  another;  a person  or  thing  substituted. 

The  principal’s  presence  is  thus  removed  from  the  scene 
of  aetion,  and  opportunities  are  afforded  for  every  species  of 
idleness  and  fraud  in  the  inferior  substitutes.  Knox. 

SUB-STI-TU'TION,  n.  [L.  substitute  ; It.  susti- 
tuzione;  Sp.  substitution  ; Fr.  substitution .] 

1.  Aot  of  substituting  or  state  of  being  substi- 
tuted ; the  replacing  of  one  thing  by  another. 

From  this  substitution  [of  tutelar  angels  for  tutelar  deities] 
the  system'  which  I have  described  arose.  Bp.  Horsley. 

2.  (Theol.)  The  doctrine  which  teaches  that 

the  sufferings  of  Christ  were  vicarious  and  expi- 
atory. Eden. 

3.  (Law.)  The  designation  of  one  in  a will  to 
take  a devise  or  legacy,  either  on  failure  of  a 
former  devisee  or  legatee,  or  after  him.  Burrill. 

SUB-STI-TU'TION- AL,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  im- 
plying, substitution ; supplying  the  place  of 
another.  Russell. 

SUB-STI-TU'TION- A L-LY,  ad.  By  way  of  substi- 
tution. Ed.  Rev. 

SUB-STI-fU'TION-A-RY,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or 
making,  substitution  ; substitutional.  Smith. 

SUB'STI-TU-TI  VE,  a.  Furnishing  a substitute  ; 
that  may  be  substituted.  Wilkins. 

SUB-STRACT',  v.  a.  [L.  subtraho ; Fr.  soub- 
straire.]  To  deduct.  — See  Subtract.  Barrow. 

SUB-STR  AC'TION,  n.  [Old  Fr.  substruction.] 
(Law.)  The  act  of  unlawfully  taking  away, 
withdrawing,  or  withholding,  as  of  rights,  lega- 
cies, or  rents.  — See  Subtraction.  Blackstone. 

SUB'STRATE,  n.  A substratum.  Dr.  Good. 

SUB'STRATE,  a.  Having  slight  furrows.  Clarke. 

SUB'STRATE,  v.  a.  [L.  stibsterno,  substratus ; sub, 
under,  and  sterno,  to  strow.]  To  strow  or  lay. 

Glass  supported  by  the  substrated  sand.  Boi/le. " 

SUB-STRA'TUM,  n.  ; pi.  SUBSTRATA.  [L.] 

1.  A stratum  lying  under  another  stratum. 

Clay  is  the  common  substratum  or  subsoil  of  gravel.  Brande. 

2.  Something  supposed  to  be  laid  or  placed 
under  as  a support  for,  or  to  maintain  or  hold 
together  certain  accidents  or  qualities. 


Such  qualities  as  have  been  observed  to  coexist  in  an  un- 
known substratum,  which  we  call  substance.  Locke. 

SUB-STRUC’TION,  n.  [L.  substruction,  Fr.  sub- 
struction.] An  under-building.  Swinburne. 

SUB-STRUCT'URE  (sub-strukt'yur),  n.  That  on 
which  the  superstructure  is  raised  ; a founda- 
tion ; an  under-building. 

A substructure  of  their  chronology.  Harris. 

SUB-STY'LAR,  a.  Noting  a line  under  the  style 
of  a dial.  Moxon. 


SUB'STYLE,  n.  (Dialling.)  The  orthographic 
projection  of  the  style  upon  the  plane  of  the 
dial.  Davies. 

SUB-StTL'PHATE,  n.  ( Chem. .)  A sulphate  con- 
taining more  equivalents  of  base  than  of  acid  ; 
as,  “ Subsulphate  of  mercury,”  — which  consists 
of  three  equivalents  of  sulphuric  acid  and  four 
of  oxide  of  mercury.  Turner. 

SUB-SUL'PHlDE,  n.  (Chem.)  A non-acid  com- 
pound of  one  equivalent  of  sulphur  and  more 
than  one  equivalent  of  a metal  or  other  body  ; as, 
“ Subsulphide  of  iron,”  — which  consists  of  one 
equivalent  of  sulphur  and  two  of  iron.  Graham. 

SUB-SUI/TIVE,  a.  Subsultory.  [r.]  Bp.  Berkeley. 

f SUB'SUL-TO-RI-Ly,  ad.  In  a subsultory  man- 
ner ; by  fits  ; by  starts.  Bacon. 

SUB'SUL-TO-RY,  or  SUB-SUL'TO-RY  [sub'sul- 
tur-e,  -S.  IF,  E.  F. ; sub-sul'tur-e,  F.  J.  K.  Sm. 
R.  W b.],  a.  [L.  subsilio,  subsultum,  to  make 
short  leaps ; sub,  under,  and  salio,  to  leap.] 
Bounding;  moving  by  starts,  [a.]  Abp.  Ilort. 

They  [the  numbers  in  tragedy]  ought,  for  the  most  part,  to 
run  somewhat  rambling  anil  irregular,  ami  often  rapid  and 
subsultory , so  as  to  imitate  the  natural  cadence  and  quick 
turns  of  conversation.  Armstrong. 

/JQp  “ Mr.  Sheridan  is  the  only  orthoepist  who  has 
accented  this  word  on  the  first  syllable,  as  I have 
done;  for  Dr.  Johnson, ’Dr.  Ash,  Dr.  Kenrick,  Bar- 
clay, Fenning,  Bailey,  and  Entick,  accent  the  second. 
Its  companion,  desultory , is  accented  on  the  first  syl- 
lable by  Mr.  Sheridan,  Dr.  Johnson,  Mr.  Nares,  Mr. 
Smith,  and  Fenning,  [and  by  J.  E.  F.  Jo.  K.  Sm.R. 
IV b.  ;]  but  on  the  second  by  Dr.  Ash,  Dr.  Kenrick,  Mr. 
Scott,  W.  Johnston,  Mr.  Perry,  Buchanan,  Bailey, 
and  Entick.  As  these  two  words  must  necessarily  be 
accented  alike,  we  see  Dr.  Johnson  and  Fenning  [also 
J.  K.  Sin.  R.  Wb.)  are  inconsistent.  But,  though  the 
majority  of  authorities  are  against  me  in  both  these 
words,  I greatly  mistake  if  analogy  is  not  clearly  on 
niy'side.”  Walker. 

SUB-SUI/TUS,  n.  (•Med.)  Twitching;  muscular 
agitation,  as  in  febrile  diseases.  Dunglison. 

SUB-SUME',  v.  a.  [L.  sub , under,  and  sumo , to 
take.]  To  assume  by  consequence  of  what  pre- 
cedes, as  a position. 

St.  Paul,  who  cannot  name  that  word.*4  sinners,”  but  must 
straight  subsume  in  a parenthesis,  “of  whom  1 am  the  chief.” 

Hammond. 

SUB-SUMP'TION,  n.  The  assumption  of  any 
thing  as  a consequence  from  what  precedes. 

When  we  dre  able  to  comprehend  why  or  how  a thing  is, 
the  belief  of  the  existence  of  that  thing  is  not  a primary  (la- 
tum of  consciousness,  but  a subsumption  under  the  cognition 
or  belief  which  affords  its  reason.  Sir  fV.  Hamilton. 


SUB-TAiM'GfiNT,  n.  (Geom.) 

That  part  of  an  axis  included 
between  the  points  in  which  g= 
a tangent  cuts  it,  and  the 
foot  of  the  ordinate  through  the  point  of  con- 
tact. Davies. 

ASy  In  the  figure  A D is  the  subtangent,  B L>  (lie 
tangent,  and  A B the  ordinate. 

SUB-TAR-TA'RE-AN,  a.  Being,  or  living,  under 
Tartarus.  “ Subtartarean  powers.”  Pope. 


SUB-TEG-U-LA'NE-OUS,  a.  [L.  subteyulaneus  ; 
sub,  under,  and  teyulte,  tiles,  a roof.]  Under 
the  eaves.  Clarke. 


SUB-TEN 'ANT,  n.  The  tenant  of  one  who  is  him- 
self a tenant.  Bouvier. 


SUB-TEND',  v.  a.  [L.  subtendo;  sub,  under,  and 
tendo,  to  stretch.]  [f.  subtended  ; pp.  sub- 
tending, subtended.]  To  stretch  or  extend 
under ; to  be  opposite  to,  as  a line  to  an  angle. 

Though  the  apparent  magnitude  of  objects  is  supposed  to 
depend  upon  the  angle  they  subtend  at  our  eye,  nevertheless 
our  familiarity  with  them  changes  our  estimation  of  their 
bulk.  Tucker. 

SUB-TENSE',  n.  (Geom.)  A chord.  Davies. 


SUB-TEP'ID,  a.  Tepid  in  some  degree.  Smart. 


SUB 'TER.  [L.]  A Latin  preposition  signifying 
under  ; — equivalent  to  sub,  as  a prefix. 


MIEN,  SIR ; MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 


BULL,  BUR,  RpLE.  — e,  <?,  g,  soft ; F,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  £ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


SUBTERETE 


1440 


SUBVERT 


SUB-Tp-RETE',  a.  Somewhat  terete.  Clarke. 

SUB-TER'FLU-ENT,  5 a.  [L.  sabtcr/uo,  subtcr- 

SUB-TER'FLU-OUS,  ( f ueiis ; sublet ’,  under,  and 
Jluo,  to  flow.]  Flowing  under,  [it.]  Blount. 

SUB’TpR-FuyE,  n.  [L.  suiter,  under,  and  fugio, 
to  flee;  It.  sutterfugio ; Sp.  subterfugio;  Fr. 
subterfuge.]  A pretence  or  pretext,  to  escape 
or  evade  a difficulty  ; an  evasion  ; a shift ; a 
trick ; a quirk  ; an  artifice. 

Affect  not  tittle  shifts  and  subterfuges  to  avoid  the  force  of 
an  argument.  Watts. 

Syn.  — See  Evasion. 

SUB'TJJR-RANE,  n.  [Old  Fr.  subterrain.]  A sub- 
terraneous structure  or  room,  [it.]  Bryant. 

fSUB-T^R-RA'JV^-AL,  a.  Subterranean.  Boyle. 

SUB-T£R-RA'NE-AN,  l a_  [L.  subterraneus ; 

SUB-TpR-R/V'NlJ-OUS,  > sub,  under,  and  terra, 
the  earth;  It.  sotterraneo ; Sp.  subterraneo ; Fr. 
subterranec.]  Being  under  the  surface  of  the 
earth ; underground. 

Seek  subterranean  vaults,  or  climb  the  sky.  Blackmore. 

This  subterraneous  passage  was  not  at  first  designed  so 
much  for  a highway  as  for  a quarry.  Addison. 

f sOb-TER-RAN'I-TY,  n.  A place  under  ground ; 

a subterranean  place.  Browne. 

f SUB'T£R-RA-NY,  n.  That  which  lies  under  the 
surface  of  earth.  Bacon. 

f SUB'TpR-RA-NY,  a.  Subterranean.  Bacon. 

SUB-TJJR-RENE',  a.  Subterranean.  J.  Taylor. 

SUB'TILE  (sub'tjl)  [sub'tjl,  S.  IV.  J.  E.  F.  Ja. 
Sin.;  sub'tjl  or  sut'tl,  P.  K.],  a.  [L.  subtilis ; 
sub,  under,  slightly,  and  tela,  a web,  warp ; 
It.  suttile;  Sp.  sutil ; Fr.  subtil.] 

1.  Thin ; rare  ; not  dense  or  gross. 

A much  subtiler  medium  than  air.  Newton. 

The  subtile  dew  in  air  begins  to  soar.  Drydcn. 

2.  Nice;  fine;  delicate;  not  coarse. 

Let  Caisar  spread  his  subtile  nets,  like  Vulcan.  Dryden. 

3.  Piercing  ; acute  ; sharp  ; excruciating. 

Pass  we  the  slow  disease  and  subfile  pain.  Prior. 

4.  Cunning;  sly.  — See  Subtle. 

Syn.  — See  Subtle. 

SUB'TjLE-LY,  ad.  In  a subtile  manner  ; thinly  ; 
finely  : — artfully  ; subtly.  — See  Subtly. 

SUB'TjLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state  of 
being  subtile  ; subtility.  Wiseman. 

t SUB-TIL'J-ATE,  v.  a.  To  make  subtile;  to 
make  thin  or  rare. 

Matter,  however  subtiliated , is  matter  still.  Boyle. 

f s0B-TIL-1-A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  making  thin 
or  subtile  ; rarefaction.  Boyle. 

SUB-TI  L'I-TY,  n.  [L.  subtilitas.]  Fineness; 
thinness;  subtilty.  [k.]  Smart. 

SUB-TIL-I-zA'TION,  n.  [Fr.  subtilisation.] 

1.  The  act  of  subtilizing,  or  the  state  of  being 

subtilized ; rarefaction.  Cheyne. 

2.  Excessive  refinement,  [r.]  Johnson. 

SUB'TIL-IZE  [sub'til-lz,  S.  W.  E.  Ja.  K.  Sm. ; 
sut'tl-lz  or  sub'iil-iz,  P.],  v.  a.  [It.  sottilizzare ; 
Sp.  sutHizar ; Fr.  subtiliser.]  [t.  subtilized  ; 
pp.  SUBTILIZING,  SUBTILIZED.] 

1.  To  make  thin  ; to  make  less  gross. 

Chyle,  being  mixed  with  the  choler  and  pancreatic  juices, 
is  further  subtilized.  Bay. 

2.  To  refine  ; to  render  excessively  nice. 

’Tis  no  wonder  if  the  wit  of  men  so  employed  should  per- 
plex, involve,  and  subtilize  the  signification  of  words.  Locke. 

SUB'TjL-IZE,  v.  n.  To  refine  too  much  in  argu- 
ment ; to  use  unnecessary  refinement. 

He  must  not  subtilize;  he  must  not  deal  in  general  reflec- 
tions and  abstract  reasonings.  Blair. 

SUB'TjL-TY,  n.  [L.  subtilitas  ; subtilis,  fine  ; It.  j 
sottiliti ; Sp.  sutilidad;  Fr.  subtiliU.] 

1.  The  quality  or  the  state  of  being  subtile  ; 
thinness;  fineness;  exility;  subtileness. 

The  subtilties  of  particular  sounds.  Bacon. 

2.  Over-refinement ; too  much  acuteness. 

There  is  a reason  rendered  full  of  infinite  suhtiltg.  Holland. 

3.  Cunning ; craft ; subtlety.  — See  Subtlety. 

The  rudeness  and  harbarity  of  savage  Indians  knows  not 
so  perfectly  to  hate  all  virtues  as  some  men’s  subtil ft/.  Kg.  Ch. 

4.  f A cunning  device  or  emblem.  Leland. 

sObt'LE  (sut'tl),  a.  [L.  subtilis.  — Sec  Subtile.] 


1.  Sly ; artful ; cunning ; crafty ; wily. 

The  serpent,  subtlest  beast  of  all  the  field.  Milton. 

2.  Acute;  keen;  as,  “ A subtle  reasoner.” 

3.  f Very  smooth,  as  a bowling  green.  Sha7c. 

■CUT*  “ This  word  and  subtile  have  been  used  almost 

indiscriminately  to  express  very  different  senses,  as 
may  be  seen  in  Johnson  ; but,  as  custom  has  adopted 
a different  spelling  and  a different  pronunciation,  it 
is  to  be  presumed  it  lias  not  been  without  reason. 
That  the  first  sense  of  the  word,  meaning  fine,  acute , 
&c.,  should  extend  itself  to  the  latter,  meaning  sly , 
artful , &c.,  is  not  to  he  wondered  at,  as  words  have  a 
tendency  to  fall  into  a bad  sense  ; witness  knave , 
villain,  &c.  ; but,  if  custom  has  marked  this  difference 
of  sense  by  a difference  of  spelling  and  pronunciation, 
it  should  seem  to  be  an  effort  of  nature  to  preserve 
precision  in  our  ideas.  If  these  observations  are  just, 
t lie  abstracts  of  these  words  ought  to  be  kept  as  dis- 
tinct as  their  concretes : from  subtile  ought  to  be 
formed  subtilty,  and  from  subtle , subtlety ; the  b being 
heard  in  the  two  first,  and  mute  in  the  two  last.” 
Walker. 

“ Subtle  is  the  proper  spelling  when  wc  mean  sly  or 
cunning',  the  other  spelling  is  proper  when  we  mean 
thin  or  rare.  Both  forms  have  the  same  root.”  Smart. 

Syn.  — Subtle  and  subtile  are  often  confounded 
with  each  other,  both  in  orthography  and  pronunci- 
ation, and  also  in  the  sense  of  acute ; as,  a subtle 
reasoner  or  a subtile  reasoner.  But  the  orthography 
of  subtle,  in  this  sense,  seems  preferable.  In  the 
sense  of  sly,  artful,  wily,  and  cunning , subtle  is  the 
established  orthography,  and  subtile , in  the  sense  of 
thin,  fine,  and  rare.  — Subtle,  as  applied  to  the  intel- 
lect and  its  operations,  partakes  somewhat  of  a bad 
sense;  as,  a subtle  reasoner  may  he  less  candid  and 
fair  than  an  acute  reasoner.  — See  Cunning,  Acute. 

SUBT'LE-NESS  (sut'tl-nes),  n.  The  quality  of 
being  subtle  ; subtlety.  Smart. 

SUBT'LE-TY  (sut'tl-te),  n.  [L.  subtilitas.] 

1.  The  quality  of  being  subtle ; artfulness ; 
cunning;  slyness;  craft;  artifice. 

As  from  his  wit  and  native  subtlety.  Milton. 

2.  Acuteness  or  nicety  of  discrimination. 

It  is  with  great  propriety  that  subtlety,  which  in  its  original 
import  means  exility  of  particles,  is  taken  in  its  metaphorical 
meaning  for  nicety  of  distinction.  Johnson. 

SUBT'LY  (sut'le),  ad.  In  a subtle  manner ; slyly  ; 
artfully  ; cunningly  ; craftily  ; — nicely.  Milton. 

SUB-TON'IC,  n.  ( Mus .)  The  semitone  immedi- 
ately below  the  tonic.  Moore. 

SUB-TRACT',  v.  a.  [L.  subtraho,  subtractus ; sub, 
under,  and  traho,  tractus,  to  draw ; It.  sottrarre ; 
Sp .sustraer;  Fr . soustraire.]  [i.  subtracted  ; 
pp.  subtracting,  subtracted.]  To  take  away, 
as  a part ; to  deduct ; to  withdraw. 

Whatsoever  time  nnd  attendance  we  bestow  upon  one 
thing  we  must  necessarily  subtiact  from  another.  Scott. 

“They  who  derive  it  from  the  Latin  write  sub- 
tract ; those  who  know  the  French  original  write 
substract,  which  is  the  common  word.”  Dr.  John- 
son. — “ Substract,  either  in  spelling  or  pronunciation, 
is  a vulgarism.”  Smart.  — “Both  etymology  and 
analogy,  as  well  as  euphony,  determine  us  in  prefer- 
ring subtract  to  substract , and  consequently  subtraction 
to  substruction.”  Dr.  Campbell. 

SUB-TRACT'IJR,  il.  One  who  subtracts. 

SUB-TRAc'TION,  n.  [It.  sottrazionc ; Sp.  sus- 
traccion;  Fr.  soustraction.] 

1.  The  act  of  subtracting ; the  taking  away 

of  a part  ; deduction.  Johnson. 

2.  (Math.)  The  act  of  taking  one  number  or 
quantity  from  another,  in  order  to  find  the  dif- 
ference ; the  operation  of  finding  or  indicating 
the  difference  between  two  quantities.  Davies. 

In  algebra  it  is  by  no  means  necessary  that 
the  minuend  should  be  greater  than  the  subtrahend  ; 
on  the  contrary,  it  is  often  less.”  Davies. 

3.  (Eng.  Law.)  The  offence  of  withholding 

from  another  that  which  by  law  he  is  entitled 
to ; — written  also  substruction.  Burrill. 

SUB-TRAC'TIVE,  a.  1.  That  subtracts,  or  has 
the  power  of  subtracting.  Clarke. 

2.  (Algebra.)  Noting  a quantity  preceded  by 
the  sign  — . Davies. 

SUB'TRA-HEND,  n.  (Math.)  The  number  or 
quantity  to  be  subtracted.  Davies. 

SOB-TRANS-LU'CENT,  a.  Somewhat  or  imper- 
fectly translucent.  Clarke. 

SUB-TRANS-FAr'ENT,  a.  Somewhat  or  imper- 
fectly transparent.  Clarke. 

SUB-TRI'FID,  a.  (Bot.)  Slightly  trifid.  Wright. 


SUB-TRiP'LE  (-trlp'pl),  a.  (Math.)  Containing  a 
third,  or  one  part  out  of  three.  Wilkins. 

Sublriplc  ratio,  a ratio  which  is  equal  to  J. 

SUB-TRIP'LE,  n.  One  part  of  three.  Davies. 

SUB-TRlP'L(-CATE,  a.  (Math.)  Noting  the  ratio 
of  the  cube  roots  of  two  quantities.  Davies. 

SUB-TRUDE',  v.  a.  [L.  sub,  under,  and  trudo,  to 
thrust.]  To  insert  or  place  under.  Dublin  llev. 

SUB-TU'TOR,  n.  A subordinate  tutor.  Burnet. 

SU'BU-L^TE,  ) [L.  subula,  an  awl.]  (Nat. 

SU'BlJ-LAT-gD,  ) Hist.)  Having  the  form  of  an 
awl ; tapering  from  a broadish  or  thiekish  base 
to  a sharp  point ; awl-shaped.  Pennant.  Gray. 

t SUB-UN-DA'TION,  n.  [L.  sub,  under,  and  vnda, 
a wave.]  Flood ; inundation.  lluloet. 

SUB-UN'GUAL  (-ung'-),  a.  Subunguial.  Clarke. 

SUB-UN'GUJ-AL  (sub-ung'gwe-al),  a.  [L.  sub, 
under,  and  unguis,  a nail.]  (Anat.)  Of  or  per- 
taining to  parts  under  the  nail.  Dunglison. 

SUB'ijRB,  n.  [L.  suburbium ; sub,  under,  near, 
and  urbs,  a city;  Sp.  suburbio.] 

1.  A district,  territory,  or  village,  without  the 
walls  of  a city,  but  in  the  immediate  vicinity ; 
the  outer  part  or  confines  of  a city  ; a part 
near  a city  ; — commonly  used  in  the  plural. 

What  can  be  more  to  the  devaluation  of  the  Spaniard 
than  to  have  marched  seven  days  in  the  heart  of  his  coun- 
tries, and  lodged  three  nights  in  the  suburbs  of  his  principal 
city  ? Bacon . 

These  are  the  holy  suburbs,  and  from  thence 

Begins  God’s  city.  New  Jerusalem, 

Which  doth  extend  her  utmost  gates  to  them.  Donne. 

2.  The  exterior  or  outer  part  ; confine,  [r.] 

The  suburb  of  their  straw-built  citadel.  Milton. 

In  the  suburbs  and  expectation  of  sorrow.  Bp.  Taylor. 

SUB-URB'AN,  a.  [L.  subuYbanus ; It.  <$c  Sp.  su- 
burbano  ; Fr.  suburbain .]  Pertaining  to,  or  in- 
habiting, a suburb.  “ Suburban  villas.”  Cowper. 

SUB-URB'AN,  n.  One  who  lives  in  the  suburb 
of  a city  ; a rustic.  Byron. 

SUB'URBED  (-iirbd),  a.  Having  a suburb.  Carew. 

SUB-UR'BI-AL,  a.  Suburban,  [it.]  Warton. 

SUB-UR'BI-AN,  a.  Suburban,  [it.]  Massinger. 

SUB-UR-BI-CA'RI-AN,  a.  [L.  suburbicarius.] 
Noting  those  provinces  of  Italy  which  com- 
posed the  ancient  diocese  of  Rome.  Barrow. 

SUB-UR'BI-CA-RY,  a.  Suburbicarian.  Clarke. 

SU B-VA-Ri'Jg-TY , n.  (Nat.  Hist.)  A subordinate 
variety  ; a subdivision  of  a variety,  [r.]  P.  Cyc. 

SUB-VENE',  v.  n.  [L.  subvenio;  sub,  under,  and 
venio,  to  come  ; Fr.  subvenir .]  To  come  under, 
as  a support,  assistance,  or  stay. 

A future  state  must  needs  subvene , to  prevent  the  whole 
edifice  from  falling  into  ruin.  IVurburton. 

f S U I! - V IJN-T A ' N F, - O U S , a.  [Low  L.  subventane- 
us .]  Addle  ; windy.  Browne. 

SUB- VEN'TION,  n.  [L.  suhvenio,  to  come  under, 
to  assist;  It.  sovvenzione;  Sp.  subvencion;  Fr. 
subvention .] 

1.  The  act  of  subvening  or  coming  under. 

The  subvention  of  a cloud.  Stackhouse. 

2.  Assistance  ; relief ; aid  ; help.  Spenser. 

3.  A government  grant  or  aid.  Simmonds. 

t SUB-VERSE',  v.  a.  [L.  subverto,  subversus.]  To 
subvert ; to  overthrow.  Spenser. 

SUB-VER'SION,  n.  [L.  subversio ; It.  sovversione ; 
Sp.  suversion  ; Fr.  subversion.)  The  act  of  sub- 
verting ; overturn  ; overthrow ; ruin  ; destruc- 
tion. 

Laws  have  been  often  abused,  to  the  . . . subversion  of  that 
order  they  were  intended  to  preserve.  Boyers. 

SU  B-VER'SION-A-RY,  a.  Subversive.  Ch.  Ob. 

SUB-VER'SIVE,  a.  [Sp.  suversivo ; Fr.  subversif] 
Tending  to  subvert ; destructive  ; ruinous. 

There  will  be  a constant  fatality  upon  them  utterly  subver- 
sive of  liberty,  estimation,  and  prudence.  - Search. 

SUB- VERT',  v.  a.  [L.  subverto ; sub,  under,  and 
verto,  to  turn  ; It.  sovvertire ; Sp.  S Fr.  subver- 
tir.]  [i.  SUBVERTED  ; pp.  SUBVERTING,  SUB- 
VERTED.] 

1.  To  overthrow;  to  overturn ; to  destroy;  to 
turn  upside  down  ; to  invert ; to  reverse. 

Ho  proposition  can  be  received  tor  divine  revelation,  if 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  r,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure  j FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER  - 


SUBYERTER 


1441 


SUCCULENCY 


contradictory  to  our  clear  intuitive  knowledge;  because  this 
would  subvert  the  principles  of  all  knowledge.  Locke. 

2.  To  corrupt ; to  confound  ; to  pervert. 

That  they  strive  not  about  words  to  no  purpose  but  to  the 
subverting  of  the  hearers.  2 Tim.  ii.  14. 

Syn.  — See  Overturn. 

SUB-VERT'JJR,  n.  One  who  subverts.  Waterland. 

Sl’B-VERT'I-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  subverted. 

SUB- VIL'LAIN,  n.  A subordinate  villain.  Dryden. 

SUB-WAY',  n.  A way  underground.  Simmotids. 

SUB-WORK'ER  (-wurk'er)i  n-  A subordinate 
worker  ; one  who  works  under  another.  South. 

SUC’CADE§  (-kadz),  n.  pi.  The  sweet  constituent 
of  certain  vegetable  products,  imported,  pre- 
served in  sugar,  from  the  East  and  West  Indies 
and  the  Levant,  for  confectionery.  Simmonds. 

f SUC'Cg-DANE,  n.  A succedaneum.  Holland. 

sOC-CE-dA'NE-OUS,  a.  [L.  succedaneus  ; Fr. 
succrdanc.]  Supplying  the  place  of  something 
else  ; substitutional.  Boyle. 

sBC-CE-dA  'J\TE-  US!,  pi.  L.  s&c-oe-da  ’ nf.-a  ; 
Eng.  (rarely)  s&c-ge-da'ne-Dm§.  [L.]  That 

which  takes  the  place  of,  or  serves  for,  some- 
thing else ; a substitute.  Warburton. 

It  [goat’s  milk]  is  an  excellent  succedaneum  for  ass’s  milk. 

Pennant. 

SUC-CEED',  v.  n.  [L.  succcdo  ; sub,  under,  and 
cedo,  to  go,  to  give  way ; It.  suecedere ; Sp. 
suceder;  Fr.  succeder.]  [i.  succeeded;  pp. 

SUCCEEDING,  SUCCEEDED.] 

1.  To  come  into  the  place  of  another. 

David,  by  the  same  title,  succeeded  in  his  [Saul’s]  throne, 
to  the  exclusion  of  Jonathan.  Locke. 

Revenge  succeeds  to  love,  ami  rage  to  grief.  Dryden. 

2.  To  follow  in  order  of  time  or  place  ; to  ensue. 
Those  of  all  ages  to  succeed  will  curse  my  head.  Milton. 

3.  To  obtain  one’s  wish  ; to  come  to  a desired 
effect ; to  have  a prosperous  issue ; to  prosper. 

Alike  my  scorn,  if  he  succeed  or  fail.  Pope. 

4.  -|-To  go,  as  under  cover. 

Or  will  you  to  the  cooler  shade  succeed?  Dryden. 

SUC-CEED',  v.  a.  1.  To  be  subsequent  or  conse- 
quent to  ; to  follow  ; to  come  after. 

Those  destructive  effects  . . . succeeded  the  curse.  Browne. 

2.  To  take  the  place  or  office  of ; to  follow  in 
order,  office,  or  authority. 

So  was  I to  King  Edward  faithful  chaplain,  and  glad 
would  have  been  that  his  child  had  succeeded  him.  More. 

3.  To  prosper  ; to  make  successful. 

God  was  pleased  to  succeed  their  endeavors.  Stillingflect. 

Syn.  — See  Follow. 

SUC-CEED'ANT,  a.  (Ilcr.)  Succeeding  or  fol- 
lowing one  another.  Ogilvie. 

SyC-CEED'IJR,  n.  One  who  succeeds.  Boyle. 

SyC-CEED'[NG,  p.  a.  Following;  subsequent. 

St  C-CEED'ING,  n.  The  act  or  the  state  of  one 
who,  or  that  which,  succeeds.  Milton. 

StJC-CEN'TOR,  ii.  [L.  sub,  under,  and  cantor, 
a singer.]  One  who  sings  bass  in  a concert. 

In  1042,  he  [Win.  Cartwright]  was  promoted  to  the  place  of 
succentor  to  the  Cathedral  of  Salisbury.  Baker. 

Syc-CESS',  ii.  [L.  succcssns ; It.  successo ; Sp. 
suceso ; Fr.  succes. — See  Succeed.] 

1.  Good  fortune;  issue  or  result ; — generally 
understood  as  a desired  issue,  unless  qualified 
by  another  word.  “Bad  success."  Milton. 

’Tis  not  in  mortals  to  command  success; 

Rut  we  ’ll  do  more ,'Sempron  ius;  we  ’ll  deserve  it.  Addison. 
All  the  proud  virtue  of  this  vaunting  world 
Fawns  on  success,  howe’er  acquired.  Thomson. 

2.  f Succession  ; consecution. 

, Then  all  the  sons  of  these  five  brethren  reigned 

By  due  success.  Spenser. 

f SUC'CyS-SA-RY,  a.  Desired  or  obtained  by  suc- 
cession, as  honors.  Beau.  FI. 

SI  C-CESS'FUL,  a.  Having  success  or  the  desired 
effect  or  result ; prosperous  ; fortunate ; happy. 

Grown  wealthy  by  a long  and  successful  imposture.  South. 

The  rage  of  a successful  rival.  Dryden . 

Syn.  — See  Fortunate,  Happy. 

SyC-CESS'FUL-LY,  ad.  With  success  ; prosper- 
ously ; luckily  ; fortunately.  Shah. 

SUC-CESS'EJJL-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
successful  ; prosperous  result.  Hammond. 


SUC-CES'SION  (suk-sSsh'un),  n.  [L.  succession 
It  .successions;  Sp.  sucesion ; Fr.  succession.) 

1.  The  act  or  the  state  of  succeeding,  or  of 
following  in  order ; consecution  ; sequence. 

2.  That  which  follows  or  succeeds ; a series 
of  things  or  of  persons  following  one  another. 

The  water,  instead  of  making  one  continued  shoot,  falls 
through  a succession  of  different  stories.  Gilpin. 

3.  A lineage  ; an  order  of  descendants. 

Cassibulan,  thine  uncle,  . . . 

And  his  succession,  granted  Rome  a tribute.  Shak. 

4.  (Law.)  A right  to  enter  upon  the  estate, 

real  or  personal,  which  one  deceased  had  at  the 
time  of  his  death  : — the  right  by  which  one  set 
of  men  may,  by  succeeding  another  set,  acquire 
a property  in  all  the  goods,  movables,  and  other 
chattels  of  a corporation.  Burrill. 

5.  (Mus.)  A term  applied  to  the  notes  of  mel- 

ody, in  contradistinction  to  those  of  harmony, 
which  are  given  in  combination.  Moore. 

Apostolical  succession,  ( Thcol .)  the  uninterrupted 
succession  of  priests  in  the  church,  by  regular  ordina- 
tion, from  the  first  commission  given  by  Christ  to  the 
apostles,  and  recorded  in  the  Gospels,  down  to  the 
present  day. 

figg*  “ The  doctrine  of  ‘the  apostolical  succession,' 
as  it  is  properly  called,  means  the  belief  that  the 
clergy,  so  regularly  ordained,  have  a commission 
from  God  to  preach  the  gospel,  administer  the  sacra- 
ments, and  guide  the  church ; that  through  their 
ministration  only  we  can  derive  the  grace  which  is 
communicated  by  the  sacraments.  It  follows,  of 
course,  that  those  sects  of  Christians  which  have  no 
such  succession  (having  seceded  from  Romanism 
without  retaining  ministers  regularly  ordained,  or 
having  subsequently  interrupted  the  succession,  that 
is,  all  Protestant  bodies,  except  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land) have,  properly  speaking,  neither  church  nor 
sacraments,  since  they  possess  no  apostolic  authority. 
. . . The  Church  of  England  does  not  affirm  this  doc- 
trine in  her  Articles,  and  the  language  of  Art.  19, 
although  not  excluding  it,  is  plainly  not  such  as 
would  have  been  used  by  framers  who  wished  to 
inculcate  it.”  Braude. 

Syn.  — See  Series. 

SFC  CES'SION-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to,  existing  in, 
or  implying  succession.  Shaftesbury. 

SUC-CES'SION-AL-LY,  ad.  By  succession. Ec.llev. 

Sl:C-CES'SION-IST,  n.  An  adherent  to  succession, 
particularly  to  apostolical  succession.  Ec.  Bee. 

SUC-CES'SIVE,  a.  [L.  successivtts  ; It.  successiro; 
Sp.  sacesivo  ; Fr.  success/ f.) 

1.  Following  in  order  ;' continuing  in  uninter- 
rupted consecution  ; consecutive  ; alternate. 

God  hath  set 

Labor  and  rest,  as  day  and  night,  to  man. 

Successive.  Milton. 

Send  the  successive  ills  through  ages  down.  Prior. 

2.  f Inherited  by  succession. 

The  empire  being  elective,  and  not  successive.  Raleigh. 

Syn.  — What  is  successive  follows  directly;  what 
is  alternate  follows  indirectly,  or  with  something 
intervening;  what  is  continuous  is  not  interrupted 
by  any  thing  intervening.  Successive , or  consecutive, 
hours  imply  every  hour  in  regular  succession  ; al- 
ternate, every  other  hour. 

SyC-CES'SIVE-LY,  ad.  1.  By  succession ; in  a 
series  ; one  after  another  ; consecutively.  South. 

2.  f Fully;  completely;  wholly. 

"What  to  this  house  successively  is  done.  Fairfax. 

SUC-CES'SI  VE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state 
of  being  successive.  Hale. 

SyC-CESS'LpSS,  a.  Having  no  success  ; unlucky; 
unfortunate.  “ Successless  love.’’  Addison. 

SUC-CESS'LIJSS-LY,  ad.  Without  success  ; un- 
fortunately ; unluckily.  Hammond. 

SUC-CESS'LESS-NESS,  n.  Unsuccessfulness. 
“ The  successlessness  of  his  endeavors.”  Boyle. 

SUC-CES'SOR  [suk-ses'ur,  P.J  Ja.  K.'  Sm.  W5.  ; 
suk'ses-ur,  S.  E.  F. ; suk'ses-ur  or  suk-ses'ur,  IF. 

* B.],  it.  [L.]  One  who  succeeds  or  follows  in 
the  place  or  character  of  another ; a follower ; 
— correlative  to  predecessor. 

I hero  declare  you  rightful  successor 

And  heir  immediate  to  my  crown.  Drj/dcn. 

“ This  word  is  not  unfrequently  pronounced 
with  the  accent  on  the  second  syllable,  as  if  it  were 
formed  from  success ; but  this  accentuation,  though 
agreeable  to  its  Latin  original,  has,  as  in  confessor , 
yielded  to  the  prevailing  power  of  the  English  ante- 
penultimate accent.  Dr.  Johnson,  Mr.  Sheridan,  Mr. 
Elphinston,  and  Entick  accent  this  word  on  the 
first  syllable;  and  Dr.  Ash,  Dr.  Kenrick,  W.  John 


ston  Mr.  Perry,  Buchanan,  and  Bailey,  on  the  second  ; 
Barclay  and  Penning  give  both,  hut  prefer  the  first; 
Mr.  Scott  gives  both,  and  prefers  the  second  : but, 
from  the  opinion  that  is  foolishly  gone  forth,  that  we 
ought  to  accent  words  as  near  the  beginning  as  pos- 
sible, there  is  little  doubt  that  the  antepenultimate 
accent  will  prevail.”  Walker.  — “ This  is  one  of  the 
words  over  which  fashion  now  relaxes  its  sway  in 
favor  of  the  more  consistent  accentuation  ” (sne- 
ces'sor^.  Smart. 

SlJC-CTD'U-OCs,  a.  [L.  snccidutts ; sub,  under, 
and  cado , to  fall.]  Ready  to  fall.  Smart. 

SUCtCIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  succvs , juice,  and  fero, 
to  bear.]  Yielding  or  producing  sap.  Smart. 

StlC'CI-NATE,  n.  (Chem.)  A salt  composed  of 
succinic  acid  and  a base.  Miller. 

SUC'CI-NAT-JJD,  a.  Combined  or  mixed  with 
succinic  acid.  Clarke. 

SUC-CINCT'  (suk-singkt',  82),  a.  [L.  succinr/o , Stic- 
cinetus , to  gird  ; sub , under,  and  cingo , to  gird  ; 
It.  succinto ; Sp.  sucinto  ; Fr.  succinct.] 

1.  Having  the  clothes  drawn  up  to  disengage 
the  legs  ; tucked  up  ; girded,  [r.] 

His  habit  fit  for  speed  succinct.  Milton. 

2.  Short ; concise  ; compact ; compendious  ; 
summary;  brief;  laconic;  condensed. 

A strict  nnd  succinct  style  is  that  where  you  can  take  away 
nothing  without  loss,  ami  that  loss  to  be  manifest.  B.Jonsou. 

A tale  should  be  judicious,  clear,  succinct.  Cox  per. 

Syn.  — See  Short. 

SIJC-CINCT'LY  (suk-slngkt'le),  ad.  In  a succinct 
manner  ; briefly  ; concisely.  Howell. 

SUC-CINCT'NIJSS  (suk-slngkt’nes),  11.  The  quality 
or  the  state  of  being  succinct;  brevity.  South. 

SUC-CIN'IC,  a.  [L.  succinum,  amber.]  (Chem.) 
Noting  a peculiar  acid  originally  obtained  from 
amber,  in  which  it  exists  ready  formed.  Miller. 

SUC'CI-NlTE,  ii.  [L.  succinum,  amber.]  (Min.) 
A variety  of  garnet  of  an  amber  color.  Dana. 

SUC'CI-NOUS,  a.  Pertaining  to,  partaking  of,  or 
resembling  amber.  Ure. 

f SIJC-CIS'ION,  n.  [L.  succisio.)  The  act  of  cut- 
ting oft'  or  down,  as  trees.  Bacon. 

SUC’COR.  v.  a.  [L.  succvrro-,  sub,  under,  and 
curro,  to  run;  It.  soecorrere ; Sp.  socorrer ; Fr. 
secourir .]  [/.  succored  ; pp.  succoring, 

succored.]  To  assist  in  difficulty  or  distress  ; 
to  give  assistance  to  ; to  relieve  ; to  aid  ; to  help. 

To  succor  wasted  regions,  and  replace 

The  smile  of  opulence  in  sorrow’s  face.  Cowper. 

Syn.  — See  Help. 

SUC'COR,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who,  or  that 
which,  succors  ; relief ; aid  ; assistance  ; help. 

How  oft  do  they  [angels]  their  silver  bowers  leave 
To  come  to  succor  us  that  succor  want!  Spenser. 

2.  The  person  or  thing  that  succors  or  aids. 

Fearing  from  France  fresh  succors  every  day 

To  aid  Queen  Margaret,  which  perplexed  him  most.  Drayton. 

Syn.  — See  Aid. 

SUC'COR-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  succored  or 
relieved;  relievable.  [hJ  Bell. 

SUC'COR-JjiR,  n.  One  who  succors.  Rom.  xvi.  2. 

SUC'COR-LESS,  a.  Without  succor.  Thomson. 

SUC'CO-RY,  n.  (Bot.)  The  common  name  of 
plants  of  the  genus  Cichorium ; chiccory. — 
See  ChTccory.  Miller. 

SUC'CO-TASII,  n.  [Narraganset  Indian  insirh- 
quatash,  corn  boiled  whole.]  Food  made  of 
green  maize  and  beans  boiled  together. 

The  wise  Huron  is  welcome;  he  is  come  to  eat  his  succo- 
tash with  liis  brothers  of  the  lakes.  Cooper. 

sDC'CU-BA,  n->  ph  suc'cu-itJE.  [L.  sub,  under, 
and  cubo,  to  recline.]  A kind  of  pretended  fe- 
male demon.  Mir.  for  Mag. 

silC' CU-BUS,  n.  [L.  sub  and  cubo,  to  recline.] 

1.  A kind  of  pretended  demon.  Warburton. 

2.  (Med.)  Nightmare:  — a female  phantom 

with  which  a man  in  his  sleep  may  believe  he 
has  intercourse.  Dunglison. 

SUC'CIJ-LA,  n.  (Mech.)  A bare  axis  or  cylinder, 
with  staves  in  it  to  move  it  round,  but  without 
any  tympanum  or  peritrochium.  Hutton. 

SUC'CU-LENCE,  P n The  quality  of  being  suc- 

SUC'Ct'-LEYCY,  ) eulent ; juiciness.  Kinnicr. 


MIEN,  SIR ; MOVE,  NOR,  SON  ; 
181 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  i},  g,  g,  soft ; IS,  G,  g,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  ^ as  gz. — THIS,  this. 


SUCCULENT 


1442 


SUET 


SUC'CU-LENT,  a.  [L.  succulentus ; succus, .juice; 
sugo,  to  suck  ; It.  succulento ; Sp.  suculento ; 
Fr.  succulent.]  Full  of  juice,  as  a plant;  juicy. 

Divine  Providence  has  spread  her  table  every  where  — not 
with  a juieeless  green  carpet,  but  with  succulent  herbage  and 
nourishing  grass  upon  which  most  beasts  teed.  More. 

SUC'CU-LENT-LY,  ad.  With  succulence  ; juicily. 

SUC'Cy-LOUS,  a.  Succulent ; juicy.  For.  Qu.  Rev. 

SUC'CIJMB',  v.  n.'  [L.  succumbo  ; sub,  under,  and 
cumbo,  to  lie  down  ; It.  succumbere ; Sp.  sucum- 
bir;  Fr.  succomber.]  [f.  succumbed  ; pp.  suc- 
cumbing, succumbed.]  To  yield;  to  submit; 
to  give  way  to  ; to  sink  without  resistance. 

To  their  wills  wc  must  succumb,  Hudibras. 

SUC-CyS-SA'TION,  n.  [L.  succusso,  to  jolt,  as  a 
horse  in  trotting.]  A jolting  or  shaking,  as  of  a 
trotting  horse.  ’ Browne. 

SUC-OUS'SION  (suk-kusli'un),  n.  [L.  succussio .] 

1.  The  act  of  shaking ; agitation ; shake. 

The  tremulous  succussiou  of  the  whole  human  body  [im- 
moderate laughter].  Martinus  Scriblerius. 

2.  (Med.)  A mode  of  ascertaining  the  exist- 

ence  of  a fluid  in  the  thorax,  by  slightly  shak- 
ing the  body  : — the  motion  impressed  on  the 
foetus  in  the  womb  by  alternately  pressing  the 
womb,  with  the  index-finger  of  one  hand  intro- 
duced into  the  vagina,  the  other  hand  being  ap- 
plied on  the  abdomen.  Dunglison. 

SUCH,  a.  & pron.  [M.  Goth,  scale  iks ; Old  High 
Ger.  sblih  ; Old  Saxon,  sulic ; A.  S.  smile ; Dot. 
zulk ; Ger.  solch.  — Scot.  sic.  — R.  Gloucester 
writes  such,  suche,  and  suiche  ; Piers  Plouhman, 
soche,  such,  suche,  swiche.  — R.  Brunne  con- 
stantly uses  swilk,  and  Wickliffe  also  uses 
swillie,  but  commonly  siche  or  such.  — Suilk  and 
such  are  two  words,  the  former  composed  of  so 
or  swa  ilk,  and  the  latter  of  so  or  swa,  eke  or 
each, — so  each,  suich,  such.  Richardson.'] 

1.  Of  that  kind  ; of  the  like  kind  ; — with  as 
before  the  thing  to  which  it  relates. 

Such  age  there  is,  and  who  shall  wish  its  end?  Johnson. 

Thrice  he  essayed;  and  thrice,  in  spite  of  scorn, 

Tears  such  as  angels  weep  burst  forth.  Milton. 

2.  The  same  ; — sometimes  followed  by  as. 
That  thou  art  happy,  owe  to  God; 

That  thou  continuest  such , owe  to  thyself.  Milton, 
If  you  repay  me  not  on  such  a day. 

In  such  a place,  such  sum  or  sums  as  are 

Expressed  in  the  condition,  let  the  forfeit 

Be  an  equal  pound  of  your  flesh.  Shnk. 

Such  and  such,  or  such  a our,  phrases  used  in  refer- 
ence to  a person  or  place  of  a certain  kind. 

I saw  him  yesterday 

With  such  and  such.  Shah. 

■ — Such  like,  similar  or  similar  persons  or  things. 
“ Drunkenness,  revellings,  and  such  like.  ” Gal.  v.  21. 

KPff’  Such,  like  many,  is  followed,  instead  of  being 
preceded,  by  the  article  a.  By  the  ellipsis  of*  a sub- 
stantive, it  becomes  a pronoun.  “ To  such  my  errand 
is.”  Jllilton. 

SUCK,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  sucan,  to  suck;  Du't.  zuigen  ; 
Ger.  saugen  ; Dan.  stige;  Sw  .saga-,  Icel.  siuga, 
to  milk.  — W.  sugiio,  to  suck  ; Gael,  suig,  suigh  ; 
Ir.  sagham.  — L.  sugo,  sitetus ; It.  succiare,  suc- 
ehiare ; Sp.  chupar,  sacar ; Fr.  sneer.  — Pol.  ssak ; 
Bohemian  sucali.  — Sansc.  chhsh.  — “ This  word 
may  be  formed  by  the  sound  or  noise  produced 
by  the  action  of  sucking,  and  is  related  to  the 
Ger.  ziehen,  to  pull.”  Bos  worth.]  [i.  sucked  ; 
pp.  SUCKING,  SUCKED.] 

1.  To  draw  into  the  month,  as  a liquid,  by 
forming  a vacuum  with  the  tongue  acting  as  a 
piston  during  inspiration. 

Still  she  drew 

The  sweets  from  every  flower,  and  sucked  the  dew.  Drydcn. 

lie  sucked  new  poisons  with  his  triple  tongue.  Pope. 

2.  To  draw  the  teat  of ; to  draw  milk  from 
with  the  mouth. 

Did  a child  suck  every  day  a new  nurse.  Locke. 

3.  To  draw  or  drain. 

Old  ocean,  sucked  through  the  porous  globe.  Thomson. 

4.  To  inhale  ; to  inspire;  to  imbibe. 

These  lubbers,  peeping  through  a broken  pane 

To  suck  fresh  air,  surveyed  the  neighboring  plain.  Drydcn. 

SUCK,  v.  n.  1.  To  draw  by  exhausting  the  air,  as 
by  the  mouth  or  a tube.  Mortimer. 

2.  To  draw  milk  from  the  teat  or  breast. 

Pluck  the  young  sucking  cubs  from  the  shc-bear.'  Shah. 

3.  To  draw  in  or  imbibe  any  thing.  Bacon. 

SUCK,  n.  1.  The  act  of  sucking.  Boyle. 

2.  Milk  drawn  from  the  breast.  Shah. 

3.  t LL.  succus.]  Juice  ; succulence.  Ward.  | 


SUCK'pR,  n.  1.  lie  who,  or  that  which,  sucks. 

2.  The  embolus  or  piston  of  a pump.  Wilkins. 

3.  A pipe  through  which  any  thing  is  sucked 
or  drawn.  “The  draining  sucker."  Philips. 

4.  A piece  of  wet  leather  laid  on  a stone,  and 
raised  in  the  middle  by  a string  attached  to  that 
part,  thus  forming  a vacuum  between  the  stone 
and  the  central  portion  of  the  leather,  and 
serving  to  cause  the  stone  to  adhere  to  the 
leather  so  as  to  be  lifted  from  the  ground.  Tale. 

5.  ( Bot .)  A branch  which  proceeds  from  the 

neck  of  a plant  beneath  the  surface  of  the 
ground,  and,  after  running  horizontally  and 
emitting  roots  in  its  course,  rises  out  of  the 
ground  and  forms  an  erect  stem,  that  soon  be- 
comes an  independent  plant.  Gray. 

6.  ( Ich .)  A name  applied  to  a family  of  acan- 
thopterygious  fishes  ( Cyclopteridee , or,  in  some 
systems,  Discoboli),  having  the  ventral  fins  unit- 
ed together  into  a disc,  by  which  they  are  ena- 
bled to  attach  themselves  to  marine  bodies. 
The  lump-sucker,  or  Cyclopterus  lumpus,  is  an 
example.  — See  Lump-suckeu.  Baird.  — A 
name  applied  to  North  American  fishes  of  the 
genus  Catastomus.  Storer. 

7.  A nickname  applied  to  a native  or  inhabit- 
ant of  the  State  of  Illinois.  Bartlett. 

SUCK'JJR,  v.  a.  To  deprive  of  suckers.  Fuller. 

SUCK'pT,  n.  A sweetmeat  to  he  sucked  or  dis- 
solved in  the  mouth.  Beau,  fy  FI. 

SUCK'ING— BOT'TLE,  n.  A bottle  so  constructed 
that,  when  filled  with  milk,  it  can  be  sucked 
from,  instead  of  the  breast.  Locke. 

SUCK'ING— FISH,  n.  (Ich.)  A name  applied  to  a 
family  of  fishes,  of  which  one  genus  (Echeneis) 
only  is  known,  distinguished  by  the  top'of  the 
head  being  flattened  and  occupied  by  a laminat- 
ed disk,  composed  of  numerous  transverse  car- 
tilaginous plates,  the  edges  of  which  are  spiny 
and  directed  obliquely  backwards.  By  means 
of  this  apparatus  these  fishes  attach  themselves 
to  ships,  large  fishes,  as  sharks,  &c.,  and  other 
marine  bodies. — See  Remoha.  Baird. 

SUCK'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a sucking  manner;  grad- 
ually, as  by  sucking.  Chaucer. 

SUCK'ING— PUMP,  n.  A suction-pump.  Brande. 

SUCK'LE  (suk'kl),  v.  a.  [From  S!/cA\]  [i.  suck- 

led ; pp.  suckling,  suckled.]  To  nurse  at 
the  breast ; to  give  suck  to. 

Two  thriving  calves  she  suckles  twice  a day.  Dryden. 

f SUCK'LE,  n.  A teat;  a dug.  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

SUCK'LING,  n.  1.  A young  child  or  animal  still 
suckled  ; a nursing  infant. 

Have  ye  never  read,  Out  of  the  mouths  of  babes  and  suck- 
lings thou  hast  perfected  praise?  Matt.  xxi.  10. 

2.  A kind  of  white  clover.  Clarke. 

SU'CROSE,  n.  (Chcm.)  Cane  sugar;  — as  dis- 
tinguished from  glucose,  or  grape-sugar.  Miller. 

SUC'TION,  n.  [Sp.  succion;  Fr.  suction.]  The 
act  of  sucking ; the  act  of  drawing,  as  a liquid, 
into  the  mouth,  or,  more  commonly,  into  a tube, 
by  exhausting  the  air.  Bacon. 

Suction  -power,  (Med.)  tile  force  exerted  on  the  blood 
in  the  veins  by  the  active  dilatation  of  the  heart ; — 
sometimes  called  also  derivation.  Dunglison. 

SUC'TION— PUMP,  n.  The  common  pump,  in 
which  two  valves  open  upwards.  Brande. 

SUC-TO'RI-AL,  a . Having,  or  pertaining  to, 
organs  or  parts  adapted  for  sucking  or  for  adhe- 
sion. “ Suctorial  crustaceans.”  Eng.  Cyc. 

SUC-TO'RI-AN,  n.  [L.  sugo,  suctus,  to  suck.] 
(Ich.)  One  of  a tribe  of  cartilaginous  fishes,  com- 
prehending those  which,  like  the  lamprey,  have 
a circular  mouth  adapted  for  suction.  Brande. 

SUC-TO'RI-OUS,  a.  Suctorial.  Kirby. 

SU'DAK,  n.  (Ich.)  A kind  of  perch.  Wright. 

f SO'DA-RY,  n.  [L.  sudarium;  sudor,  sweat.]  A 
napkin  or  handkerchief.  Wickliffe. 

f Sy-DA'TION,  n.  [L.  sudatio.]  The  act  of  sweat- 
ting  or  perspiring.  Bailey. 

SU'DA-TO-RY,  a.  Sweating  ; perspiring.  Smart. 

Sfi'DA-TO-RY,  n.  [L.  sudatorium ; sudo,  to 
sweat.]  A hot-house  ; a sweating-bath.  Herbert. 


SUD'DpN,  a.  [A.  S.  soden.  — L.  subitaneus  ; sub- 
itus,  sudden  ; subeo,  to  come  or  go  under,  to 
come  upon  secretly ; su'i,  under,  secretly,  and 
eo.  to  go  ; Old  Fr.  strubdain ; Fr.  soudain.] 

1.  Happening  without  previous  notice ; oc- 
curring. unexpectedly  ; unexpected  ; abrupt. 

[In  the  drama]  all  that  is  said  is  to  be  supposed  the  effect 
of  sudden  thought.  Dryden. 

It  is  astonishing  to  read  of  the  sudden  change  in  the  mor- 
als of  men  which  it  [Christianity]  wrought.  Gilpin. 

2.  f Hasty  ; precipitate  ; rash  ; passionate. 

Then  a soldier. 

Full  of  strange  oaths,  and  bearded  like  a pard, 

Jealous  in  honor,  sudden  and  quick  in  quarrel.  Shah. 

SUD'DpN,  n.  An  unexpected  time  or  occurrence; 
surprise.  “ Suddens  and  surprisals.”  Wotton. 

Of,  on,  or  upon  a sudden,  suddenly  ; unexpectedly  ; 
sooner  than  was  anticipated.  “All  of  a sudden,  lie 
drops  the  pagan,  and  talks  in  the  sentiments  of  re- 
vealed religion.”  Addison.  “How  art  thou  lost! 
how  on  a sudden  lost  ! ” Milton. 

SUD'D(JN-EY,  ad.  1.  In  a sudden  manner  ; un- 
expectedly ; without  preparation. 

To  the  pale  foes  they  suddenly  draw  near.  Dryden. 

2.  fSoon;  quickly;  immediately. 

Meet  me  suddenly  at  Salisbury.  Shah. 

SUD'D^N-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  sudden  ; 
unexpectedness.  Spenser. 

SU-DO-RlF'f.R-OUS,  a.  [L.  sudor,  sweat,  and 
fero,  to  bear.]  (Aiutt.)  Serving  to  carry  away 
sweat.  “ Sudoriferous  ducts.”  Dunglison. 

SU-DO-RIF'IC,  a.  [L.  sudor,  sweat,  and  facio,  to 
make;  It.  Sg  Sp.  sudorifico ; Fr.  sudorifque.] 
Producing  or  causing  sweat ; promoting  per- 
spiration. “ Sudorific  herbs.”  Bacon. 

SU-DO-RlF'IC,  n.  A medicine  that  excites  or 
promotes  sweat  or  perspiration.  Arbuthnot. 

SU-OO-RIP'A-ROUS,  a.  [L.  sudor,  sweat,  and 
paro,  to  furnish.]  (Anat.)  Noting  the  glands 
or  organs  which  secrete  perspiration.  Dunglison. 

f SUDOR-OUS,  a.  Consisting  of  sweat.  Browne. 

SU'DRA,  n.  The  fourth  caste  among  the  Hin- 
doos, comprehending  mechanics  and  laborers. 

The  duty  of  the  svdra  is  servile  attendance  upon  the 
higher  classes,  and  especially  the  Brahmins.  1 *.  Cyc. 

SUD§,  n. pi.  [“Past  participle  sod.  sodden,  from 
the  A.  S.  verb  seothan,  to  seethe.”  Richardson.] 
Water  impregnated  with  soap;  a solution  of 
soap  in  water. 

To  be  in  the  suds,  to  be  in  difficulty.  “No  had 
representation  of  Sancho  Panza  in  the  suds,  with  the 
dish-clout  about  his  neck.”  Smollett. 

Wsr’  “ Webster  considers  this  to  be  a noun  singular : 
of  this  there  are  no  authorities  in  proof,  and  common 
use  makes  it  plural.”  Smart. 

SUE  (su),  v.  a.  [L.  sequor,  to  follow  ; It.  seguire, 
seguitare ; Sp.  seguir ; Fr.  suivre.]  \i.  sued; 

pp.  SUING,  SUED.] 

1.  t To -follow  ; to  come  or  go  after.  Wickliffe. 

2.  (Falconry .)  To  clean,  as  the  beak.  Johnson. 

3.  (Naut.)  To  place  or  leave  high  and  dry  on 
shore,  as  a vessel ; — written  also  sew.  Dana. 

4.  (Law.)  To  prosecute,  as  an  action  already 

commenced ; to  follow  up  to  its  proper  termina- 
tion ; — to  follow  at  law  ; to  prosecute  judicial- 
ly ; to  bring  an  action  against ; to  commence 
a suit  against.  BurriU. 

To  sue  out,  (Law.)  to  obtain  judicially,  as  a writ ; 
to  issue  ; — applied  only  to  process,  particularly  such 
as  is  granted  specially.  BurriU. 

SUE,  v.  n.  1.  To  beg;  to  entreat ; to  petition. 

We  were  not  born  to  sue,  but  to  command.  Shah. 

2.  To  prosecute  judicially;  to  bring  an  ac- 
tion; as,  “To  sub  for  damages.”  Wright. 

3.  (Naut.)  To  be  high  and  dry  on  shore,  as  a 

x-essel ; to  be  sued  or  sewed.  Dana. 

SU'ENT,  a.  Even  ; smooth  ; plain  ; regular  : — 
quiet ; easy  ; insinuating.  Jennings. 

Xfcif  Provincial  in  England,  and  local,  U.  S. 

SU'flNT-LY,  ad.  Evenly ; smoothly.  Palmer. 

fSU'lJR,  n.  One  who  sues;  a suitor.  Lord. 

SU 'I'.T,  n.  [W.  swyf.  — Fr.  suif.  — “ Sewet  or 

suet,  because  it  is  sweet.”  Richardson.  — Select. 
Holland.]  A hard  fat  situated  about  the  loins 
and  kidneys,  as  of  the  ox  or  sheep.  Wiseman. 

When  suet  is  melted  down,  it  forms  tallow. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  )J,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


SUETY 


1443 


SUGAR 


Mutton  suet  is  of  firmer  consistence  than  that  from 
the  ox  ; its  solid  portion  consists  almost  entirely  of 
stearine.  Miller. 

SU'pT-V,  a.  Pertaining  to,  consisting  of,  or  re- 
sembling, suet.  Sharp. 

SUF'FpR,  v.  a.  [L.  suffero  ; sub,  under,  and  fero, 
to  bear;  It.  sofferire  ; Sp.  sufnr ; Fr  .souffrir.] 
[i.  SUFFERED  ; pp.  SUFFERING,  SUFFERED.] 

1.  To  bear;  to  undergo;  to  feel;  — used  of 
what  is  painful  or  injurious. 

A man  of  great  wrath  shall  suffer  punishment.  Prov.  xix.  10. 
I am  instructed  both  to  abound  and  to  suffer  need.  Phil.  iv.  12. 

2.  To  bear  up  under ; not  to  sink  under ; to 
endure  ; to  sustain  ; to  support ; to  tolerate. 

Our  spirit  and  strength  entire 

Strongly  to  suffer  and  support  our*puins.  Milton. 

3.  To  allow  ; to  admit ; to  permit. 

God  is  faithful,  who  will  not  suffer  you  to  be  tempted 
above  that  ye  are  able.  1 Cor.  x.  13. 

4.  To  be  affected  by  ; to  be  acted  upon. 

The  air  now  must  suffer  change.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Admit,  Allow,  Bear,  Feel,  Tol- 
erate. 

SUF'FgR,  v.  n.  1.  To  undergo  pain  or  incon- 
venience. “ I have  suffered  like  a girl.”  Sha/c. 

Prudence  and  good-breeding  are  in  all  stations  necessary; 
and  most  young  men  suffer  in  the  want  of  them.  Locke. 

2.  To  undergo  punishment ; to  be  punished. 

The  father  was  first  condemned  to  suffer  upon  a day  ap- 
pointed, and  the  son  afterwards.  Clarendon. 

3.  To  be  injured,  impaired,  or  lessened. 

Public  business  suffers  by  private  infirmities.  Temple. 

SUF'FIJR-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  suffered  or  en- 
dured ; endurable  ; tolerable.  Wotton. 

SUF'F^R-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Tolerableness.  Scott. 

SUF'FIJR-A-BLY,  ad.  Tolerably  ; so  as  to  be  suf- 
fered or  endured.  Addison. 

SfJF'FpR-ANCE,  n.  [L.  sifferantia;  It.  soffe- 
renza ; Sp.  sufrimiento ; Vr.  sou ff ranee.] 

1.  The  state  of  suffering ; endurance  ; suf- 
fering; pain.  “ Lingering  sufferance.”  Shak. 

2.  Patience;  moderation;  a bearing  with. 

Hasty  heat  tempering  with  sufferance  wise.  Spenser. 

3.  Permission  without  right,  or  by  omission 
to  enforce  a right ; allowance  ; toleration.  Shak. 

Somcwhilcs  by  sufferance,  and  somewhiles  by  special  leave 
and  favor,  they  erected  to  themselves  oratories.  Hooker. 

4.  A permission  granted  by  the  customs  for 

the  shipment  of  certain  goods.  Simmonds. 

SUF'FpR-ANCE— WHARF,  n.  A wharf  licensed 
by  the  customs,  and  where  custom-house  officers 
attend.  Simmonds. 

SUF'FpR-ER,  n.  1.  One  who  suffers  or  undergoes 
pain,  inconvenience,  or  loss. 

A sufferer  in  his  subjects’  crimes.  Dryden. 

2.  One  who  suffers  or  permits.  Johnson. 

SUF'FlJR-TNG,  n.  1.  The  act  or  the  state  of  one 
who  suffers  or  permits  ; sufferance. 

2.  Pain,  inconvenience,  or  loss  suffered  or 
endured  ; distress  ; misery  ; poverty  ; want. 

For  I reckon  that  the  sufferings  of  this  present  time  are 
not  worthy  to  be  compared  with  the  glory  which  shall  be  re- 
vealed in  us.  Horn.  viii.  18. 

To  each  his  sufferings:  all  are  men, 

Condemned  alike  to  groan  — 

The  tender  for  another’s  pain, 

Th’  unfeeling  for  his  own.  Gray. 

sOF'FflR-lNG-LY,  ad.  With  pain  or  suffering. 

S 1’ F- FTcE ' (suf-f I/.',  66)  [suf-flz',  S.  IP.  P.  J.  E. 
F.Ja  Sm.;  suf-fis',  K.  — See  Sacrifice],  v.  n. 
[L.  sufficio  ; sub , under,  an&facio,  to  make  ; Fr. 
suffice. ] [i.  sufficed  ; pp.  sufficing,  suf- 

ficed.] To  be  enough  ; to  be  sufficient;  to  be. 
equal  to  the  end,  object,  or  purpose. 

To  recount  almighty  works, 

"What  words  or  tongue  of  seraph  can  suffice , 

Or  heart  of  man  suffice  to  comprehend?  Milton. 

Sl  F-FlCE'  (suf-flz',  66),  u.  a.  1.  To  be  enough  or 
sufficient  for  ; to  satisfy  ; to  content. 

Lord,  show  us  the  Father,  and  it  sufficeth  us.  John  xiv.  8. 

2.  +To  supply;  to  furnish;  to  afford. 

Whose  plenteous  urn  m 

Sufficeth  fatness  to  the  fruitful  corn.  Dryden. 

SrF-FI "Clf.NOE  (suf-flsh'ens),  n.  Sufficiency; 
enough ; adequacy,  [r.]  Watts. 

SUF-FF'CIFIN-CY  (suf-flsh'en-se),  n.  [L.  suffi- 
cientia ; It.  suffeienza  ; Sp.  sujiciencia  ; Fr.  suf- 
fisance.] 


1 The  state  of  being  sufficient  or  adequate  to 
the  end  proposed  ; adequacy. 

This  he  did  with  that  readiness  and  sufficiency  as  at  once 
gave  testimony  to  his  ability,  and  to  the  evidence  of  the  truth 
he  asserted.  Fell. 

I am  not  so  confident  of  my  own  sufficiency.  K.  Charles. 

2.  Enough ; competence. 

An  elegant  sufficiency,  content, 

Retirement,  rural  quiet,  friendship,  books.  Thomson. 

3.  Conceit ; self-sufficiency,  [it.]  Temple. 

Syn.  — See  Enough. 

SUF-FI''CIENT  (suf-flsh'ent),  a.  [L.  sufficio,  suf- 
ficiens,  to  be  enough,  to  suffice  ; It.  sufjiciente  ; 
Sp . suficiente  \ Fr.  suffisant.] 

1.  Enough ; adequate ; equal  to  an  end  or 
purpose  ; competent.  “ A sufficient  time.”  Swift. 

Sufficient  unto  the  day  is  the  evil  thereof.  Matt.  vi.  3. 

2.  Qualified  or  competent  for  any  thing  by 
fortune  or  otherwise,  as  to  pay  ; responsible. 

In  saying  he  is  a good  man,  understand  me  that  he  is 
sufficient.  Shak. 

SUF-Fl"CipnVLY  (suf-f  ish'ent-le),  ad.  To  a suf- 
ficient  degree  ; enough.  Milton. 

SUF-FIQ'ING  (suf-f  Iz'jng),p.  a.  Affording  enough. 

SUF-FlQ'ING-NESS  (suf-f Iz'ing-nes),  n.  The  state 
of  sufficing ; sufficiency.  Coleridge. 

f SUF'  FI-§ANCE,  or  SUF-Fl  ffAWCE,  11.  [Fr.] 

Sufficiency  ; plenty ; enough.  Spenser. 

SfjF'FlX  (114),  n.  A letter  or  syllable  added  at 
the  end  of  a word  ; an  affix  ; a postfix.  P.  Cyc. 

SUF-FIX',  v.  a.  [L.  suffigo,  suffixus,  to  fix  on  ; sub, 
under,  and  fiyo,  to  fix.]  [/.  suffixed  ; pp.  suf- 
fixing, suffixed.]  To  annex  to  the  end  of  a 
word,  as  a letter  or  a syllable.  C.  Richardson. 

SITF-FIX'ION,  n.  The  act  of  suffixing,  or  the 
state  of  being  suffixed.  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

f SUF-FLAM'[-NATE,  v.  a.  [L.  sufffamino,  suf- 
flaminatus ; sufffamen,  a clog,  a break.]  To 
stop,  as  by  a clog  ; to  trig ; to  impede.  Barrow. 

f SUF-FLATE',  v.  a.  [L.  sufflo , sufflatus .]  To 
blow  up  ; to  inflate.  Bailey. 

SUF-FL  ACTION,  n.  [L.  suffiatio.' ] The  act  of 
blowing  up  ; inflation,  [it.]  Gcddes. 

SUF'FO-cAte,  v.  a.  [L.  suffqco ; sub,  under,  and 
faux,  faucis,  a jaw;  It.  suffocare;  Sp.  sufocar-, 
Fr.  suffoquer.]  \i.  suffocated  ; pp.  suffo- 
cating, suffocated.]  To  kill  by  stopping 
respiration ; to  choke  to  death ; to  strangle, 
stifle,  or  smother.  Shak. 

All  involved  in  smoke,  the  latent  foe 
From  every  cranny  suffocated  falls.  Thomson. 

Syn.  — To  suffocate,  stifle,  smother , and  choke,  all 
express  tile  act  of  stopping  tile  breath  in  different 
ways.  Suffocated  and  stifled  by  smoke,  vapor,  and 
close  air;  smothered  by  excluding  the  air  and  by  close 
covering  ; choked  with  food. 

t SUF'FO-CATE,  a.  Choked;  suffocated.  Shak. 

SUF'FO-CAT-ING,  p.  a.  Producing  suffocation, 
or  tending  to  suffocate  ; stifling. 

SUF'FO-CAT-ING-LY,  ad.  So  as  to  suffocate. 

SUF-FO-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  suffocatio  ; It.  suffoca- 
sione ; Sp.  sufocacion-,  Fr.  suffocation .]  The 
act  of  suffocating,  or  the  state  of  being  suffo- 
cated ; death  or  suspended  animation  resulting 
from  impeded  respiration,  as  by  the  inhalation 
of  noxious  gases,  or  by  drowning,  strangling,  or 
smothering.  Bacon. 

SUF’FO-CA-Tl VE,  a.  Tending  to  suffocate  or 
choke.  ‘‘  Suffocative  catarrhs.”  Arbuthnot. 

§i;-F-FOS'SION  (suf-fosh'un),  n.  [L.  sitffossio  ; suf- 
fodio,  sujf’ossus,  to  dig  underneath ; sub,  under, 
and  fodio,  to  dig.]  The  act  of  digging  under  or 
undermining,  [r.]  Bp.  Hall. 

SUF'FRA-gAN,  n.  [Low  L.  suffraganeus  ; It. 
suffragano ; Sp.  sufragano  ; Fr . suffragant. — 
See  Suffrage.]  ( Eccl .)  A bishop  as  subject 
to  his  metropolitan  or  archbishop  ; — so  named 
either  on  account  of  the  suffrages  given  by 
bishops  in  provincial  synods,  or  because  they 
cannot  be  consecrated  without  the  suffrage  or 
consent  of  the  archbishop.  Eden.  Brande. 

SUF'FRA-GAN,  a.  Assisting; — applied  to  a 
bishop,  as  subject  to  his  metropolitan.  Ash. 

SUF'FRA-GAN-SHII’,  n.  The  state  or  the  office 
of  a suffragan.  Fuller. 


fSUF'FRA-GANT,  a.  Suffragan.  Bp.  Hall, 

f SUF'FRA-GANT,  n.  [Fr.]  A suffragan.  Taylor. 

t SUF'FRA-GATE,  v.  n.  To  vote.  Hale. 

f SUF'FRA-gA-TOR,  ,n.  [L.  suffragator.\  One 
who  favors  or  assists  with  his  vote.  Bp.  Felton. 

SUF  FRAGE,  n.  [L.  svffragium  ; It.  sujfragio  ; 
Sp.  sufragio  ; Fr.  suffrage .] 

1.  A voice  given  on  a controverted  point,  as 
in  a deliberative  assembly,  at  an  election,  &c. ; 
a vote  j — act  of  voting. 

People  of  Rome,  and  people’s  tribunes  here, 

I ask  your  voiees  and  your  suffrages; 

Will  you  bestow  them  friendly  on  Andronicus?  Shak. 

Lactantius  and  St.  Austin  confirm  by  their  suffrage  the 
observation  made  by  the  heathen  writers.  Atterbury. 

2.  The  united  voice  of  a congregation  in 
prayer  : — a short  prayer.  Book  of  Com.  Prayer. 

The  suffrages  of  all  the  saints.  Golden  Legend. 

3.  Aid;  assistance;  help,  [it.]  Darrington. 

Syn.  — See  Vote. 

t SUF-FrA^'I-NOUS,  a.  [L.  sxffrago,  the  ham 
or  hough.]  Pertaining  to  the  hough.  Brotvne. 

SUF'FR  A-^JIST,  it.  One  who  has  the  right  of  suf- 
frage ; one  entitled  to  vote.  Ec.  Rev. 

SUF-FIUJ-TES'CIJNT,  a.  [L.  sub,  under,  and 
frutex,  fruticis,  a shrub.]  (Rut.)  Woody  at  the 
base  only  ; partially  shrubby.  Gray. 

SUF-FRU'TI-COSE,  a.  (Bot.)  Having  the  char- 
acter of  an  under-shrub  ; suifrutescent. Balfour. 

SUF-FRU'TI-COUS,  a.  Suffruticose.  Smart. 

SUF-FU'MI-gAte,  v.  a.  [L.  siffumigo,  suffumi- 
gatus ; sub,  under,  and  fttmige,  to  smoke ; / limns, 
smoke,  and  ago,  to  drive.]  [t.  suffvmioated  ; 
pp.  suffumigating,  suffumigated.]  To  fumi- 
gate from  below  or  beneath.  Andrews. 

SyF-FU-MI-GA'TION,  n.  [L.  svffumigatio  ; It. 
suffumigazione  ; Fr.  siffumigatio n.]  The  act 
of  fumigating;  fumigation.  Wiseman. 

t SUF-FU'MI^rE,  n.  A medical  fume.  Harvey. 

SlTF-FlJSjE'  (suf-fuz'),  v.  a.  [L.  stffmtdo,  suffu- 
sus ; sub,  under,  axtHfundo,  to  pour.]  [/.  suf- 
fused ; pp.  SUFFUSING,  suffused.]  To  over- 
spread with  something  expansible,  as  with  a 
vapor,  fluid,  or  tincture  ; to  spread  over. 

When  purple  light  shall  next  suffuse  the  skies.  Pope. 

While  tears  his  cheeks  suffuse.  Hoole. 

SUF-FU'§ION  (suf-fu'zhun),  n.  [L.  stffusio  ; It. 
suffusione  ; Sp.  sufusion  ; Fr.  suffusion .] 

1.  The  act  of  suffusing.  Johnson. 

2.  That  which  is  suffused  or  spread  over. 

So  thick  a drop  serene  hath  quenched  their  orbs, 

Or  dim  suffusion  veiled.  Milton. 

SU'iPI,  n. ; pi.  s&'fieq.  See  Sofi.  De  Lacy. 

SU'FI§M,  ft.  See  Sofism.  Brande. 

SUG,  n.  [L.  sugo,  to  suck.]  A kind  of  small 
worm  used  for  bait.  Walton. 

SUG'AR  (shug'^r,  92),  7i.  [Sansc.  carkara ; Ma- 
lay jagara ; Arab  Per.  sukkar ; Slav,  zakar. 

— Gr.  onK^tiOj  aa/c^api,  oaK^upov ; L.  saccharnm  ; 
It.  zucchero  ; Sp.  azucar ; Fr.  sucre.  — Dut. 
suiker ; Ger.  zucker  ; Dan.  sukker  ; Sw.  socker. 

— W.  sugr ; Ir.  siacra.~\  A sweet  substance  'ob- 
tained from  many  vegetable  juices,  but  princi- 
pally from  the  juice  of  the  sugar-cane,  by  evapo- 
rating the  water  which  it  contains. 

There  are  four  principal  varieties  of  sugar, — 
cane  sugar,  fruit  sugar,  grape  sugar,  and  milk  sugar. 
These  varieties  differ  in  external  appearance,  in  chem- 
ical composition,  and  in  chemical  characters. — Cane 
sugar,  sunar  obtained  chiefly  from  sugar  caue  ( Sac - 
charum  officinarum),  the  sugar  maple  ( dicer  sacchan- 
num),  and  beet  root,  and  contained  in  a great  many' 
other  vegetables.  It  is  extracted  from  the  juice  of 
these  plants  by  evaporation  and  crystallization.  It 
crystallizes,  by  the  rapid  cooling  of  a strong  sirup, 
in  small  grains,  as  in  loaf  sugar  ; or,  by  a slow  pro- 
cess, in  large,  four-sided,  rlioniboidal  prisms,  termi- 
nated by  dihedral  summits;  — called  also  sucrose. — 
Fruit  sugar , sugar  existing  ready-formed  in  honey  and 
in  most  acidulous  fruits,  not  crystallizable,  and  par- 
tially convertible  into  grape  sugar  by  being  boiled  in 
dilute  acids.  Tt  forms  a sirupy  liquid , and  is  very 
abundant  in  treacle  ; — called  also  fructose. — Grape 
sugar,  sugar  occurring  in  the  juice  of  many  plants, 
and  constituting  the  crystals  which  form  in  hone)  ; 
also  a product  of  t lie  metamorphosis  of  starch,  cane 
sugar,  ligneous  fibre,  sugar  of  milk,  &.C.,  when  boiled 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — <;,  £,  9, 


soft ; £,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  ^ as  z;  X.  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


SUGAR 


1444 


SUITABLE 


with  diluted  acids  It  also  constitutes  the  hard,  gran- 
ular, sweet  masses  common  in  old  dried  fruits,  such 
as  raisins,  figs,  &c.  It  requires  nearly  two  parts  and 
a half  of  it  to  produce  the  same  sweetening  effect  as 
is  produced  by  one  part  of  cane  sugar.  It  crystallizes 
in  cubes  or  square  tables,  and  from  hot  alcohol  in  an- 
hydrous prisms;  — called  alsd  starch  sugdr,  and  glu- 
cn.se.  — Milk  sugar,  sugar  occurring  only  in  the  milk 
of  animals,  and  having  less  sweetening  power  than 
grape  sugar.  It  crystallizes  in  four-sided  prisms,  and 
is  converted  into  grape  sugar  by  boiling  it  with  dilute 
acids  ; — called  also  sugar  of  milk,  lactine , and  lactose. 
— The  plane  of  polarization  of  a ray  of  polarized  light 
is  rotated  from  left  to  right,  but  unequally,  by  solu- 
tions of  cane  sugar,  grape  sugar,  and  milk  sugar,  and 
from  right  to  left  by  a solution  of  fruit  sugar.  Polarized 
light  has  been  used  as  a test  of  the  presence  of  sugar, 
and  the  degree  of  rotation  to  indicate  the  quantity, 
and  even  the  quality,  of  the  sugar  present.  — Diabetic 
sugar , sugar  identical  with  glucose , or  grape  sugar, 
sometimes  existing  as  a morbid  constituent  ol  the 
urine  ill  cases  of  diabetes.  Gregory . Miller . Pereira. 

Sugar  of  lead,  ( Chem .)  the  acetate  of  lead,  a sweet, 
white,  poisonous  salt.  Miller. 

SUG'AR  (shug'ar),  V.  a.  [i.  SUGARED  ; pp.  SUGAR- 
ING, sugared.]  To  impregnate,  mix,  or  sea- 
son with  sugar,  or  as  with  sugar  ; to  sweeten. 

And  sugared  speeches  whispered  in  mine  ear.  Fairfax. 

SUG'AR  (shdg’jr),  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  made  of, 
sugar.  Scott. 

SUG'AR— BA'KUR  (shug’tir-),  ft.  A manufacturer 
or  refiner  of  sugar.  Johnson. 

SUG'AR— BEET  (sltug'jr-),  n.  A species  of  beet 
from  which  sugar  is  obtained,  particularly  Beta 
alba,  or  Silesian  beet.  Simmoncls. 

SUG'AR— BER-RY  (shfig'ar-),  n.  A small  or  me- 
dium-sized tree  bearing  sweet  and  edible  fruits; 
hackberry  ; Celtis  occidentalis.  Gray. 

SUG'AR— BOX  (shug'ttr-),  n.  A box  for  contain- 
ing sugar  ; — particularly  a large  wooden  box  in 
which  sugar  is  exported.  Simmonds. 

+ SUG'AR— cAN'DI-AN,  ?!.  Sugar  candy.  Bp.  Hall. 

SUG'AR— CAN'DY  (shfig'ar-),  n.  Candy  made  of 
sugar ; sugar  candied  or  crystallized.  Shak. 

SUG'AR— CANE  (shug'ar-),  n.  (Bot.)  A tropical, 
gramineous  plant,  from  the  expressed  juice  of 
which  sugar  is  principally  made  ; Saccharum 
officinarum.  Gray. 

/Ccr*  The  sugar-cane  is  propagated  by  slips.  It 
takes  from  twelve  to  sixteen  months,  according  to  the 
temperature,  for  it  to  arrive  at  maturity.  Towards 
the  tlowering-season,  the  leaves  fall  off,  and  the  stem 
acquires  a straw-yellow  color.  Some  planters  cut 
the  cane  before  the  tlowering-season,  but  most  some 
weeks  after.  Tomlinson. 

SUG'AR— HOUSE  (sliug'-),  n.  A house  or  building 
for  preparing  sugar  from  cane  juice,  or  for  re- 
fining sugar  ; a manufactory  of  sugar.  Clarke. 

SUG' AR-I-NESS  (shug'fir-e-nes),  n.  The  state  or 
the  quality  of  being  sugary.  Clarke. 

SUG'AR-ING  (shug'ar-Ing),  n.  The  act  of  one  who 
sugars  : — sugar  mixed  xvith  or  sprinkled  on 
any  thing.  Clarke. 

SUG'AR-LESS  (sliug'jr-les),  a.  Having  no  sugar; 
not  sweetened.  “ Sugarless  tea.”  Cowper. 

SUG'AR— LOAF  (shfig'ar-lof),  n.  A loaf  or  conical 
mass  of  refined  sugar.  Knox. 

SUG'AR— MA'PLE  (shfig'ar-ma'pl),  n.  A species 
of  maple  from  the  sap  of  which  sugar  is  ob- 
tained ; rock-maple  ; Acer  saccharinum.  Gray. 

SUG'AR— MILL  (shug'ar-mll),  n.  A mill  or  ma- 
chine, furnished  xvith  rollers,  usually  of  iron 
and  three  in  number,  placed  so  as  to  revolve 
with  the  surfaces  close  to  each  other,  for  ex- 
pressing the  juice  of  the  sugar-cane.  Ure. 

SUG'AR— MITE  (shug'ar-),  n.  (Ent.)  An  apterous 
insect  xvith  six  legs  and  silvery  scales  ; Lepisma 
saccharina.  Wright. 

SUG'AR— OR'CHARD  (shug'ar-),  ft.  A collection 
of  sugar-maples  preserved  in  a forest  for  ob- 
taining sugar  from.  [Local,  U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

SUG'AR— PLUM  (sh&g'ar-),  ft.  A small  sweet- 
meat or  ball  of  confectionery.  Maunder. 

SUG'AR— TREE  (shug'ar-),  ft.  A sugar-maple. 

SUG’AR-Y  (shug'ar-e),  a.  1.  Pertaining  to,  re- 
sembling, or  containing  sugar ; sxveet.  Spenser. 


2.  Fond  of  sugar  or  of  sweet  things.  “ Sug- 
arg  palates.”  Hist,  of  ltoyal  Society. 

SU-^ifiS'CpNT,  a.  [L.  sugo,  sugens]  to  suck.]  Per- 
taining to  sucking,  [h.]  Paley. 

||  SUG-GEST’  (sug-jest'  or  sud-jest')  [sug-jest',  IF.  P. 
J.  F.  It.  C.  I I'll.;  sud-jest',  S.  E.  Ja.  K.  Nm.], 
t>.  «.  LL.  suggero,  saggestus;  sub,  under,  and 
gcro,  to  carry,  to  bring  ; It.  suggerire  ; Sp.  suge- 
rir;  Fr.  suggirer.]  [i.  suggested  ; pp,  sug- 
gesting, SUGGESTED.] 

1.  To  hint;  to  intimate;  to  indicate;  to 
prompt ; to  allude  to  ; to  insinuate. 

"Why  dost  thou,  then,  suggest  to  me  distrust?  Hilton. 

To  nurse 

The  growing  seeds  of  wisdom,  that  suggest , 

By  every  pleasing  image  they  present. 

Reflections  such  as  meliorate  the  heart. 

Compose  the  passions,  and  exalt  the  mind.  Cowper. 

2.  f To  tempt ; to  seduce. 

Tender  youth  is  soon  suggested.  Shak. 

3.  fTo  inform  secretly  or  privately. 

We  must  suggest  the  people.  Shak. 

“ Though  the  first  g in  exaggerate  is,  by  a care- 
lessness of  pronunciation,  assimilated  to  the  last,  this 
is  not  always  the  case  in  the  present  word.  For, 
though  we  sometimes  hear  it  sounded  as  if  written 
sud-jest , the  most  correct  speakers  generally  preserve 
the  first  and  last  g in  their  distinct  and  separate 
sounds.  Mr.  Sheridan,  Mr.  Scott,  and  Mr.  Nares 
pronounce  the  g in  both  syllables  soft,  as  if  written 
sud-jest.  Dr.  Kenrick,  Mr.  Perry,  and  Barclay  make 
the  first  g hard,  and  the  second  soft,  as  if  written 
sug-jest,  as  I have  done  ; for,  as  the  accent  is  not  on 
these  consonants,  there  is  not  the  same  apology  for 
pronouncing  the  first  soft  as  there  is  in  exaggerate 
yValkcr. 

Syn.  — See  Insinuate. 

||  SFG-^EST'ER,  n.  One  who  suggests.  Bp.  Hall. 

||  SUG-^rEST'ION  (sug-jest'yun),  n.  [L.  suggestion 
It.  suf/'iestione ; Sp.  sugestion  ; Fr.  suggestion.'] 

1.  The  act  of  suggesting,  or  that  which  is 
suggested ; intimation  ; hint. 

By  whose  suggestion  I took  in  hand  this  work.  Skelton. 

Evil,  secret  suggestions,  which  our  invisible  enemy  is  al- 
ways apt  to  minister.  Hooker. 

2.  A temptation  ; secret  incitement.  Shak. 

3.  f A crafty  device.  Holinshcd. 

4.  (Met.)  That  poxver  of  the  mind  to  which 
our  natural  judgments  or  principles  of  common 
sense  are  referred,  or  an  intimation  xvhieh  is 
the  result  of  experience  and  habit.  Berkeley. 

5.  (Law.)  A statement  or  entry  made  on  a 
record  for  information  to  the  court.  Burrill. 

Syn.  — See  Hint. 

||  SUG-^IES'TIVE,  a.  That  suggests;  making 
suggestion  ; hinting  or  starting  thought  or  ideas. 

He  [Bacon]  is  throughout,  and  especially  in  his  essays,  one 
of  the  most  suggestive  authors  that  ever  wrote.  W /lately. 

SUG-yES'Tl  VE-LY,  ad.  In  a suggestive  manner. 

SUG-(jrES'T( VE-NESS,  ft.  The  state  or  the  qual- 
ity of  being  suggestive.  Clarke. 

f SUG'^IL,  v.  a.  [L.  suggillo.]  To  defame;  to 
blacken  ; to  sully.  Strype. 

f SOg'IJML-LATE  (sug'je-lat),  V.  a.  [L.  suggillo, 
suggillatus .]  To  beat  black  aud  blue.  Wiseman. 

SUG-QHL-LA'TION,  ft.  [L.  suggillatio  ; Fr.  sugil- 
lation .]  (Med.)  A livid,  black,  or  yelloxv  spot 
produced  by  blood  effused  into  the  areolar  tis- 
sue from  a contusion  : — also  a spontaneous  ef- 
fusion occurring  as  the  result  of  disease,  or  after 
death.  Dunglison. 

SU'l-Cl  DAL,  a.  Relating  to  suicide  ; partaking, 
or  of  the  nature,  of  suicide.  Brit.  Crit. 

SU'I-CI-DAL-LY,  ad.  In  a suicidal  manner.  Faber. 

SU'I-CIDE,  ft.  [L.  sui,  of  one’s  self,  and  cwdo,  to 
kill ; It.  &:  Sp.  suicidio  ; Fr.  suicide.'] 

1.  The  act  of  one  xvho  designedly  kills  him- 
self ; the  voluntary  taking  axvay  of  one’s  own 
life  ; self-slaughter  ; self-murder  ; self-homicide. 

The  command,  Thou  shalt  not  kill,  forbids  suicide  ns  well 
as  homicide.  Fleming. 

2.  One  xxdio  deliberately  and  intentionally 
kills  himself ; one  xvho  commits  self-slaughter. 

flgf-  In  laxv  suicide  is  the  deliberate  and  intentional 
destruction  of  one’s  self,  by  a person  of  years  of  dis- 
cretion, and  in  his  senses.  . . . Self-slaughter  by  an 
insane  man,  or  a lunatic,  is  not  an  act  of  suicide , 
within  the  meaning  of  the  law.  Burrill. 

fl®“Up  to  the  middle  of  the  seventeenth  century 


our  good  writers  use  self-homicide,  never  suicide. 
The  coming  up  of  suicide  is  marked  by  this  passage 
in  Phillips’  ‘ New  World  of  Words,”  1671,  3d  edi- 
tion : Nor  less  to  be  exploded  is  the  xvord  ‘ suicide,’ 
xvhieh  may  as  well  seem  to  participate  of  sus,  a sow, 
as  of  the  pronoun  sui.”  Trench. 

SU-I-CID'I-CAL,  a.  Suicidal,  [it.]  Maunder. 

3tJ'J-Cl-DlsM,  ft.  The  state  or  the  quality  of  be- 
ing suicidal  or  self-murdering.  Clarke. 

tSU'(-Ol§M,  ft.  The  act  of  a suist;  the  sin  of  a 
suist;  selfishness.  Whitlock. 

SU  'i  GF.JT'ER-IS.  [L.]  Of  his  or  its  oxvn  kind  ; 
peculiar ; individual.  Jenyns. 

t SU'IL-LAGE  (su'e-laj),  [Old  Fr.  souillage .] 
Filth;  foul  idattcr ; muck.  Wotton. 

SU'jNG,  p.  from  sue.  See  Sue. 

SU'ING,  ft.  The  act  of  one  xvho  sues  ; a suit. 

t SU'JNG,  ft.  [Fr.  suer,  to  sxveat.]  The  act  or 
the  process  of  soaking  through.  Bacon. 

SU'JNG-LY,  ad.  By  suing.  Sir  T.  More. 

t SIJ'JST,  ft.  [L.  sui,  of  one’s  self.]  A selfish 
person  ; an  egotist ; a self-seeker.  Whitlock. 

SUIT  (sut),  ft.  [Fr.  suite.  — See  Sue.] 

1.  t Pursuit;  prosecution.  Spenser. 

2.  f Consecution  ; sequence;  order;  course. 
“ The  same  kind  and  suit  of  weather;”  Bacon. 

3.  A number  of  things  of  the  same  kind  fol- 
loxving,  correspondent,  or  suited  to  each  other 
or  used  together  ; a set ; as,  “ A suit  of  clothes 
or  of  armor.” — See  Set,  and  Suite. 

lie  bath  his  change  of  suits;  yea,  he  spareth  not  to  go  in 
his  silks  and  velvet.  Wilson. 

4.  A retinue  ; a set.  — See  Suite. 

5.  The  act  of  suing  ; a petition  : an  entreaty  ; 
a request.  “ Grant  or  deny  my  suit.”  Chapman. 

Many  shall  make  suit  unto  thee.  Job  xi.  19. 

6.  Solicitation  in  marriage  ; courtship.  Shak. 

Rebate  your  ioves,  each  rival  suit  suspend.  Pope. 

7.  (Law.)  In  old  English  lax\-,  a folloxxing  or 

attendance,  — attendance  by  a tenant  on  his 
lord,  especially  at  his  court;  — attendance  for 
the  purpose  of  performing  some  service,  as  to 
grind  at  a certain  mill : — a number  of  persons 
produced  by  a plaintiff  in  court,  simultaneously 
xvith  making  his  count  or  declaration,  for  the 
purpose  of  confirming  his  allegations; — the 
retinue,  chattels,  offspring,  and  appurtenances 
of  a villein.  — In  modern  laxv,  the  prosecution 
of  some  claim  or  demand  in  a court  of  justice ; 
judicial  prosecution: — the  formal  method  of 
pursuing  and  recoxering  one’s  right  in  a court 
of  justice  ; an  action  ; a case.  Burrill. 

g&r"  According  to  Lord  Coke,  the  xvord  suit  includes 
an  execution,  but  the  xvord  action  does  not  ; but  they 
are  constantly  used  as  synonymous,  and  in  every-day 
practice  an  action  is  constantly  termed  a suit.  To 
sue  is  to  commence  an  action  ; but  even  in  this  appli- 
cation, suit  is  the  more  general  ternt  of  the  two,  em- 
bracing proceedings  both  at  laxv  and  in  equity.  The 
expressions,  “ suit,  at  law,”  “ suit  in  equity,”  “laxv- 
suit,”  “ chancery  suit,”  are  constantly  employed  ; Imt 
the  term  action  seems  to  be  properly  confined  to  law 
proceedings.  ” Action  in  equity”  is  an  expression 
rarely  or  never  used.  Burrill. 

Suit  of  cards,  those  cards  of  a pack  which  arc  of 
the  same  name  or  denomination,  as  of  hearts,  dia- 
monds, &c. — To  follow  suit,  to  play  a card  of  the 
same  suit:  — to  do  as  another  does. — Out  of  suits, 
having  no  correspondence.  “ Out  of  suits  with  for- 
tune.” Shah. 

Syn.  — See  Case,  Prayer. 

SUIT  (sat),  v.a.  [t.  SUITED  ; pp.  SUITING,  SUITED.] 

1.  To  fit;  to  adapt;  to  adjust;  to  make  to 
correspond.  “ Suit  the  action  to  the  xvord.”  Shak. 

2.  To  be  fitted  or  adapted  to  ; to  become. 


Raise  her  notes  to  that  sublime  degree 

Which  suits  a song  of  piety  and  thee.  Prior. 

3.  To  dress  ; to  clothe  ; to  attire,  [r.] 

I will  suit  you  xvith  a light  habit.  Fuller. 

4.  To  please ; to  make  content.  Wright. 
Syn.  — See  Fit. 

SUIT,  v.  m.  -To  agree  ; to  accord.  Milton. 

Pity  does  xvith  a noble  nature  suit.  Dryden. 

SUIT-A-BIL'I-TY,  ft.  State  of  being  suitable; 


suitableness,  [r.]  Ec.  Rev.  Scott. 

SUIT' A-BLE  (su'ta-bl),  a.  Fitting;  fit;  meet; 
conformable  ; proper  ; appropriate  ; becoming  ; 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  Jg,  J,  O,  U,  y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


SUITABLENESS 


1445 


SULPHURY 


agreeable  ; answerable  ; convenient.  “ Suita- 
ble ornaments.”  Hooker. 

Expression  is  the  dress  of  thought  and  still 
Appears  more  decent  as  more  suitable.  rope. 

Syn.  — See  Agreeable,  Answerable,  Ap- 
propriate, Becoming,  Convenient. 

SUIT'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality 
of  being  fitted  or  adapted  ; fitness  ; adaptation  ; 
propriety  ; agreeableness. 

In  words  and  styles,  suitableness  makes  them  acceptable 
and  effective.  Glanrill. 

SUIT'A-BLY,  ad.  Fitly;  agreeably;  appropri- 
ately ; with  adaptation.  South. 

SUIT'— BRO-KgR,  n.  Formerly  one  who  made  a 
business  of  obtaining  favors  for  court  petitioners. 
[Eng.]  Massinger. 

SUIT'— COURT,  n.  ( Old  Eng.  Law.)  A court  in 
which  tenants  owed  attendance  to  their  lords. 
— See  Slit,  No.  8.  Bailey. 

SUIT'— COV-E-NANT,  n.  ( Old  Eng.  Law.)  A 
covenant  of  the  ancestor  of  one  man  with  the 
ancestor  of  another  to  sue  at  his  court.  Bailey. 

SUITE  (swet)  [swet,  S.  IF.  J.  F.  K.  Sin.  C.],  n. 
[Fr.  suite.  — See  Sue.] 

1.  A company  of  followers  or  attendants  ; a 
retinue.  “ With  fifty  in  their  suite.”  Sidney. 

2.  A set,  particularly  of  apartments  opening 
into  each  other.  — See  Suit. 

Mr.  Barnard  took  one  of  the  candles  . . . and  lighted  hia 
majesty  through  a suite  of  rooms.  Boswell. 

SUIT'OR  (su'tur),  n.  1.  One  who  sues  or  entreats  ; 
a solicitor ; a petitioner.  “ An  humble  suitor 
for  these  prisoners.”  Denham. 

2.  One  who  solicits  a woman  in  marriage  ; a 

wooer.  “ A suitor  to  Sir  Roger  Ashton’s 
daughter.”  Wotton. 

3.  (Law.)  In  old  English  law,  an  attendant 
at  court : — one  of  a plaintiff’s  suit.  — In  mod- 
ern law,  one  who  has  a suit  at  court.  Burrill. 

SUIT'RIJSS,  n.  A female  supplicant.  Rowe. 

SUIT'— SER-VJCE,  n.  ( Old  Eng.  Law.)  Attend- 
ance owed  by  tenants  to  the  court  of  their  lord. 
— See  Suit,  No.  8.  Bailey. 

SI 1 L/C  ATE,  l a [L.  sulco,  sulcatus,  to  furrow; 

SOl'CAT-ED,  > sulcus  (Or.  6^<cr!s ; V.ku>,  to  draw), 
a furrow.]  (Nat.  Hist.)  Grooved  longitudinally 
with  deep  furrows ; furrowed.  Brands. 

SULK,  v.  n.  To  be  sulky;  to  be  sullen.  Todd. 

SUL'KI-LY,  ad.  In  a sulky  manner  ; morosely. 

SUL'KI-NESS,  n.  [A.  S.  solcenes,  sulkiness.] 
The  state  of  being  sulky  ; sullen  ness.  Gray. 

SULKS,  n.  pi.  The  state  of  being  sulky  ; — more 
commonly  used  in  the  expression,  “ To  be  in 
the  sulks.”  [Colloquial.]  Todd. 

SUL'KY,  a.  [A.  S.  solccn,  sulky,  slothful.]  Sul- 
len ; sour  ; morose  ; cross.'  Haslam. 

SUL'KY,  ii.  A light,  two-whceled  carriage  for  a 
single  person,  drawn  by  one  horse  ; — so  called 
from  the  proprietor’s  desire  of  riding  alone. 

IV.  Ency. 

f SULL,  n.  [A.  S.  sul.)  A plough.  Ainsworth. 

SUL'LEN,  a.  [Perhaps  from  solaneus , i.  e.  qui 
solitudines  queer'd.  Skinner.  — Probably  from 
L.  solus,  alone.  Todd.  — Old  Eng.  solein. ] 

1.  f Lonely  ; solitary  ; isolated. 

It  maketh  me  draw  out  of  the  way, 

In  sullen  place  by  myself. 

As  doth  a laborer  to  delf.  Gower. 

2.  Gloomily  angry  and  silent ; sour  ; morose. 

And  sullen  I forsook  the  imperfect  feast.  Prior. 

3.  Dismal ; dark  ; gloomy  ; sombre. 

"Why  are  thine  eyes  fixed  to  the  sullen  earth, 

Gazing  at  that  which  seems  to  dim  thy  sight?  Shak. 

4.  Sorrowful ; mournful ; dull  ; heavy. 

Be  thou  the  trumpet  of  our  wrath. 

And  sullen  presage  of  your  own  decay.  Shak. 

5.  Obstinate;  intractable.  Tillotson. 

6.  Mischievous  ; malignant ; baleful. 

Sullen  planets  at  my  birth  did  shine.  Dryden. 

f SUL'LIJN,  v.  a.  To  make  sullen.  Feltham. 

f SUL'LEN,  n.  1.  A solitary  person  ; a hermit. 

By  himself  as  a sullen.  Piers  Plouhman. 

2.  pi.  Moroseness ; gloominess  ; sulks.  Shak. 

SUL'L1JN-LY,  ad.  In  a sullen  manner;  gloomily; 
crossly  ; morosely  ; malignantly.  Dryden. 


SUL'LIJN-NESS,  n.  Gloomy  and  silent  anger; 
crossness  ; moroseness  ; gloominess.  Milton. 

f SUL'Lf-vATE,  v.  a.  [L.  sublevo,  to  raise  up.] 
To  cause  to  make  a sedition  or  insurrection. 

He  his  subjects  sought  to  sullcvate.  . Daniel. 

t SUL'LI-AGE.  n.  [Fr.  souillage.)  Pollution; 
filth  ; — written  also  suliage  and  stillage.  Wotton. 

SUL'LY,  v.  a.  [Fr.  souiller.  — See  Soil.]  [i. 
SULLIED  ; pp.  SULLYING,  SULLIED.]  To  Soil  J 
to  dirt ; to  spot ; to  tarnish  ; to  stain. 

Statues  sullied  yet  with  sacrilegious  smoke.  Roscommon. 

Destroyed  our  inward  peace,  weakened  our  national 
strength,  and  sullied  our  glory  abroad.  liolingbroke. 

Syn.  — See  Stain. 

SUL'LY,  v.  n.  To  be  soiled  or  tarnished. 

Silvering  will  sully  and  canker  more  than  gilding.  Bacon. 

SUL'LY,  n.  Soil;  tarnish;  spot;  stain.  Shak. 

SU LPH— Ai^'ID,  n.  ( Chem, .)  A sulphur-acid. Betton. 

SULPH-A R-SEN'IC,  a.  ( Chem .)  Noting  an  acid 
consisting  of  five  equivalents  of  sulphur  and 
one  of  arsenic,  and  called  also  pentasulphide  of 
arsenic.  Miller. 

SUL'PIIATE,  n.  (Chem.)  A salt  formed  of  sul- 
phuric acid  and  a base.  Graham. 

SUL-PHAT'IC,  a.  (Chem.)  Relating  to  a sul- 
phate or  to  sulphates.  Braude. 

SUL'PHlDE,  n.  (Chem.)  A compound  of  sulphur 
and  another  element  or  equivalent  body  ; as, 
“ Sulphide  of  mercury,”  or  “ Sulphide  of  am- 
monium.” Miller. 

ftQy-  The  sulphides  of  the  metals,  like  the  oxides, 
may  be  subdivided  into  basic  and  acid  sulphides, 
according  to  the  nature  of  the  metal  and  the  number 
of  equivalents  of  sulphur  with  which  it  is  combined. 
Miller. 

Double  sulphide,  (Chem.)  a compound  of  two  sul- 
phides, as  sulpharseniate  of  sodium,  which  is  a com- 
pound of  sulpharsenic  acid,  or  pentasulphide  of  arsenic 
and  sulphide  of  sodium.  — Metallic  sulphide.,  a com- 
pound of  sulphur  and  a metal.  Miller. 

SUL'PHI-ON,  n.  (Chem.)  A hypothetical  com- 
pound of  one  equivalent  of  sulphur  and  four  of 
oxygen.  Graham. 

SUL-PHI'O-NIdE,  n.  (Chem.)  A name  applied, 
in  the  binary  theory  of  salts,  to  a compound  of 
sulphion  and  a metal  or  equivalent  body;  as, 
“ Su/phionide  of  sodium,”  — otherwise  called 
sulphate  of  soda.  Graham. 

SUL'PHlTE,  n.  (Chem.)  A salt  consisting  of  sul- 
phurous acid  and  a base.  Brande. 

SUL-PHO-CAR-BON'IC,  a.  (Chem.)  Noting  an 
acid  consisting  of  two  equivalents  of  sulphur 
and  one  of  carbon,  — otherwise  called  bisulphide 
of  carbon.  Betton. 

SUL-PIIO-CY-AN'IC,  a.  (Chem.)  Noting  a hydra- 
cid  consisting  of  one  equivalent  of  sulphocy- 
anogen  and  one  of  hydrogen ; hydrosulphocy- 
anic.  Gregory. 

SUL-PHO-C?'A-NIDE,  n.  (Chem.)  A salt  com- 
posed of  sulphocyanogen  and  another  com- 
ponent. Miller. 

SUL-PHO-CY-AN'0-<JEN,  n.  (Chem.)  A compound 
of  two  equivalents  of  sulphur  and  one  of  cyano- 
gen ; bisulphide  of  cyanogen.  Miller. 

SUL'PIIO— SALT,  n.  (Chem.)  A salt  consisting 
of  a sulphur  acid  combined  with  a sulphur  base  ; 
a sulphur-salt.  Miller. 

SUL'PIJO-SEL,  n.  [J..  sulphur,  sulphur,  and  sal, 
salt ; Fr.  sel .]  A sulpho-salt.  Ure. 

SUL-PHO-VIN'IC,  a.  [L.  sulphur,  sulphur,  and 
vinum,  wine.]  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  ob- 
tained by  the  action  of  sulphuric  acid  on  al- 
cohol. Brandt. 

SUL'PHUR  (sfil'fitr),  n.  [L.J  A yellow,  crystalline, 
inflammable,  fusible,  brittle  substance,  occur- 
ring native  in  Sicily,  and  in  other  volcanic  dis- 
tricts, and  extracted  from  iron  pyrites  (bisul- 
phide of  iron)  ; brimstone;  — used  very  exten- 
sively in  the  preparation  of  sulphuric  acid,  gun- 
powder, lucifcr  matches,  vermilion,  in  bleaching, 
&c.  Miller.  Parnell. 

Sulphur,  when  -pure,  is  tasteless  and  inodorous, 
is  insoluble  in  water  and  nearly  twice  as  heavy  as 
water,  is  volatilized  by  heat,  burns  with  a blue  flame, 
emitting  suffocating  flames  of  sulphurous  acid,  is  a 
non-conductor  of  heat  and  electricity,  a constituent  of 
very  numerous  compounds,  and  may  beobtained  in  sev- 


eral different  allotropic  forms,  in  which  its  physical 
anil  chemical  properties  are  entirely  changed.  Miller. 

Flowers  of  sulphur,  purified. sulphur  which  has  been 

sublimed  in  the  form  of  an  impalpable  powder. Roll. 

or  stick  sulphur , sulphur  which  lias  been  relined  and 
cast  into  moulds  ; — called  also  cane  brimstone. 

Wood  4*  Baehe. 

SUL'PHUR,  v.  a.  To  mix  or  combine  with  sul- 
phur ; to  sulphurate,  [it.]  Chambers. 

sOL'PIIUR— Aq'ID,  n.  (Chem.)  An  acid  sulphide 
capable  of  combining  with  a sulphur  base  and 
forming  a sulphur  salt,  as  sulpharsenic  acid ; an 
electro-negative  sulphide.  Miller. 

SUL'PHU-RATE,  a.  [L.  sulphuratus .]  Of,  be- 
longing to,  or  resembling,  sulphur.  More. 

SUL'PIIU-RATE,  V.  a.  [i.  SULPHURATED;  pp. 
SULPHURATING,  SULPHURATED.]  To  Combine 
or  impregnate  with  sulphur.  Smart. 

s0l-PHU-RA'TION,  n.  The  act  or  the  process  of 
combining  with,  or  subjecting  to  the  action  of, 
sulphur  ; — particularly  applied  to  the  process 
by  which  woollen,  silk,  and  cotton  goods  arc 
exposed  to  the  vapor  of  burning  sulphur,  or  to 
sulphurous  acid  gas,  for  the  purpose  of  decolor- 
ring or  bleaching.  Brande. 

SUL'PHUR— BASE,  n.  (Chem.)  A sulphide  capa- 
ble of  combining  with  a sulphur  acid  and  forming 
a sulphur  salt;  an  electro-positive  sulphide,  as 
sulphide  of  potassium,  which  combines  with 
sulpharsenic  acid  and  forms  sulpharseniate  of 
potassium.  Miller. 

SUL-Pnu'Rp-OUS,  a.  [L.  sulphurous.)  Consist- 
ing of,  or  impregnated  with,  sulphur;  having 
the  qualities  of  sulphur  ; sulphurous.  Newton. 

SUL-PHU'RE-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  a sulphureous 
manner.  “ Sulphureously  shaded.”  Herbert. 

SUL-PHU'R E-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the 
quality  of  being  sulphureous.  Johnsoi ^ 

SUL'PHU-RET,  n.  (Chem.)  A sulphide.  — See 
Sulphide.  Brande. 

SUL'PHU-RET-TED,  a.  (Chcfn.)  Holding  or  hav- 
ing sulphur  in  combination.  V.  Cyc. 

Sulphuretted  hydrogen,  a colorless  gas  consisting  of 
one  equivalent  of  sulphur  and  one  of  oxygen  ; hj - 
drosulphuric  acid  ; hepatic  air.  It  lias  a very  dis- 
agreeable taste,  and  a nauseous,  fetid  odor  resembling 
that  of  putrid  eggs;  sulphydric  acid.  P.  Cyc. 

SITL-PHU'RIC  (122)  [sul-fu'rjk,  C.  B.  Cl.  Dunyli- 
son  ; sul'fur-ik,  Wh.  Maunder ; sul-fur'jk,  JSm.], 
a.  Relating  to,  or  derived  from,  sulphur. 

Sulphuric  acid,  (Chem.)  an  acid  composed  of  one 
equivalent  of  sulphur  and  three  equivalents  of  oxy- 
gen ; — called  also  oil  of  vitriol  and  vitriolic  acid. — 
Sulphuric  ether,  a limpid,  colorless,  transparent,  very 
volatile,  and  extremely  inflammable  liquid  ; of  a 
powerful,  penetrating,  and  peculiar  odor ; of  a taste, 
at  first  fiery,  then  cooling  ; producing,  if  taken  inter- 
nally, stimulating  and  intoxicating  effects,  and,  if  its 
vapor  is  inhaled,  exhilaration,  speedily  followed  by 
temporary  complete  insensibility  to  pain  ; boiling  at 
94  .8  F.,  and  freezing  at  about 24  below  zero  ; posses- 
sing high  refracting  power ; prepared  by  distilling  equal 
measures  of  alcohol  rind  sulphuric  acid  ; and  consisting 
of  two  equivalents  of  ethyl  and  two  of  oxygen,  or  of 
eight  equivalents  of  carbon,  ten  of  hydrogen,  and  two 
of  oxygen  ; — called  also  ethylic  or  rinic  ether.  If  its 
vapor  is  inhaled,  pure  and  duly  mixed  with  atmos- 
pheric air,  it  is  capable  of  surely  and  safely  rendering 
tlie  severest  surgical  operations  painless.  It  was  first 
successfully  applied  for  this  purpose  at  Boston,  Mass., 
in  1846,  under  tile  instructions  of  Charles  T.  Jackson, 
M.  D.  — the  discoverer  of  its  antnsthetic  properties, 
— by  W.  T.  G.  Morton,  a dentist;  and  since  that 
period  it  has  been  extensive  housed  in  surgical  practice, 
and  lias  proved  to  he  of  inestimable  value.  Miller. 
Academy  of  Sciences  of  France.  Whcwcll.  F..  Koerett. 

SUL'PHUR-INE,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  resembling, 
sulphur;  sulphureous,  [it.]  Bailey. 

SUL'PHUR-ING,  n.  The  process  of  bleaching  by 
exposure  to  the  vapor  of  burning  sulphur; 
sulphuration.  Ure. 

SUL'PHl'R-OUS,  a.  Consisting  of,  or  impregnated 
with,  sulphur  ; sulphureous.  Milton. 

Sulphurous  acid,  (Cliem.)  an  acid  composed  of  one 
equivalent  of  sulphur  and  two  of  oxygen.  Miller. 

SUL'PHUR— SALT,  n.  (Chem.)  A salt  composed 
of  a sulphur  acid  and  a sulphur  base  ; a sulpho- 
salt.  Miller. 

SUL'PHUR- WORT  (sHl'fur-wUrt),  n.  The  name  of 
plants  of  the  genus  Peucedanum.  Loudon. 

SUL'PHUR-Y,  a.  Partaking  of,  or  pertaining  to, 
sulphur  ; sulphurous  ; sulphureous.  Drayton. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  S6N ; BULL,  BUR,  RtJLE.  — <J,  Q,  9,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  $ as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


SULTAN 


1446 


SUMPTUARY 


SUL'TAN  (Oriental  sill-tan'),  n.  [It.  sultano  ; Sp. 
% Fr.  sultan.  — From  Arab,  sultaun,  mighty. 
Brande. — From  Moorish  soldan,  a prince.  Diet. 
ofTrevoux.]  The  title  of  the  Turkish  sovereign  ; 
grand-seignior.  Shak. 

tiff  Various  Mohammedan  princes  are  styled  by 
this  title,  besides  the  Ottoman  emperor,  or  grand  sul-  ! 
tan , to  whom  it  is  coinin&nly  given  by  Europeans,  but 
whose  peculiar  title  padishah  is  more  dignified.  Brande. 

Syn.  — See  Monarch. 

SUL-TA'NA,  or  Sl.JL-TA'NA  [sul-ta'na,  S.  IV.  P. 
J.  F.  Sni.  C.;  sul-ta'n?,  Ja.  if.],  n.  The  wife  or 
consort  of  a sultan  ; a sultaness.  Cleavcland. 

SUL'TAN- ESS,  n.  A sultana.  Irene. 

s0l'TAN-FLOVV-ER,  n.  A plant,  and  its  flower, 
of  the  genus  Centaurea,  or  star-thistle.  Wright. 

SUL-TAN'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  a sultan.  Bell. 

SUL'TA-NlN,  n.  A former  Turkish  money  of  120 
aspers  : — a Turkish  gold  coin  of  10s.  sterling  : 

— the  Venetian  gold  sequin.  Simmonds. 

SUI/TAN-RY,  n.  The  empire  or  dominions  of  a 

sultan  ; an  Eastern  empire.  Bacon. 

SUL'TAN-SHIP,  n.  The  state,  dignity,  or  office 
of  a sultan.  Byron. 

SUL'TRI-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  sultry. 

SUL'TRY,  a.  [Contracted  from  sweltry. ] Hot 
and  close  ; warm  and  damp.  “ Sultry  weather.” 

SUM,  n.  [L .summa;  It .sonvna;  Sp . suma;  Fr. 
somme.  — Dut.  som ; Ger.  summe ; Dan.  sum  ; 
Sw.  summa.  — Gael,  suim ; W.  sum.  — From  L. 
sumo,  to  take.  Scaliger. — From  L.  summits, 
from  superus,  upper  ; super,  above.  W.  Smith. 

— Probably  from  A.  S.  somnian,  samnian,  to 
collect.  Ilichardson .] 

1.  The  aggregate  of  two  or  more  numbers, 

. quantities,  magnitudes,  individuals,  or  particu- 
lars ; amount ; as,  “ The  sum  of  9 and  8 is  17.” 

IIow  precious  also  are  thy  thoughts  unto  me,  O God!  how 
great  is  tin-  sum  of  them ! n.  cxxxix.  17. 

Weighing  the  sum  of  things  with  wise  forecast.  Philips. 

2.  A quantity  of  money.  Shah. 

Britain,  once  despised,  can  raise 

As  ample  sums  as  Rome  in  Caesar’s  days.  C.  Arbuthnot. 

3.  Amount ; compendium  ; substance. 

The  sum  of  all  our  answer.  Shak. 

The  sum  of  duty  let  two  words  contain. 

Be  humble,  and  be  just.  Prior. 

4.  Height ; completion  ; summit. 

The  sum  of  earthly  bliss.  Milton. 

5.  ( Arith .)  A question  or  problem.  Dickens. 

This  sense  of  sum  is  common  both  in  this 
country  and  in  England,  though  it  appears  not  to  he  | 
given  in  any  English  Dictionary,  except  that  of  Clarke,  j 
Sum  is  defined,  “ a question  in  arithmetic  ” by  Jennings  ! 
in  his  “Glossary  of  the  Dialect  of  the  West  of  Eng-  , 
land,”  and  by  Halliwell  in  his  “ Dictionary  of  Archaic 
and  Provincial  Words  ; ” and  he  notes  it  as  thus  used  I 
in  carious  dialects.  Forby,  in  his  “ Vocabulary  of  East 
Anglia,”  says,  “ We  have  suramin  «*-schools,  summing - 
books,  and  summing- masters,  and  solving  any  ques- 
tion in  arithmetic  is  doing  a sum.” 

There  are  whole  passages  in  his  [Aristotle’s]  writings  in 
which  he  appears  like  a school  boy  who  knows  the  answer  to 
a sum,  but  cannot  get  the  figures  to  come  to  it. 

fV.  Bagshot , Sat.  Rev.,  London,  185H. 

IIow  is  it,  then,  that  we  ever  reach  a wronr'  conclusion? 

It  may  be  done  by  using  a calculus  in  the  process,  and  using 
it  wrongly,  as  we  may  perform  a sum  wrongly  in  arithmetic, 
and  so  get  a wrong  conclusion.  B.  II.  Smart. 

SUM,  v.  a.  [It.  sommare ; Sp.  sumar ; Fr.  som- 
mer.  — A.  S.  somnian,  samnian,  to  assemble,  to 
collect.]  [£.  summed  ; pp.  SUMMING,  summed.] 

1.  To  collect  into  a whole  or  total  the  particu- 
lars of ; — often  followed  by  up. 

You  cast  the  event  of  war, 

And  summed  the  account  of  chance.  Shdk. 

To  count  the  sands  or  sum  up  infinity.  South. 

2.  To  compute  ; to  ascertain  the  amount  of. 

Go  up  to  Ililkiah  . . . that  he  may  sum  the  silver  which  is 

brought  into  the  house  of  the  Lord.  2 Kings  xxii.  4. 

3.  To  collect  in  a small  compass  ; to  com- 
prise or  comprehend  in  a few  words.  Milton. 

“ Go  to  the  ant,  thou  sluggard,”  in  a few  words  sums  up 
the  moral  of  this  fable.  L' Estrange. 

4.  (Falconry.)  To  place,  or  cause  to  grow, 
the  full  number  of  feathers  on. 

With  prosperous  wing  full  bummed.  Milton. 

Stl'MAjUH  (ehu'niak  or su'mak)  [su'm&k,  K.  i?. ; su'- 
mSdc  or  sliu’inik,  Sin.  ; shu'mak,  I Vb.],  n.  [Fr. 
sumac,  sumach.  — Dut.  smak  ; Ger.  sumach,  su - 
malt .]  [Written  also  sumac  and  shumach. ] 


1.  (Bot.)  The  common  name  of  trees  and 

shrubs  of  the  genus  lthus,  with  polygamous, 
greenish-white  or  yellowish  flowers,  and  small 
and  indeliiseent  globular  fruit,  in  the  form  of  a 
sort  of  dry  drupe.  Gray. 

2.  The  powdered  leaves,  peduncles,  and  young 

branches  of  certain  species  of  sumach,  used  for 
tanning  and  dyeing.  Brande. 

SU-MA'TRAN,  n.  A native,  or  an  inhabitant,  of 
Sumatra.  Murray. 

SUM'LfSS,  a.  Not  to  be  computed.  Shah. 

SUM'M A-RI-LY,  ad.  In  a summary  manner  ; 
briefly  ; concisely  ; compendiously.  Hooker. 

SUM’MA-RiZE,  v.  a.  To  make  a summary  or  ab- 
stract of.  [li.]  Chambers. 

SUM'MA-RY,  a.  [Fr.  sommaire,  from  L.  summa- 
tion, a summary  ; summa,  a sum.]  Short ; 
brief;  concise;  compendious;  synoptical. 

A summary  account  of  their  force.  Cook. 

She’d  have  a summary  proceeding.  Swift. 

Syn.  — See  Short. 

SUM'MA-RY,  n.  [L.  summarium  ; summa,  a sum  ; 
It . sommario;  Sp  .sumario-,  Fr  .sommaire.)  A 
compendium  ; an  abridgment ; a compend  ; an 
abstract ; an  epitome ; a synopsis. 

And  have  the  summary  of  all  our  griefs.  Shak. 

"With  a table  representing  a summary,  or  short  sketch,  of 
what  had  been  done.  Waterland. 

Syn.  — See  Abridgment. 

SUM-MALIGN,  n.  The  act  of  summing;  com- 
putation : — an  aggregate.  P.  Cyc. 

SUM'MER,  n.  One  who  sums.  Sherwood. 

SUM'M fR,  n.  [A.  S.  sumer,  sumor  ; Dut.  zomer; 
Frs .summer-,  Ger.  Is  Dan.  sommer;  Sw.  som- 
mar  ; Icel.  sumar;  lr . samhradh.]  The  warm 
season  of  the  year,  “ popularly  comprising  [in 
England]  May,  June,  and  July.”  Smart.  — In 
the  U.  S.,  the  season  called  summer  comprises 
June,  July,' and  August. 

Child  of  the  sun,  refulgent  Summer  comes; 

lie  conies  attended  by  the  sultry  hours.  Thomson. 

Astronomically  considered,  summer  begins  on 
the  21st  of  June,  or  at  the  time  of  the  summer  solstice, 
and  ends  on  the  21st  of  September,  or  at  the  time  of 
the  autumnal  equinox.  Hcrschcl. 

Indian  summer , in  North  America,  an  expression 
applied  to  a short  season  of  pleasant  weather,  which 
commonly  occurs  in  the  latter  part  of  autumn. 

Dr.  J.  Freeman. 

SUM'MER,  v.  n.  [l.  SUMMERED  ; pp.  SUMMERING, 
summered.]  To  pass  the  summer.  Isa.  xviii.  6. 

SUM'MER,  v.  a.  To  keep  during  or  through  the 
summer.  “ Maids  well  summered Shah. 

SUM'M£R,  a.  Of,  or  pertaining  to,  summer. 

The  blaze  of  summer  noon.  Pope. 

SUM'MER,  n.  [Fr.  sommier. — See  Sumpter.] 
(Arch.)  A horizontal  beam  or  girder  : — any 
large  piece  of  timber,  supported  on  two  strong 
piers  or  posts,  and  serving  as  a lintel.  Britton. 

SUM'MpR-COLT,  n.  The  undulating  state  of  the 
air  near  the  ground  when  heated.  Smart. 

SUM'MpR— COM-PLAINT',  n.  (Med.)  Diarrhoea 
occurring  in  summer.  Dunglison. 

SUM'MEIt-CY'PRIJSS,  n.  (Bot.)  An  annual 
plant ; Kochia  scoparia.  Loudon. 

SUM'MER— DUCK,  n.  (Or- 
nitli.)  An  American 
duck  of  elegant  plu- 
mage ; wood-duck  ; 

Anas  sponsa,  or  Dendro- 
nessa  sponsa.  Wilson. 

SUM'MIJR— FAL'LOW,  v. 
a.  To  plough  and  let 
lie  fallow  in  summer. 

Knowles. 

SUM'MpR— FAL'LOW,  a. 

Lyingfallow  or  bare  in  summer,  asland.  Loudon. 

SUM'MER-FAL'LOW,  n.  Land  lying  fallow.  Sm. 

SUM'MER— HOUSE,  n.  1.  A house  or  building  in 
a garden,  used  in  summer.  Shak. 

2.  A house  for  residence  during  the  summer  ; 
a country  residence  ; a country  seat.  Smart. 

SUM'M  IJR-LI-NESS,  n.  Resemblance  to  summer  ; 
warmth  and  pleasantness,  [r.]  Fuller. 


SUM'MER— RASH,  n.  (Med.)  A species  of  rash 
produced  in  hot  weather,  characterized  by  small 
bright-red  pimples,  and  accompanied  by  heat, 
itching,  and  pricking.  . Dunglison. 

SUM'MER-SAULT,  1 n Aleapinthe  air  in  which 

SUM'MER-SET,  ) a person  throws  the  heels 
over  the  head,  lighting  on  his  feet ; a somer- 
set.— See  Somerset.  Iludibras. 

SUM'MJgR-STIR,  v.  a.  To  plough  that  it  may  be 
fallow  in  summer  ; to  summer-fallow.  Ash. 

SUM'MER— TREE,  n.  (Arch.)  A lintel  or  beam 
placed  in  the  front  of  a building  to  support  an 
upper  wall ; a brest-summer.  Britton. 

SUM'MER— WHEAT,  n.  Spring  wheat.  Clarke. 

SUM'MIST,  n.  One  who  forms  a summary  or 
abridgment.  “ Summists  and  canonists Daring. 

SUM'MIT,  n.  [L.  summitas  ; summits,  highest; 
It.  sommith  ; Sp . sumidad  ; Fr.  sommet .]  The 
highest  point ; the  top  ; apex  ; vertex. 

The  summit  of  the  highest  mount.  Shale. 

SUM'MIT-LESS,  a.  Having  no  summit.  II.  Taylor. 

SUM'MIT— LEV'EL,  n.  The  highest  of  a series  of 
elevations  over  which  a railway,  canal,  or  water- 
course is  carried.  Hayward. 

f SUM'MjT-Y,  n.  [L.  summitas.']  Summit ; top  ; 
utmost  height  or  degree  ; apex.  Swift. 

SUM 'MON,  v.  a.  [L.  summoneo,  to  remind  privi- 
ly ; sub,  under,  and  moneo , to  remind,  to  ad- 
monish; Fr.  sommer .]  [_i.  summoned;  pp. 

SUMMONING,  SUMMONED.] 

1.  To  call  by  authority;  to  notify  or  admon- 
ish to  appear  ; to  cite ; to  bid. 

At  Westminster  a council  summoned.  Daniel. 

Nor  trumpets  summon  him  to  war,  Dryden. 

Love,  duty,  safety  summon  us  away.  Pope. 

2.  To  excite  ; to  rouse;  to  raise;  — followed 

by  up.  “ Summon  up  the  blood.”  Shak. 

3.  (Law.)  To  give  notice  to;  to  inform,  as  a 

defendant,  that  an  action  has  been  instituted 
against  him,  and  that  he  is  required  to  answer  to 
it  at  a time  and  place  named.  Bourier. 

4.  (Mil.)  To  demand  the  surrender  of,  as  of 

a fortified  place.  Stocqueler. 

Syn.  — See  Cali,,  Cite. 

SUM'MON-ER,  n.  One  who  summons.  Shak. 

SUM'MON§,  n. ; pi.  SUMMONSES.  1.  A call  or  ad- 
monition by  authority  to  appear  ; a citation. 

This  summons,  as  he  resolved  unfit  either  to  dispute  or  dis- 
obey, so  could  he  not  without  much  violeuce  to  liis  inclina- 
tions submit  unto.  Fell. 

2.  (Law.)  In  old  practice,  a writ  directed  to 
a sheriff,  requiring  him  to  summon  a defendant 
to  appear  in  court  to  answer  a plaintiff’s  action  ; 
— in  modern  practice,  a writ  or  prooess  by  which 
an  action  is  commenced,  the  defendant  being 
thereby  summoned  to  appear  in  court  to  answer 
the  plaintiff.  Burrill. 

S0M'MON§,u.  a.  To  summon  ; to  cite,  [r.]  Swift. 

SUM' Ml/M  BO 'MUM.  [L.]  The  highest  or  great- 
est good.  Macdonncll. 

fSUM'NEIl,  n.  A summoner.  Milton. 

SU-MOOM' , n.  A simoon.  — See  Simoon.  Clarke. 

SUMP,  n.  1.  (Mining.)  A pit  sunk  in  the  engine- 
shaft  below  the  lowest  workings.  Weale. 

2.  A pond  of  water  for  salt  works.  Simmonds. 

3.  A dirty  puddle  ; a slough.  [Local.]  Royet. 

SUMPII,n.  Ablockhead.  [Scotland.]  Jamieson. 

SUMP'TER  (sum'ter),  n.  [L.  sar/marius ; sagma 
(Gr.  cdyya),  a pack-saddle  ; it.  somiere ; Fr. 
sommier.]  An  animal,  particularly  a horse  or 
a mule,  carrying  loads  on  his  back.  Shak. 

Sij'MP'TER,  a.  Carrying  burdens  on  the  back,  as 
a horse  or  a mule.  Mortimer. 

f SOMP'TION  (sum'sliun),  n.  [L .sumptio;  sumo; 
to  take.]  The  act  of  taking.  Bp.  Taylor. 

SUMPT'U-A-RY  (sumt'yu-a-re),  a.  [L.  svmptva- 
rius ; sumpt'us,  expense ; It.  suntuario ; Sp. 
suntario ; Fr.  somptuaire.]  Pertaining  to,  or 
regulating,  expense  or  expenses. 

Sumptuary  laws,  laws  passed  by  a government  to 
restrain  the  expenditure  of  its  subjects  or  citizens, 
either  in  apparel,  food,  or  otherwise.  Burrill. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  E,  !,  Q,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


SUMPTUOSITY 


1447 


SUPER 


Syn.  — That  which  causes  expense  is  sumptuous-, 
that  which  regulates  expense  is  sumptuary.  A sump- 
tuous or  expensive  feast ; sumptuary  laws. 

SUMPT-U-OS'l-TY  (suint-yu-os'e-te),  11.  [L.  sump- 
tuositas ; It.  suntuosit'i.]  Expensiveness ; cost- 
liness ; sumptuousness.  [it.]  Raleigh. 

SUMP'PlI-OUS  (sumt'yu-us),  a.  [L.  sumptuosus  ; 
sumptus,  expense,  cost;  It.  <Sr  Sp.  suntuosu ; l'r. 
somptueux.]  Costly  ; expensive  ; splendid  ; 
magnificent ; pompous  ; luxuriant ; luxurious. 

A sumptuous  banquet  was  prepared.  Chapman. 

The  sumptuous  stateliness  of  houses.  Hooker. 

Syn.  — See  Sumptuary. 

SUMPT'U-OUS-LY  (sumt'yu-us-le),  ad.  Expen- 
sively ; splendidly  ; magnificently.  Bacon. 

SU  M PT' U-OUS-N ESS  (sumt'yu-us-nes),  n.  Ex- 
pensiveness ; costliness  ; magnificence.  Boyle. 

StlN,  n.  [M.  Goth,  sunno ; A.  S.  sunne ; Frs. 
swine  ; Dut.  zon  ; Ger.  sonne  ; Dan.  soel,  sol ; Sw. 

Icel.  sol.  — W.  haul,  huan.  — Sansc.  sura. — 
L.  sol.  — From  Arab.. sants,  to  shine.  Wachter. — 
“This  word  is  related  to  the  Ger.  scheinen,  to 
shine,  and  the  Ger.  sehen  (Old  Ger.  sun),  to 
see,  light  being  the  most  essential  character  of 
the  sun.”  Bosworth .] 

1.  The  luminary  that  makes  the  day  ; the 
central  body  of  the  solar  system,  about  which 
all  its  planets  and  comets  revolve,  and  by  which 
their  motions  are  regulated  and  controlled. 

The  sun  to  rule  by  day.  for  his  mercy  endureth  for  ever  ; 
the  moon  and  stars  to  rule  by  night.  Ps.  cxxxvi.  S,  [). 

lie  mnketh  his  sun  to  rise  on  the  evil  and  on  the  good,  and 
semleth  rain  on  the  just  and  on  the  unjust.  Matt.  v.  4.5. 

Tile  sun  is  the  source  of  light  and  heat ; its 
mean  distance  from  the  earth  is  about  95,000,0(10 
miles.  Light,  which  travels  witli  tiie  velocity  of 
192,000  miles  in  a second,  reaches  the  eartli  about 
eigiit  minutes  after  leaving  the  sun’s  surface.  Herscliel. 

2.  A place  or  position  on  which  the  direct 
rays  of  the  sun  fall ; a sunny  place. 

When  we  sit  idly  in  the  sun.  Shak. 

Yonder  bank  hath  choice  of  sun  and  shade.  Milton. 

3.  Any  thing  eminently  splendid  or  brilliant ; 
a source  of  light,  glory,  or  prosperity. 

The  sun  of  Rome  is  set.  Shak. 

I will  never  consent  to  put  out  the  sun  of  sovereignty  to 
posterity  and  all  succeeding  kings.  Ivina  Charles. 

Under  the  sun','  ill  the  world  ; on  eartli  ; — a pro- 
verbial expression.  “There  is  no  new  tiling  under 
the  sun .”  Bccl.  i.  9. 

SUN,  V.  a.  [t.  SUNNED  | pp.  SUNNING,  SUNNED.] 
To  expose  to  the  rays  of  the  sun  or  to  the  sun’s 
warmth.  “ To  sun  thyself  in  open  air.”  Dryclen. 

SUN'BEAM,  n.  A beam  or  ray  of  the  sun. 

Truth  is  as  impossible  to  be  soiled  by  any  outward  touch 
as  the  sunbeam.  Milton. 

SUN'BEAT  (sfin'bet),  a.  Shone  on  brightly  or 
fiercely  by  the  sun  ; sun-beaten.  Dryden. 

SUN'BEAT-EN  (sun'be-tn),  a.  Sunbeat.  Ash. 

SUN'— BIJ-GOT'TEN,  a.  Generated  by  the  sun  or 
by  solar  heat;  sun-born.  Dryden. 

SUN'BIRD,  n.  ( Ornitli .)  The  common  name  of 
birds  of  the  sub-family  Promeropinee,  having 
very  brilliant  plumage,  and  living  on  the  juices 
of  flowers.  They  are  allied  to  the  humming- 
birds.— See  Promeropinee.  Gray. 

SUN'BLINK,  n.  A glance  of  the  sun.  Scott. 

SUN'BORN,  a.  Born  of  the  sun.  Cowley. 

KUN'BRIGHT  (sun'brlt),  a.  Resembling  the  sun 
in  brightness  ; bright  as  the  sun. 

The  apostate  in  his  sun-bright  chariot  sat.  Milton. 

SUN'BURN,  V.  a.  [i.  SUNBURNT;  pp.  SUNBURN- 
ING, sunburnt.]  To  discolor  or  scorch  by  rays 
or  heat  of  the  sun.  Gauden. 

SUN'BURN-ER,  n.  A kind  of  gasburner  of  large 
size.  Simmonds. 

SUN'RURN-ING,  n.  A burning  by  the  sun,  par- 
ticularly of  the  skin  ; a tanning.  Shah. 

SUN' BURNT,  a.  Scorched  or  discolored  by  the 
sun  ; tanned.  “ Sunburnt  and  swarthy. "Dryden. 

SUN'CLAD,  a.  Clothed  in  radiance  or  brightness, 
as  of  the  sun  ; bright.  Milton. 

SUN'DART,  ii.  A beam  of  the  sun.  Ilemans. 

SUN'DAY  (sun'd?),  n.  [A.  S.  sunnan-deeg  ; sunne, 
the  sun,  and  deeg,  day ; Dut.  zondag ; Ger. 


sonntag ; Dan . § Sw.  sStidag.  — So  named  be- 
cause anciently  dedicated  to  the  sun  or  to  its 
worship.]  The  first  day  of  the  week ; the 
Christian  Sabbath,  consecrated  to  rest  from 
labor  and  to  religious  worship  ; the  Lord’s  Day. 

ijgy-  Sunday,  file  first  day  of  tile  week,  is  the  Chris- 
tian Sabbath.  The  Jewish  Sabbath  was  and  still  is  the 
seventh  day  of  the  week,  corresponding  to  our  Satur- 
day. “The  only  words  used  in  English  for  tile  first 
day  of  the  week,  before  the  existence  of  Puritanism, 
were  the  Lord's  Day  and  Sunday.”  Notes  tf  Que- 
ries.— See  Sabbath. 

4)®=-  “ [n  some  of  the  New  England  States,  it  begins 
at  sun-setting  on  Saturday,  and  ends  at  tile  same  time 
the  next  day.  But  in  other  parts  of  the  United  States 
it  generally  commences  at  twelve  o’clock  on  the 
night  between  Saturday  and  Sunday,  and  ends  in 
twenty-four  hours  thereafter.  In  some  States,  owing 
to  statutory  provisions,  contracts  made  on  Sunday  are 
void  ; but  in  general  they  are  binding,  although  made 
on  that  day,  if  good  in  other  respects.”  Boucier. 

SUN'DAY,  a.  Belonging  to  Sunday.  Ch.  Ob. 

SUN'DAY— SCHOOL,  n.  A school  for  religious 
instruction,  kept  on  Sundays.  Bathes. 

SUN'DER,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  sundrian,  syndrian  ; Dut. 
zonderen,  afzonderen ; Ger.  sondern ; Dan.  af- 
sondre ; Sw.  s indra ; Icel.  sundra.]  [/.  sun- 
dered ; pp.  SUNDERING,  sundered.] 

1.  To  part ; to  sever  ; to  divide  ; to  separate  ; 

to  disjoin.  “ Sundered  friends.”  Shah. 

It  is  sundered  from  the  main  land  by  a sandy  plain.  Carcic. 

2.  To  expose  to  the  sun  and  wind,  as  hay 
that  has  been  cocked.  [Local,  Fng.]  llalliwell. 

Syn. — See  Separate. 

SUN'DJKR,  v.  n.  To  be  separated  ; to  part. 

Strangers  and  foes  do  sunder  and  not  kiss.  Shak. 

SUN'DER,  n.  A severance  into  two  parts  ; two 
parts  ; — preceded  by  in. 

Breaketh  the  bow,  and  cutteth  the  spear  in  sunder.  Ps.  xlvi.0. 

SUN'DEVV  (sun'du),  n.  A perennial  herb  of  the 
genus  Drosera,  the  leaves  of  which  are  covered 
with  gland-bearing  bristles,  which  exude  drops 
of  a clear  fluid,  glittering  like  dew-drops.  Gray. 

SUN'DI-AL,  n.  An  instrument  for  showing  the 
time  of  day  by  means  of  a shadow  cast  by  the 
sun  on  a plate  from  a style  or  straight  rod 
firmly  attached  to  it ; a dial.  — See  Dial.  Nichol. 

SUN'DOG,  n.  A luminous  spot  sometimes  seen  a 
few  degrees  distant  from  the  sun.  Owen. 

SUN'DOVV'N,  n.  Sunset.  [A  word  common  in 
Scotland  and  in  the  U.  S.,  but  rarely  used  in 
Eng.]  John  Galt.  Walter  Scott.  W.  Irving. 

SUN'— DRIED  (sun'drld),  a.  Dried  by  the  rays  or 
heat  of  the  sun.  “ Sun-dried  grapes.”  Dyer. 

SUN'DRIEij,  ii.pl.  Sundry  things.  Maunder. 

SUN'DRI-LY,  ad.  Variously.  Fabyan. 

SUN'DRY,  a.  [A.  S.  syndrig,  sundrig.  — See 
Sunder.]  Several;  divers;  various.  Dryden. 

SUN'FISH,  ii.  ( Ich .)  1.  A ma- 
rine, plectognathous  fish,  of 
the  family  Gymnodontidre  and 
genus  Orthagoriscus,  having 
the  tail  so  short  that  it  appears 
like  the  anterior  half  of  a large 
fish  cut  in  two.  Yarrell. 

2.  A name  of  the  bnsking- 

shark.  Yarrell. 

3.  A small  fresh-water  fish, 
of  glittering  colors  ; Pomotis  ( Orthagoriscus  mala.), 
vulgaris.  [U.  S.]  Storer. 

SUN'FLoW-ER,  n.  ( Bot .)  A stout  herb  of  the  ge- 
nus Helianthus  ; — so  called  either  from  the  re- 
semblance of  the  large  disk  and  rays  of  its  yellow 
or  orange  flowers  to  the  sun,  or  from  the  ten- 
dency of  the  flowers,  in  a remarkable  degree,  to 
present  their  faces  to  the  sun.  Gray. 

SUNG,  i.  & p.  from  sing.  See  SiNG. 

SUN'— GILT,  a.  Gilded  by  the  sun.  Dyer. 

SUN'GREBE,  n.  (Ornith.)  A bird  of  the  sub- 
family Heliorninat.  — See  IIeliorninje.  Gray. 

SUNK  (sungk,  82,),  i.  & p.  from  sinh. 

SUNK'EN  (sungk'kn),  p.  a.  Fallen  or  pressed 
down  ; sunk  ; low.  — See  Sink.  Shah. 

SUN'LESS,  a.  Wanting  the  sun  or  its  warmth ; 
not  exposed  to  the  sun’s  rays  ; shady.  Thomson. 


SUN'LlGIIT  (sQn'Ilt),  n.  The  light  or  radiance  of 
the  sun.  “Star  or  sunlight."  Milton. 

SUN'LIKE,  a.  Resembling  the  sun.  Mir.  for  Mug. 

SUN 'LIT,  a.  Lit  or  lighted  by  the  sun.  Qu.  Bee. 

SUjY  A.y,  > n i’j,e  oraj  traditions  of  the  Ma- 

SLIN ' nAii,  > hometans.  Gibbs'. 

SUNNIJ1II,  ii.  The  sect  of  the  Sunnites.  Braude. 

SUN'NI-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  sunny.  Scott. 

SUN'NfTE,  n.  An  orthodox  Mahometan  who  be- 
lieves in  the  authority  of  the  sunna  ; — opposed 
to  Shiite. — See  Shiite.  P.  Cyc. 

SUN'NUD.n.  [India.]  A charter  ; a warrant : — 
a deed  of  gift.  Brown. 

SUN'NY,  a.  1.  Resembling  the  sun;  bright; 
brilliant ; shining.  “ A sunny  look.”  Shah. 

2.  Exposed  to,  or  warmed  by,  the  rays  of  the 

sun.  “ Her  sunny  shores.”  Addison. 

3.  Emanating  from  the  sun. 

In  secret  shadow  from  the  sunny  ray.  Spenser. 

4.  Colored  like  the  sun.  “ Sunny  locks.”  Shah. 

SUN'PROOF,  a.  Impervious  to  sunlight.  Pcele. 

SUN'RUjiE,  n.  1.  The  appearance  of  the  sun 
above  the  horizon  in  the  morning,  or  the  time  of 
its  appearance.  “ Sunrise  and  sunset.”  Bentley. 

2.  The  place  or  region  where  the  sun  rises  ; 
the  east;  sunrising.  Johnson. 

S&N'Rl§-ING,  n.  1.  The  rising  of  the  sun,  or  the 
time  of  its  rising ; sunrise.  Shah. 

2.  The  place  or  quarter  where  the  sun  rises  ; 
the  east ; sunrise.  Raleiyh. 

SUN'SCORCIIED  (-skofcht),  a.  Scorched  by  the 
rays  or  heat  of  the  sun.  Coleridge. 

SUN'SET,  n.  1.  The  descent  of  the  sun  below 
the  horizon,  or  the  time  of  its  descent ; the 
close  of  the  day  ; evening.  Shah. 

2.  The  place  or  quarter  where  the  sun  sets ; 
the  west.  Johnson. 

SUN'SET-TING,  n.  Sunset.  Ash. 

SUN'RIllNE,  n.  The  radiant  light  of  the  sun,  or 
a place  on  which  it  shines.  Pope. 

But  all  sunshine,  as  when  his  beams  at  noon 
Culminate  from  the  equator.  Milton. 

SUN'SIllNE,  a.  Sunshiny.  . Mortimer. 

SUN'SHlN-y,  a.  1.  Exposed  to,  or  bright  with 
the  rays  of,  the  sun.  “ Sunshiny  weather.”  Pope. 

2.  Bright  or  shining  like  the  sun. 

Flashing  beams  of  that  sunshiny  shield.  Spenser. 

f SUN'STEAD  (-steel),  n.  Solstice.  Holland. 

SUN'STONE,  ii.  (Min.)  A variety  of  oligoclasc, 
occurring  in  Norway.  Dana. 

SUN 'STROKE,  it.  (Med.)  An  affection  produced 
by  the  action  of  the  sun  on  some  part  of  the 
body,  as  on  the  head,  hands,  or  arms  ; siriasis  ; 
insolation.  Dunglison. 

HI,  ■ “ A very  common  effect  of  exposing  the  naked 
head  to  the  sun  is  inflammation  of  t lie  brain  and  its 
meninges.”  Dunglison. 

SUN'UP,  n.  Sunrise.  “ Atwixt  sunup  and  sun- 
down.” [Local,  U.  S.]  Cooper. 

SUN'VVARD,  ad.  Toward  the  sun.  J.  Montgomery. 

Su'd  JU'RF..  [L.]  In,  or  by,  one’s  own  right. 

Su'd  mAr’TE.  [L.]  By  one’s  own  prowess, 
strength,  or  exertions  ; without  assistance. 

SUP,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  supan ; Dut.  zitipen;  Old  Ger. 
sufan,  suphan ; Gor.  saufen;  Dan.  s he;  Sw. 
supa.  — W.  sippian.  — Fr.  souper.  — This  word 
is  formed  from  the  sound  made  by  sucking  up 
liquids.  Adelung.  — See  Sir.]  [i.  supped  ; pp. 
SUPPING,  SUPPED.] 

1.  To  drawiuto  the  mouth  or  drink  by  mouth- 
fuls ; to  drink  by  little  at  a time ; to  sip.  Spenser. 

2.  To  give  supper  to  ; to  treat  with  supper. 

Sup  them  well,  and  look  unto  them  all.  Shak. 

SUP,  v.  n [Fr.  souper.']  To  take  or  ent  supper  ; 
to  eat  the  evening  meal.  Rev.  iii-  20. 

now  often  this  man  sups  or  dines.  Carew. 

SOP,  n.  A small  mouthful  of  a liquid  ; a sip. 

A sup  to  quench  her  thirst.  L'  Estrange. 

SU'PAWN,  n.  [Indian.]  Boiled  Indian  meal; 
hasty-pudding  [Local,  U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

SU'PF.R.  1.  A Latin  preposition,  signifying 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RllLE.  — 9,  (?,  9,  g,  soft ; C,  G,  £,  |,  hard;  § as  z;  ^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


SUPERABLE 


1448 


SUPERFICIALNESS 


above,  over,  or  excess  ; — much  used  in  English, 
in  composition,  as  a prefix  ; as,  “To  super ■&&&." 

2.  ( Chem .)  A prefix  in  the  names  of  certain 
compounds  denoting  a greater  number  of  equiv- 
alents of  the  component  first  indicated,  than  of 
the  other  components ; as,  “ ivM/jcr-carbonate 
of  soda,” — a compound  in  which  there  is  a 
greater  number  of  equivalents  of  carbonic  acid 
than  of  soda.  It  was  formerly  prefixed  to  the 
names  of  salts  having  acid  properties.  It  is  now 
little  used,  having  been  superseded  by  the  more 
definite  prefixes  bi,  ter,  &c.  Turner.  Henry. 

SU'PyR-A-BI.E  [su'per-9-bl,  \V.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  K. 
Sm.  R.  Wb.\  slul 'per-a-bl,  N . j , a.  [L.  super- 
abi/is;  supero,  to  overcome,  to  surmount;  It. 
superabile  ; Sp.  superable.]  That  may  be  over- 
come or  conquered  ; conquerable  ; vincible. 
Antipathies  are  generally  superable  by  a single  effort.  Johnson. 

SU’PyR-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  qual- 
ity of  being  superable.  Phillips. 

SlJ'PpR-A-BLYi  ad.  So  as  to  be  overcome.  Todd. 

SU-PyR-A-BOUND',  v.  n.  [L.  superabundo ; su- 
per, over,  above,  and  abundo,  to  abound.]  [i.  su- 
1‘ Ell  A BOUNDED  ; pp.  SUPElt  ABOUNDING,  SUPER- 
ABOUNDED.]  To  be  very  abundant  ; to  abound 
exceedingly ; to  be  exuberant  or  more  than 
enough.  “ She  superabounds  with  corn.”  Howell. 

SU-PyR-A-BOUND'ING,  p.  a.  Being  in  great 
abundance ; superabundant.  Bunyan. 

SU-PyR-A-BUN'DANCE,  n.  More  than  enough ; 
excessive  abundance  or  quantity  ; exuberance. 

To  retrench  the  luxury  and  superabundance  of  the  produc- 
tions of  the  earth.  Woodward. 

SU-PyR-A-BUN'DANT,  a.  More  than  enough  ; 
exuberant;  superfluous.  Swift. 

SU-PyR- A-BUN'DANT-LY,  ad.  More  than  suffi- 
ciently ; exuberantly.  Cheyne. 

SU-PBR-A-CID'y-LAT-jjD,  a.  Acidulated  to  ex- 
cess. . Smart. 

SU-PF.R-ADD',  v.  a.  [L.  superaddo;  super,  over, 
above,  and  addo,  to  add.]  [ i . superadded  ; 
pp.  superadding,  superadded.]  To  add  over 
and  above  ; to  place  in  addition.  South. 

An  ornament  superadded  to  her  other  perfections.  Somers. 

SU-PyR-AD-DI"TION  (-d-slYun),  n.  1.  The  act 
of  superadding,  or  the  state  of  being  super- 
added.  “ Superaddition  of  muscles.”  More. 

2.  That  which  is  superadded. 

The  superaddition  is  nothing  but  fat.  Arbuthnot. 

SU-PyR-AD-VE'NI-ENT,  a.  [L.  super,  over, 
above,  and  advenio,  adveniens,  to  come  to.] 

1.  Coming  in  addition  to,  or  to  the  assistance 
or  increase  of,  something. 

These  impressions  or  signatures,  made  by  outward  objects 
in  the  brain,  must  also  of  necessity  be  obliterated  by  suite  r- 
advenient  impressions.  More. 

2.  Coming  unexpectedly.  Johnson. 

SU'PyR-AL-TAR,  n.  An  altar  above  an  altar. 

Of  altars  and  of  superaltars.  Tyndale. 

SU-PyR-AN-yEL'IC,  a.  Superior  to  angels,  as  in 
nature  or  in  rank.  Clarke. 

SU-PyR-AN'NU-ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  super,  above,  and 
annus,  a year.]  [i.  superannuated  ; pp.  su- 
perannuating, SUPERANNUATED.] 

1.  To  impair  or  disqualify  by  old  age  or  by 
long  life  or  continuance. 

Some  superannuated  virgin,  that  hath  lost  her  lover.  Howell. 

It  can  be  nothing  but  giddiness  or  light-mindedness,  to 
think  that  this  religion  can  ever  be  superannuated.  More. 

2.  To  pension  off  on  account  of  old  age  or 

infirmity,  as  a soldier.  Simmonds. 

f SU-PER-AN'NU-Ate,  v.  n.  To  last  beyond  the 
year,  as  a plant.  Bacon. 

SU-Py  R-AN'NU-AT-yD,  a.  Disqualified  or  en- 
feebled by  age  ; decrepit ; effete  ; — incapacitat- 
ed for  service  from  age  or  infirmity,  and  placed 
on  a pension,  as  a soldier.  Stocqueler. 

SU-PyR-AN-NU-A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  super- 
annuating, or  the  state  of  being  superannuated. 

The  mere  doting  of  superannuation.  Pownall. 

SU-PiiRB',  a.  [L.  superbus  ; super,  above,  over  ; 
It.  superbo  ; Sp.  soperbio  ; Fr.  superbe .]  Grand  ; 
magnificent ; splendid  ; showy  ; stately  ; ele- 
gant; proud;  majestic;  sublime;  noble. 

The  most  superb  edifice  that  ever  was  conceived  or  con- 
structed would  not  equal  the  smallest  insect  blessed  with 
sight,  feeling,  and  locomotivity.  Bryant. 

Syn.  — See  Sublime. 


f SIJ-PEE'BI-ATE,  V.  n.  [L.  superbio,  svprrbia- 
tum .]  To  become  proud  or  haughty.  I'eltham. 

SU-Pyit-Bf-PAR'TiyNT  (-sbent),  n.  [L.  super, 
above,  over,  bis,  twice,  and  partio,  to  divide.] 
A number  which  divides  another  number  near- 
ly, but  not  exactly,  into  two  parts.  Smart. 

SU-PERB'LY,  ad.  In  a superb  manner;  magnifi- 
cently ; splendidly  ; elegantly.  Wurton. 

Sy-PERB'NfJSS,  n.  The  state  of  being  superb; 
magnificence;  stateliness;  elegance.  Clarke. 

SU-Py  R-CAR'GO,  n. ; pi.  supercargoes,  [super 
and  cargo.]  A person  or  officer,  in  a merchant- 
ship,  appointed  to  superintend  the  commercial 
transactions  of  the  voyage,  to  sell  the  merchan- 
dise, purchase  returning  cargoes,  &c.  Brande. 

SU-PyR-Cy-LES'TIAL  (-lest'yjl),  a.  [L.  super, 
and  Eng.  celestial .]  Above  the  firmament  or 
heavens.  “ Supercclestial  waters.”  Woodward. 

SU'PyR-CHARyE,  n.  {Her.)  One  bearing,  or  one 
figure  borne,  upon  another.  Crabb. 

SU-Pyil-CHARyE',  v.  a.  (Her.)  To  place  upon 
another,  as  a bearing  or  figure.  Maunder. 

t SU-PERCH'E-RY,  n.  [Fr.  supercherie. ] De- 
ceit ; deception  ; cheating ; fraud.  Bailey. 

SU-PER-CIL/I-A-RY,  a.  (Anat.)  Pertaining  to, 
or  placed  above,  the  eyebrows.  Dunylison. 

||  SU-PyR-CIL'I-OUS,  or  SU-PlJR-ClLToyS  [su- 
per-sil'yus,  W.  E.  E.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  R. ; su-per-siF- 
e-us,  P.  J.],  a.  [L.  superciliosus  ; supercilium, 
the  eyebrow,  pride,  superciliousness.]  Haughty  ; 
lofty  ; disdainful  ; overbearing  ; dictatorial ; 
arrogant.  “ Supercilious  critics.”  Addison. 

The  grave,  sour,  and  supercilious  sir.  B.  Jonson. 

They  [school  boys]  would  be  pleased  to  learn  that  a man  is 
called  supercilious  because  haughtiness  with  contempt  of  oth- 
ers expresses  itself  by  the  raising  of  the  eyebrows  or  super- 
cilium. Trench. 

II  SU-PJJR-ClL'l-OUS-LY,  ad.  Haughtily;  dog- 
matically ; arrogantly.  Clarendon. 

IfSU-PyR-CtL'I-OyS-NESS,  ».  The  quality  or  the 
state  of  being  supercilious ; haughtiness  ; dis- 
dain ; arrogance.  South. 

SU-PF.R-CIL Cm,  n. ; pi.  su-per-c1l'i-a.  [L.] 
(Anat.)  The  arched  ridge  of  hair  above  the  eye- 
lids ; an  eyebrow.  Dunylison. 

SU-Py  R-CON-CEP'TION,  n.  [L.  super,  over,  be- 
sides, and  Eng.  conception .]  A conception  ad- 
mitted after  another  conception  ; superfetation. 

Those  superconcent  ions,  where  one  child  was  like  the  fa- 
ther, the  other  like  the  adulterer,  seem  idle.  Browne. 

f SCr-P^R-CON'S^-aUENCE  (-kon'se-kwens),  n. 
[L.  super,  above,  besides,  and  Eng.  consequence.'] 
A remote  consequence.  Browne. 

SD-PyR-CRES'cyNOE,  n.  That  which  grows 
upon  another  growing  thing.  Browne. 

SU-py  R-CRES'cy  NT,  a.  [L.  supercrcsco,  super- 
crescens,  to  grow  over  or  upon.]  Growing  over 
or  on  something,  as  plants.  Johnson. 

SU-PyR-CU'RI-OUS,  a.  Excessively  or  inordi- 
nately curious  ; too  inquisitive.  Evelyn. 

SU-PyR-DAlN'TY,  a.  Very  dainty.  Shak. 

SU-PyR-DOM'I-NANT,  n.  [L.  super,  above,  and 
Eng.  dominant.]  (Mus.)  The  next  tone  above 
the  dominant  or  fifth  ; the  sixth  tone.  Warner. 

SU-PyR-EM'I-NENCE,  l n%  [L,  supereminentia ; 

SO-PER-EM'I-NEN-CY,  ) super,  above,  and  emi- 
nentia,  a protuberance ; emineo,  to  stand  out.] 
The  state  of  being  supereminent ; superior  em- 
inence ; marked  superiority.  Ayliffe. 

SG-PER-EM'I-NENT,  a.  [L.  supcrcminco,  sitper- 
eminens,  to  rise  above.]  Eminent  in  a high  de- 
gree ; rising  above  others  in  eminence  ; highly 
superior.  “ His  supereminent  glory.”  Hooker. 

SU-PyR-EM'I-NENT-LY,  ad.  In  the  most  emi- 
nent manner.  Barroiv. 

f SU-PyR-ER'O-GANT,  a.  Supererogatory. 

Far  from  being  needless  or  supereroyant.  Stackhouse. 

SU-ryR-ER'O-GATE,  V.  n.  [E.  snpererogo,  su- 
pererogatus,  to  expend  or  pay  out,  over,  and 
above  ; super,  over,  above,  and  erogo,  to  ex- 
pend.] ' To  do  more  than  duty  requires,  [r.] 

The  doctrine  that  asserts  that  it  is  in  men’s  power  to  super- 
erogatc,  and  do  works  of  perfection  over  and  above  what  is 
required  of  them  by  way  of  precept,  tends  to  the  undermin- 
ing and  hinderance  of  a godly  life.  South. 


SU-Py  R-ER'O-G  AT-{NG,ra.Supererogation.-l//<7<*t. 

SIf-PyR-ER-O-GA'TION,  n.  Performance  of  more 
than  duty  or  necessity  requires. 

Works  if  supererogation,  ( Theol .)  in  the  Roman  Cath- 
olic Church,  good  deeds  which  a man  is  supposed  to 
have  done  beyond  his  duty,  over  and  above  what  is 
necessary  for  his  salvation.  * Eden. 

t SU-Py  R-ER'O-GA-TIVE,  a.  Supererogatory. 

The  supererogation  deeds  of  bis  ancestors.  Stafford. 

SLI-PyR-ER'O-GA-TO-RY,  a.  Exceeding  the  de- 
mands of  duty  ; above  or  more  than  required  by 
duty.  “Supererogatory  services.”  Howell. 

SU-PER-yS-SEN'TI  AL  (-sh?l),  a.  [L.  super,  above, 
and  Eng.  essential.]  Essential  above  others,  or 
above  the  constitution  of  a thing.  Ellis. 

SU-PER-ETH'I-CAL,  a.  Above,  or  more  than,  eth- 
ical. “ A superethical  doctrine.”  Bolingbroke. 

SU-PyR-yY-ALT',  v.  a.  [i.  SUPEREXALTED  ; pp. 
SUPEltEXALTING,  SUPEREXALTED.]  To  exalt 
to  a superior  degree.  Barrow. 

SU-PyR-EY'-AL-TA'TION,  n.  Superior  exalta- 
tion. “ A superexaltation  of  courage.”  Holyday. 

SU-PyR-EX'eyL-LyNCE,  n.  Extraordinary  or 
surpassing  excellence  ; supereminence.  Scott. 

SU-Py  R-EX'cy  E-LENT,  a.  [L.  super  excellent.] 
Excellent  in  an  uncommon  degree.  Drayton. 

su-py R-yx-CRES'cyNCE,  n.  Something  super- 
fluously growing.  Wiseman. 

SU-PyR-FEC-CN-DA'TrON,  n.  [L.  super,  over, 
and  fecundus,  fruitful.]  Superfetation  ; super- 
impregnation; superconception.  Dunylison. 

SU-PyR-Fy-CUN'DI-TY,  n.  Superabundant  fe- 
cundity; excessive  fruitfulness.  Raley. 

S 0 - P F, R-  F E ' T ATE,  v.  n.  [L.  superfeto,  superfeta- 
tum  ; super,  over,  besides,  and  fetus,  a bringing 
forth.]  To  conceive  anew  while  already  with 
young;  to  conceive  after  conception.  Grew. 

SU-Py R-Fy-TA'TION,  n.  [It.  superfetazione ; Sp. 
superfetacion  ; Fr.  supci fetation.]  Conception 
of  a fetus  in  a uterus  which  already  contains 
one ; the  impregnation  of  a female  already  preg- 
nant ; superconception.  Dunylison. 

fSU'pyR-FETEj  v.  n.  To  superfetate.  Howell. 

t SU'PyR-FETE,  v.  a.  To  concave  anew  while 
already  with  young.  Ilotcell. 

SU'PyR-FICE,  n.  [L.  superficies-,  Fr.  sitperficie. ] 
Outside  surface  ; superficies,  [r.]  Dryden. 

SU-PyR-FI"CIAL  (su-per-flslt'al),  a.  [L.  superfi- 
cial! s It  svperficiale ; Sp.  superficial-,  Fr.  su- 
perficial.— See  Superficies.] 

1.  Being  on  the  surface  ; not  reaching  or 
penetrating  below  the  surface  ; not  deep. 

Those  superficial  films  of  bodies.  Bentley. 

2.  Appertaining  to,  or  composing,  the  sur- 
face. “ The  superficial  contents.”  W.  Smith. 

3.  Shallow;  contrived  to  cover  something. 

This  superficial  tale 

Is  but  a preface  to  her  worthy  praise.  Shah. 

4.  Shallow;  not  deep;  not  profound;  smat- 
tering; not  learned  or  thorough ; slight. 

A superficial  knowledge  of  the  Scriptures.  Bp.  Horsley. 

The  ambitious,  the  covetous,  the  superficial,  and  the  ill- 
designing  are  apt  to  be  bold  and  forward.  Swiff. 

Syn. — Superficial  relates  to  the  surface;  shallow 
signifies  having  little  depth.  Superficial  parts  of  t lie 
c%rrh;  superficial  covering  or  contents;  shallow  water; 
flimsy  fabric  or  cloth.  Superficial  knowledge;  shallow 
understanding  ; slight  examination  or  performance. 

SU-Py R-FI”CIAL-IST,  n.  One  of  superficial  at- 
tainments ; a smatterer ; a sciolist.  Ash. 

SU-PyR-FI-CI-AL'1-TY  (su-per-f ish-e-al'e-te),  n. 
Superficialness,  [r.]  Browne. 

SU-Py R-FI''CIAL-LY  (-fish'al-le),  ad.  1.  In  a su- 

• perficial  manner  ; on  the  surface.  Bolingbroke. 

2.  Without  going  deep  or  searching  to  the 
bottom  of  things  ; slightly. 

I have  laid  down  superficially  my  present  thoughts.  Dryden. 

The  author  has  superficially  touched  upon  the  several  mat- 
ters contained  in  my  remarks.  Water  land. 

SU-PER-FI”CI  AL-NESS  (-flsh'9l-nes),  11.  1.  The 

state  or  the  quality  of  being  superficial;  posi- 
tion on  the  surface.  Johnson. 

2.  Slight  knowledge ; shallowness ; show 
without  substance  ; sciolism.  Johnson. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  f,  short;  A,  y,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; IIEIR,  HER; 


SUPERFICIARY 


1449 


SUPERNATURALISM 


SU-P£R-FI''CJ-A-RY,  a.  [L.  super ficiarius.] 
{Law.)  Situated  on  another’s  land.  IV.  Smith. 

SU-P£R-FI"CI-A-RY,  n.  {Civil  Lazo.)  One  who 
Inis  a superficies  or  right  of  surface.  Burrill. 

SU-PER-Fl"CI-E§,  or  SU-Pf R-Fl"CIE§  (su-per- 
flsh’e-ez  or  su.-per-fish'§z),  n.  sing.  & pi.  [L.  su- 
perficies ; super,  above,  and  facies,  make,  form.] 

1.  The  exterior  face  of  any  body ; the  outer 
or  exterior  part ; outside  ; surface. 

He  on  lier  superficies  stretched  his  line.  Santlys. 

/jgp  “ The  term  surface  is  abstract,  and  simply 
implies  that  magnitude  which  has  length  and  breadth 
without  thickness,  whilst  the  term  superficies  does 
not  refer  to  the  nature  of  the  magnitude,  but  simply 
refers  to  the  number  of  units  of  surface  which  the 
given  surface  contains.”  Davies. 

2.  (Law.)  Every  thing  on  the  surface  of  a 
piece  of  ground,  or  of  a building,  which  is  so 
closely  connected  with  it  by  art  or  by  nature 
as  to  constitute  a part  of  the  same,  as  houses, 
trees,  &c.-,  — particularly  every  thing  connected 
with  another’s  ground,  and  especially  a real  right 
in  them  that  is  granted  to  a person.  Burrill. 

Syn.  — See  Surface. 

sCt-PER-FINE',  a.  Eminently  fine  ; excellent. 

If  you  observe  your  eifler,  by  interposing  it  between  a can- 
dle and  your  eye,  to  be  very  transparent,  it  may  be  called 
superfine.  Mortimer. 

SU-PER-FINE'NIJSS,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state 
of  being  superfine.  Scott. 

t SU-PER'FLU-ENCE,  n.  Superfluity.  Hammond. 

tSU-PER-FLU'l-TANCE,  n.  The  act  of  floating 
above  or  on  the  surface.  Browne. 

t SU-PER-FLU'I-TANT,  a.  [L.  super,  above,  and 
fluito,  to  float.]  Floating  above.  Broivne. 

SU-PER-FLU’l-TY,  n.  [L.  superjluitas ; It  .super- 
fluity; Sp.  superfluidad ; Fr.  superfluity.]  Plen- 
ty beyond  use  ; more  than  enough ; abundance 
to  excess  ; copiousness  or  plentifulness  beyond 
need  or  yse  ; superabundance  ; excess. 

To  depart  with  a tittle  of  the  abundance  and  superfluity  of 
their  temporal  goods.  Tyndall. 

Beads,  as  an  ornamental  superfluity  of  life.  Cook. 

Syn.  — See  Excess. 

sr-PER'FLF-OUS,  a.  [L.  superfluus  ; super,  above, 
over,  and  fluo,  to  flow  ; It.  Sp.  superfluo  ; Fr. 

, superflu.] 

1.  Abounding  to  excess  ; copious  or  plentiful 
beyond  neecf  or  use  ; over  or  above  what  is 
necessary  ; excessive  ; unnecessary  ; needless. 

Our  superfluous  lackeys  and  onr  peasants.  Shak. 

I think  it  superfluous  to  use  any  words  of  a subject  so 
praised  in  itself,  as  it  needs  no  praise.  Sidney. 

2 . "{Mus.)  Noting  an  interval  which  is  a semi- 

tone larger  than  a perfect  or  major  interval  of 
the  same  denomination.  Dwight. 

Sl'-PER'FLU-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  a superfluous  man- 
ner ; superabundantly.  More. 

Sy-PER'FLU-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
superfluous  ; superfluity.  Bailey. 

f SU'PER-FLUX,  n.  [L.  super,  over,  and  fluo, 
Jitixus,  to  flow.]  That  which  exceeds  what  is 
wanted ; superfluity  ; superabundance.  Shak. 

SfJ-PER-FO-LI-A'TION,  n.  Excess  of  foliation, 
as  of  plants,  [r.]  Sir  Thos.  Browne. 

SU-PER-IIU'MAN,  a.  Being  above  the  nature  or 
the  power  of  man ; being  above  human.  Phillips. 

Slj-PER-IM-PO§E',  v.  a.  [L.  superimpono , super- 
impositus ; super,  above,  over,  and  potto,  to 
place  ; It.  soprapporre .]  To  lay  or  impose 

upon  something  else.  Smart. 

SU-PyR-IM-PO§ED'  (-pozd'),  p.  a.  Imposed  or 
placed  upon  something  else. 

SIJ-PER-IM-PO-Sjl  "TION,  n.  The  act  of  impos- 
ing or  placing  on  something.  Clarke. 

SU-PER-IM-PRyG-NA'TION,  n.  Superconception ; 
superfetation ; superfecundation.  Dunglison. 

SU-PER-IN-CUM'BENCE,  n.  The  state  of  lying 
upon  something.  Sir  E.  Brydges. 

SU-PER-lN-CiJM'BENT,  a.  [L.  superincumbo,  su- 
perincumbens,  to  lay  or'  cast  one’s  self  upon.] 
Lying  or  resting  on  something  else. 

Prejudices  will  die,  and  truth  emerge,  when  the  superin- 
cumbent weight  shall  be  at  last  removed.  Knox. 

SU-PER-IN-DUCE',  v.  a.  [L.  superinduco ; super, 
over,  above,  and  induco,  to  bring  or  conduct  in  ; 


in,  in,  and  duco,  to  lead.]  [*.  superinduced  ; 

pp.  SUPERINDUCING,  SUPERINDUCED.]  To 
bring  in  as  an  addition  ; to  superadd. 

Long  custom  of  sinning  superinduces  upon  the  soul  new 
and  absurd  desires.  South. 

SU-PJJR-IN-aUCED',  p.  a.  Brought  in  as  an  addi- 
tion to  something  else.  Bp.  Taylor. 

SU-PfJR-IN-DUCE'MENT,  n.  The  act  of  superin- 
ducing ; superinduction.  Locke. 

SU-PIJR-IN-DUC'TION,  n.  The  act  of  superin- 
ducing, or  the  state  of  being  superinduced. 

A good  inclination  is  but  the  first  rude  draught  of  virtue; 
the  supeHuduction  of  ill  habits  quickly  defaces  it.  South . 

SU-PER-[N-FLf;j>E',  v.a.  [L.  superinfundo,  super- 
inf itsus  ; super,  over,  above,  and.  f undo,  fu sits,  to 
pour.]  To  infuse  over  or  upon.  Taylor. 

SU-PIJR-IN-JEC'TION,  n.  An  injection  succeed- 
ing or  following  another.  Bailey. 

SU-PJJR-IN-SPECT',  v.  a.  [L.  superinspicio,  su- 
iter inspect  us  ; super,  above,  over,  and  inspicio, 
to  inspect.]  To  overlook  ; to  oversee.  Maydman. 

SU-PpR-IN-STI-TU'TION,  n.  {Law.)  One  insti- 
tution upon  another  ; as  if  A be  instituted  and 
admitted  to  a benefice  upon  a title,  and  B be  in- 
stituted and  admitted  on  the  title  or  presenta- 
tion of  another.  Whishaw. 

SU-PJER-iN-TEL-LECT'y-AL  (-lekt'yu-?l),  a.  Be- 
ing above  intellect.  Wright. 

SU-PyR-IN-TEND',  v.  a.  [L.  superintendo  ; su- 
per, over,  and  inlendo,  to  direct  one’s  attention 
to  ; in,  to,  towards,  and  tendo,  to  stretch ; It. 
soprantendere .]  [i.  superintended  ; pp.  su- 

perintending, superintended.]  To  over- 
see ; to  overlook ; to  have  the  care  or  direction  of. 

"Who  may  superintend  the  works  of  this  nature.  Bacon. 

SU-PER-IN-TEND'yNCE,  )n_  The  act  of  super- 

SU-PyR-IN-TEND'yN-CY,  ) intending ; oversight ; 
superior  care  ; direction  ; inspection.  Derham. 

SIJ-PyR-IN-TEND'ENT,  a.  Overlooking  others 
with  authority  ; overseeing.  Howell. 

SU-PyR-IN-TEND'yNT,  n.  One  who  superin- 
tends; a director;  an  overseer. 

A superintendent  of  police,  of  buildings,  harbors,  rail  way- 
works,  machinery,  &c.  Simmonas. 

SU-PIJR-IN-TEND'IJR,  n.  One  who  superintends; 
a superintendent.  Burrows. 

SU-PER-IN-TEND'ING,  p.  a.  Overseeing;  direct- 
ing ; taking  charge,  of  any  thing. 

SU-Py  R-1N-VEST'I-TURE,  n.  [L.  super,  over, 
and  investio,  to  clothe.]  An  upper  or  outer  vest 
or  garment.  Bp.  Horne. 

Sy-PE'RI-OR,  a.  [L.  superior,  comparative  of 
superus,  that  is  above  ; super,  over,  above ; It. 
superiors,  Sp.  superior ; Fr.  supn-ieur .] 

1.  Higher  in  place ; higher  locally  ; upper. 

The  breadth  of  the  image  was  not  increased,  but  its  supe- 
riar  part . . . appeared  violet  and  blue.  Kewton. 

2.  Higher  in  rank,  dignity,  station,  or  office. 

“ Superior  beings  above  us.”  Locke. 

Heaven  takes  pnrt  with  the  oppressed,  and  tyrants  are 
upon  their  behavior  to  a superior  power.  Id  Estrange. 

3.  Higher ; more  distinguished ; higher  in 
quality  ; greater  ip  excellence  ; more  eminent ; 
more  excellent ; preferable. 

Men  of  far  superior  understandings.  Swift. 

4.  Beyond  the  influence  of  any  thing;  free 
from  emotion  or  concern  ; unaffected. 

A great  man  superior  to  his  sufferings.  Bacon. 

5.  {Bot.)  Situated  above;  — applied  to  the 
ovary  when  free  and  not  adherent.  Balfour. 

Superior  limit  of  a quantity,  (Math.)  a limit  greater 
than  that  quantity  towards  which  it  may  approach 
within  less  than  any  assignable  quantity  of  the  same 
kind.  Danies.  — Superior  planets , (Bstron.)  the  plan- 
ets which  are  farther  from  the  sun  than  the  earth  is, 
as  Jupiter,  Saturn,  &c.  Davis. 

SU-PE'RI-OR,  n.  1.  One  above  another,  as  in 
power,  rank,  dignity,  station,  or  office. 

A soldier  is  bound  to  obey  his  superior.  Bouvier. 

2.  One  above  another  in  excellence;  one 

higher  in  quality,  more  excellent,  or  more  emi- 
nent than  another.  Addison. 

3.  {Scottish  Law.)  One  of  whom  lands  are 

held  by  another,  — answering  to  the  lord  (L.  dom- 
inus)  of  the  English  law.  Burrill. 

4.  ( Eccl .)  The  superior  officer  of  a monastery, 

convent,  or  abbey.  P.  Cyc. 


SU-PE'RI-OR-ESS,  n.  A female  superior  of  a 
convent  or  nunnery,  [r.]  Gent.  Mag. 

SU-PE-RUOR'I-TY,  n.  [It.  superiority  ; Sp.  supe- 
rioridad ; Fr.  superiority]  The  state  of  being 
superior;  the  state  of  being  higher  in  rank, 
station,  dignity,  quality,  or  excellence ; pre- 
eminence. “ Superiority  of  parts.”  Bp.  Horsley. 

The  person  who  advises  does,  in  that  particular,  exercise  a 
superiority  over  us.  Addison. 

Syn.  — See  Excellence. 

Sl'-PE'RI-OR-LY,  ad.  In  a superior  manner  ; pre- 
eminently ; excellently.  Alexander. 

f SU-PIJR-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  supcrlatio.]  Exalta- 
tion beyond  truth  or  propriety.  B.  Jonson. 

SU-PER'LA-TlVE,  a.  [L.  superlalivus ; super, 
above,  and_/cro,  latus,  to  bear  ; Sp.  supcrlativo  ; 
Fr.  super latif f] 

1.  Implying  or  expressing  the  highest  degree ; 

highest  in  degree ; surpassing  common  emi- 
nence or  excellence  ; very  eminent;  very  excel- 
lent. “ Superlative  holiness.”  Bacon. 

2.  {Gram.)  Expressing  the  third  and  highest 

degree  in  the  comparison  of  adjectives  and  ad- 
verbs. Browne. 

Sy-PER'LA-T1VE,  n.  1.  A word  or  term  ex- 
pressing the  highest  degree  of  any  thing. 

Omnipotence,  omniscience,  infinite  power,  infinite  knowl- 
edge, are  superlatives.  1‘uley. 

2.  {Gram.)  The  third  and  highest  degree  in 
the  comparison  of  adjectives  and  adverbs, 

■ formed  by  adding  est  to  the  positive;  as  wise, 
wisest;  or  by  the  use  of  most  or  least ; as,  most 
beautiful,  least  beautiful.  Brande. 

SU-PER'LA-TIVE-LY,  ad.  In  a superlative  de- 
gree or  manner.  Bacon. 

SU-PER'LA-TIVE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
in  the  highest  degree.  Bailey. 

t SU-PER-LU-CRA'TION,  n.  [L.  super,  over, 
and  lucratio,  gain.]  Excessive  gain.  Davenant. 

SU-PER-LL'NAR,  l a_  super,  above,  and 

SU-PyR-LU'N AR-Y,  ) luna , the  moon.]  Being 
above  the  moon;  not  sublunary;  not  of  this 
world.  “ Superlunary  felicities.”  Young. 

SU-PER-ME'DI-AL,  a.  [L.  super,  above,  and  Eng. 
medial.]  Being  above  the  middle.  De  la  Beche. 

SU-PIJR-MOL'JJ-CULE,  n.  A compound  molecule, 
or  a combination  of  molecules,  of  different  sub- 
stances. Wright. 

SU-PPR-MUN'DANE,  a.  Above  or  beyond  the 
world ; supermundial.  Cudworth. 

f SU-PRR-MUN'DI-AL,  a.  Above  the  world  ; su- 
permundane. Cudworth. 

fSU-PERN',  a.  Supernal.  Fisher. 

f SU-PER-fiTAC  ' U-L  UM,  n.  [Low  L.,  from  L.  su- 
per, over,  and  Ger.  nayel,  a nail,  as  of  the  finger.] 

1.  Anciently  a common  term  among  topers 

intended  to  mean  upon  the  nail.  Hares. 

Drinking  supernaculum,  a device  of  drinking  new  come 
out  of  Fi  ance,  which  is,  after  a man  hath  turned  up  the  bot- 
tom of  the  cup,  to  drop  it  on  his  nail,  and  make  a pearl  with 
that  is  left;  which  if  it  slide,  and  he  cannot  make  it  stand  on, 
by  reason  there’s  too  much,  he  must  drink  again  for  his 
penance.  Bierce  Penniless. 

2.  Good  liquor.  Dr.  King. 

SF-PER'NAL,  a.  [L  .supernits-,  super,  above.] 

1.  Being  in  a higher  place  or  region. 

The  heavens  and  orbs  supernal.  Raleigh. 

2.  Relating  to  things  above  or  in  heaven  ; ce- 
lestial ; heavenly  “ Supernal  grace.”  Milton. 

That  supenial  judge  that  stirs  good  thoughts.  Shak. 

SU-PER-nA'TANT,  a.  [L.  supernato,  superna- 
tans,  to  swim  above,  or  on  the  top  ; super,  above, 
and  nato,  natans,  to  swim.]  Swimming  above  ; 
floating  on  the  surface.  Boyle. 

SU-PIJR-NA-TA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  swimming 
on  the  top  or  surface  of  any  thing.  Bacon. 

SU-rER-NAT'lT-RAL  (su-per-tiSt'yu-rstl),  a.  Being 
above  the  powers  of  nature  ; miraculous;  preter- 
natural. “ Supernatural  assistance.”  Tillotson. 

Cures  wrought  by  medicines  are  natural  operations:  bpt 
the  miraculous  ones  wrought  by  Christ  and  bis  apostles  were 
supernatural.  Boyle. 

Syn.  — See  Preternatural. 

SL/-PER  -NAT'IT-R  ATj-l^M,  n.  The  doctrine  of  su- 
pernatural influence,  agency,  or  power,  or  the 


MIEN,  SIR ; MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — y,  (j}>  9>  soft;  £,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  S;  as  z;  JC  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


SUPERNATURALIST 


1450 


SUPERSULPHATE 


doctrine  that  there  are  in  nature  more  than 
physical  causes  in  operation,  and  that,  in  reli- 
gion, we  have  the  guidance  not  only  of  reason 
but  of  revelation  ; supernaturalism  ; — opposed 
to  naturalism  and  rationalism.  Fleming. 

SU-PpR-XAT'r-RAL-IST,  n.  One  who  believes 
in  supernaturalism  ; a supernaturalist.  Qu.  Rev. 

SU-PfR-NAT-U-RAL-IS'TIC,  a.  Relating  to  su- 
pernaturalism. P • Eye. 

s0-P1JR-NAT-1'-RAL'!-TY,  71.  The  quality  or  the 
state  of  being  supernatural.  Ec.  llec. 

SU-PpR-NAT'U-RAL-LY,  ad.  In  a supernatural 
manner ; preternaturally.  South. 

SU-PpR-NAT'r-R  AL-NESS,  71.  The  state  of  being 
supernatural ; preternaturalness.  Scott. 

SU-PER-NU'ME-RA-R  Y,  a.  [L.  supernumerarius ; 
super,  over,  and  numerus,  number ; Sp . super- 
numerario  ; Fr.  surnumeraire .] 

1.  Above  the  number  fixed  or  required  ; above 
the  regular  number  ; more  than  sufficient. 

The  odd  or  sujteniumerary  six  hours  are  not  accounted  in 
the  three  years  after  the  leap  year.  Holder. 

2.  Exceeding  a necessary  or  a usual  number. 

Besides  occasional  and  suiiernumerary  addresses.  Fell. 

PO-P^R-NU'Mg-RA-RY,  n.  1.  A person  or  a thing 
above  the  fixed,  stated,  usual,  or  required 
number.  Marshall. 

2.  (MU.)  An  officer  attached  to  a regiment 
for  the  purpose  of  supplying  the  places  of  such 
as  fall  in  battle.  Davis. 

SU-PER-6X'!DE,  7i.  (Chcm.)  An  oxide  oxygen- 
ated in  the  highest  degree  ; peroxide  ; as,  “ Su- 
peroxide of  silver.”  T.  Thompson. 

f SD-PER-PAR-Tic'l  -LAR,  a.  [L.  superparticu- 
lar is  ; super,  over,  and  particutaris,  particular.] 
Containing  a number  and  an  aliquot  part  of  it 
besides.  Andrews. 

fSU-PER-PAR'TiyNT,  a.  [L.  superpartiens  ; su- 
per, over,  and partio,partiens,  to  divide.]  (Math.) 
Noting  a ratio  in  which  the  greater  term  con- 
tains the  less  once  and  several  aliquot  parts 
over,  as  when  a ratio  is  equal  to  | or  1 J.  Hutton. 

SU-PyR-PHOS'PHATE,  n.  1.  ( Chetn .)  A phosphate 
containing  the  greatest  number  of  equivalents 
of  phosphoric  ; cid  capable  of  combining  with 
the  base ; as,  “ Superphosphate  of  lead.”  Bratide. 

2.  The  product  obtained  by  treat^rgbones  with 
sulphuric  acid  ; — used  as  a manure.  Horsford. 

t SU'PyR-PLANT,  7i.  A plant  growing  upon 
another  plant.  Bacon. 

f Sl"r-P£R-PLEA§E',  v.  a.  To  please  excessive- 
ly. B.  Jonson. 

+ SU'PER-PLUS,  n.  [L.  super,  over,  and  plus, 
more.]  Surplus.  — See  Surplus.  Goldsmith. 

f SU'Py  R-PLUS-A^rE,  7i.  Surplusage.  Fell. 

SU-Pyit-POL'l-TjC,  a.  Above  or  more  than  politic. 
“ Supe/ politic  design.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

tSU-PpR-PON'DgR-ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  super  and 
pondcro.]  To  weigh  over  and  above.  Bailey. 

S0'PIJR-P6§E,  v.  a.  [L.  superpono,  superpositus ; 
super,  over,  and  potto,  positus,  to  place  ; Fr.  su- 
perponer .]  (Gcol.)  To  lay  upon.  Smai't. 

Sfl'PER-POtjED  (-pozd),  p.  a.  Laid  or  being  upon 
something  else ; superimposed. 

SU-PyR-PO-§I"TION,  n.  [L.  super,  over,  and 
Eng.  position .]  The  act  of  superposing  or 
placing  one  thing  upon  or  above  another  : — po- 
sition above  or  upon  something ; a lying  over  or 
upon  something  else  ; as,  “ The  super  position  of 
aqueous  deposits.”  Ltjell. 

SU-Pf.R-PRAlSE',  v.  a.  [L.  super,  over,  and  Eng. 
jiraise.]  To  praise  excessively. 

To  vow  and  swear,  and  smperpraise  my  parts.  Shat'. 

SU-PER-PRO-POR'TION,  n.  Overplus  or  excess 
of  proportion.  Diyby. 

Slf-PER-PUR-GA'TION,  n.  [Fr.  superpurgation .] 
More  purgation  than  enough.  Wiseman. 

St'j-PpR-RE-FLEC'TION,  n.  The  reflection  of  an 
image  reflected.  Baco/i. 

SU-PyR-RE'GAL,  a.  More  than  regal.  (Varburtoti. 


SINPpR-ROY'AL,  a.  Being  above,  or  larger  than, 
Loyal ; as,  “ Superroyal  paper.” 

SU-PGR-SA'LHilN-CY,  7i.  The  act  of  leaping 
upon  any  thing,  [it.]  Browne. 

SU-Pyil-SA'LI-ENT,  a.  [L.  super,  over,  and  salio, 
saliens,  to  leap.]  Leaping  upon.  Smai't. 

SU'PPR-SALT,  n.  ( Chem .)  An  oxysalt  which 
contains  the  greatest  number  of  equivalents  of 
the  acid  capable  of  combining  with  the  base, 
and  in  which  the  proportion  of  the  acid  predom- 
inates over  that  of  the  base.  Turner. 

SU-PER-SAt'U-RAte,  v.  a.  [L.  super,  over,  and 
Eng.  saturate .]  To  saturate  to  excess.  Ure. 

SU-PER-SAT-y-RA'TJON,  n.  The  act  of  super- 
saturating. Ure. 

SU-PgR-SCAP'lT-LAR,  a.  ( Anat .)  Placed  above 
the  scapula  or  shoulder-blade.  Dunylison. 

SU-PER-SCRIHE',  v.  a.  [L.  supersci'ibo ; super, 
over,  and  scribo,  to  write.]  [i.  superscribed  ; 
pp.  SUPERSCRIBING,  SUPERSCRIBED.]  To  write 
or  inscribe  upon  the  top  or  outside  or  surface  of. 

That  which  was  meant  for  the  queen  was  superscripted  “ to 
his  dear  wife.”  Howell. 

An  ancient  monument  superscribed.  Addison. 

tSU'PyR-SCRlPT,  7i.  Superscription.  Shah. 

SU-PER-SCRIP'TION,  7i.  [It.  soprascritta ; Sp. 
sobrecscrito .] 

1.  The  act  of  superscribing.  Johnson. 

2.  That  which  is  written  on  the  top,  outside, 
or  surface  ; inscription  ; direction. 

It  is  enough  her  stone 

May  honored  be  with  superscription.  Waller. 

Syn.  — See  Direction. 

SU-PyR-SEC'l  -LAR,  a.  Above  the  world  or  secu- 
lar things.  Bp.  Hall. 

SL'-Pyit-SEDE',  v.  a.  [L.  supersedeo  ; super,  over, 
and sedeo,  to  sit ; It.  supersedere-,  Sp . sobreseer  \ 
Fr.  supersede)-.']  [i.  superseded  ; pp.  super- 
seding, SUPERSEDED.] 

1.  To  make  void  or  inefficacious  by  superior 
power  ; to  set  aside  ; to  annul ; to  overrule. 

Jn  this  genuine  acceptation  of  chance,  nothing  is  supposed 
that  can  supersede  the  known  laws  of  natural  motion.  Bentley. 

2.  To  come  in  the  place  of;  to  take  the 
place  of ; as,  “ To  supersede  an  officer.” 

It  will  be  requisite  to  supersede  him  by  a successor.  Swift. 

3.  ( Old  Law.)  To  omit;  to  forbear.  Burrill. 

SU-PF.R-SE' DF.-As,  7i.  [L.,  stay  or  set  aside.] 

(Law.)  A writ  relieving  a party  from  the  oper- 
ation of  another  writ  which  has  been,  or  may 
be,  issued  against  him.  Burrill. 

sO-P£R-SED'yRE,n.  Supersession,  [r.]  Hamilton. 

t SU-FER-SEm'I-NAte,  v.  a.  To  spread  or  scatter 
seed  over  or  above.  Evelyn. 

SU-PER-SEN'SI-BLE,  a.  Being  above  the  senses 
or  their  power  ; supersensual.  Qu.  Rev. 

SU-P b E-SENS' y-AL  (su-per-sen'sliu-al),  a.  Being 
above  the  senses ; supersensible.  P.  Cyc. 

SU-Py.R-SER'VICE-A-BLE,  a.  Over-officious  ; giv- 
ing or  offering  services  superfluously.  Shah. 

SU-PyR-SES'SION  (su-per-sesh'un),  n.  The  act  of 
superseding ; a setting  aside.  II.  GouUmrn. 

SU-PpR-STl''TION  (su-per-stlsh'un),  n.  [L.  su- 
perstitio',  superstes,  one  who  stands  by;  super, 
over,  above,  and  sto,  to  stand;  It.  super stizio  tie ; 
Sp.  superstieion ; Fr.  superstition.  — It  is  diffi- 
cult to  connect  the  meaning  of  this  word  with 
its  derivation  from  superstes.  Perhaps  the  force 
of  the  word  lies  in  the  prefix,  the  root  having 
little  more  than  the  meaning  of  the  substantive 
verb.  If  so,  the  etymological  signification  is 
“A  being  excessive,  excess”  ; hence,  in  partic- 
ular, excess  in  religion.  W.  Smith.] 

I.  The  form  which  religion  takes  when  the 
mind  worships  a false  object  instead  of  the  true 
one  : — excess  of  scruple  or  ceremony  in  matters 
of  religion  : — observance  of  unnecessary  and 
uncommanded  rites  or  practices:  — rites  and 
practices  proceeding  from  devotion  to  a false 
object  of  worship. 

Superstition  of  an  undue  object  is  that  which  the  etymolo- 
gist calls  rail/  eiAcbXujv  oePaapu,  the  worshipping  of  idols. 

Bp.  Taylor. 

A religion  that  consisted  in  absurd  superstitions.  Law. 


2.  A belief  in  the  existence  of  particular 
facts  or  phenomena,  produced  by  supernatural 
agency,  of  which  the  existence  is  not  proved  by 
experience  or  countenanced  by  revelation ; a 
belief  in  tlie  direct  agency  of  supernatural 
power  in  producing  results  which  can  either  be 
proved  to  proceed  from  secondary  causes,  or  by 
reasonable  analogy  must  be  inferred  so  to  pro- 
ceed, as  a belief  that  epileptic  fits  are  produced 
by  witchcraft. 

Enthusiasm  is  an  evil  much  less  to  be  dreaded  than  super- 
stition. Superstition  isthedisease  of  nations;  enthusiasm,  that 
of  individuals;  the  former  grows  inveterate  by  time,  the  lat- 
ter is  cured  by  it.  R.  Hall. 

3.  A false  or  vain  worshipping ; false  religion. 

They  had  certain  questions  against  him  of  their  own  su- 
perstition. Acts  xxv.  111. 

4.  Any  excessive  scruple ; over-nicety  ; ex- 
actness too  scrupulous.  Johnson. 

Syn.  — Superstition  is  a term  used  in  both  an  ob- 
jective and  a subjective  sense.  In  the  objective  sense, 
it  is  used  to  denote  a false  religion,  worship,  tenet,  or 
observance  ; as  idolatry  and  all  forms  of  pagan  wor- 
ship are  regarded  as  superstitions.  In  the  subjective 
sense,  it  means  a habit  of  ascribing  to  the  direct  or 
special  agency  of  supernatural  powers  results  which 
can  be  proved  to  proceed  from  the  ordinary  course  of 
nature.  This  may  he  called  a weak  credulity ; and  it 
is  more  allied  to  bigotry , which  springs  from  an  ill- 
infonned,  narrow,  or  prejudiced  mind,  than  to  fanat- 
icism, which  implies  a highly  excited  state  of  mind. 

SU-PER-STI  'TION-IST,  n.  One  addicted  to  su- 
perstition ; a superstitious  person.  More. 

SU-P?R-STI"TIOUS  (-stish'us),  a.  [L.  sxiperstitio- 
'sus  ; It.  snperstizioso  ; Sp.  supersticioso  ; Fr. 
super  stitieux.\ 

1.  Full  of  superstition*  addicted  to  supersti- 
tion ; full  of  idle  fancies  or  scruples  with  regard 
to  religion ; having  excess  of  scruple  or  cere- 
mony in  matters  of  religion. 

Then  Paul  stood  in  the  midst  of  Mars’  Hill,  and  said.  Yc 
men  of  Athens,  I perceive  that  in  all  things  ye  are  too  sujter- 
stitious.  Acts  xvii.  22. 

2.  Arising  or  proceeding  from  superstition. 

They  use  some  other  superstitious  rites,  wlflch  show  that 

they  honor  the  fire  and  the  light.  Spenser. 

3.  Having  any  excessive  scruple  or  unfound- 
ed reverence  ; scrupulous  beyond  need  ; weakly 
scrupulous.  “ Superstitious  to  him.”  Shah. 

Superstitious  use,  (Eng.  Lam.)  the  use  of  lands,  ten- 
ements, goods,  &c.,  for  a religious  purpose.  Bouvier. 

SU-PpR-STF'TIOljS-LY,  ad.  1.  In  a supersti- 
tious manner  ; with  idle  fancies  or  scruples  with 
regard  to  religion.  Bacon. 

2.  With  too  much  care  ; with  excessive  scru- 
ple ; too  scrupulously.  I Vatts. 

SU-Py  R-STI''TIOyS-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the 
quality  of  being  superstitious.  Bale. 

SU-PyR-STRAIN',  v.  a.  To  overstrain,  [n.]  Bacoti. 

SU-PyR-STRA'TUM,  n.  A bed,  layer,  or  stratum 
situated  above  another.  Clarke. 

SU-P  F.R-STRUCT',  v.  a.  [L.  superstruo,  super- 
structus ; super,  over,  and  struo,  structus.]  To 
construct  or  build  upon  any  thing,  [it.] 

The  preacher  may  hope  to  superstruct  good  life  upon  such 
a foundation.  Hammond. 

SU-PyR-STRUC'TION,  7i.  A superstructure. 

Not  to  erect  new  superstruct  ions  upon  an  old  ruin.  Denham. 

SU-Py.R-STRUCT'ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who 
superstructs.  Hammond. 

SU-PyR-STRUCT'IVE,  a.  [Fr.]  Built  on  some- 
thing else.  Hammond. 

SU-Py R-STRUCT'URE  (-strfikt'yur),  n.  [Fr.] 

1.  Any  structure  built  upon  a foundation. 

In  some  places,  as  in  Amsterdam,  the  loundation  costa 
more  than  the  superstructure.  Howell. 

2.  Any  thing  built  or  formed  on  something 
else  as  a foundation  or  basis. 

You  have  added  to  your  natural  endowments  the  super- 
structures of  study.  Drydvn. 

SU-PyR-SlIB-STAN'TIAL,  a.  [L.  super,  over, 
above,  and  Eng.  substantial-,  It.  supersustan- 
ziale ; Sp.  supersustancial ; Fr.  supersubstantiel. ] 
More  than  substantial ; more  than  matter  ; of  a 
higher  nature  than  matter.  Sir  T.  More. 

SU-PyR-SUBT'LE  (-sut'tl),  a.  Over-subtle.  Shah. 

SU-PyR-SUL'PHATE,  n.  (Chon.)  A sulphate  con- 
taining the  greatest  number  of  equivalents  of 
sulphuric  acid  capable  of  combining  with  the 
base  ; as,  “ Supersulphate  of  potassa.”  Henry. 


A,  E,  r,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  1,  O,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  y,  I,  O,  IT,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  I1EIR,  HER; 


SUPEESULPHURETTED 


1451 


SUPPLICATE 


SU-PPR-SUL'PHU-RET-TPD,  a.  ( Chem .)  Noting 
gaseous  bodies  combined  with  two  or  more 
equivalents  of  sulphur  ; as,  “ Supersulphuretted 
hydrogen.”  Henry. 

SU-PIJR-TEM'PO-RAL,  n.  Something  eternal  or 
immortal.  Cudworth. 

SU-P1JR-TER-RENE',  a.  [L.  superterrenus  ; super, 
over,  and  terra.]  Superterrestrial.  Smart. 

SU'PgR-TgR-RES'TRI-AL,  a.  Being  above  the 
earth  or  the  things  of  the  earth.  Smart. 

SU-PIJR-TON'IC,  n.  (Mas.)  The  second  of  the 
key  or  the  note  next  above  the  keynote.  Moore. 

SU-PIJR-TKA£'I-CAL,  a.  Too  highly  tragical; 
unnecessarily  tragical.  Clarke. 

f SU-PER-VA-CA'NB-OUS,  a.  [ L.supervacaneus .] 
Superfluous  ; needless  ; unnecessary.  Howell. 

+ sCr-P5R-VA-CA'NI?-OUS-LY,  ad.  Needlessly./. 

f SlJ-PpR-VA-CA'NIJ-oyS-NESS,  n.  Needless- 
ness ; superfluousness.  Bailey. 

SU-PER-VENE',  v.  n.  [L.  supervenio ; super , 
over,  and  venio,  to  come  ; It.  sopravvenire  ; Sp. 
sobrevenir.]  [i.  supervened  ; pp.  superven- 
ing, SUPERVENED.] 

1.  To  come  as  an  extraneous  addition ; to 
be  added  or  joined. 

Such  a mutual  gravitation  can  never  supervene  to  matter, 
unless  impressed  by  a divine  power.  Bentley. 

2.  To  come  upon  ; to  happen.  Wright. 

sfj-PpR-VE'NJ-ENT,  a.  [L.  supervenio,  superve- 
niens,  to  come  over  or  upon  ; It.  § Sp.  superve- 
niente.] 

1.  Coming  upon  as  an  extraneous  addition ; 
added  ; additional ; superadvenient. 

That  branch  of  belief  was  in  him  supervenient  to  Christian 
practice,  and  not  all  Christian  practice  built  on  that  .Hammond. 

2.  Arising  or  coming  afterward.  Blaekstone. 

SU-PpR-VEN'TION,  n.  Act  of  supervening.  Hall. 

SU-PERVI'^AL,  n.  The  act  of  supervising  ; su- 
pervision; inspection;  examination. 

A paper  w herein  he  never  had  the  least  hand,  direction, 
or  super  visal,  nor  the.  least  knowledge  of  its  author.  Bope. 

SLM’flR-VlijE',  v.  a.  [L.  super,  over,  and  video, 
visas,  to  see.]  [i.  supervised  ; pp.  supervis- 
ing, SUPERVISED.] 

1.  To  overlook ; to  oversee  ; to  superintend  ; 
to  inspect. 

I supervised  the  glass-house. 

2.  f To  read;  to  peruse.  Howell. 

Let  me  supervise  the  canzonet.  Shale. 

t SU-PER-V1§E',  n.  Supervision.  Shak. 

SU-PER-Vl''!jlON  (-vizh'un),  n.  The  act  of  super- 
vizing  ; superintendence  ; inspection. 

Under  the  trust  and  supervision  of  the  abbots.  lYarton. 

SlJ-PER-Vl'ijiOR,  n.  I.  One  who  supervises  ; an 
overseer ; an  inspector ; a superintendent.  Watts. 

2.  f A spectator ; a looker-on.  Shak. 

SU-PER-VI'.SO-RY,  a.  Relating  to,  or  having, 
supervision.  Clarke. 

f SU-PER-VlVE',  v.  a.  [L.  supervivo.]  To  out- 
live ; to  survive  ; to  live  longer  than. 

What  revolutions  in  nature  will  it  [the  soul]  not  be  able  to 
resist  and  supervive ? Clarke. 

SU-PER-VO-LUTE',  a.  ( Bot .)  Plaited  and  convo- 
lute in  the  bud.  Gray. 

SU-PNNA'TrON,  n.  [L.  supinatio ; supinus,  su- 
pine; sub,  under,  beneath;  It.  supinazione ; Sp. 
supinacion  ; Fr.  supination.] 

1.  The  act  of  lying  or  the  state  of  being  su- 
pine, or  laid  with  the  face  upward. 

In  pathology,  supination  means  the  horizontal  position  on 
the  back,  with  the  head  thrown  back,  and  the  legs  and  arms 
extended.  ' Dunylison. 

2.  The  movement  in  which  the  fore-arm  and 
hand  are  carried  outwards,  so  that  the  anterior 
surface  of  the  latter  becomes  superior .Dunglison. 

SU-PI-NA'TORj  n.  ( Anat .)  That  which  produces 
supination  ; — a name  given  to  two  muscles  of 
the  forearm.  Dunglison. 

SU-PiNE',  a.  [L.  supinus ; sub,  under,  beneath; 
It.  tjj  Sp.  supino.] 

1.  Lying  with  the  face  upward  ; lying  on  the 
back  ; — opposed  to  prone. 

On  the  hard  earth  the  Lvcian  knocked  his  head, 

And  lay  supine , and  forth  the  spirit  fled.  Dryden. 


2.  Leaning  backward;  sloping;  inclined;  — 
spoken  of  localities.  “ Hills  supine.”  Dryden. 

3.  Careless  ; heedless  ; negligent ; listless  ; 
thoughtless  ; inattentive  ; inert. 

He  became  pusillanimous  and  supine,  and  openly  exposed 
to  any  temptation.  Woodward. 

SU'PINE,  n.  [L.  supinum ; It.  A Sp.  supino;  Fr. 
supin.]  ( Latin  Gram.)  A kind  of  verbal  noun 
of  the  fourth  declension  in  the  accusative  or 
the  ablative  singular. 

The  supine  in  um  is  called  the  former  supine',  that  in  u the 
latter  sujjine.  Andrews. 

SU-PINE'LY,  ad.  1.  With  the  face  upward.  Scott. 

2.  Carelessly  ; negligently.  Dryden. 

SU-PINE'NESS,  n.  1.  The  state  of  being  supine  ; 
supine  posture.  Johnson. 

2.  Drowsiness  ; carelessness  ; indolence. 

Considering  their  industry  and  our  supineness.  Swift. 

f StT-PIN'I-TY,  n.  [L.  supinitas.]  Supineness. 
“A  supinity  or  neglect  of  inquiry.”  Browne. 

t SUP'PA(JE,  n.  What  may  be  supped  ; pottage. 

For  tood  they  had  bread,  for  Slippage , salt.  llooker. 

f SUP-PAL-PA'TION,  n.  [L.  suppalpor,  suppal- 
patum,  to  wheedle  a little.]  The  act  of  fondling 
or  wheedling  a little  ; enticement.  Bp.  Halt. 

■f  SUP-PAR- A-SI-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  supparasitor, 
supparasitatum,  to  flatter  a little.]  The  act  of 
flattering,  or  paying  servile  court  to.  Bp.  Hall. 

SUP-PAr'A-SITE,  v.  a.  To  flatter  or  fawn  a little 
like  a parasite  ; to  cajole,  [r.]  Dr.  Clarke. 

t SUP-Pp-DA'NE-OfJS,  a.  [L.  suppedaneum,  a 
footstool ; sub,  under,  and  jjss,  pedis,  a foot.] 
Placed  or  situated  under  the  feet.  Browne. 

f SI.tP-PED'I-TATE,  v.  a.  [L.  suppedito,  suppedi- 
tatus.]  To  supply  ; to  furnish.  Hammond. 

f SyP-PED-I-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  sappeditatio.]  The 
act  of  suppeditating.  More. 

SUP'PfR,  n.  [A.  S.  supan,  to  sup.  — See  Sup.] 
The  evening  repast;  the  last  meal  of  the  day. 
“To-night  we  hold  a solemn  supper.”  Shak. 

Lord's  supper,  ( Keel. ) The  ordinance  by  which  is 
commemorated  the  death  of  Christ;  the  Christian 
sacrament  of  the  communion  ; the  eucharist.  Eden. 

SUP'PyR,  v.  n.  To  take  supper.  Richardson. 

SUP'PER-LESS,  a.  Destitute  of,  or  without,  sup- 
per. “ Going  supperless  to  bed.”  Spectator. 

SUP'PER— TIME,  n.  The  time  of  eating  supper. 

SUP'PING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  sups. 

2.  That  which  is  supped,  [r.] 

Taken  in  a brotli  or  thin  supping.  Holland. 

SUP-PLANT',  v.  a.  [L.  svpplanto,  to  trip  up  one’s 
heels  ; sub,  under,  and  plunta,  the  sole  of  the 
foot;  It.  supplant  are  ; Sp.  suplantar ; Fr.  sup- 
planter.]  . [i.  SUPPLANTED;  pp.  SUPPLANTING, 
SUPPLANTED.] 

1.  To  trip  up,  as  the  heels. 

Ilis  legs  intertwining 

Each  other,  till  supplanted,  down  he  fell.  Milton. 

2.  To  remove  the  prop  or  support  from  under  ; 

to  overpower  ; to  force  away.  Shak. 

3.  To  displace  by  stratagem;  to  remove  or 
turn  out  and  take  the  place  of. 

Private  men  somewhile 

Supplanted  by  fine  falsehood  and  fair  guile.  Spenser. 

SUP-PLAN- TA'TION,  n.  [It.  supplantazione.] 
The  act  of  supplanting.  Johnson. 

SUP-PLANT'ER,  n.  0ne  who  supplants.  South. 

SUP-PLANT'ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  sup- 
plants ; a displacing  or  turning  out.  Iloadly. 

SUP'PLE  (sup'pl),  a.  [L.  supplex ; suh,  up,  and 
plico,  to  fold  ; Fr.  souple.  — See  Supplicate.] 

1.  Pliant ; flexible  ; easily  bent.  Milton. 

The  joints  are  more  supple  to  all  feats  of  activity  in  youth 

than  afterwards.  Bacon. 

2.  Yielding;  soft;  not  obstinate  ; compliant; 
humble;  submissive;  suppliant. 

If  punishment  reaches  not  the  mind,  and  makes  not  the 
will  supple,  it  hardens  the  offender.  Locke. 

3.  Flattering  ; fawning  ; bending. 

So  supple  and  insinuating.  Addison. 

4.  That  makes  supple. 

Each  part,  deprived  of  supple  government. 

Shall  stiff,  and  stark,  and  cold  appear,  like  death.  Shak. 

Syn. — See  Flexible. 


SUP'PLE  (sup'pl),  v.  a.  [*.  suppled;  pp.  sup- 
pling, SUPPLED.] 

1.  To  make  soft,  supple,  or  flexible. 

To  supple  a carcass,  drench  it  in  water.  Arhutlmot. 

2.  To  make  compliant,  humble,  or  yielding. 

A mother  persisting  till  she  had  bent  her  daughter’s  mind, 
and  suppled  her  will.  Locke. 

SUP'PLE  (sup'pl),  v.  n.  To  grow  soft  or  pliant. 
“ The  stones  . . . suppled  into  softness.”  Dryden. 

SUP'PLE-JACK,  n.  A walking-stick  made  of  a 
pliable  vine-stem,  the  produce  of  several  species 
of  tropical  plants.  Simmonds. 

SUP'PLE-LY,  ad.  Softly  ; pliantly.  [r.]  Cotgrave. 

SUP'PLE-MENT,  n.  [L.  supplemcntum  ; suppleo, 
to  fill  up  ; sub,  up,  and  pleo,  to  fill  ; It.  supple- 
mento  ; Sp.  suplcmcnto  ; Fr.  supplement.] 

1.  An  addition  by  which  something  wanting 
is  supplied;  something  added  ; an  appendix, — 
particularly  any  addition  made  to  any  work  or 
treatise,  to  render  it  more  complete.  Rogers. 

2.  f Store ; supply.  Chapman. 

3.  (Trigonometry.)  That  which  remains  after 
subtracting  an  arc  or  an  angle  from  180°. 

Hutton.  Davies. 

SUP'PLE-MENT,  v.  a.  To  supply;  to  add  to;  to 
be  a supplement  to.  Bayne.  Th.  S.  Carr. 

SUP-PLP-MENT'AL,  a.  Supplementary.  Prior. 

Supplemental  bill,  (Law.)  a bill  filed  iu  addition  to 
an  original  bill  in  order  to  supply  some  defect  in  its 
original  frame  or  structure.  Bouvier. 

SUP-PLE-MENT'A-RY,  a.  [It.  supplementare  ; Fr. 
suppl  mentaire. ] Added  to  supply  something 
that  is  wanted  ; additional ; supplemental. 

Supplementary  chords,  (Math.)  any  two  chords  drawn 
through  the  extremities  of  a diameter  of  an  ellipse 
or  hyperbola,  and  intersecting  on  the  curve,  navies. 
— Supplementary,  or  reserve , air,  the  air  of  respiration 
that  can  be  expelled  by  a forcible  expiration;  — esti- 
mated at  120  cubic  incites.  Dunglison. 

SUP'PLE-NESS  (sup'pl-nes),  n.  The  quality  or  the 
state  of  being  supple  ; readiness  to  take  any 
form  ; pliantness  ; flexibility. 

A compliance  and  suppleness  of  their  wills.  Locke. 

S(jP'PLE-TIVE,  a.  [It.  suppletivo  ; Fr . suppletif.] 
Supplying;  helping;  assisting.  C.  Butler. 

SUP'PLE-TO-RY,  a.  [L.  suppleo,  to  fill  up  ; sub, 
up,  and  pleo,  to  fill ; It.  suppletono  ; Sp.  suple- 
torio.]  Supplying  deficiencies  ; supplemental. 

Sup/>Ietnrij  oath,  (Law.)  an  oath  administered  to  a 
party  himself  in  cases  where  a fact  has  been  proved 
by  only  one  witness  in  order  to  supply  or  make  up  the 
necessary  complement  of  witnesses,  two  being  always 
required  to  constitute  full  proof.  Burrill. 

•SUP'PLE-TO-RY,  n.  That  which  fills  up  deficien- 
cies. “ They  invent  suppleturies.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

SyP-PLI'AL, n.  The  act  of  supplying;  a furnish- 
ing; supply,  [it.]  Warburton. 

It  may  be  deemed  a supplial  of  many  books.  llichardson. 

t SUP-PLl'ANCE,  n.  That  which  is  supplied; 
supply  ; a supplial.  Shak. 

SUP'PLI-ANT,  a.  [Fr.]  1.  Making  supplication  ; 
supplicating;  entreating;  beseeching;  precatory. 
The  rieh  grow  suppliant,  and  the  poor  grow  proud.  Dryden. 

2.  Expressing  supplication. 

To  bow  and  sue  for  grace  with  sujqiliant  knee.  Milton. 

SUP'PLI-ANT,  n.  [Fr.]  A humble  petitioner; 
one  who  entreats  ; a supplicant.  Dryden. 

SUP'PLf-ANT-LY,  ad.  In  a suppliant  manner. 

SUP'PLI-ANT-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state 
of  being  suppliant.  Scott. 

SUP'PLT-CAN-Cy,  n.  A supplication;  entreaty; 
a humble  petition,  [r.]  Gordon. 

SUP'PLI-CANT,-  a.  [L.  snpplicn,  supplicans,  to 
supplicate.]  Entreating  ; suppliant.  Bp.  Bull. 

SUP'PLI-CANT,  n.  A suppliant.  Atterbury. 

Si/p  ’PLI-CBT.  [L.,  he  supplicates.]  (Eng.Univ.) 
A request  or  petition.  Month.  Rev. 

SUP'PLI-CAte,  v.  n.  [L.  supplico  ; supplex,  hum- 
bly begging  or  entreating.  — The  meaning  of 
supplex  is  probably  derived  from  the  open  palms 
of  the  hand  being  held  up  to  the  oflended  per- 
son, the  root  plee  signifying  “an  open  surface,” 
and  sub,  in  composition,  frequently  meaning 
“ up.”  Eng.  Journ.  Educa.  No.  4-5. — It.  sttppli- 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NciR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  ROLE.  — 9,  (J,  9,  £,  soft;  £,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  £ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


SUPPLICATING 


1452 


SUPPRESS 


care ; Sp.  suplicar  ; Fr.  supplier .]  [i.  suppli- 
cated ; pp.  SUPPLICATING,  SUPPLICATED.]  To 
seek,  ask,  or  beg  humbly;  to  petition  submis- 
sively ; to  beseech  ; to  implore  ; to  crave. 

A man  cannot  brook  to  suppHeutc  or  beg.  Bacon. 

Syn.  — See  Ask. 

SUP'PIjI-CAT-ING,  p.  a.  That  supplicates  or  ex- 
presses supplication  ; as,  “ A supplicating  look.” 

SUP'PLI-CAT-ING-LY,  acl.  In  a supplicating 
or  entreating  manner  ; with  supplication. 

SUP-PLI-CA’TION,  n.  [L.  supplicatio ; It.  suppli- 
cazione ; Sp.  suplicaeion  ; Fr.  supplication.] 

1.  The  act  of  supplicating ; petition  humbly 

delivered ; entreaty.  Shak. 

2.  A beseeching  by  prayer ; petitionary  wor- 
ship. “ The  rites  of  supplication.’’  Stillingfleet. 

3.  ( Roman  Ant.)  A solemn  thanksgiving  or 
supplication  to  the  gods,  decreed  by  the  senate 
when  a great  victory  has  been  gained,  or  in 
times  of  public  danger  and  distress.  IV.  Smith. 

SUP'PLI-CA-TOR,  n.  [L.]  One  who  supplicates  ; 
a supplicant.  Bp.  Hall. 

SUP'PLI-CA-TO-RY,  a.  [It.  supplicatorio, ] Con- 
taining supplication  ; petitionary.  Bp.  Hall. 

SUP-PI.I-CA'  VIT,  n.  [L.,  he  has  supplicated .] 
(Eng.  Laic.)  A writ  in  the  nature  of  process  at 
the  common  law,  to  find  sureties  of  the  peace 
upon  articles  filed  by  a p'arty  for  that  purpose. 
[r.]  Burrill. 

SUP-PI, I'pR,  n.  One  who  supplies.  Stackhouse. 

SUP-PLY'  (sup-pll'),  v.  a.  [L.  suppleo  ; sub,  up, 
and  pleo,  to  fill ; It . supplire  ; Fr.  supplier.]  [i. 
SUPPLIED;  pp-.  SUPPLYING,  SUPPLIED.] 

1.  To  fill  up  as  any  deficiencies  happen  ; to 
furnish  with  something  wanted ; to  make  full, 
complete,  or  free  from  deficiency;  to  furnish 
with  any  thing  that  is  wanted  ; to  provide. 

My  lover,  turning  away  several  old  servants,  supplied  me 
with  others  from  his  own  house.  Swift. 

2.  To  give  ; to  grant;  to  afford  ; to  furnish. 

I wanted  nothing  fortune  could  supply.  Dnjden. 

. Nearer  care  supplies 

Sighs  to  my  breast  and  sorrow  to  my  eyes.  Prior. 

3 To  serve  instead  of ; to  take  the  place  of. 

Burnished  ships  the  banished  sun  supply. 

And  no  light  shines  but  that  by  which  men  die.  Waller. 

4.  To  fill ; as,  “The  vacancy  was  supplied.” 

Syn.  — See  Furnish,  Give,  Provide. 

SUP-PLY',  n.  1.  That  which  is  supplied;  suffi- 
ciency of  things  for  want;  a stock  ; a fund. 

Tile  supply  of  a great  city  with  its  various  articles  of  pro- 
vision  and  consumption.  Brande.  \ 

2.  A sum  granted  by  a congress,  parliament,  or 
legislature,  for  defraying  the  current  expenses 
of  a government.  Brande. 

f SUP-PLY'  ANT,  a.  Auxiliary;  suppletory.  Shak. 

+ SUP-PLY'M0NT,  n.  A supply.  Shak. 

SUP-PORT',  v.  a.  [L.  supporto ; sub,  under,  from 
below,  and  porto,  to  carry;  It.  sopportare ; Sp. 
soportar ; Fr.  supporter.]  [i.  supported;  pp. 
SUPPORTING,  SUPPORTED.] 

1.  To  bear  up ; to  sustain  ; to  uphold  ; to  prop. 

The  palace  built  by  Picus,  vast  and  muud, 

Supported  by  a hundred  pillars  stood.  Dnjden. 

2.  To  receive  or  endure  without  being  over- 
come; to  bear;  to  endure;  to  undergo. 

Strongly  to  suffer  and  support  our  pains.  Milton. 

This  fierce  demeanor,  and  his  insolence. 

The  patience  of  a god  could  not  support.  Dryden. 

3.  To  keep  from  fainting,  sinking,  declining, 
or  failing;  to  sustain;  to  cherish;  to  nourish. 

Support  him  by  the  arm.  Shak. 

With  inward  consolations  recompensed, 

And  oft  supported.  Milton. 

4.  To  furnish  with  the  means  of  living,  as  a 
family  ; to  provide  for  ; to  maintain  ; to  supply. 

Costs,  charges,  expenses,  which  the  king’s  highness  neces- 
sarily huth  been  compelled  to  support  and  sustain . Burnet. 

5.  To  sustain  ; to  maintain  ; to  have  ; to  hold  ; 
as,  “ To  support  a good  reputation.” 

6.  To  be  foundation  for ; to  confirm  the 
truth  or  reality  of ; to  make  good  ; to  prove  to 
be  true  ; to  substantiate  ; to  verify  ; to  confirm. 

The  question  is  not  whether  a tiling  be  mysterious,  — for 
all  tilings  are  mysterious,  — but  whether  the  mystery  be  sup- 
ported by  evidence.  Gilpin. 

7.  To  assist ; to  aid  ; to  countenance ; to  help  ; 
to  further;  to  forward  ; to  second. 


8.  To  accompany  as  an  assistant;  to  act  as 
the  aid  or  attendant  of ; to  attend. 

Syn.  — See  Rear,  Help,  Hold,  Second. 

SUP-PORT',  n [Fr.]  1.  The  act  or  the  power 

of  supporting,  sustaining,  or  upholding. 

2.  That  which  bears  up,  sustains,  or  upholds  ; 
any  thing  which  prevents  another  thing  from 
falling,  or  that  keeps  it  in  its  place  ; that  upon 
which  another  thing  is  placed  ; foundation  ; 
base  ; basis  ; — a pillar ; a pier. 

3.  Sustenance  ; maintenance  ; subsistence  ; 
sustentation  ; livelihood  ; living. 

Nor  even  the  defenceless  train 

Of  clinging  infants  ask  support  in  vain.  Slicnstone. 

4.  An  upholding  or  sustaining  from  sinking, 
declining,  languishing,  or  failing ; maintenance. 

O,  madness,  to  think  use  of  strongest  wines 

And  strongest  drinks  our  chief  support  of  health ! Milton. 

5.  That  which  assists  or  succors  ; aiej ; help  ; 
assistance  ; succor  ; favor  ; countenance. 

Points  of  support , (Jirch.)  the  collected  areas  on  the 
plan  of  the  piers,  walls,  columns,  &c.,  upon  which 
an  edifice  rests,  or  by  which  it  is  supported.  Brande. 
— Right  of  support , ( Law .)  an  easement  which  one 
man,  either  by  contract  or  prescription,  enjoys,  to  rest 
the  joists  or  timbers  of  his  house  upon  the  wall  of  an 
adjoining  building,  owned  by  another  person.  Boucier. 

Syn.  — See  Aid,  Buttress,  Countenance, 
Living,  Pillar,  Staff. 

SUP-PORT'A-BLE,  a.  [Fr.]  1.  That  may  be  sup- 
ported, sustained,  or  upheld. 

2.  That  may  be  borne  or  endured  ; tolerable. 

I wish  that  whatever  part  of  misfortunes  they  must  bear 
may  be  rendered  supportable  to  them.  Pope. 

3.  That  may  be  supported,  maintained,  de- 
fended, or  countenanced ; maintainable. 

SUP-PORT'A-CLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
supportable  or  endurable.  Hammond. 

SUP-PORT' A-BLY,  ad.  In  a supportable  manner. 

f SUP-PORT'ANCE,  ) „ 

, i > n.  support ; maintenance. 

fSUP-POR-TA'TION,  S 

The  supportation  of  the  king’s  expense.  Bacon. 

Give  some  supportance  to  the  bending  twigs.  Shak. 

SUP-PORT'yR,  n.  1.  One  that  supports.  Locke. 

2.  That  which  supports  or  upholds  ; that  upon 
which  any  thing  is  placed  ; prop  ; support. 

The  sockets  and  supporters  of  flowers  are  figured.  Bacon. 

3.  A sustainer ; a comforter. 

The  saints  have  a companion  and  suppjjorter  in  all  their 
miseries.  South. 

4.  One  who  maintains,  helps,  or  defends  ; an 
aider  ; a maintainer  ; a defender  ; an  assister. 

All  examples  represent  Ingratitude  ns  sitting  in  its  throne, 
with  Pride  at  its  right  hand  and  Cruelty  at  its  left  — worthy 
supporters  of  such  u reigning  impiety.  South. 

5.  One  who  accompanies  another,  especially 
on  some  public  occasion,  as  an  aid  or  assistant. 

Butthe  fair  lady  beingcome  to  the  scaffold,  nnd  then  made 
to  kneel  down,  and  so  left  by  her  unkind  sujiporters.  Sidney. 

6.  pi.  ( Ship-building .)  The  knee-timbers  un- 
der the  cat-heads.  Dana. 

7.  pi.  (Her.)  Figures,  as  of  beasts  or  birds, 

placed  on  each  side  of  a shield. 

In  modern  English  heraldry , tire  grant  of  supporters  is  lim- 
ited to  sovereigns  and  princes  of  the  blood  royal,  peers  of  tire 
realms,  knights  of  the  Rath,  knights  banneret,  baronets  of 
Nova  Scotia,  and  to  such  persons  as  receive  them  by  special 
license  from  the  king.  Brande. 

Supporter  of  combustion , (CAem.)  a designation  for- 
merly applied  to  oxygen,  and  afterwards  to  the  elec- 
tro-negative elements  chlorine,  iodine,  &c.,  it  being 
supposed  that  in  every  case  of  combustion  one  of 
these  elements  combines  with  another  called  a com- 
bustible. ‘Henry. 

f SUP-PORT'FUL,  a.  Abounding  with  support; 
that  supports.  Mir.  for  Mag. 

SUP-PORT'LySS,  a.Destitute  of  support.  Milton. 

tsyp-PORT'MENT,  ra.  Support.  Wotton. 

syP-Pofj'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  supposed. 

Every  one  of  these  things  is  reasonably  supposable.  Seeker. 

SUP-PO§'AL,  n.  Supposition,  [it.]  Shak. 

SUP-PO^E'  (sup-poz'),  v.  a.  [L.  suppono,  suppos- 
itus  ; sub,  tinder,  and  pono,  posilus ; It.  supporre  ; 
Sp.  suponer  ; Fr.  svpposer.]  [i.  supposed  ; pp. 
SUPPOSING,  SUPPOSED.] 

1.  To  lay  down  without  proof  as  a foundation 
of  an  argument,  or  in  order  to  infer  conse- 
quences ; to  advance  by  way  of  argument  or 
illustration,  without  maintaining  the  truth  of 
the  position  ; to  assume  hypothetically. 


2.  To  believe  without  examination ; to  im- 
agine ; to  consider  ; to  presume  ; to  conceive  ; 
to  apprehend  ; to  deem  ; to  think. 

Supposing  it  to  be  true.  Wilkins. 

3.  To  require  as  previous  or  as  having  existed. 

This  supposeth  something  without  evident  ground.  Hole. 

One  falsehood  always  supposes  another.  Female  Quixote. 

4.  fTo  put  as  one  thing  fraudulently  in  the 

place  of  another.  Female  Quixote. 

Syn.  — See  Apprehend,  Think. 

SUP-PO§E',  v.  n.  To  think  ; to  imagine. 

For  these  are  not  drunken,  as  ye  suppose.  Acts  ii.  15. 

+ SyP-PO§E',  n.  Supposition;  hypothesis. 

We  come  short  of  our  suppose  so  far,  that  after  seven  years’ 
siege,  yet  Troy  walls  stand.  Shak. 

SyP-POSjED'  (stip-pozd  ),  p.  a.  Assumed  to  be 
true  ; imagined  ; believed. 

Supposed  bass,  ( Mus .)  any  bass  note  of  a different 
literal  denomination  from  that  of  the  accompanying 
chord.  Moore. 

SyP-PO§'JgR,  n.  One  who  supposes.  Shak. 

SUP-PO-§I''TION  (sup-po-zlsh'un),  n.  [L.  suppo- 
sitio  ; It.  svpposizione ; Fr.  supposition.] 

1.  The  act  of  supposing ; the  act  of  laying 
down  without  proof  as  a foundation  for  inferring 
consequences  ; an  admitting  withortt  proof;  the 
act  of  assuming  hypothetically. 

2.  Position  assumed  hypothetically,  not  pos- 
itively ; hypothesis. 

This  is  only  an  infallibility  upon  supposition,  that  if  a thing 
be  true,  it  is  impossible  to  be  false.  TUlotsun. 

3.  Imagination  ; belief  without  examination  ; 

surmise  ; conjecture  ; guess.  lloget. 

4.  (Mus.)  The  use  of  two  successive  notes  of 
equal  value  as  to  time,  one  of  which  being  a 
discord,  supposes  the  other  a concord.  Brande. 

Syn.  — See  Conjecture. 

SUP-PO-fjI"TION-AL  (sup-pq-zish'un-jl),  a.  Im- 
plying supposition  ; hypothetical.  South. 

Syp-P6§-I-TI''TI0US  (-tlsh'us),  a.  [L.  supposi- 
titius ; suppono , suppositus,  to  put  or  place  un- 
der, to  substitute ; sub,  under,  and  pono,  to 
place  ; It.  suppositizio ; Sp.  supositicio.]  Put 
by  a trick  into  the  place  or  character  belonging 
to  another  ; spurious  ; counterfeit ; not  genu- 
ine ; — seldom  used  in  the  sense  of  supposed. 

The  reputed  child  must  have  been  . . . supposititious.  Addison. 
The  supposititious  pieces  ascribed  to  Athanasius.  Waterland. 

Syn.  — See  Spurious. 

SUP-P6§-!-TI"TIOyS-LY  (-tlsh'us-Ie),  ad.  In  a 
supposititious  manner.  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

SyP-PO§-I-TI"TIOyS-NESS  (-tlsh'us-),  n.  The 
state  of  being  supposititious.  Johnson. 

SyP-PO§'I-TlVE,a.  [It . suppositiro.]  Expressing 
or  implying  a supposition ; including  a suppo- 
sition; supposed.  Chillingworth. 

By  a suppositive  intimation  and  by  an  express  prediction. 

Dearson. 

SyP-PO§'I-TIVE,  n.  That  which,  or  a word  which, 
notes  or  implies  supposition,  as  if.  Harris. 

SUP-PO§'!-Tl  VE-LY,  ad.  With  or  upon  supposi- 
tion. Hammond. 

SyP-PO§.'I-TO-RY,  n.  [L.  suppositorius,  that  is 
placed  underneath  ; It.  suppositorio  ; Sp.  supo- 
sitorio ; Fr.  suppositoirc.]  (Med.)  Any  solid 
medicine  in  the  form  of  a ccne  or  cylinder,  in- 
tended to  be  introduced  into  the  rectum,  either 
to  favor  intestinal  evacuations,  or  to  act  as  an 
anodyne.  Dunglison. 

f SUP-P6§'yRE,  n.  Supposition.  Hudibras. 

SUP-PRESS',  v.  a.  [L.  supprimo,  suppressus ; sub, 
under,  and  premo,  pressus,  to  press ; It.  sup- 
prim  ere  ; Sp.  suprimir;  Fr.  supprimer.]  [i. 

SUPPRESSED  ; pp.  SUPPRESSING,  SUPPRESSED.] 

1.  To  overpower  and  crush  ; to  overwhelm  ; 
to  subdue  ; to  put  down  ; to  repress  ; to  destroy. 

Every  rebellion,  when  it  is  suppressed , doth  make  the  sub- 
ject weaker  and  the  prince  stronger.  Davies. 

2.  To  hold  or  keep  back  ; to  put  a stop  to  ; 
to  check  ; to  detain  ; to  restrain. 

Well  didst  thou,  Richard,  to  suppress  thy  voice.  Shak. 

3.  To  keep  down  or  out  of  sight;  to  keep 
secret  or  to  one’s  self;  to  restrain  from  dis- 
closure ; to  conceal ; not  to  tell  or  reveal. 

Things  not  revenled,  which  the  invisible  King, 

Only  omniscient,  hath  suppressed  in  night.  Milton. 


Where  we  meet  with  all  the  indications  and  evidences  of 
such  a thing  as  the  thing  is  capable  of.  supposing  it  to  hi*  true, 
it  must  needs  be  very  irrational  to  make  any  doubt.  Wilkins. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  i,  short;  A,  E,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


SUPPRESSED 


1453 


SURE 


SUP-PRESSED'  (-prest'),  p.  a.  Crushed  or  over- 
whelmed : — checked  ; stopped  ; concealed. 

SUP- PRES 'SION  (sup-presh'u-n),  n.  [L.  suppressio  ; 
It . suppression#  \ Sp.  sttpresion ; Fr.  suppression.] 

1.  The  act  of  suppressing  or  destroying. 

The  suppression  of  idolatry  in  the  Roman  Empire.  Bp. Ilorsley, 

2.  A holding  or  keeping  back  ; a detention. 

Taken  as  much  as  air  hazelnut,  itamendeth  the  suppression 

or  difficulty  of  avoiding  urine.  Jlollund. 

3.  A keeping  back,  secret,  or  concealed  ; pre- 
vention of  publication  ; concealment. 

You  may  depend  upon  a suppression  of  these  verses.  Pope. 

4.  (Gram.  & Rhet.)  Omission,  as  of  a word 
or  words,  or  of  a letter  or  letters.  Brande. 

SUP-PRESS'IVE,  a.  Tending  to  suppress  ; con- 
cealing ; suppressing.  Seward. 

SUP-PRESS' OR,  n.  [L.]  One  who  suppresses. 

SUP'PU-RAte,  v.  n.  [L.  sitppuro,  suppuratum  ; 

. sub,  under,  and  pus,  purls,  pus  ; It.  suppurare  ; 
Sp.  supurar-,  Fr.  suppurer .]  \i.  suppurated  ; 

pp.  suppurating,  suppurated.]  To  gather 
or  generate  pus  or  matter,  as  a sore.  Martin. 

SUP'PU-RATE,  v.  a.  To  cause  to  form  matter  or 
pus,  as  a sore.  Wiseman. 

SUP-PU-RA'TION,  n.  [L.  suppuratio  ; It.  suppu- 
razione  ; Sp.  supuracion ; Fr.  suppuration.'] 

1.  Formation  or  secretion  of  pus  ; — a fre- 
quent termination  of  inflammation  liable  to 
occur  in  almost  all  the  tissues.  Dunglison. 

2.  Purulent  matter  ; pus.  South. 

SUP'PU-RA-TI  VE,  a.  [It.  suppurativo  ; Sp.  su- 
purativo  ; Fr.  suppuratif.]  Tending  to,  or  pro- 
moting, suppuration.  Phillips. 

SUP'PU-RA-TI  VE,  n.  (Med.)  A medicine  that 
promotes  or  facilitates  suppuration.  Wiseman. 

f SUP'PU-TATE,  v.  a.  [L.  supputo,  supputatus.] 
To  reckon  ; to  compute;  to  suppute.  Wood. 

SUP-PU-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  supputatio  ; supputo,  to 
compute;  It.  supputazione-,  Fr.  supputation.] 
A reckoning;  a computation,  [it.]  Holder. 

All  the  supputations  of  time.  West. 

t SUP-PUTE',  v.  a.  [L.  supputo.]  To  reckon;  to 
calculate  ; to  compute.  Drayton. 

SU'PRA.  [L.]  A Latin  preposition,  being  an- 
other form  of  super,  signifying  above  or  be- 
fore-, — used  in  composition. 

SU-PRA-Ax'IL-LA-RY,  a.  (Bot.)  Growing  above 
the  axil,  as  certain  "buds.  Balfour. 

SU-PRA-CiL'!-A-RY,  a.  [L.  supra,  above,  and 
cilium,  an  eyebrow.]  Above  the  eyebrow.  Wright. 

SU-PRA-CRE-TA'CEOUS  (-situs,  66),  a.  [L.  supra, 
above,  and  creta,  chalk.]  (Gcol.)  Noting  strata 
superior  in  position  to  the  chalk  ; tertiary.  Lyell. 

SCt-PRA-LAP-SA'RI-AN,  n.  [L.  supra,  above, 
and  labor,  lapsus,  to  fall.]  ( Theol .)  One  of  the 
more  rigid  class  of  Calvinists,  who  hold  that  the 
fall  of  Adam  and  all  its  consequences  were 
predestinated  by  God  from  all  eternity,  and 
that  our  first  parents  had  no  liberty  in  the  be- 
ginning;— opposed  to  Sublapsarian  or  Infra- 
lapsarian.  — See  Sublapsarian.  Burnet. 

SU-PR  A-LAP-SA'RI-AN,  a.  (Theol.)  Pertaining 
to  Supralapsarianism.  Johnson. 

SU-PRA-L  AP-SA 'RI-AN-IipM,  n.  The  doctrine  or 
system  of  the  Supralapsarians.  Mackintosh. 

SU-PRA-L  A P'SA-RY,  a.  Supralapsarian.  Johnson. 

SU-I’RA-LAP'SA-RY,  n.  (Theol.)  A Supralap- 
sarian. ’ Chambers. 

SU-PRA-MUN'DANE,  a.  [L.  supra,  above,  and 
mundanus,  mundane.]  Above  the  world.  “ Su- 
pramundane  mansions.”  Seward. 

SU-PRA-NAT'U-RAL-IsM,  n.  The  doctrine  that 
in  nature  there  are  more  than  physical  causes 
in  operation,  and  that  in  religion  we  have  the 
guidance,  not  merely  of  reason,  but  of  revela- 
tion ; supernaturalism  ; — opposed  to  natural- 
ism and  to  rationalism.  Fleming. 

SU-PRA-NAT'U-R  AL-IST,  n.  A believer  in  supra- 
naturalism  ; a supernaturalist.  Brande. 

SU-PRA-NAT-y-RAL-IS'TIC,  a.  Pertaining  to 
supranaturalism ; supernaturalistic.  P.  Cyc. 


] SU-PR  A-OR'BI-TAL,  a.  Above  the  orbit  of  the 
eye  ; supraorbitar.  Smart. 

SCT-PRA-OR 'BI-TAR,  a.  (Anat.)  Situated  above 
the  orbit  of  the  eye.  Dunglison. 

SU-PRA-PRO'T5ST,  n.  (Law.)  An  acceptance 
of  a bill  by  a third  person,  after  protest  for  non- 
acceptance  by  the  drawee.  Burrill. 

SU-PRA-PU'BI-AN,  a.  (Anat.)  Situated  above 
the  pubis.  Dunglison. 

SU-PRA-RE'NAL,  a.  [L.  supra,  above,  and  renes, 
the  kidneys.]  (Anat.)  Situated  above  the  kid- 
ney. Dunglison. 

SU-PRA-SCAp'U-LAR,  ) a _ (Anat.)  Situated 
SU-PRA-SCAP'U-LA-RY,  ) above  the  scapula  or 
shoulder-blade.  Dunglison. 

SU-PRA-SPI'NAL,  a.  (Anat.)  Situated  above  the 
spine.  ’ Dunglison. 

f SU-PRA-VF'iJION,  n.  Supervision.  Bp.  Taylor. 
f SU-PRA-Vl'!jOR,  n.  A supervisor.  Bp.  Taylor. 
SU-PRA-VUL'GAR,  a.  Above  the  vulgar.  Collier. 
SU-PREM'A-CY,  n.  [L.  supremitas  ; It.  suprema- 
zia ; Sp.  supremacist.]  The  state  of  being  su- 
preme ; highest  place,  authority,  or  power. 

Aftteting  the  supremacy  of  heaven.  Drayton. 

Abhorring  the  supremacy  of  man.  Dryden. 

Oath  of  supremacy,  an  oath  by  which  the  King  of 
England’s  supremacy,  in  religious  affairs,  is  acknowl- 
edged, and  the  supremacy  of  the  pope  denied.  Brande. 

SU-PREME',  a.  [L.  supremus  ; supra,  above  ; It. 
4-  Sp.  supremo  ; Fr.  supreme.] 

1.  Highest  in  quality,  dignity,  authority,  or 
power ; most  elevated  or  exalted  in  rank,  sta- 
tion, or  degree  ; preeminent ; greatest. 

Three  centuries  he  [the  oak]  grows,  and  three  he  stays 

Supreme  in  state,  and  in  three  more  decays.  Dryden. 

Yet  above  ail  iris  luxury  supreme. 

And  his  chief  glory,  was  the  gospel  theme.  Cowper. 

2.  (Bot.)  Situated  at  the  summit.  Balfour. 
SU-PREME'LY,  ad.  In  the  highest  degree.  Pope. 
SUR.  [Fr.]  A prefix  from  the  French,  contracted 

from  L.  super,  supra,  or  sursum,  and  signifying, 
in  composition,  upon,  or  over  and  above. 

SU-R A-DAN'N!,  n.  A wood  obtained  about  the 
Hemerary  river  in  South  America  ; — much  used 
for  timbers,  rails,  &c.  Simmonds. 

t SUR-AD-Dl"TION,  n.  Something  added  to  the 
name.  “ The  suraddition  Leonatus.”  Shah. 

SU'RAL,  a.  [L.  sura,  the  calf  of  the  leg.]  Per- 
taining to  the  calf  of  the  leg.  Wiseman. 

f SU'RANCE  (shu'rjns),  n.  Assurance.  Shah. 
SUR'BASE,  n.  (Arch.)  A cornice,  or  series  of 
mouldings  above  a pedestal  or  stereobate.  Britt. 

SUR'BASED  (siir'bast),  a.  Having  a surbase,  or  a 
moulding  above  the  base;  — a term  applied  to 
an  arch,  vault,  or  cupola,  the  curve  of  which  is 
struck  from  centres  placed  chiefly  below  its 
base.  Britton. 

SUR-BASE'MljlNT,  n.  (Arch.)  The  trait  of  an 
arch  or  vault  which  describes  a portion  of  an 
ellipse.  Rimes, 

f SUR-BATE',  v.  a.  [Fr.  soubattre.]  To  bruise  or 
weary  with  travel,  as  the  feet. 

IIow  be  the  pope’s  cardinal’s  feet  surbated,  in  going  bare- 
foot to  preach  the  gospel?  Dr.  Fulke. 

t SUR-BEAT',  v.  a.  To  surbate.  Bp.  Hall. 

SUR-BED',  v.  a.  To  set  edgewise,  as  a stone;  to 
set  in  a different  position  from  that  which  it  had 
in  the  quarry.  Wright. 

fSUR-BET', p.  Surbated;  bruised.  Spenser. 
SUR-CEAS'ANCE,  n.  Surcease,  [r.]  Wotton. 

f SUR-CEASE'  (sur-ses'),  v.  n.  [Fr.  sur,  over,  and 
cesser,  to  cease.]  [?.  surceased  ; pp.  surceas- 
ing, surceased.]  To  he  at,  or  come  to,  an  end  ; 
to  cease  finally  or  emphatically. 

As  be  surceased  not  to  perpetuate  enormous  and  inordinate 
crimes  he  was  therefore  cast  into  the  tower.  State  Trials. 

Instead  of  praying  them  surcease. 

They  did  mucli  more  their  crue-lty  increase.  Spenser. 
f SUR-CEASE',  v.  a.  To  stop  entirely  ; to  put  a 
complete  end  to  ; to  cause  to  cease  finally. 

Abrogating  or  surceasing  the  judiciary  power.  Temple. 

SUR-CEASE',  n.  Complete  cessation,  [it.]  Hooker. 

Vainly  I had  sought  to  borrow 

From  niy  books  surcease  of  sorrow.  Poe. 


SUR-CHAR^E',  v.  a.  [F r. -surcharger.]  [i.  sur- 
charged; pp.  SURCHARGING,  surcharged.] 

1.  To  overload  ; to  overburden. 

Your  head  reclined,  as  hiding  grief  from  view. 

Droops  like  a rose  surcharged  with  morning  dew.  Dryden. 

2.  (Law.)  To  put  more  beasts  upon,  as  a com- 
mon, than  one  has  a right  to  do.  Blackstone. 

syR-CHAItyE',  n.  [Fr.]  1.  An  excessive  charge, 
load,  or  burden,  more  than  can  well  be  borne. 

A surcharge  of  one  madness  upon  another.  V Estrange. 

2.  (Laic.)  The  putting  bv  a commoner  of 
more  beasts  on  the  common  than  he  has  a right 
to  : — the  showing  an  omission  in  an  account,  for 
which  credit  ought  to  have  been  given.  Burrill. 

syil-CHAIty'UR,  n.  One  who  surcharges.  Johnson. 

SUlt'CIN-GLE  (siir'slng-gl),  n.  [Fr.  sur,  upon,  and 
L.  cingulum,  a belt.] 

1.  A girth,  girt,  or  girdle,  for  binding  a bur- 
den, blanket,  Ac.,  as  on  a horse.  Johnson. 

2.  (Reel.)  The  belt  by  which  the  cassock  is 

fastened  round  the  waist.  Hook. 

SUR-CIN'GLED  (sgr-sing'gld),  a.  Girt.  Bp.  Hall. 

SUR'CLE,  n.  [L.  sur  cuius.]  A shoot  ; a twig;  a 
sucker.  “ Boughs  and  surctes.”  [it.]  Browne. 

SUR'COAT  (sur'kot),  n.  [Fr.  surcot ; sur,  over, 
and  cotte,  coat.] 

1.  Any  garment  worn  over  defensive  armor; 

— generally  applied,  however,  to  the  long  and 
flowing  drapery  of  knights  anterior  to  the  intro- 
duction of  plate  armor.  Fairholt. 

2.  A short  robe,  worn  over  the  long  robe  or 

tunic,  terminating  a little  below  the  knee,  form- 
ing part  of  the  costume  of  ladies  at  the  close  of 
the  eleventh  century.  Fairholt. 

f SUR'CREW,  n.  An  additional  crew.  Wotton. 

+ SUR'CU-DA-NT,  a.  [See  Suiiquedry.]  Over- 
weening ; arrogant ; haughty  ; proud.  Skelton. 

f SUR'CU-LATE,  v.  a.  [L . surculo,  surculatus.]  To 
cut  oft'  young  shoots  from  ; to  prune.  Cockeram. 

f SUR-CU-LA'TION,  n.  Pruning.  Browne. 

SUR-CU-LOSE',  a.  [L.  surculus,  a young  shoot, 
a sprout.]  (Bot.)  Producing  suckers,  or  shoots 
resembling  suckers.  Gray. 

SURD,  a.  [L.  surdus  ; It.  <S,-  Sp.  surdo  ; F r.  sourd.] 

1.  f Hard  of  hearing,  or  unable  to  hear  ; deaf. 

A surd  anil  earless  generation  of  men.  Browne. 

2.  f Insensate  ; inanimate. 

Surd  and  senseless  herbs.  Holland. 

3.  Unheard  ; not  perceived  by  the  ear. 

Those  surd  modes  of  articulation  [consonants].  Kcntick. 

4.  (Math.)  Noting  a quantity  which  cannot 

be  expressed  by  rational  numbers  ; irrational ; 
incommensurable.  Davies. 

SURD,  n.  (Math.)  An  indicated  root  of  an  im- 
perfect power  of  the  degree  indicated,  as  the 
square  root  of  2.  Davies. 

f SUR'DI-NY,  n.  A sardine.  Beau.  $ FI. 

f SURD'I-TY,  71.  [L.  surditash]  Deafness.  Blount. 

SURD'— NUM-BEIt,  7x.  (Math.)  A number  incom- 
mensurate with  unity  ; a surd.  Johnson. 

II  SURE  (shur)  [sliiir,  S.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm. ; sliur,  IF. 
P.  J.  £.],  a.  [L.  securus  ; sine,  without,  and 
cura,  care;  It.  sicuro,  swo  ; Sp.  segitro  ; Nor. 
Fr.  senr ; Fr.  sur.  — W.  .svVt.J 

1.  Free  from  doubt ; infallible  ; unfailing. 

The  testimony  of  the  Lord  is  sure.  Ts.  xix.  7. 

2.  Not  liable  to  failure  or  change ; firm  ; safe  ; 
stable  ; secure  ; steady  ; trustworthy. 

Thou  stand’st  more  sure  than  I could  do.  Shak. 

I wish  your  horses  swift  and  sure  of  foot.  Shak. 

3.  Certainly  knowing;  firmly  believing  or 
thinking  ; fully  convinced  ; confident  ; certain. 

Him  he  knew  well,  and  guessed  that  it  was  she; 

But,  being  masked,  he  was  not  sure  of  it.  Shak. 

Be  silent  always  when  yon  doubt  your  sense, 

And  speak,  though  sure , with  seeming  diffidence,  l'ope. 

4.  f Affianced  ; betrothed. 

The  king  was  sure  to  dame  Elizabeth  Lucy.  Sir  T.  Mure. 

To  be  sure,  certainly.  [Colloquial.]  Atterbury. — 
To  make  sure,  to  secure.  “ He  hade  mo  make  sure  of 
the  bear,  before  I sell  his  skin.”  L’Ejtrangc. 

Syn.  — That  is  sure  which  results  from  tile  laws 
of  nature  ; that  is  certain  which  results  from  tlio 
inferences  of  reason.  We  are  sure  of  what  wc  are 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — y,  <?,  9,  g,  soft;  IS,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  ^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


SURE 


1454 


SURMULOT 


convinced  will  happen,  and  certain  of  what  we  are 
satisfied  is  true  ; — sure  of  a fact,  certain  of  a theory. 
— See  Certain. 

||  SURE  (sliur),  ad.  Certainly  ; surely. 

Sure , upon  the  whole,  a bad  author  deserves  better  usage 
than  a bud  critic.  rope. 

II  SURE'FOOT-pD  (sliur'fut-ed),  a.  Treading  firm- 
ly or  securely  ; not  stumbling,  Herbert. 

II  SURE'LY  (shur'le),  ad.  1.  Certainly;  undoubted- 
ly ; witKout  doubt ; assuredly. 

lie  that  created  something  out  of  nothing,  surely  can  raise 
great  tilings  out  of  small.  South. 

2.  Safely ; firmly.  “ Surely  bound.”  Spenser. 

||  t SURE'MENT,  )(.  Surety.  Chaucer. 

||  SURE'NIJSS  (shur'nes),  n.  The  state  of  being 

sure  ; certainty  ; indubitableness.  Cowley. 

||  SURE'TY  (shur'te),  n.  [Fr.  s hr  etc.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  sure  ; security  ; safety. 

They  were  fain  to  resort  to  their  ships  for  surety.  Fiibyan. 

2.  Certainty ; indubitableness. 

Know  of  a surety  that  thy  seed  shall  be  a stranger.  Gen.xv. 

3.  Foundation  of  stability  ; support. 

We  our  state 

Hold,  as  you  yours,  while  our  obedience  holds; 

On  other  surety  none.  Milton. 

4.  Evidence  ; ratification  ; confirmation. 

She  called  the  saints  to  surety 
That  she  would  never  put  it  from  her  finger, 

Unless  she  gave  it  to  yourself.  Shak. 

5.  Security  against  loss  or  damage. 

There  remains  unpaid 

A hundred  thousand  more,  in  surety  of  the  which 

One  part  of  Aquitaine  is  bound  to  us.  Shak. 

6.  (Law.)  One  who  is  bound  for  another  who 

is  primarily  liable,  and  who  is  called  the  princi- 
pal. Burrill. 

The  surety  differs  from  bail  in  this,  that  the 
latter  actually  has,  or  is  by  law  presumed  to  have, 
the  custody  of  his  principal,  while  the  former  lias  no 
control  over  him.  The  hail  may  surrender  his  prin- 
cipal in  discharge  of  his  obligation  ; t lie  surety  cannot 
be  discharged  by  such  surrender.”  Buuvier. 

||t  SURE'TY  (shur'te'),  v.  a.  To  be  surety  or  se- 
curity for.  “ We’ll  surety  him.”  Shak. 

||  sfjRE'TY-SHIP  (shdr'te-ship),  n.  The  liability 

or  the  contract  of  a surety.  Burrill. 

SURF,  n.  [Old  Fr.  surflot,  the  rising  of  billow 
upon  billow.] 

1.  The  swell  of  the  sea  breaking  against 
rocks,  or  shallows,  or  on  the  shore  ; breakers. 

The  wind  blew  so  strong  upon  the  shore,  and  occasioned 
such  a surf,  that  it  was  impossible  for  the  boat  to  land.  Anson. 

Light  as  the  foaming  surf 

Which  the  wind  severs  from  the  broken  wave.  Cowper. 

2.  Bottom  or  conduit  of  a drain.  [Local.] 

Wright. 

SUR'FACE  (siir'fas),  n.  [Fr.  surface  sur,  upon, 
and  face,  face.] 

1.  The  exterior  part  of  a body ; the  outer 
face  ; the  outside  ; a superficies. 

The  aged  earth,  aghast,  . . . 

Shall  from  the  centre  to  the  surface  shake.  Milton. 

Beneath  the  smiling  surface  of  the  deep.  Cou-per. 

2.  (Geom.)  Magnitude  which  has  length  and 
breadth  without  thickness ; superficies.  Davies. 

3.  The  first  show  or  appearance. 

Such  characters  as  have  nothing  but  external  accomplish- 
ments to  recommend  them  may,  indeed,  be  greatly  admired 
and  approved  by  vain  and  weak  understandings,  which  pen- 
etrate no  deeper  than  the  surface.  Knox. 

4.  (Fort.)  That  part  of  the  side  which  is  ter- 

minated by  the  flank  prolonged,  and  the  angle 
of  the  nearest  bastion.  Mil.  Ency. 

Syn.  — Surface  is  the  common  popular  term  for  the 
outside  of  any  tiling  ; superficies,  a scientific  term.  A 
surface  is  even  or  uneven,  smooth  or  rough  ; but  the 
superficies  of  tile  mathematician  is  always  conceived 
to  he  perfectly  smooth. 

SUR'FACE,  v.  a.  1.  To  give  surface  to.  Clarke. 
2.  To  work  for  gold  in  the  top  soil  of.  Clarke. 

SURF'— BOAT,  n.  A boat  constructed  to  ride  or 
go  safely  in  surf..  Holt. 

SURF'-DUCK,  n.  (Ornith.) 

A species  of  duck  which 
frequents  the  surf ; Anas 
perspicillata  of  Linnaeus,  or 
Oidemia  perspicillata  ; — 
called  also  surf-scoter,  and 
black-duck.  Yarrell. 

The  surf- f l nek  floats  buoyantly 
amoii"4he  raging  billows.  Audubon. 


SOR'FEIT  (siir'fjt),  v.  a.  [It.  sopraffare , to  over- 
do ; sopra , over,  and  fare , to  do  ; Fr.  surfaire , 
sur  fait.]  [i.  surfeited  ; pp.  surfeited,  sur- 
feited.] To  feed  to  satiety  and  sickness ; to 
overcharge  with  food  ; to  cloy  ; to  satiate. 

Not  to  enjoy  the  blessings  of  Providence  when  they  are 
mercifully  placed  before  us,  but  to  refuse  them  with  sullen 
insensibility,  is  probably  no  less  displeasing  to  our  Benefactor 
than  to  surfeit  and  injure  ourselves  by  excessive  indulgence. 

Knox. 

SUR'FEIT  (siir'fjt),  v.  n.  To  be  fed  to  satiety  and 
sickness  ; to  be  surfeited. 

A grown  person,  surfeiting  with  honey,  no  sooner  heors 
the  name  of  it  but  his  fancy  immediately  carries  sickness  and 
qualms  to  his  stomach.  Locke. 

SUR'FEjT  (siir'fjt),  n.  1.  Too  much  food  or  drink 
taken  at  once  ; excess  of  food  or  drink. 

If  the  same  headache  come  by  occasion  of  drunkenness  or 
a surfeit  of  wine,  they  would  be  applied  with  vinegar. Holland. 

A surfeit  of  the  sweetest  things 

The  deepest  loathing  to  the  s^pmach  brings.  Shak. 

2.  The  feeling  of  satiety,  disgust,  or  pain,  oc- 
casioned by  overloading  the  stomach. 

How  charming  is  divine  philosophy! 

Not  harsh  and  crabbed,  as  dull  fools  suppose; 

But  musical  as  is  Apollo’s  lute. 

And  a perpetual  feast  of  nectared  sweets, 

Where  no  crude  surfeit  reigns.  Milton. 

SUR'FE|T-£R  (sur'f jt-er),  n.  One  who  surfeits;  a 
glutton.  “ This  amorous  surfeiter.”  Shak. 

SUR'FEIT-ING,  n.  Act  of  feeding  to  excess. 

SUR'FEIT— wA'TER,  ii.  Water  for  the  cure  of 
surfeits.  Locke. 

fSUR'Ff.L,  v.  a.  To  wash  with  mercurial  or  sul- 
phur-water. Ford. 

f SUR'FLEYV,  n.  The  handle' of  a spear.  Fuller. 

t SUR'FOOT  (-fut),  a.  Lame;  tired  of  foot;  fa- 

, tigued  with  travel. ' Barnaby's  Itin. 

SUR<jJE,  n.  [L.  surgo,  contracted  from  surrigo,  to 
rise  ; sub,  under,  and  rego,  to  direct,  to  rule.] 

1.  A large  rolling  wave  or  billow  ; a breaker. 

He  flies  aloft,  and,  with  impetuous  roar. 

Pursues  the  foaming  sin  ges  to  the  shore.  Drydcn. 

Meantime  the  mountain  billows  to  the  clouds 

In  dreadful  tumult  swelled,  surge  above  surge 

Burst  into  chaos  with  tremendous  roar.  Thomson. 

2.  (Ship-building.)  The  tapering  part  in  front 
of  the  whelps,  between  the  chocks  of  a capstan, 
whereon  the  messenger  may  surge.  Wright. 

Syn.  — See  Wave. 

SUR<?E,  V.  11.  [i.  SURGED  ; pp.  SURGING,  SURGED.] 

1.  To  swell;  to  rise  high. 

Or  surging  waves  against  a solid  rock, 

Though  all  to  shivers  dashed,  the  assault  renew.  Milton. 

2.  (Naut.)  To  slip  back,  as  a cable.  Wright. 

SUR(!E,  v-  a.  (Naut.)  To  slack  up  suddenly,  as 
a rope  or  a cable,  where  it  renders  round  a pin, 
or  round  the  windlass  or  capstan.  Dana. 

SURtjJE'FUL,  a.  Full  of  surges  ; billowy.  Drayton. 

SUItt/E'LpSS,  a.  Without  surges.  Mir.  for  Mag. 

SUR't^EON  (sur'jun),  n.  [Old  Fr.  surgien,  a con- 
traction of  chirurgeon. — See  Chirurgeon.] 
One  who  practises  surgery.  Dunglisoil. 

Syn. — See  Physician. 

SUR'GEON— A-POTII'  Pi-CA-R  Y,  11.  One  who  unites 
the  practice  of  surgery  with  that  of  the  apothe- 
cary ; a general  practitioner.  Dunglison. 

SUR'QrEON-CY,  n.  The  office  of  surgeon  in  the 
army  or  the  navy.  Gent.  Mag. 

SUR'(?EON—  DEN'TIST,  n.  A dentist,  or  a dental 
surgeon.  Dunglison. 

fSUR'OEON-RY  (siir'jijn-re),  11.  Surgery.  Bailey. 

SUR'(?F,R-Y,  n.  1.  That  part  of  the  healing  art 
which  relates  to  external  diseases  and  their 
treatment,  especially  to  the  manual  operations 
adopted  for  tlieir  cure  ; the  business  or  profes- 
sion of  a surgeon.  Dunglison. 

2.  The  office  or  shop  of  a surgeon.  Dunglison. 

SUR'^t-CAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  surgery;  ehirur- 
gical.  “ Surgical  anatomy.”  Dunglison. 

SURGING,  P-  a.  That  surges;  rolling,  as  a bil- 
low. “The  surging  air.”  Thomson. 

SUR'<?Y,  a.  Full  of  surges  ; rising  in  billows. 

This  toilsome  voyage  o’er  the  surgy  main.  Pope. 

SU'RI-CATE,  n.  (Zo  l.)  A carnivorous  mammal 
allied  to  the  civet,  about  four  feet  long  including 


the  tail,  found  in  Africa  at  the  Capo  of  Good 
Hope;  Ryzama  Capensis.  Eng.  Cyc. 

SUR-J-NAM'— BARK,  n.  A variety  of  cinchona 

bark  ; — called  also  China-Nova.  Eng.  Cyc. 

SUR-IN-TEND'ANT, n.  A superintendent.  — See 
Superintendent,  [r.]  C.  Richardson. 

SUR'LI-LY,  ad.  In  a surly  manner.  Student. 

SiiR'LI-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state  of  be- 
ing surly  ; gloomy  moroseness  ; sour  anger. 
“ Mollify  the  Spartan  surliness.”  Milton. 

t SUR'LING,  n.  A sour,  morose  fellow.  Camden. 

SUR'LolN,  n.  [Fr.  surlonge  ; sur,  upon  or  above, 
and  longe,  loin.]  The  loin,  or  upper  part  of  the 
loin,  of  beef.  — See  Sirloin. 

itej  ’ Surloin  is  the  orthography  which  is  in  accord- 
ance with  the  obvious  etymology  of  the  word. 

SUR'LY,  a.  [A.  S.  surelice,  sourly;  sur,  sour, 
and  lie,  like.]  Gloomily  morose  ; crabbed  ; un- 
civil ; sour  ; ill-natured  ; peevish  ; harsh. 

If  a man  he  harsh  or  surly  in  his  discourse, ...  it  is  a cer- 
tain argument  of  his  defect  in  charity.  , Barrow. 

SUR'mArKS,  n.pl.  (Ship-building.)  The  stations 
of  the  rib-bands  and  harpings  which  are  marked 
on  the  timbers.  Mar.  Diet. 

f SUR-Mt^AL,  n.  Surmise.  Milton. 

SI  R-MI§E'  (sur-mlz'),  v.  a.  [L.  super,  over,  and 
mitto,  missus,  to  send,  to  put  forth;  Fr.  sur, 
upon,  and  mettre,  mis,  to  put.]  [i.  surmised  ; 
pp.  surmising,  surmised.]  To  imagine  from 
imperfect  previous  knowledge;  to  suspect;  to 
conjecture;  to -fancy;  to  suppose. 

It  wafted  nearer  yet,  and  then  she  knew 

That  what  she  but  before  surmised  was  true.  Drpden. 

SUR-Mli-SE',  v.  n.  To  intimate  ; to  suggest ; to  in- 
sinuate ; to  hint. 

lie  surmised  to  the  king  . . . that  his  said  secret  friends  had 
excited  him  to  combine  with  his  enemies.  State  Trials. 

SlR-Ml^E',  n.  Imagination  or  thought  not  sup- 
ported by  knowledge  or  evidence;  imperfect 
notion  ; suspicion  ; conjecture  ; supposition. 

There  are  various  degrees  of  strength  in  judgments,  from 
the  lowest  surmise,  to  notion,  opinion,  persuasion,  and  the 
highest  assurance,  which  we  call  certainty.  • Search. 

Syn.  — See  Conjecture. 

SyR-Mltp'lJR,  n.  One  who  surmises.  Lively  Oracles. 

SUR-Mltj'ING,  ii.  The  act  of  making  a surmise  ; 
suspicion  ; conjecture  ; supposition. 

Of  questions  and  strifes  of  words  cometh  envy,  railings, 
and  evil  surmisings.  * 1 Tim.  vi.  4. 

SUR-MOUNT',  v.  a.  [L.  super,  over,  and  mons, 
mantis,  a mountain  ; It.  sormontare  ; sur,  over, 
and montare,  to  mount ; Fr.  surmonter.]  [i.  sur- 
mounted; pp.  SURMOUNTING,  SURMOUNTED.] 

1.  To  mount,  ascend,  or  rise  above. 

The  mountains  of  Olympus,  Atho.  and  Atlas  overreach 
and  surmount  all  winds  and  clouds.  Raleigh. 

2.  To  gain  a victory  over;  to  conquer;  to 
overcome  ; to  vanquish ; to  subdue. 

The  man  of  learning  often  sets  up  his  reason  in  opposition 
to  revelation,  and,  finding  difficulties  which  his  reason  can- 
not surmount,  he  becomes  contemptuous  and  sceptical. Gilpin. 

3.  To  surpass  ; to  exceed  ; to  go  beyond. 

How  thou  wilt  here  come  off  surmounts  my  reach.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Conquer. 

SUR-MOUNT'A-BLE,  a.  [Fr.  surmontable .]  That 
may  be  surmounted  ; conquerable  ; superable. 

They  attempt ...  to  facilitate  where  the  difficulty  is  easily 
surmountable  by  common  sagacity.  Knox. 

SUR-MOUNT'A-BLE-NESS, n.  The  quality  orthe 
state  of  being  surmountable.  Wright. 

SUR-MCiUNT'JJD,  p.  a.  1.  Overcome  ; conquered  ; 
subdued  ; surpassed. 

2.  (Arch.)  Noting  an  arch  or  dome  which 

rises  higher  than  a semicircle.  Brande. 

3.  (Her.)  Noting  the  condition  of  a figure 

when  another  is  laid  over  it.  Brande. 

SUR-MOUNT'f.R,  n.  One  who  surmounts. 

SUR-MOUNT'ING,  11.  The  act  of  one  who  sur- 
mounts or  gets  uppermost.  Johnson. 

SUR-MUL'LF.T,  n.  (Teh.)  An  acanthopteryginus 
fish  of  the  genus  Mullus  and  family  Miillidce, 
allied  to  the  perch  ; — called  also  red  mullet. 

SUR'MU-LOT,  n.  (Zo'Jl.)  The  brown  or  Norway 
rat.  ’ Eng.  Cyc. 


A,  E,  f,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  !,  6,  U,  Y,  short ; A,  (5,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE, 


FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


SURNAME 


1455 


SURVEILLANCE 


SUR'NAME.n.  [L.  super,  above,  and  nomen,  name  ; 
It . sffprannome ',  Sp.  sobrenomhre  ; Fr.  surnoni.) 

1.  The  family  name  of  an  individual  ; the 
name  which  one  has  over  and  above  the  Chris- 
tian name,  or  that  given  in  baptism. 

There  was  u period  when  only  a few  had  surnames,— only 
a few,  that  is.  had  any  significance  or  importance  in  the  order 
of  things  temporal,  — while  the  Christian  name,  from  the  first, 
was  common  to  every  man.  Drench. 

2.  An  appellation  added  to  the  original  name. 

“ My  surname  Coriolanus.”  Shak . 

Until  about  the  middle  of  the  last  century 
this  word  was  sometimes  written  simamp.  Whether 
this  variation  originated  in  the  lax  orthography  of 
other  times,  or  whether  it  was  adopted  to  express  a 
slight  difference  of  meaning,  I will  not  undertake  to 
decide.  Some  writers  have  held  the  latter  opinion, 
and  defined  sirnamfi. as  ‘nomen  patris  addition  pro- 
prio,’  and  surname  as  ‘ nomen  supra  nomen  additum.’ 
MacAllan,  Fitzherbert,  Ap  Evan,  and  Stephenson 
would  accordingly  he  sir  or  ‘ sire ’-names,  equivalent 
to  the  son  of  Allan,  of  Herbert,  of  Evan,  and  of  Ste- 
phen. Of  surnames,  Du  Cange  says,  they  were  at  first 
written,  ‘ not  in  a direct  line  after  the  Christian  name, 
hut  abune  it,  between  the  lines,1  and  hence  they  were 
called  in  Latin  supranomina , in  Italian  soprannomi, 
and  in  French  surnoms , — ‘over-names.’  Those  who 
contend  for  the  non-identity  of  the  two  words,  assert 
that  although  every  sir-name  a sur-name,  every 
sur-name  is  not  a sir-name.”  jM.  A.  Lower. 

SUR-NAME',  v . a.  [Fr.  surnommer.~\  [i.  sur- 
NAMED  ; pp.  SURNAMING,  SURNAMED.]  To 
name  or  distinguish  by  an  appellation  added  to 
the  original  name. 

How  he,  sumamed  of  Africa,  dismissed 

Iu  his  prime  youth,  the  fair  Iberian  maid.  Milton. 

SUR-NOM'J-NAL,  a.  Of,  or  pertaining  to,  a sur- 
name or  to  surnames.  Loxoer. 

SlR-dX’IDE,  n.  ( Chem .)  An  oxide  too  highly 
oxygenated  to  combine  with  oxyacids,  as  perox- 
ide of  manganese.  Raymond. 

SIR-PASS’,  v.  a.  [Fr.  sarpasser.]  [*.  surpassed  ; 
pp.  surpassing,  surpassed.]  To  excel ; to 
exceed  ; to  outdo  ; to  go  beyond  ; to  transcend. 

Achilles.  Homer’s  hero,  in  strength  and  courage  surpassed 
the  rest  of  the  Grecian  army.  Dryden. 

Employment  surpassing  his  ability  to  manage.  Barrow. 

Syn.  — See  Exceed. 

SUR-PASS'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  surpassed, 
excelled,  or  transcended.  Johnson. 

SUR-pAss'ING,  p.  a.  Excellent  in  a high  degree. 
“ Surpassing  goodness.”  Calamy. 

SUR-PASS'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a surpassing  manner  ; 
so  as  to  excel  in  a high  degree.  Johnson. 

SIR-PAss'jNG-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state 
of  surpassing.  Wright. 

SUR  PLICE  (siir'pljs),  n.  [Low  L.  superpelUcium ; 
L.  super,  above,  and  peUis,  a skin,  a garment 
made  of  skin;  Sp.  sobrepelliz ; Fr.  surplis.\ 

( Eccl .)  A vestment  worn  by  clergymen  of  cer- 
tain churches  officiating  in  divine  service.  Eden. 

“ It  is  a long  linen  robe  with  wide  sleeves, 
worn  by  all  but  bishops.”  Fairholt. 

SURTLICED  (siir'pljst),  a.  Having  or  wearing  a 
surplice.  “ The  surpliced  train.”  Mallet. 

StlR'PLICE— FEE§  (siir'plis-fez),  n.  pi.  Fees  paid 
to  the  clergy  for  occasional  duties.  Warton. 

SUR'PLUS,  n.  [Fr.  surplus,  from  L.  super,  over, 
and  plus,  more.]  Overplus  ; a supernumerary 
part ; what  remains  when  use  is  satisfied  ; ex- 
cess beyond  what  is  strictly  due  or  necessary  ; 
residue. 

A much  greater  quantity  is  drawn  off  than  is  consumed  in 
this  use,  and  of  the  surplus  they  make  both  a sirup  and 
coarse  sugar.  Cook. 

SUR'PLUS-ApE,  n.  1.  Overplus;  surplus. 

Take  what  thou  please  of  all  this  surplusage.  Spenser. 

2.  {Law.)  A surperfluous  and  useless  state- 
ment of  matter  wholly  foreign  and  impertinent 
to  the  cause  : — a greater  disbursement  than  the 
charges  of  the  accountant  amount  to.  Bouvier. 

SUR-PRI'§AL,  n.  The  act  of  surprising,  or  the 
state  of  being  surprised. 

Lest,  wilfully  transgressing,  he  pretend 

Snrprisal , unadmonished,  unforewarned.  Milton. 

SlIR-PRRjE',  n.  [It.  sorpresa  ; F r.  surprise.'] 

1.  Act  of  surprising,  or  state  of  being  surprised ; 
— the  emotion  excited  by  any  thing  unexpected ; 
wonder ; astonishment^;  amazement. 


Their  camp  is  also  mixed  with  ours;  and  we  have  forth  no 
spies 

To  learn  their  drifts,  who  may  perchance  this  night  intend 
surprise.  Chapman. 

2.  f- A dish  which  has  nothing  in  it.  King. 

3.  {Law.)  The  act  by  which  a party  is  taken 
unawares,  or  the  situation  in  which  a party  is 
placed,  without  any  default  of  his  own,  which 
will  be  injurious  to  his  interest ; — sometimes 
used  in  the  sense  of  fraud,  or  something  pre- 
sumptive of,  and  approaching  to,  fraud.  Burrill. 

Syn.  — See  Wonder. 

Suit- PULSE',  v.  a.  [L.  super,  over,  and  prehendo, 
prehensus,  to  take  ; It.  sorprendere ; Sp.  sor- 
prender ; Fr.  surprendre,  surpris.]  [i.  sur- 
prised ; pp.  SURPRISING,  SURPRISED.] 

1.  To  take  unawares  ; to  fall  or  come  upon 
unexpectedly  or  without  previous  notice. 

The  valiant  Saxons  came. . . . 

And,  seizing  at  the  last  upon  the  Britons  here, 

Surprised  the  spacious  isle,  which  still  lor  theirs  they  hold. 

Dr  ant  on. 

2.  To  disturb  or  astonish  by  any  thing  sud- 
den, unexpected,  or  unusual ; to  amaze. 

Surprised  by  joy,  impatient  as  the  wind 
I turned  to  share  the  transport.  Wordsworth. 

Sttrjiriscd  at  the  bigness  of  the  camel.  V Estrange. 

Syn.  — See  Amaze. 

SUR-PRnjE'—  PAR-TY,  n.  A party  who  assemble 
by  agreement,  and  without  invitation,  at  the 
house  of  a common  friend.  [U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

Sl  R-PRl^'jpR,  n.  One  who  surprises.  Clarendon. 

SUR-PRI^'ING,  a.  Causing  surprise  or  wonder  ; 
extraordinary ; wonderful.  Addison. 

SUR-PRl§'ING-LY,  trd.  In  a surprising  manner; 
so  as  to  excite  surprise.  Addison. 

SUR-PRIf'lNG-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  sur- 
prising; wonderfulness.  Scott. 

f SUR'Q.UE-DOUS,  a.  Conceited;  proud.  Chaucer. 

t SUR'CIUE-DRY,  n.  [It.  sorquidare,  to  become 
proud.]  Pride  ; arrogance  ; haughtiness.  Spenser. 

SUR-Rp-BUT',  V.  a.  To  reply,  as  a plaintiff  to  a 
defendant’s  rebutter.  Wright. 

SUR-Rp-BUT'TER,  n.  (Lau>.)  A plaintiff’s  answer 
of  fact  to  defendant’s  rebutter.  — See  Repli- 
cation. Burrill. 

f SUR'REINED  (sur'rand),  a.  Overridden  or  in- 
jured by  driving ; overworked.  Shak. 

SUR-RE-JOIN’,  v.  a.  To  reply,  as  a plaintiff  to  a 
defendant’s  rejoinder.  Wright. 

SUR-R  E-JOIN’DF.R,  n.  (Laio.)  A plaintiff  s answer 
of  fact  to  defendant’s  rejoinder.  — See  Repli- 
cation. Burrill. 

SUR-R’E'NAL,  a.  [L.  super,  above,  and  renes,  the 
kidneys.]  ( Anat .)  Situated  above  the  kidneys  ; 
suprarenal.  Dunglison. 

S1‘ R-RLN'Dy R,  v.  a.  [Old  Fr.  surrender  ; — from 
L.  super,  above,  and  rendo,  to  render.  — Cor- 
rupted from  Fr.  se  rendre,  to  yield  one’s  self.] 
[i.  SURRENDERED  ; pp.  SURRENDERING,  SUR- 
RENDERED.] To  render  or  deliver  up  ; to  yield; 
to  give  up  ; to  resign  ; to  submit ; to  relinquish  ; 
to  abandon. 

He  svi'rendered  realm  and  life  to  fate.  Spensers 

If  we  do  not  surrender  our  wills  to  the  overtures  of'  his 
goodness,  we  must  submit  our  backs  to  the  strokes  of  his 
anger.  Barrow. 

Syn. — See  Abandon,  Deliver. 

SUR-REN'DFR,  v.  n.  To  yield;  to  resign  or  give 
one’s  self  up  to  another. 

I then  ordered  a musket  to  he  fired  over  their  heads,  as 
the  least  exceptionable  expedient,  . . . hoping  either  to  make 
them  surrender  or  leap  into  the  water.  Cook. 

SUR-REN'D^R,  n.  1.  The  act  of  surrendering; 
the  act  of  yielding  or  resigning  ; submission. 

A surrender  of  the  Palatinate.  Howell. 

So  spake  our  general  mother,  and  with  eyes 
Of  conjugal  attraction  un reproved, 

And  meek  surrender , half  embracing,  leaned 

On  our  first  father.  Milton. 

2.  (Law.)  A yielding  up  an  estate  for  life  or 
for  years  to  him  that  hath  an  immediate  estate 
in  reversion  or  remainder,  wherein  the  estate 
for  life  or  for  years  may  merge  by  mutual  agree-  i 
ment  between  them  ; the  falling  of  a less  es- 
tate into  a greater  : — the  giving  up  by  bails  of 
their  principal  into  custody,  in  their  own  dis- 
charge. Burrill.  \ 


SUR-REN-D1JR-EE',  n.  (Law.)  One  to  whom  a 
surrender  is  made.  Blackstone. 

SUR-REN'DIJR-OR,  n.  (Laio.)  One  who  makes  a 
surrender.  Blackstone. 

•f-SUR-REN’DRY,  n.  Surrender.  Howell. 

SUR-REP'TION,  n.  [L.  surrepo,  surreptus ; sub, 
under,  and  repo,  to  creep.] 

1.  The  act  of  obtaining  surreptitiously,  or 

getting  by  stealth.  Bp.  llall. 

2.  Sudden  and  unperceived  approach,  in- 
vasion, or  intrusion.  Hammond. 

SUR-R pP-Tl"TIOUS  (sur-rep-tlsh'us),  a.  [L.  sur- 
reptitius ; It.  surrettizio ; Sp.  subnpticio ; Fr. 
subreptice.]  Stealthily  or  fraudulently  done, 
obtained,  taken  away,  or  introduced. 

They  declare  that  all  the  other  editions  are  stolen  and- 
surreptitious.  1’ope. 

SUR-R?P-TI”TIOUS-LY,  ad.  By  surreption,  or 
stealth ; fraudulently.  Gov.  of  the  Tongue. 

SUR'RO-GATE,  v.  a.  [L.  surrogo,  surrogatus  ; 
sub,  under,  and  rogo,  to  ask.]  To  put  in  the 
place  of  another;  to  substitute,  [r.]  More. 

SUR'RO-GATE,  n.  (Law.)  One  who  is  substi- 
tuted or  appointed  in  the  place  of  another;  one 
who  represents  or  acts  for  another : — in  English 
law,  a bishop’s  chancellor  ; an  officer  who  usu- 
ally presides  in  the  bishop’s  diocesan  court,  and 
by  whom,  as  the  representative  of  the  ordinary, 
letters  of  administration  are  granted  where  the 
spiritual  court  is  not  presided  over  by  a judge  : 
— in  some  of  the  United  States  a county  officer 
who  has  jurisdiction  in  granting  letters  testa- 
mentary and  letters  of  administration,  and  other 
matters  relating  to  the  settlement  of  the  estates 
of  testators  and  intestates  ; a judge  of  probate. 

Burrill. 

SUR'RO-GATE-SIllP,  n.  The  office,  or  the  state, 
of  a surrogate.  Ed.  Rev. 

SUR-RO-GA'TION,  n.  [L.  surroqatio.]  The  act 
of  putting  in  another’s  place,  [r.]  Killingheck. 

SIJR-ROUND',  v.  a.  [See  Round.]  [/.surround- 
ed ; pp.  SURROUNDING,  SURROUNDED.] 

1.  To  enclose  on  all  sides ; to  encompass 
completely ; to  environ  ; to  encircle. 

Yelling  monsters,  that  with  ceaseless  cry 
Surround  me,  as  thou  sawest.  Milton. 

2.  To  go  or  pass  round,  [r.]  Temple. 

3.  (Mil.)  To  invest,  as  a city: — to  outflank 
and  deprive  of  the  means  of  retreat.  Stocqueler. 

Syn.  — To  surround  is  a term  of  extensive  applica- 
tion, as  persons  and  tilings  are  surrounded  in  various 
modes.  A city  is  surrounded  by  a wall,  a field  by  a 
fence  ; a person  is  surrounded  by  friends,  by  dangers, 
or  difficulties  ; a garden  is  enclosed  by  a wall  ; the 
earth  is  encompassed  by  air,  a person  by  dangers  ; a 
town  or  valley  is  environed  by  bills  ; the  bead  is  en- 
circled by  a wreath. 

SI  R-ROUND',  n.  A mode  of  hunting  the  buffalo, 
by  enclosing  a large  herd,  and  driving  them  over 
a precipice,  or  into  a deep  ravine.  S.  F.  Baird. 

SUR-ROUND'ING,  n.  An  encompassing.  Wright. 

SUR-ROUND'ING,  p.  a.  Being  on  all  sides;  en- 
vironing; encompassing;  encircling. 

Sl'R-ROY'AL,  n.  The  crown  of  the  horn  of  a 
male  red  deer  of  the  fourth  year.  ’ Braude. 

f SUR-SAN'URE,  n.  [Fr.  stir,  over,  and  sain, 
healing.]  A wound  healing  outwardly.  Chaucer. 

SUR'SHARP,  n.  (Mas.)  The  fifth  tetrachord 
above,  added  by  Guido.  Moore. 

SUR-SOL'ID,  n.  (Math.)  A fifth  power.  Thus 
32  is  the  sursolid  of  2.  Davies. 

Sl!R-SOL'lD,  a.  (Math.)  Noting  a problem  which 
cannot  be  resolved  but  by  curves  of  a higher 
kind  than  the  conic  sections.  Hutton. 

SUR-TOUT'  (sur-tot'),  n.  [Fr.  surtout ; sur,  above, 
and  tout,  all.]  A man’s  coat, worn  over  the  rest 
of  his  dress  ; an  overcoat. 

He  was  forced  to  wear  a surtout  of  oiled  cloth.  Arbuthnot. 

SUR’TUR- BRAND,  n.  A species  of  peaty,  bitu- 
minous coal,  found  in  Iceland,  and  resembling 
Bovey-coal.  Brande. 

SURVEILLANCE  (sur-val'yans'),  n.  [Fr.]  Sur- 
veyorship ; superintendence  ; inspection  ; over- 
sight ; supervision.  Qu.  Rev. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  R1JLE.  — 


(},  £>  sofi>  C,  G,  c,  5,  hard; 


as  z ; 


JC  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


SURVENE 


1456 


SUSPEND 


tSUR-VENE',  v.  a.  [Fr.  survenir.]  To  supervene. 

A suppuration  that  survenes  lethargies.  Harvey. 

f SUR'Vjp-NUE,  n.  [Fr.  survenir , survenu , to  ar- 
rive unexpectedly.]  A stepping  or  coming  in 
unexpectedly. 

Nor  (lid  the  fundamentals  [of  government]  alter  cither  by 
the  diversity  and  mixture  of  people  of  several  nations  in  the 
first  entrance,  nor  from  the  Danes  or  Normans  in  their  si<r- 
venue.  A'.  Bacon. 

SIR-VF.Y'  (sur-va'),  v.  a.  [Old  Fr.  surveoir;  Fr. 
sur,  over,  above,  and  voir , to  sec  ; — from  L.  su- 
per, over,  and  video,  to  see.]  [t.  SURVEYED  ; 
pp.  SURVEYING,  SURVEYED.] 

1.  To  overlook ; to  have  under  the  view  ; to 
view  as  from  a higher  place,  — particularly  to 
view  for  the  purpose  of  examining  carefully;  to 
scrutinize ; to  inspect ; to  examine  by  sight. 

Let  observation  with  extensive  view 

Surrey  mankind  from  China  to  Peru.  Johnson. 

2.  To  determine  the  boundaries  and  super- 

ficial extent,  or  the  contour  of,  as  of  a portion 
of  the  earth’s  surface  ; to  measure  and  estimate, 
as  land  or  buildings.  Johnson. 

3.  To  oversee  ; to  supervise.  Johnson. 

SUR'VEY  (siir'va  or  sur-va',  114)  [siir'va,  S.  P.  J. 
F.  Ja.  Sm.  R.  C.  116. ; sur-va',  E.  K. ; sur-va' 
or  siir'va,  IF.],  n. 

1.  The  act  of  surveying ; view ; sight ; pros- 
pect; review;  retrospect. 

Under  his  proud  survey  the  city  lies.  Denham. 

2.  Careful  examination;  inspection. 

A survey  has  been  made  of  your  house,  and  now  the  in- 
surance company  will  insure  it.  * Bouvier. 

3.  The  act  by  which  the  quantity  or  dimen- 

sions of  a piece  of  land  is  ascertained;  — the 
examination  and  mensuration  of  a country  in 
order  to  ascertain  its  boundaries,  the  state  of 
its  coast,  harbors,  &c. : — the  account  or  expo- 
sition of  a survey.  Bouvier. 

The  Report  of  the  Superintendent  of  the  U.  S.  Coast 
Survey.  A.  D.  Bache. 

Trigonometrical  survey . a survey  on  a large  scale, 
as  for  making  a geometrical  map  of  a country,  or  for 
measuring  an  arc  of  file  terrestrial  meridian.  Braude. 

l£3f*“Tliis  substantive  was,  till  within  these  few 
years,  universally  pronounced  with  the  accent  on  the 
last  syllable,  like  the  verb  ; but,  since  Johnson  and 
Lowtli  led  the  way,  a very  laudable  desire  of  regu- 
lating and  improving  our  language  has  given  the 
substantive  the  accent  on  the  first  syllable,  according 
to  a very  general  rule  in  the  language  ; but  this  has 
produced  an  anomaly  in  pronunciation,  for  which,  in 
my  opinion,  the  accentual  distinction  of  the  noun  and 
verb  does  not  make  amends:  if  we  place  the  accent 
on  the  first  syllable  of  the  noun,  the  cy  in  the  last 
must  necessarily  he  pronounced  like  ey  in  barley , 
attorney , journey , &.c.  Notwithstanding,  therefore, 
this  accentuation  has  numbers  to  support  it,  I think 
it  hut  a short-sighted  emendation,  and  not  worth 
adopting.  All  our  orthoepists  pronounce  the  verb 
with  the  accent  on  the  last,  except  Penning,  who 
accents  the  first.  Mr.  Sheridan,  Mr.  Scott,  Mr.  Nares, 
Dr.  Ash,  Perry,  and  Entick  [and  Todd]  accent  the 
first  syllable  of  the  noun  ; hut  Dr.  Johnson  and  Bailey, 
the  original  lexicographers,  accent  the  last.”  Walker. 

Syn.  — See  Prospect,  Retrospect. 

SI  R-VEY'AL  (sur-va'al),  n.  Survey.  Barroio . 

+ SlTR-VEY'ANCE  (-va'-),  n.  Survey.  Chaucer. 

SI  R-VEY'ING  (sur-va'jng),  p.  a.  Overlooking; 
examining;  — employed  in  measuring  land;  as, 
“A  surveying  party .” 

Surveying-  wheel , a perambulator.  Hutton. 

SUR-VEY'ING  (sur-va'jng),  n.  The  act  or  the  art 
of  finding  the  boundaries  and  superficial  extent 
of  any  portion  of  the  earth’s  surface,  or  of  find- 
ing its  contour.  Brande. 

Geodesic,  surveying , a branch  of  surveying  compris- 
ing all  the  operations  of  surveying  based  on  the 
supposition  of  the  earth  being  spheroidal,  or  in  which 
the  curvature  of  the  earth  is  taken  into  account ; 
geodesy.  This  branch  includes  maritime  or  nautical 
surveying. — Plane  surveying , a branch  of  surveying 
comprising  all  the  operations  of  surveying  based  on 
the  supposition  of  the  surface  of  the  earth  being  a 
plane;  — applicable  only  to  limited  portions  of  the 
earth’s  surface.  — Topographical  surveying,  a branch  of 
surveying  comprising  all  operations  incident  to  finding 
the  contour  of  a portion  of  the  earth’s  surface  and  the 
various  methods  of  representing  it  on  a plane.  Davies. 

SUR-VEY'OR  (sur-va'pr),  n.  1.  One  who  surveys 
or  oversees  ; nn  overseer  ; a supervisor.  • 

Were ’t  not  madness,  then. 

To  make  the  fox  surveyor  of  the  fold?  Shale. 

2.  One  who  measures  land.  Arbuihnot. 

3.  A superintendent  and  director  of  the  in- 

A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I 


spectors,  weighers,  gaugers,  and  measurers  of  a 
port  in  the  U.  S.  custom-houses  Bartlett. 

4.  An  engineer’s  assistant.  Simmonds. 

St  R-VEY'OU— ^EN'JfR-AL,  n.  1.  A chief  officer 
of  the  customs.  tSimmonds. 

2.  An  officer  having  charge  of  the  survey  of 
the  public  lands  of  a district.  [U.  S.]  Davies. 

SyR-VEY'OR-SHIP  (sur-va'or-shlp),  n.  The  state 
or  the  office  of  a surveyor.  Johnson. 

f SUR-VIEW'  (sur-vu'),  v.  a.  To  overlook  ; to 
have  in  view  ; to  survey.  Spcmser. 

t SUR-VIEW'  (sur-vu'),  n.  1.  Survey.  Sanderson. 

2.  A revisal ; a revision.  Milton . 

f StTR-VI§E',  v.  a.  [Fr.  sur,  over,  and  riser,  to 
look.]  To  look  over  ; to  view.  B.  Jonson. 

SITR-Vl'VAL,  7i.  The  act  of  surviving,  or  out- 
living; survivorship.  . Chapman. 

SUR- Vi' VANCE,  7i.  [Fr.]  Survivorship.  Buck. 

SUR- VI' VAN-CY,  7i.  Survivorship,  [it.]  Wright. 

SUR- VIVE',  v.  7i.  [L.'supcrvivo  ; super , above, 
and  vivo , to  live;  It.  sopravvivere ; Sp.  sohre - 
vivir ; Fr.  survivre.]  [/.  survived  ; pp.  sur- 
viving, survived.]  To  live  after  the  death  of 
another,  or  after  any  event ; to  remain  alive. 

Those  that  survive  let  Rome  reward  with  love.  Shale. 

Now  that  he  is  dead,  his  immortal  fame  surviveth , and 
flourisheth  in  the  mouths  of  all  people.  Spenser. 

Syn.  — See  Outlive. 

SUR-YTVE',  v.  a.  To  exceed  in  duration  or  con- 
tinuance of  life  or  existence ; to  live  after  or 
beyond ; to  outlive  ; to  live  longer  than. 

Christ’s  soul  survived  the  death  of  his  body:  therefore  shall 
the  soul  of  every  believer  survive  the  body’s  death.  Horsley. 

In  his  [Charlemagne’s]  institutions  I can  seldom  discover 
the  general  views  and  the  immortal  spirit  of  a legislator  who 
survives  himself  for  the  benefit  of  posterity.  Gibbon. 

SUR-Vi'V^N-CY,  n.  Survivorship,  [r.]  Clarke. 

SUR-VlV'jNG,  p.  a.  Continuing  alive  ; living 
longer ; outliving. 

sy R-VIV'OR,  n.  One  who  survives.  Swift. 

SlJR-VlV'OR-SHlP,  n.  1.  The  state  of  a survivor 
or  of  outliving  another.  Tatler. 

2.  In  the  doctrine  of  life  annuities,  a rever- 
sionary benefit  contingent  upon  the  circumstance 
of  some  life  or  lives  surviving  some  other  life  or 
lives,  or  of  the  lives  falling  according  to  some 
assigned  order.  Brande. 

SUS-CgP-TI-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [It.  suscettibilith  ; Sp. 
susceptibilidad ; Fr.  susceptibility.]  The  quality 
of  being  susceptible  ; capability  of  admitting  or 
receiving,  particularly  of  admitting  or  receiving 
influences  ; sensibility  ; impressibility. 

Susceptibility  of  occasional  pleasure.  Johnson. 

Furnished  with  a natural  susceptibility,  . . . the  mind  is 
then  fin  youth]  in  the  most  favorable  state  for  the  admission 
of  instruction,  and  for  learning  how  to  live.  Knox. 

SUS-CEP'TI-BLE  [sus-sSp'te-bl,  .S.  IF.  P.  J.'F.Ja. 
K.  Sm. ; sus'sep-te-M,  Entick],  a.  [It.  suscetti- 
bile ; Sp.  Fr.  susceptible',  — from  L.  suscipio, 
to  undertake ; sub,  under,  and  capio,  to  take.] 
Gapable  of  admitting,  or  predisposed  to  admit, 
sensations,  influences,  or  affections  of  any  kind; 
susceptive  ; sensitive  ; impressible. 

This  is  the  time  most  susceptible  of  lasting  impressions.  Locl  e. 

Children’s  minds  are  narrow,  and  usually  susceptible  of  but 
one  thought  at  once.  Locke. 

Blow  with  empty  words  the  susceptible  flame.  Trior. 

AftF  “ Dr.  Johnson  says  Prior  has  accented  this 
word  improperly  on  the  first  syllable.  To  which 
observation  Mr.  Mason  adds,  ‘ Perhaps  it  is  Johnson 
who  has  improperly  placed  the  accent  on  the  second 
syllable.’  If  Mr.  Mason  were  asked  why,  perhaps 
he  would  be  puzzled  to  answer.”  Walker. 

SUS-CEP'TI-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
susceptible  ; susceptibility.  Todd. 

SUS-CEP'TI-BLY,  ad.  In  a susceptible  manner; 
so  as  to  be  susceptible.  Scott. 

f SUS-CEP'TION,  n.  [L.  susrcptio.~\  The  act  of 
taking.  “ Susceptio?i  of  baptism.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

SUS-CEP'TI  VE,  a.  [It.  suscettivo  ; Sp.  susceptivo.] 
Capable  of  admitting;  susceptible. 

Our  nature  is  so  susceptive  of  errors  on  all  sides.  Watts. 

SUS-CEP'TJVE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
susceptive  ; susceptibility.  Johnson. 

SUS-CyP-TIV'I-TY,  n.  Susceptibility ; suscep- 
tiveness. [r.]  Wollaston. 

SUS-CEP'TOR,  n.  [L.]  One  who  undertakes  : — 
a godfather,  [it.]  Puller. 

sys-CIP'HJN-CY,  n.  Reception,  [r.]  Bailey. 


SyS-ClP'J-UNT,  n.  One  who  admits  or  receives  ; 
a recipient,  [r.]  Bp.  Taylor. 

StJS-CIP'J-ENT,  a.  [L.  suscipio,  suscipiens,  to 
undertake,  to  admit.]  Receiving ; admitting. 
“ Suscipient  matter.”  [r.]  Barroio. 

f SUS'CI-TATE,  r.  a.  [L . suscito,  suscitatus.]  To 
rouse  ; to  excite  ; to  animate.  Sir  T.  Elyot. 

t SUS-CI-tA'TION,  n.  [Fr.]  The  act  of  rousing 
or  exciting  ; animation.  Pearson. 

SUS'LIK,  n.  (Zoiil.)  See  Souslik.  Clarke. 

SUS-PECT',  v.  a.  [L.  susp  cio,  suspsetus:  sub, 
under,  and  specio,  to  look,  to  view  ; It.  sospet- 
tare ; Sp.  sospectwr ; Fr.  suspccter.]  [i.  sus- 
pected ; pp.  SUSPECTING,  SUSPECTED.] 

1.  To  imagine  or  apprehend,  upon  slight 
grounds  or  upon  none  at  all,  and  generally 
through  doubt,  fear,  or  jealousy  ; to  mistrust. 

Nothing  makes  a man  suspect  much  more  than  to  know 
little;  and  therefore  men  should  remedy  suspicion  by  pro- 
curing to  know  more.  Bacon. 

2.  To  imagine  guilty,  without  positive  proof. 

Some  would  persuade  us  that  body  and  extension  are  the 

same  thing,  which  change  the  signification  of  words,  which 
I would  not  suspect  them  of,  they  having  so  severely  con- 
demned the  philosophy  of  others.  Locke. 

3.  To  doubt  the  honor,  sincerity,  or  fidelity 
of;  to  distrust ; not  to  have  confidence  in. 

Ilim  Dido  now  with  blandishment  detains; 

But  I suspect  the  town  where  Juno  reigns.  Dryden. 

4.  To  hold  to  be  uncertain  ; to  doubt. 

I cannot  forbear  a story,  which  is  so  welt  attested  tint  I 
have  no  manner  of  reason  to  swspcct  the  truth  [of  itj .Addm/n. 

Syn.  — See  Doubt.  , 

SUS-PECT',  v.  n.  To  imagine  guilt  or  wrong ; to 
be  suspicious  ; to  have  suspicion. 

If  I suspect  without  cause,  . . . let  me  be  your  jest.  Shale. 

f SUS-PECT',  a.  1.  Doubtful;  uncertain.  Ghncill. 

2.  Suspected;  liable  to  suspicion. 

What  I can  do  or  offer  is  suspect.  MiHon. 

f SUS-PECT',  n.  Suspicion.  Shah. 

SUS-PECT'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  suspected  or 
distrusted  ; liable  to  suspicion.  Cotgravc. 

JC&fr'  “ Tiiis  word  is  much  wanted  ; for,  without  it, 
we  have  only  suspicious  to  express  ‘ prone  to  suspect. * 
and  ‘ liable  to  be  suspected,’  ideas  widely  different.” 

A 'arcs. 

SUS-PECT'ED,  p.  a.  Doubted  ; mistrusted. 

SUS-PECT 'ED-LY,  ad.  So  as  to  be  suspected  ; in 
a manner  to  excite  suspicion.  Bp.  Taylor. 

SUS-PECT'ED-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  sus- 
pected or  doubted.  Dr.  Robinson. 

Sys-PECT'JJR,  n.  One  who  suspects.  Beau.  § FI. 

SUS-PECT'FUL,  a.  Apt  to  suspect ; mistrustful ; 
distrustful ; suspicious,  [it.]  Bailey. 

f SUS-PEC'TION,  n.  [L.  suspcctio.]  Suspicion; 
mistrust;  distrust;  doubt.  Gascoigne. 

fSUS-PEC'TIOyS-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
suspicious ; suspiciousness.  Berners. 

f SUS-PECT 'LESS,  a.  1.  Not  suspecting.  Herbert. 

2.  Not  suspected.  Beau.  $ FI. 

SUS-PEND',  r.  a.  [L . suspendo  \ sub,  under,  and 
pendo,  to  hang ; It.  sospendere ; Sp.  suspender ; 
Fr.  suspendre.]  [i.  suspended  ; pp.  suspend- 
ing, SUSPENDED.] 

1.  To  make  to  hang  ; to  make  to  depend  from 
any  thing ; to  hang. 

It  is  reported  by  Rnflimis,  that  hi  the  temple  of  Scmpis 
there  was  nn  iron  chariot  suspended  by  loadstones.  Browne. 

2.  To  make  to  depend  on  ; — followed  by  on  or 

upon . 

God  hath  in  the  Scripture  suspended  the  promise  of  eter- 
nal life  upon  tills  condition,  that  without  obedience  and  ho- 
liness of  life  no  man  shall  ever  see  the  Lord.  Tillotson. 

3.  To  keep  undetermined;  to  hold  in  uncer- 
tainty ; to  withhold. 

A man  may  suspend  his  choice  from  being  determined  for 
or  against  the  thing  proposed,  till  he  has  examined  whether 
it  be  really  of  a nature  to  make  him  happy  or  no.  Locke. 

4.  To  make  to  stop  for  a while  ; to  hinder 
from  proceeding  or  operating  ; to  interrupt ; to 
delay  ; to  stay.  “ I suspend  their  doom.”  Milton. 

They  can  suspend  this  prosecution  in  particular  cases;  Locke. 

The  guard  nor  fights  nor  flics;  their  fate,  so  near. 

At  once  suspends  their  courage  and  their  fear.  Denham. 

5.  To  debar  for  a time  from  the  execution  of 
an  office,  or  the  enjoyment  of  a revenue  or  of 
any  privilege. 

Good  men  should  not  be  suspended  from  the  exercise  of 
their  ministry.  Sanderson. 

The  Bishop  of  London  was  summoned  for  not  suspending 
Dr.  Sharp.  Swift. 


6,  0,  Y,  short;  A,  IJ,  J,  O,  V,  y,  obscure;  FAKE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  11ER; 


SUSPEND 


1457 


SWAB 


SUS-PEND',  v.  n.  To  stop  payment.  Simmonds. 

SlTS-PEND'jpR,  n.  1.  One  who,  or  that  which, 
suspends,  delays,  or  debars.  Mountcigu. 

2.  pi.  Straps  passing  over  the  shoulders  to 
hold  up  pantaloons;  braces;  gallowses.  Clarke. 

SUS-PEND'ING,  n.  Suspension.  More. 

SUS-PyN-SA'TION,  n.  A temporary  cessation. 
“ A suspensation  of  the  laws.”  Mansfield. 

SUS-PENSE',  n.  [L.  snspcnsus  ; Sp.  suspenso ; 
Fr.  suspense.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  uncertain  ; uncertainty  ; 
indetermination  ; indecision  ; doubt. 

AVliilc  a great  event  is  in  suspense,  the  action  warms,  and 
the  very  suspense,  made  up  of  hope  and  tear,  maintains  no 
unpleasing  agitation  in  the  mind.  Bolingbroke. 

2.  Stop  in  the  midst  of  two  opposites. 

For  thee  the  Fates,  severely  kind,  ordain 
A cool  suspense  from  pleasure  or  from  pain.  Dope. 

3.  (Law.)  A suspension  or  temporary  cessa- 

tion of  a man’s  right,  as  when  a rent,  &c.,  ceases 
in  consequence  of  the  unity  of  possession  of 
the  rent,  &c.  Bouvier.  Whishaic. 

Syn.  — See  Doubt. 

SUS-PENSE',  a.  1.  Held  from  proceeding. 

The  great  light  of  day  yet  wants  to  run 

Much  of  his  race  though  steep,  suspense  in  heaven, 

Held  by  thy  voice.  Milton. 

2.  Noting  doubt,  uncertainty,  or  indecision. 

This  said,  he  sat;  and  expectation  held 

Llis  looks  suspense.  Milton. 

t SUS-PENSE'LY,  ad.  Doubtfully.  ’ Hales. 

SUS-PEN-SI-BlL'I-TY,  n.  Susceptibility  of  being 
suspended.  Wright. 

SUS-PEN'SI-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  suspension  ; 
that  may  be  suspended.  Coleridge. 

SUS-PEN'SION  (sus-pen'shun),  n.  [L.  suspensio  ; 
It.  sospensione  ; Sp.  1$  Fr.  suspension.] 

1.  The  act  of  suspending,  or  the  state  of 
being  suspended ; pendency;  dependency. 

True  and  formal  crucifixion  is  often  named  by  the  general 
word  suspension.  Bear  son. 

2.  The  act  of  keeping  in  suspense  or  indeter- 
mination. “ Suspension  of  any  desire.”  Locke. 

3.  The  act  of  delaying  or  stopping  for  a while  ; 
a hindering  from  proceeding ; interruption ; 
temporary  cessation  ; delay  ; intermission;  stay. 

It  is  evident  that  it  requires  a suspension  of  the  ordinary 
business  of  the  world.  Bp.  Horsley. 

4.  The  act  of  restraining  one  for  a time  from 
the  exercise  of  his  duties,  rights,  or  power  ; tem- 
porary privation  of  an  office  or  its  emoluments. 
“The  clerk  incurred  suspension.”  Johnson. 

Suspensions  may  stop,  and  degradations  cut  off,  the  use  or 
exercise  of  power  before  given;  but  voluntarily  it  is  not  in 
the  power  of  man  to  separate  and  pull  asunder  what  God  by 
his  authority  coupleth.  Hooker. 

5.  (Mus.)  Act  of  retaining  in  any  chord  some 
note  or  notes  of  the  preceding  chord.  Moore. 

6.  (Scot.  Law.)  That  form  of  law  by  which  the 
effect  of  a sentence  condemnatory,  that  has  not 
yet  received  execution,  is  stayed."  or  postponed, 
till  the  cause  be  again  considered.  Erskine. 

7.  (Chem.)  The  state  of  solid  particles  held 

undissolved  in  a liquid  and  separable  from  it  by 
filtration.  Hoblyn. 

Points  of  suspension , ( Mech .)  those  points  in  the 
axis  or  beam  of  a balance  where  the  weights  are  ap- 

. plied,  or  from  which  they  are  suspended.  Hutton. — 
Suspension  of  arms , (Mil.)  a short  truce  which  con- 
tending parties  agree  upon.  Mil.  Encij. 

SUS-PEN'SION—  BRIDGE,  n.  A bridge  resting  on 
chains  or  ropes  thrown  over  fixed  supports. 

USP  “ Suspension-bridges  are  of  two  kinds  : — 1st, 
those  in  which  the  weight  of  the  roadway  is  sus- 
pended by  vertical  rods,  wire  ropes,  &c.,  to  chains  or 
cables,  which,  passing  over  high  piers,  hang  in  cate- 
nary curves  between  them,  and  are  firmly  fastened  to 
abutments  : — 2d,  those  in  which  t he  roadway  is  sus- 
pended from  riaid  abutting  arches  of  wood  or  iron,  or 
both  combined.”  Simmonds. 

SUS-PEN'SrVE,  a.  Doubtful  ; uncertain.  “ In 
suspensive  thoughts.”  [it.]  Beaumont. 

Suspensive  condition,  (Law.)  a condition  which  pre- 
vents a contract  from  coing  into  operation  until  the 
condition  has  been  fulfilled.  Bouvier. 

SUS-PEN'SOR,  n.  [Fr.  suspensoir.]  (Slirg.)  A 

bandage  to  suspend  the  scrotum.  Smart. 

SUS-PEN'SO-RY,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  that  which 
hangs  or  is  hung  ; hanging  ; depending. 


The  crowns  and  garlands  of  the  ancients  were  . . . pensile, 
or  suspensory.  Browne. 

2.  Doubtful ; uncertain,  [it.] 

Sus2)cnsory  and  timorous  assertions.  Browne. 

SUS-PEN'SO-RY,  n.  (Surg.)  A bandage  for  sup- 
porting the  scrotum.  Hoblyn. 

f SUS'PI-CA-BLE,  a.  Liable  to  suspicion.  More. 

SUS-PF'CIEN-CY  (sus-plsli'en-se),  n.  The  quality 
of  being  suspicious  ; suspiciousness,  [r.] 

A suspiciency  of  the  want  of  grace.  Hopkins. 

SyS-PI''CION  (sus-plsh'un),  w.  [L.  suspicio  ; It. 
sospezione  ; Sp.  sospecho ; Fr.  suspicion.]  The 
act  of  suspecting,  or  the  state  of  being  sus- 
pected ; imagination  or  belief,  generally  of 
something  ill ; distrust ; mistrust ; doubt. 

Suspicion  always  haunts  the  guilty  mind.  Shak. 

Suspicion  may  be  excited  by  some  kind  of  accusation,  not 
supported  by  evidence  sufficient  for  conviction,  but  sufficient 
to  trouble  tire  repose  of  confidence.  Cogan. 

Syn.  — See  Doubt. 

f SUS-PF'CION  (sus-plsh'un.),  v.  a.  To  suspect; 
to  mistrust ; to  doubt.  . South. 

sys-Pl''CIOUS  (su6-pish'us),  a.  [L.  suspiciosus ; 
It.  sospicioso  ; Sp.  sospechoso.] 

1.  Noting  or  indicating  suspicion  or  fear. 

VVe  have  a susjncious.  fearful,  constrained  countenance, 
often  turning  and  slinking  through  narrow  lanes.  SiciJ't. 

2.  Cherishing  or  disposed  to  cherish  suspi- 
cion ; inclined  to  suspect ; given  to  suspicion ; 
inclined  to  imagine  ill ; jealous  ; distrustful. 

Through  this  a cave  was  dug  with  vast  expense; 

The  work  it  seemed  of  some  suspicious  prince.  Dryden. 

3.  Liable  to  suspicion ; calculated  to  excite 
suspicion  ; giving  reason  to  imagine  ill. 

llis  life 

Private,  unactive,  calm,  contemplative, 

Little  suspicious  to  any  thing.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Distrustful,  Jealous. 

SUS-Pl"CIOlIS-LY  (sus-plsh'us-le),  ad.  In  a suspi- 
cious manner  ; so  as  to  raise  suspicion.  Sidney. 

SUS-PF'CIOUS-NESS  (sus-plsli'its-nes),  n.  1.  Ten- 
dency to  suspicion  ; disposition  to  suspect ; a 
suspicious  disposition. 

Suspiciousness  is  as  great  an  enemy  to  wisdom  as  too  much 
credulity.  * Fuller. 

2.  Liability  to  be  suspected;  as,  “The  sus- 
piciousness of  a man’s  behavior.” 

SUS-PI'RAL,  n.  [L.  suspiro,  to  draw  a deep 
breath  ; sub,  under,  and  spiro,  to  breathe.] 

1.  A spring  of  water  passing  under  ground 

towards  a conduit.  Chambers. 

2.  A breathing-hole  or  ventiduct.  Chambers. 

SUS-PI-RA'TION,  n.  [L.  suspiratio  ; suspiro,  to 
sigh.]  The  act  of  suspiring,  or  fetching  the 
breath  deep  ; a sigh  ; a murmur.  Shak. 

SUS-PiRE',  v.  n.  [L.  suspiro ; sub,  under,  and 
spiro,  to  breathe.]  [t.  suspired  ; pp.  suspir- 
ing, SUSPIRED.] 

1.  To  sigh ; to  fetch  the  breath  deep  ; to 

breathe  hard  and  audibly.  Shak. 

2.  To  breathe ; to  respire.  Shak. 

f SUS-PiRE',  n.  A sigh ; a deep  breath.  Massinger. 

f SUS-PiRED'  (sus-plrd'),  p.  a.  Desired  or  wished 
for  earnestly  ; longed  for.  Wotton. 

SUS-TAIN'  (sus-tan'),  v.  a.  [L.  sustineo ; sub, 
under,  and  teneo,  to  hold;  It.  sostenere;  Sp. 
sostener;  Fr.  soutenir.]  [i.  sustained;  pp. 
SUSTAINING,  SUSTAINED.] 

1.  To  bear;  to  hold  up  ; to  keep  from  drop- 
ping, sinking,  or  falling;  to  uphold  ; to  support. 

The  largeness  and  lightness  of  her  wings  and  tail  sustain 
her  without  lassitude.  More. 

Vain  is  the  force  of  man 

To  crush  the  pillars  that  the  pile  sustain.  Dryden. 

2.  To  support;  to  maintain;  to  nourish. 

My  labor  will  sustain  me.  Milton. 

If  he  have  no  comfortable  expectations  of  another  life  to 
sustain  him  under  the  evils  in  this  world,  he  is  of  all  creatures 
the  most  miserable.  Tillotson. 

3.  To  suffer  ; to  bear  ; to  endure ; to  undergo. 

Shall  Turnus  then  such  endless  toil  sustain ? Dryden. 

4.  (Mus.)  To  continue,  as  notes,  through 

their  whole  power  or  length.  Moore. 

Syn.  — A person  ■maintains  what  he  lias  in  hand, 
and  sustains  what  is  laid  on  him.  Sustain  a load,  an 
attack,  a loss,  or  an  injury ; maintain  a position, 
assertion,  or  character;  support  a burden,  a family, 
or  person  in  want. 


SUS-TAIN' A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  sustained 
or  upheld  ; supportable.  Todd. 

SUS-TAIN'yR,  n.  One  who,  or  that  which,  sus- 
tains or  supports  ; a supporter.  Chapman. 

f SUS-TAIN'MUNT,  n.  Support;  sustenance. 

Hunting  . . . was  their  only  sustainment.  Milton. 

SyS-TAL'TIC,  n.  [Gr.  auaTakriKt if  ; avorOJ.ui,  to 
draw  together,  to  shroud.]  Mournful  ; affect- 
ing ; pathetic  ; plaintive,  [it.]  Wright. 

SUS'Ty-NANCE,  n.  [Old  Fr.  soustenance.] 

1.  Support ; maintenance  ; subsistence. 

There  arc  unto  one  end  sundry  means;  as,  for  the  suste- 
nance of  our  bodies,  many  kinds  of  food,  many  sorts  of  rai- 
ment to  clothe  our  nukedness.  Hooker. 

2.  That  which  sustains  life  ; food  ; provisions. 

The  sheriffs  of  Hereford  and  Essex  were  commanded  . . . 
to  prevent  all  sustenance  to  be  brought  to  him.  Drayton. 

Syn.  — See  Living. 

f SUS-TEN'TA-CLE,  «.  [L.  sustentaculum.]  Sup- 
port ; maintenance  ; sustenance.  More. 

SUS-TyN-TA 'TION,  n.  [L.  sustentatio  ; It.  sos- 
tentazionc  ; Sp.  sustentacion  ; Fr.  sustentation.] 

1.  The  act  of  sustaining  ; support. 

This  sustentation  of  so  heavy  a body.  Boyle. 

2.  The  use  of  food  or  victuals.  Browne. 

3.  Maintenance  ; subsistence  ; sustenance. 

The  sustentation  of  our  bodies.  Search. 

f SU-SUR-RA'TION,  n.  [L.  susur ratio.]  A whis- 
pering ; a soft  murmur.  Bailey. 

SU'TILE  (su'til),  a.  [L.  sutilis ; suo,  to  sew.] 
Done  by  sewing  or  stitching;  sewed;  stitched. 

Half  the  rooms  are  adorned  with  a kind  of  sutile  pictures, 
which  imitate  tapestry.  Idler. 

SUT'LER,  n.  [Dut.  zoctclaar.]  A person  who 
follows  an  army  as  a seller  of  provisions  and 
liquors.  Shak.  Dryden. 

SUT'LING-WENCH,  n.  A female  sutler.  Addison. 

SU'TOR,  n.  A sirup  made  from  the  juice  of  the 
pitahaya,  or  Cereus  giganteus.  [U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

SUT-TEE',n.  [Sansc.  sati,  pure.]  A word  de- 
noting a chaste  wife,  or  one  who  burns  herself 
on  her  husband’s  funeral  pile,  and  applied  by 
the  Bramins  to  various  rites  of  religious  purifi- 
cation; — hut  it  is  commonly  used  for  the  vol- 
untary self-immolation  of  a widow  on  the  fu- 
neral pile  of  her  husband.  Brande. 

SUT-TEE'I§M,  n.  The  practice  of  self-immola- 
tion by  widows  on  the  funeral  piles  of  their  de- 
ceased husbands.  — See  Suttee.  Ec.  Rev. 

SUT'TLE,  n.  Goods  after  tare,  and  before  tret, 
has  been  deducted.  Simmonds. 

SUT'TLE,  a.  Applied  to  weight  after  tare  has 
been  deducted,  and  before  tret.  Crabb. 

SUT'U-RAL,  a.  Pertaining  to,  having,  or  resem- 
bling a suture  or  sutures.  Hooker. 

SUT'U-RAT-yD,  a.  Stitched  or  sewed  together  ; 
united  by  sewing.  Smith,  On  Old  Age. 

SUT'URE  (sut'yur),  n.  [L.  sutura ; suo,  to  sew; 
It.  Sj  Sp.  sutura  ; Fr.  suture.] 

1.  (Surg.)  The  act  or  the  operation  of  closing 

the  lips  of  a wound  by  sewing.  Sharp. 

2.  (Anat.)  The  immovable  articulation  which 
unites  the  bones  of  the  cranium  and  face. 

The  sutures  of  the  skull  are  abolished  in  old  age.  Arbuthnot. 

3.  (Bot.)  The  line  of  junction  of  contiguous 

parts  grown  together.  Gray. 

4.  ( Ent .)  The  line  at  which  the  elytra  meet,' 

and  are  sometimes  confluent.  Brande. 

SUT'URED  (sut'urd),  a.  Connected  by  a suture  ; 
sewed.  “ A sutured  crust.”  Pennant. 

SU'UM  CUi'QUE  (-kl'kwe).  [L.,  to  every  one 
his  oivn.]  Give  to  everyone  his  due.  Scudamore. 

SU'zy-RAlN,  n.  [Fr.,  a lord  paramount .]  A 

feudal  lord  or  baron.  Ec.  Rev.  IJallam. 

SU'Z.y-RAIN-TY,  n.  [Fr.  suzerain  etc.]  The  offico 
or  the  authority  of  a suzerain,  or  the  lord  para- 
mount ; lordship  ; sovereignty.  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

SWAB  (swob),  n.  [Sw.  svab.]  1.  A kind  of  mop 
used  for  cleaning  floors,  decks,  &c.  Smollett. 

2.  (Surg.)  A piece  of  sponge  or  rag  attached 


f SUS-TAIN',  n.  A sustainer. 


MiEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — y,  £,  9,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 

183 


SWAB 


1458 


SWANPAN 


to  a rod,  used  for  cleansing  the  mouth  of  the 
sick,  or  for  applying  remedial  agents  to  deep- 
seated  parts.  Dunglison. 

3.  t A cod  of  beans  or  pease,  &c.  Bailey.  Ash. 

SWAB  (swob),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  swebban ; Dut.  zwab- 
beren ; Ger.  schwabbcrn ; Sw.  svabla.]  [t. 
SWABBED  ; pp.  SWABBING,  SWABBED. J To 
clean  with  a mop  or  swab,  as  a deck.  Shelvock. 

SWAB'BfR  (swob'ber),  n.  One  who  swabs.  Shah. 

SWAB'B0R  (swob'ber),  v.  a.  To  swob.  Bosworth. 

SWAD(swoil),«.  1.  Apeascod.  [Local,  Eng.]  Todd. 

2.  f A squab,  or  short,  fat  person.  B.  Jonson. 

3.  A large  quantity.  [Local,  U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

SWAD'DLE  (swod'dl),  v.  a.  [Dim.  of  swathe. 
Barclay.  — See  Swathe.]  [i.  swaddled  ; pp. 

SWADDLING,  SWADDLED.] 

1.  To  swathe  ; to  bind  or  wrap  in  clothes,  as 
new-born  children. 

They  immediately  be^an  to  swaddle  me  up  in  my  night- 
gown with  long  pieces  of  linen.  Sjiectator. 

2.  f To  beat ; to  cudgel ; to  flog.  Harrington. 

SWAD'DLE  (swod'dl),  n.  Swaddling-clothes. 

Upon  that  [they]  ordered  me  to  be  carried  to  one  of  their 
houses,  and  put  to  bed  in  all  my  swaddles.  Addison. 

SWAD'DLING  (swod'dljng),  n.  That  in  which  one 
is  swaddled  or  swathed.  Drummond. 

SWAD'DLING— BAND,  ) (swSd'dl;n Cloth 

SWAD'DLING— CLOTH,  > wrapped  round  a new- 

SWAD'DLLNG— CLOUT,  ) 1)0111  child.  Spenser. 

SWAg,  v.  n.  [“  Perhaps  from  the  A.  S.  wcegan, 
to  weigh.”  Richardson .]  \i.  swaoged  ; pp. 

swaggixg,  swagged.]  To  sink  down  by  its 
weight ; to  hang  heavy ; to  sag.  XVotton. 

SWAG,  n.  An  unequal,  hobbling  motion.  Francis. 

SWAG'— BEL-LIED  (-lid),  a.  Having  a large  pro- 
jecting belly  ; pot-bellied. 

Your  swag-bellied  Hollander.  Shak. 

SWAG'— BEL-LY,  n.  (Med.)  A large  tumor  de- 
veloped in  the  abdomen,  and  which  is  neither 
fluctuating  nor  sonorous.  Dunglison. 

SWA^E,  n.  A particular  kind  of  anvil,  of  vari- 
ous forms,  on  which  to  hammer  metallic  plates 
into  given  patterns.  Wright. 

SWAf^E,  v.  a.  To  fashion  upon  a swage.  Wright. 

+ SWAGE,  v.  a.  To  soften;  to  assuage. 

Nor  wanting  power  to  mitigate  and  sicage% 

With  solemn  touches,  troubled  thoughts.  Milton. 

t SWAGE,  v.  n.  To  abate  ; to  assuage.  Barret. 

SWAG'G£R,  v.n.  [From  Dut.  swaddenen,  to  make 
a noise,  or  from  A.  S.  swegan,  to  sound.  Skinner. 
— “ It  may  be  from  swag,  to  weigh.”  Richard- 
son.— See  Swag,  v.  n.  — “It  seems  a frequent- 
ative from  to  sway.”  Barclay.  — See  Sway,  v.  a.] 

[l.  SWAGGERED  ; pp.  SWAGGERING,  SWAG- 
GERED.] To  bluster ; to  bully  ; to  be  insolent ; 
to  act  the  bully  or  braggadocio. 

file]  scarcely  deigned  to  set  a toot  on  ground, 

But  swaggered  like  a lord  about  his  hall.  Dry  den. 

SWAG'G£R,  v.  a.  To  bully  ; to  influence  or  sub- 
due by  blustering  or  threats. 

He  would  swagger  the  boldest  man  into  a dread.  Swift. 

SWAg'CER,  n.  A bluster  ; a boastful  manner. 

The  butcher  is  stout,  and  he  values  no  swagger.  Swift. 

SWAg'G£R-ER,  n.  One  who  swaggers ; a blus- 
terer a bully  ; a turbulent  fellow.  Shak. 

SWAg'GGR-Ing,  n.  Act  of  blustering : bravado. 

Glanvill. 

SWAg'GY,  a.  Hanging  by  its  weight ; swagging. 

His  swaggg  and  prominent  belly.  Browne. 

SWAlN  (swan),  n.  [Goth,  svein ; A.  S.  swan ; 
Dan.  svend  ; Sw.  seen  ; Icel.  sveinn.  — Scot. 
swane,  swayn. ] 

1.  A young  man  ; a pastoral  youth.  Spenser. 

The  conscious  swains,  rejoicing  in  the  sight. 

Eye  the  blue  vault,  and  bless  the  useful  light.  l’ope. 

2.  A rustic;  a peasant;  a clown;  a hind.  Shak. 

3.  A lover  ; a suitor  ; a wooer.  Smart. 

f SWAlN'ISH,  a.  Rustic;  ignorant.  Milton. 

SWAlN'MOTE,  n.  [A.  S.  swang,  a swain,  and 
mote,  a meeting.  — Low  L.  swanimotumi]  ( For- 
est Law.)  A court  relating  to  matters  of  the 


forest  held  before  the  verderors,  as  judges,  by 
the  steward  of  the  court,  thrice  in  the  year,  the 
swains  or  freeholders  within  the  forest  composing 
the  jury  ; — also  written  sweinmote.  Blackstone. 

SWAlP,  v.  n.  To  walk  proudly  : — to  sweep. 
[North  of  Eng.]  Todd. 

SWALE,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  swatlan,  swelan,  (dan,  to 
set  on  fire,  to  burn  ; aid,  fire  ; Ger.  schwelen, 
to  burn  slowly  ; Icel.  sccela,  to  smoke,  to  suffo- 
cate.] [i.  SWALED  ; pp.  SWALING,  SWALED.] 
To  waste  or  blaze  away  ; to  melt,  as  a candle ; 
to  sweal.  Wickliffe. 

SWALE,  v.a.  1.  To  consume  ; to  sweal.  Congreve. 

2.  To  singe  or  burn.  [Local,  Eng.]  Grose. 

SWALE,  71.  1.  A low  place: — shade,  in  opposi- 
tion to  sunshine.  [Local,  Eng.]  Forby. 

2.  A gutter  in  a candle.  [Local,  Eng.]  Wright. 

3.  A vale  or  valley ; a tract  of  low  land. 

[Local,  U.  S.  & Eng.]  Wright.  Bartlett. 

f SWAL'LIJT  (swol'let),  n.  [Sw.  svall,  swell  of 
the  sea.]  Among  tin- miners,  water  breaking 

in  upon  the  miners  at  their  work.  Bailey. 

SWAL'LOW  (swol'lo),  n.  [A.  S.  swalcwe  ; Dut. 
zwaluw;  Ger  .Schwalbe;  Dan.  scale  ; Sw.  A Icel. 
sra/a.]  ( Ornith .)  A migratory,  passerine  bird  of 
the  family  Hirundinidre,  and  particularly  of  the 
genus  Hirundo,  of  which  the  common  chimney 
or  house  swallow  ( Hirundo  rustica)  is  the  type, 
but  which  includes  several  other  common  spe- 
cies, as  the  barn  swallow  (Hirundo  rufa),  a na- 
tive of-  America,  the  sand-martin,  or  bank-swal- 
low ( Hirundo  riparia),  &c.  Baird. 

XJSr”  Swallows  are  all  distinguished  for  dense  plu- 
mage, length  of  wing,  forked  tails,  velocity  of  Might, 
and  for  passing  more  of  their  time  upon  the  wing  than 
almost  any  other  birds.  Baird. 

The  swallow , murderer  of  the  bees  small.  Chaucer. 

The  swallow  follows  not  summer  more  willingly  than  we 
your  lordship.  Shak. 

SWAL'LOW  (swol'lo),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  swelgan,  swil- 
gan  ; Dut.  zwelgen,  to  swallow  ; Ger.  schwelgen, 
to  swill,  to  gormandize  ; Dan.  svcelge,  to  swal- 
low ; Sw.  svcilja ; Icel . svelgia,  to  devour.  — Ir. 
slug,  to  swallow ; Gael,  sluig.  — This  word  is 
related  to  the  Sw.  svalg,  Ger.  schwalg,  Dan. 
sveelg,  Icel.  svelgr,  all  signifying  the  throat,  gul- 
let, jaws,  an  abyss.  Bosworth .]  [i.  SWAL- 

LOWED ; pp.  SWALLOWING,  SWALLOWED.] 

1.  To  make  to  pass  down  the  throat;  to  re- 
ceive, as  food  or  drink,  through  the  throat  or 
gullet  into  the  stomach  ; — to  imbibe  ; to  drink. 

Chewed,  swallowed , and  digested.  Shak. 

2.  To  absorb  ; to  take  in  ; to  overwhelm,  as 
waves ; to  draw  in  and  submerge,  as  an  abyss  ; 
to  ingulf ; — usually  followed  by  up. 

Death  is  swallowed  up  in  victory.  1 Cor.  xv.  54. 

Though  the  yesty  waves 

Confound  and  swallow  navigation  up.  Shak. 

And  like  a whirlpool  swallow  her  own  streams.  Di'yden. 

3.  To  receive  and  believe  without  examina- 
tion or  scruple ; to  accept  implicitly  as  true  ; to 
let  pass  without  question. 

Swallow  the  most  palpable  absurdities  under  pretence  that 
sense  and  reason  are  not  to  be  trusted.  Search. 

4.  To  engross  ; to  appropriate  ; to  arrogate  ; 
— commonly  followed  by  up. 

Homer  excels  all  the  inventors  of  other  arts  in  this,  that  he 
has  swalloiced  up  the  honor  of  those  who  succeeded  him.  Pope. 

5.  To  occupy  ; to  employ  ; to  use  up  ; to  con- 
sume ; to  exhaust ; to  waste. 

The  necessary  provision  for  life  swallows  the  greatest  part 
of  their  time.  Locke. 

Corruption  swallowed  what  the  liberal  hand 
Of  bounty  scattered.  Thomson. 

6.  To  engross;  to  engage  completely. 

The  priest  and  the  prophet  have  erred  through  strong 
drink;  they  are  swallowed  up  of  wine.  Isa.  xxviii.  7. 

7.  To  take  back  ; to  renounce  ; to  retract. 

Isah.  Did  Angelo  so  leave  Iver ? 

Duke.  Left  her  in  her  tears,  and  dried  not  one  of  them 
with  his  comfort;  sivallowed  his  vows  whole,  pretending  in 
her  discoveries  of  dishonor.  ' Snak. 

SWAL'LOW  (swol'lo),  n.  1.  The  throat  ; the 
gullet.  Tooke. 

2.  Voracity;  a gluttonous  appetite. 

Called  to  account  for  his  ungodly  swallow  in  gorging  down 
the  estates  of  helpless  widows  and  orphans.  South. 

3.  A gulf ; a whirlpool.  Chaucer.  Fabgan. 

4 As  much  as  is  swallowed  at  once.  Smart. 

SWAL'LOW- IJR  (swol'lo-er),  n.  One  who  swal- 
lows ; a glutton.  Tatler. 


SWAL'LOW-HAWK,  n.  (Ornith.)  A bird  allied 
to  the  kite  ; Elanus  malanopterus.  Baird. 

SWAL'LOW-TAIL  (ewSl'lo-tal),  n.  1.  (Bot.)  A 
species  of  willow.  Bacon. 

2.  (Fort.)  An  outwork  which  is  narrower 

towards  the  fortified  place  than  towards  the 
country.  Stocqueler. 

3.  (Mcch.)  A mode  of  dove-tailing.  Crabb. 

SWAL'LOW— TAIL— COAT,  n.  A body  coat  with 
pointed  skirts.  Simmonds. 

SWAL'LOW— TAILED,  a.  (Mech.)  Dove-tailed. 

Swallow-tailed  hawk,  (Ornith.)  an  accipitral  bird 
common  in  the  south  ol  the  United  States ; JVauele- 
rus  furcatus.  Baird. 

SWAL'LOW-WORT  (swol'lo-wurt),  n.  (Bot.)  The 
name  of  plants  of  the  genus  Asclcpias.  Loudon. 

SWAM,  i.  from  swim.  See  Swim. 

SWAMP  (swomp),  n.  [M.  Goth,  swamms,  a 
sponge;  A.  S.  swam,  a fungus ; Ger.  schwa  nan, 
a sponge,  a fungus  ; Dut.  zwam,  a mushroom  ; 
Dan.  4’  Sw.  svamp,  a sponge.]  Low  ground 
saturated  with  water  ; wet,  spongy  land ; a quag- 
gy, boggy  place  ; a marsh  ; a bog;  a morass. 

Where  wild  Oswego  spreads  her  suamps  around.  Goldsmith. 

A swamp  differs  from  a hog  and  a marsh  in  producing 
trees  and  shrubs,  while  the  latter  produce  only  herbage, 
plants,  and  mosses.  Farm.  Eucy. 

SWAMP  (swomp),  V.  a.  [A  SWAMI'EI)  ; pp.  SWAMP- 
ING, SWAMPED.] 

1.  To  whelm,  as  in  a swamp  ; to  ingulf. 

2.  (Naut.)  To  upset,  as  a boat,  in  the  water. 

Simmonds. 

3.  To  entangle  inextricably  in  difficulties;  to 
embarrass.  [Low  or  colloquial,  U.  S.]  Ch.  Ob. 

lie  invested  a large  sum  of  money  in  land  speculations, 
which  swamped  him,  i.  e.  ruined  him.  Bartlett. 

SWAMP'-CAB'BAGE,  n.  (Bot.)  Skunk-cabbage  ; 
Symplocarpus  fcctidus.  Dunglison. 

SWAMP'— HON'UY-SUC-KLE,  n.  (Bot.)  A name 
given  to  Azalea  viscosa,  a species  of  false  honey- 
suckle, and  to  its  varieties,  growing  in  swamps, 
and  having  clammy,  fragrant  flowers.  Gray. 

SWAMP'— LO'CUST— TREE,  n.  (Bot.)  A decidu- 
ous leguminous  tree,  growing  in  North  America ; 
water  locust;  Gleditschia  monosperma.  Loudon. 

SWAMP'— ORE  (swonip'or),  n.  (Min.)  Ore  found 
in  a swamp  or  morass  ; bog-ore.  Smart. 

SWAMP'-PINK  (swomp'plnk),  n.  (Bot.)  The 
swamp-honeysuckle.  Bigelow. 

SWAMP'-SAS'SA-FRAS,  n.  (Bot.)  A name  ap- 
plied to  a small  North  American  tree  growing 
in  moist,  swampy  ground,  having  a bitter,  aro- 
matic bark,  fragrant,  cream-colored  flowers,  and 
red  berries  ; Magnolia  glauca  ; — called  also 
white  laurel,  beaver-tree,  and  sweet-bay.  Loudon. 

SWAMP'Y  (swom'pe),  a.  Of  the  character  of  a 
swamp ; low,  wet,  and  spongy ; undrained ; 
boggy ; fenny.  “ Swampy  ground.”  Dampicr. 

SWAN  (swSn),  n.  [A.  S.  swan ; Dut.  zwaan ; Ger. 
schwan ; Dan. 
svane  ; Sw.  scan  ; 

Icel.  svanr.]  (Or- 
nith.) A large, 
handsome  water- 
fowl  of  the  order 
Anseres,  family 
Anatulce,  and  sub- 
family Cygninat, 
distinguished  by 
the  great  length 
of  its  neck,  its  graceful  movement  on  the  water, 
its  close,  thick,  soft  plumage,  and,  in  nearly  all 
the  species,  by  its  snowy  whiteness,  except  when 
young.  — See  Cygninte.  Baird. 

The  swan , with  arched  neck 

Between  her  white  wings  mantling  proudly,  rows 

Her  state  with  oary  feet.  Milton. 

SWANG,  n.  A fresh  piece  of  green  swarth,  lying 
in  a bottom,  among  arable  or  barren  land  : — a 
swamp  ; a bog.  [Local,  Eng.]  Halliwell. 

SWANK'Y,  n.  An  active  or  clever  young  fellow ; 
— called  also  swank.  [Scot.]  Jamieson. 

SWAN'— LIKE  (swon'-)i  a.  Resembling  a swan. 

Lot  music  sound  while  lie  doth  make  his  choice; 

Then,  if  lie  lose,  lie  makes  a swan-like  cud.  Shak. 

SWAN'PAN  (swon'pan),  n.  A Chinese  instrument 
for  reckoning.  Hamilton. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  U,  J,  O,  y,  Y,  obscure,  FAKE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL , IIEIR,  HER; 


SWAN’S-DOWN 


1459 


SWEAR 


SWAN’ij'-DoWN  (swonz'-),  n.  1.  The  down,  or 
small,  soft  feathers  of  the  swan,  used  in  the 
manufacture  of  muffs,  tippets,  &c.  Baird. 

2 A fine,  soft,  thin,  woollen  cloth.  IF.  Encxj. 

SWAN'— SKIN  (swon'-),  n.  1.  The  skin  of  a swan, 
with  the  feathers  on.  Simmonds. 

Swan-skins  imported  by  the  riudson  Bay  Company.  Eng.  Cyc. 

2.  A kind  of  soft  flannel:  — a very  thick, 
closely  woven,  woollen  cloth,  used  for  the  clothes 
of  seamen  and  laborers:  — a kind  of  woollen 
blanketing  used  by  letter-press  and  copper-plate 
printers.  IF.  Ency.  Simmonds. 

SWAN'— t/P-PING  (swon'-),  n.  The  catching  and 
taking  up  of  swans  on  the  Thames,  performed 
annually,  to  mark  the  upper  mandible;  — cor- 
rupted into  swan-liopping.  Halliwell.  Davis. 

•f  SWAP  (swop),  v.  n.  1.  To  fall  down;  to  de- 
scend ; to  rush  violently  ; to  swoop. 

All  suddenly  she  swapt  adown  to  ground.  Chaucer. 

2.  To  ply  the  wings  with  a sweeping  noise  ; 
to  strike  the  air  with  the  wings  ; to  flap. 

When  fowls  fly  by,  and  with  their  swapping  wings 
Beat  the  inconstunt  air.  More. 

SWAP  (swop),  v.  a.  [“To  swap  or  swop  is  to 
sicccp , to  do  any  thing  sweepingly Eichardson.\ 

1.  To  strike  with  a long  or  sweeping  stroke; 
— sometimes  followed  by  off. 

Swap  off  his  head,  this  is  my  sentence.  Chaucer. 

2.  To  exchange  ; to  barter  ; to  swop.  — See 
Swop.  [Colloquial  or  vulgar.] 

lie  makes  me  an  offer  to  swap  his  mare.  Miss  Edgeworth. 

Like  a fine  lady  swapjnng  her  mole  for  the  mange.  Swift. 

SWAP  (swop),  n.  1.  f A blow;  a stroke.  Beau.  S;  FI. 

2.  A barter ; a swop.  Bartlett. 

SWAP  (swop),  ad.  Hastily  ; with  violence.  “ He 
did  it  swap.”  [Local  and  vulgar.]  Johnson. 

SWAPE,  n.  A long  pole  for  raising  a bucket 
from  a well ; a sweep  ; a well-sweep.  Clarke. 

SWARD,  n.  [A.  S.  sweard ; Frs.  swarde,  skin; 
Dut.  zwoord  ; Gcr.  schwartc  ; Dan.  sever.] 

1.  The  skin  of  bacon.  [Local.]  Johnson. 

2.  The  grassy  surface  of  land ; the  coat  of 

grass  on  grass  land ; turf;  sod.  Davis. 

SWARD,  v.  n.  [i.  swarded  ; pp.  swarding, 
swarded.]  To  become  covered  with  sward  or 
a grassy  surface,  as  land.  Mortimer. 

SWArd'-CUT-TJJR,  n.  A machine  for  bringing 
old  grass-lands  into  tillage.  Simmonds. 

SWAltD'JJ I),  p.  a.  Covered  with  a sward.  Drake. 

SWArd'V,  a.  Covered  with  a sward.  Clarke. 

j~  SW Are,  old pret.  from  swear.  See  Swear. 

SWARF,  n.  The  grit  worn  away  from  the  grinding 
stones,  used  in  grinding  cutlery  wet : — also  iron 
filings.  Halliwell.  Simmonds. 

SWARM,  n.  [A.  S.  swearm ; Dut.  zwerm ; Ger. 
schwarm  ; Dan.  sveerm  ; Sw.  sviirm ; Icel. 
svermr.  — Formed  from  imitating  the  humming 
(Ger.  summen,  to  hum,  to  buzz)  noise  of  a 
crowd.  Adelung.) 

1.  A cluster  or  great  number  of  insects,  or  of 
small  animals,  particularly  of  bees  migrating 
from  the  hive  ; a collection  of  bees. 

Like  many  swarms  of  bees  assembled  round, 

After  their  hives  with  honey  do  abound.  Spenser. 

Or  as  a swarm  of  flies  in  vintage  time.  Milton. 

2.  A multitude  ; a crowd ; a throng. 

Tins  swarm  of  fair  advantages.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Multitude. 

SWARM,  v.  n.  [A.  S .swearmian;  Dut.  zwermen ; 
Ger.  schwurmen;  Dan.  sveerme ; Sw.  sviirma.] 
[i.  SWARMED  ; pp.  SWARMING,  SWARMED.] 

1.  To  rise,  as  bees,  in  a body,  and  quit  the 
hive ; to  collect  in  a swarm,  as  bees. 

Like  laboring  bees  on  a long  summer’s  day. 

Some  sound  the  trumpet  for  the  rest  to  sw'arm.  Dryden. 

2.  To  appear  in  multitudes  or  in  great  num- 
bers ; to  crowd ; to  throng. 

In  crowds  around  the  swarming  people  join.  Dryden. 

3.  To  be  crowded  ; to  be  filled  or  covered  with 
a multitude  in  motion ; to  be  thronged. 

Her  fruit-trees  all  un pruned,  her  hedges  ruined. 

Her  knots  disordered,  and  her  wholesome  herbs 
Swarming  with  caterpillars.  Shak. 

4.  To  abound;  to  be  abundant,  [it.] 

The  great  lords  of  the  earth  who  swarm  in  all  the  delights 
of  sense.  Atterbury. 


5.  To  breed  multitudes. 

Not  so  thick  swarmed  once  the  soil 

Bedropped  with  blood  of  Gorgon.  Milton. 

6.  To  climb  a tree,  by  embracing  it  with  the 
arms  and  legs.  [Colloquial.]  Johnson . Evans. 

SWARM,  v.  a.  To  throng;  to  crowd;  to  overrun. 

See  the  shores  so  swarmed.  Fansliaw. 

SWArM'ING,  n.  The  act  of  collecting  in  a swarm, 
as  bees  do.  Farm.  Ency. 

f SWART,  n.  Sward.  Holinshed. 

f SWART,  v.  a.  To  blacken  ; to  darken.  Browne. 

t SWART,  ) a_  pyj.  Goth,  swarts ; A.  S.  sweart, 
SwAr'PII,  ) sioart,  swcort,  sicert;  Frs.  svart ; 
Dut.  zwart ; Ger.  schwarz ; Dan.  sort ; Sw.  svart.] 
Black;  dark  ; tawny;  dusky;  swarthy,  [r.] 

A swarth  complexion  and  a curled  head.  Chapman. 

SWARTH,  n.  A row  of  grass  or  grain  cut  down 
by  the  scythe  ; a swath.  — See  Swatii. 

Here  stretched  in  ranks  the  levelled  swarths  are  found.  Pope. 

SWARTH,  n.  The  apparition  of  a person  about 


to  die.  [North  of  Englai  d.]  Grose. 

SWARTH'I-LY,  ad.  With  a swarthy  hue ; darkly  ; 
duskily  ; tawnily.  Johnson. 

SWARTH'I-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  swarthy  ; 
darkness  of  complexion  ; tawniness. 

It  thickens  the  complexion,  and  dyes  it  into  an  un  pleas- 
ing swarthiness.  Feltham. 

SWARTIl'NJJSS,  n.  Swarthiness,  [r.]  Todd. 

SWARTII'Y,  a.  Dark  of  complexion  ; black  ; 
dusky  ; tawny.  “ A swarthy  Ethiope.”  Shak. 

f SWARTII'Y,  v.  a.  To  make  swarthy.  Cowley. 


f SWART'I-NESS,  / Duskiness  of  complexion  ; 

f SWAltT'N ESS,  > swarthiness.  Shenvood. 

f SWArt'ISH,  a.  Somewhat  dark.  Bullein. 

SWART'— STAR,  n.  The  dog-star;  — so  called 
because  at  the  time  of  its  appearance  the  com- 
plexion is  turned  to  a swart,  or  dark,  color. 

Shades,  and  wanton  winds,  and  gushing  brooks, 

On  whose  fresh  lap  the  swart-star  sparely  looks.  Milton. 

f SwArt'  Y,  a.  Swarthy ; tawny.  Burton. 

f SWARVE,  v.  n.  To  swerve.  Spenser. 

SWASH  (swosh),  n.  (Arch.)  An  oval  figure  with 
mouldings  oblique  to  the  axis  of  the  work.  [A 
cant  word.  Johnson.]  Moxon. 

SWASH  (swosh),  n.  [Formed  from  the  sound. 
Junius.  Skinner.  — Perhaps  a ivash,  or  col- 
lection of  waters.  Richardson.] 

1.  t A blustering  noise.  Todd. 

2.  A swasher  ; a swaggerer.  Wriylit. 

3.  A dashing  of  water  ; the  splash  of  water. 

“ A great  swash  of  water.”  Coles. 

RSf  In  the  southern  portion  of  the  U.  S.  it  is  used 
for  a narrow  channel  of  water  within  a sand -bank  or 
between  a sand-hank  and  the  shore.  Bartlett. 

The  awash  at  the  east  end  of  the  bay.  Bartram's  Florida. 

4.  Wash  ; hog-wash.  Tyndale. 

SWASH  (swosh),  v.  n.  [i.  swashed  ; pp.  swash- 
ing, swashed.] 

1.  To  bluster  with  clatter  or  noise  ; to  vapor  ; 
to  brag  ; to  bully  ; to  bluster  ; to  swagger. 

We  ’ll  have  a sivashing  and  a martial  outside, 

As  many  other  mannish  cowards  have.  SJtak. 

2.  To  spill  or  splash  water  about;  to  shake 

water,  as  in  a tub.  Holloway. 

SWASH  (swosh),  a.  Soft,  like  fruit  too  ripe ; 
quashy.  [Local,  Eng.]  Halliwell. 

SWASH'-BOCK-ET  (swosh'-),  n.  The  common 
receptacle  of  the  washings  of  the  scullery  : — a 
slatternly  woman.  [Local,  Eng.]  Halliwell. 

f SWASH'BUCK-L£R  (swosh'-), n.  A swaggering 
swordsman,  or  ruffian  ; a bully.  Milton. 

SWASII'gR  (swosh'er),  n.  One  who  swashes  ; a 
blusterer  ; a swaggerer  ; a braggart.  Shak. 


SWASH'Y  (swosh'e),  a.  Soft,  like  fruit  that  is  too 
ripe ; swash.  [Local,  Eng.]  Pcyye. 

fSWAT,  i.  from  sweat.  See  Sweat.  Chaucer. 


t SWATCH  (swoch),  n.  A swath.  Tusser. 

fSWATE,  i.  from  sioeat.  Thomson. 

SWATH  (swoth)  [swSth,  P.  K.  Sm.  Wb.  ; sw&tli, 


E.  ; swath , Ja.],  n.  [A.  S.  sioathc,  swarth ; Dut. 
zwaad  ; Ger.  schwad,  sclncadcn.] 

1.  A line  or  row  of  grass  or  grain  as  cut  and 
thrown  by  the  scythe  in  mowing  or  cradling : — 
a sweep  or  reach  of  the  scythe  in  mowing. 

The  strawy  Greeks,  ripe  for  his  edge, 

Full  down  before  him  like  the  mower’s  swath.  Shak. 

2.  A band ; a swathe.  — See  Swathe. 

Long  pieces  of  linen  they  folded  about  me.  till  they  hnd 
wrapped  me  in  above  an  hundred  yards  of  swath.  Guardian. 

SWATHE,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  besuethian,  beswethan  ; 
suethe,  surethil , a swathe.]  [*.  swathed  ; pp. 
SWATHING,  SWATHED.] 

1.  To  bind,  as  a child,  with  bands  and  rollers  ; 
to  wrap  in  swaddling-clothes  ; to  swaddle. 

Swathed  in  her  lap  the  bold  nurse  bore  him  out.  Dryden. 

2.  To  confine  ; to  enclose. 

He  swathes  about  the  swelling  of  the  deep, 

That  shines  and  rests  as  infants  smile  and  sleep.  Cowper. 

SWATHE,  n.  [A.  S.  suethe.]  A bandage  or  fil- 
let ; a swath.  C.  Richardson. 

SWATH'ING— CLOTH  Efji,  n.  pi.  Swaddling- 
clothes  ; bandages  used  for  swathing.  Dunglison. 

SWAY  (swa),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  wage,  a pair  of  scales, 
wceg,  a wave  ; Dut.  zwaaijen,  to  swing,  to  sway  ; 
Ger.  schwingen,  schwenken,  to  swing,  to  bran- 
dish ; Sw.  seringa.] 

1.  To  wave  or  brandish  in  the  hand  ; to  move 
or  wield,  as  a sceptre  ; to  poise  ; to  balance. 
When  heavy  hammers  on  the  wedge  are  swayed.  Sjienser. 

2.  To  bias;  to  prejudice ; to  direct  or  cause 
to  incline  to  either  side. 

Heaven  forgive  them  that  so  much  have  sirat/ed 
Your  majesty’s  good  thoughts  away  from  me.  Shak. 

3.  To  govern  ; to  rule;  to  control;  to  over- 
power ; to  influence  ; to  guide. 

The  will  of  man  is  by  his  reason  swayed.  Shak. 

To  sway  the  world,  and  land  and  sea  subdue.  Dryden. 

4.  (Haul.)  To  hoist ; to  raise. 

Sway  up  the  lower  yards.  Mar.  Diet. 

SWAY,  v.  n.  1.  To  incline  heavily  to  one  side  ; 
to  hang  heavy  ; to  be  drawn  by  weight ; to  swag. 

The  balance  sways  on  our  part.  Bacon. 

Now  sways  it  this  way,  like  a mighty  sea 
Forced  by  the  tide  to  combat  with  the  wind; 

Now  sways  it  that  way,  like  the  selfsame  sea 

Forced  to  retire  by  fury  of  the  wind.  Shak. 

2.  To  have  weight  or  influence  ; to  prevail. 

The  example  of  sundry  churches,  for  approbation  of  one 

thing,  doth  sway  much.  Hooker. 

3.  To  bear  rule  ; to  govern  ; to  reign. 

The  mind  I sway  by,  and  the  heart  I bear. 

Shall  never  sag  with  doubt  nor  shake  with  fear.  Shak. 

4.  To  move  on  with  a uniform  and  strong 
momentum,  as  a compact  body. 

Let  us  sway  on,  and  meet  them  in  the  field.  Shak. 

SWAY,  n.  1.  The  swing  or  sweep  of  a weapon. 

To  strike  with  huge,  two-handed  sway.  Milton. 

2.  Any  thing  moving  with  bulk  and  power. 

Are  you  not  moved,  when  all  the  sway  of  earth 
Shakes  like  a thing  unfirm?  Shak. 

3.  Weight;  preponderance;  turn;  cast. 

Expert 

When  to  advance,  or  stand,  or  turn  the  sway 

Of  battle.  Milton. 

4.  Power  ; rule  ; dominion  ; sovereignty  ; 
authority  ; control ; ascendency  ; domination. 

Which  shall  to  all  our  nights  and  days  to  come 

Give  solely  sovereign  sway  and  masterdom.  Shak. 

When  vice  prevails,  and  impious  men  hold  sway , 

The  post  of  honor  is  a private  station.  Addison. 

5.  Weight  or  influence  on  one  side  ; bias. 

The  sioay  of  desires.  Sidney. 

6.  A bramble-rod  for  thatching.  Halliwell. 

Syn.  — See  Authority. 

SWAY'ING,  n.  An  injury  to  the  back  of  ahorse 
by  violent  strains  or  excessive  burdens.  Crabb. 

SWEAL,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  swelan.  — See  Swale.]  [j. 

SWEALED  ; pp.  SWEALING,  SWEALED.]  To 
singe  or  burn  off  the  hair  of,  as  of  hogs.  F.  Ency. 

SWEAL,  v.  7i.  [A.  S.  stealan,  swelan.]  To  melt, 

as  a candle ; to  swale.  Johnson. 

SWeAr  (swir),  v.  7i.  [M.  Goth.  S7ca7'a7i ; A.  S. 

swerian ; Dut.  zweren ; Ger.  schwiiren ; Dan. 
svrerge,  to  swear,  snare,  to  answer ; Sw.  sviirja ; 
Icel.  sveria  ] [t.  swore  ; pp.  swearing,  sworn. 
— The  pret.  sware,  formerly  in  use,  is  obsolete.] 

1.  To  affirm  with  an  appeal  to  God  for  the 
truth  of  what  is  affirmed  ; to  utter  an  oath. 

But  I say  unto  you,  Swear  not  at  all.  Matt.  r.  34. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — y,  <jJ,  9,  g,  soft;  jC,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z; 


as  gz. — THIS,  this. 


SWEAR 


14G0 


SWEET 


2.  To  declare  or  promise  upon  oath ; to  tow. 

In  such  a night 

Did  young  Lorenzo  swear  he  loved  her  well.  Shak. 

3.  To  obtest  a sacred  name  profanely  ; to  take 
the  name  of  God  in  vain  ; to  utter,  or  indulge 
in  the  use  of,  oaths,  or  profane  language. 

One  knocked  at  the  door,  and  in  would  fare; 

He  knocked  fast,  and  often  cursed  and  sware.  Spenser. 

The  swearer  continues  to  swear ; tell  him  of  his  wicked- 
ness, he  allows  it  is  great,  but  he  continues  to  swear  on.  Gilpin. 

4.  {Law.)  To  give  evidence  upon  oath;  to 
take  an  oath,  judicially  administered.  Bouvier. 

SWEAR,  v.  a.  1.  To  utter  or  affirm  with  an  ap- 
peal to  God  ; to  declare  upon  oath. 

If  a man  . . . swear  an  oath  to  bind  his  soul  with  a bond,  he 
6hall  not  break  his  word,  he  shall  do  according  to  all  that 
proceedeth  out  of  his  mouth.  J\ruin.  xxx.  2. 

2.  To  put  to  an  oath ; to  bind  by  an  oath  ad- 
ministered; as,  “To  swear  a witness. ” 

Let  me  swear  you  all  to  secrecy.  Dryden . 

3.  To  charge  upon  oath. 

He  sicore  treason  against  his  friend.  Johnson. 

4.  To  obtest  or  invoke  by  an  oath. 

Now,  by  Apollo,  king,  thou  sivear'st  thy  gods  in  vain.  Shak. 

To  smear  in,  to  administer  an  oath  of  allegiance  or 
fidelity  to ; as  to  an  officer,  a magistrate,  a soldier,  &c. 

SWEAr'ER  (swAr'er),  n.  1.  One  who  swears  ; 
one  who  calls  God  to  witness. 

I do  believe  the  slcearer:  what  with  me?  Shak. 

2.  A profane  person  ; one  who  uses  profane 
oaths ; one  who  indulges  in  profane  language. 

There  are  liars  and  swearer's  enough  to  beat  the  honest 
men,  and  hang  them  up.  Shak. 

SWeAr'ING  (swAr'ing),  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who 
swears  or  declares  upon  oath.  Shak. 

2.  The  act  or  the  practice  of  using  profane 
oaths ; the  profane  use  of  the  name  of  the  Deity. 

Drinkings,  and  swearings,  and  starings.  Shak. 

3.  The  peculiar  noise  made  by  a cat  when 
surprised  or  suddenly  alarmed.  Eng.  Cyc. 

SWEAT  (swet),  n.  [A.  S .swat;  Frs.  swet ; Dut. 
zweet ; Old  Ger.  sueiz,  swciz  ; Ger.  schweiss  ; 
Dan.  sved,  sveed  ; Sw.  svett.  — Pol.  svad.  — 
Sanse.  suedam.] 

1.  The  moisture  which  issues  from  the  pores 
of  the  skin  in  consequence  of  heat  or  muscular 
exertion  ; cutaneous  excretion  ; perspiration. 

In  the  sweat  of  thy  face  shalt  thou  cat  bread,  till  thou  re- 
turn unto  the  ground.  Gen.  iii.  19. 

Among  the  solid  constituents  of  sweat , are 
chloride  of  sodium,  or  common  salt,  which  is  most 
abundant,  the  lactates,  butyrates,  and  acetates  of  am- 
monia and  soda,  phosphate  of  lime,  &c.  Miller . 

2.  The  state  of  one  who  sweats. 

Soft  on  the  flowery  herb  I found  me  laid 

In  balmy  sweat.  Milton. 

3.  That  which  causes  sweat ; toil ; drudgery. 

"Without  sweat  or  endeavor.  Shak. 

SWEAT  (swet),  v.  n.  [A.  S.  sweetan  ; Dut.  zivecten  ; 
Ger.  schwitzen  ; Dan.  svedq  ; Sw.  svetta.  — L. 
sudo .]  [t.  SWEAT,  SWET,  Or  SWEATED  ; pp. 

SWEATING,  SWEAT,  SWET,  Or  SWEATED.] 

1.  To  emit  sweat;  to  perspire. 

Why  sweat  they  under  burdens?  Shak. 

2.  To  toil ; to  labor  ; to  drudge. 

When  service  sweat  for  duty.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Perspire. 

SWEAT,  v.  a.  1.  To  emit  by  the  pores ; to  exude. 

For  him  the  rich  Arabia  siveats  her  gum.  Dryden. 

2.  To  make  to  sweat;  to  put  in  a state  of 
perspiration  ; as,  “ To  sweat  a patient.” 

SWEATER,  n.  One  who  sweats.  Spectator. 

SWEAT'I-LY,  ad.  In  a sweaty  manner.  Todd. 

SWEAT'I-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  sweaty.  Ash. 

SWEATING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  making  to  sweat. 

2.  Moisture  emitted  ; perspiration  : — fer- 

mentation produced  in  the  manufacture  of  to- 
bacco, in  the  drying  of  hay,  &c.  Mortimer. 

3.  A mode  of  debasing  current  gold  coin,  by 

shaking  it  in  bags,  so  that  a portion  of  the  metal 
is  worn  off  by  friction.  Simmonds. 

SWEATING— BATH,  n.  A bath  to  promote  per- 
spiration ; a sudatory.  Merle. 

SWEATING— HOUSE,  n.  A house  for  sweating 
patients.  Merle. 

SWEAT'ING— IR-ON  (-I-urn),  n.  An  iron  used  for 
scraping  off  sweat  from  horses.  Smart. 


SWEAT'ING-ROOM,  n.  1.  A room  for  sweating 
persons  ; a sudatory.  Clarke. 

2.  A room  for  sweating  cheese  and  carrying 
off  the  superfluous  juices.  Wright. 

SWEAT'ING— SICK'NESS,  n.  {Med.)  A severe, 
febrile,  epidemic  disease,  which  prevailed  in 
England  and  some  other  countries  of  Europe, 
in  tlie  15th  and  16th  centuries : — a disease  allied 
to  the  worst  form  of  cholera,  which  occurs  in 
Malwah,  India.  Dunglison. 

SWEAT'Y  (swet'te),  a.  1.  Covered  with  sweat ; 
moist  with  sweat.  “ A sweaty  reaper.”  Milton. 

2.  Consisting  of  sweat. 

No  noisome  whiffs,  or  sweaty  streams.  Swift. 

3.  Laborious  ; toilsome  ; difficult. 

Echoing  shouts  their  sweaty  toils  attend.  Mickle. 

SWEDE,  n.  1.  ( Gcog .)  A native  of  Sweden.  Mi Iton. 

2.  A Swedish  turnip.  [Colloquial.]  Todd. 

SWE-D(?N-BOR'G!-AN,  n.  One  who  holds  the 
doctrines  taught  by  Swedenborg,  a Swedish 
philosopher,  who  died  in  1772,  and  who  claimed 
to  have  experienced  an  opening  of  his  spiritual 
sight,  in  1745,  to  have  had  habitual  intercourse 
witli  the  world  of  spirits,  and  to  have  been 
made  a receiver  of  the  angelic  wisdom  concern- 
ing the  nature  of  heaven  and  hell,  the  spiritual 
sense  of  the  Scriptures,  &c. ; a member  of  the 
New  Jerusalem  Church.  P.  Cyc. 

SWE-DEN-BOR'0I-AN,  a.  Relating  to  Sweden- 
borg, or  to  Swedenborgianism.  Brande. 

SWE-DEN-BOR'GJ-AN-lf-IM,  n.  The  doctrines 
taught  by  Swedenborg.  P.  Cyc. 

SWED'ISH,  a.  Relating,  or  pertaining,  to  Swe- 
den or  to  the  Swedes.  Percy. 

SWED'ISH,  n.  The  Swedish  language.  Bosworth. 

SWED'ISH— TUR'NIP,  n.  {Bot.)  A kind  of  turnip  ; 
ruta-baga ; Brassica  campestris.  Loudon. 

SWEEP,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  swapan ; Ger.  schwcifcn ; 
Sw.  sopa. ] [7.  swept  ; pp.  sweeping,  swept.] 

1.  To  brush  or  rub  over  with  a broom  or  be- 
som ; to  clean  with  a broom. 

"What  woman  having  ten  pieces  of  silver,  if  she  lose  one 
piece,  doth  not  light  a candle,  and  sweep  the  house,  and  seek 
diligently  till  she  find  it?  Luke  xv.  8. 

2.  To  move,  clear,  or  drive  off  by  a broom,  or 
as  by  a broom  ; to  drive  away  with  a long  stroke ; 
to  carry  off  with  violence. 

To  sweej)  the  dust  behind  the  door.  Shak. 

The  river  of  Kishon  sivept  them  away.  Judy.  v.  21. 

I have  already  swept  the  stakes.  Dryden. 

3.  To  carry  or  drag  with  a long,  swinging 
motion  ; to  carry  with  pomp  ; to  flourish. 

And,  like  a peacock,  sweep  along  his  tail.  Shak. 

4.  To  pass  over  swiftly  and  with  force. 

Then  sweep  they  the  blue  waves.  May. 

5.  To  strike  with  a long,  continuous  stroke  ; 
to  brush  or  traverse  swiftiy  with  the  fingers. 

"Wake  into  voice  each  silent  string, 

And  sweep  the  sounding  lyre.  Pope. 

6.  To  rub  over  ; to  touch  in  passing  ; to  graze. 

Their  long  descending  train. 

With  rubies  edged  and  sapphires,  swept  the  plain.  Dryden. 

7.  To  pass  over  or  traverse,  as  with  the  eye 
or  with  a telescope. 

Here  let  us  sweep  the  boundless  landscape.  Thomson. 

8.  {Naut.)  To  drag  over  the  bottom  of,  as  for 

an  anchor.  Dana. 

SWEEP,  v.  7i.  1.  To  pass  or  move  with  a swinging 
motion.  “A  sweeping  stroke.”  Dryden. 

Haste  me  to  know  it,  that  I.  with  wings  as  swift 
As  meditation  or  the  thoughts  of  love, 

May  sweep  to  my  revenge.  Shak. 

Stars,  shooting  through  the  darkness,  gild  the  night 

With  sweejn/iy  glories,  and  long  trails  of  light.  Dryden. 

2.  To  take  in  a view  with  progressive  rapid- 
ity ; to  range,  as  the  eye,  or  a telescope. 

O’er  heavenward  earth,  far  as  the  ranging  eye 

Can  sweep,  a dazzling  deluge  reigns.  Thomson. 

SWEEP,  n.  1.  The  act  of  sweeping;  a widely- 
extended  swinging  motion.  Johnson. 

2.  The  reach,  range,  or  compass  of  a con- 
tinued motion  or  stroke. 

The  bottom  edge  of  the  door  rides  in  Its  sweep  upon  the 
floor.  Moxon. 

3.  A swift  and  general  destruction. 

In  countries  subject  to  great  epidemic  sweeps , men  may 
live  very  long.  Graunt. 

4.  Direction  of  any  motion  not  rectilinear. 

Benin  a second  [incision],  bringing  it  with  an  opposite 
sweep  to  meet  the  other.  Sharp. 


5.  The  width  or  compass  of  a curve,  or  of  a 
portion  of  a sphere  ; as,  “ The  sweep  of  an  arch.” 

We  tread  the  wilderness,  whose  well-rolled  walks, 

With  curvature  of  slow  and  easy  sweep , — 

Deception  innocent,  — give  ample  space 

To  narrow  bounds.  Cowper. 

6.  One  who  sweeps  ; a sweeper.  Simmonds. 

7.  A cross-beam  or  pole,  moving  on  an  up- 
right post  or  fulcrum,  for  raising  and  lowering 
a bucket  in  a well ; a well-sweep.  Wright.  Tudor. 

HUS’  In  this  sense.  Archbishop  Potter  and  Richard- 
son spell  it  swipe  ; Scott  and  Ash,  swipe,  swepe , sweap , 
and  sweep  ; Holloway,  swape. 

8.  (Ar aid.)  A long  oar  used  in  low  vessels,  to 

force  them  ahead,  as  during  calms  : — the  mould 
of  a ship  when  she  begins  to  compass  in,  at  the 
rung  heads  : — any  part  of  a ship  shaped  by  the 
segment  of  a circle.  Dana.  Wright. 

The  sweep  of  the  tiller , ( JVaut .)  a circular  frame  on 
which  the  tiller  traverses  in  large  ships.  Mar.  Diet. 

SWEEP' A^E,  7i.  The  crop  of  hay  got  in  a meadow. 
[Local,  Eng.]  Whishaw.  Sheppard. 

SWEEP'ER,  71.  One  who  sweeps  ; a sweep. 

Sweeper  of  the  sky,  (JVuut.)  a name  given  by  sailors 
to  the  north-west  winds  of  America.  Mar.  Diet. 

SWEEP'ING,  p.  a.  1.  Driving  or  carrying  away  ; 
— involving  great  numbers.  Clarke. 

2.  Unqualified;  exaggerated;  including  all; 
as,  “ A sweeping  assertion.” 

SWEEP'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a sweeping  manner. 

SWEEP'ING^,  n.  pi.  Dirt,  refuse,  &c.,  swept 
away ; things  collected  by  sweeping. 

I had  an  old  and  learned  friend  whom  I would  put  above 
all  the  sweepings  of  their  hall.  Curran. 

SWEEP'— NET,  n.  A large  draw-net  used  in  fish- 
ing at  sea.  Simmonds. 

SWEEP'STAKE,  n.  A winner  ; — usually  written 
sweepstakes.  Shak. 

SWEEP'STAKES,  7i.  sing.  1.  A winner  in  gaming 
and  horse-racing;  one  who  sweeps  or  wins  all 
the  stakes  or  wagers.  Johnson. 

2.  A prize  in  a horse-race,  made  up  of  the 
several  stakes.  Smart. 

SWEEP'— WASH-ER  (-wosli-er),  n.  One  who  ex- 
tracts from  the  sweepings,  potsherds,  &c.,  of 
refineries  of  silver  and  gold,  the  small  residuum 
of  precious  metal.  Ure. 

SWEEP'Y,  a.  1.  Passing  with  a sweeping  motion 
over  a great  compass  at  once.  Hoolc. 

2.  Wavy.  “ The  sweepy  crest.”  Pope. 

3.  Strutting  ; drawn  out ; expanded. 

Or  spread  his  sweepy  train.  Watts. 

SWEET,  a.  [Goth,  sutizo,  soft,  pleasant;  A.  S. 
sivet,  sweet;  Dut.  zoet ; Ger.  siiss ; Dan.  slid; 
Sw.  sot ; Icel.  scetr ; Old  Eng.  sote.  — Ir.  tf  Gael. 
snath,  mild,  gentle.  — Gr.  hlus  \ L.  suavis  ; It. 
soave  ; Sp.  if  Fr.  suave.  — Sansc.  svadu.~\ 

1.  Pleasing  to  the  taste  ; having  the  taste  of 
honey  or  sugar  ; saccharine  ; not  sour  or  bitter. 

It  is  sweet  as  honey  in  all  mouths.  Eccl.  xlix.  1. 

Those  [trees]  whose  fruit  is  sweet.  Bacon . 

2.  Pleasing  to  the  smell  ; balmy ; redolent ; 
fragrant ; not  stinking  or  fetid. 

And  with  them  words  of  so  sweet  breath  composed 

As  made  the  things  more  rich.  Shak. 

3.  Pleasing  to  the  ear  ; melodious  ; harmoni- 
ous ; mellifluous.  “ Organs  of  sweet  stop.” Milt07i. 

The  man  that  hath  no  music  in  himself, 

Nor  is  not  moved  with  concord  of  sweet  sounds, 

Is  lit  for  treasons,  stratagems,  and  spoils.  Shak. 

4.  Pleasing  to  the  eye  ; beautiful ; fair. 

I saw  sweet  beauty  in  her  face.  Shak. 

5.  Pleasing  to  the  mind  ; grateful ; agreeable ; 
delightful ; gratifying  ; charming. 

Sweet  interchange  of  hill  and  valley.  Milton. 

Where  penury  is  felt  the  thought  is  chained, 

And  sweet  colloquial  pleasures  are  but  few.  Cowper. 

6.  Fresh,  as  distinguished  from  salt. 

Sweet  waters  mingle  with  the  briny  main.  Dryden. 

7.  Not  stale  ; not  putrescent  or  putrid.  “That 

meat  is  sweet.”  Johnson. 

8.  Not  turned  ; not  sour  ; as,  “ Sweet  milk.” 

9.  Mild;  soft;  gentle;  serene. 

The  Pleiades  before  him  danced, 

Shedding  sweet  influence.  Milton. 

To  he  sweet  upon , to  make  love  to  ; to  behave  amo- 
rously to.  “ A drunken  bishop  . . . was  very  sweet 
upon  an  Indian  queen.”  Addison. — To  have  a sweet 
tooth , to  be  fond  of  sweetmeats.  [Colloquial.]  Ogilvie. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; 


A,  E,  I,  6,  D,  Y,  short ; 


A,  E>  I,  o,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


SWEET 


1461 


SWELLING 


SWEET,  71.  1.  Sweetness  ; something  pleasing 

or  delicious  ; the  sweetest  part  of  any  thing. 

Why,  then  comes  in  the  sweet  o’  the  year.  Shak . 

Hail ! wedded  love. 

Perpetual  fountain  of  domestic  sweets.  Milton. 

2.  An  agreeable  or  delicious  perfume.  Prior. 

3.  A word  of  endearment. 

Sweet , leave  me  here  a while.  Shale. 

4.  pi.  Saccharine  substances,  as  honey,  man- 
na, treacle,  cordials,  &c.  Simmonds. 

SWEET'-BAY,  n.  ( Bot .)  1.  A kind  of  laurel ; 
Laurus  nobilis. — See  Laurel.  London. 

2.  A name  given  in  America  to  Magnolia 
glauca.  Gray. 

SWEET' BREAD,  n.  The  pancreas  of  a calf  or  of 
any  other  animal,  used  for  food. 

When  you  roast  a breast  of  veal,  remember  your  sweet- 
heart, the'butler  loves  a sweetbread.  Swift. 

SWEET'BRl-ER,  n.  (Bot.)  A species  of  rose, 
having  a delicate  fragrance,  common  in  thickets 
and  by  road-sides ; Rosa  rubiginosa.  Gray. 

SWEET'BROOM,  ii.  (Bot.)  An  herb.  Ainsworth. 

SWEET'-CAL'A-BASH,  n.  (Bot.)  A species  of 
passion-flower  indigenous  in  the  West  Indies, 
producing  large  flowers  and  roundish  edible 
fruit ; Passijlora  maliformis.  London. 

SWEET'— CAL'A-MUS,  ) n_  (Bot.)  An  aromat- 

SWEET'— CANE,  ) ic  plant  ; lemon-grass  ; 

spikenard  ; Calamus  aromaticus.  Eng.  Cyc. 

SWEET’— Cltp'JE-LY,  n.  (Bot.)  The  common  name 
of  umbelliterous  plants  of  the  genus  Osmorrhiza 
in  the  U.  S.,  and  of  Myrrhis  odorata  in  Eng- 
land, — from  their  aromatic  roots  or  fruits.  Gray. 

SWEET'— CIS-TUS,  n.  (Bot.)  An  evergreen  shrub, 
from  the  leaves  and  other  parts  of  which  gum 
ladanum  is  secreted ; a species  of  rock-rose ; 
gum-eistus  ; Cistus  ladaniferus.  Mason. 

SWEET'— CORN,  n.  (Bot.)  A variety  of  maize  or 
Indian  corn,  of  a sweet  taste.  Farm.  Ency. 

SWEET'EN  (swet'tn),  V.  a.  [f.  SWEETENED  ; pp. 
SWEETENING,  SWEETENED.] 

1.  To  make  sweet;  to  dulcify;  to  dulcorate. 

Ilere  is  the  smell  of  the  blood  still;  all  the  perfumes  of 
Arabia  will  not  sweeten  this  little  hand.  Shak. 

2.  To  make  mild  or  kind  ; to  soften. 

Devotion  softens  his  heart, . . . sweetens  his  temper.  Law. 

3.  To  make  less  painful ; to  soothe  ; to  relieve. 

And  she  thy  cares  will  sweeten  with  her  charms.  Dryden. 

4.  To  enhance  the  sweetness  or  pleasurable- 
ness of ; to  make  more  pleasing  or  delightful. 

It  [industry]  sweeteneth  ourenjoymeuts.and  seasoneth  our 
attainments  with  a delightful  relish.  harrow. 

5.  To  soften  ; to  make  delicate. 

Correggio  has  made  his  memory  immortal  by  the  strengtli 
he  has  given  to  his  figures,  and  by  sweetening  hig  lights  and 
shadows.  Dryden. 

6.  To  make  pure  by  removing  noxious  sub- 
stances or  qualities.  Wright. 

7.  To  make  warm  and  fertile,  as  soil.  Wright. 

SWEET'EN  (swet'tn),  v.  n.  To  grow  sweet.  Bacon. 

SWEET'EN-JER,  n.  One  who,  or  that  which, 
sweetens. 

SWEET'EN-ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  making  sweet. 

2.  That  which  sweetens.  Ash.  J.  Felt. 

SWEET'-FERN,  n.  (Bot.)  A North- American 
shrub  of  the  genus  Comptonia,  with  sweet- 
scented,  fern-like  leaves.  Gray. 

SWEET'— FLAG,  n.  (Bot.)  The  common  name 
of  pungent,  aromatic  plants  of  the  genus  Aco- 
rns, the  best  known  species  of  which  (Acorus 
calamus)  is  also  called  sweet-rush. 

B3T  It  was  formerly  used  in  England  to  strew  the 
floors  of  houses,  instead  of  rushes,  and  is  said  by  Lin- 
natus  to  be  the  only  aromatic  plant  in  northern  cli- 
mates. Baird.  Loudon. 

SWEET'-GALE,  n.  (Bot.)  A shrub  found  in 
boggy  and  wet  places,  and  having  bitter,  fra- 
grant leaves  ; Myrica  gale ; — called  also  Dutch 
myrtle , and  Scotch  myrtle.  Baird. 

■8®“  Sweet-sale  is  used  in  Europe  for  tanning,  dye- 
ing, for  repelling  flpas  and  moths,  and,  in  decoction, 
to  kill  bugs  and  lice,  and  to  cure  the  itch.  Loudon. 

SWEET'— GRASS,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  grasses 
of  many  species  ; Glyceria.  Farm.  Ency. 

SWEET'— G&M,  n.  (Bot.)  A large  and  beauti- 


ful North  American  tree,  with  fine-grained 


wood  ; Liquidambar  Styracifua.  Gray. 

SWEET'HEART  (-hart),  n.  A lover  or  a mistress. 

Newly  parted  with  her  sweetheart.  L' Estrange. 

SWEET'ING,  n.  1.  A sweet  apple.  Shak. 

2.  Darling;  — a word  of  endearment. 

Trip  it  no  further,  pretty  sweeting ; 

Journeys  end  in  lovers’  meeting.  Shak. 

SWEET'ISH,  a.  Somewhat  sweet.  Flayer. 

SWEET'ISH-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
sweetish,  or  somewhat  sweet.  Bp.  Berkeley. 

SWEET'— JO II N'^- WORT  (-jonz' wurt),  n.  (Bot.)  A 
species  of  Dianthus,  or  pink.  Crabbe. 


SWEET'— LEAF,  n.  (Bot.)  An  evergreen  shrub 
or  tree,  with  oblong,  fragrant,  shining  leaves, 
and  sweet-smelling  flowers.  The  leaves  are 
used  for  dyeing  linen  and  silk  of  a bright  yel- 
low color.  Lindley.  Loudon. 

SWEET'LY,  ad.  In  a sweet  manner  ; with  sweet- 
ness ; gratefully  ; agreeably ; delightfully. 

This  castle  hath  a pleasant  seat;  the  air 
Nimbly  and  sweetly  recommends  itself 
Unto  our  gentle  senses.  Shak. 

SWEET'— MAR' JO-RAM,  n.  (Bot.)  A soft-downy 
plant,  about  a foot  high,  having  a pleasant  aro- 
matic flavor,  and  used  as  a seasoning  ; knotted 
marjoram  ; Origanum  Majorana.  Wood. 

SWEET'-MAUD-LIN,  n.  (Bot.)  A species  of 
milfoil;  Achillea  Ageratum.  Loudon. 

SWEET'MEAT,  n.  Fruit  preserved  with  sugar, 
or  confectionery  made  of  sugar;  confection. 

Whole  pyramids  of  sweetmeats  for  boys.  Dryden. 

If  a child  cries  for  any  unwholesome  fruit,  you  purchase 
his  quiet  by  giviug  him  a less  wholesome  sweetmeat.  Locke. 

SWEET'NESS,  ii.  I.  The  quality  of  being  sweet ; 
agreeableness  to  the  taste  or  to  the  smell. 

Full  many  a flower  is  born  to  blush  unseen, 

And  waste  its  sweetness  on  the  desert  air.  Gray. 

2.  Amiableness;  agreeableness;  gentleness; 
mildness  ; suavity  ; pleasantness ; loveliness. 

A most  amiable  sweetness  of  temper.  Swift. 

SWEET'— OIL,  n.  Olive  oil.  Simmonds. 

SWEET'— PEA,  n.  (Bot.)  A leguminous  plant 
with  showy  flowers,  cultivated  for  ornament ; 
Lathyrus  odoratus.  Gray. 

SWEET'— PO-TA'TO,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  having 
an  esculent  tuberous  root,' a native  of  both  In- 
dies and  China,  but  cultivated  in  all  the  warm- 
er parts  of  the  globe  ; the  Carolina  potato  ; Ba- 
tatas edulis,  or  Convolvulus  batatas  ; — called 
also  skirret  of  Peru.  Loudon.  Baird. 

“ It  is  the  potato  of  Shakespeare  ami  contempo- 
rary writers,  the  Solatium  tuberosum  being  then  scarcely 
known  in  Europe.”  Loudon. 

SWEET'— ROOT,  ii.  (Bot.)  Licorice.  Smart. 

SWEET'-RUSH,  n.  (Bot.)  Sweet-flag.  Loudon. 

SWEET'-SCA'BI-OIJS,  ii.  (Bot.)  A common 
weed,  with  a stout,  branched  stem,  beset  with 
spreading  hairs,  and  having  a many-flowered 
head;  daisy-fleabane  ; Erigeron annuum.  Gray. 

SWEET'— SCENT-JD,  a.  Having  a sweet  scent; 
sweet-smelling ; fragrant.  Wright. 

SWEET'— SCENT-ED— SHRUB,  M.  (Bot.)  The  com- 
mon name  of  shrubs  of  the  genus  Calycanthus, 
with  aromatic  bark  and  foliage,  the  crushed 
flowers  of  which  have  a fragrance  resembling 
that  of  strawberries  ; Carolina  allspice.  Gray. 

SWEET'— SMELL-ING,  a.  Having  a sweet  smell; 
fragrant ; sweet-scented.  Smart. 

SWEET'— SOP,  n.  (Bot.)  An  evergreen  tree,  a 
species  of  custard-apple,  which  grows  in  the 
West  Indies,  and  bears  a greenish  fruit,  covered 
with  scales,  and  containing  a thick,  sweet,  lus- 
cious pulp  ; Anona  squamosa.  Eng.  Cyc. 

SWEET'— SPIT-TLE,  n.  (Med.)  An  increased  se- 
cretion of  saliva,  of  a sweet  taste.  Hoblyn. 

SWEET'— STUFF,  n.  A popular  name  for  sweet- 
meats of  all  kinds.  Simmonds. 

SWEET'— StJL-TAN,  n.  (Bot.)  A handsome  border 
annual ; Centaurea  moschata.  Loudon. 

SWEET'— TEA,  n.  A name  applied  to  the  leaves 
of  the  Botany  Bay  Tree  (Smilax  glycyphylla),  I 
imported  from  New  Holland.  Lindley.  I 


SWEET'— TEM-PIJRED  (-perd),  a.  Of  amiable  tem- 
per or  disposition  ; mild  ; gentle  ; kind.  More. 

SWEET'— TONED  (-tond),  a.  Having  a sweet  or 
pleasant  tone  ; euphonious.  Scott. 

SWEET'— wA-T^R,  n.  A variety  of  the  grape 

containing  a sweet,  watery  juice.  Simmonds. 

SWEET'-WEED,  n.  (Bot.)  Shrubby  goatweed; 
Capraria  biflora.  Crabb. 

SWEET'— WlLL-I AM  (-y?m),  n.  (Bot.)  An  ever- 
green herbaceous  plant,  much  cultivated  for  or- 
nament; bunch-pink;  the  bearded  pink  ; Dian- 
thus barbatus.  Gray. 

SWEET'— WIL-LOW,  w.  (Bot.)  Sweet-gale. Clarke. 

SWEET'— WOOD  (-wud),  n.  (Bot.)  1.  A name 
for  the  Laurus  nobilis,  or  sweet-bay.  Smart. 

2.  The  hard,  yellow,  durable  wood  of  Oreo- 
daphne  exaltata,  growing  in  Jamaica.  Lindley. 

SWElN'MOTE,  n.  (Law.)  See  Swainmote. 

SWELL,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  swellan  ; Frs.  swila  ; Dut. 
zwellen ; Old  Ger.  swellan-,  Ger.  sclnvellen ; 
Dan .svulme;  Svr.svullna,svalla.~\  [i. swelled; 
pp.  swelling,  swelled,  swollen,  or  SWOLN. 
— Steollen  and  swoln  are  obsolescent.] 

1.  To  grow  bigger  ; to  increase  or  enlarge 
from  within  outwards  ; to  dilate  ; to  expand  ; to 
grow  or  become  turgid  or  tumid  ; to  tumify. 

To  make  thy  belly  to  swell,  and  thy  thigh  to  rot.  Num.  v.  22. 

Swollen  is  his  breast;  his  inward  pains  increase.  Dryden . 

2.  To  increase  by  outward  addition ; to  in- 
crease in  bulk  or  size  ; to  augment. 

Deep  Scamander  swells  with  heaps  of  slain.  Pope. 

3.  To  rise  ; to  heave  ; to  be  lifted  in  waves. 

Why,  now  blow,  wind,  swell,  billow,  and  swim,  bark.  Shale. 

4.  To  be  inflated ; to  be  puffed  up ; to  be 
bloated ; to  belly,  as  sails  filled  by  wind. 

Then,  swollen  with  pride,  into  the  snare  I fell.  Milton. 

5.  To  look  big  ; to  put  on  pompous  airs  ; to  be 
puffed  up.  “ Swelling  like  a turkey-cock.”  Shak. 

6.  To  be  turgid,  bombastic,  or  extravagant. 

Forget  their  swelling  and  gigantic  words.  Roscommon . 

7.  To  protuberate  ; to  bulge;  — used  without. 

Therefore  this  iniquity  shall  be  to  you  as  a breach  ready 
to  fall,  swelling  out  iu  a high  wall.  Isa.  xxx.  IS. 

8.  To  rise  into  arrogance  ; to  be  elated. 

Your  equal  mind  yet  swells  not  into  state.  Dryden . 

9.  To  be  exasperated,  or  inflated  with  anger. 

We  have  made  peace  of  enmity 

Between  these  swelling , wrong-incensed  peers.  Shak. 

10.  To  grow  upon  the  view ; to  expand. 

And  monarchs  to  behold  the  swelling  scene.  Shak. 

SWELL,  v.  a.  1.  To  cause  to  swell  ; to  make 
bigger  or  larger ; to  increase  the  size  or  bulk  of ; 
to  make  tumid;  to  expand;  to  dilate;  to  en- 
large ; to  inflate  ; to  puff  up. 

And  you  who  swell  those  seeds  with  kindly  rain.  Dryden. 

2.  To  aggravate  ; to  enhance  ; to  heighten. 

It  is  low  ebb  with  his  accuser,  when  such  peccadilloes  are 

put  to  swell  the  charge.  Attcrbury . 

3.  To  raise  to  arrogance  ; to  puff  up.  Dryden. 

4.  (Mus.)  To  increase  gradually  in  force  or 

volume,  as  a note.  Dwight. 

SWELL,  n.  1.  Act  of  swelling  or  state  of  being 
swelled ; — extension  or  enlargement  of  bulk. 

The  swan’s-down  feather. 

That  stands  upon  the  swell  at  full  of  tide.  Shak. 

2.  A succession  of  waves  setting  in  one  direc- 
tion, as  after  a gale  ; a surf ; a wave  ; a billow. 

A large,  hollow  swell  from  the  south-west,  ever  since  our 
last  hard  gale,  had  convinced  me  that  there  was  not  any  land 
in  that  direction.  Cook. 

3.  (Mus.)  A gradual  increase  of  force  or 

volume  in  a note  ; the  crescendo  : — a set  of 
pipes  in  an  organ,  enclosed  in  a box,  with  slats 
opening  and  shutting,  so  that  the  sound  is  grad- 
ually increased  or  diminished.  Dwight. 

4.  A showily  dressed,  vulgar  person.  [Cant.] 

SWELL'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  enlarging  or  in- 
creasing in  bulk  ; an  inflation.  Shak. 

2.  A protuberance  ; a prominence  ; a rise. 

Many  cavities  and  sivellings , Newton. 

3.  Tendency  of  a passion  to  rise  or  find  vent. 

Keeping  down  the  swellings  of  his  grief.  Tatter. 

4.  (Med.)  A tumor  or  morbid  enlargement  in 
the  whole  or  any  part  of  the  body.  Dunglison. 

SWELL'ING,/).  a.  Tumid;  turgid;  inflated. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RtiLE.  — 9,  9,  5,  g,  soft;  G,  jG,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  2£  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


SWELT 


1462 


SWINGLE 


t SWELT,  v.  n.  [M.  Goth,  swiltan,  to  die,  to  per- 
ish ; A.  S.  sweltan  ; Sw.  svo.lta.]  To  swelter. 

The  knights  swelt  for  lack  of  shade.  Chaucer. 

SWELT,  v.  a.  To  overpower,  as  with  heat ; — to 
boil.  [Provincial,  Eng.]  Bp.  Hall.  Wright. 

SWEL'TpR,  v.  n.  [From  swell.  — See  Swelt.]  [t. 
SWELTERED  ; pp.  SWELTERING,  SWELTERED.] 

1.  To  be  oppressed  or  overcome  with  heat ; to 
sweat  profusely  ; to  be  hot. 

Frozen  on  the  hill,  or  sweltering  in  the  vale.  Cambridge. 

2.  f To  wallow;  to  welter.  Drayton. 

SWEL'TpR,  v.  a.  1.  To  oppress  with  heat. 

Seorched  and  sweltered  with  everlasting  dog-days.  Bentley. 

2.  To  exude  or  void,  as  by  perspiration. 

Sweltered  venom  sleeping  got.  Shale. 

SWEL'TRY,  a.  Hot  and  close;  sultry.  [».]  Evelyn 

SWEPT,  i.  & p.  from  sweep. 

t SWERD,  n.  & v.  See  Sward.  Mortimer. 

SWERVE,  v.  n.  [Dut.  zwerven.  — Probably  from 
A.  S.  hweorfan,  to  turn,  to  warp.  Richardson .] 
[».  SWERVED;  pp.  SWERVING,  SWERVED.] 

1.  f To  wander  ; to  rove  ; to  ramble  ; to  stray. 

A maid  thitherward  did  run. 

To  catch  her  sparrow,  which  from  her  did  swerve.  Spenser. 

2.  To  depart  from  rule,  custom,  or  duty ; to 
turn  aside  ; to  go  astray  ; to  deviate. 

I swerve  not  from  thy  commandments.  Common  Prayer. 

Firm  we  subsist,  yet  possible  to  swerve.  Milton. 

3.  To  bend  ; to  incline  ; to  give  way  ; to  yield. 

Now  their  mightiest  quelled,  the  battle  swerved , 

With  mauy  an  inroad  gored.  Milton. 

4.  To  climb  in  a winding  manner. 

Nimbly  up  from  bough  to  bough  I swerved.  Dryden 

Syn.  — See  Deviate. 

SWERV'ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  swerves  ; 
departure  or  deviation,  as  from  rule  or  duty. 

Swervings  are  now  and  then  incident.  llooker. 

SWET,  i.  & p.  from  sweat. 

f SWE'VEN,  n.  [A.  S.  swefen.]  A dream.  Wickliffe. 

SWIFT,  a.  [A.  S .swift;  Dut.  gezwind ; Old  Ger. 
schwiud ; Ger.  geschwind  ; Dan.  gesvindt. — 
Scot,  sivith,  swiftly ; Old  Eng.  swiff,  swift.] 

1.  Having  a rapid  motion ; moving  far  in  a 

short  time  ; fast ; quick  ; fleet ; speedy  ; nimble  ; 
rapid.  “ With  swift  ascent.”  Milton. 

As  swift  as  the  rocs  upon  the  mountains.  1 Chron.  xii-  8. 

2.  Heady  ; prompt ; eager ; zealous  ; forward. 

Let  every  man  be  swift  to  hear,  slow  to  speak.  James  i.  19. 

3.  Coming  quickly;  not  delayed  ; sudden. 

Bring  upon  themselves  swift  destruction.  2 Pet.  ii.  1, 

SWIFT,  n.  1.  Current,  as  of  a stream.  Walton. 

2.  A machine  for  winding  skeins  of  yarn, 
silk,  &c. ; — often  used  in  the  plural.  Simmonds. 

3.  ( Herp .)  An  animal  of  the  order  Batrachia ; 

an  eft  or  newt.  Forby. 

4.  {Ornith.)  A bird  of  the  order  Passeres, 

family  Hirunclinida,  or  swallows,  and  sub-fam- 
ily Cypselitue.  — See  Cypselinje.  Gray. 

SWIFT'IJR,  n.  (Naut.)  The  forward  shroud  of  a 
lower  mast : — a rope  to  confine  a capstan-bar 
to  its  place  when  shipped.  Dana. 

SWIFT'— FOOT  (swlft'fut),  a.  Nimble  ; swift-foot- 
ed. “ The  swift-foot  hare.”  Mir.  for  Mag. 

SWIFT'-FOOT-ED  (-fut-),  a.  Swift  of  foot.  Pope. 

SWIFT'— HEELED  (swlft'held),  a.  Swift-footed; 
rapid.  “ Swift-heeled  death.”  Ilabington. 

SWlFT'LY,  ad.  With  a swift  motion  ; with  ve- 
locity ; fleetly  ; rapidly  ; nimbly.  Bacon. 

SWlFT’NpSS,  n.  Quickness  of  motion;  speed; 
fleetness  ; rapidity  ; velocity ; celerity.  Shah. 

Syn.  — See  Quickness. 

SWIFT'— WINGED  (-wingd),  a.  Swift  of  wing; 
swift  in  flight ; flying  swiftly.  Shah. 

SWIG,  v.  n.  [Icel.  swiga."]  To  drink  greedily  or 
by  large  draughts  ; to  quaff.  [Vulgar.]  Martin. 

SWIG,  v.  a.  To  drink  or  suck  greedily  or  by  large 
draughts;  to  guzzle.  [Vulgar.]  Creech. 

SWIG,  n.  1.  A large  or  greedy  draught. 

He  first  took  a good  swig  at  the  bottle,  [Vulgar.] 

2. 

SWILL, 


to  swallow  ; swilian,  to  wash  ; Dut.  zwelgen,  to 
swallow;  Ger.  schwelgen,  to  swill ; Dan.  svcelge, 
to  swallow  ; Sw.  svtilja  ; Icel.  svelgia,  to  devour. 
— Ir.  slug,  to  swallow  ; Gael,  sluig. ] [i. 
SWILLED  ; pp.  SWILLING,  SWILLED.] 

1.  To  drink  grossly  or  greedily  ; to  guzzle. 

Swilling  down  great  quantities  of  cold  liquors.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  To  inebriate  ; to  intoxicate  ; to  fuddle. 

To  meet  the  rudeness  and  swilled  insolence 

Of  such  late  wassailers.  Milton. 

3.  To  wash ; to  drench,  [it.] 

Swilled  with  the  wild  and  wasteful  ocean.  Shah. 

SWILL,  v.  n.  To  drink  grossly  or  greedily.  South. 

SWILL,  n.  1.  Drink  grossly  or  greedily  poured 
down  ; greedy  draughts  of  liquor.  Thomson. 

2.  Liquid  food  for  swine  ; hogwash.  Mortimer. 

3.  A wicker  basket.  [Local,  Eng.]  Moor. 

SWILL'pR,  n.  One  who  swills;  a gross  or  vora- 
cious drinker;  a drunkard; — called  also,  for- 
merly, a swillbowl  and  a swillpot.  Barret. 

SWIL'LpY,  71.  A small  coal-field  ; — an  eddy;  a 
whirlpool.  [Local,  Eng.]  Wright. 

SWILL'ING§,  n.pl.  Swill;  hogwash.  Sherwood. 

SWIM,  v.n.  [A.  S.  sivimman ; Dut.  zwemmen; 
Ger.  schwimmen ; Dan.  svijmme  ; Sw.  simrna  ; 
Icel.  svema.']  [i.  swum  or  swam  ; pp.  swim- 
ming, swum.  — Sworn,  the  old  preterite,  is  ob- 
solete.] 

1.  To  float  or  be  borne,  as  on  the  surface  of 
water. 

I will  scarce  think  you  have  swam  in  a gondola.  Shak. 

2.  To  move  progressively  in  water  by  motion 
of  the  limbs  or  fins,  as  a man  or  a fish. 

He  that  swimmeth  spreadeth  forth  his  hands.  Isa.  xxx.  11. 
Csesar  said  to  me,  Dar’st  thou,  Cassius,  now 
Leap  in  with  me  into  this  angry  flood 
And  swim  to  yonder  point?  Shak. 

3.  To  glide  with  a smooth  or  waving  motion. 

A hovering  mist  came  swimming  o’er  his  sight.  Dryden. 

4.  To  be  dizzy,  as  the  head.  Dryden. 

5.  To  be  flooded  or  inundated. 

The  ditches  swell,  the  meadows  swim.  Thomson. 

6.  To  abound  or  overflow  in  any  thing. 

They  now  swim  in  joy,  Milton . 

SWIM,  v.  a.  1.  To  pass  or  cross  by  swimming. 

Sometimes  he  thought  to  swim  the  stormy  main.  Dryden. 

2.  To  immerse  in  water,  that  the  lighter  parts 
may  float,  as  wheat- for  seed.  Wright. 

SWIM,  n.  1.  A smooth,  gliding  motion.  B.Jonson. 

2.  Period  or  extent  of  swimming.  Clarke. 

3.  The  air-bladder  of  a fish  ; sound.  Grew. 

SWlM'MER,  n.  1.  One  who  swims.  Bacon. 

2.  {Farriery.)  A bunch,  or  protuberance  on 

the  leg  of  a horse.  Farrier’s  Diet. 

3.  {Ornith.)  A web-footed  or  aquatic  bird,  as 

a duck  or  a goose.  Brande. 

SWIM'MING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who,  or  that 
which,  swims  ; a floating,  as  on  water.  Todd. 

2.  Dizziness  ; vertigo.  Holland. 

SWl M 'MIN G— FLINT,  n.  {Min.)  A light,  white 
flint,  which  will  .float  on  water.  Cleaveland. 

SWIM'MING-LY,  ad.  Smoothly  ; without  ob- 
struction ; successfully ; prosperously. 

I hope  the  cause  goes  on  swimmingly.  Arbuthnot. 

SWIM'MING-NESS,  n.  Swimming  motion.  Shah. 

SWIN'DLE  (swtn'dl),  v.  a.  [Dut.  zwendelen ; 
Ger.  schwindeln.]  [ i . swindled;  pp.  swin- 

dling, swindled.]  To  cheat  or  defraud  by 
artifice  or  false  pretences  ; to  cozen.  James. 

SWIN'DLE,  n.  The  act  of  swindling;  a cheat; 
a fraud  ; an  imposition  ; a deception.  Clarke. 

SWIN'DLER,  n.  One  who  swindles;  a sharper  ; 
a cheat ; a rogue  ; an  impostor.  Knox. 

SWIN'DLING,  n.  The  practice  of  a swindler; 
defrauding ; knavery  ; cheating.  Bouvier. 

SWINE,  n.  sing.  8c  pi.  [M.  Goth,  swein  ; A.  S. 
swin,  swyn ; Dut.  zwijn  ; Ger.  schwein  ; Dan. 
sviin  ; Sw.  if  Icel.  svin. — Pol.  swinia\  Bohe- 
mian swine .]  {Zolil.)  A pachydermatous  ani- 
mal of  the  family  Suidce,  of  which  the  genus 
Sus  is  the  type  ; a hog  ; a pig ; — in  the  plural, 
hogs  collectively.  Baird. 

O monstrous  beast!  how  like  a swine  he  lies.  Shak. 

And  there  was  a good  way  oft’  from  them  an  herd  of  many 
swine  feeding.  Matt.  viii.  30. 


SWINE'— BREAD,  n.  A plant;  truffle.  Bailey. 
SWINE'-CRESS,  n.  {Bot.)  Wart  cress.  Crabb. 
SWINE'— DRUNK,  a.  Beastly  drunk.  Shah 
SWInE'-GRAsS,  n.  A kind  of  grass.  Johnson. 
SWINE'— HERD,  n.  A keeper  of  swine.  Tusscr. 


SSf“  This  word,  in  tile  north  of  England,  is  pro- 
nounced swinnard .”  Walker. 

SWINE'— PIPE,  n.  {Ornith.)  A species  of  thrush; 
the  redwing ; Turdus  iliacus.  Eng.  Cyc.  Bailey. 

SWINE'— POX,  n.  {Med.)  Chicken-pox. /hon/fison. 

SWINE'— STONE,  n.  (.1  Fin.)  A variety  of  carbon- 
ate of  lime,  which  gives  out  a fetid  odor  when 
struck  with  a hammer  ; stinkstone.  Dana. 

SWINE '-STY,  n.  A sty  for  swine.  Prompt.  Paro. 

SWINE'— THlS-TLE  (-tbis-sl),  n.  A name  of  plants 
of  the  genus  Sonchus ; sow-thistle.  Smart. 

SWING,  v.n.  [A.  S.  swengan;  Dut.  zwaaijen; 
Ger.  schwingen ; Dan.  fringe-,  Sw.  sveinga, 
svinga.]  [i.  swung  ; pp.  swinging,  swung. 
— Swung,  the  old  preterite,  is  obsolete.] 

1.  To  move  to  and  fro,  as  any  thing  hanging 
loosely,  or  attached  at  one  end  and  moving  freely 
at  the  other ; to  wave  ; to  vibrate ; to  oscillate. 

I tried  if  a pendulum  would  swing  faster,  or  continue 
swinging  longer,  in  our  receiver.  Boyle. 

2.  To  move  backward  and  forward  on  a rope, 

as  for  amusement  or  exercise.  Johnson. 

3.  To  be  hanged;  to  hang.  D.  Webster. 

SWING,  v.  a.  1.  To  make  to  play  loosely,  as  a 
thing  suspended  ; to  cause  to  wave  or  oscillate. 

He  sivings  his  tail,  and  swiftly  turns  him  round.  Dryden. 

2.  To  whirl  round  in  the  air  ; to  brandish. 

Ilis  sword  prepared, 

ne  swung  about  his  head,  and  cut  the  winds.  Shak. 

SWING,  n.  1.  The  act  or  the  motion-  of  swing- 
ing ; a waving  or  vibratory  motion  ; oscillation. 

If  any  one  should  ask  how  he  certainly  knows  that  the 
two  successive  swings  of  a pendulum  are  equal,  it  would  he 
very  hard  to  satisfy  him.  Locke. 

2.  A line  or  cord  on  which  any  thing  hangs 

loose  or  vibrates.  Johnson. 

3.  An  apparatus  commonly  made  of  rope,  and 

furnished  with  a seat,  suspended  from  a beam 
or  the  bough  of  a tree,  for  persons  to  swing  in 
for  amusement  or  exercise.  Simmonds. 

4.  Free  course  or  scope;  unrestrained  liber- 
ty. “ The  full  swing  of  his  lust.”  Chapman. 

5.  Unrestrained  tendency  ; natural  bias. 

The  prevailing  swing  of  corrupt  nature.  South. 

SWING'— BRIDGE,  n.  A bridge  that  may  be 
moved  by  swinging,  as  on  a canal.  Clarke. 

SWINGE  (swlnj),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  swingan,  to  beat.] 
[i.  swinged  ; pp.  swingeing,  swinged.] 

1.  To  beat  or  chastise  soundly  ; to  whip ; to 

flog ; to  scourge  ; to  lash.  Shak. 

2.  +To  move  or  swing,  as  a lash. 

He,  wroth  to  see  his  kingdom  fail. 

Swinges  the  scaly  horror  of  his  folded  tail.  Milton. 

f SWINGE,  n.  A swing ; sweep.  Waller. 

f SWINGE'— BUCK-LER,  n.  A blusterer.  Shak. 

SWlNGE'ING  (swin'jjng),  a.  Great ; huge.  “A 
swingeing  sum.”  [Vulgar.]  Arbuthnot. 

SWINGE'ING-LY  (swln'jjng-le),  ad.  Vastly  ; great- 
ly ; hugely  ; monstrously.  Swift. 

SWIN'GPL,  n.  That  part  of  a flail  which  swings, 
or  which  beats  out  the  grain  in  thrashing.T’oiAy. 

SWING’ pR  (swlng’er),  n.  One  who  swings.  Bale. 

SWIN'GER  (swin'jer),  n.  1.  A great  falsehood; 
a monstrous  or  notorious  lie.  Echard. 

2.  Any  thing  very  large.  [Vulgar.]  Wright. 

SWING'ING,  p.  a.  Moving  to  and  fro  ; vibrating. 

SWIN'GLE  (swlng'gl),  v.  a.  [From  sicinge .]  [t. 
SWINGLED  ; pp.  SWINGLING,  SWINGLED.] 

1.  To  dress,  or  separate  the  fibrous  parts  of, 

as  flax,  from  the  woody  substance  and  coarse 
tow,  by  beating.  Ash. 

2.  To  cut  off  the  tops  of,  as  weeds,  without 
pulling  out  the  roots.  [Local,  Eng.]  Forby. 

f SWIN'GLE,  v.  n.  To  dangle;  to  swing.  Johnson. 

SWIN'GLE,  n.  A wooden  instrument,  resembling 
a large  knife,  with  which  flax  is  swingled  or 
beaten;  — called  also  swingle-staff,  swingling- 
knife,  swingling-staff,  and  swingling-wand.  Ash. 


Randolph. 

Ale  and  toasted  bread.  Craven  Dialect, 
v.  a.  [A.  S.  swelgan,  swilgan,  to  swill, 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  p,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  F.\RE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


SWINGLE-KNIFE 


1463 


SYCAMORE 


SWIN'GLE— KNIFE,  71.  A swingle.  Clarke. 

SWIN'GLE-STAfF,  n.  A swingle.  Ash. 

SWIN'GLE-TREE,  n.  Bar  of  a carriage,  to  which 
the  traces  are  attached ; a whippletree.  Ash. 

SWlN'GLE— WAND  (-wond),  n.  An  instrument 

for  swingling  flax ; a swingle.  Jamieson. 

SWING— PLOUGH,  n.  A plough  having  no  wheel 
under  the  beam.  Loudon. 

SWING'-TREE,  n.  A swingle-tree.  Stephens. 

SWING'— WHEEL,  n.  A wheel  which  drives  the 
pendulum  of  a timepiece.  Smart. 

SWl'NISH,  a.  Resembling  swine  ; hoggish ; gross ; 
brutish;  beastly.  “ Swinish  gluttony.”  Milton. 

SWI'NISH-LY,  ad.  In  a swinish  manner.  Bale. 

SWI'NISH-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state  of 
being  swinish  ; hoggishness.  Boswell. 

f SWINK  (swlnk),  v.  n.  [ A.S.swincan .]  To  labor; 
to  toil ; to  drudge ; to  slave.  Spenser. 

t SWINK  (swlnk),  v.  a.  To  overlabor.  Milton. 

t SWINK,  n.  Labor;  toil;  drudgery.  Spenser. 

f SWINK'IJR,  n.  A laborer  ; ploughman.  Chaucer. 

SWIPE,  n.  A pole  or  piece  of  timber  turning  on 
an  upright  post,  and  used  for  raising  and  lower- 
ing the  bucket  of  a well;  a sweep.  Ahp.  Potter. 

SWIPES,  n.  Brisk  small-beer ; taplash.  [Scot- 
land, and  local,  Eng.]  Jamieson.  Todd. 

SWIPLE,  n.  The  part  of  a flail  by  which  the  grain 
is  struck  in  thrashing;  a swingel.  Farm.  Eilcy. 

SWlP'P(5R,  a.  [A.  S.  swipian,  to  move  quick.] 
Nimble  ; quick.  [Local,  Eng.]  Wright. 

t SWIRE,  n.  [A.  S.  swer,  swyr,  a column.]  The 
neck.  “ To  tear  her  swire.”  Chaucer. 

SWIRL,  n.  A whirl,  or  a whirling  motion ; a gy- 
ration. [Local,  Eng.]  Wright.  Leigh  Hunt. 

SWIRL,  v.  a.  To  whirl ; to  cause  to  perform  a 
gyration,  [u.]  Companion  of  Solitude. 

SWIRL,  v.  n.  To  W'hirl  or  turn  with  the  wind,  as 
the  tide.  Lord  Dufferin. 

SWISS,  a.  ( Geog .)  Of,  or  belonging  to,  Switzer- 
land or  to  its  inhabitants.  Addison. 


SWISS,  71.  A native,  an  inhabitant,  or  the  lan- 
guage, of  Switzerland  ; a Switzer.  Hudibras. 

SWITCH,  7i.  [Ger.  zioeig ; Sw.  sveg.  — The  same 
as  tivig.  Richardson.) 

1.  A small,  flexible  rod  or  twig.  Addison. 

2.  ( Railroads .)  Movable  rails  placed  at  the 
junction  of  two  tracks  to  guide  a train,  a car,  or 
an  engine  from  one  track  to  another.  Tomlinson. 

SWITCH,  V.  a.  [i.  SWITCHED  ; pp.  SWITCHING, 
SWITCHED.] 

1.  To  lash  with  a switch.  Chapman. 

2.  To  trim,  as  a hedge.  [Local,  Eng.]/7aWiWfL 

3.  To  turn  or  cause  to  pass  from  one  track  to 

another,  by  means  of  a switch,  as  a car  or 
engine ; — often  used  with  off.  Shakford. 

SWITCH,  v.  71.  To  walk  with  a kind  of  jerk,  or 
unequal  tread.  [Norfh  of  Eng.]  Todd. 

SWITCH'LL,  71.  A beverage  made  of  molasses 
and  water;  sweetened  water.  [Local.]  Simmonds. 

SWITCH'MAN,  71.  One  whose  business  it  is  to 
manage  a railroad  switch.  Andrews. 


fSWITIIE,  ad.  [A.  S.  swithe,  very,  greatly.] 
Hastily  ; quickly  ; rapidly.  Wickliffe. 

SWIT'Z^R,  7i.  (Geog.)  A native  or  an  inhabitant 
of  Switzerland  ; a Swiss.  Ahp.  Usher. 

fSWIVE,  v.  a.  To  agitate  ; to  shake.  Chaucer. 


SWIV'EL  (swlv'vl),  7i.  [A.  S.  swifa7i,  to  revolve  ; 
Icel.  sveifa,  to  agitate.  “ This  word  appears  to 
he  related  to  sweopa7i,  to  sweep,  and  wafian,  to 
fluctuate,  to  vacillate,  where  the  letter  s only  is 
wanting.”  Bosicorth.) 

1.  Something  fixed  in  or  on  another  body  so 
as  to  turn  round  in  or  upon  it.  Weale. 

2 ( Naut .)  A ring  or  a 
link  of  iron,  used  in  chain 
cables,  made  so  as  to  turn  Swivel, 

upon  an  axis,  arid  keep  the  turns  out  of  a chain. 

Dana. 


3.  (Mil.)  A small  piece  of  ordnance,  turning 
on  a pivot  or  swivel.  Stocqueler. 

SWIV'EL  (swlv'vl),  v.  n.  To  turn  round,  as  a 
swivel ; to  turn  on  a pivot.  Clarke. 

SWIV'EL— BRIDGE,  n.  A bridge  that  turns  round 
sidewise  on  its  centre.  Clarke. 

SWIV'EL— EYED  (swlv'vl-ld),  a.  Having  oblique 
vision  ; squint-eyed.  [Local,  Eng.]  Wright. 

SWIV'EL— GUN,  n.  A small  cannon  turning 
freely  on  a pivot ; a swivel.  Simmo7ids. 

SWIV'EL— HOOK  (-huk),  n.  A hook  turning  in 
the  end  of  an  iron  strop-block.  Sun>/io?ids. 

SWIZ'ZLE,  v.  a.  To  drink;  to  swill.  [Low.]  Wr. 

SWIZ'ZLE,  7i.  A beverage  made  of  ale  and  beer 
mixed.  [Local,  Eng.]  Wright. 

SWOB,  n.  & v.  See  Swab. 

SWOB'BpR,  7i.  1.  (Naut.)  See  Swabber.  Dryden. 

2.  pi.  Four  privileged  cards  used  incidental- 
ly in  betting  at  whist.  Swift. 

SWOL'LEN  (swoln),  p.  from  swell.  Swelled. 

SWOLN,  p.  from  swell.  See  Swell.  Piior. 

f SWOM,  i.  from  swim.  See  Swim.  Shak. 

SWOON,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  aswa7ian,  to  languish, 
to  perish.]  [*.  swooned  ; pp.  swooning, 
swooned.]  To  suffer  a suspension  of  thought, 
motion,  and  sensation  ; to  faint. 

Many  will  swoon , when  they  do  look  on  blood.  Shale. 

SWOON,  71.  The  act  of  swooning,  or  the  state  of 
one  who  has  swooned  ; complete  and  commonly 
sudden  loss  of  sensation  and  motion,  with  con- 
siderable diminution  or  entire  suspension  of 
the  pulsations  of  the  heart,  and  the  respiratory 
movements  ; syncope.  Du7igliso7i. 

SW'OON'ING,  7i.  The  act  of  one  who  swoons; 
the  act  of  fainting ; a fainting.  Bp.  Hall. 

SWOON'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a swooning  manner. 

SWOOP,  v.  a.  [The  same  as  sweep.  Tooke . — 
See  Sweep.]  [i.  swooped;  pp.  swooping, 
swooped.]  To  fall  on  and  seize  at  once,  as  a 
hawk  his  prey  ; to  catch  up  ; to  seize.  Wilkins. 

The  physician  looks  witli  another  eye  on  the  medicinal 
herb  than  the  grazing  ox  which  swoops  it  in  with  the  com- 
mon grass.  Glanvill. 

f SWOOP,  v.  7i.  To  pass  with  pomp  ; to  sweep. 

Proud  Tamer  swoops  along  with  such  a lusty  train, 

As  fits  so  brave  a flood.  Drayton. 

SWOOP,  7i.  A sudden  sweeping  descent ; a fall- 
ing upon  and  seizing,  as  a hawk  his  prey. 

What!  all  my  pretty  chickens  and  their  dam 

At  one  fell  swoop'.  Shak. 

SWOP,  V.  a.  [t.  SWOPPED  ; pp.  SWOPPING,  SWOP- 
PED.] To  exchange  for  something  else  ; to  bar- 
ter;— written  also  swap.  [A  low  word.]  Dryden. 

SWOP,  7i.  A mutual  exchange  ; a barter  ; a trade  ; 
— written  also  swap.  Spectator. 

SWORD  (sord)  [s5rd,  S.  W.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K. 
Stn.;  sword  or  sord,  IF6.],  n.  [A.  S.  smtrd, 
stcord,  sweord ; Frs.  swird,  suei-d ; Dut.  zwaard ; 
Ger.  schwert ; Dan.  sveerd ; Sw.  svard ; Icel. 
sverd.  — Scot,  suerd,  swerd .] 

1.  A warlike  weapon  ; a weapon  for  cutting 
or  thrusting,  worn  at  the  side,  and  the  usual 
weapon  in  hand-to-hand  encounters. 

One  of  them  . . . drew  his  sword,  and  struck  a servant  of 
the  high  priest.  JfoU.xxvi.fi. 

They  that  take  the  sword  shall  perish  with  the  sword. 

Matt.  xxvi.  52. 

2.  Destruction  by  war  : — war;  strife. 

The  sword  without,  and  terror  within.  Dent,  xxxii.  25. 

3.  Vengeance  of  justice;  penal  retribution. 

She  qyits  the  balance,  and  resigns  the  sword.  Dryden. 

4.  The  emblem  of  authority  or  power. 

He  beareth  not  the  sword  in  vain.  Rom.  xiii.  4. 

SWORD'— ARM  (sord'-),  n.  The  right  arm.  Clarke. 

SWORD'— BAY-O-NET  (sord'-),  n.  A bayonet 
somewhat  resembling  a sword.  Crabb. 

SWORD'— BEAR-$R  (sord'bAr-er),  n.  A public  offi- 
cer who  carries  the  sword  of  state.  Milton. 

SWORD'— BELT,  n.  A belt  for  suspending  a 
sword  by  the  side.  Duane. 

SWORD'— BLADE,  71.  The  blade  of  a sword. 

The  likeness  of  a sword-blade  to  a blade  of  grass.  Johnson. 


SWORD'— CANE,  n.  A cane  or  walking-stick  coh- 
taining  a sword  or  dagger. 

SWORD'— CUT-LJiR  (sord'kut-ler),  n.  One  who 
makes  swords.  Stocqueler. 

SWORD'jED  (sord'ed),  a.  Girt  with  a sword.  Milton. 

f SWOIlD'JgR  (soid'er),  7i.  One  who  fights  or  plays 
with  the  sword ; a swordsman.  Shak. 

SWORD'-FIGHT  (sord 'fit),  n.  A fight  or  combat 
with  swords.  Holyday. 

SWORD'— FISH  (sord'fish),  n.  (Ich.)  An  acan- 
thopterygious 
fish  allied  to 
the  common 
mackerel,  hav- 
ing the  upper 
jaw  elongated  so  as  to  form  a kind  of  sword  ; 
Xiphias  gladius  : — a name  sometimes  given  to 
a malacopterygious  fish  allied  to  the  pike,  and 
having  elongated  jaws  ; gar-fish  ; sea-needle  ; 
sea-pike  ; Belone  vulgaris.  Baird.  Johnston. 

SWORD'— GRASS  (sord'gris),  n.  (Bot.)  A kind  of 
sedge  ; glader.  Ainsworth. 

SWORD'-HAND,  n.  The  right-hand.  Booth. 

SWORD'— HILT  (sord'-),  n.  The  hilt  or  handle  of 
a sword.  Shak. 

SWORD'— KNOT  (sord'not),  n.  A ribbon  tied  to 
the  hilt  of  a sword.  Pope. 

SWORD'— LAW  (sord'Hw),  n.  Violence  ; the  law 
by  which  all  is  yielded  to  the  stronger.  Milton. 

SWORD'LpSS  (sord'les),  a.  Having  no  sword. 
“With  swordless  belt.”  Byron. 

SWORD'MAN,  7i.  A swordsman.  B.  Jonson. 

SWORD’— PLAY,  n.  An  exhibition  of  skill  with 
swords ; a combat  of  fencers.  Dryden. 

SWORD'— PLAY-gR  (sord'pla-er),  71.  One  who 
exhibits  his  skill  in  the  use  of  the  sword  for 
prizes  ; a gladiator  ; a fencer.  Ilakcwill. 

SWORD'— SHAPED  (sord'sliapt),  a.  X.  Shaped  like 
a sword  or  a sword-blade.  Smith. 

2.  (Bot.)  Noting  leaves  which  are  quite 
straight,  with  nearly  parallel  edges,  and  with 
the  point  acute.  Bindley. 

SWORDS'MAN  (sordz'man),  71. ; pi.  SWORDSMEN 

1.  One  who  fights  with  the  sword.  Shak. 

2.  A person  versed  in  fencing.  Stocqueler . 

SWORDlj'MAN-SIllP  (sordz'mjn-slfip),  n.  Skill  in 

the  use  of  the  sword.  Copper. 

SWORD'— STICK  (sord'-),  n.  A cane  enclosing  a 
slender  sword,  or  rapier.  Simmonds. 

SWORE,  i.  from  swear.  See  Swear. 

SWORN  (sworn),  p.  from  swear.  See  Swear. 

Sworn  brothers , brothers  in  arms,  according  to  tile 
ancient  laws  of  chivalry  : — intimate  friends.  Nures. 

— ( Old  Law.)  Persons  who,  by  mutual  oath,  covenant- 
ed to  share  each  other’s  fortune.  Burrill. 

f SWOUGH  (swiiu),  n.  A state  of  stupor.  Chaucer. 

f SWOUND,  v.  n.  To  swoon.  — See  Swoon.  Shak. 

SWUM,  i.  & p.  from  swim.  See  Swim. 

SWUNG,  i.  & p.  from  siring.  See  Swing. 

SYB  (sib),  a.  [A.  S.  sib,  syb .]  Related  by  blood  : 

— more  correctly  written  sib.  Piers  Plouhman. 

SYB'A-RITE,  n.  [Gr.  Eu/lapiVijf  ; SO (lapig,  a city  of 

Magna  Gracia,  noted  for  luxury.]  An  inhabit- 
ant of  Sybaris,  a city  on  the  Gulf  of  Tarentum, 
whose  inhabitants  were  proverbially  effeminate 
and  luxurious ; — hence,  metaphorically,  an  ef- 
feminate voluptuary.  Brande.  Macaulay. 

S\  B-A-RIT  IC,  ( a [Gr.  Xvj}apiriK6(.~\  Re- 

SYB-A-RIT'I-CAL,  > lating  to  a Sybarite  ; luxuri- 
ous ; voluptuous ; wanton.  Bp.  Hall. 

SYB' A-RjT-I^M,  n.  The  practices  of  the  Sybarites ; 
effeminacy  and  luxuriousness.  Clarke. 

t SYC'A-MlNE,  71.  [Gr.  TOxn'pirof.]  The  mulberry. 

If  ve  had  faith  as  a grain  of  mustard-seed,  ye  might  say 
unto  this  sycamine  tree,  Be  thou  plucked  up  by  the  root,  and 
be  thou  planted  in  the  sea.  Luke.  xvii.  0. 

ffcLr'  It  is  probably  the  Morus  nigra  of  LmntBus,  but 
has  been  confounded  by  modern  and  ancient  writers 
with  the  sycamore,  Ficus  sycomorus.  TV.  Smith.  Kdlo. 

SVC'A-MORE,  n.  [Heb.  Gr.  avKofxdposy 


MiEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  9,  9,  g,  soft ; IS,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  If  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


t 


SYCAMORE-MOTH 


1464 


SYMBOL 


the  fig-mulberry ; tZkov,  a fig,  and  pSpov,  the 
black  mulberry.]  (Hot.)  • . 

1.  A species  of  fig-tree,  having  wide-spread- 

ing branches,  found  in  Palestine,  Egypt,  Ac.  ; 
Ficus  sycomorus.  Baird. 

ilt,  ■ The  Ficus  sycomorus  is  probably  the  sycamore 
tree  of  the  Bible.  Baird. 

2.  A tree  of  the  genus  Platanus;  plane-tree. 

43=  Some  say  the  sycamore  of  tile  ancients  is  the 

Platanus  Onentalis,  or  Oriental  plane;  and  in  Scot- 
land, from  the  resemblance  of  the  leaves  of  this  spe- 
cies to  that  tree,  it  is  often  called  the  sycamore.  The 
American  plane  or  sycamore  is  the  Platanus  Occidenta- 
lis  • — called  also  button-wood,  water-beech,  plane-tree, 
and.  in  Canada,  cotton-tree.  Baird.  Gray.  Loudon 

3.  A species  of  maple  the  timber  of  which  is 

used  by  turners,  millwrights,  &c.  ; Acer  pseudo- 
platanus.  Loudon.  Baird 

SVC'A-MORE— MOTH,  n.  (Ent.)  A species  of 
moths.; — so  called  because  they  feed  upon  the 
leaves  of  the  sycamore.  Clarke 

SY-CEE',  ) n.  [Chinese  se,  sze,  fine 

SY-CEE— SIL-VpR,  ) gloss  silk.]  A species  of 
Chinese  currency,  in  the  form  of  ingots  (by  the 
Chinese  called  shoes),  which  are  of  various 
weights,  but  most  commonly  of  ten  taels  each  ; 
— written  also  seze  Brande. 

43“  Jt  is  the  only  approach  to  a silver  currency 
among  the  Chinese.  Brande. 

SY£H-NO-CAR'POl'S,  a.  [Gr.  m^vbs,  frequent, 
and  Kapnds,  fruit.]  (Bot.)  Noting  a plant  which 
produces  fruit  many  times  without  perishing,  as 
trees,  shrubs,  and  perennials.  Henslow. 


SYC'ITE,  n.  [Gr.  avKirfc,  fig-like  ; ovkov,  a fig.] 
(Min.)  A nodule  of  flint  resembling  a fig ; — 
called  also  fig-stone.  Ure. 

SY-CO'MA,  n.  [Gr.  ebutapa  ; efhcov,  a fig.]  (Med.) 
A tumor  shaped  like  a fig;  sycosis.  Dunglison. 

SYC'O-PHAN-CY  (sik'o-fan-se),  n.  [Gr.  avKoipavrla, 
false  accusation;  L.  sueophantia. — See  Syco- 
phant.] 

1.  fThe  behavior  of  an  informer.  Bp.  Hall. 

2.  The  behavior  of  a sycophant ; the  practice 
of  a flatterer  ; mean  flattery  or  servility.  Knox. 

SYC'O-PHANT  (sik'o-thnt),  n.  [Gr.  avuoipavTij;,  one 
who  informed  against  persons  exporting  figs 
from  Attica,  or  plundering  sacred  fig-trees,  a 
common  informer,  a slanderer;  otncov,  a fig,  and 
tpaivio,  to  show ; L.  sycophanta,  an  informer,  a 
flatterer;  It.  sicofante ; Fr  sycophante.] 

1.  + An  informer;  a false  accuser. 

The  poor  man  that  hath  nought  to  lose,  is  not  afraid  of  the 
sycophant . Holland. 

2.  A base  parasite  ; one  who  flatters  meanly 
or  obsequiously  ; a mean  flatterer. 

A sycophant  wilt  evety  thing  ndmirc.  Bn/den. 

43“  The  literal  signification  is  not  found  in  any 
ancient  writer,  and  may  pe  altogether  an  invention. 
Liddell  4’  Scott.  — Tile  Greek  scholiasts  invented  the 
story'  to  explain  a word  of  which  they  knew  nothing, 
namely,  that  the  sycophant  was  a manifester  of  fit's, 
one  who  exposed  others  in  the  act  of  exporting  figs 
from  Attica,  an  act  forbidden,  they  asserted,  by  the 
Athenian  law.  Be  this  explanation  worth  what  it  may, 
the  w'ord  obtained  in  Greek  a more  general  sonse ; 
any  accuser,  and  then  any  false  accuser,  was  a syco- 
phant ; and  when  the  word  was  adopted  into  the  Eng- 
lish language  it  was  in  this  meaning.  Trench. 

Syn.  — See  Flatterer. 


fSYC'O-PHANT,  v. 
the  sycophant 


[Gr.  avKo<pavrtu>.]  To  play 
Gov.  of  the  Tongue. 

t SYC’O-PHANT,  v.  a.  To  calumniate.  Milton. 
+ SYC'O-PHAnt-CY,  n.  Sycophancy.  Barrow. 
SYC-O-EHAN'TIC, 


SYC-O-PHAN'TI-CAL, 


Ct.  [Gr.  CVKOljiavr IKo;.] 

1.  f Falsely  accusing  ; 
tale-bearing  ; mischievously  officious.  Johnson. 

2.  Relating  to,  or  like,  a fawning  flatterer ; 
meanly  or  cunningly  flattering  ; parasitic  ; 
fawning  obsequiously  Ld.  Shaftesbury. 

Sycophantic  plant.  See  Parasite,  No.  2. 

SYC'O-PHANT-ISH,  a.  Resembling  a syeophant ; 
parasitical ; fawning.  Month.  Rev. 

SYC'0-PHANT-I§M,  n.  Sycophancy,  [it.]  Knox. 
SYC'O-PHAN-TIZE,  V.  71.  To  play  the  sycophant; 
to  flatter  obsequionsly.  [r.]  Bailey. 

SY-CO'SI3,  n.  [Gr.  ubKioaig ; oukov,  a fig.]  (Med.) 
A tumor  of  the  shape  of  a fig  ; — especially  an 


eruption  of  inflamed  but  not  very  hard  tubercles 
on  the  bearded  portion  of  the  face  and  on  the 
scalp  : — also  a fungous  ulcer.  Dunglison. 

SYD'ER-O-LITE,  n.  A kind  of  Bohemian-ware 
resembling  Wedgwood-ware.  Simmonds. 

SYD-NE  AN,  / a Noting  a species  of 

SYD-NE'IAN  (-yan),  ) white  earth  from  Sydney 
Cove,  in  New  South  Wales.  Wright. 

SY'E-NiTE,  n.  (Min.)  See  Siexite. 

SY-E-NIT'IC,  a.  [Gr.  Xu^turoctb.] 

1.  Relating  to  Syene  in  Egypt.  Liddell  1$  Scott. 

2.  Pertaining  to  syenite  ; syenitic.  Eng.  Cyc. 

SYKE,  n.  A small  rill  in  low  grounds  ; a gutter  ; 
— written  also  sike.  [Local.]  Clarke. 

SYL'LA-BA-RY,  n.  A table  of  syllables  ; a list  or 
collection  of  syllables,  [it.]  For.  Qu.  Rev 

S\  L-LAB  IC,  } a_  [Gr.  av/.i.,i!3iKoq ; It.  si llabi- 

SYL-LAb'I-CAL,  ) co ; Sp  silabico;  Fr.  sylla- 
biqite .]  Relating  to,  or  consisting  of,  a syllable 
or  syllables.  “ Syllabic  quantity.”  Knox. 

SYL-LAB'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a syllabical  manner  ; 

tvith  respect  to  syllables.  Bp.  Gaudcn. 

SYL-LAB'I-CATE,  v.  a.  [t.  SYLLABICATED  ; pp. 
SYLLABICATING,  SYLLABICATED.]  To  form  into 
syllables,  as  letters.  Perry. 

SYL-LAB-I-CA'TION,  n.  The  formation  of  sylla- 
bles ; division  of  a word  into  syllables.  Walker. 

SYL-LAB-I-FI-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  syllaba,  a sylla- 
ble, and  facio,  to  make.]  The  formation  of  syl- 
lables ; syllabication.  Dr.  Latham. 

SYL'LA-BIST,  n.  One  who  is  versed  in,  or  who 
makes,  syllables.  For.  Qu.  Rev. 

SYL'LA-BLE  (sllVbl),  n.  [Gr.  cvUa(3,i,  that 
which  is  held  together,  a syllable  ; avXXapPivo,  to 
take  together;  aba,  with,  and  Xapliavui,  to  take; 
L.  syllaba-.  It  sillaba;  Sp.  silaba  ; Fr.  syllabe.] 

1.  A letter,  or  a combination  of  letters,  pro- 
nounced by  a single  impulse  of  the  voice,  and 
constituting  a word,  or  a part  of  a word.  Shak. 

43“  No  single  letter,  except  a vowel,  can  form  a 
syllable.  The  longest  syllabic  in  the  English  lan- 
guage is  tile  word  strength.  'Pile  most  natural  wav 
of  dividing  words  into  syllables  is  lo  separate  all  the 
simple  sounds  of  which  any  word  consists  so  as  not 
to  divide  those  letters  which  are  joined  close  together 
according  to  the  most  accurate  pronunciation.  Ency. 
Brilannica. 

2.  Any  thing  concise  or  short ; a particle. 

To  the  last  syllable  of  recorded  time.  Shak. 

SYL'LA-BLE,  v.  a.  To  utter  ; to  articulate,  [it.] 

Airy  tongues  that  syllable  men’s  names 

On  sands,  and  shores,  und  desert  wildernesses.  Milton. 

SYL'LA-BUB,  n.  A drink  composed  of  milk,  wine, 
sugar,  and  spices.  Beaumont. 

SYL'LA-BUS,  n. ; pi.  L.  syllabi-,  Eng.  sy’LLA- 
buses.  [Gr.  ab2.?.a(3os ; L.  syllabus.']  A compen- 
dium containing  the  heads  of  a discourse  ; a ta- 
ble of  contents  or  heads  of  a treatise  ; an  ab- 
stract ; an  abridgment ; an  epitome.  Cleaveland. 

Syn.  — See  Abridgment. 

SYL-LEP'SIS,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  abAhi4',S<  A taking 
together;  aim,  with,  together,  and  Xapfiuvui,  to 
take.]  (Gram.  & Rhet.) 

1.  The  agreement  of  an  adjective  or  a verb, 

belonging  to  two  or  more  nouns  of  different 
genders,  persons,  or  numbers,  with  one  rather 
than  another,  as  the  agreement  in  gender  of  the 
adjective  with  the  masculine  rather  than  the 
feminine  noun  in  the  Latin  sentence,  — “Rex 
et  regina  beati.”  Andrews. 

2.  A trope  by  which  a word  is  taken  in  two 
senses  at  once,  the  literal  and  the  metaphori- 
cal, as  in  the  following  sentence. 

Beautiful  as  the  whole  country  had  been,  1 found  nothing 
equal  to  the  two  hours  before  entering  Nicaragua.  Stephens. 

SYL-LEP'TI-CAL,  a.  Relating  to,  resembling, 
or  implying,  syllepsis.  Crombie. 

SYL-LEP'TI-CAL-Ly,  ad.  By  way  of  syllepsis. 

SYL'LO-<?I§M  (sTl'o-jizm),  n.  [Gr.  erv).).oytop6i,  a 
reckoning  all  together,  a syllogism ; mjX/oyi^o- 
pai,  to  bring  at  once  before  the  mind  ; abv,  to- 
gether, and  loyilfipai,  to  count,  to  conclude  by 
reasoning;  L.  sylloyismus  ■;  It.  si/loyismo ; Sp. 
siloyismo  ; Fr . sylloyisme.)  (Logic.)  An  argu- 
ment stated  in  tlie  correct  logical  form,  con- 


sisting of  three  propositions,  — the  two  first  be- 
ing the  premises,  (major  and  minor,)  and  the 
last  the  conclusion,  — and  having  the  property, 
that  the  conclusion  necessarily  follows  from 
the  two  premises  ; so  that,  if  the  premises  are 
true,  the  conclusion  must  be  true  also ; as, 

{Major  premise.)  All  excess  is  sinful.  {Minor  prem- 
ise.) All  {.Muttony  is  excess.  {Conclusion)  All  glut- 
tony is  sinful.  — See  Premise. 

SYL-LO-GtS  T(C,  )a  [Gr.  mi/J.oytcrtiaSs ! L. 

SYL-LO-(jrIs'TJ-CAL,  5 syUogisticus  ; It . siUogis- 
tico  ; Sp . silogistico  •,  Fr.  sylloyistique.]  Per' 
tabling  to,  or  consisting  of,  a syllogism.  Watts. 

SYL-LO-GIS'TI-CAL-LY,  ad  In  the  form  of  a 
syllogism,  or  by  niean’s  of  a syllogism.  Locke. 

SYL-LO-£!-ZA'TION,  n.  A reasoning  by  syllo- 
gisms. “ Intuition  and  syllogization.”  Harris. 

SYL'LO-GIZE,  v.  n.  [Gr.  ovX?.oyii(opai  ; It.  sillo- 
gizzare;  Sp .silogizar;  Fr.  syllogiser.]  \i.  syl- 
logized: pp.  syllogizing,  syllogized.]  To 
reason  by  syllogism.  Watts. 

SYL'LO-<?IZ-ER,  n.  One  who  reasons  by  syllo- 
gism. Dering. 

SYLPH  (sllf),  n.  [Gr.  aiXifa,  a kind  of  grub ; It. 
silfo ; Sp.  silfio  ; Fr . sylphe.]  An  imaginary  be- 
ing inhabiting  the  air.  Pope.  Allston. 

SYL'PIIID,  n.  [It.  silfide ; Sp.  silfida;  Fr.  syl- 
phide .]  A sylph,  or  a little  sylph.  Pope. 

SYL'VA,  ii.  ; pi.  SYLVAS.  [L.,  a wood,  a forest.] 

1.  The  trees  of  a country  or  region,  or  a work 

containing  a botanical  description  of  the  trees 
of  a country  or  region.  Evelyn. 

2.  A collection  of  poetical  compositions  of 

various  kinds.  Wakefield. 

3.  A poetical  piece  composed  at  a start,  or  in 

a kind  of  rapture  : — any  thing  done  in  haste  or 
on  the  spot.  Quintilian. 

SYL' V AN,  a.  [L.  sylva,  silva,  a wood ; It.  silvano, 
sylvan.]  [Written  also  silvan.] 

1.  Pertaining  to,  or  inhabiting,  a forest. 

Eternal  greens  the  mossy  margin  grace. 

Watched  by  the  sylvan  genius  of  the  place.  Pope. 

2.  Abounding  with  woods  ; woody  ; shady. 

Calm  I retire,  and  seek  the  sylvan  shade.  Churchill. 

SYI/ VAN,  n.  [L.  sylcanus,  silvanus;  It.  ft  Sp. 
silvano  ; Fr.  silvain .]  A fabled  deity  of  the 
woods ; a god  of  the  woods  ; a satyr  ; a faun  ; — 
perhaps  sometimes  used  for  a rustic. 

Her  private  orchards,  walled  on  every  side, 

To  lawless  sylvans  all  access  denied.  Pope. 

SYL'VAN-lTE,  n.  (Min.)  Native  tellurium.  Dana. 

SYL-VAT'IC,  a.  Sylvan,  [r.]  Booth. 

SYL-VES'TRI-AN,  a.  Sylvan,  [r.]  Gay. 

SYL-vi-A'NJE,  n.  pi.  [L.  syltia,  a forest.]  (Or- 
nith!) See  Sylvinas.  Nultall. 

SYL' VIC-A^'ID,  n.  One  of  the  two  resins  of 
which  the  brown  variety  of  common  rosin,  or 
colophony,  consists.  It  crystallizes  from  its 
solution  in  hot  alcohol  in  rhombic  prisms  or 
plates.  Miller. 

SY  L-VI’  I-DJE,  n.pl.  (Ornith.)  A family  of  pas- 
serine birds ; warblers  &c.  Baird. 

SYL-Vi'NJE,  n.  pi.  (Ornith.)  A sub-family  of 
passerine  birds  ; warblers  ; Luscinince.  Baird. 

SY'MAR,  n.  See  Simar.  Byron. 

SYM'BAL,  n.  A cymbal.  Clarke. 

SYM'BOL,  11.  [Gr.  abpfiolov ; \cvpP6V.oi,  to  throw 
or  cast  together  ; abv,  with,  and  /JbD.io,  to  throw ; 
L.  symbolus;  It.  Sp.  simbolo  ; Fr.  symbole.] 

1.  Any  thing  cognizable  by  the  senses  that 
represents  something  moral  or  intellectual ; an 
emblem  ; a type  ; a sign  ; a token. 

Salt,  as  incorruptible,  was  the  symbol  of  friendship.  Brou  ne. 

Words  are  the  signs  and  symbols  of  things.  South. 

pgr*  Symbol  is  a general  term  embracing  all  the 
varieties  of  hieroglyphics,  types,  enigmas,  emblems, 
Sec.  The  cross  was  t lie  most  noted  of  all  the  Chris- 
tian symbols.  The  Trinity  was  frequently  repre- 
sented by  a triangle  with  a circle,  and  the  mortality 
of  man  by  a skull  and  cross  bones.  Britton. 

2.  (Feel.)  A creed  or  formulary  of  religious 
belief ; an  abstract  or  compendium. 

The  symbol  of  our  faith.  Baler. 

It  seems  that  creeds  were  termed  symbols  by 
early  ecclesiastical  writers,  either  because  (as  Augus- 


A,  E,  i,  0,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  V,  Y,  short;  A,  1J,  I,  Q,  U,  Y,  obscure  ; fArE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


SYMBOLIC 


1465 


SYMPIESOMETER 


tine  says)  all  the  fundamental  doctrines  of  Chris- 
tianity are  collected  in  them,  or  from  the  traditional 
story  related  by  Rufinus,  that  the*  creed  called  the 
Apostles’  Creed  was  formed  by  each  of  them  contrib- 
uting a sentence.  Brands, 

3.  A memorial ; a memento,  [r.]  Spenser. 

4.  A mark  or  character  used  as  an  abbrevia- 
tion, or  to  represent  any  thing.  P.  Cyc. 

5.  f A contribution  to  a common  stock. 

Happy  are  they  who  put  in  the  greatest  symbol.  Bp.  Taylor. 

6.  f Lot ; sentence  of  adjudication.  Taylor. 

Syn.  — See  Figure. 

Chemical  symbols , abbreviations  for  expressing  the 
chemical  composition  of  bodies,  consisting  of  the  in- 
itial letters  of  the  Latin  names  of  elementary  sub 
stances,  with  an  additional  letter  when  the  names  of 
two  or  more  substances  begin  with  the  same  letter, 
figures  or  dots  indicating  the  number  of  equivalents, 
certain  algebraic  signs,  &c.  Thus  the  formula 
KO,  2 CrOa  denotes  a compound  of  two  equivalents  of 
chromic  acid  and  one  of  potash,  or  bichromate  of 
potash  ; Cr03,  denoting  a compound  of  one  equivalent 
of  chromium  and  three  of  oxygen,  or  chromic  acid,  and 
KO  denoting  a compound  of  one  equivalent  of  potas- 
sium ( Kalium ) and  one  o t oxygen,  or  potash.  JMiller. 

S\  IVI-BOL'IC,  ) a.  [Gr.  crvpfiohKog  ; It.  Sp. 

SV M-BOL'I-CAL,  ) simbolico  ; Fr.  symbolique.~\ 
Serving  as  a symbol ; representative  ; typical ; 
emblematic  ; significative.  Pleydell . 

The  sacrament  is  a representation  of  Christ’s  deatli  by  such 
symbolical  actions  as  he  appointed.  Bp.  Taylor. 

Symbolical  books , ( Theol .)  books  containing  the 
creeds  and  confessions  of  different  churches.  Braude. 
— Symbolic  delivery,  (Law.)  the  delivery  of  a thing  by 
delivering  another  thing  which  is  taken  to  be  the  sym- 
bol of  it,  as  the  delivery  of  goods  in  a warehouse  by 
delivering  the  key  of  the  warehouse.  Burrill. — 
Symbolic  notation,  ( Chem.)  a system  of  chemical  sym- 
bols for  expressing  the  composition  of  bodies  and 
representing  their  reactions.  Miller. 

SYM-BOL'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a symbolic  manner  ; 
by  symbols;  by  signs ; typically.  Browne. 

SYM-BOL'IOS,  n.  pi.  Symbolism.  Clarke. 

SYM'BOL-I§M,  n.  1.  An  exposition  or  compari- 
son of  symbols  or  creeds.  Robertson. 

2.  {Chem.)  A knitting  together  or  union  of 
parts  or  ingredients.  Smart. 

SYM'BOL-IST,  n.  One  who  uses  symbols.  Ch.  Ob. 

SYM-BOL-I-ZA'TrON,  n.  The  act  of  symbolizing  ; 
representation  by  symbols.  Browne . 

SYM'BOL-IZE,  v.  n.  [Fr.  symboliser.~\  [i.  sym- 
bolized; pp.  SYMBOLIZING,  SYMBOLIZED.]  To 
have  a typical  resemblance;  to  be  symbolical; 
to  resemble ; to  have  something  in  common. 

The  soul  is  such  that  it  strangely  symbolizes  with  the  thing 
it  mightily  desires.  South. 

SYM'BOL-IZE,  v.  a.  1.  To  represent  by  a symbol. 

Some  symbolize  the  same  from  the  mystery  of  its  colors. 

Browne. 

2.  To  make  symbolical  or  representative. 

There  want  not  some  who  have  symbolized  the  apple  of 
Paradise  into  such  constructions.  Browne. 

S YM- BO-LoG' I-C  A L,  a.  Skilled  in,  resembling, 
or  pertaining  to,  symbology.  Clarke. 

syM-BOL'O-^rlST,  n.  One  skilled  in  symbols  or 
symbology.  Clarke. 

SYM-BOL'O-tJJY,  n.  [Or.  olpfioXov,  a symbol,  and 
loyo t.  a discourse.]  The  doctrine  of,  or  a trea- 
tise on,  symbols.  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

f SYM'ME-TRAL,  a.  Symmetrical.  More. 

SYM-MET'RI-AN,  n.  One  studious  of  proportion 
or  symmetry ; a symmetrist.  Sidney. 

SYM-MET'RI-CAL,  a.  [It.  simmetrico\  Sp.  si- 
met  rico  ; Fr . symetrique.] 

1.  Having  symmetry  ; having  the  parts  in  due 
proportion  ; proportionate  ; proportional. 

A symmetrical  assemblage  of  beautiful  features.  Chesterfield. 

2.  (Bot.)  Noting  flowers  which  have  an  equal 

number  of  parts  of  each  sort,  or  in  each  set  or 
circle  of  organs.  Gray. 

Symmetrical  solids,  ( Ocom .)  two  solids,  such  that 
when  they  are  placed  on  two  sides  of  the  same  plane, 
for  every  point  in  the  surface  of  the  one,  there  is  a 
corresponding  point  in  the  surface  of  the  other,  in  the 
same  perpendicular  to  tile  plane,  and  at  the  same  dis- 
tance from  it.  The  solids,  when  so  placed,  are  said 
to  be  symmetrically  situated  with  regard  to  the  plane. 
They  have  equal  solid  contents,  but  do  not  coincide 
by  superposition.  Lib.  of  Useful  Knowledge 

Sffr’  A curve  is  symmetrical  with  respect  to  a 
straight  line  when  its  points,  taken  in  pairs,  are  sym- 
metrically disposed  with  respect  to  it.  — In  analysis, 


an  expression  is  symmetrical  with  respect  to  two  let- 
ters when  the  places  of  those  two  letters  may  he 
changed  without  changing  the  expression.  Davies. 

SYM-MET'RI-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a symmetrical 
manner;  with  due  proportion  of  parts.  Bailey. 

JSQp-  Two  points  are  symmetrically  disposed  with 
respect  to  a straight  line  when  they  are  on  opposite 
sides  of  the  line,  and  equally  distant  from  it,  so  that 
a straight  line  joining  them  intersects  the  given  line, 
and  is  at  right  angles  to  it.  Davies. 

SYM-MET'RI-CAL-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
symmetrical ; proportion  of  parts.  Clarke. 

SYM-ME-TRF'CIAN  (sim-e-trish'un),  n.  A sym- 
metrian  ; a symmetrist.  Ilolinshed. 

SYM'ME-TItlST,  n.  A symmetrician.  Wotton. 

SYM'ME-TRiZE,  v.  a.  To  make  symmetrical ; to 
reduce  to  symmetry.  Burke. 

SYM'ME-TRY,  n.  [Gr.  mpperpia  ; cvv,  with,  to- 
gether, and  yirpov,  measure  ; L.  symmetria  ; It. 
simmetria ; Sp.  simetria  ; Fr.  sy metric.]  Agree- 
ment of  one  part  with  another,  or  with  the 
whole ; adaptation  of  parts  to  each  other  or  to 
the  whole  ; proportion  ; harmony. 

The  size  and  stature,  the  structure  and  use  of  every  part, 
and  the  symmetry  of  the  whole.  Water  wind. 

Syn.  — Symmetry and  proportion  both  signify  a due 
adjustment  or  adaptation  of  parts  to  each  other,  or  to 
the  whole  ; hut  proportion  is  of  more  extensive  appli- 
cation, being  applied  to  every  thing  which  admits  of 
dimensions  and  adaptation  of  parts.  Proportion  of 
limbs,  of  the  head  to  the  body,  of  all  the  parts  ; 
symmetry  of  features  ; harmony  of  parts. 

SYM-PA-THET'IC,  ? at  [It.  &;  Sp.  simpatico ; 

SYM-PA-THET'I-CAL,  ) Fr.  sympathique .] 

1.  Pertaining  to,  expressing,  or  producing, 
sympathy.  “ Sympathetic  bond.”  Roscommon. 

2.  Having  sympathy  ; feeling  with,  or  for, 
another  or  others  ; compassionate  ; tender. 

Your  sympathetic  heart  she  hopes  to  move.  Prior. 

3.  (Med.)  Noting  an  affection  that  supervenes 

without  any  morbific  cause  acting  directly  on 
the  organ,  but  by  the  reaction  of  some  other 
organ  primarily  affected.  Dunglison. 

Itching  of  the  nose  is  a sympathetic  affection,  produced  by 
irritation  in  the  intestinal  canal.  Dunylison. 

Sympathetic  ink , a kind  of  ink,  as  the  aqueous  so- 
lution of  chloride  of  cobalt,  with  which  characters 
may  be  traced  on  paper  that  are  invisible  when  cold, 
but  become  visible  by  exposure  to  beat,  and  again 
fade,  when  cooled,  by  absorbing  moisture  from  the 
air.  Miller.  — Sympathetic  powder , a powder  once 
supposed  to  cure  a wound,  if  applied  to  the  weapon 
that  inflicted  it,  or  even  to  a portion  of  the  bloody 
clothes.  Dunglison.  — Sympathetic  sounds , sounds  pro- 
duced by  the  vibrations  excited  in  solid  bodies,  as 
cords,  by  the  vibrations  of  other  solid  bodies  propa- 
gated through  the  air.  Young. 

SYM-PA-THET'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a sympathetic 
manner;  with,  or  from,  sympathy.  IVarton. 

SYM'PA-THIST,  n.  One  who  feels  sympathy;  a 
sympathizing  person ; a sympathizer.  Coleridge. 

SYM'PA-THfZE,  v.  n.  [Gr.  avpzaOeu) ; It.  simpa- 
tizzare  ; Sp.  simpatizar  ; Fr.  sympathiser.  — 
See  Sympathy.]  [i.  sympathized  ; pp.  sym- 
pathizing, SYMPATHIZED.] 

1.  To  feel  with  another,  or  in  consequence  of 
what  another  feels  ; to  have  or  feel  sympathy ; 
to  have  common  or  mutual  feeling. 

Their  countrymen  were  particularly  attentive  to  all  their 
story,  and  sympathized  with  their  heroes  in  all  their  adven- 
tures. Addison. 

Who.  when  he  reads  a city  stormed,  forbears 

To  feel  her  woes  and  sympathize  in  tears.  Pitt. 

2.  t To  agree  ; to  fit ; to  harmonize. 

Blue  and  yellow  are  two  colors  which  sympathize.  Dryden. 

+ SYM'PA-THIZE,  v.  a.  To  suffer  for  in  common. 

By  this  sympathized  one  day’s  error.  Shak. 

SYM'PA-TRIZ-£R,  n.  One  who  sympathizes. 

SYM'PA-THY,  n.  [Gr.  cv/nrad eta,  from  aim,  with, 
and  naOo;,  passion,  feeling;  L.  sympathia ; It. 
$ Sp.  simpatia-,  Fr.  sympathies 

1.  Fellow-feeling;  mutual  sensibility;  the 
quality  of  being  affected  by  another’s  affection  ; 
— compassion  ; commiseration  ; condolence  ; 
pity  ; tenderness. 

There  is  a kind  of  sympathy  in  souls  which  fits  them  for 
each  other.  Steele. 

Sympathy  is  one  main  engine  by  which  the  orator  operates 
on  the  passions.  Dr.  Campbell. 

Sympathy  ...  an  inward  feeling  which  is  excited  by  the 
particular  and  extraordinary  situation  of  another.  Coyan. 

2.  An  agreement  of  affections,  likings,  tastes, 
temperaments,  pleasures,  sufferings,  &c. 


Yon  are  not  young;  no  more  am  I:  go  to.  then,  there’s 
sympathy.  You  are  merry;  so  am  I:  ha  I hal  then  there’s 
more  sympathy.  You  love  sack,  and  so  do  I:  would  yon  de- 
sire better  sympathy?  Shah. 

Sympathy  in  years,  manners,  and  beauties.  Shak. 

3.  Correspondence  ; correlation  ; prePstab- 
lished  harmony  ; mutual  adaptation  ; reciproci- 
ty ; affinity  ; concert ; union. 

There  is  in  souls  a sympathy  with  sounds.  Cowper. 

4.  (Med.)  The  correspondence  of  affections  or 
sensations  between  different  parts  or  organs  of 
the  body,  so  that  an  affection  of  one  is  trans- 
mitted, secondarily,  to  the  others,  or  to  one  of 
the  others  ; the  suffering  together  of  parts. 

A knowledge  of  the  particular  sympathies  between  differ- 
ent organs  throws  light  on  the  etiology  of  diseases,  their  seat, 
and  the  particular  organ  towards  which  our  therapeutical 
means  should  be  directed.  Dunylison. 

5.  (Fine  Arts.)  Mutual  conformity  of  parts  ; 
effective  union  or  harmony  of  colors.  Brande. 

Sympathy  of  clocks,  a name  applied  to  t lie  phenom- 
enon of  two  clocks  which  rest  on  the  samo  support, 
modifying  eacli  other’s  motions,  so  as  to  exhibit  a per- 
fect coincidence  in  all  of  them.  1 'ouiia. 

Syn.  — See  Pity. 

SYM-PEP'SIS,  n.  [Gr.  at 'tv,  with,  and  ittccm,  to 
ripen,  to  digest.]  (Med.)  Coetion.  Dunylison. 

SYM-PHON'JC,  a.  (Mits.)  Relating  to,  or  resem- 
bling, a symphony  ; symphonious.  Dwight. 

SYM-PHO'NI-OUS,  a.  1.  Agreeing  in  sound  ; har- 
monious ; consonant;  accordant;  concordant. 

Followed  with  acclamation  and  the  sound 

Symphonious  of  ten  thousand  harps.  Hilton. 

2.  (Mus.)  Symphonic.  Warner- 

SYM'PHO-NIST,  n.  [Fr.  symphoniste.]  (Mm.) 
A composer  of  symphonies.  Dwight. 

SYM'PHO-NfZE,  v.  n.  To  agree;  to  harmonize; 
to  accord;  to  correspond,  [n.]  Boyle. 

SYM'PIIO-NY  (sim'fo-ne),  n.  [Gr.  cvytpojvta  ; cvv, 
with,  and  ipoivrj,  the  voice  ; L.  symphonia  ; It.  § 
Sp . sinfonia;  Fr.  symphonies]  (Mus.) 

1.  An  elaborate  composition  for  a complete 
instrumental  orchestra,  usually  consisting  of 
four,  or  at  the  least  three,  distinct  movements; 
— first,  an  allegro,  or  quick  movement,  in 
sonata  form,  sometimes  opening  with  a brief 
introduction  in  slow  time  ; second,  a slow  move- 
ment, as  andante,  largo,  or  adagio,  in  which  a 
theme  is  varied;  third,  a minuet,  with  its  trio, 
or,  in  modern  usage,  a scherzo  ; lastly,  a finale  in 
rapid  time,  written  in  the  rondo  form.  Dwight. 

■BPS'  Tlie  term  symphony  is  also  applied  to  large  or- 
chestral compositions  in  a freer  style,  sometimes  with 
voices,  as  descriptive  or  programme  symphonies,  ode 
symphonies,  &vc.  Dwight. 

2.  A comparatively  short  introductory,  inter- 

mediate, or  concluding  instrumental  passage  in 
a vocal  composition.  Warner. 

3.  An  ancient  musical  instrument,  supposed 

to  have  been  of  the  drum  kind.  Dwight. 

4.  Anciently,  a vocal  composition,  or  a com- 
position vocal  and  instrumental.  Warner. 

5.  A concordance  of  tones;  a concert  of  voices 
or  instruments  ; a harmony  of  mingled  sounds  ; 
consonance;  concert;  consent;  harmony 

A learned  searcher  from  Pythagoras’s  school,  where  it  was 
a maxim  that  the  images  of  all  things  are  latent  in  numbers, 
determines  the  comeliest  proportion  between  breadths  and 
heights,  reducing  symmetry  to  symphony,  and  the  harmony 
of  sound  to  a kind  of  harmony  in  sight.  Wotton. 

And  let  the  bass  of  heaven’s  deep  organ  blow, 

And,  with  your  ninefold  harmony. 

Make  up  full  consort  to  the  angelic  symphony.  Milton. 

SYM-PHY^'g-AL,  a.  (Med.)  Of,  or  pertaining  to, 
symphysis.  Smart. 

SV  M-PHV  ij-JJ-OT  O-MV  , ) w [Gr.  <Hip<pvtrts,  sym- 

SYM-PHYS-OT'O-MY,  ) physis,  and  ripvut,  to 
cut.]  (Surg.)  The  operation  of  dividing  the 
symphysis  ; the  Sigaultian  operation .Dunglison. 

SYM'PHY-SIS,  n.  [Gr.  obptjivatt,  ; cbv,  with,  and 
tpito,  to  grow.]  (Anat.)  A union  of  bones,  or 
the  bond  of  such  union  : — union  of  parts  pre- 
viously separated;  coalescence:  — point  of  un- 
ion between  two  parts;  commissure:  — attach- 
ment of  one  part  to  another  ; insertion. 

Dunglison. 

SYM-PI-E-SOM'E-TIJR,  n.  [Gr.  to  com- 

press, and  yirpov,  a measure.]  A very  sensi- 
tive instrument  for  indicating  the  amount  and 
variations  of  atmospheric  pressure  by  its  effect 
in  compressing  a column  of  an  clastic  gas  en- 
closed in  a tube. 

Pop-  The  sympiesometer  consists  of  a vertical  glass 


MlEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE. 
184 


■ 9,  5,  *,  soft;  G,  G,  9,  hard;  § as  z;  as  gz. — THIS,  this 


SYMPLESITE 


1466 


SYNCOPE 


tube  terminated  above  by  an  oblong  bulb, 
and  bent  upwards  at  its  lower  extremity, 
and  expanding  into  a cistern  open  at  top. 

Tlie  bulb  and  upper  part  of  the  tube  contain 
hydrogen  gas  ; the  lower  part  and  the  cistern 
contain  colored  oil  of  almonds.  As  the  press- 
ure of  the  atmosphere  varies,  the  enclosed 
hydrogen  expands  or  contracts  by  propor- 
tional but  large  quantities,  and  the  liquid  ac- 
cordingly either  rises  or  falls  in  the  tube, 
through  large  spaces.  A scale  is  attached, 
so  graduated  that  the  indications  of  the  in- 
strument corrected  for  temperature  (as  ob- 
served by  a thermometer  not  represented  in 
the  figure)  correspond  with  those  of  a mercu- 
rial barometer.  The  sensitiveness  of  this 

instrument  renders  it  valuable  at  sea,  but  for  

delicate  meteorological  researches  it  is  inferior  to  the 
mercurial  barometer,  in  consequence,  chiefly,  of  the  ab- 
sorption of  the  hydrogen  gas  by  the  oil.  Adie.  Nichol. 


SYM'PL^-SITE,  n.  (Min.)  A mineral,  commonly 
of  a pale  indigo  color,  and  supposed  to  be  an 
arseniate  of  the  protoxide  of  iron.  Dana. 


SYM'PLO-CE,  7i.  [Gr.  ovji-nl.oK)) ; abv,  with,  and 
TrXoKti,  a twining  or  knitting.]  (Rhet.)  A figure 
according  to  which  several  sentences  or  clauses 
have  the  same  beginning  and  ending.  Crabb. 


|]  SYM-PO'.ST-AC  (sjm-pS'ze-SLk  or  sjm-po'zhe^ak) 
[sjm-pd'ze-ak,  F.  K.  Sni.  R.  I Vb. ; sim-p5'zhe-ak, 
IV.  «/.],  a.  [Gr.  <Jvf.nro<jiaK6s ; <rv  unto  tor,  a drink- 
ing-party ; L.  symposiacus  ; Fr.  symposia quc.~] 
Relating  to  a symposium  or  computation  ; re- 
lating to  merry-makings  ; convivial ; festive. 

The  ancient  custom  of  symposiac  meetings.  Browne. 

||  SYM-P6'§I-AC,  n.  A convivial  meeting  and 
conversation,  as  of  philosophers.  Chambers. 


||  SY.W-PO'§I-ARj0H,  11.  [Gr.  a\>piroalapx°t  ; au/jni- 
aiov,  a banquet,  and  to  preside  over.]  The 

ruler  or  master  of  a symposium,  or  feast. 

As  Alexander  and  Caesar  were  born  for  conquest,  so  was 
Johnson  tor  the  office  of  a sympusiarch,  to  preside  in  all  con- 
versations. Sir  J.  Hawkins. 

I]  S\'.M-P6'§t-AST,  n.  One  who  drinks  or  makes 
merry  with  another.  Qu.  Rev. 

||  SYM-PO'SI-UM  (sim-po'ze-um  or  sim-po'zhe-um), 
11.  [L.,  from  Gr.  aviituiatov ; avynivui,  to  drink  to- 

gether ; abv,  with,  and  -i'w,  to  drink.]  A 
drinking  together ; a merry-making ; a feast ; a 
banquet.  “This  polite  symposium.”  Warton. 

SYMP'TOM  (sim'tom),  n.  [Gr.  abuartoiia,  an  acci- 
dent, a symptom  ; av/miami,  to  fall  together  ; to 
befall;  abv,  together,  with,  and  aittrui,  to  fall; 
It.  $ Sp.  sintoma  ; Fr.  sympt'/me.] 

1.  Something  which  happens  concurrently 
with  something  else,  by  which  the  presence  of 
the  latter  is  indicated ; an  attendant  phenome- 
non; an  indication  ; a sign;  a mark;  a token. 

It  has  become  almost  fashionable  to  stigmatize  such  senti- 
ments as  no  better  than  empty  declamation;  but  it  is  an  ill 
symptom,  and  peculiar  to  modern  times.  Coivper. 

2.  (Med.)  Any  change  perceptible  to  the 
senses,  which  is  connected  with  moVbific  influ- 
ence ; any  thing  which  indicates  the  state  of 
health  or  of  disease. 


It  is  by  the  aggregate  and  succession  of  symptoms  that  a 
disease  is  detected.  The  term  “ symptoms  of  symptoms"  has 
been  used  for  the  effects  which  result  from  the  symptoms  of  a 
disease,  hut  which  effects  are  not  essentially  connected  with 
the  disease  itself.  Dunglison. 

Syn.  — See  Mark. 

SYMP-TO-MAT'IC  (slm-to-mSt'jk),  > [Or.  trus- 
ts Y.M  P-TO-MAT'I-C  A L (siin-tn-),  ) rtopariKii  ; It. 
iSf  Sp.  sintomatico  ; Fr.  symptomatique .] 

1.  Relating  to  symptoms  ; happening  concur- 
rently with  something  else  ; indicative. 

The  one  is  but  symptomatica 1,  or,  at  most,  secondary  in 
relation  to  the  other.  Jloyla. 


2.  (Med.)  Noting  that  which  is  a symptom 
of  some  other  affection  ; — opposed  to  idiopathic. 
“ A symptomatic  disease.”  Dunglison. 

SYMP-TO-MAT'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  the  nature  of 
a symptom  ; by  symptoms.  Wiseman. 

ST MP-TOM- A-T<) L'O-^I  Y,  n.  [Gr.  ab/iarvi/ia,  a 
symptom,  and  /.ilyos,  a discourse;  Fr.  sympto- 
matologies] (Med.)  That  branch  of  pathology 
which  treats  of  the  symptoms  of  diseases;  the 
doctrine  of  symptoms.  Dunglison. 

SYN-.'ER'Jp-SIS  (sjn-er’e-els),  n.  [Gr.  avvaiptat; ; 
awtunlto,  to  grasp  ; abv,  together,  and  aipltv,  to 
take.]  (Gram.)  The  union  of  two  syllables  into 
one;  svneephonesis  ; — opposed  to  diaeresis  ; as 
Is'rael  for  Is'ra-el.  G.  Brown. 


SYN' A-GO<jiT-CAL,  a.  Of,  or  pertaining  to,  a 
synagogue.  Blount. 


SYN' A -GOG UE  (sln'-y-gSg),  n.  [Gr.  avvayutyr'i,  an 
assembly  ; avvayui,  to  lead  or  bring  together ; 
util',  together,  and  Aya>,  to  lead ; L.  syntttjoga ; 
It.  if  Sp.  sinagoga  ; Fr.  synagogue.] 

1.  A religious  assembly  or  congregation  of 

the  Jews.  Acts  ix.  2. 

2.  A Jewish  place  or  house  of  worship. 

lie  hath  built  us  a synayoyue.  Luke  vii.  5. 

The  Jews  had  no  synugoyues  before  the  Babylonish  cap- 
tivity. Bride  dux. 

Go,  Tubal,  and  meet  me  at  our  synagogue.  Shak. 

The  great  synagogue,  ( Jewish  Ant.)  a name  applied- 
in  the  Talmud  to  an  assembly  or  synod  presided  over 
by  Ezra,  and  consisting  of  one  hundred  and  twenty 
men,  alleged  to  have  been  engaged  in  restoring  and 
reforming  the  worship  of  the  temple  after  the  return 
of  the  Jews  from  Babylon.  Kitto. 

SYN-A-LE'PHA,  n.  See  Synalcepha.  Johnson. 

SYN-AL-LAG-MAT'JC,  a.  [Gr.  auvaV.aypaTiKis  ; 
avvaD.aypa,  a contract ; ouvaMaacvi,  to  inter- 
change with,  to  negotiate  with;  abv,  together 
with,  and  ai.hiaam,  to  change ; It.  sinallagmati- 
co  ; Fr . synattagmatique.]  (Civil  Line.)  Noting 
a contract  which  binds  the  parties  to  each  other 
by  mutual  obligations ; bilateral.  Bonder . 

S YJT-AL-  LJX-I  'NJE,  n.  pi. 

(Ornith.)  A sub-family  of 
tenuirostral  birds  of  the 
order  Passcres  and  family 
Certhidte  ; sharp-tails. 

Gray.  Synallaxis  garrulus. 

SYN-A-LCE'PHA  (sin-si-le'f?),  n.  [Gr.  aiivii/.ot<pi ; 
ouimltitpa,  to  smooth  over,  to  unite  ; abv,  to- 
gether, and  a?.eifu,  to  besmear,  to  gloss  over; 
It.  § Sp.  sinalefa  ; Fr.  synal phe .]  (Classi- 
cal Pros.)  The  ‘ principle  or  usage  by  which, 
when  a word  ends  with  a vowel,  or  a diphthong, 
and  the  next  begins  with  a vowel,  the  final  vow- 
el or  diphthong  of  the  first  is  cut  off,  and  the 
final  syllable  of  the  one  runs  into  the  first  of  the 
other;  as,  UP  ego,  for  ille  ego; — written  also 
synalepha.  Andrews. 

SYN-AN'TIIUR-OUS,  a.  [Gr.  abv,  together,  and 
AvOepit,  flowery.]  (Bot.)  Having  the  stamens 
united  by  their  anthers  into  a sheath  surround- 
ing the  style  ; syngenesious.  Balfour. 

SYN-AN'THOrs,  a.  [Gr.  abv,  with,  and  Mas,  a 
flower.]  (Bot.)  Noting  plants  whose  flowers 
and  leaves  appear  at  the  same  time.  Lindley. 

SYN ' A R-jGH Y,  n.  [Gr.  avvttpxia  ; avvapxta,  to  rule 
jointly  with ; abv,  together  with,  and  to 

rule.]  Joint  sovereignty,  [it.]  Stackhouse. 

SYN-AR-THRO'DI-AL,  a.  (Anat.)  Of,  or  per- 
taining to,  synarthrosis.  Dunglison. 

SlfN- AR-THRO'SIS,  n.  [Gr.  ovvapOouiats,  a being 
joined  together  ; awapdptSti),  to  link  together  ; abv, 
together,  and  apO/.o v,  a joint.]  (Anat.)  A close 
conjunction  of  two  bones  ; an  immovable  articu- 
lation, as  of  sutures.  Dunglison. 

SY-NAX'IS,  n.  [Gr.  abvaijif,  an  assembly  ; awnyio, 
to  lead  together ; air,  together,  and  ayo>,  to 
lead.]  A synagogue  ; a congregation.  Taylor. 

SYN-CAR'PI-UM,  n.  (Bot.)  An  aggregate  fruit, 
with  a slender  receptacle,  in  which  the  ovaries 
cohere  into  a solid  mass.  Lindley. 

SYN-CAR'POUS,  a.  [Gr.  aim,  together,  and  napiris, 
a fruit.]  ( Bot.)  Noting  pistils  and  fruit  composed 
of  several  carpels  consolidated  into  one.  Gray. 

SYN-cAt-E-GOR-E-MAT'IC,  a.  [Gr.  abv,  with, 
and  KaTnyiQiipa,  a predicate.]  (Logic.)  Noting 
words,  such  as  adverbs,  prepositions,  Ac.,  which 
cannot  be  employed  by  themselves  as  terms,  but 
require  to  be  conjoined  with  other  words. Brande. 

SYN-CIION-DRO'SIS  (sing-kon-dro'sis),  n.  [Gr.  abv, 
with,  and  xoySpos,  a cartilage.]  (Anat.)  The 
union  or  articulation  of  bones  by  an  interven- 
ing cartilage  or  gristle.  Dunglison. 

SyN-ffHON-DROT'O-MY,  n.  [Gr.  abv,  together, 
X'/vSpos,  a cartilage,  and  rcpvu,  to  cut.]  (Sttrg.) 
Symphyseotomy.  Dunglison. 

SYN-EHO-RE'SIS  (slng-ko-re'sis),  n.  [Gr.  avv,  with, 
and  an  admission.]  (Rhet.)  A figure 

wherein  an  argument  is  scoffingly  conceded,  for 
the  purpose  of  retorting  more  pointedly.  Crabb. 

SYN'CHRO-NAL  (sing'kro-njl),  a.  [Gr.  abv,  with, 
and  xoivos,  time  ; Fr.  synchronal .]  Happening 
at  the  same  time;  belonging  to  the  same  time; 
contemporaneous  ; coeval ; simultaneous  ; syn- 
chronieal ; synchronous ; synchronistic.  More. 


ST?N'£HRO-NAL,  n.  That  which  happens  at  the 
same  time,  or  which  belongs  to  the  same  time, 
with  another  thing.  More. 

SYN-jCHRON'I-CAL,  a.  [Fr.  synchroniqtte.]  Hap- 
pening at  the  same  time  ; synchronal ; synchro- 
nous; synchronistic.  — See  S v n chro n a l. Boyle. 

SYN-jCHRON'J-CAL-LY,  atl.  In  a synehronical 
manner ; simultaneously.  Belsham. 

sAn'jCHRO-NI^M  (sing'kro-nizm,  82),  n.  [Gl'.  abv, 
with,  and  xptivos,  time  ; Fr.  synchronisms.] 

1.  The  concurrence  in  time  of  two  or  more 
events  ; simultaneousness  ; contemporaneous- 
ness ; synchronization ; contemporaneity. 

The  coherence  and  synchronism  of  all  the  parts  of  the 
Mosaical  chronology.  Hate. 

2.  A tabular  arrangement  of  history  accord- 

ing to  dates,  by  which  contemporary  or  synchro- 
nous persons  and  things  of  different  countries 
arc  brought  together.  Brande. 

3.  (Painting.)  The  representation  of  several 
events,  or  of  several  successive  moments  of  an 
event,  or  history,  in  the  same  picture.  Fairholt. 

SYN-jEHRO-NlS'TjC,  a.  Happening  at  the  same 
time  ; synchronal ; synehronical.  Ball. 

SYN-£>HRO-N[-ZA'TION,  n.  Simultaneousness; 
synchronism.  ' Clissold. 

SYN'EHRO-NfZE  (sing'kro-nlz,  82),  V.  n.  [f.  SYN- 
CHRONIZED; pp.  SYNCHRONIZING,  SYNCHRO- 
NIZED.] To  concur  in  time  ; to  be  simultane- 
ous or  synchronous;  to  happen  simultaneously. 

All  these  synchronize  with  the  first  six  trumpets.  More. 

SYN-EHRO-NOL'O-gJY  (slng-kro-nol'o-je),  n.  [Gr. 
abv,  together,  xpovos,  time,  and  l.byo s,  a discourse.] 
Contemporaneous  chronology.  Crosthwaite. 

SYN'CHRO-NOUS  (slng'kro-nus,  82),  a.  [Gr.  avv, 
with,  and  ^pdros,  time.]  Happening  at  the  same 
time;  synehronical;  synchronal.  Belsham. 

SYN'EHY  SIS  (sing’ke-sls),  n.  [Gr.  abv,  together, 
and  xba,St  a pouring  out,  a stream  ; to  pour.] 

1.  A confusion  ; a derangement.  Todd. 

2.  (Rhet.)  A confused  or  disordered  arrange- 
ment of  words  in  a sentence.  Knatchbull. 

3.  (Med.)  A disease  of  the  eye,  which  con- 

sists of  a mixture  or  confusion  of  the  humors  : 
— i morbid  state  of  the  vitreous  humor,  in  which 
it  becomes  fluid.  _ Dunglison. 

SYN'CI-PUT,  n.  (Anat.)  See  Sinciput.  Crabb. 

SYN-OLl'NAL,  ) a_  ^Qr-  ovyKlivm,  to  incline 

SyN-CLIN'l-CAL,  ) together;  abv,  together,  and 
'k'/.iv w,  to  bend.]  (Geol.)  Noting  a common,  cen- 
tral imaginary  line,  in  which  the  tilted  strata  of 
the  two  sides  of  a valley  may  be  supposed  to 
meet ; the  line  of  depression  between  two  an- 
ticlinal axes ; — opposed  to  anticlinal. 

Lyell.  Ansted. 

SYN 'CO-PAL  (slng'ko-pjl,  82),  a.  (Med.)  Pertain- 
ing to,  or  resembling,  syncope.  Dunglison. 

SYN'CO-PATE  (sing'ko-pat,  82),  V.  a.  [f.  SYNCO- 
PATED ; pp.  SYNCOPATING,  SYNCOPATED.] 

1.  (Gram.)  To  contract,  as  a word,  by-  syn- 

cope ; to  abbreviate  by  omitting  one  or  more 
letters  in  the  middle  of  a word.  Camden. 

2.  (Mus.)  To  divide  so  that  notes  commen- 

cing on  unaccented,  shall  end  on  accented  parts 
of  a measure.  Dwight. 

SYN'CO- PAT- ED,  p.  a.  I.  (Gram.)  Contracted 
or  abbreviated,  as  a word  by  syncope. 

2.  (Mas.)  Consisting  of  notes  beginning  on 
unaccented,  and  ending  on  accented,  parts  of  a 
measure  ; as,  “ A syncopated  passage.”  Dwight. 

SYN-CO-PA'TION,  il.  1.  (Gram.)  The  contrac- 
tion of  a word  by  taking  one  or  more  letters 
from  tlie  middle.  Andrews. 

2.  (Mus.)  The  division  of  a measure  or  a 
passage  in  such  a manner  that  notes,  begun  on 
unaccented  or  weak  parts  of  the  measure,  shall 
end  on  accented  or  strong  parts ; the  use  of 
syncope. — See  Syncope.  Dwight. 

SYN'CO-PJ?  (slng'ko-pe),  n.  [Gr.  avyKoai'i,  a cut- 
ting short,  a swoon  ; avyKoarw,  to  beat  together, 
to  weary;  auv,  together,  and  k6vtw,  to  smite,  to 
cut ; L.  syncope,  syncopa  ; It.  sincope  Sp.  sin- 
copa ; Fr.  syncope .] 

1.  (Gram.)  The  omission  of  a letter  or  sylla- 
ble in  the  middle  of  a word ; as,  e’en,  for  even  ; 
ne'er,  for  never ; med’eine,  for  medicine.  Johnson. 

2.  (Mus.)  The  cutting  off  the  last  half  of  one 
note  and  the  first  half  of  the  next  note,  and  unit- 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


SYNCOPIST 


1467 


SYNONYMICAL 


ing  these  two  halves  into  one,  which  thus  begins 
on  a weak  or  unaccented,  and  ends  on  a strong 
or  accented,  part  of  the  measure.  Dwight. 

3.  (Med.)  A fainting  fit;  a swoon;  a com- 
plete and  sudden  loss  of  sensation  and  motion, 
with  diminution  or  suspension  of  the  pulsations 
of  the  heart,  and  of  respiration.  Dunglison. 

4.  A sudden  pause  or  ceasing  , a shortening ; 
a dropping  or  falling ; suspension;  suspense. 

Revelry,  and  dance,  and  show 
Suffer  a syncope  and  solemn  pause.  Coivper. 

SYN'CO-PIST  (stng'ko-plst),  n.  One  who  synco- 
pates, or  uses  syncope.  Spectator. 

SYN'CO-PIZE,  v.  a.  To  syncopate,  [r.]  Dalgarno. 

SYN'CKA-TIijM,  n.  Syncretism.  Richardson. 

SYN'CRFl-TlC,  a.  Blending  different  systems  of 
religion  or  philosophy.  Smart. 

SYN'CRP-TI§M,  n.  [Gr.  avyKpr/nepds,  the  union  of 
two  parties  against  a third,  as  the  Cretan  towns 
against  a common  foe  ; ovv,  together,  and  upar'i- 
£w,  to  act  like  the  Cretans.]  The  jumbling  to- 
gether of  different  philosophical  or  theological 
systems  into  one,  without  due  regard  to  their  con- 
sistency ; — opposed  to  eclecticism.  Fleming. 

What  seems  most  his  own  [Bruno]  is  the  syncretism  of  the 
tenet  of'a  pervading  spirit,  as  anima  mundi,  which  in  itself  is 
an  imperfect  theism,  with  the  more  pernicious  hypothesis  of 
a universal  monad,  to  which  every  distinct  attribute,  except 
unity,  was  to  be  denied.  Hallam. 

Philo  of  Alexandria  gave  the  first  example  of  syncretism , 
in  trying  to  unite  the  Oriental  philosophy  with  that  of  the 
Greeks.  Fleming. 

SYN’CRE-TIST,  n.  ( Eccl . Hist.)  One  who  ad- 
heres to  syncretism  ; a follower  of  Calixtus,  a 
Lutheran  divine  of  the  sixteenth  century,  who 
endeavored  to  form  a comprehensive  scheme 
which  should  unite  the  different  professors  of 
Christianity.  Brande. 

SYN-CRIJ-TIS'TIC,  a.  Pertaining  to  syncretism 
or  to  the  syncretists  ; syncretic.  Clarke. 

SYN'CRI-SlS,  n.  [Gr.  ovyupteig,  a compounding, 
a comparing  ; obv,  together,  and  xplvto,  to  dis- 
tinguish.] (Rhet.)  A figure  by  which  opposite 
persons  or  things  are  compared.  Crabb. 

SYN-DAC'TYL,  n.  [Gr.  obv,  together,  and  (5.;7cru- 
).os,  a finger.]  ( Ornith .)  A perching-bird  having 
the  external  and  the  middle  toe  united  as  far  as 
to  the  second  joint.  Brande. 

SyN-DAC'TY-LTC,  ? a.  (Ornith.)  Relating  to 

SYN-DAC'TY-LOUS,  ) the  syndactyls.  P.  Cyc. 

SYN-DES-MOG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  obvhapog,  a bond, 
a sinew,  and  ypirpto,  to  describe.]  (Anat.)  A de- 
scription of  the  ligaments.  Dunglison. 

SYN-DF.S-MOL'O-^Y,  n.  [Gr.  obvSeapog,  a sinew, 
and  'Uyog,  a discourse.]  (Anat.)  A treatise  on 
the  ligaments.  Dunglison. 

SYN-DES-MO'SIS,  n.  [Gr.  obvSeopo;,  a sinew.] 
(Anat.)  The  union  of  one  bone  with  another  by 
means  of  a ligament;  synneurosis.  Dunglison. 

SYN-DES-MUT'O-MY,  n.  [Gr.  obvhiopog,  a sinew, 
and  tc/ivci),  to  cut.]  (Anat.)  Dissection  of  the 
ligaments.  Dunglison. 

SYN'DIC,  n.  [Gr.  oOv&ikos,  an  advocate  or  prose- 
cuting officer ; nun,  with,  and  duo;,  justice  ; L. 
sy adieus  ; It.  sindaco;  Sp.  sitidico;  Fr.  syndic.) 

1.  A title  given  at  different  times  to  various 

municipal  and  other  officers  ; — particularly  the 
manager  of  the  concerns  of  a corporation  or 
company  ; a director  ; an  agent.  Brande. 

2.  (French  Laic.)  The  assignee  of  an  in- 
solvent’s or  bankrupt’s  estate.  Burrill. 

f SYN'DI-CATE,  V.  a.  [Gr.  obv,  with,  andih'/o;,  jus- 
tice.] To  judge  ; to  pass  judgment  on.  Donne. 

t SYN'DI-CATE,  n.  A council.  Burnet. 

SYN[DRO-M5  [sin'dro-me,  S.  W.  J.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm. 
Wr. ; sin'drom,  P.~\,  n.  [Gr.  avrbpoprj;  obv,  to- 
gether, and  cSpapov,  to  run.] 

1.  A concurrence  ; a concourse.  Glanvill. 

2.  (Med.)  A union  or  concurrence  of  symp- 
toms in  diseases.  Dunglison. 

SY-NEC'DO-jCHE  (se-nek'do-ke),  n.  [Gr.  ovvckIo- 
X1 'it  aev,  together,  and  to  receive;  L. 

synecdoche  ; It.  sineddoclie ; Sp.  sinecdoque ; 
Fr.  synecdoche,  synecdoque .]  (Rhet.)  A figure 
by  which  the  whole  is  put  for  a part,  or  a part 
for  the  whole,  a genus  for  a species,  or  a spe- 
cies for  a genus.  Brande. 

And  the  same  philologer  further  adds,  the  gods  or  stars  do 
by  a synecdoche  signify  all  things,  or  the  whole  world  — a part 
being  put  for  the  whole.  Cudviorth. 


SYN-EC-DOEH'I-CAL  (sin-ek-dok'e-k?0»  Ex- 
pressed by,  or  implying,  synecdoche.  Boyle. 

SYN-EC-DOEH'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a synecdochi- 
cal  manner ; by  synecdoche.  Barrow 

SY-NE'EHI-A,  n.  [Gr.  obv,  with,  and  1% to,  to  have, 
to  hold.]  (Med.)  A disease  of  the  eye,  in  which 
the  iris  adheres  to  the  transparent  cornea,  or  to 
the  crystalline  lens.  Dunglison. 

SYN-EC-PHO-NE'SIS  (sm-ek-fo-ne'sis),  n.  [Gr. 
ovvfKiptbvtioig  ; obv,  together,  Ik,  out,  and  tpuivcm, 
to  call.]  (Gram.)  The  contraction  of  two  syl- 
lables into  one  ; symeresis  ; synizesis.  Mason. 

SYN'1J-PY,  n.  [Gr.  ovvitreta;  civ,  together,  and 
'Dos,  a word.]  (Rhet.)  The  interjunction  of 
words  in  uttering  clauses.  Smart. 

SYN-JJR-GET'IC,  a.  [Gr.  ovvepypriKog  ; obv,  with, 
and  epyo v,  a work.]  Working  together;  coop- 
erating; cooperative;  synergistic.  Smart. 

||  SYN-ER'£I§M,  n.  (Theol.)  The  doctrine  or 
tenets  of  the  synergists.  Hallam . 

||  SYN-ER'^flST,  [sjn-er'jjst,  Sm.  Cl.  Brande  ; sln'- 
er-jlst,  71.] , n.  [Gr.  a uvtpyia,  cooperation  ; obv, 
together,  and  cpyov,  a work.]  (Eccl.  Hist.)  One 
of  a party  in  the  Lutheran  Church,  in  the  six- 
teenth century,  who  held  that  divine  grace  re- 
quires a correspondent  action  of  the  human 
will  to  become  effectual.  Brande 

SYN-ER-GlS'TIC,  a.  Synergetic.  Dean  Tucker 

SYN'^R-GY,  n.  [Gr.  avvepyia,  cooperation.]  (Med  ) 
The  cooperation  of  different  organs  in  health, 
and  according  to  some,  in  disease.  Dunglison 

SYN-GE-NE' S?I-A,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  obv,  together,  and 
yiveotg,  generation,  birth.]  (Bot.)  The  nine- 
teenth class  of  the  artificial  system  of  Linnams, 
originally  including  all  plants  whose  anthers 
cohere,  but  now  restricted  to  plants  of  the 
natural  order  Composites.  Henslow. 

SYN-ge-NE'SIAN  (-sh?n),  ? a . (Bot.)  Of,  orper- 

SYN-£?-NE'SIOUS  (-shus),  ) taining  to,  the  Syn- 
genesia  , having  the  anthers  united.  Loudon. 

SYN-GNATH'I-DJE  (sjn-nath'-),  n.  pi.  (Ich.)  A 
family  of  lophobranchiate  fishes  having  a long, 
slender  body  and  a prolonged  snout.  Yarrell. 

SYN-GNA  ' THUS  (sin-na'-),  n.  [Gr.  obv,  with,  and 
yvaOos,  a jaw.]  (Ich.)  A genus  of  fishes  of  the 
family  Syngnathidce ; the  pipe-fish,  Yarrell. 

SYN'GRAPHj  n.  [Gr.  <7 uyypa<pii  ■,  obv,  together, 
and  y potato,  to  write  ; L.  syngrapha .]  (Law.)  A 
deed,  bond,  or  writing,  under  the  hand  and  seal 
of  all  the  parties. 

Deeds  thus  made  were  denominated  syngrapTis  by  the 
canonists,  and  by  the  common  lawyers  chirographs.  Bouvier. 

SYN-I-ZE'SIS,  n.  [Gr.  obv,  together,  and  ?£&>,  to 
sit  down,  to  settle.] 

1.  (Med.)  An  obliteration  of  the  pupil  of  the 

eye  ; a closed  pupil.  Brande. 

2.  (Gram.)  Synecphonesis.  Sophocles. 

SYN-NEU-RO'STS,  n.  [Gr.  obv,  together,  and 

vitipov,  a sinew,  a ligament.]  (Anat.)  The  union 
of  one  bone  with  another  by  means  of  a liga- 
ment or  tendon ; syndesmosis.  Dunglison. 

SYN'O-jCHA,  n.  [Gr.  to  continue  ; obv, 

with,  and  to  hold.]  (Med.)  A species  of 
continued  fever,  characterized  by  increased  heat, 
and  by  quick,  strong,  and  hard  pulse.  Dunglison. 

SYN'O-jCHUS,  n.  (Med.)  A continued  fever, 
compounded  of  synocha  and  typhus.  Dunglison. 

SYN'OD,  n.  [Gr.  obvolog,  a meeting;  obv,  together, 
and  bit 1,  a way;  L.  synodus  ; Fr.  synode. — 
A.  S.  sinoth,  synoth,  seonath,  seonod .] 

1.  (Eccl.)  A meeting  or  assembly  of  ecclesi- 

astical persons  to  consult  on  matters  of  religion  : 
— in  the  Presbyterian  Church,  an  assembly  com- 
posed of  two  or  more  presbyteries.  Eden. 

BSy  Four  kinds  of  synods  are  usually  enumerated. 
1.  General,  wiiere  prelates  from  all  nations  meet ; 
but  these  are  practically  the  same  as  General  Coun- 
cils. 2.  National,  where  the  prelates  of  one  nation 
only  assemble.  3.  Provincial,  where  those  only  of 
one  province  attend  ; this  is  usually  called  a Convo- 
cation. 4.  Diocesan , where  those  of  one  diocese  meet 
to  enforce  the  canons  of  General  Councils,  or  to  enact 
rules  of  discipline  for  themselves.  Eden. 

2.  A council  ; a meeting  for  consultation. 

It  hath  in  solemn  synod  been  decreed 
To  admit  no  traffic  to  our  adverse  towns.  Shak. 

Let  us  call  to  synod  all  tire  blest 
Through  heaven’s  wide  bounds.  Milton, 


3.  (Aslron.)  A conjunction  of  two  or  more 
heavenly  bodies,  [it.]  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Assembly.  ■ 

f SYN'O-DAL,  n.  (Eccl.)  1.  Money  paid  ancient- 
ly to  the  bishop,  &c.,  at  Easter  visitation,  by 
the  clergy  , a procuration.  Hook. 

The  synodal  to  the  bishop,  at  Easter,  is  two  shillings.  1 Varton. 

2.  A constitution  made  in  a provincial  or 
diocesan  synod.  Hook. 

SYN'O-DAL,  a.  Synodical,  [n.]  Martin. 

SY-N(JD'1C,  ) a.  (Eccl.)  Relating  to,  or  per- 

SY-NOD'I-CAL  > f°rmed  by,  a synod.  Milton. 

Synodic  or  lunar  month,  the  interval  of  time  between 
two  successive  conjunctions  of  t lie  moon  with  tile 
sun,  or  between  two  new  moons  ; a lunation.  Its 
length  is  29  days,  12  hours,  44  minutes,  2.87  seconds. 

— Synodic  period  of  the  muon,  or  of  a planet,  tile  time 
from  its  leaving  its  conjunction  with  the  sun  to  its 
return  to  conjunction.  — Synodic  revolution  of  the  moon, 
or  of  a planet,  its  motion  in  its  orbit  from  its  conjunc- 
tion witli  the  sun  to  its  return  to  conjunction,  being 
one  complete  sidereal  revolution  and  part  of  another. 

Herscltel. 

SY-NOD'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  By  the  authority  of  a 
synod;  by  a synod.  Sanderson. 

SYN'OD-JST,  n.  An  adherent  to  a synod.  Ec.  Rev. 

SY-NOM’O-SY,  n.  [Gr  ovvtopoola  ; obv,  together, 
and  Spvvpi,  to  swear.]  A sworn  brotherhood;  a 
body  of  men  leagued  by  oath.  Mitfofd. / 

SY-NON ' Y-MA,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  ouvuivvpa  ; obv,  togeth- 
er, and  dvopa,  a name.]  Synonymes.  B.  Jonson. 

f SY-NON'Y-MAL,  a.  [Gr.  auvtbvuuog.}  Synony- 
mous. Instruct,  for  Oral.  1682. 

f SY-NON'Y-MAL-LY,  ad.  In  a synonymous 
manner ; synonymously.  Spelman. 

SYN'O-NYJIE  (sln'o-nlm),  n. ; pi.  syn'o-nYme?. 
[Gr.  owuvvpa,  synonymes  ; ouvuivvpos,  of  like 
name  or  meaning  ; avv,  with,  together,  and  dvoyn, 
a name  ; Fr.  synonynie.]  One  of  two  or  more 
words,  particularly  words  of  the  same  language, 
which  have  the  same  or  a similar  signification, 
or  which  have  a shade  of  difference,  yet  with  a 
sufficient  resemblance  of  meaning  to  make 
them  liable  to  be  confounded  together;  — writ- 
ten also  synonym. 

Many  words  cannot  be  explained  by  synonymes , because 
the  idea  signified  by  them  has  not  more  than  one  applica- 
tion. Johnson. 

Most  synonymes  have  some  minute  distinction.  Reid. 

W “ The  word  synovyme  is,  in  fact,  a misnomer. 

. . . Literally,  it  implies  an  exact  coincidence  of 
meaning  in  two  or  more  words,  in  which  case  there 
would  be  no  room  for  discussion  ; but  it  is  generally  ap- 
plied to  words  which  would  be  more  correctly  termed 
pseudo-synonymes , i.  e.  words  having  a shade  of  dif- 
ference, yet  with  a sufficient  resemblance  of  meaning 
to  make  them  liable  to  be  confounded  together  ; and 
it  is  in  the  number  and  variety  of  these  that  (as  the 
Abbe  Girard  well  remarks)  the  richness  of  a language 
consists.”  Abp.  H'/iatc.ly.  — “ Synonymes , properly 
speaking,  if  etymology  be  a rule,  signify  different 
things  under  one  common  name  ; hut  as  used,  and 
the  conventional  law  is  irresistible,  synonymes  signify 
different  words  having  a common  idea.”  R.  IV.  Ham- 
ilton.— “ Synonyme,  in  the  singular  number,  hardly 
admits  of  an  independent  definition,  for  the  notion  of 
synonymy  implies  two  correlative  words,  and  there- 
fore, though  there  are  synonymes , there  is  in  strictness 
no  such  thing  as  a synonym c , absolutely  taken.  Prop- 
erly defined,  synonymes  are  words  of  the  same  lan- 
guage and  the  same  grammatical  class,  identical  in 
meaning.”  G.  P.  Marsh. 

Synonym e is  a modern  word:  it  was  not  in- 
serted by  Johnson  in  his  Dictionary  ; and  with  respect 
to  its  orthography,  usage  is  divided.  In  the  diction- 
aries of  Johnson  (edited  by  Todd),  Walker,  Smart, 
Richardson,  and  the  other  principal  English  diction- 
aries which  have  the  word,  it  is  spelt  synovyme  ; and 
of  the  different  authors  who  have  written  works  on 
English  Synonymes,  Blair,  Crabb,  Platts,  Booth,  Gra- 
ham, and  Carpenter  spell  the  word  with  the  final  e 
— synovyme  j and  Taylor,  Whately,  and  Mackenzie, 
synonym. 

Syn.  — Words  which  have  the  same  or  a similar 
signification  are  synonymes.  Words  which  agree  in 
sound,  but  differ  in  signification,  are  homonymrs. 
Happiness  and  felicity  are  synonymes ; the  substantive 
bca,r  and  the  verb  to  bear  are  liomonymes. 

SYN-O-NYM'IC,  n.  (Gram.)  The  explanation  of 
synonymous  words. 

St/nonj/mic , or  the  explanation  of  synonymes,  is  an  impor- 
tant part  of  grammar.  J.  IV.  Gibbs. 

SYN-O-NYM  JC,  ) a%  [Fr.  synonymique^\  Rc- 

SYN-O-NYM'I-C AL,  ) lating  to  synonymes  or  sy- 
nonymous words;  synonymous.  J lfr.  Gibbs. 


MIEN,  SIR  ; 


MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE.— (J,  £,  9,  g,  soft ; C,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z; 


^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this0 


SYNONYMICON 


1468 


SYSTEM 


SYN-O-N'YMT-CON,  n.  A dictionary  of  synony- 
mous words.  W.  Taylor. 

SY-NON'Y-MIST,  n.  1.  One  who  synonymizes  ; 
a collector  and  explainer  of  synonymes.  Smart. 

2.  (Dot.)  One  who  collects  and  reduces  the 
synonymes  of  plants.  Dr.  Dawson. 

SY-NON'Y-MfZE,  v.  a.  [i.  synonymized;  pp.  sy- 
"nonymizing,  synonymized.]  To  interpret  or 
express  by  words  of  the  same  meaning. 

This  word  “fortis"  we  may  si/nonptnize  nfter  all  these 
fashions:  stout,  hardy,  valiant,  doughty,  courageous,  adven- 
turous, brave,  bold,  daring,  intrepid.  Lamaen. 

SY-NON'Y-MOUS,  a.  [Gr.  owwvu/toj.]  Relating 
to  synonymes  or  to  synonymy  ; — having  the 
same  meaning ; conveying  the  same  idea ; ex- 
pressing the  same  thing  ; univocal. 

Words  allied  in  signification  are  called  smonymoust  words 
allied  in  name  only  are  called  homonymous.  Taylor. 

Words  apparently  synonymous,  and  really  so  in  a majority 
of  cases,  have  nevertheless  each  an  appropriate  meaning. 

Lp.  Coplestone. 

SY-NON'Y-MOUS-LY,  ad.  In  a synonymous 
manner;  as  synonymous.  Cudworth. 

SY-NON'Y-MY,  il.  [Gr.  ay vtnmpia  ; tsbv,  together, 
and  oroya,  a name;  L.  synonymia ; Fr.  syno- 
nymic.] 

1,  The  quality  of  expressing,  by  different 
words,  the  same  thing ; the  use  of  synonymes  ; 
sameness  of  meaning,  as  of  words.  Seldni. 

2.  (Rhet.)  A figure  by  which  synonymous 
words  are  employed  to  amplify  a matter.  Bailey. 

SY-NOP'SIS,  n. ; pi.  SYNOPSES.  [Gr.  o-brotpf  ; aim, 
together,  and  o^tj,  a view  ; L.  synopsis.']  A col- 
lective view  of  any  subject ; an  abridgment  such 
as  brings  all  the  parts  under  one  view ; an  epit- 
ome ; a general  view. 

But  that  the  reader  may  see  in  one  view  the  exactness  of 
the  method,  as  well  as  force  of  (the  argument,  I shall  here 
draw  up  a short  synopsis  of  this  epistle.  Warburton. 

Syn.  — See  Abridgment. 

SY-NOP  TIC,  ? a.  [Gr.  owovrordc.]  Relating 

SY-NOP’TI-CAL,  ) to,  or  partaking  of,  a synopsis  ; 
bringing  all  the  parts  or  contents  under  one 
view ; seeing  the  whole  together.  Evelyn. 

SY-N6f'TI-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a synoptical  manner. 

SyN-OS-Tf.-OG'RA-PIIY,  n.  [Gr.  ahv,  with,  ferriov, 
a bone,  and  yoiufnn,  to  describe.]  ( Anat .)  A 
description  of  the  joints.  Dunglison. 

SyN-OS-Tp-OL'O-^Y,  n.  [Gr.  aOv,  with,  dtrreov, 
a bone,  and  ).6yo t,  a discourse.]  (Anat.)  A trea- 
tise on  the  joints.  Dunglison. 

SYN-OS-TJf-O'SIS,  n.  [Gr.  aiv,  with,  and  ootcov.] 
(Anat.)  Union  by  means  of  bone.  Dunglison. 

SYN-OS-TIJ-OT'O-MY,  n.  [Gr.  <n >v,  with,  iarlov, 
a bone,  and  rtproi,  to  cut.]  (Anat.)  Dissection 
of  the  joints.  Dunglison. 

SY-NO'VI-A,  n.  [Gr.  abv,  with,  and  uilv  (L. 
ovum),  an  egg.]  (Anat.)  An  unctuous  fluid, 
resembling  the  white  of  egg,  secreted  from  cer- 
tain glands  in  the  joints.  Dunglison. 

SY-NO'VI-AL,  a.  (Anat.)  Relating  to  the  syno- 
via. “ Synovial  glands.”  . Dunglison. 

SYN-TAc'TJC,  ? a.  Conjoined;  fitted  to 

SYN-TAO'TJ-CAL,  ) each  other ; put  together  in 
order.  Johnson. 

2.  (Gram.)  Relating,  or  according  to,  syntax. 

A figure  is  divided  iuto  tropes,  &C.,  grammatical,  ortho- 
graphical, syntactical.  Peacham. 

SYN-TAC'TI-C AL-LY,  ad.  In  a syntactical  man- 
ner ; conformably  to  syntax.  Ec.  Rev. 

SYN'TAX,  n.  [Gr.  trbvra(ts ; abv,  together,  and 
T&tsom,  ra(w,  to  place  in  order ; L.  syntaxis.] 

1.  f A putting  together;  a system. 

The  whole  syntax  of  beings.  Glam-ill. 

2.  (Gram.)  That  part  of  grammar  which 

treats  of  the  agreement  and  proper  construction 
of  words  in  sentences.  B.  Jonson. 

SYN-tAx'IS,  n.  [Gr.  ebvrafa.  — See  Syntax.] 

1.  (Gram.)  Syntax,  [r.]  Milton. 

2.  (Anat.)  Articulation  ; reduction.  Dunglison. 

SYN-TEC'TI-CAL,  a.  [Gr.  cvvttjktuc6s  ; L.  syil- 

tecticus.]  (Med.)  Relating  to  syntexis.  Maunder. 

S\”'N-Tf,-RE'STS,  n.  [Gr.  nwriipyais,  a watching 
closely  ; obv,  together,  and  ryploi,  to  guard.] 

1.  (Med.)  Preservative  or  preventive  treat- 
ment ; prophylaxis.  Dunglison. 

2.  (Ethics.)  Conscience  considered  as  the 

repository  of  the  first  principles  or  maxims  in 
morals.  Bp.  Ward.  Fleming. 


SYN-Tfjl-RET'IC,  a.  [Gr.  auvrypyriKis.]  (Med.)  Pre- 
servative of  health ; prophylactic.  Clarke. 

SYN-TET'JC,  a.  Syntectical.  Clarke. 

SYN-TEX'JS,  n.  [Gr.  abyrrifys;  ebv,  together,  and 
rrjKui,  to  waste  away.]  (Med.)  A wasting  of  the 
body  ; colliquation  ; consumption.  Dunglison. 

SYN-THER'MAL,  a.  [Gr.  obv,  together,  and  Bipuy, 
heat.]  Having  the  same  degree  of  heat.  Smart. 

SYN'TIl  5-SlS,  n. ; pi.  sHn'the-sE§.  [Gr.  obiOton  ; 
auv,  together,  and  Qyats  (ridryu,  to  place),  a pla- 
cing; L.  synthesis.) 

1.  Composition,  or  the  act  of  putting  togeth- 
er ; the  union  of  the  component  elements  of  a 
whole  ; — the  opposite  of  analysis. 

2.  (Logic.)  A method  of  demonstration  which 
sets  out  from  some  principle  established  or  as- 
sumed, or  a proposition  already  demonstrated, 
and  ascends  through  a series  of  propositions 
to  that  which  was  enunciated  ; the  method  by 
composition,  as  opposed  to  the  method  of  reso- 
lution or  analysis ; the  deduction  of  general 
conclusions  or  principles  from  the  putting  to- 
gether of  particular  facts  or  instances. 

The  sirnthesis  consists  in  assuming  the  causes  discovered 
and  established  as  principles,  and  by  them  explaining  the 
phenomena  proceeding  from  them,  and  proving  the  expla- 
nations. Newton . 

In  synthesis,  we  reason  from  axioms,  definitions,  and  al- 
ready known  principles,  until  we  arrive  at  a desired  conclu- 
sion. Of  this  nature  are  most  of  the  processes  of  geometri- 
cal reasoning.  In  synthesis,  we  ascend  from  particular  cases 
to  general  ones;  in  analysis,  we  descend  from  general  cases 
to  particulars.  Davies. 

3.  (Sarg.)  The  uniting  or  the  approximation 

of  parts  that  are  divided.  Dunglison. 

4.  (Chem.)  The  uniting  of  elements  into  a 
compound,  as  of  oxygen  and  hydrogen  into 
water ; — the  opposite  of  analysis.  Thomson. 

SY  N-I  II ET  IC,  ) d.  [Gr.  avvOcntcds ; Fr.  syn- 

SYN-THET'I-CAL,  ) thetique.]  Relating,  to  syn- 
thesis ; proceeding  by  synthesis  ; conjoining  ; 
compounding  ; forming  composition  ; deductive. 

Philosophers  hasten  too  much  from  the  analytic  to  the 
synthetic  method;  that  is,  they  draw  general  conclusions  from 
too  small  a number  of  particular  observations  and  experi- 
ments. Bolingbroke. 

Synthetical  method , the  method  of  reasoning  by  syn- 
thesis ; the  deductive  method.  Davies. 

SYN-TIIETT-C AL-LY,  ad.  By  synthesis.  Walker. 

SYN'THIJ-TlZE,  v.  a.  [Gr.  avrOtrifa.]  To  put 
together;  — opposed  to  analyze,  [r.]  Piozzi. 

SYN'TO-MY,  n.  [Gr.  cvi-ropia  ; euv,  together,  and 
rlfit' ui,  to  cut.]  Brevity  ; conciseness.  Clarke. 

SYN-TON'IC,  a.  [Gr.  ovvrovos,  strained.]  (Mus.) 
Sharp ; intense,  [it.]  Smart. 

SY'PIIER-ING,  p.  a.  ( Naut .)  Lapping  the  edges 
of  planks  over  each  other  for  a bulkhead.  Dana. 

SYPM'I-LtS,  n.  [Of  uncertain  etymology.  Ac- 
cording to  some,  from  Gr.  aft,  a hog,  a sow  ; ac- 
cording to  others,  from  Gr.  attjj.6s,  amah if, 
maimed,  impotent.  Dunglison .]  (Med.)  The 
venereal  disease  ; pox.  Dunglison. 

SYPII-I-LIT'IC,  a.  (il led.)  Relating  to,  resem- 
bling, or  infected  with,  syphilis.  Good. 

SYPII'I-LOID,  a.  (Med.)  Resembling  syphilis. 
“A  syphiloid  affection.”  Dunglison. 

SY'PflON  (sl'fon),  n.  See  Siphon. 

SY-PIION'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  a syphon.  Ec.Rev. 

SY'RIJN,  n.  See  Siren. 

SYR'A-CUSE,  n.  A luscious,  red,  muscadine 
wine,  made  in  Italy.  Simmonds. 

SYR'I-AC,  a.  Relating  to  Syria  ; Syrian. 

Some  Syriac  copies  of  the  New  Testament  are  now  remain- 
ing iu  the  Duke  of  Florence’s  library.  Walton. 

SYR'I-AC,  n.  The  language  spoken  by  the  ancient 
Syrians  ; the  Syriac  language.  Dan.  ii.  4. 

SY-Ri'A-CISM,  n.  A Syriac  idiom  or  phrase  ; a 
Syrianism  ; a Syriasni.  Milton. 

SYR'I-AN,  n.  (Geog.)  A native  of  Syria.  Ency. 

SYR'I-AN,  a.  (Geog.)  Pertaining  to  Syria  or  to 
its  inhabitants  ; Syriac.  Milton. 

SYR'I-AN-I§M,  n.  A Syriacism.  Knowles. 

S?R'I-A§M,  n.  A Syriacism.  Warburton. 

SY-RIN'GA  (se-ring'gj),  11.  [Gr.  eupty(,  evpiyyo;, 
a tube,  a pipe-] 

(Dot.)  1.  The  common  name  of  shrubs  of  the 
genus  Philadelphus,  one  species  of  which  (Phil- 


adelphus  coronarius)  is  a garden  plant,  having 
cream-colored,  odorous  flowers  in  full  clusters ; 
mock  orange.  Gray. 

2.  A genus  of  beautiful  flowering  shrubs,  in- 
cluding the  various  species  and  varieties  of  lilac. 

Loudon. 

IlfcT  “ The  name  syringe  was  given  to  the  lilac  on 
account  of  its  stems  being  used  for  the  manufacture- 
of  Turkish  pipes.  The  stems  of  the  Phiiadeiphus 
coronarius  are  also  used  for  the  same  purpose,  and 
equally  witli  the  lilac  it  had  the  name  of  pipe-privet,  or 
pipe-tree,  given  it  when  first  introduced  into  this  coun- 
try, and  afterwards  the  name  syringa.”  Eng.  Cyc. 

SYR'INt^E  (sTr'inj),  n.  [Gr.  ovpiy(,  trbptyyos,  a 
pipe  or  reed ; L.  syrinx ; It.  sirinya ; Sp.  je- 
riitga  ; Fr.  scringue.]  An  instrment  serving  first 
to  imbibe  or  suck  in  a quantity  of  water,  or  other 
fluid,  and  then  to  expel  it  in  a small  stream  or 
jet;  a squirt.  Dunglison. 

SYR'lNfJfE  (slr'inj),  v.  a.  \i.  syringed  ; pp.  SYR- 
INGINO,  SYRINGED.] 

1.  To  spout  or  inject  through  a syringe. 

A little  while  since,  I syringed  into  a dog’s  jugular  vein 
about  two  quarts  of  warm  water.  Boyle. 

2.  To  cleanse  by  means  of  a syringe.  Johnson. 

SY-R IN-GO-DEN 'DRON,  n.  [Gr.  »bpty(,  a pipe, 
and  lirlpov,  a tree.]  (Pal.)  A name  applied  to 
many  species  of  Siqillaria,  in  allusion  to  the 
parallel,  pipe-shaped  flutings  that  extend  from 
the  top  to  the  bottom  of  their  trunks.  Buckland. 

SY-RIN'GO-TOME  (-ring-),  n.  [Gr.  eijpty(,  cuptyyos , 
a pipe,  and  ropy,  a cutting  ; rlproi,  to  cut.]  (Surg.) 
An  instrument  formerly  used  in  the  operation 
for  fistula  in  ano.  Dunglison. 

SYR-IN-GOT'O-MY,  n.  (Surg.)  The  operation  for 
fistula  by  incision.  Dunglison. 


SYR'INX  (slr'jngks),  n.  [Gr.  tr Ppty(,  a shepherd’s 
pipe.]  (Mvs.)  A pastoral  instrument  composed 
of  reeds  of  different  lengths  fastened  together, 
and  regarded  by  the  Greeks  as  the  invention  of 
their  tutelary  god  Pan  ; the  shepherd’s  pipe  ; the 
pandean  pipe  ; the  Pan.  Fairholt. 

SYR  'MA,  n.  [L. ; Gr.  obppa  ; abpoi,  to  drag.]  (Ant.) 
A robe  with  a long  train,  worn  especially  by 
tragic  actors.  Wm.  Smith. 


S YR-N1-I  'JVJE,  n.  pi.  ( Ornith.) 
A sub-family  of  birds  of  the 
order  Accipitres  and  family 
Strigidce ; owlets.  Gray. 

SYRT  (s'frt),  11.  [Gr.  tritons', 
cup oi,  to  drag;  L.  syrtis.]  A 
quicksand ; a bog.  [li.]  Young. 


SYR'TIC,  a.  Pertaining  to, 
resembling,  a syrt.  Ed.  Rev. 


Otus  vulgaris. 


SYR'TIS,n.  [L.]  A quicksand  ; syrt. 

A boggy  syrtis,  neither  sea  nor  good  dry  land.  Milton. 


SYR'UP,  n._  A vegetable  juice  boiled  with  sugar, 
or  a saturated  solution  of  sugar  and  water  ; sir- 
up.— See  Sirup.  Bailey.  Martin.  P.  Cyc. 

SYS-SAR-CO'SIS,  n.  [Gr.  mimApKoiots,  a growing 
over  with  flesh ; obr,  together,  and  adpstooi;,  a 
fleshy  excrescence  ; flesh.]  (Anat.)  Junc- 
tion of  bones  by  intervening  muscles.  Dunglison. 

SYS-TAL'TIC,  a.  [Gr.  cutTralrtKiis cvtrreU.to,  to 
draw  together ; auv,  together,  and  arO.ho,  to  place; 
I,,  systalticus .]  (Med.)  Having,  or  capable  of, 
alternate  contraction  and  dilatation.  Dunglison . 


SYS'TA-SIS,  n.  [Gr.  abaratris.]  The  consistence 
of  any  thing  ; constitution,  [r.]  Burke. 

SYS'TJgM  (sis'tem),  il.  [Gr.  txbarypn  ; mviarypt,  to 
place  together  ; obv,  together,  and  'ian/pt,  to  put, 
to  place;  L.  systema-,  It.  $ Sp.  sistema ; Fr. 
systime .] 

1.  A number  of  things  combined  or  acting 
together  ; a combination  of  parts  into  a whole  ; 
a connected  view  of  all  the  truths  of  some  de- 
partment of  knowledge  ; a complete  body  of  any 
art  or  science ; a collection  of  rules  and  princi- 
ples ; the  whole  of  any  science,  art,  or  doctrine  ; 
as,  “ A system  of  divinity,  of  philosophy,  or  of 
astronomy”;  “The  solar  system.” 

The  best  way  to  learn  anv  scienee  is  to  bepin  with  a repu- 
lar  system , or  a short  and  plain  scheme  of  that  science  well 
drawn  up  into  a narrow  compass.  11  <*"& 

Every  truth  has  relation  to  some  other.  And  we  should 
try  to  write  the  farts  of  our  knowledge  so  as  to  see  them  in 
their  several  bearings.  This  we  do  when  wc  frame  them  into 


A,  E,  !,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  0,  T,  short;  A,  IJ,  (,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


SYSTEMATIC 


1469 


TABID 


a system.  To  do  so  legitimately,  wc  must  begin  by  analysis 
ami  end  with  synthesis.  Fleming. 

Atoms  or  systems  into  ruin  buried, 

And  now  a bubble  burst,  and  now  a world.  Pope. 

2.  A theory;  a hypothesis;  a scheme;  a 
plan  ; a classification  ; an  arrangement. 

3.  Regular  method,  course,  order,  or  process  ; 
as,  “To  work  without  system.” 

4.  ( Astron .)  An  hypothesis  of  a certain  order 
and  arrangement  of  the  heavenly  bodies,  by 
which  their  apparent  motions  are  explained. 

Brande. 

5.  (Mits.)  An  interval  composed,  or  supposed 
to  be  composed,  of  several  lesser  ones.  Brande. 

6.  ( Fine  Arts.)  A collection  of  rules  and 
principles  upon  which  an  artist  works.  Brande. 

Syn.  — System  is  the  arrangement  of  the  different 
parts  of  any  matter  or  science  into  a whole  or  a single 
body  ; method  is  the  manner  of  such  arrangement.  A 
system  of  philosophy, astronomy,  or  theology;  a reg- 
ular plan ; a judicious  scheme ; method  in  conducting 
business.  — See  Theory. 

SYS-T£M-At'IC,  P a.  [Gr.  ovoTTj/iarcKde  ; Fr. 

S YS-TIJM-AT'I-CAL,  > systematique .]  Relating 
to,  or  partaking  of,  system  ; organically  ar- 
ranged ; methodical  ; regular ; orderly. 

He  has  added  a systematic  table  of  them.  Pennant. 

Syn.  — See  Methodical. 

SYS-TEM-AT'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  the  form  of  a 
a system  ; methodically.  Warburton. 

SYS'TEM-A-TI§M,  n.  The  reduction  of  facts  to 
a system.  Dunylison. 

SYS'TgM-A-TIST,  n.  1.  One  who  forms  a sys- 
tem ; a systematizes  Pennant. 

2.  One  who  adheres  to  a system.  Henslow. 

SYS'T^M-A-TIZE  [sls'tem-j-tlz,  P,  Ja.  K.  Sm.  It. 


C.  O.  B.  ; sis-tem'ri-tlz,  IK.  ; sis-tem-?-tIz',  -/.] , 
v.  a.  To  reduce  to  a system ; to  methodize ; to 
harmonize  ; to  coordinate  ; to  regulate. 

Diseases  were  healed,  and  buildings  erected,  before  medi- 
cine and  architecture  were  systematized  into  arts.  Jlurris. 

Tile  . . . Goths  hnd  some  general  notions  of  the  feudal  pol- 
icy, which  were  gradually  systematized.  Lyttleton. 

JI3P  “ I have  met  with  this  word  nowhere  hut  in 
Mason’s  Supplement  to  Johnson,  Snd  there  I find  it 
accented  in  a different  way  from  what  1 have  always 
heard  it  in  conversation.  In  those  circles  which  I 
have  frequented  the  accent  has  been  placed  on  the 
first  syllable;  and  if  we  survey  the  words  of  this 
termination,  we  shall  find  that  ize  is  added  to  every 
word  without  altering  the  place  of  the  accent,  and 
that,  consequently,  systematize  ougiit  to  have  tile  ac- 
cent on  tile  first  syllable.  This  reasoning  is  specious; 
hut  when  we  consider  that  this  word  is  not  formed 
from  the  English  word  system,  hut  from  the  Greek 
ovoTyya,  or  tlie  later  Latin  systema , we  shall  find 
that  tlie  accent  is  very  properly  placed  on  tiie  second 
syllable,  according  to  the  general  rule.  If  we  place 
tlie  accent  on  the  first,  we  ought  to  spell  tlie  word 
systemize,  and  then  it  would  he  analogically  pro- 
nounced ; but,  as  our  best  writers  and  speakers  have 
formed  the  word  on  the  Greek  and  Latin  plan,  it 
ought  to  be  written  and  pronounced  as  Mr.  Mason 

lias  given  it.”  Walker In  this  instance,  Walker 

seems  not  to  have  been  followed  by  any  orthoepist. 

SYS'TpM-A-TIZ-ER,  n.  A systematist.  Harris. 

SYS-TEM-A-TOL'O-^Y,  n.  [Gr.  abarypa,  a sys- 
tem, and  Xt fyo;,  a discourse.]  A treatise  or 
discourse  on  the  various  systems.  Month.  Reo. 

SYS'TEM-IC,  a.  I.  (Astron.)  Pertaining  to  the 
whole  solar  system,  as  opposed  to  what  relates 
to  its  parts.  Wilcox. 

2.  {Med.)  Belonging  to  the  general  system; 
as,  “ Systemic  circulation.”  Dunylison. 

SYS-TIJM-I-ZA'TION,  n.  The  act  or  the  process 
of  reducing  to  a system.  Smith. 


SYS'TIJM-fZE,  v.  a.  To  systematize,  [it.] 

They  devoted  much  of  their  time  to  systemizing  and  elu- 
cidating the  principles  of  grammar.  J/tley. 

S’YS'TjpM-IZ-JER,  n.  A systematizes  Clarke. 

SYS'TpM— MAK-UR,  n.  One  who  forms  systems. 
“ Modern  system-makers.”  Goldsmith. 

SYS'TIJM— MON-GIJR  (-mung-ger),  n.  One  given 
to,  or  fond  of,  making  systems.  Chesterfield. 

SYS’TO-L^,  (sis'to-le),  n.  [Gr.  uea-ro/.)' ; ovageXXo), 
to  draw  together ; abv,  together,  and  ortXXw,  to 
set,  to  place  ; Fr.  systole .] 

1.  ( Anat .)  The  constriction  or  contraction  of 
the  heart;- — opposed  to  diastole.  Dunylison. 

2.  (Gram.)  The  shortening  of  a long  syllable  ; 

— opposed  to  diastole.  Andrews. 

SYS-TOL'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  systole.  Parsons. 

SYS’TYLE  (sis’tll),  n.  [Gr.  abarvX.o;  ; abv,  togeth- 
er, and  aruloi,  a column  ; Fr.  sy style.) 

(Arch.)  1.  A temple,  or  other  edifice,  which 
has  a row  of  columns  set  close  together  around 
it,  as  in  the  Parthenon  at  Athens.  Fair  holt. 

2.  The  arrangement  of  columns  in  such  a 
manner  that  they  are  two  diameters  apart.  Gwilt. 

SYTHE,  n.  A scythe.  — See  Scythe. 

f syx-HEN'DE-MAN,  n.  (Sax.  Late.)  A man 
with  six  hundred  shillings.  Bailey. 

SYZ'Y-^Y  (siz'e-je),  n. ; pi.  SYZYGIES.  [Gr.  av$v- 
•yta,  union ; av$(byvupi,  to  couple;  abv,  together, 
and  ^tvyvupi,  to  yoke;  Fr.  syzyyie.)  (Astron.) 
The  place  of  the  moon,  or  of  a planet,  when 
it  is  either  in  conjunction  with,  or  in  opposition 
to,  the  sun.  Nichol. 

Line  of  syiysi.es,  tlie  line  passing  through  tlie  centre 
of  the  eartli  and  tlie  moon  when  the  latter  body  is  in 
conjunction  with,  or  in  opposition  to,  the  sun.  Lo.rdv.er, 


Tthe  twentieth  letter  of  the  English  alphabet, 
) is  a mute  consonant.  In  itself  it  has  but 
one  sound,  as  in  till,  it-,  combined  with  h it  has 
two  sounds,  one  hard  or  sharp,  as  in  thin,  breath  ; 
the  other  soft,  flat,  or  vocal,  as  in  this,  breathe-, 
combined  with  i,  before  a vowel,  it  usually  rep- 
resents the  sound  of  sh,  as  in  nation,  motion, 
unless  preceded  by  s,  as  in  question.  In  ety- 
mology it  is  convertible  with  d,  as  Ger.  tag, 
Eng.  day ; sometimes  also  with  s or  z,  as  Ger. 
wasser,  Eng.  water,  Ger.  zahm , Eng.  tame.  It 
is  used  in  the  arts  as  an  adjective  prefix,  to  de- 
note any  thing  in  the  form  of  a capital  letter 
T ; as  a T bandage,  used  in  surgical  operations  ; 
a T square,  an  instrument  used  in  drawing  by 
architects  and  engineers ; a T rail,  &c.  As  a 
numeral,  it  was  used  among  the  ancients  for 
160  ; with  a dash  over  it  (t),  it  signified  160,000. 

TAB,  n.  1.  The  latchet  of  a shoe: — the  tag  or 
end  of  a lace  : — pi.  hanging  sleeves  of  children’s 
garments.  [Local.]  Halliwell. 

2.  A cap-border  worn  in  the  inside  of  a lady’s 
bonnet.  [Local.]  Simnionds. 

f TA-bAc’CO,  n.  Tobacco  Minsheu. 

TA-bA'NUS,  n.  [L.]  (Ent.)  A genus  of  dipte- 
rous insects ; the  horse-fly.  Harris. 

tAb’ARD,  n.  [It.  tabarro,  an  overcoat;  Sp.  ta- 
bardo,  a tabard  ; Fr.  tabard.  — W.  tabar.]  A light 
garment,  formerly  worn  over  armor,  and  gener- 
ally embroidered  with  the  wearer’s  arms,  or  worn 
by  a herald,  and  embroidered  with  those  of  the 
sovereign,  or  of  his  lord.  Fairholt. 

TAb'ard-IJR,  n.  One  who  wears  a tabard.  Wood. 

TAB'A-RET,  n.  A stout,  satin-striped  silk,  used 
for  iurniture,  &c.  Simmonds. 

TAB-A-SHEER',  n.  [Per.]  A white,  silicious 
substance  contained  in  the  joints  of  the  bamboo, 
used  medicinally  in  the  East , — called  also  bam- 
boo-salt, and  written  also  tabashir.  Brande. 


TAB'BJ-NET,  n.  A fine  kind  of  tabby.  IK.  Ency. 

TAB'BY,  n.  [It,  § Sp.  tabi -,  Fr,  tabis. — Dut. 
tabijn  ; Ger.  tobin.\ 

1.  A rich,  watered  silk  ; a coarse  kind  of  taf- 

fety.  IK.  Ency. 

2.  A brindled  or  tabby  cat.  Simmonds. 

3.  A mixture  of  lime  with  shells,  gravel,  and 

stones,  used  for  walls,  &c.  Simmonds. 

TAB'BY,  V.  a.  [i.  TABBIED  ; pp.  TABBYING,  TAB- 
BIED.] To  give  a wavy  appearance  to  with  the 
calender,  as  stuffs;  to  water.  Ure. 

TAB'BY,  a.  Having  a wavy,  variegated  appear- 
ance : — brindled,  as  a cat.  Prior. 

TAb'BY-cAt,  n.  A brindled  cat.  Addison. 

TAB-IJ-FAC'TION,  n.  [L.  tabes,  a wasting  away, 
and  facio,  to  make.]  The  state  of  wasting 
away ; emaciation.  Dunylison. 

tAb'IJ-FY,  v.  a.  To  waste  away  ; to  make  lean  ; 
to  emaciate,  [a.]  Harvey. 

TA-BEL’LION,  n.  [L.  tabellio  ; tabella,  a writing, 
a document;  It.  tabcllione ; Fr.  tabellion. ] 

1.  (Roman  Ant.)  An  officer,  answering  some- 
what to  our  notary  public  ; a scrivener.  Smith. 

2.  In  France,  a village  notary  under  the  sys- 
tem existing  before  the  revolution.  Landais. 

tAb'ERD,  n.  See  Tabard.  TKeafe. 

TAb'IJR-NA-CLE,  n.  [L.  tabernaculum  ; taberna, 
a hut,  a booth  ; It.  tabernacolo ; Sp.  tabernacu- 
lo  ; Fr.  tabernacle.') 

1.  A tent  or  pavilion. 

Let  us  make  here  three  tabernacles.  Matt.  xvii.  4. 

They  sudden  reared 

Celestial  tabernacles  where  they  slept.  Milton. 

UQF*  Tlie  tabernacle  carried  by  the  Jews,  during 
their  wanderings  in  the  desert,  was  a tent  of  sails 
and  skins  stretched  upon  a framework  of  wood,  and 
divided  into  two  compartments  — the  outer,  named 
the  Holy,  in  which  incense  was  burned  and  the  shew- 
bread  exhibited,  and  the  inner,  or  Holy  of  Holies , in 


which  was  deposited  the  ark  of  the  covenant.  Ezod. 
xxvi.  xxvii.  Brande.  — “ When  tlie  tabernacle  setteth 
forward,  the  Levites  shall  take  it  down  ; and,  when 
tlie  tabernacle  is  to  be  pitched,  the  Levites  shall  set  it 
up.”  Numb.  i.  51. 

J6Ssf»uThe  temple  of  Solomon  was  called  by  the 
same  name,  as  was  also,  in  some  instances,  a Chris- 
tian church.”  Britton. 

2.  A place  of  worship  ; a sacred  place. 

His  works,  though  consecrated  to  the  tabei'nacle , became 
the  national  entertainment.  Addison. 

3.  (Arch.)  A small  box  or  shrine  in  Roman 

Catholic  churches,  for  containing  the  host ; the 
pyx: — a statue  resting  on  a bracket,  and  sur- 
mounted by  a projecting  canopy,  without  any, 
.or  a very  slight,  recess  in  the  wall.  Britton . 

Feast,  of  Tabernacles , one  of  the  three  great  annual 
festivals  of  the  Jews,  being  that  of  the  closing  year, 
as  the  Passover  was  of  the  spring.  It  was  held  seven 
days  in  booths  built  of  boughs,  and  was  commem- 
orative of  the  divine  goodness  exercised  towards  the 
Jews  in  their  wanderings  in  the  desert,  as  well  as 
expressive  of  gratitude  for  the  supply  of  the  rich  fruits 
of  the  earth.  Kitto . 

TAR'JJR-N  A-CLE,  v.  n.  [i.  tabernacled;/?/?. 
TABERNACLING,  TABERNACLED.]  To  dwell,  as 
in  a tabernacle ; to  dwell  for  a time  ; to  reside 
temporarily  ; to  sojourn. 

He  . . * tabernacled  among  us  in  the  flesh.  Scott. 

TAb'IJR-NA-CLE-WORK,  n.  (Arch.)  Any  deli- 
cately sculptured  tracery  or  open  work.  Britton. 

tAb-JJR-nAc'U-LAR,  a.  Formed  or  sculptured 
with  delicate  tracery  ; latticed.  Wcvrton. 

TA'BEijS,  n.  [L.]  (Med.)  Emaciation  of  the  whole 
body,  with  languor,  hectic  fever,  and,  common- 
ly, depression  of  spirits:  — atrophy. Dunylison. 

TA-BET'IC,  a.  Affected  with  tabes ; tabid.  Clarke. 

tAb'id,  a.  [L.  tabidus,  tabeo,  to  waste  away  ; It. 
<Sf  Sp.  tabido ; Fr.  tabide.) 

1.  Wasted  by  disease;  consumptive. Blackmore. 

2.  (Med.)  Pertaining  to  tabes.  Dunglison. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON,  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  9,  g,  soft; 


E,  G,  5,  I,  hard; 


^ as  7;  3C  as  gz. — THIS,  tfiis. 


TABIDNESS 


1470 


TACHOMETER 


TAb']D-NESS,  n.  Emaciation  ; tabes.  Johnson. 

TA-BIF  jC,  / a-  [L.  tabes,  a wasting  away, 

TA-BiF'I-CAL,  > and  facto,  to  make.]  Briuging 
to  consumption  ; wasting  away,  [it.]  Blount. 

TAB'J-tOdE,  n.  [L.  tabitudo .]  Tabes;  tabid- 
ness ; emaciation,  [it.]  Cockeram. 

TAB'LA-TURE,  n.  [Fr.] 

1.  (if us.)  Formerly  the  use  of  the  letters  of 
the  alphabet,  or  of  other  characters,  for  express- 
ing the  notes  or  sounds  of  a composition;  — in 
a more  restricted  sense,  a mode  of  writing  mu- 
sic for  a particular  instrument,  on  parallel  lines, 
of  which  each  represents  a string  of  the  instru- 
ment, by  means  of  certain  letters.  Brande. 

2.  (Paint.)  A distinct,  consistent  piece  or 

composition,  definitely  circumscribed,  as  on  a 
wall  or  a ceiling.  Shaftesbury. 

3.  (Anat.)  A parting  or  division  of  the  skull 

into  two  tables.  Chambers. 

TA'BLE,  n.  [L.  tabula,  a board,  a tablet,  a paint- 
ing ; It.  tavola;  Sp.  tabla  ; Fr.  table.  — Dut.  <%■ 
Ger.  tafel ; Dan.  taffel;  Sw.  tafia,  tabe/l.  — W. 
tafien.] 

1.  A thin,  flat  piece  of  marble,  or  other  stone, 
having  a plane  surface  ; a slab. 

Paved  with  fair  tables  of  marble.  Sandys. 

2.  An  article  of  furniture,  having  a flat  sur- 
face or  top,  and  resting  upon  legs  or  supports ; 
— used  for  meals,  and  for  other  purposes. 

Children  at  a table  never  asked  for  any  thing.  "Locke. 

The  nymphs  the  table  spread 

Ambrosial  cates,  and  nectar  rosy  red.  Pope. 

3.  The  company  eating  together  at  one  table. 

I drink  to  the  general  joy  of  the  whole  table.  Shale. 

4.  Food,  fare,  or  entertainment  at  meals;  a 
repast.  “ He  keeps  a good  table."  Johnson. 

When  a man  keeps  a constant  table,  he  may  be  allowed 
sometimes  to  serve  up  a cold  dish  of  meat.  'Patter. 

5.  A thin  piece  of  stone  or  other  material 

with  a flat  surface  ; — used  to  write,  grave,  or 
trace  upon ; a tablet.  Shak. 

The  tables  were  written  on  both  their  sides.  Ex.  xxxii.  15. 

6.  f A painted  surface  ; a picture  ; a tableau. 

Drawn  in  the  flattering  table  of  her  eye.  Shak. 

The  table  wherein  detraction  was  expressed  he  [Apelles] 
painted  in  this  form.  Sir  T.  Elyot. 

7.  An  index  as  of  the  contents  of  a book  ; a 
collection  of  heads  ; list ; catalogue  ; syllabus. 

Their  learning  reaches  no  farther  than  the  tables  of  con- 
tents. H'atls. 

8.  A collection  of  particulars  brought  under 
one  view ; a synopsis. 

No  forged  tables 

Of  long  descents,  to  boast  false  honors  from.  B.  Joneon. 

Tables  of  weights,  measures,  currency,  &c.  Davies. 

9.  pi.  f Backgammon  or  draughts. 

Monsieur  the  nice. 

That  when  he  plays  at  tables  chides  the  dice.  Shak. 

They  danced,  and  they  play  at  chess  and  tables.  Chaucer. 

10.  In  palmistry  or  chiromancy,  the  lines  on 

the  skin  on  the  inside  of  the  hand.  Shak. 

11.  (Math.,  Physics,  Astron.,  &c.)  A collec- 

tion of  numbers  exhibiting  the  measures  or  val- 
ues of  some  property  common  to  a number  of 
different  bodies  in  reference  to  some  common 
standard ; as,  “ Tables  of  refractive  powers,” 
&c.  — A series  of  numbers  which  proceed  ac- 
cording to  some  given  law  expressed  by  a for- 
mula ; as,  “ Logarithmic  tables .”  Brande. 

12.  (Arch.)  A flat  surface  or  smooth  course 

of  workmanship.  Britton. 

13.  (Anat.)  One  of  the  plates  of  compact  tis- 
sue forming  the  bones  of  the  skull.  Dunylison. 

14.  (Glass  Manufacture.)  A flat  disk  of  crown 

glass.  Tomlinson. 

The  Lord's  Table,  the  holy  communion  or  sacra- 
ment ; the  Lord’s  supper. — Round  table.  See  ROUND- 
TABLE.— To  serve  tables,  to  provide  for  the  poor, 
that  they  may  have  whereof  to  eat  at  their  tables. 
Acts  vi.  2.  — To  turn  the  tables,  to  interchange  the  con- 
dition or  fortune  of  contestants.  Dryden.  — Twelve 
1'ables , a celebrated  body  of  Roman  laws,  framed  by 
decemvirs  appointed  A.  U.  C.  303,  on  the  return  of 
three  deputies  or  commissioners  who  had  been  sent 
to  Greece,  to  examine  into  foreign  laws  and  institu- 
tions. Burrill. — Corbel  table,  (Goth.  Arch.)  a pro- 
jecting part  in  the  face  of  a wall  supported  by  cor- 
bels. Britton. 

TA'BLE,  V.  a.  [ i . TABLED  ; pp.  TABLING,  TABLED.] 

1.  To  write  down  in  order ; to  catalogue. 

The  catalogue  of  his  endowments  had  been  tabled.  Shale. 

2.  To  represent,  as  in  painting;  to  delineate. 

Tabled  and  pictured  in  the  chambers  of  meditation.  Bacon. 


3.  To  supply  with  food;  to  feed;  to  board. 

lie  himself  tabled  the  Jews  from  heaven.  Milton. 

4.  (Ship-building.)  To  unite,  as  pieces  of 

timber,  by  letting  a part  of  one  into  a part  of 
another.  Mar.  Diet. 

5.  (Naut.)  To  make  broad  hems  on  the  skirts 
and  bottoms  of,  as  sails,  in  order  to  strengthen 
them  in  the  part  attached  to  the  bolt-rope.  Dana. 

TA'BLE,  v.  n.  To  eat  at  another’s  table  ; to  board. 

Driven  from  the  society  of  men  to  table  with  the  beasts. South. 

TA'BLE,  a.  Relating  to,  or  resembling,  a table  ; 
plain  ; level ; even  ; flat.  Ash. 

TABLEAU  (tab-lo'),  n. ; pi.  tableaux  (tab-loss'). 
[Fr.]  1.  A picture  ; a representation.  Landais. 

2.  A list ; a catalogue  ; a table.  Finden. 

TABLEAU  X—  V I PA  JYS  ( t a b ' 15-  V e - VI  n g ' ) , ?l . f.  [Fr.] 
Living  representations  in  which  persons  are 
grouped  as  in  some  picture.  Smart. 

TA'BLE— BED,  n.  A bed  in  the  form  of  a table. 

TA'BLE— BEER,  n.  Beer  such  as  is  used  at  table 
or  meals  ; small-beer.  Johnson. 

TA'BLE— BELL,  n.  A hand-bell  used  at  table  for 
calling  domestics  or  servants.  Simmonds. 

TA'BLE— BOOK  (ta'bl-buk),  n.  A book  on  which 
any  thing  is  traced  or  written  without  ink ; a 
memorandum-book  ; a tablet.  Shak. 

TA'BLE— CLOTH,  n.  A cloth  for  covering  a ta- 
ble, as  at  meals.  Camden. 

TA'BLE— COV'JpR,  n.  A table-cloth.  Simmonds. 

TA  ’ BLE—D’ NOTE  (th'bl-dot),  n.  [Fr.]  The  public 
table  at  a French  hotel.  Thackeray . 

TA'BLE—  Dl'A-MOND,  n.  A diamond  or  gem  cut 
with  a flat  upper  surface.  Simmonds. 

TA'BLE— FLAP,  n.  A leaf  of  a folding  table:  — 
a slip  to  lengthen  an  extension-table.  Simmonds. 

TA'BLE— LAND,  n.  An  elevated  plain  or  plateau  ; 
elevated,  flat  iand.  Brande. 

TA'BLE— LIN'EN,  n.  Linen  for  the  table.  Smollett. 

f TA'BLE— MAN,  n.  A piece  at  draughts.  Bacon. 

TA'BLE-MENT,  n.  (Arch.)  A table.  Britton. 

TA'BLE— MON'JJY,  n.  In  the  navy,  an  allowance 
to  flag  officers,  in  addition  to  their  pay,  for  pro- 
viding for  their  tables.  Crabb. 

tA'BL^R,  n.  One  who  boards.  B.  Jonson. 

TA'BLE— RENT,  Jt.  (Old  Eng.  Law.)  Arentpaid 
to  a bishop  or  religious  prelate,  reserved  or  ap- 
propriated to  his  table  or  housekeeping.  Burrill. 

TA'BLE— SPAR,  n.  (Min.)  Tabular  spar.  Dana. 

TA'BLE— SPOON,  n.  A large  spoon  for  the  table. 

tA'ble-spoon'ful,  n. ; pi.  table-spoonfuls. 
As  much  as  a table-spoon  holds.  Reeve. 

TA'BLE— SPORT,  n.  Amusement  at  table.  Shak. 

TAb'LIJT,  n.  [Fr.  tablettc.  — See  Table.] 

1.  A small  slab ; a level  surface.  Johnson. 

2.  A small,  flat  piece  of  ivory,  wood,  metal, 
&c.,  prepared  to  write,  grave,  or  trace  upon. 

To  design  upon  tablets  of  boxen  wood.  Dryden. 

3.  pi.  A pocket  memorandum-book.  Clarke. 

4.  f A medicine  in  a square  form. 

It  hath  been  in  use  to  wear  tablets  of  arsenic.  llacon. 

5.  (Med.)  A solid  medicine,  prepared  of  pow- 

ders incorporated  by  means  of  mucilage,  crumbs 
of  bread,  juices  of  plants,  &c.  Dunylison. 

TA'BLE— TALK  (ta'bl-t&wk),  n.  Conversation  at 
meals  or  entertainments.  Holinshed. 

The  interest  of  I>uther’s  Table-talk  is,  that  it  is  a perfect 
portrait  of  the  human  and  material  side  of  one  of  the  greatest 
spiritual  men  that  the  world  ever  saw.  Qu.  Itev. 

TA'BLE— TAlk'ER,  n.  One  who  talks  at  table. 

TA' BEING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  tables. 

2.  (Naut.)  The  art  or  the  method  of  joining 
two  timbers  by  letting  a part  of  one  into  a part 
of  another  : — also  the  broad  hem  on  the  borders 
of  sails,  to  which  the  bolt-rope  is  sewed.  Dana. 

3.  fThe  act  of  playing  tables.  Hackluyt. 

t TA'BLING— HOUSE,  n.  A house  where  gaming- 
tables are  kept.  Holland. 

TA-BOO',  n.  [Polynesian.]  A religious  inter- 
dict ; a prohibition  ; — written  also  tabu.Brande. 

TA-BOO',  V.  a.  [i.  TABOOED  ; pp.  TABOOING,  TA- 
BOOED.] To  put  under  taboo  ; to  interdict,  as 
for  religious  reasons  ; to  forbid  the  use  of,  con- 
tact with,  or  intercourse  with.  Melville. 


TA'BOR,  n.  [It.  tamburo,  a drum  ; Sp.  tambor ; 
Old  Fr.  labour.)  (Mas.)  A small  drum,  beaten 
with  one  stick,  to  accompany  a pipe.  Moore. 
TA'BOR,  v.  n.  [Old  Fr.  tabourer.)  [t.  taboiuid  ; 

pp.  TABORIXG,  TABOltED.] 

1.  To  play  upon  or  beat  the  tabor.  Clarice. 

2.  To  beat  as  on  a tabor ; to  strike. 

And  her  maids  shall  lead  her  as  with  the  voice  of  doves, 
taboring  upon  their  breasts.  Huh.  ii.  7, 

TA'BOR,  v.  a.  To  make,  as  a sound,  by  beating 
on  a tabor  ; to  beat.  Chaucer. 

TA'BOR-ER,  n.  One  who  beats  the  tabor.  Shak. 
TAB'OR-ET,  n.  A small  tabor.  Spectator. 

TA'BQR-ITE,  n.  One  of  a party  of  the  Hussite 
sect ; — so  called  from  Tabor,  a hill  or  fortress 
of  Bohemia,  upon  which  they  encamped  during 
the  struggle  which  they  maintained  against  the 
civil  and  ecclesiastical  power.  Brande. 

TABOURET  (tkb-o-rS'),  )l.  [Fr.] 

1.  A kind  of  small  seat  without  arms  or 

back  ; a stool.  Boyer. 

2.  A frame  for  embroidery.  Simmonds. 

3.  A right  of  sitting  down  at  court  in  pres- 

ence of  the  queen,  a privilege  formerly  enjoyed 
by  French  ladies  of  high  rank.  Boiste. 

TAB-OUR-INE'  (t&b-ur-En'),  n.  [Fr.  tabourin. ] A 
tabor  or  tambourine.  Shak. 

t tAB-RERE',  n.  A taborer.  Spenser. 

TAB'RJJT,  n.  A small  tabor  ; taboret. 

Return  the  tabret's  sprightly  sound.  Young. 

TA-BU',  n.  See  Taboo. 

TAb'U-LAR,  a.  [L.  tabularis.  — Sec  Table.] 

1.  Having  the  form  of  a table  ; flat ; plane. 

2.  Formed  in  lamina:  or  plates.  Woodville. 

3.  Arranged  in  synopses,  tables,  or  columns. 

4.  Set  in  squares.  Johnson. 

Tabular  crystal,  (Min.)  a prismatic  crystal  having  a 

very  short  axis.  Dana.  — Tabular  spar,  Wollastonite. 
— See  Wollastonite.  Dana. 


TAB  ' U-LA  RA  ’ SA.  [L.  tabula,  a tablet,  and  rado, 
rasus,  to  smooth.]  A smoothed  tablet.  Butler. 
TAb-U-LAB-J-ZA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  tabulariz- 
ing  or  forming  into  tables.  P.  Cyc. 

TAB'y-LAR-IZE,  V.  a.  [t.  TABULARIZED  ; pp. 
T A BUL ARIZING,  TABULARIZED.]  To  form  into 
tables  ; to  tabulate.  P.  Cyc. 

TAb'U-LATE,  v.  a.  [L.  tabula.)  [i.  tabulated  ; 

pp.  TABULATING,  TABULATED.] 

1.  To  shape  with  a flat  surface.  Johnson. 

2.  To  reduce  to  tables  or  synopses.  "Johnson. 
tAb'U-LAT-ED,  a.  Having  a flat  surface.  Grew. 
TAb-U-LA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  forming  tables 

or  synopses;  tabularization.  [r.]  Gent.  Mag. 
TAc,  n.  (Law.)  In  old  records,  a kind  of  cus- 
tomary payment  by  a tenant.  Burrill. 

TAC-A-MA-HAc',  n.  1.  (Bot.)  A tall  tree  found 
in  Siberia  and  North  America,  having  large 
buds  covered  with  a fragrant  resinous  sub- 
stance, formerly  used  in  medicine  ; balsam  pop- 
lar ; Populus  balsamifera.  Loudon.  Gray. 

2.  A resin  yielded  by  certain  plants,  as  Calo- 
phyUum  Jnophyllum,  Elaphrium  tomentosum, 
and  several  species  of  poplar.  Wood  <S;  Bache. 
tAC-A-MA-HAC'A,  n.  A resin  ; tacamahac.  Baird. 
TA’ CE.  [L.]  Be  silent!  silence!  Clarke. 

TA’CET.  [L.,  it  is  silent.)  (Mus.)  A term  denoting 
that  an  instrument  or  a voice  is  silent.  Moore. 


f tAcIIE  (tach),  ii.  [From  tack.)  Any  thing  taken 
hold  of ; a catch  ; a button  ; a loop.  Ex.  xxvi.  6. 
f TACHE,  n.  [Fr.]  A stain.  Warner. 

TAjCH-JJ-OG'RA-PHY,  n.  Tachygraphy. 

Brande. 

TA-GHOM'JJ-TER,  n.  [Gr.  rd%os,  quick- 
ness, and  yirpor,  a measure.]  A con- 
trivance for  indicating  minute  varia- 
tions in  the  velocity  of  a machine. 

pi)  ■ The  cup,  C D,  containing  a portion 
of  mercury,  is  attached  to  a spindle  whirled 
by  the  machine.  A glass  tube,  A,  open  at 
both  ends,  suspended  and  unconnected 
with  the  cup,  and  containing  colored 
alcohol,  has  its  lower  and  expanded  c| 
end  immersed  in  the  mercury.  The 
central  depression  of  the  mercury,  due 
to  centrifugal  force,  is  shown  by  the 
descent  of  tile  colored  alcohol  con- 
tained in  the  tube  A,  and  varies  with 
every  change  of  velocity.  Lardner. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  IJ,  I,  O,  l.T,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


TACHYDIDAXY 


1471 


TAIL 


TAjCH-Y-DI-DAX'Y,  n.  [Gr.  rnybj,  quick,  nnd 
iiSdtnsa,  diSafw,  to  teach.]  A snort  method  of 
teaching.  Scudamore. 

TAjCII-Y-DRO'MI-AN,  n.  [Gr.  rajfvhpbpas,  fast  run- 
ning ; ruybf,  quick,  and  rfifycv,  ilpau'ji',  to  run.] 
( Ornith .)  One  of  a family  of  wading-birds, 
which  run  with  great  swiftness  ; plovers,  &c. 

Brando. 

The  term  tachydromians  is  also  applied  to  a 
family  of  Saurian  reptiles  by  Fitzinger,  and  to  a family 
of  dipterous  insects  by  Mirgen.  Braude. 

TACII-Y-GRAPH  IC,  } a Relating  to  tachyg- 

TAjCH- V-GRAPII'J-CAL,  ) raphy ; stenographic. 

Byrom. 

TA-GHYG'RA-PHY  (ta-kig'ra-fe),  n.  [Gr.  r«yb 5, 
quick,  and  to  write.]  The  art  or  practice 

of  quick  writing ; stenography.  Brando. 

tAgH'Y-LTTE,  n.  [Gr.  ray&f,  quick,  and  l.bio,  to 
dissolve.]  (Min.)  A mineral  resembling  obsid- 
ian, occurring  massive  or  in  plates,  and  com- 
posed chiefly  of  silica,  alumina,  protoxide  of 
iron,  magnesia,  and  soda.  • Dana. 

TAtJ'lT  (tas'jt),  a.  [L .tacitus;  tacco,  to  be  silent ; 
It.  <Sr  Sp.  tacito;  Fr.  tactic.)  Silent;  implied; 
not  expressed  by  words. 

A tacit  reproach  of  some  incivility.  Locke. 

tAo'I-TURN,  a.  [L.  taciturnus  ; It.  <Sf  Sp.  taci- 
turno;  Fr.  taciturne .]  Habitually  silent;  ut- 
tering little  ; not  communicative  ; reserved. 

Grieve  was  very  submissive,  respectful,  and  remarkably 
taciturn.  Smollett. 

Syn. — One  who  does  not  speak  on  a particular  oc- 
casion is  silent ; one  who  usually  avoids  speaking  is 
taciturn.  Silence  describes  tile  actual,  taciturnity  the 
habitual,  disposition  to  say  nothing. 

TA^-I-TURN'I-Ty,  n.  [L.  taciturnitas ; It.  taci- 
turnita  ; Sp.  tacit'urnidad ; Fr.  taciturnite.] 

The  state  or  the  habit  of  being  taciturn ; habit- 
ual silence  ; reserve. 

Too  great  loquacity,  and  too  great  taciturnity.  Arbuthnot. 

TAg'j-TURN-LY,  ad.  In  a taciturn  manner. 

TACK,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  to-eacan,  to  add  to. — See 
Attach.]  [i.  tacked;  pp.  tacking,  tacked.] 

1.  To  fasten  ; to  attach  ; to  append  ; to  affix. 

Some  commendam  tacked  to  their  sees.  Swift. 

2.  To  stitch  together  slightly  Shak. 

3.  To  fasten  with  small  nails,  or  tacks. 

4.  (Want.)  To  change  the  course  of,  as  a 
vessel,  in  order  to  bring  the  wind  on  the  oppo- 
site side,  as  in  beating  to  windward.  Mar.  Diet. 

TACK,  v.  n.  (Naut.)  To  put  a vessel  about,  so 
as  to  bring  the  wind  on  the  opposite  side,  as  in 
beating  to  windward.  Dumpier. 

TACK,  n.  [Dan.  takkc.  — Ir.  taca ; Gael,  fttc.] 

1.  A small  nail  with  a large  head.  Holland. 

2.  f An  addition  ; a supplement. 

Some  tacks  had  been  made  to  money-bills.  Burnet. 

3.  (A Taut.)  A rope  used  to  confine  the  fore- 
most lower  corners  of  a ship’s  courses  and  stay- 
sails in  a fixed  position  when  the  wind  crosses 
the  ship’s  course  obliquely:  — a rope  used  to 
pull  out  the  lower  corner  of  a studding-sail  or 
driver  to  the  extremity  of  the  boom : — that  part 
of  a sail  to  which  the'  tack  is  attached:  — the 
weather  clew  or  corner  of  a course.  Mar.  Diet. 

A ship  is  said  to  he  on  the  starboard  or  lar- 
board tack,  or  to  hare  her  starboard  or  larboard  tacks 
aboard,  when  she  is  clo-e-hauled  with  the  wind  on 
the  starboard  or  larboard  side.  Mar.  Diet. 

4.  The  act  of  tacking,  or  change  of  direction 

of  a vessel  by  tacking.  Cook. 

5.  f [Fr . tacito.)  A spot ; a stain.  Hammond. 

6.  (Scottish  Laic.)  A contract  whereby  the  use 
of  any  thing  is  let,  for  a reserved  rent,  called 
tack-duty , for  a determined  time.  Burrill. 

7.  A lease;  a bargain.  [Local,  Eng.]  Wright. 

8.  Confidence  ; reliance.  [Local,  Eng.]  Todcl. 

Tack  of  a flag,  a line  spliced  into  the  eye  at  the 

bottom  of  the  tabling  for  securing  the  flag  to  the  hal- 
yard, Mar.  Diet. 

To  hold  tack,  to  last,  to  hold  out.  Hudibras. 

TACK’— DU-TY,  n.  (Scottish  Law.)  A reserved  rent, 
taken  under  the  contract  called  tack.  Burrill. 

TACK'JJR,  n.  One  who  tacks  or  joins.  Todd. 

TAck'JJT,  x small  nail ; a tack.  [Scot.]  Barret. 

TACK'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  joining  or  fastening. 

2.  (Law.)  The  uniting  of  securities  given  at 
different  times,  so  as  to  prevent  any  intermedi- 


ate purchaser  from  interposing  his  claim  with- 
out redeeming  all  subsequent  claims.  Story. 

3.  (Naut.)  The  act  of  putting  a vessel  about 
so  as  to  bring  the  wind  around  from  one  side  to 
the  other  by  the  way  of  her  head,  as  in  beating 
to  windward.  Falconer. 

TACK'LE  (tak’kl ; pronounced  by  seamen  ta'kl),  n. 
[Gr.  rpo^aUa,  the  sheaf  of  a pulley ; rpoyd;,  a 
ball ; rpt^io,  to  run  ; L.  trochlea,  a tackle  ; It. 
taglia.  — Dut.  & Ger.  takel ; Dan.  takkcT,  Sw. 
tackel.  — The  term  appears  to  be  derived  from 
Gr.  rpoyalja . Brande.] 

1.  A machine  for  raising  heavy  weights ; a 

pulley.  Falconer. 

2.  [W.  tacel .]  f An  arrow. 

The  tackle  smote,  and  in  it  went.  Chaucer. 

3.  Weapons;  instruments  of  warfare. 

She  to  her  tackle  fell.  I lutlibras . 

4.  Furniture;  implements;  equipment ; gear  ; 

harness;  as,  “ Hunting-£ac/cfc,  fishing-fucAfe, 
&c.”  Richardson. 

Ground  tackle,  (JVaut.)  See  Ground-tackle. 

TACK'LE  (tak'kl),  V.  a.  [t.  TACKLED;  pp.  TACK- 
LING, TACKLED.] 

1.  To  supply  with  tackle.  Beau.  8$  FI. 

2.  To  accoutre  ; to  harness.  [Local,  Eng., 

and  colloquial,  U.  S.]  Ash. 

3.  To  seize  upon ; to  attack.  [Local.  U.  S. 

and  Eng.]  HalliweU. 

tAck'LED  (tak'kld),  p.  a.  Made  of  ropes  tackled 
together.  “ A tackled  stair.”  Shak. 

TACK'LING,  11.  1.  The  sailing  apparatus  of  a 

ship.  “ Tackling,  as  sails  and  cordage.”  Bacon. 

They  wondered  at  the  ships  and  their  tackling.  Abbot. 

2.  Instruments  of  action  ; implements  ; tackle. 
“Fishing  tackling,  kitchen  tackling.”  Johnson. 

TACKS'MAN,  11.  (Scottish  Law.)  One  to  whom 
a tack  is  granted ; a tenant ; a lessee.  Burrill. 

TACT,  n.  [L.  tango,  tactus,  to  touch  ; It.  tatto ; 
Sp.  tacto  ; Fr.  tact.  — Ger.  tact.] 

1.  Touch;  feeling;  taction. 

The  sense  of  tact  is  most  exquisite  in  man.  Boss. 

2.  Adroitness  in  adapting  one’s  words  or  ac- 

tions to  circumstances  ; nice  discernment ; skill ; 
cleverness ; dexterity  ; knack.  Macaulay. 

TAC'TA-BLE,  a.  Tangible,  [r.]  Massinger. 

1 Ac  TIC,  a.  / [Gr.  rizKn/fijf.]  Pertaining  to  tac- 

TAC'TI-OAL,  > tics  ; directing.  Phillips.  Johnson. 

TAC-TF'CIAN  (tjk-tlsh'an),  11.  [Fr.  tacticien.] 
One  skilled  in  tactics  ; adroit  manager.  Wraxall. 

tAo'TICS,  11.  pi.  [Gr.  raKTiKij,  the  art  of  arran- 
ging ; Tciaoui,  to  arrange  ; It.  tattica  ; Sp.  tactica  ; 
Fr.  tactique.]  The  art  of  disposing  and  arran- 
ging military  and  naval  forces  for  battle ; the 
science  of  military  and  naval  evolutions,  ma- 
noeuvres, and  positions.  Stocqueler. 

Because  order  is  as  variable  as  the  tactics  of  an  army.  Taylor. 

TAc'TILE  (tak'til),  a.  [L.  taetilis  ; Fr.  tactile.]  I 
Perceptible  to,  or  susceptible  of,  touch ; tangible. 

We  have  iron,  brass,  wood,  stones,  sounds,  light,  figura- 
tion, tactile  qualities.  Ildle. 

TAC-TIL'I-TY,  n.  Susceptibility  of  touch  ; per- 
ceptibility by  the  touch.  Bailey 

TAC'TION,  11.  [ L.tactio ; Fr  .taction.]  The  act 

of  touching  ; contact ; tangency. 

Roused  by  some  external  taction.  Chesterfield. 

TACT'LIJSS,  a.  Destitute  of  tact.  Ch.  Ob. 

tAct'U-AL,  re.  Relating  to,  or  consisting  in, 
the  touch.  “ Tactual  union.”  More. 

TA-DOR'NA,  n.  [Sp.  tadorno  ; Fr.  tadorne.] 
(Ornith.)  A genus  of  aquatic  fowls;  the  shel- 
drake.— See  Sheldrake.  Yarrell. 

TAD'POLE,  n.  [A.  S.  tade,  toad,  and  foie  (L. 
pulltts),  a foal,  a colt.]  The  young  of  the  frog, 
and  other  batrachians,  in  their  first  state  from 
the  spawn.  Baird. 

KID  Tadpoles  are  of  a fish  like  form,  have  no  legs, 
and  breathe  by  external  gills  like  fishes  These  gills 
fall  off  when  the  lnnhs  become  developed  and  the 
animal  arrives  at  its  mature  form.  Baird. 

TJE' DI-UM,  11.  [L.]  Wearisomencss  ; irksome- 
ness ; tiresomeness  ; tediousness.  Cowper. 

TAEL,  n.  A Chinese  weight,  equal  to  1J  oz. 
avoirdupois  : — also  a Chinese  money  varying 
in  value  from  70d.  to  80d.  sterling  (#1.41  to 
#1.62).  ' McCulloch : 


TA’EN  (tan).  The  poetical  contraction  of  taken. 

llud  tn'en  their  supper  in  the  savory  herb.  Milton. 

TAl'NI-A,  11.  [Gr.  ratvia.]  (Zolil.)  A genus  of 
Entozoa,  or  intestinal  worms,  having  a flat,  com- 
pressed, and  numerously  jointed  body,  and  a 
head  furnished  with  four  suctorial  depressions, 
and,  in  many  species,  a retractile  proboscis, 
frequently  armed  with  one  or  two  circles  of  mi- 
nute, recurved  hooks,  especially  in  the  young 
state  ; the  tape-worm.  Baird. 

The  alimentary  canal  in  this  genus  is  contin- 
ued uninterrupted  throughout  the  whole  length  of  the 
body,  hut  the  reproductive  organs  are  repeated  in  each 
joint.  Tania  solium  is  the  common  tape-worm  of 
the  human  species.  Baird. 

TVE'NOID,  a.  [Gr.  rmvia,  a fillet,  a tape-worm, 
and  tlio t,  form.]  Shaped  like  the  tape-worm  ; 
ribbon-shaped.  Owen. 

TAf'FE-REL,  11.  (Naut.)  The  taffrail.  Anson. 

tAf'FE-TA,  l n_  [It.  taffeta-,  Sp.  tqfctan-,  Fr. 

TAF'FE-TY,  ) taffetas.]  A smooth,  glossy,  silk 
stuff,  plain  cqlored,  checkered,  flowered,  or 
striped  with  gold,  silver,  &e.  Tomlinson. 

tAff'RAIL,  11.  [Dut.  tafereel,  a panel,  a pic- 
ture ; tafel,  a table.]  (Naut.)  The  rail  or  up- 
per part  round  a vessel’s  stern  ; — written  also 
taffercl.  Dana. 

tAf'FY,  n.  A kind  of  candy  made  by  boiling 
molasses  or  treacle  till  it  becomes  thick,  and 
then  spreading  it  out  in  sheets  to  cool,  often 
with  almonds  stuck  into  it.  HalliweU.  Bartlett. 

TA'FI-A,  n.  [Fr.]  Ardent  spirit  made  from  mo- 
lasses ; a variety  of  rum.  Ure. 

TAG,  11.  [Dan.  tag,  a roof ; Sw.  tagg,  a prickle, 
a point;  Icel.  tag.  — From  tack.  Skinner.] 

1.  A point  of  metal  put  to  the  end  of  a string. 

With  my  carnation  point  with  silver  tags.  Bean.  §*  FI. 

2.  Any  thing  paltry  or  mean  ; the  rabble. 

They  all  came  in,  both  tag  and  rag.  Spenser. 

3.  A sheep  of  the  first  year.  Farm.  Ency. 

4.  Catch-word  of  an  actor’s  speech. Simmonds. 

TAG ,11.  [L.  tango  (old  form  tago ),  to  touch. — 

Dan.  tag,  a gripe.  — Gael,  tag,  a blow.]  A slight 
touch  or  blow  : — also  a game  in  which  children 
run  after,  and  try  to  touch,  each  other  ; — called 
also  tig. — See  Tig.  Bartlett. 

TAG,  V.  a.  \i.  TAGGED  ; pp.  TAGGING,  TAGGED.] 

1.  To  fit  with  a tag.  Johnson. 

2.  To  append  something  to  ; to  join  ; to  add  to. 

Tags  every  sentence  with  some  fawning  word.  Dryden. 

TAG,  v.  n.  To  follow  closely.  [Vulgar.]  Forby. 

TAG'— BELT,  n.  A disease  in  sheep.  Loudon. 

tAg'GER,  n.  1.  One  who  tags.  Cotton. 

2.  Any  thing  pointed  like  a tag.  Cowper. 

3.  A very  thin  kind  of  tin  plate  used  for  cof- 
fin-plate inscriptions,  &c.  Simmonds. 

TAGLIA  (tal'ye-a),  n.  [It.,  a pulley.]  (Mecli.)  A 
peculiar  combination  of  pulleys.  Brande. 

tAgL-I-A-CO'TIaN  (taI-ye-5-ko'shjn),  a.  ( Surg .) 
Taliacotian ; rhinoplastic.  Brande. 

TAG'— LOCK,  n.  An  entangled  lock.  Wright. 

TAG'— RAG,  n.  The  lowest  class  of  people  ; the 
rabble  ; the  mob  ; the  vulgar.  Shak. 

TAG'— SORE,  11.  Tag-belt.  Loudon. 

TAG'TAIL,  11.  A worm  which  has  the  tail  of 
another  color.  Walton. 

TAIL  (tal),  it.  [M.  Goth,  tagla,  hairs,  taga,  hair  ; 
A.  S.  tccgcl,  teegl,  a tail ; Ger  zagel,  zahl ; Icel. 
tag l,  a horse’s  tail.] 

1.  That  which  terminates  the  body  of  an  ani- 

mal behind,  in  most  animals  hanging  loose 
from  the  vertebrae  : — the  protruding  extremity 
of  the  vertebral  column : — the  hinder  feathers 
of  a bird.  Dryden. 

2.  The  extremity  of  a thing ; the  end  ; fag- 
end  ; conclusion.  “ The  tail  of  a gale.”  Crabb. 

3.  The  hinder  or  lower  part  of  any  thing ; 

inferior  part.  Deut.  xxviii.  13. 

4.  Any  thing  or  part  pendent,  as  the  skirt  of 
a coat ; a flap  ; an  appendage. 

Those  tails  that  hang  upon  willow-trees.  Harvey. 

5.  The  reverse  of  a coin.  Simmonds. 

6.  (Bot.)  Any  long,  flexible,  terminal  append- 

age ; — often  used  as  a synonyme  for  petiole,  and 
also  for  peduncle.  Ilenslow. 

7.  (Mas.)  That  part  of  a note  which  extends 

upward  or  downward  from  its  head.  Moore. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL, 


BUR,  RULE.  — q,  (f,  g,  soft;  e,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  ^ as  z; 


^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


TAIL 


1472 


TAKE 


8.  ( Arch .)  The  bottom  or  lower  end  of  any 

member,  as  of  a slate  or  tile.  Bramle. 

9.  A horse-tail  used  as  a standard  among  the 
Turks.  “ The  pacha  of  many  tails.’’  Marryatt. 

10.  ( Naut .)  A rope  spliced  into  the  end  of  a 

block,  and  used  for  making  it  fast.  Dana. 

Tail  of  a comet,  an  appendage,  sometimes  of  im- 
mense length,  presenting  the  appearance  of  two 
streams  of  light  diverging  from  the  head  of  the  comet 
in  a direction  opposite  to  that  in  which  the  sun  is  sit- 
uated, growing  broader  and  more  diffused  at  a dis- 
tance from  the  head,  and  commonly  closing  in  and 
uniting  at  a little  distance  behind  it.  Ilerschel. — Tail 
of  the.  trenches,  ( Mil .)  the  post  where  the  besiegers  be- 
gin to  break  ground,  and  cover  themselves  from  the 
fire  of  the  place,  in  advancing  the  lines  of  approach. 
Stucqueler,  — To  turn  tail,  to  run  away,  to  flee.  Sidney. 

TAIL  (tal),  n.  [It.  tagliarc,  to  cut;  Sp.  tallar,  to 
cut ; Fr.  tailler,  to  cut.]  {Law.)  Limitation  ; 
abridgment.  Burrill. 

In  tail,  (/.aw.)  a term  used  of  an  estate  when  the 
owner  and  a particular  line  of  heirs  arc  seized  thereof, 
to  the  exclusion  of  others.  Burrill. 

TAIL,  v.  a.  To  pull  by  the  tail.  Iludibras. 

To  tail  in,  to  fasten  any  thing  into  a wall  at  one 
end,  as  the  st.-ps  of  a stair.  — See  Dovetail.  Francis. 

TAlL'AGE,».  [F r.  taillage ; tailler,  to  cut.]  ( Old 
Eng.  Law.)  Tallage.  — See  Tallage.  Cowell. 

TAII.'— BLOCK,  n.  {Naut.)  A block  having  a 
rope  called  a tail  spliced  into  the  end  for  mak- 
ing it  fast  to  rigging  or  spars.  Dana. 

T\lL'-BOARD,  n.  The  movable  hinder  board  or 
part  of  a cart  or  wagon.  Simmonds. 

TAILED  (tald),  a.  Furnished  with  a tail.  Grew. 

TAIL'ING§,  n.  pi.  The  chaff  or  lighter  parts  of 
winnowed  grain.  Simmonds 

TAlLLE  (tal),  n.  [Fr.]  ( Old  French  Law.) 

Formerly  any  imposition  levied  by  king  or  any 
other  lord  upon  his  subjects.  Burrill. 

The  taille,  as  it  still  subsists  in  France,  may  serve  as  an 
example  of  those  ancient  tallages.  It  is  a tax  upon  the  profits 
of  the  farmer,  which  they  estimate  by  the  stock  that  he  has 
upon  the  farm.  Adam  Smith. 

T.AIL'LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  a tail.  Hill. 

TAl'LOR  (ta'lor),  n.  [Fr.  tailleur;  tailler,  to  cut.] 

1.  One  whose  business  it  is  to  cut  and  make 

men’s  clothes.  Shah. 

2.  A fish  resembling  the  shad,  but  inferior  to 
it  in  size  and  flavor.  [Local,  U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

Salt  water  tailor,  a name  given  to  tile  blue-fish. 
[Local,  U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

TAl'LOR  (ta'lor),  v.  n.  [i.  TAILORED  ; pp.  TAILOR- 
ING, tailored.]  To  perform  the  business  of  a 
tailor  ; to  make  men’s  clothes.  Green. 

TAl'LOR— BIRD,  n.  {Ormth.)  A name  applied  to 
several  of  the  soft-billed  Indian  birds,  allied  to 
the  warblers,  which  construct  their  nests  by 
stitching  together  the  leaves  of  plants.  Ogilvie. 

TAI'LOR-ESS,  n.  A woman  who  makes  men’s 
clothes ; a female  tailor.  Clarke. 

TAl'LOR-ING,  n.  The  business  or  the  work  of  a 
tailor.  Coleridge. 

TAlL'-PLECE,  n.  1.  An  appendage  ; a piece 
added.  Clarke. 

2.  (Printing.)  A vignette  placed  at  the  end 
of  a chapter  or  section  in  a book.  Clarke. 

TAIL'— RACE,  n.  The  channel  that  carries  off  the 
used  water  from  a water-wheel.  Weisbach. 

TAILS'— COM-MON,  n.  (Mining.)  A term  for 

washed  lead  ore.  [Local.]  Simmonds. 

TAIL'-WA-T^R,  n.  Waste  water  from  the  buck- 
ets of  a water-wheel  in  motion.  Weale. 

TAILZIE,  n.  (Scottish  Law.)  A deed  whereby 
the  legal  course  of  succession  is  cut  off,  and  an 
arbitrary  one  substituted.  Brande. 

TAIN,  n.  A thin  tin-plate: — tin-foil  for  mir- 
rors-  Simmonds. 

TAINT  (tant),  v.  a.  [Gr.  rtyyw,  to  wet,  to  dye  ; 
L.  tiiigo  Fr.  teindre.  — See  Tinge.] 

1.  To  imbue  or  impregnate  ; — generally  in  a 
bad  sense.  _ “ The  tainted  gale.”  Thomson. 

2.  To  stain ; sully ; to  contaminate ; to  tarnish. 

To  taint  that  honor  every  good  tongue  blesses.  Shak. 

3.  To  poison  or  disease ; to  infect ; to  vitiate. 

Nothing  taints  sound  lungs  sooner  than  inspiring  the 
breath  of  consumptive  lungs.  Harvey. 

4.  To- corrupt;  to  induce  putrefaction  in. 
“Sweetbread  . . . tainted  or  fly-blown.”  Swift. 


5.  To  attaint;  — “a  corrupt  contraction  of 
attaint.”  Johnson. 

Syn.  — See  Contaminate. 

TAINT,  v.  n.  To  be  tainted  or  infected.  Shak. 

TAINT  (taut),  it,  1.  A tincture  ; a stain.  Johnson. 

2.  Infection;  corruption  ; depravation. 

Which  man’s  polluting  sin  with  taint  hath  shed.  Milton. 

3.  A spot  or  blemish  ; a stigma. 

The  taints  and  blames  I laid  upon  myself.  Shak. 

4.  A kind  of  small,  red  spider.  Browne. 

Syn.  — See  Blemish. 

TAINT' ED,  p.  a.  Imbued  or  impregnated  with 
something  noxious  ; infected  ; corrupted. 

TAINT'— FREE,  a.  Without  taint ; guiltless. 

Ilis  relations  taint-free  of  those  principles.  Heath. 

TAlNT'HJSS,  a.  Free  from  taint  or  infection; 
without  taint ; pure  ; undefiled. 

From  luxury  as  taintless  ns  your  mind.  Hall. 

TAlNT'LgSS-LY,  ad.  Without  taint.  Clarke. 

TAlNT'URE  (tant'yur),  n.  [Fr.  teinture.\  Taint; 
pollution  ; defilement. 

Without  the  too  much  tainture  of  our  honor.  Beau.  &r  FI. 

TA-jA(?'IJ,  ii.  (Zo'ul.)  The  peccary;  Dicotyles 
tajacu.  — See  Peccary.  J.  E.  Gray. 

TAKE,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  tcecan,  to  teach;  tacan,  to 
take  ; Sw.  taga  ; Dan.  tage  ; Icel.  taka.  — Gr. 
bizonal,  to  take ; bibcm/u,  to  show,  to  teach.  — 
Buttmann  traces  li^oyai,  and  biiKvvyt,  to  a com- 
mon root  <5 ck,  with  the  common  notion  of  stretch- 
ing out  the  right  hand  (bt(ia).  Liddell  <§,-  Scott.) 
[«.  TOOK  ; pp.  TAKING,  TOOK.] 

1.  To  receive  what  is  offered  ; to  accept  — cor- 
relative to  gi re,  and  opposed  to  refuse. 

Then  I took  the  cup  at  the  Lord’s  hand.  Jer.  xxv.  13. 

2.  To  grasp  with  the  hand,  or  with  any  in- 
strument ; to  lay  hold  of ; to  seize. 

He  . . . took  me  by  a lock  of  my  head.  Ezek.  viii.  3. 

3.  To  seize  or  lay  hold  of  and  remove. 

In  fetters  one  the  barking  porter  tied. 

And  took  him  trembling  from  his  sovereign’s  side.  Drydcn. 

4.  To  catch  suddenly,  as  by  artifice  or  sur- 
prise ; to  circumvent ; to  entrap  ; to  insnare. 

Men  in  their  loose,  unguarded  hours  they  fake. 

Not  that  themselves  are  wise,  but  others  weak.  rope. 

Take  us  the  loxes,  that  spoil  the  vines.  Canticles. 

5.  To  make  prisoner;  to  capture. 

They  ...  slew  and  took  three  hundred  Janizaries.  Knolles. 

6.  To  cause  to  surrender  ; to  conquer ; as, 
“ To  take  a fortified  place.” 

7.  To  captivate;  to  delight ; to  please;  to  en- 
gage ; to  allure ; to  attract. 

More  than  history  can  pattern,  though  devised 

And  played  to  take  spectators.  Shak. 

lie  took  great  contentment  in  this  our  question.  Bacon. 

8.  To  understand  in  any  particular  manner. 

Charity  taken  in  its  largest  extent  is  nothing  else  but  the 

sincere  love  of  God  and  our  neighbor.  Hake. 

You  take  me  right,  Eupolis.  Bacon. 

9.  To  receive  with  good  or  ill  will. 

I will  frown,  . . . and  let  them  take  it  ns  they  list.  Shak. 

10.  To  receive  in  thought  , to  entertain  in 
opinion  ; to  suppose  ; to  regard  ; to  consider. 

Some  tories  will  take  you  for  a whig,  some  whigs  will 
take  you  for  a tory.  Tope. 

As  I fake  it,  the  two  principal  branches  of  preaching  are, 
to  tell  the  people  what  is  their  duty,  and  then  to  convince 
them  that  it  is  so.  • Swift, 

11.  To  get ; to  procure  ; to  obtain. 

Striking  stones,  they  took  fire  out  of  them.  2 Mace.  x.  3. 

12.  To  use;  to  employ;  as,  “ To  take  thought.  ” 

This  man  always  foArstime,  and  ponders  things  maturely 
before  he  passes  his  judgment.  Watts. 

13.  To  be  in  favor  of ; to  choose  ; to  elect. 

The  nicest  eve  could  no  distinction  make, 

Where  lay  the  advantage,  or  what  side  to  take.  Dnjden. 

14.  To  turn  to  ; to  practise  ; to  pursue. 

If  any  be  subject  to  vice,  or  take  ill  courses.  Bacon. 

15  To  close  in  with  ; to  hold  responsible. 

I take  thee  at  thy  word.  Howe. 

16.  To  form ; to  fix  ; to  adopt. 

Resolutions  taken  upon  full  debate.  Clarendon. 

17.  To  put  on  ; to  assume;  to  pass  into. 

Take  any  shape  but  that,  and  my  firm  nerves 

Shall  never  tremble.  Shak. 

18.  To  swallow  ; as,  “ To  take  food  or  drink.” 

19.  To  copy  ; to  delineate  ; to  draw. 

Beauty  alone  could  beauty  take  so  right.  Drydcn. 

20.  To  fasten  on  ; to  seize  ; to  smite. 

I am  taken  . - . with  a swimming  in  my  head.  Dryrlen. 

No  beast  will  cat  sour  grass  till  the  frost  hath  taken  it. 

Mortimer. 


21.  To  receive,  as  any  temper  or  disposition 
of  nnnd  ; to  possess  ; to  experience  ; to  feel. 

Few  are  so  wicked  ns  to  take  delight 

In  crimes  unprofitable.  Drydcn. 

Children,  kept  out  of  ill  company,  take  a pride  to  behave 
themselves  prettily.  Locke. 

22.  To  endure  ; to  hear  ; to  tolerate. 

Won’t  3'ou,  then,  take  a jest  ? Spectator. 

23.  To  draw  ; to  derive  ; to  deduce. 

The  firm  belief  of  a future  judgment  is  the  most  forcible 
motive  to  a good  life,  because  taken  from  this  consideration 
of  the  most  lasting  happiness  and  misery.  Tillotson. 

24.  To  have  recourse  to  ; to  go  to 

Tigers  and  lions  are  not  apt  to  take  the  water-  / laic. 

The  cat  presently  takes  a tree.  V Estrange. 

25.  To  hire  ; to  rent ; as,  “ To  take  a house.” 

26.  To  discover  ; to  detect ; to  apprehend  ; 
as,  “ To  take  one  in  the  act.” 

27.  To  be  necessary  to  have  or  to  use;  to 
require  ; — used  impersonally,  with  it ; as,  “ It 
takes . three  feet  to  make  a yard.” 

28.  To  use  as  an  oath  or  expression. 

Thou  shalt  not  take  the  name  of  the  Lord  thy  God  in 
vain;  for  the  Lord  will  not  hold  him  guiltless  that  takefh  his 
name  in  vain.  Ex.  xx.  7. 

29.  To  admit  in  copulation.  Sandys. 

30.  To  convey;  to  conduct;  to  transport. 

And  they  turned  aside,  . . . for  there  was  no  man  that 
took  them  into  his  house  to  lodge.  Judy  xix.  15. 

JKxT'Take,  with  the  force  of  do , make,  produce,  or 
use , is  often  coupled  with  a noun,  so  that  both  are 
equivalent  to  a single  verb;  as,  “ To  take  hold”; 
u To  take  effect  ” ; “ To  take  revenge  ” ; “ To  take  one’s 
measure  ” ; “ To  take  a likeness  ” ; “ Take  care  ” ; 
“ Take  notice”;  “ Take  oath”;  “ Take  breath”; 
“ Take  leave”  ; “ Take  aim.” 

To  take  aim , to  aim.  Bogct.  — To  take  air , to  be- 
come known  ; to  be  made  public.  Hudibras.  — To 
take  along , to  conveyor  conduct  along  or  away. — 
To  take  away,  to  remove;  to  set  aside;  to  deprive  of. 
“If  we  take  away  consciousness  of  pleasure.”  Locke . 

— To  take  care,  to  be  careful.  — To  take  breath,  to  rest 
after  exertion. — To  take  care  of,  to  have  the  care  of; 
as,  “ To  take  care  of  a building.” — To  take  down,  to 
remove  to  a lower  place  ; as,  “ To  take  down  a book 
from  a shelf.”  To  reduce  ; to  lower  ; to  depress  ; to 
humble;  to  abase;  as,  “ To  take  down  one's  pride.” 
“ Lackeys  were  never  so  saucy  and  pragmatical  as 
now,  and  he  should  be  glad  to  see  them  taken  down." 
Addison.  — To  swallow;  to  take  by  the  mouth;  as, 
“ To  take  down  a medicine.”  To  take  or  pull  to 
pieces  ; as,  “ To  take  down  a steeple.”  To  note,  or 
write  down  ; as,  “ To  take  doicn  a speech  ” — To  take 
for,  to  mistake  ; to  suppose  to  be  the  same  ; as,  “ To 
take  one  person  for  another.” — To  take  from,  to  de- 
prive of.  Shak.  To  subtract  from  ; to  deduct  from  ; 
as,  “ To  take  three /row  five.”  To  derogate;  to  de- 
tract from.  Drydcn.  — To  take  ground  to  the  right  or 
the  left , (J\iil.)  to  extend  a line,  or  to  move  troops  to 
the  right  or  the  left.  Campbell. — To  take  heed,  to  be 
cautious;  to  beware.  “ rlake  heed  of  a mischievous 
man.”  Eccles.  xi.  31. — To  take  heed  to,  to  attend  ; to 
pay  attention  ; as,  “ Take  heed  to  good  instructions.” 

— To  take  hold,  to  seize.  — To  take  in,  to  receive  ; to 
admit : — to  receive  hospitably. 

I have  a soul  that,  like  an  ample  shield, 

Can  take  in  all.  Dryden. 

To  comprise  ; to  enclose  ; to  encompass.  Addison. 
To  contract  ; to  lessen  in  hulk  ; as,  “ He  took  in  his 
sails.”  To  receive  mentally.  “ Some  genius  can 
take  in  a long  train  of  propositions.”  To  cheat ; to 
gull.  [Vulgar.]  “The  cunning  ones  were  taken 
in."  [ Dr.  Jamieson  says  it  is  a Danish  idiom  ( tage 
ind,  to  inveigle,  &c.),  and  probably  very  ancient.]  — 
To  take  in  hand , to  undertake.  Luke  i.  1.  — To  take 
leave,  to  bid  adieu  or  farewell.  Shak. — To  take  notice , 
to  observe.  Johnson.  To  show  by  an  act  that  obser- 
vation is  made.  Clarendon. — To  take  oath,  to  swear 
solemnly.  “ YVe  take  an  oath  of  secrecy.”  Bacon. — 
To  take  off,  to  remove  ; as,  “ To  take  off  one’s  hat.” 
To  invalidate;  to  remove.  “What  taketh  off  the  ob- 
jection is,  that  in  judging  scandal  we  are  to  look  to 
the  cause  whence  it  cometh.”  Sanderson.  To  destroy. 
“ The  cruel  ministers  took  off  her  life.”  Shak.  To 
withdraw  ; to  withhold.  “ Keep  foreign  ideas  from 
taking  off  one’s  mind  from  its  present  pursuit.”  Locke. 
To  swallow.  “ The  moment  a man  takes  off  his  glass.” 
Locke.  — To  purchase.  Locke.  To  copy.  “ Take  off 
all  their  models  in  wood.”  Addison.  To  find  place 
for,  “ More  are  bred  scholars  than  preferments  can 
take  off."  Bacon.  To  imitate  ; to  personate  ; to  mimic. 
Roget.—  To  take  on,  to  assume  voluntarily  ; to  take 
upon.  — To  take  order  with,  to  check.  [ R-]  Bacon. — 
To  take  out,  to  remove  from  within  any  place;  to 
remove.  Shak.— To  take  part,  to  share;  to  partake. 
Pope.  — To  take  place , to  prevail ; to  have  effect. 

Where  arms  take-place,  all  other  pleas  are  vain.  Di'yden. 
To  occur  ; to  happen  ; as,  “ When  did  this  thing  take 
■plncc>”—  To  take  root,  to  form  a root,  as  a plant. 
To  he  firmly  established.  Roget.  — To  take  sides,  to 
show  a preference  for  one  side  or  party  ; as,  “To  take 
sides  in  a controversy.” — To  take  to  do,  to  take  to 
task;  to  reprove.  [Colloquial.]  Bartlett. — To  take 


A,  E,  I,  6,  O’,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  0,  short ; A,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure ; FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


TAKE 


1473 


TALK 


up,  to  lift ; to  raise.  “ Take  up  these  clothes  hero 
quickly.”  Shak . To  buy  or  to  borrow.  “ Men,  for 
want  of  due  payment,  are  forced  to  take  up  the  neces- 
saries of  life  at  almost  double  value.”  Swift.  To  en- 
gage with.  Shale.  To  apply  to  the  use  of  j to  have 
recourse  to.  “ We  took  up  arms.”  Addison.  To  be- 
gin. “They  shall  take  up  a lamentation  for  me.” 
Ezek.  xxv.  17.  (Surg.)  To  fasten  with  a ligature. 
Sharp.  To  engross  ; to  engage.  “ Overmuch  anx- 
iety in  worldly  things  takes  up  the  mind.”  Duppa. 
To  have  final  recourse  to.  “ Arnobius  asserts  that 
men  of  the  finest  parts  and  learning  . . . took  up 
their  rest  in  the  Christian  religion.”  Addison.  To 
seize  ; to  catch  ; to  arrest.  “Authority  to  take  up  all 
such  stragglers.”  Spenser.  To  admit.  “The  an- 
cients took  up  experiments  on  credit.”  Bacon.  To 
answer  by  reproving;  to  reprimand.  “One  of  his 
relations  took  him  up  roundly.”  V Estrange.  To  be- 
gin where  another  left  off.  “ The  plot  is  purely  fic- 
tion ; for  I have  taken  it  up  where  the  history  has  laid 
it  down.”  Dryden.  To  occupy  locally.  “ The  build- 
ings about  took  up  the  whole  space.”  Arbuthnot.  To 
manage  in  the  place  of  another  ; to  assume.  “ I have 
liis  horse  to  take  wptlie  quarrel.”  Shak.  To  comprise. 
“ The  noble  poem  of  Philemon  and  Arcite  . . . takes  up 
seven  years.”  Dryden.  To  adopt ; to  assume.  “ Lewis 
Baboon  had  taken  up  the  trade  of  clothier.”  Arbuthnot.. 
To  collect ; to  exact,  as  a tax.  Knolles.  To  pay  and 
receive, .as  a note. — To  take  up  arms , to  begin  resist- 
ance ; to  commence  war.  “ To  take  up  arms  against 
a sea  of  trouble.”  Shak.  — To  take  up  the  gauntlet , to 
accept  the  challenge.  Campbell. — To  take  the  field , 
(MU.)  to  commence  the  operations  of  a campaign  ; to 
encamp.  Campbell. — To  take  upon  one’s  self,  to  as- 
sume voluntarily  ; to  incur  ; to  appropriate  to. 

To  take  upon  myself  your  punishment.  Dryden. 
To  assume  ; to  claim  authority  ; to  undertake.  “ This 
every  translator  taketh  upon  himself  to  do.”  Felton. 

TAKE,  v.  n.  1.  To  direct  the  course  ; to  have  a 
tendency  ; to  tend  or  resort ; to  proceed  ; to  go. 

The  inclination  to  goodness,  if  it  issue  not  towards  men,  it 
will  take  unto  other  things.  Bacon. 

Some  took  towards  the  park.  Dryden. 

2.  To  please  ; to  gain  a favorable  reception. 

■Without  these,  a play  may  take.  Dryden. 

The  work  may  be  well  performed,  but  will  never  take  if  it 
is  not  set  off  with  proper  scenes.  Addison. 

3.  To  have  the  natural  or  intended  effect. 

The  clods,  exposed  to  winter  winds,  will  hake, 

For  putrid  earth  will  best  in  vineyards  take.  Dryden. 

4.  To  catch  ; to  fix  ; to  be  fixed. 

When  flame  taketh  and  openeth,  it  giveth  a noise.  Bacon. 

To  take  after , to  copy  ; to  imitate.  “ lie  has  taken 
after  a good  pattern.”  Atlerbury.  To  resemble  ; as, 
“ The  hoy  takes  after  his  father.”  — To  take,  in  with , to 
resort  to.  Bacon.  — To  take  on,  to  complain  ; to  la- 
ment; to  be  much  affected.  Shak. — To  take  on  one's 
self,  to  claim  a character. 

I take  not  on  me  here  as  a physician.  Shak. 

— To  take  to,  to  apply  to  ; to  he  fond  of.  “ Miss  Bet- 
sey won’t  take  to  her  hook.”  Swift.  To  betake  to  ; to 
have  recourse  to.  “ Men  of  learning  who  taketo  busi- 
ness.” Addison. — To  take  up,  to  stop.  “ Sinners  at. 
last  take  up,  and  settle  in  a contempt  of  religion.” 
Tillotson.  To  reform.  Locke.  — To  take  up  with,  to 
be  contented  with.  “ We  should  not  take  up  with 
probabilities.”  Watts.  To  lodge  with  ; to  dwell  with. 
“ Are  dogs  such  desirable  company  to  take  up  icith?  ” 
South.  — To  take  with,  to  be  pleased  with  ; to  be  satis- 
fied or  contented  with.  Bacon. 

TAKE,  n.  Among  fishermen,  the  quantity  of  fish 
taken ; a catch.  Clarke. 

TAKE'— IN,  n.  A fraud;  a deception:  — also,  a 
deceiver  ; a cheat.  [Colloquial.]  Jamieson. 

TAk'EN  (ta'kn),  p.  from  take.  See  Take. 

TAKE'— OFF,  n.  An  imitation, — particularly,  a 
caricature.  Clarke . 

TAK'ER,  7i.  One  who  takes. 

When  both  the  giver  and  the  taker  cheat.  Dryden. 

TAK'ING,  a.  1.  Pleasing;  attractive;  alluring. 

An  appointment  for  religious  conversation  has  a taking 
sound.  Wm.  Law. 

2.  Catching-;  infectious.  Shak. 

TvVK'ING,  7i.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  takes  ; a 

laying  hold  of ; a seizure  ; a grasping.  Johnson. 

2.  Mental  excitement ; vexation ; pique. 

She  saw  in  what  a taking 

The  knight  was  by  his  furious  quaking.  Uudibras. 

TAk'ING-LY,  ad.  In  an  attractive  manner. 

And  so  I shall  discourse  in  some  sort  takingly.  Beau,  t,  FI. 

TAk'ING-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  pleasing. 

Something  of  a complaisance  arvd  takingness.  Bp.  Taylor. 

TAL-A-PIN',  i n_  The  tdtle  in  Siam  of  the 

TAL-A-POIN',  ^ priests  of  Fo.  Brande. 

TA-LA  'RI-A,  n.  pi.  [L.  talus,  the  ankle.]  {Myth.) 


Small  wings  attached  to  the  feet  of  Mercury, 
and  reckoned  among  his  attributes.  I Vm.  Smith. 

TAl'BOT,  n.  A hunting-dog,  between  a hound 
and  a beagle,  with  a large  snout,  and  large, 
thick,  hanging  ears  ; — so  named  because  borne 
by  the  house  of  Talbot  in  their  arms.  Johnson. 

tAl'BO-TYPE,  n.  A photographic  process,  dis- 
covered by  Mr.  Fox  Talbot,  or  a picture  taken 
by  the  process  ; — called  also  calotype.  Miller. 

The  principal  steps  of  the  Talbotype  process 
are  as  follows  : — 1.  To  expose  in  the  camera  to  rays 
of  light  proceeding  from  the  object,  a sheet  of  paper 
rendered  sensitive  by  being  impregnated  witli  a mix- 
ture of  iodide  of  silver,  nitrate  of  silver,  and  organic 
matter.  2.  To  develop  the  picture  of  the  object  by 
means  of  gallo-nitrate  of  silver,  or  some  other  sub- 
stance used  for  this  purpose.  Sutton. 

TALC  [talk,  IF.  Ja.  Sm.  C. ; talc,  .S’.  P.],  n.  [Dut. 
talk,  tallow,  talk-stein,  talc;  Ger.  talk.  — It.  85 
Sp.  talco,  talc  ; Fr.  talc.)  (Min.)  A mineral, 
rarely  occurring  crystallized,  usually  massive 
and  thin  foliated,  sometimes  in  globular  and 
stellated  groups,  sometimes  granular,  and  com- 
posed chiefly  of  silica,  magnesia,  and  water. 

Foliated  talc,  the  purest  crystalline  talc,  consisting 
of  easily  separated  folia,  having  a greasy  feel,  and 
presenting  light-green,  greenish-white,  and  white  col- 
ors.— Indurated  tale,  an  impure,  slaty  talc,  with  a 
nearly  compact  texture,  and  a hardness  superior  to 
that  of  common  talc.  \ Dana. 

tAl'cIte,  n.  {Min.)  A mineral  resembling  na- 
crite,  having  the  feel  of  a soft  earthy  talc,  and 
consisting  of  minute  grains  or  scales,  and  com- 
posed chiefly  of  silica,  alumina,  protoxide  of 
iron,  and  lime.  Dana. 

TALCK,  n.  Talc.  B.  Jonson. 

TAL-COSE',  a.  Pertaining  to,  consisting  of,  or 
resembling,  tale  ; talcous.  “ Talcose  rocks.” 

Talcose  slate,  (Min.)  a dark,  slaty  rock,  having  a 
somewhat  greasy  feel,  consisting  largely  of  talc  mixed 
intimately  with  more  or  less  felspar  and  quartz.  Dana. 

TAL-COUS,  ) a_  Relating  to  or  like  talc  ; tal- 

tAlck'Y,  > cose.  Johnson.  Ure. 

TALC'— SLATE,  n.  {Min.)  A species  of  talc  of  a 
greenish-gray  color,  used  in  the  porcelain  and 
crayon  manufacture  ; indurated  talc.  Ure. 

TALE,  n.  [A.  S.  talc,  reproach,  a tale,  a reckon- 
ing; tellan,  to  tell.;  talian,  to  reckon;  Dut. 
taal,  speech,  language ; Old  Ger.  zal ; Ger. 
zalil,  number  ; Dan.  tale,  speech  ; Sw.  tal.) 

1.  A story  ; a narrative;  a relation-;  an  ac- 
count ; a novel ; a fable  ; a legend  ; an  apologue. 

Every  tongue  brings  in  a several  tale.  Shak. 

2.  Any  thing  disclosed;  information. 

To  tell  tales  what  they  find.  Bacon. 

3.  An  account;  a reckoning;  a count;  — a 
number  told  or  reckoned. 

And  every  shepherd  tells  his  tale 

Under  the  hawthorn  in  the  vale.  Milton. 

She  takes  the  tale  of  all  the  lambs.  Dryden. 

4.  {Law.)  In  old  pleading,  a plaintiff’s  count, 
declaration,  or  narrative  of  his  case.  Burrill. 

5.  A Chinese  money  and  weight  of  ten  mace  ; 

a tael.  — See  Tael.  Simmonds. 

Syn.  — See  Novel. 

t TALE,  v.  n.  To  tell  stories.  Gower. 

TAle'-BeAr-ER,  n.  One  who  officiously  or  ma- 
liciously tells  tales  or  gives  intelligence  ; a tell- 
tale ; a meddling  informer. 

In  great  families,  some  one  false,  paltry  tale-bearer,  by  car- 
rying stories  from  one  to  another,  shall  inflame  the  minds 
and  discompose  the  quiet  of  the  whole  family.  South. 

TALE'— BeAr-ING,  n.  Act  or  practice  of  telling 
tales  ; act  of  maliciously  giving  information. 

TALE'— BeAr-ING,  a.  Telling  tales.  Glarke. 

TA'LED,  n.  A habit  worn  by  the  Jews,  particu- 
larly when  praying  in  the  synagogue.  Crabb. 

TALE'FUL,  a.  Abounding  with  stories.  Thomson. 

TALEGA  (ta-la'ga),  n.  [Sp.]  A bag  or  sack  con- 
taining 1000  dollars.  " Simmonds. 

TAL'E-GAL,  n.  {Ornith.)  A 
bird  of  the  sub-family  Tal- 
egallinee.  Gray. 

TAL-E-  GAL- Li ' NJE,  n.  pi. 

{Ornith.)  A sub-family  of 
birds  of  the  order  Ga/lint s 
and  family  Megapodidw ; 
talegalls.  Gray. 


TAL'^NT,  n.  [Gr.  t&)mvtov  ; L.  talcntum ; It.  Sg 
Sp.  talcnto ; Fr.  talent.  — From  Gr.  rlaoi,  to 
bear ; L.  tollo  ; Sansc.  tul.  Pott.) 

1.  {Greek  Ant.)  A balance  ; a pair  of  scales  : 

— any  thing  weighed  : — a weight  and  a denomi- 
nation of  money,  containing  00  minas,  or  0000 
drachmas.  Wm.  Smith. 

JCSF  The  Euboic  and  Attic  talent  of  money  was 
worth  £243  15s.  ($1179.75).  Liddell  $ Scott. 

2.  Among  the  Jews,  a weight  and  a denomi- 
nation of  money  of  3000  shekels.  Arbuthnot. 

3.  Natural  gift,  faculty,  or  endowment; — a 
metaphor  borrowed  from  the  talents  mentioned 
in  the  New  Testament,  Matt.  xxv.  Johnson. 

Talent , lying  in  the  understanding,  is  often  inherited; 
genius,  being  the  action  of  reason  or  imagination,  rarely  ci- 
ne ver.  Colei'i  dye. 

Talents  of  the  highest  order,  and  such  as  are  calculated  to 
‘ command  universal  admiration,  may  exist  apart  from  wis- 
dom. 11.  Hall. 

4.  Natural  quality  or  disposition,  [r.] 

It  is  the  talent  of  human  nature  to  run  from  one  extreme 
to  the  other.  Swift. 

Syn.  — See  Ability, Genius,  Gift,  Qualities. 

TAL'i?NT-]JD,  a.  Possessing  talents  ; gifted. 

One  talented  but  as  a common  person.  Abp.  Abbot. 

■6QP  Todd  says  of  this  word,  “It  is  an  old  word, 
being  long  disused,  hut  recently  revived.”  — It  is 
formed  on  the  same  principle  as  gifted,  lettered,  bigoted, 
turreted,  &.c. ; and  it  has  of  late  been  much  used  by 
respectable  writers,  though  the  use  of  it  has  been 
censured.  Coleridge  says,  “ I regret  to  see  that  vile 
vocable  talented  stealing  out  of  the  newspapers  into 
the  leading  reviews  and  most  respectable  publications 
of  the  day.” 

TA'LE§,  n.  [L.  tails,  such;  pi.  tales.)  {Law.) 
A supply  of  such  men  as  are  necessary  to  make 
up  a deficiency  of  jurors,  commonly  taken  from 
the  bystanders  or  persons  in  court.  Hale. 

T A LEHMAN,  n. ; pi.  talesmen.  {Law.)  One  of 
the  tales  ; a bystander  at  court,  summoned  to 
act  as  a juror.  — See  Tales.  Burrill. 

TALE'— TELL-ER,  n.  One  who  relates  tales  or 
stories  ; a story-teller  ; tale-bearer.  War  ton. 

TALE'WT§E,  ad.  In  the  manner  of  a tale.  Ch.  Ob. 

TAL-I-A-CO'TIAN  (tal-e-a-ko'shan),  a.  {Surg.) 
Noting  the  operation  of  forming  a new  nose ; 
rhinoplastic  ; tagliacotian  ; — so  called  because 
described  by  Tagliacozzi.  Dunglison. 

f tAL-I-A'TION,  n.  [L.  tali s,  such.]  A return 
of  like  for  like  ; retaliation.  Beaumont. 

TA'LI-ON,  n.  [L.  talio.)  Retaliation,  [it.]  Scott. 

TAL'l-PES,  n.  [L.  talus,  an  ankle,  and  pes,  a 
foot.]  {Med.)  Club-foot ; kyllosis.  Dunglison. 

II  TAL'IS-MAN  [tal'jz-man,  ,9.  IF.  Ja.  Wr.  ; tal'is- 
man,  P.  Sm.  C.),  n.  ; pi.  tAl'!$-man§.  [It. 
talismano  ; Sp.  Fr.  talisman.  — From  Arab. 
thelism,  telism.  Menage.) 

1.  Among  the  Oriental  nations,  a figure  en- 

graved on  metal,  stone,  &c.,  with  certain  su- 
perstitious ceremonies  and  under  particular 
astrological  circumstances,  and  supposed  to 
have  power  to  preserve  the  bearer  from  evil, 
especially  from  disease.  P.  Cyc. 

2.  Any  portable  object  supposed  to  exercise 

a protecting  agency  over  its  possessor  ; an  am- 
ulet ; a charm  ; a phylactery.  Brande. 

||  TAL-I§-MAn'IC,  a.  Relating  to  talismans;  ex- 
ercising a protecting  agency  ; magical.  Addison. 

||  TAL-I§-MAN'I-CAL,  a.  Talismanic.  Phillips. 

TALK  (tllwk),  v.  n.  [A.  S.  talian,  to  tell ; Dut. 
toll;,  an  interpreter  ; Dan.  tolke,  to  interpret,  to 
explain ; Sw.  tolka.) 

1.  To  speak,  as  in  conversation;  to  converse. 

There  talked  with  him  two  men.  Luke  ix.  "0. 
Mention  the  King  of  Spain,  he  talks  very  notably.  Addison. 

2.  To  prattle ; to  speak  trivially.  Milton. 

3.  To  confer;  to  reason;  to  deliberate. 

Let  me  talk  with  thee  of  thy  judgments.  Jer.  xii.  I. 

To  talk  aicay,  to  spend  or  pass  in  talking,  as  time. 
Rowe . — To  talk  of,  to  speak  of ; to  relate  ; to  tell ; to 
recount.  “ Talk  ye  of  all  his  wondrous  works.”  Ps. 
cv.  2. — To  talk  over,  to  tell  of ; to  recount  ; to  confer 
concerning.  Watts.  — To  talk  to,  to  speak  befitting. 
“To  talk  to  the  purpose.”  Collier.  — To  reprove, 
reprimand,  or  exhort.  [Colloquial.] 

Syn.  — See  Speak. 

TALK  (tSiwk),  7i.  1.  The  act  of  talking;  conver- 

sation ; speech  ; oral  discourse  ; chat, 
lie  forbade  them  to  have  any  talk  with  the  enemy.  Knolles. 

In  various  talk  the  instructive  hours  they  passed.  Pope. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — Q,  (f,  g,  soft;  jG,  G,  c,  g,  hard , 
185 


S as  z;-.>  as  gz. — 1 Ills,  this 


TALK 


1474 


TAMBOUR 


2.  Subject  of  discourse  or  conversation. 

To  live  upon  their  tongues  and  be  their  talk.  Milton. 

3.  Report ; rumor  ; gossip. 

I hear  a talk  up  and  down  of  raising  our  money.  Locke. 

Syn.  — See  Conversation. 

f TALK  (tlwk),  v.  a.  To  mention  often  ; to  talk  of. 

That  crystalline  sphere 

"Whose  balance  weighs  the  trepidation  talked.  Milton. 

TALK,  n.  Talc. — See  Talc.  Woodward. 

TALK'A-TI VE  (t&wkVtlv),  a.  Much  addicted  to 

talking  ; loquacious  ; garrulous. 

My  old  age,  which  in  its  disposition  is  talkative.  Sedley. 

Syn. — Talkative , loquacious,  and  garrulous , are 
all  used  in  a bad  sense:  — a.  talkative  child,  a loqua- 
cious person,  a garrulous  old  man.  Talkativeness  is 
less  unbecoming  than  loquaciousness.  Garrulity  is  a 
fault  of  old  age. 

TALK'A-TI VE-Ly  (t&wk'-),  ad.  In  a talkative 
manner ; loquaciously.  Clarke. 

TALK'A-TI  VE-NESS  (t&wk'j-tjv-nes),  n.  The  hab- 
it of  talking  much;  loquacity  ; garrulity.  Swift. 

TALK’ER  (tHwk'er),  n.  X.  One  who  talks.  1 Vatts. 

2.  A loquacious  person  ; a prattler.  Shah. 

3.  A braggart ; a boaster  ; a vaunter. 

The  greatest  talkers  in  the  days  of  peace  have  been  the 
most  pusillunimous  in  the  day  of  temptation.  lip.  Taylor. 

TALK'ING  (t&wk'jng),  n.  The  act  of  one  who 
talks  ; conversation  ; speaking ; discourse. 

Neither  filthiness,  nor  foolish  talking,  nor  jesting,  which 
are  not  convenient.  LpU.  v.  4. 

TALK'ING  (tawk'-),y>.  a.  That  talks  ; speaking  : 

— loquacious.  Clarke. 

TAlk’Y,  a.  Talcose  ; talcky.  Johnson. 

TALL,  a.  [W.  tal.  — Chal.  taal,  a high  tree  ; 
talil,  lofty  ; Arab,  tala,  long.  — Sw.  tall,  a pine 
tree.] 

1.  High  in  stature  ; lofty  ; high  and  slender. 

That  proud  honor  claimed 
Azazcl  as  his  right,  a cherub  tall.  Milton. 

2.  f Bold ; sturdy ; lusty.  Shak. 

Syn.  — Tall  is  usually  applied  to  that  which  grows; 

as,  a tall  man,  tall  soldiers,  a tall  horse,  or  a tall  tree  ; 
a high,  building,  a high  tide,  a luftij  steeple,  an  elevated 
mountain. 

TAL'LAQIE,  n.  [Fr.  taillage;  tailler,  to  cut,  to 
cut  out.]  ( Old  Eng.  Law.)  A share  of  a man’s 
substance  paid  by  way  of  tribute,  toll,  or  tax ; — 
written  also  taillage,  and  talliage.  Buriill. 

TAl.'LA£E,  v.  a.  To  subject  to  payment  of  tal- 
lage ; to  lay  a tax  on.  A.  Smith. 

TAL'L1-£R,  n.  One  who  tallies.  Pope. 

tAlL'N£SS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality  of  being 
tall;  height  of  stature;  loftiness.  Camden. 

TAL’ LOW,  ii.  [Dut.  talk ; Ger .talg;  Dan.  twllc, 
talg ; Sw.  talg  ; Icel.  tolg.~\  The  suet  or  fat  of 
bovine  animals  and  sheep  separated  by  fusion 
from  membrane  and  fibrous  matter.  It  consists 
chiefly  of  stearine.  Miller. 

Vegetable  tallow,  a name  applied  to  peculiar  vegeta- 
ble fats,  obtained  from  the  fruit  of  certain  plants. — 
Ptnei  tallow,  a vegetable  tallow  imported  from  India, 
and  obtained  from  the  fruit  of  Valeria  [adieu  ; — called 
also  butter  of  Canara.  — Indian  vegetable  tallow , a tal- 
low imported  from  India,  obtained  from  the  fruit  of 
some  plants  of  the  natural  order  Dipteracete,  and  used 
for  making  candles,  which  give  out  a sweet  smell  in 
burning.  — Chinese  vegetable  tallow,  a hard,  brittle, 
cream  white  tallow,  obtained  from  the  seeds  of  Cro- 
ton sebiferum.  It  becomes  brown  by  exposure.  Archer. 

TAl'LOW,  v.  a.  To  smear  with  tallow.  Surrey. 

TAL'LOW— CAN'DLE,  n.  A candle  made  of  tal- 
low Clarke. 

TAL'LOW— CATCH,  n.  1.  The  internal  fat  of  an 
ox  or  a cow  as  rolled  up  for  the  tallow-chandler  ; 

— called  also  keech.  [Local,  Eng.]  llalliivell. 

2.  A low  or  scurvy  fellow.  Shak. 

TAL'LOW-CH  An’DLIJR,  n.  A manufacturer  of, 
or  dealer  in,  tallow-candles.  Harvey. 

TAL'LOW— CHAn'DLBR-Y,  n.  The  trade  or  oc- 
cupation of  a tallow-chandler.  Clarke. 

TAL'LOW-ER,  n.  An  animal  which  has  or  which 
produces  tallow.  Wright. 

TAL'LOW— FACE,  n.  A person  of  a pale,  sickly 
complexion.  Shak. 

tAl'LOVV-FAcED  (-fast),  a.  Having  a pale, 
sickly  complexion.  Burton. 


TAL'LOW-ING,  n.  The  act,  art,  or  practice  of  | 
causing  animals  to  form  tallow,  or  the  property  | 
in  animals  of  forming  tallow.  Wright. 

TAL'LOW-ISH,  a.  Resembling  tallow.  Huloet. 

TAL'LOW— TREE,  n.  ( Bot .)  A tree,  native  of 
China,  from  the  kernel  of  which  an  oil  is  ex- 
pressed, which  hardens  by  cold  to  the  consist- 
ence of  common  tallow,  and  by  boiling  becomes 
as  hard  as  beeswax;  Stillingia  sebifera. Loudon. 

TAL'LOW-Y,  a.  Pertaining  to,  resembling,  or 
covered  with,  tallow  ; greasy.  Johnson. 

TAL'LY,  n.  [L.  talea,  a scion,  a twig,  a stake  ; 
It.  taglia,  a tally  ; tagliarc,  to  cut ; Sp.  taja  ; Fr. 
faille ; tailler,  to  cut.] 

1.  A stick  cut  or  notched  in  conformity  with 
another  stick,  and  formerly  used  to  keep  ac- 
counts by,  one  stick  being  kept  by  the  creditor 
and  the  other  by  the  debtor. 

Have  you  not  seen  a baker’s  maid 
Between  two  equal  panniers  swayed, 

Her  tallies  useless  lie  and  idle?  Prior. 

B7T-  Tallies  were  used  in  the  English  exchequer 
until  abolished  by  the  statute  23  Geo.  III.  c.  82. 
Burrill. 

2.  A thing  that  agrees  exactly  with  another,  or 
that  is  made  to  match  or  suit  another ; a mate. 

■ They  were  framed  the  tallies  for  each  other.  Dryden. 

TAL'Ly,  v-  a • 1-  To  cut  with  correspondent 

notches;  to  make  to  correspond;  to  make  con- 
formable ; to  fit ; to  suit. 

They  seem  just  tallied  for  each  other.  Prior. 

2.  ( Naut .)  To  pull  aft,  as  the  sheets  or  lower 
corners  of  the  mainsail  and  foresail.  Mar.  Diet. 

TAL'LY,  i\  n.  To  conform  ; to  match ; to  agree  ; 
to  be  suitable  ; to  correspond  ; to  suit. 

The  mention  of  the  sacrament,  as  taken  in  the  Anteluean 
meetings,  tallies  exactly  with  Tertullian’s  account  of  the  eu- 
charist.  Waterland. 

f TAL'LY,  ad.  Stoutly;  spiritedly;  bravely. 

That  stand  so  tally  on  your  reputation.  Beau.  6f  FI. 

TAL'LY— HO',  interj.  The  huntsman’s  cry  to 
rouse  his  hounds.  Booth. 

TAL'LY-MAN,  n.  ; pi.  tXl'ly-mEn. 

1.  One  who  keeps  a tally  or  account.  Smart. 

2.  A tradesman  who  sells  goods  for  weekly 

payments.  Bailey. 

TAL'LY— SHOP,  n.  A shop  in  which  goods  are 
sold  on  credit,  payment  being  made  according 
to  agreement,  by  certain  weekly  or  monthly  in- 
stalments. McCulloch. 

TAL'Ly— TRADE,  n.  A system  of  trading  by 
which  shopkeepers  furnish  certain  articles  on 
credit  to  their  customers,  the  latter  agreeing  to 
pay  the  stipulated  price  by  certain  weekly  or 
monthly  instalments.  McCulloch. 

TAL'MUD,  n.  [Heb.  “tffticl,  doctrine  ; “I >3 5,  to 
learn.]  The  work  which  embodies  the  civil  and 
canonical  laws  of  the  Jews,  or  which  contain 
those  rules  and  institutions  by  which,  in  addi- 
tion to  the  Old  Testament,  the  conduct  of  that 
people  is  regulated.  Lightfoot. 

I had  rather  believe  all  the  fables  in  the  Legend,  and  the 
Talmud , and  the  Alcoran,  than  that  this  universal  frame  is 
without  a mind.  Bacon. 

ifff"  The  contents  of  the  Talmud  are  of  a diversi- 
fied character,  relating  not  merely  to  religion,  but  to 
philosophy,  medicine,  history,  jurisprudence,  and  the 
various  branches  of  practical  duty.  There  are  two 
Talmuds , both  having  the  same  JWishna , or  text  (gen- 
erally considered  to  haVe  been  first  permanently  re- 
corded hy  Rabbi  Judah  Ilakkadosh  (i.e.  the  holy)  about 
A.  D.  190  or  220),  hut  each  a different  Gemara , or  com 
mentary.  They  are  called  the  Jerusalem  Talmud , and 
the  Babylonian  Talmud.  The  latter  is  always  pre- 
ferred by  the  Jews  to  the  former,  but  by  Christians  is 
less  highly  esteemed.  Kitto. 

TAL-MUD'IC,  or  TAL'MUD-IC  [t?l-mud'ik,  Ja.  Sm. 
C.  Maunder ; tal'mud-ik,  K.  R.  Wb.  Todd],  a. 
Relating  or  belonging  to  the  Talmud.  Lightfoot. 

TAL-MUD'I-CAL,  a.  Talmudic.  Skinner. 

TAL'MI  D-IST,  7i.  One  who  is  versed  in,  or  who 
believes  in,  the  Talmud.  Bui'ton. 

TAL-MUD-IS'TIC,  a.  Relating  to,  or  resembling, 
the  Talmud  ; Talmudical.  Wart07i, 

TAL'ON,  7i.  [L.  talus,  the  ankle-bone,  the  heel, 

the  foot;  It.  tallone,  a talon  ; Sp.  St  Fr.  talon.\ 

1.  The  claw  of  a bird  of  prey. 

"When  great  birds  with  lordly  talons  seize 
Not  what  they  ought,  but  what  their  fancies  please.  Drayton.  I 


2.  {Arch.)  A kind  of  moulding,  partly  con- 
cave and  partly  convex  ; an  ogee.  Branile. 

TA-Ld0K',n.  Atalookah.  [India.]  C.  P.  Brown. 

TA-LOOIf'A It,  n.  A portion  of  territory  inferior 
to  a zemindary  ; a revenue  dependency  or  dis- 
trict under  the  management  of  a talookdar. 
[India.]  Simmonds. 

tAi.-OOK-DAr  ',  n.  A native  placed  at  the  head 
of  a talookah,  or  revenue  department,  but  act- 
ing under  a superior.  [India.]  C.  P.  Brown. 

TAI.'PA,  n.  [L.]  1.  (Zo'ol.)  A genus  of  insec- 
tivorous mammals  ; the  mole.  Baird. 

2.  {Med.)  A tumor  on  the  head,  supposed  to 
burrow  like  a mole.  Dunglison. 

TA'LUS,  n.  [L.]  1.  (Anat.)  A short  bone  sit- 

uate at  the  superior  and  middle  part  of  the  tar- 
sus, where  it  is  articulated  with  the  tibia  ; the 
astragalus  ; the  ankle-bone.  Dunglison. 

2.  {Arch.)  The  slope  or  inclination  of  a work, 

as  of  a wall  which  decreases  in  thickness  as  it 
rises  in  height ; batter.  Weale. 

3.  (Geol.)  A sloping  heap  of  fragments  ac- 

cumulated at  the  foot  of  a steep  rock,  from  the 
face  of  which  they  have  been  broken  off  by  the 
action  of  the  weather.  LyeU. 

TAL'WOOD  (t&l'wud),  n.  Firewood  cut  into  bil- 
lets of  a certain  length.  Crahb. 

TAM-A-BIl'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state  of 
being  tamable  ; tamableness.  God/cy. 

TAM'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  tamed.  Wilkins. 

TAM'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state 
of  being  tamable  ; tamability.  Smart. 

TAM'A-RACK,  n.  (Bot.)  A coniferous  N.  Amer- 
ican tree  ; hackmatack  ; Larix  Americana  ; — 
called  also  American  larch,  and  black  larch.  Gray. 

TAM'A-RlN,  n.  {Zoijl.)  The  common  name  of 
th’  small  South  American  monkeys,  of  the  sub- 
genus Midas.  Eng.  Cyc. 

TAM'A-RInD,  n.  [Arab,  tamar  hendi,  Indian 
date.  — It.  A Sp.  tamarirido ; Fr.  tamarin.  Dicz. ] 
{Bot.)  The  fruit  of  the  Tamarindus  lndica,  the 
preserved  pulp  of  which  forms  a medicinal  con- 
fection, having  a sweet,  acidulous  taste,  and  re- 
frigerant and  laxative  properties.  Loudon. 

TAM'A-RIND— FISH,  n.  A preparation  of  the 
white  pomfret,  an  Indian  fish,  .cut  in  transverse 
slices,  and  preserved  in  kegs  with  the  pulp  of 
the  tamarind  fruit.  [India.]  Simtnonds. 

TAM’A-RTnD— TREE,  n.  {Bot.)  A large,  beau- 
tiful, leguminous  tree  which  produces  the  tam- 
arind, native  of  the  East  and  West  Indies,  of 
Arabia  and  Egypt ; Tamarindus  lndica.  Loudon. 

TAM'A-RIsK,  n.  [L.  tamarix,  tamariscusf]  {Bet.) 
A shrub  of  the  genus  Tamarix,  having  long 
spikes  of  pink  or  flesh-colored  flowers.  Loudon. 

TAM'BAC,  n.  1.  A fragrant,  medicinal  wood  im- 
ported from  the  East  Indies;  — often  called  al- 
ocs-wood,  though  not  from  the  aloes-tree.  Booth. 

2.  Tombac.  — See  Tombac.  Simmonds. 

TAM'BOUR  (tSm'bor)  [tim'bor,  S.  P.  Ja.  If.  B.  ; 
tam'bur,  Sm.  C'.],  n.  [It.  tamburino  ; Sp.  t aut- 
hor ; Fr.  tambour.  — Pcrs.  tambilr,  Arab,  tonbfiri] 

1.  A kind  of  small  drum ; tambourine.  Todd. 

2.  A frame  like  a drum,  upon  which  cloth 

is  sometimes  stretched  for  the  convenience  of 
embroidering  it.  Sir  D.  Brewster. 

3.  A kind  of  embroidery  in  which  threads 
of  gold,  silver,  colored  silks,  &c.,  are  worked,  by 
needles  of  a peculiar  form,  into  flowers,  leaves, 
or  other  ornamental  objects  upon  silk.  Francis. 

4.  {Arch.)  The  central  pqrt  or  main  bulk  of 

the  Corinthian  and  Composite  capitals,  and  on 
which  the  ornaments  are  supposed  to  rest : — a 
round  course  of  stone,  forming  part  of  a cylin- 
drical shaft : — the  w all  of  a circular  temple 
when  surrounded  with  columns: — a lobby  or 
vestibule  inclosed  with  folding  doors  to  break 
the  current  of  wind  from  without  : — a portion 
of  a cupola.  Britton.  Francis. 

5.  (Fort.)  A work  formed  of  palisades  plant- 

ed close  together,  and  having  the  appearance  of 
a square  redoubt  cut  in  two.  Stocqueler. 

TAM'BOUR,  v.  a.  To  embroider  with  a tambour, 
as  silk  stuff.  Wright. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure  ; FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


TAMBOURINE 


1475 


TANISTRY 


TAM-ROU-RINE'  (tSm-ho-ren'),  n.  [See  TaM- 
Iiouu.]  A kind  of  small,  shallow  drum,  having 
but  one  head,  and  played  upon  with  the  hand. 
It  is  usually  hung  with  bells  or  other  jingling 
appendages.  Brande. 

TAMBOUR— WORK  (-wiirk),  n.  Embroidery  per- 
formed with  the  tambour.  Brewster. 

TAM'BREET,  n.  ( Zoul .)  The  duck-bill,  or  or- 
nithorhynohus.  Bug.  Cyc. 

TAME,  a.  [Goth.,  A.  S.,  Dut.,  Dan.,  § Sw.  tain ; 
Ger.  zahm  ; Ieel.  ta>nr.~\ 

1.  Domesticated  ; domestic ; docile  ; gentle  ; 
easily  managed;  — opposed  to  wild  or  savage. 

For  Orpheus’  lute  was  strung  with  poets’  sinews. 

Whose  golden  touch  could  soften  steel  and  stones, 

Make  tigers  tame , and  huge  leviathans 

Forsake  unsounded  deeps  to  dance  on  sands.  Shah. 

2.  Wanting  in  spirit ; subdued;  submissive. 

A most  poor  man,  made  tame  to  fortune’s  blows.  Shah. 

3.  Spiritless  ; dull  ; flat ; wanting  in  anima- 
tion or  interest.  “ A tame  poem.”  Johnson. 

lie  that  is  cold  and  fame  in  his  prayers  hath  not  tasted  of 
the  deliciousness  of  religion  and  the  goodness  of  God.  Taylor. 

Syn.  — See  Gentle. 

TAME,  v.  a.  [Goth,  tamjan ; A.  S.  t'lmian  ; Dut. 
temmen ; Ger.  ziihmen  ; Dan.  taimmn  ; Sw.  tiima, 
tiimja  ; Icel.  temia.  — Gr.  bapiui  ; L.  domo ; It. 
domare  ; Sp.  domar  ; Fr.  dompter.  — Heb. 

to  make  quiet.  — Sansc.  dam,  to  be  tame.] 
To  reduce  or  reclaim  from  wildness;  to  make 
tame  or  docile  ; to  domesticate  ; — to  subdue  ; 
to  dispirit ; to  conquer. 

Those  that  tamp,  wild  horses 

Tace  them  not  in  their  hands  to  make  them  gentle.  Shak. 

The  river-dragon  tamed  at  length  submits.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Reclaim. 

TAME'LIJSS,  a.  That  cannot  be  tamed. 

The  tameless  steed  could  well  his  wagon  wield.  Up.  Hall. 

TAME'LPSS-NESS,  n.  The  condition  or  the  qual- 
ity of  being  tameless.  Byron. 

TAME'LY,  ad.  In  a tame  manner;  gently:  — 
spiritlessly  ; meanly.  Addison. 

TAME'N^SS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  tame  ; gen- 
tleness ; submissiveness;  — want  of  spirit. 

TAM'^R,  n.  One  who  tames  ; a subduer.  Pope. 

TAM'jNE,  n.  1.  A strainer  made  of  hair. 

2.  A sort  of  woollen  cloth  ; taminy.  Ilalliicell. 

TAM'ING,  n.  The  act  of  making  tame.  Shak. 

TAM'I-NY,  n.  [Fr.  etamine,  from  estame,  worsted.] 
A thin  woollen  stuff  highly  glazed.  Simmonds. 

‘TAM'IS,  n.  [Fr.]  Tammy;  taminy.  Dyer. 

TA'MIS— BIRD,  n.  A Guinea  fowl.  Goldsmith. 

tAm'KJN,  n.  A tampion.  Johnson. 

TAM'MY,  n.  Taminy.  Booth. 

TAMP,  v.  a.  To  fill,  as  a hole  drilled  for  blasting, 
and  charged  with  powder,  — with  dry  sand, 
tough  clay,  or  some  other  substance,  in  order 
to  prevent  the  explosion  from  taking  effect  by 
way  of  the  hole.  Tomlinson. 

tAm'PF.R,  v.  n.  [Perhaps  from  L.  tempera,  to 
proportion  duly  or  to  regulate-  Skinner.']  \i. 
TAMPERED  ; pp.  TAMPERING,  TAMPERED.] 

1.  To  meddle;  to  intermeddle;  to  try  little 
experiments  ; to  act  or  practise  without  occasion. 

’Tis  dangerous  tampering  with  a Muse.  Itoscommon. 

2.  To  deal  or  practise  secretly. 

The  said  count  had  tampered  with  the  said  plaintiff,  and 
made  use  of  many  indirect  methods  to  bring  him  over  to  his 
party.  ^ Addison. 

TAMPER,  n.  (Mining.)  One  who  tamps.  Clarke. 

TAM'PflR-ING,  it.  The  act  of  one  who  tampers. 

Yain  tampering  has  not  fostered  his  disease.  Cowper. 

TAMP'JNG,  n.  1.  The  process  of  filling  up  a hole 
in  a rock  for  the  purpose  of  blasting.  lire. 

2.  In  blasting  rocks,  the  material  placed  upon 
the  gunpowder  to  prevent  the  explosion  from 
being  wasted  by  passing  up  through  the  bore- 
hole. Ansted. 

TAMP'ING— IR-ON  (-I-urn),  n.  A tool  or  rod  used 
for  heating  down  the  earthy  substance  in  the 
charge  used  for  blasting.  Watson. 

TAm'PI-ON,  n.  [Fr.  tampon .]  (Mil.)  A wooden 
cylinder  for  stopping  the  mouth  of  a gun,  how- 
itzer, or  mortar  in  travelling,  to  exclude  the  dust 
or  wet ; a tompion.  ""  Stocqueler. 

TAM'POE,  n.  An  East  Indian  fruit,  somewhat 
resembling  an  apple.  Crabb. 

tAM-POON',  n.  [Fr.  tampon .]  A bung.  Ash. 


j TAM ’TAM,  n.  A sonorous  Indian  drum  or  gong, 
made  of  an  alloy  of  copper  and  tin.  Simmonds. 

TAN,  v.  a.  [Fr.  tanner.  — See  Tawny.] 

1.  To  impregnate  with  tannin,  usually  by 
means  of  bark,  as  hides. 

They  sell  us  their  bark  at  a good  price,  for  tanning  our 
hides  into  leather.  Swift. 

2.  To  make  tawny  ; to  imbrown  by  the  sun. 

His  face  all  tanned  with  scorching  sunny  ray.  Spenser. 

TAN,  n.  The  ground  bark  of  the  oak,  larch,  &c., 
used  in  tanning  hides.  Tomlinson. 

TAN-A-CE ' TUM,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  bitter 
and  acrid  strong-scented  herbs,  of  the  composite 
family,  bearing  corymbed  heads  of  yellow  flow- 
ers ; tansy.  Gray. 

TAN'A-£1JR,  n.  (Ornith.)  The  common  name  of 
birds  of  the  sub-family  Tanagrince,  found  in  the 
warmer  parts  of  America.  Baird. 

TAN-A-  Olli  'NJE,  n.  pi. 

(Ornith.)  A sub-fam- 
ily of  conirostral  birds 
of  the  order  Passeres 
and  family  Fnngilli- 
dee ; tanagers.  Gray. 

TAN'— BED,  n.  A bed  of  Fipilo  crythropthalma. 
tan,  as  in  a hot-house.  Loudon. 

TAN'DJJM,  ad.  [L.  tandem,  at  length,  in  time.]  A 
term  not  denoting  any  particular  kind  of  car- 
riage, but  applied  to  the  manner  of  placing  two 
horses  one  before  the  other  in  drawing  a ve- 
hicle. IF.  Ency. 

“ This  equipage  derives  its  name  from  the 
Latin  word  tandem,  at  length  — one  horse  preceding 
the  other.  It  is  a cognomen  somewhat  far-fetched  ; 
but  it  is  accounted  for  by  saying,  it  is  of  university 
origin.”  Pulleyn. 

TANG,  n.  [Of  uncertain  etymology.  — Either  from 
Dut.  tanyhe,  acrid,  sharp,  or  from  L.  tango,  to 
touch.  Skinner.  — Gr.  rayybs,  rancid.  — Dut. 
tang,  tongs,  pincers. — Scot,  taing,  tang,  the 
prong  of  a fork ; Icel.  tange .] 

1.  A sharp,  strong  flavor  or  taste  ; smack. 

Yet  has  a tang  of  profaneness  in  the  expression.  Cud  worth. 

2.  Something  that  leaves  a sting  behind  it ; a 
sting.  “The  least  tang  of  misery.”  Scott. 

3.  A shrill,  piercing  sound  ; a twang. 

She  had  a tongue  with  a tang 

Would  cry  to  a sailor.  Go,  hang.  Shak. 

4.  The  metal  part  of  a knife  or  fork,  which 

is  inserted  in  the  handle.  Simmonds. 

5.  Tongue  of  a buckle.  [Local,  Eng.]  Wright. 

6.  A kind  of  sea-weed  ; tangle.  Jamieson. 

7.  (Mil.)  The  upper  part  of  the  plug,  or 
breech-pin,  of  a gun  : — that  part  of  a sword- 
blade  to  which  the  hilt  is  riveted.  Stocqueler. 

TANG,  v.  a.  To  ring  with  ; to  sound  loudly. 

Let  thy  tongue  tang  arguments  of  state.  Shak. 

j6@5=  To  tang  bees,  to  ring  a bell,  or  make  some  loud, 
ringing  noise,  to  call  t lie  swarm  together.  [Local, 
Eng.]  Balter's  Northainp.  Gloss. 

TAn'GEN-CY,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality  of 
touching  or  being  tangent.  Brande. 

tAN'GPNT,  a.  (Geom.)  Touching  a curve  or 
surface  at  a single  point.  Davies. 

Curved  surfaces  tangent  to  each  other,  curved  surfaces 
which  touch  each  other  in  a point  or  straight  line, 
and  have  the  same  tangent  plane  at  that  point  or  at 
every  point  of  that  line. — Curves  tangent  to  each  other 
at  a common  point,  curves  which  have  a common  rec- 
tilinear tangent  at  that  point Tangent  line  to  a plane 

curve,  a straight  line  having  but  on®  point  in  common 
with  the  curve,  and  all  its  points  in  the  neighborhood 

lying  on  the  convex  side  of  the  curve Tangent  to 

a curve  at  a point  of  inflection,  a straight  line  regarded 
as  forming  two  tangents,  one  to  eacli  branch,  and 
lying  in  opposite  directions. 


TANGENT,  n.  [L.  tango,  tangens, 
to  touch ; It.,  Sp.,  is,  Fr.,  tan- 
gente,  a tangent.] 

1.  (Geom.)  A term  having  vari- 
ous applications,  but  most  com- 
monly applied  to  magnitudes,  as  straight  lines, 
plane  curves,  and  curved  surfaces,  which  have 
only  one  point  in  common  with  other  magnitudes. 
Thus  the  tangent  to  an  arc  of  a circle  is  a straight 
line  which  has  only  one  point  in  common  with  it, 
and  which,  if  produced,  will  not  cut  it.  In  the 
figure  the  lines  A,  C,  &c.,  are  tangents.  Davies. 

ILK*  A curve  is  sometimes  conceived  to  ho  coinci- 
dent witli  an  inscribed  polygon  whose  sides  are  so 
small  that  they  may,  without  sensible  error,  be  con- 


sidered as  coinciding  with  their  arcs.  The  extremities 
of  any  side  of  this  polygon  are  called  consecutive 
points  of  the  curve,  and  the  prolongation  of  such  a 
side  is  called  a tangent.  Hence  a tangent  is  defined 
to  he  a straight  line  passing  through  two  consecutive 
points  of  a curve.  The  definition  approximates  to 
absolute  exactness  as  the  length  of  the  side  approxi- 
mates to  zero.  Analogous  views  are  held  respecting 
tangent  surfaces.  Davies. 

2.  (Trigonometry.)  In  a circle  whose  radius 
is  unity,  a straight  line  perpendicular  to  the  ex- 
tremity of  the  radius  passing  through  one  ex- 
tremity of  an  arc,  and  terminated  by  a secant 
passing  through  the  other  extremity.  Eliot. 

Artificial  or  logarithmic  tangents,  tile  logarithms  of 
the  tangents  of  arcs.  — Natural  tangents,  tangents  of 
arcs  expressed  by  the  natural  numbers.  Hutton. 

TAN-GEN'TIAL,  a.  Relating  to,  or  having  the 
direction  of,  a tangent.  Search. 

Tangential  force,  tile  force  or  inertia  which  inclines 
a body,  moving  in  a curve,  to  fly  off  in  the  direction 
of  a tangent  to  that  curve.  Lib.  of  Useful  Knowledge. 

TAN-GEN'TIAL-LY,  ad.  In  the  direction  of  a 
tangent ; as  a tangent.  Wright. 

TAn'QENT— PLANE,  n.  (Geom.)  A plane  which 
touches  a curved  surface  in  one  point,  as  in  the 
case  of  a sphere,  or  in  a straight  line,  as  in  the 
case  of  a cylinder; — that  is,  a plane  which 
meets,  but  does  not  cut,  the  surface  in  that 
point  or  that  line.  Lib.  of  Useful  Knowledge. 

TANG'— FISH,  n.  A name  given  in  Shetland  to 
the  seal.  Simmonds. 

TANGHIN  (t&n'gjn),  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  Mada- 
gascar, the  kernel  of  the  fruit  of  which  is  about 
the  size  of  an  almond,  and  a very  powerful 
poison,  and  called  Tanghin-poison  ; Cerbera 
tanghin,  or  Tanghinia  venenata.  Eng.  Cyc. 

tAn'GIHNE,  n.  (Chem.)  A crystallizable,  poison- 
ous principle  obtained  from  Tanghinia  Mada- 
gascariensis.  Gregory. 

TAn-GIHN'I-A,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  plants  of 
the  order  Apoeynacece , or  dog-banes,  the  kernel 
of  the  fruit  of  which  is  a very  powerful  poison. 
— See  Tanghin.  Baircl. 

TAN-GI-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality  of 
being  tangible  ; tangibleness.  Cudworth. 

TAN'G!-BLE,  a.  [L.  tangibilis  ; tango,  to  touch  ; 
Fr.  tangible .]  That  may  be  touched  ; percepti- 
ble to  the  touch.  I Locke. 

TAN'G!-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality 
of  being  tangible  ; tangibility.  Clarke. 

TAN'GI-BLy,  ad.  So  as  to  be  touched.  Clarke. 

TAN'GLE  (tang'gl),  v.  a.  [Of  uncertain  etymol- 
ogy.— Perhaps  from  A.  S.  tian,  to  tie.  Rich- 
ardson.] [i.  TANGLED  ; pp.  TANGLING,  TAN- 

GLED.] 

1.  To  interweave  or  intertwine  confusedly  ; 
to  implicate  ; to  complicate  ; to  entangle  ; to 
snarl ; as,  “ To  tangle  thread  or  hair.” 

The  blind  mazes  of  this  tangled  wood.  Milton. 

2.  To  entrap ; to  insnarc  ; to  catch. 

My  king  is  tangled  in  affection  to 

A creature  of  the  queen’s.  Shah. 

3.  To  embroil;  to  embarrass;  to  perplex. 

Tangled  in  forbidden  ways.  Crashaw. 

TAN'GLE,  v.  n.  To  be  entangled.  Anon. 

TAN'GLE,  n.  1.  Any  thing  complicated  or  inter- 
woven confusedly ; a snail. 

Or  with  the  tangles  of  Neasra's  hair.  Milton. 

2.  Any  perplexity  or  embarrassment.  Clarke. 

3.  An  edible  sea-weed;  Laminaria  digitate, 

or  esculenta.  Baird. 

TAN'GLED  (tang'gld),  a.  Intricate;  perplexed; 
interwoven  without  order  ; snarled.  Parnell. 

TAN'GLING-LY,  ad.  In  a tangling  manner.  Cl. 

TAN'GLY,  a.  Intricately  intertwined  ; tangled  : 
— covered  with  sea-weed  or  tangle.  Falconer. 

TAN'-HOUSE,  n.  A house  for  keeping  or  storing 
bark  for  tanning.  Booth. 

TAN'I-iEIl,  n.  One  of  the  names  of  the  blue  ed- 
does,  or  nut-eddoes,  a plant  of  the  genus  Cala- 
dium  ; — written  also  tannier.  Simmonds. 

TAN'IST,  n.  [Irish.]  An  Irish  chief  or  head  of 
a clan,  chosen  in  accordance  with  the  custom  of 
tanistry.  — See  Tanistky.  Hume. 

TAN'JS-TRY,  n.  (Irish  Laic.)  A species  of  ten- 
ure, founded  on  immemorial  usage,  by  which 
castles,  manors, .lands,  and  tenements  descend- 


MiEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 


$ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


TAN  JIB 


1476 


TAPE-WORM 


ed  to  the  eldest  and  worthiest  man  of  the  blood 
and  race  of  the  deceased.  Burrill. 

TAN'JIB,  n.  A sort  of  cotton  fabric  manufac- 
tured for  India.  Simmonds. 

TANK  (t&ngk,  82),  w.  [Port.  St  Old  Fr.  tanquc ; Pro- 
vencal tanca,  to  fix,  stop,  restrain.  — From  Fr. 
Hang,  a pond,  a pool.  Thomson.} 

1.  A large  basin,  cistern,  or  reservoir  for 

holding  water  or  other  liquid.  Dryden. 

2.  A small  East  Indian  dry-measure,  aver- 

aging 240  grains  in  weight : — a Bombay  weight 
for  pearls,  of  72  grains.  Simmonds. 

3.  The  end  of  a file,  &c.,  which  is  inserted  in 

a socket.  Simmonds. 

TANK'ARD.n.  [OldFr.  tanquard.  — Ir.  tancaird  ; 
Gael,  tancard. — From  Fr.  ( tain,  tin,  and  quart, 
a quart.  Thomson.  — See  Tank.]  A drinking- 
vessel  with  a lid  or  cover.  B.  Jonson. 

TANK'ARD,  a.  Pertaining  to  a tankard;  — con- 
vivial ; festive,  [a.]  Milton. 

TANK'  ARD— ‘ TUR'NI  P,  n.  A name  applied  to  such 
common  field-turnips  as  are  oblong,  and  the 
roots  of  which  in  general  grow  a good  deal  above 
the  surface  of  the  ground.  Simmonds. 

TANK'— EN-^tJNE,  n.  A combined  engine  and  ten- 
der for  supplying  water  for  a locomotive.  Sim. 

t TANK'LING,  n.  A tinkling.  Beau.  FI. 

TAN'LING,  n.  One  tanned  by  the  heat  of  sum- 
mer ; — used  in  contempt.  Shah. 

TAN'NATE,  n.  ( Chem .)  A salt  consisting  of  tan- 
nic acid  and  a base.  Gregory. 

TAN'NfJR,  n.  One  who  tans  hides.  Moxon. 

tAN'NJJR-Y,  n.  A building  or  establishment 
where  hides  are  tanned.  McCulloch. 

TAN'NjC,  a.  Pertaining  to  tan.  lire. 

Tannic  acid,  (Chem.)  a solid,  uncrystalline,  color- 
less, inodorous  acid,  of  a very  astringent  taste,  solu- 
ble in  water,  and  forming  with  peroxide  of  iron  a 
compound  which  is  the  basis  of  common  ink,  and 
with  gelatine  a compound  which  is  the  basis  of  leath- 
er ; — called  also  gallo-tannic  acid.  It  is  obtained  pure 
from  the  gall-nut,  an  excrescence  upon  the  leaves  and 
shoots  of  certain  species  of  oak,  caused  by  the  punct- 
ure of  a small  insect  made  for  the  purpose  of  deposit- 
ing its  eggs.  Miller.  Parnell. 

TAN'NI-gR,  n.  See  Tanier.  Clarke. 

TAN'NIN,  n.  A term  applied  to  various  forms  of 
the  astringent  principle  used  in  tanning.  Most 
of  them  have  an  acid  reaction,  and  resemble 
each  other  in  properties,  though  they  differ  in 
chemical  composition.  Miller. 

TAN'NING,  n.  1.  The  act  or  process  of  convert- 
ing hides  into  leather  by  cleansing  them  of  hair, 
flesh,  & c.,  and  saturating  them  with  tannin,  or 
some  form  of  the  astringent  principle  contained 
in  the  bark  of  certain  trees  and  plants.  A por- 
tion of  extractive  matter  from  the  tan  employed 
also  combines  with  the  hide  and  gives  it  its 
brown  color.  Bigelow. 

2.  The  state  of  becoming  tanned  or  em- 
browned by  the  sun.  Bp.  Taylor. 

TAN'— PIT,  n.  A pit  in  which  hides  are  put  in 
the  process  of  tanning.  Booth. 

TAN'REC,  n.  ( Zool .)  A small  quadruped  allied 
to  the  hedgehog,  inhabiting  Madagascar,  and 
covered  with  spiny  bristles  intermixed  with 

silky  hairs  ; tenrec.  — See  Tenrec.  Baird. 

TAN'SPUD,  n.  A tool  for  peeling  off  bark  of 
trees,  for  tan.  [Local.]  Clarke. 

TAN'— STOVE,  n.  A stone  hot-house  contain- 
ing a bed  of  tan.  Clarke. 

TAN 'SyY,  n.  [Low  L.  tanacetum ; It.  $ Sp.  tan- 
aceto;  Fr.  tanasie.  — Said  to  be  a corruption  of 
Gr.  atpavaaia,  immortality,  from  its  durable  flow- 
ers. Gray.] 

1.  ( Bot .)  The  common  name  of  plants  of  the 
genus  Tanacetum,  which  consist  of  bitter  and 
acrid,  strong-scented  herbs,  with  yellow  flowers. 
The  common  species  ( Tanacetum  vulgare ) is 
used  for  culinary  and  medicinal  purposes.  Gray. 

2.  A kind  of  cake  for  the  table,  flavored 

with  common  tansy.  Seldcn. 

TANT,  n.  A kind  of  small  field-spider.  Ray. 


A,  E,  !,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  1,  6 


TAJT-TJI-U’MJE,  n.  pi. 

( Orni'th .)  A sub-family 
of  birds  of  the  order 
Grallce  and  family  Ar- 
deul<e. ; ibises.  Gray. 

TAN'TA-LlSM,  n.  Pun- 
ishment like  that  of  Tantalus  leucocephalus. 
Tantalus  ; tantalization.  Addison. 

tAn'TA-LITE,  n.  (Min.)  An  iron-black,  brittle 
mineral,  occurring  in  Finland,  usually  associ- 
ated with  beryl,  and  composed  chiefly  of  tan- 
talic  acid  and  peroxide  of  iron  and  manganese  ; 
columbite.  Dana. 

TAN-TA'LI-UM,  n.  (Min.)  Tantalum.  Brande. 

tAn-TA-LI-ZA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  tantalizing, 
or  the  state  of  being  tantalized.  Gayton. 

TAn'TA-LIZE,  v.  a.  [From  Tantalus.]  To  excite 
the  desires  or  hopes  of,  and  refuse  to  gratify 
them  ; to  flatter  with  the  prospect  of  gratifica- 
tions beyond  one’s  reach  or  power  of  obtaining; 
to  torment ; to  tease  ; to  vex.  Dryden. 

Exceedingly  tantalized  with  living  under  the  walls  of  so 
great  a city,  full  of  objects  of  novelty,  without  being  able  to 
enter  it.  Cook. 

Syn.  — Sec  Tease. 

TAn'TA-LIZ-IJR,  n.  One  who  tantalizes.  Wakefield. 

TAiN-TA-LIZ'ING-LY,  ad.  By  tantalizing.  Clarke. 

TAN'TA-LUM,  n.  (Min.)  The  metal  of  tantalite  ; 
columbium  ; — called  also  tantalium.  Ure. 

TAjy'TA-L&S,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  TaVro;.of.] 

1.  (Myth.)  A son  of  Jupiter  and  Pluto,  who  was 

punished  in  the  lower  world,  by  being  afflicted 
with  thirst  and  hunger,  and  placed  in  water 
which  always  receded  from  him  as  soon  as  he 
attempted  to  drink,  while  Over  his  head  hung 
branches  of  fruit  which  receded  whenever  he 
attempted  to  grasp  them.  In  addition  to  this, 
there  was  suspended  over  his  head  a huge  rock, 
ever  threatening  to  crush  him.  I Vm.  Smith. 

2.  (Ornith.)  A genus  of  wading  birds  of  the 

sub-family  Tantalince.  Baird. 

TAn'T A-I.US’fy— C UP,  n.  A philo- 
sophical toy,  consisting  of  a cup, 
into  a hole  in  the  bottom  of  which 
the  longer  leg  of  a siphon  is  ce- 
mented. When  water  is  slowly 
poured  into  the  cup,  it  does  not 
rise  above  the  level  of  the  bend, 
being  discharged  through  the  si- 
phon as  fast  as  it  is  supplied.  If  the  supply 
ceases  the  cup  is  soon  emptied.  The  siphon  is 
concealed  by  the  hollow  figure  of  a man,  whose 
chin  is  on  a level  with  the  bend  of  the  siphon  ; 
so  that  the  figure  stands,  like  Tantalus  in  the 
fable,  up  to  the  chin  in  water,  but  unable  to 
quench  his  thirst.  Brande. 

tAn'TA-MOi)nt,  a.  [Fr.  tant  (L.  tant.us),  so 
much,  and  monter,  to  mount.]  Equivalent  in 
value  or  meaning  ; equal ; commensurate. 

God  hath  inserted  it  into  our  reasonable  nntures,  or  by  his 
providence  hath  conveyed  it  into  the  minds  of  all  men.  which 
is  tantamount  unto  it.  Olanvill. 

-f-TAN'TA-MOUNT,  v.  n.  To  be  equivalent. 

That  which  in  God’s  estimate  may  tantamount  to  a direct 
undervaluing.  Bp.  Taylor. 

II  TAN-TIV'Y,or  TAN'TI-VY  [trin-tlv'e,  P.  J.  E.  F. 
K.  Sm.  Ash;  tan'te-ve,  Ja.  C.  I Vl>.],  ad.  [From 
the  note  of  the  hunting-horn.  Johnson.]  With 
speed  ; rapidly  ; swiftly  ; — a hunting  term  ; 
as,  “ To  ride  tantivy.”  Bailey. 

||  TAN-TlV'Y,  n.  A violent  gallop.  Wright. 

tAn'TLE,  v.  a.  To  pet ; to  caress  ; to  feed 
with  care.  [Local,  Eng.]  Baker. 

f tAnT'I.ING,  n.  One  who  has  hopes  of  pleasure 
he  cannot  obtain.  Johnson. 

TAN'TRUM,  n.  A high  air  or  freak;  a burst  of 
passion  or  ill-humor.  [Colloquial.]  'Todd. 

TAN'YARD,  n.  A yard  in  which  tanning  is  per- 
formed ; a tannery.  Ash. 

TAP,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  tceppan,  to  broach,  as  a cask  ; 
Frs.  tappa;  Dut.  tappen ; Ger.  zapfen;  Dan. 
tappe ; S w.  $ Icel.  tappa.]  [ i . tapped  ; pp.  tap- 
pi  nr,  TAPPED.] 

1.  To  pierce  or  broach,  as  a vessel  contain- 
ing a liquid  ; to  pierce  so  as  to  cause  a fluid  to 
run  out;  as,  “To  tap  a cask  of  wine.” 

Wait  with  patience  till  the  tumor  becomes  troublesome, 
auil  then  tap  it  with  a lancet.  Sharp. 


I,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  I,  O,  U,  Y>  obscure;  FARE, 


2.  To  cause  to  run  out,  as  a liquid,  by  broach- 
ing the  cask  or  vessel  containing  it. 

He  hoa  been  tapping  his  liquors.  Shak. 

3.  t To  open,  as  a tree  about  the  root.  Bailey. 

4.  To  cut  or  bore  into,  as  a tree,  to  obtain  sap. 

5.  To  add  a new  sole  or  heel  to  ; as  “To  tap 
a shoe  or  a boot.”  [Colloquial.]  Simmonds. 

TAP,  n.  [A.  S.  tappe,  a tap  or  spigot  ; Dut. 
Dan.  tap  ; Ger.  zapfen  ; Dan  tap ; Sw.  tapp ; 
Icel.  tappi.] 

1.  A spigot,  or  a pipe  by  which  the  liquor  of 
a vessel  is  let  out. 

Ever  since  hath  so  the  tap  run 

Till  that  almost  all  empty  is  the  tun.  Chaucer. 

2.  (Much.)  An  instrument  of  hard  steel, 

formed  like  an  external  or  male  screw,  and 
used  for  cutting  the  threads  of  internal  or  fe- 
male screws  or  nuts.  Dans. 

3.  A tap-room,  or  a tap-house.  Smart. 

TAP,  v.  a.  [Fr.  taper,  to  strike.]  To  strike  gen- 
tly or  lightly  ; to  hit  with  a gentle  blow ; to  touch 
gently ; to  rap. 

I hiving  lapped  ...  it  with  the  upper  or  under  side  of  the 
fingers  of  both  hands.  Cook. 

TAP,  v.  n.  To  strike  a gentle  blow;  to  rap. 

He  tapped  at  the  door.  Todd. 

TAP,  n.  A gentle  blow  ; a light  stroke. 

And  with  soft  taps  beat  time  to  every  strain.  Jcnyns. 

TAPE,  n.  [A.  S.  taeppe.]  A narrow  fillet  or  band, 
usually  of  cotton  or  linen,  and  used  for  tying 
or  binding,  &c.  Shak. 

TAPE'—  LINE,  n.  A graduated  tape  used  for 
measuring,  as  by  surveyors.  Simmonds. 

TA'PJJR,  n.  [A.  S.  taper,  tapor,  tapur.  — Ir.  is. 
Gael,  tapar ; W.  tampyr.  — It.  doppiere,  a torch.] 

1.  A small  wax  candle ; a light. 

Give  me  a taper  in  my  study,  Lucius.  B/tak. 

2.  A gradual  diminution  of  the  diameter  of  a 
body  ; as,  “ The  taper  of  a mast.” 

TA'PER,  a.  Growing  smaller  or  regularly  nar- 
rowed towards  the  point,  or  from  the  bottom  to 
the  top  ; gradually  diminishing  in  diameter,  as 
a mast ; pyramidal ; conical. 

With  spreading  horns, 

Wirosc  taper  tops  refulgent  gold  adorns.  Pope. 

TA'PJJR,  V.  n.  [i.  TAPERED  ; pp.  TAPERING,  TA- 
PERED.] To  grow  gradually  smaller  in  diame- 
ter towards  the  end.  Bay. 

TA'fJJR,  v.  a.  I.  To  make  taper;  to  narrow  reg- 
ularly ; to  make  gradually  smaller  in  diameter. 

Tree-masts,  so  big  in  the  body,  so  long,  and  yet  so  well 
tapered.  Dumpier. 

2.  To  light  with  tapers  ; to  illuminate. 

The  tapered  choir  at  the  late  hour  of  prayer.  TVarton. 

tA'PER-ING,  a.  Growing  gradually  narrower  or 
smaller  in  diameter,  as  a mast ; gradually  di- 
minishing towards  a point. 

Around  the  tapering  top  a dove  they  tie.  Pitt. 

tA'PER-ING-LY,  ad.  In  a tapering  manner. 

TA'PIJR-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  taper. 

A Corinthian  pillar  has  a relative  beauty  dependent  on  its 
taperness  and  foliage.  Shenstonc. 

TAP'pS-TRY  [tap'es-tre,  P.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  Hr. 
Wb. ; taps'tre,  S.J.;  taps 'tre  or  tap'es-tre,  IF.], 
71.  [Gr.  rungs,  raids,  Sams,  a carpet ; L.  tapetc , 
tapis,  a carpet,  tapestry  ; It.  tajtpeto,  a carpet ; 
trtppezzcria,  tapestry ; Sp.  tapetc,  a small  car- 
pet, a rug  ; tapiz,  tapiceria,  tapestry  ; Fr.  tapis, 
a carpet,  a table-cloth  ; tapisserie,  tapestry.]  An 
ornamental  figured  cloth,  or  textile  fabric,  usu- 
ally of  wool  or  silk,  for  lining  the  walls  of  apart- 
ments, and  sometimes  enriched  with  gold  and 
silver  landscapes,  &c.  Brande. 

TAP'^S-TRY,  v.  ar  To  adorn  with  tapestry. 

Some  tap'stried  hall  or  gilded  bower.  Sir  if'.  Jones. 

TAP'pS-TRY- CAR'I’JRT,  n.  The  name  generally 
given  to  two-ply  or  ingrain  carpets,  the  warp 
or  weft  being  printed  before  weaving,  so  as  to 
produce  the  figure  in  the  cloth.  Simmonds. 

f TAP'IJT,  71.  Worked  or  figured  stuff.  Spenser. 

tAp  'K-  Tt,  71.  (Zool.)  The  Brazilian  hare  ; Lcpus 
Brazilie7isis.  Erxleben. 

TAPE'— WORM  p-wUrm],  71.  A long,  flat,  com- 
pressed, numerously-jointed  intestinal  worm,  of 
the  genera  Taenia,  and  Bothriocephalus.  Baird. 

JDGfThc  species  are  numerous,  but  exist  only  in 
vertebrated  animals.  Tienia  solium  is  tile  common 
tapeworm  of  the  inhabitants  of  America,  Great  Brit- 
ain, Denmark,  Sweden,  See. ; tile  Bothriocephalus,  of 


FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


TAP-HOUSE 


1477 


TARIFF 


those  of  Poland,  Russia,  Switzerland,  and  some  parts 
of  France.  Baird. 

TAp'-IIOUSE,  n.  A house  in  which  beer  or  liquor 
is  served^from  the  tap  ; a drinking-house. 

The  talk  of  drunkards  in  tap-houses.  Beau.  Sr  FI. 

h TAP'IN-At^rE,  n.  Secret  skulking.  Chaucer. 

TAP-I-6'CA,  n.  A starch  used  for  food,  prepared 
chiefly  from  the  root  of  the  manioc  or  mandioc 
plant  (Jatropha  manihot  of  Linnaeus,  Manihot 
utilissima,  or  Janipha  manihot ),  by  expressing 
the  juice,  which  is  poisonous,  and  carefully 
washing  and  drying  the  fecula  ; — called  by  the 
Indians  of  South  America  manioc.  Ure. 

The  manioc  plant  is  cultivated  for  food  all 
over  the  tropical  parts  of  the  world.  There  are  two 
varieties  of  it,  distinguished  by  the  names  of  sweet 
and  bitter.  The  latter,  if  eaten  in  the  recent  state,  is 
highly  poisonous  from  its  containing  hydrocyanic 
(prussic)  acid.  The  root,  weighing  as  much  as  thirty 
pounds,  is  reduced  into  a pulp,  which  having  been 
washed  and  subjected  to  pressure  and  heat  to  free  it 
from  the  poison,  the  residue  is  cassava.  The  expressed 
juice  deposits  starch  in  the  form  of  a powder,  which 
is  repeatedly  washed  in  cold  water  and  dried  by  ex- 
posure to  heat.  The  rupture  of  a part  of  the  starch 
granules  makes  them  adherent,  and  thus  produces  the 
characteristic  consistency  of  the  tapioca  of  commerce. 
If  dried  without  heat,  it  is  pulverulent.  Liudley. 
Wood  y Bachc . 

TA'PIR,  n.  ( ZoBl .) 

A pachydermatous 
mammal,  of  the 
family  Elephanti- 
dce  and  genus  Ta- 
pirus, allied  to  the 
rhinoceros,  and  to 
the  hog,  and  char- 
acterized by  hav- 
ing the  muzzle  pro-  TaP‘r  (Tapirus  Americaim). 
longed  into  a small,  mobile,  but  scarcely  prehen- 
sile, trunk,  a very  short  tail,  and  three  pairs  of 
cutting  teeth,  and  one  pair  of  small  canine 
teeth,  in  each  jaw.  Baird. 

KJf- The  American  tapir  ( Tapirus  terrestris , or 
Tapirus  Americiums ) is  a native  of  South  America, 
and  is  about  3.j  feet  high  and  G feet  long.  The  Indian 
tapir  (Tapirus  Maluyanus , or  Tapirus  Indicus ) is  com- 
mon in  Sumatra.  Baird. 

7'APIS  (tap'e  or  ta'pis)  [ta'pe,  Jo.  K. ; tap'e,  Sm. ; 
ta'pis,  C.  B.  Wb.],  n.  [Fr.]  A carpet ; — a rug: 
— a cloth  for  covering  certain  tables.  Spiers. 

To  be  on  or  upon  the  tapis , to  be  on  the  table  or 
under  consideration  or  discussion. 

tAp'IS,  v.  a.  [Fr.  tapisser.]  To  cover  with  fig- 
ures in  the  manner  of  tapestry.  Holland. 

fTAP'ISHED  (-Isht),  a.  [Fr.  tapir,  to  crouch. 
Squatted  close  ; concealed.  Fairfax. 

TA'PIST,  n.  One  who  uses  tape,  or  who  deals  in 
tape.  Morn.  Citron. 

TAP'— LASH,  n.  Bad  small  beer  : — also  the  refuse 
or  dregs  of  liquor. 

Did.  ever  any  man  run  such  tap-lash  as  this?  Bp.  Barker. 

The  tap-lash  of  strong  ale  and  wine.  Taylor. 

TAP'LINGfj,  n.  pi.  The  strong  double  leathers  or 
skins  made  fast  to  the  end  of  each  piece  of  a 
flail.  Wright. 

TAP'NET,  n.  A frail,  or  basket  made  of  rushes, 
&c.,  in  which  figs  are  imported.  Sirnmonds. 

tAp'PJET,  n.  ( Machinery .)  A small  projection, 
as  on  a rod,  designed  to  hit  and  move  some 
other  part,  as  a lever.  Francis. 

tAp'PING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  taps. 

TAp'PIT— HEN,  n.  1.  A hen  with  a tuft  of  feath- 
ers on  her  head.  [Scotland.]  Jamieson. 

2.  A quart  measure;  — so  called  from  the 
supposed  resemblance  of  the  knob  on  the  lid  to 
a crested  hen.  [Cant,  Scotland.]  Jamieson. 

TAP'— ROOM,  n.  A room  in  a tap-house  for  drink- 
ing and  smoking  in  ; a tap.  Sirnmonds. 

tAp'-ROOT,  n.  A fleshy,  elongated,  tapering, 
main  root,  penetrating  deeply,  and  nearly  ver- 
tically, into  the  ground.  Lindley. 

The  fir  and  larch  have  one  tap-root,  and  no  more.  Holland. 

TAP'— ROOT-ED,  a.  Having  a tap-root.  Hooker. 

TAPS'MAN,  n.  A servant  who  has  the  principal 
charge ; a chief  servant.  [Scotland.]  Jamieson. 

tAp'STER,  n.  One  who  draws  beer  and  other 
liquor  in  an  ale-house.  Sliak. 

TA'Q.UA— NUT,  n.  ( Bot .)  The  fruit  of  the  Phy- 


telephas  macrocarpa,  a tree  of  South  America, 
which  furnishes  vegetable  ivory.  Baird. 

TAR,  n.  [A.  S.  tare,  tcro,  teru,  tcor,  tyrwa;  Frs. 
ther ; Old  Dut.  tarre,  terre  ; Dut.  teer ; Ger. 
theer;  Dan.  there ; Sw.  tiara ; Icel.  tiara. — Bret. 
ter-,  Gael,  teahr,  tearra.  — Heb.  ^“iX,  balsam  of 

• t: 

Gilead.]  A thick,  dark-brown,  black,  viscid, 
resinous  liquid,  insoluble  in  water,  being  a prod- 
uct of  the  destructive  distillation  of  wood,  chief- 
ly of  that  of  the  resinous  pines.  Miller. 

Tar  is  composed  of  various  liquids  holding 
solid  matters  in  solution  or  suspension.  The  most 
important  constituents  are  several  forms  of  hydrocar- 
bon, besides  several  oxidized  compounds,  among 
which  is  creosote.  It  is  largely  used  in  ship-building. 
Miller. 

Barbadoes  tar , a black,  inflammable  liquid  bitumen, 
of  the  consistence  of  molasses,  flowing  spontaneously 
from  the  earth  ; a variety  of  petroleum.  Wood  Bachc. 
— Coal  tar , a dark,  viscous  matter  produced  by  the 
distillation  of  coal,  and  consisting  of  a mixture  of 
various  acid,  basic,  and  neutral  substances.  Miller. — 
Mineral  tar , a mixture  of  asphaltum  and  naphtha  oc- 
curring in  nature,  in  which  asphaltum  predominates. 
Wood  Bachc. — Shale  tar , a kind  of  tar  obtained 
during  the  distillation  of  the  bituminous  shale  of  Dor- 
setshire. Miller. 

TAR,  n.  [A  contraction  of  tarpaulin.  Trench. ] 
A sailor  ; a seaman.  [Colloquial.]  Swift. 

TAR,  v.  a.  [i.  tarred  ; pp.  tarring,  tarred.] 
To  anoint  or  smear  with  tar.  Beau.  8$  FI. 

f TAR,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  tirian.  — Gr.  nip w.]  To  tease  ; 
to  provoke  ; to  excite  to  anger  or  combat. 

There  has  been  much  to  do  on  both  sides,  and  the  nation 
holds  it  no  sin  to  tar  them  on  to  controversy.  Shak. 

TAR'A-MIS,n.  [L.]  (Myth.)  A Celtic  divinity, 
regarded  as  the  evil  principle,  and  worshipped 
with  human  sacrifices  ; — confounded  by  Latin 
writers  with  their  Jupiter.  Brande. 

TAR-AJV-TEL' LA,  n.  [It.]  A swift,  delirious 
sort  of  Italian  dance  in  whirling  six-eight 
measure.  Moore. 

tAr'AN-TI^M,  n.  Tarantismus.  Buchanan. 

TAR-AN-TI§'MUS,  n.  (Med.)  A feigned  or  im- 
aginary disease  in  Apulia,  characterized  by  ex- 
cessive avidity  for  dancing  at  the  sound  of  in- 
struments, and  which  was  ascribed  by  the  vulgar 
to  the  bite  of  the  tarantula.  Dunglison. 

TA-rAn'TU-LA,  n.  [It.  tarantola ; Fr.  tarentule.\ 

( Ent .)  A species  of  large  spider,  whose  bite  is 
fabled  to  be  cured  by  music  ; Lycosa  tarantula  ; 
— so  called  from  Taranto,  in  Italy.  Brande. 

TA-RAn'TU-lAt-ED,  a.  [It.  tarantolato .]  Af- 
fected or  bitten  by  a tarantula.  Green. 

TAR-Ax'A-gIne,  n.  ( Chem .)  A bitter,  crystal- 
lizable  principle  extracted  from  the  juice  of 
the  root  of  the  dandelion  (Leontodon  taraxi- 
cwn).  Wood  fy  Bache. 

TAR'— BAR-REL,  n.  A barrel  for  holding,  or 
which  has  contained,  tar.  Sirnmonds. 

f TAR-DA'TION,  n.  [L.  tardo,  tardatus,  to  de- 
lay.] The  act  of  delaying.  Bailey. 

TAR'  DI-GRA-DA,  n.  pi.  [L.  tardigradus ; tar- 
dus, slow,  and  gradior,  to  walk.] 

(Zoiil.)  1.  A family  of  edentate  animals,  com- 
posed of  the  sloths.  Cuvier. 

2.  A family  of  minute  animals  of  the  class 
Arachnidce,  commonly  called  water-bears. Baird. 

TAR'DI-GRADE,  a.  Moving  slowly.  Kirby. 

TAR'DI-GRADE,  n.  (Zoiil.)  One  of  a family  of 
Edentata  : — one  of  a family  of  minute  animals 
of  the  class  Arachnidce ; one  of  the  Tardigra- 
da.  Brande. 

TAR'DI-GRA-DOUS,  a.  [L.  tardigradus .)  Mov- 
ing slowly ; tardigrade,  [r.]  Browne. 

TAR'HI-LY,  ad.  In  a tardy  manner;  slowly; 
sluggishly ; dilatorily.  Shak. 

TAR'DI-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  tardy  ; slug- 
gishness ; slowness  ; dilatoriness  ; lateness. 

A tardiness  in  nature, 

Which  often  leaves  the  history  unspoke 

That  it  intends  to  do.  Shale > 

+ TAR'DI-TY,  n.  [L.  tarditas.]  Tardiness.  Digby. 

TAR' DO.  [It.]  (Mas.)  Slow.  Moore. 

TAR'DY,  a.  [L.  tardus,  slow;  It.  &:  Sp.  tardo; 
Fr.  tardif. — L.  tardus  is  perhaps  a contraction 
of  trah-idus  ; traho,  to  drag  along.  Wm.  Smith.] 


1.  Slow  in  motion  ; not  swift. 

And  cheek  the  tardy  flight  of  time.  Sandy s. 

2.  Sluggish;  averse  to  motion  or  action. 

Provoke  the  tardy  English  close  to  fight.  Drydcn. 

3.  Dilatory  ; behindhand  in  time  ; not  in  sea- 
son ; delaying  ; late  ; slack. 

Be  not  ta’cn  tardy  by  unwise  delay.  Shak. 

4.  f Guilty  of  a fault ; offending.  Bailey. 

5.  f Unwary  ; unready  ; unaware.  Iludibras. 

Syn.  — See  Snow. 

f TAR'DY,  v.  a.  [L.  tardo ; Fr.  larder.)  To 
cause  to  be  tardy  ; to  delay  ; to  hinder.  Shak. 

TAR'DY— GAlT-gD,  a.  Moving  slowly ; slow- 
paced. “ Tardy-gaited  night.”  Shak. 

TARE,  n.  [From  A.  S.  teran,  to  tear,  to  rend  ; 
Dut.  teren,  to  consume  ; Ger.  zehren ; Dan. 
tecre  ; Sw.  tiira,  — because  the  weed  destroys  the 
corn.  Richardson.  — From  L.  tero,  to  wear 
away.  Skinner .]  (Bot.) 

1.  A plant  or  weed  growing  among  grain. 

-But  while  men  slept,  his  enemy  came  and  sowed  tares 

among  the  wheat.  ilatt.  xiii.  25. 

Wiy-  The  darnel  (Lolium  temulentum ) is  said  to  lie 
the  tares  of  Scripture.  It  is  the  only  deleterious  spe- 
cies belonging  to  the  gramineous  plants.  Baird. 

2.  An  annual  plant  common  in  Great  Britain 
and  throughout  the  rest  of  Europe,  and  exten- 
sively cultivated  for  fodder  ; common  vetch  ; 
Vicia  sativa  : — a name  of  several  species  of  the 
genus  Ervum,  especially  of  Ervum  tetrasper- 
num,  or  smooth  tare,  and  Ervum  hirsutum, 
hairy  tare,  or  tine-tare,  both  of  which  are  troub- 
lesome annual  weeds. 

Loudon.  Baird.  Farm.  Eney. 

TARE,  n.  [A.  S.  teran,  to  tear,  to  rend;  Dut. 
teren,  to  consume,  to  waste  ; Ger.  zeheren,  to 
consume  ; Dan.  tare  ; Sw.  tarn.  — It.  tarare,  to 
abate.  — It.  &;  Sp.  tar  a,  tare;  Fr.  tare.)  A de- 
duction or  abatement  made  from  the  weight 
of  a parcel  of  goods,  on  account  of  the  weight 
of  the  cask,  bag,  &e.,  in  which  they  are  con- 
tained. McCulloch. 

f tAre,  imperf.  of  tear.  Tore.  — See  Tear. 

TAR'®N-Tl§M,  n.  Tarantismus.  Buchanan. 

TAR-EN-Tl§'MUS,  n.  See  TARANTISMUS. 

Dunglison. 

TA-REN'TU-LA,  n.  See  Tarantula.  Baird. 

TARGE,  n.  A target,  [it.]  Spenser. 

TAR'GET  [tar'get,  S.  TF.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  Sin.  R. ; 
tar'get  or  tar'jet,  AT.],  n.  [A.  S.  targe,  targa ; 
Old  Dut.  targie.  — Mid  L.  targia  ; It.  targa ; Sp. 
taiga;  Fr.  targe.  — Gael,  targaid.  — From  L. 
te.rgum  or  tergus,  the  skin  of  a beast,  because 
the  target  was  made  of  the  hide  of  an  animal. 
Richardson .] 

1.  A large,  round  shield. 

I took  all  their  seven  points  in  my  target.  Shak. 

2.  A mark  set  up  to  be  shot  at;  — perhaps 

so  called  because  a shield  was  used  originally 
for  this  purpose.  Stocqueler. 

TAR'GIST-JED,  a.  Having  a target.  Gaiulen. 

TAR-GET-IER'  (tar-get-Sr'),  n.  One  armed  with 
a target  or  shield.  Chapman. 

TAR'GUM,  n. ; pi.  tar'gum?.  [Chal.]  A par- 
aphrase on  some  portion  of  Scripture  in  the 
Chaldean  language. 

The  Targum  of  Onkclosis,  without  doubt  the  most  ancient 
that  is  now  extant.  Book. 

TAR'GUM-IST,  n.  A writer  of  a Targum.  Milton. 

TAR'IFF,  n.  [It.  tariffa;  Sp.  tarifa ; Fr.  tar  if.) 

1.  A schedule  or  table  of  duties  or  customs 

payable  to  the  government  on  merchandise  im- 
ported or  exported ; or  a table,  alphabetically 
arranged,  specifying  the  various  duties,  draw- 
backs, bounties,  &c.,  charged  and  allowed  on 
the  importation  and  exportation  of  articles  of 
foreign  and  domestic  produce.  Brande. 

2.  A table  for  solving  questions  by  the  rule 

of  fellowship  : — a table  of  multiplication  or  di- 
vision. [r.]  Bailey. 

“ If  you  turn  to  a map  of  Spain,  you  will  take 
note  at  its  southern  point,  and  running  out  into  t ho 
Straits  of  Gibraltar,  of  a promontory,  which  from  its 
position  is  admirably  adapted  for  commanding  tlio 
entrance  of  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  and  watching  the 
exit  and  entrance  of  all  ships.  A fortress  stands 
upon  this  promontory,  called  now,  as  it  was  also 
called  in  the  times  of  the  Moorish  domination  in 
Spain,  1 Tarifa;’  the  name,  indeed,  is  of  Moorish 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — (J,  £,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  ^ as  z;  £ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


TARIFF 


1478 


TARTARUS 


origin.  It  was  the  custom  'of  the  Moors  to  watch 
from  this  point  all  merchant-ships  going  into,  or 
coming  out  of,  tile  Midland  Sea,  and,  issuing  from 
this  strong-hold,  to  levy  duties  according  to  fixed 
rates  on  all  merchandise  passing  in  and  out  of  the 
straits  ; and  this  was  called,  from  the  place  where  it 
was  levied,  ‘ tarifa ,’  or  ‘ tariff ; ’ and  in  this  way  we 
have  acquired  the  word.”  Trench. 

TAr'IFF,  v.  a.  To  fix  a tariff  upon  ; to  make  a 
list  of  duties  on.  [it.]  It.  W.  Hamilton. 

TAr'IN,  n.  [Fr.]  ( Omith .)  A singing-bird,  al- 

lied to  the  goldfinch  ; the  siskin,  or  abervedine; 
Fringilla  spinus  ; — written  also  terin.  Spiers. 


' f TAR'RY,  v.  a.  To  wait  for ; to  stay  for.  “ I 
cannot  tarry  dinner.”  Shak. 

t TAR'RY,  n.  Delay ; stay  ; continuance.  Lodge. 

TAR'RY,  a.  Consisting  of,  covered  with,  or  re- 
sembling, tar.  “ Foul  tarry  spittle.”  Mure. 

TAR'RY-lNG,  n.  Delay;  stay;  tarriance.  TJdal. 
TAR'SAL,  a.  Relating  to  the  tarsus.  Dunglison. 
TARSE,  n.  The  tarsus.  — See  Tarsus.  Brnnde. 
TAR'S  f.L,  n.  A male  hawk  ; a tiercel.  Prior. 


TAR'LA-TAN,  n.  A kind  of  book-muslin,  chiefly 
manufactured  in  Scotland.  Simmonds. 

TARN,  n.  [Sw.  tjiirn  ; Icel.  tiorn.]  A mountain 
lake  ; a pool.  Holinshed. 

They  gleaned  on  many  a dusky  tarn.  W.  Scott. 

Roving  the  trackless  realms  of  Lay  on  ness. 

Had  found  a gleu,  gray  boulder  and  black  tani.  Tennyson. 

TAR'NISH,  v.a.  [Fr.  temir,  ternissant.]  [('.tar- 
nished ; pp.  TARNISHING,  TARNISHED.]  "To 
diminish  or  to  destroy  the  lustre  of;  to  make 
dull ; to  sully ; to  soil ; to  stain. 

Persecution  for  opinions  stuck  the  fastest,  and,  after  hav- 
ing tarnished  the  splendor  of  almost  every  Protestant  com- 
munity in  its  turn,  was  the  latest,  aud,  with  most  difficulty, 
shaken  off.  Wurburton. 

Syn.  — See  Stain. 


'TAR  'SI,  n.  [L.]  pi.  of  tarsus.  Lyell. 

TAR'SI-A,  )H'  £jt.]  a.  mosaic  wood- 

TAR-SI-A-TU ’ BA,  > work,  much  practised  in  Italy 
in  the  fifteenth  century ; representing  architect- 
ural scenes,  landscapes,  fruit,  and  flowers,  by 
inlaying  pieces  of  wood  of  various  colors  and 
shades  into  panels  of  walnut-wood.  Fdirholt. 

TAR'SI-IJR,  n.  (Zoiil.)  A quadrumanous  mam- 
mal, of  the  family  Lemuridee  and  genus  Tar- 
sius,  remarkable  for  the  length  of  its  tarsi,  its 
long,  slender,  tufted  tail,  and  large  ears  and 
eyes.  Baird. 

TAR'SO— MET-A-TAR'SAL,  a.  ( Anat .)  Pertaining 
to  the  tarsus  and  to  the  metatarsus.  Dunglison. 


TAR'NISH,  v.  n.  To  lose  brightness;  to  be  soiled. 

Till  thy  fresh  glories,  which  now  shine  so  bright. 

Grow  stale,  uud  tarnish  with  our  daily  sight.  Dryden. 

TAR'NISH,  n.  A spot ; a blot ; soiled  state.  “The 
tarnish  of  silver.”  Simmonds. 

TAR'NISH-ER,  n.  One  who  tarnishes.  Clarke. 

TAR'NISH-lNG,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  tar- 
nishes, or  the  state  of  being  tarnished. 

2.  A process  of  giving  gold  or  silver  a dim  cast, 
without  either  polish  or  burnish.  Simmonds. 

tAr'OCS,  n.  An  old  game  at  cards;  — called 
also  terrestrial  triumphs.  Ilalliwell. 

TAR-PAuL'ING,  n.  [From  tar.']  [Written  also 
tarpawling,  and  tarpaulin.] 

1.  Canvas  tarred  or  painted,  to  render  it  wa- 

ter-proof, used  to  cover  hatchways,  powder  mag- 
azines, guns,  &c.  Dryden. 

2.  A seaman;  a sailor;  a tar.  — Sec  Tar. 

He  was  a perfect  taiyauling.  Clarendon. 

3.  A sailor’s  hat  or  garment  made  of  tarred 

or  painted  cloth.  Simmonds. 

TAR-PE'1  AN,  a.  [L.  Tarpeius.]  Noting  a high 
rock  or  cliff  on  the  Capitoline  Hill  at  Rome,  from 
which  criminals  were  thrown  hcadlong-diit/raes. 

TAR'ftUIN-ISH,  a.  Resembling  Tarquin,  a king 
of  Rome ; haughty.  Qu.  Rev. 

TAr'RACE,  n.  See  Trass.  Wright. 

TAR'RA-GON,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  used  for  pickles 
and  salads,  and  in  the  medication  of  vinegar ; 
Artemisia  dracunculus.  Lindley. 

TAR'RAS,  n.  A substance  which  resembles  puz- 
zolana,  and  which,  like  it,  forms  a durable  water 
cement,  when  combined  with  lime  ; — supposed 
to  be  a kind  of  decomposed  basalt,  and  called 
also  terras,  and  trass.  Bigelow. 

+ TAURE,  v.  a.  To  urge;  to  set  on,  as  a dog. — 
See  Tar.  Shak. 

TAR'RI-ANCE,  n.  Stay  ; delay  ; tarrying.  Shak. 
After  somewhat  more  than  a fortnight's  tarriance.  Southey. 

So  feared  the  king, 

Anil  after  two  days’  tarriance  then  returned.  Tennyson. 

TAR'RI-ER,  n.  See  Terrier.  Dryden. 

T.\ R'RI-ER,  . One  who  tarries.  Overbury. 

TAR'ROCK,  n.  (Omith.)  The  kittiwake,  or  La- 
ms dactylics , in  its  young  state,  while  bearing 
dark-colored  marks  on  its  plumage.  Yarrell. 

TAR'RY  (t&r'r?),  v.  n.  [W.  tari.aw , to  loiter,  to 
stay. — It  appears  to  be  formed  from  tardy.  Rich- 
ardson.] [i.  TARRIED  ; pp.  TARRYING,  TAR- 
RIED.] [A  word  somewhat  antiquated,  yet  still 
used  by  good  English  authors.] 

1.  To  stay  ; to  continue  in  a place  ; to  abide. 

Tarry  I here,  I but  attend  on  death; 

But  fly  I hence,  1 fly  away  from  life.  Shale. 

2.  To  delay  ; to  wait ; to  linger  ; to  loiter. 

AVait  for  his  seasonable  aid  ; 

And,  though  it  tarry , wait.  Cowpcr. 


TAR-SOR'RHA-PHY,  W.  [Gr.  raped;,  the  sole  of 
the  foot,  anil  paiptj,  a seam,  a suture.]  ( Surg .) 
An  operation  for  diminishing  the  size  of  the 
opening  between  the  eyelids,  when  it  is  en- 
larged by  surrounding  cicatrices.  Dunglison. 

TAR-SOT'O-MY,  n.  [Gr.  rapao ?,  the  sole  of  the 
foot,  and  rtyvio,  to  cut.]  (Surg.)  The  section  or 
removal  of  the  tarsal  cartilages.  Dunglison. 

TAR  'SUS,  n. ; pi.  tar' si.  [Gr.  raped 5,  the  sole  of 
the  foot ; L.  tarsus.]  (Anat.)  In  mammalia,  the 
collection  of  small  bones  between  the  tibia  and 
metatarsus,  or  those  which  constitute  the  first 
part  of  the  foot ; — in  birds,  the  third  segment  of 
the  leg,  which  is  rarely  fleshy  or  feathered,  and 
corresponds  with  the  tarsus  and  metatarsus  con- 
joined ; — in  insects,  the  aggregate  of  minute 
joints  which  constitute  the  fifth  principal  seg- 
ment of  the  leg  or  the  foot.  Braude. 

TART,  a.  [A.  S.  teart.  — From  tar,  to  provoke, 
i.  e.  tarred,  tar’d,  tart.  Tooke.  — See  Tart,  it.] 

1.  Sour ; acid ; sharp  of  taste. 

The  juice  is  very  tart , yet  of  a pleasant  taste.  Dampier. 

2.  Ill-tempered  ; caustic  ; severe  ; harsh. 

The  popular  harangue,  the  fart  reply.  Cowper. 

TART,  n.  [A.  S.  teart,  tart ; Dut.  taart ; Ger. 
torte  ; Dan.  tarte  ; Sw.  torta.  — It.  torta ; Sp. 
tarta  ; Fr.  tarte,  tourte, — from  L.  torqueo,  tortus, 
to  twist,  because  tarts  were  frequently  made  of 
a twisted  shape.]  A kind  of  open  pie,  or  flat 
piece  of  pastry,  containing  jelly  or  fruit.  Bacon. 

TAR'TAN,  n.  [Fr.  tartan.  — “There  is  no  evi- 
dence that  this  word  was  anciently  used  in 
Scotland.  It  is  not  Gaelic  or  Irish.  It  seems 
to  have  been  imported,  with  the  manufacture 
itself,  from  France  or  Germany.  Fr.  tiretaine, 
signifies  linsey-woolsey.”  Jamieson .]  A tine 
worsted,  silk,  cotton,  or  mixed  cloth,  checked 
with  threads  of  various  colors. 

Tartan  is  worn  both  by  men  find  women  in  the  Highlands 
for  that  piece  of  dress  called  the  plaid.  Jamieson. 

TAR'TAN,  n.  [It.  & Sp.  tartana ; Fr.  tartane.] 

1.  ( Nant .)  A small  coasting-vessel,  used  in 
the  Mediterranean,  carrying  but  one  mast  and  a 
large  sail,  extended  by  a lateen-yard.  Mar.  Diet. 

2.  A kind  of  long,  covered  carriage.  Simmonds. 

TAR'TAR,  n.  [Gr.  Taprape;,  the  nether  woj'ld, 
Tartarus;  L.  Tartarus,  Tartarus;  It.  and  Sp. 
Tartaro,  Tartarus;  tartaro,  tartar;  Fr.  Tar- 
tare,  Tartarus;  tartre,  tartar.  — According  to 
Paracelsus,  it  is  called  tartar,  because  it  burns 
the  patient  as  hell  does.  Pereira.]  > 

1.  The  bitartrate  of  potassa,  an  acid  sub- 

stance that  concretes  on  the  inside  of  wine- 
casks,  which,  when  crude,  is  called  argol,  and 
when  pure,  cream  of  tartar.  Miller. 

2.  An  incrustation  which  forms  upon  neg- 
lected teeth.  Brande. 

Red  tartar,  tartar  of  a reddish  color,  deposited  from  I 
red  wines.  — Salt  of  tartar , pure  carbonate  of  potash. 
Wood  If  Bachc.  — Soluble  tartar,  a compound  of  ho-  | 


racic  acid,  tartaric  acid  and  potash ; boro-tartrate  of 
potash;  — used  in  medicine  as  a purgative.  Miller.— 
Variolated  tartar,  sulphate  of  potash. — White  tartar , 
tartar  of  a dirty-white  color  deposited  from  white 
wines.  Wood  tf  Bachc. 

f TAR'TAR,  n.  [L.  Tartarus.]  Hell.  Spenser. 

To  the  gates  of  Tartar,  thou  most  excellent  devil  of  wit. 

Shak. 

TAR'TAR,  n.  1.  (Geog.)  A native  or  an  inhabit- 
ant of  Tartary,  a country  formerly  occupying 
nearly  all  the  middle  portion  of  Asia.  P.  Cyc. 

2.  An  ill-natured  person.  Clarke. 

To  catch  a Tartar,  to  attack  one  who  overcomes  or 
injures  iris  assailant  ; to  attempt  to  take  an  enemy 
and  be  taken  or  beaten  by  him. 

ttSf"  The  name  Tartars,  or,  more  correctly,  Tatars 
(signifying,  in  the  Mongol  language,  “ a tributary 
people  ”),  once  designated  a great  number  of  different 
nations  in  Middle  Asia  and  Eastern  Europe,  which, 
according  to  general  opinion,,  were  of  one  common 
origin.  It  has,  however,  gradually  become  a collect- 
ive name,  under  which  are  comprehended  different 
nations  of  Mongol,  Turkish,  and  even  Finnish  origin. 
Tlie  incorrect  orthography  Tartars  occurs  as  early  as 
the  appearance  of  the  Mongols  in  Europe,  and  was 
probably  introduced  by  superstitious  monks  and  writ- 
ers, who,  struck  with  the  seeming  analogy  between 
Tutar  and  Tartarus,  believed  them  to  have  come  from 
tlie  infernal  regions.  P.  Cyc. 

TAR-TA'R£-AN,  a.  [Gr.  raprdpeio 5 ; T aorapog,  Tar- 
tarus ; L.  tart  areas ; It.  A Sp.  tartareo-,  Fr . tar- 
tareus,  tartarean.]  Hellish  ; infernal. 

Mixed  with  tartarean  sulphur.  Milton. 

Tartarean  southern-wood,  (Bot.)  an  evergreen  shrub  ; 
Artemisia  santonica  ; — called  also  tartarean  wormwood. 
— Tartarean  mass,  a lichen  growing  in  tlie  nortli  of 
Europe,  from  which  the  three  coloring  substances, 
litmus,  orchil,  and  cudbear,  may  be  obtained  ; Lecu- 
nora  tartarea.  Wood  A Bache. 

TAR'TAR— IJ-MET'IC,  n.  (Chem.)  A crystalliza- 
ble  double  salt,  consisting  of  tartaric  acid,  po- 
tassa, teroxide  of  antimony  and  water ; double 
tartrate  of  potassa  and  antimony  ; tartarized  an- 
timony ; — used  in  medicine  as  an  emetic. Miller. 

TAR-TA'RIJ-OUS,  a.  [See  Tartarean.]  1.  Of, 
or  pertaining  to,  Tartarus  ; tartarean  ; hellish. 

The  black,  tartareous,  cold,  infernal  dregs.  Milton. 

2.  Consisting  of  tartar.  Grew. 

TAR-TA'RI-AN,  a.  (Geog.)  Relating  to  Tartary, 
its  language,  or  inhabitants.  Ency. 

f TAR-TA'RI-AN,  it.  A Tartar.  Old  Play. 

TAR-TAR'IC,  a.  I.  Relating  to  Tartary.  Wright. 

2.  (Chem.)  Noting  a very  soluble,  white,  crys- 
talline acid,  extracted  from  tartar,  isomeric 
with  racemic  acid,  and  having  a remarkable  ten- 
dency to  form  double  salts,  several  of  which 
constitute  important  medicines;  — extensively 
used  by  the  calico  printer  and  dyer,  and  in  pre- 
paring effervescing  draughts  with  alkaline  bi- 
carbonates. Miller. 

figp  There  are  two  varieties  of  tartaric  acid,  dex- 
tro-tartaric  and  ltevo-tartaric,  distinguished  by  tlie 
peculiarities  of  tlieir  crystals,  and  by  their  solutions 
rotating  tlie  plane  of  polarization  of  polarized  light 
in  opposite  directions.  They  are  identical  in  chemi- 
cal composition,  hut  they  are  dissimilar  in  chemi- 
cal properties  when  combined  with  bodies  capable  of 
rotating  the  plane  of  polarization  of  polarized  light. 
Thus  dextro-tartaric  acid  forms  with  asparagine  a 
crystalline  compound;  while  Itevo-tartaric  acid  forms 
with  it  a gummy  mass.  Miller. 

TAR'TAR-I-NAT-iJD,  a.  (Chem.)  Combined  with 
tartarine.  Wright. 

TAR'TA-RlNE,  n.  (Chem.)  A name  formerly  ap- 
plied by  Iiirvvan  to  potash.  Ire. 

TAR-TAR-I-ZA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  forming 
tartar.  Biblioth.  Bibl. 

TAR'TAR-fZE,  t>.  a.  To  impregnate  or  to  refine 
with  tartar.  Bailey. 

Tartarized  antimony,  tartar-emetic.  — Tartarized 
iron,  a diliasic  salt  composed  of  tartaric  acid,  sesqui- 
oxide  of  iron,  and  potasil ; tartrate  of  potasli  and 
iron; — used  in  medicine  as  a laxative.  Miller. 

TAR'TAR-OUS,  a.  Containing,  or  consisting  of, 
tartar.  “ Tartarous  salts.”  Bp.  Berkeley. 

TAR'  TA-R&S,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  Taprapoj.]  (Gr. 
& Bom.  Myth.)  A place  beneath  the  earth,  as 
far  below  Hades  as  the  earth  is  below  heaven  : 
— the  place  in  the  loxver  world  where  the  spirits 
of  the  xvicked  were  punished: — the  nether 
world  in  general ; Hades.  Wm.  Smith. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I, 


6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  I,  O,  X],  Y,  obscure;  FARE, 


FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


TARTARY 


TAR'TA-RY,  n.  1.  t Tartarus.  Spenser. 

2.  The’ country  of  the  Tartars.  P.  Cyc. 

TART'JSH,  a.  Somewhat  tart  or  acid.  Scott. 

TART'LJJT,  re.  A small  tart.  Knox. 

TART'LY,  ad.  In  a tart  manner  ; sharply.  Shak. 

TART'NJJSS,  re.  1.  The  quality  of  being  tart; 
sourness  or  acidity  of  taste.  Mortimer. 

2.  Acerbity  of  temper;  sharpness;  acrimony. 

They  cannot  be  too  sweet  for  the  king's  tartness.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Acrimony. 

TAR'TRATE,  re.  ( Chem .)  A salt  composed  of 
tartaric  acid  and  a base.  Brande.. 

TAR-TRO-VIN'IC-Ay'ID,  re.  ( Chem .)  A crystal- 
lizable  acid  salt ; bi-tartrate  of  ethyle.  Gregory. 

TAR-TUFFE',  n.  [Fr.  tartufe.]  A hypocritical 
pretender  to  devotion  or  religion  ; a hypocrite. 

It'iT'  'Flic  term  is  derived  from  a celebrated  comedy 
of  Moliere,  in  which  the  principal  character,  a hypo- 
critical priest,  is  called  Tartufe.  Brande. 

TAR-TUFF'ISH,  a.  Disagreeably  precise ; formal; 
morose  ; hypocritical.  Sterne. 

TAR'— WA-TER,  re.  1.  Water  impregnated  with 
acetic  acid,  empyreumatic  oil,  and  resinous  mat- 
ter, by  being  stirred  in  a vessel  together  with  a 
quantity  of  tar;  — once  noted  for  its  supposed 
medicinal  virtues.  Wood  <S,  Bache. 

Me"  Bishop  Berkeley  wrote  two  treatises  on  the 
medicinal  virtues  of  tar-water.  Ency.Am. 

2.  Ammoniacal  water  of  gas-works.  Simmonds. 

TAS'CO,  re.  A sort  of  clay  used  for  making  melt- 
ing-pots or  crucibles.  Crabb. 

T ASK,  re.  [W.  tasg ; Gael.  <§•  Ir.  tasg.  — Fr.  tdche  ; 
It.  tassa. — Perhaps  same  as  tax.  Richardson.'] 

1.  Something  to  be  done,  imposed  by  anoth- 
er ; employment  imposed,  as  study  or  manual 
labor;  a compulsory  duty  or  service;  a lesson. 

There  I am  wont  to  sit  when  any  chance 

Relieves  me  from  my  task  of  servile  toil 

Daily  in  the  common  prison  else  enjoined  me.  Milton. 

2.  Employment ; business  ; occupation  ; la- 
bor ; work ; toil ; vocation  ; calling. 

Bold  is  the  task , when  subjects,  grown  too  wise, 

Instruct  a monarch  where  his  error  lies.  Pope. 

To  take  to  task , to  call  to  account ; to  reprove  ; to 
reprimand  ; to  rebuke  ; to  chide.  “ A holy  man  took 
a soldier  to  task , upon  the  subject  of  his  profession. ” 

V Estrange. 

TASK,  v.  a.  [£.  tasked  ; pp.  tasking,  tasked.] 

1.  To  impose  a task  or  employment  on. 

A harvestman  that’s  tasked  to  mow.  Shak. 

2.  To  burden  ; to  press  heavily  upon ; to  tax. 
Some  things  of  weight  that  task  our  thoughts.  Shak. 

To  task  a person  with  airy  thing- , to  question  him,  or 
call  him  to  account  for  it. 

TASK'ER,  re.  1.  One  who  tasks.  Dryden. 

2.  One  who  undertakes  a task.  Todd. 

3.  A laborer  who  receives  his  wages  in  kind. 

[Scotland.]  Jamieson. 

TASK'MAS-TER,  re.  One  who  tasks  or  imposes 
a task  or  tasks  ; a tasker ; an  overseer. 

Let  it  ever  be  in  our  thoughts  that  sin  is  the  severest  task- 
master we  can  serve;  and  that  its  wages  in  the  end  are  cer- 
tainly death.  Gilpin. 

As  ever  in  my  great  Taskmaster's  eye.  Milton. 

TASKWORK  (-wiirk),  re.  1.  Work  imposed  or  per- 
formed as  a task.  Ed.  Rev. 

2.  Work  done  by  the  job.  Simmonds. 

TAs'LET,  re.  {Ant.)  A piece  of  armor  worn  on 
the  thigh.  Sir  W.  Scott. 

TA§-MA'NI-AN,  a.  ( Geog .)  Pertaining  to  Tas- 
mania, or  Van  Diemen’s  Land.  Baird. 

TA§-MA'NI-AN,  re.  A native  or  an  inhabitant  of 
Tasmania,  or  Van  Diemen’s  Land.  Clarke. 

TMSSE,  re.  [Fr.]  A cup.  Spiers. 

||  TAS'SEL  (tas'sel  or  tos'sl)  [tSs'sel,  W.  P.  J.  F. 
Ja.  Sm.  R.  Wb. ; tos'sl,  S.  K.],  n.  [W.  tasel,  a 
fringe,  a tassel.  — It.  tassello,  the  collar  of  a 
cloak;  Fr.  tasseau,  a tassel  in  architecture. — 
From  Fr.  tasse,  a cup.  Vossius.] 

1.  A pendent  ornament,  generally  consisting 
of  a knob  from  which  hangs  a bunch  of  fringe. 

Then  took  the  squire  a horn  of  bugle  small. 

Which  hung  adown  his  side  in  twisted  gold, 

Ahd  tassels  gay.  Spenser. 


1479 


TATTER 


2.  Any  thing  resembling  a tassel,  as  the  stam- 
inate  flowers  of  maize. 

The  staminate  flowers  [of  maize],  commonly  called  the 
tassel , are  arranged  at  the  summit  of  the  plant  where  the 
pollen  may  tall  upon  the  pistillate  spikes,  or  cars,  below. 

Darlington. 

3.  f A small  ribbon  sewed  to  a book,  to  be  put 

between  the  leaves  ; a book-mark.  Bailey. 

4.  {Arch.)  A piece  of  board  under  the  ends 

of  a mantle-tree.  Simmonds. 

5.  A kind  of  hard  burr  used  by  clothiers  in 
dressing  cloth  ; teasel.  — See  Teasel.  Bailey. 

||  TAS'SEL,  V.  re.  [l.  TASSELLED;  pp.  TASSELLING, 
tasselled.]  To  put  forth  a tassel.  Smith. 

||  tAs'SJJL,  m.  See  Tiercel.  Spenser. 

||  TAS'S^LLED  (-seld),  a.  Adorned  with  tassels. 

TAs'Spip,  re.  pi.  Anciently,  appendages  of  armor 
covering  the  thighs.  North. 

TAST'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  tasted,  or  fit  to  be 
tasted  ; savory  ; relishing  ; gustable.  Boyle. 

TASTE,  v.  a.  [L.  taxo,  to  touch  repeatedly,  to 
estimate;  It.  tastare,  to  feel,  to  touch;  Old  Fr. 
taster,  to  feel  by  the  touch,  to  taste ; Fr . tater, 
to  feel,  to  taste.  — Dut.  <Sr  Ger.  fasten,  to  touch, 
to  feel.]  [i.  tasted  ; pp.  tasting,  tasted.] 

1.  To  receive  sensations  of,  through  the  sense 
which  informs  of  the  savors  of  bodies,  and  of 
which  the  tongue  is  the  principal  organ ; to 
perceive  by  means  of  the  tongue  and  palate  ; to 
receive  an  impression  of  by  the  gustatory  or- 
gans ; as,  “ To  taste  meat  ” ; “ To  taste  vinegar.” 

Bodies  are  not  tasted  but  by  immediate  application  to  tire 
organ.  ' Locke. 

2.  To  try  by  the  tongue  and  palate  ; to  try  the 
savor  of;  to  enjoy  or  try  in  a small  degree. 

Having  tasted  the  liquor,  they  returned  it  with  strong  ex- 
pressions of  disgust.  Cook. 

3.  To  relish  or  feel  mentally  ; to  have  percep- 
tion of  ; to  experience  ; to  perceive. 

There  are  some  of  them  that  stand  here  which  shall  not 
taste  death  till  they  see  man’s  Son  coming.  Wicklijfe. 

Thou,  Adam,  wilt  taste  no  pleasure.  Milton. 

4.  To  essay  first ; to  try  before.  Dryden. 

Thou  and  I.  marching  before  our  troops, 

May  taste  fate  to  them,  mow  them  out  a passage.  Dryden. 

TASTE,  v.  re.  1.  To  produce  a sensation  on  the 
tongue  and  palate  ; to  have  a taste  or  smack. 

It  maketh  things  taste  bitter  and  loathsome,  but  never 
sweet.  Bacon. 

If  your  butter  tastes  of  brass.  Swift: 

2.  To  try  by  the  mouth  ; to  eat  or  drink  only 
enough  to  receive  the  sensation  by  the  tongue 
or  the  palate ; to  try  the  relish  of  any  thing. 

Of  this  tree  we  may  not  taste  or  touch.  Milton . 

3.  To  produce  a peculiar  impression. 

My  conversion  so  sweetly  tastes.  Shak. 

4.  To  distinguish  or  perceive  intellectually. 

Scholars  . . . call  it  tasting  and  imbibing.  Swift. 

5.  To  be  tinctured ; to  receive  some  quality 
or  character  ; — followed  by  of. 

Every  idle,  nice,  and  wanton  reason 

Shall,  to  the  king,  taste  of  this  action.  Shak. 

6.  To  have  perception  or  experience. 

Tire  valiant  never  taste  of  death  but  once.  Shak. 

7.  To  have  a slight  experience  or  enjoyment; 
to  be  slightly  impressed  or  affected. 

For  age  but  tastes  of  pleasures,  youth  devours.  Dryden. 

To  taste  of,  to  have  the  savor  or  flavor  of ; to  pro- 
duce a like  sensation  in  the  mouth.  “ When  kine 
feed  upon  wild  garlic,  their  milk  tasteth  of  it.”  Bacon. 

TASTE,  re.  1.  The  act  of  tasting  ; gustation. 

Best  of  fruits,  whose  taste  gave  elocution.  Milton. 

2.  The  sensation  made  on  the  tongue  and 
palate  by  whatever  is  taken  into  the  mouth,  or 
that  quality  of  any  thing  which  acts  on  the  or- 
gans of  tasting,  and  produces  the  sensation  of 
taste;  flavor;  relish;  savor;  as,  “A  sweet 
taste”-,  “ A sour  taste.” 

It  was  like  coriander-seed,  white,  and  the  tasfe  of  it  was 
like  wafers  made  with  honey.  Exod.  xvi.  31. 

3.  One  of  the  five  external  senses,  which  in- 

forms of  the  tastes  of  bodies,  and  of  which 
the  tongue  is  the  principal  organ ; the  sense  of 
tasting  ; the  sense  by  which  the  flavor  or  relish 
of  any  thing  is  perceived.  Dunglison. 

Bees  delight  more  in  one  flower  than  another,  and  there- 
fore have  taste.  Bacon. 

4.  That  power  of  the  mind  which  discerns,  and 
judges  of,  the  beautiful,  and  by  which  it  is  en- 
joyed, being  the  result  both  of  natural  sensibili- 


ty and  of  culture  ; judgment  of  beauty  or  of 
propriety. 

For  the  perception  of  the  beautiful  we  have  the  term  taste 
— a metaphor  taken  from  that  which  is  passive  in  the  body, 
and  transferred  to  that  which  is  active  in  the  mind.  Be  id. 

We  may  consider  taste , therefore,  to  be  a settled  habit  of 
discerning  faults  and  excellences  in  a moment  — the  mind’s 
independent  expression  of  approval  or  aversion. 

Pleasures , fyc.,  of  Literature , 1851. 

5.  Intellectual  relish;  fondness;  liking;  as, 
“A  taste  for  reading,  for  mathematics,”  &c. 

6.  Sensibility  ; perception  ; sensation. 

I have  almost  forgot  the  taste  of  fears.  Shak. 

7.  A small  bit  or  portion  given  as  a specimen  ; 

a very  little  ; a sample.  Bacon. 

8.  f An  essay ; a trial ; an  experiment. 

He  wrote  this  as  an  essay  or  taste  of  my  virtue.  Shak. 

9.  A kind  of  narrow  ribbon,  used  for  trim- 
ming ladies’  garments.  Clarke. 

Syn.  — Taste  is  a more  general  and  indefinite  term 
than  flavor , relish,  or  savor.  It  is  used  in  the  active 
sense  for  the  faculty  of  tasting,  and  in  the  passive 
sense  for  the  sensation  produced  on  the  tongue ; and 
it  is  used  both  in  the  natural  and  the  moral  sense. 
There  is  a great  variety  of  tastes-,  a pleasant  or  un- 
pleasant taste  ; taste  for  music,  poetry,  or  the  fine 
arts  ; taste  or  flavor  of  a peach  ; relish  for  food  or  for 
books.  Taste,  in  the  sense  of  intellectual  relish,  is 
allied  to  genius  and  sensibility.  — “ 7 'aste  consists  in 
the  power  of  judging,  genius  in  the  power  of  exe- 
cuting.” Blair.  — See  PALATE. 

TAST'ED,  a.  Having  a particular  taste.  Bacon. 

TASTE'FUL,  a.  1.  Having  an  agreeable  taste  ; 
high-relished  ; savory.  “ Tasteful  herbs.”  Pope. 

2.  Possessing,  or  showing,  good  taste  ; tasty. 

TASTE'FUL-LY,  ad.  In  a tasteful  manner. 

TASTE'FUL-NESS,  re.  The  quality  of  being 
tasteful,  or  in  good  taste.  Scott. 

TASTE'L^SS,  a.  1.  Having  no  relish  or  taste  ; 
producing  no  sensation  on  the  organs  of  taste ; 
as,  “ Pure  water  is  tasteless.”  Boyle. 

2.  Producing  no  mental  pleasure  ; offering 
nothing  mentally  or  intellectually  attractive  ; 
dull ; flat ; insipid  ; uninteresting.  Addison. 

Our  will  and  affections  renders  them  tasteless.  Rogers. 

3.  Wanting  in  intellectual  discernment,  or  in 

the  perception  and  enjoyment  of  the  beautiful; 
having  no  intellectual  taste.  Orrery. 

4.  Having  no  sense  or  perception  of  taste  ; 

without  power  to  taste,  [it.]  Donne. 

tAste'LESS-LY,  ad.  In  a tasteless  manner. 

TASTE'LIJSS-NESS,  re.  1.  Want  of  taste  or  rel- 
ish ; insipidity  ; insipidness.  Whitlock. 

2.  Want  of  perception  of  taste,  [r.]  Johnson. 

3.  Want  of  intellectual  relish,  [r.]  Swift. 

TAST'ER,  re.  1.  One  who  tastes  ; one  who  first 
tastes  food  or  drink  to  try  its  quality. 

Thy  tutor  be  thy  taster , ere  thou  eat.  Dryden. 

2.  A dram-cup.  Ainsworth. 

3.  An  instrument  for  trying  cheese.  Clarke. 

TAST'I-LY,  ad.  In  a tasty  manner.  Clarke. 


tAs’  TO-SO’LO,  ad.  [It.]  (Mus.)  A term  de- 
noting that  the  bass  notes  over  or  under  which 
it  is  written  are  not  to  be  accompanied  with 
chords  ; but  that,  while  the  left  hand  performs 
them  on  the  instrument,  the  right  is  either  to 
remain  at  rest  or  to  perform  in  octaves.  Moore. 

TAST'Y,  a.  Possessing  or  showing  good  taste; 
tasteful;  elegant;  refined.  Horne  Tooke. 


fTATCH,  re.  [Fr . tache.]  A blemish.  Chalone. 


TATOUAY,  re.  Woid.) 

A species  of  armadil- 
lo, having  its  tail  na- 
ked, or,  as  it  were, 
rudely  deprived  of  the 
crust  or  bony  tube, 
which  covers  this  or- 
gan in  all  the  other 
species  ; Dasypus  Dasypus  tatouay. 

tatouay.  Desmarest. 


TATOUHOU,  re.  (Zolil.)  A species  of  armadillo; 
the  peba. — See  Peba.  Eng.  Cyc. 

TAT'TA,  re.  A bamboo  frame  or  trellis,  over 
which  water  is  suffered  to  trickle,  with  a view 
of  cooling  the  air  as  it  enters  the  windows  or 
the  doors  of  a house.  [India.]  Brande. 


TAT'TgR,  re.  [A.  S.  to-teran,  to  tear;  tcettecan. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  ROLE.  — y,  y,  9,  g,  soft;  C,  E,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  Y as  gz- — THIS,  this. 


TATTERDEMALION 


TAXABILITY 


1480 


rags,  tatters.]  A rag ; a fluttering  rag ; a part 
torn  and  hanging  ; — usually  in  the  plural. 

Tear  a passion  to  tatters , to  very  rags.  Shak. 

TAT-TF,R-D£-M  ALTON  (-mal'yun),  n.  A ragged 
fellow;  a ragamuffin.  [Vulgar.]  Dryden. 

tAt'T£RED  (-terd),  a.  Being  in  tatters  ; ragged  ; 
torn.  “ Tattered  ensigns.”  Pope. 

TAT'TJNG,  n.  Narrow  lace  for  edging .Simmonds. 

TAT'TLE  (tat'tl),  v.  n.  [A.  S.  to-tellan,  to  tell ; 
Dut.  tateren,  to  stutter.  — Apparently  a redupli- 
cation of  tell.  Richardson .]  [(.  tattled  ; pp. 

TATTLING,  TATTLED.] 

1.  To  prate  ; to  prattle  ; to  use  many  words 
with  little  meaning  ; to  talk  idly  or  frivolously. 
The  French  language  is  extremely  proper  to  tattle  in.  Addison. 

2.  To  tell  secrets  ; to  blab  ; to  gossip  ; to  bab- 
ble; to  tell  tales.  [Colloquial.]  C.  Richardson. 

Syn.  — See  Prattle. 

TAT'TLE,  n.  Prate  ; idle  talk ; gossip.  Swift. 

tAt'TLIJR,  n.  One  who  tattles;  an  idle  talker ; 
a prater ; a gossip  ; a talebearer.  Bp.  Taylor. 

TAT'TLTNG,  a.  That  tattles  ; given  to  prating  or 
to  telling  tales  ; gossiping.  Dryden. 

TAT'TLIXG,  n.  Act  of  one  who  tattles  ; idle  talk  ; 
prate; gossip;  blabbing;  tale-telling. Gascoigne. 

TAT'TLING-LY,  ad.  In  a tattling  manner. 

TAT-TOO',  n.  [Dut.  taptood ] A beat  of  drum, 
especially  at  night,  for  warning  soldiers  to  their 
quarters  ; — written  also  tapto.  Burns. 

■ What  can  be  more  simple  than  tile  derivation 
of  tlie  word  tattoo,  the  beat  of  a drum  warning  sol- 
diers to  their  quarters,  from  the  Dut.  taptoo,  properly 
signifying  tapping  shut,  the  taps  or  gin-shops  shut, 
from  the  soldiers?  Even  in  the  last  edition  of  John- 
son, by  Todd,  it  is  derived  from  Fr.  tapotez-tous  [let 
you  all  tap  or  beat].  Halbertsma. 

TAT-T&6',  n.  [Polynesian.]  A puncture  and 
stain,  or  a figure  formed  by  punctures  and 
stains,  in  the  skin,  as  is  the  practice  among  the 
natives  of  the  South  Sea  Islands.  Gibbs. 

TAT-TOO',  V.  a.  [t.  TATTOOED;  pp.  TATTOOING, 
tattooed.]  To  form  figures  on  the  body  of  by 
puncturing  the  skin  and  rubbing  a stain  or  dye 
into  the  wounds ; to  put  a tattoo  upon.  Cook. 

TAT-Too'ING,  n.  The  operation  of  forming  fig- 
ures or  devices  on  by  making  punctures  in  the 
skin  and  rubbing  in  a dye  or  stain.  Braude. 

TAT'TU,  or  TA'TU,  n.  ( Zoiil .)  Tatouhou.  Baird. 

TAUGHT  (t-lwt),  i.  & p.  from  teach.  See  Teach. 

TAUGHT  (tlwt),  a.  [From  tight.']  ( Xaut .) 

Stretched  out ; tense  ; tight ; taut.  Mar.  Diet. 

II  TAUNT  (tint  or  tiwnt)  [taint,  J.  F.  Sm.  R.  1 Vh. ; 
tlwnt,  S.  P.  E.  K.  Wr.  ; tint  or  tlwnt,  IF.  Ja.\, 
v.  a.  [Fr.  tancer,  to  rebuke ; to  taunt.  Cot  grave.] 
[/.  TAINTED;  pp.  TAUNTING,  TAUNTED.] 

1.  To  reproach  with  insulting  words  ; to  ad- 
dress with  contumelious  language  ; to  ridicule  ; 
to  upbraid;  to  rail  at;  to  revile  ; to  scoff  at. 

When  I had  at  my  pleasure  taunted  her,  she  in  mild  terms 
begged  my  patience.  Shak. 

2.  To  mention  with  censure  or  upbraiding; 
to  censure  revilingly  ; to  exprobrate.  [it.] 

Rail  thou  in  Fulvia’s  phrase,  and  taunt  my  faults 
With  such  full  license.  Shak. 

||  TAUNT  (hint  or  tSuvnt),  n.  A word  or  words 
spoken  by  way  of  reproach  or  insult ; derision  ; 
scoff;  reproach;  insult;  ridicule;  j«er ; gibe. 

With  scoffs,  and  scorns,  and  contumelious  taunts. 

In  open  market-place  produced  they  me 

To  be  a public  spectacle.  Shak. 

||  TAUNT,  a.  (Xaut.)  Very  high  or  tall,  as  the 
mast  of  a ship  : — also  very  long.  Mar.  Diet. 

||  TAUNT'JJR,  n.  One  who  taunts.  Huloet. 

II  TAUNT'FUL,  a.  Full  of  taunts,  [r.]  Tickcll. 

||TAUNT'ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  taunts. IToole. 

||  TAUNT'ING,  p.  a.  That  taunts;  reproaching  in 
an  insulting  or  mocking  manner  ; scoffing. 

||  TAUNT'ING-LY,  or  TAUNT'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a 
taunting  manner  ; derisively  ; scoffingly.  Prior. 

II  TAUNT'RpSS,  n.  A female  who  taunts. 

tAU-RJ-CC)R'NOUS,  a.  [L.  tauricornis ; taunts 


(Gr.  ranpos),  a hull,  and  cornu,  a horn.]  Having 
horns  like  a bull.  Browne. 

TAU'RI-I’oUM,  a.  [L.  tauriformis ; taunts,  a 
bull,  and  forma,  form.]  Having  the  form  of  a 
bull.  Andrews. 

TAU'RINE,  a.  [L.  taurinus ; taurus,  a bull.]  Re- 
lating to  a bull.  Andrews. 

TAU'RINE,  a.  [L.  Taurinus.]  Relating  to  the 
Taurini,  an  ancient  people  of  Italy  dwelling 
near  the  modern  Turin.  Andrews. 

TAU'RINE,  n.  ( Client .)  A peculiar  crystallizable 
substance  prepared  from  fresh  bile,  and  con- 
sisting of  carbon,  hydrogen,  nitrogen,  oxygen, 
and  sulphur,  the  latter  substqnce  constituting 
twenty-five  per  cent,  of  it.  Miller. 

TAU  RO-COL,  ) n_  [Gr.  ruvpoi,  a bull,  and 

TAU-RO-COL'LA,  ' koO.t),  glue.]  Glue  made 
from  the  ears  and  genitals  of  a bull.  Duhglison. 

TAU-RO-MA'eH[-AN,  a.  Relating  to  tauroma- 
chy or  bull-fights.  Qu.  Rev. 

TAU-ROM'A-jCHY,  11.  [Gr.  ravoopa^ia  ; raupog,  a 
bull,  and  pa%y,  a battle.]  Bull-fighting.  Clarke. 

TAU'  RUS,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  ravpos .]  (Astron.) 

1.  The  Bull,  the  second  sign  in  the  zodiac, 
which  the  sun  enters  about  the  20th  of  April. 

2.  The  second  zodiacal  constellation,  in  which 

are  included  Aldebaran,  a star  of  the  first  mag- 
nitude, and  the  clusters  of  stars  called  Pleiades 
and  Ilyades.  Hutton. 

TAUT,  a.  (Xaut.)  Tight.  — See  Taught.  Dana. 

tAU'TO-FIIRONE,  ii.  [Gr.  ravro,  the  same,  and 
Xpt'"> t,  time.]  (Mech.)  A curve,  such  that  a 
body  rolling  down  it,  under  the  influence  of 
gravity,  will  always  reach  the  same  point  at  the 
same  time,  from  whatever  point  it  may  start. 

TAU-TOjEH'RO-NOUS,  a.  Resembling  the  tauto- 
chrone  ; arriving  at  the  same  time.  Smart. 

TAU-TOG',  ii.  (Ich.)  An 
American  sea-fish; 

black-fish ; Labrus  Amer- 
icanus  ; — written  also 
tautaug.  Storer. 

tAu'TO-I.ITE,  ii.  (Min.) 
of  chrysolite. 

tAU-TO-LO^'IC,  ) a tautologique .]  Re- 

TAU-TO-LO<?'!-CAL,  ) lating  to,  or  containing, 
tautology ; repetitious ; repetitional.  Burton. 

TAU-T0-L09'1-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a tautological 
manner  ; with  tautology.  Ash. 

TAU-TOL'O-^IST,  n.  One  who  makes  use  of 
tautology.  Johnson 

TAU-TOL'O-GIZE,  v.  n.  To  repeat  the  same 
thing  in  different  words.  Smith. 

tAU-TOL'9-GOUS,  a.  Tautological,  [it.]  Tooke. 

tAU-TuL'O-GY,  11.  [Gr.  Tavroi.oyia  ; tuvt6,  the 
same,  and  l.oyos,  a discourse  ; It.  § Sp.  tauto- 
logia;  Fr.  tautologies]  Repetition  of  the  same 
sense  or  idea  in  different  words  or  phrases. 

Syn.  — See  Repetition. 

TAU-TO-OU'SIAN,  ) a.  [Gr.  rai,ri5>  the 

same, 

TAU-TO-dU'SIOUS,  i and  uvula,  essence.]  Hav- 
ing the  same  essence,  [r.]  Cudworth. 

TAU-TO-Ph6n'J-CAL,  a.  Repeating  the  same 
sound;  pertaining  to  tautophony.  Clarke. 

TAU-TOPH'0-NY,  n.  [Gr.  to’vt6,  same,  and  tpoivh, 
sound.]  Repetition  of  the  same  sound.  Walker. 

TAv'ERN,  n.  [L.  taberna ; It.  tavema ; Sp. 
taberna-,  Fr.  taverne. — W .tafarn.]  A public 
house  where  wine  and  liquors  are  sold,  and 
entertainments  for  parties  are  provided;  an  inn. 

As  soon  ns  I enter  the  door  of  a tavern,  I experience  an 
oblivion  of  care,  and  a freedom  from  solicitude.  Johnson. 

Syn. — Tri  England  the  houses  of  public  entertain- 
ment a're  the  hotel,  inn , tavern , and  alehouse.  A 
hotel  receives  guests  only  to  lodge;  a tavern  receives 
them  only  to  feed.  In  the  United  States  these  dis- 
tinctions are  not  observed  ; yet  with  us  hotel  and 
house  are  commonly  used  to  denote  a higher  order  of 
of  public  houses  than  tavern  and  inn. 

TAV'ERN-^R,  n.  A tavern-keeper,  [it.]  Camden. 

TAVERN-HAUNTER,  n.  A frequenter  of  tav- 
erns ; a tippler.  Clarke. 

f TAVERN  ING,  n.  Feasting  at  taverns.  Bp.  Hall. 


Tan  tog. 

A crystalline  variety 
Dana. 


TAv'ERN-KEEP'JJR,  n.  One  who  keeps  a tavern. 

TAV'JJRN-MANjH.  1.  A tavern-keeper.  Johnson. 

2.  A tippler ; a tavern-haunter.  Clarke. 

TAW,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  tawiaii ; Frs,  tawa ; Dut. 
touwen  ; Ger.  tauen.  — Pers.  tawbdn,  to  scrape 
and  curry  hides.  — Adelung  refers  this  word  to 
M.  Goth,  taujan,  to  do,  and  to  Ger.  ziehen,  to 
draw.]  [i.  tawed  ; pp.  TAWING,  tawed.] 

1.  To  dress  or  prepare  with  subchloride  of 
aluminum,  as  the  skins  of  goats,  sheep,  &c. 

Parnell. 

2.  f To  torture  ; 'to  torment.  Chaloner. 

3.  +To  tow,  as  a boat.  Drayton. 

TAW,  n.  1.  A large  marble  to  play  with.  Johnson. 

2.  The  game  played  with  taws.  Churchill. 

3.  pi.  A whip  ; a lash  ; an  instrument  of 

correction.  [Scotland.]  Jamieson. 

tAw'DRI-LY,  ad.  In  a tawdry  manner.  Pulteney. 

tAw'DRI-NESS,  n.  State  or  quality  of  being 
tawdry  ; excessive  finery,  as  of  dress.  Cou-per. 

TAW'DRY,  a.  Showy  without  grace  or  elegance  ; 
glittering  ; finical ; meanly  showy  ; gaudy. 

And  laying  by  her  tawdry  vest.  Prior. 

&PP  The  word  tuwdry  is  said  to  be  formed  by  con- 
traction from  Ethelrcd,  and  applied  originally  to  laces 
and  similar  articles  sold  at  the  lairs  of  St.  Ethelrcd  : 
— as  the  word  Bart' any  was  applied  to  the  fairs  of 
St.  Bartholomew.  Richardson.  — A vulgar  corruption 
of  Saint  Audrey,  or  Auldrcy,  meaning  Saint  Etliel- 
reda.  Naves . 

TAW'DRY,  n.  A slight  ornament.  Drayton. 

TAWED  (tiwd), p.  a.  Dressed  and  made  white, 
as  leather.  “ Tawed  leather.”  Braiide. 

tAw'SR,  n.  One  who  taws  skins.  Tomlinson. 

TAW'IJR-Y,  n.  A building  or  place  where  skins 
are  tawed.  Maunder. 

TAW'ING,  n.  The  art  or  process  of  preparing 
kid-leather,  and  of  dressing  skins  with  the  hair 
on,  by  which  subchloride  of  aluminum  is  made 
to  combine  with  the  animal  tissue.  Parnell. 

TAW'NI-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  tawny.  Bailey. 

TAw'NY,  a.  [Fr . tanne  ; tanner,  to  tan.]  Of  a 
yellowish-brown  color,  like  things  that  have 
been  tanned.  Spenser. 

The  tawny  lion  pawing  to  get  free.  Milton. 

TAX,  n.  [Gr.  arrangement,  array,  a band 

or  company,  the  quota  of  infantry  furnished  by 
a phyle,  an  assessment  of  tribute ; rdamo,  to  ar- 
range, to  appoint,  to  assess  ; It.  lassa,  a tax  ; 
Sp.  tasa-,  Fr.  taxed] 

1.  A sum  imposed  or  levied  by  government  or 
other  authority  ; a rate  ; a duty  ; a tribute  ; an 
excise  ; an  impost ; an  assessment ; a custom. 

The  tax  upon  tillage  was  two  shillings  in  the  pound. 

Arbuthnot. 

Every  tax  must  finally  be  paid  from  some  one  or  other  of 
those  three  different  sorts  of  revenue  [rent,  profit,  or  wages], 
or  from  all  of  them  indifferently.  A.  Smith. 

2.  A requisition  ; a demand ; a burden  ; as, 
“ It  was  too  great  a tax  upon  his  strength.” 

3.  Charge  ; accusation  ; censure.  Bean.  § FI. 

4.  fTask  ; lesson  to  be  learned.  Johnson. 

Syn.  — Tax  is  a general  term,  applied  to  whatever 

is  required  by  the  general  government,  or  by  local 
authorities,  to  be  paid  by  the  people  or  those  who  are 
liable  to  be  taxed  ; as,  a national,  state,  town,  or 
parish  tux.  Customs , duties , and  imposts  are  taxes 
laid  on  merchandise  or  commodities  imported  into  a 
country  from  abroad.  Parish  rotes  and  church  rates 
are  ecclesiastical  taxes.  'Tull  is  a local  tax  ; as,  a toll 
for  crossing- a bridge.  Excise'  is  an  English  inland 
tax,  levied  on  commodities  of  home  consumption. 
Tribute  is  a payment  to  a foreign  state  in  acknowl- 
edgment of  subjection. 

TAX,  v.  a.  [Gr.  rdatno,  to  arrange,  to  assess,  to 
impose  ; L.  taxo,  to  censure,  to  rate  or  value  ; 
It.  tnssare,  to  tax  ; tacciarc,  to  censure  ; Sp. 
tasar  ; Fr.  taxer. — Dut.  taxxeren,  to  tax.]  [i. 
TAXED  ; pp.  TAXING,  TAXED.] 

1.  To  impose  or  assess  a tax  or  tribute  on. 

There  went  out  a decree  from  Caesar  Augustus  that  all  the 

world  should  be  taxed.  Luke  u.  1. 

2.  To  charge  ; to  accuse  ; to  censure. 

She  taxes  the  serpent  as  her  seducer.  Uorslei/. 

For  fear  of  being  taxed  with  superstition.  Dri/den. 

3.  To  make  demands  upon  ; to  load  with  a 

burden.  Craig. 

tAX-A-BIL'I-TY,  n.  State  of  being  taxable. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  O,  0,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


TAXABLE 


1481 


TEA-PLANT 


TAX'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  taxed.  Burke. 

TAx'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Taxability.  Clarke. 

TAX'A-BLY,  ad.  In  a taxable  manner.  Wright. 

TAX-A'TION,  n.  [L.  taxatio  ; It.  tassazione  ; Sp. 
tasacion ; Fr.  taxation.] 

1.  The  act  of  taxing  ; imposition  of  taxes. 

Old  mismanagements,  taxations  new.  Pope. 

2.  A sum  imposed  ; a tax  ; a tribute. 

He  daily  such  taxations  did  exact.  Daniel. 

3.  Accusation  ; -censure  ; scandal,  [it.] 

You  ’ll  be  whipped  for  taxation  one  of  these  days.  Shak. 

TAX'-CART,  n.  A spring-cart  paying  a low  rate 
of  duty.  [England.]  Simmonds. 

TAX'ER,  n.  1.  One  who  taxes.  Bacon. 

2.  An  officer  in  the  University  of  Cambridge, 
Eng.,  who  regulates  the  assize  of  bread,  and 
the  gauge  of  weights  and  measures ; — also 
written  taxor.  Ency.  Brit. 

TAX'— FREE,  a.  Exempt  from  taxation.  Addison. 

TAX'— gATM-ER-ER,  n.  One  appointed  to  col- 
lect taxes  ; a collector  of  taxes.  Goldsmith. 

tAx'I-ARjCH,  n.  [Gr.  ra^iap^og ; rat-ig,  a division 
of  an  army,  a company,  and  ap% w,  to  command.] 
( Greek  Ant.)  One  of  the  Athenian  military 
officers,  each  of  whom  commanded  the  infantry 
of  his  own  phyle,  or  tribe.  J Vm.  Smith. 

tAX'I-CORN,  n.  [L.  taxus , a yew,  and  cornu , a 
horn.]  ( Ent .)  One  of  a family  of  coleopterous 
insects,  the  antennae  of  which  gradually  enlarge 
as  they  extend  from  the  head.  Braude. 

TAX-I-DER'MIC,  a.  Respecting  taxidermy.  Chrke. 

tAX'I-DER-MIST,  7i.  One  who  practises,  or  is 
skilled  in*  taxidermy.  Knowles. 

TAX'I-DER-MY,  n.  [Gr.  r6(ig,  arrangement,  and 
Alppa,  a skin  ; Fr.  taxidermie.]  The  art  of  ar- 
ranging and  preserving  the  skins  of  animals,  so 
as  to  present  their  natural  appearance.  Brande. 

tAX'ING,  71.  Act  of  imposing  a tax  ; taxation. 

TAX' IS,  7i.  [Gr.  ra^ig,  arrangement ; rdo-aw,  to 
arrange.] 

1.  ( Surg .)  The  operation  of  reducing  a her- 

nial tumor  by  the  continued  pressure  of  the 
hand.  Dunglison. 

2.  {Arch.)  The  fitness  of  parts  to  the  end 

for  which  a building  is  erected.  Braude. 

tAx'LESS,  a.  Free  from  taxation.  Campbell. 

TAX-ON'O-MY,  7i.  [Gr.  ra^ig,  arrangement,  and 
vdfjog,  a law.]  The  law  of  order  or  classification, 
as  of  plants.  Loudon. 

tAz'J^L,  7i.  A plant.  — See  Teasel.  Ainsworth. 

TAZZA  (t'lt'sfi),  7i.  [It.]  A flat  cup  or  vase  with 

a foot  and  handles.  Fairholt. 

TEA  (te),  7i.  [Chinese  tchq,  cha , tha ; It.  § Sp. 
te  ; F r.  the.\ 

1.  A name  applied  most  commonly  to  the 
dried  leaves  of  the  Thqa  bolica , and  Thea  viri- 
dis , otherwise  called  Camellia  bohea , and  Ca- 
mellia vi.ridis , evergreen  shrubs,  natives  of  China 
and  Japan,  the  infusion  of  which  is  extensively 
used  as  a beverage.  Lindley.  Loudon. 

& The  different  kinds  of  tea  arranged  in  the  order 
of  their  excellence  are  as  follows  : — The  green  teas  are 
Gunpowder,  Imperial,  Hyson,  Young  Ilyson,  Hy- 
son-skin, and  Twankay  : the  black  teas  are  J’ekoe, 
Souchong,  Congou,  and  Bohea.  Hyson  consists  of 
leaves  gathered  in  the  spring ; Young  Hyson,  of  leaves 
gathered  in  the  early  part  of  spring.  Hyson-skin  is 
the  refuse  of  Hyson.  Gunpowder  is  a more  carefully 
picked  Hyson,  the  best  rolled  and  rounded  leaves 
being  selected.  Pekoe  consists  of  the  leaf-buds  of  the 
plant  picked  early  in  the  spring,  and  is  sometimes 
called  “ White-blossom  tea,”  from  having  intermixed 
with  it,  to  give  it  a higher  perfume,  a few  blos- 
soms of  a species  of  olive  ( Olca  fragrans ),  a native  of 
China.  The  inferior  qualities  are  made,  as  in  the  case 
of  Hyson,  from  the  second,  third,  and  fourth  crops. 
McCulloch.  ■ Tomlinson.  — The  pleasant  taste  and 
delightful  scent  for  which  tea  is  so  highly  prized, 
are  developed  by  the  roasting  which  the  leaves  un- 
dergo in  the  process  of  drying;  and  the  inquiries  of 
Mr.  Fortune  have  shown  that  green  and  black  teas 
may  be  prepared  at  will  from  the  same  leaves,  gath- 
ered at  the  same  time  and  under  the  same  circum- 
stances. An  outline  of  the  process  for  the  two  kinds 
is  as  follows  : For  green  teas , the  leaves  are  heated 
in  shallow  pans  over  a brisk  wood  fire  almost  imme- 
diately after  they  are  gathered  ; they  are  then  thrown 
upon  a table,  and  rolled  with  the  hands;  lastly,  they 
are  put  again  into  the  pan,  and  quickly  dried,  being 
kept  in  rapid  motion  by  the  hands  of  the  workmen. 


Thus  prepared,  they  are  of  a dullish-green  color,  but 
become  brighter  afterwards.  For  black  teas , the  leaves 
are  spread  out  in  the  air  for  some  time  after  they  are 
gathered  ; they  are  then  further  tossed  about  till  they 
become  soft  and  flaccid,  when  they  are  thrown  into 
heaps,  and  allowed  to  lie  for  about  an  hour  or  a little 
longer,  undergoing  a slight  fermentation  ; they  are  af- 
terwards rolled  upon  a table,  in  the  form  of  a ball, 
the  object  being  to  get  rid  of  a portion  of  the  moist- 
ure, and  at  the  same  time  to  twist  the  leaves  ; and 
after  being  roasted  in  the  pans,  and  exposed  for  a 
few  hours  to  the  air  and  sun,  they  are  dried  slowly 
over  charcoal  fires.  The  produce  of  different  districts 
varies  in  quality  and  flavor  with  the  climate,  the  soil, 
and  the  variety  of  the  tea-plant  cultivated,  as  well  as 
with  the  period  at  which  the  leaves  are  gathered,  and 
with  the  mode  of  drying  them.  Johnston.  — The  most 
important  constituents  of  tea  in  the  form  in  which  it 
is  used,  in  infusion,  are  an  essential  oil  to  which  it 
owes  its  aroma,  caffeine,  or  tlieine,  a nitrogenized 
compound,  analogous  to  caseine,  and  an  astringent 
principle  which  is  a modification  of  tannin.  Miller. 

2.  A beverage  or  liquor  made  by  the  infusion 

of  the  dried  leaves  of  the  Chinese  or  other  tea- 
plants.  Waller. 

3.  Any  beverage  made  by  the  infusion  of 
vegetables ; as,  “ Sage  tea  ” ; “ Pennyroyal  tea.” 

4.  Supper.  [Colloquial.]  Simmo7ids. 

Tea  was  hardly  known  in  England  till  after 
1650.  Samuel  Pepys,  secretary  to  the  Admiralty, 
states  in  his  “Diary,”  Sept.  26,  1661,  “I  sent  for  a 
cup  of  tea  (a  China  drink),  of  which  I had  never  drunk 
before.”  It  was  thus  advertised  in  the  “ Mercurius 
Politicus,”  of  London,  Sept.  30,  1658:  “That  excel- 
lent and  by  all  physicians  approved  China  drink, 
called  by  the  Chineans  tcha , by  other  nations  tay , 
alias  tea , is  sold  at  the  Sultaness  Head  Coffee  House, 
by  the  Royal  Exchange.”  It  seems  to  have  been 
formerly  pronounced  fa,  as  is  indicated  by  these  lines 
of  Pope : — 

Here  thou,  great  Anna,  whom  three  realms  obey, 

Dost  sometimes  counsel  take  and  sometimes  tea. 

XSZsf  Lea , which,  at  the  time  when  Monk  brought  the 
army  of  Scotland  to  London,  had  been  handed  around 
to  be  stared  at  and  just  touched  with  the  lips,  as  a 
great  rarity  from  China,  was,  eight  years  later,  a reg- 
ular article  of  import,  and  was  soon  consumed  in 
such  quantities  that  financiers  began  to  consider  it  a 
fit  subject  for  taxation.  Macaulay . 

jQStr*  In  1667  the  East  India  Company  imported  tea 
for  the  first  time  to  the  amount  of  100  lbs.  Baird. 

Neio  Jersey  tea , (Bat.)  an  American  undershrub,  the 
leaves  of  which  were  used  as  a substitute  for  tea  dur- 
ing the  revolutionary  war  ; red  root;  Ceanothus  Amcri- 

canus.  Gray. ftssarn  tea , a tea  of  a superior  quality, 

consisting  of  the  dried  leaves  of  Thea  Assamensis , in- 
digenous and  cultivated  in  Assam,  on  the  base  of  the 
Himalaya  mountains.  Archer.  — Brazilian  tea , the 
dried  leaves  of  Lantana  pseudo-thea , an  infusion  of 
which  is  highly  esteemed  in  Brazil : — a name  also 
applied  to  the  dried  leaves  of  Stachytarpheta  Jamaicen- 
si.<,  used  sometimes  for  adulterating  Chinese  tea. 
In  Austria,  an  infusion  of  them  is  used  as  a' beverage. 

— Paraguay  tea , the  dried  leaves  of  Ilex  Paraguayen- 
sis , an  infusion  of  which  is  very  generally  used  as  a 
beverage  in  Brazil  and  other  countries  of  South 
America  ; mate.  Lindley. 

TEA,  v.  7i.  To  drink  tea.  [Colloquial.]  Foi'by. 

TEA'— BELL,  71.  A small  hand-bell  for  use  at 
a tea-table.  Simmotids. 

TEA'— BER-RY,  7i.  ( Dot .)  A small,  evergreen, 

shrubby,  American  creeping  plant,  with  coria- 
ceous, shining  leaves,  bearing  white  flowers  and 
bright-scarlet,  edible  berries ; checkerberry  ; par- 
tridge-berry ; box-berry ; Gaultheria  procum- 
be7is  : — the  fruit  of  the  plant.  Gray. 

TEA'— BOARD,  n. . A board  or  troy  for  holding  a 
tea-service.  Simmo7ids. 

TEA'— cAD-DY,  n.  A box  or  can  for  holding  tea 
to  supply  a teapot.  Simmonds. 

TEA'— CAKE,  n.  A light  cake  for  tea.  Simmotids. 

TEA'— CAN-IS-TJJR,  71.  A canister  for  tea.  Ash. 

TEACH  (tech),  v.  a.  [M.  Goth,  atangjan , to  show  ; 
A.  S.  tcecan , to  teach,  to  show,  to  direct  ; Old 
Dut.  tooghen,  to  show;  Dut .toonen;  Old  Ger. 
zeigon,  zoiga7i ; Ger.  zeigen  ; Dan.  te  sig,  to  ap- 
pear; Sw.  te  sig;  Icel.  tia,  to  show,  to  exhibit. 

— L.  doceo .]  \i.  taught  ; pp.  teaching, 

TAUGHT.] 

1.  To  impart  knowledge  or  instruction  to  ; to 
inform  ; to  instruct ; to  communicate  to. 

For  he  taught  them  as  one  having  authority,  and  not  as 
the  scribes.  Mutt.  vii.  29. 

2.  To  deliver  or  communicate,  as  any  doc- 
trine, science,  or  art;  as,  “To  teach  oratory.” 

In  vain  they  worship  me,  teaching  tor  doctrines  the  com- 
mandments of  men.  Matt.xv.  9. 


If  some  men  teach  wicked  things,  it  must  be  that  othera 
should  practise  them.  South. 

3.  To  suggest ; to  admonish ; to  give  notice 
to  ; to  signify  ; to  show  ; to  tell ; to  indicate. 

For  the  Holy  Ghost  shall  teach  you  in  the  same  hour  what 
ye  ought  to  say.  Luke  xii.  12. 

Syn.  — See  Instruct,  Learn,  Tell. 

TEACH  (tech),  v.  n.  To  perform  the  office  of  a 
teacher  or  instructor.  Mic.  iii.  11. 

TEACH'  A-BLE  (tSch'j-bl),  a.  That  may  be  taught ; 
willing  or  apt  to  learn  ; docile.  Cowper. 

TEACH' A-BLE- NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
teachable  ; willingness  to  learn  ; docility.  Swift. 

TEACH'iJR,  n.  1.  One  who  teaches,  or  whose 
business  it  is  to  teach  ; an  instructor. 

2.  A religious  instructor;  a preacher. 

He  may  do  it  by  appointing  teachers,  and  by  a vigilant  ex- 
acting from  them  the  instruction  of  their  tloeks.  South. 

TEA '-CHEST,  n.  A wooden  box  or  chest  in 
which  tea  is  imported.  Simmonds. 

TEACH'ING,  n.  The  act  or  the  occupation  of  a 
teacher;  instruction.  Wicklijfe. 

TEA'CUP,  n.  A cup  for  drinking  tea  from. 

Five  cracked  teacup/s  dressed  the  chimney-board.  Goldsmith. 

TEA'CUP-FUL,  n.  As  much  as  a teacup  holds. 

f TEAD,  n.  [L.  tceda.]  A torch.  Spenser. 

TEA'— GAR-DEN,  n.  A garden  usually  connected 
with  a public-house,  where  refreshments  are 
served.  [England.]  Simmonds. 

TEAGUE  (teg),  n.  A name  for  an  Irishman;  — 
used  in  contempt.  Prior. 

TEAK,  n.  1.  The  wood  of  the  teak-tree.  Baird. 

UPtr"  Teak  abounds  in  particles  of  sile.x,  resembles, 
though  lighter,  coarse  mahogany,  is  very  strong  and 
durable,  and  is  perhaps  the  best  timber  in  the  world 
for  ship  building.  Lindley. 

2.  The  teak-tree.  Clarke. 

African  teak , the  wood  of  a tree  unknown  to  bota- 
nists, but  supposed  to  be  of  the  Spurge  family.  Gray. 

TEA'KET-TLE,  n.  A kettle  in  which  water  is 
boiled  for  making  tea.  Goldsmith. 

TEAK'— TREE,  n.  [East  Indian  tekka,  tlicka.] 

( But .)  A very  large  timber-tree,  with  long 
leaves,  and  very  durable  wood,  growing  in  Java, 
Ceylon,  Malabar,  Pegu,  &e. ; Tectona  grandis  ; 
— called  also  Indian  oak.  Baird. 

TEAK'— WOOD  (-wud),  n.  The  teak-tree.  Loudon. 

TEAL  (tel),  n.  ( Or- 
nith.)  A small  na- 
tatorial bird  of  the 
family  Anatidcc,  or 
ducks,  highly  es- 
teemed for  food ; 

Anas  crecca. 

Yarrcll. 

TEAM  (tern),  n.  [A.  S.  team,  a race,  offspring, 
a team ; Prs.  tain , team,  a bridle,  a progeny  ; 
Dut.  toom,  a team  of  ducks,  a bridle.] 

1.  A number  of  things  in  a line  ; a succes- 
sion or  series.  “ A team  of  ducks.”  [it.]  Lye. 

A long  team  of  snowy  swans  on  high.  Dryden. 

2.  A number  of  horses,  oxen,  or  other  beasts 

harnessed  to  the  same  vehicle,  or  drawing  the 
same  load.  “ A team  of  horse.”  Shak. 

How  jocund  did  they  drive  their  team  afield.  Gray. 

3.  ( Old  Eng.  Lair.)  A royalty  or  privilege 
granted  by  the  king’s  charter  to  the  lord  of  a 
manor,  for  the  having,  restraining,  and  judging 
of  bondmen  and  villeins,  with  their  children, 
goods,  and  chattels,  in  his  court.  Whishaw. 

TEAM  (tern),  v.  a.  To  join  together  in  a team. 
“ Her  teamed  steeds.”  Spenser. 

TEAM'ING,  n.  1.  The  act,  employment,  or  busi- 
ness of  one  who  teams. 

2.  In  casting  steel,  the  operation  of  transfer- 
ring the  melted  steel  from  the  crucible  to  the 
ingot-mould.  Tomlinson. 

TEAM'STIJR,  n.  One  who  drives  a team.  Fox. 

TEAM'— WORK  (-wurlc),  n.  Work  done  by  a 
team.  Clarke. 

TEA'— PLANT,  n.  ( Bot .)  A name  applied  to  a 
variety  of  plants,  an  infusion  of  the  dried  leaves 
of  which  is  used  as  a beverage.  The  most  im- 
portant of  these,  Thea  viridis,  and  Then  bohea, 
are  natives  of  China  and  Japan,  and  yield  the 
Chinese  teas  of  commerce.  Baird. 

j83y=Botli  of  these  plants  are  evergreen  shrubs  or 


MIEN,  SIR  ; MOVE,  NOR,  SON  ; 
186 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — G,  9,  g,  soft;  jC,  G,  j,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  ^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


TEAPOT 


1482 


TEDIOUS 


small  trees  inhabiting  the  hilly  districts  of  China. 
They  have  alternate,  petiolate,  rather  coriaceous, 
slightly  dentate  or  serrate  leaves,  and  white  flowers. 
The  leaves  of  Tkcaviridis  are  from  three  to  five  inches 
long  ; those  of  Tiled  hohea , which  is  a smaller  shrub, 
are  not  more  than  half  or  two  thirds  as  large.  Baird. 

TEA'POT,  n.  A vessel,  with  a nose  or  spout,  in 
which  tea  is  made.  Addison. 

TEA'— POK,  n.  An  ornamental  table  with  a lift- 
ing top,  and  enclosing  tea-caddies.  Simmonds. 

TEAR  (ter),  n.  [M.  Goth,  tagr ; A.  S.  tear,  tar, 
teller-,  Frs.  ther ; Dut.  traan  ; Gev.trSne  ; Gan. 
taare,  a tear  ; taar,  a drop  ; Sw.  tar  ; I cel.  tar. 
— Gael,  dear,  a tear,  a drop  ; Ir.  dear ; Bret. 
daron,  tears  : dour,  deur,  water  ; W.  darnio.  — 
Gr.  bcucpvov,  laKovpa,  a tear ; L.  lacryma ; It.  &; 
Sp.  lagrima  ; Fr.  larrnc.  — Arab,  taka,  to  burst 
forth,  as  tears,  wadaka,  to  drop,  to  distil.] 

1.  A drop  of  the  fluid  which  flows  from  the 
eyes,  as  in  weeping. 

Cromwell,  I did  not  think  to  shed  a tear 

In  all  my  miseries.  Shak. 

He  gave  to  misery  all  he  had,  a tear.  Gray. 

Some  natural  tears  the}r  dropt,  but  wiped  them  soon.  Milton. 

Tears  are  drops  of  a colorless,  inodorous,  sa- 
line fluid  secreted  by  the  lachrymal  "land,  and  poured 
out  between  the  globe  of  the  eye  and  the  eyelids,  to 
facilitate  the  motion  of  those  parts.  Dunglison . 

2.  Any  fluid  in  the  form  of  a tear  ; a drop. 

Let  Araby  extol  her  happy  coast, 

Her  fragrant  flowers,  her  trees  with  precious  tears.  Dryden. 

3.  A dirge  ; a lamentation,  [r.] 

He  must  not  float  upon  his  watery  bier, 

Unwept,  and  welter  to  the  parching  wind, 

"Without  the  meed  of  some  melodious  tear.  Milton. 

Deer’s  tears , a moist,  odorous,  fatty  matter  found 
below  the  anterior  canfhus  of  the  orbit  of  the  red 
deer ; bezoar  of  the  deer.  Dunglison. 

TEAR  (t&r),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  ter  an , to  tear  ; Old  Dut. 
terren ; Ger.  zerren , to  tear  ; zeliren , to  con- 
sume ; Dan.  tcerc,  to  consume;  Sw . tara.  — Ir. 
troCy  to  tear;  Gael,  strac ; W.  tom,  to  break; 
Bret,  terri,  torri , to  break,  to  lacerate ; torr,  a 
fracture.  — Heb.  to  divide,  to  split.  — Gr. 

Tftou ),  to  wear  away;  L.  tero .]  [£.  tore;  pp. 

tearing,  torn.  — The  pret.  tare  is  obsolete.] 

1.  To  pull  asunder  or  in  pieces  ; to  separate 
by  pulling  ; to  rend  ; — to  sever  ; to  sunder. 

To  tear  the  cloth  in  any  direction.  Cook. 

John  tore  olf  Lord  Strut's  servant's  clothes.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  To  lacerate  ; to  wound;  to  laniate. 

Is  it  not  as  this  moutli  should  tear  this  hand?  Shak. 

3.  To  break  or  take  away  by  sudden  violence  ; 
to  rend  away  ; to  force  away. 

Or  on  rough  seas  from  their  foundations  tom.  Dryden. 

The  hand  of  fate 

Has  torn  thee  from  me,  and  I must  forget  thee.  Addison. 

To  tear  a cat , to  rant  or  rave.  Shale. 

Syn.  — See  Break. 

TEAr  (t&r),  v.  n.  1.  To  make  a rent  violently. 

In  the  midst  a tearing  groan  did  break.  Shale. 

2.  [Dut.  tierenC]  To  fume  ; to  rave  ; to  rant 
turbulently.  L’  Estrange. 

TEAR  (tar),  n.  A rent;  a fissure.  Johnson. 

TeAr'JER  (tar'er),  n.  1.  One  who  rends  or  tears. 

2.  One  who  raves;  a blusterer.  Congreve. 

TEAR'-FALL-ING  (ter’fal-ing),  a.  Tender ; shed- 
ding tears.  “ Tear-falling  pity.”  Shak. 

TEAR'FUL  (tSr'fOl),  a.  Full  of  tears;  shedding 
tears  ; weeping.  “ Tearful  eyes.”  Shak. 

TEAR'LpSS  (tSr'les),  a.  Without  tears.  Sandys. 

TEAR'— STAINED  (-stand),  a.  Stained  with  weep- 
ing. “ Tear-stained  eyes.”  Shak. 

fTEAR'Y,  a.  1.  Marked  or  stained  with  tears; 
tearful.  “ Her  teary  face.”  Chaucer. 

2.  Consisting  of  tears,  or  of  drops  resembling 
tears.  “ The  teary  shower.”  Lydgate. 

TEA'— SAU-CER,  n.  A saucer  for  a teacup.  Ash. 

TEA§E  (t6z),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  tcesan,  to  pluck  or  pull, 
to  tease.]  [i.  teased  ; pp.  teasing,  teased.] 

1.  To  comb  or  card,  as  wool  or  flax,  in  order 

to  bring  the  fibres  parallel.  Milton. 

2.  To  scratch,  as  cloth,  in  order  to  raise  a 

nap.  — See  Teasel.  Johnson. 

3.  To  irritate  with  petty  annoyances ; to 
worry;  to  harass  ; to  vex  ; to  tantalize  ; to  an- 
noy ; to  torment. 

And  with  remarks  and  comments  tease  ye.  Prior. 


A,  E,  !,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6. 


Syn.  — To  tease , vex,  irritate , annoy , tantalize , and 
torment , all  imply  the  idea  of  acting  upon  others  so 
as  to  cause  pain  or  vexation.  Teased  by  importunity 
or  by  trifles  ; harassed  with  cares  ; vexed  or  irritated 
by  misconduct  ; annoyed  by  intruders  : tantalized  by 
false  hopes  ; tormented  by  grievous  suffering  or  excru- 
ciating pain. 

TEA'SEL  (te'zl)  [te'zl,  P.  J.  E.  F.  K.  Sm.  Wb.  ; 
te'zel,  Ja.],  n.  [A.  S.  tcesel,  tcesl. ] 

1.  ( Hot .)  The  common  name  of  plants  of  the 

genus  Dipsacus,  one  species  of  which  ( Dipsa - 
cus  fuUonum)  is  cultivated  for  its  prickly  flow- 
er-heads, or  burrs; — written  also  teazle,  tazel, 
tassel,  and  teazel.  Loudon. 

2.  The  dried  flower-head  of  Dipsacus  fullo- 

mirri,  bristling  with  hard,  stiff,  spiny  bracts,  and 
used  for  dressing  cloth.  Lindley. 

3.  A contrivance  designed  as  a substitute  for 

a head  of  teasel  in  teasling  cloth.  Ure. 

TEA'ijEL— FRAME,  n.  A frame  on  which  woollen 
cloth  is  teasled.  Ure. 

TEA^'pR,  n.  One  who  teases.  Fuller. 

TEA'— SER- VICE,  n.  The  whole  appurtenances 
or  utensils  required  for  a tea-table  ; — some- 
times restticted  to  the  teapot,  milk-jug,  and 
sugar-basin.  Simmonds. 

TEA'-SET,  n.  A tea-service  ; tea-things. 

TEAMING,  n.  Act  of  one  who  teases.  Swift. 

TEA'ijLE  (te'zl),  v.  a.  See  Teazle.  Ure. 

TEA§'EING— BRUSH,  1 n%  ^ brush  or  card  for 

TEAZLING— CARD,  > teasling  cloth.  Ure. 

TEA'SPOON,  n.  A small  spoon  used  in  stirring 
or  drinking  tea.  Pennant. 

TEA'SPOON-FUL,  n. ; pi.  teaspoonfuls.  As 
much  as  a teaspoon  holds.  Ash. 

TEAT  (tet)  [let,  S.  IK.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.;  tit, 
Kenrick,  Elphinston,  Nares],  n.  [A.  S.  tit,  titt; 
Dut.  tet ; Ger.  zitre. — -Ir.  did;  W.  teth.  — Gr. 
t iron,  Tirbos,  a teat ; It.  tetta , a breast ; Sp. 
Fort,  teta  ; Fr.  teton.]  A dug;  a pap  ; a nipple. 

The  teats 

Of  ewe  or  goat  dropping  with  milk  at  even.  Milton. 

TEA'— TA-RLE,  n.  A table  at  which  tea  is  drunk ; 
a supper-table.  Ed.  Rev. 

TEA'— TAST-pR,  n.  A person  employed  to  test 
the  qualities  of  teas,  by  tasting  them..1 -simmonds. 

TEATI1E,  v.  a.  To  enrich,  or  manure,  as  land, 
by  the  dung  of  live  stock,  dropped  by  them  while 
feeding  upon  it ; — written  also  tat  he.  [Local, 
Eng.]  Wright. 

TEATHE,  n.  The  dung  of  cattle  or  sheep,  dropped 
by  them  on  land  while  feeding.  [Local,  Eng.] 

llolloway. 

TEA'— THINGS,  n.  pi.  Utensils  used  in  drinking 
tea  ; a tea-service.  Blagclen. 

f TEAT'ISH,  a.  Peevish,  as  a child;  — written 
also  tcitish.  Beau.  § FI. 

TEA-TO'TAL,  a.  See  Teetotal.  Ed.  Rev. 

TEA'— TREE,  n.  The  tea-plant.  Chambers. 

TEA'— URN,  n.  A vessel  in  the  form  of  a vase, 
for  heating  or  supplying  water  for  tea.  W.Ency. 

TEAZE'— HOLE,  n.  ( Glass-works .)  The  opening 
in  the  furnace  through  which  coals  are  put  into 
it.  ■ . Simmonds. 

TEAZ'IJR,  n.  The  stoker  or  fireman  in  a glass- 
work.  Simmonds. 

TEA'ZLE  (te'zl),  V.  a.  [i.  TEAZLED  ; pp.  TEA- 
ZLING, teazled.]  To  raise  up  the  loose  fila- 
ments of,  as  woollen  cloth,  into  a nap  on  the 
surface,  bv  scratching  it  with  the  heads  of  tea- 
sel, or  with  some  implement  constructed  for 
the  purpose  ; — written  also  teasle  and  teasel.  — 
See  Teasel.  Tomlinson. 

TEA'ZLE,  n.  A plant ; Dipsacus  fullonum  : — a 
head  of  the  plant.  — See  Teasel.  Tomlinson. 

TEA'ZLE— HEAD,  n.  A head  of  teasel  .Tomlinson. 

TEA'ZLER,  n.  One  who  teazles. 

TE'B^TH,  n.  [Heb.  np'J.]  The  tenth  month  of 

the  sacred  year  of  the  Hebrews,  beginning  with 
the  new  moon  in  December,  and  ending  with 
the  new  moon  in  January.  Kitto. 

TECH'l-LY,  ad.  Peevishly ; touchily.  Johnson. 


, U,  f,  short;  A,  }J,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE, 


TECII'r-NESS,  n.  Peevishness;  frctfulness ; 
touchiness  ; frowardness.  Bp.  Halt. 

TEDH'NjC,  a.  Technical.  Clarke. 

TE£'II'NI-CAL  (tek'ne-krd),  a.  [Gr.  t€%vik6;  ; rt^rrj, 
an  art ; tiktui,  tikw,  to  produce ; It.  Sp.  tec- 
nico;  FT.  technique.']  Pertaining  to  art,  to  the 
arts,  or  to  a particular  art,  handicraft,  or  pro- 
fession; noting  a word,  term,  or  phrase,  exclu- 
sively used,  of  used  in  a peculiar  sense,  in  any 
art  or  science.  Waterland.  Davies. 

In  technical  words,  or  terms  of  art,  they  refrain  not  from 
calling  the  same  substance  sometimes  the  sulphur,  and  some- 
times the  mercury,  of  a body.  Locke. 

TEEH-NI-CAL'I-Ty,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state 
of  being  technical.  Knox. 

TECH'NI-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a technical  manner; 
in  technical  terms.  War  ton. 

TEjCH'NI-C AL-NESS,  n.  Technicality.  Clarke. 

TEjEH'N]-CAL§,  n.  pi.  Technical  terms  ; tech- 
nics. H.  Coleridge. 

TfiEH-NI-COE'O-^Y,  n.  Technology.  Ch.  Exam. 

TEjGH'NICS,  n.  pi.  Arts  or  things,  terms  or  ob- 
jects, pertaining  to  arts  or  to  any  art.  Kirkland. 

trp  - Optical  technics  include  aerial  and  linear  per- 
spective and  tfieir  applications;  mechanical  technics 
include  the  formative  arts, — drawing,  painting,  sculp- 
ture, working  in  clay,  metals,  ivory,  mosaic,  &.c. 
Fairholt. 

TEEH-NO-LOtJ  IC,  ? a.  Relating  to  technol- 

TEDH-NO-Log'j-CAL,  ) ogy,  or  to  the  arts.  Scott. 

TE£H-NOL'0-(JIST,  n.  One  who  treats  of  the 
useful  arts  and  manufactures.  Simmonds. 

TEPH-N O L O-(j  Y (tek-nol'o-je),  n.  [Gr.  an 

art,  and  i.6yos,  a discourse.]  A description  of 
the  arts ; a treatise  on  the  arts.  Dr.  J.  Bigelow. 

TECH'Y,  a.  Peevish ; fretful ; irritable ; touchy  ; 
— written  also  tetchy.  Shak. 

TEC-TI-BRAneii'i-ATE,  n.  [L.  tego,  tectus,  to 
cover,  and  bronchia-,  gills.]  ( Zoiil .)  One  of  an 
order  of  hermaphrodite,  gasteropodous  mol- 
lusks,  having  the  gills  covered  by  a process  of 
the  mantle,  containing  a shell,  or  enveloped  in 
a reflected  margin  of  the  foot.  Brande. 

fTECT'EY,  ad.  [L.  tego,  tectus,  to  cover.] 
Covertly  ; secretly  ; privily.  Ilolinshed. 

T£C-TON'IC,  a.  [Gr.  tcktovucIs  ; nO^to,  to  make, 
to  fabricate.]  Pertaining  to  building.  Bailey. 

TjpC-TON'lCS,  n.  pi.  Acts  by  which  vessels,  im- 
plements, dwellings,  &c.,  are  formed,  not  only 
with  reference  to  their  uses,  but  also  in  conform- 
ity with  artistic  sentiments  and  ideas.  Fairholt. 

TEC'TRI-CE§,  n.  pi.  [L.  tego,  tectus,  to  cover.] 
( Ornith .)  The  feathers  which  cover  the  quill- 
feathers  and  other  parts  of  the  wing.  Brande. 

TE'CUM— FI'BRE,  n.  The  produce  of  a palm- 
leaf,  resembling  green  wool,  and  imported  from 
Brazil.  Simmonds. 

TED,  v.  a.  [Perhaps  from  Icel.  tae  ( tadi , tad),  to 
unfold.  Jamieson. — W.  tedu,  to  stretch  out.] 
[j.  tedded  ; pp.  tedding,  tedded.]  To  spread 
or  scatter,  as  grass  for  drying. 

The  smell  of  grain,  or  tedded  grass,  or  kine.  Milton. 

TED'DpR,  n.  [Su.  Goth,  tinder;  Icel.  tindr. — 
Ir.  tend,  a rope;  W.  tidaw,  tida,  to  tie.  — Per- 
haps formed  on  tied,  from  tie:  Richardson.] 

1.  A rope  or  a chain  by  which  a horse  or  other 

beast  is  tied  for  grazing  or  feeding  within  cer- 
tain limits  ; a tether.  Johnson. 

2.  Any  thing  which  confines  or  restrains  one. 

"We  live  joyfully,  going  abroad  within  our  tedder.  Bacon. 

TED'DiJR,  v.  a.  To  tether.  Feltham. 

TE  D F. 1 UM,  n.  (Eccl.)  A hymn  of  thanksgiving,  of 
which  the  words,  originally  in  Latin,  beginning 
“ Tc  Dcum  laudamus  ” (We  praise  thee,  O God), 
are  still  so  sung  in  the  Roman  Catholic  ritual, 
but  in  the  service  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal 
Church  are  rendered  into  English. 

Te  Dcum  was  sung  at  St.  Raul's  after  the  victory.  Bacon. 

TED(JE,  n.  An  aperture  in  a mould  for  pouring 
in  metal ; an  ingate.  Simmonds. 

f TED'ING— PEN'N Y,  n.  [A.  S.  tithing  peneg.] 
( OUl  Eng.  Law.)  A small  tax  or  allowance  to 
the  sheriff  from  each  tithing  of  his  county  to- 
wards the  charge  of  keeping  courts,  &c.  Cowell. 

||  TE'DIOUS  (te'dyus)  [te'dyus,  S.  E.  F.  K.  ; te'de- 


FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


TEDIOUSLY 


1483 


TELEPHONIC 


us,  J.  Ja.Wr.  ; te'de-us  or  te'je-us,  IV.  P.  Sm.], 
a.  [L.  tcediosus  ; tcedium,  weariness  ; tcedet,  it 
wearies;  It.  6;  Sp.  tedioso',  Fr.  teclieux.] 

1.  Wearisome  by  continuance  or  prolixity  ; 
tiresome  ; irksome  ; monotonous  ; prosy. 

That  I be  not  further  tedious  unto  you,  I pray  thee  that 

thou  wouldest  hear  us  of  thy  clemency  a lew  words. 

riels  xxiv.  4. 

The  tedious  length  of  nine  revolving  years.  l’oge. 

2.  Slow  ; dilatory  ; tardy.  Harte. 

He  let  him  stray  on  his  tedious  way.  ‘ Hood. 

Syn.  — See  Snow,  Troublesome. 

||  TE'DIOUS-LY  (te'dyus-le),  ad.  In  a tedious  or 
wearisome  manner  ; tiresomely.  Dryden. 

II  TE'DIOUS-NESS  (te'dyus-nes);  n.  1.  Quality  or 
state  of  being  tedious  ; wearisomeness  by  con- 
tinuance or  prolixity  ; tiresomeness  ; tedium. 
To  be  ever  in  one  song  breedetli  tediousness.  Holland. 

2.  Prolixity  ; diffuseness  ; length,  [r.] 

Since  brevity ’s  the  soul  of  wit, 

Ami  tediousness  the  limbs  and  outward  flourishes, 

I will  be  brief.  Shak. 

||  TE'DI-UM,  n.  [L.  tedium.]  Wearisomeness  ; 
irksomeness  ; tediousness  ; ennui.  Smart. 

TEEM,  v.  71.  [A.  S.  tyman,  to  bring  forth ; team , 

offspring.]  [i.  teemed  ; pp.  teeming,  teemed.] 

1.  To  engender  young  ; to  be  pregnant,  as  a 
female  ; to  bring  forth  ; to  produce. 

If  she  must  teem. 

Create  her  child  of  spleen,  that  it  may  live. 

And  be  a thwart,  disnatured  torment  to  her.  Shak. 

Teeming  truths,  rich  in  store.  Locke. 

2.  To  be  full,  or  to  bring  forth,  like  a breed- 
ing animal ; to  produce  abundantly.  Addison. 

The  liberty  of  the  press  is  pregnant  with  advantages;  but 
the  licentiousness  of  it  teems  with  evils  which  almost  coun- 
terbalance them.  Knox. 

TEEM,  v.  a.  1.  To  bring  forth  ; to  bear,  [a.] 

Common  mother,  thou 

Whose  womb  unmeasurable,  and  infinite  breast. 

Teems  and  feeds  all.  Shah. 

2.  To  pour.  [Local  or  obsolete.] 

Teem  out  the  remainder  of  the  ale  into  the  tankard.  Swift. 

TEEM'IJR,  7i.  One  that  brings  forth  young. 

TEEM'FUL,  a.  Pregnant;  prolific.  Ainsworth. 

TEEM'ING,  p.  a.  Pregnant;  full;  overflowing. 

TEEM'LESS,  a.  Unfruitful ; not  prolific.  Dryden. 

f TEEN,  7i.  [A.  S.  teona,  reproach,  injury.]  Sor- 
row; grief;  affliction;  wrong;  injury.  Spenser. 

TEEN,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  teona7i,  tynan  ; teona,  re- 
proach.] [i.  XEENED  ; pp.  TEENING,  TEENED.] 

1.  To  incense  ; to  vex  ; to  provoke ; to  an- 

ger ; to  tease  ; to  grieve.  [Local,  Eng.,  and  col- 
loquial, U.  S.]  Chaucer.  Fo/'by. 

2.  To  fence  in.  [Local,  Eng,]  Halliwell. 

TEEN'A^E,  7i.  The  longer  wood  used  to  make  or 

mend  hedges.  [Local,  Eng.]  Halliwell. 

f TEEND,  v.  a.  & 71.  To  light;  to  burn.  Herrick. 

fTEEN'FUL,  a.  Full  of  teen  or  grief.  Chaucer. 

TEEN§,  7i.  pi.  The  years  reckoned  by  the  ter- 
mination tce7i,  from  thirteen  to  nineteen,  inclu- 
sive. “ Just  entered  in  his  teC7is.”  Churchill. 

TEE'NY,  a.  I.  Very  small;  tiny.  Halliwell. 

2.  Fretful ; peevish.  [Local,  Eng.]  Halliwell. 

TEE'TER,  v.  a.  [i.  teetered;  pp.  teetering, 
teetered.]  To  seesaw  on  a balanced  plank, 
for  amusement ; to  titter.  — See  Titter.  [U.  S.] 

TEETH,  n. ; pi.  of  tooth.  See  Tooth. 

TEETH,  V.  71.  [('.  TEETHED  ; pp.  TEETHING, 

teethed.]  To  breed  teeth  ; to  be  at  the  time 
or  period  of  dentition.  A7'buthnot. 

TEETH'ING,  7i.  The  act  or  the  time  of  breeding 
or  forming  teeth  ; dentition.  Dimgliso7i. 

TEE-TO'TAL,  a.  Entire  ; complete  ; total. 

4ST  A modern  cant  word,  formed  by  reduplication, 
tile  syllable  tee  being  used  for  the  letter  t.  By  some 
written  leatotal , on  the  supposition  that  it  implies  the 
use  of  tea,  instead  of  intoxicating  liquors.  — See  Tee- 
tot  alism.  Ed.  Reo. — The  following  account  is 
given  of  the  formation  of  this  word,  and  of  its  appli- 
cation as  now  used:  “ Tiie  simple  facts  are,  that 
when  the  question  of  reviving  the  old  temperance 
pledge,  so  as  to  exclude  all  intoxicating  liquors,  was 
under  consideration  in  Preston  [Eng.],  a working- 
man of  tire  name  of  Richard  Turner  applied  to  the 
proposal,  not  a cant  word,  hut  one  long  in  use  as  an 
idiomatic  local  expression  — the  term  teetotal.  He 
had  probably  heard  and  uttered  it  hundreds  of  times 
before.  The  formation  of  tile  word  is  clear  enough  — 
the  first  syllable  tee  being  the  mere  duplication  of  the 
initial  letter  t of  total,  for  the  sake  of  greater  emphasis 


and  force.  Its  application  to  total  abstinence  from 
inebriating  liquors  was  accidental  ; and  tiie  use  of  it 
by  Richard  Turner  would  probably  have  escaped  ob- 
servalion,  had  he  not,  through  a habit  of  stammering, 
drawn  the  attention  of  the  people  to  tile  distinction 
he  was  wishing  to  convey.”  Dawson  Bums,  Notes 

Queries,  1858. 

TEE-TO'TAL-ER,  n.  An  advocate  for,  or  one 
who  practises,  teetotalism.  Qu.  Reo. 

TEE-T6'TAL-!§M,  7i.  The  act  of  carrying  a, prin- 
ciple or  practice  to  the  greatest  extreme  ; — par- 
ticularly total  abstinence  from  all  intoxicating 
liquors.  [A  modern  cant  term.]  Qu.  Rev. 

That  teetotalism , whether  sound  or  not  in  theory,  has  al- 
ready done  good  work,  is  proved  by  the  extraordinary  results 
produced  by  it  in  Ireland.  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

J3®-  “ The  syllable  tee  means  the  letter  t,  and  this 
means  temperance,  and  temperance-totalism  means 
the  principle  of  abstaining  totally  from  fermented  liq- 
uors, in  distinction  from  the  principle  of  temperance 
simply,  or  abstinence  from  spirituous  liquors,  but  not 
from  the  moderate  use  of  beer  or  wine.”  Smart. 

TEE-TO'TAL- LY,  ad.  Entirely ; totally.  J.C.Neal. 

TEE-TO'TUM,  n.  A small  top  made  to  spin  by 
twirling  it  with  the  fingers.  Simmo7ids. 

I have  seen  him  [Lord  Nelson]  spin  a teetotum  a whole 
evening  for  the  amusement  of  some  children.  S.  Royers. 

TEG,  n.  A sheep  or  a doe  in  its  second  year. 
[Local,  Eng.]  Halliwell. 

TEG' MEN,  n.  [L.]  A tegument.  Brands. 

TEG-MEN'  TA,  n.  [L.,  pi.  of  tegmentum,  a cov- 
ering.] ( Bot .)  The  scales  covering  the  leaf- 
buds  of  deciduous  trees  of  cold  climates.  Brande. 

TEG'U-LAR,  a.  [L.  tegula,  a tile.]  Relating  to, 
or  resembling,  tiles.  Smart. 

TEG'U-LAR-LY,  ad.  In  a tegular  manner.  S/nart. 

TEG'U-LAT-En,  a.  [L.  tegula,  a tile.]  (A/it.) 

Noting  armor  constructed  of  small  overlapping 
plates  of  horn  or  metal,  originally  adopted  by 
the  Eastern  nations.  Fairholt. 

TEG'U-MENT,  n.  [L.  tegumctxtum,  a covering ; 

tego,  to  cover  ; Sp.  tegvmetito  ; Fr.  tegument^ 

1.  Any  natural  covering  or  envelope. 

The  gardener  could  crush  the  insect,  if  it  commenced  the 
attack  on  the  external  tegument.  Knox. 

2.  ( Anat .)  A covering  or  envelope  ; an  integ- 

ument : — the  general  covering  of  the  body ; the 
skin.  Bmiglisoti. 

3.  ( Ent .)  The  covering  of  the  wing  of  or- 
thopterous insects.  Brande. 

Syn. — Tegument,  or  integument,  is  a natural  cov- 
ering ; covering  and  cover  are  artificial.  Tiie  skin  of 
animals,  the  shell  of  shell-fish,  and  the  skin  of  some 
vegetables  and  fruits,  are  their  integuments  or  teguments. 

TEG-U-MENT'A-RY,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  con- 
sisting of,  teguments.  P.  Cyc. 

TJjLHEE'  (te-lie'),  n.  A tittering  laugh  ; a titter. 

Tehee , quoth  she,  and  clapt  the  window  to.  Chaucer. 

TJJ-HEE',  v.  n.  To  titter  ; to  giggle.  Hudibras. 

TEIL  (tel),  71.  [L.  tilia.]  (Bot.)  The  lime-tree, 

or  linden.  — See  Linden. 

From  purple  violets  and  the  teil  they  bring 

Their  gathered  sweets,  and  rifle  all  the  spring.  Addison. 

TEIND§,  71.  pi.  (Scottish  Law.)  Tithes.  Fo7'bes. 

TEINE  (tan),  71.  A disease  in  hawks.  Ash. 

f TEIN'LAND,  7i.  (Eng.  Law.)  Land  granted  by 
the  crown  to  a thane  or  lord.  Burrill. 

TEI'NO-SCOPE  (ti'no-skdp),  77.  [Gr.  rctvto,  to  ex- 
tend, and  oKonioi,  to  see.]  A telescope  formed 
by  combining  prisms  in  a particular  manner,  so 
that  the  chromatic  aberration  of  the  light  is 
corrected,  and  the  linear  dimensions  of  objects 
seen  through  them  increased  or  diminished  ; — 
called  also  pi-ism-telescope.  Brande. 

TEINT  (tint),  71.  [Fr.  teinte.\  Tint.  Dryden. 

TEL-A-MO  ’NE§,  71.  pi.  [Gr.  TeAa/j&ves  ; L.  tela- 
mones.'] (Arch.)  Colossal  male  figures  used 
like  Carjmtides,  as  supporters  of  an  entablature 
or  cornice  ; — called  also  Atlantes.  Fairholt. 

TE'LA-RY  [te'Ia-re,  P.  Ja.  Sm.  K.  ; tel'a-re,  K.  C. 
Wr.  Wb .]  , a.  [L.  tela , a web.]  Spinning  or 
weaving  webs.  “ Telary  spiders.”  Browne. 

TEL'E-DU,  n.  ( Zobl .)  The  stinkard.  Baird . 

TEL'E-GRAm,  n.  [Gr.  rrj?.e,  afar  off,  and  ypaypa,  a 
writing.]  . Any  thing  written  by  telegraph  ; a 
telegraphic  message  or  despatch. 

Not  an  unnecessary  word  enters  into  the  composition  of 
the  telegram.  Bayne. 


A telegram  from  Napoleon  to  Eugenie  announced  that 
peace  had  been  concluded.  Illustrated  Kews,  July , 18 J.). 

JUST*  “ A friend  desires  us  to  give  notice  that  he  will 
ask  leave,  at  some  convenient  time,  to  introduce  a new 
word  into  the  vocabulary.  It  is  telegram , instead  of 
telegraphic  despatch , or  telegraphic  communication.  The 
word  is  formed  according  to  the  strictest  laws  of  the 
language  from  which  its  root  comes.  Telegraph  means 
to  write  from  a distance  ; telegram , the  writing  itself, 
executed  from  a distance.  Monogram .,  logogram , &c., 
are  words  formed  on  the  same  analogy,  and  in  good 
acceptation.”  Albany  Evening  Journal , April  G,  1852. 

TEL'IJ-GRAPH  (tel'e-graf),  n.  [Gr.  rriXe,  afar  off, 
and  ypa<po>,  to  write ; It.  <5;  Sp.  telegrafo ; Fr. 
telegraphed]  An  instrument,  or  mechanical  con- 
trivance, for  conveying  intelligence  to  a greater 
distance  than  the  sound  of  the  voice  can  reach, 
and  without  the  employment  of  a messenger ; 
a semaphore.  Maso7i. 

The  first  idea  of  a telegraph , on  the  modern  construction, 
was  first  suggested  by  Dr.  llooke  in  1G84.  It  was  not  till  1793 
that  the  instrument  was  applied  to  useful  purposes.  Ilaydn. 

Electric  telegraph , or  electro-magnetic  telegraph , an 
instrument  for  the  transmission  of  intelligence  to  a 
distance  by  means  of  electricity,  or  by  means  of  elec- 
tricity and  magnetism.  An  electric  telegraph  con- 
sists of  three  essential  parts:  I.  The  battery,  or 
source  of  electrical  power  ; 2.  The  wire,  or  channel 
along  which  that  power  is  conveyed  to  the  re- 
quired distant  point  ; 3.  The  instrument,  by  which 
the  electricity  gives  its  signals,  or  makes  evident  to 
the  observer  its  presence  or  absence,  its  direction  or 
degree  of  intensity  of  action.  All  instruments  in 
practical  use  belong  to  one  or  other  of  the  following 
classes  : 1.  Indicator  telegraphs , or  those  in  which 

the  signals  are  given  by  the  movements,  in  one  or 
other  direction,  of  a pointer  or  indicator:  telegraphs 
of  this  class  are  those  used  generally  throughout  Eng- 
land ; 2.  Type-printing  telegraphs , or  those  which  are 
furnished  with  a mechanism  for  making  an  impres- 
sion of  the  letters  of  the  alphabet  upon  paper  by 
means  of  printing  types  ; 3.  Symbol-printing  tele- 
graphs, or  those  in  which  a steel-point  is  made  to 
impress  a system  of  dots  and  lines  upon  paper  : tele- 
graphs of  this  kind  are  those  in  most  general  use  in 
the  United  States;  4.  Chemical -printing  telegraphs , in 
which  the  current  of  electricity  is  employed  to  make 
colored  marks  on  paper  which  has  previously  been 
chemically  prepared.  Tomlinson. 

The  “ Deflective  Electro-magnetic  Telegraph  ” 
was  patented  in  England  by  Cooke  and  Wheatstone, 
June  12,  1837.  The  “American  Electro-magnetic 
Telegraph”  was  patented  in  the  U.  S.  by  S.  F.  B. 
Morse,  June  20,  1840,  and  first  put  in  operation  be- 
tween Washington  and  Baltimore  in  1844. 

TEL'E-GRAPH,  V.  a.  \i.  TELEGRAPHED  ; pp.  TEL- 
EGRAPHING, telegraphed.]  To  announce  or 
convey  by  a telegraph.  Campbell. 

We  hope  that,  having  carried  his  point  against  the  Helle- 
nists by  the  adoption  of  the  word  “ telegram  ” [instead  of  “ tel- 
egrapheme”], he  will  be  no  less  resolute  in  his  opposition  to 
another  party,  who  are  striving  to  debase  the  language  by 
introducing  the  verb  “to  wire,”  instead  of  the  word  hitherto 
used,  “to  telegraph.”  Ed.  Itev. 

TEL-^-GRAPH'lC,  ) a [It.  § Sp.  telcgrafico ; 

TEL-£-GRAPH'I-CAL,  S Fr.  tettgraphique.}  Per- 
taining to,  or  conveyed  by,  a telegraph.  Qu.  Her. 

“ In  its  most  extended  sense,  telegraphic  com- 
munication includes  the  whole  ait  of  making  signals, 
whether  by  means  of  special  machines,  flags,  lanterns, 
rockets,  blue  lights,  beacon  fires,  &.C.,  or  by  audible 
signals,  such  as  are  afforded  by  guns,  trumpets,  gongs, 
drums,  &l c.”  Tomlinson. 

TEL'E-GRAPH-IST,  n.  An  operator  of  a tele- 
graph. Clarke . 

TEL'E-GRAPH-Y,  n.  [It.,  telegrafia .]  The  sci- 
ence or  the  art  of  telegraphing. 

The  investigations  of  this  office  warrant  other  conclusions 
of  much  importance  touching  the  future  progress  of  sub- 
marine telegraphy.  Lieut.  Maury % 

TE-LE-O-LOQI'I-CAL,  a.  Relating  to  teleology, 
or  the  doctrine  of  final  causes.  Whew  ell. 

TE-Lg-O-LOt^'I-CAL-Ly,  ad.  In  a teleological 
manner.  E.  Everett. 

TE-LIJ-OL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  rtl.og,  the  end,  and  i.dyos, 
a discourse.]  1'he  doctrine  or  general  philosoph- 
ical consideration  of  final  causes.  Hallam. 

TE'LIJ-O-SAUR,  71.  [Gr.  rcXcioi,  complete,  perfect, 
and  a'avpn,  a lizard.]  (Pal.)  A fossil  saurian 
reptile  of  the  genus  Teleosawus.  P.  Cyc. 

TE-LE-O-SAU ' RUS,  n.  (Pal.)  A genus  of  fossil 
saurian  reptiles  of  the  crocodile  kind.  Baird. 

TEL' E-PHONE,  n.  [Gr.  rijAr,  afar  off,  and  ifovtoi, 
to  produce  a sound.]  An  instrument  for  con- 
veying sound  to  a great  distance.  Clarke. 

TEL-E-PHON'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  a telephone; 
conveying  sound  afar  off.  Clarke. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  (r,  9,  |,  soft;  E,  G,  j,  f,  hard;  ^ as  z; 


$ as  gz.  — THIS,  tfiis. 


TELESCOPE 


1484 


TELLURIUM-GLANCE 


TEL'$-SCOPE,  n,  [Gr.  TrjXeaK6rrog ; rrjXe,  afar  off, 
and  GKOTTfu),  to  view;  It.  8$  Sp.  telescopio ; Fr. 
telescope.  1 An  optical  instrument  for  rendering 
distant  objects  more  distinctly  visible,  by  en- 
larging the  images  of  them  formed  in  the  eye, 
and  by  increasing  the  brightness  of  those  images. 

Telescopes  are  of  two  classes  — refracting  tele- 
scopes or  refractors , ami  reflecting  telescopes  or  reflect- 
ors. The  former  consist  of  a combination  of  lenses  ; 
the  latter  of  a concave  speculum  combined  with  a 
convex  lens,  and  sometimes  with  a second  reflecting 
surface.  The  light  from  the  object  viewed  is  received 
in  the  former  by  a convex  lens,  called  the  object-glass , 
which  is  usually  made  achroinaiic,  and  in  the  latter 
by  a concave  speculum  ; and  in  each  case  is  so  devi- 
ated as  to  form  an  inverted  imago  of  the  object  in  or 
very  near  the  focus.  This  image,  or  an  image  formed 
by  the  light  being  further  deviated  by  reflection  or  re- 
fraction, is  seen  magnified,  through  a convex  or  a 
concave  lens,  or  an  achromatic  combination  of  lenses, 
called  the  eye-piecc.  The  object-glass  and  the  object 
speculum  are  made  large  in  order  to  collect  a large 
quantity  of  light,  so  that  the  image  formed  may  not 
become  faint  and  indistinct  when  magnified. 

The  invention  of  the  telescope  has  been  ascribed 
to  various  persons.  Sir  David  Brewster  says,  “ We 
have  no  doubt  that  this  invaluable  instrument  was 
invented  by  Roger  Bacon  or  Baptista  Porta  in  the 
form  of  experiment.” 

Achromatic  telescope , a telescope  free  from  chromat- 
ic aberration,  or  errors  arising  from  the  dispersion  of 
light  into  its  primary  colors.  — Aplanatic  telescope , a 
telescope  free  from  chromatic  and  spherical  aberration. 
— Astronom- 
ical telescope , 
a refract-  e 
ing  telescope 
consisting  of 
two  convex  Astronomical  telescope 

lenses,  an  object-glass,  A,  having  a long  focal  distance, 
and  an  eye-glass,  C D,  having  a short  focal  distance. 
The  inverted  image,  m n,  formed  by  the  object-glass, 
is  seen  by  the  eye  at  E,  magnified,  through  the  eye- 
glass, C I).  The  magnifying  power  is  equal  to  the  focal 
length  of  the  object-glass  divided  by  the  focal  length 
of  the  eye-glass.  — Terrestrial  telescope , a telescope  dif- 
fering from  the  astronomical  telescope  in  being  fur- 
nished with  two  additional  eye-glasses  to  re-invert  the 
image  and  thus  make  the  object  appear  erect.  — Galileo’s 
telescope , a telescope  constructed  like  the  common  op- 
era glass,  and  consisting  of  a convex  object-glass  and 
a concave  eye-glass.  The  rays  refracted  by  the  object- 
glass,  which  would  form  an  inverted  image,  are  made 
to  proceed  slightly  divergent  by  a concave  lens,  and 
form  an  erect,  magnified,  virtual  image  seen  by  the 
eye.  — Newtonian 
telescope , a re- 
flecting telescope 
which  has  a 
plane  speculum, 
it,  placed  in  the 
axis  at  the  incli- 
nation of  half  a 
right  angle,  which  intercepts  the  rays  from  the  con- 
cave speculum,  S,  about  to  form  an  image,  and  devi- 
ates them  into  the  focus  of  an  eye-glass  fixed  in  the 
side  of  the  tube  through  which  the  image  is  seen,  mag- 
nified, by  the  eye  at  E.  The  plane  speculum  employed 
by  Newton  was  a rectangular  prism  of  glass  which 
produces  total  reflection.  See  Reflection. — Her- 
schel*s  telescope , a reflecting  telescope,  constructed  by 
Sir  W.  Herschel,  in  which  the  object  speculum  was  a 
little  inclined  to  the  axis  of  the  tube,  so  as  to  reflect  the 
rays  somewhat  obliquely  and  form  an  image  near  the 
side  of  the  tube,  where  a convex  eye-glass  was  placed 
to  magnify  it.  The  observer  sat  with  his  back  tow- 
ards the  object.  The  speculum  was  four  feet  in  diam- 
eter, and  collected  so  much  light  as  to  allow  the  appli- 
cation of  a power  of  6450  in  examining  the  stars.  — Gre- 
gorian telescope , a reflecting  telescope  in  which  the 
object  speculum  is  perforated,  and  the  inverted  image 
formed  by  it  is  received  nearly  into  the  focus  of  a 
smaller  concave  speculum,  which  returns  it  erect  to  be 
viewed  through  the  aperture,  magnified  by  the  eye- 
piece.— Cassegrain ian  telescope , a telescope  differing 
from  Gregory’s  only  in  having  the  small  speculum  con^ 
vex  instead  of  concave.  — Lord  Rossers  telescope , the 
largest  and  most  powerful  reflecting  telescope  ever 
constructed  ; the  speculum  being  six  feet  in  diameter, 
an.I  the  focal  distance  being  fifty-three  feet.  The  spec- 
ulum is  parabolic  in  form,  and  tints  nearly  free  from 
spherical  aberration.  The  rays,  reflected  by  the  object 
speculum,  are  deviated,  as  in  Newton’s  telescope,  by  a 
rectangular  glass  prism,  and  form  an  image  in  the  side 
of  the  tube,  which  is  seen,  magnified,  through  an  eye- 
piece. Equatorial  telescope , or  equatorial , a telescope 

so  mounted  as  to  have  two  axes  of  motion  at  right  an- 
gles to  each  other  ; each  axis  carrying  a graduated  cir- 
cle, and  one  of  them  being  parallel  to  the  axis  of  the 
earth.  When  it  is  fixed  on  a star,  it  may  be  clamped, 
and  made  to  move  uniformly  hy  clockwork  round  that 
axis  which  is  parallel  to  the  earth’s  axis,  and  thus 

keep  the  star  constantly  in  the  field  of  view; so 

called  because  it  sweeps  east  or  west  in  the  heavens 
parallel  to  the  equator  Young.  JYichol.  Brewster. 


TEL'E-SCOPE-SHELL,  n.  (Conch.)  A name 
given  to  a species  of  Turbo,  with  plane,  striated, 
and  numerous  spires.  Wright. 

TEL-5-SCOP'JC,  ) a_  [It.  iSf  Sp.  telescopico ; 

TEL-E-SCOP'J-CAL,  ) Fr.  telescopique.) 

X.  Pertaining  to  a telescope.  Wollaston. 

2.  Visible,  or  visible  only,  through  a tele- 
scope. “Tclescopical  siglits.”  Ward. 

3.  Far-seeing;  seeing  at  a distance. 

Aristotle  had  the  eye  of  a bird,  both  telescopic  and  micro- 
scopic. Whately. 

TEE-E-SCdP'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  By  use  of  a tele- 
scope. Allen. 

TIJ-LE'§I-A  (te-le'zhe-si),  n.  [Fr.  tiUsie.)  (Min.) 
Sapphire.  Ure. 

f TEL'E§M,  n.  [Arab.  talism.\  An  amulet  or 
magical  charm  ; a talisman.  Gregory. 

TEL-IJ^-MAt'IC,  ? a.  Of,  or  pertaining  to,  tel- 

TEL-Eij-MAT'J-CAL,  ) esms;  talismanic. Gregory. 

T£-LES'TIC,  a4  [Qr_  rihartKos,  fit  for  finishing; 
Tii.tui,  to  finish.]  That  can  or  may  end  or  finish. 

The  teleslic  or  mystic  operation.  Cudworth. 

Tf-LES'TIjEH,  n.  [Gr.  tD.o%,  the  end,  and  orthos, 
a verse.]  A poem,  or  kind  of  anagram,  in 
which  the  final  letters  of  the  lines,  taken  col- 
lectively, make  up  a name.  1 J.  Jonson. 

TEL'IC,  a.  [Gr.  rel.os,  the  end.]  Relat- 

ing to  the  end  or  purpose,  [n.]  Prof.  Stuart. 

TELL,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  tellan,  to  tell ; Dut.  vertellen ; 
Frs.  tella ; Ger.  zahlen;  Dan.  tale,  to  speak; 
teelle,  to  tell;  Sw.  tcilja,  to  tell,  or  count  ; fdr- 
tiilja,  to  tell,  or  relate  ; Icel.  tala,  to  speak.] 
[t.  TOLD  ; pp.  TELLING,  TOLD.] 

1.  To  make  known  by  words  ; to  express  ver- 
bally ; to  utter ; to  communicate  orally. 

Who  dares  think  one  thing,  and  another  tell, 

My  heart  detests  him  as  the  gates  of  hell.  Tope. 

2.  To  recount ; to  relate  ; to  rehearse. 

I will  declare  what  wise  men  have  told  from  their  fathers, 
and  have  not  hid.  xv.  is. 

3.  To  inform  ; to  teach  ; to  make  known  to. 

Tell  me  how  may  I know  him,  how  adore.  Milton. 

4.  To  discover;  to  divulge;  to  disclose;  to 
confess;  to  acknowledge;  to  own. 

She  never  told  her  love: 

But  let  concealment,  like  a worm  i’  the  bud, 

Feed  on  her  damask  cheek.  Shale. 

5.  To  reckon  ; to  number  ; to  count. 

Look  now  towards  heaven,  and  tell  the  stars,  if  thou  be 
able  to  number  them.  Gen.  xv.  5. 

6.  To  discern;  to  distinguish;  ns,  “I  could 
not  toll  them  apart.”  [Colloquial.] 

7.  To  make  excuses  to.  [Inelegant  and  it.] 

Tusli!  never  tell  me;  I take  it  much  unkindly.  Shak. 

To  t.cll  off,  to  count  off ; to  detach ; to  distribute. 

Syn.  — To  tell,  diselose,  reveal,  and  divulge,  all 
signify  to  make  known  what  was  before  unknown. 
Tell  tile  news  ; discover  what  was  unknown  ; disclose 
what  was  concealed  ; reveal  a secret,  and  divulge  it 
publicly.  Utter  words  ; express  opinions  or  senti- 
ments ; tell  or  relate  a story  ; tell  or  inform  an  indi- 
vidual ; speak  a language  ; rehearse  a tragedy  ; teach 
a pupil  ; communicate  knowledge  ; impart  information. 
— See  Deliver,  Disclose. 

TELL,  v.  n.  1.  To  give  account ; to  make  report. 
Who  answered  him  full  soft,  he  could  not  tell.  Spenser. 

2.  To  take  or  have  effect ; to  be  effective. 
“ Every  line  tells."  [Colloquial.]  Qu.  Rev. 

TELL'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  told.  Athenaeum. 

TELL'JJR,  n.  1.  One  who  tells  ; one  who  relates, 
recounts,  or  reports  ; a narrator.  Shah. 

2.  One  who  numbers  ; a counter.  Johnson. 

3.  One  of  four  officers  of  the  English  ex- 

chequer, whose  business  it  is  to  pay  and  receive 
all  moneys  on  the  king’s  account.  Cowell. 

4.  An  officer  of  a bank  who  receives  or  pays 
money  ; as,  “ A paying  or  a receiving  teller.” 

tff  In  tlic  last  two  senses  the  word  is  said  to  take 
its  meaning  from  tallier,  one  who  kept  a tmlly,  as  it  is 
his  duty  to  make  the  accounts  tally.  Bouvier. 

5.  A person  appointed  to  receive  and  count 
votes  at  an  election ; a scrutineer.  Bonvier. 

TELL'ER-SHfP,  n.  The  office  or  the  business  of  a 
teller.  Clarice. 

TIJL-LT'NA,  n.  [Gr.  rdUvq,  a kind  of  shell-fish.] 
(Zool.)  A genus  of  bivalves  having  very  long 
siphons,  and  shells  which  present  the  appear- 
ance of  an  irregular  fold.  Woodward. 

TELL'ING,  71.  The  act  of  relating.  Xldal. 


TELL'ING,  jj.  a.  Having  great  effect;  effective. 
“A  telling  speech.”  Ch.  Ob. 

TELL' TALE,  n.  1.  One  who  gives  malicious  or 
officious  information  ; a talebearer  ; a tattler. 

Whatl  shall  these  papers  lie  like  tell-tales  here?  Shak. 

2.  A dial  or  index  at  the  stern  of  a vessel  to 
indicate  the  position  of  the  helm.  Mar.  Diet. 

3.  A piece  of  lead  or  ivory,  connected  by  a 

cord  with  the  bellows  of  an  organ,  which  indi- 
cates, by  rising  and  falling,  in  what  degree  the 
wind  is  exhausted.  Moore. 

4.  (Mech.)  A piece  of  mechanism  attached  to 
a steam-engine  to  indicate  the  tension  of  steam  : 
— a contrivance  for  showing  the  amount  of 
work  done  by  a machine,  the  number  of  times 
a gate  or  other  place  has  been  opened,  &c., 
and,  also,  to  check  the  conduct  of  persons  em- 
ployed, as  of  watchmen,  check-takers,  &c.  Davis. 

TELL'TALE,  a.  Telling  tales  ; giving  malicious 
or  officious  information.  Shak. 

TEL'LIJ-RAL,  a.  [L.  tellus,  telluris,  the  earth.] 
Belonging  to  the  earth ; terrene,  [u.]  Clarke. 

TEL'LU-RATE,  n.  (Chem.)  A saline  compound 
of  telluric  acid  and  a base.  Miller. 

TEL'LU-RET-TJJD,  a.  Combined  with  tellurium. 

Tellurctted  hydrogen,  a gaseous  compound  nf  tellu- 
rium and  hydrogen,  analogous  in  constitution  and 
properties  to  sulphuretted  hydrogen.  It  has  weak 
acid  properties,  and  precipitates  most  metals  from 
their  solutions  in  the  form  of  tellurides;  — called  also 
liydrotelluric  acid.  Graham. 

TJEL-LU'RI- AN,  71.  [L.  tellus,  telluris,  the  earth.] 

A machine  for  illustrating  the  effect  of  the 
earth’s  motion,  and  the  obliquity  of  her  axis 
in  causing  the  vicissitudes  of  day  and  night, 
and  the  changes  of  the  seasons.  Ed.  Ency. 

TEL-LU'RI— Blij'MUTH,  n.  (Min.)  A somewhat 
sectile,  pale,  steel-gray  mineral,  sometimes  oc- 
curring in  crystals,  and  consisting  essentially 
of  tellurium  and  bismuth  ; — called  also  tetrad- 
ymite,  and  bornite.  Dana. 

TBL-LU'RIC  (122),  a.  [L.  tellus,  telluris .] 

1.  Belonging  to  the  earth  ; terrestrial. Erf.  Rev. 

2.  (Chem.)  Noting  a crystallizable  acid  of  a 

nauseous  metallic  taste,  with  a feeble  affinity 
for  bases,  and  composed  of  three  equivalents  of 
oxygen  and  one  of  tellurium.  Miller. 

Telluric  ochre,  (Mm.)  See  Tellurite. 

TJJL-LU'RIC-SIL'VJJR,  n.  (Min.)  A slightly 
malleable  mineral,  of  metallic  lustre,  occurring 
granular,  and  in  coarse-grained  masses,  and 
consisting  of  tellurium  and  silver;  — called  also 
bi  telluret  o f silver,  and  hessite.  Dana. 

TEL'LU-RIDE,  n.  (Chem.)  A compound  of  tellu- 
rium and  a metal  or  other  equivalent  body;  as, 
“ Telluride  of  sodium.”  Graham. 

TEL'LII-KINE,  n.  A kind  of  French  tripoli  for  pol- 
ishing metal,  cleaning  marbles,  See.  Simmonds. 

TEL'LU-RITE,  n.  1.  (Min.)  A mineral  occurring 
with  tellurium  in  small,  yellowish  or  whitish 
spherical  masses,  with  a radiated  structure  ; — 
called  also  telluric  ochre.  Dana. 

2.  (Chem.)  A compound  of  tellurous  acid 
and  a salifiable  base.  Graham. 

TIJL-LU'RI-UM,  n.  [L.  tellus,  the  earth.]  (Min.) 
A rare,  silver-white  substance,  classed,  by  most 
English  writers,  among  metals,  and  found  chief- 
ly in  the  mines  of  Transylvania  and  Hungary, 
occasionally  native  and  pure,  but  generally 

combined  with  various  metals.  It  bears  a close 
analogy  to  sulphur  and  selenium,  and  is  classed 
with  them  by  some  writers.  Miller. 

t Tellurium  is  a poor  conductor  of  beat  and  elec- 
trictity,  brittle,  crystallizable,  is  distillable  at  a high 
temperature,  burns,  when  highly  heated  in  the  air, 
with  a lively  blue  flame,  and  diffuses  a dense  white 
smoke.  It  is  more  titan  six  times  as  heavy  as  water. 
dlliUer.  Graham. 

Graphic  tellurium,  a very  sectile  mineral,  sometimes 
crystalline,  sometimes  massive,  of  a metallic  lustre, 
anti  consisting  essentially  of  tellurium,  gold,  and  sil- 
ver ; — so  called  in  allusion  to  its  crystals  being  ar- 
ranged like  writing  characters  It  is  a valuable  ore  of 
gold.  Dana.  —Tellurium  salts, (Chem.)  a group  of  salts, 
composed  of  two  tellurides,  analogous  to  sulphur-salts, 
in  v hicll  tellurium  performs  the  s mm  function  as  ox- 
ygen in  oxysalts  ; — called  also  tclluri-salts.  Milter. 

TEL-LUTU-UM-GLANCE,  n.  (Mill.)  An  opaque, 
sectile,  blackish,  lead-grav  mineral,  sometimes 
crystallized,  generally  foliated,  of  a splendent 
lustre,  and  consisting  of  tellurium,  sulphur, 


Newtonian  telescope. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  !,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  IIEIR,  IIER; 


TELLUUOUS 


1485 


TEMPLE 


lead,  and  gold; — called  also  black  tclhr  m, 
foliated  tellurium,  bi-telluret  of  lead,  and  unvya- 
qite.  Dana. 

TEL'LU-ROUS,  a.  ( Chem .)  Noting  an  acid  com- 
posed of  two  equivalents  of  oxygen  and  one  of 
tellurium.  It  has  a bitter,  metallic  taste,  and 
combines  with  alkalies.  Miller. 

TEL'O-TYPE,  n.  [Gr.  rijlr,  afar  off,  and  tvttos,  the 
mark  of  a blow,  an  impress.]  A printing,  elec- 
tric telegraph.  Simmonds. 

TE'LUM,  n.  [L.,  a weapon,  a dart. ] The  thir- 
teenth or  last  segment  of  insects.  Maunder. 

TEMEJf,  n.  A measure  for  grain  of  Tripoli,  con- 
taining nearly  six  gallons.  Simmonds. 

TEM-ER-A'RI-OUS,  a.  [L.  temerarius ; It.  Sp. 
temerario ; Fr.  timiraire.  — Perhaps  from  the 
same  root  as  L.  temno,  to  slight.  Wm.  Smith.] 

1.  Unduly  regardless  of  danger  ; unreasona- 
bly adventurous;  foolhardy;  rash.  L’ Estrange. 

2.  Wanting  in  forethought ; thoughtless;  in- 
considerate ; careless  ; heedless,  [r.]  Ray. 

TEM-JJR-A'RI-OUS-LY,  ad.  Rashly  ; without 
heed;  thoughtlessly;  inconsiderately.  [R.]Stm/if. 

f TEM-ER-A'TION,  n.  Temerity.  Bp.  Taylor. 

TJJ-MER'I-TY,  n.  [L.  temeritas ; temero,  by 
chance,  rashly  ; It.  temerita  ; Sp.  temeridad  ; 
Fr.  temeriti.]  Excessive  or  undue  boldness  ; 
unreasonable  contempt  of  danger  ; rashness  ; 
foolhardiness  ; precipitancy. 

It  is  notorious  temerity  to  pass  sentence  upon  grounds  un- 
capable  of  evidence.  Barrow. 

Syn.  — See  Rashness. 

f TEM'y-IIOUS,  a.  Rash.  Uncertain  Authors. 

TEMJN,  n.  A money  of  account  in  Algiers,  equal 
to  about  forty  cents.  Ed.  Ency. 

TEM-PE'AN,  a.  (Geoi /.)  Relating  to,  or  like, 

Tempe,  a valley  in  ''Aessaly ; delightful.  Clarke. 

TEM'PJJR,  v.  a.  [L.  tempero  ; tempus,  time  (Gr. 
rlfiva,  to  cut  off) ; It.  temperare  ; Sp.  temperar ; 
Fr.  temperer.]  [t.  tempered  ; pp.  tempering, 

TEMPERED.] 

1.  To  mix  in  due  proportion ; to  mix  so  that 
one  part  qualifies  the  other ; to  qualify. 

I shall  temper  so 

Justice  with  mercy  as  may  illustrate  most 

Them  fully  satisfied,  and  thee  appease.  Milton. 

2.  To  form  by  mixing;  to  compound. 

The  queen,  sir,  very  oft  importuned  me 

To  temper  poisons  for  her.  Shale. 

3.  To  accommodate  ; to  adapt ; to  suit ; to  fit. 

God  tempers  the  wind  to  the  shorn  lamb.  Sterne. 

4.  To  moderate;  to  restrain;  to  mollify;  to 
assuage  ; to  appease  ; to  pacify  ; to  soothe. 

With  this  "she  wants  to  temper  angry  Jove.  Spenser. 

5.  To  bring  to  a proper  consistence. 

And  temper  clay  with  blood  of  Englishmen.  Shak. 

6.  To  bring  to  a proper  degree  of  hardness 

or  elasticity,  as  a metal,  by  thrusting  it  when 
hot  into  cold  water.  Boyle. 

7.  {Mus.)  To  modify  or  equalize,  as  the  tones 
of  an  instrument,  so  as  to  distribute  the  im- 
perfections as  uniformly  as  possible  among  the 
different  intervals.  — See  Temperament. 

8.  f To  rule  ; to  govern;  to  manage.  Spenser. 

Syn.  — See  Qualify. 

f TEM'PER,  v.  n.  To  accord  ; to  agree. 

Few  men  rightly  temper  with  the  stars.  Shak. 

TEM'PER,  n.  1.  Due  mixture  of  different  quali- 
ties or  components  ; state  of  being  tempered. 

Health  itself  is  but  a kind  of  temper,  gotten  and  preserved 
by  a convenient  mixture  of  contrarieties.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  Constitution  or  natural  condition  of  body  ; 

temperament.  Burnet. 

3.  Constitutional  frame  of  mind  ; mental  dis- 
position or  constitution  ; humor. 

Remember  with  what  mild 

And  gracious  temper  he  both  heard  and  .judged.  Milton. 

From  nature  he  [Johnson]  had  received  an  uncouth  figure, 
a diseased  constitution,  and  an  irritable  temper.  Macaulay. 

4.  Calmness  of  mind ; moderation ; equa- 
nimity ; tranquillity  ; composure. 

Teach  me,  like  thee,  in  various  nature  wise, 

To  fall  with  dignity,  with  temper  rise.  Tope. 

5.  Middle  course  ; mean  or  medium. 


6.  State  to  which  metals,  particularly  steel, 
are  reduced,  in  respect  to  hardness  or  elasticity. 

These  needles  should  have  a due  temper.  Sharp. 

7.  Passion  ; anger  ; irritation. 

This  sense  does  not  appear  to  be  authorized  by 
the  English  lexicographers,  except  some  of  tile  re- 
cent ones,  as  Smart,  Craig,  &c.  Rut  the  word  is 
often  used  in  this  sense  in  tile  United  States,  and 
sometimes  in  England,  as  in  the  following  passage: 
“ This  admission  favors  the  editor’s  opinion  tiiat 
Johnson,  when  the  first  ebullition  of  temper  had  sub- 
sided, felt  that  he  had  been  unreasonably  violent.”  — 
John  JV.  Croker. 

8.  An  alkaline  substance,  as  lime  in  the 

West  Indies,  or  wood-ashes  in  Brazil,  used  in 
making  sugar,  for  the  purpose  of  clarifying  the 
cane-juice.  Simmonds. 

Syn. — See  Quality,  Disposition. 

TEM'PJJR-A-MENT,  n.  [L.  temperamenfum  ; It. 

Sp.  temperamento  ; Fr.  temperament.] 

1.  Constitution ; state  with  respect  to  the 
mixture  of  constituents  or  ingredients ; manner 
of  adaptation  of  component  parts. 

Bodies  are  denominated  hot  and  cold  in  proportion  to  the 
present  temperament  of  that  part  of  our  body  to  which  they 
are  applied.  Locke. 

Reduced  the  kingdom  to  its  just  state  and  temperament. 

Hate. 

2.  fA  middle  term  reached  by  mutual  con- 
cession ; compromise  ; medium.  Milton.  Hale. 

3.  Mental  constitution  ; general  state,  frame, 
or  disposition  of  the  mind ; temper. 

As  character  comprises  the  entire  sphere  of  the  educated 
will,  so  temperament  is  nothing  else  than  the  sum  of  our  nat- 
ural inclinations  and  tendencies.  Feuchtersleben. 

4.  (Med.)  Natural  organization  of  body  ; 

bodily  constitution  ; — formerly  supposed  to  de- 
pend upon  the  mixture  of  four  humors  of  the 
body,  then  generally  admitted,  — blood,  lymph, 
bile,  and  atrabilis  or  black  bile.  Dunglison. 

5.  ( Mus .)  The  accommodation  or  adjustment 

of  the  imperfect  sounds,  by  transferring  a part 
of  their  defects  to  the  more  perfect  ones,  in  or- 
der to  remedy,  in  some  degree,  the  false  inter- 
vals of  fixed-toned  instruments,  as  the  organ, 
harpsichord,  piano-forte,  &c.  Moore. 

Syn.  — See  Temperature. 

TEM-PER-A-MENT'AL,  a.  Relating  to  the  tem- 
perament ; constitutional,  [it.]  Broicne. 

TEM'PER-ANCE,  n.  [L.  temperantia  ; It.  tempe- 
ranza  ; Sp.  temperancia  ; Fr.  temperance.] 

1.  Moderation,  opposed  to  any  improper  in- 
dulgence, but  especially  to  drunkenness  and 
gluttony,  sobriety;  soberness. 

Observe 

The  rule  of  not  too  much,  by  temperance  taught, 

In  what  thou  eat’st  and  drink’st.  Milton. 

2.  Patience;  calmness;  sedateness;  moder- 
ation of  passion  ; contentment. 

Ask  God  for  temperance , that’s  the  appliance  only 

Which  your  disease  requires.  Shak. 

3.  f Temperature. 

It  [the  island]  must  needs  be  of  subtle  and  delicate  temper- 
ance. shak. 

Syn.  — See  Abstinence. 

t TEM'P$R-AN-CY,  n.  Temperance.  Udal. 

TEM'PER-ATE,  a.  [L.  temperatus ; It.  temper ato.] 

1.  Not  excessive  ; moderate  in  degree  or  in- 
tensity. “ Use  a temperate  heat.”  Bacon. 

2.  Not  passionate;  free  from  anger  or  excite- 
ment ; sober  ; dispassionate  ; calm. 

Such  temperate  order  in  so  fierce  a cause 

Doth  want  example.  Shak. 

3.  Moderate  in  eating  and  drinking,  or  in 

self-indulgence  ; abstemious.  Wiseman. 

Temperate  zone.  See  Zone, 

Syn.  — See  Abstemious. 

TEM'PER- ATE,  v.  a.  To  temper,  [r.]  Pope. 

TEM'PER- ATE-LY,  ad.  In  a temperate  manner; 
moderately  ; without  excess  : — without  pas- 
sion : — abstemiously  ; without  self-indulgence. 

By  winds  that  temperately  blow. 

The  bark  should  pass  secure  and  slow.  Adc/ieon. 

TEM'PER-ATE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
temperate ; moderateness.  Daniel. 

TEM'PER-A-TIVE,  a.  [L.  tempera, tivus  ; It . tem- 
perativo.]  Having  power  to  temper.  Granger. 

TEM'PER- A-TURE,  n.  [L.,  It.,  $ Sp.  tempera- 
tura  ; Fr.  temperature.] 

1.  Constitution  or  state;  due  mixture  of 
qualities  ; composition  ; quality. 


Memory  depends  upon  the  consistence  and  the  tempera- 
ture of  the  brain.  jj'u tts. 

2.  f Moderation  ; freedom  from  passion. 

In  that  proud  port,  which  her  so  goodly  grace  til, 

Most  goodly  temperature  you  may  descry.  Spenser. 

3.  That  modification  of  heat  which  is  per- 

ceptible to  the  senses,  or  can  be  measured  by 
the  thermometer  or  pyrometer ; the  state  or 
condition  of  a body  relative  to  its  power  of  ex- 
citing the  sensation  of  heat  or  cold,  and  pro- 
ducing expansion  ; the  energy  with  which  the 
heat  in  a body  tends  to  transfer  itself  to  other 
bodies  ; free  or  uncombined  heat ; a definite  de- 
gree of  sensible  heat.  Miller.  Henry. 

Syn. — Temperature  is  applied  to  the  atmosphere  ; 
temperament  to  persons  or  animal  bodies.  Tlio  tem- 
perature of  the  air  ; a man  of  sanguine,  lymphatic, 
choleric,  atrabilious,  or  melancholic  temperament. 

TEM'PJJRED  (tem'perd),  p.  a.  1.  Disposed  as  to 
the  temper.  “ Ungently  tempered .”  Shak. 

2.  ( Mas .)  Regulated  as  to  pitch.  Dwight. 

TEM'PER-ING,  n.  ( Metallurgy .)  The  preparing 
of  steel  or  iron,  so  as  to  render  them  harder  or 
softer,  as  may  be  required,  and  which  is  effected 
by  heating  the  metal  and  cooling  it  more  or 
less  rapidly.  Davis. 

TEM'PfJST,  n.  [L.  tempestas,  a season,  a tem- 
pest; tempus,  time;  It.  tempestif,  Sp.  tetnpe- 
stad ; Fr.  tcmpetc.  — From  Gr.  rip,  the  root  of 
ripvoi,  to  cut.  Wm.  Smith.] 

1.  A violent  agitation  of  the  wind,  usually 
accompanied  with  thunder,  lightning,  rain,  hail, 
or  snow  ; a violent  storm  ; a gale  ; a hurricane. 

With  clouds  and  storms 

Around  thee  thrown,  tempest  on  tempest  rolled. 

Thou  humblest  uature  with  thy  northern  blast.  Thomson . 

2.  A violent  commotion ; a tumult ; great 
perturbation ; turmoil ; disturbance. 

These  long  storms  and  tempests  of  wars.  Udal. 

The  tempest  in  my  mind 

Docs  from  my  senses  take  all  feeling  else.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Wind. 

f TEM'I’EST,  v.  n.  [ It.  tempestare ; Fr.  tcmpetcr.] 

1.  To  storm;  to  be  tempestuous.  Sttndys. 

2.  To  pour  a tempest.  B.  Jonson. 

TEM'PIJST,  v.  a.  To  disturb  as  by  a tempest,  [it.] 

The  huge  dolphin  tempesting  the  main.  Pope. 

TEM'PIJST—  BEAT'EN  (-bs'tn),  a.  Beaten  by  a 
tempest  or  by  storms.  Dryden. 

t T^M-PES'TI  VE,  a.  [L.  tempe  stivers'.  It.  A-  Sp. 
tempestivo.]  Seasonable;  timely.  Scott. 

f TEM-PES'TI  VE-LY,  ad.  Seasonably.  Burton. 

f TEM-ryS-TIV'I-TY,  n.  [L.  tempestivitas.]  Sea- 
sonableness ; timeliness.  Broicne. 

TEM'PEST-TOST,  a.  Tost  or  driven  about  by  a 
tempest,  as  a ship.  Shak. 

TEM-PEST'U-OUS  (tem-pest'yu-us),  a.  [L.  tem- 
pest uos  us  ; It.  tempestoso  ; Fr.  tempetuevx.] 

1.  Abounding  in  tempests  ; very  stormy  or 
wind}'.  “ High  tempestuous  gusts.”  Shak. 

2.  Turbulent ; tumultuous  ; impetuous. 

Tempestuous  fortune  hath  spent  all  her  spite.  Spenser. 

TpM-PEST'U-OUS-LY,  ad.  Turbulently  ; as  in  a 
tempest ; tumultuously  ; impetuously.  Milton. 

TJSM-PEST'y-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
tempestuous  or  stormy.  Clarke. 

TEM'PLAR,  n.  1.  One  of  a religious  military 
order  founded  in  the  beginning  of  the  twelfth 
century  by  nine  French  knights  for  the  protec- 
tion of  pilgrims  visiting  the  Holy  Land,  and 
afterwards  having  for  its  chief  object  the  pro- 
tection of  the  Holy  Sepulchre.  P.  Cyc. 

fit- g»  The  Templars  took  their  name  from  the  Temple 
at  Jerusalem,  near  which  they  were  at  first  housed. 
They  increased  rapidly  in  numbers  and  power,  anil 
for  more  than  a hundred  and  seventy  years  formed 
the  most  renowned  Christian  troops  that  fought 
against  the  Infidels  in  the  East.  They  extended  over 
all  Europe,  although,  after  the  expulsion  of  the  Chris- 
tians from  Palestine  in  1192,  Cyprus  became  their  prin- 
cipal seat.  They  were  finally  broken  up  by  Philip 
IV.  of  France,  and  Pope  Clement  V.,  in  1312.  They 
were  called  also  Knights  Templars,  Knights  of  the 
Temple , and  Soldiery  of  the  Temple.  P.  Cyc. 

2.  A student  at  law  ; — so  called  from  an  inn 
of  court,  established  in  the  Temple,  a house  in 
London,  which  anciently  belonged  to  the 
Knights  Templars.  [England.]  Pope. 

TEM'PLATE,  n.  {Arch.)  A templet.  Tomlinson. 

TEM'PLE  (tem'pl),  n.  [I,,  templum  ; It.  tempio  ; 


The  present  clergy’s  wishes  reach  no  further  than  that 
some  reasonable  temper  had  been  used,  instead  of  pari 
them  so  quick.  Swift. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  DULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — C,  £,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  ij  as 


X as  gz. — Tills,  this. 


TEMPLE 


1480 


TENABLENESS 


Sp.  templo  ; Fr.  temple. — From  Gr.  rep, — the 
root  of  rifxvu),  to  cut.] 

1.  A place  or  a building  dedicated  to  the  ser- 
vice of  some  heathen  deity. 

49*  The  structure  to  which  this  term  is  applied  is 
of  comparatively  modern  date,  for  the  earliest  kind 
of  temples  were  open  spots  with  a rude  altar  of  earth 
and  stones.  The  Celtic  temples  were  generally  circles 
of  rude  stones.  Those  of  Egypt  were  formed  by  mas- 
sive walls  and  columns,  and  enclosed  one,  two,  or 
more  open  courts.  Some  of  the  most  celebrated  Gre- 
cian and  Roman  temples  were  those  of  the  Parthenon 
(to  Minerva)  at  Athens,  of  Diana  at  Ephesus,  of  Apol- 
lo at  Delphi,  of  Jupiter  at  Olympia,  of  Venus  at  Pa- 
phos and  at  Cythcra,  and  that  of  the  Capitoline  Jupi- 
ter at  Rome.  Braude.  Britton. 

2.  The  building  erected  for  the  worship  of 

God  by  Solomon  at  Jerusalem,  and  since  sev- 
eral times  renewed;  — emphatically  denomi- 
nated the  Temple.  Branch. 

3.  The  Jewish  tabernacle,  [it.]  1 Bam.  i.  9. 

49* The  Hebrews  before  Solomon  could  not  prop- 
erly be  said  to  have  had  a temple ; yet  they  did  not 
scruple  by  the  temple  to  describe  the  tabernacle.  Cal- 
met. 

4.  A building  dedicated  to  Christian  worship  ; 
a church. 

What  though  he  made  a temple,  God’s  house?  Chaucer. 

5.  One  of  the  two  English  inns  of  court, 
called  the  Inner  Temple  and  the  Middle  Temple. 

4®*  They  were  so  called,  because  anciently  occu- 
pied as  the  residence  of  the  Knights  Templars,  on  the 
suppression  of  which  order  they  were  purchased  by 
some  professors  of  the  common  law,  and  converted 
into  inns  of  court.  They  are  called  the  Inner  and 
.Middle  Temple , in  relation  to  Essex  House,  which  was 
also  a part  of  the  house  of  t' .e  Templars,  and  called 
the  Outer  Temple , because  situated  without  Temple 
Bar.  Loud.  Encij. 

Syn.  — Sec  Church. 

TEM'PLE  (tem'pl),  n.  [L.  tempus , time  ; It.  tern - 
pia,  temples  ; Fr.  tempe.]  ( Anat .)  A depres- 
sion on  each  side  of  the  head,  between  the  fore- 
head and  the  eye  anteriorly  and  the  ear  posteri- 
orly : — usually  in  the  plural.  Dunglison. 

49“  The  word  is  said  to  be  derived  from  the  Latin 
tempus , time,  because  in  this  part  the  hair  first  begins 
to  turn  white,  and  to  indicate  age.  Dunglison. 

f TEM'PLE,  v.  a.  To  erect  a temple  to,  or  in 
honor  of.  Feltham. 

TEM'PLpT,  n.  (Arch.)  1.  A pattern-plate  used 
by  artisans,  especially  for  the  formation  of 

curved  works.  Tomlinson. 

2.  A piece  of  timber  or  of  stone  laid  under  a 
beam  or  girder  to  distribute  the  weight.  Branch. 

TEJYI'PO,  n.  [It.]  (Mus.)  Time.  Moore. 

TEM'PO-RAL,  a.  [L . temporalis  \ It.  temporalc  \ 
Sp.  temporal ; Fr.  temporel.] 

1.  Relating  to,  or  measured  by,  time ; en- 
during for  a time;  — opposed  to  eternal. 

All  things  which  beneath  the  moon  have  being 

Are  temporal , and  subject  to  decay.  Spenser. 

2.  Pertaining  to  this  world,  or  to  this  life  ; 

secular  ; — opposed  to  ecclesiastical  and  to  spir- 
itual. “ Temporal  power.”  Swift. 

Temporal  augment,  (Greek  Gram.)  See  AUGMENT. 

Syn.  — See  Secular. 

TEM'PO-RAL,  a.  [L.  temporalis ; Fr  .temporal.’] 
Placed  at,  or  relating  to,  the  temples.  “ Tem- 
poral bone.”  “ Temporal  muscle.”  Dunglison. 

TEM'PO-RAL,  n.  Any  thing  temporal ; a secular 
possession.  Ropers. 

TEM-PO-RAL'r-TY,  n. ; pi.  temporalities.  [L. 
temporalities,  present  custom;  Fr.  temporalite .] 

1.  (Eng.  Law.)  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
temporary ; — opposed  to  perpetuity  .Bp.  Taylor. 

2.  f The  laity.  Sir  T.  More. 

3.  pi.  The  revenues,  tenements,  &c.,  of  bish- 
ops, with  which  their  churches  are  endowed,  or 
permitted  to  be  endowed,  by  the  sovereign,  and 
in  virtue  of  which  they  become  barons  and  lords 
of  Parliament ; secular  possessions.  Blackstone. 

TEM'PO-RAL-LY,  ad.  With  respect  to  time,  or 
to  this  life.  “ Temporally  happy.”  South. 

TEM'PO-R  AL-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  tem- 
poral ; secularity ; worldliness,  [n.]  Cotyrave. 

TEM'PO-RAL-TY,  n.  Temporality,  [r.]  Vdal. 

t TEM-PO-RA'NlJ-OfjS,  a.  [L.  temporaneus.' ) 
T emporary . Martin.  Hallyioell. 


TEM'PO-RA-RI-Ly,  ad.  For  a time.  Godwin. 

TEM'PO-R  A-Rt-NESS,  il.  The  state  of  being 
temporary.  Johnson. 

TEM'PO-RA-RY,  a.  [L.  temporarius  ; tempus,  a 
time  ; It* <Sf  Sp.  temporario  ; Fr.  temporaire .] 
Lasting  only  for  a limited  time  ; not  of  long  du- 
ration ; not  permanent ; transitory.  Barrow. 

Syn. — Temporary  characterizes  that  which  lasts 
only  for  a time,  and  is  opposed  to  permanent ; transi- 
tory, That  which  is  liable  soon  to  pass  away  ; transient, 
that  which  is  of  only  momentary  duration.  A tempo- 
rary measure  or  office  ; a transitory  pleasure ; a tran- 
sient or  momentary  feeling  or  view  ; fleeting  days. 

TEM-PO-RI-ZA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  temporizing. 

Charges  of  temporization  and  compliance.  Johnson. 

TEM'PO-RlZE,  v.  n.  [It.  temporeyyiare  ; Sp.  tem- 
porizar;  Fr.  temporiser.]  [t.  temporized  ; pp. 

TEMPORIZING,  TEMPORIZED.] 

1.  To  delay  ; to  procrastinate  ; to  wait. 

Well,  you  will  temporize  with  the  hours.  Shale. 

2.  To  comply  with  times  and  occasions;  to 
conform  to  circumstances: — to  trim. 

They  might  their  grievance  inwardly  complain, 

But  outwardly  they  needs  must  temporize.  Daniel. 

3.  f To  comply;  to  he  influenced. 

The  dauphin  is  too  wilful  opposite, 

And  will  not  temporize  with  my  entreaties.  Shah. 

TEM'PO-RlZ-f.R,  n.  [Fr.  temporiseur .]  One  who 
temporizes  or  complies  with  the  time  or  occa- 
sion ; a trimmer  ; a timeserver.  Burton. 

Syn.  — See  Timeserver. 

TEM'PO-RIZ-ING,  p.  a.  Complying  with  the  time 
or  occasion;  timeserving. 

TEM'PO-RIZ-ING,  n.  A yielding  to,  or  compli- 
ance with,  the  time  or  occasion.  Holland. 

TEM'PO-RlZ-ING-LY,  ad.  In  a temporizing  man- 
ner ; by  temporizing.  Clarke. 

TEM'PO-RO— FA'CIAL  (-sli9I),  a.  [L.  tempus, 

temporis,  the  temples,  and  facies,  the  face.] 
(Anat.)  Pertaining  to  the  temple  and  to  the  face. 
“ Temporo-facial  nerves.”  Dunglison. 

TEMPT  (tcint),  v.  a.  [L.  tento,  tempto,  to  try,  to 
tempt ; tendo  (Gr.  r ciroi),  to  stretch  ; It.  tentare  ; 
Sp.  tentar ; Fr.  tenter.']  ft.  tempted  ; pp.  tempt- 
ing, TEMPTED.] 

1.  To  try  ; to  prove ; to  put  to  trial ; to  test. 

“ God  did  tempt  Abraham.”  Gen.  xxii.  1. 

lie  staid  his  hand,  and  gnn  himself  advise 

To  prove  his  sense,  and  tempt  her  feigned  truth.  Spenser. 

2.  To  attempt;  to  venture  on  ; to  essay. 

Ere  leave  be  given  to  tempt  the  nether  skies.  Dryclen. 

3.  To  entice  or  solicit  to  ill  ; to  incite  by  pre- 
senting inducements  of  pleasure  or  advantage. 

Every  nun  is  tempted  when  lie  is  drawn  away  of  his  own 
lust  and  enticed.  James  i.  14. 

My  Lady  Grey  tempts  him  to  this  harsh  extremity.  Shak. 

4.  To  provoke  ; to  incite  ; to  instigate. 

Tempt  not  the  brave  and  needy  to  despair.  Drydcn. 

5.  To  solicit  or  draw  ; to  induce ; to  allure. 

Still  his  strength  concealed. 

Which  tempted  our  attempt,  and  wrought  our  fall.  Hilton. 

Syn. — Sec  Allure,  Try. 

TEMPT- A-BlL'I-TY  (tSmt-f-bll'e-te),  n.  The  qual- 
ity of  being  temptable.  Coleridge. 

TEMPT'A-TLE  (temt'j-bl),  a.  That  may  be 
tempted;  liable  to  temptation.  Swift. 

TEMP-TA'TION  (tem-ta'shun),  n.  [L.  tentatio ; 
It.  tentazione ; Sp .tentacion;  Fr.  tentation.] 

1.  The  act  of  tempting,  or  the  state  of  being 
tempted  ; enticement  or  solicitation  to  evil. 
“ Lead  us  not  into  temptation.”  Lord's  Prayer. 

All  temptation  to  transgress  repel.  Milton. 

"When  ..  . you  are  led  into  temptations,  prayer  is  the  thread 
to  bring  you  out  of  this  labyrinth.  Duppa. 

2.  That  by  which  one  is  tempted  ; allurement. 

Dare  to  be  great  without  a guilty  crown; 

View  it,  and  lay  the  bright  temptation  down.  Drydcn. 

Syn.  — See  Allurement. 

TUMP-TA'TION-LESS,  a.  Having  no  tempta- 
tion or  motive,  [it.]  Hammond. 

TpMP-TA'TIOI’S  (-sluts),  a.  That  tempts;  tempt- 
ing. [Local,  Eng.]  Wright. 

TEMPT'IJR  (temt'er),  n.  One  who  tempts  ; one 
who  solicits  or  entices  to  ill ; — emphatically  the 
infernal  solicitor  to  evil ; Satan. 


The  tempter  or  the  tempted,  who  6ins  most?  Shak. 

She ’s  now  the  tempter  to  ensnare  his  heart.  Drydcn. 
To  this  high  mountain’s  top  the  tempter  brought 
Our  Saviour.  Hilton. 

TEMPT'JNG  (temt'jng),y?.  a.  That  tempts.  Shak. 

TEMPT'JNG-Ly  (temt'jng-le),  ad.  So  as  to  tempt 
or  entice ; enticingly.  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

TEMPT'ING-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  state  of 
being  tempting.  Clarke. 

TEMPT'RIJSS  (tem'tres),  n.  She  that  tempts.  Ford. 

TEMSE  (terns),  n.  [Fr . tamis ; tamiser,  to  sift  ] 
A sieve  ; — written  also  terns,  and  tempse.  [Ob- 
solete, or  Local,  Eng.]  Tusser.  ’lodd. 

TEMSE  (terns),  a.  Sifted;  as,  “ Temse- bread.” 

TEMSE'-BREAD  (tems'bred),  ) Bread  made 

TEMSED'— BREAD  (temst'bred),  ) of  finely-sifted 
flour,  [k.]  South.  Bailey. 

t TEM  U-LENCE,  ) n.  [L.  temulentia.]  Drunken- 

t TeSI'U-LEN-CY,  ) ness;  inebriation.  Bul/okar. 

f TEM'U-LENT,  a.  [L.  tcmulentus.]  Inebriated  ; 
intoxicated;  drunk.  Bailey. 

f TEM'U-LENT-IVE,  a.  Drunken.  Junius. 

TEN,  a.  [M.  Goth,  taihun ; A.  S.  tyn,  ten  ; 
Frs.  tia.n ; Dut.  tien ; Old  Gcr.  zehun,  zin\  Gcr. 
zehn  ; Dan.  ti  ; Sw.  tio  ; Icel.  tin.  ■ — Gr.  oisa  ; 
L.  dccem\  It.  died-,  Sp.  dice ; Fr.  dix.  — The 
origin  of  Ger.  zehen,  zehn,  L.  dccem,  is  best  ex- 
plained by  the  Old  Ger.  and  M.  Goth,  tai  hund 
or  head ; that  is,  the  old  article  thai,  the,  and 
hand,  hend,  hands,  both  the  hands  or  ten  fin- 
gers, by  which  they  numbered  or  counted,  as 
children  still  do.  Jakel.  — Tooke  thinks  it  is 
the  past  participle  of  A.  S.  tynan,  to  enclose,  to 
encompass.  He  observes,  “ It  is  in  the  highest 
degree  probable  that  all  numeration  was  origi- 
nally performed  by  the  fingers,  the  usual  resort 
of  the  ignorant,  for  the  number  of  the  fingers  is 
still  the  utmost  extent  of  numeration.  The 
hands  doubled,  closed,  shut  in,  include  and  con- 
clude all  number,  and  might  therefore  well  be 
denominated  tyn  or  ten.”]  Nine  and  one  ; twice 
five. 

UQf  Ten  is  a proverbial  number,  used  indefinitely 
for  a great  many  ; as,  “ Ten  times  the  gift.”  Dryden. 

TEN,  n.  1.  The  number  of  nine  and  one.  Shak. 

2.  A symbol  representing  ten  units  ; as  10. 

|]  TEN-A-BIL'I-TY,  n.  Tenableness.  Forster. 

II  TEN'A-BLE  [ten'?-bl,  IF.  P.  J.  E.  F.  K.  Sm.  R. 

1 Vb.  ; te'nj-bl,  S.  Ja.  Hares],  a.  [Fr.  tenable-, 
tenir  (L.  teneo ),  to  hold.]  That  may  be  held, 
maintained,  or  defended  ; defensible. 

The  town  was  strong  of  itself,  and  wanted  no  industry  to 
fortify  and  make  it  tenable.  Bacon. 

49=*  “ The  quantity  of  e,  in  the  first  syllable  of  this 
word,  and  its  relatives  tenet.,  tenor , and  tenure , is  one 
of  the  most  puzzling  difficulties  of  pronunciation. 
IIow  differently  this  letter  is  pronounced  by  different 
speakers,  may  he  gathered  from  a view  of  those  ortho- 
epists  who  have  marked  the  quantity  of  the  vowels : — 


Sheridan , 

te'na-ble, 

te'net, 

ten 'or, 

tenure. 

Ken  rick, 

ten'a-ble. 

ten'et, 

ten'or. 

tenure. 

Mares, 

tc'na-ble, 

— 

ten  or, 

tenure. 

Ash , 

te'na-ble. 

te'net, 

ten'or, 

tenure. 

Scoff, 

ten'a-ble. 

te'net, 

ten'or, 

te'nure. 

Entick , 

te'na-ble, 

ten'et, 

ten'or, 

tenure. 

Perry, 

ten'a-ble. 

ten'et. 

ten'or, 

ten'u  re. 

Jlr.  Johnston, 

te'na-ble. 

te'net, 

ten'or, 

te'nure. 

Buchanan, 

ten'a-ble, 

— 

ten'or, 

ten'ure. 

Fry, 

te'na-ble, 

ten'et, 

ten'or, 

te'nure. 

Smith, 

— 

te'net, 

— 

— 

Eljihinston. 

— 

— 

ten'or. 

— 

“ From  this 

survey  of 

our  dictionaries. 

we  find 

them  uniform  only  in  the  word  tenor.  They  are 
nearly  equally  divided  on  the  word  tenet ; and,  if 
similitude  were  to  decide,  it  would  be  clearly  in  favor 
of  the  short  vowel,  in  this  word  as  well  as  in  tenor. 
They  are  both  Latin  words,  and  both  have  the  vowel 
short  in  the  original.  This,  however,  is  no  reason, 
with  those  who  understand  the  analogy  of  English 
pronunciation,  (for  tremor , minor , &.C.,  have  the  first 
vowel  short  in  Latin,)  but  it  sufficiently  shows  the 
partiality  of  the  ear  to  the  short  vowel  in  words  of 
this  form,  as  is  evident  in  the  word  tenant ."  Walker. 


The  following  table  exhibits  a view  of  the  pronun- 
ciation of  tenable , tenet , and  tenure , by  the  principal 
English  orthoepists  subsequent  to  Walker:  — 


Ten'a-ble, 1 

W. 

1\ 

J. 

E. 

F. 

IA'. 

Sm. 

P. 

jrb. 

Tc'na-ble \S. 

Ja. 

W. 

P. 

J. 

E. 

F. 

Sm. 

n. 

Wb. 

Te'net \S. 

F. 

Ja.  \K. 

P. 

E. 

Ja.  \K. 

Sm. 

I Vb. 

Te'nure IS. 

II'. 

J. 

F. 

1 

R. 

II  TEN'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Tenability.  Ash. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long  ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short ; 


A,  J?,  L Q,  V,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; 


IIEIR,  HER; 


TENACE 


1487 


TEND RAC 


TEN' ACE,  n.  In  whist,  the  possession  by  a 
player  of  the  best  and  third-best  cards,  lie  being 
the  last  player,  and  the  opponent  being  obliged 
to  lose  the  last  trick,  whatever  card  of  the  suit 
may  be  played.  Hoyle. 

TE-NA'CIOUS  (te-na'shus),  a.  [L.  tenax,  tenacis  ; 
teneo,  to  hold  ; It.  tenace  ; Sp.  tenaz  ; Fr.  tenace.] 

1.  Holding  fast  or  tight ; — used  with  of. 

The  badger  is  said  to  be  so  tenacious  of'  his  bite,  that  he 
will  not  give  over  his  hold  till  he  feels  his  teeth  meet  and  the 
bone  crack.  Howell. 

He  is  tenacious  of  his  own  property.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  Able  to  retain  ; retaining ; retentive. 

The  memory  in  some  is  very  tenacious.  Locke. 

3.  Adhesive  or  cohesive  ; glutinous  ; viscous. 

The  wax  is  a ductile,  tenacious  paste.  Puley. 

4.  Niggardly  ; close-fisted.  Ainsworth. 

5.  Obstinate  ; stubborn  ; opinionative.  lloyet. 

Tfl-NA'CIOUS-LY  (te-na'slius-le),  ad.  In  a tena- 
cious manner  ; adhesively.  Glanvitt. 

TJJ-NA'CIOUS-NESS  (te-na'shus-nes),  n.  The  qual- 
ity of  being  tenacious  ; tenacity.  Search. 

TJJ-NA9'I-TY  (te-nas'e-te),  n.  [L.  tenacitas ; It. 
tenacity ; Sp.  tenacidad ; Fr.  tenacite.]  The 

state  or  the  quality  of  being  tenacious ; adhe- 
siveness or  cohesiveness.  Browne. 

TE-JtAc'  U-LZjM,  n.  [L.,  an  instrument  for 
holding.]  (Surg.)  An  instrument  consisting  of 
a fine  hook  attached  to  a handle,  which  is 
thrust  through  the  parietes  of  a blood-vessel,  to 
draw  it  out,  so  as  to  be  tied.  Dunglison. 

f TEN'A-CY,  n.  [Low  L.  tenacia  ; from  L.  teneo, 
to  hold.]  Tenacity  ; tenaciousness.  Barrow. 

TENBILLE  (te-nal'),  n.  [Fr.,  a pair  of  tongs,  a 
tenaille ; tenir  (L.  teneo),  to  hold.]  (Fort.)  A 
low  work  in  the  ditch  between  two  bastions, 
covering  the  curtain.  Stocqueler. 

TENAILLON  (te-nal'yon),  n.  [Fr.]  (Fort.)  A 
kind  of  outwork  formerly  appended  to  the 
ravelin.  Stocqueler. 

TEN'AN-CY,  n.  [Low  L.  tenentia ; L.  teneo,  to 
hold  ; Sp.  tenencia .]  (Law.)  State  of  a tenant ; 
the  holding,  nr  the  mode  of  holding,  an  estate  : 
— in  old  English  law,  a house  of  habitation,  or 
a place  to  live  in,  held  of  another.  Burrill. 

TEN'ANT,  n.  [Fr.,  from  tenir  (L.  teneo),  to  hold.] 

1.  (Law.)  One  who  holds  or  possesses  lands 

or  tenements  by  any  kind  of  title,  either  in  fee, 
for  life,  for  years,  or  at  will ; one  who  has  tem- 
porary possession  and  use  of  lands  or  tenements 
which  are  the  property  of  another;  — the  cor- 
relative of  landlord.  Burrill. 

His  cheerful  tenants  bless  their  yearly  toil. 

Yet  to  their  lord  owe  more  than  to  the  soil.  Pope. 

2.  One  having  possession  of  any  plaoe  ; a 
dweller  ; an  occupant ; a resident. 

The  bear,  rough  tenant  of  these  shades.  Thomson. 

Tenant  in  capite , ( Feudal  & Old  Encr.  Law.)  tenant 
in  chief;  one  who  held  immediately  under  the  kiii£, 
in  right  of  his  crown  and  dignity.  — Tenant  hij  the 
curtesy , {Law.)  one  who,  on  the  death  of  his  wife 
seized  of  an  estate  of  inheritance,  after  having  hy  her 
issue  born  alive  and  capable  of  inheriting  her  estate, 
holds  the  lands  and  tenements  for  the  term  of  his 
life.  After  the  birth  of  the  issue,  and  before  the  death 
of  the  wife,  he  is  called  tenant  by  the  curtesy  initiate  ; 
after  the  death  of  the  wife,  tenant  by  the  curtesy  con- 
summate.— Tenant  in  dower , a woman  who  holds  the 
third  part  of  the  lands  and  tenements  of  which  her 
deceased  husband  was  seized,  for  the  term  of  her  life, 
as  her  dower.  Burrill. 

TEN'ANT,  v.  a.  \i.  tenanted  ; pp.  TENANTING, 
tenanted.]  To  hold  or  occupy  as  a tenant. 

Sir  Roger’s  estate  is  tenanted  by  persons  who  have  served 
him,  or  his  ancestors.  Addison. 

TEN'ANT-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  held  or  occu- 
pied by  a tenant;  fit  to  be  tenanted.  Suckling. 

TEN' ANT-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the 
quality  of  being  tenantable.  Ash. 

TEN'ANT-LESS,  a.  Having  no  tenant. 

Leave  not  the  mansion  so  long  tenantless.  Shak. 

TEN'ANT-RY,  n.  1.  The  body  of  tenants;  ten- 
ants collectively.  Knox. 

2.  Tenancy  ; the  state  of  a tenant.  Ridley. 

TEN'ANT— SOUL,  n.  A soul  occupying  the  body. 

Watts. 


TENCH,  n.  [L.  &;  It.  tin- 
ea..]  (Ich.)  A fish  of  the 
genus  Tinea,  allied  to  the 
carp,  but  having  smaller 
scales,  anti  a shorter  dor- 
sal fin.  Yarrell. 

TEND,  V.  a.  [L .attendo. — Tench. 

Contracted  from  attend.]  [/.  tended  ; pp.  tend- 
ing, TENDED.] 

1.  To  watch  ; to  guard  ; to  protect ; to  attend ; 
to  accompany  ; to  take  care  of. 

He  led  a rural  life,  and  had  command 

O’er  all  the  shepherds  who  about  those  vales 

Tended  their  numerous  flocks.  Dryden. 

Jeoly  had  been  sick  for  three  months;  in  alL  which  time  I 
tended  him  ...  as  if  he  had  been  my  brother.  Dumpier. 

2.  To  be  attentive  to  ; to  mind. 

Unsucked  of  lamb  or  kid  that  tend  their  play.  Milton. 

3.  (Naut.)  To  turn  or  swing  round,  as  a ves- 

sel, rvhen  at  single  anchor,  or  moored  by  the 
head  in  a tide-way,  at  the  beginning  of  the 
flood  or  ebb.  Mar.  Diet. 

4.  (Old  Eng.  Law.)  To  tender.  Cowell. 

TEND,  v.  n.  [From  attend .] 

1.  To  attend  ; to  wait ; to  be  attendant. 

Was  he  not  companion  with  the  riotous  knights 

That  tend  upon  my  father?  Shak. 

Threefold  vengeance  tend  upon  your  steps.  Shak. 

2.  fTo  await;  to  expect. 

The  bark  is  ready,  and  the  wind  at  help; 

The  associates  tend.  Shak. 

3.  To  attend ; to  mind  ; — followed  by  to. 

lend  to  the  master’s  whistle.  Shak. 

TEND,  v.  n.  [Gr.  rf/Vw,  to  stretch  ; I.,  tendo , to 
extend,  to  tend  ; It.  tendere , to  tend  ; Fr.  tendre.'] 

1.  To  move  in  a certain  direction  ; to  incline. 

To  these  abodes  our  fleet  Apollo  sends; 

Here  Dardanus  was  born,  and  hither  tends.  Dryden. 

2.  To  be  directed  to  any  end,  aim,  or  purpose. 

The  laws  of  our  religion  tend  to  the  universal  happiness  of 
mankind.  Tillotson. 

Many  times,  that  which  we  ask  would,  if  it  should  be 
granted,  be  worse  for  us,  and  perhaps  tend  to  our  destruc- 
tion. Hammond. 

f TEN'DANCE,  n.  1.  Attendance;  care;  state 
of  expectation.  “ So  long  tendance.”  Spenser. 

2.  Persons  in  attendance ; attendants. 

Ilis  lobbies  fill  with  tendance.  Shak. 

3.  The  act  of  tending;  ca;-e;  oversight. 

They  at  her  coming  sprung, 

And,  touched  by  her  fair  tendance , gladlier  grew.  Hilton. 

t TEN'DANCE,  n.  Tendency.  Harris. 

TEN'D^N-CY,  n.  The  act  of  tending ; inclina- 
tion ; propensity  ; direction  ; drift ; aim  ; course. 
The  tendencies  and  inclinations  of  body  and  spirit.  Watts . 

These  opinions  are  of  so  little  moment,  that,  like  motes  in 
the  sun,  their  tendencies  are  little  noticed.  Locke. 

Syn.  — Inclination  denotes  the  first  movement 
towards  an  object  ; tendency , a continued  inclination. 
Inclination  or  tendency  to  good  or  evil  ; propensity  to 
evil  ; tendency  of  an  opinion  ; inclination  of  a person  ; 
drift  of  a discourse  ; aim  of  an  author ; direction  of 
affairs  ; course  of  events  ; free  or  full  scope. 

TEN'DER,  a.  [Gr.  rtorjv  ; relpw  (L.  tero ),  to  rub, 
to  wear  away  ; L.  tener ; It.  tenero  ; Sp.  tiemo  ; 
Fr.  tendre. — \V.  tyner.] 

1.  Easily  impressed,  broken,  or  injured : soft ; 
not  firm  or  strong.  “ The  tender  grass.”  Milton. 

To  satisfy  the  desolate  and  waste  ground,  and  to  cause  the 
bud  of  the  tender  herb  to  spring  forth.  Job  xxxviii.  27. 

2.  Easily  pained  ; very  sensible  to  pain. 

Our  bodies  are  not  naturally  more  tender  than  our  faces; 
but,  by  being  less  exposed  to  the  air,  they  become  less  able 
to  endure  it.  L'  Estrange. 

3.  Delicate  ; effeminate  ; not  hardy  ; soft. 

The  tender  and  delicate  among  you.  Dent,  xxviii.  59. 

Their  minds  were  so  mollified  . . . that  they  forgot  their 
former  fierceness,  and  became  most  lender.  Spenser. 

4.  Young  ; weak;  feeble  ; as,  “ Tender  age.” 

Infant  minds  their  tender  voices  try.  Cowley. 

5.  Susceptible  of  the  softer  passions,  as  love 
or  pity  ; compassionate  ; kind  ; sympathetic  ; 
pitiful;  affectionate;  — gentle;  mild;  lenient. 

The  Lord  is  good  to  all,  and  his  tender  mercies  are  over 
all  his  works.  Ps.  cxlv.  9. 

Your  tears  a heart  of  flint 
Might  tender  make.  Spenser. 

6.  Expressive  of  the  softer  passions. 

Oft  would  his  voice  the  silent  valley  charm, 

Till  lowing  oxen  broke  the  tender  song.  Ilammond. 

7.  Exciting  kind  concern  or  regard;  precious. 

His  life ’s  as  tender  to  me  as  my  soul.  Shak. 

8.  Careful  not  to  injure  ; — used  with  of. 

As  I have  been  tender  of  every  particular  person’s  reputa- 
tion, so  I have  taken  care  hot  to  give  offence.  Tillotson. 


9.  Apt  to  cause  pain  ; difficult  to  treat  of. 

In  things  that  are  tender  ami  unpleasing,  break  the  ice  hy 
some  whose  words  arc  of  less  weight.  Jiacon. 

Syn.  — See  Affectionate. 

TEN'DJJR,  v.  a.  [L.  tendo;  Fr.  tendre.  — See 
Tend.]  [i.  tendered;  pp.  tendering,  ten- 
dered.] 

1.  To  offer;  to  present  for  acceptance. 

I crave  no  more  than  what  your  highness  offered; 

Nor  will  you  tender  less.  Shak. 

2.  f To  hold  ; to  esteem  ; to  regard  ; to  value. 

“ Tender  yourself  more  dearly.”  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Offer. 

TENDER,  n.  1.  One  who  tends  ; an  attendant. 

2.  A car  or  wagon  attached  to  a locomotive- 
engine,  and  conveying  fuel  and  water. Simmonds. 

3.  An  offer  ; a proposal  for  acceptance. 

Thou  mak’st  some  tender  of  my  life.  Shak. 

Our  tenders  of  duty  every  now  and  then  miscarry.  Addison. 

4.  That  which  is  offered,  as  money.  “ In 
France,  silver  is  the  legal  tender.”  Simmonds. 

5.  (Naut.)  A small  vessel  that  attends  on  a 

larger  one,  to  supply  her  with  stores,  convey 
intelligence,  &c.  Mar.  Diet. 

6.  (Law.)  An  offer  of  a sum  of  money  in 

satisfaction  of  a debt  or  claim,  by  producing 
and  showing  the  amount  to  the  creditor,  or 
party  claiming,  and  expressing  verbally  a will- 
ingness to  pay  it.  ' Burrill. 

Tender  of  issue,  (Law.)  a form  of  words  in  a plead- 
ing;, by  which  a party  offers  to  refer  the  question  raised 
upon  it  to  the  appropriate  mode  of  decision.  Burrill. 

TEN'DER-IIEART'ED,  a.  Of  a soft,  compassion- 
ate disposition  ; affectionate  ; compassionate  ; 
kind;  gentle. 

Be  ye  ...  tender-hearted , forgiving  one  another,  even  ns 
God  for  Christ’s  sake  hath  forgiven  you.  Epli.  iv.  32. 

TEN'DER— HE  ART' lyD-LY,  ad.  With  compas- 
sion ; compassionately.  Scott. 

TEN'DER— HEART'ED-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  tender-hearted  ; a tender  or  compassion- 
ate disposition.  Sherwood. 

j*  TEN'DER— HEFT'JED,  a.  Moved  or  heaving 
with  tenderness  ; tender-hearted.  Shak. 

TEN'DER-LtNG,  n.  1.  One  made  tender  by  too 
much  kindness  ; a fondling.  Harrison. 

2.  The  first  horns  of  a deer.  Johnson. 

TEN'DIJR-LOrN,  n.  A tender  part  of  beef  situated 
immediately  over  the  kidneys.  Wyman. 

TEN'DpR-LY,  ad.  In  a tender  manner  ; mildly; 
gently.  “ Take  her  up  tenderly.”  Hood. 

TEN'DJJR— MIND'pD,  a.  Compassionate.  Shak. 

TEN'DER— MOUTHED  (-mouthd),  a.  Having  a 
tender  mouth,  as  a horse.  Clarke. 

TEN'DpR-NESS,  n.  1.  The  state  or  the  quality 
of  being  tender  ; susceptibility  of  impression. 

The  hardness,  tenderness,  moisture,  or  dryness  of  the 
fibres  [of  flesh].  Arbuthnot. 

2.  The  state  of  being  easily  hurt;  soreness. 

“ The  tenderness  of  a wound.”  Bentley. 

3.  Susceptibility  of  the  softer  passions ; — 
compassion  ; kindness  ; affection  ; benevolence  ; 
love  ; gentleness  ; mildness  ; humanity. 

"With  what  a graceful  tenderness  tie  loves ! Addison. 

She  did,  with  singular  care  and  tenderness,  intend  the  edu- 
cation of  Philip  and  Margaret.  Jiacon. 

4.  Cautious  care  ; caution  ; carefulness. 

A great  tenderness  of  reputation.  Gov.  of  the  Tongue. 

5.  Softness  or  pathos  of  expression. 

The  tendeniess  of  Otway.  Shenstone. 

Syn.  — See  Affection,  Benevolence,  Love, 
Mildness. 

TEND'ING,  n.  Inclination;  drift ; tendency.  Sm. 

TEN'DI-NOUS,  a.  [It.  4'  Sp-  trndinoso  ; Fr.  ten- 
dineux.]  Pertaining  to,  containing,  or  consist- 
ing of,  tendons;  sinewy.  “Nervous  and  ten- 
dinous parts.”  Wiseman. 

t TEND’MpNT,  n.  Attendance  ; care.  Bp.  Hall. 

TEN'DON,  n.  [Gr.  r(r wu  ; retro)  (L.  tendo),  to 
stretch,  to  extend  ; It.  tendine  ; Sp.  A'  Fr.  tendon.] 
(Anat.)  A white  cord  composed  of  very  close 
parallel  fibres,  attached  at  one  end  to  a bone, 
and,  at  the  other,  to  a muscle  ; a sinew. 

The  tendons  must  be  considered  ns  so  many  cords  for  trans- 
mitting the  motion  of  muscles  to  the  bones.  Dunglison. 

TEN'DRAC,  n.  [Fr.]  See  Tenkec.  Smellie. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RIJLE.  — 9,  9,  $,  g,  soft;  IS,  G,  0,  g,  hard;  § as  z ; ^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


TENDRIL 


1488 


TENTER 


TEN'IIRIL,  n.  [Fr.  tendron ; tenir  (L.  tcneo),  to 
hold.]  ( Dot .)  A thread-shaped  part,  or  slender 
branch,  resembling  a runner,  but  used  for 
climbing.  Gray. 

(try-  “ It  is  either  a branch,  as  in  the  Virginia 
creeper,  or  a part  of  a leaf,  as  in  tho  pea.”  Gray. 

TEN 'BRIL,  a.  Clasping  or  climbing  by  a tendril, 
or  as  by  a tendril.  “ Tendril  hops.”  Dyer. 

TEN’DRY,  n.  An  offer ; a tender,  [it.]  Ileylin. 

f Tp-NEB'EI-COSE,  a.  [L.  tencbricosus. ] Ten- 
ebrous; dark;  gloomy.  Dailey. 

TEN-y-BIUF'IC,  a.  [L.  tcnebrcc,  darkness,  and 
facio,  to  make.]  Causing  darkness.  Burns. 

TEN-p-BRlF'I-COUS,  a.  Tencbrific.  Addison. 

T]J-NE'BRI-OUS,  a.  Gloomy;  tenebrous.  Young. 

TEN-lf.-BROSE',  a.  Dark  ; tenebrous.  Ash. 

TEN -p- BRoS'I -TV,  n.  [Fr.  tenebrosite.]  Dark- 
ness ; gloominess  ; gloom.  Burton. 

TEN'E-BROUS,  a.  [L.  tepebrosus  ; tenebree , dark- 
ness, shades  ; It.  § Sp.  tenebroso ; Fr.  teni-breux.] 
Dark  ; gloomy  ; dusky  ; caliginous.  Hawes. 

TEN'E-BROFS-NESS,  n.  Tcnebrosity.  Clarke. 

TEN ' E- M ENT,  n.  [Low  L.  tenement um  ; L.  te- 
neo,  to  hold ; Fr.  tenement , tennement.\ 

1.  A house  ; a dwelling  ; a building  for  habi- 
tation or  residence.  Locke. 

2.  (Law.)  Any  thing  of  a permanent  nature 
that  may  be  held,  as  land,  rents,  &c.  Burrill. 

'Flic  party  holding  tho  land  is  called  tenant;  the  thing 
lioldcn,  tenement ; the  mode  of  holding,  tenure.  Braude. 

ft#*  Tenement , although  in  its  vulgar  acceptation  it 
is  only  applied  to  houses  and  other  buildings,  yet  in 
its  original,  proper,  and  legal  sense,  it  signifies  every 
thing  that  may  he  holdcn,  provided  it  be  of  a perma- 
nent nature,  whether  it  be  of  a substantial  and  sensi- 
ble, or  of  an  unsubstantial,  ideal  kind.  Blackstonc . 

Syn.  — A house  is  a distinct  dwelling  ; a tenement 
is  either  a whole  house  or  only  a part  of  a house 
appropriated  to  a separate  family.  One  house  may 
have  two  or  more  tenements.  A large  house ; a snug 
tenement. 

T E N - F.  - M E N T ' A L , a.  That  is„or  may  be,  held 
by  tenants,  as  land.  Blackstonc. 

TEN-p-MENT'A-ltY,  a.  Tenemental,  Spelman. 

TEN'p-MENT— HOUSE,  n.  A building  having 
tenements  occupied  by  poor  families.  Am.  Cyc. 

fTEN'JENT,  n.  See  Tenet. 

j-  TIJ-NER'I-TY,  n.  [L.  tencritas .]  The  state  of 
being  tender  ; tenderness.  Ainsworth. 

TE-N'E^'.MI  S,  n.  [Gr.  Tuvcayts ; ravin,  to  stretch, 
to  strain ; L.  tenesmos.]  (Med.)  Frequent, 
painful,  and  ineffectual  desire  to  go  to  stool ; 
— one  of  the  chief  symptoms  of  inflammation 
of  the  membrane  which  lines  the  digestive  tube, 
or  of  dysentery.  Dunglison. 

TEN'pT  [ten'et,  IF.  P.  J.  B.  Sm.  R.  lVb. ; ts'net, 
S.  Ja.  K. ; ten'et  or  te'nct,  1\  — See  Tenable], 
n.  [L.  tenet,  he  holds.]  An  opinion,  princi- 
ple, doctrine,  or  dogma,  held  to  be  true. 

The  doctrines,  tenets,  and  determinations  of  the  holy  "Ro- 
man and  Universal  Church.  State  Trials. 

The  trnrtx  of  tile  most  learned  and  virtuous  of  the  dis- 
senters, and  the  greatest  divines  of  this  country.  Knox. 

I' :i  ■ “ If  several  held  it,  it  was  called  their  tr.nent 
[L.,  they  hold),  a pedantry  which  no  ono  would  ven- 
ture to  follow  at  present.”  Smart. 

Syn.  — See  Doctrine,  Principle. 

TEN'FOLD,  a.  Ten  times  increased. 

Fire  kindled  into  tenfold  rage.  Milton. 

TE'NI-oId,  a.  [L.  tccnia,  a tape-worm.]  Resem- 
bling, or  pertaining  to,  tape-worms.  Clarke. 

TEN'N  ANT-ITE,  n.  (Min.)  An  arsenical  sulphu- 
rct  of  copper  and  iron,  of  a blackish,  lead-gray, 
or  iron-black  color;  — so  named  in  honor  of 
Smithson  Tennant.  Dana. 

TEN'NIS,  n.  [From  Fr.  tenez,  take  it;  tenir  (L. 
tcneo),  to  hold.  Skinner  ] A .game  in  which  a 
hall  is  driven  to  and  fro,  by  several  persons 
striking  it  alternately,  either  with  the  palm  of 
the  hand,  naked,  or  covered  with  a thick  glove, 
or  with  a small  bat,  called  a racket , held  in  the 
hand,  the  aim  being  to  keep  the  ball  in  motion 
as  long  as  possible  without  allowing  it  to  fall  to 
the  ground.  P.  Cyc. 


f TEN'NIS,  v.  a.  To  drive,  as  a tennis  ball. Spenser. 

TEN'NJS— BALL,  n.  A ball  used  to  play  the  game 
of  tennis  with.  Shah. 

TEN'NIS— COURT,  n.  A place  or  court  for  play- 
ing the  game  of  tennis  in.  Dryden. 

XT  ■ “ Tennis-courts  were  divided  by  a line  stretched 
. in  the  middle,  and  the  players,  standing  on  each  side 
with  their  rackets  in  their  hands,  were  required  to 
strike  the  ball  over  this  line.”  P.  Cyc. 

TEN'— O’-CLOCK,  n.  (Dot.)  A perennial  plant  or 
weed" with  a bulbous,  fibrous  root.  Farm.  Ency. 

TEN'ON,  n.  [Fr.  tenon-,  tenir  (L.  tcneo),  to  hold.] 
(Carp.)  A projection  cut  on  the  end  of  a piece 
of  timber  to  fit  into  a corresponding  cavity,  or 
mortise,  cut  in  another  piece  of  timber,  for 
joining  them.  Tomlinson. 

TEN'OR,  n.  [L.  tenor ; tcneo,  to  hold ; It.  tenore ; 
Sp.  tenor  ; Fr.  teneur.] 

1.  Continued  or  general  run  or  currency ; 
course  ; constant  mode  ; continuity. 

Docs  not  the  whole  tenor  of  the  divine  law  positively  re- 
quire humility  and  meekness  of  all  men?  Sprat. 

Along  the  cool,  sequestered  vale  of  life 
They  kept  the  noiseless  tenor  of  their  way.  Gray. 

2.  General  course  or  drift  of  meaning;  sense 
contained;  purport;  import;  meaning. 

Close  attention  to  the  tenor  of  the  discourse.  Locke. 

3.  [Fr.  tenor.]  (Mas.)  The  highest  natural 
male  voice  : — the  part  performed  by  the  high- 
est kind  of  natural  male  voice:  — the  person 
or  instrument  performing  the  tenor.  Dwight. 

tiff-  The  tenor  was  formerly  the  plain  song,  or 
principal  part,  and  it  derives  its  name  because  it  held 
(L.  tcneo,  to  hold)  or  sustained  the  air,  point,  sub- 
stance, or  meaning  of  the  whole  cantos.  It  appears 
that  the  present  practice  of  giving  the  air  to  the 
soprano,  or  treble,  had  its  rise  in  the  theatre.  Moore. 

4.  (Laic.)  The  exact  copy  of  a.  writing,  pur- 

suing the  course  of  its  words  as  they  succeed 
one  another  : — the  true  intent  and  meaning  of 
an  instrument.  Burrill. 

TF.-NOT'O-MY,  n.  [Gr.  rivuiv,  a tendon,  and 
repeal,  to  cut.]  (Surg.)  The  operation  of  divid- 
ing a tendon.  Dunglison. 

TEN'Ff,N-NY,  g.  Valued  at  tenpence.  Swift. 

TEN'l’lNij,  n.  A game  with  ten  pins  ; ninepins. 
— See  Ninepins.  Halliwell. 

TEN'REC,  n.  (Zoiil.)  An  animal  of  the  family 
Talpidce,  and  genus  Centetes,  found  in  Mada- 
gascar, resembling  the  hedgehog,  but  differing 
from  it  in  having  small  cutting  teeth,  in  being 
covered  with  spiny  bristles  intermixed  with  silky 
hairs,  and  in  not  being  able  to  roll  itself  up  so 
completely  in  a ball.  Baird. 

ft/T  Tlie  silky  tenrcc  (Centetes  setosus ) is  the  largest 
of  the  species,  measuring  from  ten  to  twelve  inches 
from  tile  tip  of  the  nose  to  the  rump.  Baird. 

TENSE,  n.  [L.  tempus,  time,  tense  ; It.  tempo  ; 
Sp.  tiempo ; Fr.  temps.]  (Gram.)  A particular 
form  or  modification  of  a verb,  which  defines 
the  time  at  which  an  action  is  conceived  as 
taking  place.  Murray. 

The  tenses  are  used  to  mark  the  present,  past,  and  future, 
either  indefinitely,  without  reference  to  any  beginning,  mid- 
dle, or  end,  or  else  definitely  in  reference  to  such  distinc- 
tions. Harris. 

MTif-  Tense,  being  tile  distinction  of  time,  might 
seem  to  admit  only  of  tho  present,  past,  and  future; 
but  to  mark  it  more  accurately,  it  is  made  to  consist 
of  six  variations.  Murray. 

TENSE,  a.  [L.  tensus  ; tendo,  to  stretch  ; It.  teso  ; 
Sp.  ticso  ; Fr.  tendu.]  Drawn  tight;  stretched  ; 
tight ; not  lax  or  loose ; rigid.  Holder. 

TENSE'LY,  ad.  In  a tense  manner.  Percival. 

TENSE'NIJSS,  n.  The  state  of  being  tense.  Sharp. 

TEN-SI-BIL'J-TY,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality  of 
being  tensiblc  ; tensility.  Maunder. 

TEN'SI-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  extended  or 
drawn  out ; tensile ; ductile.  Bacon. 

TEN'SILE  (ten'sii),  a.  1.  Capable  of  being  ex- 
tended or  drawn  out ; tensiblc.  Bacon. 

2.  Pertaining  to  tension.  Tomlinson. 

TIJN-SlL'I-TY,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality  of 
being  tensile  ; tensibility.  More. 

TEN'SION  (ten'shun),  n.  [L.  tensio ; tendo,  ten- 
sus, to  stretch;  It.  tensions  ; Sp.  Fr.  tension.] 

1.  Act  of  stretching  or  drawing  tight.  Holder. 


2.  State  of  being  stretched  or  drawn  tight. 

Still  are  the  subtile  strings  in  tension  found, 

Like  those  of  lutes,  to  just  proportion  wound.  Bluckmore. 

The  string  which  is  constantly  kept  in  a state  of  tension 
will  vibrate  on  the  slightest  impulse.  Knox. 

3.  The  stretching,  or  the  degree  of  stretching, 
to  which  a timber,  or  other  material,  is  sub- 
jected in  the  direction  of  its  length.  Tomlinson. 

4.  (Physics.)  A peculiar,  abnormal,  con- 

strained condition  of  the  particles  of  bodies, 
arising  from  the  action  of  antagonistic  forces, 
in  which  they  endeavor  to  return  to  their  natu- 
ral state  ; a certain  degree  or  amount  of  forced 
variation  in  the  particles  of  bodies  from  their 
normal  state.  Faraday. 

TEN'SI-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being  tense.  Ec.Rev. 

TEN'SIVE,  a.  [L.  tendo,  tensus,  to  stretch.] 
Tending  to  stretch  or  to  contract ; giving  a sen- 
sation of  stiffness  or  contraction,  [it.] 

A tensive  pain  from  distension  of  the  parts.  F/oycr. 

TEN'SOR,  n.  [L.  tendo,  to  stretch.]  (Anat.)  A 
muscle  which  stretches  some  part.  Dunglison. 

f TEN'SURE  (ten'shur),  n.  [L.  tensura.]  A stretch- 
ing or  straining  ; tension.  Bacon. 

TENT,  n.  [L.  tentorium  ; tendo,  tensus,  to  stretch  ; 
It.  tenda  ; Sp.  tienda  ; Fr.  tente.] 

1.  A movable  lodging-place  made  of  canvas, 
or  other  material,  and  extended  upon  poles ; a 
pavilion  ; as,  “ A soldier’s  tent.” 

There  pitched  his  tents,  and  there  resolved  to  stay.  Dryden. 

2.  [L.  tento,  to  try.]  (Surg.)  A small  roll, 

usually  of  lint,  of  a cylindrical  or  pyramidal 
shape,  introduced  into  wounds  and  deep  ulcers, 
to  prevent  them  from  closing  before  they  are 
filled  up-  from  the  bottom.  Dunglison. 

3.  f Attention  ; notice  ; heed ; regard. 

See  ye  take  tent  to  this,  and  ken  your  mother.  L.  Jonson. 

TENT,  n.  [Sp.  tinto,  deep-colored,  from  L.  tingo, 
tinctus,  to  dye.]  A Spanish  red  wine  chiefly 
from  Malaga  and  Gallicia.  Brands. 

Rich  canary,  with  sherry  and  tent  superfine.  Old  Ballad. 

TENT,  V.  n.  [i.  TENTED  ; pp.  TENTING,  TENTED.] 
To  lodge  as  in  a tent ; to  tabern'acle.  Shak. 

TENT,  v.  a.  1.  To  search  as  with  a tent ; to  probe. 

I ’ll  observe  his  looks, 

I ’ll  tent  him  to  the  quick.  Shak. 

2.  To  open  with  a surgical  tent.  TT  iseman. 

3.  To  attend  to;  to  heed;  to  guard  : — to  hin- 
der; to  prevent.  [Local,  Eng.]  Halliwell. 

TEN'TA-CLE,  n.  [L.  tento,  to  feel,  to  touch;  It. 
tentacolo ; Fr.  tentacule .]  (Zoiil.)  A feeler  or 
organ  of  touch,  as  of  snails,  &c.  Brande. 

Kf,  '‘This  term  is  used  by  Savigny  in  a restricted 
sense,  to  signify  t lie  elongated,  filiform,  inarticulate 
appendages  of  tiic  month  of  anellidans  ; but  it  is  also 
applied  to  all  appendages,  whether  jointed  or  not, 
which  are  used  as  instruments  of  exploration  and 
prehension.  Brande. 

TEN- tAc ' XJ-L (JM,  a. ; pi.  ten-tac  1 u-la.  [Low 
L.]  (Zoiil.)  A tentacle.  Kirby. 

TJJN-TAC'y-LAR,  a.  Relating  to  tentacles.  Kirby. 

TF.N-TAc'y-LAV-pD,  a.  Having  tentacles,  as 
certain  animals.  Clarke. 

TpN-TAC-U-LIF'pR-OUS,  a.  [Low  L.  tentacu- 
lum,  a tentacle,  and  fero,  to  bear.]  Bearing 
tentacles ; tentaculated.  Clarke. 

f TENT'AtJIE,  n.  An  encampment.  Drayton. 

TpN-TA'TION,  n.  [L . tentatio.]  Trial;  tempta- 
tion. “ The  violence  of  tentation.”  [it.]  Bp.  Hall. 

TEN'TA-TIVF.,  a.  [It.  & Sp.  tentativo,  from  L. 
tento,  to  try  ; Fr.  tentatif.]  Making  trial  or  ex- 
periment; trying;  essaying;  experimental.  Hall. 

TEN'TA-TIVE,  n.  [Fr.]  An  essay ; atrial.  Temple. 

TEN'TA-TIVE-LY,  ad.  In  a tentative  manner; 
by  trial  or  experiment.  For.  Qu.  Rev. 

TENT'pD,  a.  Covered,  or  furnished,  with  tents. 

Engaged  in  tented  fields,  and  rolling  floods.  Addison. 

TEN'TpR,  n.  [L.  tendo,  tentus,  to  stretch.]  A 
machine,  or  frame-work,  with  hooks  for  stretch- 
ing cloth,  &c. ; a tenter-hook.  Martin. 

To  he  on  the  tenters  or  tenter-hooks,  to  be  on  the 
stretch,  in  difficulties,  or.  in  suspense.  Hudibras. 

TEN'TpR,  v.  a.  To  hang  or  stretch  on  tenters. 
“ Leather  or  cloth  is  tentered.”  Bacon. 


FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  I1ER; 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long,  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  F,  J,  O,  y,  Y,  obscure;  FARE, 


TENTER 


1489 


TEN'TJJR,  v.  n.  To  admit  extension,  as  by  tenters. 

Woollen  cloth  will  tenter , linen  scarcely.  Bacon. 

TEN'TJR— GROUND,  n.  Ground  on  which  ten- 

ters are  erected  for  stretching  cloth.  Gray. 

TEN 'T^R— HOOK  (-hhk),  n.  A hook  used  in 
stretching  cloth  on  a tenter.  Dickens. 

TENTH,  a.  1.  First  after  the  ninth  ; the  ordinal 
of  ten.  “ The  tenth  or  twentieth  trial.”  Boyle. 

2.  Noting  one  of  ten  equal  parts  into  which 
any  thing  is  divided  ; as,  “ The  tenth  part  of  a 
dollar.” 

TENTH,  n.  1.  The  tenth  part  of  any  thing  ; — a 
tithe.  “ The  tenth  of  all  their  store.”  Dryden. 

2.  ( Mas .)  An  interval  comprehending  nine 
conjoint  degrees,  or  ten  sounds,  diatonically 
divided.  Moore. 

TENTII'LY,  ad.  In  the  tenth  place.  Johnson. 

TENTHS,  n. pi.  ( Laic .)  I.  (Eng.  Law.)  A tem- 
porary aid  issuing  out  of  personal  property,  and 
granted  to  the  king  by  Parliament ; — formerly 
the  tenth  part  of  all  the  movables  belonging  to 
the  subject.  Burrill. 

2.  (Eng.  Eccl.  Law.)  The  tenth  part  of  the 
annual  profit  of  every  living  in  the  kingdom, 
formerly  paid  to  the  pope,  but  by  statute  trans- 
ferred to  the  crown,  and  afterwards  made  a part 
of  the  fund  called  Queen  Anne’s  Bounty.  Burrill. 

f T$N-TI£'I-NOUS,  a.  [L.  tentigo,  tension.] 

1.  Stiff ; stretched  ; strained.  Bailey. 

2.  Pertaining  to,  or  producing,  lasciviousness. 

“ Lentiginous  humor.”  Swift. 

TENT'— MAK-JJR,  n.  One  who  makes  tents. 

TENT'— MAK-ING,  n.  The  business  or  employ- 
ment of  making  tents.  Ash. 

+ TEN'TO-RY,  [L.  tentorium,  a tent.]  The 
awning  of  a tent.  Evelyn. 

TENT'— WINE,  n.  A kind, of  rich,  red,  Spanish 
wine.  — See  Tent.  Ash. 

TENT 'WORT  (-wiirt),  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the 
genus  Asplenium,  or  spleenwort.  Dunglison. 

TEN'U-ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  tenuo,  tenuatus ; tenuis, 
thin.]  To  make  thin  ; to  attenuate,  [n.]  Clarke. 

TEN'U-E§,  n.  pi.  [L.  tenuis,  smooth.]  (Gr. 
Gram.)  A term  applied  to  the  three  letters  of 
the  Greek  alphabet,  k,  i r,  t,  in  relation  to  their 
respective  middle  letters,  y,  (3,  6,  and  their  aspi- 
rates, 0,  0.  Brande. 

TEN-U-I-FO'LI-OUS,  a.  [L.  tenuis,  thin,  and 
folium,  a leaf.]  Having  thin  leaves.  Johnson. 

TIJ-NU'I-OUS,  a.  Thin  ; tenuous,  [r.]  Glanvill. 

TEN-U-I-ROS'TRAL,  a.  [L.  tenuis,  thin,  and 
rostrum,  a beak.]  (Ornith.)  Noting  birds  which 
have  a long  and  slender  bill.  Baird. 

TEJ\T-  U-I-ROS ' TRE$,  n.  pi.  ( Ornith.)  A tribe  of 
birds  belonging  to  the  order  Passeres,  and  con- 
taining those  which  have  a long  and  slender 
bill.  Baird. 

TE-NU'I-Ty,  n.  [L.  tenuitas  ; tenuis,  thin ; It. 
tenuith;  Sp  .tenuidad;  Fr.  Unuite.] 

1.  The  state  or  the  quality  of  being  thin  and 
slender ; thinness  of  depth,  or  smallness  of 
diameter;  fineness;  slenderness;  exility. 

In  the  iris  of  the  eye,  and  the  drum  of  the  ear,  the  tenuity 
of  the  muscles  is  astonishing.  1‘alcjj. 

2.  Thinness  ; rarity  ; not  grossness. 

Partly  heat,  and  partly  tenuita  of  juice.  Bacon. 

At  the  height  of  four  thousand  miles,  the  ether  is  of  that 
wonderful  tenuity.  Bentley. 

3.  f Insignificance  ; poverty.  “The  tenuity 
and  contempt  of  clergymen.”  King  Charles. 

4.  Simplicity  ; plainness,  [it.] 

The  character  of  the  clergy  is  gentleness  and  tenuity.  Johnson. 

TEN'U-OUS,  a.  [L.  tenuis.)  Thin;  slender; 
slim  ; small ; minute ; fine  ; delicate.  J.  IJall. 

TEN'URE  (ten'yur  or  te'nur)  [ten'yur,  Ja.  Sm. ; 
te'nur,  IF.  J.  F.  R.  ; ten'yur,  S. ; ten'ur,  P ; 
ten'yur,  E.  K.  C.  — See  Tenable.],  n.  [Low  L. 
tenura  ; L.  teneo,  to  hold  ; Fr.  tenure .] 

1.  (Law.)  The  manner  or  mode,  principle 
or  condition,  of  holding  a feudal  estate  ; the 
manner  of  holding  lands  and  tenements  of  a 
superior  for  certain  services  to  be  performed, 
and  especially,  when  the  feudal  system  was  in 
force,  for  military  service.  • B/ackstone. 


jG®=*  English  tenures,  under  the  feudal  system,  are 
reduced  by  Blaclcstone  to  four,  — knight-service,  or 
chivalry;  free  socage;  pure  villenage  ; and  villein 
socage.  lYnures  in  capite,  or  in  chief,  were  those  by 
which  land  was  held  mediately  or  immediately  of  the 
crown  ; mesne  tenures,  of  mesne  or  inferior  lords. 
The  act  of  Charles  II.  abolished  military  tenures, 
which  were  one  kind  of  free  services,  and  changed 
them  into  the  other  species  of  free  services,  namely, 
free  and  common  socage.  In  the  law  of  England,  the 
principle  of  tenure  is  still  expressly  retained,  it  being 
a fundamental  maxim  that  all  the  land  in  the  kingdom 
is  held  mediately  or  immediately.of  the  sovereign.  In 
the  United  States,  government  is  theoretically  consid- 
ered the  source  of  all  titles  to  land,  but,  in  the  proper 
feudal  sense,  the  principle  of  tenure  seems  to  be  abro- 
gated ; tenants  in  fee  being,  to  all  intents  and  purposes, 
the  absolute  owners  of  their  estates.  The  idea  of  tenure 
certainly  pervades,  to  a considerable  degree,  the  law 
of  real  property  in  the  United  States;  and  the  lan- 
guage of  tenure  is  every  where  in  constant  use,  all 
proprietors,  owners,  or  holders  of  real  estate  being 
technically  denominated  tenants.  Burrill.  — See 
Knight-service,  Socage,  Villenage. 

2.  The  manner  or  the  condition  of  holding  or 
having  possession  of  any  thing. 

We  mistake  our  tenure ; we  take  that  for  gift  which  God 
intends  for  loan;  we  are  tenants  ut  will,  and  think  ourselves 
owners.  Bp.  Hull. 

The  uncertainty  of  tenure  by  which  all  worldly  things  are 
held,  ministers  very  unpleasant  meditation.  Raleigh. 

TE-O-CAl'  LI,  n.  pi.  Pyramidal  buildings  erect- 
ed’ for  religious  worship  by  the  ancient  inhab- 
itants of  Mexico.  Britton. 

TEP-E-FAC'TION,  n.  The  act  of  making  tepid, 
or  the  state  of  being  made  tepid.  Phillips. 

TEP'E-FY,  v.  a.  [L.  tepcfacio ; tepeo,  to  be  tepid, 
and  facio,  to  make.]  To  make  tepid. 

Such  water  as  is  somewhat  tepefied.  Goldsmith. 

TEP'B-FY,  v.  n.  To  become  tepid.  Clarke. 

TEPII'RA-MAN-CY,  n.  [Gr.  rRppa,  ashes,  and 
yavTiiu,  divination;  Fr.  tephramancie .]  Divina- 
tion by  the  ashes  of  a sacrifice.  Scott. 

TEPH'RO-ITE,  n.  (Min.)  An  ash-gray  silicate  of 
manganese,  found  massive  and  granular.  Dana. 

TE-PHRO'§I-A  (te-fro'zhe-a),  n.  [Gr.  rnppl;,  ash- 
colored  ; rtippa,  ashes.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  legu- 
minous, papilionaceous  herbs  or  shrubs,  mostly 
tropical,  and  usually  covered  with  a silky  down, 
giving  them  an  ashy-gray  color.  Baird. 

TEP'ID,  a.  [L.  tepidus  ; tepeo,  to  be  moderately 
warm  ; It.  tepido,  tiepido  ; Sp.  tibio  ; Fr.  tepide .] 
Moderately  warm,  as  a fluid ; warm  in  a small 
degree ; lukewarm.  “ Tepid  eaves.”  Milton. 

No  more  the  moon,  with  tepid  rays, 

Unfolds  the  flower  of  various  hue.  Johnson. 

TB-PID'I-TY,  n.  [It.  tepidith,  tepidezza  ; Sp . tibi- 
eza;  Fr  .tepidity?]  Moderate  or  slight  warmth, 
as  of  a fluid  ; lukewarmness.  Bp.  Taylor. 

When  the  body,  chilled  with  the  weather,  is  gradually  re- 
covering its  natural  tepidity.  Johnson. 

TEP'ID  NESS,  n.  Tepidity.  Clarke. 

TE'POR  [te'pur,  S.  IF.  P.  K.  Sm.  Wb.  ; tep'ur, 
Ja.],  n.  [L.]  Moderate  or  gentle  warmth  ; luke- 
warmness ; tepidity.  Arbuthnot. 

TER' APH,  n. ; pi.  ter'apiis.  One  of  the  teraphim. 
— See  Teraphim.  Boothroyd. 

TER'A-PHIM,  n.pl.  [Heb.  Q‘,£“lrT.]  A word  of 

uncertain  etymology  and  signification,  rendered 
idols  by  the  translators  of  the  common  version 
of  the  Bible,  but  according  to  Bryant,  lunar 
amulets,  or  types  of  the  ark  in  the  form  of 
crescents,  supposed  to  have  been  invented  by 
Terah.  Brande. 

flfg*  According  to  its  etymology,  the  word  teraphim 
lias  been  literally  translated  nutritores,  nourishers. 
It  seems  that  the  plural  form  was  used  as  a collec- 
tive singular  for  the  personified'  combination  of  all 
nourishing  powers,  as  the  plural  teraphim  signifies 
God,  in  whom,  all  superior  powers  to  be  revered 
with  reverential  awe,  are  combined.  The  word  tera- 
phim signifies  an  object  or  objects  of  idolatry,  as  we 
may  learn  from  the  renderings  of  the  Septuagint, 
si6io\ov,  yhonroo  ; and  that  it  was  in  meaning  simi- 
lar to  the  Penates  of  the  Romans  is  indicated  by  ntvo- 
ratpinv.  Kitto. 

TER'A-PIN,  n.  See  Terrapin.  Phillips. 

+ TIJ-RAT'1-CAL,  a.  [Gr.  TspariKi!;  ; rlpas,  a mon- 
ster.] Marvellous  ; prodigious  ; wonderful. 
“ Delighting  in  teratical  stories.”  Wollaston. 

TER-A-TO(jr'B-NY,  n.  The  formation  of  mon- 
sters. Dunglison. 


TERM 


TER-A-ToL'O-IjrY,  n.  [Gr.  repa;,  a monster,  and 
Llyos,  a discourse.] 

1.  Bombast  in  language.  Bailey. 

2.  That  branch  of  physiological  science  which 

treats  of  monsters,  or  of  the  various  monstrosi- 
ties and  malformations  of  the  organic  kingdoms 
of  nature.  Brande. 

I have  introduced  to  some  extent  the  subject  of  teratology. 
or  the  study  of  the  abnormal  lbrms  of  animals,  or,  as  they  are 
commonly  called,  monsters.  Baird. 

TERCE,  n.  A tierce. — See  Tierce.  Ainsworth. 

TER'C^L,  n.  A hawk. — See  Tiercel.  Todd. 

TERCE'— MA-JOR,  n.  [Fr.  tiers,  third.]  In  card- 
playing, a sequence  of  the  three  best  cards  ; — 
written  also  tierce-major . Maunder. 

TER-CEN'TE-NA-RY,  a.  [L.  ter,  thrice,  and  cen- 
tum, a hundred.]  Comprising  three  hundred 
years.  Ch.  Ob. 

TER'CjpT,  n.  (Mus.)  A third.  Crabb. 

TER'B-BINTII,  n.  [Gr.  riplfOos;  L.  terebinth-us ; 
It.  ij  Sp.  terebinto  ; Fr.  ttrebinthe .]  The  turpen- 
tine-tree.— See  Turpentine-tree.  Holland. 

TER-JJ-BIN  TI1I-NATE,  ) a Pertaining  to,  con- 

TER-E-BIN'THINE,  ) sisting  or  partaking  of, 
or  resembling,  turpentine.  Floyer. 

TEIt'B-BRATE,  v.  a.  [L.  terebro , terebratus  ; tere- 
bra,  a boring  instrument.]  \i.  teeebrated  ; 
pp.  TEUEBRATING,  TEREERATED.]  To  bore  ; 

to  perforate  ; to  pierce,  [r.]  Browne. 

TER-B-BRA’TION,  n.  [L.  terebratio .]  The  act  of 
boring.  “ Terebration  of  trees.”  [it.]  Bacon. 

TER-E-BRAt  ' U-LA,  n.  ; pi.  tererratula:.  [L. 
terebro,  to  bore.]  (Zoiil.)  A genus  of  bivalve 
mollusks,  which  are  attached  to  foreign  bodies 
by  means  of  a fibrous  pedicle.  Baird. 

tKg=The  shell  of  the  terebratula  is  minutely  punc- 
tate, and  the  ventral  valve  has  a prominent  beak, 
which  is  pierced  at  its  extremity  by  round  holes. 
Through  this  the  pedicle  issues  by  which  the  animal 
is  attached.  Baird. 


TE-RE' DO,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  Tipybiiiv  ; rrpfw,  to 
bore.]  (Zoiil.)  A genus  of  bivalve  mollusks 
which  bore  into  submerged  timber,  as  the  bot- 
toms of  vessels,  sunken  piles,  &c.  Woodward. 
TER'EN-ITE,  n.  (Min.)  An  altered  form  of 
scapolite.  Dana. 

t TER'ET,  a.  [L.  teres,  teretis.]  Round  ; round- 
ed off.  “ Teret  like  a globe.”  Fotherby. 


T1J-RETE',  a.  [L.  teres,  teretis  ; tero,  to  rub  ; Sp. 
terete .]  (Bot.)  Cylindrical,  and  sometimes  ta- 
pering. Gray. 

TER'GAL,  a.  [L.  tergum,  the  back.]  Relating 
to  the  back  ; dorsal.  Dunglison. 

TER'GANT,  a.  (Her.)  Tergiant.  Ogilvie. 

TER- [JEM  I-NAL,  l a Threefold;  tergeminous. 

TJJR-(rEM'I-NATE,  > [r.]  Clarke. 

TIJR-pEM'l-NOUS,  a_  [l.  tergeminus  ; ter,  thrice, 
and  geminus,  twin.]  Threefold.  Blount. 

TER'<jH-ANT,  a.  [L.  tergum,  the  back.]  Show- 
ing the  back  part ; recusant ; tergant.  Ogilvie. 

TIJR-IjllF'BR-OUS,  a.  [L.  tergum,  the  back,  and 
fero,  to  bear.]  (Bot.)  Dorsiferous.  Clarke. 

TER'^I-VBR-SATE  [ter'je-ver-sat,  Ja.  K.  Sm. 
Wb.;  ter-jlv'er-sat,  P. ; ter-je-ver'sat,  R.  Todd], 
v.  n.  [L.  tergiversor,  tergiversalus ; tergum, 
the  back,  and  verso,  to  turn.]  To  use  evasion  ; 
to  shift;  to  boggle.  Bailey. 


TER-<H-VJJR-SA'TION,  n.  [L.  tergiversatio  ; It. 
tergirersazione  ; Fr.  tergiversation .] 

1.  Evasion ; shift ; subterfuge. 

Jonas,  the  prophet,  discovered  the  like  teryiversation  and 
backwardness  as  to  the  errand  he  was  sent  upon  to  the  Nin- 
evites.  Wciterland. 

2.  Fickleness ; instability.  Clarendon. 


TER'pI-VflR-SA-TOR,  n.  [L.]  One  who  prac- 
tises tergiversation.  Disraeli. 

TER' GUM,  n.  [L.,  the  bark.]  (Ent.)  The  up- 
per or  supine  surface  of  the  abdomen.  Brande. 

TE'RIN,  n.  [Fr.  tarin.]  A small  yellow  sing- 
ing-bird having  an  ash-colorcd  head.  Chaucer. 

TERM,  n.  [Gr.  rtppa,  the  goal  round  which 
horses  and  chariots  had  to  turn  at  races,  a 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 

187 


BULL,  Biiu,  RULE.  — C,  <?,  9,  g,  soft ; C,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z; 


^ as  gz. — THIS,  this. 


TERM 


1490 


TERNARY 


limit;  L.  terminus-,  It.  terming;  Sp.  termino; 
Fr.  terme.  — The  form  [rippa]  points  to  riipw 
(L.  tero),  to  wear,  — perhaps  strictly  the  stone 
that  is  worn  by  turning  round  it,  as  with  char- 
iots at  a race.  Liddell  8$  Scott .] 

1.  A limit ; a boundary  ; a bound  ; a confine. 

Corruption  is  a reciprocal  to  generation;  and  they  two  are 

as  nature’s  two  terms  or  boundaries.  . Bacon. 

2.  The  time  for  which  any  thing  lasts;  a lim- 
ited time  ; a period  of  time.  Addison. 

Doomed  for  a certain  term  to  walk  the  night.  Shak. 

3.  A word  by  which  any  thing  is  expressed  ; 
— particularly  a word  having  a technical  mean- 
ing; an  expression. 

The  many  terms  of  art  required  in  trade  and  in  war.  Swift. 

In  painting,  the  greatest  beauties  cannot  always  be  ex- 
pressed for  want  of  terms.  DrycJen. 

Would  curses  kill,  as  doth  the  mandrake’s  groan, 

I would  invent  us  bitter  searching  terms.  Shak. 

4.  pi.  Conditions  ; propositions  ; stipulations. 

On  my  terms  thou  wilt  not  be  my  heir.  Dryden. 

Reducing  France  to  our  own  terms.  Addison. 

5.  In  colleges,  universities,  &c.,  the  period 
of  the  year  during  which  instruction  is  regularly 
given,  as  distinguished  from  vacation . Walker. 

6.  (Algebra.)  A single  expression  not  con- 

nected with  any  other  by  the  signs  plus  or  mi- 
nus, equality  or  inequality.  Davies. 

7.  (Logic.)  The  subject  or  the  predicate  of 

a proposition.  Whatelg . 

/J3T  Every  syllogism  has  three  terms  ; viz.,  the 
minor  term,  or  the  subject  of  the  conclusion,  the  major 
term,  or  the  predicate  of  the  conclusion,  and  the  mid- 
dle term,  or  that  with  which  each  of  the  two  other 
terms  is  separately  compared.  See  Premise.  Whately. 

8.  (Arch.)  A pedestal  widening  towards  the 

top,  where  it  merges  into  a bust.  Britton. 

9.  (Med.)'  pi.  The  menses.  Dunglison. 

10.  (.Vaw£.)  A piece  of  carved  work  placed 

under  each  side  of  the  taffrail,  at  the  side  tim- 
ber of  the  stern,  and  extending  down  as  low  as 
the  foot-rail  of  the  balcony.  Mar.  Diet. 

11.  (Laio.)  A limitation  of  an  estate  to  a cer- 
tain period,  as  for  life  or  for  years  : — an  estate 
or  interest  conveyed  for  a certain  time,  or 
limited  to  a certain  period  of  time  : — the  time 
granted  to  a debtor  for  discharging  his  obliga- 
tion : — a limited  and  fixed  period  of  time  during 
which  a court  is  held,  sits,  or  is  open  for  the 
hearing  and  trial  of  causes.  Burri.ll.  Bouvier. 

Of  terms  of  court  there  are  four  in  every  year, 
in  England  ; one  is  called  Hilary  term,  which,  as 
regulated  by  11  George  IV.  and  1 William  IV.,  be- 
gins on  the  11th  and  ends  on  the  31st  of  January; 
another  is  called  Easter  term,  which  begins  on  the 
15th  of  April,  and  ends  on  the  8th  of  May ; the  third 
is  Trinity  term,  beginning  on  thc22<l  of  May,  and  end- 
ing on  the  12th  of  June  ; the  fourth  is  Michaelmas 
term,  beginning  on  the  2d  of  November,  and  ending 
on  tlie  25th  of  November.  The  rest  of  the  year  is 
called  vacation.  Blackstone.  P.  Cijc. 

12.  (Geom.)  The  extreme  of  any  magnitude, 

or  that  which  limits  or  bounds  its  extent ; thus 
the  terms  of  a line  are  points  ; of  a superficies, 
lines ; of  a solid,  superficies.  Hutton. 

Terms  of  an  equation,  series,  or  compound  expression, 
quantities  connected  with  other  quantities  by  the  sign 
plus  or  minus.  — Terms  of  a fraction,  the  numerator 
and  denominator  of  that  fraction.  — Terms  of  a pro- 
portion, or  progression,  the  several  separate  quantities 
of  which  the  proportion  or  progression  consists. — 
Terms  of  a ratio,  the  antecedent  and  consequent  of 
that  ratio.  Hutton. 

In  terms,  in  plain  words;  plainly.  JHtcrbury. — 
To  come  to  terms,  to  make  an  agreement  ; to  agree.  — 
To  bring  to  terms,  to  make  to  agree  or  acquiesce.  — 
'To  make  terms,  to  make  an  agreement.  — Terms  of  a 
proportion,  {Math.)  the  four  members  of  which  a pro- 
portion consists. 

Syn. — Technical  terms  ; the  terms  of  an  art  or  a 
science  ; the  words  of  a language  ; appropriate  expres- 
sions. “The  purity  of  a language  depends  on  its 
words  ; the  precision,  on  its  terms  ; and  the  brilliancy, 
on  its  expressions .”  Truster.  — Term  of  life  ; term  of 
holding  court.  The  limits  of  an  empire;  the  boun 
d/iry  of  a country  ; the  term,  the  point  that  terminates 
the  limit.  — See  Articles,  Language. 

TERM,  V.  a.  [i.  TERMED  ; pp.  TERMING,  TERMED.] 
To  designate  ; to  name  ; to  call ; to  denominate. 

Men  term  what  is  beyond  the  limits  of  the  universe  ima- 
ginary space.  Locke. 

TER'MA-GAN-CY,  n.  Turbulence  ; tumultuous- 
ness. “ Violent  tcrmagancy  of  temper.”  Baker. 

TER'M  A-GANT,  a.  Turbulent;  quarrelsome; 
scolding  ; refractory  ; — applied  to  women. 

The  eldest  was  a termagant , imperious,  prodigal,  profligntc 
wench.  Arlmthnot. 


TER'MA-GANT,  n.  [A.  S.  tir-,  or  tyr-,  a prefix 
serving  to  augment  the  sense,  very,  and  magan, 
to  be  mighty  ; (tyr-rnagan)  most  mighty.  Lye.] 

1.  f A turbulent,  brawling  man.  Rogers. 

This  terrible  termagant , this  Nero,  this  Pharaoh.  Bale. 

J82f*  Tcrmagaunt  (Low  L.  termagnus ),  a name  given 

in  the  old  romances  to  the  god  of  the  Saracens,  and 
generally  coupled  with  Mahoundor  Mahomet.  Toone. 
Nor  bright  the  reader  with  the  Pagan  vaunt, 

Of  mighty  Mahound  and  great  Tennayuunt.  Bp.  Hull. 

2.  A female  of  fierce  temper  and  ungoverned 
tongue  ; a brawling,  turbulent  woman  ; a scold. 

There  is  something  of  an  irritability  in  the  constitution  of 
women  whose  minds  ure  uncultivated,  which,  when  increased 
by  opposition  and  confirmed  by  habit,  usually  produces  a 
termagant , a shrew,  or  a virago.  Knox. 

TER'MA-GANT-LY,  ad.  In  a scolding,  turbulent 
manner;  like  a termagant.  Clarke. 

TERM'pR,  n.  1.  One  who  travels  up  from  the 
country  to  a law  term  for  the  sake  of  tricks  to 
be  practised,  and  for  other  purposes  ; — some- 
times called  term-trotter.  Smart. 

2.  ( Law .)  One  who  holds  for  a term  of  years 
or  for  life.  — See  Termor.  Cowell. 

TER' MES,  n. ; pi.  TF.RPTi tes.  [L.  termes,  the 
branch  of  a tree.  Branded]  ( Ent .)  A neurop- 
terous  insect ; white  ant.  — See  Termite. Baird. 

TERM'— FEE,  n.  (Laic.)  A fee  chargeable  for 
every  term  a case  remains  in  court.  Clarke. 

TER'MI-NA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  terminated; 
limitable.  Bp.  Taylor. 

TER'MI-NA-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  qual- 
ity of  being  terminable.  Allen. 

TER'MI-NAL,  a.  [L.  terminalis ; It.  terminate; 
Sp.  <Sr  Fr.  terminal. ] 

1.  Relating  to  a boundary,  or  termination ; 
relating  to,  or  forming,  the  end  ; ultimate.  P.Cgc. 

2.  ( Bot .)  Borne  at,  or  belonging  to,  the  ex- 
tremity or  summit.  Gray. 

3.  (Math.)  Forming  an  edge  or  extremity. 

Terminal  is  nearly  synonymous  with  limiting.  Davies. 

Terminal  figure , the  bust  of  a god  on  a stone  pillar, 
diminishing  at  its  base  or  terminus,  and  used  by  the 
Romans  to  mark  boundaries.  Fairholt. 

TER'MI-NAL,  n.  The  extremity  ; the  end. 

TER-MI-NA  ' J.I-4,  n.  pi.  [L.]  (Roman  Ant.) 
A festival  celebrated  annually  in  the  month  of 
February,  by  the  Romans,  in  honor  of  Termi- 
nus, the  god  of  boundaries.  Andrews. 

TER'MI-NATE,  v.  a.  [L.  termino,  terminates;  It. 
tcrminarc;  Sp.  terminal •;  Fr.  terminer .]  [i. 
TERMINATED  ; ^.TERMINATING, TERMINATED.] 

1.  To  set  bounds  to  ; to  mark  off  by  a boun- 
dary ; to  bound  ; to  limit. 

Bodies  that  are  solid,  separable,  terminated,  and  movable, 
have  all  sorts  of  figures.  Locke. 

2.  To  put  an  end  to  ; to  close  ; to  complete. 

Mr.  Prior  was  directed  to  terminate  all  that  minister’s  ob- 
jections. Swift. 

Syn.  — See  Complete. 

TER'MI-NATE,  v.  n.  To  be  limited  ; to  come  to 
the  limit  in  space  or  in  time  ; to  end. 

The  wisdom  of  this  world,  its  designs,  and  efficacy,  termi- 
nate on  this  side  of  heaven.  bouth. 

TER-MI-NA'TION,  n.  [L.  terminatio  ; It.  termi- 
nazionc.',  Sp  .termination',  Fr.  terminaison.] 

1.  Act  of  terminating  or  bounding.  Johnson. 

2.  That  which  bounds  ; a bound  ; a limit. 

Its  body  is  left  imporous,  and  not  discretcd  by  atomical 

terminations.  Browne. 

3.  End  ; conclusion  ; issue  ; completion. 

A good  progress  and  a happy  tenvination.  Knox. 

4.  Last  purpose  or  design,  [r.]  White. 

5.  (Gram.)  The  end  of  a word;  th?  part  an- 
nexed to  the  root  of  an  inflected  word. 

The  change  of  termination , by  which  the  different  cases 
and  numbers  of  nouns  arc  expressed.  Andrews. 

6.  f A word  ; a term.  Shak. 

TER-MI-NA'TION-AL,  a.  Relating  to  the  end  or 
termination.  Walker. 

TER'MI-NA-TIVE,  a.  That  terminates  ; absolute; 
not  relative.  Bp.  Rust. 

TER'MI-NA-TIVE-LY,  ad.  So  as  not  to  respect 
any  thing  else  ; absolutely.  Bp.  Taylor. 

TER'MI-NA-TOR,  n.  One  who,  or  that  which,  ter- 
minates or  bounds.  Francis. 

TER'MI-N  A-TO-RY,  a.  Bounding ; limiting.  Hill. 


f TER'MJNE,  v.  a.  To  terminate.  Bp.  Ilall. 

TJJR'MI-NIJR,  n.  (Law.)  The  act  of  determining. 
— See  Oyer.  Burrill. 

TER'MJ-NIST,  n.  (Eccl.  Hist.)  One  of  a class  of 
Calvinists  who  believe  that  there  are  persons  to 
whom  God  has  fixed,  by  a secret  decree,  a cer- 
tain term  before  their  death,  after  which  he  no 
longer  wills  their  salvation.  Brande. 

TER-M!-N0L'0-£Y,  n.  [L.  terminus,  and  Gr. 
Liyos  \ Fr.  terminologies]  The  doctrine  of,  or 
treatise  on,  all  the  technical  terms  used  in  the 
arts  and  the  sciences  ; glossology  ; a nomen- 
clature. * Brande. 

TJgR-MiN'THUS,  n.  [Gr.  rippaOos.]  (Med.)  A 
painful  tumor  having  a black  pustule  resembling 
the  fruit  of  the  turpentine-tree.  Dunglison. 

TER  ' J\II-JftrS,  n. ; pi.  ter  ’ mt-kJ.  [L.] 

1.  ( Roman  Ant.)  The  divinity  who  presided 
over  boundaries  and  frontiers.  Wm.  Smith. 

2.  (Ancient  Arch.)  A stone  raised  for  the 
purpose  of  marking  the  boundary  of  a properly  : 
— also  a pedestal  increasing  in  size  as  its  rises, 
for  the  reception  of  a bust ; a term.  Brande. 

3.  The  beginning  or  the  end  of  a railroad,  or 
a station  at  the  end  of  a railroad  or  railway. 

One  of  the  most  monumental  architectural  works  of  the 
kind  yet  erected  is  the  terminus  of  the  London  and  Birming- 
ham Railway,  in  Euston  Square.  1\  Cyc. 

4.  (Law.)  In  the  civil  law,  a mark  or  physi- 

cal object,  as  a tree  or  stone,  dividing  one 
piece  of  land  from  another  : — a period  of  time 
fixed  by  law  : — a limited  number.  — In  old 
English  law,  a division-line  between  lands, 
where  metes  or  marks  were  set  up:  — a fixed 
or  limited  period  of  time  ; a term: — an  estate 
granted  for  a limited  period ; a term  for  years 
or  for  life  ; a term  of  court ; a term  or  word.  — 
In  modern  law,  a limiting  point  either  of  time 
or  space,  and  either  at  the  beginning  or  end  of 
a period.  Burrill. 

5.  (Arch.)  A pedestal  widening  towards  the 

top,  where  it  merges  into  a bust ; a terminal 
figure  ; a term.  Britton. 

TER'MlTE,  n.  ; pi.  ter'mTtes.  (But.)  A neu- 
ropterous  insect  of  the  family  Termitidee,  char- 
acterized by  wings  with  few  transparent  ner- 
vures,  folding  horizontally,  short  antennae,  and 
depressed  body  ; the  white  ant ; termes.  Baird. 

SQr-  The  Termites  are  chiefly  confined  to  the  tropics, 
and  live  in  society,  composed  of  three  kinds  of  individ- 
uals, — males,  females,  and  neuters.  They  often  attack 
and  destroy  trees  and"  the  wood-work  of  houses,  in 
wlticii  they  form  innumerable  galleries,  all  of  which 
lead  to  a central  point.  Sometimes  they  erect  their 
domiciles  on  the  ground,  in  the  form  of  pyramids  or 
cones,  resembling  the  huts  of  savages.  Eng.  Cyc. 

TER'MlTE^  (-mitz),  n.  pi.  of  Termite.  Baird. 

TER  ’MI-  TES,  n.  pi.  of  Termes.  Kirby. 

TERM'LpSS,  a.  Unlimited  ; boundless.  Spenser. 

TERM'LY,  a.  Occurring  every  term,  [r.]  Bacon. 

TERM'Ly,  ad.  Term  by  term  ; every  term,  [r.] 
Fees  or  allowances  that  are  termly  given.  Bacon. 

TER'MON,  v.  Anciently,  in  Ireland,  an  ecclesi- 
astical district  exempt  from  regal  imposts.  Butter. 

TER-MO-NOL'O-pY,  n.  Terminology.  Dunglison. 

TERM'OR,  n.  (Laic.)  One  who  has  a term  in 
lands,  or  who  holds  lands  for  a certain  time,  as 
for  a limited  number  of  years.  Burrill. 

TERN,  a.  [L.  ternus.]  (Bot.)  Ternate.  [r.]  Clarke. 

TERN,  n.  (Ornith.)  A bird  of 
the  order  Anseres,  family  La- 
ridee,  or  gulls,  and  sub-family 
Stcrnince,  re- 
sembling the 
swallow  in 
its  long  and 
pointed  wings 
and  forked 
tail ; the  sea- 
swallow.— See 

■ Sterninte.  Gray. 

The  tern  was  formerly  considered  choice  food.  Eng.  Cyc. 

TER'NA-RY,  a.  [L.  ternarius  ; terni,  three  each  ; 
It.  <Sf  Sp.  ternariq  ; Fr.  ternaire.] 

1.  Proceeding  by  threes,  or  consisting  of  three. 

“The  ternary  number.’’  Waterland. 

2.  (But.)  Ternate  ; threefold.  Loudon. 


, FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


A,  E,  !,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  short ; A,  J,  O,  U>  Y,  obscure  ; FARE 


TERNARY 


1491 


TERSENESS 


TER’NA-RY,  n.  The  number  three.  Iloldcr. 

TiiR'NATE,  a.  ( Bot .)  Arranged  or 

united  in  threes  ; having  three  leaf-  Z00 
lets.  Gray. 

TER'NATE-LY,  ad.  (Bot.)  In  a ter-  ** 
nate  manner.  Gray. 

TER'NI-ON,  n.  [L.  ternio,  temionis.]  The  num- 
ber three  ; a ternary,  [it.]  Bp.  Hall. 

TERP-SI-jEHO-RE'AN,  a.  [Gr.  Tf^i^pr,,  the 
muse  of  dancing;  L.  Terpsichore .]  Relating  to 
Terpsichore,  the  muse  who  presided  over  the 
choral  song  and  dancing.  Athenccum. 

TER'RACE,  n.  [It,  terrazzo-,  terra  (L.  terra), 
the  earth  ; Sp.  terrazo  ; Fr.  terrasse.) 

1.  A platform  or  level  surface  of  earth  thrown 

up,  as  for  cultivation,  or  for  a walk  or  parade. 
“ The  terrace  of  the  fort.”  Ilackluyt. 

O'er  all  appeared  the  mountain’s  forked  brows, 

With  terraces  on  terraces  upthrown.  Krcst. 

2.  A balcony  ; an  open  gallery.  Fuller. 

3.  An  oriental  or  flat  roof  of  a house.  Holland. 

TER'RACE,  V.  a.  [i.  TERRACED  ; pp.  TERRACING, 
terraced.]  To  form  into  a terrace,  or  to  fur- 
nish with  a terrace  or  terraces.  Wotton. 

TER'RACED  (ter'jst),^.  a.  Formed  into,  or  hav- 
ing, a terrace.  Thomson. 

TER'RA— COT'TA,  n.  ; pi.  tkr'ra-cot'ta?.  [It.] 
Baked  clay  ; — a name  given  to  figures,  vases, 
architectural  decorations,  &c.,  modelled  or  cast 
in  a paste  composed  of  a pure  clay  and  a fine- 
grained, colorless  sand,  or  calcined  flints,  with 
pulverized  potsherds,  or  crushed  pottery,  and 
slowly  dried  in  the  air,  and  then  fired  to  the 
hardness  of  stone  in  a kiln.  Tomlinson. 

TER-RA-CULT'IT-RAL,  a.  Relating  to  terracul- 
ture ; agricultural,  [r.]  Clarke. 

TER-RA-CULT'URE,  n.  [L.  terra,  the  earth,  and 
cultura , cultivation.]  Cultivation  of  the  earth  ; 
agriculture,  [r.]  Clarke. 

TER'RJE  FIL'I-US  (ter're-fll'e-us),  n.  [L.,  a son 
of  the  earth.)  A humorous  name  given  to  a 
student  or  orator  formerly  appointed  in  the  pub- 
lic acts  in  Oxford  University,  England,  to  make 
a jesting  and  satirical  Latin  oration  against  the 
members  of  the  university;  — not  unlike  the 
prevaricator  at  Cambridge.  Guardian. 

TER  ' RA  FIR  ’ MA.  [L.]  Firm  or  solid  earth  ; 
— a firm  basis  or  foundation.  Qu.  Rev. 

TER'RAfjrE,  n.  [UowL.  terragium  \ from  L.  terra, 
land.]  (Old  Eng.  Laiv.)  A kind  of  tax  on  land ; 
a boon  or  duty  of  ploughing,  reaping,  &c .Cowell. 

TER'RA  JA-PON' I-CA,  n.  [Low  L.]  Japan 

earth;  catechu.  — See  Catechu.  Crabb. 

TER'RA— PENE,  n.  A terrapin.  Eng.  Cyc. 

TER'RA-PIN,  n.  (Zoul.)  A fresh-water  tortoise 
of  the  family  Emydidce,  having  a depressed 
head,  large  eyes,  and  a beak  resembling  in  form 
that  of  a bird  of  prey.  Its  neck  can  be  wholly 
retracted  within  the  carapace.  Baird. 

TIJR-RA'CIUE-OUS,  a.  [L.  terra , earth,  and  aqua, 
water.]  Consisting  of  land  and  water.  “ The 
terraqueous  globe.”  Woodward. 

f TER'RAR,  n.  [Low  L.  terrarium,  from  L.  terra, 
earth.]  ( Old  Eng.  Law.)  A book  or  roll  con- 
taining a description  of  the  several  lands  of  an 
individual  or  of  a town.  Burrill. 

TER'RAS,  n.  (Min.)  See  Tarras.  Maunder. 

f TERRE,  v.  n.  To  tarre ; to  urge.  Wickliffe. 

TERRE'— BLUE  (tir'bluj,  n.  [Fr.  terre,  earth,  and 
bleu,  blue.]  A sort  of  light  earth.  Woodward. 

TpR-REEN',  n.  See  Tureen.  Knox. 

f TERRE'MOTE  (tAr'mot),  n.  [L.  terra,  of  the 
earth,  and  motus,  motion  ; Old  Fr.  terremuet .] 
An  earthquake.  Goioer. 

Tf.R-RENE',  a.  [L.  terrenus  ; terra,  the  earth; 
It.  & Sp.  terreno .] 

1.  Consisting  of  earth  ; earthy.  “ The  terrene 

substance  may  be  separated.”  Holland. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  earth;  earthly;  terres- 
trial. 


f TfR-RENE',  n.  The  surface  of  the  whole 
earth.  “ The  length  of  this  terrene .”  Milton. 

TER'Rp-OUS,  a.  [L.  terreus ; terra,  the  earth; 
It.  Sp.  terreo ; Fr.  terreux .]  Consisting  of 
earth ; earthy,  [n.]  Glancill. 

TERRE— P LEIN  (tir-plan'),  «.  [Fr.  terre,  earth, 
and  plein,  full.]  (Fort.)  The  platform  or  hori- 
zontal surface  of  a rampart,  on  which  cannon 
are  placed  and  worked:  — in  field  fortification 
the  plane  of  site  or  level  country  around  a work. 

Glossary  of  Mil.  Terms.  Stocqucler. 

TIJR-RES'TRI-AL,  a.  [L.  terrestris ; terra,  the 
earth;  It.,  Sp.,  6,  Fr.  terrestre.) 

1.  Relating  to  the  earth  ; earthly;  mundane. 

Celestial  bodies,  and  bodies  terrestrial.  1 Cor.  xv.  40. 

2.  Consisting  of  earth  ; earth)' ; terreous. 
“ Terrestrial  parts  of  the  globe.”  [r.J  Woodward. 

TJJR-RES'TRI-AL,  n.  1.  An  inhabitant  of  the 
earth.  “ What  all  terrestrials  need.”  Pope. 

2.  pi.  (Zotil.)  A section  of  the  class  Axes,  or 
birds,  corresponding  to  the  orders  Rasores  and 
Cursores  : — also  of  a family  of  pulmonated, 
gasteropodous  mollusks,  and  of  a division  of 
isopodous  crustaceans.  Brande. 

TIJR-RES'TRJ-AL-LY,  ad.  After  an  earthly  man- 
ner ; as  an  inhabitant  of  the  earth.  More. 

TER-RES'TRI-AL-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the 
quality  of  being  terrestrial.  Scott. 

f TJJR-RES'TRI-FY,  i’.  a.  [L.  terrestris,  terrestrial, 
and  facto,  to  make.]  To  reduce  to  earth;  to 
make  like  earth.  Browne. 

+ T£R-RES'TRI-OUS,  a.  Terrestrial.  Browne. 

TER'RET,  n.  The  ring  on  a saddle  through  which 
the  gig-reins  pass.  Wright. 

TERRE'— TEN-ANT  (tAr'ten-ant),  n.  (Law.)  A 
tenant,  holder,  or  occupier  of  land.  Blackstone. 

TERRE— VF.RTE  (tir'vSrt),  n.  [Fr. ; terre,  earth, 
and  vert,  green.]  (Min.)  A green,  soft,  earthy 
mineral,  consisting  chiefly  of  silica,  alumina, 
protoxide  and  peroxide  of  iron,  magnesia,  and 
water,  used  as  a pigment ; green  earth ; sela- 
donite.  Dana. 

TER'RI-BLE,  a.  [L.  terribilis  ; terreo,  to  frighten  ; 
It.  terribile  ; Sp.  <Sp  Fr.  terrible .] 

1.  Exciting  fear  ; causing  terror  ; fearful  ; 
frightful  ; horrible  ; dreadful ; formidable. 

Prudent  in  peace,  and  terrible  in  war.  Prior. 

2.  Producing  awe  and  reverence,  or  tending 
to  excite  dread,  wonder,  and  astonishment. 

O God,  thou  art  terrible  out  of  thy  holy  place.  Ps.  lxviii.  35. 

3.  Great ; severe  ; excessive..  [Colloquial.] 

Terrible  coldness  of  the  season.  Clarendon. 

Syn.  — See  Fearful,  Formidable. 

TER'RI-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  terri- 
bie  ; formidableness;  dreadfulness.  Sidney. 

TER'RI-BLY,  ad.  1.  In  a terrible  manner ; dread- 
fully ; horribly  ; formidably.  Dryden. 

2.  Violently  ; very  much.'  [Colloquial.] 

The  poor  man  squalled  tendbly.  Swift. 

TER'RI-ER,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  terra,  earth.] 

1.  A variety  of  the  dog  remarkable  for  the 

eagerness  and  courage  with  which  it  goes  into 
the  ground  for  animals  that  burrow ; Canis 
familiaris  terrarius.  Eng.  Cyc. 

The  fox  is  earthed;  but  I shall  send  my  two  terriers  in 
after  him.  Dryden. 

2.  [Fr.  terre  (L.  terra),  land.]  (Eng.  Law.) 

A register  or  survey  of  lands  ; a book  nr  roll  in 
which  the  several  lands,  either  of  an  individual 
or  a corporation,  are  described,  containing  the 
quantity  of  acres,  boundaries,  tenants’  names, 
&c.  ; — applied  particularly  to  ecclesiastical 
lands.  — Anciently  called  terrar.  Ayliffe. 

3.  [L.  tero,  to  bore.]  f An  instrument  for  bor- 
ing ; an  auger  or  borer.  Ainsworth. 

TER-RIF'IC,  a.  [L.  terrificus ; terreo,  to  fright- 
en, and  facio,  to  make;  It.  &;  Sp.  terrifeo .) 
Adapted  to  excite  consternation,  or  great  fear 
and  dread:  causing  terror  ; dreadful;  fearful; 
frightful;  formidable;  terrible. 

A prim,  tcnljie.  formidable  band.  Pope. 

Syn.  — See Fearful,  Formidable. 

TIJR-RIF'I-CAL,  a.  Exciting  terror,  alarm,  or 
consternation ; terrific.  Clarke. 


TpR-RIF'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  So  as  to  excite  terror! 
terribly  ; frightfully.  De  Quincey- 

TER'RI-FY,  v.  a.  [L.  terror,  terror,  and  facio,  to 
make.]  [i.  terrified  ; pp.  terrifying,  ter- 
rified.] To  strike  with  terror  ; to  frighten  ; 
to  fright  ; to  alarm  ; to  shock  ; to  make  afraid. 

Thou  scarest  me  with  dreams,  and  terrifiest  me  through 
visions.  « Job  vii.  14. 

TIJR-RIG'IJ-NOUS,  a.  [L.  terregina  ; terra,  the 
earth,  and  gigno,  to  bring  forth,  to  be  born.] 
Born  of  the  earth.  Smart. 

TER-RI-TO'RI-AL,  a.  [L.  territorialis ; It.  terri- 
torials, Sp.  A Fr.  territorial .]  Pertaining  to, 
or  consisting  of,  a territory  or  territories.  “ Ter- 
ritorial acquisitions.”  A.  Smith. 

Territorial  courts,  tile  courts  established  in  tile  ter- 
ritories of  the  United  States.  Boucicr. 

TER-RI-TO'RI-AL-IZE,  v.  a.  To  enlarge  or  ex- 
tend by  addition  of  territory,  [it.]  Coleridge 

TER-RI-TO'RI-AL-L  Y,  ad.  In  relation  to,  or  by 
means  of,  territory.  Clarke. 

f TER'RI-TO-RIED,  a.  Possessed  of  land  or  ter- 
ritory. Seldcn. 

TER'R[-TO-RY,  n.  [L.  territorium ; terra,  the 
earth  ; It.  S;  Sp.  territorio  ; Fr.  territoire .] 

1.  The  compass  of  land  belonging  to,  or  with- 

in the  jurisdiction  of,  a state,  city,  town,  or  par- 
ish, &c. ; country  ; domain  ; district.  Milton. 

Linger  not  in  my  territories  longer  than  swiftest  expedi- 
tion will  give  thee  time  to  leave  our  royal  court.  Shale. 

The  kingdom  of  England,  over  which  our  municipal  laws 
have  jurisdiction,  includes  not,  by  the  common  law,  either 
"Wales.  Scotland,  or  Ireland,  or  any  other  part  of  the  king’s 
dominions,  except  the  territory  of  England  alone.  Blackstone. 

2.  A large  district  of  country  belonging  to 

the  United  States,  not  forming  a part  of  any 
individual  state,  and  having  a temporary  gov- 
ernment. Bouvier. 

Syn.  — See  District. 

TER'ROR,  n.  [L.  terror  ; terreo,  to  frighten  ; It. 
terrors;  Sp.  terror ; Fr.  terreur.) 

1.  Great  fear ; fright ; alarm  ; consternation. 

Terror  is  that  species  of  fear  which  rouses  to  defend  or 
escape,  producing  the  violent  agitations  which  have  been 
already  noticed.  Cogan. 

2.  That  which  excites  dread  ; cause  of  fear. 

Judah  shall  be  a terror  unto  Egypt.  Isa.  xix.  17. 

Those  enormous  terrors  of  the  Nile.  Prior. 

King  of  terrors , death , emphatically  so  called. — 
Reign  of  terror , ( French  Hist.)  that  period  during  the 
revolution  between  October,  1793,  and  July,  1794,  dur- 
ing which  the  executions  were  most  numerous,  and 
the  country  under  the  sway  of  the  actual  terror  in- 
spired by  the  ferocious  measures  of  its  governors,  who 
had  established  it  avowedly  as  the  principle  of  their 
authority.  Brande. 

Syn.  — See  Alarm. 

TER'ROR-J§M,  n.  Government  by  terror  or  in- 
timidation ; a state  of  terror.  Lady  Morgan. 

TER'ROR-IST,  n.  One  who  rules  by  intimidation  ; 
one  who  practises  terrorism  ; — a name  given  to 
the  agents  and  partisans  of  the  revolutionary 
tribunal  in  France  during  the  reign  of  terror. 

Thousands  of  those  hell-hounds  called  terrorists,  whom 
they  had  shut  up  in  prison,  on  their  last  revolution,  as  the 
satellites  of  tyranny,  are  let  loose  on  the  people.  Burke. 

TER'ROR-IZE,  v.  a.  To  affright.  Life  of  J.  Selden. 

TER'ROR-LESS,  a.  Free  from  terror  ; without 
fear  ; fearless  ; not  afraid.  Shelley. 

TER'ROR-SMlT'TEN,  a.  Smitten  or  struck  with 
terror ; terror-struck.  Clarke. 

TER'ROR-STRUCK,  a,  Alarmed  or  struck  with 
terror;  terror-smitten.  [Clarke. 

TER'RY— VEL'VIJT,  n.  A kind  of  silk  plush  or 
ribbecl  velvet.  Simmonds. 

TERSE,  a.  [L.  tergo,  tersus,  to  wipe  or  rub  ; It. 
§ Sp.  torso.) 

1.  Wiped ; rubbed  ; clean  ; clear,  [r.] 

Many  stones,  precious  and  vulgar,  although  terse  and 

smooth,  have  not  this  power  attractive.  Browne. 

2.  Free  from  superfluity ; elegantly  concise ; 
polished  and  sententious ; neat. 

ITis  [Maplet’s]  style  was  terse , his  words  choice,  but  his 
periods  a little  too  elaborate.  H ood. 

TERSE'LY,  ad.  In  a terse  manner.  B.  Jonson. 

TERSF/N1JSS.  n.  The  quality  of  being  terse  ; 
neatness  of  style ; elegance  and  conciseness. 

Tie  talked  of  Tacitus;  and  T hazarded  an  opinion,  that, 
with  all  his  merit  for  penetration,  shrewdness  of  judgment, 
and  terseness  of  expression,  he  was  too  compact.  Boswell. 


Advanced  in  honor  and  terrene  power.  Honker. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RtJLE.  — 9,  9,  9,  g,  soft;  G,  G,  £,'  hard;  § as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


TERTIAL 


1492 


TESTED 


TER'TIAL  (ter'shjl),  a.  ( Ornith .)  Applied  to  the 
quills  growing  on  the  last  or  innermost  joint  of 
a bird’s  wing.  Wright. 

TER'TIAL  (ter'sli?l),  n.  {Ornith.)  A large  feath- 
er extending  from  the  proximate  extremity  of 
the  bones  of  the  wing  of  some  birds.  Braude. 

TER'TIAN  (ter'shan),  n.  1.  (Med.)  An  intermit- 
tent fever  or  ague,  the  paroxysms  of  which  re- 
turn every  third  day,  or  every  forty-eight  hours. 

Tertians  of  a long  continuance  do  most  menace  this  sys- 
tem. Harvey. 

2.  A liquid  measure  for  wine,  equal  to  seven- 
ty gallons.  Simmonds. 

TER'TIAN  (ter'slian),  a.  [L.  tertianus ; tertius, 
the  third.]  Occurring  every  third  day. 

A tertian  ague  is  at  least  your  lot.  Dryden. 

TER'TI-A-RY  (ter'she-3-re),  a.  Third,  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  third. 

Tertiary  formation,  ox  tertiary  strata,  ( Oeol .)  a series 
of  sedimentary  rocks,  with  characters  which  distin- 
guish them  from  two  other  great  series  of  strata — the 
secondary  and  the  primary  — which  lie  beneath  them. 
Lyell.  — Tertiary  colors,  citrine,  russet,  and  olive,  pro- 
duced by  the  mixture  of  two  secondaries  ; more  cor- 
rectly speaking,  they  are  grays,  and  are  either  red- 
gray,  blue-gray,  or  yellow-gray,  when  these  primaries 
are  in  excess  ; or  they  are  violet-gray,  orange-gray,  or 
green-gray,  when  these  secondaries  are  in  excess. 
Fairholt. 

TER'TI-ATE  (ter'she-at),  v.  a.  [L.  tertio , ter- 
tiatus ; tertius,  the  third  ; It.  terziare.]  [i.  ter- 
TIATED  ; pp.  TERTI ATING,  TERTIATED.] 

1.  To  do  for  the  third  time,  [r.]  Johnson. 

2.  To  examine,  as  the  thickness  of  the  metal 

of  a piece  of  ordnance,  in  order  to  ascertain  its 
strength.  Mar . Diet. 

TER'TI-t/M  QUID.  [L.]  A third  something. 

TER ZA—RIMA  (tert'si-re'ml).  [It.,  third  or  triple 
rhyme.]  A peculiar  and  complicated  system  of 
versification,  borrowed  by  the  early  Italian 
poets  from  the  Troubadours.  Brande. 

4®*“ The  rhyme  is  thus  arranged:  at  the  com- 
mencement of  a poem,  or  portion  of  a poem,  verses  1 
and  3 rhyme  together,  as  do  verses  2,  4,  and  6;  the 
third  rhyme  begins  with  verse  5,  which  rhymes  to  7 
and  9 ; the  fourth  is  formed  by  8,  10,  and  12,  and  so 
on;  and  the  poem  or  canto  ends  abruptly  — the  last 
rhyme,  like  the  first,  being  on  a couplet  instead  of  a 
triplet.  This  metre  has  been  rendered  celebrated  by 
Dante,  who  wrote  in  it  his  ‘ Divina  Commedia.’ 
Byron  has  adopted  it  in  English,  with  indifferent  suc- 
cess, in  his  ‘Prophecy  of  Dante’;  and  it  has  been 
attempted  by  various  translators.”  Brande. 

TER-ZET’  TO  (tert-set'to),  n.  [It.]  (Mas.)  A 
composition  in  three  parts ; a piece  for  three 
voices  or  three  instruments  ; a trio.  Moore. 

TES'SJJL-ITE,  n.  (Min.)  Apophyllite.  Brewster. 

TES'SfL-LAR,  a.  Formed  in  squares.  Wright. 

TES'SJgL-LATE,  v.  a.  [L.  tessella,  a small, 
square  piece  of  stone.]  \i.  tessellated  ; pp. 
TESSELLATING,  TESSELLATED.]  To  form  into 
little  squares  ; to  lay  with  mosaic  or  checkered 
work.  P.  Cgc. 

TES’SIJL-LAT-pD,  a.  [L . tessellafas  • tessella,  a 
small,  square  piece  of  stone.]  Variegated  by 
squares  or  square  stones  in  the  manner  of  mo- 
saic ; checkered.  Woodward. 

A tessellated  pavement  without  cement.  Burke. 

TES-spL-LA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  tessellating, 
or  the  state  of  being  tessellated.  Smart. 

TES’SF.-RjI,  n. ; pi.  tessera:.  [L.,  from  Gr.  rta- 
o-apft,  four.]  (Roman  Ant.)  A square  or  cube, 
used  for  making  tessellated  pavements,  for  dice, 
and  as  tokens  for  different  purposes.  Wm. Smith. 

TES-Sp-RA'IC,  a.  Variegated  by  squares;  tes- 
sellated ; checkered,  [r.]  Sir  R.  Athyns. 

TES'Sf-RAL,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to,  or  resembling, 
a tessera.  " Ed.  Rev. 

2.  (Crystallography.)  Noting  a system  of 
crystallization  in  which  the  three  axes  are  rec- 
tangular in  their  intersections,  and  equal ; mon- 
ometric. Dana. 

TES'SU-LAR,  a.  (Crystallography.)  Noting  a sys- 
tem of  crystals,  including  the  cube,  tetrahe- 
dron, &e. ; monometric.  Brande. 

TEST,  n.  [L.  testa,  a piece  of  baked  earthen 
ware;  It.  testo-,  Fr.  trt.\ 


1.  A cupel  for  assaying  and  refining  metals. 

Ingots,  tests,  and  many  things  more.  Chaucer. 

2.  A decisive  trial ; an  experiment. 

He  urged  the  notoriousness  of  the  fact,  as  a thing  not 
feigned,  not  private,  but  done  at  noon-day,  under  the  test  of 
competent  persons.  Bp.  Taylor. 

3.  That  with  which  any  thing  is  compared  in 
order  to  determine  its  genuineness  ; a criteri- 
on ; a standard. 

Unerring  Nature,  still  divinely  bright. 

One  clear,  unchanged,  and  universal  light, 

JLife,  force,  and  beauty  must  to  all  impart. 

At  once  the  source,  and  end,  and  test  of  art.  Tope. 

4.  Proof ; decisive  exhibition  or  example. 

Satisfied  with  having  given  a test  of  their  courage.  Cook. 

5.  Judgment ; distinction  ; discrimination. 

Who  would  excel,  when  few  can  make  a test 
Betwixt  indifferent  writing  and  the  best.  Dnfden. 

6.  ( Chem .)  A substance,  which,  on  being  ap- 

plied to  other  substances  whose  composition  is 
unknown,  indicates,  by  the  sensible  effects  which 
it  produces  or  fails  to  produce,  their  constituent 
elements ; a reagent.  Dr.  C.  T.  Jackson. 

7.  The  imposition  of  an  oath,  or  any  other 
act  by  which  one’s  principles,  particularly  one’s 
religious  principles,  are  put  to  the  proof. 

Test:  and  disabilities  are  distinct  from  penalties  properly 
so  called.  Eden. 

Test  paper,  (Law.)  a paper  or  instrument  shown  to 
a jury  as  evidence.  [U.  S.J  Burrill. 

Syn.  — See  Criterion,  Experiment. 

t TEST,  n.  [L.  testis .]  A witness;  an  eyewitness. 

Prelates  and  great  lord,  of  England  were  . . . tests  of  that 
deed,  at  tire  least  to  the  number  of  eleven.  Berners. 

TEST,  v.  a.  [Nor.  Fr.  taster-,  Fr.  tater,  to  taste, 
to  try.  — From  the  same  root  as  taste.  Talbot .] 
[».  TESTED  ; pp.  TESTING,  TESTED.] 

1.  To  try  by  a test  or  standard ; to  prove  or 
to  disprove  by  experiment,  or  some  criterion ; 
to  subject  to  a critical  trial. 

Not  with  fond  shekels  of  the  tested  gold.  Shak. 

The  power  of  a sample  of  gunpowder,  or  of  a piece  of  ord- 
nance, is  tested,  not  by  the  loudness  of  the  report,  but  by  the 
depth  of  the  impression  made  on  the  target.  Wliately. 

2.  To  attest  and  date,  [r.]  Wright. 

3.  To  refine,  as  gold  and  silver,  by  means  of 

litharge,  or  oxide  of  lead,  cleansing  or  separat- 
ing them  from  alloy  ; to  assay.  Craig. 

4.  (Chem.)  To  try  or  examine  by  applying  a 

reagent  or  reagents.  Dr.  C.  T.  Jackson. 

ttgp  Though  Shakespeare  uses  tested  as  a participial 
adjective,  yet  the  active  verb  to  test  is  modern,  ll  is 
reputed  to  be  of  American  origin,  and  the  use  of  it 
has  heretofore  been  stigmatized.  It  has,  however, 
been  often  used,  within  a few  years,  in  the  most 
distinguished  English  reviews  and  journals,  and  by 
some  of  the  most  eminent  English  writers. 

f TEST,  v.  n.  To  make  a will  or  testament. 

While  he  that  testeth  liveth.  Heb.ix.  17,  Rhemish  Version. 

TF.S’T.d,  n.  [L .,  a shell.) 

1.  (Zolil.)  The  shell  or  covering  of  testaceous 

animals.  Andrews. 

2.  (Bot.)  The  outer,  and  usually  harder,  coat 

or  shell  of  the  seed.  Gray. 

TES'TA-BLE,  a.  [L .testabilis;  Old  Fr.  testable.] 

1.  That  may  be  disposed  of  by  will.  Blackstone. 

2.  Capable  of  bearing  witness,  [u.]  Cotgrave. 

TF.S-TA  'CE-4  (tes-ta'she-a,  66),  n.  pi.  ( Zolil .) 
The  ntollusca  in  general,  but  more  particularly 
those  which  are  covered  with  shells.  Baird. 

TES-TA'CEAN  (tes-ta'shan,  66),  n.  (Zolil.)  A mol- 
luscous animal  covered  with  a shell;  a shell- 
fish ; a mollusk.  Brande. 

TES-TA'CEAN,  a.  Relating  to  the  testacea.  Lyell. 

TES'TA-CEL,  n.  A little  shell ; a slug.  Smart. 

TIJS-tA-CIJ-og'RA-PIIY,  n.  See  Testaceolooy. 

TIJS-TA-CE-OL'O-OY,  n.  [L.  testacea ; testa,  a 
shell,  and  Gr.  i.dyos,  a discourse.]  The  science 
of  testaceous  mollusks  ; conchology.  Clarke. 

TgS-TA'CEOUS  (tes-ta'shus),  a.  [L.  testaceus ; 
testa,  a shell ; It.  § Sp.  testaceo-,  Fr.  testacr.] 

1.  Consisting  or  composed  of  shells.  Johnson. 

2.  (Zo'ul.)  Pertaining  to  animals  which  have 
a strong,  thick,  and  entire  shell,  as  oysters  ; tes- 
tacean  ; — opposed  to  crvstaceous.  Brande. 

Testaceous  powders,  (Med.)  powders  consisting  of 
burnt  shells.  Dunglison. 

TEST'-ACT,  n.  The  act  of  25  Charles  II.,  c.  2, 
by  which  all  officers,  civil  and  military,  were 
bound  to  take  the  oaths  of  supremacy  and  ab- 


juration, and  the  test,  that  is,  the  eucharist 
according  to  the  forms  of  the  Church,  of  Eng- 
land, under  severe  penalties  if  they  exercised 
the  functions  of  any  such  officer  without  being 
thus  duly  qualified.  This  act  was  repealed  in 
1828.  Blackstone.  Eden. 

TES'TA-CY,  n.  The  state  or  condition  of  dying 
after  having  made  a will  which  was  valid  at  the 
time  of  testator’s  death.  Bouvier. 

TES'TA-MENT,  n.  [L.  testamentum ; testor,  to 
testify  ; It.  $ Sp.  testamento  ; Fr.  testament .] 

1.  A formal,  legal  declaration  or  expression 
of  a person’s  will  or  desire  in  regard  to  the  dis- 
position he  would  have  made  of  his  property 
after  his  death  ; a will.  Blackstone.  Burrill. 

A testament  has  been  distinguished  from  a will, 
both  by  common  lawyers  and  civilians,  hut  on  differ- 
ent grounds.  In  modern  law  tile  terms  will  and  testa- 
ment are  generally  used  without  distinction,  to  express 
the  instrument  by  which  a person  makes  a disposition 
of  property,  to  take  effect  after  death.  Where  the 
instrument  is  more  formally  described,  botlt  terms  are 
made  use  of,  and  it  is  called  a last  will  and  testament. 
Burrill. 

2.  The  title  or  appellation  of  each  of  the  two 
parts  of  the  Bible,  including  the  canonical  books 
of  the  sacred  Scriptures  ; as,  “ The  Old  Testa- 
ment”-,  “The  New  Testament.”  Hook.  Eden. 

It  is  not  out  of  any  satiety  that  I change  from  the  Old  Tcs- 
lament  to  [the]  New;  these  two,  as  they  are  the  breasts  of  the 
church,  so  they  yield  milk  equally  wholesome,  equally  pleas- 
ant, unto  able  nurslings.  Bp.  Hall. 

Optatus  compares  the  Scriptures  to  the  testator’s  will;  if 
there  be  a controversy  amongst  the  descendants  of  the  house, 
run  to  the  Scriptures,  seethe  original  will;  the  Gospels  are 
Christ’s  testament,  and  the  Epistles  are  the  codicils  annexed, 
and  but  by  these  we  shall  never  know  the  will  of  the  testator. 

Bp.  Taylor. 

ftif’  The  word  rendered  Testament  is  generally,  by 
itself,  translated  Covenant.  The  term  New  is  added 
to  distinguish  it  from  the  Old  Covenant,  or  dispensa- 
tion of  Moses.  These  two  terms,  from  signifying  the 
two  dispensations,  came  soon  to  denote  the  books 
wherein  they  were  written  ; the  sacred  writings  of 
the  Jews  being  called  the  Old  Testament,  and  the 
writings  superadded  by  the  evangelists  and  the  apos- 
tles, the  New  Testament.  See  2 Cor.  iii.  G.  14.  The 
title  JW//?  Testament  was  adopted  in  the  second  cen- 
tury. Eden.  Hook. 

Ji  civil  testament , a testament  made  according  to  the 
forms  of  the  civil  law,  in  contradistinction  to  a mili- 
tary testament,  in  which  some  of  the  forms  may  be 

dispensed  with. d common  testament,  a testament 

made  jointly  by  several  persons. — d mystic  testament , 
a form  of  making  a will  which  consists  principally 
in  enclosing  it  in  an  envelope,  and  sealing  it  in  the 
presence  of  witnesses;  — also  called  a solemn  testar- 
ment , because  it  requires  more  formality  than  a nun- 
cupative testament.  — Nuncupative  testament,  a testa- 
ment made  verbally,  in  the  presence  of  witnesses. — 
Olographic  testament,  a testament  written  wholly  by 
the  testator  himself.  Bouvier. 

Syn.  — See  Will. 

TES-TA-MEN'TAL,  a.  Testamentary.  Montgom'y. 

TES-TA-MEN'TA-RY,  a.  [L.  test amentar ins  ; It. 
<§•  Sp.  testamentario  ; Fr.  testamentaire.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  a will  or  testament.  Burrill. 

2.  Derived  from,  founded  on,  or  appointed 

by,  a testament  or  will;  as,  “A  testamentary 
guardian.”  Burrill. 

TES-TA-M  J£N-TA'TION,  n.  The  act  or  the  power 
of  giving  by  testament  or  will.  Burke. 

TES-tA'MUR,  n.  [L.,  we  testify.]  A term  ap- 
plied to  a certificate  of  proficiency  in  an  Eng- 
lish university; — so  called  from  the  first  word 
in  the  formula.  College  Words  and  Customs. 

TES'TATE,  n.  [L.  testo,  testatus , to  make  a will.] 
One  who  has  made  a will ; one  who  dies  leav- 
ing a will  or  testament.  Burrill. 

TES'TATE,  a.  Having  made  a will. 

By  the  common  law,  the  bishop  had  the  lawful  distribu- 
tion of  goods  of  persons  dying  testate  and  intestate.  Ayliffe. 

f T£S-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  testatio.]  Witness. 

How  clear  a testation  ...  to  this  truth.  Bp.  Hall. 

T£S-TA'TOR,  n.  [L.]  ( Laic .)  One  who  makes, 
or  has  made,  a testament  or  will ; one  who  dies 
leaving  a will  or  testament. 

Optatus  compares  the  Scriptures  to  the  testator's  will.  Taylor. 

T^S-TA'TRIX,  n.  [L.]  A woman  who  makes, 
or  has  made,  a testament  or  will  ; a woman  who 
dies  leaving  a will  ; a female  testator.  Burrill. 

TESTED,  p.  a.  Tried  by  a test  or  standard ; 
brought  to  the  test ; pure  ; assayed.  Shak. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  !,  O,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


TESTER 


1493 


TETRADYNAMIAN 


TES'T^R,  n.  [Old  Fr.  teste,  the  head  ; Fr.  tete.) 

1.  An  old  French  silver  coin,  originally  worth 

eighteen  pence,  but  afterwards  reduced  to  six- 
pence ; a teston.  Shak. 

2.  A covering  over  the  head  of  a bed,  affixed 

to  the  bedstead.  Elyot. 

f TES'TIJRN,  n.  A coin  ; a tester.  Latimer. 
fTES'T^RN,  v.  a.  To  present  with  a tester  or 
sixpence.  “ You  have  testerned  me.:l  Shah. 

TES'Tf-CLE,  n.  [L.  testiculus,  testis',  testis,  a 
witness;  It.  testicolo;  Sp.  testiculn ; Fr.  testicule .] 
One  of  the  two  glandular  organs  contained  in 
the  scrotum,  the  function  of  which  is  to  secrete 
sperm  or  seminal  fluid.  Dunglison. 

Tjps-Tlc'y-LATE,  a.  ( Bot .)  1.  Noting  a root 
having  two  oblong  tubercles.  Balfour. 

2.  Solid  and  ovate.  Henslow. 

TESTIERE  (tes-te-Ar'),  n.  [Old  Fr. ; teste,  head.] 
A covering  of  plate  for  the  head  of  a horse 
armed  for  battle.  Fairholt. 

TES-TI-FI-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  testificatio  ; It.  testi- 
fcazione;  Sp.  tcstificacion. ] The  act  of  testi- 
fying or  giving  testimony. 

Christ  impartcth  himself  unto  us,  and  piveth  visible  testi- 
fication of  our  blessed  communion  with  him.  Hooker. 

t TES'TI-FI-CA-TOR,  n.  A testifier.  Bailey. 

TES'TI-Fi-JJR,  n.  One  who  testifies.  Pearson. 
TES'TI-FY,  v.  n.  [L.  testificor;  testis,  a witness, 
and  facio,  to  make  ; It.  testificare  ; Sp.  testifi- 
car. ] [i.  testified  ; pp.  testifying,  testi- 
fied.] 

1.  To  make  a statement  or  declaration  in 
confirmation  of  some  fact ; to  bear  witness. 

Jesus  . . . needed  not  that  any  should  testify  of  man;  for 
he  knew  what  was  in  man.  John  ii.  24,  25. 

2.  To  give  evidence  or  testimony  in  regard  to 
a case  depending  before  a court  or  tribunal. 

One  witness  shall  not  testify  against  any  to  cause  him  to 
die.  Num.  xxxv.  311. 

3.  {Law.)  To  make  a solemn  declaration  un- 
-der  oath  or  affirmation,  before  a tribunal,  court, 

judge,  or  magistrate,  for  the  purpose  of  proving 
some  fact.  Burrill. 

TES'TI-FY,  v.  a.  To  bear  witness  to;  to  give 
evidence  or  testimony  of. 

To  testify  the  gospel  of  the  grace  of  God.  Acts  xx.  24. 

TEST'I-LY,  ad.  In  a testy  manner;  fretfully; 

peevishly  ; morosely  ; petulantly.  Johnson. 
TES-TI-MO'Nf-AL,  n.  [Fr.  — See  Testimony.]  A 
writing  or  certificate  that  may  be  produced  as 
evidence  of  character  ; a credential ; a recom- 
mendation. Gov.  of  the  Tongue. 

TES-Tf-MO'NI-AL,  a.  1.  Containing  a testimo- 
ny or  certificate  of  character. 

A clerk  does  not  exhibit  to  the  bishop  letters  missive  or 
testimonial  testifying  his  good  behavior.  Aylijje. 

2.  Relating  to  testimony  ; containing  testi- 
mony. Livingston. 

Testimonial  proof,  ( Civil  Law.)  parol  evidence,  used 
in  contradistinction  to  literal  proof,  which  is  written 
evidence.  1 Bouvier. 

TES'TI-MO-NY,  n.  [L.  testimonium-,  testor , to 
attest,  to  testify  ; testis,  a witness  ; It.  testimo- 
nianza-,  Sp . testimonio  \ Fr.  temoignage.) 

1.  The  declaration  or  affirmation  of  one  who 
professes  to  know  the  truth  of  that  which  he 
affirms ; evidence. 

Testimony  is  a serious  intimation  from  another  of  any  fact 
or  observation  as  being  what  he  remembers  to  have  seen,  or 
heard,  or  experienced.  Dr.  Campbell. 

Much  of  human  knowledge  rests  on  the  authority  of  tes- 
timony. Fleming. 

2.  {Law.)  Evidence  of  a witness  or  of  wit- 
nesses under  oath  or  affirmation  ; proof  by  a 

witness  or  by  witnesses.  Burrill. 

3.  Open  attestation  ; profession. 

Thou  for  the  testimony  of  the  truth  hast  borne  universal 
reproach.  Milton. 

the  Scriptures,  testimony  is  used  in  different 
senses,  which  may  be  generally  determined  by  the 
connection. 

1.  The  tables  of  the  law ; the  decalogue. 

And  he  [the  Lord]  gave  unto  Moses  . . . two  tables  of  testi- 
mony . . . written  with  the  finger  of  God.  Ex.  xxxi.  18. 

2.  The  sacred  Scriptures;  the  Bible.  “ The  testi- 
mony of  the  Lord  is  sure.”  Ps.  x ix.  7.  “My  cove- 
nant and  my  testimony."  Ps.  cxxxii.  12.  Isa.  viii.  16. 

3.  The  book  of  the  law.  Gal.  iii.  10. 

They  brought  out  the  king’s  son,  and  put  upon  him  the 

crown,  and  gave  him  the  testimony.  2 Chron.  xxiii.  11. 

4.  The  gospel  of  the  grace  of  God.  Acts  xx.  24. 

Be  not  thou  ashamed  of  the  testimony  of  our  Lord,  . . . but 

be  thou  partaker  of  the  afflictions  of  the  gospel.  2 Tim.  i.  8.. 


5.  The  ark  in  which  the  law  was  deposited. 

Aaron  laid  it  [manna]  up  before  the  Testimony,  to  lie  kept. 

Exoit.  xvi.  34. 

C.  pi.  The  laws  and  precepts  of  God.  Ps.  cxix.  1C7. 

Ye  shall  diligently  keep  the  commandments  of  the  Lord 
your  God,  and  his  testimonies,  and  his  statutes.  Dent.  vi.  J7. 

7.  The  evidence  or  proof  of  some  fact ; witness. 

When  you  go  out  of  that  city,  shake  off  the  very  dust  of 
your  feet  for  a testimony  against  them.  Lake  ix.  5. 

tUff-  Testimony  may  be  oral  or  written.  The  coin, 
the  monument,  and  other  material  proofs,  have  also 
been  called  testimony  ; so  that  testimony  includes  tra- 
dition and  history.  Fleming. 

Syn.  — See  Evidence. 

f TES'TI-MO-NY,  v.  a.  To  witness.  Shak. 

TES'TI-NESS,  n.  Peevishness  ; petulance.  Locke. 

TEST'ING,  n.  The  act  of  trying  and  proving; 
act  of  applying  a test.  Smart. 

TEST'— OB-JECT,  n.  {Opt.)  An  object  whose 
texture  or  markings  require  a certain  degree  of 
excellence  in  a microscope  in  order  to  be  well 
seen,  — as  the  hair  of  the  bat,  or  the  scale  of 
the  cabbage-butterfly.  Brewster. 

\ TES'TON,  n.  [Old  Fr.  teste,  the  head,  — the 
head  of  the  king  being  impressed  on  the  coin.] 
A coin.  — See  Tester.  Bp.  Hall. 

T1JS-TONE',  n.  [It.  ; testa,  the  head.]  An  Italian 
coin  worth  about  Is.  3d.  sterling.  McCulloch. 

TfS-TOON',  n.  A silver  coin  of  Portugal,  worth 
from  5d.  to  7d.  ster.  ($0.10  to  $0.14).  McCulloch. 

TEST'— PA-P£R,  n.  (Chem.)  Paper  colored  by  a 
concentrated  vegetable  infusion,  as  of  blue  cab- 
bage, or  of  litmus,  used  as  a chemical  test.  If 
colored  by  an  infusion  of  blue  cabbage,  it  ac- 
quires a bright-green  color  by  contact  with  al- 
kalies, and  a bright-red  color  by  contact  with 
acids.  Parnell. 

TEST'— TUBE,  n.  {Chem.)  A small  glass  tube 
for  holding  liquids  to  be  tested.  Dr.C.T.  Jackson. 

TIJS-TU'DI-NAL,  a.  [L.  testudo,  a tortoise.]  Re- 
lating to,  or  resembling,  the  tortoise.  Smart. 

TpS-TU-DI-NA'RI-OC’S,  a.  Resembling  a tor- 
toise-shell in  color  ; red,  black,  and  yellow,  like 
a tortoise-shell.  Maunder. 

TpS-TU'Dt-NATE,  ? [L.  testudinatus  ; tes- 

TJES-TU  DI-NAT- ]JD,  > tmlo,  testudinis,  a tor- 
toise.] Resembling  the  back  of  a tortoise  in 
form  ; vaulted  ; roofed  ; arched.  Wright. 

TES-TU-DIN'IJ-OUS,  a.  [L.  testudineus .]  Re- 
sembling the  shell  of  a tortoise,  [it.]  Bailey. 

TES-TU'DO,  n.  [L. ; testa,  the  shell  of  a testa- 
ceous animal.] 

1.  (Zoiil.)  A Linnrean  genus  of  amphibian . 

reptiles  ; the  tortoise  ; Chelonia.  Baird. 

2.  {Mas.)  The  lyre  of  Mercury,  originally 

made  of  the  shell  of  the  sea-tortoise  ; — ap- 
plied to  various  kinds  of  the  lyre  similarly 
formed.  Moore.  Fairholt. 

3.  {Roman  Ant.)  An  arched  or  vaulted  roof : 

a military  machine,  moving  upon  wheels,  and 
roofed  over,  under  which  soldiers  worked  in 
undermining,  or  otherwise  destroying,  walls  : — 
a covering  made  by  a close  body  of  soldiers, 
who  placed  their  shields  over  their  heads  to 
secure  themselves  against  the  darts  of  the  en- 
emy. Wm.  Smith. 

4.  {Med.)  An  encysted  tumor,  supposed  to 

resemble  the  shell  of  a tortoise.  Dunglison. 

TES'TY,  a.  [Fr.  tesiu,  tetu',  tete,  the  head;  It. 
testardo,  headstrong.]  Fretful ; peevish  ; petu- 
lant ; pettish. 

King  Pyrrhus  cured  his  splenetic 

Ana  testy  courtiers  with  a kick.  Hudibr.as. 

Thou’rt  such  a touchy,  testy,  pleasing  fellow.  Addison. 

T5-TAn'IC,  n.  {Med.)  A remedy,  as  nux-vomi- 
ca,  strychnia,  &c.,  which  acts  on  the  nerves, 
and  through  them  on  the  muscles,  occasioning, 
in  large  doses,  convulsions  ; — atonic  convul- 
sion. Dunglison. 

T^-TAN'IC,  a.  Relating  to  tetanus.  P.  Cyc. 

TET'A-NUS,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  Tirana ( ; rtivoi,  to 
stretch.]  {Med.)  A disease  consisting  in  a 
permanent  contraction  of  all,  or  of  some  of,  the 
muscles,  without  alternations  of  relaxation,  and 
characterized  by  closure  of  the  jaws,  difficulty 
or  impracticability  of  deglutition,  rigidity  and 
immobility  of  the  limbs  and  trunk,  which  is  ] 


sometimes  curved  forwards,  sometimes  back- 
wards, and  sometimes  to  one  side.  Dunglison. 

TE-TAUG',  n.  A fish. — See  Tad  TOG. 

TETCH'Y,  a.  Peevish;  techy.  — See  Techy.  Shak. 

TETE  (tat),  n.  [Fr.,  the  head.)  False  hair;  a 
kind  of  wig  worn  by  ladies.  Graves. 

TETE  A TETE  (tat'j-tat'),  ad.  [Fr.]  Face  to 
face  ; cheek  by  jowl.  Swift. 

TETE  A TETE  (tat'fi-tat'),  n.  1.  [Fr.]  An  inter- 
view ; a friendly  or  close  conversation.  Cowper. 

2.  A kind  of  seat  or  short  sofa,  for  two  per- 
sons to  sit  on  and  converse.  Kittredge. 

TETE  DF.  POJYT  (tit’ de-pong'),  n.  [Fr.]  {Fort.)  A 
field  fortification  in  front  of  a bridge,  to  cover 
the  retreat  of  an  army  across  a river.  Stocqueler. 

TETH'^R,  n.  [Frs.  tudder ; Dut.  tuyer.  Wedge- 
wood.)  [See  Tedder.]  A rope  or  chain  by 
which  a horse  or  other  animal  is  tied  to  a stake, 
so  as  to  allow  a certain  space  for  feeding ; a 
tedder.  Hooker. 

TETII'ER,  V.  a.  [(.  TETHERED  ; pp.  TETHERING, 
tethered.]  To  confine  or  tie  with  a tether. 

He  that  bounded  thy  power  tethered  thee  shorter.  Bp.  Hall. 

TjJ-THY'DAN,  n.  [Gr.  rrjdo;,  an  oyster;  L.  tethea, 
a kind  of  aseidian.]  {Zoiil.)  One  of  a tribe  of 
tunicated,  acephalous  mollusks,  of  which  the 
genus  Ascidia  is  the  type.  Brande. 

I TE'THYS,  n.  [Gr.  Ty%;.)  {Myth.)  A daughter 
of  Uranus  and  Gaea,  and  wife  of  Oceanus  : — 
in  later  Greek  and  Latin  poets  used  for  the 
sea.  Liddell  Sy  Scott. 

TE'THYS,  n.  [Gr.  ryOo;,  an  oyster.]  {Zoiil.)  A 
name  applied  by  Cuvier  to  a genus  of  nudi- 
branchiate  gasteropods,  characterized  by  hav- 
ing two  rows  of  branchiae  along  the  back  in 
form  of  tufts.  Brande. 

TET-RA-BRAA-CHI-A'  TA,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  rtaoapa, 
TiTTapa,  four,  and  (ipayXia , gills.]  (Zoiil.)  An 
order  of  cephalopods,  having  four  gills,  and 
protected  by  an  external  shell ; nautilus,  &c. 

Owen. 

TET-RA-BRAN'jCHI-ATE,  a.  (Zoiil.)  Pertaining 
to  the  Tctrabranchiata.  Owen. 

TET'RA-jCHORD,  n.  [Gr.  rerpa^opbov ; rtrrapa , 
four,  and  x°pby,  a chord  ; L.  tetrachordon.) 
(Mus.)  The  interval  of  a fourth,  consisting  of 
two  tones  and  a semitone,  or  one  half  the  dia- 
tonic scale,  from  the  key-note,  or  from  the  fifth 
upward  ; a diatessaron.  Dwight. 

TET-RA-jGHOT'O-MOUS,  a.  [Gr.  rerpa^ut,  in  a 
fourfold  manner,  and  repvu>,  to  cut.]  (Bot.)  Not- 
ing a stem  that  ramifies  in  fours.  Loudon. 

TET-RA-CO'LON,  n.  [Gr.  rlrrap a,  four,  and  xu- 
lov,  a limb.]  (Poetry.)  A stanza,  or  division  of 
lyric  poetry,  consisting  of  four  verses.  Crabb. 

TET'RAD,  n.  [Gr.  rirpa;,  rirpdbo;  ; L.  tetras,  tet- 
radis .]  The  number  four  : — a collection  of  four 
things  ; a quaternion.  More. 

TET-RA-DAC'TYL,  n.  (Zoiil.)  An  animal  having 
four  toes  ; a tetradactylous  animal.  Wright 

TET-R  A-DAC'TY-LO0s,  a.  [Gr.  rerpaSoKTuZos ; 

rtrrapa,  four,  and  baicrvZos,  a finger,  a toe.]  (Zoiil.) 
Having  four  toes.  Maunder. 

TET-RA-DI-A-PA'§ON,  n.  [Gr.  rlrrapa,  four,  and 
biarraodv,  the  octave.]  (Mus.)  The  Greek  ap- 
pellation of  the  quadruple  octave,  which  is  also 
called  the  twenty-ninth.  Moore. 

TET'RA-DJTE,  n.  A person  in  some  degree  re- 
markable with  regard  to  the  number  four,  as 
being  born  in  th e fourth  month,  as  reverencing 
four  persons  in  the  Godhead,  or  as  looking 
upon  four  to  be  a mystic  number.  Smart. 

TET'RA-DRACHM,  (-drSm),  > [Gr.  TtTp6Spax. 

TET-RA-DRACH' MA,  > I- o i ; rirpa , four, 

and  5paXpy,  a drachma.]  ( Grecian  Ant.)  A 
silver  coin  of  the  value  of  four  drachmas,  or  3s. 
3d.  sterling  ($0,786).  Wm.  Smith. 

TET-RA-DY-NA  ' MI-A,  n.  [Gr.  rirpa,  four,  and 
llmapis,  power.]  (Bot.)  A Linnaean  class  of 
plants,  the  flowers  of  which  have  six  stamens, 
two  of  which  are  shorter  than  the  others. Loudon. 

TET-R A-DY-NA'MJ- AN,  a.  (Bot.)  Tetradyna- 
mous.  Clarke. 


mJeN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  s6n  ; BULL,  BUR,  RULE. — 9,  £,  9,  g,  soft;  €,  jG,  5,  g,  hard;  ^ as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


TETRADYNAMIAN 


1494 


TEWEL 


TET-R  A-DY-NA'MI- AN,  n.  ( Dot .)  A plant  of 
the  order  Tetr adynamia.  Smart. 

TET-R  A-DYN' A-MOUS,  a.  {Dot.)  Noting  plants 
of  the  order  Tetradynamia,  or  flowers  which 
have  six  stamens,  two  of  which  are  shorter  than 
the  four  others,  as  in  mustard.  Gray. 

TET-RA-E'DRON,  71.  See  Tetrahedron.  Hutton. 

TET'RA-GON,  n.  [Gr.  ri rnuyuii'0 1' ; rirpa,  four,  and 
yiiivia,  a corner,  an  angle  ; L.  tetragonuin  ; It.  S; 
Sp.  tetragono  ; Fr.  tetragons .] 

1.  ( Gcom .)  A polygon  with  four  angles,  and 

consequently  four  sides.  Daries. 

2.  ( Astrol .)  An  aspect  of  two  planets  when 

they  are  distant  from  each  other  the  fourth  of  a 
circle,  or  ninety  degrees.  Hutton. 

T£-TRAG'0-NAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a tetragon, 
or  having  four  angles.  Browne. 

T?-TRAG'Q-Nl§.M,  n.  [Gr.  rerpaywviapbs.)  The 
quadrature  or  squaring  of  the  circle.  Clarke. 

TET-RA-GRAM' MA-TOAT,  n.  [Gr.  rirpaypappa- 
tov  ; rirpa,  four,  and  ypapaa,  a letter.]  Among 
several  ancient  nations,  the  mystic  number  four, 
which  was  often  symbolized  to  represent  the 
Deity,  whose  name  was  expressed  in  several 
languages  by  four  letters,  as  in  the  Assyrian, 
Egyptian,  Persian,  Greek,  and  Latin.  Braude. 

TF.T-RA-GYAT'I-A,  n.  [Gr.  rtroa,  four,  and  yvrn,  a 
woman.]  (Bot.)  A Linnatan  order  of  plants, 
the  flowers  of  which  have  four  distinct  pistils, 
or  four  distinct  styles  on  one  pistil.  Henslow. 

TET-RA-<?YN'J-AN,  ; a (Bot.)  Having  four  pis- 

Tfl-TRA^'Y-NOUS,  ) tils,  or  four  styles.  Gray. 

TET-RA-HE'DRAL,  a.  Having  four  sides. 

Tetrahedral  angle , ( Gcom.)  an  angle  bounded  by 
four  plane  angles.  Daries. 

TET-R  A-HE'DRON,  n.  [Gr.  rtroa,  four,  and  Upa, 
a seat,  a base;  It.  tetraedro  ; Fr.  tetraidre .] 
(Gcom.)  A polyhedron,  bounded  by  four  tri- 
angles. Davies. 

Regular  tetrahedron,  a solid  bounded  by  four  equal 
and  equilateral  triangles.  Davies. 

TET-RA-HEX-A-HE'DRAL,  a.  Having  the  form 
of  a tetrahexahedron.  Clarke. 

TET-RA-HEX-A-HE'DRON,  n.  [Gr.  rtroa,  four, 
'i(,  six,  and  Mon,  a seat,  a base.]  (Crystallog- 
raphy.) A crystal  having  twenty-four  faces,  each 
of  which  is  an  isosceles  triangle.  Shepard. 

TlJ-TRAL/O-^rY,  n.  [Gr.  rtrpai.oyla  ; rirpa,  four, 
and  hoyoi,  a discourse.]  (Grecian  Ant.)  A col- 
lection of  four  dramas,  three  tragedies,  and  one 
satiric  play,  which  were  exhibited  together  on 
the  Athenian  stage,  for  the  prize  at  the  festivals 
of  Bacchus.  Liddell  St  Scott. 

TIJ-TRAM'^-TgR,  n.  [Gr.  rerpapcrpov ; L.  tetrame- 
trus ; It.  tetramctro  ; Fr.  titramitre.)  A verse 
consisting  of  four  measures  or  feet. 

ngpln  Grecian  iambic,  trochaic,  and  anapaestic 
verse,  it  consisted  of  four  double  feet.  Braude. 

Tlp-TRAM'E-TlpR,  a.  (Gr.  rerpdpirpo; ‘,  rirpa,  four, 
and  ye  roof,  a measure.]  Having  four  metrical 
feet.  Tyrwhitt. 

TET'RA-MORPH,  n.  [Gr.  rerpapoptpos,  four-shaped  ; 
rirpa,  four,  and  poptpij,  form.]  (Christian  Art.) 
The  union  of  the  four  attributes  of  the  Evan- 
gelists in  one  figure,  winged,  and  standing  on 
winged,  fiery  wheels,  the  wings  being  covered 
with  eyes.  It  is  the  type  of  unparalleled  ve- 
locity. Fairholt. 

T£-TRAM' Y-RON,  n.  [Gr.  rirpa,  four,  and  yiipo v, 
an  unguent.]  (Med.)  An  ointment  composed 
of  four  ingredients.  Dunglison. 

TE-TRAJV' DRI-A,  n.  [Gr.  rtroa,  four,  and  dm ip, 
drSpd;,  a man,  a male.]  (Bot.)  A Linnrean 
class  of  plants,  the  flowers  of  which  have  four 
unconnected  and  nearly  equal  stamens.  Loudon. 

TIJ-TRAn'DRI-AN,  a.  Tetrandrous.  Clarke. 

TP-TRAN'DROUS,  a.  (Bot.)  Having  four  sta- 
mens; tetrandrian.  Gray. 

Tp-TRA'O-Nll),  n.  One  of  the  Tctraonidce.  Clarke. 

TET-RA-ON ' I-DJE,  n.  pi.  [L.  tetrao,  from  Gr. 
rernaoiv,  black  grouse.]  ( Ornith .)  A family  of 
birds  of  the  order  Galline e,  including  the  sub- 
families Perdicinre,  Turnicince,  Odontophorince, 
Tetraonince,  and  Pterochince ; grouse.  Gray. 


TE  T - RA-  O-m  'JVY®, 
n.  pi.  [See  Tetra- 
onid.e.]  (Ornith.) 

A sub-family  of 
birds  of  the  order 
Gallinee,  and  family 
Tetraonidte;  grouse. 

Gray. 

TET-RA-PET'A-LOUS,  a.  [Gr.  rirpa,  four,  and  nir- 
al.ov,  a leaf.]  (Bot.)  Having  four  petals.  Miller. 

TET-RA-PI1  AR'MA-CON,  ) [Gr.  TlTpa>  four> 

TET-RA-PHAR'MA-CUM,  j and  i/iappaKov,  a drug, 
a medicine.]  (Med.)  A medicine  composed  of 
four  ingredients,  or  an  ointment  composed  of 
wax,  resin,  lard,  and  pitch.  Dunglison.  Brande. 

TET-R A-PHYL'LOUS,  or  TE-TltAPH'YL-LOUS 
(131),  a.  [Gr.  rirpa,  four,  and  ijivi./.o v,  a leaf.] 
(Bot.)  Having,  or  consisting  of,  four  leaves. 

Smart. 

TET ' RA-PLA,  n.  [Gr.  rtroa,  four,  and  aith'xo,  to 
unfold.]  (Eecl.  Hist.)  The  name  of  a Bible 
arranged  by  Origen,  in  four  columns,  and  con- 
sisting of  four  different  versions ; viz.,  that  of 
the  Septuagint,  that  of  Aquila,  that  of  Sym- 
machus,  and  that  of  Theodosian.  Brande. 

TET'RA-POD,  n.  [Gr.  rirpa,  four,  and  rob;,  robd; , 
a foot.]  (Ent.)  An  insect  having  only  four 
perfect  legs,  as  certain  Lepidoptera.  Agassiz. 

Tp-TRAP'O-DY,  n.  [Gr.  rtrparobia;  rirpa,  four, 
and  robs,  robos,  a foot.]  (Greek  Ant.)  A meas- 
ure or  length  of  four  feet.  Beck. 

TE-TRAp'TP-RAN,  n.  [Gr.  rerparnpos,  having 
four  wings  ; rtroa,  four,  and  irnpdv,  a wing.] 
(Ent.)  An  insect  with  four  wings.  Brande. 

Tp-TRAP'TpR-OtrS,  a.  [Gr.  rirpa,  four,  and 
rrreptiv,  a wing.]  Having  four  wings.  Balfour. 

TET'RAP-TOTE,  n.  [Gr.  rfrpdrruirov  ; rirpa,  four, 
and  rrrditns,  a case.]  (Gram.)  A noun  having 
only  four  cases.  Scott. 

TE'TRAREII  [te'triirk,  S.  P.  J.  E.  F.  K.  C. ; te'- 
tr&rk  or  tet'rbrk,  IV.  Ja.;  tet'rirk , Sm.],  n.  [Gr. 
rfrpdp-^pt ; rtrpas,  four,  and  apvio,  to  rule  ; L. 
tetrarches  ; It.  Sp.  tetrarca  ; Fr.  tctrartjue .] 
(Ant.)  The  governor  of  the  fourth  part  of  a 
country  or  province: — in  the  Liter  period  of 
the  Roman  republic,  a title  given  to  any  tribu- 
tary prince,  not  of  sufficient  importance  to  be 
styled  a king.  Wm.  Smith. 

Tp-TRAREH'ATE  [te-trir'kat,S.  IF.  P.  Ja.  K.  Wb. ; 
tet'rjr-kat,  Sm.  C\],  n.  A tetrarchy.  Johnson. 

Tp-TRARGH'I-CAL,  a.  [Gr.  rirpapstKos.]  Of,  or 
pertaining  to,  a tetrarch  or  a tetrarchy.  Herbert. 

TET'RAR-EHY  [tet'rar-ke,  S.  IV.  Ja.  Sm.  Wb.  ; 
te'trfir-ke,  P.  A'.],  n.  [Gr.  rerpap^la  ; I,.  S;  It. 
tetrarchia  ; Sp.  tetrarquia ; Fr .tetrarchie.)  The 
territory  or  the  office  of  a tetrarch.  Wm.  Smith. 

TET-R  A-SEP' A -LOUS,  a.  [Gr.rfrpo,  four,  andEng. 
sepal.)  (Bot.)  Having  four  sepals.  Loudon. 

TET-R A-SPAS'TON,  n.  [Gr.  rirpa,  four,  and 
cram,  to  draw.]  (Mech.)  A machine  in  which 
four  pulleys  act  together.  Brande. 

TET-R A-S PE R'MOUS,  a.  [Gr.  rirpa,  four,  and  arip- 
pa,  a seed.]  (Bot.)  Having  four  seeds.  Smart. 

Tp-TItAS'TIEH  (te-trashjk),  n.  [Gr.  rtrpnart^ov ; 
rirpa,  four,  and  ariyo s,  a row,  a line.]  (Poetry.) 
A stanza  or  epigram  of  four  verses.  Pope. 

TE-TRAS'TO-ON,  n.  [Gr.  rtrpdaroon ; rirpa,  four, 
and  aroti,  a colonnade.]  (Arch.)  A court-yard 
with  porticos  or  open  colonnades  on  each  of  its 
four  sides.  Britton. 

TET'R  A-STYLE  [tet'ra-stll,  Sm.  Wb.  Todd, 
Maunder-,  te'trj-stll,  K. ; te-tras'tjl,  Ja.  Crabb], 
71.  [Gr.  rtrpdarvlov  ; rirpa,  four,  and  arul.os,  a 
column;  L.  tetrastylon ; It.  &;  Sp.  tetrastilo-, 
Fr.  titrastyle .]  (Ancient  Arch.)  A building 
with  four  columns  or  pillars  in  front.  Brande. 

TET-R A-SYL-LAB  IC,  ? qq  [Gr.  rtrpaabD.a- 

TET-RA-SYL-LAB'I-CAL,  > (So; ; rirpa,  four,  and 
ovZl.aftii,  a syllable  ; Fr.  tetrasyllabique .]  Con- 
sisting of  four  syllables.  Wright. 

TET-R A-SYL'LA-BLE,  n.  [Fr.  titrasyllabc .]  A 
word  consisting  of  four  syllables.  Todd. 

fi TET'RIC,  a.  Sour;  perverse;  tetrical.  Burton. 

f TET'RJ-CAL,  ? a_  j'L  tetricus ; teter,  foul, 

f TET'Rl-COUS,  ) shameful  ; Old  Fr.  tetrique .] 
Austere  ; harsh  ; sour  ; perverse.  Knolles. 


f TET'Rl-CAL-NESS,  n.  Austerity;  harshness; 

perverseness ; moroseness.  Gauden. 

f TP-TRly'I-TY,  71.  [Old  Fr.  tetricite. ] Harsh- 
ness ; crabbedness ; tetricalness.  Cockeram. 
TET'TpR,  7i.  [A.  S.  teter.)  (Med.)  A cutaneous 
disease,  in  which  vesicles  arise  in  distinct,  but 
irregular,  clusters,  commonly  appearing  in  quick 
succession,  and  near  together,  on  an  inflamed 
base  ; fret ; herpes.  Dunglison. 

TET'TpR,  v.  a.  To  infect  with  tetter.  Shah. 
TET'TER— TOT'Tf.R,  n.  An  amusement  of  chil- 
dren, in  which  one  or  more  rides  upon  each  end 
of  a plank,  or  piece  of  timber,  balanced  upon 
some  support  in  the  middle;  seesaw;  — also 
called  titter-cum-totter . Strutt.  Holloway. 

f TET'TISH,  a.  [Perhaps  from  teat.  Nares.) 

Peevish  ; — also  written  teatish.  Beau.  1$  FI. 
f TET'TY,  a.  Tettish  ; peevish.  Burton. 

TEU'TON,  7i.  ; pi.  Teu'to-ne?,  rarely  Teu'tons. 
[Gr.  Ytbrovis,  the  Teutones ; L.  Teutoncs. ] One  of 
the  ancient  Germans,  who  immigrated  into 

Europe  from  Asia  at  different  periods,  unknown 
to  history.  P.  Cyc.  Andrews. 

j8Sf  “When  the  Romans  first  heard  the  name  of  the 
Teutoncs,  they  thought  that  they  were  a single  tribe. 
They  did  not  know  that  it  was  also  the  general  and 
ethnographic  name  of  all  those  nations  to  which  they 
afterwards  gave  the  vague  designation  of  Germans.” 
P.  Cyc.  — See  Teutonic. 

TEU-TON'JC  (tu-ton'ik),  a.  [L.  Teutonicus-,  It. 
fewtonico  ; Fr.  Tcutonique. ] Pertaining  to,  or 
derived  from,  the  Teutones,  or  their  language. 

Our  language,  for  almost  a eenturv,  has,  by  the  concur- 
rence of  many  causes,  been  gradually  departing  from  its 
original  Teutonic  character,  and  deviating  towards  a Gallic 
structure  aiul  phraseology.  Johnson. 

Each  of  the  Teutonic  tribes  skirting  the  north-eastern 
boundary  of  the  Roman  empire  had  its  own  distinctive  de- 
nomination. Bosivorth. 

The  watch,  the  gun,  and  the  art  of  printing,  are  Teutonic 
inventions.  P.  Cyc. 

u The  Teutonic  race,  originally  from  Asia,  are 
divided  into  three  branches.  The  first  branch  con- 
tains the  High  Germans,  to  whom  belong  the  Teu- 
tonic inhabitants  of  Upper  and  Middle  Germany, 
those  of  Switzerland,  and  the  greater  part  of  the 
Germans  of  Hungary:  it  is  subdivided  into  the  Sua- 
bian  and  the  Franconian  minor  branches.  The  second 
is  the  Saxon  branch,  which  is  divided  into  three 
minor  branches,  the  first  of  which  contains  the 
Frisians  ; the  second,  the  Old  Saxons,  or  Low  Ger- 
mans, with  the  Dutch,  the  Flemings,  and  the  Saxons 
of  Transylvania  ; and  the  third,  the  English,  the 
Scotch,  and  the  greater  part  of  the  inhabitants  of  the 
United  States.  The  third  branch  is  the  Scandinavian, 
to  which  belong  the  Icelanders,  the  Norwegians,  the 
Danes,  and  the  Swedes. — Teuton  is  identical  with 
Deutsche  or  Tcutsche , (in  Low  German  Diitscli , in 
Dutch  Duitsch , in  Danish  Ihjsk,  in  English  Dutch,) 
which  from  the  remotest  time  lias  been,  and  is  still, 
the  general  name  of  that  part  of  the  Teutonic  nations 
which  we  now  call  Germans,  who  considered  the  god 
or  hero  Tuisco , as  their  common  ancestor.  P.  Cyc. 

Teutonic  order,  or  Teutonic  knights,  a religious 
order  of  knighthood  originally  founded  in  Palestine 
by  some  Teutones  or  Germans,  who  associated  them- 
selves for  the  purpose  of  affording  relief  to  sick  and 
infirm  pilgrims.  It  was  incorporated  by  Pope  Celes- 
tine  III.,  in  1191,  and  endowed  with  very  important 
privileges.  When  the  Christians  were  expelled  from 
the  Holy  Land,  a papal  bull  was  issued  (12*26)  em- 
powering the  Teutonic  knights  to  conquer  lands  for 
themselves  from  the. pagans  of  Prussia  and  Poland. 
They  treated  those  whom  they  conquered  with  such 
barbarity  that  the  princes  of  Germany  combined 
against  them,  and  the  order  sunk  gradually  into 
ruin.  Eden. 

TEU-TON'lC,  n.  The  language  of  the  Teutones. 
TEU-TON'I-CI^M,  n.  A Teutonic  phrase  or  idiom  ; 
a Germanism. 

2'eutonicisms , Scotticisms,  and  Gallicisms.  Breen. 

f TEW  (tu),  71.  [A.  S.  tawa,  a rope.] 

1.  A rope  or  chain  for  drawing  or  towing  a 

vessel  with ; a towline.  Beau.  &;  FI. 

2.  Materials  for  any  thing.  Skinner. 

f TEW,  v.  a.  To  draw  along  through  the  water  by  a 

rope  or  a chain  ; to  tow.  Drayton. 

TEW,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  tawian ; Frs.  tawa ; Dut. 
totiwen.] 

1.  To  prepare  or  dress  by  beating,  as  hemp  or 

leather.  Nares. 

2.  To  beat;  to  pull;  — to  tease.  Bcau.ijFl. 
TEW'JJL  (ta'el),  n.  [Fr.  tuyan.) 

1.  A pipe  or  funnel,  as  for  smoke.  Chaucer. 

2.  A tapering  iron  pipe  in  a forge,  into  which 

the  nose  of  the  bellows  is  inserted.  Moxo/i. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  £,  t,  6,  U,  V,  short;  A,  5,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  IlfilR,  HER; 


THANKS  GIVER 


TEWTAW 

f TEW'TAW  (tu'taw),  v.  a.  To  beat  or  dress,  as 
hemp  ; to  tew.  Mortimer. 

TEXT  (telcst),  re.  [L.  textus,  texture,  structure, 
construction,  context ; texo , to  fit  together,  to 
compose  ; It.  testo ; Sp.  texto  ; Fr.  texte.] 

1.  A discourse  or  literary  composition  on 
which  notes  or  comments  are  written,  or  to  be 
written  ; the  substance  or  body  of  a writing  or 
literary  work,  as  distinguished  from  the  notes 
or  comments  upon  it ; as,  “ The  text  of  the 
Bible  ” ; “ The  text  of  Plato.” 

Wc  expect  your  next 

Will  be  no  comment,  but  a text.  Waller. 

2.  A verse,  passage,  or  sentence  of  Scripture. 

Comparing  of  sundry  texts  with  one  another.  White. 

His  mind  he  should  fortify  with  some  few  tenets  which  are 
home  and  apposite  to  his  case.  South. 

3.  A passage  or  verse  of  Scripture  selected 
as  the  theme  or  subject 'of  a sermon  or  discourse. 

IIow  oft.  when  Paul  has  served  us  with  a text, 

Has  Epictetus,  Plato,  Tully  preached!  Cowper. 

4.  Any  subject  chosen  to  enlarge  or  comment 

on  ; a topic.  Simmonds. 

5.  Text-hand.  Clarke. 

6.  (Printing.)  A kind  of  letter  or  character  ; 
as,  “ German  text  ” ; “ English  scribe  text.” 

+ TEXT,  v.  a.  To  write,  as  a text.  Bean.  <Sr  FI. 

TEXT'— BOOK  (-huk),  n.  1.  A book  or  manual 
used  in  teaching  ; a book  for  students  contain- 
ing the  principles  of  a science,  or  of  any  branch 
of  learning.  Martin. 

2.  A book  with  texts  and  wide  spaces  for 
notes  or  comments.  Smart. 

TEXT'— HAND,  re.  A particular  kind  of  large 
handwriting  in  which  formerly  the  text  of  a 
book  was  written,  as  distinguished  from  the 
smaller  hand  in  which  the  comments  were 
written.  Cleaveland. 

TEX'TILE  (teks'lil),  a.  [L.  textilis ; texo,  to 
weave;  Fr.  textile.'] 

1.  That  is  or  may  be  woven  ; woven. 

2.  Pertaining  to  weaving,  or  to  woven  fab- 
rics ; textorial.  Fairholt. 

TEX'TILE,  n.  That  which  is,  or  may  be,  woven  ; 
a textile  fabric.  Bacon. 

TEXT'MAN,  n.  A man  ready  in  quoting  texts; 
a textuary  ; a textualist.  Sanderson. 

TEX-TO'RI-AL,  a.  [L . textorius.]  Pertaining  to 
weaving.  “ The  textorial  arts.”  Warton. 

TEXT'— PEN,  n.  A pen  for  engrossing.  Simmonds. 

TEX'TRINE,  a.  [L.  textrinus.]  Relating  to  weav- 
ing ; textorial ; textile.  Derham. 

TEXT'U-AL  (tekst'yu-al),  a.  [It.  testuale ; Sp. 
textual ; Fr.  textual.] 

1.  Of,  or  contained  in,  the  text ; textuary. 

The  Keri  is  the  marginal  reading;  the  Chetib  is  the  textual 
reading.  Waterland. 

2.  Serving  for  a text  or  for  texts.  Bp.  Hall. 

TEXT'U-AL- 1 ST,  re.  One  ready  in  citing  texts; 

a textman  ; a textuary.  Lightfoot. 

TEXT'U-AL-LY,  ad.  In  the  text  or  body  of  the 
work,  or  according  to  the  text.  Sir  B.  Peel. 

TEXT'LT-A-rIst,  re.  A textuary.  [it.]  Johnson. 

TEXT'U-A-RY,  re.  [Fr . textuaire.]  One  ready  in 
citing  texts  or  well  versed  in  Scripture. Bp.  Hall. 

TEXT'U-A-RY,  a.  Pertaining  to,  contained  in, 
or  serving  as,  a text ; textual.  Browne. 

+ TEXT'U-IST,  7i.  A textualist.  Milton. 

TEXT'URE  (tekst'yur),  re.  [L.  textura  ; texo,  tex- 
tus, to  weave  ; It.  tessere ; testura ; Sp.  textura ; 
Fr.  texture.] 

1.  The  act  or  the  art  of  weaving  ; weaving. 

“ The  invention  of  texture.”  [r.]  Browne. 

2.  That  which  is  woven  ; a web. 

Others,  far  in  the  grassy  dale, 

Their  humble  texture  weave.  Thomson. 

3.  Manner  of  weaving;  disposition  or  con- 
nection of  threads  or  filaments  interwoven. 

A veil  of  richest  texture.  Pope. 

4.  Disposition,  arrangement,  or  combination 

of  the  parts  of  any  body  or  substance.  Neivton. 

Stones  of  divers  kinds,  and  sundry  bodies  that  have  the 
texture  between  earth  and  stone.  Locke. 

5.  (Anat.)  The  particular  arrangement  of  the 

tissues  which  constitute  an  organ.  Dunglison. 

TEXT'URE,  v.  a.  To  interweave,  [r.]  Jephson. 

fTHACK,  re.  Thatch.  Chaucer. 


1495 

TIiAl  'A-MlIS,  7i.  [L.,  from  Gr.  Bil.agot,  a bed- 

chamber.] 

1.  (Anat.)  The  place  where  a nerve  has,  or 
is  considered  to  have,  its  origin.  Dunglison. 

2.  (Bot.)  The  bed  of  fibres  from  which  many 

fungi  arise  ; thallus  ; — the  apex  of  the  pedun- 
cle, sometimes  dilated,  to  which  the  floral  organs 
are  attached  ; torus  ; receptacle.  Lindley. 

THALER  (ta'ler),  re.  [Ger.  — See  Dollar.]  The 
German  dollar  ; a German  silver  coin  of  thirty 
silver  groschen,  worth  about  three  shillings 
sterling  ($0,726).  Simmonds. 

THA-LI'A,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  Bale ta,  Balia.] 

1.  (Greek  & Roman  Myth.)  One  of  the  nine 

Muses,  and,  at  least  in  later  times,  the  Muse  of 
comedy;  — one  of  the  Nereids;  one  of  the 
Graces.  IV.  Smith. 

2.  (Astron.)  An  asteroid  discovered  by  Hind 

in  1852.  Lorering. 

TIIA-LI'AN,  a.  Relating  to  Thalia  ; comic.  Clarke. 

THA-LIC'TRUM,  71.  [Gr.  Balisrpo ><.]  (Bot.)  A 
genus  of  ranunculaceous  plants,  with  ramose 
roots  and  smooth,  finely-divided  leaves  ; mead- 
ow-rue. Loudo7i. 

THAL'I-DAN,  re.  [Gr.  Qaida,  Thalia.]  (Zoul.) 
A marine,  tunieated,  acephalous  mollusk,  of 
the  genus  Thalia  or  Salpa  ; a salp.  Brande. 

THAL'LlTE,  re.  (Mai.)  A variety  of  epidote.  Dana. 

THAl'LO-^JEN,  71.  [Gr.  Bailor,  a young  branch, 
and  yevmai,  to  produce.]  (Bot.)  A general  term 
applied  to  cellular  flowerless  plants,  as  the  algee, 
fungi,  and  lichens,  which  exist  without  distinc- 
tion of  flower  and  stem,  and  without  breathing- 
pores,  and  which  multiply  by  the  spontaneous 
formation  in  their  interior,  or  upon  their  sur- 
face, of  reproductive  spheroids  called  spores  ; 
ttallophyte.  Lindley. 

THAL'LO-PIIYTE,  re.  [Gr.  B'df/.lo:,  a young  branch, 
and  <pboi,  to  bear.]  (Bot.)  A thallogen.  Braude. 

TIiAl'  LUS,  7i.;  pi.  thal'lT.  [L.,  a young  or 
green  "branch,  from  Gr.  Oal.i.b;.]  (Bot.)  The 
lobed  frond  of  lichens,  the  inner  substance  of 
which  consists  wholly  of  reproductive  matter 
that  breaks  through  the  upper  surface  in  cer- 
tain forms  called  fructification.  Lindley. 

THAL'MUD,  7i.  See  Talmud. 

THAM'MUZ,  or  TAM'MUZ,  re.  [Heb.  FlEfi  ; Gr. 
Oa/ipobs.] 

1.  A Syrian  deity  for  whom  the  Hebrew  idol- 

atresses were  accustomed  to  hold  an  annual 
feast  or  lamentation,  commencing  with  the  new 
moon  of  July  ; — same  as  the  Phoenician  Ado7i, 
or  Adonis.  Ezek.  viii.  14.  Kitto. 

2.  The  tenth  month  of  the  Jewish  civil  year, 
answering  to  part  of  June  and  July,  and  includ- 
ing twenty-nine  days.  Brande. 

THAM-NOPH-I-LI  '- 
JTJE,  71.  pi.  [Gr. 

Bagnos,  a bush,  and 
<j>llos,  a friend.] 

(Ornith.)  A sub- 
family of  passerine, 
dentirostral  birds,  Thamnophilus  meleagris. 
of  the  family  Laniida; ; bush-shrikes.  Gray. 

THAN,  conj.  [Goth,  than  ; A.  S.  thonne , tlianne  ; 
Dut.  dan  ; Ger.  clenti.]  A particle  used  in  com- 
parison. It  follows  an  adjective  or  adverb  in 
the  comparative  degree,  to  connect  the  things 
compared  ; — it  also  follows  other,  and  some- 
times otherwise,  rather,  and  else.  — See  Then. 

He  [Solomon]  was  wiser  than  all  men.  1 Kings  iv.  31. 

I love  you  for  nothing  more  than  for  the  just  esteem  you 
have  for  all  the  sons  of  Adam.  Swift. 

THAN,  prep.  In  comparison  with. 

Beelzebub,  than  whom,  Satan  except,  none  higher  sat. Milton. 

You  are  a much  greater  loser  than  me.  Swift. 

A stone  is  heavy,  and  the  sand  weighty;  but  a fool's  wrath 
is  heavier  than  them  both.  ‘ Prov.  xxvii.  3. 

You  are  a girl  as  much  brighter  than  her 
As  he  was-a  poet  sublimer  than  me.  Prior. 

SST  “ No  one  of  these  expressions  is  correct ; or, 
if  so,  they  are  correct  only  under  the  idea  that  the 
word  than  is  sometimes  a conjunction  (when  it  cannot 
govern  a case),  and  sometimes  a preposition  (when  it 
can  govern  a case).”  Latham. 

Afir-  “ Than  is  used  not  only  as  a conjunction,  hut 
as  a preposition,  and  as  such  affects  cases  ; tints,  ‘ He 
is  wiser  than  me  ’ is  good  English.  So  also  is  ‘ Ho 
is  wiser  than  I,’  i.  e.  than  I am.  In  tile  first  instance, 


than  is  a preposition  ; in  the  second,  it  is  a conjunc- 
tion.” Dr.  Charles  Richardson. 

figr"  Than  is  not  now  often  used  as  a preposition 
except  before  whom. 

THAN'A-TOId,  a.  [Gr.  Oauaros,  death,  and  Bios, 
form,  figure.]  Resembling  death ; apparently 
dead.  Dunglison. 

THAn-A-TOL'0-(?Y,  n.  [Gr.  Bararo;,  death,  and 
loyos,  a discourse.]  A description,  or  the  doc- 
trine, of  death.  Dunglison. 

THAN-A-TOP'SIS,  re.  [Gr.  Bivaros,  death,  and 
dipt;,  a view.]  A view  or  contemplation  of 
death.  IF.  C.  Bryant. 

TH.ANE,  re.  [A.  S.  thegen,  thegn,  then  ; thegnian, 
thenian,  to  serve  ; Old  Ger.  degen,  a servant,  a 
soldier;  Icel.  thegn.]  A title  of  honor  among 
the  Anglo-Saxons.  Shah. 

IKg-The  exact  meaning  of  the  term  thane  is  in- 
volved in  considerable  obscurity  ; the  rank  or  dignity 
which  it  denoted  was  possibly  not  the  same  at  differ- 
ent times,  and  there  were  also  thanes  of  more  than 
one  kind.  After  t he  conquest  thanes  are  frequently 
classed  with  barons,  and  in  the  laws  of  Henry  I.  the 
two  words  are  apparently  used  as  synonymous.  One 
of  tlie  few  tilings  that  are  tolerably  certain  witii  re- 
gard to  tlie  rank  of  a thane  is,  that  it  implied  the  pos- 
session of  a certain  amount  of  landed  property.  P.  Cyc. 

tj®*  Tlie  king’s  thanes  were  Anglo-Saxon  noblemen, 
inferior  in  rank  to  earls,  and  were  afterwards  denom- 
inated barons.  Bosworth . 

THANE'DOM,  71.  The  dominion,  office,  or  prop- 
erty of  a’  thane.  Sir  IF.  Scott. 

THANE'— LAND§,  n.pl.  Lands  granted  by  charters 
of  the  Saxon  kings  to  their  thanes.  Cowell. 

THANE'SHIP,  re.  The  state,  office,  dignity,  or 
seigniory  of  a thane.  Steevens. 

THANK  (tli&ngk,  82),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  tlia7ician  ; Dut.  &; 
Ger.  da7ike7i;  Dan.  takke ; Sw.  tacka.  — From 
Goth,  thagkjan,  A.  S.  thencan,  to  think,  to  re- 
member. Junius.]  [l.  THANKED  ; pp.  THANK- 
ING, thanked.]  To  express  gratitude,  or 
make  acknowledgments  to,  for  any  favor. 

We  are  bound  to  thank  God  always.  2 The as.  i.  3. 

I thank  you  for  your  pains.  Shak. 

BSp-  It  is  often  used  ironically.  “ Thank  yourself, 
if  aught  should  fall  amiss.”  Dnjden. 

THANK,  re.;  pi.  thanks.  [M.  Goth,  thanks; 
A.  S.  thane,  thonc  ; Dut.  dank  ; Frs.  thotic  ; Old 
Ger.  demch,  thane,  thank  ; Ger.  dank ; Dan.  tak  ; 
Sw.  tack;  Icel.  thackir.  — Ir.  Gael,  taing.] 
Expression  of  gratitude ; acknowledgment  for 
favor  or  kindness  ; — commonly  use"d  in  the 
plural.  “ This  kindness  merits  thanks.”  Shak. 

If  ye  love  them  which  love  you,  what  thank  have  ye?  for 
sinners  also  do  even  the  same.  Luke  vi.  32. 

Giving  thanks  always  for  all  things  unto  God.  Eph.  v.  20. 
For  this,  to  the  Infinitely  Good  we  owe 
Immortal  thanks.  Milton. 

t In  thank,  thankfully  ; gratefully.  Chaucer. 

THAnk'FUL,  a.  [A.  S.  thancfull.]  Flaving,  or 
impressed  with,  gratitude  ; grateful. 

Be  thankful  unto  him,  and  bless  his  name.  Ps.  c.  5. 

THANK'FUL-LY,  ad.  In  a thankful  manner  ; 
with  gratitude";  gratefully.  Shak. 

THANK'FUL-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  thank- 
ful ; gratitude.  Sidney. 

Syn. — Gratitude  is  rather  the  feeling;  thankful- 
ness, tlie  expression  of  tlie  feeling.  Thankfulness  is 
shown  especially  by  words  ; gratitude , by  actions. 
7'hankfulness  is  the  beginning  of  gratitude  ; gratitude , 
the  completion  of  thankfulness.  It  is  common  to  use 
the  term  grateful  witii  reference  to  a favor  from  a 
human  benefactor,  and  thankful  witii  reference  to  the 
goodness  of  Providence.  It  is  more  common  to  apply 
to  tlie  disposition  the  term  grateful  than  thankful. 

THANK'LIJSS,  a.  1.  Ungrateful;  unthankful. 

flow  sharper  than  a serpent’s  tootli  it  is 

Tu  have  a thankless  child!  Shak. 

2.  Not  deserving  thanks,  or  unlikely  to  ob- 
tain thanks.  “ A thankless  office.”  Wotton. 

TflANK'LESS-LY,  ad.  Unthankfully ; with  in- 
gratitude ; ungratefully.  Clarke. 

THAnk'LJSS-NESS,  re.  The  state  of  being  thank- 
less ; ingratitude.  Donne. 

THAnK'-OF-F5R-ING,  re.  An  offering  in  ac- 
knowledgment of  favors  or  mercy.  I Vatts. 

f THAnks'GIVE,  v.  a.  To  celebrate  or  conse- 
crate by  solemn  rites.  Mede. 

THAnkS'GIV-IJR,  re.  A giver  of  thanks.  Barroio. 


WIEN,  SIR, 


MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — <ji,  p,  9,  g,  soft ; £,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z; 


ip  as  gz. — THIS,  this. 


THANKSGIVING 


THEAVE 


1496 


THANKS'gIV-ING  [thSngks'glv-jng,  S.  TF.  P.  F. 
Jti:  Sm.  R.  C.  ; th&nks-glv'jng,  A.  Wb.]9  n. 

1.  The  act  of  giving  thanks,  or  expressing 
gratitude  for  favors  or  mercy  received. 

Sing  unto  the  Lord  with  thunkse/iving.  J's.  cxlvii.  7. 

Every  creature  of  God  is  good,  and  nothing  to  be  refused, 
if  it  be  received  with  thanksgiving.  1 Tint.  iv.  4. 

2.  The  part  of  divine  service  in  which  thanks 

are  offered  for  benefits  received.  Eden. 

3.  A day  set  apart  for  public  acknowledg- 

ment of  benefits  and  mercies  received  from 
God.  Washington. 

THANK'— WOR-THI-NESS  (-wiir-ttie-),  11.  -The 
state  of  being  thankworthy.  Clarke. 

TIIANK'WOR-THY  (-wur-the),  a.  Deserving 
thanks  or  gratitude  ; meritorious.  1 Pet.'n.  19. 

THAR,  n.  ( Zoiil .)  A ruminant  mammal  of  the 
family  Antilopete,  or  antelopes,  inhabiting  the 
central  region  of  Nepaul;  Capricornis  huba'.i- 
na;  — called  also  imo  and  serow.  Eng.  Cyc. 

THAR.M,  n.  [A.  S.  t/icarm,  an  intestine.]  Intes- 
tines twisted  into  a cord  ; twisted  gut.  Ascham. 

THAT,  pron.  demonstrative,  or  adj.  pronominal ; 
pi.  tuo$e.  [Goth,  thata,  thatci  ; A.  S.  that, 
that ; Dut.  dat ; Ger.  das ; Dan.  <Sr  Sw.  det.  — 
Russ,  rfu.]  Not  this,  but  the  other  ; the  former 
thing ; the  more  distant  thing ; — designating  or 
specifying  some  person  or  thing  spoken  of  or  al- 
luded to  before  ; — often  used  emphatically,  and 
opposed  to  this.  — See  This. 

I sav  unto  you,  that  it  shall  be  more  tolerable,  in  that  day, 
for  Sodom,  than  for  that  city.  Luke  x.  12. 

By  religion  is  meant  a living  up  to  those  principles;  that 
is,  to  act  conformably  to  our  best  reason.  Tillotson. 

In  this  scale  gold,  in  t’other  fame,  doth  lie;  m 
The  weight  of  that  mounts  this  so  high.  Cowley. 

If  the  Lord  will,  we  shall  live,  and  do  this  or  that.  Jas.  iv.  15. 

In  that , because.  “ In  that  he  liveth,  lie  livetli  unto 
God.”  Rom.  vi.  10.  — “Tilings  are  preached,  not  in 
that  they  are  taught,  but  in  that  they  are  published.” 

Hooker. find  that,  an  expression  noting  exaggeration. 

“ Ye  do  wrong,  and  defraud,  and  that  your  brethren.” 
1 Cor.  vi.  8. 

XfS"  When  that  is  used  as  a demonstrative  pronoun 
or  pronominal  adjective,  it  is  pronounced  with  the 
distinct  sound  of  short  a , rhyming  with  hat , mat ; but 
when  it  is  used  as  a relative  pronoun  or  conjunction,  it 
is  but  slightly  pronounced,  never  having  the  emphasis 
placed  on  it ; and  the  sound  of  a is  obscurely  uttered, 
not  differing  much  from  the  obscure  sound  of  u. 

THAT,  pron.  relative.  Equivalent  to  who,  whom , 
or  which , relating  to  the  antecedent  person  or 
thing ; used  in  the  singular  and  plural  num- 
bers, and  in  the  nominative  and  objective 
cases;  — commonly  applied  to  things,  but  often 
to  persons. 

X&T  It  was  formerly  sometimes  used  for  what , or 
that  which  ; as,  “ We  speak  that  we  do  know,  and 
testify  that  we  have  seen.”  John  iii.  11. 

“That,”  says  Bishop Lowtli,  “ is  used  indiffer- 
ently both  of  persons  and  things,  but  perhaps  it  would 
be  more  properly  confined  to  the  latter.”  But  there  are 
cases  in  which  that  is  properly  used  when  applied  to 
persons,  instead  of  who : 1st.  When  it  follows  the  in- 
terrogative who,  or  an  adjective  in  the  superlative 
degree  ; as,  “ Who  that  has  any  sense  of  right  would 
reason  thus  ” ? “ He  was  the  oldest  person  that  I saw.” 
2d.  When  it  follows  the  pronominal  adjective  same  ; 
as,  “ He  was  the  same  man  that  T saw  before.”  3d, 
When  persons  make  but  -apart  of  the  antecedent ; as, 
“ The  man  and  tilings  that  he  mentioned.”  4th.  Af- 
ter an  antecedent  introduced  by  the  expletive  it ; as, 
“ It  was  I,  not  he,  that  did  it.” 

Steele , in  the  Spectator , No.  80,  in  order  to  rid- 
icule the  too  frequent  use  of  that , gives  the  following 
passage;  “My  lords,  with  humble  submission,  that 
that  I say,  is  this : that  that  that  that  gentleman  lias 
advanced  is  not  thdt'thqt  ho  should  have  proved  to 
your  lordships.”  - In  this  sentence  that  indistinctly 
pronounced  (that)  is  once  used  as  a conjunction,  and 
three  times  as  a relative  pronoun  ; and  when  dis- 
tinctly pronounced  (that),  it  is  a demonstrative  pro- 
noun. 

THAT,  conj.  1.  Because  ; — noting  a reason. 

If  then  that  friend  demand,  why  Brutus  rose  against  Cae- 
sar, this  is  my  answer,  Not  that  I loved  Caesar  less, Tut  that  I 
loved  Rome  more.  Shak. 

2.  Noting  object,  or  final  end  or  purpose  ; in 
order  that ; to  the  effect  that. 

Do  all  things  without  murmurings  and  dispntings,  that  yc 
may  be  blameless  and  harmless.  Thil.  ii.  14, 15. 

Treat  it  kindly,  that  it  may 
Wish  at  least  with  us  to  stay.  Cowley. 

3.  Noting  a result  or  consequence.  Dry  den. 

The  custom  and  familiarity  of  these  tongues  do  sometimes 
so  far  influence  the  expressions  in  these  epistles,  that  one 
may  observe  the  force  of  the  Hebrew  conjugation.  Locke. 


4.  Noting  indication  ; as,  “ lie  heard  that  his 
friend  was  sick.” 

To  believe  that  when  they  died  they  went  immediately  to 
the  stars.  Heylin. 

IfST-  According  to  Home  Tooke,  that  as  a conjunc- 
tion is  the  same  as  that  the  pronoun,  and  this  may  be 
shown  by  a resolution  of  the  construction  : as,  “ I 
wish  you  to  believe  that  I would  not  wilfully  hurt  a 
fly  ” ; i.  c.  “ I would  not  wilfully  hurt  a fly  ; I wish 
you  to  believe  that.” 

THATCH,  n.  [A.  S.  time,  time,  tlicac  ; theccan , 
to  cover,  to  thatch  ; Dut.  dak  ; Old  Ger.  tach, 
thak ; Ger.  dacli ; Dan.  tag,  tcekke  ; Sw.  tak.  — 
Ir.  Gael,  tubh , tugh.  — Gr.  riyog,  ertyo  , a roof, 
a covering  ; L.  tectum ; It.  tettu ; Sp.  techo,  a 
roof,  a ceiling;  Fr.  toit.  — Gr.  or/yw,  to  cover.] 
Dried  grass,  straw,  rushes,  reeds,  palm-leaves, 
or  other  vegetable  material,  forming  or  covering 
a roof.  “ A roof,  of  thatch.”  Pope. 

When  from  the  thatch  drips  fast  a shower  of  rain.  Gay. 

THATCH,  v.  a.  D*.  tiiatciied  ; pp.  thatching, 
thatched.]  To  cover  with  thatch.  Knox. 

THATCHED  (thacht  or  thacli'ed),  p.  a.  Covered 
with  thatch.  “ Thatched  roofs.”  Brande. 

THATCHER,  n.  One  who  thatches.  Mortimer. 

THATCH'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  or  the  art  of  cover- 
ing houses,  barns,  &c.,  with  thatch.  P.  Cyc. 

2.  A roof,  or  part  of  a roof,  made  of  thatch  ; 

a covering  of  thatch.  Smart. 

3.  Materials  used  for  thatching.  Brande. 

Til  Aught,  n.  ( Naut .)  Athwart.  — See  Thwart. 

Til  AU'MA-TROPE,  n.  [Gr.  Oavpa , a wonder,  a 
marvel,  and  rpinu),  to  turn.]  An  optical  toy, 
illustrating  the  persistence  of  impressions  made 
on  the  retina  of.  the  eye. 

JQ&F*  The  thaumatropc  consists  of  a circular  card 
having  two  parts  or  halves  of  a picture,  one  on  each 
side,  and  two  .strings  fixed  at  opposite  points  of  the 
periphery,  by  twisting  which  it  may  he  twirled  round 
with  considerable  velocity.  When  this  is  done,  the 
impression  made  on  the  retina  by  each  of  tlio  two 
halves  of  the  picture  is  renewed  before  it  is  effaced, 
and  they  apparently  unite  and  form  one  whole  pic- 
ture. An  impression  on  the  retina  lasts  about  one 
seventh  of  a second.  Lib.  of  Useful  Knowledge. 

THAU-MA-1UR(?IC,  ) a Working  wonders  ; 

THAU-MA-TUR'gl-CAL,  I exciting  wonder  ; won- 
derful. Burton. 

THAU-MA-TUR'QrICS,  n.  pi.  Feats  of  magic  or 
legerdemain;  sleight  of  hand.  Blitz. 

THAU-MA-TUR'<?IST,  n.  A performer  or  work- 
er of  wonders  or  miracles.  Knapp. 

THAu-MA-TUR'  GUS,  n.  [Low  L.,  from  Gr. 
OavpriTovnydg,  a juggler  ; Fr.  thaumaturge .]  A 
worker  of  wonders  or  miracles  ; — a title  given 
by  the  Roman  Catholics  to  certain  of  their 
saints.  Buchanan. 

THAU'MA-TUR-<?Y,  n.  [Gr.  OuVparovpyia  ; Oavpa, 
a wonder,  and  epyov , work.]  The  act  or  the  art 
of  performing  wonders  or  miracles.  Warton. 

Til  AW,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  thaivan;  Dut.  dooijen  ; Ger. 
thauen  ; Dan.  the ; Sw.  toa.  — The  same  word 
as  deio,  A.  S.  dcawian,  to  bedew.  Richardson. 
— See  Dew.]  [i.  thawed;  pp.  thawing, 

THAWED.] 

1.  To  dissolve  or  become  fluid  from  a state  of 
congelation,  as  ice  or  snow  ; to  melt ; to  liquefy. 

Having  let  the  ice  thaw  of  itself,  and  frozen  the  liquor  a 
second  time,  we  could  not  discern  any  thing.  Boyle. 

2.  To  become  so  warm  as  to  melt  ice  and 

snow,  as  the  weather.  Johnson. 

THAW,  v.  a.  To  cause  to  ihelt  or  dissolve  from 
a state  of  congelation ; to  dissolve,  as  ice  or 
snow,  “ To  thaw  the  frozen  seas.”  Drayton. 

THAW,  n.  1.  Liquefaction  by  warmth  of  any 
thing  congealed.  Shak. 

Hardens  his  stubborn  heart,  but  still  as  ice 

More  hardened  after  thaw.  Milton. 

2.  Warmth  or  weather  such  as  liquefies  or 
melts  any  thing  congealed.  Wilkins. 

They  soon  after,  with  great  joy,  saw  the  snowfall  in  large 
flakes  from  the  trees  — a certain  sign  of  an  approaching 
thaw.  Cook. 

THAW'Y,  a.  Growing  liquid  after  congelation  ; 
thawing;  melting.  Fisher  Ames. 

THE  (the  or  the),  the  definite,  article.  [Goth,  tho  ; 
A.  S.  the ; Dut.  de  ; Old  Ger.  d?r,  ther,  thie ; 
Ger.  der,  die,  das  ; Dan.  den,  det:  Sw.  den. — 
The  imperative  of  A.  S.  thiegan,  thean,  to  take. 
Richardson.']  A word  prefixed  to  nouns  both 


in  the  singular  and  the  plural  number  to  indi- 
cate what  particular  thing  or  things  are  meant ; 
as,  “ Give  me  the  hook  ” ; “ Drink  the  water  ” ; 
“ See  the  soldiers.” 

And  Nathan  said  to  David,  Thou  art  the  man.  2 Sam.xn.7. 

It  is  often  used  before  adjectives  and  adverbs 
in  the  comparative  and  superlative  degrees,  and  before 
a part  of  a sentence,  in  order  to  give  to  several  words, 
collectively  taken,  the  unity  and  construction  of  a 
single  noun  substantive.  “ The  longer  sin  hath  kept 
possession  of  the  heart,  the  harder  it  will  be  to  drive  it 
out.”  IVhole  Duty  of  Man.  — Before  a word  beginning 
with  a vowel,  c is  very  often  cut  off  in  verse  ; as,  — 
“But,  of  the  two,  less  dangerous  is  th'  offence.” 

1 ' Of  this  practice,  Todd  says,  “It  is  a barbarous  cus- 
tom, now  rarely  observed.” 

t THE,  v.  n.  To  thrive.  — See  Thee.  Old  Play. 

THE'A,  n.  ( Bot .)  A genus  of  plants,  the  dried 
leaves  of  which  constitute  the  tea  of  com- 
merce; tea-plant.  — See  Tea.  Baird. 

t!3f  The  tea,  which  is  so  extensively  consumed  by 
Europeans,  is  produced  by  two  or  three  species  of 
Then.  Lindley. 

THE-AN-TIIROP'I-CAL,  a.  [Gr.  Bids,  God,  and 
drOpumu;,  man.]  Being  both  divine  and  human, 
or  God  and  man.  [it.]  Bib.  Rep. 

Tinj-AN'THRO-PlSM,  n.  The  state  of  being  both 
God  and  man,  or  divine  and  human.  Coleridge. 

THE-An'THRO-PIST,  n.  A believer  in,  or  ad- 
herent to,  theanthropism.  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

Til f-AN'THRO-PY,  n.  Union  of  the  divine  and 
the  human  natures  ; theanthropism.  Ogilcie. 

THE'A  R-GHY,  n.  [Gr.  616s,  God,  and  lin^to,  to 
rule.]  Government  by  God  ; theocracy.  Clarke. 

THE'A  TINE,  n.  [Fr.  Theatin.]  One  of  a re- 
ligious order  among  the  Roman  Catholics, 
founded,  in  1524,  by  St.  Cajetan  of  Teate,  now 
Chieti,  and  existing  chiefly  in  Italy.  Brande. 

The  members,  besides  the  ordinary  monastic 
vows,  bound  themselves  to  the  duties  of  the  cure  of 
souls,  preaching  against  heresies,  tending  the  sick 
and  convicts,  and  to  abstain  from  possessing  property, 
or  asking  for  alms.”  Brande. 

THE'A-TINE,  a.  Of.  or  pertaining  to,  the  Thea- 
tines.  Clarke. 

f THE'A-TRAB,  a.  [J..  theatralis .]  Pertaining 
to  a theatre  ; theatrical.  Comment,  on  Chaucer. 

TIIE'A-TRE  (tlle'a-tur),  n.  [Gr.  Olarpov  ; Ofaoyai, 
to  see ; L.  theatram ; It.  § Sp.  teatro ; Fr. 
theatre.] 

1.  A place  or  edifice  for  dramatic  representa- 
tions or  performances  ; a play-house.  Milton. 

The  first  theatre  of  stone  at  Athens,  called  the  Theatre  of 
Bacchus,  was  built  in  the  time  of  Themistocles.  Brande. 

U££f*“  It  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  theatres  are 
mentioned  in  several  parts  of  Greece  where  the  wor- 
ship of  Dionysus  and  the  drama  connected  with  it 
did  not  exist,  so  that  these  buildings  were  devoted  to 
other  public  exhibitions.  Thus,  at  Athens  there  were 
in  later  times,  besides  the  theatre  in  Lenaea,  two  oth- 
ers which  were  not  destined  for  dramatic  perform- 
ances, but  were  only  places  in  which  the  sophists 
held  their  declamations.”  TV.  Smith. 

2.  A place  of  action  or  exhibition  ; scene  ; 

seat.  “ The  Iheatre  of  war.”  Slocqueler. 

3.  A room  in  medical  institutions  with  seats 

rising  one  above  another,  and  a table  in  the 
centre,  for  the  exhibition  of  surgical  operations, 
dissections,  &c.  Warfield. 

4.  A place  rising  by  steps  or  gradations  like 
the  seats  of  a theatre. 

Shade  above  shade,  a woody  theatre 

Of  stateliest  view.  Milton . 

TIIE-AT'RIC,  ) a_  [Gr.  ; L.  thcatri- 

THp-AT'RI-CAL,  ) cus ; It.  teatrale  ; Sp .tcatral-, 
Fr.  thmtral.] 

1.  Pertaining  to,  or  suiting,  a theatre  or 
dramatic  representation  ; dramatic.  Burnet. 

2.  Calculated  for  display  ; pompous.  Seeker. 

THIJ-AT-RI-CAL'I-TY,  n.  The  state  or  the  qual- 
ity of  being  theatrical,  or  calculated  for  display. 

Of  all  theatricality  he  [the  Duke  of ’Wellington]  was  singu- 
larly void,  and  his  emotions  were  always  under  the  strict 
guidance  of  reason.  Bayne. 

THIJ-AT'RI-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a theatrical  man- 
ner ; in  the  manner  of  an  actor,  or  suiting  the 
stage  ; dramatically.  Pope. 

THE-At'RI-CAL.«!,  n.pl.  Theatrical  or  dramatic 
performances.  Ed.  Rev. 

THEAVE  (thgv),  n.  A sheep  three  years  old  : — 
an  ewe  one  year  old.  [Local,  Eng.]  Wright. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  ?,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


THEBAID 


1497 


TIIEODOSIAN 


THE'BA-ID,  n.  A poem  regarding  Thebes. 

Thebaid , a famous  heroic  poem  of  Statius.  Chambers. 

THE'BAN,  n.  A native  or  an  inhabitant  of 
Thebes.  Shak. 

THE'BAN,  a.  Of,  or  pertaining  to,  Thebes. 

Theban  year , ( Chron .)  the  Egyptian  year  of  three 
hundred  and  sixty-five  days  and  six  hours.  Braude. 

THE' CjI,  n.;  pi.  tiiecje.  [L.,  from  Gr.  (h'm,  a 
case,  an  envelope.] 

1.  ( Bot .)  A cell  or  lobe  of  an  anther:  — a 

hollow,  urn-like  body  in  cryptogamic  plants, 
containing  spores  or  sporules  ; — called  also 
capsule,  sporangium,  &c.  Lindley. 

2.  (Anat.)  A part  enveloping  another  ; a 

sheath  ; a case.  Dunglison. 

THE'CA-PHORE,  n.  [Gr.  OyKn,  a case,  and  ifopiui, 
to  bear.]  [Bot.)  A surface  or  receptacle  bear- 
ing a theca,  or  thee®  : — a long  stalk, on  which, 
as  in  the  passion-flower,  the  ovary  is  sometimes 
seated,  instead  of  being  sessile.  Balfour.  Lindley. 

THE'CO-DONT,  n.  [Gr.  dy ny,  a case,  and  <5(5 out, 
Monro;,  a tooth.]  (Pal.)  An  extinct  saurian 
reptile  of  the  genus  Thecodontosaurus,  having 
teeth  implanted  in  distinct  sockets.  Eng.  Cyc. 

TI1EE,  pron.  The  objective  case  singular  of  thou. 

f THEE,  v.  n.  [M.  Goth,  thihan  ; A.  S.  theon.\ 
To  thrive  ; to  prosper.  Chaucer. 

THEFT,  n.  [A.  S.  theofth,  thyfth.\ 

1.  The  act  or  the  crime  of  one  who  steals  ; 
larceny.  “ His  thefts  were  too  open.”  Shak. 

2.  That  which  is  stolen. 

If  the  theft  be  certainly  found  in  his  hand  alive,  whether 
it  be  ox,  or  ass,  or  sheep,  he  shall  restore  double.  Ex.  xxii.  4. 

Syn.  — See  Robber. 

THEFT'BOTE,  n.  [A.  S.  theofth , theft,  and  bot, 
compensation,  amends,  reparation.]  (Law.) 
The  act  or  the  crime  of  compounding  with  a 
thief  by  receiving  back  from  him  the  stolen 
goods,  or  other  amends,  upon  agreement  not  to 
prosecute;  the  actor  the  crime  of  compound- 
ing felony.  Whishaw. 

THE'I-FORM,  a.  [Low  L.  thea,  the  tea-plant,  and 
L.  forma,  form.]  Having  the  form  of  the  tea- 
plant.  Everest. 

THE'I-N A,  n.  Theine.  P.  Cyc. 

THE'INE,  n.  [Low  L..  then,  the  tea-plant.] 
(diem.)  A crystallizable  organic  base  found  in 
tea,  coffee,  Paraguay  tea,  and  some  other  plants  ; 
caffeine.  Miller. 


THEIR  (thir),  pron.  adjective  or  possessive,  or  pro- 
nominal adjective.  Belonging  to  them  ; of  them. 
“ Their  dens.”  Shak.  “ Their  prose.”  Dryden. 

IE g=  Their  was  formerly  sometimes  used  for  theirs. 
“ My  esteem  I will  not  change  for  their."  tVither’s 
Motto. 

THEIRS  (thirz),  pron.  pi.  Possessive  from  they  ; 
of  them.  — Sing,  he,  she,  it;  pi.  nominative 
they,  possessive  theirs,  objective  them.  — See 
Mine. 

Our  best  actions  and  the  worst  of  theirs.  Derliam. 

They  gave  the  same  names  to  their  own  idols  which  the 
Egyptians  did  to  theirs.  llaleigh. 

TIIE'I§M  (the'izm),  n.  [It.  § Sp.  teismo ; Fr. 
theisms.  — From  Or 6s,  God.]  Belief  in  the  ex- 
istence of  a God  ; — opposed  to  atheism. 

The  words  deism  and  theism  are,  strictly  speak- 
ing, perhaps,  synonymous  ; but  yet  it  is  generally  to 
be  observed  that  tile  former  is  used  in  a bad,  and  the 
latter  in  a good  sense.  Custom  has  appropriated  the 
term  deist  to  the  enemies  of  revelation,  and  of  Chris- 
tianity in  particular,  while  the  word  theist  is  consid- 
. ered  applicable  to  all  who  believe  in  one  God.  Irons. 

THE'IST,  n.  [It.  iS'  Sp.  teista  ; Fr.  theiste.]  One 
who  believes  in  theism.  Martin. 

THIJ-Is  TIC,  £ a.  or  pertaining  to,  theism 

Til  IJ-IS'TI-CAL,  ) or  theists.  Wart  on. 

TH  EL-PIIU'SIAN  (-slian),  n.  ( Zo'ul .)  One  of  the 
Thelphusidoe.  ■ p.  Cyc. 

THEL-PHU  ’ SI-DJE,  n.  pi.  ( Zo'M .)  A family  of 
brachyurous  decapod  crustaceans,  living  in  the 
earth  near  the  banks  of  rivers,  or  in  humid 
forests,  and  bearing  a strong  analogy  to  the 
land-crab.  Baird. 

THEM,  pron.  pi.  The  objective  case  of  they. 

The  Lord  made  heaven  and  earth,  the  sea,  and  all  that  in 
them  is,  and  rested  on  the  seventh  day.  Ex.  xx.  11. 

He  hath  a great  zeal  for  you,  and  them  that  are  in  Laodi- 
cea,  and  them  In  Hierapolis.  Col.  iv.  13. 


THEME,  n.  [Gr.  Olya  ; riQrjpi,  to  place  ; L.  thema  ; 
It.  £$  Sp.  tema  ; Fr.  theme.'] 

1.  A' subject  of  discourse  or  discussion. 

He  took  for  his  theme  122d  Psalm.  Hales. 

When  a soldier  was  the  theme , my  name 

Was  not  far  off.  Shak. 

2.  A school  essay  written  on  a given  subject. 

Forcing  the  empty  wits  of  children  to  compose  themes, 

verses,  and  orations.  ..  Milton. 

3.  {Gram.)  The  original  word  from  which  the 
inflections  or  the  derivations  spring.  Watts. 

4.  (Mus.)  The  leading  subject  in  a composi- 

tion or  a movement;  as,  “A  fugue  with  two 
themes .”  Dwight. 

5.  f Instrument ; means. 

Nor  shall  Vanessa  he  the  theme 

To  manage  thy  abortive  scheme.  Swift. 

THE  'AIIS,  n,  1.  {Myth.)  The  goddess  of  justice. 

Such  thins,  in  whom 

Our  British  Themis  gloried  with  just  cause, 

Immortal  Hale.  Cowper. 

2.  {Astron.)  An  asteroid  .discovered  by  De 
Ga  spar  is  in  1853.  Lovering . 

THEM-SELVE§'  (-selvz'),  pron,  pi.  The  recipro- 
cal form  of  they  and  them  ; the  very  persons  ; 
— used  both  in  the  nominative  and  in  the  ob- 
jective case. 

They  reasoned  among  themselves.  Matt.  xvi.  7. 

Whatsoever  evil  befalleth  in  that,  themselves  have  made 
themselves  4vortliy  to  suffer  it.  Hooker. 

THEN,  ad.  [Goth,  than ; A.  S.  tlicenne , thanne , 
thonne  ; Dut.  dan  ; Ger.  dann.  — See  Than.] 

1.  At  that  time  ; at  a time  designated. 

There  was  then  no  king  in  Edom.  1 Kings  xxii.  47. 

Now  I know  in  part;  but  then  shall  I know  even  as  also  I 
am  known.  1 Cor.  xiii.  12. 

2.  Afterwards,  or  soon  afterwards. 

If  an  herb  be  cut  off  from  the  roots  in  winter,  and  then 
the  earth  be  trodden  down  hard,  the  roots  will  become  very 
big  in  summer.  Bacon. 

3.  Therefore  ; for  this  reason.  Milton . 

Now  then  be  all  thy  weighty  cares  away.  Dryden. 

4.  At  another  time  ; afterwards. 

Now  shaves  with  level  wing  the  deep;  then  soars 

Up  to  the  fiery  concave  towering  high.  Milton. 

5.  That  time  ; — having  the  effect  of  a noun. 

Till  then  who  knew 

The  force  of  those  dire  arms?  Milton. 

This  evening  late,  by  then  the  chewing  flocks 

Had  ta’en  their  supper  on  the  savory  herb.  Milton. 

ATow  and  then,  at  one  time  and  another.  Dryden. 

Then  was  formerly  used  instead  of  than.  “ Less 
then  fifteen  weeks.”  Chapman.  — “ The  servant  is  not 
greater  then  his  lord.”  John  xiii.  16,  First  edition, 
1611.  — This  use  of  the  word  then,  or  this  orthography 
of  than,  is  now  entirely  obsolete. 

THEN,  conj.  In  that  case.  “ If  all  this  he  so, 
then  man  has  a natural  freedom.”  Locke. 

It  was  not  an  enemy  that  reproached  me:  then  I could 
have  borne  it;  neither  was  it  he  that  hated  me  that  did  mag- 
nify himself  against  me:  then  I could' iiave  hid  myself  from 
him.  . Ps.  lv.  12. 

“ After  a position  or  concession,  it  introduces 
a qualification,  modification,  limitation,  &c.,  with 
which  such  position  or  concession  is  to  be  received.” 
Seager. 

Juvenal  indeed  mentions  a drowsy  husband  who  raised  an 
estate  by  snoring;  but  then  he  is  represented  to  have  slept 
what  the  common  people  call  dog’s  sleep;  or  if  his  sleep  was 
real,  his  wife  was  awake,  and  about  her  business.  Addison. 

THEN,  a.  Existing  at  that  time,  [r.]  Addison. 

In  his  then  situation.  Johnson. 

The  nephew  of  one  of  our  then  ministers.  Whatebj. 
A desire  of  advantage  in  his  then  profession.  Sir  J.  Hawkins. 

THEN'— A— DAY§  (-daz),  ad.  In  those  days  ; in 
time  past,  [r.]  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

THE'NAL,  a.  (Anat.)  Of  the  thenar.  Dunglison. 

THE'NAR,  n.  [Gr.  Wrap.]  (Anat.)  The  palm  of 
the  hand,  or  the  sole  of  the  foot.  Dunglison. 

TIHJ-NARD'ITE,  n.  (Min.)  A white,  translucent, 
anhydrous,  crystalline  sulphate  of  soda,  having 
a vitreous  lustre,  and  soluble  in  water.  Dana. 

TH|5-NARD’§'— BLUE,  n.  A valuable  pale-blue 
pigment,  into  the  composition  of  which  cobalt 
enters.  ~ Miller. 

THENCE,  ad.  1.  From  that  place.  Milton. 

When  ye  depart  thence  shake  off  the  dust  under  your  feet 
for  a testimony  against  them.  Mark  vi.  II. 

2.  From  that  time. 

There  shall  he  no  more  thence  an  infant  of  dnys,  nor  an 
old  man  that  hath  not  filled  his  days.  Isa.  lxv.  20. 

3.  For  that  reason  ; on  that  account. 


Not  to  sit  idle,  with  so  great  a gift 

Useless,  and  thence  ridiculous,  about  him.  Mil/on. 

VHT  From  thence,  like  from  hence,  is  a pleonasm  ; yet 
both  of  them  are  supported  by  custom  aftd  good  use. 

And  the  mind  through  all  her  powers 
Irradiate:  there  plant  eyes,  all  must  from  thence 
Purge  and  disperse.  Milton. 

THENCE'FORTII,  ad.  From  that  time. 

Thenceforth  this  land  was  tributary  made 
To  ambitious  Rome.  Spenser. 

Ilff  From  thenceforth  is  a barbarism  or  a pleonasm, 
but  it  is  countenanced  by  respectable  authorities. 

Resolving/rom  thenceforth 

To  leave  them  to  their  own  polluted  ways.  Milton. 

He  then  begins  to  know  a proposition  which  lie  knew  not 
before,  and  which  from  thenceforth  he  never  questions.  Locke. 

THENCE-FOR'WARD,  ad.  On  from  that  time; 
from  that  time  forward.  Kettlewell. 


+ THENCE-FROM',  ad.  From  that  place.  Smith. 

THE-O-BRO'M A,  il.  [Gr.  9e6;,  a god,  and  figoiga, 
food.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  trees,  found  in  equa- 
torial America,  bearing  a fruit  contained  in  a 
yellow  or  bright-scarlet  ligneous  pericarp.  The 
seeds,  which  are  about  the  size  of  a small  bean, 
furnish  cocoa,  from  which  chocolate  is»  pre- 
pared. Baird. 

THE-O-BRO'MINE,  n.  ( Client .)  A substance  re- 
sembling caffeine,  obtained  from  the  cacao-nut 
( Thcobroma  cacao).  Miller. 

THE-O-GHRlST'IC,  a.  [Gr.  Qe6<,  God,  and  X!»aTliSi 
anointed.]  Anointing  by  God.  Clarke. 

THp-OC'RA-CY,  n.  [Gr.  BioKgaria  ; 6th:,  God, 
and  Kgartm,  to  rule,  to  govern';  It.  tcocrazia ; Sp. 
teocraeia ; Fr . theocratic l\  The  government  of 
a nation  immediately  by  God,  as  that  of  the  Is- 
raelites before  the  appointment  of  kings. Burnet. 

TH^-OC'RA-SY,  11.  [Gr.  Old;,  God,  and  Kghat;,  a 
mixing.]  (Ancient  Philosophy.)  The  intimate 
union  of  the  soul  with  God  in  contemplation, 
as  it  was  held  by  the  New  Platonists  to  be  at- 
tainable. Braude. 

THE-O-CRAT'IC,  ? a.  [It.  § Sp.  teocratico ; 

THE-O-CRAT'I-CAL,  ) Fr.  theocratique .]  Relat- 
ing to  a theocracy.  Warburton. 

THE-OD'I-CY,  n.  [Fr.  theodic/’e,  from  Gr.  0(6;, 
God,  and  Lucy,  right,  justice ; LowL.  thcod'iecea.'] 

1.  A vindication  of  the  ways  of  God  or  of 
providence  : — optimism.  Leibnitz.  Fisher. 

2.  That  part  of  philosophy  which  treats  of  the 

being,  perfections,  and  government,  of  God,  and 
the  immortality  of  the  soul.  Fleming. 


Theodolite. 


TIip-OD'O-LITE,  n.  [Gr.  OtS>,  to  see,  iTj.o;,  man- 
ifest, and  fruj,  circumfer- 
ence ; Mod.  L.  theodeli- 
tus.  C.  M.  Ingleby .]  ( Sur - 
veying.)  An  instrument 
for  measuring  angles  in 
vertical  and  horizontal 
planes.  Tomlinson. 

JUSf  In  the  figure,  A B is 
a small  telescope,  which  is 
made  to  turn  vertically 
around  the  centre  C.  At- 
tached to  the  frame  which 
supports  the  telescope  on  the 
lower  part  is  tile  segment  of 
a circle,  D E,  divided  into 
degrees.  Upon  raising  or  depressing  the  end,  A,  of 
the  telescope,  this  graduated  arc  is  also  moved  from 
the  zero  point  F,  where  it  is  fixed  when  the  telescope 
is  horizontal,  and  the  angle  of  elevation  or  of  depres- 
sion may  be  read  from  the  arc.  For  the  purpose  of 
taking  horizontal  angles,  the  instrument  lias  also  a 
horizontal  motion  upon  its  axis.  At  C H are  two  par- 
allel circular  plates  fitting  closely  to  eacli  other,  and 
iiaving  a common  axis,  the  upper  one  being  made 
to  turn  upon  the  lower,  which  is  fixed.  The  edges 
are  so  graduated  as  to  measure  degrees  and  minutes. 
There  are  two  spirit-levels  on  the  upper  plate,  at  right 
angles  to  each  other,  for  adjusting  the  instrument  in 
a perfectly  level  position  by  means  of  the  tangent 
screws  K L P.  At  M N are  shown  the  ends  of  the 
tripod  upon  which  the  theodolite  usually  stands  when 
in  use.  The  instrument  is  usually  provided  with 
verniers  so  as  to  measure  arcs  of  ten  seconds,  and 
with  a compass.  It  is  used  for  measuring  angles,  in 
surveying  and  mensuration  of  heights  and  distances, 
and  occasionally  for  astronomical  purposes,  and  as  a 
levelling  instrument. 


TIIIJ-OD  O-LlT'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  made  by, 
a theodolite.  West.  Rev. 


THE-O-DO'SI  AN  (-sh?n),  a.  Of,  or  pertaining  to, 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  s6n  ; BULL,  BUR,  RiJLE.  — Q,  £,  <;,  g,  soft;  0,  G,  £,  1,  hard;  § as  z;  ^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 
188 


TIIEOGONIC 


1498 


THEREABOUTS 


the  Emperor  Theodosius,  or  to  a code  of  laws 
drawn  up  by  his  order.  Burrill. 

TIIf.-OG'O-NIC,  a.  Relating  to  thcogony.iI//f/ntm. 

t THg-OG'O-NI^M,  n.  Theogony.  Cudworth. 

TH  p-OG'O-NtST,  n.  One  versed  in,  or  a writer 
on,  theogony.  Cudworth. 

TH^-OG'O-NY,  n.  [Gr.  Qtnyovia  ; Beds,  a god,  and 
yivoi,  race;  L.  theogonia ; It.  Sp.  teogonia; 
Fr.  tlieogonie .]  That  part  of  heathen  theology 
which  treats  of  the  generation  or  genealogy  of 
the  heathen  deities.  Shaftesbury . 

THp-OL’O-GAS-TpR,  71.  A kind  of  quack  in  the- 
ology or  divinity,  as  a medicaster  in  physic  ; a 
low  writer  or  student  in  divinity.  Burton. 

f TH$-0L'0-9$R,  n.  A theologian.  More. 

THE-O-LO'Gl-AN,  n.  [Gr.  Oeoloyd; ; Bros,  God, 
and  tiyto,  to  speak  ; L.  theologies  ; It.  <5;  Sp.  teolo- 
go ; Fr.  theologien.]  One  versed  in,  or  a pro 
fessor  of,  theology  ; a divine.  Milman. 

Syn.  — See  Divine. 

THE-O-LO^J  |C,  ) fv.  [Gr.  Btoloyuci ij ; L.  thco- 

THfi^O-LOp'1-CAL,  ) logicus  ; It.  A'  Sp.  teologico  ; 
Fr.  tlieologique !]  Pertaining  to  theology  or  di- 
vinity ; divine.  Warburton. 

THE-O-LO^r'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a theological 
manner  ; according  to  theology.  Westfield. 

TllE-O-LOt^'ICS,  n.pl.  Theology*,  [r.]  Young. 

Tllp-OL'O-^IST,  ?t.  A theologian,  [n.]  Ayliffc. 

TllE-OL'O-GIZE,  v.  a.  To  render  theological. 
“ Aristotle’s  philosophy  theologized.”  Glanvill. 

TIHJ-OL'O-ljJlZE,  v.  n.  To  reason  as  a theologian; 
to  form  a system  of  theology.  Brit.  A For.  Rev. 

TIip-OL'O-^IZ-^R,  it.  A theologian,  [r.]  Clarke. 

THE'O-LOGUE  (-log),  n.  A theologian.  Drydcn. 

TllE.-OL'O-^Y,  n.  [Gr.  Qtoloyia  ; L.  thcologia ; 
It.  A Sp.  teologia;  Fr.  theologie. ] The  science 
which  treats  of  the  existence,  nature,  and  attri- 
butes of  God,  and  of  his  relations  to  man ; the 
true  doctrine  concerning  God,  and  the  duty 
which  ought  to  be  rendered  to  him  by  man ; 
bibical  or  sacred  literature  ; divinity. 

We  have  alluded  to  the  bearing  of  Chalmers’s  writings 
upon  the  three  theologies  which  now  stand  in  view  of  our 
British  Christianity;  namely,  the  superannuated  logical,  the 
modern  philosophical,  and  the  future  biblical.  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

TUp-OM'A-eillST,  n.  One  who  fights  or  contends 
against  the  gods.  Bailey. 

THf-OM'A-fJHY  (-ke),  n.  [Gr.  Bio/iavtn  ; Beds,  a 
god,  and  fiaye,  a battle  ; Fr.  theomachie.\ 

1.  The  fighting  of  the  giants  against  the  gods, 

as  in  mythology.  Bailey. 

2.  Opposition  to  the  divine  will,  [r.]  Bacon. 

TIIE'O-MAN-CY,  n.  [Gr.  Old;,  a god,  and  pavreia, 
prophecy;  Fr.  theomancie.]  Divination  drawn 
from  the  responses  of  oracles  among  heathen 
nations,  in  which  a god  was  supposed  to  answer 
the  inquirer,  or  from  the  predictions  of  Sibyls 
and  others  supposed  to  be  immediately  inspired 
by  some  divinity.  Brando. 

Til  E-O-PA-THET'IC,  a.  Relating  to  theopatliy; 
theopathic.  Mackintosh. 

THE-O-PATH'FC,  a.  Relating  to  theopatliy  ; the- 
opathetic.  Qu.  Rev. 

Til  f-OP'A-THY,  n.  [Gr.  Gfrfj,  God,  and  ttoOos, 
feeling.]  Piety,  or  a sense  of  piety.  Hartley. 

Tllf.-OPH’A-NY,  n.  [Gr.  Beds,  God,  and  Qaim/eat, 
to  appear;  Fr.  thAophanie. ] A manifestation 
of  God  to  man  by  actual  appearance.  Brande. 

There  were  no  less  than  thirteen  theophanies  of  the  Lord 
after  his  resurrection.  Wliittalcer. 

THE-O-PHlL-AN-THROP'jC,  a.  Pertaining  to 
theophilanthropisin.  Antijacobin. 

THE-0-PH(-LAN'THR0-PI§M,  71.  [Fr.  theophi- 
lanthropisme.]  The  doctrines  or  tenets  of  the 
theophilanthropists.  Ch.  Ob. 

T II E-Q -PHJ-L A N 'TH  RO-PIST,  n.  [Gr.  Beds,  God, 
and  tpikdvOpuiTos,  philanthropic.]  ( Ecel . Hist.) 
One  of  a society  formed  at  Paris  during  the 
first  French  revolution,  whose  object  was  to 
establish  a new  religion  in  the  place  of  Christi- 
anity, which  had  been  formally  abolished  in 
France  by  the  Convention.  Brande. 

THE-O-PHIL-O-SOPH'IC,  a.  Uniting  theism  and 
philosophy.  Milman. 


THE-OP-NEUS'TTC,  a.  [Gr.  Bedirvevaros ; Beds,  God, 
and"  TTvloe,  to  breathe.]  Inspired  by  God,  or 
given  by  inspiration  of  God.  Clarke. 

THE-OP-NEUS'TY,  71.  Divine  inspiration.  Clarke. 

TII^-OR'RO,  7i.  [It.  A Sp.  tiorba  ; Fr.  theorbo.]  A 
large  stringed  instrument  of  music  formerly  in 
use,  resembling  a lute,  but  having  two  heads ; 
an  qych-lute.  P.  Cyc. 

THE'O-REM,  71.  [Gr.  Beupepa.-,  Beutpew,  to  look  at; 
h.theorema',  It.  A Sp.  teorema  ; Fr.  theorime.] 
(Geom.)  A statement  of  a truth  or  a principle 
which  is  to  be  demonstrated;  — in  contradis- 
tinction to  a problem,  which  proposes  some- 
thing to  be  done.  Brande. 

tiSP  A theorem  requires  demonstration;  a problem 
requires  solution.  In  algebra,  the  term  is  applied  to 
various  formula;,  as  tile  binomial  theorem,  &c.  Brande. 

THE-O-RE-MAT'IC,  ) [Gr-  0eo>pnpariK6s\  L. 

_ • * „ , f theorematicusA  Fer- 

THE-O-Rg-MAT  I-CAL,  > taining  to,  consisting 

THE-O-REM'IC,  ) of,  or  comprised  in,  a 

theorem  or  theorems.  Grew. 

THE-O-REM' A-TIST,  7i.  One  who  forms  theo- 
rems. [it.]  Scott. 

TIIE-O-RE  1 1C,  ? am  Qeio orjriKo;  ; It.  Ss  Sp. 

TIIE-O-RET'I-CAL,  ) tcoretico  ; Fr.  thvoretique.] 
Pertaining  to,  or  depending  on,  theory,  not  on 
practice  ; speculative  ; not  practical. 

The  study  of  theoretic  physic.  Knox. 

Weary  with  the  pursuit  of  academical  studies,  he  no  longer 
confined  himself  to  the  search  of  theoretical  knowledge,  lmt 
commenced,  the  scholar  of  humanity,  to  study  nature  i;i  her 
works  and  man  in  society.  Lanrjliome. 

THE-O-RET'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  By  or  in  theory; 
speculatively  ; not  practically.  Knox. 

THE-O-RET'ICS,  ?i.  pi.  The  theoretic  or  specu- 
lative parts  of  a science,  [u.]  Scolt. 

f THE'O-RIC,  71.  Theory  ; speculation.  Shah. 

t THE  O-IlTC,  ? a.  Relating  to  theory ; theo- 

•j-THf-OR'l-CAL,  ) retical.  Boyle. 

Tlip-OR'IC,  a.  [Gr.]  Pertaining  to  the  theorica. 
“The  theoric  fund.”  Win.  Smith. 

TIIF.-OR’ I-Cfi,  71.  pi.  [Gr.  Oeuipmd ; Oeoipho,  to 
see.]  ( Grecian  Ant.)  At  Athens,  money 
which,  from  the  time  of  Pericles,  was  given 
from  the  treasury  to  the  poor  citizens,  to  pay 
for  their  scats  at  the  theatre,  and  also  for  other 
purposes;  the  theoric  fund.  Wm.  Smith. 

f THE-ult'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  Theoretically.  Boyle. 

THE'O-RIST.  71.  [Fr.  thvoriste.]  One  who  theo- 
rizes; one  who  forms  theories.  Mackintosh. 

TIIE'O-RIZE,  v.  n.  [Fr.  thcoriser.]  [i.  theo- 
rized -,PJ>.  THEORIZING,  THEORIZED.]  To  form 
a theory  or  theories ; to  speculate.  Gillies. 

THE'O-RlZ-ER,  7t.  One  who  theorizes.  Ch.  Spec. 

THE'O-RY,  «.  [Gr.  Oiuipin  ; Bewnho,  to  view,  to 
behold  ; L.  theoria  ; It.  4'Sp.  teoria  ; Fr.  theoric.'] 

1.  Speculation  ; plan,  scheme,  or  system  sub- 
sisting only  in  the  mind  ; — opposed  to  practice. 

To  execute  their  own  theory  in  this  church.  Hooker . 

True  Christianity  depends  on  fact; 

Religion  is  not  theory , but  act.  Harte. 

2.  A body  of  principles  which  explain  a par- 
ticular class  of  phenomena. 

The  theory  of  the  statics  and  dynamics  of  rigid  bodies  is 
tolerably  perfect,  but  that  of  bodies  composed  of  particles  act- 
ed on  by  molecular  forces  is. in  its  infancy.  P.  Cyc. 

3.  The  abstract  principles  of  any  art  or  sci- 
ence ; as,  “The  theory  of  medicine. ’’Dunglison. 

4.  Proposed  explanation  of  any  phenomenon ; 
as,  “ The  Newtonian  theory  of  light.” 

JUST*  “ A person  who  uses  an  imperfect  theory  with 
the  confidence  due  only  to  a perfect  one  will  naturally 
fall  into  abundance  of  mistakes  ; his  predictions  will 
be  crossed  by  disturbing  circumstances  of  which  bis 
theory  is  not  able  to  take  account.  ...  A great  quan- 
tity of  mistake  has  been  made  by  those  who  do  not 
understand  the  true  use  of  an  imperfect  theory  : hence 
much  discredit  has  been  brought  upon  theory  in  gen- 
eral, and  the  schism  of  theoretical  and  practical  men 
has  arisen.  Fortunately  there  are  many  of  the  former 
who  attend  properly  to  t he  improvement  of  imperfect 
theory  by  practice  ; and  many,  calling  themselves  prac- 
tical, who  seize  with  avidity  all  that  theory  can  do 
for  them,  and  who  know  that,  step  by  step,  theory  has 
been  making  her  way  with  giant  strides  into  the  ter- 
ritory of  practice  for  the  last  century  and  a half.”  P. 
Cyc. 

Syn.  — A theory  is  founded  on  inferences  drawn 
from  principles  which  have  been  established  by  evi- 
dence ; an  hypothesis  is  a mere  supposition , or  a prop- 


osition or  principle  assumed,  or  taken  for  granted,  to 
account  for  certain  phenomena.  A speculation  is  the 
work  chiefly  of  the  imagination,  and  lias  little  to  do 
with  realities.  A sound  theory  ; an  assumed  hypoth- 
esis ; a fanciful  speculation  ; a regular  system  ; a wild 
scheme.  “ Theory  and  theoretical  are  properly  opposed 
to  practice  and  practical.  Theory  is  mere  knowledge  ; 
practice  is  the  application  of  it.  . . . Theory  is  the 
knowledge  of  the  principles  by  which  practice  accom- 
plishes its  end.  . . . 'Theory  always  implies  knowl- 
edge — knowledge  of  a thing  in  its  principles  or 
causes.”  Fleming.  — “ Theory  and  hypothesis  may  be 
distinguished  thus:  an  hypothesis  is  a guess  or  sup- 
position made  concerning  the  cause  of  some  particu- 
lar fact,  with  the  view  of  trying  experiments  or  mak- 
ing observations  to  discover  the  truth.  A theory  is  a 
complete  system  of  suppositions  put  together  for  the 
purpose  of  explaining  all  the  facts  that  belong  to  some 
one  science.  For  example,  astronomers  have  suggested 
many  hypotheses  in  order  to  account  for  the  luminous 
stream  which  follows  comets  ; -they  have  also' formed 
many  theories  of  the  heavens,  or,  in  other  words,  com- 
plete explanations  of  all  the  appearances  of  the  heav- 
enly bodies  and  their  movements.  When  a theory  has 
been  generally  received  by  men  of  science,  it  is  called 
a system  ; as  the  Ptolemaic  system , the  Copernicau 
system Taylor , Elements  of  Thought. 

TIIE-O-SOPII'IC,  £ a.  Pertaining  to  theos- 

THE-O-SOPII'I-CAL,  > ophy.  More. 

THE-0S'0-PHI§M,  n.  Theosophy.  Enfield. 

TIIJjJ-OS'O-PHIST,  n.  One  of  a sect  of  philoso- 
phers who  pretended  to  derive  their  knowledge 
of  God  and  divine  matters  from  direct  inspira- 
tion ; an  adherent  to  theosophy.  Brande . 

THE-OS-O-PIIIS'TI-CAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the- 
osophy ; theosophical.  Gent.  Mag. 

TII  E-OS'O-PHIZE,  v.  7i.  To  treat  of,  or  to  prac- 
tise, theosophy,  [it.]  M.  Stuart . 

THE-OS'O-PIIY,  71.  [Gr.  Oeocrotjiia  ; Of  os,  God,  and 
ooipia , wisdom;  It.  $ Sp.  teosofia  ; Fr.  th-oso- 
phie.’]  Wisdom  or  illumination  derived  from 
direct  inspiration  ; the  belief  or  the  system  of 
the  theosophists  ; theosopliism.  Cudworth. 

TIIER- A- PE  U ' TJE,  71.  pi.  [Gr.  Ofoa-fural ; Oepandju), 
to  serve.]  ( Eccl . Ilist.)  A Jewish  sect  which 

arose  in  the  first  century  after  Christ.  Brande. 

THER-A-PEU'TIC,  n . One  of  the  Jewish  sect 
called  therapeutic.  Prideaux . 

TIIER-A-PEU  TIC,  ^ a ^Qr>  OfpaxfvriKdg  ; dfpa- 

THER-A-PEU'TI-CAL,  ) tuuu >,  to  serve,  to  cure,  to 
heal ; It.  <^-  Sp.  tcrapeutico ; Fr.  therapeutique .] 
lielating  to  therapeutics  ; curative. 

Medicine  is  justly  distributed  into  prophylactic,  or  the  art 
of  preserving  health,  and  therapeutic,  or  the  art  of  restor- 
ing it.  Watts. 

THER-A-PEU’TICS,  n.  pi.  (Med.)  That  depart- 
ment of  medicine  relating  to  the  application  of 
remedies  and  the  cure  of  diseases.  Dunglison. 

THER-A-PEU'TJST,  n.  One  versed  in  therapeu- 
tics, or  a practitioner  of  medicine.  Dunglison. 

TIIER'A-PY,  77.  [Gr.  Oipcnreia,  a remedy.]  (Med.) 
Therapeutics,  [u.]  Month.  Rev. 

THERE  (thAr  or  ther),  ad.  [M.  Goth,  tharei ; A.  S. 
theer,  tha)',  ther  ; Dut.  daar  ; Frs.  da  ; Old  Ger. 
thar  ; Ger.  da  ; Dan.  A S\v.  dvr  ; Icel.  their.]  In 
that  place  ; — often  opposed  to  here. 

In  the  place  where  the  tree  fallctb,  there  it  shall  lie.  Keel.  xi.3. 

There  the  wicked  cease  from  troubling,  and  there  the  wea- 
ry be  at  rest.  Job  iii.  17. 

Precept  upon  precept;  line  upon  line,  line  upon  line:  here 
a little,  and  there  a little.  Isa.  xxviii.  10. 

Darkness  there  might  well  seem  twilight  here.  Hilton. 
is  often  used  at  the  beginning  of  sentences, 
sometimes  to  introduce  a verb  or  phrase  with  empha- 
sis, and  it  serves  to  throw  the  nominative  after  the 
verb  ; as,  “ A man  came,”  or  “ There  came  a man.” 

Is  there  no  balm  in  Gilead?  Jcr.  viii.  22. 

There  are  delivered  in  Holy  Scripture  many  weighty  ar- 
guments for  this  doctrine.  White. 

In  human  actions  there  are  no  degrees  described.  Bp.  Taylor. 

Wherever  there  is  sense  or  perception,  there  some  idea  is 
actually  produced.  Locke. 

There , when  used  as  an  adverb  of  place,  sig- 
nifying in  that  place , as,  u A man  was  there, ” is  pro- 
nounced th&re  ; but  when  it  is  used  merely  to  introduce 
a verb  or  phrase,  as,  “ There  was  a man,”  it  is  pro- 
nounced ther.  “Chastisement  is  not  in  heaven,  be- 
cause there  (thAr e)»therc  (ther)  is  no  sin,  nor  in  hell, 
because  there  (tliire)  there  (tiler)  is  no  amendment.” 
Dr.  Owen. 

THERE'A-BOUT,  ? a(f  i.  Near  that  place. 

THERE'A-BOUTS,  > Shah. 

2.  Near  that  number,  quantity,  quality,  de- 
gree, or  state  ; nearly. 

One  hundred  and  fifty  years  or  thereabouts.  Paries. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


THEREAFTER 


1499 


THESIS 


3.  Concerning  that  matter. 

They  were  much  perplexed  thereabout.  Luke  xxiv.  4. 

jKff-  ‘ < Thereabouts  is  the  more  common,  though 
Johnson  says,  the  less  proper.” 

THERE-Af'TIJR  (thir-if'ter),  ad.  1.  According 
or  conformably  to  that ; accordingly.  Milton. 

When  you  can  draw  the  head  indifferent  well,  proportion 
the  body  thereafter.  Reacham. 

2.  After  that;  afterwards.  Spenser. 

T HKRE-AT'  (thir-at'),  ad.  1.  At  that  place. 

Many  there  be  that  go  in  thereat.  Matt.  vii.  13. 

2.  At  that ; on  that  account. 

Every  error  is  a stain  to  the  beauty  of  nature,  for  which 
cause  it  blushcth  thereat,  but  glorietli  in  the  contrary  .Hooker. 

TIIERE-BY'  (tiiir-bl'),  ad.  1.  Near  or  by  that 
place  ; near  by.  [n..] 

Thereby  a crystal  stream  did  gently  play.  Spenser. 

2.  By  that ; by  means,  or  in  consequence,  of 
that ; through  the  medium  of  that. 

The  people  may  thereby  learn  what  their  duties  are.  Hooker. 

THERE-FOR',  ad.  For  that  or  for  this.  Wright. 

THtERE'FORE  (ther'for  or  thAr'for)  [thSr'for,  S.  IF. 
F.  K.  Sm.  R.  Wb. ; tliar'for,  J.  E.  Ja.  ; th&r'ior, 
P.],  conj.  & ad. 

1.  For  that  or  for  this  ; for  that  or  this  reason. 

Therefore  dotli  my  Father  love  me,  because  I lay  down  my 

life,  that  I might  take  it  again.  John  x.  17. 

If  the  ear  shall  sa,v.  Because  I am  not  the  eye,  I am  not  of 
tile  body,  is  it  therefore  not  of  the  body?  I Cor.  xii.  Id. 

This  is  the  latest  parley  we  will  admit; 

Therefore  to  our  best  mercy  give  yourselves.  Sliak. 

2.  Consequently  ; by  consequence. 

He  blushes;  therefore  lie  is  guilty.  Shak. 

3.  In  consideration  of  ; in  return  for. 

Behold,  we  have  forsaken  all,  and  followed  thee;  what  shall 

we  have  therefore ? Matt.  xix.  27. 

jfgy-It  is  commonly  reckoned  as  an  adverb,  but  it 
generally  partakes  of  the  nature  of  a conjunction. 

,6®“ “When  there  is  in  composition  in  the  word 
therefore,  the  e is  generally  shortened,  as  in  were,  but 
in  my  opinion  improperly.”  Walker. 

l®=-“  Excepting  this  word,  the  compounds  of  there 
are,  at  the  present  day,  inelegant,  quaint,  or  technical 
as  belonging  to  law.”  Smart. 

THERE-FROM',  ad.  From  that  or  from  this. 
“ Turn  not  aside  therefrom.''  Josh,  xxiii.  6. 

THERE-IN',  ad.  In  that  or  in  this.  Bacon. 

THERE-IN-TO',  ad.  Into  that.  Luke  xxi.  21. 

THERE-OF',  ad.  Of  that  or  of  this.  Ilooker. 

THER-JJ-OL'O-^Y,  n.  [Gr.  Oiou>,  to  cure,  and  16- 
yo(,  a discourse].  Therapeutics,  [n.]  R.  Park. 

THERE-ON',  ad.  On  that  or  on  this.  Mark  xiv.'72. 

f TllERE-OUT',  ad.  Out  of  that  or  this  ; therefrom. 

There  came  water  thereout.  Judy.  xv.  19. 

TI1ERE-TO',  lad.  To  that  or  to  this. 

THERE-IJN-TO',  ‘ Ilooker. 

THERE-TO-FORE',  ad.  Before  that  time  ; pre- 
viously. [u.]  Alb.  Gallatin. 

t THERE-UN'DIJR,  ad.  Under  that.  Raleigh. 

THERE-UP-ON',  ad.  1.  Upon  that  or  upon  this. 

As  a wise  master-builder,  I have  laid  the  foundation,  and 
another  buildeth  thereon.  1 Cor.  iii.  10. 

2.  In  consequence  of  that. 

He  hopes  to  find  you  forward. 

And  thereupon  he  sends  you  this  good  news.  Shak'. 

3.  Immediately  ; at  once,  [it.]  Johnson. 

f TI1ERE-WIIILE',  ad.  At  the  same  time.  Laud. 

THERE- WITH',  ad.  1.  With  that  or  with  this. 

Not  that  I speak  in  respect  of  want,  for  I have  learned,  in 
whatsoever  state  I am,  therewith  to  be  content.  Phil.  iv.  11. 

2.  Immediately  ; thereupon,  [it.]  Johnson. 

t THERE-WITH-Al',  ad.  1.  Over  and  above. 

Therewithal  the  execrable  act 

On  their  late  murdered  king  they  aggravate.  Daniel. 

2.  At  the  same  time.  Shak. 

3.  With  that ; therewith.  Spenser. 

fTIIERF,  a.  [A.  S.  theorf,  timer  f,  tlierf.]  Un- 
fermented; unleavened.  Wickliffe.  1 Cor.  v.  7. 

THE'RI-AC  [the're-ak,  Sm.  Wb.  Tocld , Wr.\  the- 
ri'rilc,  Ja.  K.],  n.  A theriaca.  The  Student. 

THE'RI-AC,  a.  Theriacal ; medicinal.  Dunglison. 

Til  E-RI' A-C A,  n.  [Gr.  dyptaio'i ; Oripinv,  a wild 
beast;  L.  theriaca ; It.  § Sp.  teriaca , triaca ; 
Fr.  tlieriaquc .]  (Med.)  A medicine  believed  to 
be  capable  of  curing,  or  of  preventing  the  ef- 
fects of,  the  bite  of  a venomous  animal  ; treacle. 
The  most  celebrated  was  Theriaca  Andromaclii , 
or  Venice  treacle.  Wm.  Smith.  Dunglison. 


THE'RI-AL,  a.  Theriacal.  Holland. 

THE-Rl'A-CAL,  a.  [Gr.  OypinKdg ; L.  thcriacus ; 
It.  teriacale;  Sp.  ter i a cal;  Fr.  theriacal.]  Per- 
taining to,  or  having,  the  properties  of,  a theri- 
aca ; medicinal.  Bacon. 

THE-RI-OT'O-MY,  n.  [Gr.  Qrjoiov,  a wild  beast, 
and  u'/n/w,  to  cut.]  The  anatomy  of  animals  ; 
zootomy.  Dunglison. 

TIIER  ’MAE,  n.  pi.  [L.,  from  Gr.  Olppai.]  Hot 
springs  or  hot  baths.  Phillips. 

THER'MAL,  a.  [Gr.  0epp6g,  warm  ; 0cpw,  to  warm; 
It.  termale ; Sp.  termal ; Exothermal.]  Pertain- 
ing to  heat ; hot ; warm.  Lyell. 

Thermal  springs , springs  the  temperature  of  which 
is  above  the  mean  temperature  of  the  place  where 
they  rise.  They  are  most  abundant  and  their  temper- 
ature is  highest  in  volcanic  regions;  and,  when  most 
remote  from  them,  their  site  usually  coincides  vvitli 
some  great  derangement  in  the  strata,  as  a fault  or 
great  fissure,  indicating  that  a channel  of  communi- 
cation was  opened  with  the  interior  of  the  earth  at 
some  former  period  of  local  convulsion.  Lyell. 

TIIER'MIC,  a.  Relating  to  heat ; thermal. 

TIIER’ MI-DOR,  n.  [Gr.  Ofppdg,  warm.]  The 
name  of  the  eleventh  month  in  the  French  re- 
publican calendar,  which  commenced  on  the 
19th  of  July,  and  ended  on  the  17th  of  August ; 

— so  named  from  the  great  heat  which  charac- 
terizes that  part  of  the  year.  Brandc. 

TIIER'MO-CUR-RENT,  n.  (Elec.)  An  electric 
current  developed  by  heat ; thermo-electric 
current.  Faraday. 

THER-MO— E-LEC'TRIC,  a.  [Gr.  Bepptg,  warm,  and 
Eng.  electric.']  Relating  to  thermo-electricity  ; 
noting  electric  currents  developed  by  heat .Rogct. 

Thermo-electric  pair,  a combination  of  two  dissim- 
ilar metals,  as  a bar  of  antimony  and  a bar  of  bis- 
muth, soldered  together  so  as  to  form,  either  witli  or 
without  a connecting  wire,  a complete  circuit,  enclos- 
ing a magnetic  compass  needle.  On  heating  one  of 
the  junctions,  an  electric  current  is  developed  which 
deflects  the  needle.  — Thermo-electric  battery,  a combi- 
nation of  a number  of  thermo-electric  pairs  succes- 
sively connected  together,  the  terminal  bars  being  con- 
nected by  a wire.  On  heating  the  alternate  junctions, 
a current  of  electricity  is  developed,  and  traverses  the 
completed  circuit ; it  is  called  also  thermo-multiplier. 
Such  a battery  connected  with  a delicate  galvanom- 
eter is  the  most  sensitive  thermoscopic  instrument 
ever  devised,  indicating  even  the  amount  of  radiant 
heat  emitted  by  insects.  Miller. 

THER-MO— E-LEC-TRig'I-TY,  n.  Electricity  de- 
veloped by  the  unequal  distribution  of  heat 
through  bodies.  Prout. 

TH£R-MOM'£-TJ£R,  n.  [Gr.  Oeppdg,  warm  ; Gtpprj, 
heat,  and  pirpov , a measure;  It.  iy  Sp.  termome- 
tro ; Fr.  thermomHre.]  An  instrument  for 
measuring  degrees  or  variations  of  heat  or 
temperature.  Young. 

Air  thermometer , a thermometer,  of  various  forms, 
consisting,  as  first  contrived,  of  a vertical  glass  tube, 
blown  into  a bulb  at  t he  top,  and  having  the  lower 
end  immersed  in  a colored  liquid.  A portion  of  the 
air  having  been  previously  expelled  by  heat,  the  liquid 
is  forced  by  atmospheric  pressure,  as  the  air  cools, 
into  the  lower  part  of  the  tube,  and  afterwards  rises 
or  falls  as  the  enclosed  air  contracts  or  expands  by 
diminution  or  increase  of  temperature.  The  height 
of  the  liquid  in  the  stein  is  also  affected,  in  most  forms 
of  the  instrument,  by  changes  of  atmospheric  pressure, 
so  that  their  indications  are  inaccurate. — Mercurial 
thermometer , a thermometer  consisting  of  a vertical 
glass  tube,  blown  into  a bulb  at  the  lower  end,  her- 
metically sealed  at  the  top,  and  partly  filled  with  pure 
mercury  which  has  been  freed  from  air  and  moisture 
by  being  heated  in  the  tube  before  the  tube  was  sealed, 
the  air  in  the  upper  part  of  the  tube  having  been  at 
the  same  time  all  expelled  by  the  mercury.  Two  fixed 
points  of  temperature,  those  of  freezing  and  boiling 
water,  are  marked  on  the  tube  or  on  a scale  attached 
to  it,  and  the  whole  tube  is  divided  into  degrees  or 
parts  of  equal  capacity.  The  mercury  expands  faster 
than  in  proportion  to  the  increase  of  heat,  which  pro- 
duces, however,  no-error  below  the  boiling  point  of 
water,  being  compensated  by  the  expansion  of  the 
glass.  The  range  of  temperature  measured  by  this 
instrument  may  extend  from  the  freezing  to  tlie  boil- 
ing point  of  mercury.  — Fahrenheit's  thermometer , a 
mercurial  thermometer,  invented  in  J749,so  graduated 
as  to  have  180  degrees  between  the  freezing  and  boil- 
ing points  of  water — the  freezing  point  being  marked 
32°,  and  the  boiling  point  212°.  Degrees  below  zero 
are  distinguished  by  the  sign  minus.  This  thermom- 
eter is  used  wherever  the  English  language  prevails. 

— Centigrade  thermometer,  a mercurial  thermometer 
which  has  100  degrees  between  the  freezing  and  boil- 
ing points  of  water,  zero  being  at  the  freezing  point. 


It  is  much  used  in  scientific  researches.  See  Cen- 
tigrade. — Reaumur's  thermometer , a mercurial  ther- 
mometer, invented  in  1730,  with  the  zero  at  the  freez- 
ing point  of  water,  and  80J  at  its  boiling  point.  — Spirit 
thermometer,  a thermometer  in  which  alcohol  is  used 
instead  of  mercury  ; — useful  for  measuring  low  tem- 
peratures, alcohol  not  being  congealablc. — Dc  Lisle's 
thermometer,  a mercurial  thermometer  in  which  there 
are  150  degrees  between  the  freezing  and  boiling  points 
of  water,  the  zero  being  at  the  boiling  point,  and  tho 
graduation  being  continued  downwards; — used  in 
Russia.  — 


gi&teriug  tlici mometer. 

minimum  temperature,  in  tlie  absence  of  the  observ- 
er. Tile  most  common  form  is  Rutlierford’s,  which  is 
a combination  of  a spirit  and  a mercurial  thermometer, 
each  provided  with  its  own  scale,  placed  horizontal- 
ly on  the  same  piece  of  boxwood  or  ivory.  The  former 
contains  a glass  index,  A,  half  an  inch  long,  with  a 
small  knob  at  each  end,  lying  in  the  spirit  of  wine. 
Tlie  fluid,  when  expanded  by  heat,  freely  passes  by 
it,  but  when  it  contracts  by  cold,  carries  it  by  its  at- 
traction back  towards  tlie  bulb,  and  thus  indicates  tlie 
minimum  temperature.  Tlie  latter  contains  a bit  of 
steel  wire,  B,  which  is  pushed  before  the  mercury,  but 
does  not  follow  it  when  it  contracts,  and  thus  marks 
how  high  tlie  temperature  has  been.  Tho  instrument 
requires  adjustment  whenever  it  is  to  be  used. — Dif- 
ferential thermometer,  a thermometer  con-  s~\ 
sisting  of  a tube  bent  twice  at  right  an-  kv 
gles,  and  terminating  at  each  end  in  a 
bulb,  a part  of  tlie  tube  being  filled  with 
colored  liquid,  and  tlie  rest  of  it,  togeth- 
er with  the  bulbs,  being  filled  with  air.  ij. 

When  both  bulbs  have  tlie  same  temper  ttjp 
aturo,  the  column  of  liquid  is  stationa- 
ry,  and  one  end  of  it  rests  at  tlie  zero  of 
tlie  scale.  When  one  bulb  is  exposed  to 
a higher  heat  than  tlie  other,  as  in  ex- 
periments on  radiation,  tlie  air  within  it  llitlbrential 
expands,  and  forces  the  liquid  down  tho  thermometer, 
tube,  and  tlie  extent  of  tlie  motion,  as  indicated  by 
the  graduated  scale,  measures  the  excess  of  heat  act- 
ing on  that  bulb. 

Gay  Lussac.  Library  of  Useful  Knowledge. 


TIIKR-MO-MET'RIC,  a.  Thermometrical.  Francis. 

THER-MO-MET'KI-CAE,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or 
made  by,  a thermometer.  Chcgne. 

THER-MO-MET'RI-CAL-LY,  ad.  By  means  of  a 
thermometer.  P.  Cgc. 

TIliiR'MO-SCOFE,  n.  [Gr.  Oipyos,  warm,  and  oko- 
7t foi,  to  see  ; It.  & Sp.  termoscopio  ; Fr.  thermo- 
scope. ] An  instrument  by  which  changes  of 
temperature  are  indicated  and  measured;  ther- 
mometer. Rumford. 

THER-MO-SCOP'IC,  P Relating  to  a ther- 

THER-MO-SCOP'I-CAL,  ) moscope.  Ec.  Rev. 

THER'MO-STAT,  n.  [Gr.  6if>y6{,  warm,  and  'iorriftt, 
to  stand.]  A self-acting  apparatus  for  regulating 
temperature  ; — called  also  heat-governor.  Ure. 

THER-MO-STAT'IC,  a.  Of,  or  pertaining  to,  a 
thermostat.  “ Thermostatic  bars.”  Ure. 


TIipR-MOT'IC,  a.  Relating  to  heat;  as,  “The 
thermotic  classification  of  crystals.”  Pereira. 

TIipR-MOT'ICS,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  0epy6s,  warm.]  The 
doctrine  or  the  science  of  heat.  Dr.  Robinson. 

THF.-SAu' RUS,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  Onoavpos.] 

T.  A treasury  : — a dictionary.  Crabb. 

2.  ( Civil  Law.')  Treasure  ; a sum  of  money 
hidden  or  buried.  Burrill. 


TIIEijE  (tfiez),  pron.  or  pronominal  adjective.  The 
plural  of  this  ; — opposed  to  those.  — See  This. 

These  were  the  isles  of  the  Gentiles.  Gen.  x.  5. 

These  sayings  arc  faithful  and  true.  Rev.  xxii.  G. 

The  palaces  and  lofty  domes  arose; 

These  for  devotion,  and  for  pleasure  those.  Pope. 

These  relates  to  the  persons  or  things  nearest 
or  last  mentioned,  and  those  to  the  most  remote  or 
first  mentioned. 

TIIE'SIS,  n. ; pi.  tiie'se?.  [Gr.  Btm;  ; riOrtyt,  to 
place;  L.  thesis  ; It.  tesi ; Sp.  tesis  ; Fr.  these.) 

1.  A position  or  proposition,  affirmative  or 

negative,  advanced  or  laid  down  to  be  support- 
ed by  argument.  Prior. 

j®»“In  tlie  schools,  it  was  especially  applied  to 
those  propositions  in  theology,  philosophy,  law,  and 
medicine,  which  t lie  candidates  for  degrees  were  re- 
quired to  defend.”  Fleming. 

2.  A subject  for  a school  or  university  exer- 
cise, or  the  exercise  itself;  — differing  from  a 


MiEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RfiLE.  — 9,  <?,  s,  g,  soft;  €,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  % as  z ; $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


TIIESMOTHETE 


1500 


THIMBLERIG 


theme  in  being  a proposition,  while  a theme  is 
generally  a mere  title.  Smart. 

3.  An  essay  composed  by  a candidate  for 

graduation  in  medicine.  Dunglison. 

4.  (Mus.)  The  depression  of  the  hand  in 

marking  or  beating  time.  Bramle. 

5.  (Pros.)  The  depression  of  the  voice  in  pro- 

nouncing syllables,  or  the  part  of  a foot  on  which 
the  depression  of  the  voice  falls.  Andrews. 

THES'MO-TIIETE,  n.  [Gr.  BecyoBerris ; Bccyt;,  a 
law,  and  rtOqp i,  to  place,  to  lay  down  ; Fr.  thes- 
mothete.)  (Greek  Ant.)  One  of  the  six  inferior 
archons  at  Athens  ; a legislator.  I I'm.  Smith. 

THES'PJ-AN,  a.  [ Thespis , the  first  tragic  poet  at 
Athens.]  Relating  to  tragedy.  Bramle. 

T/rk'TA,  n.  [Gr.  0ijr« ; L.  theta. ] The  eighth 
letter  of  the  Greek  alphabet,  equivalent  to  the 
English  th.  On  the  ballots  used  by  the  Greeks 
in  voting  for  life  or  death,  theta  [ 6 ] stood  for 
ihiraros,  death.  Liddell  fy  Scott. 

THET'I-CAL,  a.  [Gr.  Berixis  ; riOi/yi,  to  place.] 
Laid  down  or  positive,  as  a law.  More. 

TIlk'TIS,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  O/ri;.] 

1.  (Greek  & Roman  Myth.)  One  of  the  Nere- 
ids ; the  mother  of  Achilles.  Wm.  Smith. 

2.  (Astron.)  An  asteroid  discovered  by  Lu- 
ther in  1852.  Hind. 

TlIp-UR'piC,  ) a [Fr.  theurgique.]  Relat- 

THp-UR'^tl-CAL,  ) ing  to  theurgy.  Hallywell. 

THE'UR-pIST,  n.  One  who  is  addicted  to  theur- 
gy. Cudworth. 

THE'UR-pY  (tllO  ur-je),  11.  [Gr.  Oeovoyia  ; Bed;,  a 
god,  and  cpyor,  a work ; L.  theurgia ; It.  k Sp. 
teurgia\  Fr.  theurgie.]  Among  the  ancients, 
magic  which  was  the  result  of  a pretended  in- 
tercourse with,  and  influence  over,  spiritual  be- 
ings of  the  more  exalted  class,  as  gods,  demons, 
&c.  : — in  modern  magic,  that  species  of  magic 
which  operates  by  celestial  means,  as  opposed 
to  natural  magic,  and  to  necromancy. 

llallywell.  Brande. 

t THEWED  (thud),  a.  Educated.  Spenser. 

f THEWS-}  (tliuz),  n.  pi.  [A.  S.  theaw,  then. ] 

1.  Manner ; custom  ; behavior ; disposition  ; 
qualities. 

To  be  brought  up  in  gentle  thews.  S/tenser. 

2.  Muscle  ; sinews ; brawn  ; muscular  strength. 

Care  I for  the  limbs,  the  thews,  the  stature,  bulk,  aiur  big 

semblance  of  a man  ’!  Give  me  the  spirit,  Master  Shallow. Shak. 

THEY  (tfia),  pron.  [Goth,  thai ; A.  S.  hi.]  The 
nominative  plural  of  he,  she,  or  it.  The  men, 
the  women,  the  persons  or  the  things  : — pos- 
sessive theirs,  objective  them. 

They  are  in  a most  warlike  preparation.  ShaJc. 

’T  is  remarkable,  that  they 
Talk  most  who  have  the  least  to  say.  rope. 

They  is  used  indefinitely  as  the  French  ‘on. 

There,  as  they  say,  perpetual  might  is  found.  Dryden. 

TIlI'BpT— CLOTH  (tl'bet-),  11.  1.  A camlet,  or 
fabric  made  of  coarse  goat’s  hair.  Simmonds. 

2.  A fine  woollen  cloth  used  for  ladies’ dresses. 

THI-BE'TI-AN  (te-be'slie-an),  n.  A native,  or  an 
inhabitant,  of  Thibet.  Ency. 

fTHf'BLE,  n.  A slice ; a spatula.  Ainsioorth. 

THICK,  a.  [A.  S.  thic  ; Dut.  dik,  digt ; Old  Ger. 
thicco,  thicko ; Ger.  dick,  dicht ; Dan.  tyk  ; Sw. 
tjock  ; Ieel.  thyckr.  — Gael.  (j-  Ir.  tiugh. — Arab. 
achy,  density.] 

1.  Noting  the  extent  between  the  broader 
surfaces;- — opposed  to  thin-,  as,  “A  thick 
board ; ” “ A thick  plate  of  metal.” 

He  took  a thick  cloth,  and  dipped  it  in  water,  and  spread 
it  on  his  face,  so  that  he  died.  2 Kinys  viii.  15. 

A plank  four  feet  long,  two  feet  broad,  and  live  inches 
thick.  Johnson. 

2.  Great  in  circumference  ; not  slender. 

Thou  art  waxen  fat,  thou  art  grown  thick;  thou  art  cov- 
ered with  fatness.  Deut.  xxxii.  15. 

3.  Dense  ; gross  ; inspissated  ; not  clear  ; tur- 
bid. 

Thick  vapors  and  unwholesome  mists.  Ralciyh. 

Make  the  gruel  thick  and  slab.  Shak. 

4.  Close;  crowded;  com^ct;  dense. 

Amid  the  thickest  woods.  Spenser. 

The  people  were  gathered  thick  together.  Lulce  xi.  29. 

5.  Frequent;  in  quick  succession. 

They  charged  the  defendants  with  their  small  shot  and 
Turkey  arrows  as  thick  as  hail.  K. nodes. 


6.  Heavy  ; deep  ; profound,  [it  ] 

Thick  slumber  hangs  on  mine  eyelids.  Shak. 

7.  Without  proper  intervals  of  articulation  ; 
indistinct ; as,  “ A thick  utterance.” 

8.  Dim;  indistinct;  weak. 

My  sight  was  ever  thick.  Shale. 

9.  Dull  of  hearing  ; not  quick.  Johnson. 

The  king  and  queen  of  that  country  were  thick  of  hear- 
ing. Swift. 

10.  Stupid.  “ Your  thick  error.”  Hayward. 

11.  Intimate;  familiar.  [Colloquial.]  Todd. 

THICK,  n.  1.  The  thickest  part,  or  the  time 

when  any  thing  i&  thickest. 

The  thick  of  the  dust  and  smoke.  Knolles. 

2.  f A thicket.  “ Gloomy  thicks.”  Drayton. 

Thick  and  thin,  all  obstacles  ; impediments  ; what- 
ever is  in  the  way.  “ Through  thick  and  thin  she 
followed  him.”  Hiulibras. 

THICK,  ad.  1.  Frequently;  fast;  quick.  Shak. 

2.  To  a great  depth  ; thickly.  Wiseman. 

ljfg=  Used  in  composition  ; as,  “ Thick-sown  ” ; 
“ Thick-  coated.” 

Thick  and  threefold,  in  quick  succession  : in  great 
numbers.  “They  came  thick  and  threefold A Ld Estrange. 

f THICK,  v.  n.  To  become  thick.  Spenser. 

t THICK,  v.  a.  To  make  thick;  to  thicken.  Shak. 

THICK'-AND-THlN',  a.  (Naut.)  Noting  a block 
having  one  sheave  larger  than  the  other.  Dana. 

THICK'— COAT-^D,  a.  Having  a thick  coat  or 
rind,  as  an  orange.  Ash. 

THICK'EN  (tlilk'kn),  V.  a.  [1.  THICKENED;  pp. 
THICKENING,  THICKENED.] 

1.  To  make  thick  ; to  condense.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  To  make  close  or  compact.  Woodward. 

3.  To  make  frequent.  Johnson. 

4.  To  strengthen  ; to  confirm,  [r.] 

’T  is  a shrewd  doubt,  though  it  be  but  n dream; 

And  this  may  help  to  thicken  other  proofs.  Shak. 

THICK'EN  (tbik'kn),  v.  n.  1.  To  grow  thick. 

2.  To  become  dim  ; to  lose  brightness. 

lie  beats  thee  ’gainst  the  odds;  th3r  lustre  thickens 
When  he  shines  by.  Shak. 

3.  To  concrete ; to  be  consolidated. 

Water  stopped  gives  birth 

To  grass  and  plants,  and  thickens  into  earth.  Prior. 

4.  To  become  close,  compact,  or  numerous. 

The  press  of  people  thickens  to  the  court.  Dnjden. 

5.  To  grow  quick  ; to  increase. 

The  combat  thickens,  like  the  storm  that  flies.  Dryden. 

THIcK'EN-TnG,  n.  1.  The  act  of  making  thick, 
or  the  state  of  being  thickened.  Holland. 

2.  That  which  thickens  or  makes  thick. 

THICKET,  n.  [From  thick.]  A collection  of 
trees  or  shrubs  growing  close  together ; a close 
wood  or  copse.  Gen.  xxii.  13. 

To  beat  the  thicket  where  the  tiger  slept.  Addison. 

THICK’— HEAD,  a.  1.  A stupid  person.  Smart. 

2.  (Ornith.)  A bird  of  the  family  Pachyceph- 
alhue. — See  Paciiycephaein.e.  Gray. 

THICK'— HEAD-1JD,  a.  Having  a thick  head  or 
skull  ; doltish  ; stupid  ; dull ; foolish.  Hill. 

TllICK'ISH,  a.  Somewhat  thick.  Maunder. 

THICK'— KNEE,  n.  (Ornith.)  A bird  of  the  sub- 
family (Edicnemimc . — See  OEdicn em in.-e. 

THICK'— LEAVED  (-levd),  a.  Having  thick  or 
dense  leaves  or  foliage.  Congreve. 

THlCK'-LIPPED  (-lipt),  a.  Having  thick  lips. 

THICK'— LlPS,  n.  A person  with  thick  lips.  Shak. 

TIIICK'LY,  ad.  1.  In  a thick  manner  ; with  thick- 
ness ; densely  ; closely  ; compactly.  Cook. 

2.  Deeply  ; to  a great  depth.  Boyle. 

THICK'— NECKED  (-nekt),  a.  Having  a thick 
neck,  as  a bull.  Ash. 

TIHCK'NIJSS,  it.  1.  The  state  of  being  thick  ; 
denseness;  density;  compactness.  Addison. 

2.  The  third  dimension  of  a body,  as  opposed 

to  length  and  breadth.  Boyle. 

3.  Consistence;  grossness;  spissitude ; not 
rareness.  “ The  thickness  of  honey.”  Bacon. 

4.  Want  of  quickness  or  acuteness  ; indis- 
tinctness. “ Thickness  of  hearing.”  Holder. 

THlCK'-RIBBED  (-rlbd),  ft.  Having  thick  ribs. 

THICK'— SET,  a.  1.  Close-set  or  planted. 

A thickset  thorny  wood.  Dryden. 

2.  Having  a thick  body.  Smart. 


THICK'— SET,  n.  A stout  twilled  cotton  cloth;  a 
kind  of  velveteen.  Simmonds. 

THICK'— SHELLED  (-shdld),  a.  Having  a thick 
shell,  as  a nut.  Dryden. 

THlcK'-SKIN,  n.  A coarse,  gross  person ; a 
numskull ; a blockhead  ; a dolt.  Shak. 

THICK'— SKINNED  (-slum!),  a.  I.  Having  a thick 
skin  or  rind,  as  an  orange  ; thick-coated. 

2.  Dull ; obtuse  ; insensible  ; stupid.  Holland. 

THICK'— SKOLL,  n.  A dull  or  stupid  person  ; a 
blockhead  ; a dolt ; a numskull.  Johnson. 

THICK'— SKULLED  (-skuld),  a.  .Stupid.  Dryden. 

THICK'— SPRUNG,  a.  Sprung  up  close.  Clarke. 

THIEF  (tlie f) , n.  ; pi.  thieve^  (tlievz).  [M.  Goth. 
thutbs  ; A.  S.  theof,  thef ; Dut.  dief ; Frs.  tiaf ; 
Old  Ger.  thiob,  diuf;  Ger.  dieb ; Fan.  tyv ; Sw. 
tjuf;  Ieel.  thiofr.] 

1.  One  guilty  of  theft  or  larceny ; one  who 
steals  or  commits  theft ; a robber.  Burrill. 

Suspicion  always  haunts  the  guilty  mind; 

The  thief  doth  fear  each  bush  an  officer.  Shak. 

2.  Excrescence  in  the  snuff  of  a candl e.IIall. 

Syn.  — See  Robber. 

THIEF'— CATCH-fR,  re.  One  who  catches  or  ap- 
prehends thieves ; a thief-taker.  Bramston. 

f THIEF'— LEAD-J3R,  re.  A thief-taker. L’Esfrareye. 

fTHIEF'LY,  ad.  Thievishly.  Chaucer. 

THIEF'—1 TAK-IjiR,  re.  A taker  or  apprehender  of 
thieves  ; a thief-catcher.  Johnson. 

THIEVE  (thev),  v.  re.  [A.  S.  theofian.]  [t. 
THIEVED  ; pp.  THIEVING,  THIEVED.]  To  com- 
mit or  practise  theft ; to  steal.  Golding. 

TIIIEV'ER-Y,  re.  I.  The  act  or  the  practice  of 
stealing;  theft;  larceny. 

Amongst  the  Spartans,  thievery  was  a practice  morally 
good  and  honest.  South. 

2.  That  which  is  stolen.  Shak. 

THIEVE!-!'— VIN'E-GAR  (thevz-),  re.  A kind  of 
aromatic  vinegar  for  the  sick-room,  made  by 
steeping  the  dried  tops  of  rosemary,  sage  leaves, 
lavender-flowers,  and  bruised  cloves  in  acetic 
acid  and  boiling  water ; — so  called  from  the 
story  that  four  thieves,  by  using  it,  plundered 
dead  bodies  with  perfect  security  to  health, 
during  the  plague  in  London.  [Eng.]  Simmonds. 

TIIIEV'ISH,  a.  1.  Given  or  addicted  to  stealing; 
partaking  of,  or  practising,  theft.  Addison. 

With  a base  and  boisterous  sword  enforce 
A thievish  living  on  the  common  road.  Shak. 

2.  Acting  by  stealth  ; sly  ; secret. 

Four  and  twenty  times  the  pilot’s  glass 

Hath  told  the  thievish  minutes  how  they  pass.  Shak. 

TIIIEV'ISH-LY,  ad.  In  a thievish  manner;  like 
a thief ; by  theft.  Tusscr. 

Til  IEV'ISH-NESS,  re.  Disposition  to  steal,  or 
the  habit  of  stealing.  Bailey. 

TIIIGH  (thl),  n.  [A.  S.  theoh,  thegh ; Frs.  thiach, 
tiach  ; Dut.  dij ; Old  Ger.  deich ; Ger.  deickbin. 

— From  A.  S.  thic,  thick.]  (Anat.)  The  part 
of  the  lower  limb  between  the  leg  and  the  pelvis, 
or  between  the  knee  and  the  trunk.  Dunglison. 

THIGH-BONE  (till 'bon),  ii.  The  hone  of  the 
thigh;  the  femur.  Wiseman. 

t TIltLK,  pron.  [A.  S.  thylc.]  That  same.  — See 
Ilk.  “ I love  thilk  lass.”  Spenser. 

THILL,  re.  [A.  S.  tliil,  thill,  a stake,  a plank,  a 
joist.]  One  of  the  shafts  of  a wagon  or  other 
vehicle,  between  which  a horse  is  put.  Mortimer. 

THILL'JJIt,  re.  A thill-horse.  Tusser. 

THILL'— HORSE,  n.  A horse  which  goes  between 
the  thills  or  shafts  ; a shaft-horse.  Shak. 

THIM'BLE  (thim'bl),  re.  [Of  uncertain  etymology. 

— From  thumb  and  bell.  Minsheu.  — Dim.  of 
thumb.  Richardson.] 

1.  A metal  cap  for  the  finger;  — used  in  sew- 
ing for  pushing  the  needle  through.  Shak. 

2.  Any  thing  in  the  form  of  a thimble. 

3.  (Naut.)  An  iron  ring  having  its  rim  con- 

cave on  the  outside,  for  a rope  or  strap  to  fit 
round  it.  Dana. 

THlM'BLE-BER-RY,  re.  (Bot.)  The  black  rasp- 
berry ; Rubus  occidcntalis.  Gray. 

TIUM'BLE-FUL,  re.  As  much  as  a thimble  holds. 
“ A thimbleful  of  gold.”  Dryden. 

THTm'BLE-RIg,  re.  A kind  of  game  or  sleight  of 
hand  trick  played  with  three  thimbles,  or  small 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  !,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


THIMBLERIG 


1501 


THIRSTINESS 


cups,  and  a small  ball;  — commonly  used  in 
betting  or  gambling.  . Roget. 

THIM'BLE-RIG,  v.  a.  To  cheat  by  legerdemain, 
or  sleight  of  hand.  Clarke. 

THIM'BLE-RlG-GJlR,  n.  One  who  practises  thim- 
blerig, or  cheats  by  legerdemain.  Clarke. 

TIIIM'BLE-RIG-jGJNG,  n.  The  practice  of  a thim- 
blerigger.  Clarke. 

TIIIM'BLE— WEED,  n.  A tall  plant  of  the  genus 
Rudbeckia,  resembling  the  sunflower,  and  used 
in  medicine.  Bartlett. 

THIME  (tlm),  n.  A fragrant  herb.  — See  Thyme. 

THIN,  a.  [A.  S.  thyn,  thin',  Dut.  dun ; Ger. 
diinn  ; Dan.  tynd  ; Sw.  twin ; Icel.  thunnr.  — W. 
tenau ; Arm.  tanaw,  Gael,  tana,  tanadh ; Ir. 
tanaidhe.  — Gr.  twvSs,  small,  little.] 

1.  Having  but  little  extent  between  the  two 
broader  surfaces  ; not  thick. 

They  did  beat  the  gold  into  thin  plates.  Ex.  xxxix.  3. 

2.  Small  in  circumference;  slender;  slim; 
lean  ; meagre  ; not  bulky  or  fat.  Id  Estrange. 

3.  Hare  ; not  dense  ; not  gross.  Wisdom  v.  14. 

The  hope  of  the  ungodly  is  like  thin  froth.  Wisdom  v.  14. 

4.  Not  close,  compact,  or  crowded  ; sparse. 

1'hin  herbage  in  the  plains.  Dryden. 

Ferrara  is  very  large,  but  extremely  thin  o t pec  Addison. 

5.  Not  closely  compacted  or  accumu.  ed. 

And  behold,  seven  thin  ears,  and  blasted  with  the  east 

wind,  sprung  up  after  them.  Gen.  xli.  G. 

6.  Small;  fine;  faint;  feeble;  low;  slight. 

Thin,  hollow  sounds  and  lamentable  screams.  Dryden. 

THIN,  ad.  Not  thickly  or  closely;  — used  in 
composition.  “ TAm-spun.”  9 Milton . 

THIN,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  thinian .]  [t.  thinned  ; pp. 

THINNING,  THINNED.] 

1.  To  make  thin  or  less  thick.  Arbuthnot,. 

2.  To  make  less  close,  compact,  crowded,  or 
numerous.  “ The  leaves  to  tldn."  Dryden. 

’T  is  Ciesar’s  sword  has  made  Home’s  senate  little. 

And  thinned,  its  ranks.  A ddison. 

3.  To  attenuate.  Blackmore. 

To  thin  out,  r.  11.,  to  grow  thin  to  a termination  ; 

to  diminish  in  thickness  and  disappear,  as  strata. Lijell. 

THINE,  pron.  possessive  from  thou.  [Goth,  thei- 
na;  A.  S .thin;  Ger.  dein ; Dan.  § Sw.  din. — 
Fr.  ticn.\  Of,  or  belonging  to,  thee.  — See  Thou, 
and  Mine. 

In  thine  hand  is  power  and  might.  1 Chron.  xxix.  12. 

It  is  used  in  the  solemn  style,  for  thy  before 
words  beginning  with  a vowel  or  silent  h ; as, 
“ Thine  ear.” 

THIN'— FACED  (-fast),  a.  Having  a thin  face. 
“A  thin-faced  knave,  a gull.”  Shah. 

THING,  7i.  [A.  S.  thing , thineg , thine ; Dut.  &; 

Ger.  ding ; Dan.  § Sw.  ting. — From  think. 
Tookc.  — Whatever  may  be  thought  of.] 

1.  That  which  is  created  or  made,  — particu- 
larly whatever  is  not  a person,  or  whatever  is 
distinct,  or  conceived  to  be  distinct,  from  one’s 
self  and  from  other  intelligent  beings  ; a sub- 
stance. 

I am  the  Lord,  that  maketh  all  things.  Tsa.  xliv.  24. 

Every  living  thing  that  moveth  upon  the  earth.  Gen.  i.  28. 

The  remnant  of  the  meat-offering  shall  be  Aaron’s  and  his 
sons’ : it  is  a thing  most  holy.  Lev.  ii.  3. 

jtjgp  Thing  is  more  commonly  applied  to  matters 
inanimate ; not  often  to  persons  ; yet  in  its  most,  ex- 
tensive sense,  it  is  applied  to  whatever  is  created ; as, 
“All  things  were  made  by  him.”  John  i.  3.  “Let 
every  thing  that  hath  breath  praise  the  Lord.”  Ps.  cl.  C. 

2.  A part ; a portion. 

Men,  who  understand  any  thing  of  wisdom,  may  see  the 
imprudence  of  worldly  and  irreligious  courses.  I'illotson. 

3.  An  act ; an  action  ; a deed ; an  event ; a 
transaction  ; a matter  ; a circumstance. 

The  servant  told  Isaac  all  things  that  he  had  done. 

Gen.  xxiv.  GG. 

Let  all  things  be  done  decently  and  in  order.  1 Cor.  xv.  40. 

It  is  used  of  persons,  usually  in  contempt,  but 
sometimes  in  pity.  “ This  abject  thing.”  Granville. 
“The  poor  thing  sighed.”  Addison. 

THINK  (thingk,  82),  v.  n.  [M.  Goth,  thagkjan ; 
A.  S.  thincan , thincean\  Dut.  is  Ger.  den  ken ; 
Dan.  tcenke  ; Sw.  tanka. [L  thought  ; pp. 
THINKING,  THOUGHT.] 

1.  To  exercise  the  mind ; to  have  a succes- 
sion of  ideas  or  intellectual  states  ; to  cogitate. 

"What  am  I,  or  from  whence?  for  that  I am 

I know,  because  I think.  Dryden. 


2.  To  judge;  to  conclude;  to  have  opinion  ; 
to  determine  ; to  suppose  ; to  imagine;  to  fancy. 

Let  them  marry  to  whom  they  think  best.  Mum.  xxxvi.  6. 

Edmund,  I think , is  gone, 

In  pity  of  his  misery,  to  despatch 

His  uighted  life.  ’ Shak. 

3.  To  have  in  mind  ; to  intend. 

Thou  ihoughtest  to  help  me.  Shak. 

4.  To  muse;  to  meditate;  to  ponder. 

Think  much,  speak  little.  Dryden. 

5.  To  consider;  to  deliberate. 

Any  one  may  think  with  himself,  How  then  can  any  tiling 
live  in  Mercury  aud  Saturn?  Bentley. 

To  thinlc  of^  to  estimate  ; to  esteem.  “ Whom  we 
know  and  think  well  of  A ’ Locke. — To  think  on , to 
meditate  or  muse  on  “ Think  on  thy  sins.”  Shak. 
To  light  on  or  discover  by  meditation. 

Still  the  work  was  not  complete 

When  Venus  thought  on  a deceit.  Swift. 

Syn.  — To  think  is  a general  and  indefinite  term. 
To  think  is  an  exercise  of  the  mind  ; to  reflect  is  a par- 
ticular mode  of  thinking,  by  recalling  ideas  of  what 
is  past.  To  ponder  or  meditate  is  to  think  on  grave 
matters  ; to  deliberate  is  to  think  in  order  to  some  ac- 
tion ; and  to  muse  is  to  think  on  whatever  may  inter- 
est the  imagination. 

A person  thinks  or  believes  a statement  to  be  true  ; be 
thinks  or  supposes  an  event  may  have  happened  ; or  he 
imagines  it  may  be  so. 

THINK,  v.  a.  1.  To  imagine  ; to  conceive.  “ Char- 
ity ..  . thinketh  no  evil.”  1 Cor.  xiii.  4,  5. 

2.  To  consider  ; to  hold  in  opinion  ; to  es- 
teem; to  believe;  to  regard. 

Nor  think  superfluous  others’  aid.  Milton. 

To  think  much , to  grudge.  “ He  thought  not  much 
to  clothe  his  enemies.”  Milton.  — To  think  much  of \ to 
esteem  or  regard  highly.  — To  think  scorn , to  disdain. 
“ lie  thought  scorn  to  lay  hands  on  Mordecai  alone.” 

Esther  iii.  G. Methinks  [i.  methougfit],  it  seems  to 

me.  Addison.  — See  Metiiinks. 

THINK'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  he  thought;  con- 
ceivable; cogitable.  Sir  W.  Hamilton. 

THINKER,  7i.  One  who  thinks.  Locke. 

TIIINK'ING,  p.  a.  Having  or  exercising  thought ; 
cogitating;  reflecting. 

TIIINK'ING,  7i.  The  act  or  the  operation  of  one 
who  thinks ; cogitatieif;  judgment;  thought. 

I heard  a bird  so  sing. 

Whose  music,  to  my  thinking , pleased  the  king.  Shak. 

Reading  furnishes  the  mind  only  with  the  materials  of 
knowledge;  it  is  thinking  that  makes  what  we  read  ours. Locke. 

THINK'ING-LY,  ad.  By  thinking.  Clarke. 

THlN'-LlPPED  (-lTpt),  a.  Having  thin  lips.  Ash. 

THIN'LY,  ad.  In  a thin  manner.  Shenstone. 

THIN'NER,  n.  One  who  makes  thin.  Smart. 

THIN'NESS,  n.  1.  The  state  or  the  quality  of 
being  thin  ; want  of  thickness  ; tenuity  ; rare- 
ness. “The  thinness  of  the  skin.”  Bacon. 

2.  Paucity;  fewness;  scarcity.  Dryden. 

THIN'NING,  n.  The  act  of  making  thin.  Paley. 

THIN'NJSH,  a.  Somewhat  thin.  Byron. 

TIIIN-O-CO-BV  JfJE,  n. 
pi  ( Ornith .)  A sub- 

family of  birds  of  the 
order  Gallinre  and  fam- 
ily ChionidideB ; shore- 
larks.  Gray. 

THIN'-SHELLED(-sliSld), 
a.  Having  a thin  shell 
as  a nut.  Temple. 

T II  IN '—SKINNED,  a.  1.  Having  a thin  skin. 

2.  Sensitive  ; irritable.  [Colloquial.]  Roget. 

THI-ON'U-RATE,  n.  ( Chcm .)  A salt  composed 
of  thionuric  acid  and  a base.  Miller. 

TIlI-O-NU'RIC,  a.  ( Chcm.)  Noting  a very  soluble, 
crystallizable,  bibasic  acid,  one  of  the  series  of 
compounds  derived  from  uric  acid.  Miller. 

THIRD,  a.  [M.  Goth,  ih rid/ a ; A.  S.  thridda, 
Ihrydda;  Dut.  derdc ; Ger.  dritte  ; Dan.  tredic; 
Sw.  tredje ; Old  Eng.  thridde.  — Gr.  rpirog ; 
rpiTs,  three ; L.  tertius.)  The  next  after  the 
second;  the  ordinal  of  three: — noting  one  of 
three  equal  parts  into  which  any  thing  is  di- 
vided; as,  “ The  third  part  of  an  apple.” 

Tlie  third  captain  of  the  host  for  the  third  month  was 
Bcmiiah.  I Chron.  xxvii.  5. 

Third  estate,  in  Great  Britain,  the  commonalty  rep- 
resented in  Parliament  by  the  Commons. — Third  coat. 


(Arch.)  the  stucco  when  painting  is  to  bo  used,  or  tho 
setting  for  t lie  reception  of  paper.  Braiulc. — Third  or- 
der, ( F.ccl . Hist.)  an  order  among  the  Premonstrants, 
Carmelites,  Franciscans,  Augustines,  Sec.,  composed 
of  secular  associates  not  bound  by  vows,  Dut  conform- 
ing to  a certain  extent  to  the  general  designs  of  the 
order.  Braude.  — liurd  person,  (Gram.)  tile  person 
spoken  of. 

THIRD,  n.  1.  A third  part. 

Men  of  their  broken  debtors  take  n third , 

A sixth,  a tenth,  letting  them  thrive  again.  Shak. 

2.  The  sixtieth  part  of  a second  of  time. 

Divide  ...  an  hour  into  sixty  minutes,  a minute  into  sixty 
seconds,  a second  into  sixty  thirds.  Holder. 

3.  {Mas.)  An  interval  containing  three  dia- 
tonic sounds.  Moore. 

There  are  four  species  of  thirds — two  conso- 
nant and  two  dissonant.  The  consonant  thirds  are, 
the  major  third,  composed  of  two  tones,  and  thejninor 
third,  consisting  of  a tone  and  a half.  The  dissonant 
thirds  are,  tile  diminished  third,  composed  of  two  ma- 
jor semitones,  and  the  superfluous  third,  composed  of 
two  tones  and  a half.  Moore. 

See  Thirds. 

THIRD'BOR-OUGH  (-burro),  n.  ( Old  Eng.  Law.) 
A constable.  Burr  ill. 

TIIIRD'JNGis,  n.  pi.  (Eng.  Law.)  A third  part  of 
the  corn  growing  on  the  ground  at  the  death  of 
a tenant,  and  due  to  the  lord  as  heriot.  Crabb. 

TIIIRD'LY,  ad.  In  the  third  place.  Bacon. 

THIRD'— PEN-NY,  n.  ( Saxon  Law.)  A third  part 
of  the  profits  of  fines  and  penalties  imposed  at 
the  county  court,  which  was  among  the  perqui- 
sites enjoyed  by  the  earl.  Burrill. 

THIRD'— RATE,  n.  A ship  of  war  carrying  from 
70  to  80  guns.  Simmonds. 

THIRDS^,  ii.  pi.  (Law.)  A third  part  of  the  real 
estate  of  a deceased  husband,  to  the  income  of 
which  the  widow  is  entitled  during  her  life.  Scott. 

t TIIIRL,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  thirlian ; thyrel,  a hole.] 
Tobore  ; to  perforate  ; to  drill ; to  thrill. Chaucer 

THIRL'AtyE,  n.  (Scotch  Law.)  A service  by 
which  a possessor  of  lands  was  formerly  bound 
to  carry  his  grain  to  a certain  mill  to  be  ground, 
and  to  pay  a duty  therefor.  Burrill. 

THIRST  (thiirst),  ii.  [A.  S.  thurst,  thyrst ; Dut. 
dorst ; Ger.  durst ; Dan.  &;  Sw.  turst ; Icel.  thors- 
ti.  — Ir.  § Gael.  tart.  — See  Thirst,  v.  n.] 

1.  The  sensation  causing  a desire  to  drink,  or 
pain  suffered  for  want  of  drink. 

They  give  drink  to  every  beast  of  the  field;  the  wild  asses 
quench  their  thirst.  Ps.  civ.  11. 

In  my  thirst,  they  gave  me  vinegar  to  drink.  Ps.  lxix.  21. 

/Kgr*  Physiologists  differ  regarding  the  seat  of  thirst ; 
some  place  it  in  the  fauces,  others  in  the  stomach.  Its 
immediate  cause  is  not  known.  It  has  been  attributed 
to  a dry  condition  of  the  nervous  papillx  of  the  phar- 
ynx, produced  by  suppression  of  the  salivary  and  mu- 
cous secretions.  This  is  probably  true.  Thirst  is  an 
internal  sensation,  an  instinctive  want,  arising  Iroin 
organization,  and  inexplicable.  Dunglison. 

2.  Vehement  or  eager  desire  ; — used  with  of \ 
for , or  after.  “ Thirst  of  praise.”  Gianni’. 
“ Thirst  for  revenge.”  Shak. 

An  active  and  ardent  thirst  after  happiness.  Cheyne. 

3.  Dryness  ; drought. 

Through  veins 

Of  porous  earth,  with  kindly  thirst  updrawn, 

Rose  a fresh  fountain.  Milton. 

THIRST,  v n.  [M.  Goth,  thaursjail ; A.  S.  thyrs- 
tan;  Dut.  dorsten  ; Ger.  diirsten ; Dan.  tdrste ; 
Sw.  t'drsta ; Icel.  thyrsta.  — Gr.  Tipao/uu,  to  be- 
come dry;  L.  torreo.  — Sansc.  trish,  to  thirst.] 
[/.  THIRSTED  ; pp.  THIRSTING,  THIRSTED.] 

1.  To  have  desire  to  drink  ; to  have  a painful 
sensation  for  want  of  drink. 

They  shall  not  hunger  nor  thirst.  Tsa.  xlix.  10. 

Therefore  if  thine  enemy  hunger,  feed  him;  if  he  thirst , 
give  him  drink.  Jtom.  xii.  20. 

2.  To  have  vehement  or  eager  desire. 

My  soul  thirstetli  for  the  living  God.  Ps.  xlii.  2. 

t THIRST,  v.  a.  To  want  to  drink. 

He  seeks  his  keeper’s  flesh,  aud  thirsts  his  blood.  Prior. 

THIRST'ER,  n.  One  who  thirsts.  Johnson. 

THIRS'TJ-LY,  ad.  In  a thirsty  manner ; with 
thirst.  “ Hungrily  and  thirstily  ” Bp.  Hall. 

THIRS'TI-NESS,  11.  The  state  of  being  thirsty. 

A . . . soaking  thirstiness  or  a fiery  appetite.  Wotton. 


MIEN,  SIR:  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — (,!,  <?,  c,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  ■/.;  £ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


THIRSTY 


1502 


THORN BUT 


THIRS'TY,  a.  [A.  S.  thursteg,  t hurst  if/ ; Dut. 
dorstig  ; Ger.  durstig  ■ Dan.  § Sw.  tlirstig.] 

1.  Having  thirst ; afflicted  with  thirst ; feel- 
ing a painful  sensation  for  want  of  drink. 

Amt  he  said  unto  her.  Give  me.  I pray  thee,  a little  water 
to  drink;  for  I am  thirsty.  Judy.  iv.  19. 

2.  Dry  ; parched  ; without  moisture  ; needing 
rain  or  water.  “ The  thirsty  land.”  Isa.  xxxv.  7. 

3.  Having  vehement  or  eager  desire. 

The  blood-(A«\sfy  hate  the  upright.  1‘rov.  xxlx.  10. 

T HIR 'TEEN,  a.  [A.  S.  threottyne  ; tiirco,  three, 
and  tyn,  tyne,  ten;  Dut.  dertien ; Ger.  drei- 
zehn ; Dan.  tretten ; Sw.  tretton.]  Ten  and 
three.  “ Thirteen  times.”  Bacon. 

THIR'TEEN,  n.  The  sum  of  ten  and  three:  — 
the  symbol  representing  ten  and  three,  as  13. 

THIR-TEENTH',  a.  Noting  the  third  after  the 
tenth; — the  ordinal  of  thirteen: — noting  one 
of  thirteen  equal  parts  into  which  any  thing  is 
divided;  as,  “ The  thirteenth  part  of  an  apple.” 

THIR'TEENTH,  n.  1.  The  third  after  the  tenth  : 

— one  of  thirteen  equal  parts  into  which  any 
thing  is  divided, 

2.  (.17ms.)  An  interval  containing  twelve  dia- 
tonic degrees  and  thirteen  sounds,  forming  the 
octave  of  the  first  sixth,  or  the  sixth  of  the  first 
octave.  Moore. 

THIR'TI-ETH,  a.  Noting  the  next  after  the 
twenty-ninth;  — the  ordinal  of  thirty: — noting 
one  of  thirty  equal  parts  into  which  any  thing 
is  divided. 

THIR'TY,  a.  [A.  S.  thirtig ; Dut.  dertig ; Ger. 
dreisstg.]  Thrice  ten  ; ten  and  twenty. 

Thirty  Years’  War.  See  War. 

THIR'TY,  n.  The  sum  of  three  times  ten  : — the 
symbol  representing  ten  three  times  repeated, 
as  30.  Ash. 

THIS  pron.  or  a.;  pi.  those.  [A.  S.  this,  thys ; 
Dut.  doze ; Ger.  dieser,  dicse,  dieses.] 

1.  That  is  present  or  near  in  space  or  in 
time,  or  is  just  mentioned. 

Thisis  lie  that  was  spoken  of  by  the  prophet  Esaias.  Matt.  iii.  3. 
This  is  the  lull  which  God  desircth  to  dwell  in.  I’s.  lxviii.  1(>. 

If  in  this  life  only  we  have  hope  in  Christ,  we  are  of  all 
men  most  miserable.  1 Cor.  w.  19. 

2.  That  is  to  be  now  mentioned  or  referred  to. 

This  is  his  name  whereby  he  shall  be  called  — the  Lord  our 
Righteousness.  Jcr.  xxiii.  G. 

3.  Noting  the  present  time,  or  time  last  past. 

By  this  the  vessel  half  her  course  had  run.  Dryden. 

I have  not  wept  this  forty  years.  Dryden. 

It  is  often  opposed  to  that,  sometimes  to  the 
other.  This  refers  to  the  nearest  person  or  tiling,  that 
to  the  most  distant. 

This  way  and  that  the  impatient  captives  tend.  Dryden. 

Consider  the  arguments  which  the  author  had  to  write  this, 
or  to  design  the  other , before  you  arraign  him.  Dryden. 

TIllS'TLE  (this'sl),  n.  [A.  S.  thistel ; Dut.  # Ger. 
distel ; Dan.  tidsel;  Sw.  tistel ; Iccl.  thistill. — 
From  A.  S.  thy  dan , to  stab.  Wachter.  Hire .] 
(Bot.)  A name  applied  to  plants  of  several  dif- 
ferent genera  of  the  composite  family,  especial- 
ly Carduus  and  Cirsium , having  an  imbricated 
or  spiny  involucre. 

Blessed  thistle , a plant,  highly  esteemed  in  the, mid- 
dle ages  for  its  supposed  medicinal  virtues ; C ideas 
bcncdictas  ; the  Centaurca  benedicta , or  Carduas  bene- 
dictus  of  old  writers. — Canada  thistle , a low-branched 
plant,  with  small  and  numerous  heads  and  rose-pur- 
ple flowers;  Cirsium  arnense ; — called  also  cursed 
thistle.  It  is  a most  troublesome  weed.  — Carline  this- 
tle, the  common  name  of  plants  of  the  genus  Carlina. 

— Common  thistle,  a plant  of  the  genus  Cirsium,  partic- 
ularly Cirsium  lanccolatum,  which  has  prickly  leaves 
and  purple  flowers.  — Cotton  thistle , a plant  of  the  ge- 
nus Onopordon,  having  the  scales  of  the  involucre  co- 
riaceous, tipped  with  a lanceolate,  prickly  appendage, 
and  a deeply  honeycombed  receptacle.  The  heads  are 
large  and  the  flowers  purple.  — Fuller’s  thistle,  Dipsa- 
cus  fullonum,  a plant  cultivated  to  a considerable  ex- 
tent, for  its  use  in  raising  the  nap  upon  woollen  cloths, 
which  it  does  by  means  of  the  rigid,  hooked  awns  or 
bracts  of  the  heads  ; teasel.  Simmonds.  — Milk  thistle,  a 
plant  having  spinous  leaves  with  milk-white  veins; 
Carduus  Marianus. — Musk  thistle,  a plant  with  de- 
current, spiny  leaves,  solitary,  drooping  heads,  and 
purple  flowers  ; Carduus  nutans. — Pasture  thistle,  a 
plant  with  a low,  stout  stem,  very  large  heads,  and 
purple,  but  sometimes  white,  flowers;  Cirsium  pumi- 
lum.  — Plumed  thistle,  a plant  of  the  genus  Cirsium. — 
Plumclcss  thistle,  a plant  of  the  genus  Carduus. — Sow 
thistle,  a plant  of  The  genus  Sonchus.  — Star  thistle , a 
plant  of  the  genus  Centaurca , especially  Centaurca  cal- 
citrapa.  — Swamp  thistle,  a.  plant  growing  in  swamps 


and  low  woods  ; Cirsium  muticum. — Yellow  thistle,  a 
plant  with  a stout  stem,  large  heads,  and  pale  yellow 
flowers  ; Cirsium  horridulum.  Bing.  Cyc.  Gray. 

/fc^-The  thistle  is  the  national  emblem  of  Scotland  ; 
and  the  national  motto  is  very  appropriate,  being, 
“ Memo  me  inipune  laccssct  ” — Nobody  shall  provoke 
me  with  impunity.  Brande. 

TIHS'TLE-CROVVN  (this'sl-),  n.  An  English  gold 
coin  of  the  reign  of  James  I.  Leake. 

TIllS'TLE— FINCH  (this'sl-),  n.  ( Ornith .)  A bird 
of  the  family  Frinj/illidai ; the  goldfinch ; Car- 
duelis  elegans,  or  i'ringillu  carduclis.  Pennant. 

THlS'TLY  (thls'le),  a.  Abounding  or  overgrown 
with  thistles.  “ The  thistly  lawn.”  Thomson. 

THlTII'pR,  ad.  [A.  S.  thyder,  tliider , thytlicr.] 

1.  To  that  place  ; — opposed  to  hither. 

There  Phoenix  and  Ulysses  watch  the  prey, 

And  thither  all  the  wealth  of  Troy  convey.  Dryden. 

2.  To  that  end,  or  to  that  point.  Johnson. 

f THTtH'^R— TO,  ad.  To  that  end,  or  to  that 
place ; so  far.  • Johnson. 

THITII'ER-VVARD,  ad.  [A.  S.  thydcrwcord.]  To- 
wards that  place. 

Thitherward  they  bent  their  way.  Dryden. 

f THIT'LING,  n.  A hamlet.  Milton. 

Tlir.IP ' SIS,  n.  [Gr.  0i.i4.1s,  pressure,  oppression; 
Olifiw,  to  press.]  (Med.)  Compression,  and  es- 
pecially constriction,  of  vessels  by  an  external 
cause  : — oppression.  Dunglison. 

t TIIO,  ad.  [A.  S.  thonne.]  Then.  Spenser. 

TIIO,  coij.  Contracted  from  though.  SeeTHOUGii. 

f THOLE,  r.  a.  [M.  Goth,  thulan ; A.  S.  tholian. 
— L.  tollo.]  To  bear  ; to  endure.  Gower. 

XL)  It  is  used  in  Scotland.  Burns.  Jamieson. 

THOLE,  v.  n.  To  wait.  [Local,  Eng.]  Brockett. 

THOLE,  n.  [Gr.0d7.oj;  L.  tholus.]  A dome ; a 
cupola  ; a tholus.  Fuimus  Troes,  1633. 

TIIOLE,  n.  [A.  S.  thol.] 

1.  (Mailt.)  A thole-pin.  Mar.  Diet. 

2.  f A cart-pin.  Palsgrave. 

3.  A handle  of  a scythe-snath.  Clarke. 

THOLE'— PIN,  7i.  (Maut.)  A pin  in  the  gunwale 

of  a boat  to  support  an  oar  in  rowing.  Dana. 

TIIOL'O-BATE,  n.  [Gr.  Ool.os,  a cupola,  and/Sdo-ij, 
a base,  a foundation.]  (Arch.)  The  part  of  a 
building  on  which  a cupola  is  placed.  Britton. 

TIIO  ’ L US,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  Oilos-]  (Arch.)  A 
conical  chamber  approaching  in  form,  internal- 
ly, to  that  of  the  modern  cupola.  Britton. 

THO-MTE'AN  (to-me'an),  n.  (Eccl.  Hist.)  One  of 
a denomination  of  Christians  established  on  the 
Malabar  coast  of  India,  supposed  to  have  been 
founded  by  St.  Thomas ; a Thomite.  Brande. 

TIIO  J1  A-IfjM,  7 n_  (Eccl.  Hist.)  The  doctrine  of 

THO'MI§M,  ) the  Thomists.  Clarke. 

THO'MIST  (to'mjst),  n.  (Eccl.  Hist.)  A school- 
man following  the  opinions  of  Thomas  Aquinas, 
in  opposition  to  the  Scotists.  Warton. 

THO'MlTE  (to'mlt),  n.  A Thomaean.  Brande. 

THOMP-SO'NI-AN  (tom-),  a.  (Med.)  Of,  or  per- 
taining to,  Thompsonian  ism. 

THOiMP-SO'NI-AN  (tom-),  n.  One  who  practises, 
or  believes  in,  Thompsonianism.  Dunglison. 

THOMP-SO'N!-AN-I§M  (tom-),  n.  (Med.)  A system 
of  medicine,  one  of  the  leading  principles  of 
which  is,  that  the  human  body  is  composed  of 
four  elements,  viz.,  earth,  air,  fire,  and  water, 
and  one  of  its  apothegms,  that  metals  and  min- 
erals are  in  the  earth,  and  have  a tendency  to 
carry  down  into  the  earth  those  who  use  them, 
and  that  the  tendency  of  vegetables  is  to  spring 
up  from  the  earth,  and  therefore  to  uphold  man- 
kind from  the  grave  ; — so  named  from  Thomp- 
son, of  New  York,  its  founder.  Its  practition- 
ers are  botanic  physicians.  Dunglison. 

THONG,  n.  [A.  S.  thwang,  thwong.]  A strap, 
strip,  or  string  of  leather.  Dryden. 

THOR,  n.  (Scandinavian  Myth.)  The  son  of  Odin 
and  Freya,  a divinity  of  irresistible  power,  who 
presided  over  all  mischievous  spirits  that  in- 
habited the  elements.  Brande. 

THO-RA£'lO,  a,.  Pertaining  to  the  thorax  or 
chest.  “ Thoracic  nerves.”  Dunglison. 

The  chyle  grows  gray  in  the  thoracic  duct.  Arbuthnot. 


THO-RA^'IC,  n.  A thoracic  artery.  Dunglison. 

THQ-RA<j'(CS,  n.  pi.  ( Icli .)  A name  given  by 
Linnaeus  to  those  fishes  which  have  the  ventral 
fins  placed  beneath  the  pectorals.  Brande 

THO'RAL,  a.  [L.  thorns,  torus,  a couch,  a bed.] 

1.  Relating  to  a bed.  Aylijfe. 

2.  Noting  a line  in  the  hand,  called  also  the 

mark  of  Venus.  Crabh. 

Till) 1 RJx,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  fl<3pa£.] 

1.  (Ant.)  An  armor  for  the  breast ; a breast- 
plate ; a corselet;  a cuirass.  IP.  Smith. 

2.  (Aflat.)  That  part  of  the  body  between  the 

neck  and  the  abdomen;  one  of  the  splanchnic 
cavities,  bounded  posteriorly  by  the  vertebra;, 
laterally  by  the  ribs  and  scapula,  anteriorly  by 
the  sternum,  above  by  the  clavicle,  and  below 
by  the  diaphragm,  containing  the  heart,  the 
lungs,  &c.  ; the  chest.  Dunglison. 

3.  (Ent.)  The  second  segment  of  insects,  ac- 

cording to  Latreille  and  Audouin,  but  by  Lin- 
naius  and  Fabrieius  restricted  to  the  upper 
surface  of  the  trunk.  Brande. 

TIIO'RI-A,  n.  Thorina.  Clarke. 

THO-Rl'NA,  n.  (Chem.)  An  earth  composed  of 
one  equivalent  of  oxygen  and  one  of  thorinum  ; 
protoxide  of  thorinum.  It  combines  with  acids 
to  form  salts,  and  is  remarkable  for  its  high 
specific  gravity  (9.402).  Miller. 

THO-Rl'NUM,  n.  (Chem.)  A metal  obtained 
from  thorite,  and  resembling  aluminum.  It 
takes  fire  below  redness,  and  burns  with  great 
brilliancy,  forming  thorina.  Miller. 

TIIO'RITE,  n.  (Min.)  A massive,  compact, 
easily  frangible  mineral,  of  various  colors,  and 
composed  chiefly  of  silicia,  thorina,  and  water; 
— found  in  sienite  in  Norway.  Dana. 

TIIO'RI-UM,  n.  (Min.)  Thorinum.  Turner. 

THORN,  n.  [Goth,  thaurnus,  thaum ; A.  S.  thorn  ; 
Dut.  doren  ; Ger.  dorn ; Dan.  torn-,  Sw.  tome; 
Icel.  thorn. — W.  draen.  — Perhaps  from  A.  S. 
tcran,  to  tear.  Richardson .] 

1.  (Bot.)  The  common  name  of  shrubs  or 
small  trees  of  the  genus  Crata-gus,  having  spines 
or  sharp  shoots  on  the  stem  and  limbs,  and  white, 
and  sometimes  rose-colored,  blossoms  : — a stiff, 
sharp-pointed  process,  containing  some  por- 
tions of  woody  tissue  ; a spine. 

flf*T  The  prickle  belongs  to  the  bark,  and  peels  off 
with  it,  as  in  the  rose  : — a spine  or  thorn  belongs  to 
tire  wood  ; but,  in  popular  language,  a prickle  is  also 
called  a thorn.  Gruy. 

Flowers  of  all  hue,  and  without  thorn  the  rose.  Jlilton. 

2.  Any  thing  harassing  or  troublesome  ; evil; 
detriment;  annoyance;  trouble;  molestation. 

The  guilt  of  empire;  all  its  thorns  and  cares 

Be  only  mine.  Southern. 

Black  thorn,  a tall  shrub  or  low  tree,  bearing  globular 
or  somewhat  pear-shaped,  red,  edible  fruit;  pear-thorn; 
CrattEgus  tomentosa.  — Cockspur  thorn , Cratiegus  Crus- 
galli,  valuable  for  hedges.  — Dwarf  thorn,  a downy 
shrub  bearing  greenish-yellow  fruit ; Crating  ns  parri  - 
folia. — Evergreen  thorn,  Cratiegus  Mezicana,  and  Cra- 
ttegvs  pvrarjintha. — Pear  thorn,  the  black  thorn. — 
Scarlet  fruited  thorn,  a low  tree  hearing  bright  scarlet 
fruit ; Cratiegus  coccinea.  — Washington  thorn,  a spe- 
cies of  thorn  found  in  Virginia  and  Kentucky,  with 
corymbs  of  many  small  flowers  and  very  small,  bright- 
red  fruit;  CrattEgus  cordata.  — White  thorn,  the  com- 
mon hawthorn  ; Cratiegus  ozyacantha.  Gray.  Eng. Cyc. 

THORN'— AP-PLE  (-ap'pl), n.  (Bot.)  The  common 
name  of  poisonous  plants  of  the  genus  Datura, 
having  a rank  odor,  and  bearing  large  showy 
flowers  on  short  peduncles  in  the  forks  of  the 
branching  stem;  Jamestown  weed;  stramo- 
nium ; stramony.  Gray. 

pggg  The  best  known  species  of  the  thorn-apple , Da- 
tura stramonium,  called  also  Stramonium,  and  apple 
Peru,  is  used  in  medicine  as  a narcotic.  Wood  4'  Bache. 
Bigelow. 

THORN'BACK,  n. 

(Ich.)  A species 
of  ray  covered 
with  spiny  plates ; 
the  rough-ray ; 

Raia  clavata. 

Baird. 

TIIORN'— BUSH,  n. 

A bush  producing 
thorns.  Loudon. 

TIIORN'BUT,  n.  (Ich.)  A kind  of  sea-fish;  a 
turbot  or  birt.  Ainsworth. 


Raia  clavata. 


A,  E,  !,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  !,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FAltE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


THORN-HEDGE 


1503 


TIIOWL 


THORN'— IIED^E,  n.  A hedge  of  thorn.  Loudon. 

THORN'HJSS,  a.  Having  no  thorns.  Jewsbury. 

THORN'— SET,  a.  Planted  with  thorn.  Dyer. 

THOR'NY,  a.  1.  Having  thorns  ; abounding  with 
thorns;  spiny;  prickly.  “The  thorny  bram- 
ble.” “ A thick-set,  thorny  hedge.”  Dryden. 

2.  Pricking;  sharp.  “ Thorny  points.”  S/iak. 

3.  Troublesome  ; perplexing  ; harassing  ; an- 
noying. “ Thorny  and  hard  ways.”  Spenser. 

THOR'NY— REST— HAR'ROW,  n.  ( Bot .)  Common 
rest-harrow  ; Ononis  spinosd.  Clarke. 

THOR'NY— TRE'FOlL,  n.  (Bot.)  A species  of 
Fagonla.  Clarke. 

THOR'OUGH  (tliur'o),  a.  [See  Through.] 

1.  f Going,  passing,  or  reaching  through. 

Let  all  three  sides  be  a double  house,  without  thorough 

lights  on  the  sides.  Bacon. 

2.  Perfect;  total;  complete;  entire;  finished; 

full.  “ Thorough  reformation.”  Spenser. 

A thorough  translator  must  be  a thorough  poet.  Dry  den. 

■fTHOR'OUGH  (tliur'o),  prep.  Through.  Shak. 

THOR'OUGH  (tliur'o),  ad.  Thoroughly.  Chaucer. 

THOR'OUGH  (tliur'o),  n.  A furrow  between  two 
ridges.  [Local,  Eng.]  Halliwell. 

Th6r'OUGH-BASS,  n.  (Mus.)  The  art  by  which 
harmony  is  superadded  to  a given  bass  ; the  sci- 
ence of  harmony : — the  art  of  indicating  by  fig- 
ures the  other  notes  of  a chord,  the  bass  note 
being  given  : — a bass  part  with  figures  to  indi- 
cate the  other  parts  ; a figured  bass.  Dwight. 

THOR'OUGH— BRED  (tliur'p-),  a.  1.  Completely 
taught  or  instructed  ; well  educated.  Johnson. 

2.  Produced  by  parents  of  full  blood  on  both 
sides,  as  horses.  Smart. 

THOR'OUGH-fArE  (tliur'o-),  n.  [Eng.  thorough , 
and  A.  S.fcer.  fer,  a journey,  a way.] 

1.  A passage  through  ; a street  or  way  open 
at  both  ends,  and  free  from  any  obstruction. 

Whether  a street  which  is  not  a thoroughfare  is  a highway 
seems  not  fully  settled.  Bouvier. 

2.  Power  of  passing;  passage. 

Hell,  ami  this  world,  one  realm,  one  continent 
Of  easy  thoroughfare.  Milton. 

THOR’OUGH— GO' ING,  a.  Going  the  full  length  ; 
complete  ; thorough-paced.  Ch.  Ob. 

THOR'OUGH— LIGHTED  (-llt'ed),  a.  Lighted  on 
all  sides,  or  on  two  opposite  sides.  Francis. 

THOR'OUGH-LY  (tliur'o-le),  ad.  In  a thorough 
manner  ; completely  ; fully  ; perfectly.  Shak. 

TIIOR'OUGIl-NESS  (thur'o-nes),  n.  The  state  or 
the  quality  of  being  thorough.  White. 

THOR'OUGH— PACED  (thur'o-past),  ft.  Perfectly 
trained  ; complete  ; — - generally  in  a bad  sense. 

Those  who  were  reckoned  the  most  stanch  and  thorough- 
paced  whigs  fell  off  at  the  first  mention  of  it.  Swift. 

THOR'OUGH— PIN  (tliur'o-),  n.  (Farriery.)  An 
extravasation  of  the  synovial  fluid,  and  the 
formation  of  a sac,  running  between  the  bones 
of  the  hock-joint  of  a horse,  across  the  joint 
from  side  to  side.  Herbert. 

THOR-OUGH— SPED  (tliur'o-),  a.  Finished ; com- 
plete ; thorough-paced.  Swift. 

THOR'OUGH— STITCH  (tliur'o-),  ad.  Complete- 
ly ; thoroughly.  [A  low  word,  little  used.] 

Those  solid  diviues  ...  go  thorough-stitch  to  work.  Bp.  Hall. 

THOR'OUGH— WAX  (thur'o-waks),  n.  (Bot.)  1. 
An  annual  umbelliferous  plant,  with  yellow 
flowers  and  oval,  perfoliate  leaves  ; Bup’eurum 
rotimdifolium ; — so  called  from  the  wax-lilce 
lustre  of  the  base  of  the  styles,  and  written  also 
thorow-wax.  Loudon. 

2.  Thoroughwort.  [r.]  Dunglison. 

TIHJR'pUGII-WORT  (thur'o-wiirt),  n.  (Bot.)  A 
North  American  perennial  plant,  of  the  com- 
posite family,  common  in  low  grounds,  having 
wrinkled,  perfoliate  leaves,  and  bearing  corym- 
bose heads  of  flowers  ; boneset ; crosswort ; 
feverwort ; Eitpatorium  perfoliatum.  Gray. 

T THOR'OW,  a.  Thorough.  Beau.  $ FI. 

f THOR'OW,  prep.  Through.  Beau.  1$  FI. 

THOR'OW— WAX,  n.  See  Thorough-wax.  Cyc. 

THORP,  n.  [A.  S thorpe-,  Dut.  dorp ; Ger.  dorf\ 


Dan.  § Sw.  torp ; Icel.  thorp.  — From  the  G:r. 
trupp,  a troop.  Adelung.]  A small  village  ; a 
hamlet ; a dorp.  Fairfax. 

By  thirty  hills  I hurry  down. 

Or  slip  between  the  ridges, 

By  twenty  thorps , a little  town, 

And  half  a hundred  bridges.  Tennyson. 

THO§E  (tlioz),  pron.  or  a.  The  plural  of  that. 

Those  refers  to  the  former  or  first  mentioned, 
these  to  the  latter  or  last  mentioned.  — See  That. 

TIIOTIl,  n.  (Myth.)  An  Egypti  n divinity,  con- 
sidered by  the  Greeks  as  identical  with  Mercury. 
He  was  regarded  as  the  inventor  of  writing  and 
of  Egyptian  philosophy.  Braude. 

THOU,  pron.  [Goth.  <§•  A.  S.  thu ; Ger.,  Dan.,  <Sf 
Sw.  du;  Icel  .thu.  — Ir.  tu  ; Bret.  te.  — Gr.  ab,  tu] 
L.,  It.,  Sp.,  Fr.  tu.  — Sansc.  team;  Per.  tu, 
tou ; Hind,  tu.)  [thou,  thine,  thee  ; pi.  ye 
or  you,  yours,  YOU.]  A pronoun  of  the  second 
person,  and  singular  number;  — thyself;  the 
person  spoken  to. 

And  Nathan  said  to  David,  Thou  art  the  man.  2 Sam.  xii.  7. 

>©2^  It  is  now  used  only  in  poetry  or  in  solemn  lan- 
guage (except  by  the  society  of  Friends),  you  being 
commonly  employed  instead  of  it.  — The  use  of  thou 
and  thee,  in  the  seventeenth  century,  was  a mark  of 
familiarity,  whether  of  love  or  of  contempt  and  scorn. 
Coke,  at  t lie  trial  of  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  used  the  fol- 
lowing insulting  language:  “All  that  Lord  Cobham 
did  was  at  thy  instigation,  thou  viper ! for  I thou  thee , 
thou  traitor  ! ” — In  relation  to  the  Quaker  usage,  Dr. 
Thomas  Fuller  (1656),  says,  “ In  opposition  wliere- 
unto,  we  maintain  that  thou  from  superiors  to  inferi- 
ors is  proper,  as  a sign  of  command  ; from  equals  to 
equals  is  passable,  as  a note  of  familiarity  ; but  from 
inferiors  to  superiors,  if  proceeding  from  ignorance, 
hath  a smack  of  clownishness  ; if  from  affectation,  a 
tone  of  contempt.” 

THOU,  v.  a.  To  use  the  pronoun  thou  in  address- 
ing, as  a mark  of  afFectionate,  or  of  contemptu- 
ous, familiarity,  [it.] 

Taunt  him  with  the  license  of  ink;  and  if  thou  thou'st  him 
some  thrice,  it  shall  not  be  amiss.  Shah. 

The  more  common  phrase  is,  to  thee-and-thou. 

THOU,  v.  n.  To  use  thee  and  thou  in  discourse. 

THOUGH  (tfio),  conj.  [Goth,  than  ; A.  S.  theah  ; 
Dut.  doch,  dog ; Frs.  thach;  Ger.  docli  \ Dan. 
dorj ; Sw.  dock . Compounded  of  the  Ger.  da, 
there,  then,  and  auch,  also.  Adelung. — The 
imp.  of  the  A.  S.  tliafan,  lhaftgan,  to  allow,  to 
permit,  to  grant.  Tooke.~\ 

1.  Grant ; admit ; allow ; notwithstanding 

that ; although.  Locke . 

Not  that  I so  affirm,  though  so  it  seem.  Milton. 

2.  However  ; yet;  nevertheless  ; — sometimes 
used  at  the  end  of  a sentence. 

I do  no  more  than  I have  authority  for;  would  I were 
away,  though.  Beau.  Sf  FI. 

As  though,  as  if ; like  as  if.  “ Jesus  stooped  down, 
and  with  his  finger  wrote  on  the  ground,  as  though  he 
heard  them  not.”  John  viii.  6. 

Syn. — Though  and  although  differ  little  in  mean- 
ing ; hut  although  is  the  stronger  and  more  emphatic, 
and  is  therefore  often  chosen  to  begin  a sentence  ; as, 
“ Although  the  difficulties  are  great,  I hope  to  over- 
come them.”  Although  and  though  imply  contrast  in 
parallels  made,  but  ichilc  does  not ; as,  11  Though  I ad- 
mire his  courage,  I detest  his  cruelty”;  “ While  I 
admire  his  courage,  I esteem  his  moderation.” 

THOUGHT  (thawt),  i.  & p.  from  think. 

THOUGHT  (tMwt),  n.  [A.  S.  tlieaht ; thencan,  to 
think;  Frs.  tocht ; Dut.  gedachte\  Ger.  hedacht , 
denken,  gedanke.\  [See  Think.] 

1.  The  act  of  thinking,  or  the  mental  state  of 
one  who  thinks  ; any  state  of  consciousness 
which  is  more  than  mere  sensation  ; cogitation. 

The  cards  are  dealt,  and  chessboards  brought, 

To  ease  the  pain  of  coward  thought.  Prior. 

2.  A creation  of  the  mind  having  distinct  ex- 
istence from  the  mind  that  created  it;  an  idea; 
a conception ; a conceit ; a fancy. 

Thoughts  that  breathe  and  words  that  bum.  Gray. 

To  me  the  meanest  flower  that  blows  can  give 

Thoughts  that  do  often  lie  too  deep  for  tears.  Wordsworth. 

3.  That  which  is  thought ; opinion  ; conclu- 
sion ; judgment ; notion  ; supposition  ; idea. 

They  communicated  their  thoughts  on  this  subject  to  each 
other;  and  therefore  their  reasons  are  little  different.  Dryden. 

4.  Serious  consideration  ; meditation. 

Prirlo,  of  all  others  the  most  dangerous  fault. 

Proceeds  from  want  of  sense  or  want  of  thought.  Roscommon. 

5.  Design  ; purpose  ; intention. 

The  anger  of  the  Lord  shall  not  return  . . . till  behave  per- 
formed the  thoughts  of  his  heart.  Jer.  xxiii.  20. 


6.  f Solicitude  ; anxious  care  ; anxiety. 

Queen  Catharine  Parr  died  rather  of  thought.  Somers . 

Take,  therefore,  no  thought  for  the  morrow;  for  the  morrow 

shall  take  thought  for  the  things  of  itself.  Mutt.  vi.  :.4. 

7.  f Expectation  ; expectancy. 

The  main  descry 

Stands  on  the  hourly  thought.  Shale. 

8.  A small  degree  or  quantity  ; a trifle,  [it.] 

My  giddiness  seized  me;  and  though  I now  totter,  yet  I 
think  I am  a thought  better.  Swift. 

Ifjjp  In  this  sense,  colloquial  and  rather  loose. Smart. 

Syn.  — See  Idea,  Opinion. 

THOUGHT'FUL  (thawt'ful),  a.  1.  Full  of  thought 
or  reflection  ; contemplative ; reflective  ; re- 
flecting ; musing ; deliberating ; deliberate. 

Of  these  he  mused  within  his  thoughtful  mind.  Dryden. 

2.  Attentive  ; careful ; intent  ; regardful ; 
mindful;  heedful;  considerate  ; circumspect. 

Thoughtful  of  thy  gain,  I all  the  livelong  day 
Consume  in  meditation  deep.  Philips. 

3.  Promoting,  or  conducive  to,  thought  or 
meditation  ; favorable  to  musing. 

War,  horrid  war,  your  thoughtful  walks  invades.  Pope. 

4.  f Anxious;  solicitous;  concerned. 

Distrust,  and  doubt,  and  fear. 

And  thoughtful  foresight  and  tormenting  cure.  Prior. 

Syn.  — One  who  is  thoughtful  is  in  a habit  of 
thinking,  and  will  not  be  likely  to  forget  his  duty; 
one  who  is  considerate  pauses  and  considers  well  what 
is  his  duty  ; one  who  is  deliberate  considers  care- 
fully before  he  acts,  and  does  not  act  rashly ; and  he 
may  be  deliberate  in  doing  that  which  is  wrong  as  well 
as  that  which  is  right. 

THOUGIIT'FUL-LY  (th&wt'ful-le),  ad.  In  a 
thoughtful  manner  ; with  thought.  Johnson. 

THOUGHT 'FUL-NESS  (th&wt'ful-nes),  n.  1.  The 
state  of  being  thoughtful  ; meditation.  Swift. 

2.  f Anxiety;  solicitude.  Johnson. 

THOUGHTLESS  (tli&wt'-),  a.  1.  Without  thought 
or  concern  ; regardless  ; neglectful ; careless. 

It  is  something  peculiarly  shocking  to  sec  gray  hairs  with- 
out remorse  for  the  past  and  thoughtless  of  the  future.  Rogers. 

2.  Dissipated  ; gay ; loose.  Johnson. 

3.  Stupid;  dull;  blockish ; doltish. 

Thoughtless  as  monarch  oalcs  that  shade  the  plain.  Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Negligent.  * 

THOUGHT' L^SS-LY  (thlwt'les-le),  ad.  In  a 
thoughtless  manner.  Garth. 

THOUGHT 'L^SS-NESS  (th&wt'les-nes),  n.  The 
state  of  being  thoughtless  ; want  of  thought. 

Syn.  — See  Negligence. 

THOUGHT'— SICK  (tIHwt'sIk),  a.  Sick  or  uneasy 
with  reflection,  [r.]  Shak. 

THOUSAND  (thou'zjnd),  a.  [Goth,  thusund  ; 
A.  S.  thusend',  Dut.  duizend ; Ger.  tausend ; 
Dan.  titsind ; Sw .fusend;  Icel.  thusund . thusun- 
drud.  — The  A.  S.  thusend,  the  Eng.  thousand’ , 
&c.,  are  nothing  but  the  more  complete  M.  Goth. 
tiyos  hund,  or  taihuns  hund,  ten  times  a hun- 
dred. Bosicorth.) 

1.  Ten  hundred  ; ten  times  a hundred. 

I had  rather  speak  five  words  Vith  my  understanding,  that 
by  my  voice  I might  teach  others  also,  than  ten  thousand  words 
in  an  unknown  tongue.  1 Cor.  xiv.  ID. 

2.  Proverbially,  a great  number. 

For  harbor  at  a thousand  doors  they  knocked.  Dryden. 

THOUSAND,  n.  1.  The  number  of  ten  hundred. 

A little  one  shall  become  a thousand.  Isa.  lx.  22. 
My  beloved  is  the  chiefest  among  ten  thousand.  Cant.  v.  10. 

JfexP  The  word  thousand,  as  well  as  hundred,  million, 
&c.,  assumes  a plural  termination  when  not  modified 
by  an  ordinal  numeral  adjective. 

IIow  many  thousands  pronounce  boldly  on  the  affairs  of 
the  public  whom  God  nor  men  never  qualified  for  such 
judgment!  Watts. 

2.  A symbol  representing  the  number  ten 
hundred,  as  1000. 

THOUSAND— FOLD,  a.  Repeated  a thousand 
times.  Clarke. 

THOUSANDTH,  a.  1.  Noting  the  next  in  order 
after  the  nine  hundred  and  ninety-ninth;  — 
the  ordinal  of  a thousand: — noting  one  of  a 
thousand  equal  parts  into  which  any  thing  is 
divided  ; as,  “ The  thousandth  part  of  a pound.” 

2.  Proverbially,  very  small.  Swift. 

THOUSANDTH,  n.  The  tenth  part  of  a hun- 
dredth ; one  part  out  of  a thousand.  Clarke. 

TIIOWL  [thol,  P.  Sm . ; thoul,  IF.  A'.],  n.  (Naut.) 
A thole  ; a thole-pin.  Ainsworth. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9',  G,  9,  g,  soft ; £,  G,  £,  g,  hard ; § as  z;  S.  as  gz.  — THIS,  tlii 


THRACIAN 


1504 


THREE-PARTED 


THRA'CIAN  (tlira'shan,  6G),  a.  [Gr.  Opi/xio;.]  (Ge- 
off.) Relating  to  Thrace.  P.  CyS. 

THRA'CIAN,  n.  (Geoff.)  A native  or  an  inhabi- 
tant of  Thrace.  Murray. 

fTHRACK,  v.  a.  [Ger.  tragen,  to  carry.]  To  load ; 
to  burden.  South. 

TIIRAcK'SCAT,  n.  The  metal  which  is  yet  in  the 
mine.  [it.]  Builcy.  Martin. 

TIIRAL'DOM,  n.  The  state  of  a thrall  or  slave  ; 
subjection  ; bondage  ; slavery  ; servitude. 

He  shall  rule,  and  she  in  thraldom  live.  Dryden. 

I low  far  am  1 inferior  to  thee  in  the  state  of  the  mind  I and 
vet  know  I that  all  the  heavens  cannot  bring  me  to  such 
thraldom.  Sidney. 

f THRALL,  n.  [A.  S.  threel,  thrall ; Dan.  tree! ; 
Stv.  trdl ; Icel.  thrall-,  t hr  alia,  to  serve.] 

1.  A slave;  a bondman  ; a serf;  a vassal. 

Look  gracious  on  thy  prostrate  thrall.  Shaft. 

No  thralls  like  them  that  inward  bondage  have.  Sidney. 

2.  A state  of  slavery  ; slavery  ; thraldom. 

From  thrall  of  ring  and  cord  broke  loose.  Iludibras. 

t TIIR.AlL,  a.  Bond;  captive;  subject. 

Till  he  redeemed  had  that  lady  thrall.  Spenser. 

t THRALL,  v.  a.  To  enslave;  to  inthrall.  Shah. 

THRAL'LESS,  a.  Without  slaves;  free  from 
thraldom  or  slavery.,  [r.]  Clarke. 

+ THRAng,  a.  See  Throng. 

THRA'NITE,  n.  [Gr.  dpavirris ; Spams,  the  top- 
most of  the  three  benches  in  a trireme.]  ( Gre- 
cian Ant.)  One  of  the  uppermost  rank  of  rowers 
in  a Grecian  trireme.  Brande. 

fTIIRAP'PLE  (thrap'pl),  n.  The  windpipe  of  a 
beast.  — See  Throttle.  Johnson. 

THRASH,  v.  a.  [M.  Goth,  thrashan;  A.  S.  ther- 
scan,  threrscan  ; Dut.  dorschen,  derschen,  dars- 
chen  ; Ger . dreschen;  Dan.  teerske ; Sw.  triiska  ; 
Icel.  t /ires  hi  a ; Pol . tozasc.  — Ihre  and  Wachter 
derive  it  from  the  Ger.  treten,  to  tread,  as  the 
oldest  method  of  threshing.  Bosworth.~\  [i. 
THRASHED  ; pp.  THRASHING,  THRASHED.] 

1.  To  beat,  as  grain  or  maize,  either  with  a 
flail  or  in  a machine,  for  the  purpose  of  separat- 
ing the  seed  ; to  thresh  ; — written  indifferently 
thrash  and  thresh. 

In  the  sun  your  golden  grain  display. 

And  thrash  it  out  and  winnow  it  by  day.  Dnjden. 

2.  To  beat;  to  drub;  to  pummel;  to  maul. 

Thou  art  here  but  to  thrash  Trojans.  Shak. 

THRASH,  o.  n.  1.  To  practise  thrashing. 

2.  To  labor;  to  drudge.  Dryden. 

THRASIl'EL,  or  THUASH'LE,  n.  An  instrument 
to  thrash  grain  with  ; a flail.  Ash.  Wright. 

THRASH’ER,  n.  1.  One  who  thrashes;  athresher. 

2.  ( Ich .)  A species  of  shark  ; the  fox-shark  ; 

Carcharias  valpes.  Baird. 

3.  (Ornith.)  An  American  singing  bird  ; Tur- 

dtts  rufus  ; — called  also  brown  thrush,  and 
French  mocking-bird.  Wilson. 

THRASHING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  thrashes. 

THRASH  ING— FLOOR,  n.  A floor  or  area  for 
thrashing  grain  or  maize.  Dryden. 

THRASHING— MA-giIINE',  n.  A machine  for 
thrashing  grain  or  maize.  Brande. 

TIIRA-SON'I-CAL,  a.  Like  Thraso,  a braggart 
soldier  in  Terence  ; boastful ; bragging  ; vain- 
glorious. “ A thrasonical  puff.”  Fuller. 

TH  RA-SON' J-CAL-I.Y,  ad.  Boastfully.  Johnson. 

THRAVE,  n [Su.  Goth,  trafwe,  a heap;  A.  S. 
threaf,  a handful,  a thrave.]' 

1.  t A drove  ; a herd.  Chapman. 

2.  f Any  great  number  or  quantity. 

He  sends  forth  thraves  of  ballads  to  the  sale.  Bp.  Jlall. 

3.  Twelve  or  twenty-four  sheaves  of  corn  ; a 

shock.  Wright. 

tfS"  A thrave  of  corn,  in  most  parts  of  England, 
consists  of  twenty-four  sheaves,  but,  in  some  counties, 
of  only  twelve.  Whisliaw. 

THRAW,  n.  A pang;  a throe.  [Scot.]  Jamieson. 

THREAD  (tlired),  n.  [A.  S.  threed;  Dut.  draad; 
Old  Ger.  thrad,  trot ; Ger.  draht ; Dan.  traad ; 
Sw.  trad  ; Icel.  thrddr.  — Bohemian  drat ; Pol. 
drut. — “ From  the  Ger.  drehen,  to  turn,  twist.” 
Bosworth. ] 


1.  A small  line  or  twist  of  any  fibrous  or  fila- 
mentous substance,  as  flax,  silk,  cotton,  or 
wool,  particularly  such  as  is  used  for  weaving 
or  for  sewing  ; a filament ; a small  string. 

The  spider’s  touch  how  exquisitely  fine  I 

Feels  at  each  thread , and  lives  along  the  line.  Pope. 

2.  Course  or  tenor. 

This  breathing  time  the  matron  took,  and  then 

Resumed  the  thread  of  her  discourse  again.  Dryden. 

3.  A measure  of  yarn,  containing,  in  cotton 

yarn,  54  inches,  in  "linen  yarn,  90  inches,  and 
in  worsted  yarn,  35  inches.  Simmonds. 

4.  The  projecting  rib  or  fillet  that  passes  spi- 
rally round  the  surface  of  a screw.  Tomlinson. 

5.  The  central  line  of  a stream  or  water- 
course. Bourier. 

Air  threads,  fine  filaments  or  threads  of  the  spider 
seen  floating  in  the  air ; gossamer.  Wright. 

Thread  and  thrum , the  good  and  bad  together  ; — an 
expression  borrowed  from  weaving,  tlio  thread  being 
the  substance  of  the  warp,  and  the  thrum  the  small 
tuft  beyond,  where  it  is  tied.  Sliak. 

THREAD  (thred),  V.  a.  [i.  THREADED  \pp.  THREAD- 
ING, THREADED.] 

1.  To  pass  a thread  through  the  eye  of. 

The  threaded  steel 

Flies  swiftly,  and  unfelt  the  task  proceeds.  Cowper. 

2.  To  pass  or  go  through,  particularly  through 
any  thing  narrow,  interwoven,  or  intricate  ; to 
pursue  a linear  course  or  direction  through. 

They  would  not  thread  the  gates.  Shah. 

Purged  of  his  slough,  he  nimbly  threads  the  brake.  J.  Phillips. 

The  whizzing  arrow  vanished  from  the  string, 

Sung  on  direct,  und  threuded  every  ring.  Pope. 

THREAD'bArE,  a.  1.  Deprived  of  the  nap; 
worn  to  the  naked  threads. 

Threadbare  coat  and  cobbled  shoes  he  wore.  Spenser. 

2.  Worn  out;  hackneyed;  trite. 

State  topics,  and  threadbare  quotations.  Swift. 

TIIREAD'bARE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
threadbare.  Man  of  Feeling. 

THREAD'EN  (tlired'dn),  a.  Made  or  consisting 
of  thread.  “ Thrcadcn  sails.”  Shak. 

THREAD'I-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality  of 
being  thready.  Clarke. 

THREAD'— LACE,  n.  Lace  made  of  linen  thread, 
as  distinguished  from  blond-lace.  Simmonds. 

THREAD'— LIKE,  a.  Resembling  thread  in  size 
or  appearance.  Goldsmith. 

THREAD'— NEE-DLE,  n.  A game  in  which  chil- 
dren stand  in  a row  holding  hands,  and  the  outer 
one,  still  holding  the  one  next,  runs  between  the 
others ; — called  also  thread  the  needle.  Ilalliwell. 

THREAD'— PA-TJRR,  n.  Paper  in  which  thread  is 
wrapped.  Ccelcbs. 

THREAD-SHAPED  (-sliapt),  a.  Formed  like 
thread  ; filiform  ; filamentous.  Lee. 

THREAD'Y,  a.  1.  Resembling  thread ; slender; 
filamentous  ; fibrous.”  Thready  roots.” Granger. 

2.  Containing  or  covered  with  thread. 

The  thready  shuttle  glides  along  the  lines.  Dyer. 

THREAP,  v.  a.  [Goth,  draiban  ; A.  S.  thrcapian.] 
To  urge  ; to  press  : — to  cheat : — to  rebuke. 
[Local,  Eng.]  Ilalliwell. 

f THREAP,  v.  n.  To  assert;  to  maintain  stout- 
ly. Chaucer 

THREAT  (tliret),  v.  a.  To  threaten,  [r.]  Shak. 

THREAT,  n.  A denunciation  of  ill ; a menace. 

Queen  of  this  universe,  do  not  believe 

Those  rigid  threats  of  death;  yc  shall  not  die.  Milton. 

TIIREAT'EN  (thrct'tn),  v.  a.  [Goth,  usthriutan, 
to  be  troublesome  or  annoying;  A.  S .threatian, 
to  urge,  to  threaten,  to  reprove  ; Dut.  drie- 
gen,  to  threaten  ; verdriaten,  to  trouble ; Ger. 
drohen,  verdriessen ; Dan.  true,  treette  ; Icel. 
threela,  to  contend.]  \i.  threatened;  pp. 
THREATENING,  THREATENED.]  To  denounce 
evil  upon  ; to  express  or  manifest  an  inten- 
tion of  inflicting  some  punishment  or  injury 
upon,  or  to  exhibit  the  appearance  of  some 
danger  or  catastrophe  which  will  happen  to  ; to 
menace. 

It  is  the  Prince  of  Wales  that  threatens  thee.  Shah. 
From  shelves  and  rocks  that  threaten  us  with  wreck.  Shah. 

Syn. — Threaten , or  threat , is  from  the  Anglo-Sax- 
on ; menace , from  the  Latin.  They  are  of  the  same 
or  similar  meaning  , but  threaten  is  the  familiar  term. 
We  are  threatened  by  both  persons  and  things  ; men- 


aced only  by  persons.  Threatened  by  an  enemy,  with 
pestilence  or  famine  ; menaced  by  an  adversary. 

THREAT'EN-^It  (thret'tn-er), n.  One  who  threat- 
ens ; one  who  menaces.  S/uik . 

TIIREAT'EN-ING  (thret'fn-iug),  p.  a.  Menacing 
or  foreboding  evil ; denouncing  ill;  imminent. 

Syn. — See  Imminent. 

TIIREAT'EN-ING  (thret'tn-ing),  n.  The  act  of 
one  who  threatens  ; a menacing;  a menace. 

Lausus  loud  with  friendly  threatening  cried.  Dryden. 

THREAT'EN-ING-LY  (thret'tn-Ing-le),  ad.  In  a 
threatening  manner  ; with  menace.  Shak . 

fTHREAT'FUL  (thret'ful),  a.  Full  of  threats; 
minacious ; threatening.  Spenser. 

THREAVE,  n.  [A.  S.  draf \ a drove.] 

1 . t A herd  or  drove.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  A great  number;  thrave.  — See  Tiirave. 

Pansy,  pink,  and  primrose  leaves 

Most  curiously  laid  on  in  threaves,  Drayton. 

THREE,  a.  [Goth,  thrift , thrills ; A.  S.  tliry , threo ; 
Dut.  drie ; Frs.  thre  ; Ger.  drei ; Dan. 
Sw.  fie;  Icel.  thrir.  — Pol.,  Rus.,  A Bohemian 
tri. — YV.,  Ir.,  Gael.,  Arm.,  Ar  Bret.  tri.  — Gr. 
rptis;  L.  tres;  It.  tre ; Sp.  ires;  Fr.  trots.  — 
Sansc.  tri.]  Two  and  one. 

If  thou  wilt,  let  us  make  here  three  tabernacles  — one  for 
thee,  and  one  for  Moses,  and  one  for  Elias.  Mutt.  xvii.  4. 

THREE,  n.  The  sum  of  three  units  : — a symbol 
representing  three  units,  as  3. 

Rule  of  three.  See  Rule. 

THREE'-CAP-SULED  (-suld),  a.  ( Bot .)  Having 
three  capsules  ; tricapsular.  Clarke. 

THREE'-CELLED  (-seld),  a.  (Bot.)  Having  three 
cells ; trilocular.  Clarke. 

THREE'— CENT,  a.  Worth  three  cents.  Clarke. 

THREE'— CLEFT,  re.  Noting  leaves  divided  into 
three  segments  by  incisions  extending  about  to 
the  middle  of  the  blade  ; trifid.  Gray. 

THREE'— COAT,  re.  Noting  plastering,  which 
consists  of  roughing-up,  or  roughing-in,  float- 
ing, and  a finishing  coat.  Brande. 

THREE'— COR-NfRED  (-kor-nerd),  re  1.  Having 
three  corners,  as  a hat.  Johnson. 

2.  (Bot.)  Having  three  longitudinal  angles 
and  three  plane  faces,  as  the  stem  of  C'ttrex 
acuta.  Lindley. 

THREE'— DECK-ER,  n.  (Xaut.)  A vessel  of  war 
which  carries  guns  on  three  decks. 

An  enemy’s  fleet  enme  yonder  round  by  the  hill. 

And  the  rushing  battle-bolt  sung  from  the  three-dccher  out 

of  the  foam.  Tennyson. 

THREE'— ED9ED  (-gdjd),  re.  1.  Having  three 
edges. 

2.  (Bot.)  Having  three  acute  angles  with 
concave  faces,  as  many  stems.  Lindley. 

THREE'— FLOW-ERED  (-flou-erd),  re.  Having 
three  flowers.  P.  Cyc. 

THREE'FOLD,  re.  Thrice  repeated,  or  consisting* 
of  three.  “ A threefold  justice.”  Ilaleigh. 
A threefold  offering  to  his  altar  bring — 

A bull,  a ram,  a boar.  Pope. 

THREE'— FOOT  (-fut),  re.  Having  three  feet. 
“ My  three-foot  stool.”  Shak. 

THREE'-GRAlNED  (-grand),  re.  (Bot.)  Having 
three  grains  or  kernels  ; tricoecous.  Clarke. 

THREE'— HEAD-ED,  re.  Having  three  heads. 

THREE'— LEAVED  (thre'levd),  re.  Having  three 
leaves  ; triphyllous  ; trifoliate.  Gray. 

THREE'-LEGGED  (-legd),  re.  Having  three  legs. 

To  comb  your  noddle  with  a three-legged  stool.  Shah. 

THREE'— LOBED,  re.  (Bot.)  Having  three  lobes 
or  segments  ; trilobed.  Gray. 

THREE'-MOUTHED  (-mbutfid),  re.  Having  three 
mouths.  “ Threc-moutlied  Cerberus.”  U'est. 

THREE'-NERVED  (-nervd),  re.  (Bot.)  With  three 
slender  ribs  ; trinervate.  Gray. 

THREE'— NOOKED  (-nokt),  re.  Having  three  an- 
gles or  nooks.  Shale. 

THREE'-PART-ED,  re.  (Dot.)  Noting  leaves 
which  have  three  segments  formed  by  incisions 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  E>  !,  Q,  U>  Y>  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER ; 


THREEPENCE 


1505 


THROB 


extending  almost  to  the  midrib  or  base  of  the 
blade ; tripartite.  Gray. 

TIIREE'PENCE  (thre'pens,  colloquially  tlirlp'ens) 
[tlirlp'ens,  S.  F.  Ja.  Wb. ; tlirep'ens,  IF.  P. ; 
thre'pens,  K.;  thre'pens,  colloquially  thrip'ens, 
S/n.],  n.  The  sum  of  three  pennies  or  pence  : — 
a small  British  silver  coin  of  the  same  value. 

THREE'PpN-NY  (thrlp'en-e  or  thre'pen-e)  [thrip'- 
en-e,  S.  Ja.  Sm.  Wb. ; tlirep'en-e,  IF.  P.  ; thre'- 
pen-e, K.],  a. 

1.  Worth,  or  equivalent  to,  threepence. 

2.  Of  little  value  ; mean  ; vulgar.  Johnson. 

THREE'— PET-ALED  (-pet-?ld),  a.  ( hot .)  Having 
three  petals  ; tripetalous.  Loudon. 

THREE'— PILE,  n.  The  finest  and  most  costly 
kind  of  velvet.  Sha/c. 

TIIREE'-PILED  (-plld),  a.  1.  Set  with  a thick 
pile,  as  velvet.  Shak. 

2.  Wearing  three-pile.  Beau.  & FI. 

3.  Piled  in  a set,  or  in  sets,  of  three.  Shak. 

THREE'— PLY,  a.  Consisting  of  three  distinct 
webs  incorporated  into  each  other,  so  as  to  pro- 
duce the  pattern. 

The  three-ply  carpet  allows  of  greater  variety  and  bril- 
lianey  of  color  than  the  double  carpet.  Tomlinson. 

THREE'— POINT-pD,  a.  ( Bot .)  Having  three 
points ; tricuspidate.  Gray. 

THREE'— PRONGED  (-prongd),  a.  Having  three 
prongs.  “ A three-pronged  fork.”  Bryant. 

THREE'— aUAR-TfJR,  a.  ( Portrait  Paint.)  Ap- 
plied to  a size  of  portraiture,  measuring  thirty 
inches  by  twenty-five  : — also,  applied  to  a por- 
trait delineated  to  the  hips  only.  Fair  holt. 

THREE'— RIBBED  (-rlbd),  a.  (Bot.)  Noting  leaves 
which  have  two  ribs  or  main  veins,  one  on  each 
side  of  the  midrib,  proceeding  directly  from  the 
base  to  the  points  of  the  lobes.  Lindlcy. 

THREE'SCORE,  a.  Thrice  twenty  ; sixty. 

The  days  of  our  years  are  threescore  years  and  ten.  Ps.  xc.  10. 

THREE'— SEED-ED,  a.  Having  three  seeds. 

TIIREE'-SID-IJD,  a.  Having  three  sides.  Loudon. 

THREE'— STRINGED  (-strlngd),  a.  Having  three 
strings.  “ A three-stringed  riddle.”  Newton. 

THREE'— TOED  (-tod),  a.  Having  three  toes.  Hill. 

THREE'-VALVED  (-valvd),  a.  Having  three 
valves  ; trivalvular.  P.  Cyc. 

TIIRENE,  n.  [Gr.  dpi ijvo; ; L.  threnus. ] A lamen- 
tation ; a lament ; a dirge  ; a sad  strain.  Shak. 

That  threne  of  infinite  sadness.  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

THRE-NET'IC,  a.  [Gr.  Optim/TiKls  ; Opnvos,  a wail- 
ing.] Mournful ; dirge-like.  Clarke. 

THREN'O-DIST,  n.  A writer  of  threnodies  ; a 
composer  of  dirges.  Carlyle. 

TIIREN'O-DY,  to.  [Gr.  QppvtpMa  ; dprjvos,  a wailing, 
and  unb/,  a song.]  A song  of  lamentation  ; — 
especially  a species  of  short  occasional  poem, 
composed  for  the  occasion  of  the  funeral  of 
some  distinguished  personage.  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

THRjpP-SOL'O-^Y,  to.  [Gr.  Opcipis,  nutrition,  and 
l6yo f,  a discourse.]  (Med.)  Xhe  doctrine  of,  or 
a discourse  on,  the  nutrition  of  organized  bod- 
ies. Dunglison. 

THRESH,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  threscan.  — See  Thrash.] 
[i.  threshed;  pp.  THRESHING,  threshed.] 

1.  To  beat,  as  grain  or  maize,  so  as  to  sepa- 
rate from  the  husk  or  cob.  Ilolinshed. 

2.  To  drub  ; to  castigate ; to  beat  soundly. 

>®3F  It  is  written  thresh  or  thrash.  — See  Thrash. 

THRESH'IJR,  to.  1.  One  who  threshes  ; a thrasher. 

We  may  discern  the  thresher  at  his  task; 

Thump  after  thump  resounds  the  constant  flail.  Coivper. 

2.  (Ich.)  A species  of  shark;  sea-ape;  sea- 
fox;  fox-shark;  Carcharias  vulpes.  Tarrell. 

THRESH'ING— FLOOR  (-dor),  TO.  [A.  S.  thirce- 
Jlor.\  An  area  or  floor  on  which  grain  is 
threshed.  Milton. 

THRESH'OLD  (thresh'hold),  to.  [A.  S.  therscold, 
threscwald ; therscan,  to  beat,  to  thresh,  and 
wald,  wood;  Dan.  tcerskel-,  Sw.  trliskel ; Icel. 
thieskiolldr,  throskuldr. ] 

1.  A plank,  or  a piece  of  stone,  iron,  or  tim- 


ber, beneath  a door,  particularly  a door  of 
entrance  to  a house  or  other  building;  a door- 
sill.  Britton. 

2.  The  point  or  place  of  entering  or  of  depart- 
ing ; beginning  ; entrance  ; outset. 

[He]  might  have  been  deterred  on  the  very  threshold , if  he 
had  seen  nothing  but  the  roughness  of  the  road  and  the  diffi- 
culty of  the  ascent  to  any  very  distinguished  eminence. Knox. 

THREW  (thru),  i.  from  tliroio.  See  Throw. 

THRIB'BLE,  a.  & to.  Treble  ; triple.  Hunter. 

DSt"  Provincial  in  England,  and  a colloquial  vul- 
garism in  the  United  States. 

THRlCE,  ad.  [Old  Eng.  t /tries.  — See  Three.] 

1.  Three  times. 

Thrice  he  assayed  it  from  his  foot  to  draw, 

And  thrice  in  vain  to  draw  it  did  assay.  Spenser. 

2.  Much;  very; — a word  of  amplification. 

“ Thrice  noble  lord.”  Shak. 

,03f*  It  is  used  in  composition  ; as,  77iricc-told  ; 
77n-ice-blessed  ; TAnce-liallowed  ; Y7lnce-worthy. 

THIRD,  v.  a.  [A  corruption  of  thread.]  [i. 
THRIDDED  ; pp.  THRIDDING,  THRIDDED.]  To 
slide  through  a narrow  passage  ; to  thread. 

One  gains  the  thicket,  and  one  thrids  the  brake.  Dryden. 

fTHRID,  to.  Thread.  Spenser. 

TH  Itl'FAL-LOW,  v.  a.  To  plough  a third  time, 
as  fallow  land  ; to  trifallow,  [r.]  Tusser. 

THRIFT,  to.  [From  thrive.] 

1.  The  state  of  prospering ; success  in  the 
pursuit  of  gain  ; prosperity  ; profit ; gain. 

Let  the  candied  tongue  lick  absurd  pomp. 

And  crook  the  pregnant  hinges  of  the  kuee, 

Where  thrift,  may  follow  fawning.  Shak. 

2.  Frugality  ; savingness  ; good  husbandry. 
To  thrift  and  parsimony  much  incliucd.  Coutjjer. 

3.  (Bot.)  The  common  name  of  plants  of  the 
genus  Armeria,  some  species  of  which  are  used 
in  forming  the  borders  of  flower-beds.  Loudon. 

THRIF'TI-LY,  ad.  In  a thrifty  manner  ; frugally  ; 
with  good  husbandry.  Bp.  Taylor. 

THRIF'TI-NESS,  to.  The  state  of  being  thrifty  ; 
frugality  ; economy  ; good  husbandry. 

Domestic  industry  and  economy,  or  the  qualities  distin- 
guished by  the  homely  titles  of  thriftiness  and  good  house- 
wifery, were  always  till  the  present  century  deemed  honor- 
able. Knox. 

THRIFT'L^SS,  a.  Wanting  thrift;  without  fru- 

gality and  economy  ; profuse  ; extravagant. 

What  madness  this!  what  thriftless  waste  of  time!  J tickle. 

THRIFT'LJjISS-LY,  ad.  In  a thriftless  manner. 

THRIFT'LPSS-NESS,  to.  The  state  or  the  quality 
of  being  thriftless ; extravagance.  Chalmers. 

TIIRIF'TY,  a.  1.  Frugal;  sparing  ; economical ; 
saving;  careful ; close  ; not  profuse  or  lavish. 

They  who  arc  sparing  in  their  younger  days  seldom  fail  to 
be  much  more  thrifty  in  their  decline.  Seeker. 

2.  Well  husbanded  or  laid  up.  [r.] 

I have  five  hundred  crowns. 

The  thrifty  hire  I saved  under  your  father.  Shak. 

3.  Growing  vigorously  ; flourishing;  thriving. 

No  grace  hath  more  abundant  promises  made  unto  it  than 
this  of  mercy,  a sowing,  a thrifty  grace.  Bp.  Reynolds. 

Syn.  — See  Frugal. 

THRILL,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  thirlian.  — See  Drill.] 

[*.  THRILLED  ; pp.  THRILLING,  THRILLED.] 

1.  To  pierce  ; to  bore  ; to  perforate  ; to  drill. 

[The]  sharp  lance  that  thrilled  Jesu’s  side.  R.  Brunne. 

2.  To  penetrate  ; to  agitate;  to  affect. 

Which  when  as  Scudamore  did  hear,  his  heart 

Was  thrilled  with  inward  grief.  Spenser. 

THRILL,  v.  to.  1.  To  penetrate  ; to  pierce. 

The  thrilling  steel  transpierced  the  brawny  part.  Pope. 

2.  To  pierce  or  wound  the  ear  with  a sharp 

sound.  “ Thrilling  shrieks.”  Spenser. 

3.  To  feel  a sensation,  as  if  produced  by  the 
action  of  boring  or  piercing. 

Doth  not  thy  blood  thrill  at  it?  Shak. 

4.  To  pass  with  a tremulous  motion. 

A sudden  horror  chill 

Ran  through  each  nerve  and  thrilled  in  every  vein.  Addison. 

THRILL,  to.  1.  A drill.  Smart. 

2.  A warbling  : — a tingling.  Boget.  Smart. 

3.  A hole,  as  for  breathing.  Sir  J.  Herbert. 

t TIIRIL'LANT,  a.  Thrilling.  Spenser. 

TIlRILL'jNG,  p.  a.  Penetrating,  as  by  some  sharp 
instrument ; as,  “ A thrilling  sensation.” 


TIIRILL'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a thrilling  manner. 

THRiLL'ING-NESS,  to.  The  quality  or  the  state 
of  being  thrilling.  Clarke. 

f TURING,  v.  a.  To  press;  to  throng.  Chaucer. 

TIIRIPS,n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  Opfp,  a worm.]  (Ent.) 
A genus  of  minute  and  slender  hemipterous 
insects,  living  on  leaves  and  flowers,  in  buds, 
and  in  crevices  of  the  bark  of  plants.  Harris. 

TIIRIS'SA,  TO.  [Gr.  Opiaoa.]  (Ich.)  A fish  allied 
to  the  herring  and  to  the  shad.  Clarke. 

THRIVE,  v.  to.  [Dan.  trices ; Sw.  trifvas.]  [j. 
throve  or  thrived;  pp.  thriving,  thriven 
or  thrived.  — Thrived  is  little  used.] 

1.  To  become  wealthy  ; to  increase  in  prop- 
erty or  riches  ; to  prosper  ; to  succeed. 

Talk  what  you  will  of  the  Jews,  that  they  arc  cursed,  they 
thrive  wherever  they  come.  Seldcn. 

2.  To  advance  ; to  increase  ; to  multiply. 

Such  a care  hath  always  been  taken  of  the  city  charities, 
that  they  have  thriven  and  prospered  grudually’from  their 
infancy  down.  Atlcrbury. 

3.  To  grow  vigorously  ; to  flourish. 

On  air  the  poor  chameleons  thrive.  Granville. 

Syn.  — See  Flourish. 

THRIV'EN  (thrlv'vn),y?.  from  thrive.  See  Thrive. 

TIIRIV'ER,  to.  One  who  thrives.  Hayward. 

THRIV'ING,  p.  a.  Increasing  in  riches  or  in 
size  ; prosperous  ; flourishing  ; successful. 

Seldom  a thriving  man  turns  his  land  into  money  to  make 
the  greater  advantage.  Locke. 

TIIRIV'ING,  to.  The  act  of  increasing  in  wealth 
or  in  size.  Decay  of  Piety. 

THRlV'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a thriving  or  prosperous 
way ; prosperously.  Johnson. 

THRlV'ING-NESS,  to.  The  act  or  the  state  of 
thriving  ; increase  ; thriving.  Johnson. 

TIIRo’  (thru).  A contraction  of  through.  Dryden. 

THROAT  (throt),  to.  [A.  S.  throte ; Dut.  strot ; Ger. 
drossel;  Dan.  strube;  Sw.  stmpe.  — It.  strozza.] 

1.  (Anat.)  The  anterior  part  of  the  neck ; — 

the  pharynx  ; the  fauces.  Dunglison. 

2.  The  part  of  a chimney  which  contracts  in 
ascending  from  the  fire-place  to  t lie  tiuc.Brande. 

3.  (Ship-building.)  The  hollow  part  of  a 

knee-timber.  Wcale. 

4.  (Naut.)  The  inner  end  of  a gaff,  where  it 
widens  and  hollows  in  to  fit  the  mast.  Dana. 

5.  The  angular  part  between  the  arms  and 

the  shank  of  an  anchor.  Tomlinson. 

6.  Entrance  ; main  road  or  passage,  [r.] 
Calm  and  intrepid  in  the  very  throat 

Of  sulphurous  war.  Thomson. 

7.  (Bot.)  The  orifice  of  the  tube  of  a mono- 
petalous  corolla  ; — called  also_/hra.  Lindley. 

To  lie  in  one's  throat , to  lie  outrageously.  — To  give 
one  the  lie  in  lus  throat , to  charge  with  lying  out- 
rageously. Shak. 

THROAT,  v.  a.  1.  f To  murmur ; to  mutter. 
“ Hector  . . . throated  threats.”  Chapman. 

2.  To  mow,  as  beans,  in  a direction  against 
their  bending.  [Local,  Eng.]  Wright. 

THROAT'-BAND,  to.  A throat-latch.  Booth. 

THROAT'— BRAILS,  to.  pi.  (Naut.)  Ropes  at- 
tached to  the  gaff  close  to  the  mast.  Mar.  Diet. 

THROAT'-HAlL-IARDS  (-ystrdz),  to.  pi.  (Naut.) 
Ropes  for  hoisting  the  inner  part  of  the  gaff 
and  its  appendant  portion  of  the  sail.  Mar.  Diet. 

THROAT'— LATCH, to.  A narrow  strap  of  a bridle 
passing  under  a horse’s  throat.  Ilalliwell. 

TIIROAT'PlPE,  to.  The  windpipe.  Johnson. 

TIIROAT'WORT  (throt'wiirt),  n.  (Bot.)  The  com- 
mon name  of  plants  of  the  genus  Trachelium  ; 
— so  called  from  the  property  once  attributed 
to  some  species  of  curing  disorders  of  the 
throat.  Loudon.  Baird. 

f THROAT'Y,  a.  Guttural.  Hotcell. 

THROB,  v.  to.  [Of  uncertain  etymology. — Per- 
haps from  the  A.  S.  threapian,  to  urge,  to  press. 
Richardson.  — Formed  from  the  sound.  Skin- 
ner. — From  Gr.  OogvjHw,  to  make  a noise.  Ju- 
nius. Minsheu.]  To  beat,  as  the  pulse  or  the 
heart;  — particularly  to  beat  with  greater  force 
or  more  sensibly  than  ordinarily  ; to  palpitate. 

Whom  soon  as  I beheld  my  heart  *gan  throb.  Spenser . 

Here  may  his  head  lie  on  my  throbbing  breast.  Shak. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 

189 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  9,  9,  *,  soft;  £,  fi,  9,  g,  hard;  § as  z; 


as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


THROB 


1506 


THRUM 


.4  throbbing  pain,  (Mod.)  a kind  of  pain  which  Is, 
or  seems  to  be,  augmented  by  the  pulsation  of  the 
arteries.  DungLison . 

THROB,  ii.  A pulsation,  as  of  the  heart ; — par- 
ticularly a violent  pulsation  ; a palpitation. 

When  with  tumultuous  throbs  our  pulses  beat.  Thomson . 

THROB'BING,  n.  The  act  of  pulsating,  especially 
with  unusual  force  ; palpitation.  Wiseman. 

THROD'DEN  (tlnod'dn),  v.  it.  To  grow  ; to  thrive  ; 
to  increase.  [Local,  Eng.]  Grose. 

THROE  (thro),  n.  [A.  S.  throwian,  to  suffer,  to 
endure.]  Extreme  pain  ; agony  ; anguish  ; 
pang;  — especially  a fit  of  pain  during  labor,  or 
the  anguish  of  travail  in  childbirth. 

My  throes  came  quicker  and  my  cries  increased.  Dryden. 

THROE  (thro),  v.  a.  To  put  in  great  bodily  pain  ; 
to  agonize  ; to  torture,  [r.] 

The  setting  of  thine  eye  and  cheek  proclaim  a birth 

Which  throes  thee  much  to  j’ield.  Shak. 

THROE,  v.  n.  To  struggle  in  agony.  Wright. 

THROM'BOL-ITE,  n.  (Min.)  An  amorphous  min- 
eral of  an  emerald,  leek,  or  dark-green  color, 
and  vitreous  lustre,  consisting  of  phosphoric 
acid,  oxide  of  copper,  and  water.  Dana. 

THROM'BI  S,  n.  [Gr.  Opd/ifio;,  a lump,  a clot.] 
(Med.)  A small,  hard,  round,  bluish  tumor, 
formed  by  an  effusion  of  blood  in  the  vicinity  of 
a vein  which  has  been  opened  in  the  operation 
of  blood-letting.  Dunglison. 

THRONE,  n.  [Gr.  Optra;;  Optica,  to  set;  Bpauo;,  a 
bench  ; L.  thronus  ; It.  Sp.  trono  ; Fr.  trone.] 

1.  The  chair  of  state  of  a king  or  other  sov- 
ereign ; — a royal  seat  raised  above  the  level  of 
the  floor  on  which  it  stands,  usually  richly  or- 
namented, and  covered  with  a canopy.  Brande. 

2.  A bishop’s  seat  in  his  cathedral.  Hook. 

3.  One  of  an  order  of  angels  who  are  usually 
represented  with  double  wings,  supporting  the 
throne  of  the  Almighty  in  ethereal  space.  Milton. 

Hear,  all  ye  angels,  progeny  of  light, 

Throne ?,  dominations,  princedoms,  virtues,  powers.  Milton. 

4.  Sovereign  power  or  sway. 

Ilis  seed  shall  endure  for  ever,  and  his  throne  as  the  sun 
before  me.  Ps.  lxxxix.36. 

TIIRONE,  v.  a.  To  enthrone,  [it.]  Milton. 

THRONE,  v.  n.  To  sit  on  a throne  or  in  state. 

He  wants  nothing  of  a god  but  eternity, 

And  a heaven  to  throne  in.  Shak. 

THRONE'LIJSS,  a.  Without  a throne.  Clarke. 

THRONG,  n.  [A.  S . thrang.]  A multitude  press- 
ing against  each  other  ; a crowd  ; a multitude. 
Not  to  know  me  argues  yourselves  unknown, 

The  lowest  of  your  throng.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Multitude. 

THRONG,  a.  Much  occupied.  [Local,  Eng.]  More. 

THRONG,  v.  n.  [Goth,  threihan  ; A.  S.  thnngan; 
Dut.  dringen;  Ger.  dringen,  driingen ; Dan. 
treenge ; Sw.  t rang  a ; Icel.  threngia.)  [t. 

. THRONGED  ; pp.  THRONGING,  THRONGED.]  To 
crowd ; to  come  in  tumultuous  multitudes. 

These  people,  as  soon  as  they  saw  us,  thronged  to  the 
banks,  and  invited  us  on  shore.  Cook. 

THRONG,  v.  a.  To  oppress  or  incommode  with 
crowds  or  tumults  ; to  press  upon.  Shak. 

+ TIIRONG'LY,  ad.  In  throngs.  More. 

+ THRO'NIZE,  v.  a.  To  enthrone.  Fabyan. 

TIIROP'I’LE, ii.  The  windpipe.  [Local.]  Halliwell. 

THROP'PLE,  v.  a.  To  throttle.  Scott. 

THROS'TLE  (thros'sl),  ii.  [A.  S . throsle,  throstle  ; 
Ger.  (if  Dan.  drossel ; Icel .thrCstr.  — Bret,  drank, 
draskl .]  (Ornith.)  A species  of  thrush,  cele- 
brated as  a songster ; the  song-thrush ; the 
mavis ; Turdus  musicus.  Baird. 

The  blackbird  and  throstle  with  their  melodious  voices  bid 
welcome  to  the  cheerful  spring.  Walton. 

THROS'TLE  (thros'sl),  n.  A machine  for  drawing 
out  rovings  of  cotton,  wool,  &c.,  and,  at  the 
same  time,  twisting  them  by  means  of  the  rota- 
tion of  spindles  and  fliers.  Tomlinson. 

THROS'TLE— SPIN'NING,  n.  The  act  of  spin- 
ning with  the  throstle.  McCulloch. 

THROS'TLING,  n.  A disease  of  bovine  animals, 
consisting  of  a swelling  under  the  throat,  which, 
unless  checked,  will  choke  them.  Wright. 

THROT'TLE  (thrSt'tl),  n.  [Dim.  of  throat .]  The 
windpipe ; the  trachea.  Browne. 


THROT'TLE  (thrSt’tl),  v.  a.  [t.  THROTTLED  ; pp. 
THROTTLING,  THROTTLED.] 

1.  To  choke  ; to  suffocate ; to  strangle. 

As  when  Antonis  in  Irassa  strove 

With  Jove’s  Alcidcs,  and,  oft  foiled,  still  rose  . . . 

Fresh  from  his  fall,  and  fiercer  grapple  joined, 

'Throttled  at  length  in  the  air,  expired,  and  fell.  MilUm. 

2.  To  utter  with  difficulty  in  a broken  voice. 

Throttle  their  practised  accents  iu  their  fears.  Shah. 

THROT'TLE,  v.  n.  To  choke  ; to  suffocate. Dryden. 

THROT'TLE-VALVE,  11.  A valve,  consisting  of 
a partition  turning  on  an  axis ; commonly  placed 
in  the  main  steam-pipe,  and  connected  with  the 
governor  ; — used  to  regulate  the  supply  of  steam 
to  the  cylinder  of  a steam-engine.  — See  Gov- 
ernor. 1 Tomlinson. 

THROUGH  (thru),  prep.  [Goth,  thairh ; A.  S. 

thurh;  Dut.  door ; Frs.  thruch;  Ger.  durch. — 
W.  trwy ; Gael,  troimh.  — “Our  Eng.  prep. 
thorough,  thourough,  thorow,  through,  thro’,  is 
no  other  than  the  Goth,  substantive  dauro,  or 
the  Teut.  substantive  thuruh,  and  like  them 
means  door,  gate,  passage.”  Tooke.  — “ Thurh 
may  be  related  to  thuru,  duru,  a door.”  Bos- 
worth.) 

1.  From  end  to  end  of,  or  from  side  to  side 
of,  and  generally  beneath  the  surface. 

[Death]  comes  at  the  last,  and  with  a little  pin 

Bores  through  his  castle  wall,  and  — farewell,  king!  Shak. 

Showing  himself  through  the  lattice.  Cant.  ii.  9. 

He  brought  me  through  the  entry.  Ezek.  xlvi.  19. 
Through  the  gate  of  ivory  he  dismissed 
His  valiant  offspring.  Dryden. 

2.  Noting  passage,  agency,  or  instrumentali- 
ty ; by  means  of ; in  consequence  of. 

Material  things  are  presented  only  through  their  senses; 
they  have  a real  influx  on  these.  Clieyne. 

The  strong  through  pleasure  soonest  falls,  the  weak  through 

smart.  Spenser. 

Something  you  may  deserve  of  him  through  me.  Shak. 

3.  Over  the  surface  of ; on  ; over. 

He  walketh  through  dry  places,  seeking  rest.  Matt.  xii.  43. 

THROUGH  (thru),  ad.  1.  From  one  end  or  side 
to  the  other,  generally  beneath  the  surface. 

Phinehns  thrust  both  of  them  through.  Num.  xxv.  8. 

To  understand  the  mind  of  him  that  writ,  is  to  read  the 
whole  letter  through.  Locke. 

2.  To  the  end  ; to  the  ultimate  purpose. 

lie  shall  meet  with  another  light,  which  shall  carry  him 
quite  through.  South. 

To  drop  through,  to  fall  to  pieces  ; to  sink  in  ruins. 
“ Through  idleness,  t lie  house  droppeth  through .”  Eccl. 
x.  18. — To  full  through , to  come  to  an  unsuccessful 
issue  ; to  fail ; as,  “ The  plan  fell  through .” 

R^T  It  >9  used  in  composition  ; as,  Through-train , 
Through-passage , &.C. 

t THROUGH'— BRED,  a.  Thorough-bred.  Grew. 

f THROUGH'— LIGHT- 1JD  (thru'llt-ed),  a.  Fully 
or  thoroughly  lighted.  Wotton. 

f THROtjGH'LY  (thru'le),  ad.  Thoroughly. 

O that  my  grief  were  throughly  weighed.  Job  vi.  2. 

THROUGH-OUT'  (thru-out'), prep.  Quite  or  com- 
pletely through ; in  or  through  every  part  of. 

O for  a clap  of  thunder,  as  loud 

As  to  be  heard  throughout  the  universe.  B.  Jonson. 

Impartially  inquire  how  we  have  behaved  ourselves 
throughout  the  course  of  this  long  war.  Atterbrnp. 

THROUGH-OUT'  (thru-ofit'),  ad.  Every  where  ; 
in  every  part ; from  beginning  to  end. 

Ilis  youth  and  age 

All  of  a piece  throughout , and  all  divine.  Dryden. 

f THROUGH -PACED  (thru 'past),  a.  Thorough- 
paced  ; thorough-going.  More. 

THROUGH'— STONE,  n.  [Scot,  thruch- stone.']  A 
flat  gravestone.  Chalmers. 

THROUGH'— TICK-flT  (thru'-),  n.  A ticket  for 
the  whole  journey  to  be  travelled.  Siminonds. 

THROUGH'— TRAIN  (thru'-),  n.  A railway-train 

that  proceeds  over  the  whole  line.  Simmonds. 

THROVE,  i.  from  thrive.  See  Thrive. 

THROW  (thr5),v.rt.  [A.  S.  thrawan.]  [?*.  threw  ; 
pp.  THROWING,  THROWN.] 

1.  To  send  to  a distance  by  projectile  force  ; 
to  fling  ; to  cast ; to  hurl ; to  propel. 

Shimei  threw  stones  at  him,  and  cast  dust.  2 Sam.  xvi.  13. 

When  Ajax  strives  some  rock’s  vast  weight  to  throw, 

The  line,  too,  labors,  and  the  verse  moves  slow.  Pope. 

2.  To  put  with  haste,  force,  or  negligence. 

But  when  the  milder  beams  of  mercy  play, 

He  melts,  and  throws  his  cumbrous  cloak  away.  Dryden. 


On  the  first  friendly  bank  he  throivs  him  down.  Addison . 

O’er  his  fair  limbs  a flowery  vest  he  threw.  Pope. 

3.  To  put  off’;  to  shed  ; to  cast. 

There  the  snake  throws  the  enamelled  skin.  Shak. 

4.  To  venture  at  dice. 

The  best  throw  with  the  dice  is  to  throw  them  away.  Proverb. 

Set  less  than  thou  thro  west.  Shak. 

5.  To  overturn,  as  in  wrestling. 

The  sinner  shall  not  only  wrestle  with  this  angel,  but  throw 
him  too.  South. 

6.  To  turn;  to  fashion  by  turning. 

Balls  thrown  in  a lathe.  Ainsworth. 

7.  To  drive  ; to  send  by  force  ; to  cast. 

Poor  youth  I how  canst  thou  throw  him  from  thee?  Addison. 

8.  To  combine,  as  filaments  of  silk,  into  a 
single  thread  or  cord. 

This  term  — which  appears  to  be  derived  from 
the  rope-maker,  who  throws  twist  into  his  rope  — is 
sometimes  applied  to  the  whole  class  of  operations 
by  which  silk  is  prepared  for  the  weaver.  Tomlinson. 

HSf*  “ Other  senses  are  figurative  or  deductive  ap- 
plications of  these.”  Smart. 

R With  English  prepositions  adjoined,  to  throw 
is  equivalent  to  certain  compounds  of  the  L.  jaceo. 
Richardson. 

To  throw  away , to  lose:  — to  spend  in  vain:  — to 
reject.  — To  throw  bach,  to  reject : — to  retort ; to  re- 
pel ; to  rebuff' : — to  reflect. — To  throw  by,  to  reject  ; 
to  lay  aside.  — To  throw  down,  to  subvert ; to  over- 
throw. — To  throw  in,  to  inject  : — to  foist  ; to  inter- 
polate.— To  throw  off,  to  expel : — to  reject ; to  dis- 
card ; to  repudiate.  — To  throw  o/ie’s  self  on,  or  upon, 
to  repose: — To  throw  out,  to  exert;  to  bring  forth 
into  act : — to  leave  behind  ; to  distance  : — to  eject ; 
to  expel  : — to  reject ; to  exclude.  — To  throw  up,  to 
resign:  — to  emit;  to  eject;  to  bring  up;  to  dis- 
charge ; to  vomit ; to  disgorge. 

R3T  “ This  is  one  of  the  words  which  is  used  with 
great  latitude  ; but  in  all  its  uses,  whether  literal  or 
figurative,  it  retains  from  its  primitive  meaning  some 
notion  of  haste  or  violence.”  Johnson. 

THROW  (thro),  v.  n.  1.  To  perform  the  act  of 
throwing  or  casting.  Johnson . 

2.  To  cast  dice.  Johnson. 

To  throw  about,  to  cast  about  ; to  try  or  practise  ex- 
pedients. “ For  better  wind  about  to  throw .”  Spenser. 

THROW  (thr5),  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  throws  ; 
the  act  of  casting,  flinging,  or  hurling. 

He  heaved  a stone,  and.  risinc  to  the  throw , 

He  sent  it  in  a whirlwind  at  tne  foe.  Addison. 

2.  The  manner  in  which  dice  fall  when  they 
are  cast ; a cast  of  dice. 

It  is  many  million  of  millions  odds  to  one  against  any  sin- 
gle throw  that  the  assigned  order  will  not  be  cast.  Bentley. 

3.  The  distance  to  which  any  thing  is  cast. 

Like  to  a bowl  upon  a subtle  ground, 

I ’ve  stumbled  past  the  throw.  Shak. 

4.  f A short  space  of  time ; a little  while. 

Down  himself  he  lnid 

Upon  the  grassy  ground,  to  sleep  a throw.  Spenser. 

5.  A stroke  ; a blow. 

That  neither  mail  could  hold, 

Ne  shield  defend  the  thunder  of  his  throws.  Spenser. 

6.  Effort ; violent  sallies,  [r.] 

The  throws  and  swellings  of  a Roman  soul.  Addison. 

7.  A pang;  a throe.  — See  Throe.  Dryden. 

TIIROW'-CROOK  (-krflk),  n.  (Agric.)  An  in- 
strument used  for  spinning  or  twisting  straw 
ropes.  Stephens. 

THRO  WE,  n.  A turner’s  lathe.  [Local.]  Halliicell. 

TIIROW'flR  (thro'er),  n.  1.  One  who  throws. 

2.  f A throwster.  Fegge. 

THROWN'— SILK,  n.  Silk  formed  of  two,  three, 
or  more  singles  twisted  together  in  a contrary 
direction  to  that  in  which  the  singles  of  which 
it  is  composed  are  twisted.  Cyc.  of  Com. 

THROW'-OFF,  n.  A start  for  a hunt.  Clarke. 

THROW'STf.R  (thro'ster),  n.  One  who  throws 
or  twists  silk.  Sir  J.  Hawkins. 

THRUM,  n. ; pi.  thrums.  [Dut.  dreum  ; Ger. 
trumm  ; Icel.  tliraum .] 

1.  The  ends  of  a weaver’s  threads.  Johnson. 

2.  Any  coarse  yarn.  Shak. 

3.  The  stamens  of  plants.  Simmonds. 

THRUM,  v.  a.  [i.  thrummed  ; pp.  thrumming, 

thrummed.] 

1.  To  cover  with  small  tufts  or  thrums  ; to 
stick  short  pieces  of  yarn  through. 

Are  we  born  to  thrum  caps  or  pick  straws.  Quarles. 

2.  [See  Drum.]  To  play  coarsely  upon  with 
the  fingers  ; to  drum  ; to  tap. 

For  late,  when  bees  to  change  their  chimes  began. 

How  did  I see  them  thrum  the  frying-pan  I Shenstone. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  short; 


A,  J£,  1,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL; 


HEIR,  HER  ; 


THRUM 


1507 


THUNDER-TUBE 


THRUM,  v.n.  To  grate  ; to  play  coarsely.  Dryden. 

THRUM,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  made  of,  thrums. 
“ Shag  or  thrum  mats.”  Cook. 

THRUM'MY,  a.  Containing,  resembling,  or  com- 
posed of,  thrums.  Dumpier . 

THRUM' WORT  (-wiirt),  n.  ( Bot .)  The  water- 
plantain  ; Alisma  plantago . Booth. 

THRUSH,  n.  [A.  S.  thrisc  ; Sw.  trust ; Icel.  throstr. 
— Gael,  truid.  — Slav.,  or  lluss.,  <S,  Pol.  drozd, 
drosd.  — See  Throstle.] 

1.  ( Ornith .)  A dentirostral,  insessorial  bird, 

belonging  to  the  family  Merulidce,  of  which  there 
are  many  genera  and  species.  Baird. 

flgy-The  true  thrushes,  Turtlidx,  are  found  in  most 
parts  of  the  world.  Some  of  them  are  remarkable  for 
their  song,  and  others  for  their  power  of  imitating  al- 
most any  sound.  The  song-thrush,  throstle,  or  mavis, 
Turdits  musicus,  exceeds  all  the  others  in  vocal  (tow- 
ers. Baird. 

2.  [From  thrust ; as  we  say,  a push,  a break- 

ing out.  Johnson.']  {Farriery.)  A disease  of 
the  foot  of  a horse,  consisting  of  a discharge  of 
offensive  matter  from  the  cleft  of  the  frog,  pro- 
duced by  inflammation  of  the  lower  surface  of 
the  sensible  frog.  Herbert. 

3.  (Med.)  A disease  consisting  of  roundish, 

pearl-colored  vesicles,  confined  to  the  lips, 
mouth,  and  intestinal  canal,  and  generally  ter- 
minating in  curd-like  sloughs.  Dunylison. 

THRUST,  it.  a.  [L.  trusito,  to  push  often.  Skin- 
ner.— Icel.  thrista.  Lye.  — Old  Eng.  thriste.] 
[i.  THRUST;  pp.  THRUSTING,  THRUST.] 

1.  To  push  or  drive  with  force  : to  press  for- 
cibly, or  with  violence  ; to  cast ; to  throw. 

When  the  king  comes,  offer  him  no  violence, 

Unless  he  seek  to  thrust  you  out  by  force.  Shak. 

Thou,  Capernaum,  which  art  exalted  to  heaven,  shall  be 
thrust  down  to  hell.  Luke  x.  15. 

2.  To  stab  ; to  pierce. 

He  [Phinehas]  thrust  both  of  them  through.  Yum.  xxv.8. 

To  thrust  one’s  self,  to  obtrude  ; to  intrude. 

THRUST,  p.  n.  1.  To  make  a hostile  push,  to 
attack  with  a pointed  weapon.  Johnson- 

2.  To  squeeze  or  press  in  with  violence. 

In  heaven.  I’ll  stand  next  to  Hercules, 

And  thrust  between  my  father  and  the  god.  Dryden. 

3.  To  push  forward  ; to  throng ; to  press. 

Young,  old,  thrust  there 
In  mighty  concourse.  Chapman. 

THRUST,  n.  1.  A hostile  push,  as  with  a pointed 
weapon  ; a stab  ; an  assault ; an  attack. 

Polites  Pyrrhus  with  his  lance  pursues. 

And  often  reaches,  and  his  thrusts  renews.  Dryden. 

2.  (Arch.)  The  horizontal  force  or  pressure 
outwards,  as  of  an  arch  against  the  piers  from 
which  it  springs,  or  of  rafters  against  the  walls 
which  bear  them.  Brande. 

f THRUST,  n.  Thirst.  Spenser. 

TIIRUST'ER,  n.  One  who  thrusts.  Johnson. 

THRUST'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  thrusts. 

2.  The  act  of  squeezing  curd  with  the  hand 

to  expel  the  whey.  [Local,  Eng.]  Wright. 

3.  pi.  White  whey,  or  whey  salt  pressed  out 
of  the  curd  by  the  hand.  [Local,  Eng.]  Wright. 

THRUSTING— SCREW  (-skri!),  n.  A screw  for 
pressing  whey  out  of  curd  in  cheese-making  ; — 
called  also  thrust-screw.  [Local,  Eng.]  Wright. 

TIIRUS'TLE  (thrus'sl),  n.  A bird  ; a throstle,  [r.] 
No  thrustles  shrill  the  bramble-bush  forsake.  Gay. 

THRY'FAL-LOW,  v.  a.  To  plough  the  third 
time  before  sowing ; to  trifallow,  [it.]  Tusser. 

||  THUG  (thug  ortug)  [tug.  Mat  corn  ; thug,  Sm.  C.], 
n.  [Hind,  thugna,  to  deceive.]  A member  of 
a singular  association  of  robbers  and  murderers 
in  India,  who  practise  murder,  especially  by 
strangling,  as  a sacred  principle.  Brande. 

||  THUG-GEE',  n.  Thuggery  ; thuggism.  Smart. 

It  appears  that  the  existence  of  the  system  of  Thuqqee.  ns 
it  is  called,  was  hardly  known  before  the  year  1810.  and  that 
no  combined  measures  were  taken  to  put  a stop  io  it  until 
about  1830.  Brande. 

||  THUG'GE-RY,  n.  The  profession  or  the  practice 
of  the  thugs  ; thuggism.  Qu.  Rev. 

Thuggery  is  known  to  have  existed  for  two  thousand  j'ears; 
the  lives  sacrificed  by  the  thugs,  in  conformity  with  their 
religious  views,  may  be  estimated  by  the  million.  J.  B. Ireland. 

||  THUG'GIfjM,  n.  Thuggery  ; thuggee.  Smart. 

THU'JA,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  evergreen  trees; 
the  Arbor  vita.  Baird. 

THU' LE,  n.  [L.]  An  island  in  the  extreme  north  of 
Europe  ; — according  to  some,  Iceland,  accord- 


ing to  others,  Mainland,  the  largest  of  the  Shet- 
land islands  ; — hence  the  Latin  phrase  ultima 
Thule,  farthest  Thule.  Andrews. 

THU'LITE,  n.  (Min.)  A variety  of  epidote  oc- 
curring in  Norway  and  Piedmont.  Dana. 

THUMB  (thuin),  n.  [A.  S.  thuma ; Frs.  thuma, 
thumma  ; Dut.  duim  ; Ger.  daum,  daumcn  ; Sw. 
tumnie.]  The  first  finger  of  the  hand,  opposite 
the  other  fingers,  and  distinguished  from  them 
by  having  only  two  phalanges.  Shak. 

THUMB  (thuin),  v.  a.  \i.  THUMBED  ; pp.  THUMB- 
ING, THUMBED.] 

1.  To  handle  awkwardly.  Johnson. 

2.  To  soil  with  the  thumb  or  the  thumbs. 

A treatise  never  to  be  thumbed  or  greased  by  students.  Swift. 

THUMB  (ilium),  v.  n.  To  play  on  any  thing  with 
the  fingers  ; to  thrum.  Wright. 

THUMB'— BAND  (thum'band),  n.  A twist  of  any 
thing  as  thick  as  the  thumb. 

Tie  thumb-bands  of  hay  round  them.  Mortimer. 

THUMB'-BLUE  (thum'blu),  n.  Small  knobs  of 
indigo  for  bluing  linen,  die.  Simmonds. 

THUMBED  (tliumd),  a.  Having  thumbs.  Skelton. 

THUMB'KlN,  n.  An  instrument  of  torture  for 
compressing  the  thumb  ; thumb-screw.!?. PoKo/i. 

THUMB'— RING  (thum'ring),  n.  A ring  worn  on 
the  thumb.  “ An  alderman’s  thumb-ring.”  Shak. 

TH(jMB’§'— BREADTH  (thumz'bredth),  n.  The 
breadth  or  width  of  the  thumb.  Ash. 

THUMB'— SCREW,  n.  1.  A screw  with  the  head 
flattened  in  the  direction  of  its  length,  made  to 
he  turned  with  the  thumb  and  finger.  Clarke. 

2.  An  instrument  of  torture  for  compressing 
the  thumbs  ; a thumbkin.  Macaulay. 

THUMB'STALL  (thum'stll),  n.  A kind  of  thim- 
ble or  sheath  worn  to  protect  the  thumb.  Sterne. 

THU'MITE,  n.  (Min.)  A brittle,  pyro-electric, 
transparent  or  translucent  mineral,  sometimes 
occurring  crystallized,  exhibiting  trichroisin, 
and  consisting  chiefly  of  silica,  boracic  acid, 
alumina,  peroxide  of  iron,  manganese,  and 
lime ; axinite.  Dana. 

THijM'MlM,  n.  pi.  [Heb. 

light  and  truth.]  (Ant.)  An  ornament  in  the 
breastplate  of  the  Jewish  high  priest  when  lie 
attended  the  altar.  — See  Uiiim.  Ex.  xxxviii.  30. 

Urim  and  Thummim , those  oraculous  gems 
On  Aaron’s  breast.  Milton. 

THUMP,  ii.  [An  onomatopoeia  formed  in  imita- 
tion of  the  sound  of  a heavy  blow.  Sir  John 
Stoddart.]  A hard,  heavy,  dull  blow,  as  with 
something  broad  or  blunt ; a knock. 

Their  hollow  sides  the  rattling  thumjis  resound.  Dryden. 

The  watchman  gave  so  great  a thump  at  my  door,  that  I 
awaked  at  the  knock.  Tatler. 

Thump  after  thump  resounds  the  constant  flail.  Cowper. 

THUMP,  V.  a.  [i.  THUMPED  ; pp.  THUMPING, 
thumped.]  To  beat  with  dull,  heavy  blows. 

There  was  he  pinched  and  pitied,  thumped  and  fed. 

And  duly  took  his  beatings  and  his  bread.  Crabbe. 

THUMP,  v.  n.  To  fall  or  strike  with  a thump. 

A watchman  at  midnight  thumps  with  his  pole.  Swift. 

TIIUMP'ER,  n.  1.  One  who,  or  that  which,  thumps. 

2.  Any  thing  huge  or  great.  [Low.]  Byrom. 

THUMP'ING,  a.  Great;  huge.  [Vulgar.]  Grose. 

TIIUN'DER,  n.  [A.  S.  thuner,  thunder-,  Frs. 
thunne ; Dan.  dundre ; Dut.  dondcr ; Ger.  don- 
ner;  Sw.  dunder;  Icel.  duna,  dunr.  — I.,  toni- 
trus,  thunder  ; tono,  to  thunder  ; It.  tuono  ; Sp. 
trueno;  Fr.  tonnerre.  — Per.  tundur,  founder; 
Hind,  toondoor .] 

1.  The  noise  or  report  produced  by  a dis- 
charge of  atmospherical  electricity,  or  by  the 
passage  of  lightning  through  the  air  from  one 
cloud  to  another,  or  between  a cloud  and  the 
ground. 

The  awful  sounds  of  thunder  are  so  many  and  so  various, 
that  we  must  not  be  surprised  to  find  them  characterized  by 
a variety  of  onomatopoeias  in  various  parts  of  the  world,  ac- 
cording as  men  sought  to  imitate  its  clang  or  crash,  its  distant 
murmur,  or  its  deafening  explosion.  Sir  J.  Stoddart. 

The  thunder. 

Winged  with  red  lightning  and  impetuous  rage, 

Perhaps  hath  spent  his  shafts,  and  censes  now 
To  bellow  through  the  vast  and  boundless  deep.  Milton. 

F ar  along. 

From  peak  to  peak,  the  rattling  crags  among, 

Leaps  the  live  thunder.  Byron. 

j&^The  passage  of  lightning  producing  an  instan- 
taneous and  violent  disturbance  of  the  air  through 
its  whole  line  of  discharge,  — which  has  been  ascer- 


tained to  extend  sometimes  two  and  a half  nr  three 
miles,  — the  prolonged  or  rolling  thunder , as  it  is 
called,  is  due  in  part  to  the  sound  being  transmitted 
in  different  times  from  the  unequally  distant  portions 
of  that  line,  in  part  to  reverberation  or  echoes,  and 
probably  in  part  also  to  the  rapidly  successive  partial 
discharges  of  the  same  cloud.  Lardncr. 

2.  f A bolt  of  lightning;  thunder-bolt. 

The  revenging  gods 

’Gainst  parricides  all  the  thunder  bend.  Shak. 

Tupia  was  therefore  ordered  to  acquaint  them  that  we  had 
weapons  which,  like  thunder , would  destroy  them  in  a mo- 
ment. Cook. 

3.  Any  loud  noise  or  tumultuous  violence. 

“ The  thunder  of  his  throws.”  Spenser, 

4.  Denunciation  uttered  or  published.  Clarke. 

TIIUN'DER,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  thunerian.]  [i.  thun- 
dered ; pp.  THUNDERING,  THUNDERED.] 

1.  To  give  a report  or  noise,  as  a discharge 
of  the  electrical  fluid  in  the  atmosphere. 

He  would  not  flatter  Neptune  for  his  trident, 

Nor  Jove  lor ’s  power  to  thunder.  Shak. 

2.  To  make  a rattling,  or  a loud  and  terrible 
noise,  resembling  thunder. 

Like  a black  sheet  the  whelming  billows  spread, 

Burst  o’er  the  float,  and  thundered  on  his  head.  J’ope. 

TIIUN'DER,  v.  a.  1.  To  utter  or  emit  with  noise. 

I ’ll  thunder  in  their  ears  their  country’s  cause.  Addison. 

2.  To  publish,  as  a denunciation  or  threat. 

An  archdeacon,  as  being  a prelate,  may  thunder  out  an 
ecclesiastical  censure.  Aylijfe. 

TIIUN'DER— BOLT,  n.  1.  A brilliant  stream  cf 
lightning  ; a bolt  of  lightning. 

He  gave  their  flocks  to  hot  thunder-holts.  Bs.  lxxviii.  48. 

2.  A daring  or  resolute  person. 

Who  can  omit  the  Gracchi,  who  declare 

The  Scipios’  worth  — those  thunder-bolts  of  war?  Dryden. 

3.  Fulmination ; denunciation. 

The  thunder-bolt  of  excommunication.  Hakewill. 

4.  (Min.)  Thunder-stone.  Narcs. 

THUN'DIJR— BURST,  n.  A clap  or  explosion  of 

thunder  ; a thunder-clap.  Hemans. 

THUN'DER-CLAP,  n.  A burst  of  thunder;  an 
explosion  of  atmospheric  electricity.  Spenser. 

THUN'D^R— CLOUD,  n.  A cloud  attended  with 
thunder,  or  discharging  lightning.  Smart. 

TIIUN'DER— CRACK,  n.  A thunder-clap.  Daniel. 

THUN'DIJR-FR,  n.  One  who,  or  the  power  that, 
thunders;  — an  epithet  applied  by  the  ancients 
to  Jupiter.  Clarke. 

THUN'DpR-ING,  n.  1.  Noise  made  by  the  explo- 
sion of  electricity  in  the  atmosphere  ; thunder. 

That  there  be  no  more  mighty  thunderings.  Ex.  ix.  28. 

2.  Publication  of  a denunciation  or  threat. 
“ The  thunderings  of  Antichrist.”  Bp.  Hooper. 

THUN'DER-lNG,  p.  a.  Producing  or  emitting 
thunder,  or  a loud  noise  like  thunder. 

TIlUN'DpR-lNG-LY,  ad.  AVith  a loud  noise,  as 
of  thunder.  Scott. 

f THUN'DER-OUS,  a.  Producing  thunder.  Milton. 

THUN'DpR— PROOF,  a.  Secure  against  thunder 
or  lightning.  Sioift. 

TIIUN'DER— ROD,  n.  A lightning-rod.  P.  Cyc. 

TIIUN'DER— SHOW'IJR,  11.  A shower  of  rain  ac- 
companied with  thunder.  Stillingfect. 

TIIUN'DER— STONE,  re.  A stone  fabulously  sup- 
posed to  he  emitted  by  thunder  ; crystallized 
iron  pyrites.  Wright. 

TIIUN'DER— STORM,  n-  A storm  attended  with 
thunder.  Clarke. 

THUN'DER-STRfKE,  v.  a.  \i.  & p.  THUNDER- 
STRUCK ; — p.  f THUNDERSTRICKEN.] 

1.  To  blast  or  hurt  with  lightning,  or  as  with 
lightning  ; to  strike,  as  with  a thunder-bolt,  [it.] 

I remained  ns  a man  thunderstricken , not  daring,  nny,  not 
able,  to  behold  that  power.  Sidney. 

The  armaments  which  thunderstrike  the  walls 

Of  rock-built  cities.  Byron. 

2.  To  astonish  or  confound,  as  with  some- 
thing terrible  and  unexpected. 

The  lover  was  thunderstmick  with  his  misfortune.  Addison. 

TIIUN'DER— STROKE,  re.  A thunder-clap.  Shak. 

TIIUN'DER-STRUCK,  p.  a.  1.  Blasted  or  in  jured 
by  a thunder-bolt.  Addison. 

2.  Astonished  ; amazed.  Chapman. 

TIIUN'DER— TUBE,  re.  A tubular  hole  with  a 
hard,  vitrified  coating  made  by  lightning  pene- 
trating the  solid  ground,  and  fusing  a portion 
of  the  materials  through  which  it  passes  ; ful- 
gurite. Lardncr. 


MIEN,  SIR ; MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — (l,  (,1,  9,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  $ as  gz.—  THIS,  this. 


THUNDERY 


1508 


TICK 


TIIUN'DIJR-Y,  a.  Attended  with,  or  having,  thun- 
der. “ Thundery  weather.”  [r.]  Pennant. 

THUN'NY,  n.  A fish.  — See  Tunny.  Booth. 

THU'RI-BLE,  n.  [Low  L.  tliuribulum  ; thus,  thuris, 
frankincense.]  ( Eccl .)  A vessel  held  in  the 
hand  for  burning  incense,  suspended  by  chains, 
and  used  at  mass,  vespers,  and  other  solemn 
offices  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church.  Fairholt. 

THU-RlF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  thurifer;  thus,  thuris, 
frankincense,  and  fero,  to  bear.]  Bearing  or 
yielding  frankincense.  Johnson. 

THU-RT-FI-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  thus,  thuris,  frank- 
incense,and /odo,  to  make.]  The  act  of  burn- 
ing frankincense  or  incense.  Skelton. 

TIIU-RIN'GlTE,  n.  (Min.)  A tough,  olive-green 

mineral,  massive,  or  an  aggregate  of  minute 
scales,  of  a pearly  lustre,  and  argillaceous  odor, 
and  consisting  chiefly  of  silica,  protoxide  of 
iron,  peroxide  of  iron,  alumina,  and  water ; — 
so  called  from  its  occurring  in  Thuringia.  Dana. 

THijRL,  n.  (Mining.)  A short  communication 
between  the  adits  in  mines  : — a long  adit  in  a 
coal-pit.  Braiide.  Weale. 

THURSDAY  (thUrz'dj),  n.  [A.  S.  Thors-deeg ; 
Thor,  the  principal  deity  of  the  northern  na- 
tions, and  dag,  day  ; But.  Vonderdag ; Ger. 
Donncrstag ; Dan.  Torsdag ; Sw.  Thorsdag .]  The 
fifth  day  of  the  week. 

THUS,  ad.  [A.  S.  thus ; Dut.  dus.] 

1 In  this  or  that  manner  ; in  this  wise. 

Thus  was  King  Saul  overcome.  Tiers  TIouhman. 

2 To  this  extent  or  degree  ; so. 

He  said.  Thus  far  extend,  thus  far  thy  bounds.  Milton. 

THtjS,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  Obw,  to  sacrifice.]  The 
concrete  juice  of  the  spruce  fir,  and  also  of  Pi- 
nus  palustris.  J Vood  § Bache. 

t TllUS'SOCK,  n.  A tussock.  Latimer. 

THU'YA,  n.  ( Bot .)  A genus  of  evergreen  trees  ; 
thuja. — See  Thuja.  Baird. 

THYVACK,  v.  a.  [Of  uncertain  etymology. — From 
A.  S.  thaccian,  to  touch  gently,  to  stroke.  Lye. 
— From  A.  S.  twiccian ; Ger.  zwackcn,  to  tweak, 
to  twitch.  Skinner.  Wachter .]  [1.  THWACKED  ; 

pp.  thwacking,  thwacked.]  To  strike  with 
something  blunt  and  heavy  ; to  bang ; to  thump ; 
to  belabor  ; to  whack.  [Ludicrous.] 

We’ll  thwack  him  hence  with  distaffs.  Shak. 

THWACK,  71.  A heavy,  hard  blow  ; a thump. 
With  many  a stiff  thwack , many  a bang. 

Hard  crab-tree  and  old  iron  rang.  Hudibras. 

THWAITE  (thwat),  7i.  [Norm.  Fr.  twaite.\ 

1.  A level  pasture-field,  or  cleared  and  tilled 

land.  [North  of  England.]  Brockett. 

2.  A twaite-shad.  — See  Twaite-shad.  Cl. 

THWART,  a.  [A.  S.  thweor  ; Frs.  thioers ; Dut. 
dwars ; Old  Ger.  twerh ; Ger.  zwerch ; Dan. 
tears-,  Sw.  toer-,  Icel.  thoers.] 

1.  Transverse  ; being  across  something  else. 

Which  else  to  several  spheres  thou  must  ascribe, 

Moved  contrary  with  thwart  obliquities.  Milton. 

2.  f Perverse  ; mischievous.  “ A thwart,  de- 
natured torment.”  Shak. 

f THWART,  ad.  Obliquely;  athwart.  Milton. 

THWART,  v.  a.  [i.  thwarted  ; pp.  thwarting, 
thwarted.] 

1.  To  cross ; to  lie  or  come  across ; to  trav- 
erse ; to  intersect. 

Swift  ns  a shooting-star 

In  autumn  thivarts  the  night.  Milton. 

2.  To  contravene  ; to  frustrate  ; to  hinder. 

Fate,  meditating  wrath  against  me  and  mine, 

Chid  my  fond  zeal  and  thwarted  my  design.  Churchill. 

Syn.  — See  Hinder,  Oppose. 

THWART,  v.  n.  1.  To  go  crosswise.  Thomson. 

2.  To  be  in  opposition  to  something  ; — fol- 
lowed by  with. 

What  reception  any  proposition  shall  find  that  shall  at  ail 
thwart  with  these  internal  oracles.  Locke. 

THWART,  n.  (Naut.)  A seat  across  a boat,  upon 
which  the  oarsmen  sit.  Dana. 

TIIWART'ER,  n.  A disease  in  sheep,  indicated 
by  trembling  or  convulsive  motions.  Wright. 

THYVART'ING,  71.  The  act  of  crossing  or  of  op- 
posing ; frustration  ; hindrance  ; contravention. 

The  thwartinrjs  of  the  courts  of  justice.  Mrs.  Macaulay. 

TIIWArT'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a direction  across; 
oppositely  ; with  opposition.  Johnson. 


THWART'LY,  ad.  With  opposition  ; trans- 
versely ; crosswise  ; thwartingly.  Milton. 

THWArT'NGSS,  7i.  Untowardness;  perverse- 
ness ; perversity.  Bp.  Hall. 

TIIWArT'-SHIPS,  ad.  (Naut.)  Athwart  or 
across  the  ship.  Mar.  Diet. 

f THWITE,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  thwitan.]  To  cut,  chip, 
or  hack  with  a knife.  Chaucer. 

f THWIT'TLE,  n.  A whittle.  Chaucer. 

THY  (till  or  the)  [till,  S.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K.  Wb. ; 
till  or  the,  IF. ; till,  often  the,  S»i.],  pron.  pos- 
sessive, or  pronom.  atlj.  [A.  S.  thin.  — See 
Thou.]  Of  thee  ; belonging  or  relating  to  thee. 

These  are  thy  glorious  works,  Parent  of  good.  Milton. 

SSf  This  word,  when  distinctly  pronounced,  must 
always  be  pronounced  tin.  — “The  only  rule  that 
can  be  given,  respecting  the  pronunciation  of  it,  is  a 
very  indefinite  one  ; namely,  that  thy  ought  always 
to  be  pronounced  so  as  to  rhyme  with  high,  when  t lie 
subject  is  raised,  and  the  personage  dignified  ; but 
when  the  subject  is  familiar,  and  tile  person  we  ad- 
dress without  dignity  or  importance,  if  thy  be  the 
personal  pronoun  made  use  of,  it  ought  to  be  pro- 
nounced like  the."  Walker. 

THY'INE— WOOD  (-wfid)  [thl'jn-wud,  F.  Sm .; 
thl'ln-wud,  S. ; the'ln-wud,  IF.],  n.  A precious 
wood,  mentioned  in  Rev.  xviii.  12,  supposed  to 
be  that  of  Callitris  quadrivalvis,  a coniferous 
tree  which  yields  sandarach,  and  the  wood  of 
which  is  used  by  the  Turks  for  floors  and  ceil- 
ings, and  is  considered  by  them  to  be  inde- 
structible. Kitto.  Lindley. 

]|  THYME  (tim)  [tlm,  S.  IF.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm. 
Wr.  ; t lil in,  Wb.],  n.  [Gr.  Obpov,  or  Obpo; ; Ohio, 
to  sacrifice,  because  of  its  sweet  smell,  or  be- 
cause it  was  first  used  to  burn  on  the  altar  ; L. 
thymum ; It.  timo ; Fr.  thym .]  (Bot.)  The  com- 
mon name  of  plants  of  the  genus  Thymus,  one 
species  of  which,  Thymus  vulgaris,  has  an  aro- 
matic odor  and  a pungent  taste,  and  is  used  for 
culinary  purposes.  Baird. 

THYM-E-LA'CEOUS  (thim-e-la'shus),  a.  (Bot.) 
Pertaining  to  plants  of  the  order  Thytnelacca,  re- 
markable for  the  causticity  of  their  bark.  P.  Cyc. 

THYM-I-A-TEEH'NY  (thim-e-a-tek'ne),  n.  [Gr. 
Oafjiaya,  incense ; Ob u>,  to  sacrifice,  and  rl^uy, 
art.]  (Med.)  The  art  of  employing  perfumes 
in  medicine.  Dunglison. 

THY'MUS,  7i.  [Gr.  6iipo;.]  (Anat.)  A soft,  oblong, 
bilobate  organ,  of  a glandular  appearance,  seated 
in  the  upper  separation  of  the  anterior  medias- 
tinum, and  very  variable  in  size  and  color.  Its 
uses  are  totally  unknown.  Dtmglison. 

||  THY'MY  (tl'me),  a.  Abounding,  or  overgrown, 
with  thyme.  “ Thymy  heaths.”  Mason. 

TlIY'ROlD,  a.  [Gr.  Ocptds,  an  oblong  shield,  and 
TiSos,  form.]  (Anat.)  Noting  a cartilage  situated 
at  the  anterior  part  of  the  larynx,  and  the 
largest  of  those  composing  that  organ:  — not- 
ing a gland  which  covers  the  anterior  and  in- 
ferior part  of  the  larynx,  as  well  as  the  first 
rings  of  the  trachea.  Dunglison. 

THY-ROID'E-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  thyroid 
gland,  or  to  the  thyroid  cartilage.  Dunglison. 

THYRSE,  7i.  (Bot.)  A thyrsus.  Gray. 

TIIYR'SoId,  )a  [Gr.  Obpco;,  thyrsus,  and 

TIIYR-SdlD’AL,  > tllos,  form.]  (Bot.)  Having  the 
form  of  a thyrsus.  Balfour. 

TIIYR  ‘SUS,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  Bbpoos-] 

1.  (Creek  & Roman  Ant.)  A staff  twined 

round  with  ivy  and  vine-shoots,  borne  by  Bac- 
chus and  the  Bacchantes.  Andrews. 

2.  (Bot.)  A very  compact  panicle,  the  middle 

branches  of  which  are  longer  than  those  near 
the  apex  or  near  the  base,  as  the  cluster  of 
flowers  of  Syringa.  Lmdley. 

THYS-A-NU'RAN,  n.  [Gr.  Obaavo;,  a tassel,  and 
oupd,  a tail.]  (Ent.)  One  of  an  order  of  amet- 
abolian  insects,  comprehending  those  in  which 
the  abdomen  is  terminated  by  filaments,  or  by 
a forked  tail,  adapted  for  leaping.  Owen. 

TIIY-SELF'  (thl-self '),  pro7i.  reciprocal.  Thou  or 
thee,  with  emphasis  ; — used  both  in  the  nomi- 
native case  and  the  objective  ease. 

These  goods  thyself  can  on  thyself  bestow.  Dryden. 

TI'AR,  n.  A tiara.  “ A golden  tiar.”  Milton. 

TI-A'RA,  or  Tl-AR'A  [tl-a'ra,  IF.  J.  E.  K.  Sm.  Wr. 


Wb.-,  tl-A'r?,  P. ; tl-a'rj,  Ja.],  n.  [Gr.  ndpn ; 
L.,  It.,  8$  Sp.  tiara  ; Fr.  tiare.] 

1.  (Ant.)  A hat  with  a large,  high  crown, 
such  as  was  worn  by  the  north-western  Asiatics. 

From  a very  remote  period  down  to  the  present  dav,  the 
tiara  of  the  King  of  Persia  has  been  commonly  adorned  with 
gold  and  jewellery.  W.  Smith. 

2.  (Eccl.)  A round,  high  cap  or  mitre,  en- 

compassed by  a triple  coronet,  being  the  badge 
of  the  pope’s  civil  dignity  as  a temporal  prince, 
as  distinguished  from  his  ecclesiastical  rank 
represented  by  the  keys.  Eden. 

8ST  “ The  ancient  tiara  was  a round,  high  cap. 
John  XIII.  first  encompassed  it  witli  a crown  ; Boni- 
face VIII.  added  a second  crown ; and  Benedict  XIII. 
a third.”  Hook. 

TI-Ar'A^D  (tl-Ar'ed),  a.  Furnished  or  adorned 
with  a tiara.  Milman. 

TiB'-CAT,  n.  A female  cat.  [Local.]  Halliwell. 

TIB'I-A,  71.  [L.]  1.  (Ant.)  A pipe  ; — the  com- 

monest musical  instrument  of  the  Greeks  and 
Romans.  Wm.  Smith. 

2.  (A7iat.)  The  largest  bone  of  the  leg ; a 
long,  irregular,  and  triangular  bone,  situate  on 
the  inner  side  of  the  fibula.  Dunglison. 

TIB'I-AL , a.  [I.,  tibialis  ; tibia,  the  shin-bone,  a 
pipe  or  flute.] 

1.  Relating  to  the  tibia,  or  the  leg.  Dunglison. 

2.  Of,  or  resembling,  a pipe  or  flute.  Roget. 

TI-BI^'I-NAtE,  v.  a.  [L.  tibicino  ; tibia,  a pipe, 

and  cano,  to  sing.]  To  play  on  a pipe.  Clarke. 

TIB'I-O— TAR'SAL,  a.  (Med.)  Pertaining  to  the 
tibia  and  to  the  tarsus.  Dunglison. 

TIC,  n.  [Fr.]  (Med.)  A local  and  habitual  con- 
vulsive motion  of  certain  muscles,  especially  of 
some  of  those  of  the  face  ; twitching ; vellica- 
tion.  Dunglison. 

TI-CAl' , 7i.  1.  A Chinese  weight  equal  to  about 

4£  ounces : — a Chinese  money  of  account, 
valued  at  6s.  8d.  (.$’1.61).  Simmonds. 

2.  A Siamese  coin  valued  at  about  2s.  6d. 
sterling  ($0,605)  : — a Siamese  weight  equal  to 
236  grains  troy.  Simtnonds. 

TIC  DOULOUREUX  (tik'do-lo-ro').  [Fr.]  (Med.) 
A disease  characterized  by  acute,  lancinating 
pains,  returning  at  intervals,  and  by  twinges  in 
certain  parts  of  the  face,  producing  convulsive 
twitches  in  the  corresponding  muscles ; facial 
neuralgia.  Dunglison. 

f TlCE,  v.  a.  To  allure  ; to  entice.  Beau.  <Sf  El. 

f TIGE'MENT,  n.  Enticement.  Iluloet. 

TIEH'OR-RHlNE,  n.  [Gr.  a wall,  and  ids, 

pti'ds,  a nose.]  (Pal.)  A fossil  species  of  rhi- 
nor.eros  (Rhinoceros  tichorrinus) ; — so  called 
on  account  of  the  middle  vertical  bony  septum 
or  wall  which  supports  the  nose.  Brande. 

TICK,  n.  [Probably  contracted  from  ticket.  John- 
son.— Probably  from  tack,  to  fasten.  Richard- 
son.] Trust;  credit.  — See  Ticket. 

Play  on  tick,  and  lose  the  Indies.  Dryden . 

Whoever  needs  any  thing  else  must  go  on  tick.  Locke . 

TICK,  71.  [It.  zecca  ; Fr.  tique.  — Ger.  zckc.] 

1.  (Zo'ul.)  A minute  parasitic  insect,  having 
the  mouth  in  the  form  of  a sucker. 

JUST-  The  true  ticks  (Ixotlidte)  fasten  upon  dogs,  cotvs, 
horses,  and  other  quadrupeds,  burying  their  suckers  so 
deep  in  the  skin  that  it  is  almost  impossible  to  detach 
them  without  tearing  away  the  skin  also.  The  plant 
ticks  ( Bdellidw ) live  parasitic  upon  plants,  and  the 
water  ticks  (Hydrachnidai)  upon  the  bodies  of  other 
aquatic  insects.  The  harvest  ticks  arc  t lie  Leptidw, 
one  species  of  which  ( Leptus  autumn  at  is)  is  well 
known  as  the  harvest-bug.  The  insect  ( Sarcnptes 
galci)  which  produces  the  itch  is  al-o  a tick.  Baird. 

2.  The  case  in  which  the  feathers,  or  other 
materials  of  a bed,  are  enclosed  ; ticken.  Johnson. 

3.  A small  noise  like  that  of  a clock  or  watch. 

The  leisurely  and  constant  tick  of  the  death-rvatch.  Ray. 

4.  A name  given  to  field-beans  of  the  smaller 

sort;  a tick-bean.  Loudon. 

5.  A fabric  made  of  flax.  Sbnmonds. 

6.  An  old  rural  game  or  sport.  Drayton. 

TICK,  v.  71.  [i.  ticked  ; pp.  ticking,  ticked.] 

1.  To  run  on  score ; to  go  on  trust ; to  trust. 

The  money  went  to  the  lawyers;  counsel  won’t  tick. 

Arbuthnot . 

2.  To  make  a slight  noise,  as  clock. 

The  gliding  heavens  are  less  awful,  at  midnight,  than  the 
ticking  clock.  «/•  Martincau. 

TICK,  v.  a.  To  note  or  distinguish  by  regular  vi- 
bration, as  a watch  or  a clock.  Toilet. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure ; FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; IIEIR,  IIER 


TICK-BEAN 


1509 


TIDY 


TICK1— BEAN,  n.  A small  horse-bean.  Simmonds. 

TICK'^N,  ?i.  Cloth  for  bed-ticks  ; ticking;  tick. 

Dimities,  tickcns.  checks,  and  tile  like  stuff.  Guthrie. 

TICKET,  n.  [Fr.  etiquette,  “a  little  note,  bre- 
viate,  or  bill,  — especially  such  a one  as  is  stuck 
[i.  e.  tacked ] upon  the  gate  of  a court,  signify- 
ing the  seizure,  &c.,  of  an  inheritance  by  order 
of  justice.”  Cotgrave.  — See  Tick.] 

1.  f A notice  ; a bill  posted  up. 

lie  constantly  read  his  lectures  twice  a week  for  above  tor- 
ty  years,  giving  notice  of  the  time  to  liis  auditors  in  a ticket 
on  the  school-doors.  Fuller. 

2.  f A tradesman’s  bill. 

No  matter  whether,  in  landing,  you  have  money  or  no; 
you  may  swim  in  twenty  of  their  boats  over  the  river  upon 
ticket.  Decker. 

Hence  taking  tilings  to  be  put  into  a bill,  was 
taking  them  on  ticket,  since  corrupted  into  tick.  Wares. 

3.  A token  of  a right  or  debt,  contained  in 
general  on  a card  or  slip  of  paper  ; a marked 
card  or  slip  of  paper  given  as  an  acknowledg- 
ment of  goods  deposited  or  pledged,  or  as  a cer- 
tificate of  right  of  entry  to  a place  of  public 
amusement,  or  to  travel  on  a railway,  or  in  a 
steamboat,  &c.,  or  bearing  some  number  in  a 
lottery. 

In  a lottery  with  one  prize,  a single  ticket  is  only  enriched, 
and  the  rest  are  all  blanks.  Collier. 

Ticket  of  leave,  a license  or  permit  given  to  a con- 
vict or  prisoner  of  the  crown  to  be  at  large  and  labor 
for  himself.  [Eng.]  Simmonds. 

TICKET,  v.  a.  [i.  TICKETED  ; pp.  TICKETING, 
TICKETED.] 

1.  To  distinguish  by  a ticket.  Bentley. 

2.  To  attach  a ticket  to.  • Clarke. 

3.  To  pass  or  furnish  with  a ticket;  as,  “ To 
ticket  passengers  on  a railway.”  [Colloquial.] 

TICKET— DAY,  n.  The  day  before  the  settling 
or  pay-day  on  the  stock-exchange,  when  the 
names  of  actual  purchasers  are  rendered  in  by 
one  stock-broker  to  another.  [Eng.]  Simmonds. 

TICK'£T-ING,  n.  1.  Act  of  one  who  tickets. 

2.  (Mining.)  A weekly  sale  of  ore;  — so 
called  from  the  written  bids  or  tickets  used  in 
conducting  the  sales.  Watson. 

TICK'gT— POR'TER,  n.  A licensed  porter  of  the 
city  of  London.  Simmonds. 

TICK'ING,  n.  Cloth  for  bed-ticks  ; ticken;  tick. 
“Striped  linens  or  tickings.”  Bp.  Berkeley. 

TTcK'LE  (tik'kl),  v.a.  [L.  titiVo.  — A.  S.  tinclan, 
to  tickle.  Skinner.  — “A  dim.  from  to  touch, 
by  an  attenuation  of  the  vowel,  like  sip  from  sup, 
click  from  clack,  tip  from  top.  The  interchange 
of  eh  and  k is  common  in  the  language.”  Bar- 
clay.— Perhaps  dim.  of  tick.  Richardson .]  [i. 
TICKLED  ; pp.  TICKLING,  TICKLED.] 

1.  To  touch  lightly,  and  thus  affect  with  a 
peculiar  thrilling  sensation  which  commonly 
causes  laughter,  and,  if  too  long  protracted,  a 
state  of  general  spasm  ; to  titillate. 

There  tire  some  parts  of  the  body  where  we  arc  easier  tickled 
than  others;  for  example,  the  sole  of  the  feet.  Dunylison. 

2.  To  affect  with  slight  sensations  of  a pleas- 
urable kind,  but  not  to  gratify  with  full  enjoy- 
ment ; to  please  by  slight  gratifications. 

The  common  nature  of  men  disposeth  them  to  be  credu- 
lous, when  they  are  commended  . . . ; every  ear  is  tickled  with 
this  sweet  music  of  applause.  Harrow . 

Their  reading,  like  their  diet,  may'  be  light,  and  more 
adapted  to  tickle  a sickly  palate  than  to  afford  solid  and  sub- 
stantial nourishment.  Knox. 

3.  To  take  or  move  by  touching  lightly,  [it.] 

To  save  his  own  bacon,  took  puss’s  two  foots, 

And  so  out  o’  tli’  embers  he  tickled  bis  nuts.  Byrom. 

TICK'LE,  v.  n.  1.  To  feel  pleasure  or  titillation. 

lie  with  secret  joy  therefore 
Did  tickle  inwardly  in  every  vein.  Spenser. 

2.  To  excite  or  cause  titillation. 

A feather  or  a rush  drawn  along  the  lip  or  check  doth 
tickle,  whereas  a thing  more  obtuse  . . . doth  not.  Bacon. 

fTlCK'LE,  a.  Tottering  ; easily  overthrown  ; un- 
fixed ; unstable  ; ticklish.  Chaucer. 

TTCK'LE— BRAIN,  n.  One  who  tickles.  Shak. 

TICK'LEN-BURG,  n.  A sort  of  coarse  mixed 

linen  stuff.  • Barker. 

f T1CKLE-NESS,  n.  Unsteadiness  ; ticklishness. 

Hoard  hath  hate;  and  climbing,  lic/deness.  Chaucer. 

TICIv'LER,  n.  1.  One  who  tickles.  Scott. 

2.  A name  among  merchants  and  bankers  for 
a book  in  which  a register  of  notes  or  debts  is 
kept  for  reference.  [U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

TICK'LJNG,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  tickles,  or 
the  sensation  produced  by  tickling  ; titillation. 


! TICK'LISH,  a.  1.  Sensible  to  titillation  ; easily 
tickled  or  affected  by  tickling. 

We  see  also  that  the  palm  of  the  hand,  though  it  hath  as 
thin  a skin  as  the  other  parts  mentioned,  yet  is  not  ticklish 
because  it  is  accustomed  to  be  touched.  Bacon. 

2.  Easy  to  be  overthrown ; tottering ; un- 
steady; uncertain.  Woodward. 

3.  Difficult;  nice;  hazardous;  critical.  “In 

these  ticklish  times.”  Swift. 

TICK'LISH-LY,  ad.  In  a ticklish  manner.  Scott. 

TICK'LJSH-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality  of 
being  ticklish.  Paley. 

TICK'SEED,  n.  ( Bot .)  A name  given  to  plants 
of  the  genus  Corispermum,  and  the  genus 
Coreopsis.  Loudon.  Gray. 

Tichsccd  sunflower,  (Bot.)  a smooth-branched  herb, 
having  golden-yellow,  showy  lays  ; Coreopsis  tricho- 
spenna.  Gray. 

TICK'— TACK,  n.  [“A  reduplication  imitating 
the  noise  of  two  vibrations.”  Smurf.] 

1.  A small  noise,  like  that  of  a clock.  Smart. 

2.  A game  ; trick-track.  Milton. 

TICK'-TACK,  ad.  Like  the  movement  of  a 

watch  or  clock.  Ash. 

TID,  a.  [A.  S . tyddr.]  Tender;  soft,  [it.]  Bailey. 

Tl'DAL,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  like,  the  tides  ; 
flowing  and  ebbing  periodically.  [Modern.] 

Perhaps  no  greater  gain  has  recently  been  obtained  than 
that  distinct  separation  of  the  lunar  and  solar  tidal  effects 
which  we  owe  to  Mr.  Haughton.  Kichol. 

And  India’s  mystics  sang  aright 
Of  the  One  Life  pervading  all, 

One  Being’s  tidal  rise  and  till!. 

In  soul  and  form,  in  sound  and  sight 
Eternal  outflow  and  recall.  Whittier. 

Tidal  basin,  a basin  or  dock  that  is  filled  upon  the 
rising  of  the  tide.  Simmonds. 

tId'BIT,  n.  [ tid  and  bit.]  A dainty;  a small, 
delicate  morsel ; a titbit.  Johnson. 

Syn. — See  Dainty. 

TID  D|JR,  ) v llse  0l.  rear  tenderly  ; to 

TID'DLE,  ) fondle.  [Local.]  Johnson. 

TIDE,  n.  [A.  S.  tid,  tide,  time  ; tidan,  to  hap- 
pen; Frs.  tid,  time  ; Ger.  zeit,  time,  tide  ; Dan., 
Sw.,  Sf  Icel.  tid.  — Slav,  zhas,  czas.  — W.  dydd, 
a day  J 

1.  Time  ; season  ; while.  [Obs.  or  poetical.] 

There  they  alight,  in  hope  themselves  to  hide 

From  the  tierce  heat,  and  rest  their  weary  limbs  a tide. 

Spenser. 

2.  A periodic,  alternate  rising  and  falling  of 

the  waters  of  the  ocean,  caused  chiefly  by  the 
attraction  of  the  moon,  but  partly  by  that  of  the 
sun.  Iierschel. 

US The  moon  attracts  most  strongly  the  side  of 
the  earth  nearest  to  it,  and  thereby  draws  away  from 
the  centre,  or  heaps  up,  the  waters  in  the  parts  of  the 
earth  successively  turned  towards  it.  At  the  same 
time,  it  attracts  the  centre  of  the  earth  — that  being 
nearer  — more  strongly  titan  it  does  the  opposite  or 
remotest  side  of  the  earth,  and  thus  draws  away  the 
centre  from  the  waters  on  that  side,  so  that  they  ap- 
parently recede  or  are  there  heaped  up.  The  waters 
being  thus  heaped  up  at  the  same  time  in  these  two 
opposite  parts  of  the  earth,  and  the  waters  situated  half 
way  between  them  being  thus  necessarily  depressed, 
two  high  and  two  low  tides  occur  in  tile  period  of  a 
little  more  than  one  revolution  of  the  eartli  on  its  axis. 
The  sun  in  like  manner  tends  to  produce  tides ; but 
tile  difference  between  the  attractions  it  exerts  on  dif- 
ferent parts  of  the  earth  being  much  less  because  of 
its  greater  distance,  its  power  to  produce  tides  is  only 
about  one  third  as  great  as  that  of  the  moon,  and  it 
merely  modifies  the  lunar  tides,  without  producing  in- 
dependent ones  of  its  own.  Young-. 

3.  Stream  ; current ; course. 

All  the  gold  which  Tagus  hides. 

And  pays  the  sea  in  tributary  tides.  Dryclcn. 

4.  (Mining.)  Period  of  twelve  hours.  Clarke. 

flgy  Tide  was  formerly  used  by  the  Puritans,  in 

composition,  instead  of  tile  Roman  Catholic  word 
mass.  Tims,  for  Christmas,  Hallowmas,  Laim/iizs,  They 
said  Ghrist-tidc,  Hallow-tide,  Lamb-tide.  Whitsun- 
tide was  already  rightly  named  to  their  hands.  Wares. 

Aerial  or  atmospheric  tides,  tides  in  t ho  atmosphere 
analogous  to  those  of  the  ocean,  produced  by  the  action 
of  the  sun  and  moon.  Young.  — F.l>b  tide,  a tide  which 
is  subsiding  ; a falling  tide.  — Flood  tide,  a tide  which 
is  rising  ; a rising  tide.  — We ap  tides,  low  tides  oc- 
curring nearly  at  the  time  of  the  moon’s  quadrature, 
the  sun’s  action  then  counteracting  in  part  that  of 
the  moon  by  tending  to  depress  the  waters  where  that 
of  the  moon  tends  to  raise  them.  — Spring  tides,  high 
tides  occurring  nearly  at  the  time  of  the  sun  and 
moon’s  conjunction  or  opposition  — that  is,  at  full 
moon  or  at  new  moon,  when  those  luminaries  com- 
bine to  raise  and  to  depress  the  waters  at  the  same 
places.  Herschel. 


TIDE,  v.  a.  To  drive  by  the  tide  or  stream. 

Their  images,  the  relics  of  the  wreck. 

Torn  from  the  naked  poop,  are  tided  back 

By  the  wild  waves,  and  rudely  thrown  ashore.  Drydcn . 

TIDE,  v.  n.  1.  fTo  betide.  Robert  of  Gloucester. 

2.  To  pour  a flood.  Phillips. 

To  tide  up  or  down  a river  or  a harbor , ( Want .)  to 
work  up  or  down  a river  or  a harbor  with  a fair  tide, 
and  a head  wind,  or  a calm,  coming  to  anchor  when 
tile  tide  turns.  Dana. 

TlDE'FUL,  a.  Seasonable.  [Local.]  Halliwell. 

TIDE'— GATE,  n.  1.  A passage  for  the  tide  into 
a basin  or  dock.  Simmonds. 

2.  (Naut.)  A place  in  which  the  tide  runs 
with  great  velocity.  Mar.  Diet. 

TIDE'— GAUQE,  n.  An  instrument,  sometimes 
self-registering,  used  on  coasts  and  harbors  to 
ascertain  the  rise  and  fall  of  the  tide,  thus  in- 
dicating the  depth  of  water,  and  enabling  ships 
to  enter  tidal  harbors  at  the  proper  times.  Wcale. 

TlDE'L£SS,  a.  Having  no  tide.  De  la  Beclie. 

TIDE'— LOCK,  n.  A lock  situated  between  an 
entrance-basin  and  a canal,  harbor,  or  river, 
and  forming  a communication  between  them ; 
— called  also  guard-lock.  Buchanan. 

TIDE'— MILL,  n.  A mill  put  in  operation  by  the 
alternate  flow  and  ebb  of  the  tide.  P.  Cyc. 

TIDE'— RIPS,  n.  pi.  An  agitation  or  commotion 
of  the  water  of  the  ocean,  resembling  that  pro- 
duced by  a conflict  of  tides  or  of  other  powerful 
currents.  Maury. 

AST  Tide-rips  are  usually  found  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  tlie  equatorial  calms.  They  sometimes  move 
along  with  a roaring  noise ; and  the  inexperienced 
navigator  always  expects  to  find  his  vessel  drifted  by 
them  a long  way  out  of  Lis  course  ; but  when  lie 
conies  to  cast  up  his  reckoning  the  next  day  at  noon, 
lie  remarks  with  surprise  that  no  current  lias  been 
felt.  Lieut.  Maury. 

TIDE'— RODE,  n.  (Naut.)  The  situation  of  a ves- 
sel at  anchor,  when  she  swings  by  the  force  of 
the  tide ; — opposed  to  wind-rode.  Dana. 

TIDE§'— MAN  (tldz'msin),  n. ; pi.  tTdes' -men.  A 
custom-house  officer  whose  duty  it  is  to  remain 
on  board  a merchant-vessel  until  the  cargo  is 
discharged.  Mar.  Diet. 

TIDE'— TA-BLE,  n.  A table  showing  the  time  of 
high  water  at  sundry  places  for  each  day.  Crabb. 

TIDE'— WAiT-ER,  n.  An  officer  who  watches 
the  landing  of  goods,  in  order  to  secure  the 
payment  of  duties  upon  them,  at  the  custom- 
house. Swift. 

TIDE'— wA-TiER,  n.  Water  alternately  elevated 
and  depressed  by  the  direct  action  of  the  moon 
and  sun.  P.  Cyc. 

TIDE'— WAVE,  n.  An  immensely  broad  and  ex- 
cessively fiat  wave  (not  a circulating  current) 
which  follows,  or  endeavors  to  follow,  the  appar- 
ent motions  of  the  moon  or  of  the  sun  .Iierschel. 

TfDE'wAY,  n.  That  part  of  a river,  or  a channel, 
in  which  the  tide  ebbs  and  flows.  Mar.  Diet. 

TIDE— WHEEL,  n.  A water-wheel  with  float- 
boards  standing  radiantly  round  it,  or  having 
their  planes  passing  through  the  centre,  so  as  to 
be  applicable  to  tide-rivers,  where  the  current 
runs  alternately  in  opposite  directions ; under- 
shot-wheel; stream- wheel.  Lib.  Useful  Knowl. 

Tl'DI-LY,  ad.  In  a tidy  manner  ; neatly  ; readily. 

Tl'DI-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state  of  being 
tidy;  neatness.  Johnson. 

TI'DING-LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  tidings,  [n.]  Clarke. 

Tl'DING§,  n.  pi.  [A.  S.  tidan,  to  happen;  Dan. 
tidende,  news,  tidings  ; Sw.  tidender.]  A nar- 
rative or  account  of  things  that  have  happened, 
and  which  were  unknown  to  the  hearer  or  read- 
er ; news;  intelligence.  Luke  i.  19. 

Syn.  — Sec  News. 

TlD-0L'0-£Y,  n.  [Eng.  tide  and  Gr.  l.iiyo;,  a 
discourse.]  That  branch  of  science  which 
treats  of  tides.  Whewell. 

Tl'DY,  a.  [From  tide.  — Dut.  tijdig,  timely; 
Dan.  & Sw.  tidig.] 

1.  f In  good  time  ; timely  ; seasonably.  Tusser. 

2.  Dressed  with  fitness  ; clean  and  neat. 

Before  my  eyes  will  trip  the  tuly  lass.  Gay. 

3.  Being  in  good  order ; neat  and  well  ar- 
ranged ; — applied  to  things.  Smart. 

Tl'DY,  n.  A piece  of  knit  work,  or  a cloth,  to 


N,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR, 


TIDY 


1510 


TILL 


throw  over  a sofa,  an  arm-chair,  or  other  piece 
of  furniture ; a crochet  cover.  Simmonds. 

2.  A light  outer  garment  for  a child  ; a pina- 
fore, or  an  apron.  Holloway. 

3.  f A kind  of  singing  bird,  thought  to  be  the 

golden-crested  wren.  Drayton. 

TI'DY,  v.  a.  To  render  tidy  or  neat.  Clarke. 

TIE  (tl),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  tian,  getian.\  [£.  tied, 
t tight;  pp.  tying,  tied,  + tight.] 

1.  To  bind  ; to  fasten  with  a cord  or  string. 

He  advised  him  to  tie  the  letter  to  the  thong  of  a javelin, 

ami  so  to  throw  it  into  his  camp.  Guiding. 

2.  To  form  by  complicating  or  interlacing 
a cord  or  string.  “ Tie  this  knot.”  Burnet. 

3.  To  hinder ; to  obstruct ; — with  up. 

You  have  my  promise:  and  my  hasty  word 
Restrains  my  tongue,  but  tics  not  up  my  sword.  Waller. 

4.  To  oblige  ; to  constrain  ; to  restrict ; — 
sometimes  followed  by  down. 

The  mind  should,  by  several  rules,  he  tied  down  to  this  at 
first  uneasy  task;  use  will  give  it  facility.  Locke. 

5.  (Mas.)  To  join  by  a curve  line  drawn  over 

two  or  more  notes  of  the  same  degree,  to  indi- 
cate that  they  are  to  be  performed  as  one 

sound.  Dwight. 

TIE  (tl),  n.  1.  A knot ; a fastening.  Johnson. 

2.  Bond;  obligation.  “The  strongest  moral 

tie  which  can  be.”  Seeker. 

3.  A knot  of  hair.  “ Well-swoln  ties."  Young. 

4.  (Mus.)  A curve  line  drawn  over  two  or 
more  notes  of  the  same  degree,  to  indicate  that 
they  are  to  be  performed  as  one  sound.  Dwight. 

5.  (.4rcA.)  A piece  of  timber  or  metal  serving 

to  bind  two  bodies  together  which  have  a ten- 
dency to  separate  or  diverge.  Brande. 

6.  An  equal  division  of  votes,  on  two  opposite 
sides,  at  an  election  or  upon  a motion. 

IEg“  In  the  case  of  a tie,  at  an  election,  neither  can- 
didate is  elected.  When  votes  are  given  on  any 
question  to  be  decided  by  a deliberative  assembly, 
and  there  is  a tie,  the  question  is  lost.  Bouvier. 

TIE'— BEAM,  n.  (Arch.)  A beam  which  acts  as  a 
tie.  Weale. 

TIER  (ter),  n.  1.  A row;  a rank  ; a series. 

They  stow  one  Her  [of  jars]  on  the  top  of  another  so  arti- 
ficially, that  we  could  hardly  do  the  like  without  breaking 
them.  Dampier. 

A second  tier  [of  teeth]  being  originally  formed  beneath 
the  first.  Paley. 

2.  (Xaut.)  The  range  of  the  fakes  of  a cable 
or  hawser : — the  place  in  a hold  or  between 
decks  where  the  cables  are  stowed.  Dana. 

Tl'ER,  n.  1.  One  who  ties. 

2.  A child’s  apron  with  sleeves,  and  covering 
the  breast. — See  Tire.  Ash. 

||  TIERCE  (ters  or  ters)  [tors,  P.  J.  E.  Ja.  K.  Sm. 
I Vr. ; ters,  S.  I V.  /■’.],  n.  [Fr.  tierce  ; tiers,  third.] 

1.  A cask  containing  about  forty-two  gallons, 

or  the  third  part  of  a pipe.  Dorset. 

The  tierce  is  used  for  oil,  and  more  especially  for  the  pack- 
ing of  salted  provisions  for  ships’  stores.  Simmonds. 

2.  (Mus.)  The  interval  of  a third.  Moore. 

3.  (Her.)  Afield  having  three  parts.  Brande. 

4.  (Fencing.)  A thrust  delivered  at  the  out- 
side of  the  body  over  the  arm.  Mil.  Ency. 

5.  (Card-playing .)  Three  successive  cards  of 

the  same  suit.  Hoyle. 

II  TIER'CIJL,  or  TIER'CEL,  n.  The  male  hawk  or 
goshawk,  so  called  from  being  commonly  a third 
less  than  the  female;  — written  also  tercel  and 
tassel.  Todd. 

||  TIERCE'LIJT,  n.  [Fr.]  A tiercel.  Maunder. 

||  TIERCE'—  MA-JOR,  n.  A sequence  of  the  three 
best  cards.  Hoyle. 

||  TIER'CET,  n.  [Fr.  tercet .]  A triplet;  three 
lines  of  poetry  rhyming  together.  Johnson. 

TIE-R6D,  n.  (Arch.)  A rod  or  bar  of  metal  serv- 
ing as  a tie.  Weale. 

TJF.RS-kTAT  (ts-irz'a-ta'),  n.  [Fr.]  In  France, 

the  third  estate  or  order ; the  commonalty,  in 
distinction  from  the  nobility  and  clergy.  Brande. 

TIE'— WiG,  n.  A wig  tied  on  the  head.  Knox. 

TIFF,  n.  1.  [Perhaps  corrupted  from  tip,  i.  e. 
tipple.  Richardson.)  A drink  ; a small  draught 
of  liquor.  Corbet. 

2.  Slight  anger  ; a pet ; a miff.  Johnson. 

TIFF,  v.  n.  To  be  in  a pet ; to  quarrel,  [r.] 

She  tiffed  at  TLm,  she  ran  from  Ralph.  W.  S.  Landor. 

tTff,  v.  a.  To  dress ; to  deck.  Search. 

tTf'FA-NY,  n.  Gauzy  or  very  thin  silk.  Broxcne. 


TIF'FIN,  n.  [See  Teff,  n..  No.  1.]  A slight  re- 
past, as  in  India  ; a luncheon.  C.  P.  Brown. 

TIF'FjSII,  a.  Inclined  to  anger  ; pettish.  Clarke. 

TIG,  n.  1.  A play  in  which  children  try  to  touch 
each  other  last;  tag.  — See  Tag.  Todd. 

2.  Aflat-bottomed  drinking-cup,  generally  with 
four  handles,  formerly  used  for  passing  round 
the  table  at  convivial  entertainments.  Eairholt. 

TIQE  (tej),  n.  [Fr.]  (Arch.)  The  shaft  of  a col- 
umn from  the  astragal  to  the  capital.  Bailey. 

TI-GEL'LA,  n.  ( Bot .)  Tigelle.  Ilenslow. 

TI-GELLF. 1 , n.  [Fr.]  (Bot.)  The  part  of  the 
embryo  which  represents  the  primitive  stem  and 
bears  the  cotyledons  ; caulicle  ; radicle.  Gray. 

Tl'filJR,  n.  [Gr.  ri- 
yp if ; L.  tigris  ; It., 

Sp.,  iS;  Fr.  tigre. — 

“ The  animal,  as 
well  as  the  river 
[Tigris],  are  said 
to  be  so  named v 
from  their  swift- 
ness.” Richardson.  Tiger. 

— From  Per.  tir,  an  arrow.  Wm.  Smith.) 

1.  (Zoiil.)  A large  feline  animal  of  the  genus 
Tigris,  of  which  there  is  but  one  species,  Ti- 
gris regalis,  found  in  the  warmer  parts  of  Asia. 

/62T  The  color  of  the  tiger  is  of  a bright  orange- 
yellow  ground  ; tile  face,  throat,  and  under  side  of 
tlie  belly  being  nearly  white  ; the  whole  elegantly 
striped  with  a series  of  transverse  black  bands  or  bars, 
lie  lias  no  mane,  and  his  whole  frame,  though  less 
elevated  than  the  lion,  is  of  a more  graceful  make. 
Tlie  average  length  of  the  Bengal  tiger  is  about  eight 
feet,  and  it  stands  three  or  four  feet  high.  Bainl. 

2.  A boy  or  servant  in  livery.  Simmonds. 

TI'GIJR— GAT,  n.  (Zoiil.)  An  animal  of  the  genus 

Leopardus,  allied  to  the  tiger.  Baird. 

Tl'GER-FLOtV'ER,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the 
genus  Tigridia,  bearing  spotted  flowers. Loudon. 

Tl'GER-FOOT  (-fut),?i.  (Bot.)  Tiger’s-foot. Smart. 

Ti'GER-FOOT-pu  (-fflt'ed),  a.  Swift  and  light 
of  foot  as  a tiger.  Shah. 

TI'GpR-lNE,  a.  Tigrish.  Eng.  Cyc. 

TI'GfR-ISH,  a.  Tigrish.  Clarke. 

TI'G^R— LIL-Y,  n.  A common  name  of  Lilium 
tigrinum,  or  tiger-spotted  lily.  Gray. 

TI'GgR— MOTH,  n.  (Ent.)  The  common  name 
of  nocturnal,  lepidopterous  insects,  of  the  fam- 
ily Arctiidoc. 

JUST*  “ The  Arctic  raja,  or  common  tiger-moth,  is  a 
remarkably  beauti  ul  insect  from  two  and  a half  to 
three  inches  in  the  expanse  of  the  fore  wings,  which 
are  of  a rich  brown  color,  with  numerous  irregular 
spots,  and  streaks  of  cream-white  ; tlie  hind  wings 
bright  red,  with  blue-black  spots.”  Baird. 

Tl'65R’§— FOOT  (-fut),  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the 
genus  Spomcea,  and  also  of  Convolvulus.  Clarke. 

Tl'GpR— SHELL,  n.  (Conch.)  The  red  voluta, 
with  large,  white  spots.  Smart. 

t!'G(1R-SP6t'T]JD,  a.  Spotted  like  a tiger. 

Tiger-spottcil  lily,  (Bot.)  a species  of  lily  with  dark 
orange-colored ,spi  tied  llower.-;  Lilium  tigrinum.  Wood. 

Tl'GIJR— WOOD  (-wild),  n.  A valuable  wood  for 
cabinet  work,  being  the  heart  of  a tree  which 
grows  in  Guiana.  Simmonds. 

f TIGH  (tl),  n.  (Old  Records.)  A close  or  enclo- 
sure ; a croft.  Burrill. 

TIGHT  (tit),  a.  [“  Tight  is  tied,  ti’d,  tight,  A.  S. 
tian,  to  tie.”  Tooke.  — Tight  is  used  by  Spenser 
as  the  regular  past  part,  of  tie.  — Dut.  digt ; 
Ger.  dicht ; Dan.  tad  ; Sw.  tilt.  — See  Tie.] 

1.  Close;  fast;  having  the  parts  closely  unit- 
ed ; not  open,  chinky,  loose,  or  leaky. 

Some  tight  vessel  that  holds  out  against  wind  and  water. 

Bp.  Ball. 

Which  kept  my  closet  so  tight,  that  very  little  water  came 
in.  Su-ift. 

2.  Fitting  closely,  as  to  the  body  ; close. 

Part  of  their  dress  consists  of  a pair  of  tight  trousers.  Cook. 

3.  Tense ; stretched  ; taut ; — opposed  to  slack 
or  loose  ; as,  “ A right  rope  ” ; “A  tight  rein.” 

4.  Free  from  fluttering  rags  or  fulness  of 
garments  ; snugly  or  closely  dressed. 

While  they  are  among  the  English,  they  wear  good  clothes, 
and  delight  to  go  neat  and  tight.  Dampier. 

5.  + Brisk  ; handy  ; active  ; quick  ; adroit. 

A tight  maid,  ere  iic  for  wine  can  ask, 

Guesses  his  meaning,  and  uncoils  the  flask.  Druden. 


6.  Parsimonious  ; stingy  ; hard.  [Provincial, 
Eng.,  and  colloquial,  U.  $.] 

t TIGHT  (tit).  The  oMpret.  of  tie.  Spenser. 

TIGHT,  v.  a.  To  make  tight ; to  tighten.  Ash. 

TlGHT'EN  (tl'tn),  v.  a.  \i.  tightened  ; pp. 
tightening,  tightened.]  To  make  tight  or 
tighter  ; to  draw  closer  ; to  straiten. 

Just  where  I please,  with  tightened  rein, 

I ’ll  urge  thee  round  the  dusty  plain.  Fawkes. 

TlGHT'f.R  (tlt'er),  n.  A ribbon  or  string  used  to 
draw  clothes  more  closely  together.  Johnson. 

TlGHT'LY  (tlt'le),  ad.  In  a tight  manner ; closely. 

TIGHT'NIJSS  (tlt'nes),  n.  The  quality  or  the  state 
of  being  tight.  Woodward. 

TIGHTS  (tits),  n.  pi.  Pantaloons  or  drawers  which 
fit  close  to  the  legs.  [Vulgar.]  Qu.  Rev. 

TI'GRpSS,  n.  The  female  of  the  tiger.  Addison. 

Tl'GRINE,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  resembling,  a 
tiger  ; ferocious  ; tigrish.  Blount. 

TI'GRISH,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  resembling,  a 
tiger;  fierce;  tigrine  ; tigerish.  Sidney. 

TIKE,  n.  1.  [Sw.  tik,  a large  dog.]  A dog;  a cur. 
“ Bobtail  tike,  or  trundle-tail.”  Shak. 

2.  A clown  ; a vulgar  person.  II.  Cary. 

3.  (Ent.)  f A tick.  — See  Tick.  Bacon. 

Tl  E'BURGII  (tll'biirg),  n.  A tilbury.  Ed.  Ency. 

TIL'BU-RY,  n.  A two-wheeled,  open  pleasure 

carriage  ; a sort  of  chaise  without  a top.  Adams. 

TILE,  n.  [A.  S.  tigeT,  Dut.  tegcT,  Ger.  ziegel ; 
Dan.  tegl ; Sw.  tegcT,  Icel.  tignl.  — L.  tcgula; 
tego,  to  cover  ; It.  tegola ; Sp.  teja  ; Fr.  iuilc.  — 
Pol.  cegla ; Bohemian  cyhla.  — From  the  L.  tego, 
to  cover.  Bosxvorth.)  A thin  plate  of  baked  clay, 
for  roofing,  paving,  draining,  &c.  Milton. 

Ilk  ■ Tiles  are  of  three  classes,  viz.  paving  tiles, 
roof  tiles,  and  drain  tiles . Paving  tiles  may  be  con- 
sidered as  thin  bricks.  Roofing  tiles  are  either  flat  or 
so  curved  as  to  form  with  eacli  other  a water-tight 
joint.  Drain-tiles,  tiles  made  in  various  forms,  usu- 
ally cylinders  of  linked  clay,  or  flat  tiles  bent  in  the 
form  of  half  a cylinder,  used  with  a flat  tile  under- 
neath, forming  a series  of  tunnels  for  draining  land. 
Tomlinson.  Davis. 

TILE,  V.  a.  [£.  TILED  ; pp.  TILING,  TILED.]  To 
cover  with  tiles,  or  as  with  tiles.  Bacon. 

TILE'— DRAIN  (-dran),  n.  A drain  of  tiles.  Ogilvie. 

TILE'— DRAIN,  v.  a.  To  drain  by  means  of  tiles. 

TiLE'— KlLN  (tll'klf  n.  A kiln  in  which  tiles  are 
burnt.  Tomlinson. 

TILE'— ORE,  n.  A name  applied  to  an  ore  cf  cop- 
per, of  a brick-red  or  reddish-brown  color,  and 
consisting  of  a mixture  of  red  oxide  of  copper 
and  brown  oxide  of  iron,  in  variable  propor- 
tions. Cleavcland. 

TIL'ER,  n.  One  who  tiles.  Bacon. 

TiL'f.R-Y,  n.  A place  where  tiles  are  manufac- 
tured ; a tile-kiln.  Tomlinson. 

TiLE'— STONE,  n.  1.  (Geol.)  A name  applied  to 
the  uppermost  division  of  the  upper  Silurian 
rocks,  consisting  of  finely  laminated  reddish 
and  greenish  sandstones  and  shales.  Lyell. 

2.  A tile.  Ilalliwell. 

TiLE'— TEA,  n.  A kind  of  inferior  tea,  prepared 
in  China  by  pressing  the  refuse  leaves  of  the 
tea-plant  into  flat  moulds.  Simmonds. 

TlL'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  covering  with  tiles. 

2.  Tiles  collectively.  Clarke. 

3.  A roof  covered  with  tiles.  Luke  v.  19. 

TILL , n.  1.  A money  drawer  ; a tiller.  Swift. 

2.  Coarse,  obdurate  land.  Loudon. 

3.  (Geol.)  An  unstratified  deposit  of  mud, 

sand,  and  clay,  in  the  pliocene  formation,  al- 
most every  where  devoid  of  organic  remains, 
often  containing  numerous  fragments  of  rocks, 
— some  angular  and  others  rounded,  — and  re- 
sulting from  icebergs  liquefying  in  tranquil  wa- 
ter, and  throwing  down  the  mud,  stones,  &c., 
with  which  they  are  laden.  Lyell. 

Tl  LL,  prep.  [A.  S.  til,  title ; Frs.  til ; Sw.  till ; 
Dan.  § Icel.  til,  to.  — Compounded  of  found 
while;  i.  e.  time.  Tooke.) 

1.  To  the  time  of ; until. 

Unhappy  till  the  last,  the  kind,  releasing  knell.  Cowley . 

2.  f To.  “ Home  till  Athens.”  Chaucer. 

Till  now,  to  tlie  present  time.  “ Pleasure  not  known 

till  now."  Milton. — Till  then,  to  that  time.  “Tlie 
earth  till  t hen  was  desert.”  Milton. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  V,  short;  A,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


TILL 


1511 


TIME 


TILL,  conj.  or  ad.  To  the  time  when ; to  the 
time  or  the  degree  that ; until. 

The  notice  which  you  [Chesterfield]  have  been  pleased  to 
take  of  my  labors,  had  it  been  early,  had  been  kind;  but  it 
has  been  delayed  till  I am  indifferent,  and  cannot  enjoy  it; 
till  I am  solitary,  and  cannot  impart  it;  till  I am  known,  and 
do  not  want  it.  Johnson. 

TILL,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  tilian ; Frs.  tela  ; Dut.  telen .] 

[i.  TILLED  ; pp.  TILLING,  TILLED.] 

1.  To  cultivate,  as  land,  by  any  means,  par- 
ticularly by  the  use  of  the  plough. 

There,  rich  in  fortune’s  gifts,  his  acres  titled.  Pope. 

2.  f To  procure  ; to  prepare.  IF.  Browne. 
TILL' A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  tilled  or  ploughed  ; 

arable.  “ Tillable  fields.”  Carew. 

TILL' A(JE,  n.  Act  of  tilling;  culture  of  land,  par- 
ticularly by  the  plough;  husbandry;  cultivation. 
Incite  them  to  improve  the  tillage  of  their  country.  Milton. 

That  there  was  tillage  Moses  intimates;  but . . . what  sort 
of  tillage  that  was  is  not  expressed.  Woodward. 

Syn.  — See  Cultivation. 
f TIL'LE-FAL-LY,  f inter/.  An  exclamation  of 
f TIL'LE-VAL-LIJY,  ) contempt;  pooh!  Shak. 
TILL'^R,  n.  1.  One  who  tills;  a husbandman  ; a 
cultivator.  “ Husbandry  of  the  tiller .”  Careio. 

2.  A money-drawer ; a till.  Dryden. 

3.  f A steel  bow  or  cross-bow.  Beau.  § FI. 

4.  A young  timber-tree.  [Local.]  Evelyn. 

5.  A shoot  or  stem  of  wheat,  &c.,  springing 

from  the  roots.  Farm.  Ency. 

6.  ( Naut .)  The  bar  fixed  in  the  head  of  a rud- 
der in  order  to  turn  it.  Dana. 

TII/L1JR,  v.  n.  To  send  forth  stems  from  the 
roots,  as  a culmiferous  plant.  Loudon. 

TIL'LpR-ING,  n.  The  act  of  putting  forth  shoots 
from  the  roots,  as  of  a plant.  Loudon. 

TlL'LIJR-ROPE,  n.  {Naut.)  A rope  which  con- 
nects the  tiller  with  the  wheel.  Mar.  Diet. 
TIL'LING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  tills  or  culti- 
vates the  soil ; tillage.  Fabyan. 

TIL'LY— SEED,  n.  A small  tree,  common  in 
Southern  Asia,  the  seeds  of  which  afford  a por- 
tion of  the  croton-oil  of  commerce ; Croton 
pavana.  Simmonds. 

f TII/MAN,  n.  A tiller  of  the  soil.  Tusser. 

TIL'MUSj  n.  [Gr.  rt?.p6s  ; rUkoi,  to  pluck.]  {Med.) 
A delirious  picking  of  the  bed-clothes,  as  if  to 
seek  some  substance  ; floceillation.  Dunglison. 

TILT,  n.  [A.  S.  teld ; Dut.  tent ; Ger.  zelt ; Dan. 
tclt ; S w.tcllt;  Icel.  Halid.)  A canvas  covering 
overhead,  as  a tent,  or  the  covering  of  a wagon  ; 
— a small  canopy  over  the  stern-sheets  of  a boat ; 
an  awning.  Gay.  Cook. 

TlLT,  v.  a.  To  cover,  as  with  an  awning.  Johnson. 
TILT,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  tealtian,  tealtrian,  to  tilt.]  [i. 

TILTED;  pp.  TILTING,  TILTED.] 

1.  To  raise  and  point,  as  a weapon. 

Sous  against  fathers  tilt  the  fatal  lance.  Philips. 

2.  To  point  or  thrust  a weapon  at.  “ He 

should  tilt  her.”  Beau.  $ FI. 

3.  To  set  in  a slanting  position,  as  a barrel  so 

that  the  contents  may  run  out.  Johnson. 

4.  To  hammer  or  forge  with  a tilt-hammer. 
‘‘To  cut  a tilted  bar  [of  steel].”  Tomlinson. 

Tiltedsteel.  See  Steel. 

TILT,  v.  n.  1.  To  run  or  ride  in  tilts  or  tourna- 
ments, and  thrust  with  a lance.  Milton. 

2.  To  fight,  generally ; to  rush,  as  in  combat. 

Satire ’s  my  weapon;  but  I ’m  too  discreet 

To  run  a muck  and  tilt  at  all  I meet.  Pope. 

3.  To  rise  and  fall  with  the  waves. 

The  swift  fleet  tilting  o’er  the  surges  flew.  Pope. 

4.  To  lean  or  fall  on  one  side.  Grew. 

TI LT,  n.  1.  A thrust.  “ Whom  he  . . . put  to 

death  with  the  tilt  of  his  lance.”  Addison. 

2.  An  encounter  between  armed  knights  in 
time  of  peace,  as  a practice  of  arms. 

What  tilts  and  tourneys  at  the  feast  were  seen  I Dryden. 

3.  Inclination  forward. 

A vessel  is  a-tilt  when  it  is  so  inclined  that  the  liquor  may 
run  out.  Johnson. 

4.  A tilting-hammer.  Tomlinson. 

TILT'— BOAT,  re.  A boat  with  a tilt  or  awning 

covering. 

Tide-boats,  tilt-boats,  and  barges.  Hulinshed. 
TILT'JER,  re.  One  who  tilts.  Shah. 

TILTH,  re.  [A.  S.  tilth,  culture  ; tilian,  to  till.] 


Icteria  viridis. 


1.  The  condition  of  land  after  being  tilled  ; 
the  state  of  the  soil  as  to  tillage.  Farm.  Ency. 

2.  Husbandry  ; culture  ; tillage.  Hackluyt. 

3.  Tilled  or  cultivated  ground  ; tillage  land. 

O’er  the  rough  tilth  he  cast  his  eyes  around.  Fawkes. 

Look  whore  full-eared  sheaves  of  rye 

Grow  wavy  on  the  tilth.  Philips. 

TILT'— HAM-M1JR,  re.  A large  hammer,  worked 
by  machinery,  impelled  either  by  a water-wheel 
or  a steam-engine  ; a trip-hammer.  P.  Cyc. 

TlLT'ING,  re.  1.  A tilt.  Sidney. 

2.  The  operation  of  condensing  and  render- 
ing uniform  blistered  steel  by  subjecting  it  to 
the  blows  of  a tilt-hammer.  Tomlinson. 

TILT'— MILL,  re.  A mill  of  which  a tilt-hammer 
forms  a principal  part.  P.  Cyc. 

TILT'— YARD,  re.  A yard  or  place  for  tilting, 
contending  in  tilts.  Spenser. 

TIM-A-Ll ' FT JE,  n.  pi. 

( Ornith .)  A sub-family 
of  dentirostral  birds,  of  , 
the  order  Passeres  and 
family  Turdidce ; bab- 
blers. Gray. 

TIM'BAL,  re.  A kettle- 
drum ; a tymbal.  Craig. 

TIM'BpR,  re.  [A.  S.  timber,  timber;  timbrian,  to 
build;  Old  Dut.  timmer,  timber;  Frs.  thnbr,  a 
building;  Old  Ger.  zimber;  Ger.  zimmer ; Dan. 
tammer ; Sw.  timmer  ; Icel.  timbr .] 

1.  Wood  fit  for  building;  — a term  applied 
to  trees  both  before  and  after  they  are  felled, 
especially  to  the  oak,  pine,  ash,  elm,  walnut,  &c. 

Oaks  there  are  fair,  straight,  tall,  and  as  good  timber  as  any 
can  be,  and  also  great  store.  Hakluyt. 

Only  a sweet  and  virtuous  soul, 

Like  seasoned  timber , never  gives.  Herbert. 

J0 “ Some  trees  may,  by  the  custom  of  the  coun- 
try, be  reckoned  timber  which  are  not  properly  so  ; 
as  beech,  birch,  cherry,  aspen,  willow,  whitethorn, 
holly,  blackthorn,  horsechestnut,  lime,  yew,  crab, 
and  horn-beam. ” Burrill. 

2.  A piece  of  wood  squared  or  sawed. Homans. 

3.  f The  main  trunk  of  a tree.  tShak. 

4.  Material,  ironically,  [it.] 

Such  dispositions  are  the  very  errors  of  human  nature,  and 
yet  they  are  the  fittest  timber  to  make  politics  of.  Bacon. 

5.  {Ship -building.)  One  of  numerous  long 
pieces  of  wood  in  a curved  form,  bending  out- 
ward, and  running  from  the  keel  up,  on  each 
side,  forming  the  ribs  of  a vessel. 

The  keel,  stem,  sternposts,  and  timbers  form  a vessel’s  out- 
er frame.  Dana. 

Timber  of  furs.  See  TIMBRE. — Timbers  of  ermine, 
{Her.)  See  Timbre. 

TIM'BIJR,  V.  a.  [i.  TIMBERED  ; pp.  TIMBERING, 
timbered.]  To  furnish  with  beams  or  timber  ; 
to  support,  as  by  timbers.  Sylvester. 

f TIM'BgR,  v.  re.  To  light  on  a tree.  L’ Estrange. 

TIM'BERED  (tim'berd),  a.  1.  Furnished  with 
timber.  “ A low  timbered  house.”  Dumpier. 

2.  f Built ; formed  ; contrived  ; made. 

A goodly  timbered  fellow.  Beau.  Bf  FI. 

TIM’BJJR-HEAD,  re.  {Naut.)  The  end  of  a ship’s 
timber  that  comes  above  the  deck.  Dana. 


TIM'BIJR-ING.  re.  Timbers  collectively.  Ash. 

TlM'B^R-LING,  re.  A small  tree.  Holloway . 

TIM'BER-MArE,  re.  A wooden  machine  which 
soldiers  ride  for  punishment.  Johnson. 

TIM'BIJR— MAN,  re.  {Mining.)  A man  employed 
in  placing  supports  of  timber  in  a mine.  Watson. 

TIM'BIJR— MER'CH ANT,  re.  One  who  deals  in 
timber.  Ash. 


TIM'BIJR— SCRIBE,  re.  A metal  tool  or  pointed 
instrument  for  marking  logs,  &c.  Simmonds. 

TlM'BER-SoW,  re.  A worm  in  wood.  Bacon. 

TIM'BER-TRAdF.,  re.  Traffic  in  timber.  Ash. 

TIM'BER— TREE,  re.  A tree  yielding  timber. 

TIM'BER-WORK  (-wurk),  re.  Work  formed  of 
timber.  Fairfax. 

TlM'B^R— YXRD,  n.  A yard  for  timber.  Clarke. 

TIM’BRE  (tlm'ber),».  1.  (Her.)  The  crest  which, 
in  any  achievement,  stands  on  the  top  of  the 
helmet ; — written  also  timber.  Crabb. 

2.  A legal  quantity  of  small  skins,  usually 
forty  or  fifty  in  number,  packed  between  two 
boards;  — written  also  timm.er.  Simmonds. 


3.  {Mus.)  The  distinctive  quality  of  a voice 
or  of  an  instrument.  Dwight. 

TlM'BRJJL,  re.  [Sp.  tamboril,  a tabor.  — See  Ta- 
bor, and  Tambourine.]  {Mus.)  One  of  the 
names  of  the  ancient  Hebrew  drum,  an  instru- 
ment consisting  of  a brass  hoop  over  which 
was  stretched  a parchment.  Ps.  cl.  4. 

For  her,  through  Egypt’s  fruitful  clime  renowned, 

Let  weeping  JNilus  hear  the  timbrel  sound.  Pope. 

TIM'BRIJLLED  (-breltl),  a.  Sung  to  the  timbrel. 
“ Timbrelled  anthems.”  Milton. 

TiM-BU-RiNE',  re.  See  Tambourine. 

TIME,  re.  [A.  S.  tima  ; Dan.  time,  an  hour;  Sw. 
timme ; Icel.  timi,  an  hour,  time.  — Gael.  tint. 

— L.  tempus  ; It.  tempo  ; Sp.  tiempo  ; Fr.  temps.) 

1.  The  measure  of  duration  whose  parts  are 
marked  by  the  motions  of  the  heavenly  bodies, 
as  a year,  a month,  and  a day,  and  by  the  arti- 
ficial divisions  or  aggregates  of  these  ; duration. 

One  of  the  commonest  errors  is  to  regard  time  as  an  agent. 
But  in  reality  time  does  nothing,  and  is  nothing.  We  use  it 
as  a compendious  expression  for  all  those  causes  which  oper- 
ate slowly  and  imperceptibly;  but,  unless  some  positive  cause 
is  in  action,  no  change  takes  jilace  in  the  lapse  of  a thousand 
years.  Bp.  Copleston. 

The  most  obvious  division  of  time  is  into  present,  past, 
and  future.  Harris. 

Time  is  the  greatest  innovator.  Bacon. 

2.  A limited  portion  or  degree  of  duration; 
space  of  time  ; interval ; spell. 

Then  Daniel  went  in,  and  desired  of  the  king  that  he 
would  give  him  time , and  that  he  would  show  the  king  the 
interpretation.  Dan.  xi.  16. 

Rapt  into  future  times , the  bard  begun.  Pope. 

I have  resolved  to  take  time,  and,  in  spite  of  all  misfor- 
tunes, to  write  you  ...  a long  letter.  Swift. 

3.  That  portion  of  duration  allotted  to  man 
upon  earth  ; the  present  life. 

Make  use  of  time , as  thou  valuest  eternity.  Fuller. 

Dost  thou  love  life  ? Then  waste  not  time,  for  time  is  the 
stuff  that  life  is  made  of.  Franklin. 

4.  The  proper  or  fit  season  ; opportunity. 

They  were  cut  down  out  of  time.  Job  xxii.  16. 

Time  is  lost  which  never  will  renew.  Dryden. 
’T  is  time  I should  inform  thee  further.  Shak. 

5.  A particular  period ; age  ; era ; epoch ; 
date. 

The  worst  on  me  must  light,  when  time  shall  be.  Milton. 

6.  The  period  of  childbirth  or  travail. 

I blamed  her  for  walking  abroad  when  she  was  so  near 
her  time.  Addison. 

7.  The  state  of  things  during  a particular 
season  ; — commonly  in  the  plural.  Dryden. 
They  were  conversing  on  the  badness  of  the  times.  Franklin. 

These  are  the  times  that  try  men’s  souls.  T.  Paine. 
The  time  is  out  of  joint:  O,  cursed  spite 
That  ever  I was  born  to  set  it  right!  Shak. 

8.  pi.  Repetitions  or  doublings. 

We  are  taxed  twice  as  much  by  our  idleness,  three  times  as 
much  by  our  pride,  and  four  times  as  much  by  our  folly. 

Franklin. 

9.  {Mus.)  The  measure  of  sounds,  in  regard 

to  their  continuance  or  duration.  Moore. 

Absolute  time,  time  considered  in  itself,  and  without 

any  relation  to  bodies  or  their  motions.  Hutton dp- 

parent  solar  time  or  apparent  time,  time  reckoned  by  the 
diurnal  motion  of  the  sun  ; time  shown  by  an  accurate- 
ly adjusted  sun-dial.  See  Apparent.  — astronomical 
time,  mean  solar  time  reckoned  from  noon  to  noon 
through  the  twenty-four  hours. It  times,  at  inter- 

vals ; occasionally ; now  and  then.  — Equation  of  time, 
the  difference  between  mean  time  and  apparent  time. 
This  difference,  when  it  is  greatest,  is  about  sixteen 
minutes  and  a quarter.  Apparent  time  and  mean  time 

« agree  four  times  only  in  the  year,  sometimes  one  and 
sometimes  the  other  being  in  advance.  Herschel.  Lard- 

ner In  time,  in  season  ; seasonably  : — in  the  course 

or  process  of  duration.  — Mean  solar  time,  or  mean  time, 
time  which  would  be  measured  by  the  motion  of  the 
sun,  if  its  increase  of  right  ascension  from  hour  to 
hour  were  uniform  ; time  as  indicated  by  a perfectly 

adjusted  clock Civil  time,  time  accommodated  to 

civil  uses,  and  distinguished  into  years,  months,  days, 
&c.  Hutton.  — Sidereal  time,  time  reckoned  by  the  diur- 
nal motion  of  the  stars,  or  of  the  first  point  of  Aries. 

— Time  enough,  in  season  ; sufficiently  soon  ; in  time ; 
seasonably.  — To  go  or  run  against  time,  to  go  or  run, 
as  a horse,  in  order  to  ascertain  the  shortest  tune  in 
which  he  can  travel  a given  distance,  as  a mile. 
Wilkes.  — To  kill  time,  to  beguile  the  time,  or  to  cause 
it  to  pass  pleasantly.  — To  lose  time,  to  lose  the  oppor- 
tunity afforded  by  any  conjuncture.  “ The  earl  lost 
no  time,  but  marched  day  and  night.”  Clarendon. — 
To  go  too  slow,  as  a clock  or  watch. — Time  of  day, 
salutation  at  meeting  ; expression  of  good  wishes  ac- 
cording to  file  time  of  day,  whether  morning  or  even- 
ing. Shak. — Time  of  memory,  {Eng.  Law.)  time  com- 
mencing from  the  beginning  of  the  reign  of  Richard  I. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RCLE.—  g,  £,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  £,  |,  hard;  § as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


TIME 


1512 


TINCTURE 


Blackstone,  — True  time , time  shown  by  a good  clock  ; 
mean  time.  Hutton,  (j&stron.)  Apparent  time  reck- 
oned from  the  moment  when  the  sun  is  on  the  merid- 
ian. O.  P.  Bond. 

ffijr*  “ The  expression,  ‘ tunc  whereof  the  memory 
of  man  runneth  not  to  the  contrary,’  properly  refers 
to  the  period  anterior  to  the  reign  of  Richard  I. 
[of  England].”  Burrill . 

Syn.  — Time  is  a generic  and  indefinite  term,  used 
to  denote  the  largest  measure  of  duration,  or  a mere 
point  of  duration.  Ancient  and  modern  times  ; a long 
or  short  time  ; time  of  the  day  ; a favorable  time  or 
opportunity ; season  of  the  year  ; the  present  or  past 
age  ; the  Augustan  age ; a regular  period  ; period  of 
infancy  ; a short  interval ; date  of  a letter  or  treaty  ; 
the  Christian  era  \ the  epoch  of  the  Babylonish  cap- 
tivity. 

TIME,  V.  a.  [i.  TIMED  ; pp.  TIMING,  TIMED.] 

1.  To  adapt  to  the  time  or  occasion ; to  cause 
to  be  or  to  exist  at  a proper  time. 

There  is  no  greater  wisdom  than  well  to  time  the  begin- 
nings and  onsets  of  things.  Bacon. 

2.  To  regulate  as  to  time. 

To  the  same  purpose  old  Epopeus  spoke. 

Who  overlooked  the  oars  and  timed  the  stroke.  Addison. 

3.  To  measure  harmonically,  Shak. 

To  time  a horse,  to  ascertain  the  time  in  which  a 

horse  travels  a given  distance,  as  at  a race.  li'ilkes. 

TIME'— BALL,  n.  A ball  made  to  drop,  as  at  the 
Greenwich  Observatory,  from  the  summit  of  a 
pole,  by  means  of  an  electro-magnetic  appara- 
tus connected  with  an  astronomical  clock,  and 
at  an  hour  before  made  known,  in  order  to  indi- 
cate the  exact  time.  Nichol. 

TIME'— BAR-GAIN,  n,  A contract  for  the  sale  or 
the  purchase  of  merchandise,  or  of  stock  in  the 
public  funds,  at  a certain  time.  Simmonds. 

TI  ME'— BE-WAST'pD,  a.  Wasted  or  consumed 
by  time.  “ Time-bewasted  light.”  Shak. 

TIME'— BILL,  n.  A time-table  of  the  arrivals  and 
departures  of  railway  trains,  omnibuses,  steam- 
ers, or  other  conveyances.  Simmonds. 

TIME'— BOOK  (-buk),  n.  A book  kept  by  a per- 
son employing  laborers  or  workmen,  for  regis- 
tering the  days  and  parts  of  days  each  one  has 
worked,  and  the  kind  of  work  at  which  he  has 
been  employed.  Ogilvie. 

TlME'-EX-DUR'IXG,  a . Lasting  as  time. Bowl  ing. 

TIME'FUL,  a.  Seasonable  ; timely,  [r.]  Raleigh. 

TIME’-HON-ORED  (-Sn-urd),  a.  Long  held  in 
honor.  “ Each  time-honored  grove.”  . Mason. 

TIME'— KEEP-ER,  n,  1 One  who  times,  or  regu- 
lates as  to  time.  Simmonds. 

2.  A chronometer ; a clock  or  watch  ; a time- 
piece. “ The  same  watch  or  time-keeper.”  Cook. 

TIME'-KILL-IXG,  a.  Suitable  for  killing  time, 
beguiling  time,  or  causing  time  to  pass  pleas- 
ingly ; as,  “ Time-killing  amusements.” 

TIME'LgSS,  a.  1.  Done  at  an  improper  time. 

Nor  fits  it  to  prolong  the  heavenly  feast 

Timeless , indecent,  but  retire  to  rest.  Pope. 

2.  Done  or  occurring  before  the  proper  time  ; 

untimely ; immature.  “ Timeless  end.”  Shak. 

3,  Endless ; unending ; everlasting,  [r.] 

To  timeless  night  and  chaos,  whence  they  rose.  Young. 

TI ME'LpSS-LY,  ad.  Unseasonably,  [r.]  Milton. 

TIME'LI-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality  of 
being  timely  ; seasonableness.  Scott. 

fTlME'LING,  n.  A timeserver.  Bacon , 

TIME'LY,  a.  1.  Seasonable ; opportune  ; early. 

And  show  my  duty  by  my  timely  care. 

2 f Keep  measure,  time,  or  tune. 

Can  tunc  their  timely  voices  cunningly.  Spenser. 

TIME'LY,  ad.  Early  ; seasonably.  Prior. 

t TiME'LY— IIAP'PY,  a.  Fortunate  in  the  event 
of  time."  Milton. 

t TIME'LY— PARTED,  a.  Parted  by  time.  Shak. 

Tl'ME-OUS,  a.  Timely  ; seasonable,  [n.]  Gray. 

Tl'ME-OOS-LY,  ad.  In  due  time.  Sir  W.  Scott. 

TIME'PIECE,  n.  A chronometer;  a clock  or  a 
watch ; a time-keeper.  Bond. 

TlME'PLEA^i-JfR,  n.  One  who  complies  with  pre- 
vailing opinions ; a timeserver. 

Timepleasere,  flatterers,  foes  to  nobleness.  Shah. 

TIME'— SANC'TIONED  (-sangk'shund),  a.  Sanc- 
tioned by  time  ; as,  “ Time-sanctioned  custom.” 


TIME'SERV-T.R,  n.  One  who  acts  conformably 
or  expediently  to  times  and  seasons ; one  who 
observes  and  uses  times  and  seasons  to  suit 
purposes  goad  or  ill;  — now  generally  applied 
to  one  who  meanly  complies  with  the  times,  or 
who  observes  or  uses  the  times  to  suit  his  own 
selfish  purposes  ; a temporizer. 

lie  is  a good  timeserver  that  improves  the  present  for 
God's  glory  and  his  own  salvution.  Fuller. 

Timeservers , covetous,  illiterate  persecutors.  Milton. 

Kir  “ Timeserver  was  used  two  hundred  years  ago 
quite  as  often  for  one  in  an  honorable,  as  in  a dishon- 
orable sense,  serving  the  time.”  Trench. 

Syn.  — See  Timeserving,  n. 

TIME'SERV-JXG,  a.  Complying  with  the  times  ; 
temporizing ; servile. 

He  proved  a timeserving  politician.  Ilervey. 

TIME'SERV-JXG,  n.  The  acting  conformably  or 
expediently  to  times  and  seasons  ; the  act  of 
using  the  times  to  suit  purposes  ; — now,  usu- 
ally, timid  or  mean  compliance  with  the  times, 
with  prevailing  opinions  or  power  ; temporizing. 

There  be  four  kinds  of  timeserving ; first,  out  of  Christian 
discretion,  which  is  commendable.  Fuller. 

By  trimming  and  timeserving,  which  are  but  two  words 
for  the  same  thing.  South. 

Syn. — Timeserving  and  temporizing  both  imply 
a servile  or  unworthy  compliance  with  the  times. 
A timeserver  is  the  more  active,  and  avows  opinions 
which  will  serve  his  purpose  ; a temporizer  is  the 
more  passive,  and  forbears  to  avow  opinions  that  are 
likely,  at  the  time,  to  injure  him. 

TIME'— TA-BLE,  ii.  1.  A table  or  register  of 
times,  as  of  the  times  of  high-water,  of  the  ar- 
rival and  departure  of  steamboats,  railway  cars, 
&c.  ; a time-bill.  Simmonds. 

2.  (Mas.)  A representation  or  table  of  the 
several  notes,  and  their  relative  lengths  and  du- 
rations. Moore. 

TlME'-WAST-ING,  a.  Wasting  time.  Clarke. 

TIME'— WORN,  a.  Impaired  by  time.  Smith. 

TIM'ID,  a.  [L.  timidus  ; tirneo,  to  fear;  It.  <Sr  Sp. 
timido ; Fr.  timide .]  Fearful;  afraid;  faint- 
hearted ; timorous  ; easily  frightened  ; cowardly. 

Poor  is  the  triumph  over  the  timid  hare.  Thomson. 

Syn.  — See  Fearful. 

TI-MID'I-TY,  n.  [L.  timiditas ; It .timiditfr,  Fr. 
timiditc.~\  The  state  of  being  timid;  fear;  fear- 
fulness ; timorousness  ; want  of  courage. 

ligp  “ Timidity,  though  similar  [to  pusillanimity], 
is  not  so  reproachful  ; the  term  is  chiefly  used  where 
there  is  some  apology,  from  sex,  tender  years,  or  fee- 
bleness of  frame.”  Cogun. 

TlM'ID-LY,  ad.  In  a timid  manner.  Clarke. 

TIM'ID-NESS,  ii.  Timidity.  Clarke. 

f TIM'I-DOUS,  a.  Timid;  fearful.  lludibras. 

TIM'ING,  n.  Adaptation  to  the  time.  Sharp. 

TIM'IST,  n.  1.  (Mas.-)  One  who  keeps  time  in 
playing  or  in  singing.  Warner. 

2.  A timeserver.  Overbury. 

TIM'MJJR,  n.  A quantity  of  small  skins.  — See 
Timbre,  No.  2.  Simmonds. 

TI-MOC'RA-CY,  11.  [Gr.  mpoxoaria  ; ripy,  honor, 
and  x par ho,  to  rule.]  (Politics.)  A form  of  gov- 
ernment, in  which  a certain  amount  of  property 
is  requisite  as  a qualification  for  office,  or  one 
which  is  a kind  of  mean  between  an  aristocracy 
and  an  oligarchy.  Brande. 

TIM-O-NEER',  n.  [Fr.  timonier,  from  L.  temo,  a 
pole.]  (Naut.)  The  helmsman.  Mar.  Diet. 

TliM'OR-OUS,  a.  [L.  timor,  fear ; It.  tiinoroso  ; 
Sp . temeroso ; Fr  . timore.\  Full  of  fear;  fear- 
ful ; easily  frightened;  cowardly  ; timid.  “ Tim- 
orous flock.”  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Fearful. 

TiM'OR-ofjS-LY,  ad.  In  a timorous  manner ; 
fearfully  ; with  much  fear  ; timidly.  Locke. 

tIm'OR-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  tim- 
orous ; fearfulness  ; timidity.  Burton. 

TIM'OR-SOME,  a.  Timid;  timorous.  Jamieson, 
pgr  Used  in  Scotland  ; provincial  in  England,  and 
colloquial  in  the  United  States. 

TIM'O-THY,  n.  ( Bot .)  Timothy-grass.  Gray. 

TIM'O-THY-GRAsS,  n.  [From  Timothy.  Ilanson, 
who  carried  it  to  England  from  America  about 
1780.  Loudon .]  (Bot.)  A productive  kind  of 


grass,  very  valuable  for  hay  ; Phleum  pratense ; 
— called  also  in  England  meadow  cat’ 8-tail 
grass,  and  in  some  parts  of  the  United  States, 
herds-grass.  Loudon. 

f TI'MOUS,  a.  Timely  ; timeous.  Bacon. 

TIM'— VVI1IS-KJJY,  it.  A low,  heavy  chaise. — 
See  Whiskey.  Sir  W.  Scott. 


TIJ\I' PA-MO,  n. ; pi.  timpani. 
kettle-drum. 


[It.]  (Mus.)  A 
Warner. 

TIN,  it.  [A.  S , Dut.,  Dan.,  Sf  Icel.  tin ; Ger. 
zilin;  Sw.  term  ; Gael,  statin-,  W.  y stain , Ir. 
stan.  — L.  stannum  ; stagnant,  a piece  of  stand- 
ing water;  sto,  stuns,  to  stand;  It.  stugno,  tin  ; 
Sp.  cstaho  ; Fr.  itain.~] 

1.  A soft,  malleable,  inelastic,  somewhat  duc- 

tile, white  metal,  with  a lustre  resembling  that 
of  silver,  fusible  at  442°  Fahrenheit,  crystallized 
by  slowly  cooling  from  a state  of  fusion,  burn- 
ing, if  highly  heated,  with  a white  flame,  having 
a specific  gravity  of  about  7.2,  forming,  witli 
other  metals,  several  valuable  alloys,  and  con- 
stituting an  element  of  numerous  chemical  com- 
pounds. Turner.  Miller. 

2.  Popularly,  tinned  iron.  Waterman. 

TIN,  V.  a.  [i.  TINNED  ; pp.  TINNING,  TINNED.] 
To  cover  or  overlay  with  tin.  Boyle. 

ti-mam  ' I- DJE, 
it.pl.  (Ornith.) 

A family  of 
birds  of  the 
order  Gallinte, 
including  the 
sub-family  77- 
namince ; tina- 
mous.  Gray. 

TIM-A-Ml ' NJE, 
n.  pi.  (Ornith.)  A sub-family  of  birds  of  the 
order  Gatlince  and  family  Tinamidce.  Gray. 

TIN'A-MOU,  n.  (Ornith.)  A bird  of  the  family 
Tinamidce,  and  sub-family  Tinamince.  Gray. 

TIN'A-MUS,  n.  (Ornith.)  A genus  of  South 
American  birds  resembling  the  partridge  of  Eu- 
rope, having  a moderate-sized,  rather  slender, 
somewhat  lengthened  beak,  depressed  at  the 
base,  and  obtusely  rounded  at  the  point.  Baird. 

TIN'CAL  (tlng'kal),  n (Min.)  A brittle  crystal- 
line mineral  of  different  colors,  consisting  of 
boracic  acid,  soda,  and  water  ; biborate  of  soda  ; 
borax  ; pounxa.  Dana. 

riN'CIIELL,  ) n_  [Gael,  timchioll,  a circuit  ; 

tIn'CHTlL,  ) timchiollan,  to  surround.  Jamie- 

son.]  A circle  of  sportsmen  who,  by  surround- 
ing a great  space,  and  gradually  contracting  the 
circle,  brought  great  numbers  of  deer  together. 
[Scotland.]  Jamieson. 

fTlNCT  (tlngkt),  v.  a.  [L.  tingo,  tinctus. ] To 
stain;  to  dye;  to  imbue  ; to  tinge.  Bacon. 

f TINCT  (tlngkt),  p.  a.  Colored  ; stained.  Spenser. 

T1NCT,  it.  Color  ; stain  ; tincture,  [it.]  Shak. 


Tinamotis  elegans. 


TJNC-TO'RI-AL,  a.  [L . tinctorius i]  Relating  to 
tincture  or  dyeing  ; coloring.  Ure. 

TINCTURE  (tlngkt'yur,  24,  82),  n.  [L.'  tinctura  ; 
It.  § Sp.  tintura  ; Fr,  tcinture.  — See  Tinge.] 

1.  Color  or  stain  ; shade  of  color. 

When  the  wool  has  taken  the  whole  tincture,  and  drunk  in 
as  much  of  the  dye  as  it  can  receive.  Dryden. 

2.  A slight  taste  superadded  to  another  taste ; 
a flavor ; as,  “ A tincture  of  lemon  in  food.” 

A new  cask  will  long  preserve  the  tincture  of  the  liquor 
with  which  it  is  first  impregnated.  Trans,  of  Horace. 

3.  Influencing  quality  superadded  to  any 
thing  ; impression  ; stamp. 

All  manners  take  a tincture  from  our  own.  Pope. 

4.  (Med.)  A solution,  particularly  a solution 
in  rectified  or  proof  spirit,  of  the  active  princi- 
ple of  a substance,  generally  vegetable,  some- 
times saline  or  animal ; — so  called  from  its  al- 
ways being  more  or  less  colored.  Dunglison. 

5.  (Her.)  The  color  of  any  thing  in  coat- 

armor,  including  the  two  metals  or  and  argent, 
or  gold  and  silver,  and/trrs.  Ogilvie. 

Alcoholic  tincture,  a tincture  in  which  alcohol  is  the 
solvent  employed.  — dmmoniated  tincture , a tincture 
in  which  ammonia  is  used  in  conjunction  with  alco- 
hol.— Ethereal  tincture,  a tincture  in  which  sulphuric 
ether  is  employed  as  a solvent.  — Compound  tincture, 
a tincture  in  which  two  or  more  substances  are  sub- 


A,  E,  i,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  £,  I,  6,  tj,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure  ; 


FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL; 


HEIR,  HER; 


TINCTURE 


1513 


TIP 


mitteil  to  the  action  of  the  solvent.  — Simple  tincture, 
a tincture  in  which  only  one  substance  is  submitted 
to  tile  action  of  the  solvent.  Tomlinson. 

TINCT'URE  (tlngkt'yur),  V.  a.  [t.  TINCTURED  ; 
pp.  TINCTURING,  TINCTURED.] 

1.  To  imbue  or  impregnate  with  some  color ; 
to  give  a line  or  complexion  to ; to  tinge. 

A little  black  paint  will  tincture  and  spoil  twenty  gay 
colors.  11  'Uts. 

2.  To  imbue  with  some  taste  superadded  to 
another  taste  ; to  flavor. 

3.  To  imbue,  as  the  mind  ; to  cause  to  imbibe 
or  receive  some  quality. 

Early  were  our  minds  tinctured  with  a distinguishing  sense, 
of  good  and  evil.  Attcrburp . 

Melancholy  fancy  tinctured  with  religious  fears.  Scott. 

tTIND,  v.  a.  [Goth,  tandyan ; A.  S.  tendan ; 
Dan.  tcende  ; Sw.  tiinda.]  To  kindle  ; to  set  on 
fire  ; to  light ; to  tine.  Bp.  Sanderson. 

TIN'DAL,  n.  A boatswain’s  mate;  amarine:  — 
an  attendant  on  an  army.  [India.]  Simmonds. 

TlN'DER,  n.  [A.  S.  tynder,  tyndre,  tender ; tynan, 
to  kindle.]  An  inflammable  substance  used  to 
catch  fire  or  to  be  ignited  by  sparks. 

German  tinder.  See  AMADOU.  Simmonds. 

TIN'DIJR— BOX,  n.  A box  for  tinder.  Atterbury. 

TIN'DER— LIKE,  a.  Like  tinder;  easy  to  take 
fire  ; inflammable  ; very  combustible.  Shah. 

•j-  TINE,  v.  a.  [A.  S . tynan,  teonani]  To  kindle; 
to  set  on  fire ; to  light,  as  combustible  material. 
The  priest  with  holy  hands  was  seen  to  tine 
The  cloven  wood,  and  pour  the  ruddy  wine.  Dryden. 

t TINE,  v.  n.  To  rage  ; to  smart.  Spenser. 

TINE,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  tynan.']  To  hedge  in ; to  en- 
close ; to  close.  [Local,  Eng.]  Brockett. 

TINE,  n.  [A.  S.  tindas,  the  teeth  of  harrows.] 
One  of  the  spikes,  teeth,  or  prongs,  usually 
made  of  iron,  of  harrows,  forks,  &c.  Mortimer. 

f TINE,  n.  [A.  S.  tinterg,  tinfreg.]  Torment ; tor- 
ture ; trouble;  distress.  “ Wailful  tine.”  Spenser. 

tLy'E-JI,  n.  [L.  tinea , a gnawing  worm.] 

1.  ( Ent .)  A genus  of  small  lepidopterous  in- 

sects, one  species  of  which  {Tinea  vestianella) 
is  the  clothes  moth.  Harris. 

2.  (Med.)  Scald-head.  Dunglison. 

TlNED  (tind),f£.  Having  a tine  or  tines.  Holland. 

t TINE'iM AN,  or  TIEN'M AN,  ii.  ( Old  Forest 
Law.)  A petty  officer  of  the  forest  who  had  the 
care  of  vert  and  venison  by  night,  and  performed 
other  servile  duties.  Burrill. 

fTl'NIJT.n.  [A.  S.  tynan,  to  close.]  Brushwood 
and  thorns  for  fencing  and  hedging.  Burrill. 

TIN'— FOIL,  n.  [Eng.  tin  and  L.  folium,  a leaf.] 
Tin  reduced  to  a thin  leaf.  Ure. 

TING,  v.  n.  To  tinkle,  [r.]  Cotgrave. 

TING,  n.  A sharp  sound,  as  of  a bell.  Sherwood. 

TIJYG,  n.  The  room  in  a Chinese  temple  contain- 
ing the  idol.  Ed.  Ency. 

TINGE  (tinj),  v.  a.  [Gr.  reyyto ; L.  tingo  ; It.  ti- 
gnere ; Sp.  fewer;  Fr.  teindre.  — Ger.  tilnchen , to 
whitewash.]  [i.  tinged  ; pp.  tingeing, 
TINGED.] 

1.  To  impregnate  with  a color;  to  imbue  with 
a color  ; to  stain  ; to  tincture  ; to  dye. 

Their  flesh,  moreover,  is  red  as  it  were  tinged  with  saffron, 
and  so  is  their  wool  after  the  same  manner.  IlolinsJied. 

2.  To  give  a tang  or  taste  to.  C.  Richardson. 

3.  To  give  a certain  quality  to  ; to  imbue. 

His  virtues,  as  well  as  imperfections,  are  tinged  by  a certain 
extravagance  which  makes  them  particularly  his.  Addison. 

Syn.  — Seo  Color. 

TINQjE,  n.  1.  A color  or  a shade  of  color ; a 
stain  ; a tint ; a dye  ; a tincture. 

It  gives  boldness  anil  grandeur  to  plains  and  fens,  tinge 
and  coloring  to  clays  and  fallows.  Taley. 

2.  A superadded  taste,  quality,  or  substance  ; 
a flavor. 

TIN'GpNT,  a.  [L.  tingo,  tingens,  to  tinge.] 
Having  the  power  to  tinge,  [r.] 

As  for  the  white  part,  it  appears  much  less  enriched  with 
the  tingent  property.  Boyle. 

TIN'— GLASS,  n.  A name  of  bismuth.  Ure. 

TIN'GLE  (tlng'gl),  v.  n.  [L.  tinnio ; It.  tintin- 


nire ; Fr.  tinter.  — Dut.  tintelen.  — W.  tinciah.] 

[t.  TINGLED  ; pp.  TINGLING,  TINGLED.] 

1.  To  feel  a tremulous,  jarring  sensation  in 
the  ears,  like  that  caused  by  the  ringing  of  met- 
al when  struck  ; to  tinkle. 

I will  do  a thing  in  Israel  at  which  both  the  ears  of  every 
one  that  hcareth  it  shall  tingle.  1 Sam.  iii.  11. 

2.  To  have  a sharp,  thrilling  sensation,  as  if 
pricked  with  the  points  of  needles. 

And  now,  ’t  is  even  too  true,  I feel  a pricking, 

A pricking,  a strange  pricking:  how  it  tingles  I Bcau.Sf  FI. 
They  suck  pollution  through  their  tingling  veins.  Tickell. 

TIN'GLE,  n.  A tingling;  a tinkle.  Armstrong. 

TlN'GLING  (ting'gljng),  n.  1.  A tremulous,  jar- 
ring sensation  in  the  ears,  like  that  caused  by 
the  ringing  of  metals  when  struck. 

Ten  times  at  least,  in  the  Chronicles  and  Ezra,  is  the  same 
word  dually  used  for  cymbals;  and  the  verb  of  this  root  is 
the  same  whereby  God  would  express  the  tingling  of  the 
cars.  Jip.  Hall. 

2.  A sharp,  thrilling  sensation.  Shah. 

TlNK  (tlngk,  82),  v.  ii.  [Dut.  tintelen. — AV.  tin- 
cian.  — See  Tingle.]  [i.  tinned  ; pp.  tinn- 
ing, tinned.]  To  make  a sharp,  shrill  noise  ; 
to  tinkle.  Chaucer. 

TINK,  n.  A tinkle  ; tingle.  Roget. 

TINK'IJR  (tingk'er,  82),  n.  [“  From  tinh,  because 
their  way  of  proclaiming  their  trade  is  to  beat  a 
kettle,  or  because  in  their  work  they  make  a tink- 
ling noise.”  Johnson .]  A mender  of  old  brass 
or  metal  ware  ; a solderer  and  mender  of  old 
pots,  pans,  kettles,  &c.  Sliak. 

TINKER,  V.  a.  [t.  TINKERED  ; pp.  TINKERING, 
tinkered.]  To  mend,  as  old  vessels  of  brass, 
or  metal  ware.  Ash. 

TlNK'JJR,  v.  ii.  To  do  the  work  of  a tinker  ; to 
mend  old  brass  or  metal  ware. 

TlNK'ER-ING,  il.  The  employment  or  work  of  a 
tinker.  Ash. 

TIN'KGR-LY,  a.  Like  a tinker,  [r.]  Ilickeringill. 

TIN'KLE  (tlng'kl),  v.  n.  [The  same  word  as 
tingle,  by  the  change  of  g into  k.  Richardson .] 
[f.  TINKLED;  pp.  TINKLING,  TINKLED.] 

1.  To  emit  the  sound  of  small  bells  when 
rung ; to  make  sharp,  short,  quick  sounds,  like 
metal  when  struck  ; to  clink  ; to  jingle. 

The  sprightly  horse 

Moves  to  the  music  of  his  tinkling  bells.  Bodsley. 

Though  I speak  with  the  tongues  of  men  and  of  angels, 
and  have  not  charity,  I am  become  as  sounding  brass,  ora 
tinkling  cymbal.  1 Cor.  xiii.  1. 

2.  To  feel  a tremulous,  jarring  sensation  in 
the  ears,  like  that  caused  by  the  ringing  of 
metal  when  struck  ; to  tremble  ; to  tingle. 

A sudden  horror  seized  his  giddy  head; 

And  his  cars  tinkled , and  the  color  fled.  Dnjdcn. 

TIN'KLE  (tlng'kl),  v.  a.  To  cause  to  make 
slight,  sharp,  short  sounds,  like  metal  when 
struck ; to  cause  to  clink  or  jingle. 

A small  bell  in  his  baud  which  he  tinkleth.  Bay. 

TIN'KLE  (tlng'kl),  n.  A quick,  sharp  noise,  as 
of  a small  bell ; clink.  Beau.  &;  FI. 

TlNK'LER  (tlngk'Ier),  n.  One  who  mends  metal 
ware  ; tinker.  [North  of  Eng.]  Brockett. 

TINK'LING  (tingk'ljng),  p.  a.  Emitting  slight, 
sharp,  short  sounds,  as  that  made  by  metal. 

TINK'LING  (tlngk'ling),  n.  The  act  of  emitting 
a sound  like  that  produced  by  ringing  a small 
bell  or  by  striking  on  metal ; a tinkle.  Udal. 

Metallic  tinkling,  ( Med .)  a particular  noise  heard  by 
tile  stethoscope  when  applied  to  the  chest,  like  the 
sound  of  the  keys  of  a musical  snuff-box  ; — a pathog- 
nomonic symptom  of  a communication  between  the 
bronchia  and  the  cavity  of  the  chest.  Dunglison. 

TIN'— LIQ.-UOR  (-llk-ur),  n.  A solution  used  by 
dyers,  prepared  by  digesting  tin  filings  in  hy- 
drochloric and  nitric  acids,  and  adding  a small 
quantity  of  common  salt.  Simmonds. 

TIN'S!  AN,  ii. ; pi.  tinmen.  A manufacturer  of 
tin,  or  of  tinned  iron  ; a dealer  in  tin.  Prior. 

TIN'— MOR-DANT,  n.  A name  applied  to  several 
preparations  of  tin  used  as  mordants  in  dyeing 
and  calico-printing,  composing  salts  of  the  pro- 
toxide and  of  the  peroxide,  and  mixtures  of  the 
salts  of  both  oxides.  ParneU. 

TINNED  (tind),  p.  a.  Covered  with  tin. 

f TIN'NIJN,  a.  Made  of  tin  ; tin.  Sylvester. 

TIN'NER,  n.  One  who  works  in  tin  or  in  a tin 
mine.  Bacon. 


TIN'NI-ENT,  a.  [L.  tinnio,  tinmens,  to  tinkle.] 
Emitting  a clear  sound,  [r.]  Todd. 

TIN'NING,  11.  Act  of  covering  with  tin.  Francis. 

TIN'NY,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  having,  tin.  Drayton. 

f TIN'— PEN-NY,  n.  [A.  S.  tyn,  ten,  tin,  ten, 
and  penig,  a penny.]  ( Saxon  Law.)  A custom- 
ary tribute  paid  to  the  titliing-man  to  support 
the  trouble  and  charge  of  his  office.  Burrill. 

TIN'— PLATE,  n.  A thin  sheet  of  iron  covered 
on  both  sides  with  tin  ; white  iron.  Ure. 

TIN'— PY-Ri'TE§,  n.  (Min.)  An  opaque,  brittle 
mineral,  of  metallic  lustre  and  various  colors, 
commonly  massive,  granular,  and  disseminated, 
and  consisting  of  sulphur,  tin,  copper,  and  iron  ; 
— called  also  staimine,  and,  from  its  frequently 
resembling  bell-metal,  bell  metal  ore.  Dana. 

TIN'SflL,  n [Fr.  (tincelle  (L.  scintilla),  a spark.] 

1.  A kind  of  shining  cloth,  — particularly  a 

stuff  or  silk  inwrought  with  silver,  or  glittering 
spangles  of  silver.  Shak. 

Goodly  apparel  of  tinsel , cloth  of  gold,  and  velvet.  Strype. 

2.  Any  thing  sparkling  or  glittering,  — par- 
ticularly any  thing  merely  sparkling  or  glitter- 
ing, showy  or  specious;  any  thing  shining  with 
false  lustre,  or  showy  and  of  little  value. 

O happy  peasant!  Oh  unhappy  hard! 

Ilis  the  mere  tinsel,  hers  the  rich  reward!  Cowper. 

3.  A kind  of  shining  metallic  plate.  Simmonds. 

TlN'SEL,  a.  Specious;  showy;  plausible;  su- 
perficial. “ Tinsel  affections.”  Beau,  if  FI. 

Nothing  can  be  more  contemptible  than  that  tinsel  splen- 
dor of  language  which  some  writers  continually  affect.  Blair. 

TIN'SgL,  V.  a.  [*•  TINSELLED  ; pp.  TINSELLING, 
tinselled.]  To  decorate  as  with  tinsel;  to 
adorn  with  something  gaudy,  but  of  little  value. 

The  glare  of  puerile  declamation  that  tinsels  over  the  trite 
essays  of  the  other.  Warbnrton. 

TIN'SMlTII,  n.  A worker  in  tin.  Simmonds. 

TlN'STONE,,M.  (Min.)  The  ore  of  tin.  Dana. 

TIN'-STUFF,  n.  (Mining.)  Tin  ore  ; oxide  of 
tin.  Ansted. 

TINT,  n.  [L.  tingo,  tinctus,  to  tinge  ; It.  a Sp. 
tinta ; Fr.  teinte.] 

1.  A tinge  ; a color  ; a dye  ; a slight  coloring 
distinct  from  the  principal  color;  a shade. 

What  bright  enamel,  and  what  various  dies! 

What  lively  tints  delight  our  wondering  eyes!  Somei'ville. 

2.  (Paint.)  Any  degree  of  intensity  and 

strength  of  color  in  a pigment,  which  is  modi- 
fied in  oil  colors  by  the  addition  of  a white  pig- 
ment, and,  in  water  colors,  by  the  addition  of 
water  in  various  quantities.  Fairholt. 

Tint,  then,  is  any  unbroken  state  of  any  color  varying 
between  the  intensity  of  its  parent  color  and  the  purity  of 
white.  J.  B.  Tyne. 

TINT,  V.  a.  [; i . TINTED  ; pp.  TINTING,  TINTED.] 

To  tinge;  to  color  slightly.  Seward. 

t TIN-TA-MAR',  n.  [Fr.  tinfainarre.]  An  obstrep- 
erous or  disagreeable  noise  ; a hubbub.  Cotton. 

TIN'TIJR-NELL,  n.  An  old  dance..  Halliwell. 

TIN-TIN-NAB-U-LA'TION,  n.  A tinkling,  as  of 
bells,  [r.]  E.  A.  Poe. 

TIN-TIN-NAB'U-LOUS,  ) a [ j,.  tintinnabulum, 

TIN-TIN-NAB'U-LA-RY,  .)  a bell.]  Relating  to  a 
bell;  sounding.  Colman.  De  Qmncey. 

TIM-  TIM-MJB  ' U-  L CM,  n.  [L.,  from  tinnio,  to 
jingle.]  A bell.  Win.  Smith. 

Beating  alternately  in  measured  time 

The  clockwork  tintinnabulum  of  rhyme.  Coicper. 

TIN'TO,  n.  [Sp.  tinto,  noting  deep-colored  wine.] 
A red  Madeira  wine  wanting  the  high  aroma  of 
the  white  sorts,  and,  when  old,  resembling  taw- 
ny port.  Simmonds. 

TINT'-TOOL,  n.  A kind  of  graver,  having  its 
point  of  different  degrees  of  width,  to  cut  lines 
in  copper  or  wood  of  certain  breadths.  Fairholt. 

TIN'— WARE,  n.  A term  popularly  applied  to 
utensils  made  of  tinned  iron.  Waterman. 

TIN'-WORM  (-warm),  n.  A kind  of  insect.  Bailey. 

TI'NY  [tl'ne,  S.  W.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  Wr. ; tin'- 
ne,  I Vb.],  a.  [From  teine.  Lye.  — See  TeinE.] 
Little ; small  ; puny.  “A  little,  tiny  boy.”  Shak. 

TIP,  ii.  [Dut.  Sf  Dan.  tip  ; Sw.  tipp.  — Sec  Top.] 

1.  Top  ; end  ; point  ; extremity. 

They  touch  the  beard  with  the  tip  of  their  tongue.  Bacon. 
Where  the  rainbow  in  the  horizon 
Doth  pitch  her  tips.  Browne. 


MiEN,  SIR ; ^MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RIJLE.  — 9,  9,  g,  soft;  J0,  G,  £,  f,  hard 


^ as  z;  ^ as  gz. — THIS,  this. 


TIP 


1514 


TITHE 


2.  One  part  of  the  play  at  ninepins.  Dryden. 

3.  A fee  ; a douceur.  [Local.]  Clarke. 

TIP,  v.  a.  [*.  tipped  ; pp.  TrpriNCr,  tipped.] 

1.  To  cover  the  top  or  end  of ; to  top. 

We  ’ll  tip  thy  horns  with  gold.  Shak. 

2.  To  strike  lightly;  to  tap. 

A third  rogue  tips  me  by  the  elbow.  Swift. 

3.  To  incline  upon  the  end;  to  cant;  — fre- 
quently followed  by  up.  Halloway. 

4.  To  give,  as  a donation  ; to  hand;  as,  “ To 
tip  one  a shilling.”  [Cant  or  local.]  llalliwcll. 

To  tip  the  wink,  to  give  a wink  as  a sign.  Drytlen. 
— To  tip  oner,  to  turn  the  tip  or  top  over  ; to  turn 
completely  over.  Dickens.  — To  tip  up,  to  raise  up 
on  j end  of.  — To  tip  off,  to  pour  out,  as  liquor,  by  turn- 
ing up  tile  top  or  edge  of  the  vessel.  C.  Richardson. 

TIP,  v.  n.  1.  To  fall  or  drop  off;  to  die  ; — with 
off.  [Vulgar.]  Todd. 

2.  To  lean  ; to  incline. 

To  tip  over,  to  turn  so  as  to  have  the  top  underneath. 

TIP'-CAT,  n.  A boy’s  game.  Halliwell. 

TlP'PpT,  n.  [A.  S.  tappet,  tippet.  — Icel.  typpi, 
the  summit  of  a thing,  “ the  tippet  being  worn 
on  the  shoulders.”  Bosworth.  — “ Tippet  takes 
its  name  from  Thibet,  where  valuable  furs  are 
produced.”  Talbot.'] 

1.  A long,  narrow  garment  of  cloth  or  fur  worn 
about  the  neck,  usually  by  females. 

Their  long  tippets,  their  priest  caps.  Bale. 

2.  One  length  of  twisted  hair  or  gut  in  a fish- 
ing line.  [Scotland.]  Jamieson. 

3.  A handful  of  straw  bound  together  at  one 
end  and  used  in  thatching.  [Scot.]  Jamieson. 

To  turn  tippet,  to  make  a complete  change. 

You  must  turn  tippet , 

And  suddenly,  and  truly,  and  discreetly.  Beau.  Sr  FI. 

TlP'PING§,  n.  pi.  Tops  for  ornaments.  Simmonds. 

TiP'PLE  (tip'pl),  V . n.  [Dim.  of  tip.  Birhardson.] 
[t.  TIPPLED  ; pp.  TIPPLING,  TIPPLED.]  To  take 
strong  drink  frequently  or  continuedly  ; to  drink 
spirituous  liquor  habitually  or  to  excess. 

They  had  tippled  well  of  the  wine.  Jlackluyt. 

TIP'PLE,  v.  a.  1.  To  drink,  as  strong  liquor,  fre- 
quently, in  luxury  or  excess. 

Thoughtful  of  drink,  and  eager  in  a dream, 

Tipples  imaginary  pots  of  ale.  Philips. 

2.  To  make  or  turn  over,  as  hay.  Loudon. 

TIP'PLE  (tip’pl),  n.  Drink  ; liquor.  L’ Estrange. 

TIP'PLED  (tlp'pld),  a.  Tipsy;  drunk.  Dryden. 

TjP'PLf.It,  n.  One  who  tipples  ; a toper  ; a sot. 

Tipplers  . . . and  other  such  dissolute  people.  Ilarmar. 

TIP'PLING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  tipples.  Ash. 

TlP'PLJNG— HOUSE,  n.  A public  drinking-house. 

Vagabonds  . . . who  lurked  in  t ipp  liny -houses.  Camden. 

TIP'SI-LY,  ad.  In  a tipsy  manner.  F.  Butler. 

TIp'STAfF,  n.  1.  (Law.)  In  English  practice,  a 
ministerial  officer  who  attends  the  judges  while 
sitting  in  court,  and  at  their  chambers,  and  is 
particularly  charged  with  the  custody  of  prison- 
ers, or  persons  committed  to  prison ; — so  called 
from  the  staff  he  carries,  which  is  painted  or 
ornamented  at  the  extremity,  or,  according  to 
Cowell,  tipt  with  silver  ; — in  the  United  States, 
an  officer  whose  duty  it  is  to  wait  on  the  court 
and  serve  its  process.  Burrill.  Bouvier. 

2.  The  staff  carried  by  the  officer.  Bacon. 

TlP'SY,  a.  Drunk ; fuddled  ; intoxicated.  Sha/c. 

TIP'TOE,  n.  The  end  of  the  toe. 

Where  the  fond  ape,  himself  uprearing  high, 

Upon  his  tiptoes  stalketh  stately  by.  Spenser. 

To  be,  or  to  stand,  tiptoe,  on  tiptoe,  or  a-tiptoe,  to  bo 
in  a state  of  high  expectation.  “Jocuml  day  stands 
tiptoe  on  the  misty  mountains’  tops.”  Shale. 

TIP'— TOP,  n.  The  very  top  or  summit ; the  high- 
est or  utmost  degree.  C.  Richardson. 

TIP'— TOP,  a.  The  highest;  denoting  the  utmost 
degree,  excellence,  or  perfection.  [Colloquial.] 

If  you  love  operas,  there  will  be  the  most  splendid  in  Italy, 
four  tip-top  voices,  a new  theatre.  Gran. 

Had  T come  a few  minutes  sooner.  I might  have  heard  Gee 
IIo,  Dobb.ii,  sung  in  a lip-top  manner.  Goldsmith. 

TIP 'U- LA,  n.  [L.  tippula,  the  water-spider.] 
(hint.)  A genus  of  dipterous  insects  having  the 
body  and  legs  long  and  slender;  daddy-long- 
legs ; crane-fly.  Baircl. 


TIP'IT-LA-Ey,  a.  Relating  to  insects  of  the  genus 
Tipula,  or  crane-flies.  Wright. 

TJ-RADE'  [te-rdd',  Sm. ; te-rad',  U.  Wb.],  n.  [Fr., 
from  liter  (L.  tralio),  to  draw.]  A long  strain 
of  invective  or  censure  ; a strain  or  series  of  vi- 
olent declamation.  Qu.  Rev. 

T1RAILLF.UR  (te-rd'jl-yur'),  n.  [Fr.]  A French 
skirmishing  soldier,  often  put  in  front  of  the 
line,  to  annoy  the  enemy.  Smart. 

TIRE,  n.  [A.  S.  tier.  — See  Tier.] 

1.  A rank;  a row;  a tier.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  Furniture;  apparatus:  — attire. 

They  show  their  whole  tire  of  leaves,  then  flowers.  iVoodward. 

3.  [From  attire  or  tiara.)  A head-dress. 

On  her  head  she  wore  a tire  of  gold.  Spenser. 

4.  The  iron  hoop  or  band  which  binds  the 

fellies  of  a wheel  closely  together.  Perry. 

TIRE,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  teorian,  atcorian,  atorian, 
atiarian,  getcorian,  to  fail ; Dut.  taren,  to  con- 
sume ; Frs.  tera  ; Ger.  zehren  ; Dan.  tcere  ; Sw. 
tiira. — Gr.  relpui,  to  wear  out,  to  distress;  L. 
tero .]  [*.  tired  ; pp.  tiring,  tired.]  To  fa- 

tigue ; to  make  weary  ; to  weary ; to  wear  out 
with  labor  ; to  jade  ; — sometimes  with  out. 

Tired  with  toil,  all  hopes  of  safety  past.  Dryden. 

Tired  out,  at  length  a spreading  stream  he  spied.  Ticked. 

Syn.  — See  Weary. 

f TIRE,  v.  a.  To  attire  ; to  dress.  2 Kings  ix.  30. 

Women  tire  themselves  with  gold  and  silk.  Tyndale. 

TIRE,  v.  n.  To  become  weary  or  fatigued;  to 
fail  with  weariness  or  protracted  exertion. 

A merry  heart  goes  all  the  day; 

Your  sad  tires  m a inile-a.  Shak. 

f TIRE,  v.  n.  [From  A.  S.  teran,  to  tear,  to  lacer- 
ate, to  bite.  Richardson.  — From  Fr.  tirer  (L. 
traho),  to  draw.  Vnres.] 

1.  To  pull  at  and  tear,  as  a hawk  does  food  ; 
to  feed  or  prey  upon  ; — commonly  with  on. 

And,  like  an  empty  eagle. 

Tire  on  the  flesh  of  me  anu  of  my  son.  Shak. 

Ye  dregs  of  baseness,  vultures  among  men. 

That  tire  upon  the  hearts  of  generous  spirits.  Beau,  y FI. 

2.  To  be  eagerly  engaged. 

To  think  when  thou  shalt  be  disedged  by  her 

Whom  now  thou  tirest  on.  Shak. 

TIRED  (tlrd),  p.  a.  Fatigued  ; weary  ; exhausted. 

TIRED'NpSS  (tlrd'nes),  n.  The  state  of  being 
tired  ; weariness  ; exhaustion.  Hakewill. 

f TIRE'LING,  a.  Tired;  wearied;  worn  out. 

Whiles  like  a tire  ting  j adc  he  lags  half  way.  Bp.  Ilad. 

f TlRE'MfNT,  n.  Attire;  dress.  Brande. 

TIRE'— SMITH,  n.  One  who  makes  tires  and 
iron-work  for  coaches,  &c.  II.  B.  Com. 

TiRE'SOME  (tlr'sum),  a.  Causing  weariness,  fa- 
tigue, or  tediousness ; wearisome ; tedious. 

Inculcating  precept  upon  precept  will  prove  tiresome  to 
the  reader.  Addison. 

Syn.  — See  Troublesome. 

TlRE'SOME-LY,  ad.  In  a tiresome  manner;  wea- 
risomely ; tediously.  Month.  Rev. 

TIRE 'SOM  E-NESS,  n.  The  quality  o.f  being  tire- 
some ; wearisomeness  ; tediousness.  Johnson. 

TIRE'— WO M- AN  (-wQm-),  n.  1.  A milliner.  Locke. 

2.  A dresser  in  a theatre.  Simmonds. 

TlR'lNG— HOUSE,  > n_  The  dressing-room  of  a 

TIR'ING— ROOM,  J theatre.  Shak. 

TI'RO,  n.  [L.]  1.  A soldier.  Wm.  Smith. 

2.  A beginner  ; a novice  ; a tyro.  Ainsworth. 

Tl-RO'NI-AN,  a.  [Tiro,  the  freedman,  pupil,  and 
amanuensis  of  Cicero.]  Designating  notes,  which 
were  the  short-hand  of  the  Romans.  Brande. 

TIR'RA— LIR'R A,  n.  [Fr.  tire-lire.)  A fanciful 
combination  of  sounds  intended  to  imitate  the 
note  of  the  lark.  Shak.  Tennyson. 

f TlR'RIT,  n.  Terror  ; — a fanciful  word,  perhaps 
corrupted  from  terror.  Nates.  “In  these  tir- 
rits  and  frights.”  Johnson. 

TIR'WlT,  n.  ( Ornith .)  The  pewit.  Ainsworth. 

'Tlljj.  It  is  : — often  so  contracted  in  poetry.  Shak. 

TIfj'IC,  n.  Consumption  ; phthisis.  — See  Phthi- 
sis. Johnson. 

Tlij'I-CAL,  a.  Phthisical;  consumptive.  Johnson. 

TLjf'lCK-Y,  a.  Consumptive  ; phthisical.  Scott. 


TIlj'RI,  n.  [Ileb.  ’’’IlSr,  from  a root  which  de- 
notes to  begin.)  The  first  month  of  the  Hebrew 
civil  year,  and  the  seventh  of  the  ecclesiastical 
year,  being  a part  of  September  and  of  October, 
and  in  which  occurred  the  Festival  of  Atone- 
ment, and  that  of  Tabernacles.  Kitto. 

TISS'UE  (llsli'u)  [tish'u,  S.  W.  P.  Ja.  Wr.  ; tls'- 
su,  It.  C.],  n.  [Fr.  tissu,  from  L.  texo,  to  weave.] 

1.  Any  woven  stuff,  — particularly  cloth  in- 
terwoven with  gold  or  silver  or  figured  colors. 

A robe  of  tissue,  stiff  with  golden  wire.  Dryden. 

Rich  tissue  furred  with  lamb-skins.  Sidney. 

2.  (Anat.)  Membranous  organization  of 

parts  ; texture  ; structure.  “ The  cellular  tis- 
sue ” ; “ The  areolar  tissue.”  Dunglison. 

3.  (Bot.)  The  solid  parts  of  plants  existing 
in  the  form  of  membranes  or  filaments,  ar- 
ranged so  as  to  surround  cavities,  or  form  the 
walls  of  tubes  in  which  the  fluids  are  contained  ; 
the  substance  of  which  all  the  elementary  or- 
gans of  plants  are  constructed.  Gray.  Lindley. 

4.  A connected  series  ; a combination.  “ A 

tissue  of  epigrams.”  Addison. 

TISS'UE  (tish'u),  v.  a.  [i.  tissued  ; pp.  tissu- 
ing, tissued.]  To  form  into  a tissue  ; to  in- 
terweave ; to  variegate. 

Cloth  of  gold  tissued  upon  blue.  Bacon. 

TISS'UE— PA 'PER,  n.  A very  thin,  unsized  pa- 
per,  for  wrapping  and  packing.  Simmonds. 


TIT,  n.  1.  A small  horse.  Denham. 

2.  A woman  ; — in  contempt. 

A vast  virago  or  an  ugly  tit.  Burton. 

3.  A titmouse,  or  tomtit.  Johnson. 

Tit  for  tati  exact  retaliation  ; a fair  equivalent. 

If  she  praise  Phredria’s  person, 

Praise  you  the  girls’;  so  give  her  tit  for  tat.  Colman. 

Tl'TAN,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  Tirav.] 

1.  (Myth.)  A name  given  to  any  one  of  the 

six  sons  and  six  daughters  of  Uranus  and  Gaea. 
After  having  been  hurled  from  heaven  into 
nether  darkness  by  Jupiter,  they  were  assisted 
in  their  struggle  with  him  by  the  hundred- 
handed  giants.  W.  Smith. 

2.  The  sun  ; Sol.  Shak. 

The  warmth  of  Titan's  fire.  Fairfax. 

TIT' A-N  ATE,  n.  (Chem.)  A salt  composed  of 
of  titanic  acid  and  a base.  Miller. 


TI-TA'NI-AN,  a.  [Gr.  T irdvioi.) 

1.  Relating  to,  or  resembling,  a Titan,  or  the 

Titans;  Titanic;  gigantic.  Bryant. 

2.  Relating  to  titanium.  Ure. 

TI-TAN'iC,  a.  [Gr.  TirainK/>(.) 

1.  Relating  to,  or  resembling,  the  Titans ; 

Titanian  ; gigantic.  Liddell  & Scott. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  sun.  [r.]  Blount. 

3.  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  composed  of  one 

equivalent  of  titanium  and  two  equivalents- of 
oxygen.  Miller. 

TI-TA-NIF-1JR-OUS,  a.  [Eng.  titanium  and  L. 
fero,  to  bear.]  Containing  titanium.  Dana. 

Tl'TAN-iTE,  n.  (Min.)  The  brown  or  black  va- 
riety of  sphene  ; — so  called  from  its  containing 
titanic  acid.  — See  Sphere.  Dana. 


TI-TA-NlT'IC,  a.  Relating  to  titanium.  Brande. 

Tl-TA'NI-UM,  n.  A metal  existing,  when  ob- 
tained pure,  in  the  state  of  a dark-green, 
heavy,  amorphous  powder,  appearing,  under 
the  microscope,  as  a cemented  mass,  having 
the  color  and  lustre  of  iron,  and  burning  with 
great  splendor  when  heated  in  air  or  in  oxy- 
gen. It  forms  numerous  compounds  with  other 
bodies.  Graham. 

TIT'BIT,  n.  A nice  bit ; a tidbit.  Arbuthnot. 

f TITH,  a.  Tight ; tense.  Beau.  § FI. 

TlTII'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  tithed;  subject  to 
the  payment  of  tithes.  Swift. 

TITHE  (mb),  n.  [A.  S.  teotha,  a tenth.] 

1.  A tenth  part;  a tenth.  Shak. 

Nine*  tithes  of  times 

Face-flatterers  and  backbiters  are  the  same.  Tennyson. 

2.  ( Eccl . Law.)  The  tenth  part  of  the  prod- 

uce of  the  land,  which,  in  England  and  other 
Christian  countries,  was  anciently  set  apart  for 
the  endowment  of  the  church.  Brande. 

“ By  the  Mosaical  law,  the  Levites,  by  whom 
the  public  worship  of  the  Jewish  state  was  performed, 
were  supported,  not  as  the  other  tribes,  by  the  allot- 
ment of  a certain  district  of  Canaan,  but  by  t ho 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  t,  short;  A,  ?,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


TITHE 


1515 


TO 


appointment  of  divers  cities  in  various  parts  of  the 
country  for  their  abode,  and  the  payment  of  tithes 
from  the  whole  community.”  Braude. 

3.  A small  part  of  any  thing.  Bacon. 

Medial  or  mixed  tithe j such  as  does  not  arise  imme- 
diately from  the  ground,  but  from  things  nourished  by 
the  ground  ; as  calves,  lambs,  chickens,  milk,  &c. — 
Personal  tithe , such  as  arises  by  the  industry  of  man, 
being  the  tenth  part  of  the  clear  gain  after  charges 
deducted.  — Prcedial  tithe , such  as  arises  immediately 
from  the  ground  ; as  grain,  wood,  fruits,  &c.  Burrill. 

Hgp  “ Another  division  of  tithes  is  into  great  and 
small , ox  parsonage  and  vicarage  tithes.  Of  these,  the 
former  are  chiefly  corn,  hay.  and  wood  ; the  latter  are 
pnedial  tithes  of  other  kinds,  together  with  mixed  and 
personal  tithes.  The  great  tithes  belong  to  the  rector, 
whereas  only  the  small  tithes  are  due  to  the  vicar.” 
j Braude. 

TITHE,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  teothian.]  [i.  tithed  ; pp. 
tithing,  tithed.]  To  tax  to  the  amount  of 
the  tenth  part ; to  take  the  tenth  part  of ; to 
levy  a tithe  of.  “ Ye  tithe  mint.”  Luke  xi.  42. 

Military  spoil  and  the  prey  gotten  in  war  is  also  tithable, 
for  Abraham  tithed  it  to  Melchizedek.  Spelnian. 

TITHE,  v.  n.  To  pay  tithes,  [it.]  Tusser. 

TITHE-BOOK  (-buk),  n.  A book  containing  an 
account  of  tithes.  Toiler. 

TITHE'— COL-LECT'OR,  n.  A collector  or  receiv- 
er of  tithes ; a tithe-gatherer.  Simmonds. 

TITHE'— COM-MIS'SION-ER,  n.  One  of  a board 

of  commissioners  appointed  by  government  to 
arrange  propositions  for  commuting,  or  com- 
pounding for,  tithes.  [England.]  Simmonds. 

TITHE'— FLEECE,  n.  A tithe  of  wool.  Toller. 

TITHE'— FREE,  a.  Exempt  from  the  payment  of 
tithes.  Abp.  Hurt. 

TITHE'— GATH- 5 R-^R,  n.  One  who  collects 
tithes  ; a tithe-collector.  Ash. 

TITHE'— ORE,  n.  The  tithe  of  a mine.  Toller. 
TITII'JJR,  n.  One  who  gathers  tithes.  Mi/ton. 
TITH'ING,  n.  [A.  S.  teothing , teothung .] 

1.  The  act  of  levying  tithes.  XJdal. 

2.  A tenth  part;  a tithe.  Tusser. 

3.  (Sax.  Law.)  A territorial  division,  the 
origin  of  which  is  generally  attributed  to  Alfred, 
containing  the  number  or  company  of  ten  free- 
holders with  their  families,  who  all  dwelt  to- 
gether, and  were  sureties,  or  free-pledges,  to 
the  king  for  the  good  behavior  of  each  other  ; 
— called  also  a decennary  or  friborg.  Burrill. 

TITH'ING— MAN,  n.  1.  (Sax.  Laic.)  The  head  or 
chief  of  a tithing ; one  of  the  ten  freeholders 
who  composed  the  tithing,  and  appointed  to  pre- 
side over  the  other  nine.  Burrill. 

2.  (Laic.)  An  under  constable.  Willcock. 

3.  A parish  officer  who  preserves  order  at 
public  worship,  and  enforces  the  observance  of 
the  Sabbath.  [New  Eng.,  U.  S.]  Laics  of  Mass. 

TITH'Y-MAL,  n.  [Gr.  Ti6'uyiah>;, — probably  from 
Bii/io;,  from  some  likeness  to  the  plant  Ob/ios 
(thyme,  a wart),  or  to  a wart.  Liddell  § Scott.  — 
L.  tithymalus.)  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the  genus 
Euphorbia.  Sherwood. 

TIT'IL-LATE,  v.  a.  [L.  tititto,  titillatus  ; It.  titil- 
lare;  Sp.  titilar  ; Fr.  titiller.)  [*.  titillated  ; 
pp.  TITILLATING,  TITILLATED.]  To  tickle. 

The  pungent  grains  of  titillating  dust.  Pope. 

TIT'IL-LAT-ING,  p.  a.  Tickling.  Somerville. 

TIT-IL-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  titillatio  ; It.  titilla- 
zione  ; Sp.  titilacion  ; Fr.  titillation.] 

1.  The  act  of  titillating  ; a tickling.  Bacon. 

2.  The  state  of  being  titillated  or  tickled ; 
any  slight  or  petty  pleasure. 

Titillations  that  reach  no  higher  than  the  senses.  Glanvill. 

TIT'IL-LA-TIVE,  a.  That  titillates  or  tends  to 
titillate  or  tickle  ; tickling,  [r.]  Chesterfield. 

TIT'LARK,  n.  (Ornith.)  A bird  of  the  genus 
Anthus,  particularly  Anthus  pratensis,  the 
common  titlark  ; pipit ; — called  also  titling , 
meadow-pipit , and  moss-cheeper.  Yarrell. 

Ti’TLE  (tl'tl),  n.  [L.  titulus ; It.  titolo ; Sp. 
titulo  ; Fr.  titre.) 

1.  An  inscription  over,  or  at  the  beginning 
of,  something,  serving  as  a name  by  which  the 
thing  is  known  ; as,  “ The  title  of  a book.” 

2.  A name  ; an  appellation. 


The  ranking  of  things  into  species,  which  is  nothing  but 
sorting  them  under  several  titles.  Locke. 

3.  An  appellation  of  honor  or  dignity,  as 
baron,  count,  marquis,  esquire,  colonel,  &c. 

Than  a successive  title , long  and  dark, 

Drawn  from  the  mouldy  rolls  of  Noah’s  ark.  Drudcn. 

The  Constitution  of  the  United  States  forbids  the  grant  by 
the  United  States  of  any  title  of  nobility.  Bouvier. 

The  Orientals,it  is  observed,  are  exceedingly  fond  of  titles; 
the  simple  governor  of  Schiras,  for  instance,  after  a pompous 
enumeration  of  qualities,  lordships,  &c.,  adds  the  titles  of 
“ flower  of  Courtesy,”  “Nutmeg  of  Consolation,”  and  “Kose 
of  Delight.”  Loud.  Ency. 

4.  The  particular  division  of  a subject,  as  a 

law,  a book,  and  the  like.  Bouvier. 

5.  That  which  gives  a right  or  claim  to  own- 
ership ; that  by  which  the  owner  of  lands,  or  of 
personal  property,  has  the  just  possession  of  his 
property  ; the  instrument  or  document  by  which 
a right  to  something  is  proved. 

To  convey  a title , the  seller  must  himself  have  a title  to  the 
property  which  is  the  subject  of  the  transfer;  but  to  this  rule 
there  are  exceptions.  Bouvier. 

6.  (Church  of  Eng.)  Any  one  of  the  qualifi- 

cations, seven  in  number,  which  it  is  ordained 
a person  shall  possess  before  he  is  admitted  to 
sacred  orders.  Eden. 

7.  Anciently,  a church  to  which  a priest  was 
ordained,  and  where  he  was  to  reside.  Crabb. 

Syn.  — See  Name. 

TI'TLE  (tl'tl),  V.  a.  [i.  TITLED ; pp.  TITLING, 
titled.]  To  entitle  ; to  name  ; to  call.  Milton. 

Tl'TLED  (ti'tld),  a.  Having  a title.  Fawkes. 

Tl'TLE— DEED,  n.  (Law.)  A written  evidence  of 
ownership  of  lands.  Burrill. 

Tl'TLE-LEAF,«.  Title-page.  Shah. 

Tl'TLE-LESS,  a.  Without  a title:  — without  a 
name  or  appellation.  Chaucer. 

Tl'TLE— PA^E,  n.  The  page  containing  the  title 
of  a book.  Bp.  Taylor. 

TIT'LIJR,  n.  A conical  mass  of  refined  sugar,  a 
little  larger  than  the  ordinary  loaf.  Simmonds. 

TIT'LING,  n.  1.  (Ornith.)  A titlark.  Eng.  Cyc. 

2.  (Ich.)  A name  formerly  given  in  the  cus- 
toms to  stockfish.  Simmonds. 

TIT'MOUSE,  n. ; pi.  titmice.  (Ornith.)  An  ac- 
tive little  perching  bird,  of  the  family  Paridae ; 
— called  also,  from  its  diminutive  size,  tit  and 
tomtit.  Baird. 

TIT'TER,  v.  n.  [From  the  sound.  Johnson.']  [i. 
TITTERED  ; pp.  TITTERING,  TITTERED.]  To 
laugh  with  restraint ; to  laugh  without  much 
noise  ; to  giggle  ; to  utter  or  emit  a tremulous, 
low  laugh. 

Thus  Sal,  with  tears  in  either  eye, 

While  victor  Ned  sat  tittering  by.  Shenstone. 

TIT'TjjR,  j,.  Xo  ride  on  each  end  of  a bal- 
anced plank  or  timber,  as  children  do  for 
amusement;  to  see-saw.  — See  Teeter.  Forby. 

TIT'TER,  n.  A restrained  laugh.  Nevile. 

The  leer,  the  titter,  and  the  grin.  Whitehead . 

TIT'TER-ING,  n.  Act  of  one  who  titters  ; sup- 
pressed laughter ; a giggling. 

TIT'TER— TOT'TER,  n.  The  game  or  play  of  see- 
saw ; titter.  [Local,  Eng.]  llalliwell. 

TlT'TLE,  n.  [Dim.  of  tit.)  A small  particle;  a 
point ; a dot ; jot ; iota  ; a bit.  Matt.  v.  18. 

TlT'TLE— tAt'TLE,  n.  [Reduplication  of  tattle.) 

1.  Idle  talk  ; prattle  ; gabble. 

That  abominable  tittle-tattle , 

The  cud  eschewed  by  human  cattle.  Byron. 

2.  An  idle  talker ; a tattler.  Tatler. 

TIT'TLE-TAT'TLE,  v.  11.  To  prate  idly.  Shah. 

TIT'TLE-TAT'TLJNG,  11.  The  act  of  prating 
idly;  tattling;  prattling.  Sidney. 

t TIT'U-bAte,  v.  n.  [L.  titubo,  titubatum.)  To 
stumble  ; to  stagger.  Cockeram. 

t TIT-U-BA'TION,  n.  [L.  titubatio .]  The  act 

of  stumbling  ; a staggering.  Bailey. 

TlT'IJ-LAR  (tit'yu-lfir),  a.  [L.  titulus , a super- 
scription ; It.  titulare  ; Sp.  titular  ; Fr.  titulaire .] 
Existing  only  in  name  or  title  ; nominal;  hav- 
ing or  conferring  only  the  title  ; titulary. 

He  is  not  a mere  titular  deity.  Scott. 


TlT'U-LAR,  n.  Titulary.  Wright. 

TIT-U-LAR'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being  titular, 
or  merely  nominal,  [it.]  Browne. 

TlT'U-LAR-LY,  ad.  Nominally  ; by  title  or  name 
only.  Mountagu. 

TIT'U-LA-RY,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  consisting  in, 
a title  or  titles.  “ I'itularg  honors.”  Strype. 

TIT'U-LA-RY,  n.  One  who  has  a title  or  right. 

Neither  titularies  nor  perpetual  curates.  AijliJfe. 


TIt'-WAR-B L£R,  n.  (Ornith.)  A bird  of  the 
sub-family  Parince.  Swainson. 


TIT-  Y-RI ' NJE, 
n.pl.  (Or- 
nith.) A 
sub -family 
of  dentiros- 
tral  birds 
of  the  or- 
der Passe-  Tityra  inquisitor. 

res  and 

family  Muscicapidce ; hecards.  Gray. 


TIV'ER,  n.  Red  ochre,  used  in  some  parts  of 
England  for  marking  sheep.  Wright. 


TIV'ER,  v.  a.  To  mark,  as  sheep  with  tiver  or 
red  ochre.  [Local,  Eng.]  Wriglit. 

TIV'Y,  ad.  With  speed  ; tantivy,  [r.] 

In  a bright  moonshine,  while  the  winds  whistle  loud, 

Tinj,  livy , tivy,  we  mount  and  wc  fly.  Dryden. 


TME'SjS  (me'sjs),  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  Tyrjai;  ; rf/rrw, 
to  cut.]  (Rhct.)  The  separation  of  the  parts 
of  a compound  word;  as,  “The  Lord  ...  is 
long-suffering  to  us -ward.”  2 Pet.  iii.  9. 

TO,  or  TO  [to,  W.  E.  Ja.  K.  S/n.  ; tu,  .S. ; tu  or  to, 
P.  F.],  prep.  [M.  Goth.  du;  A.  S.  to  ; Frs.fo; 
But.  te,  tot ; Ger.  zu  ; Ir.,  Gael.,  fy  Pol.  do.  — 
L.  ad,  the  vowel  being  transposed.] 

1.  In  the  direction  of;  towards; — noting  di- 
rection with  or  without  motion,  and  opposed  to 
from  ; as,  “ To  the  north  was  an  open  country.” 

The  lamp  hangs  from  the  ceiling  to  the  floor.  Hands. 

She  stretched  her  arms  to  heaven.  Dryden. 

2.  Expressing  a relation  of  direction  towards 
a place,  point,  goal,  state,  or  condition,  with 
the  idea  of  arrival. 

These  figs  came  from  Turkey  to  England.  Harris. 

Take  you  some  company,  and  away  to  horse.  Shak. 

3.  In  accordance  with  ; after;  — noting  accord, 
adaptation,  or  agreement. 

Thus  they  with  sacred  thought 

Moved  on  in  silence  to  soft  pipes.  Hilton. 

He  to  God’s  image,  she  to  his,  was  made.  Dryden. 

4.  Expressing  a relation  of  direction  with 
the  idea  of  a prescribed  boundary,  an  end,  an 
aim,  or  a purpose  ; in  respect  of ; as  regards  ; 
regarding  ; concerning. 

Marks  and  points  out  each  one  of  us  to  slaughter.  B.Jonson. 

Ingenious  to  their  ruin,  every  age 

Improves  the  act  and  instruments  of  rage.  Waller. 

Great  numbers  were  crowded  to  death.  Clarendon. 

I drink  to  the  general  joy  of  the  whole  table.  Shak. 

What  is ’t  to  thee  if  he  neglect  thy  urn?  Dryden. 

5.  Noting  addition  or  possession. 

Wisdom  he  has,  and  to  his  wisdom  courage, 

Temper  to  that,  and  unto  all  success.  Denham. 

6.  Noting  nearness,  connection,  or  opposition. 

It  rests  with  me,  here,  brand  to  brand, 

Worn  as  thou  art,  to  bid  thee  stand.  W.  Scott. 

She  . . . revileth  him  to  his  face.  Su  ift. 

7.  Noting  extent  or  comprehensiveness,  ex- 
cluding all  omission  or  exception. 

Who  hate  and  scorn  you  to  a man.  Swift. 

There  were  to  the  number  of  three  hundred  horse.  Bacon. 

8.  In  comparison  with;  compared  with;  — 
noting  proportion  or  comparison. 

Among  the  ancients,  the  weight  of  oil  was  to  that  of  wine 
as  wine  to  tea.  Arbuthnot. 

9.  As  far  as. 

Some  Americans  [aborigines],  otherwise  of  quick  parts, 
could  not  count  to  one  thousand,  nor  had  any  distinct  idea 
of  it,  though  they  could  reckon  very  well  to  twenty.  Locke. 

10.  Expressing  a reference  to  the  extent  of 
duration  ; until  ; till. 

From  the  beginning  of  the  world  to  the  time  that  now  is. 

R.  Gloucester. 

11.  f In  the  character  of ; for  ; as. 

I have  a king  here  to  my  flatterer.  Shak. 

To  and  fro , or  to  and  again , backwards  and  for- 
wards ; one  way  and  the  other. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  9,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § 


as  z;  JI  as  gz. — THIS,  this. 


TO 


1516 


TO-DO 


Moving  the  world  of  waters  to  and  fro.  Addison. 

Masses  of  marble  . . . rolled  to  and  again.  Woodward. 

JQSF  To  was  sometimes  omitted  after  some  verbs. 

And  now,  Octavius, 

Listen  [to]  great  things.  Shak. 

That  this  infernal  brand  that  burns  me  [to]  cinders.  Massinger. 

TO,  or  TO,  ad.  ox  prep.  A particle  employed  as 
the  usual  sign  or  prefix  of  the  infinitive  mood 
of  the  verb  : — also  used  adverbially,  to  modify 
a verb  ; as,  “To  be  attended  to” 

To  is  used  to  denote  some  consequence  or 
object,  or  some  relation  between  the  verb  to  which  it 
is  prefixed  and  the  precedin'!  verb,  adjective,  or  noun 
by  which  the  verb  in  the  infinitive  mood  is  commonly 
considered  by  grammarians  to  be  governed,  as, 44  He 
loves  to  read”  ; “ He  has  a desire  to  learn.” 

The  following  verbs  admit  the  infinitive  mood  after 
them  without  the  sign  or  particle  to:  bid,  dare,  feel, 
hear,  let,  make,  need,  sec  ; as,  44 1 hear  him  speak  ” ; 
44  Let  him  come”  ; 44  Bid  him  kneel 

In  the  following  three  cases,  to  is  used  as  a prefix 
to  substantives.  — ' To-day , ad.  & n.  On  this  day  : — 
this  day. — To-night,  ad.  &.  n.  On  this  night : — this 
night.  — To-morrow,  ad.  & n.  On  the  morrow  : — 
the  morrow. 

This  little  word  or  particle  to,  when  prefixed 
to  the  infinitive  mood,  is  variously  explained  and 
treated  of  by  different  lexicographers  and  gramma- 
rians. Some  call  it  an  adverb,  some  a preposition, 
some  a sign  of  the  infinitive,  and  some  consider  it  as 
forming  a part  of  the  verb. 

Johnson  and  various  other  lexicographers  call  it  an 
adverb  ; and  Johnson  defines  it  thus  : 44  A particle 
coming  between  two  verbs,  and  noting  the  second  as 
the  object  of  the  first.” 

“Although  the  infinitive  mood  with  its  sign  [tol 
is  probably  the  verb  used  like  a noun,  and  governed 
by  the  preposition  to,  the  mood  and  its  sign  are 
usually  parsed  as  one  expression  constituting  the 
infinitive.”  Hunter. 

44  The  preposition  to  governs  the  infinitive  mood, 
and  commonly  connects  it  to  a finite  verb  ; as,  4 1 de- 
sire to  learn.’  ” Ooold  Brown. 

Anciently  to  was  often  omitted  where  we  should 
now  insert  it  as  a sign  of  the  infinitive. 

Be  ing  mechanical,  you  ought  not  po]  walk 

Upon  a laboring  day  without  the  sign 

Of  your  profession.  Shak. 

To  had  sometimes  an  augmentative  sense  when 
prefixed,  as  be.  has  since  had.  Thus,  instead  of  all 
ftc-torne  or  all  6e-pinchcd,  they  said  all  to-torne  and 
all  to-pinched.  All  was  generally  prefixed,  but  some- 
times omitted.  — See  All-to. 

Then  let  them  all  encircle  him  about. 

And  fairy-like  to-pincli  the  unclean  knight.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Unto. 

TOAD  (tad),  n.  [A.  S .fade,  tadie,  tadige\  Dan. 
tudse.  — Perhaps  from  the  Dan.  verb  tude,  to 
grumble.  Bosworth.]  ( Zosl .)  A batrachian  ani- 
mal of  the  genus  Bufo,  having  an  inflated  body, 
a warty  skin,  and  jaws  without  teeth.  Baird. 

j The  common  toad  ( Bufo  vulgaris ) is  common 
in  gardens,  cellars,  and  obscure  places.  It  is  popu- 
larly thought  to  be  venomous ; and  though  the  gen- 
eral belief  is  very  much  exaggerated,  it  does  possess 
an  acrid  humor  in  follicles  distributed  over  the  skin, 
appearing  to  the  taste  like  the  extract  of  aconite.  The 
Surinam  toad  ( Pip  a Sarin  amen  sis),  found  ill  Cayenne, 
inhabiting  the  obscure  corners  of  bouses,  has  a repul- 
sive and  hideous  appearance.  Baird. 

TOAD'— EAT-pR  (tod'et-er),  n.  A fawning  para- 
site ; a servile  sycophant.  Sir  C.  II.  Williams . 

At  five,  she  [Miss  Burney]  had  to  attend  her  colleague, 
Madame  Schwellenbcrg,  a hateful  old  toad-eater , as  illiterate 
os  a chamber-maid.  Macaulay. 

83F  This  word  is  supposed  by  Bishop  Copleston  to 
come  from  the  Spanish  todito , a familiar  diminutive  of 
to  do  ( toto ),  one  who  does  every  thing  for  you  — a fac- 
totum— a frequent  member  of  t lie  Spanish  household. 
Archbishop  Whately  derives  toad-eater  from  a cog- 
nate expression,  which  he  sufficiently  indicates  by 
t lie  remark  that  one  element  in  etymology  is  the  ten- 
dency to  alter  any  word  which  is  in  itself  unbecom- 
ing. In  t he  44  Adventures  of  David  Simple,”  a novel 
by  Miss  Fielding,  which  appeared  in  1744,  the  word 
is  used  by  one  of  the  characters,  and  was  then  so 
uncommon  that  an  explanation  is  asked  by  another. 
The  explanation  was,  44  It  is  a metaphor  taken  from 
a mountebank’s  hoy  eating  toads  in  order  to  show  his 
master’s  skill  in  expelling  poison.  It  is  built  on  a 
supposition  . . . that  people  who  are  so  unhappy  as  to 
be  in  a state  of  dependence  are  forced  to  do  the  most 
nauseous  things  that  can  be  thought  on,  to  please  and 
humor  their  patrons.”  Lond.  Qu.  Rev. 

TOAD'— FISH,  n.  ( Ich .)  A fish  related  to  the 
lump-sucker  ; Batrachus  tau.  Storer. 

TOAD'— FLAX,  n.  ( Bot .)  The  common  name  of 
herbaceous  plants  of  the  genus  Linaria.  Loudon. 

TOAD'ISII  (tod'jsh),  a.  Somewhat  like  a toad  ; 
venomous.  “ Your  toadish  tongue.”  Stafford. 


TOAD'LpT,  n.  A little  toad.  Coleridge. 

TO  AD 'SPIT,  n.  A frothy  excretion  on  plants  ; 
cuckoo-spittle  ; froth-spit.  — See  Froth-spit. 

Toad  spits  seen  . . . hanging  upon  plants.  Warburton. 

TOAD'— SPOT-TgD,  a.  Spotted  like  a toad.  Shak. 

TOAD'STONE,  n.  1.  (Min.)  A term  applied  to 
beds  of  basalt  occurring  in  Derbyshire  ; — sup- 
posed to  be  derived  from  the  German  todt  stein, 
or  dead  stone,  as  being  without  the  ores  found 
in  the  neighboring  limestone.  Ansted. 

2.  A precious  stone  formerly  supposed  to  be 
contained  in  a toad’s  head. 

As  for  the  stone,  commonly  called  a toadstone,  which  is 
presumed  to  he  found  in  the  head  of  that  animal,  we  first 
conceive  it  not  a thing  impossible.  Browne. 

TOAD'STOOL,  n.  A mushroom.  Bacon. 

TOAD'Y,  n.  A base  sycophant;  a flatterer;  a 
toad-eater  : — a rustic  woman,  in  contempt. 
[Vulgar.]  Sir  IV.  Sc'oft. 

TOAD'Y,  v.  a.  To  flatter;  to  fawn  upon.  [Vulgar.] 

To  toady  a cabinet  minister.  Athenaeum. 

TOAD'Y-I^M,  n.  The  act,  or  the  disposition,  of  a 
toady  ; mean  sycophancy.  [Vulgar.]  Qu.  Rev. 

TOAST  (tost),  v.  a.  [L.  torreo,  tostus,  to  parch, 
to  roast.]  [/.  toasted  ; pp.  toasting,  toasted.] 

1.  To  dry,  heat,  roast,  or  scorch  at  the  fire. 

“ A piece  of  toasted  cheese.”  Browne. 

2.  [Fr.  toaster,  toster.  — See  Toast,  No.  3.] 
To  name  when  a toast  is  drunk  ; to  drink  in 
honor  of.  “He  toasts  the  . . . lasses.”  Prior. 

TOAST,  v.  n.  To  give  a toast  to  be  drunk.  Burke. 

TOAST,  n.  1.  Bread  dried  or  scorched  by  the  fire. 

A small  toast  of  manchct,  dipped  in  oil  of  sweet  almonds 
new  drawn,  and  sprinkled  with  loaf-sugar.  Bacon. 

2.  Bread  scorched  and  put  into  liquor. 

Some  squire,  perhaps,  you  take  delight  to  rack, 

Whose  game  is  whisk,  whose  treat  a toast  in  sack.  Tope. 

3.  [Fr.  toast,  tostc.\  A female  of  remarkable 
beauty  or  worth,  whose  health,  success,  See., 
is  drunk;  — any  person,  as  a public  character 
or  a private  friend,  or  any  thing,  as  a sentiment, 
named  to  be  drunk  in  honor. 

It  now  crime  to  the  turn  of  Mr.  Jones  to  give  a toast,  as  it 
is  culled,  who  could  not  refrain  from  mentioning  Iris  dear 
Sophia.  Fielding. 

When  the  toast  went  out  of  use,  the  sentiment  took  its 
place,  and  this  I can  remember  myself.  At  length  toast  came 
to  signify  any  person  or  thing  that  was  to  be  commemorated: 
as  " The  King,"  “ The  Land  we  live  in,"  &c.  T.  Kcightley. 

i (FS”  “ It  happened  that,  on  a public  day,  a celebrated 
beauty  of  those  times  [of  K.  Charles  II.]  was  in  the 
Cross-Bath  [at  Bath],  and  one  of  the  crowd  of  her 
admirers  took  a glass  of  the  water  in  which  the  fair 
one  stood,  and  drank  her  health  to  the  company. 
There  was  in  the  place  a gay  fellow  half  fuddled, 
who  offered  to  jump  in,  and  swore,  though  lie  liked 
not  the  liquor,  lie  would  have  the  toast,  [making  an 
allusion  to  tiie  usage  of  the  times  of  drinking  witli  a 
toast  at  tiie  bottom  of  the  glass.]  He  was  opposed  in 
bis  resolution  ; yet  this  whim  gave  foundation  to  the 
present  honor  which  is  done  to  the  lady  we  mention 
in  our  liquor,  who  has  ever  since  been  called  a toast." 
Tatter,  No.  24. 

TOAST'ED,  p.  a.  Dried  or  scorched  by  the  fire. 

TOAST'JF.R  (tost'er),  n.  1.  One  who  toasts. 

2.  An  instrument  for  toasting  any  thing,  as 
bread,  cheese,  &c.,  before  the  fire.  Simmonds. 

TOAST'— MAS-T^R,  n.  An  attendant  on  a chair- 
man at  a dinner  who  announces  the  toasts  and 
leads  the  cheering.  Simmonds. 

TOAST'— RACK,  n.  A stand  for  a table  with  par- 
titions for  holding  dry  slices  of  toast.  Simmonds. 

TOAST'— wA-TER,  n.  Water  in  which  toasted 
bread  has  been  soaked.  Dunglison. 

TO-BAC'CO,  n.  [From  the  Indian  word  tabacos, 
the  name  which  the  Caribbees  gave  to  the  pipe 
in  which  they  smoked  the  plant,  transferred  by 
the  Spaniards  to  the  herb  itself.  Baird.  Eng. 
Cyc.  P.C.yc.  Ihtmboldt.  — Others  derive  the 
word  from  Tabacro,  a province  of  Yucatan  ; 
others,  from  the  island  of  Tobago,  one  of  the 
Caribbees  ; and  others  from  Tabasco,  in  the  gulf 
of  Florida.] 

1.  The  common  name  of  the  species  of  herba- 
ceous, rarely  shrubby  plants,  of  the  genus  Ni- 
cotiana,  generally  clothed  with  clammy  hairs  or 
down,  and  natives  for  the  most  part  of  the 
warmer  parts  of  America,  a few  growing  also  in 
the  East.  The  species  which  yields  most  of  the 


tobacco  of  commerce  is  the  common  Virginian 
or  sweet-scented  tobacco  (Xicotiana  tabacum), 
extensively  cultivated  in  the  warmer  portions 
of  the  United  States.  Baird. 

2.  The  dried  leaves  of  several  species  of  the 
genus  Nicotiana,  especially  of  Nicotiana  ta- 
bacum, used  in  various  ways,  as  for  chewing, 
smoking,  and  in  the  form  of  snuff.  Cyc.  of  Com. 

HOr*  The  narcotic  effects  of  tobacco  depend  upon  the 
presence  of  a peculiar  oily-like  alkaloid,  called  nico- 
tine. Baird. 

Tobacco  was  first  brought  to  England  in  I5C5,  by  Sir  John 
Hawkins:  but  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  and  Sir  Francis  Drake  are 
also  mentioned  as  having  fir6t  introduced  it.  Haydn. 

Indian  tobacco,  (Bot.)  an  annual  or  biennial  plant 
indigenous  in  North  America,  having  emetic,  cathar- 
tic, and  narcotic  properties,  and  used  in  asthma  and 
strangulated  hernia,  &c.  ; Lobelia  influta.  Hood 
Bache.  — Mountain  tobacco,  a plant  having  an  acrid 
taste,  and  stimulant,  cathartic,  and  emetic  properties 
used  medicinally  in  typhoid  fevers,  dysentery,  &c.  j 
Mrnica  montana  ; called  also  leopard’s  bane.  Sioimonds- 

TO-BAC'CO— BOX,  n.  A box  for  holding  tobacco. 

TO-BAC'CO— MAN,  n.  A tobacconist.  Butler. 

t TO-BAc'CO-NING,  n.  The  act  of  smoking  to- 
bacco. “ Drinking  and  tobacconing.”  B#.  Hall. 

TO-BAC'CO-NIST,  n.  1 j-  A smoker  of  tobacco. 

Germany  hath  not  so  many  drunkards.  England  tobacco- 
nists, France  dancers,  Holland  mariners,  us  Italy  alone  hath 
jealous  husbands.  Burton. 

2.  A manufacturer  or  vender  of  tobacco.  J11. 

TO-BAC'CO— I’lPE,  n.  1.  A pipe  in  which  tobacco 
is  smoked.  Jodrell. 

2.  (Bot.)  A smooth,  waxy-white,  single-flow- 
ered, inodorous  plant,  parasitic,  or  growing  on 
decomposing  vegetable  matter  ; Monotropa  uni- 
forci  ; — called  also  Indian  pipe  and  corpse- 
plant.  Cray.  Bigelow. 

Tobacco-pipe  fish,  (Ich.)  the  pipe-fish. 

TO-BAC'CO— POUCH,  n.  A pouch  or  bag  for  hold- 
ing tobacco.  Goldsmith. 

TO-BAC'CO— STOF'P^R,  n.  An  instrument  for 
pressing  down  tobacco  in  a pipe.  Parr. 

TO'BINE,  n.  A stout,  twilled  silk.  Simmonds. 

TOO-CM'TA,  n.  [It.]  (Mtts.)  An  obsolete  form 
of  piece  for  the  organ  or  harpsichord  — some- 
thing like  a cctpriccio.  Moore. 

TOCK'AY,  n.  (Zoiil.)  A species  of  gecko.  Clarke. 

TO-COL'O-IJrY,  n.  [Gr.  tokos,  a bringing  forth  ; 
and  idyos,  a discourse.]  (Med.)  The  art  of  mid- 
wifery ; obstetrics.  Dunglison. 

TOC'SIN,  n.  [Fr.,  from  Old  Fr.  toquer,  to  strike, 
and  sing  (L.  signum,  a signal),  a bell.  Landais.) 
A public  alarm-bell.  Campbell. 

The  use  of  the  terrible  tocsin , during  the  troubles  of  the 
revolution,  to  assemble  the  multitude,  has  rendered  the  word 
almost  proverbial.  Braude. 

TOD,  n.  [Ger.  zotte,  a lock  of  hair.  Skinner. — 
Flemish  todderen,  to  tie.  Minshcu. ] 

1.  A weight,  as  of  wool,  equal  to  two  stones, 
or  twenty-eight  pounds,  avoirdupois.  Shak. 

2.  f A bush  ; a thick  shrub. 

Like  boding  owls,  creep  into  tods  of  ivy.  Beau.  FL 

3.  The  common  name  of  a fox  in  Scotland  ; — 
perhaps  so  called  from  his  bushy  tail.  Jamieson. 

The  wolf,  the  tod , the  brock.  Ii.  Jonson. 

TOD,  v.  a.  To  produce  in  tods,  or  in  weight. 

Twenty  sheep  ouglit  to  tod  fifty  pounds  of  wool.  Dr.  Farmer. 

TO-DAY',  7i.  [A.  S.  today.)  This  day.  Shak. 

TO-DAY',  ad.  On  this  day.  Gen.  xxi.  26. 

TOD'DLE,  v.  n.  To  walk  feebly  or  unsteadily,  as 
a child  or  old  man  ; to  tottlc ; to  topple.  Pegge. 

TOD'DY,  n.  1.  A juice  extracted  from  various 
species  of  palm-trees  in  the  East  Indies,  es- 
pecially from  Cocos  nucifera  ; — when  fermented 
and  distilled,  called  arrack.  Tomlinson. 

2.  A beverage  made  of  spirit  and  water 
sweetened.  Stuart.  Todd. 

TO-Vi'NJE,  n.  pi.  [-L.  todi, 
a genus  of  small  birds.] 

(Ornith.)  A sub-family  of 
birds  of  the  order  Passeres 
and  family  Coracida  ; to- 
dies. Gray.  Todus  portoricensjs. 

TO-DO',  n.  Bustle  ; ado.  [Colloquial.]  Todd. 


A,  E,  !,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  $,  T,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


TODY 


1517 


TOLL 


TO'DY,  n.  ( Ornith .)  A bird 
of  the  sub-family  Todince.  — 

See  Todinje.  Gray 

TOE  (to),  n.  [A.  S.  ta ; 

Frs.  tanc\  Dut.  toon, 
teen ; Ger.  zehe ; Dan . 
taa ; Sw.  ta  ; Ioel.  td.\ 

1.  One  of  the  small 
members  which  form 
the  extremity  of  the 
foot,  having  nearly 
the  same  organization  as  the  fingers.  Dunglison. 

2.  A part,  as  of  a shoe,  stocking,  &c.,  corre- 
sponding to  the  toes  of  the  human  foot.  Herbert. 

3.  Any  prolongation  like  a toe. 


Green  tody  ( Toe? us  vindis). 


TOE,  v.  a.  To  touch  with  the  toe  ; to  come  up 
to;  as,  “ To  toe  the  mark  ” [Vulgar,]  Clarke. 

TOED,  a.  Having  a toe  or  toes  ; — used  in  com- 
position ; as,  11  Long-foecZ  ” ; “ Square-foed,’ 

TO-FALL',  n.  Decline;  setting;  end. 

For  him  iu  vain,  at  to-fall  of  the  day, 

The  babes  shall  linger  at  the  unclosing  gate,  Cowper 

TOF'FY,  n.  A hard-baked  candy  or  sweatmeat 
of  molasses,  or  sugar,  and  butter.  Simmonds. 

f TO-FoRE’,  prep.  [A.  S.  to-foran,  to-for  ] Be- 
fore ; previous  to.  Spectator. 

f TO-FORE',  ad.  Before.  Shah. 

TOFT,  n.  1.  f A grove  of  trees  : — a hill.  Wright 
2 [Low  L.  toftum.]  { Old  Eng „ Lazo.)  A 
place  where  a messuage  has  stood.  Cowell. 

TOFT'MAN,  n.  ( Old  Eng.  Laic.)  The  owner  of 
a toft.  Whishaw. 


TO'Fys,  n.  See  Tophus. 

TO' GB,  n.  [L.,  from  tego,  to  cover.]  (Rom. 
Ant  ) The  outer  garment  of  a Homan  citizen  in 
time  of  peace,  long,  broad,  and  flowing,  and 
consisting  of  a single  piece  of  stuff.  It  was  the 
peculiar  distinction  of  the  Romans.  Wm.  Smith. 

TO'GB-PRrfl-TEX'TB,  n.  (Roman  Ant.)  A 
toga  with  a broad  purple  border,  worn  by  chil- 
dren of  both  sexes,  by  magistrates,  by  priests, 
and  by  persons  engaged  in  sacred  rites  and  in 

praying  vows.  Wm.  Smith. 

TO' GB  VI-RI'LIS.  [L.,  manly  gown.~\  (Roman 
Ant ) The  gown  assumed  by  boys  in  their  six- 
teenth year*  Wm.  Smith. 

TO'GA-TED,  a.  [L.  togatus.]  Dressed  in,  or 

wearing,  a toga  ; gowned.  Sir  M.  Sandys. 

TO'epD,  a.  [L.  togatus .]  Togated.  Shah. 

TO-tjrETH'JER,  ad.  [A.  S.  togeedere. — See  Gather.] 

1.  In  company  or  union  ; unitedly. 

We  turned  over  many  books  together.  Shak. 

The  king  joined  humanity  and  policy  together „ Bacon. 

2.  In  the  same  time  ; contemporaneously. 

While  he  and  I live  together , I shall  not  be  thought  the 
worst  poet.  Dryden. 

3.  Without  intermission  ; uninterruptedly. 

They  had  a great  debate  concerning  the  punishment  of 
one  of  their  admirals,  which  lasted  a month  together.  Addison. 

4.  In  continuity  or  a state  of  union. 

Some  tree’s  broad  leaves  together  sewed.  Milton. 

Together  with,  in  unison  with;  in  a state  of  mix- 
ture with.  44  The  bad  together  with  tile  good.”  Dryden. 

TOG'jBER-Y,  n.  Clothes;  garments;  articles  of 
dress;  tawdry  apparel.  [Vulgar  ] Qu.  Rev. 

TOG'GLE  (tog'gl),  n,  1.  (Naut.)  A pin  placed 
through  the  bight  or  eye  of  a rope,  block-strap, 
or  bolt,  to  keep  it  in  its  place,  or  to  put  the 
bight  or  eye  of  another  rope  upon,  and  thus  to 
secure  them  both  together. 

2.  A button. 

TOG'GLE— JOINT,  n.  A joint  con- 
sisting of  two  rods  or  bars  so  con- 
nected that  they  may  be  brought 
into  the  same  straight  line  by  a 
moving  force,  and  thus  be  made  to 
exert  great  pressure ; an  elbow  or 
knee-joint.  Bigelow. 

4®=  Tile  figure  represents  a toggle- 
joint  between  the  parts  A and  R.  A 
force,  acting  in  t he  direction  C D,  acts 
with  great  and  constantly  increasing 
power  to  separate  them 

TOIL,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  tiolan,  to  toil ; tiUan,  to  till, 
to  toil.  — See  Tilt,.]  [i.  toiled  ; pp.  toiling, 


Dance, 
Simmonds . 


Toggle-joint. 


toiled]  To  labor;  to  work  hard;  to  use  ex- 
ertion ; to  strive. 

This  Percy  was  the  man  nearest  my  soul, 

Who  like  a brother  toiled  in  my  affairs.  Shak. 

fToiL,  v.  a.  1 To  labor;  to  work  at.  Milton. 

2,  f To  overlabor  ; to  weary. 

lie,  toiled  with  works  of  war,  retired  himself 
To  Italy.  Shah. 

TOIL,)!.,  Labor;  hard,  fatiguing,  or  painful  work. 
For  God,  said  he,  hath  made  me  forget  all  my  toil.  Gea.xli.51. 

There  mark  what  ills  the  scholar's  life  assail  — 

Toil,  envy  want,  the  patron,  and  the  jail.  Johnson. 

Syn.  — See  Work. 

TOIL,  n.  [L.  tela,  any  woven  stuff,  a web,  a de- 
sign ; texo,  textus,  to  weave  ; Fr  toiles,  a toil.] 
A net  or  a snare  to  catch  animals  ; a trap 

Then  toils  for  beasts  and  lime  for  birds  were  found.  Dryden. 

TdlL'IJR,  n , One  who  toils  ; a laborer  Sherwood, 

TOL'LIST , n.  [Fr  toilette ; toile,  cloth,  from  L, 
tela,  a web.] 

1 A covering  for  a dressing-table.  Simmonds, 

2,  A dressing-table.  Pope. 

An  untouched  Bible  graced  her  toilet.  Prior 

3 Act  of  dressing  ; personal  attire  ; dress. 

4.  A bag  or  case  for  night-clothes.  Simmonds. 

To  make  one's  toilet,  to  arrange  one’s  personal  attire. 

TOI'LF.T— GLASS,  n.  A looking-glass  for  a toilet 
or  dressing-table.  Simmonds. 

TOI'LET— GUILT,  n.  A bcd-covcr,  or  a cover  for 
a dressing-table.  Simmonds. 

Tdl  LEI— SLR  VICE,  } ?i.  Earthen-ware  and  glass 

ToI'LET— SET,  ) utensils  for  a dressing- 

room.  Simmonds. 

TOI'LETTE,  n.  [Fr.]  An  ante-room  for  dress- 
ing; a toilet.  — See  Toilet.  Simmonds. 

TOIL'FUL,  a.  Laborious;  toilsome.  Smollett. 

TOl-LI-JVETTE  ’,  n.  A stuff  of  silk  and  cotton 
warp,  and  woollen  weft,  for  waistcoats.  IF.  Ency. 

TOIL'ING,  n.  Oppressive  labor ; toil.  Udah 

ToiL'Lpss,  a.  Free  from  toil.  . Milman. 

TOIL'SOME  (toll'sum),  a.  Laborious;  weary; 
fatiguing.  “ Many  toilsome  steps.”  Dryden. 

TOIL'SOME-LY,  ad.  In  a toilsome  manner;  with 
toil ; laboriously.  Bp.  Hall. 

TOIL'SOME-Nisss,  n.  The  quality  of  being  toil- 
some ; wearisomeness  ; laboriousness.  Seeker. 

TOIL'STRUNG,  a.  Strengthened  by  labor  or  ex- 
ercise. 44  The  toilstrung  youth.”  [it.]  Thomson. 

TOIL'WORN,  a.  Worn  or  exhausted  by  toil.  44  A 
toilworn  mariner.”  Boyd. 

TOLjSE,  n.  [Fr.]  A French  measure  of  length, 
equal  to  6 French  feet,  or  6.3915925  English 
feet.  Brande. 

TO-KAY'  (to-ka'),  n.  A rich,  luscious  wine,  of  a 
peculiar  aromatic  flavor,  made  at  Tokay  in 
Hungary.  It  is  usually  more  or  less  turbid, 
and  is  preferred  in  that  state.  Brande. 

TO'KEN  (to'kn),  n.  [M.  Goth,  tail:, ns ; A.  S. 
tacen,  tacn  ; Dut.  teeken,  teiken ; Ger.  zeichen  ; 
Dan.  tcyn  ; Sw.  teeken  ; Icel.  takn.] 

1.  A sign  ; a mark  ; a symbol  ; a symptom. 

Young  plantains,  and  branches  of  a tree  which  the  Indians 
call  E'Midho , . . . brought  as  tokens  of  peace  and  amity.  Cook. 

It  is  indeed  a very  unhappy  token  of  the  corruption  of  our 
manners,  that  there  should  be  any  so  inconsiderate.  Addison. 

2.  t A spot  on  the  body  denoting  infection, 
as  of  the  plague  ; a plague-spot. 

For  the  Lord’s  tokens  on  you  both  I see.  Shak. 

3 A memorial  of  friendship  ; something 
given  to  serve  as  a remembrance  ; a souvenir. 

This  is  some  token  from  a newer  friend.  Shak. 

4.  A small  coin  struck  in  England  by  private 
individuals  before  the  government  coined  such 
pieces,  a coin  current  by  sufferance,  but  not 
coined  by  authority,  formerly  to  pass  for  a far- 
thing, but  in  modern  times  for  a higher  value. 

Buy  a token's  worth  of  great  pins.  B.  Jo/tson. 

5.  (Printing.)  Ten  quires  of  paper.  Marsh. 

Syn.  — See  Mark. 

TO'KEN  (to'kn),  v.  a.  1.  To  make  known,  [it.] 

What  in  time  proceeds 

May  token  to  the  future  our  past  deeds.  Shak. 

2.  To  indicate  by  spots,  as  infection,  [r.]  Shak. 

TO'KENED  (to'knd),  p.  a.  Indicated  by  spots. 
44  The  tokened  pestilence.”  Shak. 


To'KEN-LESS  (to'kn-les),  a.  Without  any  token 
or  sign.  Byjrom. 

j-TOK'IN,  n.  A tocsin.  Wonderful  Year. 

TO ’LB,  n.  An  East  Indian  weight,  equal  to  130 
grains  troy.  Simmonds. 

TOLD,  i.  & p.  from  tell.  Mentioned.  — Sec  Tell. 

TOLE,  V.  a.  [t.  TOLED  ; pp.  TOEING,  TOLED.]  To 
draw  ; to  allure  ; to  toll.  — Sec  Toll.  Locke. 

TO-LE'DO,  n.  A sword  of  metal  tempered,  or 
like  one  tempered,  at  Toledo,  formerly  cele- 
brated for  its  swords.  B Jon  son. 

TOL'ER-A-BLE,  a,  [L.  tolerabilis ; It.  tollera- 
bile  ; Sp  tolerable  ; Er.  tolerable.] 

1.  That  may  be  borne,  endured,  or  tolerated ; 
endurable  ; sufferable  ; supportable. 

Cold  and  heat  scarce  tolerable.  Milton. 

2.  Neither  excellent  nor  contemptible;  pass- 
able. “ A tolerable  translation.”  Dryden. 

TOL'?R-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  tol- 
erable. [r.]  Johnson. 

TOL'EIt-A-BLY,  ad.  1.  In  a manner  that  may  be 
endured  ; supportably.  Hammond. 

2.  Moderately  well  ; passably. 

[He]  had  acquitted  himself  tolerably  at  a ball.  Addison. 

TOL'JyR-ANCE,  n.  [L.  tolerantia  ; tolero,  tolcrans, 
to  bear,  to  endure ; It.  tolleranza ; Sp.  tolcran- 
cia  ; Er.  tolerance .]  The  power  or  the  act  of 
enduring;  endurance;  toleration. 

Tlie  same  in  dangers  and  travels  we  term  tolerance,  pa- 
tience, and  fortitude.  Holland. 

Syn. — Tolerance  is  applied  to  the  disposition  or 
habit  of  mind  ; toleration,  to  action.  Principles  of  tol- 
erance will  lead  to  the  toleration  of  different  opinions. 

TOL'RR-ANT,  a.  [L.  tolerans .]  Disposed  to 

tolerate  ; indulgent ; forbearing.  Prof.  White. 

To  L'  ER-ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  tolero,  toleratus;  folio,  to 
lift  up  ; It.  tollerare,  to  bear,  to  tolerate  ; Sp. 
tolerar  ; Fr.  tolirer.  — Sansc.  tul ; Gr.  T/.am.  — 
M.  Goth,  thulan,  to  suffer,  to  tolerate  ; A.  S. 
tholian,  to  bear,  to  endure  ; Dut.  A Ger.  duldcn ; 
Dan.  taulc  ; Sw.  tala  ; Icel.  tliola.]  [f.  toler- 
ated ; pp.  TOLERATING,  TOLERATED.]  To  al- 
low so  as  not  to  hinder  ; to  permit,  as  some- 
thing not  wholly  approved  ; to  suffer  ; to  en- 
dure ; to  admit. 

Men  should  not  tolerate  themselves  one  minute  in  any 
known  sin.  Decay  of  Chr.  I'icty. 

Crying  should  not  be  tolerated  in  children.  Locke. 

Syn.  — A person  tolerates  a thingwhen  he  does  not 
hinder  it,  though  he  had  power  to  do  so  ; he  permits 
or  allows  it  when  he  authorizes  it  by  express  consent. 
What  is  tolerated  is  bad  or  not  approved,  and  svfferrd 
only  because  it  cannot  well  or  easily  be  prevented. 
Toleration  is  an  informal,  and  permission  a formal,  al- 
lowance of  an  action,  which  the  magistrate  or  govern- 
ment declines  lo  sanction.  In  some  countries  in  which 
there  is  an  established  religion,  other  religions  are  tol- 
erated. Different  religions,  though  not  patronized  or 
approved,  are  tolerated,  tilings  of  little  importance 
are  permitted,  allowed,  or  suffered  to  be  done  without 
resistance.  — See  Admit,  Allow. 

TOL-JJR-A'TION,  n.  [L.  toleratio .] 

1.  The  act  of  tolerating ; allowance  given  to 
that  which  is  not  wholly  approved;  endurance. 

Toleration  of  fortune  of  every  sort.  Sir  T.  Etyot. 
The  indulgence  and  toleration  granted  to  these  men.  South. 

2.  (Eccl.)  Permission  for  the  free  exercise  of 
a religion  different  from  that  established. 

Toleration  implies  a right  of  enjoying  tire  benefit  of  the 
laws  and  of  all  social  privileges,  without  any  regard  to  ditter- 
enee  of  religion.  Brande. 

Toleration  Bct,\hc  act  of  William  and  Mary  of  Eng- 
land which  repealed  the  statutes  imposing  penalties 
on  Protestant  Dissenters  for  nonconformity  to  the  rit- 
ual and  discipline  of  the  established  church.  Eden. 

Syn.  — See  Tolerance. 

TOLL  (tol),  n.  [A.  S.  toll,  a toll,  a tribute  ; Dut. 
toT,  Ger.  zoll ; Dan.  told ; Sw,  tull ; Icel.  tollr\ 
W.  toll.  — Gr.  tO.o s,  a toll.  — Junius  and  Skin- 
ner derive  toll  (A.  S.  toll),  a tribute,  from  Gr. 
tUos,  an  end,  a tribute,  or  a toll ; Johnson,  from 
L.  tollo,  to  raise,  to  take  or  carry  away.  — Bp. 
Burgess  thinks  toll,  a tribute,  is  probably  from 
tell  (A.  S.  tellan),  to  count,  to  number,  as  dole 
from  deal,  tile  toll  of  a bell  being  strokes  lightly 
struck,  measured,  or  numbered  at  regular  inter- 
vals ; and  tole  or  tdl,  to  draw,  signifying  to  pro- 
duce an  effect  by  slow,  insensible  degrees.  — 
Serenius  is  inclined  to  the  derivation  of  toll,  a 
tribute,  from  tell,  to  count,  to  number,  noticing 
the  Su.  Goth,  taela,  to  reckon.  — Tooke  derives 
both  toll,  a tribute,  and  the  toll  of  a bell  from 


MIEN,  SIR  ; MOVE,  NOR,  SON  ; BULL, 


BUR,  RULE. — 9,  (i , 9,  g,  soft ; C,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this 


TOLL 


1518 


TON 


A.  S.  tilian,  to  raise,  or  lift  up,  — the  former 
being  a part  lifted  off,  or  taken  away,  as  to  raise 
or  levy  (L.  leco,  Fr.  lever,  to  raise,  to  lift)  taxes, 
and  the  latter,  the  lifting  up  of  the  bell,  causing 
its  sound.] 

1.  A duty  or  tax  imposed  for  some  service 
rendered,  or  benefit  conferred  ; — especially  a 
duty  imposed  on  travellers  and  goods  passing 
along  public  roads,  bridges,  over  a ferry,  &c. : 
— also,  the  payment  to  the  corporation  of  a 
town,  or  to  the  lord  or  owner  of  a market  or 
fair,  upon  sale  of  things  subject  to  toll,  Brande. 

To  pay  toll  for  any  commodities  or  wares.  Holland. 

As  the  expense  of  carriage  is  very  much  reduced  by  means 
of  such  public  works,  the  goods,  notwithstanding  the  toll, 
come  cheaper  to  the  consumer  than  they  would  otherwise 
have  done;  their  price  not  being  so  much  raised  by  the  toll 
as  it  is  lowered  by  the  cheapness  of  the  carriage.  A.  Smith. 

2.  (Sax.  & Old  Eng  Law.)  Liberty  to  buy  and 
sell  within  the  precincts  of  a manor.,  Burrill. 

3 A miller’s  proportion  or  allowance  for 
glinding  grain  Simmonds. 

Tull  and  team,  ( Old  Bij  Law.)  the  privileges  of 
having  a market  anil  jurisdiction  of  villeins.  Burrill. 

Syn.  — See  Duty,  Tax 

f TOLL,  V.  n.  [i  TOLLED  ; pp.  TOLLING,  TOLLED.] 

1.  To  pay  toll  or  duty, 

I ’ll  buy  me  a son-in-law  in  a fair,  and  toll  for  him.  Shah. 

2.  [W.  tolli,  to  take  from.]  To  take  toll. 

And  miller  that  tolleth  takes  none  but  his  due.  Tusscr. 

TOLL,  v.  a.  To  take  or  collect  as  toll. 

Like  the  bee,  tolling  from  every  flower 

The  virtuous  sweets.  Shak. 

TOLL,  v.  a.  1.  To  cause  to  sound  with  slow  and 
uniform  strokes  or  tones,  as  a bell. 

I heard  the  bell  tolled  on  thy  burial  day; 

I saw  the  hearse  that  bore  thee  slow  away.  Coivper . 

2.  To  call  or  to  notify  by  sound,  as  of  a bell. 

Slow  tolls  the  village  clock  the  drowsy  hour.  Beattie. 

When  hollow  murmurs  of  tlieir  evening  bells 

Dismiss  the  sleepy  swains,  and  toll  them  to  tlieir  cells. 

Dryden. 

TOLL,  t>.  n.  [From  the  sound.  Skinner.)  To 
sound  or  ring  slowly,  as  a bell.  “ Toll , toll, 
gentle  bell.”  Denham. 

TOLL,  n.  The  slow,  regular  stroke  or  tone  of  a 
bell,  particularly  of  a church  boll.  Tooke. 

TOLL,  v a.  [Of  uncertain  etymology.  — See 
Toll,  ».]  To  draw  by  degrees;  to  allure;  — 
written  also  tole.  Milton.  Locke. 

To  make  me  follow,  and  so  toll  me  on.  Fletcher. 

The  adventitious  moisture  . . tolleth  forth  the  innate  and 
radical  moisture.  liacon. 

TOLL,  or  TOLL  [tol,  IF.  Johnson],  v.  a.  [L. 
tollo,  to  lift  up,  to  take  away.]  (Old Eng,  Law.) 
To  take  away  ; to  bar  ; to  defeat.  “ To  toll  an 
entry.”  Burrill. 

TCLL'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  tolled  or  subject 
to  toll ; liable  to  pay  toll.  Whishaw. 

TOLL'AQE,  n.  Payment  of  toll ; toll.  Drayton. 

TOLL'— BAR,  n.  A turnpike-gate  or  side-bar  on 
a road,  where  a toll  is  received.  Simmonds. 

TOLL'BOOTH,  n.  [Icel.  tollhud ; Dan.  toldhod.] 

1.  fA  custom-house  or  place  where  toll  is 

paid  ; an  exchange.  Phillips. 

He  saw  Matthew  sitting  in  a tollbooth.  Matt.  ix.  9,  Wickliffe. 

2.  A prison  or  jail,  particularly  the  prison  at 

Edinburgh.  [Scotland.]  Jamieson. 

TOLL'BOOTH,  v.  a.  To  imprison  in  a tollbooth. 

That  they  might  tollbooth  Oxford  men.  Bp.  Corbett. 

TOLL'— BRIDGE,  n.  A bridge  for  passing  which 
toll  is  paid.  Smart. 

TOLL'-CORN,  n.  Corn  or  grain  taken  as  toll  for 
grinding  at  a mill.  Crabb. 

TOLL'— DISH,  n,  A vessel  in  which  toll  is  taken, 
as  for  grinding  grain.  Beau,  % FI. 

TOLL'yR,  n.  1.  f A toll-gatherer.  Barret. 

2.  One  who  tolls  a bell.  Todd. 

TOLL'— GATE,  n.  A gate  where  toll  is  paid. 

TOLL'— GATH-IJR-yR,  n.  An  officer  who  takes 
toll ; a tollman.  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

TOLL'— HOP,  n.  A toll-dish.  Crabb. 

TOLL'— HOUSE,  n.  A house  where  toll  is  paid. 

TOLL'ING,  p.  a.  Sounding,  as  a bell,  with  slow, 
regular  strokes  or  tones. 

TOLL'ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  tolls;  the 
slow  sound  of  a bell ; toll. 


ToLL'mAN,  n. ; pi.  toll'mEn.  One  who  collects 
toll,  as  at  a toll-gate  ; a toll-gatherer.  Cowper. 

TOLL'— THOR-OUGII  (-thur-ro), n.  Toll  taken  by 
a town  for  beasts  going  through  it,  or  over  a 
bridge  or  ferry  maintained  at  its  cost: — a toll 
claimed  by  an  individual  where  he  is  bound  to 
repair  some  particular  highway.  [Eng.]  Brande. 

TOLL'— TEA V-pRSE,  n.  Toll  for  passing  over 
the  private  soil  of  another,  or  for  driving  beasts 
across  his  ground.  [Eng.]  Brande. 

TOLL'-TURN,  n.  A toll  paid  at  the  return  of 
beasts  from  fair  or  market,  though  they  were 
not  sold.  [Eng.]  Cowell. 

TOL'MgN,  n.  One  of  the  large  stones,  many  of 
which  are  found  in  Cornwall  and  Brittany,  hav- 
ing passages  apparently  hollowed  through  them, 
and  commonly  believed  to  be  druidical  re- 
mains ; — called  also  dolmen.  Brande. 

t T6l'S£S-T£R,  n.  (Old  Eng.  Law.)  A toll  or 
tribute  of  a sextary  or  sester  of  ale,  paid  to  the 
lords  of  some  manors  by  their  tenants,  for 
liberty  to  brew  and  sell  ale  ; — written  also  tol- 
saster  and  tolcester.  Cowell. 

t TOL'ijilJY  (tol'ze),  n.  A place  at  which  tolls 
were  set  or  assessed  ; a tollbooth.  Cyc.  of  Com. 

TOLT,  n.  [Law  L.  tolta  ; L.  tollo,  to  remove.] 
(Old  Eng.  Practice.)  A writ  by  which  a cause 
pending  in  a court-baron  was  removed  to  the 
county  court.  Cowell. 

TO-I.tr ' ,n.  A resin  procured  from  Myrospermum 
toluiferum,  a tree  growing  in  Carthagena,  by 
making  incisions  into  the  trunk  ; — called  also 
balsam  of  Tolu,  and  Tolu  balsam.  Tomlinson. 

fl®*  Tolu  is  met  with  in  commerce  in  the  form  of  a 
soft,  (lark-colored,  transparent  balsam,  of  tile  consis- 
tence of  turpentine,  with  a remarkably  fragrant  and 
agreeable  odor,  or  of  a rusty-brown,  semi-transparent 
resin.  Miller. 

TO-LU'I-DlNE,  n.  (Chem.)  A volatile,  oily,  or- 
ganic base,  containing  no  oxygen.  Gregory. 

TOL'U-OIiE,  n.  (Chem.)  A hydrocarbon,  being 
the  product  of  the  distillation  of  balsam  of 
Tolu  ; — called  also  benzoene.  Miller . 

f TOL-U-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  tolutim,  on  a trot; 
tollo,  to  lift  up.]  The  act  of  ambling.  Browne. 

TO-LU'— TREE,  n.  (Bot.)  A large,  handsome  tree, 
the  wood  of  which  is  red  in  the  centre,  and  has 
an  odor  of  balsam  or  rose  ; Myrospermum  tolu- 
iferum. It  yields  the  balsam  of  Tolu.  Baird. 

TOM,  n.  The  knave  of  trumps  at  the  old  game 
of  gleek.  Wit's  Interpreter. 

TOM'A-HAWK,  ra.  [Indian.  — Algonquin  tome- 
hagen ; Mohegan  tumnahegan ; Delaware  ta- 
moiheean.  Gallatin.]  A weapon  used  by  the 
American  Indians,  formed  of  a stone,  with  an 
edge,  and  a handle;  an  Indian  hatchet. 

It  was  . . . the  custom  of  the  Indians  to  go  through  the 
ceremony  of  burying  the  tomahawk . when  they  made  peaee  ; 
when  they  went  to  war,  they  dug  it  up  again. — Hence  the 
phrase,  “ To  bury  the  tomahawk,”  or  “ hatchet.”  Bartlett. 

TOM'A-IIAWK,  v.  a.  To  strike  or  to  kill  with  a 
tomahawk.  Clarke. 

TOM-AL'Lf  V , ? a name  applied  to  the  liver 

TOM-AL'LINE,  > of  the  lobster,  which,  when 
boiled,  is  green.  C.  T.  Jackson. 

TO'MAN,  n.  A conventional  money  of  Persia,  of 
a very  variable  character.  It  may  be  valued  at 
about  12s.  Gd.  sterling  ($3.02).  Simmonds. 

TO-MA'TO,  or  TO-MA'TO  [to-ma'to,  Sm.  C. ; to- 
in&'to,  K.],  n.  [Indian. — Sp.,  Port.,  <S,  Fr.  to- 
mato.] (Bot.)  A plant  of  several  varieties, 
much  cultivated  for  its  fruit;  the  common  love- 
apple  ; Lycopcrsicum  esculentum  : — the  fruit  of 
the  plant,  which  is  used  in  various  ways  for 
food.  Gray. 

TOMB  (tom),  n.  [Gr.  ripfio;,  strictly,  the  place 
where  a dead  body  is  burnt,  but  usually  a 
mound  of  earth  heaped  over  the  ashes,  a tomb, 
probably  from  Tltptn,  to  smoke,  to  consume  in  a 
slow  fire.  Liddell  1$  Scott.  — L.  tumulus,  a 
raised  heap  of  earth,  a sepulchral  mound ; tu- 
meo,  to  swell ; It.  tomba , a tomb  ; Sp.  tumba  ; 
Fr.  tombe,  tombeau.  — Old  Eng.  tumle,  toumbe.) 

1.  The  sepulchre,  vault,  or  monument  in 
which  the  body  of  a deceased  person  is  enclosed. 

Poor  heart  1 she  slumbers  in  her-silent  tomb; 

Let  her  possess  in  peaee  that  narrow  room.  Dryden. 


The  marble  tomb * that  rise  on  high, 

Whose  dead  in  vaulted  arches  lie.  Parnell, 

The  tombs  of  the  Jews  were  generally  hollow  places  hewy 
out  of  the  rock.  Brund% 

2.  A monument  erected  in  memory  of  a do. 
ceased  person,  [it.]  Brande. 

TOMB  (tom),  v.  a.  To  entomb,  [it.]  Byron. 

TOM'BAC,  n.  (Min.)  An  alloy  of  zinc  and  cop- 
per. Turner. 

TOMBED  (tomd),  p.  a.  Put  in  a tomb,  [it.] 

He  lies  at  Glnstenbirc,  tooibed,  as  I ween.  Jl.  Jinmnc. 

TOMB'LIJSS,  a.  Without  a tomb.  Shak. 

TOMB'NOR-RY,  n.  A bird  found  in  Shetland; 
the  tomnoddy  ; the  puffin.  Clarke. 

TOM'BOY,  «.  [ Tom,  for  Thomas,  and  boy.  John- 
son.— A.  S.  tumbere,  a tumbler.  Verstegan.]  A 
romping,  boyish  girl;  a romp.  Shak.  Beau.  $ FI. 

TOMB'STONE  (tom'ston),  n.  A stone  or  a monu- 
ment erected  in  memory  of  a deceased  person, 
at  the  place  where  he  is  interred.  Addison. 

TOM'CAT,  n.  A full  grown  male  cat.  Booth. 

TOM'COD,  n.  [Fr.  tacavd,  whiting  pout.]  (Ich.) 
A small  fish  of  the  family  Gadidce,  or  cods, 
common  to  the  American  coast,  very  abundant 
after  the  first  frost ; frost-fish ; Gadus  torn- 
codus.  Storer. 

TOME,  n.  [Gr.  Tipos,  a piece  cut  off,  a part  of  a 
book  written  and  rolled  up  by  itself,  a tome  ; 
ripi'to,  to  cut ; L.  totnus  ; It.  § Sp.  tomo ; Fr. 
tome.]  One  volume  of  many  : — also,  any  book. 

Must  we  write  nothing  but  large  scholastical  discourses  — 
such  tonics  as  yours?  Bjt.  Hall. 

Sacred  tomes  and  volumes  of  holy  writ.  Hooker . 

TOME'LpT,  n.  A small  tome  or  volume.  Qu.Rev. 

TO-MyN-TOSE',  ) [L.  tomentum,  stuffin  g,  as 

TO-MEN'TOUS,  ) of  hair.]  ( B ot.)  Covered  wi I h 
short,  dense,  somewhat  rigid  hairs,  so  as  to  be 
scarcely  perceptible  to  the  touch.  Lindley. 

TOM'FOOL,  n.  A fool;  a simpleton.  Carr. 

TOM'FOOL-p-RY,  n.  Absurd  or  ludicrous  folly; 
absurdity;  nonsense.  [Low.]  O'Connell. 

TO'MIN,  n.  [Sp.]  A Spanish  weight  for  gold 
and  silver,  being  of  the  former,  8.875  grains,  and 
of  the  latter,  9.245  grains.  Simmonds. 

TOM'JOIIN,  n.  A kind  of  sedan  in  Ceylon,  open 
in  front  and  on  each  side,  and  carried  by  a 
single  pole  on  men’s  shoulders.  Simmonds. 

TOM'NOD-DY,  n.  1.  ( Ornith .)  The  puffin;  — 
called  also  tomnorry.  Booth. 

2.  A fool ; a dolt ; a dunce  ; a clown.  Hood. 

TO— MOR'ROW,  n.  The  day  subsequent  to  the 
present  day. 

To-morrow,  and  to-morrow , and  to-mnn-ow , 

Creeps  in  this  petty  pace  from  day  to  day, 

To  the  last  syllable  of  recorded  time.  Shak . 

A man  he  seems  of  cheerful  yesterdays 
And  confident  to-morrows.  Wordsworth. 

TO-MOR'ROW,  ad.  On  the  next  day  coming. 

This  ought  rather  to  be  called  n full  purpose  of  committing 
sin  to-day  than  a resolution  of  leaving  it  to-mowow.  Calamy. 

TOM'PI-ON,  ?!.  [Fr.  tampon,  according  to  the  Dic- 
tionary of  Trevoux,  from  Celtic  tampon,  a piece 
or  stopper.]  (Mil.)  A stopper  fitted  to  the 
bore  of  the  gun,  to  keep  out  the  wet ; a tam- 
pion : — the  wooden  or  iron  bottom,  adapted  to 
the  bore  of  the  gun,  to  which  grape-shot  are 
fixed,  or  the  bottom  of  the  cylinder  containing 
canister  or  case-shot.  Glos.  of  Mil.  Terms. 

TOM'— POK-fR,  n.  A bugbear  to  frighten  chil- 
dren ; a scarecrow.  Forby. 

TOM'RIG,  n.  A rude,  wild  girl ; a tomboy.  Dennis. 

TOM-TIT'  [tom-tit',  S.  IF.  J.  Ja.  Sm. ; tom'tlt,  P. 
F.  K.  Wb.],  n.  (Ornith.)  A small  bird  ; a tit- 
mouse. — See  Titmouse.  Baird. 

TOM'TOM,  n.  A sort  of  drum,  used  by  the  na- 
tives in  the  East  Indies.  Mackintosh. 

TON  (tun),  n.  [A.  S.  tunne,  a tun,  a vat,  a tub  ; 
Dut.  ton  ; Ger.  tonne.  — See  Tun.] 

1.  A cask ; a tun.  Chaucer. 

2.  A weight  of  2240  pounds,  but  sometimes 
of  2000  pounds  avoirdupois  ; twenty  hundred- 
weight. — See  Hundred-weight.  Cyc.  of  Com. 

A ton  of  2000  lbs.  is  called  a short  ton.  By  act 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  y,  J,  O,  II,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


TON 


1519 


TONSILE 


of  Congress  it  is  decided  tliat,  unless  specified  to  the 
contrary,  a ton  is  to  lie  understood  as  2210  lbs.  avoir- 
dupois. Cijc.  of  Com. 

IKS"  A tun  of  flour,  in  commerce,  is  8 sacks,  or  10 
barrels  ; a ton  of  potatoes,  10  bushels.  In  Cornwall, 
the  miners’  tun  is  21  cwt.,  or  2352  lbs.  Simmonds. 

3.  A measure  of  capacity,  containing  252 

gallons  ; — usually  written  tun.  Brands. 

4.  Forty  cubic  feet  of  round  or  rough  timber, 

or  fifty  feet  of  hewn  timber.  Simmonds. 

fgjp  One  ton  of  timber,  as  usually  surveyed,  con- 
tains 50^Bq2q  cubic  feet.  Greenleaf. 

5.  In  the  measurement  of  a ship,  forty  cubic 

feet.  Simmonds. 

TON,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  tonus,  tone.]  The  pre- 
vailing fashion  ; high  mode  ; style  ; vogue. 

Lady  Melbourne  was  a,  very  sensible  woman:  and,  having 
a magnificent  bouse  and  making  great  entertainments,  was 
one  at  the  head  of  the  fashion,  or  ton.  Horace  Walpole. 

TON.  [A.  S.  tun.']  A termination  of  names  of 
places.  — See  Town.  Gibson. 

f TO'NAME,  n.  A name  added  to  another  name  ; 
a surname.  Version  of  Ecclus.  xlvii.  19. 

TON'C  A-BEAN,  n.  See  Tonga-bean. 

TON-Di'NO,!!.  [Sp.]  (Arch.)  An  astragal . Brande. 

TONE,  n.  [Gr.  rd i/o,-,  a cord,  a rope,  a tone  ; rcim, 
to  stretch  ; L.  tonus , a tone  ; It.  tuono,  tono  ; Sp. 
tono;  Fr.  ton.  — Dut.  toon  ; Ger.  ton ; Dan. 
tone ; Sw.  ton. — W.  ton.] 

1.  The  particular  quality  of  any  sound  ; a 
note  ; as,  “ A shrill  tone  ” ; “A  low  tone.” 

The  strength  of  a voice  or  sound  makes  a difference  in  the 
loudness  or  softness,  but  not  in  the  tone.  Bacon. 

These  from  thy  lips  were  like  harmonious  tones.  Drayton. 

2.  The  quality  of  the  voice  as  modified  by  the 
feelings  of  the  speaker ; accent. 

Eager  his  tone,  and  ardent  were  his  eyes.  Drydcn. 

A tone  which  did  not  suit  such  emotions.  Blair. 

3.  A particular  or  affected  sound  or  intona- 
tion in  speaking  or  reading;  a whining  or  a 
mournful  sound  of  the  voice. 

We  ought  certainly  to  read  blank  verse  so  as  to  make  every 
line  sensible  to  the  ear;  at  the  same  time,  in  doing  so,  every 
appearance  of  sing-song  and  tune  must  be  carefully  guarded 
against.  Blair. 

4.  Tension,  state,  or  temper  of  mind  ; mood. 

The  mind  is  not  always  in  the  same  state;  being  at  times 
cheerful,  melancholy,  severe,  peevish.  These  different  states 
may  not  improperly  be  denominated  tones.  Karnes. 

To  drag  the  mind  . . . from  a philosophical  tone  or  temper 
to  the  drudgery  of  private  and  public  business.  Bolingbroke. 

5.  Tenor  ; character  ; spirit ; strain  ; as,  “ The 
tone  of  his  remarks  was  commendatory.” 

G.  (Mus.)  A property  of  sound  by  which  it 
comes  under  the  relation  of  grave  and  acute  : — 
a certain  interval  between  two  sounds,  as  in  the 
met, 'or  tone  and  the  minor  tone,  the  ratio  of  the 
first  of  which  is  eight  to  nine,  and  which  results 
from  the  difference  of  the  fourth  to  the  fifth, while 
the  ratio  of  the  latter  is  nine  to  ten,  and  results 
from  the  difference  of  the  minor  third  to  the 
fourth.  Moore. 

7.  (.1/crf.)  Tension  or  firmness  proper  to  each 
organic  tissue  : — elasticity.  Dunglison. 

. 8.  (Paint.)  The  prevailing  color  of  a pic- 
ture, or  its  general  effect,  depending  on  the 
right  relation  of  objects  in  shadow  to  the  prin- 
cipal light,  and  on  the  quality  of  color,  by  which 
it  is  felt  to  owe  part  of  its  brightness  to  the  hue 
of  the  light  upon  it.  Fairholt. 

Syn.  — See  Sound. 

TONE,  v.  a.  1.  To  utter  in  an  affected  tone,  or 
sing-song  manner.  South. 

2.  To  regulate  the  tone  of ; to  tune.  Clarke. 

To  lone  down , to  soften  ; to  modify  ; to  qualify  ; to 
lessen.  Wiseman.  N.  Brit.  Ren. 

To  tone  down  a picture,  ( Painting.)  to  soften  tile  col- 
oring, so  that  a subdued  harmony  of  tint  may  prevail, 
and  all  undue  glare  be  avoided.  Ogilvie. 

TONED  (toned),  a.  Having  a particular  tone  ; — 
used  in  composition ; as,  “ High -toned.” 

TONE'LJjiSS,  a.  Having  no  tone.  Kenrick. 

TONE'— SYL'LA-BLE,  n.  A syllable  which  is  ac- 
cented. ’ Ogilvie. 

TONG,  and  TONG,  n.  See  Tongue,  and  Tongs. 

TON'GA,  n.  A silver  coin  of  Bokhara,  worth 
about  7id.  sterling  ($0.15).  Simmonds. 

TfiN'GA— BEAN,  n.  The  sweet-scented  seed  of  a 
large  leguminous  tree  (Coumarouna,  or  Dip- 


terix,  odorata)  growing  in  French  Guiana  ; — 
used  for  scenting  snuff,  and  called  also  tonca- 
bean,  and  tonquin-bean.  Archer..  Baird. 

ToNG'KANG,  n.  A kind  of  boat  or  junk  used  in 
the  seas  of  the  Eastern  archipelago.  Simmonds. 

TON 'GO,  n.  The  mangrove.  [The  Pacific.] 

Simmonds. 

TONGS,  n-  pl-  [A.  S.  § Dut.  tang ; Old  Ger. 
zanga;  Ger.  zetnge;  Dan.  tang;  Sw.  tang ; Icel. 
taung.  — Gael,  teangas.  — It.  tenaglie,  pincers  ; 
Sp.  tenaza,  tongs;  Fr.  tenailles. — Probably 
related  to  L.  tango,  to  touch,  Sw.  taga,  Eng. 
take.  Bosworth.]  An  instrument  of  metal,  with 
two  limbs,  for  griping  or  handling  any  thing, 
as  hot  coals,  heated  metals,  &c. 

They  turn  the  glowing  mass  with  crooked  tongs.  Tinjden. 

A pair  of  tongs  like  a smith’s  tongs.  Mortimer. 

TONGUE  (tung),  n.  [M.  Goth,  tuggo  (pronounced 
tungo)  ; A.  S.  tunge;  Frs . tung  a,  tonge;  Dut. 
tong ; Ger.  zunge ; Dan.  tunge ; Sw.  ^ Icel. 
tunga.  — Gael,  teanga.  — Old  Eng.  tunge.] 

1.  A muscular  and  very  mobile  organ  in  the 

mouth,  covered  by  a mucous  membrane,  on 
which  are  numerous  papilla:,  and  performing 
important  functions,  as  in  tasting,  in  eating,  or 
chewing,  or  swallowing  food,  in  receiving  drink, 
and,  in  man,  in  articulating.  Dunglison. 

Who  with  the  tongue  of  angels  can  relate?  Milton. 

They  hiss  for  hiss  returned  with  forked  tongue 
To  forked  tongue.  Milton. 

2.  Speech  ; talk  ; discourse  : — fluency  of 
speech  or  utterance. 

Much  tongue  and  much  judgment  seldom  go  together;  for 
talking  and  thinking  are  two  quite  different  faculties. 

L1  Estrange. 

3.  Articulate  utterance  ; the  faculty  of  speech. 

Parrots,  imitating  human  tongue.  Dvyden. 

4.  Manner  of  speaking  ; speech. 

Keep  a good  tongue  in  thy  head.  Shale. 

5.  A language  ; as,  “ The  Hebrew  tongue.” 

To  speak  all  tongues  and  do  all  miracles.  Jhlilton. 

We  must  be  free,  or  die,  who  speak  the  tongue 
That  Shakespeare  spoke.  Wordsworth. 

“Paradise  Lost”  is  a noble  possession  for  a people  to  have 
inherited,  but  the  English  tongue  is  a nobler  heritage.  Trench. 

6.  Speech,  as  opposed  to  action  ; mere  words 
or  assertions. 

My  little  children,  let  ns  not  love  in  word,  neither  in 
tongue , but  in  deed  and  in  truth.  1 John  iii.  IS. 

7.  A nation  or  people,  as  distinguished  by 

their  language.  Rev.  v.  9. 

8.  Anything  projected  or  protruding  like  the 
tongue,  or  any  thing  in  the  shape  of  the 
tongue,  as  a long,  narrow  strip  of  land  ex- 
tending into  the  water,  or  an  arm  of  the  sea 
extending  into  the  land,  the  clapper  of  a bell,  a 
projection  as  of  a buckle  or  stock,  the  projection 
on  the  edge  of  a piece  of  wood  that  corresponds 
to  and  fits  a groove,  the  taper  part  of  the  lower 
end  of  a spindle,  or  the  upper  main-piece  of  a 
made  mast,  &c. 

9.  (Naut.)  A short  piece  of  rope  spliced  into 

the  upper  part  of  standing-backstays,  &c.,  to 
the  size  of  the  topmast-head.  Mar.  Diet. 

Tongue  of  a sword,  that  part  of  the  blade  on  which 

the  gripe,  shell,  and  pommel  are  fixed.  Stocqucler 

To  hold  one's  tongue,  to  be  silent.  Addison. 

Syn. Sec  Language. 

TONGUE  (tung),  v.  a.  \i.  TONGl’ED  ; pp.  ton- 
oriNG,  -tongued.]  To  chide;  to  scold;  to 
rate  ; to  brand  publicly  ; to  make  infamous. 

IIow  might  she  tongue  me  I Shale. 

TONGUE  (tung),  v.  n.  1.  To  talk  ; to  prate. 

Such  stuff  os  madmen  tongue.  Shah. 

2.  To  use  the  tongue,  as  in  playing  the  flute, 
or  similar  instrument  of  music.  Clarke. 

TONGUED  (tungd),  a.  Having  a tongue  ; — often 
used  in  composition  ; as,  “ Dowhlc-tongued.” 
Tongued  they  are  not  like  other  birds.  Holland. 

TONGUE'-DOUGH-TY  (tung'dbu  te),  a.  Valiant 
in  word,  not  in  act ; boastful.  Milton. 

TONGUE'— FENCE  (tung'fens),  a.  Power  of  elo- 
cution or  arguing.  [Ludicrous.]  Milton. 

TONGUE'— GrAfT-ING,  n.  A mode  of  grafting 
by  inserting  the  end  of  a scion  in  the  stock  in  a 
certain  manner.  P.  Cyc. 

TONGUE'LIJSS  (tung'Ies),  a.  1.  Having  no  tongue  : 
— speechless.  “ A tongueless  mouth.”  Shak. 

W hat  tongimless  blocks!  would  they  not  speak?  Shak. 


2.  Not  spoken  of ; unnamed,  [r.] 

One  good  deed,  dying  tongueless.  .Shak, 

t TONGUE'— PAD  (tung'pad),  n.  A great  talker  ; 
a loquacious  person.  Taller. 

TONGUE'— SHAPED  (tung'shapt), . a.  1.  Shaped 
like  a tongue. 

2.  (Rot.)  Long,  fleshy,  plano-convex,  and  ob- 
tuse ; linguiform.  Lindley. 

TONGUE'— TIE  (tung'tl),  v.  a.  To  render  unable 
to  speak  or  to  articulate  distinctly. 

That  extreme  modesty  and  bashfulness  which  ordinarily 
tongue-ties  us  in  all  good  company.  Goodman. 

TONGUE'— TIE,  n.  (Med.)  Impeded  motion  of 
the  tongue  in  consequence  of  the  shortness  of 
the  frsenum.  Dunglison. 

TONGUE'— TIED  (tung'tid),  a.  Having  an  imped- 
iment of  speech ; unable  to  speak  freely.  Shak. 

TONGUEY  (tung'e),  a.  Disposed  to  use  the 
tongue  in  much  talking  ; talkative ; loqua- 
cious. “ A tonguey  woman.”  Wickliffe. 

Flippant,  tonguey,  and  self-conceited.  Nevj  Englander. 

TON'IC,  a.  [Gr.  rovurfs  ; reino,  to  stretch;  It.  .Sf 
Sp.  tonico  ; Fr.  tonique.  — See  Tone.] 

1.  Relating  to  a tone  or  sound,  or  to  tones. 
“ The  tonic  chord.”  “ The  tonic  note.”  Moore. 

2.  (hied.)  Relating  to  tone: — increasing  or 

strengthening  the  tone  or  muscular  action,  as  a 
medicine.  Dunglison. 

3.  f Noting  an  extension  of  the  muscles  or 
organs  of  motion  ; extended.  Smith  on  Old  Age. 

Tonic  power,  (J\Icd.)  irritability.  — Tonic  spasm, 
{Med.)  a rigid  contraction  of  muscles  without  relaxa- 
tion, as  in  tetanus,  &c. — See  Spasm.  Dunglison. 

TON'IC,  n.  1.  (Med.)  A medicine  which  has  the 
power  of  exciting  slowly  and  by  insensible  de- 
grees the  organic  actions  of  the  different  sys- 
tems of  the  animal  economy,  and  of  augment- 
ing their  strength  in  a durable  manner  ; a 
tonic  or  strengthening  medicine.  Dunglison.. 

Bitter  vegetable  substances  which  are  not  as- 
sociated with  an  acrid  or  narcotic  principle,  prepara- 
tions of  iron,  cold  water,  &.C.,  act  as  tunics.  Dunglison. 

2.  (Mus.)  The  key-note  of  any  composition  ; 
— written  also  tonique.  Moore , 

t0N'I-CAL,  a.  Tonic,  [r.]  Browne. 

TO-Nlg'I-TY,  n.  (Med.)  The  faculty  that  deter- 
mines the  tone  of  the  solids  : — irritability. 

Excessive  tonicity  causes  erethism  or  crispness;  deficient 
tonicity , atony  or  weakness.  Dunglison. 

TO-NIGHT'  (to-nlt'),  n.  This  night.  Shak. 

TO— NIGHT'  (to-nlt'),  ad.  On  this  night.  Shak. 

TON'KA-BEAN,  n.  Tonga-bean.  Simmonds. 

TON'NApE  (tun'aj),  n.  1.  The  number  of  tons 
burden  which  the  measurement  of  a ship  or 
other  vessel  represents  she  will  carry. 

Tonnage  is  estimated  sometimes  by  bulk,  but  more  gener- 
all}'  by  weight;  a ton  by  bulk  being  equal  to  forty  cubic  feet, 
a ton  by  weight  equalling  twenty  hundred  weight.  Simmonds . 

2.  Duty  or  custom  paid  on  goods  by  the  ton ; 
a custom  or  impost  due  for  merchandise  brought 
or  carried  in  tons,  from,  or  to,  other  countries, 
after  a certain  rate  for  every  ton.  Cowell. 

The  custom-house  duties,  or,  ns  they  were  then  called, 
tonnage  and  poundage,  had  since  the  time  of  Henry  VI.  been 
granted  to  successive  sovereigns  for  life.  iju.  Itev. 

Bftf  The  duties  paid  on  the  tonnage  of  a ship  are 
abolished,  in  relation  to  vessels  of  the  United  States, 
by  tile  act  of  May  31,  1830,  and  also  all  tonnage  duties 
on  foreign  vessels,  provided  tiiat  all  discriminating  or 
countervailing  duties  of  such  foreign  nations,  as  far 
as  they  operate  to  the  disadvantage  of  the  United 
States,  have  been  abolished.  Bouvier. 

To'NOUS,  a.  Having  a tone;  full  of  tone  or 
sound ; sonorous.  Kenrick. 

TON'liUIN—  BEAN,  n.  See  ToNGA-BEAN. 

TON-QUI-NESE',  71.  sing.  & pi.  A native,  or  the 
natives,  of  Tonquin.  Wright. 

TON'SIL,  n.  [L.  tonsi/lrr,  tonsils;  tondeo,  ton- 
sus,  to  shear,  to  clip ; It.  tonsilla,  a tonsil ; Fr. 
tonsille.]  (Anat.)  One  of  the  two  complex  ovoid 
glands,  situated  one  on  each  side  of  the  fauces, 
at  the  basis  of  the  tongue,  and  opening  into  the 
cavity  of  the  mouth  by  several  ducts;  — called 
also  almond.  Dunglison. 

TON'SILE,  a.  [L.  tonsilis.]  That  may  be  clipped, 
sheared,  or  shaven.  Mason. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  9,  9,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


TONSILLAR 


1520 


TOP 


ToN'SIL-LAR,  ft.  Tonsillitic.  Davenport. 

TON-SIL-LlT'lC,  a.  Relating  to  tonsils.  Dun. 

TON-SIL-Li'TJS,  n ( Med, ) Inflammation  of  the 
tonsils  ; common  quinsy.  Dunglison. 

TON'  SOR,  n.  A barber.  Sir  IF.  Scott. 

TON-SO'RJ-AL,  ft.  [L.  tonsorius.]  Pertaining 
to  shaving,  or  to  a barber.  IF.  Smith. 

TON'SURE  (ton'slmr),  it.  [L.  tonsura  ; tondco,  ton- 
sus,  to  shave;  It.  <Sf  Sp.  tonsura-,  Fr.  tonsure.'] 

1.  The  act  of  shearing  or  shaving,  or  the  state 
of  being  sheared,  shaved,  or  shaven, — espec- 
ially the  shaving  or  polling  of  the  head. 

A particular  tonsure  of  the  hair.  Bp.  Horsley. 

2.  The  ceremony  of  having  the  crown  of  the 
head  shaven  ; — the  distinguishing  mark  of  the 
clergy  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church. 

1*5=  It  was  a preparatory  rite  upon  receiving  sacred 
orders,  and  consisted  in  clipping  away  the  hair  from 
a circular  space  at  the  back  of  the  head,  which  circle, 
thus  formed,  was  enlarged  as  the  person  rose  in  eccle- 
siastical station  and  dignity.  It  was  generally  be- 
lieved to  have  been  intended  as  a memorial  of  our 
Saviour’s  crown  of  thorns.  Eden. 

3.  The  shaven  head  of  one  of  the  Roman 

Catholic  clergy.  Clarke. 

TON'S!  RED  (ton'slmrd),  a.  Having  a tonsure; 
clipped  ; shaven.  Sydney.  Smith. 

TON-TINE'  [ton-ten',  E.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  TFb.  ; ton-ten' 
or  ton-tin',  l-\],  n.  [Fr.,  from  Tonti,  a Neapol- 
itan, from  whom  the  scheme  originated.]  A 
species  of  life  rent  or  annuity  derived  from  the 
fund  of  an  association  formed  on  the  condition 
that  the  rents  of  those  of  the  subscribers  who 
may  die  shall  accrue  to  the  survivors,  cither  in 
whole  or  in  part.  Bouvier. 

TON-TINE',  a Relating  to  a tontine.  IF.  Scott. 

TO'NY,  n.  A simpleton.  [Ludicrous.]  Drydcn. 

TOO,  ad.  [A.  S.  to.] 

1.  Noting  excess;  over  and  above;  over- 

much ; more  than  enough  ; — used  to  augment 
the  signification  of  an  adjective  or  an  adverb  to 
an  excessive  or  vicious  degree. 

His  will  too  strong  to  bend,  too  proud  to  learn.  Cowley. 

2.  Likewise  ; also  ; in  addition  ; moreover. 

A courtier  and  a patriot  too.  Tope, 

y - Too  is  sometimes  repeated  to  increase  its  em- 
phasis ; but  this  reduplication  always  seems  harsh, 
and  is  therefore  laid  aside.  Johnson. 

O that  this  too , too  solid  flesh  would  melt.  Shak. 

TOOK  (tuk,  .51)  [tuk,  S.  P.  J.  Sm.  I Fh. ; tok,  IF. 
E.  F.  A'.],  t.  from  take.  — See  Take. 

TOOL,  re.  [A.  S.  tol,  tool,  tohl ; Icel.  tol;  Fr.  on- 
til. — From  tilian,  to  toil.  Skinner.] 

1.  Any  instrument  of  manual  operation  ; a 
mechanical  instrument  of  any  kind  for  working 
with  ; an  implement  commonly  used  by  the  hand 
of  one  man  in  some  manual  labor. 

Armed  with  such  gardening-too/s.  Milton. 

The  carpenters  . . . with  their  chests  of  tools.  Anson. 

2.  A person  who  is  the  tool  or  instrument 
employed  or  used  by  another  ; a hireling. 

Ordained  the  tools  of  fate  to  bo.  Rowe. 

Perhaps  you  took  me  for  a fool, 

Designed  alone  your  sex’s  tool.  Dorset. 

Syn.  — See  Instrument. 

TOOL,  v.  a.  To  shape  with  a tool,  or  to  orna- 
ment with  a tool.  Clarke. 

TOOL'— FUND,  re.  An  insurance  fund  for  the  re- 
imbursement of  workmen  for  the  loss  of  their 
tools  by  fire,  &c.  Simmonds. 

TOOL'— MAK-ING,  a.  Making  tools.  Franklin. 

fTOOM,  a.  [Dan.  S;  Sw.  tom.]  Empty.  Wickliffe. 

-85T Still  used  in  the  north  of  England.  Todd. 

TOO.M,  v.  a.  To  empty.  [North  of  Eng.]  Brockett. 

r n-  (Bot.)  A large  tree,  growing  in 

TOON'A,  ) the  East  Indies,  which  yields  toon- 
wood  ; bastard  cedar  ; Cedrela  Toorui.  Eng.  Cyc. 

TOON'— WOOD  (-wfid),  re.  The  reddish-brown 
wood  of  Cedrela  Toona,  or  bastard  cedar,  much 
used  in  the  East  Indies  for  cabinet-work,  furni- 
ture, &c. ; — called  also  Indian  mahogany,  and 
Indian  cedar.  Eng.  Cyc. 

TOOT,  v.n.  [From  A.  S.  totian,  to  elevate.  Todd. 


— It  seems  to  be  from  A.  S.  to-witan,  to  know,  to 
perceive,  — to-wit,  too  it,  toot,  is  an  obvious 
course  of  corruption.  In  Piers  Plouhman,  “ a 
beme  toten  ” is  a beam  espy  ; “ his  ton  toteden 
out  ” is  his  toes  peeped  out  : — Udal’s  “ tootyng 
hill  ” is  a high  place  from  whence  to  see  afar 
oft';  “ a toting  ruff”  — a ruff  look  over  or  out, 
projecting  ; “ toting  noses  ” — projecting,  prom- 
inent noses.  Richardson.]  [i.  tooted  ; pp. 

TOOTING,  TOOTED.] 

1.  t To  stand  out;  to  be  prominent.  Ilowell. 

2.  fTo  search  ; to  seek  ; to  peep;  to  pry. 

Spying,  looking,  tooting,  watching.  Latimer. 

TOOT,  re.  re.  [Dut.  toctcn.]  To  make  a sound,  as 
upon  a horn,  &c.  : — to  cry.  Wright. 

That  wiseacre  deserves  ...  a tooting  horn.  Howell. 

TOOT,  re.  a.  To  sound,  as  a horn.  IF.  Browne. 

TOOT,  re.  A note  or  sound  imitative  of  the  word, 
blown  on  a horn;  a blast.  Sir  IF.  Scott. 

TOOT'IJR,  re.  1.  f A spy  ; a scout. 

These  things  forsooth  said  the  Lord  to  me,  Go  and  nut  a 
tooter;  and  whatever  thing  he  shall  see  tell.  Wicldijfe. 

2.  One  who  toots  on  a horn.  B.  Jonson. 

TOOTH,  n. ; pi.  teeth.  [M.  Goth,  tuntlis ; A.  S. 
toth,  pi.  teth ; Frs.  tdnne ; Dut.  tand ; Ger. 
za/m;  Old  Ger.  zcin,  zaad ; Dan.  $ Sw.  tand ; 
Icel.  tiinn.  — Sansc.  danta ; Pers.  dendan ; Hind. 
dant.  — Gr.  dtiovg,  iSovrog ; L.  dens,  dentis  ; It. 
dente  ; Sp.  dientc  ; Fr.  dent.~\ 

1.  One  of  the  small,  hard  bones,  shaped  in 
general  like  an  irregular  cone,  fixed  in  the 
jaws,  and  serving  to  lay  hold  of,  and  to  cut, 
tear,  and  triturate  alimentary  substances. 

/JOT  True  teeth  are  found  only  in  man,  the  mam- 
malia, reptiles,  and  fishes.  In  the  adult,  the  teeth  are 
thirty -two  in  number,  sixteen  to  each  jaw,  consisting 
of  four  incisors,  or  incisive  or  cutting  teeth,  occupy- 
ing the  anterior  part  of  the  jaw,  two  canine  teeth, 
four  bicuspid  or  lesser  molar  teeth,  and  six  molars  or 
great  molars  occupying  the  farther  parts  of  the  alve- 
olar arch.  Dunglison. 

2.  Taste  ; palate. 

These  are  not  dishes  for  thy  dainty  tooth.  Drydcn. 

3.  Any  thing  resembling,  placed  like,  or  per- 
forming the  office  of,  a tooth,  as,  one  of  the 
tines  of  a prong  or  pitchfork,  one  of  the  spikes 
of  a harrow  or  a rake,  one  of  the  sharp  wires 
of  a carding  instrument,  one  of  the  projecting 
knobs  on  the  edge  of  a machine  or  on  a wheel 
which  catch  on  correspondent  parts  of  another 
wheel  or  body,  &c. ; a prong  ; a spike. 

Tooth  and  nail,  biting  and  scratching;  with  all  pos- 
sible keenness  ; with  the  greatest  effort ; with  every 
means  of  attack  and  defence.  “ A lion  and  bear  were 
at  tooth  and  nail  which  should  carry  off  a fawn.” 
L'  Estrange.  — To  set  the  teeth  on  edge.  See  Edge,  and 
Tooth-edge.  — In  spite  of  the  teeth,  notwithstand- 
ing any  threat  or  any  opposition  ; in  defiance  of  any 
power  of  injury  or  defence.  Shak. — To  show  the  teeth, 
or  one's  teeth,  to  threaten.  “ When  the  law  shows  her 
teeth,  but  dare  not  bite.”  Young.  — To  the  teeth,  or  to 
one's  teeth , in  open  opposition.  “Toll  him  to  his 
teeth."  Shale. — To  cast  in  the  teeth,  toexprobrate  open- 
ly ; to  reproach  openly.  Hooker. 

TOOTH,  re.  a.  [£.  toothed  ; pp.  toothing, 
TOOTHED.] 

1.  To  make  or  furnish  with  teeth  : — to  notch 
into  so  as  to  form  teeth  ; to  indent. 

Then  saws  were  toothed  and  sounding  axes  made.  Drydcn. 

2.  To  lock  into  each  ether.  Moxon. 

TOOTFI'AjCIIE  (toth'ak),  n.  Ache  or  pain  in  a 

tooth ; odontalgia. 

For  there  was  never  vet  philosopher 

That  could  endure  the  toothache  patiently.  Shak. 

TOOTH'AjCHE-GRAss,  n.  (Bot.)  A North  Amer- 
ican gramineous  plant  of  the  genus  Ctenium, 
having  a very  pungent  taste.  Gray. 

TOOTH'AjCHE-TREE,  re.  (Bot.)  1.  A prickly 
shrub,  native  of  North  America,  the  bark  and 
fruit  of  which  have  a hot,  acrid  taste  ; northern 
prickly  ash;  Xanthoxylum  Americanum.  Gray. 

2.  A deciduous  shrub  of  the  ivy  family  ; Ara- 
lia  spinosa  ; — called  also  Angelica-tree. 

Baird.  Loudon. 

TOOTH’-BRUSH,  re.  A brush  for  scrubbing  or 
cleaning  the  teeth.  Booth. 

TOOTH'— DRAWER,  re.  One  who  extracts  teeth. 

TOOTH'— DRAW-ING,  il.  The  extraction  of  a 
tooth,  or  the  business  of  extracting  teeth.  Cutler. 

TOOTHED  (totht),  a.  1.  Having  teeth.  Shak. 


2.  (Bot.)  Having  sharp,  tooth-like  projections 
on  the  margin,  with  concave  edges.  Lindley. 

TOOTH'— ED^IE,  n.  A setting  the  teeth  on  edge; 
a disagreeable  sensation  in  the  teeth  experi- 
enced when  acids  are  placed  in  contact  with 
them.  Dunglison. 

f TOOTII'FUL,  a.  Toothsome.  Massinger. 

T&OTH'ING,  n.  (Masonry.)  Bricks  alternately 
projecting  at  the  end  of  a wall,  in  order  that 
they  may  be  bonded  into  a continuation  of  it 
when  the  remainder  is  carried  up.  Brande. 

TOOTH'ING— PLANE,  re.  A tool  for  working  on 
veneers.  Simmonds. 

TOOTH'LIJSS,  a.  Without  teeth.  Dryden. 

TOOTII'LET-TpD,  a.  (Bot.)  Denticulate. 

TOOTH'-OR-NA-MENT,  re.  (Arch.) 

A decoration  much  used  in  the 
hollow  mouldings  of  doorways, 
windows,  arches,  &c  , at  the  beginning  of  the 
13th  century.  It  appears  like  four  leaves  of 
the  chestnut-tree  united,  and  brought  to  a point 
at  one  end  and  expanded  at  the  other,  radiating 
from  a central  point.  It  is  called  also  dog- 
tooth, and  nail-head.  Britton. 

\ 71  • An  instrument  for  pick - 

TOOTIl'PICK-pR,  ) ing  and  freeing  the  teeth  of 
substances  gathered  between  them.  Shak. 

D£5y  Toothpicks  were  even  worn,  at  one  time,  as  an 
ornament  in  the  hat.  Nures. 

TOOTH'— RASH,  re.  A cutaneous,  eruptive  disease 
of  infants  ; red-gum  ; milk-spots.  Dunglison. 

TOOTH'— SHELL,  re.  (Conch.)  A gastcropodous 
mollusk  of  the  genus  Dentalium,  having  a sym- 
metrical, tubular,  conical,  and  generally  curved 
shell.  Woodward. 

TOOTH 'SOME  (toth'sum),  a.  Pleasing  or  agree- 
able to  the  taste  ; palatable. 

Fonder  of  the  toothsome  than  the  wholesome.  Tucker. 

To6tH'SOME-NESS,  re.  Pleasantness  to  the 
taste ; palatableness.  Johnson. 

TOOTII'WORT  (toth'wurt),  re.  (Bot.)  1.  The  com- 
mon name  of  perennial  plants  of  the  genus 
Dcntaria,  the  species  of  which  have  long,  Hor- 
izontal, fleshy,  toothed  root-stalks,  of  a pleasant, 
pungent  taste.  Gray. 

2.  A name  of  herbs  of  the  European  genus 
Lathrcea,  the  species  of  which  are  perennial, 
succulent,  partly  subterraneous,  and  generally 
considered  to  be  parasitical  upon  the  roots  of 
trees: — also  of  Plumbago  Europcea,  a plant, 
the  root  of  which  is  irritant,  and,  when  chewed, 
often  relieves  the  toothache.  Baird. 

TOOTH'Y,  a.  Having  teeth,  [it.]  Croxall. 

TOOT'— NET,  re.  A large  fishing-net  anchored. 
[Scotland.]  Jamieson. 

TOP,  re.  [A.  S.,  Dut.,  Frs.,  Dan.,  Ir.,  <§•  Gael. 
top  ; Sw.  topp  ; Icel.  toppr. ] 

1.  The  highest  part  of  any  thing;  the  most 
elevated  or  uppermost  point ; the  summit. 

Here  is  a mount  whose  top  seems  to  despise 

The  far  inferior  vale  that  underlies.  Brown. 

One  poor  roof,  made  of  poles  meeting  at  the  top , and  cov- 
ered with  the  bark  of  trees.  Heylin . 

2.  The  surface ; superficies ; upper  side. 

“ The  top  of  the  ground.”  Bacon. 

3.  The  highest  place  or  rank. 

The  top  of  my  ambition  is  to  contribute  to  that  work.  Pope. 

A boy  from  the  top  of  a grammar  school.  Locke. 

4.  The  crown  of  the  head;  the  head. 

This  white  top  writoth  mine  old  years.  Chaucer. 

He ’s  all  the  mother’s  from  the  top  to  toe.  Shak. 

5.  The  hair  on  the  crown  ; the  forelock.  Shak. 

6.  The  head  of  a plant. 

Heads  or  tops , as  cabbage  heads.  Watts. 

7.  (Naut.)  A platform,  placed  over  the  head 

of  a lower  mast,  and  resting  on  the  trestle-trees, 
to  spread  the  rigging,  and  for  the  convenience 
of  men  aloft.  Dana. 

8.  (Cloth  Manufacturing .)  The  combed  wool 

ready  for  the  spinner,  out  of  which  the  noils  for 
shorts  and  dust  have  been  taken.  Simmonds. 

TOP,  a.  Being  on  the  top  or  summit ; highest. 

The  top  stones  laid  in  clay  are  kept  together.  Mortimer. 

TOP,  re.  n.  [t.  TOPrED ; pp.  totping,  topped  or 
TOFT.] 


A,  E,  I,  0,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  0,  Y,  short; 


A,  0,  !,  o,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


TOP 


1521 


TOPSY-TURVY 


to  | TOP'— LIGHT,  n.  A signal  lantern  carried  in  the 
top  or  mast-platform  of  a ship.  Dana. 


1.  To  rise  aloft ; to  be  eminent. 

Ridges  of  lofty  and  topping  mountains.  DerJiam. 

2.  To  predominate  ; to  overpower. 

The  will  influenced  by  that  topping  uneasiness.  Locke. 

3.  To  excel  ; to  surpass ; to  be  superior  or 
supreme.  “ Write  thy  best  and  top.”  Dryden. 

TOP,  v.  a.  1.  To  cover  on  the  top  ; to  tip ; to 
cap.  “ Mountains  topt  with  snow.”  Waller. 

The  little  Notre  Dame  . . . topped  with  a cupola.  Addison. 

2.  To  rise  over  or  above  ; to  surmount. 

A gourd  . . . topped  and  covered  the  tree.  L'  Estrange. 

3.  To  outgo ; to  surpass.  Shah. 

4.  To  take  off  the  top  of ; to  crop. 

Top  your  rose-trees  a little  with  your  knife.  Evelyn. 

5.  To  rise  or  reach  to  the  top  or  summit  of. 

If  aught  obstruct  thy  course,  yet  stand  not  still, 

But  wind  about  till  thou  hast  lopped  the  hill.  Denham. 

6.  f To  perform  well ; to  excel  in  doing. 

That  politician  tops  his  part.  Gay. 

TOP,  n.  [Ger.  topf.  — Fr.  toupie.  — From  Belgic 
topp ; toppen,  to  turn.  Landais.]  A kind  of  toy, 
commonly  conoid,  or  pear-shaped,  and  armed 
with  a point,  on  which  it  is  made  to  spin,  its 
motion  being  sometimes  continued  with  a whip. 

The  top  was  used  in  ancient  days  by  the  Grecian 
hoys.  Pulleyn. 

As  young  striplings  whip  the  top  for  sport. 

On  the  smooth  pavement  of  an  empty  court.  Dryden. 

To  top  up  a yard  or  a hoom,  (Naut.)  to  raise  one 
end  of  it  by  hoisting  on  the  lift.  Dana. 

TO'PARjEH  (to’p'irk),  n.  [Gr.  rdnap^os ; riinos,  a 
place,  and  ap^ui,  to  rule;  L.  toparcha ; Fr.  to- 
parque.\  The  chief  of  a toparchy.  Browne. 

TOP'AR-JGHY,  n.  [Gr.  ronan^ia ; L.  toparchia  ; 
Fr.  toparchie.)  (Ant.)  A small  state  or  lord- 
ship,  comprising  only  a few  cities  or  towns ; a 
territory  under  the  sway  of  a toparch. 

Judea  was  anciently  divided  into  ten  to/iarchics.  Brande. 

TOP'— AR-MOR,  n.  ( Naut .)  A rail  about  three 
feet  high,  extending  the  width  of  the  top  on 
the  after  side,  supported  by  stanchions,  and 
equipped  with  a netting,  and  sometimes  with 
painted  canvas.  Mar.  Diet. 

TOP'AU,  n.  (Ornith.)  The  horn-bill;  Buceros 
rhinoceros  ; — called  also  Indian  raven.  Eng.Cyc. 

TO'PAZ,  n.  [Gr.  t6ttci(o;,  roird^iov  ; L.  topazion  ; 
It.  topnzio ; Sp.  topacio  ; Fr.  topaze.]  (Min.)  A 
crystalline,  transparent  or  translucent,  pyro- 
electric mineral,  of  vitreous  lustre  and  various 
colors,  and  composed  of  silica,  alumina,  and 
fluorine.  Dana. 

False  topaz , or  Bohemian  topaz , a light-yellow,  pel- 
lucid variety  of  quartz  crystal,  resembling  yellow  to- 
paz, but  distinguished  by  its  crystalline  form,  and  by 
the  absence  of  cleavage ; — called  also  yellow  quartz. 

— Oriental  topaz , a yellow  variety  of  sapphire.  1 1 
loses  its  color  when  exposed  to  heat.  — Smoky  topaz, 
a clove-brown  variety  of  topaz  ; smoky  quartz. 

Dana.  Cleaveland . 

TO-PAZ'O-LITE,  n.  [Gr.  rdna^o;,  topaz,  and  kiOos, 
a stone.]  A variety  of  lime  garnet.  Dana. 

TOP'— BLOCK,  n.  (Naut.)  A large  iron-bound 
block,  hooked  into  a bolt  under  the  lower  cap, 
and  used  for  the  top-rope  to  reeve  through  in 
sending  up  and  down  top-masts.  Dana. 

TOP'— BOOTS,  n.  pi.  Riding-boots  which  have 
light  tops  to  them.  Simmonds. 

TOP'— BRIM,  n.  (Sail-making .)  The  space  in  the 
middle  of  the  foot  of  a top-sail.  Mar.  Diet. 

TOP'— CHAINS,  n.  pi.  (Naut.)  Chains  used  in 
action,  by  which  the  lower  yard  is  hung,  in  case 
of  the  slings  being  shot  away.  Brande. 

TOP'— CLOTH,  n.  (Naut.)  A piece  of  canvas  to 
cover  the  hammocks  which  are  lashed  in  the  top 
when  the  ship  is  prepared  for  action.  Mar.  Diet. 

TOP'— COAT,  n.  A kind  of  great-coat.  Simmonds. 

TOP'-DRAIN-ING,  n.  (Agric.)  The  act  or  the 
practice  of  draining  the  surface  of  land.  Clarke. 

TOP'-DRESS,  v.  a.  To  apply  manure  to  the  sur- 
face of,  as  land.  Clarke. 

TOP'— DRESS-ING,  n.  (Agric.)  The  act  of  ap- 
plying  manure  to  the  surface  of  land  : — ma- 
nure laid  upon  land.  Farm.  Ency. 

TOPE,  v.  n.  [From  the  Ger.  topf,  a pot,  or  toppen, 
to  turn  about,  or  But.  toppen,  to  rave.  Skinner. 

— Most  probably  of  the  same  origin  as  tipple. 


Richardson .]  To  drink  hard  or  to  excess  ; 
drink  spirituous  liquors  to  excess ; to  tipple. 

The  jolly  members  of  a toping  club.  Butler . 

TOPE,  n.  I.  (Ich.)  A fish  of  the  family  Squalidee, 
or  sharks,  and  genus  Galeus,  particularly  the 
Galeus  vulgaris.  Yarrell. 

2.  A grove  of  small  trees.  [India.]  Brown. 

TO'PfR,  n.  One  who  topes;  an  intemperate 
drinker ; a tippler ; a sot.  Tucker. 

To'PET,  n.  (Ornith.)  The  toupet-tit.  Clarke. 

TOP'FUL,  a.  Full  to  the  top  or  the  brim.  Shak. 

TOP'— GAL-LANT,  a.  (Naut.)  1.  Noting  the  third 
sail,  and  the  third  mast,  above  the  deck.  Dana. 

2.  Elevated  or  splendid.  “The  con- 
sciences of  top-gallant  sparks.”  L’ Estrange. 

TOP'— GAL-LANT,  n.  1.  Top-gallant  sail.  Johnson. 

2.  Any  thing  elevated  or  splendid.  Bacon. 

TOPH  (tof),  n.  A sort  of  stone.  — See  Tophus. 

TO-PHA'CEOUS  (to-fa'shus,  66),  a.  [L.  tophaceus  ; 
tophus,  tofus,  an  earthy,  volcanic  rock.] 

1.  (Med.)  Noting  a concretion  of  hard,  calca- 
reous matter  which  forms,  particularly  at  the 
surface  of  joints  affected  with  gout.  Dunglison. 

2.  Gravelly ; gritty  ; stony.  Arbuthnot. 

TOP'— HEAV-Y  (top'hev-e),  a.  Too  heavy  at  the 
top ; having  the  upper  part  too  weighty  for  the 
lower.  “ Top-heavy  buildings.”  Davenant. 

TO'PHfT  (to'fet),  n.  [Heb.  DSPl.]  A polluted, 
unclean  place,  near  Jerusalem,  into  which  the 
Jews  used  to  throw  the  carcasses  of  beasts, 
or  the  bodies  of  men  to  whom  they  refused 
burial,  and  where  a fire  was  perpetually  kept  up 
to  consume  all  that  was  brought  : — hence 
sometimes  used  metaphorically  for  hell.  Brande. 

fl£g=The  name  is  derived  by  some  from  Heb.  f|ri, 
a drum,  on  account  of  the  beating  of  drums  and  other 
instruments  by  which  the  cries  of  the  children  sacri- 
ficed to  Moloch  were  stifled.  Brande. 

TO'PIHN,  n.  [L.  tophus,  tufa.]  Toph.  Clarke. 

TO'PHUS  (-fus),  n.  [L.]  1.  (Min.)  Porous  de- 

posits of  calcareous  matter  from  water.  Brande. 

2.  (Med.)  A collection  of  hard,  calcareous 
matter  which  forms,  particularly  at  the  surface 
of  joints  affected  with  gout,  and  occasionally  in 
the  interior  of  organs,  around  the  teeth,  &c.  : 
— also  gravel  and  chalaza.  Dunglison. 

TOP'I-A-RY,  a.  [L.  topiarius  ; topia  (Gr.  rdiros,  a 
place),  ornamental  gardening.]  Shaped  by  cut- 
ting or  clipping  ; pertaining  to  ornamental  gar- 
dening, or  the  art  of  giving  fanciful  forms  to 
thickets,  trees,  &c.,  of  laying  out  parterres, 
forming  arbors,  bowers,  &c.  IF.  Smith. 

TOP'IC,  n.  [Gr.  tottikos,  local ; rovof,  a place  ; It. 
topica;  Fr.  topique .] 

1.  A subject  of  discourse  ; theme  ; matter. 

With  men  of  genius,  the  most  successful  topic  will  be 
fame;  with  men  of  industry,  riches;  with  men  of  fortune, 
pleasure.  Dr.  Campbell. 

2.  (Rhet.)  A general  head  or  truth  to  which 

the  rhetorician  is  able  to  refer  all  the  proofs  he 
uses  in  the  matter  of  which  he  treats  ; — usual- 
ly in  the  plural.  Brande. 

3.  (Med.)  An  external  application  to  a par- 
ticular part  of  the  body.  Dunglison. 

TOPIC,  I a [Gr.  totikos  ; It.  § Sp.  topico ; 

TOP'I-C AL,  > Fr.  topique .] 

1.  Pertaining  to  some  particular  place  or  part ; 

local.  “ Topical  remedies.”  Arbuthnot. 

2.  Pertaining  to  a topic,  general  bead,  or 

truth,  or  subject  of  discourse.  “ Topical  or 
probable  arguments.”  White. 

TOP'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  With  application  to  some 
particular  part ; locally.  Brown. 

TOP'IN-AM-BIJR,  n.  (Bot.)  The  Jerusalem  arti- 
choke ; IJelianthus  tuberosus.  Simmonds. 

TOP'KNOT  (top'not),  n.  A knot  worn  by  women 
on  the  top  of  the  head.  L’ Estrange. 

TftP'-LAN-TIJRN,  n.  (Naut.)  A large  lantern 

placed  in  the  after  part  of  the  top  in  a ship  ; 
top-light.  Mar.  Diet. 

TOP'L^SS,  a.  1.  Having  no  top.  Chapman. 

2.  t Having  no  superior  ; supreme.  “ Their 
topless  fortunes.”  Beau.  <Sf  FI.  I 


I TOP'MAN,  n. ; pi.  topmen.  The  sawyer  who 
stands  at  the  top  ; topsman.  Moxon. 

TOP'-MAST,  n.  (Naut.)  The  second  mast  above 
the  deck,  or  next  above  the  lower  mast.  Dana. 

TOP'MOST,  a.  Uppermost;  highest.  “Topmost 
cliff.”  Addison.  “ Topmost  branch.”  Dryden. 

TO-POG'RA-PIiyR,  n.  One  who  is  versed  in  to- 
pography ; one  who  makes  a topographical  sur- 
vey ; topographist.  Davies. 

TOP-O-GRAPH  IC,  ) a p7ri  topographique.] 

TOP-O-GRAPH'I-CAL,  ) Relating  to  topography  ; 
describing  or  delineating  particular  places. 

Topographical  projection,  a species  of  projection, 
chiefly  employed  in  representing  the  contour  of  the 
ground.  - — Topographical  surveying , a branch  of  sur- 
veying the  object  of  which  is  to  make  a topographical 
description  of  a part  of  the  earth’s  surface.  Davies. 

TOP-O-GRApH'J-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a topographi- 
cal manner.  Fuller. 

TO-POG'RA-PIUST,  n.  One  versed  in  topogra- 
phy ; a topographer.  Mendes  da  Costa. 

TO-POG'R  A-PII Y,  n.  [Gr.  ronoypatpta ';  ronos,  a 
place,  and  ypaipoi,  to  describe;  Fr.  topographic .] 
A description  of  the  form  of  the  surface  of  a 
limited  portion  of  the  earth’s  surface,  whether 
made  verbally  or  by  a graphic  delineation,  or  a 
description  of  the  natural  objects  found  upon 
it,  such  as  rocks,  trees,  &c.,  together  with  all 
constructions,  as  roads,  streams,  bridges,  towns, 
&c.  Davies. 

T0-P0L'0-(?Y,  ii.  [Gr.  ronos,  a place,  and  kayos, 
a discourse.]  The  art  of  assisting  the  memory 
by  associating  the  object  to  be  remembered 
with  some  place  or  building,  the  parts  of  which 
are  well  known.  Fleming. 

TOPPED  (topi),  p.  a.  Having  the  top  covered  ; 
capped  : — surpassed  : — having  the  top  cut  off. 

TOP'PING,  a.  1.  Rising  over  or  above  ; surpass- 
ing ; eminent.  Dampier. 

2.  Fine ; gallant ; — proud.  [Low.]  Tatler. 

TOP'PING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  cutting  off  the  top  : 
— a branch  of  a tree  cut  off.  Toller. 

2.  (Naut.)  The  act  of  raising  one  extremity 
of  a yard  or  boom  higher  than  the  other.  Dana. 

TOP'PING— LIFT,  n.  (Naut.)  A rope  or  lift  for 
raising  the  end  of  a yard  or  boom.  Dana. 

TOP'PING-LY,  ad.  Splendidly  ; nobly  ; proudly. 
[A  low  word.]  ’ Johnson. 

t Top'p|NG-LY,  a.  Gay ; gallant ; showy.  Tusser. 

TOP'PING^,  n.  pi.  That  which  comes  from  the 
hemp  in  the  act  of  hatehelling ; tops.  Mar.  Diet. 

TOP'PLE  (top'pl),  v.  n.  [Dim.  of  top. ] [*.  top- 

pled ; pp.  toppling,  toppled.]  To  come  top 
foremost  or  downwards;  to  fall  forward;  to 
tumble  down  ; to  tottle  ; to  toddle. 

Though  castles  topple  on  their  warders’  heads.  Shak. 

TOP'PLE,  v.  a.  To  cause  to  fall  top  foremost  or 
downwards ; to  throw  down. 

Shakes  the  old  beldame  Earth,  and  topples  down 

Steeples  and  moss-grown  towers.  Shak. 

TOP'— PROUD,  a.  Proud  in  the  highest  degree. 
“ This  top-proud  fellow.”  Shak. 

TOP'-ROPE,  n.  (Naut.)  A rope  employed  to 
sway  up  or  to  lower  a top-mast  or  top-gallant- 
mast.  Mar.  Diet. 

TOP'— SAIL,  n.  (Naut.)  The  second  sail  above 
the  deck.  Dana. 

TOP'— SHAPED  (top'shapt),  a.  (Bot.)  Inversely 
conical  with  a contraction  towards  the  point ; 
turbinate.  Lmdlcy. 

TOPS'MAN,  n.  1.  The  chief  or  head  drover  in 
driving  cattle.  P ■ Cyc. 

2.  The  uppermost  sawyer  in  a sawpit ; — 
written  also  topman.  Simmonds. 

TOP'-SOIL,  n.  Surface  soil.  Clarke. 

TOP'— SOIL-ING,  n.  The  act  of  taking  off  the 
top-soil.  Clarke. 

TOP'-STONE,  n.  A stone  placed  on  the  top,  or 
forming  the  top.  Clarke. 

TOP'SY— TUR'VY,  ad.  [Tops  or  heads  in  th eturf. 


MIEN,  SIR  ; MOVE,  NOR,  SON 
191 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — Q,  <?,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


TOP-TACKLE 


1522 


TORSIBILITY 


■Skinner.]  With  the  bottom  upwards  ; with  the 
head  or  top  where  the  feet  or  bottom  should  be ; 
upside  down.  Shah. 

TOP'— TAC-KLE,  n.  ( Navt .)  A large  tackle  at- 
tached to  the  lower  end  of  the  top-mast,  to  the 
top-rope,  and  to  the  deck,  to  facilitate  hoisting 
the  top-mast.  Mar.  Diet. 

TOP'— TIM-BpRjJ,  n.  pi.  ( Ship-building .)  The 
first  general  tier  of  timbers  that  reaches  the  top 
of  the  side.  Mar.  Diet. 

TOQUE  (tok),  n.  [Fr.,  from  Gallic  or  Low  Bre- 
ton tocq,  a hat.]  A kind  of  bonnet  or  head- 
dress for  women ; — an  old  word  found  in  Cot- 
grave,  lately  revived  in  England.  Todd. 

TOQUET  (to-ka'),  n.  [Fr.]  Toque.  lioiste. 

TOR,  n.  [A.  S.  tor.  — See  Tower.] 

1.  A tower  ; a turret,  [it.]  Bay. 

2.  A high  pointed  rock  or  hill,  [r.]  Cotton. 

jftg  * To  masses  [of  rocks]  more  or  less  characteris- 
tic in  figure,  left  by  the  decay  of  surrounding  parts  in 
prominent  situations,  the  name  of  Tor  is  applied  in 
the  granitic  tracts  of  Devon  and  Cornwall.  Eng.  Cue. 

TORCH,  n.  [It.  torcia ; Sp.  autorcha ; Fr.  torche. 
— From  L.  torqueo,  to  twist,  — because  their 
form  is  sometimes  twisted,  or  because  they  are 
made  with  twisted  thread.  Caseneuec.\  A 
blazing  substance  of  any  material,  carried  in 
the  hand,  as  a large  waxen  candle,  twisted  flax 
or  thread,  reeds  in  a bundle,  a stick  of  resinous 
pinewood,  &c. ; a flambeau  or  blazing  brand. 

Bnsilius  knew,  by  the  wasting  of  the  torches , that  the  night 
also  was  far  wasted.  Sidney. 

TORCH'— BEAR-JJR,  n.  One  who  carries  a torch. 

+ TORCII'pR,  n.  One  that  gives  light.  Shak. 

TORCH'— LIGHT  (tiirch'llt),  n.  The  light  of  a 
torch  : — a light  kindled  to  supply  the  want  of 
the  sun.  Bacon. 

TORCH'—1 THiS-TLE  (-this-sl),  n.  A common 
name  of  columnar  cactuses  of  the  genus  Cere- 
ms,  the  species  of  which  are  grotesque  shrubs, 
with  a woody  axis  and  soft  interior.  Gray. 

TORCH'VVORT  (tSrch'wiirt),  n.  A plant.  More. 

TORE,  i.  from  tear.  — See  Tear. 

TORE,  n.  [Probably  from  tear.  Todd.]  Long 
dead  grass  that  remains  on  the  ground  in  win- 
ter ; fog.  [Local,  Eng.]  Mortimer. 

TORE,  n.  [L.  torus.\  A moulding.  — See  Torus. 

TO-REtJ-MA-TOG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  ripivya,  em- 
bossed work,  and  yooipoi,  to  describe  ; Fr.  toreu- 
matoyraphie.]  Toreumatology.  Quackenbos. 

TO-REU-MA-TOL'O-ly Y,  n.  [Gr.  ripeopa,  em- 
bossed work,  and  l6yo<,  a discourse.]  The 
science  or  the  art  of  sculpture,  or  a description 
of  ancient  and  modern  sculpture  and  bass-relief ; 
toreumatography.  Brande. 

TO-IIEU'TIC,  a.  [Gr.  rofiVTiKis,  worked  in  relief 
or  chased  ; ro.oftw,  to  work  in  relief  or  to  chase.] 
{Sculp.)  Executed  with  high  finish,  delicacy,  or 
polish  ; — properly  applied  to  all  figures  in  hard 
wood,  ivory,  &c.  Brande. 

TOR'JUJJNT,  n.  [L.  tormentum,  an  engine  to  throw 
missiles,  a rack  ; torqueo,  to  twist ; tero,  to  rub, 
to  grind;  It.  A Sp.  tormento;  Fr.  tourment.] 

1.  t An  engine  for  hurling  missiles.  Elyot. 

2.  Excruciating  pain  ; anguish  ; extreme 
misery ; agony  ; torture. 

Ilis  torment  often  was  so  great, 

That,  like  a lion,  he  would  cry  and  roar, 

And  rend  his  flesh,  and  his  own  sinews  eat.  Spenser. 
Not  sharp  revenge,  not  hell  itself,  can  find 
A fiercer  torment  than  a guilty  mind.  Dryden. 

3.  Any  thing  that  gives  extreme  pain,  as 

some  kinds  of  disease.  Matt.  iv.  24. 

Syn.  — See  Torture. 

TOR-MENT'  (114),  v.  a.  [*.  tormented  ; pp. 
TORMENTING,  TORMENTED.] 

1.  To  put  to  pain;  to  inflict  pain  or  agony 
upon ; to  distress  greatly ; to  excruciate  ; to 
agonize  ; to  harass  with  anguish  ; to  torture. 

He  shall  be  tormented  with  fire  and  brimstone.  Rev.  xiv.  10. 

2.  To  tease  ; to  vex ; to  plague.  Johnson. 

3.  To  toss,  as  a raging  sea  does  a ship  ; to  put 
into  great  agitation  or  commotion,  [r.] 

Then  [they],  soaring  on  main  wind, 

Tormented  all  the  air.  Milton. 

Syn. — See  Tease,  Torture. 

TOR-MENT'  I)  It,  n.  One  who,  or  that  which,  tor- 
ments ; a tormentor.  Milton. 


TOR-MENT'FUL,  a.  Causing  torment;  full  of 
torment ; tormenting,  [it.]  Tillotson. 

TOR'IM pN-TI I.  [tiir'inen-til,  S.  P.  K.  Sm.  Wb. ; 
tor-inen'tjl,  IF.],  n.  [L.  tormina,  the  gripes  ; 
torqueo,  to  twist ; It.  tormentilla,  tormentil  ; Sp. 
tonncntila  ; Fr . torTnentille.]  ( Bot .)  A dicoty- 
ledonous plant  common  in  Great  Britain,  with 
a thick,  rounded  root  which  possosses  tannin 
and  red  coloring  matter ; Potentilla  tormentilla, 
or  Tormentilla  officinalis  ; — formerly  used  as 
an  astringent  in  cases  of  diarrhoea  and  dysen- 
tery. Baird. 

TOR-MENT'ING,  p.a.  Inflicting  torment ; vexing. 

TOR-MENT'JNG,  n.  The  act  of  causing  or  in- 
flicting torment ; torturing.  Wickliffe. 

TOR-MENT'ING- LY,  ad.  With  torment. 

TOR-MENT'OR,  n.  1.  One  who,  or  that  which, 
torments;  a torturer;  a tormenter.  Sidney. 

2.  ( Ayric .)  An  instrument  resembling  a har- 
row, for  pulverizing  a stiff  soil.  Clarke. 

TOR-MENT'RIJSS,  n.  A female  who  torments. 

The  scourge  and  tormentress  of  honor.  Holland. 

TOR  'MI-JTjj,  n.  pi.  [I..]  (Med.)  Acute,  colicky 
pains  ; the  gripes  ; the  dysentery.  Dunylison. 

TOR'M  j-NO0s,  a.  Wracking  the  bowels.  Wright. 

TORN,  p.  from  tear.  See  Tear. 

TOR-NA’DO,  n. ; pi.  tornadoes.  [Sp.  tornada, 
a return  ; tornar,  to  return.]  A sudden,  violent, 
and  often  very  destructive  storm,  having  a pro- 
gressive motion  and  of  limited  breadth ; a vio- 
lent hurricane  of  limited  extent.  Espy. 

117,  ■ In  a tornado,  the  wind  blows  from  its  borders 
— often  prostrating  trees,  unroofing  buildings,  &c.  — 
towards  t lie  centre,  either  witli  a spirally  rotating  mo- 
tion, or  in  radial  lines,  where  it  rises  in  currents  of 
such  ascensional  force  as  to  carry  upwards  heavy 
bodies.  It  is  accompanied  by  lightning,  rain,  hail, 
&c.  The  hurricane,  the  tornado,  and  the  water  spout 
are  of  the  same  nature.  Espy.  Redfield. 

Syn.  — See  Wind. 

TO-ROSE',  a.  (Bot.)  Applied  to  a cylindrical 
body  which  is  swollen  at  intervals ; knobby.  Gray. 

TO-ROS'J-TY,  n.  Fleshiness.  Clarke. 

TO'ROUS,  a.  (Bot.)  Torose.  Humble. 


Torpedo. 


TOR-I’E'DO,  n.  ; pi.  TORPEDOES. 

[L.  torpedo ; torpco,  to  be  numb.] 

1.  (Ich.)  A genus  of 

cartilaginous,  marine 
fishes,  of  a circular 
form,  with  a thick, 
short,  fleshy  tail,  cylin- 
drical at  |he  extrem- 
ity, and  having  two  organs,  lodged  on  either 
side  of  the  head,  consisting  of  a mass  of  small, 
vertical,  hexagonal  tubes,  which  are  filled  with 
mucous  matter,  and  largely  provided  with  nerves 
from  the  eighth  pair,  by  which  they  are  able  to 
communicate  at  will  powerful  electric  shocks  ; 
electric  rays  : — a fish  of  the  genus  Torpedo  ; a 
cramp-fish.  Yarrell. 

2.  A machine  invented  by  R.  Fulton  for 
blowing  up  ships  by  submarine  explosion. Burn. 

3.  A kind  of  fire-work  which  explodes  by 
being  thrown  against  any  hard  substance.  Ilovey. 

To R'l’pNT,  a.  [L.  torpeo,  torpens,  to  be  numb.] 
Benumbed  ; numb  ; torpid,  [r.]  More. 


TOR-PES'CpNCE,  il.  The  state  of  being  torpes- 
cent ; numbness  ; torpidity.  Clarke. 

TOR-l’ES'CENT,  a.  [L.  torpesco,  torpescens,  to 
become  torpid.]  Becoming  numb.  Shenstone. 


TOR'PID,  a.  [L.  torpulus  ; torpeo,  to  be  numb  ; 
It.  torpido  ; Sp.  torpe.] 

1.  Having  lost  sensibility  and  motion  ; numb; 
benumbed;  motionless;  inactive.  Thomson. 

2.  Sluggish;  dull;  as,  “ A torpid  intellect.  ” 

Syn. — See  Numb. 

TOR-PId'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being  torpid  ; tor- 
pidness ; to’rpitude.  Barrington. 

TOR'P!D-LY,  ad.  In  a torpid  or  dull  manner  ; in- 
actively ; sluggishly.  Clarke. 

TOR'PID-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  torpid; 
numbness;  torpitude;  torpidity.  Hale. 

TOR'PI-FY,  v.  a.  [».  torpified  ; pp.  torpify- 
ING,  torpified.]  To  make  torpid;  to  numb  ; 
to  benumb.  Ed.  Bev. 


TdR'PI-TUDE,  n.  The  state  of  being  torpid  ; tor- 
pidity ; torpidness  ; numljness.  Derham. 

TOR  'FOR,  n.  [L. ; torpeo,  to  be  torpid  or  numb.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  torpid  or  numb  ; numb- 
ness ; inability  to  move,  or  dulness  of  sensa- 
tion ; torpidity  ; torpidness. 

The  torpor  of  solid  bodies.  Bacon. 

2.  Dulness  ; sluggishness ; inaction.  Boyet. 

TOR-PO-RIF'IC,  a.  [L.  torpor,  torpor,  and  facio, 

to  make.]  Producing  torpor;  benumbing.  Clarke. 

TOIl'ftUAT-pD,  a.  Wearing  a torque.  Clarke. 

TORQUE  (tiirk),  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  torquis  ; tor- 
queo, to  twist.]  (Anal.)  A collar  or  neck-chain, 
formed  of  thick  golden  wires,  twisted  together, 
worn  originally  by  the  Persians,  and  afterwards 
by  other  nations,  particularly  the  Germans, 
Gauls,  and  Britons.  Fairholt. ' 

TORQ.UED  (tbrkt),  a.  (Her.)  Wreathed.  Smart. 

TOR-RE-F.VC'TION,  n.  [It.  torrefazione ; Sp.  tor- 
ref  accion  ; Fr.  torref, action.]  The  act  of  torre- 
fying, or  the  state  of  being  torrefied.  Bp.  Hull. 

TOR'Rp.-FY,  v.  a.  [L.  torrefacio;  torreo,  to  dry, 
to  parch,  and  facio,  to  make  ; It.  torrefare',  Sp. 
torrar ; Fr.  torreficr.)  [i.  torrefied  ; pp.  tor- 
K E F Y I N G , TORREFIED.] 

1.  To  dry  by  a fire.  Browne. 

2.  (Metallurgy.)  To  roast,  as  ores,  in  order 

to  deprive  of  sulphur,  arsenic,  or  other  volatile 
ingredients.  Brande. 

3.  (Pharmacy.)  To  dry,  roast,  or  partially 

toast,  as  drugs.  Brande. 

TGR'RE-LITE,  n.  (Min.)  Tartalite.  Dana. 

ToR'EENT,  n.  [L .torrens,  torrentis ; torreo,  to 
dry,  to  heat ; It.  § Sp.  torrente\  Fr.  torrent. ] 

1.  A violent,  rapid  stream  or  current,  as  of 
water  down  a declivity  or  precipice. 

A torrent  swelled  with  wintry  rains.  Pope. 

So  the  loud  torrent  and  the  whirlwind’s  roar 

But  bind  him  to  his  native  mountains  more.  Goldsmith. 

2.  A strong  or  rapid  flow  or  current. 

A torrent  of  arguments.  Bp.  Taylor. 

Erasmus,  that  creat,  injured  name, 

Stemmed  the  wild  torrent  of  a barbarous  age.  Pope. 

Syn.  — See  Brook. 

TOR'ItpNT,  a.  [L.  torrens,  torrentis.']  Rolling 

or  rushing  in  a rapid  stream  or  current. 

"Whose  waves  of  torrent  fire  inflame  with  rage.  Milton. 

TOR-REN'TINE,  a.  Running  like  a torrent. Clarke. 

TOR-RI-C  EL/LI- AN,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  invent- 
ed by,  Torricelli , a learned  Italian  mathemati- 
cian and  philosopher  of  the  seventeenth  centu- 
ry, who  invented  the  barometer. 

Torricellian  tube,  a glass  tube,  thirty  inches  or  more 
in  length,  closed  at  one  end  and  open  at  the  other,  as 
that  of  the  mercurial  barometer. — Torricellian  vacu- 
um, a vacuum,  as  that  at  the  top  of  the  mercurial  ba- 
rometer, obtained  by  inverting  a Torricellian  tube 
filled  with  mercury,  and  immersing  the  open  end  in 
a vessel  of  mercury.  The  mercury  descends  in  the 
tube  till  its  downward  pressure  is  balanced  by  the  ex- 
terior atmospheric  pressure  on  the  mercury  contained 
in  the  vessel.  Instead  of  the  upper  end  of  the  tube 
being  closed,  it  is  sometimes,  in  order  to  obtain  a 
larger  vacuum,  open  and  connected  with  a close  re 
ceiver  j — so  called  from  its  being  first  obtained  by 
Torricelli.  Young, 

TOR'RID,  a.  [L.  torridus ; torreo , to  dry,  to 
parch  ; It.  £$  Sp.  torrido  ; Fr.  torride.] 

1.  Dried  by  heat ; parched ; scorched. 

Afric’s  torrid  clime,  or  India’s  fiercest  heat.  Cowpcr. 

2.  Violently  hot ; burning.  Milton. 

Torrid  zonc,(Gcog.)  the  region  of  the  earth  included 

between  the  tropics  of  Cancer  and  Capricorn.  It  ex- 
tends on  each  side  of  the  equator  to  the  distance  of 
about  twenty-three  and  a half  degrees,  and  is  the  zone 
of  highest  mean  temperature. 

TOR-RID'I-TY,  n.  Torridness,  [r.]  Clarke. 

TOR'RID-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality  of 
being  torrid.  Scott. 

TOR'RIL,  n.  A worthless  woman  : — a worthless 
horse.  [Local,  Eng.]  Wright. 

TOR'ROCK,  n.  (Ornilh.)  A bird  of  the  gull  kind  ; 
a species  of  Larus.  [Local,  Eng.]  Hill. 

TORSE  (tors),  n.  [Fr.  torse,  twisted,  from  L. 
torqueo,  to  twist.]  (Her.)  A wreath.  Johnson. 

TOR'SIJL,  n.  (Arch.)  Any  thing1  twisted.  Moxon. 

TciR-SI-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality  of 
returning,  or  tending  to  return,  to  a state  of  rest, 
after  having  been  twisted.  Tomlinson. 


A,  E,  I,  o,  U,  Y,  long;  A, 


I,  6,  0,  Y,  short;  A,  1J,  (,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


TORSION 


1523 


TOSSER 


TOR'SION  (tor'sliun),  n.  [L.  torsio ; torqueo,  to 
twist ; It.  torcimento ; Fr.  torsion.\ 

1.  The  act  of  twisting.  Johnson. 

2.  ( Mech .)  The  lateral  displacement  or  detru- 

sion  of  the  opposite  parts  of  a solid,  in  opposite 
directions,  the  central  particles  only  remaining 
in  their  natural  state ; the  twisting  of  a body  by 
the  application  of  a lateral  force  : — the  force 
with  which  a string,  wire,  or  other  slender  body 
returns,  or  tends  to  return,  to  a state  of  rest, 
after  it  has  been  twisted.  • Young. 

Torsion  balance,  an  instrument,  invented  by  Cou- 
lomb, for  measuring  small  attractive  or  repujsive 
forces,  as  those  of  electricity  and  magnetism,  by  the 
torsion  or  twisting  of  a fine  vertical,  dependent,  metal- 
lic wire,  tile  lower  end  of  which  carries  a needle 
moving  freely  in  a horizontal  direction.  The  force  to 
be  measured  is  made  to  act  on  one  end  of  the  needle, 
the  deflection  of  which  indicates  the  degree  of  torsion 
produced,  and  thus  the  degree  of  force  exerted. — 
Torsion  electrometer,  a torsion  balance  for  measuring 
small  attractive  or  repulsive  electrical  forces. 

Library  of  Useful  Knowledge. 

TORSK,  it.  (Tch.)  A 
malacopterygious 
fish  of  the  cod  fam- 
ily, found  on  the 
northern  coasts 
of  Great  Britain,  highly  esteemed  for  yield- 
ing cod-liver  oil ; Brosmius  vulgaris.  Baird. 

TOR' SO,  n. ; pi.  Ton'sof.  [It., a stump.)  (Sculp.) 
The  trunk  of  a statue  of  the  human  figure,  de- 
prived of  the  head  and  limbs.  Brandc. 

TORT,  n.  [It.  torto  ; Sp.  tuerto  ; Fr.  tort ; — from- 
L.  torqueo,  tortus,  to  twist,  to  wring.] 

1.  f Wrong;  mischief.  Spenser. 

2.  (Laic.)  Wrong;  injury;  a wrongful  act  for 

which  an  action  will  lie.  Blackstone. 

TORT,  a.  Stretched,  as  a rope  ; taut,  [it.]  Scott. 

TOR'TEAU  (tbr'to),  n.  (Her.)  A red  roundel.  Cl. 

t TOR'TILE  (tbr'tjl),  a.  [L.  tortilis  ; torqueo,  to 
twist.]  Twisted ; wreathed ; coiled.  Blount. 

TOR-TIL'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being  tortile  or 
wreathed,  [it.]  Month.  Rev. 

TORTILLA  (tor-tel'y?),  n.  [Sp.]  A large, 
round,  thin  cake  prepared  from  a paste  made  of 
the  soaked  grains  of  maize,  having  the  hulls 
rubbed  off  before  grinding  the  mass,  and  then 
baked  on  an  earthen  griddle.  Bartlett. 

A triangular  piece  of  tortilla  is  converted  [in  Mexico]  into 
a spoon,  and  soup  is  even  eaten  in  this  way.  Spoons  are  sel- 
dom met  with  even  in  the  houses  of  the  rich,  the  use  of  the 
tortilla  being  universal.  lluxton. 

f TOIt'TION  (tor'sliun),  n.  [L.  torlio  ; torqueo,  to 
twist.]  Torment ; torture  ; pain.  Bacon. 

TOR'TIOljS  (tor'shus),  a.  Injurious;  wrongful; 
doing  wrong,  [it.]  Spenser. 

ToR'TIOUS-LY,  ad.  Injuriously,  [it.]  Thurlow. 

TOR'Tj VE  (tor'tjv),  a.  Twisted;  wrung;  turned 
aside ; wreathed,  [r.]  Shah. 

TORT'N^SS,  n.  Tightness,  as  of  a rope.  Scott. 

||  TOR'TOISE  (tor'tjz  or  tor'tis)  [tor'tjz,  W.  P.  Ja. 
Sin.  ; tor'tjs,  S.  J.  F.  A’.],  n.  [From  L.  torqueo, 
tortus,  to  twist,  to  wind  ; It.  tartaruga  ; Sp.  tor- 
tuga;  Fr.  tortue .] 

1.  (Zolil.)  The 
common  name  of 
oviparous  reptiles 
of  the  order  Chelo- 
nia,  or  Testiidinata, 

having  a body  short,  Box  tortoise  ( Cistudu  Carolina). 
discoidal,  or  swol- 
len, and  enclosed  in  a case  formed  of  two 
shields  united  by  their  margins,  and  composed 
of  a series  of  imbedded  plates,  which  leaves  the 
head,  neck,  limbs,  and  tail  free.  They  have  no 
teeth,  but  their  jaws  are  covered  with  a horny 
substance.  Baird. 

The  sea -tortoise  is  by  our  sailors  vulgarly  called  turtle, 
whereof  there  are  four  different  kinds.  Catesby,  1754. 

Tortoises  are  usually  divided  into  those  that  live  upon  land 
nnd  those  that  subsist  in  the  water;  and  use  has  made  a dis- 
tinction even  in  tlie  name  — the  one  being  called  tortoises, 
and  the  other  turtles.  Goldsmith's  Animated  Nature,  1771. 

2.  (Mil.)  Among  the  ancients,  an  arrange- 
ment of  a body  of  soldiers,  for  protection  against 
darts,  stones,  and  similar  missiles,  formed  by 
those  in  the  first  rank  placing  their  bucklers 
vertically  in  front,  and  those  behind,  in  stooping 


or  kneeling  posture,  holding  their  bucklers 
close  together  over  their  heads; — used  espe- 
cially by  storming  parties.  Drgden. 

ffgy  Whatever  be  the  origin  of  (ho  word  tortoise,  it 
seems  to  have  no  affinity  with  any  word  in  Anglo- 
Saxon  or  any  other  Teutonic  language,  nor  is  it  found 
at  all  in  the  earliest  English  writers.  Sir  John  Man- 
deville,  who  died  in  1372,  renders  the  Latin  testudo, 
and  the  French  tortue,  into  English  by  the  term  snail. 
Riciiard  Eden’s  translation  of  Oviedo’s  Natural  His- 
tory of  the  Indies  [1555]  contains  probably  the  first 
printed  account  in  the  English  language  of  the  West 
India  tortoise,  and  furnishes  the  earliest  use  of  tile 
word.  Where  Oviedo  says,  “En  la  ysla  de  Cuba  so 
hallan  tan  grandes  tortugas  que,”  &c.,  Eden  trans- 
lates thus : “ In  the  Island  of  Cuba  we  found  great 
tortoyses  ( which  are  certain  shellfishes ) of  such  big- 
ness that,”  &c.  The  explanatory  words,  inserted  by 
tlie  translator  in  a parenthesis  for  the  benefit  of  Eng- 
lish readers,  seem  to  show  tiiat  the  term  was  either 
wholly  new  to  the  language,  and  coined  by  him  for 
the  occasion  from  the  Spanish  word,  or,  what  is  more 
probable,  that  he  had  heard  it  from  tile  seamen  of  that 
day, with  whom  it  is  known  he  associated,  and  who  had 
caught  it  from  Spanish  sailors, and  modified  it  with  a 
sailor’s  usual  license.  — See  Turtle.  C.  Folsom. 

II  TOR'TOISE-SHELL,  n.  The  plates  or  blades  of 
the  shell  of  certain  sea-tortoises,  or  turtles,  es- 
pecially of  Chelonia  imbricata,  or  hawks-bill 
turtle,  used  for  making  combs,  work-boxes, 
cabinets,  spectacle-cases,  &c.,  and  in  inlaying 
and  other  ornamental  work.  Tomlinson. 

TOR'TOISE— SHELL,  a.  1.  Made  of  tortoise- 
shell ; as,  “ A tortoise-shell  comb.” 

2.  Resembling  a tortoise-shell  in  color;  va- 
riegated ; as,  “ A tortoise-shell  cat.” 

TOR'TIUX,  n.  [L.  torqueo,  tortus,  to  twist.] 

1.  ( Zoiil .)  A genus  of  serpents  of  the  family 
Bolder,  found  in  tropical  America.  Eng.  Cijc. 

2.  (Eat.)  A genus  of  lepidopterous  insects, 

feeding  on  trees,  vines,  &c.  ; leaf-rolling  moths. 
The  larvae  are  naked,  fleshy  grubs,  generally 
living  in  cylindrical  tubes,  which  they  form  by 
rolling  up  leaves.  Baird. 

TORT'U-I.OUS,  a.  Bulged  out  at  intervals  like  a 
cord  having  knots.  Buchanan. 

ToRT-U-OSE',  a.  Winding  ; tortuous.  Loudon. 

TORT-y-OS'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being  tortu- 
ous ; crookedness  ; tortuousness.  Browne. 

ToRT'U-OUS  (tiirt'yu-us),  a.  [L.  tortuosus ; tor- 
queo, to  twist ; It.  4'  Sp.  tortuoso  ; Fr .tortueux.) 

1.  Twisted;  wreathed;  winding;  crooked; 
sinuous;  serpentine.  “ Tortuous  canals.” Paley. 

So  varied  he.  and  of  his  tortuous  train 

Curled  many  a wanton  wreath.  Milton. 

2.  Mischievous ; perverse.  Lodge. 

TORT'U-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  a tortuous  or  winding 
manner ; windingly.  Southeg. 

TORT'IT-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  tortu- 
ous or  wreathed ; tortuosity.  Scott. 

TORT'U-RA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  tortured.  Scott. 

TORT'URE  (tort'yur,  24),  n.  [L.  tortura  ; torqueo, 
to  twist,  to  bend  ; It.  St  Sp.  tortura  ; Fr.  torture.) 

1.  Extreme  pain  inflicted  on  a person  to  ex- 
tort a confession  of  guilt,  or  an  avowal  of  ac- 
complices, as  by  the  rack  or  the  wheel.  Drgden. 

Under  James  I.  and  Charles  I.,  torture  seems  to  have  be- 
come less  frequent,  and  to  have  been  only  employed  in  state 
offences.  Brunde. 

2.  Extreme  pain;  anguish;  pang;  agony; 
torment.  “ The  torture  of  the  mind.”  Shah. 

Syn. — Torture  is  an  excess  of  torment,  and  is  only 
for  a time  or  an  occasion.  Torment  is  more  permanent. 
Tortured  by  means  of  the  rack  or  a similar  instru- 
ment ; tormented  by  pain,  perplexing  cares,  or  a guilty 
conscience. 

TORT'URE  (tort'yur,  24),  v.  a.  [ i . tortured  ; 

pp.  TORTURING,  TORTURED.] 

1.  To  subject  to,  or  punish  with,  torture. 

Hipparchus,  my  enfranchised  bondman,  whom 
He  may  at  pleasure  whip,  or  hang,  or  torture.  Shak. 

2.  To  pain  extremely;  to  torment;  to  vex. 

“To  torture  . . . my  soul.”  Addison. 

3.  fTo  pull  out  to  the  full  stretch ; to  strain. 

The  bow  tortureth  the  string  continually.  Bacon. 

TORT'URE,  v.  n.  To  inflict  torture. 

The  scourge  inexorable,  and  the  torturing  hour, 

Call  us  to  penance.  Milton. 

TORT'UR-IJR  (tort'yur-er),  n.  One  who  tortures  ; 
a tormenter.  Bacon.  \ 


TORT'UR-iNG-LY,  ad.  So  as  to  torture  or  tor- 
ment ; tormentingly.  Beau.  El. 

TORT'UR-O0s  (tiirt'yur-us),  a.  Torturing;  tor- 
menting. “ Torturous  suspicion.”  [it.]  Mure. 

TOR-U-LOSE'  (129),  a.  [L.  torulus,  dim.  of  torus, 
a swelling,  a protuberance.]  (Bot.)  Cylindri- 
cal, and  swollen  at  intervals  ; torose.  Gray. 

TOR'U-LOUS,  a.  Having  a rounded  or  cylindrical 
form  ; torulose.  Hill. 

TORUS,  it.  [L.  torus,  a bulge,  a raised  ornament.] 

1.  (Arch.)  A bold  convex  moulding  in  the 

base  of  a column.  Britton. 

2.  (Bot.)  The  receptacle  of  a flower.  Gray. 

f TOR'VI-TY,  n.  [L.  torvitas.)  Sourness  or  se- 
verity of  look  or  countenance.  Cockeram. 

tTOR'VOUS,  a.  [L.  torvus.)  Sour  of  look  or 
■ aspect ; stern  ; severe.  Derham. 

TO'RY,  n.  [Probably  from  an  Irish  word  signify- 
ing a savage.  Johnson.  — From  the  Irish  word 
force,  give  me  [your  money].  Malone.) 

1.  (Eng.  llist.)  A term  of  reproach  applied 

to  the  court  party  in  the  latter  part  of  the  reign 
of  Charles  II.;  — now  applied  to  one  who,  in 
principle,  is  a strenuous  supporter  of  the  royal 
prerogative,  and  the  ecclesiastical  authority;  — 
opposed  to  Whig ; a conservative,  as  opposed 
to  a reformer..  Addison. 

Tories  was  a name  properly  belonging  to  the  Irish  bogtrot- 
tors  who,  during  our  civil  wars,  robbed  and  plundered,  pro- 
fessing to  be  in  arms  for  the  maintenance  of  the  royal  cause; 
and  from  them  transferred,  about  tlie  year  1(M),  to  those  who 
sought  to  maintain  the  extreme  prerogatives  of  the  crown. 

Trench. 

In  the  year  1680,  two  parties  were  formed,  called  the  Ad- 
dressers and  Abhor rers\  out  of  which  arose  the  after  party 
appellations  of  Whigs  and  Tories.  Twlejpi. 

2.  (American  Hist.)  One  who,  in  the  time  of 
the  revolution,  supported  the  English  govern- 
ment, and  opposed  the  resistance  made  by  the 
colonies. 

It  was  said  that  the  Tories  were  arming  and  collecting  in  the 
Highlands,  under  tlie  direction  of  distinguished  officers,  to 
aid  the  conspiracies  formed  by  Governor  Tryon  and  his  ad- 
herents. Irving,  Life  of  Washington. 

XSSrSee  Whig. 

TO'RY,  a.  Of  a tory,  or  of  tories.  Hume. 

TO'RY-I§M,  n.  Principles  of  tories.  Bolingbroke. 

It  is  owing,  I am  confident,  in  no  small  degree  to  the 
gradually  spreading  influence  of  Mr.  llallam’s  “Constitu- 
tional History  ” that  the  theoretical  fori/ism  of  former  times 
has  almost  wholly  disappeared  in  England.  Edward  Everett. 

f TO§E  (toz),  v.  n.  To  tease  wool.  Johnson. 

t ToSII,  n.  A tusk ; a tush.  Wright. 

TOSS,  v.  a.  [From  But.  tassen,  to  heap  up  ; Fr. 
tasser.  Minsheu.  — Perhaps  touse  or  tease.  Rich- 
ardson.) [i.  TOSSED  ; pp.  TOSSING,  TOSSED, 
— sometimes  tost.] 

1.  To  throw  by  motion  of  the  hand  ; to  fling. 

A shepherd  diverted  himself  with  tossing  up  eggs  and 

catching  them  again.  Addison. 

2.  To  raise  or  lift  with  a sudden  and  violent 
motion.  “ He  tossed  his  arm  aloft.”  Addison. 

Behold  how  they  toss  their  torches  on  high.  Drgden. 

3.  To  put  into  commotion  or  agitation  ; to 

agitate.  “ Tossed  upon  the  waves.”  Bacon. 

4.  To  make  restless  ; to  disquiet. 

Calm  region  once. 

And  full  of  peace,  now  tossed  and  turbulent.  Milton. 

5.  To  keep  in  play;  to  tumble  over. 

Scholars  . . . that  spend  four  years  in  tossing  all  the  rules 
of  grammar  in  common  schools.  Ascham. 

To  toss  an  oar,  (JYnut.)  to  throw  an  oar  out  of  the 
rowlock,  raise  it  perpendicularly  on  its  end,  and  lay 
it  down  in  the  boat  with  its  blade  forward.  Dana. 

TOSS,  v.  n.  I.  To  move  or  throw  one’s  self  un- 
easily ; to  roll  and  tumble  about.  Harvey. 

To  toss,  and  fling,  and  to  be  restless.  TiUntson. 

2.  To  be  tossed;  to  he  moved  tumultuously. 

Your  mind  is  tossing  on  the  sea.  Shak'. 

To  toss  up,  to  throw  up  a coin,  and  wager  on  which 
side  it  will  fall.  Bramston. 

TOSS,  it.  1.  The  act  of  tossing ; a throw  by  up- 
ward motion  of  the  hand.  Addison. 

2.  An  affected  manner  of  raising  or  throwing 
up  the  head.  “ One  taught  the  toss.”  Drgden. 

TOS'SpL,  n.  See  Tassel.  Mortimer. 

TOSS' IJR,  n.  One  who  tosses.  Beau.  St  FI. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE. — 9,  Q,  9,  g,  soft;  V,  G,  £,g,  hard ; 


TOSSING 


1524 


TOUCHSTONE 


TOSS'ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who,  or  of  that 
which,  tosses.  “ Tossings  to  and  fro.”  Job  vii.  4. 

Dire  was  the  tossing ; deep  the  groans.  Milton. 

TOSS'POT,  n.  A toper  ; drunkard.  Shak. 

TOST,  i.  & p.  from  toss.  Tossed.  Milton. 

TOT,  n.  1.  Any  thing  very  small  : — a term  of 
endearment:  — a simpleton;  a blockhead:  — a 
tuft.  [Colloquial  or  local,  Eng.]  Wright. 

2.  A small  drinking-cup.  [Local,  Eng.]  Wr. 

TO'TAL.  a.  [L.  lotus  ; It.  totale ; Sp.  § Fr.  total.] 

1.  Whole  ; complete  ; entire  ; full ; undivid- 
ed. “ A total  interruption  of  thought.”  Locke. 

Lest  total  darkness  should  by  night  regain 

Uer  old  possession,  and  extinguish  life.  Milton. 

2.  Perpetual ; without  intermission  or  interval. 
“ A temporary,  not  a total  retreat.”  Atterbury. 

Total  loss,  (Law.)  a loss  on  account  of  which  the 
assured  is  entitled  to  recover  from  the  underwriter 
the  whole  amount  of  his  subscription.  Burrill. 

Syn.  — See  Whole. 

TO'TAL,  ii.  The  whole;  the  whole  sum,  quanti- 
ty, or  amount ; an  aggregate  ; totality. 

I shall  sum  up  these  particulars  iu  a total.  Bp.  Taylor. 

TO-TAL'J-TY,  n.  [Fr.  totality.]  Whole  sum, 
number,  quantity,  or  amount.  Bacon. 

TO'TAL-IZE,  v.  a.  To  render  entire.  Coleridge. 


TO'TAL-LY,  ad.  Wholly;  fully;  completely; 
entirely.  “ Totally  or  mostly  defaced.”  Bacon. 

TO'TAL-NESS,  n.  Entireness,  [u.]  Todd. 

TO-TA-NI ' JVJE,n.  pi.  (Or- 
nith.)  A sub-family  of 
birds  of  the  order  Grallts 
and  fam- 
ily Scol- 
opetcidw  ; 

long-shanks.  Gray. 

TOTE,  v.  See  Toot. 


Totanus  fuscus. 


TOTE,  v.  a.  To  carry  ; to  bear. 

/Eg=-“A  colloquial  word,  used  in  the  Southern 
States.”  Witherspoon.  — “ It  is  strictly  a negro  word, 
and  used  primarily  in  the  sense  to  hear  or  carry  on 
the  head.”  Dr.  P.  Lindsley. 


TOTE,  n.  The  whole  ; as,  “ The  whole  tote  ” ; — 
a common  pleonasm.  [Provincial  in  England, 
and  colloquial  in  the  United  States.]  Brockett. 

TO'TEM,  n.  A rude  picture,  as  of  a bird,  or  oth- 
er animal,  used  by  the  North  American  Indians 
as  a symbol  of  a family,  & c. 

And  they  painted  on  the  grave-posts 
Of  the  graves  yet  unforgotten, 

Each  his  own  ancestral  totem , 

Eacli  the  symbol  of  his  household  — 

Figures  of  the  bear  and  reii<®t;er, 

Of  the  turtle,  crane,  and  beaver.  Longfellow. 

T’6TH'ER  (tiith'er).  Contracted  from  the  other. 
“As  bad  the  one  as  t’other."  Farnaby. 

TOT’ I-DEJII  VER' BIS.  [L.]  In  just  so  many 
words.  Ed.  Rev. 


TO'TI-E £ QUO'TI-E§  (to'she-ez  kwo'she-ez). 
[L.]  As  many  times  as ; as  often  as  it  may 
happen.  Maedonnel. 

fTO-TI-PRE^'BNCE,  n.  [L.  totus,  total,  and 
preesentia,  presence.]  Total  presence  ; pres- 
ence every  where  ; omnipresence.  Tucker. 

t TO-TI-PRE§'BNT,  a.  Omnipresent.  Tucker. 

TO 'TO  CtE'LO.  [L.]  By  the  whole  heavens; 
as  far  apart  as  are  the  poles.  Daniel  Webster. 

TOT'TpR,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  tealtian,  tealtrian,  to  tot- 
ter ; Dut.  touter,  a swing.]  [«.  tottered  ; pp. 
tottering,  tottered.]  To  shake  so  as  to 
threaten  a fall ; to  waver ; to  reel ; to  stagger ; 
to  vacillate.  “ A tottering  fence.”  Ps.  lxii.  3. 

Troy’s  turrets  totter  on  the  rocking  plain.  Pope. 

Syn.  — See  Shake,  Stagger. 

ToT'TKK-ER,  n.  One  who  totters.  Swift. 

TOT'TJER-ING,  p.  a.  Shaking  as  if  ready  to  fall. 

TOT'T^R-ING-LY,  ad.  In  a tottering  manner. 

f TOT'TER-y,  a.  Unsteady;  tottering.  Johnson. 

TOT'TLE,  v.  n.  [ i . tottled  ; pp.  tottling,  tot- 
tled.]  To  walk  about  in  a tottering  manner, 
as  a child ; to  toddle  ; to  topple ; to  totter. 
[Local,  Eng.,  and  colloquial,  U.  S.]  Palmer. 

t TOT'TY,  a.  Unsteady  ; tottering.  Spenser. 


TO'TY,  n.  A name  given  in  some  parts  of  the 
Pacific  to  a sailor  or  to  a fisherman.  Simmonds. 

TOU'cAN  [tbfi'k&n,  Sm.  C.  B. ; to'k&n, 

A'.],  n.  1.  ( Ornith.)  A scansorial  bird 
of  the  family  llamphastidce,  found 
in  tropical  America,  having  a very 
long,  broad,  light,  cellular  bill,  and 
a long,  feather-like  tongue.  Baircl. 

2.  [Msi/’ow.)  A southern  constel- 
lation. liind. 

TOUCH  (tuch),  v.  a.  [It.  toccare  ; Sp. 
tocar ; F r.  toucher.  — F rom  M.  Goth. 
tekan,  to  touch.  Menage.  — From  Gr.  Oiyu>, 
Ocyyavu),  to  touch  (L.  tango).  Liddell  $ Scoto] 
[*.  touched  ; pp.  touching,  touched.] 

1.  To  have  contact  with  ; to  put  the  hand,  fin- 
ger, foot,  or  any  thing  on  or  against ; to  hit. 

They  stretched  forth  the  wings  of  the  cherubim,  so  that 
tile  wing  of  the  one  touched  tile  one  wail,  and  the  wing  of  the 
other  cherub  touched  the  other  wall:  and  their  wings  touched 
one  another  iu  the  midst  of  the  house.  1 Kings  vi.  A. 

He  touched  his  ear,  and  healed  him.  Luke  xxii.  51. 

2.  To  perceive  by  the  sense  of  feeling. 

Nothing  but  body  can  be  touched  or  touch.  Creech. 

3.  To  come  or  attain  to;  to  arrive  at;  to 
reach. 

To  touch  their  natal  shore.  Pope. 

4.  To  affect ; to  impress  ; to  strike. 

What  of  sweet 

Hath  touched  my  sense  fiat  seems  to  this.  Milton. 

5.  To  have  an  effect  on  ; to  make  an  impres- 

sion on ; to  act  on.  “ A file  will  not  touch 
it.”  Moxon. 

G.  To  relate  to  ; to  concern.  Iloo/cer. 

The  quarrel  toucheth  none  but  us  alone; 

Betwixt  ourselves  let  us  decide  it  then.  Shak. 

7.  To  move  ; to  strike  mentally.  Congreve. 

Tiie  tender  sire  was  touched  with  what  he  said.  Addison. 

8.  To  mark  out ; to  delineate. 

The  lines,  though  touched  but  faintly,  arc  drawn  right.  Pope. 

9.  To  try  or  test,  as  gold  with  a stone.  Shak. 

Words  so  debased  and  hard,  no  stone 

Was  hard  enough  to  touch  them  on.  Hudibi'as. 

10.  To  strike,  as  a musical  instrument;  to 
play  on,  or  to  commence  to  play  on. 

They  touched  their  golden  harps,  and  praised.  Milton. 

11.  To  afflict ; to  injure  ; to  distress;  to  hurt. 

Thou  wilt  do  us  no  hurt,  as  we  have  not  touched  thee,  and 
as  we  have  done  unto  thee  nothing  but  good.  Gen.  xxvi.  29. 

12.  To  treat  of  slightly  or  perfunctorily. 

This  thy  last  reasoning  words  touched  only.  Milton. 

13.  t To  censure  ; to  animadvert  on. 

Dr.  Parker,  in  Ills  sermon  before  them,  touched  them  for 
their  living  so  near.  Hayward. 

14.  To  put  or  lay  the  hand  on,  in  order  to  cure 
of  king’s-evil  or  other  diseases. 

Charles  II.,  in  the  course  of  his  reign,  touched  near  a hun- 
dred thousand  persons.  Macaulay. 

15.  ( Naut .)  To  bring,  as  a vessel,  as  near 

the  wind  as  is  possible.  Dana. 

To  touch  at,  to  arrive  at  or  come  to  without  stay,  as 
in  sailing.  “The  next  day  we  touched  at  Sidon.” 
Acts  xxvii.  3. — To  touch  on  or  upon,  to  mention  or 
treat  of  slightly.  “ If  the  antiquaries  have  touched 
upon  it,  they  immediately  quitted  it.”  Addison.  To 
touch  at.  “ H e touched  upon  the  Moluccas.”  [R.]  Abbot. 
To  take  effect  on  ; to  act  on.  “ Strong  waters  . . . will 
touch  upon  gold,  that  will  not  tojirh  upon  silver.”  Bacon. 
— To  touch  for,  to  apply  the  hand  to,  in  order  to  cure, 
as  of  king’s-evil. — To  touch  off,  to  sketch  hastily : — 
to  finish  by  touches.  Clarke.  To  discharge,  as  a can- 
non, by  applying  fire  to  the  priming. —To  touch  up,  to 
repair  or  improve  by  slight  touches  or  emendations. 
Addison.  To  excite  ; to  arouse.  Clarice. 

Syn. — See  Feel. 

TOIJCH  (iucli),  v.  n.  1.  To  he  in  contact;  to  be 
in  a state  of  junction  ; to  meet ; to  hit. 

Two  spheres  touch  only  at  points.  Johnson. 

2.  {Naut.)  To  have  the  leech  struck  by  the 
wind  so  as  to  shake  it  a little,  as  a sail.  Dana. 

To  touch  and  go,  (Naut.)  to  rub  against  the  ground 
with  tiie  keel,  as  a vessel  under  sail,  without  much 
diminution  of  her  velocity.  Mar.  Diet. 

TOUCH,  n.  [It.  tneco  ; Sp.  toque : Fr.  touche.] 

1.  The  act  of  touching,  or  the  state  of  being 

touched  ; — contact ; a hit.  Shak. 

2.  The  sense  of  feeling;  feeling. 

The  fifth  and  last  of  our  senses  is  touch . a sc*nce  spread  over 
the  whole  body,  though  it  be  most  eminently  placed  in  the 
tip  of  the  fingers.  Locke. 

3.  Examination,  as  of  gold  by  a stone. 

Of  base  gold,  and  fearing  the  touch.  Hayward. 


4.  f A touchstone. 

How  do  I play  the  touch 

To  try  if  thou  be  current  gold  indeed.  Shak. 

5.  A test ; that  by  which  any  thing  is  examined 
or  tested  ; a criterion  ; an  assay. 

Equity,  the  true  touch  of  all  laws.  Careiv. 

6.  Proof ; tried  qualities. 

My  friends  of  noble  touch.  Shak. 

7.  Single  stroke  of  a pencil  on  a picture. 

Never  give  the  least  touch  with  your  pencil  till  you  have 
well  examined  your  oesign.  Dryden. 

8.  p'eature  ; lineament.  Dryden. 

9.  Stroke  on  a musical  instrument. 

Touches  of  sweet  harmony.  Shak. 

Nor  wanted  power  to  mitigate  and  suage. 

With  solemn  touches,  troubled  thoughts.  Milton. 

10.  A stroke,  as  of  a pen,  or  of  a writer. 

Very  nice  touches  of  raillery.  Addison. 

The  nicer  touch 

Of  Wycherley’s  or  Congreve’s  wit.  Prior. 

11.  Action  or  impression  of  any  thing  on  the 
mind.  “ Moved  with  touch  of  blame.”  Milton. 

12.  The  act  or  the  power  of  exciting  the  af- 
fections or  passions.  “ Urgent  touches."  Shak. 

13.  Something  of  passion  or  affection. 

He  wants  the  natural  touch.  Shak. 

A true,  natural,  and  a sensible  touch  of  mercy.  Hooker. 

14.  A small  quantity  or  degree  ; a little. 

Madam,  I have  touch  of  your  condition. 

That  cannot  brook  the  accent  of  reproof.  Shak. 

15.  A hint ; a suggestion  ; slight  notice. 

A small  touch  wilPput  him  in  mind  of  them.  Bacon. 

16.  A slight  essay  or  effort.  [Cant.] 

Print  my  preface  in  such  a form  as,  in  the  booksellers* 
phrase,  will  make  a sixpenny  touch.  Sw(ft. 

17.  Particular  application  of  any  thing  spoken 
or  written  to  a person. 

Speech  of  touch  towards  others.  Bacon. 

18.  (Mtts.)  Resistance  made  to  the  fingers  by 

the  keys  of  an  organ,  piano-forte,  &c. ; as,  “ The 
organ  has  a hard  or  heavy  touch  ” : — also  the 
manner  in  which  the  performer  presses  the 
keys  of  the  piano,  &c.  ; as,  “ He  has  a delicate 
touch.”  Dwight. 

19.  ( Ship-building .)  The  angle  of  a stern- 

timber  at  the  counters.  Burn. 

t To  keep  touch,  to  be  steady  to  appointment  or  prom- 
ise. “ Toilc.Ii  kept  is  commended.”  Tusser. — (True  as 
touch,  true  as  touchstone  ; completely  true.  Spenser. 

TOUCH' A-BLE  (tuch'a-hl);  a.  That  may  be 
touched ; tangible,  [r.]  Johnson. 

TOUCH'A-BLE-Nfiss,  n.  Tangibility,  [r.]  Blount. 

TOUCII'HOLE  (tuch'hol),  il.  The  hole  through 
which  the  fire  is  conveyed  to  the  powder  in  a 
gun  or  cannon  ; the  vent  of  a gun.  Bacon. 

TOUCH'I.-LY,  ad.  In  a touchy  manner  ; with  irri- 
tation ; peevishly ; pettishly.  JFnto7toM.se. 

TOUCH 'I- NESS  (tuch'e-nes),  n.  Irritability  ; peev- 
ishness ; irascibility.  King  Charles. 

TOUCH'ING,  prep.  With  regard  or  respect  to; 
concerning  ; relating  to  ; respecting. 

Socrates  chose  rather  to  die  than  renounce  or  conceal  his 
judgment  touching  the  unity  of  the  godhead.  South. 

TOUCH'ING  (tuch'jng),  a.  Affecting;  moving; 
feeling;  pathetic.  Stevens. 

TOUCH'ING-LY  (tuch'jng-le),  ad.  So  as  to  affect 
or  move  ; feelingly  ; pathetically.  Addison. 

TOUCII'-ME-NOT  (tuch'me-not),  n.  The  popu- 
lar name  of  plants  of  the  genus  Impatiens,  so 
called  from  the  sudden  bursting  of  the  pods 
when  touched  ; the  common  balsam  ; — also 
called  jewel-weed,  and  snap-weed.  Gray. 

TOUCH'— NEE-DLE§,  n.  pi.  A name  applied  to 
small  bars,  some  of  which  consist  of  pure  gold, 
or  of  pure  silver,  and  others  of  gold  or  of  silver 
alloyed  with  copper  in  known  proportions;  — 
used  in  connection  with  a touchstone  in  assay- 
ing.— See  Touchstone.  Miller.  Braiule. 

TOUCH'-PAN,  n.  The  pan  of  a gun,  that  holds 
the  priming.  Sylvester. 

TOUCH'— PA-PfiR,  n.  Paper  steeped  in  saltpetre, 
which  ignites  slowly.  Simmonds. 

TOUCH'STONE  (tucli'ston),  n.  1.  A velvet-black, 
silicious  stone  or  flinty  jasper,  used  on  account 
of  its  hardness  and  black  color  for  determining 
the  proportions  of  tiie  precious  metals  in  an 
alloy ; — called  also  Lydian  stone , and  basanite. 


Toucan. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short; 


A,  L Q,  V,  y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


TOUCH-WOOD 


1525 


TOWERING 


The  streak  left  on  the  stone  by  rubbing  the 
metal  across  it,  being  compared  with  that  left 
by  touch-needles,  indicates  to  the  experienced 
eye  the  proportions  of  the  metals  in  the  alloy 
assayed.  Miller.  Dana. 

2.  Any  test  or  criterion.  Hooker. 

TOUCH'-VYOOD  (tuch'wud),  n.  Dry,  decayed 
wood  used  for  tinder,  igniting  readily  from  a 
spark  ; spunk ; punk.  Howell. 

TOUCfl'Y  (tuch'e),  a.  Peevish;  irritable;  iras- 
cible ; techy  ; testy ; petulant.  Wot  ton. 

TOUGH  (tuf),  a.  [A.  S.  toh  \ Dut.  taai  ; Old  Ger. 
zche,  zach\  Ger.  zeihe  \ Dan.  seig ; Sw.  scz. — 
Gael,  tiugh-,  Scot  .tench,  teugh.  — From  A.  S. 
teon;  Ger.  ziehen,  to  tow,  to  draw.  Bosworth .] 

1.  Yielding  to  flexure  or  extension  without 
fracture  ; — opposed  to  brittle. 

Of  bodies,  some  arc  fragile  and  some  arc  tough.  Bacon. 

2.  Strong ; firm ; hardy ; not  easily  broken. 

O,  sides,  you  are  too  tough.  Shah. 

3.  Viscous  ; tenacious  ; ropy  ; stringy  ; adhe- 
sive ; cohesive.  “ Tough  clay.”  Wickliffe. 

4.  Stiff;  rigid  ; not  flexible. 

So  tough  a frame  she  could  not  bend.  Dryden. 

5.  Difficult.  Chaucer.  “ A tough  piece  of 

business.”  [Rare  or  colloquial.]  Todd. 

6.  Callous  ; obdurate  ; stubborn.  Cowper. 

TOUGH'EN  (tuf'fn),  t).  n.  [i.  TOUGHENED  ; pp. 
toughening,  toughened.]  To  grow  or  be- 
come tough.  Mortimer. 

TOUGH'EN  (tuf'fn),  v.  a.  To  make  tough.  Johnson. 

TOUGH'ISH  (tuf'jsh),  a.  Somewhat  tough.  Jodrell. 

TOUGH'LY  (tuf'le),  ad.  In  a tough  manner; 
with  toughness.  Domle. 

TOUGFl'NESS  (tuf'nes),  n.  The  quality  or  the 
state  of  being  tough.  Bacon. 

TOU-PEE'  (to-pe'),  n.  [Fr.  toupet.]  A little  tuft 
of  hair  or  artificial  curl,  worn  on  the  forehead ; 
a toupet.  “ In  toupee  or  gown.”  Pope. 

TOU-PET ' (to-pa',  to-pe',  or  to-pet')  [to-pe',  S.  P. 
J.  F.  ; to-pet',  IF.  Ja.;  to-pa',  K.  Sin.  C.],  n. 
[Fr.]  A tuft  or  curl  of  hair  ; a toupee.  Johnson. 

TOU'PJJT-TlT,  n.  ( Ornith .)  A species  of  tit- 
mouse ; Pains  bicolor.  Eng.  Cyc. 

II  TOUR  (tor)  [tor,  S.  IF.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  R. 
C.  O.  Wb.],  n.  [Fr .tour.  — From  Gr.  ripvos, 
a carpenter’s  tool  for  drawing  a circle,  a chisel 
for  a lathe,  a circle ; L.  torn&S,  a lath e.Landais.] 

1.  f Motion  in  a circle;  revolution;  turn. 

The  tours  by  heavenly  bodies  made.  Blacknwre. 

2.  A journey  in  a circuit ; an  excursion. 

• I made  the  tour  of  all  the  king's  palaces.  Addison. 

To  make  the  tour  of  the  island.  Anson. 

3.  fTurn;  cast;  manner. 

The  whole  tour  of  the  passage  is  this.  Bentley. 

4.  f A tower.  Milton. 

5.  (Mil.)  That  which  is  done  by  succession. 

“ My  experience  fails  me  if  this  word  is  not 
slowly  conforming  to  the  true  English  sound  of  the 
vowels  heard  in  thou."  Walker.  The  English  ortho- 
epists,  more  recent  than  Walker,  give  no  countenance 
to  this  pronunciation,  which  is  regarded  as  a vulgar- 
ism. 

Syn.  — See  Excursion,  Journey. 

TOUR-BILL'fON  (t&r-bxl'yon),  n.  [Fr.  tourbillon, 
a whirlwind,  a tourbillion,  from  L.  turbo,  turbi- 
nis,  a whirlwind.]  An  ornamental  fire-work, 
which  turns  round  in  the  air,  presenting  the 
appearance  of  a scroll  of  fire.  Francis. 

||  TOUR'IST,  n.  One  who  makes  a tour  or  jour- 
ney in  a circuit.  Cumberland. 

TOUR'MA-LfNE,  n.  (Min.)  A brittle,  pyro-electric 
mineral,  occurring  in  crystals,  massive  compact, 
and  columnar,  of  various  colors,  usually  black, 
dark-green,  or  brown,  comprising  many  varie- 
ties, all  of  which  contain  silica,  boracic  acid, 
and  alumina,  and  most  of  them  oxide  of  iron, 
lime,  magnesia,  and  soda,  together  with  small 
proportions  of  other  substances.  Dana. 

71SP  Some  specimens  of  tourmaline  exhibit  dichro- 
ism.  A thin  plate  of  a prismatic  crystal  of  tourma- 
line, cut  parallel  to  the  crystallographic  axis,  polar- 
izes the  whole  of  the  light  transmitted  through  it  in  a 
plane  perpendicular  to  that  axis.  Dana.  Powell. 

TOURN  (turn),  n.  [See  Turn.] 


1.  ( Old  Eng.  Law.)  The  turn  or  circuit  made 
thrice  every  year  by  the  sheriff,  for  the  purpose  of 
holding  in  each  hundred  the  great  coujt-leet  of 
the  county  : — also  the  court  thus  held.  Burrill. 

2.  A spinning-wheel.  [Local,  Eng.]  Grose. 

TOUR'NA-MENT  (t8r'nj-ment  or  tiir'nj-ment)  [tor'- 
na-ment,  S.  P.  F.  K.  R.  C. ; tor'na-ment,  E.  Ja.  ; 
tiir'n  j-ment,  J.  Sm.  O.  ; tor'n?-mSnt  or  tiir'na- 
ment,  IF.],  n.  [It.  torneamento,  torneo-,  Sp. 
torneo ; Fr.  tournoi.  — From  Fr.  tourner,  to  turn, 
to  wheel  round.]  A military  equestrian  sport 
or  exercise,  common  in  the  middle  ages,  in 
which  a number  of  combatants,  or  knights,  en- 
gaged, for  the  purpose  of  exercising  and  exhib- 
iting their  courage,  prowess,  and  skill  in  arms  ; 
a tourney.  — See  Joust.  Temple.  P.  Cyc. 

AST  “ I am  much  mistaken  if  general  usage  does 
not  incline  to  the  short  sound  of  the  diphthong  in 
these  words  [tournament  and  tourney]  ; and  that  this 
sound  ought  to  be  indulged  is  palpable  to  every  Eng- 
lish ear,  which  finds  a repugnance  at  giving  the  French 
sound  to  any  word  that  is  not  newly  adopted.  Jour- 
ney, nourish,  courage,  and  many  other  words  from  the 
French,  have  long  been  Anglicized  ; and  there  is  no 
good  reason  that  this  word  should  not  fall  into  the 
same  class.  Mr.  Sheridan,  Mr.  Scott,  Dr.  Kenrick, 
and  Mr.  Perry  give  the  first  sound  of  this  word  ; and 
Buchanan  and  W.  Johnston,  the  second.”  Walker. 

TOUR'NEY,  or  TOUR'NEY  [tor'ne,  S.  K.  7?.;  tor'- 
ne, Ja.  ; tor'ne  or  tiir'ne,  IF.  C. ; tiir'ne,  Sm.  O.], 
n.  [Fr.  tournoi.]  A tournament.  Bacon. 

TOUR'NEY,  or  TOUR'NEY,  v.  n.  To  tilt  in  the 
lists  ; to  contend  at  a tournament.  Spenser. 

TOUR  'NI-QUET  (tiir'ne-ket)  [tiir'ne-ket,  P.  Sm. 
R.  Wb.  ; tiir'ne-kwet,  IF.  F.  J.  Ja.],  n.  [Fr.  ; 
tourner,  to  turn.]  ( Surg .)  A bandage  tightened 
by  means  of  a screw,  for  exerting  a strong  com- 
pression on  an  artery  ; — chiefly  used  to  prevent 
hemorrhage  in  amputation.  Brande. 

TOURJTOIS  (torn-wa'),  a.  [Fr.]  A term  former- 
ly applied  to  French  money,  as  being  made  at 
Tours.  Landais. 

TOURNURF.  (tor-nur'),  n.  [Fr. ; tourner,  to  turn.] 

1.  Turn  ; contour  ; figure  ; shape.  Landais. 

2.  A lady’s  bishop  or  bustle.  Godey. 

TOU§E,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  ttesan,  to  pull,  to  tease.  — See 
Tease.]  [*.  toused;/)/).  tousing,  toused.] 
To  pull ; to  tear ; to  haul ; to  hale  ; to  drag  ; to 
pjuck;  to  rumple  ; to  tousle.  [Vulgar.] 

We  ’ll  touse  you  joint  by  joint.  Shale. 

TOU^E  (tiiuz),  v.  n.  To  tear;  to  rave.  Drayton. 

TOUSE,  n.  A pulling;  a noise;  a disturbance; 
an  ado  ; a tussle.  [Local,  Eng.]  llalliwell. 

TOU'SjLE  (tdu'zl),  v.  a.  [i.  TOUSLED  ; pp.  TOU- 
SLING, tousled.]  To  disorder ; to  tangle  ; to 
touse;  to  rumple.  [Vulgar.]  More. 

TOUT,  v.  n.  [Sec  Toot.]  \i.  touted;  pp.  tout- 
ing, touted.]  To  follow  : — to  ply  or  seek  for 
customers.  [Local,  Eng.,  or  vulgar.]  Wright. 

TOUT-ENSEMBLE  (tot'ang-sim'bl).  [Fr.]  The 
whole  taken  together.  Landais. 

TOUT'pR,  n.  One  who  touts,  or  solicits  custom- 
ers ; a runner  for  customers.  Simmonds. 

TOW  (to),  n.  [A.  S.  tow,  tow ; teon,  to  pull,  to 
draw  ; Dut.  touw,  a rope  ; Frs.  taw  ; Dan.  tare, 
a filament;  Sw.  tag,  a rope. — Gael,  taod,  a 
rope  ; taodh,  woollen  yarn.] 

1.  The  short,  loose  fibres  or  refuse  of  flax  or 

hemp  remaining  after  carding.  Sharp. 

2.  f A rope,  as  for  towing.  Hackluyt. 

To  take  in  tow,  to  tow.  Anson. 

TOW  (to),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  teon,  teogan,  to  tug,  to  draw, 
to  tow.  — Fr.  touer.  — See  Tow,  n.]  [*.  towed  ; 
pp.  TOWING,  TOWED.]  To  draw  through  the 
water  by  means  of  a rope,  as  a vessel.  Shah. 

TOW'AGE  (to'aj),  n.  [Fr.  touage.] 

1.  The  act  of  towing.  Cotgrave. 

2.  Money  paid  for  towing.  Bailey. 

TOW'AR,  n.  A rope-maker.  [Scot.]  Simmonds. 

TOW'ARD,  or  TOW'ARDfj  [to'ard,  td'ardz,  S.  IF. 
J.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  R.  ; ta'ard  or  to-ward',  P.], 
prep.  [A.  S.  toward,  toweard  ; to  and  ward.] 

1.  In  the  direction  to  or  of. 

lie  set  his  face  toward  the  wilderness.  Mum.  xxiv.  1. 

The  currents  drive 

Towards  the  retreating  sea  their  furious  tide.  Milton. 


2.  With  respect  to;  regarding;  respecting; 
to.  “ His  heart  relented  towards  her.”  Milton. 

Thy  love  and  faith,  which  thou  hast  toward  the  Lord  .Te- 
sus,  and  toward  all  saints.  Phil.  5. 

3.  Nearly;  about;  nigh;  near;  almost. 

Towards  three  or  four  o’clock.  Shak. 

I am  towards  nine  years  older  since  I left  you.  Swift. 

JQCif*  In  old  writers,  the  two  parts  of  this  word  are 
sometimes  separated  ; as,  “ To  God  ward 2Cor.  iii.  4. 

Their  powers  are  marching  unfo  Paris  ward.  Shak. 

the  prepositions  toward  and  towards , and 
the  adverbs  forward  and  forwards , backward  and  buck- 
wards,  the  two  forms  are  used  indiscriminately.  But, 
as  the  first  form  in  all  these  is  also  an  adjective,  it  is 
better  to  confine  the  particles  to  the  second.  Custom, 
too,  seems  at  present  to  lean  this  way.”  Dr.  Campbell . 
— - See  Backward. 

J8£*f*  “ Notwithstanding  our  poets  almost  universal- 
ly accent  this  word  on  the  first  syllable,  and  the  poets 
are  pretty  generally  followed  by  good  speakers,  there 
are  some,  and  those  not  of  the  lowest  order,  who  still 
place  the  accent  on  the  second.  These  should  be 
reminded  that,  as  inwards,  outwards , backwards , for- 
wards, and  every  other  word  of  the  same  form,  have 
the  accent  on  the  first  syllable,  there  is  not  the  least 
reason  for  pronouncing  towards  with  the  accent  on  the 
last.”  Walker. 

TOW'ARD,  or  TOW'ARD^,  ad.  Near  at  hand; 
advancing;  in  a state  of  preparation. 

We  have  a trifling  foolish  banquet  toward.  Shak. 

Here ’s  a voyage  towards  that  will  make  us  all.  Middleton. 

||  TOW'ARD,  or  TO'WARD  [to'grd,  P.  Ja.  K.  Sm. 
R.  ; to  ward,  S.  IF.  7'’.],  a.  Ready  to  do  or  to 


learn  ; docile  ; apt ; towardly. 

That  is  spoken  like  a toward  prince.  Shak. 

||  TOW'ARD-LI-NESS,  or  To'WARD-LI-NKSS,  n. 
Readiness  to  learn  or  to  do  ; docility.  Raleigh. 

II  TOW'ARD-LY,  or  TO'WARD-LY,  a.  Ready  to 
do  or  to  learn  ; apt ; docile  ; toward.  Bacon. 

II  TOW' ARD- NESS,  or  TO'WARD-NESS,  n.  Do- 
cility ; towardliness  ; aptitude.  South. 

TOW'— BOAT,  n.  1.  A boat  used  for  towing  a 
vessel  ; a tug  ; a steam-tug.  Crabb. 

2.  A boat  that  is  towed.  Clarke. 


ToW'pL,  n.  [Tt.  toraglia,  a table-cloth;  toragli- 
uola  ; Sp.  toalla,  a towel ; Old  Fr.  toaillicr,  to 
wash;  Fr.  touaille.  — Old  High  Ger.  duahiila, 
a towel ; Mid.  High  Ger.  twehele ; duahan ; 
Dut.  dwaal.  Diez.  — Landais  says  that  Fr.  tou- 
aille is  a corruption  of  toile,  cloth,  linen.]  A 
cloth  for  wiping  the  hands  and  face  after  wash- 
ing, or  for  other  purposes.  Dryden. 

TOW'EL-LlNG,  n.  Cloth  for  towels.  Simmonds. 

TOIV'ER,  n.  [A.  S.  tor,  torr,  tur,  a rock,  a peak, 
a tower;  tirr ; Dut.  toren,  a tower;  Old  Ger. 
turre,  turen  ; Ger.  thurn  ; Dan.  taunt ; Sw.  torn  ; 
Icel.  turn . — Ir.  § Gael,  tor,  tar  ; \V.  tier.  — Gr. 
tv  pm?,  Ttifijns  ; L.  turris ; It.,  Sp.,  § Port,  torre  ; 
Fr.  tour.  — Ileb.  'nth  a rock  ; dial,  thur,  tliura, 
a mountain ; Pers.  S;  Armenian  tier,  tawr,  a 
tower,  a hill.  — Polish  turma,  a tower.] 

1.  (Arch.)  A lofty,  narrow  building,  either 

standing  alone,  or  forming  part  of  a church, 
castle,  or  other  edifice.  Britton. 

nc  built  towers  in  the  desert.  2 Chron.  xxvi.  10. 

Towers  and  battlements  it  sees 

Bosomed  high  in  tufted  trees.  Milton . 

2.  A high  building  for  defence;  a citadel. 

A strong  tower  from  the  enemy.  Ps.  lxi.  8. 

3.  A high  head-dress,  formerly  in  fashion. 

Towers,  and  curls,  and  periwigs.  J/ndibras. 

4.  High  flight  or  elevation.  Johnson. 

Tower  of  London,  ail  assemblage  of  buildings,  oc- 
cupying an  elevated  area  of  twelve  or  thirteen  acres, 
just  beyond  the  old  walls  of  the  city  of  London  east- 
ward, on  the  northern  bank  of  tile  Thames,  formerly 
used  as  a state  prison,  but  now  chiefly  as  a repository 
of  various  objects  of  historical  curiosity  and  interest. 
P.  Cyc.  — Round-tower.  See  Round-tower. 

The  tower  of  a church  is  that  part  which  con- 
tains the  bells,  and  from  which  the  steeple  rises.” 

Braude. 

Syn.  — See  Steeple. 

TO\V'5R,  V.  n.  [ i . TOWERED ; pp.  TOWERING, 
towered.]  To  rise  or  fly  high  ; to  soar. 

Up  to  the  fiery  concave  towering  high.  Milton. 

TOVY'ERED  (tofl'erd),  a.  Having,  or  adorned 
with,  towers.  “ Toicered  cities.”  Milton. 

TO\Y'ER-ING,  p.  a.  Very  high  ; lofty.  Dryden. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RpLE.  — G,  <?>  G g,  soft;  C,  G,  £,  ®,  hard;  § as  z;  5C 


as  gz. — THIS,  this. 


TOWER-MUSTARD 


1526 


TRACHEOCELE 


ToW'ER— MUS'TARD,  n.  A cruciferous  plant  of 
the  genus  Turritis,  the  leaves  and  seeds  of 
which  give  the  stem  a pyramidal  form.  Loudon. 

TOVV'gR-y,  a.  Having,  or  adorned  with,  towers  ; 
towered.  “ Towery  cities.”  Pope. 

TOW'ING-PAth,  n.  A tow-path.  Booth. 

TOW'— LINE,  n.  A rope  for  towing.  Simmonds. 

TOVVN,  n.  [A.  S.  tun,  a place  fenced  round  or 
enclosed,  a garden,  a house,  a town,  a village; 
tynan,  to  enclose  ; Dut.  tuin,  a fence,  a hedge,  a 
garden  ; Old  Ger.  tune,  zun  ; Ger.  zaun,  a hedge, 
a fence  ; Icel.  tun,  a garden.  — W.  din,  a city  ; 
Gael,  tuin,  a dwelling-place ; Ir.  Gael,  dun,  a 
tower,  a hedge,  a hill;  Ir.  taint,  a town.] 

1.  A walled  or  fortified  collection  of  houses  ; 

a walled  or  fortified  place.  Josh.  ii.  15. 

When  Alexandria  was  besieged  and  won, 

lie  passed  the  trenehes  first  and  stormed  the  town.  Betterton. 

2.  A large  collection  of  houses  ; — particular- 
ly a collection  of  houses  larger  than  a village. 

Before  him  towns  and  rural  works  between.  Milton. 

3.  A number  of  houses  not  being,  nor  having 
been,  the  see  of  a bishop,  but  to  which  a regular 
market  belongs.  [England.]  Johnson.  Smart. 

4.  A collection  of  houses  larger  than  a village 

and  smaller  than  a city.  Burrill. 

5.  The  inhabitants  of  a town. 

To  the  clear  spring  cold  Arttea  went. 

To  which  the  whole  town  for  their  water  sent.  Chapman. 

6.  The  court  end  of  London.  Pope.  \ 

7.  The  inhabitants  of  the  metropolis  or  capi- 
tal. “ Half  the  town.”  Pope. 

8.  A city  or  metropolis,  or  the  people  in  it, 
as  opposed  to  the  conntry,  or  the  people  in  it. 
lie  lives  six  months  in  town,  and  six  in  the  country.  Johnson. 

9.  A township.  [Local,  U.  S.]  Bouvier. 

Syn.  — A town  is  regarded  as  ranking  below  a city, 

and  above  a village ; and  a village  is  larger  than  a 
hamlet.  In  England,  a town  is  a village  or  place  which 
has  a regular  market ; a city,  a corporate  town,  which 
is  the  see  of  a bishop,  and  has  a cathedral , as  the  city 
of  York,  the  town  of  Liverpool.  In  this  country,  a 
city  is  generally  larger  or  more  populous  than  a town, 
and  has  a different  municipal  government.  In  the 
New  England  States,  and  in  some  other  States,  town 
is  often  used  for  township. 

TijvVN'— CLERK  (tbfln'kllrk  or  tbun'klerk. — See 
Ci.erk),  n.  An  officer  who  keeps  the  records 
of  a town ; the  clerk  of  a town.  Acts  six.  35. 

TOWN'— CRl-ER,  n.  Public  crier  of  a town.  “The 
town-crier  had  spoke  the  lines.”  Shah. 

-f-  ToWNED  (tbund),  a.  Having  towns.  Ilachluyt. 

ToWn'-IIAlL,  n.  A public  hall  or  building  in 
which  is  transacted  the  public  business  of  a 
town ; a town-house.  Simmonds. 

TOWN'— HOUSE,  n.  1.  A house  or  building  in 
which  is  transacted  the  public  business  of  a 
town  ; a town-hall.  Addison. 

2.  One’s  house  in  town,  as  opposed  to  one’s 
house  in  the  country.  Todd. 

ToWN'ISH,  a.  Relating  to,  living  in,  or  resem- 
bling, a town,  [n.]  Turberrille. 

ToWn'LIJSS,  a.  Without  towns.  Howell. 

ToW.N'Lf  T,  n.  A little  town.  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

TOWNSFOLK  (-fok. — See  Folk),  n.  The  peo- 
ple or  inhabitants  of  a town.  Coleridge. 

ToWN'SHlP,  n.  1.  The  corporation,  or  the  terri- 
tory, of  a town.  Shah. 

2.  A term  applied  to  a subdivision  of  a coun- 
ty, or  to  a division  of  the  public  lands  six  miles 
square,  which  is  subdivided  into  thirty-six  equal 
squares,  called  sections,  of  six  hundred  and  forty 
acres  each.  Bouvier.  Davies. 

TOWNSMAN,  n. ; pi.  townsmen.  1.  An  inhab- 
itant of  a town.  Clarendon. 

2.  One  of  the  same  town.  Johnson. 

ToWN§'— PEO-PLE  (-pe-pl),  n.  The  people  or  in- 
habitants of  a town,  as  distinguished  from 
those  of  the  country  ; townsfolk.  Bigelow. 

TOVVN'— TALK  (-t&wk),  n.  The  common  talk  of  a 
town  ; the  topic  of  common  conversation. 

In  twelve  hours  it  shall  be  town-talk.  L Estrange. 

ToWN'— TOP,  n.  Formerly,  in  England,  a large 
top  in  a village,  for  the  peasants  to  whip  in  cold 
weather  W'hen  they  could  not  work.  Steevcns. 


TOW'pAtii,  n.  A path  travelled  by  horses  in 
towing  boats  along  a canal  or  a river.  Baldwin. 

TOW'— ROPE,  n.  A rope  or  hawser  for  towing 

a vessel  ; a tow-line.  Mar.  Did. 

TOW'Y,  a.  Containing,  or  like,  tow.  Holland. 

TOW  ZlfR,  I n [From  touse. ] A name  given  to 

TOU'Zf.R,  ) a dog.  Ash. 

ToX'I-CAL,  a.  [Gr.  ro^tKiv,  poison  for  smearing 
arrows;  to^ov,  a bow  ; L .toxicum.\  Containing 
poison ; poisonous,  [it.]  Bailey. 

TOX-I-CO-DEN'DRON,  n.  [Gr.  toH,ik6v,  poison  for 
smearing  arrows,  and  itvlyov,  a tree.]  ( Bot .) 
The  specific  name  of  a species  of  Rhus  known 
by  the  names  of  poison  ivy  and  poison  oak,  a 
plant  poisonous  to  the  touch  ; — formerly  used 
as  the  name  of  a distinct  genus.  Gray. 

T6x-1-CO-L6£'!-CAL,  a.  [Fr.  toxicologique .] 
Relating  to  toxicology.  Francis. 

TOX-I-CO-LoQr'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a toxicological 
manner  ; by  toxicology.  Barton. 

TOX-I-COL'O-tflST,  n.  One  versed  or  skilled  in 
toxicology.  Clarke. 

T0X-!-C0L'0-<?Y,  n.  [Gr.  to£ik6v,  poison  for 
smearing  arrows,  and  l.oyo s,  a discourse;  Fr. 
toxicologie. ] (Med.)  The  science  of  poisons,  or 
a treatise  on  poisons.  Brande.  Dunglison, 

| TOX'O-DON,  Ji.  [Gr.  rd|o v,  a bow,  and  oiWj,  lliv- 
tos,  a tooth.]  (Pal.)  A genus  of  large,  extinct 
quadrupeds  having  curved  incisor  teeth.  Baird. 

TOX-OL'O-pY,  n.  Intoxication,  [it.]  Maunder. 

TOX-OPII'I-LITE,  n.  [Gr.  t6(,ov,  a bow,  and  tpt/.iw, 
to  love.]  A lover  of  archery.  Ed.  Rev. 

T0X'0-TE§,  n.  [Gr.  ro^drys,  an  archer ; to(ov,  a 
bow.]  (Ich.)  An  acanthopterygious  fish,  found 
in  Java  and  Sumatra,  of  the  family  Bramidce, 
or  Breams,  which  catches  flies,  and  other  in- 
sects, on  which  it  feeds,  by  shooting  a drop  of 
water  at  them  so  as  to  precipitate  them  into  the 
water,  and  thus  bring  them  within  its  reach ; 
the  archer-fish  ; Toxotes  jaculator.  Baird. 

TOY,  n. ; pi.  toy?.  [From  Dut.  tooijen,  to  attire, 
to  adorn  ; tool,  attire,  ornament.  Minsheu.] 

1.  A plaything  ; a bawble  ; a gewgaw.  Addison. 

Love,  like  other  little  boys. 

Cries  for  hearts  as  they  for  toys.  Jloch&ter. 

2.  A thing  for  amusement,  but  of  little  or  no 
value;  a trifle  ; a petty  commodity.  Sidney. 

They  exchange  for  knives,  glasses,  and  such  toys,  great 
abundance  of  gold  and  pearl.  Abbot. 

3.  A matter  of  no  importance.  Shale. 

High  and  nohle  I slightly  may  not  tell, 

Nor  light  and  idle  toys  my  lines  may  vainly  swell.  Dryilen. 

4.  Folly;  trilling  practice.  Hooker. 

5.  Play ; sport ; dalliance.  Spenser. 

So  said  he,  and  forbore  not  glance  or  toy 

Of  amorous  intent.  Milton. 

6.  Odd  or  silly  tale.  “ Fairy  toys.”  Shak. 

7.  Wild  or  odd  conceit  or  fancy. 

The  very  place  puts  toils  of  desperation, 

"Without  more  motive,  into  every  brain.  Shak. 

TOY,  v.  n.  [i.  toyed  ; pp.  toying,  toy'ED.]  To 
play;  to  trifle;  to  dally  ; to  sport;  to  wanton. 

To  toy,  to  wanton,  dally,  smile,  and  jest.  Shak. 

f TOY,  v.  a.  To  treat  foolishly.  Dering. 

TOY'JKR,  n.  One  who  toys.  Harrison. 

fTOY'FUL,  a.  Full  of  tricks  or  trifling  play; 
playful.  “ A toy ful  ape.”  Donne. 

TOY'JSH,  a.  Trifling;  sportive  ; wanton.  Crowley. 

Toyish  airs  please  trivial  ears.  Quarles. 

TOY'JSII-LY,  ad.  In  a toyish  manner.  Baxter. 

TOY'ISH-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  toyish  ; 
wantonness  ; dalliance  ; trifling.  Glanvill. 

TOY'MAN,  n.  One  who  deals  in  toys.  Young. 

TOY'SHOP,  n.  A shop  where  toys  arc  sold.  Addison. 

TOZE,  v.  a.  To  pull ; to  tease.  “ Tozcd  wool.” 
[it.]  Bailey.  — See  Touse,  and  Tease. 

Toze  from  thee  thy  business.  Shak. 

TO'ZI-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  tozy  ; soft- 
ness, like  teased  wool,  [it.]  Bailey. 

TO'ZY , a.  Like  teased  wool,  [it.]  Phillips. 

TRA'  BF.-A,  n.  [L.]  (Roman  Ant.)  A robe  or 


toga  ornamented  with  horizontal  purple  stripes, 
worn  by  kings,  augurs,  knights, &c.  JYm.  Smith. 

TltA'BE-AT-ED,  a.  Having  trabeation.  Ec.  Rev. 

TRA-BE-A'TION,  n.  [L.  trabs,  trabis,  a beam.] 
(Arch.)  Entablature.  Brande. 

TRACE,  n.  [It.  traccia  ; Sp.  traza  ; Fr.  trace.  — 
From  L.  traho,  tractus,  to  draw.] 

1.  A mark  left  by  any  thing-  passing  ; a foot- 
step ; a footprint ; a track  ; a path  ; a trail. 

These  as  a line  their  long  dimension  drew. 

Streaking  the  ground  with  sinuous  trace.  Milton. 

2.  Mark  or  appearance  of  what  has  been  ; re- 
mains ; a vestige  ; a memorial ; a sign. 

The  shady  empire  shall  retain  no  trace 

Of  war  or  blood  but  in  the  sylvan  chase.  Pope. 

3.  One  of  the  two  straps,  chains,  or  ropes  by 
which  a horse  or  other  beast  draws  a vehicle. 

New  to  the  plough,  unpractised  in  the  trace.  Pope. 

4.  (Fort.)  The  plan  of  a work.  Stocquelcr. 

5.  (Geom.)  The  intersection  of  a plane  with 

one  of  the  planes  of  projection.  Eliot. 

Syn.  — See  Mark,  Vestige. 

TRACE,  v.  a.  [L.  traho,  tractus,  to  draw;  It. 
tracciare,  to  trace  ; Sp.  trazar  ; Fr.  tracer.]  [*. 
TRACED  ; pp.  TRACING,  TRACED.] 

1.  To  follow  by  some  mark  or  sign  ; to  track. 

You  may  trace  the  deluge  quite  round  the  globe  in  pro- 
fane history.  Jiumet. 

2.  To  follow  carefully  or  with  exactness. 

Tracing  word  by  word  and  line  by  line.  Denham. 

3.  To  mark  out;  to  draw  ; to  delineate. 

In  this  chart, . . . the  bays  and  inlets,  of  which  we  saw  only 
the  openings,  are  not  traced.  Cook. 

4.  To  walk  or  go  over  ; to  traverse. 

"We  do  trace  this  alley  up  aud  down.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Derive. 

f TRACE,  t).  n.  To  walk  ; to  travel.  Spenser. 

TRACE' A-BLEj  a.  That  may  he  traced. 

The  boundaries  . . . are  not  traceable.  Drummond. 

TRACE' A-BLE-NESS,  «.  The  state  of  being  trace- 
able, or  followed  by  a mark  left.  Clarke. 

TRACE' A-BLY,  ad.  In  a traceable  manner;  so 
as  to  be  traced.  Wordsworth. 

TRA'CF.R,  n.  One  who  traces.  Hakewill. 

TRA'CE-RY,  n.  (Arch.)  A species  of  pattern- 
work  formed  or  traced  in  the  head  of  a Gothic 
window,  by  the  mullions  being  continued,  but 
diverging  into  arches,  curves,  and  flowing  lines, 
enriched  with  foliations  : — also  intersecting 
rib-work  on  a vaulted  ceiling,  and  on  walls, 
doors,  panels,  &c.  P.  Cyc.  Britton. 

ThA'jCIIJJ-A,  or  TRA-CHE'A  [tra'ke-?,  Sm.  Wb. 
Crabb,  Brande  ; trj-ke'?,  K.  ; tra-ke'j  or  tra'ke-a, 
Dunglison],  n.  [L.  trachia,  from  Gr.  i, 
rough.]  (Anat.)  A cylindrical,  cartilaginous, 
and  membranous  tube,  on  the  median  line,  be- 
fore the  vertebral  column,  and  extending  from 
the  inferior  part  of  the  larynx  to  the  third  dorsal 
vertebra,  where  it  separates  into  two  branches, 
called  bronchia,  one  of  which  goes  to  each  lung ; 
the  windpipe.  Its  function  is  to  convey  air  to 
the  lungs  in  respiration.  Dunglison. 

TRA'  CHF.-JE,  n.  pi.  1.  (Bot.)  Membranous  tubes 
with  conical  extremities,  their  inside  being  oc- 
cupied by  a fibre  twisted  spirally,  and  capable  of 
unrolling  when  stretched ; spiral  vessels.  Findley. 

2.  (Zoiil.)  The  air-breathing  vessels  of  in- 
sects. Westwood. 

TRA'fTip-AL  (tra'ke-jl,  Sm.  Dunglison  ; tra-ke'al, 
Ii.  C.],  a.  (Med.)  Of,  or  pertaining  to,  the 
trachea.  “ Tracheal  glands.”  Dunglison. 

TRA-£HEL'I-DAN,  n.  [Gr.  the  neck.] 

(Ent.)  A coleopterous  insect  of  the  family  Tra- 
chelidtB,  having  the  head  supported  on  a kind  of 
pedicle  or  neck.  Brande. 

TRA-GHEL'I-POD,  n.  [Gr.  Tpa^yl.os,  the  neck, 
and  ttoi's,  7roiitif,  a foot.]  (Conch.)  A mollusk  of 
the  order  Trachelipoda,  having  the  foot  attached 
to  the  base  of  the  neck,  or  to  the  anterior  part 
of  the  body,  and  serving  for  creeping.  Brande. 

TRA-CHE-LTP'O-DOUS,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or 
having  the  character  of,  trachelipods.  Clarke. 

TRA'jGHIJ-O-CELE,  n.  [L.  trachea,  the  wind- 
pipe ; and  Gr.  Kyl.y,  a tumor.]  (Med.)  An  en- 
largement of  the  thyroid  gland; — called  also 
bronchocele,  and  goitre.  Dunglison. 


A.  E.  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


TRACHEOTOMY 


1527 


TRADE-WIND 


TRA-GHE-OT'O-MY,  re.  [Eng.  trachea  and  Gr. 
ripvui,  to  cut.]  ( Surg .)  The  operation  of  making 
an  opening  into  the  trachea,  as  for  extracting  a 
foreign  body,  or  to  permit  the  passage  of  air  to 
the  lungs.  Dunglison . 

TRA-jGHl'TIS,  re.  (Med.)  The  croup.  Dunglison. 

TRA'jCHYTE,  re.  [Gr.ypa %bs,  rough.]  A variety 
of  lava  essentially  composed  of  glassy  felspar, 
and  frequently  having  detached  crystals  of  fel- 
spar in  the  base  or  body  of  the  stone,  giving  it 
the  structure  of  porphyry.  It  sometimes  con- 
tains hornblende  and  augite.  Lyell. 

Trachyte  derives  its  name  from  its  peculiar, 
rough  feel.  When  hornblende  and  augite  predomi- 
nate, it  passes  into  the  varieties  of  trap  called  green- 
stone, basalt , dulerite , &.C.  Lyell. 

TRA-GHYT'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to,  resembling,  or 
consisting  of,  trachyte.  Buckland. 

TRAtJ'lNG,  re.  1.  The  act  of  one  tvho  traces. 

2.  Course  ; path  ; track. 

Their  turns  and  tracings  manifold.  Davies. 

3.  ( Fine  Arts.)  A mechanical  copy  of  an 
original  made  by  following  its  lines  through  a 
transparent  medium,  as  tracing-paper. Fairholt. 

TRAtj'lNG— PA'PIJR,  n.  Transparent  paper  which 
enables  a drawing  or  print  to  be  clearly  seen 
when  it  is  placed  over  it,  and  will  allow  the  pen- 
cil or  pen  to  be  used  in  producing  a fac-simile 
by  following  the  lines  of  the  original.  Fairholt. 

TRACK,  re.  [L.  tractum,  any  thing  drawn  out ; 
It.  traccia  ; Old  Fr.  trac  ; Fr.  trace.  — See 
Tiiace.] 

1.  A mark  left  by  something  that  has  passed. 

The  weary  sun  hath  made  a polden  set. 

And,  by  the  bright  track  of  his  fiery  car, 

Gives  token  of  a goodly  day  to-morrow.  Shak. 

2.  A mark  or  impression  left  by  the  foot ; a 
footprint.  “ Track  of  beast.”  Beau.  § FI. 

3.  A path ; a road  ; a course  ; a way. 

Behold  Torquatus  the  same  track  pursue.  Dryden. 

4.  The  course  of  rails  of  a railway. 

5.  f A tract  of  land.  Fuller. 

Syn.  — See  Path. 

TRACK,  V.  a.  [l.  TRACKED;  pp.  TRACKING, 
TRACKED.] 

1.  To  follow  by  the  track  or  footprints. 

You  track  him  every  where  in  their  snow.  Dryclen. 

2.  To  tow  or  draw,  as  a vessel.  Smart. 

3.  To  break,  as  flax.  [Local,  Eng.]  Loudon. 

TRACK' Al^E,  n.  A towing;  towage.  Clarke. 

TRACK'L^SS,  a.  Having  no  track  ; marked  with 
no  footprints  ; untrodden  ; pathless.  Prior. 

TRACK'LIJSS-LY,  ad.  So  as  to  leave  no  track ; 
pathlessly.  F.  Butler. 

TRACK'— ROAD,  n.  A tow-path.  Smart. 

TRACK'SCOUT,  n.  [Dut.  trek-schuit ; trekken, 
to  draw,  and  schuit,  a boat.]  A passage-boat 
drawn  on  a canal  by  a horse  ; treckschuyt.  — See 
Treckschuyt.  [Holland.]  Addison. 

TRACK'— WAY,  n.  1.  A tram-road.  Francis. 

2.  The  belt  of  surface  impressed  by  the  body 
and  extremities  of  an  animal.  Dr.  Hitchcock. 

TRACT,  re.  [L.  tractus  ; traho,  tractus,  to  draw  ; 
It.  tratto  ; Sp.  treclio.  — See  Trace.] 

1.  Something  drawn  out,  extended,  or  pro- 
tracted. “ So  long  a tract  of  time.”  Howell. 

In  tract  of  speech,  a dubious  word  is  easily  known  by  the 
coherence  with  the  rest.  Hairier. 

2.  A quantity  of  land  ; a region  ; a district. 

“ A narrow  tract  of  earth.”  Addison. 

There  are  some  tracts  which,  by  high  mountains,  are 
barred  from  air  and  fresh  wind.  Raleigh. 

3.  t Treatment;  explanation.  Shak. 

4.  f A track  ; a footprint.  Dryclen. 

5.  A treatise ; a dissertation  or  written  dis- 
course, especially  on  a religious  subject,  in 
pamphlet  form  ; a tractate  ; a pamphlet. 

The  best  collection  of  tracts  against  popery.  Swift. 

Respiratory  tract , ( Hunt .)  the  middle  column  of  tile 
spinal  marrow,  described  by  Sir  Charles  Bell  as  that 
whence  the  respiratory  nerves  originate.  Dunglison. 

Syn.  — See  District,  Essay. 

f TRACT,  v.  a.  1.  To  track  ; to  trace  out.  Spenser. 

2.  To  draw  out;  to  protract.  Iluloet. 

TRAC-TA-BlL'I-TY,  n.  [L.  tractabilitas ; It. 


trattabilita ; Fr.  tractabilite.]  The  state  of  be- 
ing tractable  ; docility  ; tractableness.  Elyot. 

TRAc'TA-BLE,  a.  [L.  tractabilis ; tracto , to 
draw,  to  manage,  to  treat ; It.  trattabile  ; Sp. 
tratable-,  Fr.  traitable.\ 

1.  That  may  be  easily  led,  managed,  or 

taught ; docile  ; manageable.  Tillotson. 

If  a strict  hand  be  kept  over  children  from  the  beginning, 

. they  will  in  that  age  be  tractable , and  quietly  submit.  Locke. 

2.  That  may  be  handled  ; palpable,  [it.] 

Visible,  and,  for  the  most  part,  tractable.  Holder. 

Syn.  — See  Ductile. 

TrAc'TA-BLE-NESS,  re.  The  state  of  being  trac- 
table ; docility  ; tractability.  Locke. 

TRAC'TA-BLY,  ad.  In  a tractable  manner;  with 
tractability.  Johnson. 

TrAc-TA'RI-AN,  re.  (Eccl.)  A name  given  to 
one  who  advocates  or  adopts  the  views  set  forth 
in  a series  of  tracts  written  by  an  association  of 
members  of  the  University  of  Oxford,  England, 
in  the  years  1833—1835,  and  called  “ Tracts  for 
the  Times  ” ; a tractite.  — See  Puseyism.  Eden. 

TRAC-tA'R!-AN-!§M,  n.  The  principles  or  doc- 
trines of  the  tractarians.  Clarke. 

TRAC'TATE,  ii.  [L.  tractatus  ; It.  trattato  ; Sp. 
tratado ; Fr.  traits.)  A treatise;  a tract;  a 
dissertation  ; an  essay.  Milton. 

f TRAC-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  tractatio .]  Treatment 
or  discussion  of  a subject.  Bp.  Hall. 

TRAc-TA'TOR,  ii.  A writer  of  tracts.  Ch.  Ob. 

TRAc'TILE,  a.  [L.  tracto , to  draw.]  That  may 
be  drawn  out ; ductile,  [it.]  Bacon. 

TRAC-TIL'I-TY,  re.  The  quality  or  the  state  of 
being  tractile  ; ductility,  [it.]  Derham. 

TRACTION,  re.  [It.  trazione;  Fr.  traction. — 
From  L.  tracto,  traho , to  draw.]  The  act  of 
drawing,  or  the  state  of  being  drawn. 

The  traction  of  the  muscle.  Holder. 

Jingle  of  traction,  ( Mcch .)  the  angle  which  the  direc- 
tion of  the  power  makes  with  a given  plane.  Brandc. 

TRAC'TITE,  re.  (Eccl.)  A tractarian.  Eden. 

TRAC-TF'TIOUS  (-tish'us),  a.  Treating;  han- 
dling ; discussing.  Clarke. 

TRAc'TIVE,  a.  That  draws  ; attractive.  Francis. 

TRAC'TOR,  n. ; pi.  trac'tor$.  An  instrument 
of  tractive  power,  or  used  in  drawing. 

Metallic  tractors,  small  metallic  bars  or  rods,  invent- 
ed by  Dr.  Perkins,  of  Norwich,  Connecticut,  supposed 
to  possess  magnetic  power,  and  to  cure  diseases  by  be- 
ing drawn  or  rubbed  over  the  part  affected.  Dunglison. 

TrAC-TO-RA'TION,  ii.  The  act  or  the  practice 
of  applying  metallic  tractors  for  the  cure  of 
diseases.  T.  G.  Fessenden.  Dunglison. 

TRAC  TO-RY,  ) n±  [x  traho,  tractus,  to  draw.] 

TRAC'TRIx,  ) (Math.)  A name  applied  to  a 
curve  conceived  to  be  described  by  a heavy  point 
attached  to  one  end  of  a string,  the  other  end 
of  which  is  moved  along  a given  straight  line,  or 
a given  curve.  P.  Cyc. 

TRADE,  ii.  [It.  trcitta , the  act  of  drawing,  draft 
on  a banker,  trade  ; Sp.  trato,  trade  ; Fr.  traite, 
a journey,  transportation,  trade,  a draft;  — from 
L.  tracto,  traho,  to  draw.  — Smart  derives  trade 
from  L.  trado,  to  deliver,  to  transmit ; trails, 
across,  over,  and  do,  to  give.  — Junius  and 
Richardson  derive  it  from  tread.'] 

1.  Exchange  of  goods  for  other  goods,  or  for 
money  ; the  business  of  buying  and  selling  ; 
dealing  by  way  of  sale  or  exchange  ; commerce  ; 
traffic.  “ The  trade  of  these  islands.”  Hackluyt. 

Whosoever  commands  the  sea  commands  the  trade ; who- 
soever commands  the  trade  of  the  world  commands  the  riches 
of  the  world,  and,  consequently,  the  world  itself.  ltalcigh. 

Trade's  proud  empire  hastes  to  swift  decay.  Goldsmith. 

In  transactions  of  trade , it  is  not  to  be  supposed  that,  like 
gaming,  what  one  party  gains  the  other  must  necessarily 
lose.  The  gain  to  each  may  be  equal.  Franklin. 

2.  An  occupation  or  employment  distinct 
from  agriculture,  from  the  liberal  arts,  and  from 
the  learned  professions; — particularly  a me- 
chanical or  manual  occupation  or  employment ; 
as,  “ To  learn  a trade  ” 

Half  way  down 

Hangs  one  that  gathers  samphire  — dreadf  ul  trade ! Shak. 

The  Emperor- Pertinax  applied  himself  in  his  youth  to  a 
gainful  trade;  . . . the  son  was  obstinate  in  pursuing  so  prof- 
itable a trade , a sort  of  merchandise  of  wood.  Arbuthnot. 


3.  Instruments  or  implements  of  any  occupa- 
tion or  pursuit,  [it.] 

The  shepherd  bears 

His  house  and  household  gods,  his  trade  of  war, 

His  bow  and  quiver,  aud  his  trusty  cur.  Dryden. 

4.  Custom  ; habit ; standing  practice,  [it.] 

Thy  sin ’s  not  accidental,  but  a trade.  Shak. 

5.  Persons  engaged  in  the  same  occupation 
or  business ; booksellers  collectively.  Simmonds. 

6.  f Current  or  common  use.  Shak. 

7.  f A tread  ; a track  ; a footstep.  Spenser. 

8.  (Mining.)  Refuse  or  rubbish  from  a mine. 

[Derbyshire,  Eng.]  Simmonds. 

9.  A trade-wind.  Cyc.  of  Com. 

Ijfg=-  “ Formerly  trade  was  used  of  domestic,  and 

traffic  of  foreign,  commerce.”  Johnson. 

Syn. — See  Business,  Commerce,  Occupa- 
tion. 

TRADE,  V.  11.  [i.  TRADED  ; pp.  TRADING,  TRADED.] 

1.  To  exchange  goods  for  other  goods  or  for 
money  ; to  carry  on  commerce  ; to  traffic  ; to 
deal  ; to  interchange  ; to  barter  ; to  bargain  ; 
to  chaffer. 

Maxim inius  traded  with  the  Goths.  Arbuthnot. 

The  circulating  capital  with  which  lie  trades.  A.  Smith. 

2.  f To  have  a trade-wind.  Milton. 

TRADE,  v.  a.  To  sell  or  exchange  in  commerce. 

They  traded  the  persons  of  men.  JCzek.  xxvii.  13. 

TRADE'— AL-LoW'ANCE,  re.  A wholesale  dis- 
count made  to  dealers  or  retailers  on  articles 
to  be  sold  again.  Simmonds. 

fTRAD'ED,  a.  Versed;  practised.  Shak. 

f TRADE'FUL,  a.  Engaged  in  traffic.  Spenser. 

TRADE'LIJSS,  a.  Without  trade.  Young. 

TRADE'— MARK,  re.  A particular  mark,  sign,  de- 
vice, writing,  or  ticket,  put  by  a manufacturer 
upon  bis  goods,  to  distinguish  them  from  those 
of  others.  Bouvier. 

TRADE'— PRICE,  re.  The  price  allowed  to  traders  ; 
wholesale  price.  Simmonds. 

TRAD'FR,  n.  One  engaged  in  trade  or  in  the 
business  of  buying  and  selling  ; a merchant ; a 
dealer  ; a tradesman  ; a shopkeeper.  Shak. 

TRADE'— SALE,  re.  A sale  or  auction  by  and  for 
a particular  trade  or  branch  of  business,  as 
that  of  booksellers.  Simmonds. 

TRADESFOLK  (tradz'fok.  — See  Folk),  ii.  pi. 
People  engaged  in  trade.  Swift. 

TRADESMAN,  re.;  pi.  tradesmen.  1.  One  en- 
gaged in  trade ; a shopkeeper;  a trader.  Shak. 

HSf'1  A merchant  is  called  a trader,  but  not  a 
tradesman .”  Johnson. 

2.  A mechanic  or  artificer.  [U.  S.]  Burrill. 

3.  In  Scotland,  a name  given  to  a handicrafts- 
man in  a borough.  Jamieson. 

TRADE§'PEO-PLE,  n.  People  employed  in  trade ; 
tradesfolk ; tradesmen.  Fenton. 

TRADER'— UN-ION  (-yun-yun),  n-  A.  combination 
of  workmen  associated  to  maintain  their  rights 
and  privileges  as  to  wages,  hours  of  labor,  cus- 
toms, &c.  Simmonds. 

TRADES'WOM-AN  (-wum'sm),  )>.  A woman  em- 
ployed in  trade.  Boswell. 

TRADE'— WIND,  re.  A name  applied  to  winds 
having  a general  tendency  from  north-east  and 
south-east  towards  the  equator,  and  blowing 
constantly  in  two  tropical  belts,  which  vary 
somewhat  in  latitude  at  different  seasons  of  tho 
year,  are  seldom  visited  by  rain,  and  are  sep- 
arated by  an  intermediate  belt  or  region,  in 
which  prevail  calms,  variable  winds,  and  copi- 
ous rains  accompanied  with  thunder  and  light- 
ning;— so  called  because  favorable  to  com- 
merce. Daniel. 

HJT  The  trade-winds  are  caused  by  the  rushing  of 
air  from  higher  latitudes  to  fill  up  the  space  left  by 
the  heated,  rarefied,  and  ascending  air  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  the  equator,  and  acquiring  at  the  same 
time  a relative  motion  westward,  in  consequence  of 
its  not  having  so  great  a velocity  of  rotation  towards 
the  east  as  the  equatorial  parts  of  Hie  earth.  The 
northern  limit  of  the  north-east  trade-wind  is  about 
28°  or  29’  of  north  latitude,  where  the  wind  blows 
nearly  from  tile  east;  its  southern  limit  varies  from 
about  4°  to  10°  or  12°  of  north  latitude.  The  limits 
of  the  south  east  trade  wind  are  not  so  far  from  the 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RIJLE.  — (j,  £,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  7.;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


TRADING 


1528 


TRAIL 


equator  ; its  northern  limit  is  about  3°  of  north  lati- 
tude. The  regularity  of  the  trade-winds  is  disturbed 
in  some  places  by  local  causes,  and  especially  in  the 
Indian  Ocean.  They  extend  33  or  4°  farther  from  the 
equator  in  the  western  than  in  the  eastern  part  of  the 
Atlantic  Ocean.  Daniel.  Young.  Buwditch 

TRAD'ING,  p.a,  Carrying  on  trade  or  commerce; 
mercantile  ; commercial.  Dryden. 

TRAD'ING,  71.  The  act  or  the  business  of  carry- 
ing on  commerce.  Bp.  Hall. 

TRA-d!"TION,  n.  [L.  traditio,  delivery,  a tradi- 
tion ; t rado,  to  deliver  ; tram,  across,  and  do, 
to  give  ; It.  tradizione ; Sp.  tradieion  ; Fr.  tra- 
dition.^ 

1.  (Civil  Law.)  The  act  of  delivering  ; trans- 
fer of  possession  ; delivery.  Burrill. 

A deed  takes  effect  only  from  the  tradition.  Blackstone. 

2.  The  delivery  of  accounts  or  events  from 
one  generation  to  another  by  oral  report. 

Your  vain  conversation  received  by  tradition  from  your 
fathers.  1 Pet.  l.  IS. 

3.  Account  or  records  delivered  or  handed 
down  from  generation  to  generation,  especially 
by  oral  communication,  not  in  writing. 

Hold  the  traditions  which  ye  have  been  taught.  2 Thess.  ii.  15. 

4.  ( Theol .)  That  body  of  doctrine  and  disci- 

pline supposed  or  imagined  to  have  been  put 
forth  by  Christ  or  his  inspired  apostles,  and  not 
committed  to  writing,  but  handed  down  from 
age  to  age  by  oral  communication  ; the  so-called 
unwritten  word  of  God,  as  distinguished  from 
Scripture.  Hooker.  Cyc. 

f TRA-DI''TlON,  v a.  To  hand  down  by  tradi- 
tion ; to  deliver  traditionally.  Fuller. 

TRA-DI"TION-AL  (tr?-dtsh'un-?l),  a.  [Sp.  tra- 
clicional , Fr.  traditionnel .] 

1.  Relating  to,  or  delivered  by,  tradition ; 
transmitted  orally  from  generation  to  genera- 
tion ; traditionary ; traditive. 

There  can  be  no  evidence  that  any  traditional  revelation 
is  of  divine  origin,  in  the  words  we  receive  it,  and  in  the 
sense  we  understand  it,  so  clear  and  so  certain,  as  that  of  the 
principles  of  reason.  Locke. 

2.  + Observant  of  traditions. 

You  are  too  senseless  obstinate,  my  lord, 

Too  ceremonious  and  traditional.  Shak. 

TR  A-DI"TION-AL-I£jM,  7i.  Adherence  to  tra- 
dition. West.  Rev. 

TR  A-DI"TION-AL-IST,  n.  One  who  adheres  to 
tradition  ; a traditionist.  West.  Rev. 

TRA-DI''TION-AL-LY  (trj-dish'un-al-le),  ad.  By 
tradition.  “ traditionally  derived.”  Burnet. 

TRA-Dl"TION-A-RI-LY,  ad.  By  tradition  ; tra- 
ditionally. Dwight. 

TRA-DI"TION-A-RY  (tra-dish'un-a-re),  a.  Relat- 
ing to,  consisting  of,  or  delivered  by  tradition  ; 
traditional.  “ Traditionary  knowledge.”  Haley. 

TRA-Dl''TION-ER  (tra-dlsh'un-er),  n,  A tradi- 
tionist ; a traditionalist,  [r.]  Gregory. 

TRA-DF'TION-IsT  (trj-dish'un-ist),  n One  who 
adheres  to  tradition.  Pilkington. 

TRAD'I-TIVE  (trad'e-tlv),  a.  [Fr.  traditif.]  That 
is  or  may  be  transmitted  from  age  to  age  by  oral 
communication  ; traditional.  Bp.  Taylor. 

TRAd'  I-TOR,  n.  [L.]  One  who  delivers  up  ; a 
traitor  ; — a name  of  reproach  applied  to  those 
early  Christians  who,  to  avoid  persecution,  de- 
livered up  the  sacred  books  in  their  posses- 
sion. Eden. 

TRA-DUCE',  v.  a.  [L.  traduco,  to  lead  over  or 
across,  to  disgrace  ; trails,  across,  and  duco,  to 
lead;  It.  tradurre ; Sp.  traducir ; Fr.  traduire, 
to  translate,  to  indict,  to  arraign.]  \i.  tra- 

duced ; pp.  TRADUCING,  TRADUCED.] 

1. 1 To  continue  by  deriving  one  from  another  ; 
to  propagate,  as  animals  ; to  exhibit : — to  dis- 
play. 

From  these  only  the  race  of  perfect  animals  were  propa- 
gated, and  traduced,  over  the  earth.  Hale. 

lie  is  a. just  and. jealous  God,  not  sparing  to  exemplify  and 
traduce  his  best  servants,  that  their  blur  and  penalty  might 
scare  all  from  venturing.  Rogers. 

2.  To  present  wrongly  in  an  odious  light. 

The  best  stratagem  that  Satan  hath,  — who  knoweth  his 
kingdom  to  he  no  one  way  to  be  more  shaken  than  by  the 
public,  devout  prayers  of  God’s  church,  — is  by  traducing  the 
form  and  manner  of  them  to  bring  them  into  contempt. 

Hooker. 


3.  To  vilify  ; to  calumniate  ; to  decry  ; to  de- 
fame ; to  disparage  ; to  revile  ; to  slander. 

The  mau  that  dares  traduce,  because  lie  can 

With  safety  to  himself,  is  not  a man.  Cowper. 

Syn.  — See  Disparage,  Revile. 

TRA-DfJCE'Mf,NT,  n.  Misrepresentation;  def- 
amation ; calumny  ; calumniation,  [u.]  Shale. 

TRA-DU'C^NT,  a.  Traducing;  slandering.  Cr. 

TRA-DUIJ'^R,  n.  1.  One  who  traduces;  a ca- 
luminator ; a slanderer.  Biblioth.  Bibl. 

2.  f One  who  derives.  Fuller . 

TRA-DU'CI-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  derived.  Hale. 

fTRA-DUCT'.  v.  a.  [L.  traduco,  traductus .]  To 
derive  ; to  deduce.  Fotherby . 

t TRA-DUCT',  n.  Something  transferred.  Howell. 

TllA-DUC'TION,  n.  [L.  traductio ; It.  tradu- 
zione;  Sp.  traduccion  ; Fr.  traduction.'] 

1.  The  act  of  transferring  or  removing ; trans- 
portation ; conveyance,  [r.] 

. The  traduction  of  useful  cattle  from  hence.  Hale. 

2.  Transmission  from  one  to  another ; tradi- 
tion. “ Traduction  of  truths.”  [r.]  Hale. 

3.  Transition,  [r.]  Bacon. 

4.  Derivation  from  one  of  the  same  kind  ; 
propagation,  as  of  animals,  [it.]  Glanvill. 

If  by  traduction  came  thy  mind.  Dryden. 

TRA-DUC'TIVE,  a.  That  may  be  derived;  de- 
rivable ; deducible.  Warburton. 

TrAF'FIC,  il.  [It.  traffico ; Sp.  trafico-,  Fr. 
trafic.  — Of  Arabian  origin.  Skinner.  — From 
It.  tra'tta,  Sp.  trato,  trade.  Junius. — A corrup- 
tion of  L.  transnavica,  for  transnavigatio  ; trans- 
nacigo,  to  sail  across.  Duehat.] 

1.  Exchange  or  sale  of  commodities ; the 

business  or  employment  of  buying  and  selling ; 
commerce  ; trade.  Spenser. 

A town  of  great  wealth  and  traffic.  Ileylln. 

Advancing  the  traffic  of  his  people.  Addison. 

2.  Commodities  for  trade  or  market. 

From  Billingsgate  her  fishy  traffic.  Gay. 

flSy  “ Traffic  was  formerly  used  of  foreign  com- 
merce, in  distinction  from  trade.”  Johnson. 

Syn.  — See  Commerce. 

TrAF'FIC,  v.  n.  [It.  trafficare  ; Sp.  traficar ; Fr. 
trafiquer.]  [i.  trafficked  ; pp.  trafficking, 

TRAFFICKED.] 

1.  To  carry  on  commerce  or  trade  ; to  trade  ; 
to  buy  and  sell ; to  exchange  ; to  barter.  Bacon. 
They  trafficked  with  us  for  cocoa-nuts  and  other  fruits.  Cool*. 

2.  To  deal  with  mean  or  mercenary  motives. 

To  trade  and  traffic  with  Macbeth.  Shak. 

Though  traffic  is  written  without  a k,  yet,  on 
assuming  another  syllable,  beginning  witli  c or  i,  k 
must  be  inserted,  in  order  to  avoid  a change  in  the 
sound  of  c ; as,  trafficked , trafficking,  trafficker. 

TRAF'FIC,  v.  a.  To  exchange  in  traffic.  “We 
do  . . . but  traffic  toys.”  Gov.  of  the  Tongue. 

TRAF'FIC-A-BLE,  a.  Marketable,  [r.]  Bp.  Hall. 

TrAF'FICK-ER,  n.  One  who  traffics;  a mer- 
chant ; a trader  ; a tradesman.  Addison. 

TrAf'FICK-ING,  n.  The  act  or  the  business  of 
carrying  on  commerce  or  trade ; trading;  trade. 

TRAF'FIC-LESS,  a.  Without  trade.  Clarke. 

TRAF'FIC— RE-TURN', n.  A periodical  statement 
of  the  receipts  for  goods  and  passengers  on  a 
line  of  railway.  Simmonds. 

TRAF'FIC— TAK'?R,  n.  A computer  of  the  re- 
turns of  traffic  on  a line  of  railway.  Simmonds. 

TRAG'A-CANTH,  n.  [L.  tragacanthwn  ; from  Gr. 
TpuytucavOu,  the  astragalus,  or  goat’s-thorn ; 
rpuyog,  a goat,  and  dunvOa,  a thorn.]  A con- 
crete juice  or  gum  yielded  by  Astragalus  vents, 
and  other  spiny  species  of  that  genus.  It  has 
no  smell  and  little  taste,  and  is  insoluble  in 
alcohol  and  water.  Lind, ley.  Wood  Sc  Bache. 

J855”  Tragacanth,  when  put  into  water,  absorbs  a 
certain  portion  of  it,  swells  very  much,  and  forms  a 
soft,  adhesive  paste.  It  is  composed  of  two  different 
constituents,  one  soluble  in  water  and  resembling 
gum  arabic,  the  other  swelling  in  water,  but  not  dis- 
solving. Tlie  latter  has  been  called  tragacanthine. 
Wood  fy  Bache. 

TRAG-A-CAN'THINE,  n.  ( Chem .)  A name  for- 
merly applied  to  a proximate  principle  supposed 
to  be  peculiar  to  tragacanth,  but  now  regarded  as 
identical  with  bassorine.  Wood  fy  Bache. 

TR Ag'A-LISjM,  n.  [Or.  rpriyos,  a goat.]  Goatish- 
ness  from  high  feeding.  Qu.  Rev. 


TRA-fyE7 DI-AN  (tr?-je'de-?n),  71.  [Gr.  Tpaytpli;  , 
L.  tragoediis  ; Fr.  tragddien .] 

1.  A writer  of  tragedy.  Stillingfleet. 

2.  An  actor  or  an  actress  of  tragedy.  Shak. 

TRJl-tjE-DI-ENJTE n.  [Fr.]  An  actress  of 
tragedy.  Landais. 

+ TRA-OE'DI-OUS,  a.  Tragical ; tragic.  Fabyan. 

TRAO'E-DY  (trSd'je-de),  n.  [Gr.  rpayipbta  ; rpdyog, 
a goat,  and  unbf),  dip,  a song,  an  ode  ; L.  tra- 
ga-dia  ; It.  % Sp.  tragedia-,  Fr.  tragedie .] 

1.  A dramatic  composition  or  poem  represent- 
ing human  passions,  and  the  woes  and  misfor- 
tunes of  life,  in  such  a manner  as  to  excite 
grief,  pity,  indignation,  or  horror;  — opposed  to 
comedy  ; as,  “ The  tragedies  of  Shakespeare.” 

At  first,  the  tragedy  was  void  of  art; 

A song  where  each  man  danced  and  sung  his  part, 

And  of  god  Bacchus  roaring  out  the  praise, 

Sought  a good  vintage  for  their  jolly  days.  Dryden. 

All  our  tragedies  are  of  kings  and  princes.  Bp.  Taylor. 

Imitate  the  sister  of  painting,  tragedy.  Dryden. 

2.  A shocking  deed  or  event  in  which  lives 

are  taken  or  lost,  as  a massacre.  Shak. 

The  name  of  tragedy  (Gr.  rpaytoSta)  is  most 
probably  derived  from  the  goat-like  appearance  of  the 
satyrs,  who  sang  or  acted  with  mimetic  gesticulations 
the  old  Bacchic  songs,  with  Silenus,  the  constant 

. companion  of  Dionysus,  or  Bacchus,  for  their  leader. 
According  to  another  opinion,  the  word  tragedy  was 
first  coined  from  the  goat  that  was  the  prize  for  it ; 
this  derivation,  however,  as  well  as  another,  connect- 
ing it  with  the  goat,  offered  on  the  altar  of  Bacchus, 
around  which  the  chorus  sang,  is  not  equally  support- 
ed either  by  the  etymological  principles  of  the  lan- 
guage or  the  analogous  instance  of  Kiopio.Sia  ( comedy ), 
the  revel-song.  Wm.  Smith. 

f TRA^'IC,  n.  1.  An  author  of  tragedy.  Savage. 

2.  A tragedy  ; a tragic  drama.  Prior. 

TRA^r  IC,  ) a £Gr.  rpayucdg ; L.  tragicus;  It. 

TRA^'I-CAL,  ) <§•  Sp.  tragico  ; Fr.  tragi que,] 

1.  Of,  or  pertaining  to,  tragedy.  “ The  tragic 
stage.”  Spenser.  “ This  tragic  play.”  Shak. 

2.  Resembling,  or  partaking  of,  tragedy ; 
shocking  ; fatal  ; mournful ; dreadful ; calami- 
tous ; sorrowful.  “ A tragical  story .”  Addison. 

So  tragical  and  merited  a fate.  Sandys. 

Tragic  denotes  belonging  to  tragedy;  tragi- 
cal, resembling  tragedy.  The  like  holds  of  comic  and 
comical.  We  say,  ‘ The  tragic  muse,’  ‘ The  comic 
muse  ’ ; and  ‘ A tragic  poet,’  for  a writer  of  tragedy, 
and  ‘ A comic  poet,’  for  a writer  of  comedy  ; but  ‘ I 
heard  a tragical  story,’  for  a mournful  story,  and  ‘ I 
met  with  a comical  adventure,’  for  a droll  adventure.” 
Dr.  Campbell. 

TRA^'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a tragical  manner ; 
shockingly  ; mournfully  ; calamitously.  South. 

TRAO'I-CAL-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality 
of  being  tragical.  Decay  of  Chr.  Piety. 

TrA^-I-COM'P-DY,  n.  [From  tragedy  and  com- 
edy ; Fr . tragi-comedie.]  A dramatic  composi- 
tion in  which  tragedy  and  comedy  are  mingled. 
“ Life’s  tragicomedy.”  Denham. 

TRAtjr-J-COM'IC,  ) a,  [Fr.  tragi-comique .] 

TRA<?-I-COM'!-CAL,  ) Relating  to,  or  consisting 
of,  tragicomedy.  Tatler.  Gay. 

TRA<?-I-COM'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a tragicomical 
manner  ; by  tragicomedy.  Bramston. 

TRA<?-I-COM-I-PAs'TOR-AL,  a.  Being  tragic, 
comic,  and  pastoral.  Gay. 

TRAG-O-PO'GON,  n.  [Gr.  rp&yog,  a goat,  and 
t TtSywv,  a beard.]  ( Bot .)  A genus  of  composite 
plants  found  in  the  temperate  parts  of  Europe 
and  Asia  ; — so  named  from  the  long,  silky  beard 
or  pappus  of  the  seeds  ; goat’s-beard.  Baird. 

TRAIL  (tral),  v.  a.  [Dut.  treilen,  to  draw,  to  tow. 
— Fr.  trailler,  to  trail  a fishing-line.  — From  L. 
traho,  to  draw.  Landais.']  [i.  trailed  ; pp. 
TRAILING,  TRAILED.] 

1.  To  draw  or  drag  along  on  the  ground. 

“ Trail  your  steel  pikes.”  Shak. 

They  shall  not  trail  me  through  their  streets.  Milton-. 

2.  To  draw  along,  as  a long  floating  or  wav- 
ing body.  “ He  trails  his  pompous  robe.”  Pope. 

3.  To  hunt  by  the  track  of ; to  track.  Johnson. 

4.  (Mil.)  To  carry  in  an  oblique,  forward  po- 

sition, with  the  hut  just  above  the  ground,  as  a 
firelock.  “ Trail  arms.”  Stocgueler. 

TRAIL,  v.  n.  To  be  drawn  out  in’  length,  or  in 
long  undulations.  “ Trailing  smoke.”  Dryden. 


A,  E,  !,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  !,  6,  U,  Y,  short , A,  £,  I,  O,  IT,  Y,  obscure ; FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


TEAIL 


1529 


TRAMP 


TRAIL  (tral),  M.  1.  Any  thing  drawn  or  dragging 
at  length,  or  in  long  undulations  ; a train. 

When  lightning  shoots  in  glittering  trails  along.  Rowe. 
A sudden  star  it  shot  through  liquid  air, 

And  drew  behind  a radiant  trail  of  hair.  Pope. 

2.  Mark  or  track  left  by  any  thing  that  has 
passed  along;  — particularly  the  track  or  path 
of  any  thing  pursued  ; track  followed  by  a hun- 
ter or  a pursuer. 

The  trail  of  the  serpent  is  over  them  all.  T.  Moore. 
How  cheerfully  on  the  false  trail  they  cry  I Shah. 

3.  An  Indian  footpath  or  road.  “The  great 

Missouri  trail.”  [U.  8.]  Kendall. 

4.  f A vehicle  dragged  along.  Hackluyt. 

5.  f A sort  of  trellis  or  frame  for  running 

or  climbing  plants.  Holland. 

6.  Entrails,  as  of  a fowl  or  a sheep.  Clarke. 

7.  Enrichment  of  foliage,  &c.  Clarke. 

8.  {Gunnery.)  The  end  of  a travelling-car- 

riage, opposite  to  the  wheels,  and  upon  which 
the  carriage  slides  when  unlimbered,  or  upon 
the  battery.  Stocqueler. 

TRAIL'— BOARD,  n.  { Naut .)  The  carved  work 
between  the  cheeks,  which  is  fastened  to  the 
knee  of  the  head.  Mar.  Diet. 

TRAlL'ING,  p.  a.  That  trails;  drawing  out  or 
extending  in  length. 

Trailing  arbutus,  (Bot.)  a trailing  plant  of  the  ge- 
nus Epigica , witli  rose-colored  tlowers  which  appear 
in  early  spring ; ground-laurel;  May-flower.  Gray. 

TRAlL'ING— SPRING,  il.  A spring  fixed  on  the 
axle-box  of  a trailing- wheel.  Wcale. 

TRAlL'ING— WHEEL,  ii.  A wheel  of  a locomo- 
tive placed  behind  the  driving-wheel.  IVeale. 

TRAIL'— NET,  n.  A net  for  catching  fish  by  draw- 
ing it  along  on  the  bottom ; drag-net ; trawl- 
net. — See  Trawl-net.  Pennant. 

TRAIN  (tran),  v.  a.  [It.  trainare ; Fr.  trainer. — 
From  L.  traho,  to  draw.  Landais.)  [i.  TRAINED  ; 
pp.  TRAINING,  TRAINED.] 

1.  To  draw  or  drag  along;  to  trail. 

With  heavy  pace  the  foe 
Approaching  gross  and  huge,  in  hollow  cube 
Training  his. devilish  enginery.  Shah. 

2.  To  draw;  to  entice  ; to  allure. 

Something  have  I added,  which  waut  of  time  trained  me 

from  at  that  present.  Anderson. 

For  that  cause  I trained  thee  to  my  house.  Shah. 

3.  To  educate;  to  instruct;  to  bring  up  ; — 
usually  followed  by  up. 

Train  up  a child  in  the  way  he  should  go,  and  when  he  is 
old  he  will  not  depart  from  it.  Prov.  xxii.  6. 

Spirits  trained  up  in  feast  and  song.  Milton. 

4.  To  form  to  any  practice  by  exercise  ; to 
exercise  ; to  discipline  ; to  drill. 

And  when  Abram  heard  that  his  brother  was  taken  cap- 
tive, he  armed  his  trained  servants,  . . . and  pursued  them 
unto  Dan.  Gen.  xiv.  14. 

The  warrior  horse  here  bred  he ’s  taught  to  train.  Drpdcn. 

5.  {Gardening .)  To  lead  or  form  to  a wall  or 

trellis  ; — to  form  to  a proper  or  desired  shape 
by  growth,  lopping,  or  pruning.  Wriylit. 

To  train  a gun,  (JVuut.)  to  point  a gun  forward  or 
abaft  tile  beam.  Clarke.  — To  train  a lode,  (Mining.)  to 
trace  a lode  or  vein  to  its  head.  Wright. 

TRAIN  (tran),  n.  [It.  treno ; Sp.  traina,  a train 
of  gunpowder  ; Fr.  train,  a train.] 

1.  That  which  is  drawn  along  or  after,  or 
which  comes  after  ; a trail. 

Stars  with  trains  of  fire  and  dews  of  blood.  Shah. 

Rivers  now  stream  and  draw  their  humid  train.  Milton. 

2.  That  part  of  a dress  or  gown  which  is 
drawn  along  behind  on  the  ground. 

To  bear  my  lady’s  train.  Shak. 

3.  That  which  is  drawn  out  in  succession  or 
consecution  ; a series  ; a consecution. 

A train  of  happy  sentiments.  Watts. 

Distinct  gradual  growth  in  knowledge  carries  its  own  light 
with  it,  in  every  step  of  its  progression,  in  an  easy  and  or- 
derly train.  Lochc. 

4.  A number  or  body  of  followers  or  attend- 
ants ; a retinue. 

My  train  arc  men  of  choice  and  rarest  parts.  Shak. 

5.  An  orderly  company  ; a procession. 

Fairest  of  stars,  last  in  the  train  of  night.  Milton. 

6.  Process ; method ; course  ; procedure. 

If  things  were  once  in  this  train,  — if  virtue  were  estab- 
lished as  necessary  to  reputation,  and  vice  not  only  loaded 
with  infamy,  but  made  the  infallible  ruin  of  all  men’s  pre- 
tensions, — our  duty  would  take  root  in  our  nature.  Swift. 

7.  A line  or  course  of  gunpowder  leading  to 

a mine  or  to  a charge.  L’ Estrange. 

Laying  trains  to  fire  the  rabble.  Hudibras. 


8.  The  tail  of  a bird.  Ilahewell. 

The  train  steers  their  flights,  and  steers  their  bodies  like 
the  rudder  of  a ship:  as  a kite,  by  a light  turning  of  his  train , 
moves  his  body  which  way  he  pleases.  Ray. 

9.  f Artifice;  stratagem;  a device.  Milton. 

To  save  his  men  from  ambush  and  from  train.  Fairfax. 

10.  Something  tied  to  a lure  to  entice  a 
hawk  ; — a trap  or  lure  for  an  animal. Halliwell. 

11.  A number  of  cars  or  carriages  on  a rail- 
road connected  or  shackled  together.  Simmonds. 

12.  The  number  of  beats  or  ticks  which  a watch 

makes  in  an  hour.  Crabb. 

13.  A peculiar  kind  of  sleigh  used  in  Canada 

for  transporting  merchandise.  Bartlett. 

Train  of  artillery,  (Mil.)  the  regiment  of  artillery  : — 
the  great  guns  and  other  pieces  of  ordnance  belonging 
to  an  army  in  the  field.  Stocqueler. 

Syn.  — See  Procession. 

TRAIN,  v.  n.  To  practise  or  exercise  in  the 
militia,  or  in  a military  company.  [U.  S.] 

TRAIN’A-BLE  (tran'j-bl),  a.  That  may  be  trained 
or  educated,  [it.]  Old  Morality. 

TRAlN'BAND,  n.  ; pi.  trainbands.  A band  or 
company  of  militia.  Clarendon. 

TRAlN'BAND,  a.  Belonging  to  the  militia.  “ A 
trainband  captain  eke  was  he.”  Cou-pcr. 

TRAIN'BEAr-IJR,  ii.  One  who  bears  or  holds  up 
the  train  of  a robe  or  gown.  Johnson. 

TRAINED  (trand),  p.  a.  1.  Formed  by  training 
or  instruction  ; exercised  ; educated. 

2.  Having  a train,  as  a gown.  B.  Jonson. 

TRAlN'ER,  ii.  One  who  trains  or  instructs.  Ash. 

TRAIN'ING,  n.  1.  Course  of  instruction.  Shak. 

2.  The  act  or  the  practice  of  one  who  trains, 
as  in  a military  company.  [U.  S.]  Mrs.  Clavers. 

TRAINING— DAY,  ii.  A day  on  which  the  militia 
or  a military  company  train.  [U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

TrAIN'-OIL,  ii.  Oil  obtained  by  boiling  the 
blubber  of  whales.  Johnson. 

TRAIN'— ROAD,  n.  {Mines.)  A slight  railway 
for  wagons.  Wriylit. 

TRAIN'-TAC-KLE,  re.  {Naut.)  A tackle  for  run- 
ning a gun  in  and  out.  — See  Tackle.  Dana. 

TRAIN'Y,  a.  Belonging  to  train-oil.  [r.]  Gay. 

TRAIPSE  (traps),  v.  re.  To  walk  or  run  about  idly 
or  sluttishly  ; — a low  word.  Pope. 

TRAIT  (trat  or  tra)  [tra,  S.  P.  J.  K.  Sm.  R.C. ; trat, 
E.  Wo.-,  tra  or  trat,  IF.  F.  Ja.],  re.;  pi.  traits 
(trats  or  traz).  [It.  tratto  ; Fr.  trait.  — From 
L.  traho,  tractus,  to  draw.] 

1.  A stroke  ; a touch  ; a mask. 

By  this  single  trait  Homer  marks  an  essential difference 
between  the  Iliad  and  Odyssey.  Broome. 

2.  That  which  characterizes ; a feature ; a 
characteristic ; as,  “ A trait  of  character.” 

This  is  to  be  a monarch,  and  express 

Envy  into  unutterable  praise; 

Dismiss  thy  guards,  and  trust  thee  to  such  traits, 

For  who  would  lift  a hand  except  to  bless ! Byron. 

ItCT  Dr.  Johnson  says  of  this  word  that  it  is  “ scarce 
English.”  It  is  now  so  fully  Anglicized  as  to  be 
properly  pronounced  as  an  English  word. 

TRJilTEUR  (tra-tur'),  11.  [Fr.]  The  keeper  of  an 
eating-house  ; a restorator.  Oliver. 

TRAl'TOR  (tra'tur),  re.  [L.  traditor;  trado,  to 
give  up,  to  betray ; trans,  across,  over,  and  do, 
to  give ; It  .traditore;  Sp  .traidor\  Fr.  trait  re.) 

1.  One  who  betrays  ; a treacherous  or  perfid- 
ious person  ; a betrayer;  a deceiver. 

You  are  a great  traitor  to  him.  Bacon. 

2.  One  guilty  of  treason  ; one  who  betrays 

his  country.  Spenser. 

The  punishment  of  a traitor  is  death.  Bouvier. 

TRAl'TOR  (tra'tur),  a.  Traitorous,  [r.]  Pope. 

t TRAl'TOR,  v.  a.  To  betray.  Drummond. 

f TRAl 'TOR-ESS,  n.  A female  traitor.  Chaucer. 

t TRAl'TOR-LY  (tra'tur-le),  a.  Traitorous  ; treach- 
erous. “ Traitorly  rascals.”  Shak. 

TRAi'TOR-OUS,  a.  1.  Guilty  of  treason;  treach- 
erous ; perfidious  ; faithless  ; false.  Addison. 

2.  Consisting  in,  or  partaking  of,  treason. 
“ Traitorous  designs.”  Spenser. 

TRAI'TOR-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  a traitorous  man- 
ner ; perfidiously  ; treacherously.  Shak. 


TRAl'TOR-OtTS-NESS,  re.  Treachery ; treason- 
ableness ; perfidiousness.  Scott. 

f TRAI'TOR-Y,  m.  Treachery.  Chaucer. 

TRAl'TRflSS,  re.  A woman  who  betrays;  a fe- 
male traitor;  a traitoress.  Dry  den. 

TRA-JECT',  v.  a.  [L.  trajicio,  trajectus ; traits, 
across,  and  jacio,  to  throw.]  To  throw  or  cast 
through  any  thing.  Newton. 

f TRAJ'BCT,  ii.  [L.  trajectus ; Fr.  trajet.]  A 
passage  ; a ferry.  Shak. 

TRA-JEC'TION,  re.  [L.  trajectio.'] 

1.  Darting  through  ; — emission,  [r.]  Browne. 

2.  Transposition,  [it.]  KnachbuU. 

TRA-JEC'TO-RY,  n.  The  curve  which  a moving 
body  describes  in  space,  as  of  a planet  or  a 
comet  in  its  orbit,  or  of  a stone  thrown  obliquely 
upwards.  Hutton. 

f TIlA'JF.T,  n.  [Fr.  trajet,  from  L.  trajicio,  tra- 
jectus, to  throw  over.]  Passage  over.  Chaucer. 

t TRA'JIJT-Ot’R,  n.  A juggler  ; an  impostor;  a 
cozener  ; a deceiver.  Chaucer. 

t TRA'JET-RY,  n.  Jugglery  ; imposture.  Chaucer. 

f TRA-LA'TION,  ii.  [L.  tralatio,  translatio. — 
See  Translation.]  The  using  of  a word  in  a 
less  proper,  but  more  significant  sense.  Bp.  Hall. 

TRAL-A-TI"TI0N  (tral-n-tisli'un),  re.  A change, 
as  in  the  use  of  words  ; a metaphor.  Ed.  Itcv. 

TRAL-A-TI"TIOUS  (-tish'us),  a.  [L.  tralatitius, 
translatitius .]  Metaphorical ; not  literal ; figu- 
rative. [it.]  Stackhouse. 

TRAL-A-TF'TIOUS-LY,  ad.  Metaphorically;  fig- 
uratively ; not  literally,  [it.]  Holder. 

f TRA-LIn'B-ATE,  v.  re.  [L.  trans,  across,  and 
linea,  a line.]  To  deviate  ; to  digress.  Dryden. 

f TRA-LU'CIJN-CY,  re.  Translucency.  Browne. 

f TRA-LU'C^NT,  a.  Translucent.  Sir  J.  Davies. 

TRAM,  re.  1.  A small  coal  wagon  used  in  coal- 
mines.— See  Tram-road.  Simmonds. 

2.  A kind  of  doubled  silk  in  which  two  or 
more  thicknesses  have  been  twisted  together, 
used  for  the  weft,  or  cross-threads,  of  gros-dc- 
Naples  velvets,  flowered  silks,  and  the  best  va- 
rieties of  silk  goods.  Simmonds. 

TRAM'BLE,  v.  a.  To  wash,  as  tin  ore,  with  a 
shovel  in  a frame  fitted  for  the  purpose.  Smart. 

TRAm'MJJL,  re.  [It.  tramaglio,  a net ; Sp.  tras- 
mallo;  Fr.  tramail.  — From  L.  trama,  the  weft 
or  filling  of  a web.  Minsheu.  — From  Fr.  trot's, 
three,  and  maille,  a stitch,  a mesh.  Menage .] 

1.  A net  for  catching  birds  ; — a net.  Carcw. 

Her  golden  locks  she  roundly  did  uptie 

In  braided  trammels.  Spenser. 

2.  A kind  of  shackles  in  which  horses  are 

taught  to  pace  or  amble.  Dryden. 

3.  An  impediment ; a shackle.  Smart. 

4.  An  iron  hook  for  suspending  kettles  and 

pots  over  a fire.  Holloway. 

5.  (Mech.)  An  instrument  used  by  carpenters 

for  constructing  an  ellipse.  Davies. 

TRAM'MIJL,  V.  a.  [i.  TRAMMELLED  ; pp.  TRAM- 
MELLING, TRAMMELLED.] 

1.  To  confine  ; to  shackle  ; to  hamper.  Shak. 

2.  To  train  slavishly;  to  inure  to  conformity. 

Hackneyed  and  trammelled  in  the  ways  of  a court.  Pope. 

[|  TRA-MON'TANE,  or  TRAM'ON-TANE  [trj-mon'- 
tan,  Ja.  C.  Wb.  Todd-,  tram'on-tan ,Sm.  It.  ; tra'- 
mon-tan  or  tra-niSa'ran,  A'.],  a.  [It.  tramontane  ; 
tra  (L.  trans),  beyond,  and  monte  (L.  mons),  a 
mountain  ; Sp.  tramontano  ; Fr.  tramontain.) 
Beyond  the  mountains  or  Alps  ; foreign  ; bar- 
barous ; — applied  by  the  Italians  particularly 
to  theologians  and  priests  of  other  countries  be- 
yond the  Alps,  especially  of  France  ; ultramon- 
tane. Tatler.  Brande. 

[|  TRA-MON'TANE,  re.  1.  One  living  beyond  the 
mountains  or  Alps  ; a foreigner  ; a barbarian  ; 
— a term  applied  by  the  Italians  especially  to 
theologians  and  priests  of  countries  beyond  the 
Alps  ; an  ultramontane.  Shelton. 

2.  A name  given  by  the  Italians  to  the  north 
wind,  as  coming  from  beyond  the  Alps.  Murphy. 

TRAMP,  v.  a.  [Dut.  trappen ; Ger.  trampen, 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  R1JLE.  — C,  £,  9, 

192 


g,  soft ; G,  G,  J,  I,  hard;  5 as  z;  % as  Sz- — THIS,  this. 


TRAMP 


1530 


TRANSCRIBE 


trampeln ; Dan.  trampe ; S\v.  trampa.]  [i. 

TRAMPED  ; pp.  TRAMPING,  TnAMVED.] 

1.  To  tread  under  foot ; to  trample.  Stapleton. 

2.  To  cleanse,  as  clothes,  by  treading  or 

stamping  on  in  water.  Simmonds. 

TRAMP,  v.  n.  To  travel  on  foot ; to  walk  with  a 
heavy  tread.  [Colloquial.]  Todd. 

TRAMP,  n.  1.  A heavy  walk  or  tread. 

2.  Atramper;  a stroller.  [Local,  Eng.]  Grose. 

3.  A walk  ; a journey  on  foot.  Todd. 

4.  An  instrument  to  trim  hedges.  Loudon. 

5.  A plate  of  iron  worn  by  ditchers  in  Scot- 

land below  the  centre  of  the  foot,  for  forcing 
their  spades  into  the  ground.  Simmonds. 

TRAMP’ ER,  n.  One  who  tramps  : — a vagrant. 

TRAM  —PLATE,  n.  A flat  piece  of  iron  laid  as  a 
rail.  Simmonds. 

TRAm’PLE,  v.  a.  [Ger.  trampeln.']  [/.  tram- 
pled ; pp.  TRAMPLING,  TRAMPLED.] 

1.  To  tread  on  heavily  ; to  tramp ; to  crush. 

Thou  shalt  tread  upon  the  lion  and  adder;  the  young  lion 

and  the  dragon  shalt  thou  trample  under  feet.  Ps.  xci.  13. 
Far  from  the  cows’  and  goats’  insulting  crew, 

That  trample  down  the  flowers  and  brush  the  dew.  Dryden. 

2.  To  treat  with  scorn ; to  spurn.  Holland. 

TRAM'PLE,  v.  n.  1.  To  walk  heavily  ; to  tramp. 

Tram], lint/  feet  that  shake  the  solid  ground.  Dri/den. 

2.  To  tread  in  contempt  or  scorn.  “Diogenes 
tramp'ed  on  Plato’s  pride.”  Gov.  of  the  Tongue. 

TRAM'PLE,  n.  The  act  of  trampling  or  treading 
under  foot  in  contempt  or  scorn.  Milton. 

TRAM'PLpR,  n.  One  who  tramples.  Cowper. 

TRAM-POOSE',  v.  n.  To  walk  heavily  or  noisily; 
to  tramp.  [Vulgar,  U.  S.]  Judge  Haliburton. 

TRAM'— ROAD,  n.  A road  prepared  for  the  easy 
transit  of  trams  or  wagons,  by  placing  on  its 
surface  smooth  beams  of  timber,  blocks  of 
stone,  or  plates  or  rails  of  iron,  as  wheel-tracks  ; 
— called  also  tram-way,  plate-railway,  and 
track-way.  It  is  a kind  of  railway  adapted  for 
the  passage  of  vehicles  with  wheels  of  the  ordi- 
nary form,  for  the  conveyance  of  wood,  coals, 
stone,  &c.  Tomlinson. 

.805=  This  kind  of  road  derived  its  name  from  Mr. 
Outram,  a gentleman  extensively  connected  with  the 
collieries.  Tomlinson. 

TRA11'— WAY,  tt.  A tram-road.  Tomlinson. 

f TRA-NA'TION,  n.  [L.  trano,  to  swim  over.] 
Act  of  swimming  over  ; transnation.  Bailey. 

TRANCE,  n.  [L.  transitus,  a passage ; transeo, 
to  go  over  ; trails,  over,  across,  and  eo,  to  go  ; 
Fr.  transe,  fright,  trance.  Skinner.] 

1.  A state  of  which  the  common  belief  is  that 
the  soul  has,  for  a time,  passed  out  of  the  body, 
and  has  a view  of  spiritual  things  ; state  of  in- 
sensibility to  the  things  of  this  world  ; an 
ecstasy. 

He  fell  into  a trance,  and  saw  heaven  opened.  Acts  x.  10. 

In  a trance  I saw  a vision  — a certain  vessel  descend,  as  it 
had  been  a great  sheet  let  down  from  heaven.  Acts  xi.  5. 

My  soul  was  ravished  quite  as  in  a trance.  Spenser. 

2.  ( Med .)  A state  or  disease  characterized  by 

sudden  and  complete  suspension  of  the  action 
of  the  senses  and  of  the  intellectual  faculties, 
the  limbs  and  trunk  preserving  any  position 
given  them  ; catalepsy.  Dunglison. 

TRANCE,  v.  a.  To  entrance.  Bp.  Hall. 

TRANCED  (tr&nst),  p.  a.  Entranced.  Shah. 

TRAN'GRAM,  n.  An  odd,  intricate  contrivance; 
a gimcrack.  [A  cant  word.]  Arbuthnot. 

TRAN'KIJY  (trdng'ke),  n.  A boat  used  in  the  Per- 
sian Gulf.  H.  B.  Com. 

TRAN'NJJL,  n.  A tree-nail.  Moxon. 

TRAN'CIUIL  (irSng'kwjl),  a.  [L.  tranquillus  ; It. 
tranqui/io  ; Sp.  tranquilo  ; Fr.  tranquille.] 
Quiet ; calm  ; still ; peaceful ; serene ; unruf- 
fled; untroubled.  “ Tranquil  seas.”  Anson. 

Farewell,  the  tranpnil  mind:  farewell,  content.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Calm. 

TRA  N-QUlL'LI-TY,  n.  [L.  tranquillitas  ; It.  treun- 
quillitif,  Sp.  tranquilidad  ; Fr.  tranquillity .] 

1.  The  state  of  being  tranquil ; quiet ; peace  ; 
calmness  ; stillness  ; freedom  from  agitation. 

The  celebrated  tranquillity  of  the  Pacific  Ocean.  Anson. 

2.  Peace  or  calmness  of  mind.  Spenser. 

Syn.  — See  Peace. 


TRAN-aU!L-L!-7.A'T[ON,  n.  Act  of  tranquilliz- 
ing, or  state  of  being  tranquillized.  Ch.  Ob. 

TRAN'GUJL-LlZE,  V.  a.  [Fr.  tranquilliser.]  [t. 
TRANQUILLIZED  ; pp.  TRANQUILLIZING,  TRAN- 
QUILLIZED.] To  make  tranquil  or  calm;  to 
quiet ; to  calm  ; to  still ; to  allay  ; to  compose. 

And  still  with  her  sweet  innocence  we  find. 

And  tender  peace,  and  joys  without  a name. 

That,  while  they  ravish,  tranquillize  the  mind.  Thomson. 

TRAN'aUIL-LjZ-f.R,  n.  One  who,  or  that  which, 
tranquillizes.  Clarke. 

TRAN'QUJL-LtZ-ING,  p.  a.  That  tranquillizes; 
quieting.  Clarke. 

TRAn'CIUIL-LY,  ad.  In  a tranquil  state  or  man- 
ner ; quietly ; peacefully  ; calmly. 

TRAN'QUJL-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  tran- 
quil ; tranquillity  ; calmness  ; peacefulness. 

TRAJT^,  prep.  [L.]  Beyond; — used  as  a pre- 
fix, in  English  words,  signifying  beyond,  through, 
or  on  the  other  side. 

TRANS-ACT',  v.  a.  [L.  transigo,  transactus ; 
trails,  through,  across,  and  ago,  to  drive,  to  act.] 
[i.  TRANSACTED  ; pp.  TRANSACTING,  TRANS- 
ACTED.] To  go  through  with;  to  do;  to  per- 
form ; to  manage  ; to  conduct ; to  carry  on. 

A country  fully  stocked  in  proportion  to  all  the  business 
it  had  to  transact.  A.  Smith. 

Particulars  which  were  transacted  amongst  some  few  of  the 
disciples  only,  as  the  transfiguration  and  the  agony.  Addison. 

Syn. — See  Negotiate. 

TRANS-ACT',  v.  n.  1.  To  conduct  or  manage  a 
business  or  an  affair  ; to  negotiate.  South. 

2.  ( Civil  Law.)  To  make  or  effect  a transac- 
tion. Bouvier. 

TRANS-Ac'TION,  n.  [L.  transactio ; It . transa- 
zione  ; Sp.  transaecion  ; Fr.  transaction.] 

1.  The  act  of  transacting  or  conducting  any 
business  ; negotiation  ; management.  Bp.  Halt. 

2.  That  which  is  transacted;  a proceeding; 

an  affair.  Clarendon. 

3.  ( Civil  Law.)  The  settlement  of  a suit  or 

matter  in  controversy,  by  the  litigating  parties 
between  themselves,  without  referring  it  to  ar- 
bitration. Bouvier. 

Syn. — Transaction  is  the  act  of  performing,  tiie 
tiling  transacted,  and  that  is  already  done ; pro- 
ceeding, the  thing  that  proceeds,  and  that  is  going 
forward.  Transactions  in  business  or  of  individuals  ; 
proceedings  of  societies  or  of  public  bodies;  manage- 
ment of  a farm  or  of  business.  — See  Process. 

TRANS-AcT'OR,  n.  [L.]  One  who  transacts  or 
conducts  any  business  or  affair.  Derham. 

TRANS-Al'PINE,  a.  [L.  transalpinus ; trails, 
across,  over,  and  Alpinus,  of  the  Alps  ; It.  8$ 
Sp.  transalpine-,  Fr.  transalpin.]  Situated  be- 
yond the  Alps,  with  regard  to  Rome  ; — opposed 
to  Cisalpine.  llou-e. 

TR.ANS-Al'PINE,  n.  One  born  or  living  beyond 
the  Alps,  [r.]  Burton. 

TRANS-An'I-MATE,  v.  a.  [L.  trails,  across,  and 
animo,  animatus,  to  animate.]  To  animate  with 
the  soul  of  another.  Dean  King. 

TrAns-AN-I-MA'TION,  n.  [It.  transanimazione ; 
Fr.  transanimation.]  Passage  or  conveyance 
of  the  soul  from  one  body  to  another ; trans- 
migration of  souls,  [r.]  Herbert. 

TRANS- AT-LAN'TIC,  a.  [L.  trans,  across,  be- 
yond, and  Eng.  Atlantic .]  Being  on  the  other 
side  of  the  Atlantic.  Brit.  Crit. 

TrANS-CA'I, EN-CY,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality 
of  being  transcalent:  'Turner. 

TRANS-CA'LIJNT,  a.  [L.  trnns,  across,  through, 
and  caleo,  to  be  warm.]  Pervious  to,  or  per- 
mitting the  passage  of,  heat.  Turner. 

TRAN-SCEND'  (tr&n-send'),  v.  a.  [L.  transcendo  ; 
trans,  across,  over,  and  scando,  to  climb,  to 
mount;  It.  transcendere ; Sp . transcender.]  \i. 
TRANSCENDED  ; pp.  TRANSCENDING,  TRAN- 
SCENDED.] 

1.  To  rise  above  ; to  surmount. 

Transcending  the  upper  regions.  Howell. 

2.  To  go  beyond  ; to  pass  over. 

Such  popes  as  shall  transcend  their  limits.  Bacon. 

3.  To  surpass  ; to  excel ; to  outstrip. 

Not  Thracian  Orpheus  shall  transcend  my  lays.  D i-yden. 
This  glorious  piece  transcends  what  he  could  think.  Waller. 

Syn.  — See  Exceed. 


f TRAN-SCEND',  v.  n.  1.  To  climb.  Broume. 

2.  To  excel ; to  be  transcendent.  Hammond. 

I rAN-SCEN  Df.NCE,  I n_  [L.  transcendentia  ; 

TRAN-SCEN'DIJN-CY,  } It.  transcendenza ; Sp. 
transcendencia  ; Fr.  transcendance .] 

1.  Marked  superiority  ; superior  excellence  ; 

supereminence.  Shak. 

2.  Exaggeration  ; elevation  beyond  truth. 

In  poetry  . . . transcendencies  are  more  allowed.  Bacon. 

TRAN-SCEN'DfNT  (tran-sen'dent),  a.  [It.  $ Sp. 
trascendente  ; Fr.  transcendant .] 

1.  Supremely  excellent;  surpassing;  preemi- 
nent ; supereminent ; very  superior. 

Clothed  with  transcendent  brightness.  Milton. 

2.  Transcending  or  transgressing  the  bounds 
of  knowledge  ; transcendental-.  Coleridge. 

TRAN-SCIJN-DEN'TAL,  a.  [It.  trascendentale 
Sp.  trascendental ; Fr.  transcendental.] 

1.  Supereminent ; transcendent. 

A perfect  and  transcendental  perception.  Grew. 

2.  (Met.)  Noting  that  which  lies  beyond  the 
bounds  of  our  experience,  or  which  does  not 
come  within  the  reach  of  our  senses. 

General  and  transcendental  truths  which  will  always  be 
the  same.  Johnson. 

/iTJr*  “ All  philosophy  which  carries  its  investiga- 
tions beyond  the  sphere  of  things  which  fall  under  our 
senses  is  transcendental , and  the  term  is  thus  synony- 
mous with  metaphysical.  Transcendental  philosophy 
may  begin  with  experience,  and  thence  proceed  be- 
yond it  ; or  it  may  start  from  ideas,  a priori , which 
are  in  our  mind  : — in  the  latter  case  the  philosophy 
is  purely  transcendental , while  in  the  former  it  is  of  a 
mixed  character.”  P.  Cyc. 

“ In  the  philosophy  of  Kant,  all  those  princi- 
ples of  knowledge  which  are  original  and  primary, 
and  which  are  determined  a priori , are  called  tran- 
scendental. They  involve  necessary  and  universal 
truths,  and  thus  iranscend  all  truth  derived  from  ex- 
perience, which  must  always  be  contingent  and  par- 
ticular. The  principles  of  knowledge  which  are 
pure  and  transcendental  form  the  ground  of  all  knowl- 
edge that  is  empirical,  or  determined  a posteriori,  in 
this  sense,  transcendental  is  opposed  to  empirical .” 
Fleming. 

Transcendental  anatomy , that  branch  of  anatomy 
which  inquires  into  the  mode,  plan,  or  model  upon 
which  the  animal  frame  or  organs  are  formed.  Dungli- 
son.— 'Transcendental  curve , (.Math.)  a curve  which 
cannot  be  defined  by  an  algebraic  equation,  or  of 
which,  when  it  is  expressed  by  an  equation,  one  of 
the  terms  is  a variable  quantity,  or  a curve  line. 
Hutton. — Transcendental  equation , an  equation  ex- 
pressing a relation  between  transcendental  quantities. 
— Transcendental  function , a function  in  which  the 
relation  between  the  function  and  variable  cannot  be 
expressed  by  the  ordinary  operations  of  algebra. — 
Transcen dental  line , a line  whose  equation  is  tran- 
scendental. — Transcendental  quantity,  an  indetermi- 
nate quantity,  or  such  as  cannot  be  expressed  by,  or 
fixed  to,  any  constant  equation.  Hutton. 

f TRAN-SCJRN-DEN'TAL,  n.  A believer  in  tran- 
scendentalism ; a transcendentalism  Bp.  Wilkins . 

TRAN-SCpN-DE^'TAL-I^M,  n.  Quality  or  state 
of  being  transcendental:  — transcendental  phi- 
losophy.— See  Transcendental.  Ec.  Rev. 

TRAN-SCEN-DEN'TAL-IST,  n.  One  who  adheres 
to,  or  believes  in,  transcendentalism.  Ed.  Rev . 

TRAN-SCJ^N-DI^N-TAL'I-TV,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  transcendental,  [r.]  - Salisbury . 

TRAN-SCEN-DEN'TAL-LY,  ad.  In  a transcen- 
dental manner.  Clarke. 

TRAN-SCEN'D^NT-LY,  ad.  In  a transcendent 
manner ; surpassingly.  South. 

TRAN-SCEN'.D5iNT-NESS,  n.  Supereminence  ; su- 
perior or  unusual  excellence.  Mountagu. 

f TRAN-SCEN'SION,  n.  The  act  of  transcending ; 
passage  over.  Chapman. 

f TRANS'CO-LATE,  v.  a.  [L.  trans , across, 
through,  and  colo , to  strain.]  To  strain,  as 
through  a sieve.  Harvey. 

f TRANS-CO-LA'TION,  n.  The*  act  of  transco- 
lating,  or  the  state  of  being  transcolated.  Ash. 

f TRANS-COR'PO-RATE,  v.  n.  [L.  trans,  across, 
through,  nnd  corpus , corporis , a body.]  To  pass 
from  one  body  to  another.  Browne. 

TRAN-SCRIB'BLER,  n.  A transcriber.  Gray. 

TRAN-SCRIBE',  v.  a.  [L.  transcribo ; trans , 
across,  over,  and  scribo,  to  write ; It.  transcri- 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short ; A,  ?,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure  ; FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


TRANSCRIBER 


1531 


TRANSGRESSION 


vere;  Sp . transcribir ; Fr.  transcrire.]  [».  TRAN- 
SCRIBED ; pp.  TRANSCRIBING,  TRANSCRIBED.] 
To  copy ; to  write  a copy  of.  Clarendon. 

To  transcribe  for  him  all  Mr.  Hooker’s  remaining  written 
papers,  many  of  which  were  imperfect.  King. 

TRAN-SCHIB'£R,  n.  One  wlio  transcribes  ; a 
copier  ; a copyist.  Waterland. 

TRAN'SCRIpt,  n.  [L.  transcribe,  transcriptus, 
to  transcribe.  — See  Transcribe.] 

1.  That  which  is  transcribed  ; a writing  made 
from  or  after  an  original ; a copy. 

The  decalogue  of  Moses  was  but  a transcript.  South. 

2.  A copy  of  any  thing.  Glamill. 

Those  ideas  which  are  in  the  mind  of  man  are  a transcript 
of  the  world;  to  this  we  may  add,  that  words  are  the  tran- 
scrijtt  of  those  ideas  which  are  in  the  mind  of  man,  and  that 
writing  and  printing  are  the  transcript  of  words.  Addison. 

TRAN-SCRIp'TION,  n.  [L.  transcriptio  ; It.  tra- 
scrizione',  Fr.  transcription.'] 

1.  The  act  of  transcribing  or  copying,  or  the 

state  of  being  transcribed.  Brerewood. 

2.  A copy  ; a transcript.  Pope. 

TRAN-SCRIp'TIVE,  a.  Done  as  by  transcribing, 
or  from  a copy,  [r.]  Ash. 

TRAN-SCRIP'TIVE-LY,  ad.  In  the  manner  of  a 
transcript  or  copy.  Browne. 

t TRANS-CUR',  v.  n.  [L.  transcurro.]  To  run 
or  rove  to  and  fro.  Bacon. 

f TrANS-CUR'RENCE,  n.  A running  or  roving 
to  and  fro.  Bailey. 

t TRANS-CUR'SION  (trans-Icur'shun),  n.  An  ex- 
cursion ; a passage  ; a voyage.  Raymond. 

Transcursions  into  the  neighboring  forests.  Howell. 

TRANS-Dl'A-LECT,  v.  a.  [L.  trails,  across,  and 
Eng.  dialect.]  To  change  or  translate  from 
one  dialect  into  another,  [it.]  Warburton. 

TRANS-DUC'TION,  n.  [L.  transduco,  transduc- 
tus,  to  lead  over.]  The  act  of  carrying  or  con- 
veying over  or  across.  Smart. 

TRANSE,  n.  Ecstasy.  — See  Trance.  Milton. 

f TRANS-EL'E-MENT,  v.  a.  [L.  trans,  over, 
across,  and  elementa,  elements.]  To  change  the 
elements  of;  to  transubstantiate.  Bp.  Taylor. 

fTRANS-EL'U-MENT-ATE,  V.  a.  To  transub- 
stantiate ; to  transelement.  Bp.  Taylor. 

TRANS-EL-E-MIJN-TA'TION,  n.  Change  of  one 
element  into  another,  [it.]  Burnet. 

f TRANS-FEM'I-NATE,  v.  a.  [L.  trans,  over, 
across,  and  femina,  a female,  a woman.]  To 
change  to  a female  or  woman,  as  a man.  Browne. 

TRAn'SEPT,  n.  [L.  trans,  across,  and  septum, 
an  enclosure.]  (Arch.)  The  transverse  part  of 
a cruciform  church  or  cathedral ; that  part  of  a 
church  or  cathedral  which  is  between,  and  ex- 
tends beyond,  those  divisions  of  the  building 
which  contain  the  nave  and  the  choir.  Britton. 

t TRAM-SEXTON  (tr&n-sek'shun),  n.  [L.  trans, 
across,  and  sexus,  sex.]  Change  from  one  sex 
to  another.  “ rTransexion  of  hares.”  Browne. 

TRANS-FER'  (114),  v.  a.  [L.  transfero ; trans, 
across,  over,  and  fero,  to  bear  ; It.  trasferire  ; 
Sp.  trasferir;  Fr.  transferer.]  \i.  transfer- 
red; pp.  TRANSFERRING,  TRANSFERRED.] 

1.  To  carry,  remove,  or  pass  from  one  place 
or  person  to  another;  to  transport. 

The  war  being  now  transferred  into  Munster.  Camden. 
He  thirty  rolling  years  the  crown  shall  wear, 

Then  from  Lavinium  shall  the  seat  transfer.  Dryden. 

2.  To  make  or  pass  over ; to  convey  as  a 

property  or  a right ; to  consign.  Burrill. 

I was  well  pleased  to  have  transferred  my  right.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Consign. 

TRANSFER,  n.  1.  The  act  of  transferring;  re- 
moval from  one  place  or  person  to  another. 

2.  Delivery  or  conveyance  of  property,  right, 

or  title  to  another.  Bp.  Berkeley. 

3.  Something  transferred  ; — particularly  a 
picture  taken  from  an  original ; a copy.  Fairholt. 

4.  (Mil.)  A soldier  taken  from  one  troop  or 
company,  and  placed  in  another.  Stocqueler. 

TRAns-FER-A-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  state  or  the 
quality  of  being  transferable.  A.  Smith. 

TRANS-FER'A-BLE  [tr5ns-fer'?-bl,  P.Ja.  K.  Sm. ; 
trails- ferVb]  or  trans'fer-j-bl,  IF.],  a.  [It.  tras- 


fcribile  ; Fr.  transferable.]  That  may  be  trans- 
ferred ; — written  also  transferriblc.  Search. 

TRANS'FER— BOOK  (buk),  u.  A register  of  trans- 
fers of  shares  or  stocks.  Simmonds. 

TRANS'FER— DAY,  n.  One  of  certain  fixed  days 
at  the  Bank  of  England,  for  registering  trans- 
fers of  bank-stock  and  government  funds  in  the 
books  of  the  corporation.  Simmonds. 

TRANS-FJJR-EE',  n.  One  to  whom  a transfer  of 
property  or  of  a right  is  made.  Browne. 

TRANS-FER'ENCE,  n.  Transference.  Fleming. 

TRANS-F£R-OG'RA-FHY,  n.  [Eng.  transfer  and 
Gr.  ypa0w,  to  unite.]  The  art,  the  practice,  or 
the  act  of  copying  inscriptions  from  ancient 
tombs,  tablets,  &c.  Williams. 

TRANS'F£R-PA'PER,  n.  Prepared  paper  used 
by  lithographers:  — thin,  unsized  paper,  for 
taking  copies  of  letters  or  writing  with  a copy- 
ing-press. Simmonds. 

TRANS-FER'RBNCE,  n.  The  act  of  transferring, 
or  the  state  of  being  transferred.  Perry. 

TRAnS-FER'RIJR,  n.  One  who,  or  that  which, 
transfers.  Johnson. 

TRANS-FER'RI-BLE,  a.  Thatmaybe  transferred; 
transferable.  — See  Refereible.  Smart. 

TRANS-FER'RING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  trans- 
fers ; conveyance  to  another.  Blackstone. 

TRANS-FIG'U-RATE,  v.  a.  To  transfigure  ; to 
transform  ; to  metamorphose,  [r.]  Byron. 

TRANS-FIG-U-RA'TION,  n.  [L.  transfguratio  ; 
It.  trasfigurazione  ; Sp.  trasfiguracion  ; Fr.  trans- 
figuration.] The  act  of  transfiguring,  or  the 
state  of  being  transfigured  ; change  of  form ; 
— particularly  the  supernatural  change  in  the 
form  or  appearance  of  Christ  on  the  mountain, 
as  recorded  by  the  evangelists.  Browne. 

TRANS-FIG'URE  (trans- fig'yur),  v.  a.  [L.  trans- 
figuro  ; trans,  over,  across,  and  figuro,  to  form, 
to  shape;  figura,  form,  figure;  It.  trasfigurare ; 
Sp.  trasfigurar ; Fr.  transfigure)'.]  [(.trans- 
figured ; pp.  TRANSFIGURING,  TRANSFIG- 
URED.] To  change  the  figure  or  form  of;  to 
transform  ; to  metamorphose.  Boyle. 

Jesus  taketh  with  him  Peter,  and  James,  and  John,  and 
leadeth  them  up  into  a high  mountain  apart  by  themselves: 
and  he  was  transfigured  before  them.  Mark  ix.  2. 

Syn.  — To  transfigure  is  to  assume  another  figure; 
to  transform  and  metamorphose , to  put  on  another 
form.  Transfigure  is  applied  only  to  spiritual  beings, 
particularly  to  our  Saviour  ; transform  and  metamor- 
phose, to  that  which  has  a corporeal  form.  Transfor- 
mation is  commonly  used  for  a change  of  outward 
form  ; metamorphosis , for  an  entire  change,  internal  as 
well  as  external. 

TRANS-FIX',  v.  a.  [L.  transfigo , transfixus ; trans , 
across,  and  figo,  to  fasten  ; It.  trajiggere.\  [i. 
TRANSFIXED  ; pp.  TRANSFIXING,  TRANSFIXED.] 
To  pierce  or  stab  through  ; to  transpierce. 

Nor  good  Eurytion  envied  him  the  prize. 

Though  lie  transfixed  the  pigeon  in  the  skies.  Dryden. 

TRAnS-FIX'ION  (-fik'shun),  n.  The  act  of  trans- 
fixing, or  the  state  of  being  transfixed.  Bp.  Hall. 

TRANS'FLUX,  ii.  [L.  transfluo,  transfiuxus,  to 
flow  through  ; trans,  across,  and  fiuo,  to  flow.] 
The  act  of  flowing  beyond.  Hindmarsh. 

f TRAns'FO-RATE,  v.  a.  [L.  transforo,  transfo- 
ratus.]  To  make  a hole  through.  Scott. 

TRANS-FORM',  v.  a.  [L.  transformo ; trans, 
across,  and  formo,  to  form;  It.  trasformare ; 
Sp.  trasformar;  Fr.  transformer.]  (i.  trans- 
formed ; pp.  TRANSFORMING,  TRANSFORMED.] 

1.  To  change  the  form  or  the  substance  of ; 
to  transfigure ; to  transmute ; to  metamor- 
phose. 

He,  by  his  active  nimbleness  of  hand. 

Into  a serpent  would  transform  a wand.  Drayton. 

It  [example]  comes  in  by  the  eyes  and  ears,  and  slips  in- 
sensibly into  the  heart,  and  so  into  the  outward  practice,  by 
a kind  of  secret  eh  arm  transforming  men’s  minds  and  man- 
ners into  his  own  likeness.  Waterland . 

2.  (Math.)  To  change  the  form  of,  as  a geo- 
metrical figure,  or  solid,  without  changing  its 
area  or  solidity,  or  as  an  algebraic  equation  with- 
out destroying  the  equality  of  its  members,  or 
as  a fraction  without  changing  its  value.  Davies. 

Syn.  — See  Transfigure. 


TRANS-FORM',  v.  n.  To  be  metamorphosed,  [r.] 

His  hair  transforms  to  down,  his  fingers  meet 
In  skinny  films,  and  shape  his  oary  feet.  Addison. 

TRANS-FORM' A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  trans- 
formed ; capable  of  change.  Clarke. 

TrANS-FOR-MA'TION,  n.  [L.  transforinatio  ; It. 
trasformazione ; Sp.  trasformacion ; Fr.  trans- 
formation.] 

1.  The  act  of  transforming,  or  the  state  of 
being  transformed  ; change  of  form  ok  sub- 
stance; metamorphosis. 

They  are  the  certain  symptoms  of  the  Christian’s  commu- 
nion with  his  God,  and  an  earnest  of  his  future  transforma- 
tion into  the  perfect  likeness  of  his  Lord.  Bp.  Horsley. 

2.  (Math.)  The  changing  and  reducing  of  a 

figure,  or  of  a body,  into  another  of  the  same 
area,  or  of  the  same  solidity,  but  of  a different 
form.  Davies. 

3.  ( Geom .)  The  changing  of  a given  figure 
into  another  of  equal  area,  but  having  a differ- 
ent number  of  sides  ; or  the  changing  of  a given 
solid  into  another  of  equal  solidity,  having  a dif- 
ferent number  of  faces;  transmutation.  TIutton. 

Transformation  of  an  equation,  (Alg.)  the  operation 
of  changing  the  form  of  an  equation  without  destroy- 
ing tile  equality  of  its  members. — Transformation  of 
a fraction,  the  operation  of  changing  the  form  of  a 
fraction  without  changing  its  value.  Davies. 

TRANS-FORM'A-TIVE,  a.  Tending  to  transform, 
or  capable  of  transforming.  Clarke. 

TRANS-FORM'ING,£>.«.  That  transforms  ; chang- 
ing the  form  or  the  substance. 

f TRANS-FREIGHT'  (-frat'),  v.  il.  To  pass  over 
the  sea.  Waterhouse. 

+ TRAnS-FR£-TA'TION,  ii.  [L.  transfretatio.] 
Passage  over  the  sea.  Davies. 

TRANS'FU(rE,  n.  (Mil.)  One  who  abandons  his 
party  in  time  of  war,  and  goes  over  to  the  ene- 
my ; a turncoat;  a deserter;  a runaway;  a 
trans  fugitive.  Mil.  Ency. 

TrAns-FU'^I-TIVE,  n.  One  who  changes  sides  ; 
a turncoat;  an  apostate  ; a transfuge.  Ec.  Rev. 

t TRANS-FUND',  v.  a.  [L . transfundo.]  To  trans- 
fuse. “ Transfunding  our  thoughts.”  Barrow. 

TRANS-FU§E'  (trans- fuz'),  v.  a.  [L.  transfundo, 
transfusus ; trans,  across,  and  fttndo,  to  pour.] 
[(.  TRANSFUSED  ; pp.  TRANSFUSING,  TRANS- 
FUSED.] 

1.  To  pour  out  of  one  into  another. 

The  virtue  of  one  generation  was  transfused  by  the  magic 
of  example  into  several.  Bolingbroke. 

2.  To  inject  or  pass,  as  blood,  from  the  veins 
of  one  animal  into  those  of  another.  Arbuthnot. 

TRAnS-FU'§I-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  transfused  ; 
susceptible  of  transfusion.  Boyle. 

TRAnS-FU'^ION  (trans-fu'zhun),  n.  [L.  transfusio ; 
It.  trasfusione ; Sp.  trasfusion  ; Fr.  transfusion.] 

1.  The  act  of  transfusing  or  pouring  out  of 
one  vessel  into  another. 

The  spirit  of  an  author,  like  that  of  some  essences,  evapo- 
rates by  transfusion.  Knox. 

2.  (Med.)  The  injection  of  the  blood  of  one 
living  animal  into  the  veins  of  another.  Brande. 

tfy-  The  operation  of  transfusion  can  be  performed 
safely  only  on  animals  having  like  kinds  of  blood. 
Dunylison. 

TRANS-fO'SIVE,  a.  Having  power  or  a tenden- 
cy to  transfuse.  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

TrAns-GRESS',  v.  a.  [L.  transgredior,  trans- 
gressus  ; trans,  across,  and  gradior,  to  walk  or 
pass  ; It.  trasgredire  ; Sp.  trasgredir ; Fr.  trans- 
gresser.]  [i.  transgressed  ; pp.  transgress- 
ing, TRANSGRESSED.] 

1.  To  pass  over  ; to  pass  beyond,  [r.] 

’T  is  time  my  hard-mouthed  coursers  to  control, 

Apt  to  run  riot  and  transgress  the  goal.  Dryden. 

2.  To  violate  or  break,  as  a command  or  law; 
to  disobey  ; to  infringe. 

Human  laws  oblige  only  that  they  be  not  despised,  — that 
is.  that  they  be  not  transgressed  without  a reasonable  cause,  — 
but  the  laws  of  God  must  be  obeyed  in  all  cases,  lip.  Taylor. 

Syn.  — See  Infringe. 

TRANS-GRESS',  v.  n.  To  offend  by  violating  a 
command,  rule,  or  law. 

I would  not  marry  her,  though  she  were  endowed  with  nil 
Adam  had  left  him  before  he  transgressed.  Shak. 

TRANS-GRES'SION  (trhns-gresh'un),  11.  [L.  trans- 
gressio  ; It.  trasgressione ; Fr.  transgression.] 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.— Q,  <?,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  ? as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


TRANSGRESSIONAL 


1532 


TRANSMEABLE 


1.  The  act  of  transgressing ; violation  of  a 
law;  breach  of  a command;  infringement. 

Sin  is  the  transgression  of  the  law.  1 John  iii.  4. 

2.  Misdemeanor  ; misdeed  ; offence  ; fault. 

Teach  us,  sweet  madam,  for  our  transgression , 

Some  fair  excuse.  Shale. 

Syn. — See  Offence. 

TRANS-GRES'SION-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  com- 
mitting, transgression  ; that  transgresses  ; that 
violates  a rule  or  command. 

* Forgive  this  transgressional  rupture.  Burnet. 

TRANS-GRES'S! VE,  a.  That  transgresses;  faulty  ; 
culpable.  Browne. 

TRANS-GRES'SIVE-LY,  ad.  In  a transgressive 
manner.  Clarke. 

TRANS-GRESS'OIt,  n.  One  who  transgresses ; 
an  offender.  Clarendon. 

TRAN'SHIP,  v.  a.  See  Transship. 

TRANS'-HU-MAN,  a.  Beyond  human. 

Words  may  not  tell  of  that  trans-human  change.  Vary. 

TRAN'SipN-CY  (tran'shen-se),  n.  The  quality  or 
the  state  of  being  transient ; transientness. 

Are  we  not  all  predestined  transiency 

And  cold  dishonor?  Coleridge. 

TRAN'SIENT  (tran'shent),  a.  [L.  transeo,  trans- 
tens,  to  pass  over  ; trails,  across,  and  eo,  to  go.] 

1.  Soon  past ; soon  passing  ; short ; momen- 
tary ; not  lasting;  transitory;  fleeting;  tempo- 
rary. 

How  soon  hath  thy  prediction,  seer  blest! 

Measured  this  transient  world!  Milton. 

He  that  rides  post  through  a country  may,  from  the  tran- 
sient view,  tell  how  in  general  the  parts  lie.  Locke. 

2.  (Mm.)  Noting  a chord  introduced  for  the 

purpose  of  making  a more  easy  and  agreeable 
transition  between  two  chords.  Warner. 

Syn.  — See  Temporary. 

TRAn'SIEXT-LY  (tran'sheut-le),  ad.  In  a tran- 
sient manner.  Dry  den. 

TRAN'SI$NtT-NESS  (tran'shent-nes),  n.  The  qual- 
ity or  the  state  of  being  transient ; short  con- 
tinuance ; speedy  passage.  Dec.  of  Ch.  Piety. 

TRAN-SILT$NCE  (tran-sll'yens),  ) n%  [L.  tran- 

TRAN-SIL'I EN-CY  (tran-sil'yen-se),  > silio , trail- 
siliens  ; trans,  across,  and  salio,  to  leap.]  A 
leaping  across,  [r.]  Glanvill. 

TRHJVS-i ' RE,  n.  [L.  transeo , transire,  to  pass.] 
(Eng.  Laic.)  A warrant  for  the  custom-house 
to  let  goods  pass  ; a permit.  Bouvier. 

TRAN'SIT,  n.  [L.  transitus  ; transeo , to  go  across  ; 
It.  ^ Sp.  transito  ; Fr.  transit.'] 

1.  Conveyance  or  passage,  as  of  goods. 

A very  great  improvement  lias  been  effected  in  the  domes- 
tic economy  of  British  India  by  the  abolition  of  the  duties 
on  the  transit  of  goods  from  one  part  of  the  country  to  an- 
other. Q/c.  of  Com. 

2.  (Astron.)  The  passage  of  a body  across 
the  meridian  of  a place  : — the  passage  of  an 
inferior  planet,  as  of  Mercury  or  of  Venus, 
across  the  sun’s  disk : — the  passage  of  a sat- 
ellite across  the  disk  of  its  primary.  Herschel. 

Transit  instrument , a telescope  firmly  fastened  on  a 
horizontal  axis  directed  to  the  east  and  west  points  of 
the  horizon,  and  having  a vertical  motion  in  the  me- 
ridian of  the  place  of  observation  ; — used  for  observ- 
ing the  transits  or  culminations  of  celestial  bodies. 
Herschel . — Transit  circle.,  an  instrument  for  ascertain- 
ing, at  the  same  observation,  the  right  ascension  and 
declination  of  a heavenly  body  at  its  transit  over  the 
meridian.  It  differs  from  the  mural  circle  in  having 
both  ends  of  the  metallic  axis  resting  usually  on  stone 
piers.  ' Hind. — Upper  transit,  the  transit  of  a star 
across  that  part  of  the  meridian  which  is  above  the 
horizon. — Lower  transit,  the  transit  of  a star  across 
that  part  of  the  meridian  which  is  below  the  hori- 
zon. Hind 

TRAN'SIT,  v.  a.  (Astron.)  To  pass  or  cross,  as 
the  meridian  or  the  sun’s  disk.  Brande. 

TRAN-Sl"TrON  (tran-sizh'un,  93)  [tr&n-sizh'un,  J. 
Jti.  K.  Sm.  ; tran-sish'un,  .S.  E.  ; tran-slzh'iin  or 
tran-sish'un,  IV  F.],n.  [L.  transit io  ; It.  trail- 

sizione ; Sp.  transicion  ; Fr.  transition.] 

1.  Passage  or  change  from  one  place,  subject, 
or  state,  to  another. 

You  can  scarce  imagine  anv  hero  passing  from  one  stage 
Of  life  to  another  with  so  easy  a transition.  Pope. 

2.  (Mas.)  A change  from  one  key  into  anoth- 
er : — thd  act  of  softening  a disjunct  interval  by 
the  introduction  of  intermediate  sounds  .Dwight. 

I prefer  the  first  mode  [tran-sizh'im]  of  pro- 
nouncing this  word  to  the  second,  though  at  first  sight 
it  appears  not  so  regidar  My  reason  is,  the  aversion 
our  language  has  to  a repetition  of  exactly  similar 


sounds.  The  s in  the  prefix  Hans  is  always  sharp  and 
hissing  ; and  that  inclines  us  to  vary  the  succeeding 
aspiration,  by  giving  it  the  flat,  instead  of  the  sharp, 
sound.  This  is  the  best  reason  I can  give  lor  the  very 
prevailing  custom  of  pronouncing  this  termination  in 
this  word  contrary  to  analogy.  When  I asked  Mr. 
Garrick  to  pronounce  this  word,  he,  without  premed- 
itation, gave  it  in  the  first  manner;  but,  when  I de- 
sired him  to  repeat  his  pronunciation,  he  gave  it  in 
the  second  : — 

‘ As  one  who  in  his, journey  bates  at  noon. 

Though  bent  on  speed,  so  here  the  archangel  paused, 
Betwixt  the  world  destroyed  and  world  restored, 

If  Adam  aught  perhaps  might  interpose, 

Then  with  transition  sweet  new  speech  resumes.’  Milton. 
I think,  however,  it  may  be  classed  among  those  va- 
rieties where  we  shall  neither  be  much  applauded  for 
being  right  nor  blamed  for  being  wrong.”  Walker . 

TRAN-SP'TION  (tran-sizli'un),  a.  (Geol.)  Noting 
a change  or  passage  from  one  state  to  another. 

Transition  rocks,  (Geol.)  a name  formerly  applied 
by  geologists  to  a group  of  rocks  of  an  intermediate 
character  between  what  were  called  primitive  and 
secondary  rocks,  exhibiting  here  and  there  signs  of  a 
mechanical  origin  and  organic  remains,  and  consist- 
ing chiefly  of  clay-slate,  an  argillaceous  sandstone 
called  grauwacke,  and  partly  of  calcareous  beds.  Lyell. 


TRAN-Sl"TION- AL  (tran-sizh'un-?l),  a.  Pertain- 
ing to,  or  noting,  transition  ; changing  from 
one  state  to  another.  Coleridge. 

TRAN-SI"TION-A-RY,  a.  Transitional.  Ec.  Rev. 

TRANS'l-TIVE,  a.  [L.  transitivus  ; transeo,  to 
pass  over  ; Irons , across,  and  eo,  to  go  ; It.  § Sp. 
transitivo ; Fr.  transitif.] 

1.  Having  the  power  of  passing,  [r.] 

Cold  is  . . . transitive  into  bodies  adjacent.  Bacon. 

2.  {Gram.)  Noting  a verb  that  expresses  a 
meaning  which  passes  from  the  subject  or  agent 
to  an  object ; noting  a verb  which  requires  the 
addition  of  an  object  to  complete  the  sense  ; as, 
“ She  learns  her  lesson  ” ; “ lie  loves  her.” 

IKif3  A verb  which  will  not  admit  the  objective 
case  after  it  is  intransitive.  Transitive  verbs  are 
also  styled  active  verbs  ; and  they  have  the  abbrevia- 
tion v.  a.  affixed  to  them  in  this  and  in  most  other 
modern  English  dictionaries. 


TRANS'l-TIVE-LY,  ad. 

TRANS'l-TIVE- NESS,  n. 
ty  of  being  transitive. 

TRAN'SI-TO-RI-EY,  ad. 

ner ; transiently. 
TRAN'SI-TO-RI-NESS,  n. 
state  of  being  transitory 


tn  a transitive  manner. 

The  state  or  the  quali- 
Sco/t. 

In  a transitory  man- 
Bailey. 
The  quality  or  the 
; fleetingness.  Temple. 


TRAN'SI-TO-Ry,  a.  [L.  transitorius  ; trails, 
across,  and  eo,  to  go  ; It.  Sp.  transitorio  ; Fr. 
transitoire.']  Continuing  but  a short  time ; 
not  permanent  or  lasting;  speedily  vanishing ; 
passing;  fleeting;  transient. 

Religion  prefers  those  pleasures  which  flow  from  the  pres- 
ence of  God  evermore  infinitely  before  the  transitory  pleas- 
ures of  this  world.  Tillotson. 

Transitory  action,  {Law.)  an  action  that  may  be 
brought,  or  in  which  the  venue  may  be  laid,  in  any 
county.  Burrill. 

Syn.  — See  Temporary. 

TRANS-LAT'A-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  trans- 
lated. Todd. 


TRANS-LATE',  v.  a.  [L.  transfero,  translates ; 
trails,  across,  and  fero,  to  bear  ; It.  traslatare ; 
Sp.  trasladar .]  [_i.  translated  ; pp.  trans 

LATINO,  TRANSLATED.] 

1.  To  transport ; to  remove;  — to  transfer. 

Our  father  is  translated  unto  the  gods.  2 Macc.  xi.  23. 

The  king  would  have  translated  him  from  that  bishopric 
to  a better.  Camden. 

I will  translate  the  kingdom  from  the  house  of  Saul,  and 
set  up  the  throne  of  David.  2 Sam.  iii.  10. 

2.  To  change;  to  transform,  [r.] 

Happy  is  your  grace. 

That  can  translate  the  stubbornness  of  fortune 

Into  so  quiet  and  so  sweet  a style.  Shak. 

Drydcn  says  that  he  once  translated  it  at  school.  Johnson. 

3.  To  alter  or  vary  by  the  substitution  of  a 
synonymous  expression,  [r.] 

This  is  to  translate,  and  not  to  define,  when  wc  change 
two  words  of  the  same  signification  one  for  another;  which, 
when  one  is  better  understood  than  the  other,  may  serve  to 
discover  what  idea  the  unknown  stands  for,  but  is  very  far 
from  a definition.  Locke. 

4.  To  interpret  into  another  language  ; to 

change  or  render  to  another  language,  retaining 
the  some.  Swift. 

5.  To  explain  ; to  account  for.  [r.]  Shak. 

TRANS-LATE',  v.  n.  To  make  a translation,  as 
from  another  language.  Felton. 


TRANS-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  translatio ; It.  trasla- 
zione  ; Sp.  traslacion  ; Fr.  translation .] 

1.  The  act  of  translating  or  removing  from 
one  place  to  another,  or  the  state  of  being  trans- 
lated ; transportation  ; removal. 

. The  cause  a metastasis,  or  translation  of  humors  from  his 
joints  to  his  lungs.  Harvey. 

2.  The  act  of  transferring  ; a transfer. 

A translation,  or  transfer,  of  property.  Blacks! one. 

3.  The  act  of  changing  or  rendering  from  one 
language  into  another  ; interpretation. 

Nor  ought  a genius  less  than  his  that  writ 
Attempt  translation;  for  transplanted  wit 
All  the  defects  of  air  and  soil  doth  share.  Denham. 

The  great  pest  of  speech  is  frequency  of  translation.  Johnson. 

4.  That  which  is  translated  ; a version. 

A literal  translation  is  better  than  a loose  one:  just  as  a east 
from  a fine  statue  is  better  than  an  imitation  of  it.  Dr.  Fuller. 

5.  {Med.)  A change  in  the  seat  of  a disease  ; 

metastasis.  Dunglison. 

6.  {Feel.)  The  removal  of  a bishop  from  the 
charge  of  one  diocese  to  that  of  another.  Eden. 

7.  t A.  metaphor  ; a tralation.  B.  Jonson. 

Syn. — According  to  Beauzee  and  Taylor,  when  a 

book  is  rendered,  word  for  word,  into  another  lan- 
guage, it  undergoes  a version  ; when  freely  rendered, 
a translation.  — According  to  Trusler,  a translation  is 
a turning  into  a living  or  modern  language  ; a ver- 
sion, into  a dead  or  ancient  language.  Thus  the 
English  Bible  is  a translation ; the  Greek,  Arabic,  and 
Syriac  Bibles  are  versions. 

f TRANS-LA-TI''TIOUS,  a.  [L.  translaticius. ] 
Transposed  : — transported.  Evelyn. 

TRANS- LA'TIVE,  a.  [L.  tmnslativus.)  Taken 
from  others,  [r.]  Johnson. 

TRANS-LA'TOR,  n.  One  who  translates  or  ren- 
ders into  another  language. 

The  first  qualification  of  a good  translator  is  an  exact  un- 
derstanding, an  absolute  mastery,  of  the  language  he  trans- 
lutetli  from  and  the  language  he  translateth  to.  ' II.  Felton. 

TRANS-LA 'TOR-SHIP,  n.  The  office  of  a transla- 
tor,  or  a translator  as  distinguished  by  his  work. 

"When  Neaty  has  done  with  the  copy,  & c.,  you  must  return 
it  [specimen  of  Homer]  to  my  transla  tor  ship.  Cowper. 

TRANS-EA'TO-RY  [trans-la'tur-e,  W.  P.  K.  Sm.  ; 
! rans 'la-t iii'-c,  S.j,  a.  Transferring.  Arhuthnot. 

TRANS-LA'TR^SS,  n.  A female  who  translates  ; 
a female  translator.  Chillingwnrth. 

f TRAnS-LA-VA'TION,  n.  A laving  or  lading 
from  one  vessel  to  another.  Holland. 

TrANS-LO-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  trans,  across,  and 
locatio,  a placing.]  A change  from  one  place 
or  location  to  another. 

There  happened  certain  translocations  nt  the  deluge,  the 
matter  constituting  animal  and  vegetable  substances  bein*?  dis- 
solved, and  mineral  matter  substituted  in  its  place,  and  there- 
by like  translocation  of  metals  in  some  springs.  Woodward. 

TRAnS-LU'CJJNCE,  n.  Translucency.  Coleridge. 

TrANS-LU'CEN-CY,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state 
of  being  translucent ; translucence.  Boyle. 

TRANS-LU'CpNT,  a.  [L.  transluceo,  translucens, 
to  shine  through  ; trans,  across,  through,  and 
luceo,  to  shine.] 

1.  Transparent ; pellucid  ; transpicuous.  “ The 

air’s  translucent  gallery.”  Davies. 

2.  Admitting  the  passage  of  rays  of  light,  but 
not  capable  of  being  distinctly  seen  through  ; 
semi-transparent.  “Translucent  springs.”  Pope. 

Under  the  glassy,  cool,  translucent  wave,  Milton. 
In  the  soft  heaven  of  a translucent  pool.  Wordsworth. 

Syn.  — See  Pellucid. 

TRANS-LU'CgNT-Ly,  ad.  In  a translucent  man- 
ner; with  translucence.  Drayton. 

TR  ANS-LU'CID,  a.  [L.  translucidus ; trans,  across, 
and  lucidus,  lucid  ; It.  traslueido  ; Sp.  trasluci- 
do  ; Fr.  translucide.]  Transparent ; diaphanous  ; 
translucent ; pellucid,  [r.]  Bacon. 

TRANS'LU-NA-RY,  a.  Being  beyond  the  moon  ; 
— opposed  to  sublunary . [it.] 

Neat  Marlowe,  bathed  in  the  Thespian  springs, 

Ilad  in  him  those  brave  translunary  things 
That  the  first  poets  had;  his  raptures  were 
All  air  and  fire.  Drayton. 

TRANS-MA-RINE',  a.  [L.  transmarinus ; trans, 
across,  and  marinas,  marine ; mare,  the  sea  ; It. 
& Sp .trasmarino;  Fr.  transrnarin.]  Lying  on 
the  other  side  of  the  sea  ; found  beyond  the  sea. 

If  indeed  the  ease  were  just  thus,  it  was  very  hard  with 
gbo<l  people  of  the  transmarine  churches.  Bp.  Taylor. 

fTRANS-ME'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  passed 
through.  Ash. 


A,  E,  !,  6,  U,  Y,  long,  A,  £,  I,  6,  0,  V,  short;  A,  ]J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


TRANSMEATE 


1533 


TRANSPLANTATION 


f TRANS-ME'ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  transmeo,  transme- 
atus.'] To  pass  or  go  beyond.  Coles. 

f TRANS-M  E-A'TION,  n.  Act  of  passing  through 
or  beyond.  Bailey. 

f TRANS'MEYV,  v.  a.  To  transmute;  to  trans- 
form ; to  metamorphose.  Spenser. 

TRANS 'MI-GRANT,  n.  One  who  transmigrates, 
or  passes  into  another  country,  body,  or  state, 
[it.]  Bacon. 

TRANS' MI-GRATE,  v.  n.  [L.  transmigro , trans- 
migratus  ; trails,  across,  and  migro,  to  migrate  ; 
It.  trasmigrare.]  [i.  transmigrated;  pp. 

TRANSMIGRATING,  TRANSMIGRATED.] 

1.  To  pass  from  one  country  or  place  into 

another,  [r.]  Broume. 

2.  To  pass  from  one  body  into  another. 

[This  was  the  doctrine  of  Pythagoras  himself]  that  the 
souls  of  animals  arc  immortal,  did  preexist,  and  do  transmi- 
grate. Cudworth. 

TRANS-MI-GRA'TION,  n.  [L.  transmigratio  ; It. 
trasmigrazione ; Sp.  trasmigracion ; Fr.  trans- 
migration.] 

1.  The  act  of  transmigrating;  passage  from 
one  place  or  state  into  another. 

Even  this  remnant  of  the  nation  did  not  long  continue  en- 
tire. Another  great  transmigration,  followed;  and  the  Jews 
that  settled  under  the  protection  of  the  Ptolemites  forgot  their 
language  in  Egypt,  as  the  forefathers  of  these  Jews  had  forgot 
theirs  in  Chaldea.  Bolingbroke. 

2.  The  passing  of  souls  into  other  bodies ; 

metempsychosis.  - Denham. 

In  life’s  next  scene,  if  transmigration  be, 

Some  bear  or  lion  is  reserved  for  thee.  Dryden. 

TRANS'MI-GRA-TOR,  n.  One  who  transmigrates. 

TRANS-Mi'GRA-TO-RY,  a.  Passing  from  one 
place,  body,  or  state  to  another.  Maunder. 

TRANS-MlS-SI-BIL'l-TY,  n.  The  quality  or  the 
state  of  being  transmissible.  Smart. 

TRANS-MIS'SI-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  transmitted. 
“ Transmissible  by  inheritance.”  Johnson. 

TRANS-MIS'SION  (trans-nnsh'un),  n.  [L.  trans- 
mission It.  trasmissione ; Sp.  trasmision ; Fr. 
transmission.  — See  Transmit.] 

1.  The  act  of  transmitting,  or  the  state  of 
being  transmitted;  transference;  transmittal. 

The  uvea  hns  a mnscnlous  power,  and  can  dilate  and  con- 
tract that  round  hole  in  it  called  the  pupil,  for  the  better  mod- 
erating the  transmission  of  light.  More. 

Charity,  or  tenderness  for  the  poor,  ...  is,  I think,  known 
only  to  those  who  enjoy,  either  immediately  or  by  trans- 
mission. the  light  of  revelation.  Idler. 

2.  (Law.)  The  right  which  heirs  or  legatees 

may  have  of  passing  to  their  successors  the  in- 
heritance or  legacy  to  which  they  were  entitled, 
if  they  happen  to  die  without  having  exercised 
their  rights.  Bonder. 

TRANS-MIS'SIVE,  a.  Transmitted;  sent;  de- 
rived from  one  to  another. 

And  still  the  sire  inculcates  to  his  son 

Transmissive  lessons  of  the  king’s  renown.  Prior. 

TRANS-MIT',  v.  a.  [L.  transmitto  ; trails,  across, 
and  initto,  to  send;  It.  trasmettere ; Sp.  trasmi- 
tir ; Fr.  transmettre.]  [ i . transmitted  ; pp. 
TRANSMITTING,  TRANSMITTED.]  To  send  from 
one  person  or  place  to  another  ; to  transfer. 

lie  sent  orders  to  his  friend  in  Spain  to  sell  his  estate,  and 
transmit,  the  money  to  him.  Addison. 

Give  us  leave  to  enjoy  the  government  and  benefit  of  laws 
under  which  we  were  born,  and  which  we  desire  to  transmit 
to  our  posterity.  Dryden. 

TRANS-MIT'TAL,  n.  The  act  of  transmitting ; 
transmission  ; transmittance ; transference. 

Besides  the  transmittal  to  England  of  two  thirds  of  the 
revenues  of  Ireland,  they  make  our  country  a receptacle  for 
their  supernumerary  pretenders  to  offices.  Swift. 

TRANS-MIT'TANCE,  n.  The  act  of  transmitting; 
transmittal ; transmission  ; transfer  Clarke . 

TRANS-mIt'TI^R,  u.  One  who  transmits.  “ No 
tenth  transmitter  of  a foolish  face.”  Savage. 

TRANS-MIT'TI-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  transmit- 
ted ; transmissible.  Marquis  of  Worcester . 

TRANS-MOG-RI-FI-CA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  trans- 
mogrifying ; metamorphosis.  [Low.]  Ch.  Ob. 

TRANS-MOG'RI-FY,  v.  a.  To  transform  ; to  met- 
amorphose. [Ludicrous  and  low.] 

I begin  to  think  . . . that  some  wicked  enchanters  have 
transmogrified  my  Dulcinea.  Fielding. 

t TRANS-MOVE',  v.  a.  To  move  or  change  from 
one  thing  to  another;  to  transform. 

That  to  a Centaur  did  himself  transmove.  Spenser. 


TRANS-MU-TA-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
transmutablc ; transmutableness.  Duncan. 

TRANS-MU'TA-BLE,  a.  [It.  trasmutabile ; Sp. 
trasmutable  ; Fr.  transmuable.]  That  may  be 
transmuted  ; capable  of  a change  of  form  or  of 
substance ; possible  to  be  changed. 

The  Aristotelians,  who  believe  water  and  air  to  be  recipro- 
cally transmutablc,  do  thereby  fancy  au  affinity  between  them 
that  I am  not  yet  convinced  of.  Boyle. 

TRANS-MU'TA-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  transmutablc  ; transmutability.  Boyle. 

TRANS-MU'TA-BLY,  ad.  With  capacity  of  being 
transmuted.  Johnson. 

TRANS-MU-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  transmwtatio ; It. 
trasmutazione  ; Sp.  trasmutacion ; Fr.  transmu- 
tation. — See  Transmute.] 

1.  The  act  of  transmuting,  or  the  state  of 
being  transmuted ; change  into  another  sub- 
stance, form,  or  nature. 

The  principal  operations  of  nature  are  not  the  absolute 
annihilation  and  new  creation  of  what  we  call  material  sub- 
stances, but  the  temporary  extinction  and  reproduction  — or 
rather,  in  one  word,  the  transmutation  — of  forms. Sir  IV. Tones. 

The  great  aim  of  alchemy  is  the  trajismutation  of  base 
metals  into  gold.  Johnson. 

2.  (Gcom.)  Transformation.  — See  Trans- 
formation. Hutton. 

TrANS-MU-TA'TION-IST,  n.  One  who  holds  to 
the  transmutation  of  metals.  Lyell. 

TRANS-MUTE',  v.  a.  [L.  transmuto  ; trails,  across, 
and  muto , to  change;  It.  trasmutare ; Sp.  tras- 
muter  ; Fr.  transmiter.]  [i.  transmuted  ; pp. 
transmuting,  transmuted.]  To  change  from 
one  nature,  substance,  or  form  into  another. 

That  metals  may  be  transmuted  one  into  another  I am  not 
satisfied  of.  Ray. 

TRAnS-MUT'ER,  ii.  One  who  transmutes. 

TRANS-MOt'U-AL,  a.  Jointly  or  reciprocally 
mutual ; commutual.  [r.]  Coleridge. 

f TRANS-NA-TA'TION,  n.  [L  transnato,  to  swim 
across.]  The  act  of  swimming  over.  As!\. 

f TrAns-NAT'URE,  v.  a.  To  transfer  or  change 
the  nature  of.  Jewell. 

TRAN’SOM,  n.  [A  contraction  of  transsummer.] 

1.  (Arch.)  A horizontal  piece  framed  across  a 

window,  dividing  it  into  two  stories  : — a thwart- 
beam  or  lintel  over  a door.  I Veale. 

2.  (Ship-building .)  A piece  of  timber  across 
the  stern-post,  to  which  it  is  bolted.  Dana. 

3.  ( Surveying .)  A piece  of  wood  made  to 

slide  upon  a surveyor’s  cross.  Bailey. 

4.  (Mil.)  A piece  of  wood  joining  the  cheeks 

of  a gun-carriage.  Stocqueler. 

TRAN 'SOM— KNEEIy,  n.  pi.  (Ship-building.)  Knees 
bolted  to  the  transoms  ancLafter  timbers.  Dana. 

TRAN 'SOM— WIN 'DOW,  n.  (Arch.)  A window 
divided  into  two  stories  by  a transom.  Britton. 

TRAns'PA-DANE,  a.  [L.  trail spadanits  ; trans, 
across,  and  Padus,  the  Po.]  Situated  beyond  the 
river  Po.  “ The  transpadane  republics.”  Burke. 

f TRANS-PARE',  v.  a.  To  cause  to  appear  or  be 
visible  through.  Stirling. 

tiTRANS-PARE',  v.  n.  To  be  transparent.  Stirling. 

TRANS-pAr'$NCE,  n.  [Fr.]  State  of  being  trans- 
parent ; transparency ; diaphaneity.  Hamilton. 

TRANS-PAr'EN-CY  (trans-pir'en-se),  n.  [It.  tras- 
parenza ; Sp.  trasparencia ; Fr.  transparence.] 

1.  The  quality  or  the  state  of  being  transpar- 
ent ; clearness ; diaphaneity. 

A poet  of  another  nation  would  not  have  dwelt  so  long 
upon  the  clearness  and  transparency  of  the  stream.  Addison. 

2.  A picture  painted  on  glass  or  thin  canvas, 

to  be  viewed  by  the  natural  or  by  artificial  light 
shining  through  it.  Fairholt. 

Syn.  — See  Clearness. 

TRANS-PAr'JJNT,  a.  [L.  trans.  across,  and  pa- 
reo,  to  appear  ; It.  &;  Sp.  trasparente  ; Fr.  trans- 
parent.] Admitting  the  passage  of  light  so  as 
to  be  distinctly  seen  through;  pellucid;  diaph- 
anous. 

Transparent  forms,  too  fine  for  mortal  sight.  Pope. 

The  morning  air  is  yet 

Transjmrent  as  the  soul  of  innocent  youth.  Wordsworth. 

Transparent  colors , (Paint.)  colors  partially  pellu- 
cid, as  Prussian  blue,  lake,  &c.  ; — used  in  contradis- 
tinction to  body  colors,  which  are  perfectly  opaque. 

Syn. — See  Pellucid.  Bigelow. 


TRANS-pAr'JJNT-LY,  ad.  So  as  to  be  seen 
through.  “ Transparently  fair.”  Wickliffe. 

TRANS-PAr'ENT-NESS,  ii.  The  state  or  the 
quality  of  being  transparent ; diaphaneity.  Ash. 

TRANS-PASS',  v.  a.  To  pass  over,  [it.]  Gregory. 

TRANS-PASS',  v.  ii.  To  pass  by.  [it.]  Daniel. 

TRANS-PASS'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  crossed  or 
passed  over.  Daniel. 

f TRANS-PAt'RON-Ize,  v.  a.  To  transfer  the 
patronage  of.  Warner. 

+ TRAN-SPJE'CI-ATE,  v.  a.  To  change  from  one 
species  or  kind  into  another. 

I do  not  credit . . . that  the  devil  hath  power  to  transpe- 
ciate  a man  iuto  a horse.  Browne . 

TRAN-SPIC'U-OUS,  a.  [L.  transpicio,  to  look  or 
see  through  ; trans,  through,  and  specio,  to  look.] 
Transparent ; pellucid,  [r.]  Milton. 

TRANS-PIERCE'  (trans-pers'. — See  Pierce),  v.  a. 
[Fr.  transperccr.]  [ i . transpierced  ; pp. 
transpiercing,  transpierced.]  To  pierce 
through ; to  transfix  ; to  penetrate  ; to  permeate. 

His  forceful  spear,  which,  hissing  as  it  flew, 

Pierced  through  the  yielding  planks  of  jointed  wood: 

The  sides,  transpierced , return  a rattling  sound.  Dryden. 

TRAN-SPlR'A-BLD,  a.  [Fr.  transpirable.]  Capa- 
ble of  transpiring ; that  may  transpire.  Cotgrave. 

TRAN-SPI-rA'TION,  n.  [It.  traspirazione ; Sp. 
traspiracion  ; Fr.  transpiration.]  Emission  in 
the  form  of  vapor.  Browne. 

Pulmonary  transpiration , the  exhalation  or  expira- 
tion of  watery  vapor  sent  into  the  bronchia  from  the 
blood  circulating  through  the  lungs.  Vunglison. 

TRANS-Pl'RA-TO-RY,  a.  Pertaining  to  transpi- 

lation.  Clarke. 

TRAN-SPIRE',  v.  n.  [L.  trans,  through,  across, 
and  spiro,  to  breathe  ; It.  traspirare ; Sp.  tra- 
spirav,  Fr . transpirer.] 

1.  To  he  emitted  or  sent  off  through  the  pores, 
or  by  insensible  evaporation. 

Parts  of  matter  transpire  perpetually.  Cudworth. 

2.  To  escape  from  secrecy  to  notice  ; to  be- 
come known.  [“  A sense  lately  innovated  from 
France,  without  necessity.”  Johnson.] 

If  they  have  raised  a battery,  as  I suppose  they  have,  it  is 
a masked  one,  for  nothing  has  transpired.  Chesterfield. 

This  letter  goes  to  you  in  that  confidence  which  I always 
shall,  and  know  that  I safely  may,  place  in  you;  and  you  will 
not,  therefore,  let  one  word  of  it  transpire.  Chesterfield. 

3.  To  happen ; to  occur;  to  come  to  pass. 

4JQP*  The  last  meaning  of  this  word  is  of  recent 

introduction,  and  is  common  in  the  U.  S. ; and  it 
seems  to  have  now  become  somewhat  so  in  England  ; 
yet  this  use  of  it  lias  been  censured  by  both  English 
and  American  writers. 

“ He  [the  author  of  the  ‘ Life  of  Dr.  Adam  Clarke  ’] 
often  talks  of  transpiring , where  most  other  people 
would  talk  of  passing  or  elapsing .”  Brit.  Crit. 

“Our  newspaper  writers  talk  of  a business  or  an 
event  transpiring , when  all  they  mean  is,  that  the 
business  was  transacted,  or  the  event  happened.” 

Prof.  Malden , Philological  Soc.  Trans. 

TRAN-SPIRE',  v.  a.  [i.  transpired  ; pp.  tran- 
spiring, transpired.]  To  emit  or  send  off 
in  vapor.  Johnson. 

TRANS-PLACE',  v.  a.  To  put  into  a new  place ; 
to  change  or  remove  from  one  place  to  another. 

Points  transplaced  with  curious  want  of  skill.  Mallett. 

TRANS-PLANT',  v.  a.  [L.  trails,  across,  and 
planto,  to  plant ; It.  transpiantare ; Sp.  tras- 
plantar-,  Fr.  transplanter.]  [i.  transplanted  ; 
pp.  transplanting,  transplanted.] 

1.  To  remove  and  plant  in  another  place. 

Yet  these,  receiving  grafts  of  other  kind, 

Or  thence  transplanted , change  their  savage  mind.  Dryden. 

2.  To  remove,  in  general ; to  transpose  ; to 
transport ; to  transfer  ; to  carry. 

Of  light  the  grenter  part  he  took. 

Transplanted  from  her  cloudy  shrine,  and  placed 
In  the  sun’s  orb.  Milton. 

TR  ANS-PLAN-TA'TION,  n.  [It.  trasplantazione ; 

Sp.  traspiantacion  ; Fr.  transplantation.] 

1.  The  act  of  transplanting,  or  the  state  of 

being  transplanted;  removal,  as  of  a plant,  from 
one  spot  of  ground  to  another.  Suckling. 

2.  Removal ; transposition  ; transportation. 
The  transplantation  of  Ulysses  to  Sparta.  Broome. 

Nor  was  it  needful  to  retain  the  whole  word;  tan  a hnv- 

. ing,  by  its  transplantation  into4he  Greek  tongue,  got  a strong 
affinity  with  tar  More. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  £,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  £ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


TRANSPLANTER 


1534 


TRAP 


TR  AXS-PLANT’  F.R,  n.  One  who,  or  that  which, 
transplants.  Johnson. 

TRAN-Sl’LEN'DgN-CY,  71.  Supereminent  or  tran- 
scendent splendor.  ’ More. 

TRAN-SPLEN'DIJNT,  a.  Transcendently  or  su- 
pereminently splendid.  Todd. 

TRAN-SPLEN'DIJNT-LY,  ad.  With  superemi- 
nent splendor.  More. 

TRANS-PORT',  v.  a.  [L.  transporto ; trans, 
across,  and  porto,  to  carry  ; It.  trasportare ; Sp. 
trasportar  ; Fr.  transporter.]  [ i . transport- 
ed ; pp.  TRANSPORTING,  TRANSPORTED.] 

1.  To  carry,  bear,  or  convey  from  one  place 
or  country  to  another. 

Throughout  all  our  dominions  and  cities,  they  shall  hire 
carriers  and  vessels  with  men  to  labor,  at  their  own  charge, 
to  transport  their  goods.  Hackluyt. 

I came  hither  to  transport  the  tidings.  Shak. 

2.  To  carry  into  banishment,  as  a felon. 

We  return  after  being  transported , and  are  ten  times 
greater  rogues  than  before.  Swift. 

3.  To  sentence  to  banishment,  [r.]  Johnson. 

4.  To  carry  beyond  the  bounds  of  moderation. 

Transported  by  ...  a sudden  passion.  Dnjdcn. 

5.  To  put  into  ecstasy  ; to  ravish ; to  enrapture. 

Those  on  whom  Christ  bestowed  miraculous  cures  were 
so  traiisjinrtcd  with  them  that  their  gratitude  supplanted 
their  obedience.  . Decay  of  Piety. 

Syn.  — Sec  Bear. 

TltANS'PORT  (114),  n.  1.  The  act  of  transport- 
ing ; transportation  ; carriage  ; conveyance. 

The  Romans  . . . stipulated  with  the  Carthaginians  to  fur- 
nish them  with  ships  for  transport  and  war.  Bacon. 

2.  A vessel  employed  to  convey  stores,  troops, 
and  munitions  of  war. 

Two  of  the  transports  ran  foul  of  each  other.  Anson. 

3.  A felon  or  convict  transported.  Johnson. 

4.  Violence  ; violent  manifestation 

The  finest  woman,  in  a transport  of  fury,  loses  the  use  of 
her  face.  Addison. 

5.  Rapture  ; ecstasy ; ravishment. 

With  transport  views  the  airy  rule  his  own, 

And  swells  on  an  imaginary  throne.  Pope. 

Syn.  — See  Ecstasy. 

TRANS-PORT-A-BIl'!-TY,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  transportable.  Ed.  Ency. 

TRANS-PORT' A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  transport- 
ed; subject  or  subjecting  to  banishment  and 
penal  servitude. 

A felony  transportable  for  seven  years.  Blackstone. 

t TRAnS-PORT'ANCE,  n.  Transportation.  Shak. 

t TRANS-PORT'ANT,  a.  Affording  extreme  pleas- 
ure ; ravishing , transporting.  More. 

TRAnS-POR-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  transportatio ; It. 
trasportazione ; Fr.  transportation .] 

1.  The  act  of  transporting,  or  the  state  of  be- 

ing transported  ; conveyance  ; carriage  ; trans- 
mission. Hackluyt. 

Cottington  and  Porter  had  been  sent  before  to  provide  a 
vessel  for  their  transjjortatioh.  U’otton. 

2.  The  act  of  sending  a person  out  of  the 

kingdom  or  state,  as  a punishment;  the  act  of 
sending  a convicted  criminal  to  another  coun- 
try ; banishment ; forced  exile.  Burr  ill. 

3.  f Ecstasy;  rapture;  transport. 

All  transportation  is  a violence.  South. 

TRANS-PORT'  IJD-LY,  ad.  In  a state  of  trans- 
port or  rapture.  Boyle. 

TRANS-PORT'ED-NESSj  71.  A state  of  transport 
or  rapture.  Bp.  Hall. 

TRANS-PORT' £R,  7i.  One  who  transports.  Carew. 

TRANS-PORT'JNG,  p.  a.  Ravishing  with  delight. 

+ TRANS-PORT'MIJNT,  n.  Transportation;  con- 
veyance, as  in  ships.  Beau.  FI. 

TrAns'PORT— SHIP,  n.  A ship  or  vessel  em- 
ployed in  conveying  soldiers,  military  stores,  or 
convicts  ; a transport.  Goldsmith. 

TRANS'PORT- VES'SEE,  n.  A vessel  employed 
to  transport  soldiers  and  warlike  stores,  or 
convicts ; a transport.  Ash. 

TRAns-PO^'AL,  n.  Transposition.  Steift. 

TRANS-PO§E'  (trSns-poz'),  v.  a.  [L.  transpono , 
tr./nspositus ; trans,  across,  andporao,  to  put,  to 
place;  It.  trasporre ; Sp.  trasponer ; Fr.  trans- 
poser.] [t.  TRANSPOSED  ; pp.  TRANSPOSING, 
TRANSPOSED.] 


1.  To  change  the  order  of,  by  putting  each  in 
place  of  the  other  ; to  cause  to  change  places. 

The  letters  of  Elizabetha  Ilegina”  transposed  thus,  “An- 
glia; hera,  beusti,”  signify,  “O  England’s  sovereign,  thou  hast 
made  us  happy.”  Camden. 

2.  j-To  put  out  of  place  ; to  remove.  Shak. 

He  that  will  once  transpose  me  from  earth  to  heaven  hath 
now  chosen  to  transpose  me  from  one  piece  of  earth  to  an- 
other. Bp.  Hall. 

3.  (Mus.)  To  write  or  perform  in  another 

key.  Dwight. 

4.  (Math.)  To  remove,  as  a certain  quantity, 

from  one  member  of  an  equation  to  the  other, 
without  destroying  the  equality  of  the  two  mem- 
bers, which  is  done  by  simply  changing  its 
sign.  Davies. 

TRANS-PO-§["TION  (trans-po-zish'un,  93),  n.  [It. 
trasposizione ; Sp.  trasposicio7i ; Fr.  tnmsposi- 
tion.] 

1.  The  act  of  transposing,  or  causing  to 
change  places  reciprocally. 

We  have  deprived  ourselves  of  that  liberty  of  transposi- 
tion in  the  arrangement  of  words  which  the  ancient  lan- 
guages enjoyed.  Blair. 

2.  The  state  of  being  transferred  or  removed 
from  one  place  to  another. 

The  common  centre  of  gravity  in  the  terraqueous  globe  is 
steady,  and  not  liable  to  any  accidental  transposition,  nor 
hath  it  ever  shifted  its  station.  Woodward. 

3.  (Mus.)  A change  made  in  a composition, 

either  in  the  transcript  or  the  performance,  by 
which  the  whole  is  removed  into  another  key, 
higher  or  lower,  as  the  compass  of  the  voices  or 
instruments  require.  Moore. 

4.  (Math.)  The  act  of  removing  a quantity 

from  one  member  of  an  equation  to  the  other, 
and  changing  its  sign  in  order  to  preserve  the 
equality  of  the  two  members.  IF.  Smyth. 

TRANS-P0-§I"TI0N-AL  (-zlsh'un-),  a.  Relating 
to  transposition  ; transpositive.  Peyge. 

TRANS-PO§'!-TlVE,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to,  made 
by,  or  consisting  of,  transposition.  Cromhie. 

2.  Capable  of  being  transposed. 

The  English  admits  it  [inversion]  more;  but  the  Italian 
retains  the  most  of  the  ancient  transpositive  character.  Blair. 

TRANS-PRINT',  v.  a.  To  print  out  of  its  proper 
place,  or  in  another  place.  Coleridge. 

TRANS-PRO.jiE',  v.  a.  To  change  from  prose  into 
metre  or  verse  ; to  versify,  [r.] 

Instinct  he  follows,  and  no  further  knows, 

For  to  write  verse  with  him  is  to  transprose.  Dryden. 

t TRANS-RE'^ION- ATE,  a.  Of  a region  beyond 
the  sea  ; transmarine.  Ilolinshed. 

TRANS-SHAPE',  v.  a.  To  change  the  shape  of; 
to  transform  ; to  transfigure,  [r.]  Shak. 

TRANS-SHIP',  v.  a.  \i.  TRANSSHirrED ; pp. 
TRANSSHIPPING,  transshipped.]  To  convey 
from  one  ship  or  vessel  to  another.  Macartney . 

TRANS-ShIp'MENT,  n.  The  act  of  transship- 
ping ; the  act  of  taking  a cargo  out  of  one  ship, 
and  loading  it  into  another.  Jodrell. 

TRANS-SUM'MJJR,  71.  [L.  transeima,  a grating, 

a window.]  (Arch.)  A transom.  Britton. 

TRAN-SUB-STAN'TI-ATE  (tran-sub-stan'she-at), 
v.a.  \ii.transustanziare ; Sp.  trasustancicr ; Fr. 
tra7isubstantier.]  [i.  transubstantiated  ; pp. 

TRANSUBSTANTIATING,  TRANSUBSTANTIATED.] 
To  change  into  another  substance. 

To  transubstantiate  fish  and  fruits  into  flesh.  Ifowell. 

They  are  driven  either  to  consuhstantiotc  and  incorporate 
Christ  with  elements  sacramental,  or  to  transubstantiate  and 
change  their  substance  into  his.  Hooker. 

TRAN-SUB-STAN-TI-A'TION  (tran-sub-stan-she- 
a'sluin),  n.  [It.  transit stanzione  ; Sp.  trasustan- 
cion  ; Fr.  travssuhstanticition.]  Change  of  sub- 
stance:— in  theology,  the  doctrine  held  by  the 
Roman  Catholic  Church,  that,  in  the  eucliarist, 
the  bread  and  wine  are  changed,  by  the  conse- 
cration of  the  priest,  into  the  real  material  body 
and  blood  of  Christ,  though  retaining  the  ap- 
pearance and  all  other  sensible  attributes  of 
bread  and  wine.  Bp.  Taylor. 

TrAN-SUB-STAN'TI-A-TOR,  n.  A believer  in 
transubstantiation.  [r.]  Barroio. 

TRAN-SU-DA'TION,  n.  [It.  trasudazione  ; Fr. 
transsudation.] 

I.  The  act  of  transuding;  the  passage  of  a 
fluid  through  any  tissue,  membrane,  or  porous 


body,  either  collecting  in  small  drops  on  the 
opposite  surface,  or  evaporating  from  it.  Boyle. 

2.  (Chem.)  Exosmose.  Dutiglison. 

TRAN-SU'DA-TO-RY,  a.  Passing  through  in 
vapor.  “ Transudatory  lymph.”  Randolph. 

TRAN-SUDE',  v.  n.  [Fr.  transsuder,  from  L.  trans, 
across,  and  sudo,  to  sweat.]  [t.  transuded  ; 
pp.  TRANSUDING,  TRANSUDED.]  To  pass 
through  the  pores  of,  and  stand  in  drops  on  the 
opposite  surface,  or  evaporate  from  if.  Ilarvey. 

TRAN-SUME',  v.  a.  [L.  transtano  ; trans,  across, 
and  sumo,  to  take.]  To  convert  or  change  from 
one  thing  or  place  into  another,  [it.]  Crashaw. 

+ TRAN'SUMPT  (tr&n'sumt),  71.  [Old  Fr.]  A copy 
or  transcript  of  a record.  Herbert. 

TrAN-SUMP'TION  (tran-sum'shun),  n.  [L.  tran- 
sumptio.]  The  act  of  transuining ; a change 
from  one  person  or  place  to  another,  [r.]  South. 

TRAN-SUMP'TIVE  (tran-sum'tiv),  a.  Transferred 
from  one  to  another ; metonymical.  Selden. 

f TRANS-VA'sATE,  v.  a.  [Fr . tnmsvaser.]  To 
remove,  as  from  one  vessel  into  another ; to 
transfuse.  Cudworth. 

TRANS- VEC'TION,  n.  [L.  transvectio.]  The  act 
of  carrying  over.  Glanvill. 

f TRAns-VER'BER-ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  transverbero, 
transverberatus.]  To  beat  through.  Watts. 

TRAxNS-VER'SAL,  a.  [L . transverto,  transversvs, 
to  turn  across ; trans,  across,  and  verto,  to 
turn;  It.  trasversale  ; Sp.  trasversal ; Fr.  trans- 
versal.] Running  crosswise  ; transverse  ; ob-- 
lique  ; — applied  to  a straight  line  drawn  across 
several  others.  Hale. 

The  labarum  is  described  as  a long  pike,  intersected  by  a 
transversal  beam.  Gibbon. 

TRANS-VER'SAL,  71.  (Gcom.)  A line  right  or 
curved,  which  cuts  a system  of  other  lines  right 
or  curved,  as  a straight  line  which  cuts  the 
three  sides  of  a triangle,  or  the  sides  pro- 
duced. Hoblyn. 

TRANS- VER'SAL-LY,  ad.  Transversely.  Wilkins. 

TRANS-VERSE',  v.  a.  [L.  transverto,  transver- 
sus  ; trans,  across,  over,  and  verto,  to  turn.]  [«. 
TRANSVEIiSED  ; pp.  TRANSVERSING,  TRANS- 

versed.]  To  change  ; to  overturn,  [it.]  Leslie. 

TRANS-ViiRSE',  a.  Running  across  ; cross. 

A transverse  section  of  it  has  somewhat  the  appearance  of 
the  mark  upon  cards  called  a spade.  Cook. 

Transverse  axis,  ( Conic  Sections.)  the  diameter 
which  passes  through  both  foci,  being  in  the  ellipse 
tile  longest  diameter,  in  the  hyperbola  the  shortest 
diameter,  and  in  the  parabola,  infinite.  Braude. 

TRANS-VERSE'LY,  ad.  In  a cross  direction. 

f TRANS-VERT',  v.  a.  To  transverse.  Chaucer. 

f TRANS- VO-LA'TION,  7i.  [L.  trans,  across,  and 

v olo,  to  fly.]  The  act  of  flying  beyond.  Tuylor. 

f TRANT,  v.  71.  To  traffic  in  an  itinerary  man- 
ner ; to  peddle.  Hall. 

f TRANT'JER,  7i.  One  who  trants.  Bailey. 

TRAP,  7i.  [A.  S.  treppe,  trappe.  — It.  trappolrr. ; 

Sp.  trampa  ; Fr.  trappe.  — From  Old  Ger. 
irapo,  a noose,  a springe.  Dicz.] 

1.  An  engine  which  shuts  suddenly  with  a 
spring,  used  for  catching  vermin  or  game,  and 
also  trespassers  on  property  ; a snare  ; a gin. 

Die  as  thou  shouldest;  but  do  not  die  impatientlv,  and 
like  a fox  catched  in  a trap.  Bp.  Taylor. 

2.  An  ambush  ; a stratagem ; an  artifice  ; a 
contrivance  to  betray  or  catch  unawares. 

They  continually  laid  traps  to  ensnare  him,  and  made  sin- 
ister interpretations  of  all  the  good  he  did.  Calami/. 

He  [J.  Johnson]  understands  booksellers’  traps.  Cowpcr. 

3.  A small  wooden  shoe  for  holding  a small 
ball  to  strike  at  ; — also  a game  in  which  such 
an  instrument  is  used.  Simmo7ids.  Locke. 

4.  A kind  of  drain-pipe  used  for  gullies, 

sinks,  or  siphons.  Simmonds. 

5.  A sort  of  movable  ladder  or  flight  of 

steps.  Siminonds. 

TRAP,  v.  a.  [i.  trapped  ; pp.  TRAPPING, 
TRAPPED.] 

1.  To  catch  by  a trap  ; to  entrap.  Joye. 

2.  To  take  by  artifice  or  stratagem  ; to  insnare. 
They  might  have  easily  trapped  them  in  their  relations. 

Scott. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  T,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; 1IE1R,  HER; 


TRAP 


153.5 


TRAVERS 


3.  f To  adorn  ; to  decorate  ; to  dress  up. 

To  dress  his  hearse,  and  trap  his  tomb-black  steed.  Spenser • 

TRAP,  n.  [Dan.  trappe,  stairs;  Sw.  trappd 5 — 
because  rocks  of  this  class  sometimes  occur  in 
large,  tubular  masses,  rising  one  above  another 
like  steps.]  {Min.)  A name  applied  to  several 
varieties  of  rocks,  as  basalt,  amygdaloid,  dolo- 
rite,  greenstone,  &c.,  composed  chiefly  of  fel- 
spar, augite,  and  hornblende  in  various  propor- 
tions and  states  of  aggregation,  and  having  dif- 
ferent external  forms.  Lyell. 

gSf-  Trap  is  a general  term  applied  to  various  Tel- 
epathic, igneous  rocks  characterized  by  the  presence, 
in  large  proportions,  of  hornblende  and  augite,  together 
with  silicate  of  protoxide  of  iron,  and  frequently  chlo- 
rite. They  generally  possess  magnetic  properties,  due 
to  protoxide  of  iron,  and  occasionally  to  particles  of 
metallic  iron.  C.  T.  Jackson. 

TRAP,  a.  {Min.)  Pertaining  to  trap.  Hitchcock. 

TRAP,  v.  n.  To  set  a trap  or  traps.  Wright. 

TRA-PAN',  v.  a.  [A.  S.  trcppnn.  — See  Trap.] 
[t.  TltAPANNED  ; pp.  TUAPANNING,  TliA- 
panned.]  To  lay  a trap  for  ; to  insnare. 

Ilis  principal  misfortune  being  the  losing  company  of  a 
small  bark  which  attended  him,  and  having  some  of  his  peo- 
ple trupanned  at  Baldivia.  Anson. 

TRA-PAN',  n.  A stratagem;  a snare.  South. 

TRA-PAN'NIJR,  n.  One  who  insnares.  South. 

TRAP'— BALL,  n.  A game  played  with  a trap,  a 
ball,  and  a small  bat.  King. 

TRAP'— DOOR  (trap'dor),  n.  A door  in  a floor  or 
a roof,  opening  and  shutting  like  a valve.  Ray. 

f TRAPE,  v.  n.  To  run  about  idly  ; to  traipse. 

I am  to  go  traping  with  Lady  Kerry  and  Mrs.  Pratt  to  see 
sights  all  this  day.  Swift. 

TRAPES,  n.  sing.  An  idle,  slatternly  woman. 
“ The  sullen  trapes.”  [Low.]  Hudibras. 

TRAp'E-ZAte,  a.  Quadrilateral,  with  the  four 
sides  unequal,  and  none  of  them  perfectly  par- 
allel. Maunder. 

||  TRA-PE'ZI- AN,  a.  ( Crystallography .)  Noting 
crystals  whose  lateral  planes  are  composed  of 
trapeziums  situated  in  two  ranges  between  the 
bases.  Cleaveland. 

TRA-PE'ZI-FORM,  a.  Being  in  the  form  of  a 
trapezium.  Loudon. 

||  TRA-PE'ZJ-UM  (trj-pc'/.he-um  or  trj-pe'ze-5m) 
[trg-pe'zhe-uin,  IV.  J.  F.  Ja. ; tra-pe'ze-um,  P. 
Sm.  R. ; tra-pe'zhum,  S.  K.],  n. ; pi.  trapezia 
or  TRAPEZIUMS.  [Or.  rpaici^iov  ; rgairt^a,  a table  ; 
It.  trapezio  ; Sp.  trapecio  ; Fr.  trapeze.] 

1.  ( Geom .)  A quadrilateral,  no  two  of  whose 

sides  are  parallel  to  each  other.  Davies. 

2.  {Anat.)  The  first  bone  of  the  second  row 

of  the  carpus  ; — so  called  from  its  resemblance 
to  the  figure  of  a trapezium.  Dunglison. 

TRAp-E  ZO-HE'DRAL,  a.  {Crystallography .)  Per- 
taining to,  or  having  the  form  of,  a trapezohe- 
dron.  Dana. 

TRAP-^-ZO-IIE'DRONj  n.  {Crystallography.)  A 
solid  bounded  by  twenty-four  equal  and  similar 
trapezoidal  planes.  Shepard. 

TrAP-P-ZoID',  or  TRA-PE'ZOID  [trSp-e-ziiI<l',  Ja. 
K.  Sm.  117;.  Ash,  Johnson ; tra-pe'zold,  S.  IV.  P. 
J.  F.},  n.  [Gr.  Tpcme^ociSi'ic,  trapezium-shaped; 
rpniri^iov,  a trapezium,  and  libos,  form ; It.  tra- 
pezzoule,  a trapezoid  ; Sp.  trapezoide  ; Fr.  trapb- 
zoide. ] {Geom.) 

1.  A quadrilateral,  two  of  whose  sides  only 

are  parallel  to  each  other.  Davies. 

2.  An  irregular  solid,  having  four  faces  not 

parallel  to  each  other.  Ilutton. 

TRAP-5-ZoId'AL,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to,  or  having 
the  form  of,  a trapezoid.  Davies. 

2.  {Crystallography.)  Noting  crystals  whose 
surface  is  composed  of  twenty-four  equal  and 
similar  trapeziums.  Cleaveland. 

TRAp'PJJ-AN,  a.  {Min.)  Pertaining  to,  or  con- 
taining, trap  ; of  the  nature  of  trap.  Lyell. 

TRAP'PpR,  n.  One  employed  in  entrapping  ani- 
mals of  any  sort,  — particularly  one  who  catches 
wild  animals  in  traps  for  their  skins  or  fur. 

When  the  trappers  bear  or  see  them  [nightingales],  they 
strew  Some  fresh  mould  under  the  place,  and  bait  the  trap 
with  a meal-worm  from  the  baker’s  shop.  Pemuint. 

TRAP'PING§,  n.pl.  [Fr.  drop,  cloth.  Skinner. — 


Richardson  conjectures  that  it  is  of  the  same 
origin  as  trap,  to  take,  to  catch,  to  hold.]  Or- 
naments ; dress;  embellishments,  — especially 
such  as  are  used  in  decorating  a horse. 

The  steeds  caparisoned  with  purple  stand, 

With  golden  trappings  glorious  to  behold.  Dryden. 
In  the  gay  trappings  of  a birthday  night.  Swift. 

TRAP'pIsT,  n.  {Eccl.)  One  of  an  austere  re- 
ligious order  of  the  Catholic  Church  in  France, 
founded  in  1140,  in  the  valley  of  La  Trappe, 
and  still  existing  in  Normandy.  Braude. 

TRAP'POUS,  a.  {Min.)  Pertaining  to,  or  being 
of  the  nature  of,  trap  ; trappean.  Smart. 

TRAP'PY,  a.  {Min.)  Trappean.  Clarke. 

TRAP'— ROCK,  n.  {Min.)  See  Trap. 

TRAPS,  n.  pi.  Goods;  furniture;  small  articles 
of  use.  [Colloquial  or  vulgar,]  Halliwcll. 

TRAP'— STICK,  n.  A stick  or  bat  used  in  the 
game  of  trap.  Spectator. 

TRAP'— TREE,  n.  {Bot.)  A species  of  Artocar- 
2>us,  which  furnishes  a glutinous  gum  used  as 
bird-lime.  Simmonds. 

TRAP'— TU-FA,  £ n_  {Geol.)  A rock  abounding 

TRAP'— TUFF,  > in  all  regions  of  active  volca- 
noes, and  consisting  chiefly  of  small  angular 
fragments  of  scoriae,  pumice,  and  dust  ejected 
from  their  craters;  volcanic  tuff;  volcanic  grit. 

Lyell. 

EEs*  The  scoria;,  &c.,  which  are  thrown  from  vol- 
canoes, and  form  trap-tuff,  fall  down  upon  tile  land  or 
into  the  sea,  where  they  become  mingled  with  shells 
and  are  stratified,  the  materials  being  sometimes 
bound  together  by  a calcareous  cement,  and  forming 
a stone  susceptible  of  a beautiful  polish.  Lyell. 

TRASH,  n.  [The  same  as  dross.  Skinner.'] 

T.  Any  thing  worthless;  dross;  waste  mat- 
ter ; trumpery.  “ Pedlery  trash.”  Holinshed. 

Who  steals  m3r  purse  steals  trash ; . . . 

But  he  who  filches  from  me  my  good  name 
Robs  me  of  that  which  not  enriches  him. 

And  makes  me  poor  indeed.  Shak. 

2.  A worthless  person,  [it.]  Shak. 

3.  Matter  improper  for  food ; unripe,  un- 
wholesome things.  Garth. 

4.  {Hunting.)  A clog  or  encumbrance  fas- 

tened round  the  neck  of  a dog  to  cheek  his 
speed.  Shak. 

5.  Loppings  of  trees,  bruised  straw,  &c. 

“ Huts  of  trees  and  trash.”  Carleton. 

SI gy  In  the  West  Indies,  trash  is  a name  given  to  the 
waste  leaves  of  the  sugar-cane,  and  the  stalks  after 
the  juice  has  been  expressed.  Simmonds. 

TRASH,  v.  a.  1.  To  lop  ; to  crop.  Warburtan. 

2.  To  strip  the  dry  leaves  from,  as  from  the 

sugar-cane.  Carmichael. 

3.  tTo  crush  ; to  humble.  Life  of  Bp.  Jewell. 

4.  To  restrain;  to  curb  ; to  check,  [it.] 

Some  objections  to  hinder  or  trash  you  from  doing  the 

things  that  you  would.  Hammond. 

f TRASH,  v.  n.  To  follow  with  some  bustle,  as  a 
retinue  of  servants.  Puritan. 

f TRASHED  (trasht),  a.  Betrayed.  Chaucer. 

TRAsh'I-LY,  ad.  In  a trashy  manner.  Clarke. 

TRAsH'I-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality  of 
being  trashy  ; worthlessness.  Clarke. 

TRASH'Y,  a.  Consisting  of  trash  ; worthless. 

A judicious  reader  will  discover  in  his  closet  that  trashy 
stuff  whose  glittering  deceived  him  in  the  action.  Dry  den. 

TRASS,  n.  {Min.)  See  Tarras.  Bigelow. 

t TRAU'LI^M,  n.  [Gr.  rpavAnrpds.]  A stammer- 
ing repetition.  Dalgarno,  1080. 

TrAul'-NET,  n.  See  Trawl-net. 

TRAU-MAt'IC,  a.  [Gr.  rgaoyariKos ; rpatign,  a 
wound.]  (.1 fed .)  Pertaining  to,  or  good  for, 
wounds ; vulnerary.  Wiseman. 

TRAU-MAT'IC,  n.  A medicine  good  to  heal 
wounds  ; a vulnerary.  Chambers. 

f TRAUN'DREL,  n.  An  idler  ; knave.  Richardson. 

TRAUNT'ER,  n.  See  Tranter.  Halliwe.il. 

TrAv'AIL  (trav'jl),  r.  n.  [It.  travagliare  ; Sp. 
trabajar  ; Fr  trarailler.  — Of  these  words,  vari- 
ous etymologies  have  been  proposed.  L.  trib- 
ulo,  to  press,  afflict.  Ferrari.  — L.  trails, 
through,  and  vigilia,  a watch,  a vigil.  Sylvius.  \ 


— “There  seems  little  reason  to  doubt  that  the 
A.  S.  tribulan  (also  written  trifelan),  to  break, 
to  bruise,  to  pound,  to  vex,  is  tfie  root  of  travail, 
or  trouble.”  Richardson.]  [i.  TRAVAILED  ; pp. 
TRAVAILING,  TRAVAILED.] 

1.  To  labor  with  pain  ; to  toil. 

Obey  our  will,  which  travails  in  thy  good.  Shak. 

2.  To  labor  in  childbirth  ; to  suffer  the  pains 

of  parturition.  Rev.  xii.  2. 

f TRAV'A{L,  v.  a.  To  harass;  to  tire. 

As  if  these  troubles  had  not  been  sufficient  to  travail  the 
realm,  a great  division  fell  among  the  nobility.  Hayward. 

TRAV'AIL  (trav'jl),  n.  1.  f Labor  ; toil ; fatigue. 

Such  impotent  persons  as  are  unable  for  strong  travail , are 
yet  able  to  drive  cattle  to  and  fro  to  their  pasture.  Spenser. 

2.  Labor  in  childbirth ; parturition.  Bacon. 

t TRAV'AIL-OUS,  a.  Laborious;  toilsome;  fa- 
tiguing; wearisome.  Wickliffe. 

f TRAv'AIL-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  a wearisome  man- 
ner; laboriously  ; toilsomely.  Wickliffe. 

TRAVE,  n.  [L.  trabs;  Sp.  traba.] 

1.  A beam  ; a traverse.  Maundrell. 

2.  A wooden  frame  into  which  smiths  put  un- 
ruly horses  for  shoeing  them  ; a travis.  Chaucer. 

TRAVEL,  V.  n.  [i.  TRAVELLED  ; pp.  TRAVEL- 
LING, TRAVELLED.] 

1.  To  make  journeys  ; to  journey  ; to  ramble. 

Fain  would  I travel  to  some  foreign  shore.  Dryden. 

Beauties  he  lately  slighted  as  he  passed 

Seem  all  created  since  he  travelled  last.  Cowper. 

2.  To  pass  ; to  go  ; to  move  in  any  manner. 

Time  travels  in  divers  paces  with  divers  persons.  Shak. 

News  travelled  with  increase  from  mouth  to  mouth.  Pope. 

3.  To  labor  ; to  toil ; to  travail,  [r.]  Hooker. 

ft&f*  The  following  derivatives  of  travel , viz.,  trav- 
elled, travelling , and  traveller , are  here  given  with  the 
l doubled,  as  they  are  found  in  most  English  diction- 
aries, and  in  accordance,  also,  with  the  prevailing 
usage.  Some,  however,  spell  these  words  with  a sin- 
gle /,  thus  : traveled y traveling , traveler.  This  form  is 
agreeable  to  the  general  analogy  of  the  language, 
though  not  the -prevailing  usage.  — See  Rules  of 
Orthography,  page  xxv. 

TRAV'JEL,  v.  a.  1.  To  pass;  to  journey  over. 
“ I travel  this  profound.”  Milton. 

lie  appealed  to  me  whether  in  those  countries  I had  trav- 
elled. as  well  as  my  own,  I had  not  observed  the  same  gen- 
eral disposition.  Swift. 

2.  To  force  to  journey. 

They  shall  not  be  travelled  forth.  Spenser. 

TrAv'JJL,?!.  1.  Act  of  travelling ; journey  ; tour. 

Let  him  spend  his  time  no  more  at  home, 

Which  would  be  great  impeachment  to  his  age, 

In  having  known  no  travel  in  his  youth.  Shak. 

Three  miles  he  went,  nor  farther  could  retreat; 

Ilis  travels  ended  at  his  country  seat.  Dryden. 

2.  Labor  ; toil ; travail.  Milton. 

3.  pi.  A book  or  publication  containing  an 
account  of  occurrences  and  observations  in  a 
journey  or  travel. 

Histories  engage  the  soul  by  sensible  occurrences,  as  also 
voyages,  travels , and  accounts  of  countries.  Watts. 

TRAVELLED  (trav'eld),  a.  Having  made  jour- 
neys ; instructed  by  travel.  Wotton. 

Whatever  word  you  chance  to  drop. 

The  travelled  fool  your  mouth  will  stop; 

Sir,  if  my  judgment  you’ll  allow, 

I’ve  seen  — and  sure  I ought  to  know.  Merrick. 

TRAv'JfL-LpR,  n.  1.  One  who  travels  or  has 
travelled  ; one  who  performs  a journey. 

Tlu*  traveller  into  a foreign  country  knows  more  by  the 
eye  than  he  that  stayeth  at  home  cun  by  relation  of  the  trav- 
eller. Bacon . 

2.  A mercantile  or  commercial  agent  who 

travels  to  obtain  orders,  or  to  sell  goods  on 
commission.  Simmonds. 

3.  {Naut.)  A ring  fitted  so  as  to  slip  up  and 

down  a rope.  Dana. 

TRAv'EL-LpR’§— JOY,  n.  {Bot.)  A climbing  plant 
with  white  flowers  ; Clematis  vitalba.  Loudon. 

TRAv'JJL-LiNG,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  travels  ; 
the  act  of  journeying  ; travel. 

The  use  of  travelling  is  to  regulate  the  imagination  by 
reality,  and,  instead  of  thinking  how  things  may  be,  to  see 
them  as  they  are.  ’ Johnson. 

TRAv'JEL-LING,  a.  Pertaining  to  travel. 

Setting  down  my  travelling  box.  Swift . 

TRAV'IJL— 1 TAlNT'lJD,  a.  Fatigued  or  worn  with 
travel  or  journeying.  Shak. 

f TRAVERS,  ad.  [Fr.]  Athwart;  across.  Shak. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  (?,  9,  g,  soft ; C,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  .S  as  z;  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


TREAD 


TRAVERSABLE 


153G 


TRA V'f.ItS- A-BLE,  a.  1.  That  may  be  traversed 
or  crossed. 

The  land  of  philosophy  contains  partly  an  open,  cham- 
paign country,  passable  by  every  common  understanding, 
and  partly  a range  of  woods,  traversable  only  by  the  specu- 
lative. Search. 

2.  That  may  be  traversed  or  denied ; liable 
to  legal  objection.  Hale. 

TRAVERSE  [trav'ers,  S.  P J.  F Ja.  K.  Sm.  Wb. ; 
tra-vSrs',  IF.],  ad.  [Fr  a travels .]  Crosswise  ; 
athwart ; cross. 

rie  through  the  armed  files 
Darts  his  experienced  eye,  and  soon  traverse 
The  whole  battalion  views,  their  order  due, 

Their  visages  and  stature  as  of  gods.  Milton. 

TRAVERSE,  a.  [L.  transverto,  transversus,  to 
turn  across  -,  trails,  across,  and  verto,  to  turn  ; 
It.  trasverso  ; Sp.  travieso.]  Lying  across  ; cross. 

The  ridges  of  the  fallow  field  lay  traverse.  Hayward. 

Oak,  being  strong  in  all  positions,  may  be  better  trusted 
in  cross  and  traverse  work.  IVotton. 

Traverse  jury,  ( Law «)  a jury  that  tries  a case  ; petit 
jury.  Parker. 

TRAVERSE,  n.  1.  Any  thing  laid,  built,  thrown, 
or  hung  across,  as  a seat,  a curtain,  &c. 

Volpone  peeps  from  behind  a traverse.  B.  Jonson. 

The  church  was  parted  by  a traverse.  Pope. 

2 f Something  that  thwarts  ; an  obstacle. 

Love  was  the  theme  of  his  4th  book;  and.  though  it  is  the 

shortest  of  the  whole  iEneis,  yet  there  he  has  given  its  be- 
ginning, its  progress,  its  traverses , and  its  conclusion.  Dryden. 

3 f A subterfuge  ; a trick.  “ Shifts  and  sub- 
tle traverses.”  Proceedings  against  Garnet. 

4.  (Geoin.)  A line  lying  in  a direction  across 
something  else,  as  a line  or  figure.  Davies. 

5 (Fort.)  A parapet  and  trench  across  a ditch, 
to  insure  or  prevent  communication  through  it : 
— a detached  parapet  and  trench  on  the  flank 
of  a work,  to  protect  the  defenders  from  en- 
filade fire,  and  the  splinters  of  shells  : — gener- 
ally, a parapet  six  yards  thick,  with  banquette 
and  palisade  thrown  across  the  whole  width  of 
the  covered  way,  at  each  side  of  every  place  of 
arms.  Glos.  of  Mil.  Terms. 

6.  (Gunnery.)  Turning  a piece  of  ordnance 

about,  as  on  a centre,  to  make  it  point  in  any 
particular  direction.  Hutton. 

7.  ( Naut .)  The  variation  or  alteration  of  a 

ship’s  course,  occasioned  by  the  shifting  of  the 
winds,  currents,  &c.,  or  a compound  course, 
consisting  of  several  different  courses  and  dis- 
tances. Hutton. 

8.  (Law.)  A plea  containing  a denial  of  some 

matter  of  fact  alleged  on  the  other  side,  and 
offering  to  refer  the  matter  to  the  decision  of  a 
jury.  Brande. 

Revolving-  a traverse,  (JYuut.)  the  working  or  cal- 
culating traverses  or  compound  courses,  so  as  to  re- 
duce them  into  one.  — Splinter. proof  traverse , (Fort.) 
a cover  placed  between  every  two  guns  in  batteries 
exposed  to  a very  heavy  fire,  especially  of  shells. 

Glos.  Mil.  Terms. 

TRAVERSE,  v,  a , [i.  TRAVERSED  ; pp,  TRAV- 

ERSING, TRAVERSED.] 

1.  To  cross  , to  lay  across  or  athwart. 

Wandered  with  our  traversed  arms.  Shah. 

The  parts  should  be  often  traversed  or  crossed  by  the  flow- 
ing of  the  folds  which  loosely  encompass  them,  without  sit- 
ting too  straight.  Dryden. 

2.  To  cross  by  way  of  opposition ; to  thwart. 

Kesolved  to  traverse  this  project.  Arbuthnot. 

3.  To  wander  over ; to  go  or  travel  across. 

Believe  me,  prince,  there’s  not  an  African 

That  traverses  our  vast  Numidinn  deserts  . . . 

But  better  practises  these  boasted  virtues.  Addison. 

4.  To  examine  thoroughly  ; to  survey  . 

My  purpose  is,  to  traverse  the  nature,  principles,  and  prop- 
erties of  this  detestable  vice,  ingratitude.  South. 

5.  (Naut.)  To  brace  aft,  as  a yard.  Smart. 

6.  (Gunnery.)  To  move  to  the  right  or  left 

with  handspikes,  as  a gun  or  a mortar,  till  it 
is  pointed  exact  to  the  object.  Stocqueler. 

7.  (Carp.)  To  plane  in  a direction  across  the 

grain  of  the  wood,  as  a board.  Wright. 

8.  (Law.)  To  deny: — to  plead ‘not  guilty’ 

to,  as  to  an  indictment.  Burrill. 

TRAVERSE,  v.  n.  1.  To  take  an  opposing  pos- 
ture, or  to  oppose  a movement,  in  fencing. 

To  see  thee  fight,  to  see  thee  traverse.  ShaJc. 

2.  (Man.)  To  step  or  make  the  tread  cross- 

wise, as  a horse,  throwing  the  croup  to  one  side, 
and  the  head  to  another.  Stocqueler. 

3.  To  turn  or  move  round,  as  on  a pivot,  as 
the  needle  of  a compass  ; to  swivel.  Wright. 

TRAV'jfllSE— BOARD,  il.  (Naut.)  A thin,  circular 
piece  of  board  marked  with  all  the  points  of  the 


compass,  and  having  eight  holes  bored  in  each 
point,  and  eight  small  pegs  hanging  from  the 
centre  ; — used  for  determining  the  different 
courses  run  by  the  vessel  during  the  watch,  by 
putting  a peg  in  that  point  of  the  compass 
whereon  she  has  run  each  half  hour.  Mar.  Diet. 

TRAV'£RS-1JR,  n.  1.  One  who  traverses. 

2.  (Law.)  A party  who  makes  a denial  in 
pleading : —usually  a defendant  in  an  indict- 
ment who  denies  that  he  is  guilty. 

Jacob.  Bouvier. 

TRAVERSE— SAIL'ING,  n.  (Naut.)  The  act  of 
sailing  on  different  courses  in  succession  ; — the 
method  of  reducing  such  compound  courses 
and  distances  into  an  equivalent  single  course 
and  distance.  Brande. 

TRAVERSE— TA'BJ.E,  n.  (Surveying.)  A table 
by  means  of  which  the  latitude  and  departure 
of  any  course  can  be  found  by  inspection.  Davies. 

TRAV'ERS-ING-PLATE',  n.  (Mil.)  One  of  two 
thin  iron  plates  nailed  on  the  hind  part  of  a 
truck-carriage  of  guns,  where  the  handspike  is 
used  to  traverse  the  gun.  Stocqueler. 

TRAV'ERS-JNG— PLAT'FORM,  n.  (Fort.)  A plat- 
form for  traversing  guns  on.  Stocqueler. 

TRAV'pit-TINE,  n.  (Min.)  A white,  concretion- 
ary limestone,  usually  hard  and  semi-crystal- 
line, deposited  from  the  water  of  springs  con- 
taining lime,  which  is  held  in  solution  by  an 
excess  of  carbonic  acid  or  by  heat.  It  is  very 
abundant  in  some  parts  of  Italy.  Lyell. 

TRAv'£ST-l£D,p.  a.  [It.  travestito.)  Disguised; 
— parodied ; burlesqued.  Bentley. 

TRAV'ES-TY,  n.  [Fr.  travesti.~\  A literary  work 
so  translated  or  imitated  as  to  be  rendered 
ridiculous  ; a parody  ; a work  travestied.  Warton. 


TRAV'IJS-TY,  a.  Disguised;  travestied.  Johnson. 

TrAv'F.S-TY,  v.  a.  [It.  iravestire  ; fravestir,  to 
disguise.]  [i.  travestied  ; pp.  travestying, 
travestied.]  To  translate  so  as  to  render 
ridiculous ; to  parody ; to  turn  into  burlesque 
and  ridicule. 

One  would  imagine  that  John  Dennis,  or  some  hero  of  the 
Dunciad,  had  been  here  attempting  to  travesty  this  descrip- 
tion of  the  restoration  of  Eurydice  to  life.  Dr.  Hurt  on. 

TRAV'IS,  n.  A wooden  frame  for  confining  un- 
ruly horses  to  be  shod.  A.  I Y'ood. 

TRAWL,  n.  1.  A trawl-net ; trail-net.  Kingsley. 

2.  A line,  sometimes  a mile  or  more  in  lengh, 
with  short  lines  and  baited  hooks  suspended  from 
it  at  frequent  intervals; — now  much  used  in 
fishing  for  cod,  haddock,  and  mackerel.  Gilbert. 

TRAWL,  v.  n.  To  fish  with  a trawl.  Ogilcie. 

TRAWL'— BOAT,  n.  A boat  used  in  the  mode  of 
fishing  with  a trawl-net.  Yarrell. 

TRAWL'f R,  n.  A fishing-vessel  which  uses  a 
trawl-net.  Wright. 

TRAWLER-MAN,  n.  A fisherman  who  uses  un- 
lawful arts  and  engines  to  destroy  fish.  Cowell. 

TRAWL'ING,  n.  Act  of  one  who  trawls;  — the 
mode  of  fishing  with  a trawl-net.  Yarrell. 


TRAWL'— NIJT,  n.  A kind  of  net  adapted  for 
taking  fish  that  live  upon  or  near  the  bottom, 
by  dragging  it  along  in  the  direction  of  the  cur- 
rent or  tide.  Yarrell.  Simmonds. 

tlEjp  The  trawl-net  is  in  the  form 
of  a bag,  having  the  upper  edge 
of  the  netting  at  the  mouth  at- 
tached along  its 
whole  width  to 
a beam,  and  the 
lower  edge  fas- 
tened along  a 
heavy  rope,  called 
the  ground -rope,  which  follows  considerably  behind 
the  advanced  straight  line  of  the  beam,  the  latter  being 
supported  above  the  ground  by  a frame  of  iron.  When 
drawn  along,  t ho  first  part  of  the  net  that  touches  the 
fish  is  the  ground-rope,  from  the  contact  of  which  the 
fish  darts  upward  ; but  that  part  of  the  net  hanging  from 
the  beam  is  not  only  over,  but  also  in  advance  of  him, 
while  the  onward  draft  of  the  net  by  the  progress  of 
the  boat  brings  the  fish  against  the  closed  end  of  the 
net,  and  if  lie  then  shoots  forward  towards  the  mouth 
of  the  net,  he  is  stopped  and  entangled  in  pockets  that 
only  open  backwards.  Yarrell. 

TRAWL'-WARP,  n.  A rope  running  though  a 
block  to  which  a trawl-net  is  attached.  Yarrell. 


TRAY  (tra),  n.  [A.  S.  frog,  a trough ; Sw.  tray. 
— See  Trough.]  A shallow  vessel  or  stand,  of 


many  kinds,  for  holding,  lifting,  or  carrying 
articles  upon  ; a waiter. 

Trays  of  sheet-iron,  silver,  and  other  metals,  and  ofpapier- 
mffche,  are  largely  made  at  Birmingham.  Simmontls. 

Syn.  — A tray  is  a portable  shelf  of  different  sizes  ; 
a waiter,  a small  tray  used  to  offer  food  and  drinks 
upon  ; a voider,  a large  tray  used  to  empty  the  table ; 
a salver,  a sipall  waiter  formed  of  metal. 


+ TRAY,  v.  a.  To  betray;  to  deceive.  Chaucer . 
fTRAY'TKIP,  n.  An  old  game  at  tables  or 
draughts  in  which  success  depended  upon  throw- 
ing a treyc  Shah.  B.  Jonson . 

f TREACHER,  ) 

+ TREACH'S-TOUR,  > «•  [Fr . tricheur.]  A traitor, 
t TREACH'OIJR,  \ Chaucer.  Shah.  Spenser. 

TREACII'^R-OUS  (trech'er-us),  a.  Guilty,  or  par- 
taking, of  treachery  ; betraying  ; faithless  ; per- 
fidious ; traitorous  ; false  ; insidious. 


Desire  in  rapture  gazed  a while. 

And  saw  the  treacherous  goddess  smile.  Swift. 

The  promontory  ...  1 named  Traitor’s  Head,  from  the 
treacherous  behavior  of  its  inhabitants.  Cook. 


Syn.  — See  Faithless. 


TREACII' JjlR-OtJS-bY,  ad.  Perfidiously ; by 
treachery ; faithlessly.  Spenser. 

TREACH'ER-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
treacherous  ; perfidiousness.  Bailey.  Johnson. 

TREACH'JJR-Y  (trecli'er-e),  n.  [Fr.  tricherie  ; 
trieher,  to  cheat,  to  trick.  — Ger.  trugerei,  fraud, 
deception.]  Breach  of  faith,  fidelity,  or  trust ; 
perfidy;  faithlessness. 

To  tell  our  own  secrets  is  generally  folly,  but  that  folly  is 
without  guilt;  to  communicate  those  with  which  we  are  in- 
trusted is  always  treachery , and  treachery  tor  the  most  part 
combined  with  folly.  Johnson. 

TREA'CLE  (tre'kl),  n.  [Gr.  OpoiaKos,  made  from 
wild  beasts  ; 6np,  a wild  beast ; L.  theriaca,  an 
antidote  against  poison  ; It.  teriaca,  treacle  ; 
Sp.  triaca  ; Old  Fr.  triacle  ; Fr.  thiriaque.  — Old 
Eng.  triacle. ] 

1.  A medicine  formerly  believed  to  be  capa- 
ble of  curing  or  preventing  the  effects  of  poison, 
particularly  the  effects  of  the  bite  of  a venom- 
ous animal ; a theriaca.  Dunglison. 

Venice  treacle  was  a common  name  for  a supposed  anti- 
dote to  all  Doisons.  ^ Trench. 

A most  strong  treacle  against  these  venomous  heresies. 

Sir  T More. 


2.  The  viscid,  brown  sirup  which  drains  from 
the  moulds  in  sugar-refining ; sugar-house  mo- 
lasses ; — also  a term  frequently  applied  to  the 
uncrystallized  sirup  which  drains  from  sugar  as 
first  prepared  from  cane-juice  ; molasses.  V. re. 


TREA'CLE— MUS 'TAR  D,  n.  (Bot.)  The  common 
name  of  cruciferous  plants  of  the  genus  Erysi- 
mum, found  in  Europe  and  North  America,  and 
allied  to  Sisymbrium,  or  mustard ; — so  called 
from  one  of  the  species  (Erysimum  cheiran- 
thoides,  or  worm-seed)  having  been  formerly 
employed  as  an  ingredient  in  the  famous  Venice 
treacle.  Eng.  Cyc. 


TREA'CLE— WA'TJJR,  n.  A mess  made  with 
treacle,  spirits  of  wine,  and  other  ingredients, 
used  for  coughs.  Halliwell. 

TREAD  (tred),  v.  n.  [Goth,  trutan,  gatrutan  ; A.  S. 
tredan  ; Out.  treden  ; Frs.  tridda,  tredda  ; Ger. 
t reten ; Dan.  tra-de-,  Sw.  trdda,  trdda;  Icel. 
troda.  — Ir.  troith,  the  foot;  Gael.  troidh.~\  [t. 
trod  : pp.  treading,  trodden  or  TROD.] 

1.  To  set  the  fo.ot ; to  walk. 

For  fools  rush  in  where  angels  fear  to  tread . Pope. 

Ye  that  stately  tread  or  lowly  creep.  Milton. 

2.  To  copulate,  as  birds.  Dryden. 

TREAD,  v.  a.  1.  To  set  the  foot  on  ; to  walk  on. 

Would  I had  never  trod  this  English  earth.  Shdk. 
Methought  she  trod  the  ground  with  greater  grace.  Dryden. 

As  skilful  seamen  as  ever  trod  a deck.  Anson. 

2.  To  trample  ; to  crush  underfoot. 

Through  thy  name  will  we  tread  them  under  that  rise 

against  us.  Ts.  xliv.  5. 

3.  To  cover  in  copulation;  — applied  to  a 

male  bird.  Dryden. 

TREAD  (tred),  n.  1.  The  act  of  treading  ; step 
with  the  foot ; footing  ; walk. 

How  wert  thou  wont  to  walk  with  cautious  tread ! Swift. 

2.  F Way  ; track;  path. 

Cromwell  is  the  king's  secretary,  further 

Stands  in  the  gap  and  tread  for  more  preferment,  Shot. 

3.  Act  of  covering  by  the  male  fowl.  Smart. 

4.  A small  white  spot  observable  at  the  sur- 
face of  a fecundated  egg.  Dunglison. 

5.  Manner  of  treading ; gait.  Stocqueler . 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


TREADER 


1537 


TREE 


6.  (Arch.)  The  horizontal  part  of  a step  on 

which  the  foot  is  placed.  Brande. 

7.  (Fort.)  The  upper  andflat  surface  of  a ban- 

quette, on  which  the  soldier  stands  whilst  firing 
over  the  parapet.  Mil.  Ency. 

TREAD'IJR,  n.  One  who  treads.  Isa.  xvi.  10. 

TREAD'ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  treads  ; a 
stepping  or  walking.  Howe. 

TREAD'LE  (tred'dl),  n.  1.  The  part  of  a loom, 
lathe,  or  other  machine  which  is  moved  by  the 
tread  or  foot.  Moron. 

2.  The  albugineous  cords  which  unite  the 
yolk  to  the  white  of  an  egg,  formerly  supposed 
to  be  the  sperm  of  the  cock.  Derham. 

TREAD'-MILL,  n.  A mill  turned  or  worked  by 
treading  upon  steps  placed  on  the  circumfer- 
ence of  a horizontal  cylindrical  wheel  ; — intro- 
duced into  England  in'  1817,  and  used  chiefly  as 
employment  or  punishment  for  persons  impris- 
oned for  crime.  Brande. 

TREAD'-WHEEL,  n.  A horizontal,  cylindrical 
wheel,  with  steps  on  the  exterior  surface,  by 
treading  on  which  the  wheel  is  turned.  Ogilvie. 

t TREAGUE  (treg),  ii.  [It.  § Sp.  tregua.]  A truce. 
“During  their  quiet  treayue .”  Spenser. 

TREASON  (tre'zn),  it.  [L.  traditio,  a surrender  ; 
trado,  to  give  up,  to  betray ; trans,  across,  over, 
and  do,  to  give  ; It.  tradimento,  treason  ; Sp. 
traicion-,  Fr.  trahison .]  (Law.)  A breach  of 
allegiance  or  fidelity  ; disloyalty  ; treachery. 
Fellowship  in  treason  is  a bad  ground  of  confidence.  Burke. 

In  England,  treason,  or  high  treason,  is  an  of- 
fence particularly  directed  against  the  person  of  the 
sovereign,  and  consists  in  compassing  the  death  of 
the  king  or  queen,  or  their  eldest  son  and  heir;  in  vi- 
olating the  king’s  wife  or  eldest  daughter  unmarried, 
or  the  wife  of  the  heir  apparent ; in  levying  war 
against  the  king  in  his  realm  ; in  assisting  the  king’s 
enemies  in  the  realm  or  elsewhere  ; in  counterfeiting 
the  king’s  privy  seal ; in  filing,  clipping,  or  counter- 
feiting the  king’s  money,  or  having  coining  tools  in 
possession,  or  importing  false  coin  from  abroad  ; and 
in  slaying  the  chancellor  or  other  high  judicial  magis- 
trates. In  high  treason , all  parties  concerned  are  prin- 
cipals, no  accessories  being  reckoned  in  this  offence. 
— In  the  United  States,  the  definition  of  treason  is 
fixed  by  the  Constitution,  it  being  declared  to  “ consist 
only  in  levying  war  against  the  United  States,  or  in 
adhering  to  their  enemies,  giving  them  aid  and  com- 
fort.” Brande.  BurrilL. 

Petit  treason,  (Eng.  Law.)  the  murder  of  a husband 
by  a wife,  of  a master  or  mistress  by  a servant,  of  a 
prelate  by  an  ecclesiastic,  &c.  Blackstone. 

TREASON- A-BLE  (tre'zn-j-bl),  a.  Having  the 
nature  or  guilt  of  treason  ; disloyal ; treacher- 
ous. “ Treasonable  practices.”  Clarendon. 

The  Earl  of  Essex  himself  . . . had  accused  him  as  an  in- 
stigator of  him  to  this  treasonable  attempt.  Camden. 

TREA'§ON-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing treasonable  ; disloyalty.  Bailey. 

TREA'§ON-A-BLY  (tr£'zn-?-ble),  ad.  In  a trea- 
sonable manner  ; traitorously.  Bailey. 

f TREA'§ON-OUS  (tre'zn-us),  a.  Treasonable; 
treacherous.  “ Treasonous  malice.”  Sha/c. 

TREASURE  (tr®z'1,Jr)>  n.  [Gr.  Byoavp/is,  from 
the  root  of  riOr/pi,  to  place  ; L.  thesaurus ; It. 
tesauro  ; Sp.  tesoro;  Fr.  tresor.] 

1.  Any  thing,  particularly  wealth,  stored  or 
hoarded  up  ; riches  accumulated  ; a store. 
Vortiger  got  into  his  possession  the  king’s  treasure.  Fabyan. 

2.  Any  thing  worth  storing  or  hoarding. 

Gold  is  treasure  as  well  as  silver,  because  not  decaying, 

and  never  sinking  much  in  value.  Locke. 

3.  Any  thing  precious  or  valuable. 

Hath  he  not  always  treasures , always  friends, 

The  good,  great  man  ? Three  treasures  — love,  and  light. 

And  calm  thoughts  regular  as  infants’  breath.  Colendye. 

TREASURE  (trezh'ur),  V.  a.  [i.  TREASURED  ; pp. 
treasuring,  treasured.]  To  hoard;  to  re- 
posit ; to  lay  up  ; to  store. 

My  remembrance  treasures  honest  thoughts.  Rowe. 
Some  thought  it  mounted  to  the  lunar  sphere, 

Since  all  things  lost  are  treasured  there.  Pope. 

Syn. — To  treasure  and  to  hoard  botli  signify  to  lay 
up  carefully.  To  treasure  is  to  lay  up  for  tile  sake  of 
preserving;  to  hoard  is  to  lay  up  for  tile  sake  of  ac- 
cumulating, and  it  is  commonly  used  in  a bad  sense. 
One  treasures  up  the  gifts  of  a friend  ; the  miser  hoards 
up  his  money. 

TREASURE— CIT'Y,  n.  A city  containing  a pub- 
lic treasury.  Ex.  i.  11. 


TRfiA^'URE— HoOSE  (trezh'ur-),  n.  A place  where 
hoarded  riches  are  kept ; a treasury.  Hooker. 

TREA^'UR-ER  (trezh'ur-er),  n.  One  who  has  care 
of  a treasure  or  a treasury ; one  having  charge 
of  the  money,  funds,  or  revenue  of  a society, 
corporation,  state,  or  nation. 

Lord  high  treasurer,  formerly  tile  third  great  officer 
of  the  crown  of  England,  the  duties  of  whose  office 
are  now  executed  by  five  commissioners,  styled  the 
lords  commissioners  of  the  treasury.  Brande. 

TREA§'UR-pR-SHlP  (trezh'ur-er-shlp),  it.  The 
office  or  dignity  of  a treasurer.  Ilakewill. 

TREA§'UR-ESS,  n.  A female  treasurer.  Davies. 

TREASURE— TROVE,  n.  [Eng.  treasure  andFr. 
trouver,  to  find.]  (Law.)  Money  or  coin,  gold, 
silver,  plate,  bullion,  &c.,  found  hidden  in  the 
earth  or  other  private  place,  the  owner  being 
unknown.  Blackstone. 

TREAfjj'U-RY  (trezh'u-re),  11.  [Gr.  8yoavp6;;  L. 
thesaurus-,  It.  iS,  Sp.  tesoreria ; Fr . tresorerie.] 

1.  A place  or  building  in  which  money  or 
other  treasure  is  stored  for  safe  keeping,  — par- 
ticularly a place  in  which  the  public  revenue  is 
deposited. 

2.  f Treasure.  “ Sumless  treasuries.”  Shak. 

The  board  of  treasury,  a board  of  five  lords  commis- 
sioners, to  whom  is  intrusted  the  management  of  all 
matters  relating  to  the  sovereign’s  civil  list  or  other 
revenues.  [England.]  Brande. 

TREAT  (tret),  v.  a.  [L.  tracto,  to  drag,  to  treat ; 
traho,  tractus,  to  draw  ; It.  trattarc-,  Sp.  tratar-, 
Fr.  traitcr.  — A.  S.  trahtian .]  [i.  treated  ; pp. 
TREATING,  TREATED.] 

1.  f To  negotiate  ; to  settle  the  terms  of. 

To  treat  the  peace  a hundred  senators 

Shall  be  commissioned.  Dryden. 

2.  To  behave  to  or  towards  ; to  use. 

lie  treated  his  prisoner  with  great  harshness.  Spectator. 

At  present  they  have  but  little  idea  of  treating  others  as 
themselves  would  wish  to  be  treated , but  treat  them  as  they 
expect  to  be  treated.  Coolc. 

3.  To  discourse  on;  to  handle;  to  manage. 

Zeuxis  and  Polygnotus  treated  their  subjects  in  their  pic- 
tures as  Homer  did  in  his  poetry.  Dryden. 

In  the  dark  recesses  of  antiquity,  a grent  poet  may  and 
ought  to  feign  such  things  as  he  finds  not  there,  if  they  can 
he  Drought  to  embellish  that  subject  which  he  treats.  Dryden. 

4.  To  entertain  with  food  or  drink,  or  both, 

without  charge.  Johnson. 

5.  f To  entreat ; to  beg  ; to  solicit.  Berners. 

Syn.  — See  Negotiate. 

TREAT,  v.  ii.  1.  To  practise  negotiation;  to  ne- 
gotiate ; — used  with  about,  for,  or  with. 

The  king  treated  with  them.  2 J tacc.  xiii.  22. 

2.  To  come  to  terms  of  accommodation. 

Inform  us,  will  the  emperor  treat  ? Swift. 

3.  To  discourse  ; — used  with  of. 

For  there  my  tuneful  accents  -will  I raise, 

And  treat  of  arts  disclosed  in  ancient  days.  Dryden. 

4.  To  make  gratuitous  entertainments  ; to 
supply  another  with  good  cheer,  as  with  drink. 

If  we  do  not  please,  at  least  we  treat.  Prior. 

TREAT  (tret),  n.  1.  An  entertainment  given,  as 
of  food  or  drink,  or  both  ; a feast ; a banquet. 

Such  professions,  when  recommended  by  a treat , dispose 
an  audience  to  hear  reason.  Collier. 

2.  A rich  entertainment. 

Carrion  is  a treat  to  dogs,  ravens,  vultures,  fish.  Daley. 

Syn.  — See  Feast. 

t TREAT'A-BLE,  a.  [Fr.  traitable .] 

1.  Moderate  ; not  violent. 

A kind  of  treatable  dissolution.  Bacon. 

2.  Tractable.  “ A freafn6/edisposition.”Pnm 

f TREAT'A-BLY,  ad.  Moderately  ; not  violently  ; 

reasonably  ; tractably.  Hooker. 

TREAT'^R,  n.  One  who  treats.  Wotton. 

TREA'TjSE  (tre'tiz  or  tre'tjs)  [tre'tjz,  IF.  P.  J.Ja. 
Sm. ; tre'tjs,  S.  F.  K.  I FA],  n.  [L.  tractatus ; 
tracto,  to  drag,  to  discuss ; It-  trattato ; Sp. 
tratado;  F r.traite.\  An  elaborate  composition 
or  discourse  on  some  subject ; a formal  essay ; 
a disquisition  ; a dissertation  ; a tract. 

When  we  write  a treatise,  we  consider  the  subject  through- 
out.  We  strengthen  it  with  arguments;  we  clear  it  of  objec- 
tions; we  enter  into  details;  and,  in  short,  we  leave  nothing 
unsaid  that  properly  appertains  to  the  subject.  Gilpin. 

Syn.  — See  Essay. 

||  TREA'TI^-l^R,  n.  One  who  writes  a treatise. 
“ This  black-mouthed  treat iser.”  [it.]  Featlcy, 

TREAT'MflNT  (tret'ment),  n . [Fr.  traitement.'] 

1.  The  act  or  the  manner  of  treating;  man- 
agement ; usage. 


I spe.ak  this  with  an  eye  to  those  cruel  treatments  which 
men  of  all  sides  are  apt  to  give  the  characters  of  those  who 
do  not  agree  with  them.  Addison. 

He  soon  satisfied  them,  by  the  humanity  of  his  conduct, 
and  by  his  assurances  of  their  future  security  aud  honorable 
treatment , that  they  had  nothing  to  fear.  Anson. 

2.  Entertainment ; treat,  [it.]  Dryden. 

Accept  such  treatment  as  a swain  affords.  Pope. 

Syn. — Treatment  may  be  applied  to  that  which  is 
partial  and  temporary  ; usage,  to  that  which  is  more 
permanent  and  continued.  All  persons  may  meet 
with  good  or  ill  treatment  from  those  with  whom  they 
casually  come  in  connection  , but  usage  is  applied 
more  properly  to  those  who  are  more  or  less  in  the 
power  of  others. 

f TREAT'URE,  n.  Treatment.  Fabyan . 

TREA'TY  (tre'te),  ?i.  [Fr.  traite.’] 

1.  The  act  of  treating;  negotiation. 

He  cast  by  treaty  and  by  trains 

Her  to  persuade.  Spenser. 

2.  An  agreement  or  contract  made  between 
two  or  more  independent  states. 

A peace  was  concluded,  being  rather  a bargain  than  a 
treaty.  Bacon. 

I'rcatics  are  for  a perpetuity  or  for  a considerable  time. 

Bouvier. 

3.  f Supplication  ; solicitation  ; entreaty. 

I must 

To  the  young  man  send  humble  treaties.  Shak. 

TREA'TY— MAK'ING,  a.  Having  authority  to 
make  treaties.  Clarke. 

TREB'LE  (treb'bl)  [treb'bl,  S.  IF.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  If. 
Sin.  C. ; trib'bl,  I FA],  a.  [L.  triplex-,  It.  § Sp. 
triplo  ; Fr.  triple.  — Sec  Triple.] 

1.  Threefold ; triple.  “ Treble  ranks.”  Sandys. 

The  pious  Trojan  then  his  javelin  sent; 

The  shield  gave  way;  through  treble  plates  it  went 
Of  solid  brass.  Dryden. 

2.  (Mus.)  Pertaining  to  the  highest  or  most 

acute  of  the  parts  in  music.  Moore. 

TREB'LE  (treb'bl),  V.  a.  [i.  trebled  ; pp.  TREB- 
LING, trebled.]  To  multiply  by  three  ; to 
make  thrice  as  much  ; to  triple. 

With  that  he  marks,  and  tells  her  out  a score, 

And  doubles  them,  and  trebles  all  before.  Spenser. 

TREB'LE  (treb'bl),  V.  n.  To  become  threefold. 
Now  I see  your  father’s  honors 
Trebliny  upon  you.  Beau.  Sf  FI. 

TREB'LE  (treb'bl),  11.  (Mus.)  The  highest  of  the 
parts  in  music  ; the  part  which  is  sung  by  women 
and  boys,  and  played  on  violins,  hautboys, 
flutes,  and  other  acute  instruments.  Moore. 

IKg=  “ The  treble  is  divided  into  first  or  highest 
treble,  and  second  or  low  treble.  Half  treble,  or,  as 
it  is  sometimes  called,  mezzo  soprano,  is  a high  coun- 
ter tenor.”  Brande. 

TREB'LE-NESS  (treb'bl-nes),  11.  The  state  of  be- 
ing treble.  “ Treblcness  of  tones.”  Bacon. 

TREB'LY,  ad.  Thrice  told  ; in  threefold  number 
or  quantity.  “ Trebly  defended.”  Ray. 

TREB'U-QHET,  ii.  [Fr.]  X.  A tumbrel  or  cuck- 
ing-stool; a ducking-stool ; trebucket.  Cowell. 

2.  An  ancient  military  instrument  for  cast- 

ing stones  of  enormous  size,  by  propelling  them 
after  the  manner  of  a sling.  Fairholt. 

A Frenchman  for  his  aim 
lie  chose,  who,  kneeling  by  the  trebuchet. 

Charged  its  long  sling  with  death.  Southey. 

3.  f A kind  of  balance  or  scales.  Forbes. 

TRE'BUCK-pT,  it.  A tumbrel;  a ducking-stool  ; 

a cucking-stool ; a trebuchet.  Blackstone. 

TRE-EHOM'JJ-TER,  n.  [Gr  rpf^w,  to  run,  and 
perpov,  a measure.]  A machine  for  reckoning  dis- 
tances, specially  adapted  for  vehicles.  Simmonds. 

TRECK'SOHUYT  (trek'shmt),  n.  [Dut.,  track- 
ship.']  A covered  boat  drawn  by  horses,  used 
for  conveying  passengers  and  goods  on  the 
Dutch  and  Flemish  canals  ; trackscout.  Brande. 

TRED'DLE,  n.  See  Treadle.  Booth. 

TRE-DILLE',  n.  A game  at  cards  played  by  three 
persons.  Sir  IF.  Scott. 

TREE,  n. ; pi.  trees,  f tree x.  [Goth,  triu,  triw  ; 
A.  S.  treow  ; Frs.  th re  ■ Old  Ger.  treo,  tra,  tera  ; 
Dan.  tra-e  ; Sw.  trad-,  Icel.  tre.  — Slav,  clrcico. 
— Sansc.  taru.  — Gr.  <5poj,  an  oak,  a timber-tree.] 

1.  The  general  name  of  plants  of  a woody 
texture,  having  perennial  branches  supported 
upon  a trunk.  Lindley. 

Who  can  bid  the  tree  unfix  his  earth-bound  root?  Shak. 

,6gp  The  tree  differs  from  the  shrub  in  having  its 
lowest  brandies  at  a greater  or  less  height  from  the 
ground;  while  tile  branches  of  tile  shrub  proceed  di- 
rectly from  the  ground  without  any  supporting  stem. 
Lindley. 


MIEN,  SIR  ; MOVE,  NOR,  SON  ; 

193 


BULL,  BUR,  R1JLE.  — y,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  g,  g,  hard;  S}  as  z; 


as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


TREE 


1538 


TREND 


2.  Any  thing  resembling  a tree  ; any  thing 
branched  out.  “ Trees  of  pedigrees.”  Dryden. 

3.  f Wood  ; timber.  Chaucer. 

4.  The  cross ; the  rood.  “ Christ’s  sweet 

tree.”  Chaucer. 

But  give  to  me  your  daughter  dear, 

And  by  the  Holy  Tree, 

Be  she  on  sea  or  on  the  land, 

I’ll  bring  her  back  to  thee.  J.  G.  Whittier. 

Syn.  — See  Busii. 

TREE,  V.  a.  [f.  TItEED  ; pp.  TREEING,  TREED.] 
To  cause  to  ascend  a tree,  as  an  animal  in  pur- 
suing it.  Clarice . Dr.  Allen. 

TREE,  r.  n.  To  ascend  or  take  refuge  in  a tree, 
as  an  animal  when  pursued.  [U.  S.] 

Besides  treeing,  the  wild-cat  will  take  advantage  of  some 
hole  in  the  ground,  and  disappear  as  suddenly  as  ghosts  at 
cock-crowing.  Thorpe. 

TREE'-BEARD,  n.  A name  given  to  certain  lich- 
ens of  the  genus  Csnea,  on  account  of  their 
hair-like  appearance.  Eng.  Cyc. 

TREE'— CREEP- F.R,  n.  ( Ornith .)  A bird  of  the 
sub-family  Dendrocolaptina.  Gray. 

TREE'— CROW,  n.  (Ornith.)  A bird  of  the  sub- 
family Callecatince.  Gray. 

TREE'— FERN,  n.  ( Bot .)  A name  applied  to  ar- 
borescent ferns  which  have  an  upright,  woody 
trunk,  as  Dichsonia  arborescens  of  St.  Hele- 
na. They  are  natives  of  warm  climates,  and 
especially  of  islands.  Gray. 

TREE’-FROG,  n.  ( Herp .)  A batrachian  reptile 
of  the  genus  Hyla,  allied  to  the  true  frogs,  but 
distinguished  from  them  by  having  the  ends  of 
the  toes  dilated  into  small  pads,  which  enable 
it  to  attach  itself  to,  and  walk  with  its  body  sus- 
pended from,  the  under  sides  of  smooth  bodies, 
such  as  the  under  surfaces  of  leaves ; a tree- 
toad  ; Hyla  arborea.  Baird. 

/Ejf  In  tile  summer,  it  lives  on  trees  and  feeds  upon 
insects  ; its  faculty  of  changing  the  color  of  its  skin 
enabling  it,  no  doubt,  to  elude  the  pursuit  of  its  ene- 
mies. At  the  approach  of  winter,  it  betakes  itself  to 
the  water,  where  it  submerges  itself  in  the  soft  mud, 
and  remains  in  a state  of  torpidity  till  spring.  Baird. 

TREE'— (jJER-SI  AN-DJJR,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the 
genus  Teucrium.  Johnson. 

f TREE’— GOOSE,  n.  A barnacle.  Drayton. 

TREE'LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  trees. 

A quiet,  treeless  nook,  with  two  green  fields.  U'ordsivorth. 

TREE'— LOUSE,  n.  ( Ent .)  An  hemipterous  insect 
of  the  genus  Aphis,  the  species  of  which  infest 
plants.  Harris. 

TREE'— MAL-LOW,  n.  (Bot.)  A handsome  plant 
cultivated  in  shrubberies,  and  in  the  back  of 
wide  borders  ; Laratera  arborea.  Loudon. 

TREE'— MOSS,  n.  (Bot.)  A species  of  lichen 
growing  on  trees.  P.  Cyc. 

f TREEN.  Old  pi.  of  tree.  B.  Jonson. 

f TREEN,  a.  1.  Wooden  ; made  of  wood. 

When  men  did  drink  in  a treen  cup.  Bp.  Taylor. 

2.  Pertaining  to,  resembling,  or  drawn  from, 
trees.  “ Treen  liquors.”  Evelyn. 

TREE'NAIL  (commonly  pronounced  trun'nel),  n. 
(Naut.)  A long  wooden  pin,  used  for  fastening 
the  planks  of  a ship  to  the  timbers.  Mar.  Diet. 

||  TREE'NAIL,  v.  a.  To  fasten  with  treenails,  as 
the  planks  of  a ship.  Vose. 

TREE'-OF-HEAV'EN  (-liuv'n),  n.  (Bot.)  An  or- 
namental tree  bearing  flowers  which  have  a very 
disagreeable  odor ; Ailanthus  glandulosus.  Gray. 

TREE'— OF— LIFE,  n.  (Bot.)  The  common  name 
of  evergreen  plants  of  the  genus  Thuja  ; arbor- 
vita;.  Miller. 

TREE'— ON-ION  (-un-yun),  n.  (Bot.)  A species 
of  garlic  which  produces  its  bulbs  instead  of,  or 
among,  the  umbel  of  flowers ; Allium  prolif- 
erum.  Loudon. 

TREE'— PRTm-RO§E,  n.  A kind  of  plant.  Johnson. 

TREE'SIIIP,  n.  The  state  or  condition  of  a tree. 
Thus  through  all  the  stages  thou  hast  pushed 
Of  t ree*hip;  first  a seedling  hid  in  grass, 

Then  twig,  then  sapling.  Cowper. 

TREE'— SOR-RpL,  n.  (Bot.)  A species  of  sorrel 
or  dock  ; Rumex  lunaria.  Loudon. 

TREE'-TOAl),  n.  (Herp.)  A tree-frog.  Storer. 


TRE'FAL-LOVV,  v.  a.  To  plough  the  third  time 
before  sowing  ; — written  also  thrifallow,  tri- 
fallow, and  tryfaUow.  Farm.  Ency. 

TREFLE  (treffl),  n.  [Fr.,  trefoil.')  (Mil.)  A 
form  of  mine,  so  termed  from  the  similarity  of 
its  figure  to  that  of  trefoil.  The  simple  trefle 
has  only  two  lodgments  ; the  double  trefle , 
four;  and  the  triple  one,  six.  Stocqueler. 

TRE'FOI L,  n.  [L.  trifolium;  tres,  three,  and 
folium , a leaf ; It.  trifoglio  ; Fr.  trefle.) 

1.  (Bot.)  A name  given  to  plants  of  the  genus 

Trifolium,  or  clover,  of  which  there  are  numer- 
ous species.  Baird. 

2.  (Arch.)  An  ornament  of  three  cusps  in  a 
circle,  resembling  three-leaved  clover.  Brande. 

TRF.ILLAGE  (trel'aj)  [trel'sj,  K.  Sm. ; tra'laj,  P. ; 
trel'yaj,  Ja.),  n.  [Fr.]  A rail-work  to  support 
espaliers,  &c.,  in  a garden  ; a trellis.  Spectator. 

TREL'LJS,  n.  [It.  traliccio,  ticking,  sackcloth; 
Sp.  terliz ; Old  Fr.  treslis ; Fr.  treillis,  sack- 
cloth, a trellis.  — From  L.  trilix,  trilicis,  woven 
with  three  sets  of  leashes ; tres,  three,  and 
licium,  a leash.  Diez.)  A structure  or  frame 
of  cross-barred  work,  used  for  summer-houses, 
verandas,  and  various  other  purposes  ; a lattice. 

The  bird  flew  to  the  place  where  I was  attempting  Ilia  de- 
liverance, and.  thrusting  his  head  through  the  trellis,  pressed 
iiis  breast  against  it,  as  if  impatient.  Sterne. 

TREL'LIS,  v.  a.  [i.  trellised  ; pp.  trellis- 
ing,  trellised.]  To  furnish  with  a trellis, 
lattice,  or  wooden  frame.  Scott. 

TREL'LISED  (trcl'list),  a.  Having  trellises,  or 
consisting  of  a trellis.  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

TR  E-MAN  'no.  [It.]  ( Mies.)  Trembling;  — a 

term  used  to  denote  that  the  passage  over  which 
the  word  is  placed  is  to  be  performed  in  a trem- 
ulous manner.  Moore. 

TREM'BLE  (trem'bl),  t’.  n.  [Gr.  rplpm  ; L .tremo  ; 
It.  tremare ; Sp.  tremer,  temblor  ; Fr  .trembler.) 
[i.  TREMBLED;  pp.  TREMBLING,  TREMBLED.] 

1.  To  shake  involuntarily,  as  with  fear ; to 
shiver  ; to  quake  ; to  shudder  ; to  quiver. 

Go,  show  your  slaves  how  choleric  you  arc, 

And  make  your  bondmen  tremble.  Shak. 

Sinai’s  gray  top  shall  tremble.  Milton. 

2.  To  quaver  or  shake,  as  a sound.  Bacon. 

Syn.—.  See  Shake. 

TREM'HLIyR,  n.  One  who  trembles.  Hammond. 

TREM'BLJNG,  n.  The  act  of  shaking,  as  with 
fear  ; a shuddering  ; tremor  ; trepidation. 

TREM'BLJNG-LY,  ad.  So  as  to  tremble.  Shak. 

TREM'BLJNG— POP 'LAR,  n.  (Bot.)  The  aspen- 
tree  ; Populus  tremula.  Wright. 

TRf-MEL'LA,  n.  [L.  tremo,  to  tremble.]  (Bot.) 
A jelly-like  plant  of  the  lowest  organization, 
found  in  damp  walks  and  grounds.  It  is  closely 
allied  to  the  plants  called  lavers.  Brande. 

TRE-MEN'DOUS,  a.  [L.  tremendus;  tremo,  to 
tremble.]  That  causes  trembling  or  shudder- 
ing ; dreadful ; horrible  ; terrible  ; frightful ; 
terrific;  fearful;  awful;  alarming;  portentous. 

Each  hand  tremendous  with  a brazen  spear.  Pope. 
So  God  wrought  double  justice;  made  the  fool 
The  victim  of  bis  own  tremendous  choice. 

And  taught  a brute  the  way  to  safe  revenge.  Cowper. 

Syn. — See  Fearful. 

TRJJ-MEN'DOyS-LY,  ad.  Horribly;  dreadfully. 

TRE-MEN'noyS-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  qual- 
ity of  being  tremendous.  Scott. 

TREM'O-LITE,  n.  (Min.)  A variety  of  horn- 
blende found  in  Tremola  valley,  Switzerland. 

TRE'MOR  [tre'nmr,  .S.  W.  P.  J.  E.  F.  K.  C. ; tre'- 
mur  or  trem'ur,  Ja.;  trem'ur,  Sm.],  n.  [L.  tre- 
mor ; tremo,  to  tremble.  — See  Tremble.] 

1.  An  involuntary  agitation  of  the  body,  or  of 
some  part  of  it,  without  any  obstacle  to  volun- 
tary motion  ; state  of  trembling  ; trepidation. 

Tremor  seems  to  resemble  paralysis.  Dunylison. 

2.  A shaking  ; vibratory  motion  ; a quaking. 

The  disaster  at  Nieomedia  . . . was  occasioned  by  a tremor: 
which  went  over  Macedonia.  Warburton. 

TREM'II-LOUS,  a.  [L.  tremulus  ; tremo,  to  trem- 
ble ; It.  tremoloso  ; Sp.  tremolo.) 

1.  Trembling  ; fearful ; timid. 

The  tender,  tremulous  Christian.  Decay  of  Piety. 


2.  Quivering ; vibratory. 

A swift,  tremulous  motion  in  the  lips.  Holder. 

Meantime,  light-shadowing  all,  a sober  calm 
Fleeces  unbounded  ether;  whose  least  wave 
Stands  tremulous,  uncertain  where  to  turn 
The  gentle  current.  Thomson. 

TREM'U-LOUS-LY,  ad.  In  a tremulous  manner  ; 
with  trepidation.  Wilkie. 

TREM'y-LOUS-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
tremulous  ; trepidation.  Johnson. 

f TREN,  n.  A fish-spear.  Ainsworth. 

TRENCH,  v.  a.  [It.  trinciare  ; Sp.  trincar,  trin- 
char ; Fr.  trancher;  according  to  Caseneuve, 
from  L.  trans,  across,  and  scindo,  to  cut ; ac- 
cording to  Menage,  from  L.  truncare,  to  cut  off.] 
[*.  TRENCHED  ; pp.  TRENCHING,  TRENCHED.] 

1.  To  cut  or  carve  : — to  furrow. 

This  weak  impress  of  love  is  like  a figure 
Trenched  in  ice,  which  with  an  hour’s  heat 
Dissolves  to  water,  uud  doth  lose  his  form.  Shak. 

2.  To  cut,  dig,  or  form  into  pits  or  ditches. 

First  draw  thy  falchion,  and  on  every  side 

1'rench  the  black  earth  a cubit  long  and  wide.  Pope. 

3.  To  fortify  by  earth  thrown  up  ; to  intrench. 
Pioneers,  with  spade  and  pickaxe  armed, 

Forerun  the  royal  camp  to  trench  a field.  Milton. 

TRENCH,  v.  n.  1.  To  encroach  ; to  intrench. 

I must  once  more  make  bold,  sir, 

To  trench  upon  your  patience.  Massinger. 

2.  To  tend  ; to  have  direction.  Bacon. 

TRENCH,  n.  1.  A pit,  drain,  or  ditch. 

Make  a small  trench  to  carry  some  of  the  water  in.  Moron. 

2.  (Fort.)  A deep  ditch  cut  for  defence,  or  to 
interrupt  the  approach  of  an  enemy;  — some- 
times, the  wall  or  breastwork  made  by  the  earth 
thrown  out  of  the  ditch.  Glos.  of  Mil.  Terms. 

To  open  the  trenches,  ( Fort .)  to  break  ground  for  the 
purpose  of  carrying  on  approaches  towards  a besieged 
place.  Campbell. 

fTRENCH'AND,  a.  Cutting;  trenchant.  Spenser. 

TRENCH' ANT,  a.  [Fr.  tranchant ; trancher,  to 
cut  asunder.]  Cutting ; sharp,  [r.] 

And  either  champion  drew  his  trenchant  blade.  Fairfax. 

TRENCH'— CAV-A-LIER',  n.  (Mil.)  An  elevation 
of  gabions,  fascines,  and  earth,  made  by  a be- 
sieger about  half  way  up  the  glacis,  towards  its 
salient  angles,  for  the  purpose  of  discovering  and 
enfilading  the  covered  way.  Glos.  of  Mil.  Terms. 

TRENCH'JJR,  n.  1.  One  who  trenches  or  cuts. 

2.  [Fr.  tranchoir.)  A large  wooden  dish  or 
platter  on  which  meat  was,  and,  in  some  places, 
still  is,  cut  and  eaten  at  table. 

Montaigne  says,  in  one  of  his  essays,  that  the  learned  Cas- 
talio  was  tain  to  make  trenchers  at  Basle  to  keep  himself  from 
starving,  when  his  father  would  have  given  any  money  for 
such  a tutor  for  his  son.  Locke. 

3.  Table  : — pleasures  of  the  table. 

It  could  be  no  ordinary  declension  of  nature  that  could 
bring  some  men,  after  an  ingenuous  education,  to  pluce  their 
sununum  bonum  upon  their  trenchers , and  their  utmost 
felicity  in  wine.  South. 

TRENCH'y R— FLY,  n.  A frequenter  of  another’s 
tables ; a trencher-mate.  L’ Estrange. 

TRENCHER— FRIEND,  n.  A parasite;  a table 
companion ; a trencher-mate.  Shak. 

TRENCH' f.R— MAN,  n.  1.  f A cook. 

The  skilfullest  trcnchcr-mcn  of  Media.  Sidney. 

2.  A feeder  ; an  eater. 

He’s  a very  valiant  trencher-man;  he  hath  an  excellent 
stomach.  Shak. 

TRENCH'yR— MATE,  n.  A table  companion  ; a 
parasite  ; a trencher-fly.  Hooker. 

TRENCII'ING,  n.  ( Agric .)  The  act  or  the  opera- 
tion of  bringing  up  the  subsoil  to  the  surface 
by  the  use  of  a trench-plough.  Farm.  Ency. 

TRENCH'MORE,  n.  An  old  dance.  Selden. 

t TRENCH'MORE,  v.  n.  To  dance  the  trench- 
more.  Marston. 

TRENCH'-PLOUGH  (-plou),  n.  (Agiic.)  A kind 
of  plough  contrived  to  bring  up  the  subsoil  to 
the  surface  of  the  ground.  H.  Stephens. 

TRENCH'-PLOUGH-lNG  (-pliiG-),  n.  Act  or  prac- 
tice of  using  a trench-plough.  Farm.  Ency. 

TREND,  v.  n.  [“Perhaps  formed  upon  the  past 
part,  tyrned,  tyrn’d,  of  the  A.  S.  tyrnan,  to  turn, 
by  the  common  transposition  of  the  letter  r. 
The  Dut.  § Ger.  trennen,  to  separate,  seem  to 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  lony , A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A, 


n,  IT,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


TREND 


1539 


TRIANGLE 


be  the  same  word.”  Richardson . — A.  S.  trendel, 
any  thing  turned ; a wheel.]  [*'.  trended;  pp. 
trending,  trended.]  To  turn  ; to  run  ; to 
diverge. 

We  steered  thus  about  twelve  leagues,  and  then  came  to  a 
point  of  land  from  whence  the  land  trends  fast  und  southerly 
for  ten  or  twelve  leagues.  Dumpier. 

TREND,  n.  1.  Inclination  or  tendency  to  a cer- 
tain direction.  C.  Wilkes. 

2.  Cleansed  wool.  Simmonds. 

3.  (JSl ant.)  The  lower  end  of  the  shank  of  an 

anchor,  being  the  same  distance  on  the  shank 
from  the  throat  that  the  arm  measures  from  the 
throat  to  the  bill.  Dana. 

TREN'DfL,  n.  A weight  or  post  in  a mill.  Crahb. 

TREN'Dpil,  n.  One  whose  business  it  is  to 
cleanse  wool,  or  free  it  from  its  filth.  Wright. 

TRENDING,  ii.  A particular  direction. 

The  coasts  and  trendings  of  the  crooked  shore.  Dryden. 

TREN'DLE,  n.  [A.  S.  trendel.]  Something  that 
turns  or  rolls  round;  a trundle.  Bailey. 

TREN'TAL,  n.  [L.  triginta,  thirty ; Fr.  t rente.) 

1.  ( Eccl .)  The  service  of  thirty  masses  for 
the  dead,  said  on  thirty  different  days.  Aylijfe. 

2.  A dirge  ; a requiem  ; an  elegy.  Herrick. 

TUE-PAN',  n.  [Gr.  rptmavov ; Tpviraui,  to  bore; 
It.  trapano  ; Sp.  trepano  ; Fr  .trepan.]  (Burg.) 
An  instrument  resembling,  and  worked  like,  a 
wimble,  used  for  removing  portions  of  bone, 
particularly  of  the  skull.  Wiseman. 

flg?-“The  term  trepan  is  given  more  particularly 
to  the  part  of  t lie  instrument  that  makes  the  perfora- 
tion. The  handle  is  so  constructed  as  to  receive  dif- 
ferent hits.”  Dunglison. 

TR1J-PAN',  v.  a.  [t.  trepanned;  pp.  trepan- 
ning, trepanned.]  (Swy.)  To  perforate 
with  the  trepan. 

TR^-pAN',  v.  n.  To  entrap;  to  trapan.  Somerville. 

TR§-PAn',  n.  A snare.  — See  Trapan.  South. 

But  whnt  a thoughtless  animal  is  man ; 

IIow  very  active  in  his  own  trepanl  Poscommoti. 

TRp-PANG',  n.  (Zoiil.)  The  common  name  of 
echinoderms  of  the  genus  Ilolotliuria,  much  es- 
teemed by  the  Chinese  for  flavoring  soup,  and 
forming  an  important  article  of  commerce  among 
the  natives  of  the  Indian  Archipelago,  Cochin- 
China,  &c. ; sea-slug  ; beche-de-mer.  Baird. 

For  years  I have  been  urging  upon  my  acquaintances  the 
desirableness  of  introducing  upon  our  shores  a trade  which 
is  very  productive  in  the  Pacific,  that  of  the  trepang , or 
beche-de-mer,  species  of  which  are  very  common  upon  the 
reefs  of  Florida.  Agassiz. 

TRp-PAN'NER,  n.  One  who  trepans.  Gaudcn. 

TRE-PAN'NING,  n.  1.  (Surg.)  The  act  of  one 
who  trepans  ; the  operation  performed  with  the 
trepan.  Dunglison. 

2.  The  act  of  decoying  or  trapanning.  Scott. 

t TREP'E-CIET,  n.  A trebuchet.  Chaucer. 

II  TREPHINE',  or  TRE-PHINE'  [tre-fln',  P.  Ash  ; 
tref'jn,  Wb.  ; tre-fen',  Sm. ; tre-fen'  or  tre-fln', 
A'.],  n.  [See  Trepan.]  (Surg.)  An  instru- 
ment for  trepanning,  more  modern  than  the 
trepan,  consisting  of  a simple,  cylindrical  saw, 
with  a handle  placed  transversely  like  that  of  a 
gimlet.  From  the  centre  of  the  circle  described 
by  the  teeth  of  the  saw,  a small,  sharp  perfo- 
rator projects,  called  the  centre-pin.  Dunglison. 

||  TRp-PHINE',  v.  a.  To  operate  on  with  a tre- 
phine ; to  trepan.  Dunglison. 

t TREP'ID,  a.  [L.  trepidus .]  Trembling.  Wright. 


Ptilonopus  purpurutus. 


TRER-O-MV  KJE,  n.  pi. 

(Ornith.)  A sub-family 
of  birds  of  the  order 
Columbia ; tree-pigeons. 

Gray. 

TRES'AYLE,  n.  (Old 
Eng.  Law.)  A grand- 
father’s grandfather : — 
a writ  used  on  ouster 
by  abatement,  on  the 
death  of  a grandfather’s 
grandfather.  Blackstone. 

TRES'PASS,  v.  it.  [Old  Fr.  trespasser,  from  L. 
trans,  across,  and  Fr.  passer,  to  pass.]  [i. 
trespassed;  pp.  trespassing,  trespassed.] 

1.  To  transgress;  to  offend.  Lev.  xxvi.  43. 

They  not  only  contradict  thegenernl  design  and  particular 
expresses  of  the  gospel,  but  trespass  against  all  logic.  Xurris. 

2.  To  enter  unlawfully  ; to  intrude. 

Each  virtue  kept  its  proper  hound, 

Nor  trespassed  on  the  other’s  ground.  Prior. 

TRES'PASS,  n.  1.  Any  transgression  or  offence 
against  the  law  of  God,  of  nature,  of  society,  or 
of  the  country;  misdeed;  crime;  misdemeanor. 

Will  God  incense  his  ire 

For  such  a petty  trespass';  Milton. 

2 (Law.)  An  injury  committed  by  one  per- 
son upon  another,  with  violence  actual  or  im- 
plied : — an  entry  on  another’s  ground,  without 
a lawful  authority,  and  doing  some  damage, 
however  small,  to  his  real  property.  Burrill. 

Trespass  on  the  case , (Law.)  tiiat  species  of  the  ac- 
tion of  trespass  which  lies  for  injuries  unaccompanied 
with  force,  or  where  the  damage  sustained  is  merely 
consequential ; — sometimes  termed  case.  Burrill. 

Syn.  — See  Offence. 

TRES'PASS- UR,  11.  One  who  trespasses.  Walton. 

TRES'PASS-ING,  n.  The  act  or  the  offence  of  one 
who  trespasses  ; a trespass.  Wickliffe. 

TRES'PASS— OF'FpR-ING,  n.  An  offering,  among 
the  Israelites,  for  a trespass.  Ash. 

TRESS,  n. ; pi.  tresses.  [Dan.  tress; ; Sw.  tress. 
— It.  trcccia  ; Sp.  trenza  ; Fr . tresse.  — Menage 
and  Dies  derive  the  It.,  Sp.,  <Sr  Fr.  from  the  Cr. 
Gpi|,  rpi^d;,  hair ; Caseneuxe  and  Landais  from 
the  Gr.  rpio-o-df,  threefold,  because  a tress  is 
usually  formed  by  interlacing  three  pieces.]  A 
lock  ; a curl  or  gathering  of  hair  ; a ringlet. 

Her  yellow  hair  was  braided  in  a tress 

Behind  her  back.  Chaucer. 

Fair  tresses  man’s  imperial  race  insna’-c, 

And  beaut)-  draws  us  with  a single  hair.  Pope. 

TRESSED  (trest  or  tres'ed),  a.  1.  Knotted ; 
curled.  “ His  tressed  locks.”  Spenser. 

2.  Having  the  hair  in  a tress  ; having  tresses. 
“ Golden  tressed,  like  Apollo.”  Fletcher. 

TRES'SEL,  n.  See  Trestle.  Todd. 

TRESS'URE  (tresli'ur),  n.  (Her.)  An  ornament- 
al frame  or  border  around  a bearing.  Wcirton. 

TRESS'FRED  (tresh'nrd),  a.  Surrounded  with  a 
tressure.  Sir  W.  Scott. 

TRES'TLE  (tres'sl),  n.  [Old  Fr.  tresteau;  Fr. 

treteau. — From  the  Low  L.  trestellum,  a kind 
of  tripod  ; L.  tres,  three,  and  A.  S.  s‘eal,  a stall, 
place,  seat,  room.  Du  Cange.  — W.  trestl. — 
Dut.  driestal,  a tripod.] 

1.  A frame  or  movable  support  in  the  form 
of  a three-legged  or  four-legged  stool,  on  which 
any  thing  is  placed  across. 

Citron  tables  stand 

On  ivory  ti'estles.  May. 

2.  The  frame  of  a table.  Clarke. 


T R E 1M  - D A 'T  ION,  it.  [L.  trepidatio  ; trepido,  to 
be  agitated ; trepidus,  disquieted,  agitated  ; It. 
trepidazione ; Sp.  trepidacion  ; Fr.  trepidation.] 

1.  A state  of  involuntary  trembling;  a tre- 
mor ; a quaking ; a quivering  ; agitation. 

The  bow  tortureth  the  string  continually,  and  holdeth  it 
in  a continual  trepidation.  Bacon. 

2.  A state  of  fear  or  terror  ; alarm  ; fright. 

Tile  general  trepidation  of  fear  and  wickedness.  Idler. 

3.  (Ancient  Astron.)  A motion  which  the 

Ptolemaic  system  attributed  to  the  firmament, 
to  account  for  minute  motions  observed  in  the 
axes  of  the  world,  causing  minute  changes  in 
the  latitudes  of  the  fixed  stars  and  the  position 
of  the  ecliptic.  Hutton. 

Syn.  — See  Agitation. 


TRES'TLE— BO ARD  (tres'sl-bSrd),  11.  A board  on 
which  architects,  &c.,  draw  designs  ; — so  called 
because  formerly  placed  on  trestles.  Tileston. 

TRES'TLE-TREE  (tres'sl-), n.  (.Y ant.)  Two  strong 
bars  of  timber  -fixed  horizontally  on  the  oppo- 
site sides  of  the  lower  mast-head,  to  support 
the  frame  of  the  top,  and  the  weight  of  the  top- 
mast. Mar.  Diet. 

TRES'TLE— WORK  (tres'sl-wiirk),  n A sort  of 
staging  for  a support.  Hale. 

TRET,  n.  [Probably  from  L.  tritus,  beaten. 
Johnson.]  (Com.)  An  allowance  of  four  pounds 
for  every  one  hundred  and  four  pounds,  for  the 
waste  which  certain  kinds  of  goods  are  liable 
to  from  dust,  &c.  Cyc.  of  Com. 


f TR ETH'JNG.  ii.  [Low  L.  trethingus.  — W.  troth, 
a tax  ; trethv,  to  tax.]  A tax  or  impost.  Johnson. 

TREVAT,  n.  A weaver’s  instrument  for  sever- 
ing the  threads  of  the  pile  of  velvet.  Simmonds. 

TREV'f.T,  n.  [Fr.  trepied,  a tripod.]  Any  thing 
that  stands  on  three  legs,  as  a stool,  a table, 
&c. ; — a movable  part,  of  a range  for  a kitchen  : 
— written  also  trivet.  Chapman. 

TREW§,  n.  pi.  Trousers.  [Scot.]  IF.  Scott. 

TREY  (tra),  ii.  [L.  tres ; Fr.  trots.]  A three  at 
cards  or  dice ; a card  or  die  with  three  spots. 
Seven  is  my  chance,  and  thine  is  cinque  and  trey.  Chaucer. 

TRi—.  [Gr.  rpiig,  three  ; L.  tres.]  A prefix  of 
Greek  and  Latin  origin,  signifying  three. 

TRI'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  tried  ; capable  of 
trial.  “ Experiments  triable.”  Boyle. 

Divers  causes  triable  in  the  spiritual  court.  Aylijje. 

TRl-A-CON-TA-HE'DRAL,  a.  [Gr.  rpioKovra,  thirty, 
and  I'd  pa,  a seat,  a base.]  (Min  ) Noting  crys- 
tals bounded  by  thirty  rhombs.  Cleaveland. 

TRI'AD,  n.  [Gr.  rpiA;,  rptalo;',  rptif,  three;  L. 
trids,  triadis-,  It.  triade ; Fr.  triade .] 

1.  Three  united;  union  of  three  ; a ternary. 

Aliad,  iEon,  Psyche,  the  Platonieal  triad.  More. 

“The  prejudice  of  faction,  the  stratagem  of  intrigue,  and 
the  servility  of  adulation.”  These  may  very  properly  be 
called  triads.  Campbell. 

It  seems,  however,  as  if  he  himself  recognized  the  fault  of 
perpetual  triads  in  his  style,  since  they  are  by  no  means^  fre- 
quent in  his  last  productions.  Knox. 

2.  (Mus.)  The  chord  of  a note  with  its  third 

and  fifth,  to  which  the  octave  is  sometimes 
added ; the  common  chord.  Dwight. 

'The  triads  of  the  Welsh  bards , poelical  histories,  in 
which  the  facts  recorded  are  thrown  into  a kind  of 
triplets.  Braude. 

TRI- A-DEL'PIIOl'S,  a.  [Gr.  rptii,  rpia,  three,  and 
ab/Dpoi;,  a brother.]  (Bot.)  Having  stamens 
united  by  their  filaments  so  as  to  form  three 
sets  or  bundles.  Gray. 

TRI’AL,  ii.  [From  try.  Norm.  Fr.  triement,  trial.] 

1.  The  act  of  trying ; an  attempt  to  prove  by 
experiment ; examination  ; a testing. 

Skilful  gardeners  make  trial  of  the  seeds  by  putting  them 
into  water  gently  boiled;  and,  if  good,  they  will  sprout  within 
half  an  hour.  Bacon. 

2.  State  of  being  tried;  experience;  experi- 
mental knowledge. 

Others  had  trial  of  cruel  mockings  and  scourgings.  Ileb.  xi.  3(1. 

3.  Temptation;  test  of  virtue. 

The  hardest  trial  of  the  heart  is,  whether  it  can  bear  a 
rival’s  failure  without  triumph.  AUcin. 

4.  ( Laic .)  The  examination  before  a compe- 

tent tribunal,  according  to  the  laws  of  the  land, 
of  the  facts  put  in  issue  in  a cause,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  determining  such  issue  : — the  examina- 
tion and  decision  of  an  issue  in  fact,  by  a jury 
under  the  supervision  of  the  court.  Burrill. 

Alfred  is  said  to  have  been  the  contriver  of  trial  by  jury: 
but  there  is  good  evidence  of  such  trials  long  before  his  time. 

Haydn. 

In  the  9th  rear  of  King  Henry  III.,  A.  D.  122o,  was  this 
privilege  of  trials  by  juries,  in  an  especial  manner,  continued 
and  established.  Pulleyn . 

Syn.  — Sec  Attempt,  Experiment. 

TRJ-AL'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being  three.  Wharton. 

TRJ'A-LOGUE  (trl'a-log),  n.  [Gr.  ron;,  three,  and 
;. ilyos,  a discourse ; It.  trialoyo .]  A colloquy  of 
three  persons.  A.  11  ood. 

TRI'AN-DER,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the  class  Tri- 
andria.  Clarke. 

TRI-AN1 DRI-A,  n.  [Gr.  rpuc,  three,  and  an/p. 
aihpdi,  a man.]  (Bot.)  The  third  class  of  plants 
in  the  Linnccan  system,  characterized  by  having 
three  stamens.  Loudon. 

TRI-AN'DRI-AN,  a.  (Bot.)  Triandrous.  Wright. 

TRl-AN'DROUS,  a.  Having  three  stamens.  Gray. 

TRl'AN-GLE  (trl'ang-gl),  n.  [L.  triangu-  a 
lus ; tres,  tria,  three,  and  angulns,  an  /\ 

angle;  It.  triangolo-,  Sp.  triangulo ; Fr.  [_ \ 

triangle.] 

1.  (Geom.)  A figure  having  three  sides  and 

three  angles.  Davies. 

2.  (Astron.)  An  ancient  constellation  in  the 

northern  hemisphere.  Hutton. 

3.  (Mus.)  An  instrument  consisting  of  three 
bars  of  polished  steel,  so  united  at  their  ends 
as  to  produce  a kind  of  triangular  frame.  Moore. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — g,  (J , <;,  £,  soft;  £,  G,  c,  |,  hard;  § as  z ; ^ as  gz. 


THIS,  tins. 


TRIANGLED 


1540 


TRICHROISM 


4.  (Mil.)  Three  poles  arranged  in  the  form 
of  a triangle,  and  formerly  used  for  the  purpose 
of  inflicting  military  punishments.  Mil.  Ency, 

Southern  Triangle,  (Astron.)  a modern  constellation 
in  the  southern  hemisphere  ; — called  also  Triangulum 
Australc. ^cute-angled , acutangular , or  oxygon  trian- 
gle, a triangle  which  has  three  acute  angles.  — Arithmet- 
ical triangle , a table  of  certain  numbers  disposed  in  the 
form  of  a triangle,  one  of  the  properties  of  which  is, 
that  the  numbers  taken  on  the  horizontal  lines  are  the 
coefficients  of  the  different  powers  of  a binomial. — 
Curvilinear  or  curvilineal  triangle , a triangle  that  has 
all  its  sides  curved  lines. — Equilateral  triangle,  u tri- 
angle winch  has  its  three  sides  equal.  — Isosceles  or 
equicrural  triangle,  a triangle  which  has  two  of  its 
sides  equal.  — JWirtilinear  triangle,  a triangle  which 
has  one  or  more  of  its  sides  rectilinear,  and  one  or 
more  curvilinear.  — Oblique  triangle,  a triangle  all 
whose  augles  are  oblique.  — Obtuse-angled,  obtusangu- 
lar,  or  arnblygon  triangle,  a triangle  which  has  an  ob- 
tuse angle.  — Plane  triangle,  a triangle  whose  three 
sides  are  straight  lines.  — Right-angled  or  rectangular 
triangle,  a triangle  which  has  one  right  angle.  — Sca- 
lene triangle,  a triangle  no  two  of  whose  sides  are 
equal.  — Spherical  triangle,  a triangle  formed  on  the 
surface  of  a sphere  by  the  intersecting  arcs  of  three 
great  circles. — Similar  triangles , triangles  which  have 
Their  angles  equal  each  to  each,  and  their  homologous 
sides  proportional.  Hutton.  — Birectangular  spherical 
triangle,  a spherical  triangle  which  lias  two  right  an- 
gles.— Trirectangular  spherical  triangle , a spherical 
triangle  which  has  three  right  angles.  — Polar  spheri- 
cal triangles,  a designation  applied  to  two  spherical 
triangles,  the  angles  of  one  of  which  are  supplements 
of  the  sides  of  the  other,  taken  in  the  same  order. — 
Quadrantal  spherical  triangle,  a spherical  triangle  one 
of  whose  sides  is  equal  to  ninety  degrees.  Davies. — 
Tfiangle  offerees,  a triangle  representing  three  forces 
proportioned  to  its  sides,  and  acting  in  directions  par- 
allel to  those  sides,  two  of  them,  when  compounded 
together,  being  equivalent  to  the  third,  and  balancing 
it.  Hutton. 

TRT'AN-GLED  (trl  ang-gld),  a,  Having  three  an- 
gles ; triangular.  Cockeram . 

TRl'AN-GU-LAR  (-ang'gu-lar),  a.  [L  .triangularis  ; 
It.  triangolare ; Sp.  triangular',  Fr.  triangu - 
laire.]  Having  three  angles ; triangled.  Spenser. 

Triangular  compasses,  compasses  having  three  legs, 
by  which  any  triangle  or  three  points  may  be  taken 
off  at  once;  — useful  in  the  construction  of  maps, 
globes,  &.C.  Hutton. — Triangular  numbers,  (Math,  i 
a series  of  numbers  formed  by  the  successive  sums  of 
the  terms  of  an  arithmetical  progression  whose  com- 
mon difference  is  1.  floblyn . 

Tlti-AN-GU-LAR'j-TV,  n.  The  quality  or  the 
state  of  being  triangular.  Bolingbroke. 

TRI-AN 'GU-L A R-Ly,  ad.  After  the  form  of  a 
triangle.  Hands. 

TRr-AN'GU-LATE,  v.a.  [i.  TRIANGULATED  ; pp. 
triangulating,  tuiangulated.]  (Survey- 
ing.') To  divide  into  triangular  plots.  Simmonds. 

TRl-AN'GU-LAT-ED,  a.  Having  a triangular 
form ; triangular.  Hill. 

TRi-AN-GU-LA'TION,  n.  ( Surveying .)  The  op- 
eration of  measuring  the  elements  necessary  to 
determine  the  triangles  into  which  the  country 
to  be  surveyed  is  supposed  to  be  divided.  Davies. 

TRI'AR-jCHV,  n.  [Gr.  rpiap%ia;  rptig,  three,  and 
ap-gn,  rule.]  A government  by  three.  Holland. 

f TRl-A'RI-AN,  a.  [L.  triarii,  a class  of  soldiers 
who  occupied  the  third  rank  from  the  front.] 
Occupying  the  third  post  or  place.  Cowley. 

TRI'AS,  n.  ( Gcol .)  The  new  red  sandstone  series 
or  group.  Lyell.  , 

TRI-AS'SIC,  a.  (Gcol.)  Belonging  to,  or  consti- 
tuting, trias  ; of  the  nature  of  trias.  Lyell. 

TRl'BAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a tribe,  [it.]  Warburton. 

TRI-BA'SIC,  a.  (Chem.)  Noting  oxysalts  which 
contain  three  equivalents  of  base  to  one  of 
acid.  Graham. 

TRIBE,  n.  [L.  tribus,  originally,  a third  part  of 
the  Roman  people,  afterwards  a tribe  ; tres , 
three;  It.,  Sp.,  Fr.  tribu.] 

1.  A division  or  distinct  portion  of  a people. 

Of  the  Dorian  race  there  were  originally  three  tribes.  W.  Smith. 

Sufferance  is  the  badge  of  all  our  tribe.  Shah. 

2.  A family  or  race  kept  distinct. 

AH  these  are  the  twelve  tribes  of  Israel.  Gen.  xlix.  28. 

3.  A number  of  things  having  certain  com- 
mon qualities  or  characteristics. 

Who  now  shall  rear  you  to  the  flun.  or  rank 

Your  tribes , and  water  from  the  ambrosial  fount?  Milton. 


TRICE,  v.  a.  To  divide  into  tribes,  [r.]  Xicolson. 

TRlB'LlJT,  n.  1.  A goldsmith’s  tool  for  making 
rings.  Bailey. 

2.  A cylinder  of  steel  round  which  brass  or 
other  metal  is  bent  in  forming  tubes.  Tomlinson. 

TRI-BOM'p-T^R,  n.  [Gr.  rpii?w,  to  rub,  and  idrpov, 
a measure.]  An  apparatus  for  measuring  the 
friction  of  metals.  Hutton. 

TRIB'OU-LET,  n.  [Fr.]  Same  as  TribLET. 

TRI'BRAjEH,  n.  [Gr.  rpi/3pavut ; rpfif,  three,  and 
llpaxig,  short;  L.  tribrachys ; Fr.  tribruqae.] 
(Pros.)  A poetic  foot  consisting  of  three  short 
syllables.  Andrews. 

TRIB-U-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  tribulatio  ; tribu’um,  a 
kind  of  threshing  sledge,  consisting  of  a wood- 
en platform  studded  underneath  with  sharp 
pieces  of  flint,  or  with  iron  teeth;  It.  tribola- 
zione  ; Sp.  tribulation  ; Fr.  tribulation.]  Per- 
secution; distress;  trouble;  affliction;  severe 
trial ; sorrow  ; anguish. 

In  the  world  ye  shall  have  tribulation.  John  xvi.  33. 

Tie  added  that  poor  Will  was  at  present  under  great  tribu- 
lation, Tom  Touchy  having  taken  the  law  of  him.  Addison. 

TRl-BU'NAL,  n.  [L .tribunal-,  tribunus,  a trib- 
une, a chieftain;  It.  tribunals,  Sp.  § Fr.  tri- 
bunal.] 

1.  A judgment  seat  in  the  forum  of  Rome  : 

— the  seat  of  a judge. 

In  the  market-place,  on  a tribunal  silvered, 

Cleopatra  and  himself  in  chairs  of  gold 

Were  publicly  enthroned.  Shak. 

2.  A court  of  justice  ; a judicatory.  Milton. 

TRlU'y-NA-RY,  a.  Relating  to  a tribune,  or  to 
tribunes ; tribunitial.  Clarke. 

TRIB'U-NATE,  n.  Tribuneship.  Melmoth. 

TRIB'UNE  [trlb'un,  S.  W.  J.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  R.  C. 
I Vr. ; trl'bun,  P.],  n.  [L.  tribunus  ; tribus , a 
third  part,  a tribe  ; tres,  three ; It.  8j  Sp.  tribu- 
no  ; Fr.  tribune.] 

1.  Properly  and  originally,  a magistrate  or 
chieftain  of  a tribe  of  the  Roman  people, — 
especially,  an  officer  appointed  to  defend  the 
rights  and  interests  of  the  Roman  plebeians 
against  the  encroachments  of  the  patricians. 

The  number  of  the  tribunes  of  the  people  was 
at  first  two,  but  was  afterwards  increased  to  ten. 
There  were  also  military  tribunes  and  other  officers 
called  tribunes.  Brande. 

2.  ( Ancient  Arch.)  A raised  seat  or  stand 
whence  speeches  were  delivered  to  the  people  ; 

— still  used  in  this  sense  in  the  French  Cham- 
ber of  Deputies.  Brande. 

TRlB'UNE-SHlP,  n.  The  state,  office,  or  dignity 
of  a tribune  ; tribunate.  Addison. 

TRlB-U-i\i"TIAL  (tnb-u-nlshVl),  a.  Relating  to 
a tribune  ; tribunitian.  Dryden. 

TRIB-U-NI"TIAN  (trlb-u-nlsh'jn),  a.  Relating  to 
a tribune ; tribunitial. 

The  greatest  growth  of  the  tribunitian  power.  IK  Smith. 

+ TRlB-U-NI,#TIOlTS  (trib-u-nish'us),  a.  [L.  tri- 
bunitius.]  Tribunitial ; tribunitian.  Bacon. 

TRlB'lJ  TA-RI-LY,  ad.  In  a tributary  manner. 

TRlB'U-TA-RI-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality 
of  being  tributary.  Allen. 

TRlB'U-TA-RY,  a-  [L . tributarius ; It.  § Sp.  tri- 
butario  ; Fr.  tribvtaire.] 

1.  Pertaining,  or  subject,  to  tribute  ; paying 
tribute  as  an  acknowledgment  of  submission, 
or  to  secure  protection  or  peace  : — subject. 

This  land  was  tributary  made  to  ambitious  Rome.  Spenser. 

2.  Paid  in  tribute. 

Nor  flattery  tunes  these  tributary  lays.  Concannen. 

3.  Yielding  supplies,  as  a small  stream  which 

runs  into  a larger.  Wright. 

TRlB'U-TA-RY,  n.  One  who  pays  tribute;  a 

sovereign  or  state  who  pays  tribute  to  a superi- 
or potentate  to  secure  the  protection  or  friend- 
ship of  the  latter. 

All  the  people  therein  shall  be  tributaries  unto  thee,  and 
serve  thee.  Deut.  xx.  11. 

The  Irish  lords  did  only  promise  to  become  tributaries  to 
Henry  the  Second;  and  such  as  only  pay  tribute  are  not  prop- 
erly subjects,  but  sovereigns.  Davies. 

TRlB'UTE,  n.  [L.  tribvtum ; tribuo,  to  distribute, 
to  grant ; It.  § Sp.  tributo  ; Fr.  tribut.] 


1.  Formerly,  that  which  was  paid  by  a subject 
to  the  sovereign  of  a country  ; a tax.  Burrill. 

2.  A stated  payment  by  an  inferior  sovereign 

or  state  to  a superior  potentate,  to  secure  the 
protection  or  friendship  of  the  latter  ; a sum 
paid  in  acknowledgment  of  dependence  or  sub- 
jection. Brande. 

3.  Something  given  or  contributed  a grant. 

May  thy  brimmed  waves  for  this 

Their  full  tribute  never  miss.  Milton. 

4.  (Mining.)  A proportion  of  the  ere,  or  of 

its  value,  which  the  workman  has  for  his  labor 
in  obtaining  the  ore.  Weale. 

Syn.  — See  Subsidy,  Tax. 

fTRIB'UTE,  v.  a.  To  pay  as  tribute.  Whitlock. 

TRlB'UTE— MON'EY,  n.  Money  paid  as  tribute. 

They  that  received  tribute-money.  Matt.  xvii.  2. 

TRlB'UTE— PITCH,  n.  (Mining.)  A district  or 
part  of  a mine  worked  by  a tributer.  Clarke. 

TIUB'U-TpR,  n.  (Mining.)  A miner  who  works  a 
portion  of  a lode,  receiving  a certain  portion  of 
the  ore  raised,  or  of  its  value.  1'omlinson. 

TRf'CA,  n.  (Bot.)  The  shield  or  apothecitim  of 
certain  lichens,  the  surface  of  which  is  covered 
with  sinuous  concentric  furrows; — called  also 
gyrome.  Lindley. 

TRl-CAP'SU-LAR,  a.  [L.  tres,  three,  and  capsu- 
la,  a littie  chest.]  (Bot.)  Having  three  cap- 
sules. Clarke. 

TRICE,  n.  [Probably  from  L.  trices,  trifles.  Xares. 

— “I  should  rather  suppose  from  thrice,  or 
while  one  can  count  three.”  Todd.  — From  Fr. 
trois,  three,  as  one,  two,  three,  and  away.  Tooke.] 
A small  portion ; a short  time  ; an  instant ; a 
stroke  ; — now  used  only  in  the  phrase  in  a trice. 
“ In  this  trice  of  time.”  Shak. 

lie  could  raise  scruples  dark  and  nice. 

And  after  solve  them  in  a trice.  JIudibras. 

TRICE,  v.  a.  (Xaut.)  To  haul  or  tie  up  by  means 
of  a rope.  Mar.  Diet. 

t TRICE,  v.a.  To  thrust;  to  push.  Chaucer. 

TRl-ClJN-NA'RI-OUS,  a.  Trieennial.  Smart. 

TRI-CEN'NI-AL,  a.  [L.  tricennalis  ; tricennium, 
thirty  years  ; triginta,  thirty,  and  annus,  a year.] 
Belonging  to  the  term  of  thirty  years,  or  occur- 
ring once  in  thirty  years.  W.  Smith. 

TRi-CEN'TJJ-NA-RY,  n.  [L.  tres,  three,  and  cen- 
tum, a hundred.]  A period  or  space  of  three 
hundred  years.  . Ec.  Rev. 

TRI-CHI'A-SIS,  n.  [L..  from  Gr.  TptxiaGtg  ; 0pi(, 
f(uxbg,  the  hair.]  (Med.)  A disease  of  the  eye- 
lids, in  which  the  eyelashes  grow  inwards,  and 
irritate  the  ball  of  the  eye : — a disease  of  the 
kidneys  or  bladder,  in  which  filamentous  sub- 
stances resembling  hair  are  passed  in  the  urine  : 

— a painful  swelling  of  the  breasts  of  women  in 

child-bed,  when  the  milk  is  excreted  with  diffi- 
culty. Dunglison. 

TRieH-I-U’ RUS,  n.  [Gr.  0pi£,  rp,xti,  the  hair, 
and  oiipa,  a tail.]  (Ich.)  A genus  of  spiny- 
finned  fishes  having  a single,  elongated,  hair- 
like filament  at  the  end  of  the  rayless  tail,  and 
without  ventral  and  anal  fins.  Yarrell. 

TRI-CHOM'A-TOSE,  a.  (Med.)  Applied  to  the 
hair  when  affected  by  a disease  called  plica,  or 
an  interlacing,  twisting,  and  agglutination  or 
matting  of  it.,  Dunglison. 

TRl-eHOP’TE-RA,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  Opi'f,  rpiX6(,  the 
hair,  and  unpov,  a wing.]  (Ent.)  An  order  of 
insects  which  are  characterized  by  four  hairy, 
membranous  wings,  the  under  ones  folding  lon- 
gitudinally ; caddice-flies.  Kirby. 

TRl-CHOP'Ty-RAN,  n.  (Ent.)  One  of  the  Tri- 
clioptera.  Kirby. 

TRl'CHORD,  n.  [Gr.  T(jlxopbov  ; rp fit,  three,  and 
Xopbrj,  a string  or  chord  ; L.  trichordis,  three- 
stringed.] ( Mus .)  An  instrument,  or  lyre,  with 
three  strings.  Burney. 

TRI-jCHOT'O-JIOUS,  a.  Divided  into  three  parts. 

TRi-CHOT'O-MY,  n.  [Gr.  t(uX  17,  in  three  parts, 
and  Toyt'i,  a cutting ; reyvei,  to  cut.]  Division 
into  three  parts,  [r.]  Hartlib. 

TRi'jCHRO-IljM,  n.  [Gr.  rpelg,  three,  and  Xpuya, 
color.]  (Min.)  The  property  possessed  by  cer- 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  ]J,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


TRICK 


1541 


TRIFLING 


tain  minerals  of  exhibiting,  when  viewed  by 
transmitted  light,  different  colors  in  three  dif- 
ferent directions.  Dana. 

TRICK,  n.  [L.  tricor,  to  play  tricks ; trices , tri- 
fles, tricks  ; It.  treccare , to  cheat,  to  trick  ; 
treccheria,  a cheating  trick ; Fr.  tricher,  to 
cheat,  to  trick  ; tricherie,  trickery.] 

1.  A sly  fraud ; a dexterous  artifice ; a strat- 
agem ; a manoeuvre  ; a contrivance ; a decep- 
tion ; a wile  ; a deceit ; an  imposition. 

And  now,  as  oft  in  some  distempered  state, 

On  one  nice  trick  depends  the  general  fate.  rope. 

2.  Any  thing  done  to  cheat  jocosely,  or  to  di- 
vert; a juggle;  a sleight ; an  antic. 

A reverend  prelate  stopped  his  coach  and  six, 

To  laugh  a little  at  our  Andrew’s  tricks.  Prior. 

3.  A practice  ; habit.  “ Trick  of  winking.” 

Todd. 

The  trick  of  that  voice  I do  well  remember.  Shak. 

4.  A vicious  habit ; a bad  practice. 

Some  friends  to  vice  pretend 
That  I the  tricks  of  >outh  too  roughly  blame.  Drvden. 

5.  In  a game  of  cards,  the  number  of  cards 

which  are  played  in  one  round.  Hoyle. 

6.  ( Naut .)  The  time  allotted  to  a man  to 

stand  at  the  helm.  Dana. 

Syn.  — See  Artifice,  Cheat. 

f TRICK,  n.  [Low  L.  trica,  from  Gr.  Qpt£,  rpi%6s, 
the  hair.]  A plat  or  knot  of  hair.  B.  Jonson. 

TRICK,  v.  a.  [L.  tricor ; Fr.  tricher. — See  Thick, 
n.\  \i.  TRICKED  ; pp.  TRICKING,  TRICKED.] 

1.  To  cheat;  to  impose  on  ; to  defraud. 

It  is  impossible  that  the  whole  world  should  thus  conspire 
...  to  trick  themselves  into  belief.  Stephens. 

2.  To  dress;  to  decorate;  to  adorn  fantasti- 
cally ; — often  used  with  up,  off,  or  out. 

And  trick  them  up  in  knotted  curls  anew.  Drayton. 

3.  To  draw  with  a pen,  as  heraldic  devices. 

They  are  blazoned  there;  there  they  are  tricked,  they  and 

their  pedigrees.  B.  Jonson. 

TRICK,  v.  n.  To  practise  trickery  or  fraud. 
“Still  tricking,  never  thriving.”  Dryden. 

TRICK'ER,  n.  A trigger.  — See  Trigger.  Boyle. 

TRICK'^R,  n.  One  who  tricks  ; a trickster. 

TRICK'fJR-Y,  n.  [Fr.  tricherie .]  The  act  of  dress- 
ing up  ; — fraud  ; deception  ; artifice.  Parr. 

TRICKING,  n.  1.  Act  of  one  who  tricks  ; cheating. 

Tricking  and  deceit  of  various  kinds.  Gilpin. 

2.  Dress  ; ornament  ; decoration. 

Get  us  properties  and  tricking  for  our  fairies.  Shak. 

TRICK'ISH,  a.  Full  of  tricks  ; knavishly  artful ; 
fraudulently  cunning  ; mischievously  subtle. 

Slippery  and  trickish  way  of  reasoning.  Atterbw'y. 

TRICK'ISH-LY,  ad.  In  a trickish  manner;  knav- 
ishly ; artfully  ; fraudulently.  Clarke. 

TRtCK'lSH-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  trickish.  Knox. 

TRICK'LAS-lTE,  ii.  (Min.)  Fahlunite.  Phillips. 

TRlC'KLE,  v.  n.  [Of  uncertain  etymology.  — 
Skinner  supposes  treckelcn,  a diin.  of  Dut.  trek- 
ken,  to  draw,  to  trace,  i.  e.  to  flow  as  drops  in 
a long,  continuous  track  or  course.  — Perhaps 
a dim.  of  track,  trackle,  by  change  of  the  vowel. 
Richardson.  — Perhaps  from  Ieel.  tregill,  a 
small  channel.  Jamieson .]  [£.  trickled  ; pp. 

trickling,  trickled.]  To  fall  or  to  flow  in  a 
small,  gentle  stream,  or  in  drops.  Spenser. 

While  tears  celestial  trickle  from  her  eyes.  Pope. 

We  found  fresh  water,  which  trickled  down  from  the 
rocks,  and  stood  in  pools  among  the  hollows.  Cook. 

TRICK'LING,  n.  The  act  of  flowing  in  drops,  or 
in  a small  stream.  “ Trickling  of  water.”  Bacon. 

f TRICK'MIJNT,  n.  Decoration.  Beau.  § FI. 

TRICK'STIJR,  n.  One  who  practises  tricks  or  ar- 
tifices ; a deceiver ; a cheat.  Robinson. 

TRlCK'SY,  a.  [From  trick.']  Artful;  trickish: 
— smart;  pretty;  dainty;  neat,  [r.]  Shak. 

TRICK'— TRACK,  n.  [Fr.  trictrac .]  A game  at 
tables.  Memoirs  of  P.  H.  Bruce. 

TRICK'Y,  a.  Trickish;  practising  tricks  ; deceit- 
ful. [Local,  Eng.,  and  colloquial,  U.  S.]  Forby. 

TRIC'LI-NATE,  a.  [Gr.  rpit ;,  three,  and  kFivui,  to 
incline.]  (Min.)  Noting  crystals  whose  three  axes 
are  unequal  and  oblique  to  one  another.  Wright. 

TRI-CLIN'I- A-RY,  a.  [L.  tricliniaris .]  Relating 


to  a triclinium,  or  to  the  ancient  mode  of  re- 
clining on  couches  at  table.  Smart. 

TRI-CLIN'IC,  a.  (Crystallography .)  Noting  a 
system  of  crystallization  such  that  the  three 
axes  of  the  crystals  are  unequal,  and  all  their 
intersections  are  oblique,  as  in  the  oblique 
rhomboidal  prism.  Dana. 

TRI-CLIJT' I-UM,  n.  ; pi.  triclinia.  [L.,  from 
Gr.  Tpiid.tvos  ; t pets,  three,  and  tUim/,  a couch ; 
kI.ivo),  to  recline.]  (Roman  Ant.) 

1.  The  dining-room  of  a house,  furnished  on 

three  sides  with  couches.  Wm.  Smith. 

2.  A couch  running  round  three  sides  of  a 

table,  for  reclining  on  at  meals.  Andrews. 

TRI-COC'COUS,  a.  [Gr.  rpiKoKKos,  with  three 
grains  or  berries ; rpils,  three,  and  kokkos,  a ker- 
nel.] (Bot.)  Noting  fruits  whose  pericarp  con- 
sists of  three  separable  closed  cells  or  carpels, 
forming,  as  it  were,  three  distinct  pericarps. 

Gray.  Hensloiv. 

TRI'COL-OR,  n.  [Fr.]  The  national  French 
banner  of  three  colors,  blue,  white,  and  red, 
adopted  on  the  occasion  of  the  first  French  rev- 
olution. Brande. 

IKS"  “The  immediate  occasion  for  adopting  them 
is  said  to  have  been  that  they  were  the  colors  worn 
by  the  servants  of  the  Duke  of  Orleans.”  Braude. 

TIlI'COL-ORED  (trl'kul-urd),  a.  Having  three 
colors  ; — applied  to  the  tricolor.  Qu.  Rev. 

TRI'CORN,  a.  [L.  tres,  three,  and  cornu,  a 
horn.]  Three-horned;  — applied  to  the  lateral 
ventricles  of  the  brain.  Hoblyn. 

TRI-COR-Nly'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  tricorniger ; tres, 
three,  cornu,  a horn,  and  gero,  to  bear.]  Hav- 
ing three  horns.  P.  Cyc. 

TRI-COR'PO-RAL,  a.  [L.  tricorpor;  tres,  three, 
and  corpus,  corporis,  a body.]  Having  three 
bodies.  Bailey. 

TRI-CUS'PID,  a.  [L.  tricuspis,  tricuspidis ; trqs, 
three,  and  cuspis,  cuspidis,  a point.]  Having 
three  points  or  tines  ; three-pointed.  IF.  Smith. 

Tricuspid  valves,  (Med.)  three  triangular  valves 
formed  by  the  inner  membrane  of  the  right  cavities 
of  the  heart,  around  tile  orifice  by  which  the  auricle 
communicates  with  the  ventricle.  Dunglison. 

TRI-CUS'PI-DATE,  a.  Having  three  points.  Hill. 

TRI-DAC'TYL,  a.  [Gr.  rpt^OKrvl.oi  ; rp f?f,  three, 
and  daKTvi.o;,  a finger.]  Having  three  fingers  or 
three  toes.  Maunder.  Owen. 

TRi-DAC'TY-LOUS,  a.  Tridactyl.  Maunder. 

TRIDE,  a.  [Fr.]  (Among  Hunters.)  Short  and 
ready ; fleet ; swift ; rapid.  Bailey. 

TRI'D^NT,  n.  [L.  tridens ; tres,  three, 
and  dens,  clentis,  a tooth ; It.  § Sp.  tri- 
dente-,  Fr  .trident.)  (Roman  Ant.) 

1.  An  attribute  of  Neptune,  consist- 
ing of  a kind  of  sceptre  or  three-pronged 
fork  : — also,  a three-pronged  fork  used  by  the 
gladiator  called  a retiarius,  in  contest.  IF.  Smith. 

2.  A three-pronged  harpoon  or  spear.  Simm. 

TRl  DF.NT,  ) a |-qj_  tridens .]  Having  three 

TRI'DIJNT-IJD,  ) teeth  or  prongs.  Quarles. 

TRI-DEN'TATE,  a.  (Bot.)  Having  three  sharp 
teeth  ; three-toothed.  Bindley. 

TRI-DEN'TAT-JED,  a.  Having  three  teeth.  Hill. 

TRI-DEN-TIF'^R-OUS,  a.  [L.  tridens,  a trident, 
and  fero,  to  bear.]  Bearing  a trident.  Clarke. 

TRI-DEN 'TINE,  a.  Relating  to  Trent,  or  to  the 
council  held  there.  Ch.  Ob. 

TRI'nyNT— POINTED,  a.  (Bot.)  Not-  /\AA 
ing  leaves  having  three  teeth  or  two  [ \ 1 j | 

indentations  upon  a truncated  point  J 

or  apex.  Bindley.  'N  ” 1 

TRl-DI-A-PA'S-iON,  n.  (Mils.)  A triple  octave,  or 
a twenty-second.  Moore. 

fTRI'DING,  a.  Tithing.  — See  Tritiiing. 

TRI-DO-DEC-A-HE'DRAL,  a.  [Gr.  rpf?f,  three, 
IthhiKa,  twelve,  and  l&pa,  a base.]  (Crystallog- 
raphy.) Noting  crystals  which  present  three 
ranges  of  faces,  placed  one  above  another,  each 
range  consisting  of  twelve  faces.  Cleaveland. 

TRID'U-AN,  a.  [L.  triduanus ; tres,  three,  and 


dies,  a day.]  Lasting  three  days,  or  happening 
every  third  day.  [it.]  Blount. 

TRI-E'DRAL,  a.  See  Trihedral.  Hutton. 

TRI-EN'NI-AL  [trl-en'yjl,  S.  IF.  J.  F.  Ja.  K.  ; 
trl-en'ne-jl,  P.  Sm.  C.  Wb.],  a.  [L.  triennium. 
the  space  of  three  years  ; tres,  three,  and  annus, 
a year ; It.  triennale  ; Sp.  trienal ; Fr.  triennal.\ 

1.  Continuing  or  lasting  for  the  space  of  three 

years.  “ His  triennial  reign.”  Howell. 

2.  Happening  every  third  year.  “ His  tri- 
ennial visitation.”  Warton. 

TRI-EN'NI-AL-LY,  ad.  Once  in  three  years.  Sm. 

TRl'F.N§,  n.  [L.]  (Roman  Ant.)  A small  cop- 
per coin  worth  one  third  of  the  as.  Brande. 

TRI'yR,  n.  1.  One  who  tries.  Boyle. 

2.  One  who  examines  judicially  : — one  of  the 

persons  appointed,  according  to  law,  to  try 
whether  a person  challenged  is  or  is  not  quali- 
fied to  serve  on  the  jury  ; — more  frequently 
written  trior.  Burrill. 

3.  That  which  puts  to  the  test ; a test.  Shak. 

TRI'yR-ARjCH,  n.  [Gr.  rpo/pap^o? ; rpojppf,  a tri- 
reme, and  ap-^6;,  a leader ; L.  trierarchus .] 
(Grecian  Ant.)  The  captain  of  a trireme  ; — at 
Athens,  one  who,  singly,  or  with  others,  had  to 
fit  out  a trireme  for  the  public  service,  being  al- 
so responsible  for  the  command.  Win.  Smith. 

TRl-y-TER'I-CAL,  a.  [Gr . rpierrjpos rpfTs,  three, 
and  ctos,  a year  ; L.  trietericus.]  Recurring 
every  third  year  ; triennial,  [it.]  Gregory. 

f TRI-JJ-TER'ICS,  n.pl.  A triennial  festival.  May. 

TRI'FAL-LOW,  v.  a.  To  plough  the  third  time 
before  sowing. — See  Trefallow.  Mortimer. 

TRI-FA'RI-OUS,  a.  [L.  trifarivs,  threefold.] 
(Bot.)  Arranged  in  three  vertical  rows.  Gray. 

TRI-FAs'CI-AT-ED,  a.  [L.  tres  and  fascia,  a 
band.]  Surrounded  with  three  bands.  Pennant. 

TRl'FID  [trl’fid,  S.  IF.  P.  K.  Sm.  ; trlf'id,  Ja.],  a. 
[L.  trifidus  ; tres,  three,  and  findo,fidi , to  split.] 
(Bot.)  Noting  leaves  divided  into  three  seg- 
ments by  incisions  extending  about  to  the  mid- 
dle of  the  blade  ; three-cleft.  — See  Split.  Gray. 

TR  I-FIS'TU-L  A-RY,  a.  [L.  tres,  three,  and  fistu- 
la, a pipe.]  Having  three  pipes.  Browne. 

TRI'FLE  (trl'fl),  v.  n.  [From.  Dut.  treyfelen,  to 
trifle.  Skinner.  — Probably  from  A.  S . trifelan, 
to  pound,  to  reduce  to  minute  parts.  Richard- 
son. — L.  trivialis ; Fr.  trivial.  — See  Trivial.] 

[*.  TRIFLED  ; pp.  TRIFLING,  TRIFLED.] 

1.  To  act  or  to  talk  without  weight  or  dig- 
nity, or  with  levity  and  folly;  to  be  busy  in 
light,  frivolous  things  ; to  act  idly  or  frivolously. 


They  trifle  and  they  beat  the  air.  Hooker. 

2.  To  indulge  light  amusements.  Law. 

To  trifle  with,  to  mock  ; to  play  the  fool  with  ; to 
treat  without  respect  or  consideration.  Slialc. 

TRI'FLE,  v.  a.  1.  To  cause  to  appear  as  a trifle  ; 
to  make  of  no  importance,  [it.]  Shak. 


2.  To  waste  ; to  dissipate  ; — commonly  fol- 
lowed by  away. 

Such  men  lose  their  intellectual  powers  for  want  of  ex- 
erting them;  and,  having  trifled  away  youth,  are  reduced  to 
the  necessity  of  trifling  away  age.  Bolingbroke. 

TRI'FLE,  n.  1.  Any  thing  of  very  little  impor- 
tance or  value  ; a thing  of  no  moment;  a mite. 

A snapper-up  of  unconsidered  trifles.  Shak. 

Trifles  light  as  air 

Are  to  the  jealous  confirmation  strong 

As  proofs  of  holy  writ.  Shak. 

2 A confectionery  of  whipped  cream,  with 
aromatic  and  spirituous  flavorings.  Simmonds. 

TRI'FLER,  n.  One  who  trifles.  Barnes. 

TRI'FLING,  a.  Being  of  small  worth,  value,  or 
importance  ; unimportant ; trivial ; petty  ; frivo- 
lous; worthless;  slight.  ‘‘Trifling  things.”  Udal. 

Syn. — Trifling , trivial,  petty , frivolous , and  futile 
are  all  used  to  characterize  objects  of  little  importance 
or  value.  Trivial  is  a stronger  term  than  trifling,  and 
implies  contempt.  A trifling  matter  ; a trivial  concern 
or  remark  ; a petty  consideration  ; a frivolous  dispute  ; 
a futile  argument , a worthless  publication  ; a slight 
performance. 

TRI'FLING,  n.  Act  of  one  who  trifles;  trivial  or 
frivolous  employment.  “ Empty  triflings."  Watts. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE. 


— 9.  <?>  9.  I.  soft;  F,  G,  c, 


|,  hard ; § as  z;  JC  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


TRIFLINGLY 


1542 


TRI  LUMINOUS 


TUl'FLJNG-LV,  ad.  In  a trifling  manner  ; with- 
out weight,  dignity,  or  importance.  Locke. 

T R [' F L I .\ G - X ESS,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state  of 
being  trifling : — emptiness ; vanity.  Bp.  Parker. 

TRI-FLO  RAL,  ? a [L,  tres,  three,  and fos,fo- 

TRI-FLO'ROFS,  > ris,  a flower.]  (But.)  Bearing 
three  flowers.  Knight. 

TRI-FLUC-TF-A'TION,  n.  [L.  tres,  three,  and 
Jtuctus,  a wave.]  Concurrence  of  three  waves. 
“ A trifluctuation  of  evils.”  Browne. 

TRl-FO'LI-ATE,  a.  [L.  tres,  three,  and  folium, 
a leaf.]  (Bot.)  Having  three  leaves.  Ilarte. 

TRI-FO'LI-AT-f-D,  a.  (Bot.)  Trifoliate.  Ash. 

TKl-FO'LI-O-LATE,  a.  (Bot.)  Noting  compound 
leaves  whose  petioles  bear  three  leaflets  some- 
times from  the  same  point.  Lindley. 

TRI'FO-LY,  ?i.  [L.  trifolium.']  Sweettrefoil. Mason. 

TRI-FO  'RI-  UM,  n.  [L.]  (Arch.)  The  gallery  or 
open  space  between  the  vaulting  and  the  roof  of 
the  aisles  of  a church,  generally  lighted  by  win- 
dows in  the  external  wall  of  the  building,  and 
opening  to  the  nave,  choir,  or  transept  over  the 
main  arches.  Weale. 

TRi'FORM,  a.  [L.  iriformis;  tres,  three,  and 
forma,  form.]  Having  a triple  shape.  Milton. 

TRl-FORM'I-Ty,  n.  State  of  being  triform.  Ash. 

TRI-FUR 'C  ATE,  a.  (Bot.)  Trifurcated.  Gray. 

TRI-FUR'CAT-pD,  a.  [L.  trifurcus  ; tres,  three, 
and  f urea,  a fork.]  Having  three  forks,  prongs, 
or  points  ; three-pronged.  Pennant. 

TRIG,  v.  a.  [Goth,  trega,  to  retard.  — Dut.  trek- 
ken,  to  draw.  Richardson .]  [/.  trigged  ; pp. 

TRIGGING,  TRIGGED.] 

1.  To  stop,  as  a wheel,  by  putting  a stone  un- 
der it ; to  scotch.  Bailey. 

2.  To  fill ; to  cram  : — to  dress.  [Local.]  More. 

TRIG, a.  Full;  trim;  neat.  [Local, Eng.] Brockett. 

TRIG,  n.  A stone,  wedge,  or  block  "to  stop  a 
wheel  or  to  prevent  a cask  from  rolling.  Palmer. 

TRIG'A-MIST,  n.  One  thrice  married.  Blount. 

TRIG'A-.MOtTS,  a.  [Gr.  rpil;,  three,  and  yapeui,  to 
marry.]  (Bot.)  Noting  plants  of  the  composite 
family,  which  have  staminate,  pistillate,  and 
perfect  florets  in  the  same  flower-head.  Brandc. 

TRIG'  A-.MY,  71.  [Gr.  rpiyapia;  rpci;,  three,  and 
ynfjcui,  to  marry;  L.  trigamia;  Fr.  trigamic.] 
The  state  of  being  married  three  times,  or  the 
state  of  having  three  husbands  or  three  wives  at 
the  same  time.  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

TRI-GAS'TRIC,  a.  [Gr.  rpu;,  three,  and  yacryp, 
the  belly.]  (Med.)  Noting  a muscle  or  muscles 
that  have  three  bellies.  Dunglison. 

TRI-GEM'I-NO&S,  a.  [L.  trigeminus ; tres,  three, 
and  gem  inns,  twin-born.]  Three  at  a birth; 
three-fold.  Phillips. 

TRlG'GfR,  n.  [Dut.  trekker ; trekken,  to  draw.] 

1.  A catch  to  stop  or  hold  the  wheel  of  a car- 
riage on  steep  ground.  Johnson. 

2.  A catch  which,  being  pulled,  disengages 

the  cock  of  a gun-lock,  and  causes  the  flint  to 
strike  the  hammer  in  lock-guns,  and  the  nipple 
in  percussion-guns.  Stocqueler. 

TRl-trlN'TAL,  71.  See  Trental.  Atyliffe. 

TRl'GLYPH  (trl'gllf)  [trl'glif,  S.  W.  P.  K.  Sm. 
C.  ; trlg'lif,  Ja.  Wb.],  n.  [Gr.  Tpiyhvtpo;  ; rpiyi.a, 
a mullet,  and  yl.vtyi,  a carving  ; L.  triglyphus  ; 
Fr.  triglyphe.]  (Arch.) 

An  ornament  repeated  at 
equal  intervals  in  the  Dor- 
ic frieze,  consisting  of  a 
slightly  projecting  tablet, 
channelled  with  two 
grooves,  or  glyphs,  and  with  a half-groove  cham- 
fering off  each  of  its  outer  edges.  P.  Cyc. 

TRI-GL\  PH'jC,  P a.  Containing,  or  pertain- 

TRI-GLYPH'I-CAL,  ) ing  to,  triglyphs  or  three 
sets  of  characters  or  carvings.  * Clarke. 

TRf'GOM  [trl'gon,  S.  IV.  P.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  R. ; trlg'- 
on,  C.  IV A.],  71.  [Gr.  rpiytovos,  a triangle;  rpilg, 
three,  and  yun/ia,  a corner,  an  angle.] 

1.  f A triangle;  a triangular  form.  Beaumont. 


‘JJULiai tfl’m 

Triglyphs. 


2.  (Astrol.)  Aspect  of  two  planets  distant  120 

degrees  from  each  other.  llutton. 

3.  (Gr.  Ant.)  A triangular  musical  instru- 
ment somewhat  like  a harp,  having  strings  of 
equal  thickness,  but  of  unequal  lengths  : — a 
game  at  ball,  played  by  three  persons,  standing 
in  the  form  of  a triangle.  Liddell.  IF.  Smith. 

TRIG'O-NAL  [trig'p-nal,  IF.  P.  Ja.  Sm.  C. ; trl'- 
go-njd,  S.  if.],  a.  Triangular  ; having  three  an- 
gles or  corners.  Woodward. 

TRIG-O-NOQ'yR-OUS,  a.  [Gr.  rpiyin rot,  a trian- 
gle, and  k (pa,  a horn.]  Having  three-angled 
horns,  as  a fossil  stag.  Smart. 

1 RIG-O-NO-Mi.  1 RIC,  P a [It.  & Sp.  trigono- 

TRIG-O-NO-MET'RJ-OAL,  I mctrico  ; Fr.  trigo- 
nometrique.']  Pertaining  to,  or  performed  by, 
trigonometry.  Hutton. 

TRIG-O-NO-MET'RJ-CAL-LY,  ad.  By  trigonom- 
etry ; according  to  trigonometry.  Winston. 

TRIG-O-NOM'B-TRY,  71.  [Gr.  rpiyuivo;,  triangu- 
lar ; rpiis,  three,  ytovia,  a corner,  an  angle,  and 
pirpov,  a measure  ; It.  <S,  Sp.  triyonometria  ; Fr. 
trigonometric.]  (Math.)  That  branch  of  math- 
ematics whose  object  it  is  to  determine  unknown 
angles  or  sides  of  triangles,  by  means  of  others 
which  are  known  ; the  act  or  the  science  of  meas- 
uring triangles.  It  also  treats  of  the  general 
relations  existing  between  the  trigonometrical 
functions  of  angles  or  arcs.  Davies. 

Analytical  trigonometry,  the  branch  of  trigonometry 
which  treats  of  the  general  relations  and  properties, 
and  the  trigonometrical  functions  of  angles.  — Plane 
trigonometry,  the  branch  of  trigonometry  which  treats 
of  the  relations  existing  between  the  sides  and  angles 
of  plane  triangles,  and  the  methods  of  resolving  plane 
triangles  — that  is,  of  finding,  by  means  of  three  parts 
that  are  known,  one  of  them  at  least  being  a side,  the 
unknown  parts.  — Spherical  trigonometry,  the  branch 
of  trigonometry  which  treats  of  the  relations  existing 
between  the  sides  and  angles  of  spherical  triangles, 
and  the  methods  of  resolving  such  triangles.  Davies. 

TRl'GO-NOUS,  a.  (Bot.)  Having  three  longitu- 
dinal angles  and  three  plane  faces  ; three-cor- 
nered. Gray. 

TRI'GRAM,  n.  [Gr.  rptts.  three,  and  ypdppn,  a 
letter.]  Three  letters  united  in  one  sound,  as 
the  three  letters  in  eye  ; a trigraph.  Barnes. 

TRl-GRAM-MAT'JG,  a.  Containing,  or  consist- 
ing of,  three  letters  ; trigrammic.  Clarke. 

TRI-GRAM'MIC,  a.  [Gr.  Tpiypapparo j.]  Contain- 
ing three  letters  ; trigrammatie.  Thomson. 

TRi'GRAPH,  n.  [Gr.  rpttt,  three,  and  ypatfifi,  a 
writing.]  Three  letters  united  in  one  sound,  as 
eau  in  beau  ; a trigram.  Smart. 

TRI'yYN,  7i.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the  order  Tri- 
gynia-,  a plant  with  three  pistils.  Clarke. 

TRl-GYN' I-Jt,  n.  [Gr.  rpii ;,  three,  and  yaw/,  a 
woman.]  A name  given  by  Linnaeus  to  those 
orders,  or  subdivisions  of  his  classes  of  plants, 
which  have  three  pistils,  or  at  least  three 
styles.  llenslow. 

TRI-IyYN'j-AN,  a.  (But.)  Trigynous.  Wright. 

TRi'<?YN-OUS,  a.  (Bot.)  Having  three  pistils 
or  styles.  Gray. 

TRl-HE'DRAL,  a.  [Gr.  rptic,  three,  and  t<5 pa,  a 
base.]  Noting  solid  angles  formed  by  three 
planes  meeting  in  the  same  point.  Davies. 

TRl-HE'DRAL,  n.  (Gcom.)  A polyhedral  angle 
of  three  faces.  Davies. 

TRi-HE'DRON,  n.  [Gr.  rpfij,  three,  and  tV5 pa,  a 
base.]  A figure  of  three  sides  ; a triangle. Davies. 

TRI-IIO'RAL,  a.  [L.  tres,  three,  and  hora , an  hour.] 
Happening  once  in  three  hours.  Lord  Ellesmere. 

TRl-JU'GOUS  [trl-ju'gus,  Sm.  C, ; tilj'u-gus,  Cl. 
Wb.],  a.  [L .trijugus;  tres,  three,  and  jugum, 
a yoke.]  (Bot.)  Noting  pinnated  leaves,  whose 
petioles  bear  three  pairs  of  leaflets.  Lindley. 

TRI-LAT'f,R- AL,  a.  [L.  trilaterus',  tres,  three, 
and  latus,  laiteris,  a side  ; Fr.  trilateral.']  Hav- 
ing three  sides ; three-sided.  Brande. 

TRi-LAT'ER-AL-LY,  ad.  With  three  sides.  Cl. 

TRI-LAT'JJR-AL-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  having 
three  sides.  Scott. 


TRI-LEM'M  A,  ii.  A situation  or  difficulty  in 
which  there  is  a choice  between  three. 

We  stand  in  a trilcinmu , and  we  must  adopt  one  of  three 
sets  of  conclusions.  Jf.  H.  Soar*. 

TRi-LlN'GUAL,  a.  [L.  trilinguis ; tres,  three, 
and  lingua,  a tongue.]  Consisting  of  three 
languages  or  tongues.  Clarke. 

TRl-LlN'GUAR,  a.  Trilingual.  Maunder. 

TIU-LIT'JJR-AL,  a.  [L.  tres,  three,  and  litera,  a 
letter.]  Consisting  of  three  letters.  I V.  Jones. 

TIU-LIT'KR-  AL,  7i.  A word  of  three  letters.  Clarke. 

TRIL'I-THON,  n.  [Gr.  rptif,  three,  and  P.iOoj,  a 
stone.]  Three  stones  placed  together  like  door- 
posts and  a lintel.  Clarke. 

TRILL,  71.  [Dut.  trilling-,  Ger.  triller ; Dan. 
tnlle ; Sw.  drill.  — It.  trillo.]  (Mas.)  The  al- 
ternate reiteration  of  two  notes  comprehending 
an  interval  not  greater  than  one  whole  tone,  nor 
less  than  a semitone ; a shake ; a quaver  or  a 
tremulousness  in  singing,  or  of  the  sound  of  an 
instrument.  Moore. 

TRILL,  v.  a.  [Dut.  trillen,  to  quaver,  to  trill; 
Ger.  trillern;  Dan.  triile ; Sw.  trilla,  dril/a.  — 
— It.  trillare. — From  A.  S.  thirlian,  to  drill. 
Bichardson. — See  Thrill,  and  Drill.]  [t. 

TRILLED;  pp.  TRILLING,  TRILLED.] 

1.  To  utter  with  quavering  or  tremulousness 
of  voice,  or  to  play  with  quavering. 

The  sober-suited  songstress  trills  her  lay.  7 ’homson. 

2.  To  shake,  or  cause  to  shake.  Gascoigne. 

TRILL,  v.  7i.  To  play  or  to  sing  with  tremulous 
vibrations  of  sound  ; to  quaver. 

To, judge  of  trilling  notes  and  tripping  feet.  Dryden. 

TRILL,  v.  7i.  [Corrupted  from  trickle.  Richard- 
son.]  To  run  or  to  fall  in  a slender  course  or 
stream,  or  in  drops ; to  trickle. 

His  salt  tears  trilled  adown  as  rain.  Chaucer. 

TRIL'LJNG,  7t.  One  of  three  children  born  at  the 
same  birth.  For.  Qu.  Rev. 

TRlLL'ION  (tril'yun),  n.  [three  (L.  tres)  and 
million.  — 11  A word  invented  by  Locke.”  John- 
son.] According  to  the  English  system  of  no- 
tation, the  number  represented  by  a unit  with 
eighteen  ciphers  annexed,  being  a million  raised 
to  the  third  power;  — according  to  the  French 
system,  the  number  represented  by  a unit  with 
twelve  ciphers  annexed,  being  a million  a thou- 
sand times  repeated.  Greenleaf. 

TRIL'LI-UM,  n.  A genus  of  plants.  Lindley. 

TRIL'LO,  7i.-,  pi.  ml  l '1,0  y.  [It.]  (Mt/s.)  A 

shake  ; a trill.  Moore. 


TRI'LO-BATE  [trl'lo-bat,  Sm.  O.  Wb. ; trl-lo'bat, 
K.  C.],  a.  [Gr.  Tpilofio;,  tliree-lobed ; rpiR, 
three,  and  l.o(S6s,  a lobe;  Fr.  trilobe.]  (Bot.) 
Divided  into  three  lobes  ; trilobed.  Gray. 


TRi'LOBED  (lobd),  a.  (Bot.)  Trilobate.  Gray. 

TRl'LO-BlTE  [trl'Io-blt,  Sm.O.  Wb. ; trll'o-blt,  C.], 
71.  (Pal.)  The  name  of  an  extinct 
order  of  crustaceans,  having  the  an- 
terior segment  of  the  shell  in  the 
form  of  a large  shield,  and  the  body 
composed  of  numerous  segments 
folding  over  one  another  like  those 
of  the  tail  of  a lobster,  and  divided 
longitudinally  into  three  ranges  of 
lobes  by  two  deep  and  parallel  fur- 
rows. Buckland.  Tri]obi(e 

/Jgy  The  presence  of  trilohites  is  char-  (Paraitqxnidcs 
acteristic  of  the  Silurian  and  Devonian  Tessini). 
systems  of  strata,  they  being  rarely  met  with  in  other 
situations.  They  are  found  entombed  in  slate  and 
dark  limestone,  and  are  widely  distributed  over  the 
surface  of  the  globe.  Lyell. 


TRI-LOC'U-LAR,  a.  [L.  tres,  three,  and  loculus, 
a little  box  ; Fr.  triloeulaire.]  (Bot.)  Having 
three  cells,  as  a capsule.  Gray. 

TRIL'O-^IY,  n.  [Gr.  rpil.oyia ; rpctf,  three,  and 
hiyoc,  a discourse.]  A series  of  three  dramas 
which,  although  each  of  them  is  in  one  sense 
complete,  yet  bear  a mutual  relation,  and  form 
but  parts  of  one  poetical  or  historical  picture. 

Ail  the  plays  of  Aeschylus  and  the  Henry  VI.  of  Shake- 
speare are  examples  of  a trilogy.  Brunde. 

TRI-LU'MI-NAR,  P a_  [L.  Ires,  three,  and  lu- 

TRI-LLT'MI-NoCs,  ) men,  alight.]  Having  three 
lights,  [r.]  Bailey. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  f,,  I,  Or  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


TRIM 


1543 


TRIP 


TRIM,  a.  [A.  S.  trum,  firm,  strong,  sound ; try- 
mi  an,  trymman,  to  prepare,  to  make  strong.]  Of 
fit,  compact,  or  orderly  form  or  shape  ; snug ; 
neat ; well  dressed ; smart ; — often  used  in  slight 
contempt.  “Thirteen  trim  barks.”  llolinshcd. 
A trim  exploit,  a manly  enterprise, 

To  conjure  up  tears  in  a poor  maid’s  eyes 

With  your  derision  I Shak. 

TRIM,  n.  1.  Dress  ; gear  ; ornaments  ; trimming. 
“ Your  laborsome  and  dainty  trims .”  Shak. 

2.  (Nani.)  The  condition  of  a vessel  with 
reference  to  her  cargo  and  ballast.  Dana. 

In  ballast-trim , (Naut.)  having  only  ballast  on  board. 
Dana. — Trim  of  the  masts , (Naut.)  the  position  of  tile 
masts  with  regard  to  the  ship  and  to  each  other,  as 
near  or  far  apart,  far  forward  or  aft,  upright,  inclin- 
ing aft  or  inclining  forward.  Mar.  Diet.. — Trim  of 
sails , arrangement  of  the  sails  best  calculated  to  ac- 
celerate the  ship’s  course  according  to  the  direction 
of  the  wind.  Mar.  Diet. 

TRIM,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  try  mi  an,  trymman,  to  prepare.] 

[l.  TRIMMED;  pp.  TRIMMING,  TRIMMED.] 

1.  To  set  or  put  in  order;  to  put  into  a fit 
state,  condition,  form,  or  shape  for  use  ; to  fit 
out;  to  adjust;  to  prepare;  to  arrange. 

As  ravenous  fishes  do  a vessel  follow 

That  is  new  trimmed.  Shak. 

2.  To  dress  ; to  decorate  ; to  ornament. 

And  I was  trimmed  in  Madam  Julia’s  gown.  Shak. 

The  victim  ox  . . . trimmed  with  white  ribbons.  Drydcn. 

3.  To  shave;  to  shear;  to  clip  ; to  lop ; to  prune. 

Mephibosheth  . . . came  down  to  meet  the  king,  and  had 
neither  dressed  his  feet  nor  trimmed  his  beard.  2 Sum.  xix.  24. 

Trim  off  the  small  superfluous  branches.  Mortimer. 

4.  To  chastise  ; to  chide.  [Colloquial.]  Roget. 

5.  (Carp.,  6;c.)  To  work  or  dress,  as  a piece  of 
timber,  into  form  or  shape  designed.  Mar.  Diet. 

6.  (Naut.)  To  put  in  a proper  condition  with 
respect  to  cargo  or  to  ballast,  as  a ship.  Dana. 

To  trim  a lamp,  to  make  a lamp  ready  by  pouring 
in  oil  and  clipping  tile  wick. — • To  trim  in,  (Carp.)  to 
lit  in,  as  one  piece  of  timber  into  another.  .Moron . — 
To  trim  the  sails,  (Want.)  to  adjust  in  the  way  best 
calculated  to  accelerate  the  ship's  course  according 
to  the  direction  of  the  wind.  Mar.  Diet. — To  trim 
up,  to  dress  ; to  array. 

TRIM,  v.  n.  To  balance  or  fluctuate  between  par- 
ties, so  as  to  appear  to  favor  each.  South. 

TRI-MAC'U-LAT-ED,  a.  [L.  tres,  three,  and  mac- 
ula, a spot.]  Having  three  spots.  Pennant. 

TRf-MEM'BRAL,  a.  [L.  tres,  three,  and  membrum, 
a member.]  Having  three  members.  Gibbs. 

TRI'Mp-RAN,  n.  [Gr.  rpilg,  three,  and  ptpo;,  a 
part.]  (Ent.)  One  of  a section  of  coleopterous 
insects,  including  those  which  have  each  tarsus 
composed  of  three  articulations.  Brande. 

TRI'Mp-UOUS,  a.  (Bot.)  Having  its  parts  in 
threes.  Gray. 

TRl-MES'  TER,  n.  [I,,  trimestris,  of  three  months.] 
A term  or  period  of  three  months  in  German 
universities.  Hale. 

TRi-MES'TRI-AL,  a.  [L.  trimestris.']  Lasting 
three  months  or  occurring  once  in  three  months. 
“ Trimvstrial  reviews.”  Ed.  Rev. 

TRIM'f.-Tf.R,  a.  [Gr.  rpiptrpo; ; rpiTf,  three, .and 
perpov,  a measure;  L.  trimetros-,  Fr.  trimitre.] 
(Pros.)  Consisting  of  three  metres.  Andrews. 

TRIM'fl-TJpR,  n.  (Pros.)  A kind  of  verse  con- 
taining three  metres.  Andrews. 

TRI-MET'RIC,  n.  [Gr.  rpci t,  three,  and  perpov,  a 
measure.]  (Crystallography.)  Noting  a system 
of  crystallization  such  that  the  three  axes  of  the 
crystals  belonging  to  it  intersect  one  another  at 
right  angles,  and  are  unequal,  as  in  the  right 
rectangular  prism.  Dana. 

TRI-MET'RI-CAL,  a.  Consisting  of  three  poeti- 
cal measures  or  metres ; trimeter.  Clarke. 

TRIM'LY,  ad.  In  a trim  manner  ; nicely  ; neatly. 

Her  yellow  golden  hair 

Was  trimly  woven,  and  in  tresses  wrought.  Spenser. 

TRIM'MFIR,  n.  1.  One  who  trims;  one  who  fits, 
ornaments,  or  arranges.  Simmonds. 

2 One  who  pursues  a middle  course  between 
parties  ; one  who  for  personal  advantage  alter- 
nately supports  opposing  parties  ; a timeserver. 

lie  [Halifax]  was  the  chief  of  those  politicians  whom  the 
two  great  parties  contemptuously  called  trimmers.  Instead 
of  quarrelling  with  this  nickname,  he  assumed  it  as  a title  of 
honor,  and  vindicated  with  great  vivacity  the  dignity  of  the 
appellation.  Every  thing,  he  said,  trims  between  extremes. 

. . Thus  Halifax  was  a trimmer  on  principle.  Macaulay. 


Sophocles,  in  private  life,  was  a profligate,  and  in  public 
life  a shuffler  and  a trimmer,  if  not  absolutely  a renegade. 
It  was,  perhaps,  the  very  laxity  of  his  principles  which  made 
him  thought  so  agreeable  a follow.  Buhvcr. 

3.  (Arch.)  A piece  of  timber  inserted  in  a 
roof,  floor,  wooden  partition,  Ac.,  to  support 
the  ends  of  any  of  the  joists,  rafters,  &c.  I Veale. 

TRIM'MJNG,  n. ; pi.  trimmings.  1.  Necessary  or 
ornamental  appendages  to  something,  as  to  gar- 
ments ; trappings.  Garth. 

2.  A beating ; a chiding.  Roget. 

3.  pi.  The  accessories  to  any  dish  or  article 

of  food.  [U.  S.]  Knickerbocker  Mag. 

TRIM'NJJSS,  n.  The  state  of  being  trim;  com- 
pactness ; neatness.  Sherwood. 

TRI-MORPH'l§M,  n.  [Gr.  rpiTs,  three,  atld  popifn), 
form.]  (Crystallography.)  The  property  of  crys- 
tallizing in  three  different  forms.  Dana. 

TRl'NAL,  a.  [L.  trinns.]  Threefold.  Spenser. 

TRIN'DLE  (trln'dl),  n.  & v.  a.  See  Trundle.  Todd. 

TRINE,  n.‘  [L.  trinus , threefold.]  (Astral.)  One 
of  the  five  aspects  of  the  influential  bodies,  the 
angle  subtended  by  the  two  planets  as  seen 
from  the  earth  being  120  degrees,  or  the  third 
of  the  zodiac ; — supposed  to  be  a benign  as- 
pect. Brande. 

TRINE,  a.  [L  .trinus;  Fr  .trine.]  Threefold; 
thrice  repeated.  1 Vhcatlcy. 

Trine  dimension,  threefold  dimension ; length, 
breadth,  and  thickness.  Itutton. 


TRlN-I-TA'RI-AN,  n.  1.  A believer  in  the  doc- 
trine of  the  Trinity  or  trinitarianism.  Swift. 

All  denominations  of  Christians  that  believe  in  the  Trin- 
ity, or  Triune  Deity,  arc  comprised  under  the  general  name 
of  Trinitarians.  Brande. 

2.  (Eccl.  Hist.)  One  of  a religions  order 
founded  in  1198,  and  devoted  especially  to  the 
duty  of  ransoming  captives  taken  by  the  Moors 
and  other  infidels.  Brande. 

TRIN-I-TA'RI-AN,  a.  Relating  to  the  trinity,  or 
trinitarianism;  believing  in  the  Trinity.  Ch.Ob. 

TRIN-I-TA'RI-AN-IiJM,  n.  ( Theol .)  The  doctrine 
of  three  persons  in  the  Godhead.  Burnet. 

TRlN'I-TY,  n.  [L.  trinitas ; tres,  three,  and  wins, 
one;  Fr . trinite.]  (Theol.)  Union  of  three  in 
one ; the  three  persons  comprised  in  the  God- 
head, and  distinguished  as  the  Father,  the  Son, 
and  the  Holy  Ghost.  Brande. 

Theophylus,  Bishop  of  Antioch,  who  flourished  in  the  sec- 
ond century,  the  first  who  used  the  term  trinity.  Haydn. 

TRIN'I-TY— HOUSE,  n.  A kind  of  college  incor- 
porated  by  Henry  VIII.  in  1515,  for  the  promo- 
tion of  commerce  and  navigation,  by  licensing 
pilots,  ordering  and  erecting  beacons,  light- 
houses, buoys,  &c.  [England.]  Davis. 

TRIN'I-TY— SUN'DAY,  n.  (Eccl.)  The  Sunday 
next  after  Whit-Sunday  ; — so  called  on  ac- 
count of  a feast  held  on  that  day  in  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church,  in  honor  of  the  Trinity. Brande. 

TRIN'I-TY— TERM,  n.  (Laic.)  The  sitting  of  the 
law-courts  in  England  between  May  22  and 
June  12.  Simmonds. 

f TRIN-I-U'NI-TY,  n.  Triunity.  Milton. 

TRINK,  n.  A kind  of  fishing-net.  Simmonds. 

TRIN'KIJT  (tring'ket,  82),  n.  [Of  uncertain  etymol- 
ogy.— It.  trincio,  a cutting;  trinchetto,  the 
foremost  sail ; Fr.  tringuet,  a foremast,  trin- 


TRINE,  v.  a.  To  put  in  a trine  aspect.  Drydcn. 


TRI-NER  VATE,  / [L.  tres,  three,  and  nervus, 

TRI'NERVED,  I a nerve.]  (Bot.)  Having  three 
ribs,  all  proceeding  from  the  base ; three-nerved. 

Gray. 

TRIJY-gl  'NJE, 
n.  pi.  ( Or- 
nith.)  A sub- 
familyofbirds 

of  the  order  Gralla:  and  family 
Scolopacidcc ; sandpipers.  Gray. 

TRIN'GLE,  n.  (Arch.)  A name 
common  to  several  little,  square 
members  or  ornaments,  as  a reg-  multSSSSu 
let,  a lintel,  a platband,  a little 
member  fixed  over  the  triglyph:  — a lath  be- 
tween the  posts  of  a bedstead  ; a curtain-rod. 

I Veale.  Simmonds. 


quette,  a storm-jib.  — Trinket  is  probably  from 
It.  trinciare,  to  cut.  Richardson.] 

1.  A small  ornament,  particularly  of  gold- 
smith’s work.  Drydcn. 

She  was  not  hung  about  with  toys  and  trinkets,  tweezer- 
cases,  pocket-glasses.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  Any  thing  of  little  value  ; a trifle.  Tusscr. 

3.  t (Naut.)  A topsail  or  top-gallant  sail. 

The  trinket  and  the  rnizzen  were  rent  asunder.  JIackluyt. 

f TRIN'K^T,  v.  n.  To  give  trinkets.  South. 

TRIN'KIJT-RY,  n.  Trinkets  collectively;  small 
or  trifling  ornaments.  Maunder. 

TRIN'KLE  (trlng'kl,  82),  v.  n.  To  tamper  ; to  treat 
secretly  or  in  an  underhand  manner,  [it.] 

Many  discontented  persons  in  England  were  suspected  to  * 
have  twinkled,  at  least,  with  Holland  about  raising  seditions 
and  perhaps  insurrections  in  England.  Temple. 

TRI-NOC'TIAL,  a.  [L.  trinoctialis  ; tres,  three, 
and  hox,  noctis,  a night.]  Comprising  three 
nights  ; for  the  space  of  three  nights.  Scott. 

TRI-NO'DAL,  a.  (Bot.)  Having  three  nodes  or 
points  on  the  stem  from  which  leaves  arise.  Ash. 

TRl-NO'MI-AL,  n.  [L.  tres,  three,  and  nomen,  a 
name.]  (Algebra.)  A polynomial  consisting  of 
three  parts  or  terms  separated  from  each  other 
by  the  sign  plus  or  the  sign  minus.  Hutton. 

TRI-NOM'I-NAL,  it.  A trinomial.  Todd. 

TRI'O  [tri'o,  P.  E.  K.  Sm.  IVb. ; tre'o,  ./«.],  n. ; 
pi.  trT'o§.  [Sp.  1$  Fr.,  from  L.  tres,  three.] 

1.  Three  united;  as,  “ A trio  of  persons.” 

2.  (Mus.)  A composition  for  three  voices  cr 

for  three  instruments.  Moore. 


TRI-OB  O-LAR,  ? a_  [(Jr>  Tpuo0ohi;,  a piece  of 
TRI-OB'O-LA-RY,  ) three  oboli ; rptTe,  three,  and 
ijioij if,  an  obole  ; L.  triobolus,  a piece  of  three 
oboli.]  Of  the  value  of  three  oboli : — of  little 
or  no  value;  vile;  worthless.  Howell. 


TRl'oC-TILE,  n.  ( Astrol .)  The  aspect  of  two 
planets  distant  three  eighths  of  a circle,  or  135 
degrees,  from  each  other.  Wright. 

TRI-OC-TO-HE'DR  AL,  a.  ( Crystallography .) 
Noting  crystals  whose  surface  exhibits  three 
ranges  of  faces,  placed  one  above  the  other, 
oach  range  containing  eight  faces.  Clcavcland. 

TRl-CE'CIA  (til-e'slia),  n.  (Bot.)  The  third  order 
of  the  Linnrcan  class  Polygamia.  Gray. 

TRI-CE'CIOUS  (trl-5'slms,  66),  a.  [Gr.  rpag,  three, 
and  oIko;,  a house.]  ( Bot.)  Noting  plants  which 
have  three  sorts  of  flowers  on  the  same  or  on 
different  individuals,  some  of  them  having  sta- 
mens, some  pistils,  and  others  both  stamens 
and  pistils.  Gray. 

TRf'O-LET,  n.  A stanza  of  eight  lines,  in  which 
the  first  line  is  thrice  repeated.  P.  Carey,  1651. 

TRl-0  'JVE( f,  n.  pi.  [L.,  originally  ploughing 
oxen.]  (Astron.)  The  assemblage  of  seven 
stars  forming  the  constellation  of  Ursa  Major, 
or  Charles’s  Wain.  Hutton. 

TRl'OR,  n.  (Law.)  One  of  the  persons  appointed 
to  try  whether  a person  challenged  to  the  favor 
is  or  is  not  qualified  to  serve  on  a jury.  Burrill. 


TRIP,  r.  n.  [l)ut.  tn'ppelen  ; Ger.  trippsln-,  Dan. 
trippe  : Sw.  trippa .] 

1.  To  run  or  step  lightly  or  nimbly  ; to  take 
short,  quick,  light  steps ; to  hop,  skip,  dance. 

This  horse  anon  gan  for  to  trip  and  dance.  Chaucer. 

Come,  and  trip  it,  ns  you  go, 

On  the  light,  fantastic  toe.  Milton. 

She  bounded  by,  and  tripped  so  light. 

They  had  not  time  to  take  a steady  sight.  Drydcn. 

2.  To  take  a short  voyage  or  journey.  Johnson. 

3.  To  strike  the  foot  against  something  in 
walking  or  running,  so  as  to  make  a false  step  ; 
to  lose  footing  ; to  stumble. 

4.  To  fail ; to  err  ; to  be  deficient. 

Dubias  is  such  a scrupulous  good  man  — 

Yes,  you  may  catch  him  tripping  if  you  can.  Coupcr. 

Virgil . . . pretends  sometimes  to  trip.  Drydcn. 

TRIP,  v.  a.  [i.  tripped  ; pp.  tripping,  tritped 
or  TRIPT.] 

1.  To  supplant ; to  throw  or  cast  down  by 
striking  the  feet  of  a person  from  the  ground 
by  a sudden  motion  ; — often  followed  by  up. 

There  wns  never  man  tripped  himself  more  handsomely 
to  take  a fall.  Bp.  Gardner 

2.  To  strike  from  under  the  body  ; — with  up. 

I tript  up  thy  heels  and  beat  thee.  Shak • 

3.  To  catch;  to  detect;  to  apprehend,  [r.] 

These  women 

Can  trip  me,  if  I err.  Shak- 


MIEN,  SIR; 


MfiVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RtiLE.  — g, »p,  <;,  g,  soft;  jC,  G,  c,  g,  hard; 


§ as  z ; 


^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


TRIP 


TRIPPING-LINE 


1544 


To  trip  an  anchor,  (Nuiit.)  to  loosen  an  anchor  from 
the  bottom  by  its  cable  or  buoy-rope.  Mar.  Diet. 

TRIP,  n.  1.  A stroke  or  catch  by  which  the 
wrestler  supplants  his  antagonist. 

It  wns  a noble  time  when  trips  and  Cornish  hugs  could 
make  a man  immortal.  Addison. 

2.  A stumble  by  striking  the  foot  against 

something;  a false  step.  Johnson. 

3.  A failure  ; — particularly  a slight  mistake. 

Each  seeming  trip  and  each  digressive  start.  Harte. 

4.  A short  voyage  or  journey  ; an  excursion  ; 
a ramble;  a jaunt.  “ A trip  to  London.”  Pope. 

1 passed  the  isthmus  twice,  and  was  twenty-three  days  in 
the  last  trip  1 made  over  it.  Dumpier. 

5.  t A troop ; a host.  “ When  he  [King  Philip] 
and  all  his  trip  for  nought  fled.”  R.  Brunne. 

6.  (Xaut.)  A single  board  in  plying  to  wind- 
ward. i! Ictr.  Diet. 

7.  A flock  ; a large  number.  [Scotland.] 

Then  came  a trip  of  mice  out  of  their  nest.  Jtenrpsone. 

8.  A small  flock  of  sheep;  a herd.  [Loc.]  Ray. 

Syn.  — See  Excursion. 

TRlPART-JD,  a.  1.  (Her.)  Parted  in  three  pieces, 
as  ordinaries,  charges,  or  the  field.  Ogilvie. 

2.  ( Bot .)  Divided  into  three  segments  which 
extend  nearly  to  the  base  of  the  part  to  which 
they  belong.  Lindlcy. 

TRl-PAR'TI-BLE,  a.  (Bot.)  Separable  into  three 
parts  or  pieces.  Gray. 

TRf-PAR'TfpNT  (-shent),  a.  Noting  a number 
which  exactly  divides  another  into  three  parts. 

TRlP'AR-TITE,  a.  [L.  tripartitus ; tres,  three, 
and  pars,  partis,  a part ; Fr.  tripartite .] 

1.  (Bot.)  Divided  into  three  lobes  or 
segments  extending  nearly  to  the  base 
of  the  parts  to  which  they  belong. 

Lindley. 

2.  Consisting  of  three  parts  or  re- 

lating to  three  parties.  “ A tripartite 
treaty.”  E.  Everett. 

TRlP'AR-TlTE-LY,  ad.  In  a tripartite  manner  ; 
by  a division  into  three  parts.  Hill. 

TRIP- AR-Tl"T ION  (-tlsh'un),  n.  [L.  tripartitio.] 

1.  A division  into  three  parts.  Ash. 

2.  (Arith.)  A division  by  3;  the  taking  of  the 
third  part  of  any  number  or  quantity.  Ilutton. 

TRl-PAS'jEHAL,  a.  [L.  tres  and  pascha,  the  Pass- 
over.]  Including  three  Passovers.  Carpenter. 

TRIPE,  n.  [It.  trippa  ; Sp.  tripa  ; Fr.  tripe.) 

1.  The  intestines,  — commonly  the  large 

stomach  of  a ruminating  animal  prepared  and 
dressed  for  food.  Shak. 

2.  The  human  belly.  [Ludicrous.]  Johnson. 

TRIP'B-DAL  [trlp'e-djl,  IF.  P.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  ; trl- 
pe'djl,  S.  C.],a.  [L .tripedalis;  tres,  three,  and 
pes,  pedis,  a foot.]  Having  three  feet.  Johnson. 

TRIP'LL,  n.  (Min.)  Tripoli.  Phillips. 

TRIPE'— MAN,  n.  One  who  sells  tripe.  Smart. 

TRI-PEN 'NATE,  a.  (Bot.)  Tripinnate.  Clarke. 

TRi-PEN'NA-TJ-PART-pD,  a.  (Bot.)  Noting  tri- 
parted  leaves  having  triparted  lobes,  and  the 
subdivisions  of  the  lobes  trilobed.  Lindley. 

TRi-PEN'NA-TI-SECT-ED,  a.  (Bot.)  Noting  tri- 
sected leaves  having  trisected  lobes,  and  these 
lobes  themselves  trisected.  Lindley. 

TRl-PER'SO-NAL,  a.  [L.  tres,  three,  and  perso- 
na, a person.]  Consisting  of  three  persons. 
“ One  tripcrsonal  Godhead.”  Milton. 

TRI-PER'SON-AE-IST,  n.  A believer  in  triper- 
sonality ; a trinitarian.  Clissold. 

TRI-PER-SON-AL'I-TY,  n.  (Thcol.)  A union  of 
three  persons  in  the  Godhead.  Milton. 

TRIP'IJR-Y,  n.  A shop  or  place  where  tripe  is 
kept  or  sold.  Clarke. 

TRIPE'— STONE,  n.  (Min.)  A variety  of  anhy- 
drite or  anhydrous  sulphate  of  lime,  composed 
of  contorted  plates.  Dana. 

TRI-PET' A-LOID,  a.  [Gr.  rpeTs,  three,  niral.ov,  a 
leaf,  and  iliac,  form.]  (Bot.)  Appearing  as  if 
furnished  with  three  petals.  Loudon. 

TRf-PET'A-LOUS,  a.  [Gr.  rptTs,  three,  and  ntra- 
i.ov,  a leaf.]  Having  three  petals.  Johnson. 

TRIP'— HAM-MfR,  ».  A large  hammer  moved  by 


machinery,  used  in  forges  for  beating  iron  ; 
a tilt-hammer.  Ency. 

TRl'PIIANE,  n.  (Min.)  Spodumenc.  Dana. 

TRll’H'THONG  (trlp'thong)  [t  rip 'thong,  S.  IF.  P. 
J.  F Ja.  Sm.  R.  ; trlf'thong,  A.],  n.  [Gr.  rpdg, 
three,  and  tpOoyyrj,  the  voice  ; Fr.  triphthongue.] 
A coalition  of  three  vowels  in  one  .syllable  or 
sound  ; a trigraph  ; us,  can,  eye.  Johnson. 

Dgp “Two  aspirations  in  succession,  says  Mr.  El- 
phins  on,  seem  disagreeable  to  an  English  ear,  and 
therefore  one  of  them  is  generally  sunk.  Thus  diph- 
thong and  triphthong  are  pronounced  • dipthong  and 
tripthong.  P is  lost,  as  well  as  h,  in  apophthegm  ; and 
therefore  it  is  no  wonder  we  hear  the  first  A dropped 
in  ophlhalm]  and  ophthalmic,  which  is  the  proi^  icia- 
tion  I have  adopted,  as  agreeable  to  analogy.  ■Nay, 
such  an  aversion  do  we  seem  to  have  to  a succession 
of  aspirates,  that  the  A is  sunk  in  isthmus,  Esther,  and 
Demosthenes,  because  the  s,  which  is  akin  to  the 
aspiration,  immediately  precedes.  Mr.  Sheridan  pro- 
nounces the  first  syllable  of  ophthalmic  like  off,  but  the 
first  of  diphthong  and  triphthong  like  dip  and  trip.  Mr. 
Scott,  W.  Johnston,  and  Nl r.  Perry  pronounce  diph- 
thong and  triphthong  in  the  sanio  manner  as  Mr. 
Sheridan.  Dr.  Kenrick  gives  no  pronunciation  to 
diphthong,  hut  makes  the  A silent  in  triphthong ; while 
Barclay  pronounces  the  A in  ophthalmic,  but  makes  it 
either  way  in  diphthong  and  silent  in  triphthong.  It 
may  he  remarked,  that  Dr.  Jones,  who  wrote  a spell- 
ing dictionary  in  Queen  Anne’s  time,  makes  the  A in 
those  two  words  silent.”  Walker. 

TRlPII-THON'GAL  (trlp-thong'gal),  a.  Relating  to, 
or  consisting  of,  a triphthong.  Grant. 

TrTpii'Y-LInE.  n.  [Gr.  rpeTs,  three,  and  tpu?.ij,  a 
union  of  individuals, — in  allusion  to  its  con- 
taining three  phosphates.]  (Min.)  A sub-resin- 
ous, greenish-gray,  or  bluish  mineral,  occurring 
in  crystals,  commonly  massive,  and  consisting 
essentially  of  phosphoric  acid,  protoxide  of  iron, 
manganese,  and  lithia.  Dana. 

TRj-PHYL'LOyS,  or  TRIPH'YL-LOUS  (131),  a. 
[Gr.  rpeTs,  three,  and  tfiOl.Zov,  a leaf.]  (Bot.) 
Three-leaved  ; composed  of  three  pieces.  Gray. 

TRl-PIN'NATE,  a.  [L.  tres  and  pinna,  a feather.] 
(Bot.)  Noting  bipinnate  leaves,  of  which  the 
leaflets  themselves  arc  pinnate.  JAndley. 

TRl-PIN'NA-TI-FID,  or  TRI-PIN-NAT'I-FID,  a. 
[I..  tres,  three,  pinna,  a plume,  and  fmdo,  to 
divide.]  (Bot.)  Thrice  pinnately  cleft.  Gray. 

t TRI-PLA'ljIAN  (trl-pla'zhjn),  a.  [Gr.  rptn}.6oios.] 
Threefold.  Cudworth. 

TRIP'LE  (trlp'pl),  a.  [L.  triplex,  triplus  ; tres, 
three,  and  plico,  to  fold;  It .triplo;  Sp.  <§■  Fr. 
triple .] 

1.  Consisting  of  three  united;  threefold. 

May  none  this  triple  knot  undo.  Waller. 

2.  Three  times  repeated  ; treble.  Burnet . 

3.  f One  of  three  ; a third. 

lie  made  me  store  up,  as  a triple  eye, 

Safer  than  mine  own  two.  Shak. 

4.  Wearing  a tiara,  or  threefold  crown,  [it.] 

O’er  all  the  Italian  fields,  where  still  doth  sway 

The  triple  tyrant.  Milton. 

Triple  alliance,  a compact  or  treaty  between  throe 
different  parties  or  powers.  — Triple  salt,  ( Chcm .)  See 
Salt.  — Triple  time , (Mas.)  that  in  which  each  meas- 
ures is  divided  into  three  heats  or  equal  portions,  as 
three  fourths  or  crotchets,  three  eights  or  quavers,  a 
secondary  accent  falling  on  the  third  heat.  Dwight. 
— Triple  ratio,  (Math.)  a ratio  which  is  equal  to  3. 
Hutton. 

TRIP'LE  (trlp'pl),  v.  n.  To  increase  or  multiply 
threefold.  “ 1'ripled  prayers.”  Hooper. 

TRIP'LE  (trlp'pl),  v.  a.  [t.  tripled  ; pp.  TRIP- 
LING, tripled.]  To  treble  ; to  make  thrice  as 
much  or  as  many  ; to  make  threefold.  Swift. 

TRIP'LE— CROWN,  n.  The  tiara,  or  crown  of  the 
pope,  so  called  because  it  is  a high  cap  of  silk 
environed  by  three  crowns  of  gold,  one  above 
another ; the  papal  crown.  Davis. 

TRIP'LE-CRciWNED,  a.  Wearing  the  triple 
crown.  Clarke. 

TRIP'LE— HEAD'pD,  a.  Having  three  heads. 
“The  triple-headed  hound.”  Drayton. 

TRlP'LE-RIBBED  (-rlbd),  a.  (Bot.)  Notipg  leaves 
with  three  ribs,  the  two  lateral  ones  of!  which 
emerge  from  the  middle  one  a little  ahoye  its 
base.  Lindley. 

TRlP'Lf.T,  n.  1.  Three  of  a kind  or  together.  Swift. 


2.  (Poetry.)  Three  verses  rhyming  together, 
as  in  the  following  example  : — 

Waller  was  smooth,  but  Dryden  taught  to  join 
The  varying  verse,  the  full,  resounding  line. 

The  long,  majestic  march,  and  energy  divine.  rope. 

3.  (Mus.)  Three  nhtes  sung  or  played  in  the 

time  of  two.  Moore. 

TRIP'LJ-CATE,  a.  [L.  triplico,  triplicatus,  to 
multiply  by  three.]  Made  thrice  as  much  ; 
threetold.  , Johnson. 

Triplicate  ratio,  {Math.)  See  RATIO.  Davies. 

TRIP£I-CATE,  n.  A third  thing  corresponding  to 
two  others  of  the  same  kind.  Clarke. 

TRlP-LJ-OA'TION,  n.  [L.  triplication] 

1.  The  act  of  trebling  or  making  threefold. 

2.  (Law.)  Formerly,  same  as  rebutter.  Bouvier. 

TRI-PLIC'I-TY,  n.  [It.  tripliciti ; Sp.  trip ’ici- 

dad ; Fr.  triplicite.]  The  state  of  being  three- 
fold ; trebleness.  Bacon. 

TRIP'LING,  n.  The  act  of  making  threefold.  Clarke. 

TRIP'LlTE,  n.  (Min.)  A brown  or  blackish- 
brown  imperfectly  crystalline  mineral,  of  a resi- 
nous lustre,  consisting  essentially  of  phosphoric 
acid,  protoxide  of  iron,  and  protoxide  of  man- 
ganese. Dana. 

TRTp'MAD-AM,  n.  A kind  of  herb.  Mortimer. 

TRl'POD  [trl'pod,  S.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  R.  Wb. ; 
trl'pod  or  trlp'od,  IF.  P.],  n.  [Gr.  rot-nous ; rpeTs, 
three,  and  nobs,  nof>6s,  a foot ; L.  tripus,  tripodis, 
It.  tripode ; Sp.  tripoda  ; Fr.  tripode .]  A seat, 
vessel,  table,  or  instrument,  having  three  feet. 
Two  tripods  cast  in  antique  mould, 

With  two  great  talents  of  the  finest  gold.  Dryden. 

It  was  from  a tripod,  or  triple-footed  seat,  that 
the  priestess  of  Apollo  delivered  oracular  answers  at 
Delphi.  Braude. 

1 IKS’-  “ The  first  mode  [trl'pod]  of  pronouncing  this 
word  is  that  which  is  adopted  by  Mr.  Sheridan,  Dr. 
Kenrick,  Bailey,  Buchanan,  and  Perry  ; and  the  sec- 
ond, by  Dr.  Ash,  Mr.  Nares,  Mr.  Scott,  Entick,  ami 
Fry.  I do  not  hesitate  to  pronounce  the  former  most 
agreeable  to  English  ■analogy.”  Walker. 

TRI-PO'DI-AN,  n.  (Mus.)  An  ancient  stringed 
instrument  (saW  to  have  been  invented  by  Py- 
thagoras, the  Lacynthian),  resembling  in  form 
the  Delphic  tripod,  whence  its  name.  Moore. 

TRtP'O-DY,  n.  [Gr.  rpeTs,  three,  and  nobs,  nolds,  a 
foot.]  (Pros.)  A series  of  three  feet.  Beck. 

TRlP'O-LI,  ti.  (Min.)  A name  given  to  a powder 
with  a fine,  hard  grit,  used  for  polishing  metals 
and  stones,  and  also  to  a silieious  stone,  both 
of  which  are  composed  of  the  flinty  cases  of  in- 
fusoria. Lycll. 

TrIp'O-LINE,  a.  Pertaining  to  tripoli.  Clarke. 

TRIP  O-LINE,  ? a (Geog.)  Relating  to  Trip- 

TRJ-POL'I-TAN,  ) oli.  P.  Cyc. 

TRI-POL'I-TAN,  n.  (Geog.)  A native  of  Tripoli. 

TRl'PuS,  n.  A tripod. — See  Tripod.  B.Jonson. 

TRl'PuS,  n. ; pi.  triposes.  A writer  of  the  Latin 
verses  on  the  back  of  the  slips  of  paper  contain- 
ing the  names  of  the  Bachelors  who  were  highest 
in  the  list,  Wranglers,  Senior  Optimes,  Junior 
Optimes: — any  university ' examination  for 
honors  of  questionists  or  men  who  have  just 
taken  their  B.  A.: — a tripos  paper.  [Cam- 
bridge University,  Eng.]  Whewell.  Bristcd. 

IKg-The  I Jniversity  Scholarship  Examinations  are 
not  called  Triposes.  Bristed. 

Tripos  paper,  a printed  list  of  the  successful  candi- 
dates for  mathematical  honors,  accompanied  by  Latin 
verses;  — also  extended  to  the  list  of  classical  hon- 
ors, though  unaccompanied  by  its  classical  verses. 

Whewell. 

TRIP'PANT,  a.  [Fr.]  (Her.)  Tripping.  Ogilvic. 

TRIP'PJR,  n.  1.  One  who  trips  or  supplants. 

2.  One  who  walks  with  short,  light  steps. 

Begone,  ye  sylvan  trippers  of  the  green.  Dryden. 

TRIP'PING,  a.  1.  Quick  ; nimble.  Milton. 

2.  (Ilcr.)  Noting  a buck,  hart,  hind,  &c., 
when  represented  with  the  right  fore-foot  lifted 
and  the  other  feet  on  the  ground.  Ogilvic. 

TRIP'PING,  n.  1.  A stumbling.  Holland. 

2.  The  act  of  walking  lightly  or  nimbly. 

3.  A light  kind  of  dance.  Milton. 

TRIP'PING— LINE,  n.  (Naut.)  A small  rope  serv- 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  J.  O,  U.  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR  HER; 


TRIPPINGLY 


1545 


TRIUMPHER 


ing  to  unring  the  lower  top-gallant-yard  arm 
when  in  the  act  of  striking  or'lovvering  it  down 
upon  deck.  Mar.  Diet. 

TRIP'PING-LY,  ad.  With  agility  ; with  swift  mo- 
tion ; with  a light,  quick  step  ; nimbly.  Shak. 

TRI  P 'SIS,  n.  [Gr.  rptyi;  ; raipu,  to  rulf.] 

1.  (Med.)  The  act  of  reducing  a substance  to 

powder.  Dunglison. 

2.  The  process  of  rubbing  and  percussing  the 
whole  surface  of  the  body,  and,  at  the  same  time, 
flexing  and  extending  the  limbs,  and  racking  the 
joints,  in  connection  with  the  use  of  the  hot 
bath ; — commonly  called  shampooing.  Wright. 

TRlP'TOTE,  n.  [Gr.  rpfi j,  three,  and  xrwuif,  a 
case;  L.  triptota,  tnptotes-,  Fr.  triptote.]  A 
noun  used  only  in  three  cases.  W.  Smith. 

TRIP'TYGH,  n.  [Gr.  rp(?s,  three;  and  7rrD£,  a fold.] 
A picture,  generally  on  a panel,  with  two  hang- 
ing doors  or  leaves.  FairhoU. 

v03f-  Pictures  in  the  form  of  triptychs  abound  in  the 
works  of  the  early  Italian,  German,  and  Flemish 
masters.  They  sometimes  comprehend  five  paintings 
— 1.  The  centre  piece  ; 2.  The  inner  sides  of  the  two 
doors  ; 3.  The  outer  sides  of  the  doors.  Fairholt. 

f TRI-PU'DI-A-RY,  a.  [L .tripudium.]  Relating 
to,  or  performed  by,  dancing.  Browne. 

f TRf-PU'DI-ATE,  v.  n.  [L.  tripudio,  tripudia- 
tum.]  To  dance.  Cockeram. 

f TRf-PU-DI-A'TION,  n.  Act  of  dancing.  Bailey. 

TKl-QUE'TROUS,  a.  [L.  triquetrus,  triangular.] 

1.  Triangular.  Hill. 

2.  (Bot.)  Having  three  acute  angles  with 
concave  faces,  as  the  stems  of  many  plants  ; 
three-edged  : — three-cornered ; trigonous. 

Gray.  Lindley. 

TRI-RA'DI-ATE,  )a  [L.  tres,  three,  and  radi- 

TRi-RA'DI-AT-JJD,  S us,  a ray.]  Having  three 
rays.  Smart. 

TRI-RpC-TAN'GU-LAR,  a.  ( Gcom .)  Having  three 
right  angles,  as  certain  spherical  triangles. 

Davies. 

TRI'REME,  n.  [L.  triremus ; tres,  three,  and  re- 
mits, an  oar;  Fr.  trireme.]  (Grecian  Ant.)  A 
galley  or  vessel  with  three  ranks  of  oars  on  a 
side.  Wm.  Smith. 

TRI-RHOM-BOID'AL,  a.  [Gr.  rpr  15,  three,  pi5p/?of, 

a rhombus,  and  tllof,  form.]  (Crystallography.) 
Notiifg  crystals  whose  surface  is  composed  of 
eighteen  rhombic  faces,  which,  being  taken  six 
and  six,  and  prolonged  in  idea  till  they  inter- 
cept each  other,  would  form  three  different 
rhombs.  - Cleaveland. 

TRi-SAC-RA-MIJN-TA'RI-AN,  n.  (Eccl.)  One  of 
a sect  who  admit  of  three  sacraments.  Clarke. 

TRI-SA'QI-OJV,  n.  [Gr.  rpug,  three,  and  dyios, 
holy.]  The  threefold  invocation  of  the  Deity, 
as  “ Holy,”  in  the  Greek  Church.  Bp.  Bull. 

flrjr-  The  ordinary  form  is  that  in  Isaiah:  “Holy, 
holy,  holy  Lord  God  of  hosts,  all  the  earth  is  full  of 
thy  glory.”  Brunde. 

TRI-SECT',  v.  a.  [L.  tres,  three,  and  seco,  to  cut.] 
[i.  TRISECTED  ; pp.  TRISECTING,  TRISECTED.] 
To  divide  into  three  equal  parts.  P.  Cyc. 

TRI-SECT'IJD,  a.  (Bot.)  Noting  leaves  divided 
into  three  segments  by  incisions  extending  to 
the  midrib  or  the  base.  Lindley. 

TRI-SEC'TION,  n.  [L.  tres  and  sectio.]  The  di- 
vision of  any  thing,  as  an  angle,  into  three  equal 
parts. 

TIU-SEP'A-LOUS,  a.  (Bot.)  Noting  calyxes  which 
consist  of  three  sepa's.  Lindley. 

TRI-Sl  RI-AL,  I a [x.  tres,  three,  and  series, 

TRI-SE'RI-ATE,  ) a row,  a series.]  (Bot.)  In 
three  rows,  one  below  another.  Gray. 

TRIS'MUS,  n.  [Gr.  rpnrpts,  the  making  of  a shrill 
noise  ; rp/£u,  to  twitter  or  chirp,  to  gnash  the 
teeth.]  (Med.)  Spastic  closure  of  the  under 
jaw ; locked-jaw ; — a partial  tetanus.  Dunglison. 

TRIS-OC-TA-HE'DRON,  n.  [Gr.  rp .f?{,  three,  Ik™, 
eight,  and  iepa,  a base.]  A solid  bounded  by 
twenty-four  equal  faces.  Shepard. 

TRI  SPA.ST,  ) n [Gr.  rpiTs,  three,  and  audio, 

TRI-SPAs'TON,  ) to  draw.]  (Mech.)  A machine 


with  three  pulleys  acting  in  connection  with 
each  other,  for  raising  heavy  weights.  Hutton. 

TRi-SPER'MOUS,  a.  [Gr.  rpeis,  three,  and  anlppa, 
a seed.]  Producing  or  having  three  seeds. 

f TRI  ST,  a.  [L.  tristis.]  Sad  ; sorrowful.  Fairfax. 

TRIST,  n.  1.  A fair  for  the  sale  of  cattle,  horses, 
&c.  ; — written  also  tryst.  [Local,  Eng.]  Wright. 

2.  f A post. or  station  in  hunting.  Chaucer. 

f TRIST'FUL,  a.  [L.  tristis.]  Sad ; melancholy  ; 
gloomy  ; sorrowful  ; trist.  Shak. 

f TRIST'FUL-LY,  ad.  Sorrowfully;  sadly.  Clarke. 

TRIS-TICH ' I- US,  n.  (Pal.)  A genus  of  fossil 
shes  known  only  by  their  spines.  Agassiz. 

TRIS'TIjEH-OUS,  a.  [Gr.  rpiis,  three,  and  ari%6s, 
a row.]  (Bot.)  In  three  longitudinal  or  perpen- 
dicular ranks.  Gray. 

1 RI-STIG-MAT  IC,  £ a JX.  tres,  three,  and 

TRI-STIG'MA-TOSE,  > Eng.  stigmatic  or  stigma- 
tose.]  (Bot.)  Having  three  stigmas.  Gray. 

f TRIS-TI''T[-ATE  (trjs-tlsli'e-at),  v.  a.  [L.  tris - 
titia,  sadness.]  To  make  sad.  Feltham. 

f TRIS'TY,  a.  [L.  tristis .]  Sad.  Poem,  1G52. 

fTRl'SULC,  n.  [L.  trisulcus,  three-pointed.]  A 
thing  having  three  points.  Browne. 

TRi-SUL'CATE,  a.  Having  three  points.  Todd. 

TRYS-YL-LAB'IC,  ; a.  [Gr.  TptaMafa.  rpsii. 

TRV'S-YL-LAb'I-CAL,  > three,  and  oulXaflf,,  a syl- 
lable ; L.  trisyllabus.]  Pertaining  to,  or  consist- 
ing of,  three  syllables.  Phillips. 

TRIS'YL-LA-BLE  [trls'sil-la  bl,  S.  W.  J.  F.  Ja. 
Wb. ; trls-sll'lj-bl,  P.  K.  Stn.  C. ],  n.  [Gr.  rpiis, 
three,  and  avV.afh'i,  a syllable ; Fr.  trissyllabe.] 
A word  consisting  of  three  syllables.  Phillips. 

TRITE,  a.  [L.  tritus ; tero,  tritus,  to  rub,  to  wear.] 
Worn  out  by  use  ; stale  ; common  ; threadbare. 

That  old,  trite , common  argument.  South. 

TRITE'LY,  ad.  In  a trite  or  common  way.  Todd. 

TRITE'NySS,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state  of  being 
trite  ; staleness  ; commonness.  Wrangham. 

TRl-TER'NATE,  a.  (Bot.)  Noting 
compound  leaves  whose  common 
petiole  divides  into  three  second- 
ary petioles,  which  are  each  sub- 
divided into  three  tertiary  peti- 
oles, each  of  which  bears  three 
leaflets.  Lindley. 

TRI'Tliy-I§M  [trl'the-jzm,  K.  Sm.  Wb.  Ash, 
Todd,  Brande\  trJ-the'Izm,  P.  Penning],  n. 
[Gr.  rpfif,  three,  and  Q16 1,  God;  Fr.  tritheisme.] 
The  doctrine  of  a sect  in  the  sixth  century,  and 
which  taught  that  the  Father,  Son,  and  Spirit 
were  three  coequal,  distinct  Beings  united  by 
one  common  will  and  purpose.  Bp.  Bull. 

TRl'TIiy-IST,  n.  One  who  maintains  tritheism. 
“ Sabellians  and  Tritheists.”  Nelson. 


\a- 


Relating  to  tritheism. 

South. 


TRI-THJJ-IS'TIC, 

TRI-THE-IS'TI-CAL, 

TRl'THE-ITE,  n.  A tritheist.  Phillips. 

TRl'TIIING,  n.  (Sax.  & Old  Eng.  Laic.)  The 
third  part  of  a county,  or  three  or  four  hundreds  ; 
a riding,  as  in  Yorkshire.  Blachstone. 

f TRIT'I-CAL,  a.  [L.  tritus  ; tero , tritus,  to  wear 
away.]  Trite  ; common  ; worn  out.  War  ton. 


f TRlT'I-CAL-NESS,  n.  Triteness.  Arbuthnot. 
TRIT’I-Ct/M,  n.  [L.]  (Bol.)  A genus  of  gra- 
mineous plants,  which  produce  the  various  kinds 
of  wheat.  Baird. 


TRprOJT,  n.  [Gr.  Tptruiv.] 

1.  (Myth.)  A sea  divinity  having  the  human 

figure  in  the  upper  part  of  the  body,  and,  in  the 
lower  part,  that  of  a fish.  W.  Smith. 

2.  ( Zotil .)  A genus  of  batrachian  reptiles  or 

salamanders:  — also  a genus  of  gasteropodous 
mollusks  the  shells  of  which  are  furnished  with 
a scries  of  disconnected  varices  running  up  the 
spire  at  irregular  distances.  Baird. 

TRl'TONE,  n.  [Gr.  rplroros,  three  tones;  rptls, 
three,  and  t6vo s,  a tone.]  (Mus.)  A dissonant 
interval,  otherwise  called  a superfluous  fourth  ; 
a kind  of  redundant  fourth,  consisting  of  two 
tones  and  two  semitones,  one  greater  and  one 
less,  as  from  C to  F sharp.  Moore.  I 


TRI-TO  1 RI-i/M,  n.  [L.  tero,  tritus,  to  rub,  to 
wear  away.]  A vessel  for  separating  two  fluids 
of  different  densities.  Parkes. 

TR[-TOX'[DE,  n.  (Chem.)  A metallic  oxide  con- 
taining three  equivalents  of  oxygen.  Henry. 

TRIT'U-RA-BLE,  a.  [Fr.  triturable.]  That  may 
be  triturated.  Browne. 

TRIT'y-RATE  [trlt'u-rat,  P.  Ja.  IC  Wh. ; trl'tn- 
rat,  Sm .] , v.  a.  [L.  trituro,  trituratus,  to  thrasli ; 
tero,  tritus,  to  wear  away.]  [t.  triturated  ; pp. 
TRITURATING,  TRITURATED.] 

1.  f To  thrash;  to  pound.  Cockeram. 

2.  To  reduce  to  powder  or  to  dust,  as  any 

friable  substance,  by  subjecting  it  to  pressure 
and  friction,  as  in  a mortar  by  means  of  a pes- 
tle. Cook. 

TRlT-y-RA'TION,  n.  [L.  trituratio,  a thrashing ; 
Fr.  trituration .] 

1.  The  act  of  triturating;  act  of  reducing  a 

substance  to  a fine  powder.  Browne. 

2.  (Chem.)  An  operation  whereby  substances 

are  made  to  unite  by  friction.  Parkes. 

TRl-TU'RI-UM,  n.  A tritorium.  Clarke. 

TRi'UMPH  (trl'umf),  11.  [Gr.  OptagPos,  a proces- 
sion in  honor  of  Bacchus,  a triumph  ; L.  tri- 
umplius,  a triumph;  It.  trionfo  ; Sp.  triunfo ; 
Fr.  triomphe.] 

1.  (lloman  Ant.)  A solemn  and  magnificent 

entrance  of  a general  into  Rome  after  having 
obtained  an  important  victory  ; a triumphal  pro- 
cession. W.  Smith. 

2.  f A pomp  or  show  in  imitation  of  a tri- 
umph ; an  exhibition,  as  of  masks  ; a show. 

The  triumph  consisted  of  fifteen  lovers.  B.  Jonson. 

You  cannot  have  a perfect  palace  except  you  have  two 
several  sides,  one  for  feasts  and  triumphs , the  other  for 
dwelling.  Bacon . 

3.  The  state  of  being  victorious  ; victory. 

Hercules  from  Spain 

Arrived  in  triumph  from  Geryon  slain.  Drydcn. 

4.  A victory  ; a conquest. 

The  vain  coquettes  the  trifling  triumphs  boast.  Logic. 

5.  Exultation  or  joy  for  success. 

Great  triumph  and  rejoicing  was  in  heaven.  Milton. 

6.  f A trump  at  cards.  B.  Jonson. 

TRi'UMPH  (trl'umf),  v.  n.  [L.  triumplio  ; It.  tri- 
onfare;  Sp . triunfar ; Fr.  triompher.]  [/.tri- 
umphed; pp.  TRIUMPHING,  TRIUMPHED.] 

1.  To  celebrate  a victory  with  pomp  or  rejoic- 
ing ; to  hold  a triumph.  Dry  den. 

2.  To  obtain  victory  ; to  prevail ; — with  over. 

Triumfihing  over  death  and  chance.  Milton. 

To  forbear  to  use  his  forces  any  farther  against  the  Chris- 
tians, over  whom  he  had  sufficiently  triumphed.  Knolles. 

3.  To  exult  or  rejoice  exceedingly  for  a vic- 
tory gained,  or  as  for  a victory  gained.  Spenser. 

4.  To  insult  a person  upon  an  advantage 
gained  ; to  exult  or  boast  insolently. 

How  ill  beseeming  is  it  in  tby  sex 

To  triumph  like  an  Amazonian  trulll  Shak. 

“ This  verb,  says  Mr.  Nares,  was,  even  till 
Dryden’s  time,  pronounced  with  the  accem  either  on 
tile  first  or  last  syllable.  . . . But  it  is  now,  as  Mr. 
Nares  observes,  invariably  accented  on  the  first,  not- 
withstanding the  general  propensity  to  give  a dissyl- 
lable noun  and  verb  a different  accentuation.”  Halker. 

f TRI'UMPH,  v.  a.  To  triumph  over  ; to  conquer. 
“ Lords  of  the  triumphed  world.”  B.  Jonson. 

TRI-UM'PHAL,  a.  [L.  triumphalis  ; It . trionfalc ; 
Sp.  triunfal ; Fr.  triomphal.]  Relating  to  a 
triumph  ; commemorating,  or  used  in  celebrat- 
ing, a triumph  or  victory.  “A  proud  triumphal 
car.”  Swift.  “ Triumphal  arches.”  Pope. 

f TRI-UM'PHAL,  n.  A token  of  victory.  Milton. 

TRl-UM'PIIANT,  a.  [L.  triumpho,  triumphans, 
to  triumph  ; Fr.  triomphant .] 

1.  Pertaining  to  a triumph  ; celebrating  vic- 
tory ; triumphal.  “ A triumphant  car.”  Shak. 

2.  Rejoicing  for  victory,  or  as  for  victory. 

Think  you,  but  that  I know  our  state  secure, 

I would  be  so  triumphant  a9  I am  ? Shak. 

3.  Victorious  ; graced  with  conquest.  Pope. 

Athena,  War’s  triumphant  maid.  Pope. 

TRI-UM'PII  ANT-LY,  ad.  In  a triumphant  man- 
ner ; exultingly  or  joyfully,  as  for  victory  : — vic- 
toriously ; — with  insolent  exultation.  Granville. 

TRl'UMPH-lJR,  n.  One  who  triumphs  or  re- 
joices for  a victory  ; a conqueror.  Shak. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 
194 


BULL,  BUR,  ROLE.  — <J,  9, 


I,  soft;  jC,  G,  5,  I,  hard;  § as  z;  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


TROLL 


TRIUMPHING 

TRI'UMPH-ING,  n.  Exultation  for  victory  or 
success.  Job  xxi.  5. 

TRI'UMPH-JNG-L  Y,  ad.  Triumphantly,  [n.] 

Triumphinyjy  say,  O Death,  where  is  thy  sting  ? Bp.  Hall. 

TRl-UM'VIR,  n. ; pi.  L.  trI Hm' ri-Rl ; Eng. 
trI-um'vir$.  [L.  triumvir-,  tres,  three,  and  vir, 
a man.]  One  of  a triumvirate  ; one  of  three 
men  united  in  office. 

The  triumviri,  in  ancient  Romo,  were  either 
ordinary  magistrates  or  officers,  or  else  extraordinary 
commissioners  appointed  to  execute  any  public  office, 
if  . Smith. 

TRI-UM'VI-RATE,  11.  [L.  triumviratus ; Fr.  tri- 

umcirat.)  The  office  of  the  triumviri ; the  asso- 
ciation of  three  men  in  government  or  author- 
ity, or  government  by  three  men. 

The  coalition  between  Julius  Ciesar,  Pompcius,  and  Cras- 
6us,  in  B.  C.  GO,  is  usually  called  the  first  triumvirate.  Smith. 

From  distant  regions  fortune  sends 

An  odd  triumvirate  of  friends.  Swift. 

f TRI-UM'VI-RY,  n.  Triumvirate.  Shak. 

TRl'UNE  [trl'un,  S.  P.  J.  E.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  C.  ; trl- 
un',  IV.  E.],  a.  [L.  tres,  three,  and  unus,  one.] 
At  once  three  and  one  ; — applied  to  the  Deity 
to  express  the  unity  of  the  Father,  Son,  and 
Holy  Spirit.  “ A triune  Deity.”  Burnet. 

TRI-U'NI-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being  triune  ; trin- 
ity. “ The  triunity  of  the  Godhead.”  More. 

TRl'VALVE,  n.  [L.  tres,  three,  and  valvte,  the 
leaves  of  a door;  Fr.  trivalve,  trivalvular.]  A 
shell  with  three  valves.  Mendes  da  Costa. 

TRi-vAL'VU-LAR,  a.  Three-valved.  Clarke. 

t TRIV'ANT,  n.  A truant.  Burton. 

TRI-VER'BI-AL,  a.  [L.  tres,  three,  and  verbum, 
a word.]  (Civil  Law.)  Noting  days  which  were 
juridical,  or  days  allowed  to  the  prsetor  for  de- 
ciding causes  ; — so  named  from  the  three  char- 
acteristic words  of  his  office,  do,  dico,  addico  ; 
— called  also  dies  fasti.  Burrill. 

TRlV'^T,  n.  Any  thing  supported  by  three  feet, 
as  a stool ; trevet.  — See  Trevet.  Chapman. 

TRIV'UT-TA'BLE,  n.  A table  supported  by  three 
legs  or  feet.  Dryden. 

y TRlV'I-AL,  or  TRIV'IAL  [trlv'yjl,  S.  W.  J.  E. 
F.  Ja.  K. ; triv'e-jl,  P.  Sm.  R.  C.  I Vb.],  a.  [L. 
trivialis ; trivium,  a place  where  three  roads 
meet,  a public  square  ; tres,  three,  and  via,  a 
way;  It.  tririale ; Sp.  4 Fr.  trivial.] 

1.  Such  as  may  be  found  every  where  ; com- 
mon-place ; common  ; vulgar.  Roscommon. 

2.  Of  little  price,  value,  or  estimation ; unim- 
portant ; light ; slight ; small ; trifling. 

So  yon  mad  fools,  who  for  some  trivial  right, 

For  love,  or  for  mistaken  honor,  fight.  Drydcn. 

And  if  the  means  be  just,  the  conduct  true, 

Applause,  in  spite  of  trivial  faults,  is  due.  Pope. 

tfip  Trivial  is  a word  borrowed  from  the  life.  Mark 
three  or  four  persons  standing  idly  at  tire  point  where 
one  street  bisects  at  right  angles  another,  and  discuss- 
ing there  the  worthless  gossip,  the  idle  nothings,  of 
the  day  ; there  you  have  the  living  explanation  of  the 
words  trivial,  trivialities,  such  as  no  explanation 
which  did  not  thus  root  itself  in  the  etymology  would 
ever  give  you,  or  enable  you  to  give,  to  others.  For 
there  you  have  the  tres  [three],  the  via;  [ways],  the 
trivium  ; and  trivialities  properly  mean  such  talk  as 
is  liolden  by  those  idle  loiterers  that  gather  at  these 
meetings  of  three  roads.  Trench. 

Syn.  — See  Trifling. 

t TRIV'I-AL,  n.  One  of  the  three  liberal  arts 
which  constituted  the  trivium.  Wood. 

||  TRIV-I-Al'I-TY,  n.  1.  Trivialness.  Qu.  Rev. 

2.  Something  of  no  value  ; a trifle.  Trench. 

||  TRIV'I-AL-LY,  ad.  1.  In  a trivial  manner; 
commonly  ; ordinarily  ; vulgarly.  Bacon. 

2.  Lightly;  triflingly ; inconsiderably.  Tatlcr. 

II  TRI  V'I-AL-NESS,  n.  1.  The  quality  or  the  state 
of  being  trivial ; commonness  ; triviality.  Bailey. 

2.  Lightness  ; unimportance.  More. 

TRIV'  I-ijM,  n.  [L.  tres,  three,  and  unus,  one.] 
A term  applied,  in  the  middle  ages,  to  the  three 
first  liberal  arts,  grammar,  rhetoric,  and  logic, 
which  were  studied  together.  Brande. 

TRl'-WEEK-LY,  a.  Occurring,  performed,  or 
published,  three  times  in  a week  ; as,  “A  tri- 
weekly newspaper.”  Ritchie. 

,&3f-Tlns  word  is  often  thus  used  in  the  United 
States,  though  it  is  of  questionable  propriety.  From 
its  formation,  it  properly  signifies  “ occurring  once  in 


1546 

three  weeks,”  as  triennial  means  “occurring  once  in 
three  years.” 

T TKoAD,  or  TRODE,  n.  A way  ; a path.  Spenser. 

TROAT  (trot),  v.  a.  [From  the  sound.]  To  cry, 
as  a buck  in  rutting  time.  Scott. 

TROAT,  n.  Cry  of  a buck  in  rutting  time.  Clarke. 

TRO'CAR,  n.  [Fr.  trocart,  or  troisquarts  ; trois, 
three,  and  quart,  a fourth, — so  called  from  its 
triangular  point.]  ( Surg .)  An  instrument  for 
evacuating  fluids  from  cavities,  particularly  in 
dropsy  of  the  belly,  hydrocele,  &c.  Dunglison. 

TRO-EHA'JC  (tro-ka'jk),  n.  A trochaical  verse  ; 
a j erse  consisting  of  trochees.  Warton. 

TRO-EHA'JC  (tro-ka'jk),  ) |-Gr 

TRO-EHA'I-CAL  (tro-ka'e-k?l),  ) xds ; L.  trochai- 
ens ; It.  4 Sp.  trocaico-,  Fr.  trocaique.]  Relat- 
ing to,  or  consisting  of,  trochees. 

TRO-EHAN'TjER  (tro-kkn'ter),  n.  [Gr.  rpo^avr/ip, 
the  ball  on  which  the  thigh-bone  turns  in  its 
socket ; rpo^d^u,  rpt%u>,  to  run,  to  run  quickly.] 
(Anat.)  One  of  the  two  processes  at  the  upper 
extremity  of  the  thigh-bone.  Dunglison. 

SSf-  The  greater  trochanter  is  the  process  on  the 
outside;  the  less  or  little  trochanter  is  situated  lower 
down  and  more  internally.  Dunglison. 

TRO-EHAN-TE'RI-  AN,  a.  (Anat.)  Pertaining  to 
the  great  trochanter.  Dunglison. 

TRO-EHAN-TIN'I-AN,  a.  (Anat.)  Pertaining  to 
the  lesser  trochanter.  Dunglison. 

TRO'EHAR,  n.  See  Trocar.  Dunglison. 

TRO'EHp,  n.  [Gr.  Tpo%ifs,  a round  ball  or  cake.] 
A small  lozenge  or  cake  composed  of  sugar  and 
mucilage,  with  some  more  active  medicine,  and 
intended  to  dissolve  slowly  in  the  mouth  ; — 
written  also  troch.  Brande. 

TRO'EIIEE  (tro'kc),  n.  [Gr.  rpo^aio; ; rpc^w,  to 
run  ; L.  irochceus ; It.  trocheo  ; Sp.  troqueo ; Fr. 
trochee .] 

1.  (Pros.)  A foot  consisting  of  one  long  and 
one  short  syllable,  as  anna,  or  of  one  accented 
and  one  unaccented  syllable,  as  army  ; a choree. 
The  following  lines  are  composed  entirely  of 
trochees  : — 

BuU  a troub'le  weighed'  upon'  her, 

And'  perplexed' her  night'  and  morn', 

With'  the  bur'den  of  an  hon'or 
Un'to  which'  she  was'  not  born'.  Tennyson. 

2.  (Mus.)  A musical  foot  consisting  of  a long 

and  a short  note,  or  of  an  accented  and  unac- 
cented note.  Waller. 

TRO'EHIL  (tro'kjl),  n.  A small  sea-bird,  or  the 
wren;  trochilus.  — See  Trociiilus.  Herbert. 

TRO-EHIL'JC  (tro-ktl'jk),  a.  Relating  to  rotatory 
motion ; having  power  to  draw  out  or  turn 
round.  “ By  art  trochilic."  Camden. 

TRO-EIIIL'ICS,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  rpoyds,  any  thing  cir- 
cular, a wheel ; rpi^oi,  to  run?]  The  science  of 
rotatory  motion.  Browne. 

TRO-E1IIL DJE,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  rpt^ilo;,  L.  trochilus, 
a small  bird.]  (Ornith.)  A family  of  tenuiros- 
tral  birds  of  the  order  Passercs,  including  the 
sub-families  Grypinre,  Trochilince,  and  Mellisu- 
ginw ; humming-birds.  Gray. 

TROeil-I-Ll’JVJE, 
n.  pi.  [See  Tro- 
CHILIDjE.]  (Or- 
nith.) A sub-fam- 
ily of  tenuirostral 
birds  of  the  order  Polytmus  ensipennis. 

Passcres  and  family  Trochilidce ; curved-billed 
humming-birds.  Gray. 

TROEH'I-LIJS,  n.  [Gr.  rpo^Uo; ; rpi%u>,  to  run; 
L.  trochilus  ; Fr.  trochile.] 

1.  (Ornith.)  A small,  running  sea-bird,  said 

to  get  its  meat  out  of  the  crocodile’s  mouth. 
Sir  T.  Herbert.  — A name  of  the  golden-crowned 
wren.  Todd.  — A genus  of  humming  birds,  the 
typical  species  of  which  (Trochilus  colubris,  or 
ruby-throated  humming-bird),  is  about  three 
and  a half  inches  in  length,  the  body  glittering 
with  green  and  gold,  and  the  throat  and  chin 
rivalling  the  ruby  in  brilliancy.  Baird. 

2.  (Arch.)  A hollow  moulding  occurring  in 

the  base  of  a column  ; a scotia.  Britton. 

TRO'EHlNG§  (tro'kjngz),  n.pl.  The  small  branch- 
es on  the  top  of  a deer’s  head.  Bailey. 


f*  TRO'EIITSK  (trd'kjsk),  n.  [Gr.  rpo^ioKo;,  any 
thing  circular ; L.  trochiscus.]  A kind  of  tab- 
let or  lozenge  ; a troche.  — See  Troche.  Bacon. 

TROEH'L£-A,  11.  [L.,  from  Gr.  rpo^ai.ia  ; rpt-^to, 

to  run.] 

1.  t (Mech.)  A pulley.  Bailey. 

2.  (Anat.)  The  articular  surface  at  the  lower 
extremity  of  the  humerus  ; — so  called  from  its 
forming  a kind  of  pulley  on  which  the  ulna 
moves,  in  flexion  and  extension  of  the  forearm : 
— also  the  cartilaginous  pulley  over  which  the 
tendon  of  the  trochleary  muscle  passes,  at  the 
upper  and  inner  part  of  the  orbit.  Dunglison. 

TROEH'LIJ-AR,  a.  (Bot.)  Shaped  like  a troch- 
lea, or  pulley.  Gray. 

TROEH'LIJ-A-RY,  a.  (Anat.)  Pertaining  to,  or 
resembling,  the  trochlea.  Dunglison. 

TRO'EIIOID,  n.  [Gr.  rpotf;,  any  thing  round  or 
circular,  a wheel,  and  $6os,  form.] 

1.  (Geom.)  A cycloid.  — See  Cycloid.  Hutton. 

2.  (Anat.)  An  articulation,  in  which  one 

bone  turns  upon  another  like  a wheel  upon  its 
axle.  Dunglison. 

TRO-EHOM'E-TIJR,  n.  [Gr.  rpo^Ss,  any  thing 
round,  a wheel,  and  pirpov,  a measure.]  An  in- 
strument for  computing  the  revolutions  of  a 
carriage-wheel ; odometer.  Scudamore. 

TROD,  f TRODE,  i.  from  tread.  See  Tread. 

TROD'DEN  (trod'dn),  p.  from  tread.  See  Tread. 

f TRODE,  n.  Footing;  path.  Spenser. 

TROG'LO-DYTE,  11.  [Gr.  rpuiyl.obOTrj;  , vpiiyyh;,  a 
hole  ; Tpiityui,  to  gnaw,  and  lito,  to  go  in  ; It.  if 
Sp.  troglodita  ; Fr.  troglodyte .]  One  who  has 
a dwelling  in  a subterraneous  cavern,  as  some 
savages  or  barbarians,  such  as  inhabited  Upper 
Egypt,  Nubia,  &c.  Brande. 

TROG-LO-DY' TEfj,  it.  A genus  of  Quadrumana 
comprising  the  chimpanzee  and  gorilla.  Owen. 

TROG-LO-DYT  IC,  £ <j.  [Gr.  rptoylolvTiuds  ; L. 

TROG-LO-DYT'J-CAL,  > troglodyticus .]  Of,  or 
pertaining  to,  the  troglodytes.  Andrews. 

TRO'GON,  n.  (Ornith.)  A bird  of  the  order  Pas- 
seres,  family  Trogonidm,  and  sub-family  Trogo- 
nince.  Gray. 

TRO-GOJY' I-DJE,  n.  pi.  (Ornith.)  A family  of 
fissirostral  birds  of  the  order  Passcres,  includ- 
ing the  sub-family  Trogoninee  ; trogons.  Gray. 

Tit 6 G- O- AY 'jVVF,  n.pl. 

A sub-family  of  birds 
of  the  order  Passeres 
and  family  Trogoni- 
dte ; trogons.  Gray. 

TRO'JAN,  a.  Relating 
to  Troy,  or  to  its  in- 
habitants ; as,  “ The 
Trojan  war.”  Tytler.  Apoloderma  uarina. 

TRO'JAN,  il.  A native  of  Troy.  P.  Cyc. 

TROLL,  v.  a.  [Ger.  trollen,  to  roll.]  [».  trolled  ; 
pp.  TROLLING,  TROLLED.] 

1.  To  move  circularly  ; to  drive  about ; to  roll. 

Then  doth  she  troll  to  me  the  bowl.  Ballad , 1.551. 

2.  To  move  volubly. 

To  tress,  and  troll  the  tongue  and  roll  the  eye.  Milton. 

3.  To  utter  volubly. 

Will  you  troll  the  catch?  Shak. 

4.  To  draw  on  ; to  allure  ; to  entice. 

lie  . . . trolls  and  baits  him  with  a nobler  play.  Hammond. 

TROLL, tj.  n.  1.  To  go  or  run  round,  as  wheels  ; 
to  be  moved  circularly  ; to  roll- 

Where  gilded  chairs  and  conches  throng, 

And  jostle  as  they  troll  along.  Swift. 

2.  To  sing  a catch,  canon,  round,  or  any  com- 
position, so  taking  up  the  parts  that  the  voices 
follow  each  other  in  regular  succession.  Moore. 

3.  (Angling.)  To  fish,  as  for  pikes,  with  a rod, 

the  line  of  which  runs  on  a reel,  or  to  fish  by 
letting  the  line  drag  through  the  water  while 
sailing.  Bailey. 

TROLL,  n.  (Northern  Myth.)  A diminutive  spirit 
or  supernatural  being,  generally  represented  as 
dwelling  in  the  interior  of  hills,  mounds,  and 
hillocks  ; a dwarf. 

The  trolls  are  not  in  general  regarded  as  noxious  or  malig- 
nant beings.  Keightley. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  ?,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure  ; 


FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


TROLLER 


1547 


TROUBLE 


“ There  is  no  etymon  of  this  word.  It  is  found 
in  both  the  Icelandic  and  the  Finnish  languages ; 
whether  the  latter  borrowed  or  communicated  it,  is 
uncertain.”  Keightley. 


I TROOS'lTE,  n.  (Min.)  A mineral  composed  chief- 
ly of  silica  and  protoxide  of  zinc.  Dana. 


TROLL'ER,  n.  One  who  trolls.  Ash. 

TROL'LEY,  n.  A kind  of  vehicle  used  on  rail- 
ways. ’ Simmonds. 

TROL'LOP,  n.  A slattern;  a slut;  a woman 
loosely  dressed  ; — a term  of  reproach.  Brooke. 

f TROL-LO-PEE',  n.  A kind  of  dress  formerly 
worn  by  women.  Goldsmith. 

f TROD'— MY— DAME§',  n.  pi.  [Fr.  trou-niadame.) 
The  game  of  nine  holes  ; — sometimes  called 
pigeon-holes.  Shah. 

TROM'BLON,  n.  [Fr.]  A fire-arm.  Stoequeler. 

TROM-BO'NE,  or  TROM'BONE  [trom-bo'na,  Sm. 
Cl.;  trorn'bon,  K.  O.  C.  I F6.],  n.  [It.  trombone, 
augmentative  of  tromba,  a trumpet.]  (Mas.)  A 
long  and  powerfully  sonorous  brass  instrument, 
somewhat  similar  to,  but  larger  than,  the  trum- 
pet, and  composed  of  sliding  tubes,  capable  of 
producing  every  semitone  within  its  compass  ; 
— supposed  to  be  the  ancient  sackbut.  Dwight. 

TROMP,  n.  [Fr.  trombe .]  A blowing  machine 
used  in  furnaces.  Smart. 

TROM'PIL,  n.  An  aperture  in  a tromp.  Smart. 

TRO'NA,  n.  (Min.)  A gray  or  yellowish-white, 
glistening,  translucent  mineral,  of  a vitreous 
lustre,  occurring  in  crystals  and  in  fibrous 
masses,  and  consisting  of  carbonic  acid,  soda, 
and  water  ; sesqui-carbonate  of  soda.  Dana. 

f TRO'NA^E,  n.  (Old  Eng.  Law.)  A custom  or 
toll  for  weighing  wool.  Cowell. 

TRO-NA'TOR,  n.  (Old  Eng.  Law.)  An  officer 
whose  business  it  was  to  weigh  wool.  Cowell. 

TRONE,  n.  A small  drain.  [Local,  Eng.]  Wright. 

'PRONE,  J y An  instrument  consisting  of  two 

TRONE§,  t horizontal  bars  crossing  each  other, 
beaked  at  the  extremities  and  supported  by  a 
wooden  pillar;  — used  for  weighing  heavy 
wares.  [Scotland.]  Jamieson. 

2.  A steelyard.  [North  of  England.]  Holloway. 

TRONE'-POUND,  n.  A weight  of  20  ounces,  or, 
with  the  usual  allowance  of  one  to  the  score,  a 
weight  of  21  ounces.  [Scotland.]  Hutton. 

TRONE'-STONE,  n.  A weight  of  19^  pounds. 
[Scotland.]  Hutton. 

TRONE'— WEIGHT  (-wat),  n.  The  most  ancient 
of  the  weights  used  in  Scotland.  Hutton. 

TROOP,  n.  [Gr.  Tbpfiri,  a throng;  L .turbo,;  It. 
truppa;  Sp.  tropa  ; Fr.  troupe.  — Dut.  troep  ; 
Ger.  trupp  ; Dan.  trop  ; Sw.  tropp. ) 

1.  A large  number  ; a throng ; a multitude  ; 

a company.  “ Troops  of  friends.”  Shak. 

2.  pi.  A body  of  soldiers  in  general,  whether 
mounted  or  not ; an  army  ; soldiers. 

And  sends  his  slaughtered  troops  to  shades  below.  Drydten. 

3.  (Mil.)  A company  of  dragoons  under  the 

command  of  a captain.  Stoequeler. 

When  a troop  dismounts  and  acts  on  foot,  it  is  still  called 
by  that  name.  Stoequeler. 

4.  (Mus.)  A kind  of  march,  generally  in  quick 

time.  Moore. 

Heavy  troops , (MU.)  horse  soldiers  heavily  armed 
and  accoutred  for  the  purpose  of  acting  together  in 
line,  &c.  — Light  troops,  (Mil.)  hussars,  light-horse, 
and  mounted  riflemen.  Stoequeler. 

TROOP,  V.  11.  [t.  TROOPED  ; pp.  TROOPING, 

TROOPED.] 

1.  To  collect  or  assemble  in  numbers. 

Armies,  at  the  call  of  trumpet, 

Troop  to  their  standard.  Milton. 

2.  To  march  in  a body  or  in  a company. 

I do  not  ns  an  enemy  to  peace 

Troop  in  the  throngs  of  military  men.  Shah. 

3.  To  march  in  haste  ; — often  with  off.  Shak. 

But  whatever  she  had  to  say  for  herself,  she  was  at  last 

forced  to  troop  off.  Addison, 

TROOP'— BIRD,  n.  (Ornith.)  A bird  of  the  order 
Passeres,  family  Stumidce,  and  sub-family  Age- 
lainoe.  — See  Agelain.®.  Gray. 

TROOP'ER,  n.  A horse-soldier;  a soldier  who 
fights  on  horseback.  Stoequeler. 

TROOP'ING,  n.  The  act  of  marching  together  or 
in  a body.  State  Trials,  1399. 


TROPE)  n.  [Gr.  rpuiro; ; rpErui,  to  turn  ; L.  tropvs ; 
It.  &;  Sp.  tropo  ; Fr.  trope.)  (Rhet.)  A word 
or  expression  turned  from  its  original  or  literal 
signification  to  another  on  account  of  some  re- 
semblance, for  the  purpose  of  presenting  a 
clearer  and  more  striking  view  of  an  object;  the 
figurative  use  of  a word. 

For  rhetoric,  he  could  not  ope 

His  mouth  but  out  there  flew  a trope.  Iludibras. 

We  speak  in  tropes  when  we  least  suspect  it:  “To  proceed 
in  the  Jace  of  danger  “ Conversation  takes  a turn,"  &c. 

It.  IV.  Hamilton. 

Tropes  are  founded  on  the  relation  which  one  object  bears 
to  another,  in  virtue  of  which  the  name  of  the  one  can  be 
substituted  for  the  other.  Fowler. 

“ The  general  term  trope,  comprises  the  various 
figures  termed  metaphor,  allegory,  metonymy,  synech- 
doche.”  Brande. 

Syn.  — See  Figure. 

TRO'PHI,  n. pi.  [Gr.  rftotpds,  a feeder.]  (Ent.) 
The  parts  of  the  mouth  employed  in  acquiring 
and  preparing  the  food.  Brande. 

TRO'PHIED  (tro'fjd),  a.  Adorned  with  trophies. 
“ The  trophied  arches.”  Pope. 

TRO-PIIO'NI-AN,  a.  [Gr.  Tpoipdnno;,  the  mythi- 
cal builder  of  the  first  temple  of  Apollo  at 
Delphi.]  Relating  to  Trophonius,  to  his  temple, 
or  to  his  architecture.  Dwight. 

TROPH'O-SPERM,  n.  [Gr.  rpiiptn,  to  nourish,  and 
<nr Lgpa,  a seed.]  (Bot.)  A name  given  to  the 
placenta  of  plants.  Brande. 

TRO'PHY  (tro'fe)  [tro'fe,  ,S.  W.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  K. 
Sm.  Ii. ; — corruptly  trof'e],  n.  [Gr.  rgonaiov  ; 
rpoiti'i,  a turn ; rplru>,  to  turn  ; L.  tropceum ; It. 
§ Sp.  trofeo  ; Fr.  tropliee .] 

1.  (Aht.)  A monument  or  memorial  of  victo- 

ry, erected  on  the  field  of  battle  where  the  ene- 
my had  turned  to  flight,  and  in  case  of  a naval 
victory,  on  the  nearest  land,  and  usually  con- 
sisting of  arms,  shields,  helmets,  &e.,  taken 
from  the  enemy,  hung  on  trees,  or  fixed  on  up- 
right posts  or  frames  ; — also  a sculptured  rep- 
resentation of  such  a monument,  on  a triumphal 
arch,  or  on  a medal,  &c.  IF.  Smith. 

2.  Any  thing  taken  and  preserved  as  a sign 
and  memorial  of  victory,  as  from  an  enemy. 

There  lie  thy  hones 

Till  we  with  trophies  do  adorn  thy  tomb.  Shak. 

In  modern  times,  trophies  have  been  erected  in  churches 
and  other  buildings  to  commemorate  victories.  Fairholt. 

3.  (Arch.)  An  ornament  representing  the 

trunk  of  a tree,  encompassed  all  round  with 
arms  or  military  weapons.  Wright. 

TRO'PHy— MON'EY,  n.  Money  formerly  raised 
in  the  counties  of  England  for  providing  har- 
ness, and  maintaining  the  militia.  Stoequeler. 

TROP'IC,  n. ; pi.  TROPICS.  [Gr.  tpottik6s,  belong- 
ing to  a turn  or  turning,  as  of  the  sun  ; rpiitw, 
to  turn  ; L.  tropicus,  pertaining  to  a turning ; 
It.  § Sp.  tropieo  ; Fr.  tropique .) 

1.  (Astron.)  A name  applied  to  two  small 

circles  of  the  celestial  sphere,  parallel  to  the 
equator,  and  passing  through  the  northern  and 
southern  solstitial  points,  or  points  of  the  sun’s 
greatest  declination  north  and  south  of  the 
equator,  equal  to  about  23°  28'  ; — so  called 
because  the  sun,  receding  from  the  equator  till 
it  reaches  these  circles,  then  turns  towards  the 
equator.  Herschel. 

2.  ( Geog .)  A name  applied  to  two  parallels 

of  latitude,  one  on  the  north,  and  the  other  on 
the  south,  side  of  the  equator,  and  distant  from 
it  about  23°  28'.  Herschel. 

j&g=  The  sun,  in  its  diurnal  course,  passes  vertically 
over  every  point  of  the  northern  tropic,  called  the 
tropic  of  Cancer,  on  the  21st  of  June,  and  over  every 
point  of  the  southern  tropic,  called  tile  tropic  of  Cap- 
ricorn, on  the  21st  of  December.  Herschel. 

TROP'IC,  I a [Gr.  Tponiz6s  ■ tropicus  ; Fr. 

TROP'I-CAL,  ) tropique .] 

1.  Relating  to,  or  being  within,  the  tropics. 

The  pineapple  is  one  of  the  tropical  fruits.  Salmon. 

2.  Relating  to  a trope  ; rhetorically  changed 
from  the  primary  sense  ; figurative. 

A loose  and  tropical  expression.  Browne. 

Tropical  year,  the  interval  of  time  between  two 
successive  returns  of  the  sun  to  the  same  tropic  or 
the  same  equinox,  being  less  than  the  sidereal  year 
by  20  minutes  and  19.9  seconds.  This  difference  is 
caused  by  tile  precession  of  the  equinoxes.  Herschel. 


TROP'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a tropical  manner;  fig- 
uratively ; not  literally.  Shale. 

TROP'IC— BIRD,  n.  (Ornith.)  A tropical,  oceanic 
bird  of  the  order  Anseres,  family  Pelecanidce, 
and  genus  Phaeton,  having  a long,  pointed, 
strong  bill,  long  wings,  and  a tail  composed  of 
twelve  feathers,  the  two  middle  ones  of  which 
are  very  long  and  slender.  Audubon. 

TRO'PIST,  n.  [Fr.  tropiste .]  One  who  deals  in 
tropes  : — one  who  explains  the  Scriptures  by 
tropes  and  figures.  Todd. 

TROP-O-LOtjr'l-CAL,  a.  [Fr.  tropologique .]  Re- 
lating to  tropology  ; varied  by  tropes.  Burton. 

TROP-O-LOO'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a tropological 
manner,  [r.]  Cudworth. 

TR0-P0L'0-£IZE,  v.  a.  To  change  to  a figura- 
tive sense,  as  a word,  [r.]  Cudworth. 

TRO-P0L'O-<?Y,  n.  [Gr.  rp6wos,  a trope,  and 
loyo t,  a discourse.]  A rhetorical  mode  of  speech 
including  tropes,  or  a change  of  some  word 
from  the  original  meaning.  Browne. 

f TROS'SgR§,  n.  Trousers. — See  Trousers. Shak. 

TROT,  v.  n.  [Ger.  trotten.  — It.  trottare  ; Sp. 
trotar ; Fr.  trotter .]  [i.  trotted;  pp.  trot- 

ting, TROTTED.] 

1.  To  move,  as  a horse  or  other  quadruped, 

with  a quicker  pace  than  a walk,  in  such  a man- 
ner that  one  of  the  fore  legs  and  one  of  the 
hind  legs  situated  on  opposite  sides  of  the  body 
move  almost  simultaneously.  Youatt. 

2.  To  walk  or  move  fast.  Johnson. 

TROT,  n.  [Ger.  trott.  — Fr.  trot.  — Gael,  trot.) 

1.  The  jotting,  high  pace  of  a horse  more 
rapid  than  a walk,  in  which  one  of  the  fore  legs 
and  one  of  the  hind  legs  on  opposite  sides  of 
the  body  move  almost  simultaneously. 

The  canter  is  to  the  gallop  very  much  what  the  walk  is  to 
the  trot.  Youatt. 

2.  f An  old  woman  ; in  contempt.  Shak. 

II  TROTH  (21)  [troth,  IF.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Sm.  ; triwtli, 

S'.  A'. ; troth,  Ja.),  n.  [A.  S.  treowth.  — See 
Truth.] 

1.  Truth ; verity. 

In  troth , thou  'rt  able  to  instruct  gray  hairs.  Addison. 

2.  Belief ; faith  ; fidelity. 

Bid  her  alight,  and  her  troth  plight.  Shak. 

||  f TROTH'L^SS,  a.  Faithless.  Fairfax. 

II  f TROTH 'PLIGHT  (-pllt),  v.  a.  To  betroth.  Shak. 

II  f TROTH'PLIGHT  (-pllt),  n.  The  act  of  betroth- 
ing ; betrothal.  Shak. 

||  f TROTH'PLIGHT, a.  Affianced ; betrothed.S/taL 

TROT'TIJR,  n.  1.  A horse  that  trots.  Youatt. 

2.  A sheep’s  foot.  [Colloquial.]  Simmonds. 

TROT'TING,  p.  a.  Moving  with  a trot,  or  per- 
taining to  the  act  of  trotting. 

TROT'TING,  n.  The  act  of  a horse  or  other  quad- 
ruped that  trots  ; — act  of  moving  with  a trot. 

TROU' BJt-DOUR  (tro'ba-dor),  n.  [Fr.,  from  trou- 
ver,  in  the  sense  of  to  invent,  — so  named  from 
their  inventions.]  One  of  a school  of  poets 
who  flourished  in  the  11th,  12th,  and  13th  cen- 
turies, chiefly  in  Provence,  or  the  south  of 
France,  but  also  in  the  north  of  Italy.  Brande. 

f TROUB'LA-BLE,  a.  Troublesome.  Chaucer. 

TROUB'I.E  (tiub'bl),  v.  a.  [L.  turbo,  turbatus,  to 
throw  into  disorder  ; turba,  disorder,  a brawl  ; 
It.  turbare;  Sp.  turbar  ; Fr.  troubler.  — Gael.  1$ 
Ir.  trioblaid.)  [ i . troubled  ; pp.  troubling, 

TROUBLED.] 

1.  To  put  in  commotion  or  confusion  ; to  dis- 
order ; to  agitate  ; to  derange  ; to  disturb. 

An  angel  went  down  at  a certain  season  into  the  pool,  and 
troubled  the  water.  John  v.  4. 

God,  looking  forth,  will  trouble  all  his  host.  Milton. 

2.  To  afflict ; to  grieve  ; to  distress  ; to  make 
uneasy  ; to  disquiet ; to  vex ; to  annoy ; to  worry. 

Be  not  dismayed  or  troubled  at  these  tidings.  Milton. 

Never  trouble  yourself  about  those  faults  which  age  will 
cure.  Locke. 

Careful  and  troubled  about  many  things.  Luke  x.  41. 

3.  To  give  occasion  of  labor  to.  Addison. 

I will  not  trouble  myself  to  prove  that  all  terms  are  not 

definable.  Locke . 

4.  To  sue  for  a debt.  [Low.]  Johnson. 

Syn.  — See  Afflict,  Distress,  Disturb. 


MiEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 


BIJLL,  BUR,  RULE. — 9,  <jr,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  0,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  2; 


Y as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


TROUBLE 


1548 


TRUDGE 


TROUB'LE  (trub'bl),  n.  [Fr.]  1.  Disturbance  or 

agitation  of  mind  ; perplexity  ; disquietude. 
They  all  his  host  derided,  w hile  they  stood 
A while  in  trouble.  Milton. 

2.  Affliction  ; calamity  ; distress  ; suffering. 
Our  people  greatly  rejoiced  of  their  great  good  hap  to  have 

escaped  so  many  hard  events,  troubles,  and  miseries. J lack luyt. 

3.  Molestation  ; anoyance  ; inconvenience. 

Lest  the  fiend. 

Or  in  behalf  of  man,  or  to  invude 

Vacant  possessions,  some  new  trouble  raise.  Milton. 

4.  That  which  causes  trouble.  Shak. 

TROUBLED  (trub'bld),  p.  a.  1.  Disturbed  ; agi- 
tated. “ Troubled  water.”  Chaucer. 

2.  Distressed ; annoyed  ; vexed  ; molested. 

TROUB'LfR  (trub'bler),  n.  One  that  troubles; 
one  who  disturbs  or  molests  ; a disturber. 

The  troubler  of  my  happy  peace.  Spenser. 

TROUBLE^  (trub'blz),  n.  pi.  ( Mining .)  Faults 
or  dislocations  of  the  strata.  Ansted. 

TROUB'LE-SOME  (trub'bl-sum),  a.  1.  Causing 
trouble  or  disturbance ; vexatious;  harassing; 
annoying  ; molesting ; perplexing.  Tillotson. 

2.  Burdensome  ; tiresome  ; wearisome. 

My  mother  will  never  be  troublesome  to  me.  Pope. 

3.  Importunate  ; teasing ; intrusive. 

Two  or  three  troublesome  old  nurses  never  let  me  have  a 
quiet  night’s  rest  with  knocking  me  up.  Arbuthnot. 

Syn.  — The  following  terms  are  applied  to  objects 
that  are  disagreeable,  or  that  cause  trouble.  A trouble- 
some or  perplexing  business ; a grievous  trial  ; an  af- 
flictive dispensation  ; an  irksome  task  ; a veratious 
controversy  or  lawsuit ; a tcearisvme  labor ; a tire- 
some journey  ; a tedious  discourse. 

TROITB'LE-SOME-LY,  ad.  In  a troublesome  man- 
ner ; vexatiously  ; perplexingly.  Locke. 

TIIOUB'LE-SOME-NESS  (trub'bl-sum-nes),  n.  1. 
Vexatiousness ; uneasiness;  perplexity.  Bacon. 
2.  Importunity  ; unreasonableness.  Johnson. 
f TROUB'LE-STATE  (trub'bl-),  n . A disturber 
of  the  public  or  community.  Daniel. 

TROUB'LOUS  (trub'blus),  a.  1.  Agitated  ; dis- 
turbed ; put  in  commotion  ; tumultuous. 

As  a tall  ship  tossed  in  troublous  seas.  Spenser. 

2.  Full  of  trouble  or  disorder;  troublesome. 
“ In  troublous  times.”  Dan.  ix.  25. 

These  masters  look  to  see  a troublous  world.  Shah. 

TROUB'LOUS-LY,  ad.  Troublesomely.  [r.]  Udal. 
TROUGH  (trof,  21)  [trof,  S.  W.  P.  J.  F.  Sm.Wr.; 
tro,  E. ; truf,  Ja.  ; tr&wf,  C. ; trof  or  tro,  K. J,  n. 

iA.  S.,  Dut.,  <Sr  Ger.  troa;  Dan.  trug  ; Sw.  trag  ; 
eel.  trog.  — It.  truogo. ] 

1.  Any  thing,  as  a piece  of  timber  or  a log, 
hollowed  out  longitudinally  on  the  upper  side ; 
a kind  of  a long,  deep  tray.  “ The  hog’s 
trough."  Joye.  “ A kneading  trough.”  Chaucer. 

Big  troughs , which  they  call  canoes.  Abbot. 

2.  A channel  or  spout  for  water.  Simmonds. 
3.  ( Geol .)  A basin-shaped  or  oblong  depres- 
sion. Ansted. 

The  trough  of  the  sea,  the  hollow  between  two 
waves.  Brande. 

TROUL  (trol),  a.  To  troll.  — See  Troll.  Milton. 

TROUNCE,  v.  a.  [From  Fr.  tronqon,  a truncheon. 
Skinner.  — Perhaps  from  Old  Fr.  troncir,  to 
cut,  to  cut  with  a lash.  Richardson.]  [?'. 
TROUNCED  ; pp.  TROUNCING,  TROUNCED.]  To 
punish  or  whip  severely.  [Vulgar.]  South. 

TROUN'CJNG,  n.  A smart  whipping  or  beating, 
t TROUPE,  n.  Trousers.  — See  T rous E RS . Spenser. 
TR6u'§pR-L\G,  n.  Cloth  for  trousers,  [r.]  Sim. 

TROU'SPR§,  n.  pi-  [Fr.  troussis,  tucked  up, 
which  word,  according  to  Menage,  is  from  Ger. 
tross,  properly  the  baggage  of  an  army,  and  then 
any  thing  bundled  or  packed  up.  — Gael,  trin- 
ghas,  trousers  ; W.  tries,  dress.]  A man’s  outer 
garment  for  covering  the  legs;  pantaloons;  — 
written  also  trowsers.  Toilet. 

r Gold  was  hia  sword,  and  warlike  trousers,  laced 

With  thongs  of  gold,  his  manly  legs  embraced.  Mickle. 

TROUSSEAU (tro-s5'), w.  [Fr.]  The  clothes,  pres- 
ents,  and  general  outfit  of  a bride.  Simmonds. 
TROUT,  n.  [Gr. 

TpuiKTi/s,  a sea-fish 
with  sharp  teeth ; 
rpioyio,  to  gnaw ; L. 
tructa,  a trout ; It. 


trota  ; Sp.  truck  a ; Fr.  truite.  — A.  S.  trulit,  a 
trout.]  ( Ich .)  The  name  given  to  various  spe- 
cies of  the  genus  Sal/no,  particularly  to  Salmo 
fario,  the  common  river  trout,  found  in  the  clear 
streams  of  temperate  countries,  being  generally 
from  twelve  to  fifteen  inches  long,  variegated 
with  spots,  and  much  esteemed  as  an  article  of 
food.  Baird. 

Blip  Some  naturalists  separate  the  trouts  into  a sub- 
genus Salar.  Salmo  feroz  is  the  great  gray  trout,  or 
lake  trout,  found  in  the  deeper  lakes.  Salmo  trutta, 
the  salmon  trout,  or  sea  trout,  is  similar  in  its  habits 
to  tile  salmon  ; the  Salmo  erioz  is  the  bull  trout,  or 
gray  trout.  Baird. 

TROUT'-COL-ORED  (-kul-lurd),  a.  Colored  or 
spotted  like  a trout ; white  spotted  with  black, 
bay,  or  sorrrel.  Clarke. 

TROUT— FISH- 1 NG,  n.  The  fishing  for  trout. 

TROUT'LIJT,  n.  A small  trout;  atroutling.  Hood. 

TROUT'LING,  n.  A small  trout ; a troutlet.  Jarvis. 

TROUT'— STREAM,  n.  A stream  or  brook  in 
which  trouts  are  found.  Clarke. 

TRO'vpR,  n.  [Fr.  trouver,  to  find.]  {Law.)  An  ac- 
tion to  recover  the  value  of  a personal  chattel  or 
goods  wrongfully  converted  by  another  to  his  own 
use  ; — so  called  from  the  formal  allegation  in 
the  declaration,  that  the  defendant  found  the 
goods  in  question,  being  the  property  of  the 
plaintiff,  and  that  he  converted  them  to  his  own 
use.  It  is  sometimes  termed  an  action  of  tro- 
ver and  conversion.  Burrill. 

KTy  The  action  was  originally  against  such  person 
as  had  actually  found  another’s  goods,  and  refused  to 
deliver  them  ; hut  at  length  it  was  permitted  to  be 
brought  against  any  man  who  had  in  his  possession, 
by  any  means,  the  personal  goods  of  another,  and  sold 
or  used  them  without  the  consent  of  the  owner,  or 
refused  to  deliver  them  when  demanded.  Burrill. 

f TROW  [tro,  S.  IV.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Sm. ; trou,  Ja.] , 
v.  n.  [A.  S.  treowian,  to  believe,  to  trust,  to 
confide;  Sw.  tro.  — See  True.]  To  think;  to 
believe ; to  imagine  ; to  suppose.  Shak. 

O,  rueful  day  I rueful  indeed,  I trow.  Gay. 

f TROW,  interj.  An  exclamation  of  inquiry. 

What  mcaus  the  fool,  trow ? Shak. 

TROlV'yL,  n.  [L.  trulla-,  traa,  a ladle;  Fr. 
truelle ; Dut.  troffel.] 

1.  A flat,  metal  tool  used  by  masons  for  spread- 
ing mortar,  shaping  the  bricks,  Ac.  Simmonds. 

2.  A tool  resembling  a mason’s  trowel  used 

in  gardening,  &c.  Simmonds. 

TROIV'IJLLED  (-eld),  a.  Formed  or  prepared 
with  the  trowel.  “ Trowelled  stucco.”  Brande. 

f TkovV§ED,  a.  Wearing  trousers.  Drayton. 

TRoW'^yR^,  n.  pi.  See  Trousers. 

TROY,  a.  Of,  or  according  to,  troy-weight.  “The 
troy  pound.”  Simmonds. 

TROY'— WEIGHT  (-wat),  n.  [By  some  derived 
from  Troyes,  a city  in  France ; by  others  from 
the  monkish  name  anciently  given  to  London, 
of  Troy  Novant,  its  meaning  being,  according 
to  this  derivation,  London  weight.  Brande.]  A 
scale  of  weights  used  for  weighing  gold,  silver, 
diamonds,  &c.  Brande. 

j8E3*  In  troy-weight  the  pound  contains  12  ounces, 
or  57C0  grains  (the  ounce  avoirdupois  containing  7000 
grains),  the  ounce  contains  20  pennyweights,  and  the 
pennyweight  24  grains.  The  moneyers  have  a pecu- 
liar subdivision  of  the  troy  grain,  dividing  the  grain 
into  20  mites,  the  mite  into  24  doits,  the  doit  into  20 
periots,  and  the  periot  into  24  blanks.  Simmonds. 

+ TRU'A(rE,  n.  Pledge  of  truth  or  truce  granted 
on  payment  of  tax  : — also  the  tax.  Berners. 

TRU'AN-CY,  n.  The  act  of  playing  truant,  or 
the  state  of  being  a truant.  iV.  A.  Rev. 

TRtJ'ANT,  n.  [Fr.  truand,  a vagabond,  a beggar.] 
An  idler  ; one  who  neglects  his  duty  ; — a child 
who  stays  from  school  without  leave.  Dryden. 

TRB'ANT.  a.  Relating  to  a truant;  idle;  wan- 
dering from  school  or  business  ; loitering. 

A truant  disposition,  good  my  lord.  Shak. 

TRU'ANT,  v.  n.  [Fr.  truander.]  To  play  the 
truant ; to  idle  away  from  duty  ; to  wander  idly, 
neglecting  one’s  duty  or  employment.  Shak. 

TRfT’ANT-LY,  a.  Like  a truant.  Bp.  Taylor. 


TRd'ANT-SHlP,  n.  The  state  of  a truant;  neg- 
lect of  study  or  of  business.  Aschum. 

t TRUBg,  n.  {Bot.)  A kind  of  plant.  Ainsworth. 

t TRUB'TAIL,  n.  A squat  woman.  Ainsworth. 

TRUCE,  n.  [Low  L.  trenga ; It.  S$  Sp.  tregna; 
Fr.  truce,  — all,  according  to  Skinner  and  Cas- 
eneuve,  from  Ger.  trew,  faith.  — See  True.] 

1.  (international  Law.)  A temporary  cessa- 

tion of  hostilities  between  belligerent  powers, 
by  agreement,  for  negotiation  or  other  purpose; 
an  armistice.  Burrill. 

2.  Temporary  peace;  cessation;  intermis- 
sion, as  of  action  ; short  quiet. 

There  he  may  find 

Truce  to  his  restless  thoughts.  Hilton. 

Truce  of  Ood,  a suspension  of  arms,  which  occa- 
sionally took  place  in  the  middle  ages,  putting  a stop 
to  private  hostilities.  Brunde. 

TRC'CE'-BREAK-gR,  n.  One  who  breaks  a truce ; 
a covenant-breaker.  2 Tim.  iii.  3. 

TRUCE'Lf.SS,  a.  Being  without  truce.  Brooke. 

TRUCH'MAN,  n.  [Fr.  trucheman .]  An  inter- 
preter ; a dragoman,  [it.]  Blount. 

f TRU-CI-DA'TION,  n.  [L.  trucidatio  ; trucido, 
to  kill  cruelly.]  The  act  of  killing.  Cockeram. 

TRUCK,  v.  n.  [Sp.  trocar-,  Fr.  traquer.]  [i. 
TRUCKED  ; pp.  TRUCKING,  TRUCKED.]  To  traffic 
by  exchange  ; to  barter. 

To  truck  with  the  Indians  for  gold.  Dampier. 

TRUCK,  v.  a.  To  give  or  receive  in  exchange  ; to 
exchange  ; to  barter.  Burke. 

Six  pounds’  weight  of  silver,  which  he  had  trucked  and 
trafficked  with  Indians.  Hackluyt . 

To  truck,  barter,  or  exchange  one  thing  for  another.  A.  Smith. 

TRUCK,  n.  Traffic  by  exchange  ; barter. 

And  no  commutation  or  tmek  can  be  made  by  any  of  the 
petty  merchants  without  the  assent  abovesaid.  Hackluyt. 

Truck-system,  the  practice,  in  mining  and  manu- 
facturing districts,  of  paying  (he  workmen  in  goods 
instead  of  money.  McCulloch. 

TRUCK,  n.  [Gr.  rpoyos,  a wheel ; rp(%u>,  to  run.] 

1.  A small  wheel,  as  of  a vehicle,  usually, 
wooden  and  not  bound  with  iron.  Ainsworth. 

2.  A two-wheeled  vehicle  for  conveying  mer- 
chandise or  any  heavy  weights.  E.  Everett. 

3.  A step  or  platform  running  upon  wheels 

on  railways.  Davis. 

4.  ( Naut .)  A small  piece  of  wood,  commonly 
circular  or  cylindrical,  used  for  different  pur- 
poses; — particularly  a circular  piece  of  wood 
fixed  upon  the  upper  end  of  a mast  or  flag-staff, 
through  which  halliards  are  reeved.  Mar.  Diet. 

5.  (Gunnery.)  A low,  solid  wheel  of  a gun- 

carriage.  Stocgueler. 

TRUCK,  v.  n.  To  make  use  of  a truck.  Burke. 

TRUCK,  v.  a.  To  convey  with  a truck.  Dryden. 

TRUCK'AyE,  n.  I.  The  act  or  the  practice  of 
exchanging  or  bartering. 

2.  Charge  for  carrying  on  a truck.  Bartlett. 

TRUCIv'pR,  n.  One  who  trucks  or  traffics.  South. 

TRUC'KLE  (truk'kl),  v.  n.  [Dim.  of  truck.]  [i. 
TRUCKLED  ; pp.  TRUCKLING,  TRUCKLED.]  To 
act  with  servility  ; to  creep  in  a humble  posi- 
tion ; to  bend  obsequiously  under  another’s 
superiority ; to  cringe ; to  stoop  slavishly  or 
meanly.  “ A land  that  truckles."  Cleareland. 

TRUC'KLE,  u.  a.  To  trundle.  Jennings. 

TRUC'KLE,  n.  A small  wheel  or  caster,  for  di- 
minishing friction.  Francis. 

TRUC'KLE— BED,  n.  A low  bed  on  small  wheels 
or  castors,  trundled  under  a higher  bed  in  the 
daytime,  and  drawn  out  at  night ; — called  also 
trundle-bed.  Shak. 

TRUCK'M AN,  n.  ; pi.  TRUCKMEN.  One  who 
drives  a truck  ; a carman.  E.  Everett. 

TRU'CU-LENCE,  ) n_  [L.  truculentia .]  Savage- 

TR(J'CU-LEN-CY,  ) ness  of  manners;  cruelty; 
ferocity ; fierceness,  [r.]  Waterhouse. 

TRG'eu-LENT,  a.  [L.  truculentus  ; trux,  wild, 
savage  ; It.  truculcnte  ; Sp.  truculento.] 

1.  Savage  ; ferocious  ; barbarous  ; fierce. 

The  savage  and  truculent  inhabitants  [of  Scythia].  Ray. 

2.  Destructive  ; cruel ; ruthless.  Harvey. 

TRUDGE,  v.  n.  [It.  truccare,  to  set  off.  — Per- 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  0,  Y,  short; 


A,  £,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  fAr,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


TRUDGEMAN 


1549 


TRUNCHEON 


haps  more  immediately  from  tread.  Richard- 
son.'] [j.  TRUDGED  ; pp.  TRUDGING,  TRUDGED.] 
To  travel  on  foot ; to  jog  on  ; to  march  heavily 
on.  “ Into  the  city  they  trudge.”  Holland. 

Away  they  trudged  together,  and  about  midnight  got  to 
their  journey  ’s  end.  It  Estrange. 

TRUDQrE'MAN,  n.  A truchman.  [r.]  Bedwell. 

TRUE  (tru),  a.  [M.  Goth,  triggws  ; A.  S.  treowe  ; 
treowian,  trewan,  to  trust,  to  confide  in ; Dut. 
trouw,  true  ; Frs.  troio  ; Ger.  treu  ; Dan.  tro  ; 
Svv.  trogen  ; Ieel.  trur,  tryggr ; Old  Eng.  trewe.] 

1.  Conformable  to  fact  or  truth  ; that  agrees, 
or  is  in  accordance,  with  the  actual  state  of 
things;  not  false  or  erroneous. 

Those  propositions  are  true  which  express  things  as  they 
are.  Wollaston. 

What  you  said  had  not  been  true , 

If  spoke  by  any  else  but  you.  Cowley. 

2.  Free  from  falsehood;  veracious;  truthful. 

Master,  we  know  that  thou  art  true,  aud  teachcst  the  way 

of  God  in  truth.  Matt.  xxii.  lb. 

3.  Genuine;  real;  authentic;  not  false  or 
pretended  ; not  counterfeit ; pure. 

The  true  light  now  shineth.  1 John  ii.  8. 

Unbind  the  charms  that  in  slight  fables  lie, 

And  teach  that  truth  is  truest  poesy.  Cowley. 

4.  Faithful ; steady  ; not  false  or  perfidious. 

All  regard  of  merit  is  lost  in  persons  employed,  and  those 

only  chosen  that  are  true  to  the’  party.  Temple. 

True  to  the  king  her  principles  are  found.  Dryden. 

5.  Honest ; not  fraudulent ; sincere. 

Whither  away  so  fast? 

A true  man  or  a thief  that  gallops  thus  ? Sliak. 

6.  Exact ; accurate  ; conformable  to  a rule  ; 
correct.  “ A circle  regularly  true.”  Prior. 

A translation  nicely  true  to  the  original.  Arbuthnot. 

7.  Rightful ; actual.  Milton. 

True  bill,  (Lam.)  These  words  are  indorsed  on  a 

hill  of  indictment,  when  a grand  jury,  after  having 
heard  the  witnesses  for  the  government,  are  of  opin- 
ion that  thero  is  sufficient  cause  to  put  the  defendant 
on  trial.  Blackstone. 

Syn.  — See  Authentic,  Certain,  Faithful, 
Honest,  Heal. 

TRUE'-BLUE,  a.  Faithful  in  attachment  or  ad- 
herence ; honest.  [Colloquial.]  Halliwell. 

TRUE'-BLUE,  n.  A faithful  fellow.  Halliwell. 

TrOe'-BORN,  a.  Having  a right  by  birth  ; gen- 
uine. “ A true-born  Englishman.”  Shah. 

TRUE'— BRED,  a.  Of  a good  breed,  or  of  good 
birth ; well-bred.  “ True-bred  beast.”  Dryden. 

TRUE’— HEART-pD  (tru'hart-ed),  a.  Having  a true 
or  faithful  heart ; honest ; faithful. 

I have  known  no  honester  or  truer-hearted  man.  Shah. 

TRtJE'— IIEART-IJD-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing true-hearted  ; fidelity  ; sincerity.  Maunder. 

TRUE'— LOVE  (tru'luv),  n.  1.  A sweetheart ; one 
truly  loved  or  loving ; a lover.  Donne. 

2.  A narcotic  plant  once  considered  a pow- 
erful love  philter  ; Paris  quadrifolia.  Dunglison. 

TRLiE'— LOVE,  a.  Affectionate;  sincere.  Shah. 

TRUE'— LOVE-KNOT  (tru'luv-not),  n.  A knot 
formed  with  many  involutions  of  lines,  so  as  to 
render  it  difficult  to  untie  it;  — considered  an 
emblem  of  interwoven  affection,  and  called  also 
true-lover’  s-knot.  Hudibras. 

TRUE'NIJSS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  true  ; sin- 
cerity ; faithfulness  : — reality  ; genuineness. 

TRUE'PEN-NY,  n.  A familiar  term  for  an  hon- 
est person  or  fellow.  Shah. 

TRliF'FLE  (tru'fl)  [tru'fl,  S.  IF.  J.  F.  Ja.  K. ; 
truf'fl,  Sm.  ; truf'fl,  P.  C.j,  n.  [Old  Fr.  truffle, 
taniffe-,  Fr.  truffe  ] ( Bot .)  The  common  name 
of  fungi  of  the  genus  Tuber,  the  best  known 
species  of  which  is  Tuber  cibarium,  or  common 
truffle,  found  buried  in  the  soil  of  woods,  espe- 
cially beech-woods,  sometimes  at  the  depth  of 
ten  or  twelve  inches  or  more  ; — used  in  various 
forms  in  cookery. 

The  truffle,  when  gathered  for  eating,  is  about  the  size  of  a 
large  walnut,  and  has  a very  peculiar  smell.  Eng.  Cyc. 

White  truffle,  a fungus  found  in  sandy  ground  in 
woods,  not  entirely  buried  in  the  earth  ; Bhizopogon 
albus  ; — called  also  root  beard.  Eng.  Cyc. 

TROF'FLED  (tru'fld),  a.  Stuffed,  or  furnished, 
with  truffles.  Qu.  Rev. 

TRUG,  n.  I.  A hod  for  mortar  : — an  old  meas- 
ure of  wheat  : — a basket.  Bailey. 

2.  A trull ; a concubine.  R.  Greene.  Nares. 


TRU'I^M  (tru'Izm),  n.  A self-evident  and  unde- 
niable truth  ; an  axiom. 

Seeming  paradoxes  and  manifest  truisms.  Berkeley. 

Syn.  — See  Axiom. 

TRll-lS-MAT'IC,  a.  Relating  to,  or  containing, 
a truism  or  truisms.  Ed.  Rev. 

TRULL,  n.  [Ger.  trolle ; trotten,  to  roll,  to  troll.] 

1.  A low,  vagrant  strumpet ; a drab  ; a trollop. 

I ’m  sure  I scared  the  dauphin  and  his  trull.  Sliak. 

2.  f A girl;  a lass  ; a wench.  Wotton. 

TRUL-LI-ZA'TION,  n.  [L.  trulUssalio.]  The  lay- 
ing on  of  plaster  with  a trowel.  Clarke. 

TRU'LY  (tru'le),  ad.  In  a true  manner  ; accord- 
ing to  truth  or  facts  ; with  truth  ; veraciously  ; 
correctly  ; not  erroneously  ; not  falsely  : — real- 
ly : — sincerely  ; honestly  : — exactly  ; accu- 
rately ; justly:  — steadfastly: — in  truth;  in 
fact ; verily. 

TRUMP,  n.  [It.  trnmha  ; Fr.  trompe.  — See  Trump- 
et.] A trumpet;  a wind  instrument  of  music, 
commonly  of  brass  ; — poetical  lor  trumpet. 

In  a moment,  in  the  twinkling  of  an  eye,  at  the  last  trump: 
for  the  trumpet  shall  sound.  1 Cor.  xv.  52. 

And  sounding  trumjis  that  seemed  to  tear  the  sky.  Dryden. 

TRU M P,  n.  [From  triumph. — Fr.  triomphe.] 

1.  In  some  game  of  cards,  the  card  last  dealt 

and  turned  up  after  all  the  players  have  got 
their  portions,  or  any  card  of  the  suit  to  which 
this  belongs  ; — so  called  because  the  smallest 
card  of  that  suit  ranks  higher  in  value  than  the 
best  card  of  any  other  suit.  Hoyle. 

2.  An  old  game  at  cards.  Trans,  of  Boc.,  Ifi26. 

To  put  to  or  upon  one’s  trumps,  to  put  to  the  last 

expedient.  “ What ’s  in ’t  I know  not ; but  it  hat 
put  him  to  his  trumps.”  Beau.  4‘  FI. 

TRUMP,  v.  a.  [/.  trumped;  pp.  trumping, 
trumped.]  To  lay  a trump  on  ; to  win  with  a 
trump. 

’T  is  our  parts 

To  trump  their  diamonds  as  they  trumj > our  hearts.  Dryden. 

TRUMP,  v.  a.  [Fr.  tromper,  to  deceive.] 

1.  To  impose  upon. 

Fortune, 

When  she  is  pleased  to  trick  or  trump  mankind.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  To  obtrude  ; to  force  upon. 

Authors  have  been  trumped  upon  us.  Leslie. 

To  trump  up , to  devise  ; to  forjre ; to  preserve  or  get 
together  by  all  sorts  of  expedients.  Young. 

t TRUMP,  v.  n.  To  blow  a trumpet.  Wickliffe. 

TRUMP,  v.  n.  In  cards,  to  play  a trump  card  ; to 
interpose,  as  with  a trump.  Bp.  Hall. 

TRU  M P'  ER-Y,  n.  [Fr.  tromperie ; tromper,  to  de- 
ceive.] 

1.  f Deceit ; fraud.  Sir  J.  Harrington. 

Possessed  by  the  injury  and  trumpery  of  his  mother. 

Greenway. 

2.  Something  fallaciously  fine ; something 
splendid  but  of  iittle  value  ; worthless  finery. 

The  trumpery  in  my  house  bring  hither, 

For  state  to  catch  these  thieves.  Shah. 

3.  Worthless  trash  ; rubbish  ; trifles. 

Another  cavity  of  the  head  was  stuffed  with  billet-doux, 

pricked  dances,  and  other  trumpery.  Addison. 

TRUMP'ER-Y,  a.  Trifling  ; worthless.  Bp.  Heber. 

TRUMP'gT,  n.  [It.  tromha,  trombetta  ; Sp.  trompa, 
trompeta  ; Fr.  trompette.  — Ger.  trompete  ; Dut. 
<Sf  Dan.  trompet ; Sw.  trompet,  trumpet.  — Gael. 
trompaid.] 

1.  ( Mus .)  A wind  instrument,  of  the  highest 
antiquity,  commonly  of  brass,  of  a martial 
character,  and  forming  an  important  element  in 
the  modern  orchestra ; a metal  wind  instrument 
used  in  bands,  or  for  signalizing  in  war. 

Let  the  loud  trumpet  sound, 

Till  the  roofs  all  around, 

The  shrill  echoes  rebound.  Pope. 

2.  An  instrument  resembling  a trumpet,  used 
to  assist  in  hearing;  an  ear-trumpet. 

3.  {Mil.')  A trumpeter.  Addison. 

4.  One  who  celebrates  or  praises. 

Every  man  is  the  maker  of  his  own  fortune,  and  must  be, 
in  some  measure,  the  trumpet  of  his  fame.  Dryden. 

Trumpet  marine , (Mus.)  an  old  stringed  instrument, 
played  with  a bow.  Moore. 

TRUMPET,  v.  a.  [Fr.  tromptterJ]  \i.  trump- 
ETED  ; pp.  TRUMPETING,  TRUMPETED.]  To 

publish  by  sound  of  trumpet ; to  blaze  or  noise 
abroad  ; to  proclaim  ; to  celebrate. 

Why  so  tart  a favor 

To  trumpet  such  good  tidings^  Shah. 

TRUMP'IJT-JJR,  n.  1.  One  who  blows  a trumpet. 

Trumpeters 

With  brazen  din  blast  you  the  city’s  car.  Shah. 


2.  One  who  proclaims  or  publishes. 

Where  there  is  an  opinion  to  be  created  of  virtue  or  great- 
ness, these  men  are  good  trumpeters.  Bacon. 

3.  ( Ornith .)  A bird  of  tropical  America,  by 

some  classed  among  cranes,  by  others  among 
pheasants,  being  of  the  size  of  a pheasant  or 
large  fowl,  having  a long  neck  and  long  legs, 
and  uttering  a hollow  cry  like  that  of  a trumpet ; 
the  agami ; Psophia  crepitans ; — called  also 
gold-breasted  trumpeter.  Eng.  Cyc. 

TRUMP'ET— FISH,  n. 
nous  fish,  found 
chiefly  in  the  Med- 
iterranean, distin- 


( Ich .)  An  acanthopterygi- 


guished  by  a long 
tubular  snout;  sea-  ’ 
snipe ; snipe-fish ; m „ , 

Centriscus  scolopax.  Yarrell.  Tru,nPet*fish- 


TRUMPET— FLOW'PR,  n.  {Bot.)  The  common 
name  of  trees  and  vines  of  the  genus  Tecoma, 
formerly  marked  as  species  of  Bignonia. 

Loudon.  Gray. 

TRUMPET— FLY,  n.  ( Ent .)  The  black  oestrus 
with  a yellow  breast ; the  gray-fly.  Hill. 

TRUMPET— HON'EY-SUCK-LE,  n.  {Bot.)  A 
twining  shrub  with  flowers  in  somewhat  distinct 
whorls,  and  having  a trumpet-shaped  corolla ; 
Lonicera  sempervirens.  Gray. 

TRUMPET— MA'JOR,  n.  (Mil.)  A head  or  chief 
trumpeter.  Clarke. 


TRUMP' IJT— SHAPED  (-shapt),  a.  Formed  like  a 
trumpet ; hollow,  and  gradually  dilated  at  the 
summit.  Gray. 

TRUMP' PT— SHELL,  n.  {Conch.)  A univalve 
shell,  used  as  a sounding  instrument  in  the 
East  and  in  the  Pacific  ; a species  of  Buccinum , 
or  whelk.  Simmonds. 


TRlfMP'IJT— TONGUED  (-tungd),  a.  Having  a 
tongue  vociferous  as  a trumpet. 

Ilis  [Duncan’s]  virtues 

Will  plead  like  angels  t rum pet-tony  tied  against 

The  deep  damnation  of  his  taking-off.  Shah. 

TRUMP'pT— WEED,  n.  {Bot.)  A stout,  herbaceous 
plant,  bearing  flowers  in  cylindrical  heads  ; the 
joepye  weed;  Eupatoreum  purpureum.  Gray. 

TRUMP'JJT— WOOD  (-wad),  n.  {Bot.)  An  ever- 
green tree,  with  hollow  trunk  and  hollow 
branches,  indigenous  in  the  West  Indies,  of 
which  the  fibrous  bark  is  used  for  cordage,  and 
the  porous  wood  for  producing  fire  by  friction; 
Cecropia  peltata  ; — called  also  snake-wood. 

Baird.  Loudon, 

f TRUMP'— I, IKE,  a.  Like  a trumpet.  Chapman 

TRUN'CATE  (trung'kat,  82),  v.  a.  [L.  trunco t 
truncatus  ; It.  troncare  ; Sp.  truncar,  troncar ; 
Fr.  tronquer.]  [i.  truncated  ; pp.  truncat- 
ing, truncated.]  To  cut  or  lop  off ; to  maim. 

The  examples  are  too  often  injudiciously  truncated.  Johnson. 

TRUN'CATE  (trung'kat),  a.  {Bot.)  Noting  a leaf 
the  end  of  which  appears  as  if  cut  off  square. 

TRUN'CAT-^D,  p.  a.  1.  Cut  or  lopped  off. 

2.  ( Crystallography .)  Noting  crystals  from 
which  one  or  more  solid  angles,  or  one  or  more 
edges,  are  cut  off  by  a plane  or  planes  equally 
inclined  to  the  adjacent  faces.  Ansted. 

Truncated  cone  or  pyramid,  the  portion  of  a cone  or 
pyramid  included  between  the  base  and  a plane  par. 
allel  to  it  passing  between  the  base  and  the  vertex ; 
frustum  of  a cone  or  of  a pyramid.  Hutton.  The  por- 
tion of  a cone  or  pyramid  included  between  the  base 
and  a plane  oblique  to  the  base  passed  between  it  and 
the  vertex.  Daries. — Truncated  prism,  the  portion  of 
a prism  included  between  the  base  and  a plane  oblique 
to  the  base.  Peirce. 


TRIJN-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  truncation] 

1.  Act  of  truncating,  or  state  of  being  truncated. 

2.  {Crystallography .)  The  cutting  off  of  an 

edge  or  angle,  so  that  it  becomes  replaced  by  a 
plane  surface.  Dana. 

f TRUNCH,  n.  A stake  or  small  post.  Mourt. 

TRUNCHEON  (trun'slmn),  n.  [Fr.  troncon,  a 
fragment ; tronc  (L.  truncus),  a trunk.] 

1.  A short  staff ; a club ; a cudgel.  Spenser. 

2.  (Mil.)  A staff  of  command  ; a baton. 

Then  strut  a captain,  if  his  wish  be  war. 

And  grasp,  in  hope,  a truncheon  and  a star.  Smollett. 

t TRUNCHEON  (trun'slmn),  v.  a.  To  beat  with 
a truncheon  ; to  cudgel.  Shak. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  ROLE.  — 9,  9,  g,  soft;  C,  IB,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  £ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


TRUNCHEONEER 


1550 


TRUSTY 


TRUN-IJHEON-EER'  (trun-shun-er'),  n.  One  armed 
■with  a truncheon.  Shak. 

TRUN'DLE,  n.  1.  Any  round,  rolling  thing;  a 
roller  ; a castor  ; a little  wheel.  Johnson. 

2.  A low  cart  with  little  wheels.  Cranmer. 

3.  (Machinery.)  One  of  the  bars  of  a lantern- 
wheel. — See  Lantern-wheel.  J.  Bigeloiv. 

TRUN'DLE  (trun'dl),  v.  n.  [A.  S.  trendel,  trendl, 
a sphere,  a circle.]  To  roll  along,  as  a bowl  or 
a hoop,  or  on  little  wheels.  Addison. 

Or,  who ’s  unskilful  at  the  coit,  or  ball, 

Or  trundling  wheel,  he  can  sit  still  from  all. 

TRUN'DLE,  V.  a.  [t.  TRUNDLED  ; pp.  TRUNDLING, 
trundled.]  To  bowl ; to  roll  along ; to  truckle. 
Who  trundle  little  round  stones.  Holland. 

TRUN'DLE-BED,  n.  A low  bed  that  runs  on 
little  wheels  tinder  a higher  bed  ; — called  also 
truckle-bed.  — See  Truckle-bed.  B.  Jonson. 

TRUN'DLE— HEAD,  n.  ( Machinery .)  A wheel 
turning  a mill-stone.  Clarke. 

TRUN'DLE— TAIL,  n.  Round-tail; — a name 
given  to  a dog. 

Hound  or  spaniel,  brach  or  lym, 

Or  bob-tail  tike,  or  trundle-tail.  Shak. 

TRUNK  (trungk,  82),  n.  [L.  truncus ; It.  § Sp. 
tronco  ; Fr.  tronc. — Dut.  tronki] 

1.  (Bot.)  The  main  stem  or  general  body  of  a 

tree,  without  the  limbs  or  branches  ; the  upright 
column  of  a tree  between  the  roots  and  the 
branches.  Gray. 

And  in  the  rotten  trunks  of  hollow  trees.  Dnjden. 

2.  ( Anat .)  The  body  of  a man,  or  of  any  ani- 
mal, without  the  limbs.  Dunglison. 

For  health,  alack!  with  youthful  wings  is  flown 
From  this  bare,  withered  trunk.  S/iak. 

3.  The  main  body  of  any  thing. 

The  large  trunks  of  the  veins.  Hay. 

4.  (Arch.)  A shaft,  as  of  a column:  — the 

die,  dado,  or  body  of  a pedestal.  Brande. 

5.  [Fr.  trompe.]  The  proboscis  or  snout  of  an 

elephant,  or  other  animal.  Milton. 

Wlien  elephant  ’gainst  elephant  did  rear  his  trunk.  Dryden. 

/fSr“‘No  doubt,  in  English,  the  expression  was 
formerly  the  trump  of  an  elephant,  which  has  been 
since  carelessly  corrupted  into  trunk.’’  Talbot. 

6.  ( Eat .)  The  intermediate  section  of  the 

body,  which  lies  between  the  head  and  abdo- 
men. Brande. 

7.  A long  tube  through  which  pellets  are  shot 

or  blown.  Ray. 

8.  A spout  or  leat  for  water  ; an  artificial 

watercourse.  Clarke. 

9.  A box  or  chest  for  clothes,  &c.,  commonly 
covered  with  skin  or  leather. 

To  lie,  like  pawns,  locked  up  in  chests  and  trunks.  Shak. 

10.  (Mining.)  A long,  narrow  cistern,  or  pit, 

in  which  slimes  containing  ore  are  made  to  part 
with  the  ore.  Ansted. 

Fire-trunks,  in  fire-ships,  wooden  funnels  fixed  un- 
der the  shrouds,  to  carry  the  flames  to  the  masts  and 
rigging.  Mar.  Diet. 

TRUNK,  V.  a.  [L.  franco.] 

1.  f To  truncate;  to  lop.  Spenser. 

2.  To  extract,  as  ore  from  slimes.  I Veale. 

TRUNKED  (trunkt),  a.  Having  a trunk.  IJowell. 

TRUNK'— EN-<?1NE,  n.  (Naut.)  A marine  steam- 

engine,  used,  for  driving  a propeller.  Weale. 

TRUN'KpT,  n.  A game  resembling  cricket.  Wr. 

TRUNK'— FISH,  n.  (Ich.)  A plectognathic  sea- 
fish,  of  the  genus  Ostracion,  distinguished  by 
having  the  body  covered  with  an  inflexible  case, 
formed  of  regul  ar  bony  compartments,  and  often 
armed  with  spines.  Baird. 

TRUNK'— HO§E,  n.  pi.  A kind  of  short,  xvide 
breeches,  gathered  in  above  or  ]ust  below  the 
knees,  worn  during  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII., 
Elizabeth,  and  James  I. 

The  short  trunk-hose  shall  show  thy  foot  and  knee.  Trior. 

TRUNK'— LINE,  n.  The  main  line  of  a railroad, 
as  distinct  from  the  branclt  lines.  Simmonds. 

TRUNK'— MAK-pR,  n.  One  who  makes  trunks, 
portmanteaus,  &c.  Addison. 

TRpNK'-TUR-TLE,  n.  (Zo’>l.)  A species  of 
turtle  ; Testudo  arcuata.  Hill. 

TRUNK'WORK  (-vviirk),  n.  A secret  stratagem. [r.] 

This  has  been  some  stairwork,  some  trunkwork , some  be- 
hind-door  work.  Shak. 

TRUN'NpL,  n.  1.  A trundle.  Clarke. 

2.  A treenail ; a wooden  pin  or  plug.  Cook. 


TRUNN'ION  (trun'yun),  n.  [Fr.  trognon.]  (Mil.) 
One  of  the  pivots  projecting  from  the  sides  of  a 
piece  of  ordnance,  by  which  it  rests  on  the 
cheeks  of  the  carriage.  Brande. 

TRUNN'ION-PLATE,  n.  (Mil.)  A plate  which 
covers  the  upper  part  of  each  side-piece,  and 
goes  under  the  trunnion,  in  cannons  upon  car- 
riages, mortars,  and  howitzers.  Stocqucler. 

TRUNN'ION-RlNG,  n.  (Mil.)  A ring  on  a can- 
non next  before  the  trunniuns.  Brande. 

TRtJ'^ION  (tru'zhun),  n.  [L.  trudo,  trusus .]  The 
act  of  thrusting  or  pushing,  [r.]  Cudwortli. 

TRUSS,  n.  [Fr.  trousse. — Dut.  A Dan.  tros  ; Ger. 
§ Sw.  tross.  — Gael,  trus,  a girdle,  a bundle.] 

1.  A bundle,  as  of  hay,  straw,  or  dry  goods. 

But  all  as  a poor  pedler  he  did  wend, 

Bearing  a truss  of  trifles  at  his  back.  Spenser. 

A truss  of  hay  is  56  lbs.  of  old,  and  60  of  new  ; 
a truss  of  straw  is  36  lbs.  Simmonds. 

2.  (Surg.)  A bandage  or  apparatus  used  in 

cases  of  hernia.  Dunglison. 

3.  (Arch.)  A framed  assemblage  of  pieces  of 

timber,  or  of  iron,  for  tying  up  or  suspending  a 
principal  beam  or  piece,  for  supporting  a roof, 
&c.;  a frame  of  timber  or  of  metal  by  which  a 
force  of  compression  is  converted  into  one  of 
tension  or  the  reverse : — a large  corbel,  or  mo- 
dillion,  projecting  from  the  face  of  a wall,  and 
supporting  a mural  monument,  or  any  other  ob- 
ject. Britton.  Tomlinson. 

4.  (Naut.)  A rope  or  machine  confining  the 
middle  of  the  lower  yard  to  its  mast : — a short 
piece  of  carved  work,  fitted  under  the  taffrail,  in 
the  same  manner  as  the  terms.  Dana.  Mar.  Diet. 

5.  f (Ancient  Armor.)  A padded  jacket  or 

dress,  worn  under  armor,  to  protect  the  body 
from  friction.  Drayton. 

TRUSS,  v.  a.  [Fr.  trousscr.]  [i.  trussed  ; pp. 
TRUSSING,  TRUSSED.] 

1.  To  put  in  a truss,  or  bundle  ; to  pack  up. 

You  might  have  trussed  him  anil  all  his  apparel  into  an 

eelskin.  Shak. 

2.  To  keep  tight ; to  make  fast ; to  hold  firmly. 

Ilis  eagle,  sacred  bird  of  heaven,  he  sent, 

A fawn  his  talons  trussed , divine  portent  I Pope. 

3.  (.-Dr A.)  To  furnish  with  a truss;  to  sus- 
pend or  to  support  by  a truss.  Bigcloio. 

TRUSSING,  n.  1.  (Carp.)  A mode  of  framing 
by  means  of  a truss  or  of  trusses ; a system  of 
framing  by  which  a force  of  compression  is  con- 
verted into  one  of  tension,  or  the  reverse. 

Tomlinson. 

2.  (Falconry.)  The  act  of  a hawk  when  she 
seizes  her  prey,  and  soars  aloft  with  it.  Craig. 

TRUST,  n.  [A.  S.  trywsian,  to  confide;  Dut. 
troost,  consolation,  hope;  Ger.  trost ; Dan.  Sj 
Sw.  trost,  comfort.] 

1.  Confidence  ; reliance,  as  on  a person  or 
a promise,  on  laws  or  principles  ; faith  ; hope. 

The  person  who  has  a firm  trust  in  the  Supreme  Being  is 
owerful  in  his  power,  wise  by  his  wisdom,  happy  by  his 
appincss.  Addison. 

2.  One,  or  that,  on  which  one  relies  ; a ground 
of  confidence  or  reliance. 

Blessed  is  lie  that  maketh  the  Lord  his  trust.  J>s.  xl.  4. 

3.  A charge  given  or  received  in  confidence  ; 
a confidence  reposed  in  one. 

Reward  them  well,  if  they  observe  their  trust.  Denham. 

4.  Something  committed  to  one’s  faith; 
something  which  one  is  bound  in  duty  and  in 
honor  to  keep  inviolate. 

To  violate  the  sacred  trust  of  silence 

Deposited  within  thee.  Milton.  , 

5.  Something  committed  to  one’s  charge,  for 
use  or  for  safe  keeping,  of  which  an  account 
must  be  given  ; a deposit. 

Although  the  advantages  one  man  possesseth  more  than 
another  may  be  called  his  property  with  respect  to  other  men, 
yet  with  respect  to  God  they  are  only  a trust.  Swift. 

6.  Confident  opinion  or  expectation  ; hope. 

His  trust  was  with  the  Eternal  to  be  deemed 

Equal  in  strength.  Milton. 

7.  Credit  given  without  examination. 

Most  take  things  upon  trust.  Locke. 

8.  Credit  on  promise  of  payment. 

Even  such  is  time,  who  takes  on  trust 

Our  youth,  our  joys,  our  all  we  have.  Raleigh. 

9.  The  state  of  one  to  whom  something  is 
intrusted  ; the  state  of  being  confided  in. 

I do  profess  to  he  no  less  than  I seem;  to  serve  him  truly 
that  will  put  me  in  trust.  Shak. 


10.  (Law.)  An  estate,  or  any  property,  held 
and  managed  for  the  benefit  of  another.  Burrill. 

TRUST,  v.  a.  [t.  trusted;  pp.  trusting, 
TRUSTED.] 

1.  To  place  confidence  or  reliance  in;  to  con- 
fide in  ; to  rely  on  ; to  depend  upon. 

I am  sorry  I must  never  trust  thee  more.  Shak. 

2.  To  believe  ; to  receive  as  true;  to  credit. 

If  he  be  credulous,  and  trust  my  tale.  Shak . 

3.  To  commit  to  the  care  of ; to  intrust  to. 

No  man’s  life 

W as  to  be  trusted  with  them.  Shak. 

4.  To  empower  to  hold,  in  confidence  ; to  com- 
mit to  the  charge  of ; to  intrust  with. 

Whom  with  your  power  and  fortune,  sir,  you  trust.  Dnjden. 

5.  To  venture  confidently;  to  leave  to  one’s 
self,  or  to  itself,  without  fear  of  consequences. 

Fooled  by  thee  to  trust  thee  from  my  side.  Hilton. 

6.  To  give  credit  to;  to  sell  to  upon  credit; 
as,  “ To  trust  a customer  for  goods.”  Johnson. 

Syn.  — See  Confide. 

TRUST,  v.  n.  1.  To  be  confident  of  something; 
to  feel  sure  ; to  expect ; to  hope. 

For  I trust  to  see  you  in  my  journey.  Rom.  xv.  24. 

2.  To  be  credulous ; to  believe  or  confide 
readily  ; to  be  won  to  confidence. 

Well  you  may  fear  too  far. 

Safer  than  trust.  Shak. 

To  trust  in,  to  have  confidence  in;  to  confide  in  ; 
to  rely  on.  “ I trust  in  the  mercy  of  God  for  ever 
and  ever.”  Ps.  lii.  8. — To  trust  on  or  to,  to  depend 
on  ; to  rely  on. 

The  isles  shall  wait  upon  me,  and  on  mine  ami  shall  they 
trust.  [sa.  li.  5. 

If  he  trust  to  his  own  righteousness,  and  commit  iniquity, 
all  his  righteousness  shall  not  be  remembered.  Ezek.  xxxiii.  13. 

TRUST'— DEED,  n.  (Law.)  A deed  of  trust,  con- 
veying real  estate,  and  enjoining  certain  condi- 
tions to  be  performed  by  the  party  that  receives 
it.  Hilliard . 

TRUS-TEE',  n.  (Law.)  One  intrusted  with  some- 
thing ; — particularly  one  to  whom  property,  or 
the  management  of  property,  or  an  institution, 
is  committed,  in  behalf  of  another  or  others,  or 
of  a corporate  body,  or  for  public  uses.  Burrill. 

You  are  not  the  trustees  of  the  public  liberty.  Dryden. 

TRUS-TEE'— PROCESS,  n.  (Law.)  The  process 
by  which  a creditor  may  attach  goods,  effects, 
and  credits,  belonging  to,  or  due  to,  his  debtor, 
when  in  the  hands  of  a third  person,  — the  name 
given  in  the  New  England  States  to  the  English 
process  of  foreign  attachment.  Burrill. 

TRUS-TEE'SHIP,  n.  The  office  of  trustee  ; the 
state  of  being  in  the  hands  of  trustees.  Ec.  Rev. 

TRUST' PR,  n.  1.  One  who  trusts  or  gives  credit. 

2.  (Scotch  Law.)  One  who  creates  a trust;  — 
correlative  to  trustee.  Bouvier. 

TRUST'FUL,  a.  Full  of  trust.  Ed.  Rev. 

TRUST'FUL-LY,  ad.  In  a trustful  manner.  M.  R. 

TRfrST'FUL-NESS ,n.  The  quality  of  being  trust- 
ful ; fulness  of  trust ; confidingness.  Clarke. 

TRUST'I-LY,  ad.  Honestly ; faithfully  ; with 
fidelity.  “ He  did  trustily.”  Wickliffe. 

TRUST'1-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  deserving  to 
be  trusted  ; honesty  ; fidelity  ; faithfulness. 

Innocence  in  a sheep,  trustiness  in  a dog.  Grew. 

TRUST' ING-LY,  ad.  In  a trustful  manner  ; with 
trust  or  confidence.  Clarke. 

TRUST'LPSS,  a.  Not  to  be  trusted ; unfaithful. 

The  trustless  wings  of  false  desire.  Shak. 

TRUST' LPSS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
trustless  ; unworthiness  to  be  trusted.  Clarke. 

TRUST'WOR-TIII-NESS  (-wur'tlie-nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  worthy  of  confidence.  Arnold. 

TRUST'WOR-TIIY  (-wur-the),  a.  Worthy  of  trust 
or  confidence  ; faithful  ; trusty  ; safe.  Fierce. 

TRUST'Y,  a.  1.  Worthy  of  being  trusted;  that 
may  be  trusted ; deserving  confidence  ; trust- 
worthy ; honest ; faithful ; true. 

Your  ancient,  trusty,  pleasant  servant.  Shak. 

His  trust./  sword,  the  servant  of  his  might.  Spenser. 

2.  Involving  trust  or  responsibility.  [R-] 

It  were  fit  you  knew  him;  lest,  reposing  too  far  in  his  vir- 
tue, which  he  hath  not.  he  might,  at  some  great  and  trusty 
business,  in  a main  danger,  fail  you.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Faithful. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  p,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


TRUTH 


1551 


TUBERCULE 


TRUTH,  n. ; pi.  trCtiis.  [A.  S.  treowth,  troth, 
truth  ; treowian , truwian,  to  trust,  to  trow ; 
Dut.  cjetrouwheid , fidelity;  trouw,  trust ; Ger. 
treue,  fidelity;  Dan.  <5?  Sw.  tro , true. — See  1 hue. 
— “ It  is  the  third  person  singular  of  the  indicative  trow,  and 
was  formerly  written  troweth , troivth , trout h , and  troth , and 
means  that  which  one  troweth , i.  e.  thinketh  or  firmly  be- 
lieveth.”  Tooke. 

•‘The  whole  of  Tooke’s  case  rests  on  two  assumptions: 
first,  that  to  trow  simply  denotes  to  think  or  believe ; secondly, 
that  truth  originally  meant,  and  still  does  mean,  what  is 
trowed,  and  nothing  more;  and  on  the  strength  of  these  con- 
clusions, neither  of  which  he  has  proved,  he  fiatters  himself 
that  the  old-fashioned  notion  of  truth  is  totally  exploded. 
We  venture  to  think  that  the  following  statement  is  rather 
more  germane  to  the. matter.  Sanscrit  dhru , to  be  established, 
— Jixum  esse,  — whence  dhi vwa , certain,  i.  e.  established ; Ger- 
man trauen , to  rely,  trust;  trev,  faithful,  true,  — n taros;  A.  S. 
treowe,  fidus,  — treowth , fides,  vtarts,  both  subjectively  and 
objectively;  English  true,  truth.  To  these  we  may  add  Goth. 
tric/rrws , Icel.  tryggr,  fidus,  securns,  tutus,  all  from  the  same 
root,  and  all  conveying  the  same  idea  of  stability  or  security. 
Truth , therefore,  neither  means  what  is  thought  nor  what  is 
said,  but  what  is  permanrut,  stable,  and  is  and  ought  to  berc- 
lied  upon,  because,  upon  sufficient  data,  it  is  capable  of  being 
demonstrated  or  shown  to  exist.  If  we  admit  this  explana- 
tion, Tooke’s  assertions,  that  there  is  nothing  but  truth  in 
the  world  (in  other  words,  that  there  is  no  difference  be- 
tween truth  and  falsehood),  that  without  mankind  there  could 
be  no  truth  (i.  e.  without  mankind  there  could  be  no  other 
mode  of  existence),  and  that  two  contradictory  propositions 
may  be  true  because  believed  by  the  utterers  (which  amounts 
to  saying  that  a thing  may  he  and  not  he  at  the  same  time), 
become  vox  etpreeterea  nihil."  R.  Garnett .] 

1.  The  subject-matter  or  object  of  knowledge ; 
that  which  is  true  ; fact ; reality  ; verity  ; — op- 
posed to  falsehood. 

It  is  in  the  determination  to  obey  the  truth,  and  to  follow 
wherever  she  may  lead,  that  the  genuine  love  of  truth  con- 
sists. Whately. 

2.  Conformity  to  fact  or  reality,  as  of  notions 
to  things,  words  to  thoughts,  statements  to 
facts,  motives  or  actions  to  professions ; the 
quality  of  being  true  or  real. 

There  is  no  truth  at  all  i’  the  oracle.  Shak. 

3.  That  which  conforms  to  fact  or  reality  ; the 
real  or  true  state  of  things  ; true  representation. 

The  truth,  the  whole  truth,  and  nothing  hut  the  truth. 

Why,  very  well,  then:  I hope  here  be  truths.  Shak. 

4.  A principle  ; an  axiom;  a law. 

Fundamental  truths,  like  the  lights  of  heaven,  are  not  only 

beautiful  in  themselves,  but  give  light  to  other  things,  that, 
without  them,  could  not  be  seen.  Locke. 

5.  Veracity;  purity  from  falsehood;  the  prac- 
tice of  speaking  only  what  is  true  : — honesty  ; 
sincerity ; integrity  ; purity. 

Thou  desirest  truth  in  the  inward  parts.  Fs.  li.  G. 

6.  Fidelity;  constancy;  faithfulness. 

To-day  shalt  thou  behold  a subject  die 

For  truth,  for  duty,  and  for  loyalty  Shak. 

7.  Exactness;  conformity  to  rule;  precis- 
ion ; accuracy  ; as,  “ Truth  of  measurement.” 

Ploughs,  to  go  true,  depend  much  upon  the  truth  of  the 
iron  work.  Mortimer. 

8.  Divine  revelation ; the  doctrines  of  the 
gospel ; the  substance  of  the  types  and  ceremo- 
nies of  the  law ; the  source  of  truth. 

For  the  law  was  given  by  Moses;  but  grace  and  truth  came 
by  Jesus  Christ.  John  i.  17. 

I am  the  way,  and  the  truth,  and  the  life.  John  xiv.  6. 

9.  (Fine  Arts.)  Faithful  adherence  to  nature, 
or  to  whatever  subject  under  treatment. 

The  agony  of  the  Laocoon,  the  action  of  the  Discobolus, 
the  upspringing  of  the  Mercury,  are  all  apparently  real  in 
their  action  by  the  innate  truth  of  their  conformation.  . . . 
Truth  is,  therefore,  the  highest  quality  in  art.  Fairholt. 

Of  a truth , or  in  truth , in  reality  ; in  fact;  verily; 
certainly  ; indeed.  “ In  truth  I know  not.”  Shak. 

Of  a truth  I perceive  that  God  is  no  respecter  of  persons. 

Acts  x.  34. 

49*  u Some  pronounce  the  plural  of  truth  truths; 
but  this  must  be  carefully  avoided.”  Walker. 

Syn.  — Truth  is  applied  to  the  thin",  veracity  to 
the  person.  The  truth  or  verity  of  the  report ; the  ve- 
racity of  the  reporter.  Truth  and  reality  are  often 
confounded.  Reality  denotes  the  existence  of  a thing; 
truth  relates  to  the  report  concerning  it.  The  thing 
reported  either  is  or  is  not  a reality ; the  report  is  either 
true  or  false. 

TRUTH 'FUL,  a.  Full  of  truth  ; loving  and  speak- 
ing the  truth  ; correct ; true.  Barrington. 

TRUTH 'FUL-Ly,  ad.  In  a truthful  manner. 

TRUTH'FUL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state 
of  being  truthful  or  true.  Qu.  Rev. 

TRUTH'LJJSS,  a.  1.  Wanting,  or  destitute  of, 
truth  ; wanting  reality  ; not  true  ; false, 

A battle  so  bloodless  seemed  as  truthless.  Fuller. 

2.  Faithless;  inconstant;  treacherous. 

What  shall  I call  her?  truthless  woman.  Beau,  FI. 

TrOtiUl^SS-LY,  ad  In  a truthless  manner  Cl. 

TRUTH  ’LI5SS-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality 
of  being  truthless  ; falseness.  Clarke. 

TRUTH'— SPEAK-ING,  a.  Speaking  truth.  Clarke. 


TRUTII'-TELL-IJR,  n.  One  who  speaks  the 
truth  ; a veracious  person.  Allen. 

f TRU-TI-NA'TION,  n.  [L.  trutina,  a balance; 
trutinor,  to  weigh.]  Act  of  weighing.  Browne. 

TRUT-TA'CEOUS  (trut-ta'shus,  66),  a.  (I eh.)  Re- 
lating to  the  trout.  P.  Cyc. 

TRY  (trl),  v.  a.  [Fr,  trier,  to  cull  out  ; tirer,  to 
draw. — Landais  suggests  from  L.  trahere,  to 
draw.]  [i.  tried;  ^.trying,  tried.] 

1.  To  examine  ; to  make  experiment  of. 

Doth  not  the  car  try  words?  Job  xii.  11. 

Come  try  upon  yourselves  what  you  have  seen  me.  Shak. 

2.  To  experience  ; to  have  knowledge  of. 

Thou  know’st  only  good,  but  evil  hast  not  tried.  Mi /tan. 

3.  To  prove  by  a test ; to  compare  with  a 
standard;  to  test:  — to  tempt ; to  prove. 

By  faith  Abraham,  when  he  was  tried.  Heb.  xi.  17. 

4.  To  examine  judicially,  with  witnesses,  and 
by  process  of  law;  to  subject  to  the  examina- 
tion and  decision  or  sentence  of  a judicial  tri- 
bunal. 

The  jury,  passing  on  the  prisoner’s  life, 

Mayi  in  the  sworn  twelve,  have  a thief  Qr  two 
Guiltier  than  him  they  try.  Shak. 

5.  To  bring  to  a decision  ; — to  put  to  proof. 

Nicanor,  hearing  of  their  courageousness  to  fight  for  their 

country,  durst  not  try  the  matter  Dy  the  sword.  2 J lace.  xiv. 

And  the  fire  shall  try  every  man’s  work.  1 Cor.  iii.  13. 

6.  To  essay ; to  attempt ; to  undertake. 

Let  us  try  adventurous  work.  Milton. 

7.  To  purify ; to  melt  down,  as  tallow. 

T’lie  words  of  the  Lord  are  pure  words ; as  silver  tried  in  a 
furnace  of  earth,  purified  seven  times.  Fs.  xii.  (i. 

8.  To  use  as  means,  or  as  a remedy. 

Sweet  practiser,  thy  physic  I will  try.  Shak. 

To  try  on,  to  put  on,  as  a hat  or  a coat,  to  see  if  it 
will  fit. 

Syn.  — To  try  is  a very  general  term.  A person 
or  tiling  is  tried  in  order  to  ascertain  the  character  or 
quality,  whether  good  or  bad.  To  tempt  is  to  try  in 
some  manner.  VVe  try  either  ourselves  or  others  ; we 
tempt  others.  To  tempt  is  to  endeavor  to  entice  to  ill. 
A person  tries  by  experiment,  and  attempts  to  succeed 
in  what  he  undertakes. 

TRY,  v.  ft.  To  endeavor ; to  attempt ; to  make 
an  effort;  to  make  essay.  “ I can  try.”  Miller. 
He  first  deceased;  she  for  a little  tried 
To  live  without  him,  liked  it  not,  and  died.  Wotton. 

TRY,  ft.  1.  An  attempt ; an  experiment ; a trial. 

Then  this  breaking  of  his  has  been  but  a try  for  His 
rieuds.  Shak. 

2.  A corn-screen.  [Local,  Eng.]  Wright. 

TRY'GON,  n.  [Gr.  rpuywc.]  (Ich.)  A genus  of 
marine,  cartilaginous  fishes,  of  the  ray  family, 
which  have  the  tail  armed  with  a single  sharp, 
serrated  spine  ; the  sting-ray.  Yarrell. 

TRY’ING,  p.  a.  1.  Bringing  to  trial ; examining. 

2.  Severe;  painful ; as,  “A  trying  calamity.” 

TRY'— SAIL,  n.  ( Ncmt .)  A fore-and-aft  sail,  set 
with  a boom  and  gaff,  and  hoisting  on  a small 
mast  abaft  the  lower  mast ; — ■ a name  generally 
confined  to  the  sail  so  carried  at  the  mainmast 
of  a full-rigged  brig.  Dana. 

TRYST,  ft.  [A.  S.  trywsian,  to  confide.  — See 
Trust.]  An  appointment  to  meet ; an  appoint- 
ed meeting,  as  of  lovers.  [Scot.] 

John  Forbc9.  of  Lesly,  broke  tryst , having  appointed  to 
have  settled  the  same.  Spalding. 

To  bide  tryst,  to  keep  an  engagement ; to  meet  and 
wait  the  fulfilment  of  an  engagement  at  the  time 
fixed.  “ You  walk  late,  sir,”  said  I.  “ I bide  tryst,” 
was  the  reply;  “and  so,  I think,  do  you,  Mr.  Os- 
baldistone.”  Sir  W.  Scott. 

The  tenderest-hearted  maid 
That  ever  bided  tryst  at  village  stile.  Tennyson. 

TRYST,  v.  a.  To  engage,  as  a person  to  meet 
one  at  a given  time  and  place.  [Soot.]  Jamieson. 

TRYST,  v.  n.  To  agree  to  meet.  [Scot.]  Jamieson. 

TRYST'IJR,  n.  A convener.  [Scot.]  Jamieson. 

TRYST'ING,  n.  An  engagement  to  meet.  [Scot.] 

To  hold  the  marquis  under  trysting.  Spalding. 

TRYST'ING— DAY,  n.  Appointed  day  of  meeting. 

By  the  wine  god  he  swore  it, 

And  named  a trysting-day.  Macaulay. 

TRYST'JNG— PLACE,  n.  An  appointed  place  of 
meeting. 

At  our  trysting-place , for  a certain  space, 

I must  wander  to  and  fro.  Border  Minstrelsy. 

TUB,  n.  [Dut.  tobbe  ; Ger . zuber.\ 

1.  A large,  open  vessel  of  wood,  composed  of  j 
staves  and  hoops,  or  hollowed  from  a log,  for 


holding  water,  washing  clothes,  or  other  domes- 
tic uses  ; a cask  without  a head. 

Skilful  coopers  hoop  their  tubs 

With  Lydian  and  with  Phrygian  dubs.  Butler . 

2.  f A discipline  of  sweating  in  a tub.  Shak. 

3.  A miner’s  name  for  a box  in  which  coal  is 

sent  up  the  shaft.  Simmonds. 

4.  (Com.)  A certain  measure  of  quantity ; 

as,  a tub  of  tea,  which  contains  60  pounds  ; a 
tub  of  camphor,  which  contains  from  1 cwt.  to 
1^  cwt.,  &c.  Tomlinson. 

TUB,  v.  a.  To  provide  with  a tub  ; to  set  in  a 
tub  ; as,  “ To  tub  a plant.”  Clarke. 

TU'BA,  n.  [L.,  a trumpet.')  (Mas.')  A brass  in- 
strument invented  by  M.  Sax,  of  Paris ; the 
Sax-tuba. — See  Sax-horn.  Dwight. 

TUB'BpR,  n.  A mining  instrument ; — called 
also  a beele.  Buchanan. 

TUB'BING,  n.  (Mining.)  The  lining  of  shafts  or 
parts  of  shafts  which  pass  through  incoherent 
strata  and  springs  of  water,  serving  to  pro- 
tect the  workmen  from  falling  materials  and 
water.  Anstcd. 

TUB'BY,  a.  Sounding  like  a tub;  wanting  elas- 
ticity of  sound  or  free  vibration.  Clarke. 

TUBE,  n.  [L.  tubus,  a tube;  tuba,  a trumpet; 
It.  Sj  Sp.  tubo  ; Fr.  tube.) 

1.  Any  long  and  hollow  body ; a hollow  cyl- 
inder ; a pipe. 

When  the  sucker  in  a pump  is  drawn,  the  space  it  filled 
in  the  tube  is  certainly  the  same.  Locke. 

2.  The  body  of  a telescope,  containing  the  mir- 
rors or  lenses,  or  both,  by  W'hieh  the  light  which 
proceeds  from  the  object  viewed  is  deviated. 

A spot  like  which  perhaps 
Astronomer  in  the  sun’s  lucent  orb 
Through  his  glazed  optic  tube  yet  never  saw.  Milton. 

3.  A vessel  in  plants  or  animal  bodies,  which 

conveys  fluids  or  other  substances.  Dunglison. 

4.  (Bot.)  The  cup,  or  united  portion  of  a 
monosepalous  calyx  or  a monopetalous  corolla, 
especially  when  it  is  of  an  elongated  form. 

Gray. 

Capillary  tube,  a tube  of  extremely  small  bore  in 
which  liquids  rise  above  their  level,  from  the  cohe- 
sive attraction  between  their  particles  and  the  interior 
surface  of  the  tube.  — See  Capillary.  Lib  of  Use- 
ful Knowledge. — Tube  of  safety.  See  Safety-tube. 

TUBE,  ».  a.  To  furnish  with  a tube.  Clarke. 

TUBE'— FORM,  a.  Having  the  form  of  a tube. 

TU'BfR,  n.  [L.]  1.  (Bot.)  A thickened  portion 

of  a subterraneous  stem  or  branch,  having  eyes 
or  buds,  as  a potato  ; a thickened  portion  of  a 
root-stock.  Gray. 

2.  (Anat.)  A knot  or  swelling.  Dunglison. 

TU'BER-AT-ED,  a.  [L.  tuber,  a protuberance.] 
(Her.)  Gibbous;  knotted  or  swelled  out.  Ogilvie. 

TU'BF.R-CLE  (-kl),  n.  [L.  tuberculum,  dim.  of  tu- 
ber, a protuberance,  a knob;  It.  tubercolo ; Sp. 
tuberculo  ; Fr.  tuber cule.) 

1.  (Anat.)  A tumor  in  an  organ  from  the  pro- 
duction of  new  matter.  Dunglison. 

2.  (Pathol.  Anat.)  A species  of  degeneration, 

or  morbid  development  of  an  opaque  matter,  of 
a pale-yellow  color,  having,  in  its  crude  condi- 
tion, a consistence  analogous  to  that  of  concrete 
albumen.  It  subsequently  becomes  soft  and 
friable,  and  gradually  acquires  a consistence, 
and  appears  analogous  to  pus.  Dunglison. 

Tubercles  are  most  frequently  observed  in  the  lungs  and 
mesentery.  Dunglison. 

A consumption  of  the  lungs,  without  an  ulceration,  arrives 
through  a schirrosity  or  a crude  tubercle.  ilarrey. 

3.  (Bot.)  A small,  wart-like  excrescence  on 

plants  : — the  organ  of  fructification,  or  upotlie- 
cium,  in  lichens,  containing  their  sporules,  and 
often  cup-shapcd.  Henslow. 

TU'BER-CLED  (-ldd),  a.  1.  Having  tuber- 

cles.  _ _ kJI 

2.  (Bot.)  Covered  with  little  excres-  #55; 
cences  or  warts ; tuberculate.  Hensloio. 

TU-BER'CU-LAR,  ? Relating  to  tu-  5 T 

TU-BER'CU-LATE,  > bercles ; affected  with 

tubercles ; full  of  knots  or  tubercles ; tubercu- 
lous. Dunglison. 

2.  (Bot.)  Bearing  excrescences  or  pimples  ; 
tubercled.  Gray. 

TU-BER'CU-LAT-IJD,  a.  Having  tubercles;  tu- 
berculary ; tuberculous.  Pennant. 

TU'BIJR-CULE,  n.  [Fr.]  (Bot.)  A fleshy  root  com- 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RllLE.  — Q,  £,  9,  g,  soft ; C,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


TUBERCULIZATION 


1552 


TUGGINGLY 


posed  of  lobes  which  serve  as  reservoirs  of  nutri- 
ment to  the  fibrils  that  accompany  them .Lindley. 

■ I ii  the  Orchis  the  tuhp.rcu.les  are  often  pahnated 
or  lohed ; in  the  Dahlia , and  many  As/ihodeleie,  they 
hang  in  clusters  or  are  fasciculated.  Lindley. 

TU-BER-CU-LI-ZA'TION,  n.  State  of  beingtuber- 
cled ; the  development  of  tubercles.  Dunglison. 

TU-BER  CU-LOSE,  £ a Having  tubercles  ; tu- 

TU-BER’CU-LOfJS,  > bercular.  Hill.  Month.  Rev. 

TU-BER' CU-LtjM,  n.  A small  tuber.  Lindley. 

TU-BpR-IF'gR-OfjS,  a.  [L.  tuber,  a knob,  and 
fero,  to  bear.]  (ISot.)  Producing  tubers.  Gray. 

TUBE'RO^E,  or  TU'BflR-t>§E  [tub'roz,  IV.  F.  Ja. 
K.  C. ; tii'ber-oz,  J.  Sm.  R.  if.],  n.  [L.  tuberosus, 
knobby.]  (Rot.)  A bulbous  plant  of  the  East 
Indies,  prized  for  its  beautiful  and  fragrant  flow- 
er ; Polianthes  tuberosa.  Baird. 

tt£S=  The  tuberose  emits  its  scent  most  strongly  af- 
tersunset ; and  it  has  been  observed  in  a sultry  evening, 
when  the  atmosphere  was  highly  charged  with  elec- 
tricity, to  dart  small  sparks  in  great  abundance  from 
such  of  its  flowers  as  were  fading.  Lindley. 

TU-BpR-OSE',  a.  Tuberous.  W.  Ency. 

TU-BpR-OS'j-TY,  n.  1.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  knobbed  or  tuberous  ; tuberousness. 

2.  (Anat.)  A process,  the  surface  of  which  is 
unequal  and  rough,  and  which  gives  attach- 
ments to  muscles  or  ligaments.  Dunglison. 

TU'BpR-OUS,  a.  [L.  tuberosus  ; Fr.  tubereux.\ 

1.  Having  tubers  or  excrescences.  Grew. 

2.  (Rot.)  Resembling  a tuber.  Gray. 

TU'BpR-CHlS-NES.S,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 

being  tuberous  ; tuberosity.  Ash. 

TUB’— F.\ST,  n.  A medical  treatment  of  sweat- 
ing and  fasting,  formerly  practised. 

Bring  down  rose-cheeked  youth  to  the  tub-fast.  Shak. 

TUB’— FISII,  n.  (Ieh.)  A species  of  gurnard  hav- 
ing long  and  large  pectoral  fins  ; the  sapphirine 
gurnard  j Trigla  hirundo.  YarreU. 

TU-Bltp'I-NATE,  v.  n.  [L.  tubieen,  tubicinis.  a 
trumpeter.]  To  sound  a trumpet.  Clarke. 

TU-BIC  ' O-LJE,  n.  pi.  [L.  tubus,  a tube,  and  colo, 
to  inhabit.]  (Zo:l.)  An  order  of  anellidans,  or 
red-blooded  worms,  in  which  the  respiratory 
organs  are  in  the  form  of  plumes,  and  are  at- 
tached to  the  head  or  anterior  portion  of  the 
body  ; — so  called  because,  with  few  exceptions, 
they  live  in  tubes.  Baird. 

TU'BI-COI.E,  n.  One  of  the  Tubicolce.  Brande. 

TU'BI-CORN,  n.  [L.  tubus,  a tube,  and  cornu,  a 
horn.]  (Zonl.)  One  of  a family  of  ruminant 
animals  having  horns  composed  of  a horny  axis 
covered  with  a horny  sheath.  Brande. 

TU’BI-FpR,  n.  [L.  tubus,  a tube,  and  fero,  to 
bear.]  (Zoiil.)  One  of  an  order  of  polypes,  com- 
prising those  which  are  united  upon  a common 
substance  fixed  at  its  base,  and  whose  surface 
is  wholly  or  partially  covered  with  retractile 
tubes ; a fleshy  eight-armed  polype.  Brande. 

TUB’ING,  n.  Tubes,  or  materials  for  tubes. Clarke. 

TU'BI-PORE,  n.  [L.  tubus,  a tube,  and  porus,  a 
pore.]  (Zoiil.)  One  of  a family  of  zoophytes,  in 
which  the  animals  are  isolated  and  contained 
in  long,  cylindrical,  calcareous  cells,  attached 
by  their  base,  and  strengthened  by  cross-bars 
at  definite  distances  ; the  pipe-coral  ; the  organ- 
coral.  Brande. 

Tl’-BIP’O-RITE,  n.  (Pal.)  A species  of  tubipore, 
often  found  in  marbles  and  pebbles.  Clarke. 

TU-BIP'O-ROUS,  a.  Relating  totubipores.  Smart. 

TUB'MAN,  n. ; pi.  TUBMEN.  (Law.)  A name 
given  to  one  of  the  two  most  experienced  bar- 
risters in  the  English  Court  of  Exchequer. — 
See  Postman.  Whishaw. 

TU'BU-LAR,  a.  [L.  tubulus,  dim.  of  tubus, a tube.] 
Resembling,  or  consisting  of,  a tube;  longitu- 
dinally hollow  ; fistular  ; pipe-like. 

He  hath  a tubular  or  pipe-like  snout.  Grew. 

Tabular  boiler,  a boiler  furnished  with  a number  of 
tubes  through  which  flame  or  heated  air  may  pass 
from  the  fire-box  to  heat  the  wafer  or  other  liquid 
surrounding  them. — Tubular  bridge,  a bridge  consist- 
ing of  a hollow  trunk  or  tube,  as  the  Britannia  Bridge 
across  the  Menai  Straits. 

TU'BU-L ATE,  a.  Tubular';  tubulous.  Maunder. 

f TU-BU-LA'TION  (shun), n.  [L.  tubulatio.~\  Act 
of  making  hollow' like  a tube.  Bailey. 


TU'BU-LAT-pD,  a.  Resembling,  or  furnished 

with,  a pipe  or  tube  ; fistular  ; tubular. 

The  teeth  of  vipers  are  tubulated.  Derbtim. 

Tubulated  retort,  ( Chem .)  a retort  furnished  with  a 
short  tube  at  the  top,  through  which  the  materials  to 
be  operated  on  may  be  introduced,  and  which  may  be 
closed  by  a stopper.  Henry. 

TU'BULE,  n.  [L.  tubulus .]  A small  pipe,  tube, 
or  fistular  body.  Woodward. 

Tl'-BU'LI-COLE,  n.  [L.  tubulus,  a small  tube, 
and  colo,  to  inhabit.]  (Zoiil.)  One  of  a family 
of  polypes  inhabiting  tubes  of  which  the  axis  is 
traversed  by  the  gelatinous  flesh,  and  which  are 
open  at  the  summits  or  sides  to  give  passage 
to  the  digestive  sacs  and  prehensile  mouths  of 
the  polypes.  Brande. 

TU-BU'LI-FORM,  a.  [L.  tubulus,  a little  tube, 
and  forma,  a form.]  Shaped  as  a tubule  or 
small  tube.  Clarke. 

TU-BU-LOSE  , l a Resembling  a tube  or  pipe ; 

TU'BU-LOUS,  ) tubular;  fistular.  Hill. 

TU'BU-LURE,  n.  (Chem.)  The  short  tube  at  the 
top  of  a tubulated  retort.  Henry. 

TUB’— WHEEL,  n.  A horizontal  water-wheel 
which  has  a series  of  floats  attached  to  its  rim  : 
it  is  turned  by  the  percussion  of  one  stream  of 
water  or  more,  so  directed  that  each  float  re- 
ceives a percussion  when  it  passes  a stream. 
The  wheel  not  being  submerged,  the  water,  af- 
ter striking  the  floats,  descends  from  between 
them.  U.  A.  Boyden. 

t TU'CET,  n.  [It.  tocchetto,  a ragout  of  fish.]  A 
steak  ; a collop  ; a tucket.  Bp.  Taylor. 

fTUCH,  n.  A kind  of  marble.  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

TUCK,  n.  [Welsh  two.  — It.  stocco  ; Fr.  estoc. ] 

1.  A small  sword  ; a rapier.  Shak.  Milton. 

2.  A kind  of  net.  Carew. 

3.  A pull ; a tug  ; a lugging.  A.  Wood. 

4.  A stroke  ; a blow.  [Local.]  llalliwell. 

5.  A horizontal  plait  or  fold  made  in  a gar- 
ment, to  shorten  it.  Halliwcll. 

6.  (Naut.)  The  part  of  the  ship  where  the 

ends  of  the  bottom  planks  are  collected  togeth- 
er under  the  stern  or  counter.  Mar.  Diet. 

TfJCK,  v.  a.  [i.  tucked  ; pp.  tucking,  tucked.] 

1.  To  gather  into  a narrower  compass  ; to 
press,  or  fold  in,  beneath,  as  the  edges  of  a 
counterpane  ; to  gather  up,  as  clothes  ; to  pack  ; 
to  stow. 

She  tucked  up  her  vestments  like  a Spartan  virgin.  Addison. 

2.  To  press  the  bed-clothes  in  around. 

Make  his  bed,  . . . and  tuck  him  in  warm.  Locke. 

f TUCK,  v.  n.  To  contract.  Sharp. 

TUCK'A-HOE,  n.  [Am.  Indian.]  (Bot.)  A curi- 
ous vegetable  found  on  the  Atlantic  coast  of  the 
United  States,  from  New  Jersey  southward, 
growing,  like  the  truffle,  under  the  surface  of 
the  earth;  Virginian  truffle; — -sometimes 
called  Indian  bread,  or  Indian  loaf.  Gray. 

TUCK'IJR,  n.  1.  One  who,  or  that  which,  tucks. 

2.  A thin,  ornamental  piece  of  dress  worn 

over  a woman's  bosom.  Addison. 

3.  A fuller.  [Local,  Eng.]  Holland.  Wright. 

fTUCK'JJT,  n.  [It.  toccata,  a prelude.]  A flour- 
ish on  a trumpet ; a fanfare.  Shak. 

fTUCK’pT,  n.  [It.  tocchetto,  a ragout  of  fish.] 
A steak  or  collop ; — written  also  tucet.  Taylor. 

tTUCK’CT— SO’NANCE,  n.  A tucket.  Shak. 

TUCK’— NET,  n.  A small  net  for  taking  out  pil- 
chards from  the  large  seine  nets.  Simmonds. 

TU’DOR— STYLE,  n.  (Arch.)  A style  of  building 
common  to  the  reigns  of  Henry  VII.  and  his 
successors,  including  Elizabeth,  characterized 
by  a flat  arch,  shallow  mouldings,  and  a profu- 
sion of  panelling  and  other  ornament ; — called 
also  decorated  English.  Davis. 

TUE’FALL,  n.  (Arch.)  A building  with  a sloping 
roof  only  on  one  side.  Maunder. 

TUE’— IR-ON,=>  (-I-urnz ),n.pl.  The  tongs  used  by 
a blacksmith.  Simmonds. 

tTU’lJL,  n.  [Fr.  tuyau .]  The  anus.  Skinner. 

TUESDAY  (tuz'd?),  n.  [A.  S.  Tiwes-clag  ; Tire, 
Tyw,  Tii,  Dig,  Tuisco,  or  Tuesco,  the  Saxon 
Mars,  or  god  of  war,  and  deeg,  dag,  a day  ; Dut. 
dingsdag ; Ger.  dienstag,  d instag  ; Dan.  tirsdag ; 
Sw.  tisdag .]  The  third  day  of  the  week. 


TU'FA,  n.  [L.  tofus,  tophus',  It.  tufo  ; Fr.  tuf. 
— Ger.  tgf.\  (Min.)  A variety  of  volcanic  rock, 
of  an  earthy  texture,  seldom  very  compact,  and 
composed  of  an  agglutination  of  fragments  of 
scoria;  and  loose  materials  ejected  from  a vol- 
cano ; — called  also  volcanic  tuff,  or  volcanic 
tufa.  Lyell. 

Calcareous  tufa,  a porous  rock  deposited  by  calca- 
reous waters  on  tliei r exposure  to  the  air,  and  usually 
containing  portions  of  plants  and  other  organic  sub- 
stances incrusted  with  carbonate  of  lime.  The  more 
solid  form  of  the  same  deposit  is  called  travertin,  into 

which  calcareous  tufa  passes Trachyte  tufa,  a 

name  applied  to  beds  and  irregular  deposits  of  con- 
glomerate composed  of  fragments  of  trachyte  and 
other  volcanic  substances.  Hoblyn.  Lycll. 

TU-FA'CEOUS  (tu-fa'shus,  66),  a.  Relating  to, 
consisting  of,  or  resembling,  tuff  or  tufa.  Lyell. 

TUFF,  n.  (Min.)  1.  A deposit  of  calcareous  car- 
bonate, from  springs  and  streams ; a volcanic 
rock.  — See  Tufa.  Lyell. 

2.  A porous,  light,  sandy,  calcareous  stone, 
suited  to  the  construction  of  vaults;  — written 
also  tufo.  Brande. 

TUF-FOON',  n.  A typhoon.  — See  Typhoon. 

TUFT,  n.  [Fr.  touffe. — Ger.  zopf,  a cue;  Sw. 
tofs,  a tuft.  — Richardson  suggests  A.  S.  top,  a 
summit  or  crest.] 

1.  A collection,  as  of  threads,  ribbons,  or 
feathers,  into  a knot  or  bunch  ; a number  of 
small  things  knitted  or  collected  together  to 
form  one  top  or  head ; a knot ; a cluster. 

Tufts  of  hair  hanging  down  their  foreheads.  llnckluyt. 

Edged  round  with  moss  and  tufts  of  matted  grass.  Dryden. 

2.  A cluster ; a clump,  as  of  ... 
shrubs  or  trees. 

Behind  the  tuft  of  pines  I met  them.  Shak.  K|AXj(  h J Y, 

3.  (Bot.)  A dense  cluster  or 

head  of  flowers,  which  arc  sessile  ; 
a capitulum.  J.  E.  Smith. 

TUFT,  v.  a.  [*.  tufted  ; pp.  tuft- 
INO,  TUFTED.] 

1.  To  separate  or  form  into 

tufts.  Todd.  1 

2.  To  dress  or  adorn  with  a tuft  1 
or  with  tufts. 

Sit  beneath  the  shade 

Of  solemn  oaks,  that  tuft  the  swelling  mounts.  Thomson. 

TUFT'JED,  p.  a.  1.  Growing  in  tufts  or  clusters. 
Towers  and  battlements  it  sees 
Bosomed  high  in  tufted  trees.  Milton. 

2.  Adorned  with  a tuft  ; wearing  a crest  as  of 

feathers.  “ The  tufted  duck.”  Yarrell. 

3.  (Bot.)  Noting  leaves  of  an  axillary  branch 

so  short  that  the  bases  of  the  leaves  are  in  con- 
tact ; fascicled.  Gray. 

TUFT'-IltjNT-pR,  n.  A hanger-on  to  persons 
of  quality  ; a parasite.  [Eng.]  llalliwell. 

f TUFT— TAF  FA-TY,  ? n \ villous  kind  of  silk  ; 

tTUFT— TAF'FIJ-TA,  ) tufted  taffety.  Beau.^Fl. 

TUFT'Y,  a.  1.  Adorned  or  covered  with  tufts. 

Both  in  the  tufty  frith  and  in  the  mossy  fell.  Drayton . 

2.  Growing  or  being  in  tufts  or  clusters. 

Where  tufty  daisies  nod  at  every  gale.  Brovme. 

TUG,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  teogan,  teon,  to  draw ; Ger. 
ziehen,  to  draw;  zug,  a pull,  a tug;  Sw.  tiija,  to 
stretch.  — Fr.  touer,  to  tow.]  [i.  tugged  ; pp. 
TUGGING,  tugged.]  To  pull  or  drag  with  great 
effort  long  continued  ; to  draw  ; to  haul ; to  pull. 
There  sweat,  there  strain,  tug  the  laborious  oar.  Roscommon. 

So  weary  with  disasters,  tugged  with  fortune.  Shak. 

TUG,  v.  n.  1.  To  pull  or  draw  with  great  effort. 

There  is  tugging  and  pulling- this  way  and  that  way.  More. 

The  galley-slaves  tug  willing  at  their  oar.  Dryden. 

2.  To  labor  ; to  strive  ; to  struggle  ; to  wrestle. 

Both  tugging  to  be  victors,  breast  to  breast.  Shak. 

TUG,  n.  1.  A long,  hard  pull ; a great  effort. 
When  Greeks  joined  Greeks,  then  was  the  tuy  of  war.  N.Lee. 

2.  A tow-boat.  Simmonds. 

3.  A carriage  for  conveying  timber,  having 

four  wheels.  [Local,  Eng.]  llalliwell. 

4.  A chain,  strong  rope,  or  leather  strap, 

used  as  a trace.  Clarke. 

5.  (Mining.)  An  iron  hoop  to  which  a tackle 

is  affixed.  Watson. 

TUG'GgR,  n.  One  who  tugs  or  pulls.  Johnson. 

TUG'GING-Ly,  ad.  With  tugging  or  hard  pulling. 


A,  E,  !,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  ?,  J,  O,  IT,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


TUG-IRON 


1553 


TUMULTUOUSNESS 


TUG'— IR-ON,  n.  An  iron  on  the  shaft  of  a 
wagon  to  hitch  traces  to.  Wright. 

TU-I"TION  (tu-ish'un),  n.  [L.  tuitio  ; tueor,  tui- 
tus,  to  see,  to  protect ; Sp.  tuition.'] 

1.  f Guardianship  ; superintendence  as  by  a 
tutor  ; protecting  care  ; tutelage. 

Proofs  of  an  omnipotent  tuition , whether  against  foreign 
powers  or  secret  conspiracies.  Bp.  Hall. 

2.  Instruction,  as  by  a tutor  ; the  act  or  busi- 
ness of  teaching;  education. 

Whatever  classical  instruction  Sir  Joshua  received  was 
under  the  tuition  of  his  father.  Malone. 

,0®-  “ One  defends  another  most  effectually  who 
imparts  to  him  those  principles  and  that  knowledge 
whereby  he  shall  be  able  to  defend  himself ; and 
therefore  our  modern  use  of  tuition  as  teaching  is  a 
deeper  one  than  the  earlier,  which  made  it  to  mean 
external  rather  than  this  internal  protection.”  Trench. 

Syn. — See  Education. 

TU-I"TION-A-RY,  a.  Relating  to  tuition.  Clarke. 

TU'LA-MET'AL  (-met'tl,  or  met'jil),  n.  An  alloy 
of  silver,  copper,  and  lead  ; — so  called  from  Tu- 
la, in  Russia,  where  it  is  made.  Ure. 

TU'LIP,  n.  [Pers.  thou/yb&n,  or  toleban.  — It.  tu- 
lipano  ; Sp.  tulipan  ; Old  Fr.  tulipan  ; Fr.  tulipe. 
— Dut.  tulp;  Ger.  tulpe  ; Dan.  tulipan  ; Sw.  tul- 
pan.  — “ The  Persian  word  [ thoulyban  or  tole- 
ban] also  signifies  a turban,  and  was  probably 
applied  to  the  tulip  on  account  of  the  resem- 
blance between  the  form  of  the  flower  and  that 
article  of  dress.”  P.  Cyc.]  ( Bot .)  The  com- 
mon name  of  bulbous  plants  of  the  genus  Tu~ 
lipa,  much  ‘cultivated  on  account  of  the  gay  and 
various  colors  of  their  flowers:  — a name  ap- 
plied also  to  the  flower  of  plants  of  the  genus 
Tulipa. 

U3P  The  varieties  of  tulip  are  endless.  Tulipa 
Gesneriana  (the  common  garden  tulip)  may  be  called 
the  king  of  florists’  flowers,  having  been  a prime  ob- 
ject of  attention  with  this  class  of  cultivators  for 
nearly  three  centuries.  It  appears  to  have  been 
brought  to  Europe  from  Persia,  by  way  of  Constanti- 
nople, in  1559,  and  in  a century  afterwards  to  have 
become  an  object  of  considerable  trade  in  the  Nether- 
lands, and  a sort  of  mania  among  the  growers,  who 
bought  and  sold  bulbs  at  prices  amounting  to  £500. . . . 
The  taste  for  tulips  in  England  was  at  its  greatest 
height  about  the  end  of  the  seventeenth  and  the  be- 
ginning of  the  eighteenth  century.  Loudon. 

TU'LIP-IST,  n.  A cultivator  of  tulips.  Browne. 

TU-LI-PO-MA'NI-A,  n.  [ tulip  and  mania.]  A 
mania  for  cultivating  or  acquiring  tulips.  P.  Cyc. 

TU'LIP— TREE,  n.  (Bot.)  A beautiful  American 
tree  of  the  magnolia  family,  sometimes  one 
hundred  and  forty  feet  high  and  eight  or  nine 
feet  in  diameter ; white-wood ; Liriodendron 
tulipifera.  Gray. 

K/j-  The  tulip-tree  has  very  smooth  leaves,  with  two 
lateral  lobes  near  the  base,  and  two  at  the  apex,  which 
appear  as  if  cut  off  abruptly  by  a broad,  shallow  notch. 
The  corolla,  which  is  about  two  inches  broad,  is 
greenish-yellow.  Gray. 

TULLE,  n.  [Fr.]  A plain  silk  lace  blonde  or 
net,  used  in  female  head-dresses.  Simmonds. 

TUL'LI-AN,  a.  In  the  style  of,  or  pertaining  to, 
Marcus  Tullius  Cicero ; Ciceronian.  Clarke. 

TUM'BLE  (tum'bl),  v.  n.  [A.  S.  tumbian  ; Dut. 
tuimelen;  Ger.  tummeln,  tawmeln,  to  reel;  Dan. 
tumle ; Sw.  tumla.  — It.  tombolare ; Sp.  tumbar ; 
Fr.  tomber.]  [i.  tumbled  ; pp.  tumbling, 

TUMBLED.] 

1.  To  roll ; to  heave  ; to  toss  ; to  pitch  about. 

While  we  lie  tumbling  in  the  hay.  Shak. 

A shoreless  ocean  tumbled  round  the  globe.  Thomson. 

2.  To  fall  suddenly  ; to  fall  over ; to  stumble; 
to  trip  ; — to  roll  down  violently. 

Now  Phaeton  hath  tumbled  from  his  car.  Shak. 

Sisyphus  lifts  his  stone  up  the  hill;  which  carried  to  the 
top,  it  immediately  tumbles  to  the  bottom.  Addison. ' 

3.  To  fall  tumultuously  in  numbers  or  quan- 
tities ; to  come  down  overwhelmingly. 

When  riches  come  bv  the  course  of  inheritance  and  testa- 
ments, they  come  tumbling  upon  a man.  Bacon. 

4.  To  play  tricks  by  various  librations  and 
motions  of  the  body,  as  a mountebank. 

A Christmas  gambol,  or  a tumbling  trick.  Shak. 

Tumbling-home,  (Jfaut.)  a phrase  noting  the  condi- 
tion of  a ship’s  sides  when  they  fall  in  above  the 
bends  ; — the  opposite  of  wall-sided.  Dana. 

TUM'BLE,  v.  a.  1.  To  turn  over  ; to  throw  about 
in  order  to  search  or  examine. 

Tumbling  it  over  and  over  in  his  thoughts.  Bacon. 

They  tumbled  alt  their  little  quivers  o’er, 

To  choose  propitious  shafts.  Prior. 


2.  To  throw  down  or  about ; to  pitch  or  fling 
down  violently  or  in  disorder. 

And  tumble  me  into  some  loathsome  pit.  Shak. 

3.  To  disturb-;  to  rumple  ; to  derange ; to 

disorder  ; as,  “ To  tumble  a bed.”  Clarke. 

TUM'BLE,  n.  The  act  of  tumbling ; a fall ; a 
rolling  over.  ’ L' Estrange. 

TUM'BLE-DoWN,  a.  Ready  to  fall  down  ; tot- 
tering; as,  “An  old  tumble-down  shed  .’’Clarke. 

TUM'BLE— DUNG,  n.  ( Ent .)  A species  of  beetle 
which  rolls  about  balls  of  dung  containing  its 
eggs.  Goldsmith. 

TUM'BLER,  n.  1.  One  who  tumbles;  one  who 
shows  tricks  or  feats  in  tumbling ; an  acrobat ; 
a juggler;  a posture-master.  “A  tumbler’s 
hoop.”  Shak. 

2.  A drinking-glass  without  a foot ; — so 
called  because  originally  it  had  a pointed  base, 
and  could  not  be  set  down  with  any  liquor  in  it 
without  its  tumbling  or  falling  over.  Fairliolt. 

3.  (Ornith.)  A very  small  variety  of  the  do- 
mestic pigeon  ; — so  called  from  its  habit  of 
falling  backwards  when  on  the  wing.  Wood. 

4.  A sort  of  dog  taught  to  tumble  for  the  pur- 
pose of  inveigling  game.  Hudibras. 

5.  ( Mech .)  A kind  of  latch  in  a lock,  which, 

by  means  of  a spring,  detains  the  shot-bolt  in 
its  place,  until  a key  lifts  it,  and  leaves  the  bolt 
at  liberty.  Simmonds. 

TUM'BLING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  tumbles. 

TUM'BLING— BAY,  n.  An  overfall  or  weir  in  a 
canal.  Clarke. 

TUM'BREL,  n.  [Fr.  tombereau.] 

1.  A dung-cart ; a muck-cart ; a rough  cart. 

Like  a slain  deer,  the  tumbrel  briugs  him  home.  Cowper. 

2.  (Mil.)  A covered  cart  used  for  implements 

of  pioneers  or  artillery  stores.  Stocqueler. 

3.  (Law.)  A ducking-stool,  — formerly  used 

for  the  punishment  of  scolds ; a trebuchet ; a 
cucking-stool.  Whishaw. 

4.  A sort  of  circular  cage  or  crib  formed  of 
osiers  or  twigs,  used,  in  some  parts  of  England, 
for  feeding  sheep  in  the  winter.  Farm.  Ency. 

TU-MlJ-FAC'TION,  n.  [It.  tumefazione ; Fr.  tu- 
mefaction.] The  act  of  swelling  or  the  state  of 
being  swelled  ; a tumor ; a swelling.  Arbuthnot. 

TU'ME-FY,  v.  a.  [L.  tumefacio ; tumulus,  tumid, 
swollen,  and  facto,  to  make  ; It.  tumefare ; Sp. 
tumefacerse ; Fr.  tumefier.]  [i.  tumefied  ; pp. 
tumefying,  tumefied.]  To  swell ; to  make 
to  swell ; to  inflate  ; to  distend.  Sharp. 

TU'ME-FY,  v.  n.  To  swell;  to  puff  up.  Smart. 

TU'MID,  a.  [L.  tumidus ; tumco,  to  swell ; It.  § 
Sp.  tumido  ; Fr.  tumide.] 

1.  Being  swelled ; inflated  ; puffed  up  ; dis- 
tended ; enlarged  ; swelling  ; swollen. 

As  from  his  tumid  urn  when  Nilus  spreads 

His  genial  tides  abroad.  Glover. 

2.  Protuberant ; raised  above  the  level. 

So  high  as  heaved  the  tumid  hills.  Milton. 

3.  Pompous  ; boastful ; turgid  ; bombastic. 

Shall  gentle  Coleridge  pass  unnoticed  here, 

To  turgid  ode  and  tumid  stanza  dear?  Byron. 

Syn.  — See  Turgid. 

TU-MlD'r-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being  tumid;  a 
swelled  state ; tumidness.  Boswell. 

TU'MID-LY,  ad.  In  a tumid  form.  Smart. 

TU'MID-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  tumid;  a 
swelled  state ; tumidity.  Smart. 

TUM'MAL§,  n.  (Mining.)  A great  quantity  or 
heap.  Watson. 

TU'MOR,  n.  [L.  tumor,  from  tumeo,  to  swell ; 
Fr.  tumeur.] 

1.  (Med.)  A morbid  swelling  or  prominence, 

of  greater  or  less  size,  developed  in  some  part 
of  the  body.  Dunglison. 

0®”  “ Cullen  defines  a tumor  to  be  a partial  swell- 
ing without  inflammation.  Sauvages  restricts  the 
term  to  a rising  formed  by  the  congestion  of  a fluid  ; 
and  he  calls  excrescences  those  which  are  of  fleshy  or 
osseous  consistence.  Boyer  defines  it  any  preternat- 
ural eminence  developed  on  any  part  of  the  body. 
Good  uses  it  synonymously  with  tubercle.  Boyer’s  is 
the  best  general  definition.  Tumors  differ  greatly 
from  each  other,  according  to  their  seat,  the  organs 
interested,  their  nature,  &c.”  Dunglison. 

2.  Affected  pomp  ; false  magnificence  ; puffy 

grandeur ; bombast,  [r.]  Wotton. 


TU'MORED,  a.  Distended ; swelled,  [r.]  Junius. 

TU'MOR-OUS,  a.  1.  Swelling  ; tumid;  protuber- 
ant ; distended,  [r.]  Cudworth. 

2.  Pompous  ; bombastic  ; turgid  ; tumid,  [it.] 

Amost  tumorous  in  his  looks  and  gestures.  Wotton. 

TUMP,  n.  The  knoll  of  a hill,  [r.]  Ainsworth. 

TUMP,  v.  a.  1.  (Ilort.)  To  fence  about  with, 
earth,  as  trees  or  plants.  Johnson. 

2.  To  draw;  to  drag,  as  deer,  &c.,  after  being 
killed.  [Local,  U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

TUMP'— LINE,  n.  A strap  placed  across  the  fore- 
head to  assist  a man  in  carrying  a pack  on  his 
back.  [Local,  U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

TUM'TUM,  n.  A kind  of  food  used  in  the  West 
Indies,  made  of  boiled  plantain.  Bartlett. 

TU'MU-LAR,  a.  [L.  tumulus,  a heap.]  Consist- 

ing in  a heap  ; in  the  form  of  a mound.  Smart. 

f TU'MU-LATE,  v.  a.  [L.  tumulo,  tumulatus.] 
To  cover  with  a mound  ; to  bury.  Bailey. 

f TU'MU-LATE,  v.  n.  To  swell;  to  be  tumid. 

His  heart  begins  to  rise,  and  his  passions  to  tumulate  and 
ferment  into  a storm.  Wilkins. 

TU-MU-LOSE',  a.  [L . tumulosus.]  Full  of  hil- 
locks ; tumulous.  [r.]  Bailey 

f TU-MU-LOS'I-TY,  n.  [L.  tumulus,  a mound.] 
State  of  being  tumulose  ; hilliness.  Bailey. 

TU'MU-LOUS,  a.  Full  of  small  hills  or  mounds  ; 
tumulose.  [r.]  Knowles. 

TU'MULT,  r}.  [L.  tumultus  ; tumeo,  to  swell ; 

It.  <Sf  Sp.  tumulto  ; Fr.  tumulte.] 

1.  A promiscuous,  noisy  commotion  in  a mul- 
titude ; an  uproar ; a riot ; a row.  Shak. 

Which  stilleth  the  noise  of  the  seas,  the  noise  of  their 
waves,  and  the  tumult  of  the  people.  Ps.  Ixv.  7. 

2.  A stir  ; a noisy,  violent  commotion  or  agi- 
tation; an  irregular  violence  ; a confused  noise. 

What  stir  is  this?  What  tumult ’s  in  the  heavens?  Shak. 

3.  A state  of  agitation  or  high  excitement ; a 

ferment.  “ A tumult  of  grief.”  Johnson. 

In  the  night,  however,  the  tumult  of  their  minds  having 
subsided,  and  given  way  to  reflection,  they  sighed  often  and 
loud.  Cook. 

f TU'MULT,  v.  n.  To  make  a tumult ; to  be  in 
wild  commotion.  Milton. 

f TU'MULT-ER,  n.  A maker  of  tumults.  Milton. 

Tll-MULT'y-A-RI-LY,  ad.  In  a tumultuary  man- 
ner ; tumultuously,  [r.]  Sandys. 

TU-MULT'y-A-RI-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
tumultuary  ; turbulence.  King  Charles. 

TU-MULT'U-A-RY  (fu-mult'yu-a-re),  a.  [L.  tu- 
multuarius ; It.  S$  Sp.  tumultuano  ; Fr.  tumul- 
tuaire .] 

1.  Disorderly  ; confused  ; tumultuous  ; riot- 
ous. “ A tumultuary  conflict.”  K.  Charles. 

2.  Unquiet;  restless;  agitated;  stormy. 

When  I have  passed  the  boisterous  sea  and  swelling  billows 
of  this  tumultuary  life.  Howell. 

Syn.  — See  Tumultuous. 

t TU-MULT'y-ATE,  v.  n.  [L.  tumultuor,  tamul- 
tuatum\  It.  tumulluare-,  Sp.  tumultuar .]  To 
make  a tumult ; to  be  in  great  agitation.  South. 

f Ty-MULT-U-A'TION,  n.  [L .tumultuatio.]  Con- 
fused agitation ; commotion.  Boyle. 

TU-MULT'U-OUS  (tu-mult'yu-us),  a.  [L.  tumultu- 
osits  ; It.  ^Sp.  tumultuoso  ; Fr.  tumu/tueux.] 

1.  Conducted  with  violence  ; given  up  to  tu- 
mult ; tumultuary  ; riotous  ; uproarious. 

As  if  that  there  were  some  tumultuous  affray.  Spenser. 

The  workmen  , . . very  seldom  derive  any  advantage  from 
the  violence  of  those  tumultuous  combinations.  Smith. 

2.  Restless  ; disturbed ; agitated  ; unquiet. 

Now  rolling,  boils  in  his  tumultuous  breast.  Milton. 

3.  Turbulent ; violent ; exciting  tumult. 

At  once  tumultuous  6liouts  and  clamors  rise.  Dryden. 

Syn.  — The  following  terms  are  all  applied  to  that 
which  is  contrary  to  order  and  quiet : A tutnultuous 
mob  or  assembly ; a tumultuary  meeting  or  conflict ; 
turbulent  passions  ; seditious  practice  ; jnutinous  spirit ; 
disorderly  conduct ; violent  proceeding  ; unruly  or  riot- 
ous multitude. 

TU-MULT'U-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  a tumultuous  man- 
ner ; with  confusion  and  violence.  Bacon. 

TU-MULT'y-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  the 
state  of  being  tumultuous.  Hammond . 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR.  RULE. 

195 


-9. 


<?>  9>  it,  soft;  £,  G,  £,  |,  hard,  § as  z;  ^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


TUMULUS 


1554 


TURBIDNESS 


TU'MV-LtlS,  n. ; pi.  tu'mu-li.  [L.,  from  tumeo, 
to  swell.]  An  artificial  mound,  often  covering  a 
tomb  or  sepulchre ; a barrow.  Hamilton. 

TUN,  n.  [A.  S tunne,  a butt,  a tub;  Ger.  tonne  ; 
Dut.  ton  ■ Gael.  <Sf  Sw.  tunna  ; Ban.  tOnde  ; Ir. 
tonna. — Low  L.  tonna  ; Fr  tonne,  tonneau-, 
Sp.  St  Port,  tonel.  — See  Ton.] 

1.  A large  cask.  Milton. 

2.  ( Wine-measure .)  The  measure  of  four 

hogsheads,  or  252  gallons.  Simmonds. 

3.  A large  quantity.  [Proverbially.] 

Draw  tuns  of  blood  out  of  thy  country’s  breast.  Shak. 

4.  A weight  of  2240  lbs.  — See  Ton.  Johnson. 

5.  f A drunkard.  [Burlesque.]  Dryden. 

IX y ■ Tun  is  the  usual  orthography  when  a large 

cask  or  a wine  measure  is  meant ; ton  when  a weight 
of  20  cwt.,  the  space  in  a ship,  or  a measure  of  timber 
is  meant.  Braude. 

TUN,  v.  a.  To  put  into  casks  ; to  barrel.  Boyle. 

TUN'A-BLE,  a.  1.  That  may  be  tuned. 

2.  Harmonious  ; musical ; tuneful. 

Your  eyes  are  lode-stars,  and  your  tongue’s  sweet  air 

More  tunable  than  lark  to  shepherd’s  ear.  Shak. 

TUN’ A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Harmony;  melodiousness; 
melody ; tunefulness.  Sherwood. 

TUN'A-BLY,  ad.  Harmoniously  ; musically  ; 
melodiously ; tunefully.  Skelton. 

TUN'— BEL-LIED  (tun'bel-ljd),  a.  Shaped  like  a 
tun  ; having  a large,  protuberant  belly.  Smart. 

TUN' BRIDGE— \vA RE,  n.  Fancy  articles,  as  work- 
boxes,  desks,  trays,  &c.,  made  of  ornamented 
woods,  and  highly  wrought  and  polished,  man- 
ufactured at  Tunbridge  Wells,  Eng.  Davis. 

t TUN'— DISH,  n.  A tunnel  or  funnel.  Shak. 

Filling  a bottle  with  a tun-dish.  Shak. 

TUNE,  n.  [Gr.  t6vos,  tone,  accent ; relm,  to 
stretch;  L.  tonus-.  It.  tuono ; Sp.  tono  ; Fr., 
Ger.,  * Sw.  ton  ; But.  toon ; Ban.  tone.  — W.  ton.'] 

1.  (Mas.)  A rhythmical  or  measured  series 

of  musical  notes,  agreeably  related,  for  a sin- 
gle voice  or  instrument;  an  air;  a melody:  — 
sometimes  also  applied,  but  less  properly,  to  a 
melody  with  its  accompanying  voices  or  har- 
mony : — the  state  of  being  neither  above  nor 
below  the  true  pitch,  as  a note  or  tone  ; — 
the  state  of  giving  the  true  sounds,  or  sounds 
rightly  related  and  attempered  to  each  other,  as 
of  a voice,  or  an  instrument : — the  state  of  har- 
monizing together,  as  a choir,  an  orchestra ; 
concord ; harmony.  Dwight. 

Which  time  she  chanted  snatches  of  old  tunes.  Shak. 

Tunes  and  airs  have  in  themselves  some  nthnity  with  the 
affections;  as,  merry  tunes,  doleful  tunes,  solemn  'tunes,  tunes 
inclining  men’s  minds  to  pity,  warlike  tunes.  Bacon. 

It  is  the  lark  that  sings  so  out  of  tune. 

Straining  harsh  discords  and  unpleasing  sharps.  Shak. 

Like  sweet  bells  jangled,  out  of  tune  and  harsh.  Shak. 

2.  Harmony;  agreement;  order;  concert  of 
parts  ; unity  of  movement. 

A continual  Parliament,  I thought,  would  but  keep  the 
commonweal  in  tune,  by  preserving  laws  in  their  due  execu- 
tion and  vigor.  King  Charles. 

3.  The  fit  state  for  use  or  application  ; the 
proper  or  normal  state  ; the  right  disposition  or 
temper;  the  proper  mood  or  humor. 

A child  will  learn  three  times  as  much  when  he  is  in  tunc 
as  he  will,  with  double  the  time  and  pains,  when  lie  goes 
awkwardly  or  is  dragged  unwillingly  to  it.  Locke. 

The  poor,  distressed  Lear  is  i’  the  town, 

Who  sometime,  in  his  better  tune,  remembers 

What  we  are  come  about.  Shak. 

TUNE,  V.  a.  [l.  TUNED  ; pp.  TUNING,  TUNED.] 

1.  To  put  into  tune,  or  proper  musical  state. 

Ten  thousand  thousand  strings  at  once  go  loose; 

Lost,  till  he  tune  them,  all  their  power  and  use.  Cowper. 

2.  To  sing  or  play  harmoniously. 

Fountains,  and  ye  that  warble  as  ye  flow, 

Melodious  murmurs,  warbling  tune  his  praise.  Milton. 

3.  To  put  into  order  so  as  to  produce  the 

proper  or  desired  effe.ct.  Shak. 

TUNE,  v-  n.  1.  To  form  accordant  musical  sounds. 

Whilst,  tuning  to  the  water’s  fall, 

The  small  birds  sang  to  her.  Drayton. 

2.  To  utter  inarticulate  musical  sounds  with 
the  voice  ; to  sing  without  using  words.  Johnson. 

TUNE'FUL,  a.  Musical ; harmonious.  Watts. 

Amid  the  tuneful  choir.  Dryden. 

TUNE'FUL-LY,  ad.  In  a tuneful  manner.  Atter’y. 

TUNE'LIJSS,  a.  Unharmonious  ; unmusical ; dis- 
cordant. “ Thy  tuneless  serenade.”  Cowley. 

TIJN'pR,  n.  One  who  tunes.  Shak. 


TUNG'STATE,  n.  ( Chem .)  An  oxysalt  composed 
of  tungstic  acid  and  a base.  Graham. 

TUNG'STJJN,  n.  [Sw.  tuny,  heavy,  and  sten,  a 
stone.] 

1.  A very  hard,  brittle  metal,  having  the 
color  and  lustre  of  tin,  and  extremely  difficult  of 
fusion  ; inferior  only  to  platinum  and  gold  in 
specific  gravity,  being  more  than  seventeen 
times  as  heavy  as  water  ; burning  when  heated 
to  redness  in  a pulverulent  state,  and  becoming 
converted  into  tungstic  acid.  Miller.  Graham. 

2.  (Min.)  Tungstate  of  lime ; scheelite.  Dana. 

TUNG'STEN— O'jCHRE  (o'kr),  n.  (Min.)  A bright- 

yellow  or  yellowish-green  mineral,  occurring  in 
cubic  crystals,  and  also  pulverulent  and  earthy, 
and  consisting  of  pure  tungstic  acid;  — called 
also  tungstic-ochre,  and  wolframine.  Dana. 

TUNG'STIC,  a.  (Chem.)  Noting  an  oxide  com- 
posed of  one  equivalent  of  tungsten  and  two 
equivalents  of  oxygen  ; binoxide  of  tungsten  ; 
— also  noting  an  acid  composed  of  one  equiva- 
lent of  tungsten,  and  three  equivalents  of  oxy- 
gen. Graham. 

TUN'HOOF,  n.  (Bot.)  Ground-ivy.  Johnson. 

TU'NIC,  n.  [L.  tunica ; It.  tunica,  tonica-,  Sp. 
tunica  ; Fr.  tunique .] 

1.  (Roman  Ant.)  A woollen  under-garment 

worn  by  the  Romans  of  both  sexes.  Arbuthnot. 

Ugy-The  tunic  was  girded  with  a belt  round  the 
waist,  but  was  usually  worn  loose  when  a person  was 
at  home  or  wished  to  be  at  his  ease.  The  tunic  worn 
by  men  commonly  had  short  sleeves,  and  terminated 
a little  above  the  knee.  That  worn  by  women  was 
larger  and  longer,  and  always  had  sleeves.  IV.  Smith. 

2.  (Rom.  Cath.  Ch.)  A long  under-garment 

worn  by  the  clergy  when  officiating.  Wright. 

3.  (Anat.)  A name  given  to  different  mem- 
branes which  envelop  organs  ; as,  “ The  tunics 
of  the  eye,  st’omach,  and  bladder.”  Dunglison. 

4.  (Bot.)  The  outer  covering  of  the  tunicated 

bulb,  as  that  of  the  onion,  consisting  of  thin, 
membranous,  and  cohering  scales.  Lindley. 

TU'NI-CA-Ry,  n.  [L.  tunica,  a tunic.]  (Zonl.)  A 
mollusk  of’  the  class  Tunicata.  Baird. 

TU-NI- CA  ' TJt,  n.  pi.  (ZoOl.)  A class  of  acepha- 
lous’mollusks  protected  by  a leather-like  tunic, 
and  without  organs  of  locomotion.  Baird. 

TU'NI-CATE,  ? -a.  [L.  tunicatus.]  (Bot.)  Not- 

TU'NI-CAT-UD,  ) ing  bulbs  composed  of  broad 
and  concentric  scales,  forming  successive  coats, 
as  in  the  onion.  Gray. 

TU'NI-CLE,  n.  [L.  tunicula,  a little  tunic.] 

1.  A natural  covering ; an  integument.  Ray. 

2.  f (Eccl.)  A kind  of  cope  worn  by  the  of- 
ficiating clergy.  Bale. 

TUN'ING,  n.  The  act  of  singing  or  playing  in 
concert : — the  act  of  putting  into  tune.  Milton. 

TUN'ING-FORK,  n.  (Mus.)  An  instrument  of 
steel  about  three  inches  long,  consisting  of  two 
prongs  and  a handle,  and  which,  being  struck 
against  a table  or  other  substance,  produces  the 
tone  to  which  it  was  originally  set.  Moore. 

TUN'ING— hAm'M UR,  n.  (Mus.)  A steel  or  iron 
utensil  used  in  tuning  harpsichords  and  piano- 
fortes. Moore. 

TU-NI''GI-AN  (tu-nizh'e-an),  a.  (Geog.)  Pertain- 
ing to  Tunis  or  its  inhabitants.  Earnshaw. 

TU-Ni"§I-AN,  n.  (Gcog.)  A native  or  an  inhab- 
itant of  Tunis.  Shaw. 

TUNK,  n.  A sharp  blow.  [Vulgar.]  Wright. 

TUNIC'UR,  n.  [Ger.  tunken,  to  dip.]  (Eccl.)  One 
of  a religious  sect ; — a subdivision  of  the  Bap- 
tists, found  chiefly  in  Pennsylvania  ; — called 
also  Dunkert.  Brande. 

TUN'NAGE,  n.  See  Tonnage.  Arbuthnot. 

TUN'NIJL , n.  [Fr.  tonnelle,  a tunnel-net ; tunnel, 
a tunnel.  — A dim.  of  tun.  Tooke.  — See  Tun.] 

1.  The  passage  in  a chimney  for  the  convey- 
ance of  smoke  ; a funnel ; a chimney-flue,  [it.] 

And  one  great  chimney,  whose  long  tunnel  thence 

The  smoke  fbrth  threw.  Spenser. 

2.  A conical  vessel  with  a broad  mouth  at  one 
end  and  a tube  at  the  other,  for  transferring  a 
liquid  from  one  vessel  into  another  ; a funnel. 

For  the  help  of  the  hearing,  make  an  instrument  like  a 
tunnel,  the  narrow  part  of  the  bigness  of  the  hole  of  the  ear, 
and  the  broader  end  much  larger.  Bacon. 


3.  A net  resembling  a funnel  for  pouring 

liquid  into  a vessel.  Johnson. 

4.  (Engineering.)  A subterranean  passage 
for  a canal  or  a road. 

Tunnels  have  been  formed  in  order  to  avoid  the  opposition 
of  land  owners,  or  to  give  uninterrupted  passage  under  a 
road,  a canal,  or  a river;  tunnels  have  been  formed  under 
towns  in  order  to  connect  points  which  were  not  aceessibie 
by  an  open  passage  except  at  an  enormous  cost;  but,  in  gen- 
eral, tunnels  are  iormed  through  hills,  in  order  to  avoid  the 
expense  of  an  open  cutting.  Tomlinson. 

TUN'NUL,  V.  a.  \i.  TUNNELLED  J pp.  TUNNEL- 
LING, TUNNELLED.] 

1.  To  form  like  a tunnel.  Derham. 

2.  To  catch  in  a net.  Johnson. 

3.  To  reticulate,  as  network,  [it.]  Derham. 

A-  To  make  a tunnel  or  passage  through  ; as, 

“ To  tunnel  a hill  for  a railroad.”  Hayward. 

TUN'NIJL— KlLN  (-kll),  n.  A kiln  in  which  coal  is 
burnt.  Clarke. 

TUN'N]JL-LING,  n.  The  act  or  process  of  cut- 
ting a tunnel,  as  through  a hill.  Tomlinson. 

TUN'NIJL— NET,  n.  A net  with  a wide  mouth  at 
one  end  and  a narrow  one  at  the  other.  Clarke. 

TUN'NUL-PlT,  n.  A tunnel-shaft.  Clarke. 

TUN'NUL— SHAFT,  n.  A pit  or  shaft  sunk  to 
give  air  to  workmen  or  light  to  a tunnel,  or  to 
facilitate  the  raising  of  earth  and  stones  to  the 
surface.  Simmonds. 

TUN'NY,  n.  [Gr.  Bbvvo s ; Bbinn,  to  rush,  to  dart ; 
L.  tliunnus,  thynnus  ; It.  ton  no  ; Sp.  atun;  Fr. 
than.)  (Ich.)  An 
acanthopterygious 
fish  of  the  genus 
Thynnus,  particu- 
larly the  Thynnus 
vulgaris, one  of  the 
largest  of  marine  Tunny  (Thynnu,  vulgaris). 
fishes,  sometimes  measuring  upwards  of  eight 
feet  in  length,  and  weighing  from  1000  to  1800 
pounds.  Baird. 

TUP,  n.  A ram.  [Local,  Eng.]  Holloway. 

TUP,  v.  n.  \i.  tupped  ; pp.  tupping,  tupped.] 
To  butt,  like  a ram.  Johnson. 

TUP,  v.  a.  To  cover,  as  a ram  ; to  rut.  Shak. 

TU'PU-LO,  n.  (Bot.)  The  common  name  of  North 
American  trees  of  the  genus  Nyssa,  of  the  dog- 
wood family ; — called  also  pepperidge,  and  sour 
gum-tree.  Gray. 

TU P'MAN,  n.  A breeder  of  tups,  [r.]  Halliwell. 

TUR'BAN,  n.  [It.  (5f  Sp.  turbante  ; Fr.  turban .] 

1.  The  usual  head-dress  of  the  Turks,  Per- 
sians, and  other  Orientals.  Bacon. 

“ It  consists  of  two  parts  : a quilted  cap,  with- 
out brim,  fitted  to  the  head,  and  a sash,  scarf,  or 
shawl,  usually  of  cotton  or  linen,  artfully  wound 
about  the  cap,  and  sometimes  hanging  down  the 
neck.”  Brande. 

2.  A head-dress  worn  by  ladies.  Simmonds. 

3.  (Conch.)  The  whorls  of  a shell.  Clarke. 

fTUR'BAND,  n.  A turban.  Shak. 

TUR'BANED  (-b?nd),  a.  Wearing  a turban.  Shak. 

TUR'BAN— SHELL,  n.  A popular  name  given  to 

echinoderms  of  the  genus  Cidaris.  Wright. 

f TUR'BANT,  n.  A turban.  Milton. 

TUR'BAN— TOP,  n.  (Bot.)  A fungus  or  mushroom 
of  the  genus  Helvetia.  Wright. 

TUR'BA-RY,  n.  [Low  L.  turbaria;  turba,  a turf.] 
(Eng.  Laic.)  A right  or  liberty  of  digging  turf: 
— a place  where  turf  is  dug.  Cowell. 

Common  of  turbary,  a liberty  of  digging  turf  upon 
another  man’s  ground  in  common  with  the  owner  or 
with  other  persons.  Burrill. 

TUR'BIJTH,  n.  See  Turpeth.  Wiseman. 

TUR'BID,  a.  [L.  turbidus  ; turba,  a tumult ; It. 
torbido ; Sp.  turbido.\ 

1.  Having  lees  or  sediment  stirr;d  up;  not 

clear ; thick  ; muddy  ; roiled.  Bacon. 

The  ordinary  springs,  which  were  before  clear,  fresh,  and 
limpid,  become  thick  and  turbid  as  long  as  the  earthquake 
lasts.  Woodward. 

2.  Vexed;  disquieted;  disturbed,  [it.] 

Turbid  intervals  . . . use  to  attend  close  prisoners.  Howell. 

TUR-BId'I-TY,  n.  State  of  being  turbid.  Smart. 

TUR'BID-LY,  ad.  1.  In  a turbid  manner. 

2.  Haughtily  ; proudly,  [it.]  [A  Latinism.] 

One  of  great  merit  turbidly  resents  them.  Young. 

TUR'BID-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state  of 
being  turbid ; muddiness.  ' Johnson. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short ; A,  U,  I,  9,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


TURBILLION 


1555 


TURKEY-OIL-STONE 


TUR-BIL'LION  (tur-bll'yun),  n.  [Fr.  tourbillon.] 
A whirl ; a vortex.  Clarke. 

TUR' BI-NATE,  v.  11.  [L.  turbo , turbinis , a whirl, 

a top.]  To  revolve  like  a top  ; to  whirl,  [n.] 

TUR' BI-NATE,  ? [L.  turbinatus. ] 

TtiR'BI-NAT-ED,  ‘ 1.  Whirling,  like  a top.  “ Its 

[Mercury’s]  turbinated  or  diurnal  motion.” 

Hist.  Royal.  Soc. 

Let  mechanism  here  produce  a spiral  and  turbinated  mo- 
tion of  the  whole  moved  body.  Bentley. 

2.  Wreathed  conically  from  a larger  base  to  a 
kind  of  apex.  “ A turbinated  shell.”  Idler. 

3.  (Bot.)  Inversely  conical,  or  top-shaped,  as 

the  fruit  of  Nelumbium.  Gray. 

TUR-BI-NA'TION,  n.  [L.  turbinatio.]  The  act 
of  spinning  or  revolving  like  a top.  Cockeram. 

TUR'BINE,  n.  ( Hydraulics .)  A hydraulic  motor, 
consisting  of  a wheel,  of  guide  curves  for  di- 
recting water  into  the  wheel,  and  of  various 
other  parts.  In  one  of  its  most  common  forms, 
it  has  the  wheel  horizontal  and  submerged,  with 
a series  of  vertical,  curved  floats  at  the  periph- 
ery, and  a shaft  passing  through  a vertical  tube 
extending  through  a cast-iron  flume,  the  circu- 
lar bottom  of  which  is  in  the  wheel,  and  over 
the  depressed  central  part  of  the  wheel.  The 
wheel  is  propelled  by  water  issuing  horizontally 
from  the  lowest  part  of  the  flume,  and  with  such 
directions,  derived  from  guide  curves  affixed  to 
the  bottom  of  the  flume,  as  to  act  on  all  the  floats 
at  the  same  time,  and  flow  out  of  the  wheel  at  its 
periphery. 

jGSS“  Nearly 
one  half  of  the 
power  of  the 
water  due  to  its 
fall,  is  expend- 
ed in  giving 
velocity  to  the 
water  before 
it  strikes  the 
floats,  the  wa- 
ter being  then 
so  directed  that 
each  particle 
moves  in  nearly 
the  same  direc- 
tion as  the  part 
of  the  float  first 
struck  by  it. 

The  particle, 
and  the  part  of  the  float  struck  by  it,  have  a velocity 
nearly  equal  to  that  which  a body  acquires  by  falling 
freely  through  a distance  equal  to  half  the  fall  of  the 
water.  The  other  half  of  the  power,  due  to  the  fall 
of  the  water,  is  chiefly  expended  in  pressing  the  water 
obliquely  against  the  floats  in  such  a way  that  the  ve- 
locity possessed  by  any  particle  at  the  instant  of  strik- 
ing the  float,  is  gradually  diminished  till  it  is  nearly 
expended,  when  the  particle  leaves  the  wheel.  The  par- 
ticle has  much  less  velocity  during  the  latter  part  of 
the  time  it  acts  in  propelling  the  floats  than  the  part  of 
the  float  it  then  acts  on  ; and  the  propulsion,  then  ex- 
erted by  it,  results  from  the  obliquity  of  the  two  mo- 
tions to  each  other.  If  the  parts  of  any  turbine,  are 
not  accurately  adapted  to  each  other,  it  wastes  much 
of  the  power  of  the  water ; but  good  turbines  utilize 
a larger  part  of  the  power  of  the  water  than  any  other 
hydraulic  motor  in  use. 

The  term  turbine,  when  used  without  any  qualify- 
ing word,  is  commonly  restricted  to  turbines  in  which 
the  water  passes  out  at  the  periphery. 

In  the  figure,  the  inner  curves  represent  the  station- 
ary guide  curves,  and  the  outer  curves,  the  floats  or 
buckets  of  the  wheel.  U.  A.  Boyden. 

“ Professor  Peirce  exhibited  a drawing  of  a 
bucket  of  a turbine  wheel,  constructed  by  Mr.  U.  A. 
Boyden,  experiments  upon  which,  conducted  with  the 
most  scrupulous  care,  had  shown  it  to  produce  an 
effect  equal  to  eighty-eight  per  cent,  of  the  power 
expended  ; and  he  stated  that  some  of  Mr.  Boyden’s 
wheels  had  given  the  astonishing  result  of  ninety-two 
per  cent,  of  this  power.”  Proceedings  of  the  American 
Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences  for  1850. 

TUR'BIT,  n.  A variety  of  the  domestic  pigeon. 

TUR'BITH,  n.  See  Turpetii.  Wiseman. 

TUR' BOT,  n.  [Fr.  turbot.  — Dut.  tarbot.  — Scali- 
ger  thinks  from  L.  turbo,  a top.] 

1.  ( Ich .)  A sub- 
brachial  malacopte- 
rygious  fish,  of  the 
family  Plcuronecti- 
dee;  Rhombus  maxi- 
mus.  It  is  one  of  the 
largest  of  the  flat- 
fishes, and  is  consid- 
ered the  best.  Yarrell.  Turbot  (Rhombus  maximus). 


Turbine. 


2.  A name  often  given  to  the  halibut.  [Scot.] 

TUR'BU-LENCE,  n.  [L.  turbulentia ; It.  turbo- 
lenza  ; Sp.  turbulencia  ; Fr.  turbulence. ] Quali- 
ty or  state  of  being  turbulent ; tumult ; tumul- 
tuousness ; confusion;  disorder;  commotion. 

Escaped  the  windy  turbulence  of  heaven.  Fawkes. 

I came  to  calm  thy  turbulence  of  mind.  Dryden. 

TUR'BU-LEN-CY,  n.  Turbulence.  Milton. 

TUR'BU-LENT,  a.  [L.  turbulentus ; It . turbolen- 
to ; Sp  turbulento  ; Fr  .turbulent.] 

1.  Raising  agitation  or  commotion  ; agitated, 

Nor  envied  them  the  grape. 

Whose  head  that  turbulent  liquor  tills  with  fumes.  Milton. 

2.  Exposed  to  commotion;  liable  to  agitation. 

Calm  region  once. 

And  full  of  peace;  now  tost  and.  tui'bulent.  Milton 

3.  Tumultuous  ; violent ; riotous  ; disorderly. 

And,  making  the  succession  doubtful,  rent 

This  new-got  state,  and  left  it  turbulent.  Drayton. 

Syn.  — See  Factious,  Loud,  Tumultuous, 
Violent. 

TUR'BU-LENT-LY,  ad.  In  a turbulent  manner; 
tumultuously ; violently.  Sherwood. 

TUR'CI§M  [tiir'slzm,  W.  F.  Sm.  I Vb.  Wr. ; tiir'- 
klzm,  S.  A'.],  n.  The  religion,  manners,  or  char- 
acter of  the  Turks.  “ Fall  of  Turcism.”  Stryp:-. 

Preferring  Turcism  to  Christianity.  Altcrbury. 

TUR-COI§'  (tur-kez'),  n.  See  Turkois.  Johnson. 

TURC'O-MAN,  n. ; pi.  turc'o-m&ns.  A native  or 
an  inhabitant  of  Turcomania.  P.  Cyc. 

TURD,  n.  [A.  S.  tord. ] Dung.  [Low.]  Bailey. 

TUR'  DI-DAS,  n.  pi.  [L.  turdvs,  a thrush.]  (Or- 
nith.)  A family  of  dentirostral  birds  of  the  order 
Passeres,  including  the  sub-families  Formicari- 
nce,  Turdince,  Tinalincc,  Oriolince,  and  Pycono- 


Gray. 


Gray. 

[Fr.  terrinef\  A deep  tabic-vessel 
Goldsmith. 


tints-,  thrushes. 

TUR-Dl'NJE,  n. 
pi.  [See  Tur- 
didas.]  ( Or - 
nith .)  A sub- 
family of  denti- 
rostral birds  of  ...  , , 

the  order  Pas-  Mrmus  polyglottus. 

seres  and  family  Turdidts ; thrushes. 

TU-REEN',  n. 
for  soup. 

TURF,  n. ; pi.  turfs;  f turves.  [A.  S.  turf-, 
Dut.  turf;  Old  Dut.,  Ger.,  Svv.,  <Sr  Icel.  torf.  — 
Sp.  turba  ; Fr.  tourbe.  — Arab,  turb,  dust,  clod.] 

1.  A thin  layer  of  soil  held  together  by  the 
roots  of  grass;  a clod  covered  with  grass; 
greensward  ; sward ; sod. 

They  left  me  weary  on  a grassy  turf.  Milton. 

I with  green  turfs  would  grateful  altars  raise.  Dryclen. 

2.  A term  sometimes  applied  to  peat,  when 

cut  and  dried  for  fuel.  Farm.  Ency. 

3.  A race-course  or  the  practice  of  horse- 
racing. Porter. 

TURF,  v.  a.  [i.  turfed  ; pp.  turfing,  turfed.] 
To  cover  with  turfs,  or  as  with  turfs. 

The  face  of  the  bank  next  the  sea  is  turfed.  Mortimer. 

TURF'— BUILT  (-blit),  a.  Built  or  formed  of  turf. 
“ Thy  turf-built  shrine.”  Warton. 

TURF'— CLAD,  a.  Covered  with  turf. 

The  turf-clad  heap  of  mould.  Knox. 

TURF'— COV-1JRED,  a.  Covered  with  turf. 

TURF' — DRAIN,  n.  A drain  filled  with  turf.  Clarke. 

TURF'  EN,  a.  Made  of  turf.  Wright. 

TURF'— HED^E,  n.  A fence  made  of  turf.  Clarke. 

TURF'— HOUSE,  n,  A shed  of  turf.  Simmonds. 

TURF'I-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state  of 
abounding  with  turf  or  turfs.  Johnson. 

TURF'ING,  n.  The  act  or  the  operation  of  laying 
down  turf,  or  of  covering  with  turf.  Wright. 

TURF'ING— IR-ON  (-l-urn),  n.  An  implement  for 
paring  off  turf.  Wright. 

TURF'ING— SPADE,  n.  An  implement  for  paring 
off  turf ; a turf-spade.  Wright. 

TURF'ITE,  n.  One  addicted  to  the  turf  or  race- 
course : — a blackleg.  Clarke. 

TURF'LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  turf.  Savage. 

TURF'— MOSS,  n.  Mossy  or  boggy  land.  Smart. 

TURF'— SPADE,  it.  A kind  of  spade  used  for  cut- 
ting turf;  a turfing-spade.  Simmonds. 


TURF'Y,  a.  Abounding,  covered  with,  or  built 
of,  turf.  “ Thy  turfy  mountains.”  Shale. 

A crimson  stream  the  turfy  altar  stains.  Vernon. 

TUR'I^ENT,  a.  [L.  turgeo ,turgens,  to  swell  out.] 
Swelling;  protuberant;  tumid;  turgid.  Thomson. 

TUR-<jrESCE',  v.  n.  [L.  turgesco.']  To  swell;  to 
be  inflated,  [r.]  Hr.  Francis. 

TUR-pES'ClJNCE,  £ n [L.  turgesco,  to  begin  to 

TUR-^ES'CJgN-CY,  ) swell;  Fr.  turgcscence .] 

1.  The  act  of  swelling  or  the  state  of  being 
swelled;  swelling;  turgidity.  Browne.  Swift. 

2.  Empty  magnificence  or  show.  Johnson. 

3.  (Med.)  Superabundance  of  humors  in  any 

part  of  the  body.  Dunglison. 

TUR-^ES'CIINT,  a.  Growing  large  ; swelling.  Ash. 

TUR-DES'CI-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  inflated  or 
made  turgid.  Hr.  Arnold. 

TUR'CID,  a.  [L.  turgidus;  turgeo,  to  swell;  It. 
turgido  ; Fr.  turgide. ] 

1.  Swelled  ; swollen  ; puffed  out ; distended. 

The  sucker,  lying  and  playing  always  under  water,  is  kept 
still,  turgid , and  plump.  Boyle . 

2.  Pompous  ; tumid ; bombastic  ; inflated. 

The  sublime  rejects  mean,  low,  or  trivial  expressions;  but 
it  is  equally  an  enemy  to  such  as  are  turgid.  Blair. 

3.  (Bot.)  Thick,  as  if  swollen  ; slightly  swell- 
ing. Lindley. 

Syn. — Turgid  and  tumid  both  signify  inflated  or 
swollen.  Tumid  waves  ; turgid  or  tumid  expressions 
or  language  ; a turgid , inflated,  or  bombastic  style  ; a 
pompous  manner. 

TUR-fyID'I-TY,  n.  1.  The  state  of  being  turgid 
or  swelled;  swelling;  distention.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  Pompousness  ; bombast ; inflated  style. 

A simple,  clear,  harmonious  style,  which,  taken  as  a model, 
may  be  followed  without  leading  the  novitiate  either  into  tur- 
gidity or  obscurity.  Cumberland. 

TUR'^IID-LY,  ad.  In  a turgid  manner.  Clarke. 

TUR'<?ID-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  turgid; 
turgidity ; turgescence.  Warburton. 

f TUR'D!D-OUS,  a.  Turgid;  swollen.  B.Jonson. 

TUR'^ITE,  n.  (Min.)  A reddish-brown  mineral 
consisting  of  sesquioxide  of  iron  and  water. 

TU'RI-O,  n.;  pi . tu-ri-o'ne?.  [L.]  (Bot.)  A 
young  shoot  or  sucker  springing  out  of  the 
ground,  as  a shoot  of  asparagus.  Gray. 

TU-RI-O-NIF'IJR-OUS,  a.  [L.  turio,  a shoot,  and 
fero,  to  bear.]  Bearing  turiones.  Clarke. 

TURK,  n.  1.  A native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Turkey. 

2.  A Mahometan. 


Ilave  mercy  upon  all  Jews,  Turks , infidels,  and  heretics. 

Common  Prayer. 


TUR'KEY  (tiir'ke),  n.  (Ornith.) 

A large  gallinaceous  fowl  of 
the  family  Phasianidce , or 
pheasants,  and  genus  Mclea- 
gris,  a native  of  America, 
and  much  esteemed  for  food. 

— See  Meleagrinje. 

fl£g=-“The  name  of  turkey  is 
said  to  have  been  given  to  ibis 
bird  in  England  from  a mistaken 
notion  that  it  came  originally 
from  Turkey .”  Baird. 

TUR'KIJY— BUZ'ZARD,  n.  (Or-  (.Meleagris 

nith.)  A large  rapacious  bird  of  the  family  Vul- 
turidm  and  genus  Cathartes,  inhabiting  the 
western  continent  from 
Nova  Scotia  to  Terra 
del  Fuego,  but  most 
numerous  in  the  south- 
ern portions  of  the  Uni- 
ted States  ; Cathartes 
aura.  It  is  a true  car- 
rion-feeder, and  pos- 
sesses a wonderful  fa- 
cility for  finding  out  its 
prey.  It  may  generally 
be  known  at  a distance  m , 

by  its  lofty  soaring  and  Turkey-buzzard, 

elegant  flight.  Wilson.  Baird. 

TiiR'KJJY— CAR'PET,  n.  A carpet  made  entirely 
of  wool,  the  loops  being  larger  than  those  of 
Brussels  carpeting,  and  always  cut,  which  gives 
it  the  appearance  of  velvet.  Simmonds. 


TUR'KEY— COCK,  n.  The  male  of  the  turkey. 


TUR'KEY— HEN,  n.  The  female  of  the  turkey.  Ash. 
TUR'KEY— OIL'— STONE,  n.  A Turkey-stone. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — (t,  Q,  $,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  ^ as  gz.  — THIS,  ibis. 


TURKEYPOUT 


1556 


TURN 


TUR'K^Y-POT^T,  n.  A young  turkey.  Bailey. 

TliR'KfiY— RED,  n.  Afine  and  durable  red,  dyed 
upon  calico  and  woollen  cloth,  the  coloring 
matter  being  madder.  Braude. 

TilR'KJJY— STONE,  n.  A variety  of  argillaceous 
slate,  used  for  sharpening  instruments ; — called 
also  oil-stone,  whetstone,  hone,  and  novaculite. 

Cleavelaml. 

jgg  ■ The  power  of  turkey-stone  to  sharpen  instru- 
ments, by  which  it  may  be  cut  or  scratched,  is  due  to 
the  silicious  particles  it  contains.  Clcaceland. 

TURK'ISH,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  resembling,  Tur- 
key or  the  Turks.  Walsh. 

TURK'ISH-LY,  ad.  In  the  Turkish  manner ; ac- 
cording to  the  way  of  the  Turks.  Qu.  Rev. 

TURK'JSH-NESS,  71.  The  religion,  manners,  or 
character  of  the  Turks  ; Turcism.  Aschani. 

TURK'iljM,  71.  A Turkish  idiom,  or  a peculiarity 
of  Turkish  character,  customs,  &c.  Clarke. 

TUR'KLE  (tiir'kl),  71.  A turtle.  — See  Turtle. 

Moore. 

TURKOMAN,  n. ; pi.  turk'man?.  See  Turcoman. 

TUR-Kots',  or  TUR-KOI^'  [tur-kez',  W.P.  F.  ; tur- 
kaz',  S.  E.  J. ; tur-kolz',  S/m. ; tur-kwoz',  Wri],n. 
[Fr.  turquoise,  from  Turquie. ] (Min.)  A blue 
or  light-green  mineral ; turquoise.  Cleaveland. 

TURK’S'— CAP,  n.  ( Bot .)  A species  of  lily  ; Lili- 
7tm  Martaj/on:  — a species  of  cactus:  melon- 
thistle  ; Melocactus  communis.  Wood. 

TURK’S'-HEAD,  71.  1.  (Bot.)  Turk’s-cap  ; Melo- 
cactus communis.  Wright. 

2.  (Naut.)  A kind  of  knot  worked  upon  a 
rope  with  a piece  of  small  line.  Dana. 

TURK’S'— TUR-BAN,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the 
genus  Ranunculus,  or  crow-foot.  Wright. 

TiiR'LU-PlN§,  71.  pi.  (French  Eccl.  Hist.)  One 
of  the  popular  by-names  by  which  the  sectaries 
of  the  14th  century,  the  precursors  of  the  Ref- 
ormation, were  distinguished  ; — called  else- 
where Bcghards,  Picards,  &c.  Brande. 

+ TURM,  7i.  [L.  turma.\  A troop.  Milton. 

TUR'M  A-LINE,  n.  Tourmaline.  Ency.  Amcr. 

TUR'MIJR-IC,  7i.  1.  (Bot.)  The  common  name 

of  East  Indian  plants  of  the  genus  Curcuma. 

Loudon. 

2.  The  rhizome  of  Curcuma  longa.  It  has  a 
peculiar  odor,  a warm,  bitterish,  and  feebly  aro- 
matic taste,  and  is  one  of  the  ingredients  of 
curries,  and  is  also  used  as  a condiment,  and 
for  dyeing  silk  yellow.  Wood  % Bache.  Parnell. 

TUR'MJR-IC— PA'PElt,  n.  A yellow  paper,  pre- 
pared by  tinging  white,  unsized  paper  with  a 
tincture  or  a decoction  of  turmeric  ; — employed 
as  a test  of  free  alkali,  which  stains  it  brown. 

W ood  <S,  Bache. 

TUR'MOIL  [lUr'minl,  S.  W.  J.  E.  K.  Sm.  ; tur- 
moil', P.  F.  Ja.  Wb.],  7i.  [Of  uncertain  ety- 
mology. — Skinner,  suggests  the  Fr.  tremouille, 
tremie,  a mill-hopper.  — Perhaps  from  L.  turma, 
or  turbula.  Thomson .]  Trouble ; disturbance  ; 
tumultuous  molestation  ; turbulence  ; disorder  ; 
confusion.  “ The  turmoil  of  his  mind.”  Udal. 

So  loud  is  the  noise  of  business,  as  it  is  called,  or  the  jarring 
turmoil  which  avarice  occasions,  that  I fear  the  still  6mall 
voice  of  reason  will  not  be  heard  in  the  walks  of  the  exchange 
and  in  the  storehouses  of  the  crowded  emporium.  Knox. 

TUR-MOIL',  V.  a.  U.  TURMOILED  ; pp.  TURMOIL- 
ing,  turmoiled.j  To  harass  with  commotion  ; 
to  keep  in  unquietness ; to  disquiet ; to  harass. 

Haughty  Juno,  who  with  endless  toil, 

Hid  earth  and  heaven,  and  Jove  himself  turmoil.  Dryden. 

TUR-MOIL'  (114),  v.  n.  To  be  in  commotion  ; to 
be  in  a state  of  unquietness.  Milton. 

TURN,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  tyrnan,  turnan,  to  turn;  Icel. 
turna.  — Gr . ropviw,  to  round;  Topvtboi,  to  work 
with  a lathe  and  chisel ; ropvo c,  a tool  for  drawing 
a round,  a lathe-chisel ; L.  torno,  to  turn  in  a 
lathe ; It.  torneare,  to  turn  ; tornire,  to  turn 
with  a lathe  ; Sp.  tornar,  to  return  ; tornear,  to 
put  injto  circular  motion,  to  turn  on  a lathe  ; Fr. 
tourner,  to  turn,  to  turn  round.]  [i.  turned  ; 
pp.  TURNING,  TURNED.] 

1.  To  cause  to  move  circularly ; to  put  into  a 
circular  motion  ; to  move  round  ; to  make  to  go 
round  ; to  revolve  ; as,  “ To  turn  a wheel.” 

She  would  have  made  Hercules  turn  the  spit.  Shak. 

2.  To  cause  to  move  out  of  a straight  line  ; to 


cause  to  move  from  a certain  course ; to  change 
the  direction  of ; to  cause  to  deviate. 

Though  he  turns  his  eyes  towards  an  object.  Locke. 

3.  To  change  with  regard  to  the  position  of 
the  surface  or  the  sides ; to  put  the  upper  side 
of  downwards. 

When  the  hen  has  laid  her  eggs  so  that  she  can  cover  them, 
whut  care  does  she  take  in  turn  in  rj  them  frequently,  so  that 
all  parts  may  partake  of  the  vital  warmth  1 Addison. 

4.  To  bring  the  inside  of  out.  Shak. 

The  vast  abyss 

Up  from  the  bottom  turned  by  furious  winds.  Milton. 

5.  To  change  as  to  the  posture  of  the  body; 
to  direct  the  look  or  attention  of. 

The  monarch  turns  him  to  his  royal  guest.  rope. 

6.  To  form  in  a lathe  by  a revolving  motion  ; 

to  shape,  as  wood,  metal,  or  other  hard  sub- 
stances, especially  into  round  or  oval  figures,  by 
means  of  the  lathe.  Moxon. 

The  work  may  also  be  turned  hollow,  ...  or  the  exterior 
surface  maybe  fluted,  or  grooved,  or  variously  shaped,  or  the 
work  may  be  turned  both  inside  and  out.  Tomlinson. 

7.  To  form;  to  shape  ; to  fashion. 

TTis  whole  person  is  finely  turned , and  speaks  him  a man 
of  quality.  Tatler. 

8.  To  change  or  alter  the  state,  condition,  or 
appearance  of  in  any  way  ; to  change  ; to  trans- 
form ; to  alter  ; to  transmute. 

Impatience  tunis  an  ague  into  a fever.  Bp.  Taylor. 
Of  sooty  coal  the  empiric  alchemist 
Can  turn,  or  holds  it  possible  to  turn. 

Metals  of  drossiest  ore  to  perfect  gold.  Milton. 

9.  To  translate  ; to  construe. 

The  bard  whom  pilfered  pastorals  renown, 

Who  turns  a Persian  tale  for  half  a crown.  l*ope. 

10.  To  change  to  another  opinion  or  party  ; 
to  change  as  regards  belief  or  adherence. 

Turn  ye  not  unto  idols,  nor  make  to  yourself  molten  gods; 
I am  the  Lord  your  God.  Lev.  xix.  4. 

11.  To  change  as  to  inclination  or  temper. 

Turn  thee  unto  me,  and  have  mercy  upon  me;  for  I am 
desolate  and  afflicted.  Bs.  xxv.  16. 

12.  To  alter  from  one  effect  or  purpose  to 
another ; to  cause  to  produce  another  effect. 

When  a storm  of  sad  mischance  beats  upon  our  spirits, 
turn  it  into  advantage  to  serve  religion  or  prudence.  Taylor. 

13.  To  transfer;  — used  with  to . 

And  these  are  the  numbers  of  the  hands  that  were  ready 
armed  to  the  war,  and  came  to  Havid  to  Hebron,  to  turn  the 
kingdom  of  Saul  to  him.  1 Chron.  xii.  23. 

14.  To  cause  to  nauseate  ; to  nauseate. 

The  report,  and  much  more  the  sight,  of  a luxurious  feeder 
would  turn  his  stomach.  Fell. 

15.  To  disorder  so  as  to  infatuate  or  make 
mad ; — applied  to  the  head  or  brain. 

There  is  not  a more  melancholy  object  than  a man  who 
has  his  head  turned  with  religious  enthusiasm.  Addison. 

16.  To  direct  by  a change  to  a certain  end, 
purpose,  or  propension. 

My  thoughts  are  turned  on  peace.  Addison. 

ne  turned  his  parts  rather  to  books  and  conversation  than 
to  politics.  Prior. 

17.  To  revolve  or  agitate,  as  in  the  mind. 

Tum  these  ideas  about  in  your  mind.  Watts. 

18.  To  apply  or  devote  with  a change  of  use. 

When  the  passage  is  open,  land  will  be  turned  most  to  great 

cattle;  when  shut,  to  sliccp.  Temple. 

19.  To  reverse ; to  repeal. 

And  then  the  Lord  thy  God  will  turn  thy  captivity,  and 
have  compassion  upon  tliee.  Deut.  xxx.  3. 

20.  To  keep  passing  in  the  course  of  ex- 
change or  traffic. 

A man  must  puurd,  if  he  intends  to  keep  fair  with  the 
world,  und  turn  the  penny.  Collier. 

21.  To  adapt ; to  fit ; to  suit 

However  improper  he  might  have  been  for  studies  of  a 
higher  nature,  he  was  perfectly  well  turned  for  trade.  Addison. 

22.  To  make  acid  or  sour;  as,  “Warm 
weather  turns  milk.” 

To  turn  aside , to  avert.  — To  turn  away , to  dismiss 
from  service  ; to  discard.  “She  turned  away  one  ser- 
vant for  putting  too  much  oil  in  her  salad.”  Arbuth- 
vot.  — To  avert.  “ When  we  pray  to  God  to  turn  away 
some  evil  from  us.”  Whole  Duty  of  Man.  — To  turn 
back , to  return  to  the  hand  from  which  it  was  re- 
ceived. Shak.  — To  turn  down , to  fold  or  double  down  ; 
as,  “To  turn  down  a leaf  of  a book.”  — To  turn  in , to 
fold  or  double  in. — To  turn  off,  to  dismiss  contempt- 
uously. “ He  turned  off  his  former  wife.”  Addison. — 
To  give  over  ; to  resign.  — To  deflect ; to  divert.  “jTo 
turn  off  the  thoughts  of  the  people  from  busying  them- 
selves in  matters  of  state.”  Dec.  of  Chr.  Piety. — To 
be  turned  of,  to  be  advanced  to  an  age  beyond.  “ When 
turned  of  forty,  they  determined  to  retire  to  the  coun- 
try.” Addison.  — To  turn  out,  or  out  of,  to  drive  out ; 
to  expel ; as,  ■“  To  turn  a person  out  of  the  house.” 
— To  put  or  place  out ; as,  “ To  turn  cattle  out  to  pas- 


ture.”— To  turn  over,  to  change  the  sides  of  or  the  po- 
sition of  the  surface  of;  as,  “ To  turn  over  a box.”  — 
To  transfer.  “ Turning  over  the  fault  to  fortune.” 
Sidney.  — To  refer.  Knollcs.  — To  turn  over  the  leaves 
of  for  the  purpose  of  examining.  “To  turn  over  a 
Concordance.”  Swift.  — To 'throw  off  the  ladder, 
as  a criminal.  Butler. — To  turn  over  a new  leaf \ to 
change  one’s  conduct  or  one’s  course  of  procedure. 
[Colloquial.]  — To  turn  the  scale , or  the  beam,  to  cause 
to  preponderate  ; to  change  the  state  of  a balance. 
“A  feather  will  turn  the  scale.”  Shak. — To  turn  the 
back,  to  flee. — To  turn  the  back  upon , to  leave  with 
contempt. 

TURN,  v.  n.  1.  To  move  round  or  circularly  ; to 
have  a circular  motion  ; to  revolve ; to  whirl ; 
wheel ; as,  “ The  world  turns  on  its  axis.” 

2.  To  have  direction  ; to  be  directed. 

His  cares  all  turn  upon  Astyanax.  S.  Philips. 

The  understanding  turns  inwards  on  itself,  and  reflects  on 
its  own  operations.  Locke. 

3.  To  move  the  body  round  ; to  direct  the 

face  to  another  quarter.  “ Seeing  me,  she 
turned .”  Milton . 

4.  To  move  ; to  change  place  or  position. 

The  ankle-bone  is  apt  to  turn  out  on  either  side.  Wiseman. 

5.  To  depart  from  the  way  ; to  deviate. Dryden. 

6.  To  become  changed  ; to  be  transformed. 

In  some  springs  of  water  if  you  put  wood,  it  will  turn  into 
the  nature  of  stone.  Bacon. 

7.  To  become  by  change  ; to  grow. 

Cygnets  from  gray  turn  white;  hawks  from  brown  tum 
more  white.  Bacon. 

8.  To  change  sides  or  place. 

I turned , and  tried  each  corner  of  my  bed.  Dryden. 

A man  in  a fever  tunis  often.  Swift. 

9.  To  change  the  mind,  conduct,  or  deter- 
mination. “ Turn  you  at  my  reproof.”  Prov.  i.  23. 

He  will  relent,  and  tuni  from  his  displeasure.  Milton . 

10.  To  change  to  acid  ; to  become  sour. 

Asses’  milk  tumeth  not  so  easily  as  cows’.  Bacon. 

11.  To  be  brought  eventually. 

For  want  of  due  improvement,  these  useful  inventions 
have  not  turned  to  any  great  account.  Baker. 

12.  To  depend  for  decision  ; to  depend  ; to 
hinge  ; — with  on  or  upon. 

Conditions  of  peace  certainly  tum  upon  events  of  war. 

Swift. 

13.  To  grow  giddy  ; to  become  dizzy. 

I ’ll  look  no  more. 

Lest  my  brain  turn.  Shak. 

14.  To  change  the  direction  ; to  take  a new 
course  or  bearing;  as,  “ The  wind  tunis.” 

To  tum  about,  to  turn  the  face  to  another  quarter. 
Dryden.  — To  turn  away,  to  deviate  from  any  course; 
to  forsake.  “ When  the  righteous  tumeth  away  from 
his  righteousness.”  Ezek.  xviii.  24. — To  turn  in,  to 
bend  or  double  inward.  — To  enter  for  lodgings  or  en- 
tertainment.— To  go  to  bed  ; to  retire.  — To  turn  off, 
to  divert  one’s  course.  “ The  waters  . . . turn  off 
with  care.” — To  turn  on  or  upon , to  reply  ; to  retort. 

— To  depend  on.  “The  question  turns  upon  this 
point.”  Swift.  — To  return;  to  recoil. — To  tum  to , 
to  have  recourse  to.  “ He  . . . doth  not,  in  his  busi- 
ness, turn  to  these  rules.”  Grew. 

His  foul  esteem 

Sticks  no  dishonor  on  our  front,  but  turns 

Foul  on  himself.  Milton. 

— To  tum  out,  to  move  from  its  place  Wiseman. — 
To  bend  outwards.  — To  arise  from  bed.  — To  prove 
in  the  result  or  issue;  to  occur;  to  happen ; as,  “ It 
turned  out  as  I desired.”  — To  turn  over,  to  change  the 
position  of  the  sides  or  surface  ; to  roll  ; as,  “ To  turn 
over  in  bed.” — To  turn  to,  to  take  a direction  to- 
wards. “ The  needle  turns  to  the  pole.”  Johnson. — 
To  put  forth  exertion  ; to  exert  one’s  self.  [Vulgar.]  — 
To  turnup,  to  bend  upwards  ; as,  “ Ilis  nose  turns  up.” 
— To  come  by  chance  ; to  occur  ; to  happen.  Dickens. 

TURN,  n.  1.  The  act  or  the  state  of  turning; 
circular  motion  ; gyration  ; revolution.  Johnson. 

2.  Motion  or  direction  out  of  a straight  line  ; 
winding  course  ; deviation ; meander. 

The  Teverne  falls  into  the  valley,  and,  after  many  turns 
and  windings,  glides  peaceably  into  the  Tiber.  Addison. 

3.  A walk  to  and  fro  ; a short  excursion. 

I ’ll  take  a tum  in  your  garden.  Dryden. 

4.  Change  ; vicissitude ; alteration. 

Too  well  the  turns  of  mortal  chance  I know.  Pope. 

5.  Successive  course  ; rotation ; round. 

Great  nobleness  and  bounty,  which  virtues  had  their  turns 

in  his  [the  king's]  nature.  Bacon. 

6.  Manner  of  proceeding  ; change  of  course 
or  direction  ; change  of  effect  or  purpose. 

The  wise  turn  they  thought  to  give  the  matter  was  a sac- 
rifice of  the  author.  Swift. 

7.  Chance  ; hap ; opportunity. 

Every  one  has  a fair  turn  to  be  as  great  as  he  pleases.  Collier . 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  t,  short-,  A,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure ; FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


TURNBENCH 


TURRITELLA 


8.  Occasion  ; incidental  opportunity. 

An  old  dog,  falling  from  his  speed,  was  loaden  at  every 
turn  with  blows  and  reproaches.  L' Estrange. 

■ 9.  Time  at  which,  by  successive  vicissitudes, 
any  thing  is  to  be  had  or  to  be  done. 

His  turn  will  come  to  laugh  at  you  again.  Denham. 

10.  Act;  action;  deed;  office. 

Thanks  are  half  lost  when  good  turns  are  delayed.  Fairfax. 

Shrewd  turns  strike  deeper  than  ill  words.  South. 

11.  Reigning  inclination ; tendency;  fashion. 

Accomplish  but  by  introducing  religion  to  be  the  turn  and 

fashion  oT  the  age.  Swift. 

12.  A step  off  the  ladder  at  the  gallows. 

Or  take  a turn  for  it  at  the  session.  Butler. 

13.  Convenience  ; use  ; purpose  ; exigence. 

Neither  will  this  shift  serve  the  turn.  Wilkins. 

14.  Form;  cast;  shape;  manner;  fashion. 

The  turn  of  his  neck  and  arms.  Addison. 

A young  man  of  a sprightly  turn  in  conversation.  Spectator. 

Female  virtues  are  of  a domestic  turn.  Addison. 

15.  The  manner  of  adjusting  the  words  of  a 

sentence  ; mode  of  expression.  Dryden. 

16.  New  state  or  position  of  things. 

Something  troublesome  happens  at  every  turn.  Johnson. 

17.  ( Naut .)  The  passing  of  a rope  once  or 
twice  round  a pin  or  kevel,  to  keep  it  fast ; the 
twist  of  a rope  round  a cleat  or  belaying  pin  ; 
a round  : — also  two  crosses  in  a cable.  Dana. 

18.  {Mining.)  A pit  sunk  in  some  part  of  a 

drift.  Simmnnds. 

19.  pi.  {Med.)  The  menses.  Dunglison. 

20.  {Law.)  The  county  criminal  court,  held 

before  the  sheriff  twice  a year,  in  every  hun- 
dred of  the  kingdom  of  England; — written 
also  tourn.  Burrill. 

21.  {Mus.)  An  ornament,  consisting  of  three 
notes,  namely,  one  on  the  next  degree  above 

the  principal  note,  another  5^5 

on  the  same  degree  with  the  — _ — -p-f  (- 

principal  note,  and  the  third  r 1 

on  the  next  degree  below;  — T -ss-l — 

— written  and  played  thus  : Written.  Played. 

By  tarns,  one  after  another  ; alternately. 

They  feel  by  turns  the  bitter  change.  Milton. 

— To  take  turns , to  alternate  in  doing  any  thing.  — Turn 
of  life,  the  time  of  the  natural  cessation  of  the  menses, 
occurring  between  the  ages  of  45  and  50.  Dunglison. 

TURN'BENCH,  n.  A kind  of  iron  lathe.  Moxon. 

TURN'CAP,  n.  A cap,  of  various  forms,  placed 
on  the  top  of  chimneys,  and  regulated  by  a 
weathercock,  so  as  to  turn  its  mouth  in  a direc- 
tion from  the  wind,  and  thus  prevent  them  from 
smoking.  J.  Bigelow. 

TURN'COAT  (-kot),  n.  One  who  forsakes  his  party 
or  principles  ; an  apostate  ; a renegade.  Shah. 

TUR'NfP,  n.  See  Turnip.  Holland. 

TURN'JER,  n.  1.  One  who  turns,  especially  one 
who  turns  or  fashions  things  on  a lathe. 

Some  turners,  to  show  their  dexterity  in  turning,  turn  long 
and  slender  pieces  of  ivory  as  small  as  a hay-stalk.  Moxon. 

2.  A variety  of  the  pigeon. 

TV  RN’  ER,  n.  [Ger.]  One  who  practises  gymnas- 
tic exercises  ; a gymnast.  Adler. 

TUR'N^R-lTE,  n.  {Min.)  A transparent  or  trans- 
lucent, yellow  or  brown  crystalline  mineral,  of 
adamantine  lustre,  found  only  in  Dauphine. 
Its  composition  is  not  well  ascertained.  Dana. 

TURN'ER-Y,  n.  1.  The  turner’s  art;  the  opera- 
tion of  fashioning  solid  bodies  into  a round  or 
other  form  in  a lathe.  Todd. 

2.  A turner’s  wares;  articles  fashioned  or 
made  by  turning  in  a lathe.  Tomlinson. 

TUR  -JV7  - Cl'  NJE,  n.  pi. 

{Ornith.)  A sub-family 
of  birds  of  the  order  Gal- 
lince  and  family  Tetrao- 
nidee ; bush-quails.  Gray. 

TURN'ING,  n.  1.  The  act 
of  one  who  turns ; turn- 
ery. Moxon. 

2.  A winding  or  bonding  course  ; meander. 

Through  paths  and  turnings  often  trod  by  day.  Milton. 

3.  Deviation  from  the  way.  Harmar. 

TURN'ING— LATHE,  n.  A lathe  such  as  is  used 

by  turners.  Simmonds. 

t TURN'ING-NESS,  n.  Tergiversation.  Sidney. 

TURN'ING— POINT,  n.  The  point  on  which  a 


1557 

thing  turns  or  hinges  ; that  which  decides  any 
matter  or  case.  Francis. 

TUR'NIP,  n.  [Eng.  turn,  and  A.  S.  neepe,  navew, 
turnip,  rape-root.]  {Bot.)  A cruciferous  plant 
much  cultivated  for  culinary  purposes,  and  for 
feeding  cattle  ; Brassica  Rapa.  Loudon. 

Swedish  turnip,  Brassica  campcstris  (variety  ruta- 
baga). Loudon. 

TUR'NIP— FLY,  n.  (Ent.)  A coleopterous  insect 
of  the  genus  ILaltica , very  destructive  to  the 
turnip  ; — called  also  black-flea,  turnip-flea,  and 
turnip-flea-beetle.  Baird.  Harris. 

TUR'-NIP-SHAPED  (-shapt),  a.  Shaped  like  a 
'turnip;  having  the  figure  of  a depressed  or 
flattened  sphere.  Lindley. 

TURN'KEY  (turn'ke),  n.  One  who  keeps  the  keys, 
and  opens  and  locks  the  doors  of  a prison. 

Akerman  ordered  the  outer  twnkey  upon  no  account  to 
open  the  gate.  Boswell. 

TURN'OUT,  n.  1.  A short  track  on  a railroad, 
leading  from  the  main  track,  for  enabling  one 
train  of  cars  to  pass  another.  Jour.  Science. 

2.  The  act  of  quitting  employment  mutinous- 

ly, or  with  a view  to  obtain  increase  of  wages, 
or  other  advantage  ; a strike.  Qu.  Bee. 

3.  Net  quantity  of  produce.  Simmonds. 

4.  An  equipage.  [Local.]  Simmonds. 

TURN'O-VER,  n.  1.  Act  of  upsetting  ; overturn. 

2.  A .kind  of  pie  or  tart,  in  a semicircular 
form,  made  by  turning  over  the  crust.  Ilolloivay. 

3.  (Mil.)  A piece  of  white  linen  about  half 

an  inch  deep  formerly  worn  by  the  British  cav- 
alry over  their  stocks.  Stocqueler. 

Turnover  at  case,  (Printing.)  an  apprentice  or’com- 
positor  who  is  handed  over  from  one  master  to  an- 
other to  complete  his  time.  Simmonds. 

TURN'O-VER,  a.  That  turns  or  folds  over,  as  a 
table.  Craig. 

TURN'PlKE,  n.  1.  A gate  on  a road  to  obstruct 
passengers,  in  order  to  take  toll ; — originally 
consisting  of  cross  bars  armed  with  pikes,  and 
turning  on  a post  or  pin. 

I move  upon  my  axle  like  a tumpilce.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  A turnpike-road.  [U.  S.]  Pickering. 

TURN'PlKE,  v.  a.  To  form  like  a turnpike-road, 
or  in  a rounded  form,  as  a road.  Knowles. 

TURN'PIKE-MAN,  n.  A toll-gatherer  at  a turn- 
pike. Cowper. 

TURN'PlKE— ROAD,  n.  A road  made  by  individ- 
uals, or  by  a corporation,  on  which  tolls  are 
collected.  Hawkins. 

TURN'PLATE,  n.  A turn-table.  Tanner. 

TURN'-REST-PLOUGH  (-plou),  n.  (Agric.)  A 
swing-plough.  Simmonds. 

TURN'— SCREW  (-skru),  n.  A blunt  tool  shaped 
somewhat  like  a chisel,  and  used  for  inserting 
screws  in  wood-work,  or  for  removing  them  ; a 
screw-driver.  Simmonds. 

TURN'-SERV-ING,  n.  The  act  or  the  practice  of 
serving  one’s  private  interest.  Clarke. 

TURN'SICK,  a.  Vertiginous  ; giddy.  Bacon. 

TURN'SICK,  n.  A disease  of  sheep.  Loudon. 

TURN'SOLE,  n.  [Fr.  tournesol;  tourncr,  to  turn, 
and  L.  sol,  the  sun  ; — a translation  of  Gr. 
yhoTpbttiov ; t/hos,  the  sun,  and  rptnoj,  to  turn.] 

1.  (Bot.)  The  common  name  of  plants  of  the 
genus  Hcliotropium,  two  species  of  which,  He- 
liotropium  Europwum,  and  Heliotropium  Peru- 
vianum,  a native  of  Peru,  are  much  cultivated 
in  gardens  ; — called  also  heliotrope.  Loudon. 

ts&f"  Turnsole  derives  its  name  from  its  flowers 
having  been  formerly  supposed  to  be  always  turned 
towards  the  sun. 

2.  A coloring  matter  obtained  from  certain 
lichenous  plants,  used  as  a dye,  and  as  a chem- 
ical test  to  detect  the  presence  of  free  acids; 
litmus  : — a blue  pigment  of  which  the  coloring 
matter  is  turnsole  or  litmus.  Wood  iSp  Bache. 

TURN'SPIT,  n.  One  who,  or  that  which,  turns  a 
spit  ; — anciently  used  of  a person,  afterwards 
of  a dog  who  performed  the  same  office.  Swift. 

TURN'STILE,  n.  A kind  of  turnpike  or  revolv- 
ing frame  with  four  arms,  used  in  a footpath 
to  hinder  the  passage  of  horses  or  cattle,  but 
admitting  a person  to  pass  through.  ILudibras. 

TURN'STONE,- n.  (Ornith.)  A grallatorial  bird 


of  the  family  Charadriadce,  or  genus  Strepsilas, 
particularly  Strepsilas  interpres  ; — so  called 
from  its  method  of  searching  for  food  by  turning 
up  stones  with  its  strong  bill  to  get  at  the  small 
molluscous  animals  and  Crustacea  which  take 
shelter  under  them.  — See  Cinclinas.  Yarrell. 

TURN'-TA-BLE,  n.  ( Railroads .)  A revolving 
platform  for  removing  locomotives,  &c.,  from 
one  line  of  rails  to  another.  Simmonds. 

f TURN'— TIP-PET,  n.  A turncoat ; a renegade. 

Double-faced  turn-tippets  and  flatterers.  Cranrner. 

TUR'PEN-TiNE,  n.  [It.  § Sp.  terebentina,  tremen- 
tina ; Fr.  terebenthine.  — Dut.  terpentijn-,  Ger., 
Dan.,  § Sw.  terpentm.  — See  Terebinth.]  A 
name  usually  applied  to  certain  vegetable  juices, 
liquid  or  concrete,  which  consist  of  resin  com- 
bined with  a peculiar  essential  oil,  called  oil  of 
turpentine  ; — generally  procured  from  different 
species  of  pine,  fir,  or  larch.  Wood  &;  Bache. 

The  principal  source  of  common  American  or 
white  turpentine  is  Pinus  palustris,  or  long-leaved 
pine.  Pinus  tceda,  or  loblolly-pine,  also  yields  it  in 
abundance.  Its  collection  is  an  important  branch  of 
business  in  America.  Venice,  Strasburg,  Swiss,  or 
larch  turpentine  is  a viscid,  liquid  turpentine,  of  the 
consistence  of  honey,  procured  from  the  European 
larch,  Lariz  Europcea,  otherwise  called  Abies  lariz  and 
Pinus  lariz.  There  is  a thinner  Strasburg  turpentine 
obtained  from  Abies  pectinata  (Pinus  picea  of  Lin- 
naeus).— Canadian  turpentine,  or  Canada  balsam,  a 
variety  of  turpentine  procured  in  Canada  and  the 
State  of  Maine  from  Abies  balsamca,  and  which, 
when  fresh,  is  transparent,  has  the  consistence  of 
honey,  is  very  tenacious,  has  a strong,  agreeable 
odor,  and  a bitterish  and  somewhat  acrid  taste;  — 
called  also  balsam  of  fir,  and  balm  of  Gilead.  — Chian 
turpentine,  a greenish-yellow,  thick,  tenacious,  liquid 
turpentine,  procured  chiefly  in  the  Island  of  Cliio,  or 
Scio,  from  Pistacia  Terebinthus.  — Common  European 
turpentine,  turpentine  procured  chiefly  from  Pinus 
sylvestris,  and  Pinus  maritima.  Turpentine  from  the 
latter  tree  and  from  Pinus  Pinaster  is  largely  exported 
from  Bordeaux,  and  is  called  in  commerce  Bordeaux 
turpentine.  — Common  frankincense  is  an  exudation  of 
Abies  communis.  The  Carpathian  and  Hungarian  va- 
rieties of  turpentine  are  from  Pinus  cembra  and  Pinus 
mugo.  Tomlinson.  TVood  4"  Bache.  Lindley . 

TUR'PETH,  n.  1.  The  cortical  bark  of  the  root 
of  Convolvulus  Turpetlium,  or  Ipomtea  Tur- 
pethvm,  brought  from  the  East  Indies,  and  used 
as  a drug  ; — often  written  turbith.  McCulloch. 
2.  ( Chern .)  Turpeth-mineral.  Thomson. 

TUR'PETH— mIn'ER-AL,  n.  (Chem.)  An  insolu- 
ble, yellow  subsalt,  consisting  of  one  equivalent 
of  sulphuric  acid  and  three  of  protoxide  of  mer- 
cury ; sub-sulphate  of  mercury  ; — written  also 
turbith-mineral.  Miller. 

TUR'PI-TUDE,  n.  [L.  turpitudo ; turpis,  foul, 
vile,  base;  It.  turpitudine ; Sp.  torpeza ; Fr. 
turpitude.']  Moral  baseness  or  vileness  ; de- 
pravity ; enormity.  South. 

TUR-aUOI§E',  or  TUR-aUOI§E',  n.  [Fr.]  (Min.) 
A reniform,  stalactitic,  or  incrusting  mineral, 
feebly  translucent  or  opaque,  of  a somewhat 
waxy  lustre,  of  a peculiar  bluish-green  color,  and 
consisting  chiefly  of  alumina,  phosphoric  acid, 
and  water  ; — much  esteemed,  wrhen  highly  col- 
ored, as  a gem,  and  written  also  turkois. 

Dana.  Shalt. 

TUR'REL,  n.  A tool  used  by  coopers.  Sherwood. 

TUR'RET,  n.  [L.  turris. — Gael,  turait.  — See 
Tower.]  (Arch.)  A small  tower  attached  to, 
and  forming  part  of,  another  tower,  or  placed  at 
the  angle  of  a church  or  other  edifice.  Weale. 

tSSP^A  turret  is  usually  occupied  as  a staircase. 
It  rises  above,  and  forms  an  ornamental  appendage 
to,  the  other  parts  of  the  building.  Sometimes  it  is 
crowned  with  a cupola,  and  sometimes  with  a spire 
or  with  pinnacles.”  Britton. 

Ijcg=  Amnng  the  Romans,  movable  turrets,  or  tow- 
ers, were  formidable  engines  in  storming  a fortified 
place.  Some  could  be  taken  to  pieces,  and  carried 
to  the  scene  of  action  ; others  were  constructed  on 
wheels,  so  as  to  be  driven  up  to  the  walls.  W.  Smith. 
Syn.  — See  Steeple. 

TUR'RET-ED,  a.  Furnished  with,  or  formed  like, 
a turret  or  turrets.  Bacon. 

T UR' R I- LITE,  n.  [L.  turris,  a tower,  and  Gr. 
lidos,  a stone.]  (Pal.)  The  name  of  a fossil  ge- 
nus of  cephalopodous  mollusks  of  the  ammon- 
ite family,  having  a spiral,  turreted  shell.  Baird. 

TCR-RI-TEL'LA,  n.  [Dim.  ofL.  turris,  a tower.] 

( Zoiil .)  A genus  of  gasteropodous  mollusks, 
having  a turreted,  elongate,  many-whirlcd,  spi- 


T urnix  luzomensis. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — <?,  9,  g,  soft ; C,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


TURTLE 


1558 


TWAIN 


rally  striated  shell,  with  a round  month,  and  a 
horny  operculum  of  many  whirls.  Woodward. 

TijR'TLE,  n.  [A.  S.  turtle  ; Dut.  tortel,  tortelduif ; 
Ger.  turteltaube ; Dan.  turteldue  ; Sw.  turtur- 
dufva  ; Icel.  turtildufa.  — L.  turtur  ; It.  tortora, 
tortola,  tortorella ; Sp.  tortolo,  tortula  ; Fr.  tuurte- 
reau,  tourterelle. — Gael,  turtuir. — Heb.  “1~  ; 
Arab,  turtur.']  ( Ornith.)  A migratory  bird  of  the 
family  Columbidce,  or  pigeons,  and  sub-family 
Columbince  ; Turtur  auritus,  or  Columba  turtur. 
It  is  almost  universally  regarded  with  affection, 
and  considered  the  most  perfect  emblem  of  con- 
nubial attachment.  It  is  called  also  turtle-dove 
and  turtle-pigeon.  — See  Tuhtle-dove.  Baird. 

The  voice  of  the  turtle  is  heard  in  our  land.  Cant.  ii.  12. 

j&tr*  Few  birds  have  been  more  sung  by  poets,  or 
more  appealed  to  by  lovers,  than  the  turtle , or  turtle- 
dove. P-  Cyc. 

foVmedsOastocoi^ 

stitute  perfect  oars,  and  (Chelonia  imbneuta). 
thus,  though  much  embarrassed  on  land,  they 
enjoy  great  facility  of  movement  in  the  water, 
and  they  live  in  great  numbers  in  the  intertrop- 
ical  seas.  — See  Tortoise.  Baird . 

The  turtles  have  always  been  objects  of  much 
regard  amongst  naturalists,  travellers,  and  the  inhab- 
itants of  the  shores  where  they  are  found.  Their  flesh 
is  delicious.  The  egns  are  abundant,  and  also  form 
an  excellent  article  of  food  ; and  the  shell,  commonly 
called  tortoise-shell , forms  a considerable  article  of 
commerce.  The  turtles  hardly  ever  leave  the  sea,  ex- 
cept for  the  purpose  of  laying  their  eggs.  Baird. 

/IC^In  the  early  part  of  the  seventeenth  century, 
a new  name  for  the  marine  tortoise  of  America  makes 
its  appearance  in  some  of  the  sea  narratives  of  that 
day.  In  1G02,  Captain  Bartholomew  Gosnold  made 
his  voyage,  so  memorable  in  the  history  of  New  Eng- 
land, to  the  shores  of  Massachusetts.  Gabriel  Archer, 
one  of  his  companions,  wrote  an  account  of  it.  In 
this  he  says,  “ I commanded  some  of  my  companie 
to  seek  out  for  crabbes,  lobsters,  turtles , &c.,  for  sus- 
tayning  us  till  the  ship’s  return.”  lie  uses  the  same 
word  in  one  other  passage.  In  these  two  passages 
we  have  probably  the  first  occurrence  in  print  of  the 
word  turtle  with  this  application.  But  Brereton,  a 
companion  of  Archer,  in  his  account  of  the  same  voy- 
age uses  only  tortoise.  In  1G10,  turtle  recurs  in  two 
independent  accounts  of  a residence  at  Bermuda,  by 
two  associates,  each  using  it  with  a qualification, 
thus:  “The  tortoises  came  in.  . . . One  turtle  {fur  so 
we  called  them ) feasted  six  messes.”  Strar.he.y.  “ Tor- 
toises (ichich  some  call  turtles).”  Jourdan.  In  1 G 12, 
Moore’s  account  of  the  Bermuda  colony  has  turkle , 
and  in  1622,  still  another  (Norwood’s)  exhibits  turc- 
Ide.  In  1673,  both  turtle,  and  turkle  were  found  by 
Josselyn  to  be  in  use  in  New  England,  where,  indeed, 
turkle  continues  to  be  often  heard  in  common  speech 
to  this  day,  as  well  as  turtle , and  where  also  the 
words  are  frequently  used  in  speaking  of  any  sort,  of 
tortoise.  This  enlarged  meaning  is  an  Americanism, 
which  has  never  spread  to  England.  There,  the  word 
turtle,  as  a nautical  term  for  the  sea-tortoise,  was  first 
registered  in  a dictionary  by  Skinner  in  1671,  and  the 
name  was  hardly  noticed  till  the  animal  itself  was 
imported  as  an  article  of  food  about  1750.  About  this 
time,  also,  the  name  began  to  he  adopted  in  hooks  of 
natural  history  for  the  marine  family  of  tortoises,  but 
not  without  opposition.  Johnson,  in  his  Dictionary 
[1755],  says  of  turtle,  “ It  is  used  among  sailors  and 
gluttons  for  a tortoise.”  Arising  in  America,  and 
having  no  relation  to  any  aboriginal  word,  may  it 
not  be  considered  as  a mere  waggish  transfer  of  the 
name  of  the  bird  which  is  proverbial  for  conjugal 
tenderness  and  fidelity,  to  these  briny  monsters,  as 
observed  by  sailors  in  their  pairing-time?  Their 
habits,  as  vividly  described  at  Bermuda  by  Strachey, 
and  the  abundance  of  turtle-doves  mentioned  by  all 
the  voyagers  to  America,  seem  to  favor  the  conjec- 
ture. C.  Folsam,  Proceed,  of  the  Amer.  Acad,  of  Arts 
and  Sciences,  1859. 

TUR'TLE— DOVE  (tiir'tl-duv), 
n.  A species  of  pigeon  or 
dove;  the  turtle. — See 
Turtle,  No.  1.  Drayton. 

TUR'TLpR,  n.  One  who 
catches  marine  tortoises, 
or  turtles.  Holbrook. 

TUR'TLE— SHELL,  n.  The 
common  name  of  the  shell 
of  tortoises  : — tortoise- 
shell.— See  Tortoise- 
shell.  Simmonds. 


TUR'TLE-SOIJP,  n.  Soup  made  of  the  flesh  of 
the  marine  tortoise,  or  turtle.  Smollett. 

Modi  turtle- soup,  soup  made  of  a calf’s  head. 

Gibbons  Merle. 

t TURVE§  (tiirvz).  The  old  pi.  of  turf.  Milton. 

TUS'CAN,  a.  Relating  to  Tusca- 
ny in  Italy;  — applied  to  one  of 
the  five  orders  of  architecture, 
the  simplest  and  the  latest  hav- 
ing the  general  character  of 
the  Grecian  Doric  divested, 
however,  of  the  flutes  of  the 
columns  and  the  peculiar  or- 
naments of  the  entablature. 

IKjy-  “ The  Italian  architects  of  Jrr'  V, 
the  fifteenth  century  formed  a fifth  I I 

order,  called  the  Tuscan.”  Britton.  Tuscan  order. 

TUS'CAN,  n.  A native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Tus- 
cany. Ash. 

TUS'COR,  n.  A tusk  of  a horse.  Slade. 

TUSH,  inter j Be  silent ! pshaw  ! — an  expression 
of  contempt.  Shah. 

TUSH,  n.  [See  Tusk.]  A tooth  of  a horse, 
somewhat  conical,  and  having  its  extremity 
sharp-pointed  and  curved ; a tusk.  Youatt. 

The  todies  are  four  in  number,  two  in  eaeh  jaw,  situated 
between  tbe  nippers  and  the  grinders,  much  nearer  to  t he 
former  than  to  the  latter.  Youatt. 

TUSH'ING,  n.  An  expression  of  contempt.  Udal. 

TUSK,  n.  [A.  S.  tux,  tusc;  Frs.  tusk,  twsch,  a 
tooth.  — Gael,  tosg,  toisg.]  A long,  pointed 
tooth,  as  of  a boar.  Bacon. 

TUS1J,  v.  n.  To  gnash  the  teeth,  as  a boar;  to 
show  the  tusks,  [it.]  B.  Jonson. 

TUSK  JJD,  ) Having  tusks.  “ Tusked  swine.” 

TUSK'Y,  ) Chaucer.  “ The  tusky  boar.”  Dryden. 

TUS'SAC— GRASS,  n.  ( Bot .)  A species  of  grass 
introduced  into  England  from  the  Falkland 
Islands,  and  thriving  near  the  sea  or  within  the 
influence  of  the  sea-air  ; Dactylis  ecespitosa  ; — 
written  also  tussock-grass.  It  is  five  or  six  feet 
high,  and  very  strong,  but  sufficiently  delicate 
to  be  used  as  fodder.  Baird. 

TUS'SAH— SILK,  n.  The  produce  of  a wild  silk- 
worm found  in  the  deserts  of  Bengal,  from  the 
cocoon  of  which  a coarse,  dark,  strong  silk  is 
obtained  ; — also  written  tusseh-silk.  Simmonds. 

TUS-SIC'U-LAR,  a.  [L.  tussicularis ; tussicula, 
dim.  of  tussis,  a cough.]  Pertaining  to  a cough, 
or  to  a slight  cough.  Dunglison. 

TUS'SLE,  n.  A struggle  ; a scuffle.  Fielding  '. 

TUS'SLE,  v.  n.  [Dim.  of  touse  or  tease.  Richard- 
son.] To  struggle  ; to  scuffle.  Perry. 

TUS’SOCK,  n.  [Dim.  of  tuz.  Johnson.  — Perhaps 
from  Fr.  tasse,  a tuft.  Todd.  — Perhaps  from 
Sw.  test,  a lock.  Jamieson.] 

1.  A tuft,  as  of  grass  or  twigs  ; hassock.  Grew. 

2.  Tussac-grass.  Loudon. 

3.  (Ent.)  A caterpillar  of  the  family  Lipa- 

ridee,  having  tufts  on  its  back,  and  living  on 
trees  and  shrubs.  Harris. 

TUS'SOCK— GRASS,  n.  Tussac-grass.  Loudon. 

TUS’SOCK— MOTH,  n.  (Ent.)  A moth  of  the  ge- 
nus Orgyia,  the  larva  of  which  has  a row  of 
little  tufts  on  the  back,  found  on  apple-trees, 
&c. ; — called  in  England  vaporer-moth.  Harris. 

TUS'SOCK-Y,  a.  Being  in  tussocks  or  tufts,  or 
having  the  appearance  of  tussocks.  Clarke. 

TUS'SUCK,  n.  A tussock.  Johnson. 

TUT,  interj.  Stop  ! be  still  ! — an  exclamation 
used  for  checking  or  rebuking.  Shak. 

TUT,  n.  A golden  globe  with  a cross  on  it,  car- 
ried before  kings,  &c.  Clarke. 

TUT'— BAR-GAIN,  n.  A bargain  by  the  lump.  Wr. 

TIJ'T^-LADE,  n.  [L.  tutela,  protection,  guar- 
dianship ; tucor,  to  protect.]  The  state  of  be- 
ing under  a guardian,  as  a minor ; guardian- 
ship ; wardship.  Bacon. 

TU  '1  E-LA  It,  la  tutelaris  ; It.  tutetare; 

T(J"TP-LA-RY,  ) Sp.  tutelar;  Fr.  tutelaire.]  Hav- 
ing guardianship  or  protection  ; guardian  ; pro- 
tecting. “ Tutelary  spirits.”  Browne. 

Ye  tutelar  gods,  who  guard  this  royal  fabric.  Rowe. 

fTU'TELE,  n.  [L .tutela.]  Tutelage.  Howell. 

TU'TE-NAG,  n.  1.  A very  hard,  fusible  alloy  of 


eight  parts  of  copper,  three  of  nickel,  and  six 
and  a half  of  zinc,  and  sometimes  a small  pro- 
portion of  iron.  Tomlinson. 

2.  A name  given  in  India  to  zinc.  Brando. 

TU'TOR,  n.  [L.  tutor ; tueor,  to  defend,  to  pro- 
tect; It.  tutore;  Sp.  tutor-,  Fr.  tateur.] 

1.  ( Civil  Law.)  A person  who  has  been  law- 

fully appointed  to  the  care  of  the  person  and 
property  of  a minor.  Bouvier. 

2.  One  who  has  the  care  of  educating  or  in- 
structing another,  as  the  children  of  a family. 

He  sought  a tutor  of  his  own  accord. 

And  studied  lessons  be  before  abhorred.  Dryden. 

No  science  is  so  speedily  learned  by  the  noblest  genius 
without  a tutor.  Watts. 

3.  (English  Universities.)  An  officer  in  some 
college  or  collegiate  hall  who  has  the  care  of 
hearing  the  lessons  of  the  students.  Braude. 

4.  .( Colleges  of  the  United  States.)  A teacher 

subordinate  to  a professor.  Quincy.  Walker. 

TU'TOR,  V.  a.  [l.  TUTORED  ; pp.  TUTORING,  TU- 
TORED.] 

1.  To  instruct;  to  teach.  Shak. 

2.  To  treat  with  authority  or  severity. 

Give  sorrow  leave  a while  to  tutor  me.  Shak. 

TU'TOR-ApE,  n.  The  authority  or  the  state  of  a 
tutor  or  guardian  ; the  care  of  a pupil  or  ward  ; 
guardianship.  Gov.  of  the  Tongue. 

TU'TOR-ESS,  n.  A female  tutor  or  instructor ; 
an  instructress  ; a governess.  Se/den. 

Tli-TO'RI-AL,  a.  [L.  tutorius. ] Relating  to,  or 
exercised  by,  a tutor.  Qu.  Rev. 

TU'TOR-ING,  n.  Teaching  ; instruction.  Clarke. 

TU'TOR-I§M,  n.  The  office,  state,  or  duty  of  a 
tutor  or  of  tutors,  [it.]  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

TU'TOR-SIUP,  n.  The  state  or  office  of  a tutor 
or  guardian  ; guardianship.  Hooker. 

f TU'TOR-Y,  n.  Instruction  ; tutorage.  Reid. 

TU'TRESS,  n.  A tutoress.  Ilarte. 

TU'TRIX,  n.  [L.]  A tutoress.  Dalgarno. 

TUT'SAN,  n.  (Bot.)  A deciduous,  herbaceous, 
perennial  plant,  bearing  yellow  flowers  ; Hype- 
ricum Androsoemum.  Loudon. 

TUT'TI.  [It.,  all,  from  L.  totus.]  (Mus.)  All  ; 
a word  directing  the  whole  band  or  all  the  sing- 
ers or  players  to  perform  together  ; — opposed 
to  solo  or  soli.  Moore. 

TUT'TY,  n.  [Low  L.  tutia ; It.  tuzia ; Sp.  tutia, 
tucia ; Fr.  tutie.]  An  impure  oxide  of  zinc, 
collected  from  the  chimneys  of  the  smelting 
furnaces.  Brande. 

TUT'— WORK  (-wiirk),  n.  (Mining.)  Work  for  • 
which  the  laborer  is  paid  in  proportion  to  what 
he  accomplishes,  receiving  for  drawing  or  sink- 
ing a certain  price  by  the  fathom  ; piece-work ; 
— called  also  dead-work.  Walson.  Tomlinson. 

TUT'-WORK-MAN  (-wiirk-),  n.  (Mining.)  One 
who  executes  work  by  the  piece,  generally  calcu- 
lated by  the  fathom.  Tomlinson. 

TUYERE  (twe'Ar),  71.  [Fr.]  (Mech.)  A coni- 

cal orifice  in  a blast-furnace,  in  which  tapered 
pipes  are  placed  for  imparting  the  blast;  — 
called  also  tweer.  Ure. 

f TUZ,  n.  A lock  or  tuft  of  hair.  Dryden. 

TWAD'DLE  (twod'dl),  n.  [A.  S.  twwdding,  a flat- 
tering.] [See  Twattle!]  Vapid  or  unmeaning 
talk  or  discourse  ; nonsense  ; twattle  ; gabble  ; 
fustian.  Gent.  Mag. 

An  author  who  in  this  way  has  become  a favorite  with  the 
public  may  palm  upon  his  patrons  any  quantity  of  rubbish 
aud  twaddle.  Owen. 

HS&r*  A modern  cant  word,  which  seems  to  have, 
nearly  supplanted  the  similar  word  twattle. 

TWAD'DLE  (twod'dl),  V.  a.  [i.  TWADDLED  ; pp. 
TWADDLING,  twaddled.]  To  talk  idly,  vapidly, 


or  foolishly  ; to  prate  ; to  twattle.  Qu.  Rev. 

TWAD'DLpR  (twod'dler),  n.  One  who  twaddles; 

an  impertinent  trifler.  Ed.  Rev. 

TWAD'DLING  (twod'-),  71.  The  act  of  one  who 
twaddles  ; idle  talk  ; twaddle.  Clarke. 

TWAD'DY  (twod'-),  n.  Twaddle.  Clarke. 

TWAIN  (twan),  a.  am.  [A.  S .twegen-,  Frs.  twene. 
— See  Two.]  Two  ; twice  one.  Milton. 


, FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  J,  O,  II,  Y,  obscure;  FARE 


T WAITE 


1559 


TWINE 


And  whosoever  shall  compel  thee  to  go  a mile,  go  with 
him  twain.  Matt.  v.  41. 

They  twain  shall  be  one  flesh.  Matt.  xix.  5. 

When  old  Winter  splits  the  rocks  in  twain.  Dryden. 
An  old  word,  now  rarely  used  except  ludi- 
crously, in  poetry,  or  in  solemn  discourse. 

TWAITE,  n.  1.  (Ich.)  Twaite-shad.  Clarke. 

2.  ( Old  Eng.  Lata.)  Wood  grubbed  up  and 
converted  into  arable  land.  Whishaw. 

TWAITE'— SHAD,  n.  ( Ich .)  A species  of  shad  of 
a brownish-green  color  on  the  back,  and  silvery 
below;  Alosa  jinta  ; — called  also  twaite,  and 
May-fish.  Yarrett. 

TWANG,  v.  n.  [Of  uncertain  etymology.  — A 
word  formed  from  the  sound.  Skinner.  — From 
L.  tango , to  touch.  Minsheu.  — It.  tuono,  noise. 
— Perhaps  from  A.  S.  tweogan,  to  hesitate  ; 
tweoung,  tweonung,  doubt.  Richardson.']  [i. 
TWANGED  ; pp.  TWANGING,  TWANGED.]  To 
sound  with  a quick,  sharp  noise,  as  a vibrating, 
tense  string ; to  make  a sharp  or  nasal  sound. 
Ilis  bow  twanged , and  his  arrows  rattled  as  they  flew.  Dryden. 

TWANG,  v.  a.  To  make  to  sound  sharply,  as  a 
tense,  vibrating  string. 

The  fleet  in  view,  he  twanged  his  deadly  bow.  Pope. 
And  twanged  her  trumpet-horn.  Campbell. 

TWANG,  »t.  1.  A sharp,  quick,  vibrating  sound, 

as  of  a tense  string.  Pope. 

2.  A nasal  modulation  of  the  voice. 

He  has  such  a twang  in  his  discourse.  Arbuthnot. 

TWANG,  interj.  Noting  a sharp,  quick  sound,  like 
that  made  by  a bow-string,  [u.]  Prior. 

f TWAN'GLE  (twang'gl),  V.  n.  To  twang.  Shah. 

TWANG'ING,  n.  The  act  of  making  a sharp, 
quick,  vibrating  sound. 

TWAN'GLING,  a.  1.  Twanging.  Shah. 

2.  Contemptibly  noisy.  Shak. 

TWANK,  v.  a.  [Corrupted  from  twang.]  To  make 
to  sound  ; to  twang.  Addison. 

TWAN'KAY,  n.  The  poorest  kind  of  green  tea. 
— See  Hyson.  McCulloch. 

TWANK'ING,  n.  Twang;  clangor.  Addison. 

’TWA§  (twoz).  Contracted  from  it  leas.  Dryden. 

TWAT'TLE  (twot'tl),  v.  n.  [Perhaps  from  tattle. 
Junius.  — Ger.  scliwatzen.]  To  talk  idly  or  fool- 
ishly ; to  prate  ; to  gabble  ; to  chatter  ; to  twad- 
dle.— See  Twaddle.  Whately. 

TWAT'TLE  (twot'tl),  n.  Idle  talk;  twaddle.  Roget. 

TWAT'TLE  (twot'tl),  v.  a.  To  make  much  of,  as 
horses,  cows,  dogs  ; to  pet.  [Local,  Eng.]  Grose. 

TWAT'TLER,  n.  One  who  twattles.  Holinshcd. 

TWAT'TLING  (twot'tling),  n.  The  act  of  one  who 
twattles  ; idle  chatter  ; twaddle.  Whately. 

t TWAY,  a.  Two  ; twain.  Spenser. 

TWAy'BLADE  (twa'hlad),  n.  ( Rot .)  The  com- 
mon name  of  orchidaceous  plants,  indigenous 
in  Great  Britain,  of  the  genus  Listera,  having 
two  leaves,  and  small,  greenish  flowers.  Loudon. 

TWEAG  (tweg),  v.  a.  To  tweak.  Skinner. 

T\\  EAG,  I n-  [a..  S.  tweagan,  to  hesitate.]  Anx- 

TWEAGUE,  ) iety  ; perplexity;  trouble.  [Low.] 

I fancy  this  put  the  old  fellow  in  a rare  tweague.  Swift. 

TWEAK,  n.  Trouble ; tweag.  [Low.]  Martin. 

TWEAK,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  tiviccian.]  To  pull  rudely ; 
to  pull  with  a sharp,  twisting  squeeze;  to  pinch. 
"Who  calls  me  villain,  breaks  my  pate  across, 

Tweaks  me  by  the  nose.  Shak. 

f TWEAK  E,  n.  A whore.  Honest  Ghost. 

TWEED,  n.  A light  woollen  cloth.  W.  Ency. 

TWEE'DLE,  v.  a.  To  affect  by  fiddling,  or  by 
some  slight  influence  ; — a word  probably  formed 
ludicrously  in  allusion  to  the  sound  of  a fiddle. 

A fiddler  brought  in  with  him  a body  of  lusty  young  fel- 
lows, whom  he  had  tweedled  into  the  service.  Addison. 

Tweedledum  and  tweedledee , ludicrous  compounds  of 
tweedle  to  express  things  which  are  nearly  alike,  in 
allusion  to  two  similar  tones  of  a violin. 

Strange  all  this  difference  should  be 

’Twixt  tweedledum  and  tweedledee.  Byrom. 

TWEED,  v.  a.  Totwill.  — See  Twill.  Tomlinson. 

TWEEL,  ».  Twill. — See  Twill.  Tomlinson. 

TWEER,  n.  [Fr.  tuyere.]  See  Tuyere.  Wright. 


TWEESjiE,  ) n.  [Fr.  etui.]  A surgeon’s  box  of 

TWEEZE  > instruments.  Sherwood.  Boyle. 

TWEEZ'JJR— CASE,  n.  A case  for  tweezers.  Smart. 

TWEEZERS,  n.  pi.  [See  Tweese.]  Nippers  or 
small  pincers  to  pluck  out  hairs,  &e.  Somerville. 

TWELFTH,  a.  [A.  S.  tioelfta.]  Second  after  the 
tenth  ; — the  ordinal  of  twelve  : — noting  one  of 
twelve  equal  parts  into  which  any  thing  is  di- 
vided ; as,  “ The  tioelfth  part  of  an  apple.” 

TWELFTH,  n.  ( Mus .)  The  interval  of  an  oc- 
tave and  a fifth:  — the  name  of  a stop  in  an 
organ.  Warner. 

TWELFTH'— CAKE,  n.  An  ornamented  cake  dis- 
tributed among  friends  or  visitors  on  the  festi- 
val of  Twel-fth-night.  Simmonds. 

TWELFTH'— DAY,  n.  The  festival  of  the  Epiph- 
any ; the  twelfth  day  from  Christmas,  or  the 
sixth  of  January.  Brande. 

TWELFTH'— NIGHT,  n.  The  evening  or  the  night 
of  Twelfth-day.  Milton. 

TWELFTH'— TIDE,  n.  Twelfth-day.  Tusser. 

TWELVE  (twelv),  a.  & n.  [Goth,  twalif ; A.  S. 
twelf ; Frs.  tuelef,  twelef ; Dut.  twaalf ; Ger. 
zwiilf-,  Han . tolc ; Sw.  <§■  Ieel.  tolf.]  Two  and 
ten  ; twice  six  ; four  and  eight ; a dozen  ; — 
a symbol  representing  twelve  units,  as  12. 

Twelve  Tables,  {Law.)  a celebrated  body  of  Roman 
laws,  framed  by  decemvirs  appointed  A.  U.  C.  303,  on 
the  return  of  three  deputies  or  commissioners  who 
had  been  sent  to  Greece  to  examine  into  foreign  laws 
and  institutions.  They  consisted  partly  of  laws  tran- 
scribed from  the  institutions  of  other  nations,  partly 
of  such  as  were  altered  and  accommodated  to  the 
manners  of  the  Romans,  partly  of  new  provisions, 
and  mainly,  perhaps,  of  laws  and  usages  under  then- 
ancient  kings.  Burrill. 

TWELVE'MONTII  (twelv'munth)  [twel'munth,  S. 
W.  E.  Ja. ;'  twelv'munth,  P.  J.  F.  K.],  n.  A 
year,  as  consisting  of  twelve  months.  Shak. 

If-if-  Twelvemonth , in  the  singular  number,  includes 
all  the  year ; but  twelve  months  are  to  be  computed  ac- 
cording to  twenty-eight  days  for  every  month.  Burrill. 

TWELVE'PENCE,  n.  A shilling ($0,242).  Johnson. 

TWELVE'PEN-NY,  a.  Sold  for  a shilling.  Dryden. 

TWELVE'SCORE,  a.  & n.  Twelve  times  twenty. 

TWEN'TI-ETH,  a.  The  next  after  the  nineteenth ; 

— the  ordinal  of  twenty:  — noting  one  of  twen- 
ty equal  parts  into  which  any  thing  is  divided. 

TWEN'TY,  a.  Twice  ten.  Fell, 

TWEN'TY,  n.  The  number  of  twice  ten  ; a score  : 

— a symbol  representing  twenty  units,  as  20. 

TWEN'TY— FOLD,  a.  Twenty  times  as  many. 

TWI'BIL,  ii.  [A.  S.  twi-bill.] 

1.  A kind  of  halberd.  Drayton. 

2.  A kind  of  mattock ; — a tool  used  by  a 

paver  or  by  a carpenter.  Simmonds. 

3.  A hook  to  reap  with  ; a sickle.  Loudon. 

TWl'BILLED  (twl'bjld),  a.  Armed  with  twibils 
or  halberds.  Mason. 

TWICE,  ad.  [From  two.]  Two  times  ; doubly  ; 

— often  used  in  composition.  Shak. 

TWICE'— TOLD,  p.  a.  Told  or  related  twice.  Shak. 

TWID'DLE,  v.  n.  To  be  busy  about  trifles  ; to 
quiddle.  [Local,  Eng.]  Forby. 

TWID'DLE,  n.  A pimple.  [Local,  Eng.]  Forby. 

TWIDLE  (twid'dl  or  twi'dl)  [twld'dl,  S.  E.  K. 
Sm. ; twi'dl,  W.  F.  Ja.],  v.  a.  To  touch  lightly. 

— See  Tweedle.  [Low.] 

With  my  fingers  upon  the  stupe,  I pressed  close  upon  it, 
and  twidled  it  in,  first  one  side,  then  the  other.  Wiseman. 

TWl'FAL-LOW,  v.  a.  To  plough  a second  time, 
before  sowing,  as  fallow  land.  Smart. 

TWI'fAl-LOW-ING,  n.  The  act  or  the  operation 
of  ploughing  fallow  land  a second  time.  Smart. 

f TWI'FOLD,  a.  Twofold.  Spenser. 

TWIG,  n.  [A.  S.  twig  ; Dut.  twyg  \ Ger.  zweig ; 
Sw.  sweg.  — Cop.  togi,  a plant.]  A small  shoot 
or  branch  of  a tree  ; a switch. 

Branching  so  broad  and  long,  that  in  the  ground 
The  bended  twigs  take  root.  Milton. 

TWIG,  v.  a.  1.  fTo  pull  rudely  ; to  tweak.  Bale. 

2.  To  take  notice  of ; to  observe.  [Low.] 

Now  twig  him,  now  mind  him.  Foote. 


f TWlG'6£N,  a.  Made  of  twigs ; wicker.  Shak. 

TWIG'GIJR,  n.  A fornicator.  [Eng.]  Halliwell. 

TWIG'GY,  a.  Full  of,  or  having  twigs.  Evelyn. 

TWIG'— RUSH,  n.  ( Bot .)  The  common  name  of 
the  hard,  rush-like,  and  often  prickly-edged 
plants  of  the  genus  Cladium.  Farm.  Ency. 

TWI'LIGHT  (twl'llt),  n.  [A.  S.  twcon-leoht ; tweon, 
doubt,  and  leoht,  light.] 

1.  The  faint  light  which  is  perceived  for  some 
time  before  sunrise  and  after  sunset ; crepus- 
cular light ; a dim  light. 

Suspicions  amongst  thoughts  are  like  bats  amongst  birds; 
they  ever  fly  by  twilight.  Bacon. 

Now  came  still  Evening  on,  and  Twilight  gray 
Had  in  her  sober  livery  all  things  clad.  Milton. 

HOP  The  phenomenon  of  twilight  is  caused  by  the 
reflection  of  the  rays  of  the  sun,  when  below  the  hori- 
zon, from  tile  vapors  and  minute  solid  particles  which 
float  in  the  atmosphere,  and  perhaps,  also,  from  the 
material  atoms  of  the  air  itself.  Herschel. 

2.  Uncertain  or  dim  view  or  sight;  partial 
revelation  or  disclosure. 

lie  has  afforded  us  only  the  twilight  of  probability  suitable 
to  our  state  of  mediocrity.  Locke. 

TWI'LIGHT  (twl'llt),  a.  1.  Not  clearly  or  brightly 
illuminated  ; shaded ; obscure  ; dim. 

To  arched  walks  of  twilight  groves.  Milton. 

2.  Seen  or  done  by  twilight. 

Trip  no  more  in  twilight  ranks.  Milton. 

TWILL,  v.  a.  [Scot,  tweel  or  tweddlc,  from  A.  S. 
tirade,  double.  Jamieson.  — From  Fr.  touaille. 
Tomlinson.]  [».  twilled;  pp.  twilling, 
twilled.]  To  weave  so  that  only  the  third, 
fourth,  fifth,  or  sixth,  &c.,  threads  of  the  warp 
and  woof  cross  one  under  the  other.  Tomlinson. 

£fL'  In  twilled  fabrics  the  point  where  the  threads 
of  the  warp  and  woof  cross  one  under  tile  other  form 
diagonal  lines,  the  degree  of  obliquity  varying  witlt 
the  number  of  threads  that  pass  each  other  without 
crossing  one  under  the  other.  Tomlinson. 

TWILL,  ii.  1.  A woven  fabric,  as  satin,  kersey- 
mere, &c.,  in  which  the  threads  of  the  warp  and 
woof  do  not  cross  one  under  the  other  alternately, 
but  only  the  third,  fourth,  fifth,  or  sixth,  &c., 
cross  in  this  manner  ; — written  also  tweel. 

Tomlinson. 

2.  A quill  to  wind  yarn  or  thread  on ; a spool. 

[North  of  Eng.]  Bay. 

3.  The  raised  line  made  by  twilling.  Wright. 

TWILLED  (twild),  p.  a.  1.  Woven  so  that  only  the 
third,  fourth,  or  fifth,  &c.,  threads  of  the  woof 
and  warp  cross  one  under  the  other.  Tomlinson. 

2.  Diversified  by  raised  lines  like  twills. 

Thy  banks  with  pionied  and  twilled  brims.  Shale. 

TWIL'LY,  n.  A willowing-machine ; a twilly- 
devil ; a willy.  Simmonds. 

TWIL'LY— DEV'IL,  n.  A machine  for  cleansing 

wool,  and  separating  its  fibres  ; a willowing- 
machine  ; a willy.  — See  Willy.  Tomlinson. 

TWILT,  n.  A quilt.  [Local,  Eng.]  Grose. 

TWIN,  n.  [A.  S.  twa,  tun,  two  ; twinan,  to  twine.] 

1.  One  of  two  children  born  at  the  same  birth  ; 
— chiefly  used  in  the  plural,  and  used  of  the 
offspring  of  beasts  as  well  as  of  human  beings. 

They  came  twins  from  the  womb,  and  still  they  live. 

As  if  they  would  go  twins,  too,  to  the  grave.  Otway. 

2.  One  of  two  things  that  resemble  each  other. 

He  was  most  princely;  ever  witness  for  him 

Those  twins  of  learning,  Ipswich  and  Oxford.  Shak. 

3.  pi.  ( Astron .)  Gemini; — one  of  the  signs 
of  the  zodiac. 

When  now  no  more  the  alternate  Twins  are  fired.  Thomson. 

TWIN,  V.  11.  [ i . TWINNED  ; pp.  TWINNINC, 

TWINNED.] 

1.  To  be  born  at  the  same  birth.  Shak. 

2.  To  produce  two  at  a birth.  Tusser. 

3.  To  be  paired  ; to  be  matched.  Sandys. 

t TWIN,  t>.  re.  To  go  asunder;  to  part.  Chaucer. 

f TWIN,  v.  a.  To  divide;  to  separate.  Chaucer , 

TWIN,  a.  1.  Noting  two  or  one  of  two  born  at 
the  same  birth.  “ Twin  idiots.”  Warburton. 

2.  Noting  two  things  resembling  each  other. 

3.  {Bot.)  In  pairs  ; geminate.  Gray. 

TWIN'—  BORN,  a.  Born  at  the  same  birth.  Milton. 

TWIN'— BROTH-ER,  n.  A brother  w'ho  is  a twin. 
“ The  twin-brother  of  thy  letter.”  Shak. 

TWINE,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  twinan  ; Dut.  twynen ; Dan 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BU-LL,  BUR,  RULE.  — Q,  £,  g,  soft;  £J,  fi,  S,  g,  hard  : $ as  z;  % as  gz  — THIS.  this 


TWINE 


1560 


TWO-MASTED 


tvinde ; S\v.  A Icel.  t winna .]  [ i . twined  ; pp. 

TWINING,  TWINED.] 

1.  To  twist  or  complicate  so  as  to  unite  or 

form  one  body  or  substance  out  of  two  or  more. 
“ Fine  twined  linen.”  Ex.  xxvii.  9. 

2.  To  wind  around;  to  encircle  ; to  surround. 

Let  wreaths  of  triumph  now  my  temples  twine.  Pope. 

3.  +To  unite  ; to  mingle  ; to  mix.  Crashatc. 

4.  f To  direct  to  another  quarter  ; to  turn. 

And  twines  away  her  sdeignful  eyes.  Fairfax. 

TWINE,  v.  n.  1.  To  be  closely  united,  as  by 
twisting,  or  by  involution  of  parts. 

Friends  now  fast  sworn,  who  twine  in  love.  Shale. 

2.  To  make  flexures ; to  bend  ; to  wind. 

And  because  it  twineth  and  casteth  not,  it  is  passing  good 
for  lunges  and  hooks,  for  sawn  boards,  &c.  Holland. 

3.  f To  turn  round ; to  revolve.  Chapman. 

TWINE,  n.  1.  A small  kind  of  cordage  formed 
of  two  or  three  strands  twisted  together ; a 
twisted  thread  ; a small  cord. 

Sustained  but  by  a slender  thread  of  twine.  Dryden. 

2.  A convolution  ; a twist. 

Not  Typhon  huge,  ending  in  snaky  twine.  Milton. 

3.  Act  of  winding  around ; embrace.  Phillips. 

TWINE'— REEL,  n.  A reel  for  twine.  Simmonds. 

TWINE'— REEL-gR,  n.  A machine  for  making 
twine  or  twisting  string ; a kind  of  mule,  or 
spinning  machine.  Simmonds. 

TWIN'— FLOW-ER,  n.  ( Dot.)  The  common  name 
of  a little,  slender,  creeping,  and  trailing  ever- 
green plant;  Linncea  borealis.  Gray. 

TWINGE  (tvvlnj),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  twiccian  ; Dut. 
dwingen,  to  force,  to  tease  ; Ger.  zwicken,  to 
pinch;  zwingen,  to  force;  Dan.  fringe,  to  force  ; 
Sw.  toinga,  to  force.]  [»".•  twinged  ; pp.  twin- 
ging, TWINGED.] 

1.  To  torment  with  sudden  and  sharp  pain. 

The  gnat  charged  into  the  nostrils  of  the  lion,  and  there 
twinged  nim  till  he  made  him  tear  himself.  L'  Estrange. 

2.  To  pull  rudely ; to  pinch  ; to  tweak. 

Twinging  him  by  the  ears  and  nose.  Hudibras. 

TWIN0E,  v.n.  To  feel  a sudden,  sharp  pain. Smart. 

TWINGE,  n.  1.  A sudden,  sharp  pain  ; gripe. 

[It]  gives  me  a twinge  for  my  own  sin.  Dryden. 

2.  A rude  pull ; a pinch  ; a tweak. 

How  can  you  fawn  upon  a master  that  gives  you  so  many 
blows  and  twinges  by  the  ears?  L' Estrange. 

TWIN^r'lNG,  n.  A tormenting  with  a sudden, 
sharp  pain  ; a twinge.  Wright. 

TWINK  (tvvlngk,  82],  n.  A wink  : — a twinkling. 

In  a twink  she  won  me  to  her  love.  Shak. 

TWIN'KLE  (twlng'kl),  v.  n.  [A.  S.  twinclian.] 
\i.  TWINKLED;  pp.  TWINKLING,  TWINKLED.] 

1.  To  shine  with  intermitted  or  tremulous 
light ; to  flash  irregularly  ; to  sparkle;  to  quiver. 

His  eyes  twinkled  in  his  head  aright.  Chaucer. 

At  first  I did  adore  a twinkling  star.  Shak. 

2.  To  open  and  shut  the  eye  by  turns. 

The  owl  fell  a moping  and  twinkling.  L' Estrange. 

TWIN'KLE,  n.  1.  A sparkling  and  intermittent 
or  tremulous  light ; a twinkling.  Johnson. 

2.  A quick  motion  of  the  eye ; a wink. 

The  least  twinkle  had  brought  me  to  thee.  Dryden. 

3.  An  instant ; a twinkling.  Johnson. 

TWINK'LjER  (twlngk'ler),  n.  One  who  twinkles 
or  winks;  a winker.  Wickliffe. 

TWIN'KLING,  p.  a.  That  twinkles ; sparkling. 

TWIN'KLJNG,  n.  1.  Act  of  one  who,  or  that 
which,  twinkles  ; a sparkling,  intermittent  light ; 
a flashing,  as  of  the  eye  ; a twinkle.  Johnson. 

We  shall  not  all  sleep;  but  we  shall  all  be  changed,  in  a 
moment,  in  the  twinkling  of  an  eye.  1 Cor.  xv.  51. 

2.  The  time  taken  up  in  winking  the  eye  ; a 
moment;  an  instant ; a twinkle. 

They  vanish  in  a twinkling.  Dryden. 

TWIN'— LEAF,  n.  ( Hot.)  A perennial,  glabrous 
herb,  with  matted  flbrous  roots  ; Jeffersonia  di- 
phylla  ; — called  also  rheumatism-root.  Gray. 

TWIN'LING,  n.  [Dim.  of  twin.]  One  of  two 
lambs  born  at  a birth  ; a twin  lamb.  Tusser. 

TWINNED  (twlnd)  p.  a.  1.  Born  at  the  same 
birth  ; twin.  “ Twinned  brothers.”  Shak. 

2.  Resembling  one  another,  as  twins  ; paired. 

The  twinned  stones  upon  the  numbered  beach.  Shak. 


TWlN'NjJR,  n.  A breeder  of  twins.  Tusser. 

f TWIN'NING,  n.  Separation  division.  Chaucer. 

TWIN'TIJR,  n.  [A.  S.  twy-winter ; twy,  two,  and 
winter,  winter.]  A beast  of  two  winters  old. 
[North  of  Eng.]  Grose. 

fTWlRE,  v.  n.  [Perhaps  A.  S.  tlncyrian,  thweo- 
rian,  to  thwart.  Richardson.] 

1.  To  sing  ; to  chirp  ; to  twitter.  Chaucer. 

2.  To  quiver;  to  twinkle;  to  flash. 

When  sparkling  stars  twire  not.  Shak. 

3.  To  leer  affectedly  ; to  smile  ; to  simper. 

If  I was  rich,  I could  twire  and  loll  with  the  best.  Steele. 

TWIRE,  n.  A twisted  thread  or  filament.  Locke. 

TWIRL,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  thirlian,  to  drill,  Richardson. 
— Icel . thyrla.  Serenius. — From  whirl.  John- 
son.] \i.  TWIRLED  ; pp.  TWIRLING,  TWIRLED.] 
To  move  or  turn  round,  rapidly  ; to  whirl. 

Taught  with  dexterous  hands  to  twirl  the  wheel.  Dodslcy. 

TWIRL,  v.  n.  To  revolve  rapidly.  Johnson. 

TWIRL,  n.  1.  Circular  motion  ; rotation.  Johnson. 

2.  A convolution  ; a twist.  Woodward. 

TWIST,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  getwysan.]  \i.  twisted  ; pp. 
TWISTING,  TWISTED.] 

1.  To  form  by  complication  ; to  twine. 

The  smallest  thread 

That  ever  spider  twisted  from  her  womb.  Shak. 

2.  To  bend  spirally  ; to  contort;  to  writhe;  to 
distort.  “ Ttcist  it  into  a serpentine  form.”  Pope. 

3.  To  encircle  ; to  wreathe  ; to  wind. 

There  are  pillars  of  smoke  twisted  about  with  wreaths  of 
flame.  Burnet. 

4.  To  form,  as  by  complication  of  parts  ; to 
weave  ; to  manufacture  ; to  make. 

Was  it  not  to  this  end 

That  thou  began ’st  to  twist  so  fine  a story  ? Shak. 

5.  To  unite,  as  by  turning  ; to  insinuate. 

When  avarice  twists  itself,  not  only  with  the  practice  of 
men,  but  the  doctrines  of  the  church.  Dec.  of  Chr.  Piety. 

TWIST,  v.  n.  To  be  contorted  or  convolved;  to 
be  twisted.  “ Her  twisting  volumes.”  Pope. 

TWIST,  n.  1.  A convolution  ; a contortion  ; a 
writhe  ; a winding  ; a flexure. 

And  as  about  a tree  with  many  a twist.  Chaucer. 

2.  Any  thing  made  by  convolution,  or  wind- 
ing the  parts  or  separate  things  together. 

Within  a twist  of  twining  osiers  laid.  Addison. 

3.  A cord  or  string ; — a term  particularly  ap- 

plied to  a kind  of  sewing  silk  of  which  the 
strands  are  closely  twisted.  Simmonds. 

4.  The  manner  of  twisting. 

The  length,  the  thickness,  and  the  twist.  Arbuthnot. 

5.  f A small  bunch ; a twig.  Fairfax. 

TWIST' ER,  n.  1.  One  who  twists.  Johnson. 

2.  An  instrument  of  twisting. 

lie,  twirling  his  twister,  makes  a twist  of  the  twine.  Wallis. 

TWIST' I -CAL,  a.  Dishonest ; unscrupulous  ; un- 
fair. [Local  and  vulgar,  U.  S.]  D.  Humphreys. 

TWIST'ING,  n.  Act  of  one  who  twists,  or  state 
of  being  twisted  ; convolution  ; contorton. 

TWIT,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  edwitan,  cedwitan,  or  cetioitan ; 
ed,  again,  and  witan,  to  blame.]  \i.  twitted  ; 
pp.  twitting,  twitted.]  To  tease  by  telling 
faults  ; to  cast  reflection  upon ; to  reproach  ; to 
upbraid ; to  blame.  Macaulay. 

When  I protest  true  loyalty  to  her, 

She  twits  me  with  my  falsehood  to  my  friend.  Shak. 

iEsop  minds  men  of  their  errors  without  twitting  them  for 
what’s  amiss.  L' Estrange. 

TWITCH,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  twiccian  ; Dut.  zwikken, 
to  wrest  or  sprain  ; Ger.  zwicken , to  pinch ; Old 
Eng.  tweak.]  [*.  twitched  ; pp.  twitching, 
twitched.]  To  pull  with  a sudden  jerk  or  a 
hasty  motion;  to  vellieate  ; to  snatch. 

At  last  he  rose,  and  twitched  his  mantle  blue: 

To-morrow  to  fresh  woods  and  pastures  new.  Milton. 

TWITCH,  v.  n.  To  be  suddenly  contracted,  as  a 
muscle  ; to  be  affected  with  a spasm. 

TWITCH,  n.  1.  A quick  pull ; a sudden  vellication. 

The  lion  gave  one  hearty  twitch,  and  got  his  feet  out  of 
the  trap,  but  left  his  claws  behind.  L' Estrange. 

2.  A sudden  or  spasmodic  contraction,  as  of 
the  muscles  ; a spasm. 

Wrenched  with  horrid  twitches.  Chapman. 

TWlTCII'f.R,  n.  One  who  twitches.  Smart. 


TWITCIF-GRAsS,  n.  (Bot.)  Couch-grass  ; quitch- 
grass  ; Triticum  repens.  Mortimer. 

TWITCII'JNG,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  twitches. 

2.  A sudden  contraction,  as  of  a muscle ; a 
spasm  ; a twitch. 

A troublesome  twitching  in  his  muscles.  Tucker. 

TWITE,  n.  ( Ornith .)  A passerine  bird  of  the 
order  Fringillidce ; tree-sparrow ; Fringilla 
montana.  Crabb. 

TWIT'TIJR,  v.  n.  [Dut.  kwetteren ; Ger.  zwit- 
schern ; Dan.  qvidre  ; Sw.  qvittra.]  [i.  twit- 
tered ; pp.  twittering,  twittered.] 

1.  To  make  a succession  of  small,  tremulous, 
intermitted  noises,  as  a bird. 

The  swallow  twittering  on  the  straw-built  shed.  Gray. 

2.  To  feel  a tremulous  motion  of  the  nerves  ; 

to  be  agitated  ; to  be  flurried  ; to  flutter.  “ My 
heart  twitters.”  [Colloquial.]  Ray. 

3.  To  laugh  with  restraint,  or  without  much 

noise  ; to  titter  ; to  giggle.  Beau,  tf  PI. 

TWIT'TfR,  n.  [From  twit.]  One  who  twits  or 
reproaches  spitefully  ; an  upbraider.  Johnson. 

TWIT' TER,  n.  [From  twitter,  p.] 

1.  A small,  tremulous,  intermitted  noise,  as  of 

a bird  that  twitters  ; a twittering.  Clarke. 

2.  A tremulous  motion  of  the  nerves;  ner- 
vous agitation  ; a flutter ; a fluttering.  Hudibras. 

3.  A fit  of  laughter  imperfectly  restrained  or 

suppressed  ; a titter.  IJalliwell. 

TWIT'TgR-lNG,  n.  A succession  of  small,  trem- 
ulous, intermitted  noises,  as  the  notes  of  the 
swallow  and  other  small  birds.  Cowper. 

TWIT'TING-LY,  ad.  In  a manner  to  twit;  so 
as  to  upbraid  ; with  reproach.  Junius. 

TWlT'TLE— TWAT-TLE  (twit'tl-twot-tl),  n.  [A 
reduplication  of  ticattle.]  Tattle  ; gabble  ; idle 
talk  ; tittle-tattle.  [Vulgar.]  L’ Estrange. 

’TWIXT.  A contraction  of  betwixt.  Milton. 

Twilight,  short  arbiter  ’ twiwt  day  and  night.  Milton. 

TWO  (to),  a.  One  and  one  ; — much  used  in  com- 
position ; as,  “ 2Vo-handed.” 

In  two,  asunder  ; in  halves.  “ His  tender  heart 
would  break  in  two.”  Dryden. 

TWO  (to),  n.  The  sum  of  turn  units  : — a symbol 
representing  two  units,  as  2. 

TWO'— CAP-SULED  (to'kap-suld),  a.  Having  two 
capsules  or  seed-vessels  ; bicapsular.  ,Cuirke. 

TWO'— CELLED  (td'seld),  a.  Having  two  cells  ; 
bilocular.  Loudon. 

TWO'— CLEFT,  a.  (Bot.)  Divided  into  two  seg- 
ments by  incisions  extending  about  to  the  mid- 
dle of  the  blade  ; bifid.  Gray. 

TWO'— DECK -ER,  n.  (Naut.)  A vessel  of  war  car- 
rying guns  on  two  decks.  Simmonds. 

TWO'— ED^ED  (to'ejd),  a.  Having  two  edges. 

TWO'— FLOlV-IJRED,  a.  Having  two  flowers. 

TWO'FOLD,  a.  Being  two  or  double,  whether  of 
the  same  kind,  or  different  in  kind  and  coexist- 
ent ; double ; duplicate.  Shak. 

TWO'FOLD,  ad.  Doubly.  Matt,  xxiii.  15. 

TWO'FOOT  (to'fut),  a.  Containing  or  measur- 
ing two  feet.  “A  two-foot  trout.”  Hudibras. 

TWO'— FORKED  (to'fdrkt),  a.  Forked  into  two 
branches  ; bifurcate  ; having  two  prongs. 

TWO'IIAND,  a.  That  requires  or  employs  both 
hands  ; two-handed.  “ Two-hand  sword.”  Shak. 

TWO'— HAND-BD,  a.  1.  That  requires  or  employs 
both  hands.  “ Two-handed  sway.”  Milton. 

2.  Having  two  hands  ; — strong  ; stout;  stal- 
wart ; large  ; bulky.  Dryden. 

TWO'-HEAD-ED,  a.  Having  two  heads.  Hill. 

TWO'-LEAVED  (tS'levd),  a.  Having  two  leaves  ; • 
diphyllous.  Loudon. 

TWO'-LEGGED,  a.  Having  two  legs.  Gay. 

TWO'— LIPPED  (to'IIpt),  a.  1.  Having  two  lips. 

2.  (Bot.)  Noting  monopetalous  corollas  or 
calyxes  separated  into  two  unequal  divisions  ; 
bilabiate.  Lindley.  Gray. 

TWO'LOBED  (to'lobd),  a.  Having  two  lobes.  Gray. 

TWO'— M AST-JpD,  a.  Having  two  masts.  Mar. Diet. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  Obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


TWO-PARTED 


1561 


TYPOGRAPHICAL 


TWO'— PART-£D,  a.  ( Bot .)  Noting  leaves  divided 
into  two  segments  by  an  incision  extending 
nearly  to  the  base  of  the  blade.  Lindley. 

TWOPENCE  (to'pens  or  tup'ens)  [tup'ens,  S.  W. 
P.  J.  F.  Ja.  ; to'pens,  K. ; to'pens,  colloquially 
tup'ens,  Smi],  n.  Two  pennies;  — a term  ap- 
plied to  a money  of  account  and  a small  coin  in 
England.  “ Gilt  twopence .”  Shak. 

flfg=The  coins  called  tioopences  are  minted  to  a 
fixed  amount  annually  for  alins-giving  by  the  sov- 
ereign of  England  on  Maundy-Thursday.  Simmonds. 

TWOPENNY  (to'pen-e  or  tup'en-e)  [ colloquially , 
tup'en-e,  Sm.],  a.  Worth,  or  valued  at,  two- 
pence. “ Twopenny  alg.”  Swift. 

TWO'— PET-ALED  (to'pet-fdd),  a.  {Bot.)  Having 
two  petals  ; dipetalous.  Clarke. 

TWo'PLY,  a.  [Eng.  too,  and  L.  plico,  to  fold.] 
Woven  double;  of  two  thicknesses,  as  cloth. 

flQS*  “ The  Kidderminster  carpet  presents  an  exam- 
ple of  double-weaving,  or  twoply,  and  is  produced  by 
incorporating  two  sets  of  warp  and  two  of  weft 
yarns  ; such  as  is  called  in  America  ingrain  carpets.” 
Tomlinson. 

TWO'-RANKED,  (-rankt),  a.  {Bot.)  Alternately 
disposed  on  exactly  opposite  sides  of  the  stem, 

• so  as  to  form  two  rows ; distichous.  Gray. 

TWO'— SEED-JJD,  a.  {Bot.)  Having  two  seeds; 
dispermous.  Bindley. 

TWO'— TONGUED  (to'tungd),  a.  Double-tongued; 
deceitful.  “ The  two-tonyued  hypocrite. ’’ Sandys. 

TWO'— TOOTHED  (tS'tfitht),  a.  {Bot.)  Having  two 
teeth ; bidentate.  Lindley. 

TWO'— VALVED  (to'valvd),  a.  Having  two  valves  ; 
bivalvular.  Gray. 

TY'BURN-TICK'ET.JI.  {Eng.  Law.)  A certificate 
given  to  the  prosecutor  of  a felon  to  conviction,  — 
the  original  proprietor  or  first  assignee  of  it  be- 
ing exempted  by  law  from  all  parish  and  ward 
offices  within  the  parish  or  ward  where  the  fel- 
ony shall  have  been  committed.  Bouvier. 

TY-jPHON'IC,  a.  Relating  to  Tycho  Brahe,  a cel- 
ebrated Danish  astronomer,  or  to  his  system  of 
astronomy.  P.  Cyc. 

TY'DY,  n.  A kind  of  small  bird.  Drayton. 

TYE  (tl),  v.  a.  To  tie.  — See  Tie.  Johnson. 

TYE,  n.  1.  A knot : — a tie.  — See  Tie  Shak. 

2.  (Navt.)  A rope  connected  with  a yard,  to 
the  other  end  of  which  a tackle  is  attached  for 
hoisting.  Dana. 

TY'GIJR,  n.  See  Tiger.  Johnson. 

TY-HEE'  (te-he'),  n.  See  Tehee.  Johnson. 

TY'ING,  n.  {Mining.)  A washing  of  ores.  Weale. 

TYKE,  n.  A dog  : — a contemptible  fellow.  “Base 
tyke  ! ” — Written  also  tike.  Shak. 

TY-LO'SIS,  n.  [Gr.  tOXwctis ; rbXo;,  callous.]  {Med.) 
Callosity.  Dunglison. 

TYM'BAL,  n.  [It .tiballo:,  Sp.  timbal ; Fr.  tim- 
bale.-— Gael,  tiombal.)  A kind  of  kettle-drum. 

“ A tymbal’s  sound.”  Prior. 

TYM'PAN,  n.  [Gr.  rupiravov,  a kettle-drum,  a 
panel;  L.  tympanum ; It.  &;  Sp.  timpano .] 

1.  f A drum.  Cotgrave.  Ainsworth. 

2.  {Printing.)  A wooden  frame  attached  to 
the  carriage  of  a press  and  covered  with  parch- 
ment, for  holding  the  sheet  to  be  printed.Pmjirfe. 

3.  {Arch.)  The  panel  of  a door  or  a pillar  ; 

— a tympanum.  Weale. 

\ a-  (Anat.)  Relating  to  the  tym- 

TYM'PAN-IC,  5 panum.  Dunglison. 

TYM-PA-Nl'TE§,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  TUpiravirns ; 
Tbpnavov,  a kettle-drum ; Fr.  ty mpanite.)  {Med.) 
A swelling  of  the  abdomen  caused  by  accumu- 
lation of  air  in  the  intestinal  tube  or  in  the  peri- 
toneum ; tympany.  — See  Tympany.  Dunglison. 

TYM-PA-NIT'IC,  a.  {Med.)  Relating  to,  or  par- 
taking of,  tympanites.  Smith. 

TYM-PA-Nl'TIS,  n.  {Med.)  Inflammation  of  the 
lining  membrane  of  the  middle  ear  : — also  tym- 
panites. Dunglison. 


TYM'PA-NIZE,  V.  n.  [Gr.  TVpnavifa  ; rfiptravov,  a 
kettle-drum.]  To  beat  a drum;  to  drum.  Coles. 

TYM'PA-NlZE,  V.  a.  [i.  TYMPANIZED  ; pp.  TYM- 
panizing,  tympanized.]  To  make  into  a 
drum,  or  into  the  head  of  a drum.  Oley. 

TYM'PAN— SHEET,  n.  {Printing.)  A sheet  of 
paper  fastened  on  the  tympan  for  a guide.  Bra. 

TYM'PA-NUM,  n.  ; L.  pi.  tvm'pa-na  ; Eng.  pi. 
tvm'pa-nOm?.  [L.,  from  Gr.  riptravov,  a kettle- 
drum ; tvttto),  to  strike.] 

1.  {Anat.)  The  drum  or  barrel  of  the  ear ; "a 

cavity  of  an  irregular  shape,  constituting  the 
middle  ear.  Dunglison. 

H®*  The  tympanum  is  situated  in  the  pars  petrosa  of 
the  temporal  bone,  between  the  meatus  auditorius  ex- 
ternus  and  tile  labyrinth.  This  cavity  is  lined  by  a 
mucous  membrane,  and  communicates  externally  by 
means  of  the  Eustachian  tube,  which  is  situated  be- 
tween it  and  the  pharynx.  The  tympanum  has  six 
parietes.  Dunglison. 

2.  {Arch.)  The  flat,  triangu- 

lar or  circular  space  enclosed 
by  the  cornice  of  a pediment, 
as  A and  B.  Britton. 

3.  {Mech.)  A hollow  wheel, 

as  in  cranes,  treadmills,  &c. ; a 
drum.  London  Ency. 

4.  {Bot.)  A membrane  clos- 

ing the  mouth  of  the  theca  in  Tympanum, 
some  mosses.  Lindley. 

TYM'PA-NY,  n.  {Med.)  Tympanites;  — some- 
times called  drum-belly , or  the  wind-dropsy.  — 
See  Tympanites.  Dunglison. 

f TYND,  v.  a.  To  shut;  to  close.  Wickliffe. 

TYNE,  v.  a.  To  lose.  [Scotland.]  Jamieson. 

To  tyne  heart,  to  lose  courage  or  spirit.  Sir  W.  Scott. 

TY'NY,  a.  Small;  tiny.  — See  Tiny.  Shak. 

TY'PAL,  a.  Relating  to  types,  or  serving  as  a 
type ; typical.  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

TYPE  (tip),  n.  [Gr.  tvttos  ; tvtt6(o,  to  stamp  ; tOtt- 
Tio,  to  strike  ; L.  typus  ; Sp.  tipo  ; Fr.  type.) 

1.  A figure,  as  that  made  by  impression  upon 
a coin  or  a seal ; an  image  ; a stamp  ; a mark. 

Thy  father  bears  the  type  of  King  of  Naples.  Shale. 

2.  That  by  which  something  is  represented ; 
an  emblem  ; a symbol;  a sign  ; a figure. 

Thy  emblem,  gracious  queen,  the  British  rose. 

Type  of  sweet  rule  and  gentle  majesty.  Trior. 

3.  {Theol.)  That  by  which  something  is  prefig- 
ured ; an  anticipatory  representation  of  Christ, 
or  the  Christian  religion,  in  the  Old  Testament ; 
— opposed  to  antitype. 

The  apostle  shows  the  Christian  religion  to  be  in  truth  and 
substance  what  the  Jewish  was  only  in  type  and  shadow, 

Tillotson. 

4.  {Nat.  Hist.)  That  which  exemplifies  cer- 

tain characteristics ; a model ; a pattern  ; a 
specimen;  as,  “The  cat  is  the  type  of  the  genus 
Felis.”  Brande. 

5.  {Med.)  The  particular  form  of  a disease, 
as  respects  the  order  in  which  the  symptoms 
appear  and  succeed  each  other.  Dunglison. 

6.  (Fine^Arts.)  That  which  is  the  subject  of 

a copy ; the  original  design,  as  that  impressed 
on  the  face  of  a medal  or  a coin.  Fairholt. 

7.  (Printing .)  A piece  of  metal  or  of  wood 

having  the  form  of  a letter  or  other  character 
in  relief  upon  one  end  of  it ; — used  in  printing 
books,  &c.  : — collectively,  printing  letters  and 
characters.  The  metal  type  is  usually  made  by 
casting  in  a mould  consisting  of  two  parts,  one 
for  the  body  or  shank,  and  the  other,  called  a 
matrice,  for  the  character.  Rogers. 

JBSf  A single  type  consists  of  the  shank,  the  beard, 
and  the  face.  The  shank  is  the  body  of  the  letter; 
the  beard  is  that  part  between  the  shoulder  of  the 
shank  and  the  face  ; the  face  is  the  shape  of  the  letter, 
from  which  the  impression  is  taken.  The  following 
are  the  English  names  of  the  different  sizes  of  type, 
twenty-one  in  number,  that  have  specific  names,  in 
their  regular  order  from  the  smallest  to  the  largest : 
diamond,  pearl,  ruby,  nonpareil,  emerald,  minion, 
brevier,  bourgeois,  long  primer,  small  pica,  pica,  Eng- 
lish, great  primer,  paragon,  double  pica,  two  line  pica, 
two  line  English,  two  line  great  primer,  two  line 
double  pica,  Trafalgar,  canon.  Tbe  last  is  the  largest 
size  having  a specific  name.  The  sizes  above  this 
are  designated  as  species  of  pica;  thus  the  next  size 
to  canon  (s  four  line  pica,  and  then  follow  five  line 
pica,  six  line  pica,  &c.,  to  the  largest  size  used  in 
posting  hills.  Brande.  — Certain  kinds  of  type  used 
in  England,  as  emerald,  two-line  double  pica,  and 


Trafalgar,  are  not  used  in  the  U.  S. ; and  certain 
kinds  used  in  the  IJ.  S.,  called  double  paragon,  next 
in  size  after  two-line  great  primer,  and  two-line  bre- 
vier, between  English  and  great  jirimer,  are  not  used 
in  England.  The  kinds  denominated  ruby,  double 
pica,  two-line  pica,  four-line  pica,  in  England,  cor- 
respond respectively  to  what  are  called  agate,  double 
small  pica,  double  pica,  and  canon  in  the  U.  S.  Rogers. 

Syn.  — See  Figure. 

t TYPE,  v.  a.  To  prefigure  ; to  typify.  IT  Lite. 

TYPE'— FOUND-JJR,  n.  One  who  casts  types. 

TYPE'— FOUN-DtJR-Y,  n.  A foundery  in  which 
printers’  types  are  cast  and  prepared  for  use ; 
— written  also  type-foundry. 

TYPE'— FOUND-ING,  n.  The  act  or  the  art  of 
casting  types  used  in  printing.  P.  Cyc. 

TYPE'— MET-AL,  n.  An  alloy  consisting  chiefly 
oflead  and  antimony,  used  for  casting  printers’ 
types,  usually  in  the  proportion  of  three  parts 
of  the  former  to  one  of  the  latter,  with  a small 
quantity  of  tin  and  sometimes  of  copper.  Rogers. 

TY-PHE'AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Typhmus,  a famous 
giant  of  ancient  fable.  Wright. 

TY'PHLOPS,  n.  [Gr.  riKplo^,  a kind  of  serpent, 
the  blind-worm.]  ( ZoOl .)  A genus  of  small  ser- 
pents resembling  earth-worms.  Cuvier. 

TY'PHOID,  a.  [Gr.  rvtpos,  stupor  from  fever,  and 
Cdos,  form.]  (Med.)  Resembling,  or  relating 
to,  typhus  ; typhous.  “ Typhoid  fever.” 

Dunglison. 

Typhoid  fever  of  India,  the  cholera.  Dunglison. 

TY'PHOID,  n.  Typhous  fever  ; typhus  ; — so  used 
by  some  writers.  Dunglison. 

TY-PHO-MA'NI-A,  n.  [Gr.  TVijwpavia  ; stu- 

por, and  pavia,  madness.]  (Med.)  A kind  of 
delirium  common  in  typhus.  Dunglison. 

TY'PHON,  n.  The  evil  genius  of  Egyptian  my- 
thology. Brande. 

TY-PHOON',  n.  [Gr.  Tmjito;, — probably  because 
it  was  supposed  to  be  the  work  of  the  giant  Ty- 
pheeus  or  Typhos.  Liddell  § Scott.  — L.  typhon .] 

1.  The  name  given  to  a violent  tornado  or 
hurricane  occurring  in  the  Chinese  seas  .Brande. 

2.  A name  sometimes  applied  to  a hot,  suffo- 

cating wind  that  blows  with  great  violence  in 
Africa,  Syria,  Arabia,  and  Persia,  more  com- 
monly called  simoom.  Wright. 

f TY-PHOS,  11.  (Med.)  Typhus.  Reece. 

TY'PHOUS,  a.  (Med.)  Belonging,  and  relating  to, 
typhus ; typhoid.  Dunglison. 

TY'PHUS,  n.  [Gr.  rw/ioc,  stupor  from  fever;  rbipu, 
to  raise  a smoke.]  (Med.)  A fever  characterized 
by  small,  weak,  and  unequal,  but  usually  fre- 
quent, pulse,  with  great  prostration  of  strength, 
and  much  cerebral  disturbance.  Dunglison. 

TYP  IC,  ( /7.  [Gr.  TvmKl};;  r Ottos,  a blow,  a 

TYP'I-CAL,  i type;  tOutw,  to  strike  ; L.  typicus ; 
Sp.  tipico  ; Fr.  typique.) 

1.  Pertaining  to  or  forming  a type  ; figura- 
tive ; emblematical ; indicative  ; representative. 

In  pagan  art,  the  cornucopia  is  typical  of  abundance,  the 
rudder  of  the  changes  of  human  life.  Fairholt. 

2.  (Med.)  Characterized  by  periodicity : — 

that  observes  a particular  type.  Dunglison. 

TYP'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a typical  manner;  by 
a figure  or  emblem  ; figuratively.  Norris. 

TYP'I-CAL-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  typical. 

TYP-I-FI-CA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  typifying;  a 
showing  by  a type  or  emblem.  Cons.  Mag. 

TYP'I-Fl-ER,  n.  One  who  typifies.  Warburton. 

TYP'I-FY,  v.  a.  [Eng.  type,  and  L.  facto,  to 
make.]  \i.  ty'pified  ; pp.  typifying,  typi- 
fied.] To  show  by  a type  ; to  figure. 

That  fact  expresses,  prefigures,  or  typifies  another  fact  of  a 
higher  and  more  important  nature.  Watevland. 

TYP'O-COiJ-MY,  n.  [Gr.  tvttos,  a type,  and  noapos, 
world.]  A representation  of  the  world.  Bacon. 

TY-POG'RA-PHfR,  n.  [Gr.  tOttos,  a type,  and 
ypA<p<o,  to  write.]  A printer.  Warton. 

||  TY-PO-GRAPH'IC,  a.  [Sp . tipografico  \ Fr.  typo- 
graphique.)  Typographical.  Warton. 

II  TY-PO-GRAPH'I-CAL,  or  TYP-O-GRAPH'r-CAL 


MIEN,  sTr^JIOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  ROLE.  — 9,  £,  $,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  % as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


TYPOGRAPHICALLY 


1562 


UDDER 


[tl-po-grSFe-kfil,  S.  E.  Ja.  K.  C.  Wr.  TTTi. ; tip- 
o-gr&Fe-kjd,  IV.  P.  J.  F.  Sto.] 

1.  Representing  by  a type ; showing  by  fig- 
ure ; emblematical ; figurative.  Johnson. 

2.  Relating  to  typography  or  printing. 

The  typographical  art,  the  most  important  in  effect  which 
the  world  ever  received.  Knox. 

||  TY-PO-GRAPH'J-CAL-LY,  ad.  By  means  oftypes. 

TY-POG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  tvu oS,  a type,  and 
ypcrpto,  to  write  ; L.  txjporjraphia  ; Sp.  tipogra- 
fia  ; Fr.  typographic .] 

1.  f Representation  by  means  of  types ; em- 
blematical or  figurative  representation. 

Pieces  containing  rather  typography  than  verity.  Browne. 

2.  The  art  of  impressing  letters  and  other 
characters  upon  paper  or  other  substance  by 
means  of  types  ; the  art  of  printing. 

Caxton  taught  us  typography  about  the  year  1474.  Idler. 

TYP'O-IJTE,  n.  [Gr.  rfciroj,  an  image,  a type,  and 
i.iOoc,  a stone.]  (Min.)  A stone  or  a fossil  having 
the  figures  of  animals  or  of  vegetables  impressed 
on  it.  Hamilton. 


TY-POL'O-GV,  n.  [Gr.  rOnos,  a type,  and  loyos,  a 
discourse.]  ( Theol .)  The  doctrine  of  types,  or 
a discourse  on  types.  P.  Fairbairn. 

fTY'RAN,  n.  A tyrant.  — See  Tyrant.  Spenser, 
f TY'RAN,  v.  a.  To  tyrannize  over.  Spenser. 
TYR'AN-NESS,  n.  A female  tyrant.  Spenser. 


TY-RAN'NIC, 
TY-RAN'NJ-CAL, 


C a.  [Gr.  Tvpcnmicds ; L.  tyran- 
> nicus  ; It.  tirannico ; Sp.  ti- 
ranico ; Fr . tyrannigue.]  Relating  to  tyranny 
or  to  a tyrant ; befitting  a tyrant ; haughty ; 
despotic  ; arbitrary  ; oppressive  ; severe  ; cruel. 


Brute  violence  and  proud  tyrannic  power.  Milton. 
' Tvpavvng  [tyrant]  by  the  ancient  Greeks  was  applied  to 
all  kings,  as  well  the  just  and  merciful  as  the  cruel,  and  whom 
we  now  call  tyrannical.  Potter. 


TY-RAN'NI-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  the  manner  of  a ty- 
rant ; despotically  ; arbitrarily.  Raleigh. 

TY-RAN'NI-CAL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
tyrannical ; an  arbitrary  disposition.  Ash. 

TY-R AN-NI-Cl'DAL,  a.  Relating  to,  or  partaking 
of,  tyrannicide.  Booth. 


TY-rAn'NI-CIDE,  n.  [L.  tyrannicidium,  the  kill- 
ing of  a tyrant ; tyrannicida,  a killer  of  a ty- 
rant ; tyrannus,  a tyrant,  and  cccdo,  to  kill ; Fr. 
tyrannicide .] 

1.  The  act  of  killing  a tyrant.  Burke. 

2.  One  who  kills  a tyrant.  Moore. 


T YR-AA'-m  'JYJE, 
n.  pi.  [Gr.  rupav - 
vos,  a tyrant;  L. 
tyrannus .]  ( Or- 
nith.)  A sub-fam- 
ily of  dentirostral 
birds  of  the  order 
Passcres  and  fam- 
ily Muscicapidcc ; 


Myobius  cinnamomeus. 
tyrants.  Gray. 


f TYR'AN-NING,  p.  a.  Tyrannizing.  Spenser. 


j-TYR'AN-NlSII,  a.  Tyrannical.  Gower. 

TYR'AN-NIZE,  v.  n.  [Gr.  npawifa  ; It.  tiranniz- 
zare  ; Sp.  tiranizar ; Fr.  tyranniser .]  \i.  tyran- 
nized \ pp.  TYRANNIZING,  TYRANNIZED.]  To 
act  the  tyrant;  to  rule  with  severe,  unjust,  or 
arbitrary  sway ; to  act  with  rigor  and  imperi- 
ousness; to  be  despotic;  to  domineer. 

Whoever  is  most  unreasonable  and  importunate,  lie  will 
ever  tyrannize  and  domineer  over  such  an  one.  Holland. 

TYR'AN-NIZE,  V.  a.  To  subject  by  tyranny. 

Edicts  tyrannizing  the  blessed  ordinance.  Milton. 

t TYR'AN-NOUS,  a.  Despotic;  tyrannical. 

The  unjust  and  tyrannous  rule  of  Harold.  Spenser. 

f TYR'AN-NOUS-LY,  ad.  Tyrannically.  Bale. 

TYR'AN-NY  (tir'jn-ne),  n.  [Gr .rvpavvia,  Tvpavris; 
L.  tyrannis ; It.  tirannia ; Sp.  tirania;  Fr.  ty- 
rannic.— See  Tyrant.] 

1.  The  government  or  sway  of  a tyrant ; ab- 
solute monarchy  imperiously  administered  ; ar- 
bitrary or  despotic  rule ; despotism. 

The  cities  fell  often  under  tyrannies  which  spring  natu- 
rally out  of  popular  governments.  Temple. 

2.  The  exercise  of  sovereign  power  contrary 
to  justice,  or  the  constitution  of  a state : — 
cruel  exercise  of  power ; cruel  government. 

Suspicions  dispose  kings  to  tyranny.  Bacon. 

3.  f Severity  ; rigor ; inclemency. 

The  tyranny  of  the  open  night  *s  too  rough 

For  nature  to  endure.  Shak. 

Syn.  — Roth  tyranny  and  despotism  imply  absolute 
power,  and  power  which  is  exercised  for  the  pleasure 
of  the  governor,  not  for  the  benefit  of  the  governed. 
Both  terms  are  commonly  used  in  a bad  sense ; yet 
tyranny  is  more  commonly  applied  than  despotism  to 
the  abuse  of  power  or  oppression. 

lie  who  possesses  and  exercises  arbitrary  power  is 
both  a despot  and  a tyrant ; and,  if  he  directs  that 
power  against  the  people,  he  is  an  oppressor  or  a cruel 
tyrant. 

TY'RANT,  n.  [Gr.  ripavvos,  strictly  Doric  for 
Koioavos,  from  k epos,  Kbpto;,  a lord,  a master.  Lid- 
dell <Sf  Scott.  — L.  tyrannus  ; It.  tiranno ; Sp.  ti- 
rano  ; Fr.  tyran .] 


1.  An  absolute  monarch  ruling  imperiously ; 

an  arbitrary  sovereign  unlimited  by  law  or  con- 
stitution ; a despot.  Johnson. 

2.  One  who  exercises  sovereign  power  contra- 
ry to  justice  or  the  constitution  of  a state  : — a 
severe  or  cruel  master  ; an  oppressor.  Sidney. 

3.  ( Ornith. ) A bird  of  the  order  Passcres 

and  subTamily  Tyrannince.  Gray. 

• UE3““Free  constitutions  [in  Greece]  having  super- 
seded the  old  hereditary  sovereignties  (0aai\eTat),  all 
who  obtained  absolute  power  in  a state  were  called 
tv  par  rot,  tyrants,  usurpers-,  so  that  the- term  rather 
regards  the  way  in  which  the  power  was  gained  than 
how  it  was  exercised  ; as,  for  example,  it  was  applied 
to  the  mild  Pisistratus,  but  not  to  the  despotic  kings 
of  Persia;  however,  as^usurpation  usually  leads  to 
violence,  tile  word  soon  came  to  imply  reproach,  and 
tv  as  then  used  like  our  tyrant  or  despot.”  Liddell  dj  Scott. 

t TY'RANT,  v.  a.  To  tyrannize.  Fuller. 

TYRE,  v.  n.  A head  dress.  — See  Tire.  Hukemll. 

TYRE,  n.  A preparation  made  of  milk  and  but- 
termilk, to  be  eaten  with  rice.  [India.]  IV.  Ency. 

f TYRE,  v.  n.  To  prey  upon.  — See  Tire.  Todd. 

TYR'I-AN,  a.  [Gr.  T bptog.~\ 

1.  Relating  to  the  ancient  city  Tyre.  Andrews. 

2.  Noting  a beautiful  purple  dye  formerly 

made  at  Tyre.  Anthon. 

TYR'I-AN— FUR'PLE,  n.  A beautiful  purple  dye 
formerly  made  at  Tyre  from  certain  mollusks  of 
the  genera  Murex  and  Purpura.  Simmonds. 

TY'RO,  n. ; pi.  ty'ro?.  [L.  tiro,  a young  soldier, 
a beginner ; It.  tirone,  a tyro;  Sp. tiron.]  One 
not  yet  master  of  his  art ; one  in  his  rudiments ; 
a beginner  ; — written  also  tiro.  Garth. 

f TY'RO-CIN-Y,  n.  [L.  tyrocinium.~\  The  first 
exercise  in  any  thing  ; apprenticeship.  Blount. 

TYR'OL- EfjE,  a.  Relating  to  Tyrol.  Russell. 

TYR'OL-EIJE,  n.  sing.  & pi.  A native  or  the  na- 
tives of  Tyrol. 

TYR'O-LiTE,  n.  (Min.)  A translucent,  very  sec- 
tile  mineral,  of  different  shades  of  green,  oc- 
curring in  crystals,  usually  reniform,  massive, 
and  consisting  of  arsenic  acid,  protoxide  of  cop- 
per, lime,  carbonate  of  lime,  and  water; — so 
called  from  its  occurring  in  Tyrol.  Dana. 

TY'RO-NI§M,  n.  The  state  of  being  a tyro.  Clarke. 

TYTHE  (tlth),  n.  See  Tithe.  Todd. 

TYTH'ING,  n.  See  Tithing.  Todd. 

TZAR  (zar),  n.  The  czar.  — See  Czar. 

TZA-RI'NA  (zfi-rt'nj),  n.  See  Czarina. 


Uthe  twenty-first  letter  of  the  English  alpha- 
1 bet,  and  the  fifth  vowel,  has,  heretofore, 
in  most  English  dictionaries,  been  confounded 
with  the  consonant  v,  as  i has  been  with  j ; 
though  the  sounds  and  uses  of  the  two  letters 
are  widely  different.  One  and  the  same  charac- 
ter, V,  was  formerly  used  for  both  letters  ; and 
the  character  U is  of  modern  introduction. 
The  two  principal  sounds  of  u are  the  long,  as 
in  tunc,  and  the  short,  as  in  tun.  — See  F and  V. 

JSST  “ U ami  V were  long  considered  the  same  let- 
ter, and  were  used  indiscriminately  the  one  for  the 
other ; but  at  the  beginning  of  the  16th  century  their 
peculiarities  came  to  he  marked,  and  U has  since  been 
used  as  a vowel,  and  Pas  a consonant.”  Braude. 

BSP  “ As  a vowel  n soundeth  thin  and  sharp,  as  in 
use,  and  thick  and  fiat,  as  in  us.  It  never  endeth 
any  word  for  the  nakedness,  but  yieldeth  to  the 
termination  of  the  diphthong  ew,  as  in  new,  screw, 
Ac.,  or  the  qualifying  e,  as  in  sue,  due,  true,  and  the 
like.”  B.  Jonson. 

+ U'BER-OUS  (yu'ber-us),  a.  [L . uber.~\  Abun- 
dant ; copious  ; plentiful ; fruitful.  Herbert. 

f fj'RER-TY  (yu'her-te),  n.  [L.  ubertas ; Fr  .uherte.] 
Abundance  ; fruitfulness  ; plenty.  Florio. 


u'BI,  n.  The  Malay  name  for  yams  ; — ubi  bun- 
gala  signifying  potatoes.  _ Simmonds. 

f U-BJ-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  ubi,  where.]  Local  re- 
lation ; ubiety.  [Scholastic.]  [r.J  Glanvill. 

U-Bl'E-TY,  n.  Local  relation  ; whereness  ; ubi- 
cation.  " [A  scholastic  term.]  Bailey. 

U-BI-CIUA'RI-AN,  a.  Ubiquitary.  Cowper. 

U'BI-Q.UlST,  n.  A ubiquitarian.  Brande. 

U-Bla-UI-TA'RI-AN  (yu-hlk-we-ta're-?n),  n.  [L. 
ubigue,  every  where.]  (Eccl.  Hist.)  One  of  a 
school  of  Lutheran  divines,  so  called  from  their 
tenet  that  the  body  of  Christ  is  present  in  the 
eucharist  in  virtue  of  his  divine  omnipresence  ; 
— called  also  ubiquist.  Brande. 

U-BIG'UI-TA-RI-NESS,  n.  Existence  every  where  ; 
ubiquity ; omnipresence.  Fuller. 

U-BlQ'UI-TA-RY  (yu-blk'we-t?-re),  a.  [L.  ubigue, 
every  where.]  Existing  every  where.  Howell. 

U-BIft'UI-TA-RY  (yu-bik'we-t?-re),  n.  1.  One  who 
exists  every  where.  Dryden. 

2.  One  who  asserts  or  holds  to  the  corporal 
ubiquity  of  Christ ; a ubiquitarian.  Barrow. 


U-BIQ/UI-TOUS  (yu-bik'we-tus),  a.  Existing 
every  where  ; ubiquitary,  Qu.  Rev. 

U-BIQ/UI-TY  (yu-bik'we-te),  n.  [L.  ubigue,  every 
where.]  Existence  at  the  same  time  in  all 
places  ; omnipresence.  Hooker. 

U'BI  SU'PRA.  [L.]  Where  mentioned  above  ; 
— a reference  to  a preceding  passage,  &c. 

UCK-E-WAL'LIST  (-wo]'-),  n.  One  of  a sect  of 
rigid  Anabaptists;  — named  after  Ucke  Wallis, 
a native  of  Friesland.  Brande. 

U'DAL,  a.  Allodial  ; noting  lands  or  rights  held 
by  uninterrupted  succession,  without  any  origi- 
nal charter,  and  without  subjection  to  feudal 
service,  or  the  acknowledgment  of  any  supe- 
rior, as  in  Shetland  and  Orkney. 

• , Jamieson.  Whishaio. 

It  is  very  probable  tliat  nil  the  lands  in  Shetland  were 
formerly  allodial,  or  tidal.  Jamieson. 

U'I)AL-LpR,  ) ra-  One  who  holds  property  by 

U'DAL-MAN,  ) udal  right,  as  in  the  Shetland 
Islands.  Jamieson. 

UD'DIJR,  n.  [A.  S.  udert,  Frs.  udr  ■,  Dut.  uijer ; 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  l,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure ; FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


UDDERED 


1563 


ULULATE 


Ger .cuter-,  Dan.  yver;  Sw.jufver;  Icel .jugr, 
jufr.  — ■ Gael.  uth.  — Gr.  oldap.  — Sanse.  udhas. ] 

1.  The  glandular  organ  or  bag  of  a cow, 

mare,  ewe,  or  other  mammiferous  animal,  in 
which  milk  is  secreted.  Farm.  Ency. 

The  slie-goat. 

Not  without  pain,  dragged  her  distended  udder.  Prior. 

2.  A teat  or  dug,  as  of  a cow  or  other  mam- 

miferous  animal.  Johnson. 

A lioness,  with  udders  all  drawn  dry, 

Lay  crouching  head  on  ground.  Shak. 

f/D'D^RED  (ud'derd),  a.  Having  udders.  Gay. 

U' DO,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  obbthv.]  ( Roman  Ant.) 
A sock  of  felt  or  goat’s  hair.  Wm.  Smith. 

U-DOM'E-TER,  n.  [Gr.  Mojo,  water,  and  ptrpov,  a 
measure.]  A rain-gauge  ; a pluviameter.Dranrfe. 

UG'LI-LY,  ad.  In  an  ugly  manner ; with  de- 
formity ; so  as  to  raise  dislike.  Sidney. 

UG'LI-NiiSS,  n.  1*.  The  quality  of  being  ugly  ; 
want  of  beauty;  deformity;  homeliness.  Taylor. 

2.  Moral  depravity ; turpitude.  South. 

UG'LY,  a.  1.  Possessing  qualities  opposite  to 
beauty  ; disagreeable  or  hateful  to  .the  sight ; 
deformed  ; unsightly  ; frightful ; foul ; homely. 
O,  I have  passed  a miserable  night  — 

So  full  of  ugly  sights,  of  ghastly  dreams.  Shak. 

2.  Ill-tempered  ; cross  ; vicious.  Wright. 

fUG'SOME,  a.  Frightful;  ugly;  disgusting.  Surry. 

fUG'SOME-NESS,  n.  Ugliness.  Fisher. 

U-kAse  ',  n.  [Rus.]  An  edict  or  ordinance  of 
the  Czar  of  Russia,  having  the  force  of  law  in 
his  dominions.  Branded 

Syn. — See  Decree. 

U'LAN,  n.  One  of  a certain  description  of  militia 
among  the  modern  Tartars,  &c. ; — also  written 
ITulans,  and  Uhlans.  Stocqueler. 

UL'CER,  n.  [Gr.  'O.koi;  ; L.  ulcus  ; It.  &;  Sp.  ulcera  ; 
Fr.  ulclre.']  (Med.)  A solution  of  continuity  in 
the  soft  parts,  attended  by  a purulent  or  other 
discharge,  and  kept  up  by  some  local  disease  or 
constitutional  cause.  Dunglison.  Brande. 

UL'CIJR- A-BLE,  a.  That  may  ulcerate.  Qu.  Bev. 

UL'CER-ATE,  v.  n.  [L.  ulcero  ; It.  ulcerare  ; Sp. 
vlcerar ; Fr.  ulcer er.]  [i.  ulcerated  ; pp.  ul- 
cerating, ulcerated.]  To  become  ulcerous  ; 
to  turn  to  an  ulcer.  Johnson. 

UL'CER-ATE,  v.  a.  1.  To  disease  with  an  ulcer 
or  ulcers.  Harvey. 

2.  To  affect  as  with  an  ulcer ; to  render 
sore  ; to  irritate  ; to  exasperate. 

The  only  reason  which  can  be  assigned  for  this  disfran- 
chisement has  a tendency  more  deeply  to  ulcerate  their  minds 
than  the  act  of  exclusion  itself.  Burke. 

UL'CER- AT-IJD,  p.  a.  Affected  with  ulcers,  or 
being  in  the  state  of  an  ulcer.  Dunglison. 

UL-CyR-A'TION,  n.  [I,,  ulceratio ; It.  ulcera- 

zione ; Sp.  ulceracion ; Fr.  ulceration.]  The  state 
of  ulcerating  or  becoming  ulcerous  ; formation 
of  an  ulcer  : — an  ulcer.  Wiseman. 

<JL'C£R-A-TlVE,  a.  Tending  to  ulcerate  or  to 
form  ulcers.  Holland. 

UL'CERED,  a.  Ulcerated,  [it.]  Temple. 

UL'CIJR-OUS,  a.  [L.  ulcerosus  ; It.  S;  Sp . ulcero- 
so  ; Fr.  ulcereux.]  Pertaining  to,  or  having  the 
nature  of,  an  ulcer  ; ulcerated.  Shak. 

UL'CJER-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  an  ulcerous  manner. 

UL'CER-OTJS-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality 
of  being  ulcerous  ; ulceration.  Bailey. 

UL'CUS-CLE  (ul'kus.sl),  n.  [L.  ulcusculum , dim. 
of  ulcus,  an  ulcer.]  A little  ulcer.  Smart. 

U'LE,  n.  (Bot.)  A tree  of  Papantla,  Mexico, 
which  yields  a milky  sap  containing  caoutchouc  ; 

_ — supposed  to  be  Castilloa  elastica.  Lindley. 

U-LE'MA  (o-ls'ma.  or  yu-16'ma)  [u-le'ma,  Sm.  C. 
Brande],  n.  [The  plural  of  Arab,  alim,  wise, 
and  signifying,  originally,  the  wise  men.  P.  Cyc.] 
The  college  or  corporation  composed  of  'the 
three  classes  of  the  Turkish  hierarchy,  viz.,  the 
imans,  or  ministers  of  religion  ; the  muftis,  or 
doctors  of  law ; and  the  cadis,  or  administra- 
tors of  justice.  Brande. 

U'LIJ— TREE,  n.  A Mexican  tree ; ule.  Clarke. 

U'LE X,  re.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  leguminous  plants, 
of  two  species  ; furze.  Loudon. 

U-Liy'I-NOUS,  a.  [L.  uliginosus  -,  uligo , moist- 
ure ; Fr.  uligineux.]  Oozy  ; slimy.  Woodward. 


IJL'LA^E,  n.  (Gauging.)  The  quantity  of  fluid 
which  a cask  wants  of  being  full,  or  that  part  of 
a cask  which  is  not  filled.  Hutton. 

ULL'MANN-ITE,  n.  (Min.)  A brittle,  steel-gray 
mineral,  occurring  in  crystals,  and  also  massive, 
of  metallic  lustre,  and  consisting  of  nickel,  an- 
timony, sulphur,  and  occasionally  arsenic.  Dana. 

(jL-mA  ' CE-JE,n.  [L.  vlmus,  an  elm.]  A natural 
order  of  exogenous  plants,  of  which  the  genus 
Ulmus,  or  elm,  is  the  type.  Loudon. 

UL-MA'CEOyS  (-shus,  66),  a.  Relating  to  the 
elm,  or  to  the  order  Ulmacece.  Craig. 

UL'MIC,  a.  [L.  ulmus,  an  elm.]  Noting  an  acid 
produced  by  decaying  vegetable  matter.  It  may 
be  procured  from  vegetable  mould,  or  from  the 
mouldered  trunks  of  decaying  trees.  Miller. 

DSp  Ulmic  acid  is  also  produced  by  the  action  of 
potash  or  of  soda  upon  ulmine,  combining  at  tire  same 
time  with  the  alkali  ; and  it  is  separated  by  the  ac- 
tion of  hydrochloric  acid.  C.  T.  Jackson. 

UL'MINE,  n.  [L.  ulmus,  the  elm.]  (Chem.)  A 
name  formerly  applied  by  chemists  to  an  exuda- 
tion from  the  elm  and  various  other  trees;  — a 
name  subsequently  applied  to  the  brown  organic 
matters  of  the  soil,  which  were  afterwards  called 
geine  and  humine  : — a substance  obtained  by 
Mulder  by  the  prolonged  action  of  sulphuric  and 
hydrochloric  acids  upon  sugar  at  a boiling  tem- 
perature. C.  T.  Jackson. 

tl fjp  Ulmine,  used  in  the  sense  of  geine,  consists,  ac- 
cording to  Berzelius,  of  crenic,  apocrenic,  and  humic 
acids,  humine,  and  extract  of  humus.  C.  T.  Jackson. 

UL'MUS,  n.  [L.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  hardy  trees 

of  several  spdties ; the  elm.  Loudon. 

UL'NA,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  iDtur/.] 

1.  (Anat.)  The  larger  and  the  inner  of  the 

two  bones  of  the  fore-arm,,  which  forms  the 
prominence  of  the  elbow,  during  the  flexion  of 
that  joint.  Dunglison. 

2.  (Old  Eng.  Late.)  An  ell.  Burrill. 

UL'NAQIE,  n.  [Low  L.  ulnagium.]  Measure- 
ment by  the  ell ; alnage.  — See  Aln age.  Craig. 

UL'NAR,  a.  Relating  to  the  ulna.  Dunglison. 

U-LO-DEN'DRON,  n.  [Gr.  ovlog,  whole,  and  Mv- 
Spov,  a tree.]  (Pal.)  A genus  of  fossil  club- 
mosses.  G.  F.  Bichardson. 

UL-TE'RI-OR,  a.  [L.,  comp,  of  ulter,  beyond.] 

1.  Being  or  situated  beyond  or  on  the  farther 

side  of  any  line  or  boundary.  Johnson. 

2.  Farther  ; more  distant ; remote. 

Tile  ulterior  accomplishment  of  that  part  of  Scripture.  Boyle. 

UL-TE'RI-OR-LY,  ad.  In  an  ulterior  manner; 
more  distantly  ; remotely.  Pusey. 

tfL'TI-MA  rA'TI-0  (-ra'she-o).  [L.]  The  last 
reason  or  argument. 

Ultima  ratio  regum,  the  last  reasoning,  or  last  re- 
sort, of  kings  ; war.  Qu.  Rev. 

UL'TI-MATE  (ul'te-mjt),  a.  [L.  ultimus,  superl. 
of  ulter,  beyond.] 

1.  Being  farthest  or  last ; last ; final. 

2.  Intended  in  the  last  resort,  or  being  the 
last  in  the  train  of  consequences  ; extreme. 

Many  actions  apt  to  procure  fame  are  not  conducive  to  this 
our  ultimate  happiness.  Addison. 

Ultimate  analysis,  (Chem.)  the  separation  of  a com- 
poundinto  its  simplest  parts  or  elements;  — used  in 
contradistinction  to  proximate  analysis.  Turner. — 
Ultimate  ratio,  (Math.)  the  limit  of  tile  ratio  of  two 
quantities  which  vary  so  that  their  ratio  continually 
approaches  a certain  quantity,  but  cannot  pass  it.  Eliot. 

Syn.  — See  Final. 

UL'TI-MATE,  v.  n.  & a.  To  terminate  ; to  issue  ; 
to  end  : — to  carry  into  practice.  George  Bush. 

tlL'TI-MATE-LY,  ad.  Finally;  at  last ; in  the  end. 

itL'TI-MA  THU'LE.  [L„ remotest  Thule.]  Thule; 
— the  farthest  land  or  limit.  — See  Thule. 

UL-TI-MA'TION,  n.  The  last  offer,  concession, 
condition,  or  state  ; ultimatum.  Swift. 

Cl-TI-mA  ' TUM,  n. ; pi.  ultimata.  [L.  ultimus, 
the  last.]  The  last  offer ; the  final  proposi- 
tion ; — particularly  the  final  conditions  offered, 
as  the  basis  of  a treaty,  by  one  government,  to 
settle  a dispute  with  another.  Bouvier. 

f UL'TIME,  a.  [L.  ultimus.]  Ultimate.  Bacon. 

f UL-TIM'I-TY,  n.  [L.  ultimus,  last.]  The  last 
stage  ; last  consequence.  Bacon. 

tjL  ' TI-MO.  [L.  ultimo,  in  the  last  (sc.  mense ) 


month.]  In  or  of  the  last  month;  — commonly 
contracted  to  ult.  Scudamore. 

fUL'TION  (ul'shun),  n.  [L.  ultio,  ultionis.]  A 
taking  vengeance  ; revenge.  Browne. 

UL'TRA,a.  [L.]  Beyond:  — extreme.  Ed.  Bev. 

flSf*  Ultra  is  much  used  in  composition  ; as,  “ Ultra- 
liberal ” ; “Ultra- republican,”  &c. 

UL'TRA,  n.  One  who  advocates  extreme  meas- 
ures or  opinions,  as  in  politics  ; an  ultraist. 

The  ultras  of  either  party.  Ed.  Rev. 

We  even  adopt  a Latin  preposition,  and  form  a noun  from 
it:  as,  “ He  is  an  ultra”-,  yet  Custom  will  not  allow  us  to  say, 
“ He  is  a beyontL”  so  entirely  is  language  iu  the  power  of  this 
earthly  deity.  Harrison. 

ItSE  It  is  a word  much  used  in  modern  politics,  and 

• also  with  reference  to  religious  parties.  It  is  applied 
to  sucli  as  carry  the  opinions  of  the  party  to  which 
they  belong  to  extremes. 

t UL'TRAGE,  n.  Outrage.  Tower. 

UL'TR A-I^M,  n.  Extreme  opinions,  views,  prin- 
ciples, or  measures  ; radicalism.  Brit.  Grit. 

Tfie  tendency  to  ultraism  which  influences  public  opinion 
in  great  social  questions,.  . . has  been  also  prevalent  in  the 
allairs  of  practical  medicine.  Dr.  J.  Biyelow. 

UL'TRA-IST,  n.  One  extravagant  in  his  views  or 
conduct  ; one  who  carries  his  opinions  or  meas- 
ures to  extremes,  or  beyond  the  convictions  of 
the  public  mind  ; a radical.  J.  Tyler.  Ch.  Ex. 

UL-TRA-MA-RINE',  a.  [L.  ultra,  beyond,  and 
marinus,  marine.]  Being  beyond  the  sea  ; for- 
eign. “ Her  ultramarine  dominions.”  Burke. 

Ultramarine  ashes , tile  residuum  of  lapis  lazuli  after 
the  chief  color  lias  been  extracted,  being  a purer  and 
tenderer  gray  than  that  produced  by  mixture  of  more 
positive  colors  ; — used  bv  the  old  masters  as  a middle 
or  neutral  tint  for  flesh,  skies,  and  draperies.  Fairholt. 

UL-TRA-MA-RINE'  (ul-tra-ma-ren'),  n.  A blue 
pigment  formerly  obtained  exclusively  from  the 
lapis  lazuli,  but  now  artificially  manufactured 
on  a large  scale  ; — a very  fine,  rich,  and  durable 
blue,  much  valued  by  painters.  Miller. 

Ultramarine  consists  essentially  of  silicate  of  alu- 
mina, colored  probably  by  sulphide  of  sodium.  If 
it  is  heated  in  the  air,  it  assumes  a dull  green  line. 
Chlorine,  nitric,  sulphuric,  and  hydrochloric  acids  de- 
stroy the  color.  Miller. 

UL-TR A-MON'TANE,  a.  [L.  ultra,  beyond,  and 
montanus,  pertaining  to  a mountain ; Fr.  ultra- 
montain.]  Being  beyond  the  mountains,  or  the 
Alps  ; tramontane  ; — originally  applied  by  Ital- 
ian writers  to  theologians,  jurists,  &c.,  of  other 
countries  beyond  the  Alps,  especially  of  France. 

Ultr&montane  tenets,  (Eccl.  Lam.)  those  tenets  least 
favorable  to  the  supremacy  of  the  pope.  Brande. 

UL-TRA-MON'TANE,  n.  One  living  beyond  the 
mountains  : — a foreigner.  Bacon. 

UL-TRA-MON'TA-Nl§M,  n.  Ultramontane  ten- 
ets, or  tenets  least  favorable  to  the  supremacy 
of  the  pope: — but  a term  used  north  of  the 
Alps,  for  those  tenets  most  favorable  to  the 
pope’s  authority.  Ch.  Ob. 

■flgpAs  the  nations  north  of  the  Alps,  — France, 
Germany,  &c.,  — have  been  most  opposed  to  the  pa- 
pal assumption  of  absolute  power,  they  have  termed 
the  endeavors  of  tile  Roman  curia  to  extend  tile  papal 
authority  and  destroy  the  consequence  of  the  national 
churches,  such  as  tiie  Gallic::::  church,  ultramonta - 
nism.  Am.  Ency. 

UL-TRA-MON'TA-NIST,  n.  An  advocate  for 
ultramontanism.  Ch.  Ob. 

UL-TRA-MUN'DANE,  a.  [L.  ultramundanus  ; ul- 
tra, beyond,  and  mundus,  the  world.]  Being 
beyond  the  world,  or  beyond  the  limits  of  our 
world  or  system.  Hutton. 

Fly  to  imaginary  ultramundane  spaces.  Boyle. 

UL-TRA-PROT'ys-TANT,  n.  A Protestant  who 
holds  extreme  .views.  Hook. 

UL-TRA-PROT'ES-TANT-LSM,  n.  The  principles 
or  views  held  by  ultraprotestants.  Hook. 

UL-TR A-TROP'I-CAL,  a.  I.  Beyond,  or  not 
within,  the  tropics  ; pertaining  to  parts  beyond 
the  tropics ; extratropical. 

2.  Of  a higher  temperature,  or  warmer,  than 
the  present  temperature  of  the  tropical  regions. 

During  the  deposition  of  the  older  fossiliferous  rocks,  the 
climate  was  ultratropicul.  Hitchcock. 

j-UL-TRO'NIJ-OUS,  a.  [L.  ultroneus ; ultro,  vol- 
untarily.] Voluntary;  spontaneous.  Bailey. 

UL'U-LATE,  v.  n.  [L.  ululo,  ululntum.]  To 
utter  a mournful  cry  ; to  howl,  [it.]  Herbert. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — y,  <?,  5,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  £ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


ULULATION 


1564 


UMPIRE 


CiL-U-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  ululatio .]  A howling,  or 
loud  lamentation  ; a wailing.  Th.  Campbell. 

U.M'BpL,  n.  [L.  umbella,  an  umbrella,  a parasol, 
dim.  of  umbra,  shade  ; Fr.  ombellc,  an  umbel.] 
(Bot.)  A form  of  inflores- 
cence  in  which  the  pedicels 
all  spring  apparently  from  Wp*  J 

the  same  point,  at  the  top  of 
the  peduncle,  so  as  to  re- 
semble,  when  spreading,"  the  " ([  n, 

rays  of  an  umbrella.  Gray.  1 \n 

t£g~U  each  of  the  pedicels  of  an  umbel  bears  a 
single  (lower,  the  umbel  is  said  to  be  simple;  but  if 
they  divide  and  bear  other  umbels,  the  umbel  is  called 
compound  ; and  the  assemblage  of  umbels  is  called  the 
unioersal  umbel,  while  each  of  the  secondary  umbels, 
or  the  umbellules,  is  called  a partial  umbel.  Lindley. 

UMBpL-LAR,  a.  Relating  to,  or  having  the  form 
of,  an  umbel ; umbellate.  Smart. 

UM ' 11  p L-L ATE,  ? a_  ( Bot .)  Bearing,  or  con- 

UM'BpL-LAT-pf),  > sisting  of,  umbels  ; hating  an 
umbel  or  umbels  ; umbellar.  P.  Cyc. 

UM'BpL-LET,  n.  (Bot.)  A secondary  or  partial 
umbel ; a little  umbel.  Darlington.  Gray. 

UM-BEL-LIF’ F.-RJE,  n.  pi.  (Bot.)  A natural  or- 
der of  plants  bearing  flowers  in  umbels.  Gray. 

UM-BpL-LIF'pR-OUS,  a.  [Eng.  umbel,  and  L. 

fero,  to  bear.]  (Bot.)  Bearing  umbels  ; having 
flowers  disposed  in  an  umbel,  as  the  milkweed, 
the  primrose,  &c.  Gray. 

tlM'BpL-LULE,  n.  (Bot.)  A secondary  or  par- 
tial umbel ; an  umbellet.  Lindley. 

UM'BpR,  n.  1.  (Min.)  A brown  ochreous  ore  or 
earth,  of  a fine  and  compact  texture,  dry  feel, 
adhering  a little  to  the  tongue,  and  composed  of 
silica,  oxide  of  iron,  manganese,  and  water  ; — 
used  as  a brown  pigment,  and  sometimes  in 
coloring  porcelain.  Cleaveland. 

iry  “ The  term  umber  is  said  to  bo  derived  from 
Ombrin,  or  Spoleto,  in  Italy,  where  it  was  first  ob- 
tained.” Brande. 

2.  A variety  of  peat  or  brown  coal  used  as  a 
pigment.  Brande. 

UM'BpR,  n.  1.  (Ornith.)  A bird  of  the  size  of  a 
crow,  and  of  the  color  of  umber,  found  general- 
ly in  Africa  ; Scopus  umbretta.  Eng.  Cyc. 

2.  (Ich.)  A fish  of  the  salmon  family  ; the 
common  grayling,  found  in  clear,  rapid  streams  ; 
Thymallus  vulgaris.  Wm.. Smith. 

UM'BpR,  v.  a.  To  color  with  umber  or  any  dark 
hue  ; to  darken  j to  shade.  Shak. 

UM'BpR— BROVV.Y,  n.  Noting  a pure  dull-brown 
color.  Lindley. 

UM'BpRED  (um'berd),  a.  Shaded  or  darkened, 
as  with  umber.  “ Umbered  face.”  Shak. 

OM-bIl'IC,  n.  The  navel ; the  centre,  [it.] 

Hell  is  the  unibilic  of  the  world.  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

UM-BIL'JC,  l a_  [X.  umbilicus,  the  navel.] 

UM-BIL'I-CAL,  > Pertaining  to  the  umbilicus  or 
navel : — navel-shaped.  Dunglison. 

Umbilical  arteries,  ( Anat .)  arteries  which  exist,  only 
in  the  foetus,  and  seem,  as  it  were,  continuations  of 
the  primitive  iliacs.  They  clear  the  umbilical  ring, 
and  proceed  to  the  placenta,  to  which  they  carry  the 
residuum  of  the  blood  sent  to  the  foetus  by  the  umbil- 
ical vein.  Dunglison. — Umbilical  cord , [Jin at.)  tile  na- 
vel string,  a cord  like  substance  which  extends  from 
the  placenta  to  the  umbilicus  of  the  foetus.  Its  usual 
length  is  from  16  to  22  inches.  Dunglison.  — (Bot.) 
A sort  of  cord  by  which  certain  ovules  are  attached 
to  the  placenta,  being  a prolongation  of  it ; funic- 
ulus. Lindley.  — Umbilical  region,  (Anat.)  the  middle 
region  of  the  abdomen,  in  which  the  umbilicus  is 
placed.  Dunglison.  — Umbilical  ring,  (Anat..)  a fibrous 
ring  which  surrounds  the  aperture  of  the  umbilicus. 
Dunglison.  — Umbilical  vein , (Anat.)  a vein  which 
arises  from  tile  placenta,  and  terminates  at  the  fissure 
on  the  inferior  surface  of  the  liver  of  the  foetus,  to 
which  it  conveys  the  blood  necessary  for  its  nutrition. 
— Umbilical  vessels,  (Anat.)  the  two  arteries  and  um- 
bilical vein.  Dunglison. 

UM-BI L I-CATE,  ) a jx  umbilicatus. ] Navel- 

UM-BIL'I-cAT-JED,  ) shaped;  being  depressed  in 
the  centre.  Gray. 

tjAl-BIL 1 1-Ct/S,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  i/xipald;.] 

1.  (Anat.)  A round  cicatrix  about  the  medi- 
um line  of  the  abdomen  ; the  navel.  Dunglison. 


2.  (Ant.)  A ball  or  boss  on  the  projecting 

ends  of  the  cylinder  on  which  the  books  of  the 
ancients  were  rolled.  Wm.  Smith. 

3.  (Conch.)  The  depression  in  the  centre 
round  which  the  shell  is  convoluted.  Brande. 

4.  (Bot.)  The  part  by  which  a seed  is  attached 

to  the  placenta  ; the  hilum  : — also  a depression 
or  an  elevation  about  the  centre  of  a given  sur- 
face. Ilcnslow. 

jBQrThe  umbilicus,  or  hilum,  is  frequently  of  a dif- 
ferent color  from  the  rest  of  the  seed,  not  uncommonly 
being  black.  In  plants  with  small  seeds  it  is  minute, 
and  is  recognized  with  difficulty;  but  in  some  it  is  so 
large  as  to  occupy  a third  of  the  whole  surface  of  the 
seed,  as  in  the  horse-chestnut.  Lindley. 

5.  (Geom.)  The  focus  of  an  ellipse;  — so 
used  by  the  old  geometers  : — a term  now  ap- 
plied to  a point  of  a surface  through  which  all 
the  lines  of  curvature  pass.  At  this  point  the 
two  principal  curvatures  are  equal.  P.  Cyc. 

UM'BLE§  (um'blz),  n.  pi.  A deer’s  entrails. — 
See  Nombles.  Bailey. 

t/M  'BO,  n.  [L.]  1.  A protuberance  or  boss,  as 

of  a buckler.  Sioift. 

2.  (Conch.)  The  point  of  a bivalve  shell  im- 
mediately above  the  hinge.  Brande. 

UM'BO-N.yTE,  l a (Bot.)  Having  a low, 

UM'BO-NAT-pD,  ) rounded  projection  like  a 
boss ; bossed.  Gray. 

UM'BRA,  n.  [L.]  1.  A shadow.  Wm.  Smith. 

BPS-  In  ancient  times,  one  who  went  to  a feast 
merely  at  the  solicitation  of  one  invited  was  called 
umbra,  because  he  followed  the  principal  guests  as  a 
shadow  follows  a body.  Wright. 

2.  (Astron.)  The  dark  conical  shadow  pro- 
jected from  a planet  or  satellite,  on  the  side  op- 
posite to  the  sun,  within  which  a spectator 
could  see  no  part  of  the  sun’s  disk;  — opposed 
to  penumbra.  IJerschel. 

BPS”  The  passage  from  the  pure  umbra  to  the  pe- 
numbra is  quite  insensible  ; the  softening  down  of  the 
shading  is  so  gradual,  that  it  is  impossible  to  tell  the 
exact  moment  when  any  remarkable  point  on  the 
moon’s  surface  leaves  the  penumbra  to  pass  into  the 
umbra,  or  the  reverse.  Nichol. 

OM-BRA-CU'UI-FORM,  a.  [L.  umbraculum,  any 
thing  that  furnishes  shade,  and  forma,  form.] 
Umbrella-shaped,  like  a mushroom.  Gray. 

UM'BRA(JE,  n.  [Fr.  ombrage,  from  L.  umbra,  a 
shade  ; It.  fy  Sp.  ombra,  a shadow,  umbrage.] 

1.  A shade  ; a shadow  ; obscurity. 

The  umbrage,  or  shade,  keeps  them  from  growth.  Iluloqt. 

In  the  dark  umbrage  of  a green  hill’s  shade.  Byron. 

2.  A slight  show  or  appearance,  [r.] 

It  is  also  evident  that  St.  Peter  did  not  carry  himself  so  as 
to  give  the  least  overture  or  umbrage  to  make  any  one  suspect 
he  had  any  such  preeminence.  Bp.  'Baylor. 

3.  A suspicion  of  an  intended  offence  or  af- 
front; resentment;  offence;  pique;  grudge. 

So  the  king  should  take  no  umbrage  of  his  arming  and 
prosecution.  Bacon. 

It  will  not  be  convenient  to  give  him  any  umbrage , by  see- 
ing me  with  another  person.  DryOen. 

||  UM-BRA'RP-OUS  [um-brk'je-us,  W.  P.  J.  Ja.  ; 
um-bra'jus,  S.  F.  I\.  Sm.  1 17;.],  a.  [Fr.  ombra- 
geux ; timbre  (L.  umbra),  shade.] 

1.  Yielding  shade  ; shady  ; gloomy  ; murky. 

Umbrageous  grots  and  caves  of  cool  recess.  Hilton. 

2.  f Obscure;  not  easy  to  be  perceived. 

The  present  constitution  ...  is  very  uintrrageous.  Wotton. 

3.  t Having  umbrage,  or  disposed  to  take 

umbrage.  Warburton. 

II  UM-BRA'PU-OUS-LY,  ad.  With  umbrage. 

||  UM-BRA'<?E-OUS-NESS,  n.  Shadiness.  Raleigh. 

j-  UM'BRAT-f,B,  a.  [L.  vmbro,umbratus,  to  shade.] 
Shadowed  ; adumbrate.  Bullokar. 

UM-BRAT  IC,  / n t [X,  vmbraticus ; It.  om- 

UM-BRAt'1-CAL,  i bratico  ; Sp.  umbratico.) 

1.  Shadowy  ; typical.  “ Those  umbratic  rep- 
resentations.” Barrow. 

2.  Keeping  at  home,  or  within  doors  ; retired ; 

secluded,  [it.]  B.  Jonson. 

f UM'BRA-TlLE  [um'bra-tll,  W.  P.  Sm.  Wb. ; 
um-br&t'il,  S.  K.),  a.  [L.  umbratilis .] 

1.  Unsubstantial ; unreal ; shadowy.  Jonson. 

Natural  hieroglyphics  of  our  fugitive,  umbratile , anxious, 

and  transitory  life.  Evelyn. 

2.  Being  in  the  shade  ; retired.  Mason. 


f UM-BRA'TIOUP,  a.  [Old  Fr.  umbragf)  Disposed 
to  take  umbrage  ; captious;  suspicious.  Wotton. 

fUM'BRpL,  n.  An  umbrella.  Shelton. 

Cm-BREL'LA,  n.  [L.  vmbella,  a parasol,  an  um- 
brella ; umbra,  a shade  ; It.  ombrella. ] 

1.  A folding  shade,  or  screen,  carried  in  the 
hand  as  a protection  from  the  rain  or  the  rays 
of  the  sun;  — usually  consisting  of  a rod  or 
stick,  to  one  end  of  which  ribs  or  strips  of  whale- 
bone, rattan,  &c.,  are  attached  and  covered  with 
silk,  cotton,  or  some  similar  material.  Dryden. 

2.  (Zoiil.)  A genus  of  gasteropodous  mollusks, 

so  called  from  a fanciful  resemblance  of  the 
shell  to  an  umbrella.  Baird. 

f UM-BREL'LO,  n.  An  umbrella.  Tatler. 

+ UM-BRI-ERE',  n.  That  part  of  the  helmet  that 
screens  or  covers  the  face  ; a visor.  Spenser. 

UM-BRIF'pR-OUS,  a.  [L.  umbra,  a shade,  and 
fero,  to  bear.]  Casting  a shade.  . Smart. 

UM'BRIL,  n.  [L.  umbra,  a shade.]  (Ancient 
Armor.). A projection  like  the  peak  of  a cap,  to 
which  a face-guard  was  sometimes  attached, 
xvhich  moved  freely  upon  tho  helmet,  and  could 
be  lifted  up  like  the  beaver.  Fairholt. 

&JU-BRI'J\TA,n,  (Ich.)  A genus  of  marine,  acan- 
thopterygious  fishes,  of  the  family  Scicenidw, 
allied  to  the  perches,  but  having  no  teeth  on 
the  vomer  or  palatines.  Yarrell. 

+ UM'BRUSE,  a.  [L.  umbrosus  ; umbra,  a shade.] 
Shady ; umbrageous.  Clarke. 

j-  UM-BROS'I-TY,  n.  [L.  umbrosus,  shady.]  Um- 
brageousness ; shadiness.  Browne. 

fUM'GONG,  n.  [A.  S.  ymb,  vmbe,  round,  and 
yang,  a going.]  A going  round  ; circuit.  Wieklijfe. 

UM'PI-RA(J1E,  n-  1-  An  adjustment  of  a contro- 
versy by  an  umpire  ; arbitration  ; arbitrament. 

I am  appealed  to  by  both  ...  if  my  umpirage  may  stand.  I 
award  an  eternal  silence  to  both  parts.  Bp.  Hall. 

2.  The  power  or  authority  of  an  umpire  ; the 
right  to  decide  a dispute  or  controversy. 

From  civil  society  the  state  of  war  is  excluded  by  the  um- 
pirage which  they  have  provided ...  for  the  ending  all  differ- 
ences that  may  arise.  Locke. 

UM'PlRE  [um'plr,  W.  J.  P.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  R.  C.  Wb. ; 
um'plr,  S. ; um'jflr  or  um'pjr,  Pi],  n.  [ Skinner 
admires  the  ingenuity,  but  doubts  the  truth  of 
Minsheu’s  etymology,  from  the  Fr.  un  pere,  a 
father.  Richardson.- — “ Umpire  is  supposed  to 
be  derived  from  the  L.  impar,  uneven  or  odd. 
It  is,  however,  also  expressed  in  Latin,  impe- 
rator , with  which  the  Scotch  oversman,  and 
Fr.  svr-arbitre,  correspond  in  signification.” 
Burrill.  — “An  umpire,  one  who  is  chosen  by 
two,  four,  or  any  even  number  of  arbitrators  (on 
their  being  equally  divided  on  their  award),  to 
give  his  casting  vote  : it  is  a variation  of  impar, 
for  odd.”  Cleland.  — In  Piers  Plouhman  writ- 
ten nompeyr;  whence  the  Fr.  nompair,  without 
peer,  and  thus  sole  judge,  may  be  preferred  as 
the  true  source.  Richardson.) 

1.  A third  party  to  whom  a dispute  is  referred 
for  settlement ; an  arbitrator  ; an  arbiter. 

Just  Death,  kind  umpire  of  men’s  miseries. 

With  sweet  enlargement  doth  dismiss  me  hence.  Shak. 

2.  (Law.)  A person  to  whom  a matter  which 
has  been  submitted  to  arbitrators,  is,  in  case  of 
their  disagreement,  referred  for  final  decision. 

If  they  [the  arbitrators]  do  not  agree,  it  is  usual  to  add, 
that  another  person  be  called  in  as  umpire  ( imperator  or  im- 
par), to  whose  judgment  it  is  referred.  , Blackstone. 

IKjf^This  word,  says  Johnson,  Minsheu,  with 
great  applause  from  Skinner,  derives  from  un  p£re,  in 
French,  a father.  But,  whatever  may  be  its  deriva- 
tion, one  should  think,  in  pronunciation,  it  ought  to 
class  with  empire  ; and  yet  we  find  our  orthoepists 
considerably  divided  in  the  sound  of  the  last  syllable 
of  both  these  words. 

“ Empire.  Dr.  Kenrick,  Mr.  Scott,  W.  Johnston, 
and  Mr.  Perry  rhyme  it  with  fire  \ but  Mr.  Sheridan 
and  Buchanan  with  the  first  of  pyr-a-mid. 

“ Umpire.  Mr.  Sheridan  and  W.  Johnston  rhyme 
it  with  fire ; but  Mr.  Perry,  Mr.  Scott,  and  Buchanan, 
with  fear  j and  Dr.  Kenrick  with  the  first  of  pyr-a- 
mid. 

“ Amidst  this  variety  and  inconsistency,  we  find  a 
preponderancy  to  the  long  sound  of  i as  in  fre\  and 
this,  in  my  opinion,  is  the  most  eligible. 

“ Rampire  and  vampire  follow  the  same  analogy  ; 
and  satire  and  samphire  inay  be  looked  on  as  irregu- 
lar.” Walker. 

Syn.  — See  Arbiter,  Judge. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short ; 


A,  p,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; 


HEIR,  HER  ; 


UMPIRE 


1565 


UNAGREEABLENESS 


t UM'PIRE,  v.  a.  To  decide  as  an  umpire;  to 
arbitrate  ; to  settle.  Bacon. 

UM'PIRE-SHlP,  n.  The  office  of  an  umpire. 

We  refuse  not  the  arbitrament  and  umpireship  of  the  Holy 
Ghost.  Jewell. 

UAl'QUHILE  (uin'kwil),  ad.  [This  seems  to  be 
merely  A.  S.  hwilom,  inverted.  Jamieson.\ 
Formerly.  [Scot.]  Douglas.  JamieSon. 

UM'QUHILE  (um'kwil),  a.  Former;  late.  “Her 
said  umquhile  husband.”  [Scot.]  Pitscottie. 

f UM'STROKE,  n.  [A.  S.  ymb,  umbe,  round,  and 
strice,  a stroke,  a line.]  Circumference ; bound- 
ary ; outside.  Fuller. 

UN — [A.  S.  un- ; Dut.  on-  ; Frs.  un-,  on-  ; Ger.  un-  ; 
Dan.,Sw.,iSf  Icel.  o-,u-. — “This  particle,  general- 
ly giving  a negative  sense  to  the  words  to  which 
it  is  prefixed,  is  a contraction,  as  some  think, 
from  the  Ger.  ohne,  without ; or  it  may  be  thus  de- 
rived in  A.  S.,  un,  an,  nan,  wan,  wanting  ; wana, 
a deficiency.”  Bosworth.]  A prefix  denoting 
negation,  privation,  deterioration,  or  opposition. 

DEg-This  Saxon  prefix  is  equivalent  in  meaning  to 
the  privative  a of  the  Greeks  and  the  privative  in  of 
tile  Latins;  and  it  is  placed,  almost  at  will,  before 
adjectives  and  adverbs,  and  before  perfect  participles 
of  active  verbs  to  form  adjectives,  and  also  before 
many  present,  participles,  a considerable  number  of 
nouns,  and  a small  number  of  verbs. 

When  prefixed  to  adjectives,  participles,  and  ad- 
verbs, it  is  uniformly  interpreted  by  not;  in  substan- 
tives, by  the  want  or  absence  of ; and  in  verbs  it  com- 
monly signifies  the  reversing  or  annulling  of  the  ac- 
tion or  state  expressed  by  the  simple  verb. 

The  verbs  to  unarm,  unclose,  uncover,  undo,  unload, 
and  some  others,  express  a positive  act  of  privation. 

There  are  some  very  common  adjectives  which  do 
not  take  this  negative  prefix  ; as,  good,  bad,  little, 
small,  great,  large , near , distant,  right,  wrong,  Sec. 

The  adjectives  unequal,  unabridged,  unseen,  unsold, 
&c.,  are  purely  negative,  and  imply  merely  the  ab- 
sence or  negation  of  that  which  is  denoted  by  the 
more  simple  terms  equal , abridged,  &.c.  But  the  ad- 
jectives unhappy,  unbecoming,  unsafe,  and  some  others, 
have  a positive  as  well  as  a negative  signification, 
implying  not  only  the  want  of  what  is  expressed  by 
the  simple  words  happy,  becoming,  &.C.,  but  also  the 
presence  of  the  contrary  quality. 

There  are  a few  cases  in  which  the  negative  prefixes 
in  and  un  are  used  indifferently  ; as,  infrequent  or  un- 
frequent, inexpert  or  unexpert,  inexperienced  or  unexpe- 
rienced, ineligible  or  uneligible,  &c.  — The  prefix  un  is 
more  commonly  used  before  adjectives  derived  from 
the  Anglo-Saxon,  and  in  before  such  as  are  derived 
from  the  Latin. 

UN-A-BAN'DONED  (-dund),  a.  Not  abandoned. 

UN-A-BASED'  (un-a-bast'),  a.  Not  abased.  Ash. 

UN-A-BASHED'  (un-?-basht'),  a.  Having  no  feel- 
ing of  abasement,  disgrace,  or  shame.  Pope. 

UN-A-BAT'5D,  a.  Undiminished.  Beau.  § FI. 

fJN-A-BAT'ED-LV,  ad.  Without  abatement. 

UN-A-BAT'ING,  a.  Not  abating.  Kelly. 

UN-AB-BRE'VI-AT-ED,  a.  Not  abbreviated.  Ash. 

UN-A-BET'TJJD,  a.  Not  abetted  or  assisted.  Ash. 

UN-A-BID'ING,  a.  Not  abiding;  uncertain. 

IJN-A-BlD'ING-NESS,  n.  Want  of  permanency. 

f UN-A-BIL'I-TY,  n.  Inability.  Milton. 

tJN-AB-JURED'  (-jurd'),  a.  Not  abjured.  Smart. 

UN-A'BLE  (-a'bl),  a.  Not  able ; weak  ; impotent. 

Syn.  — See  Incapable. 

tUN-A'BLE-NESS,  n.  Inability.  Rales. 

UN-A-BOL'ISH-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  not  be  abol- 
ished or  repealed.  Milton. 

UN-A-BOL'ISHED  (-a-bol'jsht),  a.  Not  abolished; 
not  repealed ; being  in  force.  Hooker. 

UN-A-BRAD'^D,  a.  Not  abraded.  Clarke. 

UN-A-BRIDGED'  (un-sL-brijd'l,  a.  Not  abridged  or 
contracted ; not  shortened.  Mason. 

UN-Ab'RO-GAT-jED,  a.  Not  abrogated.  Ash. 

UN-AB-§OLVED'  (un-ab-zolvd'),  a.  Not  absolved; 
not  pardoned  ; not  discharged.  Strype. 

UN-AB-SORB'A-BLE,  a.  Not  absorbable.  Davy. 

UN-AB-SORBED'  (-ab-sorbd'),  a.  Not  absorbed. 

UN-AB-SURD',  a.  Not  absurd;  reasonable. 

UN-A-BU§ED'  (un-a-buzd'),  a.  Not  abused.  Ash. 


UN-AC-CEL'IJR-AT-IJD,  a.  Not  accelerated. 
UN-AC-CENT'jpD,  a.  Having  no  accent.  Harris. 
UN-AC-CEP-TA-BIL'J-TY,  n.  Unacceptableness. 
UN-AC-CEPT'A-BLE,  a.  Not  acceptable. 

UN-AC-CEPT'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the 
quality  of  being  unacceptable.  Collier. 

UN-AC-CEPT'A-BLY,  ad.  Not  acceptably. 
UN-AC-CEPT'jpD,  a.  Not  accepted.  Prior. 

f UN-AC-CES'SI-BLE,  a.  Inaccessible.  Hakewill. 

f UN- AC-CES'SI-BLE-NESS,  n.  Inaccessibleness ; 
inapproachableness.  Hale. 

UN-AC-CLI'MA-TJJD,  a.  Not  acclimated. 

UN-AC-CdM'MO-DAT-lJD,  a.  Not  accommodat- 
ed : — not  suited  or  adapted.  Shak. 

UN-AC-COM'MO-DAT-ING,  a.  Not  accommo- 
dating ; disobliging.  Byron. 

UN-AC-COM'PA-NIED  (un-?k-kum'p?-njd),  a.  Not 
accompanied  ; unattended  ; alone.  Hayward. 

UN-AC-COM'PLfsIIED  (-pljsht),  a.  Not  accom- 
plished ; unfinished  ; incomplete.  Dryden. 

UN-AC-COM'PLISH-MENT,  n.  Want  of  accom- 
plishment or  execution.  Milton. 

UN-AC-CORD'ANT,  a.  Not  accordant ; harsh. 
UN-AC-CORD'ED,  a.  Not  accorded  or  settled. 
UN-AC-CORD'ING,  a.  Not  according.  Smart. 

UN-AC-COUNT-A-BfL'l-TY,  n.  The  state  of  be- 
ing unaccountable  ; unaccountableness.  Swift. 

UN-AC-COUNT'A-BLE,  a.  1.  Not  accountable; 
not  to  be  accounted  for  ; inexplicable  ; strange. 

2.  f Not  to  be  counted.  Wollaston. 

UN-AC-COUNT'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  be- 
ing unaccountable  ; unaccountability.  Ash. 

UN-AC-COUNT'A-BLY,  ad.  In  an  unaccountable 
manner;  inexplicably;  strangely.  Addison. 

UN-AC-COUNT'fD,  a.  Not  accounted.  Johnson. 

UN-AC-COU'TRED  (un-ak-ko'terd),  a.  Not  accou- 
tred or  equipped.  Ash. 

UN-AC-CRED'IT-ED,  a.  Not  accredited  ; not  ap- 
proved ; unauthorized.  Smart. 

UN-AC-CU'MU-LAT-ED,  a.  Not  accumulated, 
f UN-AC'CU-RATE,  a.  Inaccurate.  Boyle. 

f UN-AC'CU-RATE-NESS,  n.  Inaccuracy.  Boyle. 
UN-AC-CURSED'  (-jk-kuvst'),  a.  Not  accursed. 
UN-AC-CUIjED'  (un-ak-kuzd'),  a.  Not  accused. 

UN-AC-CUS'TOMED  (-ak-kus'tumd),  a.  1.  Not 
accustomed  ; not  habituated.  Jcr.  xxxi.  18. 

2.  New ; not  usual  or  familiar  ; unfamiliar. 
“ An  unaccustomed  idea.”  Watts. 

UN-A-CHIEV'A-BLE,  a.  Not  achievable;  that 
cannot  be  performed  or  executed.  Farindon. 

UN-A-CHIEVED'  (un-j-chevd'),  a.  Not  achieved. 
UN-ACH'ING,  a.  Not  aching;  not  painful.  Shak. 

UN-AC-KNOWL'fJDGED  (-?k-nol'ejd),  a.  Not  ac- 
knowledged; not  owned  or  confessed.  Clarendon. 

UN-AC-QUAlNT'ANCE,  n.  Want  of  acquaint- 
ance or  familiarity  ; unacquaintedness.  South. 

iJN-AC-HUAlNT'JJD,  a.  Not  acquainted. 

UN-AC-auAlNT'SD-NESS,  n.  Want  of  acquaint- 
ance ; unacquaintance.  Whiston. 

UN-AC-GUlR'A-BLE,  a.  Not  acquirable.  Ash. 
UN-AC-QUIRED'  (-kwlrd'),  a.  Not  acquired. 
UN-AC-GUIT'TJJD,  a.  Not  acquitted.  Ash. 
tfN-ACT'A-BLE,  a.  Not  capable  of  being  acted. 

Much  of  the  unacted  drama  is  really  unactable.  Qu.  Rev. 
fjN-ACT'IJD,  a.  Not  acted  ; not  performed. 

+ UN-Ac'TIVE,  a.  Inactive  ; inert.  Milton. 
f UN-AC'T|VE,  v.  a.  To  render  inactive.  T.Fitllcr. 
f UN-AC'TIVE-NESS,  n.  Inactivity.  Bp.  Taylor. 

UN-AC'T'y-AT-JID  (un-akt'yu-at-ed),  a.  Not  actu- 
ated ; not  moved  to  action.  Glanvill. 

UN-A-DAPT'JyD,  a.  Not  adapted;  unsuited.  Smith. 


CtN-A-DAPT'ED-NESS,  n.  Want  of  adaptation  ; 
unfitness ; unsuitableness.  Foster. 

UN- AD-DICT'IJD,  a.  Not  addicted.  Ash. 

UN-AD-DRESSED'  (-ad-drest'),  a.  Not  addressed. 
UN-AD-HE'SIVE,  a.  Not  adhesive.  Kirby. 

UN-Ad'JEC-TIVED  (-tivd),  a.  Having  no  ad- 
jective, or  form  of  an  adjective.  Tooke. 

UN-AD-JUD^ED',  a.  Not  adjudged  ; not  decided. 
UN- AD- JUST' 5 D,  a.  Not  adjusted  or  settled. 


UN-AD-MIN'IS-TIJRED  (-terd),  a.  Not  adminis- 
tered, executed,  or  dispensed.  Craig. 

UN-AD-MXRED'  (un-?d-mlrd'),  a.  Not  admired; 
not  regarded  with  respect  or  honor.  Pope. 

UN-AD-MIR'ING,  a.  Not  admiring.  Smart. 
UN-AD-MIT'TIJD,  a.  Not  admitted.  Ash. 

UN-AD-MON'l'siIED  (un-ad-mon'jsht),  a.  Not  ad- 
monished, cautioned,  or  advised.  Milton. 

UN-A-DOPT'JJD,  a.  Not  adopted.  Jodrell. 

UN-A-DORED'  (-dord'),  a.  Not  adored.  Milton. 


UN-A-DORNED'  (-dbrnd'),  a.  Not  adorned.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Bare . 

UN-A-DUL'  J gR-ATE,  ? a,  Not  adulterated; 

UN-A-DUL'TJ5R-AT-JJD,  ) genuine.  Addison. 

UN-A-DUL'T]?R-AT-]?D-LY,  ad.  Notin  an  adul- 
terated manner ; unadulterately.  Clarke. 

UN-A-DUL'TiJR-ATE-LY,  ad.  Without  spurious 
mixture  ; unadulteratedly.  Gilbert. 

UN-A-DUL'TJfR-OUS,  a.  Not  adulterous.  Clarke. 

UN-A-DUL'Tf,R-OUS-LY,  ad.  Not  in  an  adulter- 
ous manner  ; not  adulterously.  Milton. 

UN-AD-VENT'U-ROUS,  a.  Not  adventurous  or 
hazarding  ; not  bold  or  venturesome.  Milton. 

UN-AD-Vl§'A-BLE,  a.  Not  advisable  or  expe- 
dient ; not  prudent.  Lowth. 

UN-AD-VIlj'A-BLY,  ad.  In  an  unadvisable  manner. 

UN-AD-Vl!yED'  (-vlzd'),  a.  Not  advised;  impru- 
dent ; indiscreet ; thoughtless  ; rash.  Shak. 

UN-AD-VISji'ED-LY,  ad.  Without  advice  ; impru- 
dently ; indiscreetly  ; injudiciously.  Hooker. 

UN-AD-Vi§'ED-NESS,  n.  Imprudence;  rashness  ; 
injudiciousness ; thoughtlessness.  Puller. 

UN-A'i£R-AT-ED,  a.  Not  afirated,  or  combined 
with  carbonic  acid.  Clarke. 

UN-AF'FA-BLE,  a.  Not  affable ; not  conver- 
sable ; repulsive  ; rigorous  ; reserved.  Daniel. 

t UN-AF-FEARED',  a.  Not  terrified.  Daniel. 

UN-AF-FECT'ED,  a.  1.  Not  affected  ; not  hypo- 
critical ; real ; open  ; candid  ; sincere. 

Unaffected  sorrow  sat  on  every  face.  Dryden. 

2.  Not  formed  by  too  rigid  observation  of 
rules  ; not  labored ; free  from  affectation. 

In  their  majestic,  unaffected  style.  Milton. 

3.  Not  moved;  not  touched;  unmoved. 

He  sat  unaffected  to  hear  the  tragedy.  Johnson. 

UN-AF-FECT'ED-LY,  ad.  Really;  without  af- 
fectation  or  false  appearances.  Locke. 

UN-AF-FECT'JJD-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  qual- 
ity of  being  unaffected.  Blair. 

UN-AF-FECT'ING,  a.  Not  affecting;  not  pathetic. 

UN-AF-FEC'TION-ATE,  a.  Not  affectionate. 

UN-AF-Fi'ANCED  (-?f-fi'»nst),  a.  Not  affianced. 

UN-AF-FIRMED'  (af-f Yrmd'),  a.  Not  affirmed.  Ash. 

UN-AF-FLICT'JJD,  a.  Not  afflicted.  Daniel. 

fjN-AF-FRIGHT'ED,  a.  Not  affrighted.  Beau.  S$Fl. 

fUN-A-FILED',  a.  Undefiled.  Gower. 

UN-A-FRAlD',  a.  Not  afraid  ; fearless.  Thomson. 

ON-AG'GRA-VAT-Y-D,  a.  Not  aggravated.  Potter. 

UN-AG-GRES'S1VE,  a.  Not  aggressive.  Qu.  Rev. 

UN-A^'I-TAT-gD,  a.  Not  agitated  ; tranquil. 

UN-A-GREE'A-BI.E,  a.  Not  agreeable;  unsuit- 
able ; disagreeable.  Milton. 

UN-A-GREE' A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Disagreeableness. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  <?,  q,  g,  soft ; £,  G,  $,  g,  hard ; § as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


UNAGEEEABLY 


1566 


UNASPIRINGLY 


UN-A-CREE'A-BLY,  ad.  Disagreeably.  Ball. 
©N-AlD'A-BLE,  a.  Not  to  be  helped.  Shale. 
©N-AlD'JyD,  a.  Not  aided;  not  assisted.  B ackmore. 
©N-AIL'ING,  a.  Notailing;  healthy.  Chatham. 
UN-AIMED'  (un-amd'),  a.  Not  aimed.  Ash. 

UN-AIM'ING,  a.  Having  no  particular  aim  or  di- 
rection ; aimless.  Granville. 

On-Aired'  (un-Ard'),  a.  Not  aired.  Otway. 
UN-A-LARMED'  (un-j-larmd'),  a.  Not  alarmed. 
UN-A-LARM'JNG,  a.  Not  alarming  or  frightening. 

UN-AL'IEN-A-BLE  (un-al'yen-j-bl),  a.  That  can- 
not be  alienated  ; inalienable.  Swift. 

ON-Al'HJN-A-BLY  (un-al'yen-j-ble),  ad.  So  as 
not  to  be  alienated.  Young. 

On-AL'IEN-AT-PD  (un-al’yen-at-ed),  a.  Not  al- 
ienated, transferred,  or  estranged.  Ash. 

U'NAL-IST,  n.  A holder  of  only  one  benefice,  in 
contradistinction  to  pluralist. 

In  general,  plurabsts  have  greater  merit  than  n nalists.  Knox. 
UN-AL-EAYED'  (un-jl-lad'),  a.  Not  allayed. 
0N-AL-LE9ED'  (-?l-lejd'),  a.  Not  alleged.  Ash. 
UN-AL-LE'VI-AT-pD,  a.  Not  alleviated. 
UN-AL-Ll'A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  allied.  Burke. 

On-AE-lIED'  (un-jl-lld'),  a.  Not  allied;  having 
no  alliance  ; not  congenial.  Collier. 

UN-AL-LoW'A-BLE,  a.  Not  allowable.  Milton. 
UN-AL-LOYVED'  (-?l-lbud'),  a.  Not  allowed.  Ash. 
UN-AL-LOYED'  (un-jl-lbid'),  a.  Not  alloyed; 
uncorrupted  ; pure  ; genuine.  Irving. 

UN-AE-EURED'  (-?l-lurd'),  a.  Not  allured.  Ash. 
UN-AL-LUR'jNG,  a.  Not  alluring.  Smith. 

UN-AL-LUR'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a manner  unalluring. 

UN-ALM§ED'  (un-amzd'),  a.  Not  having  received 
alms,  [r.]  Wright. 

UN-AL-TpR-A-BIL'I-TY,  n.  Unalterableness.  Ure. 

UN-Al'TPR-A-BLE,  a.  Not  alterable  ; unchange- 
able ; immutable.  South. 

UN-Al'TPR-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Immutability. 
UN-Al'TER-A-BLY,  ad.  Unchangeably.  Milton. 
UN-AL'TpRED  (un-ai'terd),  a.  Not  altered. 
UN-AL'TpR-ING,  a.  Not  altering.  Wiseman. 
Cn-A-MAL'GA-MAT-PD,  a.  Not  amalgamated. 
UN-A-MAZED'  (-mazd'),  a.  Not  amazed.  Milton. 
CN-AM-BJ-GU'I-TY,  n.  Want  of  ambiguity. 

UN-AM-BIG'U-OUS,  a.  Not  ambiguous;  clear; 
plain  ; explicit ; certain.  Gibbon. 

UN-AM-BlG'U-OUS-LY,  ad.  Not  ambiguously. 

UN-AM-BI”TIOyS  (un-am-blsh'us),  a.  Not  ambi- 
tious ; free  from  ambition.  Pope. 

UN-AM-Bl"TIOyS-LY  (-am-blsh'us-le),  ad.  Not 
ambitiously ; without  ambition.  Wordsworth. 

UN-AM-Bl"TIOUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  the 
state  of  not  being  ambitious.  Clarke. 

UN-A-ME'NA-BLE,  a.  Not  amenable.  Hawkins. 

UN-A-MEND'A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  mended, 
repaired,  or  corrected ; irreparable.  Pope. 
UN-A-MEND'pD,  a.  Not  amended.  Vdal. 

UN-A-MERCED'  (-?-merst'),  a.  Not  amerced.  Ash. 
UN-A'MI-A-BLE,  a.  Not  amiable  ; unlovely. 
UN-A'MI-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Want  of  amiablencss. 
UN-A-MU§'A-BLE,  a.  Incapable  of  being  amused. 
UN-A-MU§ED'  (un-a-muzd'),  a.  Not  amused. 
UN-A-MUS'ING,  a.  Not  amusing.  Smart. 

©N-A-MU§'ING-LY,  ad.  Not  amusingly. 
UN-A-MU'SIVE,  a.  Not  furnishing  amusement. 
UN-AN-A-L6<JI'I-CAL,  a.  Not  analogical.  Johnson. 
UN-A-NAL'O-GOUS,  a.  Not  analogous. 
t?N-AN'A-LYZED  (-An'j-llzd),  a.  Not  analyzed. 

A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6, 


UN-AN'jEHORED  (-Sng'kord),  a.  Not  anchored. 

f UN-A-NELED'  (-j-neld'),  a.  Not  aneled.  Shak. 

UN-AN'GU-LAR,  a.  Not  angular.  Burke. 

UN-AN'J-MAL-IZF.D  (-an'e-mal-Izd),  a.  Not  ani- 
malized  or  formed  into  animal  matter.  Clarke. 

f U-NAN'I-MATE,  a.  Unanimous.  Cowley. 

UN-AN'I-MAT-PD,  a.  Not  animated;  not  en- 
livened ; inanimate ; dull.  Dryden. 

UN-AN'I-MAT-JNG,  a.  Not  animating.  Ash. 

U-NA-NIM'I-TY,  n.  [I,,  unanimitas  ; It.  unanimi- 
ty ; Sp.  unanimidad;  Fr.  unanimity.]  The 
state  of  being  unanimous  ; agreement  in  will,  de- 
sign, determination,  or  opinion.  Addison. 

True  unanimity  is  that  which  proceeds  from  a free  judg- 
ment arriving  at  the  same  conclusion,  after  an  investigation 
of  the  fact.  Bacon. 

U-NAN'I-MOUS  (yu-nan'e-mus),  a.  [L.  unanimus ; 
unanimis ; touts,  one,  and  animus,  mind  ; It.,  Sp., 
<Sr  Fr.  unanime. ] Being  of  one  mind  ; agreeing 
in  will,  design,  or  opinion;  harmonious. 

The  universal  and  unanimous  belief  of  all  men  carried  it 
for  certain  truth,  Camden. 

U-NAn'I-MOUS-LY,  ad.  With  one  mind;  with 
unanimity  ; without  any  dissent.  Barrow. 

U-NAN'I-MOUS-NESS,  n.  Unanimity.  Bailey. 

UN-AN-NEALED',  a.  Not  annealed.  Clarke. 

UN-AN-NEXED'  (un-sm-nekst'),  a.  Not  annexed. 

UN-AN-Nl'III-LA-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  anni- 
hilated or  utterly  destroyed.  Cudwortli. 

UN-AN-NOUNCED'  (-nbunst'),  a.  Not  announced. 

UN-AN-NOYED'  (un-?n-noid'),  a.  Not  annoyed. 

UJX-A-NOINT'pD,  a.  Not  anointed.  Todd. 

UN-AN'SWpR-A-BLE  (un-An'ser-a-bl),  a.  Not  an- 
swerable ; irrefutable.  Raleigh. 

UN-AN'SWPR-A-BLE-NESS  (un-in'ser-s-bl-nes), 
n.  The  quality  of  not  being  answerable.  Hall. 

UN-AN'SWpR-A-BLY  (un-Sn'ser-a-ble),  ad.  Be- 
yond confutation  ; incontestably.  South. 

UN-An'SWIJRED  (un-Aii'serd),  a.  Not  answered. 

UN-AN-Tiy'I-PAT-pD,  a.  Not  anticipated. 

UN-ANXToyS  (un-angk'ahus),  a.  Not  anxious. 

UN-A-POC'RY-PII  AL,  a.  Not  apocryphal.  Milton. 

UN-A-POL-0-(?ET'IC,  a.  Not  apologetic.  Ec.Rcv. 

UN-AP-OS- 1 OL'IC,  ? a.  Not  apostolic;  not 

UN-AP-OS-TOL'I-CAL,  S agreeable  to  apostolic 
usage,  or  not  having  apostolic  authority.  Ec.Rev. 

UN-AP-PALLED'  (un-jp-plwld'),  a.  Not  appalled. 

•)•  UN-AP-PAR'pL,  v.  a.  To  take  off  the  clothes 
of ; to  divest ; to  unclothe ; to  undress.  Donne. 

UN-AP-PAR'pLLED  (un-ap-piir'eld),  a.  Not  ap- 
parelled ; not  clothed ; not  dressed.  Bacon. 

UN-AP-PAR'pNT,  a.  Not  apparent ; not  visible. 

UN-AP-PEAL'A-BEE,  a.  Not  appealable.  South. 

UN-AP-PEAL'ING,  a.  Not  appealing.  South. 

UN-AP-PEA§'A-BLE,  a.  Not  appeasable.  Raleigh. 

CN-AP-PEA§'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  be- 
ing unappeasable ; implacableness.  Ash. 

UN-AP-PEA§ED'  (-pezd'),  a.  Not  appeased.  Shak. 

t UN-AP-PfR-CEIVED',  a.  Not  perceived.  Gower. 

UN-AP-PLAUD'FD,  a.  Not  applauded.  Chesterfield. 

UN-AP-PLAUD'ING,  a.  Not  applauding.  Clarke. 

UN-AP-PLAU'SJVE,  a.  Not  applausive. 

UN-AP-PLl'A-BLE,  a.  Not  appliable.  [r.]  Milton. 

t UN-Ap'PLI-CA-BLE,  a.  Inapplicable. Hammond. 

UN-AP-PLIED'  (-plld'),  a.  Not  specially  applied. 

UN-AP-POINT'JJD,  a.  Not  fixed  or  settled.  Knox. 

UN-AP-POR'TIONED  (-shund),  a.  Not  appor- 
tioned or  distributed.  Ash. 

0n-AP'PO-§Ite  (-zlt),  a.  Not  apposite.  Clarke. 

UN-AP-PRE'CI-A-BLE  (un-?p-pre'she-j-l)l),  a.  Not 
appreciable ; inappreciable.  Came. 

UN-AP-PRE'CJ-A-BLY,  ad.  In  an  inappreciable 
manner.  J.  Montgomery . 

U,  Y,  short;  A,  y,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure  ; FARE, 


UN-AP-PRE'CI-AT-yD,  a.  Not  appreciated. 

tJN-AP-PRE-HEND'JpD,  a.  Not  apprehended;  not 
understood ; not  comprehended.  Hooker. 

UN-AP-PRy-HE.VSI-IlLE,  a.  Not  capable  of  be- 
ing understood ; inapprehensible.  South. 

UN-AP-PRy-HEN'SI-BEE-NESS,  n.  The  state  or 
the  quality  of  being  unapprehensive. 

tm-AP-PRE-IIEN'SJVE,  a.  Inapprehensive.SouiA. 
UN-AP-PRIJ-HEN'SIVE-LY,  ad.  Inapprehensively. 

UN-AP-PRg-HEN'SI  VE-NESS,  n.  Want  of  appre- 
hension ; inappreherrsion.  Clarke. 

UN-AP-PRISED'  (un-ap-prlzd'),  a.  Not  apprised 
or  advised  ; uninformed  ; ignorant.  Young. ' 

UN-AP-PROACH'A-BI.E,  a.  That  cannot  be  ap- 
proached ; inaccessible.  Hammond. 

UN-AP-PROACH'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of 
being  unapproachable.  Qu.  Rev. 

UN-AP-PROACII'A-BLY,  ad.  So  as  not  to  be  ap- 
proached ; inaccessibly.  Clarke. 

UN-AP-PROACI1ED'  (-procht'),  a.  Not  approached. 

©N-AP-PRO'PRI-ATE,  a.  Not  appropriate;  in- 
appropriate : — unappropriated.  Warburton. 

UN-AP-PRO'PRJ-At-ED,  a.  Not  appropriated. 

UN-AP-PRO'PRI-AT-ING,  n.  Want  of  appropria- 
tion. Milton. 

UN-AP-PROVED'  (-provd'),  a.  Not  approved. 
UN-AP-PROV'ING,  a.  Not  approving.  Burke. 
UN-AP-Pr6v'ING-LY,  ad.  Not  approvingly. 
UN-A'PRONED  (-purnd),  a.  Not  wearing  an  apron. 

UN-APT',  a.  Not  apt ; indocile  ; unskilful ; dull ; 
not  ready  ; unfit ; not  qualified  ; unsuitable. 

UN-APT'LY ad.  Not  aptly;  unfitly.  Grew. 
UN-APT'NySS,  n.  Want  of  aptness;  unfitness, 
f UNAQUIT,  a.  Unrequited.  Gower. 

f UN-A -RACED',  a.  Uneradicated.  Chaucer. 
UN-AR'GUED,  a.  Not  argued  or  debated. 

UN-ARM',  V.  a.  [t.  UNARMED  ; pp.  UNARMING, 
unarmed.]  To  divest  or  strip  of  armor  or  of 
arms  ; to  disarm.  Shak. 

UN-ARMED'  (fin-armd'),  a.  Not  armed;  having 
no  arms  or  armor  ; defenceless. 

UN-AR-RAIGNED'  (-rand'),  a.  Not  arraigned. 
UN-AR-RAN(?ED',  a.  Not  arranged.  Boswell. 
UN-AR-RAYED'  (-rad'),  a.  Not  arrayed  or  dressed. 
UN-AR-REST'ED,  a.  Not  arrested.  More. 

UN-AR-RIVED'  (-rlvd'),  a.  Not  arrived.  Young. 
f UN-ART'JJD,  a.  Ignorant  of  the  arts.  Waterhouse. 
UN-ART'FUL,  a.  Notartful;  artless.  Dryden. 
UN-ART'FUL-LY,  ad.  In  an  unartful  manner. 
UN-AR-TIC'y-LAT-ED,  a.  Not  articulated. 

UN-AR-TI-Fl"CIAE  (un-ar-te-flsh'al),  a.  Not  ar- 
tificial or  formed  by  art ; artless ; unaffected  ; 
natural ; inartificial.  Burke. 

UN-AR-T!-FI"CIAL-LY  (un-ar-te-fish'fd-le),  ad. 
Contrarily  to  art ; inartificially.  Durham. 

UN-AS-CEND'A-BLE,  a.  Not  to  be  ascended. 
UN-AS-CEND'yD,  a.  Not  ascended.  Shelley. 

0n-AS-CF,R-TAIN'A-BLE,  a.  Not  ascertainable. 

UN-As-CJJR-TAlNED'  (-tand'),  a.  Not  ascer- 
tained or  made  certainly  known.  Cook. 

f UN-A-SCRlED',  a.  Not  descried.  Edwd.  Hall. 
t UN-A-SERVED',  a.  Unserved.  Chaucer. 

UN-A-SHAmED',  a.  Not  ashamed.  Fairfax. 

UN-ASKED'  (-Sskt'),  a.  Not  asked;  not  invited, 
t UN-A-SKRIED',  a.  Not  descried.  Hall. 

f UN-AS-PEC'TIVE,  a.  Irrespective.  Feltliam. 

UN-AS'P!-ItAT-5D,  a.  Having  no  aspirate.  Parr. 
fjN-AS-PlR'JNG,  a.  Not  aspiring ; not  ambitious. 
UN-AS-PlR'ING-LY,  ad.  Not  aspiringly. 

FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


UNASSAILABLE 


1567 


UNBEFRIENDED 


On-  AS-SAIL' A-BLE,  re.  Not  assailable  ; that  can- 
not be  assailed;  secure  from  assault.  Shak. 

UN-AS-SAlL'A-BLY,  ad.  In  an  unassailable  man- 
ner; so  as  to  be  unassailable.  Clarke. 

UN- AS-SAlLED'  (-said'),  a.  Not  assailed.  Milton. 

UN-AS-SAULT'A-BLE,  a.  Not  to  be  assaulted  ; 
unassailable.  Hackliiyt. 

UN-AS-SAULT'ED,  a.  Not  assaulted.  Idler. 

UN-AS-SAYED'  (un-?s-sad'),  a.  Not  assayed; 
not  tried;  untried;  unattempted.  Milton. 

UN-AS-SEM'BLED,  a.  Not  assembled.  Clarke. 

UN-AS-SERT'flD,  a.  Not  asserted.  Ash. 

UN-AS-SER'Tj  VE,  a.  Not  assertive.  Hunter. 

UN-AS-SESSED'  (-sest'),  a.  Not  assessed.  Ash. 

GN-AS-SIGN'A-BLE  (un-?s-sl'n?t-bl),  a.  Not  as- 
signable ; that  cannot  be  assigned.  Ash. 

UN-AS-SIGN'A-BLY,  ad.  Not  assignably.  Clarke. 

UN-AS-SIGNED'  (-sind'),  a.  Not  assigned.  Ash. 

UN-AS-SIM'J-LA-BLE,  a.  That  may  not  be  as- 
similated. “ Unassimilablc  food.”  A.  Normandy. 

UN-AS-SIM'I-LAT-ED,  a.  Not  assimilated.  Ash. 

UN-AS-SIM'I-LAT-ING,  a.  Not  assimilating. Good. 

UN-AS-SIST'ED,  a.  Not  assisted  ; not  helped. 

UN- AS-SIST' I NG,  a.  Not  assisting.  Dryden. 

UN-AS-SO'CI-AT-I3D  (Hn-js-so'she-at-ed),  a.  Not 
associated  ; not  united  or  combined.  Ash. 

UN-AS-SORT'JJD,  a.  Not  assorted.  Ash. 

UN-AS-SUA(JED'  (-swajd'),  a.  Not  assuaged. 

UN-AS-SUMED'  (-sumd'),  a.  Not  assumed.  Ash. 

UN-AS-SUM'ING,  a.  Not  assuming;  not  arro- 
gant; humble;  modest.  Thomson. 

UN-AS-SURED'  (-sliurd'),  a.  1.  Not  assured. 

2.  f Not  to  be  trusted  or  relied  on.  Spenser. 

UN-A-TON' A-BLE,  a.  Not  to  be  atoned  or  ap- 
peased ; irreconcilable.  Milton. 

UN-A-TONED'  (-tond'),  a.  Not  atoned  for.  Gilpin. 

IJN-AS-TON'ISHED,  a.  Not  astonished.  Sandys. 

UN-AT-TACIIED'  (-tacht'),  a.  Not  attached. 

UN- AT-TACK' A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  at- 
tacked ; unassailable.  West.  Rev. 

UN-AT-TACKED'  (-tala'),  a.  Not  attacked. 

On-AT-TAIN'A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  attained, 
gained,  or  obtained ; being  out  of  reach.  Locke. 

UN-AT-TAlN'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the 
quality  of  being  unattainable.  Locke. 

UN-AT-TAlN'A-BLY,  ad.  So  as  not  to  be  at- 
tained.. Clarke. 

UN-AT-TAlNED'  (-tand'),  a.  Not  attained.  Cook. 

UN-AT-TAIN'ING,  a.  Not  attaining.  Carlyle. 

UN-AT-TAlNT'?D,  a.  Not  attainted.  . Shah. 

UN-AT-TEM'PIJRED,  a.  Not  attempered.  Clarke. 

UN-AT-TEMPT'ED  (un-at-tenit'ed),  a.  Not  at- 
tempted ; untried  ; not  assayed.  Camden. 

UN- AT-TEMPT'ING  (un-at-temt'jng),  a.  Not  at- 
tempting or  assaying.  Waterland. 

UN-AT-TEND'ED,  a.  No£  attended;  having  no 
attendants  ; unaccompanied  ; alone.  Dryden. 

UN-AT-TEND'ING,  a.  Not  attending.  Milton. 

f UN-AT-TEN'TIVE,  a.  Inattentive.  Taller . 

UN-AT-TEN'y-AT-ED,  a.  Not  attenuated.  Ash. 

UN-AT-TEST'^D,  a.  Not  attested  or  witnessed. 

UN-AT-TI RED'  (-tlrd '),  re.  Not  attired.  Ash. 

Ctn-AT-TRAcT'RD,  re.  Not  attracted  or  drawn. 

UN-AT-TRACT'I  VE,  re.  Not  attractive.  Ash. 

U-NAU',  n.  ( ZoOl .)  An  edentate  mammal  of  the 
hot  parts  of  South  America  ; the  two-toed  sloth  ; 
Chalocepus  didactylus.  Baird. 

tJN-AU'DlT-ED,  re.  Not  audited  ; unadjusted. 

IJN-AUG-MENT'JJD,  re.  Not  augmented.  Ash. 

trN-AU-SPl"CIOUS  (-splsh'us),  re.  Inauspicious; 
unlucky.  “ Unauspicious  rites.”  [n.]  Rowe. 


UN-AU-THEN'TIC,  re.  Not  authentic  or  genu- 
ine ; not  established  by  authority.  Warton. 

UN-AU-THEN'TI-CAL,  re.  Unauthentic.  TJdal. 
UN-Au-THEN'TI-CAT-5D,  re.  Not  authenticated. 
UN-AU-THOR'I-TA-TIVE,  re.  Not  authoritative. 
UN-AU-TH0R'!-TA-TIVE-LY,  ad.  Having  no 


^ ^ ^ ^ : * •*  * * ■ “ ) -*-n  

authority  ; without  credentials.  Clarke . 

UN-AU'THOR-IZED  (un-lw'tlior-Izd),  re.  Not  au- 
thorized ; not  supported  by  authority. 
UN-A-VAlL'A-BLE,  re.  Not  available.  Hooker. 

UN-A-VAlL'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
unavailable ; uselessness.  Sandys. 

UN-A-VAlL'A-BLY,  ad.  Not  availably. 

UN-A-VAlL'ING,  re.  Not  availing;  without  avail; 
ineffectual ; useless  ; vain.  Pope. 


UN-A-VAlL'ING-LY,  ad.  Without  any  avail. 

UN-A-VEN^E'A-BLE,  re.  That  may  not  be  avenged. 

UN-A-VEN(JED'  (un-j-venjd'),  re.  Not  avenged; 
unrevenged ; not  punished.  Milton. 

UN- A- VERT' £ D,  re.  Not  averted;  not  turned 

aside.  “ Unaverted  eyes.”  Shelley. 

t/'JVUj  VO'CE.  [L.]  With  one  voice;  unani- 
mously ; without  dissent. 

UN-A-VoId'A-BLE,  re.  That  cannot  be  avoided 
or  escaped  ; not  avoidable  ; inevitable  ; certain. 

It  is  unavoidable,  to  all  to  have  opinions  without  certain 
proofs  of  their  truth.  Locke. 

Syn. — Unavoidable  respects  things  which  a person 
cannot,  under  the  circumstances  of  the  case,  avoid  ; 
inevitable  respects  some  fixed  law  of  nature.  Decay 
and  death  are  inevitable ; bankruptcy  and  loss  may 
be  unavoidable.  — See  Necessary. 

UN-A-VOID'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
unavoidable ; inevitability.  Glam-ill. 

UN-A-VOID'A-BLY,  ad.  Inevitably.  Addison. 

UN-A-VOID'JpD,  re.  Not  avoided;  inevitable.  Shak. 

UN-A- VOUCHED'  (-voucht'),  re.  Not  avouched. 

UN-A-VOWED'  (-vouil'),  re.  Not  avowed.  Park. 

UN-A-WAKED'  (-wakt  ),  ) a-  Not  roused 

UN-A-WAk'ENED  (-wa'knd),  ’ from  sleep,  inac- 
tion, or  inertness  ; dormant.  Thomson. 

UN-A-wAk'EN-ING,  re.  Not  awakening.  Foster. 

UN-A-WArd'J3D,  re.  Not  awarded.  Ash. 

UN-A-wArE',  re.  Not  aware;  not  seeing,  ob- 
serving, or  heeding  ; not  having  caution  ; not 
expecting;  inattentive;  heedless.  “I  am  not 
unaware.  ’ ’ Swift. 

UN-A-wArE§',  ad.  When  not  thought  of ; when 
not  observed ; unexpectedly  ; suddenly.  Milton, 

We  put  the  evil  day  far  from  us;  and  ...  it  catches  us  un- 
awares, and  we  tremble  at  the  prospect.  Wake. 

M unawares,  unexpectedly;  suddenly.  “Let  de- 
struction come  upon  him  at  unawares.”  Ps.  xxxv.  8. 

UN-AWED'  (un-awd'),  re.  Unrestrained  by  awe. 

UN-BACKED'  (un-bakt'),  re.  1.  Not  taught  to  bear 
the  rider  ; not  mounted  ; not  tamed.  “ They 
flinch  like  unbacked  fillies.”  Dennis. 

2.  Not  moved  back  or  backwards.  Richardson. 

3.  Not  countenanced  nor  aided;  not  assisted 
nor  supported;  not  upheld  nor  encouraged. 


Let  the  weight  of  thine  own  infamy 

Fall  on  thee  unsupported  and  unbacked.  Daniel. 

UN-BAF'FLED  (-b&f-fld),  a.  Not  baffled.  Browne. 
UN-BAG',  v.  a.  To  let  out  of  a bag.  Ogilvie. 

UN-BAGGED'  (un-bagd'),  re.  Not  put  into  bags  ; 

not  bagged  : — ejected  from  a bag.  Ash. 

UN-BAlL'A-BLE,  re.  Not  bqilable.  Ash. 

UN-BAlLED'  (un-bald'),  re.  Not  bailed.  Ash. 

■UN-bAit'JJD,  re.  Not  baited.  Ash. 

UN-BAKED' (un-bakt'),  re.  Not  baked.  Shak. 

UN-BAl'ANCED  (un-bal'anst),  re.  1.  Not  being  in 
equipoise  ; not  balanced  ; not  poised. 

Let  earth  unbalanced  from  her  orbit  fly. 


Planets  and  suns  run  lawless  through  the  sky.  rope. 

2.  ( Com .)  Noting  an  inequality  of  debt  and 
credit ; unsettled  ; unadjusted  ; not  balanced  ; 
as,  “ Unbalanced  books  or  accounts.”  Roget. 
f UN-BAL'LAST,  re.  Unballasted.  Addison. 


UN-bAL'LAST,  v.  re.  (Naut.)  To  discharge,  un- 
load, or  free  from  ballast.  Leighton. 

UN-BAL'LAST-JJD,  re.  Not  having  ballast  to  give 
steadiness.  “ Unballasted  wits.  Milton.  “A 
light,  unballasted  vessel.”  Bp.  Hall. 

UN-BAn'DA9ED  (-b5n'd?jd),  re.  Not  bandaged. 

UN-BAND'ED,  re.  Not  banded,  tied,  or  fastened; 
not  having  a band  or  fastening.  Shak. 

UN-BANKED'  (un-b&nkt'),  re.  Not  banked.  Ash. 

UN-bAN'NJJRED  (-nerd),  re.  Not  having  banners. 

UN-BAP-TlZED' (-tlzd'),  re.  Not  baptized.  More. 

UN-BAP-TlZ'ING,  re.  Not  baptizing.  Coleridge. 

UN-BAR',  v.  a.  [i.  UNIiAIUtEI)  ; pp.  UNBARRING, 
unbarred.]  To  remove  the  bar  or  implement 
of  defence  or  security  from ; to  open  ; to  un- 
bolt. Derham. 

f UN-BARBED'  (un-barbd'),  a.  Not  sheared  or 
shaven:  — not  mown.  Shak.  Drayton. 

UN-BARK',  v.  a.  1.  To  disembark.  llackluyt. 

2.  To  strip  the  bark  from  ; to  bark.  Bacon. 

UN-BARKED'  (un-birkt'),  re.  Stripped  of  the 
bark  ; decorticated.  — See  Barked.  Bacon. 

UN-BAR'R?L,  v.  re.  To  take  out  of  a barrel.  Ash. 

UN-BAR-RI-CAdE',  v.  a.  To  throw  open.  Sterne. 

UN-BAR-RI-CA'd6ED  (-dod),  re.  Not  stopped  or 
blocked  up  ; not  obstructed  or  fortified.  Burke. 

f UN-BASE',  re.  Not  base,  low,  or  mean.  Daniel. 

CtN-BASH'FUL,  re.  Not  bashful  ; bold.  Shak. 

UN-BASH'FUL-LY, ad.  Without  timidity;  boldly. 

t UN-BAT'J£D,  re.  Not  repressed.  Shak. 

UN-BATHED'  (un-batlid'),  a.  Not  bathed  ; not 
wetted  ; not  moistened.  Beau.  § FI. 

UN-BAT'TIJRED  (un-bat'terd),  re.  Not  battered. 

f UN-BAy',  v.  re.  To  free  from  restraint.  Morris. 

UN-BeAr'A-BLE  (un-bir'a-bl),  re.  That  cannot  be 
borne  ; intolerable  ; insufferable.  Sidney. 

UN-BeAr'A-BLY,  ad.  Intolerably.  Ld. Brougham. 

UN-BEARD'IJD,  re.  Not  bearded;  beardless. 

UN-BeAr'ING,  re.  Not  bringing  forth  or  produ- 
cing ; sterile  ; barren.  Dryden. 

UN-BEAST',  v.  a.  To  divest  of  tlie  form  or  quali- 
ties of  a beast. 

Let  him  vnbeast  the  beast.  Sandys. 

UN-BEAT'EN  (un-be'tn),  re.  1.  Not  beaten. 

2.  Not  trodden  or  levelled.  Bacon. 

UN-BEAU'TIJ-OUS  (un-bu'te-us),  re.  Not  beauti- 
ful ; not  beauteous.  Hammond. 

UN-BEAU'TB-OUS-LY,  ad.  Unbeautifully. 

UN-BEAU'TI-FlED,  re.  Not  beautified.  Lamb. 

UN-BEAU'TI-FUL  (-bu'te-ful),  re.  Not  beautiful. 

UN-BEAU'TI-FUL-LY,  ad.  Not  beautifully. 

UN-BIJ-CLOUD'JJD,  a.  Not  obscured  or  dimmed  ; 
seeing  clearly.  “ Unbeclouded  eyes.”  Watts. 

f UN-BJJ-COME'  (un-be-kum'),  v.  a.  To  misbe- 
come ; to  be  unsuitable  to.  Sherlock. 

UN-BfJ-COM'ING  (-kum'jng),  re.  Not  becoming; 
improper  ; indecent;  unsuitable  ; indecorous. 

Syn.  — See  Indecent. 

UN-BIJ-COM'ING-LY,  ad.  In  an  unsuitable  or 
improper  manner.  Barrow. 

UN-Bp-COM'ING-NESS,  n.  Indecency.  Locke. 

j-  UN-BED',  v.  a.  To  raise  from  a bed  ; to  move 
out  of  bed.  “ Eels  unbed  themselves.”  Walton. 

UN-Bf-DAUBED'  (-dSiwbd'),  re.  Not  bedaubed.  Ash. 

UN-BED'DpD,  re.  Removed  from  a bed; — not 
bedded  or  stratified. 

UN-BE-DECKED'  (-dekt'),  re.  Not  bedecked.  Ash. 

f UN-BEEN'  (-bln'), p.  re.  Not  having  existed. More. 

UN-BE-FIT'TING,  re.  Not  becoming  ; not  fit. 

UN-Bp-FOOL',  v.  a.  To  restore  from  the  state  or 
condition  of  a fool.  South. 

UN-BIJ-FRIEND'ED,  re.  Not  befriended. 


JMIEN,  SIR; 


MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — (j, 


*?>  soft > C>  i>  §>  hard;  § as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


UNBEGET 


1568 


UNBOX 


t UN-Bjl-GET',  v.  re.  To  deprive  of  existence. 

I ’ll  raise  ’em  to  a regiment,  and  then  command  ’em; 
■When  they  turn  disobedient,  unbeget  ’em.  Beau,  (f  FI. 

tJN-B^-elN'NING.a.  Not  beginning.  Montgomery. 

UN-BIJ-GOT',  Not  begotten  ; not 

UN-Bp-GOT'TEN  (-got'tn),  ) born  ; having  always 
been  ungenerated  ; eternal.  “ The  eternal,  un- 
begotten, and  immutable  God.”  Stillingjleet. 
ON-Bp-GUlLE'  (un-be-gll'),  v.  a.  \t.  UNBEGUILED  ; 
pp.  unbeguiling,  unbeguiled.]  To  free  from 
deception,  from  wily  or  false  allurements  or 
persuasion  ; to  undeceive.  Walton. 

UN-B(1-GUN',  a.  Not  begun  or  commenced, 
UN-Bp-lIELD',  a.  Not  beheld;  unseen.  Milton. 
f UN-Bp-HOVE'LY,  ad.  Unseemly.  Gower. 
•+  UN-BE'ING,  a.  Not  existing.  Browne. 

UN-B^-KNOWN',  a.  Unknown.  Ogilvie. 

UN-BP-GIEF'  (un-be-lef),  n.  [A.  S.  ungeleafa.'] 

1 A want  of  belief ; incredulity. 

Such  an  universal  acquaintance  with  things  will  keep  you 
from  all  excess  of  credulity  and  unbelief.  Watts. 

2 Scepticism  ; infidelity  ; disbelief. 

An  evil  heart  of  unbelief.  Heb.  iii.  12. 

UN-BE-LIEV'A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  believed  ; 
incredible,  [it.]  Udal. 

f UN-Bp-LIEVE',  v.  a.  To  discredit;  to  disbe- 
lieve ; to  think  untrue. 

UN-BE-LIEVED'  (-levd'),  p.  a.  Not  believed. 

UN-BIJ-LIEV'ER,  n.  One  who  does  not  believe; 
— particularly  one  who  does  not  believe  the  Holy 
Scriptures  ; an  infidel ; a sceptic  ; a disbeliever. 

Atheists  and  unbelievers  of  all  sorts.  Clarke. 

Syn.  — See  Infidel. 

f UN-Bjp-LIEVE'FUL-NESS,  n.  Unbelief. 

The  father  of  the  child  . . . said.  Lord,  I believe;  help  thou 
mine  unbelievefulness.  Mark  ix,  23,  Wickliffc's  Trans. 

UN-B^-LIEV'ING,  a.  Not  believing ; infidel. 

UN-BJJ-LIEV'ING-LY,  ad.  In  an  unbelieving 
manner ; incredulously.  Clarke. 

UN-BE-LIEV'JNG-NESS,  n.  The  want  of  belief. 
UN-BlJ-LdVED'  (-luvd'),o.  Not  beloved.  Dryden. 
(jN-BELT'jgD,  a.  Not  belted;  ungirded.  Byron. 
UN-Bp«MOANED'  (-mond'),  a.  Not  bemoaned. 

UN- BEND',  V.  a.  [l.  UNBENT  ; pp.  UNBENDING, 

UNBENT.] 

1.  To  turn  into  a direct  or  straight  line ; to 
free  from  flexure  ; to  make  straight.  Bp.  Taylor. 

2.  To  give  relaxation  to;  to  relax  ; to  remit. 
Thus  when  old  Cato  would  sometimes  unbend 

The  rugged  stiffness  of  his  mind.  Congreve. 

3.  ( Naut .)  To  cast  off  or  untie.  Dana. 

t/N-BEND'ING,  a.  1.  That  unbends.  Congreve. 

2.  Not  bending ; inflexible  ; stiff. 

The  short,  unbending  neck  of  the  elephant.  Paley . 

3.  Devoted  to  relaxation  or  amusement. 

I hope  it  may  entertain  your  lordship  at  an  unbending 
hour.  Rowe. 

tlN-BEN'JJ-FICED,  a.  Not  having  a benefice. 
UN-BEN-E-FI''CIAL  (-f Ish'jl),  a.  Not  beneficial. 
UN-BEN'JJ-FIT-JJD,  a.  Not  benefited.  Knox. 
UN-BJjJ-NEV'O-LENT,  a.  Not  benevolent. 

UN-BJJ-NEV'O-LENT-LY,  ad.  In  a manner  show- 
ing a want  of  benevolence.  Clarke. 

UN-BIJ-NlGHT'IJD  (-nlt'ed),  re.  Not  benighted. 
UN-Bp-NIGN'  (-nln'),  re.  Not  benign.  Milton. 

UN-BENT',  re.  1.  Not  bent  or  curved;  not 
strained ; unstrung.  “ An  unbent  bow.”  Donne.. 

2.  Not  crushed;  not  subdued,  [it.] 

But  thou,  secure  of  soul,  unbent  with  woes.  Dryden. 

3.  Relaxed  ; not  intent,  [r.]  • 

But  let  thy  thoughts  be  easy  and  unbent.  Denham. 

trN-B5-&UEATHED'  (un-be-kwethd'),  re.  Not  be- 
queathed ; not  given  by  legacy,  [r.]  Ash. 

tJN-BE-REFT',  a.  Not  bereft.  Sandys. 

UN-BIJ-SEEM',  v.a.  To  make  false  ; to  belie. Gower. 
Ah!  mayst  thou  ever  be  what  now  thou  art, 

Nor  unbeseem  the  promise  of  thy  spring.  Jitjron. 

UN-BIJ-SEEM'ING,  a.  Unbecoming.  Thomson. 


UN-Bp-SEEM'ING-LY,  ad.  Not  beseemingly. 

ON-BE-SEEM'ING-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  unbe- 
seeming ; unbecomingness  ; indecency.  Bp.  Hall. 

UN-BU-SET',  re.  Not  beset ; not  besieged.  Ash. 

UN-BE-SOUGHT'  (-skwt'),  re.  Not  besought;  not 
sought  by  entreaty  ; not  entreated.  Milton. 

UN-Bp-SPO'KEN  (un-be-spo'kn),  re.  Not  asked 
beforehand  ; not  bespoken.  Dryden. 

UN-B£-ST6WED'  (-stod'),  re.  Not  bestowed  or 
given.  “ One  daughter  unbestowed.”  Bacon. 

UN-BfJ-STARRED'  (-stdrd'),  re.  Not  starred.  Clarke. 

f UN-Bfl-Tl'DEN,  re.  Not  come  to  pass.  Chaucer. 

UN-B^-TRAYED'  (-trad'),  re.  Not  betrayed.  Daniel. 

UN-BIJ-TROTHED'  (-trothd'),  re.  Not  betrothed. 

UN-BE-WAILED'  (-wald'),  a.  Not  bewailed. 

f UN-BIJ-wArE',  ad.  Unaware.  Bale. 

UN- Bp- WITCH',  v.  re.  To  free  from  fascination, 
deception,  or  delusion  ; to  disenchant.  South. 

II  UN-BI'AS,  V.  re.  [U  UNBIASSED  or  unbiased; 
pp.  unbiassing  or  unbiasing,  unbiassed  or 
unbiased.]  To  free  from  bias ; to  separate  or 
disentangle  from  prejudice.  — See  Bias. 

Where ’s  the  man  who  counsel  can  bestow 
Unbiassed  or  by  favor  or  by  spite.  Poi)e. 

||  UN-BI'ASSED  (-bi'ast),  re.  Having  no  bias  or 
prejudice.  “ Unbiassed  minds.”  Atterbury. 

||  UN-BI'ASSED-LY,  ad.  Without  bias.  Locke. 

II  UN-BI'ASSED-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  un- 
biassed ; freedom  from  bias.  Hall. 

UN-B]D  , £ re.  1.  Not'  bid  or  bidden; 

UN-BID'DEN  (-dn),  > uninvited.  Shah. 

2.  Uncommanded ; spontaneous. 

Thorns  also  and  thistles  it  shall  bring  thee  forth 
Unbid.  Milton. 


f UN-BlDE',  v.  n.  Not  to  stay  or  remain.  Chaucer. 

UN-BIG'OT-IJD,  re.  Free  from  bigotry.  Spectator. 

UN-BIND',  v.  re.  [i.  unbound  ; pp.  unbinding, 
unbound.]  To  remove  a band  or  tie  from  ; to 
loose  ; to  untie  ; to  set  at  liberty. 

Unbind  your  fillets,  loose  your  flowing  hair.  Dryden. 

0N-BI-O-GRApH'J-CAL,  re.  Not  biographical. 

UN-BISII'OP,  v.  re.  To  deprive  of  episcopal  or- 
ders ; to  divest  of  the  rank  of  bishop.  South. 

UN-BIT',  ) a.  Not  bit;  not  bitten. 

UN-BlT'TEN  (-blt'tn),  ) Young. 

UN-BIT',  V.  re.  [».  UNBITTED  ; pp.  UNBITTINO, 
UNBITTED.] 

1.  To  remove  the  bit  from. 

2.  (Naut.)  To  uncoil  or  remove  from  the  bits, 

as  the  turns  of  the  cable.  Mar.  Diet. 


UN-BlT'TBD,  re.  Not  bitted;  unbridled. 
UN-BLAM'A-BLE,  re.  Not  blamable.  Bacon. 

UN-BLA5I' A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
unblamable.  “ Unblamablcncss  of  life.”  South. 


UN-BLAM'A-BLY,  ad.  Without  blame  or  fault. 
UN-BLAMED'  (-blamd'),  re.  Not  blamed.  Milton. 
UN-BLAST'JJD,  a.  Not  blasted.  Peacham. 

UN- BL  A 'ZONED  (-bla'znd),  a.  Not  blazoned.  Ash. 
UN- BLEACH  ED'  (-blecht'),  re.  Not  bleached.  Cyc. 
UN-BLEACII'ING,  re.  Not  whitening,  Byron. 
UN-BLEED'ING,  re.  Not  emitting  blood.  Daniel. 

UN-BLEM'ISH-A-BLE,  re.  Not  capable  of  being 
blemished  or  tarnished.  Milton. 


UN-BLEM'JSHED  (-blem'jsht),  re.  Not  blemished  ; 
free  from  blemish ; spotless;  pure.  Waller. 

UN-BLEM'ISII-lNG,  re.  Causing  no  blemish. 

f UN-BLENCHED'  (-blSncht'),  re.  Not  blenched; 
not  obstructed  ; unblinded.  Milton. 

UN-BLENCII'ING,  re.  Not  blenching.  Smart. 

UN-BLEND'JJD,  a.  Not  blended  or  mixed.  Knox. 
UN-BLESSED',  re.  Not  blessed;  unhappy. 

UN-BLESS'ED-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  un- 
blessed; exemption  from  bliss.  Udal. 


UNyBLEST’,  re.  Not  blest;  unhappy;  accursed. 


UN-BLIGHT'f,D  (-blst'ed),  re.  Not  blighted;  not 
blasted.  “ Happiness  unblighted.”  Cowper. 

UN-BLIGHT'ED-LY,  ad.  Without  being  blighted. 

UN-BLIND'FOLD,  re.  Not  blindfolded.  Spenser. 

UN-BLISS'FUL,  a.  Not  blissful.  Wickliffe. 

UN-BLOCK-AD'pD,  re.  Not  blockaded.  Wright. 

UN-BLOODED,  a.  Not  marked  or  distinguished 
with  improved  blood,  as  an  animal.  J.  N.  Brown. 

UN-BLOOD'JED,  re.  Not  stained  with  blood. 

UN-BLOOD'y  (un-blud'e),  re.  Not  bloody;  not 
shedding  blood ; not  stained  with  blood.  Dryden. 

UN-BLOS'SOM-lNG,  re.  Not  flowering.  Evelyn. 

UN-BLOT'T|JD,  a.  Not  blotted.  Ash. 

UN-BLOWN'  (-Won'),  re.  1.  Not  blossomed  or 
expanded.  “ My  unblown  flowers.”  Shak. 

2.  Not  inflamed  or  raised  by  wind.  Satulys. 

UN-BLUNT'JPD,  re.  Not  blunted.  Cowley. 

UN-BLUSH'ING,  re.  Not  blushing;  shameless. 

UN-BLUSH 'ING-Ly,  ad.  Without  shame.  Knox. 

tTN-BOAST'JjlD,  re.  Not  boasted.  Scott. 

UN-BOAST'FUL,  re.  Not  boastful  or  vaunting; 
unostentatious  ; modest;  unassuming. Thomson. 

UN-BOAST'FUL-Ly,  ad.  Not  boastfully. 

UN-BOD'IED  (-bod'jd),  re.  Having  nobody;  dis- 
embodied ; incorporeal ; immaterial.  More. 

f UN-BOD'Y,  v.  n.  To  leave  the  body.  Chaucer. 

UN-BOILED'  (un-bblld'),  a.  Not  boiled.  Bacon. 

UN-BOLT',  v.  a.  [i.  unbolted  ; pp.  unbolting, 
unbolted.]  To  remove  or  draw  the  bolt  or 
bolts  from ; to  unbar.  “ Unbolt  the  gates.”  Shak. 

UN-BOLT' JJD,  re.  Not  bolted.  Shak. 

UN-BONED',  re.  Not  boned;  freed  from  bones. 

Milton. 

UN-BO  N'NfjiT,  v.  n.  To  remove  or  take  oft'  the 
bonnet.  Scott. 

UN-BON'NET-IJD , p.  a.  With  no  bonnet  on.  Shak. 


UN-BOOK'JSH  (-buk'jsh),  re.  Not  studious  of,  or 


addicted  to,  books  ; not  bookish.  Milton. 

UN-BOOT',  v.  a.  [i.  unbooted  ; pp.  unbooting, 
unbooted.]  To  divest  of  boots.  Butler. 

f tJN-BORE',  re.  Unborn.  Gower. 

UN-BORN',  re.  Not  born  ; future.  Milton. 

UN-BOR'ROWED  (un-bor'rowd),  re.  Not  bor- 
rowed ; native ; genuine  ; original.  Dryden. 


UN-BO§'OM  (-buz'om),  V.  a.  [i.  UNBOSOMED  ; pp. 
unbosoming,  unbosomed.]  To  reveal  in  con- 
fidence ; to  divulge  ; to  open  ; to  disclose.  Milton. 

UN-BOT'TOMED  (un-bot'tumd),  re.  Not  bottomed  ; 
having  no  bottom  ; bottomless ; fathomless. 

Milton. 

UN-BOUGHT'  (un-bavvt'),  re.  Not  bought;  ob- 
tained without  money;  unpurchased. 

UN-BOUND',  re.  1.  Not  bound;  loose.  Dryden. 

2.  Without  a cover,  as  a book.  Locke. 

UN-BOUND',  i.  & p.  from  unbind.  — See  Unbind. 

UN-BOUND'piJ,  re.  Not  bounded;  boundless; 
vast ; endless ; infinite  ; interminable ; unlimited. 

UN- BOUND' 1*1  D-Ly,  ad.  Without  bounds  ; with- 
out limits  ; unlimitedly.  Byron. 

UN- BOUND '(1D-NESS,  n.  Freedom  or  exemption 
from  bounds  or  limits.  Cheyne. 

UN-BOUN'T(l-OUS,  re.  Not  bounteous  or  munifi- 
cent ; illiberal ; not  generous.  Milton. 

f UN-BoW',  v.  a.  To  unbend.  Fuller. 

IJN-BOWED'  (-bod'),  p.  re.  Not  bent.  Shak. 

UN-BOW'JJL,  v.  re.  [i.  unbovvelled  ; pp.  un- 
bowellino,  unbowelled.]  To  disembowel  ; 
to  exenterate  ; to  eviscerate.  Hakewill. 

UN-BoW'ING,  re.  Not  bending.  Wickliffe. 

UN-BOX',  V.  re.  [i.  UNBOXED  ; pp.  UNBOXING, 
unboxed.]  To  take  out  of  a box.  Ash. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  !,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  1?,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


UNBOY 


15G9 


UNCERTAINLY 


f UN-BOY,  v.  a.  To  raise  above  boyhood  ; to  free 
from  boyish  habits.  Clarendon. 

UN-BRACE',  v.  a.  [*.  unbraced;  pp.  unbrac- 
ing, unbraced.]  To  loose  the  braces  of;  to 
loosen  ; to  remit ; to  relax.  Beau.  $ FI. 

UN-BRACE',  v.  n.  To  grow  flaccid,  as  skin  ; to 
relax  ; to  hang  loose.  Dryden. 

UN-BRACED'  (-brast'),  a.  Not  braced;  unbound. 

UN-BRAID',  v.  a.  [i.  unbraided  ; pp.  unbraid- 
ing, unbraided.]  To  separate  the  strands  of, 
as  of  a braid  ; to  unweave  ; to  un wreathe.  Ash. 

UN-BRAID'ED,  a.  Not  braided  or  wreathed.  Shak. 

UN-BRAINED'  (un-brand'),  a.  Not  brained:  — 
not  deprived  of  brains.  Beau.  § FI. 

UN-BRANCHED'  (-br&ncht'),  a.  Not  branched. 

UN-BRANCH'{NG,  a.  Not  branching.  Goldsmith. 

UN-BRAND’f.D,  a.  Not  branded.  Milton. 

UN-BREAk'A-BLE,  a.  Not  to  be  broken. Grattan. 

f UN-BREAST',  v.  a.  To  lay  open.  P.  Fletcher. 

UN-BREATH' A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  breathed  ; 
not  respirable,  [r.]  Butler. 

UN-BREATHED'  (-bretftd'),  a.  Not  breathed  : — 
not  exercised ; not  used  or  employed.  Shak. 

UN-BREATH 'ING,  a.  Not  breathing  ; inani- 
mate. “ Unbreathing  stones.”  Shak. 

UN-BRED',  a.  Not  well  bred  ; not  well  trained 
in  manners  ; not  educated  ; ill-bred.  Locke. 

trN-BREECH'  (un-brich'),  v.  a.  1.  To  take  off  the 
breeches  of ; to  divest  of  breeches.  Shak. 

2.  To  free  the  breech  of  from  its  fastenings, 
as  a cannon.  Beau.  Sj  FI. 

UN-BREECHED'  (-brlclit'),  p.  a.  1.  Having  no 
breeches  on.  “ Myself  unbreeched.”  Shak. 

2.  Loosed  from  the  breechings,  as  a cannon. 
— See  Breeching.  Pennant. 

UN-BREWED'  (-brud'),  a.  Not  brewed  or  mixed. 

UN-BRIB' A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  bribed.  “ Im- 
partial and  unbribable.”  Feltham. 

UN-BRIBED'  (-brlbd'),  a.  Not  bribed;  not  in- 
duced or  influenced  by  money  or  gifts.  Thomson. 

UN-BRID£ED'  (un-brij(l'),  a.  Not  furnished  or 
crowned  with,  a bridge.  Wordsworth. 

UN-BRl'DLE,  v.  a.  To  free  from  the  bridle.  Smart. 

UN-BRl'DLED  (un-brl'dld),  a.  1.  Having  the 
bridle  removed  ; having  no  bridle  ; free. 

2.  Not  restrained  ; licentious;  lax.  Milton. 

UN-BRI'DLED-NESS  (-brl'dld-nes),  n.  Licentious- 
ness ; ungovernableness.  Leighton. 

UN-BRIGHT'ENED  (-brl'tnd),  a.  Not  brightened. 

UN-BROACHED'  (-brocht'),  a.  Not  broached  or 
tapped,  as  a cask  ; not  opened.  Young. 

f UN-BROID',  a.  Unbraided.  Chaucer. 

UN-BROILED'  (un-broTld'),  a.  Not  broiled,  burned, 
or  scorched  ; uncooked.  Beau.  8;  FI. 

t UN-BROKE',  a.  Unbroken.  Shak. 

tJN-BRO'KEN  (-bro'kn),  a.  Not  broken,  violated, 
subdued,  or  interrupted. 

UN- BROOK' A-BLE  (un-biuk'a-bl),  a.  Not  to  be 
brooked ; insufferable.  Hogg. 

UN-BROTH'^R— LIKE,  a.  Unbrotherly. 

UN-BROTH'gR-LY,  a.  Not  brotherly.  Bacon. 

UN-BROUGHT'  (-brSuvt),  a.  Not  brought.  Daniel. 

UN-BRUI§ED'  (-biuzd'),  a.  Not  bruised.  Paley. 

UN-BRUSHED'  (-brusht'),  a.  Not  brushed.  Ash. 

UN-BUC'KLE  (un-buk'kl),  V.  a.  \i.  UNBUCKLED  ; 
pp.  UNBUCKLING,  UNBUCKLED.]  To  loose  fl'Om 

the  buckle  or  buckles  ; to  unfasten.  Shak. 

tiN-BUILD'  (un-blld'),  v.  a.  To  raze;  to  destroy; 
to  demolish.  “ To  unbuild  the  city.”  Shak. 

UN-BUILT'  (un-bilt'),  a.  Not  yet  built.  Dryden. 

UN-BUNG',  v.  a.  To  take  out  the  bung  of.  Ash. 

UN-BUOYED',  a.  Not  buoyed  up.  Ed.  Rev. 

UN-BUR'DEN  (un-biir'dn),  V.  a.  [z.  UNBURDENED  ; 
pp.  UNBURDENING,  UNBURDENED.] 


1.  To  free  from  burden  ; to  rid  of  a load.  Shak. 

2.  To  remove  or  throw  off,  as  a load.  Shak. 

UN-BUR'DEN-SOME,  a.  Not  burdensome  ; not 
onerous  ; easily  borne.  Coleridge. 

UN-BUR'IED  (un-ber'rjd),  a.  Not  buried  or  in- 
terred ; not  covered.  Beau.  Sj  FI. 

UN-BURNED'  (un-burnd'),  a.  Not  burnt.  Bacon. 

UN-BURN'ING,  a.  Not  burning.  Digby. 

UN-BUR'NJSHED  (un-bUr'njsht),  a.  Not  bur- 
nished ; not  polished.  Ash. 

UN-BURNT',  a.  Not  burnt.  Bacon. 

UN-BUR'THEN  (un-bUr'thn),  v.  a.  To  unburden. 

UN-BUR'Y  (-ber're),  v.  a.  To  disinter.  N.M.  Mag. 

UN-BU§'IED  (un-biz'zjd),  a.  Not  busied  or  em- 
ployed ; not  fully  occupied  ; idle.  Rainboiv. 

UNBUSINESS-LlKE  (un-blz'nes-lik),  a.  Not  busi- 
ness-like ; not  practical ; careless.  Ed.  Rev. 

UN-BUS'KINED  (un-bus'kjnd),  a.  Not  wearing, 
or  dressed  in,  buskins.  Ash. 

UNBUSY  (un-biz'e),  a.  Not  busy  ; idle.  Coleridge. 

UN-BUT'TRRED  (-but'terd),  a.  Not  buttered.  Ash. 

UN-BUT'TON  (-but'tn),  v.  a.  [i.  unbuttoned  ; pp. 
UNBUTTONING,  UNBUTTONED.]  To  loose  from 
being  fastened  by  a button  or  buttons.  Harvey. 

UN-BUX'OM,  a.  Not  buxom  or  lively.  Gower. 

UN-BUX'OM-LY,  ad.  Not  buxomly.  Gower. 

UN-BUX'OM-NESS,  n.  A want  of  buxomness. 

UN-CA'BLED,  a.  Not  fastened  or  secured  by  a 
cable.  “ Ships  . . . uncabled.”  Cotcper. 

UN-CApE',  v.  a.  To  loose  from  a cage.  Smart. 

UN-CAyED'  (un-kajd'),  a.  Loosed  from  a cage; 
released.  “ The  uncaged  soul.”  Fanshaw. 

UN-CAL'CTNED  (-sjnd),  a.  Not  calcined.  Boyle. 

UN-CAl'CU-lAt-ED,  a.  Not  calculated.  Smith. 

UN-CAL'Cy-LAT-ING,  a.  Not  calculating. 

UN-CAl'CU-LAT-ING-LY,  ad.  Without  calcu- 
lating or  making  calculation. 

UN-CALLED'  (un-k&wld'),  at.  Not  called  or  sum- 
moned ; not  invoked  or  named.  Bp.  Hall. 

f UN-CALM'  (un-k'im'),  v.  a.  To  disturb.  Dryden. 

UN-CALM',  a.  Not  calm  ; uneasy.  Moore. 

UN-CA-LUM'NI-AT-]5D,  a.  Not  calumniated.  Ash. 

UN-cAmp',  v.  a.  To  dislodge  from  the  envoy. Milton. 

UN-C AN 'C1JL-L A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  can- 
celled or  erased.  Clarke. 

UN-gAN'CRLLED  (-seld),  a.  Not  cancelled;  not 
erased  ; not  annulled  or  made  void.  Hooker. 

UN-CAN'DID,  a.  Not  candid.  Bp.  Horsley. 

UN-CAN'DID-LY,  ad.  In  an  uncandid  manner. 

UN-CAN'NY,  a.  Not  canny  ; not  safe  ; not  neat. 
[Scotland.]  — See  Canny.  Jamieson. 

UN-CA-NON'I-CAL,  a.  Not  canonical.  Bp.  Taylor. 

UN-CA-NON'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  Not  canonically. 

UN-CA-NON'J-CAL-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the 
quality  of  being  uncanonical.  Bp.  Lloyd. 

UN-CAn'ON-IZE,  v.  a.  To  deprive  of  canonical 
rank  or  authority,  or  of  the  rank  of  a canon.  Cl. 

UN-CAn'ON-IZED  (-Izd),  p.  a.  Not  canonized; 
not  enrolled  among  saints.  Atterbury . 

UN-CAN'O-PIED  (un-kan'o-pjd),  a.  Having  no 
canopy  ; uncovered ; unprotected.  Browne. 

UN-cAn'VASSED  (-kan'v?st),  a.  Not  canvassed. 

UN-oAp',  v.  a.  To  remove  the  cap  from.  Smart. 

f UN-CA'PA-BLE,  a.  Incapable.  Bp.  Hall. 

UN-cApe',  v.  a.  or  n.  To  take  out  of  the  bag, 
as  a fox  ; to  unbag.  Steevens.  — To  dig  out  the 
fox  when  earthed.  Warburton. — To  throw  off 
the  dogs,  or  to  begin  the  hunt.  Nares. 

Ilere  be  my  keys;  ascend  my  chambers;  search,  seek,  find 
out.  I ’ll  warant  we  ’ll  unkennel  the  fox  [Falstaff  ].  — Let  me 
stop  this  way  first.  So,  now  uncapc.  Shak. 

I “ The  explanations  are  various.”  Narcs. 


UN-CAPPED'  (un-k&pt'),  a.  Not  capped.  Ash. 

UN-UAP'TIOUS,  a.  Not  captious.  Feltham. 

UN-cAp'TI-vAt-^D,  a.  Not  captivated. 

UN-CARD’JpD,  a.  Not  carded;  not  combed.  Ash. 

UN-cARED'  (-kird'),  a.  Not  cared;  — with  for. 
Left . . - their  people’s  ghostly  condition  uncared  for.  Ilooker. 

UN-cARE'FUL,  a.  Not  careful;  careless. 

UN-CA-RESSED'  (un-kfi-rest'),  a.  Not  caressed 
or  treated  with  affection.  Wordsworth. 

f UN-cAr'NATE,  a.  Not  fleshly.  Browne. 

UN-CAR'PJJT-RD,  a.  Not  covered  with  a carpet. 

UN-CARVED'  (un-k&rvd'),  a.  Not  carved.  Ash. 

UN-CASE',  v.  a.  [z.  UNCASED  ; pp.  UNCASING, 
UNCASED.] 

1.  To  disengage  from  a case.  Shak. 

2.  To  strip  ; to  flay.  L’  Estrange. 

3.  (Mil.)  To  display  or  exhibit,  as  the  colors 

of  a regiment.  Stocqueler. 

UN-cAst',  a.  Not  cast  or  thrown.  Surrey. 

UN-cAs'TJJLLED  (un-kis'teld),  a.  Not  castled; 
without,  or  deprived  of,  the  appearances  or 
appurtenances  of  a castle.  Fuller. 

UN-cAs'TRAT-IJD,  a.  Not  castrated.  Clarke. 

UN-cAT'JJ-£Hi§ED  (-kizd),  a.  Not  catechised. 

UN-CAUGHT'  (-kSiwt'),  a.  Not  caught.  Gay. 

f UN-CAU'P0-NAT-£D,  a.  Not  sold  at  a tavern. 
“ Uncauponated  beer.”  Smart. 

UN-CAU§ED'  (un-kawzd'),  a.  Having  no  cause. 

f UN-CAU'TjE-LOUS,  a.  Incautious.  Hales. 

UN-CAU'Tjf  R-IZED  (-Izd),  a.  Not  cauterized.  Ash. 

UN-cAU'TIOUS  (un-k&w'shus),  a.  Not  cautious; 
not  wary  ; heedless  ; incautious.  Waterlancl. 

UN-cAU'TIOUS-LY,  ad.  Without  caution. 

f UNCE,  n.  [L.  uncus,  a hook.]  A claw.  Ileywood. 

fUNCE,  n.  An  ounce.  Wickliffe.  Chaucer. 

UN-CEAS'ING,  a.  Not  ceasing;  perpetual;  con- 
stant ; continual.  Johnson. 

UN-CEA6'ING-LY,  ad.  Without  cessation  ; con- 
stantly ; always  ; continually.  Richardson. 

UN-CED'JpD,  a.  Not  ceded.  Craig. 

UN-CEL'Ij-BRAT-ED,  a.  Not  celebrated.  Milton. 

UN-CIJ-LEST'IAL  (-lest'y?l),  a.  Not  celestial  or 
heavenly.  “ Uncelestial  discord.”  Young. 

UN-CJJ-MENT'fiD,  a.  Not  cemented.  Ash. 

UN-CENS'UR-A-BLE  (un-sen'shur-a-bl),  a.  Not 
worthy  of  censure  ; not  blamable.  Ash. 

UN-CENS'URED  (un-sen'shurd),  a.  Not  censured. 

UN-CER-^-MO'NI-AL,  a.  Not  ceremonial. 

UN-CER-5-MO'NI-OUS,  a.  Not  ceremonious. 

UN-CER-Il-MO'NI-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  an  uncere- 
monious manner ; without  ceremony.  Qu.  Rev. 

tjN-CER'TAIN  (un-ser'tjn),  a.  [L.  incertus ; in, 
not,  and  certus,  certain ; It.  incerto ; Sp.  incier- 
to  ; Fr.  incertain .] 

1.  Not  certain;  not  certainly  known  ; doubt- 
ful ; dubious ; equivocal ; ambiguous. 

That  sacred  pile,  so  vast,  so  high, 

That  whether ’t  is  a part  of  earth  or  sky, 

Uncertain  seems.  Denham. 

2.  Not  having  certain  knowledge  ; not  sure. 

Man,  without  the  protection  of  a superior  being,  is  secure 
of  nothing  that  he  enjoys,  and  uncertain  of  every  thing  he 
hopes  for.  Tillotson. 

3.  Not  sure  in  effect ; not  to  be  relied  on  ; in- 
secure ; precarious ; problematical. 

Or  whistling  slings  dismissed  the  uncertain  stone.  Gay. 

4.  Not  firmly  or  steadily  fixed;  not  settled; 
unsettled.  “ Uncertain  as  the  sea.”  Beau.  <S;  FI. 

As  the  form  of  our  public  service  is  not  voluntary,  so 
neither  are  the  parts  thereof  uncertain.  Ilooker. 

Syn.—  See  Ambiguous,  Doubtful. 

f UN-CiiR'TAINED  (un-ser'tind),  p.  a.  Made  un- 
certain. 

The  diversity  of  seasons  are  not  so  uncertained  by  the  sun 
and  moon  aloue.  lialeiyh. 

UN-CER'TAJN-LY,  ad.  Not  certainly.  Locke. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — C, 

197 


(?>  C,  G,  £,  I,  hard;  § as  z;  Y as  £z- — THIS,  this. 


UNCERTAINTY 


1570 


UNCLERKLIKE 


UN-CER'TAIN-TY,  n.  1.  State  of  being  uncer- 
tain ; want  of  certainty  ; dubiousness  ; doubt. 
Ami  if  uncertain  thy  pretensions  be. 

Stay  till  tit  time  wear  out  uncertainty.  Denham. 

2.  Something  uncertain,  unknown,  not  de- 
termined, settled,  or  established ; contingency. 

Our  shepherd’s  case  is  every  man’s  case,  that  quits  a moral 
certainty  for  an  uncertainty.  L' Estrange. 

Syn.  — See  Doubt. 

UN-CJJR-TIF'I-CAT-IJD,  a.  Not  having  a certifi- 
cate. [it.]  Ed.  Rev. 

UN-CER'TI-FlED  (-ser'te-fid),  a.  Not  certified.As/t. 

t UN-CES'SANT,  a.  Incessant.  More. 

f UN-CES'SANT-LY,  ad.  Incessantly.  Smith. 

On-chafed'  (un-chaft'),  a.  Not  chafed.  Ash. 

UN-CHAIN'  (un-chan'),  V.  a.  [*.  UNCHAINED  ; 
pp.  unchaining,  unchained.]  To  free  from 
chains  ; to  unloose  the  chains  from.  Prior. 

UN-CHALKED'  (-chftwkt'),  a.  Not  chalked.  Ash. 

UN-CHAL'LpN^E-A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be 
challenged.  Gray. 

UN-CHAL'Lf:N9E-A-BLY,  ad.  So  as  not  to  be 
challenged.  Clarke. 

UN-CHAL'LflN^ED  (-lenjd),  a.  Not  challenged. 

UN-CHAN9E'A-BLE,  a.  Not  changeable.  More. 

UN-CHAnGE'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
unchangeable ; immutability.  Neicton. 

UN-CHANGE'A-BLY,  ad.  Immutably  ; without 
change  ; so  as  not  to  be  changed.  South. 

UN-CHANGED'  (un-clianjd'),  a.  Not  changed. 

UN-CHANG'ING,  a.  Suffering  no  alteration.  Shak. 

UN-CHAN9'!NG-LY,  ad.  In  an  unchanging  man- 
ner ; without  alteration  ; unalterably.  Moore. 

UN-CHAN'NpLLED  (un-chan'neld),  a.  Not  cut  in- 
to channels  ; not  having  channels.  Ash. 

UN-CIiAnt'IJD,  a.  Not  chanted  or  sung.  Ash. 

UN-GHAr-AC-TGR-Is'TIC,  £ a.  Not  charac- 

UN-CHAR-AC-T?R-IS'TI-CAL,  ) teristic;  unsuit- 
able to,  or  not  showing,  the  character.  Bentham. 

UN-jCHAR-AC-TpR-iS'TI-CAL-LY,  ad.  Not  char- 
acteristically. Bentham. 

UN-jCHAr'AC-T£R-Ized  (-izd),  a.  Not  charac- 
terized ; hot  distinguished  by  a mark.  Ash. 

UN-CHARGE',  v.  a.  1.  To  free  from  a charge  or 
accusation.  Shak. 

2.  To  remove  the  cargo  or  lading  of.  Wickliffe. 

3.  To  withdraw ; to  retract.  Shak. 

UN-CHARGED'  (un-chirjd'),  a.  Not  charged. 

UN-CHAr'I-OT,  v.  a.  To  throw  out  of  a chariot. 
“ Unhorsed  and  uncharioted .”  Pope. 

UN-CHAr'I-TA-BLE,  a.  Not  charitable.  Tidal. 

UN-CHAR'I-TA-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  be- 
ing uncharitable ; a want  of  charity.  Hooker. 

UN-CHAR'J-TA-BLY,  ad.  In  a manner  contrary 
to  charity  ; not  charitably.  Sprat. 

©N-CHARM',  v.  a.  [i.  UNCHARMED  ; pp.  UN-- 
charming,  uncharmed.]  To  free  from  a 
charm  or  some  secret  power.  Godolphin. 

UN-CHARM'ING,  a.  Not  able  to  charm  ; not  fasci- 
nating. “ Uncharming  Catharine.”  Dryden. 

UN-CHAR'NgL,  v.  a.  To  disinter.  Byron. 

UN-CIIARRED'  (un-chard'),  a.  Not  charred.  Ash. 

UN-CII ART'JJD,  rt.  Not  delineated  on  a chart. 

UN-CHAR'TpRED,  a.  Not  chartered.  M.  Mag. 

UN-CHAr'Y,  a.  Not  wary  ; not  frugal.  Shak. 

UN-CHASTE',  a.  Not  chaste;  libidinous. 

UN-CHASTE'LY,  ad.  Not  chastely.  Udal. 

UN-CflAS'T£NED  (-cha'snd),  a.  Not  chastened. 

tiN-CHASTE'NGSS,  n.  Unchastity.  Wright. 

UN-CHAS-Tl§'A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  chas- 
tised. “ Hard  and  unchast.isable.”  Milton. 

U N- C H A S -T I S E D ’ (-chas-tlzd'),  a.  Not  chastised. 

ON-CHAs'TI-TY,  n.  A want  of  chastity  ; libid- 
inousness ; lewdness  ; incontinence.  Arbuthnot. 


U'N-CIIEAT'ED,  a.  Not  cheated.  Collins. 

UN-CHECKED'  (un-chekt'),  a.  Not  checked;  not 
restrained;  not  curbed.  B.Jonson. 

IJN-CHECK'ERED  (un-chek'erd),  a.  Not  check- 
ered ; not  varied  or  diversified.  Sir  W.  Scott. 

UN-CHEERED',  a.  Not  cheered.  Clarke. 

UN-CHEER'FUL,  a.  Not  cheerful.  Bp.  Hall. 

UN-CIIEER'FU L-LY,  ad.  Not  cheerfully. 

UN-CIIEER'FUL-NESS,  n.  Want  of  cheerfulness  ; 
melancholy  ; gloominess  of  temper.  Addison. 

UN-CHEER'Y,  a.  Not  cheery  ; dull.  Sterne. 

UN-CHER'ISHED  (-cher'jsht),  a.  Not  cherished. 

UN-CIIEWED'  (-cliud'),  a.  Not  chewed.  Dryden. 

UN-CHID  , P a Not  cj)id  or  chidden  ; not 

UN-CIIID'DEN,  I reproved;  not  rebuked. 

UN-CHID'jpD,  a.  Not  chided;  unreproved. 

f UN-CHILD',  v.  a.  1.  To  bereave  or  deprive  of 
a child  or  of  children.  Shak. 

2.  To  divest  of  the  character  of  a child.  Hall. 

UN-CHILLED'  (-child'),  a.  Not  chilled.  Ed.  Rev. 

UN-lJHlV'AL-ROUS,  a.  Not  chivalrous.  Scott. 

UN-yHI  V'AL-ROUS-LY,  ad.  Without  chivalry. 

UN-CHOL'pR-IC,  a.  Not  choleric.  Carlyle. 

UN-CHOPPED'  (-chopt'),  a.  Not  chopped.  Ash. 

UN-CHO'§EN  (un-cho'zn),  a.  Not  chosen.  More. 

UN-jCHRIS'TEN  (Sn-kils'sn),  v.  a.  To  deprive  of 
the  ceremony  or  rite  of  baptism.  Milton. 

UN-jCIIRIS'TENED  (-krls'snd),  a.  Not  christened. 

UN-JCIIRIS'TIAN  (un-krlst'yan),  a.  1.  Contrary  to 
the  principles  of  Christianity  ; not  Christian. 

2.  Not  Christianized ; infidel.  Hooker. 

f UN-jCIIRIS'TI  AN,  v.  a.  To  deprive  of  Christian 
qualities  or  characteristics.  South. 

UN-GHRiS'TIAN-IZE,  t>.  a.  To  render  unchris- 
tian ; to  divest  of  Christianity,  or  of  the  charac- 
teristic qualities  of  a Christian.  Smart. 

UN-JCIIRIS'TI  A N-IZ  ED  (-Izd),  p.  a.  Not  Chris- 
tianized or  rendered  Christian.  Clarke. 

UN-jCHRIS'TIAN-LIKE,  a.  Not  like,  or  not  be- 
coming, a Christian  ; not  Christian.  Clarke. 

t UN-jCHRIS'TIAN-LY,  a.  Unchristian.  Milton. 

UN-jCIIRIS'TI  A N-LY,  ad.  In  an  unchristian  man- 
ner ; not  Christianly.  Bp.  Bedell. 

f UN-jCHRIS'TIAN-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  un- 
christian ; contrariety  to  Christianity .K.Charles. 

UN-jCHRON'I-CLED  (-kid),  a.  Not  chronicled. 

UN-jCHRON-O-LOG'I-CAL,  a.  Not  chronological; 
not  being  in  the  order  of  time.  Bunsen. 

UN-CHURCH',  V.  a.  [t.  UNCHURCHED;  pp.  UN- 
CHURCHING, unchurched.]  To  deprive  of  the 
character  and  rights  of  a church  ; to  exclude 
from  the  church. 

You  say,  we  hereby  unchurch  the  reformed  churches 
abroad.  Waterland. 

The  Greeks  ...  for  this  cause  stand  utterly  unchurched 
by  the  Church  of  Rome.  South. 

tJN-CHURCIl'LY,  a.  Not  conformed  to  the  church. 

UN-CHURNED'  (-churnd'),  a.  Not  churned.  Ash. 

(rJY'CI-J  (un'she-fi),  n.  [L.]  The  twelfth  part  of 
any  thing,  as  of  a pound.  Dunglison. 

(JN'CI-JE  (un'she-e),  n.  pi.  [L.]  ( Algebra .)  A 

name  formerly  given  to  the  numerical  coeffi- 
cients of  the  terms  of  any  power  of  a binomial. 

Hutton. 

On'CIAL  (un'shal),  a.  [L.  uncialis.]  ( Diplomat- 
ics.)  Noting  letters  of  large  size,  compounded 
between  the  capital  and  minuscule  or  small 
characters,  some  of  the  letters  resembling  the 
former,  others  the  latter;  — used  in  ancient 
manuscripts.  Brande. 

UN'CIAL  (un-shal),  11.  An  uncial  letter.  Astle. 

Cl- A ' TIM,  ad.  [L.]  Ounce  by  ounce.  Leverett. 

UN'CI-FORM,  a.  [L.  uncus,  a hook,  and  forma, 
form.]  Having  the  shape  of  a hook. 

Unciform  bone,  (.tin at..)  the  last  hone  of  the  second 
row  of  the  wrist  hones;  — so  called  from  its  hook- 
like process,  which  projects  towards  the  palm  of  the 


hand,  and  gives  origin  to  the  great  ligament  which 
binds  down  the  tendons  of  the  wrist.  Dunglimm. 

UN'CJ-NATE,  a.  ( Bot .)  Curved  back,  or  hooked 
at  the  point  or  end,  as  the  leaves  of  some  spe- 
cies of  Mesembryanthemum.  Lindley.  Gray. 

UN-CINCT  URED  (un-slngkt'yurd),  a.  Not  hav- 
ing a girdle  or  cincture.  Coicper. 

f UN-Cl'PH5R  (-sl'fer),  v.  a.  To  decipher.  Temple. 

UN-CIR'CU-LAR,  a.  Not  circular.  Clarke. 

UN-CIR'CU-LAT-GD,  a.  Not  circulated.  Ash. 

UN-CIR'CyM-CiijED  (-s'fr'knm-slzd), a.  Not  hav- 
ing undergone  the  rite  of  circumcision.  Cowley. 

UN-CIR-CUM-C1 ''§ION  (un-sir-kum-sizli'un),  n.  An 
omission  or  want  of  circumcision.  ’ Udal. 


UN-CIR'CUM-SCRIBED,  a.  Not  circumscribed  ; 
not  limited ; not  bounded.  Milton. 

UN-CIR'CUM-SPECT,  a.  Not  circumspect.  Udal. 

UN-CIR'CUM-SPECT-LY,  ad.  Without  circum- 
spection or  caution  ; hot  circumspectly.  Bale. 

UN-CIR-CIJM-STAN'TIAL,  a.  Not  circumstan- 
tial ; not  particular  or  minute.  Broume. 

UN-ClT'GD,  a.  Not  cited.  Ash. 

UN-CIT'I-ZEN  (un-slt'c-zn),  v.  a.  To  deprive  of 
citizenship.  Mackintosh. 

UN-CIV'IL,  a.  Not  civil;  not  courteous  ; not  ur- 
bane ; uncomplaisant ; rude  ; rough.  Browne. 

f UN-CI-VlL'l-TY,  n.  Incivility.  Bailey. 

UN-ClV-IL-I-ZA'TION,  n.  A want  of  civilization; 
state  of  barbarism.  . Clarke. 

UN-CI  V'lL-IZED  (-Izd),  a.  1.  Not  civilized  ; rude. 

2.  f Coarse  ; indecent.  Addison. 

UN-ClV'IL-LY,  ad.  Impolitely;  rudely.  Brown. 

UN-CIV'IL-NESS,  n.  Incivility,  [r.]  Bailey. 

UN-CLAD',  a.  Not  clad  or  clothed.  Elyot. 

UN-CLAIMED'  (un-klamd'),  a.  Not  claimed  ; not 
demanded;  not  called  for.  Johnson. 

UN-CLAR'I-FIeD  (-kl&r'e-fid),  a.  Not  clarified. 


UN-CLAsp',  v.  a.  [i.  unclasped  ; pp.  unclasp- 
ing, unclasped.]  To  loosen  or  open  the  clasp 
of ; to  unfasten.  “ I unclasp  the  book.”  Daniel. 


UN-CLASSED'  (un-klist'),  a.  Not  classed. 
UN-CLAS  SIC,  P a classjc  . riot  classi- 

> ca’ 


UN-CLAS'SI-CAL,  > cal. 

UN-CLAS'SI-CAL-LY,  ad. 
manner ; not  classically 

UN-CLAS'SI-FIED,  a.  Not  classified. 


Knox. 
In  an  unclassical 
Ash. 


UN'CLE  (ung'kl,82),  n.  [L.  avunculus,  dim.  of  avns, 
a grandfather  ; Fr.  onclc .]  The  brother  of  one’s 
father  or  mother  ; or  the  husband  of  one’s  aunt ; 
— the  correlative  in  sex  to  aunt.  Shak. 

Uncle  Sam,  a collective  name  sportively  given  to  the 
United  States,  as  John  Bull  is  to  England.  Bartlett. 


UN-CLEAN'  (-klen'),  a.  1.  Not  clean  ; foul;  dir- 
ty ; filthy.  “ Uncombed,  unclean.”  Dryden. 

2.  Not  purified  by  rites.  Acts  x.  28. 

3.  fFoul  with  sin;  evil.  “ Unclean  spirit.” 

"What  act  more  execrably  unclean , profane  ? Milton. 

4.  f Lewd ; unchaste ; licentious. 

Let  them  nil  encircle  him  about, 

And,  fairy-like,  to-pinch  the  unclean  knight.  Shah. 
UN-CLEAN'A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  cleaned. 


UN-CLEAN'LI-NESS  (un-klen'le-nes),  n.  Want  of 
cleanliness  ; impurity  ; filth.  Clarendon. 


UN-CLEAN'LY  (un-klen'le),  a.  1.  Foul ; filthy  ; 
unclean  ; dirty  ; nasty.  Shak 

2.  Unchaste;  indecent;  impure.  Watts. 

UN-CLEAN'NGSS,  n.  The  state  of  being  unclean. 
UN-CLEAN§ED',  a.  Not  cleansed.  Bacon. 

UN-CLEAR',  a.  Not  clear;  obscure.  Leighton. 

UN-CLEARED'  (-klerd'),  a.  Not  cleared.  Savage. 


UN-CLEAV'A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  cleft.  Dana. 

tlN'CLE-IN-LAW,  n.  The  brother  of  a hus- 
band’s or  a wife’s  father.  Lord  Cockburn. 


UN-CLENCII',  v.  a.  To  unclinch.  Garth. 

UN-CLER'I-CAL,  a.  Not  clerical.  Knox. 

UN-CLERK'LIKE,  a.  Not  like  a man  well  edu- 
cated ; unlearned ; illiterate.  Bp.  Taylor. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


UNCLEW 


UNCONDENSABLENESS 


CrN-CLEW'  (un-klu'),  v.  re.  To  undo  ; to  untie  ; to 
unfold  ; to  unwind  ; to  unravel.  Shaft. 

ON-CLIMBED'  (-kllmbd'),  a.  Not  climbed.  Ash. 

On-clinch',  v.  a.  [t.  unclinched  ; pp.  un- 
clinching, unclinched.]  To  open,  as  the 
closed  hand  ; — written  also  unclench.  Smart. 

On-CLING',  v.  n.  To  be  released  from  a state 
of  clinging  or  adhesion.  Milton. 

UN-CLiPPED'  (un-kllpt'),  a.  Not  clipped.  Locke. 

On-cloak',  v.  a.  [*.  uncloaked  ; pp.  uncloak- 
ing, uncloaked.]  To  take  off  a cloak  or  cov- 
ering from ; to  divest  of  a cloak.  Clarke. 

UN-CLOAK',  v.  n.  To  take  off  one’s  cloak. 

UN-CLOAKED'  (:klokt'),;>.  a.  Not  cloaked.  Elton. 

UN-CLOG',  V.  a.  [i.  UNCLOGGED  ; pp.  UNCLOG- 
GING, unclogged.]  To  disencumber  ; to  set 
at  liberty ; to  free  from  impediment.  Dry  den. 

UN-CLOIS'Tf.R,  V.  a.  [t.  UNCLOISTERED  ; pp. 
UNCLOISTEItING,  UNCLOISTERED.]  To  Set  at 
large,  as  from  a cloister  ; to  free.  Norris. 

UN-CLO§E'  (un-kloz'),  V.  a.  [i.  UNCLOSED  ; pp. 
unclosing,  unclosed.]  To  open.  Pope. 

UN-CLOSED'  (un-klozd'),  a.  Not  closed;  open. 

UN-CLOTHE',  v.  a.  [i.  unclothed;  pp.  un- 
clothing, unclothed.]  To  strip  or  divest  of 
clothes  ; to  make  naked.  Watts. 

UN-CLOTHED'  (-klothd'),  a.  Not  clothed.  Surrey. 

UN-CLOTtI 'ED-LY,  ad.  Nakedly.  Bacon. 

UN-CLOTH'ING,  n.  The  act  of  disrobing  or  tak- 
ing off'  clothes.  Beecher. 

UN-CLOT'TIJD,  a.  Not  clotted.  Ash. 

UN-CLOUD',  v.  a.  To  unveil  ; to  clear  from 
clouds  or  obscurity.  Fletcher. 

UN-CLOUD'ED,  a.  Free  from  clouds  ; clear. 

UN-CLOUD'ED-NESS,  n.  Openness ; freedom 
from  clouds  or  gloom  ; clearness.  Boyle. 

UN-CLOUD'Y,  a.  Free  from  clouds  ; clear.  Gay. 

UN-CLO'VEN  (-klo'vn),  a.  Not  cloven.  Beau.  $Fl. 

UN-CLUTCH',  v.  a.  To  open  from  being  close 
shut,  as  the  hand.  Decay  of  Chr.  Piety. 

UN'CO  (ung'ks),  ad.  Very;  in  a high  degree  ; as, 
“ Unco  glad.”  [Scot.]  Jamieson. 

t UN-COACHED',  a.  Separated  or  loosed  from 
a coach.  “ Mules  uncoached.”  Chapman. 

UN-CO-ACT'JJD,  a.  Not  driven  together,  com- 
pelled, constrained,  or  forced.  * More. 

UN-CO-AG 'U-LA-BLE,  a.  Not  coagulable.  Ure. 

UN-CO-AG'U-LAT-yD,  a.  Not  coagulated.  Ure. 

UN-COAT'pD,  a.  Not  coated  ; havingno  coat  .Ash. 

UN-COCK',  v.  a.  1.  To  let  down,  as  the  hammer 
of  the  lock  of  a gun,  or  the  brim  of  a hat.  Ash. 

2.  To  spread  open,  as  a cock  of  hay.  Ash. 

UN-COCKED'  (-kokt'),  a.  Not  cocked.  Johnson. 

UN-COF'FINED  (un-kof'fjnd),  a.  Not  put  into  a 
coffin.  “ Uncoffined  and  unknown.”  Byron. 

f7N-CO'yiJNT,  a.  Not  cogent ; weak.  Baxter. 

UN-COy'I-TA-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  thought 
of  or  cogitated  ; incogitable.  More. 

UN-CO- IIE'SIVE,  a.  Not  cohesive.  Ash. 

UN-COIF',  v.  a.  To  take  off  the  cap  of . Arhuthnot. 

UN-COIFED'  (un-kbift'),  a.  Not  wearing  a coif. 

UN-COIL',  v.  a.  \i.  uncoiled  ; pp.  uncoiling, 
uncoiled.]  To  open  from  being  coiled  or 
wrapped  one  part  upon  another  ; to  unroll. 

UN-COINED'  (un-kolnd'),  a.  Not  coined.  Locke. 

UN-COL-LAT'yD,  a.  Not  collated.  Ash. 

UN-COL- LECT' ED,  a.  Not  collected.  Brown. 

UN-COL-LECT'y D-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the 
quality  of  being  uncollected.  Clarke. 

UN-COL-LECT'I-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  col- 
lected or  gathered.  Smart. 

UN-COL'O-NIZED  (-kol'o-nlzd),  a.  Not  colo- 
nized ; not  established  in  a colony.  Ash. 

UN-COL'ORED  (-kul'urd),  a.  Not  colored,  stained, 
or  dyed  ; free  from  color.  Leighton. 

f UN-COLT',  v.  a.  To  unhorse.  Shah. 

UN-COMBED'  (-komd'),  a.  Not  combed.  Spenser. 

UN-COM-BIN'A-BLE,  a.  Not  combinable.  Smart. 


1571 

UN-COM-BlN'A-BLY,  ad.  In  a manner  not  com- 
binable. Clarke. 

UN-COM-BINE',  v.  a.  To  free  from  a state  of 
combination  or  union,  [it.]  Daniel. 

UN-COM-BINED'  (-bind'),  a.  Not  combined.  Gray. 

UN-COME-AT'A-BLE  (un-kum-St'j-bl),  a.  That 
cannot  be  come  at ; not  to  be  attained ; inac- 
cessible.— See  Reliable.  [Low.]  Bailey. 

I won’t  trust  my  honor,  I assure  you;  my  honor  is  un- 
comeatublc.  Congreve. 

[He]  has  a perfect  art  in  being  unintelligible  in  discourse 
auu  uncomeatable  in  business.  2’atler. 

UN-COME'Ll-NESS  (un-kuin'Ie-nes),  n.  A want 
of  comeliness  or  grace  ; deformity.  Locke. 

UN-COME'LY  (-kum'le),  a.  Not  comely;  want- 
ing grace ; ugly.  “An  uncomely  guest.”  Sidney. 

UN-COME'LY,  ad.  Without  comeliness.  Elyot. 

UN-COM'FORT-A-BLE,  a.  Not  comfortable ; 
wanting  comfort;  unhappy;  dismal;  painful; 
miserable ; cheerless  ; disagreeable.  Ilackluyt. 

Should  we  be  driven  on  shore,  we  had  the  uncomfortable 
prospect  of  ending  our  days  on  some  desolate  coast,  without 
any  reasonable  hope  of  ever  getting  oft' again.  Anson. 

Syn.  — See  Dismal. 

UN-COM'FORT-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Want  of  com- 
fort or  cheerfulness.  Bp.  Taylor . 

UN-COM'FORT-A-BLY,  ad.  Without  comfort  or 
cheerfulness  ; unpleasantly.  Drayton. 

UN-COM'FORT-ED,  a.  Not  comforted.  Beau.  § FI. 

UN-COM-MAND'yD,  a.  Not  commanded.  South. 

UN-COM-MAND'IJR-lIKE,  a.  Unlike  a general 
or  commander.  Milton. 

UN-COM-MEM'O-RAT-ED,  a.  Not'  commemo- 
rated. Ash. 

UNtCOM-MEND'A-BLE,  a.  Not  commendable  ; 
iliaudable.  — See  Commendable.  Feltham. 

UN-COM-MEND'yD,  a.  Not  commended.  Waller. 

UN-COM-MEN'SU-RATE,  a.  Incommensurate. 

UN-COM-MER'CIAL,  a.  Not  commercial.  Burke. 

UN-COM-MER'CIAL-LY,  ad.  In  an  uncommer- 
cial manner.  Clarke. 

UN-COM-Mi§'yR-AT-JJD,  a.  Not  commiserated. 

UN-COM- MIS 'SION  ED  (un-kom-mlsh'und),  a.  Not 
commisioned  or  empowered.  Seeker. 

UN-COM-MIT'TyD,  a.  Not  committed.  Hammond. 

UN-COM'MON,  a.  Not  common  ; not  often  found 
or  known  ; unusual ; rare  ; infrequent ; strange. 

Syn.  — See  Odd,  Rare. 

UN-COM'MON-LY,  ad.  In  an  uncommon  degree  ; 
rarely  ; not  frequently.  Cook. 

UN-OOM'MON-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  un- 
common ; infrequency  ; rarity;  rareness.  Seeker. 

UN-COM-MU'NI-CA-BLE,  a.  Not  communicable  ; 
incommunicable.  Warburton. 

UN-COM-MU'NI-CAT-y.D,  a.  Not  communicated. 

UN-COM-MU'NI-CAT-ING,  a.  Not  communicat- 
ing. Southey. 

UN-COM-MU'NI-CA-TI  VE,  a.  Not  communica- 
tive ; close  ; incommunicative.  Chesterfield. 

UN-CO  M-MU'NI-CA-TIVE-N  ESS,  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  uncommunicative.  Johnson. 

UN-COM-PACT'j  ) a-  Not  compact;  not  firm 

UN-COM-PACT'ED,  ) or  settled.  Addison. 

ijN-COMrPAcT'yD-LY,  ad.  Not  compactedly. 

f UN-COM'PA-NIED  (-pa-nid),  a.  Unaccompanied. 

Thence  she  fled  uncompanied , unsought.  Fairfax. 

UN-COM-PAN'ION-A-BLE,  a.  Not  companion- 
able ; not  sociable.  Coleridge. 

UN-COM'PASSED  (-kum’past),  a.  Not  compassed. 

UN-COM-PAS'SION- ATE  (un-koin-pSsh'un-at),  re. 
Not  compassionate';  without  pity.  Milton. 

UN-COM-PAS'SION-ED,  re.  Not  pitied. 

UN-COM-PEL'LA-BLE,  re.  That  cannot  be  com- 
pelled, constrained,  obliged,  or  forced.  Udal. 

UN-CO M-PELLE1I'  (-peld')T  re.  Not  compelled. 

UN-COM-PEN'SAT-ED,  re.  Not  compensated. 

UN-COM-FLAIN'ING,  re.  Not  complaining. 

UN-COM-PLAIN'ING-LY,  ad.  Not  complainingly. 


UN-COM-PLAiN'|NG-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
uncomplaining.  Clarke. 

UN-COM-PLAI-§AnT'  (-zSnt'),  a.  Not  complai- 
sant , not  civil ; not  agreeable.  Spectator. 

UN-CPM-PLAI-§ANT'LY,  ad.  Not  complaisant- 
ly  ; with  want  of  complaisance.  Blackstone. 

f UN-COM-PLETE',  re.  Incomplete.  Pope. 

UN-COM-PLET'jpD,  a.  Not  completed.  Feltham. 

UN-COM-PLl'ANT,  re.  Not  compliant.  Hume. 

UN-COM 'PLI-CAT-IJD,  re.  Not  complicated.  Ash. 

UN-COM-PLI-MENT'A-RY,  a.  Not  compliment- 
ary ; reproachful.  ’ Qu.  Rev. 

UN-COM'PLI-MENT-ED,  a.  Not  complimented. 

UN-COM-PLY'ING,  re.  Not  complying.  Milton. 

UN-COM-PO§ED'  (-pozd'),  re.  Not  composed. 

UN-COM-POUND'ED,  re.  Not  compounded.  Locke. 

UN-COM-POUND'yD-LY,  ad.  Without  being  com- 
pounded ; simply.  Bp.  Hall. 

UN-COM-POUND'ED-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
uncompounded.  Hammond. 

UN-COM-PRy-HEND'yD,  re.  Not  comprehended. 

UN-COM- PRE-HEN 'SI-BLE,  re.  Not  comprehen- 
sible ; incomprehensible,  [it.]  Jewell. 

UN-COM-PR y-HEN'SIVE,  re.  Unable  to  compre- 
hend ; incomprehensive.  [it.]  South. 

UN-COM-PRESSED'  (un-kom-prest'),  re.  Free  from 
compression.  “Uncompressed  air.”  Boyle. 

UN-COM-PRI§ED',  re.  Uncomprehended.  Drayton. 

UN- COM  PRO-MISE I)  (-mlzd),  re.  Not  compro- 
mised or  adjusted  by  mutual  concessions.  Ash. 

UN-COM'PRO-Ml§-!NG,  re.  Not  compromising; 
unyielding ; obstinate.  Ed.  Rev. 

UN-C6M'PRQ-Ml§-ING-LY,  ad.  Without  com- 
promise. Channing. 

UN-COM-PUT'ED,  re.  Not  computed.  Ash. 

UN-CON-CEAL' A-BLE,  re.  That  cannot  be  con- 
cealed ; not  concealable.  Clarke. 

UN-CON-CEALE1)'  (-seld'),  re.  Not  concealed. 

UN-CON-CEIV' A-BI.E,  re.  Inconceivable  ; in- 
comprehensible. [r.]  Locke. 

UN-CON-CEIV' A- BLE-NESS,  n.  Inconceivable- 
ness; incomprehensibleness,  [it.]  Locke. 

UN-CON-CEIV'A-BLY,  ad.  Inconceivably,  [r.] 

UN-CON-CEI VED'  (un-kon-sevd'),  re.  Not  con- 
ceived ; not  thought ; not  imagined.  Creech. 

UN-CON-CEIV'ING,  re.  Not  conceiving.  Daniel. 

UN-CON-CERN',  n.  Want  of  concern;  freedom 
from  anxiety  ; indifference.  Thomson. 

UN-CON-CERNED'  (un-kon-sernd'),  re.  Not  con- 
cerned; not  anxious  ; — indifferent;  careless. 

UN-CON-CERN'JJD-LY,  ad.  Without  concern. 

UN-CON-CERN 'ED-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
unconcerned;  freedom  from  concern.  South. 

UN-CON-CERN'ING,  re.  Not  concerning  or  af- 
fecting ; not  interesting,  [r.]  Addison. 

f UN-CON-CERN'MENT,  n.  Unconcern.  South. 

UN-CON-CERT 'ED,  re.  Not  concerted.  Swift. 

UN-CON-cIl'I-AT-ED,  re.  Not  conciliated. 

UN-CON-CIL'I-AT-ING,  re.  Not  conciliating.  Coxc. 

UN-CON-CiL'I-A-TO-RY,  re.  Not  conciliatory. 

UN-CON-CLUD'ED,  re.  Not  concluded.  Ash. 

f UN-CON-CLU'DENT,  re.  Inconclusive.  Hale. 

f UN-CON-CLU'DI-BLE,  re.  That  cannot  be  con- 
cluded; not  determinable.  More. 

UN-CON-CLUD'ING,  re  Inconclusive,  [r.] 

Men’s  false  and  unconcluding  reasonings.  Locke. 

fUN-CON-CLUD'ING-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  inconclusive.  Bp.  Taylor. 

t UN-CON-CLU'SIVE,  re.  Inconclusive. Hammond. 

UN-CON-COCT'ED,  re.  Not  concocted.  Brown. 

UN-CON- DENS' A- RLE,  re.  Not  condensable. 

tJN-CON-DEMNED'  (-deind'),  re.  Not  condemned 

UN- CON- DEN  S' A- BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  be- 
ing uncondensable.  Clarke. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — y,  (?,  $,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  j,  g,  hard;  ^ as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


UNCONDENSED 


1572 


UNCONVERTED 


UN-CON-DENSED'  (-denst'),  a.  Not  condensed. 

UN-CON-DlT'ED,  re.  Notcondited;  not  preserved 
in  a savory  state  ; not  preserved  or  pickled. 

As  insipid  as  cork  or  the  uncondilcd  mushroom.  Bp.  Taylor. 

UN-CON-DI"TION-AL  (un-kon-dlsh'un-jl),  re.  Not 
conditional ; absolute  ; unlimited.  Dryden. 

Syn.  — Seo  Absolute. 

UN-CON- Dl''TION-AL-LY,  ad.  Without  condi- 
tions ; not  conditionally.  Hammond. 

UN-CON-DI"TlON-ATE,  a.  Not  subject  to  con- 
ditions ; unconditioned.  Bp.  Taylor. 

UN-CON-DI''TIONED  (fin-kon-dlsh'und), a.  1.  Not 
conditioned.  Caldcrwood. 

2.  Inconceivable  or  incogitable. 

Sir  W.  Hamilton. 

UN-CON- D I ''TIONED,  n.  (Met.)  That  which  is 
inconceivable  or  incogitable,  as  absolute  or  in- 
finite space,  absolute  or  infinite  time. 

The  sum,  therefore,  of  what  1 have  now  stated  is,  that  the 
conditioned  is  that  which  is  alone  conceivable  or  cogitable  ; 
the  unconditioned,  that  which  is  inconceivable  or  incogitable. 
The  conditioned  or  the  thinkable  lies  between  two  extremes 
or  poles;  and  these  extremes  or  poles  are  each  of  them  un- 
conditioned, each  of  them  inconceivable,  each  of  them  exclu- 
sive or  contradictory  of  the  other.  Sir  W.  Hamilton. 

Law  of  the  conditioned , {Met.)  the  law  of  the  mind 
that  the  conceivable  is  in  every  relation  bounded  by 
the  inconceivable.  Sir  W.  Hamilton. 

IJN-CON-DUy'lNG,  a.  Not  conducing.  Phillips. 

UN-CON-DUCT'£D,  a.  Not  conducted.  Barrow. 

UN-CON-FED'ER-At-ED,  a.  Not  united  in  con- 
federacy ; not  confederated.  Ash. 

UN-CON-FERRED'  (-ferd'),  a.  Not  conferred.  Ash. 

UN-CON-FESSED'  (-fest'),  a.  Not  confessed.  Ash. 

UN-CON-FESS'ING,  a.  Not  confessing.  Milton. 

UN -CON-FIN 'A-BLE,  a.  Not  confinable.  Shah. 

UN-CON-FINED'  (-find'),  a.  Not  confined;  free 
from  restraint : — unlimited  ; unbounded.  Pope. 

UN-CON- FIN 'yD-LY,  ad.  Without  limitation  or 
confinement.  Barrow. 

UN-CON-FlN'ING,  a.  Not  confining.  Chesterfield. 

UN-CON-FIRMED'  (-firmd'),  a.  Not  confirmed. 

t UN-CON-FORM',  a.  Unlike  ; dissimilar.  Milton. 

UN-CON- FORM- A-BIL'J-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being 
unconformable  ; inconsistency.  Clarke. 

UN-CON-FORM'  A-BI.E,  a.  1.  Not  conforming ; in- 
consistent ; not  agreeing  or  conforming./foo£er. 

2.  ( Geol .)  Noting  strata  one  series  of  which 
is  so  placed  over  another  series  that  the  planes 
of  the  superior  repose  on  the  edges  of  the  in- 
ferior ; — noting  the  junction  and  also  the  strati- 
fication of  such  series  of  strata.  Lyell. 

UN-CON-FORM'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of 
being  uncomformable ; inconsistency.  Roget. 

UN-CON-FORM'A-BLY,  ad.  Not  conformably. 

UN-CON-FORMED'  (-formd'),  a.  Not  conformed. 

UN-CON-FORM'I-TY, n.  Non-conformity;  incon- 
gruity ; want  of  conformity,  [r.]  South. 

UN-CON-FOUND'pD,  a.  Not  confounded.  Ash. 

UN-CON-FU§ED'  (un-kon-fuzd'),  a.  Not  con- 
fused ; free  from  confusion.  Locke. 

UN-CON-FU§'pD-LY,  ad.  Without  confusion; 
not  confusedly.  Locke. 

UN-CON-FUT'A-BLE,  a.  Not  confutable.  Sprat. 

UN-CON-FUT'£D,  a.  Not  confuted.  Milton. 

UN-CON-IJIEAL'A-BLE,  a.  Not  congealable. 

UN-CON-^EALED'  (-kon-jsld'),  a.  Not  congealed; 
not  concreted  by  cold.  Brown. 

UN-CON-<?E'NI-AL,  a.  Not  congenial.  Knox. 

fi'N-CON-IjrE-NI-AL'j-TY,  n.  Want  of  congeni- 
ality or  affinity.  Clarke. 

UN-C0N-GRAT'IJ-LAT-£D,  a.  Not  congratulated. 

UN-CON-JOINED'  (-kon-jolnd'),  re.  Not  conjoined. 

UN-CON' JU-GAL,  re.  Not  conjugal.  Milton. 

UN-CON-JUNC'TIVE,  re.  Not  conjunctive. 


UN-CON-NECT'PD-LY,  ad.  Without  connection. 

UN-CONNED'  (-kond'),  re.  Not  conned  or  studied. 

f UN-CON'NING,  a.  Not  knowing;  ignorant. 

An  unconning  and  unprofitable  man.  Chaucer. 

UN-CON-NlV'JNG,  re.  Not  conniving  at.  Milton. 

UN-CON'aUf,R-A-BLE  (un-kong'ker-j-bl),  re.  That 
cannot  be  conquered  ; invincible  ; insuperable. 

Syn.  — See  Invincible. 

UN-CON 'aU£R-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of 
being  unconquerable  ; invincibleness.  Johnson. 

UN-CON'ClUpR-A-BLY,  ad.  In  an  unconquerable 
manner  ; invincibly  ; insuperably.  Pope. 

UN-CON'QUJJRED  (un-kong'kerd),  re.  Not  con- 
quered; not  vanquished  ; unsubdued.  Sidney. 

UN-CON-SCI-EN'TIOUS  (un-k5n-she-en'shus),  re. 
Not  conscientious.  Boswell. 

UN-CON'SCION-A-BLE  (un-kon'shun-a-bl),  re.  1. 
Exceeding  the  limits  of  any  just  claim  or  expec- 
tation ; excessive  ; inordinate  ; unreasonable. 

A man  may  oppose  an  unconscionable  request  for  an  un- 
justifiable reason.  L' Estrange. 

2.  Not  guided  by  conscience.  South. 

UN-C6N'SCION-A-BLE-NESS(-kon'shun-9-bI-nes), 
n.  Unreasonableness  of  hope  or  claim.  Dryden. 

UN-CON'SCION-A-BLY  (un-kon'shun-9-ble),  ad. 
Unreasonably.  Bp.  Hall. 

UN-CON'SCIOUS  (un-kon'shus),  re.  Having  no 
mental  perception  ; not  conscious. 

UN-CON 'SCIOUS-LY,  ad.  Not  consciously. 

UN-CON'SCioUS-NESS  (un-lcon'shus-nes),  n.  The 
state  of  being  unconscious.  Paley. 

f UN-CON'SE-CRATE,  v.  re.  To  deprive  of  sacred 
functions  or  character  ; to  desecrate.  South. 

UN-CON'Sg-CRATE,  re.  Not  set  apart  for  sacred 
service  or  purposes,  [r.]  Sir  T.  More. 

UN-C6N'SE-CRAT-ED,  re.  Not  consecrated.  Ash. 

On-CON'SE-CRAT-ED-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  not 
being  consecrated.  Clarke. 

UN-CON-SENT'JJD,  re.  Not  consented.  Wake. 

UN-CON-SENT'ING,  re.  Not  consenting.  Pope. 

T'N-CON-se-aUEN'TIAL,  a.  Inconsequential. 

t UN-CQN-SID'yR-ATE,  re.  Inconsiderate.  Daniel. 

t UN-CON-SID'y,R- ATE-NESS,  n.  A want  of  con- 
siderateness ; inconsiderateness.  Hales. 

UN-CON-SID'jpRED  (un-kon-sld'erd),  re.  Not  con- 
sidered ; not  attended  to.  Brown. 

UN-CON-SID'yR-ING,  re.  Not  considering;  re- 
gardless. Swift. 

UN-CON-SIGNED'  (-slud'),  re.  Not  consigned.  Ash. 

UN-CON-SOLED',  re.  Not  consoled  or  comforted. 

UN-CON-SOL' !-DAT-£D,  re.  Not  consolidated. 

UN-CON-SOL' ING,  re.  Not  consoling.  Clarke. 

UN-CON'SO-NANT,  re.  Inconsonant.  Hooker. 

UN-CON-SPIC'U-OUS,  re.  Inconspicuous.  Ed.  Rev. 

f UN-CON-SPIR'ING-NESS,  n.  Absence  of  plot 
or  conspiracy.  Boyle. 

f UN-CON'STAN-CY,  n.  Inconstancy.  Golding. 

t UN-CON'STANT,  a.  Inconstant.  Shak. 

f UN-CON'STANT-LY,  ad.  Without  constancy. 

IIow  unconstantly  names  have  been  settled.  Hobbs. 

UN-CON-STI-TU'TION-AL,  re.  Not  according  to 
the  constitution  ; contrary  to  the  constitution. 

The  dangerous  and  unconstitutional  practice  of  removing 
military  officers  for  their  votes  in  Parliament.  Burke. 

UN-CON-STI-TU-TION- A L'l-Ty,  n.  The  state  or 
the  quality  of  being  unconstitutional.  Qu.  Rev. 

UN-CON-STI-TU'TION-AL-LY,  ad.  Contrary  to 
the  laws  and  usages  of  the  constitution.  Qu.  Rev. 

UN-CON-STRAin'A-BLE,  re.  That  cannot  be  con- 
strained ; not  constrainable.  Ash. 

UN-CON-STRAINED'  (un-kon-strand'),  re.  Free 
from  constraint;  not  forced  or  compelled:  — 
free  ; easy ; natural ; not  labored.  Millon. 

UN-CON-STRAiN'ED-LY,  ad.  Without  constraint. 


UN-CON-STRAlNT',  n.  Freedom  from  constraint ; 
ease.  “ Freedom  and  unconstraint.”  Felton. 

UN-CON-STRUCT'^D,  re.  Not  constructed.  Ash. 

UN-CON-SULT'JgD,  re.  Not  consulted.  Milton. 

UN-CON-SULT'ING,  a.  Not  consulting;  improvi- 
dent ; imprudent ; rash.  Sidney. 

0N-CON-SUMED'  (-kon-cumd'),  re.  Not  consumed. 

UN-CON-SUM'ING,  re.  Not  consuming.  Ash. 

UN-CON-SUM' MATE,  U.  Not  consummated; 

UN-CON-SUM'MAT-£D,  ) not  accomplished;  not 
finished.  Ihyden.  Ash . 

UN-CON-TAM'I-N^TE,  > Not  contaminated ; 

UN-CON-TAM'!-NA'P-yD,  1 not  defiled.  Cowper. 

UN-CON-TEMNED'  (un-kon-temd'),  a.  Not  con- 
temned. 

UN-CON-TEM'PLAT-?D,  re.  Not  contemplated. 

UN-CON-TEND'yD,  a.  Not  contended  for;  not 
contested.  “ Uncontended  prize.”  Dryden. 

UN-CON-TEND'ING,  p.  a.  Not  contending. 

UN-CON-TENT'JgD,  a.  Discontented,  [r.]  Daniel. 

UN-CON-TENT'y  D-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
discontented,  [r.]  Hammond. 

f UN-CON-TENT' I NG-N ESS,  n.  Want  of  power 
to  satisfy  or  make  contented.  Boyle. 

f UN-CON-TEST'A-BLE,  re.  That  cannot  be  con- 
tested ; incontestable.  Locke. 

UN-CON-TEST'ED,  re.  Not  contested.  Blackmore. 

f UN-CON'TI-NyNT,  re.  Incontinent.  Wickliffc. 

UN-CON-TRACT'ED,  re.  Not  contracted.  Ash. 

UN-CON-TRA-DlCT'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  not  be 
contradicted ; indisputable.  Fitch. 

UN-CON-TRA-DICT'JJD,  re.  Not  contradicted; 
not  denied  or  gainsaid.  Pearson. 

UN-CON-TRA-DICT'yD-LY,  ad.  Without  con- 
tradiction. Month.  Rev. 

UN-CON-TRAST'JJD,  re.  Not  contrasted. 

UN-CON'TRITE,  a.  Not  contrite.  Hammond. 

UN-CON-TRlVED'  (un-kon-trlvd'),  re.  Not  con- 
trived, planned,  or  projected.  Smart. 

UN-CON-TRIV'ING,  a.  Not  contriving.  Smart. 

UN-CON-TROL'L  A-BLE,  re.  I.  That  cannot  be 
controlled  ; ineontrollable  ; ungovernable.  More. 

2.  Indisputable  ; irrefragable,  [r.] 

The  pension  was  granted  by  reason  of  the  King  of  Eng- 
land’s uncontrollable  title  to  England.  Hayward. 

UN-CON-TROL'LA-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of 
being  uncontrollable.  Bp.  Hall. 

UN-CON- TROL'LA-BLY,  ad.  So  as  not  to  be  con- 
trolled; incontrollably.  Bp.  Hall. 

UN-CON-TROLLED'  (-kon-trold'),  re.  1.  Not  con- 
trolled ; not  checked  or  restrained.  Beau.  4 FI. 

2.  Not  disputed  or  contradicted,  [it.]  South, 

UN-CON-TROL'LED-LY,  ad.  Without  control  or 
opposition.  Decay  of  Chr.  Piety. 

f UN-CON-TRO- VER'SO-RY,  re.  Free  from  contro- 
versy. “ An  xincontrovcrsory  piety.”  Bp.  Hall. 

UN-CON-TRO-VERT'y  D,  re.  Not  controverted. 

UN-CON-TRO- VERT'yD-Ly,  ad.  Without  being 
controverted ; incontrovertibly.  Clarke. 

UN-CON-TRO-VERT'I-BLY,  ad.  Without  con- 
troversy ; incontrovertibiy.  Johnson. 

UN-CON-VENED’  (un-kon-vend'),  re.  Not  con- 
vened or  assembled.  Ash. 

f UN-CON-VEN'iyNT,  re.  Inconvenient.  Bale. 

f UN-CON- VEN'UJNT-LY,  ad.  Inconveniently. 

UN-CON-VERS'  A-BLE,  re.  Not  conversable  ; not 
affable  ; not  sociable.  Rogers. 

UN-CON'VPR-SANT,  re.  Not  conversant.  Madox. 

UN-CON-VERS'ING,  p.  a.  Not  conversing  or 
holding  intercourse.  Milton. 

UN-CON- VER'SION,  n.  The  state  of  being  un- 
converted. Ch.  Ob. 

UN-CON- VERT'f.D,  re.  Not  converted.  Baxter. 


UN-CON-NECT'JFiD,  re.  Not  connected.  Seeker. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  !,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  I,  O,  U,  y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  IIER; 


UNCONVERTIBLE 


1573 


UNCURTAINED 


UN-CON-VERT'I-BLE,  a.  Not  convertible.  Cong. 

UN-CON-VF.YED'  (-kon-vad'),  a.  Not  conveyed. 

UN-CON-VICT'ED,  a.  Not  convicted.  Sterne. 

UN-CON-VINCED'  (-kon-vlnst'),  a.  Not  convinced. 

UN-CON-VlNC'ING,  a.  Not  convincing.  Milton. 

UN-CON-VULSED'  (-vulst),  a.  Not  convulsed. 

UN-COOKED'  (un-kukt'),  a.  Not  cooked.  Ash. 

UN-COP'I-A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  copied. 

UN-CORD',  v.  a.  [i.  uncorded  ; pp.  uncord- 
ing, uncorded.]  To  loose  or  free  from  cords  ; 
to  unbind ; to  loosen.  Johnson. 

UN-CORD'IAL  (-yal),  a.  Not  cordial.  Scott. 

UN-CORK',  V.  a.  [ i . UNCORKED  ; pp.  UNCORK- 
ING, uncorked.]  To  draw  the  cork  from.  Ash. 

UN-COR'O-NET-pD,  a.  Having  no  coronet.  Pollok. 

UN-COR'PU-MJNT,  a.  Not  corpulent.  Clarke. 

UN-COR-RECT',  a.  Incorrect,  [r.]  Dryden. 

UN-COR-RECT'ED,  a.  Not  corrected.  Boyle. 

t UN-COR'RI-^rl-BLE,  a.  Incorrigible.  Outred. 

UN-COR-ROR'O-RAT-pD,  a.  Not  corroborated 
or  confirmed;  unsupported.  Ash, 

UN-COR-ROD'JJD,  a.  Not  corroded.  Ash. 

UN-COR-RUPT',  a.  Not  corrupt;  upright;  hon- 
est ; true  ; incorrupt.  Udal. 

UN-COR-RUPT'ED,  a.  Not  corrupted.  Beau.  % FI. 

UN-COR-RUPT']J  D-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
uncorrupted ; incorruption.  Milton. 

f UN-COR-RUPT-J-BIL'I-TY,  n.  Incorruptibility ; 
incorruption.  Wickliffe. 

f UN-COR-RUPT'I-BLE,  a.  Incorruptible  ; not  to 
be  corrupted.  Wickliffe. 

t UN-COR-RUP'TION,  n.  Incorruption.  Chaucer. 

UN-COR-RUPT'LY,  ad.  Not  corruptly ; uprightly; 
incorruptly.  Brande. 

UN-COR-RUPT'NpSS,  n.  Incorruptness.  Tit.n.l. 

UN-COST'LY,  a.  Not  costly.  Bp.  Taylor. 

UN-COUN'SEL-LA-BLE,  a.  Not  to  be  counselled 
or  advised.  Clarendon. 

UN-COUN'SJJLLED,  a.  Not  counselled.  Burke. 

UN-COUNT'A-BLE,  a.  Innumerable,  [r.]  Raleigh. 

UN-COUNT'iJD,  o.  Not  counted.  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

UN-COUN'TE-NANCED,  a.  Not  countenanced. 

UN-COUN-TJJR-ACT'IJD,  a.  Not  counteracted. 

UN-COUN'TER-FElT  (-koun'ter-flt),  a.  Not  coun- 
terfeit ; genuine  ; real.  Wyat. 

UN-COUN'TER-FElT- ^D,  a.  Not  counterfeited. 

UN-COUN-TER-MAnD'A-BLE,  a.  Not  to  be 
countermanded.  M.  Hale. 

UN-COUN'TER-MAND-ED,  a.  Not  countermanded. 

UN-COUN-TER-VAJLED'  (un-koun-ter-vald'),  a. 
Not  countervailed.  West.  Rev. 

UN-COUP'LE  (un-kup'pl),  V.  a.  [z.  UNCOUPLED  ; 
pp.  UNCOUPLING,  UNCOUPLED.]  To  loose  from 
couples  ; to  set  loose  ; to  disjoin.  Udal. 

UN-COUP'LED  (-kup'pld),  a.  Not  coupled;  single. 

UN-COURT'ED,  a.  Not  courted  or  wooed.  Daniel. 

||  UN-COUR'TE-OUS  (un-kur'te-us  or  un-kort'yus. 
— See  Courteous),  a.  Not  courteous  ; discour- 
teous ; uncivil ; impolite ; disrespectful ; not 
complaisant.  Sidney. 

II  UN-COUR'TE-OUS-LY  (un-kur'te-us-le  or  un- 
kort'yus-Ie),  ad.  Uncivilly ; impolitely.  More. 

||  UN-COUR'TE-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing uncourteous ; incivility.  Ash. 

UN-COUR'TE-SY,  n.  Want  of  courtesy.  Berners. 

tJN-COURT'LA-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality 
of  being  uncourtly  ; rusticity.  Addison. 

UN-COURT'LY  (un-k5rt'le),  a.  Not  courtly;  un- 
civil ; rude  ; rustic  ; awkward.  Swift. 

Syn.  — See  Awkward. 


UN-COUTH'  (un-koth'),  a.  [A.  S.  uncuth ; un, 
not,  and  cuth,  known.] 

1.  f Not  known;  unknown.  Puttenham. 

Bound  on  a voyage  uncouth.  Milton. 

2.  Awkward  ; boorish  ; clumsy  ; unseemly  ; 
ugly  ; — strange  ; odd. 

The  dress  of  a New  Zealander  is  certainly,  to  a stranger  at 
first  sight,  the  most  uncouth  that  can  be  imagined.  Cook. 

UN-CO  UTH'LY  (-koth'Ie),  ad.  In  an  uncouth 
manner;  awkwardly;  oddly;  strangely.  Rowe. 

UN-COUTH 'NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  un- 
couth ; oddness  ; strangeness.  Knox. 

f UN-CO V'E-NA-BLE,  a.  Not  covenable  ; incon- 
venient ; unsuitable.  Chaucer 

UN-COV'E-NANT-ED,  a.  Not  granted  under  cov- 
enant, contract,  or  agreement.  Bp.  Horsley. 

UN-COV'ER  (un-kuv'er),  v.  a.  [z.  uncovered; 
pp.  UNCOVERING,  UNCOVERED.] 

1.  To  divest  of  a covering ; to  strip ; to  lay 
bare  or  open. 

After  you  are  up,  uncover  your  bed,  and  Qpen  the  curtains 
to  air  it.  Harvey. 

2.  To  disclose;  to  detect;  to  discover. 

There  will  certainly  come  some  day  or  other  to  uncover 
every  soul  of  us.  Pope. 

3.  To  bare,  as  the  head,  in  token  of  respect. 

Rather  let  my  head  dance  on  a bloody  pole 

Than  stand  uncovered  to  the  vulgar  groom.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Bare,  Detect. 

UN-COV'ER,  v.  n.  To  take  off  the  hat  or  the 
covering  of  the  head  ; to  make  bare.' 

We  were  forced  to  uncover  after  them.  Addison. 

UN-COV'ERED  (un-kuv'erd),  p.  a.  Not  covered; 

stripped  ; laid  bare  or  open. 

UN-COV'ET-ED,  a.  Not  coveted.  Ash. 

UN-COWL',  v.  a.  To  divest  of  a cowl.  Coleridge. 

UN-COVVLED'  (-kbuld'),  a.  Not  wearing  a cowl. 

UN-CRAF'TY,  a.  Not  crafty!  Bp.  Taylor. 

UN-CRAMPED'  (un-krampt'),  a.  Not  cramped  or 
confined  ; free  from  constraint.  Ed.  Rev. 

UN-CRAN'NIED,  a.  Having  no  cranny.  Drayton. 

UN-CRE-AT'A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  created  ; 
not  creatable.  Tillock. 

UN-CRE-ATE',  v.  a.  To  annihilate,  [r.]  Carew. 

t UN-CRE-ATE',  a.  Uncreated.  Milton. 

UN-CRE-AT'ED,  a.  Not  created.  Locke. 

UN-CRE-AT'ED-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
uncreated.  Waterland. 

f UN-CRED'I-BLE,  a.  Incredible.  Bacon. 

f UN-CRED'lT-A-BLE,  a.  Discreditable.  “ Un - 
creditable  and  unfashionable  sins.”  Hammond. 

f UN-CRED'IT-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Discreditable- 
ness. Decay  of  Christian  Piety. 

f UN-CRED'IT-A-BLY,  ad.  Without  credit.  Ash. 

UN-CRED'IT-ED,  a.  Not  credited.  Warner. 

UN-CREST'ED,  a.  Not  having  a crest.  Dyer. 

UN-CRlED',  a.  Not  cried  or  called.  B.  Jonson. 

UN-CRIP'PLED  (un-krlp'pld),  a.  Not  crippled; 
unmaimed  ; not  lamed.  Cowper. 

UN-CRIT'I-CAL,  a.  Not  critical.  Penn. 

UN-CRIT'I-CI^ED,  a.  Not  criticised.  Scott. 

UN-CROPPED'  (un-kropt'),  a.  Not  cropped.  Shak. 

UN-CROOIv'ED  (-kruk'-),  a.  Straight.  Beau.  § FI. 

UN-CROSSED'  (un-krost'),  a.  Not  crossed.  Shak. 

UN-CRoWd'ED,  a.  Not  crowded.  Addison. 

UN-CROWi\'  (Sn-kroun'),  V.  a.  [z’.  UNCROWNED  ; 
pp.  uncrowning,  uncrowned.]  To  deprive 
of  a crown  or  sovereignty ; to  discrown ; to 
dethrone. 

He  hath  done  me  wrong. 

And  therefore  I ’ll  uncrown  him.  Shak. 

UN-CRUSHED'  (-krusht'),  a.  Not  crushed.  Ash. 

UN-CRUST'ED,  a.  Having  no  crust.  Ash. 

UN-CRYS'TAL-LlNE,  a.  Not  crystalline.  Phillips. 

tjN-CRYs'TAL-LIZ-A-BLE,  a.  Not  capable  of 
being  crystallized.  Ure. 

UN-CRYS'TAL-LlZED,  a.  Not  crystallized. 


UNC'TION  (unglc'shun),  n.  [L.  unctio  ; ungo,  to 
anoint ; It.  unzione  ; Sp.  uncion  ; Fr.  auction.] 

1.  The  act  of  anointing  ; a rubbing  with  oil. 

The  unction  of  the  tabernacle,  the  table,  the  laver,  the  altar 

of  God,  . . . made  them  for  ever  holy.  Hooker. 

2.  Unguent ; ointment,  [n.] 

The  king  himself  the  sacred  unction  made.  Dryden. 

3.  Any  thing  soft  or  lenitive. 

Lay  not  that  flattering  unction  to  your  soul.  Shak. 

4.  That  which  excites  piety  and  devotion; 
that  which  melts  to  devotion  ; emotion.  Johnson. 

I have  found  in  the  “PensScs  dc  Pascal”  a truly  divine 
unction.  Boswell. 

Extreme,  unction , one  of  the  seven  sacraments  of  the 
Roman  Catholic  Church,  administered  to  persons  dan- 
gerously sick,  by  anointing  them  with  oil  and  praying 
over  them.  Jas.  v.  14,  J5.  Buck. 

UNC'TION-LESS,  a.  Devoid  of  unction.  Bl.  Mag. 

UNC'TIOUS,  a.  Unctuous.  B.  Jonson. 

UNCT-U-OS'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being  unct- 
uous ; fatness ; oiliness,  [r.]  Browne. 

UNCT'U-OUS  (ungkt'yu-us),  a.  [It.  iS;  Sp.  unctu- 
oso  ; Fr.  onctucux.]  Fat ; oily  ; greasy.  Dryden. 

UNCT'U-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
unctuous  ; fatness  ; oiliness  ; greasiness.  Fuller. 

UN-CUCK'OLD-ED,  a.  Not  cuckolded.  Shak. 

UN-CULLED'  (un-kuld'),  a.  Not  culled.  Milton. 

f UN-CUI.'PA-BLE,  a.  Inculpable.  Hooker. 

UN-CULT',  a.  Uncultivated ; rude,  [r.]  Wright. 

UN-CUL'TI-VA-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  culti- 
vated or  tilled ; sterile ; barren.  Evans - 

UN-CUL'TI-VA-TA-BLE,  a.  Not  susceptible  of 
cultivation ; uncultivable.  Craig. 

ON-CUL'Tt-VATE,  a.  Uncultivated.  [R.]  Roioe. 

UN-CUL'TI-VAT-ED,  a.  [L.  incidtus.] 

1.  Not  cultivated  or  tilled  ; untilled.  Dryden. 

2.  Not  instructed ; uncivilized;  rude. 

In  their  dark  and  uncultivated  state.  Wollaston. 

UN-CUL'TI-VAT-ED-NESS,  n.  A want  of  culti- 
vation; uncultivated  state.  Craig. 

UN-CULT'URE,  n.  Want  of  cultivation. 

Idleness,  ill  husbandry,  in  mistiming,  neglect  of  meet 
helps,  unculture , ill  choice  of  seeds.  Bp.  Hall. 

UN-CULT'URED  (-yurd),  a.  Not  tilled.  Potter. 

UN-CfJM'BERED  (-kum'burd),  a.  Not  cumbered 
or  burdened ; not  embarrassed.  Dryden. 

UN-CUN'NING,  a.  Not  cunning;  not  knowing ; 
not  skilful  or  experienced  ; ignorant.  Wickliffe. 

UN-CUN'NING-LY,  ad.  Without  cunning.  Vives. 

UN-CUN 'NING-NESS,  n.  A want  of  cunning- 
ness, skill,  or  experience.  Wickliffe. 

UN-CUR' A- BLE,  a.  Incurable,  [r.]  Goldsmith. 

f UN-CUR'A-BLY,  ad.  Incurably.  Milton. 

UN-CURB',  v.  a.  To  free  from  the  curb.  Ash. 

UN-CUR B'A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  curbed, 
checked,  or  restrained.  Shak. 

UN-CURBED'  (un-kurbd'),  a.  Not  curbed  or  re- 
strained ; unbridled ; licentious.  Shak. 

UN-CUR'DLED  (-kur'dld),  a.  Not  curdled.  Merle. 

UN-CURED'  (un-kurd'),  a.  Not  cured.  Burke. 

tlN-CU'RI-OUS,  a.  Incurious,  [r.]  Daniel. 

UN-CURL',  v.  a.  [z.  uncurled  ; pp.  uncurl- 
ing, uncurled.]  To  free  from  curls,  ringlets, 
or  convolutions,  as  hair.  B.  Jonson. 

UN-CURL',  v.  n.  To  become  free  from  curls. 

My  fleece  of  woolly  hair  now  uncurls.  Shak. 

UN-CURLED'  (-kiirld'),  a.  Not  curled.  Congreve. 

t)N-CUR'RENT,  a.  Not  current.  Milton. 

UN-CUR'RIED  (-lcur'rjd),  a.  Not  curried.  B.  § FI. 

trN-CUESE',  v.  a.  To  free  from  execration.  Shak. 

UN-CURSED'  (-kUvst'),  a.  Not  execrated.  Waller. 

UN-CUR- TAILED'  (-kur-tald'),  a.  Not  curtailed, 

(JN-CUR'TAIN,  v.  a.  To  remove  a curtain  from. 

UN-CUR'TAINED  (-tjnd),  a.  Not  curtained.  Ash. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  S6N  ; BULL,  BUR,  RULE.—  £,  <?,  $,  g,  soft; 


C,  6,  £,  1,  hard;  § as  z; 


Y as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


UNCUSTOMABLE 


1574 


UNDEPRIVED 


tJN-CUS'TOM- A-BLE,  a.  Not  liable  to  pay  cus- 
toms ; not  subject  to  duty.  Scott. 

UN-COs'TOM-A-RI-LY,  ad.  In  a manner  not 
customary;  unusually.  Clarke. 

UN-CUS'TOM-A-RI-NESS,  n.  Tile  state  of  being 
not  customary ; unusualncss.  Clarke. 

UN-COS'TOM-A-RY,  a.  Not  customary.  Clarke. 

UN-CUS'TOMED  (un-kus'tumd),  a.  Not  subject 
to  duty  or  customs;  uncustomable.  Wright. 

UN-CUT',  a.  Not  cut.  “ Trees  uncut."  Waller. 

■f  UN-CUTH',  n.  [A.  S.  wn,  not,  and  cuth,  known.] 
{Saxon  Laiv.)  A stranger.  Burrill. 

UN-DAM',  r.  a.  To  free  from  a dam,  mound,  or 
obstruction,  as  water.  Dryden. 

UN-DAM' At^ED  (un-dam'adjd),  a.  Not  damaged, 
injured,  or  impaired.  J Philips. 

UN-DAMPED'  (Qn-dampt'),  a.  Not  damped,  cooled, 
or  depressed ; not  discouraged.  Thomson. 

Undamped  by  doubts,  undaunted  by  despair.  Young. 

t UN-DAMP'N^D,  a.  Uncondemned.  Wickliffe. 

f UN-DAN'(?f,RED,  a.  Free  from  danger  or  mis- 
chief ; not  endangered.  Chaucer. 

UN-DAN'QpR-OUS,  a.  Not  dangerous.  Thomson. 

UN-DARK'ENED  (un-dir'knd),  a.  Not  darkened 
or  obscured ; not  rendered  dim.  More. 

t UN-DASHED',  a.  Not  struck  with  astonishment, 
shame,  or  fear ; not  daunted.  Daniel. 

UN-DAT'ED,  a.  Not  dated.  Talfourd. 

UN'DA-TED,  a.  [L.  unda,  a wave.]  Having  a 
waved  surface ; undulate.  , Clarke. 

ON-DAUNT' A-BLE,  a.  Not  to  be  daunted.  Hacket. 

UN-DAUNT'ED  (un-d'4nt'ed),  a.  Not  daunted  ; not 
subdued  by  fear  ; intrepid;  bold;  fearless. 

Syn.  — See  Bold. 

UN-1)AUNT'UD-LY  (un-dant'ed-le),  ad.  Boldly  ; 
intrepidly  ; without  fear.  South. 

UN -DAUNT'f.D-NESS,  n.  Boldness;  bravery; 
intrepidity  ; fearlessness.  Atterbury. 

UN-DAWN'ING,  a.  Not  dawning;  not  becoming 
light.  “ The  yet  undawning  east.”  Cowper. 

UN-DAZ'ZLED  (un-daz'zld),  a.  Not  dazzled  ; not 
dimmed  or  confused  by  splendor.  Milton. 

On'DU,  a.  [L.  unda,  a wave.]  {Her.)  Wavy ; — 
applied  to  charges,  the  edges  of  which  curve  and 
recurve  like  the  waves  of  water,  and  written 
also  undee,  undy,  and  oundy.  Ogilvie. 

f UN-DEAD',  a.  Not  dead  ; alive.  Udal. 

t On-DEAD'LI-NESS,  n.  Immortality.  Wickliffe. 

+ UN-DEAD'LY,  a.  Immortal.  Wickliffe. 

f UN-DEAF'  (un-def'),  v.  a.  To  free  from  deaf- 
ness ; to  restore  the  sense  of  hearing  to,  Shah. 

UN-DEALT',  <i.  Not  dealt  or  transacted,  Milton. 

UN-DU-BARRED'  (un-de-bard'),  a.  Not  debarred, 
obstructed,  or  hindered.  Daniel. 

UN-DU-BASED'  (un-de-hast'),  a.  Not  debased  or 
degraded;  unadulterated.  Lady  Morgan. 

UN-DE-B AT'pD,  a.  Not  debated.  Milton. 

UN-DE-BAUCHED'  (-b&wcht'),  a.  Not  debauched 
or  corrupted;  not  vitiated  or  seduced  Bp.  Hall. 

UN-Dp-BlL'I-TAT-gD,  a.  Not  debilitated.  Ash. 

UN-DEC'A-GON,  n.  [L.  undecim,  eleven,  and  Gr. 
yuvia,  an  angle.]  {(Jeom.)  A polygon  of  eleven 
sides.  Hutton. 

UN-Dp-CAYED'  (-kad'),  a.  Not  decayed  or  im- 
paired. “ With  courage  undecaycd.”  Dryden. 

UN-DU-CAy'ING,  a.  Not  decaying,  wasting,  or 
declining ; enduring  ; lasting.  Blackmore. 

UN-DIJ-CF.IT'FUL,  a.  Not  deceitful.  Akenside. 

UN-Dg-CEIV'A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  deceived. 

This  sure  anchor  of  our  vndeceivahle  hope.  Bp.  Hall. 

tTN-DIJ-CEIVE'  (-de-sev'),  V.  a.  [i.  UNDECEIVED; 
pp.  undeceiving,  undeceived.]  To  free  from 
deception  or  fallacy  ; to  inform 


This  confirmed  me  in  my  opinion,  and  I ivas  just  going  to 
leave  him,  when  one  of  tile  natives.  ..  undertouk  to  Null  I 
ccU'c  me.  foot-. 

UN-DU-CEI VED'  (un-de-sevd'),  a.  Not  deceived 
or  cheated  ; not  imposed  upon.  Dryden. 

f UN-DE'CpN-CY,  n.  Indecency.  Bp.  Taylor. 

t UN-DE'CUNT,  a.  Unsuitable  ; indecent.  Milton. 

f UN-DE'CjpNT-LY,  ad.  Indecently.  Abp.  Laud. 

UN-DE-CEP'TIVE,  a.  Not  deceptive.  Foster. 

UN-DE-CID'A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  decided, 
determined,  or  settled.  South. 

f UN-DU-CIDE',  v.  a.  To  reverse  or  act  contrary 
to,  as  a decision.  Daniel. 

UN-Dp-ClD'lJD,  a.  Not  decided;  undetermined. 

UN-Dp-CID'ING,  a.  Not  deciding,  Burke. 

UN-DEQ'I-MA-RY,  a.  [L.  undecim,  eleven.]  Oc- 
curring every  eleventh  year.  Craig 

UN-DE-cI'PIIER-A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  de- 
ciphered ; indecipherable.  Qu.  Rev. 

UN-DE-Cl'PIIER-A-BLY,  ad.  So  as  not  to  be  de- 
ciphered. ’ Clarke. 

UN-Dp-Cl'PHERED  (-sl’ferd),  a.  Not  deciphered. 

UN-Dp-CI'SIVE,  a.  Indecisive.  Glanvill, 

UN-DECK',  v.  a.  [ i . undecked  ; pp.  UNDECK- 
ING, undecked.]  To  divest  of  ornaments. 

To  undcck  the  pompous  body  of  a king.  Shak. 

UN-DECKED'  (-dekt'),  a.  Not  decked.  Daniel. 

UN-DIJ-CLAred'  (-klird'), a.  Notdeclared.  More. 

UN-DU-CLIN'A-BLE,  a.  Not  declinable  ; inde- 
clinable ; not  to  be  avoided  or  shunned.  Hacket. 

UN-DE-CLlNED'  (uii-de-kllnd'),  a.  1.  Not  turned 
from  the  right  way  ; undeviating.  Sandys. 

2.  Not  grammatically  declined.  Bramston. 

UN-Df-CLlN'ING,  a.  Not  declining.  Shelley. 

UN-DE-COM-PO§'A-BI,E,  a.  Not  decomposable; 
not  to  be  decomposed.  Turner 

UN-DE-COM-POSED'  (un-de-kom-pozd'),  a.  Not 
decomposed  or  disintegrated.  Phil.  Mag. 

UN-DE-CO M-POUND' £ D,  a.  Not  decompounded. 

UN-DEC'O-RAT-ED,  a.  Not  decorated.  Smith. 

UN-DU-CIIEED',  a.  Not  decreed.  Dryden. 

UN-DED'I-CAT-UD,  a.  Not  dedicated.  Boyle. 

UN-DU-DU'CI-BLE,  a.  Not  deducible.  Ash. 

UN-DEED'FD,  a.  1.  +Not  having  performed  any 
deeds  or  actions;  not  signalized  by  action. 

My  sword  with  an  unbattered  edge 
I sheathe  again  undeeded . Shak. 

2.  Not  transferred  by  deed,  as  land.  Clarke. 

UN-DU- FACE' A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  defaced. 

UN-DE-FACED'  (un-de-fast'),  a.  Not  defaced. 

UN-DU-FAC'UD-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  un-  ! 
defaced.  Clarke. 

fUN-DU-FAT'l-G  A-BLE, 0.  Indefatigable.  Camden. 

f UN-DE-FEA'§I-BLE,  a.  Indefeasible.  Bp  Hall 

(JN-DE-FEAT'JED,  a.  Not  defeated.  Ash. 

f UN-DE-FENCED',  a.  Undefended.  Daniel. 

UN-DU-FEND'UD,  a.  Not  defended.  Burke. 

UN-DJJ-FEND'ING,  a.  Not  defending. 

UN-Df-FERRED'  (-ferd'),  a Not  deferred.  Ash. 

UN-Df-FIED'  (-fid'),  a.  Not  defied,  Spenser. 

UN-DU-FlLED'  (-flld'),  a.  Not  defiled.  Milton. 

UN-DE-FlL'UD-LY,  ad.  Without  pollution,  cor- 
ruption, or  contamination  Udal. 

tJN-DE-FIU'UD-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  un- 
defiled ; freedom  from  stain,  Qu.  Rev. 

fUN-DE-FlN'A-BLE,  a.  Indefinable.  Locke. 

f UN-DU-FlN'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the 
quality  of  being  indefinable.  Craig. 

tJN-DU-FINED',  a.  Not  defined,  boundless. 

Syn.  — See  Boundless. 

UN-DU-F  LOWERED  (-fliiu'erdl,  a.  Not  de- 
flowered; not  defiled  ; not  polluted.  Milton. 


UN-DU-FORMED’  (-forind'),  a.  Not  deformed. 

f UN-DU-FOULED',  a.  Uncorrupted.  Wickliffe. 

tJN-DU-FRAUD'UD,  a.  Not  defrauded.  Ash. 

(JN-DU-FRAyED'  (-frad'),  a.  Not  defrayed.  Clarke. 

UN-DU-<?EN'UR-ATE,  a.  Not  degenerate. 

UN-DU-9EN'UR-AT-UD,  a.  Not  degenerated. 

UN-Df.-GRAD'UD,  a.  Not  degraded.  Knox. 

UN-DE'l-FIED  (-fid),  p.  a.  Not  deified.  Milton. 

UN-DE'1-FY,  v.  a.  To  deprive  of  divinity.  Milton. 

UN-DU-JECT'UD,  a.  Not  dejected.  Knox. 

UN-DU-LAY'A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  delayed. 

UN-DU -LA  YED'  (-lad'),  a.  Not  delayed.  W.  Scott. 

UN-DU-LAY'UD-LY,  ad.  Without  delay.  Udal. 

UN-DU- LAY'ING,  <*•  Not  delaying.  Cowper. 

UN-DU-LECT'A-BLE,  a.  Not  delectable.  Sterne. 

UN-DEL'U-GAT-UD,  a.  Not  delegated  or  deputed- 

UN-DU-L1B  UR-Ate,  i a.  Not  deliberate  ; not 

UN-DU-LlB'UR-AT-UD,  ) considered.  Clarendon. 

UN-DU-LIB'UR-ATE-NESS,  n.  A want  of  deliber- 
ateness ; inconsiderateness.  Coleridge. 

UN-DU-LIB'UR-AT-ING,  a.  Not  deliberating ; not 
hesitating ; hasty  ; prompt.  Clarke. 

UN-DE-LlB'UR-A-TlVE,  a.  N ot  deliberative. 

UN-DU-LlB  UR-A-TIVE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  undeliberative  ; want  of  forethought. 

UN-DU-Ll"CIOUS  (un-de-llsh'us),  a.  Not  pleasing 
to  the  senses  ; not  delicious.  A.  Smith. 

UN-DU-LIGHT'UD  (-de-llt'ed),  a.  Not  delighted- 

UN-DU-LlGHT'FUL  (un-de-llt'ful),  a.  Not  afford- 
ing delight  or  pleasure.  Daniel. 

UN-DU-LlGHT'FUL-LY,  ad.  In  an  undelightful 
manner  ; so  as  not  to  give  delight.  Clarke . 

UN-DU- LIN'U-AT-UD,  0.  Not  delineated.  Ash. 

UN-DU-LIV'URKD,  a.  Not  delivered.  Milton. 

UN-DU-LUD'UD,  a.  Not  deluded.  Bgron. 

UN-DEL'U^rED  (un-del'fljd),  a.  Not  deluged  ; not 
overwhelmed;  not  overflown.  Cowper. 

UN-DU-LU'SIVE,  a.  Not  tending  to  delude. 

UN-DU-LU'SIVE-LY,  ad.  So  as  not  to  delude. 

UN-DU-mAnd'UD,  a.  Not  demanded.  Thomson. 

UN-DU-MISED'  (-mlzd'),  a.  Not  demised.  Ash. 

UNtDU-MOL'JSHED  (-mol'jsht),  a.  Not  demolished. 

UN-DU-MON'STR  A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be 
demonstrated  ; indemonstrable.  Hooker. 

(JN-DU-MON'STRA-BLY,  ad.  Without,  being 
proved  by  demonstration.  Clarke. 

UN-DU-MON'STRAT-UD,  a.  Not  demonstrated. 

UN-DU-MON'STRA-TlVE,  a.  Not  demonstrative  ; 
reserved  ; as,  “ An  undemonstrative  man.” 

UN-DU-NI' A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  denied  ; ob- 
vious ; evident ; indubitable  ; indisputable. 

Syn.  — See  Indubitable 

UN-DU-NI' A-BLY,  ad.  So  plainly  as  not  to  admit 
of  denial ; obviously.  Hammond. 

UN-DU-NOUNCED'  (-nofinst'),  a.  Not  denounced. 

f UN-DU-PART'A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  parted, 
separated,  or  severed.  Chaucer. 

tTN-DU-PEND'ING,  a.  Not  depending.  Milton. 

UN-DF,-PnLEG'MAT-UD,  a.  Not  cleared  or  puri- 
fied from  phlegm.  _ Boyle. 

UN-DU-PLORED'  (un-de-plord'),  a.  Not  deplored. 

UN-DU-PO?' A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  deposed 
or  divested  of  office.  Clarke. 

UN-DU-POSED'  (-pozd'),  a.  Not  deposed.  Ash. 

UN-DU-PRAVED'  (un-de-pravd'),  a.  Not  depraved  ; 
uncorrupted.  “ Undepraved  natures.”  Glanvill. 

fjN-DU-PRE'CI-AT-UD,  a.  Not  depreciated. 

UN-DIJ-PRESSED'  (-prest'),  a.  Not  depressed. 

UN-DU-PRlVED'  (un-de-pvlvd'),  a.  Not  deprived  ; 
not  stripped  of  any  possession.  Dryden. 


A,  E,  f,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  t,  short;  A,  U,  I,  9,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


UNDEPUTED 


1575 


UNDERGROWTH 


UN-PE-PUT'£D,  a.  Not  deputed  ; not  appointed 
as  a substitute  or  agent.  Ash. 

UN'D^R,  prep.  [M.  Goth,  undar  ; A.  S.  under ; 
Put.  ouder ; Frs.  under ; Ger.  unter\  Pan.  § 
S\v.  under.  — Ind. 

1.  Below  or  beneath  in  place,  so  as  to  be  cov- 
ered, or  so  as  to  have  something  overhead ; the 
opposite  of  above , over,  or  upon ; as,  “ Under 
a shelter  “ Under  heaven  ” ; “ Under  water.” 
When  thou  wast  under  the  fig-tree,  I saw  thee.  John  i.  48. 

2.  Beneath  or  below  with  regard  to  influence, 

power,  or  authority  ; in  a state  of  subjection  or 
pupillage  to  ; subordinate  to.  “ Having  soldiers 
under  me.”  Matt.  viii.  9. 

For  under  it  [the  Levitical  priesthood]  the  people  received 
the  law.  lleb.  vii.  11. 

A child  ...  is  under  tutors  and  governors  until  the  time 
appointed  of  the  father.  Gal.  iv.  1,  2. 

3.  In  a less  degree  than. 

Medicines  take  effect  sometimes  under , and  sometimes 
above,  the  natural  proportion  of  their  virtue.  Hooker. 

4.  For  that  which  is  less  than. 

We  are  thrifty  enough  not  to  part  with  any  thing  service- 
able to  our  bodies  under  a good  consideration.  Ray. 

5.  Less  than  ; below  ; with  less  than. 

There  are  several  hundred  parishes  in  England  under 
twenty  pounds  a year,  and  many  under  ten.  Swift. 

Several  young  men  could  never  leave  the  pulpit  under 
half  a dozen  conceits.  Swift. 

6.  By  the  show  of ; by  means  of. 

’Tis  hard  to  bind  any  syllogism  so  close  upon  the  mind  as 
not  to  be  evaded  under  some  plausible  distinction.  Baker. 

7.  In  a state  of  inferiority  to  ; inferior  to;  — 
noting  rank  or  order  of  precedence. 

It  was  too  great  an  honor  for  any  man  under  a duke.  Addison. 

8.  In  a state  of  being  burdened  with. 

To  groan  and  sweat  under  the  business.  Shak. 

9.  In  a state  of  oppression  by  or  subjection  to. 

Women  and  children  did  not  show  the  least  signs  of  com- 
plaint under  the  extremity  of  torture.  Collier. 

10.  In  a state  of  being  liable  to^or  limited  by. 

The  greatest  part  of  mankind  is  slow  of  apprehension,  and 
therefore,  in  many  cases,  under  a necessity  of  seeing  with 
other  men’s  eyes.  South. 

11.  In  a state  of  protection  or  defence. 

Under  favor,  there  are  other  materials  for  a common- 
wealth besides  stark  love  and  kindness.  Collier. 

12.  As  having  or  possessing  ; with  respect  to. 

Mr.  Duke  may  be  mentioned  under  the  double  capacity  of 

a poet  and  a divine.  Felton. 

13.  Attested  by;  signed  by;  as,  “ Under  my 
hand.”  — See  Oyer,  prep. 

An  evidence  under  his  own  hand.  Locke. 

I really  doubt  whether  I shall  write  any  more  under  this 
signature.  Junius. 

14.  Subjected  to  ; being  the  subject  of.  “The 

subjects,  under  consideration.”  Locke. 

15.  In  subordination  to. 

This  is  the  only  safeguard,  under  the  Spirit  of  God,  that 
dictated  these  sacred  writings,  that  can  be  relied  on.  Locke. 

16.  Not  having  reached  or  arrived  to  ; — not- 
ing time  or  duration. 

Three  sons  he,  dying,  left  under  age.  Spenser. 

17.  In  the  state  of  bearing  or  being  known 
by  ; represented  by. 

Morpheus  is  represented  . . . under  the  figure  of  a boy 
asleep,  with  a bundle  of  poppies  in  his  hand.  Addison. 

18.  In  the  state  or  condition  of. 

If  they  can  succeed  without  blood,  as  under  the  present 
disposition  of  things,  it  is  very  possible  they  may,  it  is  to  be 
hoped  they  will  be  satisfied.  Swift. 

To  bring-  under,  to  subject  to  a state  of  control. — 
To  keep  under , to  restrain  ; to  hold  in  subjection  or  to 
control.  “ I keep  under  rny  body.”  1 Cor.  ix.  27.  — To 
knock  under , to  yield  or  to  submit.  [Vulgar.]  — Under 
arms , fully  armed  and  mounted,  as  troops. — Under 
one's  own  hand , or  one's  signature , having  the  name, 
sign,  or  mark,  written  or  impressed  ; as,  “ He  wrote 
and  published  under  his  own  hand  or  signature." 
Attested  by  ; signed  by  ; as,  “ Under  my  hand  and 
seal.” — Under  sail , noting  tile  state  of  a vessel  when 
she  is  loosened  from  her  moorings  and  under  the  gov- 
ernment of  her  sails  and  rudder.  Mar.  Diet. — Under 
the  lee  of  the  land , expressing  the  situation  of  a vessel 
anchored  or  sailing  under  the  weather  shore.  Mar. 
Diet. — Under  the  rose , (L.  sub  rosa .)  privately  or 
secretly.  Beau.  FI.  See  ROSE.  — Under  water , be- 
low the  surface  of  the  water.  — Under  way , moving 
forward  or  making  progress  as  a ship.  “ To  get  under 
way  from  river  moorings.”  Mar.  Diet. 

Syn.  — Under  or  subject  to  authority  ; under  or  less 
than  a hundred  ; under  water  or  the  ground  ; below  the 
horizon  ; beneath  the  surface.  A person  is  under  or 
subordinate  to  another  when  he  is  subject  to  his  au- 
thority ; below  him,  when  in  an  inferior  rank  or  posi- 
tion. Beneath  is  a stronger  term  than  below  or  under. 
Under  subjection  ; beneath  notice. 


LTN'DER,  a.  Lower  in  place  or  degree  ; inferior  ; 
subject  ; subordinate.  “ The  under  globe.” 
Chapman.  “ The  under  world.”  Beau.  £$  FI. 

Under  sail,  (Naut.)  the  state  of  a ship  when  she  is 
loosed  from  her  moorings,  and  under  the  government 
of  her  sails  and  rudder.  — Under  way,  a phrase  applied 
to  a ship  when  loosed  from  her  moorings,  and  when 
she  has  begun  to  make  progress.  Mar.  Diet. 

XtQf  Under  is  much  used  in  composition. 

UN'DER,  ad.  In  a lower  place  or  condition;  so 
as  to  be  inferior ; beneath ; below. 

Ye  purpose  to  keep  tinder  the  children  of  Judah  . . . for 
bondmen  and  bondwomen.  2 Chron.  xxviii.  10. 

UN-D^R-AC'TION,  n.  A subordinate  action  ; an 
action  not  essential  to  the  main  story. 

The  least  episodes,  or  underactions. . . . are  parts  necessary 
or  convenient  to  carry  on  the  main  design.  Dryden. 

UN-D^R-Act'OR,  n.  A subordinate  actcr  or 
agent ; an  underagent.  Goldsmith. 

I7N-DER-A'£ENT,  n.  A subordinate  agent.  South. 

UN-D^-RAN^ED'  (-rajijd'),  a.  Not  deranged. 

UN-D^R-BeAr'  (-b4r'),  v.  a.  [ i undereore  ; 

pp.  UNDERBEARING,  UNDERBORNE.] 

1.  To  support ; to  endure  ; to  sustain.  Shak. 

2.  f To  line  ; to  guard. 

Cloth  of  gold  . . . underbome  with  a bluish  tinsel.  Shak. 

UN-DER-BeAr'£R,  n.  One  who  helps  to  bear  the 
corpse  at  a funeral.  Johnson. 

UN-D£R-BlD',  v.  a.  [i.  underbid  or  under- 
bade; pp.  UNDERBIDDING,  UNDERBIDDEN  01' 
underbid.]  To  bid  or  offer  less  than,  as  for 
goods  at  an  auction,  but  especially  for  a con- 
tract offered  to  the  lowest  bidder. 

’T  is  only  an  enhancing  the  price  of  the  commodity  by  tell- 
ing you  how  many  customers  have  underbid  you.  Congreve. 

tjN-DER-BIND',  v.  a.  To  bind  under.  Fairfax. 

UN-DER-BRACE',  f.  a.  To  hold,  bind,  or  tie  to- 
gether below.  Cowper. 

UN'DIJR-BrAnch,  n.  A lower  branch.  Spenser. 

UN'DER-BRED,  a.  Of  inferior  breeding  or  man- 
ners, as  a person  ; uncivil.  Goldsmith. 

IJN'DljiU-RRUSH,  n.  Brushwood  or  shrubs  grow- 
ing under  forest-trees  ; undergrowth.  Morison. 

UN-DJJR-BUY'  (-bl'),  v.  a.  To  buy  for  less  than 
the  value,  or  at  a lower  price,  [r.]  Beau.  § FI. 

UN'DpR-CARVED,  a.  Carved  beneath.  “Your 
undercarved  ornaments.”  B.  Jonson. 

UN-DIJR-CAst',  v.  a.  To  cast  under.  Wickliffe. 

UN-DpR-CHAM'B£R-LAIN,  n.  A subordinate 
chamberlain  ; a deputy  chamberlain.  Smart. 

UN'DiJR-CHAPS  (-chops),  n.pl.  The  lower  chaps. 

The  skin  which  lies  between  the  underchaps.  J’ahij. 

UN'DER-CLAY,  n.  A layer  of  clay  below  the  tilth. 

UN'D£R-CLERK  (-klirk  or  klerk),  n.  A clerk 
subordinate  to  the  principal  clerk.  Swift. 

UN'DJJR-COAT,  n.  A coat  worn  under  another 
coat.  “An  undercoat  to  the  long  robe.”  Butler. 

UN'DpR-COOIC  (un'der-kuk),  n.  A subordinate 
or  inferior  cook.  Theatrical  Biography. 

fUN-DER-CON'DUCT,  n.  A lower  conduct.  Wotton. 

UN'DIJR-CRAFT,  n.  A subordinate  craft.  Sterne. 

f UN-DER-CREEP',t>.  n.  To  creep  privily.  Wickliffe. 

f UN-DER-CREST',  v.  a.  To  support;  to  bear  .Shak. 

UN'DflR-CROFT,  n.  A vault  under  the  choir  or 
chancel  of  a cathedral  or  other  church  : — a sub- 
terranean walk,  vault,  or  apartment.  Bullokar. 

In  the  undercroft  of  Our  Lady’s  Chapel  is  an  ancient 
monument.  Weever. 

UN'D^R-CRUST,  n.  The  lower  crust.  Foote. 

f UN-D^R-CRY',  v.  n.  To  cry  out  aloud.  Wickliffe. 

UN-DER-CtJR'RIJNT,  n.  A current  beneath  the 
surface  of  the  water,  or  beneath  another  cur- 
rent, flowing  sometimes  in  an  opposite  direction. 

Smith  supposes  an  undercui'rent  running  through  the 
Straits  of  Gibraltar  to  carry  ns  much  water  into  the  ocean  ns 
the  uppcrcurrcnt  continually  carries  from  it.  Goldsmith. 

f UN-DpR-Cf/T',  v.  a.  To  cut  under;  to  succeed 
to  ; to  follow  in  office.  Wickliffe. 

UN-DER-DAuB'ER,  n.  An  inferior  or  subordinate 
dauber.  Bp.  Taylor. 


LTN-DUR-DEAL'INC,  n.  A dealing  under  the 
cover  of  secrecy  ; unfair  dealing.  Milton. 

f UN-D£R-DEL  VE',  v.  n.  To  delve  under.  Wickliffe. 

f UN-DpR-DIG',  v.  a.  To  dig  under;  to  undermine. 
“ Cities  . . . underdigged."  Wickliffe. 

UN-DfJR-DITCII',  v.  a.  To  form  a ditch  under- 
neath, for  draining  ; to  underdrain.  Smart. 

UN-DpR-DO',  V.  n.  [».  UNDERDID  ; pp.  UNDER- 
DOING, UNDERDONE.] 

1.  To  act  below  one’s  abilities.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  To  do  less  than  is  requisite.  Grew. 

UN-Df  It-DONE',  a.  Moderately  cooked  or  done  ; 
cooked  or  done  rare,  as  meat ; rare.  Qu.  Bcv. 

UN'D^R-DOSE,  n.  A small  dose,  or  a dose 
smaller  than  is  usual.  Smart. 

UN-DJ^R-DOSE’,  v.  a.  To  give  small  doses.  Smart. 

UN-DjiR-DRAIN',  v.  a.  To  drain  by  a covered 
ditch  or  channel  formed  under  the  surface. 

He  has  underdrained  his  whole  farm.  Johnston. 

UN'DpR-DR  AIN,  n.  A covered  drain  or  water- 
course beneath  the  surface  of  the  earth.  Loudon. 

UN-Df.R-DRESSED’  (-drest'),  a.  With  inferior  gar- 
ments ; not  nicely  or  well  dressed.  Johnson. 

UN-D£E-FAC'TI0N,  n.  A subordinate  faction,  or 
a subdivision  of  a faction.  Decay  of  Ch.  Piety. 

UN-DyR-FAC'UL-TY,  n.  A subordinate  faculty, 

endowment,  or  power.  Otway. 

UN-DER-FARM'JJR,  n.  One  who  farms  in  sub- 
ordination to  another.  Clarke. 

UN-DpR-FEL'LOW,  n.  A subordinate  fellow ; a 
mean  fellow  ; an  understrapper,  [r.]  Sidney. 

UN-DER-FlLI/ING,  n.  The  lower  part  of  an  edi- 
fice ; the  filling  below  or  beneath.  Wotton. 

UN'DER-FLAME,  n.  A flame  below;  an  inferior 
flame,  [it.]  Elegy  upon  Dr.  Donne. 

t UN-DER-FOL'LOW,  v.  a.  To  follow  close  after 
or  immediately.  Wickliffe. 

f UN-DfR-FONG',  v.  a.  [A.  S.  under,  under,  and 
fangan,  to  take.]  To  undertake.  Spenser. 

UN-DIJR-FOOT'  (un-der-fut'),  ad.  Under  the  feet ; 
beneath  ; below  ; underneath.  Milton. 

UN-DIjiR-FOOT',  a.  Abject ; down-trodden.  Milton. 

UN-DER-FUR'NISH,  v.  a.  To  furnish  or  supply 
with  less  than  enough.  Collier. 

UN-DER-FUR'RO/W,  V.  a.  To  cover  or  furrow 
under,  as  seed  or  manure.  Gray. 

ON-DER-GAR'DEN-JJR,  n.  A subordinate  or  in- 
ferior gardener.  Sterne. 

f UN-DER-GET',  v.n.  To  get  under  ; — to  under- 
stand. R.  Gloucester. 

UN-D£R-GIRD',  v.  a.  To  gird  or  bind  below  or 
round  the  bottom  ; to  gird  the  bottom  of. 

They  used  helps,  undergirding  the  ship.  Acts  xxvii.  17. 

ON-DER-GO',  V.  a.  [t.  UNDERWENT  ; PP/  UNDER- 
GOING, UNDERGONE.] 

1.  t To  go  or  move  under  or  below.  May. 

2.  To  bear  ; to  suffer  ; to  endure  ; to  sustain  ; 
to  be  subjected  or  exposed  to. 

Much  danger  do  I undergo  for  thee,  Shak. 

3.  f To  undertake  ; to  hazard  ; to  venture. 

Having  the  chiefest  actions  undergone.  Daniel. 

Syn.  — See  Bear. 

tJN'D£R-GOD,  n.  An  inferior  deity.  Blackmore. 

UN'DIJR-GRAD'y- ATE,  n.  A student  at  a uni- 
versity or  college  who  has  not  taken  a degree. 

UN-DER-GRAn'lJ-ATE-SIIIP,  n.  The  state  of 
being  an  undergraduate.  Gent.  Mag. 

On’ DER-G ROUND,  n.  A place  or  space  below 
the  surface  of  the  ground.  Shak. 

UN'DER-GROUND,  a.  Beneath  the  surface  of  the 
ground ; subterraneous.  Goldsmith. 

UN'DEiR-GROUND,  ad.  Under  or  beneath  the 
surface  of  the  ground.  Somerville. 

UN-DIJR-GROW',  v.  n.  To  grow  below  the  usual 
height,  [r.]  Wickliffe. 

tfN'DER-GROWTH  (un'der-groth),  n.  The  lower 
growth  of  plants  ; plants  growing  low,  or  below 
others  ; underbrush.  Milton. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — y,  £,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  £,  |,  hard ; § as  z;  ? as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


UNDERGRUB 


1576 


UNDERSHOT-WHEEL 


UX-DER-GRU  B',  v.  n.  To  undermine.  ITallnvell. 

UX-DyR-HAND',  ad.  By  secret  means  ; secretly  ; 
clandestinely  ; with  fraudulent  secrecy.  Sidney. 

UN-Df.R-HAND',  a.  Secret;  clandestine;  sly; 
disingenuous  ; unfair  ; fraudulent.  Addison. 

iJN-DER-HAND'ED,  a.  Sly  ; clandestine  ; secret; 
disingenuous  ; fraudulent ; underhand.  Smart. 

UN-DPR-HAND'JJD-LY,  ad.  In  an  underhand 
manner ; slyly  ; with  secrecy ; clandestinely. 

t UN-D^R-HANG',  v.  n.  To  suspend.  Holland. 

f UX'UpR-HEAD,  n.  A blockhead.  Wickliffe. 

f fjX-DER-HEAVE',  V.  n.  To  lift  up  from  be- 
neath; to  raise  up  ; to  support.  Wickliffe. 

UX-DEK-HEW',  v.  a.  To  hew  under  on  the  sides, 
as  a piece  of  timber,  so  as  to  make  it  appear  to 
contain  more  cubic  feet  than  it  does  contain. 

Wright. 

fJN-DgR-HOX'yST  (-on'est),  a.  Not  perfectly  or 
strictly  honest,  [it.]  Shak. 

0n-DER-H(JNG',  a , Having  the  lower  jaw  pro- 
jecting beyond  the  upper,  as  a bull-dog.  O/pen. 

ON-Dg-RlD'pD,  a.  Not  derided.  Ash. 

t/N-DE-RIVED'  (un-de-rlvd'),  a.  Not  derived  or 
borrowed.  “ Underived  power.”  Clarke. 

UN'DgR-J.AW,  n.  The  lower  jaw.  Paley. 

tJN-DgR-JOIN',  v.  n.  To  subjoin,  [it.]  Wickliffe. 

UN-DER-KEEP',  v.  a.  To  have  or  keep  in  sub- 
ordination to  another,  [k.]  Spenser. 

(JN-DER-KEEP'ER,  n.  A subordinate  or  inferior 
keeper.  Gray. 

UX'DpR-KIXD,  n.  A lower  or  inferior  kind.  “An 
underkind  of  chemist.”  Dry  den. 

UX-DyR-LA'BOR-pR,  n.  A subordinate  or  in- 
ferior laborer.  Wilkins. 

UN-DER-L.AY'  (un-der-la'),  V.  a.  [(.  UNDERLAID  ; 
pp.  UNDERLAYING,  UNDERLAID.]  To  Support 
or  to  strengthen  by  something  laid  under. 

The  floor  of  the  vault  was  all  loose,  and  underlaid  with 
several  springs.  Spectator. 

ON'DIJR-LAY,  n.  ( Geol .)  The  dip  or  inclination 
of  a mineral  vein  ; underlie!  Ansted. 

UN-D?R-LAY'ER,  n.  1.  One  who,  or  that  which, 
underlays.  Ash. 

2.  A perpendicular  shaft  in  a mine.  Weale. 

UN'DfR-LEAF,  n.  A species  of  cider  apple-tree. 

The  underleaf . . . is  a plentiful  bearer.  Mortimer. 

ON'DISR-LEASE,  n.  A lease  given  by  a tenant  or 
lessee.  Jodrell. 

UX-DpR-LET',  v.  a.  [».  underlet;  pp.  under- 
letting, UNDERLET.] 

1.  To  let  below  the  value.  “ All  my  farms 

were  underlet.”  Smollett. 

2.  To  let,  as  a tenant  or  lessee  ; to  sublet. 

UN-D^R-LET'TJJR,  n.  One  who  underlets.  Smart. 

UN-DER-LIE',  v.  a.  [i.  underlay;  pp.  under- 
lying, UNDERLAIN.] 

1.  To  lie  under,  as  a stratum.  Conybeare. 

2.  f To  support;  to  underlay.  Ilolinshed. 

GX-DpR-LIE',  v.  n.  To  lie  beneath.  Clarke. 

tjX’DER-LIE,  n.  (Geol.)  The  dip  or  inclination 

of  a mineral  vein  ; underlay.  Ansted. 

UX-DER-LLXE',  V.  a.  [i.  UNDERLINED  J pp.  UN- 
DERLINING, UNDERLINED.] 

1.  To  mark  underneath  or  below',  as  words, 

with  a line  ; to  underscore.  Johnson. 

2.  To  influence  secretly.  [R.] 

By  mere  chance  in  appearance,  though  underlined  with  a 
providence,  they  had  a full  sight  of  the  infanta.  Wotton. 

UN'DER-LING,  n.  An  inferior  agent;  a sorry 
fellow;  a subservient  person.  Sidney . 

The  fault,  dear  Brutus,  is  not  in  our  stars, 

But  in  ourselves,  that  we  arc  underline*.  Shak. 

On'D^R-lTp,  n.  The  lower  lip.  Arbuthnot. 

On’DER-LOCK,  n.  A lock  of  wool  hanging  from 
a sheep’s  belly.  Clarke. 

UX-DpR-LY'IXG,  a.  (Geol.)  Applied  to  granite 
from  its  being  rarely,  if  ever,  found  resting  on 
other  strata,  though  it  has  often  pierced  through 
them.  Lyell. 

UX-DIJR-mAst'ED,  a.  (Naut.)  Having  the  masts 
too  low ; inadequately  masted.  Ilackluyt. 


UN-DER-MAs'TER,  n.  A master  subordinate  to 
tlie  principal  master.  Johnson. 

UN'DEiR-MEAL,  n.  1.  Afternoon.  Nares.  Coles. 

2.  A repast  after  dinner.  Tyrwhitt.  Todd. 

/I ■ Undermeal  is  not  derived  from  meal,  a repast, 
blit  from  A.  S.  Intel,  for  part  or  portion,  as  in  dropmeal , 
piecemeal,  Ik c.  “ The  after  part  of  the  day.”  Hence 
it  is  Latinized  by  pomerid.es,  or  post-meridies,  in  the 
Promptuarium  Parvuloruin.  Nares. 

1 think  I am  furnished  for  cattern  [Catherine]  pears  for  one 
undermeal.  li.  Jbnson. 

“ That  is,  I have  enough  for  one  afternoon.  — It  lias 
been  explained  an  afternoon’s  meal,  or  slight  repast 
after  dinner;  Imt  that  is  contradicted  by  the  following 
examples.  Here,  for  instance,  it  means  evidently  the 
time  after  dinner : 

lie  hath  dined  at  a tavern,  and  slept  his  undermeal  at  a 
bawdy-house.  Nash. 

Perhaps,  also,  for  the  siesta,  or  afternoon’s  repose : — 

And  in  a narrower  limit  than  the  forty  years’  undermeal 
of  the  seven  sleepers.  Nash. 

To  put  it  out  of  all  doubt,  in  Coles’s  English  Dic- 
tionary, 1677,  1 find  undermeals  exactly  explained 
afternoons .”  Narcs. 

UN-DfR-MlXE',  V.  a.  [l.  UNDERMINED  ; pp.  UN- 
DERMINING, UNDERMINED.] 

1.  To  dig  cavities  under  for  the  purpose  of 
destroying  or  causing  to  fall ; to  sap. 

A vast  rock  undermined  from  one  end  to  the  other.  Addison. 

The  church  was  undermined,  and  then  betrayed.  Dryden. 

2.  To  injure  or  ruin  by  clandestine  means. 

[They]  have  hired  me  to  undermine  the  duchess.  Shak. 

UX-DEIl-MlX'IJU,  n.  One  who  undermines ; a 
secret  enemy  ; a sapper.  Hales.  South. 

f UN-D^R-MIN'IS-T^R,  v.  a.  To  serve  or  minis- 
ter to  in  subordination.  Wickliffe. 

ON-D£ R-MlN' I S-TR Y,  n.  A subservient  or  sub- 
ordinate ministry.  Bp.  Taylor. 

UN'DER-MIRTII,  n.  Suppressed  mirth.  Beau.  § FI. 

f UX-DER-MON'EYED,  a.  Taken  by  corrupt 
means  of  money.  Fuller. 

UN'Df.R-JlOST,  a.  Lowest  in  place,  degree,  state, 
or  condition.  Addison. 

f UN'DERN,  7i.  [A.  S.  undent,  the  third  hour, 

nine  o’clock.]  Nine  in  the  morning,  or  the 
third  hour  of  the  day,  according  to  ancient 
reckoning.  Nares. 

From  undeni  of  the  day  till  it  be  passed  the  noon. 

Sir  John  Mandevillc. 

About  undent  ’gan  this  orb  alight.  Chaucer. 

In  Chaucer’s  time,  the  third  hour,  or  undent,  was  the  usual 
hour  of  dinner.  'Tyrwhitt . 

Undeni  is  the  afternoon  in  the  north  of  England.  Grose. 

UN-D^R-NEATH'  (-neth'),  ad.  In  the  lower  place  ; 
below;  under;  beneath.  Milton. 

UN-DER-NEATH',  prep.  Under  ; beneath ; below. 

Bruised  underneath  the  yoke  of  tyrauny.  Shak. 

UN-DIJR-OF'FI-CER,  n.  An  inferior  or  subordi- 
nate officer.  Atjliffe. 

0X-DER'O-GAT-ING,  a.  Not  derogating.  Scott. 

UX-DE-ROG'A-TO-RY,  a.  Not  derogatory.  Boyle. 

UN'DER-PART,  7i.  I.  A subordinate  or  unessen- 
tial part.  “ Underparts  of  mirth.”  [it.]  Dryden. 

2.  (Mus.)  The  subordinate  part  of  a duet  or 
of  a trio.  Moore. 

UN-DJJR-PAY',  v.  a.  To  pay  inadequately.  Clarke. 

CX-DER-PEEP',  v.  a.  To  peep  under.  Shak. 

UN-DgR-PEO'PLED  (-pe'pld),  a.  Not  fully  peo- 
pled or  inhabited,  Ai'buthnot. 

trX-DER-PET'TI-COAT,  n.  The  petticoat  worn 
next  the  body  linen.  Spectator. 

tJX-DIJR-PIN',  v.  a.  [i.  underpinned  ; pp.  un- 
derpinning, underpinned.]  To  place  some- 
thing under  for  support  or  foundation.  Hale. 

tJN-DER-PlN'NIXG,  n.  1.  The  act  of  placing 
something  under  for  support  or  foundation. 

2.  Stone-work  or  masonry  on  which  the  sills 
of  a building  rest.  Holloway. 

On-DER-PLAY',  v.  a.  To  play  an  inferior  part. 
“To  underplay  at  chess.”  Craftsman. 

UN'DIJR-PLftT,  n.  1.  A subordinate  plot,  as  in  a 
play.  “Without  episode  or  underplot.”  Dryden. 

2.  A clandestine  scheme  ; a secret  plot. 

The  husband  is  so  misled  by  tricks,  and  so  lost  in  a crooked 
intrigue,  that  lie  still  suspects  an  underplot.  Addison, 


ITN-DIjiR-PO^-^ESS'OR,  n.  A subordinate  or  in- 
ferior possessor.  Bp.  Taylor. 

UN-DIJR-PRAI^E',  v.  a.  To  praise  insufficiently 
or  below  just  desert.  Dryden. 

UN-Df.R-PltlZE',  v.  a.  To  value  at  less  than  the 
worth  ; to  underestimate  or  undervalue.  Shak. 

UN-D^R-PRuP',  v.  a.  To  set  or  place  below  ; to 
support ; to  sustain  ; to  underpin.  Shak. 

UN-DlyR-PRO-PoR’TIONED  (-pro-por’sliund),  a. 
Not  in  equal  or  adequate  proportions.  Collier. 

UN-DER-PROP'PgR,  ?i.  A stay  or  support.  More. 

C’X-DiJR-PULL'IJR,  7t.  A subordinate  or  inferior 
puller.  Collier. 

UN-DJER-PUT',u.  a.  To  place  beneath.  Chaucer. 

UN-D^R-RATE',  v.  a.  [i.  underrated  ; pp.  UN- 
DERRATING, underrated.]  To  rate  below  the 
real  importance  or  value  ; to  undervalue. 

IV hen  people  see  a political  object  which  they  ardently 
desire  but  in  one  point  of  view,  they  are  apt  extremely  to  pal- 
liate or  underrate  the  evils  which  may  arise  in  obtaining  it. 

Burke. 

UN'DIJR-RATE,  n.  A price  or  estimate  less  than 
the  real  value.  Dryden. 

UN-DIJR-RECK'ON,  v.  a.  To  reckon  or  calculate 
below  or  too  low.  [it.]  Bp.  Hall. 

UN-DpR-REC’OM-PENSED  (-rek'om-penst),  a.  Not 
fully  recompensed  or  compensated.  A.  Smith. 

UN-D£R-RE'(yIQN,  n.  An  inferior  region.  Watts. 

UN-DER-ROAR'pR,  n.  A subordinate  roarer. 
“ Underroarer  at  the  university.”  Addison. 

UN-DJJR-RUN',  v.  a.  (Naut.)  1.  To  pass  under 
in  a boat  for  the  purpose  of  examining ; as, 
“To  underrun  a cable.”  Clarke. 

2.  To  separate,  as  the  several  parts  of  a tackle, 
and  range  them  in  order.  Mar.  Diet. 

UN-DlJR-SAT'y-RAT-^D,  a.  Not  fully  saturated. 

UN-D^R-SAy',  v.  71.  To  say  by  way  of  deroga- 
tion, contradiction,  or  dissent.  Spe7tscr. 

UN-DIJR-SCORE',  V.  a.  [t.  UNDERSCORED  ; pp. 
UNDERSCORING,  UNDERSCORED.]  To  draw  a 
line  or  mark  below;  to  underline.  Tucker. 

UN-D5R-SEC'R£-TA-RY,  n.  An  inferior  or  sub- 
ordinate secretary.  Burnet. 

0N-DJ5R-SELL',  v.  a.  [i.  undersold  ; pp.  UNDER- 
SELLING, undersold.]  To  sell  any  thing  for  a 
less  sum  or  price  than  ; to  sell  cheaper  than. 

Such  now  the  emulation  betwixt  these  owners  to  undertell 
one  another.  Fuller. 

UN-DJfR-SER'VANT,  n.  An  inferior  or  lower 
servant ; one  under  another  servant.  Ca>7iden. 

UN-DER-SER'VICE,  n.  A subordinate  office; 
service  under  another.  Milton. 

UN-Dp.R-SET',  V.  a.  [i.  UNDERSET  ; pp.  UNDER- 
SETTING, underset.]  To  set  or  place  under  ; 
to  prop  ; to  support ; to  sustain.  Bacon. 

LTN'DpR-SET,  n.  (Naut.)  A motion  of  water 
beneath  the  surface,  contrary  to  the  direction 
of  the  wind.  Mar.  Diet. 

UN-DlJR-SET'TiJR,  n.  One  who,  or  that  which, 
undersets  : — a prop ; a pedestal ; a support. 

The  four  corners  . » . had  undersetters.  1 Kings  vii.  30. 

UN-DER-SET'TIXG,  n.  1.  The  act  of  supporting. 

2.  (Arch.)  The  lowest  part  of  a column  ; a 
pedestal.  “ Undersettinys  or  pedestals.”  Wotton. 

fjN-Df.R-SHER'lFF,  71.  A deputy  of  the  sheriff. 

Matters  for  undersheriffs  and  catch  poles.  Bacon. 

f UX-DF.R-SHER'IFF-RY,  71.  The  office  of  an 
undersheriff ; underslirievalty.  Bacon. 

fjN-DpR-SHOT',  a.  Moved  by  water  passing 
under,  or  acting  on,  the  lowest  part;  — opposed 
to  overshot.  Carew. 

UN-DER-SHOT’-WHEEL,  n.  (Hydrodynamics.) 
A water-wheel  furnished  with  a scries  of  floats 
at  its  periphery  for  receiving  the  impulse  of  the 
water,  which  is  delivered  by  a conduit  upon  the 
under  part  of  the  wheel  with  a velocity  nearly 
as  great  as  that  due  to  the  fall  of  the  water. 

U.  A.  Bo7jden. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  l,  6,  G,  G,  short;  A,  £,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


UNDERSHRIEVALTY 


1577 


UNDERWRITE 


UN-DIJR-SHRIEV'AL-TY,  n.  The  office  of  under- 
sheriff;  undersheritfry.  [r.]  Smart. 

UN'D^R-SHRUB,  n.  ( Sot .)  A plant  differing  from 
the  shrub  in  perishing  annually,  either  wholly 
or  in  part,  and  from  the  herb  in  having  branches 
of  a woody  texture,  which  frequently  exist  more 
than  a year.  Bindley.  — A woody  plant  of  hum- 
ble stature  rising  little  above  the  surface  of  the 
ground.  Gray. 

UN'Df.R-SIDE,  n.  The  lower  side,  or  side  beneath. 

UN-D£R-SjGN'  (un-der-sln'),  V.  a.  [i.  UNDER- 
SIGNED ; pp.  UNDERSIGNING,  UNDERSIGNED.] 
To  sign  under  or  beneath ; to  write  one’s  name 
at  the  end  of,  as  a writing  ; to  subscribe.  Clarke. 

UN-DIJR-SIGNED'  (-slnd'),  a.  Written  or  signed 
at  the  end  of  an  instrument  or  writing.  Tapper. 

UN'DJ5R-S1NG,  v.  a.  To  sing  the  burden  or  ac- 
companiment of.  Browne. 

UN-DJJR-SIZED'  (-slzd'),  a.  Below  the  usual  size; 
of  a size  below  the  usual  standard.  Ed.  Rev. 

f UN'D^R-SKINK'NfR,  n.  A subordinate  tapster. 

Shah. 

UN'DER-SOIL,  n.  Subsoil.  Clarke. 

(JN'DER-SONG,  n.  The  burden  or  accompani- 
ment of  a song  ; chorus.  Fletcher. 

UN-DER-SPARRED',  a.  Undermasted.  Clarke. 

UN'Df.R- SPHERE,  n.  An  inferior  or  lower 
sphere.  Elegy  upon  Donne. 

f UN-D1JR-SPUR',  v.  n.  To  pry  under.  Chaucer. 

O'N'DpR-SPUR— LEATH'jpR,  n.  A subservient 
person;  an  underling,  [r.]  Swift. 

UN-DER-STAND',  v.  a.  [A.  S.  under-standan ; 
under,  under,  and  standan,  to  stand.]  [i.  un- 
derstood, f understanded ; pp.  under- 
standing, UNDERSTOOD,  + UNDERSTANDED.] 

1.  To  have  full  knowledge  of ; to  compre- 
hend; to  apprehend  ; to  perceive  ; to  know. 

I named  them  as  they  passed  and  understood 

Their  nature.  Milton. 

The  Ulysses  of  Ovid  upbraids  his  ignorance,  that  he  un- 
derstood not  the  shield  for  which  he  pleaded.  Dryden. 

2.  To  suppose  to  mean  or  import. 

The  most  learned  interpreters  understood  the  words  of  sin, 
and  not  of  Abel.  Locke. 

3.  To  know  by  experience.  ' Milton. 

4.  To  know  by  instinct ; to  discern.  Milton. 

5.  To  interpret  at  least  mentally ; to  con- 
ceive with  respect  to  meaning. 

Ilis  sin  might  have  been  greater  in  that  respect;  but  that 
it  was  not  so  to  be  understood  appears  by  the  opposition. 

Stillinyjlcct. 

6.  To  hold  in  opinion  with  conviction. 

For  well  I understand  in  the  prime  end 

Of  nature  her  the  inferior.  Milton. 

7.  To  mean  without  expressing. 

War,  then,  war 

Open  or  understood , must  be  resolved.  Milton. 

8.  To  take  as  meant  or  implied ; to  imply. 

I bring  them  to  receive 
From  thee  their  names,  and  pay  thee  fealty 
With  low  subjection;  understand  the  same 
Of  lish  within  their  wat’ry  residence.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Comprehend. 

UN-DER-STAND',  v.  n.  1.  To  have  the  use  of  the 
intellectual  faculties ; to  be  an  intelligent  and 
conscious  being  ; to  have  understanding. 

All  my  soul  be 
Imparadised  in  you,  in  whom  alone 
I understand,  and  grow,  and  see.  Donne. 

2.  To  be  informed  ; to  learn. 

I came  to  Jerusalem,  and  understood  of  the  evil  that  Elia- 
fihib  did  for  Tobiah.  Nth.  xii.  7. 

tlN-DER-STAND'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  under- 
stood ; comprehensible,  [r.]  Iiolinshed. 

On-DER-STAnD'ER,  n.  One  who  understands  or 
knows  by  experience,  [r.]  Beau.  $ FI. 

UN-DER-STAND'ING,w.  1.  The  faculty  or  power 
by  which  one  understands;  the  faculty  or  ca- 
pacity of  apprehending  or  comprehending  the 
relations  among  the  subjects  of  sense  and  con- 
sciousness ; that  faculty  which  knows  or  judges  ; 
the  power  of  perceiving  what  is  communicated ; 
intellect ; sense  ; reason  ; mind. 

By  understanding  I menu  that  faculty  whereby  we  are  en- 
abled to  apprehend  the  objects  of  knowledge,  generals  as  well 
as  particulars,  absent  things  as  well  as  present,  and  to  judge 
of  their  truth  or  falsehood,  good  or  evil.  Wilkins. 

In  its  wider  acceptation,  understanding  is  the  entire  power 
of  perceiving  and  conceiving,  exclusive  of  the  sensibility;  the 


power  of  dealing  with  the  impressions  of  sense,  and  compos- 
ing them  into  wholes  according  to  a law  of  unity;  and,  in  its 
most  comprehensive  meaning,  it  includes  even  simple  appre- 
hension. Coleridge. 

2.  The  act  of  one  who  understands  ; compre- 
hension ; apprehension ; perception ; knowl- 
edge ; intelligence  ; judgment. 

Very  mean  people  have  raised  their  minds  to  a great  sense 
and  understanding  of  religion.  Locke. 

3.  The  union  or  agreement  of  sentiment  or 
mind  between  different  persons  or  parties. 

We  have  got  into  some  understanding  with  the  enemy  by 
means  of  Don  Diego.  Arbuthnot. 

Syn.  — Understanding,  from  the  Anglo-Saxon,  and 
intellect,  from  the  Latin,  are  terms  used  to  express 
substantially  the  same  idea  ; but  understanding  is  the 
more  common  and  popular  term,  and  more  variously 
applied.  Understanding,  or  intellect,  is  a natural  en- 
dowment ; knowledge  and  intelligence  are  acquired  by 
observation  or  by  reading.  — See  Reason. 

UN-DER-STAND'ING-LY,  ad.  With  full  under- 
standing or  knowledge  of  a subject ; with  un- 
derstanding ; intelligibly.  Milton. 

UN-DER-STATE',  v.  a.  [i.  understated  ; pp. 
understating,  understated.]  To  state  too 
low ; to  state  less  strongly  or  fully  than  the 
truth  will  warrant.  Ec.  Rev. 

UN-DlJR-STAT'Jjn,  a.  1.  Stated  too  low. 

2.  Having  too  small  an  estate.  [Local.]  Fuller. 

UN-D]SR-STA.TE'MENT,  n.  A statement  under 
or  below  the  truth.  Ec.  Rev. 

UN-DF.R-STOCKED'  (-stokt'),  a.  Stocked  too  low, 
or  below  what  is  wanted.  Smith. 

UN-DER-STOOD'  (-stud'),  i.  Si p.  from  understand. 

UN-D5R-STRAp'PER,  n.  A petty  fellow;  an  in- 
ferior agent ; a lower  workman  ; a fag. 

This  was  going  to  the  fountain-head  at  once,  not  applying 
to  the  understrappers.  Goldsmith. 

UN-DER-STRA'TUM,  it.  ; pi.  UNDERSTRATA,  or 
understratums.  ( Gcol . & Min.)  The  stratum 
of  clay,  sand,  or  coal  beneath  the  soil.  Ure. 

UN-DfR-STROKE',  v.  a.  To  mark  with  a stroke 
or  line  beneath  ; to  underline,  [it.]  Swift. 

UN'DIJR-SUIT,  n.  A suit  under  another  suit. 

His  own  undersuit  was  so  well  lined.  Fuller. 

UN-DF.R-TAk'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  under- 
taken. [r.]  Chittingworth. 

UN-DIJR-tAke',  v.  a.  [i.  undertook  ; pp.  un- 
dertaking, undertaken.] 

1.  To  attempt ; to  engage  in  ; to  enter  upon  ; 
to  take  in  hand  ; to  set  about. 

The  English  undertake  the  unequal  war.  Dryden. 

2.  f To  assume,  as  a character. 

His  name  and  credit  shall  you  undertake.  Shak. 

3.  fTo  engage  with;  to  attack. 

It  is  not  fit  that  your  lordship  should  undertake  every 
companion  that  you  give  offence  to.  Shak. 

4.  To  covenant  with ; to  engage  or  contract 

to  do  or  to  perform.  Roscommon. 

5.  To  have  the  charge  of. 

Then  give  my  charge  up  to  Sir  Nicholas  Vaux, 

Who  undertakes  you  to  your  end.  Shak. 

UN-D^R-TAKE',  v.  n.  1.  To  take  upon  one’s 
self,  or  to  assume  any  business  or  province. 

O Lord,  I am  oppressed;  undertake  for  me.  Isa.  xxxviii.  34. 

2.  To  venture;  to  hazard,  [it.]  Shak. 

It  is  the  cowish  tenor  of  his  spirit, 

That  dare  not  undertake.  Shak. 

3.  To  guarantee  ; to  engage  ; to  stand  bound. 

If  the  curious  search  the  hills  after  rains,  I dare  undertake 
they  will  not  lose  their  labor.  Woodu'ard. 

To  undertake  for,  to  become  surety  for.  Smart. 

UN-D^R-TAK'EN  (-ta'kn),  p.  from  undertake. 

UN-D^R-TAK'J^R,  n.  1.  One  who  undertakes  or 
engages  to  perform  any  business  ; a contractor. 

Antrim  was  naturally  a great  undertaker.  Clarendon. 

2.  One  who  engages  or  promises  to  perform  a 
given  amount  of  work  for  a specific  sum.  Swift. 

3.  One  who  manages  funerals.  Young. 

UN-DER-T.AK'ING,  n.  1.  That  which  is  under- 
taken ; attempt ; enterprise  ; engagement. 

These  critics  . . . were  but  ill  qualified  for  their  arduous 
undertaking.  Bp.  Ilorsley. 

2.  The  business  of  an  undertaker.  Clarke. 

UN-DER-tAXED'  (un-der-titkst'),  a.  Taxed  at  a 
lower  rate,  or  not  enough.  Arbuthnot. 


UN-DJJR-TEN'AN-CY,  n.  A tenancy  or  tenure 
under  a lessee.  Blackstone. 

UN-DER-TEN'ANT,  n.  A tenant  under  one  who 
is  himself  a tenant ; one  who  holds  by  under- 
lease from  a lessee.  Davies. 

UN'D^It-THING,  n.  A lower  or  inferior  thing. 

f UN'DfR-TIME,  n.  Undertidc  ; evening. 

eSf  Undertime  has  no  connection  with  undent, 
which  refers  to  an  early  hour  before  noon.  — See  Un- 
de RN.  Wares. 

UN'D(5R-TONE,  n.  A tone  lotver  than  that  usu- 
ally employed ; a subdued  tone.  Ed.  Rev. 

UN-DpR-TOOK'  (un-der-tuk'),  i.  from  undertake. 

UN'DIJR-TOW,  n.  A current  below,  different 
from  that  at  the  surface.  Brande. 

UN-D]pR-TREA§'UR-5R  (un-der-trezh'ur-er),  n.  A 
subordinate  treasurer.  Goldsmith. 

UN-DER-TREAT'JED,  a.  Treated  with  too  little 
respect ; treated  slightingly.  Cibber. 

f UN-DJJR-TURN',  v.  a.  To  turn  upside  down  ; to 
overturn  ; to  invert.  Wickliffe. 

UN-DER-TU'TOR,  n.  A subordinate  tutor. 

UN-D£R-VAL-lJ-A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  under- 
valuing ; rate  below  the  worth.  South. 

UN-DJf.R-VAL'UE  (-v&l'yu),  v.  a.  [».  underval- 
ued; pp.  UNDERVALUING,  UNDERVALUED.] 

1.  To  value  or  rate  below  the  real  worth. 

I undervalued,  all  ensigns  of  authority.  Atterbury. 

2.  To  make  or  hold  low  in  estimation  ; to  de- 
spise ; to  depreciate. 

I write  not  this  with  the  least  intention  to  unden'alue  the 
other  parts  of  poetry.  Dryden. 

UN-DER-VAl'UE,  n.  Low  rate  or  price  ; a de- 
pression of  value  below  the  real  worth.  Temple. 

UN-DER-vAl'U-ER,  n.  One  who  undervalues. 

UN-DER-VAL'U-ING,  p.  a.  Valuing  too  low. 

t UN'DpR-VERSE,  n.  The  lower,  or  the  second 
verse.  Spenser. 

UN-DJER-WEEN'ING,  n.  An  undervaluing.UhOMJne. 

UN-DJ5R-WENT',  i.  from  undergo.  See  Undergo. 

fUN'DER-WEX,  v.  a.  To  grow  under  or  from 
under  any  thing.  . Wickliffe. 

UN'DER-WING^,  n.  pi.  The  xvings  beneath. 
“Gauzy  underwings.”  Southey. 

UN'DER-WJTCII,  n.  A subordinate  or  inferior 
witch.  Hudibras. 

UN'D^R-WOOD  (-vvud),  n.  Shrubs  or  small  trees 
that  grow  under  large  trees ; undergrowth ; 
copse.  “ When  you  fell  underwood.”  Mortimer. 

UN'DF.R-WORK  (-wiirk),  n.  Subordinate  work. 
“ The  underwork  of  the  nation.”  Addison. 

UN-DER-WORK'  (-wurk'),  v.  a.  [i.  under- 
worked or  UNDER-WROUGHT  ; pp.  UNDERWORK- 
ING, UNDERWORKED  Or  UNDERWROUGHT.] 

1.  To  labor  or  polish  less  than  enough. 

A work  may  be  overwrought  as  well  as  underwrought.  Dryden. 

2.  To  destroy  or  overthrow  by  clandestine 
measures ; to  undermine,  [r.] 

Adonijah,  hacked  by  the  strengtli  of  a Jonb  and  the  gra  vity 
of  an  Abiathar,  will  underwork  Solomon,  and  jostle  into  the 
not  yet  vacant  seat  of  his  father  David.  Bp.  Hall. 

UN-D^R-WORK'  (-wurk'),  v.  n.  1.  To  work  or 
operate  secretly  or  clandestinely,  [r.]  B.  Jonson. 

2.  To  labor  for  less  than  others  receive  ; to 
work  at  a price  below  the  common  one.  Johnson. 

UN-DpR-WORK'ER  (-wiirk'er),  n.  One  who  un- 
derworks; an  inferior  or  subordinate  workman. 

Athanasius  guards  against  the  notion  of  the  Son’s  being 
an  underworked  in  the  low  Ariun  sense.  Waterland. 

UN-DER-WORK' MAN  (-wurk'man),  n.  An  infe- 
rior or  subordinate  laborer  ; an  underworkcr. 

Underworkmen  are  expert  enough  at  making  a single 
wheel  in  a clock,  but  are  utterly  ignorant  how  to  adjust  the 
several  parts.  Sw{/’t. 

UN'DER- WORLD  (-wiirld),  n.  1.  The  lower  or 
inferior  world  ; the  sublunary  world. 

Loud  Fame  calls  ye. 

Pitched  on  the  topless  Apennines,  and'blows 

To  all  the  underworld.  Beau.  &>•  FI. 

2.  The  inferior  part  of  mankind.  Atterbury. 

tjN-DIJR-WRiTE'  (-rlt'),  V.  a.  [t.  UNDERWROTE  ; 
pp.  UNDERWRITING,  UNDERWRITTEN.] 


MIEN,  SIR  ; MOVE,  NOR,  SON  ; 

198 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  9,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  9,  g.  hard;  i;  as  z; 


% as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


UNDERWRITE 


1578 


UNDISPUTABLE 


1.  To  write  under  ; to  subscribe.  Sidney. 

What  change  and  addition  I have  made,  I have  here  un- 
cle rwri  tten . San  derson . 

2.  To  subscribe  with  a purpose  to  insure  par- 
ties from  loss  ; to  insure.  Smart. 


UN-DpR-WIUTE',  l\  n.  To  practise  the  business 
of  insuring.  Smart. 


UN-DER-WIUT'JSR  (-rlt'er),  n.  An  insurer;  — so 
called  from  his  underwriting,  or  subscribing  the 
policy  of  insurance.  Burrill. 

flcg^Ttio  term  is  constantly  applied  to  insurers, 
whether  they  be  corporations  or  individuals,  hut  is 
most  properly  applicable  to  the  latter.  Burrill. 

UN-DfR-WRIT'jNG  (un-der-fit'ing),  n.  1.  The 
act  or  the  practice  of  insuring. 

2.  That  which  is  underwritten,  as  the  signa- 
tures to  an  insurance  policy.  Burrill. 

pgp  In  the  United  States,  where  insurances  are 
generally  made  by  incorporated  companies,  the  under- 
writing or  subscription  usually  consists  of  the  signa- 
ture of  the  president  or  vice-president  of  the  company, 
and  the  sum  insured,  with  the  attestation  of  the  sec- 
retary. Burrill. 


UN-DER-AVROUGIIT'  (-r&wt'),  p.  from  underwork. 
UN-D£-SCEND'I-RLE,  a.  Not  capable  of  de- 
scending to  heirs.  Craig. 

UN-Dp-SCRIB'A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  de- 
scribed; indescribable.  Cumberland. 


UN-DS-SCRiBED'  (-skrlbd'),  a.  Not  described. 
UN-D1J-SCRIED'  (un-de-skrld'),  a.  Not  descried; 
not  discovered  or  discerned.  Hooker. 


UN-Dp-i-jERVED'  (-ziirvd'),  a.  Not  deserved;  un- 
merited. “ An  undeserved  reproach.”  Addison. 
UN-Dp-^ER  V'ED-LY,  ad.  Without  desert. 
UN-Df-SERV'U D-NESS,  n.  Want  of  being  wor- 
thy ; ill  desert.  Newton. 

t UN-DE-§ERV'pR,  n.  One  of  no  desert.  Shak. 
UN-Dp-fjER  V'UYG,  a.  Not  deserving.  Addison. 
UN-Dp-§ERV'ING-LY,  ad.  Without  desert.  Milton. 
UN-DES'IG-NAT-1JD,  a.  Not  designated.  Warton. 
UN-D£-SIGNED'  (-sind'),  a.  Not  designed  or  in- 
tended ; unintentional.  South ; 

UN-DFi-SlGN'gD-LY,  ad.  AVithout  design.  Big. 
CN-Dg-SlGN'f  D-NESS,  n.  AArant  of  a set  pur- 
pose or  design  ; accidentalness.  Patcy. 

UN-D^-SlGN'ING  (-sln'ing),  a.  1.  Not  acting 
with  any  set  design  or  purpose.  Blackmorc. 

2.  Having  no  artful  or  fraudulent  schemes ; 
artless  ; sincere.  “ Undesigning  minds.”  South. 
UN-Dp-§[R'A-BEE,  a.  Not  desirable  ; not  to  be 
desired  or  coveted;  not  pleasing.  Milton. 

ON-DJJ-SjIRED'  (-zlrd'),  a.  Not  desired.  Dryden. 
UN-D|J-!->iR'|NG,  a.  Not  desiring;  negligent. 
UN-DE-^IR'OUS  (-zlr'us),  a.  Not  desirous.  Knox. 
UN-Df-SPAlR'|NG,  a.  Not  despairing.  Dyer. 
UN-DIJ-SPATCHED'  (-sp5cht'),  a.  Not  despatched. 

— See  Undispatciiei),  and  Despatch.  Enfield. 
tTN-Dy-SPOILED'  (-spiilld'),  cl.  Not  despoiled. 
UN-DES'TINED  (-tjnd),  a.  Not  destined.  Pollok. 
t UN-Dy-STRoY'A-BLE,  a.  Indestructible.  Bogle. 
UN-Dy-STROYED'  (-strold'),  a.  Not  destroyed. 
tJN-Dp-TACHED'  (-tacht'),  a.  Not  detached.  Ash. 
UN-Dp-TAILED'  (-laid1),  a.  Not  detailed.  Qu.  Bel'. 
UN-D£-TECT'ED,  a.  Not  detected.  Williams. 
f On-DJS-TER'MIN-A-BLE,  a.  Indeterminable, 
t UN-Dp-TER'MI-NATE,  a.  Indeterminate.  South. 
t UN-Dy-TER'MI-NATE-NESS,  n.  Indeterminate- 
ness ; indecision.  More. 

f UN-DE-TER-MI-NA'TION,  n.  AVant  of  deter- 
mination ; indetermination. 
tJN-Dy-TER' MINED  (un-de-ter'mimD,  a.  1.  Not 
determined ; unsettled ; undecided  ; hesitating. 

2.  Not  limited ; not  defined ; unbounded. 
“ AVide  and  undetermined  prospects.”  Addison. 
UN-Dp-TERRED'  (-terd'),  a.  Not  deterred. 
ON-DE-TEST'ING,  a.  Not  detesting.  Thomson. 
UN-Dp- VEL'OPED  (un-de-vel'opt),  a.  Not  devel- 
oped ; not  opened  or  unfolded.  Laelg  Morgan. 
tlN-DE'VI-AT-ED,  a.  Noting  luminous  or  other 
rays  proceeding  without  change  of  direction  ; 
not  turned  from  a rectilinear  course  ; not  re- 
fracted nor  reflected. 


Among  these  rays  there  is  one  whose  direction  passes 
through  the  centre  of  the  spherical  surface,  and  which  con- 
sequently passes  the  surface  undeviated.  Powell. 

UN-DE'Vj-AT-JNG,  a.  1.  Not  deviating  or  de- 
parting from  the  usual  way  ; regular.  Warton. 

2.  Not  erring;  not  crooked.  Cowpcr. 

UN-DE'VI-AT-JNG-LY,  ad.  AVithout  deviating; 
regularly ; steadily.  Craig. 

UN-DE'VI-OUS,  a.  Not  devious.  Good. 

UN-DE'VJ-OUS-LY,  ad.  Not  deviously.  Clarke. 

UN-Df-VI^ED'  (un-de-vlzd'),  a.  Not  devised; 
not  bequeathed  by  will.  Blackstone. 

UN-DE-VOT'f.D,  ci.  Not  devoted.  Clarendon. 

+ frN-Dy-VOTE'LY,  ad.  AVithout  devotion ; un- 
devoutly.  Piers  Plouhman. 

UN-DJJ-VO'TION,  n.  Indevotion.  Jewel. 

UN-Dp-VOURED'  (-vburd'),  a.  Not  devoured.  Ash. 

ON-Dp-VOUT',  a.  Not  devout;  indevout. 

An  underout  astronomer  is  mad.  Young. 

UN-Dp- VOUT'LY,  ad.  AVithout  devotion.  Ash. 

UN-DlEX'TpR-OUS,  a.  Not  dexterous  ; unskilful. 

UN-DI' A-DEMED  (un-dl  a-demd),  a.  Not  crowned 
or  adorned  with  a diadem.  Milman. 

UN-DI- APII'A-NOUS  (un-dl-afVnus),  a.  Not  di- 
aphanous ; not  transparent ; opaque.  Bogle. 

UN-DID',  i.  from  undo.  See  Undo. 

UN-DIF-FU§ED'  (-fuzd'),  a.  Not  diffused.  Ash. 

IJN-Dly'p-NOUS,  a.  [L.  unda,  a wave,  and  gigno , 
to  produce.]  Generated  by  water.  Smart. 

t UN-DI-GEST',  a.  Undigested.  Shak. 

UN-DI-pEST'pD,  a.  Not  digested.  Arbuthnot. 

UN-DI-GESTI-BLE,  a.  Indigestible.  Drayton. 

f UN-DIOIIT'  (-dir'),  v.  a.  [i.  UNDIGIIT  ; pp.  UN- 
DIGHTING,  UNDIGIIT.]  To  put  off.  Spenser. 

UN-DIG'NI-FIED  (-fid'),  a.  Not  dignified.  Knox. 

UN-DI-LAT'PDj  a.  Not  dilated.  Ash. 

UN-DIL'I-yENT,  a.  Not  diligent.  Leighton. 

UN-DI L'I-yENT-LY,  ad.  AVithout  diligence  ; not 
industriously  ; not  assiduously.  Milton. 

UX-DI-LUT'pD,  a.  Not  diluted.  Cowper. 

(JN-DI-MIN'ISH-A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be 
diminished  or  lessened.  More. 

UN-DI- MIN'ISII-A-BUY,  ad.  So  as  not  to  be  di- 
minished or  lessened.  Clarke. 


tJN-DI-MlN'lSHED  (un-de-mln'jsht),  a.  Not  di- 
minished ; not  lessened  ; unimpaired.  Milton. 
tJN-DI-MlN'jSII-lNG,  a.  Not  diminishing.  Smart. 
UN-DIMMED'  (un-dlmd'),  a.  Not  dimmed;  not 
darkened;  bright;  clear.  Turner. 

UN-DINE',  n.  [L.  unda,  water.]  The  name 
given  by  the  Cabalists  to  a class  of  spirits  sup- 
posed to  reside  in  the  waters;  — written  also 
ondinc.  Brands. 


UN-DINT'pD,  a.  Not  dinted. 

UN-DI'O-CESED  (un-dl'o-sest),  a. 
not  possessed,  of  a diocese. 


Shak. 

Divested,  or 
Milton. 


UN-dIp-LO-MAT'IC,  a.  Not  diplomatic.  Smart. 


UN-DIPPED'  (-dipt'),  a.  Not  dipped.  Drgden. 

UN-DNRECT'pD,  a.  Not  directed.  Spenser. 

UN-DI-RECT'LY,  ad.  Indirectly,  [n.]  Strgpe. 

UN-DIS-AP-l’OINT'pD,  a.  Not  disappointed. 

UN-DI§-BAND'PD,  a.  Not  disbanded.  Milton. 

UN-DIiji-CERNED'  (un-dlz-zernd',  66),  a.  Not  dis- 
cerned; not  espied;  not  descried.  T.  More. 

UN-DIfj-CERN'pD-LY  (un-diz-zern'ed-le),  ad.  So 
as  to  be  undiscovered  ; undiscoverably.  Boyle. 

U*N-DI.‘j-CERN'I-BI,E  (-zern'e-bl,  66),  a.  Not 
discernible  ; undiscoverable  ; invisible.  Rogers. 


UN-DIfp-CERN'l-BLE-NESS  (-zSrn'e-bl-nes),  n. 
State  or  quality  of  being  undiscernible.  Ellis. 


UN-DISS-CERN'I-BLY  (-zern'e-hle),  ad.  Imper- 
ceptibly ; undiscoverably  ; invisibly.  South. 

UN-DIfS-CERN'ING  (-zSrn'ing ),a.  Not  discerning; 
wanting  discrimination ; incapable  of  making 
due  distinction.  Clarendon. 

UN-DI§-CERN'ING,  n.  Want  of  discernment.  Cl. 

UN-DIS-CHAR0ED'  (un-djs-charjd'),  a.  Not  dis- 
charged; not  freed;  not  dismissed.  B.  Jonson. 


UN-DIS-Cl'PLED  (un-djs-sl'pld),  a.  Not  having 
become  a disciple,  [it.]  Bush. 

UN-DlS'CI-PLlN-A-BLE,  a.  Not  susceptible  of 
discipline  or  instruction  ; not  docile.  Anderson. 

UN-DlS'UJ-PLINED  (-pllnd),  a.  Not  disciplined  ; 
not  trained  in  order  or  method  ; not  exercised  ; 
not  corrected  ; unsubdued  ; untrained  ; raw. 

An  armed  disciplined  body  is,  in  its  essence,  dangerous  to 
liberty;  undisciplined , it  is  ruinous  to  society.  Burke. 

tUN-DJS-CLO§E',  v.  a.  To  keep  close,  covered, 
or  secret ; not  to  disclose.  Daniel. 

UN-DIS-CLO§ED'  (-klozd '),  p.  a.  Not  disclosed. 

UN-DIS-COL'ORED  (-kul'lurd),  a.  Not  discolored. 

UN-DIS-COM'FIT-pD,  a.  Not  discomfited;  not 
disconcerted;  unvanquished.  Froissart. 

tJN-DlS-CON-CERT'ED,  a.  Not  disconcerted; 
not  ctfnfused  ; not  disordered.  Scott. 

UN-DIS-CORD'ANT,  a.  Not  discordant;  harmo- 
nious ; melodious.  Wordsworth. 

f UN-DIS-CORD'ING,  a.  Not  disagreeing;  not 
jarring  ; harmonious  ; undiscordant.  Milton. 

UN-DIS-COUR' A(JED  (-kur'ajd),  a.  Not  discour- 
aged ; not  dispirited  ; undismayed.  Cook. 

UN-DIS-COV'pR-A-BEE,  a.  That  cannot  be  dis- 
covered or  found  out;  undiscernible.  Search. 

UN-DIS-COV'ER-A-BLY,  ad.  So  as  not  to  be  dis- 
covered ; undiscernibly.  Milton. 

UN-DIS-COV'pRED  (-kuv'erd),  a.  Not  discovered  ; 
not  seen  ; not  descried  ; not  found  out.  Shak. 

UN-DIS-CRED'IT-ED,  a.  Not  discredited.  Clarke. 

f UN-DIS-CREET',  a.  Indiscreet.  Chaucer. 

f UN-DIS-CREET'LY,  ad.  Indiscreetly.  Burton. 

f UN-DJS-CRE''TION,  n.  Indiscretion.  Lydgate. 

UN-DIS-CRIm'I-NAT-ED,  a.  Not  discriminated. 

UN-DIS-CRIM'I-NAT-ING,  a.  Not  discriminating ; 
indiscriminating ; undiscerning.  Cowpcr. 

UN-DIS-CUSSED'  (-kust'),  a.  Not  discussed. 

UN-DIis-GORGED'  (-diz-g(irjd'),  a.  Not  disgorged. 

UN-D1§-GRACED'  (un-djz-grast'),  a.  Not  dis- 
graced ; not  dishonored  ; not  shamed.  Byron. 

UN-D!§-GUls'A-BLE  (un-djz-llz'fi-bl),  a.  That 
cannot  be  disguised.  Qu.  Rev. 

UN-DIfJ-GUISJED'  (un-djz-gizd'),  a.  Not  disguised  ; 
not  cloaked;  not  concealed  or  covered ; open; 
artless  ; plain  ; ingenuous  ; frank  ; sincere. 

C'N-DIij-GUlf'jNG  (un-diz-glz'ing),  a.  Not  dis- 
guising; not  cloaking  or  concealing.  I Vest.  Rev. 

UN-DIS-HEART'ENED  (un-djs-hirt'tnd),  a.  Not 
disheartened  ; undismayed  ; undiscouraged. 

UN-DI§-HON'ORED  (-djz-oii'urd),  a.  Not  dis- 
honored ; not  disgraced  ; undisgraced.  Beau.^Fl. 

UN-DI^-iN'Ty-GRAT-ED,  a.  Not  disintegrated; 
not  separated  into  integral  parts.  Fleming. 

UN- DI§- JOINED'  (un-diz-jolnd'),  a.  Not  disjoined ; 
not  separated  or  parted.  Cowper. 

CtN-D!$-MAYED'  (-djz-mad'),  a.  Not  dismayed. 

UN-DI  ^-MISSED'  (-djz-mlst'),  a.  Not  dismissed. 

UN-DIS-O-BLIG'ING,  a.  1.  Not  disobliging. 

2.  Inoffensive,  [k.]  Broome. 

UN-DIfj-OR'DyRED  (-or'derd),  a.  Not  disordered. 

UN-DIS-PAR'AGED  (-djs-par'ajd),  a.  Not  dispar- 
aged ; not  depreciated  ; not  decried.  Ash. 

UN-DIS-PATCHED'  (-dis-paclit'),  a.  Not  dis- 
patched ; not  expedited  ; not  sent  away.  Strgpe. 

UN-DIS-PELLED'  (-dis-peld'),  a.  Not  dispelled. 

LTN-DIS-PEN'SA-BEE,  a.  That  cannot  be  dis- 
pensed with ; indispensable,  [it.]  Milton. 

UN-DI S-PENSED'  (-penst'),  a.  I.  Not  dispensed. 

2.  Not  freed  from  rule  or  obligation.  Tooker. 

UN-DIS-PENS'ING,  a.  Not  dispensing.  Milton. 

UN-DI S-PERSED'  (un-djs-perst'),  a.  Notdisperscd, 
scattered,  spread,  or  dissipated.  Boyle. 

UN-DIS-PLAYED'  (-djs-plad'),  a.  Not  displayed. 

UN-DI S-POfjE',  v.  a.  To  indispose,  [it.]  Potter. 

UN-DIS-PC)§ED'  (un-(Ijs-pozd'),  a.  Not  disposed; 
indisposed ; disinclined.  Hooker. 

Undisposed  of,  not  disposed  of  or  bestowed. 

fjN-D I S-PO^!'(i D-NESS,  n.  Indisposedness. 

UN-DIS-PROVED'  (-dis-provd'),  a.  Not  disproved. 

UN-DIS'PU-TA-BLE,  a.  Indisputable.  Spectator. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  0,  Y,  short;  A,  G,  I,  O,  TJ,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; IIEIR,  HER 


UNDISPUTED 


1579 


UNDUMPISII 


UN-DIS-PUT'IJD,  a.  Not  disputed.  Cowper. 
UN-DIS-PUT'pD-LY,  ad.  Without  dispute.  Hume. 
UN-DIS-aUI'pT-f.D,  a.  Not  disquieted.  May. 
UN-DIS-SECT'IJD,  a.  Not  dissected.  Ash. 

UN-DIS-SEM'BLED  (-djs-sem'bld),  a.  Not  dissem- 
bled ; not  feigned;  not  pretended.  Bp.  Hall. 
UN-DIS-SEM'BLING,  a.  Not  dissembling. 
UN-DIS-SEM'I-NAT-ED,  a.  Not  disseminated. 
UN-DIS-SEV'IJRED  (-sev'erd),  a.  Not  dissevered. 
UN-DlS'SI-PAT-JJD,  a.  Not  dissipated.  Burke. 
UN-DI§->s5LV'A-BI,E,  a.  1.  That  cannot  be  dis- 
solved or  melted  ; not  dissolvable.  Green. 

2.  That  cannot  be  loosed  or  broken.  Hence. 


UN-DIij-^OLVED'  (-djz-zolvd'),  a.  Not  dissolved. 

UN-DI^-ijOLV'lNG,  a.  Not  dissolving.  Thomson. 

UN-DIS-TEM'PERED  (un-djs-tem'perd),  a.  Not 
distempered  ; not  diseased.  Barrow. 

UN-DIS-TEND'ED,  a.  Not  distended.  Lee. 

UN-DIS-TlLLED'  (un-dis-tild'),  a.  Not  distilled  ; 
not  formed  by  distillation.  Ure. 

UN-DIS-TIN'GUISH-A-BLE  (-djs-tlng'gwjsh-a-bl), 
a.  That  cannot  be  distinguished  or  distinctly 
discerned  or  known.  Milton. 


UN-DIS-TIN'GUISH-A-BLY  , ad.  So  as  not  to  be 
distinguished  or  distinctly  known.  Toiler . 

UN-DIS-TIN'GUISIIED  (-ting'gwjsht),  a.  1.  Not 
distinguished;  not  discerned  or  discriminated. 
The  undistinguished  seeds  of  good  and  ill.  Dryden. 


2.  Not  treated  with  marked  respect.  Pope. 

3.  Not  separated  from  others  by  extraordi- 
nary qualities  ; not  eminent ; not  famous. 

UN-DIS-TIN'GUISII-lNG  (-tlng'gwish-ing),  a.  Not 
distinguishing  ; making  no  difference.  Garth. 

UN-DIS-TORT'F.D,  a.  Not  distorted.  More. 

UN-DIS-TRACT'JJD,  a.  Not  distracted.  Boyle. 

UN-DIS-TRACT'ED-LY,  ad.  Without  distraction. 

UN-DIS-TRACT'$D-NESS, n.  State  of  being  un- 
distracted ; freedom  from  distraction.  Boyle. 

UN-DIS-TRACT'ING,  p.  a.  Not  distracting. 

UN-DIS-TRlB'lTT-ED,  a.  Not  distributed. 

UN-DIS-TURBED'  (un-djs-turbd'),  a.  Not  dis- 
turbed ; calm  ; quiet ; tranquil ; placid. 

Syn.  — See  Calm. 

UN-DIS-TURB'IJD-LY,  ad.  Without  being  dis- 
turbed; calmly;  peacefully.  Locke. 

UN-DIS-TURB'ED-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
undisturbed  ; calmness.  Dr.  Snape. 

UN-DIS-TURB'ING,  a.  Not  disturbing.  Clarke. 

UN-D£TCHED'  (un-dlcht'),  a.  Not  ditched.  Ash. 

+ UN-DI-VER'SI-FI-CAT-ED,  a.  Undiversified; 


not  varied;  not  having  diversity.  More. 

UN-DI-VER'SI-FIED  (un-de-ver'se-fid),  a.  Not 

diversified  ; not  varied.  Cogan. 

UN-DI-V'ERT']JD,  a.  1.  Not  diverted  of  turned 
aside  ; not  withdrawn,  [it,]  Boyle. 

2.  Not  diverted  or  amused.  Wakejield. 

UN-DI-VEST'ED,  a.  Not  divested.  Ash. 


f UN-DI-VID' A-BLE,  a.  Indivisible.  Shah. 

UN-DI-VID'ED,  a.  Not  divided;  not  separated. 
UN-DI-VID'^D-LY,  ad.  So,  as  not  to  be  divided, 
t UN-DI-VID'y-AL,  a.  Undivided.  Fuller. 

UN-DI-VIN'A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  divined. 
UN-DI-VoltCED'  (un-de-vorst'),  a.  Not  divorced; 

not  separated  ; not  parted.  Young. 

UN-DI-VULi^ED'  (un-de-vuljd'),  a.  Not  divulged  ; 

not  published.  “ Undimlged  crimes.”  Shak. 
UN-DO',  v.a.  \i.  undid  ;pp.  undoing,  undone.] 

1.  To  annul  the  effect  of,  as  any  thing  already 
done  ; to  place  in  the  previous  state  ; to  bring 
to  naught ; to  invalidate. 

VVe  have  not  done  what  we  can  to  undo  our  faults.  TilJotson. 
To-morrow,  ere  the  setting  sun. 

She ’d  all  undo  what  she  had  done.  Swift. 


2.  To  loose;  to  open;  to  unfold;  to  disen- 
gage ; to  unfasten  ; to  disentangle. 

Her  own  teeth  would  undo  the  knot.  Waller. 


3.  To  ruin ; to  destroy  : — to  reduce  to  poverty. 

So  will  it  [favor]  undo  so  many  as  shall  trust  unto  it.Hayward. 
Some  to  undo  and  others  to  be  undone.  Denham. 
UN-DOCK',  v.  a.  To  remove  from  a dock  or  ba- 
sin, as  a vessel.  Simmonds. 


tJN-DO'IJR,  n.  One  who  undoes.  Heyivood. 

UN-DO'ING,  p.  a.  Reversing  that  which  has  been 
done  : — ruining ; destroying  ; destructive. 

The  great  and  undoing  mischief  which  befalls  men  is  by 
their  being  misrepresented.  South. 

UN-DO'ING,  ».  1.  Act  of  one- who  undoes  ; a re- 

versal of  that  which  lias  been  done. 

2.  Ruin ; destruction.  “ The  utter  undoing 
of  some.”  Hooker. 

IIow  oft  are  our  petitions  our  undoing  ! Harte. 

UN-DO- MES 'TIC,  a.  Not  domestic.  More. 

UN-DO-MES'TI-CAT-JJD,  a.  Not  domesticated. 

UN-DONE’  (-dun'),y>.  a.  from  undo.  See  Undo. 

1.  Reversed  or  annulled,  as  any  thing  done. 

2.  Not  done,  acted,  or  transacted;  not  ef- 
fected ; not  executed  ; not  performed.  Shak. 

3.  Destroyed  ; ruined  ; spoiled. 

How  oft  by  these  at  sixty  are  undone 

The  virtues  of  a saint  at  twenty-one!  Pope. 

UN-DOOMED'  (un-domd'),  a.  Not  doomed.  Ash. 

UN-DOUB'LE  (un-dub’bl),  v.a.  To  unfold;  to 
make  single.  Ash. 

UN-DOUBT'A-BLE  (un-dout'fi-bl),  a.  That  can- 
not be  doubted ; indubitable,  [r.]  Bp.  Hall. 

UN-DOUBT'ED  (un-diiut'ed),  a.  Not  doubted  ; not 
questioned  ; indubitable  ; certain.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Indubitable. 

UN-DOUBT'JJD-LY  (un-dbut'ed-le),  ad.  Indubita- 
bly ; without  doubt.  Sir  T.  Elyot. 

UN-DOUBT 'FUL,  a.  Not  doubtful.  Shak. 

UN-DOUBT'ING  (un-diiut'ing),  a.  Not  doubting  ; 
admitting  no  doubt ; sure.  Hammond. 

f UN-DOUBT'OUS,  a.  Indubitable.  Chaucer. 

UN-DoW'ERED  (-erd),  a.  Not  having  a dower. 

Humble,  nakud,  and  undowered.  Godwin. 

UN-DRAIN'A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  drained. 

UN-DRAlNED'  (-drand'),  a.  Not  drained.  Morton. 

UN-DRA-MAt'IC,  P a_  NcR  dramatic ; not 

UN-DR A-MAT'I-CAL,  > represented  by  action. 

UN-DRAM'A-TIZED  (-tlzd),  a.  Not  dramatized. 

UN-DRAWN',  a.  Not  drawn.  Milton. 

UN-DREAD'UD,  a.  Not  dreaded  or  feared.  Milton. 

UN-DIIEAD'ING,  a.  Not  dreading.  Museum. 

UN-DREAMED'  (un-drSmd'),  a.  Not  dreamed  or 
thought  on  ; not  imagined.  Shak. 

UN-DREAMT',  a.  Undreamed.  Brown. 

UN-DRENCHED'  (-drencht'),  a.  Not  drenched. 

UN-DRESS'  (114),  V.  a.  [I.  UNDRESSED  ; pp.  UN- 
DRESSING, UNDRESSED.] 

1.  To  divest  of,  as  clothes  ; to  disrobe.  Shak. 

2.  To  divest  of  ornaments.  Prior. 

3.  (Med.)  To  take  the  medicament  or  dress- 
ing from,  as  a wound.  Davenant. 

UN'DRESS  [un'dres,  W.  P.  F.  K.  Sm.  R. ; un- 
dies', Ja.],  n.  A loose,  negligent,  or  ordinary 
dress ; not  full  dress.  Dryden. 

UN-DRESSED'  (un-drest'),  a.  1.  Not  dressed;  di- 
vested of  clothes  : — not  regulated  ; not  pruned. 
“ An  undressed  vineyard.”  Dryden. 

2.  Not  prepared  for  manufacture  or  use  ; as, 
“ Shoes  of  undressed  leather.”  Arbuthnot. 

UN-DRIED'  (un-dnd'),  a.  Not  dried.  Dryden. 

UN-DRILLED'  (un-drlld'),  a.  Not  drilled.  Ash. 

UN-DRINK'A-BLE,  a.  Not  drinkable.  F.  Butler. 

UN-DRIV'EN  (-drlv'vn),  a.  Not  driven.  Bp.  Hall. 

UN-DROOP' IN G,  a.  Not  drooping.  Thomson. 

UN-DROS'SY,  a.  Not  drossy  ; free  from  dross. 

UN-DROWNED'  (-dround'),  a.  Not  drowned.  Shak. 

UN-DUBBED'  (-dubd'),  a.  Not  dubbed  ; not  en- 
dowed with  a name  or  title.  Donne. 

f UN-DU'BI-TA-BLE,  a.  Indubitable.  Locke. 

UN-DUE',  a.  I.  Not  due;  not  owed. 

2.  Not  right ; not  legal;  unlawful;  unjust. 

That  proceeding  rigorous  and  undue..  Bacon. 

3.  Not  fit ; not  suitable  : — undeserved  ; in- 
ordinate ; excessive.  Attcrbury. 

UN-DUE'NESS,  n.  The  state  of  not  being  due  ; 
— unfitness;  unsuitableness.  Roget. 

UN-DUKE',  v.  a.  To  deprive  of  dukedom.  Swift. 

UN'DU-LAnT,  a.  Undulatory.  [r.]  Maunder. 

UN'DU-LA-RY,  a.  Undulatory.  Browne. 


UN'DU-LATfi,  V.  n.  [i.  UNDULATED  ; pp.  UNDU- 
LATING, undulated.]  To  play  or  move  as 
waves  ; to  vibrate ; to  have  a wavy  motion  ; to 
fluctuate. 

In  the  dread  ocean  undulating  wide.  Thomson. 

Syn. — See  Fluctuate. 

UN'DU-LATE,  v.  a.  To  cause  to  move  or  play,  as 
waves  ; to  wave. 

Breath  vocalized,  i.  e.  vibrated  and  undulated.  Holder. 

UN'DU-LATE,  l [L.  undulatus ; unda,  a 

UN'DU-LAT-pD,  ) wave.] 

1.  Resembling  waves  ; wavy.  Evelyn. 

2.  (Bot.)  Having  an  uneven,  alternately 
concave  and  convex  margin  ; wavy.  Lindley. 

UN'DU-LAT-ING,  p.  a.  1.  Moving  or  playing  as 
waves  ; waving  ; vibratory  ; undulatory. 

2.  Having  the  form  of  waves  ; diversified  by 
gentle  elevations  and  depressions  ; as,  “ Undu- 
lating ground.” 

UN'DIJ-LAT-ING-LY,  ad.  In  the  manner  of  waves. 

UN-DU-LA'TION,  n.  1.  A motion  like  that  of 
waves  ; waving  motion  ; fluctuation  ; vibration. 

Worms  and  leeches  move  by  undulation . Browne . 

2.  Appearance  of  waves  ; wavy  appearance. 

The  root  of  the  wilder  sort  [is]  incomparable  for  its  crisped 

undulations.  Be  el  jin. 

3.  (Med.)  A wave-like  motion  of  a fluid  col- 

lected in  any  natural  or  artificial  cavity,  which 
is  felt  by  pressure,  or  by  percussion  ; — called 
also  fluctuation.  Dunglison. 

4.  (Mus.)  The  agitation  of  the  air  occa- 

sioned by  the  vibration  of  any  sonorous  body, 
as  of  the  strings  of  a viol.  Moore. 

5.  (Physics.)  A liquid,  aerial,  or  luminous 
wave. 

“ From  a comparison  of  various  experiments,  it 
appears  that  the  breadth  of  the  undulations  constitut- 
ing the  extreme  red  light,  must  be  supposed  to  be,  in 
air,  about  one  thirty  six  thousandth  of  an  inch,  and 
those  of  the  extreme  violet  about  one  sixty  thousandth  ; 
the  mean  of  the  whole  spectrum,  with  respect  to  the 
intensity  of  light,  being  about  one  forty-live  thou- 
sandth. From  these  dimensions  it  follows,  calculat- 
ing from  the  known  velocity  of  light,  that  almost 
500  millions  of  millions  of  the  slowest  of  such  undu- 
lations must  enter  the  eye  in  a single  second.”  Young. 

UN-DU-LA'TION-IST,  n.  An  advocate  for  a the- 
ory founded  on  undulations  of  light.  Phil.  May. 

UN'DU-LA-TIVE,  a.  Undulatory.  Fletcher. 

UN'DU-LA-TO-RY  [un'du-lfi-tur-e,  S.  P.  F.  Ja.; 
un'ju-lj-tur-e,  IK;  un'du-la-to-re,  Sm.;  un-du- 
la'to-re,  A'.],  a.  Moving  in  the  manner  of 
waves  ; rising  and  falling  as  waves.  Arbuthnot. 

Undulatory  theory , (Opt.)  a theory  respecting  the 
nature  of  light,  now  generally  adopted  by  the  most 
eminent  writers  on  optics,  which  supposes  that  there 
is  a very  subtile,  elastic  medium,  called  ether , or  ethe- 
real medium , pervading  all  bodies  and  all  space  ; and 
that  undulations  or  vibrations  are  excited  in  this 
medium  by  luminous  bodies,  and  are  propagated  from 
them  to  the  eye,  and  produce  vision,  in  a manner  anal- 
ogous to  that  in  which  aerial  vibrations,  striking 
against  the  ear,  produce  the  sensation  of  sound,  — the 
intensity  of  light  depending  on  the  amplitude,  and  its 
color  on  the  rate  or  frequency  of  the  vibrations.  (See 
Vibration.)  The  ethereal  particles,  unlike  the  aerial 
particles,  whose  motions  constitute  sound,  are  sup- 
posed to  oscillate,  not  in  the  direction  of  the  line  of  prop- 
agation, but  transversely  to  it  — resembling,  in  this  re- 
spect, the  particles  of  water  in  a wave,  which  move 
up  and  down  without  advancing, while  the  wave  prop- 
agates itself  horizontally.  By  supposing  the  undula- 
tions of  the  ethereal  particles  to  be  modified  by  their 
action  on  each  other,  as  in  the  interference  of  light 
(see  Interference),  or  by  the  action  of  bodies 
encountered  by  them,  as  they  are  propagated  from 
their  luminous  source,  not  only  nearly  all  the  phe- 
nomena of  light  have  been  explained  by  the  theory, 
but  facts  before  unknown,  as  conical  refraction  (see 
Refraction),  have  been  discovered  by  mathematical 
deduction  from  it ; while  some  phenomena,  as  the  in- 
terference of  light,  are  inexplicable  by  the  opposite 
theory  of  emission,  which  supposes  light  to  consist 
of  material  particles  emitted  from  luminous  bodies. 
The  existence  of  an  ethereal  medium,  pervading  the 
celestial  regions,  is  regarded  as  established  by  the 
resistance  encountered  by  Encke’s  comet.  — See  In- 
flection, and  Polarization. 

Young.  Herschel.  JYichol. 

f UN-DULL',  v.  a.  To  remove  dulness  from  ; to 
clear  ; to  purify.  Whitlock. 

UN-DU'LY,  ad.  Not  duly  ; not  properly.  Strype. 

fUN-DUMP'lSH,  v.  a.  To  free  from  the  dumps. 

He  [the  jester)  could  undumpish  her.  Fuller. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RtJLE.  — 9,  9,  9,  g,  soft;  jC,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


UNDUEABLE 


ON-DU'RA-BLE,  a.  Not  durable,  [r.]  Arnway. 
UN-DUST',  v.  a.  To  free  from  dust.  Mountagu. 
UN-DU'Tp-OUS,  a.  Not  duteous.  Dryden. 

UN-DU'TI-FUL,  a.  Not  dutiful;  disobedient. 

UN-DU'TI-FUL- LY,  ad.  In  an  undutiful  man- 
ner ; disobediently.  Up.  llall. 

ON-DU'TI-FUL-NESS,  n.  Want  of  dutifulness. 

Undutifulness  to  an  almighty  Superior.  Seeker. 

f UN-DWELL' A-BLE,  a.  Uninhabitable.  Wickliffe. 
UN-DWELT',  a.  Not  inhabited,  [r.]  Browne. 

UN-DY'ING,  a.  Not  mortal ; not  perishing ; im- 
mortal. “ The  undying  worm.”  Milton. 

UN-EARNED'  (un-ernd'),  a.  Not  merited  or  de- 
served by  labor  ; not  earned.  Milton. 

UN-EARTH',  v.  a.  To  drive  from  a burrow  : — to 
remove  the  earth  from.  Thomson. 

UN-EARTHED'  (-ertht'),  p.  a.  1.  Driven  from  a 
burrow  or  den  in  the  earth. 

The  robber  of  the  fold  is  . . . unearthed.  Thomson. 

2.  Freed  from  the  cover  of  earth,  as  roots. 

UN-EARTH 'EY  (un-erth'le),  a.  Not  terrestrial; 

not  earthly  ; supernatural.  Byron. 

f UN-EA§E',  n.  Uneasiness.  Hcicket. 

UN-EA§ED'  (un-ezd'),  a.  Not  eased.  Ash. 

UN-EA§'I-LY,  ad.  In  an  uneasy  manner.  Milton. 
UN-EAij'I-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  uneasy ; 

disquiet;  anxiety  ; trouble  ; perplexity.  Boyers. 
ON-EA§'Y  (un-e'ze),  a.  1.  Not  easy ; not  at 
ease  ; not  peaceful ; not  tranquil ; disturbed. 

Uneasy  lies  the  head  that  wears  a crown.  Shak. 

2.  Giving  pain  or  disturbance  ; — cramping. 

For  a few  months  [they]  wore  an  uneasy  garment.  lip.  Taylor. 

3.  Constrained;  stiff;  ungraceful.  Locke. 

4.  Difficult  to  please ; peevish;  disagreeable. 
A sour,  untractable  nature  makes  him  uneasy  to  those  who 

approach  him.  Shak. 

5.  f Difficult ; full  of  difficulties. 

So  uneasy  to  be  satisfactorily  understood.  Boyle. 

UN-EAT' A-BLE,  a.  Not  edible.  Brougham. 
UN-EAT'EN  (unje'tn),  a.  Not  eaten.  Clarendon. 
+ UN-EATH'  (un-eth'),  ad.  [A.  S.  un-cath ; un, 
not,  and  eath,  easy.] 

1.  Not  easily;  scarcely;  hardly.  Shak. 

2.  Beneath ; underneath.  Spenser. 

CTN-EBB'ING,  a.  Not  ebbing.  Good. 

tJN-EUH'O-ING,  a.  Not  echoing.  Moore. 

UN-E-CLlPSED'  (-kllpst'),  a.  Not  eclipsed.  Cook. 
UN-EC-O-NOM'I-CAL,  a.  Not  economical. 
UN-F.DpJE',  v.  a.  To  deprive  of  the  edge.  Ford. 

UN-EDpIED'  (un-ejd'),  a.  Deprived  of  the  edge; 
not  sharpened ; blunt.  Beau,  b,  FI. 

UN-ED'l-FIED  (un-ed'e-fid),  a.  Not  edified.  Milton. 
UN-ED'I-FY-ING,  a.  Not  edifying.  Bp.  Hall. 
UN-ED'J-FY-ING-LY,  ad.  Without  edifying. 
UN-ED’U-CAT-pD,  a.  Not  educated;  ignorant. 
UN-EF-FACED'  (un-ef-fast'),  a.  Not  effaced. 
UN-EF-FECT'pD,  a.  Not  effected.  C.  B.  Brown. 
t U N - p F-  F E C T ' U-  A L , a.  Ineffectual.  Shak. 

UN-E-LAB'O-RATE,  a.  Not  elaborate;  not  exe- 
cuted with  much  care  or  labor.  Maunder. 

UN-p-LAB'O-RAT-pD,  a.  Not  elaborated  ; done 
with  little  care  or  labor.  Wordsworth. 

UN-p-LAS'TIC,  a.  Not  elastic;  inelastic.  P.Cyc. 

UN-IJ-LAS-TiQ'l-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being  une- 
lastic ; want  of  elasticity.  Clarke. 

UN-E-LAT'pD,  a.  Not  elated;  depressed.  Clarke. 
UN-EL'BOWED,  a.  Not  elbowed.  Pope. 

tJN-p-LECT'ED,  a.  Not  elected.  Shak. 

UN-p-LEC'TlVE,  a.  Not  elective.  Hale. 

UN-EL' p-G  ANT,  a.  Inelegant,  [r.]  Seeker. 

UN-EL'p-GANT-LY,  ad.  Inelegantly. [n.]Holland. 


1580 

UN-EL'P-VAT-PD,  a.  Not  elevated.  Ash.  | 

j-  UN-EL'I-^JI-BLE,  a.  Ineligible.  Boyers. 

UN-p-LU'CI-D-AT-pD,  a.  Not  elucidated.  Ash. 
UN-p-LUD'pD,  a.  Not  eluded;  not  shunned. 
UN-p-AlA'CI-AT-pD,  a.  Not  emaciated.  Ash. 

UN-P-mAN'CI-PAt-PD,  a.  Not  emancipated; 
not  freed  from  servitude.  Ec.  Bev. 

UN-p-MAs'CU-LAT-pD,  a.  Not  emasculated.  Ash. 
UN-p.M-BALMED'  (-bdmd'),  a.  Not  embalmed. 

UN-JJM-BAr'RASSED  (-rSsr),  a.  Not  embar- 
rassed ; not  perplexed  ; not  confounded. Coic/jer. 

UN-f  M-BEL'LTSHED  (-bel'lisht),  a.  Not  embel- 
lished ; not  beautified  ; unadorned.  Knox. 

UN-pM-BIT'TpRED  (-bit'terd),  a.  Not  embittered. 

UN-EM-BOD'IED  (-bod'id),  a.  Not  embodied  ; not 
having,  or  not  invested  with,  a body.  Byron. 

UN-pM-BOW'pRED  (-erd),  a.  Not  embowered. 

All  unemboweretl 

And  naked  stood  that  lonely  parsonage.  Wordsworth. 
UN-pM-BRACED'  (-em-brast'),  a.  Not  embraced. 

UN-pM-BROI'DpRED  (un-em-brol'derd),  a.  Not 
embroidered  ; not  ornamented.  Ash. 

UN-JJM-PHAT'IC,  a.  Not  emphatic.  Crombie. 
UN-pM-PHAT'l-CAL,  a.  Not  emphatical.  Brown. 
UN-pM-PIlAT'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  Without  emphasis. 
UN-pM-PLOYED'  (-em-plbld'),  a.  Not  employed. 

There  lie  is  lazy,  unemployed,  and  low.  Dryden. 

UN-pM-PoW'pltED  (fin-em-pofi'erdl,  a.  Not  em- 
powered ; not  invested  with  power.  Ash. 

f UN-EMP'TI- A-BLE  (un-em'te-a-bl),  a.  That  can- 
not be  emptied  ; inexhaustible.  Hooker. 

UN-EMP'TIED  (-ein'tjd),  a.  Not  emptied.  Byron. 
UN-EM'y-LAT-ING,  a.  Not  emulating.  Clarke. 
UN-pN-A'BLED  (-a'bld),  a.  Not  enabled.  Southey. 
UN-JJN-AM'OURED  (-am'urd),  a.  Not  enamoured. 
UN-pN-CIlANT'ED,  a.  Not  enchanted.  Milton. 

UN-pN-COM'PASSED  (un-en-kuin'pjst),  a.  Not 
encompassed  or  surrounded.  ’ Ash. 

UN-pN-COUN'TpRF,D  (un-en-kbun'terd),  a.  Not 
encountered  ; not  confronted.  Scott. 

UN-pN-CUM'BF.RED  (un-en-kum'berd),  a.  Not  en- 
cumbered or  burdened.  Johnson. 

UN-pN-DAN'^ERED,  a.  Not  endangered ; not 
exposed  to  danger.  Wordsworth. 

UN-EN-DEARED'  (un-en-derd'),  a.  Not  endeared  ; 
not  attended  with  endearment.  Milton. 

UN-EN-DEAV'OR-lNG,  a.  Not  endeavoring. 
UN-END'pD,  a.  Not  ended;  unfinished.  Scott. 
UN-END'ING,  a.  Not  ending;  having  no  end. 

The  unending  circles  of.  . . science.  Feltham. 

UN-EN  DORSED'  (-dbrst'),  a.  Not  endorsed.  Ash. 

■UN-p.Y-DOVVED'  (un-en-diiud'),  a.  Not  endowed  ; 
not  furnished  ; not  invested.  Locke. 

UN-PN-DUR'A-BLE,  a.  Not  endurable  ; insuffer- 
able ; intolerable.  Dr.  Arnold. 

tJN-pN-DUR'A-BLY,  ad.  Insufferably.  Qu.  Bev. 
UN-pN-DUR'ING,  a.  Not  enduring.  Smart. 
UN-E-NER'vAT-ED,  a.  Not  enervated.  Mansfield. 
UN-EN-FEE'BLED  (-fe'bld),  a.  Not  enfeebled. 
UN-PN-FORCED'  (un-en-forst'),  a.  Not  enforced. 

UN-p.N-GA^ED'  (-gajd'),  a.  Not  engaged,  bound, 
or  pledged  : — not  occupied  ; disengaged.  Hall. 

UN-FN-GApF(NG,  a.  Not  engaging.  Month.  Bev. 
UN-ENG'LISH  (-ing'gljsh),  a.  Not  English.  IF.  Bev. 

UN-ENG'LISHED  (un-Ing'glishd),  a.  Not  ren- 
dered or  translated  into  English.  Bp.  Hall. 

UN-pN-GROSSED'  (-en-grost'),  a.  Not  engrossed. 
UN-pN-JOYED'  (-joid'),  a.  Not  enjoyed.  Dryden. 
UN-pN-JoY'ING,  a.  Not  enjoying.  Creech. 


UNEQUIVOCALLY 

UN-pN-LAR^rED'  (un-en-lhrjd'),  a.  Not  enlarged  ; 
contracted;  narrow.  Watts. 

UN-pN-LIGIIT'ENED  (un-en-ll'tnd),  a.  Not  en- 
lightened ; not  illuminated  ; ignorant ; rude. 

UN-pN-I.I'VENED  (un-en-ll'vnd),  a.  Not  enliv- 
ened or  animated  ; not  inspirited.  Atterbury. 

UN-pN-RICHED'  (-en-riclit'),  a.  Not  made  rich. 

UN-pN-ROLLED'  (-void'),  a.  Not  enrolled.  Ash. 

UN-pN-SLAVED'  (un-en-slavd'),  a.  Not  enslaved 
or  reduced  to  bondage  ; free.  Addison. 

f UN-PN-TAn'GLE,  v.  a.  To  disentangle.  Donne. 

UN-PN-TAN'GLED,  p.  a.  Not  entangled. 

UN-EN'TERED  (un-en'terd),  a.  Notentered.  Udal. 

UN-EN'TpR-PRify-ING,  a.  Not  enterprising. 

UN-EN'TER-PRl§-ING-LY,  ad.  In  an  unenter- 
prising manner  ; not  adventurously.  Clarke. 

UN-EN-TpR-TAlN'lNG,  a.  Not  entertaining ; not 
engaging  ; uninteresting.  Knox. 

UN-EN-TER-TAlN'ING-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or 
the  state  of  being  unentertaining.  Gray. 

UN-pN-TIIRALLED'  (un-en-tlirlvvld'),  a.  Not  en- 
thralled ; unenslaved.  Milton. 

UN-pN-TOMBED'  (un-en-tomd'),  a.  Not  entombed  ; 
unburied ; uninterred.  Dryden. 

UN-EN-TO-MO-LOpr'I-CAL,  a.  Not  entomologi- 
cal ; not  pertaining  to  entomology.  Kirby. 

UN-p-NU'MpR-AT-pD,  a.  Not  enumerated. 

UN-EN' VI-A-BLE,  a.  Not  enviable.  Byron. 

UN-EN'VIED  (un-en'vjd),  a.  Not  envied.  Pope. 

UN-EN'VI-OUS,  a.  Not  envious.  Cowley. 

UN-EN' VY-ING,  a.  Not  envying.  Wilson. 

UN-EP'I-LOGUED  (un-ep'e-logd),  a.  Not  accom- 
panied by  an  epilogue.  Goldsmith. 

UN-p-PIS'CO-PAL,  a.  Not  episcopal.  Ed.  Bev. 

UN-EP'I-tAphed  (-taft),  a.  With  no  epitaph.  Cl. 

UN-E'GUA-BLE  (un-e'kwa-bl),  a.  Not  equable  ; 
uneven  ; diverse  ; inequable.  Boyle. 

UN-E'QUAL  (uu-e'kwal),  a.  [L.  inaqualis.\ 

1.  Not  equal;  notecen;  not  of  uniform  size 
or  dimensions.  “ Unequal  numbers.”  Dryden. 

2.  Not  equal  in  genius,  talents,  acquirements, 

strength,  &c. ; inferior.  Arbuthnot. 

3.  Not  alike  in  age  or  in  station  ; being  un- 
like; not  possessing  equal  advantages. 

Conditions  of  tmequal  peace.  Denham. 

4.  Disproportioned ; ill-matched. 

Unequal  work  we  find 

Against  unequal  arms  to  fight  in  pain.  Milton. 

5.  Not  regular;  not  uniform;  not  equable. 

So  strong,  yet  so  unequal  pulses  beat.  Dryden. 

6.  Not  sufficient;  inadequate;  not  enough. 

7.  fUnjust;  inequitable;  unfair.  Shak. 

Is  not  my  way  equal  ? are  not  your  ways  unequal  ? 

Ezck.  xviii.  25. 

8.  ( Bot .)  Noting  parts  of  certain  plants,  as 
the  leaves  of  Begonia,  the  two  sides  of  which 
are  not  symmetrical ; inequilateral.  Lindley. 

Unequal  sided,  (But.)  unequal;  unequilateral. 

Lindley. 

UN-E'aUAL- A-BLE,  a.  Not  to  be  equalled.  Boyle. 

UN-E'CIUALLED  (e’kwald),  a.  Not  equalled. Cook. 

UN-E'QUAL-LY,  ad.  In  an  unequal  manner  or 
degree  ; not  equally.  Locke. 

Unequally  pinnate,  (Bot.)  pinnate  with  an  odd  num- 
ber of  leaflets.  Gray. 

UN-E'aUAL-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  une- 
qual ; inequality.  Bp.  Taylor. 

UN-E-QUIPPED'  (un-e-kwlpt'),  a.  Not  equipped. 

f UN-Ea'UI-TA-BLE  (un-ek'we-t?-bl),  a.  Not 
equitable  ; inequitable.  Tucker. 

fUN-Ea'UI-TA-BI.Y  (un-ek'we-t?-ble),  ad.  Not 
equitably;  inequitably.  Abp.  Seeker. 

t UN-Ea'ur-TY,  n.  Iniquity.  Wickliffe. 

UN-p-aUIV'O-CAL  (un-e-kwlv'o-kal),  a.  Not 
equivocal,  ambiguous,  or  doubtful.  Cogan. 

UN-P-auIV'O-CAL-LY,  ad.  Without  doubt; 
plainly;  not  ambiguously.  Paley. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  t,  short;  A,  p,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure  ; FARE,  fAr,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


UNFALLEN 


UNEQUIVOCALNESS 

UN-E-Q.UI  V'O-CAL-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
unequivocal.  . Godwin. 

UN-E-RAD'I-CA-BLE,  re.  That  cannot  be  eradi- 
cated or  exterminated ; ineradicable.  Byron. 

UN-E-RAd'I-CAT-ED,  re.  Not  eradicated.  Clarke. 

UN-E-rASED'  (-rast'),  a.  Not  erased  Ash. 

f UN-ERR'A-BLE,  a.  Infallible.  • Sheldon. 

j-  UN-ERR'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Incapacity  of  error; 
infallibility.  Decay  of  Ch.  Piety. 

UN-ERR'JNG,  a.  1.  Committing  no  mistake  or  er- 
ror ; not  erring.  “ Unerring  judgment.”  llowe. 

2.  Incapable  of  failure  ; certain ; sure  ; ex- 
act ; accurate.  “ Unerring  aim.”  Cowper. 

UN-ERR'ING-LY,  ad.  Without  error.  Locke. 

UN-ES-CHEW'A-BLE  (un-es-chu'a-bl),  a.  That  can- 
not be  eschewed,  shunned,  or  avoided.  Carew. 

UN-IJS-CUTCH'EONED  (-kuch'und),  a.  Having 
no  escutcheon  or  armorial  ensign.  Wordsworth. 

UN-ES-PIED'  (un-es-spld')  a.  Not  espied.  Hooker. 

UN-ES-SAYED'  (-es-sud'),  a.  Not  essayed.  Boyle. 

ON-ES-SEN'TIAL  (un-es-sen'shal),  a.  1.  Not  es- 
sential ; not  of  great  importance  ; not  neces- 
sary ; not  constituting  the  essence.  Addison. 

2.  Void  of  real  being.  Milton. 

UN-ES-SEN'TIAL,  n.  A part  or  something  that 
is  not  essential.  Smart. 

UN-ES-SEN'TIAL-LY,  ad.  Not  essentially. 

j-  UN-ES-TAb'LISH,  v.  a.  To  deprive  of,  or  remove 
from,  establishment.  Milton. 

UN-ES-TAB'LISHED  (un-es-t&b'ljsht),  a.  Not  es- 
tablished, fixed,  or  settled.  Browne. 

UN-ES'TI-mAT-ED,  a.  Not  estimated.  Ash. 

UN-EU-GHA-RXS'TI-CAL,  a.  Not  cucharistical. 

UN-E-VAD'A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  evaded. 

UN-E-VAN-tJlEL'I-CAL,  a.  Not  according  to  the 
evangelists  ; not  evangelical.  Milton. 

UN-E-vAN'^EL-IZED  (un-e-vin'gel-Izd),  a.  Not 
evangelized.  Ash. 

UN-E-VAp'O-RAT-ED,  a.  Not  evaporated;  not 
dissipated.  Coleridge. 

UN-E'VEN  (fin-G'vn),  a.  1.  Not  even  ; no';  level 
or  smooth.  “These  rough,  uneven  ways.”  Shah. 

2.  Not  equal ; not  of  the  same  length. 

Hebrew  verse  consists  of  uneven  feet.  Peacham. 

3.  Not  uniform  ; not  calm  ; not  equable  ; 
ruffled  ; as,  “ An  uneven  disposition.” 

Uneven  number,  an  odd  number  ; a number  not  di- 
visible by  two  without  a remainder. 

UN-E'VEN-LY  (un-S'vn-le),  ad.  In  an  uneven 
manner  ; with  unevenness.  Smart. 

UN-E'VEN- NESS  (un-e'vn-nes),  n.  1.  The  quali- 
ty or  the  state  of  being  uneven  ; inequality  of 
surface.  “ Unevenness  of  the  roads.”  Ray. 

2.  f Turbulence  ; changeable  state.  Hale. 

CTN-E-VENT'FUL,  a.  Not  eventful.  Southey. 

f UN-EV'I-TA-BLE,  a.  Inevitable.  Sidney. 

f UN-EV'I-tAT-ED,  re.  Unavoided.  Sandys. 

UN-E-VOLVED',  a.  Not  evolved.  Clarke. 

ON-Ey-ACT',  a.  Not  exact;  inexact,  [it.]  Todd. 

UN-Ey-ACT'ED,  a.  Not  exacted.  Dryden. 

UN-Ey-A^'^Eff'AT-ED,  a.  Not  exaggerated. 

UN-Ey-A^'^EH'AT-ING,  a.  Not  exaggerating. 

UN-Ey-ALT'ED,  a.  Not  exalted.  Young. 

UN-EE-AM'I-NA-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  exam- 
ined or  investigated.  Milton. 

UN-Ey-A.M'INED  (un-eg-zam'jnd),  a.  Not  exam- 
ined ; not  investigated.  Shak. 

UN-EX-Am'IN-IiNG,  a.  Not  examining.  Smart. 

UN-EX- Am'PLED  (un-eg-z&m'pld),  a.  Not  pre- 
ceded by  any  example  ; unprecedented.  Milton. 

ON-EX'CA-VAT-ED,  a.  Not  excavated.  Ash. 

UN  EX-CELLED'  (un-ek-seld'),  a.  Not  excelled; 
not  surpassed  or  outstripped.  Cou-per. 


1581 

UN-EX-CEPT'ED,  a.  Not  excepted.  Ash. 

UN-EX-CEP'TION-A-BLE,  a.  Not  liable  to  any 
exception  or  objection  ; good  ; faultless. 

UN- EX-CEP' T ION- A- BL E-NESS,  n.  The  state  of 
being  unexceptionable.  More. 

UN-EX-CEP'TION-A-BLY,  ad.  So  as  to  be  not 
liable  to  objection.  South. 

UN-EX-CEP'T{VE,  a.  Not  exceptive  ; admitting 
no  exception.  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

UN- EX-CHANCED'  fun-ex-chanjd'),  a.  Not  ex- 
changed ; not  bartered.  Burke. 

UN-EX-Cl§ED'  (un-ek-slzd'),  a.  Not  subject  to 
the  payment  of  excise.  Brown. 

UN-EX-CIT'ED,  a.  Not  excited.  Qu.  Rev. 

UN-EX-CLUD'ED,  a.  Not  excluded.  Wordsworth. 

UN-EX-CLU'SIVE,  a.  Not  exclusive.  Ed.  Rev. 

tUN-EX-COC'!-TA-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  im- 
agined or  found  out.  Raleigh. 

UN-EX-COM-MU'NI-CAT-ED,  a.  Not  excommu- 
nicated, or  expelled  from  communion.  Ash. 

ijN-EX-CUL'PAT-ED,  a.  Not  exculpated.  Ash. 

UN-EX-CU§'A-BLE,  a.  Inexcusable. [it.] Hayward. 

UN-EX-CU§'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
inexcusable ; inexcusableness,  [it.]  Hammond. 

UN-EX-CU.SED'  (un-eks-kuzd'),  a.  Not  excused. 

UN-EX'E-CUT-ED,  a.  Not  executed;  not  done, 
effected,  or  fulfilled  ; unperformed.  Burke. 

UN-Ey'EM-PLA-RY  (un-egz-),  a.  Not  exemplary. 

UN-EE-EM'PLT-FiED  (un-egz-em'ple-fid),  a.  Not 
exemplified,  or  illustrated  by  example.  South. 

UN-Ey-EMPT',  a.  Not  exempt.  Milton. 

UN-EX'ER-ClSED  (-eks'er-slzd),re.  Not  exercised; 
not  practised  or  trained.  Dryden. 

UN-Ey-ERT'ED,  a.  Not  exerted.  Brown. 

UN-Ey-IIALED'  (un-eks-hal(l'),  a.  Not  exhaled. 

UN-Ey-IIAUST'ED,  a.  Not  exhausted.  Byron. 

f UN-Ey-HAUST'I-BLE,  a.  Inexhaustible.  Hale. 

UN-Ey-HIB'IT-ED,  a.  Not  exhibited.  Ash. 

UN-Ey-HIL'A-RAT-ED,  a.  Not  exhilarated.  Ash. 

UN-Ey-IST'ENT,  a.  Not  existing.  Broionc. 

UN-Ey-IST'ING,  a.  Not  existing.  Dwight. 

UN-EX'OR-CI§ED  (un-eks'pr-slzd),  a.  Not  exor- 
cised ; not  expelled  by  exnrcism.  Smart. 

UN-EX-PAND'ED,  a.  Not  expanded.  Blackmore. 

f UN-EX-PEC-TA'TION,  n.  Want  of  expectation 
or  of  previous  consideration.  Bp.  Hall. 

UN-EX-PECT'ED,  a.  Not  expected ; unthought  of ; 
sudden.  “ O,  unexpected  stroke  ! ” Milton. 

UN-EX-PECT'ED-LY,  ad.  In  an  unexpected  man- 
ner ; suddenly.  Dryden. 

UN-EX-PECT'ED-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  qual- 
ity of  being  unexpected  or  unlooked  for.  Watts. 

UN-EX-PEC'TO-RAT-LNG,  a.  Not  expectorating. 

t UN-EX-PE'DI-ENT,  a.  Inexpedient.  Milton. 

UN-EX-PELLED'  (-cks-peld'),  a.  Not  expelled. 

UN-EX-PENI>'ED,  a.  Not  expended.  Ash. 

UN-JEX-PEN'SI  VE,  a.  Not  expensive.  Milton. 

UN-EX-PE'RI-ENCE,  n.  Inexperience,  [r.]  Milton. 

UN-EX-PE'RT-ENCED  (un-eks-pe're-enst),  a.  Not 
having  knowledge  or  skill  acquired  by  trial  or 
practice;  not  practised ; inexperienced.  Burke. 

UN-EX-PER-I-MENT'AL,  a.  That  cannot  be  ex- 
perimented upon  ; not  experimental.  Ed.  Rev. 

UN-EX-PER'I-MENT-ED,  a.  Not  experimented. 

UN-EX-PERT',  a.  Wanting  skill ; inexpert.  “An 
unexpert  and  injudicious  person.”  Bp.  Hall. 

UN-EX-PIRED'  (un-eks-plrd'),  a.  Not  expired; 
not  ended  or  finished.  Hackluyt. 

ON-EX-PLAiN'A-BLE,  a.  Not  capable  of  being 
explained ; inexplicable.  Swift. 

UN-EX-PLAINED'  (-eks-pland'),  a.  Not  explained. 


UN-EX-PLI^'JT,  a.  Not  explicit;  inexplicit.  Ash. 

UN-E-X-PLO'RA-TlVE,  a.  That  cannot  be  ex- 
plored, examined,  or  searched,  [it.]  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

UN-EX-PLORED'  (un-eks-plord'),  a.  Not  explored. 
“ To  regions  unexplored."  Dryden. 

UN-EX-PLO'S{VE,  a.  Not  explosive.  Congreve. 

UN-EX-PORT'ED,  a.  Not  exported.  Ash. 

UN-JJX-PO§ED'  (un-eks-pozd'),  a.  Not  exposed. 

UN-EX-PoUND'ED,  a.  Not  expounded.  Horsley. 

UN-EX-PRESSED'  (-eks-prest'),  a.  Not  expressed. 

UN-EX-PRESS'I-BLE,  a.  Inexpressible.  “The 
unexprcssible  image  of  God.”  [it.]  Milton. 

C'N-EX-PRESS'I-BLY,  ad.  Inexpressibly.  Bp. Hall. 

UN-EX-PItES'Sj VE,  re.  1.  Not  having  the  power 
of  expressing  ; not  expressive  ; inexpressive. 

2.  f Not  to  be  expressed  ; inexpressible. 

The  fair,  the  chaste,  and  vnexpressive  she.  Stial-. 

UN-EX-PRES'SI VE-LY,  ad.  In  an  inexpressive 
manner ; inexpressively.  Allen. 

UN-EX-PUG'NA-BLE,  re.  Not  to  be  beaten,  over- 
powered, or  conquered,  [u.]  Sandys. 

UN-EX-PUNpED'  (-ex-punjd'),  re.  Not  expunged. 

UN-EX-TEND'ED,  re.  Not  extended.  Congreve. 

UN-EX-TEN'U-AT-ED,  re.  Not  extenuated.  Shak. 

UN-EX-TER'MI-NAT-ED,  re.  Not  exterminated. 

UN-EX-TlNCT',  re.  Not  extinct.  Beau.  § El. 

UN- EX-TIN 'GUIS  H-A-Bt.E  (un-eks-tlag'gw  jsh-?- 
bl),  re.  Inextinguishable.  Milton. 

UN-EX-TIN'GUISH-A-BLY,  ad.  So  as  not  to  be 
extinguished  or  quenched.  Johnson. 

UN-EX-TIN'GUISHED  (un-eks-tlng'gwjslit),  re.  [L. 
inextinctus.\  Not  extinguished ; burning.  “ Un- 
extinguished  fires.”  Rowe. 

UN-EX-TIR'pAt-ED,  re.  Not  extirpated.  Horsley. 

UN-EX-TORT'ED,  re.  Not  extorted.  Swift. 

UN-EX-TRACT'ED,  re.  Not  extracted.  Clarke. 

f UN-EX'TRI-CA-BLE,  re.  Inextricable.  More. 

UN-EX'TRI-CAT-ED,  re.  Not  extricated.  Ash. 

UN-EYED'  (un-Id'j,  re.  Not  eyed;  not  viewed  or 
observed ; unseen  or  unwatched.  Beau.  A FI. 

UN-FAd'A-BLE,  re.  That  cannot  fade.  Bp.  Hall. 

UN-FAD'EI),  re.  Not  faded.  Dryden. 

UN-FAD'ING,  re.  Not  fading;  not  liable  to  fade 
or  wither.  “ The  unfading  rose  of  Eden.”  Pope. 

UN-FAD'ING-LY,  ad.  Without  fading.  Clarke. 

UN-FAD'ING-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  un- 
fading, or  not  liable  to  fade.  Polwhele. 

f UN-FAIL'A-BLE,  re.  That  cannot  fail;  infalli- 
ble. Bp.  Hall. 

t UN-FAIL' A-BLE-N ESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 

infallible;  infallibility.  Bp.  Hall. 

UN-FA IL'ING,  re.  Not  failing;  certain  ; constant. 

Syn.  — See  Certain. 

UN-FAlL'ING-LY,  ad.  Without  fail.  Josh.  iii.  10. 

UN-FAlL'iNG-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality 
of  being  unfailing.  Bp.  Hall. 

UN-FAlNT'ING,  re.  Not  fainting.  Sandys. 

UN-FAlR',  re.  Not  fair  ; not  honest;  dishonest; 
unjust;  dishonorable;  partial. 

You  come  like  an  unfair  merchant  to  charge  me  with 
being  in  your  debt.  Swift. 

C'N-fAir'LY,  ad.  Not  fairly  ; unjustly.  Parnell. 

UN-FAlR'NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  unfair; 
want  of  fairness  ; injustice.  Bentley. 

UN-FAITH'FUL,  re.  Not  faithful  ; faithless  ; 
treacherous  ; perfidious  ; dishonest  ; false. 

Syn.  — See  Faithless. 

UN-FAITH'FUL- LY,  ad.  Without  faith  ; treach- 
erously ; perfidiously  ; faithlessly.  Bacon. 

UN-FAiTH'FUL-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
unfaithful;  want  of  faithfulness.  Boyle. 

UN-FAL'OAT-ED,  re.  1.  Not  falcated  ; not  hooked. 

2.  Not  curtailed.  Clarke. 

UN-FALL'EN  (Gn-fiH'ln),  re.  Not  fallen.  Glanrill. 


WIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE. — 9,  9,  9,  g,  soft;  0,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  y as  gz.—  THIS,  this. 


UNFALLIBLE 


UNFORESHORTENED 


t UN-FAl'LI-BLE,  a.  Infallible.  Shak. 

CTN-FAL' LOWED  (fin-f&l'lod),  a.  Not  fallowed. 
“The  v ufallowed  glebe.”  Phillips. 

UN-FAL'TJJR-ING,  a.  Not  faltering  ; unfailing. 

UN-fAl'TJJR-ING-LY,  ad.  Without  faltering. 

t UN-FAMED'  (un-taind'),  a.  Not  renowned.  Shak. 

UN-FA-MIL'IAR  (un-fa-niil'yar),  a.  Not  familiar; 
not  accustomed  ; unusual ; uncommon.  Warton. 

UN-FA-MIL-I-AR'I-TY  (un-fj-mll-ye-ar'e-te),  n. 
Want  of  familiarity.  Johnson. 

UN-FA-MIL'IAR-LY,  ad.  In  a manner  not  familiar. 

t UN-FA'MOUS,  a.  Not  famous.  Chaucer. 

UN-FAN'CIED  (fin-fan'sjd),  a.  Not  fancied.  Kelly. 

UN-FANNED'  (-land'),  a.  Not  fanned.  Goldsmith. 

UN-FAs’CI-NAT-EP,  a.  Not  fascinated.  Clarke. 

UN-FASHTON-A-BLE  (un-fash'un-?-bl),  a.  Not 
fashionable  ; not  according  to  fashion.  Locke. 

UN-FASH'ION-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  be- 
ing unfashionable  ; deviation  from  fashion. 

UN-FASH'ION-A-BLY,  ad.  Not  fashionably  ; not 
according  to  the  fashion.  Shak. 

UN-FASHIONED  (-fash'und),  a.  Not  fashioned. 

A lifeless  lump,  mifashioned  and  unformed.  Dnjden. 

UN-FAST',  a.  Not  fast ; not  secure.  Johnson. 

UN-FAs'TEN  (un-f&s'sn),  V.  a.  [i.  UNFASTENED  ; 
pp.  UNFASTENING,  UNFASTENED.]  To  remove 
or  loose  the  fastening  of ; to  unbind  ; to  loose  ; 
to  unfix  ; to  untie  ; to  unlace ; to  unclasp.  Milton. 

UN-FAS'TENED  (un-f^s'snd),  p.  a.  Not  fastened. 

UN-fAst'ING,  a.  Not  fasting.  Museum. 

UN-FA'TIIERED  (-tticrd),  a.  Fatherless.  Shak. 

UN-FA'TH  f,R-Ly,  a.  Not  fatherly.  Cowper. 

UN-FATH'OM-A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  fath- 
omed or  sounded  ; not  fathomable.  Byron. 

UN-FATH'OM-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the 
quality  of  being  unfathomable.  Norris. 

UN-FATH'OM-A-BLY,  ad.  So  as  not  to  be  fath- 
omed. “ Unfathomably  deep.”  Thomson. 

UN-FATH'OMED  (-fath'umd),  a.  Not  fathomed. 

Into  the  gulf  of  my  vnjathomed  thought.  Byron. 

UN-FA-TIGUED'  (un-fj-tegd'),  a.  Not  fatigued. 

UN-FAULT'Y,  a.  Not  faulty  ; innocent.  Udal. 

fjN-FA'VOR- A-BLE,  a.  Not  favorable  ; adverse; 
contrary;  obstructive;  injurious. 

UN-FA'VOR-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
unfavorable.  A.  Smith. 


UN-FA'VOR-A-BLY,  ad.  In  an  unfavorable  man- 
ner ; not  favorably  ; unkindly.  Seeker. 

UN-FA'VORED  (un-fa'vord),  a.  Not  favored.  Ash. 
t UN-FEAR',  a.  Without  fear;  not  afraid.  Fairfax. 
UN-FEARED'  (un-ferd'),  a.  1.  f Not  affrighted; 
not  terrified  ; intrepid.  Fairfax. 

2.  Not  feared;  not  dreaded.  Beau.  Ft. 

CN-FEAR’FUL,  a.  Not  fearful;  not  afraid.  Udal. 


UN-FEAR'ING,  a.  Not  fearing.  Montgomery. 
UN-FEAR' JNG-LY,  ad.  Without  fear.  Clarke. 


UN-FEA§'I-BLE  (un-fi-'ze-bl),  a.  Not  feasible; 
impracticable ; infeasible.  South. 

ON-FEATH'jpRED  (un-feth'erd),  a.  Not  having 
feathers  or  plumage.  Dryden. 

t UN-FEAT'LY,  ad.  Not  featly.  Udal. 

UN-FEAT'URED  (un-fet'yurd),  a.  Not  having  fea- 
tures, or  regularity  of  features.  Dnjden. 

f UN-FJEAT'Y,  a.  Unskilful.  Sidney. 

ON-FED',  a.  Not  supplied  with  food  ; destitute. 


UN-FEED',  a.  Not  feed;  having  received  no  fee. 
“ The  breath  of  an  unfeed  lawyer.”  Shak. 

UN-FEEL'ING,  a.  1.  Not  having  feelings  or  sen- 
sibility ; insensible  ; torpid  ; numb.  Shak. 

2.  Not  having  kind  feelings  ; not  having  com- 
passion or  sympathy;  cruel ; hard-hearted ; hard. 
Syn.  — See  Hard. 


1582 

UN-FEEL'ING-Ly,  ad.  Without  feeling  or  sensi- 
bility ; cruelly.  Sterne. 

fJN-FEEL'ING-NESS,  n.  Want  of  feeling;  insen- 
sibility. [it.]  Dr.  Warton. 

UN-FEIGNED'  (un-fand'],  a.  Not  feigned;  not  hyp- 
ocritical ; undisguised  ; real ; sincere.  Hooker. 

UN-FEIGN'JJD-Ly  (un-fan'ed-l§),  ad.  In  an  un- 
feigned manner  ; really  ; truly  ; sincerely. 

lie  pardoneth  nil  them  that  truly  repent  and  vnfeignedly 
believe  his  holy  gospel.  Common  Prayer. 

UN-FEIGN'y,D-NESS  (un-fan'ed-nes),  n.  The  state 
of  being  unfeigned ; sincerity.  Leighton. 

UN-FEIGN'ING  (-fan'-),  a.  Not  feigning.  Cowper. 

UN-F£-LI<J'I-tAT-ING,  a.  Not  producing  felicity. 

UN-FEL'LOWED  (un-fel'l5d),  a.  Not  having  a 
companion  or  mate  ; unmatched.  Shak. 

UN-FELT',  a.  Not  felt;  not  perceived.  Shak. 

UN-FEM'J-NINE,  a.  Not  feminine.  Clarke. 

UN-FENCE',  v.  a.  [(.  unfenced  ; pp.  UNFENC- 
ing,  unfenced.]  To  strip  of  fence;  to  remove 
a fence  from.  llolinshed. 

UN-FENCED'  (un-fenst'),  a.  Not  fenced.  Cowper. 

UN-FER-MENT'pD,  a.  Not  fermented.  Arbuthnot. 

UN-FER'TILE  (un-fer'tjl),  a.  Not  fertile;  infertile; 
not  fruitful ; sterile.  Decay  of  Chr.  Piety. 

UN-FER'TILE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  un- 
fertile ; infertility  ; barrenness.  Johnson. 

UN-FER'TIL-IZED  (-Izd),  a.  Not  fertilized.  Ash. 

f UN-FES'TI-VAL,  a.  Not  according  to  the  rule 
of  religious  feasts  or  festivals.  Holland. 

UN-FET'TJJR,  v.  a.  [i.  unfettered  ; pp.  unfet- 
tering, unfettered.]  To  loose  from  fetters  ; 
to  remove  bonds  or  restraints  from.  Chaucer. 

UN-FET'TERED,  p.  a.  Not  fettered.  Qu.  Rev. 

UN-FEU'D  AL-IZE,  V.  a.  [i.  UNFEUD AT.IZF.D  ; 
PP-  UNFEUDALIZING,  UNFEUDALIZED.]  To  free 
from  feudal  restraint,  [it.]  Ec.  Rev. 

UN-FIG'URED  (un-fig'yurd),  a.  1.  Without  form  or 
portraiture  of  bodies;"  not  figured".  Wotton. 

2.  Devoid  of  figures  of  speech.  Blair. 

UN-FILED'  (un-flld'),  a.  1.  Not  filed,  or  smoothed; 
not  polished,  as  with  a file.  Donne. 

2.  f Not  polluted  or  corrupted  ; no^  contami- 
nated. “ By  faith  unfiled."  Surrey. 

UN-FIL'IAL  (fin-ffl'yjl),  a.  Not  filial ; not  becom- 
ing a child  ; undutiful.  Cowper. 

UN-FlL'IAL-LY,  ad.  Without  filial  regard. 

UN-FILLED'  (un-fild'),  a.  Not  filled.  Browne. 

UN-FILMED'  (-fllmd'),  a.  Not  covered  with  a film. 

UN-FI  N'JSH-A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  finished, 
concluded,  or  completed.  Jarvis. 

UN-FIN'ISHED  (un-fln'jsht),  a.  Not  finished  ; not 
completed;  incomplete;  unaccomplished. 

UN-FIN'(SH-ING,  n.  The  state  of  being  unfinished 
or  incomplete  ; incompletion.  Milton. 

UN-FIRED'  (un-flrd'),  a.  Not  fired.  Coicper. 

UN-FIRM',  a.  Not  firm  ; infirm;  feeble.  Shak . 

U N- FIR M ' N 5 39,  n.  The  state  of  being  ur.firm  ; 
want  of  firmness ; instability;  infirmity.  Smart. 

UN-FIT',  a.  Not  fit;  unsuitable;  inappropriate. 

Syn.  — See  Incapable. 

UN-FIT',  v.  a.  \i.  unfitted  ; pp.  UNFITTING, 
unfitted.]  To  make  unfit ; to  disqualify. 

The  peculiarity  of  structure  by  which  an  organ  is  made  to 
answer  one  purpose,  necessarily  unfits  it  for  some  other  pur- 
pose. l*a.le.y. 

UN-FIT'LY,  ad.  Not  fitly  ; not  suitably.  Bp.  Hall. 

UN-FIT'NIJSS,  n.  Want  of  fitness.  Hooker. 

UN-FIT'TING,  a.  Not  fitting;  not  proper  ; unfit. 

UN-FIX',  v.  a.  [i.  unfixed  ; pp.  UNFIXING,  un- 
fixed.] 

1.  To  remove  the  fastening  or  bond  from  ; to 
loosen  ; to  make  less  fast ; to  take  off. 

Who  can  impress  the  forest,  bid  the  tree 

Unfix  his  earth-bound  root?  Shak. 

2.  To  make  liquid  or  fluid,  [r.] 

Nor  can  the  rising  sun 

Unfix  her  frosts  and  teach  them  how  to  run.  Dryden. 


UN-FIXED'  (-flkst'),  a.  Not  fixed.  Bp.  Taylor. 

UN-FIX'IJD-NESS,  n.  Want  of  fixedness.  Barrow. 

UN-FLAG'GJNG,  a.  Not  flagging  ; not  drooping. 
“ Unflagging  vigor  of  expression.”  South. 

t tlN-FLAMED'  (-flamd),a.  Notflamed.-Bca«.§/7. 

UN-FLANKED'  (uu-fl&nkt'),  a.  Not  flanked;  not 
defended  on  the  flank.  Brande. 

UN-FLAT'TJJRED  (un-fiat'terd),  a.  Not  flattered. 

Time  . . . brings  us  to  vnjlattcred  age.  Udbington. 

UN-FLAT’TIJR-lNG,  a.  Not  flattering  ; that  does 
not  flatter  ; frank.  Sherburne. 

UN-FLAT'TJ^R-ING-LY,  ad.  Without  flattery. 

UN-FLA'VORED,  a.  Not  flavored.  Clarke. 

CrN-FLAWED'  (un-flawd'),  a.  Not  flawed.  Clarke. 

UN-FLED(yED'  (un-flejd'),  a.  Not  fledged;  not 
feathered  : — untried  ; inexperienced.  Cowper. 

UN-FLESHED'  (un-flesfit'),  a.  Not  fleshed  ; not 
inured  to  flesh  or  blood,  or  to  deeds  of  blood. 
“ Unfleshed  hound.”  Dryden. 

f UN-FLEX'I-BLE,  a.  Inflexible.  Milton. 

UN-FlIncH'ING,  a.  Not  flinching;  resolute. 

UN-FLlT'TING,  a.  Not  flitting.  Clarke. 

UN-FLOW'UR-ING,  a.  Not  producing  flowers. 

UN-FLUCT'U-AT-ING,  a.  Not  fluctuating.  Black. 

UN-FOILED'  (un-fblld'),  a.  Not  foiled.  Temple. 

UN-FOLD',  V.  a.  \i.  UNFOLDED  ; pp.  UNFOLDING, 
UNFOLDED.] 

1.  To  open  the  folds  of ; to  expand ; to  open. 

“ Unfold  her  crystal  doors.”  Milton. 

2.  To  disclose;  to  reveal;  to  interpret;  to 
tell ; to  make  known  ; to  declare  ; to  divulge. 

Things  of  deep  sense  wc  may  in  prose  unfold.  trailer. 

3.  To  display  ; to  set  to  view;  to  illustrate. 

To  examine  and  unfold  the  works  of  God.  Burnet. 

4.  To  release  ; to  dismiss  from  a fold.  Shak. 

UN-FOLD'pR,  n.  One  who  unfolds.  Theobald. 

UN-FOLD'f,R-ESS,  n.  She  who  unfolds,  [r.] 

The  unfolderess  of  treachery.  llolinshed. 

UN-FOLD'ING,  a.  That  unfolds,  [r.]  Clarke. 

UN-FOLD'ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  unfolds, 
or  that  which  is  unfolded.  Crabbe. 

UN-FOL'LOWED  (un-fol’lod),  a.  Not  followed. 

UN-FOOL',  v.  a.  To  restore  from  the  state  or 
condition  of  a fool,  or  from  folly.  Shak. 

UN-FOII-BeAr'ING,  a.  Not  forbearing.  Smith. 

UN-FOR-BID',  a.  Unforbidden.  Milton. 

UN-FOR-BlD'DEN  (un-for-bld'dn),  a.  Not  forbid- 
den ; not  prohibited.  Norris. 

f UN-FQR-BID'DEN-NESS  (un-fnr-bld'dn-nes),  n. 
The  state  of  being  unforbidden.  Boyle. 

UN-FORCED'  (un-lorst1),  a.  1.  Not  forced;  not 
compelled;  not  constrained  ; willing.  Dryden. 

2.  Not  impelled;  not  urged;  free.  Iionne. 

3.  Not  feigned  ; natural.  Hayward. 

4.  Not  violent;  easy;  ready;  voluntary. 

An  easy  and  unforced  assent.  Denham. 

UN-FoR9'5D-LY,  ad.  Without  force.  Sandys. 

UN-FOR'CI-BLE,  a.  Not  forcible  ; wanting  or 
destitute  of  force  or  strength  ; feeble.  Hooker. 

UN-FORD' A- BLE,  a.  Not  fordable.  White. 

UN-FORD'IJD,  a.  Not  forded.  Dryden. 

UN-FORE-BOD'ING,  a.  Not  foreboding.  Pope. 

UN-FORE-KNOW' A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  fore- 
known. [r.]  Cudworth. 

UN-FORE-KNOWN'  (un-for-non'),  a.  Not  pre- 
viously known  ; not  foreknown,  [r.]  Milton. 

UN-FORE-SEE' A-BLE,  a.  Not  possible  to  be  fore- 
seen. “ Unforeseeable  ways.”  South. 

UN-FORE-SEE'ING,  a.  Not  foreseeing.  Daniel. 

UN-FORE-SEEN',  a.  Not  foreseen.  Dryden. 

UN-FORE-SHORT'ENED  (un-for-shbrt'nd),  a.  Not 
foreshortened.  Godwin. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  ]J,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FAltE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


UNFORESKINNED 


1583 


UNGODDED 


UN-FORE'SKINNED  (un-for'sKTnd),  a.  'Without 
the  foreskin  or  prepuce  ; circumcised.  Milton. 

UN-FORE'THOUGHT  (un-for'thkwt),  a.  Not 
thought  or  considered  before,  [it.]  Daniel. 

fjN  FORE-TOLD',  a.  Not  foretold.  Ec.  Rev. 

On-fore-warned'  (un-ior-w&rnd'),  a.  Not 
forewarned  ; not  cautioned.  Milton. 

UN-FOR'FEIT-ED  (un-fiir'fit-ed),  a.  Not  forfeited. 

UN-FORtJED'  (un-forjd'),  a.  Not  forged.  Ash. 

UN-FOR-GET'FUL,  a.  Not  forgetful.  Wilson. 

UN-FOR-GIV'EN  (un-fnr-glv'vn),  a.  Not  forgiven. 

UN-FOR-GIV'ING,  a.  Not  forgiving.  Rowe. 

UN-FOR-GOT',  a.  Not  forgot;  unforgotten. 

UN-FOR-GOT'TEN  (un-for-got'tn),  a.  Not  forgot- 
ten ; remembered ; recollected. 

Clime  of  the  unforgotten  brave  I Byron. 

UN-FORM',  v.  a.  To  unmake  ; to  destroy.  Clarke. 

UN-FOR'MAL,  a.  Not  formal ; informal.  Ash. 

UN-FORMED'  (-fbrind'),  a.  1.  Not  having  been 
formed  ; not  fashioned  ; not  modelled.  Daniel. 

2.  (Astron.)  Noting  stars  not  included  in  any 
constellation ; informed.  Hutton. 

UN-FOR-SA'KEN  (un-for-sa’kn),  a.  Not  forsaken. 

UN-FOR'TI-FIED  (un-for'te-fid),  a.  Not  fortified. 

UN-F(iRT'U-NATE  (un-f ort'yu-nat),  a.  Not  fortu- 
nate ; not  prosperous  ; unsuccessful ; unhappy  ; 
unlucky  ; calamitous  ; distressed.  Bacon. 

Syn.  — See  Unhappy. 

UN-FORT'U-NATE-LY,  ad.  In  an  unfortunate 
manner ; unhappily.  Dryden. 

UN-FORT'U-N  AT  E-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
unfortunate  ; ill  luck  ; misfortune.  Sidney. 

UN-FOS-SI-LIF'J^R-OUS,  a.  Not  fossiliferous  ; 
not  having  fossils.  Thomson. 

UN-FOS'SIL-IZED,  a.  Not  fossilized.  Qu.  Rev. 

UN-FOS'TJFiRED  (-terd),  a.  Not  fostered.  Smart. 

UN-FOUGHT'  (un-f&wt'),  a.  Not  fought.  Knolles. 

UN-FOULED'  (-f(iuld'),  a.  Not  fouled  ; unpolluted  ; 
not  soiled  ; pure.  “ Light  unfolded.”  More. 

UN-FOUND',  a.  Not  found  or  met  with.  Dryden. 

UN-FOUND'IJD,  a.  1.  Not  founded  ; not  built. 

2.  Without  foundation  ; baseless  ; false. 

UN-FOUND'flD-EY,  ad.  Without  foundation  or 
authority  ; falsely.  Clarke. 

UN-FRA'GRANT,  a.  Not  fragrant.  Clarke. 

f UN-FRA'MA-BLE,  a.  Not  to  be  framed.  Hooker. 

f UN-FRA'MA-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
unframable  ; untractableness.  Sanderson. 

fjN-FRAME',  v.  a.  To  destroy  the  frame  or  con- 
struction of.  South. 

UN-FRAMED'  (un-fraind'),  a.  Not  framed. 

UN-FRAN'CIII^ED  (Sii-fran'clijzd),  a.  Not  fran- 
chised ; deprived  of  the  right  of  franchise.  Ash. 

UN-FRAN'^rl-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  broken; 
not  frangible.  Bp.  Taylor. 

UN-FRANKED'  (un-frangkt'),  a.  Not  franked  ; not 
exempt  from  postage.  Ash. 

UN-FRA-TER'NAL,  a.  Not  fraternal.  Clarke. 

UN-FR A-TER'N AL-LY,  ad.  In  an  unbrotherly 
manner  ; not  fraternally.  Clarke. 

UN-FRAUGHT'  (un-frawt'),  a.  Not  fraught;  not 
laden  ; not  freighted.  Fletcher. 

UN-FREED',  a.  Not  freed  or  liberated.  Pope. 

UN-FREIGIIT'JJD  (-fra'ted),  a.  Not  freighted.  Ash. 

UN-FRE'CIUIJN-CY,  n.  Infrequency,  [r.]  Hill. 

UN-FRE'QU]JNT,  a.  Infrequent.  Browne. 

f UN-FRIJ-Q.UENT',  v.  a.  To  cease  to  frequent; 
to  leave ; to  quit ; to  forsake.  J.  Phillips. 

UN-FR]J-<AUENT'JED,  a.  Not  frequented.  Rowe. 

TJN-FRE'aU?NT-LY,  ad.  Infrequently.  Browne. 

UN-FRET'TF,D,  a.  Not  fretted.  Holinshed. 


I UN-FRI'A-BLE,  a.  Not  easily  crumbled.  Palcy. 

t UN-FRIEND',  n.  One  not  a friend.  Lodge. 

UN-FRIEND' £D  (-fiend'ed),  a.  Friendless.  Shah. 

UN-FRIEND'LI-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  un- 
friendly ; want  of  kindness  or  favor.  Leighton. 

UN-FRIEND'LY  (un-frend'le),  a.  Not  friendly; 
unkind ; not  benevolent ; hostile.  Rogers. 

UN-FRIEND'LY,  ad.  Not  as  a friend.  Wollaston. 

t UN-FRIEND'SIIIP,  n.  Unfriendliness.  Udal. 

UN-FRlGIIT'UD,  a.  Not  frightened.  B.  Jonson. 

UN-FRINGED'  (un-frlnjd'),  a.  Not  fringed.  Ash. 

UN-FROCK-',  v.  a.  [ i . unfrocked  ; pp.  unfrock- 
ing, unfrocked.]  To  divest  of  a frock;  to 
disrobe  ; to  uncover.  Milton. 

f UN-FROZE',  a.  Unfrozen.  Philips. 

UN-FRO'ZEN  (un-fro'zn),  a.  Not  frozen.  Fletcher. 

UN-FRU'GAL,  a.  Not  frugal;  wasteful.  Parkes. 

UN-FRUIT'FUL  (frut'ful),  a.  1.  Not  fruitful ; not 
fructiferous ; unproductive  ; not  prolific ; barren. 

The  naked  rocks  are  not  unfruitful  there: 

Their  barren  tops  with  luscious  food  abound.  Wuller. 

2.  Not  productive  of  good  works. 

That  ye  shall  neither  be  barren  nor  unfruitful  in  the 
knowledge  of  our  Lord  Jesus  Christ.  2 Pet.  i.  8. 

UN-FRUIT'FUL-LY,  ad.  In  an  unfruitful  man- 
ner ; unproductively.  B.  Jonson. 

UN-FRUIT'FUL-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  un- 
fruitful ; barrenness  ; sterility.  Bp.  Hall. 

f UN-FRUIT'OUS,  a.  Unfruitful.  Wickliffe. 

UN-FRUS'TRA-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  frustrat- 
ed, foiled,  or  balked,  [r.]  Edwards. 

UN-FUL- FILLED'  (un-ful-fild'),  a.  Not  fulfilled  ; 
not  completed ; not  finished.  Milton. 

UN-FUMED'  (un-fumd'),  a.  Not  fumed  or  fumi- 
gated; not  impregnated.  Milton. 

UN-FUND'F.D,  a.  Not  funded.  A.  Smith. 

UN-FURL',  v.  a.  [i.  unfurled  ; pp.  unfurl- 
ing, unfurled.]  To  spread  out;  to  expand  ; 
to  unfold  ; to  open.  “ Sails  unfurled.”  Prior. 

Unfurl  the  streaming  red  cross.  Milton. 

UN-FUR'NISII,  v.  a.  To  deprive;  to  strip  ; to  di- 
vest : — to  leave  naked.  Shak. 

UN-FUR'NISIIED  (un-fur'nisht),  a.  Not  furnished  ; 
without  furniture  ; unsupplied  ; empty.  Swift. 

Syn.  — See  Empty. 

UN-FUiR'ROWIfD  (un-fur'rod),  a.  Not  furrowed; 
not  cut  or  cleft  into  ridges.  Coioper. 

UN-FUijED'  (un-fuzd'),  a.  Not  fused.  Ere. 

UN-FU'fjI-BLE,  a.  Infusible,  [r.]  lire. 

UN-GAIN',  a.  [A.  S.  ungeegne.] 

1.  f Unprofitable  ; ungainful.  Beau.  § FI. 

2.  Inconvenient  • intractable  ; awkward  ; un- 
gainly. [Local.]  Forby. 

UN-GAIN' A-BLE,  a.  Not  to  be  gained.  Pierce. 

UN-GAINED'  (un-gand'),  a.  Not  gained.  Shak. 

UN-GAIN'FUL,  a.  Not  gainful.  Bp.  Hall. 

UN-GAIN 'FUL-LY,  ad.  Unprofitably.  Wright. 

UN-GAIN'LI-NESS,  a.  The  state  of  being  ungain- 
ly ; awkwardness  ; uncouthness.  Ware. 

UN-GAIN'LY,  a.  Clumsy;  awkward;  uncouth. 

She  was  so  ungainly  in  licr  behavior.  Taller. 

Syn.  — See  Awkward. 

UN-GAIN-SAID'  (un-gan-sed'),  a.  Not  denied  or 
gainsaid  ; not  contradicted.  Milton. 

UN-GAL-LANT',  a.  Not  gallant  ; uncourtly.  Gay. 

UN-GALLED'  (fin-gavvld'),  a.  Not  galled.  Shak. 

UN-GAR'BLED  (un-g’4r'bld),  a.  Not  garbled.  Ash. 

UN-GAR'MENT,  v.  a.  To  remove  the  garments 
from  ; to  undress,  [r.]  Southey. 

UN-GAR'NISHED  (un-g'4r'njsht),  a.  Not  gar- 
nished; not  furnished  ; not  adorned.  Milton. 

UN-GAR'RI-SONED  (-gar're-snd),  a.  Without  a 
garrison ; not  furnished  for  defence.  Maundrell. 


UN-G AR'TIJRED  (un-giir'terd),  a.  Being  without 
garters  ; not  wearing  garters.  Shak. 

CtN-GATH'ERED  (un-gaih'crd),  a.  Not  gathered  or 
collected ; not  picked  or  plucked.  Berners. 

UN-GAUGED'  (un-gajd'),  a.  Not  gauged.  Young. 

UN-GEAR'  (un-ger'),  v.  a.  To  unharness.  Johnson. 

UN’GELD,  n.  ( Saxon  Law.)  A person  out  of  the 
protection  of  the  law,  so  that  if  he  were  mur- 
dered, no  geld  or  fine  should  be  paid,  or  com- 
position made  by  the  murderer.  Whishaw. 

f UN-£EN'ER-ALLED  (un-gen'er-ald),  a.  Made 
not  general ; local ; particular.  Fuller. 

UN-^EN'pR-AT-jjD,  a_  Not  generated.  Raleigh. 

UN-^EN'ER-A-TlVE,  a.  Not  generative.  Shak. 

UN-^EN'JJR-OUS,  a.  Not  generous;  illiberal: 
— ignoble  ; ignominious  ; base.  Waterland. 

UN-<?EN'ER-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  an  ungenerous  man- 
ner ; illiberally  ; ignobly.  Ash. 

UN-GE'NI-AL,  a.  Not  genial ; unnatural.  Swift. 

f UN-<?EN'I-TURED  (un-jen'e-turd),  a.  Wanting 
genitals,  or  opposing  generation.  Shak. 

UN-GIJN-TEEL',  a.  Not  genteel ; impolite  ; rude. 

UN-G£N-TEEL'LY,  ad.  In  an  ungenteel  man- 
ner; impolitely;  uncivilly.  Ec.  Rev. 

UN-GEN'TLE  (un-jen'tl),  a.  Not  gentle  ; not  cour- 
teous ; impolite  ; harsh  ; rude.  Denham. 

UN-<?EN'TLE-MAN— LIKE,  a.  Not  becoming  a 
gentleman ; ungentlemanly.  Chesterfield. 

UN-pEN'TLE-M  AN-LI-NESS,  n.  Want  of  gentle- 
manliness ; impoliteness.  Qu.  Rev. 

UN-CEN'TLE-MAN-LY,  a.  Not  gentlemanly;  im- 
polite ; uneourteous  ; uncivil ; rude.  Clarendon. 

UN-^EN'TLE-NESS,  n.  Harshness;  rudeness; 
severity  ; want  of  courtesy.  Gower. 

fjN-IJEN'TLY,  ad.  Not  gently  ; harshly.  Strgpe. 

UN-IJE-O-MET'RI-CAL,  a.  Not  geometrical. 

UN-GHOST'LY,  a.  Not  ghostly  ; not  spiritual. 
“ Unghostly  acclamations.”  Udal. 

UN-GIFT'pD,  a.  Not  gifted;  not  endowed  with 
extraordinary  capacity.  Cowper. 

UN-filLD'^D,  a.  Not  gilded.  Dryden. 

UN-GILT',  a.  Not  gilt ; ungilded.  Richardson. 

UN-GIRD'  (un-gird'),  v.  a.  [i.  ungirded  or  un- 
girt ; pp.  UNGIUDING,  UNGIRDED  01'  UNGIRT.] 
To  loose  from  a girdle,  band,  or  girt.  Fabgan. 

UN-GIRT'  (un-gi'rt'),  a.  Not  girt.  Bp.  Taylor. 

UN-GIV'EN  (un-giv'vn),  a.  Not  given.  Tucker. 

UN-GIV'ING,  a.  Not  giving  ; not  bringing  gifts. 
“ The  ungiving  suppliant.”  Dryden. 

f UN-GLAD',  a.  Not  glad  ; unhappy.  Gower. 

UN-GLAD'DENED  (-glad'dnd),  a.  Not  gladdened. 

UN-GLAZED'  (-glazd'),  a.  Not  glazed ; wanting 
window-glasses,  or  not  covered  with  glass.  Prior. 

UN-GLEANED'  (un-glend'),  a.  Not  gleaned.  Ash. 

UN-G  LOOMED'  (un-glomd'),  a.  Not  darkened  ; not 
overshadowed  or  overclouded.  Green. 

UN-GLO'RI-FlED  (un-glo're-fid),  a.  Not  glorified  ; 
not  adored  or  praised.  Hooker. 

UN-GLO'RI-FY,  v.  a.  To  deprive  of  glory.  Watts. 

UN-GLO'RI-OUS,  a.  Inglorious,  [r.]  Wickliffe. 

f UN-GLO§ED',  a.  Not  wheedled.  Piers Plouh man. 

UN-GLOVE'  (un-gluv'),  v.  a.  To  remove  the  glove 
from.  “ Unglove  your  hand.”  Beau.  § PI. 

UN-GLOVED'  (un-gluvd'),  a.  Not  gloved.  Bacon. 

UN-GEUE',  V.  a.  [j.  UNGLUED  ; pp.  UNGLUING, 
unglued.]  To  loose  from  glue  ; to  free  from 
being  glued  or  cemented.  Bp.  Hall. 

UN-GLUT  TED,  a.  Not  glutted.  Lady  Morgan. 

UN-GOAD'ED,  a.  Not  goaded.  Coleridge. 

UN-GOD',  v.  a.  To  divest  of  the  godhead  or  di- 
vinity. “ To  ungod  the  Son.”  [R.j  Waterland. 

f UN-g6d'DIJD,  a.  Godless;  atheistical.  Dryden. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  ROLE.  — 9,  G,  g,  soft;  IS,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  ^ as  z;  £ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


UNGODDESS 


1584 


UNHANGED 


UN-GuD'D§SS,  v.  a.  To  deprive  of  divinity,  as 
a goddess,  [it.]  Murphy. 

t UN-GODE'LY,  a.  Uncivil;  ungenteel.  Chaucer. 

ftN-GOD'LJ-LY,  ad.  Impiously ; wickedly,  [n.] 

’T  is  but  an  ill  essay  of  that  godly  fear  to  use  that  very  pos- 
pel  so  irreverently  and  unyodldy.  Gov . of  the  Tongue. 

UN-GOD'LI-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  ungodly  ; 
impiety  ; wickedness  ; godlcssness.  Tillotson. 

UN-GOD'LY,  a.  1.  Not  godly  ; unrighteous;  wick- 
ed; impious;  godless.  Milton. 

2.  Polluted  by  wickedness. 

Let  not  the  hours  of  this  ungodly  day 

Wear  out  in  peace.  Slink. 

On-GoD’LY,  ad.  Ungodlily.  [r.]  2 Peter  ii.  2. 

f UN-GOOD',  a.  Not  good  ; not  virtuous.  Gower. 

f UN-GOOD'LY,  a.  Not  good  or  goodly  ; unjust; 
not  desirable.  “ An  ungoodly  deed.”  Gower. 

UN-GORED'  (un-gord'),  a.  Not  gored,  or  pierced 
with  a horn  ; unhurt ; unwounded.  Shah. 

UN-GORpED'  (un-gorjd'),  a.  Not  gorged  ; not 
crammed  ; not  glutted ; unsated.  Dryden. 

UN-GOS’I’pL— LIKE,  a.  Not  resembling  the  gos- 
pel. “ Ungospel-hke  jurisdiction.”  Milton. 

UN-GOT',  a.  Not  got ; not  acquired.  Daniel. 

UN-GOT'TEN  (iin-got'tn),  a.  Not  gotten.  Daniel. 

UN-GO V'  £RN-A-BLE  (un-guv'ern-a-bl),  a.  Not 
governable  ; that  cannot  be  ruled  or  restrained  ; 
unruly  ; refractory ; licentious  ; wild ; unbridled. 

UN-GOV'£RN-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  be- 
ing ungovernable.  Johnson. 

UN-GOV'pRN-A-RLY,  ad.  In  an  ungovernable 
manner.  “ Ungovernably  wild.”  Goldsmith. 

UN-GOV'J.RNED  (un-guv'ernd),  a.  I.  Being  with- 
out government ; not  governed. 

All  good  men  of  this  ungoverned  isle.  Shak. 

2.  Not  regulated  ; unbridled;  licentious. 

To  serve  vngovemed  appetite.  Milton. 

UN-GOVVN',  v.  a.  To  divest  of  a gown.  Clarke. 

UN-G5vANED'  (un-gbund'),  a.  Deprived  or  divest- 
ed of  a gown  ; not  wearing  a gown.  Craig. 

UN-GRACED'  (-grast'),  a.  Not  graced.  Drayton. 

UN-GR.\CE'FUL,  a.  Not  graceful;  without  grace; 
wanting  elegance  ; stiff ; awkward.  Locke. 

Without  the  first  [good  sense]  learning  is  but  an  incum- 
brance, and  without  the  last  [politeness]  is  ungraceful. 

Addison. 

UN-GRACE 'FUL-LY,  ad.  In  an  ungraceful  man- 
ner ; not  gracefully.  Spectator. 

UN-GRACE'FUL- NESS,  n.  State  or  quality  of  be- 
ing ungraceful ; iilelegance  ; awkwardness. 

The  ungracefulness  of  constraint  and  affectation.  Locke. 

ON-GRA 'CIOUS  (un-gra'shus),  a.  1.  Wicked; 
odious ; hateful.  Shak. 

2.  Not  gracious  ; offensive  ; uncivil ; rude  ; 
disagreeable ; unacceptable. 

A certain  ungracious  manner.  Swift. 

UN-GRA'ClOyS-LY,  ad.  In  an  ungracious  man- 
ner ; without  favor.  Warburton. 

UN-GRA'CIOUS-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  un- 
gracious ; want  of  graciousness.  Taylor. 

UN-GRAd'U-AT-£D,  a.  Not  graduated.  Clarke. 

UN-GRAFTED,  a.  Not  grafted.  Ash. 

UN-GR  AM-M  AT'I-CAL,  a.  Not  according  to  the 
rules  of  grammar;  not  grammatical.  lip  Taylor 

UN-GR  AM-M  AT'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  Without  regard 
to  the  principles  or  rule's  of  grammar. 

I could  not  help  blushing  for  two  or  three  gentlemen  in 
gold  chains,  who  expressed  themselves  ungrammatically  and 
vulgarly  on  the  commonest  subjects.  Knox. 

UN-GRAnt'A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  granted 
or  conceded.  Macartney. 

ON-GRAnt'ED,  a.  Not  granted.  Dryden. 

UN-GR.AsPED'  (un-grispt'),  a.  Not  grasped.  Ash. 

f UN-GRATE',  a.  Not  agreeable.  Bp.  Taylor. 

UN-GRATE',  n.  An  ingrate,  [r.]  Swift. 

ON-GRATE'FUL,  a.  1.  Not  grateful ; unthank- 
ful , making  no  returns,  or  making  ill  returns, 
for  favor  or  kindness. 


2.  Not  making  returns  for  culture  ; sterile. 

The  wild  olive  . . . shades  the  ungrateful  plain.  Dryden. 

3.  Unpleasing;  unacceptable  ; not  agreeable. 

What  is  in  itself  harsh  and  ungrateful  must  make  harsh 
and  ungrateful  impressions.  Atterbury. 

UN-GRATE'FUL-LY,  ad.  1.  With  ingratitude. 

Nor  was  his  love  ungratefully  repaid.  Glanvill. 

2.  Unacceptably  ; unpleasingly.  Johnson. 

UN-GRATE'FUL-NESS,  n.  1.  Ingratitude  ; ill 
return  for  good  or  kindness.  Sidney. 

2.  Unacceptableness ; unpleasing  quality ; 
want  of  agreeableness.  Johnson. 

UN-GRAt'I-FIED  (-grat'e-fld),  a.  Not  gratified. 

UN-GRAVE',  a.  1.  Not  grave  or  serious.  Clarendon. 

2.  f Not  graven.  Piers  Plouhmam. 

f UN-GRAVE',  v.  a.  To  take  out  of  the  grave  ; to 
exhume,  as  a corpse.  Th.  Fuller. 

UN-GR.\VED'  (un-gravd'),  a.  1.  Not  placed  in  a 
grave  ; unburied  ; not  interred.  Surrey. 

2.  Not  graved  or  engraved;  not  carved. 

UN-GRAVE'LY,  ad.  Without  seriousness.  Shak. 

UN-GR.V'VEN  (un-gra'vn),  a.  Not  graven.  Ash. 

f UN-GREE'A-BLE,  a.  Disagreeable.  Chaucer. 

t UN-GREEN',  a.  Not  green  ; withered.  Chaucer. 

UN-GRp-GA'RI-OUS,  a.  Not  gregarious.  Good. 

UN-GRoUND',  a.  Not  ground;  not  bruised  or 
crushed,  as  in  a mill.  Beau.  <Sr  FI. 

UN-GROUND'y D,  a.  Not  grounded;  having  no 
foundation  or  firm  basis  ; unfounded.  Bp.  llall. 

UN-G ROUND' ED-LY,  ad.  Without  foundation  ; 
not  groundedly  ; without  reason.  Bale. 

UN-GROUND' 5 D-N ESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  qual- 
ity of  being  ungrounded.  Steele. 

UN-GROWN',  a.  Not  grown  ; not  having  arrived 
at  mature  growth.  Fletcher. 

UN-GRUDGED'  (-grujd'),  a.  Notgrudged.  Dwight. 

UN-GRUDy'ING-LY,  ad.  Not  grudgingly;  will- 
ingly ; heartily  ; cheerfully.  Donne. 

UN'GUAL,  a.  [L.  unguis,  a nail,  a claw,  a hoof.] 
Relating  to  a nail,  claw,  or  hoof ; ungueal.  Roget. 

UN-GUARD'UD  (un-gard'ed),  a.  1.  Not  guarded; 
undefended.  “ The  unguarded  house.”  Dryden. 

2.  Careless  ; negligent ; incautious  ; careless. 

Are  wc  not  encompassed  by  multitudes  who  watch  every 
careless  word,  every  unguarded  action,  of  our  lives?  Rogers. 

UN-GUARD'y  D-LY,  ad.  In  an  unguarded  man- 
ner ; not  guardedly  ; incautiously.  Chesterfield. 

UN-GUAR D'pD-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  un- 
guarded ; incautiousness.  Qu.  Rev. 

UN'GUJJ-AL  (ung'gwe-?l),  a.  [L.  unguis,  a nail, 
a claw,  a hoof.]  Unguical ; ungual.  Smart. 

UN'GUyNT  (ung'gwent),  n.  [L.  unguentum  ; ungo 
(Sansc.  anj),  to  anoint.]  Ointment.  Dunglison. 

UN'GUJpN-TA-RY,  a.  [L.  unguentarius. } Relat- 
ing to,  like,  or  containing,  ointment.  Clarke. 

uJl-GUEN'TOUS,  a.  Unguentary.  [r.]  Wright. 

UfT-OUEfT' TUM,n.  [L.]  An  unguent.  Dunglison. 

UN-GUESSED'  (-gest'),  a.  Not  guessed.  Clarke. 

UN-GUEST'— LIKE,  a.  Not  befitting  a guest.  Sm. 

UN'GUJ-CAL,  a.  [L.  unguis,  a nail,  a claw.] 
Pertaining  to,  or  like,  a nail  or  a claw.  Clarke. 

UN-GUlC'U-LA R (ung-gwik'u-lar),  a.  [L.  unguis, 
a nail,  a claw.]  ( Bot .)  Of  the  length  of  the  hu- 
man nail  ; half  an  inch  long.  Clarke. 

UN-GUlC'U-LATE,  n.  ( Zoljl .)  One  of  a division  of 
the  class  Mammalia,  including  those  that  have 
the  digits  armed  with  claws,  but  free  for  the  ex- 
ercise of  touch  upon  their  under  surface.  Brande. 

UN-G UIC'y-L ATE  (un-gwlk'u-lsit),  ) a_  j (go- 

UN-GUIC'U-LAT-yD  (-gvvik'u-lat-ed),  > ol .)  Hav- 
ing a claw  or  claws.  “ Ungidculatcd  toes.”  Hill. 

2.  (Bot.)  Noting  petals  which  have  a claw  or 
narrow  part  at  the  base  supporting  a dilated 
part  or  limb.  Lindley. 

UN-GUlD'f.D  (-gld'ed),  a.  Not  guided.  I.ockc. 


Without  the  aid  of  a guide. 

tJN-GUIF'ER-Oirs  (-gwlf'-), a.  [L .unguis,  a nail, 
and  fero,  to  bear.]  (Anat.)  Supporting  the  nails. 
“The  unguiferous  phalanges.”  Dunglison. 

UN'GUI-FORM,  a.  [L.  unguis,  a nail,  a claw,  and 
forma,  form.]  Shaped  like  a claw.  Smart. 

UN-GUILT'NpSS,  71.  A want  of  guilt.  Ilolinshed. 

UN-GUIL'TY  (un-gll'te),  a.  Not  guilty.  Spenser. 

UN'GUI-NOUS,  a.  [L.  unguinosus  ; unguen,  fat, 
an  unguent.]  Consisting  of,  or  resembling,  fat ; 
oily ; unctuous.  Holland. 

UN'GUIS,  n.  [L.]  A nail  of  a human  finger  or 
toe  : — a claw  or  hoof  of  an  animal.  Dunglison. 

UN'GU-LA,  n.  [L.,  a hoof.) 

1.  ( Geom .)  A segment  of  a solid,  so  named 
from  its  resembling  the  hoof  of  a horse.  Brande. 

JQGD  Ungula  of  a cone  or  a cylinder,  a portion  of  The 
cone,  or  the  cylinder,  included  between  a part  of  the 
base  and  a plane  intersecting  the  base  obliquely. — 
Spherical  ungula,  a part  of  the  sphere  bounded  by 
two  semicircles  meeting  in  a common  diameter,  and 
by  a lune  of  the  surface  of  the  sphere.  Davies. 

2.  ( Surg .)  A sort  of  hooked  instrument  to 
draw  a dead  foetus  out  of  the  womb.  Crabb. 

3.  (Bot.)  The  narrow  or  tapering  part 
of  the  petals  of  the  flowers  of  certain  fj 
plants,  as  of  Dianthus,  supporting  the  WiAc 
limb  or  dilated  part,  and  analogous  to 

the  petiole  of  the  leaf ; clawr.  Gray.  Nk 

&JV-  G u- LA ' TA , n.  pi.  [L.  ungula,  a hoof.]  ^ 
(Zoul.)  An  order  of  mammals,  charac- 
terized by  having  their  feet  formed  for  walking 
on  the  earth,  their  toes  large,  expanded  at  the 
end,  and  protected  with  hoofs,  or  large  conical 
claws,  as  the  ox,  the  horse,  the  elephant,  &c.  ; 
hoofed  animals.  Baird 

UN'GU-LATE,  n.  (Zoiil.)  A mammal  of  the  or- 
der Vngulata  ; a hoofed  animal.  Brande. 

UN-yYVED',  a.  Not  gyved.  Sir  T.  Elyot. 

t UN-HAB'ILE,  a.  Unfit  for  use.  Bacon. 

UN-IIAb'1T-A-BLE,  a.  Uninhabitable,  [r.]  Holder. 

f UN-HAB'IT-IJD,  a.  Uninhabited.  Ilolinshed. 

UN-IIA-BIT'U-AT-JJD,  a.  Not  habituated.  Smart. 

UN-HACKED'  (un-hakt'),  a.  Not  hacked.  Shak. 

UN-HACK'NU YED  (-hak'nid),  a.  Not  hackneyed. 

UN-HAILED'  (un-hald'),  a.  Not  hailed.  Rowe. 

f UN-HAiR',  v.  a.  To  deprive  of  hair.  Shak. 

UN-IlAlRED'  (-bird'),  a.  Without  hair.  Parnell. 

UN-HALE',  a.  Not  hale  or  healthy.  Waterhouse. 

UN- HAL 'LOW,  V.  a.  [i.  UNHALLOWED  ; pp.  UN- 
h allowing,  unhallowed.]  To  deprive  of 
holiness  ; to  profane ; to  desecrate.  Milton. 

UN-11  AL'LOWED  (-hal'lod),  a.  Not  hallowed  or 
sanctified.  “ With  unhallowed  hands.”  Dryden. 

UN-HALVED'  (-havd'),  a.  Not  divided  into  halves. 

UN-HAM 'MJJRED  (-ham'merd),  a.  Not  hammered. 

UN-HAM'PERED  (-ham'perd),  a.  Not  hampered. 

UN-HAND',  v.  a.  To  loose  fxom  the  hand.  Shak. 

UN-HAnD'I-LY,  ad.  In  an  unhandy  manner.  Ash. 

UN-HAND'!-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality  of 
being  unhandy ; clumsiness.  . Ash. 

UN-IIAN'DLED  (un-hSn'dld),  a.  Not  handled  or 
managed.  “ Unhandled  colts.”  Shak. 

UN-HAND'SOME  (un-h&n'sum),  a.  1.  Not  hand- 
some ; not  beautiful ; plain.  Sidney. 

2.  Illiberal ; unbecoming  ; disingenuous. 

Johnson. 

UN-hAND'SOME-LY,  ad.  In  an  unhandsome 
manner  ; not  handsomely.  Spenser. 

UN-HAND'SOME-NESS,  n.  1.  The  state  of  being 
unhandsome  ; want  of  beauty.  Sidney. 

2.  Disingenuousness  ; unfairness.  Johnson. 

UN-HAN 'DY,  a.  Not  handy  ; awkward  ; clumsy. 

Syn. — See  Awkward. 

UN-HANG',  v.  a.  To  divest  of  hangings,  or  to 
free  from  a hanging  state.  Browne. 

UN-HANGED'  (-hSLngd'),  a.  Not  hanged.  Bemers. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long,  A,  E,  T,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  (J,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


lie  that  calls  a man  ungrateful , sums  up  all  the  evil  that  a | UN-GUID'FD-LY  dd 
man  can  be  guilty  of.  Swift,  j **  * • * 


UN  IIAP 


1585 


UNICORN 


UN-IIAp',  n.  Mishap;  ill  fortune.  Sidney. 

t UN-HAP'PIED,  a.  Made  unhappy.  Shaft. 

UN-HAP’PI-LY,  ad.  In  an  unhappy  manner. 

UN-IIAp'PI-NESS,  n.  Want  of  happiness;  infe- 
licity ; misery  ; calamity  ; misfortune. 

It  is  our  great  unhappiness,  when  any  calamities  fall  upon 
us,  that  we  are  uneasy  and  dissatisfied.  Wake. 

UN-HAP'PY,a.  1.  Not  happy;  wretched;  miser- 
able ; unfortunate  ; unlucky  ; calamitous  ; dis- 
tressed. “ Unhappy  friend.”  Dryden. 

2.  Bringing  calamity  ; unpropitious  ; un- 
lucky. “ Unhappy  morn.”  Milton. 

3.  f Wicked  ; mischievous.  Shah. 

Such  schoolfellows  as  be  unhappy,  and  given  to  shrewd 
turns.  Holland. 

Syn.. — Miserable  is  a stronger  term  than  unhappy, 
and  wretched  is  stronger  than  miserable.  Tile  unhappy 
condition  of  the  poor;  the  miserable  condition  of  tile 
slave;  the  wretched  condition  of  the  criminal.  An 
unhappy  choice  ; an  unfortunate  or  calamitous  occur- 
rence ; an  unlucky  accident. 

UN-HAR'ASSED  (un-har'ast),  a.  Not  harassed. 

UN-HAR'BOR,  v.  a.  To  drive  from  shelter  or 
harbor.  “ I’ll  unharbor  him.”  Cumberland. 

UN-IIAR'BORED  (un-har'bord),  a.  Not  harbored  ; 
unsheltered  : — affording  no  harbor.  Milton. 

UN-HAR'BOR-ING,  a.  Not  harboring.  Clarke. 

UN-HAR'DENED  (un-li'ir'dnd).  a.  Not  hardened 
or  confirmed.  “ Unhardened  youth.”  Shale. 

UN-HAR  DY,  a.  Not  hardy  ; feeble  ; tender  ; tim- 
orous. “ Unhardy,  unadventurous.”  Milton. 

UN-IIARMED'  (un-hirmd'),  a.  Not  harmed;  un- 
hurt ; not  injured.  Chaucer. 

UN-IIARM'FUL,  a.  Innoxious  ; harmless.  Udal. 

UN-IIAR-MO'NI-OUS,  a.  Not  harmonious  ; want- 
ing harmony  ; inharmonious  ; discordant. 

tjN-IIAR-MO'NI-OUS-LY,  ad.  Without  harmony. 

ON-HAR'NIJSS,  V.  a.  [i.  UNHARNESSED  ; pp. 
UNHARNESSING,  UNHARNESSED.]  To  loose 
from  harness ; to  take  or  strip  off  the  harness 
of : — to  divest  of  dress  or  furniture. 

The  postilion  unharnessed  four  [hores].  Swift. 

They,  being  unharnessed,  did  fight  with  swords.  Holinshcd. 

tiN-HAR'ROWED  (-hitr'rod),  a.  Not  harrowed. 

UN-HAS'TY,  a.  Not  hasty.  Bp.  Taylor. 

UN-HATCHED'  (-hScht'),  a.  Not  hatched.  Shall. 

UN-HAUNT'JJD  (un-hdnt'ed),  a.  Not  haunted. 

UN-HAz'ARD-ED  (un-hazVd-ed),  a.  Not  haz- 
arded or  adventured.  Milton. 

UN-IlAz'ARD-OUS,  a.  Not  hazardous.  Dryden. 

UN-HEAD',  v.  a.  [i.  UNHEADED  ; pp.  UNHEAD- 
ino,  unheaded.]  To  take  off  or  out  the  head 
or  top  of.  Smart. 

+ UN-HEAL',  v.  a.  To  uncover.  Chaucer. 

UN-HEAL'A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  healed. 

UN-HEALED'  (-held'),  a.  Not  healed;  not  cured. 

UN-HEALTH'FU L (un-helth'fiH),  a.  Not  health- 
ful ; unwholesome  ; unhealthy  ; morbid. 

UN-HEALTH'FUL-LY,  ad.  In  an  unhealthful 
manner  ; unwholesomely.  Milton. 

UN-II EALTH'FUL-NfiSS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
unhealthful  ; unwholesomeness.  Bacon. 

ClN-HEALTH'l-LY,  ad.  In  an  unhealthy  manner. 

UN-HEALTH'I-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality 
of  being  unhealthy.  Dampier. 

fjN-HEALTH'Y  (un-helth'e),  a.  Unfavorable  to 
health ; not  healthy  ; sickly  ; wanting  health  ; 
not  wholesome.  “ Unhealthy  fogs.”  ~ Brande. 

UN-HEARD'  (un-hSrd')  [un-herd',  S.  W.  P.  .1.  E. 
F.  Ja.  K.  Sm. ; un-herd',  I Vb.\,  a.  Not  heard; 
not  perceived  by  the  ear.  Milton. 

Unheard  of,  obscure  ; not  known  by  fame.  Glanvill. 
— Unprecedented;  having  no  precedent  or  example. 
“ Tile  most  unheard  of  confusion.”  Swift. 

t UN-IIEART',  v.  a.  To  dishearten.  Shalt. 

UN-HEAT’ED,  a.  Not  heated  or  made  hot.  Boyle. 

UN-IIEAV'EN-LY  (un-hev’vn-lel,  a.  Not  heaven- 
ly ; not  celestial.  “ Unheavenly  spirits.”  Byron. 


UN-HEDGED'  (un-hejd'),  a.  Not  hedged.  Young. 
UN-HEEU'^D,  a.  Not  heeded;  disregarded;  not 
noticed  ; not  attended  to.  Milton. 

UN-HEED'fJD-Ly,  ad.  Without  being  heeded. 
UN-HEED'FUL,  a.  Not  heedful.  Beau.  % FI. 

UN-HEED'FUL-LY,  ad.  Ill  an  unheedful  man- 
ner ; carelessly  ; negligently.  Shale. 

f UN-HEED'I-LY,  ad.  Unheedfully.  Bp.  Ilall. 
UN-HEED'ING,  a.  Notheeding;  careless.  Dryden. 
f UN-HEED'Y,  a.  Precipitate  ; sudden.  Shah. 
t UN-IIELE',  v.  a.  To  uncover ; to  unheal.  Spenser. 

UN-HELM',  v.  a.  To  remove  or  strip  off  the  helm 
or  helmet  from  ; to  unhelmet. 

I have  dismounted  you,  and  now  I will  unhelm  you.  W.  Scott. 

UN-HELMED',  a.  Having  the  helm  or  helmet 
removed  from  the  face.  Berners.  Scott. 

UN-HEL'Mf.T,  v.  a.  To  deprive  of  a helmet.  Scott. 
UN-HELPED'  (un-Iielpt'),  a.  Not  helped;  unas- 
sisted ; unaided.  Dryden. 

UN-HELPFUL,  a.  Giving  or  affording  no  help 
or  assistance.  “ Unhelpful  tears.”  Shall. 

UN-HELP'FUL-LY,  ad.  In  an  unhelpful  way. 
UN-HEMMED'  (un-hemd'),  a.  Not  hemmed.  Ash. 
UN-IIE-RO'IC,  a.  Not  heroic.  Peterborough. 
UN-HE§'!-TAT-ING,  a.  Not  hesitating  ; prompt. 

UN-HES'I-TAT-ING-LY,  ad.  In  an  unhesitating 
manner  ; without  hesitation.  Qu.  Rev. 

UN-HEWN'  (un-hun'),  a.  Not  hewn.  Drydenr 
UN-HID'DEN  (un-lild'dn),  a.  Not  hidden.  Ash. 
f UN-HIDE',  v.  a.  To  discover.  P.  Fletcher. 
UN-HIDE'BOUND,  a.  Not  hidebound.  Milton. 
UN-HlN'D^RED  (un-hin'derd),  a.  Not  hindered. 

UN-HINGE',  v.  a.  [ i . unhinged  ; pp.  unhing- 
ing, UNHINGED.] 

1.  To  remove  from  the  hinges.  Johnson. 

2.  To  displace  by  violence  or  force ; to  de- 
stroy the  balance  or  equipoise  of ; to  disorder  ; to 
confuse  ; to  derange  ; to  unsettle. 

Hills  unhinged  from  their  deep  roots  depart.  Blackmorc. 

Effaced  my  loyalty,  unhinged  my  faith.  Dryden. 

UN-HIN(?E'Mf.NT,  n.  The  state  of  being  un- 
hinged. [r.]  Chalmers. 

UN-HIRED'  (un-hlrd'),  a.  Not  hired.  Milton. 
UN-HIS-TOR'I-CAL,  a.  Not  historical.  Park. 
UN-HIT',  a.  Not  hit  or  struck.  B.  Jonson. 

UN-HITCH',  v.  a.  [i.  unhitched  ; pp.  unhitch- 
ing, unhitched.]  To  loose  or  free,  as  any 
thing  which  is  hitched  ; to  unfasten.  Ash. 

UN-HiVE',  v.  a.  To  remove  from  a hive  : — to 
deprive  of  a hive  or  shelter.  Clarke. 

UN-HIVED'  (-hlvd'),  a.  Not  hived,  or  in  a hive. 

UN-IIOARD'  (un-hord'),  v.  a.  To  take  away  or  re- 
move from  a hoard  or  store. 

To  unhoard  the  cash  of  some  rich  burgher.  Milton. 

t UN-HOLD',  v.  a.  To  release  the  hold  of.  Otway. 
UN-HO'LI-LY,  ad.  Without  holiness.  Bp.  Taylor. 

UN-IIO'LT-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  unholy  ; 
impiety  ; profaneness  ; wickedness.  Baleigh. 

UN-HO'LY,  a.  1.  Not  holy  ; not  sacred  : not 
consecrated  ; unhallowed  ; profane  ; ungodly. 

Nothing  shall  enter  into  the  New  Jerusalem  that  is  defiled 
or  unholy.  Leighton. 

2.  Impious  ; irreverent ; wicked  ; sinful. 

Unholn  is  the  voice 

Of  loud  thanksgiving  over  slaughtered  men.  Cow  per. 
f UN-HON'BST  (-on'est),  a.  Dishonest.  Ascham. 
f UN-HON'EST-LY,  ad.  Dishonestly.  Udal. 

f UN-HON'OR-A-BLE,  a.  Dishonorable.  Surrey. 
UN-HON'ORED  (un-on'urd),  a.  Not  honored. 

UN-HOOD'  (un-hud'),  V.  a.  [f.  UNHOODED  ; pp. 
UN  hooding,  unhooded.]  To  deprive  of  a 
hood.  “ Unhood  thy  falcon  bold.”  Somerville. 

tjN-HOOK'  (un-lifik'),  v.  a.  [i.  unhooked  ; pp. 


unhooking,  unhooked.]  To  disengage  or  re- 
move from  a hook  ; to  unclasp.  Ash. 

UN-HOOP',  v.  a.  To  divest  of  hoops. 

Unhoop  the  fair  sex,  and  cure  this  fasluouahle  tympany 
got  among  them.  Addison. 

UN-HOOI’ED'  (un-hGpt'  or  -hopt'),  p.  a.  Not 
hooped ; deprived  of  hoops. 

UN-HOPED'  (un-liopt'),  a.  Not  hoped  for;  not 
expected  ; not  anticipated  with  desire,  as  a good. 
“ With  unhoped  success.”  Dryden. 

Unhoped  for,  not  hoped  for  or  expected.  Dryden. 

UN-HOPE'FUL,  a.  Not  hopeful  ; such  as  leaves 
no  room  to  hope  ; hopeless  ; desponding.  Boyle. 

UN-HOPE'FUL-LY,  ad.  Not  hopefully ; hope- 
lessly. Scott. 

UN-HjORNED'  (un-hornd'),  a.  Deprived  of,  or 
without,  a horn  or  horns.  Ash. 

UN-HORSE',  v.  a.  [*.  unhorsed  ; pp.  UNHORS- 
ING, unhorsed.]  To  throw  from  a horse  or 
from  the  saddle  ; to  dismount.  Waller. 

UN-HO§ED'  (un-hozd'),  a.  Not  hosed.  Southey. 

f UN-HOS'PI-TA-BLE,  a.  Inhospitable.  Dryden. 

UN-HOS'TILE,  a.  Not  hostile.  J.  Phillips. 

UN-HOU^E',  V.  a.  [i.  UNHOUSED  ; pp.  UNHOU8- 
ing,  UNHOUSED.]  To  deprive  of  a house  or 
shelter  ; to  dislodge.  Donne. 

UN-HOUSED'  (un-houzd'),  a.  Not  housed;  having 
no  settled  habitation  ; homeless  ; destitute,  or 
deprived,  of  a house  or  dwelling.  Shak. 

t UN-IIOU'SELLED  (un-hiiu'zld),  a.  [A.  S.  vn, 
not,  and  huslian,  to  administer  or  celebrate  the 
sacrament.]  Not  houselled  ; not  having  com- 
municated or  received  the  sacrament.  Shak. 

t UN-HU'MAN,  a.  Inhuman.  South. 

UN-HU'M AN-IZE,  v.  a.  To  divest  of  humanity; 
to  render  savage  or  inhuman,  [it.]  Symmons. 

UN-HU'MAN-IZED  (-izd),  a.  Not  humanized. 

Purity  is  ridiculed  and  set  at  nought  as  a sour,  unsocial, 
unhumanized  virtue.  Porteus. 

UN- HUM' BLED  (un-hum'bld),  a.  Not  humbled; 
not  touched  with  shame  or  confusion  ; proud. 

Unhumbled , unrepented,  unreformed.  Milton. 

UN-HU-MIL'I-AT-ING,  a.  Not  humiliating. 

UN-HU'MORED  (-yu'inord),  a.  Not  humored.  Ash. 

UN-IIUNG',  a.  Not  hung;  not  hanged.  Dwiyht. 

UN-HUNT'JED,  a.  Not  hunted.  Clarke. 

UN-HURT',  a.  Not  hurt ; not  harmed  ; uninjured. 

UN-HURT'FUL,  a.  Not  hurtful ; harmless.  Udal. 

UN-HURT'FUL-LY,  ad.  AVithout  harm.  rope. 

UN-HURT'FUL-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  not  being 
hurtful ; harmlessness.  Udal. 

UN-HU^'BAND-^D,  a.  Not  husbanded  ; neglected; 
not  managed  providently  or  frugally.  Browne. 

UN-HUSHED'  (un-lmsht '),  a.  Not  stilled  or  qui- 
eted ; not  tranquillized.  “ My  heart  un- 
hushed.” Byron. 

UN-HUSK',  v.  a.  To  strip  off  the  husk.  Chambers. 

UN-HUSKED'  (-huskt'),p.  a.  Not  husked.  Bp.  Hall. 

U'  Ml—  [L.  units,  one.]  A prefix  implying  one. 

U-NI-AX'AL,  a.  [L.  units,  one,  and  axis,  an  axle.] 
Noting  crystals,  as  the  rhomb  of  Iceland  spar, 
which  have  only  one  optical  axis,  or  axis  of 
double  refraction  ; uniaxial  ; — used  in  contra- 
distinction to  biaxal  or  biaxial.  Lloyd.  — See 
Axis  of  double  refraction  under  Refraction. 

U-NI-AX’I-AL,  a.  Uniaxal.  Pereira. 

U-NI-cAr'I-NAT-ED,  a.  [L.  units,  one,  and carina, 
a keel.]  Having  one  ridge  or  keel.  Craig. 

U'NI-CORN,  n.  [L.  unicornuus  ; unicornis,  one- 
horned; unus,  one,  and  cornu,  a horn.] 

1.  A name  applied  to  an  unknown  or  a fabu- 
lous animal  having  one  horn  ; the  monoceros. 

PHf-  “ The  oryx  ( Oryr.  leueophtea),  remarkable  for  its 
long,  slender  horns,  and  being  most  probably  the  ani- 
mal which  gave  origin  to  the  fabulous  unicorn  of  the 
ancients  . . . and  frequently  represented  in  the  ancient 
monuments  of  Egypt.”  Buird. 


MIEN,  SIR;  M6VE,  NOR,  SON; 
199 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE. — 9,  Q,  9,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  ^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


UNICORN 


1586 


UNIMPROVED 


“ The  chiru  ( Pantholops  Hodgsonii),  inhabiting  t ho 
elevated  plains  of  Thibet,  and  which,  from  often 
losing  one  of  its  horns  in  consequence  of  its  pugna- 
cious propensities,  h is  been  called  by  the  natives  the 
unicorn , being  considered  by  them  to  possess  only  a 
single  horn.”  Baird. 

jflgf  It  has  been  a question  whether  one  of  the  spe- 
cies ( Rhinoceros  unicornis  of  Linnaeus,  Rhinoceros  In- 
dicus  of  Cuvier)  is  not  the  CfcO  (Reem)  or  (Rem) 

of  Scripture  (Num.  xxiii.  22 ; Deut.  xxxiii.  17,  &.C.). 
In  the  Septuagint  the  word  is  translated  Movoxipuis, 
or  Unicorn , except  in  Isaiah,  where  it  is  rendered 
'Afiooi  (or  the  mighty  or  powerful  ones).  In  the  Tig- 
uriiie  and  Vulgate  versions  the  word  is  rendered 
(Num.  xxiii.  22;  Job  xxxix.  9,  10)  Rhinoceros,  with 
a note  to  the  former  that  others  read  Monoceros.  In 
the  Bible  “ Imprinted  at  London  by  Robert  Barker, 
Printer  to  the  King’s  most  excellent  Maiestio  ” 
(“Breeches  Bible”),  the  word  used  is  “Unicorne” ; 
and  Unicorn  is  the  expression  in  the  version  now  in 
use  in  our  churches. 

Some  are  of  opinion  that  the  Reem  or  ReYm  of 
Scripture  were  savage  animals  of  the  bovine  genus, 
and  others  that  the  word  signified  the  Oryx,  observing 
that  Reem  is  the  Arabian  name  for  a species  of  wild 
goat  or  gazelle.  Til  se  allege  that  the  Reem  was  two- 
liorned.  The  better  opinion  seems  to  be  that  the  ani- 
mal or  animals  intended  to  be  designated  in  most  of 
the  passages  referred  to,  if  not  in  all,  was  or  were  the 
Rhinoceros  unicornis , or  Great  Asiatic  one-horned  Rhi- 
noceros. Eng.  Cxjc. 

2.  ( Zool .)  The  narwhal ; — called  also  sen- 

unicorn , and  unicorn-whalc.  Baird. 

3.  ( Ornith .)  A kind  of  bird,  larger  than  a 
swan,  having  a horn  on  the  forehead.  Grew. 

4.  ( Ent .)  A kind  of  insect. 

Some  unicorns  we  will  allow  even  among  insects,  as  those 
nasicornous  beetles  described  by  MufFctus.  Broione. 

5.  (Her.)  A fabulous  animal  having  the  head, 

neck,  and  body  of  the  horse,  the  legs  of  the  buck, 
the  tail  of  the  lion,  and  a long  horn  growing 
out  of  the  middle  of  the  forehead.  Ogilvie. 

U'NI-CORN,  a.  Having  one  horn  ; unicornous. 

The  Xotodonta  unicornis,  or  Unicom  moth,  so  called  from 
. the  horn  on  the  buck  of  the  caterpillar.  Harris. 

U-NI-CORN'OUS,  a.  Having  but  one  horn  ; uni- 
corn. “ Unicornous  beetles.”  Broione. 

U'NI-CORN— PLANT,  n.  ( Bot .)  A low,  branching 
annual  plant  exhaling  a heavy  odor,  and  having 
a .fleshy  pod  with  the  inner  part  soon  woody, 
and  terminated  by  a long  beak  which  at  length 
splits  into  two  hooked  horns  ; Martynia  probos- 
cidca.  Gray. 

UN-I-DE'AL,  a.  Not  ideal ; actual.  Johnson. 

On-ID-I-O-mAt'IC,  a.  Not  idiomatic.  Qu.  Rev. 


tJN-I'DLE,  a.  Not  idle  ; diligent.  Sidney. 

U-NI-FA'CIAL  (yu-ne-fa'shal),  a.  [L.  units.  one, 
and  facies,  face.]  Having  one  face  or  front 
surface.  Wright. 

U-NlF'lC,  a.  Making  one  or  unity,  [it.]  Brit.  Crit. 

U-NI-FI-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  unus,  one,  and  facio, 
to  make.]  The  act  of  uniting  with  another  so 
as  to  form  one  being. 

Unification  with  God  was  the  final  aim  of  the  Neo-platoni- 
cians:  and  unification  witli  God  is  also  one  of  the  beliefs  of 
the  Chinese  philosopher,  Lao  Teeu.  Fleming. 

U-NJ-FLO’ROUS,  a.  [L.  unus,  one,  and  flos,  a 
flower.]  (Bot.)  Bearing  only  one  flower  ; one- 
flowered.  Gray. 

U-NI-FO'LI-ATF.,  a.  [L.  unus,  one,  and  folium, 
a leaf.]  (Bot.)  Bearing  only  one  leaf ; one- 
leaved. 

U'NI-FORM  (yu'ne-form),  a.  [L.  Uniformis;  unus, 
one,  and  forma,  form  ; It.,  Sp.,  &;  hr.  uniforme .] 
Having  always  the  same  form,  fashion,  or  man- 
ner ; following  the  same  plan,  method,  design, 
or  tenor;  consistent ; consonant ; not  variable  ; 
undeviating ; regular ; constant ; equable ; alike. 

Though  when  confusedly  mingled,  as  in  this  stratum,  it 
may  put  on  a face  never  so  uniform  and  alike,  .yet  it  is  in 
reality  very  different.  Woodward. 

Sometimes  there  are  many  parts  of  a law,  and  sometimes 
it  is  uniform , and  hath  in  it  but  one  duty.  Bp.  Taylor. 

All  with  uniform  consent  admire  her.  Hooker. 

The  only  doubt  is  . . . how  far  churches  are  bound  to  be 
uniform  in  their  ceremonies.  Hooker. 

Uniform  matter , matter  which  is  all  of  the  same 
kind  and  texture;  homogeneous. — Uniform  motion , 
the  motion  of  a body  which  passes  over  equal  spaces 
in  equal  times  ; equable  motion.  Hutton. 

U'NI-FORM,  ft.  A dress  of  the  same  kind  with 
others,  as  the  regimental  dress  of  a soldier. 


1 By  the  regulations  [of  the  British  army]  officers  are  not  al- 
lowed to  appear  in  plum  clothes  while  in  the  vicinity  of  their 
camps  or  quarters,  but  aic  directed  to  wear  their  proper  uni- 
forms. Stocqucler. 

i U-NI-FORM-I-TA'RI- AN,  ft.  One  who  believes 
that  causes  now  in  operation  are  sufficient  to 
account  for  all  geological  changes.  Wright. 

U-NI-FORM'I-TY,  ft.  [L.  unifonnitas  ; It.  uni- 
form itir,  Sp . uniforrnidad  \ Fr.  uniformity.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  uniform ; resemblance 
to,  or  consistency  with,  itself ; even  tenor ; 
sameness  ; regularity  ; uniformness. 

Queen  Elizabeth  was  remarkable  for  that  steadiness  and 
uniformity  which  ran  through  all  her  actions.  Addison. 

2.  Conformity  to  one  pattern  ; consonance. 

The  great  Council  of  Nice  ordained  that  there  should  be  a 
constant  uniformity  in  this  case.  Nelson. 

Act  of  uniformity,  (Eng.  Hist.)  an  act,  which  was 
passed  in  1661,  regulating  the  form  of  public  prayers, 
administration  of  sacraments,  and  other  rites  of  the 
Church  of  England.  It  obliged  all  tile  clergy  to  sub- 
scribe the  Thirty-Nine  Articles.  This  act  caused  up- 
wards of  2000  conscientious  ministers  to  quit  the 
Church  of  England,  and  take  their  lots  among  the 
Dissenters.  Haydn.  Brande . 

U'NI-FORM-LY,  ad.  In  a uniform  manner  ; with- 
out variation  ; in  an  even  tenor  ; without  diver- 
sity or  change.  “ Uniformly  bold.”  Hooker. 

To  vary  uniformly  with  regard  to  each  other,  (Math.) 
to  vary,  as  two  dependent  quanities,  the  ratio  of 
whose  corresponding  increments  is  constant.  Davies. 

U'NI-FORM-NESS,  n.  Uniformity,  [it.]  Berkeley. 

U'NI-FORM— SWORD,  n.  An  officer’s  sword  of 
the  pattern  prescribed  by  the  regulations  for 
the  army  or  the  navy.  [England.]  Simmonds. 

U'NI-FY,  v.  ■ a.  [L.  unus,  one,  and  facio,  to 
make.]  To  form  into  one  ; to  make  a unit  of. 
[r.]  Coleridge. 

U-N{-(JEN'I-TURE,  n.  [L.  units,  one,  and  geni- 
tus,  a begetting.]  The  state  of  being  the  only- 
begotten.  Pearson. 

U-jVi-OF.jV I-  TVS,  n.  [L.  unigenitus,  only-begot- 
ten ; unus,  one,  and  gigno,  genitus,  to  beget.] 
(Eccl.  Hist.)  The  bull  issued  by  Pope  Clement 
XI.  in  1713,  against  the  French  translation  of 
the  New  Testament,  with  notes  by  Pasquier 
Quesnel,  priest  of  the  Oratory,  and  a celebrated 
Jansenist; — so  called  from  the  first  words, 
Unigenitus  Dei  Filins.  Hook. 

U-Nl^I'g-NOUS,  a.  [L.  unus,  one,  and  genus, 
kind.]  Of  one  kind  ; of  the  same  genus.  Smart. 

UN-lG-NIT'flD,  a.  Not  ignited.  Ash. 

U-Nl-JU'GATE,  a.  [L  .units,  one,  and  jugum,  a 
yoke.]  (Bot.)  Noting  pinnate  leaves  whose 
petiole  bears  one  pair  of  leaflets ; paired ; bi- 
nate.  Lindlcy. 

U-NI-LA'BJ-ATE,  a.  [L.  unus,  one,  and  labium, 
a lip.]  (Bot.)  Noting  irregular,  monopetalous 
corollas  having  only  one  lip,  and  monopetalous 
corollas  slit  on  one  side,  as  the  ligulate  florets 
of  composite  flowers.  Gray.  Ilenslow. 

U-NI-LAT'ER-AL,  a.  [L.  units,  one,  and  latus, 
latcris,  a side.] 

1.  Relating  or  pertaining  to  one  side. 

2.  (Bot.)  Arranged  on,  or  turned  towards, 

one  side  only ; one-sided.  Lindley. 

U-NJ-LIN'Jl-AT-gD,  a.  [L.  unus,  one,  and  linea, 
a line.]  Having  one  line.  Craig. 

U-NI-LIT'F.It-AL,  a.  [L.  units,  one,  and  litera,  a 
letter.]  Consisting  of  only  one  letter.  Smart. 

UN-1L-LU'MI-NAT-J£D,  a.  Not  illuminated.  Ash. 

UN-JL-LU'ftIINED  (-lu'mind),  a.  Not  illumined. 

UN-lL-LUS'TRAT-IiD,  a.  Not  illustrated.  Good. 

UN-IL-LUS'TRA-TlVE,  a.  Not  illustrative.  Mag. 

U-NI-LOC'U-LAR,  a.  [L.  unus,  one,  and  loculus, 
dim.  of  locus,  a place.] 

1.  (Conch.)  Not  divided  into  cells  or  cham- 
bers, as  shells.  Brande. 

2.  (Bot.)  Having  only  one  cell  or  cavity,  as 
the  anther  in  certain  plants  ; one-celled.  Gray. 

UN-IM-AljJ'lN-A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  he  imag- 
ined ; inconceivable.  Tillotson. 

tJN-IM-AQ'jN-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the 
quality  of  being  unimaginable.  More. 

UN-IM-AIJJ'IN-A-BLY,  ad.  To  a degree  not  to  he 
imagined;  inconceivably.  Boyle. 


ON-IM-AC'I-NA-tIve,  a.  Not  imaginative.  Wil. 

UN-JM-A^J'jNED  (-e-m3d'jjnd),  a.  Not  imagined. 

UN-JM-BlT'TJJRED  (-bit herd),  a.  Not  imbittered. 

UN-IM-BROeD'  (-brud'),  a.  Not  imbrued.  Ash. 

UN-IM-BUED'  (-bud'),  a.  Not  imbued.  Smith. 

+ UN-IM'I-TA-BLE,  a.  Inimitable.  Burnet. 

t UN-IM'J-TA-BLY,  ad.  Inimitably.  Clarke. 

V N-I M ' I-T A T- U D,  a.  Not  imitated.  Johnson. 

UN-JM-MERSED'  (-im-merst'),  a.  Not  immersed. 

UN-IM-MOR'TAL,  a.  Not  immortal.  Milton. 

UN-IM-MOR'TAL-IZED  (-Izd),  a.  Not  immortal- 
ized, or  rendered  immortal.  Ash. 

UN-JM-pAir'A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  impaired; 
not  to  be  diminished.  Hakeu  ill. 

UN-IM-PAlRED'  (un-jm-pird'),  a.  Not  impaired 
or  injured  ; not  enfeebled  or  diminished.  Knox. 

UN-IM-PART'ED,  a.  Not  imparted.  Couper. 

UN-IM-PAs'SION-ATE,  a.  Not  impassionate.  Cl. 

UN-IM-PAS'SION- ATE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  be- 
ing unimpassionate.  Clarke. 

UN-IM-PAS'SIONED  (un-jm-pash'und),  a.  Not  im- 
passioned ; not  animated  or  spirited  ; calm  ; in- 
nocent; quiet;  tranquil.  Thomson. 

UN-JM-PEACH'A-BLE,  a.  Not  liable  to  impeach- 
ment ; not  impeachable.  Huish. 

UN-IM-PEACIIED'  (un-im-pecht'),  a.  Not  im- 
peached ; not  doubted  or  questioned.  Blackstone. 

UN-IM-PED'gD,  a.  Not  impeded.  Clarke. 

UN-IM'PLI-cAT-ED,  a.  Not  implicated.  Clarke. 

UN-JM-PLIC'IT,  a.  Not  implicit.  Milton. 

UN-IM-PLORED'  (-plord'),  a.  Not  implored. 

And  to  all  [grace] 

Comes  unprevented,  unimploredy  unsought.  Milton. 

UN-IM-POR'TANCE,  n.  The  state  of  being  unim- 
portant ; want  of  importance.  W.  Scott. 

UN-IM-POR'TANT,  a.  1.  Not  important ; incon- 
siderable ; insignificant;  trivial ; trifling.  Hurd. 

2.  Assuming  no  airs  of  dignity.  Pope. 

t UN-IADPORT'ING,  a.  Unimportant.  Bp.  Hall. 

UN- 1 M-POR-T U N ED'  (fin-lm-por-tund'),  a.  Not  im- 
portuned or  solicited  ; not  perseveringly  or  per- 
tinaciously begged  or  besought.  Donne. 

UN-IM-PO^ED'  (un-im-pozd'),  a.  Not  imposed, 
set,  or  fixed  ; not  enjoined.  Milton. 

UN-IRI-POlj'ING,  a.  Not  imposing.  Thomson. 

UN-IM-PREG'NA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  taken  or 
impugned  ; not  impregnable.  Qu.  Rev. 

UN-IM-PREG'NAT-ED,  a.  Not  impregnated. 

UN-IM-PRESSED'  (-prest'),  a.  Not  impressed. 

UN-IM-PRES-SI-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  not 
being  susceptible  of  impression.  London  News. 

UN-IM-PRES'SI-BLE,  a.  Not  impressible.  Erving. 

UN-JM-PRES'SJVE,  a.  Not  impressive.  Reed. 

tJN-JM-PRES'SIVE-LY,  ad.  In  an  unimpressive 
manner  ; without  impression.  Clarke. 

UN-IM-PRES'SIVE-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the 
quality  of  being  unimpressive.  Ec.  Rev. 

UN-IM-PRl§'ON-A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  im- 
prisoned or  held  in  confinement.  Milton. 

UN-IM-PRISj'ONED  (un-im-priz'nd),  a.  Not  con- 
fined in  prison  ; not  imprisoned.  Wordsworth. 

UN-IM-PRO'PRI-AT-IJD,  a.  Not  impropriated. 

UN-IM-PROV'A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  im- 
proved; incapable  of  melioration.  Hammond. 

UN-IM-PROV'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the 
quality  of  not  being  improvable.  Hammond. 

UN-IM-PROVED'  (un-jm-provd'),  a.  1.  Not  im- 
proved or  made  better ; not  advanced  in  man- 
ners, knowledge,  or  wisdom  ; not  taught.  Pope. 

2.  Not  used  or  employed.  Ramsay. 

3.  Unoccupied  ; uncultivated.  Franklin. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short; 


A,  1?,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; 


HEIR,  HER; 


UNIMPROVING 


1587 


4.  f Not  censured  or  blamed;  unimpeached. 

Young  Fortinbras 

Of  unimproved  mettle  hot  and  full.  Shak. 

UN-IM-PROV'ING,  a.  Not  improving;  not  tend- 
ing to  improve,  instruct,  or  benefit.  Dyer. 

IJN-IM-PUGNED' (-pund'),a.  Not  impugned.  Ash. 

UN-IM-PUT'A-BLE,  a.  Not  imputable.  Craig. 

UN-IM-PUT'IJD,  a.  Not  imputed.  Pope. 

U-Nl-MUS'CU-LAR,  a.  (ZoBl.)  Having  one  mus- 
cle only  and  one  muscular  impression,  as  bi- 
valve mollusks.  Wright. 

UN-IN-CAR'C^R-AT-pD,  a.  Not  incarcerated.  Ash. 

UN-JN-CAR'NATE,  a.  Not  incarnate.  Pollok. 

UN-IN-CENSED'  (un-in-senst'),  a.  Not  incensed 
or  irritated;  not  angered.  Cowpcr. 

UN-IN-CHANT'ED,  a.  Unenchanted.  Milton. 

UN-IN-ClT'JgD,  os.  Not  incited.  Wordsworth. 

UN-IN-CLO§ED'  (un-jn-klozd'),  a.  Not  inclosed. 

UN-IN-COR'PO-RAT-JED,  a.  Not  incorporated. 

UN-IN-OREAS'A-BLE,  a.  Admitting  no  increase. 
“ XJnincreasable  elevation.”  [r.]  Boyle. 

UN-IN-CREASED'  (-krest'),  a.  Not  increased.  Ash. 

UN-IN-CUL'CAT-ED,  a.  Not  inculcated.  Ash. 

UN-IN-CUM'RJJRED  (-herd),  a.  Not  encumbered. 
“ A fortune  . . . wholly  unincumbered.”  Burke. 

UN-IN-DEBT'pD,  a.  Not  indebted.  Black. 

UN-JN-DEM'NI-FlED,  a.  Not  indemnified.  Ash. 

UN-IN-DENT'^ID,  a.  Not  indented.  Ash. 

UN-IN'DI-cAT-ED,  a.  Not  indicated.  Ash. 

UN-IN-DlCT'IJD  (-dlt'ed),  a.  Not  indicted.  Ash. 

UN-IN-DIF'FpR-EN-CY,  n.  State  of  being  unin- 
different  ; partiality,  [r.]  Lord  Tenterden. 

UN-IN-DlF'F^R-^NT,  a.  Not  indifferent;  not 
disinterested ; partial.  Hooker. 

UN-IN-DORSED'  (-dorst'),  a.  Not  indorsed.  Ash. 

UN-IN-DUCED'  (-dust'),  a.  Not  induced.  Clarke. 

UN-IN-DULpED'  (-duljd'),  a.  Not  indulged.  Ash. 

UN-IN-DUL'tJfpNT,  a.  Not  indulgent.  Francis. 

UN-IN-DUS'TRI-OUS,  a.  Not  industrious  ; idle. 

TJN-IN-DUS'TRI-OUS-LY,  ad.  Lazily.  Boyle. 

UN-IN-E'BRI-AT-ING,  a.  Having  no  intoxicating 
qualities  ; not  inebriating.  Qu.  Rev. 

UN-IN-FAT'y-AT-JfD,  a.  Not  infatuated.  Ash. 

UN-IN-FECT'JED,  a.  Not  infected.  Burnet. 

UN-IN-FEC'TIOUS  (-fek'shus),  a.  Not  infectious. 

UN-IN-FEST'ED,  a.  Not  infested.  Kirby. 

UN-IN-FLAMED'  (-in-flamd'),  a.  Not  inflamed. 

tjN-JN-FLAM'MA-BLE,  a.  Not  inflammable.  Ure. 

UN-IN-FLEC'TION-AL,  a.  Not  inflectional.  Craik. 

UN-IN-FLlCT'ED,  a.  Not  inflicted.  Ash. 

UN-lN'FLU-ENCED  (un-in'flu-enst),  a.  Not  influ- 
enced ; not  moved  or  actuated.  Milton. 

UN-IN-FLIJ-EN'CIVE,  a.  Not  having  or  exercis- 
ing influence ; uninfluential.  [r.]  Coleridge. 

UN-IN-FLU-EN'TIAL,  a.  Not  having  influence; 
not  influential.  Qu.  Rev. 

UN-IN-FORMED'  (un-in-fonud'),  a.  1.  Not  in- 
formed ; untaught ; uninstructed.  Milton. 

2.  Unanimated  ; not  enlivened,  [r.] 

The  Piets,  though  never  so  beautiful,  have  dead,  unin- 
formed countenances.  Spectator. 

UN-IN-FORM'ING,  a.  Not  informing.  Browne. 

UN-IN-FRINpED'  (un-jn-frlnjd'),  a.  Not  infringed ; 
not  violated ; not  transgressed.  Knox. 

UN-IN-<?EN'IOUS,  or  UN-IN-tJIE'NI-OUS,  a.  Not 
having  ingenuity  ; awkward.  Burke. 

UN-IN-9EN'y-OUS,  a.  Not  ingenuous  ; not  frank, 
candid,  or  sincere  ; disingenuous.  Milton. 

UN-IN-yEN'U-OUS-NESS,  n.  A want  of  ingenu- 
ousness ; disingenuousness.  Ilammond. 

UN-IN-IIAB'I-TA-BEE,  a.  Not  inhabitable.  Shak. 


UN-IN-HAB'[-TA-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the 
quality  of  being  uninhabitable.  Boyle. 

UN-IN-IIAb'IT-IJD,  a.  Not  inhabited.  Dampier. 

UN-IN-IIER-I-TA-BIU'l-TY,  n.  The  state  of  not 
being  inheritable.  Coleridge. 

UN-IN-I''TI-ATE  (un-in-islTe-?t),  ? a Not  initi- 

UN-IN-i"T!-AT-ED  (-ish'e-at-ed),  ) ated.  Qu.  Rev. 

UN-IN'JllRED  (-In'jurd),  a.  Not  injured.  Milton. 

UN-IN-JU'RI-OUS,  a.  Not  injurious.  Knox. 

UN-IN-QUlR'ING,  a.  That  does  not  inquire; 
having  no  disposition  to  inquire.  Abp.  Whately. 

UN-IN-QUIfj'I-TI VE,  a.  Not  inquisitive;  not 
curious  to  know ; not  inquiring.  Bp  Horsley. 

UN-IN-SCRIBED'  (un-jn-skrlbd'),  a.  Having  no 
inscription  ; not  inscribed.  Pope. 

UN-IN-SPIRED'  (un-jn-spird'),  a.  Not  inspired. 

The  opinions  of  any  uninspired  teacher.  Bp.  Horsley. 

UN-IN-SPIR'IT-gD,  a.  Not  inspirited.  Allen. 

UN-IN-STALLED'  (-st&wld'),  a.  Not  installed..4s/i. 

UN-!N'STI-GAT-f,D,  a.  Not  instigated.  Ash. 

UN-IN'STI-TUT-ipD,  a.  Not  instituted.  Ash 

UN-IN-STRUCT'JgD,  a.  Not  instructed.  Locke. 

UN-IN-STRUCT'ING,  a.  Not  instructing.  Milton. 

UN-IN-STRUC'TI VE,  a.  Not  instructive;  not 
conferring  any  improvement.  Addison. 

UN-IN'sy-LAT-F,D,  a.  Not  insulated.  Smart. 

UN-IN-SULT'JpD,  a.  Not  insulted.  Clarke. 

UN-IN-SUR'A-BLE  (-shur-),  a.  Not  insurable.  Cl. 

UN-1N-SURED'  (-shurd'),  a.  Not  insured.  Wright. 

UN-IN-TEL-UECT'U-AL,  a.  Not  intellectual. 

UN-IN-TEL'EI-<?ENCE,  n.  A want  of  intelli- 
gence or  understanding.  Bp.  Hall. 

UN-!N-TEL'LI-£ENT,  a.  Not  intelligent.  Hale. 

UN-IN-TEL'LI-yiENT-LY,  ad.  With  want  of  in- 
telligence ; not  intelligently. 

CtN-IN-TEL-LI-QI-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  unintelligible  ; unintelligibleness. 

Credit  the  unintelligibiUty  of  this  union.  GlanviU. 

UN-IN-TEL'LI-91-BLE,  a.  Not  intelligible  ; that 
cannot  be  understood.  Bp.  Taylor. 

UN-IN-TEL'LI-(?I-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  unintelligible.  Bp.  Herb. 

UN-IN-TEL'LI-yi-BLY,  ad.  In  an  unintelligible 
manner;  not  intelligibly.  Spectator. 

UN-IN-TEND'yD,  a.  Not  intended;  undesigned. 

UN-IN-TEN'TION-AL,  a.  Not  intentional;  unde- 
signed ; not  purposed  or  meant.  Knox. 

UN-IN-TEN'TION-AL-LY,  ad.  Without  inten- 
tion ; not  with  design.  Cogan. 

UN-IN-TER'CA-LAT-IJD,  a.  Not  intercalated. 

UN-IN-TER-CEFT'IJD,  a.  Not  intercepted. 

U N-IN-T  E R-  D I C T ' E I) , a.  Not  interdicted. 

t UN-IN'T^R-ESSED  (un-in'ter-est),  a.  Uninter- 
ested. “ Uninteressed  respect.”  Dry  den. 

UN-IN'TER-EST-ED,  a.  Not  interested.  Seeker. 

UN-lN'TIJR-EST-ING,  a.  Not  interesting.  Burke. 

UN-IN'TER-EST-ING-LY,  ad.  In  an  uninterest- 
ing manner  ; without  exciting  interest.  Clarke. 

UN-lN-TER-MIS'SION,  n.  Absence  or  want  of 
intermission.  Smart. 

UN-IN-TyR-MIT'TpD,  a.  Not  intermitted  ; un- 
interrupted; constant;  continual. 

Syn.  — See  Continual. 

UN-IN-TER-MIT'TED-LY,  ad.  Without  intermis- 
sion or  interruption.  Campbell. 

UN-IN-TER-MIT'TING,  a.  Having  no  interrup- 
tion ; never  failing.  Feltham. 

UN-IN-TER-MIT'TING-LY,  ad.  Without  inter- 
mission ; unintermittediy.  Clarke. 

UN-IN-T^R-MIXED'  (un-In-ter-mikst'),  a.  Not  in- 
termixed; not  mingled.  Daniel. 

UN-IN-TER'PO-LAT-JJD,  a.  Not  interpolated. 


UNION 

UN-IN-TiiR'PRET-A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  in- 
terpreted.  [r.]  Ec.  Rev. 

UN-IN-TER'PRIJT-pD,  a.  Not  interpreted  ; not 
explained ; not  made  clear.  Seeker. 

UN-[N-TERRED'  (un-jn-terd'),  a.  Not  interred. 

UN-1N-TER-RUPT'1JD,  a.  1.  Not  interrupted; 
unbroken  ; unceasing ; incessant. 

2.  ( Bot .)  Without  any  deviation  in  subordi- 
nate parts,  from  symmetrical  arrangement  or 
regularity  of  outline.  Lindley. 

flfiy  Such  deviations  are  seen  in  pinnated  leaves 
when  some  of  the  pinnte  are  much  smaller  than  oth- 
ers, or  wholly  wanting;  in  spikes  when  the  axis  is 
unusually  elongated  and  not  covered  with  flowers, 
&c.  Lindley. 

UN-IN-TpR-RUPT'iJD-LY,  ad.  Without  interrup- 
tion or  disturbance.  Pearson. 

UN-IN-THRAlLED'  (un-jn-thrald'),  a.  Free  from 
slavery  or  bondage  ; disinthralled.  Milton. 

UN-lN'TI-MAT-ED,  a.  Not  intimated.  Ash. 

UN-IN-TIm'I-DAT-IJD,  a.  Not  intimidated. 

UN-IN-TOX'I-CAT-ING,  a.  Not  intoxicating. 

UN-IN-TRENCIIED'  (un-in-trencht'),  a.  Not  in- 
trenched ; undefended.  Pope. 

t UN-IN'TRl-CAT-yD,  a.  Not  intricated.  llam. 

UN-IN-TRO-DUCED'  (-dust'),  a.  Not  introduced. 

UN-IN-URED'  (-yurd'),  a.  Not  inured.  Philips. 

UN-IN- VAd'ED,  a.  Not  invaded.  Reynolds. 

UN-IN-VENT'ED,  a.  Not  invented.  Milton. 

UN-IN-VEN'TIVE,  a.  Not  inventive.  W.  Scott. 

UN-IN-VEN'TIVE-LY,  ad.  Not  inventively. 

UN-IN-VERT'ED,  a.  Not  inverted.  Young. 

UN-IN-VEST'1JD,  a.  Not  invested.  Ed.  Rev. 

UN-IN-VES'TI-G A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  in- 
vestigated or  searched  out.  Barrow. 

UN-IN-VES'TI-GAT-ED,  a.  Not  investigated.  Ash. 

UN-IN-VES'TI-GA-TIVE,  a.  Not  capable  of,  or 
given  to,  investigation.  Clarke. 

UN-IN-VID'J-OUS,  a.  Not  invidious  or  envious. 

UN-IN- VID'I-OUS-LY,  ad.  Without  envy.  Craig. 

UN-IN-VIT'yD,  a.  Not  invited.  Vanburgh. 

UN-IN-VIT'ING,  a.  Not  inviting.  Boyle. 

UN-IN-VOKED'  (un-in-vokt'),  a.  Not  invoked. 

UN-IN-VOLVED'  (un-jn-volvd'),  a.  Not  involved. 

U'NI-O,  n.  [L.]  A genus  of  fresh-water  mussels, 
possessing  two  teeth  in  each  valve.  Baird. 

||  UN'TON  (yun'yun)  [yu'nyun,  S.  E.  F.  K.  Sm. 
Scott;  yu'ne-un,  W.  P.  J.  Ja.],  n.  [L.  unto, 
unity,  union,  a single  large  pearl;  unus,  one; 
It.  unione ; Sp.  & Fr.  union.] 

1.  The  act  of  joining  two  or  more  so  as  to 

make  them  one  ; the  act  of  uniting,  or  the  state 
of  being  united  ; junction.  Milton. 

2.  A conjunction  of  mind  or  interests ; agree- 
ment ; concord ; harmony. 

Self-love  and  social  at  her  birtli  began; 

Union  the  bond  of  all  things,  and  of  man.  Pope. 

3.  A federal  compact : — a confederation,  as 
the  United  States  of  North  America. 

The  want  of  unity  which  exists  between  England  and  Ire- 
land has  been  tlic  chief  cause  of  the  clamor  for  the  repeal  of 
the  un  ion . Graham . 

Liberty  and  union , now  and  for  ever,  one  and  inseparable. 

Daniel  Webster. 

4.  f A pearl  of  great  size  and  beauty. 

The  king  shall  drink  to  Hamlet’s  better  breath; 

And  in  the  cup  an  union  shall  he  throw 

Richer  than  that  which  four  successive  kings 

In  Denmark’s  crown  have  worn.  Shak. 

The  qualities  [of  this  pearl],  orient  whiteness,  greatness, 
roundness,  smoothness,  weight,  I may  tell  you  net  easily  to 
be  found  all  in  one, insomuch  that  it  is  impossible  to  find  out 
two  perfectly  sorted  together  in  all  these  points.  And  here- 
upon it  is  that  our  dainties  and  delicates  here  at  Rome 
have  devised  this  name  for  them,  and  call  them  unionsy  as  a 
man  would  say,  singular,  and  by  themselves  alone. 

Holland's  Translation  of  Pliny. 

5.  The  upper,  inner  corner  of  an  ensign,  the 
rest  of  the  flag  being  called  the  fly. 

fKiP  Tile  union  of  the  U.  S.  ensign  is  a blue  field 
with  white  stars,  representing  the  confederation  of 
the  states,  and  the  fit  is  composed  of  alternate  white 
and  red  stripes.  The  British  union  contains  the  crosses 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  £,  9, 


soft;  i EJ,  jG,  5,  I,  hard;  § as  z ; X as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


UNIONIST 


of  St.  Georce,  St.  Andrew,  and  St.  Patrick,  represent- 
ing tile  union  of  the  three  kingdoms,  England,  Scot- 
land, and  Ireland.  Dana.  Mar.  Diet. 

6.  That  which  unites,  as  one  of  the  screws 
or  joints  in  a locomotive  engine.  Weale. 

Uninn , or  Act  of  Union , (Eng’.  Mint.)  the  bringing  of 
two  or  more  countries  under  one  form  of  government ; 
as  til  - union  of  England  and  Scotland  [1707],  and  the 
union  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  [1800],  Daris. — 
Union  downward , (JVawt.)  a reversing  ot  the  flag  as  a 
signal  of  distress.  — Hypostatical  union,  ( Theol .)  the 
union  of  the  human  nature  of  Christ  with  the  divine, 
constituting  two  natures  in  one  person.  Hook. 

Syn.  — Union  is  the  state  of  being  united,  or  being 
one ; unity  is  oneness,  or  the  state  of  being  one  or  hav- 
ing one  feeling.  Marriage  is  often  termed  a union,  and 
it  becomes  married  persons  to  live  in  unity.  Union 
implies  a more  intimate  connection  than  junction. 
Union  of  families  ; junction  of  armies  ; union  of  par- 
ties ; confederacy  of  states ; conjunction  of  planets  ; 
concord  of  opinion  or  of  sounds.  — See  Alliance, 
Association. 

||  UN'ION-IST  (yun'yun-Ist),  n.  One  who  advo- 
cates or  promotes  union.  Ch.  Ob. 

UN-ION-IST'IC,  a.  Relating  to,  or  promoting, 
union.  Schajf. 

UN'ION-iTE,  n.  (Min.)  A variety  of  oligoclase. 

lfana. 

UNTON— JACK  (yun’yun-),  n.  A small  flag,  con- 
taining only  the  union  without  the  fly.  Dana. 

K7T  “ The  word  jack  is  probably  derived  from  the 
surcoat  or  jacque  of  the  soldier,  which,  in  the  middle 
ages,  was  usually  emblazoned  with  the  red  cross  of 
St.  George.”  Fairholt. 

UN'ION-JOINT  (yun'yun-j,  n.  A hand-joint  or 
cross-pin  in  the  shape  of  the  letter  T.  Simmonds. 

U-NI-OV'U-LATE,  a.  (Bot.)  Having  only  one 
ovule.  Gray. 

U-NfP'A-ROUS,  a.  [L.  units,  one,  and  pario,  to 
bring  forth.]  Producing  one  at  a birth.  Browne. 

U'NI-PED,  a.  [L.  unus,  one,  and  pcs,  pedis,  a 
foot.]  Having  only  one  foot.  Kirby. 

U-NI-PER'SON-AL,  a.  1.  Existing  in  one  person, 
as  the  Deity.  Coleridge. 

2.  (Gram.)  Used  only  in  the  third  person 
singular,  as  some  verbs  ; impersonal.  Wells. 

U-NI-PER’SON-AL-IST,  n.  One  who  believes 
there  is  but  one  person  in  the  Deity.  Faber. 

U-NIP'LI-CATE,  a.  [L.  units,  one,  and  plico,  pli- 
catus,  to  fold.]  Having  one  fold.  Smart. 

U-nJ&UE'  (yu-nek'),  a.  [Fr.]  Sole  ; being  with- 
out an  equal ; without  another  of  the  same  kind 
known  to  exist;  uncommon  ; singular. 

My  “ Outlines  of  LListory  ” is,  one  may  say,  unique.  Kcightely. 

U-NIQUE'  (yu-nek'),  n.  Any  thing  that  exists 
without  a parallel,  [it.] 

The  propagation  of  Christianity,  in  the  manner  and  under 
the  circumstances  in  which  it  was  propagated,  is  an  unique 
in  the  history  of  the  species.  Baley. 

U-NIQUE'LY,  ad.  In  a unique  manner.  Qtt.  Rev. 

U-NI-RA'DI-AT-ED,  a.  Having  but  one  ray.  Sm. 

UN-IR-ItA'DI-AT-pD,  a.  Not  irradiated.  Symmons. 

UN-I  R’RNTAT-pD,  a.  Not  irritated.  Clarke. 

UN-IR'RI-TAT-ING,  a.  Not  irritating.  Clarke. 

tJN-IR'RJ-f  AT-JNG-LY,  ad.  Not  irritatingly. 

U-NI-SE'RI-AL,  nt.  [L.  unus,  one,  and  series,  a 
row.]  Having  one  series ; in  one  horizontal 
row.  Gray. 

U-NNSE'RI-ATE,  a.  Uniserial.  Clarke. 

U-NI-SE'RI-ATE-LY,  ad.  In  single  regular  series. 

U-NI-SEX'U-AL,  a.  (Bot.)  Noting  flowers  in 
which  stamens  are  present  without  pistils,  or 
flowers  in  which  pistils  are  present  without  sta- 
mens ; diclinous.  Gray. 

||  U'NI-SON  [yu'ne-sun,  S.  W.  P.  J.  F.  K.  Wb.  ; 
yu'ne-zun,  Ja.  Tvn .] , n. 

1.  Accordance  ; agreement ; harmony  ; con- 
cord. “Unison  of  soul.”  Thomson. 

2.  (Mus.)  Perfect  agreement  or  identity  in 
pitch  of  two  or  more  notes  ; sometimes  applied 
to  notes  of  the  same  degree  in  different  octaves  : 
— absence  of  harmony,  as  in  a piece  or  passage 

. for  several  instruments  or  voices  all  performing 
the  same  part.  Dwight. 


1588 

||  U'NI-SON,  a.  [L.  units,  one,  and  sonus,  a 
sound.]  Sounding  alone  ; unisonant ; unisonous. 

Sounds  intermixed  with  voice,  choral  or  unison.  Milton. 

U-Nls  o-NANCE,  n.  Consonance  ; unison.  Smart. 

U-Nis'o-NANT,  a.  Being  in  unison.  Smart. 

U-NIS'O-NOUS,  a.  Being  in  unison  ; without 

harmony  ; having  the  same  degree  of  acuteness 
or  gravity ; unisonant. 

Calvin,  who  had  certainly  less  music  in  his  soul  than 
Luther,  rejected  both  vocal  and  instrumental  harmony,  and 
admitted  only  unisonous  psalmody.  ft  urton. 

U'NIT  (yu'njt),  n.  [L.  units,  one;  unit  as,  unity ; 
It.  unit'd  ; Sp.  unidad;  Fr.  unite.) 

1.  One  ; the  least  whole  number,  or  the  root 

of  numbers.  Bentley. 

2.  A gold  coin  of  King  James  I.  Camden. 

3.  (Math.)  A single  thing  regarded  as  a 

whole.  Davies. 

Abstract  unit,  the  number  represented  by  1 ; tile 
base  of  the  system  of  natural  numbers. . — Concrete 
unit,  a unit  in  which  the  kind  of  thing  is  named  ; as, 
1 .foot,  l pound,  I hour.  — Duodecimal  unit,  a unit  in 
the  scale  of  12’s.  — Fractional  unit,  the  unit  of  a 
fraction,  being  always  equal  to  the  reciprocal  of  the 
denominator:  thus  in  tile  fraction  A,  the  fractional 
unit  is  1.  — Integral  unit,  the  unit  1 ; the  unit  of  in- 
tegral numbers. — Unit  of  measure  of  any  quantity,  tile 
quantity  of  tile  same  kind  with  which  the  quantity 
is  compared  ; thus  the  unit  of  measure  of  lines  is  a 
line  of  known  or  assumed  length,  as  one  inch,  one 
yard,  &c.  Davies. 

U-NIT'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  united.  Phillips. 

U-NI-TA'RI-AN,  n.  1.  (Theol.)  A believer  in  God 
as  existing  in  one  person,  in  contradistinction  to 
one  who  believes  in  the  doctrine  of  the  Trin- 
ity. Channing. 

2.  A monotheist,  [r.]  Fleming. 

U-NI-TA'RI-AN,  a.  [L.  unitas  ; units’,  It.  Sp. 
unitario  ; Fr.  unitaire .]  Relating  to  Unitarian- 
ism  or  to  Unitarians.  Priestley. 

U-NI-TA'RT- AN-I§M,  n.  The  doctrines  or  princi- 
ples of  Unitarians.  Bclsham. 

U-NI-TA'RI-AN-IZE,  t>.  a.  & n.  To  conform  to, 
or  to  make  like,  Unitarianism.  Ec.  Rev. 

U'NI-TA-RY,  a.  Tending  to  unite;  united; 
unanimous.  Wilkinson. 

U-NITE'  (yu-nlt'),  v.  a.  [L.  unio,  uni tus ; units, 
one;  It.  mire;  Sp.  St  Fr.  unir.)  [i.  united  ; 
pp.  UNITING,  UNITED.] 

1.  To  join  into  one  ; to  combine  ; to  connect. 

The  proposition  for  uniting  both  kingdoms.  Swift. 

2.  To  cause  to  agree  ; to  make  uniform. 

The  king  proposed  nothing  more  than  to  unite  his  king- 
dom in  one  form  of  worship.  Clarendon. 

3.  To  make  to  adhere  ; to  attach.  Wiseman. 

4.  To  join  in  affection  or  interest;  to  con- 
nect; to  conjoin  ; to  associate;  to  couple. 

To  give  our  hearts  united  ceremony.  Shak. 

O,  my  soul,  come  not  thou  into  their  secret;  unto  their 
assembly,  mine  honor,  be  not  thou  united.  Gen.  xlix.  G. 

Syn.  — See  Add. 

U-NITE',  v.  n.  1.  To  join  in  an  act ; to  concur  ; 
to  act  in  concert  or  connection. 

If  you  will  now  unite  in  your  complaints.  Shak. 

2.  To  become  one;  to  coalesce;  to  be  con- 
solidated ; to  combine.  Milton. 

U-NlT'pD,  p.  a.  Joined;  attached;  connected; 
allied  : — made  to  agree  ; harmonious. 

United  Brethren,  tile  Church  of  tile  Moravian  Breth- 
ren, or  the  Moravians.  Mosheim. 

U-NIT'pD-UY,  ad.  With  union;  so  as  to  join  in 
concert ; jointly  ; amicably.  Dryden. 

U-NlT'ER,  n.  One  who,  or  that  which,  unites. 

UN-IT'IJR-A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  repeated. [u.] 
To  play  away  an  imiterable  life.  . Browne. 

U-NI''TION  (yu-nlsh'un),  n.  The  act  or  the  power 
of  uniting ; conjunction,  [r.]  Wiseman. 

U'NI-TIVE,  a.  Having  the  power  of  uniting,  [r.] 
“ Laws  . . . unitive  of  societies.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

U'NI-TIZE,  v.  a.  To  make  a unity  of.  Ch.  Reg. 

U'NjT— JAR,  n.  (Elec.)  A small  Leyden  jar, 
used  in  charging  a larger  jar  or  an  electrical 
battery,  to  measure  the  quantity  of  electricity 
accumulated,  its  inner  coating  being  connected 
with  the  charging  conductor  of  the  machine, 


UNIVERSAL 

and  the  outer  with  the  jar  or  battery’  to  be 
charged.  Daniel. 

U'NI-TY  (yfi'ne-te),  n.  [L.  unitas ; unus,  one ; 
It.  unitii ; Sp.  unidad;  Fr.  unite.) 

1.  State  or  property  of  being  one  ; oneness. 

Whatever  we  consider  as  one  thing,  suggests  to  the  under- 
standing the  idea  of  unity.  Locke. 

2.  Sameness  ; uniformity.  Blackstone. 

3.  Concord  ; agreement ; harmony. 

It  avaiieth  much  that  there  be  amongst  them  an  unite,  as 
well  in  ceremonies  as  in  doctrine.  Hooker. 

4.  (Math.)  An  entire  collection  considered 

as  a single  thing.  Davies. 

SSUD  Twenty  feet,  considered  a single  distance,  is 
unity.  Tite  number  1,  when  unconnected  with  any 
tiling  else,  is  generally  called  unity.  Davies. 

5.  (Fine  Arts.)  The  quality  of  any  work  by 
which  all  the  parts  are  subordinate  to,  or  pro- 
motive of,  one  general  design  or  effect. 

Although,  in  poetry,  it  be  absolutely  necessary  that  the  uni- 
tics  of  time,  place,  and  action  should  be  thoroughly  under- 
stood, there  is  still  something  more  essential  that  elevates  and 
astonishes  the  fancy.  Addison. 

Unities , in  the  drama,  arc  three  — of  time,  place,  and  ac- 
tion. Brande. 

6.  (Law  of  Estates.)  The  peculiar  character- 
istic of  an  estate  held  by  several  in  joint  ten- 
ancy. Burrill. 

Unity  of  interest,  (Law.)  one  of  the  properties  of  a 
joint  estate,  all  t lie  joint  tenants  being  entitled  to  one 
period  of  duration  or  quantity  of  interest  in  the  lauds. 
— Unity  of  time,  a property  of  a joint  estate,  the  es- 
tates of  all  the  tenants  being  vested  at  one  and  the 
same  period.  — Unity  of  title,  a property  of  a joint  es- 
tate, tlie  estate  of  all  tiic  tenants  being  created  by 
one  and  the  same  act,  whether  legal  or  illegal.  — 
Unity  of  possession,  a property  of  a joint  estate,  each 
of  tlie  tenants  having  tile  entire  possession  as  well  of 
every  parcel  as  of  tlie  whole.  Burrill. 

Syn.  — See  Union. 

U'NI- VALVE,  n.  [L.  unus,  one,  and  valva,  a 
valve.]  A shell  having  only  one  valve  : — a mol- 
lusk  the  shell  of  which  is  composed  of  one  piece, 
and  is  generally  convoluted  spirally.  Kirby. 

U'NI-VALVE,  a.  Having  one  valve.  Eng.  Cyc. 

U'NI-VALVED  (u'ne-v&lvd),  a.  1.  Having  only 
one  valve  ; univalvular;  univalve.  Crabb. 

2.  (Bot.)  Noting  a pod  consisting  of  only  one 
piece  after  dehiscence.  Gray. 

U-NI-VAL'VU-LAR,  a.  Having  but  one  valve  ; 
univalve  ; univalved.  P.  Cyc. 

U-NI-VER'SAL,  a.  [L.  universalis;  It.  unirer- 
sale  ; Sp.  universal ; Fr.  universel. — See  Uni- 
verse.] 

1.  Pertaining  to,  or  affecting,  all  or  the 
whole  ; general.  “ God’s  universal  law.”  Milton. 

2.  Whole  ; total ; unbroken  ; entire  ; every. 

From  harmony,  from  heavenly  harmony, 

This  universal  frame  began.  Dryden . 

3.  Comprising  all  particulars. 

From  things  particular 

She  doth  abstract  the  universal  kinds.  Davies. 

4.  (Logic.)  Asserting  or  denying  every  one 

of  the  things  spoken  of;  — in  contradistinction 
to  particular.  P.  Cyc. 

Universal  church , the  church  of  God  throughout  all 
the  world.  Staunton. — Universal  dial , a kiud  of  dial 
which  consists  of  a rod  passing  through  the  middle 
of  a circular  disk  whose  plane  is  perpendicular  to  it, 
and  to  the  direction  of  the  celestial  pole,  graduated 
uniformly  into  twenty-four  divisions.  Nichul.  — Uni- 
versal instrument , an  altitude  and  azimuth  instru- 
ment of  great  power,  so  constructed  as  to  he  port- 
able. Its  special  characteristics  are,  that  the  telescope, 
instead  of  being  a straight  tube,  is  broken  into  two 
arms  at  right  angles  to  each  other,  in  the  middle  of 
the  length  of  the  tube,  and  at  the  break  a solely  re- 
flecting prism  is  placed,  which  turns  the  rays  entering 
the  object-glass  in  a rectangular  direction.  The  eye- 
piece is  in  this  way  placed  at  the  centre  of  the  alti- 
tude circle,  and  the  telescope  becomes  free  to  move 
through  all  altitudes.  Nichol. — 

Hooke's  universal  joint , ( Machin- 
ery.)  a contrivance  for  communi- 
cating circular  motion  in  an  ob- 
lique direction.  It  consists  of  two 
shafts  or  axes,  each  terminating 
in  a semicircle,  and  connected  to- 
gether by  means  of  a cross,  upon 
which  each  semicircle  is  hinged.  Universal  joint. 
Bigelow. — Universal  lever , a contrivance  consisting 
of  a bar  moving  upon  a centre,  and  having  a mova- 
ble catch  or  hook  attached  to  each  side,  and  acting 
upon  the  oblique  teeth  of  a double  rack,  or  of  a ratch- 
et-wheel, so  that  the  alternating  motion  of  the  double 
bar  causes  a progressive  motion  of  the  rack  or  tlie 
wheel.  Bigelow. — Universal  proposition , (Logic.)  a 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


UNIVERSAL 


1589 


UNLACKEYED 


proposition  whose  predicate  is  affirmed  or  denied  of 
tlie  whole  of  the  subject.  Whately. — Universal  umbel , 
(But.)  See  Umbel. 

Syn.  — See  GENERAL. 

U-NI-VER'SAL,  n.  1.  + The  whole  ; the  universe. 
“The  nature  ...  of  the  universal.”  Iialeigh. 

2.  {Logic.)  A general  notion  framed  by  the 
human  intellect  and  predicated  of  many  things, 
on  the  ground  of  their  possessing  common 
properties,  — as  animal , which  may  be  predicat- 
ed of  man,  horse,  lion,  &c.  Fleming. 

U-NI-VER'SAL-Ii-SM,  n.  (Reel.  Hist.)  The  doc- 
trines or  belief  of  the  Universalists. 

UniveraaUsm  prevails  more  extensively  than  elsewhere  in 
Switzerland,  Germany,  Scotland,  and  England.  Eden. 

U-NI-VER'SAL-IST,  n.  1.  (Reel.  Hist.)  One  who 
holds  the  doctrine  that  all  mankind  will  be  ulti- 
mately saved.  Rden. 

2.  f One  who  affects  to  understand  all  par- 
ticulars. 

For  a modern  freethinker  is  a universal ist  in  speculation; 
any  proposition  whatever  he ’s  ready  to  decide.  Bentley. 

U-NI-VER-SAL'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being  uni- 
versal ; extension  to  the  whole  ; generality ; not 
particularity.  “ Universality  of  sin.”  South. 

U-NI-VER'SAL-IZE,  v.  a.  [i.  universalized; 
pp.  universalizing.  UNIVERSALIZED.]  To  ren- 
der universal ; to  generalize.  Coleridge. 

U-NJ-VER'SAL-LY,  ad.  Throughout  the  whole  ; 
without  exception  ; wholly  ; entirely. 

The  rules  that  God  hath  set  men  to  live  by  are  universally 
just.  Leighton . 

t Cl-NI-VER'SAL-NESS,  n.  Universality.  More. 

U'NI-VERSE,  n.  [L.  universum  ; universus,  uni- 
versal; units,  one,  and  verto,  versus,  to  turn, 
— i.  e.  turned  or  combined  into  one  whole  ; It. 

Sp.  uni  verso  ; Fr.  univers.)  The  whole  crea- 
tion, including  the  solar  system,  the  stars  and 
every  thing  else  contained  in  space  ; the  aggre- 
gate of  all  created  existing  things ; the  sum  of 
created  existence  ; the  world ; cosmos.  Hamilton. 

Father  of  heaven ! 

Whose  nod  called  out  this  universe  to  birth.  Prior. 

Syn. — The  world  comprises  the  earth  and  its  in- 
habitants ; the  universe , (lie  mass  of  worlds,  suns, 
stars,  and  all  other  bodies  that  exist. 

U-NI-VElt'SI-TY,  n.  [L.  univevsitas , the  whole, 
the  universe,  a society  ; It.  university,  a uni- 
versity; Sp.  univcrsidacl ; Fr.  universite.  — See 
Universe.] 

1.  f The  whole  ; the  universe.  Barrow. 

. The  great  womb 

From  whence  all  things  in  the  university 
Yclud  in  divers  form  do  gayly  bloom, 

And  after  fade  away.  More. 

2.  f A society  ; a company  ; a community  ; 

a corporation.  Anderson. 

As  for  the  name  ( universitas ),  it  was  not  confined,  in  the 
middle  ages,  to  scientific  bodies;  it  was  used  in  a sense  equiv- 
alent to  our  word  corporation.  There  were  universities  of 
.tailors  iu  those  days.  1\  Cyc. 

3.  A school  or  seminary  of  learning  of  the 
highest  class,  in  which  various  branches  of  lit- 
erature and  science,  including  sometimes  the- 
ology, law,  and  medicine,  are  taught,  and  in 
which  degrees  are  conferred  on  individuals  w’ho 
are  found  on  examination  to  possess  certain 
qualifications,  or  who  have  complied  with  cer- 
tain prescribed  conditions. 

As  I believe  tile  English  universities  are  the  best  places  in 
the  world  for  those  who  can  profit  by  them,  so  I think  tor  the 
idle  and  self-indulgent  they  are  about  the  very  worst.  Arnold. 

While  I play  the  good  husband  at  home,  my  son  and  ser- 
vants spend  all  at  the  university.'  Shat'. 

tar  In  the  middle  ages,  the  Latin  term  universitas 
signified  the  whole  body  of  students,  or  of  students 
and  teachers,  assembled  in  a place  of  education,  with 
corporate  rights,  and  under  bye-laws  of  their  own  ; in 
later  times,  also,  the  name  was  held  to  imply  that  all 
branches  of  study  were  taught  in  a university.  Braude. 

Syn.  — See  School. 

U-NIV'O-CAL,  a.  [L.  univocus  ; unus,  one,  and 
vox,  a voice,  a word.] 

1.  Having  only  one  sense  or  meaning  ; — op- 
posed to  equivocal. 

Univocal  words  are  such  as  signify  but  one  ides,  or  at  least, 
but  one  son  of  thing.  Watts. 

2.  Pursuing  always  one  tenor  ; certain  ; reg- 
ular. “ Unicocal  uniformity.”  [it.]  Browne. 

U-NIV'O-CAL,  n.  ( Aristotelian  Logic.)  A generic 
word  ; a word  of  which  both  the  genus  and  the 
difference  are  predicable  of  many  different 
species.  Brande. 

U-Nl  V'O-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  one  term  ; in  one  sense; 
in  one  tenor  ; not  equivocally. 


The  same  word  may  be  employed  either  univocaVn.  equiv- 
ocally, or  analogously.  Whately. 

U-NI  V-O-CA'TION,  n.  Agreement  or  coincidence 
of  name  and  meaning,  [r.]  Whiston. 

UN-JAR'IUNG,  a.  Not  jarring;  concordant. 

UN-JAUN'DjCED  (un-jiin'dist),  a.  Not  jaundiced  ; 
not  callous.  “ An  unjaundiced  eye.”  Cowper. 

UN-JEAL'OUS,  a.  Not  jealous.  Clarendon. 

f UN-JOIN', u.  a.  Toseparate;  to  disjoin. Chaucer. 

UN-JOINED'  (-jolnd'),  a.  Not  joined  ; disjoined. 

UN-JOINT',  v.  a.  To  separate  ; to  disjoint.  Fuller. 

UN-JOINT'JJD,  a.  Not  jointed;  separated.  Milton. 

UN-JOLT'yD,  a.  Not  jolted  or  jarred.  Ash. 

UN-JOY'FUL,  a.  Not  joyful;  sad.  Taller. 

ON-JOY'FUL-LY,  ad.  Without  joy;  joylessly. 

UN-JOY'OUS,  a.  Not  joyous;  sad.  Milton. 

UN-JOY'OUS-LY,  ad.  Not  joyously.  Clarke. 

UN-JUDGED'  (un-judjd'),  re.  Not  judged  nr  de- 
cided ; not  judicially  determined.  Prior. 

UN-JUST',  re.  Not  just ; contrary  to  justice  or  equi- 
ty ; iniquitous  ; inequitable;  unfair;  dishonest; 
wicked  ; — used  both  of  persons  and  things. 

Hear  what  the  lui just  judge  saith.  Luke  xviii.  (1. 

Unjust  usurpations  and  extortions.  King  Charles. 

Syn. — See  Wicked. 

t UN-JUS'TICE,  n.  Injustice.  Hale. 

UN-JUS'Tj-Fl-A-BLE,  re.  That  cannot  be  justi- 
fied, vindicated,  or  defended;  wrong;  unjust. 

For  a man  to  give  his  opinion  of  what  lie  sees  but  in  part, 
is  an  unjustifiable  piece  of  rashness.  Addison. 

UN-JUS'TI-Fl- A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of 

being  unjustifiable.  Kettlewell. 

UN-JUS'TI-FI-A-BLy,  ad.  In  a manner  that  can- 
not be  justified  or  defended.  Bailey. 

UN-JUS'TI-FIED  (un-jus'te-f  Id),  re.  Not  justified  ; 
not  cleared  from  imputation  of  guilt.  Dryden. 

UN-JUST'Ly,  ad.  In  an  unjust  manner.  Milton. 

UN-JUST'NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality  of 
being  unjust;  injustice,  [it.]  Hale. 

UN  KpD,  ) a.  [A.  corruption  of  uncouth .] 

UN'KjD,  ) 1.  f Odd ; strange.  Butler,  1634. 

2.  Solitary  ; dreary ; dull.  [Local.]  Baker. 

fUN-KEMMED  (un-kemd'),  I a [L.  incomp t US ?\ 

f UN-KEMPT'  (un-keint'),  S 1.  Notkembedor 
combed ; uncombed.  May. 

2.  Unpolished,  as  rhymes.  Spenser. 

j- UN-KENNED' (un-kend'),  re.  Unknown.  Daniel. 

UN-KEN'N£L,  V.  a.  [t.  UNKENNELLED  ; pp.  UN- 
KENNELLING, UNKENNELLED.] 

1.  To  drive  or  take  from  a kennel,  hole,  or 
hiding-place.  “ We’ll  unkennel  the  fox.”  Shak. 

2.  To  rouse  from  secrecy  or  retreat. 

If  his  occult  guilt 

Does  not  itself  unkennel  in  one  speech. 

It  is  a damned  ghost  that  we  have  seen.  Shale. 

t UN-KENT',  re.  Unknown;  unkenned.  Spenser. 

UN-KEPT',  a.  Not  kept;  not  retained;  — unob- 
served ; unobeyed,  as  an  ordinance.  Hooker. 

UN-KER'CHl  EFED  (un-ker'chjft),  re.  Having  on 
or  wearing  no  kerchief.  Coicper. 

fUN'KETH,  re.  Uncouth.  Holinshed. 

UN-KILLED'  (un-klld'),  a.  Not  killed.  Homilies. 

UN-KIND',  a.  1.  Not  kind;  unfriendly;  not  be- 
nevolent; not  humane  ; not  favorable ; hard. 

Rich  gifts  wax  poor,  when  givers  are  unkind.  Shak. 

Our  author  seems  a little  unkind.  Locke. 

2.  f Unnatural ; unkindly.  Spenser. 

Syn.  — See  Hard. 

CN-KlN'DLED  (-kln'dld),  re.  Not  kindled.  Young. 

UN-KIND'LI-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  un- 
kindly ; unfavorableness.  IJakewill. 

UN-KIND'LY,  re.  1.  Unnatural ; contrary  to  na- 
ture. “ Her  broods  unkindly  crime.”  Drytlen. 

2.  Malignant ; unfavorable.  Milton. 

UN-KIND'LY,  atl.  1.  Without  kindness  ; without 
affection.  “ If  we  unkindly  part.”  Dryden. 

2.  Contrarily  to  nature  ; unnaturally.  '■‘Un- 
kindly mixed.”  Milton. 


UN-KlND'NpSS,  n.  Want  of  kindness  ; want  of 
affection  ; malevolence  ; malignity  ; ill-will. 

f UN-IClN'DIiyD,  re.  Not  of  the  same  kin.  Rowe. 

UN-KING',  v.  re.  To  deprive  of  royalty.  Shak. 

UN-KlNG'LIKE,  a.  Unkingly  ; not  royal.  Shak. 

UN-KING'LY,  re.  Unbecoming  a king.  Rowe. 

f UN-KISS',  v.  re.  To  retract  or  undo,  as  an  oath  ; 
— alluding  to  the  ceremony  of  kissing  the  book. 

Let  me  unkiss  the  oath  ’twixt  thee  and  me; 

Aud  yet  not  so,  tor  with  a kiss  ’t  was  made.  Shak. 

UN-KISSED'  (un-klst'),  re.  Not  kissed.  Shak. 

UN'KLE  (ung'kl),  n.  See  Uncle.  Dryden. 

UN-KNEAD'IJD, a.  Not  kneaded  or  worked.  ‘‘Un- 
kneadetl  dough.”  Rlegy  on  Dr.  Donne. 

UN-KNELLED'  (un-neld'),  a.  Not  having  the  bell 
tolled  at  death.  Byron. 

UN-KNIGHT'LY  (un-nlt'le),  a.  Unbecoming  a 
knight.  “ Their  unkniyhtly  errand.”  Spenser. 

UN-KNIT'  (-nit'),  v.  re.  [t.  unknit,  unknitted  ; 
pp.  unkxitti.no,  unknit,  unknitted.]  To 
separate  or  loosen,  as  that  which  is  knit.  Shak. 

UN-KNIT'  (un-nit'),  p.  a.  Not  united;  not  knit. 
“ Like  tender,  unknit  joints.”  Beau.  A FI. 

UN-K  ’OT'  (un-not'),  v.  re.  To  free  from  knots. 

UN-KN()T'TpD  (un-not'ted),  re.  Not  knotted  ; 
freed  from  knots.  “ Unknotteil  twine.”  Dyer. 

UN-KNOT'TY  (un-not'le),  re.  Not  knotty;  having 
no  knots.  “ Unknottecl  fir.”  Sandys. 

UN-KNOW'  (-no'),  v.  a.  1.  To  cease  to  know.  Smith. 

2.  f'To  be  ignorant  of.  Wicklijfc. 

UN-KNOW' A-BLE  (un-no'si-bl),  a.  That  cannot  be 
known ; not  cognoscible. 

fit'} ' “ Mind  and  matter,  as  known  nr  knotrnblr,  are 
only  two  different  series  of  phenomena  or  qualities  ; 
mind  and  matter,  as  unknown  and  unknowable,  are 
the  two  substances  in  which  these  two  different  series 
of  phenomena  are  supposed  to  inhere.”  Sir  TV.  Ham- 
ilton. 

IJN-KNOW'ING  (un-no'jng),  re.  Not  knowing; 
ignorant.  Dryden. 

These  were  they  whose  souls  the  furies  steeled. 

And  cursed  with  hearts  unknowing  how  to  yield.  Pope. 

UN-KNOW'ING-LY  (un-no'ing-Ie),  ad.  Without 
knowledge ; ignorantly.  Dryden. 

t UN- KN 6 WL'F.D^ED  (-ejd),  re.  Unacknowledged. 
“ Unknowlcdyed  or  unsent.”  B.  Jonson. 

UN-KNOWN'  (un-non'),  re.  1.  Not  known  ; not 
perceived.  “Not  unknovm  to  fame.”  Dryden. 

2.  Greater  than  is  imagined  ; unascertained. 

Ail  unknown  advantage  to  the  kingdom.  Jlacon. 

3.  Not  having,  or  having  had,  cohabitation. 

I am  yet  unknown  to  woman.  Shak. 

4.  Not  having  communication. 

At  a little  inn,  the  man  of  tiie  house  . . .had,  unknown  to 
Sir  Roger,  put  him  up  in  a sign-post.  Addison. 

Unknown  quantity  of  a problem  or  equation,  (Algebra.) 
the  quantity  whose  value  is  to  be  determined. 

Syn.  — See  Secret. 

f UN-KNOWN'NIJSS,  n.  State  of  not  being  known. 
“ The  unknownness  of  that  sea.”  Camden. 

f UN-KON'NING,  re.  Not  cunning  or  knowing.  “ I 
am  young  and  unkonning.”  Chaucer. 

UN-LA'BORED  (un-la'bord),  a.  1.  Not  produced 
by  labor.  “ Unlabored  harvests.”  Drytlen. 

2.  Not  cultivated  by  labor  ; unworked ; un- 
tilled. “ The  unlabored  field.”  Blackmore. 

3.  Spontaneous  ; voluntary  ; natural. 

From  the  theme  unlabored  beauties  rise.  Tick  ell. 

4.  Not  labored  or  constrained ; easy;  free. 

UN-LA-BO'RI-OUS,  re.  Not  laborious;  not  diffi- 
cult to  be  done  ; easy.  Milton. 

UN-LACE',  v.  re.  [i.  unlaced  ; pp.  unlacing, 
unlaced.] 

1.  To  loosen  or  free  from  lacing;  to  loosen 
or  untie  the  laces  of ; to  untie.  Spenser. 

The  helmet  from  my  brow  unlaced.  Pope. 

2.  To  divest  of  ornaments.  [r.J  Shak. 

3.  (Naut.)  To  loosen  and  take  off  from  its 
principal  part,  as  the  bonnet  of  a sail.  Mar.  Diet. 

UN-LACK'£YED  (un-lak'jd),  re.  Not  attended  by  a 
lackey  or  by  lackeys.  Cowper. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOIt,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  9,  5,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  ^ res  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


UNLADE 


1590 


UNLUSTROUSLY 


UN-LADE',  V.  a.  [i.  UNLADED  ; pp.  UNLADING, 
unladen  or  unladed.]  To  take,  remove,  or 
put  out  of  a vessel ; to  unload. 

For  there  the  ship  was  to  unlade  her  burden.  Acts  xxi.  3. 

UN-LA'DY-LIkE,  a.  Not  ladylike.  Farrar. 

f UN'LAfgE,  n.  [A.  S.  tin,  without,  and  lag,  a 
law.]  An  unjust  law.  Cowell. 

IJN-LAID',  a.  1.  Not  laid  or  placed  ; not  fixed. 
The  first  foundations  of  the  world  being  as  yet  unlaid. Hooker. 

2.  Not  pacified;  not  stilled  ; not  allayed,  [r.] 

Meagre  hag,  or  stubborn,  unlaid  ghost.  Milton. 

3.  Not  laid  out,  as  a corpse.  B.  Jonson. 

UN-LA-MENT'1JD,  a.  Not  lamented;  not  de- 
plored. “ He  died  unlamented.”  Clarendon. 

UN-LAP',  v.  a.  To  unfold.  Wickliffe. 

UN-LARD'pD,  a.  Not  larded  or  stuffed  : — not  in- 
termixed or  inserted  by  way  of  improvement. 

Speak  the  language  of  the  company  you  are  in;  speak  it 
purely,  and  unlarded  with  any  other.  Chesterfield. 

UN-LASII',  V.  a.  [l.  UNLASHED  ; pp.  UNLASHING, 
unlashed.]  (Xaut.)  To  loose  from  lashing,  or 
from  that  which  lashes  or  binds.  Ash. 

UN-LATCH',  v.  a.  To  open  by  lifting  the  latch. 
“ My  worthy  wife  the  door  unlatched.”  Drydcn. 

UN-LATH'ERED  (-lath'erd),  a.  Not  lathered.  Ash. 

UN-LAUNCHED'  (un-lancht'),  a.  Not  launched. 

UN-LAU'RELLED  (un-lor'reld),  a.  Not  crowned  or 
decorated  with  laurel ; not  honored.  Byron. 

UN-LAV'ISH,  a.  Not  lavish  ; frugal.  Thomson. 

UN-LAv'ISHED  (un-lav'jslit),  a.  Not  lavished  or 
wasted ; not  spent  wastefully.  Shcnstone. 

f UN-LAW',  v.  a.  To  annul,  as  a law. 

[Guilt]  for  remedy  will  unlaw  the  law.  JV.  Bacon. 

UN'lAW,  n.  {Scotch  Law.)  An  amercement : — 
a violation  of  the  law.  Jamieson. 

UN-L.\W'FUL,  a.  Contrary  to,  or  not  permitted  by, 
law ; not  lawful ; illegal : — illegitimate.  Shah. 

Unlawful  assembly,  (Ena.  Law.)  the  meeting  of  three 
or  more  persons  to  do  an  unlawful  act.  fVhishaw. 
(American  Law.)  Three  or  more  persons  assembled 
under  such  circumstances,  and  deporting  themselves 
in  such  a manner  as  to  produce  danger  to  the  public 
peace  and  tranquillity,  and  which  excites  terror,  alarm, 
and  consternation  in  the  neighborhood.  Burrill. 

UN-LAW'FUL-LY,  ad.  1.  In  an  unlawful  man- 
ner ; contrarily  to  law ; illegally.  Bp.  Taylor. 

2.  Illegitimately  ; not  by  marriage.  Shah. 

UN-LA  W'FUL-NESS,  n.  1.  The  state  of  being  un- 
lawful ; contrariety  to  law.  Hooker. 

2.  Illegitimacy,  as  of  a child.  Johnson. 

ON-LA W'LlKE,  a.  Not  resembling  law.  Milton. 

UN-LAY',  V.  a.  ft.  UNLAID  ; pp.  UNLAYING,  UN- 
LAID.]  (Naut .)  To  untwist  or  separate  the  folds 
or  strands  of,  as  of  a rope  or  cable.  Ansoti. 

UN-LEAD'ED,  a.  Not  leaded  or  having  leads.  Ash. 

UN-LEARN'  (un-lern'),  V.  a.  [*.  UNLEARNED  or 
UNLEARNT;  pp.  UNLEARNING,  UNLEARNED  Or 
unlearnt.]  To  forget  or  lose  after  having 
learned.  “ To  unlearn  that  art.”  Daniel. 

UN-LEARN'A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  learned  or 
taught ; indocible.  Ed.  llev. 

UN-LEARN'ED,  a.  1.  Not  learned  ; uneducated ; 
illiterate  ; ignorant ; unlettered.  Locke. 

2.  Not  suitable  to  a learned  man.  [r.] 

I will  prove  these  verses  to  be  very  unlearned.  Shak. 

UN-LEARN'EI)-LY,  ad.  Ignorantly.  Browne. 

UN-LiiARN'?D-N£SS,  n.  Want  of  learning ; il- 
literateness ; ignorance.  Sylvester. 

tJN-LEASED'  (un-lest’),  a.  Not  leased.  Ash. 

UN-LEA V'ENED  (un-lfiv'vnd),  a.  Not  leavened  or 
fermented,  as  bread.  Exod.  ii.  39. 

UN-LECT'URED  (Hn-lekt'yurd),  a.  Not  lectured, 
or  taught  by  lecture.  Young. 

UN-LED',  a.  Not  led;  not  conducted.  Clarke. 

f UN-LEEV'A-BLE,  a.  Unbelieving.  Wickliffe. 

UN-LEG'A-CIED  (-leg'fi-sjd),  a.  Having  no  legacy. 


UN-LEI'§URED  (un-le'zhurd),  a.  Not  having  lei- 
sure. “ Her  unleisured  thoughts.”  [r.]  Sidney. 

]-  UN-LEI'§URED-NESS (un-IuV.mrd-nes),  n.  Want 
of  leisure  ; constant  employ  . ucut.  Boyle. 

UN-LENT',  a.  Not  lent.  Williams. 

UN-LESS',  conj.  [Imperative  of  A.  S.  onlesan,  or 
unlesan,  to  unloose,  to  dismiss.  Tookc. — Mere- 
ly on  less,  i.  e.  at  or  for  less.  B.  Garnett .]  Ex- 
cept; if  not;  supposing  that  not. 

The  commendation  of  adversaries  is  the  greatest  triumph 
of  a writer,  because  it  never  comes  unless  extorted.  Drydcn. 
No  poet  ever  sweetly  sung. 

Unless  he  were,  like  Phtebus,  young, 

Nor  ever  nymph  inspired  to  rhyme, 

Unless , like  Venus,  in  her  prime.  Swift. 

UN-LESS'ENED  (un-les'snd),  a.  Not  lessened  or 
diminished  ; not  made  smaller.  Butler. 

UN-LES'SONED  (un-les'snd),  a.  Not  taught ; not 
instructed ; uneducated,  [u.]  Shak. 

f UN-LET'TpD,  a.  Not  hindered.  Chaucer. 

UN-LET'TERED  (un-let'terd),  a.  Unlearned;  un- 
taught ; illiterate  ; uneducated.  Milton. 

UN-LET'TIJRED-NESS,  n.  Unlearnedness  ; illit- 
erateness; ignorance.  Waterhouse. 

UN-LEV'JJL,  a.  Not  level ; uneven.  Steevens. 

UN-LEV' gLLED  (un-lev'eld),  a.  N ot  levelled. 

UN-LEV'IED  (un-lev'id),  a.  Not  levied.  Ash. 

UN-LI-BID'I-NOUS,  a.  Not  libidinous  ; not  lust- 
ful ; pure  from  carnality.  Milton. 

UN-Ll 'CENSED  (-ll'senst),  a.  Not  licensed.  Pope. 

UN-LlCKED'  (qn-likt'),  a.  Not  licked  ; not 
formed  ; shapeless  ; — “ from  the  opinion  that 
the  bear  licks  her  young  to  shape.”  Johnson. 
“ Unlicked  bear-whelps.”  Donne. 

UN-LlFT'pD,  a.  Notlifted;  not  raised.  Byron. 

ON-LlGHT'ED  (un-llt'ed),  a.  Not  lighted  ; not 
set  on  fire  ; not  ignited  ; unkindled.  Prior. 

UN-LlGIIT'SOME  (un-llt'sum),  a.  Wanting  light ; 
dark  ; gloomy  ; obscure  ; dim.  Milton. 

UN-LIKE',  a.  1.  Not  like  ; dissimilar  ; different. 

2.  Unlikely;  improbable,  [r.]  Bacon. 

Unlike  quantities , (Algebra.)  quantities  expressed  by 
different  letters,  or  by  different  powers  of  the  same 
letter  ; thus  a,  b,  at,  and  ah,  are  ail  unlike  quantities. 
— Unlike  signs,  the  different  signs  -)-  and  — . Hutton. 

Syn.  — See  Different. 

UN-LI KE'LI-HOOD  (un-HkTe-hfid),  n.  Unlikeli- 
ness ; improbability.  South. 

UN-LIKE 'LI- NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  un- 
likely; improbability;  unlikelihood.  Locke. 

UN-LIKE'LY,  a.  1.  Not  likely;  improbable;  not 
such  as  can  be  reasonably  expected.  Sidney. 

2.  Not  promising ; unpromising.  Denham. 

UN-LlKE'LY,  ad.  Not  likely;  improbably.  Pope. 

+ UN-LIK'EN,  p.a.  To  feign  ; to  pretend.  Wickliffe. 

UN-LIKE'Nf.SS,  n.  Dissimilitude;  difference. 

Syn.  — See  Difference,  Diversity. 

UN-LIM'BJgR,  a.  Not  limber  ; stiff.  Wotton. 

UN-LI.M'BER,  v.  a.  {Artillery .)  To  remove  the 
limber  from,  as  a gun.  Stocqueler. 

UN-LlM'IT-A-BLE,  a.  Illimitable,  [r.]  Locke. 

UN-Ll.M'IT-ED,  a.  1.  Not  limited;  having  no 
limits;  unbounded;  boundless.  Boyle. 

2.  Undefined ; indefinite  ; not  limited  or 

bounded  by  proper  exceptions.  Hooker. 

3.  Not  restrained  ; unconstrained.  Rogers. 

Unlimited  problem,  (Math.)  a problem  which  admits 

of  an  infinite  number  of  solutions;  — called  also  in- 
determinate problem.  Davies. 

Syn.  — See  Absolute,  Boundless. 

UN-LIM'IT-jpD-Ly,  ad.  Boundlessly;  without 
bounds  or  limits.  Dec.  of  Chr.  Piety. 

UN-LIM'IT-ED-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  un- 
limited ; boundlessness.  South. 

UN-LIN'5-AL,  a.  Not  lineal ; not  coming  in 
order  of  succession,  as  an  heir.  Shak. 

UN-LINED'  (un-llnd'),  a.  Not  lined.  Spenser. 

UN-LINK'  (un-llngk',  82),  v.  a.  To  separate  the 
links  of;  to  untwist;  to  open.  Shak. 


UN-L I'  CiU If.-FI ED  (un-llk'we-fld),  a.  Not  lique- 
fied ; unmelted  ; undissolved.  Addison. 

UN-Ll"aUI-DAT-i:D  ( un-llk' we-dut-ed),  a.  Not 
liquidated  ; not  settled  or  paid.  S.  Smith. 

Unliquidated  damages,  (Law.)  such  damages  as  are 
unascertained.  Bouvier. 

UN-LF'CiUORED  (un-llk'kurd),  a.  1.  Not  wet  or 
moistened.  Bp.  Hall. 

2.  Not  filled  with  liquor;  not  drunk.  Milton. 

UN-LIS'TEN-ING  (un-lls'sn-lng),  a.  Not  listening 
or  hearing  ; inattentive  ; deaf.  Thomson. 

UN-LIT'yR-A-RY,  a.  Not  literary.  For.  Qu.Rcv. 

UN-LIVE',  v.  a.  To  live  contrary  to  ; to  kill,  [it.] 

We  must  unlive  our  former  lives.  Glanvill. 

UN-LlVE'LI-NESS,  n.  Want  of  liveliness  ; dul- 
ness ; heaviness.  Milton. 

UN-LIVE'LY,  a.  Not  lively  ; dull.  Ash. 

UN-LOAD'  (fin-lod'),  v.  a.  [i.  unloaded  ; pp.  un- 
loading, unloaded.]  To  remove  a load  from  ; 
to  discharge  of  a load  ; to  unlade.  Shak. 

UN-LOAD'ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  unloads  ; 
the  discharging  of  a load  or  cargo.  A.  Smith. 

UN-LO'CAT-ED,  a.  Not  located  or  placed.  Smart. 

UN-LOCK',  v.  a.  [i.  unlocked  ; pp.  unlock- 
ing, unlocked.]  To  unfasten  the  lock  of,  or  to 
open  by  unfastening  that  which  locks.  Drydcn. 

UN-LOCKED'  (-lolct'),  a.  No^ locked.  Johnson. 

UN-LODfjJE',  v.  a.  To  deprive  of  a lodging  or 
resting-place  ; to  dislodge.  Cumberland. 

ON-LODGED'  (un-lojd'),  a.  Not  lodged.  Carew. 

UN-LOOKED'— FOR  (un-lukt'-),  a.  Not  looked 
for  ; unexpected ; not  foreseen.  Sidney. 

UN-LOOPED'  (un-lopt'),  a.  Not  made  into  a loop, 
or  not  fastened  by  a loop.  Gay. 

UN-LOOSE',  v.  a.  [A.  S.  onlesan,  unlesan,  on- 
lysan .]  [*.  unloosed  ; pp.  unloosing,  un- 

loosed.] To  unbind  ; to  loosen  ; to  loose.  Shak. 

■ Johnson  says  of  unloose,  that  it  is  “ a wonl  per- 
haps barbarous  and  ungrammatical,  tile  particle  pre- 
fixed implying  negation.”  It  is,  however,  derived 
directly  from  the  A.  S.  unlesan,  as  loose  is  from  the 
A.  S.  lesan.  Tile  prefix  un,  in  this  case,  is  to  be  re- 
garded as  merely  intensive. 

UN-LOOSE',  v.  n.  To  fall  in  pieces  ; to  lose  all 
union  or  connection,  [r.] 

Without  this  virtue,  tile  public  virtue  must  unloose.  Collier. 

ClN-LOO'SEN  (-sn),  v.  a.  To  unloose,  [r.]  Knox. 

UN-LORD' ED,  a.  Not  raised  or  preferred  to  the 
rank  of  a lord.  Milton. 

t UN-LORD'ING,  n.  The  degrading  from  the  rank 
or  state  of  a lord.  Milton. 

UN-LORD'LY,  a.  Not  lordly  or  haughty.  Milton. 

UN-LO§'A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  lost.  Boyle. 

UN-LOST',  a.  Not  lost ; not  destroyed.  Young. 

UN-LOVE',  v.  a.  To  destroy  or  lose  one’s  love 
for.  “ I cannot  unlove  him.”  [it.]  Spectator. 

UN-LOVED'  (un-luvd'),  a.  Not  loved.  Sidney. 

UN-LO  VE'LI-NESS,  n.  Want  of  loveliness  ; un- 
amiableness.  Sidney. 

UN-LOVE'LY,  a.  Not  lovely.  Beaumont. 

tJN-LOV'ING,  a.  Not  loving ; not  fond.  Shak. 

UN-LU'BRI-CAT-5D,a.  Not  lubricated. Blackwood. 

UN-LUCK'I-LY,  ad.  Unfortunately  ; not  luckily  ; 
by  ill  luck  or  fortune.  Addison. 

UN-LUCK'I-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  un- 
prosperous  or  unlucky  ; unfortunateness.  Scott. 

UN-LUCK'Y,  a.  1.  Not  lucky  ; unfortunate  ; un- 
successful; — unhappy;  miserable.  Spenser. 

2.  Ill-omened  ; inauspicious.  Drydcn. 

3.  Slightly  mischievous  ; mischievously  wag- 
gish. [Colloquial  or  rare.]  King. 

Syn.  — See  Unhappy. 

f UN-LUST',  n.  Listlessness.  Gower. 

UN-LUS'TROIIS,  a.  Not  lustrous ; wanting  lus- 
tre or  brightness  ; dull ; dim.  Shak. 

UN-LUS'TROUS-LY,  ad.  Without  lustre.  Clarke. 


A,  E,  r,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  If,  short ; A,  ?,  [,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


UNLUSTY 


1591 


UNMINGLE 


UN-LUST' Y,  a.  1.  Not  lusty  or  vigorous. 

2.  f Listless.  Goivcr. 

UN-LUTE',  v a.  To  separate  or  free  from  cement 
or  lute.  “ Unluting  the  vessels.”  Bogle. 

UN-LUJJ-U'Rt-OUS,  a.  Not  luxurious.  Museum. 

UN-MAD'DENED  (un-mSd'dnd),  a.  Not  mad- 
dened; not  enraged;  not  exasperated.  Coleridge. 

UN-MADE',  a.  1.  Not  made<  not  formed;  not 
created.  “ An  unmade  grave.”  Shak. 

2.  Omitted  to  be  made  or  formed.  Blackmore. 

UN-mAde',  i.  & p.  from  unmake.  See  Unmake. 

f UN-MA<?'IS-TRATE,  v.  a.  To  deprive  of,  or  de- 
grade from,  the  office  of  magistrate.  Milton. 

UN-MAG-NET'IC,  a.  Not  magnetic.  Clarke. 

UN-MAG'NJF.T-iZED  (-izd),  a.  Not  magnetized. 

UN-MAG'NI-FlED  (un-mag'ne-fid),  a.  Not  magni- 
fied or  made  larger.  Ash. 

UN-MAlD'ENED  (un-ma'dnd),  a.  Deprived  of  vir- 
ginity. [h.]  Drayton. 

UN-MAlD'EN-LY  (un-ma'dn-le),  a.  Unbecoming  a 
maiden.  Bp.  Hall. 

UN-MAlLED'  (un-mald'),  a.  Not  mailed.  Ash. 

UN-MAIMED'  (un-mamd'),  a.  Not  maimed.  Pope. 

UN-M  AIN-TAlN'A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  main- 
tained or  supported.  Hale. 

UN-MA-JES'TIC,  a.  Not  majestic.  Ash. 

UN-MAK'a-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  made.  Grew. 

UN-MAKE',  v.  a.  [i.  unmade;  pp.  unmaking, 
unmade.]  To  destroy  the  form  and  essential 
qualities  of ; to  deprive  of  form  or  being.  Shak. 

UN-M A-LI' 'CIOUS  (un-mj-llsh'us),  a.  Not  mali- 
cious ; not  spiteful  or  revengeful.  Cowley. 

UN-MAL'L]J-A-BLE,  a.  Not  malleable.  Fanshawe. 

UN-mAL-LE-A-BIL'!-TY,  n.  The  state  or  the 
quality  of  being  unmalleable.  Clarke. 

UN-MAN',  V.  a.  [*’.  UNMANNED  ; pp.  UNMAN- 
NING, UNMANNED.] 

1.  To  deprive  of  the  constituent  qualities  of 
a human  being,  as  of  reason. 

Gross  errors  unman , and  strip  them  of  the  very  principles 
of  reason  and  sober  discourse.  South. 

2.  To  emasculate.  Johnson. 

3.  To  deprive  of  the  strength,  fortitude,  or 

courage  of  a man  ; to  deject.  Pope. 

4.  To  deprive  of  men,  as  a garrison.  Clarke. 

UN-MAN'A-CLED  (un-inan'j-kld),  a.  Not  mana- 
cled, fettered,  or  shackled.  Pitt. 

UN- MAN'A^rE-A-BLE,  a.  Not  manageable;  not 
easily  governed.  Waterland. 

UN-MAN'A<?E-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the 
quality  of  being  unmanageable.  Ash. 

UN-MAN'A(j}E-A-BLY,  ad.  In  an  unmanageable 
manner  ; so  as  not  to  be  managed.  Wright. 

UN-MAN'A<?ED  (un-man'jjd),  a.  Not  managed. 

UN-MAN'FUL,  a.  Not  manful ; unmanly.  More. 

tJN-MAN'FUL-LY,  ad.  Not  manfully.  Milton. 

tTN-MAN'GLED  (un-ra&ng'gld),  a.  Not  mangled. 

j-  UN-MAN'HOOD  (un-man'hud),  n.  Want  of  man- 
hood ; unmanliness.  Chaucer. 

UN-MAN' LIKE,  a.  Unmanly.  Sidney. 

UN-MAN'LI-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality  of 
being  unmanly  ; want  of  manliness.  Ash. 

UN-MAN'LY,  a.  I.  Not  manly  ; unbecoming  a 
human  being;  unmanful.  “Where  the  act  is 
unmanly."  Collier. 

2.  Unsuitable  to  a man  ; effeminate.  “With 

my  unmanly  tears.”  Beau.  <Sr  FI. 

3.  Dishonorable  ; base ; cowardly.  Clarke. 

UN-MANNED'  (un-mand'),  p.  a.  1.  Deprived  of 
the  qualities  or  spirit  of  a.  man  ; weak.  Shak. 

2.  Not  manned;  not  furnished  with  men. 

“ In  a ship  unmanned.”  Milton. 

3.  {Falconry.)  Not  made  familiar  with  man  ; 

not  tamed.  B.  Jonson. 

UN-MAN'NyRED  (-mSn'nerd),  a.  Rude  ; brutal ; 
uncivil ; ill  bred ; impolite  ; unmannerly. Dryclen. 

UN-MAN'NER-LI-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
unmannerly  ; incivility  ; ill  behavior.  Locke. 


UN-MAN'NIJR-LY,  a.  Not  mannerly;  wanting 
good  manners ; impolite  ; ill  bred  ; uncivil.  “You 
unmannerly  puppy.”  Beau.  % FI. 

UN-MAN'NpR-LY,  ad.  With  ill  manners  ; un- 
civilly ; impolitely.  Shak. 

UN-MAN'TLE,  v.  a.  [i.  ITNM ANTI.ED  ; pp.  UN- 
MANTLING, UN  mantled.]  To  divest  of  a man- 
tle or  cloak  ; to  dismantle.  IF.  Scott. 

UN-MA-NURED'  (un-ma-nurd'),  a.  Not  manured  ; 
not  made  fertile  by  manure.  Spenser. 

UN-MARKED'  (un-markt'),  a.  1.  Not  marked. 

2.  Not  observed  ; not  noted  or  regarded. 

I got  a time,  unmarked  by  any,  to  steal  away.  Shak. 

UN-MAR'KET-A-BLE,  a.  Not  marketable. 

UN-MARRED'  (un-mird'),  a.  Not  marred;  unin- 
jured ; not  hurt,  harmed,  or  spoiled.  Spenser. 

UN-MAR'RI-A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  married 
or  united ; unmarriageable.  [r.]  Milton. 

UN-MAR'RIA<?E-A-BLE,  a.  Not  marriageable  ; 
not  competent  to  be  married.  Ash. 

fjN-MAR'RIA<?E-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  or 
condition  of  being  unmarriageable.  Boag. 

UN-MAR'RIED  (un-mar'rid),  a.  Not  married. 

/*,}■“  Unmarried ,”  in  a will,  denotes  either  never 
having  been  married,  or  not  having  a husband  or  a 
wife  at  the  time.  Bnrrill. 

UN-MAR'RY,  v.  a.  To  separate  from  the  matri- 
monial contract ; to  divorce.  Milton. 

UN-MAR'SHALLED  (un-mar'shald),  a.  Not  mar- 
shalled, arranged,  or  set  in  order.  Lewis. 

f fjN-MAS'CU-LATE,  v.  a.  To  emasculate.  Fuller. 

UN-MAs'CU-LINE,  a.  Not  masculine.  Smart. 

UN-MAS'CU-LINE-LY,  ad.  In  a way  not  mascu- 
line ; effeminately.  Clarke. 

UN-mAsk',  v.  a.  [i.  unmasked  ; pp.  unmask- 
ing, unmasked.]  To  remove  or  strip  of  a 
mask ; to  lay  open ; to  expose  to  view.  Milton. 

tjN-MASK',  v.  n.  To  put  off  the  mask.  Shak. 

UN-MASKED'  (un-miskt'),  a.  Not  masked;  open 
or  exposed  to  view.  Beau.  Sj  FI. 

UN-MASK'IJR,  n.  One  who  unmasks.  Milton. 

UN-M As'TgR-A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  mas- 
tered ; unconquerable.  Browne. 

UN-MAS'TIJRED  (un-m&s'terd),  a.  Not  mastered. 

UN-MAS'TJ-CA-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  masti- 
cated or  chewed.  Jour,  of  Science. 

UN-MATCH'A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  matched  ; 
unparalleled ; unequalled.  Milton. 

UN-MATCIIED'  (un-macht'),  a.  Not  matched ; 
matchless  ; unparalleled.  Cotcper. 

UN-MAT'EDj  a.  Not  mated  or  matched.  Ford. 

f UN-MA-TE'RI-AL,  a.  Immaterial.  Daniel. 

UN-MA-TRiC'y-LAT-ED,  a.  Not  matriculated. 
“ Unmatriculated  novices.”  Milton. 

UN-MEAN'TNG,  a.  Wanting  meaning;  having 
no  meaning  ; meaningless  ; insignificant. 

I ’ll  be  that  light,  unmeaning  thin?, 

That  smiles  with  all,  and  weeps  with  none.  Byron. 

UN-MEAN'ING-LY,  ad.  In  an  unmeaning  manner. 

tJN-MEAN'lNG-NESS,  n.  Want  of  meaning;  in- 
significance. Dr.  Campbell. 

UN-MEANT',  a.  Not  meant ; not  intended.  Ash. 

UN-MEA§'UR-A-BLE  (un-mSzh'ur-a-bl),  a.  Im- 
measurable; immense,  [r.]  Shak. 

UN-MEAfj'UR-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  be- 
ing immeasurable ; immensity,  [it.]  Ash. 

UN-MEA§'UR-A-BLY  (un-mezh'ur-j-ble),  ad.  Im- 
measurably ; immensely,  [r.]  Howell. 

UN-MEA§'URED  (un-mezh'urd),  a.  Not  meas- 
ured : — plentiful  or  extensive  beyond  meas- 
ure ; immense  ; measureless.  Cowper. 

UN-M£-£HAN'I-CAL,  a.  Not  mechanical.  Clarke. 

tjN-ME-CHAN'I-C  AL-LY,  ad.  In  an  unmechan- 
ical manner  ; not  according  to  mechanics. 

UN-ME/CH'AN-IZED  (fin-mek'sm-Izd),  a.  Not 
formed  by  mechanism.  Paley. 


fjN-MED'DLED— WITH  (un-med'dld-vvith),  a.  Not 
meddled  with  ; not  touched.  Carcw. 

UN-MED'DLING,  a.  Not  meddling;  not  inter- 
fering. Lord  Chesterfield. 

UN-MED'DLING-NESS,  n.  Absence  of  meddling 
or  interference,  [it.]  Bp.  Hall. 

UN-MED'I-TAT-pD,  a.  Not  meditated.  Milton. 

UN-MEEK',  a.  Not  meek.  E.  Erring. 

UN-MEET',  a.  Not  fit;  not  proper.  Milton. 

UN-MEET'LY,  ad.  Not  properly.  Spenser. 

UN-MEET'NIJSS,  n.  Unsuitableness.  Milton. 

UN-MEL'IO-RAT-F.D  (fin  mel'yo-rat-ed),  a.  Not 
meliorated  or  made  better.  Ash. 

UN-MEL'LOWED  (un-mel'lod),  a.  Not  mellowed  ; 
not  ripened  or  matured.  Shak. 

UN-M£-LO'DI-OUS,  a.  Not  melodious  ; harsh. 

UN-Mp-LO'DI-OUS-LY,  ad.  Not  melodiously. 

UN-MELT'pD,  a.  Not  melted;  not  dissolved. 

UN-MEN'ACED  (Hn-men'sist),  a.  Not  menaced  or 
threatened.  Wordsworth. 

UN-MEN'A9-ING,  a.  Not  menacing.  Dr.  Allen. 

UN-MEN'TION-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  not  be  men- 
tioned or  told  ; unspeakable,  [it.]  Ec.  Ilcv. 

UN-MEN'TIONED  (un-men'shund),  a.  Not  men- 
tioned or  told.  Southern. 

UN-MER'CJJ-NA-RY,  a.  Not  mercenary. 

A generous  and  unmercenary  principle.  Attevbnry. 

UN-MER'CHANT-A-BLE,  a.  Not  merchantable; 
unsalable  ; not  vendible.  Carew. 

f UN-MER'CIED  (-mer'sjd),  a.  Merciless.  Drayton. 

UN-MER'CI-FUL,  a.  1.  Not  merciful ; merciless  ; 
cruel ; inhuman  ; inexorable  ; severe.  Locke. 

2.  Unconscionable  ; exorbitant ; excessive. 
“ Unmerciful  demands  were  made.”  Pope. 

Syn.  — See  Cruel. 

UN-MER'CI-FUI.-LY,  ad.  Without  mercy  or  ten- 
derness ; not  mercifully.  Addison. 

UN-MER'CI-FUL-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
unmerciful ; cruelty  ; want  of  tenderness ; in- 
humanity ; severity.  Bp.  Taylor. 

f UN-MER'CI-LESS,  a.  Merciless.  Joyc. 

f UN-MER'IT-A-BLE,  a.  Having  no  merit.  Shak. 

fjN-MER'jT-gD,  a.  Not  merited;  not  deserved. 

UN-MER'IT-ED-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  un- 
merited or  undeserved,  [r.]  Boyle. 

UN-MER-I-TO'RI-OUS,  a.  Not  meritorious.  Ash. 

f UN-MER'RY,  a.  Not  merry  ; sad.  Chaucer. 

UN-MET',  a.  Not  met.  B.  Jo?ison. 

UN-Mf.-TAL'LIC,  a.  Not  metallic.  Clarke. 

UN-M  pT-A-MOR'PIIOSED  (fin-met-a-mor'fost),  a. 
Not  metamorphosed.  Harrington. 

UN-MET- A-PHY§'I-CAL,  a.  Not  metaphysical. 

tJN-METH'OD-IZED  (Hn-mgth'od-Izd),  a.  Not 
methodized  or  according  to  method.  Ash. 

UN-MIGII'TY  (un-ml'te),  a.  Not  mighty  or  pow- 
erful ; weak ; feeble,  [it.]  Todd. 

f UN-MILD',  a.  Not  mild;  fierce.  Gower. 

f UN-MILD'NESS,  n.  Want  of  mildness.  Milton. 

UN-MIL' I-TA-RY,  a.  Not  military.  Napier. 

On-milked'  (Sn-mJlkt'),  a.  Not  milked.  Pope. 

UN-MILLED'  (un-mild'),  a.  Not  milled,  or  stamped 
in  a mill,  as  a coin.  Leake. 

tiN-AfTND'JJD,  a.  Not  minded  ; unheeded.  Shak. 

UN-MIND'FUL,  a.  Not  mindful ; forgetful ; neg- 
ligent ; inattentive  ; heedless ; careless.  Dryden. 

UN-MIND'FUL-LY,  ad.  Negligently  ; carelessly. 

tJN-MlND'Fl)L-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  unmind- 
ful ; carelessness  ; heedlessness.  Scott. 

t CrN-MiND'ING,  n.  Unmindfulness.  Wickliffe. 

UN-MIN'GLE,  v.  a.  To  separate,  as  any  thing 
from  other  things  with  which  it  is  mixed.  "Fn- 
mingle  the  wine  from  the  water.”  [r.]  Bacon. 


m!eN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RtJLE.  — 9,  9,  9,  g,  soft ; £,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  $ as  z;  ? as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


UNMINGLEABLE 


1592 


UNOBTRUSIVE 


+ UN-MIN'GLE-A-BLE,  a.  Not  susceptive  of  mix- 
ture. “ Unmingleable  liquors.”  Boyle. 

UN-MIN'GLED  (un-mlng'gld),  a.  Not  mingled; 
unmixed  ; unadulterated  ; pure.  Shak. 

UN-MIN-IS-TE'RI-AL,  a.  Not  ministerial.  Craig. 

UN-MI-rAc'U-LOUS,  a.  Not  miraculous.  Young. 

ON-Ml'RV,  a.  Not  miry ; not  fouled  with  dirt. 

There  raay’st  thou  pass,  with  safe,  unmiry  feet.  Gay. 

UN-MISSED'  (un-mist'),  a.  Not  missed.  Gray. 

UN-MIS-TAK'A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  mis- 
taken or  misunderstood  ; clear.  Ch.  Ob. 

UN-MIS-TAk'A-BLY,  ad.  So  as  not  to  be  mis- 
taken ; without  mistake.  J.  Parker. 

UN-MIS-TA'KEN  (-kn),  a.  Not  mistaken.  Smart. 

UN-MIS-TRUST'ING,  a.  Not  mistrusting;  un- 
suspicious ; not  suspecting.  Clarke. 

UN-MIT'I-GA-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  mitigated 
or  softened.  “ Unmitigable  rage.”  Shak. 

UN-MTT'I-gAT-JJD,  a.  Not  mitigated  ; not  re- 
duced or  lessened  in  severity.  Shak. 

UN-Ml'TRE,  v.  a.  To  depose  or  to  deprive  of  a 
mitre,  as  a bishop.  Milton. 

UN-MIXED'  (un-mlkst'),  a.  Not  mixed  or  min- 
gled ; unmingled  ; pure  ; clear.  Bacon. 

ON-MiXT',  a.  Unmixed.  Milton. 

UN-MOANED'  (un-mond'),  a.  Not  bemoaned  ; not 
lamented  ; not  deplored,  [k:]  Shak. 

UN-MOD'I-FI-A-RLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  modi- 
fied ; not  to  be  altered  or  qualified.  Clarke. 

UN-MOD 'I-FIED  (un-mod'e-fld),  a.  Not  modified, 
altered,  or  qualified.  Burke. 

UN-MO'DISH,  a.  Not  modish;  not  in  accordance 
with  the  fashion  ; unfashionable.  Clarke. 

ON-MOD'y-LAT-pD,  a.  Not  modulated.  Shelley. 

UN-MOIST',  a.  Not  moist ; dry.  Philips. 

UN-MOIST'ENED  (un-mbl'snd),  a.  Not  moistened. 

UN-MO-LEST'ED,  a.  Not  molested  ; undisturbed. 

UN-MOL'LI-FI-A-BLE,  a.  Not  mollifiable.  Ash. 

UN-MOL'LI-FlED  (-fid),  a.  Not  mollified.  Ash. 

UN-MO-MEN'TOUS,  a.  Not  momentous  ; of  no 
moment  or  importance.  Campbell. 

UN-MON'EYED  (un-mun'id),  a.  Havingno money  ; 
moneyless.  Shcnstone. 

UN-MO-NOP'O-LIZE,  v.  a.  To  recover  or  free 
from  monopoly,  [it.]  Milton. 

UN-MOOR',  V.  a.  [i.  UNMOORED  ; pp.  UNMOOR- 
ING, UNMOORED.] 

1.  (Naut.)  To  release,  as  a ship,  from  a state 
of  being  moored  by  heaving  up  one  anchor  and 
allowing  her  to  ride  at  a single  anchor.  Dana. 

2.  To  loose  from  land  or  anchorage.  Pope. 

0N-MOR'AL-fZED  (un-mor'-sd-Izd),  a.  Not  mor- 
alized ; untutored  by  morality.  Norris. 

UN-MOR-RISED  (un-inor'jsd),  a.  Not  dressed  for 
dancing  the  morris-dance.  Beau.  &;  FI. 

UN-MORT'GAyED  (un-mor'gajd),  a.  Not  mort- 
gaged; not  subject  to  a mortgage.  Addison. 

UN-MO R'TI-FIED  (-fid),  a.  Not  mortified. 

UN-MO-§A'IC,  a.  Contrary  to  the  law  of  Moses. 

UN-M6TH'?R-LY,  a.  Not  motherly.  Smart. 

CN-MOULD'  (un-mold'),  v.  a.  To  change  as  to 
the  form  ; to  destroy  the  shape  of.  Milton. 

UN-MOULD 'ED,  a.  Not  moulded.  Clarke. 

UN-MOUL'DpR-ING,  a.  Not  mouldering.  Bryant. 

UN- MOUND' ED,  a.  Havingno  mound  or  raised 
fence.  “ Gardens  all  unmounded.”  Holyday. 

UN-MOUNT'yD,  a.  Not  mounted.  Southey. 

UN-MOURNED'  (un-mornd'),  a.  Not  mourned  or 
lamented ; not  bewailed.  Southern. 

•f-  UN-MOV'A-BLE,  a.  Immovable.  Locke. 

f UN-MOV'A-BLY,  ad.  Immovably.  Ellis. 

UN-MOVED'  (un-movd'),  a.  1.  Not  moved;  not 
removed;  not  stirred  from  its  place.  Drydcn. 


2.  Not  changed  in  purpose  or  resolution ; 

firm  ; steadfast ; constant.  Milton. 

3.  Not  affected;  not  touched  or  altered  by 
passion;  calm;  self-possessed. 

’T  is  time  this  heart  should  he  immoi'td. 

Since  others  it  has  ceased  to  move.  Byron. 

UN-MOV'yD-LY,  ad.  Quietly;  without  emotion. 

If  you  entreat,  I will  unmovedly  hear.  Beau.  Sf  FI. 

UN-MO V'ING,  a.  1.  Having  no  motion.  Cheyne. 

2.  Not  exciting  emotion  ; unaffecting.  Johns. 

UN-MOWED  , > . Not  mowed  or  mown.  Ash. 

UN-MOWN',  ) 

UN-MUF'FLE,  v.  a.  To  remove  a muffle  from  ; to 
uncover  by  removing  a muille.  Milton. 

UN-MULLED'  (un-muld'),  a.  Not  mulled.  Ash. 

UN-MUR'DyRED  (un-mur'derd),  a.  Not  mur- 
dered ; not  killed  ; not  destroyed.  Oldham. 

UN-MUR'MURED  (un-mUr'murd),  a.  Not  mur- 
mured at ; complained  of.  Beau.  § FI. 

UN-MUR'MUR-ING,  a.  Not  murmuring.  Pollok. 

UN-MU'§I-GAL,  a.  Not  musical;  not  harmo- 
nious ; discordant ; harsh.  B.  Jonson. 

UN-MU'SI-CAL-LY,  ad.  Not  musically.  Ash. 

UN-MU§'ING,  a.  Not  musing.  Clarke. 

UN-MU'TI-LAT-yD,  a.  Not  mutilated.  Loudon. 

UN-MUZ'ZLE,  V.  a.  [t.  UNMUZZLED  ; pp.  UNMUZ- 
ZLING, unmuzzled.]  To  loose  from  a muzzle. 

The  hell-hounds  of  war,  on  all  sides,  will  be  uncoupled 
and  unmuzzled.  Burke. 

UN-MUZ'ZLED  (un-muz’zld),  p.  a.  Not  muzzled. 

UN-MYS-TE'RI-OUS,  a.  Not  mysterious.  Young. 

UN-NAlL',  v.  a.  To  deprive  of  nails  ; to  draw  the 
nail  or  nails  from.  Evelyn. 

UN-NAMED'  (un-namd'),  a.  Not  named.  Milton. 

UN-NA"TION-AL  (fin-nSsh'un-jl),  a.  Not  national. 

UN-NA'TjVE,  a.  Not  native;  foreign.  Thomson. 

UN-NAt'IT-RAL  (Hn-nSt'yu-rjl),  a.  1.  Not  natu- 
ral ; contrary  to  nature  or  to  the  common  in- 
stincts or  feelings ; uncommon.  Shak. 

Unnatural  deeds  do  breed  unnatural  troubles.  Shak. 

2.  Acting  without  the  affections  implanted 

by  nature,  as  a son  or  a mother.  Denham. 

3.  Not  agreeable  to  nature  or  to  the  real  state 
of  persons  or  things  ; forced  ; strained  ; con- 
strained ; affected;  artificial. 

Glittering  trifles,  that,  in  a serious  poem,  are  nauseous, 
because  they  are  unnatural.  JDryden. 

Syn.  — See  Preternatural,  Violent. 

UN-NAT'U-RAL-IZE,  v.  a.  To  make  unnatural  ; 
to  divest  of  natural  affections.  Hales. 

UN-NAt'U-R  AL-LY,  ad.  Not  naturally  ; in  op- 
position to  nature.  Tillotson. 

UN-NAT'y-RAL-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
unnatural ; contrariety  to  nature.  Sidney. 

t UN-NA'TURE  (un-nat'yut),  V.  a.  To  change  or 
take  away  the  nature  of.  Sidney. 

UN-NAv'I-GA-BLE,  a.  Not  navigable.  Cowley. 

UN-NAv'I-GAT-ED,  a.  Not  navigated  ; not  sailed 
over.  “ Seas  unnavigated  and  unknown.”  Cook. 

UN-NEy'ES-SA-UI-LY,  ad.  Without  necessity; 
without  need  ; needlessly.  Hooker. 

UN-NEQ'$S-SA-R!-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 

unnecessary  ; needlessness.  Dec.  of  Chr.  Piety. 

0N-NE9'£S-SA-RY,  a.  Not  necessary  ; not  need- 
ed or  wanted;  needless;  useless.  Bacon. 

UN-NE-CES'SI-TAT-ED,  a.  Not  necessitated  or 
required  by  necessity.  Smart. 

UN-NEED'IJD,  a.  Not  needed.  Wilson. 

ON-NEED'FUL,  a.  Not  needed;  not  wanted; 
needless ; unnecessary,  [r.]  Milton. 

UN-NEIGH'BORED  (un-na'burd),  a.  Not  neigh- 
borly or  near ; unconnected.  Cowper. 

On-neigh 'bor-ly  ( un-na'biir-le),  a.  Not  neigh- 
borly ; not  suitable  to  the  duties  of  a neighbor  ; 
not  kind;  not  friendly.  Garth. 

tJN-NEfGH'BOR-LY  (un-na'bur-le),  ad.  In  a man- 
ner not  suitable  to  a neighbor  ; with  unkind- 
ness or  malevolence  ; unkindly.  Shak. 


t UN-NER'VATE,  a.  Enervate;  weak.  Broome. 

UN-NERVE',  V.  a.  [L  UNNERVED  ; pp.  UNNERV- 
ING, UNNERVED.]  To  deprive  of  nerve  or  force  ; 
to  weaken  ; to  enfeeble.  Addison. 

UN-NERVED'  (un-nervd'),  a.  Deprived  of  nerve 
or  strength  ; weak  ; feeble  ; nerveless.  Shak. 

UN-NES'TLE  (un-nes'sl),  V.  a.  To  dislodge,  as 
from  a nest ; to  eject,  [r.]  Bacon. 

fUN-NETH',  lad.  Scarcely;  hardly. — See 

f UN-NETIIES,  ) Uneath.  Spenser. 

ON-NEU'TRAL,  a.  Not  neutral.  Clarke. 

UN-NIG'GARD-LY,  a.  Not  niggardly.  Tucker. 

f UN-NO'BLE,  a.  Not  noble  ; ignoble.  Shak. 

fUN-NO'BLY , ad.  Ignobly'.  Beau.  § FI. 

UN-NOM'I-NAT-PD,  a.  Not  nominated.  Ash. 

UN-NOT'ED,  a.  1.  Not  noted  ; not  heeded.  Shak. 

2.  Not  honored.  “ Unwept,  unnoted.”  Pope. 

UN-NO'TICED  (un-no'tist),  a.  Not  noticed;  not 
observed  ; not  remarked  ; neglected.  Roberts. 

UN-NO'TI-FIED  (un-no'te-fld),  a.  Not  notified. 

UN-NOUR'ISHED  (un-nur'jsht),  a.  Not  nourished, 
cherished,  or  fostered.  Daniel. 

UN-NUM'BpRED  (un-num'berd),  a.  Not  num- 
bered ; innumerable  ; numberless.  Dryden. 

fUN-NU'MgR-A-BLE,  a.  Innumerable.  Wickliffe. 

UN-NURT'URED  (un-nurt'yurd),  a.  Not  nurtured; 
not  educated.  Hammond. 

UN-NU-TRf''TIOyS  (un-nu-trish'us),  a.  Not  nutri- 
tious ; not  nourishing,  as  food.  Ed.  Rev. 

f UN-O-BE'DI-pNCE,  n.  Disobedience.  Wickliffe. 

+ UN-0-BE'DI-£NT,  a.  Disobedient.  Milton. 

f UN-O-BEYED'  (un-o-bad'),  a.  Not  obeyed  ; dis- 
obeyed. “ Unrespected,  unobeyed.”  Daniel. 

UN-OB-JECT'JJD,  a.  Not  objected.  Atterbury. 

UN-OB-J EC'TION-A-BLE  (un-ob-jek'shun-a-M),  a. 
That  cannot  be  objected  against.  Geddes. 

UN-OB-J EC'TION- A- BLy,  ad.  So  as  not  to  be 
objected  to  or  opposed.  Clarke. 

UN-0-BLI(?ED'  (un-o-blljd'),  a.  Not  obliged.  Ash. 

UN-OB-LIT'y R-AT-ED,  a.  Not  obliterated. 

UN-OB-NOX'IOUS  (un-ob-nok'slius),  a.  Not  ob- 
noxious ; not  liable ; not  exposed.  Donne. 

UN-OB-SCURED' (un-ob-skurd'),  a.  Not  obscured; 
not  darkened ; undimmed.  Milton. 

UN-OB-SE'QUI-OUS,  a.  Not  obsequious.  Smith. 

UN-OB-SE'QUJ-OUS-NESS,  n.  Want  of  obsequi- 
ousness ; incompliance.  Browne. 

UN-OB-§ERV'A-BLE,  a.  Not  observable  ; not  to 
be  observed  ; not  discoverable.  Boyle. 

UN-OB-§ERV'ANCE,  n.  Inattention  ; regnrdless- 
ness;  heedlessness.  Whitlock. 


UN-OB-^EltV'ANT,  a.  Not  observant ; inatten- 
tive ; heedless  ; careless  ; listless.  Glanvill. 


UN-OB-§ERVED'  (un-ob-zervd'),  a.  Not  observed  ; 
not  heeded  ; not  regarded ; neglected.  Bacon. 

UN-OB-^ERV'IJD-LY,  ad.  Without  being  ob- 
served or  noticed.  Patrick. 


UN-OB-§ERV'lNG,  a.  Not  observing  or  noticing  ; 
inattentive  ; unobservant.  Drydcn. 


ON-OB-STRUCT'yD,  a. 
hindered  or  stopped. 

UN-OB-STRUCT'IVE,  a. 
raising  any  obstacle. 

un-ob-tAin'a-ble,  a. 

tained  ; unattainable. 


Not  obstructed  ; not 
Blackmore. 
Not  obstructing ; not 
Blackmore. 

That  cannot  be  ob- 
Pratt. 


UN-OB-TAiNED'  (un-ob-tand'),  a.  Not  obtained; 


not  acquired  ; not  gained.  Ilooker. 

UN-OB-TRUD'ED,  a.  Not  obtruded.  Ash. 

UN-OB-TRtJD'JNG,  a.  Not  obtruding.  Reed. 

UN-OB-TRtJ'SIVE,  'a.  Not  obtrusive  ; not  for- 
ward ; modest ; retiring.  Young. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  tf,  Y,  short; 


A,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


UNOBTRUSIVELY 


UNPERISIIED 


tfN-OB-TRU'SIVE-LY,  ad.  In  an  unobtrusive 
manner ; modestly.  Knowles. 

UN-OB-TRU'Sl  VE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
unobtrusive  ; modesty.  Month,  Rev. 

t/N-OB'VI-OUS,  a.  Not  obvious.  Boyle. 

UN-OC-CA'§IONED  (-zhund),  a.  Not  occasioned. 

UN-OC'CU-PIED  (Qn-ok'u-pld),  a.  Not  occupied. 

UN-OF-FEND'£D,  a.  Not  offended.  Johnson. 

UN-OF-FEND'ING,  a.  Not  offending  ; harmless  ; 
innocent ; inoffensive  ; blameless. 

fJN-OF-FEN'SI  VE,  a.  Inoffensive,  [r.]  Fell. 

UN-OF'FpREl)  (un-of’ferd),  a.  Not  offered  or  pro- 
posed to  acceptance.  Clarendon. 

UN-pF-Fl"CIAL  (un-of-f  ish'al),  a.  Not  official. 

UN-OF-FI"CIAL-LY,  ad.  In-  an  unofficial  man- 
ner or  capacity  ; not  officially.  Hale. 

trN-OF-Fl"CIOl!S  (un-of-flsh'us),  a.  Not  officious. 
"inofficious  to  administer  something.”  Milton. 

UN-OF'TEN  (uu-of'fn),  ad.  Rarely,  [it.]  Harris. 

UN-OIL',  v.  a.  To  free  from  oil.  Dryden. 

ON-OILED'  (un-btld'),  a.  Not  oiled.  Young. 

UN-O'PENED  (un-o'pnd),  a.  Not  opened;  not 
unclgsed  ; shut ; closed.  Chesterfield. 

ON-O'PEN-ING  (un-o'pn-ing),  a.  Not  opening. 

+ UN-OP'ER-A-TIVE,  a.  Inoperative.  South. 

UN-O-PER'CU-LAT-ED,  a.  Having  no  operculum 
or  cover.  Clarke. 

0N-OP-PO§ED'  (un-pp-pozd'),  a.  Not  opposed. 

&N-OP-PRESSED'  (un-op-prest'),  a.  Not  oppressed. 

UN-OP- PRES 'SI  VE,  a.  Not  oppressive.  Burke. 

UN-OR-DAlNED'  (un-or-dand'),  a.  Not  ordained. 

UN-OR'DIJRED  (un-iir'derd),  a.  Not  ordered,  or 
placed,  or  moving  in  order.  Daniel. 

UN-OR'DER-LY,  a.  Disorderly,  [r.]  Sanderson. 

tJN-OR'DI-NA-Ry,  a.  Unusual,  [it.]  Locke. 

f UN-OR'DI-NATE,  a.  Disorderly.  Wickliffe. 

f UN-OR'DI-NATE-LY,  ad.  In  a disorderly  man- 
ner ; with  disorder  ; irregularly.  Wickliffe. 

UN-OR'G  AN-IZED  (fin-or'gan-Izd),  a.  Not  organ- 
ized ; not  having  organs  or  organization.  Clarke. 

UN-O-RI-EN'TAL,  a.  Not  oriental.  Byron. 

UN-O-Rlp'I-NAL,  a.  Not  original.  Milton. 

UN-0-r!<?'I-nAT-]JD,  a.  Not  originated;  un- 
generated ; self-existent.  Stephens. 

f UN-O-RIp'I-NATE,  a.  Without  having  been 
originated  or  generated.  Waterland. 

UN-OR-NA-MENT'AL,«.  Not  ornamental ; with- 
out ornament ; plain  ; unadorned.  West. 

UN-OR'NA-MENT-JJD,  a.  Not  ornamented  ; not 
adorned  ; plain.  Coventry. 

UN-OR'THO-DOX,  a.  Not  orthodox;  heterodox; 
heretical.  ‘ Decay  of  Christian  Piety. 

tjN-OS-TgN-TA'TIOUS  (un-os-ten-ta'slms),  a.  Not 
ostentatious;  not  boastful;  modest.  West. 

UN-OS-TEN-TA'TIOyS-LY,  ad.  Not  ostenta- 
tiously ; modestly.  Knox. 

UN-OS-TIJN-TA'TIOyS-NESS,  n.  Freedom  from 
ostentation  ; modesty.  Allen. 

UN-OWED'  (un-od'),  a.  1.  Not  owed;  not  due. 

2.  f Having  no  owner  ; not  owned.  Shak. 

UN-OWNED'  (un-ond'),  a.  1.  Not  owned  ; having 
no  owner.  Johnson. 

2.  Not  acknowledged ; not  admitted.  Milton. 

UN-6x'I-DAT-ED,  a.  Not  oxidated.  Clarke. 

UN-OX'l-DiZED  (-dlzd),  a.  Not  oxidized;  not 
combined  with  oxygen  ; unoxidated.  Clarke. 

UN-OX'Y-GgN-AT-f.D,  a.  Not  oxygenated.  Cl. 

UN-OX'Y-<?EN-IZED  (-Izd),  a.  Not  oxygenized. 

UN-PA-CIF'IC,  a. ' Not  pacific.  Warton. 

UN-PAQ'I-FIED  (un-pas'e-fld),  a.  Not  pacified, 
appeased,  or  calmed.  Browne. 


1593 

UN-PACK',  v.  a.  [z.  unpacked  ; pp.  unpacking,  , 
UNPACKED.] 

1.  To  open,  as  any  thing  packed.  Boyle. 

2.  To  disburden;  to  unburden,  [r.]  Shak. 

UN-PACKED'  (un-pakt'),  a.  Not  packed; — not 

collected  by  unlawful  means.  lludibras. 

UN-PA'G AN-IZE,  v.  a.  To  free  from,  or  divest 
of,  paganism,  [u.]  Cudworth. 

UN-PAlD',  a.  Not  paid ; not  discharged.  Dryden. 

UN-PAlNED'  (un-pand'),  a.  Not  pained.  Milton. 

UN-PAlN'FUL,  a.  Not  painful  ; giving  no  pain. 
“ An  easy  and  unpainful  touch.”  Locke. 

UN-PAiNT',  v.a.  To  remove  or  efface  the  paint- 
ing of.  Parnell. 

UN-PAiNT'IJD,  a.  Not  painted.  Leighton. 

UN-PAlRED'  (un-pird'),  'a.  Not  paired;  not 
matched  or  mated.  Xeivton. 

UN-PAL' A-TA-BLE,  a.  Notpalatable  ; nauseous. 

UN-PALLED'  (un-p&ld'),  a.  Not  palled.  Smart. 

UN-PAM'P£RED  (un-pam'perd),  a.  Not  pampered. 

UN-PANGED'  (un-pSngd’),  a.  Not  afflicted  with 
pangs  ; not  pained,  [r.]  Beau.  <5;  FI. 

UN-PAR'A-DISE,  v.  a.  To  deprive  of  happiness 
like  that  of  Paradise.  Young. 

UN-PAR' A-GONED  (-gond),  a.  Not  equalled;  un- 
matched. “ Rubies  unparagoned.'’  Shak. 

UN-PAR 'AL-LEL- A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be 
equalled  or  matched  ; matchless.  Bp.  Hall. 

UN-PAr'AL-LELED  (un-p5r'?l-leld),  a.  Having 
no  parallel  or  equal ; unequalled  ; not  matched  ; 
not  to  be  matched ; matchless.  Addison. 

UN-PAr'AL-YZED,  a.  Not  paralyzed.  Goode. 

UN-pAr' A-PHRA§ED  (-frazd),  a.  Not  paraphrased. 

UN-PARCHED'  (un-pircht'),  a.  Not  parched. 

UN-PAR'DON-A-BLE  (un-par’dn-a-bl),  a.  Not 
pardonable  ; that  cannot  be  pardoned  or  for- 
given ; irremissible.  Hooker. 

UN-PAR 'DON- A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or 
state  of  being  unpardonable.  Tillotson. 

UN-PAR' DON- A-BLy  (un-p'ir'dn-ii-ble),  ad.  Be- 
yond pardon  or  forgiveness.  Atterbury. 

UN-PAr'DONED  (un-p&r'dnd),  a.  Not  pardoned. 

UN-PA  R'DON-ING  (un-p&r'dn-Ing),  a.  Not  par- 
doning ; unforgiving.  Dryden. 

UN-PARED'  (un-pArd'),  a.  Not  pared.  Ash. 

UN-PAR-LIA-MENT'A-RI-LY  (un-par-le-mCnt'?- 
r a-),  ad.  In  an  unparliamentary  manner.  Clarke. 

0 N-PAR-LIA-MENT'A-RI-NESS,  n.  The  quality 
of  being  unparliamentary ; contrariety  to  the 
rules  of  Parliament.  Clarendon. 

UN-PAR-LIA-MENT'A-RY  (un-pir-le-nient'a-re),  a. 
Not  parliamently  ; contrary  to  the  rules  of  Par- 
liament, or  of  legislative  bodies.  Swift. 

UN-PA-RO'jCHI- AI.-IZE,  v.  a.  To  exclude  or  re- 
move from  a parish,  [r.]  Brit.  Crit. 

UN-PART'JjlD,  a.  Not  parted  or  separated. 

+ UN-PAR'TIAL(-shjl),  a.  Impartial.  Sanderson. 

f UN-PAR'TIAL-LY,  ad.  Impartially.  Hooker. 

UN-PAR-TliJ'I-PAT-ED,  a.  Not  participated. 

UN-PAR-TI^'I-PAT-ING,  a.  Not  participating. 

UN-PART'NERED  (un-part'nerd),  a.  Having  no 
partner,  [r.]  N.  A.  Rev. 

UN-PASS' A-BLE,  a.  Admitting  no  passage  ; not 
passable ; impassable,  [r.]  Temple. 

UN-PASS' A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  qual- 
ity of  being  impassable.  Evelyn. 

t UN-PAs'SION-ATE  (-shun-jt),  ? a Dispassion- 

t UN-PAs'SION-AT-ED,  ) ate.  “ Grave 

and  unpassionate  words.”  Locke. 

UN-PAS'SIONED  (un-pash'und),  a.  Free  from 
passion ; dispassionate.  Temple. 

UN-PAs'TO-RAL,  a.  Not  pastoral.  Warton. 

UN-PATCHED'  (un-pacht'),  a.  Not  patched. 


UN-PATHED'  (un-pitf)d'),  a.  Not  pathed  ; un- 
tracked. “ Unpathed  waters.”  Shak. 

UN-PA-THET'JC,  a.  Not  pathetic.  Warton. 

ON-PATII'wAyED  (un-pdth'wad),  a.  Having  no 
pathway  ; trackless.  Wordsworth. 

t UN-PA'TUJNCE,  n.  Impatience.  Chaucer. 
t UN-PA'TIgNT  (-shent),  a.  Impatient.  Holland. 
UN-PA-TRI-6t'IC,  a.  Not  patriotic.  Qu.  Rev. 
UN-pA-TRJ-OT'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  Not  patriotically. 

UN-I’At'RON-IZED  (un-pat'ron-Izd),  a.  Not  pat- 
ronized ; not  having  a patron.  Johnson. 

UN-PAT'TpRNED  (fin-p&t'ternd),  a.  Having  no 
pattern  ; unequalled.  Beau,  FI. 

UN-PAU'PyR-IZED  (un-p&u'per-Izd),  a.  Not  pau- 
perized or  made  a pauper.  Qu.  Rev. 

UN-PAVED'  (un-pavd'),  a.  1.  Not  paved  ; without 
pavement,  as  a street.  Ilakewill. 

2.  f Castrated.  “ Unpaved  eunuch.”  Shak. 

UN-PA-VIL'IONED  (un-pa- vll'yund),  a.  Having 
no  pavilion  or  tent.  Shelley. 

UN-PAWNED'  (un-pawnd'),  a.  Not  pawned  ; not 
pledged  ; not  deposited  as  security.  Pope. 

UN-P.AY'  (un-pa'),  v.  a.  1.  Not  to  pay;  — used 
only  in  the  participles.  Dryden. 

2.  To  undo,  as  villany.  [r.]  Shak. 

UN-pAy'A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  paid.  South. 
UN-PAy'ING,  a.  Not  paying.  Dryden. 

f UN-PEACE',  n.  Lack  of  peace.  Chaucer. 

UN-PEACE' A-BLE,  a.  Not  peaceable  ; quarrel- 
some ; not  disposed  to  peace.  Hammond. 

UN-PEACE'FUL,  a.  Not  peaceful.  Cowley. 

UN-PEELED'  (un-p£ld'),  a.  Not  peeled.  Ash. 

UN-PEG',  v.  a.  [t.  unpegged;/)/),  unpegging, 
unpegged.]  To  remove  the  peg  from  ; to  open 
or  loose  by  removing  the  peg  or  pegs  of.  Shak. 

UN-PELT'^D,  a.  Not  pelted.  Ash. 

UN-PEN',  v.  a.  To  open  the  pen  of,  or  to  set  free 
from  a pen.  Blackstime. 

tjN-PEN'CILLED  (un-pen'sild),  a.  Not  pencilled  ; 
not  delineated  ; not  drawn.  Feltham. 

t UN-PEN'JJ-TRA-BLE,  a.  Impenetrable.  Herbert. 
UN-PEN'E-TRAT-ED,  a.  Not  penetrated.  Ash. 
t UN-PEN'I-TENT,  a.  Impenitent.  Sandys. 
UN-PENNED'  (un-pend'),  a.  Not  penned.  Ash. 

UN-PEN'SIONED  (un-pen'shund),  a.  Not  pen- 
sioned. “ Unplaced,  unpensioned."  Pope. 

UN-PEO'PLE  (un-pe'pl),  V.  a.  [t.  UNPEOPLED ; 
pp.  unpeopling,  unpeopled.]  To  depopu- 
late ; to  deprive  of  people  ; to  dispeople.  Spenser. 

UN-PJJR-CEI V'A-BLE  (un-per-sev'j-bl),  a.  Im- 
perceptible. [r.]  Pearson. 

UN-PE R-CEIVED'  (un-per-sevd'),  a.  Not  per- 
ceived or  observed  ; unnoticed.  Bacon. 

UN-PflR-CEIV'JJD-LY  (un-per-sSv'ed-le),  ad.  So 
as  not  to  be  perceived  ; imperceptibly.  Boyle. 

UN-PER-CEP'TI-BLE,  a.  Imperceptible.  Holland. 
f CN-PER'^-GAL,  a.  Unequal.  Chaucer. 

f UN-PER'FIJCT,  a.  Imperfect.  Pcacham. 

f UN-PER'FECT,  v.  a.  To  make  imperfect;  to 
cause  to  be  incomplete.  Sidney. 

UN-PER'FIJCT-ED,  a.  Not  perfected.  Hammond. 
f UN-PER'FECT-ED-NESS,  n.  Imperfection. Shak. 
fUN-PER'FECT-LY,  ad.  Imperfectly.  Hales. 
f UN-PER'FgCT-NESS,  n.  Imperfection.  Sidney. 
UN-PER-FORMED'  (un-per-f ormd'),  a.  Not  per- 
formed; not  done  ; not  executed.  Bp.  Taylor. 

UN-PE R-FORM'ING,  a.  Not  performing. 
UN-PpR-FUMED'  (-fumd'),  a.  Not  perfumed. 

f UN-PER'ISH-A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  perish  ; 

imperishable  ; enduring.  Hammond. 

UN-PER'ISHED  (un-per'isht),  a.  Not  perished  or 
destroyed.  Sir  T.  Elyot. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE. 

200 


— 9)  9.  S.  I.  soft; 


6,  £,  I,  hard;  ^ as  z;  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


UNPERISHING 


1594 


UNPREFACED 


CrN-PER'ISH-ING,  a.  Not  perishing.  Cowper. 

UN-PER'JURED  (un-per'jurd),  a.  Free  from  per- 
jury ; not  perjured.  Dryden. 

UN-PyR-MIT'TyD,  a.  Not  permitted.  rotter. 

UN-PyR-PLEX',  v.  a.  To  relieve  from  perplexity 
or  embarrassment.  Donne. 

UN-PER-PLEXED'  (un-per-plekst'),  a.  Not  per- 
plexed ; unembarrassed.  Locke. 

UN-PER'sy-CUT-yi),  a.  Not  persecuted.  AI;7fon. 

UN-PyR-SPIR' A-BLE,  a.  Not  perspirable;  that 
cannot  be  perspired.  Arbuthnot. 

UN-PyR-SUAD'A-BLE  (un-per-swail'j-bl),  a.  Not 
to  be  persuaded  ; impersuasible.  • Sidney . 

UN-PyR-SUAD'yD,  a.  Not  persuaded.  More. 

UN-PER-SU.A'SIVE  (un-per-swa'siv),  a.  Not  per- 
suasive ; not  having  power  to  persuade.  Blair. 

UN-Py-RU§ED'  (un-pe-ruzd'),  a.  Not  read.  Ash. 

UN-PER-VERT',  v.  a.  To  relieve  or  rescue  from 
perversion  or  error  [r.]  Sterne. 

CrN-PyR-VERT'ED,  a.  Not  perverted.  Swift. 

UN-PET'RI-FlED  (un-pet're-fid),  a.  Not  petrified  ; 
not  formed  into  stone.  Buckland. 

UN-PHIL-AN-THROP'IC,  a.  Not  philanthropic  ; 
not  humane ; misanthropic.  Carlyle. 

UN-PHIL-0-§OPH'lC,  a.  Unphilosophical.  Ash. 

UN- PHI  L-O-yOPlI'l-C  AL  (fin-fll-o-zof  e-kal),  a. 
Not  philosophical ; not  consistent  with  philoso- 
phy or  right  reason.  Newton. 

UN-PHlL-0-§6PH'|-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  an  unphilo- 
sophical manner.  South. 

UN-PHIL-O-SOPH'I-CAL-NESS,  n.  The  state  of 
being  unphilosophical ; incongruity  with  phi- 
losophy or  right  reason.  Norris. 

UN-PIII-LOS'O-PHIZE  (un-fc-los'o-fiz),  V.  a.  To 
degrade  from,  or  deprive  of,  the  character  of  a 
philosopher,  [it.]  Pope. 

fjN-PHREN-O-LO^'J-CAL,  a.  Not  according  to 
phrenology  ; not  phrenological.  Phren.  Jour. 

UN- PHYSICKED  (un-flz'ikt),  a.  Not  physicked  ; 
not  affected  by  medicine.  Ilotcett. 

UN-PICKED'  (un-plkt'),  a.  Not  picked ; not  culled, 
chosen,  or  selected.  Milton. 

UN-PlCT-y-RESaUE'  (-resk'),  a.  Not  pictu- 
resque ; wanting  picturesqueness.  Ed.  Rev. 

UN-PIERCE'A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  pierced; 
impenetrable,  [it.]  Southey. 

UN-PIERCED'  (un-perst'),  a.  Not  pierced.  Gay. 

UN-PIL'LAyED  (un-pll'ljjd),  a.  Not  pillaged  or 
ransacked ; not  plundered.  Glover. 

UN-PIL'LARED  (un-pil'l?rd),  a.  Not  pillared; 
without  pillars  or  columns.  Pope. 

fiN-PiL'LOWED  (un-pil'lod),  a.  Wanting  a pil- 
low. “ Her  unpillowed  head.”  Milton. 

UN-PI'LOT-yD,  a.  Not  piloted  ; not  steered  or 
guided,  as  a vessel.  Shelley. 

UN-PIN',  V.  a.  [i.  UNPINNED  ; pp.  UNPINNING, 
UNPINNED.]  To  free  from  pins  ; to  open  or  un- 
fasten by  removing  the  pin  or  pins  from.  Donne. 

UN-I’TnTON  (un-pln'yun),  V.  a.  To  loosen  from 
pinions  ; to  unbind.  Clarke. 

UN-PIN'IONED  (un-pln'yund),  a.  Not  pinioned; 
not  having  pinions  or  wings.  Adair. 

UN-PINKED'  (un-plnkt'),  a.  Not  pinked;  not 
marked  or  set  with  eyelet-holes.  Shak. 

UN-PINNED'  (un-plnd'),  a.  Not  pinned;  freed 
from  or  without  pins.  Ash. 

UN-PIT'I-A-BLE,  a.  That  is  notto  be  pitied.  Scott. 

On-PIT'I-A-BLY.,  ad.  So  as  not  to  be  pitied.  Scott. 

UN-PIT'IED  (un-pTt'id),  a.  Not  pitied  or  compas- 
sionated. “ Unpitied  and  forlorn.”  Pope. 

UN-PIT'I-FUL,  a.  Not  pitiful;  pitiless.  Davies. 

UN-PIT'I-FUL-Ly,  ad.  Without  pity  or  compas- 
sion ; unmercifully  ; pitilessly.  Shak. 

fUN-Pl'TOUS,  a.  Not  pious;  impious.  Wickliffe. 


UN-PIT'Y-ING,  a.  Having  no  pity.  Granville. 

t UN-PLA'CA-BLE,  a.  Implacable.  Fatherly. 

UN-PLACED'  (un-plast'),  a.  Not  placed  or  ar- 
ranged : — having  no  place  or  office.  Pope. 

UN-PLAGUED'  (un-plSgd'),  a.  Not  plagued  or 
tormented.  “ Unplagucd  with  corns.”  Shak. 

f UN-PLAlN'  (-plan'),  a.  Insincere,  [it.]  Gower. 

f UN-PLAlNED'  (un-pland'),  a.  Not  deplored  or 
bewailed  ; not  lamented.  Spenser. 

UN-PLAlT'ED,  a.  Not  plaited.  Addison. 

UN-PLANNED'  (un-pland'),  a.  Not  planned.  Ash. 

UN-rLANT'yD,  a.  Not  planted  : — spontaneous. 

Figs  there  implanted  through  the  fields  do  grow.  Waller. 

un-plAs'tf.red  (un-pl&s'terd),  a.  Not  plastered. 

UN-PLAu'§I-BLE,  a.  Implausible.  Clarendon. 

f UN-PLAU'SIVE,  a.  Not  applauding.  Shak. 

UN-PLEAD'A-BLE,  a.  Not  to  be  alleged  in 
pleading  ; that  cannot  be  pleaded.  South. 

UN-PLEAD'yD  (un-pled'ed),  a.  I.  Not  pleaded. 

2.  Not  defended  by  an  advocate,  [it.]  Otway. 

UN-PLEA^'ANT  (un-p!ez'ant),  a.  Not  pleasant ; 
disagreeable ; troublesome ; displeasing.  Hooker. 

UN-PLEA§'ANT-LY,  ad.  In  an  unpleasant  man- 
ner ; disagreeably.  Pope. 

UN-PLEA^'ANT-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality 
of  being  unpleasant ; disagreeableness.  Graunt. 

UN-PLEA.^' A NT-RY  (-plez'ftnt-),  n.  Want  of 
pleasantry  or  usual  cheerfulness.  Thackeray . 

UN-PLEA§ED'  (un-plezd'),  a.  Not  pleased  ; not 
delighted  ; offended  ; displeased.  Dryden. 

UN-PLEA§'ING  (un-plez'ing),  a.  Not  pleasing; 
displeasing  ; disagreeable  ; offensive.  Shak. 

UN-PLEA§'JNG-LY,  ad.  So  as  to  displease.  Smart. 

UN-PLEA§'ING-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  un- 
pleasing ; want  of  qualities  to  please.  Milton. 

f UN-PLEA§'IVE,  a.  Not  pleasing.  Bp.  Hall. 

UN-PLEAS'UR- A-BLE  (un-plezh'ur-Et-bl),  a.  Not 
pleasurable  ; not  giving  pleasure.  Coleridge. 

UN-PLED(jrED'  (un-plejd'),  a.  Not  pledged.  Burke. 

UN-PLI'A-BLE,  a.  Not  pliable.  Holland. 

UN-PLI'A-BLY,  ad.  In  an  unpliable  manner. 

UN-PLI'ANT,  a.  Not  pliant ; stiff'.  Wotton. 

UN-PLI'ANT-LY,  ad.  In  an  unpliant  manner ; 
without  compliance  or  yielding.  Johnson. 

f UN-PLIGHT'  (un-p]lt'),  V.  a.  To  unfold  ; to  ex- 
plain ; to  lay  open.  Chaucer. 

UN-PLIGHT'yD  (un-pllt'ed),  a.  Notplighted.  Cole. 

UN-PLOUGHED'  (un-ploud'),  a.  Not  ploughed. 

UN-PLUCKED'  (un-plukt'),  a.  Not  plucked. 

UN-PLUMB'  (un-plum'),  v.  a.  To  take  away  or 
plunder  the  lead  from.  Burke. 

UN-PLLTMB'  (un-plum'),  a.  Not  plumb  ; not  per- 
pendicular ; not  vertical.  Clarke. 

UN-PLUME',  v.  a.  To  strip  of  plumes;  to  de- 
grade ; to  debase  ; to  reduce,  [a.]  Glanvill. 

UN-PLUN'DyRED  (un-plun'derd),  a.  Not  plun- 
dered ; not  pillaged ; not  ransacked.  Smith. 

UN-PO-ET'IC,  > a_  Not  poetical ; not  as  be- 

UN-PO-ET'I-CAL,  ) comes  a poet.  Warton. 

UN-PO-ET'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a manner  not  con- 
sistent with  poetry,  or  not  becoming  a poet. 

UN-PO-ET'I-CAL-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the 
quality  of  being  unpoetical.  Ed.  Rev. 

UN-POINT'yD,  a.  1.  Not  pointed;  having  no 
point  or  sting;  blunt.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  Not  punctuated.  Dryden. 

UN-POI§ED'  (un-pbizd'),  a.  Not  poised.  Thomson. 

UN-PoI'§ON  (un-pol'zn),  v.  a.  To  remove  or  ex- 
pel poison  from.  South. 

tJN-PO'LAR-IZED  (un-po'ljr-Izd),  a.  Not  polar- 
ized, as  light.  P ■ Cyc. 


UN-POL'I-CTF.D  (un-pol'e-sjd),  a.  Wantingpolicy 
or  polity,  as  savages.  Warburton. 

UN-POL'ISHED  (un-pol'jsht),  a.  1.  Not  polished; 
not  brightened  by  attrition.  Stillingfeet. 

2.  Not  refined  in  manners  ; impolite;  rude. 

Syn.  — See  Awkward. 

UN-PO-LITE',  a.  Impolite,  [r.]  Wallis. 

UN-  PO- LITE 'NESS,  n.  Impoliteness.  Blackwall. 

UN-POL'I-TIC,  a.  Impolitic,  [r.]  Clarke. 

UN-POL'I-TIC-LY,  ad.  Impoliticly,  [it.]  Warner. 

UN-POLLED'  (iin-pold'),  a.  1.  Unplundered ; un- 
pill  iged ; unransacked,  [r.]  Fanshaw. 

2.  Not  polled;  not  registered,  as  a voter,  or 
not  given  at  the  polls,  as  a vote.  Johnson. 

UN-POL-LUT'JED,  a.  Not  polluted;  pure.  Shak: 

UN-PON'DERED  (un-pon'derd),  a.  Not  pondered 
or  thought  on  ; not  meditated.  Ash. 

UN-POP'U-LAR,  a.  Not  popular ; not  having, 
or  not  fitted  to  gain,  public  favor  ; disliked. 

Syn.  — See  Obnoxious. 


UN-POP-U-LAR'I-TY,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality 
of  being  unpopular.  Bp.  Lyttelton . 

UN-POP'U-LAR-LY,  ad.  In  an  unpopular  man- 
ner ; with  unpopularity.  Clarke. 

IJN-PORT'A-BLE,  a.  Not  portable.  Raleigh. 

UN-POR'TIONED  (un-pdr'shund),  a.  Not  por- 
tioned ; not  endowed  with  a fortune.  Young. 

f UN-POR'TU-NATE,  a.  Importunate  ; pertina- 
cious ; urgent ; pressing.  Golden  Book. 

UN-PORT'U-OUS  (un-port'yu-us),  a.  Having  no 
ports.  “ An  unportuous  coast.”  [n.]  Burke. 

UN-POij-§ES8ED'  (un-pqz-zest'),  a.  Not  possessed  ; 
not  held,  owned,  or  occupied.  Shak. 

UN-PO§-§ESS'ING,  a.  Without  possession.  Shak. 

t UN-POS'SI-BLE,  a.  Impossible.  Bacon. 

UN-POST'yD,  a.  Not  posted.  Ash. 


UN-PO'T  A-BLE,  a.  Not  potable.  Flint. 

UN-POUND'JJD,  a.  Not  pounded.  Ash. 


UN-PoW'DyRED  (un-pou'derd),  a.  1.  Not  pow- 
dered ; not  reduced  to  powder.  Francis. 

2.  Not  dressed  with  powder,  as  hair.  Johnson. 


t UN-PoW'ER,  n.  Weakness.  Piers  Plouhman. 
UN-PoW'yR-'FUL,  a.  Not  powerful.  Cowley. 
t UN-PRAC'TI-CA-BLE,  a.  Impracticable.  Boyle. 


UN-PRAC'TISED  (un-pr&k'tjst),  a.  1.  Not  prac- 
tised ; unaccustomed  ; inexperienced  ; un- 
trained ; not  skilful  ; raw.  Milton. 

2.  f Not  known  ; not  familiar  by  use.  Prior. 

UN-PRAl§E',  v.  a.  To  deprive  of  praise.  Young. 

UN-PrAi§ED'  (un-prazd'),  a.  Not  celebrated  ; not 
praised  ; not  commended.  Milton. 

UN-PRAYED'  (un-prad'),  a.  Not  prayed,  suppli- 
cated, or  besought.  Chaucer. 

UN-PREACHED'  (un-precht'),  a.  Not  preached. 

UN-PREACH'ING  (un-prech'ing),  a.  Not  preach- 
ing, or  teaching  publicly.  Latimer. 

UN-PR E-CA'RI-OUS,  a.  Not  precarious ; not  de- 
pendent on  another  ; certain.  Blackmore. 

UN-PRE-CED'ED,  a.  Not  preceded.  J.  Johnson. 


UN-PREy'y-DENT-ED,  a.  Not  preeedented ; not 
justified  by  precedent ; unexampled.  Swift. 

UN-PREg'U-DENT-ED-LY,  ad.  Without  prece- 
dent. or  example.  Ec.  Rev. 

UN-PREy-.V.-DEN'TIAL,  a.  Not  warranted  by 
precedent  ; unprecedented,  [r,.]  Ec.  Rev. 

UN-PR  y-ClSE',  a.  Not  precise  ; loose.  Warton. 

UN-PRy-DES'TI-NAT-yD,  a.  Not  predestinated. 

UN-PRE-DICT',  v.  n.  To  retract  or  recall  that 
which  is  predicted,  [r.]  Milton. 

UN- PRy-DICT' A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  pre- 
dicted or  foretold.  Lowell. 


UN-PRy-DICT'yD,  a.  Not  predicted.  Ash. 

UN-PREF'ACED  (un-prcf'fist),  a.  Not  prefaced; 
without  a preface  or  introduction.  Ash. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  y,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


UNPREFERRED 


1595 


UNPURELY 


UN-PREi-FERRED'  (un-pre-ferd'),  a.  Not  pre- 
ferred ; not  advanced.  Collier. 

UN-PREG'NANT,  a.  Not  pregnant;  not  fruitful; 
not  prolific  ; barren  : — not  quick  of  wit.  Shak. 

•f  UN-PR p-JU  DI-CATE,  ? a Notprepossessed  ; 

f UN-PIUJ-JU'DI-cAT-ED,  ) unprejudiced.  Hall. 

UN-PRE-JU'DI-CAT-ING,  a.  Not  prejudicating  ; 
unprejudiced,  [k.]  Carew. 

UN-PREJ'U-DICED  (un-prej'u-dist),  a.  Not  pre- 
judiced; free  from  prejudice.  Bp.  Taylor. 

UN-PREJ'U-DICED-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
unprejudiced.  Knox. 

UN-PRIJ-LAT'I-CAL,  a.  Not  prelatical  ; unsuit- 
able to  a prelate.  Clarendon. 

UN-PRE-MED'I-TAtE,  a.  Not  premeditated  ; un- 
premeditated. [r.]  Southey. 

UN-PR IJ-MED'l-T AT- ED,  a.  Not  premeditated; 
extemporaneous ; spontaneous.  Addison. 

UN-PRF,-MED'!-TAT-PD-Ly,  ad.  Without  pre- 
meditation ; extemporaneously.  Wilson. 

UN-PRE-MED'I-tAte-LY,  ad.  Without  premedi- 
tation ; unpremeditatedly.  Mulgrave. 

UN-PRE-OC'ClT-PiED  (un-pre-ok'ku-pid),  a.  Not 
preoccupied.  Foster. 

UN-PRP-pArED'  (un-pre-pird'),  a.  Not  prepared; 
not  ready  ; not  fitted  ; unqualified.  Shak. 

UN-PRU-PAr'ED-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
unprepared ; want  of  preparation.  K.  Charles. 

UN-PRE-PO§-SESSED'  (un-pre-poz-zest'),  a.  Not 
prepossessed;  unprejudiced.  South. 

UN-PRE-PO§-§ESS'lNG,  a.  Not  prepossessing; 
not  attractive  or  engaging.  Noble. 

UN-PRE-SCRI BED'  (un-pre-skrlbd'),  a.  Not  pre- 
scribed or  previously  directed.  Bp.  Hall. 

UN-PRp-S-SENT'A-BLE,  a.  Not  presentable ; that 
may  not  be  presented.  Qu.  Rev. 

UN-PRIJ-§ENT'ED,  a.  Not  presented.  Strype. 

UN-PR IJ-^ERV'A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  pre- 
served ; not  preservable.  Qu.  Rev. 

UN-PRE-§ERVED',  a.  Not  preserved.  Boiccn. 

UN-PRESSED'  (un-prest'),  a.  Not  pressed  ; — not 
enforced  or  compelled.  Clarendon. 

UN-PRE-§UM'ING,  a.  Not  presuming  ; modest. 

UN-PRlJ-§UMPT'y-OUS  (un-pre-zumt'yu-us),  a. 
Not  presumptuous  ; not  arrogant ; submissive  ; 
modest ; humble  ; retiring.  Cowper. 

UN-PR E-§CrMPT'U-OUS-LY,  ad.  Not  presumptu- 
ously ; not  arrogantly.  Thacher. 

UN-PR IJ-TEND'ING,  a.  Not  pretending;  not 
claiming  merit ; modest  ; unassuming.  Pope. 

UN-PRU-TEN'TIOUS,  a.  Not  making  preten- 
sions ; unpretending.  N.  IS.  Rev. 

tjN-PRE-VAlL'ING,  a.  Not  prevailing  ; of  no 
force  ; failing  ; unavailing.  Shak. 

UN-PREV'A-LENT,  a.  Not  prevalent ; not  com- 
mon or  general ; rare  ; infrequent.  Qu.  Rev. 

UN-PRIJ-VAR'I-CAT-ING,  a.  Not  prevaricating; 
not  acting  or  speaking  evasively.  Knox. 

UN-PR£-VENT'£D,  a.  1.  Not  prevented  ; not 
hindered  ; not  stopped  ; unobstructed.  Shak. 

2.  fNot  preceded  by  any  thing.  Milton. 

UN-PRICKED'  (un-prTkt'),  a.  Not  pricked.  Ash. 

UN-PRIEST',  v.  a.  To  deprive  of  the  rank  or  the 
orders  of  a priest,  [it.]  Milton. 

UN-PRIEST'LY,  a.  Not  priestly  ; unsuitable  to, 
or  unbecoming,  a priest.  Bale. 

UN-PRIMED'  (un-prlmd'),  a.  Not  primed.  Ash. 

UN-PRIM'I-tJve,  a.  Not  primitive.  Waterland. 

UN-PRINCE'LY,  a.  Not  princely  ; unsuitable  to, 
or  unbecoming,  a prince.  K.  Charles. 

UN-PRIN'CI-PLED  (un-prin'se-pld),  a.  1.  Not  set- 
tled or  fixed  in  principles  or  tenets. 

With  souls  so  unprincipled  in  virtue.  Milton. 

2.  Without  good  moral  principles  ; immoral ; 
wicked  ; vicious  ; bad  ; iniquitous.  Burke. 


UN-PRIN'CI-PLED- NESS  (un-prin'se-pld-nes),  n. 
The  state  or  the  quality  of  being  unprincipled  ; 
want  of  principle.  Buckminster. 

UN-PRINT'yD,  a.  Not  printed.  Pop?. 

UN- PR  I ^'ON  ED  (un-prTz'znd),  a.  Not  prisoned; 
set  free  ; freed  ; liberated.  Donne. 

UN-PRIV'I-LE<?ED  (Bn-priv'e-lejd),  a.  Not  priv- 
ileged. “ Unadorned  and  unprivileged.”  Knox. 

f UN-PRlZ'A-BLE,  a.  1.  Not  prized  ; not  valued  ; 
not  esteemed;  not  of  estimation.  Shak. 

2.  Beyond  estimation  ; invaluable.  Shak. 

UN-PRIZED'  (un-prlzd'),  a.  Not  prized ; not 
valued  ; not  esteemed.  Shak. 

f UN-PROB'A-BLY,  ad.  Improbably.  Strype. 

UN-PRO-CLAIMED'  (un-pro-klamd'),  a.  Not  pro- 
claimed ; not  published.  Milton. 

UN-PRO-CUR'A-BLE,  a.  Not  to  be  procured.  Ash. 

UN-PRO-CURED'  (un-pro-kurd'),  a.  Not  procured 
or  obtained.  Bp.  Taylor. 

UN-PRO-DUCED'  (un-pro-dust'),  n.  Not  produced; 

t not  generated  ; self-existing.  Blackmore. 

UN-PRO-DUC'TIVE,  a.  Not  productive  ; not  effi- 
cient ; barren  ; unfruitful.  Burke. 

UN-l’RO-DUC'TIVE-LY,  ad.  In  an  unproductive 
manner  ; not  productively.  Everett. 

UN-PRO-FANED'  (un-pro-fand'),  a.  Not  profaned 
or  violated  ; not  desecrated.  Dryden. 

UN-PRO-FESSED'  (un-pro-fest'),  a.  Not  professed. 

UN- PR  O- FES 'S  ION- A L (un-pro-fesli'un-al),  a.  Not 
professional.  Tomlins. 

UN- PRO- FES 'SION- A L-LY  (un-pro-fesh'un-?l-le), 
ad.  Not  professionally.  West.  Rev. 

UN-PRO-Fl"CI?N-CY  (un-pro-f Isli'en-se),  n.  Want 
of  proficiency  or  improvement.  Bp.  Hall. 

f UN-PROF'IT,  n.  Unprofitableness.  Wickliffe. 

UN-PROF'IT-A-BLE,  a.  Affording  no  profit ; not 
gainful;  useless;  profitless.  Bacon. 

UN-PROF'IT- A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
unprofitable  ; uselessness.  Addison. 

UN-PROF'IT-A-BLY,  ad.  Without  profit  or  ad- 
vantage ; uselessly.  B.  Jonson. 

UN-PROF'lT-yD,  a.  With  no  profit  or  gain.  Shak. 

UN-PRO-GRESS'IVE,  a.  Not  progressive.  Southey. 

UN-PRO-IIIB'IT-JED,  a.  Not  prohibited  or  inter- 
dicted ; permitted  ; lawful ; legal.  Milton. 

UN-PRO-JECT'IJD,  a.  Not  projected.  South. 

UN-PRO-LIF'IC,  a.  Not  prolific  ; barren  ; not 
productive  ; unfruitful  ; sterile.  Hale. 

UN-PROM'ISED  (un-prom'jst),  a.  Not  promised  ; 
not  pledged ; not  assured.  Spenser. 

UN-PROM'IS-ING,  a.  Not  promising;  giving  no 
promise  of  excellence  ; inauspicious.  Bentley. 

UN-PROM PT'yD,  a.  Not  prompted.  Congreve. 

UN-PRO- MUL'GAT-ED,  a.  Not  promulgated  or 
made  public.  Ash. 

UN-PRO-NOUNCE'A-BLE,  a.  Not  pronounceable; 
that  cannot  be  pronounced.  Walker. 

UN-PRO-NOUNCED'  (un-pro-nounst'),  a.  Not  pro- 
nounced ; not  uttered ; not  declared.  Milton. 

UN-PROP',  v.  a.  To  take  the  props  or  supports 
from  ; to  deprive  of  support.  Smart. 

ijN-PROP'A-GAT-lJD,  a.  Not  propagated.  Ash. 

f UN-PROP'IJR,  a.  Not  proper;  not  peculiar; 
not  one’s  own  ; improper.  Shak. 

f UN-PROP'jER-LY,  ad.  Improperly.  Shak. 

UN-PROPH'E-SlED  (un-prof'e-sld),  a.  Not  prophe- 
sied ; not  predicted ; not  foretold.  Ash. 

UN-PRO-PHET  IC,  ? a jg-o(.  prophetical  ; not 

UN-PRO-PHET'I-CAL,  ) foretelling.  Ellis. 

UN-PRO-PI"TI-AT-yD  (un-pro-pTsh'e-at-ed),  a. 
Not  propitiated ; not  appeased.  Ash. 

UN-PRO-PI"TIOUS  (un-prq-ptsh'us),  a.  Not  pro- 
pitious ; unfavorable ; inauspicious.  Pope. 


UN-PRO-Pl"TIOUS-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
unpropitious  ; inauspiciousness.  Moore. 

t UN-PRO-POR'TION-A-BLE,  a.  Not  proportion- 
able;  disproportionable.  Pearson. 

UN-PRO-POR'TION-AL,  a.  Not  proportional ; 
contrary  to  proportion.  Derham. 

f UN-PRO-POR'TION-ATE,  a.  Not  proportion- 
ate ; disproportionate.  Pearson. 

UN-l’RO-POR'TIONED  (un-prn-por'sliund),  a.  Not 
proportioned  ; not  suitable.  Shak. 

UN-PRO-PO§ED'  (un-pro-pozd'),  a.  Not  proposed  ; 
not  offered.  Dryden. 

UN-PROPPED'  (un-propt'),  a.  Not  propped;  not 
supported;  not  sustained.  Dryden. 

UN-PROS'fJ-CUT-yD,  a.  Not  prosecuted.  Ash. 

UN-PROS'Jg-LYT-lJD,  a.  Not  proselyted;  not 
made  a proselyte  or  convert.  T.  Scott. 

UN-PROS'PER-OUS,  a.  Unfortunate  ; not  pros- 
perous ; unsuccessful  ; unlucky.  Clarendon. 

UN-PRO S'PyR-OUS-LY,  ad.  Unsuccessfully;  un- 
fortunately ; unluckily.  Bp.  Taylor. 

UN-PROS'PER-OIiS-NESS,  n.  Want  of  pros- 
perity ; unsuccessfulness.  Hammond. 

UN-PROS'TRAT-yD,  a.  Not  prostrated.  Ash. 

UN-PRO-TECT'yD,  a.  Not  protected;  not  sup- 
ported ; not  defended.  Hooker. 

UN-PRO-TECT'ING,  a.  Not  protecting.  Neele. 

UN-PROT'ES-TANT-IZE,  v.  a.  To  deprive  or  di- 
vest of  Protestantism.  Froude. 

UN-PRO-TEST'JgD,  a.  Not  protested.  Ash. 

UN-PRO- TRUD'JJD,  a.  Not  protruded.  Pennant. 

UN-PROVED'  (un-provd'),  a.  Not  proved;  not 
tried  : — not  demonstrated.  Spenser. 

t UN-PRO-VlDE',  v.  a.  To  divest  of  provision  or 
qualifications  ; to  unfurnish.  Shak. 

UN-PRO-VlD'fJD,  a.  Not  provided.  Dryden. 

f UN-PRO- VID'fJD-LY,  ad.  In  an  unguarded 
manner.  Urquhart. 

t UN-PRO  V'l-DyNT,  a.  Improvident.  Beau.  % FI. 

f UN-PRO-VOKE',  v.  a.  Not  to  provoke.  Shak. 

UN-PRO-VOKED'  (un-pro-vokt'),  a.  Not  pro- 
voked ; wanting  provocation.  Dryden. 

UN-PRO- VOK'yD-LY,  ad.  Without  being  pro- 
voked ; without  provocation.  Davies. 

UN-PRO-VOK'ING,  a.  Not  provoking  ; giving  no 
provocation  or  offence.  Fleetwood. 

f UN-PRU'DyNCE,  n.  Imprudence.  Wickliffe. 

f UN-PRU'DIJNT,  a.  Imprudent.  Wickliffe. 

UN-PRU-DEN'TIAL,  a.  Not  prudential.  Milton. 

UN-PRUNED'  (un-prdnd'),  a.  Not  pruned.  Shak. 

UN-PUB'LIC,  a.  Not  public;  private.  Bp.  Taylor. 

UN-PUB'LISIIED  (un-pub'lisht),  a.  Not  published  ; 
not  issued  ; private  ; secret ; unknown.  Shak. 

UN-PULLED'  (uu-puld'),  a.  Not  pulled ; not 
plucked,  as  fruit.  Dryden. 

UN-PUL'VJER-IZED  (un-pixl'ver-Izd),  a.  Not  pul- 
verized ; not  powdered.  Ash. 

UN-PUNCT'U-AL  (un-punkt'yu-jl),  a.  Notpunet- 
ual ; tardy  ; dilatory.  Pope. 

UN-PUNCT-U-AL'I-TY,  n.  Want  of  punctuality  ; 
tardiness ; dilatoriness.  Sir  G.  Head. 

UN-I’UNCT'U-AL-LY,  ad.  Not  punctually;  tar- 
dily ; dilatorily.  Allen. 

UN-PUN'JSH- A-BLE,  a.  Not  punishable.  Hooper. 

UN-PUN'ISHED  (un-pun'jsht),  a.  Not  punished  ; 
not  chastised.  Dryden. 

UN-PUN'ISH-ING,  a.  Not  punishing.  Smart. 

UN-PUR'CHAS-A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  pur- 
chased or  bought.  Coleridge. 

UN-PUR'CHASED  (un-pur'chjst),  rt.  Not  pur- 
chased ; not  bought.  Denham. 

f UN-PURE',  a.  Not  pure  ; impure.  Donne. 

f ij,V-PURE'LY,  ad.  Impurely.  Bale. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  9,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  ? as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


UNPURGED 


159G 


UNREELED 


UN-PUR(IED'  (un-piirjd'),  a.  Not  purged;  un- 
purified. “ ynpurged  air.”  Shak. 

UN-PU'Rl-FIED  (un-pu're-fld),  a.  Not  purified; 
uncleansed;  unclean.  Dec.  of Chr.  Piety. 

tJN-PUR'POSED  (un-pur'pust),  a.  Not  purposed. 

f UN-PURSED'  (un-purst'),  a.  Not  taken  from 
the  purse  ; not  expended.  Gower. 

UN-PUR-SUED'  (un-ptir-sud'),  a.  Not  pursued; 
not  followed  ; not  chased.  Milton. 

UN-PUT',  a.  Not  put.  [r.]  Savile. 

UN-PU'TRE-FIED  (un-pu'tre-f Id),  a.  Not  putre- 
fied ; not  rotten  ; sound.  Bacon. 

UN-QUAFFED'  (-kwaft'),  a.  Not  quaffed.  Smart. 

UN-QUA'KER,  v.a.  To  divest  of  Quakerism.  E.R. 

UN-QUAK'ING,  a.  Not  quaking.  Wilson. 

UN-QUAL'I-FIED  (un-kwol'e-f  Id),  a.  1.  Not 
qualified  ; disqualified  ; not  fit ; incompetent. 

2.  Not  softened;  not  modified;  unrestricted. 

UN-QUAL'I-FIED-LY,  nd.  In  an  unqualified 
manner  ; without  qualification.  King. 

UN-aUAL'J-FIED-NESS  (un-kvvol'e-f  Id-nes),  n. 
The  state  of  being  unqualified.  Biblioth.  Bibl. 

UN-QUAL'I-FY  (un-kwol'e-f I),  V.  a.  To  disqual- 
ify ; to  divest  of  qualification,  [r.]  Addison. 

j- UN-QU AL'I-TIED  (un-kwol'e-tid),  a.  Deprived 
of  the  usual  qualities  or  faculties.  Shak. 

f UN-aUAR'RpL-A-BLE  (un-kwor'rel-?-bI),  a. 
That  cannot  he  quarrelled  with  or  impugned. 
“ Unquarrelable  reasons.”  Browne. 

UN-Q.UAR'TERED  (un-kw&r'terd),  a.  Not  quar- 
tered ; not  divided  into  quarters.  Ash. 

UN-QUEEN',  v.  a.  To  divest  or  deprive  of  the 
rank  or  dignity  of  queen.  Shak. 

UN-QUEI.L' A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  quelled, 
suppressed,  or  subdued.  Lond.  Mag. 

UN-QUELLED'  (un-kweld'), a.  Not  quelled;  un- 
subdued ; not  kept  down.  Thomson. 

UN-QUENCII' A-BLE  (un-kwench'a-bl),  a.  That 
cannot  be  quenched  ; unextinguishable.  Milton. 

UN-QUENCII'A-BLE-NESS, n.  State  of  being  un- 
quenchable ; unextinguishablencss.  Ilakewill. 

UN-QUENCH'A-BLY,  ad.  In  a manner  or  degree 
so  as  not  to  be  quenched.  Scott. 

UN-QUENCHED'  (un-kwencht'),  a.  Notquenched; 
not  extinguished.  Bacon. 

UN-QUES'TION-A-BLE  (un-kvvest'yun-a-bl),  a. 
That  cannot  be  questioned  or  doubted;  certain  ; 
indubitable  ; indisputable  ; incontrovertible. 

There  is  an  unquestionable  magnificence  in  every  part  of 
Paradise  Lost.  Addison. 

Syn.  — See  Certain,  Indubitable. 

ON-QUES'TION-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of 
being  unquestionable.  Ash. 

UN-QU  ES-TION-A-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of  be- 
ing unquestionable,  [it.]’  Coleridge. 

tjN-QUES'TION-A-BLY,  ad.  Indubitably;  with- 
out doubt ; indisputably.  Burnet. 

ON-dUES'TtONED  (un-kwest'yund),  a.  1.  Not 
questioned,  disputed,  or  doubted.  Browne. 

2.  Not  interrogated;  not  examined.  Dryden. 

3.  Indisputable.  B.  Jonson. 

f UN-QUICK'  (un-kwlk'),  a.  Not  quick ; not 
alive  ; dead.  Daniel. 

fJN-QUlCK'lENED  (un-kwlk'knd),  a.  Not  quick- 
ened ; not  animated.  Blackmore. 

UN-QUI'ET  (un-kwl'et),  a.  Not  quiet;  uneasy; 
agitated  ; disturbed  ; restless.  Milton. 

f UN-auf'ET,  v.  a.  To  disquiet.  Lord  Herbert. 

UN-QUI'ET-LY  (un-kwl'et-le),  ad.  Without  quiet 
or  rest ; uneasily  ; restlessly.  Shak. 

ON-QUf'ET-NESS,  n.  Want  of  quiet;  uneasi- 
ness ; restlessness  ; turbulence.  Drgden. 

+ UN-QUI'E-TUDE,  n.  Disquietude.  Wotton. 

UN-QUlLT'ED,  a.  Not  quilted.  Ash. 

UN-QUOT'ED,  a.  Not  quoted;  not  cited.  Ash. 

A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6 


UN-RACKED'  (un-rakt'),  a.  ’Not  racked;  not 
poured  off  from  the  lees,  as  liquor.  Bacon. 

UN-RA'DI-AT-ED,  a.  Not  radiated.  Ash. 

UN-RA1§ED'  (un-razd'),  a.  Not  raised.  Shak. 

UN-RAKED'  (un-rakt'),  a.  Not  raked.  Shak. 

UN-RAMMED'  (un-ramd’),  a.  Not  rammed.  Ash. 

UN-RAn^ED'  (un-ranjd'),  a.  Not  ranged.  Ford. 

UN-RAN'sAcKED  (un-ran'sakt),  a.  Not  ran- 
sacked ; not  pillaged.  Knolles. 

UN-RAN'SOMED  (un-ran'sumd),  a.  Not  ran- 
somed ; not  freed  by  ransom ; unrescued.  Pope. 

UN-RAPT'URED  (un-rapt'yurd),  a.  Not  enrapt- 
ured ; not  transported.  Young. 

UN-RASH',  a.  Notrash;  cautious.  Smart. 

UN-RAT'A-BLE,  a.  Not  liable  to  rate  or  assess- 
ment ; not  taxable.  Burrow. 

UN-rAv'A<7ED  (un-rav'jjd),  a.  Not  ravaged;  not 
pillaged  ; not  plundered.  Burke. 

UN-RAV'EL  (un-r&v'vl),  v.  a.  [See  Ravel,  and 
Reave.]  [*.  unravelled  ; pp.  unravelling, 

UNRAVELLED.] 

1.  To  separate  the  parts  of,  as  any  thing  com- 
plicated, involved,  or  knit;  to  disentangle;  to 
unknit ; to  ravel.  — See  Ravel. 

That  great  chain  of  causes  which,  linking  one  to  another, 
even  to  the  throne  of  God  himself,  can  never  be  unravelled 
by  any  industry  of  ours.  Burke. 

2.  To  disorder  ; to  put  into  confusion  ; to 
confuse.  “ Nature  all  unravelled."  [r.]  Drgden. 

3.  To  clear  up  or  unfold,  as  the  plot  or  in- 
trigue of  a play  ; to  interpret ; to  solve.  Shak. 

UN-RAV'EL  (un-r5.v'vl),  v.  n.  To  be  unfolded 
or  disentangled.  Young. 

UN-RAV'EL-L  A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  unrav- 
elled or  disentangled.  Phil.  Mag. 

UN-RA  V'EL-LER,  n.  One  who  unravels.  Franklin. 

UN-rAv'EL-MENT,  n.  The  act  of  unravelling  or 
disentangling,  [r.]  Sir  E.  Brgdges. 

UN-RAV'ISHED  (un-rSv'jsht),  a.  Not  ravished. 

UN-RA'ZORED  (un-ra'zurd),  a.  Unshaven.  Milton. 

UN-REACHED'  (un-recht'),  a.  Not  reached  ; not 
attained  ; not  arrived  at.  Drgden. 

UN-READ' (un-red’),  a.  1.  Not  read  ; notperused 
or  recited  ; not  pronounced.  Hooker. 

2.  Untaught;  not  learned  in  books;  illiter- 
ate. “ The  clown  unread."  Drgden. 

UN-READ'A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  read  ; il- 
legible. J.  Montgomery. 

UN-RE  AD' t-LY,  ad.  Without  being  ready  ; with- 
out readiness  ; not  promptly.  Mitford. 

UN-READ'l-NESS  (un-red'e-nes),  n.  Want  of 
promptness  or  of  preparation.  Bp.  Taylor. 

UN-READ'Y  (un-red'e),  a.  1.  Not  ready  ; not  pre- 
pared ; unprepared  ; unfit ; not  qualified.  Spens. 

2.  Not  prompt;  not  quick.  Browne. 

3.  Awkward  ; ungain  ; clumsy,  [r.]  Bacon. 

4.  f Not  dressed;  undressed.  Chapman. 

f UN-READ'Y  (-red'-),  v.  a.  To  undress.  Pembroke. 

UN-RE'AL,  a.  Not  real ; not  actual  ; unsubstan- 
tial ; having  only  appearance  ; imaginary.  Shak. 

UN-RIJ-AL'I-TY,  n.  Want  of  reality.  Southeg. 

UN-RE'  AL-iZ-  A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  realized 
or  experienced.  Ec.  Rev. 

UN-RE'AL-IZE,  v.  a.  To  take  away  the  reality  of ; 
to  make  not  real,  [it.]  Coleridge. 

UN-RE' AL-IZED  (un-re'jl-Izd),  a.  Not  realized. 

UN-RE'AL-IZ-ING,  a.  Not  realizing.  Clarke. 

UN-REAPED'  (un-rept'),  a.  Not  reaped.  Carew. 

UN-REARED'  (un-rerd'),  a.  Not  reared.  Ash. 

UN-REA'§ON  (un-re'zn),  n.  Want  of  reason  ; un- 
reasonableness. [it.]  Chaucer.  Ed.  Rev. 

UN-REA'§ON  (un-re'zn),  v.  a.  To  make  unrea- 
sonable,.or  to  disprove  by  argument,  [it.]  South. 

UN-RE A'§ON-A-BLE  (un-re'zn-a-ld),  a.  1.  Not 
reasonable  ; contrary  to  reason;  irrational  ; un- 
wise ; foolish  ; absurd.  Addison. 


i,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  E>  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE, 


2.  Exorbitant ; excessive  ; unjust.  Drgden. 

Syn.  — See  Absurd. 

UN- HE  A '^ON- A-BLE- NESS  (un-re'zn-a-bl-nes),  n. 

1.  The  state  of  being  unreasonable ; incon- 
sistency with  reason  ; absurdity.  Hammond. 

2.  Exorbitance;  immoderateness.  K.  Charles. 

UN-REA'^ON-A-BLY  (uil-re'zn-a-ble),  ad.  1.  In 
an  unreasonable  manner  ; absurdly.  Addison. 

2.  Immoderately  ; exorbitantly.  Shak. 

UN-REA'fJONED  (un-re'znd),  a.  Existing  or  adopt- 
ed without  reason  or  discussion.  Burke. 

UN-REA'§ON-ING  (un-re'zn-Ing),  a.  Not  reason- 
ing, or  not  having  or  using  reason.  Moore. 

UN-RE  AVE'  (un-rev'),  v.  a.  [See  Reave.] 

1.  To  unwind ; to  unravel,  [r.]  Spenser. 

2.  f Not  to  rive  or  unroof.  Bp.  Hall. 

t UN-RJJ-BAt']JD,  a.  Not  blunted.  Ilakewill. 

UN-Rp-BUK'A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  rebuked  ; 
not  censurable  ; blameless.  1 Tim.  vi.  14. 

UN-R|J-BUKED'  (un-re-bukt'),  a.  Not  rebuked; 
not  censured  ; unreproved.  Homilies. 

UN-Rp-CALL'A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  recalled. 

UN-RE-CALLED'  (un-re-kSild'),  a.  Not  recalled; 
not  called  back  ; unrevoked.  Young. 

UN-RJJ-CANT'ED,  a.  Not  recanted.  Qu.  Rev. 

UN-RE-CEIVED'  (un-re-sevd'),  a.  Not  received, 
taken,  accepted,  or  adopted.  Hooker. 

UN-ItECK'ONED  (un-rek'knd),  a.  Not  reckoned 
or  enumerated.  Bp.  Gardiner. 

UN-RE-CLAIM' A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  re- 
claimed ; irreclaimable,  [r.]  Potter. 

UN-RE-CLAlM' A-BLY,  ad.  So  as  not  to  be  re- 
claimed ; irreclaimably.  [r.]  Bp.  Hall. 

UN-RE-CLAlMED'  (un-re-klamd'),  a.  Not  re- 
claimed ; not  tamed  or  reformed.  Rogers. 

UN-RE-CL AIM'ING,  a.  Not  reclaiming.  SheUeg. 

UN-REC'OG-NI-Z A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  rec- 
ognized ; not  recognizable.  Coleridge. 

UN-REC'OG-NlZED  (un-rek'og-nlzd),  a.  Not  rec- 
ognized ; not  known  or  acknowledged.  Ed.  Rev. 

UN-REC-OM-MEND'UD,  a.  Not  recommended  or 
declared  worthy  of  favor.  Knox. 

UN- R EC 'OM- PE  NS  ED  (un-rek'om-penst),  a.  Not 
recompensed  or  paid  ; unrewarded.  Hall. 

UN-REC-ON-CIL'A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  rec- 
onciled ; irreconcilable,  [r.]  Shak. 

UN-REC'ON-CI LED  (un-rek'on-slld),  a.  Not  rec- 
onciled. "Unreconciled  ...  to  heaven.”  Shak. 

UN-RE-CORD' ED,  a.  Not  recorded.  Milton. 

UN-RE-COUNT' ED,  a.  Not  recounted.  Shak. 

UN-RE-COV'ER-A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  re- 
covered ; irrecoverable,  [r.]  Feltham. 

UN-RE-CO  V'ERF.D  (un-re-kuv'erd),  a.  Not  recov- 
ered ; not  regained  ; not  restored.  Drayton. 

UN-RE-CRtJIT'A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  re- 
cruited : — incapable  of  recruiting.  Milton. 

UN-RE-CR1)IT'ED,  a.  Not  recruited.  Fuller. 

UN-REC'TI-FIED  (un-rek'te-fld),  a.  Not  rectified  ; 
not  corrected  or  set  right.  Henry. 

UN-RE-CUM'BENT,  a.  Not  recumbent.  Cowper. 

f UN-RE-CUR'ING,  a.  Irremediable.  Shak. 

UN-RE-CUR'RING,  a.  Not  recurring.  Clarke. 

UN-RE-DEEM'A-BLE,  a.  Irredeemable.  Smart. 

UN-RE-DEEMED'  (un-re-demd'),  a.  Not  redeemed; 
not  ransomed  or  repurchased.  Taylor. 

UN-RE-DRESSED'  (un-re-drest'), a.  Notredressed; 
not  remedied  or  relieved.  Spenser. 

UN-RE-DUCED'  (un-re-dust'),  a.  Not  reduced; 
not  diminished  ; not  lessened.  Davies. 

UN-RE-DU'CI-BLE,  a.  Irreducible.  Milton. 

UN-RF.-DU'CI-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  irreducible  ; unsusceptibility  of  being 
reduced.  South. 

UN-REELED'  (-reld'),  a.  Not  reeled.  Collins. 

FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


UNREEYE 


1597 


UNRESOLVING 


IJN-REEVE',  v.  a.  ( Naut .)  To  draw  or  pull  out 
of  a block,  thimble,  or  pulley,  as  a rope.  Dana. 

trN-RIJ-FINED'  (un-re-f  tnd'),  a.  Not  refined  ; not 
purified:  — not  polished;  rude;  rough.  Burke. 

tiN-RE-FLECT'ED,  a.  Not  reflected.  Ash. 

UN-RE-FLECT'ING,  a.  Not  reflecting.  Young. 

UN-R  E-FORM' A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  reformed  ; 
unsusceptible  of  reformation.  Hammond. 

f UN-REF-OR-MA'TION,  n.  The  state  of  being 
unreformed;  want  of  reformation.  Bp.  Hall. 

UN-RE-FORMED'  (un-re-fdrmd'),  a.  Notreformed  ; 
not  amended  ; not  corrected.  Davies. 

UN-RE-FRACT'JJD,  a.  Not  refracted.  Neivton. 

UN-RE  FRESHED'  (un-re-fresht'),  a.  Not  re- 
freshed ; not  cheered  or  relieved.  Arbutlinot. 

T UN-Rf-FRESH'FUL,  a.  Unrefreshing.  Scott. 

UN-R  E-FRESII'ING,  a.  Not  refreshing.  Smith. 

tJN-Rp-FUND'^D,  a.  Not  refunded.  Ash. 

t/N-Rp-FUND'ING,  a.  Not  refunding.  Young. 

UN-RE-FU§'ING,  a.  Not  refusing.  Thomson. 

UN-RE-FUT'ED,  a.  Not  refuted.  Ed.  Rev. 

UN-IiE'GAL,  a.  Not  regal ; not  royal.  Ed.  Rev. 

UN-RE-GARD'A-BLE,  a.  Not  to  be  regarded, 
heeded,  or  observed.  Bp.  Hall. 

UN-EE-GARD'ED,  a.  Not  regarded;  not  heeded  ; 

neglected  ; disregarded.  Spenser. 

UN-Rf-QARD'FUL,  a.  Not  regardful ; disregard- 
ful ; negligent ; heedless.  Clarke. 

UN-Rp-GARD'|NG,  a.  Not  regarding  ; disregard- 
ing ; unheeding.  Bp.  Taylor. 

UN-RIJ-^EN'ER-A-CY,  n.  The  state  of  being  un- 
regenerate ; unregeneration.  Hammond. 

UN-RE-^EN'IJR-ATE,  a.  Not  regenerate;  un- 
converted ; not  brought  to  a new  life.  Stephens. 

UN-EE-<?EN'pR-AT-ED,  a.  Not  regenerated  or 
brought  to  newness  of  life.  Knox. 

UN-Rfl-^EN-ER-A'TION,  n.  Want  of  regenera- 
tion ; unrcgeneracy.  II.  Martyn. 

UN-RE^J'IS-TERED  (un-rej'js-terd),  a.  Not  regis- 
tered ; not  recorded.  Shah. 

UN-Rp-GRET'TED,  a.  Not  regretted.  Knox. 

UN-REG'U-LAT-ED,  a.  Not  regulated,  i Boswell. 

UN-R  p- HE  ARSED'  (un-re-lierst'),  a.  Not  rehearsed; 
not  recited  or  repeated.  Pollok. 

UN-REIN'  (un-ran'),  v.  a.  To  relax  the  rein  of ; 
to  give  the  rein  to.  Addison. 

UN-REINED'  (un-rand'),  a.  Not  reined;  not  re- 
strained by  the  reins  or  bridle.  Milton. 

UN-RIJ-JECT'pD,  a.  Not  rejected.  Ash. 

UN-RE-JOICED'  (un-re-joist'),  a.  Not  rejoiced  ; 
not  gladdened  ; uncheered.  Wordsworth. 

0N-RE-JOly'lNG,  a.  Not  rejoicing;  unjoyous  ; 
not  glad  ; not  cheerful ; sad.  Warton. 

UN-RE-lAT'ED,  a.  Not  related.  Barrow. 

UN-REL'A-TIVE,  a.  Not  relative.  Chesterfield. 

UN-REL' A-TIVE-LY,  ad.  Without  relation  ; not 
relatively.  • Bolingbroke. 

UN-RE-RAXED'  (un-re-lakst'),  a.  Not  relaxed  or 
slackened ; not  loosened.  Congreve. 

UN-RIJ-LAX'ING,  a.  Not  relaxing.  Wordsworth. 

UN-R(5-LENT'ED,  a.  Not  relented.  Scott. 

UN-RE-LENT'ING,  a.  Not  relenting ; hard ; cruel  ; 
relentless  ; implacable  ; inexorable.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Implacable. 

UN-R  E-LI- A-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of  not  being 
reliable.  — See  Reliable.  N.  B.  Rev. 

IJN-RlJ-Iii'A-BLE,  a.  Not  to  be  relied  on.  — See 
Reliable.  Shields.  Blackwood.  O.  A.Brownson. 

UN-RP-LIEV'A-BLE  (Hn-re-levVbl),  „„  That  can- 
not be  relieved  ; admitting  no  succor.  Boyle. 

UN-R^-LIEVED'  (un-re-IEvd'),  a.  Not  relieved; 
not  succored ; not  eased.  Dryden. 


UN-Rfl-UlGToyS  (un-re-IIj'us),  a.  Not  religious  ; 
not  pious  ; irreligious.  Wordsworth. 

UN-RIS-LlN'ClUISH-A-BLY  (un-re-llng'kwisli-ri- 
ble),  ad.  So  as  not  to  be  relinquished.  Milton. 

UN-RlJ-LlN'QUISHED  (un-re-llng'kwjsht),  a.  Not 
relinquished  or  resigned.  Cowpcr. 

UN-REL'ISHED  (un-rel'isht),  a.  1.  Not  relished. 

2.  Not  having  a relish  ; tasteless.  Drayton. 

UN-REL'ISH-ING,  a.  Not  having  a relish  or 
pleasant  taste  ; unsavory.  Gldhvill. 

UN-RE-LUC'TANT,  a.  Not  reluctant;  willing. 
“ Unreluctant,  all  obeyed.”  Coivper. 

UN-RE-LUC'TANT-LY,  ad.  Not  reluctantly  ; 
without  reluctance  ; willingly.  Scott. 

UN-Rp-MARK'A-BLE,  a.  Not  remarkable.  Digby. 

UN-RE-MARKED'  (un-re-m'4rkt'),  a.  Not  re- 
marked ; unobserved  ; unnoted.  Smart. 

UN-RE-ME'DI-A-RLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  reme- 
died ; irremediable,  [it.]  Sidney. 

UN-REM'5-DIED  (un-rem'e-did),  a.  Not  remedied 
or  cured.  “ Unremedied  woe.”  Spenser. 

UN-RE-MEM'BIJRED  (un-re-mem'berd),  a.  Not 
remembered ; forgotten.  Milton. 

UN-R  E-MEM 'B  R-ING,  a.  Not  remembering; 
not  recollecting  ; forgetful.  Dryden. 

UN-RE-MEM'BRANCE,  n.  Want  of  remembrance 
or  recollection  ; forgetfulness,  [it.]  Watts. 

UN-RIJ-MIND'JJD,  a.  Not  reminded.  Foster. 

f UN-Rp-MIT'TA-BLE,  a.  Irremissible.  Blount. 

UN-RE-MlT'TpD,  a.  Not  remitted;  constant; 
continued;  unabated;  incessant.  Burke. 

UN-RE-MlT'TJNG,  a.  Not  remitting;  constant; 
continual ; unceasing  ; persevering.  Shenstone. 

UN-RE-MIT'TING-LY,  ad.  Without  intermission  ; 
unceasingly  ; constantly.  Halford. 

UN-Rp-MORSE'LgSS,  a.  Not  remorseless.  Cowley. 

UN-Rg-MOV'A-BLE,  a.  Irremovable,  [u.]  Sidney. 

fUN-RE-MOV'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  be- 
ing unremovable  ; irremovableness. \\i.]Bp. Hall. 

fUN-RE-MOV'A-BLY,  ad.  Irremovably.  Shak. 


UN-R^-PENT'ING,  a.  Not  repenting.  Dryden. 
UN-RE-PIN'ING,  a.  Not  repining.  Rowe. 

UN-RIJ-PIN'JNG-LY,  ad.  Without  repining  ; with- 
out peevish  complaint.  Wotton. 

UN-RE-PLEN'ISHED  (un-re-plun'jsht),  a.  Not  re- 
plenished or  filled  ; unsupplied.  Boyle. 

UN-R£-PORT'(jD,  a.  Not  reported.  N.  A.  Rev. 


UN-RlJ-PO§ED'  (un-re-pozd'),  a.  Not  reposed. 

UN-REP-RU-§ENT'5D,  a.  Not  represented  ; hav- 
ing no  representative.  Williams. 

UN-RE-PRESSED'  (un-re-prest'),  a.  Not  repressed  ; 
not  subdued;  not  suppressed.  W.  Scott. 

UN-Rp-PRESS'I-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  re- 
pressed ; irrepressible,  [it.]  Barton. 

UN-RE-PRIEV'A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  re- 
prieved or  respited.  Shak. 

UN- REPRIEVED'  (un-re-prevd'),  a.  Not  re- 
prieved; not  respited.  Milton. 

UN-REP'RI-MAND-ED,  a.  Not  reprimanded  or 

■ censured  ; unrebuked.  Ash. 

UN-RE-PRO ACH'A-BLE,  a.  Not  to  be  reproached ; 
irreproachable,  [it.]  Blackstone. 

UN-R p-PR 6 ACHED'  (un-re-procht'),  a.  Not  re- 
proached or  censured.  King  Charles. 

UN-Rf-PROACH'FUU,  a.  Not  reproachful;  — 
superior  to  censure.  Gray. 

UN-Rf-PROACH'ING,  a.  Not  reproaching.  Alison. 

UN-RE-PROV'A-BUE,  a.  Not  liable  to  blame  or 
reproof ; irreprovable.  Col.  i.  22. 

UN-RF.-PROVED’  (fin-re-provd'),  a.  1.  Not  re- 
proved; not  censured.  Sandys. 

2.  Not  liable  to  reproof  or  censure. 

Iu  unreproved  pleasures  free.  Milton. 

UN-Rf-PUG'NANT,  a.  Not  repugnant.  Hooker. 

UN-REP'U-TA-BLE,  a.  Not  reputable  ; discred- 
itable ; disreputable,  [r.]  Royers. 

UN-RIJ-PUT'IJD,  a.  Not  reputed.  Ash. 

UN-RE-QUEST'JJD,  a.  Not  requested.  Knolles. 

UN-RE-GlUlRED'  (Hn-re-kwlrd'),  a.  Not  required; 
not  needed;  unnecessary.  Wordsworth. 


UN-RE-MOVED'  (fin-re-mSvd'),  a.  I.  Not  re- 
moved ; not  taken  away.  Hammond. 

2.  That  cannot  be  removed  ; irremovable. 

Like  Teneriffe  or  Atlas  iinremoved.  Milton. 

t/N-Ry-MU'NER-AT-ED,  a.  Not  remunerated; 
not  compensated ; unpaid;  unrewarded.  Ash. 

UN-R^-NA V'l-G A-BUE,  a.  That  cannot  be  re- 
crossed in  a ship  or  vessel,  [r.]  Sandys. 

UN-R  E-NE  WED'  (un-re-nQd'),  ft.  Not  made  anew; 
not  renewed;  unrenovated.  South. 

UN-REN'0-VAT-£D,  a.  Not  renovated.  Ash. 

UN-RE-NoWNED'  (un-re-niiund'),  a.  Not  re- 
nowned ; not  famous  ; obscure.  Pollok. 

UN-RENT',  a.  Not  rent ; not  torn.  Burke. 

UN-RENT'JJD,  a.  Not  rented  ; not  leased.  Ash. 

UN-Rp-PAlD',  a.  Not  repaid.  Byron. 

UN-RE-PAlR'A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  repaired 
or  recovered  ; irreparable,  [r.]  Milton. 

UN-RE-PAlRED'  (un-re-p&rd'),  a.  Not  repaired; 
not  mended.  B.  Jonson. 

UN-RE-PEAL' A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  he  re- 
pealed ; irrepealable.  Coupcr. 

UN-RE-PEALED'  (un-re-peld'),  a.  Not  repealed; 
not  revoked.  Blackmore. 

UN-RJJ-PEAT'ED,  a.  Not  repeated.  Milton. 

UN-R13-PELLED'  (un-re-peld'),  a.  Not  repelled. 


UN-RlJ-Q.UlT'A-BLE,  a.  Not  requitable  ; not  to 
be  requited  or  retaliated.  Browne. 

UN-RE-dUIT'IJD,  a.  Not  requited.  Bp.  Hall. 

TJN-RIJ-SCIND'IJD,  a.  Not  rescinded.  Ash. 

UN-RES'CUED  (fin-res'kud),  a.  Not  rescued;  not 
delivered;  not  saved.  Ec.  Rev. 

f UN-RE-SEARCH' A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be 
searched  ; unsearchable.  Sir  T,  More. 

UN-RF,-§ENT'ED,  a.  Not  resented.  Rogers. 

UN-RE-SjENT'FUL,  a.  Not  resentful.  Jodrcll. 

UN-RE-§ENT'ING,  a.  Not  resenting.  Coleridge. 

UN-RE-§ERVE',  n.  Absence  of  reserve  ; frank- 
ness ; openness;  plainness.  Warton. 

UN-RE-§ERVED'  (-zervd'),  a.  Not  reserved  or 
limited  : — frank  ; open  ; free  ; candid.  Rogers. 

UN-RE-^ERV'ED-LY,  ad.  Without  reserve  or 
limitation  : — frankly  ; openly.  Boyle. 

UN-RE-^ERV'ED-NESS,  n.  Unlimitedness  : — 
openness  ; frankness.  Warton. 

UN-RE-§IGNED'  (un-re-zlnd'),  a.  Not  resigned; 
not  surrendered  : — not  submissive.  Wilson. 

UN-RE-SIST'ED,  a.  1.  Not  resisted.  Bentley. 

2.  Resistless,  [r.]  Dryden. 

UN-RE-§IST'I-BLE,  a.  Irresistible.  [».]  Mode. 

UN-RE-§IST’ING,  a.  Not  resisting.  Dryden. 


UN-RE-PENT'A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  repent- 
ed of.  [r.]  Pollok. 

UN-RE-PENT'ANCE,  n.  Want  of  penitence  ; im- 
penitence. [r.]  Wharton. 

UN-RE-PENT' ANT,  a.  Not  repentant ; impeni- 
tent. [r.]  Byron. 

UN-RE-PENT'ED,  a.  Not  repented  of ; not  expi- 
ated by  penitential  sorrow.  Hooker. 


UN-R1J-§ISTTNG-LY,  ad.  Without  resistance  ; 
without  resisting.  Lady  Morgan. 

UN-RE-§OLV'A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  resolved 
or  solved ; insoluble.  South. 

UN-R  EVOLVED'  (un-re-zolvd'),  a.  1.  Not  re- 
solved; not  determined.  Dryden. 

2.  Not  solved;  not  cleared.  Locke. 

UN-RE-?OLV'!NG,  a.  Not  resolving.  Dryden. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — y,  £,  9,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


UNRESPECT 


1598 


UNSANDALED 


f UN-R1J-SPECT',  n.  Disrespect.  Bp.  IJall. 

UN-ltE-SPECT'A-BLE,  a.  Not  respectable  ; dis- 
reputable ; dishonorable,  [r.]  Malone. 

UN-ItE-SPECT'ED,  a.  Not  respected.  Shak. 

UN-IiE-SPECT'lNG,  a.  Not  respecting.  Daniel. 

f UN-Rp-SPEC'TIVE,  a.  Irrespective  ; — inat- 
tentive : — mean  ; despicable.  Shak. 

UN-IUJ-SPIR'A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  respired 
or  breathed.  — See  Respirable.  Ec.  Ilev. 

UN-RES'PIT-gD,  a.  Not  respited.  Milton. 

UN-RE-SPON'SI-BLE,  a.  Irresponsible,  [k.]  Todd. 

UN-RE-SPON'SI-BLE-NESS,  n.  Want  of  respon- 
sibility ; irresponsibility,  [it.]  Bp.  Gauden. 

UN-Rp-SPON'SIVE,  a.  Not  responsive.  Scott. 

UN-REST',  n.  Disquiet ; want  of  rest.  Spenser. 

UN-REST'ED,  a.  Not  rested.  Erring. 

f UN-REST'FUL,  a.  Not  at  rest ; restless.  More. 

UN-REST’ING,  a.  Not  resting  ; constantly  act- 
ing ; indefatigable  ; sedulous.  Erring. 

UN-RE-STORED'  (un-re-stord'),  a.  1.  Not  re- 
stored or  returned  ; not  given  back.  Addison. 

2.  Not  cured;  not  returned  to  health.  Young. 

UN-RE-STRAINED-'  (un-re-strand’), a.  1.  Not  re- 
strained ; not  hindered  ; unchecked.  Dryden. 

2.  Licentious ; loose  ; dissolute.  Browne. 

Syn.  — See  Dissolute. 

UN-Rf-STRAINT',  n.  Want  of  restraint ; free- 
dom ; liberty.  For.  Qu.  Rev. 

UN-RE-STRICT'ED,  a.  Not  restricted.  Watts. 

t UN-REST'Y,  a.  Restless.  Chaucer. 

UN-Rp-TARD'JJD,  a.  Not  retarded.  Knox. 

UN-Rp-TEN'TIVE,  a.  Not  retentive.  Coleridge. 

UN-R E-TRACT' pD,  a.  Not  retracted.  Collier. 

UN-RE-TURNED'  (un-re-turiid'),  a.  Not  returned  ; 
not  given  or  rendered  back.  Tatler. 

UN-RE-TURN’ING,  a.  Not  returning.  Byron. 

UN-RE- VEALED'  (un-re-veld'),  a.  Not  revealed; 
not  told;  not  discovered  ; not  disclosed.  Pope. 

UN-Rp-VEAL'ED-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
unrevealed  or  undiscovered.  Baxter. 

UN-Rp-VEN^ED'  (un-re-venjd'),  a.  Not  revenged. 

UN-RE- VEN(JE'FUL,  a.  Not  revengeful.  Racket. 

tjN-RE V'p-NUED  (un  rev'e-nud),  a.  Having  no 
revenue  or  income.  [n.j  Milton. 

UN-RE-VERED'  (un-re-verd'),  a.  Not  revered.  Ash. 

f UN-REV'ER-ENCE,  n.  Irreverence.  Wickliffe. 

UN-REV'ER-ENCED  (un-rev'er-enst),  a.  Not  rev- 
erenced; not  respected ; not  revered.  Ash. 

0n-REV'ER-END,  a.  Not  reverend;  irreverent; 
disrespectful.  “Unreverend  robes.”  Shak. 

f UN-REV'ER-ENT,  a.  Irreverent.  Bp.  Hall. 

f UN-REV' f.R-lJNT-L V , ad.  Without  reverence 
or  respect ; irreverently.  B.  Jonson. 

UN-Rg- VERSED'  (un-re- verst'),  a.  Not  reversed  ; 
not  revoked ; not  repealed.  Shak. 

UN-Rg-VERS'!-BLE,  a.  Irreversible.  Ash. 

UN-RE-VERT'ED,  a.  Not  reverted.  Wordsworth. 

UN-RE-VIEWED'  (un-re-vud'),  a.  Not  reviewed. 

UN-Rg-Vl^ED'  (un-re-vlzd'),  a.  Not  revised.  Ash. 

UN-Rg-VOKED'  (un-re-vokt'),  a.  Not  revoked  or 
recalled,  as  a decree.  Milton. 

UN-Rg-WARD'gD,  a.  Not  rewarded;  not  recom- 
pensed; not  compensated  ; not  paid.  Pope. 

UN-Rg-WARD'ING,  a.  Not  rewarding.  Taylor. 

UN-RHE-TOR'I-CAL  (un-re-tor'e-kal),  a.  Not  ac- 
cording to  rhetoric ; not  rhetorical.  Maunder. 

UN-RHYMED'  (un-rlmd'),  a.  Not  rhymed;  not 
having  rhyme  ; not  rhyming.  Qu.  Rev. 

UN-IUD'DEN  (un-rid'dn),  a.  Not  ridden.  Ash. 

UN-RlD'DLE,  V.  a.  [i.  UNRIDDLED  ; pp.  UNRID- 
DLING, unriddled.]  To  solve  ; to  explain. 


UN-RlD'DLgR,  n.  One  who  unriddles.  Lovelace. 

UN-RI-DlC'U-LOUS,  a.  Not  ridiculous.  Br'oume. 

UN-RI'FLED  (un-rl'fld),  a.  Not  rifled;  not  plun- 
dered ; unpillaged ; unravaged.  Taylor. 

UN-RIG’,  v.  a.  [ i . unrigged  ; pp.  unrigging, 
unrigged.]  To  strip  of  rigging;  to  divest  of 
tackle.  “ Their  ships  unrigged .”  Dryden. 

f UN-RIGHT' (un  rlt'),  re.  Wrong.  Gower. 

t UN-RIGHT',  ad.  Not  rightly ; wrongly.  Chaucer. 

f UN-RIGIIT',  n.  Wrong;  injustice.  Joye. 

t UN-RIGHT',  v.  a.  To  make  wrong.  Gower. 

UN-RIGHT'EOUS  (un-rl'chus),  re.  Not  righteous  ; 
unjust;  wicked;  unholy;  ungodly;  sinful. 

Let  the  wicked  forsake  his  way,  and  the  unrighteous  man 
his  thoughts,  and  let  him  return  unto  the  Lord.  Isa.  Iv.  7. 

UN-RlGHT'EOUS-LY  (un-rl'clius-le),  ad.  In  an 
unrighteous  manner  ; unjustly  ; wickedly  ; sin- 
fully. “ Unrighteously  oppressed.”  Collier. 

UN-RIG  III”  EOUS-N  ESS  (un-rl'chus-nes),  n.  Wick- 
edness ; injustice  ; sinfulness.  Tillotson. 

UN-RIGHT'FUL  (un-rlt'ful),  re.  Not  rightful  ; 
having  no  right  or  claim.  Shak. 

f UN-RIG  IIT'FU  L-NESS,  n.  Unrighteousness; 
injustice  ; wickedness  ; sin.  Chaucer. 

t UN-RIGHT'WI§E,  re.  Unrighteous.  Wickliffe. 

f UN-RIGHT'Wl§E-NESS,  n.  Unrighteousness; 
unholiness ; wickedness.  Wickliffe. 

UN-RIM'PLED  (un-rlm'pld),  re.  Notrimpled.  Ash. 

UN-RING',  v.  a.  To  deprive  of  a ring  or  rings. 

UN-RINGED'  (-ringd'),  re.  Not  having  a ring,  as 
through  the  nose.  “ Pigs  unringed.”  Hudtbras. 

UN-RINSED'  (un-rlnst'),  re.  Not  rinsed.  Ash. 

f UN-Rl'OT-ED,  re.  Free  from  rioting.  May. 

UN-RIP',  v.  re.  To  rip.  “Unrip  packs.”  Taylor. 

IfeT  Rip  and  unrip  are  of  the  same  meaning  ; the 
former  is  preferable. 

UN-RIPE',  re.  1.  Not  ripe  ; immature.  Shak. 

2.  Too  early  ; untimely.  “ Whose  unripe 
death  doth  yet  draw  tears.”  [r.]  Sidney. 

UN-Rf'PENED  (un-rl'pnd),  re.  Not  ripened  or  ma- 
tured. “ Unripened  beauties.”  Addison. 

UN-RiPE'NpSS,  n.  Immaturity.  Bacon. 

UN-RI§'EN  (un-riz'zn),  re.  Not  risen.  Neele. 

UN-RI'VALLED  (un-rl'vald),  re.  Having  no  rival, 
competitor,  or  peer ; unequalled;  peerless.  Pope. 

tJN-RlV'ET,  v.  re.  \i.  unriveted  ; pp.  unrivet- 
ing, unriveted. j To  loosen  or  free  from  a 
rivet  or  rivets  ; to  unfasten  ; to  unpin.  Rale. 

UN-ROAST'yD,  re.  Not  roasted.  Beau.  § FI. 

UN-ROBBED'  (un-robd'),  re.  Not  robbed.  Evelyn. 

UN-ROBE',  v.  a.  To  remove  the  robe  or  robes 
from  ; to  undress  ; to  disrobe.  Young. 

UN-ROILED'  (un-rblld'),  re.  Not  roiled.  Messenger. 

UN-ROLL',  V.  a.  [ i . UNROLLED  ; pp.  UNROLLING, 
unrolled.]  To  open  from  being  rolled  or  con- 
volved; to  unfold;  to  lay  open.  Dryden. 

UN-RO-MAN'TIC,  re.  Not  romantic.  Sivift. 

UN-RO-MAN'TI-CAL-LY,  ad.  Not  romantically. 

UN-ROOF',  v.  re.  [».  unroofed  ; pp.  unroofing, 
unroofed.]  To  strip  off  or  remove  the  roof  or 
roofs  of.  “ First  unroofed  the  city.”  Shak. 

UN-ROOST'yD,  re.  Driven  from  the  roost.  Shak. 

UN-ROOT',  v.  a.  [z.  unrooted  ; pip.  unrooting, 
unrooted.]  To  tear  or  pull  up  from  the  roots  ; 
to  extirpate  ; to  eradicate.  Dryden. 

UN-ROOT',  v.  n.  To  be  unrooted.  Beau.  §•  FI. 

UN-ROT'TEN  (un-rot'tn),  a.  Not  rotten.  Young. 

UN-ROUGII'  (un-ruf'),  re.  Not  rough;  smooth; 
unbearded.  “ Unrough  youth.”  Shak. 

UN-ROUND'JJD,  re.  Not  rounded;  notmaderound. 

UN-ROUTED'  (un-rouzd'),  re.  Not  roused.  Ash. 

UN-ROUT'JED,  re.  Not  routed.  Beau.  % FI. 

UN-ROY'AL,  re.  Not  royal ; not  regal.  Sidney. 


UN-ROY' AL-LY,  ad.  Not  in  a royal  manner; 
not  like  or  becoming  a king.  R.  Potter. 

UN-RUBBED'  (un-rubd'),  a.  Not  rubbed.  Ash. 

UN-RUB'BISH,  v.  a.  To  clear  from  rubbish.  Milton. 

UN-RUDE',  a.  1.  Not  rude;  cultivated. 

2.  f Very  rude.  B.  Jonson. 

UN-RUF'FLE,  V.  n.  [t.  UNRUFFLED  ; pp.  I'N RUF- 
FLING, unruffled.]  To  cease  from  commo- 
tion or  agitation  ; to  become  quiet  or  calm. 

The  waves  unruffle,  and  the  sea  subsides.  Dryden. 

UN-RUF'FLED  (un-ruf'fld),  re.  Not  rullled  ; calm  ; 
tranquil;  quiet;  not  disturbed ; still.  Addison. 

Syn.  — See  Calm. 

UN-RU'IN-A-BLE,  re.  Not  ruinable.  Watts. 

■f  UN-RU'lN-AT-yD,  re.  Not  destroyed;  not  de- 
molished. “ Unruinated  towers.”  Bp.  Rail. 

UN-RU'INED  (-ru'jnd),  re.  Not  ruined.  Bp.  Taylor. 

UN-RULED'  (un-ruld'),  re.  Not  ruled.  Spenser. 

UN-RO'LI-LY,  ad.  Without  rule.  Sir  J.  Cheeke. 

f UN-RIJ'LI-MENT,  n.  Unruliness.  Spenser. 

UN-RU'LI-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  unruly  ; 
turbulence ; ungovernableness.  South. 

UN-RU'LY,  a.  Turbulent ; ungovernable  ; refrac- 
tory ; disorderly  ; tumultuous.  GlanviU. 

Syn.  — See  Tumultuous. 

UN-RU'MI-NAT-yD,  a.  Not  ruminated  ; not  re- 
volved in  the  mind ; crude.  Bolingbroke. 

UN-RUM'PLE,  v.  re.  To  free  from  rumples,  folds, 
or  wrinkles  ; to  unfold.  Addison. 

UN-SACKED'  (un-sakt'),  re.  Not  sacked.  Daniel. 

t UN-SAD',  re.  Unsteady;  fickle;  changeable. 

O stormy  people,  unsad  and  ever  untrue.  Chaucer. 

UN-sAd'DEN  (un-sad'dn),  V.  re.  To  relieve  from 
sadness  ; to  make  cheerful,  [r.]  Whitlock. 

UN-SAD'DLE,  V.  re.  [?.  UNSADDLED  ; pp.  UNSAD- 
DLING, UNSADDLED.] 

1.  To  take  off  the  saddle  of,  as  of  a horse. 

2.  To  detach  or  throw  from  the  saddle. 

Magnus,  who  was  by  no  means  deficient  in  courage,  en- 
gaged Otho  personally,  and  unsaddled  him.  Uuish . 

UN-SAD'DLED  (un-sad'dld),  re.  1.  Not  having  the 
saddle  on  ; not  saddled.  Holland. 

2.  Not  bestrode,  as  with  spectacles. 

Keep  thy  nose  unsaddled,  and  ope  thine  ears.  Beau.  Sf  FI. 

fUN-SAD'NySS,  n.  Weakness.  Wickliffe. 

UN-SAFE',  re.  Not  safe  ; not  secure ; insecure  ; 
hazardous  ; dangerous  ; perilous.  Milton. 

Plilegyan  robbers  made  unsafe  road.  Dryden. 

UN-SAFE'LY,  ad.  Not  safely  ; not  securely;  in- 
securely ; dangerously  ; perilously.  Dryden. 

UN-SAFE 'NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  unsafe; 
want  of  safety ; insecurity,  [r.]  Clarke. 

UN-SAFE'TY,  n.  Want  of  safety,  [r.]  Bacon. 

UN-SAID'  (un-sed'),  a.  Not  said  or  uttered  ; not 
mentioned.  “ Words  unsaid.”  Dryden. 

UN-SAlL'A-BLE,  re.  Not  navigable.  May. 

UN-SAINT',  v.  a.  To  deprive  of  saintsliip.  South. 

UN-SAINT'LY,  re.  Not  saintly.  Qu.  Rev. 

UN-SAL'A-BLE,  re.  Not  salable.  Milton. 

UN-SAL' A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality 
of  being  unsalable.  Ash. 

UN-SALT 'ED,  re.  Not  salted.  Hackluyt. 

UN-SA-LUT'ED,  re.  Not  saluted.  Shak. 

UN-SALV'A-BLE,  re.  That  cannot  he  saved  or 
preserved  ; not  salvable.  [r.]  Ash. 

CtN-SANC-TI-FI-CA'TION,  n.  The  state  or  the 
quality  of  not  being  sanctified.  Coleridge. 

UN-SANC'TI-FIED  (un-sank'te-fld),  re.  Not  sanc- 
tified ; not  consecrated  ; not  hallowed  or  made 
holy  ; unholy.  “ Ground  unsanctificd.”  Shak. 

UN-SANC'TIONED  (un-sangk’slnind),  re.  Not  sanc- 
tioned; not  approved;  not  ratified.  Cogan. 

UN-SAN'DALED  (-(laid),  a.  Not  having  or  wear- 
ing sandals.  “ With  unsandaled  foot.”  Mason. 


"Who  can  unriddle  this  dumb  show  of  death?  Dryden. 

A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  ?,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FAKE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  IIEK; 


UNSANGUINE 


UNSELDOM 


1599 


tlN-SAN'GUINE,  re.  Not  sanguine.  Young. 

UN-SAPPED'  (un-sapt'),  a.  Not  sapped  ; not  un- 
dermined ; not  destroyed.  Sterne. 

UN-SAT'ED,  a.  Not  sated  or  satisfied  ; not  sa- 
tiated. “ Unsated  appetite.”  Shenstone. 

t UN-SA-TI-A-BIL'I-TV,  n.  Insatiableness.  Bale. 

f UN-SA'TI-A-BLE  (uu-sa'she-a-bl),  a.  Not  satia- 
ble ; insatiable.  Hooker. 

f UN-SA'TI-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
insatiable ; insatiableness.  Milton. 

f UN-SA'TI-ATE  (-sa'she-?t),  a.  Insatiate.  More. 

UN-SA'TI-AT-ED  (un-sa'she-at-ed),  a.  Not  sati- 
ated ; unsated ; unsatisfied.  Gibbon. 

UN-SA'TI-AT-ING  (un-sa'she-at-ing),  a.  Not  sati- 
ating ; not  sating  or  satisfying.  Tucker. 

UN-SAT'ING,  a.  Not  sating.  Keatcs. 

UN-SAT-IS-fAc'TION,  n.  Want  of  satisfaction  ; 
dissatisfaction,  [it.]  Bp.  Hall. 

UN-sAt-IS-fAC'TO-RI-LY,  acl.  So  as  not  to  sat- 
isfy ; not  satisfactorily.  Clarke. 

UN-SAT-IS-FAC'TO-RI-NESS,  n.  The  state  or 
the  quality  of  being  unsatisfactory.  Boyle. 

UN-SAT-IS-FAC'TO-RY,  a.  Not  satisfactory  ; not 
satisfying  ; not  giving  satisfaction.  Stilling  fleet. 

UN-SAT'IS-FI-A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  satis- 
fied. “ Unsatisflable  passions.”  Paley. 

UN-SAT'IS-FlED  (un-sat'is-fid),  a.  1.  Not  satis- 
fied ; not  having  enough  or  a sufficiency;  not 
gratified  to  the  full.  Addison. 

Though  he  were  unsatisfied  in  getting, 

Yet  in  bestowing  he  was  most  princely.  Shah. 

2.  Not  contented  ; not  pleased.  Bacon. 

3.  Not  settled  in  opinion  ; not  convinced. 

Concerning  the  analytical  preparation  of  gold,  they  leave 
persons  unsatisfied.  Boyle. 

4.  Not  paid;  unpaid,  as  a claim. 

UN-SAt'IS-FIED-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  not  being 
satisfied ; dissatisfaction.  Boyle. 

ON-sAT'IS-FY-ING,  a.  Not  satisfying;  unable 
to  gratify  to  the  full ; insufficient.  Spectator. 

UN-SAt'IS-FY-ING-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the 
quality  of  being  unsatisfying.  Bp.  Taylor. 

UN-SAt'U-RA-BLE  (un-sat'yu-ra-bl),  a.  Not  sat- 
urable ; that  cannot  be  saturated.  Ash. 

tJN-SAT'U-RAT-lJD,  a.  Not  saturated.  Henry. 

UN-SAVED'  (un-savd'),  a.  Not  saved.  Watts. 

UN-SA'VO-RI-LY,  ad.  In  an  unsavory  manner; 
not  savorily ; so  as  to  disgust.  Milton. 

(JN-SA'VO-RI-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  un- 
savory ; bad  taste  or  bad  smell.  Browne. 

UN-SA'VO-RY,  a.  1.  Not  savory;  unpalatable; 
tasteless  ; insipid  ; flat.  Job  vi.  6. 

2.  Having  a bad  taste  or  a bad  smell ; offen- 
sive ; rank.  “Unsavory  food.”  Milton. 

Some  may  emit  an  unsavory  odor.  Browne. 

3.  Unpleasing;  disgusting;  nauseous.  Shak. 

UN-SAY',  v.  a.  [*.  unsaid  ; pp.  unsaying,  un- 
said.] To  retract  or  deny,  as  what  has  been 
said  ; to  retract ; to  recant ; to  recall. 

There  is  nothing  said  there  which  you  may  have  occasion 
to  unsay  hereafter.  Atterbury. 

UN-SCAl'A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  scaled.  Shak. 

UN-SCALE',  v.  a.  To  divest  of  scales.  Milton. 

UN-SCALED'  (un-skald'),  a.  Not  scaled.  Ash. 

UN-SCALPED'  (un-skalpt'),  a.  Not  scalped.  Ash. 

UN-SCA'LY,  a.  Not  scaly;  having  no  scales. 

Red-speckled  trouts,  the  salmon’s  silver  jowl, 

• The  jointed  lobster  and  unscaly  sole.  Gay. 

UN-SCANNED'  (un-skand'),  a.  Not  scanned;  not 
measured;  not  computed.  Daniel. 

UN-SCANT'JED,  a.  Not  scanted.  Daniels. 

UN-SCARED'  (un-skird'),  a.  Not  scared  or  fright- 
ened ; not  alarmed ; not  afraid.  Coivper. 

UN-SCARRED'  (un-sk'4rd'),  a.  Not  scarred;  not 
marked  with  scars  or  wounds.  Shak. 

UN-SCATHED',  or  UN-SCATHED',  a.  [See 


Scatii.]  Not  scathed;  not  hurt;  uninjured; 
unharmed.  Byron. 

UN-SC  AT 'T  p RED  (un-skat'terd),  a.  Not  scattered  ; 
not  dispersed ; not  dissipated.  Elyot. 

UN-SCENT'JJD,  a.  Not  scented.  Coieper. 

UN-SCEP'TRED  (un-sep'terd),  a.  Not  bearing  a 
sceptre  ; without  royal  authority.  Clarke. 

UN-SjCHOL'AR-LY,  a.  Not  scholarly.  Clarke. 

UN-SjCHO-LAs'TIC,  a.  Not  scholastic.  Locke. 

UN-SCHOOLED'  (un-skold'),  a.  Not  schooled; 
uneducated;  uninstructed;  ignorant.  Shak. 

f UN-SCI'IJNCE,  n.  Ignorance.  Chaucer. 

UN-SCl-JSN-TIF'lC,  a.  Not  scientific.  Doug. as. 

UN-SCI-EN-TIF'I-CAL-LY,  ad.  Not  scientifical- 
ly ; not  according  to  science.  Maunder. 

UN-SCIN'TIL-LAT-ING,  a.  Not  scintillating;  not 
throwing  out  sparks.  Clarke. 

f UN-SCl§'§ARED  (un-slz'zard),  a.  Not  cut  with 
scissors  ; not  sheared.  Shak. 

UN-SCONCED'  (un-skonst'),  a.  Not  sconced  ; not 
fined ; not  mulcted,  [r.]  Savage. 

UN-SCORCHJgD'  (Bn-skorcht'),  a.  Not  scorched  ; 
not  touched  or  affected  by  fire.  Shak. 

UN-SCO'RI-FlED,  a.  Not  scorified.  Clarke. 

UN-SCORNED'  (-skbrnd'),  a.  Not  scorned.  Young. 

UN-SCOURED'  (un-skourd'),  a.  Not  scoured;  not 
cleaned  by  scouring  or  rubbing.  Shak. 

UN-SCOUR<jrED'  (-skUrjd'),  a.  Not  scourged.  Ash. 

UN-SCRATCHED'  (un-skratcht'),  a.  Not  scratched. 

UN-SCREENED'  (un-skrend'),  a.  1.  Not  screened  ; 
not  covered  or  protected.  Boyle. 

2.  Not  sifted,  as  coal.  Gregg. 

UN-SCREW'  (un-skru '),  V.  a.  \i.  UNSCREWED  ; pp. 
unscrewing,  unscrewed.]  To  draw  the  screw 
or  screws  from  ; to  loose  or  free  from  a screw 
or  screws  ; to  unfasten.  Burnet. 

UN-SCRIPT'U-RAL,  a.  Not  according  to  the 
Scriptures ; not  scriptural.  Atterbury . 

UN-SCRIPT'y-RAL-LY,  ad.  -’So  as  not  to  accord 
or  agree  with  the  Scriptures.  Clarke. 

UN-SCRU'PU-LOUS,  a.  Not  scrupulous  ; regard- 
less of  principle ; unprincipled.  Godwin. 

UN-SCRU'PU-LOUS-LY,  ad.  Without  regard  to 
principle ; without  scruples.  Qu.  Rev. 

UN-SCRU'Py-LOUS-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the 
quality  of  being  unscrupulous.  Smart. 

UN-SCRU'TA-BLE,  a.  Inscrutable,  [r.]  Clarke. 

UN-SCRU'TI-NlZED  (un-skru 'te-nlzd),  re.  Not  scru- 
tinized; not  subjected  to  scrutiny.  Ash. 

UN-SCULPT'URED  (fin-skulpt'yurd),  a.  Not  sculpt- 
ured or  engraved.  Maunder. 

UN-SCUTCH'EONED  (un-skuch'und),  re.  Having 
no  escutcheon  or  coat  of  arms.  Clarke. 

UN-SEAL',  v.  re.  [i.  unsealed  ; pp.  unsealing, 
unsealed.]  To  open  after  having  been  sealed  ; 
to  free  from  a seal ; to  disclose.  Beau.  § FI. 

UN-SEALED'  (un-seld'),  re.  Not  sealed  ; without 
a seal,  or  having  the  seal  broken  ; open. 

lie  took  the  letters  unsealed.  Berners. 

UN-SEAM',  v.  a.  To  rip  ; to  cut  open.  Shak. 

UN-SEARCH' A-BLE,  re.  That  cannot  be  searched 
out  or  explored ; that  cannot  be  learned  by 
search  or  investigation  ; inscrutable ; incom- 
prehensible ; mysterious  ; hidden.  Milton. 

The  unsearchable  riches  of  Christ.  Eph.  iii.  8. 

UN-SEAItCH'A-BLE,  n.  Any  thing  unsearchable 
or  inscrutable  ; a mystery,  [r.]  I Vatts. 

UN-SEARCH'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  un- 
searchable ; impossibility  to  be  explored  ; inscru- 
tableness  ; incomprehensibleness.  Bramhall. 

UN-SEARCH' A-BLY,  ad.  So  as  not  to  be  searched 
or  found  out ; inscrutably  ; mysteriously. 

UN-SEARCHED'  (un-sercht'),  re.  Not  searched. 

| UN-SEARCH'ING,  re.  Not  searching.  J.  Q.  Adams. 


UN-SEARED'  (un-serd'),  re.  Not  seared.  Pollok. 

UN-SEA'.“!ON  (un-sO'zn),  v.  re.  To  make  unsa- 
vory ; — to  make  unacceptable.  Theobald. 

UN-SEA'fjON-A-BLE  (un-se'zn-a-bl),  re.  1.  Not 
seasonable  ; being  out  of  season ; not  suitable 
to  the  time  or  occasion  ; untimely  ; ill-timed. 

This  digression  I conceived  not  unseasonable  for  this  piece, 
nor  upon  this  occasion.  Clarendon. 

It  is  then  a very  unseasonable  time  to  plead  law,  when 
swords  are  in  the  hands  of  the  vulgar.  Spenser. 

2.  Not  agreeable  to  the  time  of  the  year. 

Like  an  unseasonable , stormy  day.  Shah. 

3.  Late  ; after  the  usual  or  proper  time. 

An  unseasonable  time  of  night.  Johnson. 

UN-SEA'§ON-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
unseasonable  ; untimeliness.  Hale. 

UN-SEA'§ON-A-BLY  (un-se'zn-a-bl?),  ad.  Not 

seasonably ; not  agreeably  to  the  time  or  occa- 
sion ; at  an  improper  time.  Hooker. 

UN-SEA'§ONED  (un-se'znd),  re.  1.  f Unseasona- 
ble ; untimely  ; ill-timed.  Shak. 

2.  Not  seasoned ; not  qualified  or  fitted  by 
use  or  exercise.  “An  unseasoned  courtier. "Shak. 

3.  Irregular  ; inordinate.  Hayward. 

4.  Not  seasoned;  not  kept  till  fit  for  use; 

not  prepared  for  manufacture  by  drying.  “Un- 
seasoned timber.”  Tomlinson. 

5.  Not  salted;  not  prepared  or  fitted  for  the 

taste  or  for  keeping,  as  meat.  Johnson. 

UN-SEAT',  v.  re.  [i.  unseated  ; pp.  unseating, 
unseated.]  To  throw  or  expel  from  the  seat. 
“ The  shock  unseated  him.”  Cowper. 

UN-SEAT'y  D,  re.  1.  Not  seated  ; not  sitting,  or 
displaced  from  a seat.  Smart. 

2.  Having  no  seat  or  bottom,  as  a chair. 

UN-SEA'WOR-THI-NESS  (un-se'wur-tfie-nes),  n. 
State  or  quality  of  being  unseaworthy.  Smart. 

UN-SEA'WOR-THY  (un-se'wur-the),  re.  Not  sea- 
worthy ; not  qualified  for  encountering  the  dan- 
gers of  the  sea,  as  a vessel.  Shaw. 

UN-SEC'OND-pD,  re.  1.  Not  seconded;  not  sup- 
ported. “ Unsecondcd  by  you.”  Shak. 

2.  f Not  exemplified  a second  time.  Browne. 

f UN-SE'CR^T,  v.  re.  To  disclose.  Bacon. 

f UN-SE'CRgT,  re.  Not  close  ; not  trusty.  Shak. 

UN-Sp-CRET'JNG,  n.  Act  of  making  known  any- 
thing done  in  secret,  or  kept  secret,  [it.]  Bacon. 

UN-SEC-TA'RI-AN,  re.  Not  sectarian.  Clarke. 

UN-SEC'U-LAR,  re.  Not  secular.  Ec.  Rev. 

UN-SEC'U-LAR-IZE.  v.  re.  To  separate  from 
things  secular ; to  render  unsecular.  Clarke. 

UN-Sf.-CURE',  re.  Insecure,  [it.]  Denham. 

UN-S£-CURED'  (un-se-kurd'),  re.  Not  secured. 

UN-SED'1JN-TA-RY,  a.  Not  sedentary ; not  sit- 
ting much.  ’ ’ Wordsworth. 

UN-SE-DUCED'  (un-se-dust'),  re.  Not  seduced ; 
not  drawn  or  induced  to  ill.  Shak. 

UN-SEED'JpD,  a.  Not  seeded ; not  sow-n.  Cowper. 

UN-SEE'ING,  re.  Not  seeing;  wanting  sight  or 
vision.  “ Your  unseeing  eyes:”  Shak. 

f UN-SEEM',  v.  n.  Not  to  seem.  Shak. 

UN-SEEM'ING,  re.  Unseemly,  [it.]  Udal. 

UN-SEEM 'LI -NESS,  n.  Indecency;  indecorum; 
uncomeliness ; impropriety.  Hooker. 

UN-SEEM'LY,  re.  Not  seemly;  indecent;  unbe- 
coming ; indecorous  ; improper  ; incongruous. 
Corrupt,  dishonest,  and  unseemly  speeches.  Perkins. 

UN-SEEM'LY,  ad.  Indecently;  unbecomingly; 
indecorously  ; improperly.  1 Cor.  xiii.  5. 

UN-SEEN',  re.  1.  Not  seen;  not  discovered:  — 
not  to  be  seen ; invisible  ; undiscoverable. 
Millions  of  spiritual  creatures  walk  the  earth 
Unseen , both  when  we  wake  and  when  we  sleep.  Milton. 

2.  f Unskilled;  unexperienced.  Clarendon. 

tJN-SEIZED'  (un-sezd'),  re.  1.  Not  seized ; not 
taken  ; not  apprehended.  Dryden. 

2.  Not  possessed ; as,  “ Unseized  of  land.” 

UN-SEL'DOM,  a.  Not  seldom,  [it.]  Todd. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — (j,  (J,  9,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § res  z;  \ as  gz.  — THIS,  this, 


UNSELECTED 


1600 


UNSINGLED 


UN-SIJ-LECT'pD,  re.  Not  selected.  Smart. 

UN-Sp-LECT'ING,  re.  Not  selecting.  Smart. 

UN-SELF'ISH,  a.  Not  selfish  ; disinterested  ; 
generous  ; liberal ; magnanimous.  Spectator. 

UN-SELF'ISH- LY,  ad.  Not  selfishly.  Clarke. 

t UN-SE'LY,  a.  Not  blessed  ; wretched.  Chaucer. 

fUN-SEM'I-NARED  (-sem'e-nird),  p.  a.  De- 

prived of  seminal  energy ; being  a eunuch.  Shah. 

UN-SENSED'  (un-senst'),  a.  Wanting  sense  or 
distinct  meaning,  [r.]  Puller. 

f UN-SEN'SI-BLE,  a.  Insensible.  Beau.  8$  FI. 

UN-SENS'U-AL-IZED  (un-sen'shu-jl-izd),  a.  Not 
rendered  sensual,  [r.]  Coleridge. 

UN-SENT',  a.  Not  sent;  not  despatched. 

Unscut  for,  not  called  to  attend.  Bp.  Taylor. 

UN-SEN'TENCED  (un-sen'tenst),  a.  Not  sen- 
tenced ; not  adjudged  ; not  doomed.  Beau.  § FI. 

UN-SfN-TEN'TIOUS,  a.  Not  sententious.  Q.  R. 

UN-SEN'TIpNT  (un-sen'ehent),  a.  Not  sentient; 
not  perceiving  by  the  senses.  Tucker. 

tlN-SEN'Tl-NELLED  (un-sen'te-neld),  a.  Not  hav- 
ing a sentinel  or  sentinels.  Ed.  Rev. 

UN-SEP' A-RA-BLE,  a.  Inseparable,  [r.]  Shak. 

UN-SEP'A-RA-BLY,  ad.  Inseparably,  [r.]  Milton. 

UN-SEP' A-RAT-pD,  a.  Not  separated.  Pope. 

UN-SEP' UL-J0H  RED  (un-sep'ul-kurd),  a.  Not 
placed  in  a sepulchre  ; unburied.  Chapman. 

UN-SEP'UL-TURED,  a.  Unburied,  [r.]  Clarke. 

tJN-SERVED'  (un-servd'),  a.  Not  served.  More. 

UN-SER'VICE-A-BLE,  a.  Not  serviceable;  un- 
profitable ; profitless  ; useless.  Spenser. 

UN-SKR' VICE- A- BL E-NESS,  11.  The  State  of 
being  unserviceable.  Barrow. 

UN-SER'VJOE-A-BLY,  ad.  Without  use  or  ad- 
vantage ; unprofitably.  Woodward. 

UN-SET',  a.  1.  Not  set;  not  placed.  Hooker. 

2.  Not  sunk  below  the  horizon,  as  the  sun. 

UN-SET'TING,  a.  Not  setting.  Montgomery. 

UN-SET'TLE,  v.  a.  [i.  unsettled  ; pp.  unset- 
tling, UNSETTLED.] 

1.  To  unfix  ; to  make  uncertain  ; to  confuse  ; 
to  disorder;  to  derange  ; to  disconcert. 

Such  a doctrine  unsettles  the  titles.  Arbutlinot. 

2.  To  move  from  a place,  [r.]  V Estrange. 

trN-SET'TLE,  v.  n.  To  become  unsettled.  Shak. 

UN-SET'TLED  (un-set'tld),  a.  1.  Not  settled ; not 
fixed  ; shaken  in  steadfastness  or  firmness  ; not 
determined  ; not  steady  ; wavering.  Shak. 

2.  Unequal ; not  regular  ; changeable. 

March  and  September,  . . . the  most  unsettled  and  unequa- 
ble seasons  in  most  countries.  Bentley. 

3.  Not  fixed  in  a place  or  an  abode.  Hooker. 

4.  Not  having  the  lees  or  dregs  deposited; 
turbid  ; roily  ; as,  “ An  unsettled  liquid.” 

5.  Not  having  fixed  habitations;  without  in- 
habitants ; as,  “ An  unsettled  country.” 

tlN-SET'T  LED- NESS  (un-s«t'tld-nes),  n.  The 
state  of  being  unsettled;  irresolution  ; undeter- 
mined state  : — uncertainty ; fluctuation  : — want 
of  fixedness  ; vacillation.  South. 

UN-SET'TLE-MENT,  n.  The  state  of  being  un- 
settled ; unsettledness,  [r.]  Barrow. 

UN-Sp-VERE',  a.  Not  severe  ; mild,  [r.]  Taylor. 

UN-SEV'pRED  (un-sev’erd),  a.  Not  severed;  not 
parted.  “Unsevcred  friends.”  Shak. 

UN-SEX',  V.  a.  [».  UNSEXED  ; pp.  UNSEXING,  UN- 
sexed.]  To  deprive  of  sex  or  the  qualities  of 
sex ; to  make  of  the  opposite  sex.  Shak. 

UN-SEXED'  (un-sekst'),  p.  a.  Deprived  of  sex. 

UN-SH  AC' KLE,  V.  a.  [i.  UNSHACKLED;  pp.  UN- 
SHACKLING, unshackled.]  To  loose  from 
shackles  or  bonds  ; to  set  free.  Addison. 

tlN-SHAD'pD,  a.  1.  Not  shaded  or  darkened  ; 
not  overspread  with  darkness.  Davenant. 

2.  Not  having  shades  or  gradations  of  light 
or  color,  as  a picture. 


UN-STIAd'OWED  (fin-shad 'od),  a.  Not  shadowed  ; 
not  shaded  ; not  darkened.  Glanvill. 

tJN-SIIA'DY,  a.  Not  shady  or  umbrageous. 

0n-SHAK'A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  shaken; 
firm ; fixed ; immovable.  Barrow. 

t UN-SHAKED'  (un-shakt'),  a.  Unshaken.  Shak. 

UN-SHAK'EN  (un-sha'kn),  a.  1.  Not  shaken  ; not 
having  the  fixedness  loosened  or  disturbed  ; not 
moved  ; not  agitated.  Boyle. 

2.  Not  weakened  in  resolution  or  firmness  ; 
unmoved  ; steady  ; firm  ; resolute.  Milton. 

UN-SHAk'ING-LY,  ad.  Unwaveringly.  Qu.  Rev. 

UN-SHAMED'  (un-shaind'),  a.  Not  shamed;  not 
disgraced  ; not  degraded.  Dryden. 

UN-SHAME'FACED  (un-sbam'fast),  a.  Not  shame- 
faced ; wanting  modesty  ; impudent.  Bale. 

UN-SHA ME'FACED-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  not 
being  shamefaced;  impudence.  Chalmers. 

UN-SHAP'A-BLE,  a.  Not  to  be  shaped.  Good. 

UN-SHAPE',  v.  a.  To  put  out  of  shape ; to  dis- 
order ; to  confound  ; to  ruffle.  Shak. 

UN-SHAPED'  (un-sliapt'),  a.  Not  shaped ; un- 
formed ; unshapen  ; shapeless.  Scott. 

UN-SHAPE'LY,  a.  Not  shapely  ; not  well  formed  ; 
not  graceful  or  symmetrical.  Hume. 

UN-SH.\P'EN  (un-sha'pn),  a.  Not  shapen  ; mis- 
shapen ; ill-formed  ; deformed.  Burnet. 

UN-SHARED'  (un-shArd'),  a.  Not  shared.  Milton. 

UN-SII  ARP'ENED  (un-sh'4r'pnd),  a.  Not  sharp- 
ened; not  made  sharp.  -4s/t. 

UN-SHAT'TpRED  (un-sliat'terd),  a.  Not  shat- 
tered ; not  broken  in  pieces.  Bp.  Hall. 

UN-SHA'VEN  (un-sha'vn),  a.  Not  shaven.  More. 

UN-SI1EATIIE',  V.  a.  [i.  UNSHEATHED  ; pp.  UN- 
SHEATHING, unsheathed.]  To  draw  from  the 
sheath  or  scabbard.  Addison. 

Executioner,  unsheathe  thy  sword.  Shak. 

UN-SHED',  a.  Not  shed;  not  spilt.  Milton. 

UN-SHEET'pD,  a.  t Not  sheeted  ; not  furnished 
with  a sheet  or  with  sheets.  Wilson. 

UN-SHELL',  v.  a.  To  divest  of  the  shell,  or  to  re- 
move from  a shell ; to  shell.  Murphy. 

UN-SIIELLED'  (un-sheld'),  a.  Not  shelled  ; — not 
having,  or  not  enclosed  in,  a shell.  Sheridan. 

UN-SH  EL'TERED  (un-shel'terd),  a.  Wanting  a 
shelter ; not  sheltered.  Thomson. 

UN-SHEL'TpR-lNG,  a.  Not  sheltering. Goldsmith. 

UN-SIIELVE',  v.  a.  To  take  from  a shelf.  Ed.  Rev. 

f UN-SHENT',  a.  Unspoiled.  Clarke. 

UN-SHER'IFFED  (fin-shcr'jft),  a.  Deprived  of,  or 

degraded  from,  the  office  of  sheriff.  Fuller. 

UN-SIIIELD 'ED,  a.  Not  shielded.  Dryden. 

UN-SIllFT'pD,  a.  Not  shifted  ; not  changed.  Ash. 

UN-SIIIFT'!NG,  a.  Not  shifting.  E.  Erving. 

UN-SHIP',  v.  a.  1.  To  take  out  of  a ship  or  ves- 
sel. “ We  unshipped  our  goods.”  Swift. 

2.  {Naut.)  To  remove,  as  a piece  of  timber 
or  wood,  from  the  place  in  which  it  was  fitted. 

Unship  the  capstan-bars,  unship  your  oars.  Mar.  Diet. 

UN-SIllP'MENT,  ii.  The  act  of  unshipping,  or 
the  state  of  being  unshipped,  [it,.]  P.  Mag. 

ON-SHTp'WRECKED  (-rekt),  a.  Not  shipwrecked. 
“Undrowned,  unshipwrecked."  Drayton. 

UN-SHIRT'pD,  a.  Not  shirted.  Tooke. 

UN-SHIV'ERED  (un-shlv'erd),  a.  Not  shivered; 
not  split ; not  rent;  not  shattered.  llemans. 

UN-SHIV'PR-INg,  a.  Not  shivering.  Clarice. 

UN-SHI  V'pR-ING-N  ESS,  n.  The  state  or  condi- 
tion of  not  shivering.  Clarke. 

UN-SHOCKED'  (un-sb5kt'),  a.  Not  shocked  ; not 
disgusted  ; not  offended.  Tickell. 

tJN-SIIOD',  a.  Not  shod  ; without  shoes.  Spenser. 

t UN-SHOOK'  (un-sliuk'),  a.  Unshaken.  Pope. 


I UN-SHORN',  a.  Not  shorn;  not  sheared;  not 
clipped.  “ These  locks  unshorn.”  Milton. 

UN-SIIORT'ENEI)  (un-slior'thd),  a.  Not  short- 
ened ; not  made  shorter.  Young. 

UN-SHOT',  a.  Not  shot;  not  hit  by  shot.  Waller. 

UN-SHOT',  v.  a.  To  take  or  draw  the  shot  or  ball 
out  of ; as,  “ To  unshot  a piece  of  ordnance.” 
t UN-SHOUT',  v.  a.  To  retract  or  recall  after 
shouting.  “ Unshout  the  noise.”  Shak. 

UN-SIldW'pRED  (un-shbu'erd),  a.  Not  watered 
by  showers.  “ The  unshowered  grass.”  Milton. 

UN-SHOWN',  a.  Not  shown  ; not  exhibited.  Shak. 

UN-SHRINED'  (un-slirlnd'),  a.  Not  shrined;  not 
placed  in  a shrine.  Southey. 

UN-SHRINK'ING,  a.  Not  shrinking;  persisting; 
not  recoiling ; not  withdrawing.  Shak. 

UN-SHRINK'ING-LY,  ad.  Without  shrinking; 
persistingly ; perseveringly.  Farrar. 

UN-SIIRI V'ELLED  (fin-sfirlv'vld),  a.  Not  shriv- 
elled; not  withered  or  shrunk.  Ash. 

UN-SHRIV'EN,  a.  Not  shriven.  Clarke. 

UN-SHROUD',  v.a.  To  remove  the  s.,roud  from; 
to  discover  ; to  uncover.  Fletcher. 

UN-SIIROUD'pD,  a.  Not  shrouded.  Blair. 

UN-SHRUBBED'  (un-shrubd'),  a.  Without  shrubs  ; 
clear  from  shrubs  or  bushes.  Shak. 

UN-SHRUNK',  a.  Not  shrunk.  Smart. 

UN-SHUN'NA-BLE,  re.  That  cannot  be  shunned  ; 
inevitable ; unavoidable,  [it.]  Shak. 

UN-SHUNNED'  (un-sbund'),  a.  Not  shunned. Shak. 
f UN-SHUT',  v.  a.  To  throw  open.  Gower. 

UN-SHUT',  a.  Not  shut;  not  closed.  Prince. 

UN-SIFT'pD,  re.  1.  Not  sifted;  not  separated 
or  comminuted  by  a sieve.  May. 

2.  Not  tried ; not  experienced,  [r.]  Shak. 
UN-SlGH'ING  (un-sl’ing),  re.  Not  sighing.  Byron. 
t UN-SIGHT'  (un-sit'),  re.  Not  seeing. 

Rfjf-  A low  word,  used  only  with  unseen,  as  in  the 
example  following.  Johnson. 

To  subscribe  unsight,  unseen, 

To  an  unknown  church  discipline.  Hutlihras. 

t UN-SlGHT'A-BLE,  re.  Invisible.  Wickliffe. 
f UN-SIGIIT'pD,  re.  Invisible.  Suckling. 

UN-SIGHT'LI-NESS  (un-sit'le-nes),  n.  The  state 
of  being  unsightly  ; deformity  ; disagreeable- 
ness to  the  eye  or  sight.  Wiseman. 

UN-SlGHT'LY  (un-sit'le),  re.  Not  sightly;  disa- 
greeable to  the  sight ; deformed  ; ugly. 

A slovenly  fellow,  and  unsightly  in  his  gear.  Udal. 

UN-SlG'NAL-IZED  (-izd),  re.  Not  signalized. 
UN-SIGNED'  (un-sind'),  re.  Not  signed.  Ash. 

f UN-SjG-NIF'I-CANT,  re.  Without  meaning  or 
importance ; insignificant.  Hammond. 

UN-SIG'NI-FiED  (un-slg'ne-fid),  re.  Not  signified; 
not  made  known  by  signs.  Ash. 

UN-SlG'NI-FY-lNG,  a.  Not  signifying.  Glanvill. 
UN-Sl'LlJNCED  (un-sl'lenst),  re.  Not  silenced.  Ash. 
f UN-SIL'LY,  a.  Not  blessed;  wretched.  Chaucer. 
UN-SlL'VpRED  (-verd),  re.  Not  silvered.  Clarke. 
f UN-SIN',  v.  a.  To  cause  to  be  no  sin.  Feltham. 
f UN-SIN-CERE',  re.  Insincere.  Diyden. 

f UN-SlN-CERE'NpSS,  il.  Insincerity.  Temple . 
f UN-SIN-CER'I-TY,  n.  Insincerity.  Boyle. 

UN-SIN'EW  (un-sin'nu),  v.  a.  To  deprive  of  sin- 
ews, or  of  strength  ; to  weaken.  Denham. 

UN-SIN'EWED  (un-sln'nud),  re.  Not  sinewed  ; 
weak  ; feeble  ; enervated.  Shak. 

UN-SlN'EW-Y,  re.  Not  sinewy.  Strype. 

UN-SlN'FUL,  re.  Not  sinful  ; free  from  sin.  Scott. 

UN-SlN(?ED'  (un-slnjd'),  re.  Not  singed  ; not 
scorched  ; not  burned.  Stephens. 

UN-SlN'GLED  (un-slng'gld),  re.  Not  separated; 
in  companies  ; not  single,  [it.]  Dryden. 


A,  E,  f,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  p,  I,  O,  IT,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


UNSINKABLE 


1601 


UNSPONTANEOUS 


ON-SINK'A-BLE,  a-  That  cannot  sink ; that  can- 
not be  sunk.  Marquis  of  Worcester. 

UN-SINK'ING,  a.  Not  sinking.  Addison. 

UN-SIN'NING,  a.  Not  sinning.  Hammond. 

UN-SIS'T^R-LY,  a.  Not  like  a sister.  Dwight. 

f UN-SIST'ING,  a.  Incapable  of  resistance.  Shak. 

f UN-SIT'TING,  a.  Not  sitting  becomingly  ; un- 
suiting. “ Unsitting  words.”  Sir  T.  Elyot. 

UN-STZ'A-BLE,  a.  Not  sizable;  not  of  the  usual 
or  proper  size  ; too  small.  Smollett. 

UN-SIZED'  (un-slzd'),  a.  Not  sized.  Congreve. 

UN-SKIL'fOl,  a.  Not  skilful;  wanting  skill; 
wanting  experience  or  ability.  Milton. 

UN-SKIL'FUL-LY,  ad.  Not  skilfully;  without 
skill  or  knowledge.  Shak. 

UN-SKlL'FUL-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  un- 
skilful ; want  of  skill  or  knowledge.  Sidney. 

UN-SKILLED'  (un-sklld'),  a.  Not  skilled;  want- 
ing knowledge  or  experience.  Dryden. 

UN-SKINNED'  (un-sklnd'),  a.  Not  skinned.  Ash. 

UN-SKIR'MISHED  (un-skVr'mjsht),  a.  Not  en- 
gaged in  skirmishes.  Drayton. 

UN-SLACKED'  (un-slhkt'),  a.  Not  slacked  ; un- 
slaked. “Unslacked  lime.”  Mortimer. 

UN-SLAcK'ENED  (un-slak'nd),  a.  Not  slackened ; 
not  loosened  or  remitted.  Allen. 


UN-SLAIN',  a.  Not  slain  ; not  killed.  Sidney. 
UN-SLAKED'  (un-slakt'),  a.  Not  slaked  ; not 
quenched;  unslacked.  Chaucer. 

UN-SlAn'DERED  (un-slin'derd),  a.  Not  slan- 
dered ; not  traduced ; not  reviled.  Ash. 


UN-SLAUGII'TIJRED  (uii-sliw'terd),  a.  Not 
slaughtered  ; not  murdered.  Cowper. 

UN-SLEJEP'ING,  a.  Not  sleeping.  Milton. 


UN-SLEEP'Y,  a.  Not  sleepy;  wakeful.  Todd. 


UN-SLEPT',  a.  Not  having  slept ; having  been 
deprived  of  sleep.  Chaucer. 

UN-SLICED'  (un-sllst'),  a.  Not  sliced.  Ash. 

UN-SLING',  v.  a.  ( Naut .)  To  take  off  the  slings 
of.  “To  unsling  boats.”  Mar.  Diet. 


UN-SLIP'PING,  a.  Not  slipping;  not  liable  to 
slip  ; fast.  “ With  an  unslipping  knot.”  Shak. 

UN-SLOW',  a.  Not  slow;  rapid.  [R.]  Todd. 


-UN-SLUICE',  v.  a.  To  open  the  sluice  or  sluices 
of ; to  open ; to  unclose.  Dryden. 

UN-SLUM'BER-ING,  a.  Not  slumbering.  Alison. 

UN-SLURRED'  (un-slurd'),  a.  Not  slurred.  Ash. 

UN-SLY',  a.  Not  sly  ; incautious,  [r.]  Wickliffe. 

UN-SMIRCHED'  (un-smi'rcht'),  a.  Not  smirched; 
unpolluted ; not  stained  ; undefiled.  Shak. 

UN-SMIRK'ING,  a.  Not  smirking.  Chesterfield. 

UN-SMlT'TEN  (un-smit'tn),  a.  Not  smitten;  not 
struck;  not  afflicted.  Young. 

UN-SMOKED' (un-smokt'),  a.  Not  smoked.  Swift. 

UN-SMOOTH',  a.  Not  smooth  ; rough,  [r.]  Milton. 

UN-SMOOTHED'  (un-sinothd'),  a.  Not  smoothed. 

UN-SMOTE',  a.  Not  smitten.  [R.]  Byron. 

UN-SMUG'GLED  (un-smug'gld),  a.  Not  smuggled. 

UN-SMUT'TY,  a.  Not  smutty.  J.  Collier. 

UN-SNARE',  v.  a.  To  release  from  a snare.  Bailey. 

UN-SOAKED'  (un-s5kt'),  a.  Not  soaked.  Ash. 

UN-SO'B^R,  a.  Not  sober.  Todd. 

UN-SO'BIJR-LY,  ad.  Not  soberly.  Homilies. 

UN-SO-CI-A-BlL'I-TY  (un-so-she-a-bil'e-te),  n. 
The  state  of  being  unsociable  ; want  of  sociabili- 
ty ; unsociableness.  Warburton. 

UN-SO'CI-A-BLE  (un-so'she-?-bl),  a.  Not  socia- 
ble; not  communicative  ; not  free  in  conversa- 
tion; reserved;  not  companionable;  unsocial. 

A severe,  distant,  and  unsociable  temper.  Tatler. 

UN-SO'CI-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  qual- 
ity of  being  unsociable  ; unsociability.  Ash. 


UN-SO'CI-A-BLY  (-so'she-j-ble),  ad.  Not  sociably. 

UN-SO'CIAL  (un-so'shfil),  a.  Not  social  ; not 
adapted  to  society  ; reserved ; unsociable. 

UN-SOCK'£T,  v.  a.  To  loosen  or  remove  from 
the  socket;  to  disjoint,  [r.]  Craig. 

UN-SOD'JJR,  v.  a.  To  unsolder.  Clarke. 

UN-SOD'^RED  (un-sSd'erd),  a.  Not  soldered.  Scott. 

f UN-SOFT',  a.  Not  soft;  hard.  Chaucer. 

f UN-SOFT',  ad.  Not  with  softness.  Spenser. 

UN-SOFT'ENED  (un-sof'fnd),  a.  Not  softened; 
not  mollified  or  mitigated.  Atterbury. 

UN-SOILED'  (un-solid'),  a.  Not  soiled  ; not 
stained ; not  polluted  ; not  tainted.  Shak. 

UN-SOL'ACED  (un-sol'^st),  a.  Not  solaced.  Ash. 

UN-SOLD',  a.  Not  sold  ; possessed.  Pope. 

UN-SOL'DJgR,  v.  a.  [ i . unsoldered  ; pp.  un- 
soldering, unsoldered.]  To  separate,  as 
what  is  soldered.  — See  Solder.  Smart. 

f UN-SOL'DIgRED  (un-sol'jerd),  a.  Wanting  the 
qualities  of  a soldier.  Beau.  § FI. 

UN-SOL'DIgR-LIKE  (un-sol'jer-llk),  ? a_  XJnbe- 

UN-SOL'DIISR-LY  (un-sol'jer-le),  i coming,  or 
unlike,  a soldier.  Broome. 

UN-SOLEMN  (un-sol'em),  a.  Not  solemn.  Taylor. 

UN-SOL'EM-NIZE,  v.  a.  To  make  not  solemn  ; 
to  divest  or  deprive  of  solemnity.  Ch.  Ob. 

UN-SOL'^M-NIZED  (un-sol'em-nlzd),  a.  Not  sol- 
emnized ; not  celebrated.  Ash. 

UN-SO-LIC'IT-JpD,  a.  Not  solicited  ; not  asked 
for.  “ Thanks  ...  unsolicited.”  Ld.  Halifax. 

UN-SO-Lly'lT-JJD-LY,  ad.  AVithout  solicitation. 


UN-SO-LItj'IT-OUS,  a.  Not  solicitous.  Tucker. 

UN-SOL'ID,  a.  1.  Not  solid;  fluid.  Locke. 

2.  Having  no  foundation  ; baseless.  Thomson. 

UN-SOL'U-BLE,  a.  Insoluble,  [r.]  Ash. 

t UN-SOL'VA-BLE,  a.  Insolvable.  More. 


UN-SOLVED'  (un-solvd'),  a.  Not  solved;  not  ex- 
plained ; not  explicated;  not  unfolded.  Dryden. 

f UN-SO'NA-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  sounded,  or 
made  to  sound.  Clarke. 

UN-SON'SY,  a.  Unpleasant:  — unlucky;  unfor- 
tunate. [Local,  Eng.]  Brockctt. 

f UN-SOOT',  or  fUN-SOOTE',  a.  Not  sweet. 
“ Follies  . . . rotten  and  unsoot.”  Spenser. 

UN-SOOTHED'  (un-sothd'),  a.  Not  soothed.  Ash. 
UN-SO-PHIS'TI-CAL,  a.  Not  sophistical.  Ash. 
UN-SO- PHI S'TI -CATE,  ) a_  Not  sophisticat- 
UN-SO-PHIS'TI-CAT-ED,  ) ed.  More. 

UN-SOR'ROWED  (un-sor'rod),  a.  Not  sorrowed 
for  ; not  deplored  ; unlamented,  [r.]  Hooker. 

UN-SORT'JED,  a.  1.  Not  sorted;  not  distributed. 

2.  f Not  suitable  ; not  suited.  Shak. 

UN-SOUGHT'  (un-s&wt'),  a.  1.  Not  sought;  with- 
out seeking.  “ She  comes  unsought.”  Spenser. 
2.  Not  searched  ; not  explored,  [r.]  Shak. 

FUN-SOUL',  v.  a.  To  divest  of  soul.  Shelton. 

UN-SOULED'  (un-sold'),  a.  Without  soul ; with- 
out intellectual  or  vital  principle,  [r.]  Spenser. 

UN-SOUND',  a.  1.  Not  sound;  defective;  de- 
cayed ; rotten  ; corrupted  ; impaired.  Johnson. 

2.  Wanting  health  ; sickly  ; infirm  ; feeble. 

Intemperate  youth 

Ends  in  an  age  imperfect  and  unsound.  Denham. 

3.  Not  orthodox,  as  doctrine.  Hooker. 

4.  Not  honest ; not  upright ; dishonest.  Shak. 

5.  Not  true;  unsubstantial;  unreal. 

With  fruitless  follies  and  unsound  delights.  Spenser. 

6.  Not  close  or  not  compact.  Mortimer. 

7.  Not  firmly  grounded,  fixed,  or  established. 

8.  Not  solid;  not  material. 

Of  such  subtle  substance  and  unsound , 

That  like  a ghost  he  seemed.  Spenser. 

9.  Erroneous  ; wrong  ; fallacious  ; false. 

What  fury,  what  conceit  unsound. 

Presen teth  here  to  death  so  sweet  a child.  Fairfax. 


10.  Not  sincere;  not  faithful;  insincere. 

“That  his  love’s  unsound .”  Gray. 

11.  Not  fast;  not  profound,  as  sleep. 

UN-SOUND'A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  sounded 
or  measured,  as  with  the  plummet.  Leighton. 

UN-SOUND'ED,  a.  Not  sounded;  not  tried  by 
the  plummet.  “Unsounded  deeps.”  Shak. 

UN-SOUND' LY,  ad.  In  an  unsound  manner. 
“ Unsoundly  taught  and  interpreted.”  Hooker. 

UN-SOUND'NfJSS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality  of 
being  unsound ; defectiveness ; defect. 

The  unsoundness  of  this  principle.  Addison. 

UN-SOURED'  (un-sourd'),  a.  1.  Not  made  or 
turned  sour ; not  acidified.  Bacon. 

2.  Not  made  morose,  austere,  or  crabbed. 
“ Youth  unsoured  with  sorrow.”  Dryden. 

UN-SOWED'  (un-sod'),  ) a%  Not  sowed;  not  sown. 

UN-SOWN'  (un-san'),  i Bacon. 

f UN-SPAR',  v.  a.  To  unbar.  Piers  Plouhman. 

UN-SPARED'  (un-sp4rd'),  a.  Not  spared.  Milton. 

un-spAr'ing,  a.  Not  sparing;  profuse;  not 
parsimonious: — not  merciful ; severe.  Milton. 

UN-SPAr'ING-LY,  ad.  In  an  unsparing  manner ; 
without  sparing;  lavishly.  Donne. 

UN-SPAr'ING-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality 
of  being  unsparing ; profuseness.  Smart. 

UN-SPARK'LING,  a.  Not  sparkling.  Wilson. 

UN-SPARRED'  (fin-spard'),  a.  1.  Not  having,  or 
not  fitted  with,  spars,  as  a vessel. 

2.  fNot  shut  with  a spar  or  bar.  Surrey. 

f UN-SPEAK',  v.  a.  To  retract ; to  recant.  Shak. 

UN-SPEAK'A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  spoken  or 
uttered  ; inexpressible  ; ineffable  ; unutterable  ; 
indescribable.  “Unspeakable  rage.”  Addison. 

UN-SPEAK'A-BLY,  ad.  Inexpressibly  ; ineffably. 

UN-SPEAK'ING,  a.  Not  speaking;  having  no 
speech  or  language  ; dumb.  Shak. 

UN-SPIJ-ClF'IC,  a.  Not  specific;  not  clear;  in- 
definite ; vague ; uncertain.  Coxe. 

UN-SPEy'I-FIED  (un-spes'e-fld),  a.  Not  specified. 

UN-SPE'CIOUS  (-shus),  a.  Not  specious.  Clarke. 

UN-SPECKED'  (-spekt'),  a.  Not  specked.  Cowper. 

UN-SPEC'y-LA-TlVE,  a.  Not  speculative;  not 
theoretical;  practical.  Gov.  of  the  Tongue. 

UN-SPED',  a.  Not  despatched,  [r.]  Garth. 

UN-SPEED 'FUL,  a.  Not  with  great  speed.  Chaucer. 

UN-SPELT',  a.  Not  spelt ; not  spelled.  Allen. 

UN-SPENT',  a.  Not  spent;  not  used  or  wasted  ; 
not  exhausted ; not  weakened.  Bacon. 

UN-SPIIERE'  (un-sfer'),  V.  a.  To  remove  from  the 
sphere  or  orb.  “ Unsphere  the  stars.”  Shak. 

UN-SPIED'  (un-spld'),  a.  Not  spied.  Milton. 

UN-SPILT',  a.  Not  spilt  or  spilled.  Denham. 

t UN-SPIR'IT,  v.  a.  To  dispirit.  Temple. 

UN-SPlR'IT-U-AL  (un-splr'it-yu-al),  a.  Not  spir- 
itual ; wanting  spirituality  ; carnal.  Puller. 

UN-SPIR'JT-U-AL-IZE,  v.  a.  To  deprive  of  spir- 
ituality ; to  make  carnal.  South. 

UN-SPIR'IT-U-AL-LY,  ad.  Not  spiritually  ; 
worldly  ; carnally  ; materially.  Clarke. 

UN-SPLEENED'  (un-splend'),  a.  Destitute  or  de- 
prived of  a spleen.  Ford. 

UN-SPLICED'  (un-spllst'),  a.  Not  spliced.  Ash. 

UN-SPLIT',  a.  Not  split ; uncleft.  Clarke. 

UN-SPOIL'A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  spoiled, 
ruined,  or  corrupted.  Dr.  Arnold. 

UN-SPOILED'  (un-spolld'),  a.  1.  Not  spoiled  ; 
not  marred  ; not  ruined ; not  corrupted.  Pope. 

2.  ’Not  plundered  ; not  pillaged.  Hayward. 

UN-SPOILT',  a.  Not  spoilt;  unspoiled. 

UN-SPO'KEN  (un-spo'kn),  a.  Not  spoken.  Ash. 

UN-SPON-TA'Nf.-OUS,  a.  Not  spontaneous  ; in- 
voluntary ; forced  or  compelled.  Cowper. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SdN ; BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  9,  9,  |,  soft;  IS,  G,  £,  1,  hard ; § as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 
201 


UNSPORTSMANLIKE 


1602 


UNSULLIED 


UN-SPORTS'MAN-LIKE,  a.  Not  like  or  becoming 
a sportsman.  Connoisseur. 

UN-SPOT' T f D,  a.  Not  spotted  ; not  marked  with 
any  stain  : — not  tainted ; immaculate.  Dryden. 

UN-SPOT 'T D- NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  un- 
spotted ; immaculateness.  Feltham. 

UN-SPREAD',  a.  Not  spread.  Pollok. 

UN-SPRIG  IIT'LY,  a.  Not  sprightly.  Ash. 

UN-SPRIN'KLED  (iin-sprlngk'kld),  a.  Not  sprin- 
kled, as  in  baptism.  Savage. 

UN-SPRUNG',  a.  Not  sprung;  not  risen. Fairfax. 

UN-SQUAN'D£RED  (un-skwon'derd),  a.  Not 
squandered  ; not  wasted  ; not  lavished.  Ash. 

UN-SQUARED'  (un-skwird'),  a.  1.  Not  made 
square.  “ An  unsquared  piece  of  timber.”  Udal. 

2.  Not  formed ; irregular  ; not  measured  or 
regulated.  “ With  terms  unsquared."  [it.]  Shak. 

UN-SQUEEZED'  (un-skwezd'),  a.  Not  squeezed  ; 
not  forced  by  compression.  Thomson. 

UN-SQUIRE'  (un-skwlr'),  v.  a.  To  divest  of  the 
title  or  privilege  of  an  esquire,  [r.]  Swift. 

UN-STA'BLE,  a.  Not  stable  or  fixed: — incon- 
stant ; changeable  ; unsteady  ; fickle. 

A double-minded  man  is  unstable  in  all  his  ways.  Jas.  i.  8. 

Syn.  — See  Changeable. 

UN-STA'BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state 
of  being  unstable  ; instability.  Hale. 

UN-STAB'LISHED  (un-stkb'ljsht),  a.  1.  Not  es- 
tablished ; not  firmly  or  permanently  fixed.  [r.] 

2.  f Firmly  established  or  fixed.  Chaucer. 

UN-STACKED'  (un-st5kt'),  a.  Not  stacked.  More. 

UN-STAID',  a.  Not  staid  or  steady;  mutable; 
changeable  ; not  settled  ; not  prudent.  Spenser. 

fiN-STAID'NgSS,  n.  Indiscretion  ; vacillation  : — 
uncertain  or  unsteady  motion.  Sidney. 

UN-STAINED'  (un-stand'),  a.  Not  stained;  not 
dyed  : — not  dishonored  ; not  polluted.  Shah. 

UN-STAMPED'  (un-stampt'),  a.  Not  stamped  ; 
not  impressed  with  a mark.  Burke. 

UN-STANCH',  a.  Not  stanch;  not  firm;  unsta- 
ble ; unsteady ; unsound.  Milton. 

UN-STANCHED'  (un-stincht'),  a . Not  stanched  ; 
not  stopped  from  flowing.  Shak. 

UN-STARCHED'  (Sn-stircht'),  a.  Not  starched  ; 
not  stiffened  with  starch.  Green. 

UN-STATE',  v.  a.  To  deprive  of  state  or  dignity. 
“ Unstate  his  happiness.”  [it.]  Shak. 

UN-STAT'^D,  a.  Not  stated.  Ash. 

UN-STATES'M AN-LIKE,  a.  Not  like  or  becom- 
ing a statesman.  Qu.  Rev. 

UN-STA'TIONED  (un-sta'shund),a.  Not  stationed ; 
not  placed,  — as  in  a station  or  post.  Ash. 

UN-STAT'U-TA-BLE,  a.  Contrary  to  statute  ; 
not  warranted  by  statute.  Sivift. 

UN-STAYED'  (un-stad'),  a.  Not  stayed.  Clarke. 

UN-STAy'ING,  a Not  staying,  [r.]  Browne. 

ON-STEAD'FASTj  a.  Not  steadfast ; not  fixed. 

On  the  unsteadfast  footing  of  a spear.  Shak. 

UN-STEAD'FAST-NESS,  n.  Want  of  steadfast- 
ness ; instability  ; inconstancy.  Fabyan. 

UN-STKAD'IED  (un-sted'id),  a.  Not  steadied;  not 
made  steady  ; not  supported.  Wordsworth. 

UN-STEAD' I-LY,  ad.  In  an  unsteady  manner  ; 
inconstantly ; changeably.  Locke. 

UN-STEAD'I-NESS,  n.  Want  of  steadiness  ; in- 
stability ; mutability  ; inconstancy.  Addison. 

UN-STEAD'Y  (un-sted'e),  a.  1.  Not  steady  ; not 
fixed  ; unstable  ; inconstant ; irregular  ; wild. 

2.  Mutable  ; variable  ; changeable  ; wavering. 

Syn.  — See  Changeable. 

UN-STEEPED'  (un-stept'),  a.  Not  steeped  or 
soaked  ; not  macerated.  Bacon. 

UN-STEERED  (un-sterd'),  a.  Not  steered.  Savage. 

UN-STl'FLED  (un-stl'fld),  a.  Not  stifled  ; not  re- 
pressed ; not  smothered.  Young. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  1,  6 


fjN-STIG'MA-TfZED  (un-stIg'm?-tJzd),  a.  Not 
stigmatized  ; not  branded.  Ash. 

UN-STILL',  a.  Not  still  ; restless,  [r.]  Todd. 

UN-STlM'U-LAT-pD,  a.  Not  stimulated ; notin- 
cited  ; not  instigated.  Cowper. 

UN-STI M'U-LAT-ING,  a.  Not  stimulating  or  in- 
citing; not  exciting.  Dr.  R.  Mussey. 

f UN-STING',  v.  a.  To  disarm  of  a sting.  South. 

UN-STINT'jpD,  a.  Not  stinted.  Skelton. 

UN-STIRRED'  (un-stird'),  a.  Not  stirred ; not 
moved  ; not  agitated  ; not  roused.  Boyle. 

UN-STIR'RING,  a.  Not  stirring.  Pollok. 

UN-STITCH',  V.  a.  [f.  UNSTITCHED  ; pp.  UN- 
STITCHING, unstitched.]  To  take  the  stitches 
from  ; to  open  or  separate  by  taking  or  picking 
out  the  stitches  of.  Collier. 

UN-STITCHED'  (un-stlcht'),  a.  Not  stitched.  Ash. 

UN-STOCK',  v.  a.  To  deprive  of  a stock,  or  re- 
move from  a stock  or  from  stocks.  Surrey. 

UN-STOCKED'  (un-stokt'),  a.  Not  stocked;  not 
furnished  with  a stock.  Dryden. 

UN-STOCK'INGED  (u-n-stok'jngd),  a.  Without 
stockings ; bare,  as  feet.  Sir  W.  Scott. 

UN-STO'LEN  (un-sto'In),  a.  Not  stolen.  Ash. 

UN-STOOP'ING,  a.  Not  stooping  or  bending; 
not  yielding.  “ Unstooping  firmness.”  Shak. 

UN-STOP',  V.  a.  [*.  UNSTOPPED  ; pp.  UNSTOP- 
PING, unstopped.]  To  free  from  that  which 
stops  ; to  open  ; to  unclose.  Boyle. 

UN-STOPPED'  (un-stopt'),  a.  Not  stopped  or 
checked.  “ Flame  unstopped.”  Dryden. 

UN-STO'RIED,  a.  Not  storied;  not  related  or 
treated  of  in  history.  Maunder. 

UN-STORMED'  (un-storind'),  a.  Not  stormed  or 
assaulted  ; not  taken  by  assault.  Addison. 

UN-STRAIGHT'ENED  (un-stra'tnd),  a.  Not 
straightened ; not  made  straight.  Taylor. 

UN-STRAIN'  (un-stran'),  v.  a.  To  undo  or  remove 
the  tightness  or  closeness  of  B.  Jonson. 

UN-STRAINED'  (un-strand'),  a.  Not  strained  ; 
not  forced  ; easy  ; free  ; natural.  Hakewill. 

UN-STRAlT'ENED  (un-stra'tnd),  a.  Not  straitened 
or  contracted  ; not  narrowed.  Glanvill. 

ON-STRAN'GU-LA-BLE  (un-str&ng'gu-la-bl),  a. 
That  cannot  be  strangled.  C.  Lamb. 

UN-STRAT'I-FIED  (un-str&t'e-fld),  a.  Not  strati- 
fied ; not  arranged  in  strata.  Buckland. 

f UN-STRENGTH',  n.  Weakness.  Wickliffe. 

UN-STRENGTH 'ENED  (Qn-streng'thnd),  a.  Not 
strengthened  or  supported.  Hooker. 

UN-STRETCHED'  (un-strecht'),  a.  Not  stretched  ; 
not  extended  ; not  drawn  out.  Ash. 

UN-STREWED'  (un-strud'),  a.  Not  strewed ; not 
scattered  or  spread.  — See  Strew.  Cowper. 

UN-STRING',  V.  a.  [i.  UNSTRUNG  ; pp.  UNSTRING- 
ING, unstrung  or  unstringed. — See  String.] 

1.  To  deprive  of  a string  or  strings,  or  to  re- 
lax the  string  or  strings  of.  Shak. 

2.  To  relax  the  tension  of ; to  loosen ; to  un- 
tie. “ His  garland  they  unstring.”  Dryden. 

UN-STIUNGED'  (un-strlngd'),  a.  Not  stringed  ; 
having  no  strings  ; unstrung.  Ash. 

UN-STRIPPED'  (un-strlpt'),  a.  Not  stripped.  Ash. 

UN-STRUCK',  a.  Not  struck  ; not  moved  ; not 
affected.  “Unstruck  with  horror.”  Philips. 

UN-STUD'IED  (un-stud'jd),  a.  1.  Not  studied; 
not  labored  ; not  premeditated.  Dryden. 

2.  Unskilled  ; not  versed.  Bp.  Jewell. 

UN-STU'DI-OUS,  a. . Not  studious.  Clarke. 

UN-STUFFED'  (un-stuft'),  a.  Not  stuffed.  Shak. 

UN-STUNNED'  (un-stund'),  a.  Not  stunned. 

UN-STUNT'JED,  a.  Not  stunted.  Swift. 

UN-SUB-DUF.D'  (un-sub-dud'),  a.  Not  subdued; 
not  conquered  ; not  overcome.  Atterbury. 


I,  U,  Y,  short ; A,  5,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE, 


tj.N-SUB'JfCT,  a.  Not  subject;  not  liable;  not 
exposed.  “ Unsubject  to  passion.”  Hooker. 

UN-SUB-JECT'yD,  a.  Not  subjected.  Smart. 
UN-SUB'jy-GAT-ED,  a.  Not  subjugated.  Allen. 
UN-SUB-LIMED',  a.  Not  sublimed.  Scott. 

UN-SUB-MIS'SIVE,  a.  Not  submissive ; not 
yielding  ; not  compliant ; obstinate.  South. 

UN-SIJB-MIT'TING,  a.  Not  submitting;  not 
yielding  ; not  obsequious.  Thomson. 

UN-SIJB-OR'DI-N  ATE,  a.  Not  subordinate;  not 
of  inferior  rank";  insubordinate.  Milton. 

UN-SUB-OIt'DI-NAT-UD,  a.  Not  subordinated. 
UN-SUB-ORNED'  (un-siib-ornd'),  a.  Not  suborned  ; 
not  procured  by  collusion.  Burke. 

UN-SUB-SCRIBED'  (un-sub-skrlbd'),  a.  Not  sub- 
scribed ; not  written  under.  Scott. 

UN-SUB-SCRlB'ING,  a.  Not  subscribing.  Cowper. 

UN-SUB-STAN'TIAL  (un-sub-stan’shal),  a.  Not 
substantial  ; not  solid ; not  real.  Addison. 

UN-SUB-STAN-TI-AL'I-TY  (un-sub-stan-she-al'e- 
te),  n.  Want  of  substantiality.  Clisso/d. 

UN-SUB-STAN'TIAL- IZED  (un-sub-stan'shyl-Izd), 
a.  Not  made  substantial.  Wordsworth. 

UN-SUB-STAN'TI-AT-ED  (un-sub-stan'she-at-ed), 
a.  Not  substantiated  or  verified.  Ash. 

UN-SUB-VERT'yD,  a.  Not  subverted.  Ash. 

UN-SUB- VERT' I- BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  sub- 
verted ; not  subvertible.  Smith. 

f UN-SUC-CEED'A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  succeed, 
or  attain  its  object.  Brotrne. 

UN-SUC-CEED'pD,  a.  Not  succeeded.  Milton. 

UN-SUC-CESS'FUL,  a.  Not  successful;  unfor- 
tunate ; unlucky  ; unprosperous.  Milton. 

UN-SUC-CESS'FUL- LY,  ad.  Unfortunately  ; with- 
out success ; unluckily.  South. 

UN-SUC-CESS'FUL-NESS,  n.  Want  of  success; 
unfortunateness  ; ill  luck,  Hammond. 

UN-SUC-CES'SIVE,  a.  Not  successive.  Browne. 

UN-SUC'COR-A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  succored 
or  relieved  ; irremediable,  [r.]  Sidney. 

UN-SUC'CORED  (un-suk'yrd),  a.  Not  succored  or 
relieved  ; not  aided  or  helped.  Spenser. 

UN-SUCKED'  (un-sukt'),  a.  Not  sucked.  Milton. 
IJN-SUC'KLED  (un-suk'kld),  a.  Not  suckled.  Ash. 
t UN-SUF'FyR-A-BLE,  a.  Insufferable.  Hooker. 
f UN-SUF'FyR-A-BLY,  ad.  Insufferably.  Van’gh. 
UN-SUF'FIJR-ING,  a.  Not  suffering.  Thomson 
f UN-SU F-Fl "CII?NCE  (un-suf-fish'ens),  ) n_  xj)e 
f UN-SyF-Fl''CiyN-CY(-suf-fIsh'en-se),  ) state  of 
being  insufficient ; insufficiency.  Hooker. 

f UN-SUF-FI''CiyNT  (Qn-suf-flsli'ent),  a.  Not 
sufficient ; not  enough  ; insufficient.  Locke. 

UN-SUF-Ffy'lNG-NESS  (un-suf-f Iz'jng-nes),  n.  In- 
sufficiency. [r.]  Coleridge. 

UN-SUF'FO-CAT-yD,  a.  Not  suffocated.  Ash. 

UN-SUG'ARED  (un-shftg'ard),  a.  Not  sugared; 
not  sweetened,  or  mixed,  with  sugar.  Bacon. 

UN-SUG-fjrES'TIVE,  a.  Not  suggestive.  C.  Lamb. 

UN-SUIT-A-BlL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
unsuitable ; unsuitableness,  [r.]  Mason. 

UN-SUIT'A-BLE,  a.  Not  suitable ; unfit;  incon- 
gruous ; inappropriate ; improper.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Incongruous. 

UN-SUIT' A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
unsuitable  ; incongruity  ; unfitness.  South. 

UN-SUIT' A- BLY,  ad.  In  an  unsuitable  manner  ; 
inappropriately ; incongruously.  Green. 

UN-SUIT'fD,  a.  Not  suited  ; unfitted.  Burke. 

UN-SUIT'ING,  a.  Not  suiting;  not  fitting  ; not 
becoming ; inappropriate.  Shak. 

UN-SUL'LIED  (un-sul'ljd),  a.  Not  sullied  or 
stained  ; untainted  ; pure  ; clean  ; clear.  Pope. 


FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  1IER; 


UNSUMMED 


1603 


UNTHAWED 


UN-SUMMED'  (un-suind'),  a.  Not  summed  up  or 
counted.  “ With  expense  unsummed."  Mason. 

tJN-SUM'MONED  (un-suin'mynd),  a.  Not  sum- 
moned; not  called  ; not  cited.  Cowper. 

UN-SUNG',  a.  Not  sung  ; not  celebrated  in  verse. 
“ Unwept,  unhonored,  and  unsung.”  Byron. 

UN-SUNK',  a.  Not  sunk  or  submerged.  Browne. 

UN-SUNNED'  (un-sund'),  a.  Not  exposed  to  the 
rays  of  the  sun.  “ Unsunned  snow.”  Shak. 

UN-SU-PER'FLU-OUS,  a.  Not  superfluous  ; not 
in  excess  ; needful ; necessary.  Milton. 

t UN-SUPPED'  (un-supt'),  a.  Not-having  supped  ; 
not  having  taken  supper.  Wickliffe. 

UN-SUP-PLANT'gD,  a.  Not  supplanted.  Philips. 

ON-SUP'PLE,  a.  Not  supple  ; stiff.  Sandys. 

UN-SUP-PLI' A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  supplied. 
“ The  unsuppUable  defect.”  Chillingworth. 

fm-SUP-PLIED'  (un-suj)-plld'),  a.  Not  supplied  ; 
not  furnished  ; unaccommodated.  Spectator. 

UN-SUP-I’ORT'A-BLE,  a.  Insupportable;  intol- 
erable ; insufferable,  [n.]  Boyle. 

UN-SUP-PORT'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Insupportable- 
ness ; intolerableness,  [u.]  Wilkins. 

f UN-SUP-PORT' A-BLY,  ad.  Insupportably.NoKiA. 

UN-SUP-PORT'y,D,  a.  Not  supported.  Milton. 

UN-SUP-PORT'pD-LY,  ad.  Without  support; 
without  assistance  or  aid.  Qu.  Rev. 

UN-SUP-PORT'ING,  a.  Not  supporting  ; unsus- 
taining ; not  assisting.  Daniel. 

UN-SUP-PRESSED',  a.  Not  suppressed.  Barlow. 

UN-SUP'PU-R A-TIVE,  a.  Not  suppurative. 

UN-SURE.'  (un-shur'),  a.  Not  sure,  [it.]  Shak. 

UN-SURED'  (un-sliurd'),  a.  Not  made  sure.  Shak. 

UN-SURE'Ly,  ad.  Uncertainly,  [it.]  Daniel. 

+ UN-SURE'TY,  n.  Uncertainty.  More. 

UN-SiiR'FEIT-ED,  a.  Not  surfeited.  Ash. 

UN-SUR'yi-CAL,  a.  Not  surgical.  Med.  Journal. 

UN-SUR-MI§ED'  (un-sur-mlzd'),  a.  Not  surmised; 
not  conjectured  or  guessed.  Keates. 

t UN-SUR-MOUNT'A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be 
surmounted  ; insurmountable.  Locke. 

UN-SUR-MOUNT'yD,  a.  Not  surmounted.  Ash. 

UN-SUR-pASS'A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  sur- 
passed ; not  to  be  excelled.  Ec.  Rev. 

UN-SUR-PASSED'  (un-sur-pSst'),  a.  Not  sur- 
passed ; unexcelled ; not  exceeded.  Byron. 

UN-SUR-REN'Dy RED  (un-sur-ren'derd),  a.  Not 
surrendered  or  yielded  up.  Cowper. 

UN-SUR-ROUND'IJD,  a.  Not  surrounded.  Byron. 

ON-SUR-VEYED'  (un-sur-vad'),  a.  Not  surveyed, 
or  measured  by  a surveyor.  Johnson. 

UN-SUS-CEP-TI-BI L'I-TY,  n.  AVant  of  suscepti- 
bility; insusceptibility.  Coleridge. 

UN-SUS-CEP'TI-BLE,  a.  Not  susceptible  ; insen- 
sible ; apathetic  ; insusceptible.  Swift. 

f UN-SUS-PECT',  a.  Unsuspected.  Milton. 

UN-SUS-PECT'JJD,  a.  Not  suspected.  Milton. 

UN-SUS-PECT'yD-LY,  ad.  So  as  not  to  be  sus- 
pected ; without  exciting  suspicion.  Milton. 

UN-SyS-PECT'ING,  a.  Not  suspecting;  having 
no  suspicion  ; unsuspicious.  Pope. 

UN-SUS-PECT'ING-LY,  ad.  Without  suspect- 
ing ; without  suspicion.  Bp.  Taylor. 

UN-SUS-PEND'yD,  a.  Not  suspended.  Knox. 

UN-SyS-Pl"CIOUS  (un-sus-plsh'ys),  a.  Having  no 
suspicion ; unsuspecting.  Milton. 

UN-SUS-P!"CIOyS-LY  (un-sus-pisli'us-le),  ad. 
Without  suspicion  ; not  suspiciously.  Arnold. 

UN-SUS-TAIN'A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  sus- 
tained ; insupportable  ; intolerable.  Barrow. 

UN-SUS-TAINED'  (un-sus-tand'),  ft.  Not  sus- 
tained ; not  borne  ; not  supported.  Milton. 

UN-SUS-TAIN'ING,  a.  Not  sustaining.  Shelley. 


UN-SWAL'LOWED  (un-swol'lod),  a.  Not  swal- 
lowed ; not  gulped  or  absorbed.  Ash. 

UN-SWATHE',  V.  ft.  [t.  UNSWATHED  J pp.  UN- 
SWATHING, unswathed.]  To  take  a swathe 
from ; to  remove  the  swathe  of.  Addison. 

UN-SWAy'A-BLE,  ft.  Not  to  be  swayed  or  influ- 
enced ; ungovernable,  [it.]  Shak. 

UN-SWAYED'  (un-swad'),  ft.  Not  swayed  ; not 
wielded.  “ The  sword  unswayed.”  Shak. 

UN-SW.AY'Jf  D-NESS,  n.  Steadiness;  the  state 
of  not  being  governed- by  another,  [r.]  Hales. 

UN-SWeAr'  (un-swir'),  V.  a.  [t.  UNSWOllE  ; pp. 
unswearing,  unsworn.]  To  recall  after  hav- 
ing sworn  ; to  recall,  as  an  oath.  Beau.  Sj  FI. 

UN-SWeAr',  v.  n.  To  recant  or  recall  any  thing 
sworn.  “ Oft  swear,  and  oft  unswear. ” Spenser. 

UN-SWEAT',  v.  ft.  To  cool  or  ease  after  exer- 
cise. ” Unsweating  themselves.”  [r.]  Milton. 

UN-SWEAT'ING,  ft.  Not  sweating.  Dryden. 

UN-SWEET',  ft.  Not  sweet ; disagreeable.  Spenser. 

UN-SWEET'ENED  (un-swe'tnd),  ft.  Not  sweet- 
ened ; not  made  sweet.  Ash. 

f UN-SWELL',  v.  n.  To  sink  or  subside  from  a 
swollen  or  tumid  state.  Chaucer. 

UN-SWEPT',  ft.  Not  swept ; not  brushed  away 
or  cleaned  by  sweeping.  Shak. 

UN-SWERV'ING,  ft.  Not  swerving ; firm.  Qit.Rev. 

UN-SWILLED'  (un-swild'),  ft.  Not  swilled  or 
gulped  down  ; not  greedily  swallowed.  Milton. 

UN-SWORN',  a.  Not  sworn;  not  bound  by  an 
oath.  “ You  are  yet  unsworn.”  Shak. 

UN-SWUNG',  ft.  Not  swung  ; not  hung.  Bacon. 

UN-SyL-LO-yiS'TI-CAL,  a.  Not  according  to 
the  rules  of  syllogism.  Chillingworth. 

UN-SYM-MET'RI-CAL,  ft.  Not  symmetrical ; want- 
ing symmetry  ; irregular.  Johnson. 

UN-SYM-MET'RI-C AL-LY,  ad.  Not  symmetri- 
cally ; without  symmetry.  Johnson. 

UN-SYM-PA-THl-ZA-BIL'I-TY,  n.  Want  of  ability 
to  sympathize,  [r.]  Coleridge. 

UN-SYM'PA-THIZ-ING,  ft.  Not  sympathizing; 
without  sympathy  or  correspondence.  Savage. 

UN-SYS-Tf  M-AT'IC,  ? Not  systematic ; 

UN-SYS-TyM-AT'I-CAL,  ) wanting  system  ; not 
methodical ; disorderly  ; irregular.  Burke. 

UN-SYS-TF.  M-AT'I-C  AL-I.y,  ad.  Without  sys- 
tem or  method  ; irregularly.  Bolingbroke. 

UN-TACK',  v.  ft.  To  disjoin  or  separate,  as  what 
is  tacked  ; to  part  or  put  asunder.  Milton. 

UN-TAGGED'  (un-tagd'),  ft.  Not  tagged,  tacked, 
or  attached.  “ Untagged  points.”  Beau.  § FI. 

UN-TAlNT'ED,  ft.  1.  Not  tainted  ; not  stained; 
not  sullied  ; not  corrupted  ; pure.  South. 

2.  Not  charged  with  any  crime.  Skak. 

UN-TAlNT '1JD-LY,  ad.  AVithout  taint  or  spot ; 
without  imputation  of  crime.  South. 

UN-TAlNT'ED-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  un- 
tainted ; unsulliedness ; purity.  Bp.  Hall. 

UN-TAK'EN  (un-ta'kn),  a.  Not  taken.  Dryden. 

Untaken  up , not  filled  ; not  occupied.  Boyle. 

&N-TAL'ENT-pD,  a.  Not  talented;  not  having 
talents  or  genius  ; not  gifted.  Month.  Rev. 

UN-TALKED'-OF  (un-tiwkt'ov),  a.  Not  talked 
or  spoken  of.  ‘‘Untalked  of  and  unseen.”  Shak. 

f UN-TALL',  a.  Not  of  lofty  spirit.  Chaucer. 

CtN-TAM'A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  tamed  or 

. subdued;  unconquerable.  Wilkins. 

UN-TAM'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  qual- 
ity of  pot  being  tamable.  Ash. 

UN-TAMED'  (un-tamd'),  a.  Not  tamed.  Spenser. 

UN-TAMED'NJJSS,  n.  The  state  of  being  un- 
tamed or  subdued.  Leighton. 

UN-TAn-^I-BIL'I-TY,  n.  Intangibility,  [r.]  Ash. 

UN-TAn'^I-BLE,  a.  Intangible,  [r.]  Ash. 


UN-TAN'GLE  (un-t&ng'gl),  r.  a.  To  disentangle  ; 
to  free  from  intricacy  or  complication.  Shak. 

UN-tAN'GLED  (un-tang'gld),a.  Not  tangled.  Ash. 

UN-TAR'NISHED  (un-tar'njslit),  ff.  Not  tarnished; 
not  soiled ; unsullied  ; unblemished.  Southey. 

UN-TASKED'  (un-t&skt'),  a.  Not  tasked.  Jeffrey. 

UN-tAst'ED,  a.  Not  tasted.  Waller. 

UN-TASTE'FUL,  a.  Not  tasteful.  Clarke. 

UN-TAST'ING,  o.  Not  tasting.  Smith. 

UN-TAUGHT'  (un-tiwt'),  a.  Not  taught ; unin- 
structed ; ignorant ; unskilled.  Dryden. 

UN-TAXED'  (un-takst'),  a.  Not  taxed  ; not 
charged : — exempt  from  reproach.  Warton. 

UN-TEACH'  (un-tech'),  V.  a.  [i.  UNTAUGHT;  pp. 
unteaching,  untaught.]  To  cause  to  forget 
or  lose,  as  what  has  been  learnt,  [it.]  Browne. 

UN-TEACII'  A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  taught  or 
instructed  ; indocile ; intractable.  Milton. 

UN-TEACIl'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
unteachable  ; want  of  docility.  Johnson. 

UN-TEEM'ING,  a.  Not  teeming  ; barren.  Todd. 

f UN-TELL'A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  told  ; in- 
describable. “ Untellable  virtues.”  Wickliffe. 

f UN-TEM'PpR-ATE,  a.  Intemperate.  Berners. 

f UN-TEM'PIJR-ATE-LY,  ad.  Intemperately.  Udal. 

UN-TEM'PgRED  (un-tem'peid),  a.  Not  tempered. 
“ AVith  untempered  mortar.”  Ezek.  xiii.  10. 

UN-TEM'1’£R-ING,  a.  Not  tempering.  Shak. 

UN-TEM'P$ST-ED,  a.  Free  from  tempest;  not 
tossed  or  disturbed  by  a tempest.  Milman. 

UN-TEMPT'^D,  a.  Not  tempted.  Bp.  Taylor. 

f UN-TEMPT'IJR,  n.  One  not  tempting.  Wickliffe. 

UN-TEMPT'ING,  a.  Not  tempting.  II.  Clay. 

UN-TpN-A-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality 
of  being  untenable.  Gent.  Mag. 

UN-TEN 'A-BLE,  a.  Not  tenable  ; that  cannot  be 
held,  maintained,  or  defended.  Clarendon. 

UN-TEN'ANT- A-BLE,  a.  Not  tenantable.  Smart. 

UN-TEN'ANT-^D,  a.  Not  tenanted;  having  no 
tenant ; unoccupied ; tenantless.  Temple. 

UN-TEND'JJD,  a.  Not  tended.  Thomson. 

UN-TEN'DfR,  a.  Not  tender  ; unfeeling.  Shak. 

UN-TEN'D^RED  (un-ten'derd),  a.  Not  tendered  ; 
not  offered  ; not  proffered.  Shak. 

UN-TEN'D^R-LY,  ad.  Nottenderly;  notgently; 
harshly  ; rudely ; violently.  Duncan. 

f UN-TENT',  v.  a.  To  bring  out  of  a tent.  Shak. 

UN-TENT'ED,  a.  Not  tented  ; not  having  a tent 
applied.  “ Untented  woundings.”  Shak. 

UN-TER-RES'TRI-AL,  a.  Not  terrestrial;  not 
earthly  ; infernal  or  celestial.  Young. 

UN-TER'RI-FIED  (un-ter're-fld),  a.  Not  terrified  ; 
not  affrighted ; not  afraid;  fearless.  Milton. 

UN-TEST'A-BLE,  a.  Not  testable ; that  cannot 
be  tested,  [r.]  . N.  B.  Rev. 

UN-TEST'ED,  a.  Not  tested  ; not  proved.  Ash. 

UN-TETH'^RED  (un-teth'erd),  a.  Not  tethered  ; 
not  fastened  or  confined  by  a tether.  Ash. 

f UN-THANK',  n.  Unthankfulness.  Broicne. 

UN-THANKED'  (un-th&nkt'),  a.  1.  Not  thanked  ; 
not  repaid  with  acknowledgment.  Milton. 

2.  Not  received  with  thankfulness.  Dryden. 

UN-THANK'FUL,  a.  Not  thankful;  ungrateful. 
‘■'■Unthankful  for  the  blessing.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

UN-THANK'  FUL-LY,  ad.  Without  thanks  ; with- 
out gratitude  ; ungratefully.  Boyle. 

UN-THANK'FUL-NESS,  n.  AVant  of  thankful- 
ness ; ingratitude  ; thanklessness.  South. 

UN-THATCHED'  (un-th&cht'),  a.  Not  thatched  ; 
not  covered  or  protected  with  thatch.  Ash. 

UN-THAWED'  (un-tMwd'),  a.  Not  thawed  or 
dissolved  ; not  melted,  as  ice.  Pope. 


MIEN,  SIR ; MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  R0LE.  — 9,  9>  $>  !>  s°ft  i L,  G,  £,  g,  hard ; § as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


UNTHEATRICAL 


1604 


UNTRITURATED 


tjN-TIIp-AT'RI-CAL,  a . Not  theatrical.  Ayre. 

UN-THE-0-LO£'l-CAL,  a.  Not  theological.  Hall. 

0N-THE-O-RET'IC,  a.  Not  theoretic.  Coleridge. 

ON-THE-O-RET'I-CAL,  a.  Not  theoretical  ; un- 
theoretic  ; practical.  Jour.  Science. 

UN-THICK'ENED  (u»-thlk'knd),  a.  Not  thick- 
ened ; not  increased  in  thickness.  Ash. 

UN-THINK',  v.  a.  To  recall  or  dismiss,  as  a 
thought.  “ Unthink  your  speaking.”  [r.]  Shah. 

UN-TIHNIC'ING,  a.  Not  thinking  ; thoughtless  ; 
heedless;  inconsiderate.  Addison. 

UN-THINK'ING-LY,  ad.  Without  thought  ; 
thoughtlessly ; inconsiderately.  Pope. 

UN-THiNK'ING-NESS,  n.  Want  of  thought  ; 
thoughtlessness ; inconsiderateness.  Halifax. 

ijN-THORN'Y,  a.  Not  thorny.  Browne. 

UN-THOUGHT'  (un-th&wt'),  p.  a.  Not  thought ; 
not  supposed.  "Unthought  dead.”  B.  Jonson. 

Unthought-nf,  not  thought  of ; not  regarded  ; not 
heeded.  “ Your  unthought-of  Harry.”  Shalt. 

UN-THOUGHT'FUL  (un-th&wt'ful),  a.  Not  thought- 
ful ; thoughtless  ; inconsiderate.  Bale. 

UN-THOUGHT'FUL-NESS,  n.  Want  of  thought ; 
thoughtlessness ; inconsiderateness.  Fell. 

UN-THRASHED'  (un-thrasht'),  a.  Not  thrashed. 

TJN-THREAD',  V.  a.  [i.  UNTHREADED ; pp.  UN- 
THREADING, UNTHREADED.] 

1.  To  take  or  remove  the  thread  from. 

2.  To  loosen  ; to  relax  the  ligatures  of.  Milton. 

UN-TIIREAT'ENED  (un-thret'tnd),  a.  Not  threat- 
ened ; not  menaced.  King  Charles. 

UN-THRESHED'  (un-thresht'),  a.  Not  threshed; 
not  beaten  or  separated  from  the  chaff.  Newton.- 

UN'THRIFT,  n.  An  unthrifty  or  extravagant  per- 
son ; a prodigal ; a spendthrift.  Shah.  Dryden. 

f UN-THRIFT',  a.  Profuse  ; unthrifty.  Shah. 

t UN-THRlFT'FUL-LY,  ad.  Unthriftily.  Cheehe. 

f CN-THRIfT'I-HEAD,  n.  Unthriftiness.  Spenser. 

UN-THR1  FT'J-LY,  ad.  Without  thrift.  Collier. 

tJN-THRIFT'J-NESS,  n.  Want  of  thrift;  waste- 
fulness ; prodigality  ; profusion.  Hayward. 

UN-THRlF'TY,  a.  1.  Not  thrifty  ;.  thriftless  ; prod- 
igal ; profuse  ; lavish  ; wasteful.  Sidney. 

2.  Not  thriving  or  improving.  Mortimer. 

UN-TIIIUV'ING,  a.  Not  thriving;  not  prosper- 
ing; not  flourishing.  Gov.  of  the  Tongue. 

UN-THRONE',  v.  a.  To  dethrone,  [r.]  Milton. 

UN-THROWN',  a.  Not  thrown  ; not  cast.  Surrey. 

UN-TIC'KLED  (un-tTk'kld),  a.  Not  tickled.  “Not 
an  ear  . . . untickled.”  Chesterfield. 

UN-Tl'DI-LY,  ad.  In  an  untidy  manner.  Smart. 

UN-TI'DI-NESS,  n.  Want  of  tidiness.  Smart. 

UN-Tl'DY,  a.  Not  tidy  ; not  neat.  Arnway. 

UN-TIE',  v.  a.  [i.  untied-;  pp.  untying,  untied.] 

1.  To  loosen  or  free  from  being  tied,  or  from 
bonds,  convolution,  or  knot ; to  unbind ; to 
loosen  ; to  unfasten  ; to  loose;  to  liberate.  Shah. 

2.  To  resolve  ; to  clear;  to  solve.  Denham. 

UN-TIED'  (un-tld'),  a.  Not  tied;  not  bound; 

not  fastened  ; loose  ; free.  Prior. 

UN-TlGHT'EN  (un-tl'tn),  v.  a.  To  loosen;  to 
unloose  ; to  make  less  tight  or  tense.  Ash. 

UN-TIL',  ad.  or  conj.  [See  Till.] 

1.  To  the  time  when  or  that ; till. 

The  sceptre  shall  not  depart  from  Judah,  nor  a lawgiver 
from  between  his  feet,  until  Shiloh  come.  Gen.  xlix.  10. 

2.  To  the  place,  point,  state,  or  degree  that. 

In  open  prospect  nothing  bounds  our  eye, 

Until  the  earth  seems  joined  unto  the  sky.  Dryden. 

Thus  saith  the  Lord,  With  these  thou  shalt  push  Syria  un- 
til they  be  consumed.  2 Chron.  xviii.  10. 

UN-TIL ' , prep.  1.  To;  till;  — used  of  time. 

lie  and  his  sons  were  priests  of  the  tribe  of  Dan,  until  the 
day  of  the  captivity  of  the  land.  Judy,  xviii.  30. 

2.  fTo;  unto;  — used  of  objects.  Spenser. 

UN-TILE',  v.  a.  To  strip  of  tiles.  Swift. 


UN-TILL'A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  tilled  or 
cultivated  ; barren  ; sterile.  Cowpcr. 

UN-TILLED'  (un-tlld'),  a.  Not  tilled.  Blackmore. 

UN-TlM'BpRED  (un-tlm'berd),  a.  Not  timbered, 
or  furnished  with  timber  ; weak  ; frail.  Shah. 

UN-TIME 'LI- NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality 
of  being  untimely  ; unseasonableness.  Ash. 

UN-TLME'LY,  a.  Not  timely  ; happening  before 
the  natural  or  usual  time  ; premature  ; unsea- 
sonable ; ill-timed ; inopportune.  Dryden. 

UN-TIME'LY,  ad.  Before  the  natural  or  usual 
time  ; unseasonably.  Spenser. 

UN-Tf'Mf.-OUS,  a.  Untimely,  [r.]  Bulwer. 

UN-Tl'M^-OUS-LY,  ad.  Untimely,  [r.]  Scott. 

UN-TINCT'URED  (fin-tlnkt'yurd),  a.  Not  tinct- 
ured ; not  stained,  tinged,  or  mixed.  Baker. 

UN- TINNED'  (un-tinjd'),  a.  Not  tinged,  stained, 
or  discolored  : — not  infected.  Swift. 

UN-TlR'A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  tired  ; inde- 
fatigable ; unwearied  ; tireless.  Shak. 

UN-TIRED'  (un-tlrd'),  a.  Not  tired;  not  made 
weary  ; fresh.  “ Untired  in  toils.”  Dryden. 

UN-TlR'ING,  a.  Not  tiring;  unwearied.  Grant. 

UN-TlTlI'A-BLE,  a.  Nottithable.  Ash. 

UN-TITHED'  (un-tltfid'),  a.  Not  tithed.  Pollok. 

UN-TI'TLED  (un-tl'tld),  a.  Not  titled;  having 
no  title.  “ An  untitled  tyrant.”  Shak. 

UN'TO,  prep.  \“On  or  in  to.”  Richardson .]  To. 

Continue  thy  loving  kindness  unto  them.  Ps.  xxxvi.  10. 

Syn.—  Unto  is  synonymous  witli  to,  which  is  now 
commonly  used  instead  of  it.  Unto , although  now 
somewhat  antiquated,  is  much  used  in  the  scriptural 
or  solemn  style,  especially  when  motion  towards  an 
object  is  implied  ; as,  “Come  unto  me.” 

UN-TOIL'ING,  a.  Without  toil  or  labor.  Thomson. 

UN-TOLD',  a.  Not  told,  related,  or  revealed  : — 
not  numbered  or  counted.  Waller. 

UN-TOL'ER-AT-ED,  a.  Not  tolerated.  Scott. 

UN-TOMB'  (un-tom'),  v.  a.  To  disinter.  Fuller. 

UN-TOOTH',  v.  a.  To  deprive  of  teeth.  Cowpcr. 

UN-TOOTH'SOME,  a.  Not  toothsome.  Bp.  Hall. 

UN-TOR-MENT'PD,  a.  Not  tormented.  Young. 

UN-TORN',  a.  Not  torn  ; not  rent.  Ash. 

UN-T5SSED'  (fin-tost'),  a.  Not  tossed.  Green. 

UN-TOST',  a.  Not  tossed;  untossed.  Byron. 

UN-TOUCH' A-BLE  (un-tuch'?-bl),  a.  That  can- 
not be  touched  ; intangible.  Feltham. 

UN-TOUCHED'  (un-tficht'),  a.  Not  touched;  not 
reached  ; — not  moved  ; not  affected.  Addison. 

UN-TOW'ARD,  a.  1.  Not  toward ; not  easily 
guided  or  taught ; froward  ; perverse.-  Shak. 

2.  Awkward  ; ungraceful ; ungainly.  Swift. 

3.  Inconvenient ; unmanageable.  Hudibras. 

UN-TOW'ARD-LI-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the 

quality  of  being  untowardly.  Ash. 

UN-TOW'ARD-LY,  a.  Not  towardly  ; awkward  ; 
perverse ; froward ; untoward.  Locke. 

UN-TOW'ARD-LY,  ad.  Awkwardly;  ungrace- 
fully ; ungainly  ; perversely.  Tillotson. 

UN-TOW'ARD-NESS,  n.  Perverseness.  “The 
untowardness  of  our  nature.”  Bp.  Wilson. 

UN-TOW'pRED  (un-tbfi'erd),  a.  Not  having,  or 
defended  by,  towers.  Wordsworth. 

UN-TRACE'A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  traced  or 
followed.  ‘‘Untraceable  labyrinths.”  Boyle. 

UN-TRACED'  (un-trast'),  a.  Not  traced ; not 
tracked  ; not  marked.  Denham. 

UN-TRACKED'  (un-trSkt'),  a.  Not  tracked  ; un- 
traced ; pathless.  “ Untracked  woods.”  Sandy s. 

UN-TRACT',  a.  Not  tracked.  Rowe. 

UN-TRAC-TA-BIL'!-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being 
intractable ; intractableness.  Burke. 

UN-T  RAC 'T  A-BLE,  a.  [L.  intractabilis.'] 

1.  Not  tractable;  unmanageable;  stubborn; 

indocile ; intractable,  [r.]  Locke. 

2.  f Rough  ; difficult.  Milton. 


UN-TR  AC'TA-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
intractable  ; intractableness.  Locke. 

UN-TRAd'UD,  a.  Not  traded;  not  frequented  or 
resorted  to,  as  for  trade,  [k.]  Shak. 

UN-TRAd'JNG,  a.  Not  trading.  Locke. 

UN-TRAlNED'  (fin-trand'),  a.  1.  Not  trained,  edu- 
cated, or  disciplined  ; not  instructed.  Shak. 

2.  f Irregular  ; ungovernable.  Herbert. 

UN-TRAM'MELLED  (fin-trfim'meld),  a.  Not  tram- 
melled ; not  hampered ; free.  Anderson. 

UN-TRAm'PLED  (un-trSm'pld),  a.  Not  trampled  ; 
not  trod  upon.  Shelley. 

UN-TR  AN'aUIL-LIZED  (Dn-trSn'kwil-Hzd),  a.  Not 
tranquillized;  not  calmed.  Goode. 

UN-TRAN-SCRIBED'  (un-tr?n-skrlbd'),  a.  Not 
transcribed  ; not  copied.  Maunder. 

UN-TR  ANS-FER' A-BLE,  a.  Incapable  of  being 
transferred,  or  given  from  one  to  another  ; not 
transferable.  — See  Transferable.  Howell. 

UN-TRANS-FERRED'  (fin-trans-ferd'),  a.  Not 
transferred  ; not  conveyed  or  assigned.  Day. 

UN-TR ANS-FORMED'  (un-trans-f iirmd'),  a.  Not 
transformed  ; not  metamorphosed.  Maunder. 

UN-TRANS-LAT'A-BLE,  a.  Not  susceptible  of 
being  translated.  Gray. 

UN-TRANS-LAT'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Impossibility 
of  being  translated,  [r.]  Coleridge. 

UN-TRANS-LAT'£D,  a.  Not  translated.  Hales. 

UN-TRANS'MI-GRAT-ED,  a.  Not  transmigrated. 

UN-TRANS-MIS'SLBLE,  a.  Not  transmissible. 

UN-TRANS-MlT'TfD,  a.  Not  transmitted.  Ash. 

UN-TRANS-MUT'A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be 
transmuted  or  changed.  • Hume. 

UN-TRANS-PAr'^NT,  a.  Not  transparent ; not 
diaphanous ; opaque.  Boyle. 

UN-TRANS-PASS'A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be 
passed  over;  not  transpassable.  [r.]  Daniel. 

UN-TRAN-SPIRED'  (Gn-tran-splrd'),  a.  Not  tran- 
spired ; not  escaped  from  secrecy.  Maunder. 

UN-TRANS-PLANT'pD,  a.  Not  transplanted.  Ash. 

UN-TRANS-PORT'A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be 
transported.  Ec.  Rev. 

UN-TRANS-PORT'gD,  a.  Not  transported.  Ash. 

UN-TRANS-POijED'  (fin-trans-pozd'),  a.  Not  trans- 
posed ; not  having  the  order  changed.  Ash. 

■UN-TRAV'ELLED  (un-trav'eld),  a.  1.  Not  trav- 
elled ; not  passed  over  by  travellers. 

To  wander  in  America  and  untravelled  parts.  Browne. 

2.  Not  having  travelled  or  journeyed  ; having 
never  seen  or  visited  foreign  countries.  “ An 
untravelled  Englishman.”  Addison. 

UN-TRAV'JgRSED  (un-trav'erst),  a.  Not  traversed. 

UN-TREAD'  (un-tred'),  v.  a.  To  tread  back  ; to  go 
back  in.  "Untread  the  steps.”  Shak. 

UN-TREA§'URED  (un-trezh'urd),  a.  Not  treasured 
or  laid  up  ; not  reposited.  Shak. 

f UN-TREAT'A-BLE,  a.  Not  treatable  ; not  prac- 
ticable. Decay  of  Chr.  Piety. 

UN-TREAT'IJD,  a.  Not  treated.  Erring. 

UN-TREM'BLING,  a.  Not  trembling.  Philips. 

UN-TREM'BLING-LY,  ad.  So  as  not  to  tremble  ; 
without  trembling  or  trepidation.  Clarke. 

UN-TRENCHED'  (un-trencht'),  a.  Not  trenched  ; 
not  having,  or  formed  into,  trenches.  Penn. 

UN-TRES'PASS-ING,  o.  Not  trespassing.  Milton. 

UN-TRESSED'  (un-trest'),  a.  Not  tressed;  not 
bound  in  a tress,  as  hair.  Chaucer. 

UN-TRIED'  (un-tvld'),  a.  Not  tried,  attempted,  or 
experienced  : — not  having  passed  trial.  Milton. 

UN-TRl'FLING,  a.  Not  trifling;  not  indulging 
in  levities.  Savage. 

UN-TRIMMED'  (un-tnmd'),  a.  Not  trimmed.  Shak. 

UN-TRIT'U-RAT-IJD,  a.  Not  triturated  ; not  re- 
duced to  powder.  Jour.  Science. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  O,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


UNTRIUMPHABLE 


1605 


UNWARES 


CrN-TRl'lJMPH-A-BLE,  a.  Allowing  no  triumph. 

Untriumphable  fray.”  [r.]  Hudibras. 

UN-TRI'UMPIIED  (un-tri'umft),  a.  Not  triumphed 
over  ; not  conquered  or  subdued.  May. 

UN-TROD',  a.  Not  trodden  ; untrodden.  Milton. 

UN-TROD 'DEN  (un-trod'dn),  a.  Not  trodden  ; not 
passed  over  or  marked  by  the  foot.  Waller. 

UN-TROLLED'  (un-trold'),  a.  Not  trolled ; not 
bowled  ; not  rolled  along.  Milton. 

Gn-TROUB'I,ED  (un-trub'bld),  a.  1.  Not  troubled; 
not  disturbed  by  care,  sorrow,  or  guilt.  Shak. 

2.  Not  agitated  ; not  confused.  Bacon. 

UN-TROUB'LED-NESS  (un-trub'bld-nes),  n.  The 
state  of  being  untroubled  ; unconcern,  [it.] 

His  indifference  and  untroubledness.  Hammond. 

f UN-TROW'A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  believed 
or  credited  ; incredible.  Wickliffe. 

UN-TRUE'  (un-tru'),  a.  Not  true  ; false.  Shah. 

UN-TRU'LY,  ad.  Falsely  ; not  according  to  truth. 

UN-TRUM'PlJT-pD,  a.  Not  trumpeted.  Scott. 

UN-TRUSS',  v.  a.  To  deprive  of  a truss  ; to  re- 
move a truss  or  bundle  from.  B.  Jonson. 

UN-TRUSSED'  (un-trust'),  a.  Not  trussed  ; not 
tied-up  ; not  bundled  up.  Fairfax. 

CrN-TRUSS'ER,  n.  One  who  untrusses.  B.  Jonson. 

UN-TRUSTED,  a.  Not  trusted  ; not  confided  in  ; 
not  relied  or  depended  on.  Smith. 

UN-TRUS'T!-NESS,  n.  Unfaithfulness.  Hayward. 

UN-TRUST'WOR-THY  (un-trust'wur-the),  a.  Not 
worthy  of  being  trusted ; unfaithful.  Ec.  Rev. 

UN-TRUS'TY,  a.  Not  trusty  ; unfaithful.  Bp. Hall. 

UN-TRUTH',  n.  1.  Falsehood  ; false  assertion. 

2.  f Want  of  fidelity  ; treachery.  Shah. 

Syn.  — See  Falsehood. 

UN-TRUTH 'FUL,  a.  Not  truthful.  Clarke. 

UN-TRUTH'FUL-LY,  ad.  Not  truthfully  ; falsely. 

UN-TUCK',  v.  a.  To  undo,  as  a tuck;  to  unfold. 

UN-TUCK'pRED  (un-tuck'erd),  a.  Having  or 
wearing  no  tucker.  Addison. 

UN-TUM'BLED  (un-tum'bld),  a.  Not  tumbled.  Ash. 

UN-TU-MULT'U-OUS,  a.  Not  tumultuous.  Young. 

UN-TUN'A-BLE,  a.  Not  tunable  ; inharmonious ; 
not  musical ; discordant,  [r.]  Bacon. 

UN-TUN' A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Want  of  harmony  or 
concord;  discord,  [r.]  Warton. 

UN-TUN'A-BLY,  ad.  Not  tunably ; inharmoni- 
ously ; discordantly,  [li.]  Clarke. 

UN-TUNE',  V.  a.  \i.  UNTUNED  ; pp.  UNTUNING, 
UNTUNED.] 

1.  To  put  out  of  tune  ; to  make  discordant  or 

incapable  of  harmony.  Prior. 

2.  To  disorder;  to  confuse,  [r.]  Shak. 

UN-TUNED' (un-tund'),  a.  Not  tuned;  unmusi- 
cal ; inharmonious  ; discordant ; harsh.  Shak. 

UN-TUNE'FUL,  a.  Not  tuneful ; unmusical. 

UN-TUNE'FUL-LY,  ad.  Not  tunefully.  Clarke. 

fJN-TUR'BANED,  a.  Not  having  a turban.  Southey. 

(JN-TUR'BID,  a.  Not  turbid;  clear.  Scott. 

UN-TURNED'  (un-turnd'),  a.  Not  turned.  Dryden. 

To  leave  no  stone  unturned.  See  Stone. 

UN-TU'TORED  (un-tu'tord),  a.  Not  tutored;  un- 
instructed ; untaught ; uneducated.  Shak. 

f UN-TWAIN',  v.  a.  To  tear  in  two  or  in  twain  ; 
to  rend  asunder  ; to  part.  Skelton. 

UN-TWlNE',  v.  a.  [i.  untwined;  pp.  untwin- 
ing, untwined.]  To  open  or  separate  after 
having  been  twined ; to  untwist.  Bacon. 

UN-TWIRL',  v.  a.  To  undo  ; to  untwist.  Ash. 

UN-TWIST',  v.  a.  [i.  untwisted  ; pp.  untwist- 
ing, untwisted.]  To  separate  after  having 
been  twisted  ; to  disentangle.  Spenser. 

fUN-TY',  i).  a.  To  untie.  — See  Untie.  Shak. 

UN-U'NI-FORM  (un-u'ne-form),  a.  Not  uniform; 
wanting  uniformity,  [r.]  Decay  of  Chr.  Piety. 


UN-U-NlT'£D,  a.  Not  united  ; separated.  Clarke. 

UN-UP-BRAID'JgD,  a.  Not  upbraided.  Behn. 

UN-UP- H ELD',  a.  Not  upheld  ; unsupported  ; not 
sustained.  Wright. 

UN-UP-LiFT'yD,  a.  Not  uplifted.  Wordsworth. 

UN-UR<?ED'  (un-iirjd'),  a.  Not  urged  ; not  pressed. 

t UN-U'§A(rE,  n.  Want  of  usage.  Chaucer. 

UN-Uf*>ED'  (un-yuzd'),  a.  X.  Not  used;  not  put 
to  use  ; unemployed;  not  applied;  disused. 

She  . . . left  no  art  unused  which  might  keep  the  line  from 
breaking;  whereat  the  fish  was  already  taken.  {Sidney . 

2.  Not  accustomed ; unaccustomed. 

Albeit  unused  to  the  melting  mood.  Shak. 

UN-U§'JKD-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  not  being  used ; 
want  of  use  or  frequency,  [r.]  Sidney. 

UN-USE'FUL,  a.  Not  useful ; useless.  Dryden. 

UN-U'^U-AL  (un-yu'zhu-fil),  a.  Not  usual ; un- 
common ; rare ; not  frequent  or  customary. 

Unusual  refraction , (Opt.)  a name  applied  to  certain 
optical  phenomena  caused  by  the  refraction  of  rays  of 
light  through  strata  of  air  of  different  densities  ; as, 
the  appearance  in  the  air  above  a ship  seen  at  a dis- 
tance, of  two  images  of  it,  the  upper  erect  and  the  lower 
inverted  ; or,  as  the  appearance  in  the  air  of  a distinct 
inverted  image,  seen  by  Captain  Scoresby,  of  his  fa- 
ther’s ship,  when  the  ship  itself  was  distant  seven- 
teen miles  beyond  the  horizon.  Breioster.  — Unusual 
reflection , (Opt.)  a name  applied  to  certain  unusual 
optical  phenomena  produced  by  atmospheric  reflec- 
tion ; as,  the  appearance  to  a man  standing  on  the 
summit  of  a high  cliff  by  the  sea  side,  of  his  own  figure 
standing  on  the  summit  of  an  opposite  apparent  cliff. 
Brewster. 

UN-U'§U-AL-LY  (un-yu'zhu-?tl-le),  ad.  In  an  un- 
usual manner ; uncommonly  ; rarely.  Hall. 

UN-U'§U-AL-NESS  (-yu'zhu-^l-nes),  n.  The  state 
of  being  unusual ; uncommonness.  Broome. 

UN-UT'Ty R- A-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  be  uttered 
or  expressed  ; ineffable  ; inexpressible. 

What  thinks  he  of  the  happiness  of  another  life,  wherein 
God  may  fill  us  with  unutterable  joy.  Kettlewell. 

UN-UT'TpR-A-BLY,  ad.  In  an  unutterable  man- 
ner ; inexpressibly  ; ineffably.  Knox. 

UN-UT'TpRED  (un-ut'terd),  a.  Not  uttered;  not 
spoken  ; not  mentioned.  Bp.  Horsley. 

UN-VA'CAT-JJD,  a.  Not  vacated.  Henry  Clay. 

UN-VAy'lL-LAT-ING,  a.  Not  vacillating  ; not 
wavering ; resolute  ; stable.  Sir  W.  Scott. 

UN-VAIL',  v.  a.  To  remove  a veil  or  covering 
from;  to  unveil.  — See  Unveil.  Denham. 

f UN-VAL'U-A-BLE,  a.  Invaluable.  Atterbury. 

UN-VAL'UED  (un-val'yud),  a.  1.  Not  valued  ; not 
prized;  neglected.  “'Unvalued  persons.”  Shak. 

2.  f Inestimable  ; above  price  ; invaluable. 

Inestimable  stones,  unvalued  jewels.  Shak. 

UN-VAMPED'  (un-vainpt'),  a.  Not  vamped.  Ash. 

UN-VAN'CXUISH-A-BLE,  a.  Not  to  be  subdued; 
unconquerable  ; invincible.  Bp.  King. 

UN-VAN'aUISHED  (un-vail'kwjsht),  a.  Not  con- 
quered ; not  subdued  or  overcome.  Shak. 

UN-VAN'TAIJrED  (un-van'tajd),  a.  Not  benefited ; 
not  profited.  Cowper. 

f UN-VA'RI-A-BLE,  a.  Invariable.  Norris. 

UN-VA'RIED  (un-va'rjd),  a.  Not  varied;  not 
changed  ; not  diversified.  Locke. 

UN-VA'RI-E-GAT-fD,  a.  Not  variegated.  Ed.  Rev. 

fjN-VAR'NISIIED  (un-v&r'njsht),  a.  1.  Not  var- 
nished ; not  overlaid  with  varnish.  Johnson. 

2.  Not  adorned;  not  decorated;  plain;  can- 
did. “ A round,  unvarnished  tale.”  Shak. 

UN-VA'RY-ING,  a.  Not  varying;  not  changing. 

UN-VAULTED  (un-v&wlt'ed),  a.  Having  no  vault 
or  roof ; unroofed.  Warton. 

UN-VEIL'  (un-val'),  V.  a.  [I.  UNVEILED  ; pp.  UN- 
VEILING, unveiled.]  To  divest  of  a veil ; to 
disclose  ; to  show  ; to  uncover.  Milton. 

UN-VEIL'ED-LY  (un-val'ed-le),  ad.  Plainly.  Doyle. 

UN-VEIL'£R  (un-val'er),  n.  One  who  unveils. 

UN-VEN'DI-BLE,  a.  That  cannot  he  vended; 
not  salable  ; unmerchantable.  Ash. 


UN- VEN1  F,  R- A- BI.E,  a.  Not  venerable.  Shak. 

UN-vEn'UR-AT-ED,  a.  Not  venerated.  Ash. 

IJN-VE'NI-AL,  a.  Unpardonable.  Milton. 

fUN-VEN'OMED,  a.  Not  venomous.  Bp.  Hall. 

UN-VEN'OM-OUS,  a.  Free  from  venom.  Black. 

UN-VEN'TI-LAT-F.D,  a.  Not  ventilated  ; having 
no  ventilation  ; not  exposed  to  wind.  Blackmore. 

UN-VER'DANT,  a.  Not  verdant ; having  no  ver- 
dure. “An  unrerdant  mead.”  Congreve. 

UN-VER'I-FlED  (un-ver'e-fld),  a.  Not  verified  ; 
not  proved  to  be  true.  Ash. 

UN-VER'I-TA-BLE,  a.  Not  true,  [r.]  Browne. 

UN-VERSED'  (un-verst'),  a.  Not  versed  ; unskilled. 

UN-VER'SI-FIED  (un-ver'se-fld),  a.  Not  versi- 
fied ; not  turned  or  formed  into  verse.  Scott. 

UN-VEXED'  (un-vekst'),  a.  Not  vexed;  undis- 
turbed ; untroubled  ; not  irritated.  Dryden. 

UN-VIEWED'  (un-vud'),  a.  Not  viewed.  'Ash. 

UN-Vl^r'I-LANT,  a.  Not  vigilant  or  watchful.  Ash. 

UN-vIn'DI-CAT-ED,  a.  Not  vindicated.  Horne. 

UN-VIN-DIC'TIVE,  a.  Not  vindictive  ; not  re- 
vengeful ; forgiving.  Ash. 

UN-Vi'O-LAT-pD,  a.  Not  violated;  not  broken. 

UN-VIRT  U-OUS  (un-virt'y u-us),  a.  Wanting 
virtue  ; vicious  ; base ; wicked.  Shak. 

UN-VIRT'U-OUS-LY,  ad.  Not  virtuously.  Clarke. 

f UN-VI§'ARD,  v.  a.  To  unmask.  Milton. 

f UN-VI§'J-BLE,  a.  Invisible.  Wickliffe. 

f UN-VI§'I-BLY,  ad.  Invisibly.  Bp.  Gardner. 

UN-VI§'IT-JED,  a.  Not  visited.  Milton. 

UN-VL^'ORED  (un-viz'urd),  a.  Not  visored  ; not 
wearing  a visor  ; unmasked.  Pollok. 

UN-VP'TI-AT-ED  (un-vlsh'e-at-ed),  a.  Not  viti- 
ated ; uncorrupted  ; not  polluted.  B.  Jonson. 

UN-VIT'RI-FIED  (un-vit're-fid),  a.  Not  vitrified  ; 
not  converted  into  glass.  Ash. 

UN-VO'CAL,  a.  Not  vocal : — formed  or  uttered 
by  the  breath  alone,  unmixed  with  voice,  as  cer- 
tain consonants.  Smart. 


UN-VOICED'  (un-volst'),  a.  Not  spoken  ; unut- 
tered ; not  articulated  or  pronounced.  Emerson. 

UN-VOL'A-TIL-IZED  (-Izd),  a.  Not  volatilized. 


UN-VOTE',  v.  a.  To  annul,  as  a former  vote ; to 
destroy  by  a contrary  vote.  Barnet. 

UN-VOUCHED'  (un-voucht'),  a.  Not  vouched. 

UN-VOWED'  (un-voud'),  a.  Not  vowed.  Hooker. 

UN-VoW'pLLED  (un-vbu'eld),  a.  Having  no  vow- 
els ; written  without  vowels.  Skinner. 

f UN-VOY'AIJIE-A-BLE,  a.  Innavigable.  Milton. 

UN-VUL'GAR,  a.  Not  vulgar.  B.  Jonson. 

UN-VUL'GAR-IZE,  v.  a.  To  free  from  vulgarity  ; 
to  make  not  vulgar  or  common.  C.  Lamb. 

f UN-VUL'NER-A-BLE,  a.  Invulnerable.  Shak. 

UN-WAfT'PD,  a.  Not  wafted.  Moore. 

UN-WAIT'ED,  a.  Not  attended.  Beau.  § FI. 

UN-WAKED'  (un-wakt'),  a.  Not  waked.  Goieer. 

UN-WAKE'FUL-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  not  being 
wakeful ; sleepiness.  Month.  Rev. 

LTN-WA'KENED  (un-wii'knd),  a.  Not  wakened; 
not  roused  from  sleep  ; asleep.  Milton. 

UN-WALLED'  (fin-wild'),  a.  Not  walled;  not  sur- 
rounded or  fortified  by  walls.  Kt  to  lies. 

UN-WAN'DIJR-ING,  a.  Not  wandering.  Coioper. 

UN-WANT'ED,  a.  Not  wanted  ; unnecessary. 


f UN-WAP'PERED  (un-wop'perd),  a. 
not  fatigued  ; untired. 

f UN-WARD']JD,  a.  Unguarded, 
t UN-WARE'LY,  ad.  Unawares, 
f UN-wArE§',  ad.  Unawares. 


Unwearied ; 
Beau.  § FI. 

Brande. 

Chaucer. 

Spenser. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RfJLE.— 9,  9,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  $ as  z ; % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


UNWARILY 


1606 


UNWONTED 


UN-WA'RI-LY,  ad.  Not  warily  ; without  caution ; 
carelessly ; heedlessly.  Digby. 

(jTN-WA'RI-NESS,  n.  Want  of  wariness  or  cau- 
tion ; carelessness  ; heedlessness.  Spectator. 

UN-WARLIKE,  a.  Not  warlike  ; not  fit  for  war  ; 
unused  to  war  ; not  military.  Waller. 

UN-WARMED'  (un-warmd'),  a.  Not  warmed  ; not 
excited ; not  inflamed.  Addison. 

UN-WARNED'  (Sn-warnd'),  a.  Not  warned. 

UN-WARP',  V.  a.  [i.  UNWARPED  ; pp.  UNWARI*- 
ixg,  UNWAlti’ED.]  To  reduce  from  the  state  of 
being  warped  ; to  straighten.  Evelyn. 

UN-WARPED'  (un-wUrpt'),  a.  Not  warped ; not 
biassed;  not  turned  aside.  Thomson. 

UN-WAR-R  ANT-A-BIL'I-TY  (un-wor-rfmt-a-bll'- 
e-te),  n.  Unwarrantableness.  Faber. 

UN-WAR'RANT-A-BLE  (un-wor'rjnt-j-bl),  a.  Not 
warrantable ; indefensible  ; unjustifiable.  South. 

UN-WAR'RANT-A-BLE-NESS  (-wor'rant-j-bl-nes), 
n.  State  of  being  unwarrantable.  Abp.  Sancroft. 

UN-WAR'RANT-A-BLY  (un-wor'r?nt-?-ble),  ad.  In 
an  unwarrantable  manner  ; indefensibly.  Wake. 

UN-WAR'RANT-ED  (un-wor'rant-ed),  a.  Not  war- 
ranted : — not  ascertained.  Bacon. 

UN-WA'RY,  a.  1.  Not  wary ; wanting  caution  ; 
imprudent;  hasty;  incautious.  Milton. 

2.  f Unexpected.  Spenser. 

UN-WASHED'  (un-wosht'),  a.  Not  washed  ; not 
cleansed  by  washing.  Dryden. 

The  unleashed,  the  mob  ; the  rabble.  Clarke. 

fUN-WASH'EN  (un-wosh'n), a.  Not  washed;  un- 
washed. “ Unwashen  hands.”  Matt.  xv.  20. 

UN-WAST'ED,  a.  Not  wasted;  not  consumed. 

UN-WASTE'FUL,  a.  Not  wasteful ; frugal. 

UN-WASTE'FUL-LY,  ad.  Not  with  waste  ; not 
prodigally  ; prudently  ; frugally.  Bacon. 

TJN-WAST'ING,  a.  Not  wasting;  not  growing 
less.  “ Unwasting  treasure.”  Pope. 

tJN-WAST'ING-LY,  ad.  Without  wasting.  Clarke. 

UN-WATCHED'  (fin-wocht'),  a.  Not  watched.  Udal. 

tlN-WATCH'FUL  (un-wocii'ffil),  a.  Not  watchful; 
not  vigilant ; not  heedful ; heedless.  Taylor. 

UN-WATCH'FU  E-NESS  (fin-woch'ffll-nes),  n. 
Want  of  watchfulness  or  vigilance.  Leighton. 

UN-wA'TfRED  (un-wk'terd),  a.  Not  watered; 
not  wet ; not  moistened.  Fabyan. 

UN-wA'TjpR-Y,  a.  Not  watery.  Wickliffe. 

UN-WA'VJpRED  (un-wa'verd),  a.  Not  wavered; 
not  fluctuated.  Browne. 

UN-WA'VpR-ING,  a.  Not  wavering;  firm;  steady; 
settled;  fixed;  constant;  steadfast.  Strype. 

UN-WA'VER-ING-LY,  ad.  Without  wavering. 

UN-WAXED'  (un-wakst'),  a.  Not  waxed.  Gray. 

fUN-wAYED'  (un-wad'),  a.  Not  used  to  travel ; 
unaccustomed  to  the  road.  Suckling. 

UN-WEAK'ENED  (un-we'knd),  a.  Not  weakened. 

tJN-WEALTII' Y,  a.  Not  wealthy ; poor.  Smart. 

UN-WEANED'  (un-wend'),  a.  Not  weaned;  not 
allured,  withdrawn,  or  disengaged.  Sheridan. 

f UN-WEAP'ONED  (un-w«p'pnd),  a.  Having  no 
weapons  ; weaponless  ; defenceless.  Raleigh. 

UN-WeAr' A-BLE,  a.  Not  wearable;  not  proper 
to  be  worn.  Grant. 

f UN-WEA'RI- A-BLE,  a.  Not  to  be  tired  or  fa- 
tigued ; indefatigable.  Hooker. 

f UN-WEA'RI-A-BLY,  ad.  So  as  not  to  be  fa- 
tigued; indefatigably.  Bp.  Hall. 

UN-WEA'RIED  (un-we'rid),  a.  1.  Not  wearied; 
not  tired  ; not  fatigued.  Addison. 

2.  Indefatigable;  continual;  constant;  per- 
severing. '■‘Unwearied  devotion.”  Rogers. 

ON-WEA'RIED-LY,  ad.  So  as  not  to  be  wearied  ; 
indefatigably.  Lord  Chesterfield. 

UN-WEA'RI  ED-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  un- 
wearied; indefatigablcness.  Todd. 


UN-WEA'RY,  a.  Not  weary  ; not  tired. 

UN-WEA'RY,  V.  a.  To  refresh  or  restore  after 
weariness.  “ To  unweary  myself.”  [n.]  Dryden. 

UN-WEA'RY-ING,  a.  Not  wearying.  Howitt. 

UN-WEATH'ER-W!§E,  a.  Not  weatherwise.  Ash. 

UN-WEAVE',  V.  a.  [i.  UNWOVE  ; pp.  UNWEAV- 
ING, UNWOVEN.]  To  unfold ; to  undo,  or  sep- 
arate, as  that  which  has  been  woven. 

Weaving  and  unweaving  tills  web,  Penelope-like.  Fuller. 

UN-WEBBED'  (un-webd'),  a.  Not  webbed;  not 
joined  by  a film.  Pennant. 

UN-WED',  a.  Unmarried  ; unwedded.  Shak. 

UN-WED'D^D,  a.  Not  wedded;  unwed.  Scott. 

f UN-WED<)!E'A-BLE,  a.  Not  to  be  cloven  or 
split  with  wedges.  Shak. 

UN-WEED'gD,  a.  Not  weeded;  not  cleared  or 
freed  from  weeds.  “ An  unweeded  garden. ’’Shak. 

+ tJN-WEEPED'  (un-wept'),  a.  Unwept.  Johnson. 

UN-WEEP'ING,  a.  Not  weeping;  dry.  Drayton. 

fUN-WEET'ING,  a.  Unknowing.  Milton. 

f UN-WEET'ING-LY,  ad.  Without  knowledge; 
ignorantly ; unwittingly.  Spenser. 

UN-WEIGHED1  (un-wad'),  a.  1.  Not  weighed. 

2.  Not  considerate  ; negligent.  Shak. 

UN-WEIGH'ING  (un-wa'ing),  a.  Not  weighing; 
inconsiderate;  thoughtless;  rash.  Shak. 

UN-WEL'COME  (un-wel'kum),  a.  Not  welcome; 
not  pleasing  ; not  grateful.  Milton. 

UN-WEL'COMED  (un-wel'kumd),  a.  Not  wel- 
comed ; not  received  with  pleasure.  Hoole. 

UN-WEL'CQME-LY,  ad.  In  an  unwelcome  man- 
ner ; not  gratefully  or  pleasingly.  Neele. 

UN-WEL'COME-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  qual- 
ity of  being  unwelcome.  Boyle. 

UN-WELD'^D,  a.  Not  welded.  Turner. 

UN-WELL',  a.  1.  Not  well ; slightly  indisposed  ; 
not  in  perfect  health  ; ill ; ailing  ; sick. 

I ftrn  what  you  call  in  Ireland— and  a very  good  expres- 
sion I think  it  is  — unwell.  Lord  Chesterfield. 

S3F  “ This  term,  when  first  brought  up,  was  ridi- 
culed as  a Yanheeism ; yet  it  is  now  in  general  use.” 
Ec.  Ret). 

2.  Ill  from  menstruation  ; having  catamenial 
discharges.  Dunglison. 

UN-WELL'NpSS,  n.  The  state  of  being  unwell ; 
illness ; indisposition,  [r.]  Chesterfield . 

UN-WELT'ED,  a.  Not  furnished  with  a welt.  Ash. 

f UN-WEMMED'  (un-wemd'),  a.  Not  spotted  or 
blemished  ; undefiled  ; spotless.  Chaucer. 

UN-WEPT',  a.  Not  wept ; not  lamented. 

Unwept , unhonored,  and  unsung.  Scott. 

t UN-WERRED'  (un-werd'),  a.  Not  warped  upon  ; 
not  attacked  or  assailed.  Gower. 

UN-WET',  a.  Not  wet;  not  moist.  Dryden. 

UN-WHIPPED'  (un-whlpt'),  a.  Not  whipped;  not 
punished.  “Unwhipped  of  justice.”  Shak. 

UN-WHIT'ENEI)  (un-hwl'tnd),  a.  Not  whitened; 
not  rendered  white.  Ash. 

UN-WHITE' WASHED  (Sn-liivlt'wosht),  a.  Not 
whitewashed.  Philips. 

UN-WHOLE'  (un-hol'),  a.  Not  whole ; not  sound ; 
sick  ; infirm ; feeble,  [r.]  Todd. 

UN-WHOLE'SOME  (un-hol'sum),  a.  1.  Not  whole- 
some ; insalubrious  ; injurious  to  health. 

There  I,  a prisoner  chained,  scarce  freely  draw 
The  air  imprisoned  also,  close  and  damp, 

Unwholesome  draught.  Milton. 

2.  Unsound;  corrupt;  tainted.  Shak. 

UN- WHOLE 'SOM  E-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the 
quality  of  being  unwholesome.  Herbert. 

UN-WI'DENED  (un-wl'dnd),  a.  Not  widened.  Ash. 

UN-WIELD'I-LY,  ad.  In  an  unwieldy  manner; 
heavily  ; with  difficult  motion.  Dryden. 

UN-WIELD'I-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  un- 
wieldy ; heaviness  ; clumsiness.  Donne. 

f UN-WIELD'SOME,  o.  Unwieldy.  North. 


UN-WIELD'Y  (un-wel'de),  a.  Not  wieldy ; un- 
manageable; not  easily  moving  or  moved; 
bulky  ; weighty  ; ponderous  ; clumsy.  Dryden. 

Part  huge  of  bulk, 

Wallowing  unwieldy , enormous  in  their  gait.  Milton. 

CtN-WTFE'LIKE,  a.  Not  like  a wife  ; not  becom- 
ing a wife.  Clarke. 

UN-WILLED'  (fin-wild'),  a.  Not  willed;  involun- 
tary ; undesigned  ; unintentional.  Clarke. 

UN-WlLL'JNG,  a.  Not  willing;  disinclined; 
involuntary  ; loath  ; averse  ; reluctant.  Pope. 

Syn.  — See  Averse. 

UN-Wl LL'ING-LY,  ad.  With  reluctance;  not 
with  good-will ;’  reluctantly.  Milton. 

UN-VVILL'ING-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  un- 
willing ; reluctance  ; disinclination.  Hooker. 

UN-Wi'LY,  a.  Not  wily  ; not  crafty.  Ec.  Rev. 

UN-WIND',  v.  a.  [i.  unwound  ; pp.  unwind- 
ing, unwound.]  To  separate  or  loose  from 
being  wound  ; to  untwist ; to  untwine.  Sidney. 

UN-WIND',  v.  n.  To  become  unwound.  Mortimer. 

UN-WINGED'  (un-wlngd'),  a.  Not  winged;  not 
furnished  with  wings.  Maunder. 

ON-WINK'ING,  a.  Not  winking.  Knox. 

UN-WIN'NOWED  (un-wln'od),  a.  Not  winnowed. 

UN-WiPED'  (un-wlpt'),  a.  Not  wiped  ; not 
rubbed  ; not  cleaned  by  wiping.  Shak. 

f UN-WI§'DOM,  n.  Ignorance.  Wickliffe. 

UN-Wl§E',  a.  Not  wise;  foolish;  injudicious; 
indiscreet ; imprudent ; weak.  Milton. 

"When  the  balance  of  power  is  duly  fixed  in  a state,  noth- 
ing is  more  dangerous  or  unwise  than  to  give  way  to  the  first 
steps  of  popular  encroachment.  Swift. 

UN-WI§E'LY,  ad.  In  an  unwise  manner  ; fool- 
ishly ; injudiciously  ; indiscreetly.  Sidney. 

t UN-WlSH',  v.  a.  To  wish  not  to  be.  Browne. 

UN-WISHED'  (un-ivlsht'),  a.  Not  wished ; not 
desired ; not  hoped  or  sought  for.  Shak. 

fUN-WIST',  a.  Not  known;  unknown;  un- 
thought of : — unapprised.  Spenser. 

t UN-WIT',  v.  a.  To  deprive  of  understanding. 

If  some  planet  had  unwitted  men.  Shak . 

t UN-WIT',  n.  Want  of  wit ; ignorance.  Chaucer. 

UN-WITCH',  v.  a.  To  free  from  the  effects  of 
witchcraft ; to  disenchant.  B.  Jonson. 

UN-WITII-DRAw'ING,  a.  Not  withdrawing;  not 
withholding ; liberal ; generous.  Milton. 

UN-WITH-DRAWN',  a.  Not  withdrawn.  Ash. 

UN-WITH'IJRED  (un-wltb'erd),  a.  Not  withered  ; 
fresh  ; not  faded  ; not  shrunk.  Ilabington. 

UN-WITH'ER-lNG,  a.  Not  withering.  Cowper. 

UN-WITH-HELD',  a.  Not  withheld.  Thomson. 

UN-WITII-STOOD'  (un-wjth-stud'),  a.  Not  with- 
stood; not  opposed  or  resisted.  Philip. 

UN-WIT'NESSED  (fin-wlt'nest),  a.  Not  witnessed. 

UN-WIT'TI-LY,  ad.  Without  wit.  Cowley. 

UN-WIT'TING,  a.  Not  knowing,  judging,  dis- 
cerning, or  perceiving.  Fabyan. 

UN-WIT'TING-LY,  ad.  Without  knowledge  ; in- 
advertently ; unconsciously.  Bentley. 

UN-WIT'TY,  a.  Not  witty.  Shenstone. 

UN-WlVED'  (un-wlvd'),  o.  Not  having  a wife  ; 
unmarried,  as  a bachelor.  Selden. 

f UN-WIV'ING,  a.  Depriving  of  a wife.  Bale. 

UN-WOM'AN  (un-wum'jn),  v.  a.  \i.  unwomaned  ; 
pp.  univomaning,  unwomaned.]  To  deprive 
of  womanly  qualities.  Sandys. 

UN-WOM'AN-LY  (un-wum'an-Ie),  a.  Not  wom- 
anly ; unbecoming  a woman.  Daniel. 

f UN-WONT'  (un-wunt'),  a.  Unwonted.  Spenser. 

UN-WONT'ED  (un-wunt'ed),  a.  1.  Not  wonted; 
uncommon  ; unusual ; rare  ; infrequent. 

All  signs  of  some  unwonted  change  appear.  Dryden. 

2.  Unaccustomed  ; unused.  Milton. 

Her  feet . . . unwonted  to  feel  the  naked  ground.  Sidney. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  t,  short;  A,  {1,  1,  P,  V,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


UNWONTEDLY 


1607 


UPIIER 


UN-WONT'ED-LY,  ad.  In  an  unwonted  or  un- 
accustomed manner.  Scott. 

UN-VVONT'pD-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  un- 
wonted ; unusualness.  Bp.  Taylor. 

UN-WOOD'^D  (un-wud'ed),  a.  Not  wooded  ; des- 
titute of  trees  or  timber.  Clarke. 

UN-WOOED'  (un-wod'),  a.  Not  wooed.  Shak. 

UN-WORD'IJD  (un-wfird'ed),  a.  Not  worded  ; not 
spoken,  told,  or  mentioned.  Beaumont. 

UN-WORK'JNG  (un-wiirk'ing),  a.  Not  working; 
living  without  labor  ; inactive  ; idle.  Locke. 

UN-WORK'MAN-LIKE  (un-wurk'm?n-llk),  a.  Not 
workmanlike  ; not  artistic.  Ash. 

UN-WORLD'I.I-NESS,  il.  The  state  or  the  quali- 
ty of  being  unworldly  Wilson. 

UN-WORLD'LY  (un-wurld'le),  a.  Not  worldly. 

UN-WORMED'  (un-wilrmd'),  a.  Not  wormed. 

UN- WORM' WOOD- ^1D  (un-wurm'wud-ed),  a.  Free 
from  wormwood  or  bitterness.  Feltham. 

UN-WORN',  a.  Not  worn;  not  impaired.  Barrow. 

UN-WOR'RIED  (un-wur'rjd),  a.  Not  worried  ; not 
vexed ; not  hectored.  Keates. 

f UN-WOR'SHIP  (un-wlir  ship),  v.  a.  Not  to  re- 
spect or  honor ; to  dishonor.  Wickliffe. 

f UN-WOR'SIIIP-FUL  (fin-wur'ship-ffil),  a.  Not 
worshipful ; not  worthy  of  honor.  Chaucer. 

UN-WOR'SHIPPED  (un-wur'shjpt),  a.  Not  wor- 
shipped ; not  adored  ; not  honored.  Milton. 

UN-WOR'SHJP-PlNG,  a.  Not  worshipping.  Smart. 

UN-WORTH'  (un-wurtli'),  a.  Not  worth;  not  de- 
serving ; unworthy,  [it.]  Milton. 

ETN-WOR'THI-LY  (un-wiir'tfie-le),  ad.  In  an  un- 
worthy manner  ; not  according  to  desert.  Shak. 

UN-WOR'THJ-NESS  (un-wUr'the-nes),  n.  The 
state  of  being  unworthy  ; want  of  worth  ; want 
of  merit ; ill  desert.  Dryden. 

UN-WOR'TIIY  (un-wur'the),  a.  1.  Not  worthy; 
not  deserving  ; wanting  merit ; undeserving. 
Neither  the  one  nor  the  other  unworthy  to  be  heard.  Hooker. 

Unworthy  men  chosen  to  offices.  Wliitgift. 

2.  Mean  ; worthless  ; contemptible  ; despica- 
ble. “A  small  or  unworthy  assault.”  Sidney. 

3.  Not  suitable  ; not  adequate. 

Purchasing  something  unworthy  of  the  author.  Swift. 

4.  Unbecoming  ; vile  ; base  ; shameful ; bad. 

Moved  with  unworthy  usage  of  the  maid.  Drydeji. 

UN-WOUND',  i.  8c  p.  from  unwind.  Untwisted. — 
a.  Not  wound.  — See  Wind.  Mortimer. 

UN-WOUND'pD  (un-wond'ed  or  un-wound'ed),  a. 
Not  wounded.  — See  Wound.  Dryden. 

UN-WOVE',  i.  from  unweave. 

UN-WOV'IJN,  a.  Not  woven.  Clarke. 

UN-WRAP'  (un-rap'),  v.  a.  [t.  unwrapped;  pp. 
unwrapping,  unwrapped.]  To  open,  as  that 
which  is  wrapped  or  folded  ; to  unfold.  Johnson. 

UN-WREAKED'  (un-rekt'),  a.  Not  wreaked  ; un- 
avenged; unrevenged.  Spenser. 

UN-WREATHE'  (uu-reth'),  V.  a.  [l.  UNWREATHED  ; 
pp  UNWREATHING,  UNWltEATHED.]  To  Un- 
twine, as  any  thing  wreathed ; to  untwist.  Boyle. 

UN-WRECKED'  (un-rekt'),  a.  Not  wrecked:  — 
not  ruined ; not  destroyed.  Drayton. 

UN-WRENCHED'  (un-renclit'),  a.  Not  wrenched; 
not  strained ; not  distorted.  Thomson. 

UN-WRIN'KLE  (un-ring'kl),  v.  a.  To  remove 
wrinkles  from  ; to  smooth.  Wright. 

UN-WRIN'KLED  (un-rlng'kld),  a.  Not  wrinkled  ; 
not  having  wrinkles  or  furrows.  Byron. 

UN-WRITE'  (un-rxt'),  t’.  a.  To  cancel,  as  that 
which  is  written  ; to  erase.  Milton. 

UN-WRIT'ING  (un-rlt'jng),  a.  Not  writing;  not 
assuming  the  character  of  an  author.  Arbuthnot. 

UN-WRIT'TEN  (un-rlt'tn),  a.  1.  Not  written 
upon  ; not  containing  writing.  South. 

2.  Not  written ; oral;  traditional.  Spenser. 

Unwritten  law  ( lei  non  scripta ) includes  not  only 
general  customs,  or  the  common  law,  properly  so 


called,  but  also  the  particular  customs  of  certain 
parts  of  the  kingdom,  and  likewise  those  particular 
laws  that  are  by  custom  observed  only  in  certain 
courts  or  jurisdictions.  Blaclcstone.  “ Blackstone  ex- 
plains that  unwritten  law  is  so  called  not  because  it 
does  not  exist  in  writing,  hut  because  it  was  not 
promulgated  by  the  legislature  in  a written  form.  His 
statement  of  the  sorts  of  laws  severally  comprehend- 
ed by  the  classes  of  written  and  unwritten  law  in 
England  is  erroneous.  Written  law  comprehends 
not  only  the  statutes  made  by  the  Parliament  or  su- 
preme legislature,  but  also  the  written  regulations  is- 
sued by  subordinate  legislatures,  as  orders  in  council, 
and  rules  of  court  made  by  judges.  Unwritten  law , 
moreover,  comprehends  not  only  the  common  law 
which  is  administered  by  the  courts  styled  ‘ courts  of 
common  law,1  hut  also  the  greatest  part  of  the  law 
styled  ‘equity,’  which  is  administered  by  the  courts 
styled  ‘ courts  of  equity.’  ” P.  Cyc.  “ It  is  composed 
principally  of  the  law  of  nature,  the  law  of  nations, 
the  common  law,  and  customs.”  Bonder. 

f UN-WROK'EN,  a.  Not  wreaked.  Surrey. 

UN-WRONGED'  (un-rongd'),  a.  Not  wronged  ; 
not  injured;  not  treated  unjustly.  Danoin. 

UN-WROUGHT'  (un-riiwt’),  a.  Not  wrought ; not 
labored  ; not  worked  or  manufactured.  Dryden. 

UN-WRUNG'  (un-rung'),  a.  Not  wrung.  Shak. 

UN-YIELD'JgD  (un-yeld'ed),  a.  Not  yielded  ; not 
given  up  ; not  surrendered.  Dryden. 

UN-A'IELD'ING  (un-yeld'jng),  a.  Not  yielding; 
not  giving  place  ; inflexible.  Thomson. 

UN-YIELD'ING-LY,  ad.  Without  yielding. 

UN-YIELD'ING-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  not  yield- 
ing ; inflexibility  ; firmness.  Cappe. 

UN-YOKE',  V.  a.  [i.  UNYOKED;  pp.  UNY'OKING, 
UNYOKED.] 

1.  To  loose  or  free  from  the  yoke.  Broome. 

2.  To  part;  to  disjoin  ; to  disconnect.  Shak. 

UN-YOKED'  (un-yokt'),  a.  1.  Not  yoked.  Dryden. 

2.  Unrestrained  ; licentious  ; loose.  Shak. 

UN-ZONED'  (un-zond'),  a.  Not  zoned;  not  bound 
with  a zone  or  girdle ; ungirdled.  Prior. 

UP,  ad.  [Goth .jup  ; A.  S.  up  ; Dut.  § Dan.  op  ; 
Ger.  auf\  Sw.  $ Icel.  upp.) 

1.  Aloft ; on  high ; not  down  ; in  a state  of 
ascending,  rising,  or  climbing. 

Thither  his  course  he  bends,  but  up  or  down, 

By  centre  or  eccentric,  hard  to  tell.  Milton. 

2.  From  a lower  place  or  position  to  a higher, 
as  from  a bed,  from  a seat,  from  the  ground,  from 
below  the  horizon,  from  the  mouth  of  a river, 
&c.  ; also  from  that  which  is  figuratively  lower, 
as  from  peace  or  subjection,  from  a smaller 
size,  from  a distance,  from  an  inferior  place, 
from  disorder,  from  younger  years,  &c. 

Up  rose  the  sun,  and  up  rose  Emily.  Dryden. 

Those  that  were  up  themselves  kept  others  low.  Shak. 

Thou  hast  fired  me;  my  soul’s  up  in  arms.  Dryden. 

He  drew  up  his  regiment.  Johnson. 

I am  ready  to  die  from  my  youth  up.  Ps.  lxxxviii.  15. 

kt&f*  Up  is  added  to  verbs,  implying  some  accumu- 
lation or  increase;  as,  “ To  sum  up.” 

To  come  up  with , to  overtake  : — Up  and  down , dis- 
persedly:  — here  and  there: — backward  and  for- 
ward:— ( Naut .)  said  of  the  anchor  when  the  cable 
is  hove  in,  so  as  to  be  perpendicular  to  the  hawse- 
holes.  Mar.  Diet.  — Ups  and  downs , u.-ed,  substan- 
tively, for  elevations  and  depressions  ; success  and 
failure.  Month.  Rev.  Leighton. — Up  to , to  an  equal 
height  with:  — to  an  adequate  point  or  degree:  — 
ready  for.  — Up  to  snuff. , shrewd;  knowing;  cun- 
ning. Dickens. — Up  with , a phrase  that  signifies  the 
act  of  raising  any  thing  to  give  a blow. 

UP,  inter] . A word  exhorting  or  commanding  to 
rise,  for  get  up , or  rise  up.  “ Up,  up , for  honor’s 
sake  ; twelve  legions  wait  for  you.”  Dryden. 

Up\  up\  cries  Gluttony;  ’tis  break  of  day.  Pope . 

Up  with  the  helm , (Naut.)  an  order  to  put  the  helm 
to  the  weather  side  of  the  ship.  Mar.  Diet. 

UP,  prep.  1.  From  a lower  place  to  a higher  one  ; 
not  down.  “ In  going  up  a hill.”  Bacon. 

2.  At  the  top  of ; above. 

His  lodging  was  in  a small  chamber  7/p  four  pair  of  stairs. 

Memoirs  of  M.  Scriblerus. 

Up  sound , (Naut.)  from  the  sea.  Ogilvie. 

U'PAS,  n.  ( Bot .)  A large  lactescent  tree,  allied 
to  the  bread-fruit  tree,  growing  in  Java,  and  fab- 
ulously reported  to  poison  the  surrounding  at- 
mosphere ; Antiaris  toxicaria. 

tiSJF  “ The  venom  of  the  Antjar  poison,  Antiaris  tox- 


icaria , is  duo  to  the  presence  of  that  most  deadly  sub- 
stance strychnia.  Notwithstanding  the  exaggerated 
statements  that  have  been  made  regarding  this  tree, 
there  remains  no  doubt  that  it  is  a plant  of  extreme 
virulence;  even  linen  fabricated  from  its  toujih  fibre 
being  so  acrid  as  to  verify  the  story  of  the  shirt  of 
Nessus  ; for  it  excites  the  most  distressing  itching,  if 
insufficiently  prepared.”  Lindley. 

f UP-BAR',  v.  a.  To  take  a bar  up  or  out  from. 
“ He  . . . the  gate  to  him  upbarred .”  Spenser. 

UP-BEAr'  (up-bir'),  v.  a.  [/.  upbore  ; pp.  up- 
bearing, upborne.]  To  sustain  or  raise  aloft; 
to  support  from  falling  ; to  bear  up.  Pope. 

Ujtbomc  with  indefatigable  wings.  Milton. 

f UP-BlND',  v.  a.  To  bind  up.  Collins. 

f UP-BLOW',  v.  a.  To  blow  up ; to  make  tumid. 

Ilis  belly  was  uj)bloivn  with  luxury.  Spenser. 

UP-BRAID'  (up-brad'),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  upqebredan  ; 
up,  up,  and  gebrredan,  to  enlarge,  to  draw  out.] 
[t.  UPBRAIDED  ; pp.  UPBRAIDING,  UPBRAIDED.] 

1.  To  charge  contemptuously  with  something 
disgraceful;  — commonly  followed  by  with  be- 
fore the  thing  imputed,  but  in  old  authors,  by  of. 

They  were  surrounded  by  crowds  of  peonlc,  who  upbraid- 
ed them  with  their  neglect  of  the  general  calamity.  Taller. 

2.  To  object  as  a matter  of  reproach  ; — com- 
monly used  with  to. 

May  they  not  justly  to  our  climes  upbraid 
Shortness  of  night  and  penury  of  shade?  Prior. 

now  cunningly  the  sorceress  displays 
Her  own  transgressions  to  upbraid  me  mine!  Milton. 

3.  To  reproach  ; to  bring  reproach  upon  ; to 
stigmatize  ; to  condemn  ; to  reprove  ; to  censure. 

The  counsel  which  I cannot  take, 

Instead  of  healing,  but  upbraids  my  weakness.  Addison. 

4.  f To  treat  with  contempt.  Spenser. 

UP-BRAID'JJR  (up-brad'er),  n.  One  who  upbraids. 

UP-BRAID'ING  (up-brad'ing),  n.  Act  of  one  who 
upbraids  ; a reproach  ; a chiding.  Shak. 

UP-BRA ID'ING-LY,  ad.  By  way  of  reproach. 
“ Upbraidingly  called  a poet.”  B.  Jonson. 

+ UP-BRAY',  v.  a.  To  shame  ; to  upbraid.  Spenser. 

F UP-BREED',  v.  a.  To  nurse  ; to  rear.  Ilolinshcd. 

f UP-BROUGHT'  (up-brUwt'),  p.  a.  Brought  up; 
reared ; nurtured  ; educated  ; reared.  Spenser. 

UP-CAST',  v.  a.  To  raise;  to  cast  up.  Rogct. 

UP-cAst',  or  UP'cAst,  a.  Cast  up  ; thrown  or 
turned  upwards.  “Upcast  eyes.”  Dryden. 

UP'CAST,  n.  1.  A throw  ; a cast  ; — a term  used 
in  bowling.  “ Upon  an  upcast.”  Shak. 

2.  {Mining.)  A ventilating  shaft.  Clarke. 

UP-CAUGHT'  (up-klwt'),  a.  Caught  up.  Coivpcr. 

UP-CHEER',  v.  a.  To  cheer  up  ; to  enliven  ; to 
encourage  ; to  inspirit.  Spenser. 

t UP-CLIMB'  (up-kllm'),  v.a.  To  ascend.  Fairfax. 

UP-COIL',  v.  a.  & n.  To  coil  up.  Wordsworth. 

UP-COILED'  (up-kbild'),  a.  Coiled  up.  Southey. 

f UP-DRAw',  v.  a.  To  draw  up.  Milton. 

f UP-FILL',  v.  a.  To  fulfil ; to  make  full.  Shak. 

UP-FLUNG',  a.  Flung  or  thrown  up.  Clarke. 

f UP-gATH'1JR,  v.  a.  To  gather  up.  Spenser. 

Op-gAze',  v.  n.  To  gaze  upwards.  Byron. 

f UP-GIVE',  v.  n.  To  give  up  ; to  emit.  Chaucer. 

f UP-GROW'  (up-gro'),  v.  n.  To  grow  up.  Milton. 

UP-HAND',  a.  Lifted  or  raised  by  the  hand. 

j(£g“  The  up  hand  sledge  is  used  by  workmen.  Moxon. 

UP-HANG',  v.  a.  To  hang  up.  Clarke. 

CrP-HEAPED'  (up-liSpt'),  a.  Heaped  up.  Udal. 

UP-HEAV'AL,  n.  The  raising  of  a body,  or  of  a 
portion  of  the  earth’s  crust,  as  part  of  Sweden, 
to  a higher  level,  by  forces  acting  beneath. 

Sometimes  unequal  movements  of  uphearal  or  depression 
entirely  destroy  that  horizontally  of  the  base  line  which 
constitutes  the  chief  peculiarity  of  ail  ancient  cliff.  Lyell. 

UP-HEAVE',  v.  a.  To  heave  up;  to  elevate;  to 
raise ; to  lift  up.  Sackville. 

UP-HELD',  ».  & p.  from  uphold.  Sec  Uphold. 

U'PHflR  [u'fer,  C;  fip'lier,  Cl.),  n.  {Arch.)  A fir 
pole,  fit  for  scaffoldings,  ladders,  &c.  Francis. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — Q,  if,  g,  soft ; C,  G,  £,  g,  hard ; § as  z;  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


UPHILL 


1608 


UPTHROW 


OP'HILL,  or  UP-IIILL'  [fip'hll,  S.  W.  J.  F.  Ja. 
R.  I Vb.;  up-hll',  P.  K.],  a.  Difficult,  like  the 
labor  of  climbing  a hill ; hard  ; ascending. 

What  an  uphill  labor  it  must  be  to  a learner  who  has  those 
first  rudiments  to  master  ut  twenty  years  of  age  which  others 
are  taught  at  ten ! S.  Richardson. 

UP-HILL',  n.  Ascent;  acclivity.  “ The  country 
is  full  of  uphills  and  downhills.”  TJdal. 

UP-HOARD'  (up-liord'),  v.  a.  To  hoard  up.  Spenser. 

UP-HOLD',  V.  a.  [i.  ITHELD  ; pp.  UPHOLDING, 
UPHELD,  f UPHOLDEN.] 

1.  To  lift  on  high ; to  raise  ; to  elevate. 

The  mournful  train  with  groans  and  hands  upheld 
Besought  his  pity.  Dryden . 

2.  To  support ; to  sustain ; to  defend. 

While  life  upholds  this  arm, 

This  arm  upholds  the  house  of  Lancaster.  Shah. 

3.  To  keep  from  declension  or  defeat ; to  aid. 

Many  youncer  brothers  have  neither  lands  nor  means  to 
xiphoid  themselves.  Raleigh. 

UP-HOLD'ER,  n.  1.  One  who  upholds.  Swift. 

2.  An  undertaker  of  funerals.  Gay. 

3.  f An  upholsterer.  Piers  Plouhman. 

UP-HOL'STpR-JR,  n.  [A  corruption  of  upholder.'] 
One  who  furnishes  houses ; one  who  fits  up 
apartments  with  beds  and  furniture!  Swift. 

/Kg-  “ This  form  of  the  previous  word  [ upholder ] 
was  probably  adopted  for  the  sake  of  a more  clear  dis- 
tinction between  the  business  of  an  upholder,  or  fur- 
nisher of  funerals,  and  an  upholder,  or  furnisher  of 
houses — a distinction  the  more  necessary,  as  the  busi- 
nesses, though  often  joined,  are  as  frequently  separat- 
ed.” Smart. 

tjp-HOL'STER-IJR-BEE,  n.  ( Ent .)  A name  ap- 
plied to  several  species  of  Megachilidce,  a group 
of  bees.  Baird. 

UP-HOL'STf  R-Y,  n.  Articles  made  or  sold  by 
upholsterers  ; beds,  curtains,  tables,  chairs,  and 
general  household  articles.  Simmonds. 

UPH'ROE,  n.  (Naut.)  An  oblong  block  used  to 
suspend  the  awnings.  Mar.  Diet. 

UP'LAND,  n.  High  or  elevated  land.  Burnet. 

UP'LAND,  a.  1.  High  in  situation  ; living  on  the 
hills  or  mountainous  parts'.  Carew. 

2.  f Rude  ; savage  ; uncultivated.  Chapman. 

UP'LAND-£R,  n.  An  inhabitant  of  the  uplands. 
[Obsolete,  or  local,  Eng.]  Forby. 

UP-LAND'ISH,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  uplands ; moun- 
tainous. Robinson. 

2.  Inhabiting  uplands ; rustic  ; rude.  Chapman. 

UP'LAND— sfj'MAUH  (-sliu'mak  or  -su’mak),  n. 

( Bot .)  A North  American  shrub,  the  wood  and 
bark  of  xvhich  are  used  in  tanning  and  dyeing ; 
Rhus  glabra ; — called  also  smooth  sumach.  The 
berries  dye  red,  and  are  used  medicinally  for 
their  astringent  properties.  I Vood  § Bache. 

UP-LAY'  (up-la'),  v.  a.  To  hoard,  [b.]  Donne. 

t UP-LEAD',  v.  a.  [i.  VPLED.]  To  lead  up  or 
upward.  “Upled  by  thee.”  Milton. 

t UP-LEAN',  v.  n.  To  lean  upon.  Spenser. 

UP-LIFT',  v.  a.  To  raise  aloft ; to  lift  up.  Shah. 

UP-LIFT'JJD,  p.  a.  Lifted  up;  elevated.  Shak. 

UP'LINE,  n.  { Railroads .)  The  track  leading  to- 
wards the  principal  terminus.  Clarke. 

•j-  (JP-LOCK',  v.  a.  To  lock  up.  Shak. 

UP-LOOK'  (up-luk'),  v.  n.  To  look  up.  Clarke. 

UP'MOST,  a.  [Irregular  superl.  formed  from  up.'] 
Highest ; topmost ; uppermost.  Dryden. 

UP-ON',  prep.  \up  and  on.  — A.  S.  ufan,  nfon, 
above  ; Ger.  oben  ; Dan.  oven  ; Ieel.  ofand  ; Sw. 
of  can.]  On  ; not  under ; noting  being  on  the 
top  or  outside  : — relating  to.  — See  On. 

it /i  On  and  upon  are  nearly  synonymous  ; but  the 
latter  often  implies  more  emphasis  and  force,  and  a 
more  distinct  notion  of  something  that,  literally  or 
metaphorically,  bears  or  supports.  — Upon  is,  perhaps, 
rather  less  used  than  formerly,  being  contracted  intoon. 

Some  expressions  formed  witli  it  belong  only  to 
old  style  ; as,  “ Upon  pity  they  taken  away,”  that  is, 
in  consequence  of  pity  ; “ Upon  the  rate  of  thirty 
thousand,”  that  is,  amounting  to  the  rate.  Smart. 

43r-“  Upon  is,  in  many  of  its  significations,  now 
contracted  into  on,  especially  in  poetry.  The  mean- 
ing of  this  particle  is  very  multifarious  ; for  it  is  ap- 
plied to  place,  which  seems  its  original  signification  ; 


to  time,  which  seems  its  secondary  meaning;  and  to 
intellectual  or  corporeal  operations.  It  always  re- 
tains an  intimation,  more  or  less  obscure,  of  some 
substratum,  something  precedent,  or  some  subject.  It 
is  not  easy  to  reduce  it  to  any  general  idea.”  Johnson. 

“ Upon  is  always  connected  (affixed  or  prefixed) 
with  words  expressing  or  implying,  either  literally  or 
metaphorically,  a ground,  foundation,  standing-place, 
resting-place,  support,  or  the  like.”  Richardson. 

UP-PENT',  a.  Pent  up  ; enclosed,  [it.]  Fairfax. 

UP'PgR,  a. ; comp,  of  up.  [superl.  uppermost.] 

1.  Higher  in  place  or  position.  “■Upper  lip.” 
Peacham.  “ In  upper  air.”  Dryden. 

So  far  the  proud,  ascending  rocks  invade 
Heaven’s  upper  realms,  and  cast  a dreadful  shade.  Addison. 

2.  Higher  in  power  or  rank;  superior.  Hooker. 

UP'PER— BENCH,  n.  The  Court  of  King’s  Bench, 
so  called  during  the  exile  of  King  Charles  the 
Second,  of  England.  Burrill. 

UP'P£R— CRUST,  n.  T.  The  top  crust.  Clarke. 

2.  The  higher  or  wealthier  classes ; the  aris- 
tocracy. [Vulgar.]  Clarke. 

UP-PER-HAND',  n.  Superiority;  advantage;  as- 
cendency ; preeminence.  Bp.  Taylor. 

UP'PpR— LEATH'ER,  n.  Leather  for  the  vamps 
and  quarters  of  shoes.  Simmonds. 

OP'PjJR-MOST,  a. ; superl.  of  up  or  upper.  High- 
est in  place,  rank,  or  power.  . Dryden. 

f UP'PER— STOCKS,  n.  pi.  Breeches.  Heywood. 

UP'PER— TEN,  n.  pi.  The  upper-ten-thousand  ; 
aristocracy.  [Vulgar,  U.  S.]  N.  P.  Willis. 

UP'PER-TEN'DOM,  n.  The  upper-ten-thousand  ; 
aristocracy.  [Vulgar,  U.  S.]  Thompson. 

UP'PER-TEN-THOU'§AND,  n.  pi.  The  higher 
or  wealthier  classes  ; the  aristocracy.  [Vulgar, 
U.  S.]  N.  P.  Willis. 

UP'PER— WORKS  (up'per-wiirks),  n.  pi.  [Naut.) 
That  part  of  a vessel  which  is  above  the  surface 
of  the  water,  when  she  is  properly  balanced  for 
a sea-voyage.  Mar.  Diet. 

UP-PILE',  v.  a.  To  pile  up  ; to  heap  up.  Collins. 

UP'PISII,  a.  Proud;  arrogant;  haughty;  petu- 
lant ; pettish.  [Colloquial  or  low.]  Johnson. 

UP'PISII-Ly,  ad.  Proudly  ; petulantly.  Clarke. 

UP'PISII-NESS,  n.  Pride;  arrogance;  pettish- 
ness; petulance.  [Colloquial  or  low.]  Scott. 

UP-PRICKED'  (up-prlkt'),  a.  Pricked  up;  setup 
sharply  or  pointedly  ; erected.  Mason. 

UP-PROP',  v.  a.  To  prop  up;  to  sustain.  Donne. 

UP-RALSE'  (up-raz'),  v.  a.  To  raise  up.  Fletcher. 

UP-REAR',  v.  a.  To  rear  up  or  on  high.  Gay. 

UP-RlD(?ED'  (up-rijd'),  a.  Raised  up  in  ridges  or 
extended  lines.  Cowper. 

||  UP'RIGIIT  (up'rlt)  [up’rlt,  S.  W.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja. 
Sm.  Wb. ; up-rlt',  Bailey],  a.  [up  and  right.] 

1.  Straight  up;  perpendicular;  erect. 

They  are  upright  ns  the  palm-tree.  Jer.  x.  10. 

Forthwith  upright  he  rears  from  oft'  the  pool 

His  mighty-  stature.  Milton. 

2.  Honest;  just;  possessing  rectitude. 

The  unstooping  firmness  of  my  upright  soul.  Shak. 

The  most  upright  of  mortal  men  was  he.  Dryden. 

R,;  ■ This  word  is  often  accented  on  the  last  sylla- 
ble, especially  when  as  an  adjective  it  follows  the 
noun;  as,  “ Bristling  hair  upright.'’  Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Conscientious,  Faithful,  Hon- 
est. 

||  Op'RIGHT  (up'rlt),  n.  {Arch.)  Something  stand- 
ing erect  or  perpendicular;  a standard: — the 
elevation  or  orthography  of  a building.  Moxon. 

f UP-RIGHT'EOIJS-LY  (up-rl'chus-le),  ad.  Right- 
eously ; justly  ; uprightly.  Shak. 

||  frp'RIGHT-LY  (up'rlt-le),  ad.  1.  In  an  upright 
manner  ; perpendicularly.  Johnson. 

2.  Honestly ; without  deviation  from  the 
right ; xvith  rectitude  or  integrity  ; equitably. 

To  live  uprightly , then,  is  sure  the  best.  Dryden. 

II  Op'rIgIIT-NESS  (up'rlt-nes),  n.  1.  The  state  of 
being  upright ; perpendicularity.  Waller. 

2.  Honesty  ; integrity  ; rectitude.  Atterbury. 

Syn.  — See  Rectitude. 

trp-RlsjE'  (up-rlz'),  v.  n.  [i.  uprose  ; pp.  upris- 
ing, uprisen.]  To  rise  up,  as  from  a bed,  from 
a seat,  or  from  below  the  horizon.  Shak. 


UP-Rl§E'  (flp-rls'  or  up-rlz'),  n.  The  act  of  ris- 
ing ; rise  ; ascent ; uprising.  Shak. 

UP-Rl§'|NG,  n.  The  act  of  rising.  Herbert. 

UP'ROAR  (up'ror)  [up'ror,  S.  W.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  Sm. 
Wb. ; up-ror',  K.  — “ It  is  often  accented  on  the 
latter  syllable.”  Smart],  n.  [Dut.  oproer ; op,  up, 
and  roeren,  to  stir  ; Ger.  aufruhr  ; Sw.  uppror ; 
Dan.  opror.]  Tumult  ; confusion  ; clamor ; 
racket ; disturbance  ; bustle  ; hubbub ; noise. 

The  Jews  which  believed  not...  gathered  a compunv, 
• and  set  all  the  city  on  an  uproar.  Acts  xvii.  5. 

The  uproar  was  so  loud,  that  the  accusation  itself  could 
not  be  heard.  Hooker. 

f UP-ROAR'  (up-ror1),  v.  a.  To  throw  into  con- 
fusion. “ Uproar  the  universal  peace.”  Shak. 

UP-ROAR'I-OUS,  a.  Tumultuous;  turbulent; 
clamorous  ; noisy  ; loud.  [Low.]  Moore. 

UP-ROAR'I-OUS-LY, ad.  Tumultuously;  clamor- 
ously ; turbulently  ; noisily.  Clarke. 

UP-ROLL',  v.  a.  To  roll  up.  Milton. 

UP-ROOT',  v.  a.  [i.  uprooted  ; pp.  uprooting, 
uprooted.]  To  tear  up  by  the  root.  Dryden. 

UP-ROU§E',  v.  a.  To  rouse  up.  Shak. 

UP-RUN',  V.  a.  To  run  or  mount  up.  Cowper. 

UPS,  n.  pi.  Elevations  ; successes.  [Colloquial.] 

A man’s  life,  full  of  ups  and  downs.  Leighton. 

The  ups  and  downs  which  are  met  with.  Qu.  Rev. 

UP-SEN  D',  v.  a.  To  send  or  throw  up.  Cowper. 

UP-SET',  v.  a.  [i.  upset  ; pp.  upsetting,  up- 
set.] 

1.  To  set,  put,  or  place  up.  Gower. 

2.  To  overturn,  as  a carriage.  Todd. 

UP'SET,  n.  The  act  of  upsetting ; an  overturn, 
as  of  a carriage.  Qu.  Rev. 

UP-SET'TING,  n.  Act  of  overturning.  Ec.  Rev. 

UP-SHOOT',  v.  n.  To  shoot  or  spring  up,  as  a 
plant.  “ The  trees  upshooting.”  Spenser. 

UP'SHOT,  n.  Conclusion;  end;  termination; 
final  issue  ; last  amount. 

We  shall  quickly  come  to  the  upshot  of  our  affair.  Arbuthnot. 

UP'SIDE,  n.  The  upper  side  ; upper  part  .Maunder. 

UP-SIDE-DoWN',  ad.  With  the  lower  part  above 
the  higher  ; the  upper  part  under  ; in  complete 
disorder  or  confusion  ; topsy-turvey.  Milton. 

f UP'SKIP,  n.  An  upstart.  Strgpe. 

UP-SOAR',  v.  n.  To  soar  aloft ; to  mount  up.  Pope. 

f UP'SO-DoWN,  ad.  Upside-down.  Wickliffe. 

UP-SPEAR',  v.n.  To  shoot  upwards  in  a straight 
direction,  like  a spear.  Cowper. 

UP-SPRING',  v.  n.  To  spring  up.  Sackvillc. 

f tiP'SPRING,  n.  An  upstart.  Shak. 

f UP'SPURN-ER,  n.  A spurner  ; a scorner.  Joye. 

UP-STAlR§',  ad.  Up  the  stairs;  in  or  towards 
the  upper  story  of  a house.  Clarke. 

UP-STAND',  v.  n.  [i.  ufstood  ; pp.  upstand- 
ing, upstood.]  To  stand  up ; to  be  erected ; 
“ Snakes  with  scales  tipstanding."  May. 

UP-START',  v.  n.  To  start  or  spring  up  suddenly. 
“ Upstarting  from  his  throne.”  Dryden. 

UP'START,  n.  1.  One  suddenly  raised  to  wealth, 
power,  honor,  or  consequence  ; a'  parvenu. 

Mean  upstarts,  when  they  come  once  to  be  preferred,  for- 
get their  fathers.  L' Estrange. 

2.  That  which  starts  up  suddenly.  Johnson. 

UP'START,  a.  Suddenly  raised,  as  to  honor, 
power,  notice,  or  consequence.  Shak. 

UP-STAY'  (up-sta'),  v.  a.  To  sustain,  [r.]  Milton. 

t UP'STIR,  n.  An  insurrection  ; a tumult.  Cheeke. 

UP'SUN,  n.  {Scotch  Law.)  The  time  between  the 
hours  of  sunrise  and  sunset.  Burrill. 

fjP-SWARM',  v.  a.  To  raise  in  a swarm.  Shak. 

UP-SWELL',  v.  n.  To  swell  or  rise  up.  Dyer. 

UP-TAKE',  v.  a.  To  take  up.  Spenser. 

UP-TeAr'  (up-tir'),  v.  a.  [ i . uptore;  pp.  up- 
tearing,  uptorn.]  To  tear  up.  Milton. 

UP-THROW',  v.  a.  To  throw  up.  Thomson. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure; 


FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


UPTIED 


URINAL 


t tJP-TIED'  (-tld'),  a.  Tied  up.  Spenser. 

UP-TOWN1,  ad.  In,  or  towards,  the  upper  part  of 
a town  or  city.  Clarke. 

UP-TOWN',  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  in,  the  upper 
part  of  a town  ; as,  “An  uptown  residence.” 
UP-TRACE',  v.  a.  To  trace  up;  to  investigate; 

to  search  out ; to  follow  out.  Thomson. 

f UP-TRAIN',  v.  a.  To  bring  up  ; to  rear.  Spenser. 
UP-TURN',  v.  a.  To  turn  up;  to  furrow.  Milton. 
U'PU-PA.  [L.]  ( Ornith .)  A genus  of  passerine 
birds  ; the  hoopoe.  Baird. 


U-PU'PI-DJE,  n.  pi.  [L.  upupa,  the  hoopoe.] 
( Ornith .)  A family  of  tenuirostral  birds  of  the 
order  Passere s,  including  the  sub-families  Upu- 
pince  and  Epemachince ; hoopoes.  Gray. 

XJ-PU-PV- 
JyJe,  n. 
pi.  ( Or- 
nith.) A 
sub-fam- 
ily of ten- 
uirostral 

birds  of  Upupa  cpops. 

the  order 

Passeres  and  family  Upupidw,  hoopoes.  Gray. 
UP-wAft'£,D,  a.  Wafted  or  borne  up.  Cowper. 


UP'WARD,  a.  Directed  to  a higher  part  or 
place  ; ascending  ; — opposed  to  downward. 

"With  upward  speed  his  agile  wings  he  spread.  Prior. 

UP'WARD,  } ad'  i.  Towards  a higher  place  ; in 

UP’WARD§,  ) an  upward  direction  ; — opposed  to 
downwards.  — See  Backward. 

And  ocean,  swelled  with  waters,  upward  tends.  Dryden. 

2.  Towards  heaven  and  God. 

Rooking  inward,  we  are  stricken  dumb;  look  upward,  we 
speak  and  prevail.  Hooker . 

3.  With  respect  to  the  higher  part. 

Dagon,  sea-monster,  upward  man 

And  downward  tish.  Milton. 

4.  Towards  the  source  or  origin.  Pope. 

5.  More  than  ; — used  indefinitely.  Shah. 

+ UP'WARD,  n.  The  top  ; summit.  Shah. 

f UP-WHIRL'  (-hwirl'),  V.  a.  To  whirl  up.  Milton. 

UP-WIND',  v.  a.  [t.  & p.  upwound.]  To  wind 

up  ; to  convolve  ; to  roll  up.  Spenser. 

U-RA'LI-AN,  a.  Relating  to  the  river  Ural,  or  to 
the  Urai  mountains  in  Russia.  P.  Cyc. 

U'RAN-GLIM-MER,  n.  {Min.)  Uranite.  Smart. 

U-RA'NI-A,  n.  (Astron.)  An  asteroid  discovered 
by  Hind  in  1854.  Lovering. 

U-RAN'IC,  a.  ( Chem .)  Composed  of  sesquioxide 
of  uranium;  as,  “Uranic  oxide  V : — noting 
salts  whose  base  is  sesquioxide  of  uranium  ; as, 
“ Uranic  sulphate”: — noting  salts  containing 
uranic  oxide,  acting  as  an  acid.  Graham. 

U'RAN-lTE,  n.  {Min.)  A sectile,  transparent  or 
translucent,  crystalline  mineral,  of  which  there 
are  two  varieties;  — one  of  them,  called  lime 
uranite,  is  yellow,  and  composed  chiefly  of  phos- 
phate of  lime,  phosphate  of  uranium  and  wa- 
ter, and  the  other,  called  copper  uranite,  or 
chalcolite,  is  green,  and  composed  chiefly  of 
phosphate  of  copper,  phosphate  of  uranium, 
and  water.  Dana. 


U-RA-NIT'IC,  a.  Relating  to,  or  containing, 
uranite.  Brande. 

U-RA'NI-tJM,  n.  A white,  malleable,  hard  metal, 
having  a specific  gravity  of  18.4,  oxidizing  at  a 
red  heat  with  a vivid  incandescence,  and  burn- 
ing when  heated  in  a pulverulent  state  to  402° 
Fahrenheit  with  great  splendor.  In  its  chem- 
ical relations  it  is  closely  analogous  to  iron  and 
manganese.  Graham.  Miller. 

U-RA-NO-GRAph'IC,  I a_  Relating  to  uran- 

U-RA-NO-GRApH'I-CAL,  ) ography.  Herschel. 

U-RAN-OG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  ovpaul t,  the  heav- 
ens, and  ypdipw,  to  describe.]  A description  of 
the  heavens  ; uranology  ; — written  also  ouran- 
ograpliy.  Herschel. 

U'RAN-O-LITE,  n.  [Gr.  otiparls,  the  heavens,  and 
IWog,  a stone.]  An  aerolite.  Hutton. 

U-RAN-OL'Q-GY>  71  ■ [Gr.  oiipavdg,  the  heavens, 
and  Uyog,  a discourse.]  A description  of  the 
heavens  ; ouranography  ; uranography.  Oswald. 

U-RAN-OS'CO-PY,  n.  [Gr.  ovpavdg,  the  heavens, 


1609 

and  oKoittoi,  to  view.]  The  view  of  the  heavenly 
bodies.  Scudamore. 

U-RA-NO'SO— U-RAN'IC,  a.  {Chem.)  Noting  an 
oxide  composed  of  three  equivalents  of  urani- 
um and  four  of  oxygen.  Graham. 

U'RA-NOUS,  a.  {Chem.)  Composed  of  protox- 
ide of  uranium  ; as,  “ Uranous  oxide  ” : — 
noting  salts  the  base  of  which  is  protoxide  of 
uranium;  as,  “ Uranous  sulphate”:  — noting 
electro-negative  elements  or  components  with 
which  uranium  forms  a haloid  salt;  as,  “ Ura- 
nous chloride.”  Graham. 

U' RA-JYUS,  n.  [L.]  {Astron.)  One  of  the  plan- 
ets of  the  solar  system,  distant  from  the  sun 
upwards  of  1800  millions  of  miles,  and  having 
a diameter  of  35,000  miles.  It  w’as  discovered 
by  Sir  William  Herschel  in  1781,  who  named  it 
the  Georgium  Sidus,  in  honor  of  George  III.  It 
has  also  been  called  Herschel,  and  was  some- 
times termed  the  Georgian.  Herschel.  Brande. 

/gg=  Uranus  is  attended  by  four,  probably  by  five  or 
six  satellites.  Contrary  to  the  unbroken  analogy  of  the 
solar  system,  the  planes  of  their  orbits  are  nearly  per- 
pendicular to  the  ecliptic,  and  in  those  orbits  tiieir 
motions  are  retrograde.  Certain  small  irregularities 
in  the  motions  of  Uranus  led  to  the  discovery  of  Nep- 
tune in  1846.  Herschel. 

U'RA-O,  n.  [Sp.]  {Min.)  A variety  of  trona 
found  at  the  bottom  of  a lake  in  Maracaibo,  and 
in  other  places,  and  composed  chiefly  of  car- 
bonic acid,  soda,  and  water.  Dana. 

U'RATE,  n.  {Chem.)  A salt  composed  of  uric 
acid  and  a salifiable  base.  Miller. 

UR'BAN,  a.  [L.  urhanus  ; urbs,  urbis,  a city  ; It. 

Sp.  urbano ; Fr.  urbain .]  Of  or  pertaining 
to  a city.  Whishaw. 

Urban  servitude,  ( Civil  Law.)  a servitude  annexed 
to  an  urban  estate.  Burrill. 

UR-BANE'  [ur-ban',  P.  K.  Sm.  Wb. ; ur-ban',  Ja.], 
a.  [L  .urhanus.  — See  Urban.]  Civil ; polite ; 
refined  ; polished  ; courteous  ; elegant. 

UR'BA-NIST,  n.  A sort  of  pear.  Prince. 

UR-BAN'I-TY,  n.  [L.  urbanitas ; It.  urbanita; 

Sp.  urbanidad  ; Fr.  urbanite.) 

1.  The  state  of  being  urbane  ; civility  ; ele- 
gance ; politeness  ; polished  manners.  Dryden. 

2.  Facetiousness,  [r.]  L’ Estrange. 

Syn.  — See  Civility,  Polite. 

f UR'BAN-IZE,  v.  a.  To  render  urbane  or  civil ; 
to  polish  ; to  refine.  Howell. 

UR-Blc'U-LOUS,  a.  [L.  urbs,  a city.]  Relating 
to  a city  ; urban,  [r.]  Ec.  Rev. 

UR'CE-O-LAte,  a.  [L.  urceolus,  a little  pitcher.] 
{Bot.)  Noting  a calyx,  corolla,  or  other  organ 
not  conical  at  the  base,  swollen  in  the  middle, 
and  somewhat  contracted  at  the  top.  Bigelow. 

ttf-rp  Urceolate  differs  from  campanulate  in  being  more 
contracted  at  the  orifice,  and  having  the  limb  erect. 
Lindley. 

UR-CE'O-LUS,  n.  {Bot.)  An  urceolate  or  pitcher- 
shaped, hollow  body  ; as  that  formed  in  the  ge- 
nus Carex  by  two  bracts,  which  become  conflu- 
ent at  the  edges  and  enclose  the  pistil,  leaving 
a*passage  for  the  stigmas  at  their  apex.  Lindley. 

UR'CHIN,  n.  [L.  crinaceus,  ericius  ; It.  riccio  ; 
Sp.  erizo  ; Fr.  herisson.  — Arm.  heureuchin.] 

1.  {Zool.)  A small  mammal 

of  the  genus  Erinaceus,  hav- 
ing the  body  covered  with 
spines,  and  possessing  the 
power  of  rolling  itself  up  in- 
to a ball ; the  hedge-hog.  Urchin. 

Baird. 

2.  A child  or  small  boy  ; — used  jocosely  or 
in  contempt.  “ The  urchin  cried.”  Prior. 

f URE  (yiir),  n.  Practice;  use;  habit.  Hooker. 

U'R£- A [yfi're-j,  K.  Wb.  P.Cyc. ; yu-re'a,  Brande ], 
n.  {Chem.)  An  essential  constituent  of  the 
urine  of  animals,  especially  of  the  mammalia. 

H3P  Urea  is  separated  from  the  blood  by  the  kid- 
neys, and  is  the  principal  outlet  for  the  nitrogen  of 
the  system,  after  the  materials  which  compose  the 
animal  tissues  have  experienced  oxidation  under  the 
influence  of  respired  air,  a human  adult  excreting 
about  an  ounce  of  urea  daily.  Miller. 

U-RE'DO,  n.  [L.,  a blight  of  plants.) 

1.  {Bot.)  A genus  of  parasitic,  microscopical 
fungi,  producing  the  disease  called  smut.  Baird. 

2.  {Med.)  Nettle  rash.  Dunglison. 

U'RIJ-IDE,  n.  {Chem.)  A name  applied  to  salts 


derived  from  urea,  from  which  the  elements  of 
water  have  been  abstracted.  • Miller. 

U' REN§,  a.  [L.]  {Bot.)  Burning;  stinging;  — 
applied  to  plants,  the  sting  of  which  produces 
the  sensation  of  burning.  Iienslow. 

U'Rg-TJJR  (yu're-ter)  [yu're-ter,  S.  IF.  P.  Ja.  K. 
Sm. ; yu-re'ter,  R.  Wb.],  n.  [Gr.  oti pj/n/p  ; obploi, 
to  make  water  ; olpov,  urine  ; It.  if  Sp.  uretere  ; 
Fr.  uretire.)  {Anat.)  A long,  membranous,  and 
cylindrical  canal  which  conveys  the  urine  from 
the  kidneys  to  the  bladder.  Dunglison. 

U-Rjp-TIJR-I'TIS,  n.  {Med.)  Inflammation  of  the 
ureter.  Dunglison. 

U-RE'ThANE,  n.  {Chem.)  A crystallizable  sub- 
stance, resembling  spermaceti  in  appearance, 
formed  by  heating  carbonic  ether  in  a sealed 
tube  with  an  alcoholic  solution  of  ammonia  ; — 
called  also  carbamic  ether.  Miller. 

U-RE'THR A [yu-rS'thr?,  S.  W.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K. 
Sm.  ; yu-re'thr?  or  vu  re-thr? , P.],  n.  [Gr.  ovprj- 
6pu  ; oiipeui,  to  make  water  ; It.  § Sp.  uretra ; Fr. 
urltre.)  {Anat.)  The  excretory  duct  or  canal  for 
the  urine.  Dunglison. 

URGE  (iirj),  v.  a.  [L.  urgco  ; It.  urgere ; Sp.  ur- 
gir.]  [i.  urged  ; pp.  urging,  urged.] 

1.  To  press  ; to  push ; to  drive  ; to  impel. 

What  I have  done  my  safety  urged  me  to.  ShaJc. 

Heir  urges  heir,  like  wave  impelling  wave.  rope. 

2.  To  excite  ; to  provoke  ; to  exasperate. 

Urge  not  my  father’s  anger,  Eglamour.  Shak. 

3.  To  press  as  an  argument,  or  an  objection. 

Urge  the  necessity  and  state  of  times.  Shale. 

In  dispute  to  urge  a false  religion.  Tillotson. 

4.  To  importune ; to  solicit ; to  beg. 

He  urged  sore, 

With  piercing  words  and  pitiful  implore, 

Him  hasty  to  arise.  Spenser. 

URGE  (iirj),  v.  n.  To  press  forward.  Donne. 

UR'GEN-CY,  n.  1.  The  state  of  being  urgent; 
pressure  of  difficulty  or  necessity.  Hooker. 

2.  Entreaty ; solicitation  ; importunity.  Swift. 

UR'GENT,  a.  [L.  urgens  ; It.  § Sp.  urgente  ; Fr. 
urgent .]  That  urges;  pressing;  importunate; 
cogent ; impelling  ; vehement ; violent.  Sliak. 

Let  a father  seldom  strike,  but  upon  very  urgent  necessity, 
and  as  the  last  remedy.  Locke. 

UR'GENT-LY,  ad.  In  an  urgent  manner;  co- 
gently ; vehemently  ; importunately.  Harvey. 

URG'BR,  w.  One  who  urges.  Bp.  Taylor. 

URGE'WON-DER,  n.  A sort  of  grain.  Mortimer. 

U'RI-A,n.  {Ornith.)  A genus  of  guillemots.  Baird. 

U'RIC,  a.  {Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  occurring  in 
small  quantity  in  human  urine,  much  more 
abundantly  in  the  semi-solid  excretions  of  birds, 
and  constituting,  in  combination  with  ammonia, 
almost  the  whole  of  the  excrement  of  serpents, 
such  as  the  boa. 

When  uric  acid  is  secreted  in  excess  in  man,  it 
is  often  deposited  in  the  form  of  hard,  crystalline 
grains,  forming  what  is  called  red  gravel ; or  it  col- 
lects into  large  masses,  which,  if  retained  in  the  blad- 
der, gradually  acquire  considerable  size,  and  consti- 
tute the  most  common  variety  of  calculus.  Miller. 


U ' RIM,  n.  [Heh.  tFaflfTl  light  and 

truth.]  An  ornament  in  the  breastplate  of  the 
Jewish  high-priest  when  he  attended  the  altar. 
— See  Thummim.  Exod.  xxviii.  30. 

There  are  two  principal  opinions  respecting  the 
Urim  and  Thummim.  One  is,  that  these  words  sim- 
ply denote  the  four  rows  of  precious  stones  in  the 
breastplate  of  the  high  priest,  and  are  so  called  from 
their  brilliancy  and  perfection;  which  stones,  in  an- 
swer to  an  appeal  to  God  in  different  cases,  indicated 
his  mind  and  will  by  some  supernatural  appearance. 
The  other  principal  opinion  is,  that  the  Urim  and 
Thummim  were  two  small  oracular  images,  similar  to 
the  Teraphim,  personifying  revelation  and  truth,  which 
were  placed  in  the  cavity  or  pouch  formed  by  the  folds 
of  the  breastplate,  and  which  uttered  oracles  by  a 
voice.  Kitto. 


U-Rl  'MAE,  n.  pi.  ( Or- 
nith.) A sub-family 
of  birds  of  the  order 
Anseres  and  family 
Alcidce ; guillemots. 

Gray. 

U'RI-NAL  (yu're-njl), 
n.  [L.  urinal ; urina, 
urine ; It.  orinale  ; Sp.  orinal ; Fr.  urinal .]  A 
vessel  for  holding  urine.  Shak. 


U ria  troi  lo. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RflLE.  — C,  Q,  c,  g,  soft; 
202 


£!,  £>  !>  hard ; § as  z;  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


URINARIUM 


1610 


USSELF 


U-RI-NA'RI-UM,  n.  (Agric.)  A receptacle  or  res- 
ervoir for  urine.  Loudon. 

U'llI-NA-RY  (yu're-n?-re),  a.  [It . orinario  \ Sp. 
vrinario  ; Fr.  urinairc. ] Relating  to,  or  resem- 
bling, urine ; urinous.  Browne. 

Urinary  calculus , a name  applied  to  concretions  of 
various  chemical  composition  formed  in  t lie  bladder, 
and  consisting  of  tire  less  soluble  constituents  of 
urine.  Miller. 


U'RI-NATE,  v.  n.  To  void  urine.  Clarke. 

U'RI-NA-TIVE,  a.  Provoking  urine.  Bacon. 

U'RJ-NA-TOR,  n.  [L.  urinor,  to  dive.]  A diver; 
one  who  searches  under  water.  Wilkins. 

U'RINE  (yu'rin),  n.  [Gr.  oipov  ; 1,.  urina  ; It.  .V  Sp. 
orina  ; Fr.  urine.]  An  animal  fluid,  secreted  by 
the  kidneys  ; animal  water.  Shak. 

Ji5f-  Urine  is  secreted  by  the  cortical  part  of  the 
kidney,  filtered  through  the  tubular  portion,  poured 
drop  by  drop  from  the  apices  of  the  tubular  papilla 
into  the  pelvis  of  the  kidney,  and  transmitted  by  it 
to  the  ureters,  which  convey  it  slowly  but  continuous- 
ly into  the  bladder,  where  it  remains  deposited  until 
its  accumulation  excites  a desire  to  void  it.  Dunglison. 

■ in  1000  parts  of  urine  about  957  parts  are  wa- 
ter. Of  the  solid  matter  dissolved  in  it,  the  most 
abundant  substances  are  urea,  alcoholic  extract,  chlo- 
ride of  sodium,  watery  extract,  phosphoric  acid,  sul- 
phuric acid,  and  potash.  The  bodies  contained  in  the 
urine  are  mainly  the  products  of  oxidation  occasioned 
by  the  action  of  the  respired  air  upon  the  nitrogenized 
tissues,  and  upon  the  sulphur  and  phosphorus  which 
they  contain.  Miller. 

U'RjNE  (yu'rin),  v.  n.  [Fr.  uriner .]  To  void  urine  ; 
to  make  water  ; to  urinate.  Bacon. 

U-RNNTF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  urina,  urine,  and  fero, 
to  convey.]  Conveying  urine.  Dunglison. 

U-RI-NOM'p-TpR,  n.  [L.  urina,  urine,  and  me- 
trum,  a measure.]  An  instrument  for  ascertain- 
ing the  weight  of  urine.  P.  Cyc. 

U-RI-NOSE',  a.  Relating  to  urine  ; urinous.  Ray. 

U'RI-NOUS  (yu're-nus),  a.  Relating  to,  or  re- 
sembling, urine  ; urinose.  Arbuthnot. 

U'RjTH,  n.  The  binding  of  a hedge.  [Local, 
Eng.]  Halliwell. 

URN,  n.  [L.,  It.,  <5;  Sp.  uma  ; Fr.  urne.] 

1.  A vessel  of  a roundish  form,  of  which  the 

mouth  is  narrower  than  the  body.  Carew. 

2.  ( Roman  Ant.)  A vessel  for  holding  water 

or  other  substance  : — a vessel  for  receiving 
the  names  of  the  judges,  in  order  that  the  prse- 
tor  might  draw  out  of  it  a sufficient  number  to 
determine  causes: — a vessel  for  receiving  the 
ashes  of  the  dead  : — a measure  of  capacity  Tor 
fluids,  containing  half  an  amphora,  or  about 

3 .j  gallons.  Wm.  Smith. 

3.  ( Bot .)  A hollow,  urn-like  body,  containing 
the  sporules  of  mosses,  and  usually  elevated  on 
a stalk  named  the  seta  ; theca  ; spore-case. 

Lindley.  Ilenslow. 

URN,  v.  a.  To  enclose  in  an  urn.  May. 

URN'AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  an  urn.  Browne. 

URN'— SHAPED  (urn'shapt),  a.  Shaped  like  an 
urn.  Smith. 


U-ROS'CO-PY  (yu-rSs'ko-pe),  n.  [Gr.  nvpov,  urine, 
and  uKoirtai,  to  view.]  Judgment  of  diseases  by 
inspection  of  urine.  Browne. 

UR'RY,  n.  A sort  of  blue  or  black  clay.  Mortimer. 

UR  'SA,  n.  [L.]  ( Astron .)  The  Bear  ; — a name 

applied  to  two  northern  constellations,  namely, 
Ursa  Major,  or  the  Great  Bear,  and  Ursa  Mi- 
nor, or  the  Little  or  Lesser  Bear.  Hutton. 

Kfp  Tile  large  star  in  the  tip  of  tile  tail  of  Ursa  Mi- 
nor is  near  the  north  pole,  and  is  called  the  Pole-star  ox 
North-star.  Seven  brilliant  stars  of  Ursa  Major  form  a 
group  called  the  Dipper,  two  of  which,  most  remote 
from  what  is  called  the  handle,  are  situated  nearly 
in  the  same  line  with  the  pole-star,  and  are  some- 
times called  the  Pointers.  Both  constellations  have 
been  called  Charles’s  Wain.  Hutton.  Mattisun. 

UR'S[-FORM,  a.  [L.  ursa,  a bear,  and  forma, 
form.]  Shaped  like  a bear.  Smart. 

UR'SINE,  a.  [L.  ursinus.]  Relating  to,  or  re- 
sembling, a bear.  Hamilton. 

UR'SU-LINE,  n.  ( Eccl . Hist.)  One  of  an  order  of 
nuns  founded  about  the  year  1537,  by  Angela  di 
Brescia,  but  named  after  St.  Ursula  Benincasa, 
a native  of  Naples.  Eden. 

UR'SF-J,INE,  a.  Relating  to,  or  denoting,  an 
order  of  nuns  so  called.  Gray. 


UR  'SUS,  n.  [L.,  a bear.]  ( ZoUl .)  A genus  of 

plantigrade  animals  ; the  bear.  Baird. 

UR-TI-CA'CEOUS  (-slips),  a.  (Bot.)  Relating  or 
belonging  to  the  natural  order  of  plants  called 
Urticuceee,  or  nettle  family.  Smart. 

UR-TI-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  urtica,  a nettle .]  A sting- 
ing as  by  nettles,  [r.]  Bp.  Taylor. 

U'RUS,  n.  [Gr.  ovpof  ; L.  urus.  — A Celtic  word. 
IF.  Smith.)  (Zoi'/I.)  The  specific  name  of  the 
European  wild  ox,  the  primogenitor  of  the  do- 
mesticated ox.  Van  Der  Hoeven. 

USP  “ Professor  Bell  is  disposed  to  believe,  with 
Cuvier  and  most  other  naturalists,  that  our  domestic 
cattle  are  the  degenerate  descendants  of  the  great  urus. 
With  regard  to  the  great  urus,  I believe  that  our 
knowledge  of  it  is  now  limited  to  deductions  from 
its  fossil  or  semi-fossil  remains.”  Owen.  There  seems 
to  be  little  doubt  that  the  fossil  ox  (Bus  primigenius) 
is  entirely  extinct,  and  that  all  our  domestic  and  wild 
cattle  belong  to  Bos  taurus.  Eng.  Cijc. 

US,  pron.  pi.  [M.  Goth.  uus;  A.  S.  us;  Dut. 
ous ; Ger.  uus ; Dan.  os  ; Sw.  § Icel.  oss.]  The 
objective  case  of  ice. 

gtj  ■ Us  was  by  old  writers  sometimes  used  as  the 
subject  nominative  of  a verb. 

Our  conseil  was  not  longe  fbr  to  seche  [seek]; 

Us  thought  it  was  not  worth  to  make  it  wise.  Chaucer. 

U'§A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  used. 

The  instrument  was  so  far  finished  as  to  be  usable.  Ld.  Rosse. 

U'§AGE  (yu'zaj),  n.  [Fr.]  1.  Act  or  manner  of 

using  or  treating  ; treatment ; behavior  of  one 
person  towards  another. 

lie  hath  good  usage  and  great  liberty.  Shak. 

And  Eurus  never  such  hard  usage  found 

In  his  A2olian  prison.  Dryden. 

2.  Practice  long  continued ; received  prac- 
tice ; custom  ; use  ; habit. 

Of  things  once  received  and  confirmed  by  use  long  usage 
is  a law  sufficient.  Hooker. 

The  usage  which  gives  law  to  language,  and  which  is  gen- 
erally denominated  good  usage,  must  be  reputable,  national, 
and  present.  Crombie. 

3.  f Manners  ; behavior.  Spenser. 

Usage,  in  its  broadest  sense,  includes  both  cus- 
tom and  prescription,  but  is  ordinarily  applicable  to 
trade,  designating  the  habits,  modes,  and  course  of 
dealing  which  are  generally  observed  either  in  any 
particular  branch  of  trade  or  in  all  mercantile  trans- 
actions. Qrccnleaf. 

Syn. — Custom  is  that  which  is  done  by  many,  or 
is  often  repeated  ; usage,  that  which  is  often  repeated 
and  of  long  standing;  fashion,  the  prevailing  mode. 
Prescription  is  long-established  or  immemorial  usage 
or  custom.  An  old  or  new  custom  ; long-established 
usage;  varying  fashion;  the  law  of  prescription. — 
See  Custom,  Treatment. 

t U'SA(jr-ER  (yu'zpj-er),  n.  One  who  has  the  use 
of  any  thing  in  trust  for  another.  Daniel. 

USANCE,  n.  [Fr.]  1.  fUse.  Spenser. 

2.  f Interest  paid  for  money.  Shak. 

3.  ( Commercial  Law.)  The  time  which  by 
usage  or  custom  is  allowed  in  certain  countries 
for  the  payment  of  a bill  of  exchange.  It  means 
in  some  places  a month,  in  others  two  or  more 
months,  and  in  others  half  a month.  Burrill. 

USE  (yus,  118),  n.  [L.  usus  ; utor,  usus,  to  use  ; 
It.  § Sp.  uso  ; Fr.  ms.] 

1.  The  act  of  employing  any  thing,  or  the 
state  of  being  employed,  for  any  purpose ; ap- 
plication ; employment ; service. 

Things  may  and  must  differ  in  their  use ; but  yet  they  are 
all  to  be  used  according  to  the  will  of  God.  Law. 

2.  The  quality  that  makes  a thing  proper  for 
a purpose  ; benefit ; utility  ; advantage  ; profit. 

Rice  is  of  excellent  use  for  illnesses  of  the  stomach  that 
proceed  from  cold  or  moist  humors.  Temple. 

When  will  my  friendship  be  of  use  to  thee?  A.  Philips. 

3.  Need;  necessity;  occasion. 

That  done,  1 have  no  farther  use  for  life.  A.  Philips. 

4.  Practice  ; customary  act ; exercise ; habit. 

He  that  first  brought  the  word  “sham,”  “wheedle,”  or 
“banter”  in  use  put  together  as  lie  thought  fit  those  ideas  he 
made  it  to  stand  for.  Locke. 

5.  Custom  ; common  occurrence,  [r.] 

O Caesar,. these  things  are  beyond  all  use.  Shak. 

6.  Interest  paid  for  the  use  of  money,  [r.] 

To  pay  duty  and  tribute,  use  and  principal.  Bp.  Taylor. 

7.  (Law.)  In  the  law  of  estates,  the  profit  or 
benefit  of  lands  or  tenements  ; the  right  to  have 
the  profit  or  benefit  of  lands  or  tenements ; a 
confidence  reposed  in  another  who  was  made 
tenant  of  the  land,  that  he  should  dispose  of  the 
land  according  to  the  intention  of  him  to  whose 
use  it  was  granted,  and  suffer  him  to  take  the 
profits  : — in  the  civil  law,  a right  of  receiving 


so  much  of  the  natural  profits  of  a thing  as  is 
necessary  for  daily  sustenance.  Bouvier. 

Contingent  use,  (Law.)  a use  limited  to  take  effect 
upon  some  future  contingent  event  ; — otherwise 
called  a future  use,  and  sometimes,  though  inaccu- 
rately, a springing  use.  Burrill.  — Resulting  use, 
(Law.)  a use  which,  having  been  limited  by  deed,  ex- 
pires or  cannot  vest,  hut  returns  back  to  him  who 
raised  it  after  such  expiration,  or  during  such  impos- 
sibility. Bouvier.  — Shifting  use,  (Law.)  a use  which 
takes  effect  in  derogation  of  some  other  estate,  and  is 
either  limited  by  the  deed  creating  it  or  authorized  to 
be  created  by  some  person  named  in  it ; — sometimes 
called  a secondary  use.  Bouvier.  — Statute  of  uses, 
(Law.)  the  statute  of  27  Henry  VIII.,  c.  10,  which 
conveys  uses  into  possession.  Bouvier. 

Syn.  — See  Avail,  Utility. 

U§E  (yuz,  118),  v.  a.  [L.  utor,  usus  ; It.  usare  ; Sp. 
usar  ; Fr.  user.]  [7.  used  ; pp.  using,  used.] 

1.  To  employ ; to  put  to  use ; to  apply  ; to 
avail  one’s  self  of;  to  act  with  or  by  means  of. 

They  . . . could  use  botli  the  right  hand  and  the  left  in 
hurling  stones  and  shooting  arrows.  1 Chron.  xii.,2. 

2.  To  accustom  ; to  habituate  ; to  inure. 

lie  that  intends  to  gain  the  Olympic  prize 

Must  use  himself  to  hunger,  heat,  and  cold.  Roscommon. 

3.  To  act  or  behave  towards  ; to  treat. 

Why  dost  thou  use  me  thus?  Shak. 

4.  To  practise  customarily ; to  exercise. 

Use  hospitality  one  to  another  without  grudging.  1 Pet.  iv.  9. 

5.  To  behave  ; — with  the  reflective  pronoun. 

Pray  forgive  me,  if  I have  used  myself  unmannerly.  Shak. 

To  use  up,  to  consume  wholly:  — to  fatigue  so  as 
to  make  incapable  of  further  exertion ; to  tire  out; 
to  fag  out.  [Vulgar.]  Roget. 

Syn.  — See  Employ. 

U§E  (yuz),  v.  7i.  1.  To  be  accustomed. 

They  use  to  place  him  that  shall  he  their  captain  upon  a 
stone  always  reserved  for  that  purpose.  Spenser. 

2.  To  be  wont ; to  be  customarily. 

Fears  use  to  be  represented  in  such  an  imaginary  fashion, 
as  they  rather  dazzle  men’s  eyes  than  open  them.  Bacon. 

3.  f To  frequent;  to  inhabit.  Milton. 

Snakes  that  use  within  the  house  for  shade 
Securely  lurk.  May . 

USE'FUL  (yus'ful),  a.  Profitable  ; serviceable  ; 
beneficial ; advantageous  ; conducive  or  helpful 
to  any  end  ; valuable  for  use  ; suited  or  adapted 
to  the  purpose  ; promoting  the  ends  or  objects 
in  view.  “ Useful  knowledge.”  More. 

Useful  diligence  will  at  last  prevail.  Johnson. 

Syn.  — Advantageous. 

USE'FUL-LY,  ad.  In  a useful  manner  ; profitably. 

USE'FUL-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality  of 
being  useful ; utility  ; profit.  Addison. 

Syn.  — See  Utility. 

USE'LIJSS,  a.  Being  of  no  use  ; worthless  ; good 
for  nothing;  fruitless;  unavailing.  Walker. 

USE'LESS-LY,  ad.  In  a useless  manner ; with- 
out use  ; without  advantage.  Locke. 

USE'LflSS-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality  of 
being  useless  ; want  of  utility.  South. 

U§'£R  (yuz'er),  n.  One  who  uses.  Sidney. 

USH'flR,  n.  [It.  uscio,  a door;  usciere,  a door- 
keeper, an  usher  ; Fr.  huissier.  — Old  Eng. 
hushar.] 

1.  An  officer  who  has  the  care  of  the  door  of 

a court  or  hall,  &c.  : — an  inferior  officer  in  some 
English  courts  of  law.  Braude. 

If>5“  In  the  court  of  England,  he  is  an  officer,  of 
considerable  rank,  whose  business  it  is  to  introduce 
foreign  ambassadors  or  other  high  strangers  to  the 
sovereign.  Braude. 

2.  A kind  of  subordinate  teacher;  an  assist- 
ant instructor.  Dryden.  Gardner. 

USH'ER,  V.  a.  [*.  USHERED  ; pp.  USHERING, 
ushered.]  To  introduce  as  a forerunner  or 
harbinger.  “ Stars  that  usher  evening.”  Milton. 

The  F.xaminer  was  ushered  into  the  world  by  a letter  set- 
ting forth  tlie  great  genius  of  the  author.  Addison. 

f USH'EIt-ANCE,  n.  Introduction.  Shaftesbury. 

USH'pR-DOM,  n.  The  state  or  the  office  of  usher ; 
ushership.  [r.]  Qu.  Rev. 

USH'f.R-SHIP,  n.  The  office  of  an  usher.  Ash. 

US-CiUp-BAUGH'  (us-kwe-biw')  [us-kwe-bkw\  P. 
Ja.  K.  Sm.  Hi.;  us-kwe-bi',  IF.  J.  F.],  n.  [Ir. 
uisge,  water,  and  bagh,  life.  — See  Whiskey.] 
A strong  compound  liquor  made  in  Ireland,  of 
brandy,  or  other  spirits,  raisins,  cinnamon, 
cloves,  and  various  other  spices.  Braude. 

f US-SELF',  pron.  pi.  Ourselves.  Wickliffe. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  1,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


USTION 


1611 


UZEMA 


frST'ION  (ust'yqn),  n.  [L.  ustio  ; uro,  ustus,  to 
burn  ; Fr.  ustion .]  The  act  of  burning  or  the 
state  of  being  burnt,  [r.]  Bailey. 

US-TO'RI-OUS,  a.  Having  the  power  or  quality 
of  burning,  [r.]  Watts. 

US-TIJ-lA'TION,  n.  [L.  ustulo,  to  scorch.] 

1.  A gradual  desiccation  and  torrefaction  of 
substances ; — a term  of  old  pharmacy.  Petty. 

2.  (Chem.)  The  roasting  of  ores,  to  separate 
the  arsenic,  sulphur,  and  other  volatile  sub- 
stances combined  with  the  metal. 

DSP  When  the  matter  is  preserved  which  flies  off, 
tile  process  is  called  sublimation  ; when  this  matter  is 
neglected,  the  process  is  called  ustulation.  Parlies. 

U'SU-AL  (yu'zhu-itl),  a.  [L . usualis  ; usus,  use  ; 
It.  usuale ; Sp.  usual ; Fr.  usuel .]  Common; 

frequent ; ordinary  ; customary  ; general. 

Syn.  — See  Ordinary. 

U'§U-AL-LY  (yu'zhu-jl-le),  ad.  Commonly;  cus- 
tomarily ; ordinarily  ; frequently.  South. 

U'^U-AL-NESS  (yu'zhu-al-nes),  n.  The  state  of 
being  usual ; commonness  ; frequency.  Clarke. 

U-SjU-CAP'TION  (u-zu-kap'shun),  il.  [L.  usus, 
use,  and  capio,  to  take.]  ( Civil  Laic.)  The  ac- 
quisition of  the  property  of  a thing  by  continued 
possession  for  a time  defined  by  law.  Burrill. 

U'ijU-FRUCT  (yu'zu-frukt),  n.  [L.  usufructus ; 
usus,  use,  and  fructus,  fruit ; Fr.  usufruit.]  ( Civ- 
il Law.)  The  right  of  enjoying  the  profits  of  a 
thing  belonging  to  another,  without  impairing 
the  substance.  Burrill. 

U-.jSU-FRUCT'U-A-RY,  n.  [L.  usufructuarius ; Fr. 
usufructuaire .]  ( Civil  Law.)  One  who  has  the 

usufruct  of  a thing.  Ayliffe. 

t U'§URE  (u'zhur),  v.  n.  To  practise  usury.  Shah. 

U'§y-RgR  (u'zhu-rer),  n.  [See  Usury.]  One 
who  practises  usury  ; one  who  lends  money  for 
interest ; — now  commonly  used  of  one  who 
takes  exorbitant  or  illegal  interest.  Shak. 

U-§U'RI-OUS  (yu-zhu're-us),  a.  Relating  to,  prac- 
tising, or  partaking  of,  usury.  Donne. 

U-SjU'RI-OUS-LY,  ad.  With  usury.  More. 

U-§U'Rl-OyS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state 
of  being  usurious.  Ash. 

U-§URP'  (yu-zurp'),  v.  a.  [L.  usurpo;  usus,  use, 
and  rapio,  to  seize  ; i.  e.  to  seize  to  one’s  use  ; 
It.  usurpare ; Sp.  usurpar;  Fr.  usurper.]  \i. 
usurped;  pp.  usurping,  usurped.]  To  seize 
and  hold  by  force  and  without  right ; to  assume. 
Before  I see  thee  seated  on  that  throne 
Which  now  the  house  of  Lancaster  usurps.  Shak. 

It  is  commonly  used  with  reference  to  seizing 
or  usurping  political  power  or  the  prerogatives  of  a 
crown. 

Syn. — See  Appropriate. 

U-fjjUR-l’A'TION,  n.  [L.  asurpatio;  It.  usurpa- 
zione;  Sp  .usurpation-,  F r.  usurpation.] 

1.  The  act  of  usurping ; forcible,  illegal  seiz- 
ure or  possession.  Dryden. 

2.  fUse;  usage;  custom.  Pearson. 

U-§URP'?R,  n.  One  who  usurps;  one  who  seizes 

or  possesses  that  to  which  he  has  no  right ; — 
applied  particularly  to  one  who  excludes  the 
rightful  heir  from  the  throne.  Spenser. 

U-^iiRP'ING-LY,  ad.  By  usurpation.  Shak. 

U'SjU-RY  (yu'zhu-re),  n.  [L.  usura  ; utor,  usus,  to 
use;  It.  (Sr  Sp.  usura;  Fr.  usure.] 

1.  Money  paid  for  the  use  of  money ; inter- 

est; — now  used  for  illegal  interest,  or  higher 
interest  than  is  allowed  by  law.  Spatiser. 

2.  The  practice  of  taking  interest.  Bacon. 

VT.  (Mus.)  The  syllable  applied  by  Guido  to  the 

lowest  tone  of  his  hexachord  ; — afterwards  em- 
ployed as  the  first  of  the  seven  syllables  of  the 
scale  in  its  present  form,  but  now  superseded 
by  Do.  Warner. 

+ U'TAS,  n.  [Low  L.] 

1.  ( Old  English  Law.)  The  eighth  day  follow- 

ing any  term  or  feast;  the  octave;  as,  “The 
ntas  of  St.  Michael.”  Cowell. 

2.  Festivity  ; jollity.  Shak. 

U-TEN'SIL,  or  U'TEN-SIL  [yu'ten-sil,  S.  W.  J.  F. 

K. ; yu-ten'sjl,  P.  Ja.  Sm.  C.  Wh.  Ash],  n.  [L. 
utensile ; utor,  usus,  to  use ; It.  utensile ; Sp. 
utensilio ; Fr.  uStcnsile.]  An  instrument  for 
any.  use,  such  as  the  vessels  of  the  kitchen  or 
the  tools  of  a trade  ; an  implement.  Milton. 


U'TIJR-INE  (yu'ter-In  or  ya'ter-In,  18)  [yu'ter-In, 
S.  W.  J.  F.  Ja.  K.  ; yu'ter-In,  P.  Sot.],  a.  [L. 
uterinus  ; uterus,  the  womb ; It.  1$  Sp.  uterino  ; 
Fr.  uterin. ] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  womb.  Browne. 

2.  Born  of  the  same  mother,  but  having  a 
different  father;  as,  “A  uterine  brother.”  Beck. 

U'TJJ-RO-QUjiS-TA'TION,  n.  {Med.)  Gestation  in 
the  womb  ; pregnancy.  Dunglison. 

U'TE-RUS,  n. ; pi.  u'te-rI.  [L.]  (Anat.)  The 
womb.  — See  Womb.  Dunglison. 

U'TILE  (yu'tjl),  a.  [L.]  Useful,  [r.]  Walker. 

U'TI-LE  DUL'CI.  [L.]  “The  useful  with  the 
pleasant:”  as,  “It  combines  utile  dulci,”  a 
phrase  often  used  to  bestow  high  praise  on  a 
literary  work.  Macdonnel. 

U-TlL-I-TA'RI-AN,  a.  Relating  to  utilitarianism; 
promoting  utility  or  happiness.  Brit.  Crit. 

U-TlL-I-TA'RI-AN,  n.  An  advocate  for,  or  ad- 
herent to,  utilitarianism.  Ch.  Ob. 

U-TIL-I-TA'RI-AN-J^M,  n.  The  doctrine  or  prin- 
ciple of  the  utilitarians  ; or  the  doctrine  that  the 
value  of  all  institutions  and  pursuits  is  to  be 
tested  by  the  principle  of  utility,  that  is,  the 
promotion  of  the  greatest  happiness  of  the  great- 
est number  ; — called  also  the  greatest  happiness 
principle.  J.  Bcntham. 

U-TIL'I-TY  (yu-tll'e-te),  n.  [L.  utilitas;  utilis, 
useful ; utor,  usus,  to  use  ; It.  utilita  ; Sp.  utili- 
dad ; Fr.  utility.]  The  state  or  the  quality  of 
being  useful;  usefulness;  advantageousness; 
profitableness;  benefit;  service;  profit;  avail. 

It  is  the  utilitl y of  any  moral  rule  alone  which  constitutes 
the  obligation  of  it.  Palcy. 

In  common  life,  we  may  observe  that  the  circumstance  of 
utility  is  always  appealed  to;  nor  is  it  supposed  that  a greater 
eulogy  can  be  given  to  any  man  than  to  display  his  useful- 
ness to  the  public,  and  to  enumerate  the  services  which  he 
has  performed  to  mankind  and  to  society.  Hume. 

Syn.—  Utility,  from  tile  Latin,  is  used  in  a more 
general  and  abstract  sense  than  usefulness,  which  is 
from  the  Anglo-Saxon.  The  utility  of  an  invention  or 
discovery  ; the  usefulness  of  the  thing  invented  or 
discovered  ; the  utility  of  a society  or  institution  ; tile 
usefulness  of  an  individual.  A thing  is  said  to  be  of 
much  utility,  or  designed  for  a particular  use.  Bestow 
a benefit ; perform  a service ; receive  profit ; make  use 
of  an  advantage. 

U-TIL-I-ZA'TION,  n.  The  act  or  the  process  of 
making  useful  or  profitable,  [r.]  Clarke. 

U'TIL-IZE,  v.  a.  [It.  utilizzare;  Sp.  utilizar;  Fr. 
utilise)'.]  To  render  useful ; to  put  to  use  ; to 
employ  for  some  useful  purpose.  Townshend. 

U'TI  POS-SI-DE'  TIS.  [L .,  as  you  possess.] 

1.  ( Civil  Law.)  A species  of  interdict  for  the 

purpose  of  retaining  possession  of  a thing, 
granted  to  one  who,  at  the  time  of  contesting 
suit,  was  in  possession  of  an  immovable  thing, 
in  order  that  he  might  be  declared  the  legal  pos- 
sessor. Burrill. 

2.  ( International  Laic.)  The  principle  of  a 

treaty  which  leaves  belligerent  parties  mutually 
in  possession  of  what  they  have  acquired  by 
their  arms  during  a war.  Brande. 

UT'MOST,  a.  [A.  S.utmcest;  ut,  out,  and  most, 
most.] 

1.  Extreme;  furthest;  uttermost;  most  dis- 
tant ; most  remote.  Milton. 

2.  .Being  in  the  highest  or  greatest  degree. 

“ To  his  utmost  peril.”  Shak. 

UT'MOST,  n.  The  most  that  can  be,  or  be  done. 

Let  us  perform  our  utmost.  Addison. 

U-TO'PI-A,  n.  [Gr.  oh,  not,  and  t6itos,  a place.] 
A term  invented  by  Sir  T.  More,  and  applied, 
in  his  work  called  Utopia,  to  an  imaginary 
island  which  he  represents  as  enjoying  the  ut- 
most perfection  in  laws,  politics,  &c.  The  word 
has  now  passed  into  all  the  languages  of  Eu- 
rope to  signify  a state  of  ideal  perfection.  Brande. 

U-TO'PI-AN  (u-to'pe-stn),  a.  Fanciful;  chimerical; 
ideal ; not  real  or  actual.  Swinburne. 

U-TO'PI-AN-X§M,  n.  Utopian  principles  or  con- 
duct ; chimerical  schemes.  Month.  Rev. 

f U-TOP'I-CAL,  a.  Utopian;  chimerical . Bp.  Hall. 

U'TRf-CLE,  n.  [L.  utriculus.]  (Bot.)  A little 
bladder  filled  with  air,  attached  to  certain  aquat- 

* ic  plants  : — a one-celled,  one  or  few  seeded,  su- 
perior, membranous  fruit,  frequently  dehiscent 
by  a transverse  incision.  Henslow.  Lindtey. 

lip  ■ The  utricle  differs  from  the  pyxidium  in  tex- 


ture, in  being  simple,  that  is,  in  not  proceeding  from  an 
ovarium  with  obliterated  dissepiments.  Lindley. 
U-TRIC'U-LAR,  a.  1.  (Bot.)  Inflated;  like  a 
small  bladder.  Gray. 

2.  (Chem.)  Noting  the  condition  of  certain 
substances,  as  sulphur,  the  vapor  of  which,  on 
coming  in  contact  with  cold  bodies,  condenses 
in  the  form  of  globules,  composed  of  a soft  ex- 
ternal pellicle  filled  with  liquid. 

Igg»  This  utricular  condition  has  been  observed  in 
sulphur,  selenium,  iodine,  phosphorus,  and  arsenious 
acid.  Tile  globules  sometimes  retain  their  liquid  form 
for  a considerable  time.  Graham. 

UT'TIJR,  a.  [A.  S.  utter,  outer,  utter.  — See  Out.] 

1.  Outer  ; on  the  outside,  [r.] 

Through  utter  and  through  middle  darkness  borne.  Milton. 

2.  Placed  or  being  beyond  all  compass  ; out 
of  any  place.  “ The  utter  deep.”  [it.]  Milton. 

3.  Complete  ; total ; entire  ; perfect.  “ Ut- 
ter destruction.”  1 Kings  xx.  42.  “Utter 
strangers  to  all  those.”  Atterburg. 

4.  Peremptory  ; absolute  ; unconditional ; un- 
qualified. “ Utter  refusal.”  Clarendon. 

UT'TjlR,  V.  a.  [*.  UTTERED  ; pp.  UTTERING,  UT- 
TERED.] 

1.  To  speak;  to  pronounce  ; to  express. 

These  very  words  I heard  him  utter.  Shak. 

2.  To  disclose  ; to  publish  ; to  divulge. 

Were  it  folly  to  be  modest  in  uttering  what  is  known  to  all 

the  world?  Raleigh. 

3.  f To  sell  or  vend,  as  wares.  Shak. 

4.  To  put  into  circulation,  as  money.  Swift. 

5.  f To  put  out  or  forth.  Spenser. 

Syn.  — See  Declare,  Tell. 

UT'TJf  R-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  uttered  ; pro- 
nounceable ; expressible.  Johnson. 

UT'TIJR-ANCE,  n.  1.  The  act,  manner,  or  power 
of  uttering  ; pronunciation  ; vocal  expression. 

The  utterance  of  articulate  sounds.  Wilkins. 

2.  Sale  or  circulation.  Bacon. 

3.  f Extremity  ; uttermost.  Shak. 

UT'TER— BAR-RIS-T1JR,  n.  A barrister  allowed 

to  plead  only  without  the  bar.  [Eng.]  IVhishaw. 
UT'TIJR-JJR,  n.  One  who  utters.  Spenser. 

f UT'TyR-LESS,  a.  Unutterable.  Milton. 

UT'TER-LY,  ad.  Fully;  completely;  perfectly; 

entirely  ; totally ; thoroughly.  Hooker. 

UT'TER-MOST,  a.  1.  Extreme  ; greatest ; ut- 
most. “ This  'uttermost  distress.”  Milton. 

2.  Most  remote  or  distant ; furthest. 

The  uttermost  end  of  the  straits.  Abbot. 

TJT'T^R-MOST,  n.  1.  The  extreme  part. 

A city  in  the  uttermost  of  thy  border.  Num.  xx.  1G. 
2.  The  most  that  can  be,  or  be  done ; utmost. 
“ The  uttermost  we  can  do.”  Hooker. 

UT'TER-NESS, n.  Completeness;  extremity;  ut- 
most. [r.]  Nat.  Rev. 

U'Vf.-A,  n.  [L.  uva,  a grape.]  (Anat.)  The 
choroid  coat  of  the  eye  : — the  posterior  layer 
of  the  iris.  Dunglison. 

U'VJJ-OUS  (yu've-fis),  a.  Resembling  a grape; 

— applied  to  the  choroid  coat  of  the  eye.  Ray. 
U'VU-LA  (yu'vu-la),  n.  [Dim.  of  L.  uva,  a grape.] 

(Anat.)  A fleshy,  conical  appendage  or  prolon- 
gation hanging  from  the  middle  or  free  edge  of 
the  velum  palati,  or  soft  palate  : — also  a small 
prominence  or  lobule  in  the  portion  of  the  cere- 
bellum that  forms  the  posterior  boundary  of 
the  fourth  ventricle.  Dunglison. 

U'VU-LAR,  a.  (Anat.)  Pertaining  to  the  uvula. 
U-WAR'OW-lTE,  n.  (Min.)  An  emerald-green, 
crystalline  variety  of  garnet,  consisting  chiefly 
of  silica,  lime,  oxide  of  chrome,  and  alumina ; 

— called  also  ouvarovite.  Dana. 

UX-OR'I-ClDE,w.  [L.uxor,  a wife,  andrvprfo,  to  kill.] 

The  murder,  or  the  murderer,  of  a wife.  Ed.  Rev. 
y^-O'RI-OUS  (ug-zo're-us),  a.  [L.  uxorius  ; uxor, 
a wife.]  Submissively  or  xcessively  fond  of 
one’s  wife  ; — commonly  in  a bad  sense. 

Her  temple  on  the  offensive  mount 

Built  by  that  uxorious  king.  Milton. 

y^-O'RI-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  an  uxorious  manner; 

with  fond  submission  to  a wife.  Dryden. 

Ujc-O'RI-Oys-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  uxo- 
rious ; fond  submission  to  a wife.  More. 

U'ZE-MH,  n.  A Burman  long  measure  of  twelve 
miles.  Malcom. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  R£jLE.  — g,  <?,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


Y 


1612 


VAGABOND 


Y. 


Ythe  twenty-second  letter  of  the  alphabet,  has 
, a flat,  labial  sound,  and  is  nearly  allied  to 
f : but  v is  vocal,  andy  aspirate.  — See  F and  U. 

Ijgf-Tlie  character  is  derived  from  the  Gr.  T,  Xipi- 
\6v,  It  was  formerly  confounded  with  the  vowel  u, 
and  the  voivel  sound  of  u and  the  consonant  sound  of 
v,  were  both  represented  by  the  same  character,  viz. 
V.  As  a numeral,  V (which  in  this  case  was  per- 
haps originally  a representation  of  the  outspread  hu- 
man hand)  stands  for  5,  and  with  a dash  over  it  (V), 
for  5000.  Wm.  Smith . 

VA.  [It.]  ( Mus .)  Goon;  as,  “ Va  crescendo,” 

go  on  increasing.  Moore. 

VA'CAN-CY,  n.  [L.  v aeons,  idle  ; vaco,  to  be 
empty,  to  be  idle  or  at  leisure ; It.  vacanza  ; Sp. 
vacancia;  Fr . vacance.] 

I.  Empty  space ; vacuity,  [r.] 

How  is ’t 

That  thus  you  bend  your  eye  on  vacancy , 

And  with  th’  incorporeal  air  do  hold  discourse.  Shale. 

2.  A chasm  ; space  unfilled ; a blank.  Watts. 

3.  The  state  of  a post,  office,  or  employment, 
when  destitute  of,  and  wanting,  an  incumbent ; 
a place  or  office  which  is  empty  or  not  filled. 

They  were  content  to  bribe  them  with  the  nomination  of 
some  bishops,  and  disposal  of  the  revenues  of  some  churches 
during  the  vacancies.  Leslie. 

By  the  constitution  of  the  United  States,  the  president  has 
the  power  to  fill  vacancies  that  may  happen  during  the  recess 
of  the  senate.  Bouvier. 

4.  Time  of  leisure  ; cessation  for  a time ; re- 
laxation ; intermission  ; time  unengaged. 

Those  little  vacancies  from  toil  are  sweet.  Drydcn. 

5.  Emptiness  of  thought ; listlessness.  Shak. 

All  disposition  to  idleness  or  vacancy , even  before  they  are 
habits,  are  dangerous.  Holton. 

VA'CANT,  a.  [L.  racans  ; Fr.  vacant .] 

1.  Empty  ; unfilled  ; void. 

A better  race  to  bring  into  their  vacant  room.  Mikon. 

2.  Free;  unencumbered;  uncrowded. 

Religion  is  the  interest  of  all,  but  philosophy  of  those  . . . 
at  leisure,  and  vacant  from  the  affairs  of  the  world.  More. 

3.  Not  filled  by  an  incumbent  or  possessor. 
“They  allowed  the  throne  vacant.”  Swift. 

4.  Having  leisure ; unoccupied  with  busi- 
ness ; free  from  labor  ; disengaged  ; not  busied. 
The  mind  in  her  vacant  moments.  Addison. 

Absence  of  occupation  is  not  rest; 

A mind  quite  vacant  is  a mind  distressed.  Cowper. 

5.  Thoughtless;  without  thought;  unthink- 
ing; absent;  inattentive. 

And  the  loud  laugh  that  spoke  the  vacant  mind.  Goldsmith. 

6.  ( Law .)  Unfilled;  unoccupied;  without  a 
claimant,  tenant,  or  occupier.  Burrill. 

Syn.  — See  Empty. 

VA'CANT-LY,  ad.  In  an  empty,  vacant  manner. 

VA'CATE,  v.  a.  [L.  vaco,  vacation,  to  be  empty.] 
[i.  VACATED  ; pp.  VACATING,  VACATED.] 

1.  To  make  void;  to  annul;  to  make  of  no 
authority  ; to  render  invalid  or  of  no  effect- 
To  vacate  an  entry  which  has  been  made  on  a record 
when  the  court  has  been  imposed  upon  by  fraud.  Bouvier. 

2.  To  make  vacant;  to  quit  possession  of. 
“He  vacated  the  throne.”  Johnson. 

3.  To  put  an  end  to  ; to  defeat,  [r.] 

He  vacates  my  revenge.  Dry  den. 

VA-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  vacatio,  a being  free  from 
a duty,  service,  &c. ; It.  vacazione;  Sp.  vaca- 
tion ; Fr.  vacation.} 

1.  The  act  of  vacating  or  making  void. 

2.  A suspension  or  discontinuance  of  the 
studies  and  exercises  of  a school,  academy,  col- 
lege, &c. ; the  time  between  the  end  and  the 
beginning  of  a term  in  an  institution  of  learn- 
ing; intermission;  recess.  Walker. 

3.  Leisure  ; freedom  from  care.  Hammond. 

4.  ( Eccl .)  The  time  from  the  death  of  a bish- 
op, or  other  spiritual  person,  till  the  bishopric 
or  dignity  is  supplied  with  another.  Rees’s  Cyc. 

5.  ( Law .)  Intermission  of  juridical  proceed- 


ings ; the  period  intervening  between  the  end 
of  one  term  of  a court  and  the  beginning  of 
another  ; recess  of  courts.  Cowell. 

fVAC'CA-RY,  n.  [L.  vacca,  a cow.]  A cow- 
house : — a dairy-house  : — a cow-pasture. Bailey. 

VAc-CI'NA,  n.  (Med.)  Cow-pox.  Dunglison. 

VAC'CJ-NATE,  v.  a.  [L.  vacca,  a cow;  It.  vacci- 
nate, to  vaccinate  ; Sp.  vacunar  ; Fr.  vacciner .] 
[l.  VACCINATED  ; pp.  VACCINATING,  VACCINAT- 
ED.] To  inoculate  with  vaccine  matter,  or  virus 
taken  from  sores  on  the  udders  of  a cow  dis- 
eased with  cow-pox,  or  from  like  sores  on  the 
human  subject  derived  directly  or  indirectly 
from  the  former,  in  order  to  protect  from  small- 
pox. Entick. 

VAC-CI-NA'TION,  n.  [L.  vacca,  a cow;  It.  vacci- 
nazione ; Sp.  vacunacion  ; Fr.  vaccination.)  The 
act  of  vaccinating;  an  operation  which  con- 
sists in  inserting  the  vaccine  matter  under  the 
cuticle,  so  that  it  may  come  in  contact  with  the 
absorbents  ; cow-pox  inoculation  ; Jennerian 
inoculation. — See  Cow-pox.  Dunglison. 

Dr.  Jenner  made  the  first  experiment  in  vaccination,  by 
transferring  the  pus  from  the  pustule  of  a milkmaid,  who 
had  caught  the  cow-pox  from  the  cows,  to  a healthy  child, 
in  1796.  Haydn. 

VAC'Cj-NA-TOR,  n.  One  who  practises  vaccina- 
tion ; a vaccinist.  ‘ Sir  H.  Halford. 

VAC'CINE,  or  VAC'CINE  (18)  [vak'sln,  W.  J.  F. 
Ja.  Sm.  R.  C. ; vak'sjn,  P. ; vak'sen,  A'.],  a.  [L. 
vaccinus ; vacca,  a cow.]  Pertaining  to,  or  de- 
rived from,  a cow;  relating  to  vaccination. 

The  promulgation  of  this  valuable  property  of  the  vaccine 
virus  is  due  to  Dr.  Jenner.  Dunglison. 

VAC-GTN'1-A,  n.  (Med.)  Cow-pox.  Dunglison. 

VAC'CI-NIST,  n.  One  who  is  versed  in  or  prac- 
tises vaccination  ; a vaccinator.  Ed.  Rev. 

VACHER  (vash-a'),  n.  [Fr.]  A stock  or  cattle 
keeper  ; a herdsman.  [Local,  U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

VAQH'ER-Y  (vSsh'-),  n.  [Fr.  vachcric;  cache,  a 
cow.]  A cow-house,  or  enclosure  for  cows.  Flint. 

VAC'lL-LAN-eY  [vas'il-lan-se,  W.  J.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm. 
C.  IVb.  ; vq-sil'lan-se,  S.  Pi],  n.  [L.  vacillo, 
vacillans,  to  stagger,  to  waver.]  A state  of 
wavering ; fluctuation  ; inconstancy,  [r.]  More. 

vAg'l G-LANT,  a.  [Fr.]  Vacillating;  wavering; 
unsteady;  fluctuating.  Wright. 

VAg'lL-LATE,  v.  n.  [L.  vacillo,  vacillatum ; It. 
vacillate;  Sp .vacilar;  Fr.  r aciller.]  [i.  vacil- 
lated ; pp.  VACILLATING,  VACILLATED.] 

1.  To  sway  or  move  to  and  from;  to  have  an 

unsteady  or  inconstant  motion.  Paley. 

2.  To  waver;  to  fluctuate;  to  be  unsteady 
or  inconstant ; to  be  unsettled.  Cockcram. 

Syn. — See  Fluctuate. 

VAg'fL-LAT-ING,  p.  a.  Wavering;  inconstant; 
unsteady  ; fluctuating.  Ed.  Rev. 

VAg'IL-IjAT-ING-LY,  ad.  In  a vacillating  man- 
ner ; inconstantly  ; unsteadily.  Cockcram. 

vAg-IL-I.A'TION,  n.  [L.  vacillfdio;  It.  vacilla- 
zione;  Sp.  raci/acion  ; Fr.  vacillation.] 

1.  A rocking  to  and  fro ; a reeling  motion. 
“ Every  slip  or  vacillation  of  the  body.”  Paley. 

2.  An  unsteady  or  inconstant  action  ; fluc- 
tuation of  purpose  ; unsteadiness  ; inconstancy. 

No  remainders  of  doubt,  no  vacillation..  Bp.  Hall. 

f VAc'U-ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  vacuo , vacuatus.]  To 
make  void.  Secular  Priest  Exposed,  1703. 

f VAC-U-A'TION,  n.  Evacuation.  Bailey. 

vAc'U-IST,  n.  One  who  holds  to  the  doctrine  of 
a vacuum ; — opposed  to  plenist.  Boyle. 

VA-G'U'I-TY,  n.  [L.  vacuitas  ; vacuus,  vacant; 
It.  vacuith  ; Sp.  vacuidad  ; Fr.  vacuite.] 


1.  State  of  being  empty  or  unfilled ; emptiness. 

Hunger  is  such  a state  of  vacuity  as  to  require  a fresh  sup- 
ply of  aliment.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  An  empty  space ; a space  unfilled  or  un- 
occupied; a vacuum;  avoid;  a vacancy. 

Vacuity  is  interspersed  among  particles  of  matter.  Bentley. 

3.  Inanity  ; want  of  reality ; nihility. 

Their  expectations  will  meet  with  vacuity.  Glanvill. 

VA-CU ' JVA,  n.  (Roman  Ant.)  The  goddess  of 
rural  leisure,  to  whom  the  husbandmen  sacri- 
ficed at  the  close  of  harvest.  Brande. 

VAC'U-OUS  (v&k'u-us),  a.  [L.  vacuus.]  Empty ; 
unfilled ; vacant,  [it.]  Milton.  Nat.  Rev. 

f vAc'II-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  vacu- 
ous or  empty  ; emptiness.  Mountagu. 

VAC ' U-  UM,  n.  [L.  vacuus,  empty,  vacant.]  (Phys- 
ics.) An  empty  space ; a portion  of  space  void 
of  matter ; a vacuity.  Brande. 

A perfect  vacuum,  or  space  void  of  ail  matter,  seems  not  to 
exist,  upon  the  hypothesis  of  the  luminiferous  ether  and  the 
retarding  matter  in  the  case  of  Eneke’s  comet.  We  can  pro- 
duce no  perfect  vacuum.  In  the  air-pump  receiver,  the  ap- 
proximation is  very  rough,  and  in  the  Torricellian  vacuum 
(over  the  mercury  at  the  top  of  the  barometer)  there  is  mer- 
curial vapor.  Nichol. 

Whether  there  is  any  such  thing  in  nature  as  an  absolute 
vacuum,  or  whether  the  universe  is  completely  full,  and  there 
is  an  absolute  plenum,  is  a question  which  lias  been  agitated 
by  philosophers  in  all  ages.  lluttan. 

Torricellian  vacuum,  tile  space  above  the  mercury 
in  file  barometric  tube,  the  most  perfect  vacuum  that 
can  be  artificially  produced.  In  this  sense,  vacuum 
merely  signifies  the  exclusion  of  atmospheric  air:  for 
this  space  in  the  barometer  is  filled  with  the  vapor  of 
mercury  at  all  temperatures  above  60°  Fahrenheit ; 
and,  if  the  undiilatory  theory  of  light  is  true,  it  con- 
tains luminiferous  eliier;  and  it  may  contain  other 
media  inappreciable  by  our  senses.  The  vacuum  pro- 
ducible by  means  of  an  air-pump  is  imperfect,  it  be- 
ing impossible  to  exhaust  all  the  air  from  a receiver. 
— See  Torricellian.  Brande.  Young.  Faraday. 

t VADE,  v.  n.  [L.  vado.)  To  go  hastily  or  rap- 
idly ; to  vanish  ; to  pass  away.  Spenser. 

VA'DF. — ME 'CUM.  [L.  vadc,  go,  and  mecum, 
with  me.]  Any  thing,  especially  a book  or 
manual  a person  carries  with  him  for  daily  use. 

f vAd'I-MO-NY,  n.  [L.  vadimonium.]  (Law.) 
A promise  or  bond  to  appear  before  the  court  at 
the  day  appointed.  Blount. 

VA ' DI-  UM,  n.  [L.  vas,  uacfcs.]  (Law.)  A gage  ; 
a pledge  ; a security  ; a surety.  Whishaw. 

f VA'FROllS,  a.  [L.  vafer.]  Crafty;  cunning; 
subtle ; artful ; sly.  More. 

VAg'A-BOND,  a.  [Sansc.  vaj,  to  go.  — L.  vaga- 
bundus ; vagor,  to  stroll  about ; It.  vagabondo  ; 
Sp.  vagabundo  ; Fr.  vagabond .] 

1.  Wandering  without  any  settled  habitation  ; 
strolling  or  roving  about ; habitually  going  about 
from  place  to  place. 

The  author  of  this  libel  was  some  vagabond  huckster  or 
peeler.  Hackluyt. 

2.  Wandering;  vagrant;  going  without  any 
certain  direction. 

Like  to  a vagabond  flag  upon  a stream.  Shak. 

VAG'A-BOND,  n.  1.  A wandering  person  ; one 
who  habitually  goes  about  from  place  to  place  ; 
one  who  has  no  settled  residence  or  domicile ; 
a vagrant ; an  idle  wanderer.  Addison. 

A vagabond  and  a renegade  shalt  thou  be  upon  the  earth. 

Gen.  iv.  12,  Tyndale's  Ti  ans.,  1534. 

You  are  a vagabond , and  no  true  traveller.  Shak. 

In  English  and  American  law,  vagabond  is  al- 
ways used  in  a had  sense,  denoting  one  who  is  with- 
out a home,  a strolling,  idle,  worthless  person.  In 
old  English  statutes,  “ such  as  wake  on  the  night  and 
sleep  on  the  day,  and  haunt  customable  taverns,  and 
ale-houses,  and  routs  about,  and  no  man  wot  whence 
they  came  nor  whither  they  go.”  Burrill. 

f VAG'A-BOND,  v.  n.  To  wander.  Drummond. 


A,  E,  !,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  £,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  ?,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


VAGABONDAGE 


1613 


VALENTIA 


VAG'A-BOND-A^E,  n.  [Fr.]  The  character,  life, 
and  habits  of  a vagabond.  McCulloch. 

vAg'A-BOND-I!jM,  n.  The  character  and  habits 
of  a vagabond  ; vagabondage ; vagrancy.  Hotten. 

VAG'A-BOND-IZE,  v.  n.  To  act  or  wander  about 
as  a vagabond  or  vagrant.  I Vest.  Rev. 

VAG'A-BOND-RY, n.  Vagabondism,  [it.]  Cotgrave. 

t VA'GAN-CY,  n.  [L.  vagor,  vagans,  to  wander.] 
A wandering  ; a strolling  ; vagrancy.  Milton. 

VA-  GAJV ' TE $,  n.  pi.  [L.  vagor,  vagans,  to  wan- 
der.] ( Zobl .)  A tribe  of  spiders,  including  those 
which  watch  their  prey  from  the  web,  and  also 
frequently  run  with  agility,  and  chase  and  seize 
their  prey.  Brande. 

VA-GA'RI-OUS,  a.  Having  vagaries  ; capricious; 
whimsical ; erratic  ; crotchety.  Wilberforce. 

VA-GA'ItY,  n.  [L.  vagor,  to  wander ; Fr.  vaguer.) 

1.  t A wandering  ; vagrancy.  Rich,  1584. 

2.  A wild  freak  or  fancy ; a whim ; a ca- 
price ; a freak  ; a prank  ; a whimsicality. 

They  changed  their  minds. 

Flew  off,  and  into  strange  vagaries  fell 

As  they  would  dance.  Milton. 

f V A-GA'RY,  v.  n.  To  wander;  to  range;  to 
roam  ; to  stroll  from  place  to  place.  Cotgrave. 

t VA-gA'TION,  n.  [L.  vagatio.\  A wandering; 
a roving  about.  Blount. 

VAG'GLE,  n.  A name  in  Shetland  for  a place 
where  meat  is  hung  to  be  smoked.  Simmonds. 

f VA'^I-gNT,  a.  [L.  vagio,  vagiens,  to  cry.] 
Crying  like  a child.  More. 

VA-Gl'JfA,n.\  pi.  vaginas.  [L .,asheath.\ 

1.  (Anat.)  A cylindrical  canal  five  or  six 

inches  long,  situated  within  the  pelvis  of  the- 
feinale,  between  the  bladder  and  the  rectum,  and 
communicating  by  one  extremity  with  the  vulva, 
and  by  the  other  with  the  womb,  the  neck  of 
which  it  embraces  : — any  part  serving  as  an 
envelope  to  another  ; a sheath.  Dunglison. 

2.  ( Bot .)  Any  part  which  surrounds  another, 
as  the  base  of  the  leaf  in  grasses,  which  is 
wrapped  round  the  stem.  Ilcnslow.  Gray. 

3.  {Arch.)  The  part  of  a terminus  out  of 
which  the  statue  seems  to  issue.  London  Ency. 

vA(r’I-NAL,  or  VA-<JH'NAL  [vaj'e-nal,  K.  Cl.  Wb. 
Ash,  Dunglison ; va-jl'njl,  Sm.  C.  B.),  a.  Re- 
lating to  a vagina  or  sheath.  Dunglison. 

II  vA^T-NANT,  or  VA-(?I'NANT,  a.  {Bot.)  In- 
vesting or  covering,  as  a sheath;  surrounding 
a stem  or  other  body  by  a convolute  base. 

Smart.  Lindlcy. 

II  vAg'J-NATE,  or  VA-£l'NATE,  a.  {Bot.) 
Sheathed ; surrounded  by,  or  enclosed  in,  a 
sheath.  Gray. 

II  VAp'I-NATE,  or  VA-<?I'NATE,  n.  (Zoul.)  A 
sheathed  polype  ; one  of  an  order  of  polypes 
comprising  those  which  are  constantly  surround- 
ed by,  and  attached  to,  a calcareous,  horny  po- 
lypiary.  Brande. 

||  vA<?'I-nAt-ED,  or  VA-^I'NAT-ED,  a.  {Bot.) 
Vagina  te.  Smart. 

vA(4-!-NT-PEN'NOyS,  a.  [L.  vagina,  a sheath, 
and  penna,  a feather;  pemue,  a wing.]  (Ent.) 
Sheath-winged  ; having  the  wings  covered  with 
sheaths  or  hard  cases.  Broicne. 

VA-GIN'  U-LA,  n.  (Bot.)  The  elongated  torus 
into  which  the  pedicel  supporting  the  capsule 
of  mosses  is  inserted.  Gray.  — A tubular  floret 
in  composite  flowers,  llenslow. 

t VA^'IS-sAte,  v.  n.  [L.  vagor,  to  wander.]  To 
caper ; to  frolic.  Campbell. 

f VA'GOUS,  a.  [L.  rtj<7t<s.]  Wandering;  roving; 
strolling ; unsettled.’  Ayliffe. 

VA'GR  AN-CY,  n.  A state  or  course  of  a vagrant ; 
a roving ; wandering. 

Did  tie  spend  his  days  in  continual  labor.in  restless  travel, 
in  endless  vagrancy , going  about  doing  good.  Barrow. 

The  offences  of  idleness,  drunkenness,  quarrelling,  gam- 
ing, or  vagrancy.  Burke. 

VA'GRANT,  a.  [L.  vagor,  to  wander;  Old  Fr. 
v agarant,  wandering.]  Wandering  ; roving  ; 
roaming  ; unsettled  ; unfixed  ; vagabond. 

That  beauteous  Emma  vagrant  courses  took.  Prior. 


VA'GRANT,  n.  A wandering,  idle  person ; one 
who  iives  idly,  with  no  settled  home ; a wan- 
derer ; a strolling  beggar  ; a vagabond. 

Expelled  all  sturdy  vagrants  from  the  city.  Biackstone. 

“ Generally  by  the  word  vagrant  is  understood 
a person  who  lives  idly,  without  any  settled  home; 
but  this  definition  is  much  enlarged  by  some  statutes, 
and  it  includes  those  who  refuse  to  work,  or  who  go 
about  begging.”  Bouvicr. 

vA'GRANT-LY,  ad.  In  a vagrant  manner.  Clarke. 

VA'GRANT-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  vagrant 
or  a vagrant ; vagrancy.  Scott. 

VAGUE  (vag),  a.  [L.  vagus ; It.  <S,  Sp.  vago ; Fr. 
vague.) 

1.  f Wandering  ; vagrant ; vagabond.  “ The 

vague  villains.”  Hayward. 

2.  Unfixed  ; unsettled  ; undetermined  ; in- 
definite ; uncertain  ; ambiguous  ; doubtful. 

The  perception  of  being  or  not  being  belongs  no  more  to 
these  vague  ideas,  signified  by  the  terms  “whatsoever”  and 
“ tiling,"  than  it  does  to  any  other  ideas.  Locke. 

f VAGUE,  n.  A wandering  or  a vagary.  Skelton. 

f VAGUE,  v.  n.  To  wander;  to  roam;  to  stray  ; to 
err.  “ To  vague  and  range  abroad.”  Holland. 

VAGUE'LY  (vag'le),  ad.  In  a vague  manner. 

VAGUE'NIJSS,  n.  The  state  of  being  vague  ; in- 
definiteness ; uncertainty.  Mackintosh. 

VAIL,  n.  1.  A cover  thrown  over  any  thing  to  be 
concealed;  a curtain  ; veil. — See  Veil.  Wisdom. 

2.  pi.  [Contracted  from  avails.)  Money  or  a 
gratuity  given  to  servants  ; vales.  Dryden. 

3.  f A casual  emolument ; a windfall.  Tooke. 

VAlL  (val),  v.  a.  [L.  veto.)  To  cover  ; to  conceal 
from  sight ; to  veil.  — See  Veil. 

f VAlL  (val),  v.  a.  [Fr . avalcr.)  [i.  vailed  ; pp. 
VAILING,  VAILED.] 

1.  To  let  fall ; to  make  or  suffer  to  descend; 
to  lower,  as  in  token  of  respect  or  submission. 

They  stiffly  refused  to  vail  their  bonnets.  Carew. 

Certain  of  the  Turks’  galleys,  which  would  not  vail  their 
top-sails,  the  Venetians  fiercely  assailed.  Knolles. 

2.  To  let  sink  in  fear,  or  for  other  cause.  Shak. 

t VAlL,  v.  n.  To  yield;  to  give  place;  to  show 
respect  by  yielding ; — written  also  rale  and 
veil.  “ I do  vail  to  it  with  reverence.”  B.Jonson. 

f VAlL'A-BLE,  a.  Available  ; profitable.  Chaucer. 

f VAlL'IJR,  n.  One  who  vails,  [it.]  Overbury. 

fVAI'MURE,  or  vA'MURE,  n.  [Fr.  avantmur .) 
An  outwall;  an  outward  wall. 

On  the  west  side  was  a great  rampart  or  bank,  very  steep 
without  and  within,  and  like  a vaimure  of  a fortress.  Wyatt. 

VAIN  (van),  a.  [L.  imtis ; It.  <Sr  Sp.  ratio;  Fr. 
vain.  — Perhaps  contraction  of  L.  vacanus,  from 
vaco,  to  be  empty.  Wm.  Smith.  — From  A.  S. 
fynegian,  to  wither.  Tooke.  — Perhaps  from 
A.  S.  wanian,  to  wane.  Richardson.) 

1.  Empty  ; void  ; unreal ; shadowy  ; having 
no  real  substance,  worth,  or  importance. 

When  ye  pray,  use  not  vain  repetitions.  Matt.  vi.  7. 
And  rain  chimera  vomits  empty  flame.  Dryden. 

2.  Fruitless;  ineffectual;  unprofitable;  idle. 

If  Christ  be  not  risen,  then  is  our  preaching  vain,  and  your 
faith  is  also  vain . l Cor.  xv.  14. 

Vain  is  the  force  of  man 

To  crush  the  pillars  which  the  pile  sustain.  Dryden. 

3.  Proud  of  petty  or  trifling  things ; vainglo- 
rious; inflated  ; conceited ; puffed  up  ; self-suf- 
ficient ; — with  of  before  the  object. 

For  ram  man  would  be  wise,  though  man  be  born  like  a 
wild  ass’s  colt.  Job  xi.  12. 

The  minstrels  played  on  every  side. 

Vain  of  their  art,  and  for  the  mastery  vied.  Dryden. 

4.  Showy  ; ostentatious  ; gaudy  ; glittering. 

Load  some  vain  church  with  old  theatric  state.  Pope. 

5.  Unimportant;  worthless;  trivial;  unes- 
sential ; useless  ; unsatisfying  ; unsatisfactory. 

Both  all  things  vain , and  all  who  in  vain  things 
Built  their  fond  hopes  of  glory,  or  lasting  fame, 

Or  happiness.  Milton. 

Vain  pomp  and  glory  of  this  world.  Shak. 

Surely  every  man  walketh  in  a vain  show.  Ps.  xxxix.  6. 

In  vain , to  no  purpose  ; to  no  end  ; ineffectually  ; 
without  effect.  fie  tempts  in  vain .”  Milton. — 
“ Providence  and  Nature  never  did  any  thing  in  vain.” 
L1  Estrange.  — To  take  the  name  of  God  in  vain , to 
speak  or  use  the  name  of  God  with  lightness  or  pro- 
fanity ; to  be  profane  ; to  swear.  “ Thou  shalt  not 
take  the  name  of  the  Lord  thy  God  in  vain.”  Exod.  xx.  7. 

Syn. — Vain  is  a general  and  indefinite  term,  ap- 


plied to  what  is  of  no  value,  importance,  or  effect.  A 
vain  pursuit,  attempt,  or  thought ; fruitless  labor  ; in- 
effectual effort ; empty  vessel  or  excuse  ; worthless  pam- 
phlet; idled ancy;  s/jomjj/.  trifle  ; ostentatious  manner. 
— See  Ineffectual,  and  Pride. 

VAIN-GLO'RI-OfJS,  a.  Boasting  without  perform- 
ance ; proud  in  disproportion  to  desert ; boast- 
ful ; vaunting ; vain.  Spenser. 

Vainglorious  men  are  the  scorn  of  wise  men,  the  admira- 
tion of  fools,  the  idols  of  parasites,  and  the  slaves  of  their  own 
vaunts.  Bacon. 

VAIN-GLO'RI-OUS-LY,  ad.  With  vainglory  ; with 
empty  pride.  Milton. 

VAlN-GLO'RJ-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the 
quality  of  being  vainglorious.  Scott. 

VAlN-GLO'RY,  n.  [ vain  and  glory.  — It.  <Sf  Sp. 
vanagloria.)  Pride  above  merit ; empty  pride 
or  boasting;  pride  in  petty  things ; vanity. 

His  natural  aversion  to  vainglory.  Atldison. 

vAlN'Ly,  ad.  1.  Without  effect ; to  no  purpose  ; 
ki  vain  ; ineffectually  ; fruitlessly. 

In  weak  complaints  you  vainly  waste  your  breath.  Shak. 

2.  Proudly  ; arrogantly  ; vaingloriously. 

To  think  neither  vainly  nor  vauntingly  of  ourselves.  Delany. 

3.  Idly  ; foolishly  ; trivially. 

Nor  vainly  hope  to  be  invulnerable.  Milton. 

VAlN'NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  vain  ; vanity  ; 
pride  ; falsehood  ; emptiness,  [it.]  Shak. 

vAlR,  n.  [Fr.  vair . — Vair  appears  to  be  derived 
from  L.  varius,  variegated.  Brande.)  (Her.) 
One  of  the  furs  employed  in  blazonry.  It  is 
supposed  to  represent  the  skin  of  a small  squir- 
rel. It  is  always  white  and  blue,  unless  other- 
wise specified  in  the  blazon.  Brande. 

VAlR,  ? [Fr.  vair.)  (Her.)  Charged  or 

vAlR'Y,  1 checkered  with  vair;  variegated  with 
argent  and  azure  colors,  when  the  term  is  vairy 
proper-,  and  with  other  colors,  when  it  is  vair 
or  vairy  composed.  Todd. 

vAlR'Y,  n.  (Her.)  The  pattern  of  vair  with  more 
than  two  colors.  Brande. 

VAISYA  (vulgarly  pronounced  vis.  Malcom),  n. 
The  third  caste  among  the  Hindoos,  including 
merchants,  traders,  and  cultivators.  Malcom. 

VAI'VODE,  ) [Slav,  waiu-ood.)  A prince  of 

VAI'WODE,  ) the  Dacian  provinces.  Bailey. 

VA-KEEL',  n.  A messenger  ; an  agent : — a law- 
yer. [India.]  C.  P.  Brown. 

vAl'ANCE,  7i.  [Perhaps  from  Valentia,  a town 
so  called  both  in  Italy  and  in  Spain.  Skinner . 
— More  probably  from  It.  vallare,  to  surround, 
as  those  hangings  surround  a canopy.”  Naves.) 
Drapery  or  hangings  for  a bedstead,  window, 
&c.,  — especially  the  drapery  or  fringe  hanging 
around  the  tester  and  stead  of  a bed.  Shak. 

f VAL'ANCE,  v.  a.  To  decorate  with  drapery, 
like  the  valance  of  a bed.  Shak. 

fVAL'ANCED,  p.  a.  Decorated  with  drapery.  Shak. 

VALE,  71.  [L.  vail  is  ; It.  A Sp.  valle  ; Fr.  vallee.) 

1.  An  open  space  between  hills  or  moun- 
tains ; a valley.  “ The  rale  of  Aide.”  Skak. 

2.  A small  gutter  or  trough  used  to  carry  off 
the  water  from  a ship  raised  by  a pump.  Bailey. 

Syn. — See  Valley. 

vAL-E-DIc'TION,  n.  [L.  v aledico,  valedictus,  to 
bid  adieu ; vale,  farewell,  and  dico,  to  say.]  A 
bidding  farewell ; a farewell ; adieu.  Donne. 

VAL-E-DIC-TO'RI-AN,  7i.  A member  of  an  Amer- 
ican college  who’ delivers  the  valedictory  ora- 
tion. [Local,  U.  S.]  J.  Sparks. 

VAL-E-DIC'TO-RY,  a.  Bidding  farewell ; taking 
leave;  farewell.  “ This  valedictory  play. ’’.Emelya. 

vAL-E-DIC'TO-RY,  n.  An  oration  or  farewell 
address  delivered  at  Commencement,  by  a mem- 
ber of  the  graduating  class.  [U.  S.]  J.  Sparks. 

VA  L-EJY-CI-ENJVE§ ' (-en//),  ) n _ \ rich  lace 

VAL-EN-C!-ENNE$'— LACK,  > which  has  a six- 
sided  mesh  formed  of  two  threads  partly  twisted 
and  plaited,  the  pattern  being  worked  in  tho 
net;  — so  called  from  Valenciennes  in  France, 
where  it  is  made.  Simmonds. 

VA-LEN'TT-A  (v?-16n'she-?),  n.  A stuff'  made  of 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  ROLE.  — 9,  £,  9,  g,  soft ; C,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  £ as  gz*  — THIS,  this. 


VALENTINE 


1614 


VALUE 


worsted,  cotton,  and  silk,  used  for  waistcoats  ; — 
written  also  Valencia.  YV.  Eticy. 

VAL'pN-TlNE  (19)  [vSl'en-tin,  S.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja. 
K.  Sm.  ; val'cn-tln,  YV.],  n. 

1.  A mate  or  sweetheart  chosen  on  St.  Val- 

entine’s-day  (Feb.  14th).  Shale. 

A choosing  persuasions  as  countrymen  choose  valentines  — 
that  which  they  chance  to  meet  with  first  after  their  coining 
abroad.  Hammond. 

&ir‘  It  [the  choosing  of  a mate  on  St.  Valentine’s- 
day]  appears  to  have  been  a very  old  notion,  however 
(for  it  is  alluded  to  by  Chaucer,  as  well  as  by  Shake- 
speare in  The  Two  Gentlemen  of  Verona),  that  on 
this  day  birds  begin  to  couple.  Brande. 

2.  A letter,  expressing  regard  or  affection, 
sent  by  one  person  to  another  on  St.Valentine’s- 
day ; a billet-doux  or  love-letter  with  verses, 
often  printed  and  ornamented,  sent  by  one  per- 
son to  another  on  the  14th  of  February. 

Many  allurements  there  arc;  nods,  jests,  winks,  tokens, 
favors,  symbols,  letters,  valentines,  & c.;  for  which  cause,  be- 
like, Godfridus  would  not  have  women  learn  to  write.  Burton. 

VAL'pN-TlNE’§-DAY,  n.  The  day  sacred  to- St. 
Valentine,  a presbyter,  who,  according  to  the 
legend,  was  beheaded  at  Rome  under  Claudius, 
Feb.  14th.  Brande. 

vAl-PN-TIN'I-AN,  n.  ( Eccl . Hist.)  One  of  a 
sect  of  the  second  century,  so  called  from  the 
founder,  Valentinus.  They  were  a branch  of  the 
Gnostics.  Brande. 

VAL'p-RATE,  n.  (Chcm.)  A salt  composed  of 
valeric  acid  and  a base;  — called  also  valeri- 
anate. Miller. 

VA-LE'RI-AN,  n.  [ Linmeus  supposed  that,  like 
Gentiana,  Teucrium,  Sec.,  it  was  derived  from 
some  distinguished  individual  of  the  name  of 
Valerius ; whilst  Caspar,  Bauhin,  Ambrosinus, 
and  others,  derive  it  from  L.  valere,  on  account 
of  the  medicinal  virtues  of  some  of  the  species. 
P.  Cyc.]  (Bot.)  The  common  name  of  herba- 
ceous plants  of  the  genus  I raleriana,  some  spe- 
cies of  which,  especially  Valeriana  officinalis, 
are  used  in  medicine  : — the  root  of  Valeriana 
officinalis,  a native  of  Europe,  consisting  of 
numerous  long,  slender  fibres  issuing  from  a 
tuberculated  head  or  rhizoma  ; — much  used  in 
tincture,  infusion,  or  powder,  as  a remedy  for  ir- 
regular nervous  action.  I food  § Bache.  Loudon. 

VA-LE'Itt- AN-ATE,  n.  ( Chem .)  A salt  composed 
of  valerianic  acid  and  a base  ; a valerate.  Turner. 

VA-LP-RJ-AN'IC,  a.  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  ob- 
tained from  valerian  root,  decaying  cheese,  &c. ; 
which  is  called  also  valeric  acid.  Miller. 

Valerianic  acid  is  a limpid,  colorless  oil  which 
remains  liquid  at  0°  Fahrenheit.  It  has  a powerful 
odor,  allied  to  that  of  valerian  root,  and  a burning 
taste.  Miller. 

vAl/p-RIC,  a.  (Chem.)  See  Valerianic. 

VALE!*,  n.pl.  Money  given  to  servants.  See  Vail. 

Ilia  revenue,  beside  vales , amounted  to  thirty  pounds.  Swift. 

VAL'PT  [val'et,  P.  J.  E.  F.  Sm.  C.  YVb.;  v?-let' 
or  voi  le,  S. ; val'et  or  vj-let',  IF. ; val'et  or  val'- 
la,  Ja.  A'.],  n.  [F r.  valet.  — The  name  was  some- 
times written  vasletus,  and  seems  to  be  derived 
from  the  same  root  with  vassal-,  probably  the 
Celtic  gw'is,  a youth,  a page.  Brande.  — See 
Vaklet.] 

1.  Formerly  a young  gentleman  of  good  fam- 

ily, forming  a part  of  a nobleman’s  retinue, — 
but  novv  a serving-man  waiting  on  the  person  of 
a gentleman  ; a waiter  ; a varlet.  Davis. 

2.  (Man.)  A goad  or  stick  armed  with  a point 

of  iron.  Craig. 

VALET  DE  CIIAMBRE  (va'le-de-shUmbr'),  n. 
[Fr.]  A body  servant.  Qu.  Rev. 

vAl-P-TU-D!-NA'RI-AN,  n.  [L.  valetudinarius .] 
One  who  is  sickly,  or  infirm  of  health ; an  in- 
valid ; a valetudinary.  Boswell. 

\ AL-P-TLt-D!-NA  RI-AN,  I a [L.  valetudinarius ; 

VAL-p-TU'DI-NA-RY,  ) valctudo,  state  of 
health  ; valeo,  to  be  well ; It.  &;  Sp.  valetudina- 
rio  ; Fr.  vaVtudinairel ] Sickly ; of  feeble 

health  ; feeble  ; infirm  ; indisposed.  Browne. 

The  valetudinarian , feeble  part  of  mankind.  Derham. 

vAL-p-TO-Dl-NA'R!-AN-t!jM,  n.  The  state  or 
condition  of  a valetudinarian;  illness.  Ed.  Rev. 

VAL-p-TU'IM-NA-RI-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
valetudinary  ; valetudinarianism.  Cheyne. 


VAl-P-TU-DI-nA'RI-OUS, a.  Valetudinary;  sick- 
ly ; feeble ; infirm  of  health,  [u.]  More. 

vAl-P-TU'DJ-NA-RY,  n.  A person  of  delicate 
health,  or  subject  to  frequent  diseases ; an  in- 
valid ; a valetudinarian.  Dunglison. 

VAL'HALL,  n.  See  Valhalla.  Thorpe. 

VAL-llAL  'LA,  n.  (Scandinavian  Myth.)  The 
palace  of  immortality,  inhabited  by  the  souls  of 
heroes  slain  in  battle ; — written  also  walhalla. 

Brande. 

t VAL'IANCE  (vSLl'yans)  l n [L.  valentia.] 

f vAL'IAN-CY  (val'yan-se),  ) Valor.  Spenser. 

vAl'IANT  (v&l'ysmt),  a.  [L.  valeo,  valens,  to  be 
strong;  It.  valente ; Sp.  t -aliente ; Fr.  vail/ant.] 

1.  f Strong ; powerful ; stout ; robust.  “ Hale, 

a very  valiant  fencer.”  I Valton. 

2.  Brave  ; courageous  ; heroic  ; intrepid  ; gal- 
lant. “A  tried  and  valiant  soldier.”  Shah. 

3.  Conducted  with  valor  ; chivalrous  ; heroic. 

“ Such  a valiant  combat.”  Nelson. 

f vAL'IANT-IijE,  n.  Valiantness.  Brunne. 

VAL'IANT-LY  (val'yant-le),  ad.  In  a valiant 
manner  ; vigorously  ; stoutly  ; bravely  ; heroi- 
cally. “ Fight  valiantly  to-day.”  Shah. 

VAlTANT-NESS  (val'yrmt-nes),  n.  1.  Quality  of 
being  valiant ; sturdiness  ; stoutness  ; strength. 

2.  Personal  bravery ; valor ; courageousness. 

Among  others,  Lord  Edward  Spenser  died  the  same  year, 
a man  of  great  renown  and  valiantness.  Holinshed. 

VAL'm,  a.  [L.  validus  ; valeo,  to  be.  strong  ; It. 

Sp.  valido  ; Fr.  valide.] 

1.  f Strong  ; powerful  ; prevalent  ; stout  ; 

able.  “ More  valid  arms.”  Milton. 

2.  Of  great  or  full  force  or  efficacy ; effica- 

cious ; efficient  ; prevalent ; sound  ; weighty  ; 
conclusive.  “ Valid  argument.”  Stephens. 

3.  (Law.)  Having  legal  strength,,  force,  or 
effect  ; good  in  law ; having  received  all  the 
formalities  required  by  law,  as  an  act.  Bouvier. 

VAl'I-DATE,  v.  a.  To  make  valid;  to  stamp 
with  validity,  [it.]  Ld.  Mansfield.  Qu.  Rev. 

VAL-T-DA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  validating;  a 

making  valid,  [r.]  Blount. 

VA-LID'1-TY,  n.  [L.  validitas,  strength  of  body  ; 
It.  validitd,  validity  ; Fr.  validite.] 

1.  The  state  or  the  quality  of  being  valid; 
force  to  convince  ; soundness  ; justness. 

You  nrc  persuaded  of  the  validity  of  that  famous  verse,— 
*T  is  expectation  makes  a blessing  dear.  Pope. 

2.  (Law.)  Legal  strength  or  force  ; the  qual- 
ity of  being  good  in  law.  Bouvier. 

3.  f Value;  worth.  “Rich  validity."  Shah. 

vAl'ID-LY,  ad.  In  a valid  manner;  with  force 

to  convince  ; with  validity.  Todd. 

VAL'JD-NESS,  n.  Validity.  Scott. 

VAL'INCH,  n.  A tube  for  drawing  liquor  from  a 
cask  at  the  bung-hole.  Maunder. 

VA-LI§E',  or  VA-I.ISE'  [va-le/.',  Sm.R.-,  va-les', 
K.  YVb.],  n.  [Fr.]  A small  case,  opening  on 
the  side,  for  carrying  a change  of  linen,  &c. ; a 
traveller’s  cloak-bag;  a portmanteau.  B.  Jonson. 

VAL'KYR,  ) n_  (Scandinavian  Myth.)  One 

VAL-KYR'I-A,  > of  the  maidens  of  Odin,  whom 
he  sends  to  every  battle-field,  to  choose  those 
that  shall  fall,  and  to  decide  the  victory.  They 
also  wait  upon  the  heroes  in  Valhalla.  Pigott. 

VAL-KYR'I-AN,  a.  Relating  to  the  Valkyrias. 

VAL'LAN-CY,  n.  [From  valance .]  A large  wig 
that  shades  the  face,  [it.]  Dryden. 

VAL-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  vallo,  to  surround  with 
a palisade  ; vallum,  a wall,  a palisaded  intrench- 
ment.]  An  intrenchment..  Warton. 

t VAL'LA-TO-RY,  a.  [I.,  vallo,  vallatus,  to  sur- 
round with  a palisade.]  Used  for  vallation  or 
intrenchment.  Browne. 

vAl'HJY  (val'le),  n. ; pi.  vSl'ley?.  [L.  vallis ; 

It.  Sf  Sp.  vallo;  Fr.  v alien.] 

1.  A plain  surrounded  by  eminences ; a hol- 
low between  hills  or  mountains. 

Sweet  interchange  of  hill  and  valley.  Milton. 

2.  (Arch.)  The  internal  angle  formed  by  two 

inclined  sides  of  a roof.  Brande. 


VaUey-board,  (Arch.)  a board  for  tile  reception  ol 
tile  lead  gutter  which  lies  on  the  valley. rafter. — Val- 
ley-rafter or  valley-piece,  (Arch.)  a rafter  supporting 
the  valley.  Brande. 

Syn.  — A valley  may  be  of  small  or  large  extent ; 
as  a narrow  valley,  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi.  Vale, 
a poetical  word,  is  a valley  more  or  less  extended  ; 
dale,  a small  valley  between  hills  ; as,  hills  and  dales, 
mountains  and  valleys. 

VAL’LUM,  n.  [L.]  (Fort.)  A rampart  with 
which  Roman  armies  enclosed  their  camps ; a 
trench  ; a wall.  Warton. 

VA-LO'Nj-A,  n.  A name  applied  to  the  acorn- 
cups  of  Quercus  agilops,  or  valonia  oak,  im- 
ported from  the  Levant  and  the  Morea,  and  used 
by  tanners  and  dyers.  Parnell. 

VAL'OR,  n.  [L.  valeo,  to  be  strong;  It.  valorc ; 
Sp.  valor  ; Fr.  valcur .] 

1.  f Value.  “ The  valor  of  a penny.”  More. 

2.  Bravery  ; boldness ; courage  ; prowess. 

For  contemplation  he  mid  valor  formed; 

For  softness  she  and  sweet  attractive  grace.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Courage. 

vAl'OR-OUS,  a.  [It.  valoroso  ; Sp.  valeroso  ; Fr. 

. valeureux.]  Having  valor ; brave  ; valiant. 

As  valorovs  as  Hector  of  Troy.  . Shak. 

VAL'OR-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  a brave  manner.  Shah. 

VAL'y-A-BLE  (v&l'yu-a-bl),  a.  [From  value. — 
It.  valvtabile  ; Fr.  ratable,  valid.] 

1.  Having  value  or  worth  ; being  possessed 
of  worth  or  useful  properties;  of  great  price; 
precious  ; useful ; as,  “ Valuable  property.” 

2.  Deserving  regard ; worthy  ; estimable. 

A just  account  of  that  valuable  person.  Atterbvry. 

Syn.  — Valtmble  is  applied  to  that  which  lias  value ; 
precious  and  costly  to  that  which  is  highly  valuable. 
A valuable  discovery,  consideration,  or  product;  pre- 
cious metals  or  stones  ; a costly  estate  or  carriage  ; an 
estimable  person  ; worthy  of  commendation. 

VAl'IT-A-BLE,  n.  A thing  of  value.  Ec.  Rev. 

VAL'U-A-BLE-NESSj  n.  The  state  or  the  quality 
of  being  valuable ; preciousness.  Johnson. 

VAL-y-A'TION,  n.  [It.  valutazione ; Sp.  valua- 
tion; Fr.  evaluation.] 

1.  The  act  of  valuing ; the  act  of  setting  a 

value  or  price  ; appraisement.  Ray. 

2.  The  price  set  upon  any  thing ; the  esti- 
mated or  rated  worth  of  any  thing  ; value. 

The  writers  expressed  not  the  valuation  of  the  denarius 
without  regard  to  its  present  valuation.  Arbuthnot. 

VAl'U-A-TOR,  n.  One  who  sets  a value  or  price; 
an  appraiser  ; a valuer. 

What  valuators  will  the  bishops  make  use  of?  Swift. 

VAL'FE  (vSl'yu),  n.  [L.  valeo,  to  be  strong,  to  be 
worth;  It  .Valorc;  Sp.  valor;  Fr.  valeur.] 

1.  The  quality  of  a thing  which  renders  it 
useful,  or  the  property  or  capability  which  a 
thing  has  of  producing  some  good  ; worth  ; util- 
ity ; as,  “The  intrinsic  value  of  water.” 

It  is  necessary  in  the  outset  to  distinguish  utility  from  value, 
or.  as  Adam  Smith  expresses  the  distinction,  value  in  use  from 
value  in  exchange.  P.  Cyc. 

2.  Price  equal  to  the  worth  of  the  thing 
bought  ; estimated  or  rated  worth  or  price  ; 
cost ; rate  ; equivalent. 

Value  signifies,  in  political  economy,  the  quantity  of  labor, 
or  of  the  product  of  labor,  which  will  exchange  for  a given 
quantity  of  labor,  or  of  some  other  product  thereof.  J*.  Cyc. 

The  value  of  commodities  is  regulated  principally  by  the 
comparative  facility  of  their  production,  and  partly  on  the 
relation  of  the  supply  and  demand.  Maunder. 

3.  Estimation  ; excellence  ; importance. 

Ye  are  all  physicians  of  no  value.  Job  xiii.  4. 

Caesar  is  well  acquainted  with  your  virtues, 

And  therefore  sets  this  value  on  your  life.  Addison. 

Syn.  — See  Cost. 

VAl'FE  (val'yu),  v.  a.  [L.  valeo,  to  be  strong,  to 
be  worth  ; It.  valutare ; Sp  .valvar;  Fr.  eva  liter, 
to  value  ; valoir,  valu,  to  be  worth.]  [*.  val- 
ued ; pp.  VALUING,  VALUED.] 

1.  To  rate  at  a certain  price ; to  estimate  the 
worth  of ; to  set  or  fix  a price  to  ; to  appraise. 

A mind  valuing  his  reputation  at  the  due  price  will  repute 
all  dishonest  gain  much  inferior  thereunto.  Careic. 

2.  To  rate  highly  ; to  prize  ; to  regard  ; to  re- 
spect ; to  appreciate  ; to  esteem. 

Authors,  like  coins,  grow  dear  as  they  grow  old; 

It  is  the  rust  we  value , not  the  gold.  rope. 

3.  To  take  account  of;  to  take  into  account. 

If  a man  be  in  sickness,  the  time  will  seem  longer  witho  t 

a clock  . . . for  the  mind  doth  value  every  moment.  Bacon. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  ?,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


VALUELESS 


1615 


VANISHING 


4.  To  consider  with  respect  to  importance. 

Neither  of  them  valued  their  promises  according  to  rules 
of  honor  or  integrity.  Clarendon. 

It  cannot  be  valued  with  the  gold  of  Ophir.  Job  xxviii.  1G. 

5.  f To  raise  to  estimation. 

Vanity,  or  a desire  of  valuing  ourselves.  Temple . 

6.  f To  be  worth  ; to  be  equal  in  worth  to. 

It  values  not  your  asking.  Shak. 

VAL'UE-LESS,  a.  Being  of  no  value  ; worthless. 

VAL'y-^R  (val'yu-er),  n.  One  who  values.  Fell. 

f VAL'URE,  n.  Value.  Hackluyt. 

VAL'VATE,  a.  ( Bot .)  Having  valves;  valvular; 
valved.  Henslow. 

VALVE  (valv),  n.  [L.  valva,  leaves  of  a folding- 
door,  a folding-door  ; Fr.  valve,  a valve.  — From 
L.  volvo,  to  roll,  to  turn.  Vossius.\ 

1.  One  of  the  leaves  of  a folding-door,  or,  in 

the  plural,  a folding-door.  Pope. 

Opening  their  valves,  self-moved  on  either  side, 

The  adamantine  doors  expanded  wide.  Harte. 

2.  (Machinery.)  A close  lid,  or  other  con- 
trivance for  closing  an  aperture  or  passage  in 
such  a manner  as  to  allow  a fluid  to  pass  through 
that  aperture  only  in  one  direction. 

This  air,  by  the  opening  of  the  valve  and  forcing  up  of  the 
sucker,  may  be  driven  out.  Bogle. 

3.  (Anat.)  Any  membrane,  or  duplicature  of 

a membrane,  which  prevents  a reflux  of  humors 
or  other  matters,  in  the  vessels  and  canals  of 
the  animal  body.  Dunglison. 

The  arteries,  with  a contractile  force,  drive  the  blood  still 
forward  ; it  being  hindered  from  going  backward  by  the 
valves  of  the  heart.  Arbuthnot. 

Valves  whose  functions  appear  to  be  to  retard  or  to  modify 
the  course  of  substances  along  canals,  &c.  Dunglison. 

4.  (Bot.)  One  of  the  pieces  into  which  a de- 
hiscent pod,  or  any  similar  body,  splits.  Gray. 

5.  (Conch.)  One  of  the  shells  of  a bivalve,  or 
of  the  pieces  of  a multivalve  shell.  Brande. 

Puppet  valve,  a cone,  or  frustum  of  a cone,  fitted 
like  a cover  to  a conical  aperture,  which  it  opens  by 
rising,  and  closes  by  falling. — Rotary  valve , a valve 
usually  constructed  like  a common  stopcock,  except 
that  it  commands  more  than  one  passage  at  the  same 
time.  If  the  handle  is  placed  in  one  position,  it  opens 
one  passage,  while  it  closes  another  ; if  in  a different 
position,  it  closes  the  first,  and  opens  the  second.  — 
Safety  valve.  See  Safety-valve.  — Sliding  valve, 
a valve  which  slides  on  or  off  its  aperture.  It  some- 
times has  a cavity  in  its  under  side  capable  of  con- 
necting two  apertures  together,  while  a third  aperture 
is  shut. — Throttle  valve,  a partition  turning  on  an 
axis,  and  placed  across  the  interior  of  a pipe,  as  the 
main  steam  pipe  of  a steam-engine.  If  turned  edge- 
wise, it  permits  the  steam  to  pass,  but  if  turned 
transversely,  it  obstructs  the  passage.  Bigelow. 

VALVED  (v&lvd),  a.  Having  valves.  Arnott. 

VALVE'— SHELL,  n.  (Conch.)  A fresh-water  gas- 
teropod  of  the  genus  Valvata,  of  which  there 
are  several  species.  Woodward. 

vAlv'L^T,  n.  A little  valve  ; a valvule.  Smart. 

VAL'VU-LAR,  a.  (Bot.)  Consisting  of  valves  ; 
valvate.  Loudon. 

VAL'VULE,  n.  [Fr.]  A valvlet.  Johnson. 

VAm'BRAce,  n.  [Fr.  avant-bras  ; avant,  before, 
and  bras,  the  arm.]  (Plate  Armor.)  The  piece 
which  served  as  a protection  to  the  arm  below 
the  elbow  ; vantbrace.  Brande. 

VA-MOSE',  or  VA'MOS,  v.  n.  [Sp.  vamos,  let  us 
go,  go  on.]  To  depart  quickly  ; to  be  off.  [Cant 
and  local,  Eng.  and  U.  S.] 

London  Antiquary . Bartlett. 

VAMP,  n.  [From  Fr.  avant,  before.  Skinner.  — 
Probably  from  the  Old  Sp.  avampies,  instep  of 
boots,  or  spatterdashes.  Todd.]  The  upper 
leather  of  a shoe  or  boot.  Ainsworth. 

VAMP,  v.  a.  [i.  vamped  ; pp.  vamping,  vamped.] 

1.  To  repair  by  putting  in  a new  vamp,  or  up- 
per leather,  as  shoes.  Skinner. 

2.  To  patch,  piece,  or  mend  with  a new  part ; 
to  give  a new  appearance  to  ; — often  with  up. 

I had  never  much  hopes  of  your  vamped  play.  Swift. 

They  maintained  the  dignity  of  history,  and  thought  it 
beneath  them  to  vamp  up  old  traditions.  Bplingoroke. 

t VAMP,  v.  n.  To  travel;  to  proceed.  Locke. 

vAMP'ER,  n.  One  who  vamps;  one  who  pieces 
out  an  old  thing  with  something  new.  Johnson. 

VAMP'yR,  v.  n.  To  vapor  or  swagger  ; to  bluster  ; 
to  bully.  [North  of  England.]  Grose. 


VAM'PIRE,  n.  [Dut.  $ Ger.  vampir.  — It.  § Sp. 
vampiro ; Fr.  vampire.] 

1.  A dead  person,  formerly  believed  by  the 
superstitious  in  various  nations  of  Europe,  par- 
ticularly in  Hungary,  to  return,  in  body  and 
soul,  from  the  other  w'orld,  and  wander  about 
the  earth  doing  every  kind  of  mischief  to  the 
living,  generally  sucking  the  blood  of  persons 
asleep,  and  thus  causing  their  death.  P.  Cyc. 

j ggy  Tlte  only  manner  of  getting  rid  of  vampires  was, 
according  to  Dom  Calmet,  to  disinter  their  bodies,  to 
pierce  them  with  a stake  cut  from  a green  tree,  to  cut 
off  their  heads,  and  to  burn  their  hearts.  P.  Cyc. 

2.  One  who  lives  upon  another  ; a parasite  ; 

a blood-sucker.  Wright. 

3.  (Zoiil.)  The  common  name  of  a species  of 
bats  of  different  genera,  found  in  South  Amer- 
ica, which  suck  the  blood  of  persons  and  beasts 
when  asleep;  vampire-bat ; blood-sucker.  Baird. 

VAM'PIRE,  a.  Pertaining  to  vampires.  Clarke. 

vAm'PIRE-bAt,  n.  (Zoi>l.)  The  vampire. —See 
Vampire,  No.  3.  Darwin. 

vAM'p!r-I§M,  n.  1.  Superstition  respecting  vam- 
pires ; the  visitation  of  blood-sucking  corpses. 

Hungary  and  its  dependencies  may  be  considered  as  the 
principal  seat  of  vampirism.  F.  Cyc. 

2.  The  practice  of  extortion.  Clarke. 

VAm'PLAte,  n.  [Fr.  avant-plague ; avant,  be- 
fore, and  plague,  a plate.]  (Armor.)  A circular 
shield  of  metal,  affixed  to  the  lance  of  the  armed 
knight  in  tilts  and  tourneys,  as  a guard  or  shield 
over  the  hand.  Fairholt. 

VAN,  n.  [It.  avante,  before  ; Fr.  avant.) 

1.  The  front  of  an  army  or  of  a fleet. 

Van  to  van  the  foremost  squadron  meet.  Dryclen. 

2.  A fan  ; an  instrument  for  making  a wind. 

“ They  call  it  a corn  van."  [r.]  Broome. 

3.  A wing  with  which  the  air  is  beaten. 

He  wheeled  in  air,  and  stretched  his  vans  in  vain; 

His  vans  no  longer  could  his  flight  maintain.  Dryclen. 

4.  (Mining.)  The  process  of  sifting  or  cleans- 
ing ore  by  a shovel.  [Local.]  Simmonds. 

5.  A large,  covered  wagon  used  for  transport- 
ing merchandise,  &c.  Simmonds. 

VAN,  v.  a.  [Fr.  vanner ; — from  L.  vannus,  a fan.] 

1.  f To  fan  ; to  winnow.  Bacon. 

2.  To  cleanse,  as  tin-ore,  by  a shovel.  Weale. 

vAn'A-DATE,  n.  (Chem.)  Vanadiate.  Ure. 

VA-NA'DI-ATE,  n.  A salt  consisting  of  vanadic 
acid  and  a base.  Graham. 

VA-NAd'IC,  a.  (Chem.)  Noting  a powerful,  brown- 
ish-red, metallic  acid,  consisting  of  one  equiv- 
alent of  vanadium  and  three  equivalents  of  ox- 
ygen. Miller. 

Ufg=-  At  a red  heat  it  fuses  without  further  change, 
and  crystallizes  on  cooling,  becoming  incandescent 
from  the  evolution  of  latent  heat  in  the  act  of  solidi- 
fication. Miller. 

VA-nAd'I-NIte,  n.  (Min.)  A brittle,  subtrans- 
iucent  or  opaque  mineral,  of  various  colors,  oc- 
curring in  crystals,  but  commonly  in  implanted 
globules  or  incrustations,  and  consisting  chiefly 
of  vanadiate  of  lead  and  chloride  of  lead.  Dana. 

vAN'A-DITE,  n.  (Chem.)  A salt  composed  of 
vanadous  acid  and  a base.  Graham. 

VA-NA'DI-UM,  n.  [ Vanadis , a Scandinavian  idol.] 
A rare  metal,  resembling  chromium  in  its  prop- 
erties, of  a steel-white  lustre,  very  difficult  of 
fusion,  extremely  brittle,  a conductor  of  elec- 
tricity, and  at  common  temperatures  not  oxi- 
dized by  air  or  by  water.  Miller.  Graham. 

VAN'A-DOUS,  a,.  (Chem.)  Noting  an  acid  con- 
sisting of  one  equivalent  of  vanadium  and.  two 
equivalents  of  oxygen,  and  called  also  binoxide 
of  vanadium,  and  vanadic  oxide.  Graham. 

VAN-COU'RI-^R  (v&n-ko're-er)  [van-kur'yur,  S. ; 
van-kor-yer',  W. ; van-ko're-a,  P. ; vang-kor'yur, 
K. ; van-kor'e-er,  Sm.  C.],  n.  [Fr.  avant-cou- 
reuf.]  A precursor  ; an  avant-courier.  Spenser. 

vAn'DAL,  n.  [Ger.  wandeln,  to  go  ; to  wander.] 

1.  (Hist.)  One  of  a fierce,  barbarous  people, 
comprising  various  tribes  of  Teutonic  and  also  of 
Slavonian  origin,  who  lived  in  Eastern  Prussia 
and  Pomerania.  P.  Cyc. 

AST  “ On  the  12th  July,  455,  they  plundered  Rome, 


and  their  name  became  proverbial  as  that  of  the  most 
barbarous  among  the  barbarians.”  P.  Cyc. 

2.  A barbarian  ; a destroyer.  Smart. 

VAn'DAL,  a.  Relating  to,  or  resembling,  the 
Vandals;  barbarous;  Vandalic.  Byron. 

VAN-DAl'IC  [vtin-dal'jk,  K.  Sm.  Wb.  ■ vSn'dj-Hk, 
Todd,  Davis],  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  resembling, 
the  Vandals;  barbarous;  wantonly  destructive. 

Vandalic  rage  against  human  learning.  Warburton. 

vAn'DAL-IIjM,  n.  The  rude  and  barbarous  state 
or  character  of  the  Vandals  ; barbarity. 

Those  barbarous  triumphs  are  passed,  and  anarchy  and 
Vandalism  can  return  no  more.  H.  M.  Williams. 

VAN-DYKE',  v.  a.  To  ornament  by  forming  in- 
dentations. Smart. 

VAN-DYKE',  n.  A kind  of  handkerchief  for  the 
neck,  with  indentations  and  points,  as  seen  in 
the  portraits  of  persons  painted  by  Vandyck 
in  the  reign  of  Charles  I.  Smart. 

Vandyke  broum,  a pigment  obtained  from  a kind  of 
peat  or  bog-earth,  of  a fine,  semi-transparent,  brown 
color; — so  called  from  the  supposition  of  its  being 
the  brown  used  by  Vandyck  in  his  pictures.  Fairholt. 

VANE,  n.  [A.  S.fana  ; Dut.  v acme  ; Ger .fahne; 
Dan  .fane;  Sw . fana-,  Icel . fan  a.] 

1.  A contrivance  for  showing  the  direction  of 
the  wind  ; a weather-cock. 

It  consists  usually  of  a thin  slip  of  wood  or 
metal,  attached  to  a perpendicular  axis,  round  which 
it  moves  freely,  and  is  so  shaped  that  it  presents  al- 
ways tiie  same  extremity  to  tire  point  of  the  horizon 
from  which  the  wind  blows.”  Brande. 

2.  (Ornith.)  That  part  of  a feather  which  is 

attached  to  the  sides  of  the  shaft,  consisting  of 
narrow,  elongated  plates,  arranged  with  their 
flat  sides  towards  each  other,  and  their  margins 
in  the  direction  of  the  external  and  internal 
sides  of  the  feather.  Brande. 

3.  One  of  the  plates  or  blades  of  a windmill, 

propeller,  &c.  Tomlinson. 

Vjj-JTES' SA,  n.  ( Ent .)  A genus  of  lepidopterous 
insects  of  numerous  species,  the  larvae  of  which 
are  injurious  to  various  trees,  hop-vines,  &c. ; 
the  butterfly.  Harris. 

VAN'FOSS,  n.  (Fort.)  A ditch  outside  of  the 
counterscarp,  usually  full  of  water.  Scott. 

VANG,  n.  (Naut.)  A rope  for  steadying  the  ex* 
tremity  of  a gaff  to  a ship’s  side.  Brande. 

VAN'GLO  (vang'glo),  n.  (Bot.)  The  oil-plant, 
Sesamum  orientale  ; bene.  Loudon. 

VAn'GUARD  (van'g&rd),  n.  [Fr.  avant-garde.] 
(Mil.)  That  part  of  an  army  which  precedes 
the  main  body  on  the  march,  as  a security  against 
surprise;  the  advance-guard  ; the  van.  Brande. 

VA-NIL'LA,  n.  [Sp.  vaynilla,  dim.  of  vaina,  a 
knife  or  scissor-case,  the  fruit  having  the  ap- 
pearance of  the  sheath  of  a knife.  Baird.] 
(Bot.)  A genus  of  climbing,  evergreen,  orchida- 
ceous plants,  indigenous  in  Mexico,  the  West 
Indies,  and  South  America:  — a name  applied 
in  commerce  to  the  fleshy,  pod-like  fruit  of  sev- 
eral species  of  Vanilla.  It  is  an  excellent  aro- 
matic, and  is  used  in  the  manufacture  of  choco- 
late, liqueurs,  and  confectionery. 

Lindley.  Wood  S;  Bache. 

f VA-NIL'O-ftUENCE,  n.  [L.  vanus,  vain,  and 
loquentia,  talking.]  Idle  or  vain  talk.  Blount. 

t VA-NIL'O-QUENT,  a.  Talking  idly.  Blount. 

VAN'ISH,  v.  n.  [L.  vanesco ; vanus,  empty  ; It. 
svanire ; Sp.  desvanecerse  ; Fr.  evanouir.]  [i. 
VANISHED;  pp.  VANISHING,  VANISHED.] 

1.  To  lose  perceptible  existence  ; to  become 
imperceptible  or  invisible  ; to  disappear. 

The  heavens  shall  vanish  away  like  smoke.  Isa.  li.  6. 

2.  To  pass  away  ; to  be  lost;  to  be  no  more. 

All  these  delights  will  vanish.  Jlilton. 

vAn'ISHED  (v&n'islit),  p.  a.  Having  vanished  ; 
having  no  perceptible  existence.  Pope. 

vAn'ISH-ING,  p.  a.  That  vanishes. 

Vanishing  fraction,  (Math.)  a fraction  which  re- 
duces to  the  form  of  R for  a particular  value  of  the 
variable  which  enters  it.  Dories. — Vanishing  lines, 
(Perspective.)  the  converging  lines.  — Vanishing  point, 
the  point  to  which  all  the  lines  converge.  — See  Per 
SPECTIVE.  Fairholt. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — Q,  <?,  9,  g,  soft ; C,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  % as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


VARIANCE 


VANITY 

VAn'I-TY,  n.  [L.  vanitas  \ vanus,  vain,  empty  ; 
It.  van! tit ; Sp.  vanidad ; Fr.  vanite.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  vain ; emptiness  ; un- 
certainty ; inanity  ; worthlessness  ; futility. 

Vanity  of  vanities ; all  is  vanity.  Eccles.  i.  2. 

I have  seen  all  the  works  that  are  done  under  the  sun; 
and,  behold,  all  is  vanity.  Eccles.  i.  14. 

2.  Fruitless  endeavor  ; fruitless  desire. 

So  am  I made  to  possess  months  of  vanity . Job  vii.  3. 

3.  Trifling  labor  ; fruitless  toil,  [it.] 

To  use  long  discourse  against  those  things  which  are  both 
against  Scripture  and  reason  might  rightly  be  judged  a van- 
ity in  the  answerer.  Raleigh. 

4.  Empty  pleasure  ; vain  pursuit ; idle  show  ; 
unsubstantial  enjoyment ; petty  object  of  pride. 

Think  not,  when  woman’s  transient  breath  is  fled, 

That  all  her  vanities  at  once  are  dead; 

Succeeding  vanities  she  still  regards.  Pope. 

5.  Ostentation  ; vain  or  empty  show.  Raleigh. 

6.  Petty  or  empty  pride ; pride  exerted  upon 
slight  grounds,  or  on  small  occasions  ; inflation 
of  mind ; conceit  ; conceitedness  ; self-con- 
ceit. 

Pride  makes  us  esteem  ourselves;  vanity  makes  us  desire 
the  esteem  of  others.  It  is  just  to  say,  as  Dean  Swift  has 
done,  that  a man  is  too  proud  to  be  vain.  Blair. 

Every  man  has  just  as  much  vanity  as  he  wants  under- 
standing. Pope. 

Vanity  is  that  species  of  pride,  which,  while  it  presumes 
on  a degree  of  superiority  in  some  particular  articles,  loudly 
courts  the  applause  of  every  one  within  its  sphere  of  action, 
seeking  every  occasion  to  display  some  talent  or  some  sup- 
posed excellency.  Cogun, 

Syn.  — Vanity  is  manifested  in  a desire  to  attract 
notice,  and  gain  admiration.  It  is  somewhat  allied 
to  pride , and  still  more  to  conceit , conceitedness , self- 
conceit , self  praise,  and  self-commendation.  Eg  otism  is 
one  form  of  vanity  often  manifested.  — See  Arro- 
gance, Pride. 

VAN'Q-UISH  (vang'kwish),  v,  a.  [L.  vinco  ; It.  rin- 
cere;  Sp.  vincer ; Fr.  vainer  e.~\  [/.vanquished; 

pp.  VANQUISHING,  VANQUISHED.] 

1.  To  conquer;  to  overcome;  to  subdue ; to 
subjugate;  to  defeat;  to  overpower. 

Were  ’t  not  a shame,  that,  whilst  you  live  at  jar, 

The  fearful  French,  whom  you  late  vanquished , 

Should  make  a start  o’er  seas,  and  vanquish  you  ? Shale. 
They  . . . vanquished  the  rebels  in  all  encounters.  Clarendon. 

2.  To  confute;  to  disprove;  to  show  the  fal- 
lacy of ; to  defeat ; to  reduce  to  silence. 

'I  his  bold  assertion  has  been  fully  vanquished  in  a late  re- 
ply to  the  Bishop  of  Meaux’s  treatise.  Atterbury. 

Syn.  — See Conquer,  Defeat. 

VAN'QUISH,  n.  A disease  in  sheep  by  which 
they  pine  away  ; vinquish.  Loudon. 

VAN  dUISH-A-BLE  (vang'kwish-j-bl),  a.  That 
may  be  vanquished  ; conquerable.  Gayton. 

VAN'dlTISH-y  R (vang'kwjsli-er), n.  One  who  van- 
quishes ; a conqueror  ; a subduer.  Milton. 

VAN'aUISH-MENT,  n.  The  state  of  being  van- 
quished ; conquest;  victory,  [it.]  Bp.  Hall. 

VAN'TAQE,  7i.  [From  advantage.] 

1.  f Gain  ; profit ; benefit ; advantage. 

What  great  vantage  do  wc  get  by  the  trade?  Sidney. 

2.  Superiority  ; vantage-ground,  [r.] 

He  had  them  at  vantage , being  tired  and  harassed  with  a 
long  march.  Bacon. 

3.  f Opportunity  ; convenience.  Shah. 

Be  assured,  madam,  ’twill  be  done 

With  his  next  vantage.  Sha/c. 

t VAN'TA^E,  v.  a.  To  profit.  Spenser. 

VAn'TA^E— GROUND,  7i.  Superiority  in  state  or 
place ; state  or  place  in  which  one  has  better 
means  of  action  than  another.  South. 

VANT'BRAce,  ) n [Fr.  avant-bras.]  Armor  for 

VANT'BRASS,  ) the  arm  ; vambrace.  Sha/c. 

t VAP,  71.  The  lifeless  part,  as  of  wine. 

In  vain  is  it  to  wash  a goblet,  if  you  mean  to  put  into  it 
nothing  but  the  dead  lees.and  vap  of  wine.  Bp.  Taylor. 

VAp'ID,  a.  [L.  vapidus  ; vapor , vapor,  steam.] 

1.  Having  the  spirit  evaporated  ; dead  ; spir- 
itless ; tasteless  ; flat,  as  wine.  Az-buthnot. 

2.  Dull ; prosy  ; as,  “ A vapid  discourse.” 

VA-P1D'I-TY,  n.  Vapidness;  flatness.  Ch.  Ob. 

VAP'ID-LY,  ad.  In  a vapid  manner.  Allen. 

VAP'ID-NESS,  7>.  The  state  of  being  vapid  or 
spiritless ; vapidity  ; flatness.  Johnson. 

vA'POR,  7i.  [L.  vapor-,  It.  vapore ; Sp.  vapor-, 

Fr.  lap  ear.] 


1616 

1.  (Physics.)  A term  applied,  in  its  most  gen- 
eral sense,  to  all  bodies  existing  in  the  aeriform 
state,  but  commonly,  and  more  properly,  re- 
stricted to  substances  existing  in  that  state  which 
are  ordinarily  in  the  liquid  or  the  solid  state  ; as, 
“ Aqueous  vapor  ” ; “ Mercurial  vapor."  Nichol. 

fU{p  “ When  liquids  and  certain  solids  are  heated, 
they  become  converted  into  elastic  fluids,  or  vapors, 
which  differ  from  gases  in  this  respect,  that  they  are 
not,  under  common  circumstances,  permanently  clas- 
tic, hut  resume  the  liquid  or  solid  form  when  cooled 
down  to  ordinary  temperatures.”  Brande. 

2.  A name  sometimes  limited  to  water  in  an 

aeriform  state.  Brande. 

3.  Fume;  steam;  mist;  fog.  Dryden. 

4.  Wind;  flatulence.  Baco/i. 

5.  Mental  fume  ; vain  imagination. 

If  his  sorrow  bring  forth  amendment,  he  hath  the  grace  of 
hope,  though  it  be  clouded  over  with  a melancholy  vapor , 
that  it  be  not  discernible  even  to  himself.  Hammond. 

6.  pi.  A term  formerly  much  in  vogue  for  a 
state  of  nervous  debility  and  consequent  depres- 
sion of  spirits,  under  which  the  images  of  the 
brain  float  with  a sort  of  visible  distinctness  be- 
fore the  patient ; hypochondriasis;  spleen. 

Syn.  — Vapor  is  an  elastic,  aeriform  fluid,  into 
which  liquids  and  certain  solids  are  converted  by 
heat ; and  it  is  often  used  in  a limited  sense  to  denote 
t lie  water  that  exists  in  the  atmosphere  produced  by 
evaporation.  Steam  is  the  vapor  of  water  generated 
by  heat  raised  to  the  boiling  point.  Gas  is  a term 
applied  to  all  permanently  elastic  fluids  or  airs  differ- 
ing from  atmospheric  air.  Vapor  and  steam  differ  from 
gases  in  not  being  permanently  elastic  ; but  they  re- 
sume the  liquid  or  solid  form  when  cooled  down  to 
the  ordinary  temperature.  Some  of  the  gases  are 
highly  inflammable.  The  vapor  of  the  atmosphere; 
a vapor- bath  ; steam-engine  ; steam  boat  or  vessel ; 
oxygen  or  hydrogen  gas  ; gas  light.  — See  Mist. 

VA'POR,  v.  n.  [L.  raporo.]  [/.vapored;^/?. 

VAPORING,  VAPORED.] 

1.  To  pass  off  in  vapor  ; to  evaporate.  [rJ 

The  whole  world  I'ajjors  in  thy  breath.  Donne. 

2.  To  emit  vapor  or  fumes. 

Swift  running  waters  vapor  not  so  much  as  standing 
waters.  Bacon. 

3.  To  bully  ; to  brag ; to  bluster  ; to  swagger. 

Let  Dutchmen  vapor , Spaniards  curse.  Dorset. 

VA'POR,  v.  a.  1.  To  emit  or  scatter  in  vapor. 

Break  olf  this  last  lamenting  kiss, 

Which  sucks  two  souls,  and  vapors  both  away.  Donne. 

2.  To  boast ; to  brag  of.  Swift. 

VAP-O-RA-BIL/I-TY,  n.  The  susceptibility  of  vap- 
orization. Knowles. 

VAp’O-R  A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  changed  or  con- 
verted.into  vapor ; vaporizable.  Smart. 

f vAp'O-RATE,  v.  7i.  To  evaporate.  Cockeram. 

vAp-O-RA'TION,  7i.  [L.  vaporatio.]  The  act  of 

escaping  or  passing  off  in  vapor.  Biblioth.  Bibl. 

VA'POR-BATH,  7i.  1.  A bath  in  vapor  ; a medi- 

cated steam  bath  ; exposure  of  the  body,  as  for 
health,  to  vapor  of  any  kind:  — also,  the  place 
of  bathing  in  vapor.  Ditziglison. 

2.  (Chem.)  An  apparatus  for  heating  a sub- 
stance by  means  of  the  vapor  of  water  or 
steam.  . Vre. 

VA'PORED  (va'purd),  a.  1.  Wet  with,  or  subject- 
ed to,  vapor  ; moist ; damp  ; humid.  Sackville. 

2.  Splenetic  ; peevish.  Green. 

VA'POR-JSR,  n.  One  who  vapors;  a boaster;  a 
blusterer  ; a swaggerer.  Gov.  of  the  Tongue. 

VA'POR-ER-MOTII,  n.  ( But .)  A moth  of  the 
genus  Orgyia,  of  which  there  are  two  species, 
the  white-masked  (Orgyia  leucostig7na),  and 
the  antique  or  rusty  (Orgyia  antiqua). — See 
Tussock-moth.  Harris. 

vA-PO-RlF'IJR-OUS,  a.  [L.  vapor , vapor,  and 
fero,  to  bring.]  Conveying  vapor.  Blount. 

vA-PO-RfF'JC,  a.  [L.  vapor,  vapor,  and  facio, 
to  make.]  Converting  into  vapor.  Smart. 

VA'POR-I-FORM,  a.  [L.  vapor,  vapor,  and  for/na, 
form.]  Having  the  form  of  vapor.  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

VA'POR-iNG-LY,  ad.  In  a bullying  or  bragging 
manner  ; blusteringly  ; swaggeringly.  Todcl. 

vA'POR-ISir,  a.  1.  Vaporous;  full  of,  or  abound- 
ing with,  vapors.  “ The  vaporous  plac e.” Sand-ys. 

2.  Splenetic  ; hypochondriac.  Pope. 


VAp'OR-I-ZA-BLE,  a.  Susceptible  of  being  con- 
verted into  vapor  ; vaporable.  Brande. 

VAP-OR-J-ZA'TION,  7i.  The  act  or  the  process 
of  vaporizing  ; evaporization.  Brande. 

vAp'OR-Ize,  v.  a.  [i.  vaporized;  pp.  vapor- 
izing, vaporized.]  To  convert  into  vapor,  as 
by  application  of  heat ; to  evaporate.  Phil.  Jour. 

VAp'OR-Iz-5R,  7i.  One  who,  or  that  which,  con- 
verts into  vapor.  Standard. 

VA-POR-OSE',  a.  Vaporous,  [r.]  Arbuthnot. 

VA'POR-OUS,  a.  [L.  vaporosus  ; It.  Sp.  vajio- 
roso  ; Fr.  vaporeux .] 

1.  Full  of  vapors  or  exhalations;  pertaining 

to,  or  containing,  vapor.  Derha/n. 

The  vaporous  night  approaches.  Shak. 

2.  Windy ; flatulent. 

The  food  which  is  most  vaporous  and  perspirable  is  the 
most  easily  digested.  Arbuthnot. 

3.  Unsubstantial ; unreal ; vain.  Wright. 

VA'POR-OUS-NESS,  7i.  The  state  or  the  quality 

of  being  vaporous.  Hist.  R.  S. 

VA'POR-Y,  a.  1.  Full  of  vapor;  vaporous. 

All  the  vapory  turbulence  of  heaven.  Thomson. 

2.  Peevish  ; hypochondriac  ; splenetic. 

Court  the  vapory  god  soft  breathing  in  the  wind,  l'homson. 

t \tAP-U-LA'TION,  7i.  [L.  vapulo,  to  be  beaten.] 

Tha  act  of  beating  or  whipping.  Coles. 

VA-RA  'JYUS,  7i.  [Arab,  ouaran.)  (Zo'ul.)  A ge- 
nus of  aquatic  lizards,  the  species  of  which  ac- 
quire a size  only  inferior  to  the  crocodiles;  — 
called  also  uaranus.  Baird. 

f vArE,  n.  [Sp.  vara,  a rod.]  A wand  or  staff 
of  justice  or  authority.  Howell. 

VAr'EC,  or  vAR'yeil,  71.  [Fr.]  A name  applied 

to  sea-weed,  on  the  coast  of  France  ; — corrupted 
into  vraick  in  the  Channel  Islands.  Baird. 

VA'RI,7i.  (Zoiil.)  A species  of  Lemur,  about 
the  size  of  a cat,  a native  of  Madagascar.  Fischer. 

VA-RI-A-BIL'I-TYj  7i.  Variableness.  McCulloch. 

VA'RI-A-BLE,  a.  [L.  variabilis ; varius,  varie- 
gated ; It.  variabile  ; Sp.  § Fr.  variable .] 

1.  Changeable  ; capable  of  change  or  altera- 
tion ; mutable  ; inconstant ; fickle. 

By  the  lively  image  of  other  creatures  did  those  ancients 
represent  the  variable  passions  of  mortals.  Raleigh. 

Ilis  heart  1 know  how  variable  and  vain.  Milton. 

2.  (Math.)  Noting  quantities  which  are  con- 

sidered in  a variable  or  changeable  state,  either 
increasing  or  decreasing.  Hutton. 

Variable  motion,  tile  motion  of  a body  continually 
acted  on  by  a force  which  changes  or  is  different  at 
every  instant.  Hutton. 

Syn.  — See  Changeable. 

VA'RI-A-BLE,  n.  (Math.)  A name  applied  to 
quantities  which  admit  of  an  infinite  number  of 
values  in  the  same  expression.  Thus  in  the 
equation  x2  + y2  = R2,  x and  y are  variables. 

Davies. 

,8®“  When  there  are  several  variables  in  the  same 
equation,  it  is  customary  to  consider  all  hut  one  as 
independent  variables , or  variables  to  which  values 
may  he  assigned  at  pleasure  ; the  remaining  one  is 
called  a function  of  the  others,  its  value  being  depen- 
dent upon  the  values  attributed  to  them.  Some  au- 
thors, instead  of  variable  and  constant  quantities , use 
the  terms  fluent  and  stable  quantities.  Davies.  Hutton. 

VA'RI-A-BLE-NESS,  71.  1.  The  quality  of  being 

variable  ; changeableness  ; mutability. 

You  are  not  solicitous  about  the  vat-iableness  of  the  weather 
or  the  change  of  seasons.  Addison. 

2.  Levity;  inconstancy;  fickleness. 

Censurers  subject  themselves  to  the  charge  of  i-ariabteness 
in  judgment.  S-  Richardson. 

VA'RI-A-BLY,  ad.  In  a variable  manner ; change- 
ably  ; mutably  ; inconstantly.  Johnsot i. 

VA'RI-ANCE,  7i.  [L.  variantia.  — See  Vary.] 

1.  A difference  ; disagreement ; discord. 

A cause  of  law,  by  violent  course. 

Was,  from  a variance , now  a war  become.  Daniel. 

2.  An  alteration  ; variation,  [r.]  Clarke. 

3.  ( Law .)  A disagreement  or  difference  be- 

tween two  parts  of  the  same  legal  proceeding, 
which  ought  to  agree.  Bouvier. 

RRr*  Variances  are  between  the  writ  and  the  decla- 
ration, and  between  the  declaration  and  the  evidence. 
Bouvier. 

At  variance , in  disagreement ; in  a want  of  agree- 
ment ; in  dispute  ; in  dissension  ; in  controversy. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


VARIANT 


VARY 


1617 


VA'RI-ANT,  a.  Variable;  inconstant;  fickle. 
[Used  in  Scotland,  and  sometimes  in  Eng.  and 
the  U.  S.]  Jamieson.  Gent.  Mag.  Longfellow. 

And  men  were  found  of  nature  variant.  Chaucer. 
Though  the  forms  of  belief  may  be  somewhat  variaiit.  Sears. 

VA'RI-ATE,  v.  a.  XL.  vario,  variatus.)  To 
change  ; to  alter  ; to  vary. 

This  artificial  change  is  but  a fixation  of  nature's  incon- 
stancy, helping  its  variating  infirmities.  Bp.  Taylor. 

Ugy-  This  old  word  is  sometimes  used  in  America, 
particularly  by  clergymen  ; but  it  is  regarded  as  obso- 
lete in  England.  Pickering. 

VA-RI-A'TION,  n.  [L.  rariatio  ; It.  variazione ; 
Sp.  variacion ; Fr.  variation .] 

1.  The  act  of  varying  ; change  ; alteration  ; 
mutation  ; difference  at  different  times. 

The  perpetual  variations  of  our  speech.  Swift. 

2.  A deviation  ; departure  ; difference. 

lie  observed  the  variation  of  our  English  from  the  origi- 
nal, and  made  an  entire  translation  of  the  whole  for  his  pri- 
vate use.  Fell. 

3.  (Gram.)  A change  of  termination. 

The  rules  of  grammar,  and  useful  example  of  the  variation 
of  words  and  the  peculiar  form  of  speech,  arc  often  appointed 
to  be  repeated.  Watts. 

4.  (Mils.)  A reproduction  of  the  essential 

features  of  a melody  or  theme  in  a more  fanci- 
ful or  florid  form.  Dwight. 

5.  (Astron.)  A periodic  irregularity  in  the 

motion  of  the  moon,  arising  from  the  disturbing 
action  of  the  sun.  Herschel. 

The  extent  of  fluctuation  to  and  fro  in  the 
moon’s  longitude  which  it  produces,  is  not  less  than 
one  degree  and  four  minutes.  It  was  discovered  by 
About  Wefa,  an  Arabian  astronomer,  about  the  year 
975,  and  was  the  first  inequality  produced  by  pertur- 
bation which  Newton  succeeded  in  explaining  by  the 
theory  of  gravitation.  Herschel. 

6.  (Magnetism.)  The  angle  formed  by  the  di- 
rection assumed  by  a compass-needle  and  a 
meridian  line  on  a horizontal  plane ; the  angle 
formed  by  the  terrestrial  meridian  and  the  mag- 
netic meridian;  the  deviation  or  declination  of 
the  magnetic  needle,  when  poised  with  liberty 
of  horizontal  motion,  from  the  true  meridian. 

Young. 

XigpTlie  variation  of  the  magnetic  needle  is  not 
constant  for  the  same  place.  At  Paris,  in  1G63,  the 
needle  pointed  due  north  ; previously  to  that  time  the 
variation  had  been  easterly  ; since  then  it  has  been 
westerly,  increasing  till  1814,  when  it  was  more  than 
29,r  degrees.  It  then  began  slowly  to  decrease.  The 
variation  of  the  needle  is  also  subject  to  daily  fluctua- 
tions connected  with  the  function  of  solar  heat,  ami 
called  diurnal  variation.  The  diurnal  range  some- 
times amounts  to  twenty-five  minutes.  Lardner. 

Calculus  of  variations , (Math.)  a branch  of  the 
higher  mathematics,  by  which,  an  expression  or  func- 
tion being  given,  containing  two  or  more  variable 
quantities,  whose  relation  is  expressed  by  a deter- 
minate law,  it  is  found  what  that  function  becomes, 
when  the  law  itself  is  supposed  to  experience  any 
variation  indefinitely  small,  occasioned  by  the  varia- 
tion of  one  or  of  several  of  the  terms  which  express 
that  law.  Hutton. 

Variation  of  curvature,  (Math.)  the  rate  at  which 
the  curvature  of  any  curve  is  varied,  that  of  the  circle 
excepted,  which  is  constant.  Hutton. 

Syn.  — Variation  is  the  act  of  varying;  variety,  the 
quality  of  varying,  or  the  tiling  varied.  The  varia- 
tion of  the  seasons  ; variety  of  productions  ; a diver- 
sity of  employments  and  opinions. — See  Change, 
Difference,  Variety. 

Syn. — See  Changeable. 

VAR-I-CEL'LA,  n.  [Low.  L.,  dim  of  variola, 
small-pox.]  (Med.)  The  chicken-pox,  a disease 
characterized  by  small,  glabrous,  transparent 
vesicles  scattered  over  the  body.  Dunglison. 

VAR'I-CO-CELE,  n.  [L.  varix,  a dilated  vein,  and 
Gr.  Ki'ilri,  a tumor.]  (Med.)  A varicose  dilatation 
of  the  veins  of  the  scrotum  and  spermatic  cord, 
being  a soft,  doughy,  unequal,  knotty,  compres- 
sible, and  indolent  tumor  in  the  cord,  increasing 
from  below  upward ; spermatocele.  Dunglison. 

vAR-I-COSE',  a.  [L.  varicosus  ; varix,  a varicose 
vein.]  (Med.)  Pertaining  to,  or  affected  with, 
varix.  — See  Varix.  Dunglison. 

VAR'I-COUS  [v&r'e-kus,  P.  K.  C.  Wh. ; va're-kus, 
Sm.),  a.  [L.  varicosus .]  Swelled,  as  a vein ; 
diseased  with  dilatation  ; varicose.  Sharpe. 

VA'RIED  (va'rid),  p.  a.  Diversified;  changed; 
having  a variety  ;.  variegated.  Thomson. 

||  VA'RI- E-GATE  [va're-e-gat,  S.  TP.  J.Ja.  Sm.  R. 


C. ; va're-e-gat  or  v&r'e-e-gat,  P .],  v.  a.  [L.  va- 
riego,  variegatus ; varius,  various,  and  ago,  to 
move,  to  make  ; It.  varieggiare .]  \i.  variegat- 
ed ; pp.  variegating,  variegated.]  To  make 
various  ; to  stain  or  mark  with  different  colors ; 
to  vary ; to  diversify ; to  streak. 

They  had  fountains  of  variegated  marble.  Arbuthnot. 

The  shells  are  filled  with  a white  spar,  which  variegates 
and  adds  to  the  beauty  of  the  stone.  Woodward. 

D®»“AU  our  orthoepists  are  uniform  in  placing 
the  accent  on  the  first  syllable  of  this  word,  and  all 
sound  the  a as  in  vary,  except  Mr.  Elphinston,  Mr. 
Perry,  and  Buchanan,  who  give  it  the  short  sound  as 
in  carry.”  Walker. 

||  VA'RI-5-GAT-pD,  p.  a.  Having  divers  colors; 
diversified  ; party-colored  ; many-colored.  Pope. 

||  VA-RI-E-GA'TION,  n.  Act  of  variegating,  or 
state  of  being  variegated ; diversity  of  colors. 

Plant  them  [choice  tulips]  in  natural  earth  somewhat  im- 
poverished with  very  fine  sand,  else  they  will  soon  lose  their 
variegations.  Evelyn. 

VA-RI'F.-TY,  n.  [L.  varietas ; varius,  various; 
It.  varieta ; Sp .variedad;  Fr.  raw#"'.] 

1.  Intermixture  of  one  thing  with  another ; 
change  ; variation  ; difference  ; diversity. 

All  sorts  are  here  that  all  the  earth  yieldsj 
Variety  without  end.  Milton. 

Variety ’s  the  very  spice  of  life. 

That  gives  it  all  its  flavor.  Cowper. 

Variety  is  so  necessary  to  a pleasing  flow  of  language,  that 
the  most  elegant  symmetry  of  verse  cannot,  in  any'  length- 
ened series,  atone  for  the  want  of  it.  Milford. 

2.  One  thing  of  many  different  things; — in 
this  sense  it  has  a plural. 

Those  varieties  which  the  earth  bringetli  forth.  Raleigh. 

3.  Dissimilitude  ; want  of  similarity. 

There  is  a variety  in  the  tempers  of  good  men.  Atterbury. 

4.  A number  or  many  and  different  kinds. 

lie  now  only  wants  more  time  to  do  that  variety  of  good 

which  his  soul  thirsteth  after.  Law. 

5.  (Nat.  Hist.)  A subdivision  of  species 

founded  on  characters  supposed  not  to  be  per- 
manent. Baird. 

Minor  deviations  not  incompatible  with  the  idea  of  a com- 
mon origin  constitute  varieties.  Gray. 

Syn.  — See  Change,  Difference. 

VA'RI-FORM,  a.  [L.  varius,  various,  and  forma, 
form.]  Having  various  or  different  forms  or 
shapes  ; multiform.  Maunder. 

VA'RI-FORMED,  a.  Variform ; multiform.  Clarke. 

VA'RI-FY,  v.  a.  To  variegate  ; to  vary,  [r.]  Swift. 

VA-RI'  O-LA,  n.  [Low  L.] 

1.  (Med.)  The  small-pox,  a very  contagious 

disease.  Brande. 

2.  (Bot.)  A shield  in  the  genus  Variolaria, 

having  a pustular  appearance.  Henslow. 

VA-Rl'O-LAR,  a.  Spotted  with  pimples.  Smart. 

vA-RI-O-lA'TION,  n.  (Med.)  Inoculation  for 
the  variola,  or  small-pox.  Dunglison. 

VA-RI-OL'IC,  a.  Relating  to  variola.  Dunglison. 

VA'RI-O-LITE,  n.  [L.  varius,  various,  and  Gr. 
l.iOos,  stone.]  (Min.)  A dark-green  variety  of 
orthoclase,  containing  lighter  globular  particles  ; 
— found  in  the  river  Drac,  in  France.  Dana. 

vA'RI-O-L0Id  [var'e-o-lbld,  K.  Dunglison ; va're- 
9-I0I1I,  B.  I Vb. ; va-rl'o-lold,  Sm.  C.),  n.  [Low 
L.  variola,  small-pox,  and  Gr.  Bloc,  form.] 
(Med.)  The  small-pox  modified  by  previous  in- 
oculation or  vaccination.  Dunglison. 

VA-RI-O-LOID',  a.  Pertaining  to  the  disease 
called  varioloid.  Dunglison. 

VA-Ri'O-LOUS  [va-rl'o-lus,  Ja.  Sm.  C.  Ash,  Todd, 
Maunder  ; va-rl'o-lus  or  va-re-o'lus,  K. ; va're-o- 
lus,  Wb.),  a.  [Low  L.  variola,  the  small-pox.] 
Pertaining  to  the  small-pox  ; having  marks  like 
those  of  the  sinall-pox.  Todd. 

VA-RI- O'  RUM.  [L.,  gen.  pi.  of  varius .]  Con- 
taining a variety  ; — abbreviated  from  the  Latin 
phrase,  cum  notis  variorum. 

Variorum  editions,  editions  of  works  in  which  the 
notes  of  tile  various  commentators  are  inserted.  Croker. 

VA'RT-OUS,  a.  [L.  varius;  It.  & Sp.  vario.) 

1.  Different ; several ; divers  ; manifold. 

Then  were  they  known  to  men  by  various  names. 

And  various  idols,  through  the  heathen  world.  Milton. 

2.  Changeable  ; uncertain  ; mutable. 

A man  so  various  that  he  seemed  to  be 
Not  one,  but  all  mankind’s  epitome; 


Stiff  in  opinions,  always  in  the  wrong. 

Was  every  thing  by  starts,  and  nothing  long.  Drydcn. 

Robert,  who  was  various  in  his  nature,  aud  always  under 
the  power  of  the  present  persuader.  Swift. 

3.  Unlike  each  other;  multiform;  diverse. 

Various  in  arms,  in  habit,  and  in  tongue.  Dry  den. 

4.  Having  variety  ; variegated  ; diversified. 

The  earth  was  made  so  various,  that  the  mind 
Of  desultory  man,  studious  of  change, 

And  pleased  with  novelty,  might  be  indulged.  Conner. 

Syn.  — See  Different. 

VA'RI-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  a various  manner.  Bacon. 

VAR'IS-ClTE,  n.  (Min.)  A reniform,  apple-green, 
translucent  mineral,  of  weak,  greasy  lustre,  and 
consisting  chiefly  of  alumina,  phosphoric  acid, 
and  water.  Dana. 

VA'RIX,  n. ; pi.  var  ' T~cks>.  [L. ; varus,  bent.] 
(Med.)  Dilatation  of  a vein  ; a varicose  vein. 

BSP  Varices  are  owing  to  local  retardation  of  tile 
venous  circulation,  and,  in  some  cases,  to  relaxation 
of  the  parietes  of  the  vein.  Dunglison. 

VAR-LESSE ',  n.  (Farriery.)  An  imperfection 
upon  the  inside  of  the  ham,  a little  distant  from 
the  curb,  but  about  the  same  height.  Stocqueler. 

VAR'LET,  n.  [Old  Fr.  varlct,  now  valet.  John- 
son. — Tooke  considers  varlet  and  valet  to  be  the 
same  word  as  harlot  (the  aspirate  being  changed 
to  v),  and  to  mean  simply  a hireling.  — Perhaps 
from  the  same  root  as  vassal.  — See  Valet.] 

1.  t A follower  or  attendant  of  a page  or  of  a 
knight ; any  servant  or  attendant.  Spenser. 

Call  here  my  varlet , I ’ll  unarm  again.  Shak. 

2.  A scoundrel ; a knave  ; a rascal ; a rogue. 

I am  the  veriest  varlet  that  ever  chewed.  Shak. 

Thou,  varlct,  dost  thy  master’s  gains  devour; 

Thou  milk’st  his  ewes,  and  often  twice  an  hour.  Dnjden. 

+ VAR'LIJT-RY,  n.  The  rabble  ; crowd  ; popu- 
lace ; mob.  “ The  shouting  varletry.”  Shak. 

V AR'NISH,  n.  [Low  L .vernix;  It.  vernice ; Sp. 
rarniz ; Fr . vernis.  — Dut.  vernis ; Ger .firniss; 
Dan.  fernis;  S xr.femissa;  Old  Eng .vernish. 

— Skinner  refers  tfiis  word  to  burnish .) 

1.  A solution  of  a resin,  or  of  a gum-resin,  in 

a liquid,  which,  being  spread  over  a surface, 
evaporates,  and  leaves  the  solid  in  the  form  of 
a brilliant,  transparent  film,  impervious  to  mois- 
ture. Tomlinson.  P.  Cyc. 

BSf  “Varnishes  maybe  divided  into  three  classes 

— alcoholic,  or  spirit  varnishes,  volatile-oil  varnishes, 
and  fixed-oil  varnishes .”  P.  Cyc. 

2.  Cover;  palliation;  mitigation;  an  artifi- 
cial covering  to  give  a fair  appearance.  Todd. 

VAR'NISH,  v.  a.  [Fr.  vernisser,  vernir .]  [i.  var- 
nished ; pp.  varnishing,  varnished.] 

1.  To  cover  with  varnish.  Holland. 

2.  To  cover,  as  with  varnish  ; to  conceal  or 
decorate  with  something  ornamental ; to  adorn. 

"With  seeming  good  so  varnishiny  their  ill.  Drayton. 

3.  To  hide  with  color  of  rhetoric  ; to  palliate. 

They  varnish  all  their  errors,  and  secure 

Tile  ills  they  act  and  all  tile  world  endure.  Denham. 

VAR'NISH-ER,  n.  1.  One  who  varnishes.  Boyle. 

2.  A disguiser ; an  adorner.  Pope. 

VAR'NISII-ING,  n.  The  act  of  covering  with  var- 
nish : — materials  for  varnish.  Clarke. 

VAR'NISH— TREE,  n.  A name  applied  to  sev- 
eral trees  exuding  naturally,  or  from  incisions, 
liquid  resins,  which  arc  used  for  varnishing  in 
the  East  Indies;  as  Rhus  vernix,  a Japanese 
tree,  Stagmaria  verniciflua,  which  yields  Japan 
lacquer,  &c.  P.  Cyc.  Linaley. 

j(£g“Tlie  greater  part  of  the  trees  which  yield  tlieso 
liquid  varnishes  exhale  some  volatile  acrid  principle 
which  renders  the  air  near  them  irritating  and  hurt- 
ful to  persons  exposing  themselves  to  it.  P.  Cyc. 

VAR'RY,  n.  (Her.)  A term  denoting  the  mix- 
ture of  argent  and  azure  vairy.  Wealc. 

VART'A-BED,  n.  (Eccl.)  An  Armenian  ecclesi- 
astic. J.  TV.  Gibbs. 

VAR'VEL^,  n.  pi.  [Fr.  vcrvelles.)  Silver  rings 
about  the  leg  of  a hawk,  on  which  the  owner’s 
name  is  engraved ; vervels.  Bailey. 

VAR'VI-ClTE,  n.  (Min.)  An  altered  manganite, 
consisting  largely  of  pyrolusite.  Dana. 

VA'RY,  v.  a.  [L  .vario;  varius,  various  ; It.  Tart- 
ar c ; Sp.  variar ; Fr.  varicr.)  [i.  varied  ; pp. 
VARYING,  VARIED.] 


MIEN,  SIR ^ MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — (J,  <?,  9,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  iy  as  z;  ^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 

203 


VARY 


1618 


VAULT 


1.  To  make  or  cause  to  be  different ; to  alter. 

Let  vour  ceaseless  change 

Vary  to  our  great  Maker  still  new  praise.  Milton . 

2.  To  change  ; to  transform  ; to  transmute. 

AVc  are  to  vary  the  customs  according  to  the  time  and 

country  where  the  scene  of  action  lies.  Dryden. 

lie  varies  every  shape  with  case.  Pope. 

God  hath  . . . varied  the  inclinations  of  men  according  to 
the  variety  of  actions  to  be  performed.  Jiroume. 

3.  To  diversify  ; to  variegate  ; to  modify. 

God  hath  here 

Vaned  his  bounty  so  with  new  delights.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Change. 

VA'RY,  v.  7i.  1.  To  be  changeable;  to  change; 

to  appear  in  different  or  various  forms. 

Darkling  stands 

The  varying  shore  o’  th’  world.  Shale. 

2.  To  be  unlike  ; to  differ ; to  disagree. 

The  public  constitutions  of  nations  vary.  Collier. 

In  judgment  of  her  substance  thus  they  vary , 

Aiid  vary  thus  in  judgment  of  her  seat.  Davies. 

3.  To  become  unlike  itself;  to  alter. 

He  would  vary  and  try  hatf^rnys  in  turn.  Bacon . 

4.  To  deviate;  to  depart ; to  swerve. 

The  crime  consists  in  violating  the  law,  and  varying  from 
the  right  rule  of  reason.  Locke. 

5.  To  succeed ; to  change  successively. 

While  fear  and  anger,  with  alternate  grace. 

Pant  in  her  breast  and  vary  in  her  face.  Addison. 

Syn.  — See  Differ. 

t VA'RY,  n.  Change  ; alteration.  Shak. 

VAS’CU-LAR,  ft.  [L.  vasculum , dim.  of  vas,  a ves- 
sel ; It.  v ascolare,  vascular;  Sp.  vasculoso ; Fr. 
vasculaire .] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  vessels  of  an  animal  or 

vegetable  body,  — in  the  animal  body  to  arteri- 
al, venous,  or  lymphatic  vessels,  but  generally 
to  blood-vessels  only.  Dunglison.  Gray. 

Bichat  gave  the  name  vasdular  system  to  the  blood-ves- 
sels, and  of  these  he  made  two  divisions.  Dunglison. 

2.  Containing  vessels  ; consisting  of  ducts. 

The  distinct  class  of  vascular , flowerlcss  plants.  Gray. 

Vascular  plants , ( Bot. .)  a term  applied  to  plants  con- 
stituting one  of  De  Candolle’s  two  grand  divisions  of 
the  vegetable  Kingdom,  comprising  all  plants,  whether 
herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees,  which  have  vascular  and 
woody  tissues  in  their  composition;  — called  also 
vasculares , and  used  in  contradistinction  to  cellular 
plants , which  are  entirely  composed  of  cellular  tissue, 
strictly  so  called,  and  constitute  De  Candolle’s  other 
grand  division.  Gray.  Loudon.  — Vascular  system , 
( Anat .)  the  blood-vessels,  arterial  and  venous.  Dun- 
glison : — (Bot.)  Those  interior  portions  of  any  plant 
in  which  vessels  or  ducts  occur.  The  vascular  sys- 
tem, in  an  exogenous  stem,  is  confined  to  the  space 
between  the  pith  and  bark,  where  it  chiefly  consists 
of  ducts  and  pitted  or  woody  tissue, collected  into 
compact,  wedge-shaped  vertical  plates,  the  edges  of 
which  rest  on  the  pith  and  bark,  and  the  sides  of 
which  are  in  contact  with  the  medullary  rays.  In 
endogenous  plants,  the  vascular  system  lies  embedded 
in  the  cellular  system  in  the  form  of  thick  fibres,  sel- 
dom having  any  tendency  to  collect  into  zones  or 
wedges  resembling  wood.  Henslow . Lindley. — Vas- 
cular tissue , (Bot.)  a name  applied  to  transformations 
of  cells  forming  ducts,  as  spiral  ducts,  annular  ducts, 
&c.  Gray . 

VAS-CU-LA'RE§,  n.  pi.  (Bot.)  Pheenogamous, 
cotyledonous,  or  vascular  plants.  Wood. 

VAS-CU-LAR'I-TV,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality 
of  being  vascular.  Dunglison. 

vAS-CU-LIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  vasculum , a small 
vessel,  and  fcro}  to  bear ; Sp.  vasciiUfcro.)  (Bot.) 
Having  seed-vessels  divided  into  cells.  Quincy. 

VA§E,  or  VASE  [vaz,  W.  P.  J.  F.  Sm . B.  ; vas, 
S.  E.  K.  C.  O.  Wb.  Scott;  vaz  or  viz,  Ja.~\ , n. 
[L.  vas , a vessel ; It.  § Sp.  vaso  ; Fr.  vase.] 

1.  A vessel  used  for  domestic  purposes,  or  in 
sacred  ceremonies;  an  urn-shaped  vessel,  in 
general  rather  for  show  than  for  use. 

The  toilet  stands  unveiled. 

Each  silver  vase  in  mystic  order  laid.  Pope. 

2.  A piece  of  ornamental  marble.  Johnson. 

3.  (Bot.)  The  calyx  of  a plant.  Wright. 

4.  (Arch.)  A name  given  to  the  central  part 

or  main  bulk  of  the  Corinthian  and  Composite 
capitals,  and  also  to  a portion  of  a cupola ; — 
called  also  tambour , and  drum  : — an  ornament 
of  sculpture  placed  on  socles  and  pediments, 
representing  such  vessels  as  the  ancients  used 
in  sacrifice.  Britton.  Buchanan. 

4£g“  “ Mr.  Sheridan  has  pronounced  this  word  so 
as  lo  rhyme  with  base,  case,  See.  I have  uniformly 
heard  it  pronounced  witii  the  s-  like  2.  and  sometimes, 
by  people  of  refinement,  with  tile  a like  aw  ; but  this, 
being  too  refined  for  tile  general  ear,  is  now  but  sel- 
dom heard.  Mr.  Sheridan,  Mr.  Scott,  Dr.  Kenrick, 


VV.  Johnston,  Mr.  Smith,  Mr.  Perry,  and  Buchanan 
pronounce  the  a long  and  slender,  as  I have  done,  tint 
With  the  s as  in  case-,  Mr.  Smith  and  W.  Johnston 
give  the  a the  same  sound,  and  the  a the  sound  of  2 ; 
and  Mr.  Elphinston  sounds  it  as  if  written  vaui,  but 
this,  as  Mr.  Nates  justly  observes,  is  an  affected  pro- 
nunciation. ” Walker. 

||  VASE'— SHAPED,  a.  Resembling  a common 
flower-pot  without  its  rim.  Henslow. 

vAS'I-FORM-TlS'SUE,  n.  (Bot.)  Tissue  consist- 
ing of  tubes  which  appear,  when  viewed  by 
transmitted  light,  as  if  riddled  full  of  holes,  — - 
but  which  are  found,  upon  more  accurate  in- 
spection, to  derive  that  appearance  from  their 
sides  being  filled  with  little  pits  sunk  in  the 
thickness  of  the  lining;  — called  also  pitted  tis- 
sue, dotted  ducts,  and  bothrenchyma.  Lindley. 

VAS'SAL,  n.  [Low  L.  vassallus  ; It.  vassallo ; Sp. 
vasallo;  Fr.  vassal.  — From  the  Welsh  gwds,  a 
young  man  or  page ; gwiisaeth,  the  state  of 
pagehood,  being  rendered  in  Latin  vasaticum. 
Sir  F.  Palgrave. ] 

1.  (Feudal  Law.)  The  grantee  of  a fief,  feud, 

or  fee  ; one  who  holds  of  a superior  or  lord ; 
a feudal  tenant ; a feudatory.  Bun-ill. 

Every  petty  prince,  vassal  to  the  emperor,  can  coin  what 
money  he  pleaseth.  Swift. 

2.  A subject;  a dependent;  a retainer. 

The  common  people  tvere  free  subjects  to  the  king,  not 
slaves  ami  vassals  to  their  pretended  lords.  Varies. 

3.  One  who  acts  by  the  will  of  another  ; one 
who  attends  another ; a servant ; a valet. 

I am  bis  fortune’s  vassal,  and  I send  him 

The  greatness  he  has  got.  Shak. 

4.  A slave  ; a bondman  ; a political  servitor. 

Thou  swear’st  thy  gods  in  vain,  • 

O vassall  miscreant!  Shak. 

f VAS'SAL,  v.  a.  To  subject ; to  enslave.  Fcllham. 

VAS'SAL,  a.  Servile  ; subservient.  Watts. 

VAS'SAL-A^E,  n.  [It.  vassall  tggio  ; Sp.  vasallaje  ; 
Fr.  vassclage. ] The  state  or  condition  of  a vas- 
sal ; slavery  ; servitude  ; dependence.  Shak. 

VAS'SAL-ESS,  n.  A female  vassal.  Spenser. 

VAS'SAL-RY,  n.  The  body  of  vassals.  J.  Russell. 

V.AST,  a.  [L.  vastus  ; It.  ft  Sp.  vasto  ; Fr.  vaste.] 

1.  Very  large  or  spacious  ; widely  extended  ; 
reaching  to  or  occupying  great  extent. 

What  a vast  field  for  contemplation  I Wollaston. 

That  is  an  ample  and  capacious  mind  which  takes  in  vast 
and  sublime  ideas  without  pain.  Watts. 

2.  Great  in  bulk  or  size ; enormously  exten- 
sive or  capacious  ; huge  ; monstrous. 

They  viewed  the  vast,  immeasurable  ab3'ss.  Milton. 

3.  Enormous;  very  great;  immense. 

Others,  with  vast  Typhooan  rage  more  fell. 

Rend  up  both  rocks  and  hills,  and  ride  the  air 

In  whirlwind;  hell  scarce  holds  the  wild  uproar.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Enormous. 

f VAST,  n.  A boundless  waste  ; immensity. 
“Through  the  vast  of  heaven.”  Milton. 

VAS-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  vastatio.]  The  act  of  lay- 
ing waste  ; waste  ; devastation.  Bp.  Hall. 

f VAS-TID'I-Ty,  n.  Vastness ; immensity.  Shak. 

VAS'TI-TUDE,  n.  [L.  vastitudo.] 

1.  Immensity ; vastness.  [11.]  Foster. 

2.  f Devastation  ; destruction.  Joye. 

vAST'LY,  ad.  Greatly  ; to  a great  degree.  Temple. 

VAST'NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state  of  being 
vast ; immensity  ; enormous  greatness.  Waller. 

VAST'Y,  a.  Enormously  great ; vast,  [it.] 

I can  call  spirits  from  the  vasty  deep.  Shak. 

VAT,  n.  [A.  S .feet,  fat;  Dut.  vat-,  Gcr.  fass; 
Dan.  fad  ; Sw.  ft  Icel .fat.  — See  Fat.] 

1.  Any  large  vessel,  but  particularly  one  in 

which  liquors  are  kept  while  immature  : — a cis- 
tern for  tanners  or  brewers  ; fat.  Phillips. 

2.  (Mining.)  A wooden  tub  used  for  washing 

ores  and  mineral  substances  in.  Watson. 

3.  A measure  of  capacity,  particularly  the 
legal  liquid  measure  of  Belgium  and  Holland, 
containing  20.01  imperial  gallons.  Sitnmonds. 

V,  - The  shipping  vat  weighs  2204.74  lbs.  The  old 
London  coal  vat  contained  nine  bushels.  The  solid 
measurement  vat  of  Amsterdam  contains  forty  cubic 
feet ; the  wine  vat  241.57  gallons,  and  the  vat  for  ol- 
ive oil,  225.45  gallons. 

vAt'  I-CAK,  n.  An  assemblage  of  buildings 
near  the  church  of  St.  Peter’s,  in  Rome,  includ- 
ing the  Papal  palace,  the  court  and  garden  of 
I Belvidere,  the  library,  which  is  the  richest  in 


Europe  in  manuscripts,  and  the  museum,  which 
is  unequalled  in  the  world.  P.  Cye. 

U®-  The  name  Vatican  is  derived,  according  to 
Aulus  Gcllius,  from  vaticinium,  prophecy  ; or  rather 
from  an  ancient  oracular  deity  of  the  Latins,  called  by 
tlie  Romans  Jupiter  Vaticunus,  who  was  worshipped 
there.  Braude. 

VAT'J-CAN-iST,  n.  An  adherent  to  the  pope, 
who  sometimes  resides  in  the  Vatican.  Ec.  Rev. 

VAT'j-CIDE,  n.  [L.  rates,  a prophet,  and  ccedo, 
to  kill.]  The  murder,  or  the  murderer,  of  a 
prophet.  Pope. 

VA-Tlp'J-NAL,  a.  Relating  to,  or  containing, 
predictions  ; foretelling.  Warton. 

VA-TI^'I-nAtE,  v.  n.  [L.  vaticinor,  vaticinatus, 
to  foretell;  rates,  a prophet.]  [i.  vaticinated; 
pp.  VATICINATING,  VATICINATED,]  To  prophe- 
sy ; to  foretell,  [r.]  Howell. 

VA-Tly'J-NATE,  v.  a.  To  utter  or  foretell  as  a 
prophet,  [it.]  Ch.  Ob. 

Dr.  Cummincr  vaticinates  his  usual  amplitude  of  style  and 
illustration  on  the  fall  of  Turkey.  Athenaeum. 

VA-Tly-I-NA'TION,  n.  [L.  r aticinatio;  It.  vat i- 
cinazione. ] The  act  of  prophesying ; predic- 
tion ; prophecy.  Bentley. 

f vAT'I-CINE,  n.  A prediction.  Holland. 

VAUDE  \ILLE  j (vod'vll),  n.  [Fr.  vaudeville. — 

VAUD'VIL  ) The  origin  of  this  word  is  dis- 
puted ; some  derive  it  from  Vau-de-vire,  a vil- 
lage in  Normandy.  Branded] 

1.  A current  street  song ; a ballad ; a trivial 

strain.  Trh-oux.  Johnson. 

2.  (French  Poetry.)  A species  of  light  song, 
frequently  of  a satirical  turn,  consisting  of  sev- 
eral couplets,  and  a refrain  or  burden,  intro- 
duced into  theatrical  pieces: — a short  comic 
piece  interspersed  with  such  songs.  Brande. 

VAUDOIS  (vo-dwa'),  n.  sing.  & pi.  [Fr.]  An  in- 
habitant, or  the  inhabitants,  of  some  valleys  in 
the  Alps,  between  Italy  and  Provence,  celebrat- 
ed for  their  religious  opinions,  and  the  persecu- 
tion to  which,  in  consequence,  they  have  been 
subjected.  Brande. 

DQy  The  Vaudois  must  he  distinguished  from  the 
Waldcnses,  or  followers  of  Peter  IValtlo,  who  acquired 
celebrity  in  the  twelfth  century,  and  from  whom  some 
writers  have  deduced  both  their  religious  tenets  and 
their  appellation  also.  Brande. 

||  VAULT  [vJwlt,  W.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  Sm.  C.  Wb.  ; 
v&wt,  S.  ; v&wlt  or  vSLwt,  K.\,  n.  [Low  L.  voluta ; 
voleo,  volutus,  to  roll ; It.  volta  ; Fr.  route.'] 

1.  (Arch.)  An  arched  ceiling  or  roof.  Britton. 

I®“The  arch  of  a bridge  is,  strictly  speaking,  a 

vault  ; and  a cupola  is  another  of  the  simpler  kind 
of  vaults.  When  two  or  more  vaults  intersect  each 
other,  they  produce  a groined  vault.  Britton. 

2.  An  underground  apartment,  generally  used 

as  a store  for  wine  and  other  articles  not  injured 
by  damp  ; a cellar ; a cavity.  Simmonds. 

The  wine  of  life  is  past,  and  the  mere  Ices 

Is  left  this  vault  to  brag  of.  Shak, 

3.  A cave  ; a cavern  ; a cell.  Sand-ys. 

4.  A repository  for  the  dead  ; a tomb  or  crypt. 

Shall  I not  be  stifled  in  the  vault. 

To  whose  foul  mouth  no  wholesome  air  breathes  in?  Shak, 

5.  A leap  ; a jump  ; a bound.  Johnson. 

6.  (Man.)  The  bounding  turn  which  riders 

teach  their  horses  ; a curvet : — the  turn  or  flex- 
ure in  which  men  throw  themselves  on  or  off 
their  horses.  Cotgrave.  Junius. 

“ Mr.  Sheridan  leaves  out  the  / in  this  word,  in 
the  word  vault , to  leap,  and  all  their  compounds  ; but 
my  ear  grossly  deceives  me  if  this  / is  ever  suppressed, 
except  in  the  sense  of  a cellar  for  wine , &.C.  In  this  I 
am  supported  by  all  our  orthoepists  from  whom  the 
sounds  of  the  letter  can  he  gathered  ; and  Mr.  Scott 
and  Mr.  Perry  preserve  the  l in  every  word  of  this 
form.  This,  I think,  is  not  agreeable  to  general  usage 
with  respect  to  the  exception  1 have  given  ; though  I 
think  it  might  he  dispensed  with  for  the  sake  of  uni- 
formity, especially  as  the  Old  French  voultc , the  Ital- 
ian volta , and  the  Lower  Latin  voluta , from  which  the 
word  is  derived,  have  all  of  them  the  l ; nor  do  I think 
the  preservation  of  it  in  the  word  in  question  would 
incur  the  least  imputation  of  pedantry.”  fValker. 

||  VAULT,  v.  a.  [L.  volvo,  volutus , to  roll,  to  turn 
about ; OldFr .voulter ; Fr.  router .]  [i.  vaulted; 
pp.  vaulting,  vaulted.]  To  arch ; to  shape 
to  a vault ; to  cover  with  an  arch. 

Hath  nature  given  them  eyes 

To  see  this  vaulted  arch  ? Shak. 

Over  head  the  dismal  hiss 
Of  fieiw  darts  in  flaming  volleys  flew. 

And,  flying,  vaulted  either  host  with  fire.  Milton. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  0,  Y,  short;  A,  I,  9,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


VAULT 


1619 


VEGETATIVE 


|]  VAULT,  v.  n.  [L.  volvo,  volutus,  to  roll ; It. 
voltarc;  Sp.  voltcar ; Ft.  vantrer.) 

1.  To  leap  ; to  jump  ; to  bound  ; to  spring. 

Lucan  vaulted  upon  Pegasus  with  all  the  heat  and  intre- 
pidity of  youth.  Addison. 

Vaulting  ambition,  which  o’erleaps  itself.  Shah. 

2.  To  turn  or  tumble  ; to  play  the  tumbler  or 

posture-master  ; to  leap  with  the  body  turned 
or  bent ; to  curvet.  Richardson. 

f VAULT' A<?E,  n.  An  arched  cellar.  Shah. 

VAULTED  (v&wlt'ed),  a.  1.  Arched;  concave; 
covered  with  an  arch  or  vault. 

Restore  the  lock!  she  cries;  and  all  around, 

Restore  the  lock!  the  vaulted  roofs  rebound.  Pope. 

2.  ( Bot .)  Arching  over  ; fornicate.  Gray. 

VAuLT'flR,  n.  One  who  vaults ; a leaper ; a 
jumper  ; a tumbler.  Beau.  § FI. 

VAULTING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  jumping  or  leaping. 

2.  The  act  of  covering  with  an  arch  or  vault : 
— an  arch  or  vault.  Pennant. 

fvAULT'Y,  a.  Arched;  concave;  vaulted.  Shah. 

||  VAUNT,  or  VAUNT  (33)  [vdwnt,  S.  IF.  P.  E.  F. 
Ja.  K.  Sm.  It.;  v’4ut,  J.  Wb.  Nares],v.n.  [L.vano, 
vanatum,  to  utter  empty  words  ; vanus,  empty, 
vain;  It.  vantarc;  Fr  .ranter.]  [i.  vaunted  ; 
pp.  vaunting,  vaunted.]  To  play  the  brag- 
gart ; to  talk  with  ostentation  ; to  brag  ; to  boast. 
So  spake  the  apostate  angel,  though  in  pain, 

Vaunting  aloud,  but  racked  with  deep  despair.  Milton. 

||  VAUNT,  v.  a.  To  boast  of ; to  display  with  os- 
tentation ; to  brag  of. 

Charity  vaunteth  not  itself,  is  not  puffed  up.  1 Cor.  xiii.  4. 

||  VAUNT,  n.  Act  of  talking  with  vain  ostenta- 
tion ; a conceited  display  of  one’s  talents  or  ac- 
quisitions ; boast ; brag. 

Him  I seduced 

With  other  promises  and  other  vaunts.  Milton. 

||  f VAUNT,  n.  [See  Van.]  The  first  part.  Shah. 

VAUNT— COURIER  (ving'ko-re  er),  n.  [Fr.  avant- 
coureur. ] A precursor  ; vancourier.  Shah. 

||  VAUNT'IJR,  n.  [Fr.  vanteur.]  A boaster;  a 
braggart ; a man  given  to  vain  ostentation. 
Tongue-valiant  hero!  vaunter  of  thy  might! 

In  threats  the  foremost,  but  the  lag  in  fight.  Dryden. 

||  VAUNT'FUL,  a.  Boastful;  ostentatious. Spenser. 

||  VAUNT'ING,  n.  Act  of  boasting.  Fenby. 

VAUNT'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a vaunting  manner; 
boastingly  ; boastfully  ; ostentatiously. 

I heard  thee  sa}r,  and  vauntingly  thou  spak’st  it, 

That  thou  wert  cause  of  noble  Gloster’s  death.  Shak. 

VAUNT' MURE,  ii.  [Fr.  avant-mur.]  {Fort.)  A 
front. or  false  wall;  a work  raised  before  the 
main  wall ; — written  also  vanmure,  vaimure, 
and  vaumure.  Camden. 

VAUaUE'LIN-lTE  (vok'ljn-it),  n.  (Min.)  A faint- 
ly translucent  or  opaque,  rather  brittle  mineral, 
occurring  in  crystals,  and  in  other  forms,  and 
composed  of  oxide  of  lead,  oxide  of  copper,  and 
chromic  acid.  Dana. 

VAV'A-SOR,  or  VAL'VA-SOR,  n.  [From  Low  L. 
vassalus,  a vassal,  according  to  some  feudists  ; 
from  L.  valva,  a door,  according  to  others  ; from 
A.  S.  wal,  a wall  or  rampart,  according  to  Spel- 
inan,  conveying  the  idea  of  guard.  Burrill.  — 
Fr.  vavasseur. ] ( Feudal  & Ohl  Eng.  Law.)  A 

principal  vassal  not  holding  immediately  of  the 
sovereign,  but  of  one  who  so  held  ; a vassal  of 
the  second  degree  or  rank ; the  vassal  of  a 
baron;  — also  written  vavassor,  vavasour,  val- 
vasour,  vavassour,  and  valvassour.  Burrill. 

jfEjpThey  were  designated  as  greater  ( Valvasores 
majores),  to  distinguish  them  from  the  lesser  ( Valna- 
sorcs  minores ),  who  held  under  them.  Valvasores  was 
sometimes  used  to  denote  those  who  held  immediately 
of  the  king,  otherwise  c lied  capitanei.  Valvasor  is 
mentioned  by  Lord  Coke  and  Blackstone  as  an  ancient 
name  or  title  of  dignity  in  England  next  beneath  a 
peer.  Burrill. 

t VAV'A-SO-RY,  n.  Land  held  by  a vavasor. 

He  was  also  called  a vavasor,  and  his  lands  n vavasory, 
which  held  of  some  mean  lord,  and  not  immediately  of  the 
king.  Harrington. 

fvA'WARD,  n.  [From  van  and  ward.]  The  fore- 
part; the  van  ; the  advance.  Shah. 

VF.'  Ji-DAR,  n.  The  thirteenth  month  of  the  Jew- 
ish ecclesiastical  year  ; the  embolismic  or  inter- 
calary month.  Crabb. 

VEAL  (vel),  n.  [L .vitellus;  Fr.  veau.\ 

1.  A calf ; a calf  to  be  killed  for  the  table,  [r.] 

Instead  of  sheep  they  [our  forefathers]  spoke  of  muttons, 
and  of  veals  instead  of  calves.  Jamieson. 


A Scotch  runt,  without  horns,  . . . scarce  exceeding  a 
south-country  veal  in  height.  ltag. 

2.  The  flesh  of  a calf  killed  for  the  table. 

"Wouldst  thou  with  mighty  beef  augment  thy  meal, 

Sick  Leadenhall,  St.  James’s,  sends  thee  veal.  Gay. 

VEAL'— CUT-HJT,  n.  A steak  or  slice  of  veal 
broiled,  or  cut  for  broiling.  Ash. 

f VECK,  n.  [L.  vetula ; It.  vecchia.\  A little  old 
woman.  Chaucer. 

f VEC'TION,  n.  [L.  vectio.]  Act  of  carrying,  or 
the  state  of  being  carried  ; conveyance.  Bailey. 

VEC'TIS,  n.  [L.]  The  lever.  Ilutton. 

f VEC-TI-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  veciito,  vectitatus,  to 
convey.]  The  act  of  carrying.  Pope. 

VEC'TOR,  ii.  [L.  vector,  a carrier;  veho,  vectus, 
to  carry.]  ( Astron .)  An  imaginary  straight  line 
drawn  from  a point  taken  as  fixed  to  a body 
moving  in  a curvilinear  path  around  that  point 
as  a centre  ; as,  a straight  line  joining  the  cen- 
tre of  the  sun  and  the  centre  of  the  earth  ; — 
called  also  radius-vector.  Hutton.  Lardner. 

f VEC'TURE  (vekt'yur),  n.  [L.  vectura.\  The  act 

of  carrying  ; conveyance.  Bacon. 

VE'DA,  or  VE-dA  ' [ve'da,  A”.  Wb.  Brande  ; ve- 
di',  Smart],  n.  ; pi.  vedas.  [Sansc.  rid,  to 
know.]  The  name  by  which  the  Hindoos  desig- 
nate the  body  of  their  scriptures  or  sacred  writ- 
ings. There  are  four  vedas,  viz.,  Rich,  Yajush, 
Saman,  and  Atharvan’a. — Written  also  vedam, 
and  bedam.  P.  Cyc. 

IfsF  Veda  literally  means  knowledge  or  science ; 
but  in  the  primitive  ages  was  a name  given  only  to 
theological  knowledge,  tile  science  acquired  and  im- 
parted by  the  priests.  Later  it  was  extended  to  other 
sciences,  such  as  medicine.  J.  C.  Thomson. 

VE-dAjt'  TJ1,  n.  A sect  among  the  Hindoos, 
whose  theory  of  philosophy  is  professedly  found- 
ed on  the  revelations  in  Vedas.  Brande. 

VE-DETTE',  n.  [It.  vedetta ; vedere,  to  see  (L. 
video);  Fr  .vedette.]  (Mil.)  A mounted  sentry, 
stationed  at  an  outpost  or  elevated  point,  to  ob- 
serve the  enemy.  Glos.  of  Mil.  Terms. 

VEER,  v.  n.  [L.  gyro,  gyratus,  to  turn  in  a cir- 
cle (Gr . yvpds,  a circle).  Skinner.  — Same  ori- 
gin as  swerve.  Tooke.  — It.  virare;  Sp . virar 
or  birar ; Fr.  river.  The  ultimate  derivation  is 
uncertain.]  \i.  veered  ; pp.  veering,  veered.] 
To  change  direction  ; to  turn  aside  or  about. 

Nigh  river’s  mouth,  where  wind 
Veers  oft,  as  oft  he  steers  and  shifts  her  sail.  Milton. 

And  as  he  leads  the  following  navy  veers.  Dryden. 

To  veer  and  haul , (Naut.)  to  alter  its  direction  ; — 
applied  to  the  wind.  Mar.  Diet. 

VEER,  v.  a.  1.  (Naut.)  To  cause,  as  a ship,  to 
change  her  course  from  one  board  to  the  other 
by  turning  her  stern  to  windward.  Mar.  Diet. 

2.  To  direct  to  a different  course. 

Sailing  farther,  it  veers  its  lily  to  the  west.  Browne. 

To  veer  away,  (Naut.)  to  let  go  the  rope  gently. — 
To  veer  away  the  cable , to  slacken  it,  that  it  may  run 
out.  of  the  ship.  — To  veer  and  haul , to  pull  a rope 
tight  by  drawing  it  in  and  slackening  it  alternately. 
Mar.  Diet. — To  veer  out , to  let  out,  as  a sail.  B. 
Jonson. 

VEER'A-BLE,  a.  Changeable  ; shifting,  [r.] 

The  winds  were  veerctble  for  several  days.  Randolph. 

VEER'ING,  p.  a.  Turning  about ; turning  aside. 

VEER'ING,  n.  The  act  of  turning  or  changing. 
“ Veerings  of  the  people.”  Addison. 

VEER'ING-LY,  ad.  With  a tendency  to  change 
its  course,  or  shift  its  direction.  Clarke. 

VE'GA,  n.  ( Astron .)  The  bright  star  in  the  con- 
stellation Lyra.  Hind. 

f VE£-E-TA-BIL'l-TY,  n.  Vegetable  nature; 

state  or  quality  of  being  a vegetable.  Browne. 

VE£'E-TA-BLE  (ved'je-ta-bl),  n-  [L.  vegeto,vege- 
tatus , to  enliven  ; vegetus , enlivened,  vigorous  ; 
vegeo , to  move,  to  arouse  ; vigeo , to  flourish.  — 
See  Vegetable,  a.] 

1.  (Bot.)  A living  body  destitute  of  sensation 
and  of  the  power  of  moving  from  place  to  place, 
deriving  its  existence  by  seeds,  or  otherwise  from 
a parent  stock,  having  its  parts  extended  and 
evolved  from  within,  and  imbibing  its  nutriment 
by  superficial  absorption  only  ; a plant.  Young. 

2.  A plant  cultivated  for  culinary  uses,  or  for 

feeding  domestic  animals.  Smart. 

Syn. — Vegetable , in  its  widest,  sense,  is  a term 
which  includes  all  the  productions  of  the  vegetable 
kingdom  — all  which  are  treated  of  in  the  science  of 
botany,  from  the  largest  trees  to  the  common  moss. 


A plant  is  any  vegetable  production  produced  from 
seed.  Vegetables , as  the  term  is  commonly  used,  are 
such  plants  as  are  cultivated  for  the  table.  Plant  is 
commonly  applied  to  such  vegetables  as  are  not  very 
large.  Herbs  are  plants  which  have  no  woody  struc- 
ture. Cabbages,  parsnips,  &c.,  are  vegetables  ; grass, 
sage,  &c.,  are  herbs. 

VE<Jr'E-TA-BLE,  a.  [L.  vegetabilis , enlivening; 
It.  vegetabile , vegetable  ; Fr.  vegetable .] 

1.  Relating  or  belonging  to  a plant  or  to  vege- 
tation. “ The  vegetable  world.”  Prior . 

2.  Having  the  nature  of  plants.  “ Animal 

and  vegetable  bodies.”  Woodward. 

Vegetable  brimstone , a name  applied  to  a powder 
used  on  the  continent  of  Europe  in  the  manufacture 
of  fireworks,  and  in  pharmacy  to  roll  up  pills.  It  is 
collected  from  the  spore-cases  of  Lycopodium  clavatum 
and  Selago.  Lindlcy. — Vegetable  ivory.  See  Ivory. 
— Vegetable  kingdom , one  of  the  three  grand  divisions 
of  natural  history,  including  all  plants  ; the  other  two 
being  the  animal  kingdom  and  the  mineral  kingdom. 
Linmeus  characterizes  the  three  kingdoms  thus : 
“ Mineralia  crescunt ; vegetabilia  crescunt  et  vivunt ; 
animalia  crescunt,  vivunt,  et  sentiunt.” — Vegetable 
marrow , (Bot.)  the  fruit  of  Cucurbit.a  ovifera , a native 
of  Astrachan,  much  prized  for  its  excellent  culinary 
qualities.  Eng.  Cyc. — Vegetable  parchment,  unsized 
paper  soaked  in  dilute  sulphuric  acid,  which  renders 
it  tough  and  firm,  like  parchment.  It  is  applicable  to 
a great  variety  of  purposes.  De.  la  Rue.  — Vegetable  silk, 
the  woolly  coat  of  the  seeds  of  Chorisiaspeciosa , used  for 
stuffing  cushions  and  for  similar  domestic  purposes.  It 
resembles  cotton  ; but  it  cannot  be  manufactured,  in 
consequence  of  no  adhesion  existing  between  the  fibres. 
Archer.  Lindlcy.  — Vegetable  tallow.  See  Tallow. — 
Chinese  vegetable  tallow,  a hard  and  brittle  substance, 
of  a tallowy  odor,  cream-white  color,  becoming  brown 
by  exposure,  and  containing  some  acid  in  abundance  ; 
— procured  from  the  seeds  of  Croton  sebiferum,  and 
brought  from  Canton.  Archer. — Indian  vegetable  tal- 
low, a substance  procured  from  the  fruit  of  certain 
plants  of  the  natural  order  Diptcracccc,  resembling  or- 
dinary tallow  in  consistency,  of  a yellowish-green 
color,  and  used  for  the  manufacture  of  candles,  which 
give  out  a sweet  smell  in  burning.  Archer. — Vegeta- 
ble wax , a product  from  the  leaves  of  Corypha  cerifera , 
the  Carnauba  palm,  of  a light  sulphur-yellow  color, 
rather  brittle,  and  having  a lustre  between  that  of 
wax  and  resin;  — said  to  be  used  for  mixing  with 
common  beeswax,  to  give  it  greater  firmness  in  some 
of  its  applications:  — a substance  obtained  by  boiling 
and  pressing  the  berries  of  the  wax-hearing  candle- 
berry  myrtle  (Myrica  cerifera)  ; myrtle-wax.  It  has 
a greenish  yellow  and  aromatic  smell,  and  is  used  to 
make  candles.  Archer. 

VE£'E-TAL,  a.  [Fr.  vegetal.'] 

1.  Pertaining  to,  or  obtained  from,  vegetables 

or  plants  ; vegetable,  [r.]  Field. 

2.  (Plugs.)  Relating  to  that  class  of  vital  phe- 

nomena common  to  plants  and  animals  ; viz., 
digestion  and  nutritive  assimilation,  growth, 
absorption,  secretion,  excretion,  circulation,  res- 
piration, generation,  as  contradistinguished  from 
sensation  and  volition.  Brande. 

f VEQr'jp-TAL,  n.  A vegetable.  B.  Jonson. 

VE(jr-£-TA'RI-AN,  a.  Relating  to  vegetarianism, 
or  to  vegetarians.  Clarke. 

VE^-^-TA'RI-AN,  n.  One.  who  adheres  to  the 
principles  of  vegetarianism.  Dunglison. 

VE§r-£-TA'RI-AN-I§M,  n.  The  doctrine  that  man, 
for  his  full  mental  and  corporeal  development, 
ought  to  subsist  on  the  direct  productions  of  the 
vegetable  kingdom,  and  totally  abstain  from 
flesh  and  blood.  Dunglison. 

VE£'E-TATE,  v.  n.  [L.  vegeto,  vegetatus  ; vege- 
tus, vigorous  ; It.  vegetare  ; Sp.  vegetar  ; Fr. 
vegeter.]  [i.  vegetated  ; pp.  vegetating, 
vegetated.]  To  grow,  as  a vegetable  or  plant ; 
to  shoot ; to  sprout. 

The  seed,  being  sown,  was  left  to  vegetate.  Paley. 

VEG-]J-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  vegetatio,  an  enlivening  ; 
It.  regetazione  ; Sp . vegetacion;  Fr  .vegetation.] 

1.  Process  of  vegetating  ; growth  of  plants. 

2.  Vegetables  or  plants  in  general.  Smart. 

3.  (Med.)  A morbid  part,  which  rises  as  an 

excrescence  in  syphilis,  &c. : — also  a fleshy 
granulation  which  sometiriies  arises  at  the  sur- 
face of  a w'ound  or  ulcer.  Dunglison. 

Vegetation  of  salts,  or  saline  vegetation,  ( Clirin .)  a 
kind  of  crystalline  film  which  shoots  up  spontaneous- 
ly from  the  edges  of  a solution  of  crystallizalde  mat- 
ter, as  salt,  camphor,  A c . Jiabhjn. 

VE^'E-TA-TIVE,  a.  [It.  § Sp.  vegetatiro;  Fr. 
vegitatif.] 

1.  Growing,  or  having  the  power  of  growing ; 
growing  or  increasing,  as  plants. 

Creatures  vegetative  and  growing.  Raleigh. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  <?,  g,  g,  soft ; £,  G,  g,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  £ as  gz.  — THIS,  this 


VEGETATIVENESS 


1620 


VENAL 


2.  Having  the  power  to  produce  growth  in 
plants.  “ The  vegetative  faculties.”  Broome. 

VE^'g-TA-TJVE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  pro- 
ducing growth.  Johnson. 

f V^-GETE',  a.  [L.  vegetus.]  Vigorous  ; active  ; 
sprightly.  “ A . . . vegete  age.”  Bp.  Taylor. 

ViV'E-TIVE,  a.  Vegetable;  vegetative;  grow- 
ing as  a plant.  “ Vegetive  life.”  [it.]  Tnsscr. 

t VEy'E-TIVE,  n.  A vegetable.  Massinger. 

VE<?'E-T6-AN'I-MAL,  a.  Partaking  of  the  na- 
ture both  of  vegetable  and  of  animal  matter. 

Vegetable  albumen  and  gluten  both  contain 
nitrogen,  and  both,  when  left  to  themselves  in  a 
moist  state,  undergo  putrefaction.  From  these  circum- 
stances, and  from  their  close  resemblance  to  certain 
proximate  animal  principles,  in  chemical  habitudes 
and  relations,  they  are  sometimes  called  vegeto-animal 
substances.  Wood  tif  Baclic. 

t VEG'U-TOUS,  a.  [L.  vegctus.]  Active.  B.Jonson. 

VE'H(J-MENCE,  n.  [L.  vehementia ; It.  veemen- 
za  ; Sp.  vehe/nencia  ; Fr.  vehemence.'] 

1.  The  quality  of  being  vehement ; violence  ; 
ardor ; eagerness ; fervor. 

I hear  him  with  a secret  kind  of  horror. 

And  tremble  at  his  vehemence  of  temper.  Addison. 

2.  Force;  impetuosity;  might. 

Universal  hubbub  wild 
Of  stunning  sounds  and  voices  all  confused, 

Assaults  his  ear  with  loudest  vehemence.  Milton. 

VE'HIJ-MEN-CY,  n.  Vehemence.  Hooker, 

VE'Il  E-.MLNT,  a.  [L.  vehemens  ; veh  or  ve, 
an  inseparable  particle  denoting  privation,  and 
mens,  the  mind,  with  a connecting  vowel,  and 
thus,  properly,  not  very  reasonable,  vehement. 
IF.  Smith.  — It.  veemente ; Sp.  r ehemente;  Fr. 
vehement.] 

1.  Eager;  violent;  furious;  impetuous;  ar- 
dent ; zealous. 

Ere  my  arrival,  notice  give  of  thine 

To  the  old  king;  for  vehement  1 know 

His  temper.  Coicyer. 

2.  Forcible ; active  ; vigorous  ; powerful  ; 
strong ; excessive  ; very  great. 

Gold  will  endure  a vehement  fire  for  a long  time  without 
any  change.  Grew. 

Syn.  — See  Violent,  Excessive. 

VE'II£-MENT-LY,  acl.  In  a vehement  manner. 

VE'HI-CLE  (ve'he-kl),  n.  [L.  vehiculum  ; veho 
(Sansc.  van,  to  draw,  to  carry),  to  carry  ; It.  ve- 
iculo  ; Sp.  vehiculo  ; Fr.  vehicule.] 

1.  That  in  which  any  thing  is  carried  ; a car- 
riage ; a conveyance.  Addison. 

2.  That  by  means  of  which  any  thing  is  com- 
municated or  conveyed  ; medium  ; instrument. 

Words  seem  to  be  ns  it  were  bodies  or  vehicle s to  the  sense 
or  meaning,  which  is  the  spiritual  part,  and  which  without 
the  other  can  hardly  be  fixed  in  the  mind.  Wollaston. 

A simple  style  forms  the  best  vehicle  of  thought.  Wirt. 

3.  {Med.)  A substance  which  serves  as  a me- 

dium of  administration  for  any  medicine ; an 
excipient.  Dunglison. 

4.  {Paint.)  The  liquid  with  which  the  vari- 
ous pigments  are  applied ; medium.  Fairholt. 

VE'HI-CLED  (ve'he-kld),  a.  Furnished  with  a 
vehicle  or  means  of  conveyance.  Green. 

VIJ-IIIC'TJ-LAR,  a.  [L.  vehicularis ; veho,  to  car- 
ry.] Pertaining  to  a vehicle  ; forming  a vehi- 
cle ; vehiculary.  Tucker. 

Vp-Illc'y-LA-RY,  a.  Vehicular.  Elmcs. 

VEH'MIC,  a.  Noting  criminal  courts  of  justice 
established  in  Germany  during  the  middle  ages. 

The  vehmic , or,  as  they  were  called,  free  courts,  were  then 
[in  the  beginning  of  the  13th  century]  modelled  on  a secret 
system  of  organization.  Brande. 

VEIL  (val),  n.  \\j.  velum,  — perhaps  akin  to  L. 
celo,  to  hide,  to  conceal  by  covering.  IF.  Smith. 
— It.  § Sp.  vclo  ; Fr.  voile.] 

1.  A cover  to  conceal  the  face  ; a screen,  usu- 
ally made  of  thin  gauze  or  lace,  for  the  face. 

To  feed  his  fiery,  lustful  eve. 

lie  snatched  the  veil  that  hung  her  face  before.  Spenser. 

2.  A cover  ; a disguise ; a mask  ; a screen. 

The  ill-natured  man  exposes  those  feelings  in  human  na- 
ture which  the  other  would  cast  a veil  over.  Atldisun. 

To  take  the  veil , to  receive  the  veil  in  token  of  retir- 
ing from  tiie  world,  as  a woman  when  she  is  about 
to  become  a nun  ; to  become  a nun. 

VEIL  (val),  v.  a.  [i.  veiled  ; pp.  veiling, 
VEILED.] 

1.  To  cover  or  screen  with  a veil ; to  cloak. 

Her  face  was  veiled ; yet  to  my  fancied  sight 

Love,  sweetness,  goodness  in  her  person  shined.  Milton. 


2.  To  cover  ; to  invest ; to  envelop.  Milton. 

3.  To  hide ; to  conceal ; to  disguise  ; to  mask. 

Of  darkness  visible  he  so  much  lent. 

As  half  to  show,  half  veil,  the  deep  intent.  Pope. 

4.  {Bot.)  A horizontal  membrane  connecting 

the  margin  of  the  pileus  or  cap  of  mushrooms 
with  the  stipes  or  stalk  : — also  the  calyptra  of 
mosses.  Lindley.  Gray. 

VEIL'Lyss  (val'les),  a.  Without  a veil.  Milman. 

VEIN  (van), n.  [L. vena ; It, <S; Sp  vena-,  Fr  veine .] 

1.  {Anat.)  A vessel  for  the  conveyance  of  ve- 

nous, or  black  blood  from  every  part  of  the  body 
to  the  heart,  Dunglison, 

trsr  Veins  are  found  wherever  there  are  arteries, 
and,  altogether,  form  the  venous  system.  Dunglison. 

2.  {Bot.)  One  of  the  small  ribs  or  branches 

of  the  framework  of  leaves.  Gray. 

3.  (Geol.  & Min.)  A crack  or  crevice  in  a rock 

or  mineral,  ramifying  into  smaller  parts,  and 
filled  by  a mineral  substance  diiferent  from  that 
rock  or  mineral ; a lode.  Lyell. 

There  is  a vein  for  the  silver  Job  xxviii.  1. 

4.  A stripe  or  variation  of  color  in  wood,  or 

in  marble  or  other  stone  , variegation  ; streak 
“The  veins  of  the  marble  ” Johnson 

5.  A hollow  ; cavity,  fissure;  cleft 

Down  to  the  veins  of  earth.  Milton. 

6.  Tendency  or  turn  of  the  mind  or  genius; 
natural  bent;  talent;  faculty,  genius, 

Invoke  the  Muses  and  improve  my  vein.  Waller. 

1.  A particular  mood  or  state  of  mind  ; train 
of  thought  or  feeling  ; peculiarity  of  disposition  ; 
bent;  bias;  humor;  disposition;  strain 

Thou  troublest  me;  I am  not  in  the  vein.  Shak. 

Artisans  have  not  only  their  growth  and  perfection,  but 
likewise  their  veins  and  times.  Wotton. 

I am  not  in  the  giving  vein  to-day.  Shak. 

8.  Continued  disposition  ; propensity.  “The 
vein  ...  of  running  into  speculations.”  Temple. 

9,  Continued  production  ; current. 

He  can  open  a vein  of  true  and  noble  thinking.  Swift. 

VEIN  (van),  v.  a.  To  form  or  mark  with  veins ; to 
streak  or  variegate  with  veins.  Kirby , 

VEIN'AL  (va'nfd),  a.  Venal;  venous,  Boyle. 

VEINED  (vand),  p.  a.  Having  veins;  streaked; 
variegated  ; veiny  ; venose.  Mortimer , 

VEIN'ING  (van'jng),  n.  The  act  or  the  process  of 
forming  veins.  Clarke. 

VEIN'LgSS  (van'les),  a.  Destitute  of  veins.  Gray. 

VEIN'LyT  (van'-),  n.  {Bot.)  One  of  the  smaller 
ramifications  of  veins.  Gray. 

VEIN'-STONE,  n.  A name  applied  to  earthy 
minerals  occupying  veins  associated  with  metal- 
lic ore  ; gangue.  Ansted. 

VEIN'Y  (va'ne),  a.  [Fr.  veineux.]  Full  of  veins  ; 
having  veins ; streaked  ; veined.  Thomson. 

VE'LATE,  n.  [L.  vclo,  vclttus,  to  veil.]  {Bot.) 
Furnished  with  a veil.  Gray. 

f VELE,  n.  A veil.  Spenser. 

V^-LEL'LA,  n.  [L.  velum,  a sail.]  (Zolil.)  A 
genus  of  Acalephans,  characterized  by  a vertical 
crest  or  sail,  by  means  of  which  they  are  wafted 
along  the  surface  of  the  ocean.  Brande. 

f VE-LIF'IJR-OUS,  a.  [L.  velifer ; velum,  a sail, 
and  /bro,  to  bear.]  Sail-bearing;  bearing  sails, 
“Veliferous  chariots.”  Evelyn. 

f VEL-I-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  velitatio.]  A skirmish  , 
a light  contest ; an  attack  ; an  onset.  Hale. 

VELL,  n.  The  maw  or  stomach  of  a young  calf 
used  for  rennet.  [Local,  Eng.]  Wright, 

V F,  1 -- 1 . E'  I-T  V , n.  [L.  vclleitas ; vellc,  to  will ; It. 
velleitit ; Fr.  vclMite.]  The  scholastic  term  used 
to  signify  the  lowest  degree  of  desire.  Locke, 

Velleity  is  an  indolent  or  inactive  wish  or  inclination 
towards  a thing,  which  leads  to  no  energetic  effort  to  ob- 
tain it.  Fleming.  1 

f VEL'LET,  n.  See  Velvet.  Todd. 

VEL'LI-CATE,  v.  n.  [L.  vellico,  vellicatus ; vello, 
to  pull ; It.  vcllicare  ; Sp.  velicar.]  [t.  VELLI- 
CATED  ; pp.  VELLICATING,  VELLICATED.]  To 
twitch  ; to  pluck  ; to  act  upon  by  stimulation. 

There  can  be  no  doubt  that  bodies  which  arc  rough  and 
angular  rouse  and  vellicate  the  organs  of  feeling.  Burke. 

VEL-LI-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  vellicatio  ; It.  vettica- 
zione ; Sp.  velicacion.] 


1.  A twitching ; stimulation.  Watts. 

2.  (Med.)  A local  and  habitual  convulsive 

motion  of  certain  muscles,  especially  of  some 
of  those  of  the  face.  Dunglison. 

VilL  'LOJ\r,  n.  [Sp.]  A copper  coin  of  Castile  . 
— also  a term  applied  to  money  of  account,  and 
used  like  the  word  sterling.  Velasquez. 

VEL'LUM,  n . [Fr,  velin,  calf’s  skin ; veller,  to 
calve.]  A fine  kind  of  parchment  made  from 
the  skins  of  calves,  kids,  or  lambs.  Fairholt. 

VEL'LUM— POST,  n A smooth  kind  of  writing- 
paper  of  superior  quality.  Simmonds. 

VEL'LUM-Y,  a . Pertaining  to,  consisting  of,  or 
resembling,  vellum.  Ec.  Rev, 

t VEL'LUTE,  n.  See  Velvet.  Todd. 

VEL-O-CIM'E-TIJR,  n.  [L.'velox,  swift,  and  me- 
trurn,  a measure  ] An  apparatus  for  measur- 
ing the  rate  of  speed  of  machinery,  Weale. 

V?-L09'l-PEDE,  n.  [L.  relox,  swift,  and  pcs, 
pedis,  a foot , It.  velocipede  ] A carriage  which 
is  capable  of  being  propelled  along  a road  by 
the  muscular  power  of  the  rider  acting  upon 
treadles  and  levers  which  communicate  with  a 
cranked  wheel  axle.  Weale 

V£-LO(y'I-TY,  n [L  velocitas-,  relox,  swift,  It. 
velocita ; Sp  velocidad;  Fr.  velocity.] 

1.  Speed;  swiftness;  rapidity;  celerity;  fleet- 
ness ; quickness 

Lightning  is  productive  of  grandeur,  which  it  chiefly  owes 
to  the  velocity  of  its  motion.  Burke. 

2 (Physics  ) That  affection  or  quality  of  mo- 
tion by  which  a moving  body  passes  over  a cer- 
tain space  in  a certain  time.  Hutton. 

Initial  velocity,  (Gunnery.)  the  velocity  with  which 
military  projectiles  issue  from  tbe  mouth  of  the  piece 
by  which  they  are  discharged.  Hutton. — Relative  ve- 
locity, tiie  velocity  with  which  bodies  approach  to,  or 
recede  from,  one  another,  whether  they  both  move,  or 
one  of  them  is  at  rest.  — Uniform  or  equal  velocity,  the 
velocity  of  a body  which  passes  over  equal  spaces 
in  equal  times.  Velocity  invariable  or  unequal,  when 
tiie  spaces  passed  over  in  equal  times  are  unequal, — 
in  which  case  it  is  accelerated  or  retarded  velocity  ; and 
this  acceleration  or  retardation  may  be  equal  or  un- 
equal, that  is,  uniform  orvariable. — Virtual  velocity. 
See  Virtual,  Hutton, 

Syn.  — See  Quickness. 

VE ' LUM,  n.  [L.,  a veil.]  (Bot.)  The  veil  in  cer- 
tain fungi.  Henslow. 

f VEL'URE,  n,  [Fr.  velours.]  Velvet.  Shak. 

VJE-LU'TI-NOUS,  a (Bot.)  Soft  or  velvety  to  tiie 
touch  ; feeling  like  velvet.  Gray. 

VEL'VE-RET,  n.  A kind  of  fustian.  Simmonds. 

VLL' VET,  n.  [It.  velluto  ; Sp.  velludo  ; Fr.  ve- 
lours ; — from  L.  vellus,  a fleece.]  A soft,  tex- 
tile fabric,  woven  wholly  of  silk,  or  of  silk  and 
cotton  mixed,  having  a loose  pile  or  short  shag 
of  threads  on  the  surface.  Simmonds. 

Tile  fine  soft  nap,  with  which  velvet  is  covered, 
is  formed  of  a part  of  the  threads  of  the  warp,  which 
the  workman  puts,  in  loops,  on  a long  channelled 
wire.  Before  the  wire  is  withdrawn,  the  row  of  loops 
is  cut  open  by  a sharp  steel  instrument  which  is 
drawn  along  the  channel  of  the  wire.  Various  other 
fabrics  of  silk,  cotton,  and  wool,  such  as  thickset's, 
plushes,  corduroys,  velveteens,  &.C.,  are  cut  in  a. simi- 
lar ibanner.  Bigelow, 

Cotton  velvet,  velveteen.  — See  Velveteen. 

VEL'V^T,  a.  Pertaining  to,  made  of,  or  resem- 
bling, velvet ; velvety.  Shak. 

VLL' YJf.T,  v.  n.  To  paint  velvet,  Peacham. 

VLL' VJJT-F.D,  a.  Partak.ng  of,  or  resembling,  the 
qualities  of  velvet ; velvety.  Quin. 

VEL-Vf.T-EEN',  n.  [L.  vellutino.]  A kind  of 
cotton  stuff  made  in  imitation  of  velvet;  a sort 
of  fustian ; cotton  velvet,  Vre. 

VEL'V^T-ING,  n.  The  pile-threads  or  nap  of 
velvet ; — a velvet.  Clarke. 

VEL' VET— RUN'NIJR,  n.  ( Ornith.)  A kind  of  bird 
having  black  and  smooth  feathers.  Crabb. 

VEL'VET— RCO'TiJR,  n.  (Ornith.)  A kind  of 
black  duck  ; Oidemia  fusca.  Yarrell. 

VEL'VpT-Y,  a.  Pertaining  to,  made  of,  or  re- 
sembling, velvet.  Hill. 

VE'NAL,  a.  [L.  venalis ; venus,  sale  ; It.  venale-. 


A,  E,  I,  0,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


VENAL 


1G21 


VENISON 


Sp.  venal ; Fr.  vfaral.]  Purchasable;  merce- 
nary ; that  may  be  bought  or  sold  ; hireling. 

And  shakes  Corruption  on  her  venal  throne.  Thomson. 
This  verse  be  thine,  my  friend,  nor  thou  refuse 
This,  from  no  canal  or  ungrateful  muse.  Pope. 

Syn. — Venal  is  applied  to  what  may  be  bought 
or  sold  ; mercenary , to  what  may  be  hired  or  let ; and 
both  are  used  in  a had  sense.  Mercenary  troops  or 
soldiers;  a venal  writer ; a venal  office  ; a hireling  wit- 
ness or  preacher. 

VE'NAL,  a.  [L.  vena,  a vein.]  Pertaining  to, 
or  contained  in,  the  veins  ; venous.  Ray. 

VE-NAL'I-TY,  n.  [L.  venalitas-,  It  venalith-, 
Sp  vendliJad ; Fr . vfnalite.]  The  state  or  the 
quality  of  being  venal ; mercenariness.  Anson. 

VEN'A-RY,  a.  [L.  t tenor,  venari,  to  hunt.]  Per- 
taining to  hunting ; venatical.  Howell. 

\ £-JVAT  JC,  } [L.  v enaticus.\  Pertaining 

VE-NAT'I-CAL,  > to  hunting,  [r.]  Howell. 

VE-NA'TION,  n.  [L.  venatio.\  The  act,  or  the 
practice,  of  hunting,  [it.]  Browne. 


VEN-JS-FI"CIAL  (ven-e-fish'jl),  a.  Acting  by 
poison  ; bewitching  ; venefical.  [n.]  Browne. 

VEN-E-FI"CIOUS  (ven-e-fish'us),  a.  Poisonous; 
veneficial ; bewitching,  [it.]  Browne. 

VEN-E-FI''CIOUS-LY  (ven-e-fish'us-le),  ad.  By 
•poison  or  witchcraft,  [it.]  Broivnc. 

VEN'E-MOUS,  a.  Venomous.  — See  Venomous. 

VEN'P-NATE  [ven'e-nat,  IF.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  K.  C.  ; 
ve-ne'nat,  S'.  Sm.  /?.],  v.  a.  [L.  veneno,  vene- 
natas;  venenum,  poison.]  [i.  yenenated  ; pp. 
VENENATING,  VENENATED.]  To  poison  ; to 
infect  with  poison,  [it.]  Harvey. 

VEN'E-NATE,  a.  Poisoned.  Woodward. 

VEN-E-NA'TION,  n.  1.  The  act  of  poisoning. 

2.  Poison  ; venom,  [r.]  Browne. 

t Vp-NENE',  l a [L.  renenosus ; Fr.  vene- 

f VEN-  E-NOSE',  > neux.\  Poisonous.  Harvey. 

VEN-f,R-A-Uf  L'l-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being  ven- 
erable ; venerableness,  [r.]  More. 


VEN'E-RY,  n.  [Fr.  vencrie,  from  L.  vennr , to 
hunt.]  The  sport  of  hunting ; the  exercise  of 
the  chase.  “ Beasts  of  vencry.”  Browne. 

VE-Nfj-SEC’TION  [ve-no-sek’slmn,  S.  IF.  P.  J.  F. 

Ja.  K. ; ven-e-sek'shun,  R.  IVb.],  n.  [L.  vena,  a 
vein,  and  sectio,  a cutting.]  {Fury.)  The  incis- 
ion or  opening  a vein  ; blood-letting  from  the 
veins;  phlebotomy.  Dunylison. 

VJJ-NE'TIAN,  n.  ( Geog .)  A native  or  an  inhab- 
itant of  Venice.  Byron. 

VJJ-NE'TIAN,  «.  {Geog.)  Relating  to  Venice,  or 
to  its  inhabitants. 

Venetian  blind,  a window-blind  made  of  slats  of 
wood  strung  together  so  as  to  be  raised  or  lowered 
by  a string.  Simmonds. — Venetian  chalk,  a kind  of 
steatite  used  for  marking  on  cloth,  &.c.  Urc.  — Ve- 
netian door,  a door  lighted  by  panes  of  glass  on  each 
side.  Simmonds.  — Venetian  red , a coarse,  dark-red 
ochre;  — used  as  a pigment,  and  called  also  scarlet 
ochre,  Prussian  red,  English  red,  and  rouge  de  Mars. 
Fairholt.  IVeale. — Venetian  window,  a window  in 
three  separate  apertures,  the  two  side  ones  being  nar- 
row. Francis. 


VE-NA'TION,  n.  [L.  vena,  a vein.]  ( Bot .)  The 
veining  of  leaves.  Gray. 

VEN-A-To'RI-AL,  a.  [L.  venatorius.]  Relating 
to  hunting  ; venatical.  Qu.  Rev. 

VEND,  v.  a.  [L.  vendo  ; It.  vendere ; Sp.  vender-, 
Fr.  vendre.]  [i.  vended  : pp.  vending,  vend- 
ed.] To  sell  ; to  transfer  or  exchange  for  an 
equivalent  in  money.  Boyle. 

VEND,  tt.  A sale;  — the  whole  quantity  of  coal 
sent  from  a colliery  in  a year.  Fimmonds. 

VEN'DACE,  n.  {Ich.)  A species  of  trout ; Corego- 
nns  IVillughbii ; — a rare  fish  found  in  a small 
lake  in  Dumfriesshire,  Scotland.  Yarrell. 

VEN-DEE',  n.  {Law.)  One  to  whom  any  thing  is 
sold  ; a purchaser ; a buyer.  Ayliffe . 

VEND'ER,  n.  One  who  vends  or  sells.  Addison. 

VEN-DI-BIL'I-TY,  u.  The  state  of  being  vendible ; 
vendibleness  ; salableness.  Bp.  Taylor. 

VEN'DI-BLE,  a.  [L.  vendibilisi]  That  may  be 
sold  ; salable  ; merchantable.  Boyle. 

VEN'DI-BLE,  n.  Any  thing  to  be  sold,  or  any 
thing  offered  to  sale.  Howell. 

VEN'DI-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  vendi- 
ble ; salableness  ; vendibility.  Blount. 

VEN'DI-BLY,  ad.  In  a salable  manner.  Sherwood. 

t VEN-DI-TA'TION,  7i.  [L.  venditatio ; vendito, 

to  offer  for  sale.]  Boastful  display.  B.  Jonson. 

VEN-DP'TION  (ven-dTsh'un),  n.  [L.  venditio.'] 
Sale  ; the  act  of  selling.  Langley. 

VEN-DOR',  n.  {Law.)  A seller  ; the  person  who 
sells  a thing  ; the  correlative  of  vendee.  Burrill. 

VEN-DUE',  n.  [Fr.  vendu,  sold.]  A public  auc- 
tion ; a sale  by  outcry.  Franklin,  1789. 

,80“  This  word  is  in  use  in  the  United  States  and 
the  West  Indies  , but  it  is  not  common  in  England, 
though  it  is  found  in  the  recent  English  dictionaries 
of  Knowles,  Oswald,  Smart,  and  Craig. 

VEN-DUE'—  mAs'T^R,  n.  An  auctioneer  ; a per- 
son authorized  to  sell  merchandise  by  public 
auction  or  sale  to  the  highest  bidder  ; — applied, 
in  England,  to  a licensed  auctioneer  in  the  col- 
onies. Simmonds. 

||  VE-NEER',  n.  [Ger . furnir.]  A thin  slice  or 
leaf  of  wood,  or  other  material,  used  for  an  ex- 
ternal finish  of  articles  of  cabinet-work,  &c. 

In  the  United  States  department  of  the  Great  Exhibition 
[in  London,  1851]  was  an  ivory  veneer  twelve  inches  wide  and 
forty  feet  long,  cut  out  of  a single  tusk.  Tomlinson. 

||  VE-NEER'  [ve-ner',  IF.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.-, 
fin-ner',  S.],  v.  a.  [i.  VENEERED  ; pp.  VENEER- 
ING, VENEERED.]  To  cover  with  a thin  layer 
or  slice  of  wood  or  other  material  for  external 
finish,  as  cabinet  work.  Tomlinson. 

||  VE-NEER'ING,  n.  The  process  of  decorating 
ordinary  surfaces  with  thin  leaves  of  wood  or 
other  substance  of  superior  beauty.  Fairholt. 

Vg-NEF'I-CAL,  a.  [L.  venc ficus.]  Addicted  to 
sorcery  or  poisoning  ; veneficial.  [r.]  Bacon. 

t VEN'B-FICE  (ven'e-fls),  n.  [L.  veneficium.]  The 
practice  of  poisoning.  Bailey. 


VEN'BR-A-BLE,  a.  [L.  venerabilis ; It.  venera- 
bile  ; Sp.  venerable-,  Fr.  venerable.  — See  Ven- 
erate.] Worthy  of  veneration  ; to  be  regarded 
with  awe  ; to  be  treated  with  reverence. 

Daniel  was  now  a right  venerable , sage,  old  father,  more 
than  eighty  years  old.  Joye. 

Virtue  and  true  goodness,  righteousness  and  equity,  are 
things  truly  noble  and  excellent,  lovely  and  venerable,  in 
themselves.  Clarke. 


VEN'JJR-A-BLE,  n.  One  worthy  of  veneration  ; 
— the  title  of  an  archdeacon  in  the  Church  of 
England.  Clarke. 

VEN'ER-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  the 
state  of  being  venerable.  South. 

VEN'f.R- A-BLY,  ad.  In  a manner  that  excites 
veneration  or  reverence.  Addison. 

VEN'ER-ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  vencror,  veneratus  ; It. 
venerare-,  Sp . venerar  ; Fr . vene'rer.]  [i.  ven- 
erated ; pp.  VENERATING,  VENERATED.]  To 
regard  or  treat  with  veneration,  awe,  or  rever- 
ence ; to  reverence  ; to  revere  ; to  respect. 

And  seemed  to  venerate  the  sacred  shade.  Dryden. 

A good  clergyman  must  love  and  venerate  the  gospel  that 
lie  teaches,  and  prefer  it  to  all  other  learning.  S.  Richardson. 

VEN-ER-A'TION,  7i.  [L.  veneratio;  It.  venera- 

zione-,  Sp . veneracion-,  Fr.  veneration.]  Rever- 
ential respect  or  regard ; reverence ; homage 
mingled  with  awe ; a feeling  excited  by  superi- 
ority or  dignity  of.  person,  or  by  sacredness  of 
service,  character,  or  place. 

The  excellency  of  veneration  consists  purely  in  its  being 
fixed  upon  a worthy  object;  when  felt  indiscriminately,  it  is 
idolatry  or  insanity.  Dr.  Arnold. 

Theology  is  the  comprehension  of  all  other  knowledge,  di- 
rected to  its  true  end,  i.  e.  the  honor  and  veneration  of  the 
Creator,  and  the  happiness  of  mankind.  Locke. 

We  feel  a secret  awe  and  veneration  for  one  who  moves 
above  us  in  a regular  and  illustrious  course  of  virtue.  Addison. 

Syn.  — See  Awe,  Respect. 

VEN'ER-A-TOR,  n.  [L.]  One  who  venerates  or 
reveres  ; a reverencer.  Bp.  Taylor. 

VE-NE'RE-AL,  a.  [L.  venereus ; Venus,  the  god- 
dess of  love  ; It.  A,  Sp.  venerco.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  venery  or  sexual  love. 

They  are  averse  to  venereal  pleasures.  Addison. 

2.  Syphilitic  ; produced  by  excessive  indul- 
gence in  venery.  Dunglison. 

3.  Adapted  to  excite  desire  for  sexual  com- 
merce ; aphrodisiac.  Dunglison. 

4.  t Consisting  of  copper,  which  was  called 

venus  by  the  old  chemists.  Boyle. 

f VE-NE'RE-AN,  a.  [Fr.  venerien.]  Venereal; 
sexual ; lustful.  Howell. 


VE-NE'RE-OUS,  a.  [L.  venereus.] 
nous  ; lustful. 

2.  Aphrodisiac  ; venereal. 


1.  Libidi- 
Derham. 
Bacon. 


VE-NER  ’ I-DJE,  n.  pi.  {Zoiil.)  A family  of  con- 
cliiferous  mollusks,  consisting  of  an  immense 
number  of  shells,  a great  portion  of  which  are 
remarkable  for  the  beauty  of  their  form,  and 
the  variety  of  their  colors.  Baird. 

f VEN'ER-OUS,  a.  Venereous  ; lustful.  Burton. 

VEN'E-RY,  n.  [From  Venus,  the  goddess  of  love.] 
The  pleasures  of  sexual  love  ; sexual  congress 
or  communication  ; coition.  Dunglison. 

Contentment,  without  the  pleasures  of  lawful  venery.  is 

continence;  of  unlawful,  chastity.  Grew. 


VENEW  (ven'u  or  ve'nu),  71.  A bout;  veney.  Shale. 

VENEY  (ven'e  or  ve'ne)  [ve'ne,  S.  IF.  P.  ; ven'e, 
Sm.  R.  Wb.],  71.  [Fr.  venez  ; vc7iir,  to  come.] 
A bout ; a turn  at  fencing ; a thrust ; a hit.  Shak. 

f VENpE  (venj),  v.  a.  [It.  vengiare  ; Sp.  vengar  ; 
Fr.  venger.]  To  avenge;  to  take  vengeance  on 
or  for  ; to  punish.  Bp.  Fisher. 

f VEN^IE'A-BLE,  a.  Revengeful.  Bp.  Fisher. 

VENGEANCE  (ven'jans),  n.  [Fr.  vent qeance,  from 
L.  vmdico,  to  avenge  ; venum,  a sale,  and  clico, 
to  declare.]  Punishment  inflicted  in  retaliation 
or  retribution  ; penal  retribution  ; avengement. 

Avenge  not  yourselves;  . . . for  it  is  written,  Vengeance  is 
mine;  I wilt  repay,  saith  the  Lord.  Rum.  xii.  10. 

With  a vengeance,  with  vehemence  ; — now  a collo- 
quial phrase,  but  formerly  solemn  and  dignified.  John- 
son. — What  a vengeance,  what,  emphatically. 

But  what  a vengeance  makes  thee  fly 

From  me,  too,  as  thine  enemy  ? Uudibras. 

Syn.  — See  Retaliation. 

VENGE'FUL,  a.  Full  of,  or  inflicting,  vengeance  ; 
vindictive ; revengeful.  Milton. 

fVENQE'MENT,  n.  [Old  Fr.]  Vengeance; 

avengement ; penal  retribution.  Spenser. 

f VENDER,  7i.  An  avenger.  Spenser. 

f VE'NI-A-BLE,  a.  [L.  veniabilis.]  That  may  be 
pardoned  ; pardonable ; venial.  Brow7ie. 

VE'NI-AL,  a.  [L.  renialis  ; ve7iia,  complaisance, 
pardon;  It.  ve7iiale -,  Sp.  venial-,  Fr . veniel.] 

1.  That  may  be  pardoned  or  excused  ; suscep- 
tible of  pardon  ; pardonable ; not  highly  cen- 

• surable  ; excusable  ; as,  “ A venial  fault.” 

While  good  men  are  employed  in  extirpating  mortal  sins, 
I should  rally  the  world  out  of  indecencies  ana  venial  trans- 
gression. Addison. 

There  is  no  certainty  of  distinction  between  the  mortal 
and  venial  sins.  Bp.  Taylor . 

Reformed  theologians  altogether  reject  the  distinction  be- 
tween venial  and  mortal  sin.  Brande. 


2.  Allowed.  ‘‘Ve7iial  discourse.’' 


Milton. 


Venial  sin,  according  to  Roman  Catholic  theolo- 
gians, a sin  which  weakens  sanctifying  grace,  but 
does  not  take  it  away.  Brande. 

Syn.  — Venial  and  excusable  are  applicable  to  small 
offences,  or  unintentional  mistakes  or  neglects  ; par- 
donable, to  that  which  deserves  censure,  and  cannot  lie 
allowed.  Venial  offence;  pardonable  error , excusable 
mistake  ; allowed  indulgence. 

VE-NI-AL'I-TY,  71.  The  state  or  the  quality  of 
being  venial ; venialness,  [r.]  Bp.  Taylor. 

VE'NI-AL-LY,  ad.  In  a venial  manner.  Clarke. 

VE'NI-AL-NESS,  71.  The  state  or  the  quality  of 
being  excusable  or  venial ; veniality.  Johnson. 


VE-Ni'RE.  [L.]  {Laio.)  Venire  facias.  Burrill. 

VE-Nl'RE  fA’CI-As  (-fa'she-as),  71.  {Law.) 

1.  A judicial  writ  directed  to  the  sheriff,  to 

cause  a jury  to  come  or  appear  in  the  neighbor- 
hood where  the  cause  is  brought  to  issue,  to  try 
the  same.  Brande. 

2.  A writ  issued  on  an  indictment  for  a petit 

misdemeanor  on  a penal  statute:  — also  a writ 
in  the  nature  of  a summons  to  cause  the  party 
to  appear.  Bouvier. 

VEN'I^ON  (ven'zn  or  ven'e-zn)  [ven'zn  or  ven'e-zn, 
IF.  Ja.  K.  Sni.  R. ; ven'zn,  P.  Barclay,  ven'- 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — Q,  9,  g,  soft ; G,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z ; £ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


VENNEL 


1622 


VENTUROUSNESS 


e-zn,  J.  F.  C. ; ven'js-sun,  S.],  11.  [Fr.  venai- 
son,  from  L.  venatio,  a hunting ; venor , to  hunt.] 

1.  f Animals  or  beasts  of  the  chase,  particu- 
larly deer.  Fabyan. 

2.  The  flesh  of  edible  beasts  of  chase,  but 
usually  restricted  to  the  flesh  of  deer.  Shak. 

VEN'NJJL,  n.  [Fr.  venelle.] 

1.  An  alley  ; a lane  ; — written  also  renall, 

and  vinell.  N.  Brit.  Rev.  Jamieson. 

2.  A sink ; a drain.  [Local.]  Brockett. 

VEN'OM.  n.  [L.  venemim,  a drug,  poison;  It.  § 
Sp.  veneno  ; Fr.  renin.] 

1.  Poison  ; virus  ; poisonous  or  noxious  mat- 

ter or  fluid,  — particularly  a poisonous  fluid  se- 
creted by  certain  animals,  as  the  viper,  in  a state 
of  health,  and  which  they  preserve  in  a particu- 
lar reservoir  to  use  as  a means  of  attack  or  of 
defence.  ' Dunglison. 

2.  Malice  ; maliciousness  ; spite  ; malignity. 

The  venom  of  such  looks  we  fairly  hope 

Have  lost  their  quality.  Shak. 

Syn. — See  Poison. 

VEN'OM,  v.  a.  To  envenom,  [it.]  Milton. 

VEN'OMED  (ven'umd),  p.  a.  Infected  with  venom 
or  poison.  “ The  renamed  race.”  Dnjden. 

VEN'OM— MOUTHED  (ven'um-mouthd),  a.  Having 
venom  or  poison  in  the  mouth.  Shak. 

VEN'OM-OUS,  a.  [L.  venenosus ; It.  venenoso  ; 
Fr.  venimeux.  — Old  Eng.  venemous.) 

1.  Full  of  venom;  poisonous;  noxious. 

Here  are  several  sorts  of  serpents,  many  of  them  vastly 

great,  and  most  of  them  very  venomous.  Damj/ier. 

Beyond  it  is  the  port  Acone,  cursed  for  the  venomous  herb 
and  poisonous  aconitum.  Holland. 

2.  Malignant ; mischievous  ; baneful ; spite- 
ful. “A  venomous  writer.”  Addison. 

VEN'OM- OUS-LY,  ad.  Poisonously ; malignantly. 

VfiN'OM-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality 
of  being  venomous  ; poisonousness.  Ash. 

VE  NOSE,  a.  [L.  venosus.]  ( Bot .)  Veiny;  fur- 
nished with  conspicuous  veins  ; veined.  Gray. 

VE-NOS'I-TY,  n.  [Low  L.  venositas.]  A condi- 
tion in  which  the  blood  is  supposed  to  move 
slowly.  . Dunglison. 

VE'NOUS,  a.  [L.  venoms ; vena,  a vein;  It.  § 
Sp.  renoso ; Fr.  veineu. r.] 

1.  Relating  to  the  veins ; consisting  of,  con- 
stituting, or  contained  in  the  veins  ; venal. 

Arterial  blood  is  of  a florid  red  color,  . . , venous  blood  is 
of  a brownish  red.  Dunglison. 

2.  (Bot.)  Noting  leaves  having  veins  which 

diverge  from  the  midrib  towards  the  margin, 
ramifying  as  they  proceed;  reticulated;  netted; 
veiny  ; venose.  Lindley. 

VENT,  n.  [“Both  English  and  French  lexicogra- 
phers consider  that  there  are  two  words  so  writ- 
ten, vent,  Fr.  fente,  from  fendre,  L.  findo,  to 
cleave  or  split  open  ; and  vent,  [from]  Fr.  ven- 
dee, to  sell,  L.  vendo,  to  sell.”  Richardson.  — 
L.  venditio,  a sale  ; It.  vendita  ; Sp.  venta ; Fr. 
rente.  — Vent,  meaning  an  opening,  may,  per- 
haps, be  from  L.  ventus,  wind.] 

1.  A small  aperture  or  hole  at  which  the  air 
escapes  or  any  thing  is  let  out;  an  opening;  an 
air-pipe ; an  air-tube  ; a spiracle  ; a hole. 

Full  o’er  their  heads  the  swelling  bag  he  rent, 

Aud  all  the  Furies  issued  at  the  vent.  Pope. 

To  draw  any  drink,  be  not  at  the  trouble  of  opening  a 
rent ; or,  if  you  take  out  the  vent,  stay  not  to  put  it  in.  Swift. 

2.  The  opening  or  passage  in  fire-arms  through 

which  the  fire  is  communicated  to  the  powder 
composing  the  charge  ; — frequently,  but  im- 
properly, called  the  touch-hole.  Stocquelcr. 

The  vents  of  all  descriptions  of  English  ordnance  are  one 
fifth  of  an  inch  in  diameter.  Stocquelcr. 

3.  Emission  ; effusion  ; passage.  Addison. 

4.  Discharge;  means  of  discharge  ; utterance. 

5.  An  opening  for  the  sale  or  disposal  of  any 

thing ; opportunity  to  sell  ; a means  of  sale  ; a 
mart  or  market  overt;  sale.  Holland. 

6.  [Sp.  venta.)  A poor  inn  on  roads,  far  from 
towns  or  villages  ; a baiting-place.  Shelton. 

7.  ( Ornith .)  The  anus.  Eng.  Cyc. 

To  give  vent  to,  to  afford  an  opening  or  means  of 

discharge  for;  to  let  out.  To  take  vent , to  be  dis- 
closed ; to  come  into  public  notice.  “ Whereby  the 
particular  design  took  vent  beforehand,”  tVotton, 

VENT,  t>.  a.  [i.  VENTED  ; pp.  VENTING,  VENTED.] 

1.  To  let  out  at  a small  aperture.  Spenser. 


2.  To  let  out ; to  send  forth  or  out ; to  emit; 

to  pouf  forth  ; to  give  way  to ; to  utter.  “ They 
vented  their  complainings.”  Shak. 

When  men  are  young,  and  have  little  else  to  do,  they  might 
vent  the  overflowings  of  their  fancy  that  way.  Denham. 

Atheous  paradoxes,  which  have  poisoned  the  very  air  of 
our  church  wherein  they  were  vented.  Dp.  Hall. 

3.  f To  publish  ; to  promulgate.  Raleigh. 

4.  fTo  sell  ; to  dispose  of;  to  vend. 

Therefore  did  those  nations  vent  such  spice,  sweet  gums, 
and  peats  as  their  own  countries  yielded.  Raleigh. 

f VENT,  v.  n.  [From  L.  ventus,  wind.  Nares.] 
To  open  or  expand  the  nostrils  to  the  wind;  to 
snuff.  “ He  venteth  into  the  air.”  Spenser. 

VEK'  TA,  n.  [Sp.]  A poor  inn  on  roads  far  from 
towns  or  villages  ; a mean  tavern.  Sir  IF.  Scott. 

f VENT'AfgE,  n.  A small  hole  ; a vent.  Shak. 

VEN'TAIL  (ven'tal),  n.  [Fr.  vent  ail.]  The  visor, 
or  breathing  part  of  a helmet; — written  also 
ventayle,  and  oventayle.  Spenser. 

f VfN-TAN'NA,  n.  [Sp.  ventana.  — From  L.  ven- 
tus, wind.  IF.  Smith.]  A window.  Dry  den. 

VEAT’ TF.lt,  il.  [Gr.  yaarfip  ; L .venter.] 

1.  (Anat.)  The  abdomen  ; the  belly  ; — for- 

merly any  cavity  of  the  body,  but  chiefly  ap- 
plied to  the  head,  breast,  and  abdomen,  called 
by  anatomists  the  three  venters  : — the  uterus  ; 
the  womb.  Dunglison.  Johnson. 

2.  (Laio.)  A mother. 

If  a man  hath  issue  two  sons  by  divers  venters.  Littleton. 

3.  (Ent.)  Lower  part  of  the  abdomen.  Brande. 

VENT'ER,  n.  One  who  vents  ; one  who  utters, 

reports,  or  publishes,  [it.]  Barrow. 

VENT’-FEATII-pR,  n.  (Ornith.)  One  of  the 
feathers  that  lie  from  the  vent  or  anus  to  the 
tail  underneath.  Maunder. 

VENT'-IIOLE,  n.  A small  aperture  to  let  out  or 
to  let  in  the  air.  Ash. 

VENT'I-DUCT,  n.  [L.  ventus,  wind,  and  ductus, 
a leading.]  A passage  for  the  wind  or  air.  Boyle. 

VEN'TI-LATE,  v.  a.  [L.  ventilo,  ventilatus,  to 
fan,  to  brandish  in  the  air ; ventus,  wind ; It, 
ventilare,  to  ventilate  ; Sp.  ven filar  ; Fr.  venti- 
ler .]  [t.  VENTILATED  ; pp.  VENTILATING,  VEN- 

TILATED.] 

1.  To  fan  with  wind ; to  expose  to  the  wind 
or  air ; to  cause  a change  of  air  for  or  in. 

Miners,  by  perflations  with  large  bellows,  letting  down 
tubes,  and  sinking  new  shafts,  give  free  passage  to  the  air, 
which  ventilates  and  cools  the  miners.  Woodward. 

2.  To  winnow;  to  fan,  as  grain.  Cockeram. 

3.  f To  examine  ; to  sift ; to  discuss. 

Much  had  been  ventilated  in  private  discourse.  JlaiTington. 

VEN-TJ-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  ventilatio  ; It.  ventila- 
zione  ; Sp.  ventilacion  ; Fr.  ventilation .] 

1.  The  act  of  ventilating  or  fanning  with  wind ; 

— the  replacement  of  noxious  or  impure  air  in 
an  apartment,  mine,  or  other  enclosed  space, 
by  pure,  fresh  air  from  without.  Addison. 

2.  The  act  of  winnowing,  as  grain. 

3.  t Vent;  titterance.  Wotton. 

4.  f Refrigeration.  Harvey. 

5.  f Examination  ; discussion. 

The  ventilation  of  these  points  diffused  them  to  the  knowl- 
edge of  the  world.  Dp.  Hull. 

VEN'TI-LA-TOR,  n.  A machine  or  contrivance 
for  promoting  or  regulating  ventilation.  Brande. 

VEN-TOSE',  a.  Windy ; flatulent.  Richardson. 

f VEN'TOSE,  n.  [Fr . ventouse.]  ( Surg .)  A cup- 
ping-glass. Holland. 

f V?N-TOS'!-TV,  n.  [L.  ventositas  ; Fr.  ventosite.] 

1.  Windiness  ; flatulence.  Ferrand. 

2.  Empty  pride  ; vain-glory.  Bacon. 

VENT'— PEG,  ii.  A peg  to  stop  a vent.  IF.  Ency. 

VEN'TRAL,  a.  [L . vcntralis ; venter,  the  belly; 
Sp.  Sf  Fr.  ventral.] 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  venter  or  belly ; 

abdominal.  Chambers. 

2.  (Bot.)  Belonging  to  that  side  of  a simple 

pistil,  or  other  organ  which  looks  towards  the 
axis  or  centre  of  the  flower ; — opposed  to  dor- 
sal. Gray. 

Ventral  fins,  (Ich.)  fins  placed  between  the  pectoral 
and  anal  fins.  Eng.  Cyc. — Ventral  suture,  (But.)  the 
line  or  seam  along  the  inner  side  of  the  ovary,  which 
answers  to  the  united  edges  of  the  leaf,  and  hears  the 
ovules.  Gray. 

VEN'TRT-CLE,  n.  [L.  ventriculus,  the  belly,  the 


stomach,  a ventricle  of  the  heart ; venter,  the  bel- 
ly ; It.  ventricolo ; Sp.  ventrieulo ; Fr .yentricule.] 
(Anat.)  A name  given  to  several  cavities  of  the 
body,  particularly  to  the  two  cavities  of  the 
heart,  which  communicate  with  the  two  auricles, 
and  from  which  the  blood  is  sent  into  the  arte- 
ries. Dunglison. 

VEN'TRj-COSE,  a.  (Bot.)  Swelling  or  inflated 
unequally  on  one  side ; inflated  ; bellied  ; dis- 
tended ; ventricous.  P.  Cyc. 

VEN'TRI-COtJS,  a.  (Bot  ) Ventricose.  London. 

VgN-TRlC'y-LAR,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  resem- 
bling, a ventricle.  Dunglison. 

VJJN-TRlC'U-LOUS,  a.  [L.  vcntriculosus  ] Some- 
what distended.  Smart. 

VJpN-TRIL-O-CU'TION,  il.  Ventriloquy  ; ventril- 
oquism. [r.]  C.  B . Brown. 

VEN-TRI-LO'CIUI-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  ventrilo- 
quism ; ventriloquous.  Chandler. 

VgN-TRlL'Q-auI^M,  n.  [L.  venter,  the  belly, 
and  loquor,  to  speak.]  The  art  of  modifying 
the  natural  voice,  so  that  it  seems  to  come 
from  a greater  or  less  distance,  and  from  differ- 
ent directions , ventriloquy.  Dunglison. 

The  essential  quality  requisite  in  ventriloquism  is  the  ca- 
pacity of  the  performer  skilfully  to  create  illusions  as  regards 
the  direction  and  the  distance  whence  the  sounds  proceed. 

J.  Hunt. 

VjEN-TRlL'O-auIST,  n.  One  who  practises  ven- 
triloquism ; — formerly  supposed  to  speak  from 
the  belly.  Paley. 

When  it  is  considered  that  we  all  can  speak  and  sing  with, 
the  jaws  closed,  without  much  disturbing  the  facial  muscles, 
it  is  not  astonishing  that  the  practised  ventriloquist . who.  in 
showing  his  face,  avoids  the  labials,  p.  m,  b,  as  much  as  pos- 
sible, or  produces  them  with  the  least  apparent  motion,  should 
be  successful  in  deceiving  his  audience.  J.  Hunt. 

V^N-TRIL'O-aUlZE,  V.  a.  \i.  VENTRILOQUIZED  ; 
pp.  VENTRILOQUIZING,  VENTRILOQUIZED.]  To 
practise  ventriloquism.  Phren.  Jour. 

VyN-TRIL'O-QUOUS,  a.  Pertaining  to  ventrilo- 
quism ; ventriloquial.  White. 

VyN-TRiE'O-QUY,  n.  Ventriloquism.  Chambers. 

VENT'URE  (vent'yur),  ii.  [It.  ty  Sp.  ventura  ; — 
from  L.  venio,  ventus,  to  come.] 

1.  An  undertaking  of  chance  and  danger ; a 

hazard  ; a risk.  Dryden. 

Thy  personal  venture,  in  the  rebel's  fight.  Shak. 

2.  Chance  ; hap  ; luck  ; contingency.  Bacon. 

3.  Thing  put  to  hazard  ; a stake. 

We  must  take  the  current  when  it  serves, 

Ur  lose  our  ventures.  Shak. 

At  a venture,  on  an  uncertainty  ; at  hazard  , with- 
out any  tiling  more  than  the  hope  of  a lucky  chance. 

VENT'URE  (vent’yur),  v.n.  [i.  VENTURED;  pp. 
VENTURING,  VENTURED.] 

1.  To  dare  ; to  adventure.  Bacon, 

2.  To  run  a risk  ; to  hazard. 

Nor  is,  indeed,  that  man  less  mad  than  these, 

Who  freights  a ship  to  venture  on  the  seas.  Dnjden. 

To  venture  at.  or  upon , to  dare  engage  in  on  mere 
hope,  without  any  security  of  success. 

VENT'URE  (vent'yur), y.  a.  I.  To  expose  to  haz- 
ard ; to  risk  ; to  hazard. 

By  venturing  both,  I oft  found  both.  Shak. 

2.  To  put  or  send  on  a venture  or  chance. 

The  fish  ventured  for  France  they  puck  in  stancli  hogs- 
heads, so  as  to  keep  them  in  their  pickle.  Cartw. 

3.  To  trust ; to  rely  on  ; to  confide  in  ; to  try. 

A man  would  he  well  enough  pleased  to  buy  silks  of  one 
whom  he  would  not  venture  to  feef  his  pulse.  Addison. 

4.  To  expose  one’s  self  to.  [r.] 

To  venture  the  claws  of  the  lion.  Swift. 

VENT'UR-yR  (vent'yur-er),  n.  One  who  ventures 
or  exposes  to  hazard.  Beau,  FI. 

VENT'U RE-SOME  (vent'yur-sum),  a.  Bold;  dar- 
ing; intrepid;  adventurous  ; venturous.  Strype. 

VENT'URE-SOME-LY,  ad.  In  a bold  or  daring 
manner ; venturously.  Johnson. 

VENT'URE-SOME-NESS,  il.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing venturesome ; boldness.  Scott. 

VENT'UR-ING  (vent'yur-Ing),  n.  The  act  of  put- 
ting to  risk  or  hazard  ; a hazarding.  Halifax. 

VENT'UR-OUS  (vent'yur-Bs),  a.  Daring  ; bold  ; 
fearless  ; venturesome  ; adventurous.  Milton. 

VENT 'UR- OUS-LY,  ad.  Daringly  ; fearlessly  ; 
boldly  ; venturesomely.  Bacon. 

VENT'UR-OUS-NESS,  n.  Boldness ; adventurous- 
ness ; venturesomeness.  Boyle. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short; 


A,  F,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


VENUE 


1623 


VERDURED 


VEN'UE  (ven'yu),  n.  1.  [Old  Fr.  yisne ; Low 
L.  visnetum,  neighborhood;  L.  vicinus,  neigh- 
boring.] (Laic.)  A neighborhood  ; neighbor- 
hood, place,  or  county  in  which  an  injury  is 
declared  to  have  been  done,  or  fact  declared  to 
have  happened  : — the  statement  in  a declara- 
tion, of  the  county  in  which  a fact  happened  : — 
a jury  summoned  from  a particular  county  or 
place  : — the  county  in  which  an  action  is  in- 
tended to  be  tried,  and  from  the  body  of  which 
the  jurors  who  are  to  try  it  are  summoned. 

Burrill. 

To  change  the  venue  is  to  direct  the  trial  to  be  had  in  a dif- 
ferent county  from  that  where  the  venue  is  laid.  Burrill. 

2.  [Fr.  venir,  to  come.]  {Fencing.)  A coming 
on  ; an  onset ; a turn  or  bout.  — See  Veney. 

Like  ft  perfect  fencer,  he  will  tell  beforehand  in  what  but- 
ton he  will  give  his  venue.  Fuller. 

VEN'U-LOSE,  a.  [L.  venula,  a little  vein.]  {Bot.) 
Furnished  with  veinlets.  Gray. 

VE'NUS,  n.  [L.]  1.  {Roman  Myth.)  The  goddess 
of  love  and  female  beauty.  Win.  Smith. 

2.  {Astron.)  A brilliant  planet  in  the  heav- 
ens, whose  orbit  is  between  that  of  Mercury 
and  that  of  the  earth,  being  second  from  the 
sun.  When  it  sets  after  the  sun  it  is  the  even- 
ing star,  called  by  the  ancients  Hesperus,  and 
when  it  rises  before  the  sun  it  is  the  morning 
star,  called  by  the  ancients  Lucifer.  Nichol. 

/j®=  Venus  has  no  satellite,  is  a little  less  in  mag- 
nitude than  the  earth,  is  never  seen  more  than  about 
47J  from  the  sun,  is  distant  from  that  luminary  about 
68,000,000  of  miles,  and  revolves  round  it  in  about  224 
days.  The  transits  of  Venus  across  the  sun’s  disk, 
which  are  of  very  rare  occurrence,  afford  the  best 
means  of  ascertaining  the  sun’s  distance,  or  its  par- 
allax. Venus,  when  seen  through  the  telescope,  ex- 
hibits phases  like  the  moon.  Herschel. 

3.  {Conch.)  A genus  of  bivalves,  of  which  the 
quahog  ( Femes  mercenaria)  is  a species.  Gould. 

4.  (Chem.)  A name  formerly  given  to  copper. 

VE'NUS’§— COMB,  n.  {Bot.)  An  annual  plant 
with  white  flowers ; Scandix  pecten.  Loudon. 

VE'NUS’^— FAN,  n.  (Zoiil.)  The  common  name 
of  much  branched  and  reticulated  polypes  of 
the  family  Gorgonice.  Baird. 

VE'NUS’§— FLY'TRAP,  n.  {Bot.)  A plant  indige- 
nous in  the  sandy  savannas  of  the  eastern  part  of 
North  Carolina,  noted  for  the  extraordinary  irri- 
tability of  its  leaves,  closing  forcibly  at  the 
touch,  and  upon  insects  that  light  upon  them  ; 
Dionaia  muscipula ; — also  called  Carolina  catch- 
fiy-plant.  Gray.  Baird. 

VE'NUS’§—LOOK'JNG— GLASS,  n.  {Bot.)  An  an- 
nual plant,  bearing  flowers  of  considerable 
beauty  ; Campanula  speculum.  Loudon. 

VE'NUS’§-NA'VEL-WORT,  n.  {Bot.)  The  com- 
mon name  of  border  plants  of  the  genus  Om- 
phalodes,  with  white  or  blue  flowers,  and  round 
seeds  depressed  in  the  centre.  Loudon. 

f Vp-NUST',  a.  [L.  venustus  ; Venus,  the  goddess 
of  love.]  Beautiful  ; lovely.  Waterhouse. 

VER,  n.  [L.]  The  spring.  Chaucer. 

Vp-ItA'CIOyS  (ve-ra'shus,  6G),  a.  [L.  verax,  vera- 
cis  ; verus,  true  ; It.  verace ; Sp.  veraz.]  Ob- 
servant of  truth  ; truthful ; not  lying  or  false. 

Barrow. 

Vp-RA'CIOUS-LY,  ad.  Truthfully.  Clarke. 

VE-RAC'I-TY,  n.  [It.  veraeit'i ; Fr.  vh'aciti.] 

1.  The  quality  of  being  veracious  ; habitual 
observance  of  truth  ; truthfulness  ; honesty. 

Be  always  precisely  true  in  whatever  thou  relatest  of  thv 
own  knowledge,  that  thou  inayest  give  an  undoubted  and 
settled  reputation  for  veracity.  Fuller. 

2.  Consistency  of  report  with  fact ; truth,  [r.] 

There  was  no  reason  to  doubt  the  veracity  of  those  facts 

which  they  related.  Addison. 

In  strict  propriety,  veracity  is  applicable  only 
to  persons,  and  signifies  not  physical,  but  moral, 
truth.”  Campbell. 

Syn.  — See  Truth. 

VK-RAJY'  DA,  n.  [An  Oriental  word.]  ( Arch .)  A 
sort  of  light  external  gallery  with  a sloping  roof 
of  awning-like  character,  supported  on  slender 
pillars,  and  frequently  partly  enclosed  in  front 
with  lattice- work.  P.  Cyc. 

VE-RA'TRI-A,  n.  ( Cliem .)  An  organic  base  or 
alkaloid  obtained  from  the  roots  and  seeds  of 
different  species  of  Veratrum.  Miller. 

$2r>  Veratria  is  an  exceedingly  acrid  and  violent 


poison,  producing  dangerous  fits  of  sneezing  if  it 
comes  in  contact  even  in  minute  quantity  with  the 
mucous  membrane  of  the  nose.  It  acts  as  a valuable 
sedative  in  some  cases  of  neuralgia,  when  applied  in 
the  form  of  ointment.  Miller. 

VP-RA'TIUNE,  or  VER'A-TRINE,  n.  (C/iem.)  Ve- 
ratria. Kane. 

VE-rA  1 TRUM,  n.  [L.  v ere,  truly,  and  atrum , 
black.  Lemery .]  {Bot.)  A genus  of  extreme- 
ly acrid  and  poisonous  plants,  from  which  ve- 
ratrine  is  obtained.  Loudon. 

VERB,  n.  [L.  verbum,  a word  ; It.  <Sf  Sp.  verbo  ; 
Fr.  verbe. — See  Word.] 

1.  t A word. 

The  assistance  of  the  Spirit,  promised  to  the  church,  was 
not  a vain  thing  or  a mere  verb.  /South. 

2.  {Gram.)  A part  of  speech  which  signifies 
to  be,  to  act,  or  to  be  acted  upon  ; a word  by 
means  of  which  something  is  affirmed  respect- 
ing some  person  or  thing;  as,  “I  am”;  “He 
goes  ” ; “We  read  ” ; “ She  is  admired.” 

Every  noun  or  thing  which  has  an  existence  must  have 
either  an  action  or  state  of  being;  and  the  word  which  ex- 
presses that  action  or  state  of  being  is  a verb.  Boswort/i. 

Why  does  the  verb  monopolize  the  dignity  of  being  the 
“word”?  What  is  there  in  it  which  gives  it  the  right  to  do 
so?  Is  it  because  the  verb  is  the  animating  power,  the  vital 
principle,  of  every  sentence,  and  that  without  which,  either 
understood  or  uttered,  no  sentence  can  exist?  Trench. 

VER'BAL,  a.  [L.  verbalis ; verbum,  a word;  It. 
verbals ; Sp  .verbal;  Fr.  verbale.] 

1.  Uttered  by  the  mouth  ; oral;  spoken. 

Made  she  no  verbal  quest?  Shak. 

2.  Consisting  in  mere  words  ; insincere. 

Verbal  praises  and  acknowledgments  . . . are  but  a piece 

of  mockery  and  hypocritical  compliment.  Hide. 

3.  Relating  to  words  only  ; technical ; as,  “ A 

verbal  dispute.”  Whately. 

4.  Minutely  exact  in  words. 

Neglect  the  rules  each  verbal  critic  lays.  Pope. 

5.  Literal;  having  word  answering  to  word  ; 
word  for  word.  “ A verbal  translation.”  Denham. 

6.  fFull  of  words;  verbose. 

I am  much  sorry,  sir. 

You  put  me  to  forget  a lady’s  manners 

By  being  so  verbal.  Shak. 

7.  (Gram.)  Derived  from  a verb.  “ A verbal 

noun.’’  Johnson. 

Syn.  — Verbal  message  ; oral  tradition  ; literal 
translation. 

VER'BAL,  n.  (Gram.)  A noun  which  is  derived 
from  a verb.  Brandc. 

VER'BAL-I§M,  n.  Any  thing  expressed  orally; 
a verbal  remark  or  expression.  Clarke. 

VER'BAL-IST,  n.  One  who  deals  or  is  skilled  in 
words.  Month.  Rev. 

The  frothy  discourse  of  empty  verbalists.  Gell,  1659. 

VpR-BAL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being  verbal  ; 
mere  words  ; bare  literal  expression.  Browne. 

VER-BAL-J-ZA'TION,  n.  Act  of  verbalizing,  or 
state  of  being  verbalized.  Palmer. 

VER'BAL-IZE,  V.  a.  [1.  VERBALIZED  ; pp.  VER- 
BALIZING, verbalized.]  To  turn  into  a verb. 
Nouns,  for  brevity,  are  sometimes  verbalized.  Inslr.for  Orat. 

VER'BAL-IZE,  v.  n.  To  use  many  words;  to  be 
verbose  or  diffuse.  Walker. 

VER'BAL-LY,  ad.  In  a verbal  manner.  South. 

VpR-BA'Ri-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  consisting 
of,  words ; verbal,  [r.]  Coleridge. 

VpR-BAS'CUM,  n.  [An  alteration  of  barbascum, 
in  allusion  to  the  beard  ( barba ) xvith  which  all 
the  leaves  and  stems  are  covered.  Loudon.] 
(Bot.)  A genus  of  plants  ; mullein.  Loudon. 

VER-bA  'TIM,  ad.  [L.]  . Word  for  word  ; in  ex- 
actly the  same  words. 

Verbatim  to  rehearse  the  method  of  my  pen.  Shak. 

vpR-BE'NA,  n.  [Celt,  ferfaen.  De  Theiss.] 
(Bot.)  A genus  of  plants,  of  which  snme  are 
weeds,  and  others  are  cultivated  for  their  beau- 
tiful flowers  ; vervain.  Loudon. 

VER'BIJN-ATE,  V.  a.  [t.  VEUBENATED  ; pp.  VER- 
BENATING,  VEUBENATED.]  To  strew  with  ver- 
vain, after  an  ancient  custom.  Drake. 

+ VER'BpR-ATE,  v.  a.  [L . verbero.  verberatus.] 
To  beat ; to  strike  ; to  lash.  Abp.  Sancroft. 

VER-BER-A'TION,  n.  [L.  verberatio  ; Sp . verbe- 
r acion ; Fr.  verberation.] 

1.  The  act  of  beating  or  striking;  percussion. 

All  the  effects  of  a soft  press  or  verberation.  Arhuthnot. 

2.  Reflected  sound ; reverberation.  Rees.  \ 


VER'BI-At-IE,  it.  [Fr.]  An  unnecessary  profu- 
sion of  words ; empty  or  superfluous  writing  or 
discourse  ; verbosity  ; verboseness  ; wordiness. 

I thought  what  I read  of  it  verbiage.  Johnson. 

VER'BI-FY,  v.  a.  [L.  verbum,  a word,  a verb,  and 
facio,  to  make.]  (Gram.)  To  form  or  change 
into  a verb.  Dr.  A.  Murray. 

VJpR-BOSE',  a.  [L.  verbosus ; It.  k Sp.  verboso  ; 
Fr.  verbeux.]  Abounding  in  words  ; using  too 
many  words  ; prolix  ; wordy. 

They  ought  to  be  brief,  and  not  too  verbose  in  their  wav  of 
speaking.  Ayliffe. 

VJJR-BOSE'LY,  ad.  In  a verbose  manner.  Cowpcr. 

VpR-BOSE'NpsS,  n.  Verbosity.  Clarke. 

VJJR-BOS'J-TY,  n.  [L.  verbositas  ; It.  verbosith ; 
Sp.  verbosidad  ; Fr.  verbosity.]  The  quality  of 
being  verbose  ; superabundance  of  words  ; wordi- 
ness ; prolixity. 

He  drawetll  out  the  thread  of  his  verbosity  finer  than  the 
staple  of  his  argument.  Shak. 

f VERD,  n.  1.  Verdancy.  Dec.  of  Popish  Impost. 

2.  (Law.)  The  privilege  of  cutting  green 
wood  within  a forest  for  fuel: — the  right  of 
pasturing  animals  in  the  forest.  Spelman. 

VER'DAN-CY,  n.  Greenness.  Norris. 

VER'DANT,  a.  [Fr.  verdoyant.] 

1.  Green  ; of  the  color  of  grass. 

The  verdant  grass  my  couch  did  goodly  dight.  Spenser. 

2.  Flourishing  ; growing ; in  the  freshness  of 

youth.  Richardson. 

VERD  '—An-TJQUE1  (verd'an-tek'),  n.  [It.  verde 
antico,  ancient  green;  Fr.  verde  antique.] 

1.  The  green  incrustation  produced  by  the 
action  of  time  upon  copper  and  brass.  Fairholt. 

2.  (Min.)  A very  beautiful  and  highly  prized 
mottled  green  marble,  used  for  ornamental  pur- 
poses. It  is  an  aggregate  of  serpentine  and 
limestone  irregularly  intermingled.  Cleaveland. 

VER'DANT-LY,  ad.  In  a verdant  manner.  Clarke. 

VER'DANT-NESS,  n.  Verdancy.  Clarke. 

\ Eli  DER-ER,  / n [Low  L .viridarius;  Fr . ver- 

VER'DpR-OR,  ) dour.]  (Eng.  Law.)  An  officer 
of  the  forest,  who  has  charge  of  the  vert  and 
vfenison.  Manwood. 

VER'DICT,  n.  [L.  verum  dictum,  a true  decla- 
ration ; Norm.  Fr.  vereduist ; Fr.  verdict.] 

1.  (Law.)  The  unanimous  decision  made  by 

a jury  and  reported  to  the  court  on  the  matter 
lawfully  submitted  to  them  in  the  course  of  the 
triabof  a cause.  Bouvier. 

2.  A declaration  ; a decision;  a judgment. 

The  verdict  of  their  own  consciences.  Barrow. 

These  were  enormities  condemned  by  the  most  natural 
verdict  of  common  humanity.  South. 

VER'DI-GRIS  (ver'de-gres),  n.  1.  ( Cliem .)  A salt 
which,  when  pure,  is  of  a fine  blue  color,  and  is 
composed  of  one  equivalent  of  acetic  acid,  two 
equivalents  of  protoxide  of  copper,  and  six  of 
xvater ; bibasic  acetate  of  copper ; diacetate  of 

copper.  Kane. 

2.  A green  pigment  consisting  of  a variable 
mixture  of  the  sub-acetates  of  copper,  prepared 
by  covering  plates  of  copper  with  the  refuse  of 
grapes  after  making  wine,  and  also  by  exposing 
copper  to  the  vapor  of  vinegar.  Turner.  Bigelow. 

BSF  Distilled  "verdigris,  neutral  acetate  of  copper, 
consisting  of  one  equivalent  of  acetic  acid,  one  of 
protoxide  of  copper,  and  one  of  water.  Kane. 

VER’DI-TER,  n.  (Chem.)  A blue  pigment  con- 
sisting of  carbonic  acid,  protoxide  of  copper, 
and  water.  Turner. 

VER'DI-TURE,  ii.  The  palest  green  coloring  mat- 
ter. Peacham. 

VER-DOY',  a.  (Iler.)  Applied  to  a border  when  it  is 
charged  with  leaves,  fruits,  flowers,  &c.  Weale. 

\ VER-DU' GO,  n.  [Sp.]  An  executioner;  — a 
severe  stroke.  Beau.  FI. 

f VER-DU'GO-SIIIP,  n.  The  office  of  a hang- 
man or  executioner.  B.  Jonson. 

VERD'URE  (verd'yur)  [ver'dzhur,  S.  ; ver'jur,  W. 
J.;  vgr'dur,  E.  F. ; verd'yyr,  Ja.  K. ] , n.  [L. 
vireo,  to  be  green  ; viridis,  green  ; It.  § Sp.  ver- 
dura,  verdure  ; Fr.  verdure .]  Green  ; the  green- 
ness or  freshness  of  grass  and  other  vegetation. 

The  tender  grass,  whose  verdure  clad 
Her  universal  face  with  pleasant  green.  Shak. 

VERD'URED  (verd'yurd),  a.  Covered  with  verd- 
[ ure.  “ Verdured  bank.”  Parnell. 


MiEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  S6N ; BULL,  BUR,  RtJLE.  — Q,  <?,  9,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  q,  1,  hard;  § as  z;  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


VERDUROUS 


1624 


VERNACULAR 


VERDT/R-OUS  (verd'yur-us),  a.  Abounding  in 
verdure  ; covered  with  green  ; verdant.  Milton. 

f VER'E-CUND,  a.  [L.  verecundus  ; Old  Fr.  vere- 
coitrf.]  Modest ; bashful ; demure.  Blount. 

^VER-f.-CUJN'DI-OUS,  a.  Bashful.  Wotton. 

f VER-5-CUN'DI-TY,  n.  [L.  verecundia.]  Bash- 
fulness ; modesty  ; diffidence.  Lemon. 

VER-F.-TIL' l.VM,n.\  pi.  VF.R-F.-TlL  ' I.A.  (Z.Oul.) 
A genus  of  free  compound  Alcyonaria,  having 
the  polypes  scattered  over  the  colony.  Dana. 

VER-GA-LOO',  n.  [Fr.  virgouleusc.]  A kind  of 
pear ; virgaloo.  Browne. 

VERGE,  n.  [L.  virga ; It.  verga ; Fr.  verge.] 

1.  A rod,  or  something  in  the  form  of  a staff 
or  rod,  carried  as  an  emblem  of  authority  or  en- 
sign of  office  ; the  mace  of  a dean. 

The  silver  verge  with  decent  pride 

Stuck  underneath  his  cushion  side.  Swift. 

2.  (Eng.  Law.)  A privileged  space  around,  or 
immediately  adjoining,  the  king’s  residence  : — 
the  compass  of  the  jurisdiction  of  the  court  of 
the  marshalsea  or  palace  court.  Blackstone. 

3.  Brink  ; edge  ; border  ; margin  ; limit. 

Nature,  in  you,  stands  on  the  very  verge  • 

Of  her  coniine.  SUak. 

Give  ample  room  and  verge  enough.  Gray. 

4.  The  arbor  or  spindle  of  the  balance  of  a 

watch.  Bigelow. 

5.  A small  ornamental  shaft  in  Gothic  archi- 
tecture. Weale. 

Syn.  — See  Border. 

VERGE,  v.  n [L.  v ergo.]  [i.  verged  ; pp.  verg- 
ing, VERGED.] 

1.  To  tend  downwards  ; to  incline  ; to  slope. 

And  henceforth  the  sun  of  the  king’s  cause  declined, 

verging  more  and  more  westward.  Fuller. 

2.  To  tend  towards  ; to  come  upon  the  brink 
or  border  of ; as,  “ Verging  upon  insanity.” 

VERGE-BOARD,  n.  (Arch.)  The  gable  orna- 
ment of  wood-work  used  extensively  for  houses 
in  the  fifteenth  century  ; — often  written  barge- 
board.  Fairholt. 

VER'GflN-CY,  n.  1.  Approach,  [it.]  Cockburn. 

2.  (Opt.)  The  reciprocal  of  the  focal  distance, 
being  the  measure  of  the  degree  of  divergence 
or  convergence  of  a pencil  of  rays.  Lloyd. 

VERG'F.R,  n.  [Fr.]  1.  (Theol.)  lie  who  carries 

the  mace  before  the  bishop  and  the  other  mem- 
bers of  the  chapter  ; being  also  the  chief  officer 
or  beadle  of  a cathedral,  and  having  the  care  of 
the  building  and  its  furniture.  Eden. 

2.  (Eng.  Laic.)  An  officer  who  carries  a white 
wand  before  the  justices  of  either  bench.  Burrill. 

VER-GETTE',  n.  [Fr.]  (Iler.)  A pallet  or  small 
pale  ; a shield  divided  into  pallets.  Brande. 

V^R-GlN'I-A,  n-  (Astron.)  An  asteroid  discov- 
ered by  Ferguson  in  1857.  Lovering. 

f vy-RlD']-CAL,  a.  [L.  veridicus ; verus,  true,  and 
dico,  to  speak.]  Truth-telling.  Bailey. 

\rER'!-FI-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  verified.  South. 

VER-T-FI-CA'TION,  n.  [It.  verificazione  ; Sp.  veri- 
fication-, Fr  .verification.)  Act  of  verifying;  con- 
firmation by  argument  and  evidence  ; authenti- 
cation ; confirmation  of  a supposition,  infer- 
ence, or  truth,  by  experiment  or  trial.  Boyle. 

Verification  of  an  equation , {Algebra.)  the  operation 
of  testing  the  equation  of  a problem,  to  see  whether 
it  expresses  truly  the  conditions  of  the  problem. 

VER'I-FI-CA-TIVE,  a.  Tending  to  verify. N. A.  Rev. 

VER'I-Ff-fJR,  n.  One  who  verifies.  Johnson. 

VER'I-FV,  v.  a.  [L.  verus,  true,  and  facio,  to 
make  ; It.  verificare  ; Sp.  verificar ; Fr.  verifier.] 

[i.  VERIFIED  ; pp.  VERIFYING,  VERIFIED.] 

1.  To  prove  true  ; to  confirm;  to  substantiate. 

This  is  verified  by  a number  of  examples.  Bacon. 

2.  To  fulfil,  as  a promise  or  a prediction. 

So  shalt  thou  best  fulfil,  best  verify 

The  prophets  old,  who  sung  thy  endless  reign.  Milton. 

3.  To  authenticate,  as  a title,  or  power. 

To  verify  our  title  with  their  lives.  Shak. 

f VE-RIL'0-Q.UENT,  a.  Speaking  truth.  Martin. 

VF.R'I-LY,  ad.  1.  In  truth  ; truly  ; certainly  ; in 
fact.  “ Verily  I do  not  jest  with  thee.”  Shak. 


2.  Confidently  ; with  great  confidence;  really. 

It  was  verily  thought  that,  had  it  not  been  for  four  great  dis- 
favorers  of  that  voyage,  the  enterprise  had  succeeded,  i Bacon. 

VER-I-SIM'I-LAR,  a.  [L . verisimilis  \ verus,  true, 
and  similis,  like.]  Appearing  to  be  true  ; prob- 
able ; likely,  [it.]  Martin. 

VER-I-SI-MIL'l-TUDE,  n.  [L.  verisimilitude; 
It.  verisimilitudine ; Sp.  verisimilitud.]  Ap- 
pearance of  truth  ; probability  ; likelihood. 

Verisimilitude  and  opinion  are  an  easy  purchase;  but  true 
knowledge  is  dear  and  difficult.  Glativill. 

f VER-I-SI-MIL'I-TY,  n.  Verisimilitude.  Dry  den. 

t VER-I-SIM’I-LOUS,  a.  Verisimilar.  White. 

VER'I-TA-BLE,  a.  [Fr .veritable.]  True;  agree- 
able to  truth  or  fact,  [r.]  Browne. 

VER'I-TA-BLY,  ad.  In  a true  manner  ; truly. 

VER'I-TY,  n.  [L.  veritas ; verus,  true  ; It.  veritil ; 
Sp.  verdad  ; Fr.  verite.] 

1.  Truth;  truthfulness;  true  or  real  nature  ; 
reality  ; consonance  to  the  reality  of  things. 

It  is  a proposition  of  eternal  verity,  that  none  can  govern 
while  he  is  despised.  South. 

2.  A true  assertion  ; a fact;  a true  tenet. 

By  this  it  seems  to  be  a verity , 

Since  the  effects  so  good  and  virtuous  be.  Davies. 

Syn.  — See  Truth. 

VER'JUICE  (ver  jus),  n.  [Fr.  verjus  ; verd,  green, 
and  jus,  juice.]  Expressed  juice  of  unripe  or 
green  grapes,  or  of  unripe  or  crab-apples,  &c.  ; 

— also  a kind  of  vinegar  made  of  the  juice  of  un- 
ripe apples.  Brande. 

Himself  sliced  onions  eats,  and  tipples  terjuice.  Dryden. 

VER'MEIL  (ver'mjl),  n.  [Fr.  vermeil,  from  L. 
vermiculus.  — See  Vermilion,  «.] 

1.  A clear,  beautiful  red  ; vermilion.  Chaucer. 

2.  Silver-gilt,  or  gilt  bronze.  Simmonds. 

VER-MP-OL'O-GIST,  n.  One  who  treats  of  vermes. 

VER-ME-OL'O-GY,  n.  [L.  vermis,  a worm,  and 
Gr.  l.6yos,  a discourse.]  A discourse  or  treatise 
on  vermes,  or  worms  ; helminthology.  Smart. 

VER  'ME§,  n.  pi.  [L.  vermis,  a worm,  vermes, 
worms,  - — from  ver,  the  root  of  verto,  to  turn 
about.  IF.  Smith.]  (Zoi',1.)  Worms,  such  as 
leeches,  earth-worms,  serpulas,  tape-worms, 
flukes,  hair-worms,  &c.  Agassiz. 

VER'ME-T&S,  n.  [L.  vermis,  a worm.]  (Zoiil.) 
A genus  of  molluscous  animals  belonging  to  the 
class  Gasteropoda,  having  a tubular,  twisted, 
worm-shaped  shell ; the  worm-shell.  Woodivard. 

VER-M1-CEL  ' LI  (ver-me-chel'e)  [ver-me-chel'e,  S. 
IF.  J.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.\  ver-me-sel'e,  P.  E.  Wb.], 
n.  [It.,  from  L.  vermiculus,  a little  worm.]  The 
flour  of  a hard,  small-grained  wheat,  made  into 
dough,  and  formed  into  smaller  pipes  or  threads 
than  macaroni,  and  then  dried  until  hard,  and 
used  in  soups,  &c.  Simmonds. 

VER-Ml''CIOlJS  (-slms,  06),  a.  [L.  vermis,  a worm.] 
Relating  to  worms  ; wormy.  Wright. 

VJJR-MtC'U-LAR,  a.  [L.  vermiculus,  a little 
worm;  It.  vcrmicolare ; Sp.  vermicular-,  Fr. 
vcrmiculaire.]  Pertaining  to  a worm  ; formed 
or  moving  like  a worm.  Dunglison. 

Vermicular  work.  See  Vermiculated. 

VER-MIC'U-LATE,  v.  a.  [L.  vermiculatvs,  in- 
laid so  as  to  resemble  the  track  of  worms.]  [i. 
VERMICULATED  ; pp.  VEltMIOtTLATING,  VER- 
MICULATED.]  To  inlay,  or  form,  so  as  to  resem- 
ble the  track  of  worms.  Martin. 

VER-MIC'U-LATE,  a.  Full  of  worms  or  maggots: 

— shaped  like  a worm,  or  resembling  a worm  in 

respect  to  motion.  Bacon. 

VER-MlC'U-LAT-ED,  p.  a.  Inlaid  or  formed  so 
as  to  resemble  the  tracks  of  worms. 

Vermiculated  work,  a sort  of  ornament  consisting  of 
frets  or  knots  in  mosaic  pavements,  winding  and  rep- 
resenting the  tracks  of  worms.  Wright. 

V F.  It  - M I C - U - L A ' T I O N , n.  [L.  vcrmiculatio,  state 
of  being  worm-eaten  ; vermis,  a worm.] 

1.  A motion  resembling  that  of  worms  ; a 
continuous  motion  from  part  to  part. 

My  heart  moves  naturally  by  the  motion  of  palpitation; 
my  guts  by  the  motion  of  vermieulation.  Hale. 

2.  The  act  of  forming  so  as  to  resemble  the 

motion  or  tracks  of  a worm.  Wright. 

VER'MI-CULE,  n.  [L.  vermiculus  ; vermis,  a 
worm.]  A little  grub  or  worm.  Derham. 


VIJR-MIC'U-LITE,  n.  [L.  vermiculus,  dim.  of  ver- 
mis, a worm.]  (Min.)  A variety  of  pyrosclerite 
of  a granular,  scaly  structure,  and  greasy  feci ; 

— so  called  from  the  scales,  when  heated  to  500° 

or  600°  Fahrenheit,  opening  out  into  worm-like 
threads,  made  up  of  separated  lamina;  of  cleav- 
age. Dana. 

vyit-MIC  U-LOSE,  ) a_  [L.  vermiculosus  ; It. 

VER-MIC'y-LOUS,  ) vermicoloso .]  Full  of  worms 
or  grubs,  or  like  worms  or  grubs.  Johnson. 

VER'MI-FORM,  a.  [L.  vermis,  a worm,  and  forma, 
form;  It.,  Sp.,  Fr . vermtforme.)  Having  the 
form  or  shape  of  a worm ; worm-shaped. 

Vermiform  processes,  ( Anat .)  two  medullary  projec- 
tions at  the  surface  of  the  cerebellum.  Dunglison. 

VER'MI-FUGE,  n.  [L.  vermis,  a worm,  and  fugo, 
to  cause  to  flee;  It.  <§-  Sp.  vermifugo  ; Fr.  ver- 
mifuge.] (Med.)  A medicine  or  remedy  which 
expels  worms  from  the  animal  body,  or  which 
prevents  their  formation  and  development ; an- 
thelmintic ; helminthagogue.  Dunglison. 

Vf.It-MIL'ION  (ver-mil'yun),  n.  [It.  vermiglione  ; 
Sp.  bermellon,  bermillon  ; Fr.  vermilion.  — From 
L.  vermiculus,  a little  worm,  also  a scarlet  color, 

— because  the  color  was  derived  from  a little 
worm.  IF.  Smith.] 

1.  An  artificial  compound  consisting  of  sul- 

phide of  mercury,  and  extensively  employed,  on 
account  of  the  beauty  of  its  color  as  a pigment, 
for  making  red  sealing-wax,  and  for  other  pur- 
poses. Miller. 

2.  Cochineal. — See  Cochineal.  Johnson. 

3.  Any  beautiful  red  color.  Spenser. 

VyR-MIL'ION  (ver-mil'yun),  v.  a.  [ i . VERMIL- 
IONED ; pp.  VERMILIONING,  VERMILIONED.] 
To  dye  red  ; to  cover  with  a red  hue. 

A sprightly  red  vermilions  all  her  face.  Glanvill. 

VER-MlL'ION,  a.  Of  the  color  of  vermilion. 

f VER'MI-LY,  n.  Vermilion.  Spenser. 

VER'JIIN,  n.  sing.  & pi.  [L.  vermis,  a worm;  It. 
vermine,  a worm,  vermini,  vermin  ; Fr.  vermine.] 

1.  Noxious  or  destructive  animals,  as  rats, 
mice,  moles,  worms,  insects,  &c. 

The  head  of  a wolf,  dried,  and  hung  up  in  a dove-house, 
will  scare  away  vermin , such  as  weasels  and  polecats.  Bacon. 

2.  Used  of  noxious  human  beings,  in  contempt. 

Y ou  are  my  prisoners,  base  vermin.  Hudibras. 

tsSE  It  is  now  applied  only  to  noxious  small  ani- 
mals, but  it  was  formerly  applied  also  to  large  ones. 
“ This  crocodile  ...  a dangerous  vermin Holland. 

“ It  is  seldom  employed  as  a noun  singular  in 
modern  style,  and  it  never  takes  a plural  termina- 
tion.” Smart. 

VER'MLNATE,  v.  n.  [L.  vermino,  verminatum.] 
To  breed  worms  or  vermin.  Bibliuth.  Bib. 

VER-MI-NA'TION,  n.  [It.  verminazione.]  Gen- 
eration of  vermin.  Derham. 

Cutaneous  vermination , {Med.)  cuticle  or  skin  in- 
fested with  animalcules ; malis.  Dunglison . 

f VER'MIN-LY,  a.  Relating  to,  or  like,  vermin. 
“A  verminly  nimbleness.”  Gauden. 

VER'MI-NOUS,  a.  [L.  verminosus  ; It.  <Sf  Sp.  ver- 
minoso  ; Fr.  vermineux.] 

1.  Full  of,  or  breeding,  vermin.  Milton. 

2.  (Med.)  Caused  by  worms.  Dunglison. 

VER'MI-NOUS-LY,  ad.  In  a verminous  manner ; 
so  as  to  breed  worms.  Ec.  Rev. 

VJFIR-MiP'A-ROUS,  a.  [L.  vermis,  a worm,  and 
pario,  to  bring  forth ; Sp.  vermiparo.]  Pro- 
ducing or  breeding  worms.  Browne. 

V F R - M I V ' O - II O U S , a.  [L.  vermis,  a worm,  and 
voro,  to  devour ; It.  Sj  Sp.  vermivoro ; Fr.  ver- 
mivore.]  Feeding  on  worms,  as  birds.  Kirby. 

VER-MONT'ER,  n.  A native  or  inhabitant  of 
the  state  of  Vermont ; a Vermontese.  Allen. 

VER-MONT-ESE',  n.  sing.  & pi.  An  inhabitant  or 
the  inhabitants  of  the  state  of  Vermont ; a Ver- 
monter or  Vermonters.  N.  A.  Rev. 

VJJR-NAC'y-LAR,  a.  [L.  vernaculus ; verna,  a 
home-horn  slave,  a native  ; It.  vcrnacolo ; Sp. 
vernaculo  ; Fr.  vcrnaculaire.]  Of  or  pertaining 
to  one’s  native  country  ; native  ; indigenous. 

The  history  of  all  our  former  wars  is  transmitted  to  us  in 
our  vernacular  idiom.  Addison. 

The  vernacular  dialect  of  the  Celtic  tongue.  Fuller. 


A,  E,  !,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  5,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  F,,  I,  O,  IT,  Y,  obscure ; FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; IIEIR,  HER; 


VERNACULAR 


1625 


VERTICAL 


VJJR-NAC'U-LAR,  n.  The  vernacular  or  native 
language  or  tongue.  Clarke. 

VJJR-NAC'U-LAR-I§M,  n.  A vernacular  word  or 
idiom.  Qu.  Rev. 

VpR-NAC'U-L AR-LY,  ad-  In  accordance  with 
the  vernacular  manner.  Scott. 

f VJJR-nAc'IT-LOUS,  a.  [L.  vemaculus .] 

1.  Vernacular;  native;  indigenous. 

Beside  their  vernuculous  and  mother  tongue.  Browne. 

2.  Scurrilous  ; insolent.  [A  Latinism.] 

The  petulancy  of  every  vernaculous  orator.  B.  Jonson. 

t VER'NAyE,  n.  [It.  vernaccia.]  A sort  of  Ital- 
ian sweet  wine.  Chaucer. 

VER'NAL,  a.  [L.  vernal)  s ; ver,  spring;  It.  ver- 
nale;  Sp.  Fr.  vernal.]  Pertaining  to,  or  ap- 
pearing in,  spring. 

With  the  year 

Seasons  return;  but  not  to  me  returns 
Day,  or  the  sweet  approach  of  even  or  morn, 

Or  sight  of  vernal  bloom  or  summer’s  rose.  Milton. 

In  those  vernal  seasons  of  the  year  when  the  air  is  calm 
and  pleasant,  it  were  an  injury  ami  sullenness  against  nature 
not  to  go  out  and  see  her  riches,  and  partake  of  Tier  rejoicing 
with  heaven  and  earth.  Milton. 

Vernal  equinox , ( Astron .)  See  EQUINOX. 

■fVER'NANT,  a.  [L.  verno,  vernans,  to  bloom.] 
Flourishing,  as  in  the  spring  ; vernal.  Milton. 

f ViiR'NATE,  v.  n.  To  be  vernant.  Cockeram. 

VJJR-NA'TION,  n.  [L.  verno,  to  bloom ; ver, 
spring.]  ( Bot ,)  The  arrangement  of  the  leaves 
in  the  bud.  Gray. 

f VER’NI-CLE,  n.  A veronica.  Chaucer. 

VER'NI-COSE,  a.  [Low  L.  vernix,  varnish.]  {Dot.) 
Appearing  as  if  varnished.  Gray. 

VER'NI-y  R,  n.  A small,  movable,  graduated  scale, 
sliding  along  the  fixed  scale  of  a quadrant  or 
other  instrument,  and  subdividing  in  effect  the 
divisions  of  that  instrument  into  more  minute 
equal  parts  ; — so  named  from  its  inventor,  and 
called  also  nonius.  Lib.  of  Useful  Knowledge. 

KS=  As  the  vernier  is  usually  constructed,  the  space 
occupied  by  eleven  divisions  of  the  fixed  scale  is  di- 
vided into  ten  equal  divisions  on  the  vernier,  and  the 
coincidence  of  any  one  of  the  divisions  of  the  vernier 
with  one  of  the  fixed  scale,  shows  by  its  distance  from 
the  end  the  number  of  tenths  to  be  added  to  the  num- 
ber of  the  entire  divisions  of  the  fixed  scale.  Young. 

Chromatic  vernier,  an  instrument  invented  by  Sir 
David  Brewster  for  the  purpose  of  measuring  very  mi- 
nute variations  of  tints.  Library  of  Useful  Knowledge. 

+ VpR-NIL'I-TY,  n.  [L.  vernilitas ; vema,  a home- 
born  slave.]  Submissive  obedience  or  fawning, 
as  of  a slave  ; servility.  Bailey. 

VJJ-RON'I-CA,  n.  [It.  &;  Sp.] 

1.  A cloth  or  napkin  on  which  was  the  figure 

of  Christ’s  face;  vernicle ; — so  called  from 
Santa  Veronica,  whose  napkin  was  believed  to 
be  impressed  with  that  figure.  Skinner. 

2.  {Bot.)  A genus  of  perennial  and  annual 
plants,  of  numerous  species ; speedwell.  Loudon. 

VER'RIJL,  n.  A ferrule.  — See  Ferrule.  Crabb. 

VF.R-RU  ' CA,  n.  [L.]  {Med.)  A wart . Dunylison. 

VER'RU-COSE,  a.  [L  verrucosus.]  Having  or 
covered  with  warts  ; warty.  Gray. 

VER'RU-COUS,  a.  Warty;  verrucose.  Dunylison. 

t VER-SA-BI  L'I-TY,  l The  state  or  the  quality 

f VER'S A-BLE-NESS,  > of  being  versable  ; apt- 
ness to  be  turned  round.  Bailey. 

f VER'SA-BLE,  a.  [L.  versabilis  ; verso,  to  turn.] 
That  may  be  turned.  Cockeram. 

f VER'SAL,  a.  Whole;  universal.  [Cant.] 

Some,  for  brevity, 

Have  cast  the  versal  world’s  nativity.  Uudibras. 

VER'SANT,  a.  Versed;  conversant,  [r.]  Boswell. 

VER'SA-TlLE,  a.  [L.  versatilis ; verso,  to  turn; 
It.  versatile ; Sp.  vcrsatil ; Fr.  versatile.] 

1.  That  may  be  turned  round.  IJarte. 

2.  Fickle  ; inconstant ; changeable  ; variable. 

One  color,  to  us,  standing  in  one  place,  hath  a contrary 
aspect  in  another;  as  in  those  versatile  representations  in  the 
neck  of  a dove.  Olanvill. 

3.  Easily  turning  or  applied  to  a new  task. 

Ilis  [Julius  CfEsar’s]  versatile  capacity  . . . was  the  wonder 
of  even  the  Romans  themselves.  Byron. 

4.  (Bot.)  Attached  by  one  point  so  as  to 


swing  to  and  fro,  as  the  anthers  of  the  lily  and 
of  the  evening  primrose.  Gray. 

Syn.  — See  Changeable. 

VER'SA-TILE-LY,  ad.  In  a versatile  manner. 

VER'SA-TJLE-NESS,  n.  Versatility,  [it.] 

VER-SA-TIL'I-TY,  n.  [It.  versatility  ; Sp.  versa- 
tilidacl;  Fr.  versatilite.]  The  state  or  the  qual- 
ity of  being  versatile. 

lie  had  such  a versatility  of  wit,  that  he  could  adapt  it  to 
all  sorts  of  conversation.  Chesterfield. 

No  man  ever  surpassed  Aristotle  in  versatility  of  genius.  Lee . 

VERSE,  n.  [L.  versus  ; verto,  to  turn  ; It.  8;  Sp. 
verso;  Fr.  vers.] 

1.  A certain  number  of  metrical  feet  arranged 

in  regular  order,  and  constituting  a line  of  poe- 
try ; a measured  line  of  poetry.  Andrews. 

2.  The  metrical  arrangement  of  words;  met- 
rical language  ; versification  ; poetical  composi- 
tion; poetry.  “ Verse  embalms  virtue.”  Donne. 

Wisdom  married  to  immortal  i-erse.  Wordsworth. 

Poetry  — or  rather  the  mechanical  part  of  poetry,  verse  — 
has  apparently  originated  from  a double  purpose;  to  please 
the  ear,  and  to  impress  the  memory.  Milford. 

3.  A stanza  ; a stave.  [Common,  but  hardly 
proper.  iS/narf.] 

Poetry  was  frequently  inscribed  upon  quadrangular  staves, 
each  face  containing  a line;  hence  a verse  and  a stave  are  still 
considered  synonymous.  Jus.  Hunt. 

4.  A piece  of  poetry  ; poetical  performance. 

This  verse , my  friend,  be  thine.  Pope. 

5.  A short  section  of  prose  composition,  par- 
ticularly of  the  chapters  of  the  Bible. 

Thus  far  the  questions  proceed  upon  the  construction  of 
the  first  earth;  in  the  following  verses  they  proceed  upon  the 
demolition  of  that  earth.  llurnct. 

6.  (Mus.)  The  portions  of  an  anthem  to  be 

performed  by  a single  voice  to  each  part  ; — an 
anthem  beginning  with  verse.  Moore. 

f VERSE,  v.  a.  To  tell  in  verse  ; to  versify.  Shak. 

VERSED  (verst),  a.  Skilled  ; acquainted. 

Deep  versed  in  books,  and  shallow  in  himself.  Hilton. 

VERS'pD  SINE,  n.  (Trigonometry.)  The  part  of 
the  diameter  intercepted  between  the  foot  of  the 
sine  of  an  arc  and  the  origin  of  the  arc.  Davies. 

VERSE'— MAK-ER,  n.  One  who  makes  verses;  a 
versifier  ; a poetaster.  Boswell. 

VERSE'MAN,  n.  A poet  or  writer  of  verses;  a 
versifier.  [Ludicrous,  or  in  contempt.]  Prior. 

VERSE'— MON-fif.R,  n.  A maker  of  verses,  with- 
out poetical  spirit ; a poetaster.  Glarke. 

f VERS'JJR,  7i.  A maker  of  verses  ; a mere  versi- 
fier ; a poetaster ; a verse-monger.  B.  Jonson. 

f VER'SET,  7i.  [Fr.]  A verse.  Milton. 

VER'SI-CLE,  n.  [L  . versiculits ; dim.  of  versus,  a 
verse  ; It.  8;  Sp.  versiculo  ; Fr.  versicide.] 

1.  A little  verse.  Skelton.  Byron. 

2.  pi.  ( Eccl .)  Short  sentences  in  the  liturgy 
said  alternately  by  the  minister  and  people. Eden. 

VER'SI-COL-OR  (ver'se-kul-ur),  )a  [L. versi- 

VER'SI-COL-ORED  (ver'se-kul-urd),  $ color;  ver- 
so, to  turn,  to  change,  and  color,  color.]  Chang- 
ing in  color;  many-colored.  Burton. 

VER-SI-FI-cA'TION,  n.  [L . versificatio ; versifi- 
co,  to  versify  ; versus,  verse,  and  facio,  to  make  ; 
It.  versificazione  ; Sp . versificacion;  Fr.  versifi- 
cation.] The  act  or  art  of  making  verses  ; the 
formation  or  measure  of  verse  or  poetry.  Dryden. 

VER'SI-FI-CA-TOR,  71.  One  who  makes  verses  ; 
a versifier,  [it’.]  Dryden. 

VER'SI-FI-CA-TRIX,  n.  A female  who  makes 
verses ; a female  versifier.  Johnson. 

VER'SI-FlED  (ver'se-fid),  p.  a.  Turned  or  formed 
into  verse. 

VER'SI-Ff-FR,  n.  One  who  versifies.  Dryden. 

VER'SI-FV,  v.  a.  [L.  versifico  ; versus,  verse,  and 
facio,  to  make  ; Fr.  versifier.)  [L  versified  ; 
pp.  VERSIFYING,  VERSIFIED.] 

1.  To  relate  or  represent  in  verse.  Daniel. 

2.  To  turn  into  verse.  Smart. 

VER'SI-FV,  v.  7i.  To  make  verses.  Sidney. 

VER'SION,  71.  [Low  L.  versio,  from  L.  verso,  to 
turn  ; It.  versione  ; Sp.  &•  Fr.  version .] 

1.  f Change ; transformation ; conversion  ; va- 
riation. “ The  version  of  air  into  water.”  Baco7i. 


2.  The  act  of  translating.  Johnson, 

3.  A translation  ; a rendition. 

Where  the  original  is  close,  no  version  [of  Virgil]  can  reach 
it  in  the  same  compass.  Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Translation. 

VER'SION-IST,  71.  One  who  makes  a version  ; a 
translator.  Gent.  May. 

VERST , 7i.  A Russian  itinerary  measure  of  3501 
feet ; — written  also  berst  and  werst.  Shnmonds. 

VER’  SUS,  prep.  [L.]  (Late.)  Against.  Burrill. 

V1JR-SUTE',  a.  [L.  versutus  ; verto,  versus,  to 
turn.]  Artful  ; wily  ; crafty.  Paley. 

VERT,  7i.  [Fr.]  1.  (Png.  Latv.)  Whatever  grows 

and  bears  a green  leaf  in  a forest,  that  may 
cover  and  hide  a deer.  Burrill. 

2.  (Her.)  A green  color;  — expressed  in  en- 
graving by  lines  sloping  across  the  shield  from 
left  to  right  downwards.  Fairholt. 

USE  “ Vert  and  venison  ” is  an  expression  used  to 
denote  t lie  wood  of  a forest,  and  the  animals  or  deer 
in  it.  Burrill. 

VER'Tf-BRA,  71. ; pi.  viiR'TE-BRjE..  [L.,  from 
vci  to,  to  turn.]  ( Anat .)  A joint  in  the  back-bone 
or  spine. 

is  commonly  used  in  the  plural  to  denote  the 
aggregate  of  small  bones  or  joints  that  compose  the 
spine;  lienee  also  the  spine.  — See  Vertebre.  Raley. 

VER'TJJ-BRAL,  a.  [L  .vertebrate;  Sp.  vertebral ; 
Fr.  vertebral.]  Pertaining  to  the  vertebrae  or 
joints  of  the  spine.  Ray. 

VER-TE-BRA’  TA,  7t.pl.  (Zoiil.)  The  division 
of  animals  which  have  vertebra;  and  a bony 
skeleton,  including  mammals,  birds,  reptiles, 
and  fishes  ; vertebrates.  — See  Animal.  Baird. 

Vertebral  column,  (Auat.)  the  spine.  Baird. 

VER'Tp-BRATE,  7i.  (Zoiil.)  A vertebrated  ani- 
mal; one  of  the  Vertebrata.  Braude. 

VKR'T(J-BR  ATE,  l a_  [L.  vertebratusd] 

VER'TIJ-BRAT-ED,  ) 1.  Furnished  with,  or  hav- 
ing, vertebra;.  Lyell. 

2.  (Bot.)  Distinctly  articulated,  and  often 
more  or  less  contracted  at  intervals.  Hensloto. 

VER'TIJ-BRE  (ver'te-bur),  n.  ; pi.  VERTEBRES 
(ver'te-burz).  [L.  vertebra;  Fr.  vertebre.]  A 
joint  in  the  back-bone  or  spine  ; a vertebra. — 
See  Vertebra.  Ray. 

VER  ' TEX,  7i.;  pi.  L.  ver' ti-ceq;  Eng.  vi;it'- 
tex-es.  [L.  verto,  to  turn  ] 

1.  A name  given  to  any  principal  point,  par- 

ticularly when  that  point  is  considered  as  the 
top  or  summit  of  a figure  ; as,  “ The  three  ver- 
tices of  a triangle  ” ; “ The  vertex  of  a cone,  or 
pyramid.”  P.  Cyc. 

2.  The  top  or  summit  of  the  head.  Smart. 

3.  (Astro7i.)  The  point  of  the  heavens  situat- 
ed perpendicularly  above  a person’s  head. 

Vertcr.  of  an  angle,  (G  com.)  tile  angular  point  ; the 
point  where  the  two  legs  or  sides  of  the  angle  meet.  — 
Vertex  of  a figure , the  uppermost  point  or  the  vertex 
of  the  angle  opposite  tile  base.  — Vertex  of  a curve , tile 
extremity  of  the  axis  or  diameter  ; the  point  where  the 
diameter  meets  tile  curve,  which  is  also  tlic  vertex  of  the 
diameter.  — Vertex  of  a glass , (Opt),  same  as  pole  of  a 
glass.  See  Pole.  Hutton. 

VER'Tl-CAL,  a.  [It.  verticale  ; Sp.  8$  Fr.  vertical .] 

1.  Pertaining  to,  or  placed  in,  the  vertex ; 
being  perpendicular  to  the  horizon.  Cheyne. 

2.  (Bot.)  Noting  a part  whose  axis  is  perpen- 
dicular to  the  part  from  which  it  arises.  Ilenslow. 

Vertical  angles,  ( Gcom.)  opposite  angles,  having  the 
same  vertex,  formed  by  two  mutually  intersecting 
straight  lines.  Hutton. — Vertical  circle,  (Astron.)  a 
great  circle  of  the  sphere  passing  through  the  zenith 
and  nadir  of  a place. — Vertical  leaves,  (Bot.)  leaves 
which  present  their  edges  instead  of  their  surfaces  to 
tiie  earth  and  sky,  generally  assuming  this  position 
by  a twisting  of  the  base  or  of  the  petiole. — Vertical 
line,  (Dialling.)  a line  in  any  plane  perpendicular  to 
the  horizon  : — (Conic  sections.)  a line  drawn  on  the 
vertical  plane  and  through  the  vertex  of  the  cones  : — 
( Prrsp.)  the  common  intersection  of  the  vertical  plane 
and  the  draft  plane  or  picture  : — (Surveying.)  the  di- 
rection assumed  by  a plumb  line  with  a weight  at- 
tached to  one  extremity  when  it  is  freely  suspended 
from  the  other  extremity.  — Vertical  limb  of  an  instru- 
ment, a graduated  arc  for  measuring  an  angle,  the 
plane  of  whose  sides  are  vertical. — Vertical  plane, 
(Persp.)  the  plane  which  passes  through  the  event 
right  angles  both  to  flic  ground  plane  and  to  the  pic- 
ture:— (Conic  Sections.)  a plane  passing  through  tile 
vertex  of  a cone  parallel  to  any  conic  section.  Hut- 
ton. Davies. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR, 

204 


SON;  BULL,  BUR,  rBlE.  — 9, 


*?>  9>  !>  sofl>  L,  <3,  £,  1,  hard;  f;  as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


VERTICAL 


16^6 


VESTRY-MEETING 


VER'T.J-CAL,  n.  A vertical  circle.  Brande. 

Prime  vertical.  See  PRIME. 

VER-TI-CAl'I-TY,  n.  The  state  or  condition  of 
being  vertical,  [k.]  Browne.  Lyell. 

VER'T|-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a vertical  manner. 

Vertically  compressed , ( Bot .)  depressed.  Loudon. 

VER'TI-CAL-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  condition  of 
being  vertical ; vertically.  Ash. 

VER'TI-CEL,  n.  (Bot.)  See  Verticil.  Ilenslow. 

VER'Tl-clL,  n.  (Bot.)  A whorl.  Gray. 

VlJR-Tly'lL-LAS-TUR,  n.  (Bot.)  A name  ap- 
plied to  two  short  cymes  situated  in  the  axils 
of  opposite  leaves,  frequently  forming  a cluster 
which  surrounds  the  stem,  and  constituting  an 
apparent  verticil.  Gray. 

II  VIJR-TlQ'IL-LATE,  or  VER-TI-ClL'L ATE  [ver- 
te-sll'lat,  P.  Ja.  Sm . ; ver-tls'e-lat,  K.  C.  IF6.], 
a.  (Bot.)  Having  three  or  more  leaves  or  leaf- 
lets in  a circle  on  one  joint  of  the  stem.  Gray. 

II  V5R-TI9'lL-LAT-eD,  a.  Whorled.  Hill. 

VER-TI-CIL'LUS,  n.  [L.]  (Bot.)  A whorl;  a 
verticil.  — See  Verticil.  Brande. 

VlJR-Tiy'I-TY,  n.  [See  Vertex.]  The  power  or 
the  property  of  turning.  Locke. 

VER'TI-CLE  (vgr'te-kl),  n.  [L . verticulnm.]  An 
axis  ; a hinge  ; a joint.  Waterhouse. 

VJJR-Tiy'I-NOUS,  a.  [L.  vertiyinosus .] 

1.  Turning  round  ; rotatory.  Bentley. 

2.  Pertaining  to,  or  affected  with,  vertigo ; 

giddy  ; dizzy.  Dunylison. 

VER-Tly'J-NOUS-LY,  ad.  In  a vertiginous  or 
whirling  manner.  Dr.  Allen. 

VJJR-Tiy'I-NOUS-NESS,  n.  Giddiness  ; whirling 
motion;  unsteadiness.  Bp.  Taylor. 

VER'TI-GO,  or  VER-TI'GO,  or  VJJR-TI'GO  [ver'- 
te-go,  P.  J.  E.  Wb. ; ver-tl'go,  S.  C. ; ver-tl'go, 
ver-te'g5,  or  ver'te-go,  IP.;  ver-tl'go  or  ver-te'go, 
F.  R.  ; ver-te'go,  K.  Sa.],  n. ; pi.  ver-tI^'i-ne^. 
[L.  verti'yo,  from  verto,  to  turn.] 

1.  (Med.)  A state  in  which  it  seems  that  all 

objects  are  turning  round,  or  that  the  individ- 
ual himself  is  performing  a movement  of  gyra- 
tions ; swimming  of  the  head ; dizziness  ; gid- 
diness. Dunylison. 

Vertipo  is  dependent  upon  the  condition  of  the  brain,  and 
often  announces  an  attack  of  apoplexy  or  epilepsy.  Dimglison. 

2.  (Zoul.)  A sub-genus  of  the  pupa  or  chrys- 
alis shells.  Woodward. 

VER-TI-LIN'1J-AR,  a.  Rectilinear,  [it.]  Loudon. 

VER'VAIN,  or  VER'VAIN  [vdr'vin,  W.P.J.  F.\ 
vcr'van,  N.  Sm.],  n.  [L.  verbena  ; Fr .verveine.] 
( Bot.)  The  common  name  of  plants  of  the  genus 
Verbena.  Loudon. 

II  VER'VAIN— MAL'LOW,  n.  (Bot.)  A species  of 
mallow ; Malva  Alcea.  Loudon. 

VER'vyLS,  n.  pi.  [Fr.  vervelle.]  Bells  on  the 
leg  of  a hawk.  — See  Varvkls.  Lovelace. 

VEIt'Y,  a.  [L.  verus  ; Fr.  rrai.  — Ger.  walir.) 

1.  True;  real;  complete;  perfect. 

In  very  deed,  as  the  Lord  liveth.  1 Sam.  xxv.  34. 

Love  of  his  very  justice.  Gower. 

2.  The  same  emphatically.  “ That  very 
hour.”  Shah.  “ These  very  cocks.”  L’Estranye. 

VER'Y,  ad.  In  a great  degree;  in  an  eminent 
degree  ; highly  ; exceedingly  ; surpassingly. 

That  bold  challenge  was  thought  very  strange.  Leslie. 

VES'I-CAL,  a.  [L.  vesica,  a bladder.]  Pertain- 
ing to  the  bladder.  Dunylison. 

VES'I-CANT,  n.  (Med.)  A plaster  or  application 
for  blistering ; a blister ; a vesicatory ; an  epi- 
spastic.  Dunylison. 

VES'I-CATE,  v.  a.  [See  Vesicle.]  [«.  vesi- 
cated; pp.  vesicating,  vesicated.]  To  raise 
vesicles  or  blisters  on  ; to  blister,  [it.]  Wiseman. 

VES-I-CA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  blistering ; for- 
mation of  blisters.  Wiseman. 

Vy-StC' A-TO-RY  [ve-sik'a-to-re,  S.  IF.  P.  Ja. 
Sm.  ; vSs'e-ka-to-re,  C.  O.  Wb.],  n.  [It.  vesci- 
catorio  ; Sp.  vejiyatnrio ; Fr.  vesicatoire.]  A 
plaster  or  application  for  blistering ; a blister  ; 
a vesicant ; an  epispastic.  Bullokar. 


VES'I-CLE,  n.  [L.  vesicula,  dim.  of  vesica,  a blad- 
der, a blister  ; It.  vescichetta  ; Sp.  vejiyuilla  ; 
Fr.  vesicule.] 

1.  (Med.)  A small,  orbicular  elevation  of  the 

cuticle,  containing  lymph,  which  is  sometimes 
clear  and  colorless,  but  often  opaque  and  whitish 
or  pearl-colored.  It  is  succeeded  either  by  a 
scurf,  or  by  a laminated  scab.  Dunylison. 

2.  A little  cell  or  air-vessel.  Ray. 

3.  (Bot.)  A little  bladder ; a gland  or  bladder- 
like cavity  filled  with  air.  Ilenslow. 

VjJ-SlC'U-LAR,  a.  [Fr.  vesiculaire.]  Pertaining 
to,  resembling,  consisting  of,  or  containing 
vesicles.  Cheyne. 

VJJ-SrC'U-L  ATE,  a.  Resembling  vesicles  or  blad- 
ders ; bladdery.  Clarke. 

VJJ-SIC'U-LOSE,  a.  Vesicular.  Kirby. 

VES'PJl,n.  [L.,  a wasp.]  A genus  of  hymenop- 
terous  insects  ; hornets  and  wasps.  Westwood. 

VES' PER,  n.  [L.]  The  evening  star;  a name 
given  to  the  planet  Venus  when  it  appears  after 
sunset ; Hesperus.  Shak. 

VES'I’ER,  a.  Pertaining  to  evening  or  to  vespers  ; 
as,  “ The  vesper  bell  ” ; “ The  vesper  hymn.” 

VES'PflR?,  n.  pi.  The  evening  song  or  service  of 
the  Roman  Catholic  Church.  Seward. 

Sicilian  vespers.  See  SICILIAN. 

VES-PER-TIL'l-b,  n.  [L.]  (Zolil.)  The  generic 
name  of  the  common  bat.  Brande. 

YES' PER -TINE  (19),  a.  [L.  vespertinus  ; vesper, 
evening.]  Happening  or  coming  in  the  even- 
ing ; pertaining  to  the  evening.  Herbert. 

VES'PI- A-RY,  n.  [L.  vt spa,  a wasp.]  A habita- 
tion or  nest  of  wasps.  Kirby. 

VF.S-PIL'  LO,  n.  [L.]  One  who  carried  out  the 
dead  for  burial  in  the  evening.  Browne. 

VES'SIJL,  n.  [I,,  v as,  a vessel ; vassellum,  a small 
vase  ; It.  vasetto,  a small  vase  ; Sp.  vasija,  a ves- 
sel for  holding  liquors  ; vaisseuu,  a ship  or  ves- 
sel ; vaisselle,  plates  and  dishes.] 

1.  A concave  utensil  made  to  hold  either 

liquids  or  solids,  as  a cup,  a plate,  a bowl,  a vase, 
a barrel,  a hogshead,  &c.  Shak. 

2.  (Naut.)  A general  name  given  to  the  ditfer- 

ent  sorts  of  crafts  which  are  navigated  ; — more 
particularly  applied  to  those  of  the  smaller 
kind,  furnished  with  one  or  two  masts  ; any 
sailing  craft.  Mar.  Diet. 

3.  (Anat.)  A canal  formed  by  the  superposi- 

• tion  of  membranes,  and  distinguished  according 

to  its  uses  and  general  arrangement  into  artery, 
vein,  and  lymphatic.  Dunylison. 

4.  (Bot.)  A duct  consisting  of  one  or  more 

elongated  or  transformed  cells.  Gray. 

5.  (Thcol.)  A term  applied  metaphorically  to 
those  who  hold  or  contain,  or  into  whom  any 
gift  has  been  infused  or  poured  ; as,  “ Vessels 
of  mercy  ” ; “ Vessels  of  wrath.”  Hammond 

6.  f Half  a quarter  of  a sheet  of  paper.  Jvh. 

Syn.  — Vessel,  is  a general  term  for  all  vehicles  of 

navigation,  both  fop  commerce  and  war.  Merchant 
vessels  consist  chiefly  of  ships,  which  are  the  largest 
kind  of  vessels,  having  three  masts  ; brigs  and  schoon- 
ers, having  two  masts  ; and  sloops,  having  only  one 
mast.  — Yacht  is  a vessel  of  pleasure  ; barge,  a boat 
of  pleasure.  — Vessels  of  war  are  chiefly  ships  of  the 
line,  frigates,  sloops,  brigs , and  schooners. 

f VES'SIJL,  v.  a.  To  put  into  a vessel.  Bacon. 

VES'SIJL-FUL,  91.  As  much  as  a vessel  will  hold. 

VES  S1J§,  ) a kind  of  cloth  made  in  Eng- 

VES'.SfJTS,  ) land.  Bailey.  Simmonds. 

VES'SIC-NON,  ) [L.  vesica,  the  bladder,  a 

VES'SjG-NON,  ) bladder-like  tumor.]  Awindgall 
or  soft  swelling  on  a horse’s  leg.  Bailey. 

VEST,  n.  [L.  vestis,  a garment ; It.  vesta ; Sp. 
veste ; Fr.  veste.] 

1.  An  outer  garment ; a vestment. 

When  the  queen  in  royal  habits  drest. 

Old  mystic  emblems  graced  tli’  imperial  vest..  Smith. 

2.  A man’s  waistcoat.  Simmonds. 

VEST,  V.  a.  [f.  VESTED  ; pp.  VESTING,  VESTED.] 

1.  To  clothe  ; to  envelop  ; to  dress  ; to  enrobe. 

With  ether  vested  and  a purple  sky.  Dryden. 

2.  To  dress  in  a long  garment.  Thotnson. 


3.  (Law.)  To  clothe  with  possession  ; to  de- 
liver full  possession  of,  as  land  or  an  estate  ; to 
give  an  immediate  right  of  present  enjoyment ; 
to  give  a present  fixed  right  of  future  enjoy- 
ment ; — with  in.  Clarendon. 

A statute  or  conveyance  is  said  to  vest  an  estate  in  a per- 
son. BurriU. 

To  vest  in.  1.  To  put  or  place  in  possession  of;  to 
be  at  tile  disposal  of. 

Empire  aud  dominion  is  vested  in  him.  Locke. 

2.  To  invest ; as,  u To  vest  money  in  stocks.” 

To  vest  Kith,  to  make  possessor  of ; to  invest  with ; 
to  furnisli  with. 

Had  I been  vested  vjith  the  monarch’s  power.  Prior. 

VEST,  v.  91.  To  come  or  descend  to ; to  pass  to  a 
person  ; to  become  fixed  in  a person ; to  take 
effect  as  a right  or  title. 

An  estate  is  said  to  vest,  or  be  vested,  in  a person.  Burrill. 

VES'TA,  91.  1.  (Roman  Myth.)  The  virgin  god- 
dess of  flocks  and  herds,  and  of  the  household 
in  general.  Andrews. 

2.  (Astro9i.)  An  asteroid  discovered  by  Dr. 

Olbers,  in  1807.  Herschel. 

3.  A kind  of  wax  match.  Simnmids. 

VES'TA L,  a.  [L.  vestalis.\ 

1.  Relating  to  the  goddess  Vesta,  IF.  Smith. 

2.  Pure  ; chaste  ; immaculate.  Shak. 

VES'TAL,  n.  [L.  vestalis.)  One  of  the  virgins 
consecrated  to  the  goddess  Vesta.  Shak. 

VEST'IJD,  a.  Not  liable  to  be  set  aside  by  contin- 
gency; fixed;  established;  as,  “ Vested  rights.” 

Vested  legacy , ( Law .)  a legacy  the  right  to  which 
vests  permanently  in  the  legatee,  though  t he  legacy  is 
not  payable  until  a future  time.  Burrill. — Vested 
remainder,  ( Law.)  a fixed  interest  in  lands  or  tene- 
ments, to  take  effect  in  possession  after  a particular 
estate  is  spent.  Kent. 

VES-TI-A'RI-AN,  a.  [L.  vestiarius.]  Relating  to 

vestments  or  dress.  Ed.  Rev. 

VES'TJ-A-RV,  9i.  [L.  vestiarum.]  A dressing- 

room  ; tvardrobe.  Maunder. 

VyS-TIB'U-LAR,  a.  Relating  to  a vestibule,  or 

resembling  a vestibule.  Royet. 

VES'TI-BULE,  n.  [L.  vestibulum  ; It.  <S;  Sp.  ves- 
tibule-, Fr  .vestibule.)  (Arch.)  An  open  space 
before  a building  : — an  ante-room  or  entrance 
to  one  of  the  principal  apartments  of  a build- 
ing ; a hall ; a lobby  ; a porch.  Britton. 

Vestibule  of  the  ear , a semicircular  canal  forming  a 
part  of  the  osseous  labyrinth.  Dunglison. 

Syn.  — See  Porch. 

f VES'TI-GATE,  v.  a.  [I;.  v csligo.]  To  investi- 

gate ; to  search  or  inquire  into.  Cockeram. 

VES'TiyE  (ves'tjj),  9i.  [L.  vestigium,'.  It.  St  Sp. 

vestiyio-,  Fr.  vestige.)  A mark  left  behind  in 
passing  ; a trace ; a footstep  ; a footprint ; track. 

Of  that  (lay’s  shame 

Or  glory  not  a %'estige  seems  to  endure.  Wordsworth. 

Syn.  — See  Mark,  and  Track. 

VEST'ING,  91.  Material  for  vests.  Taylor. 

VES'Tj-TURE,  9i.  The  manufacture  of  cloth,  and 
the  preparation  of  clothing.  R.  Park. 

VfiST'MpNT,  91.  [L.  vestimentvm  ; vestis.  cloth- 

ing (Gr.  loBi/s) ; It.  <Sf  Sp.  vest/menlo  ; Old  Fr. 
vestement-,  Fr.  vetement .]  A garment;  any 
part  of  dress  ; an  article  of  clothing  or  apparel. 

Folded  vestments  neat  the  princess  placed 

Within  the  royal  wain.  Cotvper. 

Ecclesiastical  vestments,  articles  of  dress  or  orna- 
ment worn  by  ministers  in  the  celebration  of  divine 
service.  Brande. 

VES'TRY,  n.  [L.  vestiarium,  a wardrobe;  vestis, 
a garment,  clothing  ; It.  vestiario  ; Fr.  vestiaire.] 
(Eecl.)  A room  in,  or  attached  to,  a church,  for 
the  keeping  of  the  ecclesiastical  vestments,  ves- 
sels, and  documents  : — an  assembly  of  parish- 
ioners for  parochial  purposes,  so  called  from 

meeting  in  a vestry.  Hook. 

VES'TRY— BOARD,  91.  (Eccl.)  A body  of  per- 

sons who  manage  parochial  affairs  in  the  Church 
of  England ; a vestry.  1 look. 

VES'TRY— CLERK,  9i.  The  clerk  of  a vestry. 

VES'TRY— MAN,  n. ; pi.  VESTRY-MEN.  A member 
of  a vestry-board.  Qu.  Rev. 

VES'TRY— MEET'ING,  n.  A meeting  of  a parish 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  short; 


A,  U,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


VESTRY-ROOM 


1G27 


VIBRATION 


for  business,  in  the  vestry  or  elsewhere  : — a 
meeting  of  the  vestry-board.  Hook. 

VES'TRY— r66m,  n.  ( Church  of  England.)  A 
room  in  which  the  vestry  meet.  Clarke. 

VESTURE  (vest'yur),  n.  [L.  vestis,  a garment; 
It.  vestura,  vestitura,  vesture;  Sp.  vestidura ; 
Fr.  veture,  taking  the  habit  or  the  veil.] 

1.  A robe  ; a garment ; a vestment.  Pope. 

2.  Clothing;  dress;  apparel;  habit;  cover- 
ing. “ This  muddy  vesture  of  decay.”  Shak. 

3.  ( Old  Law.)  All,  except  trees,  that  grows 
upon  or  clothes  the  surface  of  land.  Bouvier. 

Syn.  — See  Apparel. 

VEST'URED  (vest'yurd),  a.  Covered  with  vesture  ; 
dressed.  “ Vestured  with  poor  cloth.”  Berners. 

VEST'URE— SHROUD,  n.  The  shroud  or  covering 
of  a corpse,  [r.]  Savage. 

Vljl-SU'VI-AN,  a.  Relating  to  Vesuvius,  a vol- 
canic mountain  near  Naples.  Clarke. 

Vp-SU'VI-AN,  n.  (Min.)  A synonyme  of  ido- 
crase  : — a variety  of  idocrase  which  has  a hair- 
brown  or  olive-green  color,  and  is  associated 
with  glassy  felspar,  garnet,  mica,  and  nephe- 
line ; — so  called  from  its  being  first  found  in 
the  ancient  Vesuvian  lavas.  Cleaveland.  Dana. 

VETCH,  n.  [L.  vicia ; It.  veccia\  Sp.  veza  ; Fr. 
vesce;  Ger.  wicke ; Dut.  wikke ; Dan.  vikke\  Sw. 
vicker.]  (Bot.)  The  name  applied  to  legumi- 
nous climbing  shrubs  of  the  genus  Vicia.  some 
species  of  which  are  much  cultivated  in  Europe 
for  fodder,  especially  Vicia  sativa,  the  common 
vetch  or  tare.  Gray. 

VETCH'LING,  n.  (Bot.)  The  common  name  of 
small,  herbaceous,  leguminous  plants  of  the 
genus  Lathyrus  ; the  everlasting  pea.  Gray. 

VETCII'Y,  a.  1.  Consisting,  or  made,  of  vetches 
or  pea-straw.  “ A vetchy  bed.”  Spenser. 

2.  Abounding  in  vetches.  Johnson. 

VET'ER-AN,  a.  [L.  veteramis ; veins,  veteris, 
old  ; It.  Sj  Sp.  veterano .]  Old  in  practice  or  ex- 
perience, particularly  in  war  ; experienced. 

Fifty  thousand  veteran  soldiers.  Bacon. 

VET'ER-AN,  n.  1.  An  old  soldier.  Addison. 

2.  One  long  practised  in  any  thing ; one  old 
in  experience  or  service.  Hooker. 

VET-ER-I-nA'RI-AN,  n.  [L.  reterinarius ; It. 
veterinario  ; Fr . veterinairc ,\  One  skilled  in  the 
diseases  of  horses  and  cattle  ; a veterinary  sur- 
geon ; a horse-doctor  ; a farrier.  Browne. 

VET'pR-I-NA-RY  [vet'e-re-n?-re,  IK.  J.  Ja.  Sm. 
I Vb.  Crabb ; vet'e-re-na-re  or  ve-ter'e-nj-re,  P. ; 
ve-ter'e-ner-e,  K.],  a.  Relating  to  farriery,  or 
the  art  of  healing  the  diseases  of  domestic  ani- 
mals, as  horses  and  cattle.  Todd. 

VE'TO,  n. ; pi.  vetoes.  [L.  veto,  I forbid.] 

1.  The  power  which  the  executive  branch  of 
a government  has  to  negative  a bill  passed  by 
the  legislature:  — the  act  of  refusing  to  sign 
such  a bill:  — the  message  of  an  executive  as- 
signing the  reasons  for  such  a refusal.  Bouvier. 

2.  A prohibition  ; a forbidding.  Bartlett. 

VE'TO,  v.  a.  [L.]  [i.  vetoed  ; pp.  vetoing, 

vetoed.]  To  prohibit ; to  forbid  ; to  negative, 
stop,  or  prevent  being  carried  into  effect,  as  a 
bill,  by  a veto.  Ec.  Rev. 

VE'TO-IST,  n.  One  who  upholds  or  advocates 
the  use  of  the  veto.  Brit.  $ For.  Rev. 

VF.T-TU  ' RA,  n.  [It.]  An  Italian  travelling  car- 
riage or  post-chaise.  Simmonds. 

VET-TU-RpJYO,  n.  [It.]  An  owner  or  driver  of 
a vettura  ; one  who  carries  travellers  in  a vet- 
tura.  [Italy.]  Qu.  Rev. 

fvp-TUST',  a.  [L.  vetustas,  old  age.]  Old;  an- 
cient ; venerable.  Cockeram. 

VEX  (veks),  v.  a.  [L.  vexo-,  It.  vessare-,  Sp.  ve- 
jar ; Fr.  vexer.]  [t.  vexed  ; pp.  vexing,  vexed.] 

1.  To  torment;  to  tease;  to  plague;  to  har- 
ass ; to  gall ; to  annoy ; to  molest ; to  worry  ; 
to  perplex  ; to  trouble  ; to  distress  ; to  persecute  ; 
— to  fret ; to  irritate  ; to  provoke  ; to  displease. 
Vex  not  his  ghost;  O,  let  him  pass!  He  hates  him 
That  would  upon  the  rack  of  this  tough  world 
Stretch  him  out  longer.  Shak. 

For  such  an  injury  would  vex  a very  saint, 

Much  more  a shrew  of  thy  impatient  humor.  Shak. 


2.  To  disturb ; to  agitate  ; to  disquiet ; to  put 
in  commotion.  “ Vexed  Bermoothes.”  Shak. 

3.  fTo  stretch,  as  by  hooks.  Dryden. 

Syn. — See  Displease,  Disturb,  Tease. 

VEX,  v.  n.  To  fret;  to  be  uneasy;  to  be  irritat- 
ed. “ We  vex  and  complain.”  Killingbcck. 

VEX-A'TION,  n.  [L.  vex atio;  vexo,  to  vex;  It. 
vessazione  ; Sp.  vejacion  ; Fr.  vexation .] 

1.  The  act  of  vexing,  or  the  state  of  being 
vexed  ; disquiet ; trouble  ; uneasiness  ; agita- 
tion ; distress  ; discomfort ; sorrow  ; affliction  ; 
mortification;  chagrin;  irritation. 

All  thy  vexations 

Were  but  my  trials  of  thy  love.  Shak. 

Passions  too  violent,  instead  of  heightening  our  pleasures, 
afford  us  nothing  but  vexation  and  pain.  Temple. 

2.  Cause  of  trouble  or  uneasiness ; an  an- 
noyance ; a provocation  ; a plague  ; a torment. 

Tour  children  were  vexation  to  your  youth.  Shak. 

3.  (Law.)  Any  damage  suffered  through  the 
tricks  of  another:  — an  act  of  harassing,  as  by 
a false  and  malicious  suit.  Bacon.  Bouvier. 

Syn.  — See  Mortification. 

Vpx-A'TIOUS  (vek-sa'shus),  a.  1.  Afflictive  ; har- 
assing ; troublesome;  distressing;  disturbing; 
annoying; — irritating;  provoking;  teasing. 

2.  Full  of  trouble  or  uneasiness;  uneasy; 
irksome.  “ He  leads  a vexatious  life.”  Digby. 

Vexatious  suit,  (Law.)  a suit  instituted  maliciously, 
upon  false  or  futile  grounds.  g Bouvier. 

Syn.  — See  Troublesome. 

VJjlX-A'TIOyS-LY,  ad.  In  a vexatious  manner; 
troublesomely  ; uneasily.  Burke. 

Vy X-A'TIOITS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  vexing 
or  annoying  ; troublesomeness.  Johnson. 

VEXED  (vekst  or  veks'ed),  p.  a.  1.  Teased; 
plagued  ; harassed  ; troubled  ; disquieted  ; agi- 
tated ; annoyed  ; worried ; irritated  ; provoked. 


With  my  vexed  spirits  I cannot  take  a truce.  Shak. 
2.  Much  disputed;  much  contested  ; causing 
contention.  “ A vexed  question.”  Qu.  Rev. 

VEX'JJR,  n.  One  who  vexes.  Huloet. 

VEX'IL,  n.  [L.  vexillum,  a standard.] 

1.  A flag  or  standard,  [it  ] Smart. 

2.  (Bot.)  Vexillum;  standard;  banner. Humble. 

VEX'IL-LA-RY,  n.  [L.  vexillarius.~\  (Roman 
Ant.)  A standard-bearer  ; an  ensign.  Smart, 


VEX'IL-LA-Ry,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  a standard. 
2.  (Bot.)  Noting  that  modification  of  imbri- 
cative  mstivation  in  which  the  exterior  petal,  as 
the  vexillum,  is  the  largest,  and  at  first  em- 
braces, or  folds  over,  all  the  other  petals.  Gray. 

VEX-1  L-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  vexillatio.' ] (Roman 

Ant.)  A body  of  soldiers  united  under  one  vex- 
illum  or  standard.  Smart. 

VEX-IL'LUM,  n.  [L.]  1.  (Roman  Ant.)  A stan- 

dard or  flag;  — particularly  the  standard  of  the 
cavalry,  -which  was  a square  piece  of  cloth  ex- 
panded upon  a cross: — the  troops  belonging 
to  a vexillum  ; a company.  Wm.  Smith. 

2.  (Bot.)  The  upper,  larger,  and  most  expand- 
ed of  the  five  petals  of  papilionaceous  flowers  ; 
standard;  banner.  Lindley. 

VEX'ING-LY,  ad.  So  as  to  vex.  Cowley. 

Vl'A,  n.  [L.]  A way  ; a road  : — by  the  way  of ; 
as,  “ Via  New  York.”  [Colloquial.] 

Via  Lactea,  [L.,  milky  way.]  (Astron.)  that  irregular 
luminous  band  which  may  be  seen  any  clear,  dark 
night,  stretching  across  t he  skv  from  horizon  to  hori- 
zon ; the  Galaxy  ; the  Milky  Way.  Hind.  — Via  media, 
(Theol.)  the  middle  position;  applied  by  some  to  the 
position  occupied  by  the  Anglican  Church  between 
Romanism  and  ultra  Protestantism.  Hook. 

t VI ' Ji,  interj.  Away ; begone.  “ Go  to,  via.”  Shak. 

Vl-A-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality  of  be- 
ing viable  : — said  of  a child.  Bouvier. 

Vl'A-BLE,  a.  (Med.  Jurisprudence.)  Capable  of 
living  ; — applied  to  a foetus  whose  organs  are 
properly  formed,  and  so  developed  as  to  per- 
mit its  continued  existence.  Dunglison. 

VI'A-DUCT,  n.  [L.  via,  a way,  and  duco,  ductus, 
to  lead ; Fr.  ■eiaduc.]  An  elevated  construc- 
tion of  arches,  or  other  artificial  works,  for  car- 
rying roads  or  railways  over  depressions,  upon 
the  same,  or  nearly  the  same,  level.  Tomlinson. 


t VI'A^fE,  n.  Voyage.  — Sec  Voyage.  Huloet. 

Vt'AL,  n.  [Gr.  tpiabj,  a broad,  flat,  shallow  bowl ; 
an  urn  ; L.  phiala  ; It.  fiala ; Fr.  foie.]  A 
small  bottle  ; a phial.  — Sec  Phial.  Addison. 

VI'AL,  v.  a.  [i.  yialled  ; pp.  VIALLINO,  VI- 
alled.]  To  put  or  enclose  in  a vial.  Milton. 

VI'ALLED  (vi’gld),  a.  Enclosed  in  a vial.  Milton. 

Vl-AM'5-TfR,  n.  [L.  via.  a way,  and  metrum,  a 
measure.]  An  instrument  to  measure  the  dis- 
tance passed  over ; an  odometer.  Stevens. 

Vi' AND,  n. ; pi.  VIANDS.  [It.  vivunda ; Fr. 
viande ; — from  L.  vivo,  to  live.]  Food;  vict- 
uals ; — commonly  used  in  the  plural. 

These  are  not  fruits  forbidden;  no  interdict 
Defends  the  touching  of  these  viands  pure.  Milton. 

+ VI'AND-^R,  n.  A feeder  ; an  eater.  Cranmcr. 

t VI'A-RY,  a.  [L.  viarius.]  Pertaining  to,  or 
happening  in,  ways  or  roads.  Feltham. 

VI'A-TECT-URE  (vl'a-tekt-yur),  n.  [L.  via,  a way, 
and  Gr.  rcKrairopni,  to  build  ; tiktuip,  a builder, 
a carpenter.]  The  art  of  constructing  roads, 
bridges,  railroads,  canals,  and  water-works  ; civ- 
il engineering,  [r.]  R.  Park. 

Vl-AT'fC,  a.  [L.  viaticus  ; via,  a way.]  Relating 
to  a journey,  or  to  travelling.  Smart. 

VI-AT'I-CUM,  n.  [L.]  I.  (Roman  Ant.)  Pro- 
vision for  a journey  ; every  thing  necessary  for 
a person  setting  out  on  a journey,  comprehend- 
ing money,  provisions,  dresses,  means  of  con- 
veyance, &c.  Wm.  Smith. 

2.  ( Rom.  Cath.  Church.)  The  last  rite  or  sac- 
rament given  to  a dying  person.  Killinybeck. 

Vi-A-TO'RI-AL,  a.  [L.  viatorius .]  Pertaining 

to  travelling  or  journeying,  [it.]  Campbell,  1767. 

VI'BRATE,  v.  a.  [L.  vibro,  vibratos  ; It.  vibrare-, 
Sp.  vibrar  ; Fr.  vibrer.]  [i.  vibrated  ; pp.  vi- 
brating, VIBRATED.] 

1.  To  brandish  ; to  move  to  and  fro.  Johnson. 

2.  To  make  or  cause  to  quiver. 

Breath  vocalized  — that  is,  vibrated  or  undulated  — may 
differently  affect  the  lips,  and  impress  a swift,  tremulous  mo- 
tion, which  breath  passing  smooth  doth  not.  Holder. 

3.  To  measure  by  swinging  or  oscillating  ; as, 
“ A pendulum  which  vibrates  seconds.” 

VI'BRATE,  v.  n.  1.  To  move  or  play  to  and  fro, 
as  a pendulum ; to  oscillate  ; to  swing. 

The  eustachian  tube  [is]  like  the  hole  in  a drum,  to  let  the 
air  pass  freely  into  and  out  of  the  barrel  of  the  ear,  as  the 
covering  membrane  vibrates,  or  as  the  temperature  may  lie 
altered;  the  whole  labyrinth  hewn  out  of  a rock.  Balcy. 

2.  To  quiver  ; to  impinge. 

The  whisper  that  to  greatness  still  too  near 
Perhaps  yet  vibrates  on  his  sovereign’s  ear.  Pope. 

VI'RRA-TlLE,  a.  Having  an  oscillatory  motion  ; 
oscillating;  vibrating;  vibratory.  Baird. 

Vf-BRA-TIL'l-TY,  n.  Susceptibility  of  being 

thrown  into  vibration  ; the  quality  or  the  state 
of  being  vibratile  ; oscillation.  Dunglison. 

VI-BRA'TION,  n.  [L.  vibratio ; It.  vibrazione; 
Sp.  vibracion  ; Fr.  vibration.] 

1.  The  act  of  vibrating  ; oscillation. 

2.  (Phgsics.)  A regular  reciprocal  motion,  or 

motion  to  and  fro,  of  a body  or  parts  of  a body, 
or  of  particles  of  an  elastic  medium,  as  of  a 
pendulum,  a stretched  cord,  or  of  particles  of 
air  in  the  production  of  sound.  Hutton. 

3.  (Mus.)  A regular  reciprocal  motion  of  a 

body,  as  of  a string  or  cord,  which,  suspended 
or  stretched  between  two  fixed  points,  swings  or 
shakes  to  and  fro.  Braude. 

.BQp  Writers  on  mechanics,  instead  of  vibration, 
often  use  the  term  oscillation , especially  when  speak- 
ing of  a body,  as  a pendulum,  that  swings  or  vibrates 
by  its  own  gravity. 

Amplitude  of  vibration,  the  maximum  excursion,  or 
departure  from  a position  of  rest,  of  a vibrating  body 
or  particle.  The  intensity  of  sound  yielded  by  a vi- 
brating cord,  and,  according  to  the  undulatnry  theory, 
the  intensity  of  light,  depend  on  the  amplitude  of  the 
vibrations  by  which  the  sound  and  light  are  caused. 
Hutton.  Lloyd. — Phase  of  vibrations,  a term  used  in 
reference  to  the  vibrations  of  the  particles  of  a wave 
of  an  elastic  or  liquid  medium,  which  are  said  to  he 
in  the  same  phase  when  they  are  moving  in  the  same 
direction.  The  particles  in  any  one  phase,  though 
moving  in  the  same  direction,  have  different  veloci- 
ties. Nichol. 

Syn. — Vibration  is  a movement  to  and  fro  caused 


EN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 


V I B R ATIUNCLE 


1628 


VICTIM 


by  elasticity  ; oscillation,  one  caused  by  gravitation. 
Tile  vibration  of  a Addle-string  ; the  oscillation  of  a 
pendulum. 

Vl-BRA'TI-UN-CLE,  n.  A small  vibration  ; a lit- 
tle or  slight  oscillation.  Chambers. 

VI'BRA-TIVE,  a.  That  vibrates.  Newton. 

Vl'BRA-TO-RY,  a.  [Fr.  vibratoire.~\ 

1.  Vibrating ; that  vibrates ; moving  up  and 
down,  or  to  and  fro;  oscillating;  vibrative;  vi- 
bratile.  “ A gentle  vibratory  motion.”  Burke. 

2.  Causing  to  vibrate ; causing  vibration. 
“ The  vibratory  power  of  the  salt.”  Burke. 

VI-BUR  'JYUM,  n.  [L.]  ( Bot .)  A genus  of  dicoty- 
ledonous plants  of  the  natural  order  Caprifoli- 
accce,  consisting  of  shrubs  with  flow:rs  in  flat, 
compound  cymes.  They  are  natives  of  Europe, 
Asia,  and  America.  Gray. 

j “ The  name  is  derived,  according  to  the  ac- 
count of  Sebastian  Vaillant,  fro  nut  he  Latin  word  i>  ieo, 
to  tie,  on  account  of  the  pliability  of  the  branches  of 
some  species.”  London. 

VlO'AR,  n.  [L.  vicarius  ; ricis,  change ; It.  § 
Sp . vicario  ; Fr.  vicaire.] 

1.  One  who  performs  the  functions  of  another; 
a substitute  in  office  ; a deputy  ; a proxy,  [u.] 

When  St.  Paul  sent  for  Timothy  from  Ephesus,  he  sent 
Ty  chic  us  to  be  his  vicar.  Bp.  Tat/lor. 

2.  (Keel.)  The  incumbent  of  a benefice,  where 

some  or  all  of  the  tithes  are  either  appropriate 
or  impropriate.  Eden. 

“ The  office  of  vicar  owes  its  origin  to  the  ap- 
propriation of  benefices  to  monasteries  and  other  re- 
ligious houses  of  old.  These  benefices  the  monks 
served  by  some  of  their  own  body,  until  the  bishops 
subsequently  obliged  them  to  establish  secular  priests 
in  them,  in  order  to  serve  the  cures.  These  priests 
were  at  fir-t  no  more  than  the  curates  or  deputies  of 
the  approprjators,  and  were  therefore  called  vicars ; 
their  stipend  was  solely  at  the  discretion  of  the  ap- 
propriator.  The  attention  of  the  legislature  was,  in 
t lie  course  of  time,  directed  to  this  state  of  things,  and 
acts  were  passed  endowing  the  vicar  with  a portion 
of  the  tithes,  and  making  his  odice  perpetual.”  Eden. 

“ The  distinction  between  a rector  [or  parson] 
and  a vicar,  at  the  present  day,  is  this,  that  the  rector 
has  generally  the  whole  right  to  all  the  ecclesiastical 
dues  within  his  parish  ; the  vicar  is  entitled  only  to  a 
certain  portion  of  those  profits.”  Hook. 

Apostolical  vicar,  in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church, 
an  officer  of  high  standing,  who  performs  the  func- 
tions of  the  pope  in  a province  committed  to  his  di- 
rection. Ungist.  — Vicars  of  the  empire,  in  the  Ger- 
man constitution,  princes  who  had  the  right  of  rep- 
resenting the  empire  in  case  of  absence  or  interreg- 
num. Brande. 

Syn.  — See  Clergyman. 

VIC'AR-AljrE,  n.  ( Eccl .)  1.  The  living  or  bene- 
fice of  a vicar.  Blackstone. 

2.  The  house  or  residence  of  a vicar.  Smart. 

VIC'AR— ^EN'gR-AL,  7i.  {Eccl.  Law.)  An  officer 
under  a bishop,  who  has  cognizance  in  matters 
purely  spiritual.  Whishaw. 

KLr  This  title  was  formerly  given  by  King  Henry 
VIII.  to  Thomas  Cromwell,  Earl  of  Essex,  with  full 
power  to  oversee  the  clergy,  and  regulate  matters  re- 
lating to  church  affairs.  Edw.  Phillips. 

VI-CA'RI-AL,  a.  1.  Pertaining  or  belonging  to  a 
vicar.  “ Vicarial  tithes.”  . Blackstone. 

2.  Vicarious  ; deputed.  “ That  delegated,  vi- 
carial sceptre  of  righteousness.”  [it.]  West. 

VI-C.A'RI-ATE,  7i.  The  office  of  vicar;  a dele- 
gated office.  “ The  vicariate  of  Christ.”  North. 

VI-CA'RI-ATE,  a.  Relating  to  a vicar;  having  a 
delegated  power  ; vicarial.  Barrow. 

VI-CA'RI-OUS,  a.  [L.  viearius.] 

1.  Deputed  ; delegated ; commissioned  ; vi- 
carial. “ Vicarious  power.”  Norris. 

2.  Acting  in,  or  filling,  the  jilace  of  another. 

3.  Done,  or  suffered,  for,  or  instead  of,  an- 
other. “ Vicarious  punishment.”  Water  land. 

4.  {Med.)  Occurring  in  one  part,  instead  of 
in  another.  “ Vicarious  secretion.”  Dunyliso/i. 

VI-CA'RI-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  the  place  of  another; 
by  substitution  or  delegation.  Burke. 

VIC'AR-SHIP,  n.  The  office  of  a vicar.  Barrow. 

VICE,  n.  [L.  vitium;  It.  vizio;  Sp.  vicio;  Fr. 
vice.  — From  L.  vito,  to  shun.  Richardson.] 

1.  A fault;  a blemish  ; an  imperfection. 

Redhibitory  vices  are  those  for  which  the  seller  will  he  com- 
pelled to  annul  a sale,  and  take  hack  the  thing  sold.  Bouvicr. 


2.  A bad  or  evil  course  of  action  or  conduct, 
— the  opposite  to  virtue  ; depravity  ; evil ; wick- 
edness; immorality;  wrong  conduct;  a moral 
fault  or  failing ; error;  offence  ; 1 — generally  used 
for  an  habitual  fault. 

"When  vice  prevails,  and  impious  men  bear  sway, 

The  post  of  honor  is  a private  station.  Addison. 

Vice  is  a monster  of  so  frightful  mien. 

As  to  be  hnted  needs  but  to  be  seen.  Pope. 

3.  The  established  buffoon  in  the  old  morali- 

ties, or  moral-plays,  and  other  dramas,  who  was 
grotesquely  dressed  in  a cap  with  ass’s  ears,  a 
long  coat,jmd  a dagger  of  lath,  and  whose  chief 
employment  was  to  make  sport  with  another 
buffoon,  called  the  Devil,  leaping  on  his  back, 
and  belaboring  him  with  his  dagger  of  lath  till 
he  made  him  roar  ; — called  sometimes  Iniquity. 
He  was  succeeded  in  his  office  by  the  fool  and 
the  clown.  Shak.  Nares. 

Syn. — See  Crime,  Evil. 

VICE,  7i.  [Fr.  vis,  which  some  derive  from  Fr. 
virer,  to  turn  about,  to  twist,  others  from  L.  vis, 
strength.  Richardson.] 

1.  A griping  machine,  holdfast,  or  press,  used 
by  smiths,  &c.,  consisting  chiefly  of  stout  jaws 
brought  together  by  the  aid  of  a sere w.Arbuthnot. 

2.  A machine  used  by  glaziers  for  drawing  lead 

into  flat  rods  for  case-windows.  — .Sometimes 
written  vise.  Simmonds. 

f VICE,  v.  a.  To  press  or  draw  by  a kind  of  vio- 
lence. “ To  vice  you  to  it.”  SJ/ak. 

VICE,  [L.,  vi'ce,  in  the  place  of.]  A prefix  denot- 
ing, in  the  words  compounded  with  it,  one  who 
acts  in  place  of  another,  or  one  who  is  second 
in  rank  ; as,  rice-president,  rice-chancellor,  &c. 

VI'CE.  [L.]  Instead  of ; in  place  of.  Ainsworth. 

VICE— AD'MI-RAL,  7i.  A naval  officer,  the  next 
in  rank  under  the  admiral.  [Eng.]  Bouvicr. 

VICE— AD'MI-RAL-TY,  n.  The  office,  rank,  or 
state  of  a vice-admiral.  Carew. 

VICE— A'ljJENT,  71.  One  who  acts  as  agent  for 
another  ; an  assistant  agent.  Clarke. 

VICE— CHAM 'HER- LA  IN,  n.  An  officer  of  the 
king’s  household  immediately  under  the  lord- 
chamberlain.  Brande. 

VICE— CHAN’CEL-LOR,  n.  An  officer  of  the  Chan- 
cery Court,  below  the  chancellor  : — the  second 
• magistrate  of  an  English  university.  Bouvicr. 

fVICE— CO'ME§,  n.  A viscount.  Harrington. 

VICE— CON'SUL,  7i.  A deputy  consul ; an  assist- 
ant consul.  Simmonds. 

f VICED  (vlst),  a.  Vicious;  corrupt.  Shak. 

VICE-HO^E',  7i.  An  officer  in  Venice,  who  rep- 
resents the  doge  on  certain  occasions.  Smart. 

VTCE-IJIE'RJSN-CY,  71.  The  office  or  the  state  of  a 
vicegerent ; deputed  power.  South,  j 

VICE-9E  RPNT,  7i.  [L.  vice,  in  the  place  of,  and 
yero,  ycrens,  to  carry  on,  to  administer.]  An 
officer  acting  as  deputy  or  lieutenant  of  anoth- 
er ; a deputy  ; a lieutenant.  Brande. 

VICE-IjJE'RgNT,  a.  Having  a delegated  power. 

VfCE— KING',  7i.  A viceroy.  Bra7idc. 

VICE-LEG'ATE,  n.  A subordinate  legate  ; an 
assistant  or  deputy  legate.  Smollett. 

VICE'— MAN,  n.  A coach-smith  whose  work  is  at 
the  vice  instead  of  the  anvil.  Simmonds. 

VIC'IJ-NA-KY,  a.  [L .viccnarins;  viceni,  twenty 
each  ; vigenti,  twenty.]  Pertaining  to  the  num- 
ber twenty.  Bailey. 

Vl-CEN'NJ-AL,  a.  [L.  viceni,  twenty,  and  annus, 
a year.]  Continuing  twenty  years,  [it.]  Oyilvie. 

ViCE— PRE§'I-DEN-CY,  n.  The  office,  state,  or 
dignity  of  a vice-president.  Story. 

ViCE-PRE^'J-DIJNT,  71.  An  officer  next  in  rank 
below  the  president.  Ada77is. 

VICE-RE’GAL,  a.  Relating  to  a viceroy  or  to 
viceroyalty.  Ec.  Rev. 

VICE'ROY  (vls'rol),  n.  [Fr.  vice-roi ; vice,  in 
place  of,  and  roi,  a king.]  One  who  governs  in 
place  of  a king,  with  a delegated  regal  authori- 
ty ; an  officer  representing  a king  in  a depen- 
dency ; a vice-king.  Bra7\dc. 


VICE-ROY'AL-TY,  n.  The  office,  state,  rank,  or 
jurisdiction  of  a viceroy.  Addison. 

VlCE'ROY-SHIP,  n.  Viceroyalty.  Fuller. 

t Vf'CE-TY,  n.  Viciousness  ; vice.  D.  Jonson. 

VI'CE  VER'SA.  [L.]  The  condition  or  terms 
being  reversed ; conversely ; reversely. 

VICE— wAr'DEN,  n.  The  deputy  or  acting  offi- 
cer of  a warden.  Simmonds. 

f VP'CI-ATE,  v.  a.  See  Vitiate.  Sir  T.  More. 

VlC'l-NA<?E,  n.  [L.  vicinia;  Fr.  voisinage.] 
Neighborhood  ; vicinity.  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

Vly'I-NAL,  or  VJ-CI'NAL  [vTs'e-n?l,  IV.  P.  J.  E. 
E.  K.  1 17;.  ; ve-sl'nal,  S.  Ja.  Sm.],a.  [L.  vici- 

nal is,  vicinus ; vicus  (Sansc.  visa,  home),  a vil- 
lage.] Near ; neighboring.  Warton. 

fVI-ClNE',  or  fVig'jNE  [ve-sin',  S.  J.  F.K. 
Sm. ; vis 'in,  IK.;  vls'jn,  P.  Wb.],  a.  Vicinal; 
near;  neighboring.  Glanvill. 

Vj-CIN'I-TY  [ve-sin'e-te,  S.  P.  J.  P.  K.  Sm.  R. ; 
vl-sln'e-te,  Ja.  ; ve-sin'e-te  or  vi-sin'e-te,  IK.], 
n.  [L.  v icinitas ; it.  vicinit t ; Sp.  veeindad.] 

1.  The  being  near ; nearness;  proximity. 

The  abundance  and  vicinit;/  of  country  seats.  Swift. 

2.  Neighborhood;  place  or  places  near. 

Gravity  alone  must  have  carried  them  downwards  to  the 
vicinity  of  the  sun.  Bentley. 

Syn.  — See  Neighborhood. 

VF'CIOUS  (vish'us,  66),  a.  [L.  vitiosus  ; It.  vizi- 
oso  ; Sp.  vicioso  ■,  Fr.  vicievx.] 

1.  Addicted  to  vice  ; corrupt  in  principle  and 
conduct ; morally  faulty  ; wicked  ; depraved. 

Virtuous  and  vicious  every  man  must  be; 

Few  in  the  extreme,  but  all  in  the  degree.  Pope. 

2.  Full  of  faults  or  defects  ; faulty  ; defective. 

3.  Corrupt ; bad  ; impure.  [11.] 

Here  from  the  vicious  air  and  sickly  skies 

A plague  did  on  the  dumb  creation  rise.  Dnjden. 

4.  Addicted  to  bad  tricks,  as  a horse  ; refrac- 
tory ; unruly  ; contrary.  Herbert. 

Syn.  — See  Wicked. 

Vl"CIOyS-LY  (vish'us-le),  ad.  In  a vicious  man- 
ner ; corruptly  ; wickedly.  Browne. 

Vp'CIOliS-NESS  (vish'us-nes),  n.  The  quality  or 
the  state  of  being  vicious  ; corruptness.  Shak. 

VI  CIS'SI-TUDE,  n.  [L.  vicissitudo  ; ricis,  change  ; 
It.  vicissitudine ; Sp.  vicisitud ; Fr.  vicissitude.] 

1.  Regular  change;  alternate  or  reciprocal 
succession  ; return  of  the  same  things  in  the 
same  succession  ; interchange  ; alternation. 

Grateful  vicissitude,  like  day  and  night.  Jlilton. 

2.  Revolution  ; change  ; mutation. 

The  vicissitudes  of  good  and  bad  fortune.  Atterburp. 

Syn.  — See  Change. 

VI-CIS-SI-TU'DI-NA-RY,  a.  Regularly  changing; 
succeeding  alternately  or  reciprocally.  Donne. 

VI-CIS-SI-TU' DI-NO  US,  a.  Full  of  vicissitude  or 
change ; changing,  [it.]  Qu.  Rev. 

VI-CIS'SY— DUCK,  n.  A name  given  to  a West 
Indian  water-fowl,  smaller  than  the  European 
duck,  and  excellent  for  food.  Simmonds. 

f Vl-CON'TI-EL,  a.  [Old  Eng.  vieonl,  vicouirt,  a 
sheriff.  — See  Viscount.]  {Eng.  Late.)  Be- 
longing to  the  sheriff.  Burrill. 

Vicontiel  rents,  farms  for  which  the  sheriff  paid  a 
rent  to  the  king;  vicontiels. — Vicontiel  writ,  a writ 
triable  in  the  county  or  sheriff’s  court.  Burrill. 

VI-CON'TI-ELS,  n.  pi.  {Eng.  Law.)  Things  be- 
longing to  the  sheriff,  — particularly  farms  for 
which  the  sheriff  paid  a rent  to  the  king,  and 
made  what  profit  he  could  of  them.  Burrill. 

VIC'TIM,  n.  [L.  victima,  — probably  from  L.  vin- 
cio,  to  bind  : — the  n would  lie  omitted  on  ac- 
count of  the  m in  the  suffix.  IK.  Smith.  — It.  vit- 
tima ; Sp  .victima',  Fr  .victims.] 

1.  An  animal  immolated  or  slain  for  a sacri- 
fice or  offering  ; a sacrifice. 

And  on  the  victim  pour  the  ruddy  wine.  TTryitm. 

tflr-  Among  the  ancients  artificial  victims,  made  of 
flour,  spices,  &c.,  were  sometimes  sacrificed.  Brande. 

2.  A person  or  a thing  destroyed  or  sacrificed 
in  order  to  effect  some  purpose. 

Behold  where  Age’s  wretched  victim  lies.  Prior. 

3.  A dupe;  a cully.  [Colloquial.]  Rogct. 


A,  E,  f,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  lp,  I,  O,  IT,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


VICTIMATE 


1629 


VIGNETTE 


f VIC'TI-MATE,  v.  a.  [L.  victimo .]  To  s*  orifice  ; 
to  offer  in  sacrifice  ; to  victimize.  Butlokar. 

VIC'TjM-IZE,  v.  a.  [i.  victimized  ; pp.  victim- 
izing, victimized.]  To  make  a victim  of;  to 
swindle  ; to  rob  or  cheat ; to  deceive.  Month.  Rev. 

VIC'TOR,  n.  [L.  victor-,  vitico,  to  conquer.] 

1.  One  who  conquers,  — particularly  one  who 
conquers  in  war  ; a conqueror;  a vanquisher. 

flg 5=  Victor  is  seldom  used  with  a genitive.  We 
say,  “The  conqueror  of  kingdoms,”  not  “ The 
victor  of  kingdoms,”  and  never  but  with  rogard  to 
some  single  action  or  person  ; as  wo  never  say,  “ Cie- 
sar  was,  in  general,  a arcat  victor ,”  but  that  “ lie  was 
victor  at  Pharsalia.”  We  rarely  say,  “ Alexander  was 
victor  of  Darius,”  though  we  say,  “ He  was  victor  at 
Arbela”  ; but  we  never  say,  “ He  was  victor  of  Per- 
sia.” Johnson. 

2.  One  who  ruins  ; a destroyer,  [r.] 

There,  victor  of  his  health,  his  fortune,  friends.  Pope. 

VIC'TOR,  a.  Victorious;  conquering,  [r.] 

The  victor  Greeks  obtain  the  spoils.  rope. 

VIC'TOR-ESS,  n.  A female  who  conquers;  a fe- 
male victor  or  conqueror.  Spenser. 

VIC-TO'RI-A,  n.  (But.)  1.  A genus  of  dicotyled- 
onous plants  belonging  to  the  water-lily  fami- 
ly ; — named  after  Queen  Victoria.  Baird. 

Victoria  regia,  (Bot.)  a remarkable  plant  growing  in 
the  fresh  waters  of  Guiana  and  Brazil.  Its  leaves 
are  orbicular,  turned  up  round  the  edges,  and  from 
four  to  six  feet  in  diameter.  The  flowers  are  fra- 
grant, a foot  in  diameter  when  expanded,  white,  with 
a purple  centre,  and  composed  of  an  immense  num- 
ber of  petals.  Baird. 

2.  ( Astron .)  An  asteroid  discovered  by  Hind 
in  1850,  and  called  also  Clio.  Lovering. 

VIC-TOR-INE',  n.  A kind  of  fur  tippet  worn  by 
ladies.  Simmonds. 

VIC-TO'RI-OUS,  a.  [L.  victoriosus ; It.  vitt ario- 
so ; Sp.  vit arioso  ; Fr . victorieux.] 

1.  Having  gained  a victory ; having  obtained 
conquest ; having  vanquished  or  conquered. 

The  Son  returned  victorious  with  his  saints.  Milton. 

2.  Producing  victory  or  conquest. 

Cursed  for  ever  this  victorious  day.  Pope. 

3.  Betokening,  or  emblematic  of,  victory  or 

conquest.  “ Victorious  wreaths.”  Shah. 

VIC-TO'RJ-OUS-LY,  ad.  With  victory  ; with  con- 
quest ; triumphantly.  Hammond. 

VIC-TO'RI-OITS-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quali- 
ty of  being  victorious.  Johnson. 

VIC'TO-RY,  n.  [I  ..victoria-,  It  .vittoria;  Sp.  vic- 
toria ; Fr.  victoire.)  Superiority  gained  in  a 
battle,  or  ip  any  contest ; conquest ; triumph. 

Peace  hath  her  victories 

No  less  renowned  than  war.  Milton. 

A victory  over  the  most  refractory  passions.  Bp.  Taylor. 

A more  glorious  victory  cannot  be  gained  over  another 
man  than  this,  that,  when  the  injury  began  on  his  part,  the 
kindness  should  begin  on  ours.  Tillotson. 

f VIC'TRESS,  n.  A female  who  conquers.  Shah. 

VIC'TRICE,  n.  A victress.  B.  Jonson. 

VICT'UAL  (vlt'tl),  n.  Food;  — now  commonly 
used  in  the  plural.  — See  Victuals.  Knolles. 

VICT'UAL  (vlt'tl),  V.  a.  [t.  victualled;  pp. 
VICTUALLING,  VICTUALLED.]  To  supply  with 
victuals  ; to  furnish  with  provisions. 

I must  go  victual  Orleans  forthwith.  Shade. 

VICT'UAL-L|JR  (vit'tl-er),  n.  1.  One  who  pro- 
vides victuals  or  provisions.  Hayward. 

2.  A publican  or  innkeeper.  Johnson. 

3.  A corn-factor.  [Scotland.]  Simmonds. 

VICT'UAL- LING  (vit'tl-iug),  n.  The  act  of  sup- 
plying provisions  or  food.  Simmonds. 

VlCT'UAL-LING— BILL,  n.  A certified  account  of 
a ship’s  stores  or  provisions.  Simmonds. 

VICT'UAL-LlNG— HOUSE,  n.  A kind  of  inn  or 
house  of  entertainment;  an  eating-house. 

VICT'UAL-LING— NOTE.  n.  An  order  given  by  a 
paymaster  to  a seaman  in  the  British  navy,  when 
he  joins  the  ship,  and  which  is  to  be  handed  to 
the  ship’s  steward  as  his  authority  for  victual- 
ling the  man.  Simmonds. 

VICT'UAL^  (vit'tlz),  n.  pi.  [I,,  rictus  ; vivo,  ric- 
tum,  to  live  ; It.  vettovaglia  ; Sp.  vitualla  ; Fr. 
victuailles.  — W.  bwytai.]  Food  prepared  to  he 


eaten  by  human  beings  ; cooked  provisions ; 
viands. 

Not  so  much  as  a meal  of  victuals.  Dumpier. 

“ This  corruption,  like  most  others,  has  termi- 
nated in  the  generation  of  a new  word ; for  no  so- 
lemnity will  allow  of  pronouncing  this  word  as  it  is 
written.  Victuals  appeared  to  Swift  so  contrary  to 
the  real  sound,  That,  in  some  of  his  manuscript  re- 
marks, he  spells  the  word  vittles .”  Walker. 

Syn.  — See  Food. 

VI-CU'NA  (ve-kun'y'i),  n.  (Zolil.)  A species  of 
llama,  so  wild  as  not  to  be  domesticated ; Llama 
vicugna.  It  is  chiefly  a native  of  the  most  ele- 
vated table-laud  and  mountains  of  Bolivia  and 
Chili.  Baird. 

VI- DjiMF. ' , n.  [Fr.]  {French  Feudal  Jurispru- 
dence.) Originally,  an  officer  who  represented 
the  bishop,  as  the  viscount  did  the  count ; after- 
wards, the  office  of  these  dignitaries  being  erect- 
ed into  fiefs,  a feudal  noble.  Brande. 

Vi'DF..  [L.,  imp.  of  video,  to  see.]  See;  — used 
to  refer  to  something,  as  a note  or  remark. 

VI- DEL'  I-CET,ad.  [L.]  To  wit ; namely ; that  is. 

IjjpThis  word  is  generally  abbreviated  to  and 
the  advert)  namely  is,  in  reading,  commonly  used  in- 
stead of  it. 

Vi'DF.  LIT  SU'PRJl.  [L.]  See  as  above;  see 
the  preceding  statement,  or  above. 

VID'U-ApE,  n.  Widowhood,  [n.]  C.  Lamb. 

VID'U-AL,  a.  [I,,  vidua,  a widow.]  Belonging  to 
the  state  of  a widow  ; widowed,  [r.]  Bp.  Taglor. 

VID-U-A'TION,  n.  Loss;  bereavement;  depri- 
vation. [h.]  Waterhouse. 

f VI-DU'I-TY,  n.  Widowhood.  Bp.  Hall. 

VIE  (vi),  v.  n.  [Of  uncertain  etymology.  — From 
Ger.  wagen,  to  wage.  Serenius.  — A.  S.  wigan, 
to  contend.]  [i.  vied  ; pp.  vying,  vied.]  To 
strive  for  superiority  ; to  contend  ; to  contest. 
The  wool,  when  shaded  with  Ancona’s  dye, 

May  with  the  proudest  Tyrian  purple  vie.  Addison. 

fVIE,  v.  a.  1.  To  stake  ; to  wager  ; — to  hazard  ; 
— to  show  or  practise  in  competition. 

What  need,  then,  we  vie  calumnies,  like  women?  Chapman. 

2.  To  urge ; to  press ; to  ply.  Shah. 

Kiss  on  kiss 

She  vied  so  fast,  protesting  oath  on  oath.  Shak. 

t VlE,  n.  Emulation  ; contest.  Holland. 

VIELLF.  (ve-yel'),  n.  [Fr.]  A hurdygurdv ; a 
sort  of  stringed  instrument.  Hamilton. 

Vf-pN-NE^E',  n.  sing.  Sc  pi.  ( Gcog .)  A native,  or 
the  natives,  of  Vienna.  Paget. 

vi  ET  JR  'MIS.  [L.]  By  force  of  arms. 

VIEW  (vu).  v.  a.  [L.  video,  visits-,  It.  vederc  ; 
Sp.  ver ; Fr.  voir,  vu.]  [t.  viewed  ; pp.  view- 
ing, viewed.] 

1.  To  survey;  to  look  on  with  attention,  or 
by  way  of  examination  ; to  see  ; to  behold. 

Whene’er  we  view  some  well-proportioned  dome, 

No  single  parts  unequally  surprise.  Pope. 

2.  To  see  or  examine  mentally;  to  survey 

intellectually  ; to  consider.  Seeker. 

Syn. — See  See. 

VIEW  (vu),  v.  n.  To  look  ; to  take  a view.  Swift. 


scape;  vista.  ‘‘Wide  views  through  moun- 
tains.” Pope. 

The  walls  of  Pluto’s  palace  are  in  view.  Drydcn. 

2.  Act  or  power  of  seeing  ; sight ; vision. 

Straight  his  view 

Confirms  that  more  than  all  he  fears  is  true.  Denham. 
I go  to  take  ever  from  your  view 
Both  the  loved  object  and  the  hated  too.  Drydcn. 

3.  Examination  or  inspection  by  the  eye. 

Surveying  nature  with  too  nice  a view.  Drydcn. 

4.  Intellectual  sight ; mental  examination. 
Finding  out  the  intermediate  ideas,  and  taking  a view  of 

the  connection  of  them.  Locke. 

5.  Appearance;  show;  aspect;  look,  [r.] 

Helpt  by  the  night,  now  graces  find, 

Which,  by  the  splendor  of  her  view , 

Dazzled  before  we  ever  knew.  Wtdlcr. 

6.  Exhibition  to  the  sight  or  mind  ; display. 

To  give  a right  view  of  this  mistaken  part  of  liberty.  Locke. 

7.  Intention;  design;  purpose;  aim. 


With  a view  to  commerce,  in  returning  from  his  expedi- 
tion ...  he  passed  through  Egypt.  Arltuthnot . 

No  man  sets  himself  about  any  thing  hut  upon  some  vine 
or  other  which  serves  him  for  a reason.  Locke. 

8.  Opinion  ; judgment;  the  manner  of  seeing 
or  understanding  any  subject. 

9.  A sketch  or  design.  Simmonds. 

10.  {Law.)  Inspection  or  examination  of  a 

place  or  person,  in  the  course  of  an  action  : — 
the  prospect  from  one’s  house  or  ground,  of 
which  his  neighbor  is  not  permitted  to  deprive 
him,  by  erecting  a building  or  any  other  obstruc- 
tion,— a species  of  urban  servitude,  derived 
from  the  civil  law.  Burrill. 

Field  of  view,  field  of  vision.  See  VISION.  — View 
of frankpledge,  {Old  Eng.  Law.)  the  office  which  the 
sheriff  in  his  county  court,  or  the  bailiff  in  his  hun- 
dred, performed  in  looking  to  the  king’s  peace,  and 
seeing  that  every  man  was  in  some  frankpledge  or 
decennary.  Burrill. 

Syn.  — See  Prospect,  Aim. 

VIEW'IJR  (vu'er),  n.  1.  One  who  views  or  sees. 

2.  (Law.)  In  old  practice,  a person  appoint- 
ed under  a writ  of  view  to  testify  the  view  : — in 
modern  practice,  a person  appointed  by  the 
court  to  see  and  examine  certain  matters,  and 
make  a report  of  the  facts,  together  with  his 
opinion,  to  the  court;  — usually  appointed  to 
lay  out  roads,  and  the  like.  Burrill.  Bouvier. 

3.  Superintendent  of  a coal-mine.  Simmonds. 

VIEW'LESS  (vu'les),  a.  That  is  not,  or  that  can- 
not be,  seen  ; unseen  ; invisible;  undiscernible. 
The  viewless  spirit  of  a lovely  sound..  Byron. 

VIEW'LY  (vu'le),  a.  Sightly ; striking  to  the 
view  ; handsome.  [Local,  Eng.]  Brockctt. 

VIF'DA,  n.  In  the  Orkney  and  Shetland  Islands, 
beef  or  mutton  hung  and  dried  without  salt; 

— written  also  vitda.  Jamieson. 

t VI-^ES'I-MAL,  a.  [L.  vigesimus  ; viginti,  twen- 
ty.] The  twentieth.  Scott. 

VI-fJES-I-MA'TION,  n.  [L.  vigesimus,  the  twen- 
tieth ; viginti,  twenty.]  The  putting  to  death 
every  twentieth  man.  [r.]  Bailey. 

Vly'IL  (vid'jil),  n.  [L.  vigilia;  vigil,  awake;  ri- 
geo,  to  be  vigorous  ; It.  § Sp.  vigilia  ; Fr.  viyile.) 

1.  Watch;  forbearance  of  sleep. 

The  vigils  of  the  card  table.  Addison. 

2.  Devotion  in  the  usual  hours  of  sleep. 

Shrines  where  their  vigils  pale-cyed  virgins  keep.  Pope. 

3.  A fast  kept  before  a holiday.  Shah. 

4.  Religious  service  on  the  night  or  evening 
before  an  ecclesiastical  holiday.  Stillingficet. 

VI(y '|L- ANCE,  n.  [L.  vigilantia ; It.  vigilanza  ; 
Sp.  viqilancia  ; Fr.  vigilance.] 

1.  Forbearance  of  sleep;  watching.  Broome. 

2.  Watchfulness;  circumspection  ; incessant 
care  ; constant  or  scrupulous  attention. 

Shall  Henry's  conquest,  Bedford’s  vigilance. 

Your  deeds  of  war,  and  all  our  counsels,  die?  Shak . 

3.  Guard  ; watch  ; sentinel,  [r.] 

In  at  this  gate  none  pass 

The  vigilance  here  placed.  MiUc.u 

Syn.  — See  Attention,  Wakeful. 

VI^r'lL- AN-CY,  n.  Vigilance.  Wotton. 

VI<?'IL-ANT,  a.  [L.  vigilo,  vigilans,  to  watch  ; 
It.  <Sr  Sp.  vigilante  ; Fr.  vigilant.]  Watchful ; 
wakeful ; careful ; circumspect ; diligent. 

Take  your  places,  and  be  v iffilatiti 
If  any  noise  or  soldier  you  perceive, 

Let  us  have  knowledge.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Careful,  Wakeful. 

VIG'IL-ANT-LY,  ad.  In  a vigilant  manner ; 
watchfully;  attentively;  carefully.  Hayward. 

Vl-pIN-TIV'I-RATE,  n.  [L.  viginti,  twenty,  and 
viri,  men.]  A government  consisting  of  twen- 
ty persons,  [it.]  Clarke. 

VIGNETTE  (vin'yet  or  vTn-yet')  [vin'yet,  IF. 

Ja.  A'.;  vln-yet',  S.  Sm.],  n.  [Fr. ; vigne  (L. 
vinea ),  a vine.] 

1.  (Arch.)  An  ornamental  carving  in  imita- 
tion of  the  tendrils  and  foliage  of  a vine.  Britton. 

2.  A capital  letter  in  ancient  manuscripts ; 

— so  called  in  consequence  of  its  being  fre- 
quently ornamented  with  flourishes,  in  the  man- 
ner of  vine-branches  or  tendrils.  Fairholt. 

3.  (Printing.)  Any  large  ornament  at  the 
top  of  a page  : — any  kind  of  ornaments,  such 
as  flowers,  head  and  tail  pieces  : — any  kind  of 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  CUR,  RULE.  — 9,  <>,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  hard;  § as  z ; * as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


VIGOR 


1630 


VINDICATE 


wood-cut  or  copper-plate  engraving  not  enclosed 
within  a definite  border.  Pairholt. 

VIG'OR,  n.  [L. ; vigeo,  to  be  strong."] 

1.  Force;  strength;  power;  might. 

The  vigor  of  this  arm  was  never  vain.  Drydcn. 

2.  Mental  force;  intellectual  ability.  Johnson. 

3.  Energy  ; efficacy. 

The  earth's  attractive  vigor.  Blaclcmore. 

Syn.  — See  Strength. 

t VIG'OR,  v.  a.  To  invigorate.  Feltham. 

VIG-O-RO'SO.  [It.]  (Mus.)  With  strength  and 
firmness  ; vigorously.  Braude. 

VIG'OR-OUS,  a.  [It.  S;  Sp.  vigoroso ; Fr.  rigou- 
rcux.]  Full  of  vigor;  strong;  powerful;  ro- 
bust; forcible;  energetic;  hearty;  healthy. 

Revives,  reflourishes,  then  rigorous  most 

"When  most  unactive  deemed.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Hearty,  Powerful,  Robust. 

VIG'OR-OUS-Ly,  ad.  In  a vigorous  manner ; 
powerfully  ; forcibly  ; energetically.  South. 

VIG'OR-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality 
of  being  vigorous  ; force;  strength.  Bp.  Taylor. 

VI  KING,  n. ; pi.  vikings.  [A.  S.  wiring , a 
pirate.]  One  of  the  pirates,  among  the  North- 
men, who  infested  the  European  seas  in  the 
eighth,  ninth,  and  tenth  centuries.  Longfellow. 

“ Viking  and  sea-king  are  not  synonymous,  al- 
though, from  the  common  termination  in  king , the 
words  are  used,  even  by  our  historians,  indiscrimi- 
nately. The  sea-king  was  a man  connected  with  a 
royal  race,  either  of  the  small  kings  of  the  country, 
or  of  the  Haarfager  family,  and  who  by  right  received 
the  title  of  king  as  soon  as  he  took  the  command  of 
men,  although  only  of  a single  ship’s  crew,  and  with- 
out having  any  land  or  kingdom.  The  viking  is  a 
word  not  connected  with  the  word  kongr , or  king. 
Vikings  were  merely  pirates,  alternately  peasants  and 
pirates,  deriving  the  name  of  viking  from  the  vicks, 
wicks , or  inlets  on  the  coast  in  which  they  harbored 
with  their  long  ships  or  rowing  galleys.  Every  sea- 
king  was  a viking , but  every  viking  was  not  a sea- 
king.”  S.  Laing. 

f VlLED,  f VlLD,  a.  Vile  ; wicked.  Spenser. 

+ VILD'LY,  ad.  Vilely.  Spniser. 

VILE,  a.  [L.  vilis  ; It.  vile  ; Sp.  &;  Fr.  vil.~] 

1.  Base;  mean;  -worthless;  sordid;  abject; 
pitiful ; despicable  ; contemptible  ; paltry. 

The  inhabitants  account  gold  but  as  a vile  thing.  Abbot . 

2.  Morally  base  or  impure ; wicked. 

Restored  by  thee,  vile  as  I am,  to  place 

Of  new  acceptance.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Abject,  Base,  Contemptible. 

VfLE’LY,  ad.  In  a base  manner ; basely  ; meanly. 

VlLE'NJSSS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality  of  being 
vile  ; baseness ; meanness  ; despicableness. 

VIL-J-FI-CA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  vilifying  ; def- 
amation ; detraction  ; abuse.  More. 

VlL'I-FI-fR,  n.  One  who  vilifies.  Johnson. 

VlL'[-FY,  v.  a.  [L.  vilifieo  ; vilis,  vile,  and  facio, 
to  make  ; It.  vilijicare .]  [i.  vilified  ; pp.  vil- 
ifying, vilified.] 

1.  f To  debase  ; to  make  vile  ; to  degrade. 

Themselves  they  vilified 

To  serve  ungoverned  appetite.  Milton. 

2.  To  defame;  to  abuse;  to  disparage;  to  re- 
proach ; to  traduce  ; to  revile  ; to  asperse. 

With  a malignant  insanity  we  oppose  the  measures,  and 
ungratefully  rili/'p  the  persons,  of  those  whose  sole  object  is 
our  own  peace  and  prosperity.  Burke. 

Syn.  — See  Asperse,  Disparage,  Revile. 

f VIL'I-PEND,  v.  a.  [L.  vilipendo ; vilis,  vile,  and 
pendo,  to  suspend,  to  consider;  Fr.  till  ponder.] 
To  contemn ; to  despise.  Quarles. 

t VIL-I-PEN'DfJN-CY,  It.  Slight;  contempt ; dis- 
esteem  ; disparagement.  Hachett. 

tVIL'I-TY,  n.  [L.  vilitas. ] Vileness  ; cheap- 
ness ; baseness  ; meanness.  Kennet. 

VILE,  n.  [L  .villa;  Fr . ville.]  {Eng.  Law.)  A 
manor  : — a tithing  : — a town  : — a township  : 
— a parish  : — a part  of  a parish  : — a village. 

Blackstonc.  Cowell.  Spe/man.  Bur  rill. 

HSf"  In  modern  English  law,  a rill  may  include  sev- 
eral parishes,  and  a parish  several  manors  ; although 
a parish  may  now  contain  several  mils.  Burrill. 

VIL'LA,  n.  [L.]  A country  house  ; a rural  man- 
sion or  residence  ; a manor.  Pope. 


VlL'LAfJJE,  n.  [It.  villaggio ; Sp  .village-,  Fr.  vil- 
legc  ; — from  L.  villa,  a country  house.]  A small 
collection  of  houses  in  the  country,  smaller  than 
a town  or  a city,  and  larger  than  a hamlet. 

These  were  thy  charms,  sweet  rillaqe ! sports  like  these. 

With  sweet  succession,  tuuglit  e’en  toil  to  please.  Goldsmith. 

Syn.  — See  Town. 

VIL'LA-^pR,  n.  An  inhabitant  of  a village.  Shak. 

VIL'LA-^ER-Y,  n.  District  of  villages.  “The 
maidens  of  the  villagery.”  [r.]  Shah. 

VIL'EAIN  (vil'ljn),  n.  [Low  L . villantes  ; L .vil'a, 
a country  house,  a farm  ; It.  (f  Sp.  villano  ; Old 
Fr.  villain-,  Fr.  vilain.  — Skinner  and  some 
others  incline  to  refer  its  origin  to  L.  vilis,  vile.] 

1.  {Old  Eng.  Laic.)  One  who  held  lands  by 
abase  tenure ; a villein.  — See  Villein.  Dawes. 

I'll  pay  him  forty  livres  by  the  year, 

Villain  or  clerk,  nor  think  the  bargain  dear.  Wag. 

2.  A vile  or  base  person  ; a rascal ; a rogue  ; 
a scoundrel ; a scamp;  a knave.  — See  Knave. 

0.  villain ! rillairil  his  very  opinion  in  the  letter.  Abhorred 

villain ! unnatural,  detested,  brutish  villainl  Shak. 

/K^Tlie  villain  is  first  the  serf  or  peasant  (vil.lanus), 
because  attached  to  the  villa  or  farm  ; 2dly , the  peasant, 
who,  it  is  taken  for  granted,  will  be  churlish,  selfish, 
dishonest,  and  of  evil  moral  conditions.  At  the  third 
step,  nothing  of  the  meaning  which  the  etymology 
suggests,  nothing  of  villa , survives  any  longer  ; the 
peasant  is  quite  dismissed,  and  the  evil  moral  condi- 
tions of  him  who  is  called  by  this  name  alone  remain. 
Trench . 

The  word  villain,  in  its  different  senses,  and 
the  class  of  words  connected  with  it,  are  often  spelt 
differently.  There  is  an  inconsistency  in  the  orthog- 
raphy of  them,  which  has  been  caused,  in  part,  by  the 
orthography  of  the  different  words  in  other  languages 
from  which  they  are  derived  ; and  this  inconsistency 
it  is  difficult  to  remove.  The  principal  English  dic- 
tionaries give  the  orthography  of  the  four  most  impor- 
tant words  of  this  class  thus  : villain,  villanagc , villa- 
nous,  villany.  But,  in  the  works  which  treat  of  feu- 
dal times  and  customs,  law  dictionaries,  encyclopae- 
dias, Sec.,  two  of  these  words  are  spelt  thus:  villein , 
villenage  ; and  this  orthography  seems  to  he  that 
which  is  best  authorized,  when  used  with  reference 
to  feudal  manners  and  customs. 

VIL'LAIN  (vil'ljn),  a.  Villanous.  [r.]  Shak . 

vTl'LAIN-OUS,  a.  See  Villanous. 

VIL'LAIN-Y,  n.  See  Villany. 

VIL'LA-KIN,  n.  A little  villa.  [Ludicrous.] 

I wish  you  had  a little  villdkin  in  his  neighborhood.  Swift. 

VIL'LAN,  n.  A villain.  — See  Villain. 

VIL'LA-NA(JE,  n.  1.  The  state  of  a villein  ; base 
servitude;  villeinage;  villenage.  Davies. 

2.  Baseness  ; infamy  ; villany. 

If  in  thy  smoke  it  ends,  their  glories  shine, 

But  infamy  and  villanage  are  thine.  Drydcn. 

VIL'LA-NIZE,  v.  a.  \i.  VILLANIZED  ; pp.  YILLA- 
nizing,  villanized.]  To  debase  ; to  degrade. 

Wdre  virtue  by  descent,  a noble  name 

Could  uever  villanize  his  father’s  fame.  Drydcn. 

VlL'LA-NIZ-BR,  n.  One  who  degrades,  debases, 

defames,  or  villanizes.  Sandys. 

VIL'EA-NOUS,  a.  [It.  if  Sp.  villano.'] 

1.  Base  ; vile  ; wicked  ; criminal ; very  bad  ; 
atrocious  ; heinous  ; flagrant ; enormous. 

There  is  nothing  but  roguery  ...  in  villanous  man.  Shale. 

All  manner  of  villanous  and  flagitious  actions.  HnUywcll. 

2.  Sorry  ; mischievous  ; — in  a familiar  sense. 

“ A I'ittanous  trick  of  thine  eye.”  Shak. 

Villanous  judgment,  ( Old  F.ng.  Law.)  a sentence 
which  cast  the  reproach  of  villany  and  shame  upon 
him  against  whom  it  was  given.  Cowell. 

t VIL'LA-NOUS,  ad.  Villanously.  Shak. 

VlL'LA-NOUS-LY,  ad.  Wickedly  ; basely  ; vilely. 

VIL'LA-NOUS-NESS,  n.  Baseness;  wickedness. 

VlL'LA-NY,  it.  [It.  Sp.  villania ; Old  Fr.  vil- 
lanie ; Old  Eng.  vilanie.  — See  Villain.] 

1.  The  quality  of  being  villanous  ; wicked- 
ness ; baseness  ; depravity  ; gross  atrociousness. 

Trust  not  those  cunning  waters  of  his  eyes, 

For  villany  is  not  without  such  rheum.  Shak. 

2.  A wicked  action  ; a flagitious  deed ; a 
crime  ; — in  this  sense  it  has  a plural. 

In  great  vi flanies,  there  is  often  such  a mixture  of  the  fool 
as  quite  spoils  the  whole  project  of  the  knave.  South. 

VIL-LAT'IC,  a.  [L.  villaticus.]  Belonging  to 
villages.  “Taihe,  villatic  fowl.”  Milton. 

He  consulted  with  her  how  I might  be  most  expeditiously 
disencumbered  from  my  villatic  bashfulness.  Johnson. 


ViL'LFJN,  VIL'LAN,  or  VIL'LAIN,  n.  {Old  Eng. 
Law.)  A feudal  tenant  of  the  lowest  class,  who 
hekl  by  base  and  uncertain  services,  and  was 
employed  in  rustic  labors  of  the  most  sordid 
kind  ; an  agricultural  bondman,  of  little  better 
condition  than  a slave.  — See  Villain.  Burrill. 

itSp  This  [estate]  they  called  villenage.  and  the  ten- 
ants villeins,  either  from  the  word  vilis  [vile],  or  else, 
as  Sir  Edward  Coke  tells  us,  a villa , because  they  lived 
chiefly  in  villages,  and  were  employed  in  rustic  works 
of  the  most  sordid  kind.  — These  villeins,  belonging 
principally  to  lords  of  manors,  were  either  villeins  re- 
gardant — that  is,  annexed  to  the  manor  or  land  — or 
els e villeins  in  gross  in  at  large  — that  is,  annexed  to 
the  person  of  the  lord,  and  transferable  by  deed  from- 
one  owner  to  another.  Bluckstone.  — Villein  socage. 
See  Socage. 

'T'  LEIN-ApE,  £ ?i.  ( Old  Eng.  Laic.)  The  state, 

ViL'Lf.N-AIJE,  ) condition,  se  vice,  or  tenure  of 
a villein  ; villanage.  Littleton.  Ld.  Mansfield. 

Privileged  villenage.  See  PRIVILEGE. 

VIL'LI,  n.  pi.  [L.]  1.  (Bot.)  Fine,  soft  hairs 

covering  fruits,  flowers,  and  other  parts  of 
plants.  Humble. 

2.  {Anat.)  Soft  papillae  covering  certain  mem- 
branes. Ditnglison. 

VIL-LOSE'  (129),  a.  [L.  villosus  ; villus,  shaggy 
hair.]  Covered  with  very  long,  very  soft,  erect, 
and  straight  hairs  ; villous.  Lindley. 

VIL-LOS'I-TY,  it-  The  state  of  being  villose.  Gray. 

VI L 'LOUS,  a.  [L.  villosus.] 

1.  {Bot.)  Covered  with  hair ; villose.  Gray. 

2.  {Anat.)  Noting  membranes  or  coats  which 

are  covered  with  soft  papillae  or  down,  resem- 
bling the  pile  of  velvet,  as  the  coat  of  the  in- 
testinal canal.  Dunglison. 

VI'MpN,  n.  [L.,  a twig.]  {Bot.)  A long,  flexi- 
ble shoot.  Lindley. 

VLM'I-NAL,  a.  [L.  viminalis  ; vimen,  a twig;  Fr. 
viminal .]  Relating  to,  consisting  of,  or  pro- 
ducing, twigs.  Cockeram. 

VJ-MIN'E-OOs,  a.  [L.  vimineus.] 

1.  Formed  or  made  of  twigs.  “The  hive’s 

vimineous  dome.”  Prior. 

2.  {Bot.)  Producing  slender  twigs,  such  as 

those  used  for  wicker-work.  Gray. 

VI-NA'CEOUS  (ve-na'shus,  66),  a.  [L.  vinaceus ; 
vinitm,  wine.]  Belonging  to  wine  or  to  grapes  ; 
vinous  ; viny.  “ Vinaceous  red.”  White. 

V1M-AI-GRETTE' , 71.  [Fr.]  1.  A sauce  con- 
taining vinegar.  P.  Mag. 

2.  A small  bottle  for  holding  aromatic  vine- 
gar, or  smelling-salts.  Simnionds. 

3.  A sort  of  covered  wheelbarrow.  P.  Mag. 

VIN-CI-BIL'I-TY,  7i.  Vincibleness.  C.B.Browti. 

VIN'CI-BLE,  a.  [L.  vmcibilis;  vinco,  to  conquer.] 
That  may  be  vanquished  or  overcome  ; conquer- 
able ; superable  ; weak.  Norris. 

VIN'CI-BLE- NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality  of 
being  vincible ; vincibility.  [k.]  Johnson. 

f VlNCT'URE  (vlnkt'yuv),  n.  [L.  vinctura ; tin- 
cio,  vinctus,  to  bind.]  A binding.  Bailey. 

VIM'  CU-LUAI,  71.-,  pi.  VINCULA.  [L.  ; vincio,  to 
bind.] 

1.  A bond  of  union  ; a tie.  Andi-ews. 

2.  (Algebra.)  A horizontal  line  drawn  over 

several  terms,  to  show  that  they  are  to  be  con- 
sidered together.  Davies. 

VIN-DE'MI-AL,  a.  [L.  vindcrnialis  ; vindemia,  a 
vintage.]  Belonging  to  a vintage,  [it.]  Bailey. 

VIN-DE'MI-ATE,  v.  7i.  [L.  vindemio,  vindetnia- 

tum.]  To  gather  the  vintage,  [r.]  Evelyn. 

f VIN-DE-MI-A'TION,  n.  Grape-gathering.  Ba/fcy. 

VIN-DI-CA-BIL'I-TY,  71.  The  quality  of  being 
susceptible  of  vindication.  Cla/-kc. 

VIN'DI-CA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  vindicated,  de- 
fended, or  supported  ; justifiable.  Todd. 

VIN'DI-CATE,  v.  a.  [L.  vindico,  vindicatus  ; It. 
vendicarc  ; Sp.  vindicar  ; Fr.  ven'diquer.)  [i. 

VINDICATED  ; pp.  VINDICATING,  VINDICATED.] 

1.  To  justify  ; to  support ; to  maintain. 

"Where  the  respondent  denies  nny  proposition,  the  oppo- 
nent must  directly  vindicate  . . . that  proposition.  Watts. 

And  vindicate  the  ways  of  God  to  man.  Pope. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  V,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short ; A,  JJ,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obsewe ; FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  IIER; 


1631 


VIOLENCE 


VINDICATION 

2.  To  exculpate ; to  acquit ; to  exonerate. 

Boget. 

3.  To  assert ; to  claim  or  defend  with  ef- 
ficacy. “ To  vindicate  a claim.”  Boget. 

The  beauty  of  this  town,  without  a fleet. 

From  all  the  world  shall  vindicate  her  trade.  Dryden. 

4.  f To  retaliate  ; to  avenge.  Bacon. 

To  vindicate  on  Athens  thy  disgrace.  Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Avenge,  Defend. 

VlN-DI-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  vindicatio ; It.  vendica- 
zione  ; Sp . rindicacion  ; Fr.  vendication.] 

1.  Act  of  vindicating;  justification;  defence. 

This  is  no  vindication  of  her  conduct.  Broome. 

2.  {Civil Law.)  The  claiming  a thing  as  one’s 

own  ; the  assertion  of  a right  or  title  in  or  to  a 
thing.  Burrill. 

Syn.  — See  Apology. 

II  VIN'DI-CA-TIVE,  or  VhN-DIC'A-aTVE  [vln'de- 
lca-tiv,  IV.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  I Vb. ; vili-dikA-tiv,  .N.  /’. 
if.  F.],  a.  [Fr.  vindicatif.] 

1.  f Vindictive  ; revengeful.  Bacon. 

2.  Tending  to  vindicate  ; vindicatory. 

II  f VIN'DI-CA-TIVE-NESS,  n.  Vindictiveness  ; 
revengefulness.  Shaftesbury. 

VIN'DI-CA-TOR,  n.  One  who  vindicates  or  jus- 
tifies ; an  assertor  ; a defender.  Dryden. 

VIN'DI-CA-TO-RY,  a.  1.  Punitory  ; avenging  ; per- 
forming punishment  or  vengeance.  Bramhall. 

2.  Tending  to  vindicate  or  justify;  justifica- 
tory ; defensory  ; exculpatory.  Johnson. 

VIN-DlO'TIVE,  a.  [L.  vindicta,  vengeance  ; Fr. 
vindicatif i]  Given  to  revenge  ; revengeful. 

I am  vindictive  enough  to  repel  force  by  force.  Dryden. 

VIN-DIC'TI  VE-LY,  ad.  Revengefully.  Johnson. 

V|N-DIC'TI  VE-NESS,  n.  A revengeful  temper  or 
disposition  ; revengefulness.  Bailey. 

VINE,  n.  [L.  vinea  ; vinum  (Gr.  olvos),  vine;  It. 
viyna  ; Fr.  vigne. ] 

1.  {Bot.)  The  common  name  of  climbing 
plants  of  the  genus  Vitis,  several  species  of 
which,  especially  Vitis  vinifera,  are  very  exten- 
sively cultivated  for  their  fruit  or  grapes.  Loudon. 

The  vine  is  the  emblem  of  fruitfulness.  Fairliolt. 

2.  A long,  slender  stem  of  a plant.  Loudon. 

3.  Any  fruit-bearing  plant  that  trails,  or  runs 
on  the  ground,  as  melons,  cucumbers,  &c„  [Lo- 
cal in  Eng.,  and  common  in  the  U.  S.]  Forby. 

VINE'-BRANCH,  n.  A branch  of  a vine.  Bay. 

VINE'— CLAD,  a.  Covered  with  vines.  Coleridge. 

VINED  (vliul),  a.  Having  leaves  like  those  of  the 
vine.  “ Wreathed  and  vined."  Wotton. 

VINE'— DRESS-J5R,  n.  One  who  cultivates  or 
trims  vines.  Campbell. 

VINE'— FRET-TER,  n.  {Enf.)  A name  sometimes 
given  to  the  Aphis,  or  plant-louse,  but  it  more 
properly  belongs  to  a species  of  Thrips.  Harris. 

VIN'IJ-GAR,  n.  [Fr.  vinaigre  ; t in,  wine,  and 
aigre,  sour.] 

1.  A very  dilute  acetic  acid,  mixed  with  vari- 
ous impurities  of  vegetable  origin.  It  rarely 
contains  more  than  five  per  cent,  of  acetic  acid. 

Vinegar  may  he  prepared  by  various  methods 
from  fermented  or  fermentable  liquors.  That  which 
is  most  esteemed  for  culinary  purposes  is  prepared 
from  wine,  and  is  extensively  manufactured  in  France 
from  tile  acescent  varieties  of  wine.  It  is  also  pre- 
pared by  the  oxidation  of  alcohol,  from  infusion  of 
malt,  from  weak  solutions  of  sugar,  from  mixtures  of 
starch  witli  yeast,  and  from  cider.  Malt  vinegar  is 
chiefly  used  in  England  for  domestic  purposes.  Miller. 

2.  Any  thing  sour.  Shak. 

Aromatic  vinegar , a solution  of  the  oil  of  cloves, 

lavender,  rosemary,  and  calamus,  in  highly  concen- 
trated acetic  acid.  It  is  an  exceedingly  pungent  per- 
fume. producing  a strongly  excitant  impression  when 
snuffed  up  the  nostrils.  — Marseilles  vinegar , or 
Thieves'  vinegar,  a preparation  consisting  essentially 
of  vinegar  impregnated  with  aromatic  substances;  — 
formerly  esteemed  a prophylactic  against  the  plague 
and  other  contagious  diseases.  Wood  .§•  Bache.  — 
Mother  of  vinegar,  a name  applied  to  loose  aggre- 
gates of  acotyledonous  plants  ( Ulvina  aceti),  of  ex- 
tremely simple  organization,  developed  in  vinegar.  It 
begins  its  growth  as  a thin  pellicle,  seen  under  the 
microscope  to  consist  of  small  globules,  and  finally 
presents  a gelatinous  and  fucoid  appearance.  When 
this  substance  is  immersed  in  a solution  of  sugar  or 


treacle,  it  soon  converts  the  liquid  into  vinegar.  Baird. 
— Radical  vinegar,  acetic  acid.  Urc.  — Vinegar  of 
Haturn,  a solution  of  acetate  of  lead.  Urt. 

Syn.  — See  Sour. 

VTn'5-GAR,  a.  Relating  to  vinegar ; sour.  Ency. 

VlN'E-GAR-CRU'^T,  n.  A cruet  or  vial  for  hold- 
ing vinegar.  Ash. 

VIN'U-GAR— PLANT,  n.  ( Bot .)  A name  applied 
to  the  minute  plants,  loose  aggregates  of  which 
constitute  mother  of  vinegar;  Ulvina  aceti. Baird. 

VIN'p-GAR— YARD,  n.  A yard  or  enclosure  where 
vinegar  is  exposed  to  season.  Simmonds. 

VINE'— GRUB,  n.  {Ent.)  The  vine-fretter.  Ash. 

VINE'— MIL-DEW,  n.  A fungus,  commonly  appear- 
ing in  the  form  of  a white  and  very  delicate  cot- 
tony layer  on  the  leaves,  young  shoots,  and  fruits 
of  the  vine,  soon  causing  a production  of  brown 
spots  upon  the  green  structures,  and  subse- 
quently a hardening  and  destruction  of  the  vi- 
tality of  the  surface  ; Oidium  Tuc/ceri.  Baird. 

fVlN'JgR,  n.  A vine-dresser.  Huloct. 

VI'NE-RY,  n.  1.  f A vineyard.  Fabyan. 

2.  A building,  green-house,  or  hot-house  for 
grape-vines  ; a grapery.  Simmonds. 

VINE'-SAW-FLY,  n.  {Ent.)  An  insect  with 
twenty-two  legs,  which  attacks  the  grape-vine  ; 
Sclandria  vitis.  It  is  of  a jet-black  color,  ex- 
cept the  upper  side  of  the  thorax,  which  is  red, 
and  the  fore  legs  and  under  side  of  the  other 
legs,  which  are  pale  yellow  or  whitish.  Harris. 

VlNE'YARD,  n.  A plantation,  garden,  or  enclo- 
sure of  grape-vines.  Shak. 

VIN'IC,  a.  {Chon.)  Noting  a class  of  acids  ob- 
tained by  mixing  the  various  alcohols  with  equal 
weights  of  sulphuric  acid.  Miller. 

VlN'NpT,  n.  See  Vignette.  Whishaw. 

f VIN'NEWED  (vTn'nud),  a.  [A.  S.  fynig.\  Mouldy; 
musty.  “ Hoar  and  vinnewed.’1  Neicton. 

f VIN'NEWED-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  qual- 
ity of  being  vinnewed  ; mouldiness.  Barret. 

Vl-N'NY,«.  Mouldy ; musty.  [Local,  Eng.]  Malone. 

f VIN'O-LEN-CY,  n.  [L.  vinolcntia.]  Drunken- 
ness ; wine-bibbing.  Cockeram. 

f VIN'O-LENT,  a.  [L.  rinolentus  ; vinum,  wine  ] 
Given  to  wine  ; wine-bibbing.  Chaucer. 

Vl-NOSE',  a.  Pertaining  to  wine  ; vinous.  Ash. 

VI-NOS'I-TY,  n.  [L.  vinositas.  1 The  state  or  the 
quality  of  being  vinous,  [it.]  Scott. 

Vl'NOUS,  a.  [L.  vinosus  ; vinum,  wine;  It.  & 
Sp.  vinoso;  Fr.  vineux.]  Pertaining  to,  or  hav- 
ing the  qualities  of,  wine  ; vinose.  Philips. 

VlN'dUISII,  n.  A pining  or  languishing; — a 
disease  of  sheep.  Loudon. 

VIN'TAIJJE,  n.  [L.  v indemia  ; vinum,  wine,  and 
demo,  to  take  down  or  away ; Fr.  vendanae.) 

1.  Produce  of  the  vine  for  the  season.  Waller. 

2.  The  time  or  the  season  in  which  grapes 

are  gathered.  Johnson. 

3.  The  wine  produced  by  the  crop  of  grapes 

in  one  season.  Clarke. 

VIN'TAy-pR,  n.  One  who  gathers  the  vintage. 

VINT'NgR,  n.  [Old  Fr .vinetier.]  One  who  sells 
wine ; a wine-seller.  Howell. 

VIN'TRY,  n.  Place  where  wine  is  sold.  Ainsworth. 

VI'NY,  a.  Belonging  to,  or  abounding  in,  vines, 
particularly  grape-vines.  Thomson. 

VI'OL,  n.  [It.  viola  ; Fr.  t dole. — Richardson  sug- 
gests, “Low  L.  xitula,  vidula,  viella,  perhaps 
formed  upon  the  L .fidicula,  the  dim.  of  Jides, 
a stringed  instrument.”] 

1.  {Mus.)  A stringed  instrument  of  the  earlier 
times  of  modern  music,  having  five  or  six  strings 
regulated  by  frets,  played  with  a bow,  and  re- 
sembling the  violin,  of  which  it  was  the  origin  : 
— the  general  name  for  instruments  of  the  vio- 
lin family,  comprising  the  violin,  the  viola,  the 
violoncello,  contra-basso,  bass-viol,  &c.  Dwight. 

2.  (JVaut.)  A purchase  used  occasionally  in 
weighing  anchor  : — written  also  voyol.  Brande. 

VI-O'LA,  n.  [It.]  {Mus.)  A stringed  instrument 


resembling  the  violin  in  every  respect  but  that 
it  is  larger,  ranging  a fifth  lower,  and  playing 
the  tenor  part  (between  the  second  violin  and 
the  violoncello)  in  the  harmony;  the  tenor-viol ; 
— also  sometimes  called  the  alto-viol,  and 
among  Germans,  the  bratsche.  Dwight. 

K Tile  name  viola  di  braccio  — tlio  viol  of  the  arm, 
tile  arm-viol — is  applied  to  this  in-trument  to  distin- 
guish it  from  a larger  instrument,  now  out  of  use, 
which  was  called  a viola  da  gnmba,  — the  viol  of  the 
leg,  the  leg-viol,  — and  which  supplied  tile  place  of 
our  present  violoncello,  and  also  to  distinguish  it 
from  still  another  instrument,  called  viola  di  spalla, — 
the  viol  of  the  shoulder,  tile  shoulder-viol,  — an  instru- 
ment which  was  smaller  than  the  viola  da  gamba, 
about  midway  between  it  and  the  viola  di  braccio,  and 
which  was  appropriate  to  the  tenor,  and  thus  was  a 
sort  of  tenor  viol  ; while  the  viola  di.  braccio,  or  alto- 
viola,  belonged  rather  to  the  alto.  In  tile  appropria- 
tion of  instruments  to  particular  parts  which  is  current 
at  the  present  period,  tile  so-called  alto-viol  is  applied 
also  to  the  third  voice  or  part  (the  tenor),  and  thus  is 
in  a manner  no  longer  an  alto,  lint  a tenor  viol.  — The 
word  viola,  or  viol,  seems  to  he  the  general  name  of 
all  stringed  instruments  of  a similar  form  to  that  of 
the  violin.  The  names  of  all  these  instruments  are 
merely  diminutives  and  auginentatives of  the  word  vi- 
ola ; as,  e.  g.,  violino,  or  violin  ; violono , or  double-bass 
viol ; violoncello,  or  bass-viol  ; violetta,  a small  alto- 
viol.  Warner. 

VI'O-LA-BLE,  a.  [L.  vinlabilis ; It.  violabile.] 
That  may  be  injured  or  violated.  Ilk  Smith. 

Vl-O-LA'CEOys  (vl-o-la'shus),  a.  [L.  violaceus; 
viola,  the  violet.]  Resembling  violets,  or  con- 
sisting of  violets  ; violet-colored.  Johnson. 

VI-O'LA—D'  A-MO  RE,  ) n.  [It.  Fr ^ literally 

vi ' or.-D’A-MOUR  ',  ) viol  of  lore.]  {Mus.)  A 

viol  now  very  seldom  used,  larger  than  the  vio- 
lin, with  six  brass  or  steel  wires  instead  of 
sheep-gut,  and  played  with  a bow  ; — so  called 
for  its  soft,  sweet,  silvery  sound.  Moore. 

VI-O-LAS'cyNT,  a.  Approaching  violet.  Smart. 

vI'O-LAtE,  v.a.  [L . viola,  riolatvs,  — usually  de- 
rived from  L.  vis,  strength,  but  perhaps  akin  to 
Gr.  luatvto,  to  stain,  to  defile.  IK.  Smith-,  It. 
violate;  Sp . violar  ; Fr.  violer.]  [i.  violated  ; 

pp.  VIOLATING,  VIOLATED.] 

1.  To  treat  with  violence  ; to  injure  ; to  hurt. 

To  know  what  known  will  violate  thy  peace.  rope. 

2.  To  break  or  do  violence  to,  as  any  thing 

sacred  ; to  infringe  ; to  transgress.  Shak. 

Reasonings  . . . violating  common  sense.  Beattie. 

3.  To  desecrate  ; to  profane  ; to  pollute. 

Forbid  to  violate  the  sacred  fruit.  Milton. 

4.  To  ravish;  to  deflower.  Prior. 

Syn.  — See  Infringe. 

VI-O-lA'TION,  n.  [L.  vtolatio ; It.  violazione ; 
Sp.  violacion;  Fr.  violation.] 

1.  The  act  of  violating  or  injuring;  infringe- 
ment or  injury  of  something  sacred  or  venera- 
ble; profanation: — breach;  transgression. 

Men  who  have  had  no  other  guide  but  their  reason  con- 
sidered the  violation  of  their  oath  to  be  a great  crime. Addison. 

2.  The  act  of  ravishing;  rape.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Infringement. 

Vl'O-LA-TIVE,  a.  Tending  to,  or  causing,  viola- 
tion ; infringing,  [it.]  John  Tyler. 

Vl'O- LA-TOR,  n.  [L.]  1.  One  who  violates ; one 
who  injures  or  infringes.  South. 

2.  A ravisher  ; a deflowerer.  Shak. 

VI'O-LENCE,  n.  [L.  violentia  ; It.  violenza  ; Sp. 
violencia ; Fr.  violence.] 

1.  Force;  strength  applied ; compulsion. 

To  be  imprisoned  in  the  viewless  wind, 

And  blown  with  restless  violence  about.  Shak. 

2.  Highly  excited  feeling  or  action  ; vehe- 
mence ; impetuosity  ; wildness  ; paroxysm. 

The  violence  of  either  grief  or  joy.  Shak. 

3.  Force  employed  against  common  right, 
against  the  laws,  or  against  public  liberty  ; out- 
rage ; unjust  force  ; attack  ; assault. 

Grieved  at  his  heart  when,  looking  down,  he  saw 

The  whole  earth  filled  with  violt  net . Milton • 

But  though  from  violence , yet  not  from  words, 
Abstained  Achilles.  Cowpev. 

4.  Injury;  infringement,  [r  ] Burnet. 

5.  Ravishment;  forcible  defloration.  Johnson. 

Syn.  — See  Violent. 

f VI'O-LENCE,  v.  a.  To  assault;  to  injure: — to 
bring  by  violence  ; to  compel.  Feltham. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.— 9,  9,  9,  g,  soft;  E,  G,  £, 


hard;  § as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


1632 


VIRTU 


VIOLENT 

Vi'O-LENT,  a.  [L.  violcns ; It.  § Sp.  violento; 
Fr.  violent .] 

1.  Acting  with  violence  ; forcible;  vehement; 
impetuous  ; boisterous  ; furious  ; tumultuous. 

A violent  cross-wind  from  either  coast 
Blows  them  transverse  three  thousand  leagues  awry.  Milton. 

No  violent  state  can  be  perpetual.  Lumet. 

2.  Produced  or  effected  by  force  or  violence  ; 
not  natural ; unnatural. 

Violent  or  shameful  death  their  due  reward.  Milton. 

3.  Acting  by  force  or  violence  ; assailant. 

Some  violent  hands  were  laid  on  Humphrey’s  life.  Shah. 

4.  Unreasonably  vehement ; impetuous  ; tur- 
bulent ; passionate ; fierce. 

We  might  be  reckoned  tierce  and  violent.  Hooker. 

5.  Sharp  ; acute  ; severe,  as  pain. 

6.  Extorted  ; not  voluntary. 

Ease  would  recant 

Vows  made  in  pain  as  violent  and  void.  Milton. 

Violent  presumption,  (Law.)  proof  of  a fact  by  tiio 
proof  of  circumstances  which  necessarily  attend  it. 
— Violent  profits,  ( Scottish  Law.)  Ihe  double  of  the  rent 
of  a tenement  in  a burgh,  or  the  highest  profits  a party 
could  make  of  lauds  in  the  country,  recoverable  against 
a tenant  in  a process  of  removing.  Bun-ill. 

Syn. — Violent  is  a general  term  implying  the  uso 
of  violence,  unjust  force,  or  passion.  A violent  wind, 
attack,  opposition,  or  passion  ; a violent  or  unnatural 
deatli  ; a furious  whirlwind  ; a boisterous  storm  ; ve- 
hement  desire ; turbulent  passions ; impetuous  course 
or  proceeding  ; passionate  disposition  ; forcible  meas- 
ure. — Force  may  sometimes  be  properly  used  ; violence, 
never.  — See  Tumultuous. 

t Vi'O-LENT,  re.  An  assailant.  Dec.  Chr.  Piety. 

f VI'O-LENT,  v.  re.  To  act  with  violence.  Shah. 

f VI'O-LENT,  v.  a.  To  urge  with  violence.  Fuller. 

VI'O-LENT-LY,  ad.  With  violence;  forcibly; 
vehemently.’  “ Violently  driven.”  Dampier. 

Vl'O-LET,  n.  [Gr.  tov,  — originally  riov  ; L.  rto- 
la  ; It.  rioletta ; Sp.  violet  a ; Fr . violctta.] 

1.  ( Bot .)  The  common  name  of  low  herba- 
ceous plants,  of  the  extensive  genus  Viola,  na- 
tives of  both  continents,  one  species  of  which, 
Viola  odorata,  is  a favorite  flower  on  account 
of  its  fragrance  and  early  appearance.  Loudon. 

2.  (Paint.)  One  of  the  primary  colors,  being 
produced  by  the  mixture  of  red  and  blue.  Fairholt. 

3.  (Opt.)  The  most  refrangible  of  the  seven 

primary  colors  of  the  solar  spectrum.  — See 
Primary.  Newton. 

Vl'O-LET— SHELL,  n.  (Zoiil.)  A molluscous  ani- 
mal of  the  genus  Ianthina,  having  a shell  of  a 
fine  violet-blue  color,  found  gregarious  in  the 
open  sea,  suspended  from  the  surface  of  the 
water  by  a kind  of  float.  Baird. 

VI-O-LIN',  n.  [It.  violino,  viola-,  Fr.  violon.] 
(Slits.)  The  highest  and  leading  instrument  of 
the  viol  family,  played  with  a bow,  and  having 
four  strings  ; a fiddle  ; — one  of  the  most  perfect 
of  instruments.  Dwight. 

The  centre  of  the  orchestra,  that  around  which  all  the  rest 
revolves,  is  the  stringed  instruments  — that  is,  the  violins,  vi- 
olas, violoncellos,  and  double-basses.  The  harmonies  and 
effects  of  these  stringed  instruments  find  their  original  model 
in  the  treatment  of  four  solo  stringed  instruments,  two  violin s, 
a viola,  and  a violoncello,  giving  perfect  harmony,  and  build- 
ing up  the  school  of  quartet  music.  Putnam's  May..  Oct.  18.33. 

VT'O-LTNE,  re.  (Chem.)  A white,  poisonous,  al- 
kaline principle,  forming  salts  with  the  acids, 
and  found  in  the  root,  leaves,  flowers,  and  seeds 
of  Viola  odorata.  Wood  § Bache. 

Vl-O-LIN'IST,  n.  A player  on  the  violin.  Aubrey. 

Vl'OL-IST,  n.  A violinist.  Johnson. 

VI-O-LON-CEL'LIST,  n.  A player  on  a violon- 
cello. Gent.  May. 

vi-O-LON-CEL'  LO  fve-o-lon-chel  lo  or  ve-o-lon- 
sel'lo)  [ve-o-lon-chel'lo,  S.  I F.  J.  F ; vl-o-lpn- 
sel'lo,  P.  E.  \Vb. ; ve-o-lon-tscl'lo,  .la.;  ve-o-long- 
chel'lo,  K.;  ve-o-lon-cliel'lo,  Sm.],  n.  [It.  dim. 
of  violone;  Fr  .violoncello.)  (Mus.)  A bass-viol 
smaller  than  the  double-bass, having  four  strings, 
of  which  the  lowest  is  tuned  to  double  C,  in 
shape  like  the  violin,  and  played  with  a bow,  the 
player  sitting  holding  it  between  his  knees  and 
resting  it  on  the  ground;  the  bass-viol.  — See 
Violin.  Dwight. 

vi-O-LO  jYp,  P n [it .]  (Mus.)  The  largest  kind 

VI-O-LO  'NO,  i of  bass-viol,  ranging  an  octave 
lower  than  the  violoncello,  and  having  three 
strings;  contra-basso;  double-bass.  Dwight. 


f Vl'O-LOUS,  a.  Violent.  Beau.  # FI. 

Vl'PpR,  n.  [L.  viper  a,  — contracted  from  vivipera; 
vivus,  alive,  and  pario,  to  produce;  — because 
believed  to  be  the  only  serpent  that  produces  its 
young  alive  ; It.  vipera  ; Sp.  vibora  ; Fr.  vip'ere.] 

1.  (Zoiil.)  The  common  name  of  poisonous 

snakes  of  the  family  Viper  idee.  Baird. 

/gg=The  species  are  found  chiefly  in  Africa  and 
Asia,  only  three  being  found  in  Europe.  The  only 
British  species  is  the  common  viper  or  adder  ( Vijicra 
bents  or  Pc.lias  herns),  which  is  found  in  all  the  tem- 
perate or  warm  parts  of  Europe.  It  is  about  two  feet 
in  length,  rarely  three,  and  is  viviparous,  bringing 
forth  young  instead  of  eggs.  Baird. 

2.  A malignant  or  dangerous  person.  Shah. 

VI'PUR-INE  (19)  [vl'per-In,  Ja.  K.  Sm. ; vi'per-In, 
S.  IF.  J.],  a.  [L.  viperinus  ; Fr.  viptrin.] 
Pertaining  to  a viper  or  to  vipers.  Johnson. 

Vi'PJvR-OUS,  a.  [L.  viperous.']  Having  the  qual- 
ities of  a viper  ; malignant ; poisonous  ; ven- 
omous; viperine.  “ This  viperous  traitor.”  Shah. 

V1'P{;R’§— BU'GLOSS,  n.  (Bot.)  The  common 
name  of  shrubby  or  herbaceous  plants  of  the  ge- 
nus Eehium,  the  best  known  species  of  which, 
Echium  vulgare,  is  an  ornamental  plant,  having 
flowers,  which  are  at  first  reddish,  and  afterwards 
become  blue.  Eng.  Cyc.  Loudon. 

Vi'PER’^— GRASS,  n.  (Bot.)  The  common  name 
of  deciduous,  herbaceous  plants  of  the  genus 
Scorzonera,  the  best  known  species  of  which, 
Scorzonera  Hispanica,  found  in  Spain  and  the 
south  of  Europe,  has  a carrot-shaped,  esculent 
root,  used  as  a potherb,  and  supposed  to  be  a 
specific  against  vipers’  bites.  Loudon. 

VlR-A-GlN'!-AN,  a . Belonging  to,  or  resembling, 
a virago,  [it.]  Milton. 

VlR-A-GIN'i-TY,  n.  The  character  or  qualities 

. of  a virago,  [it.]  Qu.  llcv. 

Vi-RA'GO,  or  VpRA'GO  [vl-ra'go,  S E.  Ja.  K. 
Wb. ; ve-ra'go,  P.  J.  Sin.  ; ve-ia'go  or  vl-ra'go, 
IF.],  re.  [L.  virago.  — Sec  Virgin],  pi.  vI-ra'- 
goe§. 

1.  A woman  with  masculine  qualities  ; a fe- 
male who  acts  with  the  character  or  courage  of 
a man  ; a female  warrior. 

To  arms  I to  arms  I the  fierce  vivago  cries.  Pope. 

2.  A turbulent  woman  ; a termagant.  Johnson. 

VIRE  (viir),  ii.  [Sp.  vira  ; Fr.  tire.]  A barbed 
arrow,  used  with  the  early  cross-bow.  Fairholt. 

VIR'E-LAY,  re.  [Fr . virclai,  from  virer,  to  turn, 
because  the  poet,  after  employing  one  of  the  two 
rhymes  allowed  for  a time,  turned  to  the  other. 
Nares.]  A sort  of  ancient  French  poem  in 
short  lines  of  seven  or  eight  syllables,  and  con- 
sisting of  only  two  rhymes.  Spenser. 

I do  not  recollect  any  real  virelay  in  English;  but  they  are 
often  alluded  to  by  our  poets  as  if  used.  Mures. 

VI'RIJNT,  a.  [L.  virens.]  Green;  flourishing; 
not  faded  or  withered.  Browne. 

VI-  RE-  O-NI  'JWE,  ii.  pi.  [L.  virco,  the  green- 
finch.] (Or- 
nith.)  A sub- 
family of  den- 
tirostral  birds 
of  the  order 
Passeres  and 
family  Mus-  Virea  olivacca. 

cicapidcB ; greenlets.  Gray. 

VI-RES'CIJNT,  a.  (Bot.)  Greenish  ; turning 
green  ; viridescent.  Gray. 

VIR'GA-LOO,  re.  (Hort.)  A kind  of  pear  ; — writ- 
ten also  virgouleuse,  and  vcrgaloo.  Downing. 

ViR  GATE,  a.  [L.  virga,  a rod,  a twig.]  (Bot.) 
Wand-shaped,  as  a long,  straight,  and  slender 
twig.  Gray. 

t VIR'GATE,  re.  [Low  L.  virgata.]  A yardland, 
varying  from  15  to  40  acres.  Warton. 

f VIR'GAT-EI),  a.  [L.  virgatus.]  Striped.  Hill. 

VIR(?E,  re.  A wand. —See  Verge.  B.  Jonson. 

VIRG'ER,  re.  See  Verger.  Todd. 

VIR-Gl L'l-AN,  a.  [L . Virgilianvs.]  Relating  to, 
or  resembling  the  style  of,  Virgil.  Andrews. 

VIR'GIN  (vir'jjn),  re.  [L.  virgo,  virginis,  short- 


ened form  of  virago;  It.  vergine  ; Sp.  vir  gen  ; 
Fr.  vierge.  — Virago  and  virgo  belong  to  the 
same  root  as  L.  vir,  a man,  and  both  vir  and 
virago  are  connected  with  L.  vireo,  to  be  vigor- 
ous or  fresh.  IF.  Smith.] 

1.  A woman  who  has  had  no  carnal  knowl- 
edge of  a man  ; a maid  ; a maiden.  Shah. 

2.  A woman  not  a mother,  [it.]  Milton. 

3.  f A male  who  has  preserved  his  chastity. 

“ For  they  are  virgins.”  Rev.  xiv.  4. 

lie  was  a virgin , as  he  said.  Govjer. 

4.  (Ast.ron.)  The  sign,  and  also  the  zodiacal 
constellation,  Virgo. 

Tip  to  the  tropic  Crab;  thence  down  amain 

By  LeOj  and  the  Virgin , and  the  Scales.  Milton. 

VIR'GiN,  a.  1.  Pure  ; untouched  ; unused  ; un- 
cultivated; as,  "Virgin honey”;  “ Virgin  soil.” 

2.  Befitting,  or  suitable  to,  a virgin  ; maiden- 
ly ; modest ; chaste  ; undefiled. 

Rosed  over  with  the  virgin  crimson  of  modesty.  Shak. 

f VIRGIN,  v.  a.  To  preserve  pure.  Shah. 

VIR'GIN-AL,  a.  [L.  virginalis.]  Relating  or  be- 
longing to  a virgin  ; maiden;  maidenly.  Shah. 

VIR'£IN-AL,  re.  (Mus.)  A stringed  and  keyed 
instrument,  having  only  one  wire  to  each  note, 
resembling  a spinet,  but  made  quite  rectangu- 
lar; — probably  so  called  from  being  used  by 
young  girls.  Bacon. 

I- g - Sometimes  called  a pair  of  virginals,  but  im- 
properly. Nares. 

f VIR'GIN-AL,  v.  ■».  To  strike  gently  or  lightly, 
as  on  the  virginal ; to  pat.  Shah. 

VIR'GIN-BORN,  a.  Born  of  a virgin.  Milton. 

VIR-GIN'I-TY,  ii.  [L.  virginitas  ; virgo,  a virgin  ; 
It.  verginith ; Sp.  virginidad ; Fr.  virginite.] 
The  state  of  a virgin ; maidenhood.  Bp.  Taylor. 

VIR'GIN’S-BOW'GR,  n.  (Bot.)  The  common 
name  of  perennial  climbing  herbs  or  vines  of  the 
genus  Clematis,  a little  woody,  and  climbing  by 
the  twisting  of  the  leafstalks.  Gray. 

VIR' GO,  ii.  [L.]  (Astron.)  The  sixth  sign, — 
which  the  sun  enters  about  the  22d  of  August, 
— and  a constellation,  in  the  zodiac  ; the 
Virgin.  Ilerschel. 

VIR  ' GOU-T.EU  §E' , il.  [Fr.]  (Ilort.)  A sort  of 
pear ; the  virgaloo.  Surennc. 

VIR'GU-LATE,  a.  [L.  virgitla,  a little  twig.] 
Shaped  like  a little  twig  or  rod.  Smart. 

VIR-GU-lA'TUM,  n.  (Bot.)  A young,  slender 
branch  of  a tree  or  a shrub.  Lindlcy. 

YIR'GULE,  n.  [L.  virgula  ; Fr.  virgulc.]  A 
mark  of  punctuation ; a comma,  [it.] 

In  the  MSS.  of  Chaucer,  the  line  is  always  broken  by  a 
caisure  in  the  middle,  which  is  pointed  by  a virgule.  Hallam. 

VIR'ID,  a.  [L.  viridus.]  Green,  [r.]  Fairfax. 

VIR-I-DES’CIJNCE,  re.  The  state  or  the  quality 
of  being  viridescent.  Rogct. 

VIR-I-DES'CJJNT,  a.  (Bot.)  Greenish  ; turning 
green  ; virescent.  Gray. 

VJ-RID'l-TY,  re.  [L.  viriditas  ; It.  viridith ; Fr. 
viridite.]  ’ Greenness ; verdure.  Evelyn. 

VIR'!D-NESS,  11.  Viridity;  verdure,  [r.]  Perry. 

VI'RILE,  or  VIR'ILE  [vl'rjl,  IF.  P.  J.  F. ; vi'rll, 
N\  ; vlr'H,  E.  Ja.  K.  ; vTr’jl,  Swi.],  a.  [L.  virilis; 
vir,  a man  ; It.  virile ; Sp.  Fr.  viril.]  Pertain- 
ing to  a man,  or  adult  male  ; manly  ; masculine  ; 
not  puerile  or  feminine.  Feltham. 

VI-Rll/I-TY,  ii.  [L.  ririlitas;  It.  virilita;  Sp. 
virilidad ; Fr.  viriliti.] 

1.  The  quality  or  the  state  of  being  a man  ; 

manhood  ; adult  age.  Holland. 

2.  Power  of  procreation.  Browne. 

3.  Manly  character ; manliness,  [r.] 

A country  gentlewoman  pretty  much  famed  for  this  viril- 
ity of  behavior  in  party  disputes.  Addison. 

f VI-RIP'O-TENT,  a.  [L.  vir,  a man,  and  potens, 
powerful,  able.]  Fit  for  a husband  or  to  be 
married ; marriageable.  Ilolinshed. 

VIR-MIL'ION  (vir-mil'yun),  re.  See  Vermilion. 

VI'ROSE,  a.  (Bot.)  Poisonous  ; having  a nausc- 
. ous  and  strong  smell.  Bigelow. 

VIRTU  (v jr-tu')  [vir-td',  IF. ; vjr-tu',  Ja. ; ver-tu', 


:,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  IIEU; 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  V,  short;  A,  IJ,  I,  O,  TJ,  Y,  obscure;  FARE 


VIRTUAL 


1633 


VISIBLE 


Sm.;  vi'r'tu,  JVb.],  n.  [It.]  1.  A love  of  the 

fine  arts  ; a taste  for  curiosities.  Warton. 

2.  Objects  of  art  or  antiquity,  such  as  occupy 
museums  or  private  collections.  Fairholt. 

ViRT'U-AL  (virt'yu-jl),  a.  [It.  virtual/: ; Sp.  vir- 
tual-, Fr . virtuel.]  Being  in  essence  or  effect, 
though  not  in  fact ; potential. 

A thin"  has  a virtual  existence  when  it  has  all  the  condi- 
tions  necessary  to  its  actual  existence.  The  statue  exists  vir- 
tually in  the  brass  or  iron,  the  oak  in  the  acorn.  The  cause 
virtually  contains  the  effect.  Fleming. 

But  America  is  virtually  represented.  "What!  does  the 
electric  force  of  virtual  representation  more  easily  pass  over 
the  Atlantic  than  pervade  Wales,  which  lies  in  your  neigh- 
borhood, or  than  Chester  and  Durham,  surrounded  by  abun- 
dance of  representation  that  is  actual  and  palpable 't  Burke. 

Virtual  focus , (Opt.)  the  point  from  which  rays, 
proceeding  from  the  same  point,  having  been  ren- 
dered more  divergent  or  less  divergent  by  reflection  or 
refraction,  appear  to  issue  : — the  point  towards  which 
rays  from  the  same  point,  having  been  rendered  con- 
vergent by  refraction  or  reflection,  tend,  but  at  which, 
being  again  deviated,  they  do  not  meet.  Young.  Lloyd. 

— Virtual  velocity  of  a point  urged  by  any  force , (JUcch.) 
the  element  of  the  space  which  it  would  describe  in 
the  direction  of  the  power,  when  the  system  is  sup- 
posed to  have  suffered  an  indefinitely  small  derange- 
ment. Hutton.  — Principle  of  virtual  velocities , ( Mcch .) 
a principle  due  to  Galileo,  and  thus  enunciated  : If 
any  system  whatever  of  bodies  or  points  be  urged  on 
by  powers  in  equilibria , and  there  be  given  to  this  sys- 
tem any  small  motion  by  virtue  of  which  every  point 
describes  an  indefinitely  small  space,  then  the  sum  of 
the  products  of  each  power,  multiplied  by  the  space 
which  the  point  where  it  is  applied  would  describe, 
will  be  always  equal  to  zero  or  nothing,  — the  small 
spaces  described  in  the  direction  of  the  powers  being 
regauded  as  positive,  and  those  described  in  the  oppo- 
site direction  being  regarded  as  negative.  Hutton. 

f V'fRT-U-AL'J-TY,  n.  [It.  virtualith  ; Fr.  vir- 
tuality.] The  state  of  being  virtual.  Browne. 

VIRT'l'-AL-LY,  ad.  In  a virtual  manner;  in  ef- 
fect, though  not  actually  ; potentially.  Addison. 

t V[RT'0-ATE,  v.  a.  To  make  efficacious.  Harvey. 

|J  VtRT'UE  (virt'yu)  [ver'chu,  S.  IF.  J.  ; ver'clul, 
Sm.  ; ver'tu,  P.  F.  Ja.  K.\,  n.  [L.  virtns  ; vir, 
a man ; It.  virtu ; Sp.  vertud ; Fr.  vertu.] 

1.  f Bravery  ; valor  ; courage  ; daring. 

The  conquest  of  Palestine  with  singular  virtue  they  per- 
formed, andneld  that  kingdom  some  few  generations.  Raleigh. 

2.  Energy,  physical  or  moral,  original  or  ac- 
quired, which  works  some  good  effect ; power. 

All  you  unpublished  virtues  of  the  earth, 

Be  aidant  and  remediate.  Shak. 

3.  Moral  goodness  ; that  course  of  actions  or 
conduct  by  which  a man  fulfils,  or  tends  to  ful- 
fil, the  purposes  of  his  being  ; uprightness  ; rec- 
titude ; morality; — the  opposite  of  vice. 

The  four  cardinal  virtues  are  prudence,  fortitude,  temper- 

“Tince,  and  justice.  Raley. 

Know,  then,  this  truth  (enough  for  man  to  know), 

Virtue  alone  is  happiness  below.  Rope. 

Prosperity  doth  best  discover  vice,  but  adversity  virtue. 

Bacon. 

Virtue  implies  opposition  or  struggle.  In  man,  the  struggle 
is  between  reason  and  passion,  between  right  and  wrong.  To 
hold  by  the  former  is  virtue , to  yield  to  the  latter  is  vice.  . . . 
As  virtue  implies  trial  or  difficulty,  it  cannot  be  predicated  of 
God.  He  is  holy.  Fleming. 

As  men’s  practical  notions  differ  with  respect 

to  t lie  quality  of  actions  estimated  by  this  standard, 
so  the  word  is  liable  to  be  applied  with  great  latitude 
and  uncertainty.”  Smart. 

4.  Efficacy;  active  power  or  quality. 

If  neither  words  nor  herbs  will  do,  I’ll  try  stones;  for 
there ’s  a virtue  in  them.  L' Estrange. 

5.  Secret  or  hidden  agency ; efficacy,  without 

visible  or  material  action.  Davies. 

6.  Female  chastity.  Smart. 

7.  Any  particular  moral  excellence. 

Remember  all  his  virtues.  Addison. 

8.  pi.  One  of  an  order  of  angels,  generally 

represented  in  complete  armor,  bearing  pennons 
and  battle-axes.  Fairholt. 

Thrones,  dominations,  princedoms,  virtues , powers.  Milton. 

/{(^“In  Milton,  the  spirits  both  of  heaven  and 
hell  are  addressed  by  the  appellation  of  virtues , i.  e. 
powers.”  C.  Richardson. 

By  or  in  virtue  of.  by  or  in  consequence  of  the  effi- 
cacy or  power  of.  — Cardinal  virtues.  See  Cardinal. 

— Theological  virtues , faith,  hope,  charity. 

Dr.  Hill  published,  in  a pamphlet,  a petition 
from  the  letters  / and  U to  David  Garrick,  Esq.,  both 
complaining  of  terrible  grievances  imposed  upon  them 
by  that  great  actor,  who  frequently  banished  them  from 
their  proper  stations,  as  in  the  word  virtue , which, 
they  said,  he  converted  into  vurtue  ; and,  in  the  word 
ungrateful , he  displaced  the  u,  and  made  it  ingrateful , 


to  the  great  prejudice  of  the  said  letters.  To  this  com- 
plaint Garrick  replied  in  the  following  epigram  : — 

‘If  it  is,  as  you  say,  that  I ’ve  injured  a letter, 

I ’ll  change  my  note  soon,  and,  I hope,  for  the  better. 

May  the  right  use  of  letters,  as  well  as  of  men, 

Hereafter  be  fixed  bv  the  tongue  and  the  pen. 

Most  devoutly  I wisli  they  may  both  have  their  due. 

And  that  I may  be  never  mistaken  for  U.'  ” Walker. 

Syn.  — Virtue  is  a more  comprehensive  term  than 
probity  or  integrity.  Virtue  is  a human  quality  ; good- 
ness is  of  higher  import,  and  is  a divine  perfection. 
The  goodness  of  God  ; goodness  of  heart ; excellence  of 
character.  A man  of  virtue  is  a man  of  probity  and 
integrity. 

||  VIRT'UE-LESS,  a.  1.  Wanting  virtue  or  moral 
goodness  ; vicious.  Johnson . 

2.  Wanting  efficacy  ; inefficacious.  Raleigh. 

||  VIRT'UE— PROOF,  a.  Irresistible  or  impregna- 
ble in  virtue.  Milton. 

VIR-TU-d'sb  [vir-tu-o's5,  IF.  P.  F.  K. ; vir-chu-5'- 
s5,  S.  J. ; viT-tu-o'zo,  Ja.  ; ver-tu-5'/,5,  S»l],  n. ; 
pi.  It.  viR-Tu-o'si\ Eng.  viRT-v-o'so§.  [It.]  A 
man  skilled  in,  or  having  a taste  for,  any  polite 
or  elegant  art,  as  painting,  statuary,  or  archi- 
tecture, or  the  study  of  medals  or  antiques  : — a 
collector  of  antique  or  natural  curiosities. 

He  who  has  observed  light  reflected  from  an  apparently 
contemptible  coin  in  history,  sacred  and  profane,  will  respect 
the  laudable  and  disinterested  pursuits  of  the  virtuoso.  ICiiox. 

VIRT-U-O'SO-SHiP,  n.  The  state,  character,  or 
pursuits  of  a virtuoso.  Bp.  Hurd. 

VIRT'U-OUS  (vi'rt'yu-us),  a.  [It.  § Sp.  virtuoso  ; 
Fr.  vertueux.  — See  V irtue.] 

1.  Having,  or  partaking  of,  virtue  ; morally 
good  ; upright ; honest ; righteous  ; equitable. 

Lawrence,  of  virtuous  father  virtuous  son.  Milton. 

2.  Chaste;  modest;  — applied  to  women. 

Mistress  Ford,  the  modest  wife,  the  virtuous  creature,  that 

hath  the  jealous  fool  to  her  husband.  Shak. 

3.  Efficacious  ; powerful.  Chapman. 

With  one  virtuous  touch  the  arch-chemic  sun 
Produces,  with  terrestrial  humor  mixed, 

Here  in  the  dark,  so  many  precious  things.  Milton. 

4.  Having  eminent  qualities,  especially  me- 
dicinal qualities.  “ Virtuous  fennel.”  Gower. 

Who  had  Can  ace  to  wife. 

That  owned  the  virtuous  ring  and  glass.  Milton. 

Syn.—  See  Honest. 

VIRT'y-OUS-LY  (virt'yu-us-le),  ad.  In  a virtuous 
manner ; uprightly.  Addison. 

VIRT'U-OyS-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality 
of  being  virtuous  ; virtue.  Spenser. 

VIR  U-LENCE,  } Hm  [L.  virulentia ; It.  virulenza  ; 

VIR'II-LEN-CY,  > Sp.  virulencia ; Fr.  virulence. ] 

1.  The  quality  of  being  virulent  or  poisonous. 

Notwithstanding  the  exaggerated  statements  that  have 
been  made  regarding  this  tree  [the  upas],  there  remains  no 
doubt  that  it  is  a plant  of  extreme  virulence.  Lindley. 

2.  Mental  poison;  malignity  ; .animosity ; 
bitterness.  “ The  virulence  of  party.”  Knox. 

VIR'U-LENT,  a.  [L.  virulentus ; virus,  slime, 
poison,  stench  ; It.  & Sp.  virulento  ; Fr.  virulent .] 

1.  Poisonous  ; venomous  ; highly  noxious ; 
partaking  of,  or  caused  by,  virus. 

The  scars  of  wounds  . . . were  forced  open  again  by  this 
virulent  distemper.  Anson. 

2.  Poisoned  in  the  mind ; bitter  in  enmity ; 
malignant ; enraged  ; acrimonious.  Johnson. 

f VIR'U-LENT-y  IJ,  a.  Filled  with  virus  or  poison. 
“ Spirits  virulented.”  Feltham. 

VlR'U-LENT-LY,  ad.  With  virulence;  malig- 
nantly; with  bitterness.  Bailey. 

VI'RUS,  n.  [L.]  1.  Poison.  Wm.  Smith. 

2.  (Med.)  A principle,  unknown  in  its  nature, 
and  inappreciable  by  the  senses,  which  is  the 
agent  forthe  transmission  of  infectious  diseases. 
“ Syphilitic  virus.”  Dunglison. 

If/}--  “ Virus  differs  from  venom  in  the  latter  being  a 
secretion  natural  to  certain  animals,  whilst  the  for- 
mer is  always  the  result  of  a morbid  process;  — a 
morbid  poison.”  Dunglison. 

VIS,  n.  [L.]  Force;  power;  strength;  vigor. 

Vis  impressa,  (Mach.)  action  exerted  on  any  body 
to  change  its  state,  either  of  rest  or  of  uniform  motion 
in  a right  line.  It  may  arise  from  various  causes,  as 
from  percussion,  pressure,  and  centripetal  force. — 
Vis  mortua , pressure  or  endeavor  to  move  not.  suffi- 
cient to  produce  actual  motion,  unless  its  action  is 
continued  for  some  time.  — Vis  rim,  force,  or  power 
of  acting,  which  resides  in  a body  in  motion.  — Vis 
incrtiai.  See  Vis-inertia;.  Ilntton. 

VI'  ^A,  n.  [Fr.]  An  official  indorsement  on  a 
passport ; a vise.  Simmonds. 


VI'  § A,  or  vi'$E  (ve'za),  v.  a.  To  examine  and  in- 
dorse, as  a passport.  [Modern.] 

He  shall,  for  each  passport  so  visaed,  collect  and  nccoHnt 
for  the  fee  prescribed  in  these  instructions.  Homans. 

Here  our  passports  were  risked.  J.  B.  Ireland. 

VIS'A(?E  (vlz'aj),  n.  [If.  visat/gio;  Sp.  visaie ; 
Fr.  visage-,  — from  L.  video,  visits,  to  see.]  The 
face  ; the  countenance ; physiognomy  ; look. 

Sometimes  the  orator  of  the  canoe  would  have  his  face  cov- 
ered with  a mask,  representing  either  a human  visage  or  that 
of  some  animal.  Cook. 

Syn.  — See  Countenance. 

VI§'A(jrED  (vlz'ajd),  a.  Having  a face  or  visage. 

VIS— A—  VlS'(viz'i-ve')  [vlz'a-ve',  K.Sm.-,  vo'za-vG', 
Ja.],  n.  [Fr.,_/V«ee  to  face.]  A carriage  for  two 
persons,  who  sit  opposite  to  each  other.  Lemon. 

VIS  ' CE-R.d,  n.  [L.,  pi.  of  viseus.]  (Anat.)  The 
intestines  or  bowels  ; entrails.  Dunglison. 

VIS'cy-RAL,  a.  [It  .viscerale-,  Fr  .visceral.] 

1.  Relating  to  the  viscera.  Dunglison. 

2.  j- Feeling;  tender;  having  sensibility. 

Love  is  . . . the  inmost  and  most  visceral  affection,  and 

therefore  called  by  the  apostle  “ bowels  of  love.”  Reynolds. 

f VIS'cy-RATE,  v.  a.  To  embowel;  to  evisce- 
rate ; to  exenterate.  Bailey. 

VIS'CID,  a.  [L.  viscidus;  viscum  (Gr.  l|df,  origi- 
nally the  mistletoe  ; bird-lime.] 

1.  Glutinous  ; sticking  or  cleaving  like  glue  ; 

tenacious;  viscous;  sticky.  “A  viscid  sub- 
stance.” P.dey. 

2.  Covered  with  adhesive  juice.  Bigelow. 

VIS-CID'I-TY,  n.  [It.  viscidith.] 

1.  The  quality  of  being  viscid  ; glutinousness  ; 

stickiness  ; viscosity.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  A glutinous  concretion.  Floyer. 

VIS-COS'I-TY,  n.  [It.  viscosith ; Sp . viscosidad -, 
Fr.  viscosite.  — See  Viscous.] 

1.  The  quality  of  being  viscid  or  viscous  ; vis- 
cidity ; glutinousness  ; ropiness.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  A glutinous  substance.  Browne. 

VlS'COUNT  (vi'kbunt),  n.  [Low  L.  vice-comes ; 

L.  vice,  in  the  place  of,  and  comes,  a compan- 
ion ; It.  visconte ; Sp.  vizconde ; Fr.  viconte.] 
Originally,  one  who  supplied  the  place  of  a 
count;  the  sheriff'  of  a county: — now,  a title 
of  English  nobility  next  below  an  earl,  and 
above  a baron.  Brande. 

VlS'COUNT-ySS  (vl'kbunt-es),  n.  The  lady  of  a 
viscount ; a peeress  of  the  fourth  order.  Gray. 

VlS'COUNT-SHlP  (vl'kount-),  l The  state>  or 

VlS'COUNT- Y (vl'kbun-te),  ^ the  quality  and 
office,  of  a viscount.  Williams. 

VlS'COUS,  a.  [L.  viscosas ; viscum,  bird-lime  ; It. 
<5;  Sp.  viscoso  ; Fr.  visqueux.]  Glutinous  ; sticky  ; 
tenacious  ; viscid  ; ropy  ; sizy.  Bacon. 

VIS'COUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  viscous  ; 
viscosity ; viscidity.  Quackcnbos. 

VIS'  CUM,  n.  [L.]  The  mistletoe  ; — bird-lime. 

VIS' CUS,  ii. ; pi.  viscera.  [L.]  An  entrail  ; 
an  intestine.  — See  Viscera.  lloblyn. 

VISE,  n.  A mechanical  instrument  for  griping 
and  holding  things ; a vice.  — See  Vice. 

VISE  (ve'za),  or  VI'  ^A,  n.  [Fr.,  seen.]  An  offi- 
cial indorsement  on  a passport,  denoting  that 
it  has  been  examined,  and  that  the  bearer  is 
permitted  to  proceed  on  his  journey.  Lawrence. 

VISH'JTU,  n.  [Hind,  vis,  to  enter,  to  pervade. 
P.  Cyc.]  One  of  the  three- principal  divinities 
of  the  Hindoo  mythology,  the  other  two  being 
Brahma  and  Siva.  Brande. 

PSP  Vishnu  is  commonly  called  tile  Preserver;  the 
other  two  being  respectively  the  Creator  and  the  De- 
stroyer. Brande. 

VIS-I-bIl'I-TY,  n.  [L.  v isibilitas-,  It.  visibility ; 
Sp.  visibilidad ; Fr.  visibility.] 

1.  The  state  or  the  quality  of  being  visible ; 

perceptibility  by  the  eye.  Boyle. 

2.  The  state  of  being  apparent  or  openly  dis- 
coverable ; conspieuousness. 

The  perpetual  visibility  of  the  church.  Stillingfleet. 

Vl§'I-BLE  (vlz'e-bl),  ft.  [L.  risibilis ; video,  visus, 
to  see ; It.  visibile ; Sp.  Fr.  visible.] 

1.  Perceptible  by  the  eye  ; that  may  be  seen. 

The  least  spot  is  visible  on  cnninc.  Drydcn. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — C, 

205 


9,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  5,  g,  hard ; § as  z;  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


VISIBLE 


1634 


VITELLUS 


2.  Discovered  to,  or  perceived  by,  the  eye  ; 

seen.  “ Visible  spirits.”  Shak. 

3.  Apparent ; open  ; conspicuous  ; obvious  ; 
evident ; manifest ; discernible  ; clear  ; plain. 

The  factions  at  court  were  greater  or  more  visible  than 
before.  Clarendon. 

It  is  visible  that  great  numbers  of  them  have  of  late  eloped 
from  their  allegiaucc.  Addison. 

risible,  church,  ( Eccl . Hist.)  a congregation  of  faith- 
ful moil,  in  which  the  word  of  God  is  preached,  and 
the  sacraments  duly  ministered  according  to  Christ’s 
ordinance  ; in  contradistinction  to  the  invisible  church, 
or  those  having  departed  this  life  in  the  faith  of  Christ, 
or  faithful  Christians  now  living.  Eden. — Visible  ho- 
rizon, sensible  horizon.  See  Horizon,  No.  1. 

Syn.  — See  Apparent,  Clear. 

VI^'j-BLE,  n.  That  which  is  seen,  [r.]  Bacon. 

Vlij'I-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality  of 
being  visible  ; visibility.  Johnson. 

Vlij'I-BLY,  ad.  In  a manner  perceptible  by  the  eye. 

Vlij'I-GOTH,  n.  A Western  Goth,  or  a Goth  of 
the  western  shores  of  the  Baltic,  in  distinction 
from  an  Ostrogoth,  or  Eastern  Goth. 

Three  years  after  [in  the  year  972],  Aurelian 
gave  up  Dacia  to  a tribe  of  Goths,  who  are  believed 
to  lie  the  Visigoths,  or  Western  Goths,  while  those 
who  ravaged  Asia  Minor  were  the  Eastern  Goths,  or 
Ostrogoths.  This  distinction  of  the  race  into  two 
grand  divisions  appears  about  this  time.”  P.  Cyc. 

Vlij-I-GOTII'IC,  a.  Of,  or  relating  to,  the  Visi- 
goths. “ A Visigothic  dynasty.”  P.  Cyc. 

VIS'  IjY-ER'TI-JE  (vis'jn-er'she-e).  [L.]  (Phys- 
ics.) A passive  principle  by  which  bodies  persist 
in  their  motion,  or  in  their  rest,  and  receive  mo- 
tion in  proportion  to  the  force  impressing  it, 
and  resist  as  much  as  they  are  resisted.  Hutton. 

VISION  (vizh'up),  n.  [L.  visio,  visionis  ; video, 
visas,  to  see  ; It.  visione ; Sp.  % Fr.  vision.] 

1.  The  act  or  the  sense  of  seeing  ; sight. 

Philosophers  have  disputed  much  respecting  the  means  of 
vision,  and  its  seat  in  the  eye.  Brancle. 

2.  Any  thing  which  is  the  object  of  sight;  an 
appearance.  “ The  dewy  vision.”  Thomson. 

3.  A supernatural  appearance,  as  shown  in  a 
dream  or  in  sleep ; a spectre ; a phantom ; a 
phantasm ; an  apparition. 

Last  night  the  very  gods  showed  me  a vision . Shak. 
iEneas  with  that  vision  stricken  down, 

"Well  near  distraught,  upstart  his  hair  for  dread.  Surrey. 

“ A drc  itn  is  supposed  natural,  a vision  mirac- 
ulous ; but  they  are  confounded.”  Johnson . 

4.  A supernatural  appearance,  by  dream  or 

in  reality,  by  which  God  made  known  his  will 
and  pleasure  to  those  to  whom  it  was  vouch- 
safed. Eden. 

5.  Something  imaginary.  Locke. 

Arc  of  vision , ( Astron .)  the  arc  which  measures 

the  sun’s  distance  below  the  horizon,  when  a star  or 
a planet,  before  hid  by  his  rays,  begins  to  be  visible. 
Thus  the  arc  of  vision  for  Jupiter  is  about  10D. — 
Beatific  or  intuitive  vision , ( Theol .)  the  manner  of  see- 
ing or  knowing  God,  which  the  faithful  enjoy  in 
heaven.  Eden.  — Direct  or  simple  vision , (Optics.) 
vision  performed  by  means  of  rays  passing  directly  or 
in  right  lines  from  the  radiant  point  to  the  eye.  — Field 
of  vision , or  field  of  view , the  whole  space  or  extent 
within  which  objects  can  be  seen  through  an  optical 
instrument,  or  at  one  view  of  the  eye  without  turning 
it. — Refected  vision , vision  which  is  performed  by 
means  of  rays  reflected  from  speculums  or  mirrors.  — 
Refracted  vision , vision  performed  by  means  of  rays 
deviated  bypassing  through  mediums  of  different  den- 
sities,— chiefly  through  glasses  and  lenses.  Hatton. 

Syn.  — See  Apparition. 

VISION  (vizh'un),  v.  a . To  see  or  perceive  in 
a vision,  [it.]  H.  TV.  Hamilton. 

VI"§IQN-.\L  (vizh'un-fd),  a.  Relating  to  a vis- 
ion. “ Visional  construction.”  Watcrland. 

VI "fprON-A-RI-NESS  (vizh'un-a-re-n£s),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  visionary.  Coleridge. 

VI"$ION-A-RY  (vizh'un-a-re),  a.  [It.  § Sp.  visio- 
nario\  Fr . visionnaire.] 

1.  Affected  by  phantoms  ; disposed  to  receive 
impressions  on  the  imagination  : imaginative. 

Or  lull  to  rest  the  visionary  maid.  Pope. 

2.  Perceived  by  the  imagination  only  ; imag- 
inary ; not  real;  fancied;  fanciful;  fantastic; 
ideal ; unreal.  “ Visionary  prospects.’*  Swift. 

3.  Devoted  to,  or  favorable  for,  visions. 

Here  frequent,  at  the  visionary  hour 

When  musing  midnight  reigns  or  silent  noon.  Thomson. 

Syn. — See  Fanciful,  Ideal. 


Vl"§lQN-A-Ky  (vizh'un-j-r?),  n.  One  who  is 
visionary  or  fanciful  ; one  who  forms  impracti- 
cable or  fanciful  schemes  ; a fanatic.  Turner. 

Syn.  — See  Fanatic. 

Vl''§ION-IST  (vizh'un-), n.  Avisionary.  Spenser. 

VI ''ijlON-LESS,  a.  Having  no  vision.  F.  Butler. 

Vl^'JT,  v.  a.  [L.  visito  ; video,  visus,  to  see  ; It. 
visitare;  Sp  .visitor;  Fr  .visiter.]  [i.  visited  ; 
pp.  VISITING,  VISITED.] 

1.  To  go  or  to  come  to,  in  order  to  see. 

It  came  into  his  heart  to  visit  his  brethren.  Acts  vii.  23. 

I was  sick,  and  ye  visited  me.  Matt.  xxv.  86. 

2.  To  go  or  to  come  to,  in  order  to  inspect  or 
survey ; to  inspect ; to  examine. 

The  bishop  ought  to  visit  his  diocese  every  year.  Ayliffe. 

3.  To  salute  with  a present,  [it.] 

Samson  visited  his  wife  with  a kid.  Judy.  xv.  1. 

4.  To  send  good  or  evil  to.  [Scriptural.] 

She  had  heard  . . . how  that  the  Lord  had  visited  his  peo- 
ple in  giving  them  bread.  Ruth  i.  6. 

When  God  . . . visiteth , what  shall  I answer  him?  Ps.  xxxi.  14. 

5.  To  inflict  punishment  for.  [it.] 

He  will  now  remember  their  iniquity,  and  visit  their  sins. 

Jer.  xiv.  10. 

Visiting  the  iniquity  of  the  fathers  upon  the  children  unto 
the  third  and  fourth  generation.  Exod.  xx.  5. 

Right  of  visit , (International  Law.)  See  Visita- 
tion, No.  7.  Bar  rill. 

Vl§'lT,  v.  n.  To  practise  going  to  see  others  ; to 
keep  up  the  intercourse  of  civilities  at  the  houses 
' of  each  other,  as  families.  Laic. 

Vlfj'IT,  n.  [It.  &;  Sp.  visita  ; Fr.  visite .] 

1.  The  act  of  going  to  see  another. 

If  this  woman  would  make  fewer  visits.  Law. 

2.  The  act  of  going  to  see ; as,  “ A visit  to 
England”  ; “ A visit  to  Niagara.” 

3.  The  attendance  of  a surgeon  or  physician, 

inspector,  &c.  Simmonds. 

Vlij'IT-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  he  visited. 

All  hospitals  built  since  the  reformation  are  visitable  by 
the  king  or  lord  chancellor.  Ayliffe. 

VI§'IT-ANT,  n.  One  who  visits;  a visitor.  Milton. 

Vl§-I-TA'TlON,  n.  [L.  visitation  It.  visitazione ; 
Sp.  visitacion  ; Fr.  visitation.] 

1.  The  act  of  visiting;  a visit.  Shak. 

2.  Object  of  visit ; thing  visited,  [r.] 

O flowers, 

That  never  will  in  other  climate  grow, 

My  early  visitation , and  my  last.  Milton. 

3.  Dispensation  ; infliction  ; state  of  suffer- 
ing retribution  or  judicial  evil  sent  by  God. 

What  will  ye  do  in  the  day  of  visitation,  and  in  the  deso- 
lation which  shall  come  from  far.  Isa.  x.  3. 

4.  Divine  favor  bestowed.  Hooker. 

5.  (Law.)  The  act  of  visiting  for  the  purpose 

of  examining  into  the  affairs  of  a corporation, 
&c.  ; inspection.  Burrill. 

6.  (Eccl.  Laic.)  Inspection,  by  the  bishop,  of 
the  several  parishes  in  his  diocese,  or  by  an  arch- 
bishop of  the  dioceses  in  his  province.  Brande. 

7.  (Laic  of  Nations.)  The  act  of  visiting  a ship 

of  another  nation  for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining 
her  real  national  character,  without  exercising 
the  right  of  search.  Burrill. 

The  right  of  visitation  is  sometimes  called  the  right  of 
“ visit.”  Burrill. 

8.  (Eccl.)  A festival  of  the  Western  Church 
in  honor  of  the  visit  of  the  Virgin  Mary  to 
Elizabeth,  celebrated  on  the  2d  of  July.  Brande. 

VlS-I-TA-TO'RI-AL,  a.  [L.  visitator,  a visitor.] 
Belonging  to  a judicial  visitor  or  visitation. 
“ This  visitatorial  power.”  Ayliffe. 

VI-^ITE  ',  n.  [Fr.,  a visiting .]  A kind  of  mantle 
or  cape  worn  by  ladies.  Simmonds. 

Vl§'IT-$R,  n.  A visitor.  — See  Visitor.  Walton. 

Vls'IT-ING,  a.  That  visits,  or  pertaining  to  visits. 

VIS'IT-ING,  n.  The  act  of  going  or  coming  to 
see  ; visitation  ; visit.  Shak. 

Vlij'IT-OR,  n.  [L.  visitator;  Fr.  visiteur.] 

1.  One  who  visits  ; one  who  goes  or  comes  to 

see  another.  Shak. 

2.  An  inspector  of  the  government  and  affairs 

of  a enrpor  tlon  or  body  politic;  one  who  visits- 
in  order  to  inspect  or  judge.  Blackstonc. 

Syn.  — See  Guest. 

VI§-I-TO'RI-AL,  a.  Visitatorial,  [it.]  Wright. 


f VI'SJVE,  a.  [L.  video,  visits,  to  see;  Fr.  ri.vf] 
Belonging  to  the  power  of  seeing.  Browne. 

VISJYE  (ve'ne)  [ve'ne,  Sm.  ; vls'ne  or  vGn,  K. ; 
veil,  Wb.],  n.  [Old  Fr.  visne,  from  L.  vieblia, 
nearness.]  (Law.)  Neighborhood  ; vicinity  ; 
venue.  — See  Venue.  Blackstone. 

t Vlsj'NO-MY,  n.  Physiognomy.  Spenser. 

VI§'OR,  n.  [L.  video,  visus,  to  see.] 

1.  A movable  perforated  part  of  a heimet 
above  the  beaver  ; — so  called  because  it  affords 
the  wearer  an  opportunity  of  seeing.  Spenser. 

2.  A mask  to  disfigure  and  disguise.  Sidney. 

Hfjj]  Til  is  word  is  written  also  vizor,  vizard,  and 

sometimes  visar  and  visard.  Johnson. 

VI^'ORED  (vlz'urd)  a.  Having  a visor  on  ; 
masked.  “ Visored  falsehood.”  Milton. 

Vl^'OR— LIKE,  o.  Resembling  a visor.  Shak. 

VlS'TA,  n. ; pi.  vIs'ta$.  [It.]  A view;  a pros- 
pect through  an  avenue,  as  of  trees:  — a walk 
or  space  between  an  avenue  of  trees.  Addison. 

VI^'U-AL  (vizh'u-al),  a.  [L.  visus,  sight,  vision; 
It.  risuale,  visual ; Sp.  visual;  Fr.  visuel .]  Per- 
taining to,  or  used  in,  sight  or  vision.  Bacon. 

Visual  angle,  (Optics.)  tile  angle  under  which  an 
object  is  seen,  or  which  it  subtends  at  the  eye. — 
Visual  cone,  ( Perspective .)  a cone  whose  vertex  is  at 
the  point  of  sight.  Davies. — Visual  plane,  (Persjirc- 
tive.)  any  plane  passing  through  the  point  of  sight. 
Davies. — Visual  point,  ( Perspective .)  a point  in  the 
horizontal  line  where  all  the  occular  rays  unite.  Hut- 
ton.— Visual  ray,  (Optics.)  a ray  or  line  of  light  con- 
ceived to  come  from  an  object  to  the  eye  : — (Perspec- 
tive.) a straight  line  passing  through  the  point  of 
sight.  Hutton. 

VI§'U-AL-IZE,  v.a.  To  make  visible.  Coleridge. 

VIS  Vl'TJE.  [L.]  Vigor  of  life;  natural  power 
of  the  animal  body  in  preserving  life.  Scudamore. 

fVITAlLE,  n.  Victuals;  food.  Chaucer. 

Vi'TAL,  a.  [L.  vitalis  ; vita,  life ; It.  vitale  ; Sp. 
Sj  Fr.  vital.) 

1.  Of,  or  pertaining  to,  life,  or  length  of  life. 

Let  not  Bardolph’s  vital  thread  be  cut.  Shak. 

2.  Contributing,  or  necessary,  to  life.  Sidney. 

The  sun’s  mild  lustre  warms  the  vital  air.  rope. 

3.  Having  or  containing  life  ; living;  alive. 

Spirits  that  live  throughout, 

Vital  in  every  part,  not  as  frail  man, 

In  entrails,  heart  or  head,  liver  or  reins, 

Cannot  but  by  annihilating  die.  Milton. 

4.  Noting  the  seat  or  centre  of  life. 

The  dart  flew  on,  and  pierced  a vital  part.  Pope. 

5.  So  situated  as  to  live,  [r.]  Browne. 

6.  Essential ; indispensable.  Corbet. 

Vital  air,  an  old  term  lor  oxygen;  — so  called  be- 
cause essential  to  life. — Vital  statistics,  statistics  re- 
lating to  tlte  duration  of  life. — Vital  vessels,  (But.) 
a name  given  by  Schultz  to  certain  vessels  ramifying 
in  all  directions,  especially  near  the  surface,  and  con- 
veying latex,  which  tie  terms  a vital  fluid.  Brande. 

VI'TAL,  n.  A vital  part;  seat  of  life;  — com- 
monly used  in  the  plural.  Ohlisworth. 

Vi'TAL-I§M,  n.  The  doctrine  that  there  is  a 
vital  principle,  distinct  from  the  organization 
of  living  bodies,  which  directs  all  their  actions 
and  functions.  Fleming. 

VJ-TAL'I-TY,  n.  [L.  vitalitas ; It.  vitalita  ; Sp. 
vitalidad ; Fr.  vitalite.]  The  state  of  being  vital; 
the  principle  of  life  ; vital  power  ; life.  Raleigh. 

VI-TAL-J-ZA'TION,  n.  Act  of  vitalizing,  or  state 
of  being  vitalized.  Qu.  Rev. 

VI'TAL-IZE,  v.  a.  [*.  vitalized;  pp.  vitaliz- 
ing, vitalized.]  To  give  or  impart  life  or  vi- 
tality to  ; to  vivify ; to  make  alive.  Front. 

VI'TAL-LY,  ad.  In  a vital  manner;  in  such  a 

manner  as  to  give  life.  Bentley. 

Vl'TAL§,  n.  pi.  Parts  essential  to  life;  viscera. 

And  to  transfix  him  where  tile  vitals  wrap 

The  liver.  Cowpcr. 

VI'TEL-L A-RY  [vl'tel-l?r-e,  P.  Ja.  K. ; vlt'el-l.jr-e, 
Sm.  Wb.],  n.  [L.  vitellus,  the  .yolk  of  an  egg.] 
The  place  in  the  egg  where  the  yolk  swims  in 
the  white,  [r.]  Browne. 

VI-TEL' BUS,  n.  [L.]  1.  The  yolk  of  an  egg. 

2.  (Bot.)  One  of  the  innermost  integuments 
occasionally  present  in  the  form  of  a fleshy  sac, 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long,  A,  E,  I,  0,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  IJ,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


VITIATE 


1635 


VIXEN 


interposed  between  the  albumen  and  the  ovule, 
and  enveloping  the  latter.  Bindley. 

Vp'TI-ATE  (vlsh'e-at),  v.  a.  [L.  vitio,  vitiatus  ; 
vitium,  a b.emish,  a vice  ; It.  viziare  ; Sp.  vici- 
ar;  Fr.  vicier.  ] [i.  vitiated  ; pp.  vitiating, 

vitiated.]  To  make  vicious;  to  impair;  to 
make  defective  or  less  pure  ; to  deprive  of  vir- 
tue, excellence,  or  efficiency  ; to  deprave  ; to 
debase  ; to  corrupt ; to  adulterate  ; to  defile. 

Before  she  was  vitiated  by  luxury.  Evelyn. 

Speech  is  not  easily  destroyed,  though  often  somewhat 
vitiated  as  to  some  particular  letters.  Holder. 

Vl-TI-A'TION  (vish-e-a'sliun),  n.  [L.  vitiati.0.) 
The  act  of  vitiating,  or  the  state  of  being  vitiat- 
ed; depravation;  corruption.  Harvey. 

t vIT-I-LIT'I-GATE,  v.  n.  [L.  vitilitigo  ; vitium, 
vice,  and  litigo,  to  quarrel,  to  litigate.]  To  con- 
tend in  law  litigiously  or  cavillously  ; to  quarrel 
disgracefully  ; to  brawl ; to  backbite.  Bailey. 

t VIT-I-ElT-I-GA'TION,  n.  Contentious  or  ca vil- 
lous litigation.  Hudibras. 

VI-TI-OS'l-TY  (vlsh-e-os'e-te),  n.  [L.  vitiositas .) 
Viciousness  ; depravity,  [r.]  South. 

VP'TIOUS  (vtsh'us),  a.  See  Vicious.  Milton. 

Vt"TIOUS-NESS  (vlsh'us-nes),  n.  The  state  of 
being  vicious.  — See  Viciousness. 

VI'TIS,  n.  [L.]  ( Bot .)  A genus  of  climbing 

plants,  several  species  of  which  produce  grapes  ; 
the  vine.  Loudon . 

VlT'Rf-OUS,  a.  [L.  vitreus ; vitrum,  glass;  It. 
§ Sp.  vitreo  ; Fr.  vitre,  vitreux.)  Of,  pertaining 
to,  or  resembling,  glass  ; glassy.  Arbuthnot. 

Vitreous  electricity,  the  kind  of  electricity  developed 
in  glass  by  friction  with  certain  substances;  positive 
electricity  ; — distinguished  from  resinous,  or  negative 
electricity.  Nicliol. — Vitreous  humor (Anat.)  the  trans- 
parent, gelatinous  tnass  which  tills  the  eye  behind  tile 
crystalline  lens.  It  is  contained  in  cells.  Dunglison. 


VIT'RE-OUS-NESS,  ii.  The  state  or  the  quality 
of  being  vitreous  ; glassiness.  Bailey. 

VI-TRES'CENCE,  it.  The  state  or  the  quality 
of  being  vitrescible  or  vitrescent.  Smart. 

VI-TRES'CF.NT,  a.  Susceptible  of  being  formed 
into  glass ; tending  to  become  glass.  Clarke. 

Vl-TRES'CI-BLE,  a.  Susceptible  of  being  formed 
into  glass  ; verifiable.  Ure. 

VIT-RI-fAc'TION,  ii.  The  act,  process,  or  oper- 
ation of  vitrifying.  Ure. 


VIT'RI-FACT-URE,  ii.  [L.  vitrum,  glass,  and 
facio,  to  make.]  A term  applied  to  the  manu- 
facture of  glass,  pottery,  and  porcelain.  R.  Park. 

VlT'RI-Fi-A-IILE,  a.  Susceptible  of  being  vitri- 
fied ; vitrescible.  Brande. 

f VI-TRIF'I-CA-BLE,  a.  Vitrifiable.  Bailey. 

t VI-TRIF'I-CATE,  v.  a.  [L.  vitrum,  glass,  and 
facio,  to  make.]  To  vitrify.  Bacon. 

VIT-RI-FI-CA'TION,  n.  Vitrifaction.  [r.]  Bacon. 

VlT'RI-FIED  (vlt're-fld),  p.  a.  Converted  or 
turned  into  glass.  Ure. 

VlT'RI-FORM,  a.  [L.  vitrum,  glass,  and  forma, 
form.]  Having  the  form  of  glass.  Ure. 

VlT'RI-FY,  v.  a.  [L.  vitrum,  glass,  and, facio,  to 
make;  It.  vetrificare,  to  vitrify;  Sp.  vitrificar ; 
Fr.  vitrifier.)  [i.  vitrified;  pp.  vitrifying, 
vitrified.]  To  convert  into  glass.  Brande. 

VIT'RI-FY,  v.  n.  To  become  glass.  Arbuthnot. 

VI-  TRi ' MA,  n.  [Low  L.,  from  L.  vitrum,  glass.] 

( 7.oiil .)  A genus  of  fresh-water  gasteropods,  so 
called  from  the  thinness  and  fragility  of  the 
shell,  and  its  watery-green  appearance.  Brande. 

VIT'RI-O-E-LEC'TRIC,  a.  ( Elec .)  Vitreously 
electrified  ; charged  with  vitreous  or  positive 
electricity.  Smart. 

VIT'RI-OE,  n.  [It.  vitriuolo  ; Sp.  vitriolo  ; Fr.  vi- 
triol. — From  L.  vitrum,  glass.]  ( Chem .)  A part 
of  the  old  and  still  common  name  of  sulphuric 
acid,  and  of  many  compounds  of  which  sul- 
phuric acid  forms  a part,  and  which,  in  certain 
states,  have  a glassy  appearance  ; — originally 
the  name  of  proto-sulphate  of  iron.  Ure. 

Blue  vitriol , (Chem.)  sulphate  of  copper : — (Jilin.)  a 
mineral  of  different  shades  of  blue,  and  consisting  of 
sulphuric  acid,  oxide  of  copper,  and  water  ; cyano- 


site  ; — called  also  copper  vitriol.  Dana. — Green  vit- 
riol, (Chem.)  proto-sulphate  of  iron,  a salt  employed 
in  dyeing,  tanning,  and  in  the  manufacture  of  ink 
and  of  Prussian  blue  : — (Min.)  a mineral,  sometimes 
occurring  in  crystals,  of  various  shades  of  green  ; — 
called  also  sulphate  of  copper,  and  copperas.  Dana. — 
Lead  vitriol,  (Min.)  a very  brittle,  variously  colored, 
crystalline  mineral,  consisting  of  sulphate  of  lead  ; 
anglesite.  — Michel  vitriol,  (Min.)  a mineral  some- 
times occurring  in  capillary,  interlacing  crystals,  and 
consisting  of  hydrated  sulphate  of  nickel.  — Oil  of 
vitriol,  (Chem.)  sulphuric  acid. — Red  vitriol,  (Min.)  a 
friable,  subtransparent  or  translucent,  flesh-colored 
or  rose-red  mineral,  sometimes  crystallized,  and  con- 
sisting chiefly  of  sulphuric  acid,  oxide  of  cobalt,  and 
water;  — called  also  cohalt  vitriol,  and  bieberite. — 
White  vitriol,  (Chem.)  sulphate  of  zinc: — (Min.)  a 
brittle,  transparent  or  translucent,  white,  reddish,  or 
bluish  crystalline  mineral,  consisting  of  sulphuric 
acid,  oxide  of  zinc,  and  water.  Dana. 

VlT'RI-O-LATE,  v.  a.  To  convert  into  vitriol ; to 
vitriolize.  Smart. 


vIt'rgo-late,  ) a% 
vit'ri-o-lAt-jjd,  ) or 
“ Vitriolated  water.” 


Impregnated  with  vitriol, 
converted  into  vitriol. 

Boyle. 


vIT-RI-O-LA'TION,  n.  The  act  r.r  the  process  of 
converting  into  vitriol.  Clarke. 

VIT-RI-OL'IG,  a.  [It.  &;  Sp.  vitriolico  ; Fr.  vitri- 
olique.\  Relating  to,  containing,  or  obtained 
from,  vitriol.  Grew. 

Vitriolic  acid,  oil  of  vitriol ; sulphuric  acid. 
VIT-RI-OL-I'Z  A-BLE,  a.  That  can  be  vitriolized 
or  converted  into  vitriol.  Clarke. 


VIT-RI-OE-I-ZA'TIQN,  ii.  The  act  or  the  process 
of  vilriolizing ; vitriolation.  Clarke. 

VIT'RI-OL-IZE,  v.  a.  To  convert  or  change  into 
vitriol ; to  vitriolate.  Oswald. 

f VI-TRl'O-LOUS,  a.  Vitriolic.  Browne. 

VI-TRU'VI-AN,  a.  [L.  Vitruvius,  a writer  on 
architecture.]  (Classical  Arch.)  Noting  a pe- 
culiar pattern  of  scroll-work,  consisting  of  con- 
volved undulations.  Weale. 

VI T' TA,  n.  [L.]  1.  ( Roman  Ant.)  A ribbon  or 

fillet,  worn  by  females  around  the  head,  confin- 
ing the  hair  : — a ribbon  or  fillet  used  as  a dec- 
oration of  sacred  persons  and  things,  as  of 
priests,  victims,  statues,  and  altars.  Win.  Smith. 

2.  (Bot.)  A name  applied  to  the  oil-tubes  of 
the  fruit  of-  umbelliferous  plants.  Gray. 

VIT'TATE,  a.  [L.  vittatus,  bound  with  a fillet.] 
(Bot.)  Striped;  having  stripes.  P.  Cyc. 

VIT'U-LINE  (19),  a.  [L.  vitulinus  ; vitulus,  a calf.] 
Belonging  to  a calf,  or  to  veal.  Bailey. 

lit  VI-TU'PER-A-BLE,  a.  [L.  vituperabilis.l  De- 
serving reproach ; blameworthy.  Cockcram. 

||  VI-TU'P^R-ATE  (ve-tu'per-at  or  vi-tu'per-at)  [ve- 
tu'per-at,  P.  K.  Sm. ; vl-tu’per-at,  S.  J.  Ja.  ; ve- 
tu'per-at  or  vl-tu'per-at,  IF.  -F.],  v.  a.  [L.  vitu- 
pero,  vituperatus  ; vitium,  vice,  fault,  and  paro, 
to  prepare,  to  get ; It.  vituperare ; Sp.  vitupe- 
rar-,  Old  Fr.  vituperer.]  [i.  vituperated;  pp. 
VITUPERATING,  VITUPERATED.]  To  find  fault 
with  ; to  reproach  ; to  censure,  [it.]  Blount. 

||  VI-TU-PER-A'TION,  n.  [L.  vituperatid  ; It.  vi- 
tuperations ; Sp.  vituperation.)  Blame ; .cen- 
sure ; reproach;  severe  reprehension.  Donne. 

||  VI-TU'PJJR-A-TIVE,  a.  Containing  vitupera- 
tion, censure,  or  reproach.  Chesterfield. 

II  VI-TU'PER- A-TlVE-I.Y,  ad.  With  vituperation  ; 
by  way  of  reproach.  Clarke. 

||  VI-TU'PER-A-TOR,  n.  [L.]  A severe  censur- 
er  ; a reprehender  ; a reviler.  Ec.  Rev. 

t Vl-TU-PE'RI-OUS,  a.  Disgraceful.  Shelton. 

VI-VA ' CE  (ve-va'cha).  [It.,  lively,  brisk.)  (Mas.) 
Noting  a movement  which  is  to  be  executed 
in  a lively  manner  ; lively.  Brande. 

||  VI-VA'CIOUS  (ve-va'shus  or  vl-va'shus,  19),  a. 
[L .vivax,  vivacis ; vivo,  to  live;  It.  vivace,  Sp. 
viraz  ; Fr.  vivace.) 

1.  f Long-lived  ; tenacious  of  life.  Bentley. 

2.  Sprightly  ; lively ; animated ; active ; brisk  ; 
cheerful ; gay  ; sportive. 

People  of  a vivacious  temper.  Ilowell. 

||  VI-VA'CIOUS-LY  (ve-va'slius-le),  ad.  With  vi- 
vacity  ; in  a lively  or  sprightly  manner.  Allen. 


||  VI-VA'CIOUS-NESS  (ve-va'shus-nes),  n.  The 
state  or  the  quality  of  being  vivacious  ; vivacity. 

||  VI- VA(J'I-TY  (ve-vSs'e-te  or  vl-vas’?-te)  [ve-vSs'- 
e-te,  P.  J.  P.  K.  Sm. ; vl-vas'e-te,  S.  Ja.  ; v$- 
vas'e-te  or  vl-vas'e-te,  IF.],  n.  [L . vivacitas ; 

It.  vivacith ; Sp.  vivacidad  ; Fr.  viratiti.) 

1.  The  quality  of  being  vivacious ; vital  force; 

tenaciousness  of  life,  [it.]  Boyle. 

2.  f Longevity  ; length  of  life.  Browne. 

3.  Liveliness  ; sprightliness  ; animation. 

He  had  a great  vivacity  in  his  countenance.  Dryden. 

VI-VA  ' RI-UM,  n.  [L.]  Avivary.  Simmonds. 

Vi'VA-RY,  n.  [L.  vivarium  ; virus,  alive.]  An 
enclosure  in  which  game,  fish,  &c.,  are  kept 
alive  ; a park,  warren,  or  fish-pond.  Cowell. 

VI' VA  VO'CE.  [L.,  by  living  voice.)  Byword 
of  mouth  ; — a method  of  voting.  Scudamore. 

F VIVE,  a.  [L.  virus.)  Lively;  forcible.  Bacon. 

Vi' VE.  [L.]  Live;  longlife;  success. 

f VlVE'LY,  ad.  In  a lively  manner.  Marston. 

f Vl'VpN-CY,  n.  [L.  vivo,  vivens,  to  live.]  Man- 
ner of  supporting  or  continuing  life.  Browne. 

VIVE$  (vivz),  ii.  pi.  A disease  of  horses,  gener- 
ally happening  to  young  horses  while  at  grass, 
resembling  the  strangles,  but  more  particularly 
seated  in  the  glands  and  kernels  under  the 
ears.  Far.  Diet. 

VlV'I-AN-lTE,  n.  (Min.)  A sectile  mineral  of 
various  shades  of  blue  and  green,  sometimes 
crystallized,  and  consisting  chiefly  of  phosphor- 
ic acid,  protoxide  of  iron,  and  water.  Dana. 

VIV'jD,  a.  [L.  vividus  ; vivo,  to  live  ; It.  vivido.) 

1.  Full  of  life;  lively;  vigorous;  sprightly. 

Where  the  genius  is  bright,  and  the  imagination  vivid,  the 

power  of  memory  may  lose  its  improvement.  Watts. 

2.  Bright  ; lively ; striking  ; clear  ; lucid  ; 
“ Vivid  green.”  Pope.  “ Vivid  color.”  Boyle. 

Syn.  — See  Clear. 

VI-Vlll'I-TY,  n.  Vividness,  [r.]  T.  Forster. 

VIV'ID-LY,  ad.  In  a vivid  manner;  with  life; 
with  quickness;  with  strength.  South. 

VIV'ID-NESS,  n.  1.  The  quality  of  being  vivid  ; 
life  ; vigor  ; sprightliness.  Paley. 

2.  Brightness,  as  of  color.  Bailey. 

VI-VIF'IC,  la  [L.  vivificus;  Fr.  vivifigue.) 

Vf-VIF'I-CAL,  J Giving  life  ; vivifying.  Bay. 

VI-VIF'I-CATE  [vl-vif'e-kat,  S.  IF.  P.  Ja.  K.  Sill. ; 
vlv'e-fe-kat,  I FA],  v.  a.  [L.  vivifico,  vivificatus  ; 
virus,  alive,  and  facio,  to  make ; It.  vivifieare  ; 
Sp.  vivificar.)  [i.  vivificated  ; pp.  vivificat- 
ino,  vivificated.] 

1.  To  make  alive;  to  vivify,  [n.] 

God  vivicates  . . . the  whole  world.  More. 

2.  f (Chem.)  To  recover,  revive,  or  give  a new 

form  or  lustre  to.  Johnson. 

VIV-I-FI-CA'TFON,  n.  [L.  vivificatio  ; It.  vivifi- 
cazione  ; Sp.  vil  ification  ; Fr.  vivification.)  The 
act  of  vivifying  or  giving  life.  Bacon. 

Vl-VlV'I-CA-TlVE,  a.  Able  to  animate  or  to 
give  life.  “ Vivificative  principle.”  [r.]  More. 

VIV'I-FY,  v.  a.  [L.  vivifico  ; vivus,  alive,  and 
facio,  to  make;  Fr.  vivifier.)  [*.  vivified; 
pp.  vivifying,  vivified,]  To  make  alive  ; to 
animate  ; to  endue  with  life.  llarvey. 

VlV'IJ'Y,  v.  n.  To  impart  life.  Bacon. 

Vl-VIP'A-ROUS,  a.  [L.  viviparits ; vivus,  alive, 
and  pario,  to  bring  forth  ; Fr.  vivipare.) 

1.  (Zo'Sl.)  Producing  young  alive,  as  mam- 
mals. Baird. 

2.  (Bot.)  Bearing  young  plants  in  the  place 

of  flowers  and  seed.  Loudon. 

VIV-I-SEC'TION,  n.  [L.  virus,  alive,  and  seco, 
sectus,  to  cut ; Fr.  vivisection.)  The  act  of  open- 
ing or  dissecting  living  animals.  Dunglison. 

VIX'EN  (vlk'sn),  n.  [foxen,  — more  anciently 
foxin,  a shc-fox.  Vcrstegan.) 

1.  f The  cub  of  a fox. 

Vixen  is  a fox’s  cub,  without  regard  to  sex.  Todd. 

2.  A sharp,  snappish,  bitter  woman  ; a woman 
eager  to  quarrel ; a scold;  a termagant. 

I hate  a vixen,  that  her  maid  assails, 

Aud  scratches  with  her  bodkin  or  her  nails.  Congreve. 

3.  f A snarling,  quarrelsome  man.  Barrow. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 


BULL,  BUR,  ROLE.  — Q,  9,  $,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z; 


^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


VIXENLY 


1636 


VOLATILE 


VIX'EN-LY  (vik'sn-le),  a.  Having  the  qualities 
or  manner  of  a Vixen  ; snappish.  Barrow. 

VIZ,  ad.  [A  contraction  of  videlicet .]  To  wit  ; 
namely;  that  is.  — See  Videlicet.  Holder. 

f VlZ'ARD,  n.  A mask  used  for  disguise  or  con- 
cealment ; a visor.  — See  V isor.  Addison. 

VlZ'ARD,  v.  a.  To  mask.  Shale. 

VlzT^R  (viz'yer  or  viz'yer)  [viz'yer,  P.  E.  Sm.-, 
viz'yer,  IE.  Ja.  ; vlz'yar,  S. ; vjz-yer',  J.\  viz'- 
yer or  ve-zher',  /•’.],  n.  [Ar.,  a bearer  of  bur- 
dens, a porter.]  A minister  or  councillor  of 
state  in  Turkey,  and  some  other  oriental  coun- 
tries ; — written  also  vizir,  and  visier.  Waller. 

Grand  vizier,  the  chief  ono  of  the  viziers,  or  coun- 
cillors of  state,  in  Turkey.  Braude. 

VIZTlJR-ATE  (vlz'yer-jt),  n.  The  office,  state,  or 
authority  of  a vizier.  -V.  A.  Rev. 

VIZ  IE  R — d- Z EJ\t,  n.  [Turk.]  The  grand  vizier  ; 
the  Turkish  prime  minister.  Month.  Rev. 

VlZ'IR,  n.  See  Vizier.  Braude. 

VO'CA-BLE  [vo'kj-bl,  IC.  Stn.  R.  Wb.],  n.  [L. 
vocabulum,  a name;  It.  vocabolo  ; Old  Fr.  voca- 
ble.] A word ; a term  ; a name.  Udal. 

VO-CAB'U-LA-RY,  n.  [L.  vocabulum,  a designa- 
tion, a name  ; It.  v ocabolario  ; Sp.  vocabulurio ; 
Fr.  vocabulaire.]  A collection  or  list  of  words, 
as  those  of  a particular  science,  or  a collection 
of  words  arranged  alphabetically  and  explained ; 
a nomenclature;  a glossary;  a dictionary;  a 
lexicon  ; a word-book.  Browne. 

Vocabularies  and  dictionaries  of  several  sorts.  Watts. 

Syn.  — See  Dictionary. 

VO-CAB'U-LIST,  n.  [Fr . vocabulistc.]  One  who 
makes,  forms,  or  arranges  a vocabulary.  Clarke. 

VO'CAL,  a.  [L.  vocalis ; vox,  vocis,  a voice;  It. 
vocale  ; Sp.  <5f  Fr.  vocal.] 

1.  Having  a voice,  or  pertaining  to  the  voice. 

To  hill  or  valley,  fountain  or  fresh  shade, 

Made  vocal  by  my  song.  Milton. 

2.  Uttered  or  modulated  by  the  voice  ; oral. 

They  joined  their  vocal  worship  to  the  choir.  Milton. 

3.  Noting  a peculiar  sound,  as  of  z as  distin- 
guished from  s,  or  of  v as  distinguished  from  f. 

Vocal  music,  music  made  by  the  voice,  as  distin- 
guished from  instrumental  music.  — Vocal  tube, (Jilcd.) 
the  part  of  the  air-passages  above  the  inferior  liga- 
ments of  the  larynx,  including  the  passages  through 
the  nose  and  mouth.  Dungiison. 

Syn.  — See  Verbal. 

VO'CAL,  n.  ( Roman  Catholic  Church.)  One  who 
has  a right  to  vote  in  certain  elections.  Wright. 

YO-cAl'IC, a.  Relating  to,  or  consisting  of,  vow- 
els, or  vocal  sounds.  Blackwood. 

VO'CAL-IST,  n.  A vocal  musician  ; a singer;  — 
opposed  to  instrumental  performer.  Smart. 

VO-CAL'I-TYj  n.  [L.  vocalit'is,  open  sound.]  The 
quality  of  being  utterable  by  the  voice.  Holder. 

VO-CAL-I-ZA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  vocalizing,  or 
the  state  of  being  vocalized.  Athenceum. 

VO'CAL-IZE,  V.  a.  [f.  VOCALIZED  ; pp.  VOCALIZ- 
ING, VOCALIZED.] 

1.  To  form  into  voice  ; to  render  vocal. 

It  is  one  thing  thing  to  give  an  impulse  to  breath  alone; 
another  thing  to  vocalize  that  breath.  Holder. 

2.  To  give  a particular  sound  to,  as  to  make 
s sound  like  z. 

S is  vocalized , that  is,  pronounced  as  z.  Smart. 

VO'CAL-LY,  ad.  By  the  voice  ; in  words.  Hale. 

VO'CAL-NESS,  n.  Thequality  of  being  vocal.  Ash. 

VO-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  vocatio,  a summons;  It. 
vocazione  ; Sp  .vocacion;  Fr  .vocation.] 

1.  (Theol.)  A calling  by  the  will  of  God;  the 

grace  vouchsaved  by  God  to  man  in  calling  him 
from  death  unto  life,  and  putting  him  in  the  way 
of  salvation  : — also  used  for  the  call  of  the  Holy 
Spirit,  bv  which  persons  are  supposed  to  be 
initiated  into  holy  orders.  Brande. 

2.  Summons  ; call ; injunction. 

"What  can  be  urged  for  them  who,  not  having  the  vocation 
of  poverty  to  scribble,  out  of  mere  wantonness  make  them- 
selves ridiculous?  Drj/den. 

3.  Trade  or  profession  ; employment ; call- 
ing ; business  ; occupation  ; avocation. 

Practise  his  own  chosen  vocation.  Sidney. 

How  important  is  the  truth  which  we  express  in  the 
naming  of  our  work  in  this  world  our  vocation,  or,  which  is 
the  game  finding  utterance  in  homelier  Anglo-Saxon,  our 
calling.  Trench. 

Syn.  — See  Business. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6, 


VOC'A-TIVE,  ft.  [L.  vocativus ; It.  # Sp.  vocati- 
v o ; Fr.  vocatif.]  Relating  to  calling  or  speak- 
ing to  ; — applied  in  grammar  to  that  case  of  a 
noun  substantive  by  which  a person  is  directly 
addressed.  • Johnson. 

VOC'A-TIVE,  n.  {Gram.)  The  vocative  case. 

VO-CIF'PR-AtE,  v.  n.  [L.  vocifcro,  vociferatus  ; 
vox,  rods,  voice,  and  fero,  to  bear ; It.  vocife- 
rare;  Sp . vociferar  ■,  Fr.  vociferer.]  [i.  vocif- 
erated ; pp.  VOCIFERATING,  VOCIFERATED.] 
To  cry  out  loudly  or  with  vehemence.  Johnson. 

VO-CIF'ER-ATE,  v.  a.  To  utter  with  a loud  voice. 

He  may  vociferate  the  word  liberty.  Xnox. 

Vociferated  logic  kills  me  quite; 

A noisy  man  is  always  in  the  right.  Coivper. 

VO-ClF-f,R-A'TION,  n.  [L.  vociferatio  ; It.  voci- 
ferazione;  Sp.  vociferacion  ; Fr.  vociferation.] 
The  act  of  vociferating ; vehement  or  loud  ut- 
terance ; clamor  ; outcry.  Arbuthnot. 

VO-CIF'ER-OUS,  a.  Clamorous;  noisy;  making 
outcry  ; loud.  “ Vociferous  heralds.”  Pope. 

Syn.  — See  Loud. 

VO-cIf'F.R-OUS-LY,  ad.  In  a vociferous  manner  ; 
with  loud  or  vehement  utterance.  Smart. 

VO-CIF'UR-OyS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
vociferous ; clamorousness.  Browne. 

VO'CULE,  n.  [L.  vocula,  a small  or  feeble  voice.] 
A short  and  feeble  utterance.  James  Rush. 

VOE,  n.  An  inlet,  bay,  or  creek.  [Orkneys,  and 
Shetland  Islands.]  Jamieson. 

VO'GLE  (vo'gl),  n.  {Mining.)  A natural  cavity 
in  a lode  ; — called  also  vug,  or  vugh.  Ansteil. 

VOG'LlTE,  n.  {Min.)  A green  mineral  of  pearly 
lustre,  occurring  in  aggregations  of  crystalline 
scales,  and  consisting  of  carbonic  acid,  protox- 
ide of  uranium,  lime,  protoxide  of  copper,  and 
water.  Dana. 

VOGUE  (vog),  n.  [It.  voga,  a rowing,  vogue ; 
vogare,  to  row ; Fr.  vogue,  a rowing,  vogue, 
fashion  ; voguer,  to  row,  to  sail,  to  bear,  to  go, 
to  be  wafted.]  Way;  mode;  fashion;  popular 
reception ; custom  ; usage  ; repute. 

No  periodical  writer,  who  alwa3rs  maintains  his  gravity, 
and  docs  not  sometimes  sacrifice  to  the  graces,  must  expect 
to  keep  in  vogue  for  any  time.  Addison. 

Use  may  revive  the  obsoletest  words, 

And  banish  those  that  now  are  most  in  vogue.  Roscommon. 

VOICE,  n.  1.  The  sound  formed  in  the  larynx, 
and  uttered  or  emitted  by  the  mouth,  of  human 
beings  and  brute  animals. 

The  dumb  ass  speaking  with  man’s  voice.  I Pet.  ii.  16. 

The  voice  of  the  turtle  is  heard  in  our  land.  4 Cant.  ii.  12. 

2.  The  peculiar  character  of  sound  distin- 
guishing the  individual,  whether  man  or  other 
animal,  or  expressing  any  passion  or  the  sound 
of  the  mouth,  as  distinguished  from  that  uttered 
by  another  voice. 

Each  person’s  voice  has  a distinct  quality  or  tone.  P.  Cyc. 

In  exordiums,  thcroice  should  be  low,  yet  clear;  in  narra- 
tions. distinct;  in  reasoning,  low;  in  persuasion,  strong;  it 
should  thunder  in  anger,  soften  in  sorrow,  tremble  in  rear, 
and  melt  in  love.  Ililey. 

3.  Any  sound  made  by  breath,  or  as  if  made 
by  breath.  “ The  trumpet’s  voice.”  Addison. 

At  the  voice  of  thy  thunder  they  hasted  away.  Ps.  civ.  7. 

4.  Vote;  suffrage;  choice  expressed. 

Some  laws  ordain,  and  some  attend  the  choice 

Of  holy  senates,  and  elect  by  voice.  Vvyden. 

5.  Language ; -words  ; expression,  [r.] 

Let  us  call  on  God  in  the  voice  of  iris  church.  Fell. 

6.  Sound  ; notes ; noise.  “ The  voice  of  weep- 
ing shall  be  heard  no  more.”  Isa.  lxv.  19. 

Joy,  thanksgiving,  and  the  voice  of  melody.  Isa.  ii.  3. 

7.  Mode  of  speaking  or  expression;  tone. 

I desire  to  be  present  with  you  now,  aud  to  change  my 
voice ; for  I stand  in  doubt  of  you.  Gal.  jv.  20. 

8.  (Gram.)  The  form  or  manner  of  inflecting 
the  verb,  as  being  active  or  passive.  Murray. 

esr  The  active  voice  usually  expresses  action  or  agen- 
cy; as,  “ He  teaches .”  Tile  passive  voire  usually  de- 
notes being  acted  upon,  and  is  formed  of  the  past  parti- 
ciple of  an  active-transitive  verb,  and  an  inflection  of 
tile  auxiliary  or  substantive  verb  to  be-,  as,  ‘-Ho  is 
taught 

Syn. — See  Vote. 

VOICE,  v.  a.  1.  +To  utter  ; to  announce  ; to  re- 
port ; to  rumor ; to  publish  ; to  divulge.  Bacon. 

2.  f To  vote.  “ To  voice  him  consul.”  Shak. 

3.  To  give  utterance  to ; to  express,  [r.] 


U,  Y,  short;  A,  IJ,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE, 


For  a moment  Napoleon  saw  the  long  line  as  it  came  on 
like  the  rolling  simoon  ; Shakespeare  could  not  have  voiced 
his  emotions  at  the  sight.  Bayne. 

4.  To  fit  for  producing  the  proper  sounds,  as 
the  pipes  of  an  organ  ; to  tune.  Clarke. 

f VOICE,  v.  n.  To  clamor;  to  make  outcries;  — 
used  in  the  phrase  “To  voice  it.”  Bacon.  South. 

VOICED  (vblst),  a.  Furnished  with  a voice.  Austin. 

VOICE'FUL,  a.  Having  a voice;  vocal.  Browne. 

VOICE'LpSS,  a.  Having  no  voice  ; silent.  Ld.Coke. 

VOID,  a.  [It.  luoto ; Fr.  vide,  vuide.  — From  L. 
vacuus,  empty.  Menage. — Wachter  thinks  the 
French  word  is  derived  from  Ger.  ede,  waste.] 

1.  Empty  ; vacant  ; not  filled  ; devoid. 

Tile  king  of  Israel ....  sat  in  a void  place,  at  the  entering 
in  of  tile  gate  of  Samaria.  2 Chron.  xviii.  0. 

2.  Free  ; destitute  ; clear  ; wanting  ; without. 

To  have  always  a conscience  void  of  offence.  Actsxx  iv.  16. 

How  void  of  reason  are  our  hopes  and  fears ! Dryden. 

3.  Unsupplied;  unfilled;  unoccupied. 

Divers  great  offices  that  had  long  been  void.  Bacon. 

4.  Unsubstantial ; unreal ; imaginary. 

Senseless,  lifeless  idol,  void  and  vain.  Pope. 

5.  Vain;  ineffectual;  null;  having  no  force. 

My  word  . . . shall  not  return  unto  me  void.  Tsa.  iv.  II. 

To  declare  this  or  that  act  of  Parliament  void.  Clarendon. 

Syn.  — See  Empty. 

VOID,  n.  An  empty  space  ; a vacuum.  Pope. 

VOID,  v.  a.  [i.  voided  ; pp.  voiding,  voided.] 

1.  f To  avoid  ; to  shun.  Wickliffe. 

2.  f To  quit ; to  leave  ; to  desert.  Shak. 

The  chamber  which  ire  voided.  Wotton. 

3.  To  emit ; to  send  or  pour  out ; to  evacu- 
ate, as  from  the  bowels.  Bacon. 

4.  To  make  null to  annul. 

It  was  become  a practice  . . . . to  void  the  security  that  was 
at  any  time  given  for  money  so  borrowed.  Clarendon. 

VOID,  v.  il.  To  be  emitted.  Wiseman. 

VOID'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  annulled.  Ayliffe. 

VolD'ANCE,  n.  The  act  of  voiding  or  emptying  : 
— removal  or  ejection  from  a benefice.  Johnson. 

VOIDER,  n.  1-  One  who  voids,  empties,  or  annuls. 

2.  A basket  or  tray  for  carrying  out  the  re- 
mains of  a dinner  or  other  meal.  Cleat  eland. 

3.  A clothes-basket.  [Local.]  Wright. 

Syn.  — See  Tray. 

VOlD'ING,  a.  Receiving  what  is  ejected  or  void- 
ed. “ A voiding  lobby.”  Shak. 

VOlD'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  voids. 

2.  That  which  is  voided  ; a remnant.  “The 
voiding  of  thy  table.”  [r.]  Rowe. 

VolD'NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  void;  empti- 
ness; vacuity:  — nullity;  inefficacy.  Spenser. 

VOIRF.  DIRE  (vwlr  der).  [Law  Fr.,  to  sag  the 
truth.]  (Law.)  A preliminary  oath  administered 
to  a witness,  for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining 
whether  he  has  such  an  interest  in  the  cause  in 
which  he  is  offered  to  testify  as  would  disquali- 
fy, he  being  sworn  to  say  the  truth,  touching 
matters  in  which  he  is  thought  or  suspected  to 
be  an  interested  witness.  Burrill. 

f VOI'TURE,  n.  [Fr.]  A carriage.  Arbuthnot. 

VO'LAJT^,  n.  ( Astron .)  An  abbreviation  of 
Piscis  Volans,  one  of  the  southern  constella- 
tions, introduced  by  Laeaille.  Hind. 

f VO'LANT,  a.  [L.  volans ; Fr.  volant.] 

1.  Flying.  “ Volant  animals.”  Johnson. 

2.  Nimble ; active  ; light.  Milton. 

Blind  British  hards,  whose  volant  touch 

Traverse  loquacious  strings.  Philips. 

3.  (Her.)  Represented  as  flying.  Fairholt. 

VO-LAJT ' TE  (vo-liln'ta),  n.  [Sp.]  A kind  of  ve- 
hicle, resembling  a large,  heavy  kind  of  gig  or 
chaise,  used  in  Cuba.  Velasquez. 

f VOL'A-RY,  n.  A bird-cage  large  enough  for  birds 
to  fly  about  in  ; a volery.  B.  Jonson. 

VOL'A-TILE  [vol'a-tll,  S.  IF.  J.  F.  K.  Sm.  Wb. ; 
vol'a-tll,  Ja. J,  a.  [L.  volatilis ; volo,  to  fly;  It. 
volatile-.  Sp.  volatil ; Fr.  volatile.] 

1.  t Flying,  or  having  power  to  fly. 

The  caterpillar,  towards  the  end  of  summer,  waxeth  vola- 
tile. and  turneth  to  a butterfly.  Bacon. 

2.  Having  power  to  pass  off  by  spontaneous 
evaporation,  or  of  easily  assuming  the  aeriform 
state.  “ A volatile,  fusible  salt.”  Newton. 


fAr,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  I1ER ; 


VOLATILE 


1637 


VOLTIGEUR 


3.  Lively ; gay ; full  of  spirit ; airy : — change- 
able ; fickle  ; variable  ; giddy  ; inconstant. 

You  are  as  giddy  and  volatile  as  ever.  Swift. 

Volatile  alkali,  ( Chem .)  ammoniacal  gas  ; ammonia. 
Turner. — Volatile,  liniment,  a compound  of  ammonia 
and  olive  oil,  forming  a soap  wliicli  is  partly  dissolved 
ami  partly  suspended  in  the  water,  producing  a white 
opaque  emulsion  ; — used  as  a rubefacient.  Wood  § 
Bachc. 

•f-  VOL'A-TILE,  n.  [Fr.  volatile.]  A flying  ani- 
mal. “ The  flight  of  volatiles."  Browne. 

VOL'A-TILE-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality 
of  being  volatile  ; volatility.  Hale. 

VOL-A-TIL'I-TY,  n.  [It.  volatilita;  Sp . volatili- 
dad ; Fr.  volatility.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  volatile ; the  state  or 
quality  of  bodies  that  are  apt  to  evaporate  or 
diffuse  themselves  through  the  air  at  ordinary 
temperatures ; the  quality  of  flying  away  by 
evaporation.  “ Volatility  of  mercury.”  Newton. 

2.  Liveliness  ; airiness  : — mutability  of  mind ; 

changeableness ; inconstancy.  Johnson. 

VOL'A-TIL-IZ-A-BLE,  a.  Susceptible  of  volatili- 
zation. Phil.  Mag. 

VOL-A-TIL-I-ZA'TION,  n.  [It.  volatilizzazione; 
Sp.  volatilizacion ; Fr.  volatilisation .]  The 
act  of  making  volatile,  or  state  of  being  vola- 
tilized ; the  process  by  which  bodies  are  re- 
solved into  the  vaporous  or  clastic  state.  Boyle. 

VOL'A-TIL-IZE,  v.a.  [It.  volatilizzare  ; Sp.  vola- 
tilizar ; Fr.  volatiser .]  [i.  volatilized  ; pp. 

volatilizing,  volatilized.]  To  make  vol- 
atile ; to  subtilize  to  a high  degree. 

Dissolving  the  oil,  and  volatilizing  it.  Newton. 

VOL'BORTH-ITE,  n.  (Min.)  A mineral  occur- 
ring on  small  tables,  often  aggregated  in  globu- 
lar forms,  comprising  two  varieties,  one  greets 
and  the  other  gray,  and  consisting  chiefly  off  j 
vanadic  acid,  protoxide  of  copper,  lime,  and 
water.  Dana. 

VOL-CAN'IC,  a.  [It . vulcanico  \ Fr.  volcanique.\ 
Pertaining  to  a volcano  ; partaking  of  the  nature 
of,  or  produced,  or  affected  by,  a volcano.  Lyell. 

jpGf*  Volcanic  bombs , detached  masses  of  molten 
matter  ejected  into  the  air  and  assuming  a rounded 
form,  and  often  elongated  into  a pear-shape  as  they 
fall.  — Volcanic  foci , subterranean  centres  of  action 
in  volcanoes,  where  the  heat  is  supposed  to  he  in  the 
highest  degree  of  energy.  Lyell. — Volcanic  glass , 
(Min.)  a mineral  consisting  of  lava  which  has  become 
glassy  by  sudden  cooling,  sometimes  composed  of  fel- 
spar, sometimes  of  a mixture  of  felspar  and  augite, 
with  chrysolite  and  much  iron,  or  of  augite  and  chrys- 
olite, or  labradorite,  &c. ; — called  also  obsidian. — 
Volcanic  rocks,  (Oeol.)  a division  of  rocks  which  have 
been  produced  at  or  near  the  surface  of  the  earth  by 
the  action  of  fire  or  subterranean  heat.  They  are  for 
the  most  part  unstratified,  and  are  devoid  of  fossils — 
Volcanic  tuff,  a substance  produced  by  the  showering 
down  from  the  air,  or  incumbent  waters,  of  sand  and 
cinders,  first  shot  up  from  the  interior  of  the  earth  by 
the  explosion  of  volcanic  gases.  Lyell. 

VOL-CA-NI^'I-TY,  n.  Volcanism.  Sabine. 

v6l'CA-NI{*5M.  n.  The  action  of  fire  or  heat  in  the 
interior  of  the  earth  which  produces  volcanoes. 

I designate  the  whole  of  these  phenomena  by  the  general 
name  of  volcanism  or  volcanic  it  y.  Sabine's  Humboldt's  Cosmos. 

VOL'CA-NIST,  n.  1.  One  versed  in  the  knowl- 
edge or  science  of  volcanoes.  Knowles. 

2.  One  who  believes  in  the  effects  of  volcanic 
eruptions  in  the  formation  of  mountains.  Wright. 

VOL-CAN'I-TY,  n.  State  of  beingvolcanic.  Clarke. 

V6L-CA-NI-ZA'TI0N,  n.  The  act  of  subjecting 
to  volcanic  action.  Clarke. 

VOL'CA-NlZE,  v.  a.  To  subject  to  the  influence 
of  volcanic  action.  Maunder. 

VOL-cA'NO,  n. ; pi.  vol-ca'noe?.  [It.,  from 
Vulcan  (L.  Vulcanus),  the  god  of  fire.]  A 
mountain  or  hill  of  conical  shape,  having  at  the 
top  a cup-shaped  depression,  called  the  crater, 
from  which  issue  occasionally  flame  and  sul- 
phurous acid  and  other  gases,  with  jets  of  steam, 
and  from  which,  at  times,  ashes  are  thrown  up 
high  into  the  air,  or  currents  of  melted  rock  or 
lava  burst  forth  and  pour  down  the  sides.  Ansted. 

There  are  in  the  world  perhaps  two  hundred  volcanoes. 
Those  with  the  effects  of  which  we  are  best  acquainted  are, 
Hecla  in  Iceland,  Etna  in  Sicily,  and  Vesuvius  in  Italy. 
Volcanoes  are  also  thought  to  exist  in  the  moon  of  far  greater 
power  and  magnitude  than  those  of  the  earth.  Davis. 


VOLE,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  volo,  to  fly.] 

1.  A deal  at  cards,  that  draws  all  the  tricks. 

I might  by  this  have  won  a vole.  Swift. 

2.  ( Zo'ul .)  An  animal  of  the  genus  Arvicola 

of  several  species,  the  best  known  of  which  is 
the  water-vole,  or  water-rat  ( Arvicola  amphihi- 
us  of  Demarest).  Eng.  Cyc.  Baird. 

VOLE,  v.  n.  To  win  all  the  tricks  at  cards.  Pope. 

VOLF. E’  (vo-la'),  n.  [Fr.]  (Mus.)  A rapid  flight 

of  notes.  Moore. 

VO  'LEA'S  .VO' LEA'S.  [L.]  Willing  or  not  will- 
ing.—See  Nolens’ Volens.  Hamilton. 

VOL'E-RY,  n.  [L.  volo,  to  fly  ; Fr.  volerie.] 

1.  A flight  of  birds,  [it.]  Locke. 

2.  A bird-cage  large  enough  for  birds  to  fly 

about  in  ; a volary.  Locke. 

t VOL'I-TA-BLE,  a.  Evaporating;  volatile; 
changeable.  “ Voidable  spirit.”  Hopkins. 

VOL-I-tA'TION,  n.  [L.  volito,  volitatus,  to  fly.] 
The  act  or  the  power  of  flying.  Browne. 

VO-LI"TION  (vo-Ush'un),  n.  [L.  volo,  to  will,  — 
akin  to  Sansc.  var,  to  choose  ; Gr.  doi/ofint,  to 
will ; Goth,  vil-ja,  to  will.  IFm.  Smith.  — It. 
volizione-,  Sp.  volicion-,  Fr.  volition.] 

1.  The  act  of  willing  or  exercising  the  will. 

Volition  is  an  act  of  the  mind  knowingly  exerting  that 

dominion  it  takes  itself  to  have  over  any  part  of  tin-  man,  by 
employing  it  in.  or  withholding  it  from,  any  particular  action. 

Locke. 

2.  The  power  of  willing  or  choosing.  Johnson. 

VOL'I-TIVE,  a.  1.  Having  the  power  to  will. 

They  not  onl^y  perfect  the  intellectual  faculty,  but  the 
volitive ; making  the  man  not  only  more  knowing,  but  more 
wise  and  better.  llale. 

2.  Expressing  a volition  or  act  of  the  will ; 
as,  “A  volitive  sentence.  ” A.  Crosby. 

VtiL'L^Y  (vol'le),  7i.  [L.  volo,  to  fly;  Fr.  voice.] 

1.  A 'flight  of  shot;  a rapid  emission  or  dis- 
charge of  shot  from  guns. 

A volley  of  shot  slew  two  of  his  company.  Raleigh. 

2.  An  emission  of  many  at  once;  a burst. 

A fine  volley  of  words,  gentlemen.  Sltak. 

Rattling  nonsense  in  full  volleys  breaks.  Rope. 

VOL  LEY,  v.  a.  \i.  volleyed  ; pp.  volleying, 
volleyed.]  To  discharge  at,  or  throw  out,  as 
with  a volley  ; — used  with  out.  [it.]  Shah. 

VOL'L^Y,  v.  n.  To  discharge  at  once.  Shah. 

VOL'LEYED  (vol'lid),  a.  Discharged  with  a vol- 
ley. “ The  blasting  volleyed  thunder.”  Milton. 

f YOL'OW,  v.  a.  [From  the  answer  volo  in  the 
baptismal  service.]  To  baptize  ; — applied  com 
temptuously  by  the  Reformers.  Tyndale. 

VOLT,  7i.  [L.  volvo , volutus , to  roll  or  turn  about ; 

Fr.  volte. J 

1.  (Man.)  A round  or  a circular  tread  ; a 

gait  of  two  treads  made  by  a horse  going  side- 
ways round  a centre,  so  that  these  two  treads 
of  the  fore  and  the  hind  feet  make  parallel 
tracks.  Far.  Diet. 

2.  ( Fencing .)  A leap  to  avoid  a thrust.  Smart . 

VOL'TA , n. ; pi.  volte  (vol'ta).  [It.]  (Mas.) 
Time;  — as  in  the  phrases,  “ Prima  volta ” 
(first  time)  ; “ Seconda  volta  ” (second  time). 

Warner. 

VOL-TA'IC,  a.  [From  Volta,  the  name  of  an  emi- 
nent Italian  electrician.]  (Elec.)  Noting  or  re- 
lating to  currents  of  electricity  generated  by 
chemical  action,  in  contradistinction  to  magneto- 
electric, thermo-electric,  and  induced  currents, 
and  to  Franklinic  electricity,  and  to  animal  elec- 
tricity; volta-electric ; galvanic.  Faraday. 

jQgy*  Some  writers  attribute  tlie  voltaic  current  to 
the  contact  of  dissimilar  metals. 

Voltaic  battery,  an  instrument,  variously  construct- 
ed, for  generating  an  electric  current,  and  usually 
consisting  of  two  or  more  plates  or  cylinders  of  dis- 
similar metals,  arranged  in  juxtaposition  in  a single 
pair,  or  alternately  in  a series  of  connected  pairs,  each 
pair  being  immersed  in  a saline  or  acid  liquid,  which 
acts  chemically  on  one  metal  and  not  on  the  other ; and 
the  whole  combination  constituting,  when  the  dissim- 
ilar terminal  metals  are  connected  by  a wire  or  other 
conductor,  a complete  voltaic  circuit  traversed  by  an 
electric  current ; galvanic  battery  ; voltaic  or  galvanic 
circle.  It  is  said  to  be  simple  or  compound , according  as 
the  dissimilar  metals  constitute  a single  pair  or  a series  j 
of  pairs,  In  Bunsen’s  voltaic  battery , the  metal  not  | 


chemically  acted  on  is  replaced  by  carbon. — Constant 
voltaic  battery,  a battery  which  has  its  two  metals  im- 
mersed in  two  different  liquids  separated  from  each 
other  by  a porous  partition,  and  which  affords,  for  a 
considerable  period  of  time,  an  electric  current  of  near- 
ly uniform  strength.  — Voltaic  pile,  a kind  ofbattery,  in- 
vented by  Volta,  in  which,  instead  of  a saline  or  acid 
liquid,  pieces  of  cloth  or  card  moistened  with  such  a 
liquid  are  used.  — Poles  of  the  voltaic  battery,  the  termi- 
nal surfaces  of  the  two  metallic  conductors  of  the  vol- 
taic circuit  in  contact  with  the  electrolyte  in  the  decom- 
posing cell ; the  surface  connected  with  the  conduct- 
ing-plate of  the  battery  being  called  the  positive  pole, 
the  positive  electrode,  zincodc , or  zincoid ; and  the  sur- 
face connected  with  the  generating  plate  being  called 
the  negative  pole,  negative  electrode,  platinode , and 
chloroid  : — the  two  connected  plates  of  two  different 
cells  of  a compound  battery  ; the  generating  plate  be- 
ing called  the  zincous  pole,  and  the  conducting  plate 
being  called  the  chlorous  pole : — the  two  plates  or  cyl- 
inders of  a simple  voltaic  circle.  Graham. — Voltaic 
arc , the  arc  of  flame,  of  dazzling  brilliancy  and  intense 
heat,  accompanying  the  disruptive  discharge  of  a pow- 
erful voltaic  hattery  between  two  charcoal  points  or 
other  conductors  connected  with  its  two  terminal 
cells.  Sir  II.  Davy,  with  a battery  consisting  of  two 
thousand  pairs  of  plates,  obtained  an  arc  four  inches 
in  length.  — Simple  voltaic  circle , a combination  of  a 
single  pair  of  two  dissimilar  metallic  plates  and  a 
liquid  acting  chemically  on  one  of  them,  or  of  two 
different  liquids  and  one  metallic  plate,  arranged  so 
as  to  form  a voltaic  circuit. — Compound  voltaic  cir- 
cle, a combination  of  a series  of  pairs  of  dissimilar 
metals  and  a liquid  acting  chemically  on  one  of  the 
metals,  arranged  so  as  to  form  a voltaic  circuit ; com- 
pound voltaic  hattery. — Voltaic  circuit,  a name  ap- 
plied to  the  plates  of  a voltaic  battery,  the  liquids  in 
which  the  plates  are  immersed,  and  the  wire  or  other 
medium  of  communication  between  the  terminal  plates 
of  the  battery  — all  of  which,  combined  together,  con- 
stitute the  conductor  through  which  the  voltaic  cur- 
rent circulates.  — Voltaic  current,  a continuous  elec- 
tric current  set  in  motion  by  a voltaic  battery  ; a con- 
tinuously transmitted  electrical  force  developed  by  a 
voltaic  hattery.  — Voltaic  dtcomposition,  the  decompo- 
sition of  a chemical  compound,  as  water,  by  means 
of  voltaic  electricity. — Voltaic  induction,  the  induc- 
tion, by  a voltaic  current,  of  a momentary  secondary 
current  of  electricity  in  a contiguous  conductor,  when 
the  voltaic  current  begins  to  flow  or  ceases  to  flow, 
and  when  its  intensity  changes. — Voltaic  endosuu se, 
the  passage  of  the  liquid  of  a decomposing  cell,  con- 
nected with  a voltaic  hattery,  and  divided  into  two 
chambers  by  a permeable  diaphragm  of  wet  bladder  or 
porous  earthen  ware,  from  the  chamber  containing 
the  positive  terminal  plate  into  the  chamber  contain- 
ing the  negative  terminal  plate,  the  liquid  rising  some- 
times several  inches  in  the  latter  above  its  level  in  the 
former. — Voltaic  magnet , a rod,  or  piece  of  soft  iron, 
rendered  temporarily  magnetic  by  a voltaic  current 
transmitted  through  a helix  of  wire  surrounding  it ; 
electrt  -magnet. — Voltaic  protection  of  metals,  tho  pro- 
tection of  a negative  metal  from  the  solvent  action  of 
saline  and  acid  liquids  by  association  with  more  posi- 
tive metal  — iron,  for  instance,  by  zinc,  as  in  articles 
of  galvanized  iron,  which  are  coated  by  the  former 
metal.  Faraday.  Miller.  Graham. 

VOL'TA-l§M,  n.  A peculiar  form  of  electric 
agency,  including  all  those  electrical  phenome- 
na which  arise  from  the  chemical  reactions  of 
certain  metals  with  different  fluids  ; galvanism  : 
— the  branch  of  science  which  treats  of  this 
form  of  electricity.  Library  of  Useful  K.7iowledge. 

VOL'TA-ITE,  n.  (Min.)  An  opaque,  crystalline 
mineral,  of  resinous  lustre,  consisting  of  pro- 
tosulphate of  iron,  persulphate  of  iron,  and 
water.  Dana . 

VOL-TAM'E-TER,  n.  (Elec.)  An  instrument,  of 
various  forms,  invented  by  Faraday,  for  meas- 
uring the  chemical  decomposing  action  of  a 
voltaic  current,  which  is  constant  for  a constant 
quantity  of  electricity.  Faraday. 

i QGp-  The  voltameter  consists  of  a decomposing  cell, 
making  a part  of  a voltaic  circuit,  and  measuring  the 
power  of  that  circuit  by  the  quantity  of  water  decom- 
posed, as  shown  by  the  quantity  of  its  component 
gases,  oxygen  and  hydrogen,  collected.  Faraday. 

VOL'TA-PLAST,  n.  A name  given  to  that  form 
of  galvanic  battery  which  is  adapted  to  the  elec- 
trotype. Fra7ici$. 

VOL'TA-TYPE,  n.  Electrotype.  Miller. 

VOL'TI.  [It.,  turn  over.]  (Mus.)  A direction 
to  turn  over  a leaf.  Moore. 

Volti  subito,  turn  over  quickly. 

VOL- TI-fiEUR.'  (vol  te-zhUr'),  71.  [Fr. ; voltige , 
vaulting.] 

1.  A vaulter  ; a tumbler.  Surenne. 

2.  (Mil.)  A light  horseman  or  dragoon.  Sim. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  Rt5UE.  — 


<?,  £,  soft;  £,  G,  £,  g,  hard ; 


^ as  z;  If  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


YOLTZINE 


1638 


VORTEX 


VOLT  ZJNE,  > Mi  An  opaque  or  sub- 

VOLT'ZITE,  ) translucent  mineral  occurring  in 
implanted  spherical  globules,  and  consisting  of 
sulphide  of  zinc  and  oxide  of  zinc.  Dana. 

VO-LU'BI-LATE,  a.  (Bot.)  Volubile.  Smart. 

VOL'U-BlLE,  a.  (Bot.)  Twining.  Clarke. 

VOL-U-BIL'J-TY,  n.  [L.  vplubilitas ; It.  volu- 
bility; Sp.  volubilidad ; Fr.  volubiliti,] 

1.  The  act  or  the  power  of  rolling. 

Volubility,  or  aptness  to  roll,  is  the  property  of  a bowl.  Halls. 

2.  Activity  or  rapidity  of  speech  ; fluency. 

lie  expressed  himself  with  great  volubility  of  words,  natu- 
ral and  proper.  Clarendon. 

3.  Changeableness  ; mutability;  inconstancy. 
“ Volubility  of  human  affairs.”  L' Estrange. 

VOL'U-BLE  (vol'u-bl),  a.  [L.  volubilis ; volvo, 
voliitus,  to  roll ; It.  volubile ; Sp.  $ Fr.  voluble.] 

1.  Formed  so  as  to  roll,  or  so  as  to  be  easily 
put  in  motion.  “ Voluble  particles.”  Boyle. 

2.  Rolling  ; having  quick  motion 

This  less  voluble  earth.  Milton. 

3.  Nimble;  active;  — applied  to  the  tongue. 

A voluble  and  flippant  tongue.  Watts. 

4.  Rapid  or  fluent  of  words. 

If  voluble  and  sharp  discourse  be  marred.  Shak.  . 

Cassio,  a knave  very  voluble.  Shak.  ' 

5.  (Bot.)  Twining,  as  the  stem  of  hops  and 

beans.  Gray. 

VOL'U-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  volu- 
ble ; volubility.  Ash. 

VOL'U-BLY,  ad.  In  a voluble  manner.  Uudibras. 

VOL'UME  (vol'yum)  fyBl'yum,  IF.  J.  Ja.;  vol'yum, 
S.  K. ; vol'uin,  P.  E.  I Vb.],  n.  [L.  volumen,  a 
roll;  volco,  volutas,  to  roll;  It.  volume ; Sp. 
volumen ; Fr.  volume.'] 

1.  t A roll  of  writing,  which  was  the  old  form 

of  a book  ; an  ancient  book  which  consisted  of 
a sheet  wound  round  a staff.  Braude. 

2.  As  much  as  is  convolved  at  once ; a roll ; a 
coil ; a convolution  ; a wreath  ; a fold. 

So  glides  some  trodden  serpent  on  the  grass, 

And  long  behind  his  wounded  volume  trails.  Dry  den. 

3.  Bulk  ; size  ; dimensions  ; space  occupied. 

Our  language  takes  from  the  French  a sense  of  which  the 
Latin  knows  nothing;  and  volume  means  bulk,  size,  or  solid 
content.  I*.  Cue. 

4.  A swelling  body,  as  a wave  of  water. 

Thames’  fruitful  tides 

Slow  through  the  vale  in  silver  volumes  play.  Fenton. 

5.  A book;  tome.  “ One  short  volume.”  Swift. 

A library  is  said  to  consist  of  so  many  thousand  volumes, 
and  a long’ work  is  divided  for  convenience  into  several  vol- 
umes. Jirande. 

6.  (Mas.)  Quantity  or  fulness.  Warner. 

Volume  of  a body , the  number  of  cubic  units,  as 

cubic  inches,  cubic  feet,  &c.,  which  a body  contains  ; 
solidity.  Davies. 

VOL'U MED  (vol'yumd),  a.  Forming  volumes  or 
rolling  masses  ; having  the  form  of  a roll. 

"With  volumed  smoke  that  slowly  grew 

To  one  white  sky  of  sulphurous  hue.  Byron. 

VO-LU'MI-NOUS,  a.  [L.  voluminosus  ; It.  <Sf  Sp. 
voluminoso ; Fr.  volumineux.] 

1.  Full  of  windings,  bendings,  or  folds;  con- 
sisting of  many  coils  or  complications. 

The  serpent  rolled  voluminous  and  vast.  Milton. 

2.  Consisting  of  many  volumes.  Graunt. 

3.  Of  great  volume  or  size;  large;  bulky. 

"Why,  though  I seem  of  a prodigious  waist, 

I am  not  so  voluminous  and  vast.  B.  .Tonson. 

4.  Having  written  much  or  many  volumes. 

“ A voluminous  writer.”  Spectator. 

5.  Copious ; diffusive  ; prolix,  [it.] 

[He]  was  too  voluminous  in  discourse.  Clarendon. 

VO-LU' MI-NO  US- LY,  ad.  In  many  volumes  or 
books  ; copiously  ; diffusively.  Granville. 

VQ-LU'MJ-Noys-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  qual- 
ity of  being  voluminous.  Dodwell. 

t VOL'U-MtST,  n.  A writer  of  a volume  or  of  vol- 
umes ; an  author.  Milton. 

VOL'UN-TA-RI-LY,  ad.  In  a voluntary  manner ; 
of  one’s  own  accord  ; spontaneously.  South. 

VGL'UN-TA-RI-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  vol- 
untary ; spontaneousness.  Hammond. 

VOL'UN-TA-RY,  a.  [L.  voluntarius ; voluntas, 


A,  E,  f,  6,  V,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6. 


will,  choice ; volo,  to  will ; It.  volontario ; Sp. 
voluntario ; Fr.  volontaire.] 

1.  Acting  without  compulsion,  or  without  be- 
ing influenced  by  another  ; acting  by  choice  or 
one’s  own  accord  or  free  will ; bestowed  freely  ; 
gratuitous ; spontaneous. 

God  did  not  work  as  a necessary,  but  a voluntary,  agent, 
intending  beforehand  Hooker. 

2.  Proceeding  from  or  of  one’s  own  free  will. 

An  action  is  neither  good  nor  evil  unless  it  be  voluntary 

and  chosen.  Bp.  Taylor. 

3.  Willing  ; acting  with  willingness. 

She  fell  to  lust  a voluntary  prey.  Pope. 

4.  Done  by  design;  designed;  intended;  in- 
tentional. “ Voluntary  murder.”  Perkins. 

5.  Acting  or  moving  in  obedience  to  the  will. 

“ Voluntary  muscles.”  Dunglison. 

Voluntary  conveyance,  (Law.)  a conveyance  without 
valuable  consideration,  such  as  a deed  or  settlement 
in  favor  of  a wife  or  children. — Voluntary  escape,  an 
escape  of  a person  from  custody  by  the  express  con- 
sent of  his  keeper. — Voluntary  jurisdiction , {Eng. 
Law.)  a jurisdiction  exercised  by  certain  ecclesiastical 
courts  in  matters  where  there  is  no  opposition. — Vol- 
untary oath,  an  oath  taken  ui  some  extra-judicial  mat- 
ter, or  before  some  magistrate  or  officer  who  cannot 
compel  it  to  betaken.  — Voluntary  waste,  waste  done 
by  acts  of  commission,  as  by  pulling  down  a house  ; — 
distinguished  from  permissive  waste , which  is  matter 
of  omission  only.  Burrill. 

Syn. — Voluntary  and  willing  are  applicable  to  the 
acts  of  conscious  agents,  and  imply  volition.  Vol- 
untary labor  or  measure  ; willing  mind  ; willing  to  do 
good  ; spontaneous  effusion  of  t lie  heart,  burst  of  ap- 
plause, or  productions  of  t lie  earth  ; a voluntary  offer ; 
a gratuitous  gift  or  service. 

VOL'UN-TA-RY,  n.  1.  A volunteer  ; one  who 
acts  of  his  own  accord,  [r.]  Shak. 

2.  (Mus.)  An  extemporaneous  performance 
upon,  or  a composition  written  for,  the  organ, 
and  usually  introductory  to  some  other  perform- 
ance. Warner. 

VOL'UN-TA-RY-I§M,  n.  Voluntary  principle  or 
action ; the  system  of  supporting  any  thing  by 
voluntary  contribution  or  assistance.  [Modern 
and  rare.]  Dr.  Chalmers. 

VOL-UN-TEER',  n.  [It.  volontario ; Sp.  volun- 
tario ; Fr.  volontaire.  — See  Voluntary,  a.] 

1.  One  who  engages  in  any  service  of  his  own 
accord  or  of  his  own  free  will. 

2.  (Mil.)  Any  one  who  enters  into  service 
of  his  own  accord  ; a person  who,  in  time  of  war, 
offers  his  services  to  his  country.  Stocqueler. 

3.  (Law.)  A party,  other  than  a wife  or  child, 

to  whom,  or  for  whose  benefit,  a voluntary  con- 
veyance is  made.  Burrill. 

VOL-UN-TEER',  a.  Engaging  in  service  of  one’s 
own  accord ; as,  “ Volunteer  soldiers.”  Clarke. 

VOL-UN-TEER',  v.  n.  \i.  volunteered  ; pp. 
VOLUNTEERING,  VOLUNTEERED.]  To  act  or 
serve  as  a volunteer  ; to  act  freely.  Dryden. 

VOL-UN-TEER',  v.  a.  To  offer  voluntarily. 

Who  lind  volunteered  their  services  against  him.  B.  Jonson. 

VO-LUPT'U- A-RY  (vo-lupt'yu-a-re),  n.  [L .volup- 
tuarius  ; Fr.  voluptueux.]  One  addicted  to 
pleasures,  or  excess  of  sensual  pleasures ; a 
sensualist;  an  epicure.  Atterbury. 

Syn.  — See  Sensualist. 

VO-LLTT'U- A-Ry,  a.  Affordingpleasure.  Johnson. 

VO-Lt'PT'U-OtjS  (vo-lupt'yu-us),  a.  [L.  voluptuo- 
sus\  It.  voluttuoso ; Sp.  voluptuoso ; Fr.  volup- 
tueux.] 

1.  Addicted  to  pleasures,  particularly  those 
of  sense  ; luxurious  ; epicurean  ; sensual. 

The  jolly  and  volujduous  livers.  Atterbury. 

2.  Exciting,  or  fitted  to  excite,  sensual  de- 

' sires.  “ Voluptuous  charms.”  Macaulay. 

VO-LtJPT'U-O&S-LV,  ad.  In  a voluptuous  man- 
ner ; luxuriously.  South. 

VO-LUPT'U-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the 
quality  of  being  voluptuous.  Donne. 

f VO-LUP'Ty , n.  Voluptuousness.  Wickliffe. 

f VOL-U-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  volutatio.]  Wallow- 
ing ; rolling.  Bp.  Reynolds. 

VO-LUTE'  [vo-lut',  S.  W.  P.  Sm.  Wb. ; vol'ut, 
Ja.],  n.  [L  .valuta-,  volvo,  volutus,  to  roll;  It. 
<Sp  Sp.  voluta  ; Fr.  volute.] 

1.  (Arch.)  The  convolved  or  spiral  ornament 
which  forms  the  principal  distinction  pf  the 


>,  U,  Y,  short ; A,  ?,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure ; FARE, 


Ionic  capital,  and  which,  in  another  form,  is 
placed  diagonally  at  each  angle  of  the  Corinthian 
and  Composite  capitals.  Brandc.  Fairholt. 

2.  (Zolil.)  One  of  a genus  of  marine  gastero- 
pods,  having  a shell  with  a short  spire  and  a 
plaited  columella.  Woodward. 

VO-LUT'BD,  a.  Having  volutes,  or  spiral  forms ; 
with  a spiral  scroll.  Jodrell. 

VO-LU'TION,  n.  A spiral  form,  [r.]  llill. 

VO'MfR,)!.  [L .,  a ploughshare.]  (Anat.)  A thin, 
flat  bone  separating  the  nostrils.  Dunglison. 

VOJ\I' I-CB,  n.  [L.]  (Med.)  A purulent  collec- 
tion in  the  lungs.  Dunglison. 

VOM'IC— NUT,  n.  The  seed  of  a species  of 
Stryehnos.  — See  Nux  Vomica.  Hill. 

VOMIT,  v.  n.  [L.  vomo,  vomitus  (Gr.  ip tui)  ; It. 
vomitare  ; Sp.  vomitar ; Fr.  vomir.]  [i.  vom- 
ited ; pp.  VOMITING,  VOMITED.]  To  eject  the 
contents  of  the  stomach  by  way  of  the  ’mouth ; 
to  puke  ; to  spew. 

The  dog,  when  he  is  sick  at  the  stomach,  knows  his  cure, 
falls  to  ills  grass,  vomits,  and  is  w'eli.  More. 

VOM'IT,  v.  a.  1.  To  throw  up  from  the  stomach. 
Tile  fish  vomited  out  Jonah  upon  the  dry  land.  Jon.  ii.  10. 

2.  To  eject  or  to  throw  out  with  violence. 

During  the  night,  the  volcano  . . . vomited  up  vast  quan- 
tities of  tire  and  smoke.  Cook. 

VOM'jT,  n.  1.  Matter  vomited.  Sandys. 

2.  A substance  capable  of  producing  vomit- 
ing; an  emetic.  Dunglison. 

Black  vomit , the  yellow  fever,  so  called  because  it  is 
accompanied  by  vomiting  of  black  matter.  Dunglison'. 

VOM'lT-lNG,  n.  Act  of  one  who  vomits  ; ejection 
from  the  stomach  through  the  mouth.  Dunglison. 

VO-Ml"T[ON  (vo-mlsli'un),  n.  [L.  vomitio.]  The 
act  or  the  power  of  vomiting.  Grew. 

VOM'I-TlVE,  a.  [It.  A;  Sp.  vomitivo  ; Fr.  vomitif.] 
Causing  vomits ; emetic;  vomitory.  Browne. 

VOM'IT— NUT,  n.  Vomie-nut.  Simmonds. 

VO-MI1  TO,  n.  [Sp.]  (Med.)  The  yellow  fever, 
or  black  vomit.  Clarke. 

VOM'J-TO-RY,  a.  [L.  vomitorius  ; It.  &;  Sp .vomi- 
torio;  Fr.  vomit oir eh]  Producing  vomiting; 

emetic  ; vomitive.  Broivne. 

VOM'I-TO-RY,  n.  1.  An  emetic,  [r.]  Holland. 

2.  A door  of  a theatre,  or  other  building,  by 
which  the  crowd  is  let  out.  Scott. 

VOM-I-TU-RF'TION,  n.  (Med.)  An  ineffectual 
effort  to  vomit : — a vomiting  of  but  little  mat- 
ter ; — vomiting  which  is  effected  almost  with- 
out effort.  Dunglison. 

VO-RA'CIOUS  (vo-ra'shus,  66),  a.  [L.  rorax ; roro, 
to  devour  ; It.  vorace  ; Sp.  voraz  ; Fr.  r or  ace.] 
Having  voracity  ; greedy  ; ravenous ; rapacious  ; 
feeding  eagerly  ; extremely  hungry. 

They  [crows]  are  very  voracious , and  will  despatch  a car- 
cass in  a trice.  Dampier. 

They  devoured  it  with  a voracious  appetite.  Cook. 

Syn.  — See  Rapacious. 

VO-RA'CIOyS-LY  (vo-ra'slius-le),  ad.  With  vo- 
racity ; greedily  ; ravenously.  Bosieell. 

VO-RA'CIOUS-NESS  (vo-ra'shus-nes),  n.  The 

quality  or  the  state  of  being  voracious  ; voracity. 

VO-RAp'I-TY,  n.  [L.  voracitas  ; It.  voracith  ; Sp. 
voracidad ; Fr.  voracite.]  The  state  or  the 
quality  of  being  voracious  ; greediness  ; raven- 
ousness ; voraciousness ; avidity. 

Creatures  by  their  voracity  pernicious  have  commonly 
fewer  young.  Durham. 

Syn.  — See  Avidity. 

VO-RA<?'!-NOUS,  a.  [L.  voraginosus ; vorago,  a 
gulf.]  Full  of  gulfs  or  whirlpools.  Scott. 

VOR'AU-LITE,  n.  (Min.)  A brittle,  opaque  or 
subtranslucent,  blue  mineral,  of  vitreous  lustre, 
crystalline,  and  also  massive,  and  consisting 
chiefly  of  phosphoric  acid,  alumina,  protoxide 
of  iron,  magnesia,  and  water;  — called  also  laz- 
ulite.  Dana. 

VOR'TEX,  n.  [L.  verto,  to  turn  : — same  as  ver- 
tex.] pi.  L.  roR' Tt-cEif  ; Eng.  vor'tEx-rs. 

1.  Any  portion  of  fluid,  whether  liquid  or 

aeriform,  which  whirls  around,  or  has  a gyrato- 
ry motion  ; — particularly  a body  of  water  run- 
ning rapidly  round  and  forming  a cavity  in  the 
middle,  into  which  floating  bodies  are  drawn; 
a whirlpool.  Newton. 

2.  A whirlwind.  Brande. 


FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


VORTICAL 


1639 


VULCANIZATION 


3.  ( Cartesian  Philosophy.)  A system  or  col- 
lection of  material  particles,  supposed  to  form 
a fluid  or  ether,  and  to  be  endowed  with  a rapid 
rotatory  motion  about  the  same  axis.  Hutton. 

By  means  of  this  hypothesis,  and  the  received 
doctrine  of  centrifugal  forces,  a plausible  explanation 
may  be  given  of  the  motions  of  th  - planets,  which 
move  nearly  in  the  same  plane  ; but  the  motions  of 
the  comets,  which  traverse  the  heavens  in  all  direc- 
tions, are  inexplicable,  and  in  fact  are  inconsistent 
with  the  hypothesis.”  Braude. 

Vortex  wheel,  turbine  wheel. — See  Turbine.  Michol. 

VOR'TI-CAL,  a.  Whirling ; turning.  Newton. 

VOR'TI-CEL,  n.  [L.  vortex,  vorticis,  a whirlpool.] 
(ZojI.)  A plaited  columella.  Woodward. 

VOII-TI9T-NOUS,  a.  [See  Vertiginous.]  Hav- 
ing a rotatory  motion  round  an  axis  ; vortical.[R.] 
With  rortiginous  and  hideous  whirl 
Sucks  down  its  prey  insatiable.  Cowpcr. 

VO'TA-RESS,  n.  A female  votary. 

The  imperial  votaress  passed  on. 

In  maiden  meditation  fancy  free.  Shak. 

VO'TA-RlST,  n.  A votary,  [it.] 

Like  a sad  votarist.  in  palmer’s  weed.  Milton. 

VO'TA-RY,  n.  One  devoted,  as  by  a vow,  to  some 
pursuit,  service,  worship,  study,  or  state  of  life. 

A votary  to  fond  desire.  Shak. 

The  enemy  of  our  happiness  has  his  servants  and  rot  ariosi 
among  those  who  are  called  by  the  name  of  the  Son  of  God. 

Boyers. 

VO'TA-RY,  a.  Devoted  ; promised  ; consequent 
on  a vow.  “ Votary  resolution.”  Bacon. 

VOTE,  n.  [L.  votnm-,  voveo,  votas,  to  vow;  It.  § 
Sp.  voto ; Fr.  rote.] 

1.  Suffrage  ; voice  or  opinion  of  a person, 
given  in  some  matter  which  is  commonly  to  be 
determined  by  a majority  of  voices  or  opinions 
of  persons  who  are  empowered  to  give  them  ; 
the  wish  of  an  individual  in  regard  to  any  ques- 
tion, measure,  or  choice,  expressed  by  word  of 
mouth,  by  ballot,  or  otherwise. 

When  the  votes  are  equal  in  number,  the  proposed  meas- 
ure is  lost.  Bouvier. 

2.  That  by  which  the  will,  preference,  or  opin- 
ion of  a person  is  expressed  ; a ballot.  Greeley. 

The  freeman  casting,  with  unpurchased  hand, 

The  vote  that  shakes  the  turrets  of  the  land.  Holmes. 

3.  The  decision  or  will  of  an  assembly,  or  of 
a majority  thereof. 

The  judgment,  opinion,  sense,  or  will  of  a deliberative  as- 
sembly is  expressed,  according  to  the  nature  of  the  subject, 
either  by  a resolution,  order,  or  vote.  — The  term  vote  may  be 
applied  to  the  result  of  every  question  decided  by  the  as- 
sembly. L.  S.  Cushing. 

4.  f United  voice  of  persons  in  public  prayer. 
“ Votes  of  priests  and  people.”  Bp.  Prideaux. 

Syn.  — A vote  for  or  against ; the  right  of  suffrage  ; 
the  voice  of  the  people.  A vote  is  given  by  ballot,  by 
show  of  hand,  by  division  of  the  assembly,  or  viva 
voce , or  in  various  other  ways  The  members  of  Con- 
gress are  elected  by  the  suffrages  of  the  citizens  ; in 
the  execution  of  a will,  every  executor  has  a voice  in 
what  is  transacted. 

VOTE,  V.  a.  [i.  VOTED  ; pp.  VOTING,  VOTED.] 

1.  To  choose  or  determine  by  suffrage.  Bacon . 

2.  To  give  or  grant  by  vote. 

The  Parliament  voted  them  one  hundred  thousand  pounds 
by  way  of  recompense  for  their  sufferings.  Swift. 

3.  fTo  condemn ; to  devote  ; to  doom. 

The  hooks  of  curious  arts  that  were  voted  to  destruction 
by  apostolic  authority  and  zeal.  Glanvill. 

VOTE,  v.  n.  To  give  a vote  or  suffrage.  Seklen. 

VOT'IJR,  n.  One  who  votes,  or  has  the  right  of 
voting  or  giving  suffrage.  Swift. 

VOT'ING,  n.  Act  of  one  who  votes.  Pol.  Diet. 

VO'TIVE,  a.  [L.  votivus-,  It.  § Sp.  voti.ro-,  Fr. 
votif.  — See  Vow.]  Given  or  observed  in  con- 
sequence of  some  vow.  “ Votive  tablets.”  Dry- 
den.  “ Votive  abstinence.”  Feltham. 

VO'TIVE-Ly,  ad.  In  a votive  manner.  Clarke. 

VO'TIVE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state  of 
being  votive.  II.  W.  Hamilton. 

VOUCH,  v.  a.  [L.  voco  ; Norm.  Fr.  voucher.]  \i. 
VOUCHED  ; pp.  VOUCHING,  VOUCHED.] 

1.  To  call  to  witness  ; to  obtest ; to  attest. 

Let  him  who  fights  unseen  relate  his  own. 

And  vouch  the  silent  stars  and  conscious  moon.  Dryden. 

2.  fTo  summon  ; to  call;  to  bid  to  come. 

They  allege  the  same  histories,  and  vouch  (as  I mi"ht  sav) 
to  their  aid  the  authority  of  the  writers.  Sir  T.  El  not. 


3.  To  maintain  by  affirmations,  or  by  proof ; 
to  attest ; to  warrant;  to  declare;  to  amnn. 

When  any  particular  matter  of  fact  is  vouched  by  the  con- 
current testimony  of  unsuspected  witnesses,  there  our  assent 
is  also  unavoidable.  Locke. 

4.  To  support ; to  back  ; to  follow  up. 

Me  damp  horror  chilled 

At  suclt  bold  words  vouched  with  a deed  so  bold.  Milton. 

5.  (Law.)  In  old  practice  to  call  to  warranty  ; 

to  call  on  to  defend,  as  on  a person  who  has 
warranted  a title  to  defend  it:  — to  cite  or 
quote.  Burrill. 

VOUCH,  v.n.  To  bear  witness  ; to  give  attestation. 

He  declares  he  will  not  believe  her  until  the  Elector  of 
Hanover  shall  vouch  for  the  truth  of  what  she  hath  so  sol- 
emnly affirmed.  Swift. 

+ VOUCH,  n.  Warrant;  attestation.  Shak. 

VOUCH-EE',  n.  (Law.)  In  old  practice,  one  who 
is  vouched,  or  called  to  warranty.  Burrill. 

VOUCHER,  n.  1.  One  who  vouches,  or  attests. 

All  the  great  writers  of  that  age  stand  up  together  as  vouch- 
ers for  one  another's  reputation.  Spectator. 

2.  (Law.)  In  old  practice,  a calling  to  warran- 
ty ; a calling  upon  one  who  has  warranted  a title, 
to  defend  it  in  an  action : — the  party  who 
vouched  ; the  tenant  in  a real  action,  who  called 
upon  another  to  defend  his  title.  — In  old  Eng- 
lish law,  an  account-book  wherein  are  entered 
the  acquittances  or  warrants  for  the  account- 
ant’s discharge:  — any  acquittance  or  receipt, 
discharging  a person,  or  being  evidence  of  pay- 
ment. Burrill. 

VOUCH'OR,  n.  (Law.)  In  old  practice,  one  who 
calls  in  a vouchee.  Blackstone. 

VOUCH-SAFE',  v.  a.  [vouch  and  safe.]  [j.  VOUCH- 
SAFED ; pp.  VOUCHSAFING,  VOUCHSAFED.] 

1.  To  let  be  done  without  danger.  Johnson. 

2.  To  condescend  to  grant ; to  concede. 

It  is  not  said  by  the  apostle  that  God  vouchsafed  to  the 
heathens  the  means  of  salvation;  and  yet  I will  hot  affirm 
that  God  will  save  none  of  those  to  whom  the  sound  of  the 
gospel  never  reached.  South. 

VOUCH-SAFE',  v.  n.  To  deign  ; to  condescend. 

Doth  she  not  vouchsafe  to  love  me?  Sidney. 

VOUCH-SAFE'MENT,  n.  Grant;  condescension; 
concession,  [it.]  Boyle. 

VUUS'SOIR ' (vo'svvcir'),  n.  [Fr.]  One  of  the 
stones,  shaped  like  a truncated  wedge,  which 
form  an  arch  ; an  areli-stone.  Tomlinson. 

The  centre  vonssoir , or  that  in  the  highest  part  or  crown  of 
the  arch,  is  called  the  keystone.  Tomlinson. 

VOVV  (vou),  n.  [L.  votum  ; voveo,  votus,  to  vow ; 
It.  A Sp.  voto  ; Fr.  veeu.] 

1.  A solemn  promise  ; — especially,  a promise 
made  to  a divine  power  of  something  which  on 
other  grounds  is  not  obligatory  ; an  act  of  devo- 
tion, by  which  some  part  of  life,  or  some  part 
of  possessions,  is  consecrated  to  a particular 
purpose. 

Thou,  O God,  hast  heard  my  rows.  Ps.  Ixi.  5. 

To  promise  God  to  do  what  he  commands,  or  to  avoid 
what  he  forbids,  is  not  a vow,  because  we  are  under  an  obliga- 
tion so  to  act.  Braude. 

2.  A promise  of  love  or  of  matrimony. 

By  all  the  vows  that  ever  men  have  broke, 

In  number  more  than  ever  women  spoke.  Shak. 

-VOW  (vou),  v.  a.  [L.  voveo  ; Fr.  t oner.]  [i. 
VOWED  ; pp.  VOWING,  VOWED.] 

1.  To  consecrate  by  a solemn  dedication ; to 
promise  to  give,  as  to  a divine  power. 

And  last,  in  honor  of  his  new  abode, 

He  vowed  the  laurel  to  the  laurel’s  god.  Dryden. 

2.  fTo  devote  ceremonially. 

To  Master  Harvey  ...  I have  vowed  this  my  labor.  Spenser. 

3.  To  threaten  solemnly,  or  upon  oath. 

Great  Achilles 

Is  arming,  weeping,  cursing,  rowing  vengeance.  Shak. 

VoW,  v.  n.  To  make  vows  or  solemn  promises. 

Better  is  it  that  thou  shouldst  not  row^  than  that  thou 
shouldst  vow  and  not  pay.  Bed.  v.  5. 

VOWED  (voud),  p.  Devoted;  consecrated.  Milton. 

VO\V'EL,  n.  vocalis  ; voco,  to  call ; It  vocale ; 
Sp.  vocal-,  Fr.  voycllc.] 

1.  A free  and  uninterrupted  sound  of  the  hu- 
man voice.  The  vowels,  in  English,  are  a,  e,  i, 
o,  u ; also  w at  the  end  of  a syllable,  and  y ex- 
cept at  the  beginning  of  a syllable. 


erture  of  the  lips  and  the  internal  cavity  of  the  mouth,  which 
is  altered  by  the  ditferent  elevations  of  the  tongue.  Wheatstone. 

We  should  of  course  expect  the  vowels  to  exhibit  a still 
more  liquid  or  fluent  character  [than  consonants].  Such  we 
find  to  he  the  fact;  so  that  vowels  can  guide  us  hut  a very 
short  distance  in  etymological  pursuits;  and,  in  n general 
view,  they  are  entirely  neglected,  as  unimportant,  or  at  least 
unessential,  elements.  l)r.  D.  li.  Goodwin. 

2.  A letter  or  character  which  represents  a 
free  and  uninterrupted  sound  of  the  human 
voice.  Sir  J.  Stoddart. 

VoW'flL,  a.  Belonging  to,  or  partaking  of  the 
nature  of,  a vowel,  or  vowels. 

The  60und  of  the  voice  is  generated  at  the  glottis;  and, 
. . . whenever  that  sound  passes  on  freely  and  without  inter- 
ruption throughout  the  vocal  tube,  the  modification  of  it  pro- 
duced by  the  articulating  organs  is  a rowel  articulation;  and, 
whenever  it  is  impeded  by  a collision  of  those  organs,  it  is 
then,  and  then  only,  a consonantul  articulation.  Stoddart. 

VoyA'EL-Ish,  a.  Partaking  of  the  nature  of  a 
vowel  ; resembling  a vowel.  B.  Jonson. 

VOtV'EL-IljM,?!.  Use  of  vowels,  [r.]  Blackivood. 

VovV'JJLLED  (viiu'eld),  a.  Furnished  with  vow- 
els. “ \Y cW-r owellcd  words.”  Dryden. 

VOW'IJR,  n.  One  who  makes  a vow.  Sanderson. 

VoW'—F  EL-LOW,  n.  One  bound  by  the  same 
vow  with  another,  [r.]  Shak. 

VOX,  n.  [L.]  A voice  ; the  voice. 

VOX  POP'U-Li.  [L.]  The  voice  of  the  people. 

VOY'AtjJE  (vbl'sj),  n.  [Fr.  voyage,  from  L.  via, 
a way,  and  ago,  to  pursue.] 

1.  Formerly,  a passage,  journey,  or  travel  by 
sea  or  by  land  ; — now  applied  only  to  a journey 
or  travel  by  sea,  or  the  passage  of  a vessel  upon 
the  seas,  either  from  one  port  to  another,  or  to 
several  ports. 

Guyon  forward  gan  his  voyage  make, 

With  his  black  palmer,  that  him  guided  still.  Spenser. 

Our  ships  wait  sundry  voyages.  Bacon. 

2.  f Course;  attempt.  [Low.]  Shak. 

3.  f The  practice  of  travelling.  . Bacon. 

Syn.  — See  Journey. 

VOY'A(tE  (vbl'nj),  v.  n.  [Fr.  voyager.]  [i.  voy- 
aged ; pp.  voyaging,  voyaged.]  To  take  a 
voyage  ; to  travel  by  sea.  Pope. 

VOY'Ai-JE,  v.  a.  To  travel ; to  pass  over,  [r.]  ' 

With  what  pain  [I  have] 

Voyaged  the  unreal,  vast,  unbounded  deep 
Of  horrible  confusion.  Milton. 

VOY'A^E-A-BLE,  a.  That  maybe  sailed  or  trav- 
elled over ; navigable.  Seager. 

VOY'A-^ER,  n.  [ Vv.royageur .]  One  who  makes 
a voyage  or  travels  by  sea.  Pope. 

VOYAGEUR  (vw&'yj-zliiir'),  n.  [Fr.]  A travel- 
ler by  land  or  water:  — a Canadian  river-boat- 
man. IF.  Irving. 

VbY'A<?-JNG,»l.  Act  of  making  a voyage.  Ec.Ilev. 

VOY'AL,  n.  (Naut.)  A large  messenger  some- 
times used  in  weighing  an  anchor  by  a capstan  : 
— also  the  block  through  which  the  messenger 
passes.  — Written  also  viol.  Dana. 

VUG,  or  VUGH,  n.  (Min.)  A natural  cavity  in  a 
lode;  — called  also  vogle.  Ansted. 

VUL'CAN,  n.  [L.  Vulcanus.]  (Roman  Myth.) 

The  god  of  fire.  Wm.  Smith. 

VUL-CA'NI-AN,  a.  [L.  Vulcanius .] 

1.  Relating  to  Vulcan.  Andrews. 

2.  Relating  to  the  Vulcanists,  or  to  their 
theory  of  the  earth  ; Vulcanio.  Cleaveland. 

Vulcanian  theory,  ( Geol.)  a theory  which  supposes 
the  earth  to  have  been  in  a state  of  igneous  fusion,  to 
have  gradually  cooled,  and  subsequently  to  have  be- 
come covered  with  a solid  crust.  It  also  supposes  the 
land  to  have  been  elevated  by  an  internal  force,  the 
irregularities  of  its  surface  to  have  been  produced  by 
volcanic  eruptions,  and  the  transported  soils  to  have 
been  formed  by  the  disintegration  of  the  higher 
grounds.  Ency.  Amer. 

VUL-gAN'IC,  a.  [L.  Vulcanus,  the  god  of  fire.] 
Relating  to  Vulcan  ; Vulcanian. 

VBL'CAN-IsT,  n.  One  who  holds  to  the  Vulca- 
nian theory  of  the  earth,  or  that  the  present 
form  of  the  earth  has  been  produced  by  the  ac- 
tion of  fire.  Ch.  Ob. 

VUL-CAN-I-ZA'TION,  n.  A process,  discovered  by 
C.  Goodyear  of  New  York,  of  effecting  a combi- 
nation of  caoutchouc,  or  Indian  rubber,  and  sul- 
phur, and  of  thus  imparting  to  the  former  sub- 
stance new  properties  by  which  it  becomes  ap- 
plicable to  many  useful  purposes.  1 Vood  8$  Bache. 


The  vowels  are  formed  by  the  voice,  modified,  but  not  in- 
terrupted by  the  various  positions  of  the  tongue  and  lips. 
Their  differences  depend  on  the  proportions  between  the  ap- 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  rCtLE.  — 9,  (?,  I.  soft  i e.  £>  I.  hard  j § as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


VULCANIZE 


1640 


WADE 


VUL'CAN-IZE,  v.  a.  To  subject  to  the  process  of 
vulcanization,  as  caoutchouc.  Miller. 

Vulcanized  Indian  rubber  appears  to  consist  of  tiio 
clastic  gum  with  two  or  three  per  cent,  of  its  weight 
of  sulphur.  One  of  the  most  useful  modes  of  effecting 
the  combination  is  to  dissolve  the  caoutchouc  in  tur- 
pentine in  which  the  proper  proportion  of  sulphur  had 
been  previously  dissolved  ; on  allowing  the  solvent  to 
evaporate,  the  mixture  of  caoutchouc  and  sulphur  may- 
be moulded  into  the  form  of  the  article  required.  It 
is  only  on  the  application  of  a heat  ranging  from  270  -• 
to  HOIP  F.  that  the  peculiar  properties  of  the  sulphur- 
ized compound  are  developed.  Miller. 

t vul-cA'JVO,  n.  [It.]  Volcano.  Arbuthnot. 

VUL'GAR,  a.  [L.  vulgaris',  vulgus,  a crowd,  the 
multitude;  volvo,  volutus,  to  roll,  to  form  by 
rolling  together  ; It.  vulgarc,  volgare  ; Sp.  vul- 
gar ; Fr.  vulgaire.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  multitude  or  common 
people  ; suiting  to,  or  practised  among,  the  com- 
mon people ; plebeian.  “ Vulgar  life.”  Addison. 

2.  General ; common ; ordinary.  Richardson. 

3.  Vernacular  ; national,  [k.] 

To  write  in  our  vulgar  language.  Fell. 

4.  Mean;  low;  idle;  being  of  the  common 
rate;  common-place;  gross;  coarse.  "Vulgar 
minds.”  South.  “ No  vulgar  man.”  Broome. 

5.  Public  ; c'ommonly  bruited,  [n.]  Shah. 

6.  Consisting  of  common  persons  ; of  the 
multitude  or  many.  “ The  vulgar  people.”  Udal. 

Vulgar  fractions,  (Arith.)  See  Fraction,  No.  3. 

Syn.  — See  Common,  Ordinary. 

VUL'GAR,  n.  [Fr.  v ulgaire.]  The  common  peo- 
ple ; the  multitude  ; the  many.  Shah. 

VUL'GAR-I§M,  n.  1.  Grossness;  coarseness; 
meanness  ; vulgarity,  [r.]  Reynolds. 

2.  Vulgar  idiom  or  phrase  ; barbarism. 

All  violations  of  grammar,  and  all  vulgarisms,  solecisms, 
and  barbarisms  in  the  conversation  of  boys.  Knox. 

VUL-GAR'I-T  Y,  n.  1.  The  state  or  the  quality  of 
being  vulgar  ; state  of  the  common  or  lowest 
class  of  people.  Browne. 

2.  Mean  conduct;  grossness;  coarseness; 
meanness.  “ Vulgarity  of  expression.”  Dryden. 

VUL'GAR-IZE,  V.  a.  [i.  VULGARIZED  ; pp.  VUL- 
GARIZING, vulgarized.]  To  render  vulgar. 
Sometimes  a . . . word  will  vulgarize  a poetical  idea.^-frwf/tnot. 


VUL'GAR-Ly,  ad.  1.  Commonly;  usually;  gen- 
erally ; among  the  common  people. 

Such  an  one  we  call  vulgarly  a desperate  person.  Hammond . 

2.  Meanly  ; coarsely  ; grossly  ; vilely. 

VUL'G  AR-NESS,  n.  Vulgarity,  [it.]  Booth. 

VUL'GATE,  n.  [L.  vulgatus,  common.]  (Reel, 
llist.)  An  ancient  Latin  translation  of  the  Bi- 
ble, made  chiefly  by  St.  Jerome,  being  the  only 
one  which  the  church  of  Rome  acknowledges  to 
be  authentic.  Hook. 

VUL'GATE,  a.  Relating  to  the  Vulgate.  Black. 

VUL-NpR- A-BI  I/I-TY,  n.  The  state  or  the  qual- 
ity of  being  vulnerable.  More. 

VU  L'N  ER-A-BI.E,  a.  [L.  vulnerctbilis,  wounding  ; 
vulnus,  a wound  ; It.  vulnerabile,  vulnerable  ; 
Sp.  vulnerable ; Fr.  vulnerable.']  That  may  be 
xvounded  ; liable  to  injury. 

Let  fall  thy  blade  on  vulnerable  crests.  Shale. 

VUL'NER-  A-BLE-NESS,  n . The  state  or  the  qual- 
ity of  being  vulnerable.  Ash . 

VUI/NfR-A-RY,  a.  [L.  vulnerarius ; It.  &;  Sp. 
vulnerario  ; Fr.  vulneraire.]  Pertaining  to 
M-ounds  ; useful  in  healing  u-ounds  or  external 
injuries.  “ Vulnerary  plasters.”  Browne. 

VUL'NER- A-RY,  n.  Any  thing  used  in  healing 
wounds.  “ A balsamic  vulnerary.”  Knox. 

f VUL'NER-ATE,  v.  a.  [L.  vulnero,  vulneratus.] 
To  wound;  to  hurt ; to  injure.  Glanvill. 

fVUL-NER-A'TION,  n.  [L.  vulneratio J The 
act  of  wounding  ; injury.  Pearson, 

VUL-NER-OSE',  a.  Full  of  wounds  ; having 
wounds ; wounded.  Maunder. 

VUL-NIF'IC,  a.  [L.  vulnificus  ; vulnus,  a xvound, 
and  facio,  to  make.]  Causing  M-ounds  ; u-ound- 
making ; wound-inflicting,  [it.]  Maunder. 

VOL'PJNE  [vul'pjn,  P.  J.  F.  Sm. ; vul'pln,  S.  E. 
Ja.  K. ; vul'pln  or  vul'pln,  IV.],  a.  [L . vulpi- 
nus ; vulpes,  a fox.]  Belonging  to  a fox  ; like  a 
fox;  cunning;  crafty."  Vulpine  craft.”  Feltham. 

VUL'PIN-lTE,  n.  (Min.)  A silicious  variety  of 
anhydrite  containing  eight  per  cent,  of  silica. 


Kfp  Vulpinite,  from  Vulpino,  in  Italy,  admits  of 
being  cut  and  polished  for  ornamental  purposes. Liana. 

VOLT'URE  (vult'yur),  n.  [L.  vidtur.] 

( Ornitli .)  A diurnal  accipitrinebird, 
characterized  by  an  elongated  beak, 
curved  only  at  the  extremity, 
and  by  having  some  part  of 
the  head,  and  sometimes  of 
the  neck,  denuded  of 
feathers.  Brande. 

H®-In  general  vult- 
ures are  of  a cowardly 
nature ; they  feed  on 
dead  carcasses  and  of- 
fal. The  king  culture 
(Sarcoramphus  Papa), 
is  a large  species,  and  King  vulture 

is  a native  of  the  cen-  (.Sarcoramphus  Papa'). 
tral  parts  of  America,  though  it  is  occasionally  seen 
as  far  to  the  north  as  Florida,  and  to  the  south,  as 
Paraguay.  It  soars  to  a great  height,  and  is  said  to  he 
extremely  patient  of  hunger.  Baird. 

VUL-TUR'I-DAI,  n.  pi.  [L.  ri Mur,  a vulture.] 
( Omith .)  A family  of  birds  belonging  to  the 
order  Accipitres,  and  including  the  sub-families 
Gypcetinte,  Sareoramphince,  Vuliurinte,  and  Gy- 
phieracinee ; vultures.  Gray. 

VtjLT-U-Rl'  MJE,  n. 
pi.  (Omith.)  A sub- 
family of  birds  be- 
longing to  the  order 
Accipitres  and  family 
Vulturidw,  vultures. 

Gray. 

VULT'U-RINE  (vult'- 
yu-rln,  19)  [vult'u-rln,  Vultur  cincreus- 

P.  Ii.  Sm. ; vul'chu-rln,  S.  IV.],  a.  [L.  rultu- 
rinus.]  Belonging  to,  or  resembling,  a vulture  ; 
vulturish  ; rapacious  ; ravenous.  Johnson. 

VULT'UR-ISH,  a.  Relating  to,  or  like,  a vulture  ; 
vulturine  ; rapacious.  Ed.  Rev. 

VULT'UR-OUS,  a.  Vulturine.  [r.]  Hammond. 

VflL'VI-FORM,  a.  [L.  vulva,  volva,  a wrapper, 
and  forma,  a form.]  (Bot.)  Resembling  a cleft 
witli  projecting  edges.  Loudon. 

VY'ING,  p.,  from  vie . — See  Vie. 


Wa  letter  found  only  in  the  alphabets  of 
1 modern  languages,  is  the  tu-enty-third  let- 
ter of  the  English  alphabet.  It  partakes  of  the 
nature  of  a vou-el  and  of  a consonant.  It  is  a 
consonant  at  the  beginning  of  words  and  sylla- 
bles ; in  other  situations  it  is  a vowel,  being  but 
another  form  of  u.  In  English  it  is  scarcely 
used  as  a vowel,  except  when  united  to  another 
vowel,  as  in  new,  now,  &c. ; though  in  Welsh, 
the  w is  used  alone,  as  in  ewm  (kom),  being 
equivalent  to  u or  oo. 

lKg=-“In  form  it  resembles  two  V’s-,  and  its  Eng- 
lish name  is  derived  from  the  fact  of  the  letter  v being 
identical  with  u in  the  Latin,  and  in  the  more  early 
form  of  the  English,  language.”  Brande. 

Tiie  semi-vowels  [as  y and  w]  may  be  described 
as  a sort  of  fulcrum  or  pivot  of  articulation  in  passing 
from  the  English  e (or  i short)  to  any  closely  subjoined 
vowel  sound,  in  the  case  of  y ; and  from  u or  oo  to  any 
such  vowel  sound,  in  tile  case  of  w.  Tims,  in  yarn,  wit, 
we  may  give  first  the  full  sounds  cc’-arn,  oo’-it,  where, 
between  the  initial  vowel  sound,  ee,  oo,  and  the  fol- 
lowing vowel  sounds,  the  organs  pass  through  a cer- 
tain momentary  but  definite  position,  which  gives 
the  character  of  a consonant  sound,  and  which  M-e 
have  denominated  a fulcrum  or  pivot.  If  now  the 
vowel  part,  the  ee  or  oo  sound  be  reduced  to  a mini- 
mum, and  we  begin  immediately  upon  this  pivot  or 
fulcrum,  and  pronounce  yard,  wit,  we  shall  have  the 
y and  w representing  sounds  of  a proper  consonant 
character.  Dr.  D.  R.  Goodwin. 

WAB'BLE  (wob'bl),  v.  n.  [Ger.  wirbeln,  to  whirl. 
— See  Warble.]  [i.  wabbled;  pp.  wab- 
bling, wabbled.]  To  incline  to  one  side  and 
to  the  other  alternately,  as  a wheel  or  other 
revolving  body  ; to  u-addle.  Moxon. 


WAB'BLE  (u-Bb'bl),  n.  A hobbling,  unequal  mo- 
tion, as  of  a wheel.  Francis. 

WAB'BLING  (wob'bljng),  n.  Motion  from  side  to 
side,  as  of  a revolving  body.  Bartlett. 

WACKE  (w&k'e  or  wak)  [w&k'e,  Sm.  C.  Cl.  Wb.  ; 
wak,  K.\,  n.  [Ger.]  (Min.)  A rock  nearly  al- 
lied to  basalt,  of  which  it  may  be  regarded  as  a 
soft  and  earthy  variety.  Lyell. 

Sfip  Wackc  lias  been  used  in  other  senses  and  rather 
indefinitely.  Ansted. 

WAD  (wod),  n.  [Dut.  Ger.  watte-,  Dan.  vat-, 
Sw.  vadd.] 

1.  A mass  of  tow,  hay,  or  other  loose  sub- 
stance, wound  or  pressed  together.  Johnson. 

2.  A heap  or  tuft,  as  of  pease.  Loudon. 

3.  ( Gunnery.)  A mass  or  ball  of  hay,  paper, 
tow,  or  other  loose  substance  rammed  into  a 
gun  after  the  powder,  to  keep  it  close  in  the 
chamber,  and  prevent  it  from  being  scattered 
when  the  discharge  takes  place.  Stocquelcr. 

4.  (Min.)  A name  applied  to  manganese  ores 

occurring  in  amorphous  and  reniform  masses, 
either  earthy  or  compact,  and  sometimes  in- 
crusting  or  forming  stains.  They  arc  mixtures 
of  different  oxides,  not  chemical  compounds 
nor  distinct  mineral  species.  Dana. 

StS”  The  principal  varieties  of  wad  are  bog  manga- 
nese, which  consists  mainly  of  oxides  of  manganese 
and  water  ; cupreous  manganese,  which  contains, 
besides  hydrous  oxides  of  manganese,  black  oxide  of 
copper  and  oxide  of  cobalt,  with  various  impurities  ; 
and  earthy  cohalt,  in  which  oxide  of  cobalt  sometimes 
amounts  to  thirty-three  per  cent.  Dana. 

5.  [A.  S.  wad.]  fWoad.  Holinshed. 


WAD  (w5d),  v.  a.  \i.  avadded;  pp.  wadding, 
wadded.]  To  form  into,  or  stuff  with,  a n-ad. 

WADO  (wod),  n.  (Min.)  See  Wad,  No. 4.  Brande. 

WAD'DpD  (wSd'ded),  p.  a.  1.  Formed  into  a Mad. 

2.  Stuffed  with  wadding,  as  a garment.  Smart. 

WAD'DING  (wod'ding),  n.  1.  A wad,  or  materi- 
al for  wads,  as  for  a gun.  Brande. 

2.  Sheets  of  cotton,  or  a kind  of  soft  stuff  of 
loose  texture,  for  stuffing  garments,  &c.  Cowper. 

WAD'DLE  (woil'dl),  v.  n.  [From Dut.  waggelen,  to 
stagger,  to  waddle.  Johnson.  — From  Ger.  we- 
deln,  to  wag  the  tail.  Jamieson.  — A frequenta- 
tive of  wade.  Lye.  — Scot,  widdill,  to  waddle.] 
To  move  from  side  to  side,  in  walking,  as  a 
duck  or  a fat  person  ; to  xvabble  ; to  tottle. 

As  when  a (lab-chick  waddles  through  the  copse.  Pope. 
She  drawls  her  words,  and  waddles  in  her  pace.  Young. 

WAD'DLE  (wod'dl),  v.  a.  To  prostrate  or  tread 
down  by  waddling,  as  grass.  Drayton. 

WAD'DLf.R  (wod'dler),  n.  One  who  waddles. 

WAD'DLING-LY  (wod'dljng-Ie),  ad.  With  a Mid- 
dling gait.  Clarke. 

WADE,  v.  n.  [A.  S . wadan;  Frs.  wada;  Dut. 
waden ; Ger.  waten ; Dan.  fade ; Sw.  A Icel. 
rada.  — Gr.  f)aiuio  ; L.  vado  ; It.  guadar  ; Sp.  <Sf 
Port,  vadear ; Fr.  gueer .]  [i.  waded  ; pp. 

wading,  waded.] 

1.  t To  go  ; to  proceed.  Turberrille. 

2.  To  walk  through  u-ater,  or  any  yielding 
substance,  as  snow,  high  grass,  &c. 

Learn  to  swim,  and  not  to  wade.  J Yotton. 

Fowls  that  frequent  waters,  and  only  wtule,  have  os  well 
long  legs  as  long  necks.  More. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure  ; FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; IIEIR,  IIER; 


WADE 


1641 


WAGTAIL 


3.  To  move  or  pass  slowly  and  laboriously. 

I have  waded  through  the  whole  cause,  searching  the 
truth  by  the  causes  of  truth.  Hooker, 

The  king’s  admirable  conduct  has  waded  through  all  these 
dilhculties.  Davcnant. 

WADE,  v.  a.  To  pass  through  or  over  by  wading. 

WAD'pR,  n.  1.  One  who,  or  that  which,  wades. 

2.  ( Ornith .)  A wading-bird.  Brande. 

WAD'— HOOK  (wod'huk),  n.  (Gunnery.)  A rod 

with  an  iron  screw  at  one  end,  for  drawing  wads 
from  guns.  Stocqueler. 

WAD'ING,  p.  a.  That  wades  ; walking  in  the 
water,  or  other  yielding  substance. 

WAD'ING— BIRD,  n.  (Ornith.)  The  common  name 
of  birds  of  the  order  Grallve,  which  wade  in  the 
water  for  their  food;  a wader.  Eng.  Cyc. 

WAD'MAAL  (wod'mal),  n.  [Icel.  vadmaal .]  A 
kind  of  woollen  cloth  manufactured  and  worn 
in  the  Orkneys  and  in  Shetland  ; — also  written 
vadmell.  Jamieson. 

WAD'SETT  (wod'set),  n.  [Scot.  ; wad,  a pledge, 
from  A.  S.  iced.] 

1.  ( Scotch  Law.)  A right  by  which  goods  are 

pledged  for  the  recovery  of  a debt;  a mortgage  ; 
— written  also  wadset.  Brande. 

2.  Any  pledge.  [Scotland.]  Jamieson. 

WAD'SET-TgR  (wod'set-ter),  n.  ( Scotch  Law.)  A 

creditor  to  whom  a wadsett  or  mortgage  is  grant- 
ed ; a mortgagee.  Burrill. 

WA'DY,  n.  The  channel  of  a watercourse,  which 
is  dry  except  in  the  rainy  season.  [Local.]  I Vr. 

WA'FIJR,  n.  [Dut.  wafel ; Ger.  wajfel;  Dan.  vaf- 
fel ; Sw.  vaffta.  — Fr.  gaufre,  a waille.] 

1.  A thin  cake.  “ Wafers  . . . hot.”  Chaucer. 

2.  The  bread  used  in  the  Eucharist  by  the 

Roman  Catholics.  Bp.  Hall. 

3.  A thin  leaf  of  paste  used  for  sealing  letters, 

and  for  making  official  impressions  on  at  the 
foot  of  documents.  Johnson. 

WA'FpR,  V.  a.  [i.  WATERED  ; pp.  WAFERING, 
wafered.]  To  seal  or  close  with  a wafer.  Sm. 

WAF'FLE  (wof'fl),  n.  [Dut.  wafel.  — See  Wa- 
fer..] A light,  thin  cake  baked  in  a closed,  iron 
utensil  on  coals.  P.  Cyc. 

WAF'FLE— IR-ON  (vvof'fl-I-urn),  n.  A covered 

iron  utensil  for  baking  waiiles  in.  Knowles. 

WAFT  [waft,  S.  IF.  F.  Ja.  Sm.  R. ; waft,  P.  J.  K.~], 
v.  a.  [From  wave.]  \i.  wafted  ; pp.  wafting, 
WAFTED  ( — t WAFT.  Shah).] 

1.  To  move  or  cause  to  move  by  a waving 
motion  ; to  bear  or  convey  through  a buoyant 
medium,  as  through  the  air,  or  on  the  water. 

Thence  wafted  with  a merry  gale,  Drayton. . 

Speed  the  soft  intercourse  from  soul  to  soul, 

And  waft  a sigh  from  Indus  to  the  pole.  Pope. 

Waft , waft , ye  winds,  his  story.  Heber. 

2.  To  buoy  ; to  cause  to  float,  [n.] 

Their  lungs  being  able  to  waft  up  their  bodies.  Browne. 

3.  To  beckon,  as  with  the  hand  ; to  make  a 

waving  motion  as  a sign  or  notice.  Shah. 

A flag  wafting  us  back  again.  Ilackluyt. 

Mr.  Sheridan,  Dr.  Kenrick,  and  Mr.  Scott 
pronounce  the  a in  this  word  as  I have  marked  it; 
Mr.  Perry  adopts  the  a in  father ; and,  though  Mr. 
Smith  thinks  this  the  true  sound,  lie  confesses  the  short 
a is  daily  gaining  ground  ; but  W.  Johnston  makes 
waft  rhyme  with  soft Walker, 

WAFT,  v.  n.  To  move  or  go  with  a waving  mo- 
tion, as  through  the  air  ; to  float. 

The  shouts  waft  near  the  citadel.  Dry  den. 

Satan,  with  less  toil,  and  now  with  ease, 

Wafts  on  the  calmer  wave.  Hilton. 

WAFT,  n.  1.  A sweep,  as  of  the  wind.  Thomson. 

2.  Waving  motion  of  a flag  or  streamer,  serv- 
ing as  a signal.  Johnson. 

3.  f A flavor.  Old  Play. 

wAFT'A<?E,  n.  Passage  or  conveyance,  as  through 

the  air,  or  on  the  water. 

Like  a strange  soul  upon  the  Stygian  banks 
Staying  for  waftage.  Shah. 

wAft'ER,  n.  1.  One  who  wafts.  Beau.  If  FI. 

2.  A boat  for  passage.  Ainsworth. 

WAFT'URE  (wAft'yur),  n.  The  act  of  waving,  as 
for  a signal ; waving  motion.  Sliak. 

WAG,  v.  a.  [M.  Gotli.  wagan,  gawaggan ; A.  S. 
wagian ; Dut.  If  Ger.  heweqen ; Dan.  hcrccge  ; 
Sw.  vagga,  to  rock.  — Visibly  allied  to  the  Gr. 
nyut  (L.  ago),  to  lead.  Bosworth.  — See  Way.] 
[*’.  WAGGED  ; pp.  WAGGING,  WAGGED.]  To 


move  lightly,  or  with  quick  turns,  from  side  to 
side,  or  to  and  fro  ; to  vibrate. 

You  may  as  well  forbid  the  mountain  pines 

To  wag  their  high  tops.  Shak. 

The  poor  cur  looked  up,  and  wagged  his  tail.  Tatler, 

WAg,  v.  ii.  1.  To  move  lightly,  or  with  quick 
turns,  from  side  to  side,  or  to  and  fro  ; to  swing. 

And  yet  the  resty  sieve  wagged  ne’er  the  more.  Dryden. 
I will  fight  with  him  upon  this  theme, 

Until  my  eyelids  will  no  longer  wag.  Shak. 

2.  To  go  away  ; to  pack  off.  [Vulgar.] 

I will  provoke  him  to ’t,  or  let  him  wag.  Shak. 

WAG,  n.  [From  A.  S.  weegan,  to  deceive,  to 
cheat.  Johnson. — From  wag,  verb.  Richardson.] 
One  ludicrously  mischievous:  — one  who  plays 
merry,  frolicsome  tricks;  a droll;  a joker  ; a 
witty  or  humorous  person;  a wit;  a humorist. 

You  have  a merry  meaning.  I have  found  you,  sir;  i’  faith, 
you  are  n tcag;  away  I Beau.  FI. 

A counsellor  never  pleaded  without  a piece  of  packthread 
in  his  hand,  which  he  used  to  twist  about  a linger  all  the 
while  he  was  speaking;  the  wags  used  to  call  it  the  thread  of 
his  discourse.  Addison. 

f WAtjfE,  n.  1.  Gage  ; pledge.  Spenser. 

2.  Hire  ; wages.  Drayton. 

WAtjlE,  v.  a.  [Dut.  Ger.  wagen,  to  stake,  to 
wage  ; Sw.  vaya.  — Fr.  gager,  to  wager,  to  bet. 
— Goth.  Sf  A.  S.  wiyan,  to  wage  war.]  [i. 
WAGED;  pp.  WAGING,  WAGED.] 

1.  To  bet ; to  stake  ; to  hazard  ; to  wager. 

And  holding  them  [wives  and  children  of  poor  tenants]  in 

such  slavery,  would  wage  them  against  a greyhound  or  span- 
iel; and  he  who  won  the  wager  should  ever  utter  hold  them 
as  his  proper  goods  and  chattels.  Ilackluyt. 

2.  To  attempt ; to  venture,  [r.] 

Wake  and  wage  a danger  profitless.  - Shak. 

3.  f To  put  or  set  to  hire. 

' Thon  . . . must  wage 

Thy  works  for  wealth,  and  life  for  gold  engage.  Spenser. 

4.  fTo  employ  for  wages  ; to  hire.  Davies. 

5.  To  engage  in,  as  by  previous  gage  or 
pledge  ; to  carry  on  ; to  undertake. 

The  sons  of  Greece  waged  war  at  Troy.  Chapman. 

The  wars  which  the  princes  of  the  world  wage  upon  one 
another.  Bp.  Horsley. 

6.  (Old  Eng.  Law.)  To  give  pledge  or  secu- 
rity for  the  performance  of.  Cowell. 

To  wage  battle,  ( Old  F.ng.  Law.)  to  give  gage  or  se- 
curity for  joining  in  the  duellum,  or  combat. — To 
wage  law,  to  give  gage  or  security  to  make  one’s  law. 
— See  Law.  , " Burrill. 

WA£E,  v.  ii.  To  engage;  to  bind  one’s  self  as 
surety  ; to  pledge  one’s  self.  Piers  Plouhman. 

WA'GIJL,  n.  (Ornith.)  The  great  black-backed 
gull ; Larus  marinus.  Yarrell. 

WA'9?R>  n-  1-  Something  laid  or  deposited  on 
a chance  or  performance  ; a bet ; a stake. 

Lay  a wager  you  and  I who  shall  be  there  soonest.  Berners. 

Full  fast  she  fled,  nor  ever  looked  behind, 

As  if  her  life  upon  the  wager  lay.  Spenser. 

2.  That  on  which  a bet  is  laid  or  made ; the 
subject  of  a bet.  Sidney. 

At  common  law,  a waper  is  considered  to  be  a 
legal  contract,  which  the  courts  are  bound  to  enforce, 
unless  it  be  on  a subject  which  is  illegal  or  contrary 
to  public  policy,  good  morals,  or  the  peace  of  society, 
or  which  affects  the  feelings  or  interests  of  third  per- 
sons. In  some  of  the  United  States,  as  in  Vermont 
and  Pennsylvania,  however,  no  action  on  any  wager 
or  bet  will  be  sustained.  Stomj.  Burrill . 

Wa&cr  of  battle , anciently,  the  giving  of  a gage  or 
pledge  to  try  a cause  by  battle  or  single  combat.  This 
gage  was  originally  an  actual  security  given  by  both 
parties  ; the  appellee  (in  proceedings  by  appeal)  giv- 
ing gage  to  defend  himself  by  his  body,  and  the  appel- 
lor giving  gage  to  make  good  his  charge  in  the  same 
manner.  In  writs  of  right,  and  other  cases  where 
the  combat  was  by  champions,  the  giving  of  gage  was 
expressed  by  the  mere  formality  of  the  tenant’s  cham- 
pion throwing  down  his  glove  or  gauntlet,  which  the 
defendant’s  champion  took  up. — JVaffcr  of  lam , ( Old 
Eny.  Practice.)  the  giving  of  gage  or  sureties  by  a de- 
fendant, in  an  action  of  debt,  that,  at  a certain  day 
assigned,  he  would  make  his  law  ; that  is,  would  take 
an  oath  in  open  court  that  he  did  not  own  his  debt, 
and  at  the  same  time  bring  with  him  eleven  neigh- 
bors, called  compurgators,  who  should  avow  upon 
their  oaths  that  they  believed  in  their  consciences  that 
he  said  the  truth.  Burrill. 

WA'tJrER,  v.  a.  [i.  WAGERED  ; pp.  WAGERING, 
wagered.]  To  lay  or  pledge  as  a wager  or 
bet ; to  bet ; to  stake.  Dry  den. 

He  that  will  lay  much  to  stake  upon  every  flying  story 
may  as  well  wager  his  estate  w’hich  way  the  wind  will  sit 
next  morning.  Gov.  of  the  Tongue. 

WA'ffpR,  v.  ii.  To  offer  a wager ; to  bet.  Shak. 

WA'££R-]5R,  n.  One  who  wagers.  Sivift. 


VVA'OER— PoL'I-CY,  n.  (Law  of  Insurance.)  A 
policy  without  any  real  interest  to  support  it,  be- 
ing, in  fact,  nothing  more  than  a wager  or  bet, 
as  whether  such  a voyage  would  be  performed, 
or  such  a ship  arrive  safe.  Burrill. 

DSP  Wager  policies  arc  now  generally  held  to  be  il- 
legal. Burrill. 

WA'<f^,n.pl.  Pay  for  services  ; hire;  salary. 

That  they  may  have  their  wages  duly  paid  them, 

And  something  over  to  remember  me.  Shak. 

I will  be  a swift  witness  . . . against  those  that  oppress  the 
hireling  in  his  wages.  Mat.  iii.  5. 

The  wages  of  sin  is  death;  but  tire  gift  of  God  is  eternal 
life,  through  Jesus  Christ  our  Lord.  Horn . vi.  23. 

DSP  In  ordinary  language,  the  term  wages  is  usually 
employed  to  designate  tile  sums  paid  to  persons  hired 
to  perform  manual  labor;  hut  substantially  and  in 
fact,  however,  the  salaries  of  public  functionaries,  and 
the  fees  of  lawyers,  physicians,  and  other  professional 
men,  are  as  really  wages  as  the  sums  paid  by  them  to 
the  menials  in  their  service.  Brande. 

Syn.  — See  Allowance. 

wAg'GF.R-Y,  n.  Mischievous  merriment ; pleas- 
antry ; drollery  ; sport ; roguery.  Locke. 

WAG'GjSII,  a.  Like  a wag  ; droll;  mischievous; 
merry  ; frolicsome  ; gamesome.  “ Waggish 
boys.”  Shak.  “ Lay  waggish  traps.”  Dryden. 

WAg'GISII-LY,  ad.  In  a waggish  manner  ; mis- 
chievously ; frolicsomely.  B.  Jonson. 

WAG'GJSH-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality  of 
being  waggish  ; merry  mischief ; mischievous 
sport ; drollery.  Bacon. 

WAG'GLE  (w&g'gl),  v.  n.  [Dut.  waggelen  ; Ger. 
wackeln.  — See  Waddle.]  [i.  waggled  ; pp. 
WAGGLING,  WAGGLED.]  To  move  from  side  to 
side  in  walking  ; to  waddle  ; to  wabble. 

Why  do  you  go  nodding  and  waggling  so,  as  if  hip-shot? 
says  the  goose  to  ncr  goslirg.  L' Estrange. 

WAG'NfR-lTE,  n.  (Min.)  A rare,  translucent, 
yellow  or  grayish  mineral,  found  in  Saltzburg, 
Austria,  consisting  chiefly  of  phosphoric  acid, 
magnesia,  fluorine,  and  magnesium.  Dana. 

WAG  ON,  t pyx,  Goth,  waghen  ; A.  S.  icccgcn, 

WAG'GON,  ) weegn;  Dut.  Sf  Ger.  wagen ; Dan. 
rogn  ; Sw.  vagn  ; Icel.  vagn.  — Ir.  Gael,  vaighin ; 
W.  gwain.  — Sansc.  wahana.]  A carriage  or 
vehicle  with  four  wheels.  Shak. 

Wagons  fraught  with  utensils  of  war.  Milton. 

ffip  The  English  dictionaries  are  divided  with  re- 
gard to  the  orthography  of  this  word.  Some  spell  it 
wagon;  but  a majority,  waggon.  Todd  remarks  that 
“ wagon  is  strictly  conformable  to  the  etymology,  but 
waggon  is  the  prevailing  form  ” ; and  Smart  says 
“ wagon  is  a disused  orthography.”  In  the  United 
States,  however,  wagon  is  perhaps  the  more  common 
of  the  two  forms. 

WAG'ON,  ti.  a.  To  carry  in  a wagon.  Clarke. 

WAG  ON-A^jrE,  ) Money  paid  for  carriage  in 

WAg'GON-A<JE,  ) a wagon.  Johnson. 

wAg'ON—  BOIL-£R,  ii.  A steam-boiler  with  a 
semicircular  top,  upright  ends  and  sides,  and  a 
flat  bottom;  — introduced  by  AVatt,  who  subse- 
quently improved  it  by  slightly  arching  the  sides 
inwards  and  the  bottom  upwards.  Tomlinson. 

WAG'ON-ER,  or  WAG'GON-JJR,  n.  1.  One  who 
drives  a wagon.  Shak. 

2.  A constellation  ; Charles’s  Wain.  Dryden. 

WAG-ON-ETTE',  n.  A wagon  to  carry  six  or 
eight  persons.  Simmonds. 

WAG'ON-FUL,  n.  As  much  as  a wagon  will 
hold.'  Clarke. 

wAg'ON-MAs'TIJR,  n.  An  officer  in  charge  of 
a baggage-train.  Simmonds. 

WAG'ON— SPOKE,  n.  A spoke  of  a ‘wheel  of  a 
wagon.  Shak. 

WAG 'ON- WRIGHT  (-vlt),  ii.  A maker  of  wagons. 

fWAG'ON-Y,  n.  Conveyance  or  transportation 
in  a wagon  or  in  wagons.  Milton. 

WAG'TAIL,  n.  (Ornith.)  The 
common  name  of  birds  of  the 
sub-family  MotacilUnm,  and  ge- 
nus Motacilla , allied  to  the 
robin,  the  nightin- 
gale, the  wren,  and 
the  bluebird  ; — so 
named  from  the  con- 
stant vibration  of 
the  tail  when  the  Wagtail, 

body  is  in  motion.  Eng.  Cyc. 

The  pied  wagtail  is  deservedly  admired  for  the  elegance 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 
206 


BULL,  BUR,  RtJLE.  — 9,  9,  g,  soft ; C,  IS,  2,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


WAHABEE 


1G42 


WAKEN 


of  its  form,  as  well  as  for  the  activity  anti  airy  lightness  ex- 
hibited in  all  its  actions.  Yarrell. 

WA-IIA'BpE,  ) n_  One  of  a Mussulman  sect, 

WA-HA'BY,  ) founded  about  the  year  1760,  by 
Abdel  I Fahab,  a Mahometan  reformer.  Brande. 

+ W A I D (wad),  a.  Crushed;  weighed.  Shak. 

WAIF  (waf),  n.  [Law  L.  waivium ; Law  Fr.  weif, 
wef. — See  Waive.] 

1.  {Eng.  Laic.)  Something  stolen,  and  waived 

or  thrown  away  by  the  thief  in  order  to  avoid 
apprehension.  Blackstone. 

2.  Any  thing  found  astray  without  an  owner  ; 

an  estray.  Johnson. 

f WAIFT,  n.  A waif.  Spenser. 

WAIL,  v.  a.  [L.  ejulo  ; It.  guajolare.  — W.  gwylo. 
— Goth,  wail,  a wailing.  — Probably  from  A.  S. 
gxjllan,  to  yell.  Richardson.]  [i.  wailed  ; pp. 
wailing,  wailed.]  To  bemoan;  to  lament; 
to  deplore  ; to  bewail ; to  grieve  audibly  for. 

No  more  her  absent  lord  she  ivails.  Pope. 

Wise  men  ne’er  wail  their  present  woes.  Shak. 

WAIL,  v.  n.  To  grieve  or  express  sorrow  audi- 
bly ; to  moan.  “ Weep  and  wail.”  Shak. 

WAIL(wal),  n.  Audible  expression  of  sorrow; 
loud  lamentation  ; wailing.  Thomson. 

f WAILED  (wild),  a.  [Goth,  waljan,  to  choose.] 
Chosen;  choice.  “ 1 Vailed  wine.”  Chaucer. 

f WAIL'pR-ESS,  n.  Afemale  who  wails.  Wickliffe. 

fWAIL'FUL,  a.  Sorrowful ; mournful.  Shak. 

WAIL'IN.G,  n.  Audible  expression  of  sorrow; 
loud  lamentation  ; moaning.  Spenser. 

WAIL'ING-LY,  ad.  Ina  wailing  manner;  with 
wailing;  mourningly  ; lamentingly.  Clarke. 

f wAlL'MpXT,  n.  Lamentation  ; wailing.  Ilacket. 

fWAI'MpT,  r.ti.  To  lament;  to  deplore  ; to  be- 
moan. — See  Wayment.  Chaucer. 

WAIN  (wan),  n.  [A.  S.  ween,  a wain,  a wagon.  — 
W.  gwain,  a carriage.  — See  Wagon.] 

1.  A wagon  ; a four-wheeled  vehicle.  Spenser. 

2.  ( Astron .)  A constellation  ; Charles’s  Wain  ; 

the  Wagoner.  Beau.  8$  FI. 

f WAIN'A-BLE,  a.  Tillable,  as  land;  that  may  be 
ploughed  or  manured.  Crabb. 

f WAIN'AIyE,  n.  {Ohl  Eng.  Law.)  The  team  and 
implements  of  husbandry  with  which  a villein 
performed  his  services.  Burrill. 

W A IN ’—BOTE,  n.  [A.  S.  ween,  a wain,  and  bote, 
a recompense.]  Timber  or  materials  for  re- 
pairing wains  or  wagons  ; cart-bote.  Clarke. 

WAIN’-ROPE,  n.  A large  cord  or-rope  for  bind- 
ing a load  on  a wain  or  wagon  ; a cart-rope.  Shak. 

||  WAIN'SCOT  [wen'skot,  S’.  J.  F.  S/n. ; wap'skot, 
E.  Ja.  C.  I Vb.  W.  Johnston-,  wen'skot  or  wan'- 
sltot,  IF.;  wen'skot  or  wln'skot,  A.],  n.  [Dut. 
wagensehot.]  {Arch.)  The  bounding  or  wooden 
lining  on  the  interior  surface  of  a wall.  Bacon. 

I have  given  the  common  sound  of  this  word, 
and  as  it  is  marked  by  Mr.  Sheridan,  Dr.  Kenrick, 
Mr.  Scott,  and  adopted  in  Steele’s  Grammar.  Mr. 
l’erry  pronounces  the  first  syllable  so  as  to  rhyme 
with  man  ; but  W.  Johnston,  who  pronounces  both 
this  word  and  waistcoat  regularly,  is,  in  my  opinion, 
the  most  correct.”  Walker. 

II  WAIN'SCOT,  V.  a.  [i.  WAINSCOTED  ; pp.  WAIN- 
SCOTING, WAINSCOTED.] 

1.  To  line  or  case  with  wainscot;  to  put  a 

wooden  lining  on.  Bacon. 

2.  To  lipe  with  any  material,  as  a room. 
“ Wainscoted  with  looking-glass.”  Addison. 

| WAIN'SCOT-ING,  n.  A wainscot,  or  materials 
for  making  a wainscot.  Burnet. 

WAIN'WRIGHT  (wan'rit),  n.  A maker  of  wains 
or  wagons  ; a wagon-wright.  Clarke. 

wAlR  (vvir),  n.  {Carp.)  A plank  six  feet  long 
and  one  foot  broad.  Bailey. 

WAIST  (wast),  n.  [Of  uncertain  etymology. — 
W . gwnsg ; givasgu,  to  squeeze,  to  press  or 
bind.  Johnson.  — From  waste,  being  the  small- 
er, wasting,  or  diminishing  part.  Richardson.] 

1.  The  narrowest  part  of  the  body  just  above 
the  hips; — often  used  of  the  part  extending 
from  the  armpits  to  just  above  the  hips.  Milton. 

2.  {Naut.)  That  part  of  the  upper  deck  be- 
tween the  quarter-deck  and  the  forecastle. Dana. 


WAIST'BAND  (wast'bjnd),  n.  1.  That  part  of 

breeches,  pantaloons,  drawers,  &c.,  which  en- 
circles the  waist.  Tatler. 

2.  A sash  worn  by  ladies.  Simmonds. 

WAIST'— CLuTII,  n.  1.  A cloth  or  wrapper  worn 
around  the  waist.  Simmonds. 

2.  {Naut.)  A covering  of  canvas  or  tarpaul- 
ing  for  a hammock,  stowed  on  the  gangways,  in 
the  waist.  Mar.  Diet. 

WAISTCOAT  (was'kot  or  wes'kot)  [wes'kot,  IF. 
J. ; wast'kot,  P.  ; wast'kot  or  wes'kot,  F. ; was'- 
kot or  wes'kut,  K.  ; wast'kot,  colloquially  wes'kot, 
Sot.],  n.  [waist  and  coat.]  An  inner  garment 
with  holes  for  the  arms,  and  extending  to  the 
waist;  a vest ; a jacket.  Browne. 

.flgy  “ This  word  has  fallen  into  the  general  con- 
traction observable  in  similar  compounds,  but,  in  my 
opinion,  not  so  irrecoverably  as  some  others  have 
done.  It  would  scarcely  sound  pedantic  if  both  parts 
of  the  word  were  pronounced  with  equal  distinct- 
ness.” Walker. 

Strait  waistcoat,  a strait  jacket. — See  Strait- 
WAISTCOAT. 

f WAIST-COAT-EER',  n.  A woman  wearing  a 
waistcoat,  or  thought  worthy  to  do  so.  Massinger. 

WAIST'ER,  n.  {Naut.)  A hand  or  seaman  sta- 
tioned in  the  waist  of  a man-of-war.  Dana. 

WAIT  (wat),  v.  n.  [It.  guatarc,  to  gaze,  to  watch, 
to  wait  for;  Fr.  guetter,  to  watch.  — Dut.  ivach- 
ten,  to  watch,  to  wait,  to  stay.]  [i.  waited  ; pp. 
waiting,  waited.]  To  stay,  as  in  expecta- 
tion;—to  delay;  to  tarry. 

All  the  days  of  my  appointed  time  will  I wait,  till  my 
change  come.  Job  xiv.  14. 

lie  never  suffered  any  body  to  tvait  that  came  to  speak 
with  him,  though  upon  a mere  visit.  Fell. 

Haste,  my  dear  father;  ’t  is  no  time  to  wait.  Dryden. 

To  wait  on  or  upon , to  pay  attendance  ; to  call  on 
or  visit.  “ One  morning,  waiting  on  him  at  Causharn.” 
Denham.  To  attend,  as  a servant ; to  perform  services 
for.  “As  his  slaves,  to  wait  on  you.”  Dryden.  To 
attend  to.  “ Wait  upon  him  with  whom  you  speak 
with  your  eye.”  Bacon.  To  follow  as  a consequence. 
“That  ruin  which  waits  on  such  a supine  temper.” 
Decay  of  Christian  Piety. 

WAIT,  v.  a.  1.  To  stay  or  remain  for  ; to  await. 

And  wait  with  longing  looks  their  promised  guide.  Dryden. 

2.  To  attend,  as  with  respect  or  submission. 

He  ehose  a thousand  horse,  the  flower  of  all 

His  warlike  troops,  to  wait  the  funeral.  Dryden. 

3.  To  attend  or  follow  as  a consequence. 

Such  doom 

Waits  luxury  and  lawless  care  of  gain.  Philos. 

Syn.  — See  Attend,  Await. 

WAIT,  n.  [Goth,  wahts , watches.] 

1.  Ambush.  “ To  lie  in  wait.”  Johnson. 

Why  sat’st  thou  like  an  enemy  in  waitl  Milton. 

2.  A watcher  ; a watchman.  Prompt.  Parv. 

3.  pi.  Itinerant  musicians  who  play  at  night; 

serenaders.  Beau  ft  FI. 

This  noun  [waits]  lias  no  singular  number,  and  for- 
merly signified  hautboys.  Busby. 

The  musicians  who  play  by  night  in  the  streets  at  Christ- 
mas are  still  called  the  waits.  Fares. 

WAITER,  n.  1.  One  who  waits;  an  attendant ; 
a servant  in  attendance,  particularly  in  a house 
of  entertainment.  Milton. 

The  waiters  remitted  their  complaisance,  and,  instead  of 
contending  to  light  me  up  stairs,  suffered  me  to  wait  for  some 
minutes  by  the  bar.  Rambler. 

2.  A tray  or  salver  such  as  is  used  in  waiting 
at  table.  Simmonds. 

Syn.  — See  Tray. 

WAIT'ING,  a.  That  waits  ; attending. 

WAIT'ING-LY,  ad.  By  waiting.  Clarke. 

WAIT'ING— MAID,  n.  A female  servant  attending 
a lady;  a waiting-woman.  Cowley. 

WAIT'ING— WOM-AN  (-wum-?n),  n.  A woman 
who  attends ; a waiting-maid.  Sivift. 

WAIT'RIJSS,  n.  A female  who  waits  or  attends  ; 
a female  waiter  ; a waiting  maid.  Observer. 

WAIVE  (wav),  v.  a.  [Old  Fr.  f/uesver.]  [i. 
WAIVED  ; pp.  WAIVING,  WAIVED.] 

1.  To  relinquish;  to  forego  ; to  put  off. 

Pitt  long'consented  to  waive  his  just  claims.  iV.  Brit.  Rev. 

2.  (Late.)  Tn  throw  away,  as  a thief  does,  in 
his  flight,  goods  which  he  has  stolen; — to  re- 
linquish voluntarily,  as  a right;  — formerly,  in 
English  law,  to  forsake  ; to  desert;  to  abandon. 


“ A man  was  said  to  waive  the  company  of 
thieves.”  ' Burrill. 

>6®*  The  term  was  applied  to  a woman,  in  the  same 
sense  as  outlaw  to  a man.  A woman  could  not  be  out- 
lawed, in  the  proper  sense  of  the  word,  because,  ac- 
cording to  Bracton,  she  was  never  in  law,  that  is,  in  a 
frankpledge  or  decennary  ; hut  she  might  be  waived, 
and  held  as  abandoned.  Burrill. 

WAIVE,  n.  {Law.)  A woman  put  out  of  the  pro- 
tection of  the  law  ; a female  outlaw.  Whishaw. 

WAIVED  (wavd),  p.  a.  1.  Relinquished. 

2.  {Law.)  Forsaken  by  the  law; — applied 
especially  to  a woman.  — See  Waive.  Crabb. 

wAlV'f.R,  n.  {Law.)  Relinquishment,  or  refu- 
sal to  accept,  of  a right  or  advantage.  Whishaw. 

WAIV'URE,  n.  The  act  of  waiving,  [it.]  Peel. 

WAl'WODE,  n.  See  Vaivode. 

WAKE,  v.  n.  [M.  Goth,  waken  ; A.  S.  wcecan, 
aiceecan,  wacian  ; Dut.  u-aken,  wekken  ; Ger.  wa- 
chen  ; Dan.  v aagne,  rtekke  ; Sw.  vakna,  riicka.] 
[*.  WAKED  ; pp.  WAKING,  WAKED.] 

1.  To  be  awake  ; not  to  sleep ; to  waken. Locke. 

Praying  still  did  wake , and  waking  did  lament.  Spenser. 

Millions  of  spiritual  creatures  walk  the  earth 

Unseen,  botli  when  we  ivake , and  when  we  sleep,  Milton. 

2.  To  be  roused  from  sleep  ; to  be  awakened  ; 

to  awake.  “ Whereat  I waked.''  Milton. 

3.  To  sit  up  in  festivity ; to  feast  or  carouse 
late  at  night ; to  revel. 

The  king  doth  wake  to-night,  and  takes  his  rouse.  Shak. 

4.  To  be  alive;  to  be  put  in  action  or  motion. 

Gentle  airs  to  fan  the  earth  now  waked.  Milton. 


WAKE,  v.  a.  1.  To  rouse  from  sleep;  to  awake; 
to  waken  ; to  awaken.  Shak. 

The  angel  that  talked  with  me  came  again  and  waked  me, 
as  a man  that  is  wukened.  Zech.  iv.  I. 


2.  To  arouse;  to  excite;  to  put  in  action  or 
motion.  “ Wake  up  the  mighty  men.”  Joel  iii.9. 
To  wake  the  soul  by  tender  strokes  of  art.  1‘rol.  to  Cato. 


3.  To  bring  or  restore  to  life  again,  as  from 
the  sleep  of  death;  to  revive;  to  reanimate. 

The  second  life 

Waked  in  the  renovation  of  the  just.  Milton. 

4.  To  watch  or  attend  in  the  night,  as  a 

corpse.  Callender. 


WAKE,  n.  1.  fThe  act  of  waking ; waking. 
“ ’Twixt  sleep  and  wake.”  Old  Song. 

2.  State  of  forbearing  sleep  ; vigil ; nightly 

festival.  “ Merry  .wakes.”  Milton. 

3.  A parish  festival  held  at  the  dedication  of 

a church,  and  on  the  anniversary  of  its  dedi- 
cation ; — so  called  because  originally  held  at 
night.  C.  Richardson. 

4.  The  watching  or  the  sitting  up  of  persons 
during  the  night  with  a corpse.  [Ireland.] 

5.  The  track  left  by  a vessel  in  passing 

through  the  water.  Mar.  Diet. 

To  be  in  the  wake  of,  (Naut.)  to  be  directly  astern  of, 
as  a vessel.  Brande. 


WAKE'FUL,  a.  1.  Being  awake ; awake ; not 
sleeping,  or  not  disposed  to  sleep  ; sleepless. 

Dissembling  sleep,  but  wakeful  with  the  flight.  Dryden. 

2.  Vigilant;  watchful;  observant.  Spenser. 

Syn.  — Wakefulness  relates  to  the  body  ; watchful- 
ness and  vigilance  to  the  mind  or  will.  A person  may 
be  wakeful  without  being  watchful  or  vigilant ; but  lie 
cannot  be  watchful  without  being  wakeful.  A person 
may  be  wakeful  when  lie  would  wish  to  be  asleep. 
Wakeful  habit  ; watchful  against  danger;  vigilant  in 
the  performance  of  dury. 

WAKE'FUTj-LY,  ad.  In  a wakeful  manner;  with 
wakefulness.  Johnson. 

WAKE'FUL-NESS,  n.  1.  The  state  of  being  wake- 
ful ; indisposition  or  inability  to  sleep.  More. 

2.  Want  of  sleep;  sleeplessness.  * Bacon. 

WAKE'MAN,  n.  The  chief  magistrate  nf  the 
town  of  Rippon,  in  England.  Whishaw. 

WAK'EN  (wa'kn),  V.  n.  [i.  WAKENED  ; fp.  WAK- 
ENING, WAKENED.] 

1.  To  be  roused  from  sleep  ; to  awake. 

Early  Turnus  wakening  with  the  light.  Dryden. 

2.  To  watch  ; to  be  or  continue  sleepless. 

The  eyes  of  heaven,  that  nightly  waken 

To  view  the  wonders  of  the  glorious  Maker.  Beau,  k kl. 

WAK'EN  (wa'kn),  v.  a.  1.  To  rouse  from  sleep; 
to  wake ; to  awake ; to  awaken. 

He  was  wakened  with  the  noise.  Spenser. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  ]J,  j,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure ; 


fAre,  FAr,  FAST,  FALL  ; 


HEIR,  IIER; 


WAKENER 


1643 


WALLMOSS 


2.  To  excite ; to  arouse  ; to  put  in  motion. 

Then  Ilomer’s  and  Tyrtaeus’  martial  muse 

Wakened  the  world.  Roscommon. 

3.  To  produce;  to  excite;  to  call  forth. 

They  introduce 

Their  sacred  song,  and  waken  raptures  high.  Milton. 

WAk'EN-ER  (wa'lcn-er),  n.  One  who  wakens. 

WAk'EN-ING,  n.  1.  Act  of  one  who  wakens. 

2.  (Scotch  Law.)  Revival  of  an  action.  Burrill. 

WAk'£R,  n.  1.  One  who  wakes,  or  rouses  from 
sleep.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  One  who  watches  ; watcher.  Prompt.  Pare. 

WAkE'ROB-IN.  n.  ( Bot .)  A European  plant  of 
the  genus  Arum.  Miller. 

WAK'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  waking,  or  the  state 
or  period  of  being  awake.  Butler. 

2.  f A watch.  “ About  the  fourth  waking  of 
the  night.”  Wickliffe. 

VVAL'CH A-WITE,  n.  A resinous,  organic  com- 
pound, occurring  in  yellow,  transparent  masses, 
often  striped  with  brown  ; — formerly  called 
retinite.  Dana. 

wAl-DEN'SE§,  n.  pi.  ( Eccl . Hist.)  A Christian 
sect  which  arose  near  the  close  of  the  twelfth 
century  in  certain  valleys  of  Piedmont,  probably 
founded  by  Peter  1 Valdo,  a merchant  of  Lyons. 

Historians  have  confounded  them,  on  the  one 
hand,  witli  the  Vaudois,  who  appear,  although  their 
history  is  involved  in  much  obscurity,  to  he  an  older 
and  separate  people  ; and,  on  the  other,  with  the  Al- 
bigenses.  They  appear  to  have  nearly  resembled  the 
modern  Moravians.  They  had  ministers  of  their  own 
appointment,  and  denied  the  lawfulness  of  oaths  and 
of  capital  punishment.  In  other  respects  their  opin- 
ions probably  were  not  far  removed  from  those  usu- 
ally called  Protestant.  Braude.  Eden. 

WAl.E,  n.  [A.  S.  walan , wales,  marks  of  stripes.] 

1.  A ridge  or  elevation  on  the  skin,  produced 
by  the  stroke  of  a rod  or  whip  ; — written  also 
weal,  and  wheal. 

The  wales  or  marks  of  stripes  and  lashes.  Holland. 

2.  A ridge  in  the  surface  of  cloth.  Beau  § FI. 

3.  (Naut.)  One  of  the  strong  planks  in  the 

side  of  a vessel,  extending'  throughout  her  en- 
tire length,  fore  and  aft.  Dana. 

WALE,  V.  a.  [».  WALED  ; pp.  WALING,  WALED.] 
To  mark  with  wales,  as  by  a rod.  Bp.  Hall. 

WAL-HAL'LA,  n.  See  Valhalla.  Brande. 

WALK  (wkk),  v.  n.  [From  Ger.  wallen,  to  move 
in  an  undulating  manner,  to  walk,  to  wander. 
Wachter.  — From  A.  S.  wealcan,  to  roll,  to  tum- 
ble, to  revolve,  to  return  often.  Skinner.  — 
Goth,  valka ; Belg.  walken.  Thomson .]  [i. 

WALKED  ; pp.  WALKING,  WALKED.] 

1.  To  move  with  slow  or  moderate  steps ; to 
move  by  alternately  setting  one  foot  before  the 
other  without  running,  or  so  that  one  foot  is  set 
down  before  the  other  is  taken  up. 

A man  was  seen  walking  before  the  ’door.  Clarendon. 

2.  To  move  or  go  on  the  feet,  without  run- 
ning, for  exercise  or  for  amusement. 

Think  you  to  walk  forth  ? Shak. 

3.  To  move  with  the  slowest  pace,  as  a horse  ; 
not  to  run,  trot,  gallop,  or  amble.  Johnson. 

4.  fTo  move  or  be  in  motion,  as  a clamorous 
tongue  ; to  wag.  [Low.] 

Her  tongue  did  walk 

In  foul  reproach  and  terms  of  vile  despite.  Spenser. 

5.  To  act ; to  proceed  ; to  take  part. 

Do  you  think  I’d  walk  in  any  plot 

Where  Madam  Sempronia  sliould  take  place  of  me? 

B.  Jonson. 

6.  To  move  with  moderate  steps  in  sleep. 


When  was  it  she  last  walked ? Shak. 

7.  To  appear,  as  a ghost  or  spectre. 

It  then  draws  near  the  season 
Wherein  the  spirit  is  wont  to  walk.  Shak. 

8.  To  move  oft*;  to  depart ; to  range.  Shak. 

He  will  make  their  cows  and  garrans  to  walk.  Spenser. 


9.  To  go  ; to  travel ; to  proceed.  John  vii.  1. 

10.  To  act  or  to  live  in  any  particular  man- 
ner ; to  conduct  one’s  self ; to  behave. 

He  hath  shewed  me,  man,  what  is  trood:  and  what  doth 
the  Lord  require  of  thee  hut  to  do  justly,  and  to  love  mercy, 
and  to  walk  humbly  with  thy  God’  ? Mic.  vi.’S. 

I ’ll  love  with  fear  the  only  God,  and  walk 
As  in  his  presence.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Move. 

WALK  (w&wk),  v.  a.  1.  To  pass  through  or  in 
by  walking  ; to  perambulate. 


I do  not  without  danger  tualk  these  streets.  Shak. 

Through  the  dear  might  of  Him  thatwaMre^  the  waves. 

Milton. 

2.  To  cause  to  walk.  “ To  walk  my  ambling 
gelding.”  Shak. 

lie  icalked  his  horse  in  the  meadow.  Johnson. 

To  walk  the  plank , to  walk  down  and  off  a plank 
projecting  from  the  side  of  a vessel  over  the  water, 
tis  persons  captured  by  pirates,  and  thus  drowned  by 
them.  Bartlett. 

WALK  (w9twk),  n.  1.  Act  of  walking.  Shak. 

2.  The  act  of  walking  for  exercise  or  for 
amusement.  “ Our  evening  walks.”  Pope. 

To  take  a walk  in  a neighboring  wood.  Addison. 

3.  The  slowest  gait  of  a horse  or  other  ani- 

mal, as  distinguished  from  a run,  a trot,  an  am- 
ble, a canter,  Ac.  Farrier’s  Diet. 

4.  Manner  of  walking ; gait ; step  ; carriage. 
“ The  walk,  the  nods,  the  gesture.”  Dryden. 

5.  A place  for  walking,  or  the  space  or  cir- 
cuit through  which  one  walks. 

He  usually  from  hence  to  the  palace  gate 

Makes  it  nis  walk.  Shak. 

6.  An  avenue  set  with  trees  or  laid  out  in  a 

grove  or  wood.  Milton. 

The  forest  i calks  are  wide  and  spacious.  Shak. 

7.  Way;  road;  range;  path.  Dry  den. 

If  that  may  be  your  walk,  you  have  not  far.  Milton. 

8.  Region  ; space.  “ Those  who  are  ambitious 
of  treading  the  great  icalk  of  history.”  Reynolds. 

9.  Manner  or  course,  as  of  life ; conduct. 

10.  A sort  of  fish.  Ainsworth. 

11.  The  district  of  a city  served  by  a milk- 
man ; a milk-walk.  Simmonds. 

f WALK  (w^k),  v.  a.  [Ger.  valken.']  To  tread  or 
press,  as  yarn ; to  full ; to  mill.  Rastall. 

WALK'A-BLE  (wiwk'a-bl),  a.  That  may  be 
walked  over  ; fit  to  walk  on.  “ A more  walka- 
ble  country.”  [r.]  Cowper. 

WAI.K'ER  (wlwk'er),  n.  1.  One  who  walks.  Gay. 

2.  One  who  acts  or  lives  in  a particular  man- 
ner. “ Disorderly  walkers.”  Bp.  Compton. 

3.  ( Forest  Law.)  A forester  with  a certain 
part  of  a forest  assigned  to  his  care.  Whishaw. 

f W.ALK'ER  (wkwlc'er),  n.  [Ger.  walker',  Dan. 
valkei",  Sw.  valkare.)  A fuller.  Wickliffe. 

WALK'lNG,?t.l.Act  of  one  who  or  that  which  walks. 

2.  A mode  of  acting  or  living.  Bale. 

WALK'ING— CANE,  n.  A walking-stick.  Booth. 

WALK'ING— FERN,  n.  (Bot.)  A species  of  club- 
moss  (Lycopodium).  Loudon. 

WALK'ING— LEAF,  n.  (Bot.)  A small  fern  of  the 
U.  S.  which  roots  at  the  tip  of  the  leaf  or  frond 
and  produces  a new  one,  and  so  on  ; Campto- 
sorus  rhizophyllus.  Gray. 

WALK'ING-PA'PERIJ,  n.  pi.  Orders  to  leave; 
dismissal.  [Colloquial  or  vulgar,  U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

WALK'ING— STAFF  (wkwk'jng-stif),  n.  A stick 
or  staff  used  in  walking  ; a walking-stick. 

WALK'ING— STICK,  n.  1.  A stick  or  cane  to  walk 
with  ; a walking-staff ; a cane.  Foote. 

2.  (Ent.)  A name  given  to  those  species  of 
orthopterous  insects  of  the  family  Phasmidat 
which  are  wingless,  have  the  body  long  and 
slender,  and  hear  a great  resemblance  to  vege- 
table structures.  Baird. 

WALL,??.  [A.  S.  weall,  wall ; Frs.  watte-,  Dut. 

real ; Ger.  wall',  Dan.  val,  a shore,  a bank; 
Sw.  vail,  a dam,  a dike,  a shore.  — Ir.  balla,  a 
wall;  Gael,  battadh,  balla',  AV.  gwal. — Slav. 
real.  — I..  vallum,  a wall,  a fortification.  — From 
A.  S.  wilan,  to  join  together.  Tooke.~] 

1.  A continuous  work  or  structure  of  stone, 
brick,  or  other  materials,  raised  to  some  height, 
and  intended  for  an  enclosure,  or  a defence,  or 
for  other  purposes  ; — the  side  of  a building. 

All  these  cities  were  fenced  with  high  walls.  Dent.  iii.  5. 

In  the  same  hour  came  forth  fingers  of  a man’s  hand,  and 
wrote  over  against  the  candlestick  upon  the  plaster  of  the 
wall  of  the  king's  palace.  Dan.  v.  5. 

Walls  form  the  universal  exteriors  of  houses,  temples, 
churches,  and  other  buildings,  and  are  also  frequently  raised 
around  a town  or  city  to  defend  it  from  the  assaults  of  enc- 

. mies.  Britton. 

2.  (Mil.)  Fortification;  work  for  defence  ; — 
commonly  used  in  the  plural. 

I wish  undaunted  to  defend  the  vjalls.  Dryden. 

3.  (Naut.)  A large  knot  in  the  end  of  a rope ; 

a wall-knot.  Dana. 


To  go  to  the  wall,  to  be  hard  pressed  ; to  be  driven 
to  the  extremity  of  defending  one’s  6elf : — to  be 

slighted  ; to  be  put  one  side To  take  the  wall,  to 

take  the  upper  or  chief  place  ; not  to  yield  or  give 

place.  “I  will  take  the  wall  of  any  man  or  maid  of 

Montague’s.”  shak. 

WALL,  e.a.  [i  walled  ; pp  walling,  walled.] 

1.  To  enclose  or  surround  with  a wall  or  with 
walls.  “ To  wall  himself  up.”  Beau.  % PI. 

[Houses]  enclosed  or  walled  on  every  side  with  reeds  neat- 
ly put  together.  Cook. 

2.  To  defend  by  a wall  or  by  walls. 

Seven  walled  towns  of  strength.  Shak. 

3.  To  fill  or  close  with  a wall.  “ Watting  up 

that  part  of  the  church.”  Littleton. 

WALL,  v.  n.  To  make  a wall,  [it.]  Milton. 

WAL-LA'jEHI-AN,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  AValla- 
chia,  a principality  of  Turkey  in  Europe.  P.  Cyc. 

WAL-LA'jCHI-AN,  n.  (Geog.)  A native  or  an  in- 
habitant of  AVallachia.  Murray. 

WALL'-CREEP-ER,  n.  (Ornith.)  A small  Euro- 
pean bird,  which  climbs  over  the  vertical  faces 
of  rocks  and  walls,  and  feeds  on  insects ; Ticho- 
droma  muraria.  Baird. 

WALL'— CRESS,  n.  (Bot.)  The  common  name  of 
cruciferous,  evergreen,  herbaceous  plants  of  the 
genus  Arabis,  most  of  the  species  of  which 
grow  in  dry,  stony  places,  and  on  walls.  The 
flowers  in  most  instances  are  white  ; and  their 
fruit  is  a linear  silique  with  flat  valves.  Eng.  Cyc. 

wAEL'f.R,  n.  A mason:  — a man  employed  to 
load  flats  or  river-boats.  Simmonds. 

wAl'LER-ITE,  n.  (Min.)  A variety  of  ortho- 
elase  ; — called  also  lenzinite.  Brooke. 

WAI/LpT  (wol'let),  n.  [A.  S.  weallian,  to  go 
abroad,  to  travel ; wealh,  a stranger.  — It.  rali- 
gia,  valigetta  ; Sp.  maleta.  — Arm.  r alette.'] 

1.  A bag  for  carrying  the.  necessaries  of  a 

traveller  ; a knapsack.  Addison. 

2.  Any  thing  hanging  like  a pouch  or  bag. 

“ Wallets  of  flesh.”  Shale. 

3.  A pedler’s  pack  or  bundle.  Simmonds. 

4.  A pocket-book  for  money.  Clarke. 

WAL-l.ET-EER'  (wol-let-er'),  n.  One  who  carries 
a wallet  or  knapsack  ; a traveller,  [it.]  Toilet. 

WALL'— EYE  (w&I'l),  n.  [From  Old  Eng.  whattt, 
rvhaule,  wholly,  which  Todd  thinks  may  be  from 
AV.  gwawl,  light,  but  which  Richardson  derives 
frtm  A.  S.  hwelan,  to  wither,  to  pine  away,  to 
putrefy.]  An  eye  having  a white  or  very  light 
gray  iris,  occurring  chiefly  in  horses.  — See 
AVall-eyed.  B.  Jonson. 

W ALL'— EYED  (wai'id),  a.  Having  a wall-eye  or 
wall-eyes  ; having  an  eye  or  eyes  with  a white 
or  very  light  gray  iris,  as  a horse.  Shak.  Youatt. 

In  the  north  of  England,  persons  are  said  to 
be  wall-eyed  when  the  white  of  the  eye  is  very  large 
and  turned  to  one  side.  Brackett. 

WALL'FLOW-ER,  n.  (Bot.)  The  English  name 
of  ornamental  evergreen,  cruciferous  plants,  of 
the  genus  Cheiranthus,  the  most  noted  of  which 
is  Cheiranthus  Cheiri. 

Tile  common  wall-flower  (Cheiranthus  Cheiri ) is 
found  wild  throughout  Europe  on  old  walls  and  in 
stony  places,  and  almost  constantly  amongst  the  ru- 
ins of  old  castles  : on  this  account  it  is  a great  favor- 
ite with  poets,  and  is  popularly  regarded  as  an  emblem 
of  faithfulness  in  adversity.  The  flower  is  subject 
to  considerable  varieties  of  color,  but  is  commonly  a 
brown-yellow.  On  account  of  the  agreeable  odor  of 
its  flowers,  the  plant  lias  been  transferred  to  the  flow- 
er-borders of  gardens,  and  a number  of  distinct  vari- 
eties have  been  produced.  Eng.  Cyc. 

WALL'FRUIT  (wild’frut),  n.  Fruit  planted  against 
a wall  in  order  to  be  ripened.  Mortimer. 

wALL'ING,  n.  AValls,  or  materials  for  walls.  Cl. 

wALL'ING— WAX,  n.  A composition  of  wax  and 
tallow,  used  by  etchers  and  engravers,  to  make 
a wall  or  bank  round  the  edge  of  a plate,  so  as  to 
form  a trough  into  which  to  pour  the  acid  over  the 
lines  cut  through  the  etching-ground.  Fairhott. 

WALL'KNOT,  n.  (Naut.)  A sort  of  large  knot 
made  at  the  end  of  a rope,  by  untwisting  the 
strands  and  interweaving  them.  Mar.  Diet. 

wAll'-LOUSE,  n.  A sort  of  bug.  Ainsworth. 

WALL'MOSS,  n.  Moss  growing  on  walls.  Smart. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  S6N ; BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — <?,  <?,  $,  g,  soft;  C,  G,  £,  j§,  hard;  § as  z;  ^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


WALLOON 


1644 


WANE 


WAL-LOON',  n.  [Fr.  T Vatton.~)  A native,  or  an 
inhabitant,  of  the  country  lying  between  the 
Scheldt  and  the  Lys,  a part  of  the  former  French 
Flanders : — the  language  of  the  Walloons. Ency. 

Walloon  guard,  tile  body  guard  of  tile  Spanish  mon- 
arch,— first  selected  from  the  Walloous,  and  so 
named  by  the  Duke  of  Alva.  Pulleyn. 

WAL'LOP  (wol'lpp),  v.  n.  [A.  S.  u'eallan , to  boil, 
to  spout  or  spring  up;  Dut . wellen;  Sw.  wiil- 
laupp,  uppsvdlla. — See  Well,  r.]  [i.  wal- 

loped; pp.  WALLOPING,  WALLOPED.]  lo 
boil  or  bubble  up  : — to  waddle  : — to  move 
quickly  with  great  effort: — to  gallop: — -to  be 
slatternly.  [Local,  Eng.]  Brockett.  Wright. 

WAL'LOP  (wol'lop),  v.  a.  1.  To  wrap  up  tempo- 
rarily : — to  tumble  over.  [Local,  Eng.]  Wright. 

2.  To  beat;  to  thrash;  to  flog  ; to  drub.  [Lo- 
cal, Eng.,  and  vulgar,  U.  S.]  Halliwell.  Bartlett. 

WAL'LOP  (wol'lop),  n.  1.  A thick  piece  of  fat ; a 
lump.  [Local,  Eng.]  Wright. 

2.  A quick  motion,  with  agitation  of  the 
clothes,  especially  when  ragged  : — noise  caused 
by  this  motion:  — a sudden  and  severe  blow. 
[Scotland.]  W.  Scott.  Jamieson. 

WAL'LOP-fNG  (wol'lop-ing),  n.  1.  The  act  of  one 
who,  or  that  which,  wallops. 

2.  A beating  ; a flogging.  [Low.]  Neal. 

WAL'LOW  (wol'lo),  v.  n.  [A.  S.  walwian,  weal- 
wian,  beioealwian.  — L.  volvo,  to  roll.]  [i.  wal- 
lowed ; pp.  WALLOWING,  WALLOWED.] 

1.  To  roll  one’s  body,  as  in  mire;  to  roll. 

Amasa  i fallowed  in  blood.  2 Sam.  xx.  12. 

A boar  was  v:allowing  in  the  water.  L'Estrunge. 

2.  To  move  heavily  and  clumsily. 

Wallowing  unwieldy,  enormous  in  their  gait.  Milton. 

3.  To  live  in  any  state  of  filth  or  gross  vice. 

A man  wallowing  in  liis  native  impurity.  South. 

4.  [A.  S.  ivealician.]  To  wither  ; to  fade. 
[Scot.,  and  local,  Eng.]  Jamieson.  Halliwell. 

WAL'LOW  (wol'lo),  v.  a.  To  roll  one’s  self. 
“ Wallow  thyself  in  ashes.”  [it-]  Jer.  vi.  26. 

WAL'LOW,  n.  A heavy,  rolling  gait.  Dryden. 

WAL'LOW-pR  (woi'lo-er),  n.  1.  One  who,  or 
that  which,  wallows.  N exile. 

2.  {Machinery .)  A lantern,  lantern-wheel,  or 
trundle.  — See  Lantern-wheel.  Brande. 

WAL'LOW-ING  (wol'lo-Ing),  n.  The  act  of  one 
who,  or  that  which,  wallows.  2 Pet.  ii.  22. 

f-  WAL'LOW-ISH  (wnl'lo-Ish),  a.  [Scot,  wa/sh, 
welsche. ] Nauseous;  insipid;  flat.  Overbury. 

WALL'— PA-PpR,  n.  Paper  for  the  walls  of  rooms  ; 
paper-hangings.  Simmonds. 

WALL— PEL' LI-TO-RV,  n.  ( Bot .)  A low  and  home- 
ly European  plant  growing  on  old  walls  and  rub- 
bish ; Parietaria  officinalis.  Eng.  Cyc. 

WALL— PEN'NY-WORT  (-wUrt),  n.  A plant ; na- 
velwort ; Cotyledon  Umbilicus.  Crabb. 

WALL'— PEP-P1JR,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  growing  on 
walls,  roofs,  rocks,  Ac.,  having  a hot,  biting 
taste  ; acrid  stone-crop  ; mossy  stone-crop  ; Se- 
dum  acre.  Eng.  Cyc.  Gray. 

wAll'PIE,  n.  A kind  of  plant.  Smart. 

WALL'— PIECE,  n.  (Mil.)'  A gun  or  cannon 
mounted  on  a wall.  W.  Scott. 

WALL'— PLATE,  n.  (Arch.)  A piece  of  timber 
placed  along  the  top  of  a wall,  to  receive  the 
ends  of  the  roof-timbers,  or  placed  on  a wall  to 
receive  the  joists  of  a floor.  Britton. 

WALL'— ROCK,  n.  Granular  limestone,  used  for 
making  walls.  [U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

WALL'— RLE  (wll'rd),  n.  (Bot.)  A species  of 
fern,  growing  on  old  walls,  rocks,  &c. ; Aspleni- 
um  Ruta-muraria.  Eng.  Cyc. 

WAlL'-SID-ED,  n.  ( Naut .)  Noting  a vessel  hav- 
ing the  sides  running  up  perpendicularly  from 
the  bends  ; — opposed  to  tumbling  home,  or 
flaring  out.  Dana. 

WALL'-SPRING,  n.  A spring  issuing  from 
stratified  rocks.  Smart. 

W.ALL'WORT  (wStl'wiirt),  n.  (Bot.)  Dwarf-elder 
or  danewort.  Johnson. 


f WALM  (wlm),  v.  n.  To  whelm.  Holland. 

WAl'NUT,  n.  [A.  S.  wal-hnut ; Dut.  walnoot, 
from  A.  S.  wealh,  a foreigner  ; Old  Ger.  wale,  and 
Dut.  woof;  Ger.  wallnuss ; Dan.  vul/Uid-,  Sw. 
valnot.]  (Bot.)  The  common  name  of  trees, 
and  their  fruit  or  nut,  of  the  genus  Juglans. 
The  flowers  are  unisexual,  and  those  containing 
the  stamens  and  pistils  grow  on  the  same  tree. 

j&g”  The  wood  of  the  walnut  is  valuable  for  furni- 
ture, Ike.,  especially  that  of  the  black  walnut  ( Juglans 
nigra),  a large  North  American  tree.  The  gray  wal- 
nut, or  butternut  (. Juglans  cinereu ),  is  also  a North 
American  tree.  The  European  walnut  (Juglans  regia ) 
is  a native  of  Persia  ; the  nuts  of  this  species  are  su- 
perior to  those  of  any  other.  In  the  United  States, 
the  name  walnut  is  often  given  to  hickory  trees,  which 
were  formerly  included  in  the  genus  Juglans,  hut 
which  now  constitute  the  genus  Carya.  Eng.  Cyc. 
Gray. 

WAL'RUS,  n. 

[Dut.  walrus  ; 
ical,  in  wal- 
visch,  a whale, 
and  ros,  a horse; 

Ger.  wallross ; 

Dan.  valros  ; 

Sw.  vallross .] 

(Zo'ul.)  A large  mammal  of  the  family  Phocidw, 
inhabiting  the  arctic- seas,  covered  with  close 
hair,  and  having  two  large  canine  teeth  or  tusks 
in  the  upper  jaw,  which  are  very  valuable  as 
ivory  ; the  morse  ; the  sea-horse  ; the  sea-cow ; 
Trichechus  ros  mar  us.  Eng.  Cyc.  Baird. 

WALT,  a.  [A.  S.  icadtan,  to  roll,  to  welter.] 
(Naut.)  Crank  ; inclined  to  lean  over  or  roll  a 
great  deal ; walty.  [it.]  Hubbard. 

f WAL'T^R,  v.  n.  To  roll  one’s  body  ; to  welter; 
to  wallow.  — See  Welter.  Sir  T.  More. 

wAl'TRON,  ii.  A walrus.  [p„.]  Woodward. 

WALT'Y,  a.  (Naut.)  Inclined  to  roll  much,  as 
a vessel ; crank  ; wait,  [it.] 

This  ship  is  so  crank  and  walty.  Longfellow. 

W.\LTZ  (waltz),  n.  [Dut.  wals,  a roller,  a cylin- 
der, a waltz ; Ger.  walzer,  walzen.\  A kind  of 
dance  in  a circular  or  whirling  figure  performed 
by  two  persons:  — a tune  or  musical  composi- 
tion to  accompany  a waltz.  Brande. 

Bohemia  is  said  to  be  the  original  home  of 
the  waltz.”  Brande. 

WALTZ  (waltz),  v.  n.  [Ger.  waltzcn,  to  form  into 
a cylinder,  to  waltz.]  [ i.  waltzed  ; pp.  waltz- 
ing, waltzed.]  To  dance  a waltz.  Observer. 

WALTZ' £R,  n.  One  who  waltzes.  Clarke. 

WALTZ'ING,  a.  Pertaining  to  a waltz.  Clarke. 

WALTZ'ING,  n.  Act  of  one  who  waltzes.  Wright. 

fWA'LY,  interj.  [A.  S.,  wa,  woe.]  A cry  of  woe 
or  lamentation. 

O,  wait/ 1 wall/ 1 lip  the  bank. 

And  wuly\  walyl  down  the  brae.  Ramsay. 

WAM'BLE  (wom'bl),  v.  n.  [Dut.  wc.melen,  to 
crawl ; Dan.  vammel,  ready  to  vomit,  squeam- 
ish. Johnson.  — From  A.  S.  warnb,  the  womb, 
the  stomach.  Richardson.'] 

1.  To  roll  or  be  disturbed  with  nausea,  as  the 
stomach. 

'Die  qualms  of  a wambling  stomach.  JJ  Estrange. 

2.  To  waddle  ; to  move  to  and  fro  awkwardly. 

[Local,  Eng.]  Holloway. 

f WAM'BLE  (wom'bl),  n.  A rolling  of  the  stom- 
ach ; nausea.  Holland. 

WAM'BLE— CROPPED  (wom'bl-cropt),  a.  Sick  at 
the  stomach  : — discomfited  ; crest-fallen.  [Vul- 
gar and  local,  U.  S.]  Seba  Smith.  Bartlett. 

WAM'MpL  (wom'mel),  v.  n.  To  move  to  and  fro 
in  an  awkward  or  irregular  manner  ; to  wam- 
ble ; — applied  chiefly  to  mechanical  operations. 
[Local,  Eng.]  Jennings. 

WAM-PEE'  (wom-pe'),  n.  The  fruit  of  the  wam- 
pee-tree;  which  grows  in  bunches,  and  attains 
to  about  the  size  of  a pigeon’s  egg.  It  is  much 
esteemed  in  China.  Loudon. 

| WAM-PEE'— TREE,  n.  (Bot.)  An  evergreen  Chi- 
nese fruit-tree  ; Cookia  punctata.  Loudon. 

W.VM'PUM,  n.  [Indian  wompam , wampum,  white.] 
Shells,  or  strings  of  shells,  used  by  the  North 
American  Indians  as  money,  and  formed  into  a 


broad  belt  worn  by  them  as  an  ornament  or  gir- 
dle ; — called  also  wompompeage and  wampeage. 

Roger  Williams.  Goolun.  Mass.  Hist.  Col. 

WAM'PUM,  a.  Made  of  wampum.  Bartlett. 

WAN  (won)  [won,  W.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  Sm.  1 Vb. ; wan, 

S.  25.],  a.  [A.  S.  wonn,  won,  wan,  wanw,  wa- 
nian,  to  decrease,  to  wane. — Ir.  Gael,  ban,  white, 
pale.]  Pale,  as  with  sickness  ; of  a sickly  hue  ; 
palljd.  “ His  visage  pale  and  wan.”  Spenser. 
Now  drooping  woful  wan , like  one  forlorn.  Gray. 

Sheridan  has  given  the  a in  this  word 
and  its  compounds  the  same  sound  as  in  man.  Mr. 
Scott  and  Dr.  Kenrick  have  given  both  the  sound  1 
have  given  and  Mr.  Sheridan’s,  but  seem  to  prefer  the 
former  by  placing  it  first.  I have  always  heard  it 
pronounced  like  the  first  syllable  of  wan -ton,  and  find 
Mr.  Nares,  W.  Johnston,  and  Mr.  Perry  have  so 
marked  it.”  JValkcr. 

Syn. — See  Pale. 

WAN  (won),  v.  n.  To  turn  or  grow  wan  or  pale  ; 
— used  only  in  the  past  tense,  wanned. 

And  ever  he  muttered  and  maddened, 

And  ever  wanned  with  despair.  Tennyson. 

f WAN,  the  old  pret.  of  win.  Won.  Spenser. 

WAND  (wond)  [wond,  S.  W.P.  J.  F.Ja.K.  S?n. ; 
wand,  E.],  n.  [Su.  Goth,  wand  ; Dan.  vaand. — 
“ A waned  stick  or  staff.”  Richardson.'] 

1.  A small  or  slender  stick  ; a rod.  S/ta/c. 

A child  runs  away  laughing  with  good,  smart,  blows  of  a 

want / on  his  back,  who  would  have  cried  for  an  unkind 
word.  Locke. 

2.  A rod  or  staff  of  office  or  authority.  Sidney. 

lie  held  before  his  decent  steps  a silver  wand.  Milton. 

3.  A rod  used  in  conjuring  or  charming. 

“ A long  divining  wand.”  Dryden. 

IVand  of  peace,  (Sccteh  Law.)  a wand  or  staff  car- 
ried by  tile  messenger  of  a court,  and,  when  deforced 
or  hindered  from  executing  process,  he  breaks,  as  a 
symbol  of  the  deforcement  and  protest  for  remedy  of 
law.  Burrill. 

WAN'DER  (won'der),  v.  n.  [A.  S.  wamdrian ; Old 
Dut.  <fy  Old  Ger.  wandern  ; Ger.  wamleln,  to  go, 
to  walk,  to  wander;  Dan.  vandre,  to  wander; 
Sw.  vandra.  — L.  ratio,  to  go,  to  walk  ; It.  an- 
ti are  ; Sp.  Is  Port,  andar.  — Slav,  wandrowatis.  — 
From  A.  S.  wendan,  to  go,  to  wend.  Richardson.] 
[i.  WANDERED  ; pp.  WANDERING,  WANDERED.] 

1.  To  go  without  any  certain  course  or  object  ; 
to  rove ; to  ramble ; to  roam ; to  stroll  ; to 
range. 

They  wandered  in  deserts  and  in  mountains.  Heb.  xi.  38. 

And  wander  up  and  down  to  view  the  city.  Shak. 

2.  To  deviate  ; to  go  astray  ; to  swerve. 

Let  me  not  wander  from  thy  commandments.  Ps.  cxix.  10. 

3.  To  be  delirious,  as  the  mind.  Roget. 

Syn.  — Persons  are  said  to  wander,  ramble,  rove , or 

rouin  about  the  country  or  about  the  fields,  and  to  wan- 
der or  ramble  from  one  place  or  thing  to  another.  A 
vagabond  strolls  through  the  country  ; hunters  and 
beasts  range  the  forest See  Deviate. 

WAN'DER  (won'der),  V.  a.  To  travel  over  or 
through  at  random,  or  without  a certain  course; 
to  rove  or  ramble  over  ; to  stroll  in.  [n.] 

Wandering  that  watery  desert.  Milton. 

WAN'DIJR-JJR  (won'der-er),  n.  One  who  wanders ; 
a rover ; a rambler  ; a stroller.  Shak. 

WAN'DIJR-ING  (won'der-Ing),  n.  1.  The  act  of 
one  who  wanders  ; the  act  of  going  or  travelling 
without  a certain  course  or  object. 

He  asks  the  god  what  new  appointed  home 

Should  end  his  wanderings  and  his  toils  relieve.  Addison. 

2.  Deviation  or  departure  from  duty  or  recti- 
tude; aberration;  mistaken  way.  “Let  him 
now  recover  his  wanderings.”  Dec.  of  Chr.  Piety. 

3.  A roving  or  want  of  being  fixed. 

A proper  remedj'  for  this  wandering  of  thoughts  would  do 
great  service  to  the  studious.  Locke. 

4.  Roving  or  rambling  of  the  mind,  as  in  a 

dream,  or  in  delirium.  Law. 

WAN'DpR-ING  (won'der-Ing),  a.  Rambling  ; rov- 
ing; erratic  : — roving  or  disordered  in  mind. 

WAN'DIJR-ING-Ly  (won'der-),  ad.  In  a wander- 
ing, uncertain,  or  unsteady  manner.  Bp.  Taylor. 

f WAN'DER-MENT  (won'der-ment),  n.  The  act  of 
wandering;  wandering.  Bp.  Hall. 

WANE,  v.n.  [A.  S.  wanian,  gewanian,  awanian; 
Frs.  wania,  wonnia ; Icel.  vana.]  [i.  waned; 
pp.  WANING,  WANED.] 


Walrus. 


A,  E,  A,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  £f,  Y,  short;  A,  ?,  I,  O,  IT,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  IIEIR,  HER; 


WANE 


1645 


WAR-BEREAVED 


1.  To  grow  less  ; to  decrease  ; to  be  diminish- 
ed ; — used  particularly  of  the  moon. 

Waning  moons  their  settled  periods  keep.  Addison. 

2.  To  decline;  to  sink.  “ My  trailed  state.” 
Shak.  “ I’m  waning  in  his  favor.”  Dry  den. 

t WAN  E,  v.  a.  To  cause  to  decrease.  B.  Jonson. 

WANE,  n.  1.  Decrease  of  the  moon.  Bacon. 

2.  Decline  ; diminution  ; declension. 

You  are  cast  upon  an  age  in  which  the  church  is  in  its 
wane.  South. 

WANG,  n.  [A.  S.  teeny,  tvang.\ 

1.  f The  jaw-bone,  the  cheek,  or  a jaw-tooth. 

“ The  wangs  in  his  head.”  Chaucer. 

2.  A blow  or  slap.  [Local,  Eng.]  Ilalliwell. 

f WANG,  n.  [A.  S.  thwang,  a thong.]  A thong  or 
latchet  of  a shoe  ; a shoe-latchet.  Ray. 

WAiN'GAN,  n.  [Indian.]  A boat  used  chiefly  by 
lumbermen  for  transporting  provisions,  tools, 
&c.  [Local,  New  England.]  Bartlett. 

f WANG'  f R,  n.  [A.  S.  wangere.]  A pillow  for  the 
cheek.  Chaucer. 

WANG'HEE,  n.  [Chinese  wang,  yellow,  and  hce, 
root.  Siminonds.]  A kind  of  flexible  cane  im- 
ported from  China  for  walking-sticks,  said  to  be 
the  root  of  the  narrow-leaved  bamboo;  — also 
written  tvhanyh.ee.  Siminonds. 

t WANG'TOOTH,  n.  A jaw-tooth.  Chaucer. 

j-WAN'HOPE  (won' hop),  n.  Waning  or  dying 
hope;  dejection;  despair.  Chaucer.  Lodge. 

WANIv'LE  (wongk'l,  82),  a.  Weak;  unstable; 
uncertain  ; unsteady.  [Local,  Eng.]  Ilalliwell. 

WAN'LY  (won'le),  ad.  In  a wan  manner  ; palely. 

WANNED  (woml),  pret.  of  wan.  Sec  Wan,  v.  n. 

WAN'NF.SS  (worthies),  n.  The  state  of  being  wan  ; 
paleness;  pallidness;  sallowness.  Johnson. 

WAN'NISIl  (won'njsh),  a.  Somewhat  wan  ; of  a 
wan  or  pale  hue.  Fairfax. 

||  WANT,  n.  [A.  S.  wanian,  to  wane,  to  decrease. 
— Waned,  wan'd,  want,  past  participle  of  wane 
(A.  S.  wanian).  Tooke.\ 

1.  The  state  of  lacking  or  being  without;  de- 
ficiency ; absence ; lack. 

Even  for  wont  of  that  for  which  I am  richer; 

A still  soliciting  eye,  and  such  a tongue 

That  I am  glad  I have  not.  Shale. 

This  proceeded  not  from  any  want  of  knowledge,  but  of 
judgment.  Dry  den. 

2.  Scarcity  ; not  sufficient  number  or  quantity. 

In  the  multitude  is  the  king’s  honor;  but  in  the  want  of 

people  is  the  destruction  of  the  prince.  Prov.  xiv.28. 

3.  Need;  necessity;  requirement. 

Supply  your  present  wants.  Shak. 

4.  Indigence  ; poverty  ; penury. 

They  did  cast  in  of  their  abundance:  but  she  of  her  want 
did  cast  in  all  that  she  had,  even  all  her  living.  Mark  xii.  44. 

Nothing  is  so  hard  for  those  who  abound  in  riches  as  to 
conceive  how  others  can  be  in  want.  Swift. 

5.  That  which  is  wanted  or  desired.  Palcy. 

f WANT,  n.  [A.  S.  wandi]  A mole.  Ileylin. 

||  WANT  (wJLwnt  or  wont)  [wlwnt,  K.  Sm.  C.  J Vb. 
Nares ; wont,  W.  J.  F.  Ja.],  v.  a.  [i.  wanted  ; 

pp.  WANTING,  WANTED.] 

1.  To  be  without ; not  to  have;  to  lack. 

He  wants  the  natural  touch.  Shak. 

The  unhappy  never  want  enemies.  S.  Richardson. 

2.  To  need  ; to  have  need  or  necessity  of. 

It  hath  caused  a great  irregularity  in  our  calendar,  and 
wants  to  be  reformed.  Holder. 

3.  To  desire  ; to  have  desire  for  • to  wish  for. 

“ What  wants  my  son  ?”  Addison. 

Syn.  — See  Lack. 

||  WANT  (w&wnt  or  wont),  v.  n.  1.  To  be  defi- 
cient or  lacking  ; to  lack  ; to  fail. 

Finds  wealth  where  't  is,  bestows  where  it  wants.  Denham. 

No  time  shall  find  me  wanting  to  my  truth.  Drgden. 

2.  To  be  absent  or  missed  ; not  to  be  had. 

Granivorous  animals  have  a long  colon  and  ccecum.  which 
in  carnivorous  are  wanting.  Arbuthnot. 

||  WANT'A<?E,  n.  That  which  is  wanting;  defi- 
ciency ; lack ; want,  [r.]  Craig. 

||  WANT'ING,  a.  Deficient;  lacking;  defective. 

Thou  art  weighed  in  the  balances,  and  art  found  wanting. 

Dun.  v.  27. 

Syn.  — See  Defective. 

||  WANT'HJSS,  a.  Abundant;  fruitful.  Warner. 


WAN'TON  (won'tun),  a.  [Of  uncertain  etymolo- 
gy.— From  want  one,  i.  e.  a he  or  she  that  want- 
eth  one.  Minsheu.  Junius. — From  Dut.  wa- 
nen", to  fancy,  to  imagine,  to  ween,  or  from  Dut. 
wandelen,  to  wander.  Skinner.  — Perhaps  from 
the  verb  to  want,  to  seek  or  long  for,  to  desire, 
to  covet.  Richardson.  — Probably  from  Old  Ger. 
wnntelcn,  to  change  ; Ger.  wandeln.  Talbot .] 

1.  AVanclering  ; flying  or  moving  loosely. 

She  as  a veil  down  to  the  slender  waist 
Her  unadorned  golden  tresses  wore, 

Dishevelled,  but  in  wanton  ringlets  waved.  Milton. 

2.  Sportive  ; frolicsome  ; playful. 

A wild  and  wanton  herd.  Shak. 

I have  ventured, 

I, ike  little,  wanton  boys,  that  swim  on  bladders, 

This  many  summers  in  a sea  of  glory.  Shak. 

3.  Dissolute;  licentious;  lewd;  lustful;  las- 

civious ; libidinous ; lecherous.  “ A wanton, 
ambling  nymph.”  Shak. 

Men  grown  wanton  by  prosperity.  Doscommon. 

Yc  have  lived  in  pleasure  . . . and  been  wanton.  Jus.  v.  5. 

4.  Loose  ; unrestrained  ; unchecked ; free. 
How  does  your  tongue  grow  wanton  in  her  praise!  Addison. 

5.  Luxurious  ; superfluous  ; exuberant. 

"What  we  by  day  lop  overgrown. 

One  night  or  two  witli  wanton  growth  derides:  Hilton. 

WAN'TON  (won'tun),  n.  1.  A lewd  or  lascivious 
man;  a whoremonger.  Smith. 

2.  A lewd  woman  ; a strumpet.  Shak. 

3.  A thoughtless  or  giddy  person  ; a trifler. 

I am  afraid  you  make  a wanton  of  me.  Shak. 

4.  A term  of  slight  endearment ; a rogue. 

“ Peace,  my  wantons.”  B.  Jonson. 

WAN'TON  (won'tun),  v.  n.  \i.  WANTONED;  pp. 
WANTONING,  WANTONED.] 

1.  To  play  loosely  ; to  sport ; to  revel. 

Nature  here 

Wantoned  as  in  her  prime,  and  played  at  will 

Her  virgin  fancies.  Milton. 

2.  To  play  or  sport  lasciviously  or  lewdly. 

To  wanton  with  the  sprightly  dame.  Prior. 

3.  To  move  nimbly  and  irregularly.  Johnson. 

f WAN'TON  (won'tun),  v.  a.  To  make  wanton. 
“ It  wantons  him  with  overplus.”  Fcltliam. 

WAN'TON-ING  (won'tun-Ing),  n.  The  act  of  play- 
ing the  wanton.  Moore. 

f AVAN'TON-IZE  (won'tun-Iz),  v.  n.  To  wanton  ; 
to  behave  dissolutely.  Daniel. 

AVAN'TON-LY  (won'tun-le),  ad.  In  a wanton 
manner ; sportively,  or  lasciviously.  Dryden. 

WAN'TON-NESS  (won'tun-nes),  n.  I.  Sportive- 
ness; frolicsomeness;  sport.  Pope. 

Young  gentlemen  would  be  as  sad  as  night 

Only  for  wantonness.  Shak. 

2.  Licentiousness  ; negligence  of  restraint. 

Tile  tumults  threatened  to  abuse  all  acts  of  grace,  and  turn 
them  into  wantonness.  King  Charles. 

3.  A licentious  act.  Bourier. 

fWAN'TRUST  (won'trust),  n.  AVaning  or  di- 
minishing trust  or  confidence.  Chaucer. 

||  WANT'WIT  (wont'-),  n.  One  who  wants  wit  or 
sense  ; a fool ; an  idiot  ; a witless  person.  Shak. 

t WANT'Y  (wont'e),  n.  A broad  strap  or  girth  for 
binding  a load  on  the  back  of  a beast.  Tusser. 

f WANZE,  v.  n.  To  -wane ; to  decrease.  "fVanzed 
away  to  nothing.”  Rogers. 

WA'FA-CUT,  n.  ( Ornith .)  The  spotted  owl  of 
Hudson’s  Bay  and  the  Arctic  Circle.  Clarke. 

t WA'PjRD,  a.  Astonished;  amazed;  awhaped. 

— See  AVappened.  . Chaucer. 

WA  P'EN-TAKE,  or  WA'P JIN-TAKE  [wap'en-tak, 
I V.E.  J.  F.  Ja.  K.\  wa'pen-tak,  P.  Sm.],  n. 
[A.S.  urepengetacc,  wwpentace ; wtepen,  a weapon. 

— Low  L.  wapentachium,  wapentakium .]  A 

division  of  certain  counties  in  the  northern  part 
of  England;  viz.,  in  those  of  Yorkshire,  Lin- 
colnshire, Nottinghamshire,  Leicestershire,  and 
Northamptonshire,  corresponding  with  a hun- 
dred. Spenser.  Burrill. 

BfTp  “ So  called,  as  some  think,  because  tile  inhab- 
itants within  such  divisions  were  taught  (A.  S.  tcccan, 
to  teach)  tile  use  of  arms."  Bosworth. 

I)®=  Hoveden  derives  this  word  from  the  A.  S 
weepen  and  lac  (L.  tactus  armorum),  literally  weapon- 
touch,  an  ancient  ceremony  performed  in  tile  hundred, 
and  which  he  describes  in  Latin,  of  which  the  fol- 


lowing is  a translation  : “ AA’hen  any  one  received  I ho 
appointment  of  chief  of  a wapentake,  on  a day  ap- 
pointed all  the  principal  men  came  together  to  meet 
him  in  f he  place  where  they  usually  assembled  ; and, 
as  lie  alighted  from  iiis  horse,  all  rose  up  before  him. 
The  chief  then,  raising  his  lance,  received  fealty  from 
them  all,  according  to  custom  ; for  all  «Jio  were  pres- 
ent touched  his  lance  witli  theirs,  and  thus,  by  t tie  touch 
of  their  weapons,  expressed  their  submission  to  his 
authority.”  Runulpli  of  Chester,  however,  explains 
wapentake  to  mean  a taking  of  wcu/  ons,  observing  that, 
as  often  as  there  was  a new  lord  of  a hundred,  the 
vassals  gave  up  their  arms  to  him  in  token  of  subjec- 
tion. And  Sir  Thomas  Srnitii  says,  that  anciently 
musters  were  taken  of  the  armor  and  weapons  of  the 
several  inhabitants  of  every  several  wapentake,  and 
from  those  that  could  not  find  sufficient  pledges  for 
their  good  .aliearing,  their  weapons  were  taken  away, 
and  given  to  others.  Burrill. 


WAPITI,  n.  [Probably  Iro- 
quois. Bartlett .]  (fold.) 
A species  of  deer  found 
chiefly  in  Canada  ; Ccr- 
vus  Canadensis ;— called 
also  American  elk,  and 
gray  moose.  Eng.  Cyc. 

WAP'PA-TO,  n.  A kind 
of  esculent  root  of  AVest- 
ern  America.  Burns. 

WAP'PJi,  n.  A kind  of 
dog.  Clarke. 


Wapiti. 


fAVAP'PENED  (wop'pnd),  a.  A\reakened;  wea- 
ried. “'l'he  wappened  widow.”  Shak. 


tKif-  “ Wappened  or  wappered,  probably  the  samo 
word,  and  signifying  worn  or  weakened.”  Nares.  — 
Warhurion  and  Johnson  iiave  wapctl,  the  former  de- 
fining it  sorrowful  and  terrified. 


WAP'PER,  n.  (Ich.)  A small  river-gudgeon.  Craig. 

WAP'PfJRED  (wop'perd),  a.  Eestless;  fatigued. 
— See  AVappened.  [Local,  Eng.]  Grose. 

WAP'PIN-SCHAW  (wop'-),  n.  [A.  S.  wtrpen,  a 
weapon,  and  sceawian,  to  show.]  An  inspection 
or  exhibition  of  arms,  according  to  the  rank  of 
the  person,  made  at  certain  times  in  every  dis- 
trict. [Scot.]  Jamieson. 

W.AR,  n.  [A.  S.  uuerre,  iccer ; Old  Dut.  werre  ; 
Old  Ger.  wer,  werra.  — It.,  Sp.,  # Port,  guerra; 
Fr.  guerre.  — From  A.  S.  warian,  to  beware,  to 
guard,  to  ward  off  Wachter.  Richardson .] 

1.  A hostile  contest  at  arms  between  nations  ; 
hostilities  ; fighting ; — ultima  ratio. 

When  the  blast  of  war  blows  in  our  ears, 

Then  imitate  the  action  of  the  tiger; 

Stiffen  the  sinews,  summon  up  the  blood.  Shak. 

O,  shame  to  men ! devil  with  devil  damned 
Firm  concord  holds;  men  only  disagree 
Of  creatures  rational,  though  under  hope 
Of  heavenly  grace,  and  God  proclaiming  peace, 

Yet  live  in  hatred, enmity,  and  strife 
Among  themselves,  and  levy  cruel  tears, 

Wasting  the  earth,  each  other  to  destroy.  Milton . 

But  war's  a game,  which,  were  their  subjects  wise. 

Kings  would  not  play  with.  Cowper. 

2.  The  art  of  war;  the  profession  of  arms. 

They  shall  beat  their  swords  into  ploughshares,  and  their 
spears  into  pruning-hooks;  nation  shall  not  lift  up  sword 
against  nation,  neither  shall  they  learn  tear  any  more.  Isa.  ii.4. 

3.  The  weapons  or  implements  of  war.  [it.] 

With  complement  of  stores  and  total  war.  l*rior. 

4.  Military  forces  ; .army.  [Poetical.] 

On  the  embattled  ranks  the  waves  return, 

And  overwhelm  the  war.  • Milton. 

Civil  war , a war  or  open  hostility  between  the  in- 
habitants of  the  same  state  or  country.  — Holy  war , a 
warcarried  on  todeliverthe  Holy  Land, or  Judea, from 
the  Infidels;  the  Crusades.  — Man-of-war,  an  armed 
national  ship.  — Public  war , a contest  by  force  between 
independent  sovereign  states. — War  department , the 
department,  in  the  executive  government,  which  re- 
lates to  war. 


WAR,  v.  n.  [?*.  WARRED  ; pp.  WARRING,  warred  ] 

1.  To  make  war;  to  carry  on  war.  “Nations 

warring  with  one  another.”  Arbuthnot. 

The  king  of  Syria  warred  against  Israel.  2 Kings  vi.  8. 

2.  To  contend  ; to  fight ; to  strive. 

You  will  war  with  God  by  murdering  me.  Shak. 

WAR,  v.  a.  1.  To  make  war  npon.  “ To  war  the 
Scot,  and  borders  to  defend.”  [r.]  Daniel. 
2.  To  carry  on,  as  a contest,  [r.] 

That  thou  . . . mightest  war  a good  warfare.  1 Tim.  i.  18. 

WAIl' BEAT,  or  WAR'BEAT-EN,  a.  Worn  in 
war;  warworn.  Smart. 

WAR'-B£-REAVED'  (-revd'),  a.  Bereaved  by  war. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.— 9,  £,  $, 


soft;  J0,  G , £,  I,  hard , § as  z;  ^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


WARBLE 


WARLIKE 


WAR'BLE  (wir'bl),  v.  a.  [Old  Fr.  werbler,  to  speak 
with  a high  voice,  to  recite.  — From  I)ut.  wer- 
veleii,  to  whirl,  to  hasp  ; wervel,  a hasp  ; wercel- 
been,  a vertebre  ; wervelwind,  a whirlwind ; Gor. 

. wirbeln,  to  whirl,  to  warble.  Skinner.']  [i.  war- 
bled ; pp.  WARBLING,  WARBLED.] 

1.  To  sing  with  turns  or  vibrations  of  tone,  as 
a bird  ; to  modulate  with  quavers  ; to  carol. 

Or  sweetest  Shakespeare,  Fancy’s  child, 

Warble  his  native  wood-notes  wild.  Milton. 

2.  To  cause  to  quaver,  or  to  sound  with  qua- 
vers. “Touch  the  warbled  string.”  Milton. 

WAR'BLE,  v.  n.  1.  To  be  quavered,  warbled,  or 
uttered  melodiously. 

Such  strains  ne’er  ivarble  in  the  linnet’s  throat.  Gay. 

For  warbling  notes  from  inward  cheering  flow.  Sidney. 

2.  To  sing,  as  a bird ; to  carol.  “ Birds  on 
the  branches  warbling.”  Milton. 

“ It  is  applied  as  well  to  the  loud  and  rapid 
notes  of  the  nightingale  as  to  the  low,  gentle,  but 
quick  notes  of  the  linnet.”  C.  Richardson. 

WAR'BLE,  n.  Act  of  warbling  ; song,  as  of  birds. 

Every  warble  of  the  feathered  choir.  Dyer. 

WAR'BLE,  n.  A hard  swelling  or  tumor  in  the 
hide  of  oxen,  &c.,  caused  by  a larva  or  maggot 
from  the  egg  of  a fly  ; — called  also  warb/ct , and 
war-beetle.  [Local,  Eng.]  Forby.  Wright. 

WAR'BLfR,  n.  1.  One  that  warbles,  as  a bird;  a 
singing  bird;  a singer;  a songster. 

On  everjf  bough 

In  lulling  strains  the  feathered  warblers  woo.  Tickell. 

2.  ( Ornith .)  The  common  name  of  birds  of  the 
family  Sylciadee. — See  Sylviadas.  Eng.  Cgc. 

WAR’BLING,  a.  Making  melodious  notes. 

wAr'BLING,  n.  . The  act,  or  the  music,  of.  one 
that  warbles  ; singing,  as  of  birds  ; warble. 

Distant  warblings  lessen  on  my  ear.  Gray. 

WAR'BL1NG-LV,  ad.  In  a warbling  manner. 

WAR'— COUN-CIL,  n.  A council  of  war.  Clarke. 

WAR'— CRY,  n.  A cry  or  alarm  of  war.  Johnson. 

W.ARD.  [M.  Goth,  wairth ; A.  S.  weard,  weardes  ; 
Dot.  waarts  ; Ger.  wiirts,  werts.  — L.  versus ; 
verto,  to  turn.]  A syllable  used  as  an  affix,  sig- 
nifying direction  or  tendency  to  or  from  ; as, 
heavenward,  towards  heaven,  hitherward,  this 
way. 

She  saw  walking  from  her  ward  a man  in  ehepherdish 
apparel.  Sidney. 

WARD,  t\  a.  [A.  S.  weardian  ; weard,  a guard,  a 
ward;  Dut ,weeren\  Ger.  wahren;  Dan.  vaerge ; 
Sw.  vtirja.  — It.  guardare ; Sp.  guardar ; Fr. 
garder.  — See  Guard.]  [t.  warded  ; pp. 

WARDING,  WARDED.] 

1.  To  guard  ; to  watch. 

Whose  gates  ho  found  fust  shut,  no  living  wight 

To  ward  the  same.  Spenser. 

2.  To  protect ; to  defend,  [r.] 

Tell  him  it  was  a band  that  warded  him 

From  thousand  dangers.  Shale. 

No  better  can  any  man  ward  himself  from  blmne.  Barrow. 

3.  fTo  fortify;  to  strengthen  by  fortification. 

lie  tcarded  it  [the  hill  of  Zion].  WiclelijJe. 

4.  To  fence  or  fend  ; to  repel ; to  turn  aside ; 
to  parry  ; — commonly  used  with  off". 

No  way  to  ward  or  shun  her  blows  he  tries.  Fairfax. 

Now  wards  a felling  blow,  now  strikes  again.  Daniel. 
Clothing  to  ward  ojf  the  inclemency  of  the  air.  Woodward. 

WARD,  v.  n.  1.  To  be  vigilant ; to  keep  guard. 

2.  To  act  upon  the  defensive  with  a weapon, 
as  in  fencing;  to  parry.  Sidney. 

W.tliD,  it.  [M.  Goth,  wardja ; A.  S.  weard-,  Dut. 
waard,  a host ; Ger.  wart,  a warder ; Dan.  merge  ; 
Sw.  vi/rd , a host;  Icel.  vtrder.  — Fr.  garde.]  ' 

1.  The  act  of  guarding  ; guard. 

Still,  when  she  slept,  he  kept  both  watch  and  ward . Spenser. 

2.  f Custody  ; confinement  under  guard. 

He  put  them  in  ward  in  the  house  of  the  captain  of  the 
g“ar<l-  Gen.  xl.  3. 

3.  f Garrison  ; soldiers  who  defend  a place. 

The  besieged  castle’s  ward 

Their  steadfast  stands  did  mightily  maintain.  S/>enser. 

4.  Guard  made  by  a weapon  in  fencing.  Shak. 

For  want  of  other  ward , 

lie  lifted  up  his  hand  his  front  to  guard.  Dnjden. 

5.  A fortress  ; a stronghold. 

I could  not  drive  her  from  the  ward  of  her  purity.  Shak. 


1646 

6.  f The  office  or  the  state  of  a guardian  ; 

guardianship.  Spenser. 

7.  A district  or  division  of  a city  under  the 
charge  of  an  alderman. 

I cannot  ascertain  the  time  when  this  city  [London]  was 
first  divided  into  wards.  Maitland. 

Throughout  the  trembling  city  placed  a guard, 

Dealing  an  equal  share  to  every  ward.  Dryden. 

8.  A part  of  a lock  which  corresponds  or  an- 
swers to  its  proper  key  ; a guard. 

In  the  kevhole  turns 

The  intricate  wards , and  every  bolt  and  bar.  Milton. 

9.  A division  or  apartment  in  a hospital, 

penitentiary,  &c.  Simmonds. 

10.  One  whose  business  is  to  guard,  watch, 

and  defend  ; as,  “ A tire-ward.”  Ogilvie. 

11.  (Old  Eng.  Law.)  Guard;  protection;  de- 
fence;— the  duty  of  guarding  a place: — the 
state  of  being  under  protection  or  guardianship, 

— an  heir  under  age  was  said  to  be  in  ward  : — 

an  infant  under  guardianship  : — a place  under 
the  protection  of  a person: — a division  of  a 
forest : — a place  of  custody  or  confinement ; a 
prison:  — a state  of  confinement;  imprison- 

ment. (Law.)  A person  under  the  care  of  a 
guardian  ; a minor  under  guardianship.  Burrill. 

WAr'-DANCE,  n.  A dance  held  by  savages  be- 
fore going  to  war.  Catlin. 

WARD'CORN,  n.  [Eng.  ward,  and  L.  cornu,  a 
horn  ; Fr.  come.]  (Old  Eng.  Laic.)  The  duty  of 
keeping  watch  and  ward  with  a horn  to  blow 
upon  any  occasion  of  surprise.  Burrill. 

WAR  DEN  (wlr'dn),  n.  1.  One  who  has  the  keep- 
ing or  charge  of  any  thing ; a keeper ; a guar- 
dian. “ Warden  of  the  forest.”  Burrill. 

2.  A chief  or  principal  officer.  Garth. 

3.  A kind  of  large,  hard  pear,  chiefly  used  for 

roasting  or  baking.  May. 

4.  A peace  officer  in  the  towns  of  New  Shore- 
ham  and  Jamestown,  Rhode  Island.  Bartlett. 

5.  (Eccl.)  The  head  of  some  colleges:  — the 

superior  of  some  conventual  churches  in  which 
the  chapter  remains.  Hook. 

Warden  of  the  Cinque  Ports,- an  officer  having  ju- 
risdiction over  the  Cinque  Ports,  with  a salary  of 
£31)00.  [England.] 

wAr'DEN— PIE,  n.  A pie  made  of  pears  called 
wardens.  Shak. 

WAR'DEN-RY,  n.  The  office  or  jurisdiction  of  a 
warden  ; wardenship.  Scott. 

WARDEN-SHIP  (war'dn-ship),  n.  The  state,  of- 
fice, or  jurisdiction  of  a warden.  Warton. 

wArd'F.R,  n.  [Ger.  winter.] 

1.  A keeper ; a guard.  W.  Scott. 

The  ivarders  of  the  gate.  Dryden. 

2.  Formerly,  a truncheon  by  which  an  officer 

of  arms  forbade  fight ; a staff.  Wright. 

The  king  did  throw  his  warder  down.  Shak. 

wAr'DI-AN,  a.  Noting  glass  cases  for  keeping 
ferns,  & c.,  or  for  transporting  growing  plants  ; 

— so  called  from  the  inventor.  Simmonds. 

WARD'MOTE,  ik  [ icard  and  mote,  i.  e.  the  ward- 
court.  Pulleyn.]  A court  held  in  each  ward  of 
London,  which  has  power  to  present  defaults  in 
matters  relating  to  the  watch,  poiicp,  &c. ; — 
called  also  wardmote-court  or  inquest.  Burrill. 

WARD'— PEN-NY)  ».  (Old  Eng.  Law.)  Money 
paid  to  the  sheriff  or  castellans  for  watching 
and  warding  a castle.  Burrill. 

WArd'ROBE,  n.  \ icard  and  robe.  — Fr.  garde- 

robe.] 

1.  A room,  or  portable  closet,  in  which  clothes 

are  kept.  Shak. 

2.  A person’s  wearing  apparel.  Smart. 

WARD'ROOM,  n.  (Naut.)  A room  in  ships  of 
war  where  the  lieutenants  and  other  commis- 
sioned officers  sleep  and  mess.  Mar.  Diet. 

WArd’SHIP,  n.  1.  Guardianship,  as  of  a ward 
or  minor.  Bacon. 

2.  The  state  of  being  a ward,  or  under  a guar- 
dian ; pupilage.  King  Charles. 

WARD§'MAN,  n.  A man  who  keeps  guard ; a 
guard.  Sydney  Smith. 

f WARD'— STAFF,  n.  A constable’s  or  watch- 
man’s staff.  Cowell. 

f WARE,  i.  from  wear.  Wore.  — See  Wear. 


t WARE,  a.  [A.  S.  war-,  Dan.  veer,  var ; Icel. 
var.  — See  Aware.]  Wary:  — aware.  Spenser. 

f WARE,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  warian.]  To  take  heed  of ; 

to  beware  of.  Dryden. 

t WARE,  n.  [A.  S.  ware.]  Heed.  Wiekliffe. 

wAre,m;  pi.  wares.  [A.  S .ware-,  Dut.  waar; 
Ger.  waare ; Dan.  t are ; Sw.  <5r  Icel.  vara.] 
Goods  ; commodities  ; merchandise. 

Let  the  dark  shop  commend  the  ware.  Cleaveland. 

lie  turns  himself  to  other  wares,  which  he  finds  your  mar- 
kets take  off.  Locke, 

Hardware,  tinware,  earthenware,  small  wares.  Simmonds. 

ngr“  It  is  a collective  noun,  but  admits  of  a plural 
when  wares  of  different  kinds  are  meant.”  Smart. 

Syn. — See  Commodities,  Goods. 
fwARE'FUL,  a.  Wary;  cautious.  Johnson. 

f wArE'FUL-NESS,  n.  Wariness.  Sidney. 

wArE'IIOUSE,  n.  1.  A storehouse  for  goods  or 
merchandise.  Addison. 

2.  A place  or  building  for  storing  goods  on 
which  customs  have  not  been  paid.  Simmonds. 

wARE'HOU§E,  v.  a.  [».  warehoused  ; pp. 
warehousing,  warehoused.]  To  store  or 
reposit  in  a warehouse.  Todd. 

WARE' HOUSE-MAN,  n.  1.  One  who  keeps  a 
warehouse.  Bouiier. 

2.  One  who  keeps  a wholesale  store  for  Man- 
chester or  woollen  goods.  [Eng.]  Simmonds. 

WAREHOUSING,  n.  The  act  of  depositing  goods 
in  a warehouse  or  in  warehouses. 

Warehousing  system,  a regulation  by  which  import- 
ed goods  may  be  lodged  in  public  warehouses,  and 
not  be  chargeable  with  duties  till  they  are  taken  out 
for  home  consumption.  If  they  are  exported,  no  duty 
is  paid.  p.  Cyc. 

f wARE'LflSS,  a.  Incautious;  unwary.  Spenser. 
f wARE'LY,  ad.  Warily ; cautiously.  Spenser. 
WARE§,  n.  pi.  Commodities.  — See  Ware. 

WAr'fARE,  n.  [icar  and  fare.  — Sw.  hirfard.] 

1.  State  of  war;  military  service;  military 
science  or  life  ; strategy  ; war. 

ThePhilistines  gathered  their  armies  together  for  warfare. 
to  fight  with  Israel.  1 Sam.  xxviii.  1. 

2.  Contest ; strife  ; struggle.  Rogers. 

WAr'fARE,  v.  n.  To  lead  a military  life ; to  car- 
ry on  war  ; to  war.  [r.]  Camden. 

wAr'fAr-er,  n.  One  engaged  in  warfare.  Cole. 
t wAr'IIA-BLE,  a.  Fit  for  war.  Spenser. 

WAR'— HORSE,  n.  A horse  used  in  war  ; a troop- 
er’s horse  ; a charger.  W.  Scott. 

wAr'I-LY,  or  WA'ltl  I.Y,  ad.  In  a wary  man- 
ner ; cautiously  ; with  timorous  prudence  ; with 
wise  forethought ; carefully;  heedfully. 

The  change  of  laws,  especially  concerning  matters  of  reli- 
gion, must  be  warily  proceeded  in.  Hooker. 

They  searched  diligently,  and  concluded  warily.  Sprat. 

f wAr'I-MIJNT,  n.  Caution;  wariness.  Spenser. 

WAR'INE,  n.  (Zolil.)  A name  given  to  a species 
of  South- American  monkey  or  sapajou.  Wright. 

wAr'I-NESS,  or  WA'Rf-NESS,  n.  The  state  of 
being  wary;  caution;  cautiousness;  prudent 
forethought ; circumspection.  Addison. 

WAr'-IN-SLR'ANCE  (in-shur'ans),  n.  (Insur- 
ance.) Marine  insurance  in  time  of  war,  which 
increases  the  premium.  Simmonds. 

f wAr'ISII,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  warian,  to  beware,  to 
guard,  to  ward  off.]  To  heal;  to  cure;  to  re- 
cover or  restore  from  sickness.  Holland. 

fwAR'JSH,  v.  n.  To  be  cured.  Chaucer. 

WAR'I-SON,  n.  [Apparently  same  as  garrison  or 
garnison.—  See  Garish,  and  Warish.  Rich- 
ardson.] Preparation  ; provision  ; supply  ; ac- 
quisition ; reward  ; gain.  Chaucer. 

f WARK,  n.  Work  ; — whence  bulwark.  Spenser. 
WAr'LHCE,  a.  1.  Fit  or  disposed  for  war. 

With  ten  thousand  warlike  men.  Shak. 

When  a warlike  state  grows  soft  and  effeminate,  they  may 
be  sure  of  a war.  Bacon. 

martial. 
Milton . 


2.  Pertaining  to  war  ; military  ; 
“From  his  warlike  toil  surceased.” 
Syn.  — See  Martial. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  J,  O,  V,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


WARLIKENESS 


1G47 


WARRANT 


WAR'LIKE-Niss,  n.  The  state  of  being  warlike  ; 
warlike  disposition  or  character.  Sanclys. 

f WAr'LING,  n.  One  of  whom  a person  is  weary. 

Better  be  an  old  man’s  darling,  than  a young  man’s  war- 
liny.  Camden. 

t wAr'LOCK,  f [Perhaps  from  Icel.  vardlokr, 

f wAr'LUCK,  > a magical  song  for  calling  up  evil 
spirits,  an  incantation.  Jamieson .]  A male 
witch  ; a wizard.  Dryden. 

+ WAr'LY,  a.  Warlike.  Chaloner. 

WARM,  a.  [M.  Goth,  warmjan,  to  warm. — A.  S. 
wearm;  Frs.,  Dut.,  $ Ger.  icarm  ; Dan.  <5f  Sw. 
farm  ; Icel.  varmr.] 

1.  Having  heat,  or  heated,  in  a moderate  de- 
gree ; not  cold.  “ Warm  blood.”  Shak. 

He  stretched  himself  upon  the  child,  and  the  flesh  of  tile 
child  waxed  warm.  2 Kings  iv.  34. 

Whilst  yet  with  Parthian  blood  thy  sword  is  warm.  Shak. 

2.  Fervent;  ardent;  zealous;  earnest;  ac- 
tive ; hearty ; sincere ; cordial ; vigorous  ; 
sprightly  ; lively. 

I never  thought  myself  so  warm  in  any  party’s  cause  as  to 
deserve  their  money.  Pope, 

Now  warm  in  youth,  now  withering  in  thy  bloom.  Pope. 

3.  Violent ; vehement ; furious  ; passionate  ; 
excited.  “ We  shall  have  warm  work.”  Shak. 

4.  Comfortable  in  circumstances  ; moderately 

rich  ; well  off.  [Colloquial.]  Smart. 

5.  {Paint.)  Noting  colors  which  have  yellow 

or  yellow-red  for  a base.  Clarke. 

Syn. — See  Fervor,  Hearty,  Zealous. 

WARM,  v.  a.  [M.  Goth,  warmjan.']  [i.  warmed  ; 

pp.  WARMING,  WARMED.] 

1.  To  make  warm  ; to  impart  or  communicate 
a moderate  degree  of  heat  to ; to  free  from  cold. 

lie  [Peter]  sat  with  the  servants,  and  warmed  himself  at 
the  lire.  Mark  xiv.  54. 

We  are  so  accustomed  to  the  open  fireplace, . . . that  we  arc 
apt  to  look  with  suspicion  on  other  contrivances  for  warming 
our  rooms.  Tomlinson. 

• 2.  To  heat  mentally  ; to  animate  ; to  excite. 

The  action  of  Homer,  being  moce  full  of  vigor  than  that 
of  Virgil,  is  more  pleasing  to  the  reader;  one  warms  you  by 
degrees,  the  other  sets  you  on  tire  all  at  once,  and  never  in- 

. termits  his  heat.  Dryden. 

WARM,  V.  n.  [A.  S.  wearmian.]  To  grow  or  be- 
come warm.  Isa.  xlvii.  14. 

WARMER,  n.  One  who,  or  that  which,  warms. 

•(■  WARM'FUL,  a.  Giving  warmth.  Chapman. 

WAR'— MARKED,  a.  Marked  or  wounded  in  war. 
“ War-marked  footmen.”  Shak. 

WARM'— HEART-ED,  a.  Having  warm  affections  ; 
affectionate;  cordial;  kind;  tender.  More. 

WARM'-HEART-UD-NESS,  n.  An  affectionate  dis- 
position ; cordiality  ; tender-heartedness.  More. 

wArM'ING-PAN,  n.  A pan,  with  a cover,  and  a 
long  handle,  for  holding  live  coals,  to  warm  the 
sheets  of  a bed.  Chesterfield. 

WARM'ING-STONE,  n.  A stone  found  in  Corn- 
wall, which  retains  heat  a long  time.  llay. 

wArM'LY,  ad.  1.  With  warmth  or  heat. 

There  the  warming  sun  first  warmly  smote 

The  open  field.  Milton. 

2.  With  warmth  of  feeling  ; ardently  ; eagerly. 

I hope  you  think  more  warmly  ...  of  that  design.  Pope. 

WARM'Npss,  n.  Warmth,  [r.]  Bp.  Taylor. 

WARMTH,  n.  1.  The  state  or  the  quality  of  be- 
ing warm;  moderate  or  gentle  heat;  glow, 
lie  vital  virtue  infused,  and  vital  warmth , 

Throughout  the  fluid  mass.  Milton. 

2.  Ardor;  zeal;  fervor;  fervency;  earnest- 
ness; cordiality;  intensity;  enthusiasm. 

The  best  patriots,  by  seeing  with  what  warmth  and  zeal 
the  smallest  corruptions  are  defended,  have  been  wearied 
into  silence.  Davenant. 

3.  (Paint.)  A tone  of  color  arising  from  the 

use  of  warm  colors.  Brande. 

wARMTH'LpSS,  a.  Having  or  imparting  no 
warmth.  “ The  warmthless  flame.”  Coleridge. 

WARN,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  warnian,  weamian,  toyman; 
Ger.  teamen;  Dan.  adrare;  Sw.  varna;  Icel. 
vara.]  [i.  warned  ; pp.  warning,  warned.] 

1.  To  give  previous  notice  to  of  danger  or  ill 
attending  upon  the  performance  or  non-perform- 
ance of  something;  to  caution;  to  premonish. 

Warn  them  that  they  trespass  not  against  the  Lord,  as  so 
wrath  come  upon  you  and  upon  your  brethren.  2 Chr.  xix.  10. 

I ceased  not  to  warn  every  one  night  and  day  with  tears. 

Ads  xx.  31. 


2.  To  admonish,  as  of  any  duty ; to  advise. 

Cornelius.  . . was  warned  from  God  by  ft  holy  angel  to 
send  for  thee  into  his  house.  Acts  x.  22. 

3.  To  inform  previously;  to  notify;  to  ap- 
prise. “ Warned  of  the  ensuing  fight.”  Dryden. 

4.  To  summon  ; to  call  ; to  bid. 

Who  is  it  that  hath  warned  us  to  the  walls?  Shak. 

5.  fTo  ward  ol-  keep  off;  to  repel. 

Yet  can  they  not  warn  death  from  wretched  night.  Spenser. 

Syn.  — See  Admonish. 

WARNER,  n.  One  who  warns.  Iluloet. 

WARN'ING,  n.  [Ger.  ioarnung.] 

1.  Caution  against  danger,  or  against  that  by 
which  danger  is  incurred  ; admonition;  moni- 
tion. 

Wanting  give  that  enemies  conspire 
With  tire  and  sword  the  region  to  invade.  Spenser. 

2.  Previous  notice.  “So  short  a warning.” 
L’ Estrange.  “ A month’s  warning.”  Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Admonition. 

WARN'ING-LY,  ad.  So  as  to  warn.  Clarke. 

wAr'-OF-FICE,  n.  The  office  of  the  war  depart- 
ment of  a nation.  Junius. 

WARP,  n.  [A.  S.  tcearp.  — See  Warp,  v.  n.] 

1.  ( Weaving.)  The  longitudinal  threads  of  a 
woven  fabric,  as  distinguished  from  the  weft  or 
woof  , which  runs  across  the  cloth.  Tomlinson. 

2.  ( Naut .)  A rope  for  moving  a vessel  by 

having  one  end  made  fast  to  some  fixed  object, 
or  to  a hedge.  Dana. 

3.  (Agric.)  The  deposit  of  muddy  waters  ar- 
tificially introduced  into  low  lands.  Lyell. 

4.  Young  prematurely  cast,  as  a colt,  a calf, 
lamb,  &c.  [Local,  Eng.]  Wright.  Clarke. 

5.  Four  herrings.  [Local,  Eng.]  Simmonds. 

WARP,  v.  n.  [M.  Goth,  wairpan  ; A.  S.  weorpan, 
wurpan,  to  throw,  to  cast;  Frs.  werpa;  Dut. 
werpen ; Ger.  werfen  ; Dan.  varpe,  to  warp,  as 
a ship ; Sw.  rarpa  ; Icel.  rarpa,  to  throw,  to 
send.  — Mid.  L.  werpio,  querpio.]  \i.  warped  ; 
pp.  WARPING,  WARPED.] 

1.  To  be  thrown,  turned,  or  twisted  out  of  a 
straight  direction,  as  in  drying. 

One  of  you  will  prove  a shrunk  panel,  and,  like  green  tim- 
ber, wai~p.  Shak. 

They  clamp  one  piece  of  wood  to  the  end  of  another  niece, 
to  keep  it  from  casting  or  warping.  Moxon. 

2.  To  turn  or  incline  from  a straight  or  prop- 
er course  or  direction  ; to  swerve  ; to  deviate. 

There ’s  our  commission. 

From  which  we  would  not  have  you  warp.  Shak. 

3.  To  move  with  a bending  or  a crooked  mo- 
tion ; to  wind  along. 

A pitchy  cloud 

Of  locusts,  warping  on  the  eastern  wind.  Milton. 

4.  To  cast  young  prematurely,  as  a mare,  cow, 

&c.  [Local,  Eng.]  Wright.  Clarke. 

5.  ( Weaving.)  To  form  threads  or  yarns  into 

warp.  Tomlinson. 

WARP,  v.  a.  1.  fTo  send  forth;  to  utter;  to 
ejaculate  ; to  pronounce.  Piers  Plouhman. 

2.  To  turn  or  twist  out  of  a straight  direction, 
as  timber  ; to  curve.  “ Warped  keels.”  Surrey. 

3.  To  turn,  bend,  or  incline  from  a straight 
or  proper  course  or  direction  ; to  pervert. 
“ Scripture  warped  from  its  intent.”  Cotcpcr. 

I hove  no  private  considerations  to  warp  nrc  in  this  con- 
troversy. Addison. 

4.  (Naut.)  To  move,  as  a vessel,  by  means  of 

a rope  made  fast  to  some  fixed  object,  or  to  a 
hedge.  Dana. 

5.  ( Agrir .)  To  flood  with  water,  as  tillage- 
land,  in  order  to  fertilize  it  by  the  deposit  of 
warp.  — See  Warp,  n.,  No.  3.  Farm.  Ency. 

6.  (Rope-making.)  To  unwind  from  the  reel 

or  roller,  stretch  straight  and  parallel,  and  as- 
semble in  a large  group,  or  haul,  preparatory  to 
tarring,  as  yarns.  Tomlinson. 

IVarprd  surface , (Math.)  a surface  generated  by  a 
straight  linn,  moving  so  that  no  two  of  its  consecutive 
points  shall  he  in  tile  same  plane.  Davies. 

WAR'— PAINT,  n.  Paint  put  on  the  face  and  oth- 
er parts  of  the  body,  by  American  Indians  on 
going  to  war.  Longfellow. 

WAR'— PATH,  n.  The  path  or  route  taken  by 
Indians  on  going  to  war.  Schoolcraft. 

WARP'F.R,  n.  1.  One  who,  or  that  which,  warps. 

2.  ( Weaving.)  One  who  forms  threads  or 
yarns  into  warp.  Simmonds. 


WARP'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who,  or  that 
which,  warps. 

2.  A turning  aside  from  the  right  or  proper 

course  or  direction.  Bp.  Taylor. 

3.  (Weaving.)  The  act  or  the  operation  of 

combining  yarns  or  threads  into  warp  ; the  act 
or  the  process  of  making  warp.  Tomlinson. 

4.  (Agric.)  The  act  or  the  mode  of  fertilizing 
land  by  overflowing  it  with  water.  Farm.  Ency. 

WARP'ING-BANK,  n.  A bank  or  mound  of  earth 
raised  round  a field  for  retaining  water  let  in 
for  the  purpose  of  fertilizing  the  land.  Ogilvie. 

WARP'ING-PEN'NY,  n.  A sum  of  money  paid 
by  the  spinner  to  the  weaver  on  laying  on  the 
warp.  [Local,  Eng.]  Wright. 

WAR'— PLUME,  ii.  A plume  worn  in  war.  Clarke. 

WAIF-PROOF,  a.  Able  to  resist  successfully  a 
warlike  attack.  Potter. 

wAr’PROOF,  n.  Valor  proved  by  war.  Mason. 

WARP'— THREAD,  it.  (Weaving.)  One  of  the 
threads  which  form  the  warp.  Tomlinson. 

WAR'RAN-DlCE  (wor'-),  ii.  ( Scottish  Late.)  In 
conveyancing,  a warranty.  Burn/l. 

WAR'RANT  (wor’rant),  v.  a.  [It . guarentire  ; Sp. 
garantir;  Old  Fr.  guarantir ; Fr.  garantir. — 
From  A.  S.  warian,  tcerian,  to  beware,  to 
guard.  Richardson .]  [/.  warranted  ; pp. 

1VA  R RANTING,  W A R R A N T E D . ] 

1.  To  give  security  to  ; to  secure ; to  defend. 

If  my  coming,  whom,  she  said,  he  feared.  . . . had  not  wor- 
ranted  her  from  that  near  approaching  cruelty.  Sidney. 

2.  To  give  assurance  ; to  assure ; to  insure. 

What  a galled  neck  have  we  here!  Look  ye,  mine ’s  as 
smooth  as  silk,  I warrant  ye.  L' Estrange. 

I ’ll  warrant  him  from  drowning.  Shak. 

3.  To  give  authority  to;  to  authorize;  to 
sanction  ; to  justify  ; to  maintain  ; to  support. 

Reason  warrants  it,  and  we  may  safely  receive  it  for  true. 

Locke. 

True  fortitude  is  seen  in  great  exploits. 

That  justice  warrants  and  that  wisdom  guides: 

All  else  is  towering  frenzy  and  distraction.  Addison. 

4.  (Law.)  In  conveyancing,  to  assure  the 

title  of,  as  property  sold,  by  an  express  cove- 
nant to  that  effect  in  the  deed  ; to  bind  one’s 
self  by  express  covenant  to  defend  the  grantee 
in  his  title  and  possession  of:  — in  contracts,  to 
engage  or  stipulate  in  writing,  or  by  words,  that 
a certain  fact  in  relation  to  the  subject  of  the 
contract  is  or  shall  be  as  represented;  as,  in  the 
contract  of  sales,  that  the  thing  sold  is  free  from 
defect,  or  shall  prove  to  be  of  the  quality  or  the 
quantity  represented ; or,  in  a policy  of  insur- 
ance, that  the  thing  insured  is  neutral  property, 
or  that  a ship  shall  sail  on  or  before  a given  day, 
&c.  — See  Warranty.  Burrill. 

WAR'RANT  (wor'rant),  n.  1.  That  which  author- 
izes ; authority  ; commission. 

When  at  any  time  they  either  wilfully  break  any  com- 
mandment or  ignorantly  mistake  it,  that  is  no  warrant  for 
us  to  do  so  likewise.  Kettlewell. 

Is  this  a warrant  sufficient  for  any  man’s  conscience  to 
build  such  proceedings  upon?  Hooker. 

2.  That  which  secures ; security ; guarantee. 

His  promise  is  our  plain  warrant  that  in  his  name  what 
we  nsk  we  shall  receive.  Jlooker. 

3.  A grant,  instrument,  or  writing,  authoriz- 
ing a person  to  do  or  to  have  something  which 
otherwise  he  would  have  no  right  to  do  or  to  en- 
joy ; a writ  conferring  some  right  or  authority. 

A warrant  from  the  lords  of  the  council  to  travel  for  three 
years  any  where,  Rome  and  St.  Omer  excepted.  Howell. 

He  sent  him  a warrant  fur  one  thousand  pounds  a year 
pension  for  his  life.  Clarendon. 

4.  That  which  attests  ; a voucher.  Raleigh. 

5.  f Right;  legality;  lawfulness.  Shak. 

An  abuser  of  the  world,  n praetiser 

Of  arts  inhibited  and  out  of  warrant.  Shak. 

6.  (Law.)  An  authority  to  do  some  judicial 

act,  — especially  a process  under  sea),  issued 
by  some  court  or  justice,  authorizing  an  officer 
to  arrest  or  apprehend  a person  named,  or  to 
take  certain  property.  Burrill. 

7.  (Mil.)  A writ  of  authority  inferior  to  a 

commission  : — a document  under  the  sign- 
manual,  to  authorize  the  assembling  of  a gen- 
eral court-martial,  &c.  Stoeque/er. 

Dock-warrant,  a custom-house  license  or  authority. 
[England.]  Simmonds. — tVarrant  of  attorney,  a w rit- 
ten  authority,  directed  to  an  attorney  or  attorneys  of 
a court  of  record,  to  appear  for  the  party  executing  it, 
and  receive  a declaration  for  him  in  an  action  at  the 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  CULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — ([1,  (j , 9,  g,  soft;  IS,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  If  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


WARRANTABLE 


1648 


WASH-OFF 


suit  of  a person  named,  and  thereupon  to  confess  the 
same,  or  to  suffer  judgment  to  pass  by  default.  It  also 
usually  contains  a release  of  errors. — Warrant  to  sac 
and  defend , ( Old  Law.)  a special  warrant  from  the 
crown  authorizing  a party  to  appoint  an  attorney  to 
sue  or  defend  for  him  : — a special  authority  given  by 
a party  to  his  attorney  to  commence  a suit,  or  to  ap- 
pear and  defend  a suit,  in  his  behalf.  Burrill. 

WAR'R  ANT- A-BLE  (woi-'rant-a-bl),  a.  That  is,  or 
may  be,  warranted  ; justifiable.  South. 

WAR'R  ANT- A-BLE-NESS  (wor'rjnt-a-bl-nes),  n. 
The  quality  of  being  warrantable.  Barrow. 

WAR'R  ANT- A-BLY  (wor'rant-si-ble),  ad.  In  a 
manner  to  be  warranted  ; justifiably.  Wake. 

WAR' RANT- D (wor'rant-ed),  p.  a.  Secured;  au- 
thorized; assured;  protected  by  a warranty. 

WAR- R AN-TEE'  (wor-rnn-tE  ),  n.  {Law.)  A per- 
son to  whom  warranty  is  made.  Dane. 

WAR'R ANT-f.R  (wor'rant-er),  n.  One  who  war- 
rants.' ' Johnson. 

t WAR'RANT-ISE  (wor’rfint-Is),  n.  [Law  L.  vmr- 
rantiso .]  Warrant ; authority  ; warranty.  Sheik. 

f WAR'RANT-I§E  (wor'-),  v.  a.  [LawL.  warran- 
tiso .]  To  warrant.  Hackluyt. 

WAR'R  ANT— OF'FI-CIJR  (wor'-),  n.  In  the  army 
and  navy,  an  officer  who  is  not  commissioned, 
but  exercising  authority  by  a warrant.  Stoequeler. 

WAR-RANT-OR'  (130),  n.  {Law.)  One  who  gives  a 
warranty  ;— correlative  of  warrantee.  Blackstone. 

WAR'R  AN-TY,  (vvor’rant-e),  n.  [Law  L.  roar- 
rantia\  Law  Fr.  garaunty,  garranty. — Ger. 
wahren.  — -See  Guarantee.] 

1.  {Old  English  Conveyancing.)  An  under- 

taking by  covenant  to  defend  a tenant  or  grantee 
in  his  seisin,  against  an  adverse  claimant  of 
the  land.  Burrill. 

flfS“The  ancient  law  of  warranty  of  real  property 
has  been  long  obsolete  in  practice.  Brande. 

2.  {Modern  Law.)  An  undertaking  or  stipu- 
lation in  writing,  or  verbally,  that  a certain  fact, 
in  relation  to  the  subject  of  a contract,  is,  or 
shall  be,  as  it  is  stated  or  promised  to  be. 

jgfjp  Warranty  is  generally  expressed,  but  frequently 
implied,  by  law.  Tile  common  express  warranty  of  an 
article  sold  is,  that  it.  is  free  from  defect ; but  the  law 
will  imply  a warranty  of  the  title , provided  the  seller 
sells  it  as  his  own  and  for  a fair  price.  When  a per- 
son warrants  an  article,  he  makes  himself  liable  for 
any  defect  in  the  matter  to  which  the  warranty  ap- 
plies, whether  he  knew  it  or  not ; but  when  he  makes 
a hare  representation,  it  is  necessary  to  aver  and  prove 
Tiiat  he  knew  the  representation  to  he  false;  otherwise 
he  is  not  liable  to  damages.  Burrill. 

3.  {Insurance  Law.)  A stipulation  by  a party 
insured,  in  reference  to  a vessel  or  property 
which  is  the  subject  of  insurance.  Burrill. 

An  express  warranty  is  a stipulation  inserted  in 
writing  on  the  face  of  the  policy,  either  alleging  the 
existence  of  some  fact  or  state  of  tilings  at  or  precious 
to  the  time  of  making  the  policy,  or  it  undertakes  for 
the  happening  of  future  acts.  The  implied  warranty 
in  a policy  is,  that  the  vessel  is  seaworthy.  Burrill. 

4.  Authority  ; warrant,  [it.] 

' If  they  disobey  any  precept,  that  is  no  excuse  to  us,  nor 
gives  us  any  warranty,  for  company’s  sake,  to  disobey  like- 
wise. Kettlewell. 

5.  Guaranty  ; assurance  ; security. 

The  stamp  [in  coinage]  was  a warranty  of  the  public  that 
under  such  a denomination  they  should  receive  a piece  of 
such  a weight  and  fineness.  Locke. 

WAR'R  AN-TY,  v.  a.  To  warrant ; to  guarantee. 

f WAR'RAY  (wor'rst),  v.  a.  To  make  war  upon. 

The  Christian  lords  warraid  the  eastern  lands.  Fairfax. 

t WARRE,  a.  [M.  Goth.  wairs.~\  Worse.  Spenser. 

WAR'RpN  (wor'ren),  n.  [LawL.  warenna',  Law 
Fr.  garenere  ; garenner,  to  prohibit.  — Ger. 
wahren,  to  protect  or  defend.] 

1.  A place  privileged  by  prescription,  or  royal 
grant,  for  the  keeping  and  preservation  of  cer- 
tain animals  called  beasts  and  fowls  of  warren. 

A warren  may  lie  open;  and  there  is  no  necessity  of  en- 
closing it,  os  there  is  of  a park.  The  beasts  of  warren  appear 
to  he  only  hares  and  rabbits;  and  the  fowls  of  warren  are  par- 
tridges and  pheasants,  though  some  add  quails,  woodcocks, 
and  water-fowl.  /'.  Cue. 

rt^Tn  common  language,  a warren  is  a surface  of 
poor,  dry,  sandy  soil,  on  which  rabbits  are  kept. Brande. 

2.  {Eng.  Law.)  A franchise  which  gives  a 
right  to  have  and  keep  certain  wild  beasts  and 


fowls  called  game,  within  the  precincts  of  a 
manor  or  any  other  place  of  known  extent, 
whereby  the  owner  of  the  franchise  has  a prop- 
erty in  the  game,  and  a right  to  exclude  all 
other  persons  from  hunting  or  taking  it ; — 
called  also  free  warren.  P.  Cyc. 

3.  A place  in  a river  for  keeping  fish.  Clarke. 

WAR'RgN-JgR  (wor'ren-er),  n.  The  keeper  of  a 
warren.  Shah. 

WAR'RI-AN-GLE  (wor're-ang-gl),  n.  {Ornith.)  A 
kind  of  hawk.  Ainsworth. 

||  WAR'RIOR  (war'ynr)  [w&r'yur,  S.  IF.  P.  J.  E. 

K. ;  w&r're-ur,  P. ; wor're-ur,  Ja.  Stn.~\,  n.  A 
person  engaged  in  war  or  military  service ; a 
soldier  ; a military  man  : — a brave  man. 

I sing  the  warrior  and  his  mighty  deeds.  Lauderdale. 

||  WAR'RIOR-ESS,  n.  A female  warrior.  Spenser. 

t WAR'RY,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  wiryian.]  To  curse  ; to 
execrate.  Chaucer. 

WAR'— SONG,  n.  A song  sung  by  American  In- 
dians at  the  war-dance.  Catlin. 

WAR'— SUNK,  a.  Overwhelmed  in  war.  Thomson. 

WART,  n.  [A.  S.weart,  waarte ; Dut.  wrat ; Ger. 
warze  ; Dan.  v orte\  Sw.  varta  ; Icel.  varta. — 

L.  verruca  ; It.  verruca  ; Sp.  verruga  ; Fr. 
verruei] 

1.  A small,  hard  tumor  or  excrescence  which 
forms  at  the  surface  of  the  skin,  and  particu- 
larly on  that  of  the  hands  and  face.  Dunglison. 

2.  {Bot.)  A sessi]e  gland,  of  variable  figure, 
produced  on  various  parts  of  plants.  Lindley. 

WART'— CRESS,  n.  {Bot.)  The  name  of  crucifer- 
ous plants  of  the  genus  Scnebiera  or  Coronopus. 

Gray.  Loudon. 

WART'^D,  a.  Covered  with  warts.  Henslow. 

WART'-HOG,  n.  {Zo'dl.)  The  common  name  of 
animals  of  the  swine  family,  and  genus  Phaco- 
chccrus,  remarkable  for  having  on  each  side  of 
the  cheek  a large  tubercle  or  wart.  Baird. 

WART'L^SS,  a.  Destitute  of  warts.  Dr.  Allen. 

WART'WORT  (w&rt'wurt),  n.  {Bot.)  A plant  of 
the  genus  Euphorbia,  or  spurge,  with  tubercled 
or  warted  capsules.  Loudon.  Ainsworth. 

WART'Y,  a.  Having  warts.  Phillips. 

wAr'-WAST-ED,  a.  Wasted  by  war.  Coleridge. 

WAR'WHOOP  (w&r'liop),  n.  The  cry  of  war  among 
the  American  Indians.  Catlin. 

wAr'WJCK-ITE,  n.  {Min.)  A brittle,  crystal- 
line mineral,  of  dark-brown  or  black  color,  and 
composed  essentially  of  boracic  acid,  titanic 
acid,  magnesia,  and  oxide  of  iron.  Dana. 

WAR'— WORN,  a.  Worn  with  war.  Shah. 

wAr'Y,  or  WA'RY,  a.  [A.  S.  war  ; Dut.  ware  ; 
Old  Ger.  wer ; Dan.  varsom ; Sw.  varsam .] 
Cautious  ; scrupulous  ; timorously  prudent  ; 
chary  ; guarded  ; watchful ; circumspect. 

Each  tiling  feigned  ought  more  wary  be.  Spenser. 

Let  us  be  wary , let  us  hide  our  loves.  Shak. 

WA§  (woz),  i.  from  be.  I WAS,  thou  wast  (wost), 
he  was.  — See  Be. 

WASE,  n.  A wreath  of  straw  or  cloth  placed  on 
the  head  to  prevent  the  pressure  of  burdens. 
[Local,  Eng.]  Cooper. 

WASH  (wosh),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  icascan,  wacsan-,  Dut. 
wasschen;  Ger.  waschen ; Dan.  vaske ; Sw. 
vaslcaf]  [?.  washed  ; pp.  washing,  washed.] 

1.  To  cleanse  by  ablution  ; to  cleanse  with 
water  or  other  fluid. 

IIow  fain,  like  Pilate,  would  T wash  my  hands 

Of  this  most  grievous,  guilty  murther  done!  Shak. 

2.  To  wet ; to  moisten  ; to  cover  or  wet  with 
water  or  any  fluid. 

The  sea  washes  many  Islands.  Johnson. 

3.  To  separate  the  extraneous  matter  from, 
by  means  of  water,  as  ores. 

The  ores  thus  detached . . . are  wheeled  out  to  the  day, 
and  washed.  Ure. 

4.  To  color  superficially ; to  spread  colors 

over  ; to  color,  as  a pencil  design,  with  one 
color,  as  Indian  ink,  &c.  Davies. 

5.  To  overlay  with  a thin  coat  of  metal.  T Vr. 


6.  To  affect  by  ablution  ; to  purify  ; to  cleanse  ; 
— followed  by  away,  off,  & c. 

Be  baptized,  and  wash  away  thy  sins.  Acts  xxii.  1G. 

7.  To  color  by  washing. 

To  wash  over  a coarse  or  insignificant  meaning  is  to  coun- 
terfeit nature’s  coin.  Collier. 

WASH  (wosli),  v.  n.  1.  To  perform  ablution. 

Wash,  and  partake  6erene  the  friendly  feast.  rope. 

2.  To  cleanse  clothes  by  the  use  of  water. 

She  can  wash  and  scour.  Shak. 

WASH  (wosli),  n.  1.  Matter  collected  by  water. 

The  wash  of  pastures,  fields,  commons.  Mortimer. 

2.  A bog  ; a marsh  ; a fen  ; a quagmire  ; — a 
shore  washed  by  the  sea,  or  the  shallow  part  of 
a river. 

Neptune’s  salt  wash , and  Tcllus’  orbed  ground.  Shak. 
Thus  all  through  merry  Islington 
These  gambols  he  did  play, 

Until  he  came  unto  the  wash 

Of  Edmonton  so  gay.  Covrper. 

3.  A medical  or  a cosmetic  lotion. 

lie  tried  all  manner  of  washes  to  bring  him  to  a better 
complexion.  L'Kstranye. 

Here  gallipots  and  vials  placed. 

Some  filled  with  washes,  some  with  paste.  Swift. 

4.  The  feed  of  hogs  gathered  from  washed 
dishes,  &c. ; the  wet  refuse  of  cookery,  &c. 

The  stillness  of  a sow  at  her  wash.  South. 

5.  Act  of  washing  the  clothes  of  a family,  or 
the  quantity  of  clothes  washed  at  once.  Johnson. 

6.  A substance  spread  over  boards  or  other 

work  for  beauty  or  preservation.  Wright. 

7.  A thin  coating  of  metal,  as  of  geld.  Wright. 

8.  A mixture  of  dunder,  or  waste  saccharine 

juices,  used  for  distilling.  Simmonds. 

9.  {Distilling.)  The  fermented  wort  from 

which  spirit  is  distilled.  Brande. 

10.  ( Kavt .)  The  blade  of  an  oar.  Mar.  Diet. 

11.  [Paint.)  A thin  color  or  tint;  a superfi- 
cial stain.  Clarke. 

12.  Ten  strikes  of  oysters.  Simmonds. 

f WASH  (wosh),  a.  Washy;  weak.  Beau.  Sj  FI. 

WASH'A-BLE  (wosli'-),  a.  That  can  be  washed.  Cl. 

WASH'— BALL  (wosh'bal),  n.  A ball  of  soap.  Swift. 

WASIl'BOARD  (wosh'bord),  n.  1.  A board  used 
for  washing  clothes  on.  Clarke. 

2.  A board  at  the  bottom  of  a wall  in  a room  ; 
a skirting-board  ; a mop-board.  Simmonds. 

3.  {Naitt.)  One  of  the  broad,  thin  planks, 
fixed  occasionally  on  the  top  of  a boat’s  sides, 
to  increase  the  height  thereof,  and  prevent  the 
sea  from  breaking  into  the  vessel.  Mar.  Diet. 

WASH'BOWL  (wosh'bal),  n.  A bowl  to  wash  in. 

WASH'f.R  (wosli'er), n.  1.  One  who  washes.  Shak. 

2.  (il/cc/i.)  A circular  piece  of  leather  or  paste- 
board placed  at  the  base  of  a screw,  so  as  to  pre- 
vent the  metal  surfaces  from  being  injured  when 
it  is  screwed  home,  or  used  to  render  screw  and 
other  junctions  air-tight:  — aflat  piece  of  iron 
pierced  with  a hole  for  the  passage  of  a screw, 
between  whose  nut  and  the  timber  it  is  placed 
to  prevent  compression  on  a small  surface  of 
the  timber.  Brande. 

WASH'^R— MAN  (wosh'er-man),  n.  A man  who 
washes  clothes.  Mackintosh. 

WASH'jR— WOM-AN  (vvosli'ev-wfim-an),  n.  A 
woman  who  washes  clothes.  Qu.  Rev. 

WASH'T-NF.SS  (wosh 'e-nes),  n.  The  state  or  the 
quality  of  being  washy.  Clarke. 

WASH'ING  (wosh'jng),  n.  1.  The  act  of  cleans- 
ing by  water  ; ablu’.ion.  South. 

2.  The  act  of  separating  the  earth  and  ex- 
traneous matter  from  a metal  by  water. 

3.  The  clothes  washed;  a wash. 

WASH'ING— MA-fTIINE'  (wosh'-),  n.  A machine 

for  washing  clothes.  Simmonds. 

WASH'lNG-TON-iTE,  n.  {Min.)  A variety  of 
ilmenite  occurring  in  Connecticut  in  large  tabu- 
lar crystals,  and  consisting  of  boracic-acid,  ti- 
tanic acid,  sesquioxide  of  iron,  and  protoxide 
of  iron.  Dana. 

WASH'— LEATH-ER  (wosli'-),  n.  Split  sheep-skins 
prepared  with  oil  in  imitation  of  chamois,  and 
used  for  household  purposes,  as  dusting,  clean- 
ing glass,  etc. : — alumed  or  bull'  leather  for 
regimental  belts.  Simmonds. 

WASII'-OFF,  a.  {Calico-printing.)  Noting  fugi- 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  IIER; 


WASH-POT  1649  WATCHET 


tive,  topical  colors,  not  fixed  by  steaming,  which 
are  also  called  spirit  colors,  or  fancy  colors. 

Parnell. 

WASIt'-POT  (wosh'pot),  n.  A pot  or  vessel  in 
which  any  thing  is  washed.  Coxcley. 

WASH'— STAND  (wosh'-),  71.  Apiece  of  furniture 
for  holding  ewer  and  basin  and  other  requisites 
for  washing  the  person.  Simmonds. 

WASH'— TUB  (wosh'tub),  n.  A tub  in  which  clothes 
are  washed.  Ash. 

WASH'Y  (wosh'e),  a.  1.  Watery  ; damp;  moist. 

On  the  washy  ooze  deep  channels  wore.  Milton. 

2.  Weak  ; not  solid  ; wanting  firmness  or  so- 
lidity ; thin,  as  diluted  substances.  Wotton. 

||  WASP  (wosp)  [wosp,  IV.  J.  F.  Ja.  Sm.  Wb. ; 
wasp,  S.  E. ; wasp,  P.\,  n.  [A.  S.  wcesp,  weeps, 
icesp  ; Dut.  wesp  ; Ger.  loespe  ; Dan.  weps.— 
L.  vespa;  It.  vespa;  Sp.  acispa ; Fr.  guepe.\ 
(Ent.)  An  aculeated,  hymenopterous,  stinging 
insect,  of  the  genus  Vespa,  allied  to  the  hornet, 
but  having  a more  slender  body.  Westwood. 

||  WASP'— FLY  (wosp'fll),  n.  An  insect.  Hill. 

||  WASP'ISH  (wSsp'ish),  a.  1.  Irritable  ; irascible  ; 
snappish ; easily  provoked. 

[St.  Jerome]  was  naturally  a waspish  and  hot  man.  Bp.  Hall. 

2.  Like  a wasp  in  shape  ; having  a slender 
waist ; as,  “ A waspish  form.” 

II  WASP'ISH— HE  AD' ED  (wosp'ish-lied'ed),  a.  Ir- 
ritable ; passionate.  .Shale. 

II  WASP'ISH-LY  (wosp'ish-le),  ad.  In  a waspish 
manner  ; snappishly  ; peevishly.  Wasping. 

||  WASP'ISH-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  wasp- 
ish; peevishness;  irritability.  Cleavelaiul. 

WAS'SAIL  ( wos'sil ),  n.  [A.  S.  xcms-hml,  health 
be  with  you ; wesan,  to  be,  and  heel,  health.] 

1.  Anciently  a salutation  in  drinking.  Ritson. 

2.  A liquor  made  of  apples,  sugar,  and  ale, 
anciently  much  used  by  good-fellows.  Fletcher. 

3.  A drunken  bout ; a carousal.  Shale. 

4.  A merry  or  convivial  song. 

Have  you  done  your  wassail ? ’tis  a handsome  drowsy 
ditty  I’ll  assure  you.  Beau.  FI. 

WAS'SAIL  (wos'sil),  v.  n.  To  hold  a wassail  ; to 
drink  ; to  carouse.  Milton. 

WAS'SAIL  (wos'sil),  a.  Pertaining  to  a wassail  ; 
convivial ; festal.  Shenstone. 

WAS'SAIL— BOWL  (wos'sjl-bol),  n.  A bowl  for 
holding  wassail,  or  a bowl  used  at  wassails. 

The  wassail-bowl,  which  was  anciently  carried  round  on 
New  Year’s  Eve.  Brancle. 

WAS'SAIL-JJR  (wos'sil-er),  n.  A jovial  drinker  ; a 
reveller  ; a toper.  Milton. 

WAST  (wost).  [A.  S.  xocsan,  to  be.]  i.  from  be, 
second  person  singular.  — See  Be. 

WASTE,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  westan;  Dut.  verwocsten ; 
Ger.  wiisten.  — L.  vasto,  v astatus;  It.  guastare; 
Sp.  gastar ; Fr.  gater.\  [ i . wasted  ; pp.  wast- 
ing, wasted.] 

1.  To  diminish;  to  decrease  ; to  wear  away. 

The  patient  is  much  wasted  and  enfeebled.  Blackmore. 

2.  To  destroy  wantonly  and  luxuriously ; to 
use  or  employ  prodigally  ; to  squander  ; to  cause 
to  be  destroyed,  or  to  be  of  no  use  or  value. 

There  must  be  providence  used,  that  our  ship-timber  be 
not  wasted.  Bacon. 

3.  To  devastate  ; to  destroy  ; to  desolate  ; to 
ravage  ; to  ruin  ; to  spoil. 

Though  the  siege  were  withdrawn,  and  the  city  spared, 
yet  the  country  thereabout  they  wasted. 

4.  To  pass  time  in  idleness  or  misery;  to 
consume  tediously  ; to  wear  out. 

And  they,  outcast  from  God.  are  here  condemned 

To  waste  eternal  days  in  woe  and  pain.  Milton. 

5.  To  spend;  to  consume;  to  expend. 

O,  were  I able 

To  waste  it  all  myself,  and  leave  you  none!  Milton. 

Full  many  a flower  is  born  to  blush  unseen, 

And  waste  its  sweetness  on  the  desert  air.  Gray. 

6.  ( Law .)  To  spoil,  or  to  do  a lasting  damage 
to,  as  an  estate ; to  spoil  or  destroy,  as  houses, 
woods,  lands,  or  other  corporeal  hereditaments 
by  the  tenant  thereof.  — See  Waste,  n.  Burrill. 

WASTE,  v.  n.  To  dwindle;  to  be  diminished 
gradually  ; to  be  consumed.  Dryden. 


WASTE,  a.  1.  Destroyed;  ruined;  desolated; 
devastated  ; ravaged  ; spoiled. 

Bactrian  Sophi  from  the  horns 

Of  Turkish  crescent,  leaves  all  waste  beyond 

The  realm  of  Aladule,  in  his  retreat.  Milton. 

2.  Desolate  ; uncultivated  ; untilled  ; wild. 

There  be  very  waste  countries  ami  wildernesses;  but  we 

find  not  mention  whether  any  do  inhabit  there.  Abbot. 

3.  Superfluous;  exuberant;  lost  for  want  of 
occupiers.  “ Her  waste  fertility.”  Milton. 

4.  Worthless;  that  of  which  none  but  mean 
uses  can.  be  made,  or  of  which  no  account  is 
taken  ; refuse.  “ Waste  wood.”  Johnson. 
“ Waste  paper.”  Dryden. 

To  lay  waste,  to  desolate  ; to  destroy  ; to  devastate. 

WASTE,  n.  1.  The  act  of  wasting;  a squander- 
ing ; wanton  or  prodigal  destruction. 

For  all  this  waste  of  wealth  and  loss  of  blood.  Milton. 

2.  Consumption  ; loss  ; useless  expenditure. 

The  waste  daily  made  by  the  frequent  attrition  in  masti- 
cation. Ray. 

3.  Devastation;  ravage;  desolation;  ruin. 

I from  the  root  thy  guilty  race  will  tear. 

And  give  the  nations  to  the  waste  of  war.  Pope. 

4.  Desolate  or  uncultivated  ground  or  coun- 
try ; ground,  place,  or  space  unoccupied  ; a wild ; 
a desert ; a wilderness. 

Land  that  is  left  wholly  to  nature,  that  hath  no  improve- 
ment of  pasturage,  tilluge,  or  planting,  is  called  waste.  Locke. 
And,  like  fresh  eagle,  made  his  hardy  flight 
Through  all  that  great,  wide  waste  yet  wanting  light.  Spenser. 

All  the  leafy  nation  sinks  at  last. 

And  Yulcan  rides  in  triumph  o’er  the  waste.  Dryclen. 

5.  Something  of  little  or  no  account  or  value, 
as  the  refuse  of  cotton  or  silk.  Simmonds. 

6.  {Law.)  Spoil  or  destruction  done  or  allowed 

to  be  done  to  houses,  woods,  lands,  or  other 
corporeal  hereditaments,  by  the  tenant  thereof, 
to  the  prejudice  of  the  heir,  or  of  him  in  rever- 
sion or  remainder.  Cowell. 

/J£g=  IVaste  is  either  voluntary  or  permissive  ; the 
one  by  an  actual  ar.d  designed  demolition  of  Hie 
lands,  woods,  and  bouses;  the  oilier  arising  from 
mere  negligence,  and  want  of  sufficient  care  in  rep- 
aration, fences,  and  the  like.  Burrill. 

7.  {Mining.)  A vacant  place  left  in  the  gob- 
bing, in  each  side  of  which  the  rubbish  is 
packed  up  for  the  support  of  the  roof.  Watson. 

Syn.  — See  Loss. 

WASTE 'BOARD,  n.  A board  set  up  on  the  edge 
of  a boat  or  other  vessel  to  keep  out  water.  Ash. 

WASTE'— BOOK  (wast'buk),  n.  A book  in  which 
merchants  record  their  dealings  in  order  as  they 
occur.  Simmonds. 

WASTE'FUL,  a.  1.  Causing  waste  ; destructive. 
“These  wasteful  furies.”  Milton. 

2.  Wantonly  or  dissolutely  consumptive. 

In  such  cases,  they  set  them  off  more  with  wit  and  activity 
than  with  costly  and  wasteful  expenses.  Bacon. 

3.  Lavish  ; prodigal  ; luxuriantly  liberal ; pro- 
fuse ; extravagant.  “A  wasteful  hani.”  Addison. 

4.  f Desolate  ; waste  ; unoccupied. 

They  viewed  the  vast  immeasurable  abyss; 

Outrageous  as  a sea,  dark,  wasteful,  wild.  Milton. 

Syn.  — See  Extravagant. 

WASTE'FUL-LY,  ad.  In  a wasteful  manner; 
prodigally ; lavishly.  Hooker. 

WASTE 'FUL-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality 
of  being  wasteful ; prodigality.  Holland. 

WASTE'— GATE,  n.  A gate  in  a dam  through 
which  water  not  wanted  is  discharged.  Wright. 

f WAS'TEL  (wos'tel),  n.  [Low  L.  wastellus .]  A 
fine  sort  of  bread  or  cake.  Lowth. 

WASTE'— LAND,  n.  Any  tract  or  surface  not  in 
a state  of  cultivation,  and  producing  little  or  no 
useful  herbage  or  wood  ; a waste.  ‘ Brande. 

f WASTE'NIJSS,  n.  The  state  of  being  waste  or 
desolate;  — a waste  place.  “Through  woods 
and  wasteness  wide.”  Spenser. 

WASTE'— PIPE,  n.  A pipe  for  discharging  sur- 
plus or  used  water.  Simmonds. 

WAST'FR,  n.  1.  One  who  wastes  or  squanders; 
one  who  consumes  or  spends  dissolutely  and 
extravagantly  ; a squanderer  ; a spendthrift. 

The  profuse  wasters  of  their  patrimonies.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  f A kind  of  cudgel.  Beau.  § FI. 

WASTE 'THRIFT,  ii.  A spendthrift.  Beau.  § FI. 


WASTE'-WEAR,  n.  A wear  for  the  surplus  water 
of  a canal.  Clarke. 

WAST'ING,  a.  Consuming;  wearing  away. 

WAST'ING,  »t.  Consumption;  decay;  decline. 

f WAS'TRIJL,  n.  1.  Common  ground.  Carciv. 

2.  A waste  substance,  as  imperfect  bricks, 
china,  &c.  [Local,  Fng.]  Halliwell.  Simmonds. 

WATCH  (wScli),  n.  [A.  S.  wcecce ; wacian,  to 
watch  ; Dut.  waak,  icake,  ivacht ; Ger.  wache, 
xvacht ; Dan.  vaght ; Sw.  Icel.  vakt.  — See 
Wake.] 

1.  Act  of  watching;  forbearance  of  sleep; 
wakefulness;  watchfulness;  vigilance.  Johnson. 

2.  Attendance  without  sleep. 

All  the  long  night  their  mournful  watch  they  keep.  Addison. 

3.  Attention  ; close  observation  ; inspection. 

When  I had  lost  one  shaft, 

I shot  his  fellow  of  the  selfsame  flight. 

Tile  selfsame  way,  with  more  advised  watch.  Shalt. 

4.  Guard  ; vigilant  keeping  ; caution  or  vigil- 
ance to  protect  from  surprise  or  attack. 

Use  careful  watch ; choose  trusty  sentinels.  Shalt. 

5.  A watchman  or  watchmen  ; a man  or  men 

set  to  guard  or  keep  watch  ; — used  in  a collec- 
tive sense.  Milton. 

6.  The  place,  post,  or  office,  of  a watchman. 

As  I did  stand  my  watch  upon  the  hill.  Shale. 

7.  A period  of  the  night  in  which  a watch- 
man or  watchmen  keep  guard.  Milton. 

8.  A pocket  timepiece ; a small  horological 
instrument  to  be  carried  in  the  pocket. 

Fourteen  or  fifteen  thousand  gold  watches,  and  eighty  or 
ninety  thousand  silver  watches,  are  annually  assayed  at  Gold- 
smiths’ Hall  [London].  Simmonds. 

9.  {Naut.)  A division  of  time  on  board  ship  ; 
— a certain  portion  of  a ship’s  company  ap- 
pointed to  stand  on  watch  a given  length  of 
time.  “ The  larboard  watch.”  Mar.  Diet. 

Mnchor  watch,  (Naut.)  a small  watch,  of  one  or  two 
men,  kept  while  in  port.  Dana. — Dog  watch,  ( JVaut .) 
See  Dog-watch.  — H atch  anil  ward,  tile  keeping  of 
watch  by  night,  and  guard  by  day,  in  a town  or  other 
district.  Burrill.  — Watch  and  watch,  (Naut.)  the  ar- 
rangement by  which  the  watches  are  alternated  every 
other  four  hours.  Dana. 

WATCH  (wocli),  v.  n.  [Goth,  ivakan  ; A.  S.  wa- 
cian  ; Dut.  tcaken  ; Ger.  xcachen  ; Dan.  vaage  ; 
Sw.  § Icel.  raka.  — Wake  and  watch  are  the 
same  word,  k being  changed  into  ch.  Richard- 
son.'] [i.  watched  ; pp.  watching,  watched.] 

1.  To  be  or  keep  awake  ; not  to  sleep. 

I have  two  nights  watched  with  you.  Shale. 

2.  To  keep  guard  ; to  be  on  guard  ; to  act  as 
watch  or  sentinel ; to  be  on  the  watch. 

He  gave  signal  to  the  minister  that  watched.  Milton. 
Upon  the  walls  every  night  do  watch  fifteen  men.  Hackluyt. 

3.  To  look  -with  attention  or  expectation ; to 
be  heedful,  attentive,  or  vigilant. 

My  soul  waiteth  for  the  Lord  more  than  they  that  watch 
for  the  morning.  Ps.  exxx.  6. 

Watch  thou  in  all  things,  endure  afflictions.  2 Tim.  iv.  5. 

4.  (Naut.)  To  float  on  the  surface  of  the  wa- 
ter, as  a buoy.  Dana « 

To  zoatch  over , to  be  cautiously  observant  of. 

WATCH  (wocli),  v.  a.  1.  To  guard;  to  have  in 
keep  ; to  attend  ; to  tend  ; to  observe  carefully. 

Paris  watched  the  flocks  in  the  groves  of  Ida.  Broome. 

Flaming  ministers  watch  and  tend  their  charge.  Milton. 

2.  To  lie  in  wait  for. 

They  under  rocks  their  food 
In  jointed  armor  watch.  Milton. 

3.  To  observe  in  order  to  detect  or  prevent ; 
to  look  at  so  as  to  guard  against.  Johnson. 

WATCH'— BAR-RpL  (wocli'-),  n.  A short  cylinder 
enclosing  the  main  spring  of  a watch. St mmonds. 

WATCH'-BELL  (woch'bel),  n.  {Naut.)  A bell 
struck  when  the  half-hour  glass  is  run  out,  to 
make  known  the  time  of  the  watch.  Mar.  Diet. 

WATCH'— BILL  (woch'bll),  n.  {Naut.)  A list  of 
the  persons  appointed  to  the  watch.  Mar.  Diet. 

WATCH'— CASE  (wocli'kas),  n.  A case  of.  or  for 
holding,  a watch.  P.  Cyc. 

WATCH'-DOG  (woch'dog),  71.  A dog  kept  to 
watch  or  guard  premises.  Goldsmith. 

WATCH 'ljlt  (wocli'er),  n.  One  who  watches. 

f WATCH'ET  (woch'et),  a.  [“  Most  probably  from 
load,  or  woad.  The  color  of  the  dye  of  wood. 


MIEN,  SIR ; ^MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — Q,  9,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


WATCHFUL 


1650 


WATER-DOCTOR 


i.  e.  pale  blue.  This  seems  to  me  much  prefer- 
able to  the  derivation  from  weeced,  weak.”  Nares.~\ 
Blue ; pale  blue ; cerulean.  Milton. 

WATCH'FUL  (wSch'ful),  a.  Wakeful;  vigilant; 
attentive ; observant  ; cautious  ; circumspect ; 
heedful ; careful ; wary. 

Be  watchful  of  their  behavior.  Law . 

Readers  should  not  lay  by  that  caution  which  becomes  a 
sincere  pursuit  of  truth,  and  should  make  them  always  watch- 
ful against  whatever  might  conceal  or  misrepresent  it.  Locke. 

“ It  lias  o/beforo  the  thing  to  he  regulated, and 
against  before  the  thing  to  bo  avoided.”  Johnson. 

Syn.  — See  Careful,  Wakeful. 

WATCII'FUL-LY  (woch'ful-le),  ad.  In  a watch- 
ful manner  ; vigilantly  ; cautiously  ; attentively. 

WATCH'FUL-NESS  (Vvoch'ful-nes),  n.  The  state 
or  the  quality  of  being  watchful  ; vigilance ; 
heed;  attention;  diligent  observation.  Watts. 

WATCH'— GLASS  (wBch'glis),  n.  1.  A small  con- 
vex glass  used  to  cover  the  face  of  a watch  ; the 
crystal  of  a watch.  Simmonds. 

2.  ( Naut .)  A half-hour  glass  used  to  measure 
the  time  of  a watch  upon  deck.  Mar.  Diet. 

WATCH'— GUARD,  n.  A guard  for  the  watch. 

WATCH'— GUN  (woch'-),  n.  (Naut.)  A gun  fired 
on  board  ships  of  war  at  the  setting  of  the 
watch  in  the  evening,  and  on  relieving  it  in  the 
morning.  Mar.  Diet. 

WATCH'— HoOsE  (woch'hohs),  n.  1.  A place  where 
a watch  or  guard  is  set.  Cay. 

2.  A lock-up  of  a city  watch  or  police. 

WATCH'JNG  (woch'jng),  n.  1.  The  act  of  one 
who  watches  or  keeps  watch ; attention. 

2.  Want  of  sleep  ; sleeplessness  ; vigilance. 

WATCH'— LIGHT  (woch'llt),  n.  A candle  with  a 
rush  wick,  to  burn  in  the  night.  Addison. 

WATCH'— MAK-ER  (woch'mak-er),  n.  One  who 
makes  watches.  Moxon. 

WATCH'MAN  (woch'nian),  n.  ; pi.  WATCHMEN. 

1.  One  set  to  keep  watch ; a guard ; a senti- 
nel ; a sentry.  Spenser. 

2.  An  officer  in  a city  or  a town,  whose 
duty  it  is  to  watch  during  the  night,  and  take 
care  of  the  property  of  the  inhabitants.  Bouvier. 

Watchman’s  rattle,  a spring  rattle,  used  by  watchmen 
to  sound  an  alarm  or  to  call  for  assistance.  Simmonds. 

WATCH'— PA-PJJR  (woch'pa-per),  n.  An  old-fash- 
ioned fancy  ornament,  or  thin  tissue  lining,  for 
the  case  of  a watch.  Simmonds. 

WATCH'— TOVV-ER  (woch'tou-er),  n.  A tower  on 
which  a sentinel  is  placed  to  keep  guard  against 
the  approach  of  an  enemy.  Holland. 

WATCHWORD  (woch'wurd),  n.  A particular  word 
or  phrase  given  to  sentinels,  and  those  employed 
on  duty,  and  exchanged  as  a signal  on  meeting, 
in  order  to  prevent  the  surprises  or  entrance  of 
an  enemy  ; countersign.  Shak. 

WA'TflR,  n.  [M.  Goth,  wife;  A.  S.  water ; Dut. 
water ; Frs.  wetcr,  wetir;  Ger.  wasser ; Dan. 
vand;  Sw.  ratten;  Icel.  vatu.  — Gr.  vSuip  ; L. 
udus,  wet.  — Slav,  voda  ; Sansc.  tidal] 

1.  A well-known  fluid ; a substance  very 
abundant  in  nature,  essential  to  the  existence 
and  growth  of  living  beings,  whether  animal  or 
vegetable,  liquid  at  ordinary  temperatures,  boil- 
ing and  converted  into  steam  under  usual  atmos- 
pheric pressure  at  212°  Fahrenheit,  becoming 
solid  in  the  form  of  ice  at  32°,  void,  when  pure, 
of  color,  taste,  and  smell,  and  composed  of  one 
equivalent  of  oxygen  and  one  of  hydrogen. 

RTT-  Water  is  a powerful  refractor  of  light,  anil  an 
imperfect  conductor  of  electricity ; conducts  heat 
very  slowly,  ovaporates  at  all  temperatures,  and,  so 
rapidly  in  a vacuum,  in  which  the  vapor  is  absorbed 
as  fast  as  it  is  formed,  that  the  cold  produced  by  the 
evaporation  of  a part  of  the  water,  contained  in  a shal- 
low vessel,  freezes  the  remaining  part;  and  is  elas- 
tic and  compressible,  it3  bulk  being  diminished  fifty- 
three  millionths  by  a pressure  of  one  atmosphere,  and 
in  like  proportion  to  the  compressing  force  by  greater 
pressures.  It  has  its  maximum  density  at  about  393, 
has  the  same  density  at  and  48°,  has  its  bulk  in- 
creased about  1700  times  by  conversion  into  steam, 
and  about  one  fifteenth  at  the  moment  of  congelation, 
when  its  expansive  force  hursts  the  strongest  vessels. 
It  is  a powerful  solvent,  dissolving  gases  and  a great 
variety  of  solid  substances.  It  is  diffused  through  the 
atmosphere  in  the  form  of  vapor,  is  connected  with 
many  atmospheric  optical  phenomena,  and  falls  in 
the  form  of  rain,  snow,  and  hail.  Common  water 
always  holds  in  solution  more  or  less  foreign  matter. 
Wood  tf  Bachc.  Miller.  Graham. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I, 


2.  Any  large  collection  of  water,  as  the  sea, 

a lake,  or  a river,  “tsueh  as  travel  by  land  or 
by  water.”  Common  Prayer. 

3.  Urine  ; the  fluid  secreted  by  the  kidneys. 

4.  The  lustre  of  a diamond  or  pearl;  as,  “ A 
diamond  of  the  first  water.” 

’T  is  a good  form 

And  rich:  here  is  a water , look  ye  I Shak. 

Hard  water,  water  which  contains  a certain  quan- 
tity of  earthy  salts,  — usually  of  lime  or  of  magnesia, 

— by  which  soap  is  curdled  and  wasted,  the  salt  and 

the  soap  decomposing  each,  other.  JMillcr . — Soft  water, 
water  not  holding  in  solution  any  substance  which 
decomposes  and  curdles  soap.  Miller. Mineral  wa- 

ters, a name  applied  to  waters  so  much  impregnated 
with  foreign  substances  as  to  have  a peculiar  flavor, 
and  a peculiar  operation  on  the  animal  economy. — 
Carbonated  waters,  mineral  waters  characterized  by 
containing  an  excess  of  carbonic  acid,  and  often  hold- 
ing in  solution  carbonates  of  lime,  magnesia,  and  iron. 

— Sulphuretted  waters,  mineral  waters  containing  sul- 
phuretted hydrogen,  and  distinguished  by  the  peculiar 
fetid  smell  of  that  gas,  and  by  yielding  a brown  pre- 
cipitate witii  the  salts  of  lead  or  of  silver. — Chalybe- 
ate waters,  mineral  waters  containing  a salt  of  iron, 
usually  the  carbonate  of  the  protoxide  of  iron,  held  in 
solution  by  an  excess  of  carbonic  acid.  They  are  char- 
acterized by  a strong  inky  taste,  and  by  striking  a 
black  color  with  the  infusion  of  galls,  and  a blue  one 
with  ferrocyanide  of  potassium.  — Saline  waters, 
mineral  waters,  the  predominant  properties  of  which 
depend  upon  saline  impregnation.  The  salts  most 
commonly  present  are  the  sulphates  and  carbonates 
of  soda,  lime,  and  magnesia,  and  the  chlorides  of  so- 
dium, calcium,  and  magnesium.  Wood  $ Bachc. — 
Water  of  crystallization,  a definite  quantity  of  water 
combining  with  many  salts  when  they  crystallize, 
which  is  essential  to  the  form  of  the  salt,  but  which 
may  be  expelled  by  heat  without  altering  its  chemical 
properties.  Miller.  — To  hold  icater , to  he  sound  ; to 
be  tight. — To  make  water,  to  void  urine: — (Naut.) 
to  leak. 

jfciT*  Water  is  much  used  in  composition  for  things 
made  with  water , being  in  water, ox  growing  in  water  ; 
as,  water-t\ood,  water- courses,  &c. 

VVA'T^R,  v.  a . [i.  WATERED  ; pp.  WATERING, 

WATERED.] 

1.  To  irrigate  ; to  fertilize  with  streams  ; to 
supply  with  water  ; as,  “ To  water  plants.” 

A river  went  out  of  Eden  to  water  the  garden.  Gen.  ii.  10. 

2.  To  supply  with  water  for  drink. 

Ilis  horsemen  kept  them  in  so  strait,  that  no  man  could, 
without  great  danger,  go  to  water  his  horse.  Knolles. 

3.  To  sprinkle  and  calender,  as  cloth,  in  or- 

der to  make  it  exhibit  a variety  of  undulated 
reflections  and  plays  of  light ; to  diversify  as 
with  waves.  “ Watered  silk.”  Loclce. 

WA'Tf  R,  v.  n.  1.  To  shed  moisture. 

Ami  if  thine  eyes  can  water  for  liis  death.*  Shak. 

2.  To  get  or  take  in  water.  Knollcs. 

3.  To  make  water  ; to  void  urine.  Prior. 

The  mouth  waters,  a phrase  used  to  denote  a longing 

desire.  Hudibras. 

WA'TpR-ApE,  n.  Money  paid  for  passing,  or  for 
carrying  merchandise,  by  water.  Mar.  Diet. 

WA'TIJR— AL'OE,  n.  ( Bot .)  A perennial  plant 
growing  in  water,  with  long,  sword-like  leaves, 
and  flowers  resembling  plumes  of  white  feath- 
ers ; Stratiotes  aloides  ; — called  also  water- 
soldier.  Booth. 

WA'TJJR— BAI'LIFF,  n.  (Law.)  An  officer  in  the 
port  towns  of  England,  whose  duties  in  general 
relate  to  the  searching  of  ships  ; in  London  he 
has  also  the  supervision  of  the  fish-market,  and 
the  collection  of  tolls.  Brande. 

WA'Tf.R— BA-ROM'p-TER,  n.  A barometer  in 
which  water  is  substituted  instead  of  mercury, 
as  used  in  the  common  barometer.  Danicll. 

l£3=  The  water-barometer  is  much  more  sensitive  to 
minute  fluctuations  of  atmospheric  pressure  than  the 
mercurial  barometer.  The  column  of  water  at  ordi- 
nary pressures  is  about  thirty-three  or  thirty-four  feet 
high.  There  is  a barometer  of  this  kind  in  the  hall 
of  the  Royal  Society  of  London.  Miller. 

WA'TIJR-BAT'TER-Y,  n.  (Elec.)  A voltaic  bat- 
tery in  which  water  is  the  liquid  used  to  excite 
electric  action,  instead  of  a saline  or  acid  solu- 
tion. Miller. 

wA'TIJR— REAR'gR,  n.  < Astron.)  Aquarius,  the 
eleventh  sign  in  the  zodiac.  Crabb. 

WA'TPR-ISEAr'ING,  a.  Bearing  or  conveying 
water  ; carrying  water.  Buckland. 

WA'TIJR— BEAT'EN,  a.  Beaten  by  the  water. 


i,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  ij,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE, 


WA'TIJR-BEE'TLE,  n.  (Ent.)  An  insect  of  the 
genus  Dytiscus.  Itogit. 

WA'TIJR— BEL'LOWS,  n.  A machine  for  blowing 
air  into  a furnace,  by  means  of  a column  of  water 
falling  through  a vertical  tube.  Knowles. 

WA'TER-BIRD,  n.  An  aquatic  bird  ; a bird  that 
frequents  the  water  ; a water-fowl.  Booth. 

WA'TER— BOARD,  n.  (Naut.)  A large  board,  in 
a boat,  to  keep  out  the  waves  or  spray  of  the 
see  ; a weather-board.  Mar.  Diet. 

WA'TIJR— BOAT'MAN,  n.  A kind  of  insect  shaped 
like  a boat.  Boyet. 

WA'T^R-BORNE,  a.  Borne  upon  the  water.  Ash. 

WA'TIJR— BUG,  n.  (Ent.)  A name  given  to  sev- 
eral species  of  hemipterous  insects  of  the  genus 
Naucoris,  which  are  found  in  ponds  and  still 
water.  Baird. 

WA'TER-BUTT,  n.  A puncheon  or  large  cask 
without  a head,  to  collect  rain-water.  Simmonds. 

WA'TJJR-CAl'A-MINT,  n.  (Bot.)  A species  of 
plants  of  the  genus  Mentha.  Smart. 

WA-TIJR— CAL'TROP,  n.  (Bot.)  The  common 
name  applied  to  aquatic  plants  of  the  genus 
Trapa,  remarkable  for  the  spines  with  which  the 
fruit  is  furnished.  Baird. 

WA'TIJR— CAR'RIAyE,  n.  Carriage  by  water.  Ash. 

VVA'TER— CART,  n.  A cart  for  conveying  water, 

— particularly,  a cart  for  watering  streets  or 

roads.  Simmonds. 

WA'TIJR— CEM'IJNT,  n.  A kind  of  cement  which 
becomes  very  hard  when  immersed  in  water.  — 
See  Pozzuolana.  Francis. 

W A 'T£R— CHICK' WEED,  n.  (Bot.)  A small  in- 
conspicuous weed  ; Montia  fontana.  Loudon. 

WA'TpR— CIR'CLED,  a.  Encircled  with  water; 
surrounded  by  water.  Clarke. 

WA'TIJR— CLOCK,  n.  A machine  to  measure  time 
by  the  flow  of  water ; a clepsydra.  Tomlinson. 

WA'TIJR-CLOS'ET,  n.  A privy  supplied  with 
water  to  keep  it  clean ; — a privy.  Simmonds . 

WA'TfR— COCK,  n.  A tap  for  drawing  water: 

— a street  plug  to  supply  water  from  the  mains 

in  case  of  fire.  Simmonds. 

WA'TER-COL’QR,  n.  A color,  or  pigment, 
ground  with  water  and  gum  or  size,  dried,  and 
made  up  into  small  cakes;  — used  in  contradis- 
tinction to  oil-color.  Fairholt. 

WA'TUR-COL'OR-IST,  n.  One  who  paints  in 
water-colors.  Gent.  Mag. 

WA'T^R-COURSE,  n.  1.  Any  channel  or  pas- 
sage for  water.  Ash. 

2.  (Law.)  A running  stream  of  water  ; a natu- 
ral stream,  including  rivers  and  rivulets.  Burrill. 

A watercourse  consists  of  water,  bed,  and  banks.  Burrill. 

wA'TjfR— CRAFT,  n.  Any  vessel  navigated  on 
water  ; a sailing-craft.  Allen. 

wA'TgR— CRAKE,  n.  (Ornith.)  The  water-ousel ; 
Cinclus  aquaticus.  Willoughby. 

WA'TIJR— CRANE,  n.  A machine  for  supplying 
water  to  locomotives.  Simmonds. 

WA'TIJR— CRESS,  n.  (Bot.)  A cruciferous  plant 
occurring  in  rivulets  and  springs  in  many  parts 
of  the  world,  and  much  esteemed  as  a salad, 
and  as  a remedy  for,  and  a preventive  against, 
scurvy ; Nasturtium  officinale.  Baird.  Loudon. 

WA'TIJR-CROW,  n.  (Ornith.)  Another  name 
for  the  water-ousel ; water-crake.  Eng.  Cyc. 

WA'TpR-CROW'FOOT  (-kro’fut),  n.  (Bot.)  An 
aquatic  species  of  crowfoot  which  exhibits  a 
curious  variety  in  its  floating  and  its  immersed 
leaves  ; Ranunculus  uquatilis.  Eng.  Cyc. 

WA'TIJR-CURE,  n.  The  treatment  of  diseases 
by  means  of  water ; hydropathy.  Dunglison. 

WA'TER-DECK,  n.  A painted  piece  of  canvas, 
used  for  covering  the  saddle  and  bridlo,  girths, 
&c.,  of  a dragoon’s  horse.  Stocqueler. 

WA'TIJR— DOC'TOR,  n.  One  who  professes  to  be 
able  to  divine  diseases  by  simple  inspection  of 
the  urine  : — an  liydropathist.  Dunglison. 


FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


WATER-DOG 


1651 


WATER-POISE 


WA'TIJR— DOG,  n.  1. 

2.  ( Zo'ul .)  A va- 

riety of  the  com- 
mon dog,  generally 
of  a black  color, 
with  more  or  less 
white,  and  remark- 
able for  its  aquatic 
habits,  which  ren- 
der it  extremely 
valuable  to  gunners 
who  live  by  shoot-  Water-dog. 

ing  water-fowl.  Bell. 

t&p-  “ Th e water-dog  must  not  be  confounded  with 
the  water-spaniel,  from  which  it  differs  considerably 
in  size  and  proportions.”  Bell. 

3.  2)1.  Small,  irregular,  floating  clouds,  in  a 
rainy  season,  supposed  to  indicate  rain.  Forby. 

4.  A name  given  to  various  species  of  sala- 
manders. [Local,  U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

WA'TER— DRAIN,  n.  A drain  to  carry  off  water. 

WA'TER— DRAINAGE,  H.  The  act  of  draining 
water ; drainage  of  water.  Lyell. 

WA'T^R-DRESS'ING,  n.  (Med.)  The  treatment 
of  wounds  and  ulcers  by  the  application  of 
water.  Dunglison. 

WA'TIJR— DROP,  n.  A drop  of  water ; a tear.  Ash. 

WA'Tf.R-DROP'VVORT  (-wurt),  n.  . (Bat.)  The 
common  name  of  umbelliferous,  aquatic  plants, 
of  the  genus  (Enanthe , most  of  the  species  of 
which  are  poisonous.  Loudon. 

WA'TER— EL'DER,  n.  (But.)  The  guelder-rose; 
Viburnum  opulus.  Farm.  Ency. 

WA'TER— EL'U-PHANT,  n.  (Zo'll.)  A name  given 
to  the  hippopotamus.  Knowles. 

wA'TgR-EN'^INE,  n.  An  engine  for  extinguish- 
ing fires  : — an  engine  for  raising  water:  — an 
engine  moved  by  the  force  of  water.  Ihdton. 

WA’TER  UR,  n.  One  who  waters.  Carew. 

WA'TUR-FALL,  n.  A fall  of  water;  perpendic- 
ular descent  of  water  ; a cataract ; a cascade. 

I have  seen  in  the  Indies  far  greater  watar-falls  than  those 
of  Nilus.  Raleigh. 

wA'TF.R— FLAG,  n.  Water  flower-de-luce.  Johnson. 

wA'TER-FEAN'NEL,  n.  A species  of  conferva 
which  forms  beds  of  entangled  filaments  on  the 
surface  of  water.  — See  Flannel.  Baird. 

WA'TUR— FLEA,  n.  (Zo  l.)  The  common  name 
of  certain  entomostracans  of  the  genus  Daph- 
nia,  and  of  the  genus  Cyclops.  Baird. 

WA'TUR-FLOOD  (-flud),  n.  An  inundation  of 
water  ; a flood  of  water.  Ash. 

WA'TER-FLY,  n.  An  insect  seen  on  water. Smart. 

WA'TUR-FOVVL,  n.  A fowl  that  lives  in,  or  fre- 
quents the  water.  Floyer. 

WA'TER— FOX,  n.  (Ich.)  The  carp; — so  called 
from  its  cunning.  Walton. 

WA'TUR— FUR'ROW,  n.  A furrow  to  conduct 
water  away  from  tillage-land.  Farm.  Ency. 

WA'TER— FUR'ROW,  v.  a.  To  drain  by  means  of 
water-furrows,  as  tillage-land.  Clarke. 

WA'TER— gA^tE,  n.  1.  A water-gauge.  Crabb. 

2.  A side-wall  or  bank  for  restraining  a cur- 
rent or  stream  of  water.  Craig. 

W A'TER-GAlL,  n.  1.  t A watery  appearance  in 
the  sky,  attendant  on  the  rainbow.  Shah. 

2.  A cavity  made  in  the  earth  by  a torrent  or 
rapid  descent  of  water.  Bagshaw. 

wA'TUR-GANG,  n.  (Law.)  In  old  records, . a 
trench  to  carry  a stream  of  water,  such  as  were 
usually  made  in  sea-walls,  to  drain  water  out 
of  the  marshes.  Burrill. 

WA'TUR-GAU£E,  n.  An  instrument  for  meas- 
uring the  depth  or  quantity  of  water.  Simmonds. 

wA'TUR-GAv'EL,  n.  (Law.)  In  old  records,  a 
gavel  or  rent  paid  for  fishing  in,  or  for  other  ben- 
efit received  from,  some  river  or  water.  Burrill. 

WA'TUR-(?ER'MAN-DER,  n.  ( Bot .)  A labiate 

plant,  a native  of  Europe  and  the  temperate 
parts  of  Asia,  growing  in  boggy,  wet  places,  and 
having  bitter  and  pungent  leaves  ; Teucrium  scor- 
dium  ; — formerly  used  in  medicine.  Eng.  Cyc. 

WA'TUR— GILD'ER,  n.  A person  who  gilds  metal 
with  a thin  coat  of  gold  amalgam,  and  volatil- 
izes the  mercury.  Simmonds. 


WA'TUR-EILD'ING,  n.  The  process  of  gilding 
metal  with  a thin  coat  of  gold  amalgam,  and  then 
driving  off  the  mercury  by  heat.  Tomlinson. 

Hgp“  This  unhealthy  occupation  is  now  nearly  su- 
perseded by  electro-gilding.”  Tomlinson. 

wA'TUR-GOD,  n.  A deity  supposed  to  preside 
over  water  ; a marine  deity.  Ash. 

WA'TUR-GRU'UL,  n.  Food  made  of  oatmeal  or 
grits  boiled  in  water.'  Dunglison. 

WA'TUR-GRU'ULLED  (wa'ter-gru'eld),  a.  Sup- 
plied with  water-gruel.  Qu.  Rev. 

WA'TUR-HAIR'GRASS,  n.  (Bot.)  A kind  of 
aquatic  grass.  Smart. 

WA'TUR-HAM'MUR,  n.  A glass  tube  about  an 
inch  in  diameter,  between  one  and  two  feet  in 
length,  closed  at  each  end,  and  partly  filled  with 
water,  the  air  having  been  expelled  by  boiling 
the  water  in  the  tube  before  hermetically  sealing 
one  of  its  ends.  Craig. 

When  the  water-hammer  is  held  in  a vertical 
position,  and  the  water  is  thrown  to  the  upper  end  of 
the  tube  by  a quick  and  suddenly  interrupted  motion, 
the  liquid,  not  being  resisted  by  air  as  it  falls  against 
the  lower  end,  produces  a sound  like  that  of  a metal 
striking  against  glass. 

WA'TUR-HEM'LOCK,  n.  (Bot.)  The  name  of 
marsh  perennials  of  the  genus  Cicuta.  They 
bear  white  flowers,  and  are  very  poisonous.  Gray. 

WA'TUR-HEMP,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the  genus 
Acnida,  growing  in  salt-marshes.  Gray. 

WA'TUR-HEN,  n.  (Ornith.)  A grallatorial  bird 
of  the  family  Rallidar,  the  spotted  crake,  or 
gallinule  ; Crex  porzana.  Yarrell. 

WA'TUR-HOAR'HOUND,  ii.  (Bot.)  The  common 
name  of  low  perennial  herbs  of  the  genus  Ly- 
copus,  growing  in  wet  grounds.  Gray. 

WA'TUR— HOG,  n.  (Zo'ul.)  A name  sometimes 
given  to  the  capibara.  Waterhouse. 

WA'TUR-I-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  watery; 
humidity ; moisture.  Arbuthnot. 

wA'TUR-ING,  n.  Act  of  supplying  with  water  : 
— act  of  shedding  moisture.  Holland. 

wA'TUR-ING-CAlL,  n.  (Mil.)  A call  or  sound 
of  a trumpet,  on  which  the  cavalry  assemble  to 
water  their  horses.  Stocqueler. 

WA'TUR-ING— PLACE,  n.  1.  A town  or  place  re- 
sorted to  for  mineral  waters,  or  for  bathing,  &c., 
as  at  the  sea-side.  Graves. 

2.  A place  where  water  is  supplied  or  ob- 
tained, as  for  cattle,  ships,  &c.  Simmonds. 

wA'TUR-ING-POT,  n.  A pot  or  vessel  for  water- 
ing plants,  &c.  Simmonds. 

WA'TUR-IsII,  a.  Resembling,  or  containing,  wa- 
ter ; watery  ; moist ; wet.  Dryden . 

WA'TER-ISH-NESS,  n.  Wateriness.  Flayer. 

wA-TER-LAnd'I-AN,  n.  ( Eccl.  Hist.)  One  of  a 
division  _of  the  Dutch  Anabaptists,  so  called 
from  a district  in  North  Holland  denominated 
Waterlaml.  Brande. 

WA'TUR-LEAD'ING,  n.  A channel  in  Cape  Col- 
ony, to  bring  water  for  irrigation.  Simmonds. 

WA'TF.R-LEAF  (-lef),  n.  (Bot.)  The  common 
name  of  perennial  herbs  with  petioled  ample 
leaves,  and  white  or  pale-blue  cymose-clustered 
flowers,  of  the  genus  Hydrophyllum.  Gray. 

wA'TUR-LEM'ON,  n.  A name  given  in  the 
W.  Indies  to  the  edible  fruit  of  Passifora  laurifo- 
lia,  a species  of  passion-flower.  It  is  about  as 
large  as  a hen’s  egg,  but  rather  more  elongated, 
and  contains  a whitish,  watery  pulp.  Loudon. 

WA'TER-LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  water.  Smart. 

WA'TUR— LEV'UL,  n.  The  level  formed  by  the 
surface  of  still  water.  Francis. 

WA'TUR— LIL'Y,  ii.  (Bot.)  The  common  name 
of  aquatic  plants  of  the  genus  Nymphcea,  hav- 
ing very  showy  flowers.  Gray. 

Sweet-scented  water-lily,  JlTympheea  odorata.  Gray. 

WA'TF.R— LINE,  n.  (Naut.)  The  line  which  dis- 
tinguishes that  part  of  a vessel  which  is  under 
water  from  that  part  which  is  above.  Mar.  Diet. 

Load  water-line,  The  water-line  when  the  vessel  is 
loaded  or  ready  for  sea. — Light  water-line,  the  water- 
line when  the  vessel  is  unloaded.  Bramlc. 

WA'T UR-LOGGED  (wa'ter-logd),  a.  (Naut.)  Not- 
ing a vessel  when,  a quantity  of  water  having 
been  received  into  the  hold  by  leaking,  &c.,  she 


has,  in  a great  measure,  lost  her  buoyancy,  and 
yields  to  the  effect  of  every  wave  passing  over 
the  deck.  Mar.  Diet. 

WA'TUR-MAN,  n.  1.  A boatman.  Dryden. 

2.  An  attendant  at  cab-stands  who  supplies 
water  to  horses.  [Eng.]  Simmonds. 

Syn.  — Sec  Sailor. 

WA'TUR— MARK,  ii.  1.  The  mark  indicating  the 
extent  of  the  rise  and  fall  of  the  tide.  Dryden. 

2.  A letter,  device,  or  impression  wrought 
into  paper  during  manufacture.  Simmonds. 

3.  A water-line,  [n.]  Simmonds. 

WA'TUR— MEAD'OW  (wk'ter-med'o),  n.  A mead- 
ow, or  low,  flat  ground  capable  of  being  irrigat- 
ed from  some  adjoining  stream.  Brande. 

WA'TUR-MEA§'URE  (-mezh'ur),  n.  (Old  Stat- 
utes.) A measure  greater  than  Winchester 
measure,  or  the  standard  measure  of  England, 
by  about  three  gallons  in  the  bushel.  Cowell. 

wA'TUR-MEL-ON,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the 
gourd  family;  Cucumis  citrullus  : — the  fruit  of 
the  Cucumis  citrullus,  containing  a rich  pulp, 
and  a sweetish,  watery  juice.  Baird. 

WA'TUR— MF/TUR,  n.  An  instrument  for  meas- 
uring the  supply  of  water.  Simmonds. 

WA'TF.R— MIL'FQLL,  n.  (Bot.)  The  name  of  peren- 
nial aquatic  plants,  with  crowded,  often  wliorled, 
leaves,  of  the  genus  Myriophyllum.  Gray. 

WA'TUR— MILL,  n.  A mill  put  in  motion  by  the 
action  of  water.  Barlow. 

WA'TER-MINT,  n.  A sort  of  plant.  Bacon. 

WA'TUR— MOLE,  n.  ( Zo'ul .)  A small  North 

American  animal  of  the  genus  Scalops,  which 
lives  near  the  banks  of  rivers  and  burrows  like 
a mole  ; shrew-mole.  Baird. 

WA'TUR— MOVED  (wk'ter-movd),  a.  Moved  or 

impelled  by  water.  Phillips. 

wA'TUR-MUR'RAIN,  ii.  A disease  in  cattle  ; a 
kind  of  murrain.  Crabb. 

WA'TUR-NEWT,  ii.  A kind  of  lizard.  P.  Cyc. 

WA'TUR— NYMPH,  n.  A nymph  or  female  deity 
inhabiting  the  water.  — See  Nymph.  Prior. 

WA'TUR— OATS  (-ots),  n.  pi.  (Bot.)  Canada-rice  ; 
Indian-rice  ; Zizania  aquatica.  Gray. 

WA'TUR— OR'DE-AL,  n.  ( Saxon  & Old  Eng.  Late.) 
The  ordeal  or  trial  by  water.  Whishaw. 

Hot.-water  ordeal,  trial  performed  by  plunging  tile 
bare  arm  up  to  the  elbow  in  boiling  water,  and  escap- 
ing unhurt  thereby.  — Cold-water  ordeal,  trial  per- 
formed by  casting  the  person  suspected  into  a river  or 
pond  of  cold  water,  when,  if  lie  floated  therein  with- 
out any  action,  it  was  deemed  an  evidence  of  his 
guilt  ; if  lie  sunk,  he  was  acquitted.  Burrill. 

WA'TF.R-OU'^EL  (-o'zl),  n.  (Ornith.)  A water- 
fowl;  the  dipper;  Cinclus  aquations',  — written 
also  water-ouzel.  Yarrell. 

wA'TUR-PARS'NIP,  n.  (Bot.)  The  common 
name  of  marsh  or  aquatic  perennials  of  the  ge- 
nus Shim.  Gray. 

WA'TUR-PEP'PF.R.  n ■ (Bot.)  1.  The  common 
name  of  acrid  annual  marsh-plants  of  the  order 
Elatinacece.  Baird. 

2.  A name  applied  to  Polygonum  hydropiper, 
an  acrid  plant,  the  Laves  of  which  act  as  vesi- 
cants. Baird. 

WA'TUR-riM'PUR-NEL,  11.  (Bot.)  The  common 
name  of  small  plants,  with  white  flowers,  of  the 
genus  Samolus,  growing  in  marshy  places; 
brook-weed.  Gray. 

WA'TUR— pItch'UR,  n.  1.  A pitcher  for  water. 

2.  (Bot.)  A name  applied  to  a family  of  plants 
(Sarraceniacete)  of  which  Sarracenia  purpurea, 
or  side-saddle  flower,  is  the  type.  They  grow 
in  marshy  places  in  North  America,  and  have 
pitcher-form  or  trumpet-shaped  leaves.  Baird. 

WA'TUR-PLANT,  n.  A plant  which  grows  in 
water  ; an  aquatic  plant.  P.  Cyc. 

wA'TUR^-PLAN'TAIN,  n.  (Bot.)  The  common 
name  of  aquatic  plants  of  the  genus  Alisma, 
having  small,  white,  or  pale  rose-colored  flow- 
ers. Gray. 

WA'TUR-PO'A,  n.  (Bot.)  A species  of  meadow- 
grass  ; Poa  aquatica.  Loudon. 

WA'TUR-POl§E,  n.  An  instrument  for  measur- 


MiEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  DULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  £,  9,  g,  soft  ; C,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  ^ as  l ; Si  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


1652 


WATER  WORT 


WATER-POT 


ing  the  specific  gravity  of  water ; areometer ; 
hydrometer.  Hutton. 

WA'TpR— POT,  n.  A vessel  for  holding  water. 

WA'T0R— I’dW'ER,  n.  Power  of  water  employed, 
or  capable  of  being  employed,  to  move  machi- 
nery. Clarke. 

WA'TJpR— POX,  n.  (Med.)  A variety  of  chicken- 
pox  ; Varicella.  Dunglison. 

wA'TUR-PRI V'!-LE<?E, n.  The  right  orprivilege 
to  use  water  for  turning  machinery  : — a stream 
or  body  of  water  capable  of  being  employed  for 
turning  machinery.  T.  Snell. 

WA'T^R— PROOF,  a.  Impervious  to  water  ; re- 
sisting the  passage  or  action  of  water.  Francis. 

WA'TfR— PROOFING,  n.  The  process  of  render- 
ing fabrics  impervious  to  water.  Bramle. 

wA'TIJR— PURS'I.AIN,  n.  ( Bot .)  An  aquatic 
plant  of  the  genus  Peplis.  Loudon. 

WA'Tf.R-aUALM  (-kwiin  or  -kwaiu),  n.  (Med.) 
Water-brash ; Pyrosis.  Dunglison. 

WA'TF.R-aulN'TAIN,  n.  A quintain  or  tilting 
on  the  water.  Clarke. 

wA'TER-RAd'ISH,  n.  (Bot.)  A species  of  water- 
cress. Johnson. 

WA'TfR- RAIL,  n.  ( Ornith .)  A species  of  rail  ; 
Balias  aquaticus.  Baird. 

WA'T?R— RAM,  n.  A machine  for  raising  water 
without  the  expenditure  or  aid  of  any  other  force 
than  that  which  is  produced  by  the  momentum 
of  a part  of  the  water  to  be  raised  ; — called  also 
hydraulic-ram.  Lib.  of  Useful  Knowledge. 

■egylnthe 
cut,  a a is  the 
supply- pipe, 
which  leads 
the  running 
stream  down 
to  the  cham- 
ber bb  bolted 
to  the  bed- 
plate cc.  A 
valve  dd  is 
provided  to 
the  chamber  Water-ram. 

bb,  which  has  a tendency  to  fall  from  its  seat  so  as  to 
keep  the  water-way  open,  till  the  stream,  flowing 
through  the  pipe  a a,  acquires  sufficient  momentum  to 
close  it.  The  velocity  of  the  stream  being  thus 
checked,  the  water  raises  the  valve  e,  which  moves 
the  reverse  way  of  the  valve  d il,  and  enters  the  air- 
vessel//,  from  which  it  is  finally  passed  by  the  pipe 
H g,  which  can  be  led  to  any  desired  elevation  above 
the  level  of  the  ram.  On  the  water  passing  into  the 
air  chamber  //,  it  is  pressed  upon  by  the  air  in  the 
upper  part  of  the  vessel,  which  closes  the  valve  e. 
The  momentum  of  the  flowing  stream  in  the  pipe  an 
and  the  vessel  b b being  thus  exhausted,  the  valve  d d 
falls,  and  allows  the  water  to  escape  from  the  vessel 
b b through  the  valve  opening,  till  the  flowing  stream 
again  acquires  such  momentum  as  to  close  the  valve 
dd.  When  this  happens,  the  valve  e is  again  opened, 
and  a second  quantity  of  water  discharged  into  the 
air-vessel.  The  action  thus  described  goes  on  contin- 
ually, resulting  in  a regular  beating  or  pulsation  of 
the  valves  e,  dd,  each  rising  and  falling  alternately. 

wA'TER— RAT,  n.  (Zolil.)  A species  of  rat  which 
inhabits  the  banks  of  rivers,  ditches,  and  ponds, 
in  which  it  burrows  and  breeds  ; Anicola  am- 
phibius.  Baird. 

W.A'TIJR— R ATE,  n.  A rate  or  tax  for  the  supply 
of  water,  as  to  a house.  Simmonds. 

WA'TER— RET,  V.  a.  [i.  WATElt-RETTED  ; pp. 
WATER-RETTING,  WATER-RETTED.]  To  ret  in 
water,  as  flax  ; to  water-rot.  — See  Ret.  Loudon. 

wA'TIJR-RiCE,  n.  (Bot.)  The  common  name  of 
large  aquatic  grasses  of  the  genus  Zizania  ', — 
called  also  Indian-rice.  Gray. 

wA'TJJR— ROCK'JpT,  n.  A species  of  water-cress : 
— a firework  to  be  discharged  in  water.  Johnson. 

WA'TJER-ROT,  v.  a.  [i.  WATER-ROTTED ; pp. 
WATER-ROTTING,  WATER-ROTTED.]  To  rot  by 
steeping  in  water,  as  flax  ; to  water-ret.  Ure. 

WA'TgR-SAlL,  n.  (Kant.)  A small  sail  occa- 
sionally spread  under  the  studding-sail  or  dri- 
ver-boom. Mar.  Diet. 

WA'TIJR— SAP'PHIRE  (-saf'fir),  n.  (Min.)  A 
transparent  variety  of  iolite,  of  an  intense  blue 
color,  occurring  in  small  rolled  masses  in  Cey- 
lon ; — used  by  jewellers,  and  called  also  Sap- 
phire d’eait.  Wright.  Dana. 

WA'TIJR-SCAPE,  n.  A term  sometimes  used  to 


denote  a picture  or  view  of  the  sea,  or  other  wa- 
ter, in  contradistinction  to  landscape.  Fairholt. 

WA'T£R-SC6RTl-ON,  n.  (Zoiil.)  The  common 
name  of  hemipterous  insects  of  the  genus  X'epa, 
which  live  in  fresh-water  ponds,  ditches,  &c., 
and  have  two  long  seta;  or  bristle-like  appen- 
dages at  the  posterior  end  of  the  body.  Baird. 

WA'TIJR— SCREW,  n.  An  apparatus  in  the  form 
of  a screw,  used  with  steam  for  propelling  ves- 
sels through  the  water  ; a propeller.  Bigelow. 

wA'TF.R-SHED,  n.  [Ger.  wasserscheide  ; wasser, 
water,  and  scheiden,  to  divide.]  (Geog.)  The 
highest  ground  in  a region  or  country  from 
which  rivers  and  streams  descend  in  opposite 
directions.  Murchison.  Parke. 

HSy  The  watershed  is  not  necessarily  a mountain- 
chain,  and  in  some  rare  instances  it  is  broKen  by  a 
water  communication  connecting  two  great  river  sys- 
tems. Ansted. 

WA’TER— SHIELD,  n.  (Bot.)  The  common  name 
of  aquatic  plants  of  the  order  H ydropeltideee,  or 
Cabombaceve,  with  floating  leaves.  Eng.  Cyc. 

wA'TER— SHOOT,  n.  1.  A shoot  which  springs 
out  of  the  root  or  the  stock  of  a tree.  Crabb. 

2.  A wooden  trough  for  the  discharge  of  wa- 
ter. Francis. 

WA'TER-SHREW  (wa'ter-sluu),  n.  (Zoiil.)  Avery 
beautiful  species  of  shrew-mouse  which  sub- 
sists on  insects  obtained  in  the  water ; Sorcx 
fodiens.  Bell. 

WA'T^R-SlDE,  n.  The  margin  or  brink  of  the 
water.  Goldsmith. 

WA'TpR-SNAlL,  n.  1.  (Zoill.)  The  common 
name  of  a group  of  pulmonate  gasteropods  that 
live  in  water.  Swainson. 

2.  A name  sometimes  applied  to  Arehime- 
des’-screw.  Bigelow. 

WA'TER— SNAKE,  n.  (Zoiil.)  The  common  name 
of  venomous  snakes  of  the  family  llydridce, 
which  live  constantly  in  water,  and  die  if  kept 
out  of  it.  The  tail  is  generally  compressed  and 
fitted  for  swimming.  Baird. 

WA'TJJR-SOAK,  v.  a.  To  soak  in  water.  Stevens. 

wA'TJJR-SOL'DIER  (-sol'jer),  n.  (Bot.)  An  aquat- 
ic plant  of  the  genus  Stratiotes,  with  long,  sword- 
like leaves  and  flowers  resembling  plumes  of 
white  feathers  ; water-aloe  : — a singular,  trop- 
ical, floating,  aquatic  plant ; Pistia  stratiotes. 

Loudon. 

WA'TER— SPAN'UJL  (-sp&n'yel),  n.  A variety  or 
breed  of  the  spaniel  noted  for  its  fine  hunting 
qualities,  and  its  aquatic  propensities.  Bell. 

£■;,  ■ “ The  larger  and  smaller  water-spaniels  differ 
from  each  other  only  in  size,  and  from  the  other  span- 
iels in  the  roughness  of  their  coats,  which  approach 
in  this  respect  to  the  large  water-dog,  from  which  and 
the  common  spaniel  they  are  probably  descended.  ’ 
— See  Water-dog.  Bell. 

WA'T^R-SPEED'WELL,  n.  (Bot.)  A species  of 
speedwell,  or  Veronica.  Crabb. 

wA'TpR-SPl'DIJR,  n.  (Ent.)  The  common  name 
of  spiders  of  the  family  Hydrachnidor; , which  re- 
semble ticks,  and  constantly  live  in  the  water ; 
water-tick.  Baird. 

WA'TJJR— SPOUT,  n.  (Meteor.)  A name  applied 
to  a cloudy  meteor  observed  over  or  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  bodies  of  water,  rarely  on  land,  and 
supposed  to  be  of  the  same  nature  with  the  tor- 
nado. — See  Tornado. 

Ugp  The  watcr-spout  is  of  limited  extent,  has  a pro- 
gressive motion,  is  accompanied  by  violent  move- 
ments of  the  air,  either  in  spiral  or  in  radial  lines, 
towards  the  axis,  by  various  electrical  phenomena, 
and  by  the  fall  of  rain  and  hail.  At  its  commence- 
ment, a part  of  the  cloud  protrudes  downwards,  and 
is  elongated  in  the  form  of  an  inverted  cone,  which 
soon  meets  the  earth,  or  a cloudlike  mass  or  cone 
rising  from  the  water.  The  whole  cone  is  sometimes 
luminous  with  electric  light.  A large  quantity  of 
water,  which  is  always  fresh,  sometimes  falls  from 
the  waterspout  at  sea,  and  on  land  trees  are  pros- 
trated, houses  unroofed,  and  heavy  bodies  are  raised 
by  it  into  the  air,  and  transported  a considerable  dis- 
tance. Young.  Espy.  Kacmti. 

WA'TER— STAND'JNG,  a.  Containing  water  ; tear- 
ful. “An  orphan’s  water-standing  eye.”  Shak. 

WA'TftR-TAB'BY,  n.  A kind  of  waved  silk  stuff 
or  tabby.  ' Swift. 

wA'Tf.R— TA'BLE,  n.  (Arch.)  A projection  or  hor- 


izontal set-off  on  a waif,  so  placed  as  to  throw 
off  the  water  from  the  building.  Simmonds. 

WA'TER— TANK,  n.  A tank  or  cistern  of  wood 
or  metal  for  holding  water.  Hall. 

wA'TJ^R— TAP,  n.  A tap  or  cock  used  for  letting 
out  water.  Simmonds. 

WA'TUR-TATH,  n.  (Bot.)  A kind  of  coarse 
grass.  [North  of  England.]  Clarke. 

WA'TIJR— 1 THIEF,  n.  A pirate  ; a corsair. 

There  be  land-rats  and  water-rats,  water-thieves  and  land- 
thieves;  I mean  pirates.  Shak. 

WA'TJJR— TIGHT  (-tit),  a.  Excluding  or  holding 
water  ; impervious  to  water  ; not  leaky.  Cook. 

WA'TJJR-TRE'FOIL,  n.  (Bot.)  Marsh-trefoil  ; 
Menyanthes  trifoiiata.  Smart. 

WA'TER— TRUNK,  n.  A deal  cistern  lined  with 
lead  to  hold  water.  Simmonds. 

wA'TER— TU'PJJ-LO,  n.  (Bot.)  A species  of 
tupelo  growing  naturally  in  wet  swamps  in  Car- 
olina and  Florida,  to  the  height  of  eighty  or  a 
hundred  feet ; Xyssa  clenticulata.  It  produces 
fruit,  used  as  a preserve,  of  about  the  size  and 
shape  of  small  olives,  and  hence  it  is  sometimes 
called  also  the  olive-tree.  Loudon. 

wA'TER- VINE,  »•  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the  genus 
Phyiocrene,  indigenous  in  the  province  of  Mar- 
taban, whose  singular  soft  and  porous  wood 
discharges,  when  wounded,  a very  large  quan- 
tity of  pure  and  tasteless  fluid,  which  is  quite 
wholesome,  and  is  drunk  by  the  natives.  Lindley. 

WA'TpR— VI'O-LET,  n.  (Bot.)  An  aquatic  plant 
of  the  genus  Hottonia  ; featherfoil.  Gray. 

WA'TER-WAG'TAIL,  n.  (Ornith.)  A common 
name  for  the  pied  wagtail,  or  Motacilla  Yar- 
rellii.  Baird. 

WA'TER— WALLED  (-wild),  a.  Encompassed  or 
surrounded  by  water.  Shak. 

WA'TER- WAY,  n.  ( Xaut .)  A piece  of  timber 
running  fore  and  aft,  and  connecting  the  deck 
and  the  side,  through  which  the  scuppers  are 
made.  Dana. 

WA'TER— WEED,  n.  (Bot.)  A slender  perennial 
herb  of  the  genus  Anacharis , growing  under 
water,  with  elongated,  branching  stems  thickly 
beset  with  leaves.  Gray. 

WA'TER— WHEEL,  n.  A wheel  for  impelling  a 
mill,  turned  by  the  force  of  water ; a rotating 
e.ngine  by  which  water  set  in  motion  by  the 
earth’s  gravitation  is  made  to  perforin  work  ; a 
hydraulic  motor.  Tomlinson.  Nichol. 

WA'TJJR— WlL'LOW,  n.  (Bot.)  A perennial  herb 
of  the  genus  Dianthera,  growing  in  water,  and 
having  narrow  entire  leaves,  and  purplish  flow- 
ers in  axillary,  peduncled  spikes  or  heads.  Gray. 

wA'TJJR— WING§,  n.  pi.  (Arch.)  Walls  erected 
on  the  banks  of  a river  next  to  bridges,  in  order 
to  secure  the  foundations  from  the  action  of  the 
current.  Francis. 

wA'TER— WITH,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  which  grows 
in  the  West  Indies.  Derham. 

p£ff-  The  water -with  is  like  a vine  in  size  and  shape, 
and  though  growing  in  parched  districts,  is  yet  so  full 
of  clear  sapor  water,  that  by  cutting  a piece  two  or  three 
yards  long,  and  merely  holding  it  to  the  mouth,  a plen- 
tiful draught  is  obtained.  Lib.  of  Useful  Knowledge. 

wA'Tf.R— WORK  (-wiirk),  n.  ; pi.  WATER-WORKS. 

1.  A work,  contrivance,  or  machine  for  con- 

ducting, forcing,  or  collecting  water,  as  for  arti- 
ficial fountains,  or  for  supplying  a town  or  city 
with  water;  a hydraulic  engine  or  structure;  — 
usually  in  the  plural.  “ Schuylkill  water- 
works.” Tomlinson. 

The  French  took  from  the  Italians  the  first  plaus  of  their 
gardens,  as  well  as  water-works.  Addison. 

2.  (Paint.)  Formerly,  painting  for  walls,  exe- 

cuted in  size  or  distemper,  and  frequently  tak- 
ing the  place  of  tapestry.  Fairholt. 

For  the  walls,  a pretty,  slight  drollery,  or  the  German 
bunting,  in  water-work,  is  worth  a thousand  ot  these  bed- 
hangings,  and  these  fiy-bitten  tapestries.  Shak. 

wA'TER— WORN,  a.  Worn  by  the  force  or  action 
of  water.  Thomson. 

WA'TIJR-WORT  (-wiirt),  n.  (Bot.)  1.  The  com- 
mon name  of  herbaceous  plants  of  the  order 
Philydraccce,  found  in  Australia,  Cochin-China, 
and  China.  Lindley. 

2.  The  common  name  of  plants  of  the  genus 
Elatine.  Gray. 


:,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


A,  E,  i,  6,  U,  Y,  long  ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  IJ,  J,  O,  l.T,  Y,  obscure;  FARE 


WATER-WRAITH 


1653 


WAY 


WA'TJpIt— WRAITH,  n.  A wraith  or  spirit  sup- 
posed to  reside  in  the  waters.  J.  Barclay. 

By  this  the  storm  grew  loud  apace, 

The  water-wraith  was  shrieking  ; 

And,  in  the  scowl  of  heaven,  each  face 
Grew  dark  as  they  were  speaking.  Campbell. 

W A’TIJR-Y,  a.  Pertaining  to,  consisting  of,  con- 
taining, or  resembling,  water  ; aqueous  ; wet. 

Upon  the  watery  plain. 

The  wrecks  are  nil  thy  deed,  nor  doth  remain 
A shadow  of  man’s  ravage  save  his  own.  Byron. 

WAT' LING— STREET  (wot'-),  n.  [A.  S.  Wceteling- 
Straite.]  One  of  the  four  great  Homan  roads  in 
Britain;  — called  also  Vcrlam-Street.  Cowell. 

WAT'TLE  (wot'tl) , n.  [A.  S.  watel .] 

1.  A hurdle  of  twigs  or  osiers.  Camden. 

2.  A rod  laid  on  a roof  for  the  purpose  of  sup- 
porting the  thatch.  Simmonds. 

3.  pi.  The  fleshy  excrescence  which  grows 
under  the  throat  of  the  turkey,  &c.  ; — an  ex- 
crescence about  the  mouth  of  some  Ashes.  Baird. 

The  wattles  of  a cock  are  so  called  from  waddle 
or  waggle.  Skinner. 

WAT'TLE  (wot'tl),  V.  a.  [i.  WATTLED  ; pp.  WAT- 
TLING, WATTLED.] 

1.  To  bind  with  withes  or  twigs.  Johnson. 

2.  To  form  by  platting  withes  or  twigs  to- 
gether. Mortimer. 

WAT-TLE— BARIC  (wot'tl-),  n.  Bark  obtained 
from  different  species  of  Mimosa,  which  grow 
abundantly  in  Australia  and  New  Zealand;  — 
used  in  tanning.  Parnell. 

WAT'TLE— BIRD  (wot'tl-bird),  n.  ( Ornith .)  One 
of  a genus  of  Meliphagida,  remarkable  for  hav- 
ing wattles,  and  a voice  like  the  sound  of  one 
vomiting.  Baird.  Van  Dcr  Iloeven. 

WAT'TLED  (wot'tld),  p.  a.  Formed  of  wattles, 
or  hurdles  of  twigs.  Thomson. 

WAT'TLING  (wot'ling),  n.  A binding  or  platting 
of  wattles  or  twigs.  Dumpier. 

W.AUL,  v.  n.  To  caterwaul,  as  a cat.  Shah. 

WAUR  (war),  a.  Worse.  [Scot.]  Jamieson. 

WAVE,  n.  [M.  Goth,  wegs,  a waving;  wegos, 
waves ; wagan,  to  wave  ; A.  S.  wceg  ; Frs.  wage ; 
Old  Ger.  wag,  wac ; Ger.  ivoge. ; Dan.  b ilge  ; 
Sw.  vag,  biilga.  — Fr.  vague.  — From  A.  S.  iva- 
gian,  to  wag,  to  move  to  and  fro.  Richardson.'] 

1.  A volume  or  body  of  water  alternately 
raised  above  and  depressed  below  the  surface, 
as  in  the  sea,  by  the  action  of  the  wind  or  the 
tide,  or  by  other  causes  ; an  undulation. 

The  wave  behind  impels  the  wave  before.  Pope. 

The  horizontal  pressure  of  waves  encountering  an  object 
has  been  made  the  subject  of  experiment  by  means  of  Ste- 
phenson's marine  dynamometer.  It  was  found  that  the 
Atlantic  wares  frequently  exerted  a pressure  of  three  tons  on 
each  square  foot,  while  in  the  German  Ocean  the  force  did 
not  exceed  one  and  a half  tons.  Nichol. 

2.  Inequality  of  surface  ; unevenness.  Newton. 

3.  An  undulatory  or  waving  motion,  as  of 

the  hand  or  of  a flag.  Clarke. 

4.  An  undulating  or  curved  line  on  cloth  wa- 
tered and  calendered.  Craig. 

5.  An  undulation  of  an  elastic  medium,  as  of 
air,  or  of  ether  diffused  through  space.  Bartlett. 

Earth  wave,  «n  undulation  of  tile  earth  during  an 
earthquake.  Mallet. — Wares  of  sound,  undulations 
propagated  to  the  ear  and  producing  sound.  Nichol. 

Syn.  — Large  waves  swollen  by  the  wind  are  called 
billows ; when  much  elevated,  surges ; when  broken 
upon  rocks  or  the  shore  into  foam,  breakers. 

WAVE,  V.  n.  [».  WAVED  ; pp.  WAVING,  WAVED.] 

1.  To  move  with  undulations;  to  play  loose- 
ly ; to  undulate  ; to  float. 

Warlike  ensigns  waving  in  the  wind.  Dryitcn. 

2.  To  be  moved  as  a signal.  B.  Jonson. 

3.  fTo  fluctuate;  to  waver  ; to  vacillate. 

lie  waved  indifferently  ’twixt  doing  them  neither  jrootl 
nor  harm.  Shut. 

WAVE,  v.  a.  1.  To  raise  into  waves,  undulations, 
or  inequalities  of  surface. 

Welkcd  and  waved  like  the  enridged  sea.  Slink. 

2.  To  move  with  waving  or  undulatory  mo- 
tion ; to  brandish  ; as,  “ To  wave  the  hand.” 

They  waved  their  fiery  swords.  Milton. 

3.  To  move  by  floating  ; to  waft.  Broume. 

4.  To  direct  by  a waving  motion,  as  of  the 
hand ; to  beckon. 

Look  with  what  courteous  action 

It  waves  you  to  a more  removed  ground.  Shale. 

WAVE,  v.  a.  Towaive. — See  Waive.  Bp.Taglor. 


WAVE'LIJSS,  a.  Without  waves;  smooth;  un- 
disturbed ; calm.  “ The  waveless  deep.”  Shelley. 

WAVE'HJT,  n.  A little  wave. 

The  wavelets  of  the  slumbering  sea.  Shelley. 

WAVE'— LIKE,  a.  Resembling  the  outline  of  a 
wave ; undulating.  Lyell. 

VVA ' V £ L- LITE,  n.  (Min.)  A translucent  min- 
eral, sometimes  crystallized,  usually  in  hemi- 
spherical, globular  concretions  having  a radiated 
structure,  of  a vitreous  lustre,  various  colors, 
and  consisting  essentially  of  phosphate  of  alu- 
mina, fluoride  of  aluminum,  and  water  ; — so 
called  from  Wavel,  who  first  discovered  it  in 
Devonshire.  Dana. 

WAVE'— LOAF,  n.  A loaf  for  a wave-offering.  Ash. 

WAVE'— OF'FJJR-ING,  n.  A Jewish  offering,  per- 
formed by  waving  towards  the  four  cardinal 
points.  Num.  xviii.  11. 

WA'VpR,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  wafian  ; F rs.  swiwa ; Dut. 
zweven.]  [i.  wavered  ; pp.  wavering,  wa- 
vered.] 

1.  To  play  or  move  to  and  fro,  or  with  waves 

or  undulations  ; to  wave.  Boyle. 

2.  To  be  unsettled,  irresolute,  or  undeter- 
mined; to  fluctuate;  to  hesitate;  to  vacillate. 

Thou  almost  mak’st  me  leaver  in  my  faith.  Shale. 

3.  To  totter ; to  be  in  danger  of  falling. 

lias  any  disloyalty  dared  to  feign  that  religion  wavers?  . . . 
’Tis  not  religion  wavers,  but  their  loyalty.  Holyday. 

Syn.  — See  Fluctuate,  Scruule. 

WA'VJiR,  n.  A young  timber-tree  left  standing 
in  a fallen  wood.  [Local,  Eng.]  Wright. 

WA'VIJR-pR,  n.  One  who  wavers.  Shak. 

WA'VIJR-ING,  p.  a.  Fluctuating;  hesitating. 

Syn.  — See  Changeable. 

WA'VIJR-lNG,  n.  Hesitation;  indecision;  irres- 
olution ; vacillation  ; uncertainty.  Hooker. 

WA'VIJR-lNG-LV,  ad.  In  a wavering  or  fluctuat- 
ing manner  ; irresolutely  ; with  indecision. 

WA'VJJR-ING-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality 
of  being  wavering.  Montagu t. 

\\rA  VE'SON,  n.  (Eng.  Law.)  Goods  floating  on 
the  sea  after  a wreck  ; flotsam.  Burrill. 

WAVE'— SUB-J ECT'ED,  a.  Subject  to  be  over- 
flowed. “ The  wave-subjected  soil.”  Goldsmith. 

WAVE'— WORN,  a.  Worn  by  the  waves.  Shak. 

YVAV'ING,  n.  The  act  or  the  motion  of  one  who, 
or  that  which,  waves.  Addison. 

WA'VY,  a.  1.  Having  waves  or  rising  in  waves; 
surging.  “ The  wavy  seas.”  Chapman. 

2.  Having  a waving  or  undulatory  motion  ; 
playing  to  and  fro  like  waves. 

Let  her  glad  valleys  smile  with  wary  corn; 

Let  fleecy  flocks  her  rising  hills  adorn.  rope. 

3.  Formed  with  undulations.  Maundrell. 

4.  (Bot.)  Having  the  surface  or  margin  alter- 
nately convex  and  concave.  Gray. 

f wAwe,  or  wAe  (ivjiv),  n.  A wave.  Spenser. 

WAWL,  v.  n.  To  cry.  — See  Waul.  Shak. 

wAx,  n.  [A.  S.  iveax,  wax ; Frs.  wax ; Dut. 
wets-,  Ger.  wachs  ; Dan.  vox;  Sw.  Icel.  rax. — 
Polish  vosk\  Russ,  voska. — From  A.  S.  wac, 
weak,  pliable.  Richardson.  — The  L.  viscus, 
bird-lime,  viscosits,  sticky,  viscous,  seems  re- 
lated to  this  word.  Bosworth.] 

1.  A thick,  tenacious  substance,  forming  the 
cells  of  bees  ; bees-wax. 

“ It  has  long  been  a matter  of  dispute,  among 
naturalists,  whether  the  bee  collects  wax  already 
formed  in  plants,  or  secretes  it  from  sugar  in  the 
mechanism  of  its  body.”  Tovdinson. 

Bees,  even  though  fed  upon  pure  sugar  only, 
have  the  power  of  converting  it  into  mar,  which  is 
therefore  to  he  regarded  as  an  animal  secretion.  Bees- 
wax. at  ordinary  temperatures,  is  tough  and  solid,  has 
a yellow  color,  a peculiar  feel,  and  fuses  at  about 
145°,  and  has  the  specific  gravity  of  0.9C.  It  consists 
of  three  different  substances,  myricine,  cerine,  or  ccrotic 
acid,  and  ceroleine.  Miller. 

2.  A thick,  tenacious,  vegetable  product. 

USy  Wax  is  a product  of  plants  of  nearly  the  same 

nature  as  the  fixed  oils,  is  found  extensively  as  an  ex- 
cretion, particularly  on  the  surface  of  leaves  and  fruits, 
forming  the  bloom  or  glaucous  surface  which  repels 
water,  and  prevents  such  surfaces  from  being  wetted. 
It  forms  a thick  coating  on  some  fruits,  as  the  bay- 
berry.  Wax  also  exists  in  cells,  especially  in  the  cells 
of  leaves.  Gray. 


3.  Any  thick,  tenacious  substance  resembling 
wax,  as  that  for  sealing  letters,  &c. 

We  soften  the  wax  before  we  set  on  the  seal.  More. 

4.  A resinous  substance  used  by  shoemakers. 

5.  A thick,  tenacious  substance  excreted  in 

the  ear;  ear-wax;  cerumen.  Dunylison. 

Mineral  wax,  (Min.)  ozocerite.  See  Ozocerite. 
— Nose  of  wax.  See  Nose. 

WAX,  V.  a.  [*.  WAXED  ; pp.  WAXING,  waxed.] 

1.  To  smear  or  rub  with  wax.  Dryden. 

2.  To  join  with  wax.  Johnson. 

WAX,  v.  n.  [M.  Goth,  wahsjan-,  A.  S.  weaxan  ; 

Frs . wasa  ; Dut.  u-assen;  Ger.  wachscn ; Dan. 
voexe  ; Sw.  vaxa ; Icel.  raxa.]  [i.  waxed  ; pp. 
waxing,  waxed  or  f waxen.] 

1.  To  become  larger  or  more  full,  as  the  moon  ; 
to  increase  ; — opposed  to  wane.  1 lakewell. 

Till  moons  shall  wax  and  wane  no  more.  IVatfs. 

2.  To  become;  to  grow.  Gen.  xviii.  12. 

Trembling  for  ire,  and  waxing  pale  for  rage.  Fairfax. 
Their  manners  v;ax  more  and  more  corrupt.  Attcrbuny. 

\\rAx'— cAN-DLE,  n.  A candle  made  of  wax.  Ash. 


wAx'-CHAN-DL^R,  n.  A manufacturer  of  wax- 
candles.  Johnson. 

WAX'— CLOTH,  n.  Cloth  covered  with  a coating 
of  wax,  and  used  as  a cover  for  tables,  pianos, 
sideboards,  &c.  Ogilvie. 

WAXED'-CLOTH  (w&kst'-),  n.  Wax-cloth.  Clarke. 
WAXED'— END  (wakst'-),  n.  A thread  rubbed  with 
shoemakers’  wax,  and  pointed  with  a bristle, 
used  with  an  awl,  for  sewing  leather  ; — written 
also  wax-end.  Brockctt. 


WAx'EN  (wak'sn),  a.  1.  Made  or  consisting  of 
wax.  “ Waxen  tapers.”  Shak. 

2.  Resembling  wax ; waxy.  Clarke. 

wAx'I-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality  of  being 
waxy ; resemblance  to  wax.  Clarke. 

wAx'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  waxes. 

2.  The  process  of  stopping  out  colors  in  cali- 
co-printing. Simmonds. 

3.  The  state  of  increasing.  Wicklijfe. 

WAX'ING— KER'NELly,  n.  pi.  (Med.)  A popular 

term  for  small  tumors  formed  by  enlargement 
of  the  lymphatic  glands,  particularly  in  the 
groins  of  children.  Dunglison. 

YVAx'LIGHT  (-lit),  n.  A taper  of  wax.  Toland. 
WAX'— MOTH,  n.  A bee-moth.  Clarke. 


WAX'-MYR-TLE,  n.  (Bot.)  A shrub  with  fragrant 
leaves,  and  bearing  naked  nuts  incrusted  with 
white  wax  ; bayberry  ; Myrica  cerifera.  Gray. 

WAX'— PAlNT-ING,  n.  A kind  of  painting,  the  pig- 
ments for  which  are  ground  with  wax,  and  dilut- 
ed with  oil  of  turpentine  ; encaustic.  Fairholt. 

WAX'— PALM  (-pain),  n.  (Bot.)  A South  Ameri- 
can palm,  the  stem  of  which  yields  an  abundance 
of  wax  ; Ceroxylon  Andicola.  Eng.  Cyc. 

WAx'-PA-P^R,  n.  A kind  of  paper  prepared  by 
spreading  over  its  surface  a coating  made  of 
white  wax,  turpentine,  and  spermaceti.  Ogilvie. 

WAX'WING,  n.  (Ornith.)  The 
common  name  of  birds  of  the 
genus  Bombycilla.  Eng.  Cyc. 

American  waxwing , Bombycilla 
Carolinensis , or  Amprlis  Americana 
of  Wilson; — called  also  cedar- 
bird.  — Asiatic  wanning,  Bomby - 
cilia  pha-nicoptera.  — European  wax - 
wing,  Bombycilla  garrula-,  — called 
also  Bohemian  manning,  waxen  Bohemian  waxwing. 
chatterer,  and  Bohemian  chatterer.  Eng.  Cyc.  Yarrcll. 


WAX'WORK  (-wiirk),  n.  1.  Work  made  of  wax  ; 
— particularly  a figure  or  figures  made  of  wax  in 
imitation  of  persons  or  things.  Addison. 

2.  (Bot.)  A woody  plant  growing  along  streams 
and  in  thickets  ; climbing  bitter-sweet ; Celas- 
trus  scandens.  The  opening  orange-colored 
pods,  displaying  the  scarlet  covering  of  the 
seeds,  are  very  ornamental  in  autumn.  Cray. 

WAx'-\YtORK-ER  (-wiirk-er),  n.  1.  One  who 
works  in  wax  ; a maker  of  waxwork. 

2.  A bee  which  makes  wax.  Eng.  Cyc. 

WAX'Y,  a.  Resembling  wax;  soft,  yielding,  or 
tenacious,  like  wax.  Bp.  Hall. 

WAX'Y— YEL'LOW,  a.  ( Bot.)  Dull  yellow,  with  a 
soft  mixture  of  reddish  brown.  Lindley. 

WAY  (wa),  n.  [M.  Goth,  wigs  ; A.  S.  w eg,  wag ; 
wagian,  to  wag,  to  move  ; Frs.  wei ; Dut.  Ger. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RtiLE.— 9,  9,  9, 


soft ; C,  fJ,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  ^ as  gz. — THIS,  this. 


WAY 


1654 


WEAK-HEARTED 


wcg ; Dan.  vei ; Sw.  rag  ; Ieel.  vegr. — L.,  It  , 
if  Sp.  via  ; Fr.  t oi'e.] 

1.  A passing ; passage  ; progression. 

Youth  and  vain  confidence  thy  life  betray; 

Through  armies  this  has  made'  Melantius’  way.  Waller. 

The  air  could  not  readily  get  out  of  those  prisons,  but  by 
degrees,  as  the  earth  and  water  above  would  give  way.  Burnet. 

I have  seen  the  day 

That,  with  this  little  arm  aud  this  good  sword, 

I have  made  my  way  through  more  impediments 

Than  twenty  times  your  stop.  Shale. 

2.  A place  for  passing;  a road,  a street,  a 
lane,  a path,  &c.  “ The  wag  to  Dover.”  Shak. 

I am  amazed,  and  lose  my  way.  Shak. 

Many  spread  their  garments  in  the  way ; and  others  cut 
down  branches  off  the  trees,  and  strewed  them  in  the  way. 

Murk  xi.  8. 

To  God’s  eternal  house  direct  the  way , 

A broad  and  ample  road.  Milton. 

3.  Length  of  space  ; distance.  “ Bimbaumer 

forest  extends  a great  wag.”  Browne. 

Thy  servant  will  go  a little  way  over  Jordan.  2 Sam.  xix.  36. 

4.  Course  ; direction,  as  of  motion  or  travel. 

“ That  way  madness  lies.”  Shak, 

lie  stood  in  the  gate,  and  asked  of  every  one  which  way 
she  took,  and  whither  was  she  gone.  And  he  said.  Which 
way  shall  we  go  up?  And  he  answered,  The  way  through 
the  wilderness  of  Edom.  2 Kinys  iii.  8. 

5.  Advance  or  progress  in  life. 

The  boy  was  to  know  . . . that  he  was  to  make  his  way  by 
his  own  industry.  Spectator. 

6.  Course  or  process  of  things  good  or  ill. 

The  affairs  here  began  to  settle  in  a prosperous  way.  Heylin. 

7.  Tendency  to  any  meaning  or  act. 

There  is  nothing  in  the  words  that  sounds  that  way,  or 
points  particularly  to  persecution.  Atterbury. 

8.  Sphere  of  observation.  Bp.  Taylor . 

The  general  officers,  and  the  public  ministers  that  fell  in 

my  way , were  generally  subject  to  the  gout.  Temple. 

9.  Course  or  manner  of  acting  or  dealing. 

I may  assert  eternal  Providence, 

And  justify  the  ways  of  God  to  men.  Milton. 

The  ways  of  heaven  are  dark  and  intricate.  Addison. 

10.  Particular  course,  mode,  or  plan  of  life. 

The  way  of  transgressors  is  hard.  l’rov.  xiii.  15. 

Men  of  his  way  should  be  most  liberal.  Shak. 

11.  Means;  method;  mediate  instrument. 

By  noble  ways  we  conquest  will  prepare.  flryden. 

12.  Manner  ; mode  ; wise ; method  ; fashion. 

God  hath  so  many  times  and  ways  spoken  to  men.  Hooker. 

His  way  of  expressing  and  applying  them,  not  his  inven- 
tion of  them,  is  what  we  admire.  Addison. 

13.  Right  course  or  method  to  act  or  to  know. 

“We  are  quite  out  of  the  wag.”  Locke. 

14.  General  course,  plan,  or  scheme  of  act- 
ing or  proceeding. 

Men  who  go  out  of  the  way  to  hint  free  things  must  be 
guilty  of  absurdity  or  rudeness.  Richardson. 

15.  {Law.)  The  right  of  going  or  passing  over 

the  grounds  of  another.  Burrill. 

16.  {Xaut.)  Progress  of  a vessel ; — pi.  the 
timbers  on  which  a vessel  is  launched. Mar.  Diet, 

17.  (Anat.)  A canal  or  duct.  Dunglison, 

18.  {Chem.)  A term  used  by  chemical  writers 

treating  of  analysis  or  decomposition,  — decom- 
position in  a dry  tony  denoting  decomposition 
by  means  of  heat,  and  decomposition  in  a humid 
way  denoting  decomposition  by  means  of  water, 
various  chemical  tests,  &c.  Parkes . 

By  the  way,  in  passing ; without  any  necessary  con- 
nection with  the  main  design.  “ Note,  by  the  way , 
that  unity  of  continuance  is  easier  to  procure  than 
unity  of  species.”  Baron.  — To  conic  one's  way  or 
ways,  to  "o  along.  [Colloquial.]  Shale.  — To  go 
one's  way  or  ways , to  depart  ; to  he  ofF.  [Colloquial.] 
L' Estrange,  — In  the  way , being  an  obstruction  or  im- 
pediment.— In  the  way  with , being  with;  meeting  or 
going  with.  “Agree  with  thine  adversary  quickly 
while  thou  art  in  the  way  with  him.”  Matt.  v.  25. — 
To  wine  wayt  to  make  room  for  passage.  Shale.  To 
yield.  “ I would  gine  way  to  others.*’  Swift. — To 
hare  way , ( JVaut .)  to  be  in  progress,  as  a vessel.  Braude. 

— To  make  way,  to  make  or  force  passage  ; to  make 
room  for  passage.  Dry  den.  — To  make  one's  way , to 
make  or  force  passage  for  one’s  self.  Shak.  To  ad- 
vance in  life  by  one’s  own  efforts.  Spectator.  To  suc- 
ceed in  any  thing  or  with  any  person.  “ Having  made 
my  way  with  some  foreign  prince.”  Raleigh.  — Milky 
JVay,  (A.itron.)  the  Galaxy.  See  Milky  Way.  — To  be 
under  way , (Want.)  to  begin  to  move  or  have  progress,  as 
a vessel.  Mar.  Diet.  — Way  of  the  rounds , (Fort.)  a 
space  left  for  the  passage  of  the  rounds  between  the 
rampart  and  the  wall  of  a fortified  town.  Stocyueler. 

— Ways  and  means , methods  ; means.  Fabyan. 
( Legislation .)  Means  of  raising  money  or  funds  for 
national  expenditures.  — Committee  of  ways  and  means , 
a committee  to  whom  is  intrusted  the  consideration 
of  the  affairs  relating  to  the  revenue  or  finances  of  a 
nation. 

Way  and  ways  are  often  used  for  wise.  “ ’T  is 


no  way  the  interest  even  of  priesthood.”  Pope.  “ Be- 
ing no  ways  a match  for  them.”  Swift. 

Syn. — Way  is  an  indefinite,  general  term,  of  va- 
rious application.  A high  way  or  public  road  ; a pri- 
vate way  or  path  ; a right  or  a wrong  way  ; the  way  of 
the  world  : manner  of  performing  ; mode  of  proceeding  ; 
method  of  cure  ; course  of  events ; ways  and  means  of 
raising  a revenue.  — See  PATH. 

f WAY,  v.  a.  To  go  in  or  to.  Wickliffc. 

WAY'— BAG-GA^E,  n.  Baggage  or  luggage  of  a 
way-passenger  or  of  way-passengers.  Clarke. 

WAY'— BILL,  n.  A writing  or  instrument  contain- 
ing a list  of  the  passengers  carried  in  a public 
conveyance,  as  in  a stage-coach  or  a railway- 
train,  or  containing  a list  of  goods  conveyed  by 
a common  carrier.  Boswell.  Simmonds, 

tftr*  When  the  goods  are  carried  by  water,  the  in- 
strument is  called  a bill  of  lading.  Bonnier. 

WAY'— BREAD,  n.  [A.  S.  weeg-hreedn  ] (Bot.)  A 
species  of  plantain  ; Plantago  major.  Loudon. 

f WAY'fArE,  v.  n.  [way  and  fare.]  To  travel ; 
to  journey.  “As  he  icuyfared,”  Holland. 

WAY'fAr-ER,  n.  A traveller.  Carew. 

WAY'fAr-ING,  p.  a.  Travelling;  passing;  be- 
ing on  a journey.  Hammond. 

WAY'FAR-ING-TREE,  n.  {Bot.)  A European 
shrub  having  pliant,  mealy  twigs,  and  the  bark 
of  which  affords  a bird-lime  ; Viburnum  Lanta- 
na.  It  grows  chiefly  on  calcareous  soils.  Loudon. 

American  wayfaring-tree , a straggling  shrub,  grow- 
ing in  cold,  moist  woods,  and  having  long,  procumbent 
branches  and  handsome  flowers ; Viburnum  lantanoi- 
dcs  ; — called  also  hobble-bush.  Gray. 

f wAy'GO-ER,  n.  A wayfarer.  Wickliffe . 

wAy'Gu-ING,  a.  Noting  a crop  taken  from  the 
land  the  year  the  tenant  leaves  a farm. 

/£ir*In  Pennsylvania,  a tenant  for  years  is  entitled, 
after  the  expiration  of  his  lease,  to  enter,  and  take 
away  the  crop  of  grain  which  lie  had  put  into  the 
ground  the  preceding  fall.  This  is  called  the  way- 
going  crop.  Bonder. 

||  WAY'LAY,  or  WAY-LAY'  [wa'Ia,  S.  E.  Jn.  K. 
Sm.  Been;  wa-la',  W.  1\  J.  F.  C.  Wb.~\,  v.  a. 
[i.  WAYLAID;  p/>.  WAYLAYING,  WAYLAID.]  To 
beset  by  the  way,  or  in  ambush  ; to  lie  in  wait 
or  ambush  for,  as  with  intention  to  kill  or  rob. 

I will  waylay  thee  going  home.  Shak. 

II  WAY'LAY- f.R,  or  WAY-LA Y'lJR,  n.  One  who 
waylays ; a lier  in  wait.  Johnson. 

WAY'— LEA  V E (-lev),  n.  Rent  for  leave  to  pass 
through  land.  [Local,  Eng.]  Clarke. 

WAY'HJSS,  a.  Without  way  or  road;  pathless; 
untracked ; trackless.  Drayton. 

WAY'— MAK-IJR,  n.  One  who  makes  a way,  or 
causes  way  to  be  made  ; a precursor.  Bacon. 

WAY'— MARK,  n.  A mark  to  guide  in  travelling. 
“ Set  thee  up  way-marks.”  Jcr.  xxi.  21. 

f WAY-MENT',  v.a.  [From  A.S.  wa,  woe.  John- 
son.— Old  Fr.  gaimenter,  guementer.  Roque- 
fort.'] To  lament ; to  grieve.  Spenser. 

t WAY'MENT,  n.  Lamentation;  grief.  Spenser. 

WAy'PAnE,  n.  A slip  or  strip  left  for  cartage  in 
watered  land.  [Local.]  Clarke. 

wAy'-pAS-SEN-OF.R,  n.  A passenger  taken  up 
on  the  way,  or  at  a way-station.  Clarke. 

W Ay'— SIDE,  n.  The  side  of  the  way,  path,  road, 
or  highway.  Matt.  xiii.  4. 

WAy'-STA-TION,  n.  An  int'rmediate  station 
on  a railroad.  Merritt. 

WAY'-Th!S-TLE  (-thls'sl),  n.  A plant.  Crabh. 

WAY'WARD  (wa'wjrd),  a.  Liking  one’s  own 
way  ; froward  ; perverse  ; headstrong  ; obsti- 
nate ; wilful.  “ A wayward  son.”  Shak. 

WAY'WARD-LY,  ad.  In  a wayward  manner;  fro- 
wardly  ; perversely.  Sidney. 

WAY'WARD-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  way- 
ward ; frownrdness;  perverseness.  Sidney. 

WAY'— W1.se,  a.  Expert  in  finding  or  keeping 
theAvay  ; knowing  the  way  or  route.  Ash. 

WAY'Wf^-ER,  n.  An  instrument  for  measur- 
ing the  road  or  distance  travelled ; a pedome- 
ter ; a perambulator  ; odometer.  Hutton. 

WAY'WODE  (va'vod),  n.  [Slav,  vogna,  war,  and 
vodit.  to  lead.]  A Slavonian  appellation  for  a 


military  commander  : — formerly  in  Russia  an 
appellation  for  a high  military  officer.  — Written 
also  vaivode,  wagecoda,  and  wayetode.  B.  Cyc. 

K.j  - “ The  appellation  of  jraywude  was  assumed  lor 
some  time  by  the  rulers  of  Moldavia  and  Waltachia, 
who  substituted  for  it  afterwards  tile  Greek  title  of 
daspotu,  and  finally  its  Slavonian  translation  hospudar. 
The  princes  of  Transylvania  had  also  sometimes  the 
title  of  wuywode,  which  was  also  given  lo  some  minor 
Turkish  officers.”  P.  Cyc. 

WAY'WODE-SHlP  (va'vod-),  n.  The  office  or  the 
jurisdiction  of  a waywode.  Clarke. 

WAY'WORN,  a.  Worn  or  wearied  by  travelling. 

WE,  pron.  pi.  of  I.  [Goth,  weis  ; A.  S.  we\  Dot. 
wiz;  Oer.  wir;  Dan.  &;  Sw.  v i.\  I,  mine,  me; 
pi.  we,  onts,  us. 

WEAK  (vvek),  a.  [A.  S.  wac,  waac ; Dut.  week, 
zwak  ; Oer.  schwach  ; Dan.  k Sw.  svag.] 

1.  Having  little  strength  ; feeble;  not  strong. 

If  they  bind  me  with  seven  green  withes  which  had  not 
been  dried,  then  I shall  be  weak.  Judy.  xvi.  7. 

Strengthen  ye  the  weak  hands.  Isa.  xxv.  3. 

A weak  bond  holds  you.  Shak. 

Mnv  I be  one  of  the  weakest,  provided  only,  in  my  weak- 
ness, that  immortal  and  better  vigor  be  put  forth  with  greater 
effect;  provided  only,  in  my  darkness,  the  li«ht  of  the  divine 
countenance  does  but  the  more  brightly  shine;  for  then  I 
shall  at  once  be  the  weakest  and  the  most  mighty  — shall  be 
at  onee  blind  and  of  the  most  piercing  sight.  Milton. 

2.  Not  strong  or  powerful  in  arms  or  in  mili- 
tary resources.  “ Weak  legions.”  Shak. 

See  the  land,  what  it  is,  and  the  people  that  dwellcth  there- 
in,  whether  they  be  strong  or  weak.  Sumb.  xiii.  18. 

3.  Unsound  in  health  ; infirm  ; not  healthy  ; 
sickly  ; debilitated  ; enfeebled  ; languid.  Law. 

4.  Soft ; pliant ; not  stiff;  lax  ; frail.  Johnson. 

5.  Low  or  feeble  of  sound  ; small ; faint. 

A voice  not  soft,  weak,  piping,  and  womanish,  but  audible, 
strong,  and  manlike.  Ascham. 

6.  Feeble  in  intellect  or  discernment ; shal- 
low ; silly  ; simple.  “ A weak  mind.”  Beattie. 

That  Portugal  hath  yet  no  more  than  a suspension  of  arms, 
they  may  thank  the  whigs,  whose  false  representations  they 
were  so  weak  to  believe.  Swift. 

7.  Proceeding  from  feeble  intellect  or  dis- 
cernment; unwise;  imprudent;  indiscreet. 

She  first  his  iccak  indulgence  will  accuse.  Milton. 

8.  Not  much  impregnated  with  active,  stimu- 

lating, or  nourishing  ingredients.  “ A weak 
tincture.”  “ Weak  beer.”  Johnson. 

9.  Having  little  force  or  effect ; not  availing 
much  ; ineffectual.  “ My  weak  words.”  Shak. 

10.  Wanting  or  deficient  in  power  of  diges- 
tion. “ My  weak  stomach.”  Shak. 

11.  Small ; slight ; slender  ; inconsiderable. 

“Mine  own  weak  merits.”  Shak. 

12.  Not  well  or  strongly  fortified. 

To  quell  the  tyrant  Love,  and  guard  thy  heart 
On  tliis  weak  side  where  most  our  nature  fails. 

Would  be  a conquest  worthy  Cato’s  son.  Addison. 

13.  Having  little  force  ; not  cogent,  convin- 
cing, or  forcible  ; as,  “ A weak  argument.” 

14.  Not  well  supported  by  reason  or  argu- 
ment. “ A case  so  weak  and  feeble.”  Hooker. 

15.  Not  having  full  belief  or  conviction  ; not 

settled.  “ Weak  in  faith.”  Bom.  iv.  19. 

Weaker  vessel,  woman.  Shak.  “ Giving  honor  onto 
the  wife,  as  unto  the  weaker  vessel.’-  1 Pet.  iii.  7. 

Syn. — Weak  is  a common  familiar  term  : feeble 
is  less  familiar  ; infirm  denotes  a kind  of  weakness. 
Weak  in  body  or  mind  ; weak  attempt ; a weak  or  fee- 
ble voice  or  constitution  ; an  infirm  old  man  ; infirm 
health  ; languid,  feeling  ; debilitated  or  enfeebled  state 
of  health.  — See  Fragile,  Ineffectual,  Simple. 

f WEAK  (wek),  v.  a.  To  weaken.  More. 

WEAK'EN  (we'kn),  V.a.  [t.  WEAKENED;  pp. 
weakening,  weakened.]  To  make  weak  ; to 
deprive  of  strength  ; to  diminish  the  strength  of; 
to  debilitate  ; to  enfeeble  ; to  enervate. 

lie  wcakoneth  the  hands  of  the  men  of  war.  Jcr.  xxxviii.  4. 

No  article  of  faith  can  be  true  which  weakens  the  practical 
part  of  religion.  Addison. 

f WEAK'EN,  v.  n.  To  become  weak.  Chaucer. 

WEAK'EN-IJR  (we'kn-er),  n.  One  who,  or  that 
which,  weakens.  South. 

WEAK'EN-ING  (we'kn-Ing),  p.  a.  That  weakens  ; 
debilitating;  enfeebling.  Clarke. 

WEAK'-EYED  (wek'ld),  a.  Having  weak  eyes  or 
feeble  sight.  Collins. 

WEAK'— HAND-59,  a.  Having  weak  hands;  in- 
firm ; weak  ; feeble.  Jodrcll. 

WEAK'— HE  AD-5  D,  a • Having  a weak  head  or 
mind  ; wanting  in  intellect ; simple.  Lee. 

WEAK'— HEART-5D,  a.  Of  feeble  spirit.  Shak. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  {,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  IIF.IR,  HER; 


WEAKLING 


WEAK'LJNG,  n.  A feeble  creature.  . Shak. 

WEAK'LY,  ad.  1.  In  a weak  manner;  with  little 
strength  ; feebly  ; not  powerfully.  Bacon. 

Was  plighted  faith  so  Weakly  sealed  above. 

That  for  one  error  I must  lose  your  love?  Dryden. 

2.  With  feebleness  of  intellect  or  discern- 
ment; indiscreetly;  injudiciously. 

This  high  gift  of  strength,  committed  to  me 
Under  the  seal  of  silence.  I could  not  keep, 

But  weakly  to  a woman  must  reveal  it.  Milton. 

VVEAK'LY,  a.  Not  strong;  not  healthy  ; feeble. 

Being  old  and  weakly , twenty  years  in  prison.  Raleigh. 

WEAK' MIND- ED,  a.  Having  a weak  or  feeble 
mind  or  intellect ; shallow  ; simple.  Clarke. 

WEAK'NpSS,  n.  1.  The  state  of  being  weak; 
want  of  strength  ; feebleness  ; debility. 

Troy  in  her  weakness  lives,  not  in  her  strength.  Shak. 

2.  Feebleness  of  health  ; infirmity  ; unhealth- 
iness. “ Weakness  of  constitution.”  Temple. 

3.  Want  of  sprightliness  or  liveliness.  Pope. 

4.  Want  of  steadiness;  inconstancy.  Rogers. 

5.  Want  of  force  or  cogency.  “The  weakness 

of  those  testimonies.”  Tillotson. 

6.  Feebleness  of  intellect  or  discernment; 

want  of  judgment  or  perception  ; want  of  reso- 
lution ; shallowness  ; foolishness.  “ All  wick- 
edness is  weakness.”  Milton. 

7.  Defect ; failing ; deficiency.  “ The  weak- 
ness of  an  exalted  character.”  Addison. 

Syn.  — See  Debility,  Imperfection. 

WEAK'— SIDE,  n.  That  part  of  a person’s  dispo- 
sition by  which  he  is  most  easily  influenced  ; a 
foible;  a failing;  an  infirmity. 

This  do-  would  have  fought  for  his  master  in  any  other 
case;  but  tire  love  of  mutton  was  his  weak-side.  L' Estrange. 

WEAK'— SIGHT-ED  (wsk'slt-ed),  a.  Having  weak 
or  feeble  sight.  Tucker. 

WEAK'-SIGHT-ED-NESS  (wek'slt-),  n.  Weak- 
ness or  feebleness  of  sight.  Dunglison. 

WEAK'-SPlR-IT-ED,  a.  Having  a weak  spirit; 
timid;  pusillanimous.  Scott. 

WEAL  (wel),  n.  [A.  S.  xvela;  Ger.  xvohl;  Dan. 
rel;  Sw.  veil'.  Old  Eng.  wele.  — See  Well.] 
The  state  of  being  well  or  prosperous  ; flourish- 
ing state  ; happiness  ; prosperity  ; welfare. 

I have  deserved 

Some  weal  after  my  long  woe.  Gower. 

As  we  love  the  weal  of  our  souls  and  bodies,  let  us  so  be- 
have ourselves  as  we  may  be  at  peace  with  God.  Bacon. 

Common,  general,  or  public  weal , the  public  welfare. 

Syn.— See  Riches. 

WEAL,  v.  a.  To  mark  with  stripes.  — See  Wale. 

WEAL.  n.  A ridge  or  elevation  of  the  skin  pro- 
duced by  a rod  or  whip.  — See  Wale.  Donne. 

f WEAL-A-WAY',  inter j.  Alas!  — See  WelA- 

way.  “ Wealaway  he  cried.”  Spenser. 

t WEAL'— BAL-'ANCED  (wel'bal-tmsd),  a.  Weighed 
for  the  public  good.  Shak. 

f WEALD  (weld),  n.  [A.  S.  weald,  wald .]  A 
wood  or  grove  ; — often  used  in  forming  proper 
names.  “ The  iveald  of  Kent.”  Burrill. 

WEALD'— CLAY,  n.  ( Geol .)  The  uppermost  mem- 
ber of  the  wealden  group.  Ansted. 

WEAL'DEN,  a.  (Geol.)  Noting  an  important 
fresh-water  formation,  occurring  between  the 
cretaceous  and  oolitic  rocks  in  the  wealds  of 
Kent  and  Sussex.  Ansted. 

/trip  The  wealden  formation  consists  of  a very  thick 
anil  varied  series  of  arenaceous  beds,  based  on  imper- 
fect limestones,  and  covered  by  a bed  of  clay.  It  is 
composed  of  three  minor  divisions,  the  weald-clay, 
the  Hastings  sands,  and  the  Purbeck  beds.  Ansted. 
Lycll. 

WEAL'DEN,  n.  The  wealden  formation.  Lyell. 

t WEALD'ISH,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  woods  or  to 
the  county  of  Kent,  England,  formerly  called 
the  Weald.  “ The  Wealdish  men.”  Fuller. 

f WEAL^'MAN,  n.  A statesman.  Shak. 

WEALTH  (welth),  n.  [A.  S.  wela.  — See  Weal.] 

1.  Prosperity  ; external  happiness,  [r.] 

Grant  him  in  health  and  wealth  long  to  live.  Com.  Prayer. 

2 Riches  ; large  possessions  of  money  or  of 
goods ; opulence  ; affluence  ; affluent  or  abun- 
dant property  ; abundance  of  possessions. 

Wealth  is  any  object  having  the  power  of  gratifying  human 
desire,  which  is  capable  of  being  appropriated.  Jbr.  Way  land. 
Can  wealth  .give  happiness?  Look  round  and jee 
What  gay  distress!  what  splendid  misery!  Young. 

When  wealth  comes  into  power,  the  spirit  of  liberty  never 
fails  to  go  out.  J.  Quincy. 


1655 

The  way  to  wealth  is  as  plain  as  the  way  to  market.  It  de- 
pends chiefly  on  two  words  — industry  and  frugality  .Franklin. 

Syn.  — See  Riches. 

WEALTH 'EUL,  a.  Full  of  wealth  ; full  of  happi- 
ness. [u.]  Sir  T.  More. 

WEALTH'FUL-LY,  ad.  In  a wealthful  manner  ; 
happily ; prosperously,  [u.]  Fives. 

WEALTH'J-LY,  ad.  Richly.  Shak. 

WEALTH'I-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  wealthy  ; 
richness  ; affluence  ; opulence.  Fabyan. 

WEALTH'Y  (welth'e),  a.  Rich;  having  wealth 
or  large  possessions  of  money  or  of  goods ; 
having  much  property  ; affluent;  opulent. 

I will  be  married  to  a wealthy  widow.  Shak. 

WEAN  (wen),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  wenan,  wcenian  ; Frs. 
wena ; Ger.  entwohnen ; Old  Ger.  wiinen ; Dan. 
visnne,  to  accustom  ; Sw.  viinja,  to  accustom ; 
Icel.  rana.]  [i.  weaned  ; pp.  weaning, 
weaned.] 

1.  To  put  from  the  breast;  to  accustom,  as  an 
infant  or  other  young  animal,  to  a deprivation 
of  the  breast  or  to  the  loss  of  its  mother’s  milk. 

No  longer  than  till  her  child  was  weaned.  Bale. 

A fortnight  before  you  wean  calves  from  milk,  let  water  be 
mixed  with  it.  Mortimer. 

2.  To  disengage  or  withdraw  from  any  habit 
or  desire,  any  former  pursuit  or  enjoyment. 

For  he  of  joys  divine  shall  tell, 

That  wean  from  earthly  woe.  Beattie. 

WEANED  (wend),  p.  a.  Accustomed  to  the  per- 
manent deprivation  of  the  breast. 

fWEA'NEL,  n.  A weanling.  Spenser. 

WEAN'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  depriving  an  infant 
or  other  young  animal  permanently  of  the  breast, 
in  order  to  feed  it  on  other  and  more  solid 
nourishment.  Farm.  Ency. 

2.  Act  of  disengaging  or  withdrawing  one 
from  any  habit  or  desire. 

WEAN'ING-BRASH,  n.  (Med.)  A severe  form  of 
diarrhoea,  which  supervenes,  at  times,  on  wean- 
ing. Dunglison. 

WEAN'LING,  n.  A child  or  animal  weaned. Milton. 

WEAN'LING,  a.  Newly  weaned.  Beattie. 

WEAP'ON  (wep'pn)  [wep'pn,  S.  W.  P.  J.  F.  Ja. 

K.  Sm.  R.  Wb. ; wS  pn  or  wep'pn,  Barclay ],  n. 
[M.  Goth,  wepna  ; A.  S.  iccepen ; Dut.  xcapen  ; 
Ger.  xvaffe  ; Old  Ger.  uuaphan  ; Dan.  vaapen ; 
Sw.  wapen,  wapn  ; Icel.  vopn  ; Old  Eng.  wapend] 

1.  An  instrument  of  offence  or  defence  ; some- 
thing with  which  one  is  armed  to  kill  or  to 
injure  another,  as  a sword,  a musket,  a club. 

These  weapons , the  sword  and  the  arrow.  Bp.  Horsley. 

2.  Any  instrument  or  means  for  contest,  or 
for  combating  or  defending. 

O.  let  not  woman’s  weapons,  water-drops, 

Stain  my  man’s  cheeks.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Arms. 

WEAP'ONED  (wep'pml),  a.  Furnished  with  weap- 
ons or  arms.  “ The  combatants  . . . weaponed 
with  sword,  buckler  and  daggers.”  llayivard. 

WEAP'ON-LESS  (wep'pn-les),  a.  Having  no  weap- 
on ; unarmed.  Milton. 

WEAP'ON-RY,  n.  Weapons  collectively,  [r.] 

All  his  weaponry  was  pointed  with  holy  fire.  Dr.  S.  II.  Cox. 

WEAP'ON— SALVE  (wep'pn-sdv),  n.  A salve  that 
was  supposed  to  cure  the  wound  by  being  ap- 
plied to  the  weapon  that  made  it.  Boyle. 

WE.4r  (wir),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  werian,  weran ; Dut. 
weran;  Ger.  wehren,  to  defend;  Dan.  rcerge,  to 
defend  ; Sw.  vcirja,  to  defend.  — “ From  M. 
Goth,  wair ; A.  S.  wer,  a man,  a fine  for  slaying 
a man,  — hence  a guard,  protection.”  Bos- 
worth.]  ft.  wore  ; pp.  wearing,  worn.] 

1.  To  carry  on  the  body,  or  appendant  to  the 
body;  as,  “To  wear  clothes”  ; “To  wear  a 
sword  ” ; “ To  wear  a ring,  or  a bracelet.” 

These  troublesome  disguises  which  we  wear.  Milton. 

2.  To  exhibit  in  appearance  ; to  bear. 

Such  an  infectious  face  her  sorrow  wears.  Dryden. 

3.  To  waste  or  injure  by  time,  use,  or  fric- 

tion ; to  impair  or  lessen  by  gradual  diminution. 
“Waters  xoear  the  stones.”  Job  xiv.  19. 

To  his  name  inscribed  their  tears  they  pay, 

Till  years  and  kisses  wear  his  name  away.  Dryden. 

4.  To  consume  or  spend  tediously. 

What  masks,  what  dances, 

To  wear  away  this  long  age  of  three  hours.  Shak. 

5.  To  affect  gradually,  or  by  degrees. 

Trials  wear  11s  into  a liking  of  what  possibly  in  the  first 
essay  displeased  us.  Locke. 


WEARISOME 

6.  [See  Veer.]  (Naxit.)  To  cause  to  change 
her  course,  as  a ship,  from  one  board  to  another, 
by  turning  her  stern  to  windward  ; to  veer  ; — 
written  also  ware.  Mar.  Diet. 

To  wear  airay , to  impair  ; to  consume.  Dryden. — 
To  wear  off,  to  rub  off  by  friction  ; to  obliterate  ; to 
diminish  by  attrition  or  decay.  South. — To  wear  out, 
to  impair  by  use  so  as  to  render  useless  ; to  consume  ; 
as,  “ To  wear  out  clothes.”  To  consume  tediously. 
“To  wear  out  miserable  days.”  JWilton.  To  harass; 
to  tire.  “ [flej  shall  wear  out  the  saints.”  Dan.  vi.25. 

To  wear  the  breeches , to  exercise  command  or  au- 
thority over  her  husband,  as  a wife  ; to  be  the  prin- 
cipal power  in  the  family.  “ Nor  talk  in  the  house 
as  though  you  wore  the  breeches .”  [Vulgar.]  Beau.  FI. 

WeAr,  v.  n.  1.  To  be  wasted  or  diminished  by 
use  or  by  time;  — commonly  followed  by  some 
particle,  as  away , off,  out. 

Thou  wilt  surely  wear  away,  both  thou  and  this  people 
that  is  with  thee.  Ex.  xviii.  18. 

2.  To  be  tediously  spent  or  consumed.  “ Thus 

wore  out  night.”  Milton. 

3.  To  pass  away  by  degrees  ; — with  off. 

If  passion  causes  a present  terror,  yet  it  soon  wears  off : an 
inclination  will  easily  learn*  to  slight  such  scarecrows.  Locke. 

t To  wear  weary,  to  become  weary  Tlirottgli  wear. 
“ The  Spaniards  began  to  wear  weary , for  winter  drew 
on.”  Berners . 

WEAR  (wir),  n.  1.  The  act  of  wearing,  or  the 
state  of  being  worn  ; diminution  by  friction  or 
by  time.  “The  wear  and  tear  of  coin.”  A.  Smith. 

2.  The  thing  worn  ; the  fashion  ; vogue. 

No,  indeed,  will  I not,  Pompey ; it  is  not  the  wear.  Shak. 

Wear  and  tear,  loss  or  diminution  of  value  by  use 
and  any  accidental  injury.  A.  Smith. 

WEAR,  or  WEAR  [war,  W.  Ja.  K. ; wer,  E.  Sm.  ; 
wAr,  P.],  n.  [A.  S.  wcer,  wer,  an  enclosure,  a 
fish-pond  ; Ger.  welir ; Dan.  veern,  a fence,  a 
bulwark;  Icel.  ver.]  [Written  also  weir,  wier, 
and  were.] 

1.  A dam  formed  across  a river  for  maintain- 

ing its  waters  at  a level  necessary  for  its  navi- 
gation, for  directing  the  water  towards  a mill, 
for  taking  fish,  &c.  Tomlinson. 

2.  A fence  or  an  enclosure  of  twigs  set  in  a 

stream  to  catch  fish.  Johnson. 

WeAr'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  worn.  Grant. 

WEARD.  [A.  S.]  Whether  initial  or  final,  it  sig- 
nifies watchfulness  or  care;  — used  in  the  for- 
mation of  names.  Gibson. 

WeAr'ER,  n.  One  who  wears.  Dryden. 

WE A'RI-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  became  weary  or 

fatigued,  [r.]  Qu.  Rev. 

WEA'RIED  (we'rjd),  p.  a.  Made,  or  having  be- 
come, weary  ; tired  ; fatigued  ; jaded. 

To  assail  a wearied  man  were  shame.  W.  Scott. 

WEA'RI-FUL,  a.  Causing  weariness  ; wearisome  ; 
tiresome  ; tedious,  [li.]  Month.  Rev. 

WEA'RI-FUL-LY,  ad.  Wearisomely.  Month.  Rev. 

WEA'RI-LESS,  a.  That  cannot  bo  wearied. 

How  came  yon  white  dove  from  the  window  to  fly, 

And  hover  on  weariless  wing  in  the  sky  ? Hogg. 

WEA'RI-LY,  ad.  In  a wyeary  or  tiresome  manner. 

WEA'RI-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  weary 
or  worn  with  fatigue ; state  of  being  spent  or 
exhausted  with  labor  ; lassitude  ; fatigue. 

Water-fowls  supply  the  weariness  of  a long  flight  by  taking 
water.  Hale. 

Syn. — See  Fatigue. 

WeAr'ING,  p.  a.  That  is  worn  or  made  to  be 
worn  ; as,  “ Wearing  apparel.” 

WE.AR'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  wears. 

2.  The  process  of  -wasting  or  diminishing  by 
attrition  or  by  time. 

3.  f Apparel;  clothes;  garments. 

Give  me  my  nightly  wearing  and  adieu.  Shak. 

fWEAR'lSH,  a.  Wizen;  withered:  — malicious. 

A wretched,  wearish  elf. 

With  hollow  eyes  and  rawbone  cheek  forespent.  Spenser. 

Johnson  explains  this  word  washy;  Richardson 
says  it  is  probably  formed  from  the  adjective  weary, 
and  thinks  it  means  malicious,  evil , cursed,  shrewish; 
Naves  says  it  rather  answers  to  what  is  now  called 
wizen , withard . 

WE  A 'R  I- SO  ME  (w£'re-sQm),  a.  Tedious  ; caus- 
ing weariness;  tiresome;  vexatious;  trouble- 
some; fatiguing;  annoying  ; irksome.  “Along 
and  wearisome  march.”  Bacon.  “ Wearisome 
labor.”  Hooker. 

Syn. — See  Troublesome. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RtiLE.  — g,  soft;  G,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


WEARISOMELY 


165G 


WEBBY 


WEA'RJ-SfiME-LY,  ad.  In  a wearisome  manner  ; 
tediously ; tiresomely.  Raleigh. 

WEA'RJ-SOME-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  tiring; 
the  state  of  being  wearisome  ; tediousness. 

No  worthy  enterprise  can  be  done  by  ns  without  continual 
plodding  and  wearisomeness  to  our  faint  and  sensitive  abil- 
ities. Milton. 

WEA  R Y (we're),  a.  [A.  S.  werig.] 

1.  Exhausted  of  strength,  or  power  of  action, 
or  of  endurance  ; fatigued  ; exhausted ; tired. 


And  may  at  last  my  wearv  age 
Find  out  the  peaceful  hermitage.  Milton. 

I am  weary;  yea,  my  memory  is  tired.  Shuk. 

2.  Causing  weariness ; tiresome. 

The  ploughman  homeward  plods  his  weary  way.  Gray. 
The  weariest  and  most  loathed  life.  S/iak. 


AVEA'RY  (we’re),  v.  a.  [t.  WEARIED ; /^.wea- 
rying, wearied.]  To  make  weary  ; to  exhaust 
the  strength  or  patience  of ; to  tire  ; to  fatigue. 

Dewy  sleep  oppressed  them,  wearied.  Milton. 

I stay  too  long  by  thee;  I weart/  thee.  Shak. 

To  weary  out,  to  subdue  or  completely  exhaust  by 
fatigue.  ‘‘  Me,  overwatched  and  wearied  out.”  Milton. 

Syn.  — Long  exertion  wearies-,  a little  exertion 
tires  one  who  is  feeble  ; great  exertion  fatigues  ; forced 
exertion  jades.  Wearied  with  labor  of  body  or  of  mind, 
with  standing,  See. ; tired  of  work  or  of  what  is  dis- 
agreeable ; fatigued  with  running  or  walking  ; jaded 
by  being  driven  beyond  one’s  strength  ; harassed  with 
cares.  A horse  is  jaded  by  being  driven  hard  ; troops 
are  harassed  in  retreating  before  enemies. 

WEA'SjAND  (we'zrnl)  [xve'zand,  P.  K.  Sm.  Wb.  C.; 
wc'znd,  Ja.  ; xve'zn,  .S.  ]V.  J.  E.  F.],  n.  [A.  S. 
irwsend,  wasendi]  The  windpipe  ; the  throat. 
“To  wet  his  dry  weasand.”  Hall. 

WEA’^EL  (we'zl),  n.  [A.  S.  wesle  ; Dut.  wezel ; 
Ger.  wies/d ; Dan.  vesel;  Sw.  veszla.]  (Zoul.) 
An  animal  of  the  ge- 
nus Mustsla,  — par- 
ticularly Mustela  vul- 
garis, the  common 
weasel,  generally 
about  six  inches  long,  Weasel, 

with  a tail  two  inches  more,  found  near  the  hab- 
itation of  man,  and  living  upon  small  animals, 
as  moles,  rats,  field-mice,  birds,  &c.  Baird. 

WEA'^EL— COOT,  n.  ( Ornith .)  A name  given  to 
the  red-headed  smew ; Mergus  minutus  of  Lin- 
naeus. • Clarke. 

WEA'lJEL— FACED  (we'zl-fast),  a.  Having  a face 
like  a weasel’s,  or  a sharp  or  thin  face.  Steele. 

+ WEA§'I-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  weasy  ; 
full  feeding ; sensual  indulgence.  Joge. 

+ WEA§'Y,  a.  Indulging  the  sensual  appetite; 
gluttonous ; full  feeding.  Joge. 

WEATH'ER  (weth'er),n.  [A.S.  weder,  w aider ; Dut. 
weder  ; Ger.  wetter ; Dan.  vejr ; Sw.  viider ; I cel. 
redr ; Slav,  witr,  weter ; Ir.  itj  Gael,  athar.  — Gr. 
aiU/'ip  ; L.  atther.  — Sansc.  widara  ; Per.  rvadi] 

1.  The  state  of  the  atmosphere  with  respect 

to  heat,  cold,  dryness,  moisture,  wind,  rain, 
snow,  fog,  &c.  “ Foul  weather.”  Shak. 

2.  Change  of  state  ; vicissitude. 

It  is  a reverend  thing  to  see  an  ancient  castle  not  in  decay; 
bow  much  more  to  behold  an  ancient  family,  which  have 
6toud  against  the  waves  and  weathers  of  time.  Bacon. 

3.  Tempest;  storm.  [Poetic.]  Drgden. 

4.  f A gentle  rain  ; a shower.  Wickliffe. 

Stress  of  weather,  force  of  tempests  or  storms.  — f To 

make  fair  weather,  to  make  flattering  representations  ; 
to  flatter.  Shak. 

WEATH'ER,  a.  ( Naut .)  In  the  direction  from 
which  the  wind  blows.  Dana. 

To  carry  a weather  helm,  (Naut.)  to  tend  to  come  up 
in  the  wind,  as  a ship  requiring  the  helm  to  be  kept 
constantly  a little  to  windward.  Dana. 

WEATH'ER  (wetfi'er),  V.  a.  [ i . WEATHERED  ; j;p. 
WEATHERING,  WEATHERED.] 

1.  To  expose  to  the  air.  Spenser.  Ti/sser. 

2.  ( Naut .)  To  pass  to  windward  of. 

After  much  delay  by  contrary  winds,  we  weathered  Po- 
me Pare  on  the  ZSJth  [Dec.],  and  stood  in  for  the  main.  Conk. 

3-  To  bear  up  against ; to  overcome  the  stress 
of ; to  encounter  and  sustain. 

Could  they  weather  and  stand  the  shock  of  an  eternal 
duration?  Hale. 

To  weather  a point,  to  gain  a point  against  the  wind, 
as  a ship:  — to  accomplish  any  tiling  against  opposi- 
tion. Addison. — To  weather  out,  to  endure.  Addison. 

WEATH'JJR— BEAT'EN  (weth'er-bs'tn),  a.  Beat- 
en, harassed,  seasoned,  worn,  or  tarnished,  by 
hard  weather.  “ A weather-beaten  vessel.”  Mil- 
ton.  “ His  weather-beaten  troops.”  Dryclen. 


WEATH'PR— BIT,  n.  (Naut.)  A turn  of  the  cable, 
about  the  end  of  the  windlass,  ill  order  to  slack- 
en it  gradually  in  tempestuous  weather,  or  when 
the  ship  rides  in  a strong  current.  Mar.  Diet. 

WEATH’ER— BIT,  v.  a.  (Naut.)  To  wind,  by  an 
additional  turn,  as  a cable,  about  the  end  of  the 
windlass.  Dana. 

WEATH'JJR— BOARD,  n.  1.  (Naut.)  That  side  of 
a ship  which  is  to  the  windward:  — one  of  the 
pieces  of  plank  placed  in  the  ports  of  a ship 
xvhen  laid  up  in  ordinary,  and  fixed  in  an  in- 
clined position  to  turn  oil  the  rain,  & c. ; — usu- 
ally in  the  plural.  Mar.  Diet. 

2.  (Arch.)  A board  extending  from  the  ridge 
to  the  eaves  of  a building  on  the  gable  close  up 
to  the  shingling  or  slating  ; — usually  where 
there  is  no  cornice.  Wright. 

WEATH'JER— BOARD,  v.  a.  (Arch.)  To  nail  boards 
upon  so  that  the  upper  board  laps  over  the  un- 
der one,  and  so  throws  off  the  wet.  Francis. 

WEATII'UR— BOARD'ING,  n.  (Arch.)  The  act 
of  nailing  boards  upon  each  other  so  that  the 
upper  laps  over  the  under  board  : — also  the 
boards  so  nailed.  Brande. 

WEATH'ER— BOUND,  a.  Confined  or  delayed  by 
the  bad  state  of  the  weather.  Johnson. 

WEATII'ER— BREED’pR,  n.  A fair  day,  supposed 
to  indicate  a storm.  [Colloquial.]  Ifalliwell. 

WEATH'ER— CLOTH.'j,  n.  pi.  (Naut.)  Long  pieces 
of  canvas  or  tarpaulin,  to  protect  the  hammocks 
from  the  weather,  when  stowed ; also  to  defend 
persons  from  the  wind  and  spray.  Mar.  Diet. 

WE ATH'pR-COCK,  n.  1.  A vane,  or  something, 
originally  in  the  shape  of  a cock,  set  on  the  top 
of  a spire,  that,  by  turning,  shows  the  point 
from  which  the  wind  blows.  Sidney. 

2.  Any  thing  fickle  or  inconstant.  Drgden. 

WEATJI'IJR— DRIV'EN  (iveth'er-drlv'vn),  a.  Driv- 
en or  forced  by  storms.  Carew. 

WEATH'ERED  (-erd),  a.  1.  (Arch.)  Noting  hori- 
zontal stone-work,  such  as  window-sills,  cor- 
nices, coping-stones,  battlements,  &c.,  xvhen 
they  are  sloped  to  throw  off  the  xvet.  Francis. 

2.  (Geol.)  Worn  or  altered  in  color,  texture, 
&c.,  as  rocks,  by  exposure  to  the  weather.  Wr. 

t WEATH'JJR— FEND,  v.  a.  To  shelter.  Shak. 

WEATH'ER-— GA^E,  n.  1.  (Naut.)  The  state  or 
situation  of  a ship  xvhen  to  the  windward  of  an- 
other ; the  advantage  of  the  wind.  Mari  Diet. 

2.  Advantage  of  position  ; superiority. 

To  get  the  wcatlier-gage  of  a person,  to  get  the  better 
or  advantage  of  a person.  Halliwell. 

WEATH'ER— GAEL,  n.  A secondary  rainboxv. 
[North  of  England.]  Todd.  Wright. 

WEATH'ER— GLASS,  n.  An  instrument  for  meas- 
uring atmospheric  changes  or  foreshoxving  the 
state  of  the  xveather,  as  the  barometer,  the  ther- 
mometer, the  hygrometer,  &c.  Brande. 

WEATH'ER— HELM,  n.  (Naut.)  See  AVeather,  a. 

WEATH'ER— HOUSE,  n.  A piece  of  mechanism 
to  shoxv  the  state  of  the  weather.  Cowper. 

WEATH'fjR-ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  exposing  to 
the  air  or  weather.  Ash. 

2.  Act  of  passing  to  the  windward  of.  Anson. 

3.  (Geol.)  The  xvearing  away  of  rocks  by  ex- 
posure to  the  xveather.  Ansted. 

WEATH'IJR-LY,  a.  (Naut.)  Working  xx'ell  to  the 
xvindxvard.  “A  Weatherly  ship.”  Dana. 

WEATIl'ER-MOST,  a.  Furthest  to  xvindxvard.  Cl. 

WEATH'jpR— MOULD-ING,  n.  (Arch.)  A label, 
canopy,  or  drip-stone  over  a door  or  a xvindoxv, 
intended  to  keep  off  rain  from  the  parts  be- 
neath. Weale. 

WEATH'ER— PROOF,  a.  Proof  against  rough 
or  tempestuous  weather.  Quarles. 

WEATH'ER-auAR'Tpii,  n.  (Naut.)  The  quar- 
ter of  a ship  on  the  windward  side.  Mar.  Diet. 

WEATH'IJR-ROEL,  n.  (Naut.)  An  inclination 
xx'hieli  a ship  makes  to  xvindxvard  in  a heavy  sea  ; 
— opposed  to  lee-lurch.  Mar.  Diet. 

WEATH'ER— SHORE,  v.  (Naut.)  The  shore  that 
lies  to  the  xvindxvard  of  a ship.  Mar.  Diet. 

WEATH'ER— SIDE,  w.  (Naut.)  The  side  of  a ship 
under  sail,  upon  xvhich  the  xvind  blows. Mar. Diet.  I 


I WEATH'ER-SPY,  n.  One  that  foretells  the  state 
of  the  xxeather  ; a star-gazer,  [r.]  Donne. 

WEATH'ER— TIDE,  n.  (Naut.)  The  tide  which, 
by  setting  against  a ship’s  lee  side,  xvhile  under 
sail,  forces  her  up  to  windxvard.  Mar.  Diet. 

WEATH'ER-Wi^E,  a.  Skilful  in  foretelling  the 
xveather,  or  in  judging  respecting  the  state  of 
the  xveather.  ' Ilackluyt. 

WEATH'ER- Wl§-ER,  n.  An  instrument  to  fore- 
show the  state  of  the  xveather.  Sprat. 

WEAVE  (wev),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  wefan  ; Dut.  weven  ; 
Ger.  weben;  Dan.  recce  ; Sxv.  vilfra ; Icel.  ref  a. 
— Gr.  fnjdw,  ty/iivo).]  [i.  wove  ; pp.  weaving, 

WOVEN.] 

1.  To  form,  as  cloth  or  a textile  fabric,  by  com- 

bining threads,  yarns,  filaments,  or  strips  of 
different  materials,  or  any  tiling  flexible ; to 
form  by  texture,  or  by  inserting  one  part  of  the 
material  xvithin  another.  Tomlinson. 

2.  To  unite  by  intermixture  ; to  intermix  so 
as  to  form  into  one  substance ; to  entwine. 

XVhen  religion  xvas  woven  into  the  civil  government.  Addison. 

3.  To  interpose  ; to  insert ; to  xvreathe. 

This  weaves  itself  perforce  into  my  business.  Shak. 

WEAVE  (xvev),  v.  n.  1.  To  xx-ork  at  the  loom  ; to 
form  cloth  in  a loom  by  the  union  or  intertex- 
ture of  threads.  Johnson. 

2.  To  make  a motion  of  the  head,  neck,  and 
body  from  side  to  side,  like  the  shuttle  of  a 
xveaver,  as  a horse  sometimes  does.  Youatt. 

WEAV'ER  (xve'ver),  n.  1.  One  xxho  xx-eaves  ; an 
operative  xyho  xvorks  at  a loom.  Spenser. 

2.  (Ornith.)  The  common  name  of  passerine 
birds  having  a large  conical  bill  and  pointed 
xvings,  of  the  sub-family  Ploceina,  natives  of 
hot  climates,  as  Africa,  India,  &c.  ; — so  called 
from  the  surprising  skill  xvith  xvhich  they  fabri- 
cate their  nests.  Baird. 

WEAV'ER— FISH,  n.  (Ich.)  See  AVeever. 

WEAV'ING,  n.  1.  The  art  of  combining  threads, 
yarns,  filaments  or  strips  of  different  materials, 
so  as  to  form  cloth  or  some  other  kind  of  textile 
fabric.  Tomlinson. 

2.  (Farriery.)  A motion  xvhich  a horse  makes 
of  the  head,  neck,  and  body  from  side  to  side, 
like  the  shuttle  of  a xveaver  passing  through 
the  web.  Youatt. 

WEA'ZEN  (we'zn),  a.  Thin  ; "sharp  ; lean  ; xvith- 
ered;  xvizened.  “ A weazen  face.”  Dickens. 

WEB,  n.  [A.  S.  web,  wceb ; Dot.  web,  webbe ; Old 
Ger.  uuabbe  ; Ger.  gewebe  ; Dan.  rose  ; Sxv.  viif; 
Icel.  vefr.  — See  Weave.] 

1.  Any  thing  x\-oven ; any  textile  fabric.  " 

The  threads  xvhich  form  the  length  of  the  weh  are  called 
tile  warp-threads,  or  simply  the  warp.  Tomlinson. 

O.  what  a tangled  weh  we  weave. 

When  first  we  practise  to  deceive!  IT.  Scott. 

2.  A piece  of  linen  cloth.  [Local.]  Clarke. 

3.  A dusky  film  growing  upon  the  ball  of  the 

eye,  and  hindering  the  sight ; suffusion ; xvcb- 
eye.  Shak. 

4.  Texture  ; substance  ; material. 

The  brittle  weh  of  that  rich  sword,  lie  thought, 

Was  broke  through  hardness  of  the  country’s  steel.  Fairfax. 

5.  The  thin  partition  on  the  inside  of  the 
rim,  and  betxx'een  the  spokes,  of  an  iron  sheave. 

Mar.  Diet. 

6.  A texture  or  collection  of  lines  or  threads 
spun  by  a spider,  and  serving  as  a net  to  catch 
flies,  &c.,  for  food. 

SST  “ The  wehs  named  gossamer  are  composed  of 
fines  spun  by  spiders,  xvhich,  on  being  brought  into 
contact  by  the  action  of  a gentle  air,  adhere  together, 
till  by  continual  additions  they  are  accumulated  into 
irregular  xvliite  flakes  and  masses  of  considerable  ex- 
tent.” — See  Spider.  Eng.  Cyc. 

7.  t A sheet  or  thin  plate,  as  of  lead.  Fairfax. 

8.  (Ornith.)  A membrane  uniting  the  toes  of 

many  xvater-foxvls.  Baird. 

Pin  and  web,  a disorder  of  the  eye  consisting  of  a 
dusky  film  growing  on  the  ball  of  the  eye,  and  hin- 
dering the  sight;  blindness.  Slial; Web  of  a colter, 

the  thin,  sharp  part  of  a colter.  Wright. 

WEBBED  (xvebd),  a.  Joined  by  a xveb.  Derham. 

fWEB'BER,  n.  A weaver  ; a xxebster.  Todd. 

XYEB'BY,  a.  Relating  to,  or  like,  a xveb.  [it.] 

Bats  on  their  webby  wings  in  darkness  move, 

And  feebly  shriek  their  melancholy  love.  Cralibe. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  E,  I,  9,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


WEB-EYE 


1657 


WEEPING-WILLOW 


WEB'-EYE  (-1),  n.  (Mod.)  Obscurity  of  vision, 
depending  on  a speck  in  the  cornea.  Dunglison. 

WEB'-FOOT  (-fut),  11.  A foot  which  has  the 
toes  connected  by  means  of  a membrane.  Gray. 

WEB'— FOOT- IJD  (web'fut-ed),  a.  Having  films  or 
webs  between  the  toes  ; palmiped.  Ray. 

f WEB'STJJR,  n.  A weaver.  Camden. 

WEB'STER-iTE,  n.  (Min.)  A white,  opaque, 
reniform,  massive,  impalpable  mineral,  of  dull, 
earthy  lustre,  adhering  to  the  tongue,  and  com- 
posed chiefly  of  alumina,  sulphuric  acid,  and 
water.  Dana. 

WED,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  weddian ; Dut.  wedden,  to  bet ; 
Frs.  iceddia,  wedda,  to  pledge ; Ger.  wetten,  to 
wager  ; Han.  vedde,  vaddc  ; Sw.  vaga  ; Icel.  ve- 
dia,  to  give  a pledge.  — W.  gweddu.]  [i.  wed- 
ded; pp.  WEDDING,  WEDDED.] 

1.  To  marry;  to  take  for  husband  or  wife. 

Chine,  blind  to  wit  and  worth, 

Weds  the  rich  dulness  of  some  son  of  earth.  Pope. 

2.  To  join  in  wedlock  ; to  give  in  marriage. 

And  Adam  wedded  to  another  Eve.  Milton. 

3.  To  unite  for  ever,  or  inseparably. 

And  thou  art  wedded  to  calamity.  Shah. 

4.  To  take  part  with  ; to  espouse. 

They  positively  . . . wedded  his  cause.  Clarendon. 

5.  To  unite  closely  by  love  or  fondness. 

Men  are  wedded  to  their  lusts.  Tillotson. 

WED,  v.  n.  To  contract  matrimony  ; to  marry. 

Nor  took  I Guiscard,  by  blind  fancy  led 

Or  hasty  choice,  as  many  women  wed.  Dryden. 

T WED,  n.  [A.  S.]  A pledge.  Gower. 

WED'DpD,  a.  Pertaining  to  wedlock;  married. 
Hail,  wedded  love!  mysterious  law;  true  source 
Of  human  offspring:  sole  propriety 
In  Paradise  of  all  things  common  else.  Milton. 

WED'DpR,  n.  A castrated  ram  ; a wether.Sme/&. 

WED'DING,  n.  Marriage;  nuptials;  the  nuptial 
or  marriage  rite  or  ceremony. 

I will  dance  and  eat  plums  at  your  wedding.  Shale. 

Syn.  — See  Marriage. 

WED'DING— CAKE,  n.  Cake  for  a wedding;  cake 
which  is  served  to  guests  and  subsequent  vis- 
itors to  a new-married  couple.  Simmonds. 

WED'DING— CARD,  n.  A card  with  the  name  and 
usually  the  address  of  a new-married  couple, 
sent  to  friends  to  announce  the  event  and  stat- 
ing when  they  receive  calls.  Simmonds. 

WED'DING— FA'VOR,  n.  A bunch  of  white  rib- 
bons, or  a rosette,  &e.,  worn  by  males  attending 
a wedding.  Simmonds. 

WED'DING-FEAST,  n.  A feast  or  entertainment 
for  the  guests  at  a wedding.  L' Estrange. 

WED'DING-RING,  n.  A lady’s  gold  ring  given 
by  the  bridegroom  to  his  future  wife,  at  the 
altar.  Simmonds. 

WED^E  (wej),  n.  [A.  S.  wacg,  weeg  ; Hut.  wig, 
wigge;  Ban.  vagge  ; Sw.  vigg.] 

1.  A piece  of  metal  or  wood  sloping  to  an 
edge,  used  to  split  with. 

2.  (Meek.)  One  of  the  five  mechanical  powers, 

— a mass  of  metal  or  of  wood  thick  at  one  end 
and  thin  at  the  other,  sometimes  used  for  raising 
heavy  bodies,  as  ships  in  docks,  but  more  fre- 
quently employed  for  splitting  blocks  of  stone 
or  logs  of  wood.  Loomis. 

3.  ( Geom .)  A solid  bounded  by  five  plane  sur- 
faces, a rectangular  base,  or  back,  two  rectan- 
gular or  trapezoidal  faces  meeting  in  a line 
parallel  to  the  back,  called  the  edge,  and  two 
triangular  surfaces,  called  the  ends.  Hutton. 

4.  f A mass  of  metal.  Spenser. 

5.  Any  thing  in  the  form  of  a wedge,  as  a 
body  of  troops,  tools  of  various  kinds,  &c. 

6.  The  last  man,  or  the  lowest  place  on  the 
classical  tripos  list  [Cant.  — Camb.  Univ.  Eng.] 

Igg=-  The  last  man  is  railed  The  wedge,  correspond- 
ing to  The  spoon  in  mathematics.  This  name  origi- 
nated in  that  of  the  man  who  was  last  on  the  first 
Tripos  list  in  1828  ( tiedgewood).  Bristed. 

Spherical  wedge,  the  portion  of  a sphere  compre- 
hended between  the  halves  of  two  great  circles.  Peirce. 

WEDGE,  V.  a.  [ i . WEDGED  ; pp.  WEDGING, 

WEDGED.] 

1.  To  cleave  asunder  with  a wedge,  [it.]  Shak. 


2.  To  drive  as  a wedge  is  driven  ; to  crowd 
closely  together  so  as  to  make  fixed. 

They  often  find  great  lumps  wedged  between  the  rocks. 

Dumpier. 

But,  hark ! the  doctor’s  voice  I fast  wedged  between 

Two  empirics  he  stands.  Cowpcr. 

3.  To  force  asunder  as  a wedge  forces.  “ Part 
. . . ranged  in  figure  tvedge  their  way.”  Milton. 

4.  'J’o  fasten  with  a wedge  or  with  wedges. 
lfredge  on  the  keenest  scythes. 

And  give  us  steeds  that  snort  against  the  foe.  A.  Philips. 

5.  To  fix  as  a wedge  is  fixed. 

Scrgesthus  in  the  centaur  soon  he  passed, 

Wedged  in  the  rocky  shoals  and  sticking  fast.  Dryden. 

WEDGE'— SHAPED  (wej'shapt),  a.  1.  Shaped 
like  a wedge;  cuneiform. 

2.  (But.)  Inversely  triangular  with  rounded 
angles.  Lindley. 

WEDGE'WOOD— WARE,  n.  A kind  of  fine,  cream- 
colored  pottery,  having  a clear,  hard  body,  and 
a fine  glaze,  impenetrable  to  acids  ; — so  named 
from  the  inventor,  J.  Wedgewood.  Tomlinson. 

WED'LOCK,  n.  1.  The  state  of  being  married ; 
matrimony  ; marriage.  Addison. 

2.  f A married  woman  ; a wife.  B.  Jonson. 

Syn.  — See  Marriage. 

WED 'LOCK  ED  (-lokt),  a.  United  in  marriage; 
wedded ; married,  [it.]  Milton. 

WEDNESDAY  (wenz'd?),  [wenz'da,  ,S.  IV.  P.J.F. 
K.  Sm. ; wed'dnz-da,  E.  Ja.],  n.  [A.  S.  Wodnes- 
deeg  ; I Vodnes,  of  Woden,  or  Odm,  a Scandina- 
vian chief  or  deity,  and  dag,  day  ; But.  Woens- 
dag  ; Ban.  % Sw.  Onsdag.]  The  fourth  day  of 
the  week;  — so  named  by  the  Gothic  nations 
from  Woden,  or  Odin,  the  deity  whose  functions 
corresponded  to  those  of  Mercury  in  the  clas- 
sic mythology.  Fell. 

WEE  (we),  a.  Little  ; small ; diminutive.  Shak. 

Hgp  This  word  is  common  in  tile  Scottish  dialect 
and  in  the  north  of  England.  Nures.  It  is  also  used 
colloquially  in  the  United  States. 

WEEOH'— ELM  [vvlch'elm,  S.  Ja.  Sill.  ; wech'ebn, 
I FI],  n.  ( Bot .)  A species  of  elm  ; — commonly 
written  witch-elm.  Bacon. 

WEED,  n.  [A.  S.  weod.  — W.  gwydd,  trees,  shrubs.] 

1.  Any  useless  or  troublesome  plant. 

A little  flower  choked  and  killed  amongst  rank  weeds.  Law. 

Every  plant  which  grows  in  a field  other  than  that  of 
which  the  seed  has  been  sown  by  the  husbandman,  is  a 
weed.  P.  Cue. 

2.  Any  thing  useless.  Wright. 

3.  Tobacco.  [Vulgar.]  HalUwcll.  Bartlett. 

WEED,  n.  [Goth,  wastja-,  A.  S.  wad-,  Old  But. 
wat ; Frs.  iced’,  Icel.  fad.) 

1.  f A dress  ; a garment ; clothes. 

A goodly  lady  clad  in  hunter’s  weed.  Spenser. 

2.  fThe  upper  or  outer  garment.  “Put- 
ting on  both  shirt  and  weed.”  Chapman. 

3.  An  emblem  or  badge  of  mourning  ; — com- 

monly used  in  the  plural  in  the  sense  of  a 
mourning-dress  of  a woman,  especially  a widow. 
“ A widow’s  weeds.”  Narcs. 

WEED,  V.  a.  [t.  WEEDED  ; pp.  WEEDING,  WEEDED.] 

1.  To  rid  of  weeds  or  noxious  plants.  Bacon. 

2.  To  root  out;  to  extirpate.  Shak. 

3.  To  rid,  as  of  weeds;  to  free,  as  from  any 
thing  hurtful  or  offensive. 

Tie  weeded  the  kingdom  of  such  as  were  devoted  toElainna, 
and  mauumized  it  from  that . . . confederacy.  Jlowell. 

WEED'ER,  n.  One  who,  or  that  which,  weeds. 

WEED'gR-Y,  n.  Weeds,  collectively: — a place 
for  weeds.  More.  Southey. 

WEED'— HOOK  (hfik),  n.  (Agi-ic.)  A hook  used 
for  cutting  down  weeds.  Tusser. 

WEEDING,  n.  The  act  or  the  operation  of  clear- 
ing from  weeds. 

WEED'ING— CIIE-j'GL,  n.  (Agric.)  An  instrument 
with  a divided  chisel-point  for  cutting  the  roots 
of  large  weeds  within  the  ground.  Wright. 

WEED  ING— FOR'CIJPS,  ) ^ An  instrument 

WEED'ING— TONG.S,  ) for  taking  up  some  sort 

of  plants  in  weeding.  Wright. 

WEED  ING— FORK,  ) An  implement  for  erad- 

WEED'ING— IR-ON,  > icating  weeds.  Simmonds. 

WEED'ING— HOOK  (wed'ing-hfik),  n.  A hook  or 
instrument  for  extirpating  weeds.  Tusser. 


WEEDING— RHIM  (wed'jng-rim),  n.  An  imple- 

. ment  somewhat  resembling  the  frame  of  a 
wheelbarrow,  used  for  tearing  up  weeds  on 
summer  fallows,  &c.  [Local,  Eng.]  Wright. 

VVEED'LGSS,  a.  Free  from  weeds.  Donne. 

WEED'Y,  a.  1.  Consisting  of  weeds. 

But  nettles,  kix,  and  all  the  weedy  nation.  < i . Fletcher. 

2.  Abounding  in  weeds  ; overrun  with  weeds. 

Ilid  in  a weedy  lake  all  night  I lay.  Dryden. 

WEEK,  it.  [A.  S.  weoc\  But.  week-,  Ger.  woche  ; 

Ban.  itge ; Sw.  veckai]  The  period  of  seven 
days, —particularly  the  period  of  seven  days 
commencing  with  Sunday.  Bouvicr. 

WEEK'— DAY,  n.  Any  day  not  Sunday. 

What  we  call  a week-day,  that  is,  not  a Sunday.  Coclcburn. 

WEEK'LY,  a.  1.  Relating  to  a week. 

Put  their  German  names  upon  our  tveekly  days.  Drayton. 

2.  Occurring,  published,  produced,  or  done, 
once  a week  ; hebdomadal  ; hebdoinadary. 
“ Weekly  papers.”  Swift. 

WEEK'LY,  ad.  Once  a week.  Ayliffe. 

WEEK'LY,  n.  A paper  or  other  publication  is- 
sued once  a week.  [Modern.] 

WEEK'LY— TEN'ANT,  n.  A tenant  who  pays 
rent  by  the  week,  and  who  is  liable  to  removal 
on  a week’s  notice.  Clarke.  Simmonds. 

WEEL,  n.  [A.  S.  u-ad.  — See  Weli..]  A whirl- 
pool. [Local,  Eng.]  Ray. 

WEEL,  n.  [Perhaps  from  willoic,  because  made 
of  willow  twigs.  Junius.']  A basket  or  snare 
made  of  twigs  for  catching  fish.  Carew. 

f WEEL'Y,  n.  A weel,  or  snare.  Carew. 

WEEN,  r.  ».  [M.  Goth,  we.njan  ; A.  S.  wenan ; 

But.  wanen  ; Frs.  wena ; Old  Ger.  uuanen  ; Ger. 
wilhnen.]  [i.  weened  ; pp.  weening,  weened.] 
To  think  ; to  imagine  ; to  fancy. 

So  well  it  her  beseems,  that  ye  would  ween 

Some  angel  she  had  been.  Spenser. 

flfg=-This  word  is  now  only  used  in  imitation  or 
affectation  of  antiquity.  Richardson. 

WEEP,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  wepan ; Frs.  wepa,  to  cry 
out.]  [t.  WEPT;  pp.  WEEPING,  WEPT.] 

1.  To  utter  or  express  sorrow,  grief,  or  other 
passion,  by  tears ; to  shed  or  drop  tears  ; to  cry. 

Away ! with  women  weep,  and  leave  me  here, 

Fixed,  like  a man,  to  die  without  a tear.  Dryden. 

2.  To  lament ; to  complain.  Mum.  xi.  13. 

3.  To  abound  with  wet. 

Rye  grass  grows  on  clayey  and  weeping  grounds.  Mortimer. 

4.  To  flow  as  tea'rs  flow,  or  in  drops.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Cry. 

WEEP,  v.  a.  1.  To  lament  with  tears  ; to  express 
sorrow  for ; to  bewail  ; to  bemoan. 

If  thou  wilt  weep  my  fortunes,  take  my  eyes.  Shak. 

2.  To  shed  or  drop,  as  tears  -or  other  moisture. 

Groves  whose  rich  trees  wept  odorous  gums  and  balm.  Milton. 

WEEP'ER,  n.  1.  One  who  weeps.  Dryden. 

2.  A white  border  on  the  sleeve  of  a mourn- 

ing coat  : — a white  cuff  worn  on  mourning  by 
widows.  Johnson.  Simmonds. 

3.  (Zoiil.)  A species  of  monkey ; the  sai ; 
Ccbus  capucinus,  or  Simla  capucina.  Eng.  Cyc. 

f WEEP'FUL,  a.  Full  of  weeping.  Wickliffe. 

WEEP'ING,  p.  a.  Shedding  tears  ; crying. 

WEEP'ING,  ii.  The  act  of  one  who  weeps  ; act  of 
lamenting  with  tears.  Dodslcy. 

WEEP'JNG-LY,  ad.  So  as  to  shed  tears;  with 

weeping;  in  tears.  Wotton. 

f WEEP'ING— RlPE,  a.  Ready  to  weep.  “ Weeping- 
ripe  for  a good  word.”  Shak. 

WEEP'ING— ROCK,  n.  A porous  rock  from  which 
water  gradually  issues.  Wright. 

WEEP'ING— SPRING,  n.  A spring  that  slowly  dis- 
charges water.  m Wright. 

WEEP'ING— WIL'LOW,  ii.  A species  of  willow 
highly  ornamental,  havinglong,  slender  branches 
hanging  downwards  ; Sulix  Bahylonica  ; — ori- 
ginally a native  of  Asia,  on  the  banks  of  the 
Euphrates,  near  Babylon.  Baird. 

USP  This  is  the  species  of  willow  upon  which  the 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 

208 


BULL,  BUR,  RULE. — 9,  G>  £>  S0/L  C,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § os  z; 


as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


WEERISH 


WELD.ER 


weeping  (laughters  of  Zion  “ hanged  their  harps  ” 
during  their  captivity  in  Babylon.  Baird. 

+ WEER'JSH,  a.  See  Wearish.  Ascham. 

f WEET,  v.  n.  [M.  Goth,  ici/an;  A.  S.  witan ; 
I J nt.  wctin  ; Frs.  wila  ; Ger.  wissen. — Gr.  ti'iw; 
L .video.  — Sansc. vid.~\  [i.  wot  or  avoie.]  To 
know;  to  be  informed ; to  have  knowledge;  to 
understand.  — See  Wis.  Spenser. 

t WEET'[NG-LY,  ad.  Knowingly.  Fryth. 

t WEET'HJSS,  a.  Unknowing;  unintelligible. 

Thut  with  fond  terms  and  weetless  words.  Spenser. 

WEE'Vf.R,  n.  { Ich .)  An  acanthopterygious  fish 
belonging  to  the  perch  family,  of  the  genus  Tea- 
ch inns, — particularly  the  dragon- weever  (7 Va- 
chinus  draco)  or  sting-bull,  about  ten  inches 
long,  having  spines  of  the  first  dorsal  fin  with 
which  it  inflicts  painful  wounds.  Yarrell. 

WEE'VIL  (wa'vl),  n.  [A.  S . wefl,  ivifel  ■,  Frs.  we- 
fel ; Old  Dut.  weuel ; Ger.  wibeli]  {Fnt.)  The 
common  name  of  coleopterous  insects  pf  the 
family  Curculionidee,  or  Linnaean  genus  Curcu- 
lio,  which  comprises  numerous  species,  — par- 
ticularly of  those  the  larvae  of  which  are  inju- 


rious to  wheat  and  leguminous  plants.  Baird. 

WEE'VILLED  (we'vld),  a.  Infested  with,  or  con- 
taining, weevils ; weevilly.  Clarke. 

WEE'VIL-LY  (we'vl-le),  a.  Infested  with  weevils  ; 
containing  weevils.  Ward. 

WEE'ZEL  (we'zl),  n.  See  Weasel.  Dryden. 

WEE'ZEL  (we'zl),  a.  Thin;  weazen.  “A  weezel 
face.”  — See  Weazen.  [Local,  Eng.]  Smart. 


f WEFT.  The  old  pret.  and  part.  pass,  of  leave. 

WEFT,  n.  The  threads  which  run  across  the 
cloth,  in  distinction  from  the  threads  which  form 
the  length  of  the  web,  called  the  warp-thread , 
or  warp  ; the  yarns  or  threads  which  run  from 
selvage  to  selvage  in  a web  ; the  woof  Ure. 

f WEFT,  n.  Any  thing  abandoned,  whether  goods 
or  cattle ; a waif.  — See  Waif.  Spenser. 

t WEFT’AfJE,  n.  Weft;  texture.  Grew. 

WE'GO-Tl§M,  n.  The  frequent  use  of  the  pro- 
noun we  ; weism.  [Modern  cant.]  Brit.  Crit. 

WE  HR'— WOLF  (-wulf),  n.  See  Weke-wolf. 

WEIGH  (wa),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  weyan , to  bear,  to  carry, 
to  weigh  ; Dut.  wegen ; Ger.  wclgen  ; D in.  veic  ; 
Sw.  vUga.  — L.  veho,  to  carry.]  [i.  weighed  ; 
pp.  WEIGHING,  WEIGHED.] 

1.  To  examine  or  estimate,  as  any  body,  by 
the  steelyard,  balance,  scales,  or  other  instru- 
ment, in  order  to  ascertain  the  force  with  which 
it  tends  to  the  centre  of  gravity  ; as,  “ To  weigh 
a piece  of  meat.” 

2.  To  be  equivalent  to  in  weight. 

A body  weighing  divers  ounces.  Boyle. 

3.  To  lift  up  ; to  raise. 

To  weigh  an  anchor  or  a mast.  Dana. 

4.  To  examine  as  to  quantity,  quality,  value, 
or  importance  ; to  balance  in  the  mind  ; to  con- 
sider in  order  to  form  an  opinion  ; to  ponder. 

Record  not  who  it  is  which  speaketh,  but  weigh  only  what 
is  spoken.  llooker, 

5.  To  compare  by  the  scales  ; to  balance. 

Here  in  nice  balance  truth  with  gold  she  weighs . Pope. 

6.  To  consider  as  worthy  of  notice  ; to  re- 
gard. “ I weigh  not  you.”  Shah. 

To  weigh  down , to  overbalance.  Daniel.  To  oppress 
with  weight ; to  overburden  ; to  depress. 

A melancholy  damp  of  cold  and  dry. 

To  weigh  thy  spirits  down.  Milton. 

WEIGH  (wa),  v.  n.  I.  To  have  weight.  “ It 
weighed  most  sensibly  lighter.”  Browne. 

2.  To  have  weight  in  the  intellectual  balance; 
to  be  considered  as  important. 

He  finds  that  the  same  argument  which  weighs  witli  him 
lias  weighed  with  thousands  before  him.  Altcrbury. 

3.  To  raise  the  anchor.  Dryden. 

4.  To  hear  heavily  ; to  press  hard. 

Cleanse  the  stuffed  bosom  of  that  perilous  stuff’ 

Which  weighs  upon  the  heart.  Shale. 

To  weigh  down,  to  sink  by  its  own  weight.  Bacon. 

WEIGH  (wa),  n.  An  English  measure  of  weight; 
wey.  — See  W ey.  Simmonds. 

WEIGII'A-BLE  (wa'?-bl),  a.  That  may  be  weighed. 

WEIGH'AGE  (wa'aj),  n.  Duty  or  toll  paid  for 
weighing  merchandise,  &c.  Bourier. 


1658 


WEIGII'BOARD  (wa'bord),  n.  {Mining.)  Clay  in- 
tersecting a vein.  Ansted. 

WEIGH'— BRIDGE  (wa'brlj),  71.  A machine  for 
weighing  loaded  carts,  Ac.  Simmonds. 


WEIGHED  (wad),  «.  Experienced;  versed. 

A young  man  not  weighed  in  state  matters.  Bacon. 

WEIGH'jpR  (wa'er),  il.  One  who  weighs:  — an 
officer  of  customs  or  assize  ; one  who  tests 
weights,  or  sees  goods  weighed.  Simmonds. 

WEIGH'— HOUSE  (wa'-),  n.  A public  building  in 
which  things  are  weighed.  Simmonds. 

WEIGH'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  weighs  ; 
the  act  of  ascertaining  the  weight  of  a thing. 

2.  The  act  of  balancing  in  the  mind  ; act  of 

considering.  Bp.  Taylor. 

3.  As  much  as  is  weighed  at  once.  Clarke. 

WEIGH'ING— CA^E,  n.  A cage  in  which  the 
weight  of  living  animals  can  be  ascertained.  Cl. 

WEIGH'ING— HOUSE,  n.  See  Weigh-iiouse.  Wr. 

WEIGH'ING— MACHINE'  (vva'-),  n.  Any  contriv- 
ance by  which  the  weight  of  an  object  may  be 
ascertained.  Simmonds. 

WEIGHT  (wat),  n.  [A.  S.  wiht ; Dan.  veegt ; Sw. 
viyt;  Ger.  gewicht.  — See  Weigh.] 

1.  The  force  with  which  any  body  tends  to  the 
centre  of  the  earth  ; heaviness  ; gravity  ; pon- 
derousness : — the  comparative  measure  of  the 
gravity  of  bodies  at  the  earth’s  surface.  Hutton. 

Tobacco  cut  and  weighed,  and  then  dried  by  the  fire.loseth 
weight ; and,  after  being  laid  in  the  open  air,  recovereth  weight 
again.  Bucon. 

The  weight  of  a body  is  proportional  to  the 
quantity  of  matter  which  it  contains.  Owing  to  the 
spheroidal  figure  of  the  earth,  the  weight  of  the  same 
body  is  different  at  different  parts  of  the  earth’s  sur- 
face ; it  is  also  different  at  different  distances  from 
the  earth’s  centre.  A body  immersed  in  a fluid  lighter 
than  itself  loses  a part  of  its  weight,  equal  to  the  weight 
of  an  equal  bulk  of  that  fluid.  Hutton. 

2.  A certain  known  and  standard  quantity  of 

a heavy  metal,  as  iron  or  brass,  used  with  scales 
or  a steelyard,  to  ascertain  the  gravity  of  the 
articles  which  it  counterpoises;  as,  “A  pound 
weight”  ; “An  ounce  iceight.”  Davis. 

3.  A particular  standard  or  system  for  weigh- 
ing ; as,  “ Troy  weight  ” ; “ Avoirdupois  weight.” 

4.  A heavy  body  or  mass,  as  of  metal. 

A man  leapeth  better  with  iveights  in  his  hands.  Bacon. 

5.  Pressure  ; burden  ; quantity  borne  or  car- 
ried. “ The  weight  of  age,  disease.”  Denham. 

6.  Importance  ; power  ; influence  ; efficacy  ; 
consequence  ; moment  ; authority. 

The  solemnities  that  encompass  the  magistrate  add  dignity 
to  all  his  actions,  and  weight  to  all  his  words.  Atterbury. 

7.  {Mecli.)  The  resistance  to  which  the  work- 

ing point  of  a machine  is  applied  ; that  which 
receives  motion  ; the  load.  Loomis. 

8.  {Med.)  A sensation  of  heaviness  or  pres- 

sure over  the  whole  body  or  over  a part,  the 
stomach  or  head  for  example.  Dunglison. 

Gross  weight.  See  Gross.  — Net  weight.  See  Net. 

Syn. — Weight  is  an  indefinite  term.  Whatever 
can  ho  weighed  has  weight,  whether  large  or  small. 
Heaviness  and  gravity  are  tile  property  of  bodies  hav- 
ing great  weight.  Weight  is  opposed  only  to  that 
which  lias  no  weight ; the  weight  of  lead  or  of  a feath- 
er. Heaviness  is  opposed  to  lightness  ; the  heaviness 
of  lead  ; tile  lightness  of  a feather.  Gravity  is  a sci- 
entific term;  the  centre  of  gravity,  specific  gravity. 
— See  Importance. 

WEIGHT  (wat),  v.  a.  To  load  with  a weight ; to 
attach  a weight  to. 

The  web  and  warp  are  kept  longitudinally  stretched  hv  a 
weighted  cord.  Ure. 


WEIGII'TI-LY  (vva'te  le),  ad.  1.  With  a weight ; 
heavily ; ponderously.  Johnson. 

2.  With  impressiveness  ; forcibly.  Broome. 


WEIGH'TI-NESS  (wa'te-nes),  n.  1.  The  state  of 
being  weighty;  ponderosity;  heaviness.  Johnson. 

2.  Solidity  ; force  ; impressiveness.  “ The 

weightiness  of  an  argument.”  Locke. 

3.  Importance;  consequence;  moment.  ‘‘The 

weightiness  of  the  adventure.”  Hayward. 


WEIGHT'LESS  (wat'les),  a.  Light ; having  no 
weight ; imponderable.  Dryden. 

WEIGH'TY  (iva’te),  a.  1.  Having  weight;  heavy; 
ponderous  ; as,  “A  weighty  load.”  Dryden. 


2.  Important ; momentous  ; efficacious  ; for- 
cible ; influential.  “ Weighty  reasons.”  Shah. 

3.  Rigorous  ; severe,  [it. J 

Attend  our  weightier  judgment,  Shag. 

Syn. — Weighty  is  commonly  applied  to  abstract 
subjects  ; heavy,  to  natural  objects.  Weighty  argument 
or  reason  ; a heavy  or  ponderous  substance  ; heavy  cares 
or  discourse  ; onerous  ov'burdensome  duty  ; an  impor- 
tant subject ; grace  deportment.  — See  Grave. 

WEIR,  n.  Adam.  — See  Wear.  Simmonds. 

WEIRD  (werd),  a.  1.  Skilled  in,  or  using,  witch- 
craft. “The  weird  sisters,  hand  in  hand.”  Shah. 

2.  Relating  to,  or  derived  from,  witchcraft. 

Weird  sisters,  the  Fates.  [Scotland.)  G.  Douglas. 

WEIRD,  n.  [A.  S.  icyrd.)  Fate;  destiny:  — pre- 
diction : — fact.  [Scot.]  Jamieson. 

WEIRD,  v.  a.  To  determine  or  assign  as  one’s 
fate  : —to  predict : — to  make  liable  or  exposed 
to.  [Scotland.]  Jamieson. 

WE'I.'jM,  n.  The  frequent  use  of  the  pronoun  tee; 
wegotism.  [Modern  cant.]  Antijacobin  Her. 

WEIS'SiTE,  n.  {Min.)  A blue  or  green  variety 
of  iolite  occurring  in  chlorite  slate  in  masses  as 
large  as  hazel-nuts,  and  consisting  chiefly  of 
silica,  alumina,  magnesia,  and  potash.  Dana. 

fWEIVE  (wev),  v.  a.  To  waive.  Gower. 

t WEL'A-WAY,  inter y.  [A.  S.  wa  la  wa,  wi  la 
wei ; wa,  woe,  la,  oh,  lo,  and  wa,  woe.]  Alas  ! 
alack  ; well-a-day.  Spenser. 

WELCH,  a.  See  Welsh,  [r.]  Middleton. 

WEL'COME  (wel'kum),  n.  [A.  S.  wileuma,  a good 
comer,  one  received  with  gladness,  a welcome  ; 
wet,  well,  and  cama,  a comer.] 

1.  Salutation,  as  of  a new  comer. 

Leontes  opening  his  free  arms,  and  weeping 

His  welcome  forth.  Shale. 

2.  Kind  reception,  as  of  a new  comer. 

Truth  finds  an  entrance  and  a welcome  too.  South. 

Welcome  to  our  house , a kind  of  herb.  Ainsworth. 

WEL'COME  (wel'lcum),  inter/.  A form  of  friendly 
salutation,  elliptically  used  for  you  are  welcome. 

Welcome , great  monarch,  to  your  own!  Dryden. 

WEL  COME  (wel'kum),  V.  a.  [A.  S.  u'ilcumian .] 

[ i . WELCOMED  ; pp.  WELCOMING,  WELCOMED.] 
To  .salute  or  receive  kindly  ; to  receive  and 
greet  in  a friendly  and  courteous  manner. 

They  stood  in  a row  ...  as  if  to  welcome  us.  Bacon. 

WEL'COME,  a.  1.  Received  with  gladness  ; ad- 
mitted willingly  to  any  place  or  company ; ac- 
ceptable ; agreeable. 

Your  graces  are  right  welcome.  Shak. 

2.  Causing  gladness  in  the  reception  ; grate- 
ful ; pleasing.  “ A icelcome  present.”  Beau.  St  FI. 

3.  Admitted  willingly  or  gratuitously  to  any 
enjoyment ; free  to  possess  or  enjoy  without 
pay  ; as,  “ You  are  welcome  to  the  privilege.” 

To  hid  welcome,  to  receive  with  words  or  professions 
of  kindness.  Bacon. 

Syn.  — See  Agreeable. 

WEL'COME-LY,  ad.  In  a welcome  manner. 

WEL'COME-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality  of 
being  welcome.  Boyle. 

WEL'COM-JJR  (wel'kiim-er),  n.  One  who  wel- 
comes. “ Welcomer  of  glory.”  Shak. 

WEL'COM-lNG,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  welcomes; 
the  act  of  saluting  with  kindness.'  Berners. 

WELD,  7i.  1.  {Bot.)  An  exogenous  plant,  indi- 

genous in  Britain  and  other  parts  of  Europe, 
having  elongate-lanceolate  undivided  leaves  ; 
dyer’s  weed  ; Beseda  luteola.  Eng.  Cyc. 

2.  A yellow  dyestuff  consisting  of  the  dried 
leaves  and  stem  of  Reseda  luteola.  Tomlinson. 

■ This  word  is  variously  written  weld,  wold, 
wood,  would,  and  would. 

[WELD,  f).  a.  To  wield.  Spenser. 

WELD,  v.  a.  [Dut.  (Sr  Ger.  wellcn  ; Sw.ni’Fa.]  [i. 
WELDED  ; pp.  WELDING,  WELDED.]  To  bent  or 
press  into  firm  union,  as  metals  when  heated  ; 
to  unite  permanently  under  the  hammer  so  as 
to  leave  no  appearance  of  junction,  as  two  pieces 
of  iron  heated  to  whiteness.  Tomlinson. 

WELD'ER,  n.  1.  He  who,  or  that  which,  welds. 

2.  f A manager  ; an  actual  occupier.  Swift. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


WELDING 


1G59 


WELL-SWEEP 


WELD'ING,  n.  The  act  of  uniting  two  pieces  of 
metal,  as  iron,  when  heated,  into  one  body, 
without  any  appearance  of  junction.  Tomlinson. 

WELD'ING,  a.  Adapted  for,  or  capable  of,  welding. 

The  welding  temperature  is  usually  estimated  at  from  six- 
ty to  ninety  degrees  of  Wedge  wood.  (Jre. 

t WE’ LEW  (-1Q),  v.  n.  To  wither.  Wickliffe. 

WEL'fAre,  n.  [A.  S.  wel,  well,  and  faru,  a 
journey;  Dut.  welvaart ; Ger . wohlfahrt ; Dan. 
velfterd  ; Sw.  valfardi]  Happiness  ; success  ; 
prosperity;  well-being;  exemption  of  evil  ; en- 
joyment of  the  common  blessings  of  life. 

Discretion  is  the  perfection  of  reason:  cunning  is  a kind  of 
instinct  that  only  looks  out  after  our  immediate  interest  and 
welfare.  Addison. 

f WELK,  v.  n.  [Dut.  <SfGer.  welkeni]  To  dry  ; to 
wither  ; to  fade  ; to  grow  dim.  Spenser. 

f WELK,  v.  a.  To  shorten  ; to  contract.  Spenser. 

WELK,  v.  a.  To  soak;  to  beat:  — to  expose  to 
the  sun  in  order  to  be  dried  ; to  wither.  — See 
Wilt.  [Provincial,  Eng.]  Forby.  Brockett. 

WELK,  n.  {Conch.)  See  Whelk. 

WELKED  (welkt),  a.  Marked  with  protuber- 
ances ; ridged;  furrowed;  whelked.  Shak. 

WEL'KIN,  n.  [A.  S.  w olcen,  welkin  ; wealc , a 
revolving;  — hence  perhaps  welkin  for  the  sky 
and  clouds  in  a continued  revolution.  Bosworth.] 
The  visible  regions  of  the  air  ; the  sky  ; — used 
chiefly  in  poetry. 

A-maze  the  welkin  with  your  broken  staves.  Shak. 

Where  the  bowed  welkin  slow  doth  bend.  Milton. 

Welkin  eye.  according  to  Johnson,  a blue  or  skv- 
colored  eye  ; but,  according  to  Tooke,  Richardson,  and  i 
others,  a rolling  eye. 

Look  on  me  with  your  welkin  eye,  sweet  villain.  Shak. 

WELL,  n.  [A.  S.  weall , wi/U,  wyl,  well ; Frs. 
walle  ; Dut.  wel;  Ger.  quelle ; Dan.  kilcle. \ 

1.  A spring  ; a fountain. 

Begin,  then,  sisters  of  the  sacred  well. 

That  from  beneath  the  seat  of  Jove  doth  spring.  Milton. 

2.  A deep,  narrow  pit  dug  in  the  earth,  and 

usually  walled,  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining  a 
supply  of  water.  Braude . 

Now  up,  now  down,  like  buckets  in  a well.  Drydcn. 

The  old  oaken  bucket,  the  iron-bound  bucket, 

The  moss-covered  bucket,  which  hung  in  the  well. 

Woodworth. 

3.  The  source.  “ Well  of  vices.”  Chaucer,  j 

Dan  Chaucer,  well  of  English  undefiled.  Spenser. 

4.  ( Naut .)  A small  enclosed  space  near  the 

main-mast,  extending  from  the  bottom  of  the 
ship  to  the  principal  gun-deck,  containing  the 
pumps:  — in  a fishing  vessel,  an  apartment  in 
the  middle  of  the  hold,  which  is  entirely  de- 
tached from  the  rest,  having  the  floor  of  the  bot- 
tom perforated  with  small  holes  that  freshwater 
may  run  in  so  as  to  preserve  the  fish  alive  that 
are  put  into  it.  Mar.  Diet. 

5.  {Mil.)  A depth  which  the  miner  sinks  un- 

der ground,  with  branches  or  galleries  running 
out  from  it,  either  to  prepare  a mine,  or  to  dis- 
cover the  enemy’s  mine.  Stocqueler. 

6.  {Arch.)  The  cavity  in  a building  in  which  a 

flight  of  stairs  is  placed.  Simmonds. 

Artesian  well.  See  Artesian. 

WELL,  V.  n.  \l.  WELLED  ; pp.  WELLING,  WELLED.] 
To  issue,  as  from  a spring  ; to  spring;  to  flow. 

Fast  from  her  eyes  the  round  pearls  welled  down 

Upon  the  bright  enamel  of  her  face.  Fairfax. 

And  blood  that  welled  from  out  the  wind.  Dryden. 

WELL,  it.  a.  To  pour  forth  as  from  a well.  Spenser. 

WELL,  ad.  [A.  S.  &;  Dut.  wel\  Ger.  wohT,  Dan. 
<St  Icel.  vel ; Sw.  veil.' — W.  gwell,  better.  — “ The 
1/.  belle  and  the  Gr.  tcalU;,  may  claim  a relation- 
ship to  this  word  ; also  the  Sansc.  bala,  ball, 
strength,  power.”  Bosivorth .] 

1.  In  a just  or  proper  manner  ; rightly  ; not 

ill.  “ Many  deeds  well  done.”  Milton. 

2.  Skilfully  ; properly  ; with  skill ; thorough- 
ly ; fully ; not  amiss  ; correctly  ; accurately. 

What  poet  would  not  mourn  to  see 
His  brother  write  as  well  as  he?  Swift. 

’T  is  almost  impossible  to  translate  verbally  and  well.  Dryden. 

3.  Sufficiently  ; abundantly  ; amply. 

All  the  plain  of  Jordan  . . . was  well  watered.  Gen.  xiii.  10. 

4.  To  a degree  that  gives  pleasure  or  satis- 
faction ; very  much  ; highly. 

I like  well,  in  some  places,  fair  columns.  Bacon. 


5.  With  praise  ; favorably  ; commendably. 

All  the  world  speaks  well  of  you.  Pope. 

6.  Conveniently  ; easily  ; suitably. 

Know  . . . what  the  mind  can  well  contain.  Milton. 

7.  To  a sufficient  degree ; fully;  wholly. 

A private  caution  I know  not  well  how  to  sort,  unless  I 
should  call  it  political.  IVotton. 

8.  Far;  mu'ch ; as,  “ Well  advanced  in  years.” 

ftff*  Well  is  sometimes  used  to  denote  concession  or 

admission,  or  satisfaction  for  something  done,  or  as  a 
ground  for  a conclusion  ; as,  “ Well,  if  it  is  so,  I 
submit.” 

Well,  let’s  away,  and  say  how  much  is  done.  Shak. 

Used  colloquially  as  an  expletive;  as,  “Well, 

I don’t  know.”  Baker. 

As  well  as , together  witli ; not  less  than.  “ Long 
and  tedious,  as  well  as  grievous.”  Blackmore.  In  as 
good  health  as.  — Well  nigh , nearly  ; almost. 

I freed  well  nigh  half  the  angelic  name.  Milton. 

Well  enough , in  a moderate  degree  ; sufficiently  well  ; 
tolerably. — To  be  well  off,  to  be  in  a good  condition-; 
to  have  a competence.  — Well  to  do , in  a state  of  ease 
as  to  pecuniary  circumstances  ; well  off.  Forby.  — Well 
to  live , having  a competence  ; in  easy  circumstances  ; 
well  off.  Forby — It  is  used  much  in  composition  to 
express  any  tiling  right,  laudable,  or  not  defective  ; 
as,  M?fZZ-affected,  well- aimed,  w?eZZ-appointed,  &c. 

WELL,  a.  1.  Being  in  health  ; not  sick.  Shak. 

While  thou  art  well,  thou  may’st  do  much  good  ; but 
when  thou  art  6ick,  thou  canst  not  tell  what  thou  shalt  be 
able  to  do.  Bp.  Taylor. 

2.  Convenient ; advantageous  ; fortunate. 

It  would  have  been  well  with  Genoa,  if  she  had  followed 
the  example  of  Venice.  Addison. 

3.  Being  in  favor  ; acceptable. 

He  . . . was  well  with  Henry  the  Fourth.  Dryden. 

WELL'— A— DAY,  interj.  [A  corruption  of  well-a- 
may  ; — A.  S.  wa  la  tea.]  Expressing  grief; 
alas ; lackaday.  “ 0,  wcll-a-day,  Mistress 
Ford.”  Shak. 

WELL'— AP-POINT'JJD,  a.  Fully  furnished  or 
equipped.  “ Well-appointed  powers.”  Shak. 

WELL'-Au-THEN'TI-CAT-ED,  a.  Attested  or 
supported  by  good  authority.  Clarke. 

WELL'— B E-IIA VED'  (wel'be-havd'),  a.  Courte- 
ous ; civil  ; polite  ; of  good  conduct.  Boswell. 

WELL'— BE-ING,  n.  Prosperity  ; welfare  ; weal. 

Man  is  not  to  depend  upon  the  uncertain  dispositions  of 
men  for  his  well-being.  Bp.  Taylor. 

WELL'— BE-LOVED'  (wel'be-luvd'),  a.  Much  loved. 

WELL'— BOAT,  n.  A boat  with  a well  to  keep  fish 
in,  to  bring  them  alive  to  market.  Simmonds. 

WELL'— BOR-1JR,  tt.  One  who  digs  or  bores  for 
water,  as  in  making  a well.  Simmonds. 

WELL'— BORN,  a.  Not  meanly  descended  ; of 
good  descent ; high-born  ; gentle. 

One  whose  extraction  from  an  ancient  line 

Gives  hope  again  that  well-born  men  may  shine.  Waller. 

Syn.  — See  Gentle.  • 

WELL'-BRED,  a.  1.  Elegant  of  manners  ; polite  ; 
courteous  ; refined  ; polished  ; genteel.  Dryden. 

2.  Descended  from  a good  race  of  ancestors; 
of  good  family  ; well-born,  [r.]  Loudon. 

Syn.  — See  Genteel,  Polite. 

WELL'— CON-Dl"TIONED  (-kon-dlsh'und),  a.  Be- 
ing in  a good  condition  or  state.  Clarke. 

WELL'— DI-£EST'ED,  a.  Thoroughly  digested. 

WELL'— DO-ING,  n.  A doing  well ; right  conduct ; 
good  actions  ; upright  deeds.  Roget. 

WELL'— DONE'  (wel'dun'),  interj.  An  exclamation 
bestowing  praise  or  commendation. 

Well-done,  thou  good  and  faithful  servant.  Matt.  xxvi.  21. 

WELL'-DRAlN,  n.  1.  A drain  to  a well.  Clarke. 

2.  A pit  serving  to  drain  wet  land.  Smart. 

WELL— DRAIN',  v.  a.  To  drain,  as  land,  by  means 
of  wells  or  pits  that  receive  the  water  which  is 
discharged  by  means  of  machinery.  Clarke. 

WELL'-DRESSED  (wel'drest),  a.  Tastefully  or 
handsomely  dressed.  Pope. 

WELL-ED'U-CAT-ED,  a.  Having  a good  educa- 
tion ; as,  “ A well-educated  man.”  Clarke. 

WELL'fAre,  n.  See  Welfare.  Holyday. 

WELL-FA'VORED  (wel-fa'vurd),  a.  Pleasing  to 
the  eye  ; comely  ; beautiful.  Shak. 


WELL— FORMED',  a.  Having  a good  form. 

WELL— FOUND'BD,  a.  Authentic  : — well-ground- 
ed. Mackenzie. 

WELL— GROUND'ED,  a.  1.  Having  a good  foun- 
dation or  support.  Ash. 

2.  Thoroughly  taught  in  the  rudiments.  Clarke. 

WELL— IIAL'LOWED  ( wel-hSl'od),  a.  Sacred; 
just.  “ Well-hallowed  cause.”  Shak. 

WELL'— HEAD  (wel'hed),  n.  Source;  fountain; 
well-spring ; origin.  Spenser. 

WELL'— HOLE,  n.  1.  {Arch.)  The  space  enclosed 
by  the  walls  of  a circular  staircase.  Davis. 

jRS5=-  Some  builders  confine  t lie  term  to  the  void 
space  left  in  the  middle  of  a circular  staircase,  and 
which  opens  a cavity  from  tile  top  to  the  bottom  of 
the  edifice.  Davis. 

2.  A hole  connected  with  some  mechanical 
contrivance,  and  adapted  for  the  reception  of 
some  counterbalancing  weight,  and  for  other 
purposes.  Buchanan. 

WELL— HUij'BAND-ljn,  a.  Husbanded  properly  ; 
managed  with  frugality.  Milton. 

WELL'— IN-FORMED'  (-formd'),  a.  Correctly  in- 
formed: — having  much  information.  Boswell. 

WEL'LING-TON§,  n.  pi.  A kind  of  long  boots 
worn  by  men.  Simmonds. 

WELL'— IN-STRUCT'JJD,  a.  Correctly  or  fully 
instructed  ; well  taught.  Cotoper. 

WELL'— IN-TEN'TIONED  (-sliund),  a.  Having 
good  intentions  ; well-meaning.  Addison. 

WELL-KNOWN'  (wel-non'),  a.  Commonly  or  fully 
known.  Qu.  Rev. 

WELL-MAN'NERED  (wel-m3n'nerd),  a.  Having 
or  showing  good  manners  ; polite.  Dryden. 

WELL— MEAN' ^R,  ti.  One  who  means  well ; one 
who  has  good  intentions.  Dryden. 

WELL-MEAN 'ING,  a.  Having  good  intentions. 

WELL-MEANT',  a.  Friendly  ; kind.  Roget. 

WELL-MET',  interj.  A term  of  salutation.  “They 
are  all  hail  fellows,  well-met.”  Baker. 

Once  more  to-day,  well-met , distempered  lords.  Shak. 

WELL— MIND'BD,  a.  Having  good  intentions; 
wTell-meaning  or  disposed.  Ash. 

WELL— NAT'URED  (wel-nat'yurd),  a.  Good- 
natured  ; kind.  Pope. 

WELL-NIGH'  (wel-nl'),  ad.  Almost.  Spenser. 

WELL— OR'Df.RED  (-derd),  a.  Rightly  or  cor- 
rectly ordered.  “ Well-ordered  actions.”  Locke. 

WELL-READ',  a.  Having  read  much  ; erudite. 

WELL'-ROOM,  n.  A room  containing  a well, — 
particularly  a room  containing  a mineral  spring 
or  spa,  W'here  the  waters  are  drunk.  Simmonds. 

f WELL'— SEEN, a.  Accomplished;  well-approved. 
“ Well-seen  and  deeply  read.”  Beau.  I \ FI. 

WELL'— SET,  a.  1.  Firmly  set;  properly  placed. 

Instead  of  a girdle,  a rent;  and,  instead  of  well-set _ hair, 
baldness.  Isa.  iii.  24. 

2.  Handsome  ; beautiful.  Mackenzie. 

WELL-SINK'BR,  n.  One  who  digs  ivells. 

WELL— SINK'I NG,  n • The  operation  of  sinking 
wells,  or  boring  for  water.  Simmonds. 

fi  WELL'SOME,  a.  Prosperous.  Wickliffe. 

f WELL'SOME-LY,  ad.  Prosperously.  Wickliffe. 

WELL'-SPED,  a.  Having  good  success. 

WELL— SPENT',  a.  Passed  with  virtue  or  im- 
provement. “ A well-spent  youth.”  V Estrange. 

WELL— SPO' KEN  (wel-spo'kn),  a.  1.  Speaking 
well,  finely,  gracefully,  or  kindly.  “ Clarence  is 
well-spoken.”  Shak. 

2.  Spoken  properly,  as  a discourse. 

WELL'-SPRING,  n.  Fountain;  source;  origin. 
“ The  well-spring  of  all  poetry.”  Davies. 

WELL'-STAlR'CASE,  n.  A staircase  with  a well- 
hole  ; a winding  staircase.  Wcale. 

WELL'— SWEEP,  n.  A long  pole  poised  upon  a 
fulcrum,  and  used  to  lower  and  raise  the  bucket 
of  a well,  in  drawing  water.  — See  Sweep. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON ; BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  <?,  9,  g,  soft;  €,  G,  5,  1,  hard;  § as  z;  3£  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


WELL-TIIOUGIIT 


WESTWARDLY 


1GG0 


WELL-THOUGHT'  (vvel-thlvvt')  a.  Opportunely 
thought  of.  Ash. 

■ VV ELL— TIMED'  (wel-tlmd'),  a.  1.  Done  at  the 
proper  time  ; opportune.  I'ope. 

2.  Keeping  accurate  time.  “ The  well-timed 
oars.”  Smith. 

WELL-TRAINED'  (wel-trand'),  a.  Correctly 
trained  or  educated ; skilled.  Somerville. 

WELL-TRIED',  a.  Fully  tried  ; proved.  Pope. 

WELL'— WA-Tf  R,  n.  Water  from  a well. 

WELL— WILL' pR,  n.  One  who  means  kindly. 

“ To  themselves  well-willers."  Hooker. 

WELL'— WISH,  n.  A wish  of  happiness.  Addison. 

WELL— WISHED'  (wel-wislit'),  a.  Wished  well; 
beloved ; befriended.  Shah. 

WELL— WiSH'^R,  n.  One  who  wishes  the  good 
of  another.  “Your  sincere  well-wisher."  Pope. 

WELSH,  a.  [A.S.  I Valise,  Welisc,  Weclsc.]  Re- 
lating to  the  people,  or  the  country,  of  Wales. 

WELSH,  n.  1.  The  language  of  Wales  or  of  the 
Welsh;  the  Welsh  language.  Johnson. 

2.  pi.  The  inhabitants  of  Wales. 

AST  The  name  which  the  JVelsh  give  to  themselves 
is  “Cyttiry,”  and  to  their  language  “ Cymreig,”  the 
obvious  resemblance  of  t lie  sound  of  which  to  “ Oym- 
bri  ” has  led  many  to  identify  them  witli  the  Cymhri 
ot  Roman  history.  The  prevalent  opinion,  however, 
with  regard  to  their  origin,  is,  that  they  are  a Celtic 
tribe,  and  of  the  same  blood  and  language  as  the  na- 
tive Irish  and  the  Scottish  Highlanders.  P.  Cijc.  — 
The  original  British  was  the  mother  tongue  of  the 
present  Welsh.  Latham. 

WELSH'— FLAN'iVEL,  n.  The  finest  kind  of  flan- 
nel, made,  chiefly  by  hand,  from  the  fleeces  of 
the  flocks  of  the  Welsh  mountains.  Simmonds. 

t WELSH'— GLAIVE,  n.  A particular  kind  of  bat- 
tle-axe. Crabb. 

WELSH’-HOOK  (-link),  n.  A.  military  implement, 
having  a cutting  blade  with  a hook  at  the  back, 
to  enable  a foot-soldier  to  pull  a horseman  to  the 
ground,  or  arrest  a flying  enemy.  pairholt. 

f WELSH'— MORT'GA<?E  (-mbr'gaj),  n.  (Law.)  A 

species  of  mortgage,  now  out  of  use,  being  a 
conveyance  of  an  estate,  redeemable  at  any 
time,  on  payment  of  the  principal,  with  an  un- 
derstanding that  the  profits  in  the  meantime 
shall  be  received  by  the  mortgagee  without  ac- 
count, in  satisfaction  of  interest.  Burrill. 

WELSH M OT'TON,  n.  Choice  meat  obtained  from 
a small  breed  of  sheep  in  AVales.  Simmonds. 

WELSH'— ON'ION  (-un'yun),  n.  (Bot.)  A culinary 
plant  indigenous  in  Siberia,  cultivated  chiefly  as 
a spring  salad  onion,  having  almost  no  bulb,  but 
large  succulent  fistular  leaves,  and  supposed  to 
be  so  called  from  having  been  imported  originally 
from  Germany,  with  the  name  Wiilsch , or  foreign, 
attached  to  it ; Allium  fistulnsum. 

Loudon.  Eng.  Cgc. 

f WELSH'— PARS'LEV,  n.  A burlesque  name  for 
hemp,  or  the  halters  made  of  it.  Beau.  S;  FI. 

WELSH'— R A B' BIT,  n.  [Corrupted  from  Welsh- 
rarebit.]  Melted  cheese  seasoned  and  served 
upon  toasted  bread.  Merle. 

WELSH'— WlG,  n.  A worsted  cap.  Simmonds. 

WELT,  n.  [A.  S.  wceltan,  to  roll.  Richardson.'] 

1.  The  edge  of  a garment,  turned  over  on 

itself  and  sewed  together  to  strengthen  the  bor- 
der, or  a small  cord  covered  with  cloth,  and 
sewed  on  seams  or  borders  to  strengthen  them ; 
a border  ; an  edging.  Holland. 

2.  A narrow  strip  of  leather  forming  a lining 

beneath,  and  reaching  to  the  edge  of,  the  sole 
of  a boot  or  a shoe.  Simmonds. 

WELT,  V.  a.  [i.  WELTED  ; pp.  WELTING,  WELTED.] 
To  furnish  or  provide  with  a welt.  Wright. 

WELT,  v.  n.  To  soak;  to  welk; — to  wither; 
to  wilt.  — See  Wilt.  [Local,  Eng.]  Forby. 

WELT'ED,  p.  a.  Furnished  with  a welt.  Wright. 

WEL'TIJR,  v.  n.  [M.  Goth,  walwjan ; A.  S.  ivcel- 
tan ; Ger.  walzen  ; Dan.  valte ; Sw.  vGlta,  vciltra.) 
[i.  weltered;  pp.  weltering,  weltered.] 
To  roll  in,  or  as  in,  water,  mire,  blood,  or  some 
foul  matter  ; to  wallow. 

Deformed  with  wounds  and  weltering  in  his  gore.  Murphy. 


WELT'ING,  n.  The  act  of  putting  on  a welt,  or 
the  welt  put  on.  Wright. 

f WEM,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  wemman.]  To  corrupt ; to 
vitiate  ; to  spot.  JJrant. 

f WEM,  n.  [A.  S.]  A spot ; a scar.  Wickliffe. 

fW-EM'LIJSS,  a.  Without  a blot  or  spot.  Chaucer. 

WEN,  n.  [A.S.  warn.]  (Med.)  A circumscribed, 
indolent  tumor,  without  inflammation  or  change 
of  color  of  the  skin  ; a hard,  fleshy,  or  callous 
excrescence  ; — also  a name  sometimes  given  to 
an  encysted  tumor  and  to  bronchocel e.Hunglison. 

WENCII,  n.  [A.  S.  wcncle,  a maid.  Skinner.  Ju- 
nius.— A.  S.  wincian,  to  wink.  Tooke.] 

1.  A young  woman  ; a girl,  [it.]  Sidney. 

A wench  told  Jonathan  and  Ahimaaz.  2 Sam.  xvii.  17. 

2.  A young  woman  of  ill-fame  ; a strumpet. 

I am  a gentlewoman,  and  no  wench.  Chaucer. 

3.  A colored  woman  ; negress.  [U.S.]  Bartlett. 

WENCH,  v.  n.  [i.  wenched  ; pp.  wenching, 
wenched.]  To  frequent  the  company  of  loose 
women  ; to  practise  lewdness.  [it.]  Addison. 

WENCH'IJR,  n.  A fornicator.  _ Grew. 

WENUH'ING,  n.  The  practice  of  frequenting  the 
company  of  women  of  ill  fame,  [it.]  Dryden. 

WENCH'— LIKE,  a.  After  the  manner  of,  or  re- 
sembling, wenches.  Huloet. 

f WEND,  v.  n.  [M.  Goth,  van  d/an  ; A.  S.  wendan  ; 
Dut.  <S|  Ger.  wenden,  to  change,  to  turn  ; Frs. 
wende,  to  turn;  Dan.  vende ; Sw.  ran  da  ; Icel. 
vende,  to  turn.]  [ i . wended  or  went;  pp. 
wending,  wended  or  went.] 

1.  To  go  ; to  pass  ; to  move.  Chaucer. 

2.  To  turn  round.  Raleigh. 

ttjr"  From  this  word  is  derived  went,  the  preterite 

of  the  verb  to  go. 

WEND,  v.  a.  To  undertake,  as  a journey  ; to  pass ; 
to  direct;  as,  “ To  wend  one’s  way.” 

And  still,  her  thought,  that  she  was  left  alone, 


Uncoiiipanied,  great  voyages  to  wend 

In  desert  land,  her  Tynan  folk  to  seek.  Surrey. 

t WEND,  n.  A large  extent  of  ground.  Burrill. 

fWEN'N^L,  n.  A weanling.  Tusser. 

WEN'NJSH,  ? Having  the  nature  of,  or  formed 
WEN'NY,  ) like,  a wen.  Wotton. 

WENT,  i.  from  wend  ; — used  as  the  preterite  of 
go.  See  Wend,  and  Go. 
f WENT,  n.  Way;  course;  path.  Spenser. 


WEN'TLE-TRAP,  n.  [Ger.  wend cl-treppe , wind- 
ing stairs,  wentle-trap.]  ('/.Oul.) 

1.  A spiral,  gasteropodous  mollusk,  of  the 

genus  Scalaria,  — particularly  Scalaria  pretio- 
sa,  and  Scalaria  communis.  Eng.  Cyc. 

2.  The  shell  of  an  animal  of  the  genus  Scala- 

ria, which  in  most  of  the  species  is  pure  white, 
and  lustrous,  of  a turreted  form,  many  whirled, 
and  ornamented  with  numerous  transverse  ribs. 
The  shell  of  Scalaria  pretiosa  was  for  a long 
time  reckoned  very  precious.  Baird. 

WEPT,  i.  & p.  from  weep.  See  Weep. 

WERE  [wer,  S.  W.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  IT.  Sm.  C. ; 
war,  E.  ; ware  or  wer,  Wb.]  [Dan,  xeerc,  to  he  ; 
Sw.  vara.  — See  Was.]  i.  pi.  from  be.  I was, 
thou  wast,  he  was  ; pi.  we  were,  you  were, 
they  were. 

f WERE,  n.  A dam.  — See  Weir.  Sidney. 

f WERE,  n.  [A.  S.  wer,  were,  wera.]  (Anglo- 
Saxon  Law.)  A fine  for  killing  a man. 

Every  man  was  valued  at  a certain  sum,  which  was  called 
his  were;  and  whoever  took  his  life  was  punished  by  having 
to  pay  this  were  to  the  family  or  relations  of  the  deceased. 

Bosworth. 

f WERF.'GILD,  n.  [A.  S.  war.  fine  for  slaying  a 
man,  or  wer,  man,  and  gyld,  fine  ; Ger.  wehr- 
geld;  Scot . wergelt.]  (Anglo-Saxon  Law.)  Pay- 
ment of  a were  ; a pecuniary  satisfaction  paid 
to  a party  injured,  or  to  his  relations  in  case  he 
was  slain,  in  expiation  of  the  offence.  Blackstone. 

WERE'— WOLF  (-waif), n-  [A.  S.  were-wulf ; wer, 
a man,  and  wulf,  a wolf.]  A man  wolf;  one 
who  had  the  power  to  turn  himself  into,  or  was 
turned  into,  a wolf.  B.  Thorpe. 

There  arc  some  that  eat  children  and  men,  and  oat  none 
other  flesh  from  that  time  that  they  be  a-charmed  with  man’s 
flesh;  . . . and  they  are  deped  were-wolces,  for  men  should 
beware  of  them.  t MS.  Bodl.  54G. 


WIJR-NE'RI-AN,  a.  (Gcol.)  Relating  to  Werner, 
or  to  his  theory  of  the  earth,  which  was  also 
called  the  Neptunian  theory.  Hamilton. 

WER'NJJRHTE,  n.  (Min.)  A name  applied  to 
the  common  grayish  and  white  varieties  of  scap- 
olite.  ' Dana. 

WERST,  n.  A Russian  itinerary  measure,  equal 
to  3501  English  feet,  or  nearly  two  thirds  of  a 
mile ; verst.  — See  V erst.  P.  Cyc. 

WERT.  The  second  person  singular  of  the  sub- 
junctive mood  and  imperfect  tense,  from  be. 

WERTH,  n.  [A.  S.  wcorthicg,  worth ig,  worth.]  A 
farm,  court,  or  village,  when  used  in  the  names 
of  places,  whether  initial  or  final ; — written 
also  worth.  Gibson. 

WE'SAND  (we'znd),  n.  See  Weasand. 

fWE'§IL,  n.  AVeasand;  windpipe.  Bacon. 

WES'LEY- AN,  a.  Relating  to  John  Wesley,  or 
to  Wesleyanism.  Ch.  Ob. 

WES'LEY- AN,  n.  (Eccl.)  A follower  of  John 
Wesley,  the  founder  of  the  Arminian  Method- 
ists ; a Methodist.  U atson. 

WES'L$Y-AN-I§M,  n.  (Eccl.)  The  tenets  of  the 
Wesleyans  ; Methodism.  Ec.  Rev. 

WEST,  n.  [A.  S.,  Dut.,  <5f  Ger.  west;  Dan.  St  Sw. 
vester. — Fr.  oucst.] 

1.  One  of  the  four  cardinal  points,  being  the 

point  of  the  horizon  which  is  midway  between 
the  north  point  and  the  south  point,  and  at 
which  the  sun  sets  at  the  equinoxes  ; the  point 
of  the  horizon  to  the  left  as  we  look  towards 
the  north,  or  the  region  near  this  point;  the  Oc- 
cident ; — the  opposite  of  east.  Nichol. 

2.  Any  part  of  the  world  that  relatively  to 
another  place  lies  in  a westerly  direction,  as  the 
United  States  with  reference  to  England,  the 
Western  States  with  reference  to  the  Atlantic 
sea-board,  China  with  reference  to  California, Ac. 

WEST,  a.  Relating  to  the  west;  being  in  or 
towards,  or  coming  from,  the  region  of  the  set- 
ting sun  ; western  ; westerly  ; occidental.  “ A 
mighty  strong  icest  wind.”  Ex.  x.  19. 

WEST,  ad.  To  the  west;  more  westward.  Shah. 

f WEST,  V.  n.  To  pass  to  the  west;  to  set,  as 
the  sun.  “ The  hot  sun  began  to  west."  Chaucer. 

WEST'— END,  n.  The  fashionable  part  of  London, 
w'est  of  Charing-Cross.  Simmonds. 

WEST'ER-ING,  a.  Passing  to  the  west.  [Obs. 
or  poetical.]  Milton.  Whittier. 

WEST'ER-LY,  a.  Tending  or  being  towards  the 
west ; coining  from  the  west ; west ; as,  “ The 
westerly  parts  of  a country  ” ; “A  westerly  wind.” 

WEST'f.R-LY,  ad.  Towards  the  west.  Smart. 

WESTERN,  a.  1.  Being  in  the  west,  or  in  the 
region  near  the  west ; west;  westerly  ; occiden- 
tal. “ The  western  vale.”  Spenser. 

2.  Tending  toward,  or  comingfrom,  the  west ; 
as,  “ A western  course  ” ; “A  western  wind.” 

Western  Empire.,  (Hist.)  tile  name  given  to  the  west- 
ern division  of  the  Roman  empire,  when  divided  liy 
the  will  of  Theodosius  the  Great  between  his  sons 
Honorius  and  Aicadius,  A.  D.  395.  Braude. 

WEST'ERN-MOST  a.  Farthest  to  the  west.  Cook. 

WEST'— IN'DI-A— TEA,  n.  (Bot.)  A shrubby  goat- 
weed,  the  leaves  of  which  are  occasionally  used 
for  infusing  as  tea  in  the  Antilles  ; Capraria 
biflora.  Simmonds. 

WEST'ING,  n.  1.  A course  or  distance  to  the 
west.  “ His  westing  will  be  considerable.”  Conk. 

2.  (Surveying.)  The  distance  westward  be- 
tween the  meridian  which  passes  through  the 
initial  extremity  of  a course  and  the  meridian 
which  passes  through  the  other  extremity  ; the 
departure  of  a course,  when  the  course  lies,  to 
the  west  of  north.  Danes. 

WEST'LING,  n.  An  inhabitant  of  the  west ; one 
who  lives  in  the  west,  [it.]  Phil.  Museum. 

WEST' W A It  D,  ad.  [A.  S.  westeweard,  wrstweard, 
westward, ] Towards  the  west ; westerly. 
Westward  the  course  of  empire  takes  its  way.  Bp.  Berkeley. 

WEST'WARD-LY,  ad.  With  tendency  to  the 

west ; in  the  direction  of  the  west.  Donne. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  short; 


A,  U,  f,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; 


HEIR,  HER; 


WE  STY 


1661 


WHEAT 


YVEST'Y,  a-  Uizzy  j confused.  [Local.]  Hall. 

VVKT,  a.  [A.  S.  wat,  hwet ; Dut.  nat ; Dan.  vaacl ; 
Sw.  vat. — L.  udiis.  — The  root  ltd  of  tidns  ap- 
pears in  Sansc.  U7id,  to  be  wet,  uda,  water,  and 
L.  unda,  a wave.  The  root  had  originally  an 
initial  v or  w,  whence  Slav,  voda,  Ger.  wass-er, 
Eng.  wait-er,  wet,  Ac.  The  v or  tv  is  represented 
by  the  aspirate  in  Gr.  vit <i;,  rain,  tui,  to  wet,  Ac. ; 
and  in  L.  humidus,  wet,  Ac.  it'.  Smith.} 

1.  Containing  water ; having  some  moisture 
adhering  to  or  on  the  surface  ; — opposed  to  dry. 


The  wood  was  green,  and  the  ground  wet.  Berners. 

2.  llainy.  “ Wet  weather.”  Dryden. 

WET,  n.  [A.  S.  wceta,  weete.  — Gr.  vert;,  rain  ; Ike, 
to  wet. — See  Wet,  «.]  Water;  humidity; 
moisture: — rainy  or  misty  weather.  “Tuber- 
oses will  not  endure  the  wet"  • Evelyn . 

To  preserve  the  outside  from  wet.  Swift. 

WET,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  wcetan  ; Dan.  rtede ; Sw.  viita.} 


[l.  WETTED  0)'  WET;  pp.  WETTING,  WETTED  Of 
wet.]  To  make  wet ; to  expose  to  rain  or  wa- 
ter ; to  moisten  with  water  or  other  fluid. 

Or  wet  the  thirsty  earth  with  fulling  showers.  Milton. 
The  kindly  dew  drops  from  the  higher  tree. 

And  wets  tile  little  plants  that  lowly  dwell.  Spenser. 

To  wet  one’s  whistle,  to  take  a drink,  especially  of 
strong  liquor.  [Vulgar.] 

Let’s  drink  the  other  cup  to  wet  our  whistles.  Walton. 

WET'-DOCK,  n.  A dock  capable  of  receiving  and 
floating  vessels  at  all  states  of  the  tide.  Wright. 

WETH'UR  (wetb'er),  n.  [A.  S.  wether.}  A cas- 
trated ram,  at  least  one  year  old.  Shah. 

WET'NIJSS,  n.  1.  The  state  of  being  wet ; moist- 
tire  ; humidity.  “ The  wetness  of  these  bottoms 
often  spoils  them  for  corn.”  Mortimer. 

2.  A watery  state  of  the  atmosphere ; state  of 
being  rainy  ; as,  “The  wetness  of  the  summer.” 

WET'— NURSE,  n.  A female  who  suckles  and 


nurses  the  infant  of  another  woman  ; — used  in 
contradistinction  to  dry-nurse.  Burns. 

WET'SIIoD,  a.  Wet  over  the  shoes.  Forty. 
WET'TISH,  a.  Somewhat  wet  ; damp.  Maunder. 
WE'VIL  (ws'vl),  n.  See  Weevil.  Brockett. 

•f  VVEX,  v.  a.  To  grow;  to  wax.  Dryden. 


WEY  (wa),  n.  A English  measure  of  weight ; — 
written  also  weigh. 

For  woo!,  a wry  is  equal  to  6.J  tods  of  28  lbs. ; a 
load  or  5 quarters  of  wheat  ; 40  bushels  of  salt,  each 
5G  lhs. ; 32  cloves  of  cheese,  each  7 lbs.  ; 48  bushels  of 
oals  and  barley  ; 2 lo  3 cwt.  of  butler.  Sitnmunds. 

WE'ZAND  (vve'zn),  n.  See  Weasand.  Browne. 

WHACK  (hwak),  t>.  a.  [From  the  sound.]  [t. 
WHACKED  ; pp.  WHACKING,  WHACKED.]  To 
strike  ; to  give  a heavy  blow  to  ; to  thwack. 
[Local  or  vulgar.]  Brockett. 

WHACK,  71.  A heavy  blow  ; a thump.  Jennings. 

VVHACK'^R,  n.  Any  thing  very  large  ; a whapper. 
[Local  or  vulgar.]  Wright.  Holloway. 

WHACK'TNG,  a.  Lusty;  hearty:  — huge;  large; 
enormous.  [Local  or  vulgar.]  Cooper. 

WHALE  (hwal),  71.  [A.  S.  hwal,  hwtile,  hweel ; 

Dut.  w ilcisch ; Ger.  wallisch ; Dan.  A Sw.  heal. 
— From  the  A.  S.  walwian,  to  wallow,  Dut.  § 
Ger.  wallen,  to  roll.  Richardson.  — No  doubt 
the  root  of  Gr.  tpal.au /a,  a whale,  is  the  same  as 
Scandinavian  livalo,  English  whale,  Ac.  Liddell 
A Scott.  — L.  balama.  — Wimm  is  said  to  be  de- 
rived from  the  Phoenician  word  baabnan,  king  of 
fishes.  Baird.}  ( Zool .)  The  common  name  of 
marine  mammals  of  the  order  Cetacea,  or  Cete. 

BoP  The 
whales  have 
their  ante- 
rior extreui 
ities  shaped 
like  lins  Common  Greenland -whale. 

and  the  posterior  united  so  as  to  form  a horizontal 
tail.  Their  body  is  fish-sliaped  and  bald  ; and  their 
teetli  are  simply  conical  and  rootless.  They  are  vi- 
viparous, suckle  their  young,  have  warm  blood,  and 
respire  through  lungs.  This  order  comprises  the 
largest  animated  forms  in  existence.  The  true  whales, 
or  whalebone  whales,  are  mammals  of  the  family  Baltr- 
nidte.  Their  head  is  of  great  size,  being  a third,  and 
sometimes  even  half,  the  whole  body;  the  upper 
jaw  is  furnished  witli  plates  of  a horny  structure, 
arranged  transversely  in  several  rows,  thin,  of  a tri- 


angular shape,  and  having  their  edges  'armed  with 
long,  thread-like  processes,  which  hang  down  loose 
in  tlie  mouth.  These  plates  are  from  eight  to  ten  feet 
long,  and  number  about  three  hundred  on  eaeli  side. 
In  commerce  they  are  known  under  the  names  of 
whalebone baleen,  and  whale-fin.  'file  nostrils  are  sit- 
uated in  tlie  upper  part  ol  the  head,  and  are  called 
spiracles,  blow-holes,  or  blowers.  !!y  a peculiar  appara- 
tus, tlie  water  which  tlie  whale  takes  into  its  mouth 
can  bo  thrown  up  through  these  nostrils  to  a consid- 
erable height.  The  Greenland  whale,  or  right  whale 
( Balaam  mysticctus),  is  one  ot  the  best  known  species  ; 
it  is  from  fifty  to  sixty  feet  long,  and  about  thirty  or 
forty  feet  in  circumference,  and  has  long  been  pursued 
by  mail  for  its  oil  and  whalebone.  One  whale  occa- 
sionally yields  more  than  twenty  tuns  of  pure  oil, 
which  is  obtained  from  tlie  thick  layer  of  fat  or  blub- 
ber lying  under  tlie  skin.  The  species  of  tlie  genus 
Megaptera  are  called  huinp-hacl;cd  whales  ; those  of  the 
genus  BaUenoptera  are  called  fin-bached  whales,  or  fia- 
nces. Tlie  spermaceti  whale  ( CatSdon  mncroccphalus) 
belongs  to  the 
family  Catodon- 
tiitz,  or  toothed 
whales.  The  head 
of  this  whale 
constitutes  a 
third  of  the  whole  length  of  the  body,  and  possesses 
only  one  spiracle,  or  blow-hole.  In  tile  right  side  of 
tlie  nose  is  a large,  almost  triangular-shaped  cavity, 
called  by  whalers  the  ease,  adapted  for  (lie  purpose  of 
secreting  and  containing  an  oily  fluid  which  after 
death  concretes  into  a granulated  substance,  of  a yel- 
lowish color,  called  spermaceti.  Baird. 

WHALE,  v.  a.  [See  Wale.]  To  beat ; to  lash  ; 
to  wale.  [Local  or  vulgar.]  Wright. 

WHALE'— BOAT,  n.  (Naut.)  A long,  narrow  boat 
used  with  whale-ships.  C.  Brown. 

WHALE'BONE  (hwal'bon),  n.  An  elastic  sub- 
stance taken  from  the  upper  jaw  of  the  whale, 
chiefly  from  the  Greenland  whale  (Balaam  mys- 
ticetus),  or  the  southern  whale  ( Balama  austra- 
lis) ; — used,  after  being  softened  by  boiling  and 
dyed  black,  principally  for  ribs  or  stretchers  of 
umbrellas,  for  canes,  whips,  and  as  a substitute 
for  bristles  in  brushes;  baleen;  whale-fin. — 
See  Whale.  Simmonds. 

WHALE'— FIN,  n.  (Com.)  Whalebone.  Baird. 

WHALE'— FISII-E-RY,  n.  The  business  of  taking 
whales,  and  procuring  oil,  whalebone,  Ac., 
from  them.  McCulloch. 

WHALE'— F1SH-JNG,  n.  The  act  or  the  business 
of  catching  whales.  Congreve. 

WIIALE'MAN,  n. ; pi.  wiiale'men.  A man  en- 
gaged in  the  whale-fishery.  Gillett. 

WIIAl'ER,  7i.  A person  or  a vessel  engaged  in 
the  whale-fishery.  Campbell. 

WHALE'— SHOT,  7i.  A name  among  the  Dutch 
and  some  English  whalers  for  head  matter  or 
spermaceti  from  the  whale.  Simmonds. 

WHAL'ING,  a.  Relating  to  whales,  or  to  the 
whale-fishery;  as,  “ A whaling  voyage.” 

WHALL,  or  WHAUL,  n.  A disease  of  the  eyes; 
glaucoma,  [it.]  Nares. 

f WHAL'LY,  a.  Noting  eyes  which  are  diseased 
so  as  to  show  too  much  white.  Spenser. 

WHAME,  n.  Burrel-fly;  the  ox-fly.  Denham. 

WIIAMr'MpL  (hwom'el),  r.  a.  To  turn  upside  down. 
— See  Whemmel.  [North  of  Eng.]  Brockett. 

WHANG  (lnvSng),  n.  [A.  S.  thwang.}  A leather 
thong.  — See  Thong.  [Local.]  Brockett. 

WHANG,  v.  a.  To  beat.  [Local,  Eng.]  Grose. 

WIU1JVOEE,  n.  [Chinese  want 7,  yellow,  and  lice, 
root.]  A Japan  cane  or  walking-stick,  made  of 
a Chinese  plant.  . Ljungstcdt. 

WHAP  (hwop),  7i.  A heavy  or  a sudden  blow;  — 
written  also  whop.  [Local  or  vulgar.]  Forby. 

WHAP  (hwop),  v.  n.  To  turn  over  suddenly;  as, 
“ To  wimp  over.”  [Low.]  Bartlett. 

WHAP'PF.R  (hwop'per),  n.  Any  thing  uncom- 
monly large  ; — particularly  a monstrous  lie  ; a 
thumper  ; a whacker  ; a whopper.  — See  Wnor- 
l’EH.  [Scotland  ; local  and  vulgar,  Eng.  and 
U.  S.]  Brockett.  Bai'tlett.  Jamieson. 

WHAP'PING  (hwop'pjng),  a.  Uncommonly  large  ; 
monstrous.  [Local  or  vulgar.]  Hunter. 

WHARF  [Invorf,  S.  W.  J.  F.  K.  Sm.  ; iiwilrf,  P. 
E. ; wiirf,  Ja.},  n.  ; pi.  in  England,  WhArfs  ; in 


the  United  States,  generally  wiiArveij.  [A.  S. 
Invar f,  hwearf,  hioeorf;  Dut.  t verf;  Ger.  ivtrft ; 
Dan.  vverft ; Sw.  hvarf. — Old  Fr.  (juerf,  whir  we.} 
A mole,  or  firm  landing-place,  built  by  the  side 
of  the  water,  or  extending  into  it,  for  the  con- 
venience of  loading  and  unloading  ships  and 
other  vessels  ; a sort  of  quay.  Child. 

flfjp  The  form  of  wharves,  for  the  plural  of  wharf, 
has  lately  been  used  by  some  respectable  English 
writers.  “Two  wharves.”  Ec.  Rro.  — “Wo  now 
find  at  the  harbor  [of  Athens]  noble  wharves  and  sub- 
stantial streets.”  Diary  of  the  Earl  of  Carlisle. 

WHARF,  v.  a.  1.  To  furnish  or  secure  with  a 
wharf ; to  supply  with  a wharf.  ('I trie. 

2.  To  put  or  lodge  on  a wharf.  Clarke. 

WHARF'AIjrE,  n.  The  fee  paid  for  loading  goods 
on  a wharf  or  for  shipping  them  off.  Cyc.  of  Com. 

WHARF'!N-<?ER,  71.  One  who  has  the  charge  of 
a wharf.  Cowell. 

WHAKP,  n.  A name  for  Trent  sand.  Simmonds. 

WHAT  (hwSt),  f.r07l.  [A.  S.  hwiet, ; Dut.  wat\  Ger. 
teas  ; Dan.  A'  Sw.  hvad.  — L.  quid.} 

1.  That  which  ; the  thing  that. 

Let  them  say  what  they  will.  Drayton . 

2.  Somethingthat  is  in  one’s  rnind  indefinitely. 

I tell  thee  what , corporal,  I could  tear  her.  Shak. 

3.  The  sort- or  kind  of ; — used  as  an  adjec- 
tive or  demonstrative  pronoun  ; as,  “ I know 
what  book  that  is.” 

4.  Which  of  many; — used  interrogatively. 

What  one  of  an  hundred  of  the  zealous  bigots  in  Jill  parties 

ever  examined  the  tenets  he  is  so  stiff  in?  Locke. 

5.  To  how  great  a degree ; — used  interroga- 
tively, or  indefinitely. 

What  partial  judges  arc  our  love  and  hate  I Dryden. 

6.  Whatever  ; whatsoever,  [r.]  • 

Whether  it  were  . . . the  strength  of  his  will,  or  the  dazzling 
of  his  suspicions,  or  what  it  was.  Bacon. 

7.  Partly  ; in  part ; — used  adverbially. 

What  with  carrying  apples,  grapes,  and  fuel,  lie  finds  him- 
self in  a hurry.  V Extrungc. 

Tlie  year  before  he  had  so  used  the  matter,  that  what  by 
force,  what  by  policy,  he  hud  taken  from  the  Christians  above 
thirty  small  castles.  Knolles. 

What  is  sometimes  used  in  the  sense  of  “ What  is 
this  ! ” or  Flow  is  this  ! ” — an  interjection  by  way 
of  surprise  or  question. 

What ! canst  thou  not  forbear  me  half  an  hour?  Shak. 
It  is  also  used  in  tlie  sense  of  “ Wluit  will  be  the  re- 
sult or  consequence?”  — used  interrogatively  and 
elliptically  ; as.  “ What  if  an  insurrection  should  break 
out ! ” 

What,  though , what  imports  it  though ; what  mat- 
ters it  that ; notwithstanding. 

What  though  none  live  my  innocence  to  tell?  Dryden. 

What  time , at  tlie  time  when. 

What  time  the  morn  mysterious  visions  brings.  Pope . 

What  day , on  the  day  when. 

What  day  the  genial  angel  to  our  sire 

Brought  her,  more  lovely  than  Pandora.  Milton. 

What , ho  ! an  interjection  of  calling. 

What,  hoi  thou  genius  of  the  clime;  what,  ho  ! Dryden. 

What  else , what  else  can  be  the  case  ; — equivalent 
to  a strong  affirmation.  Lyly . 

f WHAT  (Iiwot),  n.  Matter;  thing  ; stuff. 

Come  down,  and  learn  the  little  what , 

That  Toinalin  can  say.  Inly. 

WIIAT-EV'ER  (hwot-ev'er),  pron.  1.  Being  this 
or  that,  or  of  one  nature  or  another  ; being  one 
or  another,  either  generieally,  specifically,  or 
numerically  ; any  thing,  be  it  what  it  may. 

Whatcrrr  is  read  differs  ns  much  from  what  is  repented 
without  a book  as  a copy  does  from  an  original.  Swift. 

2.  All  that ; the  whole  that. 

At  once  came  forth  whatever  creeps.  Milton. 

WHAT'NOT  (hwot'not),  ru  . A stand  or  piece  of 
household  furniture,  having  shelves  for  books, 
ornaments,  and  knick-knacks.  W.  Envy . 

f WIIAT'SO  (hwot'so),  pron.  Whatsoever. Spenser. 

WIIAT-SO-EV'J£R,  pron.  Whatever,  [r.]  Shak. 

WHEAL  (hwel),  n.  A pustule  ; a pimple  ; a small 
swelling  filled  with  matter.  Wiseman. 

WHEAL,  v.  [A  corruption  of  ancient  Cornish 
huel.]  {Mining.)  A mine.  Watson . 

WHEAT  (hwet),  n.  [M.  Goth,  wait , waitei ; A.  S. 
hweete  ; Dut.  writ ; Ger.  weitzen ; Dan.  hvede  ; 
Sw.  hrcte.\  ( Bot .)  The  common  name  of  mono- 
cotvledonous,  gramineous  plants,  of  the  genus 
Triticum , one  species  of  which,  the  common 
wheat,  Triticum  vuljare , including  two  varie- 


J\liEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  £,  $,  g,  soft;  £,  €,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  X as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


WHEAT-BIRD 


1662 


WIIELP 


ties,  Triticum  mstivum,  or  summer  wheat,  and 
Triticum  hibernum,  or  winter  wheat,  is  very 
extensively  cultivated  for  food,  and,  of  all  the 
cereal  grasses,  affords  the  best  and  most  nutri- 
tious flour: — the  grain  of  several  species  of 
Triticum, — particularly  of  the  different  varie- 
ties of  Triticum  vulgare.  Baird. 

WHEAT'— BIRD,  n.  A bird  that  eats  wheat.  IVr. 

WHEAT'— EAR,  n.  1.  An  ear  of  wheat. 

2.  ( Ornith .)  A pretty  little  warbling  passe- 
rine bird,  found  in  all  parts  of  Europe,  of  a 
brownish  color,  with  the  rump  and  tail  white, 
about  six  or  seven  inches  in  length,  and  much 
esteemed  for  food  ; Saxicola  cenanthe.  Baird. 

Walker  pronounces  wheat-ear,  a bird,  liwlt'yer. 

WHEAT'EN  (hwe'tn),  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  made 
of,  wheat.  Exod.  xxix. 

WHEAT'— FLY,  n.  ( Ent .)  A small  gnat  or  midge 
belonging  to  the  family  Cecidomyiadoc,  or  gall- 
gnats,  injurious  to  wheat ; Cecidomyia  Tritici. 

Harris. 

/Eg-  The  American  wheat-insect  agrees  exactly 
vvitii  the  descriptions  and  ligures  of  the  European 
wheat-flu  ( Cecidumyia  Tritici.).  It  is  a very  small  or- 
ange-colored gnat,  with  long,  slender,  pale  yellow 
legs,  and  two  transparent  wings,  reflecting  the  tints 
of  the  rainbow  and  fringed  with  delicate  hairs.  Harris. 

WHEAT'— GRASS,  n.  ( Bot .)  A gramineous  plant 
found  in  the  U.  S.  from  Western  New  York  to 
Wisconsin,  and  northward;  Triticum  caninum ; 
— termed  atoned  wheat-grass.  Gray. 

WHEAT'— MOTH,  n.  ( Ent .)  A little  moth  ( Tinea 
granellci),  the  young  moth-tvorms  of  which  be- 
gin to  gnaw  harvested  grain  as  soon  as  they  are 
hatehed,  and  as  they  increase  in  size,  to  fasten 
together  several  grains  with  their  webs,  and  to 
cover  the  bin  with  a thick  crust  of. webs  and  ad- 
hering grain  ; grain-moth  ; corn-worm:  — also  a 
little  moth,  which  hatches  worm-like  caterpil- 
lars not  thicker  than  a hair,  each  one  of  which 
selects  for  itself  a single  grain,  and  burrows 
therein  at  the  most  tender  part,  commonly  the 
place  whence  the  plumule  comes  forth  ; Angou- 
mois  moth  ; Anacantpsis  cerealella.  Harris. 

WHEAT'— PLUM,  n.  A kind  of  plum.  Ainsworth. 

WHEE'DLE  (hwe'dl),  V.  a.  [A.  S.  hwedlian,  to 
beg.  Somner.]  [i.  wheedled  ; pp.  wheedling, 
wheedled.]  To  entice  by  soft  words,  or  blan- 
dishment; to  flatter;  to  cajole;  to  coax. 

To  learn  the  art  of  wheedling  fools.  Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Coax. 

WHEE'DLE,  v.  n.  To  flatter;  to  cajole;  to  coax. 

Tohnny  wheedled,  threatened,  fawned. 

Till  Phillis  all  her  trinkets  yawned.  Swift. 

WHEE'DLE,  n.  Enticement;  cajolery;  flattery. 
“Caresses  and  wheedles.”  Dorrington. 

WHEED'LfR  (hwe'dler),  n.  One  who  wheedles. 

W HEED 'LING,  n.  Act  of  one  who  wheedles.  Smart. 

WHEEL  (hwel),  n.  [A.  S.  hwcohl,  hweol,  hwcowol ; 
Dut.  wicT,  Dan.  ,y  Sw.  hint. ] 

1.  A circular  frame  that  turns  round  upon  an 
axis ; a revolving  disk  or  frame  in  machinery, 
or  on  which  a vehicle  is  supported  and  moved. 
The  wheels  of  thy  bold  coach  pass  quick  and  free.  Cowley. 

2.  A circular  body  ; a circle.  Shafc. 

Lot  go  thy  hold  when  a great  wheel  runs  down  a hill,  lost 

it  break  thy  neck  with  following  it.  Shale. 

3.  An  instrument  on  which  criminals  in  some 
countries  were  formerly  tortured. 

Death  on  the  wheel  or  at  wild  horses’  heels.  Slink. 

SSf  According  to  the  German  method,  the  criminal 
was  laid  on  a cart-wheel,  with  his  arms  and  legs  ex- 
tended, and  his  limbs  in  that  posture  fractured  with 
an  iron  bar;  but  in  France,  the  criminal  was  laid  on 
a frame  of  wood  in  the  form  of  a St.  Andrew’s  cross 
with  grooves  cut  transversely  in  it  above  and  below 
the  knees  and  elbows ; and  the  executioner  struck 
eight  blows  with  an  iron  bar,  so  as  to  break  the  limbs 
in  those  places,  sometimes  finishing  the  criminal  by 
two  or  three  blows  on  the  chest  or  stomach  — thence 
called  coups  dc  grace.  Braude. 

4.  A machine  for  spinning  thread ; a spin- 
ning-wheel. Wollaston. 

5.  Rotation  ; revolution.  “ The  common  vi- 
cissitude and  wheel  of  things.”  South. 

6.  A track  or  course  approaching  to  circular- 
ity. 

lie  throws  his  flight  in  many  an  aery  wheel.  Milton. 


7.  A revolving  fire-work.  Simmonds. 

8.  ( Pottery .)  A revolving  disk  of  wood  on 

the  top  of  an  upright  shaft,  on  which  the  clay 
is  shaped  into  articles.  Tomlinson. 

9.  ( Naut .)  The  wheel  and  axle  in  a ship,  by 

which  the  tiller  is  moved.  Braude. 

10.  (Pros.)  The  return  of  some  peculiar 

rhythm  at  the  end  of  each  stave.  Guest. 

Aristotle’s  wheel , ( Mcch .)  the  name  of  a celebrated 
problem  in  mechanics  relating  to  the  motion  or  rota- 
tion of  a wheel  about  its  axis; — so  called  because  it 
was  first  noticed  by  Aristotle.  Hatton.  — Measuring 
wheel , a perambulator. — Persian  wheel.  See  Per- 
SI AN- WHEEL. — Wheel  and  axle,  one  of  the  mechani- 
cal powers,  of  various  forms,  consisting  of  a wheel, 
or  of  a circular  or  cylindrical  piece  of  wood,  metal, 
or  other  matter,  that  revolves  on  an  axis; — used  for 
raising  heavy  bodies,  and  called  also  axis  inpetrochio. 
Hatton . Young. 

WHEEL  (liwel),  v.  n.  [t.  wheeled  ; pp.  WHEEL- 
ING, WHEELED.] 

1.  To  move  on  wheels  ; to  roll.  Sir  J.  Davis. 

2.  To  turn  on  an  axis  ; to  rotate.  Bentley. 

3.  To  revolve  ; to  move  round  ; to  turn. 

The  cause  of  justice  wheeled  about.  Shale. 

4.  To  fetch  a compass. 

I was  f breed  to  wheel 

Three  or  four  miles  about.  Shak. 

5.  To  move  or  roll  forward. 


Thunder  mixed  with  hail. 

Hail  mixed  with  fire,  must  rend  the  Egyptian  sky, 

And  wheel  on  the  earth,  devouring  where  it  rolls.  Hilton. 

6.  (Mil.)  To  move  forward  or  backward,  as  a 
squadron,  in  a circular  manner,  round  some 
given  point.  Stocqueler. 

WHEEL  (liwel),  v.  a.  1.  To  put  into  a rotatory 
motion  ; to  make  to  whirl  or  turn  round.  Milton. 

2.  To  carry  or  convey  any  thing  by  means  of 
wheels,  or  on  wheels ; as,  “ To  wheel  a load  of 
dirt.” 


WHEEL'— AN-I-MAL,  ) n.  (Ent.)  The  com- 

WHEEL'-AN-I-MAL'CULE,  S mon  name  of  mi- 
nute animals  of  the  class  Rotatoria.  — See  Rot- 
ifer. Baird. 


Tito  species  are  numerous,  all  aquatic,  very 
transparent,  without  legs,  and  witli  the  anterior  part 
of  the  body  furnished  with  a retractile,  often  lobed 
disk,  upon  which  are  usually  placed  vihratile  cilia, 
which,  when  in  motion,  present  tile  appearance  of 
one  or  two  wheels  revolving  swiftly  in  opposite  di- 
rections. Baird. 

WHEEL'— BA-ROM'E-TUR,  n.  ( Pneumatics .)  A 

barometer,  the  tube  of  which  has  the  form  of  a 
siphon,  the  lower  end  being  bent  upwards  in- 
stead of  dipping  into  mercury,  as  in  the  common 
barometer,  and  forming  a short  branch. 

,88r  The  difference  between  the  levels  of  the  mer- 
cury ill  the  two  branches  of  the  wheel-barometer  is  the 
measure  of  the  atmospheric  pressure,  and  is  indicated 
by  means  of  an  index  playing  on  a circular  graduated 
plate,  which  is  set  in  mot  ion  by  a string  passing  over 
a pulley  and  fastened  at  one  end  to  a small  ball  of 
iron  that  floats  on  the  mercury  in  the  shorter  branch, 
and  having  a small  weight  attached  to  the  other  end. 
The  instrument  is  not  very  accurate  in  its  indications. 
Library  of  Useful  Knowledge. 

WHEEL'BAR-ROW,  n.  A small  hand  carriage  for 
loads,  with  one  wheel,  and  handles  for  support- 
ing and  propelling  it.  Bacon. 


WHEEL'— BOAT,  n.  A boat  with  wheels,  that 
may  be  used  on  the  water  or  on  an  inclined 
plain.  Wright. 

WHEEL'— CAR-RIA^tE,  n.  A carriage  having 
xvheels,  as  a car,  cart,  chariot,  wagon,  cab,  om- 
nibus, coach,  &c.  Tomlinson. 

WHEELED  (liweld),  a.  Having  wheels;  — used 
in  composition  ; as,  “ A two -wheeled  vehicle.” 

WHEEL'IJR,  n.  1.  One  who  wheels. 

2.  f A maker  of  wheels.  Camden. 

3.  A wheel-horse.  Todd. 

WHEEL'— HORSE,  n.  A horse  next  to  the  wheels 
of  the  carriage  ; — in  contradistinction  to  a lead- 
er, or  forward  horse.  Clarke. 

WHEEL'— HOUSE,  n.  A structure  or  box  over  a 
wheel  in  a steam-vessel ; paddle-box. 

WHEEL'JNG,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  wheels  ; 
act  of  conveying  on  wheels. 

2.  State  or  condition  as  regards  passing  on 
wheels,  or  driving  a wheeled  vehicle.  Bartlett. 

3.  Act  of  making  a circular  motion  ; circular 
motion  : — a motion  made  by  horse  or  foot,  either 


to  the  right  or  the  left,  or  the  right  and  left 
about,  &c.,  forward  or  backward.'  Stocqueler. 

WHEEL'-LOCK,  n.  A sort  of  lock  used  ancient- 
ly on  arquebuses,  to  strike  tire,  by  revolving 
against  a flint  held  in  the  cock.  Stocqueler. 

WHEEL'— ORE,  n.  (Min.)  A brittle,  opaque  min- 
eral, of  metallic  lustre,  sometimes  occurring  in 
cruciform  crystals,  and  consisting  of  sulphur, 
antimony,  lead,  and  copper  ; — called  also  bour- 
nonite.  Dana. 

WHEEL'— RACE,  n.  The  place  in  which  a water- 
wheel is  fixed.  Francis. 

WHEEL'— ROPE,  n.  (Naut.)  Tiller-rope.  Burn. 

WHEEL'— SHAPED  (hwul'sliapt),  a.  1.  Having  the 
form  of  a wheel.  Hooker. 

2.  (Bot.)  Noting  calyxes,  monopetalous  co- 
rollas, or  other  organs,  of  which  the  tube  is  short, 
ar.d  the  segments  spreading;  rotate.  Lindley. 

WHEEL'— SWARF,  n.  A clayey  cement  or  putty 
made  from  the  dust  obtained  in  Sheffield  from 
the  abrasion  of  grindstones,  and  used  in  the 
steel-converting  furnaces  for  covering  the  layers 
of  iron  and  charcoal.  Simmonds. 

WHEEL'— WORK  (-wiirk),  n.  A combination  of 
wheels,  giving  motion  to  one  another.  Brande. 

WHEEL'— WORN,  a.  Worn  by  wheels.  Coicper. 

WHEELWRIGHT  (hwEl'rlt),  n.  A maker  and  re- 
pairer of  wheels  and  wheel-carriages.  Mortimer. 

fWHEEL'Y  (hwel'e),  a.  Circular;  suitable  for 
rotation;  rotatory.  “ A wlieely  form.”  Phillips. 

WHEEZE  (hwez),  v.  n.  [A.  S.  htceosan;  Dan. 
hats,  hi wse  ; Sw.  hvtisa,  to  hiss.]  [i.  wheezed  ; 
pp.  wheezing,  wheezed.]  To  breathe  with 
difficulty  and  with  a noise,  as  a person  afflicted 
with  the  asthma  ; to  blow.  Dryden.  Swift. 

WHEEZ'ING,  p.  a.  Breathing  with  difficulty  and 
noise:  — noting  or  causing  the  noise  of  one 
who  wheezes.  Dunglison. 

WHEEZ'ING,  n.  A disordered  respiration,  as 
that  of  one  afflicted  by  asthma ; the  act  of 
breathing  with  difficulty  and  noise.  Floyer. 

WHEEZ'Y,  a.  Breathing  hard  and  with  a noise; 
wheezing.  McCabe. 

WHELK  (livvelk),  n.  [The  shell-fish  may  have  re- 
ceived its  name  from  A.  S.  wcalcan,  weo'c,  to 
turn  ; but  tcelk,  a pustule,  may  be  of  the  same 
root  as  wale,  weal,  A.  S.  walan.  Richardson .] 

1.  A stripe  ; a mark  ; a discoloration  : — a pro- 
tuberance; a pustule. — See  Weal.  Shak. 

2.  (Zonl.)  A gasteropodous  mollusk  of  the 

genus  Buccinvm,  — particularly  the  Buccinum 
undatum,  or  common  whelk,  which  is  the  lar- 
gest of  the  species,  and  of  variable  appearance, 
but  having  more  or  less  coarse^piral  striae,  and 
usually  with  broad  longitudinal  folds.  The 
common  uhelk  is  plentiful  on  all  the  coasts 
of  Great  Britain,  and,  boiled  or  pickled,  is  used 
as  an  article  of  diet.  Baird.  Eng.  Cyc. 

WHELKED.  See  Welked.  Todd. 

WHEL'KY  (hwel'ke),  a.  1.  Embossed ; protu- 
berant ; rounded.  Todd. 

2.  Streaked,  striated.  “ Whclky  pearls.” 

Spenser. 

WHELM,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  ahwyfan,  to  overwhelm; 
intensive  of  hwealfian,  to  cover.  Skinner. — 
Perhaps  formed  on  the  word  helan,  to  cover. 
Richardson.]  [t.  whelmed;  pp.  whelming, 
WHELMED.] 

1.  To  cover  with  water  or  other  fluid  ; to  cover 
with  something  that  envelops  on  all  sides,  and 
is  not  to  be  thrown  off;  to  overwhelm. 

PI ii need  in  the  deep  for  ever  let  me  lie, 

Whelmed  under  seas.  Addison. 

2.  To  cover  entirely  ; to  bury.  “ Many 

whelmed  in  deadly  pain.”  Spenser. 

3.  f To  throw  so  as  to  cover  or  bury.  “ Whelm 

some  things  over  them.”  Mortimer. 

WHELP  (lnvelp),  n.  [A.  S.  hwelp ; Dut.  wc/p; 
Old  Ger.  welf\  Dan.  A-  Sw.  hvaip.] 

1.  The  young  of  a dog,  or  of  a lion,  and  of 

several  other  beasts  of  prey  ; a puppy  ; a cub. 
“ Whelps  are  blind  nine  days.”  Browne. 

2.  A son,  or  a young  man,  in  contempt. 

The  young  whelp  of  Talbot’s  raging  brood.  Shak. 

3.  pi.  (Naut.)  Short  upright  pieces  placed 
round  the  barrel  of  the  capstan,  to  afford  resting 
points  for  the  messenger  or  hawsers.  Brande. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  short ; 


A,  P;  !>  Q>  V>  Y>  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


WIIELP 


1G63 


wiiicii 


WHELP,  v.  n.  [ i . whelped;  pp.  whelping, 

whelped.]  To  bring  forth  young  ; — applied  to 
some  beasts,  as  a bitch,  a lioness,  a she-fo.x,  &c. 

A lioness  hath  whelped  in  the  streets.  Shak. 

WIIEM'MpL,  v.  a.  To  turn  upside  down  ; — writ- 
ten also  whammel.  [Local,  Eng.]  Brackett. 

WHEN  (hwen),  ad.  [Goth,  hwan ; A.  S.  hwcenne, 
hwenne ; Dut.  wannce;  Ger.  wann. — L.  quando.] 

1.  At  the  time  ; at  the  time  that. 

A secret  fondness  and  benevolence  for  him  in  our  minds, 
when  we  read  his  story.  Addison. 

2.  At  what  time ; whenever. 

When  was  it  she  last  walked?  Shale. 

Kings  may 

Take  their  advantage  ivhen  and  how  they  list.  Daniel. 

3.  Which  time. 

I was  adopted  heir  by  his  consent; 

Since  when  his  oath  is  broke.  Shak. 

4.  After  the  time  that. 

When  1 have  once  handed  a report  to  another,  how  know 
I how  he  may  improve  it  ? Gov.  of  the  Tongue. 

5.  An  abrupt  and  elliptical  exclamation,  de- 
noting impatience,  and  equivalent  to,  — When 
will  such  a thing  be  done  ? 

Why,  when,  I say!  Nay,  good  sweet  Kate,  be  merry.  Shak. 

t When  as , at  the  time  when  ; what  time. 

When  as  sacred  light  began  to  dawn.  Milton. 

WHENCE  (hwens),  ad.  1.  From  what  place. 

Whence  and  what  art  thou,  execrable  shape?  Milton. 

2.  From  what  source  or  cause. 

Whence  comes  this  unsought  honor  unto  me?  Fenton. 

I have  shown  whence  the  understanding  may  get  all  the 
ideas  it  has.  Locke. 

3.  From  which  premises  or  facts. 

Their  practice  was  to  look  no  farther  before  them  than  the 
next  line;  whence  it  will  follow  that  they  can  drive  to  no  cer- 
tain point.  Dryden. 

4.  From  which  person,  place,  cause,  prem- 
ises, or  principle. 

To  acknowledge  whence  his  good  descends.  Milto  i. 

tyCr3  From  whence  Dr.  Johnson  styles  “a  vicious 
mode  of  speech.”  It  is  a pleonasm,  like  from  hence 
and  from  thence  ; and,  like  those  phrases,  it  is  sanc- 
tioned by  custom  and  good  use.  “ The  place  from 
io  he  nee  they  fell.”  Milton. 

t Of  whence , from  what  place.  Dnjdcn. 

f WIJENCE-EV'JER,  ad.  Whencesoever.  Prior. 

f WHENCE'FORTII,  ad.  From  which  place. 

W henceforth  issues  a warlike  steed.  Spenser. 

WHENCE-SO-EV'jgR  (hwens-sy-ev'er),  ad.  From 
ivhat  place  or  cause  soever.  Locke. 

WIIEN-EV'ER,  ad.  At  whatever  time. 

Our  religion,  whenever  it  is  truly  received  into  the  heart, 
will  appear  in  justice,  friendship,  and  charity.  Rogers. 

WHEN-SO-E V'ER  (hwen-so-ev'er),  ad.  Whenever. 

W hensoev^  he  is  brought  to  justice.  Locke. 

WHERE  (liwAr),  ad.  [M.  Goth.  Invar',  A.  S. 
hwcer  ; Dut.  waar  ; Dan.  hvor  ; Sw.  Avar.'] 

1.  At  or  in  which  place  or  places. 

In  every  land  we  have  a larger  space. 

Where  we  with  green  adorn  our  fairy  bowers.  Dryclen. 

2.  At  or  in  what  place.  “ Where  were  ye, 
nymphs?”  Milton.  “ I ('Acre  was  Eloise  ?”  Pope. 

What  matter  where , if  I be  still  the  same?  Milton. 

3.  t Whereas. 

Where  the  other  instruments 

Did  see,  and  hear,  devise,  instruct,  walk,  feel.  Shak. 

4.  f Whether. 

Good  sir,  say  where  j'ou’ll  answer  me  or  no.  Shak. 

HOr*  Where  is  often  used  for  whither  ; ;is,  “ fVhcre 
are  you  going?” — ftmj  where , at  or  in  any  place. — 
JVo  where , at  or  in  no  place. 

Rffr*  Where,  like  here  and  there,  has  in  composition 
a kind  of  pronominal  signification  ; as,  whereof,  of 
which,  wherein , in  which. 

f WHERE,  n . Place.  “ A better  where”  Shak. 

WHERE' A-BOUT  (liwar'a-biiut),  ad.  1 Near  wh  it, 
or  which,  place.  “ Whereabout  did  you  lose 
what  you  are  seeking  ? ” Johnson. 

2.  Concerning  which. 

The  object  whereabout  they  arc  conversant.  Honker. 

WHERE'A-BOUTS,  ad.  Whereabout.  Ash. 

This  word  is  more  common  than  whereabout. 

WHERE' A-BOUTS,  n.  Place  where  one  is  or  re- 
mains ; residence;  location;  as,  “I  did  not 
know  your  ivhereabouts.”  [Colloquial.] 

WHERE-A§'  (hwir-a//),  conj.  1.  When  on  the 


contrary  ; when  in  fact  or  truth  ; — implying  op- 
position to  something  preceding. 

Are  not  those  found  to  be  the  greatest  zealots  who  are  most 
notoriously  ignorant?  whereas  true  zeal  should  always  begin 
with  true  knowledge.  Sprat. 

2.  The  thing  being  so  that ; it  being  the  case 
that;  — referring  to  something  different,  or  to 
something  consequent. 

Whereas  seeing  requires  light,  a free  medium,  and  a right 
line  to  the  objects,  we  cun  hear  in  the  dark,  immured,  and  by 
curve  lines.  Holder. 

3.  f At  which  place  ; where. 

They  came  to  fiery  flood  of  Phlegeton. 

Whereas  the  damned  ghosts  in  torments  fry.  Spenser. 

WHERE-AT',  aii.  1.  f At  which.  “Any  thing 
whereat  they  are  displeased.”  Kettlewell. 

2.  At  what;  at  what  tiling  or  circumstance. 
“ Whereat  are  you  offended?  ” Johnson. 

WHERE-BY'  (hwAr-bl'),  ad.  1.  By  which;  by 
means  of  which.  “ Means  whereby  I live.”  Shak. 

Those  evils  whereby  the  hearts  of  men  are  lost.  Hooker. 

2.  By  what;  — interrogatively.  '"Whereby 

wilt  thou  accomplish  thy  designs  ? ” Johnson. 

WHERE'FOftE  (hwAr'lbr)  [hwar'for,  W.  P.  J.  E. 
p.  Ja.  Sm. ; hwer'for,  S. ; hwAr'for,  P. ; hwar'for 
or  hwer'for,  A'.],  ad.  & conj. 

1.  For  which  reason  or  cause  ; why. 

I’ll  tell  you  when,  and  you’ll  tell  me  wherefore.  Shak. 

2.  For  what  reason  ; why  ; — interrogatively. 

O,  wherefore  was  my  birth  from  heaven  foretold 

Twice  by  an  angel?  Milton. 

WIIERE-IN'  (hwAr-in'),  ad.  1.  In  which. 

The  book  of  God  before  thee  set 
Wherein  to  read  his  wondrous  works.  Milton. 

2.  In  what ; — interrogatively. 

Wherein  have  we  wearied  him?  Mai.  ii.  17. 

f WHERE-IN-TO'  (UwAr-Tn-to'),  ad.  Into  which. 
“ The  place  whereinto.”  Woodward. 

f WIIERE'NJJSS  (hwAr'nes),  n.  Ubiety;  locality; 
position  only  ; place.  • 

A point  hath  no  dimensions,  but  only  a whereness,  and  is 
next  to  nothing.  Grew. 

WIIERE-OF'  (hwAr-of'),  ad.  1.  Of  which. 

A thing  whereof  the  church  hath  ever  since  the  first  begin- 
ning reaped  singular  commodity.  Hooker. 

2.  Of  what ; — indefinitely. 

IIow  this  world,  when  and  whereof  created.  Milton. 

3.  Of  what ; — interrogatively.  “ Whereof 

was  the  house  built  ? ” Johnson. 

WUERE-ON'  (hwir-on'),  ad.  1.  On  which. 

lie  licked  the  ground  whereon  she  trod.  Milton. 

2.  On  what ; — used  interrogatively.  “ Where- 
on  did  he  sit  ? ” Johnson. 

fWHERE'SO  (InvAr'so),  ad.  Wheresoever. Milton. 

WIIERE-SO-EV'JJR  (hwAr-so-ev'er),  ad.  1.  In 
what  place  soever  ; in  whatever  place. 

Poor,  naked  wretches,  wheresoe'er  you  are. 

That  bide  the  pelting  of  this  pitiless  storm.  Shak. 

2.  To  what  place  soever  ; wherever,  [it.] 

The  noise  pursues  wheresoe'er  I go.  Dnjdcn. 

f W FIERE-THEOUGII  (hwAr'thru),  ad.  Through 
which.  Wisdom  xix.  8. 

WHERE-TO',  ad.  1.  To  which,  [it.]  Milton. 

2.  To  what;  to  what  end.  Johnson. 

WHERE-UN-TO',  ad.  To  which,  [r.]  Hooker. 

WriERE-UP-ON'  (hwAr-up-on'),  ad.  Upon  which. 

The  townsmen  mutinied,  and  sent  to  Essex;  whereupon 
he  came  thither.  Clarendon. 

WMER-EV'ER  (hwAr-ev'er),  ad.  At  or  in  whatso- 
ever place ; in  whatever  place.  Milton. 

lie  cannot  but  love  virtue,  wherever  it  is.  Atterbur;/. 

WHERE-WITH'  (hwAr-with'),  ) (7,/_  y AVjtli 

WHERE- WITII-Al'  (hwAr-wjth-Al'),  ) which. 

Those  things  wherewith  superstition  worketh.  Hooker. 

2.  With  what ; — interrogatively. 

Ye  are  the  salt  of  tire  earth:  hut  if  the  salt  have  lost  his 
savor,  wherewith  shall  it  be  salted?  Matt.  v.  13. 

f WHER'RflT,  v.  a.  [From  the  sound.  Skinner. 
— Perhaps  from  worry  or  werry.  Pichardson. ] 

1.  To  harass;  to  tease.  Bickerstaff. 

2.  To  box,  as  the  ear.  Ainsworth. 

ff  WHER'RJJT,  n.  A box  on  the  ear.  Beau.  §•  FI. 

WIIER'RY,  n.  [From  ferry,  or  the  L.  velto,  to 
carry,  or  A.  S . faran,  to  go.  Skinner.'] 

1.  A light,  sharp  boat,  used  in  a river  or  har- 


bor for  carrying  passengers  from  place  to  place  : 

— a name  also  given  to  some  decked  vessels 

used  in  fishing,  in  different  parts  of  Great  Brit- 
ain and  Ireland.  Mar.  Diet. 

2.  A liquor  made  from  the  pulp  of  crab-ap- 
ples after  the  verjuice  is  pressed  out.  llalliwell. 

WHET  (liwet),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  hwettan ; Dud.  icettcn  ; 
Ger.  wetzen ; Dan.  hvtedse  ; Icel.  hvessa.]  [i. 
WHETTED;  pp.  WHETTING,  WHETTED.] 

1.  To  rub  for  the  purpose  of  sharpening,  as  a 
scythe  or  other  edge-tool  ; to  sharpen  by  attri- 
tion ; to  give  a sharp  edge  to  ; to  edge. 

There  is  the  Roman  slave  whetting  his  knife.  Addison. 

2.  To  stimulate;  to  incite;  to  excite. 

Great  contemporaries  whet  and  cultivate  each  other.  Dryden. 

3.  To  make  acrimonious ; to  provoke. 

Since  Cassius  first  did  whet  me  against  Ctesar, 

I have  not  slept.  Shak. 

t To  whet  on  or  forward,  to  urge  on  or  forward  ; to 
incite.  Shak.  Knolles. 

WIIET  (liwet),  n.  1.  The  act  of  sharpening  by 
whetting  or  attrition.  Johnson. 

2.  Any  thing  that  stimulates  the  appetite; 
any  thing  that  makes  hungry,  as  a dram  of 
liquor.  “ Sips,  drams,  and  whets.”  Spectator. 

WHETHER  (liwetfi  'er),  co>j.&  ad.  [A.  S.  hiceethre.] 
Noting  one  of  two  alternatives;  — a particle 
expressing  one  part  of  a disjunctive  proposition, 
and  answered  by  or. 

This  assistance  is  only  offered  to  men,  and  not  forced  upon 
them,  whether  they  will  or  no.  Tillotson. 

f WHETH'ER  (bweth'er),  pron.  [A.  S.  hwoether. 

— L.  uter.]  Which  of  two. 

Whither  when  they  came,  they  fell  at  words 

Whether  of  them  should  be  the  lord  of  lords.  Spenser . 

WHETH'ER-ING,  n.  The  retention  of  the  after- 
birth in  cows.  Clarke. 

WHET'SLATE,  n.  A variety  of  argillaceous  slate 
of  various  'colors,  containing  silicious  particles 
which  impart  to  it  the  power  of  sharpening  steel 
instruments;  — called  also  oil-stone,  Turkey- 
stone,  whetstone,  and  novaculite.  Cleaveland. 

WHET'STONE,  n.  A smooth,  flat- stone,  tised  for 
whetting  or  sharpening  edged  instruments ; 
whetslate.  — See  Whetslate. 

To  give  the  whetstone  as  a prize  for  lying  was 
a standing  jest  among  our  ancestors  as  a satirical  pre- 
mium to  him  who  told  the  greatest  lie.  The  origin 
of  the  jest  is  not,  I believe,  exactly  made  out.  Marcs. 

WHET'STONE— SLATE,  n.  Whet-slate.  Wright. 

WIIET'TJJR,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which,  whets  or 
sharpens.  More. 

WHEW  (hwu),  interj.  Begone.  — Expressing 
aversion,  surprise,  or  contempt. 

Whew l away  witli  inscriptions.  Bp.  Otter. 

WHEW'y, L-LITE  (hu'el-llt),  n.  A very  brittle, 
crystalline  mineral,  having  a lustre  like  that  of 
sulphate  of  lead,  and  consisting  of  oxalate  of 
lime.  Dana. 

WHEW'jpR,  n.  The  widgeon.  [Local.]  Clarke. 

WHEY  (hwa),  n.  [A.  S.  hwceg ; Dut.  wei,  hui.\ 
The  limpid,  thin,  or  serous  part  of  milk,  from 
which  the  curd  and  butter  have  been  separated. 

It  is  a transparent,  citrine-colored  liquid,  con- 
taining sugar  of  milk,  mucilage,  acetic  acid,  phosphate 
of  lime,  and  some  other  saline  substances.  Dunglison. 

WIlEY'f.Y  (liwa'e),  > Partaking  of,  or  re- 

WIIEY'ISII  (Inva'jsh),  > sembling,  whey.  Bacon. 

WHEY'ISH-NESS  (hwa'jsh-nes),  n.  The  state  or 
the  quality  of  being  wheyish.  Southey. 

WHICH  ( hxvTch),  pron.  [Goth,  whilecks  ; hrHeiks  ; 
A.  S.  hioilc,  hwylc ; Dut.  welk  ; Frs.  hwelk; 
Old  High  Ger.  huilih ; Ger.  welcher ; Dan.  y 
Sw.  hvilken;  Old  Eng.  loliilke.  — Which  is  com- 
posed of  who  each.  Richardson.] 

1.  A word  by  which  the  demonstrative  rela- 

tion of  a person  or  a thing  is  asked ; as,  “ Which 
is  the  man  ? ” “ Which  is  the  book  ? ” 

, Which,  so  used,  is  called  an  interrogative  pro- 
noun. Who  inquires  for  t lie  name,  which  for  the  indi- 
vidual, what  for  tile  character  or  Occupation.  Who  is 
applied  to  persons  indefinitely,  but  which  is  applied 
to  persons  definitely  ; as,  "Which  of  you,  with  taking 
thought,  can  add  to  bis  stature  one  cubit  ? ” Fowler. 

2.  A word  relating  to  some  preceding  word 
or  phrase  called  the  antecedent,  and  also  per- 
forming the  office  of  a conjunction  in  connect- 
ing sentences;  — applied  to  animals  and  to 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — r/,  </,  9,  g,  soft ; C,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  i;  as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


WHICHEVER 


1664 


“WHIP 


tilings ; as,  “ This  is  the  horse  which  I bought 
“ Here  is  the  book  which  I am  studying.” 

ir 0 ■ Which  was  formerly  applied  to  persons  as  well 
as  to  tilings,  and  is  often  so  used  in  the  common  trails 
lation  of  the  Bible  ; but  it  is  now  obsolete.  It  is  the 
same  in  both  numbers,  and  is  a substitute  for  a sen- 
tence, or  part  of  a sentence,  as  well  as  lor  a single 
word.  It  is  sometimes  used  as  an  adjective,  or  with 
a noun  subjoined  ; as,  “ For  which  reason  he  will  do 
it”;  and  it  sometimes  relates  to  persons;  as,  “lie 
told  me  which  of  the  two  did  it.”  — See  WHOSE. 

/Eg-  Which  formerly  had  sometimes  the  before  it. 
“Name  by  the  which  ye  are  called.”  Jus.  ii.  ' . 

WHICH-EV'ER,  7 pron.  Whether  one  or  the 

WHlCH-SO-E  V'JJR,  > other.  Locke. 

WHIFF  (hwlfj,  n.  [See  Whiffle.]  1.  A slight 
blast;  a putt' of  wind;  a quick  expulsion  of  air 
from  the  mouth. 

Three  pipes  after  dinner  he  constantly  smokos, 

And  seasons  his  whiffls  with  impertinent  jokes.  Prior. 

2.  A transient  view;  a glanee  ; a glimpse. 

[Local,  north  of  Eng.]  Brackett. 

3.  (Ich.)  A malacopterygious  fish  of  the  fam- 

ily Pleuronectidce,  allied  to  the  turbot ; Rhom- 
bus megastomi.  Ling.  Cgc. 

WHIFF  (hvvlf),  v.  a.  & n.  [£.  whiffed  ; pp.  whiff- 
ing, WHIFFED.] 

1.  To  consume  in  whiffs ; to  emit  with  whiffs, 
as  in  smoking;  to  puff;  to  smoke.  Bp.  Hall. 

2.  To  carry  as  by  a slight  blast  or  puff. 

The  smoke  took  and  wliift  him  up  into  the  moon.  B.  Jonson. 

WIllFF'ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who  whiffs; 
act  of  emitting  with  whiffs.  Clarke. 

2.  A mode  of  hand-line  fishing  for  pollocks, 
mackerel,  &c.  Simmonds. 

WHIFFLE  (liwiffl),  v.  n.  [A.  S.  weeflan,  to  bab- 
ble, to  whiffle;  Dut.  wcifelen,  to  waver.  — W. 
chwyfio,  to  move.  — Perhaps  formed  from  the 
verb  to  waff  or  wave,  — a whiff  being  a w iff  or 
waft,  as  much  air  as  is  produced  by  waving 
(e.  g.  a fan).  Richardson.]  To  move  incon- 
stantly, as  if  driven  by  a puff  of  wind ; to  turn 
or  change  with  every  wind ; to  veer ; to  be 
fickle  : — to  puff ; to  blow. 

A person  of  a whiffling  and  unsteady  turn  of  mind.  Watts. 

tWIMF'FLE  (liwlffi),  v.  a.  To  disperse  as  by  a 
puff ; to  blow  away  ; to  scatter.  More. 

+ WIliF'FLE,  n.  A fife  or  small  flute.  Douce. 

WHIF’FLfR  (hwlf'fler),  n.  1.  One  who  changes 
with  every  wind ; one  moved  by  a whiff  or  a 
trifle  ; a fickle  or  unsteady  person  ; a trifler. 

Every  whiffler  in  a laced  coat,  who  frequents  the  chocolate- 
house,  shall  talk  of  the  constitution.  Swift. 

2.  A fifer  or  piper.  Douce. 

3.  f A person  who  cleared  the  way  for  a pro- 

cession, — from  the  fact  that  a whiffler  or  fifer 
generally  went  first  in  a procession.  Shah. 

IPS*  In  London,  young  freemen,  who  march  at  the 
head  of  their  proper  companies  on  the  lord  mayor’s 
day,  sometimes  witli  Hags,  were  called  whifflers,  or 
bachelor  whifflers,  not  because  they  cleared  the  way, 
but  because  they  went  iirst,  as  whifflers  did.  Narcs. 

WIllF'FLE-TREE,  n.  See  Wiiipfletkee. 

WHlF'FLING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  whiffles,  or 
changes  from  one  side  to  another.  “ Versatile 
whiffUngs  aild  dodgings.”  Barrow. 

tVYIUG  (hwlg),  n.  [A.  S.  hwceg.]  A kind  of 
sour  or  thin  milk  ; whey.  Breton. 

WHIG  (hwlg),  n.  1.  (Eng.  Hist.)  A name  first 
applied  in  1679  to  the  members  of  a great  po- 
litical party  who  opposed  the  cause  of  the  royal 
family  ; — opposed  to  torg.  — SeeToitv.  P.  Cgc. 

The  whips  of  the  last  century  and  a half  are  generally 
viewed  as  the  representatives  of  the  friends  of  reform  or 
change  in  the  ancient  constitution  of  the  country,  ever  since 
the  popular  element  became  active  in  the  legislature,  wheth- 
er they  were  called  Puritans,  Nonconformists,  Roundheads. 
Covenanters,  or  by  any  other  name.  J‘.  Cue. 

ffS“  According  to  Bishop  Burnet  and  others,  it  is 
derived  from  whigynm , a word  used  by  Fcotch  peas- 
ants in  driving  their  horses  — tile  drivers  being  called 
whiggamorrs,  contracted  to  whirrs.  In  1C48,  after  the 
Duke  of  Hamilton’s  defeat,  tile  ministers  animated 
their  people  to  rise  and  march  to  Edinburgh.  This 
.was  called  the  whiggainores^  inroad-,  and,  ever  after 
that,  all  who  opposed  the  court  came,  in  contempt,  to 
be  called  whirrs ; and  from  Scotland  the  word  was  in- 
troduced into  England.  According  to  Daniel  De  Foe, 
Woodrow,  and  others,  tile  word  was  taken  from  a 
mixed  drink  which  the  Scottish  Covenanters  drank  in 


A,  E,  !,  6,  U,  V,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6 


their  wanderings,  composed  of  water  and  sour  milk, 
and  called  whig  or  wherj. 

2.  (American  Hist.)  One  who  supported  the 
revolutionary  movement,  in  opposition  to  the 
measures  of  the  English  government ; — op- 
posed to  torg  or  royalist.  — See  Tory. 

WHIG,  a.  Relating  to  the  whigs  or  to  their  prin- 
ciples ; whiggish.  Addison. 

WHIG'GAR-CIIY  (hwig'gdr-ke),  n.  [Eng.  whig 
and  Or.  ap^ij,  dominion.]  ltulc  or  government 
by  whigs.  Swift. 

WHIG'G^R-Y,  n.  The  principles  of  the  whigs; 
whiggism.  Qu.  Rev. 

WHlG'GI.SH  (hwjg'gjsh),  a.  Relating  to  the  whigs 
or  to  their  principles.  Swift. 

WIIIG'GjSH-LY,  ad.  In  a whiggish  manner. 

“ Being  whiggishly  inclined.”  A.  H ood. 

WH[G'Gt§M  (hwlg'gizni),  n.  The  notions,  prin- 
ciples, or  politics  of  whigs  ; whiggery.  Swift. 

WIIIG'LING,  n.  A whig,  in  contempt.  Spectator. 

WHILE  (lnvll),  n.  [M.  Goth,  hweila;  A.  S.  hwil, 
hwile,  huile;  Dut.  wyl ; Frs.  wile,  rest;  Ger. 
weile\  Dan.  hvile,  rest;  Sw.  hrila,  rest;  Pol. 
chwila ; Icel.  hvilla.]  Space  of  time;  time. 

One  while  we  thought  him  innocent.  II.  Jonson. 

Pausing  a while,  thus  to  herself  she  mused.  Milton. 

Worth  while,  worth  the  time,  trouble,  or  expense 
which  is  required  to  do  tile  tiling.  ‘ Locke. 

WHILE  (hwil),  ad.  1.  During  the  time  that ; as, 
“ The  act  was  done  ichile  I was  absent.” 

2.  As  long  as. 

Lise  your  memory;  you  will  sensibly  experience  a gradual 
improvement,  while  you  take  cure  not  to  overload  it.  Halts. 

3.  At  the  same  time  that.  Pope. 

4.  f Until ; till. 

We  will  keep  ourself 

Till  supper-time  alone;  while  then  God  bless  you.  Shah. 

While  (hwil),  v.  «.  [t.  whiled  ; pp.  whiling, 
whiled.]  To  loiter.  Spectator. 

WHILE  (lnvll),  v.  a.  To  draw  out;  to  spend,  as 
time ; to  pass  or  spend,  as  time,  in  doing  some- 
thing merely  to  pass  it  away,  without  languor 
or  weariness  ; — usually  with  away. 

To  learn  new  modes  and  dresses,  or  to  while  away  the  time 
that  lies  useless  upon  their  hands.  lit  agge. 

fWIIIL'ERE  (liwll'ir),  ad.  A little  while  ago; 
formerly ; erewhile.  Spenser. 

f WI1IEE§  (liwllz),  ad.  While.  Shak 

fWHI'LOM  (liwl'luin),  ad.  [A.  S.  hwilon,  Ind- 
ium.] Formerly;  once;  of  old.  Spenser. 

WHILST  (hwllst),  ad.  While,  [r.]  Spenser. 

WHIM  (hwim),  n.  [Icel.  hvim,  hvimpa,  quick 
motion.  — W.  chwim,  quick  motion.  — Sp.  quime- 
ra,  a wild  fancy.  — Dut.  wemelen,  to  crawl,  to 
move  or  change  often  or  lightly.  Richardson.] 

1.  A light  turn  of  fancy  ; a wilful  thought  of 
the  moment ; an  irregular  motion  of  desire  ; an 
odd  fancy  ; a caprice  ; a freak. 

lie  learnt  his  whims  and  high-flown  notions  too.  JIarte. 

2.  (Mining.)  A windlass  or  large  capstan  for 

raising  ores,  &c.,  from  a mine-shaft,  usually 
worked  by  horse-power.  Simmonds. 

Syn. — Whim  partakes  of  eccentricity;  .freak,  of 
childishness.  A ridiculous  or  foolish  whim-,  a wan- 
ton or  childish  freak  ; an  odd  fancy. 

WHIM,  v.  n.  To  be  giddy  ; to  indulge  in  whims  ; 
to  be  full  of  freaks.  Congreve. 

WHLM'BRpL,  n.  (Ornith.)  A bird  which  closely 
resembles  the  curlew  in  plumage,  its  haunts, 
habits,  and  food,  but  is  considerably  smaller  ; 
Numenius  phtBopus.  Yarrell. 

f WHIM'LJNG,  n.  A person  full  of  whims;  a 
whimsical  person.  Beau.  § FI. 

WIllM'PER  (hwTm'per),  v.  n.  [Ger.  wimmern.] 
[i.  WHIMPERED  ; pp.  WHIMPERING,  WHIM- 
PERED.] To  cry  with  a low,  whining,  sup- 
pressed, or  broken  voice  ; to  snivel. 

A laughing,  toying,  wheedling,  whimpering  she.  Rowe. 

WHTm'PER,  v.  a.  To  utter  in  a low,  whining,  or 
crying  tone.  , Cowper. 

WlllM'PgR-F.R,  n.  One  who  whimpers.  Jarvis. 

WHIM'PER-lNG,  n.  The  act  of  uttering  a low, 
whining,  suppressed,  or  broken  cry.  Granger. 


, U,  Y,  short;  A,  f,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE, 


tWIllM'PLED  (liwlm'pld),  a.  [Perhaps  from 
whimper.  Johnson.]  Distorted  with  crying. 

This  whimpled,  whining,  purblind,  wayward  boy.  Shak. 

WIIIM'SIJY  (hwlin'ze),  n.  1.  A caprice  ; a whim. 

Men’s  foil}',  wliimseys,  and  inconstancy.  Swift. 

2.  (Mining.)  A whim. — See  Whim. 

Water  whimsey,  (Mining.)  a machine  in  which  the 
weight  of  a reservoir  or  bucket  of  water  is  employed 
to  raise  another  bucket,  filled  with  coals  or  oilier  ma- 
terial, by  means  of  a rope  or  chain  coiled  round  a cyl- 
inder or  drum,  or  two  drums  of  different  sizes.  Young. 

WHIM'fjI-CAL  (liwTm'ze-kjl),  a.  Full  of  whims  ; 
freakish  ; capricious  ; fantastical  ; odd. 

In  another  circumstance,  I am  particular,  or,  as  my  neigh- 
bors call  me,  whimsical.  Addison. 

Syn.—  See  Fanciful,  Odd. 

WHlM-§I-CAL'J-TY,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  whimsical ; oddity  ; a whim.  Dibdin. 

WRlM'§I-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a whimsical  manner. 

WHlM'§I-CAL-N ESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality 
of  being  whimsical  ; whimsical  disposition ; 
freakishness  ; caprice  ; oddity.  Pope. 

WHIM'§IED  (hwlm'zjd),  a.  Full  of  whimseys  ; 
capricious  ; whimsical.  Beau.  He  FI. 

YVHIM'WHAm  (hwlnt'hwam),  n.  [A  reduplication 
of  whim.]  A trinket,  trifie,  or  whimsical  orna- 
ment ; a plaything  ; a toy  ; gimcrack  ; odd  de- 
vice ; — a freak ; a whim.  [Vulgar.]  Beau.  % FI. 

WIllN  (liwln),  n.  [Welsh  chywn.] 

1.  Furze  ; gorse.  Tusser. 

2.  Whinstone.  — See  Wiiinstoxe. 

WHIN'— Axe,  n.  A tool  to  grub  up  whin.  Clarke. 

WHIN'— BRUISj-ER,  n.  A machine  for  cutting 
and  bruising  furze  to  feed  cattle  on.  Simmonds. 

WHIN'CHAT,  n.  (Ornith.)  An  insessorial,  denti- 
rostral,  warbling  bird,  common  in  Europe,  and 
generally  diffused  in  the  British  Islands  in  the 
summer  ; Saxicola  rubetra.  Yarrell. 

WHINE  (liwln),  v.  n.  [M.  Goth,  gweinon,  guei- 
nan  ; A.  S.  wanian  ; Dut.  wenen;  Frs.  wena  ; 
Ger.  weinen  ; Sw.  hvina.  — W.  ewino  ; Gael. 
caoin.]  [i.  whined  ; pp.  whining,  whined.] 
To  utter  a plaintive,  drawling  cry  ; to  make  a 
plaintive  noise  ; to  moan  meanly  ; to  grumble. 

And  once  the  hedgepig  whined.  Shale. 

The  common  people  have  a whining  tone  and  accent  in 
their  speech,  as  if  they  still  did  suffer  some  oppression. Davies. 

WHINE  (liwln),  n.  A protracted  and  plaintive 
noise  or  tone  ; a mean  or  affected  complaint. 

The  cant  and  whine  of  a mendicant.  ~ Corjan. 

WIUN'ER  (livvln'er),  n.  One  who  whines.  Gayton. 

WHIN'ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  whines  ; act 
of  complaining  with  a drawling,  plaintive  tone. 

Sudden  exclamations,  whining?,  unusual  tones.  Spectator. 

WHIN'NER,  v.  n.  Towhinny.  [Local.]  HalliweU. 

WHIN 'NY,  a.  Abounding  in  whin.  Sterne. 

WIllN'NY  (hwln'ne),  v.  n.  [L.  hinnio.]  [7.  whin- 
nied; pp.  WHINNYING,  WHINNIED.]  To  Utter 
a cry,  as  a horse  or  a colt ; to  neigh. 

The  principal  sound  of  the  horse  is  that  which  we  ex- 
press by  the  onomatopoeia  to  neigh.  . . . ’SVc  express  a slighter 
sound  of  the  same  animal  by  the  verb  to  whinny.  Stoddart. 

WIllN'STONE,  n.  ( Gcol. ) A provincial  name 
applied  to  trap-rocks.  — See  Trap.  Ansted. 

f WIllN'YARD,  n.  A sword  or  hanger,  in  con- 
tempt. ’ Hudibras. 

WHIP  (liwlp),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  hwcopan-,  Dut.  zwee- 
pcn.]  [i.  WHIPPED  ; pp.  WHIPPING,  WHIPPED.] 

1.  To  strike  with  a lash  or  cord,  or  with  any 
thing  tough  and  flexible  ; to  lash. 

He  took 

The  harnessed  steeds,  that  still  with  horror  «hook. 

And  plies  them  with  the  lash,  und  whips  ’em  on.  Addison. 

2.  To  drive,  or  make  to  spin,  with  lashes. 

“To  whip  his  top.”  Locke. 

3.  To  punish  or  correct  with  lashes. 

Such  a one  is  sometimes  whipped , and  sometimes  sent  to 
prison.  Hackluyt. 

4.  To  lash  with  sarcasm  ; to  satirize. 

They  would  whip  me  with  their  tine  wits  till  I was  as  crest- 
fallen  as  a dried  pear.  Shak. 

5.  To  beat  out,  as  grain ; to  thrash.  Wright. 

6.  To  beat  into  a froth,  as  eggs  or  cream,  Ac., 

by  a quick  succession  of  light  blows,  with  a 
fork,  spoon,  small  wires,  or  small  twigs  bound 
loosely  together,  &c.  Wright. 


FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


WHIP 


1665 


WHISPERER 


7.  To  sew  or  stitch  slightly;  to  baste.  Gay. 

8.  To  do  or  perform  with  a mere  throw  or 
cast,  or  by  a quick  movement ; to  take  nimbly ; 
to  snatch  ; — with  a particle,  as  oat,  up,  Ac. 

She  in  a hurry  whips  up  her  darling.  L'  Estrange. 

He  whipt  his  rapier  out,  and  cries,  A rat!  Shaft. 

Brisk  Susan  whips  her  linen  from  the  rope.  Swift. 

9.  (Naut.)  To  hoist  by  a whip:  — to  secure 

from  fagging,  as  the  end  of  a rope  by  a seizing 
of  twine.  Dana. 

To  whip  about  or  round,  to  inwrap.  Moxon.  — To 
whip  in,  to  compel  to  obedience  or  to  order. — To  whip 
the  cat,  to  practise  tile  most  pinching  parsimony  .Forby. 

WHIP,  v.  n.  To  move  nimbly  ; to  do  or  perform 
any  thing  by  a quick  movement;  — followed 
by  up,  away,  around,  &c.  “ The  one  whips  up 

a tree.”  [Ludicrous.]  L’ Estrange. 

WHIP  (hwlp),  n.  [A.  S.  hweop.  — Gael,  cuip.] 

X.  An  instrument,  tough  and  pliant,  used  for 
correction,  driving  horses,  cattle,  &c.  ; a lash 
secured  to  a handle  or  stick.  Addison. 

And  put  in  every  honest  hand  a whip , 

To  lash  the  rascal  naked  through  the  world.  Shaft. 

2.  A coachman  or  driver.  [Vulgar.]  Clarke. 

3.  The  length  of  the  sail  of  a windmill, 

measured  from  the  axis.  Clarke. 

4.  ( Naut .)  A purchase  formed  by  a rope  rove 

through  a single  block.  Dana. 

Whip  and  spur,  with  the  utmost  haste.  Pope. 

WHIP'— CORD,  n.  Cord  suitable  for  whips  ; twist- 
ed or  braided,  strong  cord  used  for  whip  lashes 
and  other  purposes.  Dryden. 

WHIP'— GRAFT,  v.  a.  (Hort.)  To  graft  by  cutting 
the  stock  and  scion  sloping,  so  as  to  fit  each  other, 
and  making  a thin,  wedge-shaped  tongue  very 
near  the  upper  part  of  the  slope  in  the  scion, 
and  a corresponding  nick  in  the  stock  to  re- 
ceive it.  P.  Cyc. 

WHIP'— GRAFT-ING,  n.  (Ilort.)  A mode  of  graft- 
ing.— See  Whip-graft.  P'.Cyc. 

WHIP'— HAND,  n.  Advantage.  Dryden. 

WHIP'— LASH,  n.  The  lash  of  a whip.  Tusser. 

WHIP'PF.R,  n.  1.  One  who  whips  ; — particularly 

— one  who  punishes  by  legal  whipping.  Shah. 

2.  A porter  who  raises  coal  with  a tackle  from 
a ship’s  hold.  Simmonds. 

WHlP'PJJR— IN,  n.  1.  The  assistant  huntsman  of 
a pack  of  hounds ; one  who  keeps  the  hounds 
from  wandering,  and  whips  them  in  the  line  of 
chase  if  necessary.  Burns. 

2.  One  who  subjects  or  compels  to  obedience 
or  order,  or  to  the  principles  or  measures  of  a 
party.  Ed.  Rev. 

WHIP'PIJR— SNAP'PER,  n.  [From  whip-snapper. 
Foivler.]  A pert  or  insignificant  person.  Brockett. 


ous  serpent,  a native  of  the  East;  — so  named 
from  its  resemblance  to  a whip-cord.  Goldsmith. 

WHIp'STAFF  (hwlp'st&f),  n.  (Naut.)  A bar  or 
piece  of  wood  fastened  to  the  helni,  which  the 
steersman  holds  in  his  hand,  in  order  to  move 
the  rudder  and  direct  the  ship.  Mar.  Diet. 

WHlP'STf.R,  n.  A little  or  nimble  fellow.  Shah. 

WHIP'STICK,  n.  The  stock  or  handle  of  a whip. 

WHlP'STITCH,  n.  1.  A tailor,  in  contempt. 

2.  A hasty  composition.  Dryden. 

WHlP'STITCH,  v.  a.  (Agric.)  To  half-plough 
or  rafter,  as  land.  [Local,  Eng.]  Ogilvie. 

WHIP'STOCK,  n.  The  stock  or  handle  of  a whip, 
to  which  the  lash  is  attached.  Shah.  Tusser. 


WHIPT  (hwlpt),  i.  & ]>.  from  whip.  Used  some- 
times for  whipped.  — See  Whip. 

WHIR  (hwi'r),  v.  n.  [i.  whirred  ; pp.  whir- 
ring, whirred.]  To  turn  round  rapidly,  or  to 
fly,  with  noise  ; to  fly  off  with  such  noise  as  a 
partridge  or  moor-cock  makes  when  it  springs 
from  the  ground  ; to  whirl ; to  whiz. 

Now  from  the  brake  the  whirring  pheasant  springs.  Pope. 

WHIR  (hwi'r),  V.  a.  To  hurry  ; to  haste.  Shak. 

WHIRL  (hwi'rl),  v.  7i.  [A.  S.  hwyrfan,  hwcorfan, 

to  turn  ; Dut.  wervelen,  to  hasp  ; Ger.  wiroeln  ; 
Dan.  hvirvle  ; Sw.  hvirfla.]  [i.  whirled  ; pp. 
WHIRLING,  WHIRLED.] 

1.  To  turn,  move,  or  run  round  rapidly  ; to 

spin;  to  twirl;  to  revolve;  to  rotate.  “Rapt 
with  whirling  wheels.”  Spenser. 

The  wooden  engine  flies  and  whirls  about.  Dryden. 

2.  To  turn  and  move  hastily. 

But  whirled  away,  to  shun  his  hateful  sight.  Dryden. 

WHIRL  (hwi'rl),  v.  a.  To  turn  round  rapidly ; to 
cause  to  revolve  with  velocity  ; to  twirl. 

He  whirls  his  sword  around  without  delay.  Dryden. 

My  thoughts  are  whirled  like  a potter’s  wheel.  Shak. 


WHIRL  (hwi'rl),  n.  [Dut.  dwarl\  Ger.  wirbel; 
Dan.  hvirvel ; Sw.  hvirfvel.] 

1.  The  act  of  turning  or  revolving  with  rapid- 
ity ; gyration ; quick  rotation ; rapid  circular 


motion  ; roll.  Pope. 

The  rapid  motion  and  whirl  of  things.  South. 

2.  Any  thing  that  whirls.  Addison. 

3.  A hook  used  in  hoisting.  Clarke. 

4.  (But.  & Conch.)  See  Whorl.  Clarke. 

WHIRL’ A-BOUT,  n.  A whirligig.  Clarke. 


WHIRL' BAT  (hwirl'bat),  n.  Any  thing  moved 
rapidly  round  to  give  a blow  ; — frequently  used 
by  the  poets  for  the  ancient  cestus. 


The  whirlbats  falling  low  they  nimbly  shun.  Creech. 


WHIRL'-BLAst,  n.  A whirlwind.  Clarke. 


WHlP'PING,  n.  Act  of  one  who  whips;  correc- 
tion with  a whip  ; infliction  of  stripes. 

Will P'PING— POST,  n.  A post  or  pillar  to  which 
offenders  are  bound  when  whipped.  Hudibras. 


WHlP'PLE-TREE,  n.  A short  bar,  to  which  the 
traces  of  a horse  are  fastened,  for  the  purpose 
of  drawing  a carriage,  plough,  &c. ; — written 
also  whifflctree.  Forby. 


WHIP'POOR-WlLL',  re.  (Ornith.)  An  American 
bird  that 
passes  the 
day  in  re- 
pose, retiring 
to  the  deep- 
est and  dark- 
est woods, 

and  is  heard  'Whippoorwill, 

to  sing  only  by  night ; Caprimulgus  vociferus  ; 
— so  called  from  the  sound  of  its  note ; —writ- 
ten also  whippowill.  Nuttall. 


And  the  lone  whippoorwill , in  plaintive  cries, 

Its  ceaseless  lay  to  night  and  echo  sings.  Abbot. 


WHIP’— SAW,  n.  A saw  set  in  a frame,  and 
usually  worked  by  two  persons,  to  saw  such 
great  pieces  of  stuff  as  the  handsaw  will  not 
easily  reach  through.  Moxon. 


WHIP'— SHAPED  (b wip'shapt),  a.  ( Bot .)  Long, 
taper,  and  supple,  like  the  thong  of  a whip  ; — 
applied  to  roots  and  stems.  Lindley. 

WHIP'SNAKE,  n.  (Zool.)  A species  of  venom- 


WHIRL'BONE, n.  ( Anat .)  The  round  bone  or 
cap  of  the  knee  ; knee-pan  ; patella.  Bancroft. 

WHIRL'JJR,  n.  One  who,  or  that  which,  whirls. 

WHiRL'GlG,  n.  ( Ent .)  See  Whirligig.  Eng.  Cyc. 

f WHIRL'I-COTE,  n.  An  open  car  or  chariot,  an- 
ciently used  in  England.  Stowe. 

WHIRL' I-GIG,  n.  1.  A toy  which  children  spin 
round,  in  the  manner  of  a top.  Mountagu. 

2.  A kind  of  wooden  cage  turning  on  a pivot, 

in  which,  anciently,  petty  offenders,  belonging  to 
an  army,  were  punished  by  being  whirled  round 
with  great  velocity.  Wright. 

3.  (Ent.)  A small  pentamerous  water-beetle 

of  the  genus  Gyrinus,  generally  living  on  the 
surface  of  the  water,  about  which  it  moves  in  a 
circular  manner  with  such  celerity  as  scarcely 
to  be  followed  by  the  eye.  Baird 

WIIIRL'I-GIG,  a.  Giddy  ; fickle  ; changeable  ; un- 
steady. [Colloquial  or  vulgar.]  Clarke. 

WHIRL'ING— TA'BLE,  ii.  An  apparatus  for  ex- 
hibiting the  properties  of  central  forces,  and 
illustrating  several  phenomena  of  nature,  as  the 
principal  laws  of  gravitation,  &c.,  by  giving 
bodies  a rapid  rotation.  Young.  Hutton. 

t WHIRL'PIT,  n.  A whirlpool.  Sandys. 

WHIRL'POOL,  n.  An  eddy,  vortex,  or  gulf,  where 
the  water  is  continually  turning  round.  Hutton. 

Whirlpools  arc  produced  by  the  meeting  of  currents  whieh 
run  in  different  directions.  Braude. 


WHIRL'WIND,  n.  A revolving  column  or  mass 
of  air  having  a progressive  motion  ; — supposed, 
with  most  probability,  to  be  produced  by  the 
meeting  of  two  currents  of  air  blowing  in  oppo- 
site directions,  but  attributed,  by  some  philoso- 
phers, to  electricity.  Hutton. 

Syn.  — See  Wind. 

WHIR'RJNG,  n.  A buzzing  noise  ; a noise  such 
as  a partridge  or  moorcock  makes  when  it 
springs  from  the  ground  ; whiz.  Chapman. 

f WHIR'RY,  v.  n.  To  whir.  Jamieson. 

WHISK,  n.  [Dut.  wisch,  a switch,  a clout ; Ger. 
wisch,  a whisk,  a wisp,  a clout.] 

1.  A quick,  sweeping,  or  violent  motion. 

One  shower  of  hail  with  a sudden  whisk'.  Turberville. 

2.  A wisp  or  broom  of  straw,  dried  stalks,  or 
the  like  ; a kind  of  brush  or  broom.  Swift. 

3.  An  instrument,  commonly  of  wire,  used 

for  beating  up  eggs,  &c.  Simmonds. 

4.  A part  of  a woman’s  dress ; a kind  of 
tippet  or  cape.  “ Wearing  a lawn  whisk.”  Child. 

5.  A cooper’s  plane  for  levelling  the  chines 

of  barrels.  Newton. 

WHlSK,  v.  a.  [Dut.  msschen,  to  wipe,  to  clean  ; 
Ger.  wischen,  to  wipe,  to  rub.]  [i.  whisked  ; 
pp.  WHISKING,  WHISKED.] 

1.  To  brush  or  sweep  with  a slight,  rapid  mo- 
tion, as  with  a broom.  Skelton. 

2.  To  move  with  a quick,  sweeping  action  ; 
to  move  nimbly,  as  when  one  sweeps. 

lie  whisked  his  party-colored  wings.  Raleigh. 

3.  To  whip,  as  eggs.  Niles. 

WHISK,  v.  n.  To  move  nimbly  with  velocity. 

A strange  gentleman  whisked  by  me.  Addison. 

WHISK'f.R,  n.  1.  One  who,  or  that  which,  whisks. 

2.  The  hair  growing  on  a man’s  cheeks,  un- 
shaven, chiefly  used  in  the  plural;  — formerly 
applied  also  to  hair  growing  on  the  upper  lip, 
now  more  commonly  called  mustaches.  Pope. 

3.  Coarse  hair  on  the  upper  lip  of  a cat. 

WHIS'IvpRED  (hwis'kerd),  a.  Having  whiskers. 

WHlS'K^T,  n.  A basket; — a skuttle.  Wright. 

WHIS'ItfY  (lnvls'ke),  n.  [Gael,  usquebaugh  (pro- 
nounced wis/ey  bay.  Thomson) ; — which  is  de- 
rived from  Gael,  uisge-beatlia,  water  of  life; 
uisge,  water,  beatha,  life.  The  latter  word, 
beatha,  is  omitted  in  whiskey. — Erse  usky.] 

1.  A kind  of  spirit  distilled  from  barley, 

wheat,  rye,  maize,  potatoes,  &c.  Dunylison. 

2.  A name  given  to  a kind  of  light  one-horse 

chaise  for  quick  travelling;  a sort  of  gig;  — 
sometimes  called  a tim-whiskey.  Todd. 

USy-Tliis  word  is  very  often  written  whisky. 

WHISK'ING,  p.  a.  1.  Moving  nimbly;  sweeping 
along  lightly.  “The  whisking  winds.”  Purchas. 

2.  Great ; large.  [Local,  Eng.]  Holloway. 

WHlS'Pf.R  (hwis'per),  v.  n.  [A.  S.  hwisprian ; 
Ger.  wi spent,  wispeln  ; Dan.  heiske  ; Sw.  hriska  ; 
Icel.  hrisla.]  [i.  whispered  ; pp.  whisper- 
ing, WHISPERED.] 

1.  To  speak  with  a low,  sibilant  voice,  or 

with  the  breath  not  made  vocal.  Bacon. 

Then  softly  whispered  in  her  faithful  car.  Tope. 

2.  To  make  a low,  sibilant  sound. 

The  hollow-whispering  breeze,  the  pliant  rills.  Thomson. 

3.  To  speak  with  suspicion  or  timorous  cau- 
tion. Johnson. 

To  whisper  against,  to  plot  against  secretly.  “ All 
that  hate  me  whisper  together  against  me.”  Ps.  xli.  7. 

WHlS'PJJR,  v.  a.  1.  To  address  in  a low  voice. 
“ He  first  whispers  the  man  in  the  ear.”  Bacon. 

2.  To  utter  in  a low,  sibilant  voice. 

Nor  whisper  more  a word.  Chapman. 

You  have  heard  of  the  news  abroad  — I mean  the  whis- 
pered ones.  Shak. 

3.  fTo  prompt  secretly  or  cautiously.  “ lie 

came  to  whisper  Wolsey.”  Shak. 

WIIIS'PpR,  n.  1.  A low,  soft  voice,  or  utterance 
of  words  spoken  with  the  breath  not  made 
vocal  ; a sibilant  or  faint  voice  or  utterance. 

Soft  whispers  through  the  assembly  went.  Dryden. 

2.  A low,  sibilant  sound,  as  of  the  wind. 

3.  A cautious  or  timorous  speech.  South. 

WHIS'Pf.R-ER,  n.  1.  One  who  whispers.  Brcrint. 

2.  A private  talker  ; a teller  of  secrets  ; a con- 
veyer of  intelligence.  Bacon. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — C, 
209 


S>  £>  soft;  IS,  6,  j,  g,  hard ; ij  as  z;  ^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


WHISPERING 


1CGG 


WHITENER 


Wills'  P^R-lNG,  p.  a.  1.  Uttering  a low  voice; 
speaking  in  a low,  sibilant  tone. 

For  talking  age  and  whispering  lovers  made.  Goldsmith. 

2.  Telling  secretly  ; backbiting.  Goldsmith. 

Whispering  place,  dome,  or  gallery , a place  in  which 
whispers  or  feeble  sounds  are  heard  at  an  unusually 
great  distance,  an  effect  due  to  the  sound  being  re- 
flected one  or  more  times.  Hatton. 

WIlIS'PJpR-ING,  re.  The  act  or  the  sound  of  one 
who,  or  that  which,  whispers  ; whisper ; cau- 
tious speech.  Sidney. 

WIHS'PJgR-lNG-LY,  ad.  In  a low  voice. 

WHIST,  n.  A game  at  cards  played  by  four  per- 
sons, each  having  thirteen  cards; — so  called 
because  requiring  close  attention  and  conse- 
quent silence.  Hoyle. 

WHIST,  inter/.  A command  to  be  silent;  be 
still ! be  silent ! hush  ! Lodye. 

WHIST,  a.  Silent  ; still ; quiet  ; silenced. 

The  winds,  with  wonder  whist , 

Smoothly  the  waters  kissed.  Milton. 

t WHIST,  v.  a.  To  silence  ; to  still.  Spenser. 

f WHIST,  v.  n.  To  become  silent.  Ld.  Surrey. 

WIIIS'TLE  (Jlwis'sl),  v.  n.  [A.  S.  hwistlan  ; Sw. 
hvissla  ; Dan.  hvidsle,  hvisle.  ] Li.  whistled  ; 

pp.  WHISTLING,  WHISTLED.] 

1.  To  form  a kind  of  shrill  musical  sound 
by  expelling  or  drawing  the  breath  through  the 
small  orifice  made  by  contracting  the  lips ; to 
make  the  breath  shrilly  sonorous  by  contract- 
ing the  lips  and  forcing  the  air  through  them. 

He  whistled , as  he  went,  for  want  of  thought.  Dnjden. 

2.  To  make  a sound  with  a small,  shrill  wind- 

instrument.  Johnson. 

3.  To  sound  shrill ; to  make  a shrill  sound. 

The  wild  winds  whistle,  and  the  billows  roar.  Pope. 

WIIIS'TLE  (hwis'sl),  v.  a.  1.  To  make  or  execute 
by  whistling;  as,  “To  whistle  a tune.” 

2.  To  call  or  summon  by  a whistle. 

Let  him  whistle  them  backwards  and  forwards  till  he  is 
weary.  South. 

To  ichistle  off to  dismiss  by  a whistle  j—  a term  in 
hawking.  Shale. 

WIIIS'TLE  (hwis'sl),  n.  [A.  S.  hwistlei] 

1.  Noise  made  by  one  who  whistles  ; a shrill 
sound  made  by  expelling  or  drawing  the  breath 
through  the  orifice  made  by  contracting  the  lips. 

They  fear  his  whistle , and  forsake  the  seas.  Dryden. 

2.  A small,  shrill  wind-instrument,  in  tone 

resembling  a fife,  but  blown  at  the  end : — any 
wind-instrument  by  which  a sound  is  formed 
like  that  made  by  whistling : — a small  pipe  used 
by  a boatswain  to  call  the  sailors.  Moore. 

Don’t  give  too  much  for  the  whistle.  Franklin. 

3.  A call  or  summons,  as  that  of  a boatswain 
or  a sportsman,  made  by  whistling.  Wright. 

4.  The  shrill  noise  made  as  a signal  by  giv- 

ing vent  to  the  steam  through  a small  orifice  in 
locomotive  engines.  Wright. 

5.  The  organ  of  whistling;  the  mouth.  “ To 

wet  our  whistles.”  [Vulgar.]  Walton. 

6.  A shrill  sound,  as  of  the  wind.  Johnson. 

WIIIS'TLE— FISH  (hwls'sl-flsh),  n.  (Icli.)  A 
species  of  fish  of  the  cod  family  ; the  sea-loach  ; 
roekling;  Motella  vulgaris.  Yarrell. 

WIHS'TLIJR  (hwls'ler),  n.  One  who  whistles. 

WIHST'LING  (hwls'ljng),  n.  The  act  or  the  sound 
of  one  who  whistles.  Pope. 

f WHIST'LY,  ad.  Silently.  Arden  of  Feversham. 

WHlT,  n.  [A.  S.  wild,  a creature,  a thing.]  A 
point ; a jot ; a tittle  ; a very  small  part. 

It  does  not  inc  a whit  displease.  Cowley. 

WHITE  (hwlt),  n.  1.  A negative  color,  or  the 
color,  as  that  of  snow,  produced  by  the  combi- 
nation of  all  the  prismatic  colors  mixed  in  the 
same  proportion  as  they  exist  in  the  solar  rays. 

White  and  black  are  not  [in  strictness]  colors  themselves, 
Irit  are,  as  the  representatives  of  light  and  darkness,  simply 
the  modifiers  of  colors,  in  reducing  them,  and  the  hues  aris- 
ing trom  them,  by  their  attenuating  and  neutralizing  effects, 
to  tints  and  shades  respectively.  D.  R.  llay. 

2.  The  mark  at  which  an  arrow  was  shot, 

which  used  to  he  painted  white.  Dryden. 

3.  Any  thing  white,  as  the  white  part  of  an 

egg,  or  of  the  eye.  Cowley.  Shak. 

4.  A white  man,  or  one  of  the  white  race.  Cl. 

WHITE  (hwlt),  a.  [M.  Goth,  hueits ; A.  S.  hunt, 

Incite-,  Dut.  wit ; Frs.  hunt ; Ger.  weis;  Dan. 
hvid : Sw.  hr  it ; Icel.  hvitr.\ 


1.  Having  the  appearance  of  pure  snow ; 
snowy ; — the  opposite  or  antagonist  of  black. 

Flowers  purple,  blue,  and  white.  Shak. 

2.  Wanting  color  in  the  cheeks  ; having  the 

color  which  fear  produces  ; pale.  Shak. 

3.  Emblematic  of  purity,  sincerity,  innocence, 

simplicity,  or  candor.  Dryden. 

To  feastful  mirth  he  tliis  white  hour  assigned.  Pope. 

4.  Gray  with  age  ; having  white  hair.  Shak. 

5.  Free  from  immorality ; pure ; unblem- 
ished ; unclouded  ; not  defiled  : — fair ; blond. 

No  whiter  page  than  Addison’s  remains.  Pope. 

XEjj*  White  was  anciently  used  as  a term  of  endear- 
ment. Dr.  Bushy  used  to  call  liis  favorite  scholars  his 
“ white  boys.”  P alley  it. 

White  light,  (Opt.)  a compound  of  all  the  primary 
colors  mixed  together  in  the  same  proportions  in 
which  they  exist  in  tile  solar  rays.  Young. 

Syn.  — See  Fair. 

WHITE,  v.  a.  To  make  white  ; to  whiten,  [n.] 

His  raiment  became  shining,  exceeding  white  as  snow,  so 
as  no  fuller  on  earth  can  white  them.  Mark  ix.  II. 

WHITE'— ANT,  n.  ( Ent .)  A neuropterous  insect 
of  the  genus  Termes ; a termite.  Baird. 

WHITE-ARSENIC  (-ir'se-nik  or  irs'nik),  n. 
(Min.)  A white,  transparent,  or  opaque,  some- 
times crystallized  mineral,  of  vitreous  or  silky 
lustre,  of  an  astringent,  sweetish  taste,  and  con- 
sisting of  an  equivalent  of  arsenic  and  three 
equivalents  of  oxygen.  Dana. 

WHITE' BAIT,  n.  ( Ich .)  A small,  delicate  fish  of 
the  herring  family  ; Clupca  alba.  Yarrell. 

WHlTE'BEAM— TREE,  n.  ( Bot .)  A name  given 
to  Pyrus  Aria.  Its  scarlet  fruit  renders  it  very 
ornamental  in  autumn.  Eng.  Cye. 

WHITE'— BEAR,  n.  ( Zoul .)  The  polar  bear;  Tha- 
larctos  maritimus.  Eng.  Cyc. 

WHITE'BOY,  n.  1.  fA  term  of  endearment  to  a 
favorite  son  or  dependant.  Ford. 

2.  One  of  a class  of  Irish  levellers  or  insur- 
gents, who  began  to  create  alarm  in  Ireland  in 
1762;  — so  called  from  their  ordinary  dress  be- 
ing a white  frock.  Ency. 

WIHTE' BOY-ISM,  n.  The  principles  or  the  prac- 
tice of  the  Whiteboys.  Ch.  Ob. 

WHITE'— BRANT,  n.  ( Ornith .)  A species  of  goose 
found  in  the  northern  parts  of  both  continents  ; 
the  snow-goose  ; Anser  hyperboreus.  Eng.  Cyc. 

WHITE'— CAM-PI-ON,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  which 
there  are  two  varieties,  common  in  hedge-banks 
in  Europe,  and  cultivated  as  a border  flower  ; 
Lychnis  vespertina.  Eng.  Cyc. 

WHITE'CAp,  n.  (Ornith.)  A name  applied  to 
the  mountain-sparrow.  Booth. 

WHITE'— CE-DAR,  re.  (Bot.)  A tree,  growing  in 
the  northern  parts  of  the  U.  S.,  which  yields  a 
light,  but  very  durable  wood ; the  American  ar- 
bor-vitae ; Thuja  occidentalis.  Gray. 

WIIIte'-CEN'tAu-RY,  re.  (Bot.)  A species  of 
centaury  bearing  white  flowers  ; Centaurea  alba. 

Wright. 

WHITE'— CLO-V^R,  re.  (Bot.)  A species  of  clover 
growing  in  pastures,  w'aste  places,  and  wood- 
lands, and  having  white  flowers ; Trifolium 
repens.  Gray. 

WHITE'— COAT,  re.  A fisherman’s  name  for  the 
skin  of  a young  seal.  Simmonds. 

WHITE'— COP-PJgR,  re.  An  alloy  of  copper,  nick- 
el, and  zinc ; German  silver  ; packfong.  — See 
Silver.  Ure. 

WHITE— COP'PER-AS,  re.  (Min.)  A white  min- 
eral, — and  also  of  other  colors,  — of  an  astrin- 
gent taste,  occurring  in  crystals,  and  also  in 
granular  masses,  and  consisting  chiefly  of  sul- 
phuric acid,  peroxide  of  iron,  and  water ; — 
called  also  coquimbite.  Dana. 

WHITE'— CROPS,  re.  pi.  Grain  and  seed  crops,  as 
distinguished  from  green  crops,  or  those  culti- 
vated for  their  roots  or  herbage.  Simmonds. 

WHITE'— DAR-Nf.L,  re.  (Bot.)  A prolific  and 
troublesome  weed  growing  among  com ; Lolium 
temulentum.  Wright. 

WHlTE'EAR,  re.  (Ornith.)  The  fallow-finch  or 
wheatear  ; Saxicola  ocnailthe.  Png.  Cyc. 

WHITE'— FACE,  re.  A white  mark  on  the  fore- 
head of  a horse.  Farm.  Ency. 


WHITE'— FACED  (hwlt'fast),  a.  Having  a white 
face.  Shak. 

WHITE'— FEATH-JJR,  re.  Cowardice.  lloget. 

WHITE'— FILM,  re.  A disease  of  the  eyes  of 
sheep,  &c.  Clarke. 

WHITE'— FISH,  re.  ( Zoiil .)  1.  A fish  of  the  herring 
kind  ; Alosa  menhaden.  Bartlett. 

2.  A fish  of  the  salmon  family,  resembling 

a herring ; Coregonus  albits.  Slorer. 

3.  An  ani- 
mal of  the  or- 
der Cetacea  ; 

Beluga  cato- 
don ; — called 
also  white- 
whale.  Bell. 


■White-fish  {Bchuja  catodon). 


WHITE'— FOOT  (-fut),  re.  A white  mark  on  the 
foot  of  a horse,  between  the  fetlock  and  the 
cortin.  Wright. 

WHITE'— HEAT,  re.  The  temperature  at  which 
ignited  bodies  become  white. 

The  color  of  incandescent  bodies  varies  with 
the  intensity  of  the  heat.  The  first  degree  of  lunii- 
nousness  is  an  obscure  red.  As  the  heat  augments,  the 
redness  becomes  more  and  more  vivid,  till  at  last  it 
acquires  a full  red  glow.  If  the  temperature  still  in- 
creases, the  character  of  the  glow  changes,  and,  by 
degrees,  it  becomes  white,  shining  with  increasing 
brilliancy  as  tire  heat  augments,  and  indicating  the 
temperature  called  white-heat.  Turner. 


WHITE'— HEL'LE-BORE,  re.  (Bot.)  A monocoty- 
ledonous  plant,  containing  an  irritant  narcotic 
poison,  the  properties  of  which  are  due  to  vera- 
tria  ; Vcratrum  album.  Baird. 

WHITE'— HER-IUNG,  re.  A fresh  herring,  as  op- 
posed to  a dry  or  red  herring.  Shak. 

WHITE— HORSE'— FISH,  re.  (Ich.)  A fish  of  the 
ray  kind,  having  a rough,  spiny  back,  and  three 
rows  of  strong  spines  on  the  tail ; Haiti  ful- 
lonica.  Wright. 

WHITE'— I R' ON  (Turn),  re.  A name  applied  to 
tinned  iron  plate.  Tomlinson. 

WHITE'— IR'ON—PY-Rl'TE§,  re.  (Min.)  A brittle, 
pale-yellow  mineral,  of  metallic  lustre,  some- 
times occurring  in  crystals,  and  consisting  of 
bisulphide  of  iron ; marcasite ; radiated  pyri- 
tes. Dana. 

WHITE'-LAND,  re.  Clayey  land,  which  is  of  a 
whitish  color  when  dry.  Ure. 

WHlTE'-LEAD  (hwit'led),  re.  1.  Carbonate  of 
protoxide  of  lead;  ceruse;  — much  used  as  a 
paint.  Turner. 

2.  (Min.)  A native  carbonate  of  lead ; — called 
also  cerasite.  Dana. 

WHITE'— LEAF,  re.  A kind  of  leaf-metal  made 
of  tin.  Simmonds. 


WHITE'— LEATH-fR,  re.  Buff  leather  ; whit- 
leather.  Simmonds. 

WHlTE'-LEGGED  (hwlt'legd),  a.  Having  white 
legs.  Hill. 

WHITE'— LIME,  re.  A preparation  for  whitening 
walls;  white-wash.  Simmonds. 

WHITE'— LIMED  (hwlt'llmd),  a.  Covered  with 
white  plaster  ; as,  “ White-limed  walls.” 

WIllTE'-LlNE,  re.  (Printing.)  A broad  blank 
space  between  lines  of  types.  Simmonds. 

WHITE'— LlV-JJRED  (hwlt'liv-erd),  a.  1.  Envious  ; 
malicious.  Beau.  Sj  PI. 

2.  Cowardly  ; dastardly  ; pusillanimous. 

White-livered  runagate!  what  doth  he  there?  ijltak. 

f WHlTE'Ly,  a.  Coming  near  to  white. 

A whitely  wanton  with  a velvet  brow.  Shak. 


WHITE'MEAT,  re.  1.  Food  made  of  milk,  butter, 
cheese,  eggs,  and  the  like,  [n.]  Tusser. 

2.  Young  or  delicate  flesh  food,  as  veal, 
poultry,  rabbits,  pork,  &c.  Simmonds. 

WIlI'TEN  (hwi'tn),  v.  a.  ft.  whitened  ; pp. 
WHITENING,  whitened.]  To  superinduce  a 
white  color  upon  ; to  make  white  ; to  bleach. 
And  human  bones  yet  whiten  all  the  ground.  Tope. 

Syn.  — To  whiten  is  to  superinduces  white  color; 
to  bleach  and  to  blanch  is  to  remove  coloring  matter, 
or  take  away  tile  original  color.  Whiten  a house  or 
a wall ; bleach  linen  ; blanch  almonds. 

WIH'TEN,  v.  re.  To  grow  or  become  white. 

The  loosened  canvas  trembles  with  the  wind. 

And  the  sea  whitens  with  auspicious  gales.  snntn. 

WIlI'TEN-JER  (hwi'tn-er),  re.  One  wild  whitens. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short ; A,  Jp,  !>  9,  V>  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  IliiR; 


WHITENESS 


1667 


WHO 


WhITE'NJJSS,  n.  1.  The  state  of  being  white  ; 
freedom  from  color  ; the  result  of  the  union  of 
the  three  primary  colors. 

He  [Solomon]  was  clothed  in  the  purest  linen  of  Egypt, 
whose  whiteness,  though  very  bright,  yet  it  fell  short  of  the 
natural  whiteness  of  the  lily.  Bp.  Taylor. 

2.  Paleness  ; pallor  ; wan  look. 

Thou  trernblest;  and  the  v:hiteness  of  thy  cheek 
Is  apter  than  thy  tongue  to  tell  thy  errand.  Shah. 

3.  Purity  ; cleanness  ; spotlessness.  Dryden. 

WHl'TEN-ING,  n.  A preparation  of  chalk  used 

as  a polishing  material ; whiting.  Field. 

WIII'TEN-ING— STONE,  n.  A sharpening  and 
polishing  stone  employed  by  cutlers.  Simmonds. 

WHITE'— NUN,  n.  ( Ornith .)  A species  of  goos- 
ander, or  merganser,  having  the  belly,  abdo- 
men, throat,  and  upper  part  of  the  neck  white  ; 
the  smew  ; Mergus  albellus.  Yarrett. 

WHITE'— POP-LAR,  n.  ( Bot .)  A lofty  tree  of  very 
rapid  growth,  yielding  white,  light,  and  tough 
wood,  and  found  in  most  parts  of  Europe ; the 
abele-tree  ; Populus  alba.  Eng.  Cyc. 

WHITE'— POP-PY,  n.  (Bot.)  A variety  of  Papa- 
ver  somniferum,  from  which  opium  is  obtained 
in  large  quantities.  It  is  an  annual  plant,  usu- 
ally two  or  three,  sometimes  five  or  six,  feet 
high,  bearing  large  terminal  white  flowers  and 
a large  capsule  containing  numerous  minute, 
white  seeds.  The  virtues  of  the  plant  reside 
chiefly  in  the  capsules.  Wood  $ Bache. 

WHITE'— POT,  n.  (Cookery.)  A name  given  to  a 
kind  of  custard.  King. 

f WHITE'— POW-DER,  n.  An  imaginary  compo- 
sition resembling  gunpowder,  but  supposed  to 
explode  without  noise.  Beau.  <5,  FI. 

WHITE'— PRJJ-CIP'j-TATE,  n.  (Chem.)  A white 
substance  precipitated  by  adding  a solution  of 
corrosive  sublimate  to  a solution  of  ammonia 
in  excess.  Miller. 

4®=  Kane  regards  white-precipitate  as  a compound 
of  chloride  of  mercury  and  amide  of  mercury. 

WHIT'JJR,  n.  A wliitener.  Anderson. 

t WHITE'— RENT,  n.  (Old  Eng.  Law.)  Rent 
payable  in  silver  or  white  money.  Blackstone. 

WHITE'— ROT,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  erroneously 
thought  to  cause  the  rot  in  animals  that  feed  on 
it ; pennywort ; Hydrocotyle  vulgaris.  Eng.  Cyc. 

WHITES,  n.  pi.  1.  (Med.)  A discharge  of  white, 
yellowish,  or  greenish  mucus  from  the  vagina ; 
fluor  albus  ; leucorrhcca.  Dunglison. 

2.  The  finest  sort  of  flour  which  is  made  from 
white  wheat.  Simmonds. 

WHITE'— SMITH,  n.  1.  A worker  in  white-iron, 
or  tinned  plate  ; a tinsmith.  Ogilvie. 

2.  One  who  does  finishing  work  upon  articles 
of  iron,  in  distinction  from  one  who  forges 
them.  Coffin. 

WHITE'-SPRUCE,  n.  (Bot.)  A variety  of  the 
spruce,  characterized  by  oblong-cylindrical 
cones,  the  scales  of  which  have  firm  and  entire 
edges;  Abies  alba.  — See  Spruce.  Gray. 

WHITE'— SQUALL,  n.  A squall  unaccompanied 
by  a diminution  of  light.  Mar.  Diet. 

WHITE'— STAFF,  n.  The  badge  or  emblem  of 
office  of  lord  high  treasurer  of  England. 

To  this  talent  Danby  — by  birth  a . . . country  gentleman  — 
owed  his  white-staff. 1 his  garter,  and  his  dukedom.  Macaulay. 

WHITE'STJJR,  n.  A bleacher  of  linen  ; a whit- 
ster.  Todd. 

WHITE'— STONE,  n.  (Min.)  A granular  com- 
pound of  felspar  and  quartz,  and  sometimes  of 
garnet ; — called  also  granulite,  eurite,  and  lep- 
tynite.  Humble.  Dana. 

WHITE'— SWELL-ING,  n.  (Mad.)  A tumefaction 
and  softening  of  the  soft  parts  and  ligaments 
which  surround  the  joints,  or  a swelling  and 
caries  of  the  articular  extremities  of  bones  — 
both  of  which  states  may  exist  at  the  same 
time.  Dunglison. 

usr“lt  may  attack  any  one  of  the  joints,  but  is 
most  commonly  met  with  in  the  knee,  the  haunch, 
the  foot,  the  elbow,  and  generally  occurs  in  scrofulous 
children.”  Dunglison. 

WHITE'— TAIL,  n.  (Ornith.)  The  fallow-finch, 
white-ear  ; Saxicola  cenanthe.  Yarrett. 

WHITE'— TAL-LOW,  n.  A Russian  tallow  obtained 
from  the  fat  of  sheep  and  goats.  Simmonds. 

WHITE'— THORN,  n.  (Bot.)  A rosaceous  plant, 


of- which  there  are  several  ornamental  varieties, 
much  used  for  forming  quickset  hedges ; com- 
mon hawthorn  ; Cratwgus  Oxyacantha.  Loudon. 

WHITE'— THROAT,  n.  (Ornith.)  The  common 
name  of  two  species  (Curruca  cinerea,  or  com- 
mon white-throat,  and  Curruca  garrula,  or  les- 
ser white-throat)  of  insessorial  singing-birds, 
belonging  to  the  family  Sylviadcc,  found  in 
many  parts  of  Europe  and  in  Siberia,  having 
the  throat  and  middle  part  of  the  belly  of  a 
white  color.  Yarrett.  Gould. 

WHITE'— VlT'RJ-OL,  n.  (Min.)  A brittle,  — white, 
reddish,  or  bluish,  — transparent  or  translucent 
crystalline  mineral,  of  an  astringent,  metallic, 
and  nauseous  taste,  and  consisting  of  sulphate 
of  zinc  ; — called  also  zinc-vitriol,  and  goslarite. 

White-vitriol,  as  the  term  is  used  in  the  arts, 
is  sulphate  of  zinc  in  a granular  state,  like  loaf-sugar, 
produced  by  melting  and  agitation  while  it  is  cooling. 
It  is  very  extensively  employed  in  medicine  and  in 
dyeing.  Dana. 

WHITE' WASH  (hwlt'wosh),  n.  1.  A wash,  or 
liquid  cosmetic,  for  making  the  skin  fair. 

A whole  sermon  against  a whitewash.  Addison. 

2.  A mixture  of  lime  or  whiting,  size,  and 
water,  for  whitening  walls,  &c.  Harte. 

WHITEWASH  (hwlt'wosh),  v.  a.  [i.  white- 
washed WHITEWASHING, WHITEWASHED.] 

1.  To  cover  with  whitewash. 

The  whitewashed  wall,  the  nicely  sanded  floor.  Goldsmith. 

2.  To  get  rid  of  or  defraud,  as  importunate 

creditors,  by  taking  advantage  of  the  act  of  in- 
solvency. [England.]  Smart.  Simmonds. 

WHITE'W ASHvpR  (-wosh-),  n.  One  who  white- 
washes. Clarke. 

WHITE'WASH-ING  (hwlt'wosh-jng),  n.  The  act 
of  one  who  whitewashes.  Clarke. 

WHITE'— WA-TJJR,  ii.  A kind  of  disease  to  which 
sheep  are  subject.  Wright. 

WHITE'— WAX,  n.  Bleached  wax.  Simmonds. 

WHITE'— WEED,  n.  (Bot.)  A common  weed, 
bearing  syngenesious  flowers  with  white  rays, 
and  a yellow  disk  ox-eye  daisy  ; white  daisy ; 
Leucanthemum  vulgare.  Gray. 

WHITE'— WINE,  n.  A name  given  any  wine  of  a 
paler  color  than  the  deep  wines,  Port,  Burgundy, 
&e. ; any  light-colored  wine,  as  Sherry,  Marsala, 
Madeira,  &c.  Smart.  Simmonds. 

WIllTE'-WINGED  (-wlngd),  a.  Having  white 
wings.  “ The  white-winged  plover.”  Thomson. 

WHlTE'-WOOD  (-wud),  il.  (Bot.)  A beautiful 
forest-tree,  sometimes  one  hundred  and  forty 
feet  in  height,  indigenous  in  North  America ; the 
tulip-tree;  Liriodendron  tulipifera.  — See  Tu- 
lip-tree. Wood. 

WHITE'— WORT  (hwit'wUrt),  n.  (Bot.)  The 

name  of  an  herb.  Clarke. 

WHITH'ER,  ad.  [A.  S.  hwyder,  Judder.) 

1.  To  what  place;  — used  interrogatively  or 
absolutely.  “ Whither  am  I hurried  ? ” Dryden. 

Calm  as  water  when  the  winds  are  gone. 

And  no  one  can  tell  ivhither.  Wordsworth. 

2.  To  which  place  ; — used  relatively. 

That  lord  advanced  to  Winchester,  whither  Sir  John  Berke- 
ley brought  him  two  regiments  more  of  foot.  Clarendon. 

3.  To  what  degree  ; to  what  point ; how  far. 
Whither  at  length  wilt  thou  abuse  our  patience?  B.  Jonson. 

WIIITH'BR-SO-EV'pR,  ad.  To  whatsoever  place. 

WIltTII'ER-WARD,  ad.  Towards  what  or  which 
place  ; whither.  Broione.  Southey. 

WIIIT'ING,  n.  1. 

(Ich.)  A sea-fish 
allied  to  the  cod ; 

Mcrlangus  vulga- 
ris ; — so  called 
from  the  whiteness  Whiting, 

of  the  muscular  parts.  Eng.  Cyc. 

2.  Chalk  cleared  of  all  impurities,  ground 
with  water,  and  dried  ; Spanish  white  ; — used 
as  a polishing  material,  and  for  making  putty 
and  whitewash.  Fairholt. 

f WHlT'ING— MOP,  n.  [Eng.  whiting,  and  mop, 
the  young  of  any  animal.] 

1.  A young  whiting.  Beau.  8$  FI. 

2.  A fair  or  tender  lass.  Massinger. 

WHlT'ING— POL'LACK,  n.  (Teh.)  A fish  com- 

mon on  the  rocky  coasts  of  Britain  ; Mcrlangus 
Pottachius.  — See  Pollack.  Yarrett. 


WIIIT'ING— POUT,  n.  (Ich.)  A malacopterygious 
fish  allied  to  the  cod  ; Morrhua  lusca.  Yarrett. 

KF'  From  a dark  spot  at  the  origin  of  the  pectoral 
fin.  in  which  it  resembles  the  whiting,  it  is  called 
whiting-pout.  It  is  called  bib,  blens,  blinds,  and 
pout,  from  the  power  it  possesses  of  inflating  a mem- 
brane which  covers  the  eyes  and  other  parts  of  the 
head . Eng.  Cyc. 

WHIT'JSH,  a.  1.  Somewhat  white.  Boyle. 

2.  (Bot.)  Covered  with  an  opaque  white  pow- 
der, as  the  leaves  of  many  cotyledons.  Lindley. 

WHIT'ISH-NESS,  11.  The  quality  of  being  whitish. 

WHIT'LEATH-JJR,  n.  1.  Leather  dressed  with 
alum  ; — remarkable  for  toughness.  Tusser. 

2.  A whitish,  tough,  elastic  ligament,  situ- 
ated along  the  back  of  the  neck  of  grazing  ani- 
mals. Niles. 

WHIT'LOW,  n.  [A.  S.  whit,  white,  and  low,  a 
flame,  — from  the  color  of  the  ulcer,  and  the 
burning.  Dunglison.)  (Med.)  An  inflammatory 
tumor  of  the  fingers  or  toes,  especially  of  the 
first  phalanx,  commonly  terminating  in  an  ab- 
scess. It  is  seated  in  the  subcutaneous  areolar 
tissue,  or  between  the  periosteum  and  bone,  or 
it  occupies  the  sheath  of  a tendon.  Dunglison. 

WHIT'LOW— GRASS,  n.  (Bot.)  1.  The  common 
name  of  small  annual  or  perennial,  evergreen, 
cruciferous  plants,  of  the  genus  Draba.  Loudon. 

2.  An  annual  plant  common  on  very  old  walls 
in  England  ; the  rue-leaved  saxifrage  ; Saxifra- 
ga  tridactylites.  Lee. 

WIIIT'SOUR,  il.  A kind  of  apple.  Clarke. 

WIIIT'STER,  n.  [A  contraction  of  whitester.)  A 
bleacher  of  linen  ; a whitener.  Shak. 

WHIT'SUL,  n.  Whitemeat,  or  milk,  sour  milk, 
cheese,  curds,  and  butter.  [Local,  Eng.]  Carew. 

WHIT'SUN,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  observed  at, 
Whit-Sunday,  or  Whitsuntide.  Shak. 

WHIT'-SUN-DAY,  n.  (Eccl.)  A festival  of  the 
church,  answering  to  the  Pentecost  of  the  Jews, 
and  observed  in  memory  of  the  descent  of  the 
Holy  Ghost  on  that  day  ; the  seventh  Sunday 
after  Easter  ; Whitsuntide.  Eden. 

WIIIT'SUN-TlDE,  n.  [A  contracted  form  of 
white  Sunday  tide,  — so  called  from  the  white 
vestments  worn  on  that  day  by  the  candidates 
for  baptism.]  (Eccl.)  The  .anniversary  of  the 
Jewish  feast  of  Pentecost,  when  the  apostles 
were  “baptized  with  the  Holy  Ghost  and  with 
fire,”  and  when  they  themselves  commenced 
their  ministry  by  baptizing  three  thousand  per- 
sons ; the  seventh  Sunday,  and  the  forty-ninth 
day,  after  Easter  ; Whit-Sunday.  Sidney. 

WHIT'TEN  (lnvit'tu),  n.  (Bot.)  The  small-leaved 
lime.  Loudon. 

WHlT'TEN— TREE,  n.  A sort  of  tree.  Ainsworth. 

WHlT'TLE  (Invit'd),  n.  [A.  S.  hwitel,  hwitle,  a 
kind  of  cloak,  also  a knife.] 

1.  A sort  of  blanket  or  blanched  woollen  cloth, 

worn  by  women  as  a mantle.  Somerville. 

2.  A knife,  — particularly  a pocket-knife,  or 
one  worn  in  a sheath  at  the  girdle. 

Hard  by,  a flesher  on  a block  had  laid  his  whittle  down; 

Virginius  caught  the  whittle  up,  and  hid  it  in  his  gown. 

Macaulay. 

WHlT'TLE,  V.  a.  \i.  WHITTLED  ; pp.  WHIT- 
TLING, WHITTLED.] 

1.  fTo  sharpen  ; to  edge  ; to  whet.  Ilakcwill. 

2,  To  cut  with  a knife.  Johnson. 

To  whittle  sticks,  to  cut  off  the  bark  with  a 
knife  ; to  make  them  white.  Hence,  also,  a knife  is, 
in  derision,  called  a whittle.  Ray. 

WHlT'TLE,  v.  il.  To  cut  wood  with  a knife. 

Americans  must  and  will  whittle.  N.  V.  Willis. 

WHlT'TLE— SHAWL,  n.  A fine  kerseymere  shau  1 
bordered  with  fringes.  Booth. 

WHlT'TRET,  n.  A weasel.  [Scot.]  Jamieson. 

WHI'TY-BRoWn,  a.  (white  and  brown.)  Of  a 
color  between  white  and  brown.  Pcgge. 

WHIZ,  t).  n.  [An  onomatopoeia.]  [t.  whizzed  ; 
pp.  whizzing,  whizzed.]  To  make  a noise  be- 
tween humming  and  hissing  ; to  buzz. 

Then,  as  the  winged  weapon  whizzed  along. 

See  now,  said  he,  whose  arm  is  better  strung.  Drj/den. 

WHIZ,  n.  A noise  between  humming  and  hiss- 
ing. “ The  whiz  of  a cannon  ball.”  Guardian. 

WHIZ'ZING-LY,  ad.  So  as  to  whiz.  Clarke. 

WH6  (ho),  pron.  sing.  & pi.  [A.  S.  huia.)  [pos - 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — (J,  <?,  5,  g,  soft;  £,  «,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


WHO 


1G68 


WICK 


sessire  whose  ; objective  whom.]  A pronoun 
relative,  applied  to  persons. 

We  have  no  perfect  description  of  it,  nor  any  knowledge 
how  or  by  whom  it  is  inhabited.  Abbot. 

O,  well  for  him  whose  will  is  strong.  Tennyson. 

A man  can  never  be  obliged  to  submit  to  any  power,  un- 
less he  can  be  satislied  who  is  the  person  who  has  a right  to 
exercise  it.  Locke. 

K-ejr-  It  is  used  in  affirmative  sentences,  sometimes 
with  an  omission  of  the  antecedent,  and  also  inter- 
rogatively. 

For  who  talks  much  must  often  talk  in  vain.  Gay. 

Who  first  seduced  them  to  that  foul  revolt?  Milton. 

/]^*Tlie  form  whose  frequently  applies  to  things, 
being  often  equivalent  to  of  which.  — See  Whose. 

Any  other  doctrine  whose  followers  are  punished?  Addison. 

f As  who  should  say , an  elliptical  expression  for  as 
one  who  should  say.  Collier. 

\\  HO  (hvvo),  ) interj.  Stop  : — used  by  teamsters 

WHO' A,  ) to  stop  their  teams.  Smith. 

t WHO'BUB,  n.  A hubbub.  Beau.  § FI. 

WHO-EV'flR  (ho-ev'er),  pron,  Any  one,  without 
limitation  or  exception  ; whosoever. 

I think  myself  beholden,  whoever  shows  me  my  mistakes. 

Locke. 

WHOLE  (hoi),  a.  [A.  S.  hal,  healthy,  sound, 
whole  ; wa/g,  omcalg,  entire,  sound,  whole  ; 
Dot.  heel ; Ger.  heil ; Dan.  heel-,  Sw.  hel. — W. 
hoU,  oil.  — Gr.  iil.o;.  — Old  Eng.  hole.} 

1.  Containing  all ; all ; total  ; undiminished. 

The  whole  people  should  be  taught.  Wordsworth. 

One  touch  of  nature  makes  the  whole  world  kin.  Shak. 

2.  Entire  ; integral ; undivided  ; unbroken. 

We  cat  divers  tilings  by  morsels,  which,  if  we  should  eat 

whole,  would  choke  us.  Golden  Book. 

3.  Complete  ; entire  ; not  defective. 

The  elder  did  whole  regiments  afford.  Waller. 

4.  Uninjured  ; unimpaired  ; perfect. 

My  life  is  yet  whole  in  me.  2 Sam.  i.  0. 

5.  Sound  ; well ; healthy  ; cured  ; restored. 

There  he  remained  with  them  right  well  agreed, 

Till  of  his  wounds  he  waxed  whole  and  strong.  Spenser. 

Wilt  thou  be  made  whole ? John  v.  6. 

Whole  blood , {Laic.)  blood  which  is  derived  from  a 
couple  of  the  same  ancestors.  Burrill. 

Syn.  — Whole  excludes  subtraction  ; entire  excludes 
division  ; complete  excludes  deficiency.  An  entire  or- 
ange is  not  yet  cut ; after  being  sliced,  the  whole  orange 
may  be  put,  in  slices,  on  a plate.  The  whole  or  total  pop- 
ulation ; a whole  or  integral  number  ;an  entire  set  ;a  com- 
plete work.  A man  may  have  an  entire  house  to  himself, 
and  not  one  complete  apartment.  — See  Complete. 

WHOLE  (hoi),  n.  1.  The  total;  totality;  all. 

It  contained  the  whole  of  religion  amongst  the  ancients, 
and  made  philosophy  more  agreeable.  Broome. 

2.  A system  ; a regular  combination  of  parts. 

Begin  with  sense,  of  every  art  the  soul; 

Farts  answering  parts  shall  slide  into  a whole.  Pope. 

ftif*  “ There  are  wholes  of  different  kinds;  for,  in 
the  first  place,  there  is  an  extended  whole,  of  which  the 
parts  lie  contiguous,  such  as  body  and  space.  Second- 
ly, there  is  a whole  of  which  the  parts  are  separated  or 
discrete,  such  as  number.  . . . Thirdly,  there  is  a whole 
of  which  the  parts  do  not  exist  together,  but  only  by 
succession,  such  as  time,  consisting  of  minutes , hours, 
and  days , or  as  many  more  parts  as  we  please,  hut 
which  all  exist  successively,  or  not  together.  Fourth- 
ly, there  is  what  may  be  calied  a loyical  whole,  of  which 
the  several  species  are  parts.  Animal,  for  example, 
is  a whole,  in  this  sense  ; and  man,  dog,  horse,  <fcc., 
are  the  several  parts  of  it.  And,  fifthly,  the  different 
qualities  of  the  same  substance  may  be  said  to  be  dif- 
ferent parts  of  that  substance.”  Lord  Monboddo. 

Upon  the.  whole , all  tilings  being  taken  into  consid- 
eration. “ It  cannot  consist  with  the  divine  attributes 
that  the  impious  man’s  joys  should,  upon  the  whole, 
exceed  those  of  the  upright.”  Atterbury. 

WHOLE'— HOOFED  (hol'hoft), a.  Having  the  hoof 
undivided ; solidungulous.  Kirby. 

WHOLE'— LENGTH  (hol'length),  a.  Extending 
from  one  end  to  the  other  of  any  thing,  as  a por- 
trait ; full-length.  J.  Montgomery. 

WHOLE'N^SS  (hol'nes),  n.  The  quality  or  the 
state  of  being  whole  ; entireness.  Ed.  Rev. 

WHOLE'SALE  (hdl'sal),  n.  1.  Sale  of  goods  in 
large  quantities  to  retailers  ; sale  in  the  gross. 

2.  The  whole  mass  or  bulk. 

Some,  from  vanity  or  envy,  despise  a valuable  book,  and 
throw  contempt  upon  it  by  wholesale.  Watts. 

WHOLE'SALE,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  engaged  in, 
the  trade  by  wholesale. 

This  cost  me,  at  the  wholesale  merchant’s,  a hundred 
drachmas;  I made  two  hundred  by  selling  it  in  retail. Addison. 

WHOLE'SOME  (hSl'sum),  a.  [ivhole  and  some.  — 
Hut.  heilzaam  ; Ger.  heilsom.~\ 


1.  Conferring,  or  preserving,  health  ; health- 
ful ; healthy  ; salutary  ; salubrious. 

The  still  night,  not  now  as  ere  man  fell, 

W holesome,  and  cool,  and  mild.  Milton. 

An  agreeable  and  wholesome  variety  of  food.  A.  Smith. 
Strengthened  and  braced  by  breathing,  in  content. 

The  keen,  the  wholesome  air  of  poverty.  Wordsworth. 

2.  Conducive  to  morality,  happiness,  virtue, 
or  any  good  result ; useful ; beneficial ; sound. 

So  the  doctrine  contained  be  but  wholesome  and  edifying, 
a want  of  exactness  in  speaking  may  be  overlooked.  Atteruury. 

Syn.  — See  Healthy. 

WHuLE'SOME-LY  (hol'sum-le),  ad.  In  a whole- 
some manner  ; salubriously.  Fox. 

WHOLE'SOME-NESS  (liol'sum-nes),  n.  The  quality 
of  being  wholesome  ;.  salubrity  ; salutariness. 

WHOL'LY  (hol'le),  ad.  1.  Completely  ; perfectly. 

Victors  and  vanquished  in  the  various  field. 

Nor  wholly  overcome,  nor  wholly  yield.  Dryden. 

2.  Entirely ; fully  ; exclusively. 

Intent  now  wholly  on  her  taste.  Milton. 

3.  Totally  ; altogether. 

Nor  wholly  lost  we  so  deserved  a prey; 

For  storms  repenting  part  of  it  restored.  Dryden. 
u From  an  ill-judged  omission  of  the  silent  e 
in  this  word,  its  sound  has  been  corrupted  as  if  writ- 
ten hully ; but  it  ought  undoubtedly  to  be  written 
wholely , and  pronounced  like  the  adjective  holy,  and  so 
as  to  correspond  and  rhyme  with  solely .”  Walker. 

WHOM  (horn),  pron.  sing.  & pi.  The  objective  case 
of  who ; — used  of  jjersons.  — See  Who. 

WHOM-SO-EV'JpIt  (hom-so-ev'er),  pron.  The  ob- 
jective case  of  whosoever.  Gen.  xxxi.  22. 

f WHOOB'LTB  (hub'bub),  n.  Hubbub.  Shah. 

WHOOP  (hop),  n.  1.  A loud  shout,  as  of  pursuit. 
Let  them  breathe  a while,  and  then 
Cry  ivhoop,  and  set  them  on  again.  Iludibras. 

2.  [L.  vpupa.}  (Ornith.)  The  hoopoe.  Bailey. 

WHOOP  (hop),  v.  n.  [A.  S.  wepan,  to  weep ; loop, 
a cry;  Inoeop,  whooped;  Frs.  wepct,  to  cry 
out,  to  cry  for  assistance.  — See  Hoor.]  [i. 
whooped  ;pp.  whooping,  whooped.]  To  make 
a loud  cry  ; to  cry  out ; to  shout ; to  hoop. 

With  that  the  shepherd  whooped  for  joy.  Drayton. 

WHOOP  (hop),  v.  a.  To  insult  with  shouts. 

I should  be  hissed 

And  whooped  in  hell  for  that  ingratitude.  Dryden. 

WHOOP'ING,  n.  A loud,  hollow  cry;  a whoop. 
“ The  . . . whooping  of  the  owl.”  Browne. 

WHOOPING-COUGH  (li5p'jng-kof),  n.  (Med.)  A 
violent,  convulsive  cough,  returning  by  fits  at 
longer  or  shorter  intervals,  and  consisting  of 
several  expirations,  followed  by  a sonorous  in- 
spiration, or  whoop  ; chin-cough ; — written  also 
hooping-cough.  Dunglison. 

WMOOT,  v.  n.  To  hoot.  — See  Hoot.  Drayton. 

WHOP  (hwop),  v.  a.  To  strike;  to  beat;  — writ- 
ten also  whap.  [Vulgar  and  local.]  Jennings. 

WlloP'PpR,  n.  1.  One  who  whops. 

2.  Any  thing  uncommonly  large  of  its  kind  : — 
a monstrous  lie  ; — written  also  lohapper.  [Pro- 
vincial and  colloquial  or  vulgar.]  Forby. 

II  WHORE  (lior)  [li5r,  P.  E.  Ja.  Sm.  Wb. ; lior.  S. 
J. ; hor  or  lior,  W.  F. ; lior  or  lior,  A'.],  n.  [A.  S. 
hor-ewen,  whore-woman  ; hyran,  to  hire  ; Dut. 
hoer  ; Ger.  hare  ; Dan.  horc  ; Sw.  hora.  — W. 
hitran. J A woman  who  practises  illicit  in- 
tercourse with  men  for  hire ; a prostitute  ; a 
harlot ; a concubine  ; a strumpet ; a punk.  Shah. 

||  WHORE,  v.  a.  To  corrupt  with  regard  to  chastity, 
as  a woman  ; to  debauch.  Congreve. 

||  WHORE,  v.  n.  To  practise  whoredom.  Dryden. 

||  WHORE'DOM  (lior'dom),  n.  Illicit  carnal  inter- 
course of  any  kind  carried  on  with  the  other 
sex  ; lewdness  ; fornication.  Bp.  Hall. 

II  WIIORE'mAs-TER,  ?i.  One  who  has  unlawful 
sexual  commerce  with  women  ; a lewd  or  licen- 
tious man  ; a whoremonger.  Shah. 

II  + WHORE'mAS-TER-LY,  a.  Like  a whoremas- 
ter;  licentious  ; libidinous.  Shah. 

||  WHORE'MON-GIJR  (hor'mung-ger),  n.  A whore- 
master;  a lecher.  Tillotson. 

HfWHORE'SON  (hor'sun),  n.  The  son  of  a whore  ; 
a bastard;  — generally  used  ludicrously,  with- 
out strictness  of  meaning.  Shah. 

||  WHORHSH  (lior'jsli),  a.  Unchaste;  lewd;  in- 
continent. “ A whorish  woman.”  Prov.v i.  26. 


II  WIIOR'ISII-LY  (lior'jsli-le),  ad.  In  a whorish 
manner  ; like  a whore.  Johnson. 

||  WHOR'jSH-NESS  (lior'jsli-nes),  n.  The  practice 
or  the  character  ot  a whore.  Bale 

WHORL  (hwbrl),  n.  (But.)  Any  set  of  organs  or 
appendages,  as  leaves,  arranged  in  a circle  round 
an  axis,  and  in  a plane  perpendicular  to  it,  or 
very  nearly  so.  llenslow. 

WHORLED  (liwbrld),  a.  (Bot.)  Disposed  in  a 
whorl  or  in  whorls  ; verticillated.  Gray. 

WHORL'fR,  n.  A potter’s  wooden  wheel  by 
which  a rotatory  motion  is  given  to  plates  and 
other  flat  vessels.  Simmonds. 

WHOllT  (hvviirt),  n.  Whortleberry.  Dunglison. 

WHOR'TLE-BER-RY  (lnvUr'tl-ber-e),  n.  [A.  S. 
heort-berg  ; heart , a hart,  and  berga , a berry.] 
The  common  English  name  of  shrubby  plants  of 
the  genus  Vaccimum,  or,  in  the  U.  S.,  also  of  the 
genus  Gaylussacia,  formerly  included  in  the  ge- 
nus Vaccinium,  especially  of  Gaylussacia  resino- 
sa,  or  Vaccinium  resinosum,  which  is  called  also 
huckleberry  : — the  globular,  esculent  fruit  of 
these  plants.  — See  Huckleberry.  Gray. 

WHOSE  (hoz),  pron.  The  possessive  ease  of  who 
and  which.—  See  Who. 

flgy-The  possessive  of  who  is  properly  whose  ; the 
pronoun  which , originally  indeclinable,  had  no  pos- 
sessive. This  was  supplied,  in  the  common  periphras- 
tic manner,  by  tile  help  of  tlie  preposition  ami  tile 
article.  But  as  this  could  not  fail  to  enfeeble  the  ex- 
pression, when  so  much  time  was  given  to  mere  con- 
junctives, all  our  best  authors,  both  in  prose  and  verse, 
have  now  come  regularly  to  adopt,  in  such  cases,  the 
possessive  of  who,  and  thus  have  substituted  one  syl- 
lable in  the  room  of  tluee,  as  in  the  example  follow- 
ing: “ Philosophy,  whose  end  is  to  instruct  us  in  the 
knowledge  "of  nature,”  for  “ Philosophy,  the  end  of 
which  is  to  instruct  us.”  Some  grammarians  remon- 
strate ; but  it  ought  to  he  remembered  that  use,  well 
established,  must  give  law  to  grammar,  and  not  gram- 
mar to  use.  Dr.  Campbell. 

WHOijE-SO-EV'ER  (hoz-),  pron.  Of  any  person 
whatever  ; — possessive  case  of  whosoever. 
“ Whosesoever  sins  ye  remit.”  John  xx.  23. 

WHO'SO  (ho's5),  pron.  Whoever.  [Antiquated.] 

IF hoso  offereth  praise  glorifieth  me.  Ps.  1.  23. 

WIIO-SO-E  V'lJR  (lio-so-ev'er),  pron.  Whoever. 

WHUR,  n.  A rough  burring  or  humming  sound, 
as  of  the  letter  r.  — See  Whir.  ‘‘The  whur  of 
a spinning-wheel.”  Goldsmith. 

WHUR,  v.  n.  To  pronounce  the  letter  r roughly, 
or  with  too  much  force : — to  snarl.  Bailey. 

fWHURT,  n.  A whortleberry;  a bilberry.  Carew. 

WHY  (hwl),  ad.  [A.  S.  hwi  ; Dan.  <Sy  Sw.  Alt.] 

1.  By  what  proof  or  reason  ; — interrogatively. 
Why  is  this  prisoner  guilty  of  the  crime?  Whatebj. 

2.  From  what  cause  ; — interrogatively. 

Why  does  a stone  fall  to  the  earth  ? If 'hately. 

3.  For  what  purpose  ; — interrogatively. 

Why  did  you  go  to  London  ? Whatcly. 

4.  For  which  or  what  cause  or  reason  ; for 
which ; wherefore,  relatively. 

No  ground  of  enmity 

Why  he  should  mean  me  ill.  Hilton. 

I have  a reason  why 

I would  not  have  you  speak  so  tenderly.  Dryden. 
My  sword  is  drawn.  — Then  let  it  do  at  once 
The  thing  why  thou  hast  drawn  it.  Shah-. 

tfW  It  is  sometimes  a mere  emphatical  expletive. 

Ninus’ tomb,  man:  ichy, you  must  not  speak  that  yet q that 
you  answer  to  Pyramns.  Shah. 

For  why,  for  what  reason;  wherefore;  — interroga- 
tively. 

The  patient  dies  without  a pill. 

For  why";  The  doctor ’s  at  quadrille.  Swift. 

WHY,  n.  A young  heifer.  [Local,  Eng.]  Grose. 

f WHY'NOT,  n.  1.  A violent  or  peremptory  pro- 
cedure, as  that  of  a person  who  gives  no  reason 
for  his  acts  but  the  mere  captious  question, 
why  not  ? [A  cant  word.]  Iludibras. 

2.  Any  sudden  event.  ' Nugce  Antiq. 

WI.  [A.  S.]  Holy; — a constituent  part  of  some 
names,  asHVbert,  eminent  for  holiness,  Altet, 
altogether'Ao/;/,  &c.  Gibson. 

WICK.  [A.  S.  wic. — L.  vicus.} 

1.  A term  signifying  a dwelling,  station,  vil- 

lage, castle,  or  bay,  and  used  as  a suffix  in  some 
names  of  places,  as  AArrwich,  Berwick,  &c.  It 
sometimes  took  the  form  wich,  as  in  No rwich, 
Harwich,  Ips wich.  Bnsworth. 

2.  A termination  of  some  words,  denoting 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  fAr,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


WICK 


1669 


WIGEON 


* 


jurisdiction,  or  limits  of  jurisdiction  or  author- 
ity, as  in  bailiiotc/c.  Burrill. 

WICK,  n.  [A.  S.  wcoc;  Dan.  vcegc  ; Sw.  veke. — 
Gael,  buaic , buaicha  ; Ir.  buaic.]  The  cotton 
or  other  substance  in  a lamp  or  a candle,  which 
is  fixed  in  the  oil,  wax,  or  tallow,  &c.,  and  which 
draws  up  the  combustible  matter  in  a fluid  state 
by  capillary  attraction. 

The  wick  of  a burning  candle.  * Digby. 

WICK'JJD,  a.  [A.  S.  toicca,  an  enchanter.  Junius. 
— Skinner,  among  other  suggestions,  proposes 
A.  S.  wiccian,  to  bewitch,  and  this  etymology  is 
adopted  by  Tooke,  who  remarks  that  “ all  atro- 
cious crimes  were  attributed  by  our  ancestors  to 
enchantment,  sorcery,  and  witchcraft.”  — Se- 
renius  refers  to  the  Sti.  Goth,  wika,  to  yield,  to 
give  way  ; Sw.  vika.  — Old  Eng.  wicke.] 

1.  Evil  in  principle  or  practice  ; vicious  ; un- 
just ; nefarious  ; irreligious  ; impious  ; flagitious ; 
sinful ; profane  ; immoral ; heinous  ; iniqui- 
tous ; bad  ; — used  both  of  persons  and  things. 

There  the  wicked  cease  from  troubling.  Job  iii.  17. 

He  of  their  wicked  ways  shall  them  admonish.  Milton. 

Committing  to  a wicked  favorite  [Sejanus] 

All  public  cares,  and  yet  of  him  suspicious.  Milton. 

2.  f Mischievous  ; pernicious  ; baneful. 

As  wicked  dew  as  e’er  my  mother  brushed 

With  raven’s  feather  from  unwholesome  fen 

Drop  on  you  both.  Shak. 

Syn.  — H'iclced  is  applied  to  any  moral  evil  in  char- 
acter or  action.  Wicked  and  sinful  are  mostly  applied 
to  olTences  against  the  laws  of  God.  A wicked  or  sin- 
ful action  ; profane  language  ; an  irreligious  or  impious 
person  or  character  ; an  unjust  proceeding;  a vicious 
practice  ; flagitious  conduct ; heinous  crime  ; iniquitous 
fraud.  — See  Base,  Heinous. 

WICK'ED-LY,  ad.  In  a wicked  manner  ; crimi- 
nally ; viciously  ; sinfully  ; corruptly.  Pope. 

WICKED  NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality  of 
being  wicked  ; vice  ; impiety  ; sin  ; evil. 

Wickedness  may  well  be  compared  to  a bottomless  pit,  into 
which  it  is  easier  to  keep  one’s  self  from  falling,  than,  being 
fallen,  to  give  one’s  self  any  stay  from  falling  infinitely.  Sidney. 

Syn.  — See  Evil. 

WICK'EN,  _ ) n.  A name  for  the  rowan- 

WICK'EN— TREE,  > tree.  [Local.]  Wright. 

WICKED,  n-  [From  Ger.  wickeln , to  roll. 
Skinner.  — From  Dan.  vigre , a twig,  from  vigor, 
to  yield.  Jamieson.  — Perhaps  from  the  A.  S. 
cwiccan,  to  quicken.  Richardson . — Old  Eng. 
wykyr.\ 

1.  A twig ; an  osier  ; a withe.  Wood. 

2.  A boundary.  — See  Wire.  Brockett. 

WICK'ER,  a.  Made  of  twigs  or  osiers  ; wickered. 

“One  little  wicker  basket.”  Spenser. 

His  sides  look  like  two  wicker  targets.  Beau.  FI. 

WICK'ERF.D  (wlk'erd),  a.  Made  of,  or  covered 
with,  wickers  or  twigs.  Milton. 

WICK'pR— WORK  (-wiirk),  n.  A work  or  texture 
of  twigs  or  osiers.  Coivper. 

WICK'ET,  n.  [Fr.  guichet.  — W.  gwiced.  — Dim. 
of  Fr.  huis,  a door.  Menage.'] 

1.  A small  door  made  in  a gate. 

[He]  came  to  the  great  tower,  but  the  gate  and  wicket  was 
fast  closed.  Jlerncrs. 

The  wicket,  often  opened,  knew  the  key.  Dryden. 

2.  In  the  game  of  cricket,  a little  gate  at 

which  the  bowler  aims  the  ball,  formed  of  three 
rods  fixed  in  the  ground,  with  two  small  sticks 
resting  on  the  top.  Wright. 

Full  fast  the  Kentish  wickets  fell.  Dunscombe. 

3.  A small  gate  by  which  the  chamber  of  a 

canal-lock  is  emptied.  Wright. 

WlCK'LIFF-ITE,  n.  ( Eccl . Hist.)  A follower  of 
the  reformer  Wickliffe  ; a Lollard;  — written 
also  Wycliffite,  Wicliffite,  and  Wiclifite. 

If  two  persons  were  met  travelling  on  the  road,  it  was 
much  if  one  of  them  was  not  a Wickliffite.  Lewis. 

WID'DY,  n.  A halter  made  of  withes  or  osiers.  — 
See  Withy.  [Scotland.]  Todd. 

WIDE,  a.  [Goth,  uuito;  A.  S.  raid ; Dut.  wi’d; 
Ger.  v)cit ; Dan.  rid,  vidt ; Sw.  vid  ; Icel . vidr.] 

1.  Extended  far  each  way  ; broad  ; large. 

The  land  was  wide  and  quiet.  1 Citron,  iv.  40. 

He,  wandering  long,  a wider  circle  made.  Pojte. 

2.  Having  great  or  considerable  extension  in 
the  direction  of  the  sides  ; broad. 

Shallow  brooks  and  rivers  wide.  Milton. 

Another  plain,  long,  but  in  breadth  not  wide.  Milton. 

3.  Broad  to  a certain  degree;  of  dimension 
as  to  breadth.  “ Three  inches  wide.”  Johnson. 


4.  Deviating;  remote;  distant.  “Wide  from 

the  truth  of  Scripture.”  Hammond. 

lie  set  out  for  another  part  of  the  kingdom,  thirty  miles 
wide  of  the  place  appointed-  Swift. 

Oft  wide  of  nature  must  lie  act  a part.  Tickell. 

5.  (Archcry.)  At  a distance  on  one  side  of  the 
mark.  “ I was  but  two  bows  wide.”  Massinger. 

fieg-  “ Wide  is  not  accurately  distinguished  from 
broad.  . . . Roth  are  distinguished  from  long.”  Rich- 
ardson. 

Syn.  — See  Ample,  Broad,  Comprehensive. 

WIDE,  ad.  1.  At  or  to  a distance.  Spenser. 

2.  With  great  extent ; widely.  Milton. 

3.  So  as  to  deviate  much  from  the  point. 

WIDE'— A-WAKE,  a.  Being  alert.  Halliwell. 

WIDE1— A-WAKE,  n.  Alow-crowned  felt  hat ; a 

kind  of  napless  hat.  Simmonds. 

WIDE'— BRANCHED  (-brinclit),  a.  Having  wide  or 
spreading  branches,  as  a tree.  Wright. 

WIDE'— CHOPPED  (-cliopt),  a.  Having  a wide 
mouth.  “ That  wide-chopped  rascal.”  Shak. 

WIDE'— GAUtJE,  n.  The  distance  of  seven  feet  in 
the  clear  between  the  rails  of  a railway  ; broad 
gauge.  Simmonds. 

WIDE'LY,  ad.  1.  With  great  extent  each  way ; 
remotely.  “ So  widely  disseminated.”  Bentley. 

2.  To  a great  distance  or  degree  ; far.  Locke. 

WIDE'— MOUTHED  (-mbuthd),  a.  Having  a wide 
mouth.  Pope. 

WI 'DEN  (wi'dn),  v.  a.  [*.  widened  ; pp.  widen- 
ing, widened.]  To  make  wide  or  wider;  to 
increase  the  width  of ; to  extend  in  breadth. 

His  nostrils  were  widened  to  the  last  degree  of  fury.  Dryden. 

They  do  all  they  can  to  widen  the  partition  between  the 
virtuous  and  the  vicious.  Tatler. 

Wi'DEN  (wi'dn),  v.  n.  To  grow  or  become  wide. 
Upward  the  columns  shoot,  the  roofs  ascend, 

And  arches  widen , and  long  isles  extend.  Pope. 


WIDE'N ESS,  n.  [A.  S.  whines.} 

1.  The  state  of  being  wide  ; breadth  or  com- 
parative breadth  ; extent  in  the  direction  of  the 
sides.  Dryden. 

About  three  times  the  wideness  of  my  canoe.  Swift. 


2.  Large  extent  each  way.  Bentley. 

WI'DEN-ING  (wl'dn-Ing),  n.  The  act  of  making 
or  becoming  wide. 

WIDE'-SPREAD,  a.  Spread  to  a great  distance. 

WlDE'-SPREAD-ING,  a.  Extending  far.  Clarke. 

WlDIJl'EON  (widj'un),  n.  ( Ornith .)  The 
common  name  of  aquatic  birds  of  the 
family  Anatida,  or  ducks, 
and  genus  Mareca,  allied 
to  the  teals.  They  subsist 
principally  on  grasses  and 
vegetable  diet. — Written 
also  wigeon.  Yarrell. 

Common  European  widgeon,  American  widgeon. 

Mareca  Penelope. American  widgeon,  Mareca  Bmeri- 

cana.  Yarrell.  Baird. 


WID'OW  (wid'o),  n.  [Goth,  widowo-,  A.  S.  wud- 
uwe,  widewe  ; Dut.  weduive ; Ger.  wittwe  ; Dan. 
vidue.  — Slav,  wdova.  — Sansc.  radhu.  — W. 
gweddw  ; gwraig  weddw.  — L.  vidua  ; It.  vedo- 
va;  Sp.  viuda ; Norm.  Fr.  wedue;  Fr.  veuve. — 
Old  Eng.  widew.  — Wachter  derives  it  from  vi- 
dere,  in  dividcre,  the  Old  Etruscan  iduare,  to 
divide.]  A woman  whose  husband  is  dead,  and 
who  remains  still  unmarried.  Dryden. 

Grass-widow,  a wife  whose  husband  is  absent  from 
her  for  a length  of  time.  [Cant  or  vulgar.]  — Widow’s 
chamber,  (Eng.  Law.)  in  London,  the  apparel  of  a 
widow  and  the  furniture  of  her  chamber,  left  by  her 
deceased  husband,  to  which  site  is  entitled.  Bouvier. 


WID’OW,  v.  a.  [i.  widowed  ; pp.  widowing, 
WIDOWED.] 

1.  To  deprive  of  a husband. 

In  this  city,  he 

Hath  widowed  and  unchilded  mauy  a one.  Shak. 

2.  To  deprive  of  a wife,  or  of  a mate,  [r.] 

Some  widowed  songster  pours  his  plaint.  Thomson. 

3.  To  endow  with  a widow-rite,  [u.] 

For  his  possessions. 

Although,  by  confiscation,  they  are  ours, 

"We  do  instate  and  widow  you  withal. 

To  buy  you  a better  husband.  Shak. 

4.  To  strip  of  any  thing  good. 

Trees  of  their  shrivelled  fruits 
Are  widowed.  Philips. 

5.  To  survive  ; to  be  a widow  to.  [r.] 

Let  me  be  married  to  three  kings  in  a forenoon,  and  widow 
them  all.  Shak. 


WID'OW— BENCH,  n.  (Eng.  Law.)  In  Sussex, 
a share  which  a widow  is  allowed  of  her  hus- 
band’s estate,  besides  her  jointure.  Wright. 

WID'OW— BIRD,  n.  ( Ornith.)  The  common  name 
of  hard-billed,  seed-eating  birds  of  the  genus 
Vidua  ; — so  called,  probably,  from  their  sombre 
color.  Eng.  Cyc. 

WID'O  WED  (wid'od),  p.  a.  Made  a widow,  or 
being  in  the  state  of  a widow. 

WlD'OW-glt,  n.  A man  who,  having  lost  his  wife 
by  death,  remains  single.  Sidney. 

WID'OW-JJR-HOOD  (-lifid),  n.  The  state  of  a 
widower.  II.  IF.  Hamilton. 

WlD'OW-IIOOD  (-hud),  n.  The  state  of  a man 
whose  wife  is  dead,  or  of  a woman  whose  hus- 
band is  dead  ; — mostly  applied  to  the  state  or 
condition  of  a widow.  Bouvier. 

WID'OW—  IIUNT'JgR,  n.  One  who  courts  widows, 
in  order  to  secure  a jointure.  Addison. 

WID'O W-LY  (wld'o-le),  a.  Like  or  becoming  a 
widow.  Strickland. 

WlD'OW—  MAK'ER,  n.  One  who  bereaves  women 
of  their  husbands.  Shak. 

WID'OW— WAIL,  n.  (Bot.)  A name  of  low,  yel- 
lowish, evergreen  shrubs,  of  the  genus  Cneo- 
rum,  growing  in  hot,  dry,  and  barren  soils  in 
the  South  of  Europe  and  in  Madeira.  Loudon. 

WIDTH,  n.  Breadth;  broadness  ; wideness.  “The 
width  of  many  a gaping  wound.”  Drayton. 

f WID'U-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a widow.  Bale. 

WIELD  (weld),  v.  a.  [Goth,  waldan,  gawaldan, 
to  govern;  A.  S . wcaldan  •,  Frs.  walda  ; Ger. 
waltcn  ; Dan.  ralte  ; Sw.  valta.  — Finnish  wallit- 
sema  ; Lithuanian  waldyte  ; ltuss.  iclodeti .]  [i. 
wielded;  pp.  wielding,  wielded.] 

1.  To  use  with  full  command,  as  a thing  not 
too  heavy  for  the  holder ; to  sustain  and  move 
by  the  hand;  to  handle. 

He  worthiest,  after  him,  his  sword  to  wield.  Dryden. 

Argyll,  the  state’s  whole  thunder  born  to  wield.  Pope . 

2.  To  manage  ; to  make  use  of ; to  employ. 

He  will  find  that  to  wield  power  innocently  ...  is  a matter 
of  no  small  skill  or  slight  care.  Burrow. 

3.  To  handle,  in  an  ironical  sense. 

Base  Hungarian  wight,  wilt  thou  the  spigot  wield.  Shak. 

WIELD'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  wielded.  Fisher. 

t WIELD'  ANCE,  n.  The  act  of  wielding.  Bp.  Hall. 

f WIELD'LIJSS,  a.  Unmanageable.  Spenser. 

f WIELD 'SOME,  a.  Easy  to  be  wielded.  Golding. 

WIELD'Y,  a.  That  may  be  wielded  ; wieldable  ; 
manageable,  [it.]  Johnson. 

WIER'Y  (wlr'e),  a.  1.  [A.  S.  war,  a pool.]  + Wet; 
moist ; damp.  Shak. 

2.  [From  tcire.]  Wiry.  — See  Wiry.  Donne. 

WIFE,  n. ; pi.  wives.  [A.  S.  wif\  Dut.  imjf ; Frs. 
wif ; Ger.  weib  ; Dan.  vif ; Icel.  v\f.) 

1.  A woman  simply;  — so  applied  in  the 

compounds  good-wi/i?,  al e-wife,  &c.  Bacon. 

2.  A man’s  lawful  consort;  a woman  who  has 
a husband  ; a married  woman. 

The  wife,  where  danger  or  dishonor  lurks, 

Safest  and  seemliest  by  her  husband  stays.  Milton. 

Wife’s  equity,  (Law.)  the  equitable  right  or  claim  of 
a married  woman  to  a reasonable  and  adequate  pro- 
vision. by  way  of  settlement  or  otherwise,  out  of  her 
chases  in  action,  or  out  of  any  property  of  hers  which 
is  under  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Court  of  Chancery,  for 
the  support  of  herself  and  her  children.  Burrill. 

WIFE'HOOD  (-hud),  n.  The  state  and  character 
of  a wife,  [it.]  Beau,  (t  FI. 

WIFE'LES.S,  a.  Without  a wife.  Chaucer. 

WlFE'-LlKE,  a.  Pertaining  to,  resembling,  or 
becoming  a wife  ; wifely.  Shak. 

WIFE'LY,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  becoming,  a wife. 

With  all  the  tenderness  of  wifely  love.  Dryden. 

WIG.  [A.  S.  wig.]  A termination  in  some  names 
of  men,  signifying  war.  Gibson. 

WIG,  n.  [A  contraction  of  peruke  or  periwig .] 

1.  A covering  for  the  head  usually  formed  of 
false  or  artificial  hair ; a peruke  ; a periwig. 

The  glorious  era  of  the  trig  was  the  reign  of  Louis  XIV. 
of  France*,  when  a mountain  of  curls  covered  the  head  and 
flowed  over  the  shoulders  of  gentlemen.  Eairholt. 

2.  f A sort  of  cake.  Ainsworth. 

3.  Among  fishermen,  an  old  seal.  Simmonds. 

Wl^J'EON,  n.  See  Widgeon.  Yarrell. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  s6n  ; BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  9,  $,  g,  soft ; E,  G,  £,  I,  hard;  § as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


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WlGGED  (wlgd),  a.  Furnished  with,  or  wearing, 
a wig.  Sydney  Smith. 

WIG 'GI,E  (vrtg'gl),  v.  n.  To  squirm  ; to  wriggle  ; 
to  stagger.  [Local.]  Wright.  HaUiwcll. 

WIGHT  (wit),  n.  [Goth,  waiht ; A.  S.wuht,  wiht ; 
Frs.  <S  Dut.  iviclit,  a little  child;  Old  Ger.  wiht, 
a being,  a creature ; Ger.  wicht , a child.] 

1.  t A supernatural  being. 

The  poet  Homer  speaketh  of  no  garlands  and  chaplets  but 
due  to  the  celestial  and  heavenly  wights.  Holland. 

2.  A person  ; a being ; a creature ; — now  used 
only  in  irony  or  slight  contempt. 

Armado  is  a most  illustrious  wight.  Shak. 

Ilis  station  he  yielded  up  to  a wight  as  disagreeable  as 
himself.  Addison. 

t WIGHT  (wit),  a.  Swift;  nimble.  Spenser. 

f WlGHT'LY,  ad.  Swiftly  ; nimbly.  Sjjenser. 

WIG'-MAK-EK,  n.  One  who  makes  wigs.  Johnson. 

WIG'wAm,  n.  The  hut  or  cabin  of  an  American 
Indian.  C.  Sprague. 

WlG'— WEAV-pR,  n.  A weaver  or  manufacturer 
of  wigs ; a wig-maker.  Couper. 

WIRE,  n.  A temporary  mark  or  boundary,  as  of 
a twig  or  branch  of  a tree  : — used  in  England 
in  setting  out  tithes; — called  also  wicker. 
[Local,  Eng.]  Brockett. 

WILD,  a.  [A.  S.,  Frs.,  Dut.,  <5?  Ger.  wild ; Dan. 
^ Sw.  vild ; I cel.  villr.  — W.  gwylt .] 

1.  Not  tame  ; not  domesticated  ; in  a state  of 
nature ; as,  “ A wild  animal." 

All  beasts  of  the  earth  since  wild.  Milton. 

2.  Propagated  by  nature ; not  cultivated.  “A 

wild  tree.”  * Bacon. 

3.  Desert ; dreary ; uninhabited. 

A forest  that  is  wild  and  cold.  Chaucer. 

4.  Savage;  ungoverned;  ferocious;  uncivil- 
ized ; unrefined  ; — used  of  persons  or  practices. 

They  . . . live  in  a wild  and  barbarous  manner.  Davies. 

None  there  make  stay 

But  savage  beasts,  or  men  as  wild  as  they.  Waller. 

5.  Turbulent ; extravagant ; irregular. 

Ilis  passions  and  his  virtues  lie  confused, 

And  mixed  together  in  so  wild  a tumult, 

That  the  whole  man  is  quite  disfigured  in  him.  Addison. 

6.  Inconstant ; mutable  ; fickle  ; changeful. 

In  the  ruling  passion,  there  alone, 

The  wild  are  constant  and  the  cunning  known.  rope. 

7.  Uncouth ; strange  ; fantastic.  “ Wild  in 

their  attire.”  Shak. 

8.  Inordinate  ; loose  ; dissipated  ; licentious. 

A fop  well  dressed,  extravagant,  and  wild.  Dryden. 

9.  Done  or  made  without  any  consistent  order 
or  plan.  “ A very  wild  world.”  Woodward. 

"With  mountains  as  with  weapons  armed,  they  make 

Wild  work  in  heaven.  Milton. 

10.  Springing  from  mere  fancy  ; fanciful.  “A 

wild,  speculative  project.”  Swift. 

11.  Applied  to  the  countenance  when  not  in 

harmony  with  the  condition  of  the  individual, 
and  indicating  strong  mental  emotion.  “ A wild 
look.”  Dunglison. 

AQpIt  is  used  as  an  epithet,  forming  the  names  of 
many  plants,  implying  that  they  grow  without  culti- 
vation ; as,  wild,  olive. 

Syn.  — See  Extravagant. 

WILD,  n.  A desert;  a tract  uncultivated  and 
desolate  ; a barren  region  ; a wilderness. 

You  raised  these  hallowed  walls;  the  desert  smiled, 

Aud  paradise  was  opened  in  the  wild.  rope. 

WILD'— BA§-1L,  n.  (Bot.)  The  common  name  of 
labiate  plants  of  the  genus  Clinopodium.  London. 

WILD'— BEAN,  n.  (Bot.)  A common  name  of 
Apios  tuberosa,  a perennial  herb  bearing  edi- 
ble, nutritious  tubers  on  underground  shoots  ; 
ground-nut.  Gray. 

WILD'— BOAR,  n.  ( Zo'ol .)  A wild  animal  of  the 
hog  kind,  from  which  the  common  domesticated 
swine  is  derived  ; Sus  scrofa. 

wild-boar  is  still  an  inhabitant  of  many  of 
the  temperate  parts  of  Europe  and  Asia,  hut  no  longer 
exists  in  a natural  state  in  the  British  Islands.  As  a 
beast  of  the  chase,  the  wild-boar  is  held  in  high  repute 
in  some  parts  of  Europe  and  India.  Eng.  Cijc.  Baird. 

WILD'— BORN,  a.  Born  in  a wild  state.  Clarke. 

WILD'— BU-GLOS,  n.  (Bot.)  The  common  name  of 
weed-like  plants  of  the  genus  Lycopsis.  Loudon. 


WILD'— GAT,  n.  ( Zoiil .) 

A ferocious,  feline 
animal,  from  which 
the  domestic  cat  was 
formerly  supposed  to 
be  descended ; Felts 
catus.  Baird. 

WILD’— CHER-RY,  n.  (Bot.)  The  common  name 
of  certain  species  of  Prunus,  as  of  Prunus 
Pennsylvania,  or  wild  red  cherry,  and  of  Pru- 
nus serotina,  or  wild  black  cherry,  which  fur- 
nishes a valuable  timber  to  the  cabinet-maker  : 
— the  fruit  of  these  species  of  Prunus.  Gray. 

WILD'— CU'CllM-BJ)R,  n.  A plant.  Miller. 

WILD'— CUM-IN,  n.  (Bot.)  An  umbelliferous 

plant  of  the  genus  Lagcecia.  Loudon. 

WIL'DER,  v.  a.  [From  wild  or  wilder .]  [i.  wil- 
DERIiD  ; pp.  WILDERING,  WILDERED.]  To  lose 
or  puzzle,  as  in  an  unknown  or  pathless  tract ; 
to  perplex  ; to  embarrass  ; to  bewilder,  [it.] 

The  night  has  wildered  us,  and  we  are  fallen 
Among  their  foremost  tents.  Dryden. 

WIL'DElt-NESS,  n,  [A.  S.  wild-deora-nesse ; Dut. 
wildernes.  — “A  wilderness  is  a wild-deer-ness  ; 
deer  being  a general  name  for  beasts  of  all 
kinds.”  Dean  Hoarc .] 

1.  A desert ; a tract  of  solitude  ; a dreary, 
uncultivated  region  ; a wild. 

All  is  still  and  silent  like  the  fearful  horror  in  desert  wil- 
derness. Ho  llan  d. 

The  land  she  saw  no  more  appear, 

But  a wild  wilderness  of  waters  deep.  Spenser. 

2.  f State  or  quality  of  being  wild  or  disorderly. 

Such  a warped  slip  of  wilderness 

Ne’er  issued  from  his  blood.  Shak. 

These  paths  and  bowers  doubt  not  but  our  joint  hands 

Will  keep  from  wilderness  with  ease.  Milton. 

WILD'— EYED  (-Id),  a.  Having  eyes  which  look 
wild.  Clarke. 

WILD'FlRE,  n.  A composition  of  inflammable 
materials,  very  hard  to  be  extinguished  ; Greek 
fire.  — See  Greek-eiue.  Bacon. 

WILD'— FOWL,  n.  Wild  birds  that  arc  bunted  as 
game.  Arbuthnot. 

WILD'— <?ER'MAN-DER,  n.  A plant.  Crabb. 

WILD'— GOOSE,  n.  ( Ornith .)  A species  of  goose 
which  is  the  origin  of  the  common  domestic 
goose  ; Atiser  ferns.  Yarrell. 

D£g=-The  name  is  sometimes  applied  to  other  spe- 
cies of  the  goose  ; namely,  Aiiscr  segetum,  and  Jiuscr 
albifrons.  Yarrell. 

WILD'— GOOSE— CHASE',  n.  A vain,  foolish  pur- 
suit or  enterprise,  as  of  something  as  unlikely 
to  be  caught  as  the  wild-goose.  Fletcher. 

WILD'— HON- 5 Y,  n.  Honey  that  is  obtained  in 
the  "woods.  Clarke. 

WILD'— IN'DI-GO,  n.  (Bot.)  A perennial  plant 
found  in  the  woods  and  dry  barren  uplands  in 
all  parts  of  the  U.  S.,  and  yielding  a pale-blue 
coloring  substance  greatly  inferior  to  indigo  ; 
Baptisia  tinctoria.  Wood  § Bache. 

WlLD'ING,  n.  1.  A wild,  sour  apple. 

Ten  ruddy  wildings  in  the  wood  I found.  Dryden. 

2.  A wild  plant  or  tree.  Holland. 

WILD’— LAND,  n.  Land  which  has  never  been 
settled  and  cultivated  ; forest.  [U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

WiLD'-LTc'O-RiCE  (-llk'o-rls),  n.  (Bot.)  A legu- 
minous West  Indian  plant,  the  roots  of  which 
are  used  like  those  of  licorice  ; Abrus  precato- 
rius.  Loudon. 

WILD'Ly,  ad.  1.  In  a wild  or  uncultivated  man- 
ner ; without  cultivation. 

That  which  grows  wildly  of  itself  is  worth  nothing.  More. 

2.  Without  tameness.  Johnson. 

3.  With  perturbation  or  distraction  ; with 
disorder;  disorderly.  “ Looking  wildly.”  Shak. 

Start  not  so  wildly  from  my  affair.  Shak. 

4.  Without  judgment  or  attention ; without 

thought  or  regard  ; heedlessly.  Shak. 

5.  Capriciously;  irrationally;  extravagantly. 

“ So  wildly  sceptical.”  Wilkins. 

6.  Irregularly.  “ Wildly  wanton.”  Dryden. 

WILD'NIJSS,  n.  1.  The  quality  or  the  state  of  being 
wild  ; rudeness ; disorder,  like  that  of  unculti- 
vated  ground.  “ Wildness  of  the  wood.”  Prior. 


2.  Irregularity  of  conduct  or  manners  ; loose- 
ness. “ The  wildness  of  his  youth.”  Shak. 

3.  Savageness  ; brutality.  Sidney. 

4.  The  state  of  an  untamed  animal ; ferity  ; 

— opposed  to  tameness.  Johnson. 

5.  Uncultivated  state,  as  of  a plant.  Dryden. 

6.  Deviation  or  departure  from  a settled 
course  or  an  established  rule  ; irregularity. 

A delirium  is  but  a short  wildness  of  the  imagination.  Watts. 

7.  Alienation  of  mind ; insanity.  Shak. 

WILD'— OAT,  n.  (Bot.)  1.  A species  of  oat,  re- 
markable for  the  length  of  time  the  grain  will 
lie  in  the  soil  and  retain  its  vegetative  powers  ; 
Arena  fatua.  Where  it  abounds  naturally,  it 
is  an  inveterate  weed.  Loudon. 

2.  pi.  A name  given  to  the  tall,  oat-like,  soft 
grass,  Arrenatlierum  avenaceum.  Farm.  Ency. 

3.  pi.  Youthful  pranks  and  follies.  [Collo- 
quial.] 

To  sour  one's  wild  oats,  to  pass  through  a season  of 
dissipation,  as  a young  man.  Halliwell. 

WILD'— OL-IVE,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the  genus 
Elaagnus.  Miller. 

WILD'— PLAN-TAIN,  n.  (Bot.)  The  common 
name  of  the  tropical  plants  Canna  Indica, 
Canna  patens,  and  Canna  coccinea,  the  large, 
tougli  leaves  of  which  are  used  as  envelopes  for 
articles  of  commerce.  Loudon. 

WfLD'-RICE,  n.  (Bot.)  A large  and  often  reed- 
like water-grass,  growing  along  the  swampy 
borders  of  streams  and  in  shallow  water,  in  the 
U.  S. ; Zizania  aquatica  ; — called  also  Indian- 
rice,  and  water-oats.  The  grain  is  gathered  for 
food  by  the  North-Western  Indians. 

At  the  time  of  our  visit,  wild-rice  was  growing  abundantly 
over  almost  the  whole  surface  of  Lake  lvoshkonong,  giving 
to  it  more  the  appearance  of  a meadow  than  a lake.  Lapharn. 

WILD'-ROCK-ET,  n.  A perennial  plant.  Crabb. 

WlLD'-RO§E'MA-RY,  n.  (Bot.)  An  evergreen 
shrub  ; Andromeda  polifolia.  Loudon. 

WILDS,  n.  (Agric.)  The  part  of  a plough  by 
which  it  is  drawn.  [Local.]  Wright. 

WILD'— SER- VICE,  n.  (Bot.)  A species  of  haw- 
thorn ; Cratcegus  torminalis.  Loudon. 

WILD'-TAN-ijY,  n.  (Bot.)  A species  of  cinque- 
foil ; Potentilla  anserina.  Loudon. 

WILE,  n.  [A.  S.  wile  ; Icel.  villa,  error.  — See 
Guile.]  A deceit ; a fraud  ; a trick  ; a strata- 
gem ; subtlety  ; cunning  ; a sly,  artful  practice. 
My  sentence  is  for  open  war;  of  wiles , 

More  un expert,  I boast  not;  them  let  those 
Contrive  who  need.  Milton. 

f WILE,  v.  a.  To  deceive  ; to  beguile.  Spenser. 

WIL'FUL,  a.  1.  fWilling;  done  or  suffered  by 
design  ; voluntary.  Foxe. 

2.  Exerting  the  will  capriciously  or  through 
motives  merely  in  itself;  stubborn;  obstinate; 
contumacious  ; perverse  ; self-willed.  Milton. 

WIL'FUL-LY,  ad.  1.  fWilling  by  design;  on 
purpose. 

Christ  shed  out  wilfully  for  man’s  life  the  blood  that  was 
in  his  veins.  Foxe. 

2.  Obstinately ; stubbornly.  Tillotson. 

WIL'FUL-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality  of 
being  wilful ; obstinacy ; stubbornness.  Shak. 

Wl'LI-LY,  ad.  By  stratagem  ; slyly  ; fraudulently. 

WI'LI-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state  of  being 
wily ; guile  ; cunning  ; craftiness.  Howell. 

WILK,  re.  See  Whelk.  Drayton. 

WILL,  n.  [Goth,  wilja  ; A.  S.  will  a ; Dut.  wil, 
wille  ; Ger.  willc ; Dan.  vil/ic  ; Sw.  vilje  ; Icel. 
vili.  — Gael,  aill ; Ir.  ail.  — Slav,  wolia,  wo/a. 

— Gr.  (iouh'i.  — “ The  L.  voluntas  is  nearly  re- 
lated to  this  word.”  Bosworth.] 

1.  The  power  or  faculty  of  the  mind  by  which 
we  desire  and  purpose,  or  determine  to  do  or  to 
forbear,  an  action  ; power  of  determination. 

Everv  man  is  conscious  of  a power  to  determine  in  things 
which  he  conceives  to  depend  upon  liis  determination,  lo 
tliis  power  we  give  the  name  of  will.  Iteui. 

2.  Act  of  willing;  volition;  determination. 

Is  it  her  nature,  or  is  it  her  will. 

To  be  so  cruel  to  an  humble  foe?  Spenser. 

3.  Discretion  ; pleasure,  [u.] 

Go,  then,  the  guilty  at  thy  will  chastise.  rape. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  ir,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short; 


A,  $,  (,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER; 


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* 


4.  Command;  direction;  behest. 

At  his  will  the  south  wind  blowcth.  Eccles.  xliii.  1(5. 

5.  Disposition  ; inclination ; desire. 

God  takes  men’s  hearty  desires  and  will,  instead  of  the 
deed,  where  they  have  not  power  to  fulfil  it;  but  he  never 
took  the  bare  deed  instead  or  the  will.  Baxter. 

6.  Power  ; government ; control. 

lie  had  his  will  of  his  maid  before  he  could  go;  he  had  the 
mastery  of  his  parents  ever  since  he  could  prattle;  and  why, 
now  he  is  grown  up,  must  he  be  restrained 'i  Locke. 

7.  ( Law .)  An  instrument  in  writing,  execut- 

ed in  form  of  law,  by  which  a person  makes  a 
disposition  of  his  property,  to  take  effect  after 
his  death  ; testament ; devise.  Burrill. 

The  first  will  of  a sovereign  of  England  on  record,  is  that 
of  Richard  II.  in  1309.  Pulleyn. 

Freedom  of  the  will.  See  FREE-WILL. — Good  will , 
favor ; kindness  : — right  intention.  — Ill-will , malice  ; 
malignity.  See  Ill-will. — Will  with  a wisp , Jack 
with  a lantern.  See  JACK. 

Syn. — A will , when  it  operate?  upon  personal  prop- 
erty, is  sometimes  called  a testament , and  when  upon 
real  estate,  a devise  ; hut  the  more  general  denomina- 
tion of  the  instrument,  embracing  equally  real  and 
personal  estate,  is  that  of  last  will  and  testament..  Of 
these  several  terms,  it  may  be  observed  that  “testa- 
ment” is  directly  derived  from  the  testamentum  of  the 
civil  law,  and  though  formerly  distinguished  from  a 
will,  as  importing  the  appointment  of  an  executor,  and 
as  particularly  applicable  to  personal  propeity,is  now 
generally  used  as  synonymous  witli  it,  or  rather  it 
may  be  said  to  be  comparatively  disused,  except  in 
connection  with  will.  A will  may  contain  several  de- 
vises.— See  Testament.  Burrill. 

WILL,  v.  a.  [Goth,  viljo  ; A.  S.  willan  ; Dut.  wil- 
len\  Ger.  wo  lien  ; Dan.  ville  ; Sw . vilja. — Gr. 
j3ou?.opai  ; L.  volo ; It.  volcre  ; Fr.  couloir. — 
Sansc.  var , to  choose.]  [/  will,  thou  will- 
est,  he  wills  or  willeth  : — i.  willed  ; pp. 
WILLING,  WILLED.] 

1.  To  determine  in  the  mind ; to  desire. 

This  discovers  to  us  the  expedient  of  a steadiness  and  con- 
sistency of  conduct,  and  renders  the  having  willed  a thing  a 
motive  with  us  to  will  it  still,  until  some  cogent  reason  shall 
occur  to  the  contrary.  Search. 

2.  To  be  inclined  or  resolved  to  have,  [r.] 
There,  there,  Hortensio;  will  you  any  wife?  Skak. 

3.  To  command;  to  direct;  to  enjoin. 

Man  was  willed  to  love  his  enemies.  Shak. 

Ilis  majesty  ivilled  that  they  should  attend.  Clarendon. 

4.  To  dispose  of  by  will  or  testament.  Smart. 

WILL,  v.  n.  To  dispose  of  effects  by  will.  Brande. 

WILL,  v.  auxiliary  and  defective,  [i.  would.  — 
Present  I will,  thou  wilt,  he  avill.]  It  is 
used  as  one  of  the  two  signs  of  the  future  tense, 
the  other  being  shall. — See  Shall. 

Will  in  the  first  person  promises  or  threatens  ; 
as,  “ I or  we  will  do  it  ” ; in  the  second  and  third  per- 
sons, for  the  most  part,  it  merely  foretells  ; as,  “ You, 
he,  or  they  will  do  it.” 

Master,  go  on,  and  I will  follow  thee.  Shak. 

Wilt  thou  be  lord  of  the  whole  world?  Shak. 

This  child  I to  myself  will  take.  Wordsworth . 

It  is  sometimes  used  as  equivalent  to  may  or 
may  be.  “ Be  that  as  it  will.”  Addison. 

iftr*  u It  [will]  is  one  of  the  signs  of  the  future 
tense,  of  which  ft  is  difficult  to  show  or  limit  the  sig-  i 
nification.  / will  come,  I am  determined  to  come,  im- 
porting choice.  — Thou  wilt  come , It  must  be  that  thou 
must  come,  importing  necessity  ; or,  It  shall  be  that 
thou  shalt  come,  importing  choice.  — fVilt  thou  come  ? 
Hast,  thou  determined  to  come?  importing  choice. — 
He  will  come , He  is  resolved  to  come  ; or,  It  must  bo 
that  he  must  come,  importing  either  choice  or  neces- 
sity.— It  will  come , It  must  be  that  it  must  come,  im- 
porting necessity.  — The  plural  follows  the  analogy 
of  the  singular.”  Dr.  Johnson.  — See  Shall. 


WIL'L^M-ITE,  n.  (Min.)  A brittle  mineral,  of 
a whitish  or  greenish-yellow  oolor  ; when  purest, 
transparent  to  opaque,  occurring  in  crystals,  and 
also  in  grains,  or  massive,  and  consisting  of 
silica  and  oxide  of  zinc.  Dana. 

WILL'^R,  n.  One  who  wills.  Barroiu. 


WIL'LIAM§-ITE  (wTl'yamz-Ite),  n.  (Min.)  A va- 
riety of  serpentine.  Dana. 

WILT/ING,  a.  [Dan.  * Sw.  villig.  — See  Will.] 

1.  Inclined  to  any  thing;  desirous;  not  dis- 
posed to  refuse  ; not  averse  ; prone. 

Can  any  man  trust  a better  support,  under  affliction,  than 
the  friendship  of  Omnipotence,  who  is  both  able  and  wilting, 
and  knows  how,  to  relieve  him?  Bcntle y. 

A man  is  willing  to  do  what  he  has  no  aversion  to  do,  or 
what  he  has  some  desire  to  do,  though  perhaps  he  has  not 
the  opportunity.  Dr.  Reid. 

2.  Ready  ; prompt  to  comply.  Shak.  \ 


3.  Chosen  ; received  voluntarily. 

In  willing  chains  and  sweet  captivity.  Milton. 

4.  Spontaneous  ; voluntary. 

No  spouts  of  blood  run  willing  from  a tree.  Drydcn. 

5.  Consenting  ; assenting  ; cheerful. 

How  can  hearts  not  free  serve  willing?  Milton. 

JSSr-See  Cheerful,  Heady,  Voluntary. 

WILL'ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  wills;  act  of 
exercising  the  will ; volition.  Dr.  Itcicl. 

WILL'ING— HEARTED,  a.  Well-disposed  ; well- 
inclined.  [it.]  Ex.  xxxv.  22. 

WILL'jNG-LV,  ad.  Without  reluctance;  with 
one’s  own  consent ; spontaneously  ; voluntarily. 

I might,  perhaps,  leave  something  so  written  to  aftertimes, 
as  they  should  not  willingly  let  it  die.  Milton. 

WILL'ING-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state  of 
being  willing;  consent;  ready  compliance. 

WIL'LOCK,  n.  ( Ornith .)  A sea-fowl.  Kingsley. 

WlL'LOW  (wll'la),  n.  [A.  S.  welig  ; Dut.  wilgc.] 
( Bot .)  The  common  name  of  trees  of  the  genus 
Salix,  of  which  there  are  many  species,  most  of 
which  are  limited  in  their  range  to  the  temper- 
ate regions  of  Europe  and  America.  Loudon. 

Tlicir  harps  upon  the  neighboring  willows  hung.  Prior. 

WlL'LOW,  a.  Made  of  willow;  as,  “A  willow 
basket.” 

Tell  him,  in  hope  he  ’ll  prove  a widower  shortly, 

1 wear  the  willow  garland  for  his  sake.  Shak. 

WlL'LOW,  n.  A machine  or  apparatus  for  clear- 
ing cotton  and  opening  its  fibres,  consisting  of 
a box  or  case  containing  a conical  wooden  beam 
studded  with  spikes,  and  passing  between  other 
spikes  fixed  in  the  case  or  cover  of  the  machine. 
— See  Willy.  Tomlinson. 

WIL'LOWED  (wll'lod),  a.  Abounding  with,  or 
containing,  willows.  “ Willowed meads.”  Collins. 
No  longer  steel-clad  warriors  ride 
Along  thy  wild  and  ivillowed  shore.  Sir  W.  Scott. 

WlL'LOW— GALL,  n.  An  excrescence  on  the 
leaves  of  willows,  made  by  an  insect.  Wright. 

WlL'LOW— HERB  (wll'lo-erb),  n.  {Bot.)  The 

common  name  of  plants  belonging  to  the  genus 
Epilobium.  Eng.  Cyc. 

WIL'LOW-lNG,  n.  The  act  or  process  of  clean- 
ing and  separating  the  fibres  of  wool  or  of  cot- 
ton, by  passing  them  through  a willow  or  a 
willy.  — See  W illy.  Tomlinson. 

WIL'LOW-ISH,  a.  Like  the  willow.  Walton. 

WlL'LOW—  LARK,  n.  (Ornith.)  The  sedge-war- 
bler or  sedge-bird ; Salicaria  phray  mites.  Booth. 

WlL'LOW— TUFT 'pD,  a.  Tufted  with  willows. 
“ The  willow-tufted  bank.”  Goldsmith. 

WlL'LOW— WEED,  n.  (Bot.)  A name  given  to  a 
species  of  Lysimachia, or  loose-strife. Ainsworth. 

WlL'LOW— WORT  (-wiirt),  n.  A plant.  Miller. 

WIL'LOW-Y,  a.  Abounding  with  willows.  Gray. 

wl LL'— WITH— A— WISP,  n.  Jack-with-a-lantern ; 
ir/nis-fatuus  ; — written  also  Will-o’-the-wisp. — 
See  Ignis-fatuus.  Gay. 

f WILL'-WOR'SHIP  (-wiir'-J,  n.  Voluntary  or 
supererogatory  adoration.  Col.  ii.  23. 

t WILL'— WOR'SHIP-PjgR  (-wiir'-),  n.  One  who 
practises  will-worship.  Bp.  Taylor. 

WIL'LY,  n.  A machine  for  cleaning  wool,  and 
separating  its  fibres,  consisting  of  a cylinder 
armed  with  spikes  projecting  from  it  in  a spiral 
direction  round  its  circumference,  and  enclosed 
in  a case.  Tomlinson. 

tfjp  “ The  word  willy  or  t frilly  is  a corruption  of 
the  willow  of  The  cotton  manufacture  ; and  this,  again, 
is  probably  a corruption  of  winnow,  the  action  of  the 
machine  being  to  separate  impurities  from  the  wool  ; 
but,  according  to  some  authorities,  the  first  willow- 
ing  machine  was  made  of  willow  wood,  whence  the 
name.”  Tomlinson. 

WIL'LY-ING— MA-QHlNE',ra.  A willy.’  Simmonds. 

f WIL'SOME,  a.  Wilful.  Prompt.  Parv. 

f WIL'SOME-NESS,  n.  Obstinacy.  Wickliffe. 

WILT,  v.  n.  [Dut.  § Gcr.  welkcn,  to  wither.  — See 
WELK.]  [*.  WILTED;  pp.  WILTING,  WILTED.] 


To  droop  ; to  begin  to  wither,  as  plants  or  flow- 
ers cut  or  plucked  off.  llolloway. 

Miss  Amy  pinned  a flower  to  her  breast;  and,  when  she 
died,  she  held  the  wilted  fragments  dose  in  her  hand.  Judd. 

jQgf*  A word  common  in  the  United  States,  and  pro- 
vincial in  England,  where  welk  and  welt  are  used  in 
the  same  sense.  — “To  wilt,  for  wither , spoken  of 
green  herbs  or  flowers,  is  a general  word.”  Ray. 

WILT,  v.  a.  To  cause  to  droop  or  wither.  Clarke. 

WILT,  v.  defective,  2d  person,  from  will. 

WIL'TON— CAIt'PJET,  n.  A kind  of  carpet,  being 
the  same  as  Brussels  carpeting,  with  the  excep- 
tion that  it  has  the  loops  cut,  thus  forming  a 
pile  or  velvet ; — so  called  because  made  at  II  il- 
ton,  England.  Tomlinson. 

WlL'U-ITE,  n.  (Min.)  A variety  of  lime  garnet, 
of  a greenish  color,  occurring  near  the  river 
Wilni  in  Siberia.  Dana. 

Wl'LY,  a.  Full  of  wiles  or  stratagem  ; fraudu- 
lent; insidious;  subtle;  artful;  cunning;  sly. 

I marked  her  wilt/  messenger  afar, 

And  saw  him  skulking  in  the  closest  walks.  Johnson. 

Syn.  — See  Cunning,  Subtle. 

f WIM'BLE,  a.  Active ; nimble.  Spenser. 

WliVI'BLE,  n.  An  instrument  for  boring  holes, 
turned  by  a handle.  — See  Gimlet.  Drydcn. 

f WIM'BLE,  v.  a.  To  bore  ; to  perforate.  Herbert. 

WIM'BRyL,  n.  (Ornith.)  A whimbrel.  Wright. 

WIM'PLE,  n.  [Dut.  § Ger.  wimpel,  a pennon,  a 
pendant ; Dan.  vimpel.  — W.  gwempl,  a wimple. 
— Old  Fr.  guimple ; Fr.  guimpe,  a neck-hand- 
kerchief.] 

1.  In  female  costume,  a covering  of  silk  or 

linen  for  the  neck,  chin,  and  sides  of  the  face, 
worn  as  an  out-door  covering.  Pairholt. 

/fi5“  “ It  was  bound  on  the  forehead  by  a fillet  of 
gold,  jewelled,  or  of  silk.  It  is  retained  in  the  con- 
ventual costume  of  tlie  present  day.”  Fairholt. 

The  veil  and  the  wimple  were  two  different  articles  in  the 
dress  of  a nun.  Warton. 

2.  A flag  or  streamer.  Weale. 

3.  A kind  of  plant.  Johnson. 

f WIM'PLE,  v.  a.  1.  To  draw  down,  as  a hood  or 
veil.  “ A veil  that  wimpled  was.”  Spenser. 

2.  To  move  in  a winding  way  ; to  meander. 

Where  wimplmg  waters  make  their  way.  Ramsay. 

WIN,  v.  a.  [Goth,  winna/n , to  bear,  to  endure; 
A.  S.  winnan,  to  struggle,  to  win ; Dut.  xvinnen  ; 
Ger.  (jwirtnen\  Frs.  winna  ; Dan.  vinde ; Sw. 
vinxia.]  [i.  won  ; pp.  winning,  won.] 

1.  To  gain  by  conquest,  or  in  competition. 

The  town  of  Gaza,  where  the  enemy  lay  encamped,  was 

not  so  strong  but  it  might  be  won.  Knolf.es. 

Impels  the  flying  car,  and  wins  the  course.  Drydcn. 

2.  To  obtain  ; to  gain ; to  procure  ; to  earn  ; 
to  acquire  ; to  get. 

The  wolf,  whose  suckling  twins 

The  unlettered  ploughboy  pities,  when  he  wins 

The  casual  treasure  from  the  furrowed  soil.  Wordsworth. 

Syn.  — See  Acquire,  Conciliate,  Get. 

WIN,  v.  n.  1.  To  gain  the  victory  ; to  succeed. 

Nor  is  it  aught  but  just. 

That  he  who  in  debate  of  truth  hath  won 

Should  win  in  arms.  Milton. 

2.  To  gain  ground,  favor,  or  influence;  — fol- 
lowed by  on  or  upon . 

The  rabble  will  in  time  win  upon  power.  Shak. 

WINCE,  v.n.  [W.  qivinqo.']  [i.  WINCED;  pp. 
WINCING,  WINCED.] 

1.  To  twist  or  turn  with  some  violence,  as 
from  pain  or  uneasiness  ; to  flinch  ; to  start. 

I will  sit  as  quiet  ns  a lamb; 

I will  not  stir,  nor  wince,  nor  speak  a word.  Shak. 

2.  f To  kick  as  a horse  impatient  of  a rider, 
or  of  pain.  “ My  horse  will  wince.”  B.  Jonson. 

Why  dost  thou  persecute  me  ? It  is  hard  for  thee  to  wince 
against  the  prick.  Acts  xxvi.  14,  Ldal's  Trans. 

WINCE,  n.  A wincing-ma chine.  Ure. 

WINCE'— PIT,  n.  A pit  or  trough  in  which  calico 
is  washed  in  process  of  manufacture.  Tomlinson. 

WINy'pR,  n.  One  who,  or  that  which,  winces. 

WIN'CEY,  n.  Linsey-woolsey.  Simmonds. 

WINCH,  n.  [A.  S.  wince.] 

1.  A bent  handle  or  rectangular  lever,  for 

turning  a wheel,  grindstone,  &c.  Brande. 

2.  A kick  given  in  impatience  or  fretfulness, 

as  by  a horse.  Skelton. 


MIEN,  SIR  ; MOVE,  NOR,  SON  ; BULL,  BUR,  ROLE. 


— 9>  Isi  soft ; jC,  G,  5,  g,  hard ; f;  as  z;  JC  as  gz. 


— THIS,  this. 


WINCH 


1672 


WINDING 


3.  ( Naut .)  A purchase  formed  by  a horizontal 
spindle  or  shaft  with  a wheel  or  crank  at  the 
end.  Dana. 

WINCH,  v.  n.  [(.  winched;  pp.  winching, 
winched.]  To  twist,  turn,  or  kick  with  impa- 
tience ; to  wince.  Shak. 

WiN'CIIgS-TIJR,  a.  Noting  a standard  English 
dry  measure,  originally  kept  at  Winchester  in 
England,  and  used  till  1826,  when  the  imperial 
bushel  was  introduced. 

U£g=-“The  Winchester  bushel  is  18i  inches  wide, 
and  8 inches  deep,  and  contains  2150.42  cubic  inches  ; 
while  the  imperial  standard  bushel  contains  2218.1907 
cubic  inches.”  Simmonds. 

WINDING— MACHINE',  il.  A name  given  to  the 
dyer’s  reel,  which  is  suspended  horizontally  by 
the  ends  of  its  iron  axis  in  bearings  over  the 
vat,  so  that  the  line  of  the  axis,  being  placed 
over  the  middle  partition  in  the  copper,  will 
permit  the’  piece  of  cloth,  which  is  wound  on 
the  reel,  to  descend  alternately  into  either  com- 
partment of  the  bath,  according  as  it  is  turned  to 
the  right  or  to  the  left ; — called  also  wince.  Ure. 

WlN'CO-PIPE,  n.  A small  red  flower,  which,  open- 
ing in  the  morning,  bodes  a fair  day.  Bacon. 

IigpThis  answers  to  the  description  of  the  pimper- 
nel, or  poor  man’s  weather-glass,  a little  trailing-plant 
(. AnagaUis  aruensis)  with  brick-red  dowers,  which 
generally  open  at  eight  in  the  morning,  and  close  in 
the  afternoon,  and  also  refuse  to  expand  in  rainy 
weather.  Eng.  Cyc. 

WIND  [wind  or  wind,  S.  IV.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  A.  Cob- 
bin-,  wind,  P.  Sm.  R.  C.  IV b.  Kenrick],  n. 
[Goth,  vinds;  A.  S.,  Dut.,  if  Ger.  wind-,  Dan. 
Sw.  vind  ; Icel.  vindr.  — W.  gwynt.  — Sansc. 
rayn , vata.  — L.  ventus ; It.  vento  ; Sp.  viento ; 
Fr.  vent.  — -From  Ger.  wehan,  to  blow;  part. 
wehand,  blowing,  contracted  wind.  Adelung.\ 

1.  Air  in  motion  ; a natural  movement  of  a 
portion  of  the  atmosphere  from  one  part  of  the 
surface  of  the  earth  to  another ; a natural  cur- 
rent of  air. 

To  pass  by  other  considerations  whereby  I might  demon- 
strate the  winds  to  be  the  infinite  Creator’s  work,  I shall  insist 
only  upon  their  great  usefulness  to  the  world.  And  so  great 
is  their  use,  and  of  such  absolute  necessity  are  they  to  the 
salubrity  of  the  atmosphere,  that  all  the  world  would  be  poi- 
soned without  those  agitations  thereof.  Durham, 

4®=*  The  primary  cause  of  winds  is  the  unequal  dis- 
tribution of  heat,  at  different  parts  of  the  earth’s  sur- 
face, or  in  different  regions  of  the  atmosphere  of  equal 
elevation,  which  occasions  variations  of  density  and 
consequently  of  weight  in  the  air.  The  colder  and 
heavier  air  displaces  the  warmer  and  lighter  air,  and 
is  itself  replaced  by  other  air.  The  motions  thus  ori- 
ginating are  variously  modified  by  the  earth’s  rota- 
tion, and  by  numerous  other  causes.  Hatton. 

2.  f Direction  of  the  wind  from  a particular 
point  of  the  compass. 

The  people  of  Bruges  and  Antwerp  perfected  that  excel- 
lent invention  [the  compass],  adding  twenty-four  other  sub- 
ordinate winds  or  points.  Heylin. 

3.  Breath ; power  or  act  of  respiration. 
“ Shortness  of  vrind  in  pursy  old  men.”  Temple. 

It  stopped  at  once  the  passage  of  his  wind.  Drjden. 

4.  Air  put  in  motion  by  some  artificial  means. 

As  in  an  organ,  from  one  blast  of  wind 

To  many  a row  of  pipes  the  soundboard  breathes.  Milton. 

"5.  Breath  modulated  by  an  instrument  or  by 
the  vocal  organs. 

Their  instruments  were  various  in  their  kind; 

Some  for  the  bow,  and  some  for  breathing  wind.  Dryden. 

6.  Air  impregnated  with  scent,  [r.] 

A pack  of  dog-fish  had  him  in  the  wind.  Swift. 

7.  Flatulence  ; air  in  the  alimentary  tube. 

It  turns 

"Wisdom  to  folly,  as  nourishment  to  wind.  Milton. 

8.  A sort  of  disease  in  sheep.  Clarke. 

4Sf“  “ These  two  modes  of  pronunciation  have 

been  long  contending  for  superiority,  till  at  last  the 
former  [wind]  seems  to  have  gained  a complete  vic- 
tory, except  in  the  territories  of  rhyme.  . . . Mr.  Sher- 
idan tells  us  that  Swift  used  to  jeer  those  who  pro- 
nounced wind  with  tiie  i short  by  saying,  ‘ I have  a 
great  mind  to  find  why  you  pronounce  it  wind?  A 
very  illiberal  critic  retorted  this  upon  Mr.  Sheridan 
by  saying,  ‘ If  I may  be  so  boold,  l should  be  glad  to 
be  toold  why  you  pronounce  it  goold . . . Mr.  Sheri- 
dan and  Mr.  Scott  give  the  same  preference  to  the 
first  sound  of  this  word  that  I have  done.  Dr.  Ken- 
rick and  Mr.  Barclay  give  only  the  short  sound.  Mr. 
Perry  joins  them  in  this  sound,  but  says  in  dramatic 
scenes  it  has  the  long  one.  Mr.  Nares  says  it  has  cer- 
tainly the  short  sound  in  common  usage,  but  that  all 
our  best  poets  rhyme  it  with  wind,  kind,  &c.”  Walker. 


In  common  conversation,  we  pronounce  the 
i in  wind  like  the  i in  bit ; in  rehearsing  or  declama- 
tion, however,  we  pronounce  it  like  the  i in  bite .” 
Dr.  Latham. 

Between  wind  and  water , (Naut.)  applied  to  that  part 
of  a ship’s  bottom  which  is  frequently  brought  above 
the  water  by  her  agitation  when  at  sea.  Mur.  Diet. — 
Four  winds,  winds  blowing  from  the  four  cardinal 
points  of  the  compass.  — Periodical  or  stated  winds, 
winds  that  constantly  return  at  certain  times  ; as  the 
shifting  trade  winds  which  blow  from  one  point  during 
certain  months  of  the  year,  and  from  the  contrary  point 
the  rest  of  the  year.  Hatton.  — To  carry  the  icind.  (Man.) 
to  toss  the  nose  as  high  as  the  ears,  as  a horse.  Wright. 
— Togo  down  the  wind,  to  decay  ; to  be  unsuccessful. 
“ He  went  down  the  wind  still.”  L* Estrange. — To  get 
wind,  to  become  known.  — To  take  or  have  the  wind,  to 
gain  or  have  the  advantage  or  upper  hand.  “Coun- 
sellors will  but  take  the  wind  of  him.”  Bacon. — The 
wind's  eye , (Naut.)  the  direct  point  from  which  the 
wind  blows.  Mar.  Diet. 

Syn. — Wind  is  air  in  motion,  gentle  or  violent  3 
and  it  assumes  various  forms  and  terms.  A gentle 
breeze’,  a brisk  gale ; an  impetuous  blast ; a sudden 
gust ; a tremendous  thunder-storm,  or  a storm  of  bail 
or  snow  ; a violent  tempest ; a furious  whirlwind  3 a 
destructive  hurricane  or  tornado. 

WIND,  V.  a.  [i.  WINDED  ; pp.  WINDING,  WINDED.] 

1.  t To  ventilate.  Prompt.  Parv. 

2.  To  perceive  or  follow  by  the  wind  or  scent ; 

to  scent ; to  nose.  Hudibras. 

3.  To  ride  or  drive,  as  a horse,  so  as  to  ren- 
der scant  of  wind  or  breath.  Smart. 

4.  To  rest,  as  a horse,  in  order  to  recover 

wind  or  breath.  Smart. 

5.  To  sound  by  blowing  or  inflation.  \In  this 
sense  pronounced  wind.  — See  Wind,  «.] 

What  time  the  gray  fly  winds  her  sultry  horn.  Milton. 

Wind  the  shrill  horn,  or  spread  the  waving  net.  Tope. 

Or  where  the  beetle  winds 

His  small  but  sullen  horn.  Collins. 

This  definition  is  that  given  by  Dr.  Johnson, 
upon  which  Mr.  Smart  remarks  as  follows ; “ So 
might  the  sense  be  interpreted  while  this  verb  fol- 
lowed the  old  pronunciation  of  the  substantive, — 
namely,  wind,  — but  the  present  notion  of  winding  a 
horn  is  that  which  Milton  lias  when  speaking  of ‘a 
winding  bout  of  linked  sweetness.’  ” — See  Wind,  v.  a. 

To  wind  a ship , (Naut.)  to  change  her  position  by 
bringing  the  stern  to  lie  in  the  situation  of  the  head, 
or  directly  opposite  to  its  former  situation.  Mar.  Diet. 

WIND,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  winclan  ; Dut.  § Ger.  winden  ; 
Dan.  vinde  ; Sw.  § Icel.  vinda.~\  [i.  wound  ; pp. 
WINDING,  WOUND.] 

1.  To  turn  round  ; to  cause  to  turn  or  re- 
volve, as  on  an  axis ; to  twist ; to  circumvolve. 

Nero  could  touch  and  time  the  harp  well:  but  iu  govern- 
ment sometimes  he  used  to  wind  the  pins  too  high,  and  some- 
times let  them  down  too  low.  Bacon. 

2.  To  turn,  as  one  flexible  substance  round 
some  other  body ; to  twine ; to  coil  ; to  wreathe. 

And  turn  the  adamantine  spindle  round. 

On  which  the  fate  of  gods  and  men  is  wound.  Milton. 

3.  To  guide  or  cause  to  move  in  a twining  or 
bending  line  or  course  ; to  turn  in  and  out. 

To  turn  and  wind  a fiery  Pegasus, 

And  witch  the  world  with  noble  horsemanship.  Shak. 

4.  To  introduce  slyly  or  by  insinuation. 

I,  under  fair  pretence  of  friendly  ends. 

Wind  me  into  the  easy-hearted  man.  Milton. 

5.  To  secure  by  shifts  or  expedients,  [r.] 

The  means  to  turn  and  wind  a trade.  Hudibras. 

6.  To  change  ; to  alter  ; to  vary,  [r.] 

Were  our  legislature  vested  in  the  prince,  he  might  turn 
and  wind  our  constitution  at  his  pleasure,  and  shape  our  gov- 
ernment to  his  fancy.  Addison. 

7.  To  enfold ; to  encircle  ; to  embrace. 

Sleep  thou,  and  I will  wind  thee  in  my  arms.  Shak. 

8.  To  sound,  so  that  the  notes  shall  be  pro- 
longed and  mutually  involved. — See  Wind,  v.  a. 

The  Marquis  of  Barlo  and  the  Marquis  of  Clerkenwell 
[appeared],  with  hunters  who  wound  their  horns.  Pennant. 

To  wind  off ; to  unwind.  — To  wind  out. , to  extricate. 

— To  wind  up,  to  bring  into  a ball  or  a small  compass: 

— to  put  into  a state  of  renovated  or  continued  mo- 
tion, as  a watch,  clock,  or  other  machine,  by  winding 
the  cord  or  spring  round  its  axis:  — to  raise  by  de- 
grees, as  a person’s  temper.  Atterbury.  To  straighten 
or  tighten,  as  the  string  of  a musical  instrument,  in 
order  to  tune  it.  Waller.  To  put  in  order  for  regular 
action.  “ The  charm ’s  wound  up .”  Shak.  To  close 
up,  as  one’s  affairs  : — to  silence  in  debate. 

WIND,  v.  11.  1.  To  be  convolved  or  twined ; to 

take  a spiral  course  ; to  coil. 

Some  ...  plants  creep  along  the  ground,  or  wind  about 
other  trees,  and  cannot  support  themselves.  Bacon. 

If  aught  obstruct  thy  course,  yet  stand  not  still, 

But  wind  about  till  thou  hast  topped  the  hill.  Dryden. 


2.  To  proceed  in  flexures,  or  in  a turning  or 
bending  line  or  course;  to  turn  in  and  out. 

Still  fix  thy  eyes  intent  upon  the  throng, 

And,  as  the  passes  open,  u'ind  along.  Gay. 

To  wind  oult  to  be  extricated.  Milton.  — To  wind  up , 
to  stop  business  ; to  close.  Bartlett. 

KSj-The  imperfect  or  preterite  tense  of  this  verb  is 
wound ; but  formerly  winded  was  sometimes  used. 

Davis  followed  the  trail  hereof,  which  winded  first  towards 
the  west,  and  then  towards  the  north.  Camden. 

He  took  the  path  that  winded  to  the  cave.  Pope. 

WIND'AtjrE,  n.  ( Mil .)  The  difference  between 
the  diameter  of  the  bore  of  a piece  of  ordnance 
and  that  of  the  ball  or  shell.  Mil.  Ency. 

WIND'BORE,  n.  (Mining.)  The  bottom  pipe  in 
a lift  of  pumps.  Ansted. 

WIND'— BOUND,  a.  Prevented  from  sailing  by 
contrary  winds.  Dryden. 

WIND'— BRO-KEN  (wlnd'bro-kn),  a.  Diseased  in 
the  wind  or  breath,  as  a horse,  the  inspiration 
being  performed  by  one  effort,  but  the  expira- 
tion by  two.  The  disease  is  caused  by  the  rup- 
ture or  running  together  of  some  of  the  air- 
cells.  Youatt. 

WIND'— CHANGING,  a.  Inconstant  as  the  wind  ; 
fickle,  [r.]  “ Wind-changing  W arwick.”  Shak. 

WIND'— DRIED,  a.  Dried  in  the  wind.  Wright. 

WIND'— DROP-SY,  n.  (Med.)  Any  white,  crepi- 
tant, shining,  elastic,  indolent  tumor,  caused  by 
the  introduction  of  air  into  the  areolar  texture  : 
— a swelling  of  the  abdomen,  caused  by  accu- 
mulation of  air  in  the  intestinal  tube  or  in  the 
peritoneum.  Dunglison. 

WIND'-EGG,  n.  An  egg  which  is  not  impreg- 
nated ; an  addle  egg.  Holland. 

WINB'ER,  n.  1.  One  who  winds.  Drayton. 

2.  A reel  or  other  instrument  vihich  is  used 

for  winding  on.  Swift. 

3.  A plant  that  twists  itself  round  others. 

“ Winders  and  creepers.”  Bacon. 

4.  A winding  step  in  a staircase.  Mason. 

WIND'ER,  v.  a.  To  winnow.  [Local.]  Wright. 

WlND'FALL,  n.  1.  Fruit  that  is  blown  down  from 
the  tree.  Evelyn. 

2.  A tree  that  has  been  prostrated  by  the  wind. 

There  be  two  books  that  seem  to  cross  the  authorities 
touching  the  interest  of  the  windfalls.  7 Henry  VI.  and  14  Ed- 
ward III.,  f.  44,  where,  upon  waste  brought  and  assigned  iu 
the  suceision  of  trees,  the  justification  is  that  they  were  over- 
thrown by  tiie  wind,  and  so  the  lessee  took  them  for  fuel,  aud 
■ allowed  a' good  plea.  Bacon. 

3.  Tiie  track  of  a whirlwind  in  a forest,  where 

the  trees  are  laid  prostrate.  Hammond. 

4.  Any  unexpected  event,  whether  productive 

of  loss  or  gain,  but  generally  an  unexpected 
advantage.  B.  Jonson. 

WfND'FALL-EN  (wlnd'fai-ln),  a.  Blown  down  by 
the  wind.  “ Windfallen  sticks.”  Drayton. 

WIND'-FLOiV-iJR,  n.  (Bot.)  The  anemone  ; — 
so  named  from  having  been  thought  to  open 
only  when  the  wind  was  blowing.  Johnson. 

WIND'— FUR-N  ACE,  il.  A furnace  in  which  air  is 
supplied  artificially.  Wright. 

WIND'-GApE,  n.  An  instrument  for  determining 
the  force  and  velocity  of  the  wind;  an  ane- 
mometer. Hutton. 


WIND'GALL,  n.  An  enlargement,  caused  by  in- 
flammation, near  the  fetlock,  occurring  chiefly 
on  the  hind  legs  ; — so  called  because  formerly 
supposed  to  contain  wind.  Youatt. 

WlND'-GUN,  n.  A gun  discharged  by  means  of 
the  compression  of  air  ; an  air-gun.  Cowper. 

WIND'— HATCH,  n.  (Mining.)  The  opening  where 
the  ore  is  taken  out  of  the  earth.  Wright. 


WIND'HOV-ER,  n.  A species  of  hawk ; the  cas- 
trel ; — so  called  from  hovering  in  the  air  in 
search  of  its  prey.  -A  ares. 

WlND'I-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality  of 
being  windy  : — flatulence.  Bacon. 


WlNDTNG,  n.  1.  The  act  of  turning ; flexure  ; 
meander.  “ The  windings  of  this  river. "Addison. 

2.  (Naut.)  A call  given  by  the  boatswain’s 
whistle.  Wright. 


WlND'ING,  a.  That  winds ; having 
flexuous ; circuitous. 


flexures ; 
Smart. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  £,  I,  O,  U,  t,  short; 


A,  5,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; 


HEIR,  HER; 


WINDING-ENGINE 


1673 


WING 


WIND'ING— ENGINE,  n.  An  engine  for  drawing 
up  buckets,  &c.,  from  a well  or  shaft.  Simmonds. 

WIND'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a winding  manner.  Byron. 

WIND'JNG— MA-^HINE',  n.  A machine  for  twist- 
ing or  warping.  Simmonds. 

WINDING— SHEET,  n.  A sheet  or  shroud  in 
which  to  wrap  the  dead.  Shak. 

The  snow  shall  be  their  iv  in  ding-sheet.  Campbell. 

WIND'ING— TACK'LE  (-tak'kl),  n.  A tackle  con- 
sisting of  one  fixed  triple  block,  and  one  double 
or  movable  triple  block.  Mar.  Diet. 

WIND'— IN'STRU-MENT,  n.  ( Mas .)  An  instrument 
sounded  or  operated  upon  by  wind.  Burney. 

WIND'LACE,  n.  A windlass.  Mir. for  Mag. 

WIND'LASS,  n.  [wind  and  lace,  a cord.] 

1.  A machine  for  raising  or  drawing  heavy 
burdens  towards  itself,  consisting  of  a rope  or 
chain  wound  about  a horizontal  cylinder,  acting 
on  the  principle  of  the  wheel  and  axle,  and  usu- 
ally worked  by  means  of  a winch,  or  of  a bar 
inserted  successively  in  holes  in  the  cylinder, 
the  weight  being  sustained  by  means  of  a ratch- 
et-wheel when  the  bar  is  removed. 

Library  of  Useful  Knowledge. 

2.  f Art  and  contrivance  ; subtlety.  Shak. 

+ WIND'LASS,  v.  n.  To  act  craftily,  indirectly, 
or  warily.  Hammond. 

WIN'DLE  (vvln'dl),  n.  [A  diminutive  of  to  wind.\ 
A spindle.  Ainsworth. 

WIND'LASS,  a.  Wanting  wind  ; out  of  breath. 

The  weary  hounds  at  last  retire. 

Windless  displeased,  from  the  f ruitless  chase,  Fairfax. 

WIn'DLE-STRAW,  n.  1.  A withered  flower-stalk 
of  grass.  Loudon. 

2.  A reed  ; a stalk  of  grass.  Brockett. 

WIND'MILL,  n.  A mill  which  receives  its  motion 
from  the  impulse  of  the  wind  acting  upon  vanes 
or  sails.  P.  Cgc. 

Windmills  [were]  first  invented  in  the  dry  country  of  Asia 
Minor.  Gibbon. 

f WIN'DORE,  n.  A window.  ITudibras. 

WIN'DOW  (win'do),  n.  [Skinner  thinks  it  origi- 
nally wind-door,  the  door  or  passage  for  the 
wind.  “ Ex  wind,  ventus,  et  dore,  ostium.” 
Minsheu. — Dan.  v indue.  — Sp.  ventana,  viento, 
the  wind.  — See  Winnow.] 

1.  An  aperture  in  the  wall  of  a building  for 
the  admission  of  light  and  air  to  the  interior, 
and  to  enable  those  within  to  look  out. 

Such  openings  are  surrounded  witli  frames, 
ami  closed  with  glazed  doors  or  movable  sashes.  The 
word  is  applied  sometimes  to  the  opening,  and  some- 
times to  the  transparent  material  placed  within  it. 
Storied  windows*,  richly  dight, 

Casting  a dim,  religious  light.  Milton. 

2.  A frame  of  lattice-work.  Simmonds. 

3.  Lines  crossing  each  other.  “ He  has  win- 

doics  on  his  bread  and  butter.”  King. 

>6®=  Formerly  spelt  windore. 

And  that  they  came  in  at  a windore.  ITudibras. 

WIN'DOW  (win'do),  v.  a.  1.  To  furnish  or  sup- 
ply with  a window  or  with  windows. 

Tire  whole  room  was  windowed  round.  Wofton. 

2.  To  place  at  a window.  “ Wouldst  thou  be 

windowed  in  great  Rome.”  [it.]  Shak. 

3.  To  break  into  openings.  “Your  looped 

and  windowed  raggedness.”  [it.]  Shak 

WIN'DOW— BLIND,  n.  1.  A blind  or  frame-work 
to  exclude  the  sun  from  a window.  Taylor. 

2.  A short  blind  or  screen  made  of  woven 

wire  or  perforated  zinc,  and  placed  at  the  bot- 
tom of  a window.  Simmonds. 

3.  A straight  curtain  attached  to  a roller,  by 
means  of  which  it  is  raised  or  lowered  .Simmonds. 

WIN'DOW— BOLE,  n.  That  part  of  a cottage  win- 
dow that  is  filled  by  a wooden  blind,  which  may 
be  occasionally  opened.  [Scot.]  Jamieson. 

WIN'DOW— CUR'TAJN,  n.  A curtain  to  obstruct 

the  light  of  a window.  Garrick. 

WIN'DQW-FAsT'EN-ING,  n.  A bolt  or  catch  to 
secure  the  sashes  of  a window.  Simmonds. 

WIN'DOW— FRAME,  n.  1.  The  frame  or  casing 
which  surrounds  a window.  Tomlinson. 


2.  The  frame  which  is  divided  into  partitions 
for  enclosing  the  panes  of  glass  in  a window ; a 
window-sash.  Simmonds. 

WIn’DOW-GLAsS,  n.  Glass  used  in  glazing 
windows  ; -panes  of  glass  collectively.  Loudon. 

WIN'DCHV-LESS,  a.  Having  no  window.  Shelley. 

WIN'DOW— SASH,  n.  The  frame  which  encloses 
the  panes  of  glass  in  a window.  Ilyde. 

WIN'DOW— SEAT,  n.  A seat  made  in  the  recess 
in  which  a window  is  placed.  Swift. 

WIN'DOW— SHADE,  n.  A rolling  or  projecting 
blind  for  a window.  Simmonds. 

WIN'DOW— SHUT'TER,  n.  A shutter  or  kind  of 
door  closing  on  the  inside  or  on  the  outside  of 
a window,  and  bolted  or  barred  to  prevent  en- 
trance. Loudon. 

WIN'DOW— TAX,  n.  A tax  on  windows.  A.  Smith. 

WIN'DOW-y,  a.  Having  little  crossings  like  those 
of  a window-sash.  Donne. 

WlND'PIPE,  or  WiND'PfPE  [wlnd'plp,  P.  E.  F. 
Ja.  Sm.  Wb.;  wlnd'plp  or  wlnd'plp,  IP'.  J.  \ 
wlnd'plp,  S.  K.],  n.  The  passage  by  which  the 
breath  passes  through  the  throat  to  the  lungs  ; 
the  trachea.  — See  Trachea.  Dunglison. 

WIND'— PLANT,  n.  ( Bot .)  A species  of  anemone 
found  in  some  parts  of  North  America;  Anem- 
one nemorusa.  Farm.  Ency. 

WIND'— PUMP,  n.  A pump  moved  by  wind;  — 
used  in  draining  land.  Loudon. 

WIND'— RODE,  n.  ( Naut .)  A term  applied  to  the 
situation  of  a vessel  at  anchor  when  she  swings 
and  rides  by  the  force  of  the  wind  instead  of  the 
tide  or  current.  Dana. 

WIND'ROijE,  n.  ( Physical  Grog.)  An  account 
of  the  mean  pressure  of  the  air  under  different 
winds.  Ansted. 

WIND  ROW,  n.  [wind  and  row.] 

1.  Grass  laid  in  rows  after  it  lias  been  strewed 
for  the  purpose  of  drying  it  by  the  wind.  Crabb. 

2.  A line  of  peat  or  turf  dug  up.  Farm.  Ency. 

3.  The  green  border  of  a field  which  has  been 

ploughed,  or  dug  up.  Farm.  Ency. 

WlND'ROW,  v.  a.  To  rake  or  put  into  the  form  of 
a windrow.  Forby. 

WIND'— SAIL,  ; pi.  wind-sails.  1.  One  of  the 

vanes,  generally  four  in  number,  which,  being 
turned  by  the  action  of  the  wind,  give  motion 
to  the  machinery  of  a mill.  F.  Cyc. 

2.  (Naut.)  A tube  or  funnel  of  canvas  em- 
ployed to  convey  a stream  of  air  down  into  the 
lower  part  of  a ship.  Mar.  Diet. 

WIND'-SEED,  n.  (Bot.)  A plant  of  the  genus 
Arctotis.  Wright. 

WlND'SHOCK,  n.  A crack  or  shiver  in  the  body 
of  a tree,  supposed  to  be  occasioned  by  high 
winds.  Evelyn. 

WINDSOR— CHAlR,  n.  A kind  of  strong,  plain, 
polished,  wooden  chair.  Simmonds L 

WIND'— S&CK-fR,  n.  The  windhover.  B.  Jonson. 

WIND'— SWIFT,  a.  Swift  as  the  wind.  Shak. 

WIND'— TIGHT  (wlnd'tlt),  a.  Proof  ngainstwind; 
impenetrable  by  the  wind.  “Cottages  . . . not 
high-built,  yet  wind-tight.”  Bp.  Hall. 

WIND'WARD,  ad.  Towards  the  wind.  Johnson. 

WIND'WARD,  a.  Lying  towards  the  wind. 

WIND'WARD,  n.  The  point  towards,  or  in  the 
direction  of,  the  wind. 

I observed  to  the  windward  of  me  a black  cloud.  Taller. 

WIND'WARD!},  ad.  Windward.  Hackluyt. 

WIND'WARD— TIDE,  n.  (Naut.)  The  tide  that 
sets  to  windward.  Crabb. 

WIND'Y,  a.  1.  Consisting  of  or  having  wind. 
“ Blown  with  the  windy  tempest.”  Shak. 

2.  Next  to  the  wind  ; windward.  “ It  keeps  on 

the  windy  side.”  Shak. 

3.  Tempestuous  ; exposed  to  the  wind  ; bois- 
terous. “ This  windy  sea.”  Milton. 

4.  Empty  ; airy.  “ Windy  applause.”  South. 

Exchanging  solid  quiet  to  obtnin 

The  windy  satisfaction  of  the  brain.  Dryden. 


5.  That  causes  wind  or  flatulence  ; flatulent. 

“ Windy  food.”  Dunglison. 

6.  That  is  caused  by  wind  or  flatulence.  “ A 

windy  colic.”  Arbuthnot. 

7.  Affected  with  flatulence;  troubled  with 

wind  in  the  bowels.  Dunglison. 

WINE,  n.  [Goth,  wain ; A.  S.  win  •,  Hut.  wijn  ; 
Ger.  wein  ; Dan.  vim,  vin  ; Sw.  tin ; Icel.  r in. 
— W.,  Bret.,  <Sf  Armor,  mein  ; Ir.  &;  Gael .firm. 

— Gr.  olvoi ; L.  vinum ; It.  Sr  Sp.  vino  ; Fr.  vin. 

— Slav.  wino.  — Ileb.  wine;  Per.  win, 
grapes,  wine.] 

1.  The  fermented  juice  of  the  grape  ; a spir- 
ituous liquid  resulting  from  the  fermentation  of 
grape-juiee,  and  containing  coloring  matter  and 
other  substances,  either  combined  or  intimately 
blended  with  the  spirit.  It  always  contains  a 
small  proportion  of  aldehyde.  Wood  Sr  Bache. 

Look  not  thou  upon  the  wine  when  it  is  red,  when  it  giv- 
eth  his  color  in  the  cup,  when  it  moveth  itself  aright.  At  the 
last  it  biteth  like  a serpent,  and  stingeth  like  an  adder. 

Prov.  xxiii.  31,32. 

Wine  heightens  indifference  into  love,  love  into  jealousy, 
and  jealousy  into  madness.  It  often  turns  the  good-natured 
man  into  an  idiot,  and  the  choleric  into  an  assassin.  It  gives 
bitterness  to  resentment,  it  makes  vanity  insupportable,  and 
displays  every  little  spot  of  the  soul  in  its  utmost  deformity. 

Addison. 

2.  The  fermented  juice  of  certain  fruits,  re- 
sembling in  many  respects  the  wine  obtained 
from  grapes,  but  distinguished  therefrom  by 
naming  the  source  whence  it  is  derived  ; as, 
ginger- wine,  gooseberry-Mu'ne,  currant-totwe,  &c. 

JOTS’  The  different  kinds  of  wine  owe  their  peculiari- 
ties of  flavor  partly  to  t lie  different  flavor  which  grapes 
possess  in  different  climates,  according  as  the  sac- 
charine, tile  aromatic,  tile  acidulous,  or  tile  astringent 
principle  of  the  fruit  predominates,  and  also  partly  to 
the  manner  in  which  the  liquid  is  prepared.  Miller. 

K"  Smtic  chemists  apply  the  term  wine  to  every 
saccharine  solution  the  sugar  of  which  lias  been 
wholly  or  partially  changed  into  alcohol.  Tomlinson. 

Spirit  of  wine,  alcohol.  — See  SPIRIT. 

WlNE'-BAG,  n.  A skin  vessel  used  for  holding  or 
carrying  wine.  Simmonds. 

WINE'— BIB-BER,  n.  One  who  drinks  wine  habit- 
ually, or  to  excess  ; a tipler.  Luke  vii.  34. 

WINE'— BIS-CUJT  (-bls-kjt),  n.  A sweet  biscuit 
intended  to  be  served  with  wine.  Simmonds. 

WINE'— CASK,  n.  A cask  for  wine.  Williams. 

WlNE'-CEL-LAR,  n.  A vault  or  cellar  for  keep- 
ing wine  in.  Simmonds. 

WINE'— COOL-IJR,  n.  A utensil,  holding  ice,  in 
which  wine-bottles  are  placed  for  cooling.  Sim. 

WINE'GLAss,  n.  A small  glass  vessel  used  in 
drinking  wine.  Ure. 

WINE'— GROW-ER,  n.  The  proprietor  of  a vine- 
yard ; one  who  cultivates  grapes  for  the  purpose 
of  making  wine  from  them.  Simmonds. 

WINE'LIJSS,  a.  Destitute  or  deprived  of  wine. 

You  will  be  able  to  pass  the  rest  of  your  wineless  life  in 
ease  and  plenty.  Swift. 

WINE'— MEASURE  (-mezil-ur),  n.  A measure  for 
wine  and  other  spirits.  Simmonds. 

WINE'— MER-CHANT,  n.  A merchant  who  deals 
in  wine.  Smollett. 

WINE'-PRESS,  n.  A machine  used  for  express- 
ing the  juice  of  grapes  in  the  manufacture  of 
wine.  Isa.  lxiii.  3. 

WINE'— STONE,  n.  A deposit  of  crude  tartar,  or 
argol,  on  the  sides  and  bottoms  of  wine  casks.  Ure. 

WINE'— TEST,  n.  A reagent  for  detecting  the 
presence  of  lead  in  wine.  Hoblyn. 

WINE'— VAULT,  n.  The  bar  of  a tavern  or  wine- 
store.  Simmonds. 

WINE'— WHEY  (-hwa),  n.  A mixture  of  milk, 
water,  and  wine.  Dunglison. 

WING,  n.  [A.  S.  gehwing,  a pinnacle,  a corner; 
Dan.  <Sf  Sw.  vinye,  a wing.  — See  Wink.] 

1.  One  of  the  limbs  of  a bird  by  which  it  flies, 
or  which,  in  a few  cases,  as  that  of  the  ostrich, 
assist  in  running  only. 

How  often  would  I have  gathered  thy  children  together, 
even  as  a hen  gathcreth  her  chickens  under  her  wings,  and 
ye  would  not!  Matt,  xxiii.  37. 

In  ancient  mythology,  gods  and  demons  were 
represented  as  having  wings.  In  the  Bible,  they  are 
attributed  to  angels  ; and,  in  Christian  art,  to  devils 
also.  Fairholt. 

2.  (Ent.)  A dry,  transparent,  and  membra- 


MiEN,  SIR  ; MOVE,  NOR,  SON  ; 
210 


BULL,  BUR,  RtJLE.  — 9,  (y,  9,  g,  soft;  €,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z ; 


£ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


WING 


1G74 


WINTER-SOLSTICE 


nous,  or  an  opaque  and  coriaceous,  organ,  by  | 
which  some  insects  are  enabled  to  fly. 

I' ■ The  normal  number  of  wings  in  insects  is  four, 
but  iu  some  kinds  one  pair  is  rudimentary.  In  the 
beetles  and  some  other  orders,  the  anterior  pair  is 
iiard  and  horny,  forming  elytra,  or  cases  for  the  pro- 
tection of  the  posterior  Hung's  which  are  folded  togeth- 
er beneath  them.  Sometimes  the  anterior  wings  are 
horny  or  leathery  at  the  base,  and  membranous  to- 
wards the  summit.  At  others,  all  the  wings  arc  thin, 
transparent,  and  membranous,  as  in  the  bees  and  the 
dragon-flies.  In  the  butterflies  and  the  moths,  they 
are  covered  with  beautiful  feathers  or  scales.  Jllicru- 
graphic  Diet. 

3.  A fan  used  to  winnow  with.  Tiisser. 

4.  Passage  by  the  wing  ; flight,  [it.] 

Thy  affections  hold  a wing 

Quite  from  the  flight  of  all  thy  ancestors.  Shak. 

5.  The  motive ,or  incitement  of  flight,  [it.] 
Delay  leads  impotent  and  snail-paced  beggury: 

Then  fiery  expedition  be  my  wing.  S/ink. 

6.  ( Bot .)  Any  membranous  expansion  of  a 

plant : — pi.  the  two  lateral  petals  of  a papiliona- 
ceous flower.  Gray. 

7.  (Mil.)  One  of  the  extreme  divisions  of  an 

army  ; a flank.  Mil.  Eacy. 

8.  (Mailt.)  One  of  the  sides  or  extreme  divis- 

ions of  a fleet  when  it  is  ranged  into  a line 
abreast,  or  forming  two  sides  of  an  angle  : — 
that  part  of  the  hold,  or  between-decks,  which  is 
next  to  the  side.  Mar.  Diet.  Dana. 

9.  (Fort.)  One  of  the  longer  sides  of  horn- 

works,  crown-works,  &c.  Wright. 

10.  (Hort.)  A side-shoot.  Wright. 

11.  (Arch.)  A smaller  part  or  building  at- 
tached to  one  side  of  the  main  edifice.  Braude. 

12.  Any  side  piece.  “ The  colter  long  and  very 
little  bending,  with  a very  large  wing.” Mortimer. 

13.  Protection  ; — generally  in  the  plural. 

TJnder  the  shadow  of  thy  wings  will  I rejoice.  Ps.  lxiii.  7. 

On  the  wing,  flying,  as  a bird. — Upon  the  wings  of 

the  wind,  with  the  velocity  or  swiftness  of  the  wind. 

“ He  did  fly  upon  the  wings  of  the  wind.”  Ps.  xviii. 
10.  — tVing-and-wing,  ( JVaut .)  the  situation  of  a fore- 
and-aft  vessel,  when  she  is  going  dead  before  the 
wind,  with  her  foresail  handled  over  on  one  side  and 
her  mainsail  on  the  other.  Dana. 

WING,  v.  a.  [i.  winged  ; pp.  winging,  winged.] 

1.  To  furnish  with  wings  ; to  enable  to  fly  ; to 
cause  to  move  as  iu  flight,  [it.] 

If.  by  our  dreadful  compact,  he  must  fall, 

I will  not  smite  him  with  my  coward  thought, 
il'iuying  a distant  arm;  I will  confront  him.  Taifourd. 

2.  To  supply  with  wings,  as  an  army  or  a house. 

In  the  main  battle,  which  on  either  side 

Shall  be  well  winged  with  our  chiefest  horse.  Shak. 

3.  To  transport  or  betake  by  flight. 

[Ij  will  wing  me  to  some  withered  bough.  Shak. 

4.  To  wound  in* the  wing  ; to  shoot  while  fly- 
ing, as  a bird;  — a sportsman’s  term: — to  cut 
off  the  wings,  in  carving,  as  a fowl.  Crabb. 

To  wing  a flight  or  way,  to  exert  the  power  of  fly- 
ing ; to  fly.  Prior. 

WING'— CASE,  n.  (Ent.)A.  horny  or  coriaceous  wing 
which  serves  as  a case  or  cover  for  another  wing, 
in  the  coleopterous  and  many  of  the  orthopter- 
ous insects  ; a wing-shell ; an  elytron.  Booth. 

WING'JpD  (wing'edor  wlngd),  a.  1.  Having  wings. 
“ Thy  winged  messengers.”  Milton. 

2.  Swift ; rapid.  “ Winged  haste.”  Shak. 

3.  Fanned  with  wings  ; swarming  with  birds. 

The  triuf/ef/ air  (lark  with  plumes.  Milton. 

4.  (Bot.)  Furnished  with  a wing,  as  the  fruit 

of  the  ash  and  the  elm  ; alate.  Gray. 

WING'JJD— PEA  (wlng'ed-pe),  n.  A papiliona- 
ceous plant.  Miller. 

WING'— POOT-^D  (wing'fut-ed),  a.  Swift ; nimble  ; 
fleet.  “ Wing-footed  Time.”  Drayton. 

WING 'LESS,  a.  Not  having  wings.  Junius. 

WING'LfT,  n.  A very  small  wing.  Booth. 

WING'— SHELL,  n.  (Ent.)  A sheath  for  the  wings 
of  insects  ; a wing-case  ; an  elytron.  Grew. 

WING'— STROKE,  n.  A stroke  with  a wing.  Kirby. 

WING'— SWIFT,  a.  Swift  on  the  wing.  Kirby. 

WING'— TRAN-SOM,  n.  (Naut.)  The  uppermost 

transom  of  the  stern-frame.  Weale. 

WING' Y (wlng'e),  a.  1.  Having  wings,  or  resem- 
bling wings.  “ Wingy  speed.”  Addison. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6 


2.  Vain;  empty;  idle;  futile;  nugatory. 
“ Wingy  mysteries  in  divinity.”  [it.]  Browne. 

WINK  (wlngk,  82),  v.  n.  [A.  S.  wincian ; Dut. 
wenken,  winken  ; Ger.  winken  ; Dan.  vinke, 
vinka. — “ It  is  probable  that  icing  and  wink  may 
be  the  same  word  differently  applied.”  Rich- 
ardson.'] [f.  WINKED  ; pp.  WINKING,  WINKED.] 

1.  fTo  shut  the  eyes. 

Let’s  see  thine  eyes;  wink  now,  now  open  them.  Shak. 

2.  To  open  and  shut  the  eyes  alternately  and 

rapidly  ; to  blink  ; to  nictate.  Tillotson. 

3.  To  hint  or  direct  by  the  motion  of  the 
eyelids  ; to  give  an  intimation  by  winking. 

Wink  at  the  footman  to  leave  him  without  a plate.  Swift. 

4.  To  pretend  not  to  see  ; to  let  pass  without 
notice  ; to  connive ; — used  with  at. 

Cato  is  stern  and  awful  as  a god; 

He  knows  not  how  to  wink  at  human  frailty, 

Or  pardon  weakness  that  he  never  lelt.  Addison. 

5.  To  be  dim.  “ A winking  light.”  Dryden. 

WINK  (wlngk),  n.  1.  The  act  of  winking  or  clos- 
ing the  eyelids  rapidly  ; a motion  of  the  eye. 

All  that  night  none  of  us  slept  a wink.  Ilackluyt. 

2.  A hint  given  by  motion  of  the  eyelid. 

If  some  alluring  girl,  iu  passing  by, 

Shall  tip  the  wink.  Dryden. 

WINK'JSR  (wlngk'er),  n.  1.  One  who  winks. 

2.  A blinder  for  a horse.  Smart. 

WINK'JNG,  n.  A rapid  and  repeated  movement 
of  the  eyelids,  in  which  they  open  and  shut  al- 
ternately ; nictation.  Dunglison. 

WINK'ING-LY,  ad.  With  the  eyes  almost  closed. 

WIN'KLE— HAWK,  n.  [Dut.  winkel-haak.]  An  an- 
gular rent  made  in  cloth.  [Local,  U.S.]  Bartlett. 

WlN'Npll,  n.  One  who  wins.  Spenser. 

WIN'NING,  a.  That  wins;  attractive  ; charming. 

Less  winning  soft,  less  amiably  mild, 

Than  that  smooth  watery  image.  Milton. 

WIN'NING,  n.  Act  of  gaining,  or  the  sum  won. 

Only  a friendly  trial  of  skill,  and  the  winnings  to  be  laid 
out  in  an  entertainment.  Congreve. 

WIN'NING-LY,  ad.  In  a winning  or  engaging 
manner ; charmingly.  Clarke. 

WlN'NING-POST,  n.  A post  at  the  end  of  a race- 
course ; a goal,  [r.]  Clarke. 

WlN'NOW  (wln'no),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  windwian,  to 

wind;  Dut.  4 Ger.  wannen,  to  fan.  — In  the 
Wickliffe  Bible  the  word  is  written  ivindow.)  [i. 
WINNOWED  ; pp.  WINNOWING,  WINNOWED.] 

1.  To  separate  by  means  of  the  wind ; to  drive 
the  chaff  from  ; to  fan. 

In  the  sun  your  golden  grain  display. 

And  thrash  it  out  and  winnow  it  by  day.  Dnjdcn. 

2.  To  beat  with  wings,  or  as  with  wings. 

Now  on  the  polar  winds,  then  with  quick  fan 

Winnows  the  buxom  air.  Milton. 

3.  fTo  sift;  to  distinguish  by  examination. 

F.mp.  All  may  be  foes;  or  how  to  be  distinguished, 

If  some  be  friends? 

Pend.  They  may  with  ease  be  winnowed.  Dryden. 

4.  To  separate;  to  part;  to  divide. 

Bitter  torture  shall 

Winnow  the  truth  from  falsehood.  Shak. 

WlN'NOW,  v.  n.  To  separate  grain  from  chaff. 

Winnow  not  witli  every  wind.  Ecclus.  v.  9. 

WlN'NOVV-BR  (win'no-er),  n.  One  who  winnows. 

WlN'NOW-ING,  n.  1.  Act  of  one  who  winnows. 

2.  (Mining.)  The  wheel  and  axle  used  to 
draw  water,  &c.,  in  a kibble  by  means  of  a rope  ; 
— called  also  winch.  Watson. 

WlN'SOME  (wJn'sum),  a.  Merry  ; cheerful ; light- 
some. [North  of  Eng.]  Todd. 

WlN'TJgR,  n.  [Goth,  wintrus  ; A.  S.,  Dut.,  4 Ger. 
winter-,  Dan.  4 Sw.  vinter ; Icel.  vetr.  — Skin- 
ner and  others  think  it  is  so  called  because  it 
is  the  windy  season  of  the  year.  Wachter  sug- 
gests the  Icel.  vanta,  to  decrease,  to  decay  (A.  S. 
wanian,  to  wane),  the  season  when  all  nature 
decays.  “ It  maybe,  when  the  length  of  the  day 
is  waned  or  decreased.”  Richardson.] 

1.  The  cold  season  of  the  year,  beginning,  as- 
tronomically, in  the  northern  hemisphere,  with 
the  winter  solstice  or  shortest  day,  December  21, 
and  ending  with  the  vernal  equinox,  March  21, 
but  popularly  comprising,  in  the  United  States, 
December,  January,  and  February. 


U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  !>  Q,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE, 


See.  winter  comes  to  rule  the  varied  year, 

Sullen  ami  sad,  with  all  its  rising  train  — 

Vapors,  and  clouds,  and  storms.  Thomson, 

But  winter , lingering,  chills  the  lap  of  May.  Goldsmith. 

2.  A year.  “ Adain,  forsooth,  lived  a hundred 

and  thirty  winters.”  Wickliffe. 

3.  (Printing .)  A cross-bar  for  supporting  the 

carriage  of  a printing-press.  Tomlinson. 

WIN'TER,  V.  n.  [i.  WINTERED  ; pp.  WINTERING, 
wintered.]  To  pass  the  winter  ; to  hibernate. 

They  often  wintered  in  England.  Swift. 

WIN'TER,  v.  a.  To  feed  or  keep  through  the  win- 
ter, as  cattle.  Temple. 

WIN'TJJR,  a.  Belonging  to,  or  resembling,  win- 
ter often  used  in  composition.  “ Winter 
talk.”  Bacon.  “ A winter  face.”  Pope. 

WIN'TER— Ap'PLE,  n.  An  apple  which  keeps, 
and  is  good  for  use  in  winter.  Loudon. 

WlN'T^R— BAR'L^Y,  n.  Barley  sowed  in  the 
autumn.  Wright. 

WlN'TgR-BEAT'EN  (-be’tn),  ft.  Injured  by  the 
cold  and  storms  of  winter.  Spenser. 

WIN'TER— BER'RY,  n.  (Bot.)  The  common  name 
of  a low  shrub  of  the  genus  Prinos.  Loudon. 

WIN'TER— BLOOM,  ii.  (Bot.)  The  witch-hazel ; 
llamamelis  Virginiana.  Dunglison. 

WIN'TER— CHER'RY,  ii.  (Bot.)  The  common 
name  of  plants  of  the  genus  Physalis,  some 
species  of  which  bear  edible  berries.  Loudon. 

WIN'TER— CIT'RON,  ii.  A sort  of  pear.  Johnson. 

WIN'TJER— CRESS,  ii.  (Bot.)  The  common  name 
of  evergreen,  herbaceous  plants,  of  the  genus 
Barbarea.  Loudon. 

WIN'TER— CROP,  n.  (Agric.)  A crop  which  will 
bear  the  winter,  or  which  may  be  converted  into 
fodder  during  the  winter.  Wright. 

WIN'TJJR— FAL'LOW.n.  (Agric.)  Ground  that  is 
fallowed  in  winter.  Wright. 

WlN'TER-GAR'DEN,  ii.  An  ornamental  garden 
for  winter.  Wright. 

WIN'TER— GREEN,  ii.  (Bot.)  The  common  name 
of  several  species  of  plants  of  the  Heath  family. 

Aromatic  winter-green,  or  Creeping  winter-green,  a 
species  of  Gaulthcria,  the  bright  red  berries  and  foliage 
of  which  h£Ve  the  well-known  spicy,  aromatic  flavor 
of  the  sweet  birch; — called  also  winter-green , tea- 
berry,  checherberry , partridge-berry,  and  barberry. 

— False  winter-green,  a name  of  plants  of  the  genus 

Pyrola.  Tiiese  are  generally  called  winter-green  in 
England.  — Spotted  winter-green,  a name  of  the  low, 
herbaceous  plant,  Chimapliila  maculate.  Gray. 

WLN'TER-GROUND,  v.  a.  1.  To  protect,  as  a 
plant,  from  the  inclemency  of  the  winter  season, 
by  straw,  manure,  &c.,  laid  over  it.  Steevens. 

2.  To  cover  in  the  winter. 

Yea,  and  furred  moss  besides,  when  flowers  are  none. 

To  winter-ground  thy  corse.  Shak. 

WIN'TER— GULL,  n.  (Ornith.)  A name  for  the 
common  gull,  or  Laras  canvs ; — called  also 
coddy-moddy , and  winter-mew.  Yarrell. 

WlN'TER-ING,  n.  Act  of  passing  the  winter,  or 
going  into  winter  quarters.  Hackluyt. 

WIN'TER— KILL,  v.  a.  [i.  winter-killed  ; pp. 
WINTER-KILLING,  WINTER-KILLED.]  To  kill 
by  the  effect  of  weather,  or  the  cold  of  winter. 
[A  word  in  common  use  in  the  U.  S.]  Lathrop. 

WIN'TER-LY,  a.  Suitable  to  winter ; wintry.  Shak. 

WIN'TER— MEW,  n.  (Ornith.)  The  winter-gull. 

— See  Winter-gull.  Montague. 

WIN'T?R-PeAr,  n.  A pear  that  is  not  fit  for 
use  until  the  winter.  Clarke. 

WIN'TER— PROUD,  a.  Too  green  and  luxuriant 
in  winter  ; — applied  to  wheat.  Farm.  Lucy. 

When  cither  corn  is  winter-promt,  or  other  plants  put  forth 
and  bud  too  early,  by  reason  of  the  warm  and  mild  air.  if 
there  follow  any  cold  weather  upon  it,  all  is  nipped,  blasted, 
and  burnt  away.  * Holland. 

WlN'TER~auAR'TlJR§:,  n.  pi.  Quarters  or  a 
station  for  an  army  in  the  winter.  Qu.  Rev. 

WIN'TpR-RIG,  v.  a.  (Agric.)  To  fallow  or  till 
in  winter.  [Local,  Eng.]  Scott. 

WIN’TER— SOL'STJCE,  n.  The  time  of  the  sun’s 


FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


WINTER-WEED 


1675 


WISH 


entering  the  sign  Capricorn,  on  the  21st  of  De- 
cember. Lardncr. 

WIN'T^R— WEED,  n.  ( Bot .)  The  ivy-leaved 
speedwell ; Veronica  hedcrifolia.  Farm.  Ency. 

WIN'TRY,  a.  Pertaining,  or  suitable,  to  winter  ; 
brumal ; hyemal.  “ The  wintry  sky.”  llowe. 

lie  saw  the  Trojan  fleet  dispersed,  distressed 

By  stormy  winds,  and  wintry  heaven  oppressed.  Dryden. 

Wl'NY,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  having  any  of  the 
qualities  of,  wine  ; resembling  wine. 

They  are  of  a very  pleasant  winy  taste.  Dumpier.  , 

WINZE,  n.  {Mining.)  A small  shaft  sunk  from 
one  level  to  another  for  the  purpose  of  ventila- 
tion. Wright. 

WIPE,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  wipian.)  [ i . wiped  ; pp.  wip- 
ing, WIPED.] 

1.  To  rub;  or  to  cleanse  by  rubbing. 

Then  with  her  vest  the  wound  she  wipes  and  dries.  Denham. 

2.  To  remove  by  rubbing  or  tersion  ; — some- 
times followed  by  off  or  away. 

Some  natural  tears  they  dropped,  hut  wiped  them  soon.  Milton. 

Let  me  wipe  op'  this  honorable  dew.  Slink. 

Though  we  wipe  away  with  never  so  much  care  the  dirt 
thrown  at  us.  Decay  of  Christian  Piety. 

3.  f To  cheat ; to  defraud ; — with  out.  Spenser. 

t To  wipe  one's  nose,  to  cheat  a person.  Beau. 

FI.  — To  wipe  out,  to  elface  ; to  obliterate.  Shalt. 

WIRE,  n.  1.  An  act  of  wiping.  Johnson. 

2.  A blow  ; a stroke  ; a hit ; a rub.  Martin. 

3.  A taunt ; a jeer  ; a jibe  ; a sarcasm.  Swift. 

WIPE,  n.  [Dan.  vibe  ; Sw.  vipa.\  ( Ornith .)  A 
name  given  to  the  pewit,  or  lapwing  ; Vanellus 
cristatus.  Eng.  Cyc.  Ainsworth. 

WfP'pR,  n.  1.  One  who,  or  that  which,  wipes. 

2.  In  some  kinds  of  machinery,  a piece  pro- 
jecting generally  from  a horizontal  axle,  for  the 
purpose  of  raising  a stamper,  pounder,  or  heavy 
piston,  in  a vertical  direction,  leaving  it  to  fall 
by  its  own  weight.  Gregory. 

WIP-'ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  wipes.  Udal. 

WfRE,  n.  [Sw.  vir  ; Ieel.  wijr.\  A sort  of  metal- 
lic thread;  metal  drawn  out  into  a thread  or 
filament.  “ Harps  of  golden  wires."  Milton. 

GP3=“lVirc  is  mostly  cylindrical  in  form,  but  draw- 
plates  are  also  made  oval,  lialf-round,  square,  trian- 
gular, and  of  complex  sections,  for  the  production  of 
corresponding  wires.”  Tomlinson. 

WIRE,  v.  n.  To  flow  in  currents  as  thin  as  wire. [it.] 

Small  streams  through  all  the  isles  wiring.  Fletcher. 

WIRE,  v.  a.  1.  To  fix  or  put  on  a wire.  S.  Smith. 

2.  To  bind  or  fasten  with  wires.  Wright. 

3.  To  snare  by  means  of  wires.  Clarke. 

WIRE'— BRIDGE,  n.  A bridge  suspended  by 
means  of  wires  compacted  in  the  form  of  ropes. 

WIRE'— CAR-TRID§rE,  n.  A patented  cartridge 
strengthened  by  wire  ligaments.  Simmonds. 

WIRE'— CLOTH,  n.  A twisted  or  woven  substance 
made  of  wire  ; wire-gauze.  Simmonds. 

WIRE'DRAW,  V.  a.  [i.  WIREDREW  ; pp.  WIRE- 
DRAWING, WIREDRAWN.] 

1.  To  extend  or  lengthen,  as  metal,  into  wire, 

by  drawing  it  through  holes  successively  dimin- 
ishing in  size,  in  a steel  plate,  or  a diamond  or 
other  hard  stone.  Johnson. 

2.  To  draw  out  into  length ; to  attenuate. 

I have  been  wrongfully  accused,  and  my  sense  wiredrmcn 
into  blasphemy.  Dryden. 

WIRE'— DRAW-ER,  it.  A person  who  extends  the 
ductile  metals  into  wire,  by  drawing  bars  of 
metal  through  holes  in  a draw-plate,  each  hole 
being  smaller  than  the  preceding.  Simmonds. 

WIRE'— DRA  W-ING,  n.  The  art  or  the  act  of  ex- 
tending ductile  metals  into  wire.  Braude. 

WIRE'— ED^E,  n.  A delicate  roll  or  strip  of  metal 
resembling  a wire,  which  adheres  to  the  edge 
of  a tool  in  sharpening  it,  and  which  must  be 
removed  before  the  instrument  can  be  in  proper 
order  to  cut.  Bartlett. 

WIRE'— gAtJZE,  n.  A texture  of  fine  wire;  — 
used  for  window-blinds,  for  sieves,  for  covering 
safety-lamps,  and  for  other  purposes.  Davy. 

WIRE'GRAsS,  n.  (Bot.)  A common  name  of 
Eleusine  Indica : — also  of  Poa  compressa.  Gray . I 


WIRE'— GRATE,  n.  A grate  used  in  liot-houses 
to  exclude  insects,  &c.  Loudon. 

WIRE'— GRUB,  n.  A mischievous  worm.  Loudon. 

WIRE'— GUARD,  n.  A protection  made  of  wire 
for  the  front  of  a wire-grate.  Simmonds. 

WIRE'— HEEL,  n.  A name  given  to  a disease  in 
the  feet  of  cattle.  Smart. 

WIRE'— IR-ON  (wlr'l-urn),  n.  Black  rod-iron  for 
drawing  into  wire.  Simmonds. 

WIRE'— Mf-CROM'E-TER,  n.  (Astron.)  An  in- 
strument used  in  connection  with  the  telescope 
in  delicate  observations.  llind. 

WIRE'— PULL-ER,  n.  One  who  by  his  secret  plots 
and  intrigues  controls  the  movements  of  the 
puppets  on  the  political  stage.  [U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

WIRE'— PULL-ING,  n.  Political  management  or 
scheming.  [Low,  U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

WIRE'— ROPE,  n.  Iron  wire  twisted  into  ropes 
for  cordage,  &c.  Simmonds. 

WIRE'— SIEVE,  ii.  A bolter  or  strainer  with  a 
wire  bottom.  Simmonds. 

WIRE'— WORK-^R  (-wuik-),  n.  A manufacturer 
of  articles  from  wire.  Simmonds. 

WIRE'— WORM  (-wiirm),  n.  (. Zoi'.l .)  1.  A namo 
given  to  the  larvae  of  elaters,  or  spring-beetles. 
They  are  very  injurious  to  the  roots  of  wheat, 
rye,  oats,  and  grass,  and  are  so  called  from  their 
slenderness  and  uncommon  hardness.  Harris. 

2.  A myriapod  of  the  genus  Ildus,  injurious 
to  vegetation ; — termed  the  American  wire- 
worm.  Harris. 

WIR'I-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  wiry.  Clarke. 

VYlR'Y,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to,  made  of,  or  resem- 
bling, wire.  “ The  wiry  cage.”  Gay. 

2.  Drawn  out  into  wire  ; wire-drawn.  “ Her 

yellow  locks,  like  wiry  gold.”  Spenser. 

3.  Hardy;  tough;  sinewy.  [Modern.] 

Trottle  takes  leave  to  describe  her  as  an  offensively  cheer- 
ful old  woman,  awfully  lean  and  wiry,  and  sharp  all  over  at 
eyes,  nose,  and  mouth.  Dickens. 

f WIS,  v.  a.  & n.  [Ger.  wissen.  — See  Wit.]  [i. 
& p.  wist.)  To  think  ; to  imagine  ; to  know ; to 
wit.  — See  Wit,  and  Wot.  Sidney. 

I wis  your  grandam  had  a worser  match.  Shak. 

f WIS,  ad.  Certainly;  truly;  indeed.  Chaucer. 

WIZARD,  n.  See  Wizard.  Todd. 

WI§'DOM  (wiz'dom),  n.  [A.  S.  wisdom ; wis, 
wise,  and  dom,  judgment ; Ger.  weisheit  ; Dan. 
viisdom,  visdom;  Sw.  visdom.\ 

1.  The  state  of  being  wise  ; knowledge  prac- 
tically applied  to  the  best  ends,  or  to  the  true 
purposes  of  life  ; knowledge  united  with  a dis- 
position to  use  it  for  the  best  purposes ; the 
power  or  act  of  judging  rightly  ; sagacity ; sa- 
pience ; prudence  ; discernment ; judicious  con- 
duct. 

Two  things  speak  much  of  the  uw/om  of  a nation:  good 
laws  and  a prudent  management  of  them.  Stillin {/fleet. 

Wisdom  is  that  which  makes  men  judge  what  are  the  best 
ends,  and  what  the  best  means  to  attain  them.  Temple. 

Wisdom  makes  all  the  troubles,  griefs,  and  pains  incident 
to  life,  whether  casual  adversities  or  natural  afflictions,  easy 
and  supportable,  by  rightly  valuing  the  importance  and  mod- 
erating the  influence  of  them.  Barrow. 

The  viisdom  of  the  Deity,  as  testified  in  the  works  of  crea- 
tion, surpasses  all  idea  we  have  of  wisdom  drawn  from  the 
highest  intellectual  operations  of  the  highest  class  of  intelli- 
gent beings  with  whom  we  are  acquainted;  and  (which  is  of 
the  chief  importance  to  us),  whatever  be  its  compass  or  ex- 
tent, which  it  is  evidently  impossible  that  we  should  he  able 
to  determine,  it  must  be  adequate  to  the  conduct  of  that  order 
of  things  under  which  we  live.  Puley. 

2.  The  religious  sentiment ; fear  and  love  of 
God ; duty  to  God. 

So  teach  us  to  number  our  days  that  we  may  apply  our 
hearts  unto  wisdom.  Jjs.  xc.  12. 

Syn. — Wisdom  is  a word  from  the  Anglo-Saxon  ; sa- 
pience, from  the  Latin,  is  little  used.  Wisdom  is  a much 
higher  and  more  comprehensive  term  than  prudence 
or  sagacity , and  it  is  a divine  as  well  as  a human  qual- 
ity. We  speak  of  the  divine  wisdom  and  of  human 
wisdom  ; also  of  human  (but  not  divine)  prudence  and 
sagacity  ; and  of  the  sagacity  of  a dog.  Wisdom,  is  ac- 
tive, prudence  passive.  Wisdom  leads  one  to  what  is 
most  proper,  prudence  prevents  one  from  doing  what 
is  improper.  “ Wisdom  is  the  right  use  or  exercise  of 
knowledge , and  differs  from  knowledge  as  the  use  which 
is  made  of  a power  or  faculty  differs  from  the  power  I 
or  faculty  itself.”  Fleming.  — “ In  strictness  of  lan- 
guage there  is  a difference  between  knowledge  and  wis- 
dom ; wisdom  always  supposing  action,  and  action  di- 
rected by  it.”  Paiey . 


Knowledge,  and  wisdom,  far  from  being  one. 

Have  ofttimes  no  connection.  Knowhidyc  dwells 

In  heads  replete  with  thoughts  of  other  men, 

Wisdom  in  minds  attentive  to  their  own. 

Knowledge  is  proud  that  he  has  learned  so  much; 

Wisdom  is  humble  that  lie  knows  no  more.  Cowper. 

YVItjE  (wlz),  a.  [A.  S.  wis ; Dut.  wijs  ; Ger.  ice i sc  ; 
Dan.  ^ Sw.  vis  ; Icel.  vis.  — Sansc.  will.  — See 
Wit,  v.  n.) 

X.  Having  wfsdfim ; sapient;  judging  right- 
ly ; discreet ; prudent ; judicious  ; sagacious. 

A wise  son  inaketh  a glad  father.  Pror.  xv.  20. 

2.  Judging  well  from  experience;  practically 
or  experimentally  knowing  or  acquainted. 

I would  have  you  wise  unto  that  which  is  good,  and  simple 
concerning  evil.  Horn.  xvi.  11). 

It  is  usually  seen  that  the  wiser  men  are  about.thc  things 
of  this  world,  the  less  wise  they  are  about  the  things  of  the 
next.  Gibson. 

‘Where  ignorance  is  bliss, 

’T  is  folly  to  be  ivise.  • Gray. 

3.  Becoming  a wise  man  ; sage ; grave. 

One  eminent  in  wise  deport  spake  much.  Milton. 

4.  + Skilled  in  hidden  arts  or  knowledge.  [“  A 
sense  somewhat  ironical.”  Johnson .] 

Pray,  was ’t  not  the  wise  woman  of  Brentford?  Shak. 

5.  Crafty  ; cunning  ; subtle  ; wily,  [it.] 

He  taketh  the  wise  in  their  own  craftiness.  Job  v.  15. 

^ To  make  toisc , to  make  believe  ; to  pretend  ; to  feign. 
Puttenham.  — Never , or  none,  the  wiser , without  in- 
telligence or  information, — whether  the  circumstance 
or  event  not  disclosed  could,  by  its  communication, 
contribute  to  wisdom  or  not.  “ The  Pretender  or 
Duke  of  Cambridge  may  both  be  lauded,  and  I never 
the  wiser Swift. 

Syn.  — See  Political,  Sagacity,  Sensible. 

WI§E  (wlz),  n.  [A.  S.  wise;  Dut.  wijs;  Ger. 
weisa ; Dan.  viis  ; Sw.  vis.  — It .guisa  ; Fr.  guise. 
— See  Guise.]  Manner ; way  of  being  or  acting. 

Fair  marching  fortli  in  honorable  wise.  Spenser. 

On  this  wise  ye  shall  bless  Israel.  Num.  vi.  23. 

’Tis  in  no  wise  strange  that  such  a one  should  believe  that 
things  were  blindly  shuffled.  Woodwurd. 

jflSr*  It  is  obsolete  or  antiquated  except  in  com- 
pounds ; as,  lengthwise , sidewise , often  corrupted  into 
lengthways , sideways , Sec. 

VVi^E'A-CRE  (wizVker),  [Ger.  weissager , a 
foreteller  ; weise,  wise,  and  sagen , to  say.] 

1.  f A wise  speaker.  Leland. 

2.  A pretender  to  wisdom  ; a witling. 

Why,  says  a wiseacre  that  sat  by  him,  were  I as  the  King 
of  France,  I would  scorn  to  take  part  with  footmen.  Addison. 

Wl^E'— IIEART-ED,  a.  Having  a ivise  heart,  or 
wisdom  ; wise ; sapient.  Ex.  xxviii.  3. 

f WI^E'LTNG,  n.  One  pretending  to  be  wis e.Ddnne. 

Wl§E'LY,  ad.  In  a wise  manner  ; judiciously. 

One  that  loved  not  wisely , but  too  well.  Shak. 

•f  Wl^E'N ESS  (wlz'nes),  n.  Wisdom.  Spenser. 

Wl'§JJR-lTE,  n%  (Min.)  A variety  of  dialogite 
consisting  of  hydrated  carbonate  of  man- 
ganese. Dana. 

WISH,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  wiscan ; Dut.  wcnschen  ; Ger. 
wunschen ; Dan.  Suske  ; Sw.  onska.)  [t.  wished  ; 
pp.  WISHING,  WISHED.] 

1.  To  have  strong  desire  ; to  desire  ; to  long; 
— frequently  followed  by  for. 

And  much  he  wished , but  durst  not  ask,  to  part.  Parnell. 

This  is  as  good  an  argument  as  an  antiquary  could  wish 
for.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  To  be  disposed  or  inclined. 

Those  potentates  who  do  not  wish  well  to  his  alfairs  have 
shown  respect  to  liis  personal  character.  Addison. 

3.  To  hope  or  to  fear  in  a slight  degree. 

I wish  it  may  not  prove  some  ominous  token.  Sidney. 

WISH,  v.  a.  1.  To  desire ; to  long  or  hanker  after. 

What  ardently  we  wish  we  soon  believe.  Young. 

Not  what  we  wish,  but  what  we  want, 

Let  mercy  still  supply.  Merrick. 

2.  fTo  recommend  by  wishing. 

He  says  he  was  wished  to  a very  wealthy  widow.  Old  Play. 

I would  not  wish  them  to  a fairer  death.  Shak. 

3.  To  imprecate,  or  call  down  upon  ; to  invoke. 

Tf  Heaven  have  any  grievous  plague  in  store 

Exceeding  those  that  I can  wish  upon  thee.  Shak. 

4.  fTo  ask;  to  request;  to  seek. 

Digbv  should  find  the  best  way  to  make  Antrim  commu- 
nicate the  affair  to  him,  and  to  wish  his  assistan cc. Clarendon. 

WISH,  n.  1.  Desire  ; a longing;  a hankering. 

Thy  wish  was  father,  Harry,  to  that  thought.  Shak. 
There  is  some  help  for  all  the  defects  of  fortune;  for,  if  a 
man  cannot  attain  to  the  length  of  his  wishes , he  may  have 
his  remedy  by  cutting  of  them  shorter.  Cowley. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — Q,  £,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  % as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


WISHABLE 


1676 


WITCRAFT 


2.  The  thing  desired  ; object  of  desire. 

What  next  I bring  shall  please  thee:  be  assured, 

Thy  likeness,  thy  tit  help,  thy  other  self, 

Thy  wish  exactly  to  thy  heart’s  desire.  Milton. 

ijQp  “ Desire , in  a lax  sense,  respects  only  actions 
and  events  that  depend  not  on  us  ; as  when  I desire 
that  my  friend  may  have  a son  to  represent  him,  or 
that  my  country  may  flourish  in  arts  and  sciences  ; 
but  such  internal  act  is  more  properly  termed  a wish 
than  a desire ."  Ld.  Kaimes. 

“ A wish  is  an  inactive  desire.  It  is  the  result  of 
that  longing  after  happiness  so  natural  to  man,  in 
cases  where  no  expectations  can  be  formed,  no  efforts 
can  be  made.”  Cogan. 

Syn.  — See  Desire. 

WISH'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  wished  for  or  de- 
sired ; desirable,  [it.]  Udal. 

WISH'— BONE,  £ n The  merry-thought,  or 

WISH'JNG-BONE,  > breast-bone,  of  a fowl.  [Col- 
loquial, U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

f WISH'pD-LY,  ad.  According  to  desire.  Knolles. 

WISH' ^R,  n.  One  who  wishes  or  desires.  Gibbs. 

WISH'FUL,  a.  1.  Longing;  having  or  showing 
desire  ; desirous  ; eager  ; earnest. 

To  greet  mine  own  land  with  my  wishful  sight.  Shale. 

You  cannot  behold  a covetous  spirit  walk  by  a goldsmith’s 
shop  without  casting  a wishful  eye  at  the  heaps  upon  the 
counter.  Spectator. 

2.  Desirable;  exciting  wishes  ; longed  for. 

Nor  could  I see  a soil,  where’er  I came, 

More  sweet  and  wishful.  Chapman. 

WISH'FUL-LY,  ad.  With  wishing;  earnestly; 
with  longing,  or  ardent  desire.  Blair. 

WISH'FUL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state  of 
being  wishful ; earnestness;  eagerness.  Clarke. 

WISH'ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  wishes  ; desire. 

Wishing,  of  all  employments,  is  the  worst.  Young. 

WISH'LY,  ad.  With  longing;  wishfully;  long- 
ingly.  [Local,  Eng.]  Mir.  for  Mag.  Forby. 

WISH'— WASH  (-wosh),  n.  Any  sort  of  weak, 
thin  drink ; washy -washy.  Oyilvie. 

WISH'Y— WASH'Y  (-wSsli'e),  a.  Weak;  feeble; 
jejune  ; not  solid.  [Colloquial.]  Brackett. 

WlSH'Y— WASH'Y  (-wosh'e),  n.  Any  sort  of  thin, 
weak  drink,  as  weak  tea,  beer,  &c.  Jamieson. 

WIS'KET,  n.  A basket ; a whisket.  Ainsivorth. 

WISP,  n.  [Ger.  % Dut.  teisch ; Dan.  visk.] 

1.  A small  bunch  or  bundle,  as  of  hay  or 

straw.  “ A wisp  of  straw.”  Shak. 

2.  A kind  of  broom.  Simmonds. 

WISP,  v.  a.  1.  To  brush  as  with  a wisp.  Bucl. 

2.  To  rumple.  [Local,  Eng.]  HalUxocll. 

+ WISP'£N,  a.  Formed  of  wisp.  G.  Harvey. 

f WIST,  i.  & p.  from  wis.  See  Wis.  Mark  ix.6. 

WIST'FUL,  a.  1.  Attentive;  earnest;  full  of 
thought;  thoughtful;  pensive;  contemplative. 

Why,  Gruhbinel,  dost  thou  so  wistful  seem? 

There ’s  sorrow  in  thy  look.  Gag. 

2.  Wishful ; longing  ; desirous.  Spectator. 

I cast  many  a wistful , melancholy  glance  towards  the 
sea.  Swift. 

WIST’FUL-LY,  ad.  Attentively.  Hudibras. 

WlS'TIT,  n.  ( Zool .)  The  striated  monkey,  a na- 
tive of  S.  America  ; Jacchus  vulgaris.  Wright. 

f WIST'LY,  ad.  Attentively  ; earnestly.  Shak. 

WIS' TON- WISH,  n.  ( Zolil .)  A species  of  Ameri- 
can marmot,  found  on  the  banks  of  the  Mis- 
souri and  its  tributaries  ; the  Arctomys  Ludo- 
vicianus,  or  prairie-dog.  Say. 

WIT,  t.  n.  [Goth.  S;  A.  S.  u titan ; Dut.  xveetan.} 

1.  + To  know,  or  to  be  known. 

Moreover,  brethren,  we  do  you  to  v;it  of  the  grace  of  G d 
bestowed  on  the  churches  of  Macedonia.  2 Cor.  viii.  I. 

2.  (Law.)  A word  used  to  call  attention  to 

something  particular,  or  as  introductory  to  a 
detailed  statement  of  what  has  been  just  before 
mentioned  generally.  Burrill. 

KS“  It  is  now  used  only  in  tile  infinitive  to  wit, 
when  it  is  an  adverbial  phrase,  implying  namely,  videl- 
icet, or  scilicet ; or  it  is  used  as  a formal  expression 
by  which  a call  is  made  to  know  or  to  witness  the  legal 
setting  forth  of  something  that  follows. — See  Wis. 

WlT,  n.  [A.  S.  wit ; Ger.  witz  ; Dan .uid.\ 


1.  f The  intellectual  faculties  or  mental  pow- 
ers ; the  intellect ; the  understanding. 

Will  puts  in  practice  what  the  wit  deviseth; 

Will  ever  acts,  and  wit  contemplates  still.  Davits. 

2.  Sense  ; judgment ; wisdom  ; sagacity,  [r.] 

Though  his  youthful  blood  be  fired  with  wine, 

H e wants  not  wit  the  danger  to  decline.  Dryden. 

3.  A power  or  faculty  of  the  mind  or  intellect, 
considered  singly  ; as,  “To  lose  one’s  wits.” 

Thou  hast  more  of  tire  wild  goose  in  one  of  thy  wits  than 
I have  in  my  whole  five.  Shak. 

4.  f A superior  degree  of  intelligence  or  un- 
derstanding ; a quick  and  brilliant  reason. 

1 take  not  wit  in  that  common  acceptation,  whereby  men 
understand  some  sudden  flashes  of  conceit  whether  in  style 
or  conference,  which,  like  rotten  wood  in  the  dark,  have  more 
shine  than  substance,  whose  use  and  ornament  are,  like  them- 
selves, swift  and  vanishing,  at  once  both  admired  andrfurgot- 
ten.  But  I understand  a settled,  constant,  and  habitual  suf- 
ficiency of  the  understanding,  whereby  it  is  enabled,  in  any 
kind  of  learning,  theory,  or  practice,  both  to  sharpness  in 
search,  subtilty  in  expression,  and  despatch  in  execution. 

Bp.  Reynolds. 

Lewd,  shallow,  hairbrained  huffs  make  atheism  and  con- 
tempt of  religion  the  only  badge  and  character  of  wit.  South. 

5.  Imagination,  or  the  power  of  original  com- 
bination under  the  influence  of  the  imagination  ; 
the  imaginative  faculty  ; genius. 

The  composition  of  nil  poems  is,  or  ought  to  be,  of  wit;  and 
wit  in  poetry  . . . is  no  other  than  the  faculty  of  imagination 
in  the  writer,  which  . . . searches  over  all  the  memory  for  the 
species  or  ideas  of  those  things  which  it  designs  to  represent. 

Dryden. 

6.  A peculiar  faculty  of  the  mind,  connected 
with  the  more  comprehensive  faculty  of  imagi- 
nation, by  which  pleasing  but  occult  or  remote 
resemblances  are  traced  between  things  appar- 
ently unlike  : — the  exercise  of  this  faculty,  or 
the  association  of  ideas  produced  by  it ; humor  ; 
pleasantry  ; facetiousness. 

For  the  qualities  of  sheer  wit  and  humor.  Swift  had  no 
superior,  aneieut  or  modern.  Leigh  Hunt. 

Men  who  have  a great  deal  of  wit,  and  prompt  memories, 
have  not  always  the  clearest  judgment  or  the  deepest  reason; 
wit  lying  most  in  the  assemblage  of  ideas,  and  putting  those 
together  with  quickness  and  variety  wherein  can  be  found 
any  resemblance  or  congruity,  thereby  to  make  up  pleasant 
pictures  and  agreeable  visions  in  the  fancy.  Locke. 

True  wit  consists  in  the  resemblance  of  ideas.  . . . But  eve- 
ry resemblauce  of  ideas  is  not  what  we  call  wit,  and  it  must 
be  such  an  one  that  gives  delight  and  surprise  to  the  reader. 
Where  the  likeness  is  obvious,  it  creates  no  surprise,  and  is 
not  wit.  Thus,  when  a poet  tells  ns  that  the  bosom  of  his 
mistress  is  ns  white  as  snow,  there  is  no  wit  in  the  compari- 
son; but  when  he  adds,  with  a sigh,  it  is  as  cold  too,  it  then 
grows  iuto  wit.  Dryden. 

7.  A man  of  genius  or  humor  ; a humorist. 

flow  vain  that  second  life  in  others’  breath, 

The  estate  which  wits  inherit  after  death ! Pope. 

CQY*  “ Hit  may  be  divided  into  two  sorts,  serious 
and  comical.  First,  with  respect  to  that  which  is  se- 
rious or  grave  : the  original  signification  of  the  Saxon 
word  signifies  wisdom  ; and  therefore  a witty  was 
anciently  a wise  man,  and,  so  late  as  the  reign  of 
Elizabeth,  a man  of  great  wit  signified  a man  of  great 
judgment  ; and,  indeed,  we  still  say.  if  a man  has  the 
use  of  his  reason,  that  he  is  in  his  wits , and,  if  the 
contrary,  that  he  is  out  of  his  wits.  Serious  wit , there- 
fore, is  neither  more  nor  less  than  quick  wisdom,  or, 
according  to  Pope, 

‘ True  wit  is  nature  to  advantage  drest, 

What  oft  was  thought,  but  ne’er  so  well  exprest.’  Pope. 
Second,  as  to  comic  wit. : this  is  the  general  acceptation 
of  wit  among  us,  and  is  of  the  easiest  kind  ; for  it  is 
much  more  easy  to  raise  a laugh,  than  to  excite  admi- 
ration by  quick  wisdom.  . . . This  wit  in  writing  con- 
sists in  an  assimilation  of  remote  ideas  oddly  or  hu- 
morously connected,  as  in  the  poem  of  Hudibras,  &c.j 
but  more  particularly  comic  wit  is  applied  to  speaking 
and  conversation,  and  the  definition  of  Pope  may  be 
adopted  : ‘ It  is  a quick  conception  and  an  easy  deliv- 
ery.’ In  order  to  have  wit  for  this  purpose,  the  prin- 
cipal requisites  are,  a good  imagination,  a fund  of 
ideas  and  words,  and  a fluency  of  speech  ; but  all 
these  will  be  insufficient,  unless  the  speaker  know 
how  to  adapt  his  remarks  and  replies  to  particular 
persons,  times,  and  occasions  ; and,  indeed,  if  he 
would  be  truly  witty,  he  must  know  the  world,  and 
be  remarkably  quick  in  suiting  the  smallest  word  or 
term  of  an  expression  to  the  subject.”  Burnett. 

The  following  enumeration  of  the  different  forms  of 
wit  is  given  by  the  celebrated  Dr.  Isaac  Barrow:  — 
“ Sometimes  it  lieth  in  pat  allusion  to  a known  story, 
or  in  seasonable  application  of  a trivial  saying,  or  in 
forging  an  apposite  tale  ; sometimes  it  playeth  in 
words  and  phrases,  taking  advantage  from  the  am- 
biguity of  their  sense,  or  the  affinity  of  their  sound  ; 
sometimes  it  is  wrapped  up  in  a dress  of  humorous 
expression  ; sometimes  it  lurketh  under  an  odd  simil- 
itude ; sometimes  it  is  lodged  in  a sly  question,  in  a 
smart  answer,  in  a quirkish  reason,  in  a shrewd  inti- 
mation, in  cunningly  diverting  or  cleverly  retorting 
an  objection  ; sometimes  it  is  couched  in  a bold 
scheme  of  speech,  in  a tart  irony,  in  a lusty  hyper- 
bole, in  a startling  metaphor,  in  a plausible  reconcil- 
ing of  contradictions,  or  in  acute  nonsense  ; some- 
times a scenical  representation  of  persons  or  things,  a 


counterfeit  speech,  a inimical  look  or  gesture,  passeth 
for  it ; sometimes  an  affected  simplicity,  sometimes  a 
presumptuous  bluntness,  giveth  it  being ; sometimes 
it  riseth  only  from  a lucky  hitting  upon  what  is 
strange  ; sometimes  from  a crafty  wresting  obvious 
matter  to  the  purpose.  Often  it  consisteth  in  one 
knows  not  what,  and  springeth  up  one  can  hardly  tell 
how.  Its  ways  are  unaccountable  and  inexplicable, 
being  answerable  to  the  numberless  rovings  of  fancy 
and  windings  of  language.” 

At  one's  wit's  end , without  expedients  or  contriv- 
ance. “ I am  at  my  wit's  end  for  fear  of  any  sudden 
surprise.”  Addison.  — j The  fine  wits , a piirase  some- 
times used  synonymously  with  the  five  senses , hut 
more  commonly  distinguished  from  them,  and  said  to 
be  common  wit,  imagination,  fantasy,  judgment,  and 
memory.  Shaft.  Hawes.  — f Wit,  whither  wilt  thou  ? a 
sort  of  proverbial  expression  used  chiefly  to  express  a 
want  of  command  over  the  fancy  or  inventive  fac- 
ulty. Shak.  Decker. 

Syn.  — The  forms  both  of  wit  and  humor  are  so  va- 
rious, that  it  is  difficult  to  include  them  within  the 
circle  of  a precise  definition.  Dr.  Trusler  says,  “ 
relates  to  the  matter,  humor  to  the  manner  ; that  out 
old  comedies  abounded  with  wit,  and  our  old  actors 
with  humor."  — “ Hit,"  says  Dr.  Campbell,  “ is  that 
which  excites  agreeable  surprise  in  the  mind,  from 
the  strange  assemblage  of  related  images  presented  to 
it.”  Humor  tends  to  excite  laughter  or  mirth  by  ludi- 
crous images  and  representations  of  the  matters  treat- 
ed of.  Humor  is  less  poignant  and  brilliant,  and 
much  less  likely  to  he  offensive  than  wit ; and  it  is 
always  agreeable.  “In  conversation,”  says  Sir  Wil- 
liam Temple,  “ humor  is  more  than  wit,  easiness 
more  than  knowledge.” 

WITCH,  n.  [A.  S.  wicca  ; Frs.  wikke  ; 
chelaarste.  — Low  L.  vegius , a sorcerer.]  A 
person  supposed  to  have  formed  a compact  with 
evil  spirits,  and  by  their  means  to  operate  su- 
pernaturally  ; — formerly  applied  to  persons  of 
either  sex,  but  now  only  to  women  ; a sorceress. 

There  was  a mail  in  that  city  whose  name  was  Simon,  a 
witch  that  had  deceived  the  folk  of  Samarie.  Wickliffe. 

The  wicked  witch  now  seeing  all  this  while 
The  doubtful  balance  equally  to  sway. 

What  not  by  right,  she  cast  to  win  by  guile.  Spenser. 

It  is  not  a hundred  years  since  the  conjuration  of  witches , 
demons,  and  fairies  was  commonly  practised  and  taught  in 
London  by  Lilly  and  others.  J.  Richardson,  1778. 

WITCH,  n.  [A.  S.  ivic. ] 1.  + A winding,  sinu- 
ous bank.  Spenser. 

2.  A conical  piece  of  paper  used  as  a wick. 
[Local,  Eng.]  Clarke. 

WITCH,  v.  a.  To  bewitch  ; to  enchant ; to  fasci- 
nate ; to  charm  ; to  captivate  ; to  ravish. 

And  witch  the  world  with  noble  horsemanship.  Shak. 

WITCH'CRAfT,  n.  The  art  or  the  practices  of 
witches ; sorcery ; enchantment ; witchery. 

People  are  credulous,  and  apt  to  impute  accidents  and 
natural  operations  to  witchcraft.  Bacon. 

/fTf*  A statute  was  enacted  declaring  all  witchcraft 
and  sorcery  to  be  felony  without  benefit  of  clergy,  33 
Henry  VIII.,  1541  ; again,  5 Elizabeth,  1562,  and 
James  I.,  J603  ; — repealed,  10  George  II.,  1736.  — Bar- 
rington estimates  the  judicial  murders  for  witchcraft, 
in  England,  in  200  years,  at  30,000.  Haydn. 

WITCH'-ELM  (wltch'elm),  n.  ( Bot .)  A species 
of  elm;  Ulmus  montana\  — called  also  moun- 
tain elm,  Scotch  elm,  and  weechelm.  Eng.  Cyc. 

j0gp  Skinner  suggests  that  it  received  this  name 
either  because  witches  were  supposed  to  assemble 
round  it,  or  because  they  used'it  in  their  incantations. 

WlTCH'IJ-RY,  n.  1.  Enchantment ; magical  prac- 
tices and  incantations  ; sorcery  ; witchcraft. 

Deep-skilled  iu  all  his  mother’s  witcheries.  Milton. 

2.  Fascination ; a powerful  and  inexplicable 
influence  ; entrancement ; spell. 

lie  never  felt 

The  witchery  of  the  soft  blue  sky.  Wordsworth. 

WITCH'-HA-ZEL  (-zl),  n.  1.  (Bot.)  A tall  shrub 
of  eastern  North  America,  remarkable  for 
blossoming  late  in  autumn  ; Hamamelis  Vir- 
ginica.  Gray. 

2.  A name  sometimes  given  to  the  witch- 
elm,  or  Ulmus  montana.  Wright. 

WlTCII'lNG,  a.  Bewitching ; fit  for  sorcery  or 
witchcraft.  “ Witching  drugs.”  Roice. 

’T  is  now  the  very  witchiny  time  of  night.  Shak. 

WITCII'-RID-DF,N,  a.  Ridden  by  witches.  Booth. 

WITCH -TREE,  n.  The  witch-hazel.  Todd. 

WIT'— CRACK-fR,  n.  A joker  ; a jester.  Shak. 

f WIT'CRAfT,  n.  1.  Invention.  Camden. 

2.  Logic ; dialectics,  [n.]  R.  Lever. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  fl,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


WITE 


1677 


WITHSTAND 


f WITE,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  witan .]  To  blame;  to  re-  ] 
proaeh  ; to  censure.  Spenser. 

f WITE,  n.  Blame ; reproach  ; censure.  Spenser. 

t WlTE'LIJSS,  a.  Blameless.  Spenser. 

WlT'p-NA-fip-MOTE',  n.  [A.  S.  witena  gemot , 
an  assembly  of  the  wise  ; wita,  a wise  man,  and 
gemot,  a meeting.]  {Ant.)  The  supreme  council 
or  parliament  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  nation,  com- 
posed of  the  king,  the  gentry,  knights,  bishops, 
and  abbots.  Bosicorth. 

The  word  “ wit”  lias  lost  its  original  signification  of  wisdom. 
Were  our  Parliament  still  called  witenagemote,  the  name 
would  be  supposed  to  be  descriptive  of  the  merriment  of  its 
members  rather  than  of  their  wisdom.  Gent.  Mag. 

WITH  (with),  prep.  [Goth,  mith  ; A.  S.  with,  mid , 
mith\  Dut.  met\  Ger.  mil ; Dan.  ved , med',  Sw. 
vid,  med ; Icel.  vid , med,  medr.  — “ With  has 
descended  to  us  from  two  different  A.  S.  verbs, 
viz.,  withan , to  join,  and  wdorthan , wyrthan , to 
be.  From  the  latter  we  have  the  compounds 
with-in  and  with-out ; i.  e.  be  in,  be  out. . . . Gen- 
erally speaking,  when  with  denotes  instrument, 
cause,  means,  it  is  the  imperative  of  wyrthan , 
to  be  : when  it  denotes  union,  conjunction,  it  is 
the  imperative  of  withan,  to  join.”  Richardson .] 

By,  — expressing  the  relation  of  joining  or 
connection,  the  nature  of  the  connection,'  as  of 
cause,  means,  comparison,  confederacy,  &c., 
being  shown  by  the  context,  and  the  import  of 
the  preposition  itself  remaining  the  same. 

With  mine  own  hands  I give  away  my  crown.  Shah. 
They  are  cultivated  with  art  and  study.  Dryden. 

Him  thus  intent  Ithuricl  with  his  spear 
Touched  lightly.  Milton. 

Fear  not;  for  I am  with  thee,  and  bless  thee.  Gen.  xxvi.  24. 

“ With  and  by,  it  is  not  always  easy  to  distinguish, 
nor  perhaps  is  any  distinction  always  observed.  With 
seems  rather  to  denote  an  instrument,  and  by  a cause: 
thus,  He  killed  his  enemy  with  a sword,  but  he  died 
by  an  arrow.  The  arrow  is  considered  rather  as  a 
cause,  as  there  is  no  mention  of  an  agent.  If  the 
agent  be  more  remote,  by  is  used  ; as,  The  vermin 
which  he  could  not  kill  with  his  gun,  he  killed  by  poi- 
son : if  these  two  propositions  be  transposed,  the  sen- 
tence, though  equally  intelligible,  will  be  less  agreea- 
ble to  the  common  modes  of  speech. ” Johnson. 

“ With,  in  composition,  in  old  English  writers, 
as  in  A.  S.,  retains  its  meaning  (join),  and  is  con- 
stantly used  as  a prefix  equivalent  to  the  Latin  cum 
(or  I should  rather  say  is  used  pre-posed  without 
being  fixed).  The  Latin  comes  is  rendered  by  Wick- 
liffe a with  follower,  and  a co-heir  is  a ?zut/t-heir,  a fol- 
lower or  heir  with  one  or  more.  When  with  follows 
a verb,  it  is  the  custom  of  lexicographers  to  explain 
according  to  the  context.  Thus,  ‘ to  agree  with  me, ’ 

4 to  fight  with  me’;  in  the  first  instance  they  imply 
cum  [with]  ; in  the  latter,  contra  [against]  : though, 
in  both  cases,  the  actors  join  in  one  purpose.  So,  too, 
withstand,  in  A.  S.  with,  and  wither-standan , implies  two 
parties  joined  i none  purpose,  — keeping  or  gaining  a 
stand  or  position,  though  adverse  to  each  other.  And 
hence  the  usage  may  have  been  extonded  to  cases  not 
admitting  such  an  explanation.  In  the  three,  — with- 
draw, ?m£/*-hold,  withstand,  there  is  a strong  coinci- 
dence of  with  and  the  Latin  re-,  re-trahero,  re-tinere, 
re-sistere.”  Richardson. 

WITH,  n.  [A.  S.  withig,  a withy ; Ger.  weide ; 
Dut.  vidie  ; Sw.  vide  ; Icel.  vidir.] 

1.  A twig  used  as  a band  for  tying  or  bind- 

ing ; an  osier  or  willow  twig ; — also  written 
withe  and  withy.  Bacon. 

2.  A band  of  twigs.  Mortimer. 

3.  (Arch.)  The  partition  between  two  chim- 
ney-flues. Gioilt. 

WITH- Al',  ad.  Along  with  the  rest ; likewise  ; 
at  the  same  time  ; also  ; too. 

Yet  it  must  be  withal  considered.  Hooker. 

+ VVITH-AL',  prep.  With;  — formerly  so  used 
when  placed  after  the  objective  case. 

The  best  rule  of  life  that  ever  the  world  was  acquainted 
withal.  Tillotson. 

WITH'AM-ITE,  n.  (Min.)  A bright-red  variety 
of  epidote.  The  crystals  are  pale  straw-yellow, 
seen  in  one  direction  across  the  prism.  Dana. 

WITH-DRAW',  V.  a.  [*.  "WITHDREW  ; pp.  WITH- 
DRAWING, WITHDRAWN.] 

1.  To  take  back  or  away  ; to  remove. 

Impossible  it  is  that  God  should  withdraw  his  presence 

from  any  thing.  Hooker. 

Do  you  withdraw  yourself  a little  while.  Shak. 

2.  To  call  away;  to  recall;  to  make  tore- 
tire  or  return  ; as,  “ He  withdrew  his  troops.” 

3.  To  retract ; to  recall ; to  take  back,  as  a 
charge,  a threat,  a vow,  a promise. 

Wouldst  thou  withdraw  it?  For  what  purpose,  love?  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Separate. 


j WITH-DRAW',  v.  n.  To  retire;  to  retreat;  to 
take  one’s  self  away  ; to  secede  ; to  recede. 

Let  us  withdraw  into  the  other  room.  Shak. 

The  foremost  of  his  foes  a while  withdraw.  Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Retire. 

WITH-DRAW'AL,  n.  The  act  of  withdrawing  ; 
withdrawment.  Brit.  Crit. 

wIth-DRAw'BR,  n.  One  who  withdraws. 

WITH-DRAw'JNG— ROOM,  n.  A room  used  to 
retire  into  ; a drawing-room.  Mortimer. 

WITH-DRAw'MENT,  n.  The  act  of  withdrawing; 
withdrawal.  Ec.  Rev.  Robert  Mail. 

WITHE  [with,  S.  W.  J.  E.  F.  J.t.  K.  Ill;  with, 
P. ; with,  S/».],  n.  1.  A twig  used  for  a band; 
a willow  twig;  an  osier.  — See  With.  Bacon. 

2.  (Nant.)  An  iron  instrument  fitted  on  the 
end  of  a boom  or  mast,  with  a ring  to  it,  through 
which  another  boom  or  mast  is  rigged  out  and 
secured.  Dana. 

WITHE,  V.  a.  [».  WITHED  ; pp.  IVITHING,  WITH  ED.] 
To  bind  or  fasten  with  withes.  Bp.  Mall. 

WlTH'ER,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  gewytherod  ; W.  ywywo.) 
[t.  WITHERED  ; pp.  WITHERING,  WITHERED.] 

1.  To  grow  sapless;  to  dry  up  ; to  shrivel. 

Why  wither  not  the  leaves  that  want  their  sap?  Shak. 

The  soul  may  sooner  leave  off  to  subsist  than  to  love;  and, 
like  the  vine,  it  withers  and  dies  if  it  lias  nothing  to  embrace. 

South. 

2.  To  waste  ; to  pine  away  ; to  languish  ; to 
lose  animal  moisture  ; to  decay  ; to  droop. 

A fair  face  will  wither ; a full  eye  will  wax  hollow.  Shak. 

Now  warm  in  love,  now  withering  in  the  grave.  Dryden. 

WlTH'ER,  v.  a.  1.  To  make  to  fade  or  dry  up. 

For  the  sun  is  no  sooner  risen  with  a burning  heat  hut  it 
withereth  the  grass,  and  the  flower  thereof  falleth.  Jar.  i.  11. 

The  bay-trees  in  our  country  are  all  withered.  Shak. 

2.  To  make  to  shrink,  decay,  or  wrinkle,  for 
want  of  animal  moisture. 

Look  how  I am  bewitched  : behold,  mine  arm 

Is,  like  a blasted  sapling,  withered  up.  Shak . 

WlTH'ER— BAND,  n.  A piece  of  iron  fitted  in 
the  under  part  of  a saddle,  near  a horse’s  with- 
ers, to  keep  tight  the  two  pieces  of  wood  that 
form  the  bow.  Far.  Diet. 

WlTH'ERED  (wltfi'erd),  p.  a.  Dried  or  shrivelled  ; 
wasted  ; shrunk  ; faded.  Shak. 

WlTH'ERED-NESS  (wltfi'erd-nes),  n.  The  state 
of  being  withered  ; marcidity.  Bp.  Mall. 

WlTH'ER- ING,  p.  a.  Drying  or  shrivelling; 
wasting  ; fading  ; decaying. 

WITH'ER-ING-LY,  ad.  In  a withering  manner; 
so  as  to  cause  to  wither.  Byron. 

WlTH'ER-lTE,  n.  ( Min.)  A white,  often  yellow- 
ish or  grayish,  subtrunsparent  or  translucent, 
brittle  mineral,  of  vitreous  lustre,  sometimes 
occurring  in  crystals,  and  consisting  of  carbo- 
nate of  baryta.  Dana. 

WITH'ER-NAM,  n.  [A.  S.  wither  name ; wither, 
against,  and  name,  a taking  or  seizing  of  goods  ; 
wiman,  to  take  away.]  (Law.)  A taking  by 
way  of  reprisal;  a taking  or  a reprisal  of  other 
goods,  in  lieu  of  those  that  were  formerly  taken, 
and  eioigned,  or  withheld.  Burrill. 

WITHE'— ROD,  n.  ( Bot .)  A common  name  of  a 
shrub  of  N.  America  ; Viburnum  nudum.  Gray. 

WlTH'ER?,  n.  pi.  [Goth,  withan,  to  join.  Rich- 
ardson.— See  With.]  The  elevated  ridge  on 
a horse’s  back,  near  the  bottom  of  the  neck, 
formed  by  the  lengthened  spinous  or  upright 
processes  of  the  first  ten  or  eleven  bones  of  the 
back.  Youatt. 

High  withers  have  always  been,  in  the  mind  of  the  judge 
of  the  horse,  associated  with  good  action,  and  generally  with 
speed.  i'ouatt. 

WlTH'ER— WRUNG  (wltli'er-rung),  a.  Hurt  or 
galled  in  the  withers,  as  by  a bite  of  a horse,  or 
by  a saddle  being  unfit,  especially  when  the 
bows  of  it  are  too  wide.  Far.  Diet. 

WITH-HELD',  p.  from  withhold.  See  Withhold. 

WiTH-HOLD',  v.  a.  [ with  and  hold.)  [i.  with- 
held ; pp.  WITHHOLDING,  WITHHELD  OPWITH- 
holden. — Withholden  is  antiquated.] 

1.  To  hold  or  keep  back  ; to  restrain  ; to  keep 
from  action  or  exercise. 

Withhold,  O sovereign  prince,  your  hasty  hand.  Spenser. 

If  our  passions  may  be  withheld.  Kettlewell. 


2.  To  retain ; to  detain  ; to  hinder ; to  prevent. 

Difficulties  there  are,  which  ns  vet  withhold  our  assent, 
till  we  be  further  and  better  satisfied.  Honker. 

And  soon  again  as  he  his  light  withheld.  Spenser. 

Syn. — See  Restrain. 

WITH-HOLD'EN  (witli-hol'dn),  p.  Held  or  kept 
back;  withheld.  — See  Withhold.  Spelman. 

WITII-HOLD'ER,  n.  One  that  withholds ; one 
who  keeps  back.  Stephens. 

WITH-IIOLD'MENT,  n.  The  act  of  withholding  ; 
a keeping  from  action,  [it.]  Ec.  Rev. 

WITH-IN ’ , prep.  [A.  S.  withinnan-,  with,  with, 
and  innan,  in.  — With  and  in.  — See  With.] 

1.  In  the  inner  part  or  side  of  ; — opposed  to 

ivithout.  “ Within  the  waters.”  Addison. 

Go,  shut  thyself  ivithin  thine  house.  Ezek.  iii.  24. 

That  which  is  within  the  cup  and  platter.  Matt,  xxiii.  26. 

Pleased  and  contented  within  himself.  Tillotson. 

2.  In  the  limits  or  compass  of;  not  beyond. 

Green  hills  and  naked  rocks  within  tire  neighborhood 
makes  the  most  agreeable  confusion.  Addison. 

Which  is  more  within  our  comprehension.  Locke. 

3.  Not  reaching  to  any  thing  external. 

Were  every  action  concluded  within  itself.  Locke. 

4.  No  longer  ago  than  ; no  later  than  ; during. 

Within  these  five  hours  Hastings  lived.  Shak. 

5.  In  the  reach  or  extent  of;  not  beyond. 

Both  he  and  she  are  still  within  my  power.  Pope. 

6.  Into  the  heart  or  confidence  of.  [it.] 

When  by  such  insinuations  they  have  once  got  within  him 
...  no  wonder  if  they  rejoice  to  see  him  guilty  of  all  vil- 
lany.  South. 

WITH-IN',  ad.  1.  In  the  inner  part  ; in  the  cen- 
tre or  interior  ; inwardly  ; internally. 

Though  the  skin 

Be  closed  without,  the  wound  festers  within.  Carew. 

2.  In  the  mind,  heart,  or  soul. 

Ills  from  within  thy  reason  must  prevent.  Dryden. 

f WITH-IN 'FORTH,  a.  Withindoors.  Wickliffe. 

WITH-lN'SlDE,  ad.  In  the  interior  part  or  side  ; 
within,  [it.]  Sharp. 

WITH-OUT',  prep.  [A.  S.  withutan  ; with,  with, 
and  ut,  utan,  out.  — With  and  out.  — Sec  With.] 

1.  On  the  outside  of;  out  of;  — opposed  to 
within.  “ Without  the  city.”  Lev.  xiv.  40. 

Abide  ivithout  the  camp  seven  days.  Kum.  xxxi.  10. 

Taking  my  diversions  without  doors.  Addison. 

2.  Not  in  the  compass  of ; beyond. 

Eternity  ...  is  without  our  reach.  Burnet. 

3.  Without  the  negation  or  omission  of. 

Without  the  separation  of  the  two  monarchies,  the  most 

advantageous  terms  from  the  French  must  end  in  our  de- 
struction. Addison. 

4.  Not  with  ; — noting  absence  or  destitution. 

Bold  to  speak  the  word  without  fear.  Phil.  i.  14. 

A lamb  without  blemish  and  without  spot.  1 Pet.,  i.  19. 

5.  Not  by  ; not  by  the  use  of ; not  by  the 
help  of  ; independent  of. 

Buy  wine  and  milk  without  money.  Isa.  lv.  1. 

Running  out  and  discovering  itself  without  labor.  Brown. 

6.  With  exemption  or  freedom  from. 

The  Irishry  might  not  be  naturalized  ivithout  damage  to 
themselves  or  the  crown.  Davies. 

' Without  day  (L.  sine  die),  without  the  appointment 
of  a day  to  appear  or  assemble  again ; as,  “ To  ad- 
journ without  clay.”  Burrill. 

WITH-OUT',  ad.  1.  Not  on  the  inside  ; on  the 
outside  of ; not  within. 

These  were  from  without  the  growing  nurseries.  Milton. 

2.  Out  of  doors  ; not  in  a house.  Wotton. 

3.  Externally  ; not  in  the  mind.  Johnson. 

WITH-OUT',  conj.  Unless  ; except.  [Not  in  use 
unless  in  conversation.] 

You  will  never  live  to  my  age  without  you  keep  yourself  in 
breath  with  exercise.  Sidney. 

WITH-OUT'— DOOR,  a.  Being  out  of  doors  ; ex- 
terior. [r.]  Shak. 

t WITH-OUT'EN  (-bfi'tn),  prep.  [A.  S.  withuten.) 
Without.  Spenser. 

t WITH'OUT-FORTH,  a.  Out  of  doors.  Wickliffe. 

+ WITII-sAY',  v.  a.  To  gainsay.  Chaucer. 

t WITH'SfiT,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  withsettan .]  To  set 
against ; to  resist.  Browne. 

WITII-STAND'j  v.  a.  [with  and  stand.)  [i.  with- 


MiEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  CULL,  CUR,  RULE.  — g,  <?,  5,  g,  soft;  (0,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  \ as  gz. — THIS,  this. 


WITHSTANDER 


1G78 


WOLLASTONITE 


STOOD  ; pp.  ■WITHSTANDING,  WITHSTOOD.]  To 
stand  against ; to  oppose  ; to  resist. 

Ami  they  withstood  Uzziah,  the  king.  2 Chron.  xxvi.  18. 
Yc  have  withstood  the  received  orders  of  this  church.  Hooker. 

Syn.  — See  Oppose. 

wITH-STAND'JJE,  n.  One  who  withstands  or  op- 
poses ; an  opponent.  Raleigh. 

WITII-STOOD'  (witfi-slud'),  i.  & p.  from  with- 
stand. — See  Withstand. 

WITH' WIND,  n.  A kind  of  herb.  Johnson. 

WiTH'Y,  n.  [A.  S.  withig.  — See  With.] 

1.  A kind  of  willow-tree.  Evelyn. 

2.  A name  given  to  flexible  boughs  of  willows 
and  osiers;  a withe.  [Local.]  Farm.  Ency. 

WITH'Y,  a.  Made  of,  or  resembling,  withes; 
flexible  and  tough.  Fletcher. 

WIT'L^SS,  a.  Wanting  wit  or  understanding; 
silly  ; foolish.  “ The  witless  swain.”  Philips. 

WIT'LpSS-LY,  acl.  Without  wit  or  understand- 
ing ; inconsiderately  ; indiscreetly.  Beau.  § FI. 

WlT'HjlSS-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  witless  ; want 
of  wit  or  understanding.  Sandys. 

WIT'LING,  n.  [Dim.  of  wit.]  A pretender  to 
wit ; a man  of  small  wit.  Pope. 

WIT'XfSS,  n.  [A.  S.  witnes,  gewitnes ; wit  an,  to 
wist,  to  know.] 

1.  Testimony  ; attestation  ; evidence. 

If  I bear  witness  of  myself,  my  witness  is  not  true.  There 
is  another  that  beareth  witness  of  me,  and  1 know  that  the  wit- 
ness which  he  witnesseth  of  me  is  true.  John  v.  31,32. 

An  evil  soul  producing  holy  witness.  Shak. 

2.  One  who  sees  or  knows  personally. 

We  . . . were  eye-witnesses  of  his  majesty.  2 Pel.  i.  1G. 

3.  One  who  gives  testimony  or  evidence. 

God  is  witness  between  thee  ami  me.  Gen.  xxxi.  50. 

4.  (Law.)  A person  who  gives  evidence  to  a 
judicial  tribunal;  a deponent: — in  conveyan- 
cing, one  who  sees  the  execution  of  an  instru- 
ment, and  subscribes  it  for  the  purpose  of  con- 
firming its  authenticity  by  his  testimony.  Burrill. 

Willi  a witness,  effectually  ; to  a great  degree,  or 
with  great  force;  emphatically.  “ Gall  is  bitter  with 
a witness .”  [Low  or  colloquial.]  Prior. 

WIT'N£SS,  V.  a.  [{.  WITNESSED  ; pp.  WITNESS- 
ING, WITNESSED.] 

1.  To  attest ; to  give  or  bear  testimony  to  ; 

to  testify  ; to  be  a witness  of.  Shah. 

2.  To  see  or  know  personally  ; to  take  cog- 
nizance of  with  the  eyes  ; to  observe.  Watts. 

WIT'NgSS,  v.  n.  To  bear  testimony  ; to  testify  ; 
to  give  evidence  of.  Sidney. 

WIT'NljlSS-ER,  ».  One  who  witnesses  ; one  who 
testifies,  or  gives  testimony.  Martin. 

WIT'SNAP-PpR,  n.  One  who  affects  wit  or  rep- 
artee. [r.]  Shaft,. 

WIT'— STARVED  (-starvd),  a.  Destitute  of  wit  or 
genius.  Clarke. 

WIT'TgD,  a.  Having  wit ; — used  in  composition.  I 
“ A quick-witted  hoy.”  Johnson,  j 

WIT'TI-CI§M,  n.  A phrase  or  remark  affectedly 
witty  ; a mean  attempt  at  wit ; a conceit ; a joke. 

He  js  full  of  conceptions,  points  of  epigram,  and  witticisms ; 
all  which  are  below  the  dignity  of  heroic  verse.  Addison. 

A mighty  witticism  — pardon  a new  word.  Dryden. 

jK£f*This  word  Dryden  innovated.  Johnson. 

YVLT'TI-LY,  ad.  1.  In  a witty  manner;  with  wit. 

In  conversation  wittily  pleasant.  Sidney. 

2.  Ingeniously  ; cunningly  ; artfully. 

But  is  there  any  other  beast  that  lives 

Who  his  own  harm  so  wittily  contrives?  Dryden. 

YVIT'TI-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  the  state  of 
being  witty  : — something  witty.  Spenser. 

YVIT'TING-LY,  ad.  Knowingly;  by  design. 

Nor  wittingly  have  I infringed  my  vow.  Shak. 

f YVIT'TOL,  n.  [A.  S.  wittol , witol , knowing.] 
One  who,  knowing  his  wife’s  faithlessness, 
seems  content;  a tame  cuckold.  Sidney. 

t YVIT'TOL-LY,  a.  Like  a wittol.  Shak. 

YVIT'TY,  a.  1.  + Ingenious  ; inventive.  Shak. 

Thou  art  . . . witty  in  thy  words.  Judith  xi.  23. 

2.  Having  or  exhibiting  wit ; abounding  in 
wit ; humorous  ; droll ; funny  ; facetious. 

The  wittiest  sayings  will  be  found  in  a great  measure  the 
issues  of  chance.  South. 

So  unmercifully  witty  upon  the  ladies.  Addison. 


WIT'WAL,  n.  (Ornith.)  The  golden  oriole ; Ori- 
olus  g'albula  ; — also  the  greater  spotted  wood- 
pecker ; Pints  major.  Eng.  Cyc. 

WlT'— WORM  (vvlt'wifrm),  n.  A feeder  on  wit : 
— a canker  of  wit.  B.  Jonson. 

WiVE,  v.n.  [t.  wived;  pp.  wiving,  wived.] 
To  marry,  as  a man  ; to  take  a wife.  Shak. 

WIVE,  v.  a.  1.  To  match  to  a wife ; to  furnish 
with  a wife.  “ Already  wived.”  Milton. 

2.  To  take  for  a wife ; to  marry. 

Her  whom  the  lirst  man  did  wive.  Donne. 

fWiVE'HOOD  (wlv'hud),  n.  Wifehood.  Spenser. 

f WIVE'LESS,  a.  Wifeless.  Homily. 

WIVE'LY,  a.  Belonging  to  or  becoming  a wife; 
wifely,  [it.]  Sidney. 

Wl'VER,  or  Wl'VJpRN,  n.  A kind  of  heraldic 
dragon.  Thynne. 

WlVE§  (wlvz),  n.  pi.  of  wife.  See  Wife. 

WIZ'ARD,  n.  [From  wise.  — A.  S.  wis ; Ger. 
weise,  wise.  — A.  S.  wige-lere,  wizard.] 

1.  fA  person  reputed,  or  pretending,  to  he 

wise.  Spenser. 

2.  A conjurer  ; a magician  ; an  enchanter  ; a 
sorcerer  ; — correlative  to  witch. 

And  says,  a wizard  told  him  that  by  G. 

His  i^sue  disinherited  should  be.  Shak. 

WIZ'ARD,  a.  1.  Enchanting;  charming.  Collins. 

2.  Haunted  by  wizards.  “ Where  Deva 
spreads  her  icizard  stream.”  Milton. 

WIZ'ARD-RY,  n.  The  art  or  the  practice  of  wiz- 
ards; sorcery;  magic.  Law. 

VVIZ'EN  (wlz'zn),  v.  n.  [A.  S.  wisnian,  weosnian.] 
[i.  WIZENED  ; pp.  WIZENING,  WIZENED.]  To 
dry  up  ; to  shrivel ; to  wither.  [Local.]  Forby. 

VVIZ'EN  (wlz'zn),  n.  The  windpipe  ; the  weasand. 
[Soot,  and  local,  Eng.]  Jamieson.  Ilalliwell. 

WIZ'ENED  (wiz'znd),  p.  a.  or  a.  Dried;  with- 
ered ; shrunk ; weazen.  [Local.]  Todd. 

WlZ'EN—  FACED  (wiz'zn-fast);  a.  Having  a lean 
or  shrivelled  face.  Clarke. 

WOAD  (wo«l),  n.  [A.  S.  wad,  waad;  Dut.  weede ; 
Ger.  wind;  Dan.  cede  ; Sw.  vejdc.  — It.  guado  ; 
Fr.  guesdc,  guede.  — Celt.  gwed.\ 

1.  (Bot.)  The  common  name  of  cruciferous 
plants  of  the  genus  Isatis,  one  species  of  which, 
Isatis  tinctoria,  is  cultivated  in  Great  Britain 
for  the  indigo  derived  from  its  leaves.  Loudon. 

2.  A blue  dye,  identical  with  indigo,  derived 

from  the  leaves  of  Isatis  tinctoria,  and  employed 
as  a fermentative  addition  to  indigo  in  the  pas- 
tel vat.  Miller.  Parnell. 

WOAD'— WAX-EN  (-wak-sn),  n.  (Bot.)  The  com- 
mon name  of  dyer’s  greenweed  ; Genista  tinc- 
toria ; — also  called  wood-waxen.  Gray. 

WODE,  a.  [A.  S.  wod .]  Mad;  furious.  — See 

Wood.  [Local,  Eng.]  Peggc.  IVriglit. 

WODE'GF.LD,  n.  (Old  Eng.  Law.)  A payment 
for  wood.  Burrill. 


WO'DIJN,  n.  [A.  S.]  A divinity  of  the  Anglo- 
Saxons,  considered  to  correspond  with  the  Mer- 
cury of  the  ancient  Greeks  and  Romans,  from 
which  Wednesday  receives  its  name; — some- 
times erroneously  considered  identical  with 
Odin.  Brandc. 


WOE  (wo),  n.  [M.  Goth,  wai ; A.  S.  wa,  wan  ; 
Put.  wee;  Ger.  welt;  Dan.  vee;  Sw.  ve.  — Gr. 
oval ; L.  vte. — W.  gwee.]  [Written  also  teo.] 

1.  Grief ; sorrow  ; misery  ; dolor ; agony  ; an- 
guish ; distress  ; affliction  ; suffering. 


Of  man’s  first  disobedience,  and  the  fruit 
Of  that  forbidden  tree,  whose  mortal  taste 
Brought  death  into  the  world,  and  all  our  iroe.  3/iIton. 
O’er  dreary  wastes  they  weep  each  other’s  woe.  Pope. 
2.  A curse  ; a denunciation  of  calamity,  [r.] 


Con  there  be  a woe  or  curse  in  all  the  stores  of  vengeance 
equal  to  the  malignity  of  such  a practice?  South. 


tiPif  It  is  often  used  in  denunciations;  as,  Woe  be; 
or  in  exclamations  of  sorrow  ; as,  Woe  is,  anciently, 
Woe  worth  (A.  S.  wcortlian,  wurthan,  to  become, 
to  he). 


Won  he  to  the  shepherds  of  Israel.  Peek,  xxxiv.  2. 
Woe  is  me.  for  I am  undone!  Tea.  vi.  5. 

Howl  ye,  Woe  worth  the  day  I Ezek.  xxx.  2. 

Woe  to  the  vanquished!  woel  Dryden. 

Woe  seems  in  phrases  of  denunciation  or  im- 


precation to  be  a substantive,  and  in  exclamation  an 
adjective,  as  particularly  in  the  following  lines.” 
Todd.  “ He  waxed  wondrous  woe."  Spenser. 

Woe  arc  we,  sir.  Shak. 

WOE'— BE-GONE,  a.  Far  gone  in  woe  ; very  sad  ; 
overwhelmed  with  grief  or  sorrow.  Shak. 

WOE'— WEA-RJED  (wo'we-rjd),  a.  Tired  out  with 
woe  ; fatigued  with  sorrow.  Shak. 

WO'FUL,  a.  1.  Sorrowful ; grieving  ; mourning ; 
lamenting.  “ Woful  widows.”  Daniel. 

2.  Bringing  sorrow  or  evil ; calamitous ; af- 
flictive ; sorrowful.  “ O woful  day.”  Philips. 

Wilful  extravagance  ends  in  woful  want.  Proverb. 

3.  Wretched ; paltry  ; sorry  ; pitiful. 

What  woful  stuff  this  madrigal  would  be  I Pope. 

WO'FUL-LY,  ad.  In  a woful  manner;  sorrow- 
fully; mournfully  : — wretchedly.  South. 

WO'FUL-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  woful ; 
misery ; calamity  ; affliction.  Martin. 

WOLD,  n.  [A.  S.  weald,  wold.] 

1.  A wood;  a forest;  a weald.  Bosworth. 

2.  An  open  tract  of  country,  hilly  and  void  of 

wood ; a down.  Shak.  Cowell. 

KJP  Wold  and  irtild  with  the  Saxons  signified  a ruler 
or  governor ; from  whence  Bert  wold  is  a famous  gov- 
ernor ; EtbelioeW,  a noble  governor  ; lleuculd,  and,  by 
inversion,  waldher,  a general  of  an  army.  Gibson. 

WOLF  (wulf),  n. 

[M.  Goth,  untlfs ; 

A.  S.  wulf;  Dut. 

Ger.  wolf;  Dan. 
ulv ; Sw.  ulf;  Icel. 
ulfr.  — L.  vulpes, 
a fox.]  (pi. 
wolve§  (wulvz).] 

1.  (Zoul.)  A rav- 
enous digitigrade 
mammal,  allied  to 
the  dog,  of  the  genus  Cards  or  Lupus. 

tssp  There  are  several  species  of  wolves,  found  in 
various  parts  of  the  world,  the  most  abundant  of 
which  is  the  American  wolf,  Cants  (or  Lupus ) occi- 
dcntalis.  Baird. 

2.  Any  thing  ravenous  or  destructive. Clarke. 

3.  (Med.)  A tubercular  excrescence  or  ulcer. 

— See  Lupus.  Browne. 

4.  A worm  which  infests  granaries.  Clarke. 

WOLF'— BER-RY,  n.  (Bat.)  A shrub  bearing  white 
berries,  and  growing  in  the  north-western  parts 
of  the  United  States  ; Symphoricarpus  occiden - 
tails.  Gray. 

WOLF'-DOG  (wulf' dog),  n.  1.  A powerful  dog, 
kept  to  guard  sheep  ; Cants  Pomcranivs.  Baird. 

2.  A dog  supposed  to  be  bred  between  a dog 
and  a wolf.  Johnson. 

WOLF'— FISH  (wulf'fish),  n.  (Ich.)  A fierce  and 
voracious  acan- 
tliopterygious  ma- 
rine fish ; Anar- 
rhicas  lupus  ; — 
called  also  cat-  Wolf-fish. 

fish,  and  sea-icolf. — See  Sea-wolf.  Brande. 

WOLF'ISH  (wulf'jsh),  a.  Resembling,  or  pertain- 
ing to,  a wolf ; ravenous  ; savage.  Shak. 

WOLF'ISII-LY  (wulf'jsh-le),  ad.  Like  a wolf ; 
savagely  ; ravenously.  Ash. 

WOLF'-NET  (wulf'net),  n.  A kind  of  net  that 
takes  great  numbers  of  fish.  [Local.]  Smart. 

WOJ/FRAM,  n.  (Min.)  An  opaque,  sometimes 
weakly  magnetic  mineral,  of  sub-metallic  lustre, 
occurring  in  crystalline  and  other  forms,  and 
consisting  of  tungstic  acid,  protoxide  of  iron, 
and  protoxide  of  manganese.  Dana. 

WOLF’S' BANE  (wulfs'ban),  n.  (Bot.)  A poison- 
ous, ranunculaceous  plant,  the  roots  of  which 
are  scraped  and  mixed  with  food  to  form  a bait 
for  • wolves  and  other  dangerous  animals ; 
monk’s-hood ; Aconitum  Napellus.  Baird. 

WOLF’S'-CLAW  (wfllfs'klfiw),  n.  (Bot.)  A plant 
of  the  genus  Lycopodium,  or  club-moss.  Smart. 

WOLF’S'— MILK,  n.  A kind  of  herb.  Ainsworth. 

WOLF’S'-PEACH  (wulfs'pech),  n.  (Bot.)  A plant 
of  the  genus  Lycopersicum  ; the  tomato.  Smart. 

WoL'LAS-TON-ITE,  n.  (Min.)  A subtranspar- 
I ent  or  translucent  mineral,  of  a white  color,  in- 


A,  E,  I,  6,  Cl,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  p,  1,  O,  IJ,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  I’AST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER ; 


WOLVERENE 


1679 


WOOD-ANT 


dining  to  gray,  yellow,  red,  or  brown,  of  a vit- 
reous lustre,  sometimes  crystallized,  and  con- 
sisting almost  entirely  of  silicate  of  lime;  — 
so  named  from  Wollaston , an  English  chemist, 
and  called  also  tabular  spar,  and  table  spar. Dana. 

WOL-V1JR-ENE'  (vvul-ver-en'),  n.  ( Zoiil .)  A car- 
nivorous mammal,  about  the  size  of  a large  bad- 
ger, found  throughout  the  northern  parts  of  the 
American  continent ; the  glutton  ; C lulo  luscus. 
— See  Glutton.  Baird. 

f WOLV'ISH  (wulv'ish),  a.  Wolfish.  Shah. 

WOM'AN  (wum'an),  n.  ; pi.  women  (wim'en). 
[A.  S.  wf,  naif  man , wiman,  wimman.  — “Man 
is  a general  term  to  include  each  sex,  and  [in 
A.  S.j  the  specific  name  wif  man  is  given  to  the 
female,  from  her  employment  at  the  woof  [A.  S. 
weft ; wefan,  to  weave],  and  wcepman  to  the 
male,  from  his  occupation  in  weapons  of  war.” 
Richardson.  — The  singular  is  literally  the 
womb-man,  and  the  plural  wif-mcn,  which  by 
the  change  of,/  into  m,  for  ease  of  pronuncia- 
tion, became  wirnmen.  Smart.] 

1.  The  female  of  the  human  race;  — applied 
particularly  to  an  adult  female  of  the  human 
race,  as  distinguished  from  a girl. 

O woyian , lovely  woman,  nature  formed  thee 
To  temper  man.  Otway. 

’T  is  beauty  that  (loth  oft  make  women  proud; 

*T  is  virtue  that  doth  make  them  most  admired; 

’T  is  modesty  that  makes  them  seem  divine.  Shak. 

But  grant  in  public  men  sometimes  are  shown, 

A woman  's  seen  in  private  life  alone; 

Our  bolder  talents  in  full  life  displayed. 

Your  virtues  open  fairest  in  the  shade.  rope. 

O woman , in  our  hours  of  ease. 

Uncertain,  coy,  and  hard  to  please, 

And  variable  as  the  shade 

By  the  light,  quivering  aspen  made, 

When  pain  and  anguish  wring  the  brow, 

A ministering  angel  thou  I Sir  Walter  Scott. 

2.  A female  attendant  or  servant.  Shah. 

WOM'AN  (wum'an),  v.  a.  To  make  pliant  or  ef- 
feminate, like  a woman,  [it.]  Shah. 

WOM'AN— BORN  (wum'am-bbrn),  a.  Born  of  wo- 
man.' Cowper. 

f WOM'ANED  (wum'atnd),  a.  United  with  a wom- 
an, as  in  marriage.  ' Shah. 

WOM'AN— HAT'ER  (wuin'sm-hat'er),  n.  One  who 
has,  or  pretends  to  have,  an  aversion  to  the  fe- 
male sex ; a misogamist.  Swift. 

f WOM'AN-IIEAD  , n.  Womanhood.  Donne. 

WOM’AN-HOOD  (wum'?n-hud),  n.  The  character, 
state,  or  collective  qualities  of  a woman.  Shah. 

WOM'AN-ISH  (wum'an-Ish),  a.  Suitable  to  a wo- 
man ; having  the  qualities  of  a woman  ; resem- 
bling a woman;  feminine;  effeminate.  Sidney. 

WOM'AN-ISH-LY  (wftm'jn-Ish-le),  ml.  In  a wo- 
manish manner.  Com.  on  Chaucer. 

WOM'AN-ISH-NESS  (wum'an-Ish-nes),  n.  State 
or  quality  of  being  womanish.  Hammond. 

WOM'AN-IZE  (wum'fm-Iz),  v.a.  To  make  or  ren- 
der womanish  ; to  soften,  [it.]  Sidney. 

WO M' AN-KIND  (wum'an-klnd),  n.  The  female 
sex  ; women  collectively.  Sidney. 

WOM' AN-LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  women.  Quin. 

WOM'AN-LIKE  (wum'?n-llk),  a.  Resembling  a 
woman  ; wqmanly.  Allen. 

WOM'AN-LI-NESS  (wflm'an-le-nes),  n.  The  qual- 
ity or  the  state  of  being  womanly.  Udal. 

WOM'AN-LY  (wum'an-le),  a.  1.  Becoming  a wo- 
man ; feminine  ; not  masculine.  Dryclen. 

2.  Not  girlish;  not  childish. 

Young  persons  under  a womanly  age.  Arbuthnot. 

WOM'AN-LY  (wum'an-le),  ad.  In  the  manner  of 
a woman.  Gascoigne. 

f WOM'AN— TIRED  (wum'an-tlrd),  a.  Hen-pecked. 
“ Thou  art  woman-tired.”  Shah. 

WOMB  (worn),  n.  [M.  Goth,  wamba,  the  belly; 
A.  S.  wamb,  the  womb,  the  belly ; Dut.  warn, 
the  belly  of  a skin  or  of  a fish,  a dewlap ; Frs. 
wamp  ; Old  Ger.  wambe,  the  womb  ; Ger.  wampe, 
a dewlap,  a belly  or  paunch ; Dan.  vom,  a belly, 
the  womb  ; Sw.  vii ‘mb.] 

1.  f Belly.  “ To  fill  his  womb.”  Wickliffe. 

2.  ( Anat. ) A hollow  symmetrical  organ  in  the 
female,  in  the  form  of  a truncated  conoid,  situ- 
ated in  the  pelvis  between  the  bladder  and  the 


rectum,  above  the  vagina,  and  below  the  convo- 
lutions of  the  small  intestine.  It  contains  the 
foetus  from  the  commencement  of  conception 
until  birth.  Dunylison. 

3.  The  place  where  any  thing  is  generated. 

The  womb  of  earth  the  genial  seed  receives.  Dryden. 

4.  Any  cavity  or  hollow  place  containing  any 

thing.  Addison. 

t WOMB  (worn),  a.  To  enclose ; to  breed  or  gen- 
erate  in  secret.  Shah. 

WOM' BAT,  n.  {Zoiil.)  A bur- 
rowing, marsupial  quadru- 
ped, somewhat  resembling 
a small  bear,  found  in  Aus- 
tralia ; the  ursine  opossum  ; 

Phascolomys  ursinus. 

Waterhouse. 

fWOMB'y  (woin'e),  ®.  Capacious.  Shah. 

WOM'JJN  (wim'en),  n.  pi.  of  woman.  See  WOMAN. 

WON  (wun),  i.  & p.  from  win.  See  Win. 

f WON,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  wunian  ; Dut.  wonen  ; Ger. 
wohnen .]  To  dwell ; to  have  abode.  Spenser. 

f WON,  n.  A dwelling  ; a habitation.  Spenser. 

WON'DpR  (wun'der),  n.  [A.  S.  wundor,  wander, 
roomier-,  Dut.  wonder-,  Ger.  wumler ; Dan.  Sj 
Sw.  under-,  Icel.  undur. ] 

1.  The  state  of  mind  produced  by  something 
new,  unexpected,  and  at  the  same  time  inexpli- 
cable ; astonishment ; amazement ; surprise. 

Wonder  expresses  an  embarrassment  of  the  mind  after  it 
lias  somewhat  recovered  from  the  first  percussion  of  surprise. 

Cogan. 

They  were  filled  with  ivonder  and  amazement  at  that  which 
had  happened  unto  him.  Acts  iii.  10. 

And  still  they  gazed,  and  still  the  wonder  grew 

That  one  small  head  could  carry  all  he  knew.  Goldsmith. 

2.  A cause  of  wonder;  something  wonderful ; 
a marvel : a prodigy  ; a miracle  ; a monster. 

That  sword  could  wonders  do.  Waller. 

I am  as  a ivonder  unto  many.  Ps.  Ixxi.  7. 

3.  Any  thing  mentioned  with  wonder. 

Babylon,  the  wonder  of  all  tongues.  Milton. 

The  seven,  wonders  of  the  world , the  pyramids  of 
Egypt,  the  Pharos  of  Alexandria,  the  walls  and  hang- 
ing gardens  of  Babylon,  the  temple  of  Diana  at  Ephe- 
sus, file  statue  of  the  Olympian  Jupiter,  the  mausole- 
um of  Artemisia,  and  the  Colossus  at  Rhodes.  Kncy. 

Syn.  — An  extraordinary  event  may  excite  rrondcr  ; 
if  it  comes  unexpectedly,  surprise ; if  attended  with 
exciting  circumstances  or  consequences,  amazement  or 
astonishment ; or  with  what  is  great  and  noble,  admi- 
ration.— See  Miracle. 

WON'DRR  (wun'der),  v.  n.  [A.  S.  icundrian.’]  \i. 
"WONDERED  ; pp.  "WONDERING,  WONDERED.] 

1.  To  be  struck  with  wonder  or  admiration  ; 
to  he  surprised;  to  marvel;  — followed  by  at> 
but  formerly  sometimes  by  aflvr. 

All  that  heard  it  wondered  at  those  things.  Luke  ii.  18. 

King  Turn  us  wondered  at  the  fight  renewed.  Dryden. 

He  wondered  that  there  was  no  intercessor.  Isa.  lix.  1G. 

All  the  world  v;ondered  after  the  beast.  Rev.  xiii.  3. 

The  reader  of  the  “ Seasons”  wonders  that  he  never  saw 
before  what  Thomson  shows  him.  Johnson. 

2.  To  doubt.  “ I rconder  whether  he  will  be 

here  in  time.”  [Colloquial.]  Johnson. 

t WUN'DER,  all.  Wonderfully.  Wickliffe. 

fWON'DERED  (wun'derd),  a.  Able  to  perform, 
or  having  performed,  wonders.  Shah. 

WoN'DpR-pR,  n.  One  who  wonders.  Barret. 

VVON'DIJR-FUL,  a.  Exciting  wonder;  surpris- 
ing; amazing;  marvellous;  astonishing. 

Therefore  have  I uttered  that  I understood  not;  things  too 
wonderful  for  me,  which  I knew  not.  Job  xlii.  3. 

WON'DER-FUL-I.Y,  ad.  In  a wonderful  manner 
or  degree  ; surprisingly  ; amazingly. 

I am  fearfully  and  wonderfully  made.  Ps.  cxxxix.  14. 

WON'DER-FUL-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quali- 
ty of  being  wonderful.  Sidney. 

WON'DIJR-ING-LY,  ad.  In  a wondering  manner. 

fWON'DER-LY,  ad.  Wonderfully.  Wickliffe. 

WON'DpR-MENT,  n.  Astonishment  ; amaze- 
ment ; wonderful  appearance,  [it.]  Dryden. 

WON'DER-OUS,  a.  See  Wondrous. 

WON'DRR— STRUCK,  a.  Struck  with  wonder  ; 
amazed  ; astonished.  Dryden. 


WON'DER— WORK'UR  (wun'der- vviirk'er),  n.  A 
performer  of  wonders.  Attcrbury. 

WON'DER— VVORK'jNC  (wSu'der-wurk'jng),  a.  Do- 
ing wonders  or  surprising  things.  Drayton. 

WON'DROUS,  a.  Marvellous;  wonderful. 

The  u-ondrous  wisdom  of  our  Creator.  Watts. 

f WON'DROUS,  ad.  Wondrously.  Raleigh. 

WON'DROUS-LY,  ad.  In  a wonderful  manner; 
wonderfully ; marvellously.  Shah. 

WON'DROUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
wondrous  ; wonderfulncss.  Browne. 

fWONG,  n.  [A.  S.]  {Law.)  Afield.  Spelman. 

WONT  (wunt),  v.  n.  [Bast  part,  of  A.  S.  wunian, 
to  dwell,  to  won.]  [t.  wont;  pp.  wonting, 
wont  or  WONTED.]  To  be  accustomed  ; to 
use  ; to  be  used  ; to  be  habituated. 

A yearly  solemn  feast  she  wont  to  make.  Spenser. 

WONT  [wunt,  S..  W.  P.  J.  F.  K.  Sm.  Wb  ; wont, 
Ja.],  n.  Custom  ; habit ; use  ; practice. 

’T  is  not  his  wont  to  be  the  hindmost  man.  Shale. 

WONT  (wont  or  wunt)  [wont,  S.  W.  F.  Ja.  K. 
Sin. ; wunt,  Wb.]  A contraction  of  would  not ; 
— used  for  will  not.  [Colloquial.]  Johnson. — 
In  New  England,  commonly  pronounced  w'nt. 

WONT'ED,  a.  Accustomed;  used;  usual. 

Again  his  wonted  weapon  proved.  Spenser. 

E'en  in  our  ashes  live  their  wonted  fires.  Gray. 

WONT'^D-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  wonted 
or  accustomed,  [it.]  K.  Charles. 

f WONT'LIJSS,  a.  Unaccustomed.  Spenser. 

WOO,  v.  a.  [A.  S.  wogan.]  [t\  wooed  ; pp.  woo- 
ing, wooed.] 

1.  To  court ; to  solicit  in  love  ; to  address. 
"With  looks,  with  words,  with  gifts  he  oft  her  wooed.  Spenser. 

Was  ever  woman  in  this  humor  wooed ? 

Was  ever  woman  in  this  humor  won?  Shak. 

2.  To  court  or  invite  solicitously. 

Thee,  chan  tress,  oft  the  woods  among 

I woo  to  hear  thy  even  song.  Milton. 

WOO,  v.  n.  To  court ; to  make  love.  Dryden. 

WOOD  (wud),  n.  ; pi.  wood?  (wudz).  [A.  S.  wu- 
du,  wood,  a wood;  Dut.  woud,  a wood;  Dan.  § 
Sw.  ved.  — W 1 gwydd.] 

1.  A largo  and  thick  collection  of  trees  ; a 
forest ; — often  used  in  the  plural. 

Light  thickens,  and  the  crow 

Makes  wing  to  the  rooky  wood.  Shak. 

From  Badby  I rode  through  some  woods.  Pennant. 

There  is  a pleasure  in  the  pathless  woods.  Byron. 

Those  green-robed  senators  of  mighty  woods.  Keats. 

2.  The  substance  of  trees  ; trees  sawed  or  cut 
for  architectural  or  other  purposes  ; timber. 

Bring  ivootl , and  build  the  house.  Hag.  i.  8. 

And  they  clave  the  icood  of  the  cart.  1 Sam.  vi.  14. 

Come  up  unto  me  into  the  mount,  and  make  thee  an  ark 
of  wood.  Deut.  x.  1. 

3.  Trees  cut  or  sawed  for  fuel. 

4.  An  idol  constructed  of  wood. 

"Woe  unto  him  that  saith  to  the  wood , Awake!  Hab.  ii.  It). 

5.  {Bot.)  The  inner  and  hardened  portion  of 

trees  and  shrubs  of  more  than  one  year’s  dura- 
tion. Henslow. 

The  wood  of  exogenous  plants  consists  of  proper 
woody  tissue,  more  or  less  intermingled  with  vascular 
tissue,  principally  in  the  form  of  dotted  ducts,  or  oc- 
casionally some  spiral  or  annular  ducts,  &c.  It  is 
composed  of  concentric  rings  or  layers,  each  the 
growth  of  one  year,  which  are  traversed  by  medullary 
rays.  The  wood  of  endogenous  plants  consists  of 
bundles  of  woody  and  vascular  tissue,  in  the  form  of 
thick  fibres  ami  threads,  which  are  embedded  in  cel- 
lular tissue.  Gray. 

WOOD  (vvud),  v.  a.  To  supply  or  furnish  with 
wood,  as  for  fuel. 

Wooding  and  watering  our  squadron.  Anson. 

WOOD  (vyud),  v.  n.  To  get  or  procure  supplies 
of  w'ood,  as  for  fuel.  Anson. 

(WOOD  (wud),  a.  [A.  S.  tcod.]  Mad ; furious ; 
raving;  — written  also  wode.  Tusser. 

WOOD'— A-NEM'O-Np  (wud'-),  n.  {Bot.)  A low 
perennial  plant,  with  pretty  vernal  flowers, 
growing  in  woods  ; Anemone  nemorosa.  Gray. 

WOOD'— ANT  (wud'Snt),  n.  {Ent.)  A species  of 
ant  living  in  society  or  colonies  in  woods  ; For- 
mica rufa.  Eng.  Cyc. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — y,  y,  <;,  g,  soft;  16,  G,  j,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  ^ as  gz. — THIS,  this. 


WOOD-ASHES 


WOOD-TIN 


1680 


WOOD'— ASH-ES  (wfid'ksli-ez),  n.  Ashes  of  wood. 

WOOD'BIND  (wad'bind),  n.  ( Bot .)  A plant; 
woodbine,  [it.]  Drayton. 

VVOOD'BINE  (wud'bln),  n.  \icood  and  bind.] 
(Bot.)  A twining  shrub  bearing  very  fragrant 
flowers  ; the  eglantine  ; the  honeysuckle  ; Cap- 
rifolium  Periclymenum.  Baird. 

/Eg- American  woodbine,  a twining  shrill)  hearing 
fragrant  flowers,  with  a ringent,  smooth  corolla ; 
Lunicera  grata.  Gray. 

WOOD'— BIRD  (wild 'bird),  n.  A bird  inhabiting 
the  woods.  Shak. 

WOOD'-BOUND  (wud'-J,  a.  Encumbered  by  tall 
hedge-rows.  Clarke. 

WOOD'CHAT  (wud'chat),  n.  ( Ornith .)  A species 
of  shrike,  or  butcher-bird,  found  in  Middle  Eu- 
rope and  in  Northern  Africa.  Yarrell. 

WOOD'— CHOIR  (wud'kwlr),  n.  The  songsters  or 
singing  birds  of  the  woods.  Coleridge. 

WOOD 'CHUCK  (wud'chuk),  n.  (Zoul.)  A quad- 
ruped of  the  marmot  family  ; ground-hog ; Arc- 
tomys  monax.  Audubon. 

WOOD'— COAI,  (whd'kok),  n.  1.  Coal  made  of 
wood  ; charcoal.  Smart. 

2.  Brown-coal ; bituminous  wood.  Braude. 

WOOD'COCK  (wud'- 
kok),  n.  1.  (Or-, 
tilth.]  A grallato- 
rial,  nocturnal  bird  of 
the  family  Scolopacidte, 
allied  to  the  snipe  ; Scol- 
opax  rusticola.  Yarrell. 

2.  t A dunce.  [Ludi- 
crous.] Drayton.  Shak. 

Thorny  woodcock , ( Zoiil .)  ' 

*a  name  applied  to  several  ^ 
mollusks  of  the  genus  Mu-  Woodcock. 

rex,  having  an  oval,  oblong  shell,  with  a long  tube 
with  or  without  spines.  — Woodcock's  or  snipe's  head, 
(Zoiil.)  a mollusk  of  the  genus  Mu  rex,  having  a na- 
ked, reddish  shell,  with  a long,  slender  tube.  Eng.  Cyc. 

WOOD'COCK— SHELL,  n.  {Conch.)  The  shell  of 
certain  species  of  mollusks,  of  the  genus  Murex, 
having  an  oval,  oblong  shell,  with  a long  tube 
with  or  without  spines.  Clarke.  Eng.  Cyc. 

WOOD'-CRACK-pR,  n.  A kind  of  bird.  Clarke. 

WOOD'— CR/tFT,  n.  Skill  in  any  thing  which  per- 
tains to  the  woods  or  forest.  Clarke. 

WOOD'-CRICK-ET  (wud’krik-et),  n.  ( Ent?)  A 
kind  of  insect.  Goldsmith. 

WOHD'-CUL-VER  (wud'-),  n.  Wood-pigeon. 

WOOD'— CUT  (wud'kut),  n.  An  engraving  on 
wood : — also  a print  or  an  impression  from  an 
engraving  on  wood.  Ec.  Rev. 

WOOD'-C0t-TER,  n.  One  who  cuts  wood;  one 
who  fells  trees  and  chops  up  wood.  Morgan. 

WOOD-DOVE'  (wud'duv),  n.  {Ornith.)  The 
wood-pigeon  ; Columba  palumbus.  Savage. 

WOOD'— DRINK  (wud'drlnk),  n.  A decoction  or  in- 
fusion of  medicinal  woods,  as  sassafras.  Floyer. 

WOOD'— DUCK  (wfid'duk),  n.  {Ornith.)  A name 
given  to  the  summer-duck.  Audubon. 

WOOD'ED  (wud'ed),  a.  Supplied  or  covered  with 
wood  or  trees  ; timbered. 

Landed  estate, . . . wooded,  and  watered.  Arbuihnot. 

WOOD'EN  (wud'dn),  a.  1.  Made  of  wood;  con- 
sisting of  wood  ; ligneous  ; woody.  Addison. 

2.  Clumsy ; awkward  ; stiff ; ungainly. 

When  a bold  man  is  out  of  countenance,  he  makes  a very 
wooden  figure  on  it.  Collier. 

WOOD'EN— CL6CK,  n.  A clock  in  which  the  case, 
a large  part  of  the  machinery,  &c.,  are  made  of 
wood.  S.  Taylor. 

WOOD'— EN-GRA'VER,  n.  Ah  artist  who  cuts 
pictures  or  drawings  on  box-wood,  to  take  im- 
pressions from.  Simmonds. 

WOOD'-EN-GRAv'ING  (wud'-),  n.  The  art  of 
cutting  designs  on  wood,  in  such  manner  as  to 
leave  the  lines  in  relief: — also  an  engraving 
on  wood  ; a wood-cut.  Fairholt. 

WOOD'EN— SPOON  (wud'dn-),  n.  A term  applied 
to  the  last  junior  optime  that  takes  a degree  in 
the  University  of  Cambridge,  Eng.  Gent.  Mag. 

We  submit  that  a wooden-zponn  of  our  dav  would  not  be 
justified  in  callin'*  Galileo  and  Napier  blockheads,  because 
they  never  heard  of  the  differential  calculus.  Macaulay. 

WOOD'— FItKT-TER  (w fid' fret- ter),  n.  An  insect 
or  worm  that  eats  wood.  Ainsworth. 


WOOD'-GoD  (wud'gSd),  n.  A fabled  or  pretended  WOOD'PECK  (wOd'pek),  n.  Woodpecker.Addjsorc. 
sylvan  deity.  Spenser. 

WOOD'— GROUSE  (wud  grbus),  n.  {Ornith.)  The 
capercailzie,  or  cock  of  the  wood  ; Tetrao  uro- 
gallus.  Yarrell. 

WOOD'— HOLE  (wfid'hol),  n.  A place  where  wood 
is  laid  up.  Philips. 

WOOD'— HOUSE  (wud'llous),  n.  A house,  or  recep- 
tacle, for  wood  ; a store-room  for  fuel.  Smollett. 


WOOD'MAN  (wud'mrin), 
WOODSMAN  (w 


d'mfin),  ) 
uilz'man),  ) 


WOOD'I-NESS  (wfid'e-nes),  il.  The  state  or  the 
quality  of  being  woody.  Holland. 

WOOD'ING,  n.  Act  of  supplying  with  wood.  Anson. 

WOOD'lAND  (wfid'litnd),  n.  1.  Ground  which  is 
covered  or  interspersed  with  wood  or  trees ; 
forest-land  ; timber-land  ; woods.  Simmonds. 

2.  A soil  resembling  the  soil  in  woods  in  color 
and  humidity.  [Eng.]  Wright. 

Syn.  — See  Forest. 

WOOD'LAND  (wud'ljnd),  a.  Relating  to  woods; 
sylvan.  “ Woodland  grounds.”  Dryden. 

WOOD'— LARK  (wud'l&rk),  n.  {Ornith.)  A spe- 
cies of  lark  allied  to  the  sky-lark,  but  smaller ; 
Alauda  arborea.  Yarrell. 

WOOD'— LAY-ER  (wfld'la-er),  n.  A young  oak  or 
other  tree  laid  down  in  a hedge.  Clarke. 

WOOD'LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  wood.  Clarke. 

WOOD'LESS-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  condition  of 
being  woodless.  Clarke. 

WOOD'LOUK  (wud'lok),  n.  {Naut.)  A piece  of 
thick  sturt’  fitted  on  the  rudder  of  a ship,  to 
keep  it  down.  Mar.  Diet. 

WOOD'— LOUSE  (wud'lous),  n.  (Ent.)  A name 
given  to  isopods  of  the  genus  Oniscus ; sow- 
bug.  Baird. 

t WOOD'LY  (wud'le),  ad.  Madly.  Huloct. 

1.  One  of  the 
men  appointed  to 
look  to  the  king’s  woods.  [Eng.]  Whishaw. 

2.  One  skilled  in  the  forest,  or  sports  of  the 

forest ; a sportsman  ; a hunter.  Shak. 

3.  A timber-cutter  ; a forester.  Simmonds. 

WOOD'-MEIL,  n.  {Naut.)  A coarse  kind  of  stuff 
used  to  line  port-holes.  Burn. 

WOOD'— MITE,  n.  {Ent.)  A name  given  to 
arachnidans  of  the  family  Oribatidce,  found 
creeping  upon  stones  and  trees  amongst  moss. 

Baird. 

t WOOD'MONG-ER,  n.  A woodscller.  Wotton. 

WOOD'-MOSS  (wfld'mos),  n.  Moss  growing  on 
wood.  Jodrell. 

fWOOD'MOTE  (wud'mot),  n.  {Law.)  A forest 
court ; the  old  name  of  the  court  of  attachments, 
otherwise  called  the  Forty  Days' Court.  Burrill. 

WOOD'— NAPH-THA  (wud'nap-th?),  n.  Impure 
pyroxylic  spirit.  — See  Pyuoxylic-spiiiit. 

Miller. 

f WOOD'NESS  (wud'iies),  n.  Madness.  Bp.  Fisher. 

WOOD'— NIGHT'SHADE  (wild'-),  n.  {Bot.) 
Woody  nightshade  ; Solatium  dulcamara. 

Johnson. 

WOOD'— NOTE  (wud'not),  n.  A wild,  musical 
note,  like  that  of  a forest-bird. 

Or  sweetest  Shakespeare,  Fancy’s  child, 

Warble  his  native  vjood-notes  wild.  Milton. 

WOOD'— NYMPH  (wud'nlmf),  n.  A fabled  goddess 
of  the  woods;  a nymph  of  the  woods.  Milton. 

VPOOD'-OF'FER-ING  (wud'-),  n.  {Bib.)  Wood 
burnt  on  the  altar.  Neh.  x.  34. 

WOOD'— OIL,  n.  A clear,  dark-brown  liquid,  re- 
sembling copaiba  in  consistence,  smell,  and 
taste,  obtained  from  Diptcrocarpiis  turbinatus,  a 
large  tree  growing  in  farther  India,  and  also 
from  other  species  of  the  same  genus.  It  is 
called  also  balsam  of  copaiba,  and  Gurjan  bal- 
sam, and  is  used  medicinally,  having  properties 
similar  to  those  of  copaiba.  Woodly  Bache. 

WOOD'— O-PAL  (wud'6-pal), n.  (Min.)  Amineral 
composed  chiefly  of  silica,  and  having  the  form 
and  texture  of  wood,  the  vegetable  matter  having 
gradually  given  place  to  a silicious  deposit  pos- 
sessing the  characters  of  semi-opal  ; — called  also 
opalized  wood,  and  ligniform-opal.  Cleaveland. 


WOOD'PECK-ER  ( w&d'pek- 
?r),  n.  {Ornith.)  A scan- 
sorial  bird  of  the  family 
Picidee,  remarkable  for  its 
extensible  tongue, by  means 
of  which  it  draws  insects 
and  grubs  out  of  holes 
which  it  has  pecked  in 
trees.  There  are  many 
species  of  several  genera. 

— See  PiciDvE.  Yarrell. 

WOOD'— PI  (4- EON  (wfid'pld- 
jun),  n.  {Ornith.)  The 
ring-dove  ; Columba palum-  GoM-WinBed  woodpcck- 
OUS.  Yarrell.  er  (Picus  aurutus). 

WOOD'-PILE,  n.  A pile  of  wood,  as  for  fuel.  Ash. 

WOOD'— PU'C E-RQN,  n.  {Ent.)  A kind  of  insect 
which  penetrates  into  wood.  Clarke. 

WOOD'— REEVE  (wud'rev),  n.  One  who  has  the 
care  of  woods.  [Eng.]  Todd. 

WOOD'— ROCK  (wud'rok),  n.  {Min.)  A variety  of 
asbestos.  Wright. 

WOOD'ROOF  (wud'rof),  n.  [“  Supposed  to  be  a 
corruption  of  the  word  wood-rowcll,  the  whorls 
of  leaves,  according  to  Turner,  repr  esenting  cer- 
tain kinds  of  ‘ rowelles  of  spores.’”  Loudon.] 
{Bot.)  The  common  name  of  plants  of  the  ge- 
nus Asperula,  particularly  of  Asperula  odorata, 
which  is  remarkable  for  its  fragrance  when 
dried.  Loudon. 

WOOD'RUFF,  n.  {Bot.)  Woodroof.  Eng.  Cyc. 

WOOD'— RUSH  (wud'-),  n.  {Bot.)  The  common 
name  of  plants  of  the  genus  Luzula,  being  those 
rushes  which  have  flat  leaves.  Gray. 

WOOD'— SA^E  (wud'saj),  n.  {Bot.)  A plant,  in- 
digenous in  Europe,  in  woody,  hilly  situations, 
having  a smell  and  a taste  resembling  that 
of  the  hop  ; wood  germander;  Teucrium  scoro- 
donia.  Eng.  Cyc. 

t AVOOD'sArE  (wud'sir),  n.  Froth  found  on 
plants  ; froth-spit.  — See  Froth-spit.  Bacon. 

WOOD'— SCREW  (-skru),  n.  A screw  for  uniting 
pieces  of  wood.  Wright. 

f WOOD'SEEU  (wud'ser),  n.  The  time  when  there 
is  no  sap  in  the  tree.  Tusser. 

WOOD'— SHOCK  (wfid'shok),  n.  (Zoiil.)  A species 
of  North  American  weasel;  the  pecan  ; Mattes 
Canadensis.  . Eng.  Cyc. 

WOOD'— SKIN,  n.  A large  kind  of  river  canoe 
made  in  Guiana  by  the  Indians,  from  the  bark 
of  the  purple  heart-tree,  and  the  Simari  or 
locust-tree.  Simmonds. 

WOODSMAN  (wudz'mjn),  re.  A woodman.  — See 
Woodman.  Hammond. 

WOOD'— SOOT,  n.  Soot  from  burnt  wood.  Clarke. 

WOOD'— SOR-REL  (wud'sor-rel),  n.  (Bot.)  The 
common  name  of  polypetulous  exogenous  plants 
of  the  genus  Oxalis,  the  best  known  species  of 
which  is  Oxalis  aeetosella,  or  common  wood-sor- 
rel.  All  the  species  have  acid  leaves  from  the 
presence  in  them  of  oxalic  acid  combined  with 
potash.  Eng.  Cyc.  Gray. 

.OSf-The  binoxalate  of  potash  is  sometimes  sepa- 
rated by  chemists  from  wood-sorrel,  aud  sold  under 
the  name  of  salt  of  lemons,  for  removing  iron  moulds 
and  ink  stains  from  linen.  Loudon.  Wood  $ Bache. 

WOOD'— SPTr-IT,  n.  Pyroxylic  spirit.  — See 
Pyroxy'lic-spirit.  Miller. 

WOOD'SPITE,  n.  (Ornith.)  The  green  wood- 
pecker; Ficus  viridis.  Yarrell. 

WOOD'— STAMP,  n.  A block-print  and  carved 
work  for  impressing  figures  and  colors  on  paper 
or  fabrics.  Simmonds 

WOOD'— STONE,  n.  A mineral  of  a fibrous  text- 
ure. with  the  fibres  often  intertwined  like  those 
of  wood,  essentially  composed  of  silicious  earth 
supposed  to  have  been  gradually  deposited  as 
the  vegetable  matter  was  decomposed  and  re- 
moved ; — called  also  petrified  wood,  and  aga- 
tized  tcood.  Cleaveland. 

WOOD'-TAR,  n.  Tar  obtained  from  wood. 

WOOD'— TIN  (wfid'tln),  n.  (Mm.)  A mineral 
occurring  in  botryoidal  and  reniform  shapes  of 


A,  E,  !,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  E,  l,  9,  U,  Y,  obscure  ; FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL  ; HEIR,  HER; 


WOOD- VINEGAR 


1681 


WORDILY 


a radiated  structure,  and  consisting  chiefly  of 
deutoxide  of  tin  ; — found  in  Cornwall  and  in 
Brazil.  Dana. 

WOOD'-VIN'E-GAR,  n.  Diluted  acetic  acid,  con- 
taining 6|  per  cent,  of  monohydrated  acetic 
acid.  ’ Wood  S;  Bache. 

WOOD-WARD  (wud’wflrd),  n.  One  whose  office 
was  to  protect  the  wood,  and  who  was  sworn  to 
present  all  offences  against  vert  and  venison  at 
the  forest  courts.  [Eng.]  Coioell. 

WOOD'- WAX  (tvud'waks),  ) ( Bot .)  A shrub; 

WOOD'-WAX-EN,  > dyer’s  weed  ; dyer’s- 

broom;  Genista  tinctoria  ; — called  also  woad- 
waxen.  Booth.  Dunglison. 

WOOD'-WORK  (wud'wiirk),  n.  Work,  or  the 
part  of  any  thing  formed  of  wood.  Goldsmith. 

WOOD'-WORM  (wud'wiirm),  n.  A sort  of  worm 
which  is  bred  in  wood.  Johnson. 

WOOD'Y  (wud’e),  a.  1.  Abounding  with  wood. 

Secret  shades 

Of  woody  Ida’s  inmost  grove.  Milton. 

2.  Consisting  of  wood  ; ligneous. 

The  woody  parts  of  plants.  Grew. 

3.  Relating  to  woods  ; sylvan. 

All  the  satyrs  scorn  their  woody  kind.  Spenser. 

4.  Having  the  texture  of  wood.  Lindley. 

Woody  fibre  or  woody  tissue , (Bot.)  tissue  consisting 

of  very  slender,  tough,  transparent,  membranous 
tubes,  or  elongated  cells,  tapering  acutely  to  each  end, 
and,  like  cellular  tissue,  having  no  direct  communi- 
cation with  each  other  except  by  invisible  pores;  — 
called  also  pleurenchyma.  Woody  tissue  constitutes  a 
large  part  of  trees  and  shrubs,  and  a distinguishable 
portion  of"  phamogainous,  herbaceous  plants.  The 
textile  fibres  of  flax,  hemp,  &c.,  are  derived  from  the 
woody  tissue  of  the  bark.  Lindley.  Gray. 

WOOD'Y— NiGHT'SHADE  (wud'e-nit'shad),  n. 
(Bot.)'  A plant;  wood-nightshade;  Solatium 
dulcamara.  Dunglison. 

WOO'ER,  n.  One  who  wooes ; one  who  courts  a 
woman  ; a lover.  “ Penelope’s  wooers.”  Bacon. 

WOOF,  n.  [See  Weft.]  1.  The  series  of  threads 
that  run  breadthwise,  and  so  cross  the  warp  ; 
the  weft.  “ The  warp  and  the  woof.”  Bacon. 

2.  Texture  ; cloth.  Pope. 

WOOF'Y,  a.  Having  a close  texture.  Clarke. 

WOO'ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  wooes  ; the  act 
of  courting  or  soliciting.  Cowper.  Stowe. 

W66'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a wooing  manner ; pleas- 
ingly ; so  as  to  invite  stay.  Shak. 

WOOL  (wul),  n.  [M.  Goth,  wulla ; A.  S.  wul, 
icull;  Dut.  wol\  Ger.  wolle ; Dan.  uld ; Sw.  <Sf 
Icel.  ull ; Ir.  § Gael,  olann , olunn.  — Rus.  wot- 
na.  — Hind.  wal.  — Old  Eng.  wolle,  wuV.e .] 

1.  The  soft  hair  or  fleecy  covering  of  sheep, 

goats,  and  some  other  animals.  Brande. 

A gown  made  of  the  finest  wool, 

"Which  from  our  pretty  lambs  we  pull.  Raleigh. 

2.  Any  short,  thick  hair  ; something  resem- 
bling the  wool  of  sheep. 

In  the  caldron  boil  and  bake; 

Wool  of  bat  and  tongue  of  dog.  Shak. 

3.  (Bot.)  Long,  dense,  curled,  and  matted  hairs 
resembling  wool,  on  certain  plants.  Wright. 

WOOL'-BALL  (wul'b&l),  n.  A ball  of  wool.  Smart. 

WOOL'— BEAr-ING  (wul'bir-jng),  a.  Bearing  or 
producing  wool.  Booth. 

WOOL'— BUR-Lf.R  (wul'-),  n.  A person  who  re- 
moves the  little  knots  or  extraneous  matters 
from  wool,  and  from  woollen  cloth.  Simmonds. 

WOOL'— COMB-ER  (wul'kom-er),  n.  One  whose 
business  it  is  to  comb  wool.  Johnson. 

WOOL'— COMB-ING,  n.  Act  of  coming  wool.  Ash. 

WOOLD,  v.  a.  [Dut.  woelen,  bcwoelen ; Ger.  wilh- 
len,  bewuhlen. ] (Naut.)  To  wind  a rope  round, 
as  a mast  or  yard,  to  support  it  in  a place 
where  it  • may  have  been  fished  or  scarfed  ; to 
fasten  or  unite,  as  a spar  or  mast,  by  winding 
and  intertwining.  Mar.  Diet. 

WOOLD'IJR,  n.  (Hope-making.)  A stick  with  a 
strap  of  rope-yarn  made  fast,  to  fix  on  the  rope 
and  assist  the  men  at  the  hooks  in  closing  the 
rope.  Mar.  Diet. 

WOOLD'ING,  n.  (Naut.)  The  rope  used  in  bind- 
ing masts  and  yards.  Burn.  Mar.  Diet. 


WOOL'— DRIV-BR,  n.  A dealer  in  wool.  Clarke. 

WOOL'-DYED,  p.  a.  Dyed  in  the  yarn  before 
making  up  ; not  piece-dyed.  Simmonds. 

WOOL'FEL,  (wul'fel),  n.  A skin  notstripped  of 
the  wool.  — See  Pell.  " Davies. 

WOOL'-GATH'ER-ING  (wul'-),  n.  Idle  indul- 

. gence  of  the  imagination  ; vagary  : — useless 
pursuit  or  design  ; a foolish  enterprise.  Milton. 

WOOL'— gATH'£R-ING,  a.  Indulging  in  idle  fan- 
cies ; listless  ; dreamy  ; inattentive. 

His  wits  were  di-wool-gathering,  as  they  say,  and  his  head 
busied  about  other  matters.  Burton. 

WOOL'— GROW-ER,  n.  A grazier  or  breeder  of 
sheep  for  their  fleece.  Simmonds. 

WOOL'— hAll,  n.  A trade-market  in  the  woollen 
districts.  [England.]  Simmonds. 

WOOL'LIJN  (wfll'len),  a.  [A.  S.  wullen,  wyllen .] 

1.  Made  of  wool ; consisting  of,  or  like,  wool. 

Spite  of  his  woollen  nightcap.  Dryden. 

2.  Coarse  ; of  little  value  or  importance. 

I was  wont 

To  call  them  woollen  vassals,  things  created 

To  buy  and  sell  with  groats.  Shak. 

WOOL'LEN,  n. ; pi.  woollens  (wul'lenz).  Cloth 
made  of  wool ; woollen  goods.  Simmonds. 

WOOL'LEN-DRA'PJJR  (wul'len-),  n.  A dealer  in 
woollen  goods.  Simmonds. 

WOOL-LEN-ETTE'  (wul-len-et'),  n.  A kind  of 
thin  woollen  stuff.  Knight. 

WOOL'LEN-SCRlB'BLER§,  11.  pi.  Machines  for 
combing  wool  into  thin,  downy,  translucent  lay- 
ers : — also  called  wool-scribblers.  Simmonds. 

WOOL'LI-NESS  (wul'le-nes),  n.  The  state  or  the 
quality  of  being  woolly.  Clarke. 

WOOL'Ly  (wul'le),  a.  1.  Clothed  or  covered 
with  wool.  “ Woolly  breeders.”  Shak. 

2.  Made  or  consisting  of  wool ; woollen. 

On  their  own  woolly  fleeces  softly  sleep.  Dryden. 

3.  Resembling  wool ; like  wool. 

What  signifies 

My  fleece  of  woolly  hair,  that  now  uncurls?  Shak. 

4.  (Bot.)  Clothed  with  long,  dense,  curled, 
and  matted  hairs  resembling  wool,  as  Verbas- 
cum  Thapsus ; lanuginous.  Lindley.  Gray. 

The  blushing  apricot  and  woolly  peach.  B.  Jonson. 

WOOL'LY— HEAD  (wul'-),  n.  A cant  term  ap- 
plied to  a negro.  Bartlett.  Clarke. 

WOOL'MAN,  n.  A dealer  in  wool.  P.  Cyc. 

WOOL'—  PACK  (wul'pak),  n.  1.  A large  pack  or 
bale  of  wool  weighing  240  lbs.  Simmonds. 

2.  Any  thing  bulky,  but  light.  Cleaveland. 

WOOL'— PACK-ER  (wul'-),  n.  One  whose  busi- 
ness it  is  to  pack  wool.  Richardson. 

WOOL'-SACK  (wfil'sak),  n.  1.  A bag,  sack,  or 
bundle  of  wool.  Shenstone. 

2.  The  seat  of  the  lord  chancellor  of  England 
in  the  House  of  Lords,  being  a large,  square 
bag  of  wool,  xvithout  back  or  arms,  covered  with 
red  cloth.  Brande. 


WOOL'-STA-PLE  (wul'sta-pl),  n.  The  city  or 
town  in  England  where  wool  was  sold  ; a 
market  for  wool.  Whishaw. 

WOOL'— STA-PLER  (wfil'-),  n.  A wholesale  deal- 
er in  wool ; a sorter  of  wool.  Simmonds. 

WOOL'— STOCK  (wul'-),  n.  A heavy  wooden  ham- 
mer for  milling  cloth,  or  driving  the  threads  of 
the  web  together.  Simmonds. 

WOOL'— TRADE  (will'-),  n.  The  trade  in  wool. 

fWOOL'WARD  (wul'ward),  ad.  In  wool. 

I have  no  shirt;  I go  woolward  for  penance.  Shak. 

To  go  woolward,  To  go  dressed  in  wool  only,  with- 
out linen  : — often  enjoined  in  times  of  superstition,  by 
way  of  penance.  War  es. 

WOOL'— WIND-ER  (wul'wlnd-er),  n.  A packer  of 
wool;  wool-packer.  Crabb. 

WOOP,  n.  (Ornith.)  A kind  of  bird.  Johnson. 

WOOR  A-LY,  / n celebrated  virulent  poison 

WOU'RJ,  ) from  South  America; — called 
also  urari  and  ourari.  Iloblyn. 

Wo6§,  n.  Sea-weed;  an  herb.  Johnson. 

f WOOD'Y,  a.  Oozy.  “ Woosy  marsh.”  Drayton. 


WooTZ,  n.  A finely  damasked,  hard  steel,  of  ex- 
cellent quality,  obtained  from  India. 

HOP  Wootz  consists  of  iron  and  small  quantities  of 
carbon,  silicon,  sulphur,  and,  occasionally,  of  alumin- 
um. Miller. 

WORD  (wurd),  n.  [M.  Goth,  waurd  ; A.  S.  word, 
wyrd ; Ger.  wort ; Dut.  woord ; Dan.  (j  Sw.  ord ; 
Icel.  ord.  — Sansc.  wartha. — L.  verbum.  — From 
Goth,  waurthan,  A.  S.  wcordan,  pp.  warden, 
geworden-,  Ger.  werden,  pp.  gewarden;  Dut. 
worden,  to  be  or  become.  Richardson.] 

1.  An  articulate  sound,  or  combination  of 
such  sounds,  consisting  of  a root,  either  alone 
or  combined  with  one  or  more  particles,  or  with 
one  or  more  other  words,  and  expressing  an 
emotion  or  conception,  either  solely,  or  together 
with  other  words  as  part  of  a phrase  or  sen- 
tence ; a significant  part  of  speech,  consisting 
of  one  or  more  syllables ; an  articulate  or  oral 
expression  ; a term  ; a name.  Sir  J.  Stoddart. 

Man  had  by  nature  his  own  organs  so  fashioned  as  to  be  fit 
to  frame  articulate  sounds,  which  we  call  words.  Locke. 

As  conceptions  are  the  images  of  things  to  the  mind  within 
itself,  so  are  words  or  names  the  marks  of  those  conceptions 
to  the  minds  of  them  we  converse  with.,  South. 

Often  in  words  contemplated  singly  there  are  boundless 
stores  of  moral  and  historic  truth,  and  no  less  of  passion  and 
imagination  laid  up— lessons  of  infinite  worth  which  we 
may  derive  from  them,  if  only  attention  is  awakened  to  their 
existence.  Trench. 

Some  words  there  are  which  I cannot  explain  because  I 
do  not  understand  them.  Johnson. 

No  dictionary  of  a living  tongue  ever  can  be  perfect,  since, 
while  it  is  hastening  to  publication,  some  words  are  budding, 
and  some  are  falling  away.  Johnson. 

2.  The  written,  printed,  or  engraved  charac- 
ters or  letters  which  represent  an  articulate 
sound,  or  combination  of  sounds. 

3.  Dispute  ; verbal  contention. 

In  argument  upon  a case, 

Some  words  there  grew  ’twixt  Somerset  and  me.  Shak. 

4.  Oral  expression  ; language  ; living  speech  : 

— talk;  discourse.  # 

I ’ll  write  thee  a challenge,  or  I’ll  deliver  thy  indignation 
to  him  by  word  of  mouth.  Shak. 

Why  should  calamity  be  full  of  words?  Shak. 

5.  A declaration ; an  affirmation ; a state- 
ment : — a purpose  expressed ; a promise. 

I desire  not  the  reader  should  take  my  word.  Dryden. 

I ’ll  be  as  good  as  my  word.  Shak. 

I know  you  brave,  and  take  you  at  your  word.  Dryden. 

6.  A signal ; a token ; an  order  ; a command. 

Give  the  word  through.  Shak. 

7.  An  account ; tidings  ; a report ; a message. 

Bring  me  word  thither 

How  the  world  goes.  Shak. 

8.  A motto  ; a proverb  ; a saying. 

The  old  word  is,  “ What  the  eye  views  not,  the  heart  rues 
not.”  Bp.  Hall. 

9.  Scripture  ; the  word  of  God,  as  contained 
in  the  Old  and  the  New  Testament;  the  Bible. 

There  is  more  light  yet  to  break  forth  from  God’s  holy  word. 

John  Robinson. 

10.  Divine  intelligence  or  wisdom ; the  Son 

of  God  ; Jesus  Christ.  John  i.  1. 

So  spake  the  Almighty,  and  to  what  he  spake, 

His  Word,  the  filial  Godhead,  gave  effect.  Milton. 

Thou  art  the  source  and  centre  of  all  minds, 

Their  only  point  of  rest,  eternal  Word.  Cowper. 

Compound  word , a word  formed  of  two  or  more 
simple  words  ; as,  word-book,  pen-knife,  — Good  word, 
something  said  in  one’s  favor  ; a recommendation.  — 
In  word,  in  mere  declaration  or  profession. 

My  little  children,  let  us  not  love  in  ivord,  neither  in  tongue, 
but  in  deed  and  in  truth.  1 John  ill.  IS. 

Syn.  — See  Language,  Promise,  Term. 

WORD  (wurd),  v.  a.  [i.  worded;  pp.  wording, 

WORDED.] 

1.  To  express  in  words ; to  put  into  words. 

The  apology  for  the  king  is  the  same,  but  worded  with 
greater  deference  to  that  great  prince.  Addison. 

2.  To  affect  or  overpower  with  words,  [r.] 

If  one  were  to  be  worded  to  death,  Italian  ia  the  fittest 

language.  Howell. 

To  word  it,  t to  dispute  ; to  wrangle  ; to  speak 
against,  or  abuse  by  words.  L’Estrange. 

WORD'— BOOK  (wilrd'buk),  n.  A book  contain- 
ing words,  as  of  a language ; a vocabulary ; a 
dictionary.  Johnson. 

WORD'-CATCH-ER  (wurd'-),  n.  One  who  cavils 
at  words.  Pope. 

f WORD'ER  (wiird'er),  n.  A speaker.  Whitlock. 

WORD'I-LY  (wiird’e-le),  ad.  With  many  words  ; 
in  a verbose  manner.  Clarke. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — «?,  9,  *,  soft;  C,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  ij  as  z;  ? as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


WORDINESS 


1682 


WORKMANSHIP 


WORD'J-NESS  (wiird'e-nes),  n.  The  state  or  the 
quality  of  being  wordy  or  verbose.  Ash. 

WORD'ING  (vviird'-),  n.  1.  The  ftct  of  expressing 
or  representing  any  thing  in  words. 

2.  The  words  used,  or  the  manner  of  using 
words,  in  expressing  any  thing.  Fell. 

t WORD'ISH  (wurd'isli),  a.  Full  of  words;  wordy. 
“ These  wordish  testimonies.”  Hammond. 

f WORD’ISH-NESS  (wurd'jsh-nes),  n.  The  quality 
of  being  wordy  ; wordiness  ; verbosity. 

The  truth  they  hide  by  their  dark  wordishness.  Digby. 

WORD'LIJSS  (wiird'les),  a.  Silent ; speechless  ; 
without  words.  Stilling  fleet. 

WORD'Y  (wUrd'e),  a.  1.  Using  many  words ; 
verbose.  “ A wordy  orator.”  Spectator. 

2.  Consisting  of  words,  or  of  many  words  ; 
abounding  in  words.  “ Wordy  periods.”  Philips. 

Enough  of  this:  to  deal  in  tvordy  compliment 

Is  much  against  the  plainness  of  my  nature.  Rowe. 

WORE,  i.  from  wear.  See  Wear. 

WORK  (wiirk),  v.  n.  [M.  Goth,  waurkjan ; A.  S. 
weorcan,  wircan,  wyrean ; Dut.  loeiken  ; Ger. 
wirken  ; Dan.  virke  ; Sw.  verka,  virka.  — Gr. 
cpyui,  £0(5 u>.]  [/.  WORKED  Or  WROUGHT  ; pp. 

WORKING,  WORKED  Or  WROUGHT.] 

1.  To  be  in  action  or  motion ; to  be  in  exer- 
cise ; to  operate  ; to  perform ; to  act. 

• But  are  you  flesh  and  blood? 

Have  you  a working  pulse?  and  arc  no  fairy?  Shak. 

And  all  the  woman  worked  within  your  mind.  Drydcn. 

2.  To  be  employed  in  doing  something ; to 
make  exertion  to  some  end  ; to  labor  ; to  toil. 

A certain  man  had  two  sons;  and  he  came  to  the  first,  and 
said.  Son,  go  work  to-day  in  my  vineyard.  Matt.  xxi.  23. 

No  man  can  rest  who  has  not  worked.  Raley. 

3.  To  act ; to  carry  on  operations. 

How  holily  he  works  in  all  his  business!  Shak. 

4.  To  operate  as  a manufacturer  ; to  carry  on 
business  ; to  be  customarily  employed. 

They  that  work  in  fine  flax.  Isa.  xix.  9. 

5.  To  operate  ; to  have  effect. 

Nor  number  nor  example  with  him  wrought. 

To  swerve  from  truth,  or  change  his  constant  mind.  Milton. 

All  things  work  together  for  good.  Rom.  viii.  28. 

6.  To  make  diligent  or  strenuous  exertion ; 

to  act  with  diligence  or  laboriously  so  as  to  ac- 
complish or  attain  any  thing.  Shak. 

7.  To  act  internally;  to  operate,  as  physic. 

I should  have  doubted  the  operations  of  antimony,  where 
such  a potion  could  not  work.  Browne. 

8.  To  ferment,  as  a liquid. 

Into  wine  and  strong  beer  put  some  like  substances  while 
they  work.  Bacon. 

In  this  sense  the  regular  form  is  always  used. 

9.  To  be  tossed  or  agitated  ; to  heave. 

The  sen  wrought , and  was  tempestuous.  Jon.  i.  11. 

The  sea  works  high,  the  wind  is  loud.  Shak. 

10.  ( Naut .)  To  strain  ; to  labor  heavily,  as  a 

ship  in  a rough  sea.  Mar.  Diet. 

To  work  against , to  oppose. — To  work  about , to 
move  heavily  or  uneasily  about.  — To  ioor/c  at , to  he 
employed  on. — To  work  down , to  descend  by  work- 
ing.— To  work  into , to  enter  by  working. — To  work 
on  or  upon,  to  act  on  ; to  influence  ; to  practise  upon. 
— To  work  round , to  come  round  slowly  and  with 
effort. — To  work  through , to  get  through. — To  ioor/c 
to  windward , (Naut.)  to  ply  against  the  wind  ; to 
beat. — To  work  up,  or  to  work  up  to,  to  ascend  slowly 
and  with  effort.  Clarke.  Mar.  Diet. 

WORK  (wiirk),  v.  a.  1.  To  bestow  labor  upon  ; to 
convert  to  use  by  labor ; as,  “To  work  a mine.” 

2.  To  mould,  shape,  form,  or  manufacture,  as 
material,  by  labor  ; as,  “To  xvork  brass  or  iron.” 

3.  To  produce  or  acquire  by  labor ; to  effect 
by  labor  ; to  accomplish  by  working. 

Our  light  affliction  . . . worketh  for  us  a far  more  exceed- 
ing and  eternal  weight  of  glory.  2 Cor.  iv.  17. 

We  might  work  any  effect,  not  holpen  by  the  cooperation 
of  spirits,  but  only  by  the  unity  of  nature.  Bacon. 

Sidelong  he  works  his  way.  Milton. 

4.  To  put  into  motion  or  operation,  or  to  man- 
age in  a state  of  motion  ; to  keep  at  work  ; as, 
“ To  work  a machine  ” ; “ To  work  a ship.” 

5.  To  put  to  labor  ; to  exert ; to  strain. 

Put  forth  thy  utmost  strength;  work  every  nerve.  Addison. 

6.  To  bring  by  action  into  any  state. 

So  the  pure,  limpid  stream,  when  foul  with  stains 

Of  rushing  torrents  and  descending  rains, 

Works  itself  clear,  aud,  as  it  runs,  refines.  Addison. 

7.  To  influence  or  prevail  upon  to  some  end. 

I will  work  him 

To  an  exploit  now  ripe  in  my  device.  Shak. 


A,  E,  I,  o,  u,  Y,  long  j A , E,  I,  6 


8.  To  embroider.  “She  worked  an  apron.” 
Jo/mson.  “ I worked  a violet  leaf.”  Spectator. 

9.  To  cause  to  ferment,  as  liquor.  Clarke. 

To  work  in,  or  into,  to  weave  in  ; to  interweave  ; to 

insinuate. — To  work  off,  to  get  rid  of  by  working,  by 
fermentation,  &c. — To  work  out,  to  effect;  to  com- 
plete by  working.  “ Work  out  your  own  salvation 
with  fear  and  trembling.”  Phil.  ii.  12.  To  erase  ; to 
efface.  Drydcn.  To  pay  for  by  labor;  as, 14  To  wonJc 
out  one’s  board.”  To  exhaust,  as  a mine.  To  solve, 
as  a problem. — To  work  up,  to  raise  ; to  stir  up  ; to 
excite.  Dryden.  To  use  up  ; to  expend  utterly  ; to 
exhaust.  Johnson.  (Naut.)  To  draw  as  the  yarns  from 
old  rigging,  and  make  them  into  spun-yarn,  &c. : — to 
keep  at  work,  as  a crew,  on  needless  matters,  and  be- 
yond their  usual  hours,  lor  punishment.  Dana. 

To  work  a passage,  (Naut.)  to  pay  for  a passage  by 
working  on  board  of  the  ship. — To  ioor/c  double  tides, 
(Naut.)  to  work  night  and  day,  or  do  the  work  of 
three  days  in  two.  Mar.  Diet. 

WORK  (wiirk),  n.  [A.  S.  weorc , xvcrc,  icorc ; Dut. 
fy  Ger.  werk ; Dan.  vwrk  ; Sw.  verk  ; — Old  Eng. 
werke.  — Gr.  cpyov,  usually  with  the  digamma 
Cipyov. — L.  ex-erce- o [to  exercise],  probably 
contains  the  same  root  as  the  Gr.  epy-ov,  work. 
I V.  Smith.] 

1.  The  act  of  working ; toil  ; labor  ; travail  ; 
employment;  occupation;  operation;  exertion. 

Ariel,  thy  charge 

Exactly  is  performed;  but  there ’s. more  work.  Shak. 

Fie  upon  this  quiet  life!  I want  work.  Shak. 

The  truth  is,  every  man  hath  his  work.  The  kind  of  work 
varies,  and  that  is  all  the  difference  there  is.  Paley. 

2.  That  on  which  one  works ; the  object,  or 
material,  on  which  labor  is  expended  ; a thing 
to  be  made  or  done;  as,  “To  take  in  work." 

3.  The  production  of  one  who  works  ; the 
product  of  the  labor  of  the  hands  or  of  the 
mind  ; any  thing  made  or  done  ; a performance  ; 
a piece  of  mechanism,  or  any  manufacture. 

’T  is  a very  excellent  piece  of  work.  Shak. 

O fairest  of  creation  I last  and  best 
Of  all  God’s  works.  Milton. 

4.  A literary  or  artistic  production,  as  a book 
or  a musical  composition,  &c.  ; as,  “The  works 
of  Franklin”;  “ The  loorks  of  Mozart.” 

You  are  rapt,  sir,  in  some  work , some  dedication 

To  the  great  lord.  Shak. 

A large  work  is  difficult  because  it  is  large,  even  though  all 
its  parts  might  singly  be  performed  with  facility.  Johnson. 

A few  wild  blunders  and  visible  absurdities,  of  which  no 
work  of  such  multiplicity  was  ever  free,  may  for  a time  fur- 
nish folly  with  laughter  and  harden  ignorance  into  contempt. 

Johnson. 

5.  Embroidery;  figures  wrought  by  the  needle. 

That  handkerchief  you  gave  me:  I must  take  out  the 
work.  Shak. 

6.  An  action  ; an  achievement ; a feat ; a deed. 

Nothing  lovelier  can  be  found  in  woman, 

Than  good  works  in  her  husband  to  promote-  Milton. 

7.  Any  effect  or  consequence  of  agency. 

[Mimic  fancy},  misjoining  shapes, 

Wild  work  produces  oft,  and  "most  in  dreams.  Milton. 

8.  Management;  treatment. 

It  is  pleasant  to  see  what  work  our  adversaries  make  with 
this  innocent  canon.  Stilling  fleet. 

9.  pi.  ( Mil .)  Fortifications,  trenches,  mines, 

&c.  Stocgueler. 

10.  ( Theol .)  Moral  duties,  internal  or  exter- 

nal : — the  actions  of  a moral,  as  distinguished 
from  those  of  a Christian,  life.  Eden. 

11.  (Mining.)  A term  applied  to  ores  before 

they  are  cleansed  and  dressed.  Watson. 

To  set.  on  work  or  to  set  to  work,  to  employ  ; to  en- 
gage in  any  business.  Hooker. 

Syn.  — Work  is  a general  term  for  the  exertion  of 
the  body  or  mind,  and  the  product  of  such  exertion  ; 
toil,  wearisome  labor  ; drudgery,  mean  and  degrading 
labor.  Common  idork  ; hard  labor  ; painful  toil ; dis- 
agreeable drudgery,  regular  employment-,  a literary 
work-,  a good  performance.  A man  wishes  to  com-, 
plete  bis  work,  to  rest  from  his  labor,  to  have  a respite 
from  toil ; and  he  submits  to  drudgery.  — See  Pro- 
duction. 

WORK'A-BLE  (wiirk',j-bl),  a.  That  may  be  worked ; 
capable  of  working.  Vice-Chancellor  Leach. 

WORK'— BAG  (wiirk'b5g),  n.  A bag  to  contain 
needle-work,  &c. ; a reticule.  More.  Simmonds. 

WORK'— BOX  (wiirk'-),  n.  A lady’s  box  to  hold 
instruments  and  materials  for  work.  Simmonds. 

WORK'— DAY,  n.  A day  for  work  ; a working-day; 
a week-day;  any  day  not  Sunday.  Paley. 

WORK'dAy,  a,  Plodding;  working-day. 

WORK'pR  (wiirk'er),  n.  1.  He  who,  or  that  which, 
works  ; a doer ; a workman. 

His  father  was  a worker  in  brass.  1 Kings  vii.  14. 


i,  U,  Y,  short ; A,  If,  J,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure-,  FARE 


The  worker  from  the  work  distinct  was  known, 

And  simple  reason  never  sought  but  one.  Pope. 

2.  A working  bee.  — See  Neuter.  Eng.  Cyc. 

WORK'— EEL-LOW  (wiirk'lel-lo),  n.  A fellow-la- 
borer. Rom.  xvi.  21. 

WORK'FOLK  (wUrk'tok),  or  WORK'FOLKS 
(wiirk'foks),  n.  pi.  Laboring  people ; persons 
who  labor.  — See  Folks.  Beau.  $ El. 

WORK'FUL  (wurk’161),  a.  Laborious;  diligent 
in  work  ; full  of  work ; industrious,  [k.]  Clarke. 

WORK'HOUSE  (wurk'hofls),  n.  1.  A house  or 
place  in  which  any  manufacture  is  carried  on. 

Protogenes  had  his  workhouse  in  a garden  out  of  town, 
where  lie  was  duily  finishing  those  pieces  he  begun.  Dryden. 

2.  A house  for  penitential  labor ; a house 
where  criminals  and  vagrants  are  confined  and 
made  to  work. 

Esteem  and  promote  those  useful  charities  which  remove 
such  pests  into  prisons  and  workhouses.  Atterbury. 

3.  A house  for  the  poor,  where  suitable  labor 

is  furnished  ; a poor-house.  Bouvier. 

WORK'ING  (wiirk'jng),  n.  1.  Motion  ; operation. 

As ’t  were  a thing  a little  soiled  i’the  working.  Shak. 

2.  Fermentation,  as  of  beer.  Bacon. 

WORK'ING  (wiirk'-),  a.  Engaged  at  work;  em- 
ployed ; industrious  ; operating  ; laboring. 

WORK'ING— BEAM  (wiirk'-),  n.  ( Mech .)  A heavy 
iron  beam  in  a steam-engine,  moving  on  a cen- 
tral axis,  with  one  end  attached  to  the  piston 
and  the  other  to  the  crank.  Tomlinson. 

WORK'JNG— CLASS'^?  (wiirk’-),  n.  pi.  Laborers 
and  operatives  ; those  people  who  are  engaged 
in  manual  labor.  Simmonds . 

WORK'ING— DAY  (wiirk'ing-da),  n.  A day  on 
which  labor  is  performed,  as  distinguished  from 
the  Sabbath,  holidays,  &c. ; work-day. 

Will  you  have  me,  lady?  — No,  my  lord,  unless  I might 
have  another  for  working-days-,  your  grace  is  too  costly  to 
wear  every  day.  * Shak. 

WORK'ING— DAY,  a.  Laborious;  plodding. 

How  full  of  briers  is  this  working-day  world  I Shak. 

WORK'JNG-DRAW'INGS  (wiirk'-),  n.  pi.  (Arch.) 
Drawings  of  the  plan,  elevation,  sections,  and 
details  of  a building,  by  which  the  builders  are 
guided.  Fairholt. 

WORK'JNG— HOUSE  (wiirk'ing-hous), n.  A work- 
house  ; a house  or  place  of  manufacture. 

In  the  quick  forge  and  working-house  of  thought.  Shak. 

fWORK'HjiSS  (wiirk'les),  a.  Without  works- 
not  carried  out  or  exemplified  in  practice. 

WORK'MAN  (wiirk'mrtn),  n. ; pi  WORKMEN. 

1.  One  who  works ; one  employed  in  any 
labor,  especially  manual  labor ; an  artificer ; 
a mechanic  ; an  operative  ; a worker. 

Truly,  sir,  in  respect  of  a fine  workman , 

I am  but,  as  you  would  say,  a cobbler.  Shak. 

The  obligations  of  a workman  are  to  perform  the  work  he 
has  undertaken  to  do:  to  do  it  in  proper  time;  to  do  it  well; 
to  employ  the  things  furnished  him  according  to  his  contract. 

Bouvier. 

2.  One  skilled  in  any  craft ; a master  in  his 
art ; a skilful  artificer  or  laborer. 

O love, 

That  thou  couhlst  see  my  wars  to-day,  and  knew’st 

The  royal  occupation  I thou  shouldst  see 

A workman  in ’t.  Shak. 

WORK'MAN— LIKE  (wurk'man-lTk),  a.  Skilful  ; 
well-performed  ; in  the  manner  of  a master  of 
his  art ; workmanly.  Drayton. 

WORIv'MAN-LY  (wurk'm?n-le),  a.  Skilful ; well- 
performed  ; workman-like.  Johnson. 

WORK'MAN-LY  (wurk'mjn-le),  ad.  In  a manner 
becoming  a workman  ; skilfully,  [r.] 

And  at  that  sight  shall  sad  Apollo  weep. 

So  workmanly  the  blood  and  tears  are  drawn.  Shak. 

WORK'MAN-SHlP  (wurk'mjn-shlp),  n.  1.  Any 
product  of  work  or  labor ; any  thing  made. 

Nor  any  skilled  in  workmanship  embossed.  Spenser. 

For  we  are  his  workmanship.  Ephes.  ii.  10. 

2.  The  skill  or  art  of  a workman  ; the  degree 
or  style  of  art  or  execution  shown  in  any  work. 

A piece  of  work 

So  bravely  done,  so  rich,  that  it  did  strive 
In  workmanship  and  value.  Shak. 

3.  The  art  of  working. 

If  there  were  no  metals,  ’tis  a mystery  to  me  how  Tubal- 
cain  could  ever  have  taught  the  workmanship  and  use  of 
them.  Woodward. 


:,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL ; HEIR,  HER  ; 


WORKMASTER 


WORRY 


1683 


WORK'mAS-TPR  (wurk'mis-ter),  n.  A perform- 
er of  any  work  ; a workman.  Spenser. 

WORK'SHOP  (wiirk'shSp),  71.  A place  or  build- 
ing where  a workman  or  mechanic  carries  on 
his  work.  “ Cottages  and  workshops.”  Johnson. 

WORK'— TA-BLE  (wiirk'-),  n.  A small  table  used 
by  ladies  at  their  needle-work.  Simmonds. 

WORK'-WOM-AN  (wurk'wum-stn),  n.  1.  A wom- 
an skilled  in  needle-work. 

The  most  fine-fingered  work-woman  on  ground.  Spenser. 

2.  A woman  who  works  for  hire.  Johnson. 

WORK'Y— DAY  (wiirk'e-da),  n.  [Corrupted  from 
working-day.']  A day  not  the  Sabbath  or  a hol- 
iday ; a working-day.  [Vulgar.]  Shah.  Gray. 

For  thy  sake  I finish  this  worky-day.  B.  Jonson. 

WO  RED  (wiirld),  n.  [A.  S . woruld,  world ; Dut. 
wereld  ; Ger.  welt ; Dan.  verden  ; Sw.  verld.] 

1.  The  whole  system  of  created  things ; all 
created  existences  ; the  universe  ; cosmos. 

« Wide  as  the  world  is  thy  command.  Walts. 

For  the  ivor/d which  the  Greeks,  by  the  name  of  orna- 
ment, called  “ kosmos,”  we,  for  the  perfect  neatness  and  abso- 
lute clevancy  thereof,  have  termed  “ mundus.”  Holland's  1*1. 

2.  A system  of  orbs  and  their  inhabitants. 

Begotten  before  all  worlds.  JSficcne  Creed. 

Know  how  this  world 

Of  heaven  and  earth  conspicuous  first  begun.  Milton. 

3.  The  earth  ; the  terraqueous  globe. 

Now  o’er  the  one  half  world 

Nature  seems  dead,  and  wicked  dreams  abuse 

The  curtained  sleeper.  Shak. 

The  world  was  all  before  them,  where  to  choose 

Their  place  of  rest,  and  Providence  their  guide.  Milton. 

4.  Any  large  part  or  division  of  the  earth; 
as,  “ The  old  world  ” ; “ The  new  world.” 

5.  The  present  state  of  existence,  or  the  pres- 
ent scene  of  man’s  action. 

I’m  in  this  earthly  world , where  to  do  harm 

Is  often  laudable.  Shak. 

I hold  the  world  but  as  the  world , Gratiano; 

A stage,  where  every  man  must  play  a part.  Shak. 

My  kingdom  is  not  of  this  world.  John  xviii.  36. 

6.  That  which  pertains  to  the  earth  ; the  busi- 
ness, interests,  or  pleasures  of  life. 

Bv  the  vjorld  we  sometimes  understand  the  things  of  this 
world ; the  variety  of  pleasures  and  interests  which  steal  away 
our  affections  from  God.  Rogers. 

7.  Public  life  ; life  in  society. 

Hence  banished,  is  banished  from  the  world.  Shak. 

8.  The  public  ; society  ; people  generally. 

What  says  the  world 

To  your  proceedings  ? Shak. 

The  icorld  may  sec  what ’t  is  to  innovate.  Drayton. 

9.  The  human  race  ; mankind  ; all  humanity. 

One  touch  of  nature  makes  the  whole  world  kin.  Shak. 

10.  A great  multitude  or  quantity. 

Nor  doth  this  wood  lack  worlds  of  company.  Shak. 

Why  will  you  fight  against  so  sweet  a passion. 

And  steel  your  heart  to  such  a world  of  charms?  Addison. 

11.  The  course  of  life;  the  general  current 
of  things  and  events. 

Persons  of  conscience  will  be  afraid  to  begin  the  world 
unjustly.  S.  Richardson. 

How  goes  the  v;orld  with  thee?  • Shak. 

12.  Universal  empire  ; the  principal  countries 
of  the  globe.  “ Sole  sir  o’  the  world.”  Shak. 

This  through  the  East  just  vengeance  hurled, 

Love  lost  poor  Antony  the  world.  Prior. 

13.  The  ways  and  manners  of  men  ; the  prac- 
tice of  life.  “ Knowledge  of  the  world.”  Addison. 

To  know  the  world  1 a modern  phrase 

For  visits,  ombre,  balls,  and  plays.  Swift. 

14.  Every  thing  that  the  world  contains. 

Had  I now  a thousand  xuorlds,  I would  give  them  all  for 
one  year  more.  Law. 

15.  The  unregenerate  or  wicked  portion  of 
mankind : — the  corruption  of  the  world. 

I pray  not  for  the  world , but  for  them  which  thou  hast 
given  me.  John  xvii.  9. 

To  keep  himself  unspotted  from  the  world.  Jas.  i.  27. 

16.  A collection  of  wonders  ; a wonder,  [r.] 

It  was  a tvurld  to  see  how  the  court  was  changed  upon 
him.  Knolles. 

17.  Time:  — a sense  originally  Saxon,  now 
only  used  in  the  phrase  world  without  end. 

18.  f The  Roman  Empire. 

And  it  came  to  pass  in  those  days,  that  there  went  out  a 
decree  from  Caesar  Augustus,  that  all  the  world  should  be 
taxed.  Luke  ii.  1. 

For  all  the  world , exactly  ; entirely.  [Colloquial.] 

Sidney.  — In  the  world , in  possibility.  “All  the  pre- 
cautions in  the  world.”  Addison.  — j To  go  to  the 
world , to  be  married.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Earth,  Universe. 


WORLD'-HARD-ENED  (wurlfl'hard-nd),  a.  Hard- 
ened by  the  world.  Foster. 

WORLD'LI-NESS  (wurld'le-nes),  n.  The  state  of 
being  worldly ; secularly.  Bp.  Taylor. 

WORLD'LING  (wiirld'ljng),  n.  One  devoted  to  this 
world,  or  worldly  gain  and  pleasures. 

Much  learning  shows  how  little  mortals  know; 

Much  wealth,  how  little  worldlings  can  enjoy.  Young. 

WORLD'LY  (wiirld'le),  a.  1.  Relating  to  this 
world  or  this  life  ; temporal ; secular. 

lie  is  divinely  bent  to  meditation, 

And  in  no  ivorldly  suits  would  he  be  moved 
To  draw  him  from  his  holy  exercise.  Shak. 

2.  Devoted  to  this  world  and  its  external 
goods  ; eager  for  wealth  or  gain,  for  power,  &c. 

Be  wisely  worldly , be  not  worldly  wise.  Quarles. 

3.  Human  ; common  ; of  the  world. 

But  life,  being  weary  of  these  worldly  bars, 

Never  lacks  power  to  dismiss  itself.  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Secular. 

WORLD'LY  (wiirld'le),  ad.  With  relation  to  the 
world  or  the  present  life.  Raleigh. 

WORLD'LY— MIND'IJD  (wiirld'le-),  a.  Attentive 
chiefly  to  worldly  interests  ; bent  on  gain  or 
pleasure.  Raley. 

WORLD'LY— MlND'lJD-NESS  (wiirld'le-),  n.  Par- 
amount attention  to  the  interests  of  this  life ; 
opposed  to  spiiitual-mindedness.  Bp.  Sanderson. 

WORLD’!;'— END  (wiirld/.'-),  n.  The  remotest  part 
of  civilization.  Clarke. 

WORLD'— SHAR-lpR  (wiirld'shir-er),  n.  A sharer 
of  the  world.  Shak. 

WORLD'— WEA-RIED  (wurld'we-rid),  a.  Wearied 
or  tired  of  the  world.  Shak. 

WORLD'— WIDE  (wiirld'-),  a.  Coextensive  with 
the  world;  as,  “ I Vorld-wide  fame.”  Clarke. 

WORM  (wiirm),  7i.  [A.  S.  wyrm,  worm,  wurm; 
Dut.  worm;  Ger.  wurm;  Dan.  orm,  a worm; 
Sw.  orm,  a serpent.  — L.  vermis;  Fr.  ver.] 

1.  Any  small  creeping  animal,  either  entirely 
without  feet,  or  with  very  short  ones,  including 
the  earth-worm,  the  hair-worm,  the  silk-worm, 
intestinal  worms,  the  slow-worm,  grubs,  cater- 
pillars, maggots,  &c. 

Not  half  so  big  as  a round  little  worm 

Pricked  from  the  lazy  finger  of  a maid.  Shak. 

At  once  came  forth  whatever  creeps  the  ground, 

Insect  or  worm.  Milton. 

I would  not  enter  on  my  list  of  friends, 

(Though  graced  with  polished  manners  and  fine  sense, 

Vet  wanting  sensibility,)  the  man 

"Who  needlessly  sets  foot  upon  a worm.  Cowpcr. 

2.  f Any  kind  of  serpent;  a snake. 

Hast  thou  the  pretty  worm  of  Nilus  there, 

That  kills  and  pains  not?  Shak. 

O Eve,  in  evil  hour  didst  thou  give  ear 
To  that  false  worm,  of  whomsoever  taught 
To  counterfeit  man’s  voice.  Milton. 

3.  Something  tormenting ; remorse. 

The  worm  of  conscience  still  begnarv  thy  soul  I Shak. 

4.  A debased,  humiliated  being. 

I am  a worm,  and  no  man.  Ps.  xxii.  6. 

Vile  ?conn,  thou  wast  o’erlooked  even  in  thy  birth.  Shak. 

5.  Any  thing  vermiculated  or  spiral,  as  the 

threads  of  screws.  Moxon. 

6.  A spiral  metal  pipe  ; the  tubular  coil  of  a 

still,  through  which  the  spirit  is  run  or  con- 
densed. Si7nmo7ids. 

7.  A supposed  membrane  or  ligament  under 

the  tongue  of  a dog.  South. 

8.  (Zoiil.)  The  class  of  invertebrate  animals 

called  Annelides,  and  the  Entozoa,  or  intestinal 
worms. — See  Animal.  Agassiz. 

9.  (Mil.)  A spiral  instrument,  resembling  a 

double  corkscrew,  fixed  on  the  end  of  a staff  or 
rammer,  and  used  for  drawing  wads  or  car- 
tridges from  guns.  Stocqueler. 

10.  pi.  (Med.)  Animals  which  exist  only  in 

the  intestines  of  other  animals  ; intestinal 
worms  ; Entozoa.  Dunglison. 

WORM  (wiirm),  V.  71.  [i.  WORMED  ; pp.  WORM- 

ING, wormed.]  To  work  slowly,  secretly,  and 
gradually,  like  a worm. 

Sly.  sneaking,  worming  souls. 

Whom  friendship  scorns  and  fear  controls.  Lloyd. 

WORM  (wiirm),  v.  a.  1.  To  drive  by  slow  and 
secret  means,  as  by  a screw. 

They  find  themselves  ivormed  out  of  all  power.  Swift. 

2.  To  cut,  as  the  worm,  or  supposed  ligament 
under  the  tongue  of  a dog. 

Every  one  that  keepeth  a dog  should  have  him  wormed. 

Mortimer. 


3.  (Mil.)  To  take  out  the  charge  of  a fire-arm 

by  means  of  a worm.  Stocqueler. 

4.  (Naut.)  To  fill  up  between  the  lays  of  a rope 
with  small  stuff  wound  round  spirally.  Dana. 

To  worm  out,  to  find  out,  as  a secret. — To  worm 
one’s  self  into,  to  insinuate  one’s  self  into.’ 

W’OR'MAL,  n.  Wornil. — See  Wornil.  Baird. 

WORM'— EAT-EN  (wiirm'e-tn),  a.  1.  Eaten  by 
worms.  “ A worm-eaten  nut.”  Shak. 

2.  Old ; worthless  ; worn  out.  Raleigh. 

WORM'-EAT-EN-NESS  (wiirm'e-tn-nes),  n.  The 
state  of  being  worm-eaten,  [r.]  Smith. 

WORM'— FENCE  (.wiirm'fens),  n.  A rail  fence  con- 
structed in  a zigzag  manner.  [U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

WORM'— GRASS  (wiirm'gris),  n.  ( Bot .)  An  her- 

baceous, showy  plant,  with  a perennial  root, 
used  as  a vermifuge  ; pink-root ; Spigelia  Ma- 
rilandica.  Gray. 

WORM'— HOLE  (wilrm'hol),  n.  A hole  made  by  a 
worm.  Goldsmith. 

WORM'— LIKE  (wiirm'IIk),  a.  Resembling  a worm ; 
vermicular ; spiral.  Clarke. 

WORM'LING  (wiirm'-),  n.  A small  worm.  Sylvester. 

WORM'— OIL  (wiirm'bTI),  n.  (Med.)  An  oil  ob- 
tained from  the  seeds  of  the  Chenopodium  an- 
thelminticum  ; — used  as  a vermifuge.  Oyilvie. 

WORM'— PoW-DpR  (wiirm 'pou-der),  11.  (Med.)  A 
medicine  for  expelling  worms.  Simmonds. 

WORM'— SEED  (wiirm'sed),  n.  (Bot.)  A plant, 
the  fruit  of  which  is  used  as  a vermifuge  ; 
Chenopodium  anthelminticum.  Gray. 

WORM'— SHAPED  (wiirm'shapt),  a.  (Bot.)  Thick 
and  almost  cylindrical,  but  bent  in  different 
places  ; vermicular.  Lindley. 

WORM'— TEA  (wiirm'te),  n.  A preparation  used 
as  an  anthelmintic,  consisting  of  pink-root, 
senna,  manna,  and  savine,  in  various  propor- 
tions. Wood  if  Bachc, 

WORM'— TINCT-URE  (wurm'-),  n.  (Med.)  A tinc- 
ture prepared  from  dried  earth-worms.  Clarke. 

WOR'MUL,  71.  A tumor  in  cattle  ; wornil.  Booth. 

WORM'-WHEEL  (wurm'-),  n.  (Mech.)  A wheel 
with  teeth  to  fit  into  the  spiral  spaces  of  a 
screw.  We  ale. 

WORM'WOOD  (wurm'wfid),  n.  [A.  S.  wermod ; 
Ger.  wermuth.]  (Bot.)  A bitter  plant,  so  named 
from  its  supposed  power  to  kill  worms  ; south- 
ern-wood ; Artemisia  absinthium.  Gray. 

WORM'Y  (wurm'e),  a.  1.  Pertaining  to,  contain- 
ing, or  resembling,  a worm  or  worms. 

Yet  can  I not  persuade  me  thou  art  dead. 

Or  that  thy  corse  corrupts  in  earth’s  dark  womb, 

Or  that  thy  beauties  lie  in  wormy  bed, 

Hid  from  the  world  in  a low-delved  tomb.  Milton. 

2.  Earthy  ; grovelling.  “ Sordid  and  wormy 
affections.”  Bp.  Reynolds. 

WORN,  p.  from  wear.  See  Wear. 

Worn  land,  (Agric.)  land  that  has  ceased  to  be  fertile. 
Gray.  — Worn  out,  quite  consumed.  Dryden. 

WOR'NIL,  n.  A tumor  on  the  back  of  cattle,  oc- 
casioned by  an  insect  that  punctures  the  skin ; 
warble  ; wormal ; — written  also  wornal,  and 
wornel.  Loudon. 

WORN'-OUT,  a.  Destroyed  or  much  injured  by 
wear  ; trite.  Qu.  Rev. 

WOR'RpL,  n.  (Zoiil.)  An  animal  of  the  lizard 
kind,  found  in  Egypt.  Wright. 

WOR'RI-IJR  (wur're-er),  n.  One  who  worries. 

WOR'RY  (wur're),  v.  a.  [Dut.  worgen,  to  stran- 
gle ; Ger.  wilrgen.  Richardson.]  [i.  worried  ; 
pp.  worrying,  worried.] 

1.  To  tease  ; to  torment ; to  harass  ; to  trouble  ; 
to  vex  ; to  annoy  ; to  bother  ; to  plague. 

Witness  when  I was  worried  with  thy  peals.  Milton. 

Contrive  and  invent, 

And  worry  him  out  till  he  gives  his  consent.  Swift. 

2.  To  pursue  and  bark  at ; — to  tear  or  mangle. 

That  dog,  that  had  his  teeth  before  his  eyes, 

To  worry  lambs,  and  lap  their  gentle  blood.  Shak. 

WOR'RY,  r.  11.  To  indulge  in  idle  complaining; 
to  fret ; to  be  troubled.  [Colloquial.]  Rogct. 

WOR'RY,  n.  Perplexity;  trouble;  vexation. 

I am  in  the  midst  of  the  bustle  attending  the  opening  of 
the  session.  . . . But  the  excitement  and  worry  are  more  tnan 
I can  stand  in  the  present  state  of  my  health.  Ld.  Sydenham. 


M?EN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE. — 9,  £,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  c,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  $ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


WORRYINGLY 


WOUND 


1684 


YVoR'RY-ING-LY,  ad.  In  a worrying  manner. 

WORSE  (wiirs),  a.  comp,  of  bad.  [Goth,  wairs ; 
A.  S.  wtersa,  wyrse  : Dan.  van-re;  Sw.  viirre .] 
[pos.  bad  ; comp,  worse  ; superl.  worst.] 

1.  More  bad  ; more  evil ; more  hurtful. 

You  worse  than  senseless  things.  Shak. 

2.  More  sick ; more  unwell.  Mark  v.  26. 

WORSE  (wiirs),  ad.  In  a worse  manner.  Shak. 

WORSE  (wiirs),  n.  The  loss  ; not  the  advantage  ; 

not  the  better.  “ He  was  put  to  the  worse.” 

2 Kings  xiv.  12. 

f WORSE  (wiirs),  v.  a.  To  put  to  disadvantage. 

May  serve  to  better  us,  and  worse  our  foes.  Milton. 

WORS'EN  (wiir'sn),  v.  a.  1.  To  make  worse,  [it.] 
It  worsens  and  slugs  the  most  learned.  Milton. 

2.  To  obtain  advantage  of.  [r.]  Southey. 

WORS'EN  (wiir'sn),  v.  n.  To  grow  or  become 
worse;  to  deteriorate,  [r.]  Southey. 

WORS'pR  (wiirs'er),  a.  Worse.  [“A  barbarous 
word.”  Johnson .] 

Let  not  my  icorser  spirit  tempt  me  again.  Shak. 

A dreadful  quiet  felt,  and,  worser  far 
Than  arms,  a sullen  interval  of  war.  Dryden. 

Throw  the  worser  half  away.  TFm.  Ware. 

Xpj? *“  Worser  and  lesser  are  not  comparatives,  but 
superfluous  comparatives  of  comparatives;  which 
some  ignorantly  use  for  worse  and  Zcss.”  Butler , 1G33. 
— See  Lesser. 

WOR'SHIP  (wiir'ship),  n.  [worth  and  ship,  — A. 
S.  weorthscipe , wurthscipe , wyrthscipe.'] 

1.  Dignity  ; eminence  ; excellence ; worth. 

Of  noble  state 

And  muckle  worship  in  his  native  land.  Spenser. 

2.  A title  of  respect  or  honor,  addressed  to 
magistrates,  or  to  persons  of  rank  or  station. 

I am  glad  to  see  your  worship 's  well.  Shak. 

3.  Adoration;  a religious  act  of  reverence; 
honor  paid  to  the  Supreme  Being,  or  by  heathen 
nations  to  their  deities. 

Worship  consists  in  the  performance  of  all  those  external 
acts,  and  the  observance  of  all  those  rites  and  ceremonies,  in 
which  men  engage  with  the  professed  and  sole  view  of  hon- 
oring God.  li . Hall. 

They  join  their  vocal  worship  to  the  quire 

Of  creatures  wanting  voice.  Milton. 

4.  f Honor ; respect ; civil  deference. 

But  when  thou  art  bidden,  go  and  sit  down  in  the  lowest 
room,  that,  when  he  that  bade  tnee  cometh,  he  may  say  unto 
thee,  Friend,  go  up  higher;  then  shalt  thou  have  worship  in 
the  presence  of  them  that  sit  at  meat  with  thee.  Luke  xiv.  10. 

5.  The  idolatry  of  lovers  ; unbounded  admira- 
tion ; submissive  respect ; hero-worship.  Shak. 

WOR'SHIP  (wilr'shjp),  v.  a.  \i.  worshipped  ; pp. 
WORSHIPPING,  WORSHIPPED.] 

1.  To  adore  ; to  honor  or  venerate  with  reli- 
gious rites ; to  pay  supreme  homage  to. 

For  thou  shalt  worship  no  other  God.  Exod.  xxxiv.  14. 
And  “ Let  us  worship  God,”  he  says,  with  solemn  air.  Burns. 

2.  t To  respect ; to  revere  ; to  honor ; to  treat 
with  civil  reverence. 

I will  apparel  them  all  in  one  livery,  that  they  may  agree 
like  brothers,  and  worship  me  their  lord.  Shak. 

Not  worshipped  with  a waxen  epitaph.  Shak. 

With  my  body  I thee  worship.  Common  Prayer. 

3.  To  honor  with  extravagant  regard;  to  ad- 
mire beyond  bounds  ; to  idolize. 

With  bended  knees  I daily  worship  her, 

Yet  she  consumes  her  own  idolater.  Carew. 

fijpThe  followin'!  derivatives  from  worship  are 
commonly  written  with  the  p doubled  ; thus,  wor- 
shipped., worshipping,  worshipper-,  though  they  would 
be  more  analogically  written  with  but  one  p ; thus, 
worshiped , worshiping , worshiper ; and  some  write  tiiem 
in  this  manner.  But  the  p is  doubled  in  nearly  or 
quite  all  the  English  dictionaries  except  that  of  Perry, 
who,  in  his  Dictionary  [1805]  spells  worshiper. 

jgi,  ■ “ At  present  we  ‘ worship  ’ none  but  God  ; there 
was  a time  when  the  word  was  employed  in  so  much 
more  general  a sense  that  it  was  not  profane  to  say 
that  God  ‘ worshipped ,’  that  is,  honored,  man.”  Trench. 

Syn. — See  Adore. 

WOR'SHIP  (wur'shjp),  v.  n.  To  perform  acts  of 
adoration  ; to  perform  offices  of  reverence  or 
religious  service.  1 Kings  xii.  30. 

WOR'SHJP- A-BLE  (wUr'shjp-tt-bl),  a.  That  may 
be  worshipped,  [r.]  Coleridge. 

WOR'SHIP-FUL  (wur'sliip-ful),  a.  1.  Claiming 
respect;  entitled  to  respect  or  honor;  vener- 
able. “ Worshipful  society.”  Shak. 

2.  Noting  respect ; — an  epithet  often  ap- 


plied to  persons  of  rank  or  office,  and  often  used 
ironically.  Shak. 

WOR'SHIP-FUL-LY  ( wur'sliip-ful-le),  ad.  Re- 
spectfully ; reverently. 

WOR'SHIP-Ft)L-NESS  (wUr'ship-ful-nSs),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  worshipful.  Ash. 

WOR'SHIP-LESS  (wiir'-),  a.  Without  worship. 

How  long  by  tyrants  shall  thy  land  he  trod! 

How  long  thy  temples  wors/upless,  O God!  Byron. 

WOR'SHIP-P^It  (wur'shjp-er),  n.  One  who  wor- 
ships ; an  adorer.  South. 

WORST  (wiirst),  a.  superl.  of  bad.  Bad  in  the 
highest  degree.  — See  Bad.  Shak. 

WORST  (wiirst),  n.  Most  wicked  or  most  calami- 
tous state  ; the  utmost  degree  of  any  thing  ill. 

To-morrow  do  thy  worst , for  I have  lived  to-day.  Dryden. 

WORST  (wiirst),  V.  a.  [ i . WORSTED  ; pp.  WORST- 
ING, worsted.]  To  put  to  disadvantage  ; to 
defeat ; to  overthrow ; to  overcome. 

It  is  downright  madness  to  contend  where  wc  are  sure  to 
be  worsted.  # V Estrange. 

WORS'T^D  (wurs'ted)  [wors'ted,  Ja.  K.  Sm. ; 
wurs'ted,  W. ; wus'ted,  J.  F. ; wurs'ted,  P.],  n. 
[From  Worsted , a parish  in  Norfolk,  England.] 
Thread  spun  of  wool  that  has  been  combed  with 
heated  combs,  and  which,  in  the  spinning,  is 
twisted  harder  than  ordinary.  Simmonds. 

WORS'TED,  a.  Consisting  or  made  of  worsted. 
“ Worsted  yarn.”  Simmonds. 

WORT  (wiirt),  n.  [A.  S.  wyrt ; Ger.  wurz;  Dan. 
urt ; Sw.  Ort ; Icel.  urt.\ 

1.  Originally,  a general  name  for  an  herb, 
and  still  so  used  in  composition  for  many  herbs, 
as  liverwort,  spleenwort,  &c. 

2.  A plant  of  the  cabbage  kind.  Beau.  § FI. 

3.  A sweet  infusion  of  malt ; new  beer  un- 

fermented.  Bacon.  Simmonds. 

f WORTH  (wiirth),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  weorthan , wurthan, 
to  be.]  Tobetide;  as,  “ Woe  worth  the  day  ” ; — 
written  also  wurth.  — See  Wurth.  W.  Scott. 

WORTH  (wurth),  n.  [M.  Goth,  wairths  ; A.  S. 
weorth,  wurth  ; Dut.  waarde ; Ger.  werth ; Dan. 
xaird ; Sw.  viird.] 

1.  That  quality  of  any  thing  which  renders  it 
valuable  ; cost ; price  ; value  ; valuable  quality. 

A common  marcasite  shall  have  the  color  of  gold  exactly, 
and  yet,  upon  trial,  yield  nothing  of  worth  but  vitriol  arid 
sulphur.  # Woodward. 

Peradventure  those  things  whereupon  time  was  then  well 
spent  have  sithence  lost  their  dignity  and  worth.  Hooker. 

2.  Excellence  ; virtue  ; desert ; merit. 

Detected  worth,  like  beauty  disarrayed, 

To  covert  flies,  of  praise  itself  afraid.  Young. 

Syn.  — See  Gost,  Desert,  Excellence. 

WORTH  (vvurtli),  a.  1.  Equal  in  value  to. 

If  your  arguments  produce  no  conviction,  they  arc  worth 
nothing  to  me.  Beattie. 

2.  Deserving  of,  either  in  a good  or  a bad 
sense.  “ A place  worth  the  keeping.”  Clarendon. 

3.  Equal  in  possessions  or  wealth  to  ; having 
that  which  is  of  the  value  of. 

At  Geneva  are  merchants  reckoned  worth  twenty  hundred 
thousand  crowns.  Addison. 

j8S5»  IVorth  has  the  construction  of  a preposition,  as 
it  admits  the  objective  case  after  it,  without  an  inter- 
vening preposition  ; as,  “ Tile  book  is  worth  a dollar.” 

Worthiest  of  blond , (Law.)  noting  tile  preference 
given  in  descents  to  sons  before  daughters.  Cowell. 

WOR'TIII-LY  (wiir'tfie-le),  ad.  1.  In  a worthy 
or  proper  manner  ; suitably  ; deservedly. 

To  walk  worthily  of  our  extraction.  Bay. 

You  worthily  succeed  not  only  to  the  honors  of  your  an- 
cestors, but  also  to  their  virtues.  Dryden. 

2.  Justly  ; not  without  cause  ; deservedly. 

Some  may  very  worthily  deserve  to  be  hated.  South. 

WOR'TIII-NESS  (wur'the-nes),  n.  The  state  of 
being  worthy  ; desert. ; merit ; excellence  ; worth. 

She  is  not  worthy  to  be  loved  that  hath  not  some  feeling 
of  her  own  worthiness.  Sidney. 

WORTH'LIJSS  (wurth'les),  a.  Having  no  worth 

or  value  ; without  virtue,  dignity,  or  excellence; 
useless  ; vain  ; trifling  ; base  ; vile. 

Chiding  the  worthless  crowd  away.  Roscommon. 

Syn.  — See  Base,  Trifling,  Vain. 

WORTH'LIJSS-NESS  (wUrth'les-nes),  n.  The  state 
or  the  quality  of  being  worthless  ; want  of  worth, 
excellence,  dignity,  or  value.  South. 


WOR'THY  (wiir'the),  a.  [Ger.  wlirdiy ; Dut. 
waardig  ; Dan.  veer  dig ; Sw.  v/irdig.\ 

1.  Deserving;  having  merit  or  desert ; meri- 
torious ; — with  of  before  the  thing  deserved. 

She  determined  never  to  marry  any  but  him  whom  she 
thought  worthy  of  her.  Sidney. 

2.  Having  worth  or  virtue  ; estimable  ; hav- 
ing excellence  or  dignity  ; excellent ; virtuous. 

None  but  he  6hall  have  her. 

Though  twenty  thousand  worthier  come  to  crave  her.  Shak. 

3.  Suitable  for  any  quality,  good  or  bad  ; equal 
in  value ; equal  in  excellence  or  dignity. 

Flowers  worthy  of  Paradise.  Milton. 

4.  Suitable  to,  or  fit  for,  any  thing  bad. 

The  merciless  Macdonald 
Worthy  to  be  a rebel.  Shak. 

5.  Deserving  ill.  “ If  the  wicked  man  be 

worthy  to  be  beaten.”  Deut.  xxv.  2. 

Syn.  — See  Valuable. 

WOR'THY  (wiir'the),  n.  A man  of  worth,  merit, 
or  valor ; a deserving  man.  Dryden. 

The  History  of  the  Worthies  of  England.  Thomas  Fuller. 

The  Nine  Worthiesoi  the  world,  so  reputed,  are 
classed  by  R.  Burton,  in  a book  published  in  1G87,  as 
follows  : Hector,  Alexander,  Julius  Caesar,  ( Gentiles  ;) 
Joshua,  David,  Judas  Maccabreus,  (Jews ;)  Arthur, 
Charlemagne,  and  Godfrey  of  Boujllon,  (Christians.) 
Nares. 

f WOR'THY  (wiir'the),  v.  a.  To  render  worthy  ; 
to  exalt ; to  ennoble.  Shak. 

f WOT  [wot,  S.  W.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm. ; wut,  El- 
phinston ],  v.  a.  & n.  To  know.  Spenser. 

I wot  that  Henry  is  no  soldier.  Shak. 

j0£g=*lt  is  also  the  preterite  of  the  obsolete  verb  to 
7 oeet ; and  is  used  by  old  authors  both  in  the  present 
and  imperfect  tenses. — See  Weet. 

f WOTE,  v.  a . & n.  To  know.  — See  Wot.  Chaucer. 

fWOUL,  v.  n.  To  howl.  Wickliffe. 

WOULD  (vvud),  v.  auxiliary  and  defective.  Im- 
plying inclination,  wish,  or  desire. 

>6^  It  is  regarded  as  the  preterite  of  ? cill,  and  is 
used  to  form  the  past  tense  of  the  potential  mood  ; but 
it  is  likewise  used  in  the  conditional  present  tense. 
“ lie  would  have  paid  the  bill  yesterday,  if  he  had 
been  able.”  “ He  would  pay  it  now,  if  he  could.”  In 
the  former  instance,  7oould  is  used  in  the  past  tense  ; 
and  in  the  latter,  in  the  conditional  present. 

Would  is  used  in  a particular  manner  to  express  a 
wish  or  prayer,  as  in  the  phrases  would  God , would  to 
God , would  to  Heaven , or  simply  would ; as,  ii  Would 
God  I had  died  for  thee,  O Absalom.”  2 Sam.  “ Would 
to  God  you  could  bear  with  me.”  2 Cor.  “ Would  to 
Heaven.”  Dryden.  “ Would  thou  hadst  hearkened 
to  my  words.”  Milton.  “ Would  that  they  would 
take  one  side  or  the  other.”  Dr.  Thomas  Arnold. — 
“ Would  has  the  signification  of  T icish,  or  I pray. 
This,  I believe,  is  improper,  and  formed  by  a gradual 
corruption  of  the  phrase  would  God ; which  originally 
imported,  that  God  icoulti,  might  God  trill,  might  God 
decree.  From  this  phrase,  ill  understood,  came  1 would 
to.  God  5 ; thence  ‘/  would  to  God1  j and  thence  / 
would,  or,  ellipticaily,  icould  came  to  signify  I icish: 
— apd  so  it  is  used  even  by  good  authors,  but  ought 
not  to  be  imitated.”  Johnson. 

WOULD'— BE  (wud'be),  a.  Wishing  to  be  ; vainly 
prefending  to  be.  [Colloquial.]  Qu.  Rev. 

f WOULD' ING  (wud'ing),  n.  Motion  of  desire  ; 
propension;  inclination.  Hammond . 

f WOULD'ING-NESS  (wud'jng-nes),  n.  Willing- 
ness. Hammond. 

||  WOUND  (wond  or  wound)  [wond  or  wound,  W. 
P.  J.  Cabin  ; wond,  £».  Ja.  K.  Sm.  R.  Scott ; 
wodnd,  E.  Wb.  Nares , Kenricli],n.  [M.  Goth. 
§ A.  S.  wund ; Dut.  wond  ; Ger.  wunde.  — Icel. 
und.  — W.  (jwan , a prick,  a stab.] 

1.  A solution  of  continuity  in  the  soft  parts 
of  the  body,  produced  by  some  mechanical 
agent ; a hurt  given  by  violence  ; a cut. 

2.  Breach  or  hurt  of  the  bark  and  wood  of  a 

tree  or  other  plant.  Wright. 

3.  Injury;  hurt;  damage;  harm;  as,  “A 
wound  given  to  one’s  reputation.” 

jggp  “ The  first  pronunciation  of  this  word  [wond] 
though  generally  received  among  the  polite  world,  is 
certainly  a capricious  novelty, — a novelty  either  gen- 
erated by  false  criticism,  to  distinguish  it  from  the 
preterite  of  the  verb  to  wind,  of  which  there  was  not 
the  least  danger  of  interference,  or  more  probably  from 
an  affectation  of  the  French  sound  of  this  diphthong, 
which,  as  in  pour,  and  some  other  words,  we  find  of 
late  to  have  prevailed.  The  stage  is  in  possession -of 
this  sound,  and  what  Swift  observes  of  newspapers, 
with  respect  to  the  introduction  of  new  and  fantasti- 
cal words,  may  be  applied  to  the  stage,  with  respect 
to  new  and  fantastical  modes  of  pronunciation.  That 


A,  E,  T,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  "E,  l,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  I,  o,  IT,  Y,  obscure ; FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


WOUND 


1685 


WRECK 


the  other  pronunciation  was  the  established  sound  of 
the  word,  appears  from  the  poets,  who  rhyme  it  with 
bound , found , ground , and  around  ; and  it  is  still  so 
among  the.  great  hulk  of  speakers,  who  learn  this 
sound  at  school,  and  are  obliged  to  unlearn  it  again 
.when  they  come  into  the  conversation  of  the  pidite 
world.  Mr.  Sheridan,  Mr.  Scott,  and  Mr.  Elphin- 
stoti  adopt  the  first  sound  of  this  word  ; but  Dr.  Ken- 
rick  and  W.  Johnston  the  second  : Mr.  Perry  gives 
both,  but  prefers  the  first ; and  though  Mr.  Smith,  in 
his  Vocabulary,  has  classed  it  with  sound  and  found, 
he  says  re oand  is  the  common  pronunciation.  I am, 
however,  of  Mr.  Nares’s  opinion,  who  says  this  pro- 
nunciation ought  to  be  entirely  banished.  But  where 
is  the  man  bold  enough  to  risk  the  imputation  of  vul- 
garity by  such  an  expulsion?”  Walker. — , Smart 
styles  wound  “ the  old-fashioned  pronunciation.” 

||  WOUND  (worn!  or  wound),  v.  a.  \i.  wounded  ; 
pp.  wounding,  wounded.]  To  hurt  by  vio- 
lence, — particularly  by  something  that  cuts  or 
tears,  and  causes  a division  of  skin;  to  injure. 
The  savages  wounded  Atkins,  and  slew  his  followers.  De  Foe. 

WOUND  (wound),  i.  & p.  from  wind.  See  Wind. 

II  WOUNDED,  or  WOUND'ED,  p.  a.  Hurt  by  vio- 
lence ; injured  ; as,  “ A wounded  soldier.” 

||  WOUND'ER  (wond'er  or  wbund'er),  n.  One  who 
wounds.  Alrp.  Usher. 

||  WOUND'I-Ly,  ad.  Excessively;  exceedingly; 
very  much.  [Local  or  rare.]  Chesterfield. 

||  WOUND'ING,  or  WOUND'ING,  n.  Infliction  of 
a wound  ; hurt ; injury. 

||  WOUND'LIJSS,  a.  Exempt  from  wounds  ; in- 
vulnerable. “ Woundless  armor.”  Spenser. 

||  WOUND'WORT  (wond'wiirt  or  wound'wiirt),  n. 

( Bot .)  A species  of  hedge-nettle  ; St  achy  s ar- 
vensis.  Gray. 

WOUND'Y,  a.  Excessive;  great;  extreme,  [r.] 

You  are  in  a woundy  hurry,  methinks.  Foote. 

<jgg=- il  An  old-fashioned,  vulgar  word,  which  follows 
the  old-fashioned  pronunciation  of  its  primitive.” 
Smart. 

WOURJ1LI,  or  WOURARA,  n.  A powerful  poison 
obtained  from  a species  of  Strychnos.  Brande. 

WOVE,  i.  from  weave.  See  Weave. 

WO'VEN  (wo'vn),  p.  from  weave.  See  Weave. 

WOVE'— PA-PIJR,  n.  Writing  paper  which  has  a 
uniform  surface,  having  no  marks  of  the  wires, 
and  no  water-mark.  Tomlinson. 

WOWF,  a.  [A.  S.  woffian,  to  rave.]  Partially  de- 
ranged or  crazed  ; lialf  mad.  [Scot.]  Jamieson. 

It  is  very  odd  how  Allan,  who,  between  ourselves,  is  a little 
woirf,  seems  at  times  to  have  more  sense  than  we  all  put.  to- 
gether. Sir  IF.  Scott. 

WOW'WOVV,  n.  ( Zoiil .)  A species  of  long-armed 
ape  ; Hyhbates  agilis  ; — so  named  from  its  pe- 
culiar howling  cry.  Baird. 

f WoX,  ? i:  from  wax.  Waxed.  “ Full  of  fan- 

t WOXE,  > cies  frail  she  wore.”  Spenser. 

f WOX'EN,  p.  from  wax.  Waxed.  Spenser. 

WRACK,  n.  [Fr.  varcc  ; Bret.  vorcc.\  (Bot.)  Sea- 
wrack  ; Zostera  marina.  — See  Sea-wrack. 

Wright. 

f WRACK  (rhk),  n.  I.  Destruction  of  a ship  by 
winds  or  rocks,  or  by  force  of  the  waves  ; wreck. 

As  seamen  parting  in  a general  wrack , 

When  first  the  loosening  planks  begin  to  crack.  Dryden. 

2.  Ruin  ; destruction.  Sidney. 

f WRACK  (rak),  v.  a.  1.  To  week,  as  a vessel. 

2.  To  torture  ; to  rack.  — See  Rack.  Cowley. 

f WRACK'FUL  (rkk'ful),  a Ruinous.  Drayton. 

WRACK'— GRASS,  n.  (Bot.)  An  aquatic  plant,  col- 
lected for  manure,  and  for  making  kelp  ; sea- 
wrack  ; Zostera  marina.  Simmonds. 

WRAIN’— BOLT,  n.  (Ship-building.)  A wring- 
bolt. — See  Wring-bolt.  Craig. 

WRAITH  (rath),  n.  [A.  S.  orath,  breath.  Barclay .] 

1.  An  apparition  in  the  exact  likeness  of  a 
person,  seen  either  before  or  soon  after  his 
death.  [Scot.,  and  North  of  Eng.]  Jamieson. 

He  held  him  for  some  fleeting  wraith , 

And  not  a man  of  blood  and  breath.  Sir  TV.  Scott. 

2.  A spirit  supposed  to  preside  over  the 

waters.  — See  Water-wraith.  Ritson. 

The  wraiths  of  angry  Clyde  complain.  Lewis . 

i — 


WRAN'GLE  (r&ng'gl,  82),  v.  n.  [“  Wrangle  has 
probably  the  same  origin  as  wrong  ; i.  e.  the  verb 
to  wring.”  Richardson.']  [i.  wrangled  ; pp. 
WRANGLING,  WRANGLED.] 

1.  f To  argue  ; to  dispute  ; to  debate.  Rowe. 

2.  To  dispute  peevishly ; to  quarrel  per- 
versely ; to  altercate  ; to  squabble  ; to  jangle. 

lie  did  not  know  what  it  was  to  wrangle  on  indifferent 
points.  Addison. 

WRAN'GLE  (rang'gl),  v.  a.  To  involve  in  a quar- 
rel or  dispute ; to  embroil.  Bp.  Laud. 

WRAN'GLE  (rang'gl),  n.  A quarrel ; a perverse 
or  peevish  dispute  ; a squabble  ; a brawl.  Swift. 

WRAN'GLgR  (rang'gler,  82),  n.  1.  One  who  wran- 
gles ; a perverse  disputant. 

You  should  be  free  in  every  answer,  rather  like  well-bred 
gentlemen  in  polite  conversation  than  like  noisy  and  conten- 
tious wranglers.  * Watts . 

2.  (Cambridge  Unit.,  Eng.)  One  who  attains 
the  highest  honors  in  the  public  mathematical 
examinations  for  the  degree  of  bachelor  of  arts. 

Bachelors  formerly  disputed  in  the  schools  on  various  sub- 
jects, whence  they  are  called  at  Cambridge  ivranglers.  Talbot. 

At  the  close  of  the  last  day  of  examination, 
those  who  have  most  distinguished  themselves  (to  the 
number  of  thirty  at  least)  are  arranged  in  the  order 
of  merit  by  the  examiners,  and  divided  into  three 
classes  — wranglers , senior  optimes,  and  junior  op- 
times.  The  first,  or  senior  wrangler , is  the  most  dis- 
tinguished mathematician  of  his  year.  The  name  is 
probably  derived  from  the  public  disputations  in 
which  candidates  for  degrees  were  formerly  required 
to  exhibit  their  powers  ; of  which  the  * exercises 5 
still  held  at  Cambridge  retain  the  form.”  Braude. 

WRAN'GLE-SOME  (rang'gl-sum),  a.  Quarrel- 
some ; disposed  to  wrangle.  [Local,  Eng.]  Moor. 

WRAN'GLING,  n.  A dispute  ; altercation.  Locke . 

WRAP  (rap),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  hweorfan , to  turn.  Skin- 
ner.] [i.  WRAPPED  ; pp.  WRAPPING,  WRAPPED. 
— i.  & p.  sometimes  wrapt.] 

1.  To  roll  together  ; to  complicate. 

This  said,  he  took  his  mantle’s  foremost  part, 

He  ’gan  the  same  together  fold  and  wrap. 

2.  To  cover  With  something  rolled  or  thrown 
round  ; to  involve  ; — often  followed  by  up. 

Lot  none  of  us,  then,  suppose  lie  hath  no  account  to  give. 
A single  talent,  wrapiied  up  in  a napkin,  brought  its  pos- 
sessor, you  may  remember,  into  a direful  case.  Gilpin. 

3.  To  comprise  ; to  contain. 

Leontiue’s  young  wife,  in  whom  all  his  happiness  was 
wrapt  up.  Addison. 

4.  fTo  transport;  to  ravish;  — corruptly  so 
written  for  rap  or  rape,  from  L.  rapio.  Dryden. 

/Eg=  Sometimes  improperly  used  for  torap,  to  strike  ; 
to  snatch  up.  — “ This  word  is  often  pronounced  rop, 
rhyming  with  top,  even  by  speakers  much  above  the 
vulgar.”  IValker.  The  same  pronunciation  is  not  un- 
common in  some  parts  of  the  United  States;  yet  it 
iias  no  countenance  from  the  orthoepists. 

WRAP'PAtjlE  (rap'aj),  n.  The  act  of  wrapping,  or 
that  which  wraps  ; — an  envelope.  Ec.  Rev. 

WRAP'PpR  (rap'per),  n.  1.  One  who,  or  that 
which,  wraps  : — an  envelope  ; a cover. 

2.  A dressing-gown  : — a great  coat.  Rambler. 

WRAP'PING  (rap'pjng),  n.  1.  The  act  of  one 
who  wraps. 

2.  A cover  ; an  envelope ; a wrapper.  Rainbow. 

WRAP'rAS-CAL  (rap'ris-kfil),  n.  A great-coat ; 
a cant  term  for  a coarse  upper  coat.  Forby. 

J6®-  Dr.  Jamieson  has  given  this  word,  and  observes 
that  “ rascalwrapper  is  used  by  English  writers  in  the 
same  sense.”  Wraprasr.al  is  certainly  a low  and  vul- 
gar expression,  but  probably  old,  and,  like  hapharlot 
and  dragswain  in  our  language,  may  have  been  formed 
from  rascal,  in  the  sense  of  a low  or  mean  person,  or 
servant,  as  harlot  and  swain  also  formerly  signified. 
Dr.  Todd. 

WRASSE  (rhs),  n.  (Teh.) 

The  common  name  of 
different  species  of  La- 
brus.  ■ Yarfcll. 

fpif  The  fishes  of  this 
genus  are  distinguished  by  Ballou  wrasse 

having  an  elongated  body  ( Ldbrus  maculatus'). 
covered  with  large  thin  scales;  a single  dorsal  fin, 
extending  nearly  the  whole  length  of  the  hack,  with 
part  of  the  rays  spinous,  the  others  flexible  ; a short 
membranous  filament  behind  the  point  of  each  spinous 
ray  ; lips  large  and  fleshy  ; and  the  cheek  and  oper- 
culum covered  with  scales,  Yarrell. 

y WRATH  (rath  or  r&wth)  [rath,  ./.  F.  Wb. ; rlltli, 
S.  P.  Sm. ; rotli  or  rath,  1 1 \ ; rath  or  rath,  Ja. 


K.\  rath,  7?.],  n.  [A.  S.  wrath ; Dan.  it  Sw. 
vredc ; Icel.  reieli.]  Anger;  fury;  rage;  ire; 
resentment ; indignation  ; cliolcr  ; passion. 

Achilles’  wratli , to  Greece  the  direful  spring 

Of  woes  unnumbered,  heavenly  goddess,  sing.  rope. 

Wrath  is  violent  and  permanent  anger,  and  as  sucli  it  nmy 
be  deemed  an  affection.  Coyan. 

Syn.  — See  Anger. 

||  WRATH'FUL  (rath'ful  or  r&wth'ful),  a.  Full  of 
wrath;  angry;  furious;  raging;  wroth. 

Destined  by  the  wrathful  gods  to  die.  Dryden. 

||  WRATH'FUL-LY  (rdth'ful-Ie  or  r&wlh'fdl-le),  ad. 
Furiously;  passionately. 

||  WRATH'FUL-NESS  (r'Ath'ful-nes  or  rllvvtll ’fai- 
lles), n.  Extreme  anger ; wrath.  Udal. 

||  WRATII'I-LY,  ad.  Wrathfully."  [r.]  Clarke. 

||  WRATH'LpSS  (rith'les),  a.  Free  from  wrath. 
“Fearless  and  wrathless Waller. 

||  WRATH'Y  (ratli’e),  a.  Extremely  angry;  wrath- 
ful. [Colloquial,  U.  S.]  Mrs.  Clavers.  Craig. 

r WRAW  (r&w),  a.  Rueful.  Chaucer. 

f WRAWL  (r&wl),  v.  n.  [Sw.  vrala,  to  roar.]  To 
cry  as  a cat.  Spenser. 

j-WRAw'NESS  (raw'nes),  n.  Regret.  Chaucer. 

fWRAY  (ra),  v.  a.  To  betray;  to  discover  ; — to 
array  ; to  apparel.  Chaucer. 

WREAK  (rek),  v.  a.  [Goth.  wrecan\  wrakar,  per- 
secution ; A.  S.  wrecan  ; Dut.  wreken  ; Ger. 
r lichen.]  [i.  wreaked  ; pp.  wreaking, 

WREAKED. — ft.  WROKE;  \ p.  WROKEN.] 

1.  To  execute  with  anger  or  for  a purpose  of 
vengeance  ; to  inflict  with  violence. 

I wreaked  my  resentment  upon  the  innocent  cause  of  my 
disgraces.  Smollett. 

2.  fTo  revenge  or  avenge;  to  punish. 

Conte  wreak  his  loss  whom  bootless  ye  complain.  Fairfax. 

Lend  me  your  helping  hands 
To  wreak  the  parricide.  Beau.  8,  Ft. 

/ISP  Wreak  is  sometimes  found  erroneously  written 
for  reck,  to  heed.  Johnson. 

f WREAK  (rek),  n.  1.  Revenge ; vengeance. 
“ Take  wreak  on  Rome.”  Shak. 

2.  Passion ; fury  ; wrath ; rage.  Shak. 

f WREAK'FUL  (rek'ful),  a.  Revengeful.  Shak. 

f WREAK'LgSS,  o.  Unrevenging  ; cowardly.  Shak. 

WREATH  (reth)  [reth,  .7.  E.  F.  Sm.  Wb. ; reth,  P. 
K.  ; reth  or  reth,  W.  Ja.],  n. ; pi.  wreaths 
(reths).  [A.  S .wrath.] 

1.  Any  thing  curled  or  twisted. 

Clouds  began 

To  darken  all  the  hill,  and  smoke  to  curl 

In  dusky  wreaths  reluctant  flames.  Milton. 

2.  A circular  ornament,  usually  of  ribbons, 
flowers,  or  leaves,  used  for  decorative  purposes  ; 
a garland ; a chaplet. 

Now  are  our  brows  bound  with  victorious  wreaths.  Shak. 

Who  would  not  prize  the  bloodless  irreath  decreed  at  that 
bar  [public  opinion]  to  Cuvier  and  Humboldt,  before  the 
golden  crown  or  blood-stained  laurels  of  monarohs  and  con- 
querors ? Everett. 

j$^“I  have  placed  what  I think  the  best  usual 
mode  of  pronouncing  this  word  first  [reth],  because 
I think  it  is  so  much  more  agreeable  to  analogy  than 
the  second.”  Walker.  — “In  wreaths  [pi.],  the  th  is 
vocal.”  Smart. 

WREATHE  (reth),  v.  a.  [A.  S .writhan,  to  wreathe. 
— See  Writhe.]  ft.  wreathed  ; pp.  wreath- 
ing, WREATHED,  + WREATHEN.] 

1.  To  interweave  ; to  twist.  South. 

2.  To  encircle,  as  a garland ; to  surround. 

In  the  flowers  that  wreathe  the  sparkling  bowl 

Fell  adders  hiss  and  poisonous  serpents  roll.  Prior. 

3.  To  encircle,  as  with  a garland. 

For  thee  she  feeds  her  hair, 

And  with  thy  winding  ivy  wreathes  her  lance.  Dryden. 

4.  f To  writhe. 

Impatient  of  the  wound, 

He  rolls  and  wreathes  his  shining  body  round.  Gay. 

WREATHE,  v.  n.  To  be  intertwined.  Dryden. 

WREATH'ING,  n.  Act  of  one  who,  or  that  which, 
wreathes;  act  of  twisting  or  twining,  Spenser. 

WREATH'LRSS,  a.  Having  no  wreaths.  Coleridge. 

WREATH 'Y  (re'tfie),  a.  1.  Covered  with,  or  hav- 
ing, a wreath.  “ The  wreathy  spear.”  Dryden. 

2.  Twisted.  '■'  Wreathy  spires.”  Browne. 

WRECK  (rSk),  n.  [A.  S.  wrec,  wrtpc,  wretched ; 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RtJLE.  — Q,  g,  soft ; J0,  G,  5,  g,  hard ; § as  7.;  ? as  gz.  — THIS,  ttiis. 


WRECK 


1686 


WRIT 


Dut.  wrak,  wreck;  Ger.  wrack ; Dan.  vrag ; 
Sw.  vrak.  — Gr.  juiyw/u,  to  break,  to  shatter. 
The  root  is  p»y-,  pay-,  or  rather  Fpryy-,  Fpny-  (L. 
frango),  our  break,  wreck.  Liddell  if  NeoIL] 

1.  Destruction  of  a vessel  by  being  driven  on 
rocks  or  shallows,  or  by  foundering. 

A rock  amidst  the  raping  flood, 

'Gainst  which  a ship,  of  succor  desolate, 

Goth  suffer  wreck.  • Spenser. 

2.  A vessel  wrecked ; the  hull  of  a stranded 
vessel,  or  a vessel  abandoned  on  the  ocean. 

Sailors  that  escaped  the  wreck.  Shak. 

The  ship  was  considered  as  a wreck.  Johnson. 

3.  Destruction  ; violent  dissolution  ; ruin. 

The  u'reck  of  matter  and  the  crush  of  worlds.  Addison. 

lie  labored  in  his  country’s  wreck.  Shak. 

4.  Remains  of  any  thing  ruined,  as  dead  roots, 

stalks,  and  weeds.  [Local.]  Wright. 

5.  Wreak.  [Improper.]  Spenser. 

6.  (Law.)  In  English  law,  goods  which,  after 

a shipwreck  at  sea,  are  by  the  sea  cast  upon 
the  land  : — in  American  law,  goods  cast  ashore 
by  the  sea,  and  not  claimed  by  the  owner  within 
a year  or  other  specified  period,  and  which,  in 
such  case,  become  the  property  of  the  state : — 
in  old  English  law,  any  thing  thrown  upon  the 
land  by  the  sea;  — a thing  thrown  out  of  a ves- 
sel, with  the  intention  of  throwing  it  away,  and 
which  is  afterwards  found.  Burrill. 

7.  (Metallurgy .)  A vessel  in  which  ores  are 

washed  for  the  third  time.  Clarke. 

WRECK  (tek),  V.  a.  [(.  WRECKED  ; pp.  WRECK- 
ING, WRECKED.] 

1.  To  destroy  by  dashing  on  rocks  or  sands, 
or  by  foundering,  as  a ship  ; to  strand. 

Coral  found  growing  upon  wrecked  ships.  Woodward . 

2.  To  cause  to  suffer  shipwreck. 


A pilot’s  thumb, 
Wrecked  as  homeward  he  did  come. 


Shak. 

Daniel. 

Prior. 


3.  To  ruin ; to  destroy. 

4.  To  wreak.  [Improper.] 

WRECK  (rek),  v.  n.  To  suffer  wreck  or  ruin. 

Rocks  whereon  greatest  men  have  oftest  wrecked.  JMton. 

WRECK' AtyE,  n.  The  act  of  wrecking  : — the 
ruins  or  remains  of  a vessel  that  has  been 
wrecked  ; shipwrecks  collectively.  “ Wreckage 
of  the  recent  storm.”  Cardinal  Wiseman. 

WRECK'JfR,  n.  One  who  plunders  wrecks,  or  col- 
lects goods  cast  on  the  shore  from  wrecks. Smart. 

fWRECK'FUL  (rek'ful),  a.  Causing  wreck  or 
ruin.  “ Wreckful  wind.”  Spenser. 

WRECK'— MAS-TER,  n.  A person  who  takes 
charge  of  the  salvage  from  a wreck,  for  the  in- 
terest of  the  owners.  Simmonds. 

WREN  (ren),  n.  [A.  S.  wrenna. 

— Ir.  Gael,  drain.']  (Ornith.) 

A small  insessorial  bird,  of 
the  family  Certhiadce,  fre- 
quenting out-houses  and 
walls,  and  readily  recognized 
by  its  sober,  brown  colors, 
erect  tail,  and  its  sprightly  but 
shy  habits  ; Troglodytes  vul- 
garis. Yarrell. 

WRENCH  (rench),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  wringan,  to  wring  ; 
Ger.  verrenken,  to  wrench.  — See  Wring.]  [i. 
WRENCHED  ; pp.  WRENCHING,  WRENCHED.] 

1.  To  pull  with  a turn  or -twist ; to  wrest. 

Wrench  his  sword  from  him.  Shak. 

2.  To  sprain  ; to  strain  ; to  distort. 

You  wrenched  your  foot  against  a stone.  Swift. 

WRENCH  (rSnch),  n.  1.  A violent  twist ; a pull 
with  twisting.  Bp.  Hall. 

2.  A sprain,  as  of  a joint.  Locke. 

3.  f A means  of  compulsion.  Bacon. 

4.  t A subtilty  ; a wrong.  R.  of  Gloucester. 

5.  An  instrument  of  iron  for  screwing  and 

unscrewing  nuts,  &c.  Tomlinson. 

WREST  (rSst),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  gewrasstan , wrmstanf] 
[i.  WRESTED  ; pp.  WRESTING.  WRESTED.] 

1.  To  twist  by  violence  ; to  wring  ; to  wrench. 

Our  country’s  cause, 

That  drew  our  swords,  now  wrests  ’em  from  our  hands. 

Addison. 

Fate  has  wrested  the  confession  from  me.  Addison. 

2.  To  distort;  to  pervert;  to  warp. 

Thou  shalt  not  wrest  the  judgment  of  thy  poor  in  his 
cause.  Exod.  xxiii.  (i. 

Wrest  once  the  law  to  your  authority.  JSltak.  f 


Wren. 


WREST  (rest),  n.  1.  Distortion  ; violent  twist- 
ing ; perversion.  Hooker. 

2.  f Active  or  moving  power.  Spenser 

3.  A kind  of  instrument  for  tuning  musica 

instruments.  Laneham 

4.  A partition  which  determines  the  form  o 

a bucket  in  an  overshot  wheel.  Francis 

WREST'fR  (rest'er),  n.  One  who  wrests.  Skelton 

WRES'TLE  (res'sl),  v.  n.  [A.  S.  wraxlian,wrcest 
lian;  Frs .wraxlia;  Dut.  worstelen.]  \i.  WRES 
TLED  ; pp.  WRESTLING,  WRESTLED.] 

1.  To  contend  by  grappling  and  trying  to 
throw  down,  as  one  man  with  another. 

I ’ll  never  wrestle  for  prize  more.  Shak. 

2.  To  contend  ; to  struggle  ; — with  with. 

To  icrestle  with  desperate  contingencies.  Clarendon. 

WRES'TLE  (res'sl),  V.  a.  To  try  to  thrown  down 
by  wrestling,  [r.]  Spenser. 

WRES'TLf.R  (res'ler),  n.  One  who  wrestles  or 
contends  in  wrestling. 

Two  wrestlers  help  to  pull  each  other  down.  Dryden. 

WREST'LING,  n.  An  athletic  exercise  between 
two  persons  who  grapple  and  try  to  throw  each 
other  down  ; — struggle  ; contention.  Atterbury. 

WRETCH  (recli),  n.  [A.  S.  wreecca,  wrecca,  an 
exile,  a wretch  ; — ivrcc,  wrecce , wretched.] 

1.  A miserable  mortal ; a person  involved  in 
the  deepest  distress  ; an  unhappy  person. 

She,  poor  wretch , for  grief  can  speak  no  more.  Shak. 

2.  A worthless,  despicable,  or  sorry  person  ; 
a knave  ; a villain  ; a rogue  ; a miscreant. 

Title  of  honor,  worth,  and  virtue’s  right 

Should  not  he  given  to  a wretch  so  vile.  Daniel. 

HJP  Wretch  is  sometimes  used  by  way  of  slight  or 
ironical  pity  or  contempt,  and  sometimes  as  a word  of 
tenderness.  “ Illustrious  wretch .”  Prior. 

And  drag9  the  little  wretch  in  triumph  home.  Dryden. 

The  happy  wretch  she  put  into  her  breast.  Sidney. 

WRETCII'ED  (rocli'ed),  a.  1.  Miserable  ; un- 
happy; comfortless.  “ Wretched  mortals.” 

Waller. 

2.  Calamitous ; afflictive.  " Johnson. 

. 3.  Worthless  ; sorry  ; pitiful  ; paltry  ; con- 
temptible. “ Their  wretched  art.”  Dryden. 

Syn.  — See  Unhappy. 

WRETCII'ED- LY  (rech'ed-le),  ad.  I.  In  a wretched 
manner  ; miserably  ; unhappily.  Clarendon. 

2.  Meanly  ; pitifully  ; despicably.  South. 

WRETCII'ED-NESS  (rech'ed-nes),  n.  1.  The  state 
of  being  wretched  ; misery  ; afflicted  state.  Shak. 

2.  Pitifulness  ; despicableness.  Johnson. 

f WRETCH'FUL  (rech'ful),  a.  Wretched.  Wiclclijfe. 

t WRETCH'LESS  (rech'-),  a. Reckless.  Hammond. 

f WRETCII'LESS-NESS,  n.  Recklessness;  care- 
lessness. Common  Prayer. 

fWRIG  (rig),  v.  a.  To  wriggle.  Skelton. 

WRIG'GLE  (rig'gl),  v.  n.  [A.  S.  wrigan,  to  move  ; 
Dut.  wrikken,  wriggelen.  — Perhaps  from  writhe. 
Richardson .1  [i.  wriggled  ; pp.  wriggling, 

wriggled. J To  move  the  body  to  and  fro  with 
short  turns  or  curves,  as  a worm. 

A vermin  wriggling  in  the  usurper’s  car.  Dryden. 

His  successors  would  often  wriggle  in  their  seats.  Swift. 

WRIG'GLE  (rig'gl),  V.  a.  To  put  in  a quick,  re- 
ciprocating motion  ; to  introduce  by  shifting 
motion.  “ Wriggling  his  bo.dy.”  Hudibras. 

f WRIG'GLE  (rig'gl),  a.  Pliant;  flexible;  wrig- 
gling. “ Their  wriggle  tails.”  Spenser. 

WRIG'GLIJR  (rlg'gler),  n.  One  who,  or  that 
which,  wriggles.  Cowper. 

WRIG'GLING  (rlg'gling),  n.  The  act  or  the  mo- 
tion of  one  who  wriggles.  Smart. 

WRIGHT  (rlt),  n.  [A.  S.  wyrhta,  wryhta,  gewyrhta. 
— From  wyrean,  to  work.  Tooke.]  A workman; 
an  artificer  ; a maker  ; — now  commonly  used 
in  composition,  as  in  shipwright,  &c.  Watts. 

WRING  (ring),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  wringan  ; Dut.  wrin- 
qen  ; Ger.  ringen  ; Dan.  vratnge ; Sw.  vrtinya  ; 
Icel.  hringa .]  [i.  wrung  ; pp.  wringing, 

WRUNG.] 

1.  To  twist  or  turn  round  with  violence. 

The  priest . . . shall  wring  off  his  head.  Lev.  i.  15. 

2.  To  force  by  twisting  or  contortion. 

He  . . . thrust  the  fleece  together,  and  wrvnged  the  flew  out 
of  the  fleece,  a howl  full  of  water*.  Judg.  vi.  38. 


treenails. 

WRING'ER  (rlng'er),  n. 
2.  An  extortioner. 


3.  To  squeeze  ; to  press. 

Then,  sir,  would  he  . . . wring  my  hand.  Shak. 

4.  To  pinch  ; to  bind. 

Where  his  shoe  did  wring  him.  Bacon. 

5.  To  obtain  by  violence  ; to  extort ; to  wrest. 

To  wring 

From  tlie  hard  hands  of  peasants  their  vile  trash.  Shak. 

To  wring  from  me,  and  tell  to  them,  my  secret.  Hilton. 

6.  To  harass  ; to  torture  ; to  distress. 

Grief  dejects  and  wrings  the  tortured  soul.  Roscommon. 

7.  To  distort ; to  pervert ; to  turn  to  a wrong 

purpose  or  meaning.  Ascham. 

IIow  dare  these  men  thus  wring  the  Scriptures?  Whitgifl. 

8.  ( Naut .)  To  bend  or  strain  from  its  proper 

position,  as  a mast.  Mar.  Diet. 

WRING  (ring),  v.  n.  To  writhe,  as  in  agony. 

Those  that  wring  under  the  load  of  sorrow.  Shak. 

WRING  (ring),  n.  A writhing.  Bp.  Hall. 

WRING'— BOLT,  n.  (Ship-building.)  A bolt  for 
securing  the  planks  against  the  timbers  until 
they  are  properly  fastened  by  bolts,  spikes,  and 

Mar.  Diet. 
1.  One  who  wrings.  Shak. 

Isaiah  xvi.  4. 

WRING'ING  (rlng'jng),  n.  The  act  of  pressing 
the  hands  in  anguish  ; a twisting.  Ash. 

WRING'JNG-WET,  a.  So  wet  as  to  require 
wringing,  or  that  water  or  other  fluid  may  be 
wrung  from  it,  as  a cloth.  ' Wright. 

WRING'— STAVES,  n • pl-  Strong  pieces  of  wood 
used  with  the  wring-bolts.  Mar.  Diet. 

WRIN'KLE  (rlngk'kl,  82),  n.  [A.  S.  wrincle  ; wrin- 
gan, to  wring,  to  twist ; Ger.  runzel ; Dan.  rynke ; 
Sw.  rinka.] 

1.  A furrow,  or  crease,  as  on  the  face  or  in 
cloth.  “ Cloth  with  many  wrinkles.”  Wickliffe. 

Her  face  ill-favored,  full  of  wrinkles.  Spenser. 

2.  Any  roughness  or  unevenness. 

Not  the  least  wrinkle  to  deform  the  sky.  Di^/dcn. 

3.  (But.)  An  irregular  elevation  of  one  sur- 

face with  a corresponding  indentation  of  another, 
or  opposite  side  of  a lamina.  Ilcnslow. 

WRIN'KLE  (rlngk'kl),!).  a.  \i.  WRINKLED ; pp. 
wrinkling,  wrinkled.]  To  corrugate  ; to 
contract  into  wrinkles  or  furrows. 

Scorn  makes  us  wrinkle  up  the  nose.  Bacon. 

WRINK'LED  (rlng'kld),  a.  Having  wrinkles  ; cor- 
rugated. “ Wrinkled  brow.”  Shak. 

WRINK'LY,  a.  Wrinkled  ; corrugated.  Shenstone. 

WRIST  (list),  n.  [A.  S.  wrist. — From  wreestan , 
to  wrest,  to  twist.]  (Anat.)  The  part  or  joint 
between  the  fore-arm  and  the  hand,  consisting 
of  eight  bones  ; catpus.  Dunglison. 

WRIST'BAND  (rlst'bjnd),  n.  The  hand  of  the 
sleeve  of  a shirt,  or  other  garment,  that  passes 
round  the  wrist.  Beau.  Sj  PI. 

WRIST'LET,  n.  An  elastic  band  worn  round  the 
wrist.  Clarke. 

WRIT  (rlt),  n.  [From  write.] 

1.  Any  thing  written  ; lore  ; scripture. 

Sacred  writ  our  reason  does  exceed.  Waller. 

Of  ancient  writs  unlocks  the  learned  store, 

Consults  the  dead,  and  lives  past  ages  o’er.  J*ope. 

2.  (Law.)  In  practice,  a judicial  instrument 
by  which  a court  commands  some  act  to  be  done 
by  the  person  to  whom  it  is  directed  ; an  instru- 
ment in  writing,  in  an  epistolary  form,  running 
in  the  name  of  the  sovereign  of  a state,  and 
issued  out  of  a court  of  justice,  under  seal, 
either  as  the  commencement  of  an  action,  or 
during  its  progress,  directed  to  a sheriff  or  other 
ministerial  officer,  or  to  the  party  intended  to 
be  bound  by  it,  and  commanding  some  act 
therein  mentioned  to  be  done  at  or  within  a 
certain  time  specified  : — in  old  English  law,  an 
instrument  in  the  form  of  a letter  ; a letter  or 
letters  of  attorney  : — in  Scotch  law,  an  instru- 
ment in  writing,  as  a deed,  bond,  &c.  Burrill. 

tJrf  Writs  directed  to  officers  always  contain  a com- 
mand to  return  them  on  a certain  day,  called  the  re- 
turn, or  return-day,  and  all  writs  are  usually  wit- 
nessed or  tested  in  the  name  of  the  chief-justice  or 
principal  judge  of  the  court  out  of  which  they  are 
issued.”  Burrill. 

Holy  or  Sacred  Writ,  the  Scriptures.  Hooker.  — Writ 
of  entry,  (Law.)  a writ  requiring  the  sheriff  to  com- 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  R Q,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  IIEIR,  HER; 


WRIT 


1G87 


mand  a tenant  of  land  that  lie  render  to  the  demand- 
ant the  premises  in  question,  or  to  appear  in  court  on- 
such  a day  to  show  cause  why  he  lias  not  done  so. 
Bouvier.  — IV r it  of  error,  (Law.)  See  Error. — Writ 
of  inquiry.  See  INQUIRY.  — Writ  of  right,  (Lam.)  in 
old  practice,  a writ  which  lay  to  recover  lands  in  fee 
simple,  unjustly  withheld  from  the  true  proprietor; 
the  great  and  final  remedy  for  the  recovery  of  the 
right  of  property,  or  mere  right,  as  distinguished  from 
the  right  of  possession.  — Original  writs,  (Old  Eng. 
Law.)  mandatory  letters,  issuing  out  of  the  Court  of 
Chancery,  under  the  great  seal,  constituting  the  foun- 
dation of  actions,  and  being  the  first  proceeding  in 
them.  — Judicial  writs,  (Old  Eng.  Law.)  writs  issued, 
after  the  commencement  of  the.  action,  out  of  the 
court  in  which  it  was  pending,  and  under  the  seal  of 
such  courts.  Burrill. 

f WRIT  (rlt),  i.  & p.  from  write.  See  Write. 

WIU'TA-TIVE  (rl'ta-tlv),  a.  Disposed  to  write  ; 
— in  contradistinction  to  talkative.  [Low.]  Pope- 

WRITE  (rlt),  v.  a.  [Goth,  writs,  a letter;  A.  S. 
writan,  to  write  ; Icel.  rita.)  [ i . vyitOTE  ; pp. 

writing,  written.  — Writ  and  wrote  were 
formerly  often  used  as  participles,  and  writ  also 
as  a preterite ; but  they  are  not  now  often  so 
used  by  good  writers.] 

1.  To  form  with  a pen,  pencil,  or  similar  in- 
strument; as,  “To  write  letters  or  characters.” 

2.  To  express  by  means  of  letters. 

The  Lord  said  unto  Moses,  Write  thou  these  words. 

Ex.  xxxiv.  27. 

What  thou  seest  written  in  a book.  Rev.  i.  11. 

3.  To  engrave;  to  impress;  to  imprint. 

So  plain  was  it  writ  in  the  heart  of  mankind.  Locke. 

4.  To  compose  or  produce  as  an  author. 

Was  there  ever  yet  any  thing  written  by  mere  man  that 
was  wished  longer  by  its  readers,  excepting  Don  Quixote, 
liobinson  Crusoe,  and  the  Pilgrim’s  Progress?  Johnson. 

5.  To  tell  or  communicate  by  letter  or  epistle. 

I chose  to  write  the  thing  I durst  not  speak.  Prior. 

6.  {Law.)  To  express  by  letters  visible  to  the 

eye,  whether  by  a pen  and  ink,  or  by  types  and 
ink.  Brandc. 

To  write  one’s  self,  to  style  or  call  one’s  self.  “ Who 
begun  to  write  themselves  men.”  Fell.  — To  bring  into 
a certain  condition  by  writing.  “ There  is  not  a more 
melancholy  object  in  the  learned  world,  than  a man 
who  has  written  himself  down.”  Addison. 

WRITE  (rlt),  v.  7i.  1.  To  form  letters,  characters, 
or  words,  by  means  of  a pen,  pencil,  or  similar 
instrument ; to  express  sounds  or  ideas  by  let- 
ters or  characters. 

I have  seen  her  rise  from  her  bed,  take  forth  paper,  fold  it, 
and  write  upon  it.  Shak. 

2.  To  be,  or  act  as,  an  author.  Johnson. 

3.  To  tell  or  relate  in  books. 

That  grim  ferryman  which  poets  write  of.  Shak. 

4.  To  indite  or  send  a letter  or  letters. 

lie  wrote  for  all  the  Jews  concerning  their  freedom. 

1 Esd.  iv.  49. 

5.  To  compose ; to  form  compositions. 

They  can  write  up  to  the  dignity  and  character  of  the 
authors.  Feltham. 

WIUT'ER  (rlt'er),  n.  1.  One  who  writes;  a pen- 
man or  a scribe  ; a clerk.  Johnson. 

2.  An  author.  ‘‘Three  famous writers.”  Bacon. 

Writers  are  often  more  influenced  by  adesire  of  fame,  than 
a regard  to  the  public  good.  Addison. 

Writer  to  the  signet,  one  of  a class  of  lawyers  in 
Scotland,  equivalent  to  the  highest  class  of  attorneys 
in  England  ; — also  called  clerk  to  the  signet.  Brande. 

ilfjp*  They  derive  their  name  from  having  been  an- 
ciently clerks  in  the  ofhee  of  the  secretary  of  state,  by 
whom  writs  were  prepared  and  issued  under  the  royal 
signet  or  seal  ; and  when  the  signet  became  employed 
injudicial  proceedings,  they  obtained  a monopoly  of 
the  privileges  of  acting  as  agents  or  attorneys  before 
the  Court  of  Sessions.  Burrill . 

Syn. — Writer  is  a general  term  for  every  one  who 
writes,  whether  a penman  or  an  author.  A good  or 
had  writer ; an  expert  or  skilful  penman  ; a scribe  who 
writes  or  copies  officially  : — an  able  or  learned  writ- 
er ; a distinguished  author . 

WRiT'JER-SHIP,  n.  The  office  or  the  state  of  a 
writer.  Ed.  Rev. 

WRITHE  (rith),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  writhan,  to  wreathe, 
to  writhe  ; Dan.  vride,  to  writhe  ; Sw.  vridal\ 
[l.  WRITHED  ; pp.  WRITHING,  WRITHED.] 

1.  To  twist;  to  distort;  to  contort;  to  make 

awry.  “Her  mouth  she  writhed .”  Dry  den. 

And  writhed  his  body  to  and  fro  with  pain.  Addison. 

2.  To  wrest;  to  force  by  violence;  to  torture. 

That  whereunto  lii»  words  are  writhed.  Hooker. 


WRITHE  (rllb),  V.  n.  To  twist ; to  be  distorted  or 
convolved  with  agony  or  torture. 

To  writhe  . . . round  the  bloody  stake.  Addison. 

f WRI'TIILE  (ri'thl),  v.  a.  To  wrinkle.  Bp.  Hall. 

WRlT'JNG  (rlt'jng),  n.  1.  Act  of  one  who  writes; 
act  of  forming  letters  with  a pen,  or  similar  in- 
strument ; expression  of  ideas  by  letters. 

2.  Any  thing  written ; any  written  composi- 
tion ; a written  paper  of  any  kind.  Shak. 

3.  A book ; a work.  Hooker. 

Such  arguments  had  an  invincible  three  with  those  pagan 
philosophers  who  became  Christians,  as  we  find  in  most  of 
their  writings.  Addison. 

4.  An  inscription;  a title.  John  xix.  19. 

5.  {Law.)  An  instrument  or  document. Burrill. 

HOT  In  law,  the  term  [writing]  includes  the  im- 
pression of  letters  expressive  of  ideas,  formed  with 
types  and  ink.  Burrill. 

Writing  obligatory,  (Law.)  the  technical  name  by 
which  a bond  is  described  in  pleading.  Burrill. 

WRIT'ING— BOOK  (rlt'jng-bfik),  n.  A booktowTite 
in,  or  for  practice  in  penmanship.  Ash. 

WRIT'ING— DESK,  n.  A table  or  desk  used  for 
writing  on,  as  a sloping  school-desk,  or  a lock-up 
case  with  stationery  and  the  appliances  for  cor- 
responding. Simmonds. 

WRIT'ING-MAs'TER  (rlt'jng-mis'ter),  n.  A 
teacher  of  penmanship  or  writing.  1) ryden. 

WRIT'ING— PA'PpR,  n.  Letter-paper  ; brief-pa- 
per ; foolscap,  post,  or  note  paper,  for  writing 
on.  Simmonds. 

WRIT'ING— SCHOOL,  n.  A school  where  writing 
or  penmanship  is  taught.  Ash. 

WRIT'ING— TA'BLE,  n.  A table  to  write  on  ; a 
table  for  a library  or  study.  Ash.  Simmonds. 

WRIT'TEN  (rlt'tn),  p.  from  write.  — See  Write. 

Written  laic,  statute  law  ; law  deriving  its  force 
from  express  legislative  enactment.  Burrill. 

f WRIZ'ZLED  (rlz'zld),  a.  Wrinkled.  Spenser. 

f WRO'KEN  (ro'kn),  p.  from  wreak.  Wreaked.  — 
See  Wreak.  Spenser. 

WRONG  (rong),  a.  [Eng.  wring,  wrung,  or  wrested, 
from  A.  S.  wringan,  wrimgen ; Sw.  Dan.  Drang, 
perverse,  iniquitous.  — “ Wrong  is  merely  wrung 
or  wrested  from  the  right  or  ordered  line  of  con- 
duct.” Tooke.  — The  word  answering  to  it  in  It. 
is  torto,  p.  of  torcere,  to  twist,  to  wring ; whence 
the  Fr.  tort,  wrong.] 

1.  Not  right;  not  just;  not  proper;  unbe- 
coming ; contrary  to  the  moral  law  ; unjust. 

If  it  be  right  to  comply  with  the  wrong,  then  it  is  wrong  to 
comply  with  the  right.  Leslie. 

Thus  much  of  this  will  make  black  white,  foul  fair, 

Wrong  right,  base  noble,  old  young,  coward  valiant.  Shak. 

2.  Not  physically  right;  unfit;  unsuitable. 

And  told  me  I had  turned  the  wrong  side  out.  Shak. 

3.  Incorrect ; erroneous  ; not  true. 

By  false  intelligence  or  wrong  surmise.  Shak. 

Wrong,  ambitious,  and  false  ideas.  Acldisou. 

WRONG  (rong),  n.  1.  A deviation  from  right ; an 
act  of  injustice ; an  injury  to  another  ; a viola- 
tion of  another’s  rights  ; a trespass. 

The  oppressor's  wrong,  the  proud  man’s  contumely.  Shak. 

If  this  be  known  to  you,  and  your  allowance. 

We  then  have  done  you  bold  and  saucy  wrongs.  Shak. 

2.  Error ; wrong  state  or  position. 

When  people  once  are  in  the  wrong. 

Each  line  they  add  is  much  too  long.  Prior. 

3.  ( Law .)  The  violation  of  a right,  or  of  law, 

either  by  a positive  act,  or  negatively,  by  with- 
holding from  another  that  which  is  his  due,  or 
neglecting  to  comply  with  some  express  require- 
ment of  law  ; an  injury.  Burrill. 

Syn.  — See  Injury. 

WRONG,  ad.  Not  rightly  ; amiss  ; erroneously. 

Ten  censure  wrong  for  one  that  writes  amiss.  Pope- 

WRONG,  V.  a.  \i.  WRONGED  ; pp.  WRONGING, 

wronged.] 

1.  To  do  a wrong  to  ; to  treat  with  injustice  ; 
to  injure  ; to  use  unjustly. 

• Why  dost  thou  wi’ong  her  that  did  ne’er  wi'ong  thee?  Shak. 

2.  To  impute  evil  to  without  justice. 

You  wrong  me  every  way;  you  wrong.me,  Brutus..  Shak. 

WRONG'-DO-ER  (rong'do-er),  n.  1.  One  who  does 
wrong  ; an  injurious  person.  Sidney. 

2.  (Law.)  One  who  commits  an  injury;  a 
tort-feasor.  Bouvier. 


WYVEM 


WRUNG'— DO-ING,  n.  1.  The  act  of  doing  a wrong 
or  injury.  Clarke. 

2.  A wrong  or  evil  act. 

WRONGER  (long  er),  n.  One  who  wrongs.  Shak. 

WRONG'FUL  (rong'ful),  a.  Injurious;  unjust; 
wrong;  unfair.  “ His  wrongful  dealing.”  Taylor. 

WRONG'FUL-LY  (rong'ful-e),  ad.  Unjustly. 

Accusing  the  Lady  Hero  wrongfully.  Shak. 

WRONG'FUL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
wrong  or  wrongful ; evil.  Hr.  Pye  Smith. 

WRONG 'HEAD  (rong'hed),  n.  A person  of  per- 
verse mind  or  disposition.  Pope. 

WRONG'D  FAD,  )a  Perverse  in  understand- 

WRONG'HEAD-IJD,  ) ing  ; obstinately  wrong  in 
opinion;  erring;  stubborn.  “A  wrongheaded 
distrust  of  England.”  Bp.  Berkeley. 

WRONG'HEAD-$D-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
perverse  ; perverseness.  Chesterfield. 

f WRONG' L^SS  (rong'les),  a.  Void  of  wrong.  Ash. 

f WRONG'LESS-LY  (rong'les-le),  ad.  Without 
wrong  or  injustice  ; justly.  Sidney. 

WRONG'LY  (rong'le),  ad.  Unjustly;  amiss.  Shak. 

WRONG'N^SS  (rong'nes),  n.  The  state  or  the 
quality  of  being  wrong  ; error.  Paley. 

WRON'GOt'S  (rotig'gus),  a.  (Scotch  Lara.)  Wrong; 
illegal;  unjust.  Burrill. 

WROTE  (rot),  i.  from  write.  See  Write. 

WROTH  (rkwth  or  loth)  [roth,  S.  IV.  J.  F. ; rlwth, 
Ja.K.  Sm.;  roth,  E.],  a.  [A.  S.  wrath. — Sec 
Wratii.]  Excited  by  wrath ; angry ; incensed  ; 
exasperated ; irate  ; indignant. 

Wroth  to  see  his  kingdom  fail.  Milton. 

WROUGHT  (r&wt),  i.  & p.  from  work.  [A.  S. 
leorhte,  wyrean,  to  work.] 

1.  Worked;  performed  by  work  ; effected. 

She  hath  wrought  a good  work.  Matt.  xxvi.  10. 

Celestial  panoply  divinely  wrought.  Milton. 

2.  Influenced;  prevailed  on ; induced. 

Wrought  upon  by  these  calls.  Whole  Duty  of  Man. 

An  infection  . . . repulsed  and  icrought  out.  Bacon. 

3.  Actuated  ; impelled ; driven ; forced.  “ Py 

his  own  rashness  wrought.”  Dryden. 

4.  Guided;  managed,  as- a vessel.  Milton. 

5.  Agitated;  disturbed.  Shak. 

Wrought  iron.  See  IRON. 


WRUNG  (rung),  i.  & p.  from  wring.  See  Wring. 

WRY  (rl),  a.  [A.  S.  writhan,  to  wreathe,  to 
writhe.] 

1.  Crooked  ; distorted  ; twisted  ; awry.  “ A 
wry  mouth.”  Arhuthnot.  “Wryneck.”  Sharp. 

2.  Deviating  from  the  right  direction.  “ Wry 

words  and  stammering.”  Sidney. 

3.  Perverted ; wrested. 

lie  mangles  and  puts  a wry  sense  upon  Protestant  writers. 

Aiterbury. 

f WRY  (rl),  v.  n.  To  be  writhed  or  distorted. 
“ Wrying  but  a little.”  Shak. 

f WRY  (rl),  v.  a.  To  make  to  deviate  ; to  distort. 

They  have  . . . wryed  his  doctrine.  Robinson. 


WRY'NECK  (rl'nek),  n.  1.  A 
distorted  neck.  Sharp. 

2.  ( Ornith .)  A scan- 
sorial  bird,  allied  -to  the 
woodpecker,  of  the  genus 
Yunx,  particularly  Yunx 
torquilla ; — so  called  from 
its  habit  of  turning  its 
head  in  various  directions. 

Yarrell. 

WRY'NECKED  (rl'nekt),  a. 
Having  a wry  or  crooked 
neck.  Shak. 


Wryneck 
( Yunx  torquilla). 


f WRY'NESS  (rl'nes),  n.  The  state  of  being  wry  ; 
deviation  from  the  right \vay.  Montague. 

WYCH'-HA-ZEL,  n.  See  Witch-hazel.  P.Cyc. 

WYEfj  (wlz),  n.  pi.  The  supports  of  the  telescope 
in  the  theodolite  and  in  the  levelling  instru- 
ment ; — so  called  from  their  resemblance  to  the 
letter  Y,  and  written  also  Y’s.  Danes. 

WYND,  n.  An  alley  ; a lane.  [Scot.]  Jamieson. 

WY'VIJM,  n.  (Her.)  An  imaginary  animal  re- 
sembling a flying  serpent.  Brande. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON; 


BULL,  BUR,  RtJLE.  — (?,  <(,  g,  soft;  jC,  G,  5,  g,  hard;  § as  z;  % as  gz. 


THIS,  this. 


X 


1688 


XYSTER 


Xthe  twenty-fourth  letter  of  the  alphabet,  is 
» borrowed  from  the  Greek,  and  is  used  chiefly 
in  words  derived  from  that  language.  It  begins 
no  word  of  Anglo-Saxon  origin.  At  the  begin- 
ning of  words,  it  is  pronounced  like  z,  as  in 
Xenophon ; but  elsewhere  it  is  equivalent  to  Is 
or  to  gz.  As  a Roman  numeral  character  it 
stands  for  10,  and  with  a dash  over  it  (x),  for 
10,000. 

XAX'THJv-INE  (zan'the-in),  n.  [Gr.  \avBS;,  yel- 
low.] (Chem.)  The  yellow  coloring  matter, 
soluble  in  water,  of  certain  yellow  flowers,  as  the 
yellow  dahlia.  Miller. 

XAN'THI-AN  (zan'the-jn),  a.  Pertaining  to  Xan- 
thus,  an  ancient  town  in  Asia  Minor,  especial- 
ly to  marbles  found  near  that  place.  P.  Cyc. 

XAN'THIC  (zSn'thjk),  a.  [Gr.  |«v0os,  yellow.] 

1.  Tending  towards  a yellow  color,  or  some 
color,  except  green,  of  which  yellow  forms  a 
part,  as  orange,  scarlet,  &c.  Brande. 

2.  ( Chem .)  Noting  a heavy,  oily,  liquid  acid, 
which  is  also  called  sulpho-carbethylic  acid : 
— noting  an  oxide,  called  also  uric  oxide,  ob- 
tained from  a rare  variety  of  urinary  calculus 
and  other  calculous  concretions ; and  existing, 
when  isolated,  in  the  form  of  a white  powder, 
insoluble  in  water,  ether,  and  alcohol.  Miller. 

XAN'THINE  (zan'tlun),  n.  (Chem.')  The  yellow 
coloring  matter,  insoluble  in  water,  existing  in 
certain  yellow  flowers.  The  petals  of  the  sun- 
flower contain  it  in  abundance.  Miller. 

XAN'THITE  (zSn'tlilt),  n.  (Min.)  A variety  of 
idocrase,  sometimes  occurring  in  large  brownish- 
yellow  crystals.  ’ Dana. 

XAN'  THJ-  t/M  (zttn'the-uin),  n.  [Gr.  |dv0<ov  ; (av- 
06s,  yellow.]  ( Bot .)  A genus  of  composite 

plants,  one  species  of  which,  Xanthium  spino- 
sum,  yields  a yellow  dye.  Eng.  Cyc. 

XAN'THO  (z&n'tbo),  n.  (Zotil.)  A genus  of  bra- 
chyurous  crustaceans,  containing  numerous  spe- 
cies, and  occurring  in  all  seas.  Eng.  Cyc. 

XAN'THO-CON,  n.  [Gr.  (avOSs,  yellow.]  (Min.) 
A brittle  mineral,  usually  occurring  in  reniform 
masses,  the  interior  of  which  consists  of  minute 
crystals,  and  composed  of  sulphur,  arsenic,  and 
silver ; — so  called  from  its  yellow  powder.  Dana. 

XAN'THO-PHYLL,  n.  [Gr.  lauds s,  yellow,  and 
ipOXX.ov,  a leaf.]  (Chem.)  A deep-yellow,  fatty, 
coloring  matter,  insoluble  in  water,  which  re- 
places chlorophyll  in  the  leaves  of  plants  on 
their  turning  yellow.  Kane. 

xAN'THO-RHAM'NINE,  n.  (Chem.)  An  organ- 
ic compound  existing  in  the  ripe  berries  of  cer- 
tain species  of  Rhamnus.  Miller. 

XAN-TIIO-RHl'ZA,  n.  [Gr.  lav.OSs,  yellow,  and 
pi$a,  a root.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  small  shrubs 
having  roots  of  a deep  yellow  color ; yellow- 
root.  Loudon. 

XAN'THOR-THITE,  n.  (Min.)  A yellowish  vari- 
ety of  allanite,  containing  much  water.  Dana. 

XAN-THOX'Y-LUM,  n.  [Gr.  larBds,  yellow,  and 
IbXov,  wood.]  (Bot.)  A genus  of  exogenous 
shrubs  or  trees,  with  yellow  wood  and  prickly 
stems  ; the  toothache-tree  ; prickly-ash.  Gray. 
XE'BEC  [ze'bek,  Ja.K.  Stn.  Todd,  Crabh ; ze-bek', 


Wb  .],  n.  (Naut.)  A small  three-masted  ves- 
sel, navigated  in  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  and 
on  the  coasts  of  Spain,  Portugal,  and  Barbary, 
and  distinguished  by  the  great  projection  of  the 
prow  and  stern  beyond  the  cutwater  and  the 
stern-post  respectively.  Mar.  Diet. 

XI E 'A'7-  UM,  n. pi.  XE 1 ni-a.  [L.,  from  Gr.  Itrnov.'] 
(Classical  Ant.)  A present  given  to  a guest  or 
stranger,  or  to  a foreign  ambassador.  Crabb. 

t X^-NODfO-j0HY  (ze-nod'o-ke),  n.  [Gr.  Itvolo-yia  ; 
linos,  a guest,  and  6l%opai,  to  receive.]  Recep- 
tion of  strangers  ; hospitality.  Cockeram. 

XEN'O-TIME,  n.  (Min.)  An  opaque,  crystalline 
mineral,  of  various  colors,  resinous  lustre,  and 
consisting  chiefly  of  phosphoric  acid  and  yttria. 

Dana. 

XE-RA'§I-A  (ze-ra'zhe-j),  n.  [Gr.  Inpds,  dry.] 
(Med.)  A disease  of  the  hairs,  which  become 
dry,  cease  to  grow,  and  resemble  down  covered 
with  dust.  Dunglison. 

XE-RO-COL-LYR'I-UM,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  (npoKoX- 
Xbpiov;  (npfis,  dry,  and  xoXXbpiov,  an  eye-salve.] 
A dry  eollyrium  or  eye-salve.  Walker. 

X§-RO'DE§  (ze-ro'dez),  n.  [Gr.  Inpuibes,  dryish.] 
A tumor  attended  with  dryness.  Walker. 

XER-O-MY'RUM,  n.  [Gr.  (npis,  dry,  and  pkpov, 
ointment.]  A drying  ointment.  Walker. 

X£-ROPH'A-(?Y  (ze-rof'a-je),  n.  [Gr.  Inpos,  dry, 
and  (jiayu> , to  eat ; Fr.  xeropliagic.]  Subsistence 
on  dry  victuals  or  food.  Christian  Ant. 

Xp-ROPII'THAL-MY  (ze-rop'thal-me),  n.  [Gr.  &- 
poipdal.pla  ; (r/piis,  dry,  and  hpOaXpia,  ophthalmy.] 
(Med.)  An  inflammation  of  the  eye,  without  dis- 
charge. Christian  Ant. 

Xf-RO'TES,  n.  [Gr.  Inplrns  ; l npls,  dry.]  A dry 
habit  of  body.  Walker. 

XXPH'I-AS  (zlf'e-5s),  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  Ityos,  a 
sword.] 

1.  (Ich.)  A genus  of  acanthopterygious  fishes, 

including  the  sword-fish.  Yarrell. 

2.  (Astron.)  A constellation  in  the  southern 

hemisphere  ; — called  also  Dorado,  and  Steonl- 
fish.  Hutton. 

XI-PHID'J-UM,  n.  [Gr.  (iipo;,  a sword.]  (Bot.)  A 
genus  of  plants  with  stiff  and  sword-shaped 
leaves.  Loudon.  Crabb. 

XIPM'OlD,  or  Xl'PEOID,  a.  [Gr.  £<</>o{,  a sword, 
and  illos,  form.]  (Anat.)  Sword-like  ; ensiform  ; 
applied  to  a cartilage  which  terminates  the  ster- 
num beneath,  and.  which  bears  some  resem- 
blance to  a sword  : — applied  also  to  the  liga- 
ments which  pass  from  the  anterior  surface  of 
this  cartilage  to  the  cartilaginous  prolongation 
of  the  seventh  rib.  Dunglison. 

X}-PHOI'DE§,  n.  Xiphoid  cartilage.  Dunglison. 

XY'LAN-TIIR  AX,  n.  [Gr.  IjjXov,  wood,  and  dvBpal, 
coal.]  Wood-coal,  as  distinguished  from  pit- 
coal  ; bovey  coal.  Hamilton. 

XY'LI-DINE,  n.  (Chem.)  An  artificial,  organic 
base  or  alkaloid  of  the  aniline  series,  consisting 
of  carbon,  hydrogen,  and  nitrogen.  Miller. 

XY'LITE,  n.  [Gr.  (bXov,  wood.]  1.  (Min.)  A 
mineral  resembling  xylotile  in  its  constitution 


as  well  as  its  brown  color  and  asbestiform  struc- 
ture. Dana. 

2.  (Chem.)  A volatile,  inflammable  liquid, 
soluble  in  water,  derived  from  crude  pyroligne- 
ous acid.  Gregory. 

XY-LO-BlL'SA-MUM,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  lvXo(l&X.oa- 
por,  the  wood  of  the  balsam-tree  ; (OXov,  wood, 
and  P&Xoapov , balsam.]  A balsam  obtained  by 
decoction  of  the  leaves  and  twigs  of  the  Amyris 
Gileadensis  in  water.  Hob/yn. 


XY'LO-jCHLORE,  n.  [Gr.  (bX.ov,  wood,  and  %?Mp6s, 
green.]  An  olive-green,  crystalline  mineral, 
closely  resembling  apophyllite,  if  not  a variety 
of  it.  Dana. 

XY-L6g'RA-PH£R,  n.  One  who  engraves  on 
wood  ; a wood-engraver.  Maunder. 


XY-LO-GRAPH'JC, 
XY-LO-GRAPH'I-CAL, 
graving  on  wood. 


a.  Relating  to  xylogra- 
phy, or  to  the  art  of  cn- 
Ec.  Rev. 


XY-LOG'RA-PHY  (zl-log'ra-fe),  n.  [Gr.  (bX.ov, 
wood,  and  yp6tpu>,  to  write  ; Fr.  xylographie .] 
Art  of  engraving  on  wood;  wood-engraving.  Todd. 


XY-LOI'DINE,  n.  (Chem.)  A white,  tasteless, 
insoluble  compound  produced  by  the  action  of 
nitric  acid  on  starch.  Miller. 


XY'LOLE,  n.  (Chem.)  A hydrocarbon  found 
among  the  oils  separated  from  crude  wood- 
spirit  hy  the  addition  of  water.  Miller. 

XY-LOPH'A-GAN,  n.  [Gr.  (OXor,  wood,  and  <p6yu, 
to  eat.]  (Ent.)  One  of  a tribe  of  coleopterous  in- 
sects, comprehending  those  of  which  the  larva; 
devour  the  wood  of  trees  in  which  they  are  de- 
veloped : — one  of  a family  of  dipterous  insects, 
the  larva;  of  which  have  similarly  destructive 
habits.  Brande. 

XY-LOPH' A-GOUS,  (l . (Ent.)  Developed  in,  and 
feeding  on,  wood.  Palmer. 

XY-LOPH'I-AN,  n.  [Gi\  (vXov,  wood,  and  <p:Xiui, 
to  love.]  (Ent.)  One  of  a tribe  of  beetles, 
which  live  on  decayed  wood.  Brande. 

XY-LO'PI-A,  n.  [By  syncope  from  Gr.  IbXov,  wood, 
and  mKp6s,  bitter.  Loudon .]  (Bot.)  A genus 
of  South  American  plants  ; bitter-wood. 

Eng.  Cyc. 

XY-LOR'5-TlNE,  n.  (Chem.)  A crystallizable, 
resinous  compound  found  in  the  peat  of  Den- 
mark on  the  remains  of  pine-trees.  Gregory. 

XY'LO-TILE,  n.  (Min.)  An  opaque,  delicately 
fibrous,  glimmering,  wood-brown,  light  or  dark, 
also  green  mineral,  consisting  chiefly  of  silica, 
sesquioxide  of  iron,  magnesia,  and  water.  Dana. 

[Gr.  IvutS;  ; ui,  to  polish.]  (Arch.) 

XYS'TOS,  ) Among  the  ancient  Greeks,  a court, 
of  great  length -in  proportion  to  its  width,  with 
porticoes  on  three  sides,  for  the  performance  of 
athletic  exercises.  Brande. 

XYS'TAREII,  n.  [Gr.  Ivarap^os  ; (v<rr6s,  a xyst, 
and  apxio,  to  rule.]  (Grecian  Ant.)  An  Athe- 
nian officer  who  presided  over  the  gymnastic 
exercises  of  the  xystos.  IFm.  Smith. 

XYS'TflR,  n.  (Surg.)  An  instrument  used  for 
rasping  bones,  to  detach  the  periosteum  ; a 
raspatory.  Dunglison. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  T,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  IlfttR,  HER; 


Y 


1689 


YCLEPED 


Ythe  twenty-fifth  letter  of  the  alphabet,  is  bor- 
9 rowed  from  the  Greek  Y,  and  is  at  the  be- 
ginning of  words  and  syllables  a consonant, 
and  in  other  situations  a vowel,  having  the 
sound  of  i,  and  subject  to  the  changes  of  this 
letter.  It  is  used  instead  of  i at  the  end  of 
words,  as  thy ; or  when  two  ii  would  come  to- 
gether, as  in  dying  ; and  sometimes  for  the  sake 
of  distinction,  as  in  the  words  die  and  dye.  As 
a numeral  it  has  been  used  to  denote  150,  and 
with  a dash  over  it  ( Y ),  150,000.  Y is  also  a 
corruption  of  the  A.  S.  ye,  as,  y-bore,  y-clept, 
&c.,  i.  e.  bore,  clept,  &c.  — See  Ge. 

YAc'CA— WOOD  (-wud),  n.  An  ornamental  wood 
of  a small  tree  in  Jamaica;  the  Podocarpus 
yacca,  used  for  cabinet  purposes.  Simmonds. 
II  YACIIT  (yot)  [yot,  S.  W.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  ; 
yat,  E.  Kenriek],  n.  [Dut.  jayt ; Ger.  jacht ; 
Dan.  jagt ; Sw.  jakt.  — From  Dut.  jagten,  to 
hasten,  to  pursue  eagerly,  Skinner  and  Lye 
suggest,  and  applied  to  the  vessel  from  its  apt- 
ness for  speed.]  A small  ship  or  vessel  of  state, 
usually  employed  to  convey  princes,  ambassa- 
dors, or  other  great  personages,  from  one  king- 
dom to  another  : — a name  also  given  to  a pri- 
vate pleasure  vessel  when  sufficiently  large  for 
a sea-voyage.  Mar.  Diet. 

jjQf*  A first-class  yacht  is  cae  above  thirty  tons  bur- 
den. Simmonds. 

Syn.  — See  Vessel. 

||  YACHT'JfR  (yot'er),  n.  One  who  commands  or 
who  sails  in  a yacht.*  Lady  Blessington. 

||  YACHT'ING  (yot'jng),  n.  The  act  of  plaiting  a 
voyage  or  excursion  in  a yacht.  Clarke. 

||  YACHT'ING,  a.  Relating  to  yachts.  Clarke. 

YA 'HER,  n.  [Ger.  jciger,  a hunter  ; jagen,  to 
chase,  to  hunt.]  (Mil.)  One  of  the  light  infantry 
armed  with  rifles  ; — written  also  jager.  Brande. 

YA'HOO,  n.  A name  given  in  a satirical  romance 
by  Sivift  to  one  of  a race  of  brutes  having  the 
form  of  man.  They  are  contrasted  with  the 
llouyhnhnms,  or  horses  endowed  with  reason. 
YAK,  n.  ( ZodI .)  An  animal  of  the  bovine  family, 
which  grunts  like  a pig,  a native  of  the  moun- 
tains or  snowy  regions  of  Thibet,  having  horns 
curved  outwards  on  the  occipital  ridge,  hairy 
nose,  and  tail  covered  with  long  hair ; the  grunt- 
ing ox ; sarlyk ; bulul ; Poephagus  grunniens  of 
Linnams,  or  Bos  Poephagus  of  Colonel  H. 
Smith.  Eng.  Cyc. 

It 4,  • There  are  several  varieties  of  the  yaks,  as  the 
Noble  Yak,  the  Wild  Yak,  the  Plough  Yak,  See.  The 
bushy,  white  tail  of  the  yak  is  much  esteemed  in  the 
East,  where  it  is  borne  as  an  emblem  of  authority,  and 
used  as  a fly-tiapper.  Eng.  Cyc.  Simmonds. 

YAM,  n.  ( Bot .)  The  common  name  of  monoco- 
tyledonous,  twining  shrubs  of  the  genus  Dios- 
corea, growing  mostly  in  tropical  climates  : — a 
tuberous  root,  of  various  species,  of  the  genus 
Dioscorea,  abounding  in  farinaceous  matter,  and 
used  as  an  article  of  fofcd.  Baird. 

it (Jr*  Dioscorea  sativa,  Dioscorea  alata,  Sec.,  yield 
the  common  yams.  The  tubers  are  oblong,  brown  ex- 
ternally, white  internally,  and  often  very  large,  weigh- 
ing sometimes  as  much  as  30  lbs.  They  are  used  as 
a substitute  for  potatoes  in  tropical  climates.  Dios- 
corea globosa  is  a native  of  India,  and  is  considered 
the  best  of  Indian  yams. — Dioscorea  Japonica,  with 
long  and  slender  tubers,  has  recently  been  introduced 
into  France  and  the  United  States  as  a substitute  for 
the  potato.  Gray.  Baird. 

YAMA,  n.  [Hind,  yam,  to  restrain,  — as  re- 
straining mortals  from  evil  by  the  fear  of  pun- 
ishment.] (Hindoo  Myth.)  A deity,  represent- 
ed as  king  of  justice,  provided  with  a cord  or 
noose,  as  executioner,  presiding  over  the  Na- 
rakas,  or  places,  of  future  punishment. 

J.  C.  Thomson. 
HGY  Yamapura  is  his  residence,  and  thither  the  soul 
departs  after  death,  and  receiving  its  sentence  from 
Yama,  either  mounts  to  Swarga,  the  material  heaven, 


descends  to  one  of  the  Narakas,  or  is  horn  again  on 
earth  in  the  body,  either  of  men,  beasts,  or  vegeta- 
bles, Sec.,  according  to  its  offences.  J.  C.  Thomson. 

YANK,  v.  a.  To  jerk.  [Local,  U.  S.]  Bartlett. 

YAn'KPE  (yang'ke),  n.  A cant  term  for  an  inhab- 
itant or  native  of  New  England,  but  sometimes 
applied  by  foreigners  to  an  inhabitant  or  native 
of  any  part  of  the  United  States. 

il ;-j 1 Different  etymologies  have  been  assigned  to 
this  word  ; but  that  of  Heckewelder  is  perhaps  the 
most  probable  one  ; viz.,  that  it  is  a corruption  of  the 
word  English  (or  of  the  French  word  Anglais ) by  the 
Indians  of  North  America,  which  was  pronounced  by 
them  Yangees  or  Ycnghees.  JV*.  A.  Rev.  Jamieson,  in 
his  “ Dictionary  of  the  Scottish  Language,”  has  the 
word  yunkie,  which  he  defines  as  follows  : — “A 
sharp,  clever  woman,  at  the  same  time  including  an 
idea  of  forwardness.” 

At  Yankees,  John,  beware  to  laugh; 

Against  yourself  you  joke: 

For  Yenghees  English  is,  but  half 
By  Indian  natives  spoke.  J.  C.  Richmond. 

YAn'KI>E-I§M,  n.  A Yankee  idiom,  phrase,  cus- 
tom, or  character.  Qu.  Rev. 

yAn'O-LITE,  n.  Axinite.  — See  Axinite.  Dana. 

YAOURT,  n.  A fermented  liquor,  or  milk  beer,  sim- 
ilar to  koumis,  made  by  the  Turks.  Simmonds. 

yAp,  v.  n.  To  bark  ; to  yelp  ; to  yaup.  L’ Estrange. 

YAP'ON,  n.  (Bot.)  A shrub  found  in  Virginia 
and  southward  along  the  coast,  the  leaves  of 
which  are  used  for  tea  ; the  South  Sea  tea  ; Ilex 
cassine  ; — written  also  yaupon,  youpon.  Gray. 

fYAR'A^E,  n.  The  power  of  moving  or  being 
managed  at  sea  ; — applied  to  a ship.  North. 

YARD,  n.  [A.  S.  gyrd,  gird,  gyrda,  gyrde,  geard, 
a staff,  rod.] 

1.  The  English  and  American  unit  of  length, 
of  which  all  other  measures  of  length  are  parts 
and  multiples,  and  of  which  one  third  part  is  a 
foot.  Act  of  Parliament,  June,  1824.  Burrill. 

KYT  Originally  uncertain  length  was  denoted  by  a 
yard.  As  a linear  measure  the  yard  varies  considera- 
bly in  different  parts  of  the  British  kingdom  : at  Hert- 
ford the  land-yard  is  3 feet,  at  Saltash,  lfit  feet,  at 
Falmouth  and  Bridgend,  18  feet,  and  at  Downpatrick, 
21  feet.  Richardson.  Simmonds. 

2.  f (Arch.)  A spear  or  rafter  in  a timber- 

roof.  Britton. 

3.  (Naut.)  A long  piece  of  timber  suspended 

on  the  masts  of  a ship,  to  extend  the  sails  to 
the  wind.  Naut.  Diet. 

4.  (Astron.)  A popular  name  given  to  the 

three  stars  in  the  belt  of  Orion;  — called  also 
Golden  Yard.  Hutton. 

YARD,  n.  [M.  Goth,  gards  ; A.  S.  geard \ Dut. 
guard ; Dan.  guard-,  Sw.  yard.  — From  A.  S. 

. gyrdan,  to  gird.  Richardson.  — See  Garden, 
Orchard.]  A small  piece  of  enclosed  ground, 
usually  one  adjoining  a house  ; an  enclosure 
of  ground  for  any  purpose,  as  a brick-yard,  a 
navy-yard,  a cow-yard,  a barn-yard,  &c.  Dry  den. 

Yard  of  land.  See  YARDLAND.  — Liberty  of  the 
yard,  a liberty  sometimes  granted  to  a person  impris- 
oned for  a debt,  of  going  in  the  prison-yard  or  within 
other  prescribed  limits,  on  his  giving  a bond  not  to 
pass  beyond  those  limits. 

YARD,  v.  a.  To  enclose  in  a yard;  to  shut  up  in 
a yard,  as  cattle;  as,  “To  yard  cows.” 

YARD'— ARM,  n.  (Naut.)  One  half  of  a ship’s 
yard ; the  portion  projecting  on  each  side  of  a 
mast.  Mar.  Diet. 

Yard-arm  and  yard-arm,  noting  the  position  of  two 
ships  when  they  are  so  near  that  their  yard-arms 
nearly  touch  each  other.  Mar.  Diet. 

YARD'lAnd,  n.  (Old  Eng.  Law.)  A quantity  of 
land,  varying,  in  different  places  in  England, 

from  fifteen  to  forty  acres.  Cowell. 

YARDSTICK,  n.  A stick  three  feet  long  used  for 
measuring  cloth,  &c.  Simmonds. 

YARD'WAND  (y'drd'wond),  n.  A measure  of  a 
yard ; a yardstick.  Collier. 


t yAre,  a.  [A.  S.  gearo,  gearw,  prepared.] 
Ready  ; dexterous ; nimble  ; eager.  Shah. 

fYARE'LY,  ad.  Dexterously;  skilfully.  Shak. 

YARK,  v.  a.  See  Yerk.  Todd. 

YARN,  ft.  [A.  S.  gcarn ; Dut.  garen  ; Frs .jern; 
Ger.,  Dan.,  Sw.,  A Icel.  gam.] 

1.  Thread  of  wool,  cotton,  silk,  &c.  ; Wool, 
cotton,  flax,  or  hemp  spun  or  drawn  out  and 
twisted  into  threads. 

2.  (Rope-making.)  One  of  the  threads  of 

which  a rope  is  composed.  Mar.  Diet. 

3.  A word  used  by  sailors  to  denote  a story 
or  tale  ; as,  “ A long  yarn.”  [Vulgar.]  Dana. 

f YA  RR,  v.  n.  [L.  hirrio,  irrio.\  To  growl  or  snarl, 
as  a dog.  Ainsworth. 

YAR'RISII,  a.  Having  a rough,  dry  taste.  Clarke. 

YAR'ROW,  n.  [A.  S.  gearwe.]  (Bot.)  A peren- 
nial herb  with  a compound,  flat-topped  corymb, 
and  leaves  twice-pinnately  parted  ; milk-foil ; 
Achillea  millefolium.  Gray. 

YAT-A-GIlAAr' , n.  See  Atagan. 

YAte,  n.  Agate.  [Local,  Eng.]  Spenser.  Wright. 

YAUP,  n.  The  ery  of  a child  or  bird  ; a yelping. 
[Scotland;  colloquial  in  the  U.  S.]  Jamieson. 

YAUP,  or  YAWP,  V.  n.  To  yelp  ; to  cry,  as  a child 
or  bird  ; — - written  also  yaulp,  yap,  and  yaff. 
[Scotland.]  Jamieson. 

yAup'^R,  n.  One  that  yaups.  A.  Everett. 

YAW,  n.  (Naut.)  A temporary  deviation  of  a 
ship  from  the  direct  line  of  the  course.  Mar.  Diet. 

YAW,  v.n.  (Naut.)  To  steer  wild  or  out  of  the 
line  of  the  course,  as  a ship.  Mar.  Diet. 

YAWL,  n.  (Naut.)  A kind  of  boat,  rather  nar- 
- row,  and  usually  rowed  with  four  or  six  oars  ; — 
written  also  yaul.  Mar.  Diet. 

YAWL,  v.  n.  To  cry  out ; to  yell,  [r.]  Fairfax. 

YAWN,  v.n.  [A.  S.  geonan,  geonian,  gynian ; 
Dut.  geeuwen  ; Ger.  grihnen ; Icel.  gingina.  — 
Gr.  xaivw  ; L.  hio,  hians .]  [t.  YAWNED ; pp. 

yawning,  yawned.] 

1.  To  open  the  month,  as  in  drowsiness,  dul- 
ness,  fatigue,  ennui,  &c.  ; to  gape  ; to  oscitate. 

When  n man  yawncth,  he  cannot  hear  so  well.  Bacon. 

2.  To  open  wide.  “ The  yawning  cliff.”  Prior. 

3.  To  express  desire  by  yawning,  [it.] 

The  chiefest  thing  at  which  lay  reformers  yaum  is.  that  the 
clergy  may,  through  conformity  in  condition,  be  poor  as  the 
apostles  were.  Hooker. 

Syn.  — See  Gape. 

YAWN,  1.  The  act  of  yawning  ; an  involunta- 
ry opening  of  the  jaws  from  drowsiness,  ennui, 
or  dulness  ; oscitation  ; a gaping.  Pope. 

2.  Act  of  opening  wide.  Addison. 

YAWN'ING,  p.  a.  1.  That  yawns  ; gaping  ; open- 
ing wide.  “The  yawning  grave.”  Churchill. 

2.  Sleepy;  slumbering.  Shak. 

YAWN'ING,  n.  The  act  of  one  who  yawns. 

Yawning  has  been  conceived  to  be  owing  to  torpor  in  the 
pulmonary  circulation.  HungUson. 

YAWN'ING-LY,  ad.  In  a yawning  manner  ; with 
yawns  or  gapes.  Bp.  Hall. 

YAWS,  n.  pi.  (Med.)  A disease  of  the  Antilles 
and  of  Africa,  characterized  by  tumors  of  a con- 
tagious character,  which  resemble  strawberries, 
raspberries,  or  champignons,  ulcerate,  and  are 
accompanied  by  emaciation  ; — called  tAsofram- 
boesia.  The  disease  differs  somewhat  in  Amer- 
ica and  Africa.  Dunglison. 

f Y-CLAd'  (e-klad'),  p.  for  clad.  Clothed.  Shak. 

JEff-The  y is  an  old  English  particle  prefixed  to 
participles,  from  the  Anglo-Saxon  ge. 

fY-CLEPED'  (e-klept'),  p.  Called;  named. 

Come  thou  goddess  fair  and  free, 

In  heaven  ycleped  Euphrosyne.  Jllilton. 


MIEN,  SIR  ; MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — C, 

212 


9,  9>  i>  soft  i 


£,  6,  c,  |,  hard ; § as  z ; 


^ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


YD  RAD 


1G90 


YELLOW-HAMMER 


f Y-DRAB'  (e-dr5d')i  p.  Dreaded.  Spenser. 

YE,  pron.  [A.  S.  ge.]  The  nominative  pi.  of  thou. 

JKS=-  It  is  never  used  but  where  the  plural  is  really 
meant,  and  generally  only  in  the  solemn  style.  It 
was  formerly  used,  especially  in  poetry,  in  the  objec- 
tive case  ; as,  “ Vain  pomp  and  glory  of  the  world,  I 
hate  ye."  Shale. 

||  YEA  (ya  or  ye)  [ya,'S.  J.  E.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  R.  C. ; 
ye,  IF.  P.  I Vb.  ; ya  or  ye,  F.\,  ad.  [M.  Goth. 
,/ft,  jut ; A.  S.  gea ; Dut.,  Ger.,  Dan.,  Sw.,  <5; 
Icel.  ja.  — W.  ie.] 

1.  Yes;  ay;  — a particle  expressing  affirma- 
tion or  assent ; — correlative  to  nay. 

Whilst  one  says  only  yea,  and  t’  other  nay.  Denham. 

Yea  sometimes  serves  to  introduce  a subject 
with  the  sense  of  truly , verily , indeed. 

Yea,  hath  God  said,  Ye  shall  not  eat  of  every  tree  of  the 
garden?  Gen.  iii.  1. 

2.  A particle  by  which  the  sense  of  something 
preceding  is  enforced  ; not  only  so,  but  more. 

I am  weary;  yea,  my  memory  is  tired.  Shak. 

This  word  is  antiquated,  being  now  rarely  used 
except  in  the  solemn  style.  . Ye  a and  nay , formerly  in 
use,  belong  to  the  solemn  style,  now  superseded  by  yes 
and  no. — Yea  and  nay  were  formerly  sometimes  used 
to  connect  clauses  of  sentences  with  similar  import. 
“ A good  man  always  profits  by  his  endeavor;  yea , 
when  he  is  absent ; nay,  when  he  is  dead,  by  his 
example  and  memory.”  B.  Jonson. 

“ Mr.  Sheridan,  Mr.  Scott,  W.  Johnston,  Mr. 
Smith,  and  Mr.  Fry  pronounce  this  word  so  as  to 
rhyme  with  nay , pay , &c.  ; hut  Steele  or  Brightland, 
Dr.  Jones,  who  wrote  the  ‘ New  Art  of  Spelling,’  in 
Q,ueen  Anne’s  time,  Dr.  Kenrick,  and  Mr.  Perry,  pro- 
nounce it  like  the  pronoun  ye.  Though  so  many  are 
against  me,  I do  not  hesitate  to  pronounce  the  latter 
mode  the  best ; first,  as  it  is  more  agreeable  to  the 
general  sound  of  the  diphthong;  next,  as  it  is  more 
related  to  its  familiar  substitute  yes  ; and,  lastly,  un- 
less my  memory  greatly  failsme,  because  it  is  always 
so  pronounced  when  contrasted  with  nay  ; as  in  that 
precept  of  the  gospel,  ‘ Let  your  communication  be 
yea,  yea,  and  nay , nay.'’  ” Walker. 

Most  of  the  orthoepists  more  recent  than  Walker 
pronounce  this  word //a. 

Syn.  — See  Indeed. 

||  YEA,  or  YEA,  n.  1.  An  affirmative  vote,  or 
one  who  votes  in  the  affirmative ; ay.  Ilastel. 

2.  A term  denoting  stability  and  certainty. 

All  the  promises  of  God  in  him  are  yea,  and  in  him  amen, 
unto  the  glory  of  God  by  us.  2 Cor.  i.  20. 

Yeas  and  nay-;,  the  votes  of  members  of  a legislative 
body  voting  in  the  affirmative  and  negative  of  a prop- 
osition as  given  orally  by  answering  yea  or  nay  when 
their  names  are  called,  and  as  recorded  in  a list  of 
their  names. 

fYEAD,  or  YEDE,  v.  n.  [?'.  yode.]  To  go;  to 
march  ; to  proceed.  — See  Yede..  Spenser. 

YEAN,  v,  n.  [A.  S.  eanian , geeane?]  \i.  yeaned  ; 
pp.  yeaning,  yeaned.]  To  bring  forth  young, 
as  a shetyjjt^Armb.  Dryden. 

YEANED  ought  forth,  as  a lamb. 

“The  n e w IhinA. ’ ’ Fletcher. 

YEAN'LING,  w^^^PHung  0f  sheep  ; a lamb,  [it.] 

All  the  yeanlinytKMk\\  were  streaked  and  pled.  Shak. 

YEAR  (yer),  n.  Goth .jer  ; -^S.  gear',  Dut. 

jaar\  Yvs.jef',  Ger.  jahr ; Dai^^r;  Sw.  ar ; 

1.  A system  or  cycle  of  severafc^Kths,  usu- 

ally twelve  months,  or  the  interval ^^^ime  in 
which  the  sun  moves  through  the  t^^^  signs 
of  the  ecliptic.  Hutton . 

2.  A period  or  space  of  time  measured  by  the 

revolution  of  some  celestial  body  in  its  orbit. 
Thus  the  interval  of  time  between  two  succes- 
sive returns  of  Jupiter  to  the  same  point  in  the 
zodiac  is  the  year  of  Jupiter.  Hatton. 

Lunar  year,  the  space  of  twelve  lunar  months. — 
Lunar  astronomical  year,  a year  consisting  of  twelve 
lunar  synodical  months,  being  shorter  than  the  solar 
year  by  about  ten  days  and  twenty-one  hours.  This 
difference  is  the  foundation  of  the  epact.  — Lunar 
civil  year  is  either  common  or  embolismic.  The 
common  lunar  year  consists  of  twelve  lunar  civil 
months,  or  354  days.  The  embolismic  or  intercalary 
lunar  year  consists  of  thirteen  lunar  civil  months,  or 
331  days.  — Civil  year , civil  solar  year.  See  Solar. 

— Common  civil  year,  a year  consisting  of  365  days. 

— Bissextile  or  leap  year , a year  consisting  of  366  days, 
and  occurring  every  fourth  year.  It  has  one  inter- 
calary day,  introduced  at  the  end  of  February,  which 
month  in  leap  year  consists  of  twenty-nine  days. — 
Julian,  year,  a year  consisting  of  365  days,  with  an 
additional  day  every  fourth  year,  or  every  year  divisi- 
ble by  four  without  remainder.  See  Style. — Gre- 
gorian year,  tiie  Julian  year  corrected  by  this  rule, — 
that  instead  of  every  secular  or  hundredth  year  being 


bissextile,  only  every  fourth  secular  year  is  bissextile. 

See  Style. Anomalistic  year,  the  interval* of  time 

between  two  successive  returns  of  the  earth  to  its  per- 
ihelion, being  longer  than  the  sidereal  year  by  4 min- 
utes and  39.7  seconds. — Astronomical  solar  year,  civil 
’solar  year , sidereal , or  astral  year,  tropical  year.  See 
Solar. 

Year  originally  denoted  a revolution,  and  was 
not  limited  to  that  of  the  sun.  Accordingly  it  is  found 
by  the  oldest  accounts  that  people  have  at  different 
times  expressed  other  revolutions  by  it,  particularly 
that  of  tiie  moon  ; and  consequently  that  the  years 
of  some  accounts  are  to  be  reckoned  only  months,  and 
sometimes  periods  of  two,  or  three,  or  four  months. 
Hutton . 

YEAR'— BOOK  (yer'bCik),  n.  1.  A book  of  law  re- 
ports published  annually.  Blaclcstone . 

The  year-hooks  are  the  oldest  English  reports 
extant,  beginning  with  the  reign  of  Edward  II.,  and 
ending  with  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  They  derive 
their  name  from  the  fact  of  having  been  annually  pub- 
lished, and  are  called  by  old  law  writers  “ books  of 
the  years  and  terms.”  They  consist  of  eleven  parts 
or  volumes,  written  in  law  French,  and  extend  over 
a period  of  nearly  two  hundred  years.  The  series  is, 
however,  in  some  parts  broken.  Burrill. 

2.  Any  book  published  yearly,  and  giving  an 
account  of  events  occurring  during  the  year,  or 
of  facts  relating  to  any  subject,  as  a year-book 
of  facts,  a turf-register,  &c.  Simmonds . 

f YEARED  (yerd),  a.  Containing  years.  B.  Jonson. 

YEAR'LING,  n.  An  animal  a year  old,  or  in  the 
second  year  of  its  age.  Ash. 

YEAR'LING,  a.  Being  a year  old.  Pope. 

YEAR'LY,  a.  1.  Annual;  occurring  once  every 
year.  “A  yearly  solemn  feast.”  Spenser. 

2.  Lasting  a year.  Prior. 

Syn. — Yearly  is  from  the  Anglo-Saxon,  and  annu- 
al from  the  Latin  ; and  they  both  signify  happening 
every  year ; anniversary,  returning  with  the  revolu- 
tion of  the  year.  Yearly  course  ; annual  rent;  half- 
year/?/  rent  ; annual  plant  or  publication  ; an  anniver- 
sary holiday  or  celebration. 

YEAR'LY,  ad.  Annually;  once  a year;  every 
year.  “ Blessings  yearly  showered.”  Dryden. 

YEARN  (yerri),  v.  n.  [A.  S.  yeornian,  girnan , 
gyrnan  ; georn , desirous,  eager.]  [i.  yearned  ; 
pp.  YEARNING,  yearned.]  To  feel  great  inter- 
nal uneasiness  from  longing,  tenderness,  or 
pity  ; to  feel  a strong  desire. 

Your  mother’s  heart  yearns  towards  you.  Addison. 

YEARN,  v.  a.  To  grieve  ; to  pain  ; to  vex.  [r.] 

It  would  yearn  your  heart  to  see  it.  Shak. 

f YEARN'FUL,  a.  Mournful.  Damon  and  Pythias. 

YEARN'ING,  n.  The  act  or  the  state  of  one  who 
yearns  ; earnest  or  strong  desire.  Spectator. 

YEARN'ING^,  n.  pi.  The  maws  or  stomachs  of 
young  calves,  used  as  rennet  for  curdling  milk. 
[Scotland.]  Simmonds. 

f YEARTH,  n.  The  earth.  Chaucer. 

YEAST  (yest),  n.  [A.  S.  gist ; Dut.  gist,  gest ; 
Ger.  gclscht.  — Mid.  L.  gesta,  gistum.’]  The  mass 
which  rises  to  the  surface  during  the  fermenta- 
tion of  grape  juice,  infusion  of  malt,  or  other 
similar  liquids  ; barm  used  for  leavening  bread  ; 
spume  ; froth  ; ferment.  Gregory. 

A multitude  of  small,  oval,  organized  bodies, 
which  do  not  exceed  one 'two  hundred  and  fiftieth  of 
an  inch  in  diameter,  and  which,  when  viewed  under 
the  microscope,  are  seen  to  consist  of  nucleated  cells, 
form  the  essential  constituent  of  yeast.  The  prop- 
erty for  which  it  is  chiefly  valued  is  that  of  exciting 
the  vinous  fermentation  in  saccharine  liquids,  and  in 
various  farinaceous  suhstances.  Miller.  Wood  Bachc. 

$35=-  The  presence  of  yeast,  though  it  is  insoluble, 
is  sufficient  to  cause  the  resolution  of  sugar  into  car- 
bonic acid  and  alcohol,  a decomposition  which  can  be 
effected  by  no  other  means.  Graham. 

/i££y““The  old  spelling  and  pronunciation  (yest) 
seem  to  have  quite  yielded  to  those  here  given, 
(yeast).”  Smart. 

YEA  ST' Y,  a.  Pertaining  to,  containing,  or  re- 
sembling, yeast.  For.  Qu.  Rev. 

f YEDE,  w.  [A.  S.  gangead.~\  \i.  yode.]  To 
go  ; to  march  ; to  proceed.  Spenser. 

YELK  [yelk,  TP.  J.  Ja.  K.  S?n.  C.;  vok,  S.  F.’, 
yelk  or  yok,  P.],  n.  [A.  S.  gealew , yellow  ; geo- 
lea,  yelk.]  The  yellow  part  of  an  egg. — See 
Yolk.  Bacon. 

This  word  is  often  written  both  yelk  and  yolk. 
Yelk  is  preferred  by  Martin,  Johnson,  Nares,  Walker, 


and  Webster;  yolk,  by  Bailey,  Jameson,  Richardson, 
and  Smart.  “ It  is  commonly  pronounced,  and  often 
written,  7 /«//;.”  Johnson.  “ Johnson  seems  justly  to 
have  preferred  the  mode  [yelk]  of  writing  and  pro- 
nouncing this  word  as  more  agreeable  both  to  etymol- 
ogy and  the  best  usage.”  W alker.  “ The  old  form 
yelk  appears  to  have  gone  out  of  use.”  Smart.  “ Yelk 
is  the  proper  word  ; yolk  is  a corruption.”  Webster. 

YELL,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  gyllan , giellan  ; Dut.  gillen  ; 
Frs.  galben\  Ger.  g alien , to  sound;  gall , a 
sound.]  [i.  yelled  ; pp.  yelling,  yelled.]  To 
cry  out  with  a hideous  noise,  or  with  horror  and 
agony  ; to  scream.  “ Yelling  monsters.”  Milton. 

The  night  raven,  that  still  deadly  yells.  Spenser. 

YELL,  v.  a.  To  utter  with  a yell.  Shah. 

YELL,  n.  A loud,  hideous  outcry;  a scream. 
With  like  timorous  accent  and  dire  yell 
As  when,  by  night  and  negligence,  the  fire 
Is  spread  in  populous  cities.  Shak 

YELL'ING,  n.  The  act  -or  the  noise  of  one  who, 
or  that  which,  yells.  Hackluyt. 

YE L' LOW  (yel'lo)  [yel'lo,  TV.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm. 
]{.;  yal'lo,  S.  Naves,  Scott],  a.  [A.  S.  geleic, 
gealew,  Dut.  geel\  Ger . gelb  \ Dan.  guul;  Sw. 
gul.  — It.  giallo  ; Old  Fr.  gialne  ; Fr.  jaune.  — 
See  Gold.]  Being  of  a bright,  gold-like  color; 
of  the  color  of  gold.  “ The  yellow  sheaf.”  Milton. 
Scarce  seen,  lie  wades  among  the  yellow  broom.  Thomson. 

“ Mr.  Sheridan,  Mr.  Nares,  Mr.  Scott,  Dr.  Jones, 
and  Mr.  Fr.y  pronounce  this  word  as  if  written  yal- 
low,  rhyming  with  tallow.  But  Dr.  Kenrick,  W.  John- 
ston, Mr.  Smith,  and  Mr.  Perry  preserve  tiie  e in  its 
pure  sound,  and  rhyme  the  wdrd  with  mellow.  The 
latter  mode  is,  in  my  opinion,  clearly  the  best,  both 
as  more  agreeable  to  analogy  and  tiie  best  usage;  for 
I am  much  deceived  if  the  former  pronunciation  do 
not  border  closely  oh  the  vulgar.”  Walker. 

YEL'LOW,  n.  Yellow  color;  the  color  of  gold; 
one  of  the  three  primary  colors. — See  Primary. 

Chrome  yellow , ( Chinn.)  a yellow  pigment  consisting 
of  chromate  of  lead.  — Kino’s  yellow,  & mixture  of 
arsetiious  acid  and  tersuliihide  of  arsenic,  or  orpi- 
ment.  Miller. 

YEL'LOW,  v.a.  To  make  or  render  yellow.  Shak. 

YEL'LOW,  v.  n.  To  become  yellow.  Dyer. 

YEL'LOW— BIRD,  n.  ( Ornith .)  A small  insesso- 
rial  bird  of  the  family  Fringillidce,  or  finches ; 
Fringilla  tristis  of  Linnaeus,  or  Carduelis  Amer- 
icana of  Brisson.  The  summer  plumage  of  the 
male  is  a rich  lemon  yellow,  fading  into  white 
towards  the  rump,  black  wings  and  tail,  the  for- 
mer tipped  and  edged  with  white.  In  winter 
the  yellow  is  changed  to  a brown  olive.  Wilson. 

YEL'LOW— B LOS 'SO  MED  (-blos'somd),  a.  Having 
yellow  blossoms  or  flowers.  Goldsmith. 

YEL'LOW— BOY,  it.  A cant  name  for  a guinea, 
eagle,,  or  other  gold  coin.  Arbuthnot. 

YEL'LOW— BREA ST'ED,  a.  Having,  a yellow 
breast,  as  a bird..  Hill. 

YEL'LO W-BUNT'ING,  11.  [Ornith.)  A coniros- 
tral,  passerine  bird  of  brilliant  plumage,  the 
head  and  breast  being  of  a fine  lemon-yellow 
color,  and  the  back  of  a rich  chestnut-brown  ; 
yellow-hammer ; Emberiza  citrinella.  Yarrell. 

YEL'LOW-COP'PER-AS,  11.  [Min.)  A translu- 
cent, yellow  mineral,  of  pearly  lustre,  occur- 
ring in  small  grains,  and  consisting  chiefly  of 
sulphuric  acid,  sesquioxide  of  iron,  and  water ; 
— called  also  copiapite.  Dana. 

YEL'LOW— EARTH,  il.  A massive,  dull,  soft  min- 
eral, of  a ochre-yellow  color,  adhering  to  tiie 
tongue,  and  consisting  of  silica,  alumina,  iron, 
and  lime;  — sometimes  used  as  a yellow  paint, 
but  more  frequently  made  red  by  calcination, 
and  sold  under  the  names  of  Prussian  red,  Eng- 
lish red,  &c.  Cleavcland.  Ere. 

YEL'LOW— FE'VF.R,  il.  [Med.)  A very  dangerous 
fever,  complicated  in  its  second  stage  with  jaun- 
dice, and  accempanicd  by  vomiting  of  black 
matter  ; — called  also  black-vomit.  It  is  endemic 
only  within  the  tropics,  but  has  occurred  epi- 
demically in  the  temperate  regions.  Dunglison. 

YEL'LOW— GOLD§,  n.  A kind  of  flower.  D.  Jonson. 

YEL' LOW-HAIRED  (-bird),  a.  Having  yellow 
hair.  Clarke. 

YEL'LOW— HAM 'M^R,  n.  [Ger.  ammer,  gold- 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  5,  T,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


YELLOWISH 


1691 


YE  XING 


ammer.]  ( Ornith .)  The  yellow-bunting.  — See 
Yellow-bunting.  Yarrell. 

4®*  “ I have  ventured  to  restore  to  this  liird  what 
I believe  to  have  been  its  first  English  name,  yellow- 
ammer,  although  it  appears  to  have  been  printed  yel- 
low-ham and  yellow-hammer  from  the  days  of  Dr.  Wil- 
liam Turner  and  Merret  to  the  present  time.  The 
word  ammer  is  a well-known  German  term  for  bunt- 
ing in  very  common  use.  . . . Our  mode  of  prefixing 
the  letter  h to  the  word  appears  to  be  unnecessary,  and 
even  erroneous,  as  suggesting  a notion  which  has  no 
reference  to  any  known  habit  or  quality  in  the  bird.” 
Yarrell. 

YEL'LOW-ISH,  a.  Somewhat  yellow.  Woodward. 

YEL'LOW-ISH-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  bein 


yellowish ; yellowish  color. 


Boyle. 


YEL'LOW— LEAVED  (-lgvd),  a.  Having  yellow 
leaves,  as  a plant.  Barton. 

YEL'LOW-NESS,  n.  1.  The  state  or  the  quality 
of  being  yellow  ; yellow  color.  Bacon. 

2.  f Jealousy.  Shak. 

YEL'LOW— KAT'TLEj  n.  ( Bot .)  The  common 
name  of  plants  of  the  genus  Ithinanthus,  having 
compressed,  ringent  corollas.  Loudon. 

YEL'LOW-ROOT,  n.  (Bot.)  A ranunculaceous 
plant  of  the  genus  Xanthorhiza,  having  roots 
of  a deep  yellow  color.  Loudon. 

YEL'LOW^  (yel'Ioz),  n.pl.  1.  A disease  in  horses  ; 
the  jaundice.  Youatt. 

2.  A disease  fatal  to  peach-trees.  Cole. 

YEL'LOW— THROAT  (-throt),  n.  (Ornith.)  A 
small  North  American  singing-bird  ; Sylvia 
Marilandica  ; — commonly  called  Maryland 
yellow-throat.  Wilson. 

YEL'LOW— TOP,  n.  (Bot.)  A species  of  herds- 
grass  ; — called  also  white-top.  Farm.  Ency. 

YEL'LOW— WOOD  (-wfid),  n.  (Bot.)  A small 
American  tree  of  the  genus  Cladrastis,  with 
yellow  wood.  Gray. 

YEL'LOW— WORT  (yel'lo-wiirt),  n.  (Bot.)  A Eu- 
ropean plant  having  bright  yellow  corollas' and 
scarlet  stigmas  ; Chlora  perfoliata.  Eng.  Cyc. 

YELP,  v.  n.  [A.  S.  qealpan.]  [».  yelped  ; pp. 
yelping,  yelped.]  To  bark,  as  a beagle- 
hound  after  his  prey  ; to  bark  ; to  yaup.  Fulke. 

YELP'ING,  n.  The  barking  of  a dog.  Maunder. 

YE'NITE,  n.  (Min.)  A brittle,  black  mineral,  of 
submetallic  lustre,  sometimes  occurring  in  crys- 
tals, and  consisting  chiefly  of  silica,  sesquioxide 
of  iron,  protoxide  of  iron,  and  lime.  Dana. 

YEND,  v.  a.  To  throw.  [Local,  Eng.]  T.  Boys. 

YEO'MAN  (yo'man)  [yo'mrin,  W.  F.  J.  E.  F.  Ja. 
K.  Sm.  It.  C.  Wb. ; yem'mun,  S.  Scott,  Smith, 
Barclay;  yum'mun,  Kenrick ],  n. ; pi.  yeo'men 
(yo'men).  [Of  uncertain  etymology.  — From 
Frs.  gemaw,  a villager.  Junius.  — From  Goth. 
gumu,  a man.  Serenius.  — From  A.  S.  geong , 
young.  Skinner.  Lewis.  Smith.  — From  A.  S. 
gcmame.  Verstegan.  Burrill.  Gibbs.] 

1.  In  England,  a freeholder  under  the  rank  of 
gentleman  ; a commoner  : — a man  of  small  es- 
tate in  land  ; a farmer  : — an  upper  servant  in  a 
nobleman’s  famijy  : — an  officer  of  the  king’s 
household  : — a ceremonious  title  given  to  sol- 
diers, as  for  their  manly  bearing.  P.  Cyc.  Smart. 

The  title  of  yeoman  was  formerly  one  of  more  dignity  than 
now  belongs  to  it.  It  signified  originally  a yewman , so’ealled 
from  bearing  the  bow  in  battle.  Pulleyn. 

2.  (Naut.)  An  officer  in  a vessel  of  war,  hav- 

ing  charge  of  a store-room.  Dana. 

Yeoman  of  the  guartl,  a body-guard  of  the  English 
sovereign,  consisting  of  one  hundred  men.  P.  Cyc. 

4®*  In  the  United  States  this  word  seems  not  to 
have  any  very  definite  meaning.  It  is  usually  put  as 
an  addition  to  the  names  of  parties  in  declarations 
and  indictments.  Burrill.  Buuvier. 

II®*  “ However  widely  etymologists  are  divided  in 
the  derivation  of  this  word,  orthoepists  are  not  less 
different  in  their  pronunciation  of  it.  Mr.  Sheridan, 
Mr.  Scott,  Mr.  Coote,  (author  of  the  ‘Elements  of 
Grammar,’)  Steele’s  Grammar,  (published  in  Clueen 
Anne’s  time,)  Mr.  Barclay,  Mr.  Smith,  and  Buchan- 
an, pronounce  it  with  the  diphthong  short,  as  if  writ- 
ten ygmman;  Dr.  Kenrick  pronounces  it  as  if  written 
yutnman  ; Mr.  Elphinston  (who  quotes  Langham,  the 
famous  reformer  of  orthography  in  Clueen  Elizabeth’s 
time,  for  the  same  pronunciation)  sounds  the  eo  like 
ee ; and  Dr.  Jones,  the  author  of  the  ‘New  Art  of 
Spelling,’  in  Clueen  Anne’s  time,  pronounces  it  in  the 


same  manner ; to  which  we  may  add  Ben  Jonson, 
who  says  that  yeoman,  people,  and  jeopardy,  were  truer 
written  yeman,  peple,  jepardy.  But  W.  Johnston,  Mr. 
Perry,  Entick,  and  Fry  pronounce  the  eo  like  long 
open  o,  as  if  written  yuman  ; and  this  last  appears  to 
me  to  be  the  most  received  pronunciation.  It  is  that 
which  we  constantly  hear  applied  to  the  king’s 
body-guard,  and  it  is  that  which  has  always  been  Hie 
pronunciation  on  the  stage, — an  authority,  which, 
in  this  case,  may  not,  perhaps,  improperly  be  called 
tile  best  echo  of  the  public  voice.  I well  remember 
hearing  Mr.  Garrick  pronounce  the  word  in  this  man- 
ner, in  a speech  in  King  Lear:  ‘ Tell  me,  fellow,  is  a 
madman  a gentleman  or  a yuman.’  ” Walker. 

||  YEO'MAN— TAKE,  a.  Like  a yeoman.  Clarke. 

||  YEO'MAN-LY,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  like,  a yeo- 
man. “ His  ycomanly  father.”  B.  Jonson. 

||  YEO'MAN-RY,  n.  The  collective  body  of  yeo- 
men ; yeomen  collectively.  Bacon. 

YER'GAS,  n.  A kind  of  coarse  woollen  wrapper 
made  for  horse-cloths.  Simmonds. 

YERK  [yerk,  S.  IE.  P.  E.  K.  Sm. ; yerk  or  yark, 
Ja.],  v.  a.  [Of  uncertain  etymology. — See 
Jerk.]  [i.  yekked  ; pp.  yerxing,  yerked.] 

1.  To  turn  out  with  a quick  spring,  as  a horse 
his  heels  in  kicking  ; to  jerk  ; to  kick.  Shah. 

2.  fTo  strike,  beat,  or  lash,  with  a quick 

spring  of  a whip.  Spenser. 

YERK,  v.  n.  1.  To  throw  out  the  heels  with  a 
quick  spring,  as  a horse;  to  kick,  [it.]  Holland. 

2.  To  move  with  a jerk,  [r.]  Beau,  is  FI. 

YERK,  n.  A jerk;  a kick,  [r.]  Johnson. 

YERN,  v.  a.  See  Yearn. 

f YERN'FUL,  a.  Melancholy  ; grievous.  Old  Play. 

YER'NUT,  n.  A pig-nut ; an  earth-nut.  Clarke. 

YES  [yes,  P.  E.  Ja.  Sm:  Tt.  C.  ; yis,  S.  IE.  J.  ; 
yes  or  yis,  F.  Ii.],  ad.  [M.  Goth .ja,  jai  ; A.  S. 
qese,  gise,  gee,  yea;  Old  Frs.  yes  ; Dut.,  Ger., 
Dan.,  Sw.,  & Icel.  ja ; W.  ie.]  A word  of  affir- 
mation, assent,  or  consent ; — opposed  to  no. 

Pray,  madam,  are  you  married?—  Yes.  More. 

j®®*  It  is,  like  yea,  used  as  a word  of  enforcement, 
signifying  even  so,  not  only  so,  but  more. 

This  is  a fit  speech  for  a general  in  the  head  of  an  army, 
when  going  to  battle:  yes,  and  it  is  no  less  fit  speed:  in  the 
head  of  a council,  upon  a deliberation  of  entrance  into  a 
war.  Bacon. 

Yes,  you  despise  the  man  to  books  confined.  Pope. 

4®*  “This  word  is  worn  into  a somewhat  slen- 
derer sound  than  what  is  authorized  by  the  orthogra- 
phy ; but  e and  i are  frequently  interchangeable,  and 
few  changes  can  be  better  established  than  this.  W. 
Johnston  and  Mr.  Perry  are  the  only  orthoepists,  who 
give  the  sound  of  the  vowels,  that  do  not  mark  this 
change  ; but  Mr.  Sheridan,  Mr.  Scott,  Dr.  Kenrick, 
Mr.  Nares,  Mr.  Smith,  and  Dr.  Jones,  in  his  ‘New 
Art  of  Spelling,’  confirm  this  change,  and  rhyme  it 
with  hiss,  miss,  bliss,  &.C.”  Walker.  “ It  is  not 
probable  that  a polite  speaker  would,  at  this  day, 
even  on  Mr.  Walker’s  authority,  pronounce  the  word 
yes,  yis.”  Jameson. 

Yes-A-WAL' ,n.  A state  messenger.  [Ind.]  Crabb. 

VEST,  or  YEST  [yest,  S.  W.  F.  Ja.  ; yest  or  yest, 
P.  J.  ; yest,  K.  .Sm.],  n.  1.  Foam  or  scum  which 
collects  on  beer  when  fermenting;  yeast.  Gay. 

2.  Foam  ; froth  ; spume.  — See  Yeast.  Shak. 

YES’TER,  a.  [See  Yesterday1.]  Of  yesterday  ; 
next  before  the  present ; last;  last  past.  “ Yes- 
ter  sun.”  Dryden.  “ Yester  morn.”  Rowe. 

4®*  It  is  not  often  used  except  in  composition  with 
day  or  night. 

II  YES'TfR-DAY,  or  YES'TpR-DAY  [yes'ter-da, 
IE.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  Sm.  R.  Wb.  ; yls'ter-da,  S. 
Kenrick,  Nares,  Scoff],  n.  [M.  Goth,  gistrada- 
qis ; A.  S.  gyrstandrey,  gestrandeeg ; Dut.  gis- 
teren ; Ger.  gestern.  — L.  host  emits.]  Tire  day 
last  past;  the  day  next  before  to-day. 

And  they  said  unto  him,  Yesterday , at  the  seventh  hour, 
tile  fever  left  him.  John  iv.  52. 

A®*  “ Though  yes,  from  its  continual  use,  is  allow- 
ably w'orn  into  the  somewhat  easier  sound  of  yis, 
there  is  no  reason  why  yesterday ' should  adopt  the 
same  change;  and  though  I cannot  pronounce  This 
change  vulgar,  since  Mr.  Sheridan,  Dr.  Kenrick,  Mr. 
Nares,  and  Mr.  Scott  have  adopted  it,  I do  not  hesi- 
tate to  pronounce  the  regular  sound,  given  by  W. 
Johnston,  as  the  more  correct  and  agreeable  to  the 
best  usage.”  Walker. 

||  YES'TpR-DAY,  ad.  On  the  day  last  past.  Bacon. 

||  YES 'TER— EVE,  n.  The  evening  last  past ; last 
evening ; yester-evening.  B.  Jonson. 


||  YES'TpR-E' VEN-ING,  it.  The  evening  last  past ; 
last  evening ; yester-eve.  - Howe. 

||  YES'TERN,  a.  [Ger.  gestern,  yesterday.]  Of,  or 
pertaining  to,  yesterday,  [it.]  Wright. 

II  YES'TF.R— NlGHT  (yes'ter-nlt),  n.  The  night 
last  past ; last  night.  Shak. 

II  YES'TER— NIGHT  (yes'ter-nit),  ad.  On  the  night 
last  past ; last  night.’  Bacon. 

||  YES'TIJR— NOON,  n.  Noon  of  yesterday.  Clarke. 

II  YES'TER— WEEK,  ll.  Last  week,  [r.]  Clarke. 

YES'TY,  a.  Frothy;  yeasty.  — See  Yeasty.  Shak. 

YET  [yet,  S.  IE.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  R.  C.  Wb. ; 
yet  or  ylt,  Kenrick],  conj.  -[A.  S.  gyt,  get,  gcot. 
Gr.cn.  — The  imp.  of  A.  S.  geat-.cn,  yctan,  to 
get.  Tookc.]  Nevertheless;  notwithstanding. 

The  heathens  would  never  suffer  their  gods  to  be  reviled, 
which  yet  were  no  gods.  Tillotson. 

ftfgT  “ The  c in  this  word  is  frequently  changed 
by  incorrect  speakers  into  i ; but,  though  this  change 
is  agreeable  to  the  best  and  most  established  usage  in 
the  word  yes , in  yet  it  is  the  mark  of  incorrectness 
and  vulgarity.  Dr.  Kenrick  is  the  only  orthoepist 
who  gives  any  countenance  to  this  incorrectness,  by 
admitting  it  as  a second  pronunciation  ; but  Mr.  Sheri- 
dan, Mr.  Scott,  YV,  Johnston,  Mr.  Perry,  and  Mr. 

. Smith  give  the  regular  sound  only.”  Walker . 

Syn.  — See  However. 

YET,  ad.  1.  Besides;  over  and  above  ; in  addition. 

Thisfurnishes  us  with  yet  one  more  reason.  Atterbury. 

2.  Still ; at  the  same  time. 

They  attest  facts  they  had  heard  while  they  were  vet  hea- 
thens. Atterbury. 


3.  Noting  extension  or  continuance. 

A little  longer,  yet  a little  longer. 

Yet  a few  days,  and  those  which  now  appear 
In  youth  and  beauty  like  the  blooming  year, 
In  life’s  swift  scene  shall  change. 

4.  Once  again  ; once  more. 

Yet,  vet  a moment  one  dim  ray  of  light 
Indulge. 

5.  At  this  time  ; so  soon. 


Dryden. 

Dryden. 

Pope. 


Thales,  being  asked  when  a man  should  marry,  said. 
Young  men,  not  yet ; old  men,  not  at  all.  Bacon. 

6.  At  least ; at  all ; really. 

A man  that  would  form  a comparison  betwixt  Quintilian’s 
declamations,  if  yet  they  be  Quintilian’s,  and  flic  orations  of 
Tully,  would  be  in  danger  of  forfeiting  his  discretion.  Baker. 

7.  Still ; in  a greater  degree. 

The  rapine  is  made  yet  blacker  by  the  pretence  of  piety 
and  justice.  L' Estrange. 


■ a kind  of  emphatic 


8.  Even  ; after  all ; - 
addition  to  a negative. 

Men  may  not  too  rashly  believe  the  confessions  of  witches, 
nor  yet  the  evidence  against  them.  Bacon. 


ded  by  as. 


[tion  of  thin g9 
Hooker. 


'Chaucer. 
Spenser, 
if ; Ger.  eibe  ; 


9.  Hitherto  ; — sometimes 

Hope  beginning  here  with  a trend: 
far  removed,  and  as  yet  but  1 

f YEVE,  v.  a.  To  give. 

f YEV'EN  (yev'vn),  p. 

YEW  (yu),  n.  [A.  S.  ivj’A 
Old  Eng.  cvjA.  — Mid.  L.  inis  ;fY r.  if.]  (Rot.) 
The  cnn^ST  name  of  low,  evergreen  trees  of 
the  geijjJjB iffaxits,  particularly  of  Taxus  baccata, 
or  yew,  common  in  churchyards  in 

Engl^H  Loudon. 

ThJH^ip-uished  vein  is  ever  seen; 

Uneimiged  his  branch,  and  permanent  his  green.  Prior. 

4®*  The  yew  is  of  slow  growth.  The  tallest  yew 
in  England  is  in  the  churchyard  at  Harlington,  near 
Hounslow,  and  is  fifty-eight  feet  high.  Eng.  Cyc. 

4®*  The  wood  of  the  yew  is  close  and  fine  in  the 
grain,  exceedingly  durable,  and  capable  of  taking  a 
high  polish.  It  was  formerly  extensively  used  for 
making  hows.  Tomlinson. 

4®=The  American  yew  is  a low  and  straggling  or 
prostrate  hush,  never  forming  an  ascending  trunk. 
Gray. 

YEW  (yu),  v.  n.  To  rise  in  blisters,  as  scum  on 
brine  at  salt-works.  Clarke. 

YEW'EN  (yu'en),  a.  Made  of  the  -wood  of  yew. 
“ With  yeioen  bow.”  Spenser. 

YEW'-TREE  (yu'tre),  n.  (Rot.)  A low,  evergreen 
tree;  the  yew.  — See  Yew.  Gray. 

YEX,  n.  [A..  S.  geocra,a.  sobbing.]  The  hic- 
cough ; yux.  [r.]  Holland. 

YEX,  v.  n.  To  hiccough,  [it.]  Huloet. 

fYEX'ING,  n.  Hiccoughing.  Holland. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  ROLE.  — 9,  <?,  9,  g,  soft;  £,  G,  £,  |,  hard;  § as  z;  JC  as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


YEZDEGERDIAN 


1692 


YOURSELF 


YEZ-Dp-GER'DI-AN,  a.  Noting  an  era,  dated 
from  the  overthrow  of  the  Persian  empire,  when 
Yezdegerd  was  defeated  by  the  Arabians,  in  the 
eleventh  year  of  the  Hegira,  A.  D.  636.  Crabb. 

t Y-FERE'  (e-fer'),  ad.  Together.  Spenser. 

YIELD  (yeld),  v.  a.  [A.  S.  gyldan,  gildan,  geldan, 
to  pay,  to  restore,  to  render,  to  yield ; gild, 
gyld,  payment.]  [*.  yielded  ; pp.  yielding, 

YIELDED.] 

1.  To  give  in  payment  or  return,  as  for  labor 
or  cultivation  ; to  produce,  as  land. 

The  land  shall  yield  her  increase,  and  the  trees  of  the  field 
shall  yield  their  fruit.  * 1 Lev.  xxvi.  4. 

The  mines  at  Carthagena  yielded  the  Romans  per  diem  to 
the  value  of  twenty-five  thousand  drachms.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  To  produce  ; to  bear  ; to  give  ; to  impart. 

He  maketh  the  milch  kine  to  yield  blood.  Shale. 

All  the  substances  of  an  animal  fed  even  with  acescent 
substances  yield  by  tire  nothing  but  alkaline  salts.  Arbuthnot. 

3.  To  afford  ; to  furnish  ; to  render. 

So  mighty  a lower  as  that  face  could  yield.  Sidney. 

The  mind  of  man  desirrth  evermore  to  know  the  truth  ac- 
cording to  the  most  infallible  certainty  which  the  nature  of 
tilings  can  yield.  Hooker. 

4.  To  resign  ; to  give  up  ; to  surrender  ; to 
relinquish  ; — sometimes  followed  by  up. 

She  to  realities  yields  all  her  shows.  Milton. 

An  unwillingness  to  yield  iip  their  own  opinions.  Watts. 

The  enemies  sometimes  offered  unto  the  soldiers  upon  the 
walls  great  rewards,  if  they  would  yield  up  the  city.  Knolles. 

5.  To  concede;  to  acknowledge;  to  allow ; 

to  admit.  “ I yield  it  just.’'  Milton. 

6.  To  permit;  to  give;  to  grant;  to  cede. 

Life  is  but  air. 

That  yields  a passage  to  the  whistling  sword, 

And  closes  when ’t  is  gone.  Di'yden. 

7.  To  emit;  to  give  up  ; — followed  by  up. 

He  gathered  up  his  feet  into  the  bed,  and  yielded  up  the 
ghost.  Gen.  xhx.  83. 

Syn.  — See  Afford,  Bear,  Deliver,  Give. 


YIELD  (yeld),  v.  n.  1.  To  give  up  the  contest ; to 
submit ; to  succumb  ; to  surrender. 

There  he  saw  the  fainting  Grecians  yield.  Dry  den. 

Now  yield  thee!  or,  by  Him  who  made 

The  heavens,  thy  heart’s  blood  dyes  my  blade.  W.  Scott. 

2.  To  give  np;  to  give  way;  to  comply. 

"Why  do  I yield  to  that  suggestion?  S/iak. 

With  her  much  fair  speech  she  caused  him  to  yield,  with 
the  flattering  of  her  lips  she  forged  him.  Frov.  vii.  21. 

3.  To  give  place  as  inferior. 

The  fight  of  Achilles  and  C}rgnus,  and  the  fray  between 
the  Lapithas  and  Centaurs,  yield  to  no  other  part  of  this  poet. 

Dry  den. 

Syn.  — See  Comply. 


YIELD  (yeld),  n.  That  which  is  yielded  or  pro- 
duced, as  by  cultivation  ; product ; crop.  “ A 
goodly  yield  of  fruit.”  Bacon. 

t YIELD'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Disposition  to  yield  or 
comply  ; compliance.  Bp.  Hall. 

-j-  YIELD'ANCE,  n.  The  act  or  the  ate  of  yield- 
ing; concession.  Bp.  Hall. 


YIELD'JJR,  n.  One  who  yields. 


Shak. 


YIELD'JNG,  n.  1.  The  act  of  one  who,  or  that 
which,  yields  ; submission  ; surrender.  Shah. 

2.  f Retribution.  Wicklijfe. 

YIELDING,  p.  a.  Inclined  to  give  way  ; comply- 
ing ; compliant.  “ A yielding  temper.” Kettlewctt. 

Yielding  and  paying,  (Lam.)  the  initial  words  of 
that  clause  in  a lease  in  which  the  rent  to  be  paid  by 
the  lessee  is  mentioned  and  reserved.  Burrill. 

YTELD'ING-LY,  ad.  With  compliance.  Warner. 

YIELD'ING-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  yielding; 
disposition  to  yield  or  comply.  Paley. 


+ YIELD'LgSS,  a.  Unyielding. 


Howe. 


■f*  YLE,  a.  Idle.  “ Yle  rumors.”  Chaucer. 


1.  A wooden  frame  by  which  two  oxen  are 
connected  for  drawing. 

A bullock  unaccustomed  to  the  yoke.  Jer.  xxxi.  18. 

A red  heifer  without  spot,  wherein  is  no  blemish,  and  upon 
which  never  came  yoke.  Hum.  xix.  2. 

2.  A pair  of  cattle  which  work  yoked  togeth- 
er ; — now  commonly  used  in  the  plural  with  the 
singular  termination. 

Five  hundred  yokes  of  oxen.  Wicklijfe. 

Elisha,  the  son  of  Shaphat,  who  was  ploughing  with  twelve 
yoke  of  oxen.  1 Kings  xix.  lit. 

3.  Servitude  ; bondage  ; subjection  ; service. 

My  yoke  is  easy.  Matt.  xi.  29. 

Our  country  sinks  beneath  the  yoke.  Shak. 

God  doth  not  need 

Either  man’s  work,  or  own  gifts;  who  best 

Bear  his  mild  yoke , they  serve  him  best.  Milton. 

4.  A chain,  link,  or  bond  of  connection. 

“ This  yoke  of  marriage.”  JJryden. 

5.  A frame  borne  on  the  shoulders,  for  sus- 
pending and  carrying  pails,  &c.  Simmonds. 

6.  A frame  of  wood  put  on  the  neck  of  a pig, 
&c.,  to  prevent  it  from  entering  enclosures. 

7.  ( Naut .)  A piece  of  wood  or  iron  fitted 
across  the  head  of  a boat’s  rudder,  with  a rope 
attached  to  each  end,  for  steering  the  boat.  Dana. 

Yoke  of  land,  tile  quantity  of  land  which  a yoke  of 
oxen  can  plough  in  a day.  [England.]  Farm.  Ency. 

Syn.  — See  Pair. 

YOKE,  V.  a.  [t.  YOKED  ; pp.  YOKINC,  YOKED.] 

1.  To  put  a yoke  on  ; to  join  by  a yoke. 

Four  milk-white  bulls,  the  Thracian  use  of  old. 

Were  yoked  to  draw  his  car  of  burnished  gold.  Dryden. 

2.  To  join  ; to  couple  ; to  conjoin  ; to  associate.- 

Cassius,  you  arc  yoked  with  a lamb.  S/iak. 

3.  To  enslave  ; to  bring  to  slavery  or  bondage. 

These  are  the  arms 

With  which  he  yoketh  your  rebellious  necks.  Shak. 

4.  To  restrain  ; to  confine  ; to  bind. 

The  words  and  promises  that  yoke 

The  conqueror  are  quickly  broke.  Hudibras. 

f YOKE,  v.  n.  To  be  .yoked  or  joined  together. 

An  improper  aud  i\\-yoking  couple.  Milton. 

YOKE'— ELM,  n.  A tree;  a species  of  Carpinus, 
or  horifbeain.  Ainsworth. 


YOKE'— FEL-LOW,  n.  1.  A companion  ; an  asso- 
ciate ; a partner;  a mate  ; a yoke-mate.  Shak. 
2.  A partner  in  marriage.  Addison. 

YO'KEL,  n.  A bumpkin.  [England.]  Wright. 

YOKE'L$T,  n.  A little  farm,  in  some  parts  of 
Kent,  in  England  ; — so  called  from  its  requir- 
ing but  one  yoke  of  oxen  to  till  it.  Whishaw. 


YOKE'— MATE,  n.  A companion 
a mate  ; a partner,  [n.] 

f YOLD,  p.  for  yielded. 


ke-fellow ; 
Stepney. 

Spenser. 


YOLK  (yok)  [yok,  S.  W.  P.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  C.  ; 
yolk,  E.  ; yolk,  Wb.\,  n.  The  yellow  part  of  an 
egg;  written  also  yelk.  — See  Yelk.  “A  large 
yolk  in  every  egg.”  Hay. 

YOLP,  v.  n.  See  Yelp.  Todd. 

t ^ °N)  ( a.  Being  at,  a distance  ; yonder.  “ Ton 

+ YOND,  ) fool.”  “ Yond  young  fellow.”  Shak. 

^ Y?N’  > ad-  At  a distance  ; yonder.  “ Him 

+ YOND,  ) that  yon  soars.”  Milton. 

f YOND,  a.  Extravagantly  or  outrageously  fierce ; 
raving;  furious;  transported  with  rage.  Spenser. 

YON'DER,  a.  Being  at  a distance,  but  within 
view;  yon.  “ Yonder  men.”  Bacon. 

YON'DER,  ad.  At  a distance,  within  view. 

Yonder  are  two  apple-women  scolding.  Arbuthnot. 


t YODE, p.  of yede.  Togo.  Spenser. 

YO'GA,  n.  [Sansc.  yuj,  to  join.]  Complete  ab- 
straction from  all  worldly  objects,  by  which  the 
Hindoo  ascetics  hope  to  attain  final  emancipa- 
tion from  further  migrations,  and  union  with 
the  universal  spirit:  — a branch  of  the  Sankhva 
school  of  philosophy.  p.  Cyc. 

YO'JAN,  n.  A measure  or  distance  of  five  miles. 
[India.]  Clarke. 

YOKE,  n.  [A.  S.  gene  ; Frs.  jok  ; Dnt.  juk  ; Ger. 
joch  ; Dan.  uag  ; Sw.  ok.  — Gr.  $e Eyo;,  a yoke  ; 
tyuywpi,  to  join  ; L.  jugum,  a yoke;  jungo,  to 
join;  It  .giogo;  Sp.  yugo  ; Yx.joug.  — Sansc. 
yuga ; Pers.  yoghf\ 


YONK'^K  (yung'ker),  n.  A young  fellow ; ayoung- 
ster  ; — written  also  younker.  Scott. 

YORE,  ad.  [A.  S.  geara\  gear,  a year.]  In  time 
past ; long  ago.  Spenser. 

No  worse  a death  than  I deserved  yore.  3fir.  for  May. 

But  Satan  now  is  wiser  than  of  yore. 

And  tempts  by  making  rich,  not  making  poor.  Pope. 

Of  yore,  of  old  time  ; ion"  ago.  “ In  times  nf  yore.” 
Prior.  — In  days  of  yore,  iti  time  past ; formerly.  Pope. 

YORK'SHIRE— GRIT,  n.  A name  given  to  a stone 
used  for  polishing  marble  and  copper-plates  for 
engravers.  Simmonds. 

YORK'SHIRE— PUD'DING,  n.  A batter  pudding 
baked  under  meat.  Simmonds. 


YOT-E,  f.  a.  1.  fTo  fasten  firmly;  to  rivet.  Wood. 

2.  To  pour  water  on.  [Local,  Eng.]  Grose. 

YOU  (yu,  when  emphatical;  yu,  when  otherwise ) 
[yu,  .S’.  W.  J.  Ja.  K. ; yu  or  yu,  Sm. ; yu,  /'.  ] , 
pron.  personal  pi.  of  thou.  [A.  S.  eow,  iu,  inch  ; 
Dut.  gij ; Ger.  eucli. ] [Nominative  ye  or  you  ; 
possessive  yours;  objective  you.]  The  person 
or  persons  spoken  to  ; the  pronoun  of  the  sec- 
ond person. 

•63”  It  is  commonly  used  when  a single  individual 
is  addressed,  instead  of  thou  or  thee,  blit  properly  with 
a plural  construction ; as,  “ you  were,”  instead  of 
“ thou  wast.” 

You,  though  a plural  form,  is  very  generally  used 
in  addressing  an  individual.  This  seems  to  have 
originated  in  a desire  to  avoid  individualizing  force, 
leaving  the  singular  form  thou  appropriate  only  in 
solemn  and  emphatic  discourse.  John  Hunter. 

UST  “ In  the  sentence,  ‘ Though  he  told  you,  lie 
had  no  right  to  tell  you,’  the  pronoun  you,  having  no 
distinctive  emphasis,  invariably  falls  into  the  sound 
of  tile  antiquated  form  of  this  pronoun,  ye.”  fValker. 

YOUNG  (yfing),  a.  [A.  S.  geong,  giung,  gung, 
iung  ; Dut.  jong  ; Ger.  jung  ; Dan.  § Sw.  wig. 
— From  L.  junior,  younger  ; juvenis,  young. 
Skinner  f\ 

1.  Being  in  the  early  or  first  part  of  life; 
youthful ; juvenile  ; — opposed  to  old. 

I have  been  young,  aiul  now  am  old;  yet  have  I not  seen  the 
righteous  forsaken,  nor  his  seed  begging  bread.  Fs.  xxxvii.25. 

2.  In  the  first  period  or  stages  of  growth,  as 

a plant.  “ Young  trees.”  Bacon. 

3.  Plaving  little  experience  ; ignorant ; un- 
skilled ; unpractised;  not  versed;  raw;  inexpe- 
rienced. “ You  are  too  young  in  this.”  Shak. 

Syn.  — See  Youthful. 

YOUNG,  n.  The  offspring  of  an  animal  or  of  ani- 
mals ; offspring.  “ The  flocks  and  herds  with 
young  are  with  me.”  Gen.  xxxiii.  13. 

YOUNGISH  (yfing'jsh),  a.  Somewhat  young.  “A 
very  genteel,  youngish  man.”  Tatlcr. 

YOUNG'LING,  n.  [A.  S.  geongling  ; Dut.  jang- 
ling ; Ger . jungling.\ 

1.  A young  animal.  Spenser. 

2.  A young  person  ; a youth.  Wicklijfe. 

YOUNG'LING,  a.  Young;  youthful.  Beau.  St  FI. 

f YOUNG'LYpo.  Youthful;  young.  Gower. 

f YOUNG' LY,  ad.  Early  in  life  ; weakly.  Shak. 

YOUNG'STER,  n.  A young  person;  a younker; 
a youth.  [Colloquial.]  Prior. 

fYOUNGTH,  n.  Youth.  Spenser. 

YOUNK'gR,  n.  A youngster;  a youth; — also 
written  yonker.  [Colloquial  or  low.]  Shak. 

YOUR  (yur,  when  emphatical ; yur,  when  other- 
wise') [yor,  S.  W.  P.  P.  Ja.  K. ; yor  or  yur,  J. 
Sot.],  pron.  possessive  or  adjective.  [A.  S.  eower ; 
Dut.  uw  ; Ger.  euer.]  Belonging  to  you  ; of,  or 
pertaining  to,  you.  “ Your  fathers.”  Pope. 

Impute  your  danger  to  our  ignorance.  Dryden. 

Your  is  sometimes  colloquially  used  indefinite- 
ly, in  the  sense  of  a or  any. 

Your  serpent  of  Egypt  is  bred  now  of  your  mud  by  the 
operation  of  your  sun ; so  is  your  crocodile.  Shak. 

Your  and  yours  are  the  possessive  forms  of  you. 
Your  is  used  when  the  thing  possessed  follows , as, 
44  Your  book  ; ” otherwise  yours  ; as,  44  This  book  is 
your sF’  — See  Mine. 

Our  day  of  marriage  shall  be  yours.  Shak. 

An  abler  hand  than  yours.  Dryden. 

44  This  word  is  nearly  under  the  same  predica- 
ment as  the  pronoun  my.  When  the  emphasis  is  upon 
this  word,  it  is  always  pronounced  full  and  open,  like 
the  noun  ewer ; as,  4 The  moment  I had  read  your 
letter,  I sat  down  to  write  mino j ’ but  when  it  is  not 
emphatical,  it  generally  sinks  into  yur,  exactly  like  the 
last  syllable  of  law-ycr  ; as,  4 1 had  just  answered  yur 
first  letter  as  yur  last  arrived.’  Here,  if  we  were  to 
say,  4 1 had  just  answered  your  first  letter  as  your  last 
arrived,’  with  your  sounded  full  and  open  like  enrer , 
as  in  the  former  sentence,  every  delicate  ear  would 
lie  offended.  This  obscure  sound  of  the  possessive 
pronoun  your  always  takes  place  when  it  is  used  to 
signify  any  species  of  persons  or  things  in  an  inde- 
terminate sense.  Thus,  Addison,  speaking  of  those 
metaphors  which  professional  men  most  commonly 
fall  into,  says,  4 Your  men  of  business  usually  have 
recourse  to  such  instances  as  are  too  mean  and  famil- 
iar.’ . . . The  pronunciation  of  your , in  yourself. \ is  a 
confirmation  of  these  observations.”  Walker, 

YOUR-SELF'  (yur-self)  [yur- self,  W J.  Jet*  Sm. ; 
yur-self',  P.  F.]f  pron . You;  even  you;  the 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long ; A,  E,  !,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


YOUTH 


1693 


ZEALOTISM 


reciprocal  form  of  you , when  used  for  thou  or 
thee.  “You  love  only  yourself  .”  Johnson. 

If  it  stand,  as  you  yourself  still  do, 

Within’  the  eye  of  honor.  Shale. 

jrjGtT*  Yourselves  (yur-selvz') , the  reciprocal  form  of 
you  strictly  used  in  the  plural  ; as,  “ You  saw  it  your- 
self11  (when  one  is  addressed)  ; “ You  saw  it  your- 
selves99  (when  two  or  more  are  addressed). 

Allow  obedience,  if  yourselves  are  old.  Shale. 

YOUT1I  (yuth),  n.  [A.  S . gcoguth,  iuguth ; Frs. 
jeucht : Dut . jcugd  \ Ger.  jug encl ; Dan.  § Sw. 
ungdom ; Old  Eng.  yongtli .] 

1.  The  part  of  life  succeeding  to  childhood 

and  adolescence,  generally  reckoned  from  four- 
teen to  twenty-eight  years.  • Johnson. 

Remember  now  thy  Creator  in  the  days  of  thy  youth, 
while  the  evil  days  come  not.  Each  xli.  1. 

Youth  is  eminently  the  fittest  season  for  establishing  habits 
of  industry.  E)r.  Purr. 

The  charms  of  youth  at  once  arc  seen  and  past. 

And  Nature  says,  “ They  are  too  sweet  to  last.”  Sir  J V.  Jones. 
Might  be  taught  by  the  wisdom  of  age, 

And  be  cheered  by  the  sallies  of  youth.  Cowper. 

2.  A young  man  ; one  in  youth. 

The  pious  chief 

A hundred  youths  from  all  his  train  elects.  Dryrlen. 

A youth  to  fortune  and  to  fame  unknown.  Gray. 

3.  Young  persons  collectively.  Milton. 

It  is  fit  to  read  the  best  authors  to  youth  first.  B.  Jonson. 

YOUTH'FUL  (yutli'ful),  a.  1.  Being  in  youth; 
young.  “ Two  youthful  knights.”  Dryden. 

2.  Pertaining  or  suitable  to  youth.  “ Youth- 
ful vigor.”  Dryden.  “ Youthful  thoughts.” 
Milton.  “ A youthful  face.”  Pope. 

3.  Vigorous  or  active,  as  in  youth.  Bentley. 

Syn.  — Youthful  is  opposed  to  aged  ; young,  to  old  ; 

juvenile  and  puerile,  to  manly.  Youthful  vigor  or  em- 
ployment ; a young  man  ; a juvenile  performance  or 
exercise  ; puerile  conduct  or  observation.  Juvenile  is 
used  indifferently,  in  a good  or  bad  sense  ; youthful, 
commonly,  in  a good,  and  puerile,  in  a bad  sense. 

YOUTH 'FUL-LY,  ad.  In  a youthful  manner ; after 
the  manner  of  youth.  Johnson. 


YOtJTH'FUL-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  the  quality 
of  being  youthful ; juvenility.  Holland. 

YOUTH' HOOD  (yuth'hud),  n.  The  state  or  the 
period  of  youth ; youth,  [it.]  Cheyne. 

fYOUTH'LY,  a.  Young;  early  in  life.  Spenser. 

fYOUTIl'Y,  a.  Young ; youthful.  Spectator. 

f Y-PlGIIT'  (e-pit'),  p.  Fixed.  Spenser. 

YPRES-LACE  (e'pr-),  n.  The  finest  and  most  ex- 
pensive kind  of  Valenciennes  lace.  Simmonds. 

YT'TRI-A  (It'tre-a),  n.  ( Chem .)  Avery  rare  earth 
found  combined  with  other  substances  in  gado- 
linite  and  a few  other  rare  minerals.  It  is  re- 
garded as  a protoxide  of  yttrium.  Miller. 

YT-TRI-OUS  (it'tre-us),  a.  Relating  to,  or  con- 
taining, yttria.  Cleavelaiul. 

YT'TRI-UM  (it'tre-um),  n.  (Chem.)  A rare  metal 
occurring  in  certain  minerals  in  combination 
with  other  substances,  not  oxidized  when  heat- 
ed to  redness  in  air  or  aqueous  vapor,  and  burn- 
ing in  oxygen  with  brilliant  scintillations.  It  is 
the  metallic  base  of  yttria.  Miller. 

YT-TRO— CE'RITE,  n.  (Min.)  An  amorphous, 
opaque,  violet,  or  grayish-red  mineral,  of  glis- 
tening lustre,  consisting  of  lime,  sesquioxide  of 
cerium,  yttria,  and  hydrofluoric  acid.  Dana. 

YT-TRO-TAN'TA-LlTE  (lt-tro-tan'tHIt),  n. 
(Min.)  A species  of  mineral  including  three 
varieties,  black,  yellow,  and  brown  or  dark,  all 
of  which  occur  in  Sweden,  and  consist  chiefly 
of  tantalic  acid  and  yttria  ; — called  also  yttro- 
columbite.  Dana. 

YU,  n.  [Chinese.]  (Min.)  Nephrite.  Brande. 

YUC'CA,  n.  (Bot.)  An  American  genus  of  plants 
of  the  family  Liliacece,  or  lilies,  with  woody 
stems  and  showy  flowers  ; — called  also  bear- 
grass,  and  Spanish-bay onet.  Gray. 


YUCK,  v.  n.  To  itch.  [Local,  Eng.]  .Wright. 

YUCK,  v.  a.  To  scratch.  [Local,  Eng.]  Wright. 

YUFTS,  n.  A kind  of  Russia  leather. 

Simmonds. 

YUG,  n.  (Hind.  Myth.)  An  age  ; one  of  the 
ages  into  which  the  Hindoos  divide  the  dura- 
tion of  the  world  ; — written  also  yog.  Wright. 

YULE,  n.  [A.  S.  gcol,  gcohol,  jule,  yule;  Dan. 
juul ; Sw.  jul. ; Icel.  iol,  jol.  — Arm.  gouel,  gouil, 
a feast.]  The  name  of  either  of  tire  two  great 
annual  festivals,  in  ancient  times,  Lammas-tide 
and  Christmas,  but  used  mostly  with  reference 
to  the  latter.  • Hammond. 

Much  has  been  written  to  little  purpose  respecting  the 
origin  of  yule.  It.  Garnett. 

YULE'— RLOCK,  n.  A large  piece  or  log  of  wood, 
formerly,  in  England,  put  on  the  fire  at  Christ- 
mas;— also  called  yule -dog.  _ Nares. 

YULE'-CLOG,  n.  A yule-block.  Ifalliwell. 

YIJLE'-LOG,  n.  A yule-block.  Clarice. 

YULE'-TFde,  n.  The  time  or  season  of  yule  or 
Christmas  ; Christmas.  Clarke. 


fYUX,  n.  The  hiccough.  — Sec  Yex.  Johnson. 
fYUX,  v.  n.  To  sob;  to  sigh.  — See  Yex.  Bailey. 


YUN-  Cl'JYJE,  71.  pi.  ( Or- 
nith.)  A sub-family 
of  birds,  of  the  order 
Scavsores  and  family 
Picidcc ; wry-necks. 

Gray. 


Yunx  torquila. 


YUNX,  n.  [Gr.  i vys.] 

(Ornith.)  A genus  of 
birds  ; the  wry-neck  ; 

— called  also  snake-bird,  long-tongue,  and  cuck- 
oo's-mate.  Eng.  Cyc. 


Zthe  twenty-sixth  and  last  letter  of  the  Eng- 
9 lish  alphabet,  has  the  sound  of  soft,  flat,  or 
vocal  s as  in  rose,  except  in  a few  instances  in 
which  it  follows  the  letter  t,  as  in  waltz,  when 
it  has  the  sound  of  sharp,  aspirate,  or  unvocal  s 
as  in  seal.  No  word  of  Saxon  derivation  begins 
with  this  letter,  and  the  few  words  in  English 
beginning  with  z are  all  derived  from  other  lan- 
guages, mostly  from  the  Greek.  The  English 
name  of  this  letter  is  zed,  and  also  izzard ; in 
the  United  States  it  is  commonly  called  zee. 
zAc'jEHO,  n.  (Arch.)  The  lowest  part  of  the  ped- 
estal of  a column.  Crabb. 

ZAF'FIR ,n.  See  Zaffre.  Hill. 

ZAf'FRE  (zaf' fur),  n.  (Chem.)  An  impure  protox- 
ide of  cobalt.  Turner. 

ZAIM,  n.  A chief  or  leader  among  the  Turks, 
who  supports  and  pays  a mounted  militia  of  the 
same  name.  Stocqueler. 

ZAP  MET.  n.  The  place  or  district  whence  the 
zaim  draws  his  revenue.  Smart. 

ZAIN,  n.  A horse  of  a dark  color,  neither  gray 
nor  white,  and  having  no  spots.  Smart. 

ZAM'BO,  n.  ; pi.  zXm'bo$.  1.  The  offspring  of  a 
negro  and  a mulatto  ; sambo.  Dunglison. 

2.  The  offspring  of  an  Indian  and  a negro,  [it.] 

ZA'MI-A,  n.  (Bot.)  A genus  of  gymnospermous 
dicotyledonous  plants,  found  in  the  tropical 
parts  of  America  and  Asia,  and  at  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope  and  Australia.  Baird. 

ZA'MlTE,  n.  (Pal.)  A name  applied  to  fossil 
plants  of  the  genus  Zamia.  Lyell. 

ZA-NO'NI-A,  n.  (Bot.)  A tree  of  Malabar.  Crabb. 

ZAN'TIJ— WOOD  (-wud),  n.  A name  given  to  two 
plants,  the  Rhus  cotinus,  and  the  Chlorory/on 
Sivietenia.  Simmonds. 


ZAN-THO-PIC'RINE,  n.  (Chem.)  A bitter  crys- 
talline substance  obtained  from  the  bark  of  Xan- 
thoxylum  Clara  Iferculis.  Gregory. 

ZAN-TH6x'Y-LUM,  n.  (Bot.)  See  Xanthoxy- 
lum.  Linnaeus. 

ZAn'TI-6t,  n.  (Geog.)  A native,  or  an  inhabit- 
ant, of  Zante.  Earnshaw. 

ZA'NY  [za'ne,  S.  W.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Sin. ; za'ne  or 
z&n'ne,  Ja. ; zan'e,  A'.],  n.  [It.  zanni ; aeon- 
traction  of  Giovanni,  John,  according  to  Me- 
nage, Skinner,  and  others  ; but  according  to 
Tooke,  a contraction  of  Sanese,  a native  of 
Sienna,  also  used  for  a fool.]  One  employed  to 
raise  laughter  by  his  gestures,  actions,  and 
speeches  ; a merry-andrew  ; a buffoon ; a clown. 

He ’s  like  the  zany  to  a tumbler. 

That  tries  tricks  after  him  to  make  men  laugh.  B.  Jonson. 
To  shine  confessed  her  zany  and  her  tool.  Smollett. 

f ZA'NY,  v.  a.  To  mimic  ; to  imitate.  Marston. 

ZA'NY-I§M,  n.  The  character  or  practice  of  a 
zany,  or  merry-andrew  ; buffoonery.  Coleridge. 

ZAR'NIGH  (z&r'nik),  n.  (Min.)  A name  applied 
to  the  native  sulphurets  of  arsenic.  Wright. 

The  common  kinds  of  zarnich  arc  green  and  yellow.  Hills. 

ZAX  (zaks),  n.  A tool  for  cutting  slates.  Brande. 

ZA  ' YA  T,  n.  A Barman  caravansary.  Malcom. 

ZE'A,  n.  [Gr.  (fd,  t,na,  a sort  of  grain.]  (Bot.) 
A genus  of  gramineous  plants,  including  maize 
or  Indian  corn.  Eng.  Cyc. 

ZEAL  (zel),  n.  [Gr.  fnfoq ; L.  zelus  ; It.  <S;  Sp. 
zelo  ; Fr.  zkle.)  Passionate  ardor  in  some  pur- 
suit, or  in  support  of  some  person  or  cause  ; 
earnestness  ; warmth  ; fervency  ; enthusiasm. 
Rad  I hut  served  my  God  with  half  the  zeal 
I served  my  kirur,  he  would  not,  in  mine  age, 

Ilave  left  me  naked  to  mine  enemies.  Shale. 

A scorn  of  flattery  and  a zeal  for  truth.  Hope. 


There  is  nothing  in  which  men  more  deceive  themselves 
than  in  what  the  world  calls  zeal.  There  are  so  many  pas- 
sions which  hide  themselves  under  it,  and  so  many  mischiefs 
arising  from  it,  that  some  have  gone  so  far  as  to  say  it  would 
have  been  for  the  benefit  of  mankind  if  it  had  never  been 
reckoned  in  the  catalogue  of  virtues.  Spectator. 

t ZEAL  (zel),  v.  n.  To  entertain  zeal.  Bacon. 

f ZEAL'ANT,  n.  A zealot ; an  enthusiast. 

To  certain  zealants  all  speech  of  pacification  is  odious.  Bacon. 

f ZEALED  (zeld),  a.  Filled  with,  or  character- 
ized by,  zeal.  “ Zealed  religion.”  Beau.  § FI. 

f ZEAL'HJSS  (zel'les),  a.  Wanting  zeal.  “ Zeal- 
less  behavior.”  Hammond. 

ZEAL'OT  [zel'ut,  S.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  R. ; zel'- 
ut  or  ze'lut,  W.  Kenrick] , n.  [Gr.  fi/Junfc; 
tplos,  zeal ; It.  zelatore ; Sp.  zelador  ; Fr.  zela- 
teur .]  One  strongly  affected  or  carried  away  by 
zeal ; an  enthusiast ; a fanatic  ; one  over  zeal- 
ous.: — generally  used  in  dispraise. 

For  modes  of  faith  let  graceless  zealots  fight; 

Ilis  can ’t  be  wrong  whose  life  is  in  the  right.  Pope. 

There  are  few  words  better  confirmed  by  au- 
thority in  their  departure  from  t lie  sound  of  their  sim- 
ples than  this  and  zealous.  Dr.  Kenrick  gives  both 
sounds  to  both  words,  but  prefers  the  short  sound  by 
placing  it  first  ; but  Mr.  Elphinston,  Mr.  Sheridan, 
Mr.  Nares,  Mr.  Smith,  Mr.  Perry,  Barclay,  and  Entick 
give  both  these  words  the  short  sound.  As  the  word 
zealous  may  either  come  from  the  Latin  zelus , or  rather 
zelosus , or  be  a formative  of  ofir  own  from  zeal , as  ril- 
la'nous , libellous , &c.,  from  villain , libel.  &c.‘,  analogy 
might  very  allowably  be  pleaded  for  the  long  sound  of 
the  diphthong;  and,  if  custom  were  less  decided,  I 
should  certainly  give  my  vote  for  it ; but,  as  propriety 
of  pronunciation  may  be  called  a compound  ratio  of 
usage  and  analogy,  the  short  sound  must,  in  this  case, 
be  called  the  proper  one.”  Walker. 

f Z^A-LOT'I-CAL,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  like,  a 
zealot ; passionately  zealous  ; fanatical.  Strype. 

ZEAL'OT-l^M,  n.  The  character  or  conduct  of  a 
zealot ; fanaticism  ; zealotry.  Ec.  Rev . 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — <J,  <?,  g,  soft;  j0,  G,  £,  g,  hard;  % as  z;  £ as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


ZEALOTIST 


1604 


ZINC 


f ZEAL'OT-IST,  n.  A zealot ; an  enthusiast. 

I could  wish  these  sciolous  zealotists  had  more  judgment 
joined  with  their  zeal.  * Howell. 

ZEAL'QT-RY,  n.  The  behavior  of  a zealot ; pas- 
sion; zeal;  fanaticism,  [k.]  Bp.  Taylor. 

Inquisitorial  cruelty  ami  party  zealotry.  Coleridge. 

||  ZEAL'OUS  (zel'lus)  [zel'lus,  8.  P.  J.  E.  F.  Ja. 
K.  Sin.  R.  C.  1 Vb.;  zel'lus  or  ze'lus,  IF.  Ken - 
ricK\t  a.  [L.  zelosus  ; It.  # Sp.  zeloso  ; Fr .zele.\ 
Possessing  zeal ; warmly  engaged  in  any  cause  ; 
ardent;  fervent;  warm;  enthusiastic:  earnest. 

I would  have  every  zealous  man  examine  his  heart  thor- 
oughly, and  I believe  he  will  often  find  that  what  he  calls  a 
zeal  for  his  religion  is  either  pride,  interest,  or  ill-nature. 

Spectator. 

I love  to  see  a man  zealous  in  a good  matter,  and  especially 
when  his  zeal  shows  itself  for  advancing  morality  and  pro- 
moting the  happiness  of  mankind.  Spectator. 

Syn.  — Zealous  in  a good  or  bad  cause;  a zealous 
disposition  ; ardent  feeling ; fervent  love  or  piety  , ear- 
nest solicitation;  warm  heart  or  friendship;  enthusi- 
astic feeling.  — See  Fervor. 

||  ZlEAIj'Oys-LY,  ad.  In  a zealous  manner;  ar- 
dently ; enthusiastically.  Milton. 

||  ZEAL/OliS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
zealous  ; enthusiasm  ; ardor  ; zeal.  Johnson. 

ZE  BRA,  n-  [It.  zebra  ; Sp.  cebra  ; 

Fr.  ze'bre.]  ( Zoiil .)  An  animal  of 
the  ass  kind  found 
in  the  mountainous 
parts  of  South  Afri- 
ca, of  a white  color 
marked  with  black 
bands  ; Asinus  zebra. 

Baird. 

fVff-  “ It  is  very  wild, 
seeking  inaccessible  and  Zebra, 

sequestrated  spots  for  its 
habitation,  and  living  in  herds.”  Baird. 

ZE' BRA-WOOD  (-wfid),  n.  A beautiful  wood,  the 
product  of  Omphalobium  Lamberti,  brought 
from  Guiana,  and  much  used  by  cabinet-mak- 
ers ; pigeon-wood.  Baird.  Simmonds. 

ZE'BU,  n.  [Fr.]  (Zo- 

ol.)  A species  of 
ox  found  in  India  ; 

Bos  Indicns. 

jKS=-“  Tile  zebu  is 
very  small,  and  is  re- 
markable for  having 
long, pendulous  ears, 
and  a fatty,  elevated 
bump  upon  its  with- 
ers. It  is  held  sa- 
cred by  the  Hindoos,  Zebu, 

who  consider  it  sinful  to  kill  them.”  Baird. 

ZE'BUB,  n.  A very  noxious  fly,  found  in  Abys- 
sinia, somewhat  larger  than  a bee.  Stewart. 

ZECHt.V  (ze'kjn  or  che-ken')  [che-ken',  IF.  J.  E. 
F.  Ja. ; elie-kan',  S. ; ze'kjn,  P.  Sm.  1 Vb.  Crabb  ; 
ze'clijn,  C.\,  n.  [It.  zecchino;  Fr.  sequin.]  An 

Italian  gold  coin  worth  about  nine  shillings 
sterling. 

The  directory  cost  me  a zccliin.  Smollett. 

It  is  variously  written  cccchin , chequin,  and  se- 
quin.— See  Sequin. 

ZEjCH 'STEIN,  n.  [Gcr.  zeche , a mine,  and  stein , 
stone.]  ( Geol .)  A name  applied  to  the  upper 
portion  of  the  Permian  or  Magnesian  limestone 
series  in  Germany.  Lyell. 

ZED,  n.  The  name  of  the  letter  ; — called  also 

zee,  and,  provincially,  izzard.  “ Zed,  thou  un- 
necessary letter.”  Shak. 

ZED'O-A-RY  (zed’o-o-re),  n.  ( Bot .)  The  com- 
mon name  of  two  kinds  of  medicinal  roots,  the 
long  zedoary,  and  the  round  zedoary,  the  former 
of  which  is  produced  by  the  Curcuma  zedoaria  of 
Itoxburgh,  the  latter,  as  some  suppose,  by  the 
Kmmpferia  rotunda  of  Linnseus,  but  according 
to  others,  by  the  Curcuma  zerumbet  of  Roxburgh. 

A2F*  Fke  roots  called  zedoary  are  grayish-white  on 
the  outside,  vellowish-brown  within,  hard,  compact, 
of  an  agreeable  aromatic  odor,  and  a bitterish,  pun- 
gent,  camphoric  taste,  and  resemble  ginger  in  their 
qualities.  Wood  fy  Bache. 

ZEE,  n.  A name  of  the  letter  Z.  G.  Brown. 

ZEM-IN-DAR'  fzem-jn-dar',  Sm.  Brande-,  ze-min'- 
C.  Wb.],  n.  [Hind,  zumeen-dar,  a land- 
holder ; Per.  zemin,  land.]  A landholder  in 
India,  possessing  certain  rights,  especially  that 
of  collecting  the  revenues.  Brande. 


ZEM'IN-DA-RY,  n.  The  jurisdiction,  territory, 
or  possession  of  a zemindar.  P.  Cyc. 

ZF.-NA  'NA,  n.  That  part  of  a house  in  India  par- 
ticularly reserved  for  the  women.  C.P.  Brown. 

ZEND,  n.  The  language  of  the  ancient  Magi  and 
fire-worshippers  of  Persia.  Hamilton. 

The  Zend  language  is  of  great  antiquity,  and  radically 
allied  to  the  Sanscrit.  Brande. 

ZEND' — d-VES' TA,n.  [Per.,  living  word.]  The 
sacred  books  of  the  Guebers  or  fire-worshippers 
in  Persia,  and  the  Parsees  in  India  ; ascribed 
to  Zoroaster,  but  of  uncertain  origin.  Brande. 

ZEN'DIK,n.  [Arab.]  An  atheist  or  infidel  : — 
one  charged  with  magical  heresies.  Brande. 

ZE’NIK,  n.  ( Zoiil .)  A species  of  civet;  — called 
also  suricate.  — See  Siricate.  P.  Cyc. 

ZE'NITH  [ze'nith,  S.  IF.  P.  J.  E.  F.  K.  R.  Wb. ; 
zen'nith  or  ze'nith,  Ja.  ; zen'nith,  Sm.  C.  Rees'], 
n.  [Arab.  — It.  zenit ; Sp.  zenit ; Fr.  zenith.] 

1.  ( Astron .)  The  point  of  the  celestial  sphere 

situated  vertically  over  the  head  of  a spectator, 
and  distant  ninety  degrees  from  every  point  of 
the  celestial  horizon.  Herschel. 

Zenith  and  Nadir , two  Arabic  terms,  imported  into 
Europe  with  astronomy,  to  signify  the  point  of  the 
heavens  immediately  above  the  spectator,  and  the  op- 
posite (invisible)  point  below  him.  P.  Cyc. 

2.  The  highest  point  of  a person’s  fortune. 

I find  my  zenith  doth  depend  upon 
A most  auspicious  star.  Shak. 

fl®““Inever  once  called  in  doubt  the  pronuncia- 
tion of  this  word  till  I was  told  that  mathematicians 
generally  make  the  first  syllable  short.  Upon  consult- 
ing our  orthoepists,  I find  all  who  have  the  word,  and 
who  give  tlie  quantity  of  tile  vowels,  make  the  e long, 
except  Entick.  Thus  Sheridan,  Kenrick,  Scott,  Bu- 
chanan, YV.  Johnston,  and  Perry  pronounce  it  long; 
and,  if  this  majority  were  not  so  great  and  so  respect- 
able, tlie  analogy  of  words  of  this  form  ought  to  de- 
cide.” Walker. 

ZE'NITH— DIS-TANCE,  n.  {Astron.)  The  dis- 
tance, in  degrees,  of  a heavenly  body  from  the 
zenith,  being  the  complement  of  its  altitude. 

Ilerschcl. 

ZE'NITH— SEC'TOR,  n.  (Astron.)  An  astronomi- 
cal instrument  consisting  in  part  of  a portion 
of  a graduated  circle,  and  adapted  for  the  very 
exact  observation  of  stars  in,  or  near,  the  ze- 
nith. Herschel. 

ZE'O-LlTE,  n.  [Gr.  £«d,  to  boil,  and  ROos,  stone.] 
(Min.)  The  name  of  a family  of  minerals,  dif- 
ferent from  each  other  in  chemical  composition 
and  crystalline  form,  consisting  essentially  of 
hydrous  silicates  of  alumina  and  some  alkali  or 
alkaline  earth,  either  soda,  potassa,  baryta, 
strontia,  or  lime,  and  so  called  in  allusion  to 
their  intumescing  under  the  blowpipe  ; as  the 
pyramidal  zeolite,  or  apophyllite,  the  feather  zeo- 
lite, or  natrolite,  foliated  zeolite,  or  heulandite, 
radiated  zeolite , or  stilbitg,  &c.,  &c.  Dana. 

ZE-O-LIT'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  containing, 
zeolite.  Vre. 

ZE-O-LIT'I-FORIU,  a.  [Eng.  zeolite,  and  L.  for- 
ma, form.]  Having  the  form  of  zeolite.  Smart. 

ZEPH'YR  (zef'er),  n.  [Gr.  (bpvpoe ; a c,  dark- 

ness, the  west ; L.  zephyrus  ; It.  zefliro  ; Sp. 
ccfiro  ; Fr.  zephyr.]  The  west  wind ; — and, 
poetically,  any  mild,  soft  wind. 

Forth  rush  the  levant  and  the  ponent  winds, 

Eurus  and  Zephyr.  Milton. 

ZEPH'YR— CLOTH,  n.  A particular  kind  of  ker- 
seymere. Simmonds. 

ZEPH'YR— SHAWL,  n.  A kind  of  thin  shawl, 
made  of  worsted  and  cotton.  Simmonds. 

ZEPH'  Y-RUS,  n.  [L.]  The  zephyr. 

Mild  as  when  Zephyrus  on  Flora  breathes.  Milton. 

ZER'DA,  n.  Thefennec. — SeeFENNEC.  Eng.  Cyc. 

ZE'RO,  n [It.,  Sp.,  St  Fr.]  The  arithmetical 
cipher  ; naught ; — a term  generally  applied  to 
the  point  at  which  the  graduation  of  the  ther- 
mometer commences. 

J3Cfr-  Zero , in  common  language,  means  no  thing  ; 
in  arithmetic  it  is  called  nauirht , and  means  no  num- 
ber; in  algebra  it.  stands  for  no  quantity,  or  fora 
quantity  less  than  any  assignable  quantity.  Davies. 

“ The  zero  of  Rdaurnur’s  and  of  tlie  centigrade 
thermometers  is  the  freezing  point  of  water;  that  of 
Fahrenheit’s  thermometer,  32’  below  the  point  at 
which  water  congeals,  being  about  tlie  temperature  of 
a mixture  of  salt  and  snow.”  Brande. 


ZEST,  n.  1.  A piece  of  orange  or  lemon  peel 
used  to  give  flavor  to  liquor.  Johnson. 

2.  That  which  serves  to  enhance  a pleasure 
or  enjoyment ; relish;  gusto. 

Liberality  of  disposition  and  conduct  gives  the  highest  zest 
and  relish  to  social  intercourse.  Cogan. 

ZEST,  v.  a.  To  give  a relish  or  flavor  to.  Johnson. 

ZE'  TA,  n.  1.  A Greek  letter  [£],  corresponding 
to  the  English  z. 

2.  (Arch.)  A small  apartment ; — applied  by 
some  writers  to  the  room  over  the  porch  of  a 
Christian  church,  where  the  sexton  or  porter 
resided,  and  kept  the  church  documents.  Britton. 

ZE-TET  I C,  a.  [Gr.  £ yrriTucds ; C,rtrlu>,  to  seek.] 
Proceeding  by  inquiry;  as,  “The  zetetic  meth- 
od in  mathematics.”  [r.]  Scott. 

ZIJ-TET'IC,  n.  A seeker;  — a'term  applied  to  the 
ancient  Pyrrhonists.  Smart. 

ZF-TET'ICS,  n.  pi.  A part  of  algebra,  which  con- 
sists in  the  direct  search  after  unknown  quanti- 
ties. [r.]  p.  Cyc. 

zy-TiC'U-LA,  n.  (Arch.)  A zeta.  Britton. 

ZEUG'LO-DON,  n.  [Gr.  ^evyl.y,  the  how  of  a 
yoke,  and  dSovs,  ISbrros,  a tooth.]  (Pal.).  The 
name  of  an  extinct  aquatic  mammal,  deemed 
by  Owen  to  be  related  to  the  manatee.  Its  re- 
mains occur  abundantly  in  the  ihiddle  eocene 
strata  of  Georgia  and  Alabama. 

■855=  The  vertebral  column  of  one  skeleton  extends 
to  tlie  length  of  nearly  seventy  leet.  When  first 
found,  tile  animal,  being  supposed  to  be  a reptile, 
was  called  basilosaurus.  Lyell. 

ZEUG'MA  (zug'ma),  n.  [Gr.  ^ivyya  ; Qebyw/ic,  to 
join,  to  yoke.]  (Gram.)  A figure  by  which  an 
adjective  or  verb  which  agrees  with  a nearer 
word  is  referred,  also,  by  way  of  supplement,  to 
one  more  remote  ; as,  “ Lust  overcame  shame  ; 
boldness,  fear;  and  madness,  reason.” 

ZEUX'lTE,  n.  (Min.)  [Gr.  connection,  be- 
cause found  in  the  United  Mines,  Cornwall.]  A 
greenish-brown  mineral.  Thomson. 

ZEY'LAN-lTE,  n.  (Min.)  A nearly  black,  opaque 
crystalline  variety  of  spinel,  of  splendent  lustre, 
and  consisting  of  alumina,  magnesia,  protoxide 
of  iron  and  silica;  — called  also  pleonaste,  and 
ceylanite.  — See  Ceylanite.  Phillips.  Dana. 

ZHO  (zo),  n.  A domestic  ruminant  mammal, 
common  in  the  Himalayas.  Ogilvie. 

ZIB'flT,  n.(Zo- 
ol.)  A car- 
nivorous an- 
imal, allied 
to  the  civet, 
found  in  Bor- 
neo, Macas- 
§ar,and  some 
other  parts  of  the  east  ; Viverra  zibetha. 

JjgpThe  zibet,  in  common  with  tlie  Viverra  civetta, 
furnishes  tlie  civet  of  commerce.  Van  Dcr  Hoer.cn. 

ZIE'GA,  n.  Curd  produced  by  the  addition  of 
acetic  acid  to  milk,  after  rennet  has  ceased  to 
produce  coagulation.  Brande. 

ZIG'ZAG,  n.  1.  A line  with  sharp  turns  or  an- 
gles, as  in  the  letter  Z,  or  one  of  the  turns  them- 
selves. “A  winding  road  which  forms  thirteen 
zigzags.”  Ttciss. 

2.  (Arch.)  A chevron  running  in  a zigzag 

line.  Fairholt. 

3.  pi.  (Fort.)  Trenches  or  paths,  with  several 
windings,  so  cut  that  the  besieged  are  prevented 
from  enfilading  the  besieger  in  his  approaches. 

Glos.  of  Mil.  Terms. 

ZIG'ZAG,  a.  Having  sharp  and  quick  turns. 
“Zigzag  moulding.”  Britton. 

ZIG'ZAG,  V.  a.  [i.  ZIGZAGGED  ; p.p.  ZIGZAGGING, 
zigzagged.]  To  form  into  zigzags,  or  sharp 
and  quick  turns,  or  angles.  Wartvn. 

ZIG'ZAGGED  (zig'zagd),  a.  Made  with  sharp  turns 
or  angles;  zigzag.  Pennant. 

ZIL  'LAN,  n.  A division  of  country  made  with  ref- 
erence to  judicial  purposes.  [India.]  Smart. 

ZIM'IJNT— WA'TIJR,  n.  Water  impregnated  with 
copper.  Clarke. 

ZINC  (zlngk,  82),  n.  [Gcr.,  Han.,  & Sw.  zink.  — Fr. 
zinc.  — “Perhaps  formed  upon  the  Ger.  zmn, 
tin.”  Richardson.  — “ First  mentioned  by  Para- 
celsus, in  the  16th  century,  under  the  name  of 


Zibet. 


A,  E,  !,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  {,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER; 


ZINC-AMYLE 


1695 


ZOOLOGICAL 


zinctiun.”  Eng.  Cyc.]  {Min.)  A white  metal 
with  a shade  of  blue,  capable  of  being  polished, 
and  then  assuming  a metallic  lustre  ; usually 
brittle,  its  fracture  exhibiting  a crystalline 
structure  ; malleable,  if  pure,  into  thin  leaves  at 
common  temperatures  ; of  variable  specific 
gravity,  that  of  cast  zinc  being  about  6.8,  but 
susceptible  of  being,  increased  by  forging  to 
7.21 ; melting  at  773°  Fahrenheit,  and,  at  a red 
heat,  rising  in  vapor,  taking  fire  in  the  air,  and 
burning  with-a  white  flame  like  that  of  phospho- 
rus, the  white  oxide  produced  being  carried  up 
mechanically  in  the  air. 

Laminated  zinc  is  a valuable  substance  from  its 
being  little  disposed  to  undergo  oxidation.  When 
exposed  to  air  or  placed  in  water,  its  surface  becomes 
covered  with  a gray  film  of  suboxide,  which  tends  to 
preserve  it  from  the  chemical  and  mechanical  effects 
of  other  bodies.  In  contact  with  iron,  it  protects  the 
latter  metal  from  oxidation  in  any  saline  fluid.  Zinc 
is  the  only  metal  which  can  be  used  with  advantage 
in  the  voltaic  battery  as  the  positive  or  generating 
metal.  The  principal  ores  of  zinc  are  calamine  and 
zinc-blende.  Graham. 

ZlNG'-AM-YLE,  n.  (Chem.)  A colorless,  trans- 
parent liquid,  emitting  fumes,  and  rapidly  ab- 
sorbing oxygen  when  exposed  to  the  air,  but  not 
taking  fire  spontaneously.  It  is  composed  of 
amyle  and  of  zinc.  Miller. 

ZINC'-BLENDE,  n.  (Min.)  A brittle,  transparent 
or  translucent  mineral,  of  lustre  resinous  to 
adamantine,  of  various  colors,  white  or  yellow 
when  pure,  occurring  massive,  in  crystals,  and 
in  other  forms,  and  consisting  essentially  of 
sulphur  and  zinc,  but  often  containing  a con- 
siderable quantity  of  iron  ; — called  also  blende. 

Graham.  Dana. 

ZINC'— BLOOM,  n.  (Min.)  An  opaque  mineral, 
of  a white,  grayish,  or  yellowish  color,  dull  lus- 
tre, occurring  in  earthy  incrustations  and  reni- 
form,  and  consisting  of  carbonic  acid,  oxide  of 
zinc,  and  water  ; — called  also  dicarbonate  of 
zinc.  Dana. 

ZINC'— ETH-YL,  n.  (Chem.)  A colorless,  trans- 
parent, poisonous  liquid,,  not  congealable  by  a 
cold  of  — 8°  Fahrenheit,  boiling  at  214°,  of  a 
powerful  odor,  taking  fire  by  contact  with  oxy- 
gen or  with  atmospheric  air,  and  consisting  of 
ethyl  (a  compound  of  four  equivalents  of  car- 
bon and  five  of  hydrogen)  and  zinc. 

Zinc-etliyl  burns  with  a brilliant  blue  flame 
fringed  with  green.  If  a cold  piece  of  glass,  or  of 
porcelain,  be  held  in  the  flame,  it  becomes  coated 
with  a deposit  of  metallic  zinc,  surrounded  with  a 
white  ring  of  the  oxide  of  this  metal.  Miller. 

ZIN-ClF'JER-OUS,  a.  [Eng.  zinc , and  L.  fero,  to 
bear.]  Producing,  or  containing,  zinc.  P.  Cyc. 

ZINC'ITE,  n.  (Min.)  A brittle,  translucent  or 
subtranslucent  mineral,  of  a deep-red  color,  in- 
clining also  to  yellow,  adamantine  lustre,  and 
consisting  of  oxide  of  zinc,  with  oxide  of  manga- 
nese as  an  unessential  ingredient;  — called  also 
red  zinc  ore,  and  red  oxide  of  zinc.  Dana. 

ZINCK'Y,  a.  Pertaining  to  zinc.  Smart. 

ZlNC-iMETII'YL,  n.  (Chem.)  A volatile  liquid, 
of  very  fetid  smell,  the  vapors  of  which  are  very 
poisonous,  and  consisting  of  two  equivalents  of 
carbon, three  of  hydrogen,  and  one  of  zinc;  — 
written  also  zinco  methyl.  Gregory. 

Ufj5=  Zincmethyl  takes  fire  spontaneously  on  contact 
with  the  air,  and  burns  with  a bright,  greenish-blue 
flame,  depositing  a large  quantity  of  zinc  and  oxide 
of  zinc.  It  is  apparently  a new  radical.  Gregory. 

ZIN-OOG'RA-PIfpR,  n.  One  who  engraves  on 
plates  of  zinc.  Chabot. 

ZlN-CO-GRAPII'lC,  ) a Pertaining  to  zin- 

ZlN-CO-GRAPH'I-CAL,  ) cographv.  Wright. 

ZlN-COG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Eng.  zinc,  and  Gr.ypdi/ju, 
to  write.]  The  art  of  drawing  upon,  and  print- 
ing from,  plates  of  zinc.  Fairholt. 

ZlNC'olD,  n.  [Eng.  zinc,  and  Gr.  tlfios,  form.] 
(Chem.)  The  platinum  plate  of  the  decompos- 
ing cell  connected  with  the  terminal  copper  or 
conducting  plate  of  a voltaic  battery,  the  other 
platinum  plate  of  the  decomposing  ceil  being 
connected  with  the  zinc  or  generating  .plate, 
and  called  the  chloroid;  the  positive  electrode  ; 
the  positive  pole.  Graham. 

ZINC-O-METH'YL,  n.  See  Zincmethyl. 


ZINC'OUS,  a.  (Chem.)  Having  the  affinity  or 
attraction  characteristic  of  the  zinc  or  generat- 
ing metal  of  the  voltaic  battery,  as  the  zincous 
plate,  or  zincoid,  of  the  decomposing  cell ; — 
used  in  contradistinction  to  chlorous,  noting  the 
affinity  or  attraction  characteristic  of  the  pla- 
tinum or  conducting  plate  of  a voltaic  battery. 

Graham. 

ZlNC'-VIT-RI-OL,  n.  (Min.)  White  vitriol ; sul- 
phate of  zinc.  — See  Vitriol. 

ZINC'— WHITE,  n.  The  oxide  of  zinc  used  as  a 
pigment.  Fairholt. 

ZlNK'JgN-lTE,  n.  (Min.)  An  opaque,  crystalline 
mineral,  of  metallic  lustre,  steel-gray  color  and 
streak,  and  consisting  chiefly  of  sulphur,  anti- 
mony, and  lead  ; — named  in  honor  of  Zinken, 
director  of  the  Anhalt  mines.  Dana. 

Zi'ON, n.  A mount  or  eminence  in  Jerusalem:  — 
used  figuratively  for  the  church.  Bp.  Horne. 

Let  Zion  and  her  sons  rejoice.  Watts. 

ZIR'CON,  n.  (Min.)  A crystalline  mineral,  trans- 
parent to  subtranslucent,  of  various  colors,  ada- 
mantine lustre,  and  consisting  of  silica  and 
zirconia.  It  comprises  three  varieties,  — hya- 
cinth, jargon,  and  zirconite.  Dana. 

ZIR-CO'NI-A,  n.  A white,  infusible  powder,  con- 
sisting of  an  oxide  of  zirconium,  commonly  re- 
garded as  the  sesquioxide,  having  the  specific 
gravity  of  4.3,  and,  after  ignition,  insoluble  in 
acids,  with  the  exception  of  strong  sulphuric 

acid.  - Miller. 

tfg-  Svanberg  infers  from  his  experiments  tliat  zir- 
conin  is  not  a pure  earth,  but  a mixture  of  three  earths. 
Miller. 

ZIR'CON-ITE,  n.  (Min.)  A grayish  or  brownish, 
frequently  rough  or  opaque,  variety  of  zircon. 

Dana. 

ZIR-CCVNJ-UM,  n.  (Chem.)  The  metallic  base  of 
zirconia,  an  earth  which  is  contained  in  zircon. 
It.  is  obtained  in  the  form  of  a black  powder. 
The  powder  assumes  under  the  burnisher  the 
lustre  of  iron,  and  is  compressed  in  scales  which 
resemble  graphite. 

Ifiy  Zirconium  has  not  been  fused.  When  heated 
in  air  or  oxygen,  it  takes  fire  below  redness,  and 
burns  brilliantly,  forming  zirconia  of  snowy  white- 
ness. Graham.  Miller. 

ZL-j'p.L,  n.  ( Zoiil .)  A species  of  marmot.  Smellie. 

ZI-ZA  'MI  A,  n.  pi.  [L.]  (Dot.)  A genus  of 
plants,  including  the  wild  rice.  Eng.  Cyc. 

ZO-AN'TIIA,  n.  (Zoiil.)  A genus  of  many-armed 
polypi  which  do  not  secrete  a stony  stem,  and 
develop  the  polypes  in  lines  from  creeping 
shoots.  Dana. 

ZO-AN-THA'RI-A,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  (Zov,  an  animal, 
and  dvOo r,  a flower.]  (Zoiil.)  A name  given  by 
Blainville  to  a class  of  polypi,  including  the 
sea-anemones,  and  all  corals  excepting  the  Al- 
cyonaria. 

ZOC'CO,  n.  (Arch.)  A socle  or  zocle.  Clarke. 

ZOC' CO-LO,  n.  [It.]  (Arch.)  A socle.  Braude. 

ZO'CI.E,  n.  (Arch.)  A low,  plain,  square  member 
or  plinth  supporting  a column  ; a socle.  Britton. 

ZO'DI-AC  [zo'de-ak.  P.  J.  F.  Ja.  K.  Sm.  C. ; zo'- 
dzhek,  S.;  zo'de-ak  or  zo'je-iik,  IV.  Cobiin],  n. 
[Gr.  (mi ImKdj ; fur,  an  animal  ; L.  zodiacus ; It. 

Sp.  zodjaco ; Fr.  zodiaque.] 

1.  (Astron.)  An  imaginary  zone  or  belt  in  the 
heavens,  within  which  the  sun  and  all  the  laraer 
planets  appear  to  perform  their  annual  revolu- 
tions. It  extends  about  eight  or  nine  degrees 
on  each  side  of  the  ecliptic  ; contains  twelve 
constellations,  and  is  divided  into  twelve  equal 
parts,  called  signs,  which  anciently  coincided 
with  the  constellations,  but  now  occupy  very 
different  positions. 

2.  A girdle;  a belt ; a girth ; zone.  Milton. 

ZO-DI'A-CAL,  a.  [It . zodiacale;  Sp.  § Fr.  zodia- 
cal.] Pertaining  to  the  zodiac.  AVarton. 


Scripture,  especially  the  books  of  Moses.  It  is 
of  ancient  but  uncertain  origin.  Brande. 

ZO-IL'E-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  resembling, 
Zoilus,  a severe  critic  on  Homer  ; illiberal ; un- 

■ justly  severe.  Richardson. 

ZO'lL-I§M,  n.  Illiberal  or  carping  criticism,  like 
that  of  Zoilus ; unjust  censure. 

Bring  candid  eyes  unto  the  perusal  of  men’s  works,  and  let 
not  zoilism  . . . blast  any  well-intended  labors.  Broicne 

ZOlS'ITE,  n.  (Min.)  A crystalline  mineral,  of 
various  colors,  vitreous  lustre,  and  consisting 
of  silica,  alumina,  sesquioxide  of  iron,  and 
lime.  Dana. 

ZOLL  ' VF.R-F.IM,  n.  [Ger.]  A commercial  league 
formed  in  Germany  for  the  purpose  of  establish- 
ing a uniform  rate  of  customs.  It  includes 
Prussia,  Bavaria,  Baden,  Wurtemburg,  Saxony, 
Hanover,  and  most  of  the  smaller  states. 

Thomas. 

zb' MAR,  n.  A girdle  which  the  Christians  and 
Jews  of  the  Levant  are  obliged  to  wear  to  dis- 
tinguish them  from  Mahometans.  Smart. 

ZONE,  n.  [Gr.  £<3i'i7 ; f Jujiunqu , to  gird ; L.,  It.,  Sj 
Sp.'  zona  ; Fr.  zone.) 

1.  A girdle ; a belt ; a cincture.  [Poetical.] 

Scarce  could  the  goddess  from  her  nymphs  be  known. 

But  by,  the  crescent  aud  the  golden  zone.  Pope. 

2.  (Geog.)  The  geographical  denomination 

of  each  of  the  five  parallel  belts  into  which  the 
earth  is  imagined  to  be  divided,  chiefly  in  re- 
spect to  temperature.  Hutton. 

Srg=  There  are  five  zones  — the  torrid  zone,  extend- 
ing 23°  28'  on  each  side  of  the  equator,  and  between 
the  tropics;  tiro  temperate  zones,  situated  between  the 
tropics  and  polar  circles  ; and  tiro  frigid  zones,  situ- 
ated between  the  polar  circles  and  the  poles. 

3.  (Math.)  The  portion  of  the  surface  of  a 
sphere  included  between  two  parallel  planes. 

Davies. 

4.  Circuit ; circumference. 

Scarce  the  sun 

Had  finished  half  his  journey,  and  scarce  begins 

His  other  half  in  the  great  zone  of  heaven.  Milton. 

Ciliary  zone,  ( Anat .)  an  external  lamina  sent  off 
from  the  capsule  of  the  vitreous  humor  of  the  eye, 
and  accompanying  the  retina,  with  which  it  is  insert- 
ed into  the  fore  part  of  the  capsule  of  the  lens,  a little 
before  its  anterior  edge.  Dunglison. 

Syn.  — Zones  of  the  earth  ; temperate  zone  ; a ves- 
tal zone  ; a monk’s  or  a lady’s  girdle  ; a military  offi- 
cer’s belt. 

ZONED  (z5nd),a.  Wearing  a zone  or  zones.  Pope. 

ZOI^E'EpSS,  a.  Destitute  of  a zone  or  girdle. 
Thou  ai  t not  known  where  Pleasure  is  adored, 

Tliat  reeling  goddess  with  the  zoneless  waist.  Cowper. 

ZO'NIC , n.  A girdle  ; a belt ; a zone,  [r.] 

I know  that  the  place  where  I was  bred  stands  upon  a zonic 
of  coal.  Smollett. 

ZON'NAR,  n.  See  Zonar.  Clarke. 

ZO'NULE,  n.  A little  zone.  Ogilvie. 

ZO-O-GIIEM'I-CAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  animal 
chemistry.  Dunglison. 

ZO-OGH'p-MY,  n.  [Gr.  (ioov,  an  animal,  and 
Eng.  chemistry.]  Animal  chemistry.  Dunglison. 

ZO-OtJ'lJ-NY,  n-  [Gr.  (ioo v,  an  animal,  and yt neats, 
generation.]  The  doctrine  of  animal  forma- 
tion. Dunglison. 

ZO-OG'RA-PIIFIR,  n.  One  versed  in  zoOgrapliy. 

ZO-O-GRAPII  IC,  l a Pertaining  to  zodgra- 

ZO-O-GRAPH'J-CAL,  J phy  or  zoology.  Maunder. 

ZO-OG'RA-PIHST,  n.  A zoOgraplicr.  Ash. 

ZO-OG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  (inov,  an  animal,  and 
ypdipio,  to  write  ; It.  If  Sp.  zoografia ; Fr.  zoogra- 
phic.] A description  of  animals;  the  natural 
history  of  animals.  Glanville. 

ZO-OL'A-TRY,  n.  [Gr.  (loov,  an  animal,  and 
XaTpdiu),  to  work  for  hire,  to  serve  the  gods  with 
prayer  and  sacrifices  ; It.  zoolatria  ; Fr.  zoolh- 
trie. ] The  worship  of  animals,  as  in  the  religion 
of  the  ancient  Egyptians.  Brande. 


Zodiacal  light,  (Astron.)  a faint,  ill-defined  light, 
visible  any  very  clear  evening,  about  tile  months  of 
March,  April,  and  May,  soon  after  sunset,  as  a cone 
or  lenticnlarly  shaped  light,  extending  from  the  hori- 
zon obliquely  upwards,  and  following  generally  the 
course  of  tile  ecliptic,  or  rather  that  of  the  sun’s 
equator.  Herschel. 

ZO'HAR.n.  [Heb.,  splendor .]  A Jewish  book 
consisting  of  cabalistical  commentaries  on 


ZO'O-LITE,  n.  [Gr.  (wov,  an  animal,  and  l.iOos,  a 
stone.]  A petrified  animal  substance.  Lgell. 

ZO-OL'Q-9I?R,  n • X zoologist,  [r.]  Boyle. 

ZO-O-LOtJ'I-CAL,  a.  [It.  & Sp.  zoologico  ; Fr. 
zoologique.]  Pertaining  to  zoology  or  to  animals. 


MIEN,  SIR;  MOVE,  NOR,  SON;  BULL,  BUR,  RULE.  — 9,  (j,  9,  g,  soft ; G,  G,  5,  g,  hard,  9 as  z ; 5 as  gz.  — THIS,  this. 


ZOOLOGICALLY 


ZYTHUM 


1696 


ZO-O-LO^’J-CAL-LY,  ad.  In  a zoological  man- 
ner ; according  to  zoology.  P.  Cyc. 

ZO-OL/O-^rlST,  n.  [It.  zoologista ; Fr.  zoologiste.] 
One  who  is  versed  in  zoology,  or  the  natural 
history  of  animals.  Baird. 

ZO-OL'O-^IY,  tl.  [Gr.  $Sov,  an  animal,  and  Xdyo;,  a 
discourse.;  It.  d.  Sp.  zooloyia  ; Fr.  zoologie.]  That 
branch  of  natural  history  which  investigates  and 
teaches  the  nature  and  properties  of  animals, 
their  classification,  their  order  of  succession  up- 
on, and  their  distribution  over,  the  earth.  Baird. 

Z0-0-M0R'PHl§M,  n.  [Gr.  tfio v,  an  animal,  and 
popifiy,  shape.]  The  transformation  of  men  into 
beasts.  Smart. 

ZO-ON'O-MY,  n.  [Gr.  tfiov,  an  animal,  and  vipos, 
a law  ; Sp.  zoonomia  ; Fr.  zoonomie.\  That 
branch  of  science  treating  of  laws  which  govern 
the  organic  actions  of  animals  in  general ; ani- 
mal physiology.  Oswald. 

ZO-OPH'A-GAN,  n.  A carnivorous  animal.  Clarke. 

ZO-OPH'A-GOUS,  a.  [Gr.  £wo</>dyof ; (ioov,  an  ani- 
mal, and  <j>6ya,  to  eat.]  Feeding  on  animals; 
carnivorous.  Kirby. 

ZO-O-PHOR'IO  [zo-o-for'ik,  W.  P.  J.  E.  Ja.  Id. 
Sm . ; zo-of'o-rlk,  C.  Wb.  Ash'],  a.  (Arch.)  Ap- 
plied to  a column  which  supports  the  figure  of 
an  animal.  Bailey. 

ZO-OPH'  O-RUS,  n.  [Gr.  £wo0<5ocj  ; Iptov,  an  ani- 
mal, and  to  bear ; L.  zoophorus.]  (Arch.) 
In  classic  architecture,  a frieze;  — so  called  be- 
cause it  was  generally  adorned  with  the  figures 
of  animals.  Fairholt. 

ZO'O-PHYTE  (zS’o-fit),  n.  [Gr.  an  animal, 
and  tpuriv,  a plant;  It.  & Sp.  zoqfito ; Fr.  zoo- 
phyte.] A name  commonly  given  to  the  radiated 
and  phytoid  forms  of  life  included  by  Linntcus 
in  his  great  division  of  vermes.  Under  this 
title,  Cuvier  ranked  the  intestinal  worms,  and 
most  writers  sponges  and  corallines.  Eng.  Cyc. 

/1S£=  At  the  present  day  the  term  is  confined  to  true 
polypes,  such  as  Actinias,  Corals,  Oorgonias,  and  the 
like.  Agassiz. 

ZO-O-PHYT'IC,  )a  Pertaining  to  zoophytes. 

ZO-O-PHYT'I-CAL,  > P.  Cyc. 

Z0-0-PHYT-0-L0<?'{-CAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  zo- 
ophytology.  Clarke. 

ZO-OPH-Y-TOL'O-GY,  n-  [^r-  an  animal, 
<Pot6v,  a plant,  and  Xbyo;,  a discourse ; Fr.  zoo- 
phytologie.]  That  branch  of  science  which 
treats  of  the  structure,  habits,  &c.,  of  zoo- 
phytes. Humble. 

ZO'O-SPERM,  ii.  One  of  the  spermatozoa  of  an 
animal.  Dunglison. 

ZO'O-SPORE,  n.  [Gr.  £uior,  an  animal,  and  mopA, 
a sowing,  seed.]  An  active  ciliated  gemma  pro- 
duced from  the  contents  of  an  ordinary  or 
special  cell  of  the  algae,  apparently  without  any 
previous  process  of  fertilization.  Mic.  Diet. 

ZQ-O-TOM'I-CAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  zootomy,  or 
the  structure  of  the  lower  animals.  Month.  Rev. 


ZO-OT'O-MIST,  n.  [Fr.  zootomiste.]  One  versed 
in  zoOtomy.  Johnson. 

ZO-OT'O-MY,  n.  [Gr.  (Ciov,  an  animal,  andrepvoi, 
to  cut;  It.  6,  Sp.  zootomia  ; Fr.  zootomie.]  That 
branch  of  anatomy  which  relates  to  the  struc- 
ture of  the  lower  animals.  Brande. 

zoo'zdo,  n.  The  wood-pigeon.  [Local,  Eng.] 

Wright. 

ZO-PlS' SA,  n.  [Gr.  ^liirnraa  ; Jwds,  living,  and  rrttraa, 
pitch  ; L.  zopissa.]  (Nant.)  A sort  of  pitch 
scraped  off  from  the  sides  of  ships,  and  tem- 
pered with  wax  and  salt.  Mar.  Diet. 

ZOS'TF.R,  n.  [Gr.  £ oiaryp , a girdle  ; L.  zoster,  the 
shingles.]  (Med.)  A kind  of  tetter ; the  shin- 
gles. Dunglison. 

ZOS'  TE-RA,  n.  [Gr.  (.loari'ip,  a girdle.]  (Bot.)  A 
genus  of  monocotyledonous  plants  with  grassy 
leaves,  growing  in  sea-water  ; grass-wrack  ; eel- 
grass.  Their  pollen  consists  of  delicate  threads 
instead  of  grains.  Gray. 

ZOU-AVE',  n.  Originally,  a member  of  a corps  of 
Arab  soldiers,  in  the  service  of  France  after  the 
conquest  of  Algiers,  — now,  a member  of  a 
French  corps  wearingthe  Arab  dress .Bescherelle. 

ZOUND§,  interj.  A contraction  of  God’s  wounds ; 
originally  used  as  an  oath,  and  afterwards  as  an 
exclamation  of  wonder  or  anger.  Smart. 

ZOUTCII,  v.  a.  To  stew,  as  flounders,  whitings, 
gudgeons,  eels,  &c.,  with  just  enough  of  liquid 
to  cover  them.  [Local.]  Smart. 

■ t ZUCHE,  n.  (Old  Eng.  Late.)  A withered  or  dry 
stock  or  stub  of  a tree.  Burrill. 

ZU ' FO-LO,  n.  [It.,  from  zufolare,  to  whistle.] 
(Mus.)  Any  little  flute  or  flageolet,  but  more  es- 
pecially that  which  is  used  to  teach  birds.  Moore. 

ZUM-b66'KUK,  n.  A small  swivel-gun,  carried 
on  the  back  of  a camel.  Glos.  of  Mil.  Terms. 

ZU'MTC,  a.  [Gr.  Rpy,  leaven.]  (Chcm.)  Noting 
an  acid  formerly  supposed  to  be  a distinct  com- 
pound, but  now  known  to  be  identical  with 


lactic  acid.  Henry. 

ZU-MOL'Q-GY,  ii.  See  Zymology.  Brande. 

ZU-MOM'E-TER,  n.  [Gr.  (bpy,  ferment,  and  pt- 
rpov,  a measure.]  A zymometer.  — See  Zy- 
mometer. Iloblyn. 

ZU-MO-SI M'5-TpR,  n.  Zymosimeter.  Brande. 


ZUR'LITE,  n.  (Min.)  A transparent,  translucent, 
or  opaque  crystalline  mineral,  of  various  col- 
ors, vitreous  lustre,  and  consisting  chiefly  of 
silica,  alumina,  oxide  of  iron,  and  lime;  — called 
also  mellilite,  and  somervillite.  Dana. 

ZY'GA-DITE,  n.  (Min.)  A feebly  transparent, 
red  and  yellowish-white  mineral,  occurring  in 
thin,  tabular,  rhombic  prisms,  and  consisting 
of  silica,  alumina,  and  lithia.  Dana. 


ZY-GO-DAc'TY-LIC,  a.  Zygodactylous.  Clarke. 

ZY-GO-DAC’TY-LOUS,  a.  [Gr.  ^vydoj,  to  join,  and 
AAktoXos,  a finger.]  Having  the  feet  composed 
of  two  anterior  and  two  posterior  toes,  the  ex- 
ternal toe  of  the  posterior  pair  being  capable  of 
a direction  either  forward  or  backward,  as  in 
the  parrot,  woodpecker,  toucan,  &c.  Ed.Ency. 

ZY-GO'MA,  n.  [Gr.  ^{jyuipa ; ({yin,  a yoke.] 
(Anat.)  The  cheek-bone;  — so  called  from  its 
shape,  which  is  irregularly  quadrilateral  with  a 
convex  outer  surface.  Dunglison. 

ZY-GO-MAT'JC,  a.  [Fr.  zygomatiquei]  Pertain- 
ing to  the  zygoma  or  cheek-bone.  Dunglison. 

Zygomatic  arch,  (Anat.)  a bony  bridge  formed  by 
the  articulation  of  the  zygomatic  process  with  the 
posterior  angle  of  the  zygoma.  — Zygomatic  bone,  the 
zygoma,  or  cheek-bone.  — Zygomatic  muscles,  two 
muscles,  arising  from  the  outer  surface  of  the  zygoma, 
and  inserted  into  the  upper  lip,  which  they  raise  and 
draw  up.  — Zygomatic  process,  a process  arising  from 
the  outer  surface  of  the  temporal  bone,  and  articu- 
lating with  the  zygoma.  — Zygomatic  suture,  the  suture 
or  articulation  between  the  zygomatic  parts  of  the 
temporal  and  cheek  bones.  Dunglison. 

ZY-MO-LOG  IC,  ) a [Fr.  zymologique .]  Re- 

ZY-MO-LOG'I-CAL,  5 lating  to  zymology.  Oswald. 

ZY-MOL'O-GIST,  n.  [Fr.  zymologiste .]  One 
versed  in  zymology.  Oswald. 

ZY-MOL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  ^bpy,  ferment,  and  Xoyo ;, 
a discourse  ; Fr.  zymologie .]  The  doctrine  of 
fermentation,  or  a treatise  on  the  fermentation 
of  liquors  ; — written  also  zumology.  Oswald. 

Zymology , zymological,  zymologist , zymometer, 
&c.,  are  sometimes  spelt  with  u and  sometimes  with 
y,  in  the  first  syllable,  as  zumology,  zymology,  &c. 
But  the  use  of  y instead  of  u in  these  words,  is  in 
accordance  with  the  general  rule  of  orthography,  in 
transferring  words  of  this  class  from  Greek  into 
English. 

ZY-MOM'g-TjjR,  n.  [Gr.  (,bpy,  ferment,  and 
plrpov,  a measure.]  An  instrument  for  measur- 
ing the  degree  to  which  fermentation  has  pro- 
ceeded in  fermenting  liquors ; a zymosimeter. 

Simmonds. 

ZY-MO-EIM'E-TER,  n.  [Gr.  tfpwai;,  fermenta- 
tion, and  yirpov,  a measure.]  A zymometer ; 
zumometer.  Crabb. 

Z Y-MO  ’SIS,  n.  [Gr.  typai at;,  fermentation.]  (Med.) 
An  epidemic,  endemic,  or  contagious  affection. 

Dunglison. 

ZY-MOT'IC,  a.  [Gr.  tpporiKds,  causing  to  ferment ; 
$vp6o>,  to  cause  to  ferment.]  (Med.)  Noting,  or 
pertaining  to,  an  epidemic,  an  endemic,  or  a 
contagious  affection  ; infectious.  Dunglison. 

All  infectious  diseases  are  zymotic  disorders.  Dr.  Mann. 

Syn.  — See  Contagious. 

ZY-TIIEP'SA-RY,  n.  [Gr.  Z,v8o;,  zythum,  and 
fiKtoboil.]  A brewery  ; a brew-house.  Wright. 

ZY'THUM,  n.  [Gr.  £5 Oos;  L.  zythum.]  A kind 
of  malt  liquor.  Ainsworth. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  !,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  A,  £,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  obscure;  FARE,  FAR,  FAST,  FALL;  HEIR,  HER. 


APPENDIX. 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  GREEK  AND  LATIN  PROPER  NAMES. 
PRONUNCIATION  OF  SCRIPTURE  PROPER  NAMES. 

PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 
PRONUNCIATION  OF  THE  NAMES  OF  DISTINGUISHED  MEN  OF 
MODERN  TIMES. 

ABBREVIATIONS  USED  IN  WRITING  AND  PRINTING. 

SIGNS  USED  IN  WRITING  AND  PRINTING. 

A COLLECTION  OF  WORDS,  PHRASES,  AND  QUOTATIONS,  FROM  THE 
GREEK,  LATIN,  FRENCH,  ITALIAN,  AND  SPANISH  LANGUAGES. 


213 


(1697) 


Entered,  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1859,  by 
JOSEPH  E.  WORCESTER, 

In  the  Clerk’s  Office  of  the  District  Court  of  the  District  of  Massachusetts. 


ELECTROTYPED  AT  THE 
BOSTON  STEREOTYPE  FOUNDRY. 
RIVERSIDE  PRESS: 

PRINTED  BY  H.  0.  HOUGHTON  AND  COMPANY 
CAMBRIDGE 


A K E Y 

% 

TO  THE 

CLASSICAL  PRONUNCIATION 


GREEK,  LATIN,  AND  SCRIPTURE  PROPER  NAMES; 

TO  WHICH  ARE  ADDED 


TERMINATIONAL  VOCABULARIES. 


(1609) 


PREFACE 


“ A Key  to  the  Classical  Pronunciation  of  Greek,  Latin,  and  Scripture  Proper  Names,”  by  John  Walker,  was  first  pub- 
lisned  in  1798.  It  has  ever  since  been  regarded  as  a standard  work,  and  has  passed  through  many  editions.  An  edition  of 
this  “ Key,”  by  the  Rev.  W.  Trollope,  with  an  explanation  of  the  Proper  Names,  Critical  Notes,  and  between  five  and  six 
hundred  additional  words,  was  published  in  1833. 

The  “ Nomenclator  Poeticus,  or  the  Quantities  of  all  the  Proper  Names  that  occur  in  the  Latin  Classic  Poets  from  B.  C. 
190  to  A.  D.  500,  including  examples  of  every  species  of  metre  used  by  them,”  by  Lancelot  Sharpe,  was  published  in  1836. 
In  1842  appeared  “The  Classical  Pronunciation  of  Proper  Names,  established  by  Citations  from  the  Greek  and  Latin  Poets, 
Greek  Historians,  Geographers,  and  Scholiasts,  and  including  a Terminational  Synopsis  of  Analogy,  Etymology,  &c.,  with  an 
Appendix  of  Scripture  Proper  Names  carefully  accented,”  by  Thomas  Swinburne  Carr. 

In  the  Appendix  to  the  “ Universal  and  Critical  Dictionary,”  published  in  1846,  Walker’s  “ Key  ” was  inserted  entire, 
together  with  about  3,000  additional  Greek  and  Latin  Proper  Names,  the  most  of  which  were  taken  from  Carr  and  Trollope ; 
and  in  the  Appen’dix  to  the  “ Pronouncing,  Explanatory,  and  Synonymous  Dictionary,”  published  in  1855,  about  1,500  names, 
taken  from  Sharpe’s  “ Nomenclator  Poeticus,”  were  added  to  the  Vocabulary  of  Greek  and  Latin  Proper  Names,  making  the 
whole  addition  to  Walker’s  list  about  4,500  names.  The  pronunciation  of  a considerable  number  of  these  names,  which  had 
been  shown  by  citations  from  the  Greek  and  Latin  poets,  as  exhibited  by  Sharpe,  Carr,  and  other  prosodists,  to  be  erroneous, 
was  corrected. 

The  Vocabulary  of  the  Greek  and  Latin  Proper  Names,  and  also  that  of  the  Scripture  Proper  Names,  as  here  given,  have 
been  revised,  with  great  labor  and  care,  by  Mr.  Ezra  Abbot,  A.  M.  Such  Greek  and  Latin  names  as  were  unnecessarily 
inserted  in  a pronouncing  vocabulary  have  been  omitted  ; many  others  have  been  added,  numerous  errors  corrected ; and  both 
of  these  vocabularies  will,  it  is  believed,  be  found  far  more  correct  than  any  before  published. 

The  following  Vocabularies  of  Greek  and  Latin  Proper  Names  are  founded  on  those  given  in  Walker’s  “Key”;  but  the 
changes  which  have  been  made  in  the  Initial  Vocabulary  are  so  extensive  as  to  constitute  it,  in  a great  measure,  a new 
work.  The  Initial  Vocabulary  in  WalkePs  Key  contains  about  10,480  names.  Of  these  about  2,200  have  been  rejected  as 
useless,  or  as  mere  typographical  errors ; in  about  500  his  pronunciation  has  been  corrected,  not  including  the  numerous 
instances  in  which  trivial  mistakes  have  been  removed,  such  as  those  which  relate  merely  to  the  division  into  syllables  ; and 
about  6,580  names  have  been  added  to  the  number  contained  in  Walker. 

Of  the  words  which  have  been  rejected,  a large  majority  have  no  claim  to  a place  in  a pronouncing  vocabulary,  for  the 
simple  reason  that  their  pronunciation  cannot  be  mistaken.  Who  would  look  in  a dictionary  for  the  pronunciation  of  such 
words  as  Abantis,  Abas,  Acanthus,  Acmon , Actis,  and  the  like  ? A few  words  have  been  omitted  because  they  are  found  only 
once,  so  far  as  is  known,  in  the  whole  circle  of  classical  literature,  and  there  is  nothing  to  determine  their  accent ; as,  Apusida- 
mus,  which  occurs,  apparently,  only  in  a single  passage  of  Pliny.  The  typographical  errors  to  which  allusion  has  been  made 
are  very  numerous.  Many  of  these  seem  to  have  been  copied  by  Walker  from  Lempriere  ; as,  AEchmacoras  for  JEchmago- 
ras ; AEdon  for  Aedon ; Amphitea  for  Amphithea ; Ampysides  for  Ampycides ; Androtrion  for  Androtion ; Apsinus  for 
Apsines ; Belistida  for  Belistiche ; Calayutis  for  Calaguris ; Costobcei  for  Costoboci ; Conisaltus  for  Conisalus  ; Galeolce  for 
Galcota,  Ac.  It  may  give  a better  idea  of  the  nature  of  the  omissions  in  the  present  edition  to  state  the  fact  that,  of  the 
words  in  Walkers  Vocabulary  beginning  with  the  letter  A,  256  have  been  rejected;  185  because  their  pronunciation 
could  not  be  mistaken,  62  as  corrupt  forms  or  misprints,  and  9 for  other  reasons. 


(1701) 


1702 


PREFACE. 


The  corrections  of  Walker’s  pronunciation,  relating  chiefly  to  the  accent,  have  been  founded  on  a careful  examination  of  the 
best  authorities.  Among  these  authorities,  the  works  of  Carr  and  Sharpe  are  particularly  valuable  for  their  citations  from  the 
Latin  poets  ; and  in  the  case  of  Greek  proper  names,  the  Lexicons  of  Crusius  and  Pape,  and  Rost  and  Palm’s  new  edition  of 
Passow,  have  been  of  great  service.  Besides  the  500  instances  mentioned  above,  in  which  Walker’s  pronunciation  has  been 
altered  as  erroneous,  there  are  about  150  more  in  which  it  is  given  as  doubtful.  Some  of  these  are  names  in  which  the 
quantity  of  the  penultimate  syllable  varies  in  the  poets  ; as,  Bata'vi  or  Bat'avi  ; in  respect  to  others,  lexicographers  and  pros- 
odists  differ,  as  Gen' ahum  or  Gena'bum ; and  there  are  others  still,  which  are  variously  pronounced  according  to  their  appli- 
cation, as  AEne'as,  Virgil’s  hero  ; JE'?ieas  (Alr&ug),  the  name  of  several  persons  mentioned  by  Xenophon,  Thucydides,  and  other 
ancient  authors  ; Orpheus,  used  as  a noun  ; Orphe'us,  as  an  adjective.  In  many  cases  in  which  the  true  accent  of  a word  is 
doubtful,  the  conflicting  authorities  have  been  designated. 

The  additions  have  been  derived  from  various  sources,  of  which  the  most  important  are  the  works  of  Carr  and  Sharpe, 
Pauly’s  Real-Encyclopadie,  and  the  Classical  Dictionaries  edited  by  Dr.  William  Smith.  Some  mediaeval  names  have  been 
inserted,  particularly  such  as  are  used  as  Christian  names  ; as,  Carolus,  Fridericus,  Galfridus,  Henricus,  Ludovicus. 

It  has  hitherto  been  customary,  in  representing  Greek  proper  names  in  our  language,  to  adopt  their  Latinized  forms.  Some 
distinguished  English  scholars,  as  Mr.  Grote,  in  his  “ History  of  Greece,”  have  recently  introduced  a different  system,  which 
aims  to  represent  the  Greek  more  accurately.  They  accordingly  write  Alkibiades  for  A/cibiades,  Peisistratus  for  Pisistratus, 
&c.  It  has  not,  however,  been  thought  necessary  or  expedient  to  swell  the  present  Vocabulary  by  the  insertion  of  these  forms. 

The  course  which  has  been  taken  with  the  Terminational  Vocabulary  is  explained  in  the  Preface  to  that  part  of  this 
work. 


A LIST  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  WORKS  USED  IN  THE  PREPARATION  OF  THE  VOCABULARY 

OF  GREEK  AND  LATIN  PROPER  NAMES. 


Anthon,  Charles.  A Classical  Dictionary.  New  York,  1841.  8vo. 
do.  do.  A System  of  Ancient  and  Mediaeval  Geography. 
New  York,  1850.  8vo. 

After  ancient  geographical  names,  the  abbreviation 
j3.  refers  to  this  work. 

Carr,  Thomas  S.  The  Classical  Pronunciation  of  Proper  Names. 
London,  1842.  12mo. 

Crusius,  G.  C.  . . Griechisch-Deutsches  Worterbueh  der  mytholo- 
gischen,  historischen,  und  geographischen 
Eigennamen.  Hannover,  1832.  8vo. 
Forbiger,  Albert.  Handbuch  der  alten  Geographie.  3 Bde.  Leip- 
zig, 1842-48.  8vo. 

Freund,  Wilhelm.  Worterbueh  der  Lateinischen  Sprache.  4 Bde. 

Leipzig,  1834-45.  8vo.  (English  transla- 
tion, avith  a few  additions,  edited  by  E.  A. 
Andrews,  LL.  D.  New  York,  1851.  8vo.) 

Klotz,  Reinhold.  . Handwbrterbuch  der  lateinischen  Sprache.  2 
Bde.  Braunschweig,  [1847-]  1857.  8vo. 
Labbe,  Philippe..  . Erudite  Pronuntiationis  Catholici  Indices.  Ab 
Edwardo  Leedes  olim  recogniti  et  aucti ; et 
nunc  iterum  recensiti.  Londini,  1751.  16mo. 


Muller,  August.  . Allgemeines  Worterbueh  der  Aussprache  aus- 
lfindischer  Eigennamen.  3te  Aufl.  Dresden 
und  Leipzig,  1849.  8vo. 

Pape,  (J.  G.)  W.  . Worterbueh  der  Griechischen  Eigennamen.  2te 
Aufl.  Braunschweig,  1850.  8vo. 

Pauly,  August.  . . Real-Encyclopadie  der  classischen  Alterthums- 
wissenschaft.  6 Bde.  in  7 Abth.  Stuttgart, 
1839-52.  8vo. 

Scheller,  I.  J.  G.  Ausfiihrliches  lateinisch-deutschcs  Lexicon.  3te 
Aufl.  5 Bde.  Leipzig,  1804.  8vo. 

Sharpe,  Lancelot.  Nomenclator  Poeticus.  London,  1836.  12mo. 

Smith,  William.  . Dictionary  of  Greek  and  Roman  Biography  and 
Mythology.  3 vols.  London,  1844-49.  8vo. 
do.  do.  . . Dictionary  of  Greek  and  Roman  Geography. 
2 vols.  London,  1853-57.  8vo. 

Trollope,  W.  . . Edition  of  Walker’s  Key.  London,  1833.  8vo. 

Walker,  John.  . . A Key  to  the  Classical  Pronunciation  of  Greek, 
Latin,  and  Scripture  Proper  Names.  First 
American  from  the  Third  London  Edition. 
Philadelphia,  1808.  8vo. 


PRONUNCIATION 


O F 


GREEK 


AND  LATIN  PROPER  NAMES. 


REMARKS. 


The  following  rules  and  observations  relating  to  the  pronuncia- 
tion of  Greek  and  Latin  Proper  Names  are  in  general  accordance 
with  the  principles  of  Walker;  but  as  the  system  of  notation  used 
in  this  Dictionary  is  applied  to  these  Names  in  the  Vocabulary,  and 
as  all  the  words  are  divided  into  syllables,  some  of  his  rules  for 
their  pronunciation  are  here  omitted  as  unnecessary. 

1.  Greek  and  Latin  names  introduced  into  modern  languages 
naturally  acquire,  in  sound  and  rhythm,  the  main  characteristics 
of  the  different  languages  which  receive  them.  That  which  is 
chiefly  attended  to  and  sought  after,  in  classical  names,  is  the 
seat  of  the  accent ; and  when  the  seat  of  the  accent  and  the  syl- 
labication are  determined,  these  names  are  pronounced,  in  the 
English  language,  according  to  the  powers  of  the  letters  in  common 
English  words. 

2.  In  Greek  and  Latin  names,  the  accent  is  always  placed 
on  either  the  second  or  the  third  syllable  from  the  end  of  the 
word.  In  words  of  more  than  two  syllables,  if  the  penult  is  long 
in  quantity,  it  is  accented ; if  short,  the  antepenult  receives  the 
accent. 

3.  The  vowel  of  the  penult  before  x,  z,  j,  or  any  two  consonants 
except  a mute  followed  by  a liquid,  as  l or  r,  is  long  by  position. 
In  other  cases  its  quantity  must  be  determined  by  poetic  usage, 
etymology,  or  the  mode  in  which  the  word  is  written  in  Greek. 
The  digraphs  ch,  pli,  rh,  and  th  are  to  be  regarded  as  single  conso- 
nants. 

4.  An  accented  vowel  in  the  penultimate  syllable,  when  followed 
by  a single  consonant,  by  j or  z,  or  by  a mute  with  l or  r,  has  the 
long  sound  ; as,  A'bas,  A! era ; otherwise,  it  is  short ; as,  Abdn'tis. 
This  pronunciation,  in  cases  like  the  first  and  last  of  these  exam- 
ples, is  so  obvious,  that  it  has  not  been  deemed  necessary  to  include 
such  words  in  the  Vocabulary. 

Exception.  — Before  gl  and  tl,  the  vowel  of  the  penult,  unless  it 
be  u,  has  the  short  sound  ; as,  AEgle  (eg'le),  Atlas  (at'las). 

5.  The  final  e is  always  sounded  ; as  in  Bereni'ce.  This  remark, 
of  course,  does  not  apply  to  Anglicized  forms  ; as,  Pros' er-pine,  for 
Proserpina. 

6.  Every  final  i,  though  unaccented,  has  its  long  open  sound,  as 
in  Abolani.  But  when  i,  or  its  equivalent  y,  ends  an  unaccented 
first  syllable  of  a word,  it  has,  in  some  cases,  its  long  sound,  as  in 
Bianor ; in  some,  it  takes  the  indistinct  sound  of  e,  as  in  Cilicia ; 
and  in  some  it  is  difficult  to  determine  which  of  these  sounds  is  to 
be  preferred,  as  there  is  a want  of  agreement  with  respect  to  them 
both  among  orthoepists  and  good  speakers. 


7.  The  termination  es  is  pronounced  like  the  English  word  ease ; 
as,  Achilles  (a-kil'lez). 

8.  The  terminations  aus  and  ous  are  always  pronounced  in  two 
syllables  ; as,  Men-e-la! us,  An-tinI o-us. 

9.  The  termination  eus  in  proper  names  which  in  Greek  end  in 
f bg,  as  Orpheus,  Prometheus,  is  to  be  pronounced  as  one  syllable,  the 
eu  being  a diphthong.  Walker,  following  Labbe,  generally  separates 
the  vowels  in  pronunciation.  But  the  diphthong  is  never  resolved 
in  Greek ; and  very  rarely,  if  ever,  in  Latin  poetry  of  the  golden  or 
the  silver  age,  the  few  examples  which  have  been  adduced  being,  with 
perhaps  a single  exception,  either  corrupt  readings,  or  taken  from 
writings  of  doubtful  genuineness  (as  the  Culex  ascribed  to  Virgil), 
or  wholly  irrelevant,  as  in  the  case  of  the  word  Tyndareus,  cited  by 
Labbe  and  others.*  The  usage  of  the  English  poets,  of  modern 
classical  scholars,  and  of  the  best  speakers  generally,  also  favors,  it 
is  believed,  the  pronunciation  which  the  analogy  of  the  original 
languages  requires,  and  which  is  supported  by  the  authority  of  the 
best  Latin  grammarians  from  Priscian  (Be  Arte  Gram.,  Lib.  VII. 
c.  4)  to  the  present  time. 

10.  There  is  a class  of  proper  names  ending  in  ia,  which,  in  their 
classical  pronunciation,  have  the  accent  on  the  penultimate ; as, 
Alexandra  a,  Cassandra  a,  Beidami'a,  Philadelphi'  a,  Samari'a,  &c. 
The  English  analogy  strongly  favors  the  antepenultimate  accent  in 
the  pronunciation  of  this  class  of  words  ; and  Walker  countenances 
this  accent  in  relation  to  a part  of  them,  especially  such  as  are 
much  used  in  English,  and  have  consequently  become,  in  a measure, 
Anglicized.  The  following  words,  namely,  Alexandria,  Philadel- 
phia, and  Samaria,  are  so  much  Anglicized,  that  it  would  seem 
pedantic,  in  reading  or  speaking  English,  to  pronounce  them  other- 
wise than  with  the  antepenultimate  accent.  But  such  of  these, 
names  as  are  scarcely  at  all  Anglicized,  as  Antiochia,  Beidamia, 
Laomedia,  &c.,  may  very  properly  be  allowed  to  retain  their 
classical  accentuation. 

11.  There  are  some  other  classical  names  which  have  become 
more  or  less  Anglicized,  and  which  have,  in  consequence,  had  their 
pronunciation  in  a greater  or  less  degree  changed  from  the  classical 
standard.  Thus,  Arius,  the  name  of  the  celebrated  heretic,  is 
pronounced  A'rius  in  English,  though  the  penult  is  long  in  Greek  j 
and  the  usage  of  the  English  poets  has  substituted  Hype! r ion  for 
Hyperi'on. 

* Walker  erroneously  represents  Labbe  as  observing  that  “ the  Latin  poets  very 
frequently  dissolved  the  diphthong  into  two  syllables.”  Labbe,  on  the  contrary, 
admits  that  the  ancient  Latui  poets  “ almost  always  ” —fere  sender  — preserve  the 
diphthong. 


(1703) 


1704 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  GREEK  AND  LATIN  PROPER  NAMES. 


RULES  OF  PRONUNCIATION 

REFERRED  TO  BY  FIGURES  IN  THE  FOLLOWING  VOCABULARY. 


Rule  1.  — The  consonants  c,  s,  and  t,  immediately  preceded  by 
the  accent,  and  standing  before  i,  followed  by  another  vowel, 
commonly  have  the  sound  of  sh ; as  in  Pho'cion  (fo'she-on),  Adcius 
(ak'she-us),  Al'sium  (al'she-um),  TTelvdtii  (hel-ve'she-I).  — C,  fol- 
lowing an  accented  syllable,  has  also  the  same  sound  before  eu  and 
yo,  as  in  Cadu'ceus  (ka-du'she-us),  S i"cyon  (slsh'e-on). 

Exceptions.  — T,  when  preceded  by  s or  x,  has  its  hard  sound,  as 
in  Sestius,  Sextius.  — When  si  or  zi,  immediately  preceded  by  an 
accented  vowel,  is  followed  by  a vowel,  the  s or  z generally  takes 
the  sound  of  zh ; as,  Mcc'sia  (me'zhe-a),  He' siod  (he'zhe-od), 
Ely"sium  (e-lizh'e-um),  Sabazius  (sa-ba'zhe-us).  According  to 
Walker,  the  words  Asia,  Sosia,  and  Theodosia  are  the  only  excep- 
tions ; but  to  these  a few  others  should  perhaps  be  added,  as 
Lysias,  Tysias. 

X,  ending  an  accented  syllable,  and  standing  before  i followed  by 
a vowel,  has  the  sound  of  ksh  ; as  in  Alex' ia  (a-lek'she-a). 

Rule  2.  — In  some  proper  names,  t preserves  its  true  sound  ; as, 
Action,  Amphictyon,  Androtion,  Eurytion,  Gration,  Harpocration, 
Hippotion,  Iphition,  Motion,  Ornytion,  Pallantion,  Philistion,  Poly- 
tion,  Sotion,  Stration,  and  a few  others ; but  Hephcestion  and 
Theodotion  are  Anglicized,  the  last  syllable  being  pronounced  like 
the  last  syllable  in  question,  commotion.  In  the  words  JEsion, 
Dionysion,  and  Iasion,  the  s takes  the  sound  of  z,  but  not  of  zh. 

Rule  3.  — In  words  ending  in  eia,  eii,  eium,  and  eius,  with  the 


accent  on  the  e,  the  i following  the  accent  is  to  be  understood 
as  articulating  the  following  vowel  like  y consonant ; as,  Elegdia 
(el-e-je'ya),  PompeHi  (pom-pe'yi),  PompeHum  (pom-pe'yum),  Pom- 
pdius  (pom-pe'yus).  The  same  rule  also  applies  to  words  ending 
in  ia,  preceded  by  a or  o having  the  accent  upon  it,  as  Acha'ia 
(a-ka'ya),  Lato'ia  (la-to'ya),  and  likewise  to  words  having  the  accent 
on  a vowel,  fallowed  by  ia,  even  when  these  letters  do  not  end  the 
word,  as  Pldiades  (ple'ya-dez). 

The  letters  yi,  followed  by  a vowel,  generally  represent  the 
Greek  diphthong  vi,  and  form  but  one  syllable ; as,  Harpyia, 
pronounced  Ilar-py'ya,  or,  as  some  prefer,  Har-pwy'a  ; llithyia, 
pronounced  in  four  syllables,  ll-i-thy'ya,  not  I-lith-y-i! a,  as  in 
Walker. 

Rule  4.  — The  diphthongs  ce  and  ce,  ending  a syllable  with  the 
accent  on  it,  are  pronounced  like  long  e,  as  in  Cad sar  (se'zar) ; but 
when  followed  by  a consonant  in  the  same  syllable,  like  short  e,  as 
in  Dced'alus  (ded'a-lus). 

Rule  5.  — In  Greek  and  Latin  words  which  begin  with  uncom- 
binable  consonants,  the  first  letter  is  silent ; thus,  C in  Cneus  and 
Ctesiphon,  M in  Mneus,  P in  Psyche  and  Ptolemy,  Ph  in  Phthia, 
and  T in  Trnolus,  are  not  sounded. 

Rule  6.  — The  termination  eus  in  most  Greek  proper  names 
corresponds  to  evg,  and  is  then  to  be  pronounced  in  one  syllable ; 
as,  Orpheus,  pronounced  Or'phuse. 


PRONUNCIATION 


O F 


GREEK  AND 


LATIN  PROPER  NAMES. 


INITIAL  VOCABULARY. 


The  abbreviations  A.y  C .,  Cr.,  F.,  Fr.,  K.,  L .,  M.,  P.,  Py.,  S’.,  Sch.,  and  W.  represent 
tile  names  of  Anthon,  Carr , Crusius , Forbiger , Freund , Kloti , Labbc , Muller , Pape , 
Pauly , Smithy  Scheller , and  Walker , respectively.  “ IF.  (i.  v.)  ” denotes  Walker’s 
Initial  Vocabulary,  and  “ IT.  (t.  v.)  ” his  Terminational  Vocabulary,  which  is  not 
unfrequently  at  variance  with  the  former.  — The  works  referred  to  by  these  names 
are  specified  at  the  end  of  the  Preface,  page  1702. 


The /flares  annexed  to  the  words  refer  to  the  Sir  Fm/cs  0/  Pronunciation , on  page  1704. 
Thus  the  figure  (1)  annexed  to  Abantias  refers  to  Rule  1,  which  shows  that  the  word 
is  pronounced  A-ban'she-ds. 

The  words  in  Italics  are  the  preceding  words  Anglicized , either  in  form  or  in  pronun- 
ciation. Thus  the  Latin  word  Adrianus  is  changed,  in  English,  into  Adrian , and 
AlezandrV a is  pronounced  Alexandria. 


A'ba,  and  A'b$ 

Ab-o-ra'ca 

Ac'a-ton 

Ach-e-ru'§j-a  1 

Ac-ra-toph'9-rus 

Adra-na 

AE-bu'tj-us  1 

Ab'a-9 

A-bG'ras  $ 

Ac'b^-rus 

Agh-e-ru'^j-as  1 

Ac  ra-top'9-te^ 

A-diis'pi-I 

^E-bu'ra 

Ab'a-ba 

Ab-o-ri^'j-ne^ 

Ac'cl 

Ach-e-ru'sis 

A-cra'tus 

Ad'ri-tha 

jE'cae 

Ab-ft-^je'num 

Ab'9-tis 

Ac'cj-a  1 

A-che'tu& 

A'cri-ie 

Ad-de-pha'Ji-^ 

iE-chl^n 

Ab-a-ce'ne 

Ab-r^-da'tas,  A.  L.  Py. 

Ac'ci-ia 

A-chl'las 

A'cri-as 

Ad'du-? 

yEcli-niag'9-ras 

A-bce'^ 

W. 

Ac'ci-on  1 

A-chil'Ias 

Ac-n-doph'9-^1 

A-dei'phi-us 

iEch'mis  4 

Ab'?i-ga 

A-brad'a-t&s,  Cr.  M. 

Ac'cj-us  1 

Ach-jl-le'a 

A-crI'on 

A-de'nmn 

^Ec-la'num 

A-bag'st-rus 

Ab-r<i-da/te§ 

Ac'cu-9 

A-chil-lei-en'se^ 

A-cri"se-us  1 

A-deph'a-gus 

iEc-u-la'num 

Ab'a-la 

A-bra'ha-inus 

Arce 

AcTi-il-le'is 

A-cris-j-o'ne 

A'dc^,  or  Ha'de^ 

^E-dep'sus 

A-bal'ia-bri 

A-bren'tj-us  1 

A^-e-dl'cI 

A^chil'le§ 

A-crIs-i-9-ne'is 

Ad-gan-dcs'tri-us 

AE-de'^i-a  1 

Ab'a-lus 

Ab-ret-te'ne 

Ac'e-la 

Acn-jl-le'um 

A-cris-i-9-ne'us 

A-di-9-be'ne 

^E-de^i-us  1 

A-ban'te^ 

Ab-ret-te'nus 

A^'e-lG 

A-chil'leus  (w.)  6 

A-cris-i-9-nl'9-dG§ 

A-dj-an'te 

. ^E-des'sa 

Ab:an-tl'?i-de$ 

A-broc'9-mas 

A^'e-lum 

AcTi-il-le'us  (a.) 

A-crl'^i-us  1 

A-di-at'9-rTx 

^Ed'i-la  4 

A-ban'tj-as  1 

A-broc'9-me? 

A-ceph'a-lI 

Ach-jl-lI'dG§ 

A-crI'tas 

Ad-j-man'tus 

AE-dI'le§ 

A-ban'tj-das 

A-brod-j-ae'tus 

A-cer'9-tus 

A-^hi'vI 

A-cro'9-thbn 

Ad-i-me'te 

yEd'i-lus  4 

Ab-ar-ba're-fi 

A'b^n 

A^-e-rl'n^ 

Acji-la-dce'us 

Ac-r9-ce-rau'nj-a 

Ad-me'ta,  or  -te 

^E-dlp'sus 

Ab'a-rl 

A-brS'nj-us 

A^er-rS'nj-a 

Ach'9-la 

Acrc-ce-rau'ni-uin 

Ad-me'tus 

A-e'd9n  11 

A-bar'j-mon,  C.  W. 

A-bron'y-chus 

A^-er-rS'ni-us 

Ach-9-la'I 

Ac-ro-ce-re'te^ 

A-do'ni-a 

A-e-do'iijs 

Ab-9-rI'mon,  M. 

A-brG't?  |f 

Ac-er-sec'9-me? 

A-cho'li-us 

Ac-r9-co-rin'tlius 

A-do'neus  6,  and 

AEd'u-e§  4 

Ab'^-rls  * 

A-brot'9-num 

A'ce§ 

A-chol'9-e,  M. 

A-cro'm^ 

A-do'ne-us  (n.) 

jEd'u-i  4 

Ab'a-rus,  W.  (t.  v.) 

A-bru'p9-lis 

A^-e-sam'e-nus 

Ach^-lo'e,  W.  (i.  v.) 

A'ci^n 

Ad-9-iie'us  (a.) 

iE-e'ta 

A-ba'rus,  W.  (i.  v.) 

A'brus 

A^'e-sas 

A-cii5'reus  G 

Ac-r9-pa't9S,  M.  W: 

A-don'j-cus 

jE-e'tc§ 

Ab'fi-sa,  C.  W.  (t.  v.) 

A-bryp'9-lIs 

A-ce'§i-9  1 

A-clio'rus 

(i.  v.)' 

A-do'nis 

^E-e'tj-as  1 

A-ba/s^,  W.  (1.  v.) 

Ab'sa-rus,  M.  W.  (t.  v.) 

A-Ce'^i-as  1 

Agh-ra-dl'na 

A-crop'a-tos,  C. 

Ad'ra-a 

iE-e-tl'ne 

Ab-a-sl'tjs 

Ab-sa'rus,  K. 

A^-e-sl'ne^ 

Agh'r^-dus 

A-crop'9-lis 

Ad-ra-ini'tte 

AE-e'tis 

Ab-as-se'nri 

Ab-se'us 

A^-e-sI'nus 

A^-j-chS'ri-us 

A-crop-9-lis'tjs 

Ad-ra-myt'tj-uin 

^E'ga 

Ab-as-se'nl 

Ab-slm'a-rus 

A-ce'§i-us  1 

A-crop-9-lI't9 

A-dra'na,  M.  W. 

JE'gge 

Ab'a-tos 

Ab-sin'tiii-I 

A-ces'te^ 

A^-j-da'sa 

Ac-i'9-re^ 

Ad'ra-n?,  F.  K.  Py. 

yE-gte'cc 

Ab-d^-lon'j-mus,  or 

Ab'sg-rus 

A-ces'tj-um  1 

A^-j-dl'nus 

Ac-r9-re'I 

A-dra'ne 

'9  n 

Ab-da-lon'y-mus 

Ab-syr'ti-des 

A-ces-t9-do'rus 

A-cI'la,  C. 

Ac'r9-ta 

A-dra'num 

AE-gae'um 

Ab-dG'r^ 

Ab'u-la  ' 

A^-es-tor'i-de^ 

A^'i-la,  S. 

A-crot'a-tus 

A-dra'nus 

^E-*;e'us 

Ab-de'rj-^ 

Ab-u-ll'te$ 

A-ce'te^ 

A-clPi-9 

Ac-i'9-te-leu'tj-um  1 

Ad-ras-te'a,  or  -tl'9 

^E-ga'le-os 

Ab-de-rl'te§ 

Ab-un-dan'tj-us  1 

Ach-9-by't9S 

A-Cil-j-a'nus 

Ac-r9-tiio'i 

Ad-ras-tl'ne 

^E-ga'le-um 

Ab-de'rus 

. A-bu'ri-us 

A-ch.T'a 

A^-i-lig'e-na 

Ac-r9-tho'9n 

A-dre'ne 

iE'gan 

Ab-do-lon'i-mus 

Ab-u-se'na,  or  -sl'na 

A-chaBAi 

A-cll'i-us 

Ac^-thd'um 

A'dri-^ 

AE'gas 

A-be-a'ta? 

Ab-y-de'nl 

A-^hae'i-um 

A-cil'la 

Ac-tic'a 

A-drj-^n-op'o-lis 

^E-gafte§ 

Ab-el-la'nl 

Ab-y-de'nus 

A-chaem'e-ne§  4 

A^-jn-dy'nus,  and 

Ac-tflB'9n 

A-dri-a'num 

iE'ge-as,  C.  L. 

Ab-el-ll'nuin 

A-by'dl 

Ach-te-me'ni-a 

A-cIn'dy-nus 

Ac-tae'us 

A-dri-a'nus 

^E-^e'as,  W.  (i. 

A-bel'lj-5 

A-by'd9S 

Ach-®-men'j-de§ 

A^-j-nl'po 

Ac'ti-a  1 

A'dri-an 

iE-ge-a'te$ 

A-bG'lus 

A-by'dus 

A-chas'tus 

Ac'j-ris 

Ac-tl'^-cus 

A-dri-^t'i-cum 

JR -^c'le-on 

A'bel 

Ab'y-l?t 

A-chce'us 

A^j-um  1 

Ac-t!s'a-ne§,  A.  S.  W. 

Ad-ry-me'tum 

/E-^G'rj-a 

Ab'e-Iux 

Ab'y-lon 

A-cllaAi-a  3 

Ac-me'ne§ 

(i.  v.) 

Ad-u-at'j-ca 

iE-gGs'ia 

A-ber'cj-us  1 

Ab-ys-sl'nl 

A-cha'i-Ss  3 

Ac-m5'ni-a 

Ac-ti-sa'ne§,  M.  W. 

Ad-u-at'i-cl 

iE-gG'tl 

Ab'g?-rus 

Ab-ys-sin'i-a 

A-cha'i-cus 

Ac-mon'i-de^ 

(t.'  V.) 

A-du'la,  or  -le 

AE'geus  (??.)  6 

A'bj-9 

Ac-a-calMis 

A-cha'is 

A^-ce-ine'tJe 

Ac'tj-um  1 

A-du'las 

^E-^G'us  (a.) 

A-bj-a/nus 

Ac-a-ce^i-um  l 

Ach'a-le 

A^-ce-non^-e'tus 

Ac'tj-us  1 

A-du'lis 

^E'^i-ie,  or  yE-gl' 

A'bi-I 

Ac-a-ce'^j-us  1 

A^h'fi-ra 

A-cce'te§ 

Ac-tor'i-def 

Ad-u-IVtaj 

iE-gl'^-le 

Ab'i-la 

Ac-a-ce'te§ 

A-char'a  c 9 

Ac-9-ly'tI 

Ac-to'ri-on‘ 

Ad-u-ll't9n 

yE-gj-a-le,a 

Ab-i-le'ne 

A-caAci-iis  1 

Ach-a-ren'se^ 

Ac-9-min'a-tiis 

Ac't9-rTs 

A-du'§i-us  1 

yE-|p9-leus  6 

A-bis'9-r6§ 

Ac'a-cus 

A-chlr'nie 

Ac'9-n® 

Ac-ta'rj-us 

Ad'vo-lan^ 

iE-gj-a-lI'a 

A-bls'fi-ris 

Ac-9-de-mI'a,  or 

A-cha'te$ 

A-con'te? 

Ac-tu-a'ri-us 

Ad-yr-mach'i-daj 

^E-gl'a-lus 

Ab-j-son'te? 

Ac-a-de'mj-a 

AcTi-e-15'j-as 

A-con'teus  6 

A-cu'le-5 

yE'a 

^E-^ic'9-rG^ 

A-bl-ti-a'nus  1 

Ac-9-de'mus 

Ach-e-15'j-dcf 

A-con'tj-us  1 

A-cu'me-nus 

AG-9-ce'9 

^E^'j-da  4 

A-bla'bj-us 

Ac-a-de'ra 

Ach-e-l5'is 

Ac-9n-tob'9-ll 

A-cu'phis 

AE'a-ce? 

^E-^I'dGs 

A-bla'vj-us 

Ac-a-dl'ra 

Ach-e-lo'rj-um 

A-con-t9-bu'lus 

A-cu-sj -iarus 

^E-ac'j-das 

iE-gid'j-us 

A-ble'rus 

Ac-9-lan'drus 

Ach-e-lo'us 

Ac'9-rTs 

A-cu'tj-cus 

iE-a^'i-de^ 

^E^'j-lrl  4 

A-ble'te^ 

Ac'9-le 

A-che'lus 

Ac'9-rus 

A-cu'ti-us  1 

^E-9-cl'um 

vE-^iPj-a 

Ab'no-ba 

Ac-a-mar'ghis 

Acti-e-men'j-Gle^ 

A'cra 

A-cy'rus 

AE'^-cus 

iE^'i-lips  4 

Ab-o-brl'c^  f 

Ac'^L-mas 

A-che'r^s 

Ac-ra-dl'n? 

Ac'v-tus 

AE'aj 

iE-^im'j-us 

Ab-o-bri'ga 

A-can'thi-ne 

A-cher'dus 

A'crae 

vj/  A 

Ad'a-da 

iE-ee'a 

^E-^Tm'9-rus 

A-bo'bus 

A-can'tlli-5 

Ach-e-rl'nl 

A-crte'a 

A-dai'us 

iE-a-ine'ne 

^E-^Im'u-rus,  or 

Ab-o-dl'a-cum 

Ac'^-ra 

Ach'e-r5 

A-crje'pheus  6 

Ad-a-man-tie'a 

AG-^n-te'um 

iE£-j-mu'rus  4 

A-bcec'rj-tus  4 

A-ca'rj-a 

Ach'e-ron 

A-crae'phj-a 

Ad-a-man'ti-iis  1 

AE-an'tj-de§ 

iE^'j-mus  4 

Ab-9-la'ni 

Ac-^r-na'ne^ 

Ach-e-ron'tj-9  1 

A-cra0ph'ni-a  4 

Adra-mas 

iE-an'tis 

A E-gl'na 

Ab'o-lds  J 

Ac-ar-na'ni-a 

A-chGr'ras 

Ac-ra-gal-ll'dce 

Ad-a-mSs'tus 

^E^-j-ne'ta  4 

A-bon-i-teI'$li9S 

Ac-^-than'tus 

Acli'e-run§ 

Ac'r^i-gas 

A-da'mus 

iE'^-tus 

iE|-j-ne'te§  4 

* Ab'aris . — So  Ovid.  Met.  v.  86,  and  Virg.  ix.  344.  Crusius  and  Pape  repre- 
sent the  penult  as  long  in  Greek  ; but  the  only  authority  for  this  seems  to  be  that  of 
Nonnus,  a writer  of  the  fifth  century. 

f AbobrVca. — The  i in  the  Celtic  termination  brica  or  briga  is  marked  as  long 
(when  marked  at  all)  by  Anthon,  Forbiger,  Freund,  Klotz,  Muller,  Pauly,  and 
Scheller.  Their  authority  has  been  followed,  in  preference  to  that  of  Walker.  This 
is  a common  ending  of  ancient  names  of  places  in  Gaul  and  Spain,  and  is  supposed 
to  signify  “ town  ” or  “ city.” 

214 


t Ab'olus.  — So  Muller.  "A0o\og,  Plut.  Timol.  34.  Walker  accents  the  penul 
timate. 

§ Abo'ras.  — So  Muller.  The  Greek  is  ’AB&pas,  not  ’Afldpag,  as  given  by  Carr. 
The  more  common  forms  of  the  name  are  ’A fidppaq  and  Xaffdjpag. 

||  Abro'ta — So  Anthon  and  Smith.  ’A /fydjry,  Plut.  Qucest.  Orcec.  p.  295,  a. 
Carr,  Muller,  and  Walker  accent  the  antepenultimate. 

Addon , Greek  ’Aydwy  ; not  JEdon , as  in  Walker.  So,  below,  Walker  incorrectly 
writes  JErope , *IEropuSy  JEthlius , .JEtion , JEtius , for  Adrope , Adropus , etc. 

(1705) 


1706 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  GREEK  AND  LATIN  PROPER  NAMES. 


yE-jHn'j-um 
o-^Uus 
jE'fi-ou 
zE»7j-pin  4 
vEg-i-pi’ne^  t 
vE.£i'r? 
iE-iir-o- 

s'thus 
T"tj-Qm  1 

JEr‘ 

: 4 

yEg-fe'is  4 
^Eg'les  4 
zEg-le?te$  4 
/Eg'la-£S  4 
.E-gob'o-lus 
^E-go^'e-ros 
^E'gon 
AE-gd'ne 
^Eg-o-ne'?  4 
jE-go'ne^ 

-lE-gopli'a-gus 

yE-gSs'?-* * * §® 

-E'gos  PBt'a-mi.or-mos 
/E-goii'the-na 
jE'gus 
^E-gu'sj 
A5'*y 
M*'y-U  4 
yE|-y-pa'ne5  4 
yp'sos 
yp'sus 
yp'ti-I  I 
y p'ti-uill  l 
JE-fjp'tlis 
iE'»yS 
zE-la'na 
yE'lj-? 
iE-li-a'nus 

JF'li-aji 

iEl'i-iion  4 

jEl'i-nos  4 

yE'li-us 

A-el'lp 

A-el'lo-pus 

zE-lu'riis 

-E-mi'illi-:, 

.■E-mll'i  a 
-/E-mil-i-a'nus 
jE-mil'j-us  ' 
jEm-ncs'tus  4 
-KmVdai  4 
Ai'moij 
.E-mo'na 
j&iiia'nj-a 

yE-iiiBii'i-de? 

yEm'o-nis4 

iE'miis 

iE-mfl'i-? 

jE-myl-i-a'nus 

iE-myl'j-I 

jE-myl'i-us 

AE-nan'ti-on  2 

vE-na'ri-a 

yE-na'si-us  1 

-E-iiG'a 

jE-ne'a-dae 

-E-llt'a-dCs 

.E'ne-&s,tH  Thuc.,Xen. 

Anab.,  JV.  T. 
jE-ne'?3,  the  Trojan 
hero. 

yE  nc'as  Gsi-zae'iis 
jE-ne'as  Tac’ti-cus 
vE-ne'is 
JE-ne'id 
yE-nes-i-dG'mus 
7E-nG'§j-us  1 ' 
yEnC'te 
yE-nS'tus 
yE'neus 6 

A3-nI'a,  in  Macedonia. 
jE'ni-a,  in  JEtolia. 
jE-ni'a-cOs 
yE-ni-a'nes 
yEn'j-cus  4 
AE-m'd® 

A3-ni'cj-chi 
yEn-o-baVbus  4 
jEn'g-clG?  4 
yE-no'neJ 


yE'nos 

yE'num 

yE-ny'ra 

A3'o-IS? 

^E-o'lh? 

yE-6'li-ie 

yE-BI'j-d? 

yE-ol'i-de^ 

yE'o-lIs 

yE'o-lus 

jE-o'nj-a 

yE-6'r? 

yE-pa'lj-us 

Ai-pC'? 

»164 

^Ep'y-tus  4 

iE-qua'na 

iE-qua'nus 

iE'quI 

yE-quic'o-1? 

-/E-quic'o-li 
iE-quic'o-lus 
./E-quic'u-lI 
^Eq-ui-me'li-um  4 

A-er'o-pe 

A-er'o-pus 
zEs'a-cus  4 
yE-sa'ge-y 
yE-sa'pus 
yE'sar 
/Es'si-ry  4 
yE-sa'rus,  and 
.lEs'a-rus  4 
yEs'chi-lies  4 * 
yEs'chi-nus 
vEs'clirj-on  4 
yEs-cliro-dS'ra  4 
jEs-chyi'j-deS  4 
jEs'chy-lus  4 
yEs-cu-la'pj-us  4 
yE-se'pys 
/Eser'nj-a 
.yEs-er-ni'nus  4 
•lE'sj'-on  2,  S.  IV.  (t.  v.) 

vE-sI'gn,  W.  (i.  v.) 
yE'sis 
ZE-sl't® 
yE'son 
.H  so ' n i 9 
yE-son'j-de? 
yEs-o-pe'us  4 
yE-so'pus 
JE'. ■!(>[> 
yEs'trj-y  4 
yEs'tu-l  4 
yEsV-y  4 
yEs'u-la  4 
vEs'u-1®  4 
yE-sy-6'tOs  1 
yE-sy'me 
yEs-ym-ne'tae  4 
jEs-ym-ne'tGj  4 
-/E-svm'nus 
yE-tlue'a 
yEtb'a-le  4 
vEtli-9-le'?  4 
yE-tliil'i-des 
yE-tlia'li-oU 
yE-tJia'lj-oS 
yE-the'ri-e 
yE-tlil'ce? 
yEth'i-cus  4 
yE-thil'la 
yE-thl'on 
jE-thl'o-pGS 
yE-thj-o'pj-a 
yE'tlij-ops 
A-eth'Ij-us  4 
iE'tlign 
yE'tlirii 
yE-tiiu'sfi 
yE-tlly'i?  3 

jE-ti-o-ne'a  1 
yE-tl'tes 
A-G'tj-us  1 t 
yEt'n?  4 
yEt-nsc'us  4 
yE-to'le 


APr 

Af'r 


yE-to'li? 
yE-to'lis 
yE-to'lus 
yE\  (eks)  4 
yEx-o'ne 
A 'fry 
A-fra'ni-y 
A-fra'nj-u3 
A'frl 
Af'r  -cy 
Af-r  -ca'nua 
-cum 
-cus 
Ag'y-bus 
A-gac'ly-tus 
A-gag-rj-a'iioc 
Ag-y-las's6? 

Ag'?-mS 

Ag-y-me'de 

Ag-y-me'de? 

Ag-a-raem'ngn 

Ag-a-mem-non'j-de^ 

Ag-y-mem-no'nj-us 

Ag-a-me'tgr 

A-gam'ma-tse 

Ag-ym-nes'tor 

Ag'a-mus 

Ag-y-m'ce 

Ag-y-nTp'pe 

Xg-a-njp-pc'us 

Ag-yn-ip'pi-de^ 

Xg-a-nTp'pis 

Ag-y-pe'nor 

Ag-y-pe'tus 

A-ga'pi-us 

Ag'y-ra 

Ag-y-re'nl 

Ag'y-ri 

Ag-y-rls'ta 

A-ga'so 

A-gas's® 

A-gas'tbe-lluJ 

A-gas'trg-phus 

Ag'a-thy 
Ag-a  tlia-*3'tus 
Ag-a-than'4e-lua 
Ag-a-tli.ir'clii-das 
Ag-a-thar^lli-dG§ 
Ag-a-tliir'clius 
Ag-a-them^e-rus 
Ag-a-thl'a 
A-ga'thi-as,  or 
Xg-a-tlil'ys 
Xg-y-tlH'nu3 
Xg'y-tho 
Xg-a-tlio-clC'? 
A-gatli'o-clC^ 
Ag-a-tho-d;e'mon 
Xg'y-thon 
Ag-y-fhon'y-mus 
A-gatli'o-pus 
Xg-y-tlios’the-iic^ 
Ag-a-thot'y-cbus 
Xg-a-lhyr'na 
Xg-y-thyr'nu  in 
Xg-a-tliyr'nus 
Ag-y-tliyr'sl 
A-glu'I 
A-ga've 
A-ga'vI 

rs™., 

ifA 

Xl-e-la'dEij 

A|-e-lis'tus 

AS-e-la'us 

A4-e-le'?  or  -li'y 

Xg-e-lS'is 

Ag'e-IE, 

A-Sen'a-th® 
A-*en'di-cum,  A.  F.Fr. 
K.  M.  Py.  Sch.  IV. 
(t.  v.) 

A^-en-dl'cum,  C.  L.  IV. 

(i‘.  v.) 

A-^e'nor 

X^e-nor'j-dS? 


A-|ep'o-J79 

Ag-e-rl'niis 

Ag-e-ro'nii 

Ag-e-san'dcr 

Ag-e-san'dri-d£9 

A|-e-si'?-nax 


'inus 
la'us 

^e-slm'brg-tus 
Ag-e-sipVUs 

A*-e-sTs'tra-ta 

Ag-e-sis'tr^-tus 

tfe'Tr 

A-ge'tus 

Ag-ge'nus  (yj-G'nus) 
Ag-gram'nie^ 


;-i-la'us 

n'num 


C.  L.  M. 


Ag-la'i-y  4 
Ag-la'j-e  4 
Xg-ly-9-nI'ce 
Ag-Ia'o-pe 

Ag-la'9-pe? 

Ag-la-o-phc'me 
Ag-la'o-phon 
Xg-la-oa'the-nE^ 
Ag-lau'ros 
Ag'ly-us,'  A. 

Ag-Wus',  K.Py.S.TV. 
Ag-na'lj-y 
Ag'nj-us 
Ag-nod'j-cG 
Ag-no-nI'y 
Ag-nSn'i-dei} 

Ag-no'tc? 

Ag-notli'e-tai 
Ag-o-na'li-y,  and 
A-go'n|-y 
A-g6'ne? 

5S  a. 

rx'r 

Ag-o-rac'ri-tus 
Ag-g-ne'y  . 
Xg-g-ra'njs 
Xg-p-ran'o-ml 
Ag-o-ras'tg-clS^ 

A-gri'® 

A-grie'l 

A-griu'le 

A-grau'li-y 

A-grilu'los 

A-grau-o-nI't;e 

X'gre 

*sa 

A'greus  6 
A-grj-a'ne? 

A-gric'g-ly 
A-grI"cj-us  I 
Ag-rj&en-tl'nus 
Xg-ri-gen'tum 
A-griii'i-um 
A-gri'o-dos 
A-gri-o'ni-y 
A-grl'o-pas 
A-grl'o-pe 
A-grj-opli'y-JI 
Xg-rip-pG'um 
Xg-rip-pi'n? 
Xg-rjp-pl'nus 
A-grls'o-pG 
A'grj-us 
A-grce'ci-us  1 
A-grm'tys 
Xg'ro-las 
A'gr9n 
A-gr5't?s 


A-grot 

A-Iy' 

A-lyl'ly 


^-5t'e-ra 
A-iSy'ieus  3 G 


A*  yl-l®'u9 

A-gyl'le 

A-gyl'leus  6 

A-gyr'rlij-us 

A-Iyr'j-um 

A-pr'j-us 

A ia'l» 

A-i-do'neus  G 
A-i'la 
A-Im'y-lus 
A'j-us  Lg-cu'tj-us  1 

Xl-y-ban'dy 

Xl-a-b5n'di-Cus 

Al'y-bis 

Xl'y-bus 

A-l®'y 

A-1®'I 

A-l®'sy 

A-lx^sus 

A-l®'us 

Xl-y-go'ni-y 

A-la'Ia, 

Al-al-coni'e-niB 

A-lal-cpm-e-ne'is 

Al-ril-coin'c-ne^ 

A-lal-co-mC'nj-^ 

A-la'li-y 

Xl-y-ma'ne§ 

Xl-y-man'nl 

A-la'nl 

A-la'nus 

Xl'y-rG*§ 

Xl-y-ri'cua 

Al'a-ric 

Xl-y-rG'di-l 

A-liis'tg-re^ 

Xl-ys-tor'j-des 

Xl-a-thG'us 

y\-la'thrcus  G 

A-lall'dffi 

A-la'zon 

Al-a-zo'nGs 

Al-ba'nl 

Al-ba'ni-a 

Al-ba'nus 

XI 'by  Sjl'vj-us 

Al-ben'sGs 

Xl-be-rl'cus 

Xl'bi-y  Te-ren'tj-a  1 

Al-bl'cl 

Al-bj-G't® 

Xl-bj-gau'niim 

Al-bi'na 

Al-bl'nl 

Al-bin'j-us 

Xl-bl-ny-va'nus 

Al-bln-te-inG'ii-um 

Al-bl'nus 

Xl'bj-on 

Al-bl'o-nes 

Al'bi-ds  ’ 

Al-bu'cj-us  1 

Al'bu-Iy 

Al-bu'ny 

Al-bu'nc-a 

Al-bu'tj-us  1 

A I cicn'e-tus  4 

Alycffi'us 

Al-cam'e-nGij 

Al-cii'nor 

Al-catli'o-e 

A 1 catll'o  us 

Xl'ce 

Xl-ce-do'nj-y 

Al-ce'nor 

Al-ces-i-milv'dius 

Al-c'gs'j-mus' 

Al-ces'te 

Al-ces'tis 

Xl'ce-tas 

Xl'ciii-das 

Xl-ci-bl'y-dej 

Al-cl'd® 

Al-cld'y-mas 

Xl-cj-da-me'a 

Al-cj-dam'j-das 

Xl-cj-da'mus 

Al-ci'das 

Al-cl'de^ 

Al-cld'i-ce 


AI-cTd  9-cus 

,\l-clin'y-chus 

Al-cTin'e-dG 

Al-cTni'e-d5n 

AI-cIm'e-nGs 

Xl'cj-mus 

Al-cln'o-e 

Xl'cj-niir  . 

AI-cTn'o-us  t 

Al'cj-nus 

Xl-cl'o-pus 

Xl'cj-pliron 

Al-cis'tlie-nG 

AI-CIth'o-G 

Alc-ni®'gii 

Alc-ma;-on'i-dai 

Alc-ine'ny,  or  -tie 

Al-com'e-n® 

Xl'cy-nG 

Al-cy'o-ny 

Xl-cy'o-ne 

Al-cy'g  neus  G 

Al-cy-on'i-dG:;  1 

Al-du'y-bls 

X'le-y 

A-Ie'bys 

A-le'bi-on 

A-le'bus 

A-lec'try-on 

A-lC'j-us  Cam 'pus  3 § 

Al-e-man'nl 

Al-e-ma'nus 

A-le'mon 

Al-e-mon'i-des 

Al-e-inu'sj-I  1 

A'le-on 

y\-lG'sy 

A-le'se 

tirrini 

A-IG's  -us  1 

A-le'sus 

A-le'teS 

A lG'tliGs 

A-lu'tlii-a 

A-lG'thi-us 

A-let'i-das 

A-lG'tjs 

XI-e-tri-na'tG? 

A-lG'tri-um 

A-le'tuin 

A-leu'y-d® 

A-leu'as 

X'le-us 

A-lG'vys 

Al-ex-am'e-nus 

Al-ex-dn'd’cr 

Xl-ex-an'diy 

Al-ex-yn-dre'y 

Al-ex-yn-dri'y  || 

Al-cz-an'dri-a 

Al-ex-an'dri-def 

Xl-ex-yn-drl'ny 

Xl-ex-yn-drl'nus 

Al-ex-an  drop'o-lis 

Xl-ex-a'nor 

Xl-ex-ar'clius 

A-iGx'i-y  1 ’ 

Al-ex-I'a-rSs 

Xl-ex-Ic'y-cus 

A-lGx'i-clG^ 

Xl-ex-ic'ra-teB 

A-lex'j-da 

Xl-ex-I'nus 

A-lGx'i-o  1 

Al-ex-ip'pus 

Al-ex-Ir'lio-C* 

A-lex'j-us  1 

Al-fa-tcr'n^ 

Al-fe'nus 

Xl'fi-us' 

Xl'd-dum 
Al'gj-dus 
Al-go'nym 
A-l  -ac'inon 
A-l  -ar'tum 
A-l  -ar'tus 
Al-  -bi'd'a 
Al'j-cls 
A-li-e'nus 
A-lI'fe 


Al-i-l®'l 
AI-j-men'i-dGs 
Al-i-men'tus 
A-lTrn'e-nus 
Al-in-db'j-y  3 
A-ll'pll® 
Xl-i-pha'nus 
Al-  -pliG'ry 
Al-  -pliG'ri-y 
Al-  -pliG'rus 
Al-  r-ro'thj-us 
Al-  -son'ti-y  1 


A-lI'sum 
Al-la'ri-y 
Al-le'dj-us 
Al'lj-y 
Al-li-e'nus 
Al-ll'fai  ' 

i!'!!:£'nys 

Al-lob'ry-4Gs 
Al-lg-pliy'luo 
Al-16t'ri-4e? 
Al-lu'tj-ifs  1 
Al-mc'ne 
Al-mo'pG? 
Al-my-ro'de 
A-15'a 
A-lo'as 
A-lo'eus  6 
Al-g-l'd® 
Al-o-I'des 
A-lo'is 
A-lo'ne 
A-lo'ni's 
Al'o-pe 
A-lop'e-cy 
j\-Iop'e-ce 
Al-o-pG'ce-y 
A-Jop'e-cG? 


..-lo'rus 
A-lo'tj-y  1 
Al-pe'nus 
Al'pG? 

Abpllffi'y  3 
Al-phG'y 
Al-pliG'j-as  3 
Al-phc'nor 
Al-phe'nus 
Al-phes-i-bcc'a 
Al-phes-i-ba*'us 
Al-plie'us 
AI-plil'Qn 
Al'ph|-ds 
A 1 -pi'll  us 
Al-po'iius 
Al-si-e-tl'nus  1 
Al'si-dm  1 ' 
Al-tiue'a 
Al-tluein'e-ne^  4 
Al-them'e-nCs 
Al-the'pus 
yjU-ti'num 
A-lun'ti-um  1 
A-ly-at'tes 
Al'y-ba 
Al-y-bl'da 
Al-y-cae'ri 
Al-y-cai'us 
A-ly'moii 
A-lyp'i-us 
A-ly'pus 
Al-yx-otll'o-e 
Al-y-zG'y 
A-ly'zeus  6 
mad'o-cl 
A-mad'o-cus 
A-imB'si-51 1 
Am'^e 
Am-aKthiD'fi 
Am-al-the'a 
Ani-al-the'uin 
A-ma'n? 
A-nian'j-cte 
A-maii'j-de^ 

A-inan'ti-a  1 

Am-aii-tl'nl 

A-ma'nus 


* JEs' chines.  — Spitzner,  in  his  Greek  Prosody,  §57,  2.  d.,  seems  to  prefer  ,7Esc.hV- 
nes , but  lias,  apparently,  no  authority  but  Christodorus,  a very  late  poet  in  the  An- 
thology. Aristophanes  makes  the  penult  short. 

t A'&tius,  not  JEtius,  as  the  name  of  the  heretic,  of  the  physician,  and  of  the  Roman 
general  under  Valentinian  III.  In  Greek,  ’A trios.  The  name  is  misspelt  with  the 
diphthong  in  most  editions  of  Gibbon. 

X A/cinous.  — “There  are  no  words  more  frequently  mispronounced,  by  a mere 
English  scholar,  than  those  of  this  termination.  By  such  a one  we  sometimes  hear 
Alcinous  and  Antinoris  pronounced  in  three  syllables,  as  if  written  Al-ci-nnuz  and  An- 
ti-nouz,  rhyming  with  vows  ; but  classical  pronunciation  requires  that  these  vowels 
should  form  distinct  syllables.”  — Walker. 

§ Aldus • Campus . — 

Lest  from  this  flying  steed  unreined  (as  once 
Bellerophon,  though  from  a lower  clime), 


VII.  17,  cited  by  Walker. 
This  may  allude  to  a supposed  derivation  of  the  word  Aldus  from  a\ r/,  a wandering . 
Compare  Horn.  11.  VI.  201, — ’'Ilrut  b xu-tt  ntdiov  to  1 AXfi'iou  oh><;  aXaro. 

||  Alexandria. — In  the  different  editions  of  Walker’s  Key,  this  word  is  generally 
found  in  the  Initial  Vocabulary  of  the  Greek  and  Latin  Proper  Names  with  the  accent 
on  the  penultimate  — Al-ex-an-dri' a ; but,  in  the  Initial  Vocabulary  of  Scripture  Proper 
Names,  and  in  both  of  his  Terminational  Vocabularies,  it  stands  with  the  accent  on 
the  antepenultimate  — Al-ex-an1  dr i-a  ; and  this,  it  appears,  is  the  pronunciation  to 
which  he  gave  the  preference.  In  the  pronunciation  to  Scripture  Proper  Names, 
Perry,  Smart,  and  C.  Taylor  place  the  accent  on  the  antepenultimate  — Al-cx-an’ dri-a. 
The  proper  pronunciation,  ii\  reading  Greek  and  Latin,  is  Al-ex-an-dri' a ,*  but,  in 
reading  and  speaking  English,  the  name  of  the  ancient  as  well  as  of  the  modern  city 


Dismounted,  on  th’  Aleian  field  I fill, 
Erroneous  there  to  wander,  and  forlorn. 

Milton’s  Par.  Lost , 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  GREEK  AND  LATIN  PROPER  NAMES. 


1707 


A-m3r'a-cus 
Am-^-ryl'Iis 
Am-a-ryn'ceus  6 
Am-y-ryn'thi-a 
Am-a-ry  n'thus 
Am-a-ry":*j-a  1 
Am-a-se'y 
Am-a-se'nus 
Am-a-sl'y  * 

A-ma'sis 

A-ma'ta 

Am-a-the'9 

Am'a-thus 

A-ma'tj-us  1 

A-max-?im-pG'us 

A-max-?in-tI'st 

A-max'i-a  1 

A-max'i-ta 

Am-yx-ob'j-I 

A.m-ri-ze'ne§ 

A-ma'zon 

Xm'q-zdn 

A-m*az'9-ne§ 

Arn'a-zdns 

Am-a-zo'nj-a 

Am-a-zdn'j-ciis 

Ain-a-zou'i-dc§ 

Am-y-zo'n.i-um 

Am-a-zo'nj-us 

Ain-bar-va'le$ 

Am-bar-va'lj-a 

Am-ba'tai 

Am'be-nus 

Am-bj-a-ll'te$ 

Am  bi-a'ni 

Am-bj-a'num 

Am-bj-j-i-tl'num 

Am-bj-bar'e-tl 

Am-bj-ga'tus 

Am-bl'o-rlx 

Am'bla-da 

Am-bo-lo-^e'r? 

Am-bra'cj-a  1 

Am-bra-cj-6'ta)  1 

Ain-bra'ci-us  1 

Am-bro'dyx 

Am-bro'ne§ 

Ain-br5'^|-a  1 
Ain-br5'§j-us  1 
Aiidbrdsc 
Ain-bryl'ljs 
Am'bry-on,  S. 

Am-bry'on,  TV.  (i.v.) 
Am-bry'sus 
Am-bu-ba'j-te,  or 
Am  bu-ba'ja; 
Am'bu-ll 
Am'e-lG§ 

A-mG'lj-us 

Am  e-na'nus 

Am-e-nl'de§ 

A-men'9-cle§ 

Am-e-no'phjs 

A-me'rj-a 

A-me'rj-as 

Am-e-rl'nus 

Am-e-rl'o-l? 

A-mes'e-lum 

A-mes'tra-tus 

A-mes'tri-us 

A-mi-a'nus 

Am-j-clEdus 

A-ml'clsts 

Am-jc-tffi'us 

Am'i-da,  M.  Py.  S.  Sch. 

A-ml'da,  A.  C.  TV. 
Am'i-los 
Am-j-mo'ne,  or 
Am-y-mo'ne 
A-mln'j-as 
A-min'j~us 
A-mln'9-cles 
A-mip'si-as  1 
Am-i-se'na 
A-mT"$i-a  1 
A-mi"^i-us  1 
Am-i-sod'a-rus 
A-ml'smn 
A-ml'sus 
Ain-i-ter'num 
Am-j-tha'on,  or 
Am-y-tha'on 
Am-j-tl'num 
Am-ma'lG 
Am-inj-a'nus 
Arn-mQ-chos'tos 
Am-mo-me'tus 
Am-m5'nas 
Ain-m5'ni-a 
Am-mo-ni'^-cus 


Am-m^nj-a'nus 

Am-md'nj-I 

Am-mo-nI't® 

Am-mo'nj-us 

Am-mo'the-a 

Am-nem'9-nes 

Am'nj-as 

Am-nI'sus 

Am-nl'te§ 

Am-ce-ba;'us 

A-moe'beus  6 

A-inae'nu& 

Am-9-me'tus 

Ain-om-phar'e-tus 

A-mdr'ge§ 

Am-pe'lj-us 

Am'pe-los,  or  -lus 

Am-pe-lu'$i-a  1 

Am-phax-I'tjs 

Am-phe'a 

Am-phj-a-la'us 

Am-phl'a-lus 

Am-phr?t-nax 

Am-phj-ar-a-e'um 

Am-phj-ar-ri-I'dG§ 

Am-phi-a-ra'us 

Am-pln-clG'a 

Am-phic'ra-tG^ 

Am-phic'ty-on  2 

Am-phjc-ty'9-ne§ 

Am'phj-cus 

Am-phTd'a-m&s 

Am-phj-da'mns 

Am-phld'j-cus 

Am-phid'9-ll 

Am-phj-dro'inj-a 

Am-phj-ge-nI'fi 

a m-phi-o-e'ni-q 

Am-phi-lo'chj-us 

Am-pJij-locli'j-ciim 

Am-phll'o’-chus 

Am-phll'y-tus 

Am-phTm'a-chus 

Am-phim'e-don 

Am-phTn'9-me 

Am-pliin'9-mus 

Am-phl'911 

Am-phTp'a-gus 

Am-phip'9-le§ 

Am-phjp'9-lis 

Am-phip'y-ros 

Am-phi-rG'tus 

Am-phir'9-e 

Am-phl'sa 

Am-phjs-bJu'na 

Ain-phjs-se'ne 

Ain-phTs'the-ne§ 

Ain-phis-tI'dG$ 

Ain-phis'tra-tus 

Am-phl'sus 

Am-phith'e-a 

Am-phj-the-a'trum 

Am-phTth'e-mis 

Am-phlth'9-e 

Am-phj-tri'te 

Am-phit'ru-5 

Am-phit'ry-on 

Am-phit-ry-9-nI'9-de§ 

Am'phj-tus 

Am-phl'us 

Am-phot'e-rus 

Ain-phot-ry-9-ni'a-de^ 

Am-phry's9S 

Am-phry'sus 

Am'pj-cus 

Amp'sst-ga,  A.  jM.  TV. 

Amp-sa'gsi,  K.  Py. 
Amp-sj-gu'rgt 
Am-py9'i-de§ 
Am'py-cus 
A-mu'lj-us 
A-my'cla 
A-iny'd© 
Ain-y-cl©'us 
A-my'clas 
A-my'cle 
Am-y-cll'dG§ 
Am'y-cus 
Am'y-don 
Am-y-mo'nG 
Am-y-noin'a-clius 
Am-yn-tT'a-dG§ 
A-myn-tj-a'iius  ] 

Am  -yn-tor'i-de^ 

Am-y-rl'cus 

Ain'y-rTs 

A-myr'j-us 

Am'y-rus 

Am-y-tha^n 

Am-y-th^-o'ni-us 


Am'y-tls 

A-nab'^-sis 

A-nab'a-tiE 

An-9-cG'^ 

An'9-ce§ 

An-^  ce'um,  or  -cl'um 
An-a-char'sis 
An-a-cle'tus 
A-nac're-on,  or 
A-na'cre-011 
An-^c-td'ri-a 
An-ac-to'n-e 
An-ac-(5'ri-uni 
A-nac't9-ruin 
An-9-dy-oin'e-ne 
A-iiag'ni-9 
An-a-*y-ron'tum 
A-na^’y-rus 
An-a-I'tis 
A-na'nj-us 
An'a-phG 
An-a-phlys'tus 
A-na'pis 
A-na'pi-us 
A-na'pus 
A-nar'^y-rl 
An  9S-ta/§j-a  1 
An-as-ta'§j-us  1 
A-natr9-le 
An-a-to'lj-us 
A-nau'clij-das 
A-nau'r9S 
A-nau'rys 
A-nau'sjs 
An-9x-ag'9-ras’ 
An-ax-an'der 
An-ax-an'dri-dG§ 
An-ax-ar'chus 
An-ax-ar'e-te 
An  ax-G'n9r 
A-nax'|-as  1 
An-ax-ib'1-9 
An-^x-ib'i-us 
An-ax-Ic'ra-te^ 
A-nax-j-da'mus 
A-nax'j-lis 
A-nax-i-la'us 
An-ax-Il'i-dG§ 
A-nax-i-inan'der 
An-ax-lm'e-nes 
An-ax-lp'9-iis 
An-^x-lp'pas 

A11-9X  ir'rh9-G 

An-cae'us 

An-ca-ll'te^ 

An-ca'ri-us 

An-cha'rG§ 

An-gha'i-j-a 

An-clia'rj-us 

An-clla'te^ 

An-chSm'9-lus 

An-che-sI'tG.^ 

An-ches'mus 

An-£hl'a-la 

An-clil'a-l3 

An-chj-9-lG'a 

An-cln  a-ll'.i 

An-clil'9-lus 

An-chi-nio'lj-us 

An-chIn'9-G 

An-chl'sa 

An-chl'se 

An-chl'se§ 

An-chl"§i-a  1 

An-cin-sl'a-du^ 

An-chj-sI'tG^ 

An'£li9-e 

An'cli9-ra 

An-ghu'rus 

An-cl'le 

An-cS'na 

An'cus  M&r'ti-iis  1 

An-cy'le 

An-cy'ra 

An-cy-ra'nus 

An-cy'ne 

An-cy'r9n 

An-dab'^-tie 

An-da'na 

An-da'ni-? 

An-de-ca'9-ne^ 

An-de-ca'vj-9 

An-de-ga'vum 

An-dG'ra 

An-do^'i-dG? 

An-doin'a-tis 

An-draj'm9n 

An-dra-ga'tbi-us 

An-drag'a-thus 

An-drag'9-ras 


An-dram'y-te§ 
An-dr9-n9-do'rus 
An'dre-as 
ah’ drew 
An-dre'm9n 
An'dreus  6 
An'dri-a 
An-drI'a-ca 
An'drj-clus 
An'dri-on 
An-dro'b|-us 
An-dr9-bu'lus 
An-dr9-cle'a 
An'dr9-cle§ 
An-dr9-cll'de§ 
An'dr9-clus,  or 
An-dro'clus 
An-dr9-cv'dG§ 
An-drod'9-mas 
An-dro'dus 
An-dro'^e-os 
An-dro'le-us 
An-dro|'y-n© 
An-dro|'y-nus 
An-drom'a-^lie 
An-droin'a-chus 
An-drom'a-das 
An-drorn'e-da 
An-drom'e-de 
An-drom'e-de§  ( T/mc .) 
An-dro-mG'dGs  (Plato, 
Ep .) 

An-dr9-nl'cus  f 

An-dron'j-dis 

An-droph'^-gi 

An-drop'9-lis 

An-dros'the-nG§ 

An-dro'tj-on  2 

An-e-lon'tis 

An-e-ni9-ll'a 

An-e-ni9-ri'9 

An-e-ino'sa 

An-e-mu'ri-um 

An-e-ras'tus 

A-ne,t9r 

An'ga-rl 

An-|e'lj-a 

An-Ie'lj-011 

An'^o-lus 

An-|c-r5'na 

An-^I'tG§ 

An-li^tj-a  1 

An'glj-a 

^n-guT"t|-a  1 

A'nj-a 

A-nj-a'nus 

An-j-ce'tus 

A-nl^cj-a  1 

A-ni"cj-um  1 

A-nl"c|-us  Gal'lus  1 

A'ni-Gn 

A'nj-e-nlc'9-lri 

A-ni-G'nus 

A-nI'gr9S 

A-nI'grus 

An-i-ne'tum 

A'nj-5 

An-i-tor'^i^ 

A'n|-us 

An'na  C9in-nC'na 

An-mc'us 

An-na'ljs 

An-nl^a-die 

An-ni-a'nus 

An'ni-bal 

An'nj-bl 

An-1119'e-rTs 

An-nj-chG'n 

An'ni-us  Scap'u-la 

A-no'lus 

An'9-nus 

An-9-pae'a 

An-sj-ba'rj-I 

An-taj'a 

An-tcc'as 

An-tiC-dp'9-lis 

An-t©'us 

An-tag'9-ras 

An-tal'ci-das 

An-tar'a-dua 

An-te'a 

An-tec'a-nis 

An-te'j-us  3 

An-tem'nee 

An-te,n9r 

An-te-nor'j-d© 

An-te-nor'j-dG^ 

An-te-ras'ti-lls 

An-ter-br5'^|-us 

An'te-ros 


An'te-rus 

^n-tiie'a 

An'tlie-as 

An-tJiG,d9n 

An-tlie'lg. 

An'the-mis 

An-the'mj-us 

An'tlie-mon 

An-thc-m6n'j-dG§ 

An'the-nius 

An-the-mu'§i-a  1 

An-the'ne 

An-the'rus 

An'tJiG^ 

An-thes-ph5'ri-?i 

An-tlics-tG'rj-a 

An'theus  6 

An-thl'9 

An-thj-a'nys 

An'tlij-ils 

An'thi-mus 

An'thj-na; 

An'tbi-um 

An'tlii-us 

An-tlm-ld'^j-a 

An-tlio're^ 

An-tlira'cj-a  1 

An-throp'i-nus 

An-thr5-p9-mor-phi'taj 

An-tJiro-popli'a-gl 

An-tl'a 

An-tj-a-nT'ra  1 

An'tj-as  1 

An-tj-bac-chl'us 

An-tTc'a-to 

An-ticb'tlm-nG^ 

An-ti^-i-no'lis 

An-ti-cle'y 

An'ti-cle§ 

An-ti-clI'dG^ 

An-tlc'ra-gus 

An-tlc'ra  te§ 

An-tic'y-ra 

An-tid'a-mas 

An-tld'9-mus 

An-t|-do'rus 

An-tTd'9-tus 

An-ti£'e-ne§ 

An-tj-ge-nl'das,  C. 

An-ti’-^en'i-das,  A.K. 

L.  M.  S.  Sch.  IV.  J 
An-tig'9-na 

An-tlg'9-n« 

An-ti-g9-nl'a,  or 

An-tj-gd'ni-a 
An-tig'9-nus 
An-til'e-on 
An-t|-llb'a-nus 
An-tll'9-c;lius 
An-tj-mach'j-dG^ 
An-tTm'a*9hus 
An-tlm'e-ne§ 
An-lj-men'i-das 
An-tin'9-e 
An-tIn-9-Cra 
An-ti-nop'9  l!s 
An-tln^-us 
An-tl'nuni 
An-t|-9-chG'nus 
An-tj-o-chl'a 
An'ti-OQ/l 
An-tI'9-chTs 
An-tlr9-clius 
An-tl'9-pa,  or  -pe 
An-ti-o'rus 
An-tTp'a-ros 
An'tj-i  as 
An-tTp'a-ter 
An-ti-pa'trj-a,  or 

An-tj-pa-trl'a 
An-tj-pat'rj-das 
An-tlp'a-trls 
An-tiph'a-ne§ 
An-tipli'a-te^ 
An-tj-pliG'nius 
An-tTpli'i-la 
An-tiph'l-lus 
An'ti-phon 
An  tiph'9-nus 
An'ti-phos 
An'tj-phus 
An-tlp'9-dc§ 
An-ti-poe'nus 
An-tip'9-lis 
An-tlr'ilii-uni 
An-tir'rh9-dos 
An-tisAthe-ne§ 
An-tTs'tj-a 
An-tis'ti-us 
An-titli'e-us 


An'tj-um  1 

An'tj-us  1 

An-toin'e-nG.^ 

An-to'ni-y 

An-to'ni-I 

An-ty-ni'n? 

An-to  nl'n us 

An-to-nj-op'o-liS 

An-to'ni-us 

An'tQ-ny 

An-td'rG.^ 

An-tor'j-dG§ 

A-nii'bis 

An-u-ll'nus 

Anx-a'num 

Anx'j-us  1 

Anx'u-rus 

An'y-sis 

An'y-ta,  or  -tG 

An'y-tus 

An-za'be 

A-9-brl'ga 

A-61'li-us 

A^n 

A'9-ne§ 

A-5'ni-a 

A-on'i-dG§ 

A'9-ris 

A-o'rus 

A-6'tI 

A-o'us 

A-pa'ma 

A-pa'me 

Ap-a-me'a 

Ap-a-niG'ne 

Ap-ri-nil'a 

Ap-911-chom'c-nG 
Ap-a-tu'ri-a 
Ap-a-tu'runi 
A-pe-au'r9S 
A-pG-li-5'tG§ 
A-pel'iGs 
Ap-el-le'us 
A-pel'li-con 
Ap-en-nl-nic'9-Ia 
Ap-en-nl-ni*'e-na 
Ap-en-nl'nus 
Ap-c-ran-tl'y 
Ap-e-rd'pj-a 
Ap'c-sas 
Ap'c-sus 
Apli'?-ca 
Aph-a-cl'tjs 
A-phai'a 
Aph-9-re'tus 
Apli'a-rcQs  6 
A-phep'si-dn  1 
Aph'e-sas 
ApJi'e-tic 
A-phe't9r 
A-pliI'das 
Apli-ne'uin 
Apli-nl'tis 
Aph-oe-be'tus 
A-i)1iit'cG§ 
Aph-r9-dl"se-us  1 
Apli-r9-dl"si-a  1 
Aph-r9-dT-si-a'nus  1 
Aph-ro-dl'^j-as  1 
•Apli-i^-dl'^i-uin  1 
Aph-r9-dl'ta 
Apli-r9-dl'te‘ 
Aph-r9-dl-top'9-lIs 
Apli-tbl'tG^ 
Aph-tlio'nj-us 
Aph'y-tG,  jM. 

A-phy'tc,  TV. 
Aph'y-tis 
A 'pi -a 
A-pj-a'nus 
Ap-j-ca'ta 
A-pi"cj-us  1 
A-pTd'a-nus 
A-pid'9-nG§ 

Ap'j-na 

A-pl'9-l© 

A'pi-011 
Ap-j-sa'9n 
A-p!"tj-us  1 
A-poc'9-pa 
Ap-9-do'U,  or 

A-pod'9-tI 

A-p(i‘9'i-dGs 

A-pol-li-na're§ 

A-pol-lj-na'ris 

Ap-ol-lln'i-de^ 

A-pol'lj-nis 

Ap-9l-lin'e-us 

A-pol-n-nop'9-liS 

Ap-9l-ldc'ra-tG§ 


A-pdl-19-do'rus 

Ap-9l-l5'nj-?i 

A-poI-b-nl'a-dG^ 

Ap-91-lo'ni-as 

Ap-9l-lo-nj-a'tjs 

Aj)-9l-lon'i-<las 

Ap-ol-lon'j-dG^ 

Ap-91  -lo'nis 

Ap  nl-lo'nj  us 

Ap-yl-ldpli'a-nGs 

Ap-9l-l6th'e-inTs 

A-pol')y-on 

Ap-o-niy'iys  3 

A-po-nj-a'na 

A-po'ni-us 

Ap'9-nus 

Ap-9-tr9-p©'i 

Ap-9S-tro'pln-a 

Ap-9-the-d'sjs 

Ap-Q-tkc1  Q-SIS  $ 

Ap-pl'a-de^ 
Ap-pi-a'nus 
a p' pi-an. 

Ap'j)i-as 
Ap'pj-a  Vl'a 
Ap'j)i-T  Fo'runi 
Ap'pj-us 
Ap'pu-la 
Ap-[)u-le'i-us  3 
A'prG§ 

A'prj-G§ 

A-prI'lis 
A'pri-us 
A-pro-nj-a'nus 
Ap'sa-rus,  J\l.  S. 

Ap-sa'rus,  K. 
Ap-sln'thj-i 
Ap'si-ne^ 

Ap's9-rus 

Ap'te-ra 

Ap'te-ros 

Ap-u-a'nl 

Ap-u-le'j-a  3 

Ap-u-le'j’-us  3 

A-pu'li-<i 

Ap'u-lus 

A-pus'tj-us 

Ap'y-rl 

A -qua' r| -us 

A-quIc'9-lus 

Aq'uj-la  (iik'vvc-la) 

Aq-ui-la'rj-a 

Aq-ui'-lG'i-a  3 

Aq-ui-ll'na 

Aq-uj-li'nus 

A-quif'l|-a 

A-quil'li-us 

Aq'uj-lo 

Aq-ui-lo'nj-a 

Aq-ui-b-ni^'e-n^ 

A-qui'nas 

A-quin'i-us 

A-qul'num 

A-qul'nus 

Aq-iij-ta'nj-a 

Aq-uj-tan'i-cus 

Aq-uj-ta'nus 

Aq'uj-teS  rak'wo-tGz) 

Ar-a-bar'clies 

Ar'y-b G§ 

A-ra'bi-y 

A-ra-bi-a'nus 

A-rab'i-cus 

Ar'y-bis 

Ar-a-brl'cy 

Ar'a-bus 

Ar-ri-ce'll 

A-rach'ne 

Ar-acli-ne'a 

Ar-a-chd'^j-y  1 

Ar-a-cho't.e 

Ar-y-cbo'tus 

Ar-a-cll'luin 

Ar-y-co'^i-I  1 

A-rac'thi-as 

Ar'a-cus 

Ar-a-cyn'tlius 

Ar'y-dds,  or  -dus 

A'r© 

Ar-ffi-thyr'e-a 

Ar-a-phl'^ 

Ar'y-rls 

A-ra'r9S,  or  -rus,  poet. 

Ar'a-rus,  river. 

Ar-a-te'us 

A-ra'tus 

A-rdu'rj-cus 

A-ra'vus 

Ar-yx-C'nus 

A-rax'e§ 


is  properly  pronounced  Al-cx-an' dri-a.  Mr.  Carr  pronounces  the  name  of  the  ancient 
city  Al-ex-an-dri' a,  and  the  name  of  the  mother  of  the  heretic  Epiphanes,  Al-ex- 
an' dri-a. 

* Amasi'a.  — So  Ant  lion,  Carr,  Freund,  Klotz,  Muller,  Pauly,  and  Scheller. 
Smith  and  Walker  accent  the  antepenultimate ; but  Strabo,  who  was  born  in  this 
place,  writes  the  word  ’A pdcua,  and  the  form  ’ Apacia  is  found,  apparently,  only  in 
very  late  authors. 


f Androni'cus.  — In  the  tragedy  of  Titus  Andronicus,  ascribed  to  Shakespeare, this 
word  is  uniformly  accented  on  the  antepenultimate.  For  this,  however,  there  is  no 
classical  authority. 

t Antigcnidas.  — The  penult  is  made  long  by  Anaxandrides  (in  Athcu.  Lib.  IV.  p. 
131,  b.),  and  by  Leonidas  of  Tarentum  (Brunck’s  Anal.  1.220).  The  word,  however, 
is  usually  written  in  Greek  ' AvTiycvidac,  not  ’A vriycvcidas. 

$ Apotheosis.  — See  Apotheosis  in  the  Dictionary. 


1708 

PRONUNCIATION  OF 

GREEK  AND  LATIN  PROPER  NAMES. 

Ar'ba-ce?,  C.  Cr.  Fr.  K. 

Ar-dy-en'sef 

Ar-gu'ra 

Ar-is-t9-da'ni9 

Ar-se's? 

As-ca'nj-iis 

As-tin'9-1115 

M.  Py . Sell. 

A-re'ri 

Ar-*yn'njs 

Ar-is  t9-de'mus 

Ar'si-9  1 

As'c^-rus 

As-tl'9-£hus 

Ar-ba'ce$,  A. 

A-re-U^'j-d® 

Ar-^yn'nus 

Ar-js-tod'j-cus 

Ar-sj-die'us 

As'che-tos 

As't9-ml 

Ar-ba'ce$,  or 

A 're -as 

Ar'^y-ra 

Ar-is-t5*'e-ne§ 

Ar-sln'9-e 

As'£he-tus 

As-trab'^-cus 

Ar'ba-cthj,  TV.* 

A-re'gon 

Ar-^y-ras'pj-def 

Ar-is-to-*l'ton 

Ar-sl'te§ 

As-clie'um 

As-tr®'? 

Ar'ba-ciis 

A-reg'o-nis 

Ar'gy-re 

Ar-is-to-la'us 

Ar-ta-ba'nus 

As-ci-bUr'gi-um 

As-trie'us 

Ar-be'la,  and  Ar'be-l^  f 

A-re-ith'9-us 

Ar-gy-rl'nl 

Ar-is-tol'o-chus 

A r-ta-b?i-za'ne§ 

As'ci-I  1 

As-tram-psy'chus 

Ar-be'lus 

Ar'e-las 

Ar-|y-rlp'pa,  or 

Ar-is-tom'a~che 

Ar-ta-ba'zus 

As-cle-pj-e'3 

As'treus  6 

Ar'bj-ter 

Ar-e-la'te 

Ar-gyr'i-pa 

Ar-js-tom'a-chus 

Ar'ta-brI 

As-cle-pl'9-des 

As'tu-r^ 

Ar-boc'^-la,  K. 

Ar-e-la'tum 

Ar-*y-rop'o-lis 

Ar-is-to-me'cle§ 

Ar-ta-brl'tte 

As-cle-pi-9-do'rus 

As'tu-re^ 

Ar-bo-ca'l?,  TV.  (i.v.) 

Ar-e-la'tus 

Ar'gy-rus 

Ar-js-tom  'e-don 

Ar-ta-c£e'^s 

As-cle-pi-od'9-tus 

As-tu'rpa 

Ar-bo'na 

A-rel'lj-us 

A'ri-a,  or  A-rI'9 

Ar-js-toni'e-ne§ 

Ar-t^-cae'n^ 

As-cle'pj-us 

As-tu'ri-c^ 

Ar-b5'ri-us 

Ar-e-mor'i-c? 

A-rj-ad'na 

Ar-|s-to-n2iu'tte 

Ar'ta-ce 

As-cle-ta'rj-on 

As-tu'ri-cus 

Ar-bus'cu-1? 

A-re'n^ 

A-ri-ad'ne 

Ar-js-to-nl'cus 

Ar-ta-ce'na 

As-co'lj-^ 

As-ty'a-^e 

Ar'ca-de§ 

Ar-e-na'cum,  Fr.  K.Py. 

A-rj-iE'u3 

Ar-is-ton'j-de§ 

Ar-ta'ci-a  1 

As-co'nj-us  La'be-5 

As-ty'^-ge^ 

Ar-ca'dj-9 

A-ren'a-cum,v#.F.  TV. 

A-rj-5m'e-ne§ 

Ar-js-ton'o-us 

Ar-ta'c|-e  1 

As'cu-lum 

As-ty'a-lus 

Ar-ca'dj-us 

A-re'n* 

A-ri-am'ne§ 

A-ris't9-nus 

Ar-tte'i 

As'dru-bal 

As-ty'9-n2ix 

Ar-ca'num 

A-re'ne 

A-rj-a'na 

Ar-is-ton'y-mus 

Ar-ta-|e'r?i,  or  -r® 

A'se-a 

As-ty-cr^-te'a,  or 

Ar-ca'thi-as 

A-re-op-a-gi't® 

A-ri-a'nl,  or  A-rj-e'nl 

Ar-is-toph'a-ne§ 

Ar-ta-|er'se§ 

A-sel'lj-o 

As-tyd'a-mas 

Ar-ce'o-phon 

A-re-op'^-gus 

A-rj-an'tas 

Ar-is-toph'i-ll 

Ar-tam'e-ne§ 

A-se'us 

As-ty-da-ml'ft 

Ar-ces'j-l&s 

A-re'os 

A-rj-a'nus 

Ar-js-to-phil'i-def 

Ar'ta-m5 

A'si-9  1 

As-tyl'i-de§ 

Ar-ces-i-la'us 

A're§ 

A-rj-ar-si-the'a 

Ar-is-toph'i-lus 

Ar-ta'ne§ 

A-sj-a£'e-ne§  1 

As'ty-los,  and  As- 

Ar-ce'fi-us  1 

Ar'e-sas 

A-ri-a-ra'tlie§ 

Ar-is-t9-ph5n'te§ 

Ar-ta'nus 

A-si-at'j-ciis  1 

As-ty-me'de§ 

Ar-chie'a 

A-res't® 

A-ri'as 

Ar-is-to-phy'll 

Ar-ta-6'zus 

A-sl'do 

As-tym-e-du's? 

Ar-clne'a-nax 

A-res'tha-nas,  TV.  (i.v.) 

A-rj-as'me-nus 

A-ris't9-plion 

Ar-ta-pa'nus 

A-sI'las 

As-ty  n'9-me 

Ar-cine-at'j-d&s 

Ar-es-tha'nas,  Py. 

Ar'j-bie 

Ar-is-t6r'i-de§ 

Ar-ta-pher'nef 

A-sl'lus 

As-tyn'9-mus 

Ar-clne-op'o-lls 

Ar-es-t5r'j-de§ 

Ar-i-bae'ys 

Ar-js-tot'e-le§ 

Ar-ta'tus 

As'i-na 

As-tyn'o-us 

Ar-chag'a-thus 

Ar'e-ta 

Ar'j-be§ 

Ar'is-td-tle 

Ar-t?i-vas'de§ 

As-i-na'jj-a 

As-ty'9-^he 

Ar-chan'der 

Ar-e-tte'us 

A-ri"ci-fi  1 

Ar-js-to-ti'mus 

Ar-t^^-as'a-t? 

As-i-na'rj-us 

As-ty-9-ghl'a 

Ar-chan-drop'o-lis 

Ar-e-ta'de$ 

Ar-i-ci'na 

Ar-is-tox'e-nus 

Ar-tax'9-ta 

As'i-ne 

As-ty '9-cli  us 

Ar-chan'drps 

Ar-e-taph'i-la 

Ar-i-cl'nus 

Ar-js-tyl'lus 

Ar-ta^-erx'e§ 

As'j-ne§ 

As-ty-j)a^l®'a 

Ar'che 

Ar'e-tas 

Ar-j-dse'ys 

A'rj-us,  or  A-ri'us$ 

Ar-tax'j-as  1 

A-sin'i-us 

As-ty  ph'i-lus 

Ar-che-bu'lus 

A-re'te,  and  Ar'e-te 

Ar-i-d5'ljs 

Ar'me-ne 

Ar-ta-yc'te§ 

A-sI"§i-um  1 

As'ty-ra 

Ar-ched'i-cus 

Ar'e-t6§ 

A-rj-e'nl 

Ar-me'ni-9 

Ar-t^-yn'te^ 

* A'sj-us  1 

As'ty-ron 

Ar-che«|'e-te§ 

Ar'e-thas 

A-rj-e'nis 

Ar-me'nj-us 

Ar'te-inas 

As-na'us 

As'y-chls 

Ar-ehe-la'is 

Ar'e-th5n 

A'ri-e§ 

Ar-men-ta'ri-us 

Ar-tem'ba-re§  IT 

A-so'phjs 

A-sy'las 

Ar-ehe-la'us 

Ar-e-thu'sa 

A-rl'e-tTs,  Fron^ 

Ar-mil-la'tus 

Ar-tein-i-do'rus 

A-sd'pj-a 

A-sy^us 

Ar-chem'a-^hus 

Ar-e-thu'sjs 

Ar-i-gffi'uin 

Ar-mi-lus'tri-um 

Ar'te-mis 

As-9-pI'a-de§ 

A-sy  n'eri-tus 

Ar-ehem'o-rus 

Ar-e-thQ'^j-us  1 

Ar-jg-no'tus 

Ar-min'i-us 

Ar-te-inl"§i-a  1 

A-so'pjs 

A-tab'u-lus 

Ar-chep'o-lis 

A-re'tj-iis  1 

A'rj-T,  or  A-rl'I 

Ar-mor'i-cl 

Ar-te-mi"^j-um  1 

A-s5'pi-us 

A-tab'y-rls 

A r-c  hep-t  51  'em  ils 

Ar-e-tl'nl 

Ar'j-ma 

Ar-mos'a-t?,  C.  Fr.  K. 

Ar-te-ml'ta 

A-so'pos 

At-a-by-rl'te 

Ar-£hes'tra-ta 

Ar-e-tl'nuni 

Ar-i-mas'pa 

' Py- 

Ar'te  inon 

A-s5'pus 

At-^-byr'i-um 

Ar-ches'tra-tus 

Ar-e-tl'nus 

Ar-i-mas'pl 

Ar-1119-sa'ta,  M. 

Ar-te-mo'n^ 

As-pa-bo't? 

At'a-ce 

Ar-che-tl'mus 

A-re'ti-us  1 

Ar-i-mas'pi-as 

Ar-mos'o-tri 

Ar-te'na 

As-pal-a-thl'? 

At-^-cl'nus,  Var'i 

Ar-chS'tj-us  1 

Ar-e-tul'l? 

Ar-i-mas'pus 

Ar-ino'zgn 

Arth'mi-us 

As-pal'fi-thos 

At-a-lan'ta 

Ar'chi-9 

A-re'tus 

Ar-i-mas'tlne 

Ar'ne-te 

Ar-tim'pa-sa 

As'pa-lls 

At-a-lan-tl'a-des 

Ar'chj-&s 

A'rcus  (/*.)  6 

Ar-j-m^-the'a 

Ar-ni-en'se§ 

Ar-to-bar-za'ne§ 

As-]iam'i-tlirC'§ 

At-a-ly^'da 

Ar-chj-bl'fi-de^ 

A-re'us  (a.) 

Ar-i-ma'ze§ 

Ar-no'bj-us 

Ar-to'ce§ 

As-pa-ra'^i-um 

At-9-ran'te§ 

Ar-chTb'i-us 

Ar'e-va 

Ar'i-ml 

Ar'o-a,  or  Ar'o-e 

Ar-toch'me§ 

As-pa'§i-a  1 

At-gr-be'clijs 

Ar-chj-bu'lus 

A-rev'a-cl 

A-rlin'i-num 

A-ro'ma,  and  Ar'o-m? 

Ar-t5'na 

As-p9-sT'rus 

A-tar'g^-tis 

Ar-chid'a-mas 

Ar-£®'us 

A-rlm'i-nus 

A-rom'9-ta 

Ar-to'nii-us 

As-pa'§j-us  1 

A-fir'ne-a 

Ar-chi-da'mi-a,  or 

Ar'ga-lus 

Ar-jm-phaj'I 

A-rom'9-tum 

Ar-ton'te§ 

As-pas'tes 

A-tUr'neus  6 

Alr-^hi-da-ml'a 

Ar-gan-tho'na 

Ar'i-mus 

Ar'9-sls 

Ar-to'rj-us 

As-p?i-thi'ne§ 

At-9r-nl'te§ 

Ar-^hi-da'mus  J 

Ar-gan-tho'ni-us 

Ar'j-ne§ 

Ar-pa'nl 

Ar-t9-tr5'gus 

As-pa-thl'sis 

A'te 

Ar'$;hi-das 

Ar-gar'i-cus 

Ar-in-thte'us 

Ar-pl'n^s 

Ar-tox'a-re§ 

As-piial-tl'te§ 

A-te'j-us  3 

Ar-chj-dem'j-def 

Ar'£e 

A-ri-9-bar-za'ne^ 

Ar-pl'num 

Ar-tQ'ri-us 

As-ple'don 

A-te'na,  or  -ne 

Ar-chi-de'mus 

Ar-£e'a 

A ri-9-man'de§ 

Ar-qui''tj-us  1 

Ar-tyb'j-us 

As-pp-re'nus 

At-e-119-ma'rus, 

Ar-ghi-de'us 

Ar-£e-a'th® 

A-rj-9-mar'dus 

Ar'quj-tus 

Ar-ty'ne§ 

As-pre'nas 

(i.v.) 

Ar-ghid'i-ce 

Ar-££'I 

A-rj-9-me'de§ 

Ar-r^-bo'na 

Ar-tyn'j-a 

As-pUr-gj-a'ni 

A-ter'ga-tls 

Ar-chld'i-um 

Ar-?en'num 

A-ri'pn 

Ar-ra-chl'pn 

Ar-tys-to'n^ 

As-sa-bl'nus 

A-te'rj-us 

Ar-chi-gal'lus 

Ar-gen-nu'sgi 

a ri-o-vis'tus 

Ar-rte'l 

Ar'u-® 

As-sa-ca'nl,  or  -ce'nl 

A-te-rj-a'nus 

Ar-chig'e-ne^ 

Ar-gen-ta'ri-us 

Ar-i-pe'the§ 

Ar-rhi-lue'us 

A-ru'cI 

As-sag'e-te§ 

Ath-a-ma'ne§ 

Ar-chIl'o-$hus 

Ar-£en'te-us 

Ar'i-phron 

Ar-rhj-daj'us 

Ar-u-e'rjs 

As-sar'a-cus 

Ath-a-ma'ni-a 

Ar-clij-me'de^ 

Ar-gen-tl'na 

Ar-is-tten'e-tus  4 

Ar-re'chl 

Ar-u-le'nus 

As-se'ra . 

Ath-a-ma'n|s 

Ar-chj-me'lus 

Ar-£en-to-ra'tuin 

Ar-js-tte'um 

Ar-re'tj-um  1 

A-run'tl-us  1 

As-se-ri'nl 

Ath-a-man-itl'^-dt 

Ar-chl'nus 

Ar'|e$ 

Ar-js-ta'us 

Ar'rj-fi 

Ar-u-pl'num 

As  se'sus 

Ath'a-mas 

Ar-chj-pel'a-gus 

Ar-ges'te§ 

Ar-is-tag'9-r«a 

Ar-rj-a'nus 

Ar-u-pl'nus 

As-so'nun 

A-than-a-rl'cus 

Ar-chip'o-lls 

Ar-^es'tra-tus 

Ar-js-t&g'9-ras 

Ar’ri-qn 

A-ru-§j-a'nus  1 

As-su-e'rus 

A-thdn'q-rtc 

Ar-chlp'pe 

Ar-*e'us 

Ar-js-tan'der 

Ar'rj-us 

Ar-u-sl'nl 

As-su'r® 

Ath-a-na'^j-iis  1 

Ar-chit'e-ie^ 

Ar'Ji 

Ar-is-tan'dros 

Ar-run'tj-us  1 

Ar-va'le§ 

As-syr'j-^ 

A-than'a-ti 

Ar-chl'ti’s 

Ar-*i'^ 

Ar-is-tar'che 

Ar-sa'be§ 

Ar-vi'na 

As-tab'o-r^s 

Ath'a-nis 

Ar-chon'j-de^ 

Ar'gi-as 

Ar-is-tar'chus 

Ar'sa-ce§,  A.  C.  Cr.  Fr. 

Ar-vir'a-gus 

As-ta-ce'nl 

A'the-as 

Ar-chon'te§ 

Ar-£I"cj-us  1 

Ar-js-ta-za'ne§ 

K.  L.  M.  Sch. 

Ar-vi"§i-um  1 

As-ta^'i-de§ 

A-the'na 

Ar'chy-lus 

Ar-^Il-e-o'njs 

A-ris'te-as 

Ar-sa'ce§,  S. 

Ar-vl'sus 

As'ta-cus 

A-the'n® 

Ar-chy'tas 

Ar-^i-le'tum 

A-ris'te-ra.* 

Ar-sa'ce^,  or 

Arx'a-ta 

As-ta-ge'nl 

Ath-e-n®'a 

Ar-clt'e-nen^ 

Ar -^il'j-us 

A rls'teus  6 

Ar'sa-ce§,  TV.  || 

A-ry-&n'de§ 

As'ta-pa 

Ath-e-n®'um 

Ar-C9-brI'ca 

Ar'gi-lus 

A-rls'the-ne^ 

Ar-sa'ci-9  1 

Ar'y-bas 

As-ta'phi-um 

Ath-e-n®'us 

Ar-co-brT'g? 

Ar-gi'nus 

A-rTs'tj-as 

Ar-sa^'i-daj 

. A-ry-e'nis 

As'ta-pus 

A-the-ni-en'sis 

Ar-cpn-ne'sus 

Ar-^j-nu'sae 

Ar-js-tl'bus,  TV.  (i.  v.) 

Ar-sam'e-ne§ 

Ar-yp-t®'us 

As-tel'e-bG 

Ath-e-nag'9-ras 

Arc-ti'nus 

Ar-gT'9-pe 

Ar-js-t!'d5§ 

Ar-sa'me§ 

A-ryx'a-ta 

As-tel'e-phus 

Ath-e-na'js 

Arc-toph'y-l&x 

Ar-^i-ph5n'te§ 

A-ris'tj-on 

Ar-sam'e-te^ 

Ar-za-ne'ne 

As-te'rj-? 

A-the'ne 

Arc-tu'rys 

Ar -^jp-pie'l 

Ar-is-tlp'pus 

Ar-s^-m6s'?i-ta,  A.  C. 

As-ba-me'9 

As-te'ri-e 

A-the'ni-on 

Ar'da-lus 

Ar-glth'e-a 

A-ris'ti-us 

Py. 

As-bes't® 

As-te'ri-on 

A-then'9-cle§ 

Ar-da'nj-a 

Ar'*i-us,  and  Ar-^I'us 

Ar-is-t9-bu'Ia 

Ar-sa-m9-sa'ta,  K.  M. 

As'b9-lus 

As'te-ris 

A-then-o-do'rus 

Ar-dax-a'nus 

Ar -^T'vfi 

Ar-is-t9-bu'lus 

TV. 

As-b5'tus 

As-te'ri-us 

Ath-e-no|  e-nef 

Ar'de-a 

Ar-Ai'vl 

Ar-is-t9-cle'a 

Ar-sa-mos'9-ta 

As-bu'te§ 

As-te-ro'dj-a 

Atli'e-sls 

Ar-de-a'te^ 

Ar'givef 

A-rls't9-clef 

Ar-sa'ne^ 

As-bys't® 

As-ter-9-p®'us 

Ath'li-bTs 

Ar-dj-ie'i 

Ar-go'da 

Ar-|S-t9-clT'das 

Ar-sa'nj-as 

As-by'te 

As-ter'9-pe 

Ath'1119-num 

Ar'dj-ce$ 

Ar-gol'j-cus 

Ar-js-t9-cll'de§ 

Ar-se'na 

As-cal'a-bus 

As-ter-9-pe'a 

A-tho'us 

Ar'do-ne 

Ar'g9-lis 

Ar-js-toc'ra-te^ 

Ar-se-na'ri-fi 

As-cal'a-phus 

As-te-ru'^j-us  1 

Ath'ri-bis 

Ar-d5'ne-a 

Ar-g9-ndu'tiE 

Ar-js-to'cre-on 

Ar-se'ni-us 

As'ca-lon 

As-ti'il 

Ath-rul'la 

Ar-du-I'ne 

Ar-go'us 

Ar-is-toc'rj-tus 

Ar'se^ 

As-ca'ni-fi 

As'ti-lus 

A-tliy  m'bra 

* Arbaces. — “ Lempriere,  Gouldinan,  Gesner,  and  Littleton  accent  this  word  on 
the  first  syllable,  but  Ainsworth  and  Holyoke  on  the  second  ; and  this  is  so  much 
more  agreeable  to  an  English  ear,  that  I should  prefer  it.”  — Walker.  — Compare 
Arsaces  and  Pharnaces. 

| Arbela.  — “ Arbela , the  city  of  Assyria  where  the  decisive  battle  was  fought 
between  Alexander  and  Darius,  and  the  city  in  Palestine  of  that  name,  have  the 
accent  on  the  penultimate  ; but  Arbela , a town  in  Sicily,  has  the  accent  on  the  ante- 
penultimate syllable.”  — Walker. 

A line  of  Silius  Italicus  (xiv.  272)  has  been  cited  in  proof  that  the  penult  of  the 
Sicilian  Arbela  is  long  ; but  the  word  Arbela  there  is  only  a conjectural  emendation. 
Stephanus  Byzantius  and  Suidas  give  the  Greek  name  of  the  place  in  Sicily  as  ’Ap/SeXrj 
or  *Ap(U\at, 

J Archida'mus. — Walker,  in  his  note  on  this  word,  strangely  confounds  the  Greek 
terminations  damus  and  damas.  In  the  former,  which  represents  the  Doric  fidpog  for 
Sfjpos t “people,”  the  penultimate  vowel  is  long ; in  the  latter,  derived  from  dapaoj,  “ to 


| tame,  to  subdue,”  it  is  short,  as  in  Alcid’amas , Polyd' amas.  Walker  repeats  this  mis- 
take in  his  Terminational  Vocabulary,  accenting  all  the  words  which  end  in  damus 
on  the  antepenultimate. 

§ Arius.  — The  name  of  the  celebrated  heretic  is  written  ’'A/jctoj  in  Greek;  but  it 
may  be  regarded  as  Anglicized.  Prudentius,  moreover,  makes  the  penult  short,  Psy- 
chom.  794.  As  the  name  of  a river , the  quantity  of  the  penult  is  doubtful.  Strabo 
and  Pplybius  write  the  wordvA/)io?  ; Arrian  has  "Apetos. 

||  Arsaces.  — “Gouldinan,  Lempriere,  Holyoke,  and  Labbe  accent  this  word  on 
the  first  syllable,  and,  unquestionably,  not  without  classical  authority  ; but  Ainsworth, 
and  a still  greater  authority,  general  usage,  have,  in  my  opinion,  determined  the 
accent  of  this  word  on  the  second  syllable.”  — Walker. 

Lucan  and  Martial  make  the  a of  the  second  syllable  short  in  the  derivatives,  as 
Arsacides , Arsdcia.  — See  Arbaces. 

V Artem' bares.  — Walker  pronounces  the  word  Artemba'res ; but  the  penult  is 
short  in  yEschylus,  Pers.  302. 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  GREEK  AND  LATIN  PROPER  NAMES.  1709 


Ath'y-ras 

A'ti-.y  1 

A-tld'j-us 

A-tll'j-gt 

A-til-j-ci'nus 

^.-til'i-us 

At-i-me'tus 

A-tl'ngi 

A-tl'nas 

A-tln'j-a 

At-in-ta'ne§ 

A'tj-us  1 

At-lrin-te'?,  or  -tl'ft 
At-lan'te§ 

At-lan-te'us 

At-lan'tj-cus 

At-lan-tl'a-de$ 

At-lan'ti-de§ 

At-Ian'ti-as  1 

At'mo-nl 

At'ra-ce§ 

A-tra$'j-de=l 

At'ra-cis 

At-r?i-ml't® 

At-r^-myt'tj-uin  2 

At-ra-tl'nus 

At'ra-pe$ 

A-treb'a-tes,  or  -tl,  A. 

F.  Fr.  K.  M.  Pij. 

S.  Sell. 

At-re-ba'te^,  C.  L.  TV. 
A-tre'm 
A'treus  («.)  6 
A-tre'us  (a.) 

A-trl'da 

A-trl'd® 

A-trI'de§ 

At-ro-ine'tus 

A-trd'nj-iis 

At-m-pa-tS'ne 

At-rp-pa-te'ni 

A-trop'a-te§ 

At-ro-pa'ti-a  1 

A-trop'?i-tus 

At'ro-pos 

At't^-gUS 

At-tac'9-r®,  or  -ri 

At-ta-gl'nus 

At-ta-il'9 

At-ta-lj-a'ta,  or  -tc§ 
At-ta-li  -d'ta,  or  -te^ 
At't^-lus 
At-teg'u-a 
At-te'j-us  Cap'j-to 
At'te§ 

At-ti-a'nus 

At'tj-Crt 

At-ti-cil'Iri 

At'ti-cus 

At-tld-i-a'te^ 

At'tj-l?i 

At-tlli-a'nus 

At-til'i-us 

At-tl'n^s 

At'tj-us 

At-tu'da 

At-tu'^i-a  1 

At-u-at'j-cl 

At'u-bl 

At'u-rus 

A-tu's^ 

A-ty'ri-d  ® 

A-tym'ni-us 

Au-£ha/t® 

Au-£ha'te§ 

Au'chus 

Auc'tus 

Au-de'na 

Au-den'  ti-us 

Au-do'le-on 

Au-fe'i-rt  A'qua  3 

Au-fi-de'nrt 

Au-fid'j-a 

Au-fid'i-us 

Au'fj-dus 

Au-fj-le'nsL 

Au-fi-le'nus 

Au'g?i,  and  Au'ge 

Au'ga-riis 

AU -&*'® 

Au-ge'as,  and  Au'ge-as 

Au-ge'us 

Au-gl'as 

Au'|i-1® 

Au-gl'nus 
Au'gu-ref 
Au-gu-rl  nus 


Au-gus't^ 
Au-gus-ta'lj-^ 
Au-gus-tl'nus 
Au-gus'tine , 
Au-gus'tin,  or 

A as' tin  * 
Au-gus-to-brl'g^ 
Au-gus-to-du'mnn 
Au-gus-tp-nem'e-tum 
Au-gus'tu-lus 
Au-gus'tus 
Au-les'te§ 

Au-le'tes 

Au'ljs 

Au-lo-cre'ne 

Au'lon 

Au-lo'ni-us 

Au'lus 

Au'nrts 

Au-r?i-nl'tis 

Au'ras 

Au-ra'si-us  1 

Au-re'li-a 

Au-re-li-a'nus 

Au-re' li-an 

Au-re'li-us 

Au-re'o-lus 

Au-rl'gri 

Au-rin'j-?i 

Au'ri-us 

Au-ro'ra 

Au-run'ca 

Au-run'ce 

Au-run-cu-le'i-a  3 

Au-run-cu-le'j-us  3 

Aus-chl's® 

Aus'cl 

Au'ser 

Au'se-rls 

Au'se§ 

Au-se-ta'nl 

Au-si't® 

Auyson 

Au'so-ne§ 

Au-so'ni  a 
Au-son'i-d® 

Au-so'nj-us 

Au'spj-ce^ 

Aus-ta-ge'n? 

Aus'ter 

Aus-te'$j-on  1 

Aus-tra'lis 

Aus-trl'nus 

Au-t^-nl'tjs 

Au-ta-ri-a't® 

Au-tar'i-tus 

Au-te-§i-o-du'rum  1 

Au-te'^j-on  1 

Au-to-bu'lus 

Au-toc'^-lle^ 

Au-toch'tho-ne§ 

Au'to^cle§ 

Au-toc'ra-te.^ 

Au-to-cre'ne 

Au-tol'e-mus 

Au-td'le-on 

Au-tol'o-l® 

Au-tol'9-le§ 

Au-tol'y-cuS 

Au-tom'a-te 

Au-tom'e-don 

Au-t9-me-du's^ 

Au-tom'e-nef 

Au-tom'9-ll 

Au-ton'9-e 

Au-ton'9-us 

Au-toph-ra-da'  te§ 

Au'tri-cum,  F.  M.  Py. 

Au-trl'cum,  C.  L.  TV. 
. (t.  v.y 

Au-trig'9-nef 
Au-tu'ra 
Au^-e'§j-a  1 
Aux'j-mon 
Au^-Q'me 

A-var'i-cum,  A.  F.  Fr. 

K.  M.  Py.  Sch. 

Av-a-rl'cum,  C.  L.  TV. 
A-var'i-cus 
Av'fi-S«? 

A-ve'j-a  3 

Av'e-lis 

A-ve'ni  5 

A-ven'ti-cum 

Av-en-tl'nus 

A-vi-a'nus 

A-vId-j-e'nus 

A-vid'i-iis 


A-vi-e'nus 

A-vI'9-19 

A-vI-ti-a'nys  1 

A-vl'tus 

A'vj-um 

Ax'e-nus 

Aj-I'e-ros 

A^-I'9-chus 

A^-I^n 

Ax-i-9-nI'cus  1 

Ax-j-o'tae  1 

Ax-i-o'the-a  1 

Ax'j-us  1 

Ax'9-119 

A^-o'ne§,  people. 
Ax'9-ne§,  tablets. 
A^-u'me 
Ax'y-lus,  country. 
A^-y'lus,  man. 
A-zam'9-ra 
A-za'nl 
A-ze'ca 
A'zeus  6 
A-zI'de§ 

A-zI'lis 

A-zl'ns 

Az'9-nax 

A-z5'rus 

A-zo'tus 


B. 

Ba-bil'|-us 

Bab'j-lus 

Ba'brj-us 

Bab'y-lo 

Bab'y-lon 

Bab-y-15'nj-a 

Bab-y-ld'nj-I 

Ba-byt'^-ce 

Bac-a-ba/sus 

Bic'c^-ra 

Bac'chae 

Bac-cha'nal 

Bac'c/iq-nal 

Bac-cha-na'li-a 

Bac-ghan'te? 

Bac-^he'us 

Bac-chl'a-doe 

Bac-clil'das 

Bgic'chi-de§ 

B^c-chl'um 

Bac-chl'us,  author. 

Bac'clij-us  (in  Ilor.) 

Bac-cliyl'j-de§ 

Bac'chy-liis 

Ba-ce'njs 

Ba-chi-a/ri-us 

Bac^9-rls 

Bac'tri-9 

Bac-trj-a'na 

Bac-tri-a'nl 

Bac-u-a/t® 

B^-cun'tj-us  1 

Bad'a-ca 

Ba-dl'a,  or  Ba'di-? 

Ba'dj-us 

Bad-u-hen'n® 

B®'l)i-us 

Baec'u-la  4 

B®^'y-la  4 

B®-tho'r9n 

B®t/i-ca  4 

B®t'i-cus  4 

Bs'tjs 

B®'t9n 

Bffit'u-lo 

B®-tu'ri-ri 

B®t'y-lus  4 

Ba-ga'cum,  A.  L.  M. 

Bag'a-cum,  F.  Py. 
Bag-9-da'9-ne§ 
Ba-^e'sus 
Ba-A;Is'ta-ine 
Ba-5is'ta-na 
Ba-Iis'ta-ne^ 
Ba-gis'ta-nus,  A. 
Ba-go'as 
Ba-g5'sas 
Bag-9-da're? 
Ba-goph'^-ne? 
Ba-go'us 
Big'ra-da 
Ba/j'®  3 
Ba-j-o-cas's® 

Ba'j-us 


Bal  '9-crus 

BaI-9-na'gr® 

Bal'^-nus 

Bal'a-ri,  F.  K.  Py. 

B^-la'rl,  TV.  (i.  v.) 
Bal'9-rus 
Bal'gi-tro 
B?il-bl'nus 
Bal-bu'r^ 

Bal-ce'? 

Bal-du-I'nus 
Bald'  win 
Ba-le-a're§ 

B^-le'tus 
Bal-js-be'gri 
Ba'li-us 
Bal'  1 j-o 
Bal-loil'9-tl 
Bal'sa-mon 
Bril-ven'tj-us  1 
Bal'y-r^ 

Bal'y-ras 
B^m-by'ce 
Ban-du'§j-a  1 
Ba-nj-u'r®,  or  -ri 
Ban-i-zoin'e-ne§ 
Ban't|-9  1 
Ban'ti-®  1 
Ban-tl'n? 

Ban'tj-us  1 
Ba-nu'bri-rl 
Baph'y-rus 
Bap't® 

Bar'^-d5 

Ba-r®'I 

Bar'9-thrum 

Bar'ba-rT 

Bar-ba'rj-9 

Bar-ba'tj-o  1 

Bar-ba'tj-us  1 

Bar-ba'tus 

B^r-bes'u-Ia 

Bar-bos'  the-ne§ 

Bar'bu-la 

Bar-by  th'a-ce 

Bar-c®'I,  or  B?ir-cl't® 

Bir'ci-no 

Bar-cl'nus 

Bar-d®'I 

Bar-da'nes 

Bar-dc-sa'ne§ 

Bar-dl'nfi 

Ba're-a,  man. 

Ba-re'a,  town. 

Ba're-as  S9-ra'nus 
Ba're^ 

Bar'g9-sa 
B?ir-gu'si-I  1 
Bar-£yl'j-<i 
Bar'gy-lus 
Ba-rl'ne 
Bar'i-sas 
Ba'ri-um 
Bar-sl'ne,  and 
Bar-se'ne 
Bar-za-en'te§ 
Brir-za'ne§ 
Bas-?i-nl'te§ 

Ba-se'ra 

Bas-j-le'?i 

Bas-j-ll'a 

Ba-sil-j-a'nus 

Ba-sil'i-cas 

Ba-SIl'|-cus 

Bas-j-ll'd® 

Bas-i-ll'de§ 

Bas-i-ll'I 

Bas-j-ll'na 

Ba-sil-j-9-pot'a-moS 

Bas'i-lis 

B^-sll'j-us,  man. 

Bdf'il 

Bas-i-ll'us,  river. 

Bas'j-lus 

Bas's® 

Bas-sa'ni-a 
Bas'sa-reus  6 
Bas-sar'i-de§ 
Bas'sa-rTs 
Bas-sj-a'nus  1 
Bas-sl'nus 
Bas -tar'n® 
Bas-te-ta'nl 
Bas-ter'n® 

Bas'ti-a  1 
Bat'9-lus 
Bat-a-n5'cllus 
Ba-ta'vlj^or  Bat'9-vT 


Ba-ta'vj-fi 
Bat-?-V9-du'rum 
Ba-ta'vus,  or  Bat'9-vus 
B^-te'? 

Batli-?i-na'ti-us  1 
Bath'y-cle$ 

B^-tI'9 
Ba-tj-a'tus  1 
Ba-ti-e'9  1 
B^-tT'nl 

Bat-r?i-cho-niy-9-ma'- 

chi-a 

Bal'ra-chus 
Bat't^-rus 
Bat-tl'a-de§  • 

Bat'u-lum 

Bat'u-lus 

Bau'bo 

Bau'cis 

Biiu'll 

Ba'vi-us 

Bav'9-t9 

Baz-^-en'te^ 

Baz-a-I'r? 

B^-zI'ra 

Be-a'trix 

Be'bj-us 

Be-brl'a-ciini 

Bcb'ry-ce 

Beb'ry-ce§,  and 

Be-bry'ce§ 
Be-bry"cj-9  1 
Be-bry"ci-I  1 
Be'bryx 

Be-chl're§,  or  -ri 
Be-clrl'a-cun> 

Bel'^-te§ 

Bel-bl'na 

Bel-e-ml'na 

Bel'e-nus 

Bel-e-phan'te? 

Bel'e-sls 

Bel'^® 

Bel-Ac'de 

Bel'gj-ca 

Bel'gj-cus 

Bel'gj-um 

Bel'|j-us 

Be'li-as 

Bel'j-de§,  pi. 

Be-ll'de^i,  sing. 

Be-lis'a-ma 

Bel-i-sa'rj-us 

Be-lis'ti-clie 

Be-li't® 

Bel-lag'j-ne§ 

Bel-ler'9-plion 

Bel'le-rus  f 

Bel-li-e'nus 

Bel-lo'na 

Bel-b-na'rj-l 

Bel-lov'a-cl,  A.  Cr.  F. 

Fr.K.M.S.Sch.W. 

Bel-b-va'cl,  C.  L. 
Bel-lov'a-cum,  JTI.  TV. 

(t.  v.) 

Bel-19-va'cum,  C.  L. 
Bel-19-ve'sus 
Bel-ml'na 
Bel'plle-gbr 
Bel-sl'num 
Be-lu'nurn 
Bem-bl'119 
Be-na'cus 
Ben-dj-dl'a 
Ben-di-dl'uin 
Ben-e-ven'tum 
Bcn-tiies-i-cy'me 
Bc-pol-j-ta'nus 
Bcr'bi-c® 
Ber-e-cyn'tlij-a 
Ber-e-cyn'thus 
Bcr-e-cyn-tl'a-de§ 
Ber-e-nl'ce 
Ber-e-nl'cjs 
Ber'|i-ne 
Ber'gj-on 
B(ir-|is-ta'nl 
Ber'g9-nium 
Ber'mi-us 
Ber'9-e 
Be-rce'a 
Be-ro'ne^ 

Ber-9-nI'ce 

Be-r5'sus 

Be-rS'tlig. 

IBor-rhoi'a 

Be'ry-as 


Be-ryb'r?i-ce^ 

Be-ry'tus,a/t</  Ber'y-tus 

Bes-an-tl'nus 

Bes'^-r?i 

Bes'bj-cus 

Be-sid'j-® 

Be-sl'lus 
Bes'ti  -a 
Bes'ti-us 
Bes-yn-ge'tl 
Be  -tar'ni9-ne§ 

Bet'9-sl 

Be-th6'r9n 

Bet'i-ra 

Be-tu'ri-^i 

Bj-a'n9r 

Bi-bac'u-lus 

Blb'9-g9 

Blb'li-?,  and.  Bil'lj-gi 
Bib'lj-n^ 

Blb'ii-la 

Blb'u-lus 

Bl'ce 

Bl'c6? 

Bi-cor'ni-^er 

Bl-e'phl 

Bl'fron§ 

Bl-^er-ri-o'nes 
Bil'bj-lis 
Bi-ma'ter 
Bin'^i-um 
Bi'9-neiis  (??.) 
Bl-9-nG'us  (a.) 
Blr'ri-us 
Bj-sal't® 

Bi-s*al'te§ 

Bls'su-la 

Bis't9-ne§ 

Bjs-to'nj-a 

Bjs-ton'j-de§ 

Bls't9-nTs,  and 

Bjs-t5'nis 

Blth'y-® 

Bith'y-as 
Bj-tliy'nl 
Bj  tliyn'j-9 
Bj-tliyn'i-cus 
Bi-tliyil'j-um 
Bl"ti-as  1 

Blt-u-I'tus,  K.  Py.  S. 

TV.  (t.  v.) 

Bj-ta'i-tus,  TV.(i.v.) 
Bj-tu'ri-cum 
Bj-tu'i'i-ge^ 

Blt'u-rlx 
Bi"zi-9  ] 

Bi-zd'ne 
Bi"zy-a  1 
Bl?i-e'ne 
Bl®'fi-I  1 
BIffi'sus 
Blan-de-nd'n^i 
Blan-db'na 
Blan-du'§i-a  1 
Bta'sj-o  1 ‘ ' 

Bla'§i-us  1 

Blls'ta-re^ 

Blas-t9-phce-nl'ce§ 

Blat'ta-ra 

Bla'vi-a 

Blem'my-ef 

Ble'iny-® 

Ble'my-I 

Ble-nl'na 

Bleph'a-ro 

Bli"ti-us  1 

Blo'^j-iis 

Blu'ci-um  1 

B9-ad-i-ce'a,  K.  M.  Py. 

S.  Trollope. 

Bo-9-dic'e-?t.  TV.( i.v.) 
Bo'®,  and  BoD'9 
B9-a'gri-us 
Bob-9-ne'9 
B9-ca'li-as 
Boc'ch9-rIs 
B9-dQ-ag-na'tus 
B9-du'nI 
Boe'® 

BoR'be 
Boe -be 'is 
Boe'bj-^ 

Bo-e-dro'mi-^ 

Boe -9 -tar 'ch® 
Boe-o'ti-ril 
Boe-o't|-iis  1 
Boe-o'tus 
Boer-e-bTs't^s  4 


Bo-e'thj-us 

B9-e'tlius 

Bo-e'ti-us  1 

Bce'um 

Ba*'us 

Bo'^5? 

Bo'i-9.  3 

Bo'j-I  3 

Bo-joc'9-lus 

Boj'9-rlx 

B9-la'nus 

Bol-be'ne 

B51-bi-tl'ne 

Bol-bi-tl'num 

Bol'^j-iis 

Bo-le'ri-um 

Bo  ll'na,  Cr.  M.  W. 

Bol'j-na,  Py. 
Bol-i-n®'us 
B9l-ia'ni.is 
B9in-by'ce 
Bo-mi-en'se^ 
Bom-o-ni'c® 
Bon-i-fa'ci-us  1 
B9-no'ni-a 
B9-n6'§j-us  1 
B9-nb'sns 
Bo-o-su'ra 
B9-o'te§ 

B9-o'tus,  and  Boe-o'tus 

Bbr-be-toni'9-gus 

Bb're-^ 

B9-re'a-de§ 

Bo-re-a'ljs 

B5're-Sis 

Bo-re -as'mi 

B9-re'9n 

Bor'ges 

B9r-go'dI 

B9-rl'9n 

B9-rl'nus 

B9-r)'s'tbe-nc§ 

Bos'plm-rus 

Bos'»9-ros 

Bos'p9-rus 

B9s-tre'nus 

B9-ta-lii-a'tes 

B9-thro'dus 

B9-tro'dus 

Bot'ti-^ 

Bot-tj-aVis 

Bb-vi-a'nuni 

Brac'a.-n? 

Brac'a-ra 

Br^c-ca'tl 

Bracli-ma'ne§ 

Br^cli-nia'nl 

Br9-clio'de§ 

Br®/|j-a  1 

Bran-clil'a-de^ 

Bran'^hj-d® 

Bran'clius 

Br^n-chyi'Ij-de^ 

Bra'^i-®  1 

Bras'i-das 

Bras-|-de'9,  or  -dl'a 

Bras'i-las 

Blau 're 

Brau'ron 

Brau-ro'ni-^ 

Bre-^®'tj-um  1 

Bren'nl,  and  Breu'nl 

Bres'ci-a  1 

Bret'tj-I  2 

Breu'cus 

Bri-a're-us,  or 

Brl'9-reus  G J 
Bri-gan'te^  ' 
Bri-gan'ti-a  1 
Bri-gan'tj-cus 
Brlg-an-tl'nus 
Bri-gan'ti'-um  1 
Bri-s®'us 
Bri-se'|s 
BrI'se? 

BrI'seus  G 
Brj-tan'ni-a 
Brj-tAn(iii-cus 
Brit-9-mar'tis 
Brit-o-nia'riis,  or  -ris, 
S.  TV.  ('i.  v.) 

Bri-tom'9-rus,  M. 
BrTt.'9-ne§,  and 

Bri-to'ne? 

BrI-u'la 
Brix'i-a  1 
BrTx'i-110 
Broc-u-be'lus 


* Augus'tine  or  Augus'tin.  — As  a Christian  name,  the  second  syllable  is  generally 
accented  ; but  Longfellow,  apostrophizing  the  Bishop  of  Hippo,  places  the  accent  on 
the  first  or  tliird  : — 

“ Saint  Aufjitstine  ! well  hast  thou  said, 

That  of  our  vices  we  can  frame 
A ladder,  if  we  will  hut  tread 
Beneath  our  feet  each  deed  of  shame!  ” 

So  Drayton,  Polyolbion , stanza  24.  Later  English  poets  accent  the  second  syllable, 
as  Wordsworth,  Praed,  Cary,  and  Wright  in  their  translations  of  Dante,  &c. 


f Bel'lerus.  — Walker  accents  this  word  on  the  penultimate,  following  the  supposed 
authority  of  Milton,  in  his  Lycidas  (1.  160) : — 

“ Or  whether  thou,  to  our  moist  vows  denied, 

Sleep’st  by  the  table  of  Belleras  old.” 

But  the  Bellerus  here  referred  to  by  Milton  is  not  the  Bellerus  of  classical  mythology. 
— See  Warton’s  note. 

J Briarcus.  — The  forms  B piapr.'og  and  Bpiapevs  both  occur  in  Crock ; and  in  English 
verse  the  word  is  often  a trisyllable. 


1710 

PRONUNCIATION  OF 

GREEK  AND  LATIN  PROPER  NAMES. 

Bry-git'^-rus 

Brd'ini-y 

Brd'mj-us 

Bron'te§ 

c. 

Cal -^-chG'ne 
Cal-^c^tl'nus 
Cal-a-gor'ris 
Cal-a-gu'rjs 

C^l-lis'thc-nG^ 

Cal-lis-tl'9 

C;yl-lis-t9-nl'cus 

C^l-lis'tra-tus 

C^-nis'tj-us 

Ca'nj-us 

Can'me 

Ca-no'bus 

Cgi-rl'nus 

Ca'rj-G 

C>-rl'9n 

Cri-ris's^-num 

Bryn-tl'nus 

Bro'te$ 

Cab'gi-dGs 

Cal-9-gur-rj-ta'nI 

Cal'fi-is 

Cgil-llx'9-n^ 

C^l-lix'e-nus 

C^-nop'i-cuin 

C9-no'pus 

C^-ris'ti-^i 

C^r-ma/M 

Brd'te-as 

Cab'a-lri 

cal -in  is 

Cal-9-cis'sus 

Can't^-ber 

C?r-ina'nj-?i 

Brd'tiie-us 

C?-bal'a-cgi 

Cal  -^-ml'sa 

Cal-9-cy'rus 

Can't^i-brri 

Cyr-nia'nyr 

Bruc'te  ri 

Cab'^-lG^ 

Cal-a-ml'tG^ 

Cal-9-^G'rus 

Can't^i-brl 

Car'in  e 

Bruc'te  rus 

Ca-ba'li-T 

Cal'^-mos 

Cal'9-pus 

Catn-ta'brj-^ 

Cyr-niG'j-us  3 

Bruma'h-a 

Cab-a-ll'nys 

Cal'^-inus 

Cal-p9-ta'nus 

Crin-ta'brj-a; 

C?ir-mG'lus 

Brun-di"$i-uin  1 

C?-ba'lis 

Ca-la'nus 

Cal  pe-tj-a'nus  1 

Can-t?i-cu-zG'iius 

Cdr'mcl 

Bri.m-du'^i-um  1 

Cab-al-ll'nuin 

Cal'a-on 

Cal'pe-tus 

Can'tliri-ra 

C^r-mG'nj-on 

BrS-tj-a'iius  1 

C?-bil'li-5 

C^-lapli'^-tG^ 

C9I  pliiir'nj-^ 

C^n-tli?i-rol'e-thron 

Cdr-men-ta'lG| 

Bru-tld'i-us 

Cab'a  sa 

Cal'a-ris 

Cal-phur'ni-us 

Can'tli^-rus 

Car-men-ta'ljs 

Bru'ti-I  1 

C?-bds'i-las 

C^-la'rus 

C9I -pUr'11  j-«i 

C^n-thG'l^ 

Cir'mi-des 

Brut'ti-I 

Ca-be'lG§ 

Cal'^-te§ 

C?1  pUr'ni-us 

Can'tj-uni  1 

Car-na'§j-us  1 

Brut'tj-iim 

Ca  bG'sus 

Cal-a-tha'nsi 

Cdl-u-co'nG^ 

Caii-u-le'i-a  3 

C^ir-nG'^ 

Bru'tu-lus 

Cab  jl-ld'num 

Ca-la'tlii-on 

Cal-u-sld'j-us 

Can-u-le'j-us  3 

C?ir-nG'fi-dG§ 

Bru'tus 

Ca-bl'ra 

Cal'a-thus 

C^-lu'^i-um  1 

Ca-nu'lj-fi 

Car-nG'us 

Bry'ce 

Ca-bl'ri 

C^-la'tj-a  1 

Cal-ve'na 

Ca-nu'§j-um  1 

Car-iil^n 

Bry-en'ni-us 

Ca-bir'i-a 

Ca-la'ti-ie  1 

Cal-ven'ti-us  1 

C^-nu'^j-us  1 

Cdr'n9-nes 

Bry'^Gs 

C^-bu'ra 

Cal-^-tl'nus 

Cal'vi-<i 

Ca-nu'tj-us  1 

Car-nu 'tG§ 

BrJ'gl 

Cab'u-rus 

Cal-au-re'a 

Cal-vl'n^ 

C^p'a-neus  («.)  6 

Cyr-nu'tum 

Brys'e-a 

Cab'y-le 

C^-lau'rj-a,  or 

C^l-vl'nus 

Cap-9-ne'us  (a.) 

Car-nu'tus 

Brys'e-ce,  and  Bry-sG'a? 

Cagh'a-lef 

Cal-au-rl'ai 

Cal-vi"§j-us  1 

Cap'a-ra 

Car'9-lus 

Bu  ba-ce'ne 

Cac-9-da‘m'9-ne§  4 

C^i-la'vi-I 

C&l'y-be 

Ca-pa-ti-a'na  1 

Charley 

Bu-ba'ce$ 

Ca-cu'thjs 

Ca-la'vj-us 

Cal-y-bl't? 

Ca-pe'na 

C5r-9S-cG'pI 

Bu'ba-ris 

Ca-eyp'^-ris 

Cal'c^-gus 

Cal-y-cSid'iius 

C^-pe'nas 

Car-j)a'§i-9  1 

Bii-bas-tl'^-cus 

Cry-de'n^ 

Cal'cii^s 

Cal'y-cG 

Cfi-pG'nl 

Car-pa'§i-um  1 

Bu'ba-sus 

Cad-inG'a 

Cal-che-do'ni-a 

C^-lyd'i-um 

Ca-pG'nus 

Cyr-pa'tG?,  Cr.  P.  S< 

Bu-bo'na 

Cad-mG'js 

Cal-chin'i 

C&l'y-don 

Cap'e-tus 

Car'pa-tG§,  A.  J\T.  1 

Bu'ce^ 

Cad-me'us 

Ca-le'cas 

Cal-y-do'njs 

Ca-pha'rcQs  ( n .)  6 

Trollope. 

Bu-cepli'a-la 

Cad-inI'Ius 

Ca-led'o-ne^ 

Cal-y-do'nj-us 

Caph-^-rG'us,  or 

Car-pa'tlij-us 

Bu-ceph-a-ll'a 

Ca'dr^ 

Cal-e-do'ni-a 

CSim-^-19-du'num 

Ca-pha're-us  (a.) 

Car'p^-tlius 

Bu-ceph'a-lus 

Cad're-ma 

Ca-lG'la 

Cgi-miit'ti-uin  1 

Cfi-pliG'reus  6 

Car-pG'i-a  3 

Bu-chaj'ti-um  1 

Ca-du'cc-us  1 

C^-lG'num 

Cam-a-ra'cum,  A.  C.  F. 

Ca-phG'rjs 

Car-pe-ta'nl 

Bu'che-ta 

Ca-du'sl 

Ca-lG'nus 

L-  Py . * 

Ca-plil'ra 

Cyr-phyl'lj-dG^ 

Bu-cil-i-a'nus 

Ca-du'^j-I  1 

Ca-lG'rus 

Ca-iMr'?-cum,  Trol- 

Ca'phy-ie 

C^r-pl'y 

Bu-col'i-ca 

Cad'y-tls 

Ca'lG§ 

lope. 

Ca'phy-e 

Car-poc'ra-tG§ 

Bu-col'j-cuin 

Cse'? 

Ca-le'^|-us  1 

Cam-5i-rl'n?i 

Ca'pj-c 

Car-popli'9-ra 

Bii-co'lj-ott 

C*-ce'ti-us  1 

Ca-lG'tJe 

CSm-9-rl't® 

C5p-is-se'ne 

C9r-popli'9-rus 

Bu'co-lus 

Caj'ci-as  1 

Cal'e-tl 

Cam-?-tG'rus 

Cap'j-to 

Car'raj,  and  Car'rhaj 

Bu-de'a 

CiE-dl'i-a 

Ca-lG't9r 

Cam-bau'lef 

Cap-j-t9-ll'r*us 

Car-rl'nas 

Bu'di-i 

CaB-cil-i-a'nus 

Cal'ga-cus 

Cam'be^ 

Cap-j-to'li-uni 

Car-r|-na'tG§ 

Bu-dl'nl 

C«B-Cll'j-1 

Ca-li-ad'ne 

Cam-bo-du'num 

Cap-nob'a-tcE 

Car-ru'ca 

Bu-dd'ris 

CjB-Cll'i-US 

Cal-i-cG'nl 

Cani-bo-ri'tum 

Cap-pad '9-ce§ 

Cap-pa  do'cj-a  1 

Car-sG'9-lI 

Bu'do-rum,  or 

Cie^'j-lus  4 

Ca-lid'j-us 

Cam-bu'nl 

Car'su-ise 

Bu-dd'runi 

CtE -d'n.y 

Cal-i-do'rus 

Cain-by'lus 

C^p'pa-dox 

Car-ta'li-as 

Bu-dd'rus 

Cajcl'nus 

Cal'i-dus 

Cam-by-se'ne 

Ca'pra 

Cir'ta-rG 

Bu '£e-nG^! 

CtEc'u-buin  4 

Cal'j-ga 

Cam-by'sG§ 

Ca-pra'r|-9 

Car-tG'i-a  3 

Bu-lag'o-ras 

Csec'u-bus  4 

Ca-lig'u-la 

Cam-e-la'nl 

Ca-jira'^i-a  1 

Car'te-nus 

Bu-lTni'e  I 

Cjec'u-Ius  4 

Cal'i-pus 

Cam-c-ll'tae 

Ca'pre-£E.  or  Ca'pre  ?i 

Car'te-ron 

Bul-la'ti-us  1 

C«t*-dl"cj-us  1 

Cal-lai'ci-a  1 

Cam-el-9-du'num 

Ca-pre'o-lus 

Car-tiicT'a 

Bul-lI'o-nG^ 

Cicd'i-cus  4 

C?l-lips'chrus  4 

Ca-me'n^ 

Cap-rj-cbr'iius 

Ciir  tlia-iin-j-Gn'sG^ 
Car-tba'gG 

Bu-ma'diis. 

CiE-di-ti-a'nus  1 

Cal-la'i-cl 

Ca-me-ni-a'tfi 

Cap-ri-fi-ci-a'lis  1 

By-md'dus 

Cie  di"t!-us  1 

Cal-la'i-nus 

Cam'e-ra 

Ca-prl'iny 

Car' (hag  c 

Bu-me'a 

Cai'lj-fi 

Cal-la-tG'bus 

Cdm-e-ra'cum.  See 

C^-prl'na 

Car'tha-lo 

Bu-ni'ma 

C«ul'i-nus  4 

Cal-la-tj-a'nus  1 

Camaracum. 

C^-prIp'e-dG§ 

CUr'tba-sis 

Bu-no-me'a 

Cie-li-9-in9ii-ta'nus 

Cal-Ia'tjs 

Cam'e-rG 

Ca'prj-us 

Car-tbG'ri 

Bu'pa-lus 

CffiMj-us 

Cal  -le'nl 

Cam-e-rl'num,  and 

Cap-r9-tl'ny 

Car-tTl'i'-us 

Bu'pha-gus 

C;em'a-ro  4 

Cal-le-tG'ri-a 

C^-ine'rj-um 

Ca'prus 

Ca-ru'rfi 

Bu-pho'ni-a 

CiB'ne 

CSl'li-a 

Cam-e-rl'nus 

Cap'sa-gG 

Ca-ru'sa 

Bu-pra'§j-um  I 

Cae'neus  6 

Cal  ll'a-de^ 

Ca-mG'rj-us 

Cap'u-a 

Car-vil'j-us 

Bu-ra'i-cus 

Cic-nl'de^ 

Cal-li'a-nax 

Ca-mer'tG^ 

Car-a  bac'tra 

Ca'ry-^ 

Bur-dlg'a-la 

Cffi -nl'n^ 

Cal  lj-a-nl'ra 

C?i-nier'ti-um  1 

Car'a-bis 

Ca'ry-a3 

Bur-gun-dj-orlle§ 

Cje'njs 

Cal-ll'a-rus 

Cain'j-cus,  A.  J\l.  Py. 

Car-a-cal'la 

Ca-ry-a'tsc 

Bu'rj-chus 

C*-not'r9-piE 

Cal'lj-as 

fv.  rt.  v.) 
Ca-ml'cus,  P. 

Car-a-ca'tG§,  Py.  S.  TV. 

Ca-ry-at'j-dG§ 

Bur-ri-e'nus 

Cee-pa'rj-iis 

Cal-llb'i-us 

(t.  V.) 

C5-ry-a'tis 

Bur 'si -a  1 

Ca?-pa'§j-us  1 

Cal-li-cG'rus 

C?t-mil'la2 

Ca-rac'a-te$,  W.  (i.v.) 

Cfi-ry'9-nes 

Bu's;e 

Cie'pi-5 

Cal  ligh'9-rus 

Ca-ml'r^ 

Ca-r^c'ty-cus 

Car-ys-lG'us 

Bu-sl'ris 

CfP-ra'tus 

Cal-ll"ci-as  1 

Ca-ml'ro 

Ca'riP,  Ca-rai'us 

Ca-rys'tj-us 

Bu-si-rl ' 

Cie're,  or  Cx're§ 

Cal'lj-clGs 

Ca-mi'rus 

Car'?i-lls 

Ca'ry-um 

Bu'ta-d* 

Cfe-rel'lj-Q 

Cal  li  C9-lo'na 

Cam-i-sG'ne 

C^r-?i-ma'Ius 

Ca-sa'le 

Bu ' le-o 

Cier'e-sl  4 

Cal-lj-cra-te'a 

C&m-js-sa'rG§ 

Car-a-nl'tis 

C^s-ccl'lj-us 

Bu'tG^ 

C®r'j-te§  4 

Cal  llc'ra-tG§ 

C.y-mce'nai 

Ca-rSn't9-nus 

Cas-i-li'num 

Bu'tho-C 

Cccr'u-lus  4 

Cal-lj-crat/i-das 

C?-mo'ni-us 

Car'a-nus,  A.  C.  L.  JIT. 

Cas'j-ny 

Bu-thrG'tos 

C®'§rir 

Cal-lic'ri-tus 

Cam-pa'na  I^ex 

TV.  Shai'pc. 

Ca-sl'num 

Bu-thro'tum 

Cies-a-rG'a  4 

cai-ii-dam'?i-te§ 

Cain-pa'nj-ft 

Ca-ra'nus,  Cr.  K.  P. 

Ca-^j-o'tjs  1 

Bu-thrd'tus 

C«-sa'ri-on 

Cal-li-de'mus 

C^im-pa'nus 

Py. 

Ca'§i-us  1 

Bu-thyr'e-ils 

Cic-sa'rj-us 

Cai-li-dem'j-de| 

Cam'pe-sus 

Ca-r&u'§j-us  1 

Cas'me-na 

Bu'to-a 

C.TS-^-ro-du'nmn  4 

Cal-lld'i-us 

Cam-p9-du'num 

Car-bo'nGs 

CUs'me-nai 

Bu'ty-nCs 

Cics-.y-rdm'a-gus  4 

Cal-lid'r9-miis 

Carn'pus  Mar'tj-us  1 

Car'bu-la 

Cas-pG'ri-a 

Bu-t6r'i-dG§ 

C«e-sG'nri 

Cal-lT^'e-nG§ 

Cam-u-19-^l'nus 

Car-gliG'dyn 

Cas-per'u-lfi 

Bu'tra 

Cffi-sGn'nj-as 

Cal -1  i -£e'tus 

C^-mu'nl 

Car'cj-na 

Cas-pl'a-dai 

Bi.j-tro'tus 

Cfe-sG'tj-us  1 

Cal-li-^I'tus 

Can'a-ce 

Cilr'cj-nos 

CUs-pj-a'nFi 

Bn-zG'rl 

C®'§j-a  1 

Cal-lim'a-clius 

Can'?i-£liG 

Ciir-cj-nI'tG§ 

Cas'pj-T 

Bu'zy-^e^ 

Cte'^i-us  1 

Cal-lj-rnar'chus 

Can'a-chus 

Car'cj-nus 

Cas-pl'r? 

By-biis'sj-a  1 

Cifi'sG 

Cal-lj-me'dG§ 

Ca'n.-c'*' 

Car-da'cG§ 

Cas-pl'rl 

Byb-lG'si-a  l 

Cie-sd'ni-g 

Cal-llm'e-don 

C^-na'nus 

Car-da-me'ne 

CUs'pi-um  Ma're 

Byl)'lj-a 

C*Ts-9-nI'nus  4 

CaMj-ni'cum 

Ca-na'rj-^ 

Cfir-dam'y-lG 

Cas-san-da'ne 

Byb'lj  I 

CJE-sd'nj-us 

Cal-lj-nl'cus 

Ca-na'ri-I 

Car'de-fi 

Cas-san-drG'?i 

By  b'ljs 

Cffis-u-lG'nus  4 

Cal-ll'nus 

Can'a-tlius 

Car-de'sus 

C?s-san'dreus  6 

By  b'los 

Can'9-brlx  4 

Cal-lin'9-us 

Can'da-cG 

Car'dj-a 

CUs-san-drI'a 

By  b'lus 

Ca»-tr6'ni-us 

Cal-li-9-do'rus 

Can-diu'lGg 

Cyr-dln'e-a 

CUs'sj-a  1 

By'ce’ 

Cjet'u-lum  4 

Cal-ll'9-pas 

C?n-da'vj-^ 

Car'du-ie 

Cas-sj-a'nus  1 

Byl-a-z5'ra 

Cae'yx 

Cal-lI'9-pG 

C^n'dj-d^ 

Car-du'chl 

Cas'si-an 

Byl-ll'9-ne| 

Ca-ga'co 

Cal-li-6'pi  us 

CSLn'dj-dus 

Car-dv'tus 

Ca-rG'nGs 

Cas-sj-e-pe'j-a  1,  3 

By  r'rhi-a 

Ca-icl'nus 

Cal-lj-pa-tl'ra 

Can-dl'9-nl 

CUs-sj-9-do'rus  I 

By-za'ci-um  1 

Ca-I'cus 

Cal'h-piion 

Can-dl'9-pe 

Ca'rG§ 

Cas-sI'9-pG 

Byz-an-tl'a-cus 

Ca-j-e'ta 

Cai'lj  phron 

Can'dy-ba 

Car'e-s?t 

CUs-si-9-pG'a  1 

Byz-an-tj'nus 

Ca-i-e-ta'nus 

Cal-lIp'i-dcE 

Can-e-phd'rj-3. 

Ca-rG'sus 

CUs-sj-5'tis  1 

By-zan'ti-on  2 

Ca-I'9-lus 

Cal-lip'i-dG^ 

Ca-nG'thiis 

Car-fin 'j  a 

Cas-slt'e-ia 

By-zin'ti-um  1 

Ca'|-phas 

Cal-llp'9-lis 

C^-nic'u-1^ 

Ca'ri-a,  Ca'ri-as 

Cas-si’-ter'i-de§ 

By-zan'lj  us  1 

Ca'i-us,  and  Ca'i’-gi  3 

Cal'li-pus 

Ca-nTc-u-la're^  DT'G§ 

Ca-r|-a'la5 

CUs'sj-us  1 

By-zG'nus 

Ca-jG'ta 

Cal  Ij-py'^G^ 

Ca-nid'i-a 

Cfi-rl'na 

CUs-sj-ve-lau'nus 

By-zG'rG.j 

Ciil'a-ber,  Q,u!n'tus 

Cal-lj-py'gos 

Ca-nid'j-us 

Ca-n'naj 

Cys-sG'pe 

By'zG^ 

By^'zj-a  1 

Ca-Ia'brj  ^ 

C;*l  lTr'rlio  G 

Ca-n7n-c  la'tCg 

Car'j-ne 

Cas's9-tls 

Cil'^brus 

Cal  lis  te'a 

Cgi-niii'i-us 

Ca-rl'nl 

Cas-tab'a-la 

Cas't?-bus 

C^s-ta'li-y. 

C?s-tiU'j-deg 

CSs'tfi-lis 

C^s-ta'lj-us  Fong 

CUs-tlia-n©'^ 

Cgis-the'iies 

Cas-ti-si-nl'r^ 

CUs'tj-cus 

Cfis-tG'lus 

Cas  to-re^,  pi. 

C?s-tra'tj-us  1 

Cas'tri-cus 

C&s'tu-lo 

Cat-a-ba'nG§ 

Cat-^-ba'nus 

Cat-fi-ce-cau'me-ne- 

Cat-ri-cio'thG^ 

Cat-a-du'pa 

Ca  t-?-ge-las'  i-  in  u s 

Cat-£-man-tal'e-dS§ 

Cat-a-men'te-lG^ 

Cat'^-n^,  or  -nG 

Cat-yi-o'nj-gL 

Cat-a-phro'nj-a 

Ca-taph'ry-gG§ 

CUt-a-rac'ta 

Cat-y-rac'te$ 

Cat-^r-rliac'tG^ 

Cgi-tar'rhy-tus 

Ca-tG'na 

Cat'e-ne§ 

Cy-thae'si 

Cath'^-rl 

Ca'ti-a  1 

Ca-tj-a'nus  1 

Ca-tj-e'ny  1 

Ca-tj-G'nus  1 

Cat-j-ll'na 

Cat' i-linc 

Ca-tll'j-iis 

Cat'j-lus 

Cat'i-na 

Ca'tj-us  1 

Ca-tl'zl 

Cat-o-brI'ga 

Ca'treus  6 

Cat-ug-na'tus 

Ca-tu-li-a'na 

Cat'u-lus 

Ca-tu'rj-gG§ 

Cau'cy-sus 

Call'd 

Cau'con 

C&u-cp-ne'ci 

Cau-co'nGs 

CUu'dl 

Cau-dl'nus 

Cau'di-um 

Cau'lon 

Cau-lG'nj-y 

CUu'ni-I 

Cau'nj-us 

Cau'nus 

Cau'ros 

Cau'rus 

Ca'us 

Cav'a-re? 

C&v-a-ril'lus 

Cav-a-rl'nus 

Cav'a-rus 

Ca'vi-I 

Ca-y'd 

C?-y'cus 

Caz'e-cfi 

CG'a-dG§ 

Ceb-al-ll'nus 
Ceb  a-ren'sG§ 
Ce-ben'n® 

CG'bG§ 

CG'bren 

Ce-brG'ne 

Ce-brG'nj-a 

Ce-brG'nis 

Ce-brl'o-nG§ 

Ce'brus 

Ce-d'dG? 

Ce-dl'i-us 

Ce-cl'na 

Ce-cr5'pi-3 

Ce-crop'i-deE 

Ce-crop'j-dG§ 

Cec'ro-pis 

CG'crops 

Ce-cryph-a-le'a 

CG'dre-ae,  or  Ce  dre'ie 

CG-dre-a'tjs 

Ce-drG'nus 

Ce-dru'^i-I  1 

Cog-1  u'sa 

Cel'y-don 

Cel'a-dus 

Ce-lte'na 

Ce-lse'n® 

Ce-lrc'no 
CG'le-re 
Ce-led'9-nGs 
Ce-lc'i  ? 3 
Cel-e-la'te§ 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  GREEK  AND  LATIN  PROPER  NAMES.  17H 


Ce  len'.de-ris 

Cer-ce'is 

didl'con 

die'ni-Qs 

Chry-sotli'e-mTs 

Cla  vi  e'nus 

Clu-vi-e'nus 

Ce  -le'neus  G 

Cer-ce'ne 

diril  con'dy-le^ 

fd  he'ops 

Chtho'nj-a  5 

Clav'i-^er 

Clu'vi-us 

Cel'e  res 

Cer-ces'te^ 

J0h?l  cos'tlie-ne^ 

.die'phren 

Chthd'nj-us  5 

Cla-zom'en«e 

Cly'die 

Cel  c rl'na 

Cer'ce-tie 

dial'cus 

dier-c-moc'ra-te§ 

Chlhon-9  phy'le  5 

Cle'^-das 

Clym'e-ne 

Cel  o rl'nus 

Cer'ci-das 

dial  dai'ri 

diQ-rls'o  phus 

diu'nus 

CIp-ien'c  tus  4 

Clyin-e-ne'j-dej 

Cel'e  trum 

Cer'cj-de§ 

dial-die/I 

dier'o  plion 

diy'trum 

Cle-air'e-t?  4 

Cl^m-e-ne'is 

Ce'lc  us 

Cer'cj-I  1 

dia-les'tr^ 

dier  ro  ne'? 

Cl-fi-*I'sl 

Cle-ag'o  ras 

Clym'e-nus 

Co  l5'ne§ 

Cer-cl'na 

didl'e-tos 

J0herfsj-Ss  I 

Cl-a'nus 

Clc-an'dri-das 

Clyp'o-9 

Cel'tae 

Cer-ci-nl'tjs 

dial'c  tus 

dier-sId'a-niaH 

Clb'^-lie,  or  -Us 

Cle-a'nor 

Cly-son'y-nius 

Cel'ti-ber 

Cer-cln'i-um 

dial  i-nl'tis 

dibr'si-phro 

Cib-a-rl'tis 

Cle-dn'the§ 

Clyt-ein-nes'tra 

Cel-tj  be're^ 

Cer'cj-us  1 

diyi-ll'nus 

dier-so'na 

Cj-b5'tus 

Cle  ar'^hus 

Cly"tj-j,  or  Cly"tj-e  1 

Cel-tj-be'rl 

Cer-cy-bu'lus 

dial-o-nl'ta 

dier-so-ne'sus 

Cib'y-r? 

Cle-ar'i-das 

Cly"ti-us  1 

Cel-ti  be'rj-si 

Cer-cy-nl'cus 

jChdl-o  nl't|s 

J0he  rus'cl 

Cl^'e-ro 

Cle-ar'i  de§ 

Clyt-o-nie'de§ 

Cel'ti-c^ 

Cer-co'pe§ 

dial'y-be? 

dijd-me'I 

CIc'o  ne^ 

ClG'men§ 

Clyt-o-iie'us 

Cel'tj-cl 

Cer'cy-on  1 

J01ial'y  bon 

dii-do'rus 

Cj  cu'ta 

CISm'ent 

Cna-ca'di-um  5 

Celto-gal'^-tie 

Cer-cy'o-neS 

dial-y-bo  nl'tjs 

je  in's 

CT^-y-ne'thus 

Cle-men'ti-a  1 

Cndc'a-lis  5 

Cel-to'n  I 

Cer-cyph'^-iai 

J01ia'lyb§ 

dill  | ar'^hus 

Cil-bi  a'nl 

Clem-en-tl'nus 

Cnac'a-lus  5 

Cel-tos'cy  tine 

Cer  cy'ra 

j0Jia-mai'le-oii 

dill'i-us,  and 

Cil-bi-ce'nl 

Cle'o-bis 

Cnae'us,  or  Cne'us  5 

Cem'me-nus 

Cer-do'us 

dia-ma'nl 

dill'e  us 

Cil'i-Ce9 

Cle-p-bu'la 

Cna'^j  a 5 

Ceii'a-bum.  See  Gena- 

Cer  dyl'i-um 

J0h?-ina've§ 

dn'la 

Cj-li"ci-a  1 

Cle-ob-u-li'na 

Cna'])Jieus,  'Pe'trus  5 

bmn. 

Ce-re-a'h-a 

j0ha  ma'vl 

dii-lo'njs 

Cll-i  con-ne'sus 

Cle-o-bu'lus 

Cne-inl'de^  5 

Ce-me'um 

Ce-re-a'hs 

jCha'ne 

dij-ime'ra 

CTl'ie§ 

Cle-oeh'a-re§ 

Cne'mus  5 

Cen'^hre-ae 

Ce-re-a'lj-us 

j0ha'on 

diim'a-rus 

Cil-ni-a'na 

Cle-och-a-rl,5i 

Cnj-dlii'i-um  5 

Ceil  (jlire'is 

Ce're§ 

J0ha'o-ne§ 

dilm'e-ra 

Cil'ni-us 

Cle-oc'ri-tus 

Cnl'dus  5 

Ceil  -j  lire  'us 

Cer'e-tae 

jehao'nj-^ 

dii-me'ri-um 

Cjm-be'ri-us 

Cle-o-dcR'us 

CnS'pus  5 

Cen'ehri-us 

Ce-rS'te§ 

J0lia-o  nl'tis 

diin'a-laph 

Cim'bri-cum 

Cle-od'a-mas 

Cnos'si  7t  1,  5 

Ce-nls'po  lis 

Ce'reus  6 

Clia'os 

jehi-me'a 

ClnCbrj-cus 

Cleo-da'mus 

Cnos'sus  5 

Ce-ne'ti-um  1 

Ce-ri  a'ljs 

j0hdr-ac-nio'ba 

dil-om'a  ra 

Cjm-r-hl'ce 

Cle-o-de'mus 

Co  a-nia'nl 

Cen-j  m'ag'nl 

Ce'rj-I 

diar-a-co'ma 

dil 'on 

Cim'i-nus 

Cle-o-do'ra 

Co-a'trai 

Ce-nl'na 

Ce-rll'lag 

diar'a-drg,  or 

J0hl'o-ne 

Cun-me'ri-I 

Cle-ce'tas 

Cob 'a  re§ 

Ce-nl'ne§ 

Cer'j-teS 

dia-ra'dra 

dll-on  Vde^ 

CTm'me-rls 

Cle-o£'o-ne§ 

Co-ral'i-de§ 

Cen-o-ma'nl 

Cer-ma'nus 

didr'a-dros,  or 

dil'o-nis 

Cim-me'rj-um 

Cle-o-la'us 

Coc'rt-lus 

Cen-s5'res 

Cer-ne'a 

dia-ra'dros 

Clil'os 

Ci-mo'lis 

Cle  om'a  clius 

Cbc-ce-j  a'nus  3 

Cen-so- rl'nus 

Cer'nG^ 

diar'a-drus 

J0hl-rls'o-phus 

Cj-mo'lus 

Cle-o-indn'te^ 

Coc-ce'|-us  3 

Cen  ta-re'tus 

Cer-o-pas'a-d3§ 

J01i^-ra?'a-das 

J0hl'ron 

Cj  n®'tiion 

Cle-oni'bro-tus 

Coc-cy  ^'i-us 

Cen-tau'rl 

Cer'plie-rG? 

diar-an  die'l 

dii-t5'ne 

Cln'a-don 

Cle-o-ine'de? 

C5'clt§ 

Cen-tau'n-cus 

Cer-re-ta'nl 

dia'rax 

diit'rj-um 

Cln'? 

Clc-om'e-ne?  * 

Coc'lpte? 

Cen-tau'rus 

Cer-rine'l 

dia-rax'us 

dilaj'ne-ds 

Ci-iiar'?-dds 

Cle-o'niL‘,  and  Cle-o'na 

Coc-o-sa'te§ 

Cen-te'ni-us 

Cer-so-blep'te^ 

dia're§ 

dill'de 

Cln'a-rus 

Cleo'ne 

Coc'ti-<e  1 

Cen-tim'a-nus 

Cer'tj-ma 

diar'i-cle$ 

dilo'e 

Cin'ci-9  1 

Cle-o-iu'ca 

Co-cu'sus 

Cen-to-bi'I'c?i 

Cer-t5'ni-um 

J0hdr-j-cll'de§ 

dild'reus  6 

Cin-cjn-na'tus 

Cle-p-nl'cus 

Co-cy'tos,  or  -tus 

Cen'to-re§ 

Cer-to'nus 

diar-i-cli'tus 

dio-?-re'ne 

Cin'cj-us  1 

Cle -bn'y-inus 

Cp-da'nus  Sl'nus 

Cen-tor'i-pa 

Cer-va'ri-us 

diar'i-clo,  or 

dio-a-rl'na 

CTn'e-as 

Cle'p-pas 

Co-dl'iius 

Cen-trl'te§ 

Cer'vj-us 

dia-rl'cl5 

dio-ds'p3§ 

C|-ne'§i-ds  1 

Cle-op'fi-ter 

Cod -o -man' nus 

Cen-tr5'nG§ 

Ce-ry'ce§ 

j0har-i-de'mus 

dio'a-tr.T,  or 

Cin-get'o-rTx 

Cle-o-pa'tra  | 

Co-dra'tus 

Cen-tro'nj-us 

Ce-ry"cj-us  1 

di'ar'j-la 

dio-a'tr* 

CTn-gu-la'nl 

Cle-op'a-trls 

Cod 'n -die 

Cen-tum-cel'lie 

Cer-y-ml'c^ 

j0har-j-la'us 

dio'lius 

CTn'gu-luin 

CIe-oph'a-ne§ 

Co-drop'y-lis 

Cen-tumr'vj-rl 

Cer-y-ne'a,  or  -nl 'y 

J01igi  ril'lus 

diCBr'a-de§  4 

CTn-j-a'ta 

Cle'o-phTs 

Co 'd  rus 

Cen-tu'ri-a 

Cer-y-nl'te$ 

dia-rl'nl 

dice're-® 

Ci-nith'j-I 

Cle-oph'o-Ius 

Cce-cil'i-us 

Con-tu'rj-p^ 

Ce-scl'li-us 

dia-rl'nus 

dicer'i-Ius  4 

CiiCnri-don 

Cle'o-plion 

Cce'Ifi 

Cen-tu'rj-pae 

Ce-sen'nj-^i 

dia-ri-o-rne'rus 

diol-on-tl'chus 

Cln'na-mus 

Cle-o-pliy 'Ins 

C(d-?i-le'ta3  4 

Cen-tu'rj-pe 

Ces'tj-us 

dia'rjs 

dio-ma-ti-a'nus  1 

Cin-ni-a'na 

Cle  op-tol'e-nius 

Cre'le 

Cepli'a-la3 

Ces-trl'n? 

dia-rl"si-a  1 

JCho-ni-a'tef 

Cinx'i-a  1 

Cle'o-pus 

Cirl-e-syr'i  y,  and 

Cepli'^-las 

Ces-trl'nus 

dia-rl-sj-a'nus  1 

^hon'nj-das 

Ci-no'ljs 

Cle-6'ra 

CcEl-o-sj?r'j-si  4 

Ceph-a-le'ny 

Ce-te'I 

di^-ri''§i-us  1 

dio-nu'phjs 

Cj-no'rus 

Cle-os'the-ne§ 

Cce-le'tai 

Ceph-al-le'nae 

Ce'te«i 

dia-rTs'ti-a 

dio-ra'gus 

Cln'y-phus 

Cl  e-os' tra-ta 

Cag'li-a 

Ceph-ril-1  j'lle^ 

Ce-the'gus 

didr'j-te$ 

dio-ras'ml 

Cln'y-ras 

Cle-os'tra-tus 

Cag-lj-o-brI'g? 

Cepll-gl-le'nl 

CS'ti-l  1 ‘ 

J0har'j-ton 

Cli9-ri"ci-us  1 

Cln-y-rl'a 

Cle-o-tl'mus 

Cce'li-us 

Cepll-al-le'ni-a 

Ce'tj-us  1 

Char  ma'das 

dior-j-ne'us 

Cj-pe'rus 

Cle-ox'e-nus 

Coe'lus 

Ceph'a-lo 

Ce-tro'ni-us 

diiir'me 

Cho-rce'bus 

Cjr-cai'um 

Clep'sy-dra,  vr 

Cm 'n  us 

Ceph-a-lce'dj-as 

Ce'us,  and  Cae'us 

diar'mj-das 

dior-oin-n®'! 

Cir'ce 

Clep-sy'drsi 

Ccer'^-nos,  or  -nus  4 

Ceph-a-lce'djs 

Ce'yx 

diar'nij-de§ 

dior-ze'ne 

Cir-ce'j-I  3 

Cles'i-de§ 

Ca?-rat'a-dds 

Ceph-a-lae'dj-um 

dia-be'rus 

diar-ml'nus 

dios'ro-e§ 

Cjr-cc'§i-uiii  1 

Clet-a-be'nl 

Co'ef 

Ceph'fi-Ion 

dia'bes 

diar-ml'o-ne 

dire'me^ 

Cir'ci-us  1 

ClTb'a-nus 

Cms'y-ra  4 

Ceph-a-lot'o-ml 

dia-bl'nus 

J0hir'mis 

direm'e-te^ 

Cjr-ra?'a-tuin 

Cli-de'nius 

Cce'us 

Ceph-a-lu'di-um 

J0ha-bla'§|-I  1 

diar-mos'y-n:.! 

dires'i-jihon 

Cis-al-pl'na  Gdl'lj-a 

Cllg'e-ne$ 

Co-^ae-o'num 

Ceph'a-lus 

dia-bb'ras 

diar'mo-tas 

dires-phon'te§ 

Cis'sa-mus 

Clim'a-cus 

Cog'a-inus 

Ce-phe'js 

dia'brj-a 

dilr'mus 

dirTs-ti-a'nus 

Cis-se'is 

Clim'e-nus 

Co^-j-du'nus 

Ce-phe'ne$ 

dia'brj-as 

Clia  ro0'a-de§ 

€hr'isrtian 

CTs'seus  6 

Cli-nl'a  de§ 

Co'hj-bus 

Ce'pheus  (7i.)  6 

dia'bry-Ts 

dia'ron 

dirTs-to-d5'rus 

Cls'sj-9  1 

Clin'i-as 

Col-a-ce'? 

Ce  phe'us  (a.) 

dia-di"§j-us  1 

dia-ron'das 

dirjs-toph'o-rus 

Cis'sj-a?  1 

Cli-nom'a-chus 

Co-lag'nus 

Ce-phi"$j-a  1 

due-a-nl'tae 

diar-o-ne'fi 

€ /iris' to-pher 

Cis'sj-das 

Cli-nTp'pj-de§ 

Co-lan'co-ruin 

Ceph-j-sI'a-dGi 

dise're-a 

J0har-o-nlrum 

diro-ma'tj-us  1 

CTs'si-de§ 

Clis-i-the'r? 

Col'y-phus 

Ce-plns'i-as  1 

diae're-as 

didr-o-pl'nus 

diro'mj-a 

Cls-sp-es'sa 

Clis'the-nes 

Col'a-pis 

Ce-plir '$j-on  1 

diae-rec'ra-te§ 

Cha'rops 

Chro'mi-os 

C]s-su'sri 

Cll'tcB  ' 

Co-lax'a-is 

Ce-plil'sis 

duer-e-de'mus  4 

Cliar'o-pus 

^hrS'mj-us 

Cjs-te'nai 

Cli-tar'chus 

Co-lax 'es 

Ce -phis-o-do'rus 

jCli.T-re'mon 

dia-rybhhs 

Chro'ni-us 

Cjs-the'ne 

Cll'te 

Cai'chl 

Ceph  j-sod'o-tus 

Chrer'e-phon  4 

diat'ra-mls 

Chry'a-sus 

CTs-to-bo'cI 

Cli-ter'ni-a 

Col'chi-cus 

Ce-plil'sos 

J01ne-res'tra-te 

diat-ra-ml'tai 

dirys'a-lus 

Cj-ta'rj-us 

Clit'i-phG* 

Col 'chjs,  and  Col'ehos 

Cc-phl'sus 

jCliaj-res'tra-tus 

diau'bl,  and  di&u'cl 

dirys'a-me 

C|-te'rj-us 

Clit-o-de'mus 

Co'lj-Ss 

Ce'pliren 

jeha?r-|-bu'lus  4 

diau'la 

J0hry-sin'thj-us 

Cj-th.T'ron 

Clj-toni'a-^hus 

Col'i-chas 

Ce'pi-o 

J0  lne -r!nf  thus 

diau-la'^j-I  1 

diry-sa'or 

Clth-ei-rTs'ta 

Cli-ton'y-mus 

Co- 1 1'  n us 

Ce'pi-on 

J0ha3-rlp'pus 

diiu'rys 

diry-sa'o-reQs  6 

Clth-a  rls'ti-um 

Clit'o-plion 

Col'la-bus 

Cer'a-c^ 

jChae'ro 

diav'o-nes 

diry-sa'o-ris 

Cj-the'las 

Cli-to'ri-ri 

Col-ld'tj-a  1 

Ce  rdc'a-te^ 

Clner  o-ne'a  4 

dia-y'cl 

diry-sas'pi-de§ 

CTth'e-ron 

Clo-a'ca 

Col-la-tl'nus 

Cer'a-mcus  G 

J01ia?r-o-nl'^  4 

Cha-ze'ne 

diry-se'is 

CT"ii-uin,} 

Clo-a-cl'na 

Col-li'na 

Cer-a-ml'cus 

J0ha  lie'on 

Che'a 

dirys'c-rus 

Ci-vi'ljs 

Cl5'd|-a 

Col-lu'ci-9  1 

Ce-ra'uii-uin 

Chal-cae'? 

Che'lce 

J0hry'sl§ 

Ciz'y-cum 

Clo-di-a'ilus 

Col-lu'thus 

Cer'a-mus 

J01ial  ce'a 

die'le^ 

diry'seus  6 

Clad'aus 

Clo'di-us 

Col'ly-tus 

Ce  ras'te-s 

dial-ce'dQn 

Che-ll'don 

diryS-o-Ss'pidei? 

Cla'de-us 

Clog'lj-^ 

Col'9-bl 

Cer' a -sits 

dial-ce-do'nj  a 

Chel-|-do'ni-a 

dirys-<?-ceph'a-lus 

Cla'nes 

Cloe'li-a? 

Col'o-e 

Cer'a  ta 

Chal-cet'p  res 

Cliel  i-do'nj  ie 

dirv-so^'e  ros 

Cla'nj-us 

Clcp'li-us 

Co-lo'n«T,  or  -lie 

Ce  rii'thus 

Clial  ci-de'ne 

diel  -j-d5'nis 

dirys'o -ciiYr 

Cla-ra'nus 

Clon'di-cus 

Co-15'neus  6 

Ce  ra'toii 

Chal-ci  den'sG$ 

J0he  lTd-o  nl'sum 

diry-soch'o-us 

Cla-ren'ti-us  1 

ClS'ni-^ 

C9-lo'nj-a 

Ce-ra'ti.is 

Clial'ci-deus  G 

J0hel  o na'tjs 

diry-so^di-Qm 

Clds'si-cus 

Clo'ni-us 

Co-lon'i-des 

Ce  -rau'nl  ?t 

dial-cld'i  ce 

die-lo'ne 

j0hry-sog'o-nus 

Clas'si-us  1 

Clu  fi-cl'na 

Co-lo'iijs 

Ce-rau'nj  I 

dial  cld'i  rus 

die-15'nis 

dirys-o-la'us 

Clas-tid'i-um 

Clu-en'tj-us  1 

C9-lo'n9S,  or  -nus 

Ce  r du' n ii s 

dial  -cid'i-us 

die l-o  nopii'a-^I 

diry-sol'o-gus 

Clau'di-a 

Clu'pe  a 

Col-o-pe'nc 

Ce-raii'si-us  1 

dTal-ci-  ce'cus 

diel-y-dS're-? 

dirys-o-lo'ras 

Clau'di-cB 

Clu'^i  a 1 

Col'9-phoii 

Cer  be'ri-on 

dial  el'o  pc 

die'lys 

diry-sop'o-lis 

Clau-di-a'nus 

Clu-sl'nl  Fon'!e§ 

C9  los'se 

Cer'be  rbs 

Chal'cis 

Chem'mis 

J0hry  sor'rho-a? 

Clrtu'  di-qn 

Clu  sl'o-lum 

C9-lo'tei; 

Cer'be  rus 

dial-cl'tis 

Che'na 

diry-sor'rho-Ss 

CHiii-di-op'o  lis 

ClQ'^j-um  1 

Col  the'ne 

Cer'ca-phus 

dial  co-con'dy-le§ 

die'me 

diry-sos'to-mus 

Cldu'di-us  ' 

Clu'si-us  1 

Col  u bra'ri  a 

Cer-c$-so'runi 

di^l-c5'dnn 

J0he'nj  on 

Chrys'QS-tQm 

Clau'sus 

Clu'vi-^ 

Co -luin'nie  Iler'cu  lis 

* Clci.m'cncs.  — Dryden,  throughout  his  tragedy  of  Cleomenes,  incorrectly  accents 
1 1ris  w id  on  tlie  penultimate. 

t Cleojia'tra.  — Though  the  vowel  of  the  penultimate  syllable  in  this  word  appears 


to  be  short  by  nature,  the  Latin  poets,  as  Lucan,  Juvenal,  and  Statius,  often  make 
it  long  by  position  ; and  the  usage  of  Shakespeare  lias  fixed  the  accent  on  this  sylla 
ble  for  English  readers. 


1712 

PRONUNCIATION  OF 

GREEK  AND  LATIN  PROPER  NAMES. 

Col-u-mel'lgt 

Cor'c9-ras 

Co-ty-?i-I'9n  1 

Cr<5c-9-dI-lop'9-lxs 

Cy-clbb'9-rus 

Cy-the're 

D9ph-nop'9-tS§ 

Co-1  u 'thus 

Cor'cu-lum 

Cot'y-l^ 

Croc-9-dI'lus 

Cyc'li-cl 

Cytli-e-re'a 

Dar'^-b^ 

Co-mce'tii5 

C9r-cy'ra 

Cdt-y-ltR'us 

Cro-ca'tj-um  1 

Cy-clo'pe§ 

Cyth-e-re'js 

Dar'^-be^ 

Com-^e'n? 

C9r-da'li-6 

C9-tyl'i-us 

Croc-y-le'^ 

Cy’clSps 

Cy-the'rjs  \ 

Dar'^-dax 

Com-rt-gc'nl 

Cor'da-lus 

Cd-ty-d'r^  1 

Crce'sus 

Cyd'i-as 

Cy-the'rj-us 

Dar-an-ta'sji-st  1 

Co-ma'n^ 

Cor'du-bri 

Co-ty-5'rus  1 

Ci'9-I'te^ 

Cyd'j-mos 

Cy-the'r9n 

Dar-da'ne-I 

Co-ma'nj-aL 

Cor-du-e'ne 

C9-ty'td 

Cr9-ml'tis 

Cyd-0-116'9 

Cy-the'rus 

Dar'da-nl 

Co-ma'nus 

C9r-dy'la 

C9-tyt'tj-^ 

Crom'my-on,  or 

Cy-d5'ne^ 

Cy-tin'j-um 

l>?r-da'nj-j 

Com'a-rl 

Co're 

C9-tyt't5 

Cro'my-on 

Cy-do'ni-9 

Cyt-js-so'rus 

Dar-dan'i-d® 

Co-ma'ri-a 

Cor'e-sus,  man. 

Cram-bu'sri 

Cro'ni-9. 

Cy-do'ni-us 

Cy-to'rus 

Djr-dan'j-de? 

Com'a-rus 

Co-re'sus,  mountain. 

Ci'fun-bu'tis 

Cron'j-de§ 

Cyd'ra-r?,  A.  IV.  (i.  v.) 

Cyz-i-ce'nl 

Dir'da-nTs 

Co-ma't^i 

Co-re't^ts 

Cran'9-e 

Cr9-nl'9n,  name  of 

Cy-dra'ra,  Py. 

Cyz'i-cos 

Dir'da-nus 

Co-ma'zon 

Co-re'tus 

Cran'9-1 

Zeus. 

Cy-dre'lus 

Cyz'i-cum 

D^-re'j-um  3 

Coin-ba'bus 

Cor-ftd'i-us 

Cr&n'a-ii8 

Cro'ni-on,  or  -um, 

Cyd-ro-la'us 

Cyz'j-cus 

Da're§ 

Com 'be 

Cor-fin'i-um 

Cra'ne 

mountain. 

Cy'drus 

Da-re'tis 

Com-bre'a 

C9-rI'a 

Crsi-ne'?,  or  -ni'j 

Cro'nj-us 

Cyl'a-bus 

D^-re'us 

Com'bu-tls 

Co-rl'cles 

Cr^-ne'um 

Cros-StE'9 

Cyl-bi-a'nl 

D^-rl'a 

Co-me'd® 

Co-rln'e-um 

Cra'ni-I 

Crot'9-le 

Cyl'i-Ce? 

JJ. 

D^-rl'cus 

Co-ine'te^ 

Cor-in-thl'a-cus 

Cr&p'a-thus 

Crot'a-lus  . • 

Cyl-iab'a-rus 

Da-ri-e'ce«s 

Co-mTn'j-us 

Cd-ri-o-la'nus 

Cras-pe-dl'te^  Sl'nus 

Cr<?-to'nsi 

Cyl'la-ros 

Da'te,  or  Da'll® 

XlH-ri'ta; 

Co-m!"ti-a  1 

Co-n'o-ll,  and 

Cras-sl'nus 

Cr9-t6-ni-a'tae 

Cyl'la-rus 

Da'cl,  and  Da'c® 

Da-rl'us 

Co'mi-us 

Co-ri-ol'la 

Cras'si-pe§ 

Cro-to-ni-a'tis 

Cyl-le'ne 

Da'ci-a  1 

Das-cu's?i 

Com-ma-^e'ne 

Co-rl'tha 

Cras-sl"ti-us  1 

Cr5t-o-pI'a-def 

Cyl-le-ne'us 

Da'ci-us  1 

Das-cy-le'um 

Com-ma-ge'nus 

Cor'i-tus,  or  Cor'y-thus 

Cras'tj-nus 

Cr9-to'pi-as 

Cyl-le'nj-us 

Dac'ty-ll 

Das-cy-ll'tjs 

Com-mln-i-a'nus 

Cbr'ma-sa 

Cr?-t«'as 

Cr9-t5'pus 

Cyl-le'nus 

Dad-^s-ta'n^ 

D?s-cy  l'i-uin 

Com-mo-di-a'nus 

Cor-ne'li-a 

Cra-tce'is 

Crus-tu'me-rl 

Cyl-lyr'i-I 

Dad'i-c® 

Das'cy-lus 

Com'mo-dus 

Cor-ne-li-a'nus 

Cra-t<'em'e-ne§ 

Crus-tu-me'ri-a 

Cyl-o-ne'us,  or  -ni'us 

Da-du'chus 

Da'se-a 

Com-ne'na 

Cor-ne'li-I 

Cra-te'? 

Crus-tu-me'rj-um 

Cy'ma,  or  Cy'mae 

Dsd'^-l?  4 

Da'§i-us  1 

Com-ne'nus 

Cor-ne'li-us 

Cra'te-as 

Crus-tu-ml'num 

Cy'me 

D®d-9-le'9  4 

Das-sa-re't® 

Com-pi-ta'li-a 

Cor-nic'u-lum 

Crat'e-rus 

Crus-tu'mi-um 

Cy-me'lus 

D®-da'li-on 

Das-s^-re'nl 

Com-piu'tuin 

Cor-ni-fi"ci-us  1 

Cra'te? 

Crus-tu'nus 

Cy-mod'o-ce 

D®d'a-liis  4 

Das-sa-rl't® 

C6mp'sa-tus 

Cor'ni-ger 

Cr^-tes-i-cle'a 

Crus-tur-ne'nj-us 

Cy-mod-o-ce'a 

Da;'mon 

Das-sa-rl"tj-i  1 

Com-pu's^i 

Oor-nu'tus 

Crat-e-sip'o  lis 

Cryp-te'a 

Cy-mod-o-ce'as 

Daeni'o-ne§  4 

Das-tl'r^ 

Con'ca-nl 

Co-ro'bi-us 

Crit-e-sip'pj-dSs 

Cte'a-tus  5 

Cy-in5'lus,  and 

D®m'9-num  4 

Dat'9-me§ 

Con'ca-nus 

Ccj-roe'bus 

Cr^-teu'as 

Ctem'e-ne  5 

Ci-mo'lus 

Dag-^-sI'r? 

Dat-a-pher're^ 

Con-cor'di-a 

Co-ro'na 

Cra-te'vas 

Cte'n9S  5 

Cym-9-po-lI'9 

Da'I 

DaU'Iis 

C9n-cor'di-us 

Cor-o-na'tus 

Cra-tl'nus 

Cte'^i-Ss  1,  5 

Cy-motii'o-e 

Da'i-cle«l 

Dau'nl 

Con'da-lus 

Co-ro'ne 

Crj-tls'the.ne^ 

Cte-sib'i-us  5 

Cyn-a? -^T'rus 

Da'i-de? 

Dau'ni-9 

C<?n-da'te 

Cor-o-ne'a 

Crat'y-lus 

Ctes'i-cle$  5 

Cy-nie'tlia 

Da-im'a-chus 

Dau'nus 

Con-di-a'nus 

Co-r5' neus  6 

Crau'^j-iE  1 

Cte-sil'o-chus  5 

Cy-nce'thi-uin 

Da-im'e-ne§ 

Dau'ri-fer 

Con-do-cha'tef 

Cor-o-nl'a 

Crau'sis 

Ctes'i-piion  5 

Cy-ncc'thus 

Da'j-phron 

Dau  ri-se§ 

Con-dru'sl 

Cor-9-ni'de^ 

Craux'i-das 

Cte-sip'pus  5 

Cy  nii'ne 

Da-I'ra 

Dav'a-ra 

Con-dyl'e-?t 

Co-rd'nis 

Cre-me'don 

Cte'^i-us  5 

Cy-na'pe? 

Dal'di-9 

Dax-i-1119-nI'tis 

Cou'dy-lus 

C9-ro'nus 

Crem'e-ra 

Ctim'e-ne  5 

Cyn'a-ra 

Dal-i-ter'nl 

Deb'o-rus 

Co'ne 

Cor'o-pe,  or  Co-ro'pe 

Crem-e-ta'on 

Cu'cu-fas 

C’yn'e-as 

Dal'rna-t^ 

De'bris 

Con-em-bri'ca 

Cor-rha'gi-um 

Crein'my-on 

Cu'la-r5 

Cy-ne^'e-t«T 

Dal'ma-t® 

Dec-a-du'chl 

Con-e-to-du'iius 

Cor-se'a,  or  -sl'a 

Cre-mo'na 

Cul'ie-o 

Cyn-e-^l'rus 

Dal-ma'ti-a  1 

De-c®'ne-us 

Con-fu'ci-us  1 

Cor'si-®  1 

Cre-inu'ti-us  1 

Cul-le'o-lus 

Cy-ne';j-i  1 

Dal-ma'ti-us  1 

De-cap'9-lis 

Cpn-^S'dus,  C.  M.  L.  TV. 

Cor'si-ca 

Cre-na'cus 

Cu'ma; 

Cy-ne^ 

Dal'mi-um 

De-ceb'a-lus 

C6n'£e-dus,  F.  K. 

Cor-s5'te 

Cre'nje 

Cu-ma'nus 

Cyn-e-te'a 

Dam-a-ge'tus 

De^-e-le'a,  or  -ll'gt 

Pij.  S.  Sharpe .* 

Cor-su'ra 

Cre-nae'us 

Cu-nl'na 

Cy-ne'te§ 

Dam'9-hs 

De^-e-le'um 

Cbn'gri-d 

Cor-t5'na 

Cren'i-des 

Cu-pa'vo 

Cyn-e-thus'sa 

Dam-as-ce'na 

De^-e-ll'cum 

Co-ni'a-cl 

Cor-to'n® 

Cre-on-tI'a-de§ 

Cu-pl'do 

Cyn'i-9 

Dam-^s-ce'ne 

De^'e-lus 

Co'nj-I 

Cpr-ty'na 

Cre-oph'9-^1 

Cu’pid 

Cyn'i-ce 

Dam-^s-ce'nus 

De-cem'vi-ri 

Con-im-brl'c? 

Cor-un-ca'ni-us 

Cre-oph'i-lus 

Cu-pi-en'nj-us 

Cy  n'i-cl 

D^-mas'ci-us  1 

De-cen'tj-us  1 

Co-nls'a-lus 

Cor-un-ca'nus 

Cre-9-plly'luS 

Cu'pra 

Cyn'i-cus 

Da-ma'§i-9  1 

De-ce'tj-a  1 

Con'ni-das,  Prj. 

Cor-vi'nus 

Cre-9-p5'luS 

Cur-cu'li-5 

Cyn-o-ceph'a-lae 

Dam-fi-sich'thon 

De-cj-a'nus  1 

M.  IV. 

Cor-y-ban'te$ 

Crep-e-re'i-us  3 

Cu'res 

Cyn-9-ceph'a-ll 

Dam-a-sip'pus 

De-ci-a'te§  1 

Cr  neiis  6 

Cor'y-bas 

Cre-pe'ri-us 

Cu-re'te? 

Cyn-o-phon'tis 

Dain-9-sTs'tr?i-tus 

De-ci-a'tum  1 

Co-no'pe 

Cor-y-bas'sa 

Creph-a  -^e-n  e ' tu  s 

Cu-re'tis 

Cy-nor'ti-on  2 

Dam-9-si-tliy'mus 

De-cid'i-us  ^ax'gi 

Con-o-pd'um,  and 

Cor'y-bus 

Cres'i-las 

Cu-re'ti-us  1 

Cyn-9-sar'|e§ 

Dam-a-sl'ton 

De-cim'j-us 

Co-no'pe -um 

C9-ry"ci-a  1 

Cre'^i-us  1 

Cu'ri-? 

Cy-nos'])o-Tls 

Da-mas'te§ 

De^'i-mus 

Co'nos  Con-col'o-rus 

C9-ryc'i-de9 

Cres-phon'te^ 

Cu-rj-a'ti-I  1 

Cyn-9S-se'm9 

Dam'j-sus 

De-cln'e-us 

Con-sen'te§ 

C9-ry''ci-us  1 

Cres'si-us  1 

Cu-ri-a'ti-us  1 

Cyn-o-su'ra 

Da'me-as 

De'cj-o  i 

Con-sen'ti-a  1 

Cor'y-cus 

Cres-t5'ne 

Cu-rIc't£B 

Cyn1  Q-sure 

Da'mj-a 

De'ci-us  1 

Con-sen/ti-us  1 

Cor'y-d5n 

Cre-t£e'us 

Cu'ri-o 

Cyn'thi-a 

Da-mj-a'nus 

XXec'p-lsi 

Con-sid'j-us 

Cor'y-las 

Cre'te 

Cu-ri-6'ne? 

Cyn'thi-us 

Dam-no'nj-I 

Dec'u-ma 

Con-si-ll'num 

Cor-y-le'um 

Crete 

Cu-ri-os-o-ll'tce,  or  -te§ 

Cy-nu'ri-a 

Dam'no-rix 

DeC-u-ma'te§ 

Con-stJin'ti-si  X 

Co-rym'bi-fer 

Cre'te-a 

Cu-ri'tis 

Cyp-9-rls'sI 

Da-moch'9-ris 

De-cu'ri-o 

Con-stan-tl'9,  in  Cy- 

Cor'y-n? 

Cre'te? 

Cu'ri-um 

Cyp-fi-rTs'si-a  1 

Dam'p^cle^ 

Ded-i-tam'e-ne^ 

prus. 

Cor-y  me'us 

Cre'teus  6 

Cu'ri-us 

Cyp-a-rls'sus 

D^-moc'r^-te^ 

Dt  ps 

Con-stan-tl'na 

Cor-y-ne'ta,  and 

Cre'the-Ts 

Cu-r9-pa-la'tes 

CJpli'a-ra 

Da-moc'ri-ta 

De-i-9-nlha  3 

Con-s  tan-t  i-nop'o-lls 

Cor-y-ne'te^ 

Cre'theus  6 

Ciir'ti-9  1 

Cyp-ri-a'nus 

Da-moc'ri-tus 

De-ic'9-on 

Con-stan-tl'nus 

Cor-y-pha'?j-um  1 

Cre-thi'de? 

CUr'ti-us  1 

Cyp'ri-an 

Da-mce'tas 

De-id-a-ml'^ 

Co  n1  stan-tlne 

Cor'y-phe 

Cret'i-cus 

Cu-ru'lis 

Cy'pros 

Da-mo^'e-ron 

De-il'e-on 

Con-stan'ti-us  1 

Co-ry'tha 

Cre-top'o-lis 

Cus'pi-us 

Cy'prus 

D.y-mom'e-lG^ 

De-il'9-chus 

Con'su-Ie^ 

Cor-y-then'se§ 

Cre-u'sa 

Cus-sje'I 

Cyp'se-la 

Dain-9-nI'cus 

De-im'a-clius 

Con-tes-ta'nl 

Cor'y-thus 

Creu'sis 

Cu-tll'i-£B 

Cyp-sel'i-de§ 

Dam-9-phan'tus 

De-I'9-ce§ 

Con-t9-p9-rl'fi 

Co-ry'tus 

Cn'9-sus 

Cu-til'i-um 

Cyp'se-lus 

Da-moph'j-l^ 

De-I'9-ghus 

C9n-tu'bi-ai 

Co's® 

Cri-ml'sa 

Cy-a-ml'te^ 

Cy-rau'njs 

Da-moph'j-lus 

De-I'y-ne 

Con've-n® 

Cos-co'ni-a 

Cri-ml'sus 

Cy-am-o-s5'rus 

Cy're 

Dam'o-phon 

De-i-on'i-de§ 

C5'9n 

Cos-co'ni-us 

Cri-nag'o-ras 

Cy'a-mus 

Cy-re'n* 

Da-mos'tra-tus 

De-I'9-neus  6 

Cd'os,  and  Cos 

Cos-s®'a,  and  Cos'se-? 

Cri-nl'sus 

Cy'9-ne 

Cyr-e-na'i-ca 

Da-mot'e-le§ 

De-i-9-pe'9 

Cd'p® 

Cos-sln'i-us 

Cri-ni'tus 

Cy-a'ne-a 

Cyr-e-na'j-cl 

D^-mox'e-nus 

De-j-9-pl'te§ 

C9-pa'js  | 

Cos'si-o  1 

Crl-5'a 

Cy-a'ne-te 

Cy-re'ne 

Da-myr'j-as 

De-j-ot'a-rus 

Cd'phe^ 

Cos-su-ti-§.'nus  1 

Cris-pl'na 

Cy-a'ne-e 

Cy-res'cha-t^ 

Dan'a-e 

De-Iph'i-lj 

Co'pj-a 

Cos-su'ti-us  i 

Cris-pi'nus 

Cy-a'ne-us 

Cy-re'ti-re  X 

Dan'a-I 

De-iph'i-le 

C9-po'ni-us 

Cos-sy'ra 

Cri-the'is 

Cy-a-rax'e§,  or 

Cy-rl'a-de§ 

Da-na'i-d® 

De-iph'9-be 

Co-pra'te?,  M.  Pij. 

Cos-to-b5'cI 

Cri-th5'te 

Cy-ax'a-re? 

Cy-ril'lus 

Da-na'i-de^ 

De-iph'9-bus 

Cop'ra-te§,  JV. 

Co-sy'ra 

Crl"ti-as  1 

Cy'a-thus 

Cyr’il 

Dan'a-la 

De'i-phon 

Co'preus  6 

C5'te§,  and  Cot'te? 

Crlt-o-bu'lus 

Cyb'a-le 

Cy-rl'nus 

Dan'a-us 

De-i-phon'te§ 

C9-pron'y-mus 

C^-tho'ne-a,  TV.  (i.  v.) 

Crit-o-de'mus 

Cy-be'be 

Cy-ro-pre-di'9 

Dan'da-rT,  and 

De-ip'y-Ie 

Cor-a-ce'§j-urn  1,  or 

Coth-o-ne'a,  K. 

Crlt-og-na'tus 

Cyb'e-la 

Cy-rop'o-lis 

Dan-dar'j-d® 

De-ip'y-lus 

Cor-a-cen'si-um  1 

Co-ti-a-e'um  1 

Crit-9-la'us 

Cyb'e-le 

Cyr-r$'I 

Da-nu'bj-iis 

De-Ip'y-rus 

Cor-a-cl'nus 

Cot'i-lus 

Cri-to'ni-us 

Cyb'e-lus 

Cyr'rlia-dae 

Dan'ube 

Dej-9~nl'r9 

Cor-a-C9-na'sus 

Cot-i-nu's^ 

Crl'u  Me-to'pon 

Cyb'i-r?,  or  Cib'y-ra 

Cyr'rhe? 

Da'9-chiis 

Dej'?-ce? 

Co-ral'e-tse 

Cot'i-s5 

Cro-bl'a-lon 

Cy-bTs'tri-a 

Cyr-rbes'tj-ca 

Da'o-ne§ 

Dejot'9-rUS 

C9-ra'nus 

Co-to'nis 

Cro-bl'a-liis 

Cy-ce'si-um  1 

Cyr-ri-a'n? 

Daph'i-tas,  <S. 

De'li-a 

Cor'be-us 

Cot'ti-fe  Xl'pe§ 

Crob'v-lus 

Cy'chreus  (n.)  6 

Cyr'si-lus 

Da-pbl'tjs,  Py. 

De-li'^-de^ 

Cor-bi-a'ne 

Cot-ti-a'nus 

Cro-by'zl 

Cy-chre'us  (a.) 

Cyr-to'na 

Daph'n® 

De'li-um 

Cor'bi-5 

Cot'ti-us 

Croc'a-le 

Cyc^la-de§ 

Cyr-to'ne? 

Daph-n®'us 

De'lj-iis 

Cor'bu-lo 

Cot-to'nis 

Cr5'ce-ae 

Cy'clas 

Cy-.tce'is 

Daph'neus  6 

Del'ij-us 

Cor'co-ba 

Cb-ty-fi-e'um  1 

croc-9-di'ion 

Cy-cll'fi-d&s 

Cy-the'  ra 

Daph-ne-ph5'rj-9 

Del-ma'ti-us  1 

* Conge1  dus,  or  Con1  gedus.  — Tho  line  of  Martial  (Ep.  I.  50,  9^  cited  by  Sharpe 
and  others, — 

“ Tepidi  liatabis  lene  Congedi  vadum,”  — 
does  not  determine  the  quantity  of  the  penultimate. 


f Copa'is.  — Carr,  following  Labbe,  accents  this  word  on  the  first  syllable  ; but  the 
penult,  is  made  long  by  Aristophanes,  Ach.  880. 

I Cythc'ris.  — Dryden,  in  his  tragedy  of  All  for  Love , incorrectly  accents  tills  word 
on  the  first  syllable. 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  GREEK  AND  LATIN  PROPER  NAMES. 


Del-mTn'j-um 

Dl-a'n?  * 

Dl-5s'co-rurn 

Do  ryph'ij-rl 

Eb'd9-me 

El'^-phus 

El-^p-to'nj-us 

Del-phlc'9-la 

Del'phi-cus 

DV an  (in  poetry) 

Dl-os'c9-rus 

Do-ryph'ij-rDs 

E'bj-on 

Dl-a'n^s 

0193-011^1 

D9-sI'a-das 

Eb'9-da 

£l'ei-r^ 

Dcl-phid'i-us 

Dl-an'a-s?i 

Dl^s-cu'ri-de^ 

D9-si'9-de§ 

5-bia'nf 

£b'9-r^ 

£l'?t-sus 

Del-phl'n£§ 

Dl-a'nj-um 

Dl-os-cu-rl'um 

D9-sIth'e-us 

£I-9-te'?i 

Del-phln'i-si 

Dl  aph'9-ne§ 
DI-a-pon'ti-us  1 

Dl-os'pri-ge 

D9-sTth'9-6 

Eb-9-ra'cum,  Jl.  C.  F. 

£l-^-tl'^ 

Del-phin'i-uni 

Dl-os'po-lis 

D9s-se'nus 

L.  M.  Py.  Sell. 

El'^-treus  G 

Del-phl'nus 

Dl-a'^i?  1 

Dl-9-tI'me 

Dot'a-das 

E-bor'^-cum,  TV. 

El'rl-tUS 

Del'phi-uin 

Dl-au'lus 

Di-9-tI'mus 

Do'tj-on  2 

Leedes . 

^-la'ver ,A.L.JlI.Py.  TV. 

Del-phy'ne 

Dib'i-5 

Dl-9-t6^Ae-ne5 

Dox-ap'?-ter 

Eb'9-ref 

Eb'9-ruin 

_ El'fi-ver,  F.  K. 

Del-t5,t9n 

Di-bu'ta-deS,  S. 

Dl-ot're-phe§ 

Dox-lp'?-ter 

K'le-si 

De-ma'(le§ 

Dib-u-ta'de§,  K.  M. 

Dip®'® 

Drac'fi-nus 

£-b5'|}-9  1 

E-le-a'te§ 

De-m®n'e-tus  4 

Py. 

Dlph'j-las 

Dlph'i-lu? 

Dra'ce§ 

Eb-ro-du'ninn 

JR-lec'tr® 

De-inag'o-ras 

Dl-cte'a 

Dr^i-c5n'ti-de§ 

£b-r9-i'cG§ 

J-lec'trj-dG^ 

Dein-^-ra'ta 

Di-ciE-^r-ehl'j 

Dl-phor'i-das 

Dr^-con'ti-us  1 

£-bu'd® 

£ lec'tri-us 

Dem-^-ra'tus 

Dl-cte'us  * 

Dlpli'rj-das 

Drac'9-num 

£b'u-ro 

J-lec'try -on 

De-mlr'ghus 

Di-car'ghus 

Diph'ry-^e§ 

Drag'?-nl 

fib-u-r9-du'num 

E-lec-try-o'n^ 

De-mar'e-te 

Dl'ce 

Dl-p®'n® 

Drj-ho'nus 

Eb-u-ro'ne§ 

£b-u-r9-vI'cG§ 

El-e-gG'j-ji  3 

De-mar'e-tef 

Dic-e-'lrAchus 

Dip'9-lTs 

Dran'ceij! 

£l-e-|l'^ 

Dem-a-ris'te 

DTp'y-lum 

Dran-^i-a'11^ 

£b'u-sus 

£-le'I 

De  ma'tri-si 

DT^'e-tas 

Di'rte 

Dra'pe^ 

Ec-?i-in£'d?i 

£l-e-le'i-de§ 

D5'me-?i 

Dic'o-mas 

Dir'ce 

Drep'a-n?,  and  -num 

Jpc-bat'^-ngi 

El'e-leus  6 

De-me'ter 

Dic-ta'tor 

Dir'ce-tis 

Drep'51-ne 

Jc-de'mus 

E'le-on 

De-me'tri-j 

IJIc'te 

Dir' pity -a 

Dre-pa'nj-us 

Ec'dj-cus 

E-le-on'tum 

DP-ine'tri-as 

Dic-tid  i-en'se^ 

Dis-cor'di-^ 

Drlm'?i-chus 

E(j-e-chir'i-^ 

El-e-pJmn-tl'ne,  Civ  Fr. 

De-me'tri-us 

Dic-tl'na 

Dis'co-rum 

DrI-od'9-ne§ 

£c'e-tr?t 

L.  M.  Py.  S.  Sell. 

Dern'i-phd 

Dld'j-us 

Dis'o-r® 

Drl-op'j-dg^ 

E-che'a; 

El-e  phan't|-ne,^.  C 

Dem-o-a-nfts's^i 

Did'y-ma 

Dith-y-ram'biiS 

Dro'I 

K-chec'ra-te? 

El-c-phan'tis 

D«»n-o-ce'de§ 

DId'y-m® 

Dl-ti-o'ne^  1 

Dr9-mach'e-t6s 

Ech'e-dae 

El-e-phan-toph'a-gl 

De-rnoch'9-re| 

JDTd-y-m®'us 

Dlv'i-co 

Dr9-m®7us 

Ecli-e-da-ml'^ 

El-e-phan-t9-tlie'r® 

Dem'9-clG§ 

De-moc'o-on 

Did-y-ma'on 

DTv-i-tl'a-cus 

Dro'meus  6 

Ech-e-de'mus 

El-e-pliG'nor 

D7d'y-me 

Dlv-o-du'nuirj 

Drom-j-ch®'t£§ 

Ech-e-do'rus 

£l-e-po'rus 

De-moc'rj-te^ 

Dld'y-lnum 

DTv-o-du'runi 

Drom-o-^ll'de^ 

^-chel'^-tus 

El-e-sy'cG§ 

De-moc'ri-tus 

Did'y-mus 

DTv'o-na 

Drop'i-qi 

Eeli'e-lus 

El-eu-chl'a 

De-mod'a-mas 

DI-enAe-ce§ 

DI'vus  Fld'j-us 

Dro'pi-on 

^-chem'bro-tus 

E'le-us  («.) 

De-mod'i-ce 

Dl-es'pi-ter 

Dl-ze'rus 

Dru-en'tj  9 1 

E-chem'e-ne§ 

g-le'us  (a.) 

De-m5d'o-cus 

DT-^eAna 

Do-be're^ 

Dru-en'tj-iis  1 

E-clie'm9n 

^-leu'sin 

De-m5'Ie-on 

DT-gen' ti-?i  1 

Do-be'rus 

Dru-^e'rl,  or  Dru'^e-rl 

Egfi'e-mus 

El-eu-sin'i-^ 

De-md'le-bs 

DI-|e'rI 

Do^'i-lls 

Dru'i-dae 

Ech-e-ng'us 

El-eu-sl'nus 

De-mo'le-us 

Dl-|iA'ti-us 

Db^-i-me'um 

Dru'idj 

Ech'e-phron 

£ch-e-po'lus 

El-eu-sip'o-lls' 

D«ni-9-nas'sa 

DT-i-po-lI'^ 

Dor'i-mus 

Do'cie-a 

Dry'^-dG^ 

E-leu'sjs 

De-mo'nax 

Dl-It're-phe^f 

Dry'adf 

F.-clies'tra-tus 

E leu'^i-urn  1 

Dem-o-nG'sus 

DI-naAci-um  1 

Do-d5'na 

Dry-a'di 

£cTi-e-tI'mus 

E-leu'ther 

Deni-9-nT'c^ 

Dl-niir'chus 

Dod-o-n®'us 

Diy-^n-tl'a-de^ 

£ch'et-la 

E-leu'tlie-r® 

Dem-9-ni'cus 

Dln'dy-m? 

D9-do'ne 

l)ry-an-tl'de§ 

Ech'e-tra 

£l-eu-the'ri-9 

De-mopli'a-ne^ 

DTn-dy-me'ne 

Do-don'i-deS 

Dry-m®'a 

Eeli'e-tus 

J>-leu-the-ro-c!l'i-ce$ 

Dem-o-phan'tus 

Diu'dy-mos 

Do'I 

Dry-m5'de§ 

£-chev-e-tlien'se§ 

E-leu-the-ro-la-cb'nG? 

De-mopli'i-lus 

Din'dy-mum 

Dbl-a-bel'la 

Dry-mu's^ 

E-chTd'na 

E-leu'the-rbs 

Dein'9-plion 

Dln'dy-mus 

Dol-i-cha'on 

Dry-n®m'e-tum  4 

£cTi-j-d5'rus 

f-leu'tho 

Dt»inophA9-on 

De-Tiop'9  lls 

Dln'j-j 

Dol'i-che 

Dry'ij-pe 

fi-cliin'a-de§ 

£cli-j-ne'js 

J-Ii'a-ca 

Din'i-ae 

Dol'i-clios 

Dry-o-pS'1-9  3 

fi-ll"cj-us  1 

Dein-9p-t6l'e-mus 

Dln'i-ls 

Do-ll'on 

Dry'9-pe§ 

Fi-cliI'n9S,  or  -nus 

E-lj-en'sis 

De-mos'thene.^ 

Din'i-che 

D9-lI'o-ne^ 

Dry'9-pTs 

£ch-j-nus'sa 

El-i  nie'a 

De-mos'tra-tus 

DI-nocli'a-re? 

Dl-noc'ra-tC^ 

Do-ll'o-nls 

Dry-op'i-da 

$-cln'9n 

JJ-li'sa 

Dem-o-tl'mus 

Do'h-us 

Dryp'e-tTs,  or 

£ch-i-on'i-de§ 

El-is-pha'§i-I  1 

De-mii'chus 

Dl-nod'o-^huS 

Dol-o-me'na 

Dry-pg'tis 

£ch-i-o'ni-us 

El-lo'pj-j 

DGin'y-fus 

Dl-no^-e-tl'^ 

Dol-o-me'ne 

Du'bi-iis 

Erchi-us 

E-lo'ne 

Den-drI'tis 

Dl-nol'o-^hus 

Dol'o-pe§ 

Du'bris 

E'chS 

J-lo'rus 

Den-se-le't® 

Dl-nom'a-ghe 

Do-la'pi-a 

Du-ca'rj-us 

£c^n9-mos,  or  -mus 

El-pe'nor 

Den-fa'tus 

DT-nom'^-ghus 

Dol-o-pl'on 

Du-ce'ti-us  1 

Ec-piian'tj-de^ 

El-pTd'i-us 

Den-the-le't® 

Dl-noin'e-ne^ 

Dom-i-dCi'ca 

Du-cor't9-rum 

Ed 'e-con 

El-pi-ni'ce 

De-9-brl'ga 

Dl-nos'the-ne^ 

Dom-i-du'cus 

Du -1  l'li-fi 

E-dG'ta 

El-u-I'na 

De-od'a-tus 

Di-nos'tra-tus 

Do-mln'i-ca 

Du-il'li-us  Ne'pos 

£d-e-ta'nl 

El'u-sa 

De-5'is 

Dl-o-c®s-a-ie'^ 

Do-ml"ti-a  1 

Dn-lich'i-a 

£d'ga-rus,  L. 

El'y-ce? 

Der'bi-ce§,  M.  Py.S.  TV. 

Dl-o'cle-a,  town. 

Do-mT-ti-a'nus  1 

Du-1  ch*i-um 

Pd'  gar 

El-v-ma'js 

Der-hi'cSs,  A.  C.  K. 

Dl-9-cle'a,  festival. 

DQ-mi"ti-an 

Du-lop'9-lls 

Ed'i-tha,  L. 

El'y-ml 

Sch. 

Dl'o-cle^i 

Dom-i-tll'la 

Dum-no'ni-I 

B'dith 

El'y-mus 

Der'ce 

Dl-o-clu-ti-aAnus  1 

Do-mi"ti-us  1 

Dum'no-rTx 

E-d6'ne§,  and 

El'v-rus 

Der-cG'hj-i 

Der'ce-to,  and  -tis 

Di-Q-cWti.-an 

Dom-nl'nus 

Du-ra'ni-us 

£d'9-ne§ 

5-ly''$i-um  1 

Dl-o-cli'de^ 

Dom-not'9-num 

Du'r?-nus 

P-do'nl 

J-ly"?i-us  1 

Der-cyl'lj-das 

Dl-o-d5'rus 

Don'a-ce 

Du-ra'ti-us  1 

^-db'nus 

J-ma'thi-a 

Der'cy-Ios 

Di-od'o-tus 

Don'a-con 

Dii'ra-t5 

E-du's9 

E-nia'thi-011 

Der'cy-nus 

Dl-a*'tas 

Do-na'tus 

Du'ri-a 

Ed-vl'nus 

Em'a-thus 

Der-ste'i 

Dl-o^'e-ncs 

Dl-o^-e-nl'a 

Don-i-la'us 

Du'ri-us 

Pd'win 

Ein'ba-tum 

Der-tho'na 

Do-nu'ca 

Du-ro-brl'v® 

F-dyi'i-us 

Em-bol'i-m? 

Der-to'na 

Dl-o-^;e-ni-a'nus 

Do-nu'sa 

Du-ro-cor'tp-rum 

E-e'ti-on  2 

Ein'bo-lus 

Der-to's? 

De-ru-$i-®'l  1 

Dl-of  e-nus 

Do-ny's^ 

Du-ro'ni-a 

fj-ga'le-os 

5-mer'i-tj 

Dl-og-ne'tus 

Dor-ce'a 

Du-ro'ni-us 

E-£el'i-dus 

Ein'e-sa 

Des-i-aG'rjus 

Dl-o-ineAa 

Dor'ceus  6 

Du-ro-ver'num 

E -^G'ri-fi 

Em'e-sus 

Des-i-la'us 

Dl-o-ine'da 

Dor'ci-fim  1 

Du-sa-re'nl 

K-|e'ri-us 

Em-j-se'nus 

Des'po-ta 

Dl-om-e-dcAa 

Dor'da-lus 

Du-um'vi-rl 

E-geS-9-rG'tllS 

Em-mG'li-us 

De-su'da-ba  • 

Dl-om-e-de'® 

Do'reij 

Dy-ar-den'se§ 

£^-e-sI'nus 

Jin-inen'i-d® 

Deu-ca'li-on 

Dl-o-me'de^ 

Do'ri-as 

Dy'ma; 

E-£es'ta 

5-mo'da 

Deu-ce'ti-us  1 

Dl'Q-m&d 

Dor'i-ca 

Dy-m®'I 

Dy'me 

F-|c'ta 

E-mo'dl  Mon'tG^ 

Deu'd9-rlx 

Deu-rl'9-pSs 

Dl-om'e-don 

Dor'i-cus 

Eg-na'ti-fi  1 

E-mb'dus 

Dl'o-mus 

Dor'i-das 

Dy-nam'e-ne 

Kg-na'ti-us  1 

Ein-ped'o-cle§ 

Dev'9-n?i 

DI-o-n®'3i 

Do-ri-en'sef 

Dy-na'mi-us 

Fg-nat-u-lG'j-us  3 

£m'pe-dus 

De.^-am'e-ne 

DI-o'ne 

Do'ri-eus  6 

Dyr-ra'qiii-um 

K-I'on 

£m-pe-ra'mus 

De.y-am'e-nus 

DI-9-nyA,si-a  1 

Dor'i-lris 

Dy-slu'lu? 

E-i'9-ne§ 

Em-po'clus 

Dej-tc're-on 

DI-9-ny-si'a-de^ 

Dor-i-la'us 

Dys-ci-ne'tus 

E-I'o-neus  6 

Em-po'rj-^ 

Dsy-ith'e-j 

Dl-o-ny"si-as  1 

Do-rim'a-chus 

Dys'co-los 

El-ze'lus 

Em-pb'rj-® 

Dex'i-us  1 

Dl-o-nys'j-de^ 

Do'ri-5 

D>  s-ni-cG'tus 

El-a-bon'tCf 

Jm-por'i-cus 

DT-ab'o-lus 

Dl-o-ny-si-o-do'rus  1 

Do'ri-on 

Dy-sb'rum 

E-l®'9 

F.m-po'ri-us 

DI-ac'9-nus 

Dl  9-ny"<i-on  2 

Do'ri-um 

Dy-s5'rus 

E-l®'us 

JFlm-pu'sJi 

Di-ac-9-peAn?i 

Dl-o-ny-s!pAo-lTs 

Do'ri-us 

Dys-pon'teus  G 

Fi-ltB-u-tl'chus 

jm-pyr'i-um 

DI-a-creAa 

Dl-9-ny"si-us  1 

Do-ros'to-Kim 

Dys-pon'ti-I  1 

£l-a-gab'a-lus,  K.  M. 

E-n®s'i-mus  4 

DI'a-crTs 

Dl-ac-tor'j-de^ 

DT-ad'9-chus 

Dl-a-du-me-ni-a'nus 

Dl-o-nys-9-do'rus 

Dl-9-ny-sopA9-lis 

Di-o-nyAS9S 

Dl-o-ny'sus 

Do-ros'to-rurn 

D9-ro'the-us 

Dor-9^-a'n?-um 

Do-ry'9-sus 

E. 

Py.  S.  Sch. 
£l-a-ga-ba'lus,  A.  C. 
L. 

El-a-ga-ba'lus,  or 

En'^-lus 

£n-?i-repii'9-rus 

F-nar'e-te 

Jn-cel'a-dus 

Dl-a-du'me-nus 

Dl-®'us 

DT-oph'a-ne^ 

Dl-o-pl'the? 

Dor'y-clus,  or 
Do-ry'clns 

E'^-ne?,  or  ^E'a-nG^ 

£l-9-gab'a-lus,  TV 
E-la'is 

pn-chG'le-® 

Jn-dG'is 

DT'a-g5n,  and  Dl'j-gum 

Dl-o-pcE'nus 

Dor-y-l®'um 

E-a'nus 

El-a-I'tE? 

En'de-ra 

Dl-agV  rjis 

Dl-op'9-lls 

Dor-y-l®'us 

E-ar'i-nos 

E-la'j-us  3 

]Jn-dS'riim 

Dl-a'ljs 

Di-o're? 

Dor'y-las 

E-ar'i-nus 

El-a-phe-b5'li-a 

En'dj-us 

Dl-?-m^s-ti-g5Asis 

Dl-ys-cor'j-de; 

Dor-y-la'us 

E-a'§j-um  1 

£l-a-phj-®'?i 

^n-dce'us 

* Dia'na.  — “The  usual  pronunciation  is  Di-an'a.”  — SMART. 

215 


1713 


En-dym'j-on 

En'e-ti 

£n-gon'?i-sI 

Jn-gon'^-sis 

£n'guj-on 

£n'|y-um 

j£-nan-tj-6ph^-nGf 

E-ni-en'se§ 

$-nI'Q-pcus  6 
£-nl'peus  G 
En-ne-^-cru'nos 
En'ni-a  % 

En'nj-us* 

En-no'dj-us 

En'np-mos,  or  -jrius 

£n-nos-j-g®'us 

En'9-pe 

En-o-sleh'tlion 

E-not-o^coe't® 

pn-to'ri-^ 

E-ny-a'ljus 
E-ny'eus  G 
J-ny'o 
E'9-ne 
JR-6'us 

fj-paen'e-tus  4 
E-pag'<t  thus 
F-pa'grjs 

Ep-a-man-du-o-du'nim 

Ep-a-man-tji-du'rura 

£ pam-i-nbn'das 

Ep-nn-te'lj-I 

Epaph-i'9-dl'tus 

Ep'a-phus 

E -peb'o-lus 

6 Pe'l 

P-perf?-tus 

fip-e-trl'mi 

E-pe'um,  or  E'pj-um 

E-pe'ns 

E-phe'bl 

E-phe'§j-us  1 

Eph'e-sos 

Eph'e-sus 

Epli'e-t® 

E-phi -&l'te§ 

Eph'o-rl 

Eph'9-rus 

E'phr^-em 

£ph'ra-t? 

Eph'y-ra,  or  -rc 

Eph-y-re-I'a-d£§ 

Ep-i-cas'te 

Ep-j-cer'de$ 

Ep-j-cha'j-de§ 

E-pi^li'a-rls 

Ep-j-char'inus 

Ep'j-cles 

Ep-j-cli'de§ 

Ep-jc-ne-mTd'j  I 

Ep-j-cra'ne 

$-pic'ra-te? 

£p-j-cre'ne 

Ep-jc-te'tus 

Ep-i-cu-r£'I 

P.p-i-cu-re'  cm§ 

Ep-j-cu'rus’ 

£p-j-cyAde§ 

Ep-j-cy-dl'des 

£p-i-dam'nj-um 

Ep-j-damAn9S 

Ep-j-dam'nus 

Ep-j-daph'ne 

Ep-j-dSUi'n-si 

Ep-j-dau'rus 

Ep-i-de'li-um 

fi-pld'j-cus 

fi-pld'j-um 

fi-pid'i-us 

£p-j-do'tG? 

E-pid'9-tus 

E-plg'e-nes 

F-pI'geus  6 

Ep-ig-nb'mus 

F-pig'9-nl  ’ 

E-pIg'9-nus 

J-pI'I,  and  £-pefI 

Ep-i-la'is 

Epil'y-cus 

J-pIm'a-ne§ 

Ep-j-me'des 

Ep-j-mel'j-de^ 

JJ-pim'e-nG? 

Ep-i-men'j-de$ 

Ep-i  mG'thcus  6 

Ep-j-me'tliis 

Ep-j-nl'cus 

F-plo-glius 

®-pI'9-ne 

Ep-i-plia-ne'9 

P-pipli'a-ne^ 

Ep-j-pha'nj-a,  woman 

Ep-j-pha-nl'a,  city. 

Ep-i-pha'nj-us 

E-pIp'9-l® 

E-pIp'9-15 


1714 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  GREEK  AND  LATUSl  PROPER  NAMES. 


E-pl'rqs 

E-pi'rus 

E-pis'the-nes 

J-pis'tro-phus 

E-pit'?-dG§ 

Ep-j-ta'li-um 

Ep-j-thG'r^s 

Ep'j-tos 

E-pit'y-rus 

E'pj-um,  or  E-pI'um 

Ep'p-na 

E-pon'y-mus# 

E-pd'pe 

E-p5'peus  6 

fip-o-re'di-^ 

Ep-o-red'o-rTx 

Epop'sj-us  1 

Ep'pj-us 

Ep'u-lo 

E-pyt'i-def 

Ep'y-tus 

E-qu?»-jus'ta 

E-quic'9-lus 

E-quir'  j-9 

E-quF'ti-us  1 

Eq'uj-te^ 

E-quQ-tu'tj-cus 

Er'a-con 

JJ-ne'? 

Er-a-sln'i-def 

Er-?-sI;nus 

Er-a-slp'pus 

Er-a-sis'tra-tus 

E-r&t'i-dae 

Er'^-to 

Er-^i-tos'the-ne^ 

Er-a-tos'tra-tus 

Er'a-tus 

Er-chl'^ 

Er'e-bus 

Er-egh-the'um 

E-rech'theus  (n.) 

£r-ech-the'us  (a.) 

Er-ech-thl'dce 

E-re^mus 

Er-e-nG'? 

Er'e-sus 

E-rG'trj-^ 

E -re' turn 

Er-eu-tha'lj-on 

Er-gam'e-nG§ 

Er'ga-ne 

Er-gan'i-ca 

Er-gas'j-lus 

Er&en'na 

Er-£e'ti-um  1 

Er-le'tum 

Er'&j-as 

Er-gi'nus 

Er-j-bce'? 

Er-j-b6'te$ 

£r-i-ca'te§ 

Er-j-ce'a 

£r-i-ce'te$ 

E-rlch' th5 

£r-jch-tho'ni-us 

Er-j-cin'i-um 

E-rl'cus 

JE'ric , HZn'ry 

Er-i-cu'sa 

E-rld'a-nus 

E-rlg'e-na 

Er-ig-du'pus 

Er'i-gon 

E-rIg'9-ne 

E-rjg-o-ne'j-us  3 

£r-j-gd'nus,  river. 

E-rig'o-nus,  painter. 

Er-i-^y'ius 

E-rln'dG? 

E-rin'e-os 

E-rin'ny-e$ 

E-rj-o'pis 

E-riph'a-nTs 

E-riph'i-das 

Er'j-phus 

Er-j-phy'la 

Er-i-phy'le 

Er-j-sTch'thon 

Er'i-thos 

Er'i-thus 

E-ro'chus 

E-ropli'i-lus 

E-ros'tra-tus 

E-ro'tj-a  1 

E-r5-ti-a'nus  1 

E-ro'ti-on  2 

E-r5'tj-um  1 

Er-ru'ca 

Er'se 

E-ru'brus 

E-ru'cj-us  1 

Erx'j-as  1 

E-ryVliis 

E-ryb'i-um 


Er-y-cl'n?t 

E-ry"cj-us  1 

£r-yg-du'pus 

Er-y-man'this 

Er-y-man'thus 

Er'y-mas 

E-rym'me 

E-ry m ' neus  6 

Er'y-mus 

Er-y-the'a 

Er-y-thG'um 

Er-y-thl'a 

Er-y-thl'nl 

Er'y-thr? 

E-ryth-ra-bo'lus 

Er'y-thne 

Er'y-thrSs 

E-ryth'ri-on 

Er'y-thros 

Er-yx-im'gi-chus 

E~§a'i-as 

Es-quil'j-® 

Es-qui-ll'nus 

Es-dra-e'lon 

Es-sed'p-ne^ 

Es'su-I 

Es-ti-5'ne§ 

Es'u-la 

E-su'rj-o 

E-te'9 

E-te-ar'chns 

E-te'o-cfe§ 

E-te'9-clus 
E-te-9-cre'tae 
E-te-5'neus  6 
E-te-9-nI'cus 
E-te-o'nus 

E-te'§i-je  1 

E-tha'lj-on 

E-tlle'clirs 

E-thG'le-uni 

E-the'lus 

E-the'nmn 

E-the-o'nps 

Eth-o-da'i-? 

E'ti-as  1 ‘ 

Et-ma'ne-I 

E-tru'rj-a 

E-trac'i-de^ 

Et'y-Ius 
E-tym'9-cle? 
Eu-sen'e-tus  4 
Eu'a-gG§ 

Eu'fi-gon 

Eu-ig'9-ras 

Eu-ag'9-re 

Eu-a'grj-us 

Eu'?-gros,  or  Eu-a'grqs 
Eu-an'£e-lus 
Eu-a-nor'j-das 
Eu-an'the§ 

Eu-lr'chus 

Eii'ba-£G§,  or  Eu'h^-gef 

Eu'b?-tos 

Eu'bj-us 

Eu-boe'ri 

Eu-bce'us 

Eu-bo'j-cus 

Eu'b9-Is 

Eu-bS'tyis 

Eu-bo'te 

EQ-b5'tGs 

Eu-bu'le 

Eu-bu'leus  6 

Eu-bu'li-de§ 

Eu-bu'lus 

Eu-cam'pj-das 

Eu-ce'rus 

Eu-qhG'npr 

Eu-chG'rj-a 

Eu-chG'ri-us 

Eu'chj-dG§ 

Eu-cle'a,  or  -cll'fli 
Eu-cliAde§ 

Eu'clid 

Eu'clj-o 

EQ'cr?-te 

Eu'cra-tC? 

Eu-crat'i-def 

Eu'cri-tus 

Euc-te'mon 

Euc-tre^j-I  1 

Eu-d(e'm9n 

Eu-dam'i-das 

Eu-da'mus 

Eu-de'mus 

Eu'di-cus 

Eu-dd'ci-a  1 

Eu-doc'j-mus 

Eu-do'ra 

Eu-do'rus 

Eu-dox'j-a  1 

Eu-dox'i-us  1 

Eu-el-£e'a 

Eu  el'pi-de^ 


Eu-e-mer'j-das 

Eu-em'e-rus 

Eu-e'ni-us 

Eu-e'n9r 

Eu-ry'^-nSx 

Eu-ryb'a-te^ 

Eu-ryb'9-tus 

Eu-ryb'j-9 

JJ-va'grj-us 

Ev'gi-grus,  or  l^-va'grys 
E van'ie-lus 
Ev-^-nor'j-d&s 

Fes-cen-nl'nus 

Fes-cen'nj-urn 

Fes'q-lie 

Fe-tj-a'le§  1 

G. 

Eu-e'nus 

Eu-eph'e-nus 

Eu-ry-bl'a-dG^ 

Eu-ryb'i-us 

B-van'tlie^ 

5-var'chus 

Fl-bre'nus 

Fl-cG'lj-ae 

G&b'z-h 

Eu-e're? 

Eu-ry-bd't^s 

E-vem'e-rus,  or 

Fi-cul'ne-^i 

Gab'?-lC? 

Eu-er'^e-t® 

Eu-ryl)'o-tus 

Eu-hein'e-riis 

Fl-dG'na 

Giib'a-lus 

Eu-er'|e-te§ 

Eu-ry-cie'? 

E-ve'npr 

Fl-dG'me 

Gab'fi-rus 

Eu-es-per'j-de^ 

Eu'ry-cle§ 

E-ve'nps,  or  -nus 

Fld-e-na'tG^ 

Ga-ba'za 

Eu'e-te? 

Eu-ry-cll'de^ 

P-veph'e-nus 

Fi-den'ti-ri  1 

G^i-bG'ne 

Eu-ga'ne-I 

Eu-ryc'i'ci-te^ 

E-ve're§ 

Fid-en-tl'nus 

Ga-bi-G'ne 

Eu'^e-ne? 

Eu-ry-crat'j-das 

j-viir'^e-tae 

Fi'de? 

Ga-bi-e'nus 

Eu-j^e'ni-^i 

Eu-ry-cy'de 

j-ver'|e-te? 

FI-dIc'u-lce 

Ga'bi-I 

Eu-^en'i-cus 

Eu-ryd'9-m5s 

Ev-es-per'i-de§ 

Fid'i-us 

G^-bl'na 

Eu-^e'ni-um 

Eu-ryd'?-me 

E'vj-Ss 

FTg'u-lus 

Ga-bln'j-a 

Eu-ge'ni-us 

Eu-ry-dam'j-dSls 

E'vj-os,  or  -us 

Fim'bri-fi 

G^-bin-i-a'nus 

Eu'|e-on 

Eu-ryd'j-ce 

E-vd'di-us 

Fir-ma'nus 

G^-bTn'i-us 

Eu-^I'a 

Eu-ry-e'lus 

Ev'9-dus 

Fir-mi-a'nus 

G^-bl'nus 

Eu'^i-on 

Eu'h^-ge^ 

Eu-ry-gj-nl'j 

Ev'9-ras 

Fir'mi-cus 

Ga-bre'G  Sll'va 

Eu-ry]'e-on 

E^-a'dj-us 

Fir'mi-us 

Ga-bri-e'lj-us 

Eu-hem'e-rus 

Eu-ryl^-ghus 

E^-ien'e-tus  4 

Flac-ci-na't9r 

. G&d'fi-r? 

Eu'ho-dus 

Eu-r^m'9-chiis 
Eu-rym'e-de,  wife  of 

Ex-se-ram'bus 

Fla-cel'li-a 

Ga-de'ni 

Eu'hy-dra 

E^-as'thre§ 

E^-ag'9-nus 

Flam'i-nG? 

Ga'de§ 

Eu'hy-drum 

Olaucus. 

Fla-mln'i-a 

Ga-dl'ra 

Eu'hy-us 

Eu-ry-me'de,  daughter 
of  (Eneus. 

E^-om'a-ta3 

Flam-i-nl'nus 

Gad-i-ta'num,  FrG'U 

Eu'i-as 

Ex-qull'i-a3 

Fla-min'i-us 

Gad-i-ta'nus 

Eu'i-os,  or  -us 

Eu-rym'e-don 

f.x-su-pe-ran'tj-us  1 

Fla-nat'j-cus 

Gfe-sa't£e 

Eu-ip'pe 

Eu-rym'e-me 

Ex-u-pe'ri-us 

Fla-no'n^i 

yas-tu'll 

Eu-la'li-a 

Eu-rym'e-ne§ 

Eu-rym'j-de^ 

Eu-ryn'9-me 

Eu-ryn'9-mus 

Eu-ry'9-ne 

E-ze-chi-e'lus 

Fla'vi-a 

Gae-tu'li-a 

Eu-la'li-us 

Eu-lim'e-ne 

Eu-lo'^i-us 

Eu'lo-gus 

F. 

Fla-vj-a'nus 

Flu’vi-an 

FlFt-vl'na 

Fla-vin'j-a 

(•rcC-tu'li-CUS 

Ga'j-us 

G^-ia'bri-I 

Gal-ac-toph'^-^I 

Eu-ma'chi-us 

Eu'in^-chus 

Eu-ry-plia'mus 

Eu'ry  phon 

Fa-ba'ri-^ 

Fla-vln'i-us 

FIa-vj-9-bri'g9 

Ga-lae'sus 

Gal'a-ta 

Eu-mce'us 

Eu'ry-pon 

Fab'a-ris 

Fla'vi-us 

Gal'^-taj 

Eu-ma'ras 

Eu-ry-pon'tj-da? 

Fa-ba'tus 

Fl^-vo'na 

Gal-^-tfe'a 

Eu-me'ce§ 

Eu-ryp-tol'e-mus 

F?-be'ri-us 

Flo-ra'li-a 

Gal-^-tG'^ 

Eu-me'da 

Eu-r^p'y-le 

Eu-ryp'y-lus 

Fa'bi-gi 

Flo-ra'lis 

Ga-la'ti-a  1 

Eu-me'de§ 

Fa-bj-a/nl 

Flo-ren'ti-a  1 

Gal'Mon 

Eu-mG'ljs 

Eu-rys'9-ce§ 

Fa-bi-a^nus 

Flor'cncc 

Ga-lax'i-a  1 

Eu-me'lus 

Eu-rys'the-ne§ 

Fa'bi-I 

Flor-en-tl'nus 

Gal'liu-ij 

Eu'me-ne§  * 

Eu  rys-then'i-die 

Fa'bi-us 

Flo-ren'ti-us 

Ga-lG'nus 

Eu-me-nI'a,  or  -nie'ni-a 

Eu-rys'thcus  (n.)  6 

Fab-lfi-te'ri-? 

Fl5-ri-aTnus 

Gd'lcn 

Eu-menri-de§ 

Eu-rys-the'us  (a.) 

Fri-bri^ci-us  1 

Flu-o'ni-a 

Ga-le-5'tae 

Eu-me'ni-us 

Eu-ry-ta'ne^ 

Fab-ul-ll'nus 

Fce'ni-us 

Ga-le'ri-a 

Eu-mol'pi-dce 

Eu'ry-te 

Fac-e-ll'na 

Fa'di-?i 

Fo'li-?i 

Ga-lG-ri-a'nus 

Eu-mon'i-de§ 

Eu-ryt'e-ie.  or 
Eu-ry-te'te 

Fon-ta'nus 

G?i-lG'ri-us 

Eu-me'us 

Fa'di-us 

Fpn-tG'j-a  3 

G?i-le'sus 

Eu-na'pi-us 

Eu-ryt'e-le 

Fa^-sld'i-us 

Fon-tG'i-us  3 

Ga'le-us 

Eu-ne'os,  Homer. 

Eu-ryth'e-mTs 

Fies'u-l?  4 

Fon-ti-na'lis 

Gal-frI'dus 

Eu'ne-os,  Strabo. 

Eu-ryt'i-on  2 

Fies'u-lse  4 

For'mi-JE 

ptof'frey,  Jeffrey 

Eu-nl'ce 

Eu'rv-tis 

Fal-a-crI'ne,  or  -num 

Fbr-mj-a'num 

Gal-i-lie'a 

Eu-nl'cus 

Eu'ry-tus 

F^-la'ni-us 

For 'mi-5 

G^-lin-tlii-a'di-a 

Eu-n5'mi-a 

Eu'se-bef 

Fal-cid'i-ft 

For-na-ca'lj-^ 

Ga-lln'thi-as 

Eu-no'mi-us 

Eu-se'bi-a,  woman . 

Fal-co'nj-g. 

For-tu'na 

Gril-lae'cj-a  1 

Eu'noanus 

Eu-se-bl'?,  city. 

Fal'cu-l^ 

For-tu-na'tae  In'su-lse 

Gal'li-? 

Eu-n5'ne§ 

Eu-se'bi-us 

F?-le'rj-^ 

Fijr-tu-na-ti-a'nus  1 

Gal-li-ca'nus 

Eu-nu'chus 

Eu-sem'9-ta 

F?i-le'ri-l 

For-tu-na'tus 

G^l-lic'i-nus 

Eu'ny-mos 

Eu-se'ne 

Fal-e-rl'n? 

For'u-ll 

Gal'li-ciis 

Eu'o-dus 

Eu-sta'thj-us 

Fan'ni-9 

Fran'ci-a  1 

Gal-li-G'nus 

Eu-on'y-mus 

Eii'stacc 

Fan'ni-I 

Fred-e-rl'cus 

Gal-ll'na 

Eu'p-rSs 

Eu-stS'chi-us 

Fan'ni-us 

FrSdr  cr-ic 

Gal-li-na'ri-a 

Eu-pa'*i-um 

Eu-sto'li-a 

Far'fa-rus 

Fre  gel'Ia 

Gal'li-o 

Eu-paioi-mon 

Eu-std'li-us 

Far'si-na 

Fre-^G'n* 

G?l-lap'o-lIs 

Eu-pal'a-mos,  or  -mus 

Eu-stra'tj-us  1 

Eu-tie'^ 

Fas-cel'li-n^ 

Fren-ta'nl 

Gal-ll'ta 

Eu -pa'  li -um 

Fas'ci-nus 

Frld-e-ri'cus 

Gal'li-us 

Eu'p?-tor 

Eu-tel'i-das 

F^s-tid'i-us 

Fr^d'er-tc 

Gal-lo-gra'ci  a 1 

Eu-p9-torri-a 

Eu-tha'Ii-a 

Fau'ci-us  1 

Frld-o-lT'nus 

Gal-lo'ni-us 

Eu-pat'9-rls 

Eu-tha'li-us 

Faii'cu-1? 

Fr'id'  Q-ttn 

Gam'a-la 

Eu-pel'the? 

Eu-the'me 

Fiu'la 

Fri^'i-dus 

Gam-brG'uin 

Eu'pha-e^ 

Eu'thy-cle^ 

FSlu'n? 

Frif,5i-I  1 

Ga-mG'li-9 

Eu-phe'me 

Eu-thyc'ra-teg 

Fau-na'li-^ 

Frpn-tl'nus 

Gan-d?-ri'tce 

Eu-phe'mi-a 

Eu-thy-du'mus 

Fau'nT 

Fru'si^no 

Gan-da-rl'tis 

Eu-phe'mus 

Eu-thym'j-das 

F&u-nlg'e-na 

Fu-cl'na 

Gan'g^-m? 

Eu-pho'ri-5n 

Eu-thym'j-us 

Flu 'nus 

Fu'ci-nus 

Gan-gar'i-das 

Eu-phra'nor 

Eu-thy'mus 

Flu'sta 

Fuf-fi"ti-us  1 

Gan'^e? 

Eu-plira'te? 

Eu-thv-nl'cus 

Fiu-s  tj'na 

Fu-fid'i-us 

Gan-^G'tis 

Eu-phron'i-de^ 

Eu-thyn'9-us 

Faus-ti-nop'9-lis 

Fu'fi-us 

Gan-£et'i-cus 

Eu-phros'y-nG 

Eu'thy-phron 

Faii-stl'nus 

Fu-ga'li-?i 

Gan-y-mG'de 

Eu-pl'thc^ 

Eu-to'ci-us  1 

Fall'sti-tas 

Ful-cin'i-us 

Cany-mG'dG§ 

Eu-plth'i-us 

Eu-tol'mi-us 

Fau'stu-lus 

Ful-gen'tj-iis  1 
Ful-^i-na'tG? 

Gdn'y-mcde 

Eu-plce'a 

Eu-trap'e-liis 

Filu'stus 

Ga-rae'i-cum 

Eu-pol'e-mus 

Eu-tre'sis 

Fa've-a 

Ful-gin'j-9 

Gar'a-dus 

Eu'po-lTs 

Eu-tr5'pi-a 

Fa-ven'ti-ri  1 

Ful'^i-num 

Gar-a-man'te? 

Eu-po'liis 

Eu-tro'pi-us 

Fav-en-tl'nus 

Ful-£l'nus 

Gar-a-man'tis 

Eu-pom'pi-das 

Eu'ty-chei} 

Fa-ve'ri-^t 

Ful'li-num 

Gar'9-mas 

Eu'pre-pt^ 

Eu-tycli-i-a'nus 

Fa-v5'ni-us 

FuFvi-9 

Gar'a-mus 

Eu-ri-a-nas'sa 

Eu-tych'i-de 

F&v-o-rl'nus 

Ful'vi-us 

Ga-re-a'tie 

Eu-rTp'i-das 

Eu-tych'i-de^ 

Feb'ru-a 

Fun-da'ni-us 

Ga-re-ath'y-i? 

Eu-rlp'j-de^ 

Eu-tych'i-us 

Feb-ru-a'ri-us 

Fun-da'nus 

GSr'i-das 

Eu-rl'pus 

Eu'ty-glius 

Feb'ru-us 

Fun'du-lus 

Gar-ga'num 

Eu-ro-aq'ui-ld 

Eu^-an'thi-us 

Fe-ci-a'le§  1 

Fu'ri-j 

Gar-ga'nus  f 

Eu-roc'ly-don 

Eu^-en'i-dae 

Fel'^i-nas,  TV.  (i.  v.) 

Fu'ri-ee 

Gar-ga'phi-a 

Eu-r5'mus 

Eux'e-nus 

Fe-1 19'i-tas 

Fu'ri-T 

Gar-ga'phi-e 

Eu-r5'ni-us 

Eu^-I'nus  Pon'tus 

Fel'si-na 

Fu-rl'na 

Gar'ga-r? 

Eu-ron'9-tus 

Eu^-Tp'pe 

Fen-es-tel'l?i 

Fu-rl'me 

Gar-gar'j-dte 

Eu-ro'pa 

Eu^-ith'e-us 

Fe-ra'li-a 

Fu'ri-us 

Gar'ga-ns 

Eu-ro-p.T'us 

Eu^-om'a-tae 

Fer-en-ta'nnm 

Fur'ni-us 

Gar'ga-rus 

Eu-ro'pus 

Eii^-yn'the-tus 

Fer-en-tl'num 

Fus-ci-cu-le'nus 

Gar-^G'nus 

Eu-r5'tas 

Ev-.  Sec  Eu-. 

Fe-re'tri-iis 

Fus-cl'na 

Gar-Jet'tus 

Eu-r5At5 

Ev'a-^e? 

Fe-r5'ni-a 

Fus-cl'nus 

Gar-gll-i-a'nus 

Eu-ry'a-le 

E-vSg'9-ras 

Fer-re'o-lus 

Fu'§i-a  1 

Gar-^il'i-us 

Eu-ry'9-lus 

E-vag'9-re 

Fes-cen'nj-a 

Fu'§i-us  1 

Gar-^it'ti-us 

* Eu’mcnes.  — “ Our  old  writers  [as  Hughes  and  Lee],  who  accent,  classical  names  I 
as  their  English  cars  incline  them,  pronounce  this  word  Eu-mc'ncs — Smart.  | 


| Oarga'nus . — 


“ And  high  Garr/aynis , on  th’  Apulian  plain. 

Is  marked  by  sailors  from  the  distant  main.” 

Wilkie,  Epigoniacl ; cited  by  Walker. 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  GREEK  AND  LATIN  PROPER  NAMES. 


1715 


Gar-go'ni-us 
Oj-ril'j-us 
Ga  rl'tC^ 

Gir'ri-cua 
Ga  -sS'rus 
Ga'the-c 

Ga-the-a't^s,  F.  L.  M. 

Py . . . 

G?  the'a-tas,  TV.  (l.v.) 
Gaii-den'ti  us  1 
Gau-g?t-me'l;y 
Gail  l?t-nl'tjs 
Gau'lum 

Gall '1  us,  Gau'Ie-on 
Gau'r?i  das 
Gail  ra'nus 
Gau'rus 
Ga'us,  or  Ga'9S 
Ga'vj-us 
Ga-zi-u'ra 
Ga-zo'rus 
Geb-a-le'ne 
G?  ben'na 
^e-dip'pa 
?e-dr5'sl 
?e-dr5'§i-?  1 
jre-ga'nj-I 
'la 
■re-Ia'nor 
Te'I?s 

jre-lis'j-mus 
Ge-la'si-us  1 
?61'bjs' 

Jel'du-b$ 

Ge-les't? 

Gel'lj-a 
Gel-lj-a'nus 
Gel' I j -as 
Gel'Ii-us 
Ge'Io,  ^re'Ipn 
Ge-lo'I 

Ge-lo'ne§,  ^re-lo'nl 
Ge'los 
Ge-mel'lus 
Gem'i-nri 

Gem'j-nl 

Ge-mTn'j-us 

Gem'i-nus 

^reii'a-bum,  A.  Cr.  F. 
Fr.  K.  M.  Py.  Sch. 
(Jre-na'bum,  C.  L.  IV. 
Ge-nlu'nl 
Ge-ne'^j-us  1 
Ge  lie'tie 
Ge-ne't3§ 
xe-ne'va 

^Gn'j-sus,  or  §ren'y-sus 

SrG'nj-us 

jren-na'dj-us 

xen-na'{-de§ 

xe-no'nl 

jiren-p-ve'f?,  or  -va 
fiZn' e-vieve 
Gen-se-rl'cus 
fiSn'ser-lc 

Ien'tj-us  1 
en'11-9 
e-nu'cj-us  1 
en'u-sus 
e-nu'ti-a  1 
en'y-sus 
e-om'o-rl 
e-p-pon'j-c?. 
e-or'£i-ca 
fieor'S-ics 
Ge-or'gj-us 
fir'd  r^r, 

Gepli-i-ro'te 

Ge-phy'ra 

G^pli-y-rie'I 

Ge-phy'rG^ 

Gep'j-d® 

Ge  nes'tus  4 
Ger-a-ne'9 
G?  ra'nj-gi 
Ge-ran'thr® 

Ger'a-sa 

Ge-rb'a' 

xe-re'ni-fi 

^e-res'ti-cus 

xer-gl'tiia 

xer-^Tth'i-um 
■Jer  go'vi-a 
:'rj-on 
xer-ma'nj-? 

Ger  man-i-cl'9 
Ger  man'i-cus 
Ger-ma'ni-I 
Ger-ma'nus 
Ger-ml'nus 


Ge'rsm 

G«r-9n-te'um 

Ge-ron'thra3 

G?-ron'tj-us  1 

Ge-ros'tr^-tus 

Ger'rluB 

Ger-tru'dis 

fidr'trude 

Ge-ru'nj-um 

Ge'rus,  and  Ger'rhus 

Ge'ry-on 

Ge-ry'9-nef 

G6'rys 

Ge-san'der 

Ge-sith'9-us 

G5s-9-rl'9-cum 

Ges-sa't® 

Ges'sus 

Ge'tie 

Ge-thos'y-ne 

Get'j-cus 

Ge-tii'li-a 

Gid-de-ne'me 

GI-gan'te$ 

Gr-g^n-^y9 

Gl-gar'tum 

yi'g?s 

GI-go'nus 

Gll'dd 

Gil'lo 

Gjn-da'nef 

GIn'de§ 

gln'ge 

Gin-gu'num 

Gip'P!-us 

&r 

Gis'cha-l? 

GIs'co,  or  G^s'gd 

Gi-tT'a-dis 

Gla'brj-5 

Gla-di-a-t5'rj-I 

Glan-dp-me'rum 

Glapil'y-ra 

Glapli'y-ric 

Glapli'y-rus 

GUu'ce 

Glau'cj-9  1 

Glau'ci-as  1 

Gliu'ci-de$ 

Glau-cTp'pe 

Glaii-cip'pus 

Glail'cjs 

Glall'con 

Glaii-con'9-m3 

Glau-co'pls 

Glau'cus 

Glau-ga-nl'c® 

Glau'tj-as  1 

Glob'u-lus 

Gly9'e-ra 

Gly-ce'rj-uin 

Gly-ce'ri-us 

Glym'pS^ 

Glyin'pi-cus 
Gna'pheus,  Pe'trus  5,  6 
Gna'tho  5 
Gna'tj-9  5,  1 
GnI'dos,  or  -dus5 
Gn5's9s  5 
Gnos'sj-a  5,  1 
Gnos'sjs  5 
Gnos'sus  5 
Gob-?t-ni"tj-o  1 
Gob'a-re^ 

G5'bry-as 

God-e-frl'dus 

Odd’frzy , fiSof'frey 

Gog-a-re'ne 

Gol'41 

Goin'9-ra 

G9-na'tas 

Gon'£y-lus 

G9-nI'a-deij 

Gon-o-es's^ 

Gor-di-a'nus 

Go  r' di-ait 

Gbr-dj-tj'um 

Gor-dj-ta'num 

Gdr-di-u-co'in9n 

Gdr'dj-um 

Gor'di-us 

Gbr-di-u-tl'chus 

Gpr-du'ni 

Gcir'ga-sus 

Gor'^c 

Gor'^i-as 

Gor'^i-das 

Gor'*i-on 

Gor'g9-ne^ 


Gor-go'nj-a 

Gyr-go'nj-us 

Gyr-goph'o-ne 

G9r-g6ph'9-rgi 

Gyr-go'pris 

Gyr-go'pis 

G9r-|yth'j-on 

Gor'tu-a; 

Gyr-ty'n^ 

Gor-tyn'i-a 

Goth-o-fre'dus 

Gdd’frey,  fieoffrcy 

Go  tho'ne? 

Gr^c-^lia'nus 

Gr^-dl'vus 

Grit* 'a 

Grac'd 

Grae'cj-9  1 

Gra-d'nus 

Gra-cos'tVsis 

Gra,*'cus 

Gra*'® 


Gra'j-us  3 
Gr^-jo^'e-ll 
Gra-ju'ge-nae 
Gra'ne 
Gra-ul'cus  * 

Gra'm-u^ 

Gra-te'®  ln'su-1® 
Gra'ti-a  1 
Gra'tj-ae  1 
Grd'ce.f 

Gra-Ti-9n-op'9-lis  1 

Gra-tj-a'nus  1 

Grd’ti-an 

Gra-tld'i-a 

Gra-tTd-j-a'nus 

Gra-tid'i-us 

Gra'tj  oil  2 

Gra'ti-us  1 

Gra'vi-I 

Gra-vis'c® 

Gra'vi-us 

Grc-|en'ti-us  1 

Greg'9-ras 

Gre-go-rj-a'nus 

Gre-go'rj-us 

Gr$  <t'  Q-ry 

Grln'iie§ 

Gro-ne'a 

Gru'mi-o 

Gru-thun'^I 

Gry-ne'urn 

Gry'neus  (n.)  G 

Gry-ne'us  (a.) 

Gry-nl'um 

Gual-te'rua 

IVdL'tcr 

GuIl-j-el'muSjGurl  161'- 
inus,  Gujl-ler'inus, 
or  Gu-lj-el'miis 
W'iVliam 


^u'neds  6 
Tun-the'rus,  L. 

?y'?i-reus  6 
Ty'a-rl 

?y'a-ros,  and  Gy'?-rus 
xy'as 

xy-|®'us  La'cus 
xy'ge 

?y'Pf 

^ryl-9-Ce'9 
Jy-llp'pua 
?yni-na'§j-a  1 
?ym-na'§i-um  1 
?ym-ne'§i-a  1 
^rym-ne'^i-®  1 
?ym-ile'te§ 
^ryin-np-pic-dl'a 
^rym-nos -9-phis' t® 

G y m -nd  s' q -p  hlsts 
gy-n$'ce-as 
^ryn-s-cp-thcE'n^s 
&yii'de§ 

^yr-tb'na 
Gy-the'um,  or 
Gyth'i-um 


H. 

Ha-dra'num 

Ha'dri-9 

Ila-drj-a-nSp'p  lis 
Ila-drj-a'nl 
Ha-dri-a'nus 
Hu’  dry -an 
Ha-dri-‘at'|-cum 


HSd-ru-me'tiim 

Had  -y-le'ym 

Hiu'mpn 

H®-nio'ni-a 

H®-moii'j-de§ 

Haem'o-nis  4 

Hs'mus 


• vi'  v * 1 
Hag-nag'9-ra 
Hflg-nl'si-de^ 

Hri-l.'B'sa 

H9-1®'sus 

Ila-la'l^,  or  A-la'la 
Ha-le'sus 
Hal-cy'9-ne 
Hril-cy'9-neus  6 
Ha'les 

lla-le'sa,  or  llal'e-s^ 
Ha-le'^j-us  1 
Ila-le'sus 
Ha'li-a,  a Nereid. 
H^-ll'^,  or  Ha'l;-^,  a 
festival. 
IIa-l|-ac'inon 
Ha-li-ar't9S,  or  -tus 
Ila'lj-as 

Ilal-j-car-nas'seus  6 

Hal-j-car-nas'sus 

Ha-li"cy-£B  1 

Ha'lj-els 

Hal-j-me'de 

Hal  ir-rho'thi-us  1 

Hal-j-ther'sus 

Hn-ll'um 

Ha'li-us 

Hal-l-zo'ne^ 

Hyl-ino'ne§ 

Hal'my-rTs 

IIal-niy-ro'te§ 

Ha-lb'a 

Ha-loc'r^-te^ 

Ha-lo'ne 
Hal-911-ne'sus 
Il^-lb'ti-^  1 
Ha-lo'tus 
Ha-ly-at'te§ 

Hal'y-cus 
IIa-ly"zj-ri  1 
H2.m-gL-dry'a-de§ 

I lam'  a-dry-adf 
Ila-ina'dry-as 
Ilam-ar-to'lus 
Ha-max'j-a  1 
Ha-max'i-tus 
Ham-^x-ob'j-I 
Hamp-sag'o-ras 
Hainp'sj-cus 
Han'nj-bal 
Han-ni-bal-lj-a'iius 
Har'ca-lo,  or  Car'tha-l5 
H^r-ma'ni-a 
Har-m^-te'lj-a 
Ilar'ma-tus 
Har-me-119-pu'lus 
Har-nio'di-us 
Har-m5'ni-a 
Har-mon'j  de§ 
Har-ino'ni-us 
Har-mbs'y-nl 
Har-mo'zpn 
Har-mu'za 
Har-pa'gj-a,  or 
Har-pa -^I'a 
Har-pa*'i  de§ 
Ilar'pa-gus 
Har-pal'i-c5 
Hrir-pa'lj-on 
Har'pa-los,  or  -lus 
Har-pal'y-ce 
Ilar-pal'y-cus 
Hiir'pa-sa 
Hiir'pa-sus 
Har'pp-cras 
Har-poc'ra-te§ 
Har-po-cra'tj  on  1 
Ilar-py'ia  3 
Har-py'i®  3 

Jlar'pie.f 

Ila-ru'de§ 

Has  by'te 
Has'dru-i)al 
Ifa-te'ri-us 
II5lii'sta-ne§ 
He-au-ton-tj-mp- 
lu'me-nos 
Hbb-do-nia*’e-te§ 
Heb'do-nie 
He'be 

Ho  broni'a-gus 
He'brus 


He-bu'de^ 

IIec'9-be 

Hec-^-er'g? 

Hec'9-le 
Hec-?i-le'§i-fi  1 
Hec-9-me'de 
Hec-?i-t®'9ii 
Hec-a-tcu'us 
Hec'9  -te 
H&c'ate 
Hec-9-te'§j-9  1 
Hec'a-to 
Hec-9-t9-do'rus 
Hec-9-toni-b®'a,  or 
-bee 'a 

Hec-5-t9in-pho'ni-«L 

Hec-?i-t5in'p9-lls 

Hec-a-toni'py-los 

Hec-a-tpn-ne'sl 

Hec'u-b^ 

Hec'y-ra 
Hed'i-lat 
Hed-9-n®'um 
Hed'u-es 
Hed'u-I 
Iled'y-le 
Hdd-y-le'um,  or 
Ile-dyl'i-um 
Hed'y-lus 
Ilc-dy  m'e-le§ 
Hed'y-phon 
He-*el'o-clius 
lie  gG'nion,  and 
He^'e-mon 
Herein  '9-ne 
He£-c-saii'drj-das 
Heg-e-si'9-nax 
He-ge'§i-as  1 
He^-e-sil'9-chus 
1 [e^-e.-sln'9-us 
Heg-e-si'nus 
IlC^-e-sip'pus 
Ileg-e-sip'y-le 
Ileg-e-sis'tra-tus 
He -^G't9r 
HeA-e-tdr'i-dC§ 

IlC'^i-as 

IlG^i-6 

Hcl'^-ra 

Hcl-ce'bus 

Ilel'e-ngt 

Ho-lG'n|-a 

IIGl-e-nl'us 

IIc-le'ii9r 

Hel'e-nus 

IlG'le-on 

IIc-lI'a-dG§ 

IlG-li-as't® 

Hel-i-Ca'on 
IJel'I-Ce 
Ilel'i-con 
Hel-i-C9-nI'?i-de§ 
Hel-i-cS'iijs 
Hel-i-me'119,  L. 
llel'1-mus 
Ilc-lI'o-cle§ 
lie  H-9-db'rus 
IIe-li-9-gab'a-lus,  K.M. 
Py.  S'.  Sch.  IV. 
(f.  V.)  Trollope. 
He-lj-o-ga-ba'lus,  A. 
C.  L.  W.  (i.  V.) 
IlG-lj-op'p-lis 
He'lj-os 
He'li-us 
Ilel-ia'di-us 
Hel-la-nl'ce 
Hel-la-nl'cus,  some - 
times  iiel-lan'i-cus 
Hel-la-iloc'ra-tG§ 
Ilel-la-nod'i-c® 

Hel'le 

Ilcl-le'neij 

Hel-le-nop'o-lTs 

Hel-lep'o-rus 

Hel-l6'|)j-a 

Hel-lo'ti  -ri  1 

Ilel-lo'tjs 

Hc-lo'ris 

He- 16' rum 

He-lo'rus 

Ile-lo't® 

Ile-lo'tG? 

Hel-pTd'j-us 
Hel-ve'tj-a  1 
Ilel-vG'ti-I  1 
Hel-ve'tum 
IIGl'vi-a 
Hel-vid'j-a 
Hel-vid'i-us 
HGl'vj-I  ’ 


Hel-vl'n? 

HSl'vj-us 

Hel'y-inus 

He-ma'tJij-on 

HGm-e-r6s-C9-pI'ym 

He-rni^'y-ne§ 

He-niitli'e-9 

He-mo'dus 

He-mo'nj 

Hen'e-tl 

He-nl'9-^h5 

He-nl'9-chl 

He-ni-o-clil'a 

He-nl'9^1ius 

He-nlp'pe 

Hen-rl'cus 

Ilkn’ry 

He-pli®s'ti-a,  city. 

He  ph-xs-tl'  9,  festival. 

Heph-®s-tI'9-dG§ 

He-ph®s'tj-I  4 

He-pli$s'tj-5  4 

He-ph®s'ti-on  2,  4 

Hc-phces'tiQn  2,  4 

He-phffis'tus  4 

Hep-tan'9-mis 

IIep-ta-pho'n9S 

Hop-tap'o-lTs 

Hep-tap'9-rDs 

Hep-tap'y-los 

Hep-ta-\d'9-t9 

IIer'9-clas 

IIer-9-cIe'a 

He-rac'le-on 

He-rac-le-6'nas 

He-rac-le-6'te$ 

Her'a-cle§ 

Her-9-clG'um 

He-rac-l|-a'nus 

Her-a-cll'd® 

Her-a-cll'de§ 

IIer-9-clI'dis 

Iler-a-cll'tus  f 

Her-gi-cll'us 

He-ne'fi 

IIe-r®'eSs  6 

He-rm'um 

IIcr-be's9S,  or  -sus 

Iler'b|-ta 

Her-ce'us 

Iler-cu-ia'ne-um 

Her-cu-la'nus 

Her'cu-lG§ 

Her'cu-lis 

Her-cu'le-um 

Iler-cu'le-us 

Her-cy'na 

Her-cyn'?-? 

Iler-cyn'i-us 

Her-do'ii|-a 

Her-do'nj-us 

IlG're-as 

He-ren'nj-us 

Iler'j-lus 

HC'rj-us,  S. 

He-ri'us,  C.  L. 
IIer'1119-elius,  properly 
Her-mar'clius 
Her'ni® 

Her-m®'a 
Her-m®'um 
Her-niag'o-ras 
Her-man'dj-ca 
Her-ma-nu'bis 
Her-inapli-rp-dl'tus 
Hcr-mar'chus 
Her-1119-irie'na 
Her'me-as,  or  Her'me| 
Her-mG'as,  or  -ml'fis 
Her'me-ros 
Her'niG^ 
Ile'r-me-si'a-nSx 
Her-ml'as,  and 
Her'mi-as 
Her-miii'j-us 
Her-ml'nus 
IIer-niI'9-ne 
ller-mi-o-ne'a,  or  -nl'9 
Her-mj-on'i-cSs  Sl'nus 
Her-mi'9-nis 
Her-moc'ra-te§ 
Her-rnoc're-oii 
Iler-nm-do'rus 
Her-1119-^e-ni-a'nus 
Her-mo|'e-ne§ 
Her-mo-la'us 
Iler-mo'nax 
irer-niop'9-lis 
Her-mo-tl'mus 
Iler-iiiun'du-rT,  A.  Cr. 

F.  Fr.  K.  M.  Sch. 


IIcr-mun-du'rT,  Py. 
S.  W. 

Hcr'nj  cl 
Hc-ro'des 
Hdr'qd 

He-ro-dj-a'nus 

Jlc-ru1  di-an 

He-rod'j-cus 

Iier-9-dl'um 

IIer-9-do'rus 

Ile-rod'9-tus 

Her-9-du'lus 

He-ro'e§ 

He-ro'is. 

Ile-r9-bp'9-lis 

Ile-ropli'i-l^,  or  -15 

He-roph'j-lus 

He-ros'tr^-tus 

Her'se 

Her-sll'j-9 

HGr'u-lI 

Her'u  lus 

He-sie'nus 

lle-sl'9-dus 

Hc'fi-qd 

He-sl'9-n9,  or  -n« 
IIe-sI'9-nG§ 

Hes-pe'ri-9 

Hes-per'i-de§ 

Iles-pe'n-e 

Hes'pe-ris 

Hes-pe-rl'ta; 

Hes-pc-rl'tis 

Iles-pG'rl-us 

Hes-pe-ru'go 

Hes'pe-rus 

Hes'ti-a 

Hes-tj-ffi'^ 

Hes-tj-ffi-o'tis 

Hes-tj-o'ne§ 

He-sych'j-a 

Ile-sych'i-us 

Ile-tric'u-lum 

He-tru'ri-? 

Hex-ap'y-lum 

IlI-be'ri-9 

Hl-ber'ni-9. 

Hl-be'rus 

Hl-brll'dG? 

Hl-ce'^j-us  1 

Hl^-e-ta^n 

lllo'e-tas 

Hl-das'me-nus 

Hid'rj-cus  6 

Ill'e-r? 

Ill-e-ra-c6'mc 
Hl-e-ra'c9ii 
Hl-e-ram'e-nG^ 
Hl-e-rap'9-lls 
Ili'e-ras 
Hi'e-rax 
Hl'e-rl 
lll-er'i-clius 
JZr'i-qhd,  formerly  I'U 
Sr’i-cho 
Hi'e-ro' 

Ill-e-rp-caps-^-re'a 
Hi  e-r9-ce'pi-9 
Hl-e-r9-ce'pjs 
Hl-e-ro-ce'rix 
Hl-er'9-clGs 
lll-e-ro-du'II 
Hl-e-ro-du'lum 
Hi-e-rom-nG'nipn 
Hl-e-rp-nG'sos 
Hl-e-ron'i-ca,  Lex 
Hl-e-ro-nl'c® 
Hi-e-rp-ni'cG^ 
Hi-e-ron'i-cus  (a.) 
Hl-g-ron'y-mus 
Jdr'qmc,  formerly 
HVe-rdmc 
Hi-9-rbph'i-lus 
Hl-e'rp-sbl'y-ma 
Je-ru1  sa-l%m,  formeily 
Hi-c-rh  'sa-lcni 
Hi-e-ro'the-us 
Hl'e-rus 
Hi -^I'nus 
Hjg-na'ti-9,  or 
^g-na'tj-9  Vl'a  1 
Hil-a-I'ra 
Ill-la'ri-a 
IFl-la-rj  a'nus 
III  la'ri-us 
Hil'a-ry 
II]l'9-rus 
Him-an-top'9-de§ 
IlTm'e-ra 
Ill-me'rj-us 
II  im'e-ius 


* Grand cus.  — “ As  Alexander’s  passing  the  River  Granicus  is  a common  subject 
of  history,  poetry,  and  painting,  it  is  not  wonderful  that  the  common  ear  should  have 
given  in  to  a pronunciation  of  this  word  more  agreeable  to  English  analogy  than  the 
true  classical  accent  on  the  penultimate  syllable.  The  accent  on  the  first  syllable  is 
now  so  fixed  as  to  make  the  other  pronunciation  savor  of  pedantry.”  — Walker. 
“That is,  if  correct  speaking  be  pedantry.”  — Trollope.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that 


the  vicious  pronunciation,  which  Walker  regarded  as  fixed,  has  now  become  less 
prevalent.  Smart  accents  the  word  on  the  second  syllable. 

f HeracWtus.  — The  name  of  Dcmoc'ritus , the  laughing  philosopher,  being  often 
mentioned  in  connection  with  that  of  Hcracli'tus,  the  weeping  philosopher,  there  is 
a tendency  to  accent  the  latter,  incorrectly,  on  the  second  syllable. 


1716 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  GREEK  AND  LATIN  PROPER  NAMES. 


HI-phTn'9-us 

Iljp-pag'o-ras 

Hip-pag're-tus 

Ilip-pal'cj-mus 

Hip'pri-lus 

1 1 1 p par'chi-j 

Hip-pir'chus 

nip-py-rl'nus 

Hjp  pa'rj-on’ 

Hip'  pj-ris 
Hjp-pas'j-def 
Hip'py-sus 
Hip-pe-mol'gl 
Ilip'peus  C 
Hip' pi-? 

HTp'pi-as 

Illp'pi-us 

Hlp-pobVteJ 

Hip-pob'o-tus 

Ilip-po-cen-lau'ri 

Hip-po-cli'de? 

HTp'po-clus 

Hip-p5c'o-on 

Hip-p9-C9-rys'te? 

Hip-poc'rj-te 

Hip-poc'r?-tej 

Hjp-poc-rj-tl'j,  or-te'a 

Hip-po-cre'ne 

Jiip'pQ-crene* 

Hip-pod'?-mas 

Hip-pod'j-me 

Hil>-pod-a-mI'ai 

Hip-pod'a  mus 

Hip-pod'i-ce 

Hip  pod'r?-mu8 

Hip'po-1? 

Hip-pol'o-jhus 

Hip-pol'y-te 

Hjp-pol'y-tus 

Hjp-pom'fi-chus 

Hip-poiw'e-Son 

Hip-pom-e-du's» 

Hjp-poin'e-ne 

Hip-pom'e-ngj 

Hip-po'n? 

Ilip-po'nSx 

Hj’p-pd-ni-a'te^ 

Hip-po-nl'cus 

HIp-p»-ni'tjs 

Hip-po'ni-um 

Hip-pon'9-us  • 

Hip-poph'?-*! 

Hip-pop' 9-de:j 

Hip-pos'trj-tus 

Hip-pot'a-dg^ 

Hip'po-tas 

Hlp'po-te? 

Hip-poth'9-S 
Hjp-potli'o-on 
Hip  |>oth-9-6n'tjs 
Hip-poth'9-os,  or  -us 
Hip-pd'ti-on  2 
HIp-po-tox'9-tie 
Hip-pu'ris 
Hip'si-de? 

Hjr-pl'ni 
Hir-pi'nus 
Hir'tj-3  1 
Hir'ti-us  1 
Hir-tu-le'j-us  3 
His' pa-la 
His'pa-lls 
His-pa'ni-? 

Hjs-pa'nus 

His-tas'pes 

Hls-ti-ce'? 

His-ti-.'B-5'tjs 

His-ti-se'us 

His'to-rls 

Hls'tri-? 

Ho'di-us 

Hce'dus 

Hol-mo'ne«f 

Hol'9-cron,  or  Ol'o-crus 

Ho-mer'j-d® 

Hom-e-ri't® 

Ho-me-ro-mas-ti'ge? 

Hom-e-rp-mas'tjx 

Hom-e-ron'i-d® 

Ha-me'rus 

Hb'mer 

Ho-ml'l®,  L. 

Horn  '9-le 

Ho-mo'li-um 

Hom-o-lTp'pi.is 

Hom-o-lo'j-de? 

Ilo-mon-a-den'se^ 

Hom-9-tl'ml 

Ho'nor 

Hon-9-ra'tus 

Ho  -no'rj-a 

Hon  0 rr'y-dgy 

Ho-n5'ri-us 

Hop-le'tg? 

Hop'leus  6 
Hop-ll't® 


Ilor-a-cl't® 

Ho'ra 

Hor-a-pol'lo 
Ho-ra'ti-a  1 
Ho-ra'tj-us  1 
HSr'qce 
Ho-ra'tus 
Hor'ci-as  1 
Hor-o-ld'gi-um 
Hor'ta-lus 
H9r-ta'num 
Hor-ten'si-a  1 
Hor-ten'si-us  1 
llor-ti'nus  (a.) 
Hor-to'na,  or  Or-to'n? 
Ho-sid'i-us  1 
Ho'si-us  1 
Hos-pj-ta'ljs 
Hos-til'i-a 
Hos-til-j-a'nus 
Hos-tll'j-us 
Hos'tj-us 

Hum-fre'dus,  or  frl'dus 

Hum'phrey 

Ilun-ne-rl'cus 

Hun’ner-ic 

Hun-ni'a-dg? 

Hy-a  cin'thi  ? 

Hy'9-deS 
Hy'a-la 
Ily'9-le 
Hy-j-mG'a,  or 
Hy-a'ini-j 
Hy-ain-pe'a 
Ily-ain'po-lls 
Hy-an'thes 
Hy-a-pg', 

Hy-ar-bl'ta 
Hyb'e-la 
Hy-ber'ni-a 
Hyb'Ia 
Hyb're-as 
Hy  b-ri-a'ne^ 

Hy  b'ri-as 
Hyc'ca-r? 

Hy'da,  and  Hy'dfi 
Hyd'a-r? 

Hy-dir'ne? 

Hy  -das'pgs 
Hy'dr? 

Hy-dra'mi-j 
Hy-dra-o'tes 
Hyd're-a 
Hy  dre'la 
Hy-dre'lus 
Hy-droch'o-us 
Hy-dro-pho'rj-? 

Hy'drus 
Hy-dru's? 

Hy'e-1? 


Hy-£l'nus 

Hy-%'i-de? 

Hy-lac'tes 

Hy'Ue 

Hy-l®'?s 

Hy'le? 

Hy'leus  6 

Hy-lg'us,  or  Hy-I®'us 

Hyl'j-as 

Hyl'i-c?,  or  -ce 

Hyl-la'i-cus 

Hyl'Ii-Cus 

Ily  lon'o-me 

Hy-loph'a-gl 

Hym'e-as 

Hym-e-n®'us 

Hy-6'pe 

Ily  pin'p'i 

Hy-p®'?i-a  1 

Hyp'a-nls 

Hyp-a-rl'nus 

Hyp'a-sls 

Hyp'a-ta 

Hy-pa'te? 

Hyp'9-tha 

Hy-pa'Ij-a  1 

Hy-pa'ti-uS  1 

Hyp'a-tus 

Hy-pe'niyr 

Hyp-e-ra'on 

Hy-per'b^-tus 

Hy-per'bi-us 

Hy-per'bo-lus 

Hy  p-er-ba're-l 

Hyp-e-rS'?  ‘ 

Ilyp-e-re'chi-us 

Hype-rg'npr 

Hy  p-e-rl'9 

Hyp-e-re'si-a  1 

Hy  p-e-ri'de^ 

Ilyp-e-rl'911 

Uy-pG'ri-pn 


Iiyp-erm-nes'tr? 

Hy-perr9-che 

Hyp-e-rocli'i-dc^ 

Hy-per'9-chus 

Hyp-e-ta'Jn 

Hy-ph(E'us 

Hy  ph-an-te'911 

Hyph'a-sls 

lly-p]r'9-chu9 

Hyp  9-tile"  b? 

Hyp-9-the'cae 

Hyp-se'?i 

Hyp-se'l?,  or  -ljg 

Hyp-se'n9r 

Hyp'seus  6 

Hyp'si-cleS 

Hyp-sj-cra-te'? 

Hyp-sic'r?-te§ 

Hyp-sTp'y-le 

Hyr-ca'ni-si 

Hyr-ca'num  Ma're 

Ilyr-ca'nus 

Hyr'  -a 

Hyr'  -e 

Hyr'  -eus  6 

Ilyr'  -um 

Ilyr-im'n?  • 

Hyr-ml'ne 

Hyr-ne'tli9 

Hyr-nlth'i-um 

Hyr-ta^'i-(le§ 

Hyr-ta-ci'n?i 

Hyr't^i-cus 

Hy"5i-a,  or  -ss  1 

Hys-tas'pelJ 

Hys-tj-e'us 


I. 


I-ac'chus 

I'a-nfion 

I-a'aer 

I-ad'e-ra 

T-ae'ra 

I-al'e-mus 

I-al'me-nus 

i-al'y-sus 

I-am'be 

I-am'blj-chus 

T-am-bu'rus 

I-am'e-nus 

T-ain'i'-d* 

I'^i-mus 

I-a-ni'rsi 

T-an'the 

i-an'thjs 

I-a'911 

l-a'9-ne? 

I-a-pet'j-des 

I-a-pet-i-on'i-de^ 

' 

i-Sp'o-de? 
I-ap'y-de? 
I-?-pyd'j.? 
I-ap'y-S 


I-a-py^'i-9 
I-a'pyx 
I-ar'ba 
I-ir'bas 
I-ar-bl'ta 
I-ar-bi'tc 
I-ir'cli^s 
T tir  'd'i-ni's 
1-ar'da-nus 
T-as'j-dGg 
I-a'5i-oii  2 
I-a'?i  us  1 
l'a-sis 
I-a'son 
I-ji-son'j-d£? 
l'?-sus 

l-?x-am'j-t® 

I-ax-ar't® 

I-ax'ar-tes 

I-az'y-ge? 

I-a'zyx 

I-be'rl 

T-be'ri-a 

lb-e-ri'na 

T-be'rus 

Ib'y-cus 

im 

Ic'a-rus 

Ic'cj-us  1 

Ii;'e-los 

Tc'e-lus 

T-cg'nl 

T^'e-tAs 

Tch'nfe 

I^h-nob'^-te§ 

I^h-nu's^ 


l5h-9-iiu'pliis 
Ich-thy-oph'51-g? 
Ich'tbys 
i"cil'j-us 
I"cj-us  1 
I-co'ni-um 
I-co'§|  uin  1 
lc-tj-inu'll 
Ic-tl'nus 
Ic-u-lis'm? 
l-da'ci-us  1 
T-dae'a 
-dee'us 
I-da'lj-fi 
I-da'li-e 
id'a-lls 
I-da'li-um 
Id'a-ISs 
l-dar'nes 
I-da'ti-us  1 
I'd? 

Id'e-fi 

I-de'ru 

I-dis-ta-vT'sus 

l-dit-a-rl'sug 

T-dom'e-ne 

i-dom'e  -neus  6 

l-do'the-9 

I-do'the-e 

Id'rj-eQs  6 

I'drus 

i-du'he-dj 

I-du'me 

Id-u-nie'a 

l-df  i?  3 

1-er'ne 

I-er'te'? 

I-e't®,  and  I'e-tffi 
I-e'tas 

I-ie'ni,  or  I-ce'nl 
I-gII'i-um 
Ig-na'tj-us  1 
!g-ne'tes 
Ig-u-vl'nl 

I- gu'vj-um 
Ila-I'iEi 

II- a-I'rl 
ll-e-a'te? 
ll-er-ca'g-ng? 
Il-er-ca-o-nen'sg^ 

I- ler'des 

II- er-ga'o-nG? 

I- ler'4e-t®,  Strabo. 

II- er-gg'tej 
T-ler'tes 
I'leus  6 
H'i-9 

I-Ii'a-ci  Lu'dI 

I- lI'a-cus 

li^de? 

II'  -cl 

II-  -en'sEs 
II'  -on 
I-li'9-ng 
I-li'9-ne 

I- liVneus  6 

Il'j-pa 

II- j-thy'ia  3 
Il'j-um,  or  Il'j-on 
II-lIb'9-nus 
Il-lib'a-num 
jl-llb'e-ris 
jl-lTp'u-ly 

1 1 1 i-tii  r'*js 
Jl-lyr'j-cuin 
Jl-Iyr'j-cus  Sl'nus 
II'ly-rTs 


1-va'tes 

lyr'^is 

I-maii-u-en'ti-us  1 
t-ma'9n 

lin'?t-us,  A.  C.  Cr.  L 
M.  Py.  Sch.  W. 
l-ma'us,  K.  S.  Milton. 
im'ba-rus 
Im-bras'j-de^ 
im'bra-sus 
Im'breus  6 
Im'brj-us 
Jm-briv'j-um 
i-mil'ce 
In'a-chl 
I-na'chi-a 
I-nacli'i-dce 
1-nSch'i-def 
In'^chis 
I-na'chi-um 
Tn'a-chus 
I-narn'a-nief,  W. 
I-nar'j-me 


Tn'a-rus 

Tn-ci-ta'tus 

ln'dj? 

Jn-dlb'i-lia 

Tn'dj-cus 

In-dl^;'e-te§,  gods. 
In-di-ie'tes,  a people. 
In'fe-rl 

|n-|'®v'9-ne9,  4,  C.  Fr. 

in-g£E-v5'ne§,  F.  Py. 
Sch.  W.  (t.  v.) 
In-guj-9-me'rus,  S. 
In-ne'sa 

In-rw-cen'tj-us  1 
I-n6'9 
I-116'pus 
I-n5're§ 

I-no'us 

In-stan  'ti-US  1 
In'su-bre| 

In-su'bri-a 
In-ta-pher'nC? 
in-te-ine'lj-um 
In-ter-ca'ti-?  1 
in'u-us 

in'y-cum,  or  -cus,  Py. 
Sch. 

I-ny'cus,  TV. 
T-ob'a-te^,  and  Job'9-tes 
I'9-be§ 

1-9-cas'ta 

lod-a-im'a 

I-9-la'j-a3_ 

I'o-Ias,  or  I-9-la'us 

I-61'cbos 

I'o-le 

I'9-lum 

I'9-ne,  a Nereid. 

I-o'ne,  a city. 

I-6'n6§ 

I-Sn'j-cus 

1-6' pas 

I'o-pe 

l'o-phon 

lph-j-9-nas'sa 

Iph'i-as 

Iph'j-cle^,  or  I-plll'cle? 

Tpli'j-clus,  or  i-phl'clus 

1-phic'ra-tCs 

Ipli-j-crat'i-de§ 

T-plild'^-mas 

lpb-j-de-ml'^ 

Ipli-j-ge-nI'a 

lpli-j-me-dl'a 

l-phim'e-don 

iph-i-me-du't? 

l-phin'9-e 

I-phin'9-us 

I'phjs 

I-phit'i-on  2 
Xph'i-tus 
Iph-thl'me 
Ip-sS'? 

I-ri'is,  L. 

Ir-a-plij-o'tes 

Ir'a-s, 

Ir-e-nffi'us 

I-re'ne 

Ir-e-nop'9-lls 

i-^cuf 

Is'a-das 

!SZ 

is&r 

is'^-mus,  TV. 

I-sa'n9r 
I-sa'pjs 
Is'a-ra 
I-sar'chus 
is'a-rus 
I-Sdii'ri-a 
i-s&u'rj-cus 
I-sau'rus 
Is-chag'9-ras 
Is-clie'ni-^ 
is'che-nus 
Is-cho-la'us 
Is-cborn  'a-che 
Is-chom'a  clius 
Is-chop'o-lis 
Is-cliy'ras,  L. 
Is-ae-^er'de^ 

I-se'a 
I-se'pus 
I sl'9 
I-si'a-cT 
I-sl'a-cus 
Ts-j-d5'ru9 
Is'i-ddre 
l-slg'9-nus 
is-ma-e'l^ 

Is'ma-r? 


Is'in?-rus 

Js-nie'ne 

js-me'ni-as 

s-men'j-de^ 

T9-me'n9S 

s-me'nus 

r-soc'rri-te§ 

Is-sg'diyn 

IS-Sed'9-IleS 

is'sj-cus 

}s-t(Ev'9-ne^,  4,  C.  Fr. 
Is-tae-v6'ne§,  F.  Py. 
Sch.  TV.  (t.  v.) 
Ist'hrni  ? 

Ist'hmj-us 

ls-ti-ae-o't|s,  properly 
Hls-ti-aj-6'tis 
Is-td'ne 
Is'tri 

Is-trop'o-lis 

I-tal'f-ca 

I-tal'i-cus 

It'a-lUs 

It'e-9 

I-tem'9  les,  W. 
ltb'9-c^ 

I-the'mon 

I-tliob'a-lus 

lth-9-ma't?s 

I-tho'me 

lth-9-maj'5i 

i-tho'mus 

i-tho'ne 

Itli-y-piial'lus 

I-to'nj-^ 

l-t5'nus 

I-tu'n?,  A.  Py. 

It'u-nj,  TV.  (t.  v.) 
It-u-rie'j 
I-tu'ri-us 
It'y-lus 
It-y-r®'I 
I-uljs 
I-u'lus 
|x-ib'9-t® 

Jx-I'on 

Ix-j-on'j-de? 


J. 


Jac-ce-ta'nl 

Ja-cS'bus 

Jamcf 

Jad'e-r^ 

Jal'y-sus 

Jam'nj-a,  or  J^m-nl'a 

Ja-nic'u-lum 

Jan-9-pu'lus 

Jan-u-a'ri-us 

J^-pet'j-de? 

Jap'e-tus 

Ja-s5'ni--um 

Jav-9-le'nuS 

Jax-ani'a-taj 

Jaz'y-gg? 

Jen'y-sus,  TV. 
Je-ro'mus 
Je-ron'y-mus 
J9-an'nes,  or 
Jo-lian 'ne§ 

JShn 

Job'a-te§ 

Jor-da'ne^,  and 
Jbr'd?-ne§ 
Jor-nan'de§ 

Jo-se'phus 

Jo-tap' a-t^i 

Jot'a-pe 

Jo-vi-a'nus 

Jd'vi-an 

Jo-vin-i-a'nus 

jQ-vin'i-an 

Jo-vl'niis’ 

JQ-dpt-cil'j-.us 

Ju-dre'ri 

Ju-d®'us 

Ju-ga'ljs 

Ju-gan'te? 

Ju-ga'rj-us 

Ju'gu-I® 

Ju-gur-thl'nus 

Ju'li-3 

Ju-lT'a-cum 

Ju-ll'a-de§j 

Ju  li-a'nus 

Ju'li-an 

JQ'ij-i 

Ju-li-oh'o-na 

Ju-li-o-brl'ga 

Ju-li-5m'a-gus 

Ju-li-op'o-lis 


Ju'Ii-us  C®'Mr 

Ju'ni-? 

Ju-nl'9-des 

Ju-nil'i-us 

Ju'ni-us 

Ju-no-na'lj-j 

Ju-nd'nea 

Ju-no'ni-a 

Jii-no'njs 

Ju-n9-pu'lus 

Ju'pi-ter 

Jus-ti'na 

Jus-tln-j-a'nus 

Jus-tin'  i-an 

Jus-ti'nus" 

Jus' tin 

Jus-ti"tj-?  1 
Ju-ve-na'ljs 
Ju've-md 
Ju-ven-tl'nus 
Ju-vgn'tj-us  1 


L. 


La-ar'chus_ 

Lab'a-ncE  A'qUtB 

Lab'a-rTs 

Lab'^-ruin 

Lab'a-rus 

Lab-dac'j-des 

Lab'da-cus 

Lab'd^-lon 

La-be-a'tae,  or  -teijj 

La-be-a'tis 

La'be-o 

La-be'rj-us 

La-be'rus 

Liib-i-ca'n?i 

La-bl'cl 

La-bl'cum 

La-bl'cus 

La-bpe'nus 

Lab-i-ne'tus 

La-bo'bj-us 

Lab-9-rI'nl  Cam'pl 

La-bo't^s,  man. 

Lab'9-tas,  river. 

La-bran'  deus  6 

La'brax 

La'br9n 

La'br9S 

Laby'cas 

Lab-y-ng'tus 

Lab-y-rln'thus 

La-cai'na 

Lac-a-ni'tis 

Lac-e  -dce'imn 

La9-e-daem'9-ne§  4 

Lds-e-de-mo'ni-qn } 

La^-e-dce-inon'j-cus 

La^-e-dae-mo'ni-I 

La-ce'das 

La^-e-de-md'nj-us 

La^-e-re'a,  or  -rl'51 

La^-e-ta'nl 

La(j  e-ta'nj-9 

La-cha'n|-us 

Iiacti'a-re§ 

La'clie§ 

Lacli'e-sis 

La-chl's^ 

La^'i-das 

La-ci'de$ 

La-cln'i-a 
La-cin-j-en'se§ 
La-cin'j-um 
La-cTn'i-us 
Lac-9-brI'gri 
La-co'nes 
L^-ca'nj  a,  and 
La-con  i-c^ 
Lac'ra-tes 
Lac-r?-t  -/de§ 
Lac'n-nes 
Lac'ri-tus 
Lac-tan  'ti-us  1 
La-cy'de§ 

La'de  • 

La'de§ 

Lad-9-ce'? 

La-e'^ 

Lae'c^ 

LrE'nas 

Lae'laps 

Lce'li-a 

Lae-lj-a'nus 

Lre'li-us 

Las'na,  and  Le-ce'n?i 

L[E'ne-us 

Lae'ni-us 

Lee 'pa  Mag'n? 

L^-er'ta 

La-er'tes 

La-9r-tl'5i-de| 


Hip'pocrene.  — This  contraction  of  the  word  into  three  syllables  is  allowable  in  poetry,  but  should  be  avoided  in  reading  prose. 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  GREEK  AND  LATIN  PROPER  NAMES. 


1717 


La-fir  'ti-us  1 
Lies-po'di-as  2 
Loes-tiy'gou  2 
Loes-tiygVne^  2 
Lffi't? 

Lffi-tl"ti-5l  1 

LLE-to'rj-j 

LiE-to'ri-us 

LiE'tus 

Lffi'vl 

LtG-vI'n? 

Lffi-vl'nus 

Lffi'vj-us 

L?-ga'rj-? 

Mb 

LaJ-j-nl  't,and 

T,a-4Tn'i-3 


La-gln'j-ft 
ig'o-rai 


L^g'o-ras 
L^-gu'sa 

w. 

Lag'y-ra,  M.  Py. 
La-I'a-de§ 

La'i-as  3 

La'is 

La'i-us  3 

Lal'a-ge 

Lal-e-ta'm-9 

Lam'gi-chus 

Lam-bG'cfi 

Lrim-be'se 

Lam-bra'nl 

Lam'e-don 

La-me'tus 

La'mj-ri 

La-ml'a-cum  Bel'lum 
La'mi-ae 

La'mj-as,  M’ lj-us 
La'ini-e 
L^-ml'rus 
La-mo'tjs 
Lani-pa'di-o 
Lam-pa'di-ug 
Lam-pe-tl'?,  city . 
Lam-pe'ti-fi  1,  woman. 
Lain-pe'tj-e  1 
Larn-pe'us,  and 

Lain-pl'a 
Lam'pj-do 
Lim'pj-td 
Lam-po-ne'^ 
Lain-pd'nj-^,  or 

Lam-po-ni'fi 
Lam-po'ni-um 
Lam-po'ni-us 
Lam'prj-as 
Lam-prld'i-us 
Lim'pro-cie^ 
Limp'sa-cos,  or  cu3 
Lamp-te'rj-^ 

Lim'y-ros 

Llm'y-rus 

L^-na'tus 

Lgn-ce'^,  or -cl' a,  foun- 
tain. 

Lin  'Ci?  1,  town . 
Lan'dj-^ 

Lan'ga-rus 
Lan-Ji'a 
Lri-nl'ce 
L?-nu'vi-um 
La-9-bo'tas 
La-bo'tus 
La-oc'o-on 
La-od '9-mas 
La-od-fi-ml'9 
La-od'j-ce 
La-od-j-cS'a 
L?i-od-j-ce'ne 
La-od'9-cug 
L?-og'o-nus 
L^-og'o-ras 
1 La-og'o-re 
La-oin-e-di'9 
La-om'e-don 
La-om-e-don-te'us  (a.) 
La-om-e-don-tl'^-dre 
L^-om-e-dpn-tl'a-def 
La-o-ni'cus  — 

La-on '9 -me  m 
L^-on-o-me'ne 
La-oth'o-e 
La-5th'o-e^ 

Lap'9-thils 

La-pe'thus 

La'phri-a 

La-phys'tj-um 

L?t  pld'e-I 

La-pld'e-us 

Lap'j-tha 

Lap'j-thae 

Lap  i-th;e'um 

Lap'i-tlles  ' 

Lap'j-tho 
Lap'j-thus 
Lar-en-ta'li-9 
L^-ren'ti-a  1,  and 

Liu-ren'tj-?  1 


La're? 

La-rl'de§ 

La-rl'n? 

La-rl'num 

La'rj-us 

La-rd'ni-a 

La-ro'nj-us 

Llr'tj-us  1 

Lai-t^-lae-e'ta; 

Lar'vae 
L?-ry"§i-um  1 
Las'ca-rls 
Las'si-9  1 
Las'the-ne§ 
Las-the'nj-a,  or 
Las-the-111'9 
Lat'a-gus 
Lat-e-ra'nus 
La-te'rj-um 
Lath'u-rus 
Lath'y-rus 
La-ti-a'lis  1 
La-tj-a'rjs  1 
La-ti'nl 
La-tTn'j-us 
La-tl'nus 
La'ti-um  1 
La'tj-us  1 
La-to'bi-us 

Lat-9-brl'gI,  Fr.  K.  Py. 

La-tob'rl-gl,  A. 
L?i-t6'j-9  3 
La-to'i-des 
La-to'js 
La-to'mj-ae 
L^-td'n^ 

La-topVlis 

Lat-p-re^ 

L?t-t5'us 

La'treus  6 

La'trjs 

La-tu'mj-ae 

Lau'cgn 

Lau'c9-on 

Lau-da-ml'9 

L&u-do'ni-a 

Liu-fe'i-a  3 

Lau-fel'lfi 

Liu'ra,  Lau're-9 

Liu-re'9-cum 

Lau-ren-ta'lj-9 

Lau-rGn'te§  A'grI 

Liu-ren'tj-a  1 

Lau-ren-tl'nl 

Liu-ren'tj-us  1 

LcLu'rence 

LQ-rSn'zo 

Liil-ren'tum 

Liu-re'9-lus 

Liu'rj-on,  or  Liu-rl'911 

Liu'ron 

Laii'rus 

La'us,  river. 

Lius  P9m-pe'j-9  3 

Lau'sus 

Lau'tj-um  1 

Liu'tu-lre 

La-ver'nj-um 

La-vj-a'n^ 

L^-vl'cum 

L^-vin'j-? 

La-vln'j-um,  or 
L?i-vl'num 
La-vi'nus 
Le'a-des 
Le-ae'l 
Le-ae'na 
Le-an'drj-as 
Le-9-nl'tce 
Le-ar'chus 
Leb-a-de'a,  or  -dl'9 
Leb'e-dos,  or  -dus 
Le-bG'n^i 
Le-ca'nj-a 
Le-ca'nj-us 
LGc-a-pe'nus 
Le-ch;e'um 
Lec'tj-us  1 
Lec-tS'rj-^ 

Lec'y-thus 

Le-dsB'^ 

Le'£|-d 

Le'j-tus 

Lem-nj-se-le'ne 

Lem-9-vi'ce^ 

Le-mo'vi-I 

Lem'u-re§ 

Le-mu'ri-a 

Lem-u-raMj-gi 

Le-na?'us 

Len-tid'i-us 

Len-tl'nus 

TiSn'tu-lus 

Le-ob'a-te? 

Le-9-bo'te5 

Le-9-ce'de? 

Le  ochA^-re§ 


Le-9-co'rion 

Le-oc'r^-te^ 

Le-oc'ri-tus 

Le-od'^-mas 

Le-od'9-cus 

Le-5'de§ 

Le-og'9-ras 

Le-o'n?i 

Le-9-na'tus 

Le-on'i-dri 

Le-on'i-das 

Le^n-na'tus 

Le-on'teus  6 

Le-9n-tl'9-de§ 

Le-9n-tl'ni 

Le-on'ti-um  1 

Leon'tj-us  1 

Le-on-t9-ceph'a-le 

Le-on-t9-cepli'9-liis 

Le-9n-tod'9-me 

Le-9ii-top'9-lis 

Le-9n-tych'j-de^ 

Le-Sph'^-ne? 

Le-oph'9-ra 

Le-o'phr9n 

KSS,, 

Le-os'the-ne? 

LS-o-tropli'i-de? 

LS-9-tycli'i-de? 

Le-phyr'j-um 

Lep'j-d? 

Lcp'j-dus 
Le-pl'nus 
Le-pon'ij-cus 
Le-pon'ti-I  1 

JSSS? 

Le'pre-uin,  or 
Le'pri-uui 
Lep;.t|-nfi? 


Les'b. 

Les'b9-cle§ 
Les-bo-nl'cus 
Les-bo'nax 
Les'che^ 

Les'o-ra 
Les-tryg'o  ne^ 
Les'u-ra 
Le-ta'num 
Le-thae'^ 

Le-tluE'us 

Le'the 

Le-t5'is 

Le-trl'ni 

Leu-ca'dj-a 

Leu-ca'di-us 

Leu-ca'n! 

Leu-ca'fj-on  2 

Leu-ca'te 

Leu-ca'te^ 

Leu'ce 
Leu-clp'pe 
Leu-cip'pi-de? 
Leu-C9-^ae'l  I on'te^ 
Leu'c9-la 
Leu-co'ne 
Leu-co'nes 
Leu-con'i-cus 
Leu-con  ;9-e 
Leu-conA9-tus 
Leu-cop'e-tra 
Leu-C9-phry'ne 
Leu'C9-phrys 
Leu-cop'9-ljs 
Leu-co'  W-M 
Leu-C9-syr'j-l 
Leu-cos'y-rl 
Leu-coth'9-e,  or 
Leu-co'the-^ 
Leu-cy-a'ni-as  1 
Leu-tych'i-de? 
Le-va'na 
Le-vl'nus 
Lex-a'n9r 
Lex-Tph'a-nes 
Lex-6'vi-I 
Llb'a-nae 
Ll-ba'nj-us 
Lib'a-nQs 
Llb-en-tl'na 
Lib'e-r^ 
Lib-er-a'li-a 
Lib-er-a'lis 
Lib-er-a'tus 
Ll-be'ri-us 
Ll-be'thra 
Li-bet  h'ri-de^ 
Lib'i-ci,  Ll-bS'ci-I  1 
LTb-i-tl'ua 
Lib'j-us  Se-vS'rus 
LT-bon'9-tus 
LTb-9-piice-nI'ces 
Ll'br^ 

Ll'brl 

Ll-bUr'nj-? 


Ll-bUr'nj-de? 

Lib'y-? 

Lib'y-cum  Ma're 

Lib'y-cus 

Lib-y-phce-nl'ce§ 

Lib-ys-ll'nus 

Llc'a-te§ 

Ll'cii^ 

Licli'a-de$ 

Ll'ch^s 

Ll'cheS 

Li-ci-a'nus  1 

Ll-cin'j-9 

Ll-cin-i-a'nus 

Ll-cin'i-us 

Ll^'j-nus 

Ll-cym'nj-9 

Ll-cym'ni-us 

Li'de 

Ll-ga'rj-us 

Li-giu'nus 

Ll-Ie'^i 

Iii'ler 

Li'ger,  or  Lig'e-rls 

Lig'o-ras 

Llg'u-re? 

Ll-gu'ri  a 

Lig-u-rl'nus 

Li-gus'ti-cum  Ma're 

Lig'y-es 

Ll-gyr'gum 

Ll-lie'a 

Ll-lae'us 

Lil-y-bce'um,  or  -on 

Lil'y-be 

Ll-m®'a 

Ll-me'nj-9 

LTm-en-tl'nus 

Ll-me'ra 

Llm-e-ta'nus 

L!m'n«e 

Ljni-nre'um 

Lim-na'te 

LTm-n  j-tld'j-j 

Ljm-nl'ai-ce 

Lnn  ni'a  df-^ 

LTm-ni-6'tiE 

Liin-no'nj-si 

Llm-no-re'? 

Ll-ino'ne 

Llm'o-num,  F.  S.  Ptol- 
emy. 

Ll-rno'num,  A.  Fr. 
It.  M.  ’ Py. 
LTm'y-ra 
Ljn-ca'§i-I  1 
Lln'go-neJ 
Lin-gon'i-cua 
Ll'o-de^ 

Lip'?-ra,  or  -re 

J.Tp'a-ns 

Lip'j-ro 

Llp-o-do'rus 

Ll-quen'tj-?  1 

Ljr-cie'us 

Lj-rl'o-pS 

Ll-sln'i-as 

Lit'a-brum 

Li-ta'na 

Ll-tav'i-cug 

Lith-o-bo'lj? 

Li'tbrus 

Ll-to'ri-us 

Ll-tu'bj-um 

LTt-y-er'sas 

Liv'i-a 

Liv-i-ne'i-us  3 

Liv'i-us 

Llv’y 

Lo'ce-us  1 

Lo'cha 

Lo-cba'gus 

Lo'chi-as 

Lb-co^zus, 

Lo'crl 

Lb'cris 

Lo-cu  'ti-us  1 

L9-gI'um 

Lo-goth'e-ta 

Lol-Ii-a'nus 

Lol'li-a 

Lol'li-us 

L9n-din'i-um 

L9n-dl'num 

Lon'dQn 

Lon-ga-re'nus 

L9n-gTm'a-nus 

L9n-gl'nus 

Lon-go'ne 

Lon'gu-la 

L9ii-gun'ti-C9 

Lor'y-m? 

L9-toph'9-gt 
Lb'us,  or  A'o-us 
Lox'i-as  1 
Lu'ca-gus 
Lu-ca'nl 
Lu-ca  'ni-? 
Lu-cgi-nl'9-cus 


Lu-can'j-cus 

Lu-ca'ni-us 

Lu-ca'nus 

Lii'can 

Lu-ca'rj-a,  orLu-ce'rj  $ 
Luc-ce'i-us  3 
Lu'ce-re§ 

Lu  ce'ii-9 
Lu-ce'rj-us 
Lu-ce'ti-us  1 
Lu'ci  9 1 
Eu-ci-a'nus  1 
Lu’ci-qn 
Lu'c’i-fer 
Lu-cif'e-r^ 

Lu-cil'i-us 

Lu-cll'li-us 

Lu-cl'na 

Lu-cl'o-lus 

JjiVci-us  1 

Lu-cre'tj-a  1 

Lu-cret'j-lis 

Lu-cre'tj-us  1 

Lu-crl'num 

Lu-crl'uus 

Lu'crjs 

Luc-ta'ti-us  1 

Luc-te'rj-us 

Lu-cul'le-a 

Lu'cu-mo 

Lu-cu-mo'ni-us 

Lu-d9-vl,cus 

Lu'dQ-v'ic,  Lew’ is, 

Lu-en-ti'num 

Lug-du'num 

Lu-gu-val'  lum 

Lu-per'c^l 

Lu'per-cal,  Shale. 

Lu-per-ca'lj-9 

Lu'pi-Ss,  or  Lu'pj-j 

Lu-po-du'num 

Lus-cl'nus 

Lu-si-ta'nj-si 

Lu-si-ta'nus 

Lu'^i-us  1 

Lu-so'nes 

Lus'tl'i-cus 

Lu-ta'ti-us  1 

Lu-te'ri-us 

Lu-te'tj-9  1 

Lu-te'v? 

Lu-to'ri-us 
Lux-6'rj-us 
Ly-a;'us 
Ly-bo'tus 
Lyc'j-bas 
Lyc-a-bet'tus 
Lyc-a-be'tus 
Ly-Cffi'j 
Ly-CEe'um 
Ly-cfe'us 
Ly-cam'bgs 
Ly-ca'pn 
Ly-ca'p-neJ 
Lyc-a-6'ni-si 
Lyc-?-re'tus 
Ly'ce 
Lyc'e-as 
Ly'ces 
Ly-ce'tus 
Ly-ce'um 
Ly-chfe'us 
Lych'nj-dus 
Lych-nl'tis 
Ly^'ci-9  1 
Ly^'i-das 
Ly-cim'ni-a 
Ly-cl'nus 
Ly"ci-us  1,  or 
Ly-cl'us  (a.) 

Lyc'9-a 

Ly-co'le-on 

Lyc-9-nie'de§ 

Lyc-9-me'di-us 

Ly-cd'ne 

Lyc-9-ne'sus 

Ly-con'j-de§ 

Ly-co'pe^ 

Lyc-9-phon'te§ 

Lyc'9-phron 

Ly-cop'9-lis 

Lyc-9-p9-lI'te^ 

Ly-co'pus 

L^c  9-r€'9 

Ly-co'reus  6 

Ly-co'rj-is 

Ly-cS'rjs 

Ly-cos'the-nS 

Lyc-9-su'rfi 

Ly-c5'tas 

LyC-9-ze'? 

Lvc-ur-gl'deS 

Ly'de 

Lyd'i-* 

Ly-dT'a-deS 

Lyd'j-is 

L^d'j-us 

Lyg'd^i-mls 


Lyg'd^-mus 

LyS'i-i 

Lyg-p-des'mj 

Lyin'i-re 

Lyn-ces't® 

Lyn-ces'te? 

Lyn-ces'tj-us 

Lyn'ceus  (n.)  G 

Lyn-ce'us  (a.) 

Lyn-ci'die 

Lyn-cl'de^ 

Lyn-cte'us 

Lyr'cse 

Lyr-cse'og 

I.yr-ce'?,  or  -um 

Lyr-ce'us,  or  ci'us 

Lyr'j-Ce 

Lyr'o-pe 

Ly-sa'ni-as 

Lys-j-nor'i-das 

Ly'se 

Ly-sl'fi-de? 
Ly-si-a-nas'sa  1 
Ly-sl'j-nax 
Ly"si-as  1 
Lys'j-cle? 
Ly-sTc'ra-teS 
Ly-sld'i-ce 
I.y-sini'a-che 
Lys-i-ma'r-  ' 

I.ys-i  mac 
].y  sim'a-i 
Lys-i  me  ! 
Ly-sln'o-e 
Ly-sTp'pe 
Ly-sis'tra-tus 
Ly-sIt'e-IeS 
Lys  j-tiii'des 
Ly-sith'o-us 
Ly”si-us  1 

Lyx-e'si 
Ly-za/nj-Ss 


M. 


Ma'cae 

Mac-9-re'is 

Mac'9-reQs  6 

M^-ca'ri-gL 

Mac'a-ris 

Ma-ca'rj-us 

Mac'9-rbn 

Ma-cir't^-tus 

Ma-ca'tus 

Mac'cj-us  1 

Ma^'e-do 

Ma^-e-dd'ni-? 

Ma<j-e-don'j-cus 

Mac-e-do'nj-us 

Ma-cg'rjs 

Mac-e-rl'nus 

Ma/ce$ 

Mac'e-t^i 

Ma^'e-tae 

Ma-chae'r? 

M^i-chae'reus  G 

Ma-chag'ri-o 

Ma-ch®'rus 

Ma-chan'j-das 

Ma-cha'9n 

Ma-cha'o-ne§ 

Ma-cha'tas 

Macli-e-lo'ne^ 

M^-che'rus 

MacTi-e-te'gl 

Ma-cil-i-a'nus 

Mfi-cor'a-ba,  J\I. 

Mic-9-ra'ba,  Py. 
Ma'cra 
Ma-cri-a'nus 
Ma-crl'nus 
Ma'crjs 
Mac'ri-tus 
Ma'cro 
]\la-cr6'bi-I 
Ma-cro'bj-us 
Mac'r9-chir 
Ma-cro'ne^ 
Mac-mn-tl'chus 
Mac-r9-po-g5'ne^ 
Mic-ry-ne'a 
Mac  to'rj-um 
Mac'u-la 
Mac-u-lo'nus 
Ma-diu'r^ 
Ma-des'teS 
Ma-de'te? 
Ma-dj-a-nl'tae 
Ma-dre'nl 
Mad-u-a-te'nl 
Ma'dy-e? 
Mad'y-tus 
Mae-an'der 
M(E-an'-dri-a 
Mae-an'drj-us 


Mae  ce'n^s 
Mce'ei-us  1 
Mae'dI 

Maed-9-bi-thy'nI  4 
Mac'li-us 
Maem-^c-te'rj-ji  4 
Maen'a-des  4 
Maeti'a-1^  4 
Mae-nal'i-de§ 

Maen'a-los  4 
Maen'^-lus  4 
Mae'n^s 
Maj'nj-us 
Maen'9-ba  4 
Maen-o-bo'ra  4 
Mae-nom'e-n? 

Mae'n9n 

Mae'nus 

Mae'9n 

Mae'9-ne^ 

Mae-o'ni-? 

M$-on'i-dae 

Mae-on'i-de§ 

Ma±r9-nis 

Mac-6'tae 

Man-6'ti-a  1 

Mae-ot'i-cus 

Mae-ot'i-deS 

Mae-6'tjs  Pa'lus 

Mae'r^ 

Mae'§i-a  Syl'v?  1 
Map.-so'll 
Mae-s5'lus 
Maet'9-n9  4 
Mae'vj-9 
Mae'vj  us 
Mag'fi-ba 
Mag-a-da'te^ 
Mag'd9-lum,  or 

Mag-do'lum 

Ma-gel'la 

Mag'e-tae 

Mag-e-td'bri-* 

Ma'gi 

Ma'li-us 

Mag'na  Grae'ci-9  1 
Mag-nen'ti-us  1 
Mag'nes 
M?g-ne'?i-?  1 
Ma^-ne'tGs 
M9g-nop'9-17s 
Mag-on-tl'a-cuni 
M^-hil'ces 
Ma'1-9  3 

Ma-i-u'ina,  or  -m^s 

Ma-jo-rj-a'nus 

Ma-p'ri-qn  ' 

Ma-ju'ma,  or  -mas 

Mal'a-ca 

Mal'a-clia 

Mal-acl)  be'lus 

Ma'la^Por-tu'na 

Mal'fi-l?s 

Mal'clij-on 

Ma'le-a,  or  Ma-le'j 

Ma-lg'ba 

Mai 'e-las 

Mr»-lG'ne 

Mal-e-ven'tum 

Ma'li-a 

Mfi-ll'9-cus 

Ma'li-I 

Ma-lT-si-a'nus  1 
Mal-le'9-lus' 

Mal'lj-us 

Mal-la?'a 

Mal-loph'9-r9 

Ma-l5'de§ 

Mal'tha-ce 

Mail-thl'nus 

Ma-lu'cha 

Mal-va'na 

Mai-ina'us,  W. 

Mam-er-cl'nus 

Ma'mer^ 

M^-mer 

Mam-er-tl'nai 

Mam-er-tl'nl 

Mam-er-tl'nus 

Mfi-mil'i-9 

M^-mll'i-I 

M^i-mil'i-us 

M?m-mae'a 

Mam-mo'nas 

M^-mu-rj-a'nus 

M^-mu'rj-us 

Mai-n$'th9n 

M?i-nas'ta-bal 

M^n-cl'nus 

Man-da'ne,  C.L.M.W. 

Man'da-ne,  A.  Cr.Py. 
Matn-da'ne^ 

Mgn-de'la 

Man-do'nj-us 

Man'dm-cle? 

Man-dro-cll'd^s 

M^n-du'bj-I 

Man-du-bra'tj-us  1 

Man-du'rj-a 


1718 

PRONUNCIATION  OF 

GREEK  AND 

LATIN  PROPER  NAMES. 

M5n'e-ros 

Mas-iE-sy'll 

Med-u-a'na 

Men'y-pi 

Me-tl'ljs 

Mna-sitli'e-us  5 

Ma'ne^ 

Mas-$-syl'j-I 

Med'u-ll 

Me-na'pj-I 

Me-tll'i-us 

Mnas-i-tl'inus  5 

Man'e-tho 

M?s-cG'zel 

Me-dul'li-a 

Men'a-pis 

Me-tl'y-chus 

Mny-sy'lus  5 

Ma'nj-fi 

Mas'cli-on 

Med-ul-ll'na 

Men-che'reg 

Me-tl'yn 

Mna-syr'j-uin  5 

Man-j-ch®'us 

Mas-j-^l'tyn 

Med-ul-ll'nus 

Meu'3e§ 

Me'tj-us  1 

Mne-ml'um  5 

Ma-nil^j-^ 

Mas-j-nls'sy 

Me-du'sa 

Men'e-cles 

Met-y-chl'ty 

Mne-mon'i-deijJ  5 

Ma-nll'j-us 

Ma-sls'tj-us 

Meg-a-ba'te? 

Men  -e-cll'de§ 

Me-tce'cj-y  1 

Mne-mos'y-iiG  5 

Man'i-ml 

Ma'§i-us  Mon§  1 

Meg-y-by'zl 

Men-e-c5'lus 

Me-t5'pe 

Mne-ssLr'chus  5 

Ma'ni-us 

Mas'sa-g? 

Meg-y-by'zus 

Me-nec'r?-te? 

Me- to' pus 

Mnes-i-bu'lus  5 

Man'ii-a 

Mfis-sa^'e-ta? 

Meg'a-cle^ 

Men-e-de'inus 

Met'o-re§ 

Mnes'i-cle§  5 

Man-1 i-a'ny 

Mas-sa'nai 

Meg-a-cli'de^ 

Me-ne^'e-tas,  or  -te§ 

Me'tr? 

Mnes-j-da'inus  5 

Man'li-us 

Mys-sa'nl 

Meg-y-do'rus 

I\len-e-la-I'«y 

Met-ra-*yr'te 

Mnes-j-de'mus  5 

Man-ne'j-y  3 

Mas'sj-cus 

Me-^£E'ry 

Men-e-la'us 

Me-tro'a 

Mnes-j-la'us  5 

Man-nG'j-us  3 

Mas-sj-e'nl  1 

Meg'a-le 

Me-nem'a-chus 

Me-trd'bi-us 

Mne-sll'o-chus  5 

Man-sue'tus 

Mas-sll'i-a 

Me-ga'le-Ss 

Me-ne'ni-us 

Met'ry-cle§ 

Mne-slni'a’-che  5 

Man-te'urn 

Mys-sl'ra 

Meg-a-le'§i-a  1 

Men'e-piiron 

Met-ro-do'rus 

Mne-slm'a-clius  5 

Man-tj-a'ne  1 

Mas-sy'ly 

Me-ga'li  a 

Me'ne§ 

Me-troph'a-ne^ 

Mne-siph'j-Tus  5 

Man-ti-ne'a 

Mas-sy'll 

Meg-y-lop'o-lls 

Me-nes'theus,  or 

Me-trop'o-lls 

Mne-slth'e-us  5 

Man'ti-neus  G 

Mas-tram'e-Iy 

Meg-y-me  de 

Miles' theus  G 

Me-tro'um 

Mnes'theus  5,  6 

Mail  fTtli'e -U3 

Mas  tu'§i-y  1 

Meg-a-nI'ra 

>Ie-nes'the-I  Por'tus 

Met'tj-us 

Mnes'thi-us  5 

Man'ti-us  1 

Mas'u-lus 

Meg-a-pen'the^ 

Me-nes'thi-us 

Me-tu'lum 

Mnes'tj-a  5 

Man'tu-a 

Mri-su'ri-us 

Meg'y-ra 

Me-nes'tr^-tus 

Me-va'ni-? 

Mo-y-bl't® 

Man-tu-a'nus 

Ma-ter-nia'nus 

Meg'y-reus  fnA  G 

Men'e-tas 

Me'vi-us 

Mo-ag'e-te§ 

Mar-^-can'dy 

Ma-thl'on 

Meg-a-re'us  (a.) 

Me-nex'e-nus 

Me-zen'tj-us  1 

M6-a-piier'ne§ 

Mar'a-thy 

Ma-tld'i  a 

Meg'y-rls 

Me-nlp'pj-de§ 

Mez-e-tu'lus 

Mo-cor'e-t® 

Mar'a-thon 

Ma-ti-e'nl  l 

Meg-y-ron'i-de§ 

Me'ni-us 

Ml-?i-c5'rus 

Mod-es-tl'nus 

Mar'a-thos 

Mat-i-nes'sy 

Me-gas'the-ne^ 

Me-noch'y-re? 

Mlc-cy-tro'gus 

Mo'di-a 

Mar'a-thus 

Ma-tin'i-us 

MGg-a-tl'ciius 

Men-y-do'rus 

Ml-ce'a 

Mod'o-nus 

Ma-rax'e^ 

Ma-tl'nus 

Me'^e? 

Me-nod'y-tus 

Ml-ce'lae 

Mce'cj-y  1 

Mar-cel-ll'nus 

Ma'ti-us  1 

Me-^Il'la 

Me-noe'ceiis  (n.)  6 

Ml'cha-el 

Moe'dI 

Mar'ci-a  I 

Ma-tra'lj-a 

Me-^Is't^ 

Men-oe-ce'us  (a.) 

Ml''ci-o  1 

Mce'nus 

Miir-cj-a'na  1 

Ma'tre-3.s 

Me-^Is'ti-a 

Me-noe'te§ 

Ml^'j-te 

Moe'on 

Mar-cj-a-nop'o-lTs  I 

Ma-trln'j-a 

INIe-^Is'tj-as 

Men-op-tl'y-de§ 

Mlc'y-thus 

Moe-on'i-de^ 

Mar-cj-a'nus  1 

Ma-trln'j-us 

Me-^Is'to-nus 

Me-nce'tj-us  1 

Mid-y-e'um,  or  -I'on 

Mce'ra 

Mar'ci-wi 

Ma-tri'nus 

Me-her-da'te? 

Me-no^'e-ne^ 

Mi'de 

Moe-ra^'e-ne^ 

Mar-cil-i-a'nus 

Ma-tr5'na 

Me-liE'nae 

Me-nopli'j-lus 

Mi-de'fi,  nymph. 

Moe-ra^'e-te^ 

Mar-cll'j-us 

Mat'ro-na,  rioer. 

Me-l$'nis 

Men'te§ 

Ml-de'9,  or  Mld'e-y, 

Mce'ris 

M'ar'cj-on  1 

Mat-ro-na'lj  a 

Mel-am-pe'a 

Men'to-res 

city. 

Moer'o-cle§  4 

Mar'cj-us  I 

Mat-tl'a  cl 

Mel-am-py'gus 

Me-pln'tis 

Mld'j-as 

Moe'§i-a  1 

Mar-cy-man'nJ,  or 

Mat'tj-us 

Mel-an-chre'te^ 

Mer-ca'tor 

Ml-e'zy 

Mce'sus 

Mar-com'a-nl 

Ma-tu'ce-tse 

Mel-an-chlie'nl 

Mer-cQ'rj-us 

Ml-la'ni-on 

Mo-gun'tj-a  1 

Mar-com'e-res 

Ma-tu'rus 

Me-lan'cy-mas 

Mer'  cu-rtj 

Ml-le'§i-I  1 

Mog-un-ti'a-cuin 

Mir'di  ? ' 

Ma-tu'ta 

Mel'y-ne 

Me-ri'o-ne? 

Mi-le'si-us  1 

Mo-^y'nl 

Mar'do-ne? 

Mat-u-tl'nus 

Mel'a-ne? 

Mer'me-ros,  or  -rus 

Ml-le'tj-?  1 

Mo-ll'a,  or  -Je'y 

Mar-dd'ni-us 

Mau'ra 

Mel'a-neus  6 

Merm'na-dae 

Ml-le'tj-um  1 

Mo-ll'on 

Ma-re-ot'j-cus 

Mau'rl 

Me-la'nj-y 

Mer'mo-dSs 

Ml-le'tys,  or  -tus 

.Mo-ll'o-ne 

Ma-re-o'tis 

Mau-rl-ci-a'nus  1 

Me-la'nj-on 

Mer-o-brl'cy 

Mil'j-Hs 

Mo-ll'o-ne§ 

Marga-rl'ta 

Mau-rl"cj-us  1 

Mel-a-nlp'pe 

Mer'y-e 

Mil'j-ghus 

Mo-lce'js 

Miir-£j-a'na 

M &ur  rice 

Mel-a-nlp'pj-de§ 

Mer'y-pe 

Mi-ll'nus 

Mo-lor'chus 

Mar-£In'j-:y 

Mau-rl'cus  (n.) 

Mel-a-nlp'pus 

Mer'o-pls 

Mll-j-5'nj-a 

Mo-los'si-a  1 

Mar-gl'te$ 

Mlu'ri-cus  (a.) 

Mel-a-no'pus 

Mer'u-la 

Mil-i-o'ni-us 

Mol-pa'dj-? 

Ma'ri-y  (from  Marius) 

Mau-rj-ta'nj-a  1 

Mel-a-nos'v-rT 

Me-sab'a-te§ 

Mi-liz-j-^e'ris 

Mol-pag'o-r5s 

Ma-rl'a,  the  Virgin 

Mau-rl,,ti-us  1 

Me-lan'theus  6 

Me-sa'bj-us 

Ml-l6'nj-us 

Mol'peus  6 

Mary. 

Mau'rus 

Me-lan'thi-I 

Mes-a-nl'te§ 

MiPplij-o 

Mol-y-cre'um 

Ma-rT'a-ba 

Maii-ru'^j-a  1 

Me-lan'tlii-on 

Me-sa'pi-a 

Mjl-tl'gt-de§ 

Mo-lyc'ri-y 

Ma-ri-am'ne 

Maii-ru'^i-I  1 

Me-lan'tln-us 

Me-sStu'bj-us 

Mll'vj-us 

Mo-lyc'ri-on 

Ma-ri-a'na 

Mail-so-ie'um 

Me-le-a'^er 

Me-sem'brj-y 

Mll'y-Ss 

Mo-ly'rus 

Ma-rj-a'n®  Fos's® 

Mau-so'll 

Me-le-Sg'rj-de| 

Me-se'ne 

Ml-mal'ly-ne§ 

Mo-na'clii-um 

Ma-rj-yn-dy'nl 

Mau-so'lus 

Me-le-a'grys 

Mes'y-y 

Mjm-ne'dus 

Mon'a-clius 

Ma-rj-an-dy'num 

Ma-vdr'ti-a  1 

Me'lG§ 

Mes-o-me'de? 

Mln'cj-us  1 

Mo-n®/se§ 

Ma-rj-a'num 

Ma-vor'ti-us 

Mel-e-san'der 

Mes-y-po-ta'mj-a 

Mln'da-rus 

Mo-n®'sus 

Ma-rj  a'nus 

Max-en'tj-us  I 

Mel'e-se 

Mes'pi-ly 

Ml-ne'j-de§ 

My-ne'se§ 

Ma-rl'c?i 

Max-e'r?,  or  -ras 

Me-le'§i-as  1 

Mes-sab'y-tce 

Ml-ner'va 

Mo-ne'sus 

Ma-rl'cl 

Max-e'ne 

Mel-e-si^'e-ne§,  or 

-ny  Mes-sa'la 

MTn-er-va'lj 

Mo-ne't^ 

Mar'j-cQs 

Max-Tm-i-a'nus 

Mel'c-te 

Mes-sa-ll'na 

Ml-ner'vj-us 

M5n'i-ca 

Mar-j-du'num 

Maz-lm1  i-an 

Me-le'tj-us  1 

Mes-s?-ll'nus 

Mln-er-vi'nfi 

Mon'j-nia 

Ma-ri'ny 

Max-i-mTl-i-a'na 

Me-le'tus 

Mes-sa'na 

Mln'j-5 

Mon'j-nius 

Ma-rl'nus 

Max-j-ml'na 

Me'lj-a 

Mes-sa'pj-a 

Min-nae'I 

Mon-o-ba'zus 

Ma'rj-on 

Max-j-ml'nus 

Me-llb'o-cus 

Mes-sa'pus 

Ml-n5'y 

Mon-y-dac'ty-lus 

Mar'i-sus 

Max’  i-min' 

Mel-i-brc'a 

Mes'sa-tls 

Ml-no'i-de§ 

Mon'o-dus 

Ma-rl'ta 

Max'j-mus 

Mel-j-bffi'us 

Mes'se 

Ml-no'js 

Mo-nffi'ciis 

Ma-rlt'j-ma 

Maz'y-cy 

Mel-j-cer'ta 

Mes-se'js 

MTn-o-t3iu'rus 

Mo-no'le-iis 

Ma'rj-us 

Maz'a-Ce^ 

Mel'i-chus 

Mes-se'ne,  or 

MTn'the 

Mo-nom'a-chus 

M&r'ma-cus 

Ma-zoe'us 

Me'lj-e 

Mes-se'ny 

Mjn-tiir'nae 

Mon'o-mus" 

Mar-my-rcn'su^ 

Ma-za're§,  or  Maz'a-rGs 

Mel-i-gu'njs 

Mes-se'ni-a 

Ml-nu-cj-a'nus  1 

Mo-noph'a-£e 

Mar-niar'i-ca 

Maz'e-ras 

Me-ll'na 

Mes-se'nj-5 

INII-nu'cj-us  1 

Mo-nopli'j-lus 

Mar-mar'j-daj 

Maz'j-ce$ 

Mel-i-noph'a-^T 

Mes-se'nus 

Ml-nu'tj-a  1 

Mo-nos'ce-ll 

Mar-ma'ri-on 

Maz'y-^e^ 

Me'lj-dr 

Mes'sj-us  1 

Ml-nu'tj-us  1 

Mo-noth-e-ll't® 

Mar-o-bod'u-I 

Me'a-rus 

Mel'j-sy,  or  se 

Mes-so'^js 

MTn'y-ie 

Mon-ta'nus 

Mar-o-bu'du-I 

Mech'a-neus  6 

Mel-js-se'nus 

Me-su'la 

Mln'y-as 

Mon'y-chus 

Mar-o-bu'dum 

MeTcls'teus  G 

Me-lls'seus  6 

Met'a-bus 

Mln'y-cus 

Mon'y-mus 

Mar-o-ne'a 

Me-cne'nas,  or 

Mel'i-ta 

Me-ti|'e-nG^ 

MTn-y-I'a 

Mop'sj-um  1 

Mar-^-nll'ly 

Me-c®'nas 

Mel'j-te 

Met-a-^Tt'nj-a 

Mln'y-tus 

Mop-s5'pi-^ 

Mar-o-nll'lus 

Mec-oe-na't£$ 

Mel-i-te'na,  or  -ne 

MGt'y-gon 

MTr'?-ce§ 

Mop'so-pus 

Mar-pe'§i-?i  1 

Mec'rj-da 

Mcl'i-teus  6 

Met-y-gy-nl'tis 

Mlr-o-brl'ga 

Mop-su-cre'ne 

Mar-pe'sus 

Mc-de'a 

Mel'i-t5 

Met-a-mor-pho'sis 

Ml-s5£'e-ne$ 

Mop-su-es'tj-a  1 

Mdr'res 

Me'de-on 

Me-ll'tus,  or  Me-le'tus  Met-a-ntr'a 

MTs-ar-^yr'i-d^? 

Mor-gan'tj-um  1 

Mar-ru'bj  I 

Me-des-j-ctls'te 

Me'lj-us 

Met-a-nl'ra 

Mis'ce-ra 

Myr-£en'ti-a  1 

Mar-ru-cl'nT 

MG'dj-31 

Mel-ix-Sn'drus 

Met-a-pyn-tl'nl 

Ml-se'num 

Mor-^e'te§ 

Mar-ru'vj-um,  or 

Me'dj-is 

Me-15'bj-us 

Met-a-pon'tum 

Ml-se'nus 

Mor-f-me'ne 

Mar-ru'bi-uin 

Med'j-ca 

Me-lob'o-sls 

Met-y-pon'tus 

Mis-ge'te$ 

Mor'j-nl 

Mar-s®'us 

Med'j-cus 

Mel-r»-du'num 

Me-tiu'rus 

Mi-slth'e-us 

Mor'j-nus 

Miir'sa-lgi 

Me-dj-o-la'num 

Mel-io'n?t 

Me-te'lis 

Mith-ra-cen'se^ 

Mor-i-tas'gus 

Mar'se 

Me-dt'o-lum 

Mel -pi 'a 

Met-el-ll'num 

Mlth-ra-da'te§ 

Mo'rj-us 

Mars'pj-ter 

Me-dj-S-my-trl'cG?,  or 

Mel-pom'c-ne 

Met-e-re'a 

Ml' t liras 

Mor'pheus  6 

Mar'sy-a  1 

-cl,  A.  C.  L.  W. 

Me-ma^'e-nl 

Me-tha'na,  Cr.  M. 

P.  Ml-tlire'ne? 

Mor'si-mus 

M^r-sy'a-by 

M6-dj-o-mat'rj-ce«, or 

Mem'mi-a 

Py.  S. 

Mith-rj-da'te? 

Mor'y-chus 

Mir'sy-ks  1 

cl,  Cr.  F.  Fr.  K. 

Mem-nril'a-de§ 

Meth'a-na,  C.  L. 

W.  Mith-rj-dat'i-cus 

Mos'clia 

M&r'tj-a  1 

M.  Py.  S. 

Mem'mi-us 

Me-tlia'pus,  Py. 

Mith-rj-da'tjs 

Mos'chl 

Mlr-tj-a^ljs  1 

Me'dj-on 

Mem-non'i-deg 

Meth'y-pus,  L. 

M Ith-ro-bar-za'n§5 

Mos'clii-cl  Mon'te^ 

Mdr'tial 

Me-di-Gx'u-ml 

Mem-ny-nI'um 

Me-thl'yn 

MIt-y-le'n® 

Mos'chi-on 

MUr-ti -a'nus  1 

MGd-i-trl'n^ 

Mem-piil'tis 

Me-th5'dj-us 

MIt-y-le'ne 

Mos-cho-pQ'lus 

Mar-ti^'e-na 

Me-do'a-cus,  or 

MGn'a-cS 

Me-tho'ne 

Ml-z®'I 

Mbs'clius 

Mar-tl'na 

Me-du'a-cus 

Me-naech'mus  4 

Meth'o-ra 

Mna-sSl'ceS  5 

Mo'§e§ 

Mar-tin  i-a'nus  1 

Med-o-bi-tliy'nl 

Men'a-Ias 

Me-thu'rj-de^ 

Mna'se-Ss  5 

Mos-sy-nce'cl 

Mar-tl'nus 

Med-y-brl'ga 

Me-nal'cj-das 

Me-thyd'rj-uin 

Mna'?i-as  1,  5 

Mos-te'nl 

M’Ar'tj-us  1 

Med'y-cus 

Men-a-llp'pe 

Me-ti-a-du's?  1 

Mnas'j-cle§  5 

Mo-sy'chlus 

Mar-ty-rop'y-lls 

Me-don'tj-Ss  1 

Men-a-llp'pus 

Me-tll'i-^ 

Mn^-sll'o-clius  5 

Mos-y-nce'cl 

Ma'ry-on 

Mc-d5're§ 

Me-nan'der 

Me-til'j-I 

Mny-sIp'pf-d2Ls  5 

Mo-sy'nl 

My-tho'ne 
Mo-tj-e'nl  1 
Mo'ty-y  1,  A.  L.  M.  X 
My-ty'a,  IV. 
Mox-y-e'ne 
Md'y-ses 
Mu-ci-a'nus  1 
Mu'cj-us  1 
Mu'cr® 

Mu-gil-la'nus 
Mul'cj-ber 
Mu'lu-clva,  or 
Mu-lu'^ha 
Mul'vj-us  Poii§ 
Mum'mj-us 
Mu-na'tj-us  1 
Mu-nl'tus 
Mu-nyclVj-^ 
Mu'ny-ghus 
Mu-r®'na 
Mur-clb'j-l 
Mu-re'ny 
Mu-re'tus 
Mu-ri-du'num 
Mur-gan'tj-a  i 
Mur-ra'nus 
Mur-rhe'nus 
Mur-rlii'n$t 
Mur'tj-9  1 
Mu'§a,  An-to'ni-us 
Mu'^cE 
Mu-^ce'us 
Mu-sag'e-te«j 
Mu-|e'a 
Mu-§e'um 
Mu-sj-ca'nus 
Mu-s5-ni-a'nus 
Mu-sd'ni-us  Ru'fus 
Mus-te'ly 
Mu'te 
Mu'tj-a  1 
Mu-tl'ca 
Mu-til'i-y 
Mu'ti-lus 
Mu'ti-na 
Mu-ti'ne§ 

Mu-tl'nus 
Mii'tj-us  1 
Mu-tu'nus 
Mu-tus'c® 

Mu'ty-ce 

Mu-ze'ris 

Myc'fi-le 

Myc-a-les'sys 

My-ce'na 

My-ce'n® 

My-ce'ne 

My  ce'neus  6 

My^-e-rl'nus 

Myc-i-ber'na 

My^'i-thus 

Myc/y-ne 

Myc'o-nos 

My-ec'phy-rls 

My-e'nus 

Myg'a-le 

Myg'do-ne§ 

Myg-do'nj-a 

Myg-don'i-de| 

Myg'do-nus 

My'ia-grus 

My-io'de§ 

Myl'a-sa 

My'le§ 

My'leus  6 
Myn'do-ne§ 

My'ne$ 

Myn'thef 
M>  n'j-® 

My'y-nef 

My-o-ne'sus 

My-o'ni-a 

Myr'a-ce 

Myr'a-cS§ 

Myr-cl'nus 

Myr'ge-t® 

My-rl'ca 
My-rl'ce 
My-rl'cus 
My-rl'na 
Myr'i-nos  (».) 
My-rl'nus  (a.) 

My  r'i-ce 

Myr-j-on'y-ma 

Myr-ie'a 

Myr-mec'j-deijj 

Myr-me'cj-um  1 

Myr'inj-don 

Myr-inId'o-ne§ 

My-rd-ni-a'nus 

My-ron'j-de§ 

My-ro'nus 

My  r'rhj-n? 

Myr'rhi-nus 

Myr'sj-lus 

Myr'sj-nus 

Myr'ta-le 

Myr'te-y,  Venus. 

Myr-tG'y,  city. 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  GREEK  AND  LATIN  PROPER  NAMES.  1719 


Myr'tj-lis 

NaU'te? 

Nes-so'nis 

No'mi-I 

CE-nT'dcS 

On'9-sus 

Myr'tj-lus 

Na'vi-us 

Nes't9-cle§ 

Ng-ml'pn 

Q^n'g-e  4 

O-na't^s 

Myr'ti-um  1 

Na-za'rj-us 

Ngs-tor'i-de^ 

No'mi-us 

r\ 

Q*}-n6m'5i-us 

0n-ce'um 

Myr-to'um  Mi 're 

Na-z!-?m-ze'nus  1 

Nes-to'rj-us 

N9-mopli'y-lix 

U. 

(E'11911 

6n-ches-ml'te9 

Myr-to'us 

Na-ii-an'  zen  1 

Neu'rl 

Ng-moth'e-toe 

Q^-nb'ne,  or  -1151 

On-clies'tus 

Myr-tun'tj-um  1 

Ne-re'r? 

Nl-C£e'5l 

Non-9-crI'nus 

0'9-nus 

CE-noph'y-ta 

Cn'0ieus  6 

Myr-tu'sa 

Ne-ae'tiius 

Nl-caen'e-tus  4 

Np-na'cris,  Fr.  K.  M.  S. 

O-a'rj-bn 

CE-nb'pj-ri 

Cn'cli9-e 

Mys'ce-los 

Ne-al'ce 

Nl-cag'9-ras 

Non'9-crls,  A.  C. 

0-ir'se§ 

Qi-nop'i-de^ 

O-116'um 

1 

Ne-al'cS§ 

Nl-ca'n9r 

Nd'nae 

0'9-rus 

Q3-n5'pj-on 

On-e-sic'rj-tus 

My"§j-us  1 

NG-an-dri'<t 

Nl-car'chus 

No-ni-a'nus 

O'a-sls,  A.  C.  Cr.  Fr. 

Q3-no'trI 

O-nes'j-mus 

Mys-o-msi-ced'o-ne^ 

Ne-ap'a-phos 

Nl-cir'e-te 

Nd'nj-us 

L.  K.  M.  Sch.  W. 

Gi-no'tri  ;i 

On-e-sip'pus 

JVlys-tal'j-de$ 

Ne-SLp'9-hs 

Nic-?r-thl'de§ 

Non'n|-us 

O-a'sjs,  Py. 

CE-not'rj-de§ 

O-ne'^i-us  1 

Mys'te§ 

Ne-ar'chus 

Nl-ca't9r 

Non'119-sus 

0-£x'e§ 

Q3-not'r9-paj 

6-ne'tor 

Myth'e-cus 

Ne-br5rde§ 

Nl-cit'9-ris 

N5'pj-a,  or  Cno'pj-ri  5 

6b'9-dci 

CE-no'trus 

0n-e-tbr'j-de§ 

My-thld'j-ce 

Ne-broph'9-ne 

Nl'ce 

Ngr-ba'n^ 

Ob'9-dis 

Q^-nu'sae 

O-ni'911 

Myt-j-le'ne 

Ne-broph'9-nos 

Nor-ba'nus 

6b'ri-nias 

CE-9-ba'zus 

0-nI'um 

My-tls'trri-tus 

Neb'u-la 

Ni^-e-phd'rj-um 

N9-rl"ci-I  1 

Ob'rj-mo 

CE-61'y-cus 

Cn'9-i)9 

Ne-ces'si-tas 

Ni^-e-pha'rj-us 

Nor'j-cuin 

6b'rj-mus 

Q^-o'nus 

O-nob'9-lSs 

Ne'chos 

Nl-ceph'9-rus 

Nor'ti-a  1 

^b'se-queng 

O-er'9-e 

0n-9-cho'nus 

AT 

Ne-crop'9-lTs 

Nl-cer'si-tus 

Nos-9-C9-mI'um 

5b-ui-tro'ii}-us 

^Es-trym'nis 

O-nom'a-cle^ 

IN . 

Nec-tan'g-bls 

Nl^'e-ros 

Nos'9-ra 

O-ca'le-a,  or  t)c-fi-ll'9 

CE-sy'me 

On-9-nigLc'ri-tus 

Nec-tan'e-bus 

Nl-ce'tas 

Nd'tj-uin  1 

0-ca'le-® 

CE't* 

(3n-9-mir'£hus 

Nab-ar-za'ne§ 

Nec-ta'rj-us 

Nl-ce'teS 

Ng-va'rj-? 

6c-ca'§i-o  1 

OEt'y-lus,  or 

On-9-mas-tor'i-de9 

Nab-fi-ta?'I 

Nec-tj-be're§ 

NIc-e-te'rj-9 

N9-va-ti-a'nus  1 

0-ce'g-na 

QEt'y-luin  4 

On-9-mis'tus 

Nab-fi-thaj'g 

Ne-cy"§j-9  1 

Nr'cj-a  1 

NQ-va'tian 

O-ce-an'j-de^,  and 

O-fll'lj-us 

On'9-phas 

Nab'?t-tiie§ 

Ne-I'tce 

Ni-cl'a-de§ 

Np-va'tus 

_ 0-ce-a-nIt'i-de§  1 

Og-dol'a-pis 

tm'9-phis 

Nac'ca-ne 

Ne'leus  (71.)  6 

Ni"ci-as  1 

No-vem-pa'^I 

O-ce-9-nI'ne  1 

0g-d5'rus 

0n-o-san'der 

Nac'9-le 

Ne-Ie'us  (a.) 

Nl-cip'pe 

N5-vem-pop'u-lis 

O-ce-fL-nl'tjs  1 

6|'e-nos 

O-nug'na-tiius 

Nac-9-le'?,  or  -ll'a 

Ne-ll'de§ 

Nlc-9-bu'le 

N9-vein'si-le§ 

O-ce'9-nus 

Og-io's^ 

O-nu'phjs 

Nac'9-ne 

Ne-moe'a 

Nic-9-bu'lus 

Nov'e-rus 

6-ce'j-a  3 

Og'nij-us 

0-ny'te^ 

Nac'ra-s^ 

Ne-mau'sus 

Nl-coch'^-re^ 

Np-ve'^j-um  1 

6-ce'lis 

O-gS'9 

0-ny'the§ 

Na-dag'st-r? 

Ne'me-a,  city. 

Nic'9-cle^ 

Nd-vi-o-du'num 

0-cel-Io-du'rum 

O-gul'iij-a 

O-pa'lj-a 

Noe'nj-a 

Ne-me'a,  or 

Nl-coc'r^-te^ 

No-vi-om'a-gum 

6e'e-lum 

0-gul'nj-iis 

0-pel'j-cus 

Nae'vj-a 

Ne'me-a,  games. 

Nl-c5'cre-on 

Nd-vi-om'^-gus 

O'cii^ 

6ph'e-lis 

Nce'vi-us 

Ne'me$ 

NTc-9-da'mus 

Na'vj-um 

O-che'nj-us 

0-£ygpj-a 

O-plie'lj-on 

Noev'9-lus  4 

Nem'e-sa 

Nic-9-de'inus 

No'vj-us 

0-che'§i-us  1 

0-gy|'i-da3 

<!)-phel'te§ 

Nag'a-ra 

Ne-me-§j-a'nus  1 

Nlc-9-d5'rus 

Nov-9-co'mura 

6cn'i-mus 

6g'y-ris 

O'phi-a 

Na-go'rl,  or  -gl'rl 

Nem'e-sTs 

Nl-cod'r9-inus 

No-vom'9-gus 

O^h'ro-n^ 

0'i-cle§ 

O-phl'a-de^ 

^Ja-han-ar-va'll,  or 

Ne-me'§i-us  1 

Nic-p-la'us 

Nu'bae 

O'chus 

O'j-cleus  6 

O-phj-a'nus 

Na-har-va'll,  Fr.  K. 

Ne-me'te§ 

Nl-co'le-os 

Nu-ce'ri-a 

Ocli-y-ro'm^ 

O-I'leus  6 

O'phj-as 

Na-h^r-va'll,  Sch,. 

Ne-me'us  (a.) 

Nl-col^-ghus 

Nu'cj-us  1 

O-co'lum 

O-i-lI'a-de? 

O-plii-5'de? 

Na-liar'v?i-ll,  A.  F. 

Nein -9-ra'lj-9 

Nl-com'9-cli9 

Nu'crae 

0-cre'§i-^  1 

O-j-lI'deS 

O-phI'911 

M.  W. 

Ne-9-bu'le 

Nic^-magli'j-de^ 

Nu-ith'9-ne^,  F.  M.  TV. 

6-crIc'9-l9 

d'9-ne 

OphI'9-ne5 

Na-I'?t-de3 

Ne-p-caes-a-re'^  4 

Nl-com'^-chua 

Nu-j-tho'nes,  A.  Fr. 

6-cric'u-lum 

O-la'nus 

0-phI'o-neus  6 

Na'j-as  3 

Ne-ocli'a-bis 

Nlc-9-me'Se§ 

K. 

0-erid'i-on 

Cl'b^-sgi 

O-plij-bn'j-de? 

Na-mu's? 

Ne-g-chb'rus 

Nic-9-me-dI^ 

Nu-ma'na 

O'crjs 

Ol-be'Jus 

O'plijs 

Nam-ne'te§ 

Ne'9-cles 

Nlc-Q-me'di-a 

Nu-man'ti-a  1 

0-cri"§i-9  1 

Ol'bj-a  ' 

^ph-i-te'9 

Nan-a-gu'na 

Ne-9-cll'de^ 

Nl-c5'nj-$,  or  -um 

Nu-inan-tl'nri 

6c-t9-cil'j-us 

Ol'bj-us 

O-phl'te? 

Nan-ne'i-us  3 

Ne-oc'9-ros,  or  -rus 

Nl-coph'a-ne§ 

Nu-man-tl'nus 

Cc-ta-ve'nus 

Cl'ca-de§ 

O-plij-u'chus 

Nan-ne'te$ 

Ne-o£'e-ne§ 

NTc'9-phon 

Nu-nia'nus  Rem'u-lus 

Oc-ta'vj-a 

Cil-glia-chl'te^ 

O-plij-u'sa 

Nan-tu-a'te§,  or  -toe 

Ne-9-la'us 

Nic'9-phron 

Nu'infi  P9m-pil'i-us 

0c-ta-vi-a'nus 

Ol-gliln'i-um 

^ph-ry-nc'um 

Na-pae'ae 

Ne-om'a-gus 

Nl-cop'9-lls 

Nu'me-ne§ 

0c-ta'vi-us 

O-le'a-ros,  or 

Op'i-cl 

Nap'a-rls 

Ne-9-me'nj-a 

Nl-cos'the-ne^ 

Nu-me'ni-9,  or 

6c-t9-du'rus 

O-ll'9-ros 

O-pl^'e-na 

Na-pa'tri 

Ne-9-me'ris 

Nl-cos'tra-ta,  or  -te 

Ne-9-me'nj 

Oc-tp-^e'sa 

O-le-^s'trum 

6-pil'i-us 

Na'pe 

Ne-9n-tT'ch9S 

Nl-cos'trfi-tus 

Nu-me'nj-us 

Oc-tol'9-phum 

0-len'i-de§ 

0-pI'ma  Spo'lj-a 

Na-pe'gus 

Ne'g-phrbn 

Nl-cot-e-le'a 

Nu-me'rj-a 

O-c^'a-lus 

O-le'nj-e 

O-pim-i-a'nus 

Naph'i-lus 

Ne-oph'y-tus 

Nl-cot'e-le? 

Nu-me-r|-a'nus 

C)-C)  p'e-te 

O-le'nj-us 

0-piin'|-us 

Na-p5'c^ 

Ne-pp-tol'e-inus 

Nl-coth'9-e 

Nu-me'rj-us 

0-cyr'9-e 

Cl'e-nos 

6p-js-tlioc'9-m£e 

N?i-rag'a-ra 

Ne'9-ris 

Nl'^er 

Nu-mi"ci-us  1 

6d'a-tis 

5l'e-num 

<5p'j-ter 

Na-ri'vas 

Ne-5'the-us 

Nl-^id'i-us 

Nu-ml'cus 

0d-e-na'tus 

Cl'e-nus 

Op-i-ter-gl'nl 

Nar-bb'n^ 

Ne'pe 

Nj-^l'ra 

Nu'mj-da 

O-de'um 

5l'e-rus 

0-pl'te§ 

Nar-c®'^ 

Nep'e-te 

Nl-gra'toe 

Nu'mi-dae 

0-dl'nu9 

O'le-um 

6p'9-is 

Nar-coe'us 

Ne-pha'lj-31 

Nl-gre'te§ 

Nu-mid'j-a 

6-dI'te^ 

Ol-j-^yr'tus 

O-pb'ne 

Nar'ga-r^ 

Nepli'e-le 

Nj-grl'n? 

Nu-mid'j-cus 

6'dj-us 

O-lin'j-ae 

O-po'peus  6 

Nir'nj-a 

Neph-e-le'js 

N|-grl'nus 

Nu-mTd'j-us 

Cd-o-a'cer,  A.  M.  S.  TV. 

01-i-sT'p5,  or 

0-pbr'j-nu3 

Na-rd'na 

Neph'e-lls 

Nj-grl'toe 

Nu-mi-si-a'nus  1 

O-db'^-cer,  C. 

51-y-sip'po 

gp'pi-? 

N'ir'se^ 

Neph-e-rl'te§ 

Nl-la'mgn 

Nu-mi"§i-us  1 

O-dd'ca 

5l-i-tin'|l 

Op-pi-an'i-cus 

N^r-the'cjs 

Ne-pl'?i 

Nl'Ieus  6 

Nu'mi-tbr 

Cd-9-m5n'tI 

O-li'zon 

Op-pj-a'nus 

N^-ry"c|-9  1 

Ne-p5-tj-a'nus  1 

Nl-lo'te^ 

Nu-mi-to'rj-us 

0d'9-ne§ 

01'li-u's 

txp’pi-an 

Nir'y-cus 

Nep-tu-na'lj-a 

Ni-lox'e-nus 

Nu-mo'nj-us 

Cd-o-thje'us 

Ol-lov'j-c5 

Op-pld'i-us 

Nas'9-mon 

Nep-tu'nj-a 

Nln'e-ve 

Nun-co're-us 

(5d'ry-sae 

6l'mi-tE 

6p'p|-dum  Nb'vum 

Nas-ft-mb'ne^ 

Nep-tu-nl'ne 

Nin'i-is,  or  Nin'y-is 

Nun'di'-n?i 

Od-ys-se'^ 

Ol-inT'us,  or  Ol-mC'us 

(3p'pj-us 

Nas'cj-d  1,  or 

Nep-tu'nj-um 

Nin'nj-us 

Nun'di-naj 

bd'ys-sey 

01-mo'ne$ 

Op-ta'tus 

Na'tj-o  1 

Nep-tu'nj-us 

Nln'9-e 

Nur'sae 

0 d-ys-se'um 

6l'9-crus 

6p'tj-mus 

N?i-sl'ca 

Nep-tu'nus 

Nin'y-is 

Nlir'si-a  1 

O-dys'seus  6 

Ol-9-phyx'us 

O-pun'ti-a  1 

Ng-sid-i-e'nus 

N&p'tune 

Nl'9-be 

Nu'trj-fi 

^E'a 

Cl'o-rus 

O-rac'u-lum 

N?-sid'i-us 

Ne-ra'tj-us  1 

Nl-phae'iis 

Nyc-te'is 

CE'a-ger 

O los'trae 

0-roe 

Nas'u-9 

Ne-re'j-de^ 

Nl-pha'tes 

Nyc-te'H-a 

QS'9-grus,  or  QU-a'grus 

O-lu'rus 

Or'a-sus 

Na-ta'lj-9 

Nc,re-\d$ 

Nl'phe 

Nyc-te'lj-us 

CE-Sn'the,  and 

0-lyb'ri-us 

O-ra'ta 

N^-ta'ljs 

NG-re-I'ne 

Nl'reus  6 

Nyc'teus  6 

(E-an-thI'9 

6l-ym-pe'ne 

0r-bG'Ius 

Nau-boi'i-de§ 

Ne-re'js,  or  Ne're-Ts 

Nl-soe'9 

Ny  c'tj-los 

CE-an-the'9 

O-lym'pj-? 

0r-bl"ci-us 

Nair'bo-lus 

Ng-re'i-us  3 

Nl-sai'e 

Nyc't|-lus 

CE-an'the-oe 

6l-ym-pl'a-de§ 

0r-bll'i-us 

Nall'cieS 

Ne-re'tum 

Nl-sae'us 

Nvc-tlm'e-ne 

QS'9-s5 

O-lyin'pi-is 

6r'bj-us 

Nau-cll'de§ 

Ne'reus  (».)  6 

Nl-se'i-a  3 

Nyc'ti-mus 

CE'&x 

O-lym'pj-cus 

Or-bb'na 

Nau'C9-lus 

Ne-re'us  ( a .) 

Nl-se'is 

Nym-boe'um 

Q3-ba'l|-^ 

O-lym-pi-e'um 

6r'ca-de^ 

Nau'cr^-te^ 

Ner'j-cum,  or  -cus 

Nis-j-be'nus 

Nym'phoe 

CE-bal'i-de§ 

O-lym'pi-5 

Or-eiia'ljs 

Nau'cr?i-tis 

Ne-r|-e'ne 

Nis'i-bis 

Nymphs 

ffib'^-lus  4 

O-lyni-pi-9-do'rus 

6r'cha-mus 

NaU-Cy'de^ 

Ne-rl'ne 

Ni-so'pe 

Nym-ph$'um 

CEb'g-re?  4 

O-lym-pj-9-nI'ce? 

Or-chjs-te'ne 

Nau'lo-gha 

Ne'rj-5 

Nj-sy'ros,  or  -rus 

Nym-phae'us 

Q3b'a-sus  4 

0-lym-pi-os'the-iie§ 

Or-chom'e-nos 

Nau'lo-chum 

Ner'j-piius 

Nl-te'tjs 

Nym-phld-i-a'nu8 

CE-bb't^s 

O-lym'pi-us 

0r-ghom'e-num 

Nau'b-chus 

Ne-ri'toe 

Nl-ti-ob'rj-ges  1,  Fr.  L. 

Nym-phid'i-iLs 

CE'breus  6 

6l-ym-pu's?i 

0r-£hom'e-nus 

Niu-pac'tum 

Ner'i-tos,  or  -tus 

W.  (t.  v.) 

Nyni-pli9-do'rus 

CE-cha'lj-9 

O-ly'r^s 

0r-cl'nus 

Nau-pac'tus 

Ner'i-tum 

Ni-tj-9-brl'5es  1,  K. 

Nym-pllo-lep'te? 

CE'cleus  6 

O-ly'zon 

0r-c^n'|-9 

Nau'plj-9  * 

Ne'ri-um 

M.  Py. 

Nym-phbm'9-ne§ 

CE-clI'de§  4 

O-ma'rj-us 

0r-de'sus 

Nail-pll'9-de§ 

Ne'ri-us 

Nl-td'crjs 

Nyp'sj-us  1 

O-5'clus 

6m'brj-cl 

6r-d9-vl'ce^ 

Nau'plj-os 

Ne-rs'nj-a 

Nit'ri-9 

Ny-sae'us 

G3c-u-me'nj-us  4 

5m'bn-os 

0-rG'a-de§ 

Nau'plj-us 

Ner-t9-brl'g^ 

Nl-va'ri-9 

Ny-se'i-us  3 

Q3-dip'9-de^ 

Om-bro'ne^ 

d're-adf 

N&u-pbr'tys 

Ner-\i-ll'nus 

Nl-vom'a-gus 

Ny-se'911,  or  -um 

CEd-j-po'di-a  4 

Om'9-le,  or  Uom'9-le 

O-re'fis,  nijmph. 

Nau'r^ 

Ner'u-lum 

N9-bil'i-or 

Ny'seus  6 

OEd-j-pp-dl'on  4 

5m-o-pha'^j-9 

6're-Ss,  man. 

Nau-sic'9-a 

Ner'vi-i 

Noc-ti-lu'cfi 

Ny-sl'9-de§ 

CEd-j-pod-i-on'j-des  4 

6rn'plia-ce 

O're-os 

Nia-sic'9-e 

Ner'vi-us 

Noc-tu-l'nus 

Ny"si-ae  Por'toe  1 

CEd'j-pus  4 

5m'pha-le 

Or-e-sit'rp-phos 

Nau'si-cle§ 

Nes-ac'tj-um  1 

No-dl'nus 

Ny"sj-as  1 

Q3'me 

Om-pha'li-on 

Or-e-slt'rg-phiis 

Nau-sTm'e-ne? 

Ne-soe'a,  or  -e 

No-do'tus 

Ny-s7^'e-nfi 

(E-nan'thes 

6m'pha-los 

O-res'tae 

Niu-sj-nl'cus 

Ne-sl'de? 

Ng-e'mgn 

Ny-sl'rps 

CE'ne 

O-nae'um,  or 

0-res'te? 

Nau-siph'a-ne^ 

Ne-slm'a-chus 

N9-e'tus 

Ny"sj-us  1 

Q3'ne-9 

O-ae'ne-um 

6r-es-te'um 

Nau-sistr^-ta 

Ne-§i-o'pe  1 

N9-la'nus 

Nys-se'nus 

CEn-e-5'ne  4 

5n'9-ger 

O-res'theus  6 

Niu-sith'9-e 

Ne-§i-5'te’§  1 

Nom'9-de| 

Nys'scn 

CE'neus  (11.)  6 

Qn'a-rus,  J\T.  Py. 

6r-es-tl'dae 

Niu-sith'9-us 

Ne-s5'pe 

Nd'mae 

QE-n5'us  (a.) 

O-na'rus,  W. 

Or-es-tl'des,  and 

Nius't$t  lo 

Nes'pe-tos 

Nom-en-ta'nus 

CE-ni'9-dce 

O-nSls'i-mus 

O-res'tj-aej 

1720 

PRONUNCIATION  OF 

GREEK  AND  LATIN  PROPER  NAMES. 

Or  es-til'l? 

O'treus  6 

Pal  ? me'de§ 

Pa-n5'pe  ® 

Par'the-nos 

Pc  ll'deij 

PG'rd,  or  Per'9  ne 

Or'ctie 

0-trl'?de9 

Pal-a  tl'iius 

Pail'9  pe§ 

Par'tlii  a 

Pel  i-naj'um 

Per '9  e 

Or  e ta'nl 

Q-troc'd? 

Pa  la'tj  uin  1 

Pan'o-pefls  6 

P?r-thi'ni 

Pel  - 1- n® 'us 

Per'9  1? 

Or  e til'j-a 

Ot  ryn  tl'dG? 

Pa  le'? 

P?-n6'p|-oii 

Par  tliy-e'ne 

Pe'lj-on 

Per-pe-re'ne 

O-re'tum 

Ot-to  roc'?  r® 

P?  le'inon 

Pan'o  pis 

Par-tlc'u-lo 

Pe'lj-um 

Per-piio-re'tus 

O're-us 

O-vId'j  us 

Pa'le§ 

Pa  nop'9-lis 

Pa-ry'?-dre§ 

Pel-ia'n? 

Per-ran'tliG§ 

Qr'fi-tus 

bo'id 

Pal-fu  n a'na 

P?-nop'te^ 

Pa  ry  6'tffi 

Pel-le'ne 

Per-rh®'bi  a 

Or'g?-n? 

O-vin'j-? 

Pal-fu'ri-us  Su'r? 

Pali'ta  cle§ 

Pa-rys'a  de^ 

PGl'lj  6 ' 

Per-s?-b5'r? 

Or-gGt'o-rlx 

O-vIn'f-us 

Pal  \ bo'thra,  or 

Pan-t®n'e  tus  4 

P?-rys'?-tIs,  or 

Pe  lG'de§ 

Per's® 

6r'|,  a 

Ox'?-thie§ 

Pa-lib'9-tiir? 

Pan-t®'njs 

Par-y-sa'tjs  * 

Pel'9  pe 

Per- s® 'us 

Or-i-ba'§j-iis  1 

OX-I'tB 

Pal-i-bo  tiire'nl 

P?n-t®'nus 

Pa  sdr'ga  da,  nr  -d® 

Pel  -9-pe'? 

Perse'? 

O-rib'?  sus 

6x'j-nie$ 

Pal  j-ca'nus 

Pan  tag'?-thus 

Pas-cha'^j-us  1 

Pel  9 pi'? 

Per-se'is 

Or'i-cos 

Ox-l'9-n® 

P?  ll'ce 

Pan-ta'gj? 

Pa'se  -as 

Pel-9-pe'i-?  3 

Per  seph'9-nG 

Or'j-cuin,  or  Or'i-cus 

Ox-y'?-re$ 

P?-ll'ci 

Pan-ta'^i  ks 

Pas  i-bu'I? 

Pel  9-pe'us  (a.) 

Per  sep'o-lis 

O'rj  en§ 

Ox  y-ca'nus 

Pa-ll'cus 

Pan-ta'le-on 

Pas'j-cleiJ 

Pe-lop'i-d® 

Per'sGij 

O-rlg'e  ne$ 

Ox-y-da'te$ 

P?-lil'i-? 

Pan-tau'glius 

Pas  j-conip's? 

Pe-lop'i-das 

Per'seus  («.)  6 

or'i-A&n 

Ox  yd'r?-c® 

P?-ll'ljs 

Pan-te'Ie-us 

Pa-slc'ra-tesj 

Pe-lo'pj-us  (a.) 

Per-sG'us  (a.) 

O-ri'go 

6x'y-lus 

Pa-IIn'dr9-inos 

Pan'teus  6 

Pas-j-ine'lus 

Pel -9  pon-ne'sus 

Per's?  ? 1 

6 ri'ne 

Ox-y-ne'a 

Pal-j-nu'rus 

P?n-the'a 

Pas  i-pe'd? 

Pe-lo'ri-? 

Per'si-cus 

0 rl'nus 

Ox-yu'theijf 

Pa-li-u'rus 

Pan'the-on,  or 

P?-sIph'a-e 

Pe-ld'ns 

Per'si-us  FlSLc'cus  1 

ori-ob'?-te^ 

Ox  y-6'pum 

Pal-iic'9  pas 

Pan-the'911 

Pa  slpli'i-le 

Pe  lo'rum,  or 

Per'ti  nax 

O rl'on 

Ox-yp'o  rus 

Pal'l?-das 

Pan'the-us 

P?slph'i-lus 

Pe  lo'rus 

Pcr-tii's? 

O rl'os 

Ox-y-ryn  ghl't® 

Pal'la  de§ 

P?n-th6'i-de§ 

Pa-slt'e-le§ 

Pe-lQ  ?i-0't?  1 

Pe  ru'iji-a  1 

Or  i sul'l?  Llv'i-? 

Ox-y  -ryn'glms 

P?I-la'dj-um 

Pan'tli9-us 

P?-sIth'e-a 

Pe-lu'^i-uni  1 

Per-u-sl'nus 

O rl't® 

Ox-yth'e-mls 

Pal-la'di-us 

Pa.11- ti  ca-p®'um 

Pa-sith'o  e 

Pem'pe-lus 

Pes  cen'nj  us 

O-rith'j-fts 

0 ze'ne 

Pal-la'num 

Pan-tlc'a-pe^i 

P?-sit'j-gris 

Pe-na'te^ 

Pes'si-nus,  Cr.  Fr. 

Or-j-thyia 

Ozl'ne§ 

Pal-lan-te'uin 

Pan-tlch'i-um 

Pas's?-ron 

Pen-da'li-um 

Jil. 

Or  j-thy'93 

Oz'9  -he,  or  Oz'o  Ii 

Pal-lan'ti-as  1 

Pan-tll'i  us 

Pas  se-rl'nus 

Pe-ne'j  ? 3 

Pes  sl'nus,  A.  C 

O rl"tj  as  1 

Pal  lan'tj-de§ 

Pan-tol'a-bus 

Pas-sj-e'nus  1 

Pe-nG'jS 

IV 

6 n-un'dus 

Pal-lan'tj  on  2 

Pa  ny'a-sls 

Pat'a-^e 

Pe-nG'ic-us 

Pet'a  IG 

O rl'us 

T> 

Pal  le'n? 

Pa-ny'a-sus 

Pat  a-le'ne 

Pe-nel'o-pG 

Pr-ta'h  a 

Or'me-nis 

X . 

Pal-le'ne 

Pa-p®'us 

Pat'?-lus 

Pe-nG'9S 

Pet'?  Ins 

Or'ine  nus 

Pal-le'neus  6 

Pa-pJla'^e^ 

Pat'?-r? 

Pe-ne'us 

Pet'a -sos 

Or' ne  a*,  or  Or  ne'® 

Pa-cafrj-us 

Pal-niT'sos 

Pa'phj-a 

Pat'?-reus  6 

Pe-nlc'u-lus 

Pe-tG'h  a 

Or-ne-a't® 

P?-ca-tj-a'nus  1 

Pal -my  'ra 

Pa'phi-e 

Pat-a-vl'nus 

Pen'i-das 

Pet-e  li'niis 

Or'neus  6,  man. 

P?  ca'tus 

Pal-niy-re'ne 

Pa'pln-us 

Pa-ta'vi-um 

Pe'ni-us 

Pe'te-611 

Or-nG'us,  a Centaur. 

P&C'Cl-US  1 

Pal'pe  tus 

Paph'ia-gon 

Pa-te'r? 

Pen-nl'n® 

Pet'e-ros 

Or-ni'thon 

Pa'ches 

P?l-phu'ri-us 

P?ph-lag'9-ne^ 

Pa-te'r® 

i'en-ta'di-us 

Pe'te-us 

Or'ni-thus 

Pa -c hr  nus 

Pal-uin-bl'iium 

Paph-la-go'ni-? 

Pa-ter'cu-lus 

Pen-tap'o-lls 

Pet'i-cus 

Or'nj-tus 

P?-chd'mj-us 

Pam-b5'tis 

Pa-pi-a'nus 

Pat-i-zl'tlle^ 

Pen-tap'y-lon 

Pe-tll'i? 

Or-nos'p?  de$ 

P?-gliyin'e-re§ 

Pa-mi'sus 

Pa'pi-as 

Pa'tr® 

Pen-te-dac'ty-lon 

Pe-til'i  I 

Or-ny  t'i  on  2 

Pa  chy 'nos,  or  -nus 

Pam'ina-ghus 

Pap'i-lus 

Pa-trl''cj-us  1 

Pen'tc  le 

Pe-til'i  us 

Or'ny-tus 

Pa-ci-a'lius  1 

Pam'me-ne§ 

Pa-pin- j-a'nus 

P cl  t' rick 

Pen-tel'i-cus 

Pet-o -sl'rjs 

Or  o-an'da 

Pd'ci-an 

Pam'plia-gus 

Pq-p'in’i-an 

Pa'trS 

Pen  tc  ll'um 

Pe'tr? 

Or'o-In 

Pa-clf'i-cus 

Pam'plii-la 

Pa-pln'i-us 

Pat'ro-b3s 

Pen-tiie-si-le'a 

Pe-tr®'? 

O-ro'bi-? 

P?-cil'|-us 

Pain-phll'i-das 

Pa-plr'j-a 

Pa-tr5'cle!*i,  or 

Pen'theiis  (n .) 

Pe  tr®'us 

O-rd'bi-I 

Pag'j-lus 

Pam'pln-Ius 

Pa-plr- j-a'nus 

Pat'r?  cle^ 

Pen-the'us  ( a .) 

Pe-trG'i-us  3 

Or'o-bls 

Pa-co-ni  a'nus 

Pam-phy'la,  or  -le 

Pa-plr'i-us 

Pa-tro'cll 

Pen-thl'de§ 

Pe-trl'nuin 

0-rd'de$ 

Pa-co'nj-us 

Pam-phyl'i-? 

Pa 'pi -us 

Pat-ro-clI'de^ 

PGn'thj-lus 

Pet-ro-co'rj-I 

O rcc'tG$ 

Pac'o-rus 

P?in-i»hy'ljs 

Pa-pre'mjs 

Pa-tr5'clus 

Pen'tliy-lus 

Pe-tro'm-? 

O-roin'e  don 

Pac'tpa  1 

P?in-phy'lus 

Pa-pyr'i-us 

Pa'tron 

I’Gp-a-goni'e-nus 

Pe  tro'in-us 

0-ron'tes 

Pac-to'lus 

pam-pre'pj-us 

Par-a-by  s't9n 

Pa-troph'j-lus 

Pep-a  rG'thos 

Pet'ta-lus 

Or  on-lG'us  (a.) 

Pac-tu-nie'i-us  3 

Pan-a-ce'a 

Par  a gheI-9-I't® 

Pa-tro'us 

Pe-phre'do 

Pet'ti-us 

Or  o pher'nef 

Pac'ty-&s 

Pan'a-cra 

Par  ? chel-9-I'tjs 

Pat'ta  ia 

Pe-r®'? 

Pe-tu'^i?  1 

O-ro'pus 

Pac'ty-e 

P?-n®'nus 

Par  a-cle'tus,  or  -cll'tus 

P&t-t  a-le'ne 

Per-?-sIp'pus 

Peu-ca'le-I 

6r'o-s? 

Pac'ty-e? 

pa-n®'ti-us  1 

Par-?-dI'sus 

Pa-tul'cj-us  1 

Pcr'a-tus 

Peu'ce 

O ro'^j-us  1 

Pa-cu'v|-us 

Pan  ®-td'Ius 

Pa-r®t'a-cai  4 

Pa-tu'mus 

Per-cGn'nj-us 

Peu-ced'?-nos 

O-ros'pe-da 

P?-d®'I 

P?-n®'us 

Pa-r®t-a-cc'ne  4 

Pku'la 

Per-co'pe 

Peu'ce-1? 

Or-to'n? 

Pa-d®'us 

Pan'a-re^ 

Par  ®-to'nj-i 

PaU-ll'll? 

Pcr-c6'j<i-?  1 

Peu-ces'tG^ 

Or'pheus  (n.)  6 

Pad'u  ? 

Pa-nar'e-tus 

Par-®-to'nj-um 

Paii-ll'nus 

Per  co'^i-us  1 

Peu  ce'ti-a  1 

Or-phe'us  (a  ) 

Pa-du's? 

Pan-a-rjs'te 

Par'a-ll 

Pau'lus 

Per-co'te 

Peu-cG'ti-I  1 

Or'phi-tus 

P®'?n 

P?-nath-e-n®'? 

Par  a li-pom'e-11? 

Paii-sa'ni-as 

Per-e-gri'n? 

Peu-cl'nl 

Orph-n®'us 

P®-a'ne$ 

P?n-£.li®'? 

Par'a-lus 

PCLu'^j-as  1 

PG'reus  C 

Peu-C9-la'us 

Or  sed'i  ce 

P®-dlr'i-tus 

Pan-cha'j-a  3 

Par-a  -po-ta'nii-? 

Pau-sj-ll'pon 

Per'ga-inos 

Pex-9-do'rus 

Or-sG'js 

P®d'?-sus  4 

pan-glia' te§ 

P?-ra'^i-a  1 

PaU-sj-ly'puS 

Pe'r'g?  nius 

Ph?-cu's? 

Or  sTl'o-chus 

P®'dj-us 

Pan'cra-te§ 

P?-ra'§j-us  1 

Pali  slni'a  chus 

Per'g?-se 

Ph®'? 

Or'si-nGf 

P®g'nj-um  4 

P^n'cra-tls 

Par'c® 

Pax'a-nius 

Per'ge 

Ph®-a'ce^ 

Or'ta-liis 

P®-ma'nI 

Pan-cra'ti-uin  1 

P?-re'? 

Pec'ti -us  1 

Per-i-an'der 

Ph®  a'ci  ? 1 

Or-lii®'? 

P®'?n 

P?n-d®'a 

Par'e-drI 

Pe-da'cj-a  I 

PGr-j  ar'chus 

Ph®-ba'di-us 

Or-thag'o-ras 

P®'o-nG§ 

Pan-da're-os 

Par-en-ta'Ij-? 

Pe-da^'us 

Pfir-j-bcR'? 

Pli®d'i-m?  4 

Or'the 

P®-o'nj-? 

Pan-da'ri-a 

Par'j’s 

Pe-da'li-um 

Pe-rlb'o-lus 

Ph®d'i  nius  4 

Or' tli|-? 

P®-on'i-de§ 

Pan'd?-rus 

Pa-rls'a-dGs 

Pe-da'nl 

Per-i-bo'ni|-us 

Ph®'don 

Or-th5'iji-a  1 

P®-5'ni-us 

Pan-da-ta'ri-? 

Pa-rl"§i-l  1 

Pe-da'ni-us 

PGr'i-clGiy 

Ph®'dr? 

Or-tho'sjs 

P®'9  pi® 

Pan-da'te§ 

Par'j-sus 

Ped'a  sa,  or  -sus 

PGr-i-clyin'e-nus 

Ph®'dri? 

Or-to'na 

Pie '9s 

Pan-de'nii-a 

Pa'ri-um 

Pe-dl'a-dls 

Per-jc-ti'9-nG 

Ph®-dri'?-de? 

P®-rIs'?-dC$ 

Pan-dG'mus 

Pa'ri-us 

Pe-d|-a'nus 

Per  j-dl'? 

Ph®d'i9-nius  4 

Or  tyg'i-us 

P®'sos 

Pan-dl'? 

Par'me-nls 

Pe'df-as 

Pe-rl-c-ge'tG^ 

Ph®'drus 

O-ri-an'der 

P®s'tum  4 

Pan-dl'on 

P?r-mGn'i-de^ 

Pe-d|  a'ti-? 

Per-i-G'rG? 

Ph®d'y-m?  4 

O-ry'us 

Pas-ta'nj-um 

Pan-dI'9-nTs 

Par  ine'ni  0 

Pe-dj-e'? 

Pe-rIg'e-nG§ 

Ph®-nion'o-G 

Os'?-cG$ 

Pie-tl'nus 

pin-d9-chi'um 

Par'me-nd 

Pe'dj-us 

Per-i-gu'ne 

Ph®-nag'o-re 

Os-clio  plio'rj-? 

P®-t5'vj-um 

Pan-do'r? 

Par-na'sus 

Pe'*® 

Per-e-grl'nus 

Phs-nar'e-te 

Os'ci-us  1 

P.T'tUS 

P?n-d5'^i-?  1 

Par'ne§ 

Pe-gas'j-de^ 

Per-j-la'us 

Pli®'nj-as 

O-sin'j-us 

Pa-ga'nl 

Pdn'dm-sos 

Par-9-pam'i-sus,  C K 

Peg'a-sls 

Pe-rll'e-os 

Ph?-en'n? 

O-sl'ris 

Pag'a-s®,  or 

Pa'ne-as 

L.  Py. 

Peg'?-sus 

Pe-rll'ii-us 

Ph®n  9 nie'ris  4 

O-sis'iiij-I 

Pag'?-s? 

Pa-ne*'y-rXs 

Par-9-pa-mI'sus,  A. 

Pe'^e 

Per-i-mG'de 

Ph®'non 

Os'pha-gus 

Pag'a-sus 

Pan'e-lus 

M.  P. 

Pe-la'^j-a 

PGr-i-me'de^ 

Pli®-oc'9-inG$ 

Os-rho-e'ne 

Pa'gr® 

Pan'e-mus,  month. 

Pa-ro'pus 

Pe-la'^i-us 

Per-i-rnG'la,  or  - le 

Pli«es'?-n?  4 

Os-son'o-b? 

Pa-la'ci'-um,  or 

P?-ne'mus,  man. 

Par-o-re'?,  or  -rl'a 

PePa-gon 

Per-i-mel'i-de§ 

Ph®s'tuni  4 

Os-te-o'dGa 

Pa-la'tj-uin  1 

Pa-ne'um 

P?r-pa'ne-us 

Pe-lag'o-ne^ 

Per-|-p?-tet'j-cl 

Ph®s'tus  4 

Os'li-a 

Pa-l®'a 

Pan-£®'? 

Par-rha'^j  ? 1 

Pel-a-go'nj-us 

PSr-i-pa-  t&t'ics 

Pha'e-thon  f 

Os-to'ri-us 

Pa-l®-ap'9-lis 

Pan-^e'us 

Par'rha-sls 

Pe-liir'^e 

Pe-rip'a-tus  ’ 

Pha-e  thon-tl'a-def 

Os-tr?  cl'ne 

Pa-l®b'y-blus  4 

Pan  hel-lG'ne^ 

Par-rha'^i-us  1 

Pe-las'*I 

Pe-rIph'?-nGf 

PJia-e-tlion'ti-dO$ 

Os-trog'9-thl 

Pa-l®'nion 

Pa'll  j-a 

Par-tli?-inis'i-ris 

Pe-las'*i-a 

Per'i-phas 

Pha-e  tliu's? 

Os-y-nian'dj-Sts 

Pa-l®-ol'9  gus 

Pa-nI'?-sTs 

Pnr-tha'911 

Pe-las'gj-cus 

Per-i-phG'inus 

Pli®'us 

Ot'a-ce? 

Pa-l®p'a-plios  4 

Pan-i-^e'ris 

Par-tlia-011'j-dGij 

Pe-las-^i-5'tis 

Per-i-plie'te^ 

Pli?-gG'§j?  1 

Ot  a cll'j-us 

Pal  ®-pliar-sa'lu3 

Pa-ni-o'ni-um 

Par-th5'ni? 

Pel'?-te^ 

Per-i-pli9-re'tus 

Plia'i  nus 

0-ta'ne$ 

Pa-lcTph'a-tus  4 

Pa'nj-us 

Par-the'm-® 

Pel'e-cUs 

Per-i-plec-tom'e-ne§ 

Phal-a-crI'ne 

O-tax'e^ 

Pa-l®p'9  lls  4 

Pan-nic'u-lus 

Par  the'nj-e 

Pe-lG'ce? 

Pe-rIs'?-dG§ 

Plia'i® 

Oth'ma-rus 

Pa-l®s'te  4 

Pin'nj-cus 

Par-the'iu-I 

Pe-len'd9-ne$ 

Pe-rls'te-rG 

Ph?-l®'cj-us  1 

O thrd'nus 

Pal-®s-tl'n? 

PSn'no  11G9 

Par-then'j-c5 

Pel-e-thr5'nj-I 

Pe-rls'tiie  nes 

Ph?-l®'cus 

O-tliry'a  dc$ 

Pal-®s-tl'nus 

Pan-no'nj-a 

Par-tliG'ni  on . 

Pe  IGt'ro-ne^ 

Per-i  stylUm,  and 

Ph?-l®'s!  ?,  or  -®  1 

O thry'o  neus  6 

Pa-l;es'tra  4 

Pan-oni-ph®'us 

Par  the'ni  us 

Pe'leus  6 

Pe  rls'ty-lum 

Pha-la'ra,  C.  Cr. 

O'tlirys 

Pa  l®s'trj  5 4 

Pdn-9  do'rus 

Par'tlie-non 

Pe'h  ? 

Pe-rlt'?  nus 

Phal'?-r?,  F.  Fr. 

0-tliry"aj  us  1 

Pa  l®t'y-riis  4 

Pan'9-pe 

Par-then -9 -p® 'us 

Pe-ll'a  de^ 

Pe  ri'tas 

M.  Py.  Sch. 

O trG'r? 

Pal'?  mas 

Paii-9-pe'? 

Par  lhen'9-pG 

Pe'lj-^s 

Per-i  -to'ni-um 

PhSd'a-rls 

* Parys'atis , or  Parysa'tis.  — Lee,  in  Ins  tragedy  of  Alexander  the  Great,  accents 
the  penultimate  syllable. 


f Pha'ctlion  — This  word  has  been  vulgarly  corrupted  into  Phaeton  (perhaps  through 
the  influence  of  Leinpriere),  and,  still  worse,  into  P/ueton. 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  GREEK  AND  LATIN  PROPER  NAMES. 


1721 


Pha-la'rus 
Plial'ci-don 
Pha'le-as 
Plia-lG'reus  6,  or 

Pha-lG're-us 
Pha-le'rj-sT 
Plial'e-rls 
Plia-lS'rgn 
Plia-lG'rum 
Plia-lG'rus 
Plia'Ij-as 
Plig  li'nita 
PJlal'li-cj 
Plia-lo're 
Phj-iy"?j-us  1 
Pliu'me-as 
Piiain-e-no'pliis 
Flij-na'ce? 

Plig-nai'us 

Pha-nag'o-ra 

Plian-a-rije'? 

Plia'ne^ 

Plia'ni-a 

Plia'nj-Ss 

Plia'nj-um 

Plian'o-clG^ 

Plia-noc'ra-tGf 

Pllan-g-dG'mus 

Plia-nod'i-cus 

Pha-nom'sPclius 

Pha-nos'the'-nes 

Phan'otS 

Plian'g-teus  6 

Plij-no'the-g 

Plian'o-tTs 

Plian-ta'§j-9  1 

Plian'ta-sos 

Pha-rag'j-de? 

Pha'ra,  or  Plle'ra 

Pliar-an-da'te^ 

Plla'ra-3 

Pha-ras'mg-ne? 

Plnr-bG'lus 

Phar-cG'don 

Plia'rj-us  ' 

Phir-ma-cS'j,  or  -cl'a 

PliAr-ma-cu'sa 

Phir-na-ba'zus 

Pliar-na'ce-g 

Phir'na-cGs 

Pliar-na'cj-g  1 

Pli-ir  ng-pa'te? 

Pliar-nu'clius 

Pliar-sa'ljV 

Phgr-sa'los 

Pliar-sa'lus 

Plilr'te 

Pha-ru'^i-1 1 

Pliar'y-bus 

Pha-ryc'ii-don 

Plidr'y-g* 

Pll&s-a-o'ljs 

Pllg-se'ljs 

Plia-sI'a-dG? 

Pha-si-a'na  1 

Plia'si-as  1 

Pliiu'da 

Phau-rfi'5i-l  1 

Phav-g-rl'nus 

Plia  zS'mgn 

Pbe'a,  or  PliG'i-g  4 

Plie-ca'dum 

PbG'^eus'C 

Phel'li-a 

PhGPlo-G 

PliG'mi-a; 

PhE'mi-us 

Phe-mon'o-e 

PliEn-e-bG'thjs 

PliG'ne-os 

PliG'ne-um 

Pli5'ne-us 

Plle'ra 

Plie-ra'g 

Phe.ra'ua 

Pbe-rau'lGs 

PhSr'e-clus 

Plie-rec'rg-tea 

PliGr-e-cy'a-d£B 

Plier-e-cy'dGf 

Plier-en-da'tes 

Plier-e-nl'ce 
Pber-e-nl'cus 
Pile  reph'a-te 
Plie're? 

Plier-e-tl'g-dSg 
Phe-rS'tj-Ss  1 
Plier-e-tl'mg 
Pher'i-num 
Phe-ru'sj 
PliT'a  1G 
Phi-a'li-a,  or 

Plii-ga'li-9 

Plu'a-lus 

Phj-cG'gn 

PliIc'o-rGg 

Pliid'i-3s 

Pllld'i-le 

Pllj-dip'pj-dG? 


Phi-di"ti-a  1 
Plii-do'Ias 
Plild'y-le 
Phlg-a-lG'a,  or 
Plij-ga'lj-a 
Pliil-a-del-plil'a 
Pkil-q-dtl'plu-q 
Plill-a-dePplius 
Plil'lae 
Pli  -lie'm 
Pli  -lai'njs 
Pli  -lie'us 
Pli  -la'gri-us 
PIlIl-9-le'thef 

Plil-lar'ciuis 
Plij-lar'e-tus 
Plij-lar'|y-rus 
Phll'e-as 
Phj-lG'bus 
Phll-e-nia' 

Pli  -lGni'e-nus 
Pli  -iG'mon 
Pli  -lG'ne 
Pli  -le'ni-um 
Plill'e-ros 
Phi-lG'^i-us  1 
Plill-e-tai'rus 
Pli  -lS'tas 
Pli  -le'ti-us  1 
Pli  -lG'tor 
Pli  -iG'tus 
Phll'e-us 
Plii-li'a-dSs 
Plij-ll'a-dejj 
Pliil'i-das 
Phil'i-dea 
Phi-li'ne 
Phi-ll'nns 
Phil-ip-pe'i 
Pllil-ip-pe'us 
Plii-lip'pi-cus 
Phi-lTp'pj-de? 
Phil-ip-pop'o-lls 
Phll-is-tl'des 
Phi-lTs'ti-o 
Plii-lls'ti-on  2 
Plijl-lyr'j-dG^ 
Pliil-o-b(E-6'tus 
Phil-o-ca-lG'a,  or  -ll'a 
Phll-g-eliar'j-das 
Plii-locTi'o-rus 
Phll'o-clGf 
Plillo-co-ma'si-um  1 
Phi-loc'ra-teij 
Phll-gc-tG'teiJ 
PhII-9-cy'prus 
Phll-o-da-mG'ft, or  -ml'g 
Phil-p-da'nii.is 
Phll-o-de'mus 
Phi-lod'i-ce  ' 
Phi-lce'tj-us  1 
Phil-o-dQ'lus 

Phil  o-la'us 

Phj-lol'o-gus 

Phj-l6rn'?-chG 

Phi-lom'hro-tus 

Phil-o-me'dj-Fi 

Phil-9-mG'dus 

Phil-o-meHa 

Phil-o-me-ll'de^ 

Phll-o-me'li  um 

Phil-9-mG'lus 

Phil-o-ine'tor 

Pliil-o-niu'sus 

Pli  -l6'ni-a 

Pli  -lon'i-des 

Pli  -lo'nis 

Pli  -lon'o-e 

Pli  -lon'o-nie 

Pli  -lon'o-mus 

Pli  -lo'nus 

Pli  -lop'a-tor 

Phi-16'phj-on 

Plill'o-phron 

Phil-o-poe'men 

Plill-o-poPe-inus 

Plij-l6p'9-nu3 

Phil-9-ro'mus 

Phil-o-steplPa-nus 

Phil-9  stor'^i -us 

PhH5^^  tu" 

Plij-la'the-a 

Phil-o-the'rus 

Phi-15'the-us 

Phil-o-tl'inus 

Plii-15'ti-um  1 

Plii-lo' t is 

Phi-lox'e-nus 

Pliil'te-re 

Plii-lu'me-na 

Plii-lu'inc-nus 

Phi-lyl'li-us 

PlilPy-r^ 

Pliil-y-re'is 

216  ’ 


Phil'y-res 

Plij-ly  r'i-de^ 

Phj-ne'um 

Plil'neus  (w.)  6 

Phi-iiG'us  (a.) 

Phi-nl'dc? 

Pliln'tj-a  1 

PliTn'ti-as  1 

Plilcg'e-las 

Plile|'e-th6n 

PlilG^i'-as 

PlilG'gra 

Plile-grai'9S 

PhlG'^y-tB 

PlilG'^y-as 

Plill-a'si-a  1 

Phll-a'^j-us  1 

Phlce'us 

Phl5'*|S 

Plllo'gj-US 

Plily'eus  6 

Pli9-bG't9r 

Pli9-c*'a 

Pli9-ca'i-cus 

Plioc'a-is 

PhG'ce 

Pli9-cen'sG? 

Pho'ceus  (w.)  6 

Plm-cG'us  (a.) 

Plio'cj-cl 

Plio'cj-on  1 

Pli9-cu's* 

Plio-cyl'i-de^ 

Phoe-ba'di-us 

Plirp-biE'um 

Plice'bas 

Phoe'be 

PliCE-bG'uni 

Pliae-bG'us 

Plice-bi,,cj-us  1 

Plioeb'j-das  4 

Pliae-bi^'e-na 

PhcE'bus 

Phne'inos 

PhcH-nl'ce 

Phoe-nl'cGs 

PluE-ni^ce-iis  1 

Pli<K-ni"ci-ri  1 

PliiB-nTc'|-dG§ 

PlitE-nP'cj-fim  1 

PlicB-nl'cus 

PlicEii-i-cG's^  4 

Phn?-nis'sa 

Phcc'nix 

Plice'tj-um 

PI10P9-G 

Plio-irio'tliis 

Plion^-len'i-dG^ 

Plior'cy-dGs 

Plmr-cy'nis 

Plior'mj-o 

Pho-ro'neus  ( n .)  6 

Plior-9-nG'us  (a.) 

Phor-9-nI'ciae 

Plio-ro'njs 

Pho-ro'nj-um 

Phos'plw-ros 

Plios'pli9-rus 

Plio-ll'nus 

Pho'ti-us  1 

Phr^-a'tGf 

Plira-at'j-ce^ 

Phra-da'tG§ 

Plirri-lia'tG^ 

Plira-nic'a-tG^ 

Plir^-br'tG^ 

Pliras'j-clG? 

Pliras'i-mus 

Plira'^j-us  1 

Phiat-a-plier'nG§ 

Phre-|G'na 

Phrl-a  pa'ti-us  1 

PlirP'ci-011  1 

Phro-nG'^i-um  1 

Pliron'i-in?i 

Pliru-2un-dI'9-nG3 

Plirj'gS^ 

PJiryS'i-a 
PhrG'i-us 
Pliryrne 
Pliryn'i  chus 
Pliryx-e'us  (a.) 
Phliii'51  5 
Plithl'as  5 
PhthJ-5'tes  5 
Plithl-o'tis  5 
Plithl.roph'j-gl  5 
Pbur-nu'tus 
Pliy-a'cea’ 
Pliy^'e-la 
Pbyl'a-ce 
Phyl'a-cus 
Pliv-lar'chus 
Php'le  * ‘ 
Phy-le'is 
Pby'leus  6 
Phy-lI'dGs 
Pli  jl'i-ra 
Pliyl'i-ref 


Phyl-lac'j-dGf 

Pliyl-la'lj-j 

Pliyl-lG'i-us  3 

Pliyl'leus  (n.)  6 

Fliyl-le'us  («.) 

Pliyl'Ii-das 

Phyl'li-us 

Pliyl-lod'o-ce 

Pliy-rl'te^ 

Pliy-rom'a-chus 

Pliys'co -9 

Pliy?-i-og-no'mon 

Pliy-tal'j-deS 

Pliyt'a-lus 

Pliy-tG'uin 

Pliy"ti-a  1 

Phyx'i-um  1 

Pl'j-sks 

Pl-ca'nus 

Pi-ce'na; 

Pi-cG'nl 

Pl-cen'te? 

Pi-cen'tj-?  1 

Pip-en-tl'nl 

PT^-en-tl'niis 

Pl-ce'nimi 

Pl'cra 

PIc'tic,  or  PIc'tl 
Pjc-ta'vl,  or 
PTc'to-nGj 
Pjc-ta'vj-um 
Pl-do'rus 
Pi-dy'tGs 
Pl'e-lu3 
Pl'e-rp 

Pi-er'i-dGs 

Pl'e-rls 

Pl'e-ros,  or  -rus 

Pi'e-tas 

Pi'gre^ 

Pi-la'tus 

Pi1  late 

Pl-lG'sus 

Pil'i-a 

Pl-lo'rus 

Pim-plG'a 

Pjm-plG'i-de? 

Pjm-plG'js 

Piin-pra'ma 

PIn'a-ra 

Pl-na'ri-us 

Pln'p-rus 

PIn'da-rus 

PIn'da-su3 

Pl-nG'tus 

PIn'tlii-a 

Pill'tlii-as 

Pin'y-tus 

Pl'o-nG 

Pl-o'ni-a 

Pl'o-nls 

Pl-ra'eus  6 

Pl-rae'us 

Pl-rG'ne 

Pi-rl'cus 

Pl-rltli'o-us 

Pi-ro'mis 

Plr'o-us  6 

Pi-rus'ta; 

Pl'sie 

Pi-sai'ua 

Pl-sa'nus 

Pl-sa'tG? 

Pl-sau'rum 

Pl-siu'rus 

Pi-se'tigr 

Pls'e-us 

Pi"s|  as  1 

Pls'i-d® 

Pi-sTd'i-a 

Pl-sid'i-ce 

Pis-is-triit'i-diE 

Pls-js-trat'i-dGs 

Pi-sJs'tra-tus 

Pl-so'nej 

Pl-so'nis 

Pls'si-rus 

PTs-to-cle'rus 

Pjs-tS'rj-a 

Pls'ty-rus 

Pi-sutb'ne3 

Plt'p-nG 

Pi-tllag'o-ras 

Pl-the'cj-um  1 

Pl-thG'con  Col'pos 

Pith-e-cfi'sa,  or-ste 

Pltli-o  la'us 

Pi-tho'le-on 

Pit-i-u'sm 

PIt'ta-cus 

PTt'the-? 

Pit-thS'js 
PJt'theus  (n.)  6 
Pjt-the'us  (a.) 
Pit-u-a'nj-us 
Plt-u-la'nl 


Prt'y-a 

Plt-y-as'si.is 

Pit-y  G'a,  or  Plt-y-I'? 

Plt-y  o-nG'sua 

Plt'y-us 

Pit-y-u'sj 

Plt-y-u'sie 

Pixod'ii-ru3 

Pia-cen'tj-g  1 

Plap-j-dG-j-a'nus 

Pla-cTd'i-a 

Pla-cid'i-us 

Plac'i-dus 

Pl.ic'j.tus 

Plie-to'rj-Hs 

Pla-na'?j-?  1 

Plan-cl'na 

Plan'ci-us  1 

Pl?.-nG'iji-um  1 

Pla-nu'dG3 

Pla-tm'p 

Pla-tai'ie 

Plat'a 

Pla-taA-i-do'riis 
Plat-? -mo'dej 
Plat'a-mon 
Ply-ta'ni-us 
Plat'a-nus 
Pla'te-?,  or 
Plp-tG'? 

Pla-tG'a; 

Pla-ton'i-cl 
Pla-to'ni-u3 
PlaU'tj-a  1 
Plau-ti-a'nus  1 
Plaii-til'la  ‘ 

Plau'ti-us  1 
Plaii'tus 

Ple'ia-de^  3,  and 
Ple-I'a-de^ 

Ple'i-as  3 

Ple-I'p-ne 

Ple-inTn'j-us 

Plem-myr'j-um 

Plpm-na-'iis 

Pleu-inox'i-I  X 

Pleu-la'tus 

Plcu'ron 

Pleu-vG'ni-a 

Pleu'si-dG^ 

Pleu-sj-dTp'pi.iS 

Plex-au're 

Plin'i-us  ‘ 

PWi'y 

I’lin-tlil'ne,  Cr.  P. 

Sell.  W. 
PITn'tlli-ne,  C. 
Plln-thi-ne'te? 
Plis-tUr'dii.is 
PlTs'tlla-nus 
Plis-then'i-des 
PlTs'the-nSa 
Plis-ti'nua 
Plis-to'g-nax 
Plis-tp'nax 
PlIs-to-nl'cG«i 
Plls-to-nl'cus 
Plis-to'rus 
PlG'tie  ' 

Plo-the'a 
Plo'tl-a 
Plo-tl'na 
Plot-i-nop'g-lis 
Plo-tl'nus 
Plo'tj-us  1 
Plu-tiir'chus 
Piu'tdrqh  ' 

Plu'tj  a 1 
Plu-to'ni-um 
PlG'vi-us 
Plyn-te'ri-a 
Pneb'e  bis  5 
PnI'geus  5,  G 

Pny-tiig'9-ras  5 
Pnyx  5 

Pob-li"ci-tis  1 

Po-dfe'tus 

PodadG'a 

Pod-9-lir'i-us 

Po-dar'ce 

Po-dar'ces 

Pg-da're= 

Po-dir'ge 

Po-do'c? 

Pce-an-tl'a-des 

Poe'as 

Poeg'i-le  4 

Pcem-a-ne'nys  4 

Poem'e-nis  4 

Poe'nl 

Poe'gn 

Poe-o'ni-9 

Pob'us 

Poe-o-na'tus 

Pol-e-mo-cra'tj-9  1 

Pol'e-mon 

Pol-e-mo'ni-um 

Po-lG'ngr 

Po'lj-5s 


Po  li-G'i-9  3 
1Y>  li-E'um 
Po'li-eu's  G 
Po-li-gr-ce’tG? 
Pg-lls'tl'a-tus 
Pol-i-te'a 
Pg-II'tGs 
Pol  i-to'rj-um 
Po-li-u'clios 
Pol-iell'ti-9  1 
Pol-lj-a'nus 
Pol-lill'e-a 
Pol'li-o  ' 

Pol-ll'ta 
Pol'li-us  FG'lix 
Pol-lu'ces 
Pol-lu'ti-9  1 
Po-lyie-mon'i-dG? 
Pa-ly-ai'nus 
Po-ly-9-ra'tus 
PS-ly-ar'clius 
Pol-y-bl'a-dei} 
Po-lyb'j-US 
Pol  y boe'a 
PoI-y-boe'tG? 
Pol-y-b5'tG? 
Po-lyb'g-tum 
Pol'y-bus 
Pol-y-ca'011 
Pol-y-clir'pus 
Pol'y-cdrp 
Pol-y-cas'le 
Po-lJch'a-rG? 

Pol-y -cliar'mus 
l5ol-y-clG'9 
Pol'y-clG? 
P’ol-y-clG'tus 
Po-lyc'ra-te? 
Pol-y-cre'ta,  or 
Pol-y-cri'ta 
Po-lyc'rj-tu3 
l’ol-y-die'mon 
Po  -lyd'a-nias 
Pol-y-daiil'na 
Pol-y-dec'tG? 
Pol-y-deu-ce'a 
Pol-y-da'ra 
Pol-y-de'ri.is 
Pol-y-^I'ton 
Po3yjS'i-um 
Po-l>|'i-us 
Pol-vg-na'tug 
Po-lyg'o-llus 
Pol-y-liyiil'ni-a 
Pol-y-id'i-us 
Pol-y-I'dus 
Pol-y-la'iis 
Pol-y-me'de 
Po-lyni'e-don 
Pol-y-mG'la,  or  -1G 
Pg-Iym'e-ne$ 

Pol-y  m-nes'  to? 

Pol-ym-nes'tgr 

Pg-lJni'ni-9 

Pol-y-ne'us 

Pol-y-nl'ce? 

Po-Iyn'o-e 

Pol-y-pa'us 

Pol-y-pG'mon 

Pol-y-per'ciion 

Pol-y- plie'imis 

PGVy-phcmc 

Pol-y-pliC'tG? 

Pol-y-plll'de? 

Pol-y  phon'te? 
Pol'y  pliron 
Pol-y-pnr'tG^ 
Pol-yr-rliG'nj-9 
Pol-y-sper'ciign 
Pol-y -steplPa-ntis 
Po-lys'tra-tus 
Pol-y -tech'nus 

Po-ly'te? 

Pol-y-tj-me'tus 
Pol-y-tl'inus  ‘ 

Po  I)t'i-on'2 
Pg-lj't'ro-pus 
Po-lyx'e-na 
Pol-yx  en'i-das 
Po-lyx'e-nus 
Pol-y  ze'lus 
Pom-ax-oe'threa 
Po-m5'ti-a  1 
Po  me'ti-I  1 
Pom-e-tl'ng 
Pg -me'na 
Pom-pe'i-9  3 
Pom-pe-i-a'nus 
Pgm-pG'i-I  3,  or 
Pom-pe'i-uni  3 
Pgm-pe-i-op'g-lis 
Pom-pe'j-us  3 
PSm'pey 
Pom'pe-lon 
Pom-pe-lo'11? 
Pgm-pil'ia 
Pom  pll'j-us 
Pgm-pi'lus 
P9111  po'nj-9 


Pgm-po'nj-uS 
Pgin-po-si-a'nus  1 
Pginp-tl'me 
Pomp-tl'nus 
Pon'tj-g  1 ‘ 

Pon'tj-cum  Ma're 
Pon'tj-cus 
Pgn-tld'j-us 
Pgn-tll-j-a'nga 
Po  ri-tlna 
Poll-tl'lllis 
P5n'tj-ud  X 
I’on-to-pg-rl'a 
Pon'tus  Eu^-I'nus 
Pg-p  l'i-us  Lai'nas 
Pgp-llc'g-la 
X’gp-pai'a  Ra-bl'na 
Pgp-pie'us 

Pop-u-16'ni-a,  or  -uni 

Por'a-ta 

I’or'ci-a  1 

Por-clf'e-ra 

Por'ci-fis  1 

Por-dg-se-le'no 

Pg-red'g-rax 

Pg-rl'na 

Por-g-se-lC'ne 

Por-plifr'i-011 

Pgr-pliyr'j-us 

Por'phy-ry 

Pbr-pliy-ro-^en'i-tus 

Por-pliy-ro^-en-iiG'tus 

Por' 11-111? 

Por-sG'na,  or 
Por'se  119 
Por-sen'ny 
Pgr-tlia'gn 
Por'ti-a  i 
Por'ti-us  1 
Por- 


tum-na'Ij-a 

tu'nus 


Po-sid'e-on 
I’o-si'de? 

Pos-i-dG'»m 
Po-sTd'i  um,  or 
Pos-i-dl'um 
Pg-sTd'j-us' 

Pg-sT'don 
Pos-  -do'ni-9 
Pos-  -da'ni-ulll 
Pos-  -da'ili-us 

pa's  -a  1 

Pgs-sld'i-us 

Pgst-liu'inj-9 

Pgst-hu'mi-us 

Post'lig-mus 

Pos-tu-mj-a'nus 

Pgs-tu'mi-us 

Pos'tu-mug 

Pg-tam'i-dGj 

Pg-ta'inj-us 

Pot'a-m5n 

Pot'g-inus 

Pg-ten'lj-9  1 

Po-tlil'nus 

Pot-i-da:'9 

Po-tl'na 

Pg-ti"tj-us  1 

Po  tl'tus 

PoMU'a-dG? 

Pot'niie 
Prsic'ti  gill  1 
Prac'ti-us  1 
Prifi'ci-a  1 
Prai-nes'te 
Pram-es  ti'm  4 
Prae'sgs 
Pros'll  4 
Prat  ex-ta'tus  4 
Pra'tgr 
Pra-t8'ri-us 
X’ra  tu'ti  um  1 
Pralll'ili  um,  or 

Pram  111'um  Vl'nuin 
Pra'^i-a  1 
Pra'ifi-ae  1 
Pra'ifi-i  1 
Pras'j-nus 
Prat'j-nas 
Prax-Kg'o-ras 
Prax't-as  1 
Prax-i-bu'lus 
Pr:ix-:llY  mas 

Prgx-id'j  ce  . 

Prax'i-la 

Prax-Tpli'a-ne? 

Prax-it'e-Ie, 

Prax-itli'e-9 

Pre'li-Ss 

Preu'Se-ng? 

Prex-Ss'pe? 

Prl-am'i-def 
PrT-9  mc'is 
Prl'9-mus 
PrI-a  pe'1-9  3 
Pri-a'pus 
Pri-e'ne 
PrTm  j pl'lus 
Pri'g  la 


1722  PRONUNCIATION  OF  GREEK  AND  LATIN  PROPER  NAMES. 


PrI-on'o-tus 

Ptol-e-mce'um  5 

Q,ul-c'tus 

Rhi-phcD'I 

Slb'y-thcE 

S2lm'a-t«'R 

Sa-trop'y-ces 

Prls-ci-a'nus  1 

Ptol-e-maj'us  5 

Quiiic-ti-a'nus  1 

Rhl'pheus  6 

JSab-ri-tl'nus 

S9in-bu'l9S 

Sat'u-ry 

Prls'cian 

Ptdl'e-my 

Q,ujnc-til'j-a 

Rli9-bG'ri 

Sa-ba'zj-us  1 

Sa'me,  or  Sa'ni9S 

Sat-u-re'j-um  3 

Pr5-sc-rG'§i-its  1 

Ptol-e-ma'js  5 

Ciulnc'tj-us  1 

Rhod'y-lus 

Sab'ba-thy 

Sy-me'nl 

Sa-tu're-urn 

Pro-bj-a'nus 

Ptbl-e-nw-cra'tj-fi  1 

Q.uln-de-clm'vi-rl 

Rhod'y-nus 

Sa-bel'li-Qs 

Sa'inj-y 

Sat-u-rG'i-us  3 

Pro-bl'nus 

Ptbl'j-chus  5 

C4ujn-qua'tri-a 

Rho'de 

Sa-bid'j-us 

Saiii'i-cum 

Sy-tu'rj-o 

Proch'o-rus 

Pub-ll"cj-?i  1 

Ciuin-qua'trus 

Rlm-dPy,  a nymph. 

Sy-bl'na 

Sa'mj-us 

Sa-tu'rj-us 

Proch'y-ta 

Pub-ll"cj-us  1 

C4uin-quen-na'le§ 

Rlid'dj-?,  town. 

Sab-i-nie'us 

Sam-mon'j-cus 

Sat-ur-na'lj-9 

Pry-cil'j-us 

Pub-lic'9-l^i 

Q,uiii-quen'ni-9 

Rlio'dj-I 

Sy-bl'nl 

Sym-nl'taj 

Sy-tur'nj-a 

Pr9-cle'^ 

Pub-1 1 1 'i -?t 

dujn-quev'i-ri 

Rhod-9-^y'ne 

Sy-bln-j-a'nus 

Syin-nl'te^ 

S^t-ur-nT^'e-ngi 

Pro'cles 

Pi'9-cll'diE 

Pub- 111' j -us 

Q.uln'tj-a  1 

Rliod'y-jjG 

Sa-bl'nus 

Sdm'nltcs 

Sit-ur-nl'nus 

Pub'Ij-us 

duin-tj-a'nus  1 

Rhod'9-phon 

Sy-bl'ra 

Sam'nj-um 

Sa-tUr'ni-us 

Prbc^n-ne'sus 

Pu-dl'ca 

duin-til'j-9 

Rliy-do'pjs 

Sa-bo'cl 

Sain-9-cli9-nI'te§ 

Sat'u-rum 

Pi^-cd'pj-us 

Pu-di-ci"tj-?i  1 

dujn-til-j-a'nus 

R Ike' bus 

Sa-bd'tliy 

Sam'q-fas 

Sat'y-rl 

Pro'cris 

Pul-clie'rj-a 

PGl'li-o 

Quin-til'  i -an 

Rlioe'cus 

Sab'ra-CJE 

Sa-mon'|-cus 

Sat'y-rus 

Pry-crus'te^ 

duin-tl'l’is 

Rlice-tG'um 

Sab'ry-ty 

Sa-nio'ni-um 

Sy-vGr'rj-o 

Proc'u-la 

Pu'nj-cum  Bel'lum 

dujn-til'j-us 

Rhce'teus  (w.)  G 

Sab'ra-tliy 

Sa-nios'y-ty 

Siu-fG'j-a  3 

Proc-u-le'j-a  3 

Pu-pi-e'nus 

duiiPtj-us  1 

Rhce-te'us  (a.) 

Sa-brl'na 

Sam-9-thra'ce 

SaU-fe'i-us  3 

Proc-u-le'i-uS  3 

Pu'pj-us 

duir-j-na'lj-a 

RhcE'tj-on  2 

Sab'u-rgi 

S4m-9-thra'ce§ 

S3ui're-a 

Prbc-u-Il'ny 

Pup'pi-us 

duir-j-na'ljs 

Rhoe'tus 

Sab-u-ra^nus 

Sam-o-thra'cj  9 1 

Sau'ri-as 

Proc'u-lus 

Pu'te-al 

dui-rln'i-us 

Rlmm-bl'te^ 

Sac'a-das 

Sa-inyl'j-y 

SiLii-rbin'y-tai 

Pro'cy-on  1 

Pu-te'9-ll 

dul-rl'nus 

Rho-sa'ce§ 

Sa'caj 

San'a-os 

Sau'rus 

Prod'i-cus 

Py-a-nep'sj-^  1 

dui-rl'te§ 

Rlmx-a'na 

Sac-a-pG'ne 

San-ch9-nl'?-thbn 

Sy-vG'ra 

Prod'ry-inus 

Pyg'e-la 

Rh9X-a'nl 

Sacli-a-ll'tG§ 

San-da'ce,  or 

Sa-vo'na 

Pro'e-drI 

Pyg-mae'l 

Rhun'dy-cus 

Sy-cra'nl 

San-daii'ce 

Siix'y-ne^ 

Pra?t'j-dG|  4 

Pyg-ma'lj-bn 

E. 

Rhu-tG'nl 

Sa-crat'j-vjr 

San-da-lj-6'tjs 

Saz'i-che§ 

Proe'tus 

Pyl'a-de§ 

Rhu-tliG'nl 

Sy-cra't9r 

San-da'li-um 

S^ai'a  (se'a) 

Pry-la'us 

Py'lae 

Rliyn'dri-cus 

Sac'ry-ne 

San'da-nls 

S^ze'va  (se'va) 

Prom'a-clius 

Py-la?m'e-ne§  4 

Ra-bir'j-us 

Rhy'p® 

S5d'a-le§ 

San'da-nus 

B^ae-vl'nus 

Pry-matii'j-das 

Py-lag'9-rai 

Ra-cll'i-a 

Rliy^tj-us  1 

Sad'o-cus 

►Sandlin 

Scaev'o-la  4 # 
Scal'a-bis 

Pro-ina'tlij-bn 

Py-lag'o-ras 

Ra-cll'i-us 

Rlc'i-iner 

Sas'fG§ 

San-do'cG§ 

Prbm'e-don 

P)-la'9ii 

Ra-co'te§,  or  -tis 

Ri'£* 

Sa-dy-a'te^ 

San'gy-la 

Scal'pj-um 

Prbm-e-ne'a 

Py-lar'ge 

R$-sa'ce^ 

Ri^-e-bG'lus 

Saj^-j-rne'rus  4 

San-ga'rj-o 

Sea  man'drj-us 
Scan-da'rj-y. 

Pry-me'tlie-l 

Py-lar'te§ 

Rai'tj-a  1 

Rl-goiiPfi-gus 

Sai'nj-us 

San-ga'ri-us 

Pro-me'theus  (n.)  6 

rj-lc'ne 

Rfi-nil'sef 

Rin-gj-bG'rl 

SiE-pI'num 

San'gy-rls 

Scan-de'a 

Prom-e-thG'us  (a.) 

Py  l'e-us 

Ram'inj-us 

Rl-pluu'l 

fcsait'a  bG§  4 

Syn-guin'j-u? 

Scan-dj-na'vj-y 

Prbm-e-thI'dG§ 

Py  l'le-bn 

Ram'ne§ 

Rl'pheus  6 

Saet'y-bis  4 

San'ni-5 

Scan-tln'i-us 

Pry-me'thjs 

Py-lo'rus 

Ramp-sin'j-tus 

Rix'a-mai 

Sag-a-las'sus 

San-nyr'i-on 

Scap-ten'su-ly 

Pro-me'thiis 

Pym'a-tus 

Ras-cip'q-lls 

Rix-am'9-rae 

Sag'a-na 

San't9-n£e 

Scap-tes'yr-lG 

Prbni'9-lus 

Py-rajch'nie§  4 

Ra-tu'me-na 

R9-bI'go 

Sag-a-ri'nus 

Saii't9-ne§,  or  -nl 

Scap'tj-a  1 

Prom'9-119 

Py-ram'j-de^ 

Rau'ra-cl,  A.  F.  Fr.  K. 

Ry-bl'gus 

Sag'a-rls 

San'tp-nus 

Scap'ti-us  1 

Pra-mo'tus 

Py  r'a-mus 

M.  Py. 

Rod-e-rl'cus 

Sag-9-ris'tj-o 

Sa-o'ce 

Scap'u-la 

Prom'u-lus 

Pyr'a-sus 

Rau-ra/cl,  C.  L.  TV. 

Rud'cr-ic 

Sag-a-ri'tis 

fcjy-bc'q-ras 

Scar'd|-i 

Pr9-n«E'a 

Py-re'j-cus 

Rau-rl'cl 

R9-nia'nl 

Sa'ge^ 

Sa-5'te§ 

Scar-do'na 

Pr9-nap,j-de§ 

Pyr-e-iUB'l 

Rav-en-na'te^ 

R9-ma'nus 

Sa^-it-ta'rj-us 

Sa-ptn'l,  or  Sa-phiE'l 

Scir'phe  ’ 

Pron'9-e 

Py-rG'ne 

Rav'i-dus 

R9-ine'chj-um 

Sa-^it'tj-^er 

Saph'a-rus 

Scar-iihe'a,  or  -plil'a 

Prbn'9-mus 

Py-rG'neus  6 

Rav'9-l?i 

Ry-mll'i-us 

Sa£-jt-tlp79-ten§ 

Sa'plib  ( sa'fC ) 

Scau'rus 

Pron'9-us,  or  Prd'nus 

Pyr'e-tus,  river. 

Re-a'te 

Rom'u-la 

Sag-un-tl'nus 

Sap-i-rG'ne 

S^ed'a-sus 

Pron'u-ba 

Py'-re'tus,  man. 

Reb'j-lus 

R9-inu'li-d® 

Sa-I'tai 

Sa-pl're§ 

S^el'e-drus 

Pro-per'ti-us  1 

Pyr'gl 

Re-dlc'u-lus 

Roin'u-lus 

Sy-I'tis 

Sa-po're§ 

Scel-e-ra'tus 

Pr9-pcet'i-de§  4 

Py  r'|j-on 

Red'9-neS 

Re^-j-fu^i-um 

Ros'ciij-nus 

Sa-la'cj-9  1 

Sap'pho  (saffo) 

S^e-nl'tae 

Prop-y-he'a 

Pyr-g9-pol-i-nI'ce§ 

Ros'ci-us  1 

Sal'fi-con 

Sap'tj-nG,  JV. 

S^e-par'ni-b 

S^e'plirus 

Prqs-clys'ti-us 

Pyr-got'e-lG^ 

Rc-|ll'la; 

Ro'§i-us  1 

Sal-a-*I'sy 

Sar-a-ce'ne 

Pros-e-le'nl 

Pyr-i-phie^'e-thon 

Re-^il-lj-a'nus 

Re-gl'n^ 

Ros-u-la'nus  (a.) 

Sal-a-inl'na 

Sar-a-cG'nf 

ScliG'dj-a 

Pro-ser'pi-na 

Py-rlp'pe 

R9-tom'a-gus 

Sal-y-niin'i-y 

Sa-rac'9-n 

S^he'di-iis 

Pros' er-pine 

Py-rom'a-chus 

Re-*l'nuin 

R9X-a'na 

Sal'a-nns 

Sar-a-mG'ne 

SchG'rj-a 

Pr9-s6'pis 

Py-r5'de§* 

Re-gl'nus 

Rox-9-la'nI 

Sa-la'nus 

Sa-ran'ge§ 

SchcB-ne'is 

Pros-9-pl'tis 

Pyr'9-els 

Reg'u-lus 

Ru-bePlj-us 

Sa-la'pj-a,  or  Sa-la'pj-ae 

Sar-an-tG'nus 

SshcE'neus  6 
ScliCD'nys 

Pro-ta'di-us 

Pyr'9-is 

Rem'u-lus 

Ru'bj-con 

Sal'y-ra 

S^r-a-pa'nl 

Pr9-tag'9-ras 

Py-ro'nj-51 

Re-mu'ri-^i 

Ru-bi-G'nus  Lap'py 

Sa-la'rj-a 

Sar'a-pus 

Splice 'nus 

Pr6t-fi-gor'i-de§ 

Pyr-rhe'ne§ 

Rep-en-tl'nus 

Ru-bl'g5 

Sa-lar'i-ca 

Sar'a-sa 

S^I-ap'o-def 

Pro'te-as 

Pyr'rhj-? 

Re-po-§i-a'nus  1 

Ru'bra  Sax'y 

Sa-lau'rjs 

Sa-rbs'py-dei 

S^I'a-this 

Prd'te-I  C9-lum'iue 

Py  r'rhj-as 

Res'tj-o 

Ru'bnu 

Sll'du-ba 

Sa-ra'vus 

S^I'a-tlibs 

Pty-tG'nor 

Pyr'rlij-^ha 

Res-tj-tu'tus 

Ru-bre'nus 

Sa-lG-j-a'nus  3 

Sar-dan-a-pa'lus 

S9l'dr9S 

Prp-tes-j-la'us 

Pyr'rhj-clius 

Re-tPna 

Ru'brj-us 

Sa-lG'j-us  3 

Sar-de'ne 

S^I-o'ne 

Pro'teiis  6 

1‘y  r'rlij-tlte 

Rh^b-du^lii 

Ru'di-® 

Sa-le'nl 

Sur'de? 

S^i-jU'a-dce 

Proth-9-e'n9r 

Pys'te 

Rha-ce'lus 

Ru'faa 

Sal-en-tl'nl 

Sar'dj-ca 

S^i-pl'-i-de? 

Prbth'9-us 

Py-thajn'e-tus  4 

Rha'cj-ci  1 

Ruf-fx'nus 

Sal-ga'ne-a  . 

Sar-dln'j-fi 

S^ip'j-o 

Pr9-to|-e-ne,a 

Pr9-t5g'e-ne^ 

Pro-tog-e-nT'a 

Py-thag'9-ras 

Rha/cj-us  1 

Ru-fi'ny 

Sal'ga-neus  6 

S'iir'd9-ne§ 

S^I-ra'di-uin 

Py-thag-o-re'i 

Rlia-c5'te§,  or  -tis 

Ru-fln-i-a'nus 

Sa-li-a'ris 

Sar-dbn'j-cus 

S$i-rl'tae 

Py-tharr-Q-re'qn$ 

Rhad-a-inan'thus 

Ru-fl'nus 

Sal'i-ce?,  Ad 

Snr-db'nyx 

S^i-rl'tjs 

Pr9-toin-e-dT,9 

Py-than'ge-lu’s 

Rliad-a-mls'tus 

Ru'fi-us 

Sa-lj-e'nus 

Sar-dbp'y-trls 

Scl-ron'i-des 

Pro-tbm-e-du'sa 

Py  tli-a-ra'tus 

Rliad'i-ne 

Ru'fr;E 

Sa'lj-I 

Sar-db'us 

Sco'drI 

Prot-ry-gG'a 

Py  tli'e-SLs 

Rha'dj-us 

Ru'fti-lus 

Sa-ll'niE 

Sa-rj-as'ter 

Scbl'9-tl 

Prox'e-nus 

Py'thG^ 

Rlues'e-na  4 

Ru'gj-I 

Sal-j-na't9r 

S’4r'nia-tre 

Scy-pe-lj-a'nus 

Prox'j-mus 

Pytll'e-us 

RIke'H,  or  Rai'tl  • 

Ru-inl'na 

Sal-j-sub'su-ll 

Sar-ma'ti-a  1 

Scop'e-los 

Pru-den'tj-us  1 

P)th'j-a 

Rhie'tj-st  1 

Ru-ml'nus,  Fr.  Sch. 

Sa'lj-us 

Sar-inat'j-cus 

Sco'pi-um 

Prum'ni-de§ 

Pytll'j-as 

Rha-^e'a 

Ru'mj-nus,  W. 

Sal-lus'tj-us 

Slr-mi-ze^-e-thu'sy 

Scor-dls'cae 

Pru-sze'us 

Pytli'i-cum 

Rha-ing'Iys 

Run-cl'na 

Sdl'lust 

Sar'ni-us 

Scor'pj-bs,  or  -us 

Pru'sj-as  1 

Pyth'j-on,  or  -um 

Rham-nen'se^ 

Ru-pil'i-us 

Sal'ma-cls 

Sa-rbn'j-cus  Sl'nufl 

Sc9-tl'nus 

Prym-ne'§i  ? 

Pytl)-i-9-nI'ce§ 

Rhain'ne§ 

Rus'cj-no 

Syl-niaii'tj-cy 

Sa-rb'njs 

Scrl-lio'ni-a 

Pryt'a-iie$ 

Pry  t-a-ne'um 

Pytll'j-us 

Rliam'plii-as 

Rus'cj-us  1 

Sal-m5'na 

Sar-pG'dyn 

Scri-bb-ni-a'nus 

Py-thocli'a-rls 

Rhym-nu'^j-a 

Rus-co'nj-y 

Sal-mo'ne 

Syr-ra'nus 

Scri-bb'nj-us 

Pryt'^-nls 

Pyth'9-cle^ 

Py  tli-9-cll'dt§ 

Rhyinp-sin'i-tus,  A.  M. 

Ru-sel'lie 

feyl-mo'neus  6 

Sar'ry-pls 

S^yl'.y-cG 

Psam'a-the  5 

Rhamp-sj-nl'tus,  TV. 
Rha-phe'a,  or  -pill'y 

Rus'pj-na 

Sal-mo'iiis 

Sar-ras'te§ 

S9)  1-a-ce'i-bn  3 

Ps&m'a-thos  5 

Py-thoc'rj-tus 

Rus'ti-cus 

Sal-9-du'rum 

S'cLr'sj-na 

S^yl-y-ce'uiu 

Scy'lax 

Psam-me-nl'tus  5 

Pyth-p-de'lus 

Rhap-so'dI 

Rha'rj-us 

Ru-te'nl 

Sa-lo'ine 

Sas'9-ne§ 

Psain-met'j-chus  5 

Pytli-9-do'ris 

Ru -tile 'ill 

Sal'o-mon 

Sas-pl're§i,  or  -rl 

S^yl'la 

Psam-nnit'j-ehus  5 

Pyth-o-do'rus 

Rlias-cu'p9-lTs 

Ru'tj-la 

Sy-lo'na,  or  Sa-l5'n$ 

Sys-san'i-dai 

S^y  l-laj'um 

Pse-bd'fi  5 

Pytli-9-la'us 

Rlias-cu'po-ris 

Ru-tTl'i-us 

fc5al-9-ne'y 

Sas'sj-ny 

S^yl'li-as 

Pse-ne'rus  5 

Py-tho'nes  . 

Py  th-9-nI^Ce 

Rlia-t5'us 

Ru'ti-lus 

Sy-lo'nj-fi 

Sas-sj-na'te^ 

Sey-lu'rus 

Pseu-d9-c6'ljs  5 

Rhed'9-ne§ 

Ru'tu-bri 

Sal-9-nl'na 

Sat-a-^y'tie 

S^yp'pi-um 

Pseu'd9-lus  5 

Py-thon'i-cl 

RliG'li-on 

Ru'tu-bis 

Sal-9-nl'nus 

Sat'a-la 

S^y-ri'a-de^ 

Pseu-d9-m9n-tl'9 

Pyth-o-nl'cus 

RhG'li-um 

Ru'tu-li 

Sa-l5'ni-us 

Sat'a-nas 

S^yr'pi-um 

Pseu-dos't9-iii9  5 

Pyth-9-nis's^ 

Rlie-ne'a 

Ru'tu-paj 

Sal-pj-na'tGf 

Sa-ta'ne§,  pi. 

Scy  t'a-le 

Pslt'ta-ce  5 

Pyt't^i-lus 

Rhe^-ml'tlirG^ 

Ru-tu-pl'nus 

Sal'pj-on 

Sa-tar'cluT 

S^y'tlKe 

Pslt'tgt-cus  5 

Psyche  5 

Psy-cli9-man-te'um  5 
Psyt-ta-le'a,  or  -il'a  5 

Q. 

Rhe-te,n9r 

Rliet'j-co 

Rhe-t6g'e-ne§ 

Rheu'nus 

s. 

Sal'su-lfB 

Sal-tu-a're^ 

Sa-lus'tj-us 

Sal-vj-a'nus 

Sa-tas'pG§ 

Sa'tj-a3  1 

Sat-i-brir-zafne9 

S^-tic'u-l^ 

S^y-the'nl 

Scy'thes,  or  Sej 'tliy 

S^yth'j-a 

S^yth-j-a'nus 

Pte'le-on  5 

Pte'le-os  5 

Q.ua-draAtgi 

Rhex-G'n9r 

Rhex-ib'i-us 

Sab'y-dius 

Sal'vi-an 

Sal-vld-j-e'nus 

Sy-tTc'u-lus 

Sa'try 

S^y-thl'nus 

Pte'le-um  5 

Q,ua-dra'tus 

Rhl-a'nus 

Sbb'y-con 

Sal'vj-us 

Sa-tra'i-dce 

Scy-thbp'9-lls 

Pter'e-la  5 

duad'H-frong,  or 

Rliid'y-gS 

Sa'bie 

Sa'ly-eg,  or  Sa'ly-I 

Sat-ra-pe'nl 

Seb-ys-te'a 

Pter'e-las  5 

Q,uad'ri-ceps 

Rbi-niot'a-cle^ 

Sa-bre'^ 

Sfi-lyn'tli|-us 

Sat'ra-pG§ 

SGb-as-tG'nl 

Pter-e-la'us  5 

Q,Ufes-to're§ 

Rhj-noc-9-lu'ra 

Sy-btE'I 

Sam-a-ri'a 

Sat'ri-cus 

Se-bks'tj-a,  or 

Pte'rj-*  5 

dua'ri-us 

Rhi-noc-o-ru'ry 

Sa-ba'rj-^ 

Sq-md'ri-a 

SGt'ri-cum,  A.  F.  Fr. 

Seb-ys-tT'y 

Pte'rj-on  5 

Q,uar-tl'nus 

Rhin-9t-irie'tus 

Sy-ba'ty 

Sam-y-rl'ty 

K.  M.  S. 

Seb-as-tbp'9-llfl 

Pt9-£hl'um  5 

Q,uer-quet-u-la'nte 

Rhl'peCis  6 

Sy-ba'tliy 

Sam-y-ry-brl'vy 

Sy-trl'cum,  C.  L.  IV. 

Seb'e-dy 

PRONUNCIATION  OF  GREEK  AND  LATIN  PROPER  NAMES.  1723 


Seb-en-ny'tus 

Se-be'this 

Sc-be'tos 

Se-be'tus 

Se-bl'nus 

Se-bo'sus 

Se-bu-?j-a'nl  1 

Sec'e-la 

Sec-ta'nus 

Sec-un  dll 'la 

Sec-un-dl'nus 

Se-da'lus 

Sed-en  ta'nl 

Se  dlg'i-tus 

SGd  ! ta'nl 

Se-du'h-us 

Se-du'nl 

Se-du'sj-I  1 

Se-ges'tG^ 

Se-gG'ti-a 
Seg-i-me'rus 
Seg  o brl'ga 
Seg  9 du'iium 
Seg'9-nax 
Se-gon'h-a  1 
Seg  on-tl'a-cl 
Se-go'vi  a 
Se-gun'tj-fi  1 
Se-gun'tj-um  1 
Se-gu-^i-a'nl 
Se-gu'§j-5  1 
Sel-sach-thl'a 
Se'j-us,  or  Se'jus 
Se-ja'nus,  2E'lj-us 
Se-la'§j-a  1 
Sel-dd'mus 
Se  le'ne 
SGI-eu-ce'na 
Sel-eu-cl'a 
Se-leu'ci-a  1 
Se-leu'ci-diD 
Se-ieu'cis 
Se-Ieu-co-be'liiS 
Se-leu'cus 
SGl'ge 

Se-ll"cj-us  1 
Se-ll'nun$,  or 
Se-ll'nus 
S3'l'.-us 
Sel-ia'^j-?  1 
Sel-lG'is 
Se-Iym'brj-9 
Sem-brl't® 

Sein'e-la 

Sein'e-le 

Se-mld'e-l 

Sem-j-ger-nia'ni 

Sein-j-gun'tus 

Se  mlr'a-mls 

Sem'no-ne^ 

Sem-no'the-l 

Se-m5'ne$ 

Sem-pro'nj-a 

Sem-pro'ni-us 

Se-mu'rj-um 

Se-na'tus 

Seii'e-C7i 

Se-ne'cj-5  1 

Se'ni-fi 

Sen'9-nef,  and 
Se-na'nG$ 
Sen-tl'num 
Sen'tj-us  1 
Se'pj-is 
Se'pj-us 
Se-pla/sj-a  1 
Sep-pho'rjs  ( sef-fd'ris ) 
Sep-tem'pe-d?i 
Sep-tem'trj-d 
Sep-te'ri-on 
Sep-ti-cj-a/nus  1 
Sep-ti"c)-us  1 
Sep-tlm'i-a 
Scp-tlm-i-a'nus 
Sop-tlm'j-us 
Sep-tj-mu-le'i-us  3 
Sep'y-ra 
Seq'ua-na 
Seq'ua-nl 
Se  quan'i-cus 
Se-qum'j-us 
Se-ra'pe^ 

Ser  a-pe'um 
Se-ra'pj-o 
Se-ra'pi-on 
Se-ra'pjs  * 

Scr-bd'nis 

Ser'd?  ca 

Se-rG'na 

Se-re-nj-a'nus 

Se-re'nus 

Se're? 

Ser'di  a 
Ser-&I'9  lus 
Ser'&j-us 
SSr'j-c^ 


SSr'i-cus 

Se-rl'phus 

Ser'my-la 

Ser-ra'nus 

Ser-re'um 

Ser-td'rj-us 

Ser-v®'us 

Ser-vi-a'nus 

Ser-vlI'j-a’ 

Ser  vll-j-a'nus 

Ser-vll'j-us 

Ser'vj-us 

Ses  a-me'nl 

Ses'ft-mum 

Ses'a-ra 

Ses- a re 'thus 

Ses-o-5'sis 

Ses'tj  as 

Ses-tl'num 

Ses'ti-us 

Se-su'vj-I 

Set'a-bis 

Se'tj-a  1 

Se'tj-us  1 

Seti'the§ 

Se-ve'ra 

Se-ve-ri-a'nus 

Sev-e-rl'ngi 

Se-vG'rus 

Sex'tj-fi 

Sex-tll'i-a 

Sex-til- i-a'nus 

Sex-tl'lis 

Sex-til'j-us 

Sex'tj-us 

Si-bl'nl 

Sib'9-te? 

Si-bu'ri-us 

Si-byl'l* 

Sib-yl-ll'nus 
Sj-byn'tj-us  1 
Sj-byr'ti-us  1 
Sl-cam'bri-9 
Sl-ca'nl 
Sl-ca'nj-a 
Sl-Ca'nus 
Si-cel'j-de§ 

Sl^'e-lls 

Sj-ce'mus 

Si-ce'nus 

Sl-chte'us 

Sj-cll'i-a 

Si-cln'i-us 

Slc'i-nus 

Sic'9-rTs 

Sic'9-rus 

Slc'u-li 

Slc'u-lum  Fre'tum 

SIc'u-lus 

Sl"cy-on  1 

Si-cy-d'nj-fi  1 

Sid-fi-ce'ne 

Sl'de 

Sl-dG'le 

Sl-dG'ne 

Sl-de'nus 

Sl-dG'rd 

Sl-dG'rus 

Sl-dG'te§ 

Sld-j-cl'nl 

Sid'9  ills,  or  Sl-dS'njs 
Sl-do'nj-us 
Sld'y-ma 
Sl-£®'um,  or 
Sl-^e'um 
Sl-ga'lj-on 
Sl'ge 
Sl-gG'9n 
Sl-£G'n-us 
Sig'ni-a 
Sjg-nl'nus 
Slg-9-ves'sus 
Si-^y'nl 
Si-*yn'n® 

Sl-la'l 

Si-la'na 

Sl-la'nj  on 

Sl-la'nus 

Sll'a-rls 

Sll'a-rus 

Sl-le'nl 

Sl-le'ni-um 

Sl-len-ti-a'rj-us  1 

Sl-le'nus 

Sil  l-cen'se 

S|-li"ci-us  1 

Sll'i-us  I-tal'j-cus 

Sil'phj-um 

Si  1' pi  a 

SU'u-re^ 

Sil-va'nus 

Sll'vi-^ 

Sil-vl'nus 

Sll'vi-us 

Sl-ma'li-o 

Sj-mln'^e-lus 


Sjm-brTv'j-us 

Sim-bru'vj-uin 

Sjm-bru'vj-us 

Sl-me'na 

Sl-me'thjs 

Sl-me'thus 

Sim'i-fi 

Siin'j-l® 

Slm'i-lls 

Sini'inj-as 

Sim'9-els 

Sini'9-is 

Siin-9-i'^l-us  1 

Sl-mon'i-de^ 

Sjm-pll"c!-us  1 

Sim'u-lus 

Slm'y-lus 

Slm'y-ra 

Sln-a-I'ta 

Sl-ne'ra 

Sin-*®'I 

Sln'ga-ra 

Sin-^i-du'mim 

Sln'gu-lTs 

SIn-gu-l5'nG§ 

Sln'na-ce§ 

Sln'na-cha 

Sin'9-e* 

Sl-no'pe 
Sl-iiG' peus  6 
Sln'9-rlx 
Sln'tj-ce 
Sin'tj-i  1 
Sln-u-es'sa 
Sin-u-es-sa'nus 
Sl-5'pe 
Slp'y-ium 
Slp'y-lus 
Sjr-bo'nis 
Sl-red'9-ne§ 
Sl-re'nef 
Si'rcjif 
Slr-e-nu's® 
Sir'i-us 
Sir'mj-5 
Sir'inj-um 
Sl-ro'mus 
SIr-9-p.e'9-ne? 
SIr'9-pum 
Sl-sam'nG§ 
Sls'^-phd 
STs'a-pon 
Sis-a-po'ne 
Sls'a-ra 
Sisrcj-a  1 
Sls-i-gam'b|s,  or 
Sls-y-gam'bis 
SIs'j-ne§ 
Sls-o-cos'tus 
Sj-su'rus 
S|-syph'j-dG| 
Sls'y-phus 
Sl-tal'ce^ 

Sl-thG'nl 

Slth'nj-def 

Sltli'9-ne? 

Sl-tho'ii!-? 

Sith'9-nTs 

Si"ti-us  1 

Sl-tdm'^-gus 

Slt'9-nG§ 

Slt'ta-ce 

Slt-t^-cG'ne 

Slt-tc-be'rjs 

Slz'y-*G§ 

Siner-dom'e-ne^ 

Sinin-dyr'j-(le§ 

Smln'theus  6 

So-jp'mi-as 

S9-a'iifi 

S9-a,ne§ 

Soc'ra-te? 

S9-cra'ti-on  2 

Sod '9  -ma 

S9-e'in|S 

Sog-di-a'na 

Sog-dj-a'nus 

S9-la,nus 

SoFe-nus 

S9-lI'nus 

S9l-le,um 

So'lte,  or  SS'll 

Sol'9-els 

Sol'9-ls 

S9  lo'ni-uin 

Sol-y  ie'a,  or  -£l'a 

Sol'y-ma 

Sbl'y-m® 

Sol'y-ml 
Sol'y-mus 
Son'chis 
Son-ti-a'te§  1 
Son'ti-us  1 
Sop'a-tcr 
S9-pli®n,e-tus  4 
S9-phag-a-se'nus 


Soph'a-nG§ 

S9-phe'ne 

So'phj-a 

So-phi-a'nus 

Soph'j-lus 

Soph'9-cle? 

Soph-9-clI-dis^ca 

S9-ph5'ni-Ss 

Soph^-nls'b^ 

So'phrgn 

Soph'r9-n?i 

S9-phr5'ni-a 

S9-phron'i-cus 

Soph-r9-nls'cus 

S9-pliro'n|-us 

S9-pliros'y-ne 

S9-pI'the^ 

Sop'9-lls 

S9-i'fic,te 

S9-rac'tG§ 

S9-ra'nus 

Sor-bj-9-du'num 

Sor'dj-ce 

S9-rI,,ti-a  1 

S5'sj-a  Gal'Ia  1 

Sa-sj-a'nus  1 

S5's|-&s 

S9-sib-|-a,n»s 

S9-slb'i-us 

Sos'j-cle^ 

S9-slc'ra-tG§ 

So-sIg'e-nGs 

So'§i-I  1 

Sos'i-lus 

S9-sI'nus 

S9-slp'ri-ter 

S9-sIph'a-nG§ 

S9-slp,9-lis 

S9-sIs'tra-tus 

S9-slth'e-us 

So'?j-us  1 

Sos'pi-ta 

Sos'the-ne§ 

Sos'tra-ta 

Sos'tra-tus 

Sosx'e-tra 

Sot'a-de§ 

S9-tG'rG§ 

S9-te'ri-a 
S9-tGr'j-chus 
S9-ter'i-cus 
S9-ter'j-das 
So-ti-a'te§  1 
So'ti-on  2 
S9-tI'ra 
So'ti-us  1 
Sox'9-t® 
S9-zom'e-nus 
SbzrQ-m£ii 
S9-zop'9-lls 
Spal'e-tlira 
Spa'ni-us 
Spiir-ga-pl'tlie? 
Sp<ir't?-cus 
Spar't®,  or  Spar'tl 
Spar-ta'nl,  or 
Spilr-tj-a't®  1 
Spar  ta'rj-us 
Spar-ta'nifs 
Spir-tj-a'nus  1 
Spar  ti-a'te§  1 
Spar't9-cus 
Spar-to'lus 
Spat'a-le 
Spe'clij-a 
Spen'di-us 
Spen-doph'9-ras 
Spe-ra'tus 
Sper  chG'js 
Sper-glie'9S 
Sper  -r.lii'gt 
Sper-clil^s 
Sper  ^lii-on'j-def 
Sper  ehl'us 
Sper-fna-topli'a-^I 
Spe? 

Speu-slp'|)us 

Spliac-te'ri-a 

Splie-ce'a 

Spho'dn-as 

Sphra-^id'i-uin 

Sphra-glt'i-se| 

Spln'tba-riis 

Spl-rld  j-011 

SpI-tSLin'e-ne§ 

Spl-tliob'a-te^ 

SpIth-rj-da'tGf 

Sp9-le'ti  um  1 

Sp9-lG'tum 

Sp5r'a-de§ 

Spu-rl'na 

Spu-rl'nus 

Spu'ri-us 

Sta-be'rj-us 

Sta'bj  ® 

Stab'u-lum 


Sta-^T'ra,  or  -rus 

Sta  i-G'nus  3 

Sta'j-us  3 

Stam'e-ne 

Staph'y-la 

St^-phyl'j-us 

Staph'y-lus 

Stfi-sa'nbr 

Sta'se-as 

Sta-sic'ra-te§ 

St^-sll'e-  us 

Stas'i-mus 

Stgpsl'nus 

Sta-tG'nus 

Sta-tj-a'nus  I 

Sta-tlI'i-9 

Sta-tll'j-us 

Stat'j-n® 

Sta-tl'nus 

Sta-tl'ra 

Sta'tj-us  1 

Sta-to'rj-us 

Staii-ra'cj-us  1 

Steg'^i-nos 

Stel-la'tes 

StGl'lj-5 

Sten-9-ba};9 

Ste-noc'ra-tG§ 

Sten't9-rls 

Sten-y-cle'rus 

Stej)h'a-na,  or  -ne 

Ste-pha'nj-o 

Steph-a-nis-cld'j-uin 

Ste-plia'ni-um 

Steph'a-nus 

Ster-cu'lj-us 

Ster'9  pe 

Ster'9  -pe§ 

Ster-tln'i-us 

Ste-sag'9-ras 

Ste-se'n9r 

Ste-slch'9-rus 

Stes'i-clG^ 

Stes-i-la'us 

Stes-i-le'a 

Ste-sim'br9-tus 

Sthen-e-bcp'a 

Sthen-e-la'I-das 

Sthen'e-lG 

Sthen-e-le'js 

Stlien'e-lus 

SthG'nj-us 

Sthen-9-boe'a 

Stich'j-us 

Stif'be,  or  StiFbi-9 

Stll'i-gho 

Stlm'j-con 

StTin'u-la 

Stlph'e-Ius 

Stlpll'i-las 

Stj-rl't® 

St9-b®'us 

Stcech'9-de§  4 

Stce^has 

St5'i-cl 

St5rics 

St9-I^'j-d?i 

Std'j-cus 

Stra-te'gus 

Stra'tj-e  1 

Stra'ti-on  2 

Strat-i-ot'j-cus 

Stra-tlp'p9-clG§ 

Stra'tj-us  1 

Strat'9-cle§ 

Strat-9-clI'a 

Strat'9-las 

Strat-9-nl'ce 

Stra-ton-|-cC'a 

Strat-9-nl'cus 

Stra-to'njs  Tur'rjs 

Stra-toph'a-nG§ 

Str9-bl'lus 

Str9-g5'la 

Strom-blch'j-de? 

Stron'gy-lG,  or  -15s 

Str9n-|;yl,!-on 

Stroplra-de^ 

Stro'phi-us 

Stru-Ihl'a 

Stru-thopb'ri-gl 

Stry-mon'i-cus 

Strym'9-nis 

Stu-dFt? 

Stu  dl'tes 
Styg'j-us 
Sty-ll'te§ 
Sty-lob'a-tes 
Styni-pha'la 
Stym-plia'lj-9,  or 
Stym-plia'ijs 
Stym-pha'lus 
Sua'da 
Sua-dG'la 
Su  a^'e-l^ 

Su-a'n^ 


Su-ar-d5'nG§ 
Su-ba'tri-I 
Sub-al-pl'nus 
Sub'la-cuin 
Sub-ll"ci-us  1 
Sub-ma'nus 
Sub-n^n-to'rj-um 
Su'b9-t9 
Su-bu'ra 
Su'crd 
Su'cu-ro 
Su-dG'tl 
Su-e'bl 
Su-e'bus 
Sues'sa 
Sues-sil'nus 
Sues-se-ta'nl 
Sues-si'9 
Sues-so'nG^ 
Sue'tGs 
Sue-to'nj-us 
Sue'vl 
Sue'vj-us 
Sue'vus 
Su-fC'nas 
Su-fet'u-la 
Suf-fG'nus 
Suf-fG'te? 
Suf-fG'tj-us  1,  or 
Su-fe'tj-us  1 
Sug'dj-as 
Su'j-das 
Sujl-la'res 
Suil'lj-us 
Sul'9-ne§ 

Sul'cjus  1 
Sul'1119-na 
Sul-pi"ci-a  1 
Sul-pl-ci-a'nus  1 
Sul-pi"ci-us  1 
Sul-pF'ti-a  1 
Sul-pl"tj-us  1 
Surn-ma'nus 
Sum-nufi'ni-uin 
Su'uj-as 
Su'ni-cT 
Su'nj-de^ 

Su'ni-on 

Su'nj-um 

Su-od'a-na 

Su-5-ve-tiu-riFj-a 

SQ'pe-rum  Ma're 

Sur-dl'nus 

Su-re'n? 

Su-re'nas 

Su'rj-^ 

Su'rj-um 
Su'sa-na 
Su-sa'r|-on 
Su-§i-a'na  1 
Su'trj-um 
Sy'^-ger 
Sy-a'grj-us 
Sy-a'grus,  or 
Sy'a-grus 
Syb'9-rls 
Syb-a-rl'ta 
Syb'a-rtte 
Syb-a-rl'tjs 
Syb'e-rus 
Syb'9-t9 
Syb'9-tas 
Sy-cam'j-na 
Sy-ch®'us 
Syc-9-la-tron'j-d® 
Sy'e-dra 
Sy-e'ne 
Sy-e-nG'sj-us  1 
Sy-e-nl'te§ 
Sy-en'ne-sls 
Syg'a-ros 
Syl'e  a 
Sy-le'um 
Sy'leus  6 
Sy-ll'o-nG^ 
Syl'9-e$ 

Syl'9  son 

Syl-va'nus 

SyFvj-a 

Syl'v|-us 

Sy'ma,  or  Sy'me 

Sym'b9-la 

Syin'l)9-ll 

Sym'b9-lum 

Sy-mse'thjs 

Sy-ni®'(hus 

Sym'e-on 

Syrn'ina-glluf 

Syin-plmTo'sa 

Sym-pleg'a-dG^ 

Sym-plG'gas 

Sym-p5'§j-us  1 

Syiiye-drl 

Syn-e-plie'bl 

Sy-ne'§j-us  1 

Syn'^e-lus 


Syn'ha-lus 
Syn'na-dai 
S>  n'n9-oa 
Syn'o-dus 
Sy-no'pe 
S)  n'ti-p5s 
Syn'ty-^he 
Sy-plue'um 
S>r'pi-cGs 
Syr-pi-co'^i-a  1 
S^r-?- eft's® 
Syr'q-cvsc 
Syr'? -9 
Syr-i  a'nus 
Syr'ma-taj 
Syr  ne'tlio 
Syr-9-cIl'?-ce§ 

S)  r 9 ine'd?  a 
Syr-9  pliGR'njx 
Sjr-o-pluB-nl'ce^ 
Syr'tG^ 

Syr'tj-cus 

Sys-j-gani'bjs 

Sy-siin'e-thrG§ 

Sys'j-nas 


T. 

Ta-aii'tG§ 

Tab'a-lus 
Ta-ba'nus,  or 
Tab'a-nus 
Ta-be'nl 
Ta-ber'n® 

Tab'ra-ca 

Ta-bu'da 

Tac'a-pG 

Tac-9-ph5'ris 

Tac  fa-rl'nas 

Ta  eliomp'so 

rI,actl'9-rl 

Ta'chos,  or  Ta'chus 
Tae7i  ta 
Tac'i-tus 
Ta-co'la 
Ta'dj-us 
T®'dj-a 
T®-dif'e  ra 
T®n'a-ra  4 
Teen'a-ros  4 
T®n'a-rum  4 
T®n'a-rus  4 
T®'nj-as 
Ta  G'pa 
Ta'ge?' 

Ta-go'ni-us 

Tal-a-I-on'j-dGs 

Tal-a-on'j-dG^ 

Ta-la'§j-us  1 

Tal'a-us 

Ta-lau'r? 

Tal'e-tum 
Ta-ll'de§ 
Tal-thyb'i-us 
Ta-ll"§j-us  1 
Tam 'a -re 
Tam'a-rus 
Tam'9-sus 
Tam-a-sfe'us 
Tam 'e-sls 
Tam'plii-lus 
Tam'pj-us 
Tam'y-n® 
Tam'y-ras 
Tam'y-rls 
Tan'9-ger 
Tan'^-gr?,  or 
T^-na'gr? 
Tan'a-grits 
Tan'a-Is 
Tin'a-qull 
Ta-nG'tum 
Tan-ta'ie-us 
T^n-tal'i-dG^ 
Taii't^-lus 
Ta-nu'sj-us  1 
Ta^-ce 
Ta-5'cl 
Ta'9-ghl 
Ta'plij-® 
Ta-phi-as'sus 
Ta'phj-I 
Ta'phj-us 
Ta'phr9S 
Tap'9-rl 
Tap-9-sl'rjs 
Tap'pu-lus 
Ta-prob'ft-ne 
Taji'y-rl 
Tar'ft-nTs 
Ta-ra'§|-us  1 
Tar-a-tal'l^ 
Tar-ax-Ip'pus 
T^r-bel'lj-cus 


* Sera'pis.  — The  penultimate  syllable  is  made  short  by  Latin  poets  of  the  brazen  or  iron  age,  as  Martianus  Capella  and  Prudentius.  So  by  Milton,  Par.  Losi%  l.  720. 


1724 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  GREEK  AND  LATIN  PROPER  NAMES. 


Tar  che'tj-us  1 
Tilr'cllj-J 

Tir-eliun  dim'o-tus 
Tar-eu  tl'nus 
Tar-gib'j  lus 
Tar-i-£hE'fi 
Ty-rlch'e-te 
Ta'ri-us  ' 

Tar'n* 

Tjr-pS'j-?  3 
Tyr-pS'j-us  3 
T?r-quin'j-9 
Tar-quin'il 
T?r-qu5n'j-us 

KlUti-usl 

Tar'qili-tiis 

Tar-ra-cl'na 

Tar'ra-co 

Tar-rii'ti-us  1 

Tar'st-us  1 

Tartarus 

Tar-tS'sus 

Ta-run'ti-us  1 

Tar-u-sa'tE^ 

Tas-geti-us  1 

Tas'si-to 

Ta-tia'nus  1 

Td'tian 

Ta-t|-en'sSs  1 

Ta'ti-i  1 

Ta'tpus  1 

Tlu-clll'ra 

Tau  faii'ti  l 1 

Tau'las 

Tau'tlus 

Tau-rai'ni-fi 

Tau-ra'nus 

Tau-rau'tef 

Tau're-j 

Tlu'rl 

Tau-rl'a 

Tiu'ri-c? 

Tiu-rl'nl 

TSiu-ri'num 

Tau-il'nus 

Tin'  ri -on 

Tau-ri-o'ne 

Tau-rls'cl 

Tau'rj-um 

Taii'ri-us 

Taii-rdb'o-lus 

Tau-ro-ceph'^-lu3 

Tau'ro -Is 

Taii-rom'e-noa 

Tau-ro-in,n'i-um 

Tau  ro'pos 

Tau-ro-po-ll'ii 

Taii-rop'o-lls 

Tail  rop'o-lus 

Tau  ra'bu-I®  • 

Tail 'rus 
Tix'i-L 
Tax'i-li 
Tix'j-lus,  or 
Tax'i-lS? 
Tax-i-mag'ulus 
Tayg'e-tE 

1 Ta  jl'Ma  "r 

Te-a'nuin 

TS'gt-ras 

Te-a'te 

Te'che$ 

Tedl'na-tTs 
Tec'ty-inus 
Tec-tos'a  ges,  or 
Tec-t6s'9-gas 
Tec  tos'j-gi 
Tec'to-six 
Tfi'ge-a,  or  Te-gaj'si 
Te-Je-a'tes 
Te*-es-traj'I 
Teg'u-lti 
Teg'y-rj 
Te'i-j  3 
TG'i-os  3 
Te'i-uin  3 
TE'j-us  3 
Tel'a-mon 
Tfil-ii-ino-nl'ri-de? 
Tel'chin 
Tel-clU'ne? 
Tel-chln'j? 
Tel-ehin'i-us 
Te-ll'a,  or  -ll'j 
Tei'e-ba 
Te-leb'o-te,  or 
Te-leb'o-eiJ 
Te  leb'o-as 
Tfil-e-bo'i-dEs 
Tel'e-clEs 
Tel'e-cliSs 
TSl-e-cU'des 
Te-lSc'o-on 
Tel-e-da'mug 
Te-lEghy-nus 


TEl-e-nl'ci.is 
Te-Iepb'ane^ 
Tel-e-phas'sa 
Tel'e-phus 
Tel-e-sar'clij  -de$ 
Te-16'5!-a*l 
Te-le':yi-as  1 
Te-les'i-clEs 
Tdl-e-sll'l? 
Te-lEs-i-ni'cus 
TEl-e-si'nus 
Tel-e-sip'pus 
Te-les'phy-rus 
TEI-e-stag'o-ras 
Te-lgs'tS^ 
TEl'e-tE 
Tel'e-thus 
Tel-e-thu'sj 
Te-leu'rj-as 
Te-leu'te 
Te-leu'tj-as  1 
Tgl'i-nej 
Tel-lS'nie 
TEl'lj-as 
Tel'ine-rj 
Telpliu'sa 
Te-ma'llij  a 
Tem'brj-um 
Tem-e-nl'si 
Tem-e-ni'tS$ 
Te-nie'nj-uin 
Tein'e-nos 
Tem'e-nus 
Tem-e-riil'da 
Tem'e-s? 
TSra'e-s® 
Tein'e-se 
Tein'j-sus 
T em -ml  'c£? 
Tern'ne§ 
Tem-pa'nj-us  . 
Tein'pe 
Teni'pe-a 
Tem-py'rj 
Tench'te-ri,  or 
Tench- te'rl 
Te'ne*? 

Te-ne'a: 

Ten'e-dos 

TBn'e-rus 

Tg'nE$ 

TEn'e-sTs 

Te-nE'um 

TEn'nsj 

Ten'ty-r? 

Te-rE'don 

Te-rS’i-dE$ 

Te-ren'ti-a  1 

Te-ren-ti  a 'nus  1 

Ter-en-ti'nus 

Te-ren'tj-us  1 

TSr'ence 

Te'reus  6 

Ter  gem'i-nus 

Ter-ges'te 

Ter-ges  ti’nus 

Ter-gGs'tiini 

Ts'rj-as 

Ter  i ba'zus 

Te-rid'a-E 

Ter-i-da'tes 

Ter'j-gum 

Te-rl'na 

Ter  inan'tj-j  1 

Ter'me  r:i 

Ter'me  rus 

Ter-mE'sus 

Ter-mi-na'lj-a 

Ter  mi-na'ljs 

Ter'mj-nuS 

Ter'nii  sus 

Terp-sich'9-rE 

Terp-sTc'ra-te 

Terp'si-on 

Ter-ry-ci'na 

Ter  ra-sTd'j-us 

Ter'tj-a  1 

Ter'ti-us  1 

Ter-tul-li-a'nus 

Ter-mi'li-an.  ' 

Tes'tj-lu's  ' 

Tes’tj-us 

Tet-rj-co'mum 

Te-tra'di-us 

Tet-rj-go'nis 

Te-trap'p-llg 

SS33. 

Tet'ti-us 

Teu’cer 

Teu-chl'rj 

Teu'crl 

Teu'crj-9 

Teu-mE'sos 

Teu  -mes'sus 

Teu-o'clijs 

Teu'ta* 

Teu-tag'q-nus 

Teu'tj-lus 


Teu-ta'ini-tis,  or 
Teu'ta-mis 
Teu'ta-mus 
Teu'tjs,  or 
Teu-ti'tEs 
Teu  tlira'nj-9 
Teu'tliifis 
Teu-tliro'ne 
Teu-tl'a-plas 
Teu-tom's-tus 
Te  j'to-ne^,  and 
Teu'to-nl 
Teu-ton'j-cus 
Tliac'co-nj 
'I’llal'a-ime 
Tlial'a-mus 
Tba-las'si-o  1 
Tli9-las'sj-us  1 
Tlial-e-lte'us 
Tha'lEs 
Tlia-les'tri-a 
Tli9-]E't.js 
Tbj-li'a 
Tlla-li -ir'chus 
Tha'li-us* 

Tlial'pi-us 
Tham'u-d? 

Tham'y-fas 
Tliam'y-rls 
Thain'y-rus 
Thaii'j-tos 
Tliip'sj-cus 
Thar-*S'lj-3 
Tlmr-gib'u-Ius 
Tha-rl'3-dE? 

Tlla'^i-us  1,  or 
Tlira'^j-us  1 
Tliau'ina-cl 
Thlu-ma'ci-9  1 
Thau-man'ti-as  1 
Thau'mas 
Thau-ma'fi-us  1 
Thau-mas-to-rl'tE^ 
TliE-ai-tE'tus 
Tbe-ii*'e-ng? 

The-a^e?,  P,j.  IV.  ( i.  v.) 

TbS'a-ge?,  -)/.  W.  (t.  v. 
Tlie-a'no 
The-a'num 
Tlie-ar'j-das 
Thg'bie 
Thebes 
Tlieb'a-Is 
The-ba'nus 
TliE'be,  or  Tlle'bj 
TliS'cl? 

Tbeg-j-nu'sj 
Tlie'i-?  3 
ThS'i-as  3 
Tiiel-ai-I'r? 
Tltel-e-phas'sj 
Tbel-e-sl'nj 
'J'hSl-e-sl'nus 
Thel'inS 
Thel-pu'sa 
Thelx-In'q-e 
Tlielx-I'qn 
TlieIx-I'9-pe 
Tliem'e-nus 
Tlie-mB'jj-on  1 
Them-is-cy'ra 
Them'j-son 
Them  i-so'ni-uin 
Tliem-js-tL'9-de? 
Tlie-mls'ti-us 
The-mIs't9-clEs 
Theni-i-stoi'e-nEs 
Tlie-o-cle'a 
ThE'o-clEs 
TliE'9-clus 
ThE-o-clym'e-nus 
Tlie-oc'ly-tus 
The-oc'rj-nes 
Tlie-oc'rj-tus 
Tlie-od'a-inSs,  or 
Thi-od'a-inas 
The-o-da'mus 
Tlie'9-das 
Tlie-od'a-tus 
Thg-o-dec'tE? 
Tbe-od-e-rl'cus 
The-od'o-cus 
TliE-9-d5'nis  Vll'la 
The-o-do'r? 
The-od-9-rS'tus 
Thc-Sd’Q-rgt  ' 

Tlie-od -o-rl'cus 
The-Bd'Q-ric  ' 
The-o-dor'j-das 
The-od-9-ri'tus 
Tbe-od-o-r9-me'dGf 
T]ie-9-d6'rus 
Th&'Q-dorc 
Thg-o-do'si-a  1 
TliS-o-do  si-op'9-lls  1 
The-o-do'si-us  i 
The-od'9-ta,  or  -te 
Thg-o-do'tion  2 
The-od'y-tus 


TIlE-9-du'Ius 
The-6*'e-ne? 
TiiE-9-*I't9n 
ThE-9g-ne'tus 
The  ol'y-tus  . 
The-om'e-don 
The  o'nas 
ThE-9-ni'cua 
TilE-9-nI'niis 
The-on'o-e 
The'v-pe 
The-oph'fi-ne 
The-oph'a-neiJ 
TJlE-9-pJia'nj-?,  or 
The-oph-j-nI'j 
The-o’ph'i-la 
The-oph'j-lus 
The-9-phy-lac'tiis 
The-Bph'y-lact 
ThE-o-pol'e-mus 
The-op'ro-pus 
Tlieo'ns 
The-6'ri-us 
ThE-o-ti'inus 
Tlie-Bx'e-ni 
TliE-ox-E'ni-a 
ThS-ox-E'nj-us 
The-ox'e-nus 
The-rani'e-nes 
Tlie-rap'n® 
Ther-9-pon-tig'9-nus 
The-ra'^ja  1 
Th8r'j-cl8f  - 
Tlie-rld'9-mas 
The-rltn'a-chus 
Ther'i-nus* 

The-rip' pi-das 

Tlie-rl't?s 

ThEr'mte 

Ther-ina'j-cus 

Tlier-man'tj-j  1 

Tlier-mo'don' 

Ther-mop'y-lte 

The-rod'a-mas 

The-rom'e-don 

TliEr-o-ni'ce 

Tiier-sTl'o-chus 

Tlier-sI'tEf* 

The  ru  'chus 

Thes-bfte? 

Thes'ce-lus 

The-sS'a 

Tlie-se'is 

The-sS'um 

TliE'seus  (n.)  G 

The-sE'us  (a.) 

The-sl'die 

The-sl'des 

Thes-mopli'o  ra 

Tlies-ino -pho'ri-a 

Thes-nioph'^-ros 

Tlies-moth'c-tae 

Tlies-pE'?,  or  -pi'? 

Tlies-pl'a-d® 

Tlies-pl'9-de? 

Thes'pi  a 
Thes'pi  us 
Thes'pri-o 
Tlies-pro'tl 
Tiles  pro'tej  1 

TJies-pro'tjs 
Thes-jiro'tus 
Thes-sa'Ii-a 
Tlies-sa'li-on 
Thes-sa  h-6'tis 
ThEs'sa-lls 
Tlies  -sa-lo-nl'ca 
Thes'sa-lus 

Thes'ta-lus 

Thes' te 
Thes'ti-? 

Thes-tl'a-die,  and 
Thes-ti'a-dEs  * 
Thes'tj-Ss 
Tiles  ti-dl'um 
Thes'ti-us  ’ 
Thes-tor'i-des 
ThEs'ty-lis 

Thes'ty-los  ■ « 

Thes'ty-lus 

Theu-d5'§i-us  1 

Theu'd9-tus 

Theu-rop'i-de? 

Theu-si-mar'qlij 

Theu-ta'te? 

Tlieu'tjs,  or  Teu'tliis 
ThI'a  ' 

TlU-9l-le'l9 

ThI-od'a-mSs 

Thir'mj-da 

Thts'be 

Thi"?i-5s  1 

ThTs'o-a 

Tlm-ac'te? 

Th5-an-tE'9 
Th9-aii'tj-as  1 
Tho  -an'tj-uin  1 
Thom'y-rls 
Tho-nl'tej 


The-nl'tis 

Tho'911 

Th9-6'sa 

Tho-5'tEij 

Th9-ra'nj-us 

Tho'rj-si  ' 

ThSr'j-cus 

Tho'rj-us 

Thos-pl'tEs 

Tho'us 

Thra'ce 

Thra'cS? 

Thra'cia  1 

Thrace 

Thrac'i-d® 

Thra'se-9 

Thra'se-as 

Thra-sid'e-us 

Thra'^j-us  1 

Thrti-son'i-de? 

Thra'sy-as 

Thras-y-bu'lus 

Thras-y-da;'us 

Thra-syl'o-chus 

Thr9-sym'9-chus 

Tliras-y-iuE'dgs 

Thras  y-niE’lus 

ThrSs-y-me'ntis 

ThrE'ce 

Thre-I"cius  1 

Thre-Is'sj 

Thra'nj-um 

Thro'ni-us 

Thii-Cyd'i-deS 

Thu-de'inus 

Thu-gen'i-des 

Thu'le 

Thu'rj-j 

Thu'ri-* 

Thu'ri-I,  or  Thu'rj-um 
Thu-rl'nus 
Thd'ri-us 
Thus'ci-9  1 
Thy'a-dE? 

Thj.a'mi-a,  S. 

Thy-9-mI'9)  C. 
Thy'a-inis 
Thy'a-mus 
Thy-a-tl'ra 
Thy-e'ne 
Thy-es'tSs 
Thy  -es-te'ys 
Tliy-es-tl'j-def 
Tliy'ia 
Thy'ia-des 
Thy'ijs  9 
Thy'le 

Tliym-brtE'us 
Thym'bri-fi ' 

Thy  m'bri-um 

Tliym'bri-fis 

Thym'e-ie 

Thy-mE'na 

Thy-iiiocli'j-re? 

Tlly  lll'9-cle^ 
Thy-mtE'tEs 
Thvii'i  9 V 


y-B'te? 

Thy-ra'us 

Thy 're 

Thyr'e-a 

Thy  l-e-a't® 

Thyr-e-a'lis 

Tliyr'e-um 

Thyr'i'-des 

Thyr'i-on 

Thyr'i-us 

Thyr-sa*'e  tre 

Thyr-sag'e-tef 

T:-a'ra 

Tl'9-sri,  W. 

Tl-a'sy,  M. 
Tib-a-rE'ni 
Tl-bE'n-as 
Tib-e-rin'i-def 
Tlb-e-ri'nus 
TIb'e-rls 
Tl-bg'ri-us 
Tl-be'rus 
Tl-be'sjs 
TIb-i-sE'nus 
Tl'bns 
Tib'ula 
Tib-ur-tl'nus 
Tl-biir'ti-us  1 
Tl'chis 
Tlch'i-us 
Trcho'ni-us 
Tl9ri-da  ‘ 
Ti'-cl'iium 
Ti-cl'nus,  river. 
Tlc'i-nus,  man. 
Tid'ius 
Tl-fa'ta 
Tig'a-sls 
Tlg-el-ll'nus 


Tl  gEI'lj-us 
Ti  gra'iie$ 

Ti  gra-119  cer'ta 
Tl'grE? 

Tl'gns 

TJg-u-ri'nl 

Tll-j-tte'i 

Tll-a-vEmp'tus 

Til'Ij-us 

'i’il-phu'»a 

Ti-ime'ai 

Ti-maen'e-tus  4 

Tl-mte'us 

Tl-mag'e-ne? 

Tim-y-ien'i-dE? 

Tlm-9-gE'tEs 

Tl-inag'9-ras 

Ti-inan'drj-dEs 

Tl-nian'ge-lus 

Tl-man'tliej 

Tl-inar'chj-dEf 

Tl-mar'e-ta,  or  -t 

Tl-ma'§i-on  1 

Tlm-a-sith'e-us 

Tl-ma'^i-us  1 

Tl-ma'vus 

Tlin'e-as 

TMne'?i-Ss  1 

TMiie'si-us  1 

Ti-moch'j-rE? 

Tl-mocli'a-ris 

TIm-9-cle'ai 

Tltn'o-clej 

Tim-o-cll'dfis 

Ti-moc'ra-tESy 

Tlmo'cre-on 

TTm-9-de'inus 

Tlm-o-Ia'us 

Tl-1110'le-Bn 

Tl-mB'lus 

Ti-mom'a-chus 

Tl-1110'iiax* 

Tl  inon'i-dE? 

Tl-inoph'a-nef 

Tl-nios'the-nS? 

Tl-mo'tlie-us 

Tlmox'e-nus 

Tin'gis  ’ 

Tin',  a 

Tiph'y-sa,  W. 

Tl-rE'd-as  1 

Tir-j-ba'seg 

TIr-i  ba'zus 

Tir-j-da'tE? 

Tl-ryii'thi-9 

Tl-sa;'uiii,  or  -us 

TI-sag'o-ras 

Tl-sam'e-nef 

Tl  sam'e-nus 

Ti"?j-as  1 

Ti-sTc'ra-tEs 

Ti-$i-G'nus  1 

Tl-slph'o-ne 

Tl-siph'o-nus 

Tis'o-bis 

Tis-sani'e-nus 

Tls-sa-plier'iies 

Ti-tse'a 

Ti'tyn,  or  Tl-ta'n 

Tjt'a-lla,  or  -nS 

Ti  ta'nej 

p'tany 

Tlt-a-ne'us 

Tl-ta'ni-a 

Ti-tan'i-de? 

Ti-ta'lli-us 

Ti-ta'nus,  g-iant. 

Tit'a  nus,  river. 

Tit-Ei-re'§i-us  1 

Tit-ares'sos 

Tit  a-rE'sus 

Ti-tE'nus 

TIth-e-iild'j-a 

Ti-tho'llis 

Ti-tho'nus 

Ti-tho're’-a 

Ti-thraus'te? 

Ti  thrd'ni-uin 
Ti"ti-j  1 
Ti-ti-a'na  1 
Ti-ti-a'nus  l 
TI"ti-es  1 
TI"ti-I  1 
Ti-tiil'i-us 
Ti"ti-us  1 
Tit-tile'um 
Tl-tu'ri-us 
Tit'y-rus 
Tit'y-os 
Tit'y-us 
Tle-pol'e-mus 
Tnia'ros  5 
Tnia'rus  5 
Tilio'liis  5 
Tocll'a-ri 
Ties'o-bis  4 
T9-ga'ta 
To-go'ni-us 
Tol-en-ti'ni.itn 


Ty-le'nus 

Tol-e-ta'nus 

Ty-le'tum 

ToI-is-to'bi-I 

Tol'inj-des 

Tol'o  -pliou 

To-lo'sa 

Ty-lum'nj-us 

To-mie'uin 

Tom'a-rus,  A.  C.  F.  K. 
L.  At.  S.  IV. 
To-ma'rus,  Cr.  P. 
T9-mE'rus* 


nus 


To-pl'ns,  or  -rus,  S. 

Top'j-ris,  At.  IV. 
To-ra'm-us 
Tore  -i'tte 
Tor'e-tte 
Tor'j-iil 
To-ro'ne 
Tor-qua'ta 
Tor-qua'tus 
Ty-ry'ne  ' 
Tox-9-rid'i-9 
Tox'eus  G 
Tox-ic'ra-te 
Tox'i-li 
Tox'i-lus 
Tra'be-a 
Tra-cha'li-6 
Tracli'a-lus 
Tra'chas 
Tra-che'y 
Tra'clnn 
Tra-jhin'j-a 
Traeh-o-ni'tis 
TraPte' 

Try-goe'dj-a 
Tra-gu'ri-urn 
Traj-a-nop'9-lis 
Tra-ja'nus 
Tra'jan 
Tral'IEs 
Tral-h-a'nus 
Tram-be'lus 
Tra'nj-o,  or  -us 
Trans-al-pi'nus 
Trans-pa-da'iiiis 
Traiis-tih-eri'na 
Trans-tib-e-ri'nus 
Tra-pe'za  ’ 
Try-pe'zon 
Tra-pe'zus 
Tra-phe'a 
Tras-i-me'nus 
Trau'si-us  1 
Tre-ba'ti-us  1 
Tre-bel  ii-a'nus 
Tre  bel-li-B'nus 
Tre  bel'h-us  ' 
TrE'bi-a 
TrD'bj-us 
Tre-bo'ni-a 
Tre-bo-ni-a'nus 
Tre-bo'ni-us  ' 
TrEb'u-la 
Tre-mel'lj-us 
Trem'u-lus 
Tre^'vi-ri 
Trev'i-ri 
i-a'ri-a 


Tri-i 
Tri-a'ri- 
Tri-bo-ni-a'nus 
Trib'o-cl 
Trl-bu'ni 
Tri-bu'nus 
Tric-a-ra'n9,  or  -num 
Tri-cas'se? 
Tric-as-ti'ni 
Tric'cie  ttrtk'se) 
Tric-ci-a'nus  1 
Trich'i  nas 
Tri-cho'nis 
Trl-cho'nj-uin 
Tric-ip-ti'nus 
Tri-cla'ri  ? 
Trlc-o-lo'ni 
Tri-cor'y-thus 
Tri-cra'n9 
Trl-crE'na 
Trid-en-ti'ni 
Tri-E'rE?,  or  -ris 
Tri-e-ter'jcy 
Trif-o-li'nus 
Tri-gem'i-n? 
Tri-gem'l-nus 
TrI-go'num 
Trl-go'nys 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  GREEK  AND  LATIN  PROPER  NAMES. 


1725 


Trl-na'cri-j 

Trm'a-cris 

Tri-na'cri-us 

Tri-na'sus 

Trln'e-niels 

TrTu-e-ml'? 

Tri  dc'a-Ia 

TrI'p-ciy 

Tri'p-dua 

Trlo'nef 

Trl'o-prs 

Trl-o-pe'i-us  3 

Tri  n-pg'is 

Trl-o'pi-um 

Tri  phjl'j-a 

Trj-phy'ljs 

Trj-phy'lps 

Trlp'o-dl 

Trip'o-lis 

Trjp-tol'e-mSs 

Tr.q'ue-tra 

Trls-me-gis'tua 

Trl-t;e'a 

Tri-te'a,  or  -tl'a 

Trl"ti-a  1,  or  Trit'ti-a 

Tri"tj  um  1 

Trlt-p-ge-ni'a 

Tri-to'nG? 

Tri-ts'njs 
Tri-t5'nus 
Tri-uin-pi-ll'nl 
Tri-uin'vj  rl 
Triv'i-a 

Triv'i-a:  Xn'trum 
Triv'j-ie  Lu'cus 
Tri-vr'ciira 
Tro'a-de? 

Troch'a-rl 

Troch'o-ig 

TriE-zS'ne 

Tro-*il'i-um 

Trofi-lua 

Trpg-lod'y-tiB 

Trog-lod'y-tea 

Tro'i-los 

Tro'i-lus 

Tro-ju'ge-nte 

Trrini-en  tl'na 

Troph'i-lus 

Troph'i  mus 

Tro-plio'ni-us 

Tros'su-li 

Tros'su-lum 

Tros'su-Ius 

Trot'i-ium 

Trii-en  ti'mm 

Tr.vg  o-daim'p-nes  4 

Tryph'e-rus 

Trypli-i-o-do'rua 

J ryph-o-nl'nus 

Try-pho'sa 

Tu'be-ro 

Tu-bi-lus'trj-a 

Tu'bu-lua 

Tiic'cj-a  1 

Tuc-ci-to'ra 

Tuc'ci-iis  1 

Tu'ci-a  1 

Tu-der'ti-a  I 

TO-di-ta'nus 

Tu'dri 

Tu-er'o-bis 

TQ'ge-ni 

Tu-gu-rl'nus 

Tu-lin'gl 

Tul'lj-a 

Tul-li-a'ntim 

TuI-II'p-1? 

Tul'li-us 

Tu-ne'ta 

Tu-ra'nj-ua 

Tur-ba'li-o 

Tiir-de-ta'ni 

Tiir'du-Il 

Tu-re'sia 

Tu'rj-a 

Tii-ri-a'so 

Tu-rib'j-ua 

Tu'ri-cum 

Tu'rj-us 

Tu'ro-ne? 

Tu'ro-ni,  in  Gaul. 

Tu-ro'ni,  in  Germany. 

Ti.ir-pil'i-a 

Tur  p.l-j-a'nus 

Tur-pTl'i-ua 

Tur'pj-o 

Tur-ra'nj-iis 

Tur-rj-a'nua 


Tu-te'la 

ra-te-ii'n? 


TySh'j 
7-cho'nj-us 

Tfdeus  6 
Ty-di'dGs 

T|-fan'|i-I 
Tym-bre'nus 
Ty-m5'lus  ‘ 
Tyin-pa'nj-a 
Tym-phoe'l 
Tyn-da're-oa 
Tyn-da're-us 
Tyn-d-ir'j-die 
Tyn-dar'j-dej 
Tyn'da-rls 
Tyn'da-rus 
Tyn'r.j-chus 
Ty-pa'ne-se 
Ty-pha'on 
T'-pho'eus  6 * 
Ty-pho'i-ua,  or 
Ty-pho'e-Eis  (n 
Ty  pho'njs 
Tyr-a-ci'ns 
Ty-rag'e-to: 
Tyr-an-gl't®,  or 
Ty-ran'*e-tai 
Ty-ran'nj  on 
Ty're? 

Tyr-j  da'te? 

Ty  rog'ly-phua 
Tyr-rhe'nl 
Tyr-rhG'ni-a 
Tyr-rhe'num 
Tyr-rhe'nus 
Tyr'rheus  6 
Tyr-rhi'd® 
Tyr-rhig'e-n® 
Tyrse'ty  ’ 
Tyrte'us 
Ty"si-as  1 
Tzac'o-nes  5 
Tzet'ze^  5 


u. 


U'bj-I 

IJ-cal'e-gon 
U'cu-bia 
I.T1  ri'cus 
Ul'ric 

O-fen-tl'na 
U-lix'e? 
Ti-lix'eus  6 
til  pi-a'nus 

f#£  ‘ 

U'lu-br® 

ti-ljs'ses 

Vrn-bre'nus 

tJm'brj-a 

T in  brl"cj-ua  1 

Vm-mTd'j-ua 

tln'ch® 

tin  (ie-cCm'vj-rl 
ti'ni-cus 
tinx'i  a 1 
T.Ip-sa'lum 
U-ra'cp 


O-lS'gtjs 

U-ra'nj-a,  or  -e 

U-ra'ni-I,  or  U'rj-I 

fi-ra'nj-us 

U'rg-nus 

T'r-ba'nus 

tir'lij-cp 

T.i'blc'u-a 

tjr'bj-cSs 

T'r-blg'e-nus 

T’r  bi'num 

O-re'um 

fjr'ge-num 

tir-gu-la'ni-? 

U'rj-a 
U-rl'on 
U-ri'te 
T.'r-sld  . 
yr-sl'nus 
tir'su-lus 
T.ls  ck'n? 
ijs'ce-num 
U-sip'e-tEa 
u-slp'i-i 
ITs-tJ'c? 

C'ti-c? 

Ux'a-ma 
tix-el-lo-du'aium 
Ux'j-I  1 
yx-Ts'?  ma 
U-zi't? 


i'te? 

iid'i-ua 


Y. 


Vac-cie'I 

Va-cu'ny 

Va-dav'e-ro 

Vad-i-mo'njs  La'cua 

Vag-e-dru'sa 

Va^Sl'li-ua 

Va-Je'nl 

Va-^en'nl 

Va-Ae'sua 

Vi'lij-lia 

Va-i'cus 

Val-a-fni'rua 

Vaden'tj-a  1 

Valcn-tTnj-a'nua 

Val-en-tnn'  i-an 

Val-en-ti'nua 

Va.|5'd-a 

Va-le-ri-a'nus 

vdS'^‘ 

Val'e  rua 
Val'ii-us 
Val-la't? 

Val-Ia'tum 

Val-leb'?-na 

Van'da-ll 

Van-da'lj-I 

V9ii  ^i'o-ne? 

Van'ni-ua 

Va-ra'nEa 

Var-d®'i 

Va-re'nua 

Var-gun-te'j-ua  3 

Va'rj-a 

Var'i-cus 

Va-rln'i-ua 

Va-ri'ni 

Va'n-us 

Va-sa'trc 

Va-sa'tg? 

Vas'co-ne? 
Vas-con'i-cus 
Va'tj-a  T 

Vat-i-ca  nua 
Va-tj-e'nua  1 
Va-tTn'i-us 
Va-tre'nus 
Ve-chl're? 
Vec-tid'i-us 
Vec'tj-us  1 
Vec-to'ngs 
Vc-di'ns,  Pluto. 
Vg'di-ds  Pol'lj-o 
Ve-^E'tj-us  1 
Ve'.;-a  3 
VC-i-a'ni-ua 
Ve-i-a'nua  3 
VC-i-en'te?  3 
Ve-i-en'to  3 
Ve'i-I  3 
Vej'o-vTa 
Ve-la'brum 
Ve-la'nj-us 


Ve-iau'ni 
Vel'e-da 
Ve-le'i-a  3 
Ve'li-a 
Ve-lib'o-ri 
Vgib-ca 
Ve-Ii'na 
Ve-li'num 
Ve-li'nus 
Ve-I  -o-caa'si 
Vel-  -ter'na 
VCI-  -ter'nus 
Vul'  -te§ 

Vel'  -tr®,  or  Ve-ll'tr® 
VG'l  -us 
Vel'ia-vi 
Vel'le-da 
d-lS' 


Ve-na'frum 
Ve-nan'tj-us  1 
Ven'e-die 
Ven'e-di 

Ve-ned'j-cus  Sl'nus 
Ven'e-ll 
Ve-ns'ri-a 
Ven'e-ti 
Ve-ne'tj-a  1 
P tin' ice 
Ven'e-tus 
Ve-nil'i-a 

Ven'no-nes,  A.  F.  K. 

Py ■ s. 

Ven-no'ne?,  C.  L.M. 
Ven-no'ni-us 
Ven-tld'i-us 
VCd-u-le'j  us  3 
Ven'u-lus 
Ve-nu'fi-a  1,  or 
Ve-nu'?j-um  1 
Ve-pi'cus 

Ver'a-grT,  A.  Fr.  K. 
IV.  (t.  v.) 

Ve-ra'gri,  IV.  (i.  v.) 
Vp-ra'ni-a 
Ve-ra'ni  us 
Ver-an-nI'o-lus 
Ve-ran'ni-us 
Ver-ba'nus  La'cua 
Ver-hi*'e-nua 
Vcr-cel'IiB 
Ver-cjn-get'a  rlx 
Ve-sii'na 
Ve-rS'tum 
VS'rj-a 
Ver-Jel'lus 


gll'i-us 
jTn'j-us 
_ -um 
Ver-gob're-tus 
Vc-i'T'na 
Ver'j-tas 
Ver-o-doc'tj-us  1 
Ver-o-man'du-I 
Ve-ro'na 
Ve-ro'iiea 
Ver-o-ni'ca 
Ver-re-gl'nuin 
Ver'rgs 
Ver'ri-tus 
Ver'ri-us  Flac'cus 
Ver-ru'go 
Ver'ta-gus 
Ver'ti-co 
Ver-tj-cor'di-a 
Ver'u-lae 
Ver-u-la'mj-um 
Ver-u-la'nus 
Ves'a-gus 
Vcs'bj-us,  or 
Ve-su'bi-us 
Ves'ci-a  l' 

Ves-cj  a'num  1 
Ves-cu-la'ri-us 
Vea'erls 
Ve-se'vi-us,  and 
Ve-sS'vus 
Ve-son'ti-o  1 
Ves-pa-?i-a'nua  1 
Ves-pa'fi-an 
Ves-pe-i-u'go 
Ves-ta'lu;} 
Ves-ta'lj-a 
Ves-ta'lis 
Ves-tT”ci-us  1 
Ves-ttl'i-us 
Ves-ti'nl 
Ves-ti'nus 


Ves-to'rj-us 

Vea-trl"cj-us  1 

Ves'u-lus 

Ve-su'vi-ua 

Ves'vi-us 

Vet-o-nis'sa 

Ve-tra'ni-o 

Vet-ti-e'nus 

Vet'ti-us 

Vet-td'nea 

VGt-u-lo'nj-a 

Ve  tu'rj-a 

Ve-tu'ri-us 

vit-us-tii'ia 

Vi'a-dus,  or 

Vl'a-drus,  A.  M. 

Vi-a'drus,  Trollope. 
Vi-a'ljs 
Vi-ben'ni-ua 
Vi-bid'i-a 
Vi-bTd'i-us 
Vib-j-e'nus 
VTb-i-o'llea 
Vib'i-us 
Vib-u-la'nua 
Vib-u-le'nua 
Vl-bQl'li-us 
Vl-cap'o-ta,  or 

Vl'ca  Po'ta 
Vl-cel'lj-ua 
Vi-cen'ti-a  1 
Vl-ce'ti-a  1 
Vjc-ta'ri-a 
Vlc-to-ri'na 
VTc-to-rl'nua 
Vic-to'ri  us' 
Vic-tum'vi-a; 
Vl-£eI'Ii-us 
ViPli-a 
Vll'lj-us 

Vim-i-na'ci-ixm  1 
Vlm-i-na'lis 
Vi  na'Ij-a 
Vjn-cen'tj-us  1 
Vin'ci-us  1 
Vin-da'li-us 
Vin-del'icl 
Vin-dc-li"cj-a  1 
Vjn-de-mi-a'tor 
Vjn-dem'i-tor 
Vin-dT-cj-a'nus  1 
Vjn-di"ci-us  1 
Vln'di-li 

Vln-do-bo'na,  A.  M.  S. 

Sck. 

Vjn-dob'o-na,  F.  Py. 
Vi-ni-ci-a'nus  1 
Vi-ni"cj-us  1 
Vl-nid'j-us 
Vln'i-us 
Vin'nj-us 
Vip-sa'nj-a 
Vip-sa'ni-ua 
Vj-ra'go 
Vir'bj-us 
Vir-du'ma-rua 

W1- 


Virgin'. 
Vir-i-a'thua 
Vir-j-di'^j-us  1 
Vir-i-dom'a-rus 
Vl-rid'o-vTx 
VIr-j-pla'ca 
VIr-o-du'num 
Vlr'rj-us  ' 
Vl-ru'num 
VTs-ccl-li'nua 
Vl-sel'lj-us ' 
Vis'tu-la 
Vl-siir'Jis 
Vl-ta-lj-a'nus 
Vl-tel'ii-a 
Vi-tel-li-a'nus 
Vi-tel  li-us 
VT"ti-a’l 
Vi-tls'a-tor 
Vit-o-du'rum 
VTt'ri-cus 
Vi-tru'vi-ua 
Vlt'u-la 
Vit'u-lus 
Viv-i-a'nua 
Vp-co'nj-a 
Vo-co'ni-us 
Vp-con'ti  a 1 
Vo-con'tj-i  1 


Voc'u-ia 

Vog'c-sus 

Vol-a-gin'j-ua 

Vol-a-ne'rj-ua 

Vy-la'na 

Vol-a-ter'ra 

Vol'c®,  or  VoPgffi 

Vol-ca'tj-ua  1 

Vol'e-sus 

Vp  16|'e-se? 

Vp-loj'e-sus,  C.  L.  M. 

Sch.  IV. 

Vol-o-^'sua,  K. 
VpI-sTn'i-I 
Vol-sTn'i-um 
Vol-tin'j-a 
Vol-tur'ci-us  1 
Vp-lu'bj-lia 
Vp-lum'n®  Fa'num 
Vp-Ium'nj-a 
Vp-lum'ni-us 
Vp-lu'pj-a 
Vol-u-se'nua 
Vo-lu-si-a'nus  I 
Vp-iu'si-us  1 
Voi'u-sus 
Vol-u-ti'na 
Vp-nia'nus 
Vp-no'nu^ 

Vp-ra'nus 
Vos'e-gSs 
Vo-ti-e'nus  1 
Vul-ca-ni'li-a 
VuI-cS'nt 
Vul-ca'nj-ua 
Vul-ca'nus 
Vul'can  ' 

Vul-ca'ti-ns  1 
Vul-fe'nj-us 
Vul-^Tv'a-ga 
Vul-te'j-ua  3 
Vul-tu-re'i-us  3 
Vnl-tu'rj-ua 
Vul-tur'ci-us  1 


z. 


X. 


Xiin'thj-a 
Xnn'tbj-as 
Xan'thj-ca 
Xan'thi-cle? 
Xan-tbip'pe 
Xan-tho-pu'lua 
Xan'ti-cle^ 
Xan-tTp'pe 
Xe-nag'o-raa 
Xen'a-ru^ 
Xen'e-tus 
Xe'ne-us 
Xe-ni'a-dea 
Xg'nj-as 
Xe'nj-us 
Xen-o-cle'a 
Xeil'p-clea 
Xen-p-cll'de? 
Xe-noc'ra-tes 
Xe-noc'rj-te 
Xe-noc'ri-tus 
Xen-p-da'mua 
Xen-p-de'inua 
Xc-nod'i-ce 
Xc-nod'o-chua 
Xen-n-do'rus 
Xen-o-do'teJ 
Xc-nod'p-tus 
Xe-nce'tas 
Xen-n-niG'de? 
Xc-nopb'a-nes 
Xe-noph'j-lus 
Xen'o-plion 
Xen-n-pbon-tl'us 
Xen-o-pj-tlie'a,  or 
Xen-o-pi-thi'a 
Xer-p-lyb'j-a 
Xcrx-G'ne 
Xerx'e? 

XeQx'Gi} 

Xl-mG'ne 

Xl-plie'ne 

XTph-j-li'nus 

Xy'chua 

Xyn'j-a 

Xyn'i-aa 

Xyii-OB'cj-a  1 

Xy  p'e-tG 

Xys'ti-ci 

Xys'tj-lia 


Zab'a-tus 

Zab-dj-cG'ne 

Zab'u-lus,  or  Zab'p-lu3 

Za-clid'rias 

Zac’p-rus 

Za-go'rus 

Za  gra'us 

Za'greus  G 

Zal'a-tes 

Za-IG'Ciis 

Za-Ieu'cus 

Za'ine-is 

Zan'cle 

Zar-bi-g'nus 

Zar-do'cea 

Zar'e-tiE 

Za-ri-a'drG? 

Za-rj-aa'pe? 

Zar-ma-no-c!ie'gaa 

Za'tG§ 

Za'tlle? 

Zau-e'cGs,  or 
Za-ve'ce^ 

Zc-bl'na 

Ze-lG'a 

Ze'le? 

Ze-ll'a 
Ze-lo'tua 
Ze-Iot'y-pe 
Ze  uo'bi  51 
Ze-no'bj-T 
Ze-r.o'bj-us 
Zen'o-dcij 
Zcn-o-cll'dt!§ 
Zen-o-do'rus 
Zen-o-do'ti-a,  or  -um  1 
Ze-nod'o-tus 
Ze-nopli'a-m”? 


Z^n-o-po  -sl'dnn 
Ze-noth'e-mTs 
Zeph'y-rTs 


Zeph-y-rl'tia 

Ze-phyr'i-um 

Zeph'y-rum 

Zcpli'y-rus 

ZG'tC? 

ZC'thG? 

Zcu-4i-ta'na 
Zeug'ma 
Zeus  6 
Zcu'sjs 

Zeux-i-da'niua 

Zeux'i-das 

Zeux-Tp'pe 

Zeux'is 

Zeux'o 

Zi-G'la 

ZIg-a-bG'nua 

Zi-^i'ra 

zii'j-a 

ZTm'a-ra 

Zi-my'ri 

Zl-ob'e-rjs 

Zi-pliG'ne 

Zi-pcp'tG? 

Zinil'?-c58 
Zo  di'a-cus 
Zo'j-lus 
Zcc-te'um 

Zon'a-ras,  A.  C.  M.  S. 

Zp-na'ras,  Py. 
Zopb'o-rus 
Zo-pjr'j-o 
Zo-py  r'j-on 
Zop'y-rus 
Zor-p-as'ter 
Zor-p-as-tre'us  (a.) 
Zos'i-mua 
Zos'i-ne 
Zps-te'rj-a 
Zo-tlnuiis'tes 
Zot'i-cus 
. . i'ne? 

Zy-drG'tic 

Zy-gan'tG? 

zy^'Ui 

Zy-gom'a-Ia 

Zy-gop'o-lls 

Zp-gri't.r 

Zy-niG'thus 


* Typho'eus — This  word  is  very  often  incorrectly  written  Typhceus,  and  pronounced  accordingly.  The  Greek  is  Tvipcocvs. 


PRONUNCIATION 


O F 

GREEK  AND  LATIN  PROPER  NAMES. 


TERMINATIONAL  VOCABULARY. 

PREFACE. 


The  following  Terminational  Vocabulary  of  Greek  and  Latin  Proper  Names  is 
in  the  main  that  of  Walker,  but  with  many  corrections  and  considerable  additions. 
There  is  such  a want  of  correspondence  between  the  contents  of  Walker’s  Termi- 
national Vocabulary  and  those  of  his  Initial  Vocabulary,  that  they  seem  to  have 
been  derived  from  different  sources.  Each  embraces  a large  number  of  words  not  to 
be  found  in  the  other ; the  Terminational  Vocabulary  containing,  in  particular,  many 
names  belonging  to  the  Latin  of  the  middle  ages,  which  are  not  included  in  the 
Initial  Vocabulary.  For  example,  of  the  sixteen  words  which  Walker  gives  in  his 
Terminational  Vocabulary  under  the  ending  ba , only  six  are  found  in  his  Initial  Vo- 
cabulary ; and  an  equal  want  of  correspondence  appears  under  many  other  termi- 
nations. There  are  also,  as  has  already  been  remarked  (p.  1705),  numerous  dis- 
crepancies in  the  accentuation  of  the  words  which  are  common  to  both  ; and,  strange 
as  it  may  seem,  in  not  a few  instances  the  Terminational  Vocabulary  contradicts 
itself.  Thus,  under  the  termination  ides,  the  words  Lyncides , Promethides , Telcclides , 
Meneclides , (Eclides , Androclides , Euclides,  and  Euryclides  are  first  represented  as 
accented  on  the  penultimate , and,  immediately  after,  are  incorrectly  included  in  the 
list  of  those  accented  on  the  antepenultimate. 

In  the  present  revision,  these  inconsistencies  have  been  removed.  Walker’s 
Terminational  Vocabulary  has  been  compared  throughout  with  the  Initial  Vocabu- 
lary as  now  enlarged  and  corrected,  and,  in  cases  of  discrepancy,  the  accentuation 
has  been  conformed  to  that  adopted  in  the  latter.  Where  the  true  accent  of  a word 
is  doubtful,  the  uncertainty  is  indicated  by  a note  of  interrogation. 

It  has  already  been  mentioned,  that  Walker’s  Terminational  Vocabulary  contains 
a large  number  of  words  not  to  be  found  in  his  Initial  Vocabulary.  Most  of  these 
words  have  been  allowed  to  remain ; but,  though  obvious  mistakes  have  been  recti- 
fied, Walker,  in  general,  is  responsible  for  their  orthography  and  pronunciation. 

The  classical  scholar,  as  well  as  the  common  reader,  may  find  it  convenient  to 
have  at  hand  a synopsis  of  the  more  important  terminations  of  Greek  and  Latin 
proper  names  which  serve  to  determine  the  quantity  of  the  penultimate.  As  most 
of  these  terminations  are  significant,  their  meaning  has  been  indicated  in  the  lists 
which  are  subjoined,  by  giving  either  the  root,  or  a derivative  of  the  same  origin. 

The  following  rules  will  serve  as  a guide  to  the  accentuation  of  a large  number  of 
proper  names. 

I.  LONG  PENULTIMATE. 

1.  The  penult  is  long , with  very  few  exceptions,  in  Greek  and  Latin  proper  names 
of  the  following  terminations  : — 
anor , antra  (dvyp,  man),  as  Nica'nor,  Deiani'ra. 
don,  as  Lyca'on. 

bri'ca  or  brV ga,  in  names  of  Celtic  origin,  as  Conimbri'ca,  Segobri'ga.  See  p. 
1705,  note  f. 

bulus,  bule,  or  bula  (fiovXri,  counsel),  in  Greek  names,  as  Thrasybu'lus,  Neobu'le. 
clea  or  clla  (* Xcco,  to  celebrate),  as  Agathocle'a.  Except  Do'clca  or  Dio'clea,  a town. 
elides , as  Eucli'des. 

clitus  or  clStus  (kXeitSs,  famous),  as  Heracli'tus,  Polycle'tus. 
cyde-s  (xvSog,  glory),  as  Pherecy'des. 

dates  (Zend  data , given),  in  many  Persian  names,  as  Mithrida'tes. 
damla  (rhz/idw,  to  subdue),  as  Laodami'a. 

ddmus  (Doric  Sayog  for  Srjpog,  people),  as  Archida'mus.  Except  Lyg'damus , and 
Hippod'amus,  from  imrog,  horse,  and  dapdw,  to  tame. 
dSmus  (Srjpos,  people),  as  Aristode'mus. 
ddrus,  d&ra  (dcopo v,  gift),  as  Diodo'rus,  Pando'ra. 

dunum  (comp.  Gael,  dun , a hill,  fortress;  W.  din , dinas,  city;  Sax.  tun,  enclosure, 
town),  as  Lugdu'num. 

durum  (Ir.  and  Gael,  dar,  W.  dwr , Arm.  dour,  water),  as  Salodu'rum,  Soleure. 

eis,  as  iEne'is.  In  Nereis  the  penult  is  sometimes  short. 

enor  ( avfip , man  ; comp,  -anor),  as  Ante'nor. 

fr edits  or  fridus  (Old  Ger .frid.it,  peace),  as  Alfre'dus,  Godefri'dus. 

genia  (yevng,  birth,  race),  as  Iphigeni'a. 

inum,  as  Tauri'num. 

laus  (A dog,  people),  as  Agesila'us.  Except  Ag’laus,  Tal’aus. 


medes,  media,  ( prjSog , counsel),  as  Archime'des,  Iphimedi'a. 
mclus  (prjXuv,  sheep;  also  apple),  as  Eume'lus. 
nesus  ( vyaog , island),  as  Cliersone'sus. 

nicus , nice , or  nica,  when  derived  from  vixy,  victory,  as  Androni'cus,  Stratoni'ce, 
Thessaloni'ca.  This  rule  does  not  apply  to  adjectives  in  nicus,  in  which  the  n 
does  not  belong  to  the  termination. 
odes  (except  -pddes),  as  Hero'des. 
otes  (except  -pdtes),  as  Boo'tes. 
otis,  as  Meeo'tis.  Except  Cas'sotis. 

ricus  (Old  Ger.  richi , rich,  powerful),  as  Alari'cus,  Henri'cus.  Except  in  adjectives. 

timus  ( Tipy , honor),  as  Dioti'mus.  Except  Nyc'timus. 

unus,  una,  unum,  uni,  as  Neptu'nus,  Vacu'na. 

urus,  as  Arctu'rus,  Epicu'rus.  Except  Anx'urus. 

usa,  as  Medu'sa.  Except  El'usa. 

vicus  (Old  Ger.  wig,  battle ; comp.  Eng.  to  vie),  in  names  of  Teutonic  origin,  as 
Ludovi'cus. 

zancs  or  baridncs,  in  Persian  names,  as  Ariobarza'nes. 

2.  Words  derived  from  names  of  places  or  persons,  and  ending  in  nus  (with  its 
variations  for  gender  and  number),  and  tes  or  ta  (with  its  plural  tee  and  feminine  tis ), 
are  accented  on  the  penult ; as  Roma’nus,  Flavia’nus,  Damasce’nus,  Alexandri' nus  ; 
and  so  Roma'na,  Roma'ni , Roma'num , &c.  ; — Spartia'tes , a Spartan,  plural  Spartia'- 
ta,  JEgine'tes  or  -ta,  Abderi’tes  or  -ta,  Hcracleo' tes ; — Spartia'tis,  Sybari'tis,  Phthio'tis. 

To  this  rule  may  be  added  derivative  names  of  countries  in  ane,  ene,  and  ine  ; as 
Bactria'ne  or  -na,  Palmyre'ne , Acrabat.tVne. 

3.  The  penult  is  also  long  in  plurals  in  ates  from  Latin  gentile  nouns  in  as ; as 
Capcna'tes,  from  Capcnas,  an  inhabitant  of  Capena. 

4.  Adjectives  in  &us  ( uog ),  derived  from  names  of  persons  or  places,  are  almost 
ahvays  accented  on  the  penult ; as  Epicure'us,  Epicurean,  from  Epicurus.  So  names 
of  cities,  of  similar  derivation,  in  ea  or  ia,  and  names  of  temples  or  sacred  places  in 
eum , being  originally  adjectives;  as  Ccesare'a,  the  city  of  Caesar,  Antiochi'a,  the  city 
of  Antiochus  ; These'um,  the  temple  of  Theseus. 

5.  The  penult  is  also  long  in  patronymics  in  ides  when  derived  from  nouns  in  eus 
(evg)  and  cles . See  more  fully  below,  II.  2. 

6.  Barbarous  names,  Latinized  by  the  addition  of  the  terminations  us,  a,  um,  are 
generally  accented  on  the  penult ; as  Ada'mus,  Elizabe'tha,  Milto'nus. 

But,  according  to  Labbe,  the  termination  arus  is  usually  excepted  from  this  rule, 
and  accented  on  the  antepenult ; as  Ed' gams. 

II.  SHORT  PENULTIMATE. 

1.  The  penult  is  short,  with  very  few  exceptions,  in  Greek  and  Latin  proper  names 
of  the  following  terminations  : — 

adcs,  as  Milti'ades.  Except  Dema’des , contracted  from  Demeades . 

anStus  (aiverdg,  praised,  praiseworthy),  as  Aristren'etus. 

agdras  ( dyopa , a public  assembly),  as  Anaxag'oras. 

cilus,  as  Daed'alus.  Except  Pliarsa'lus,  Stympha'lus,  Sardanapa'lus. 

anaz  (ava%,  king),  as  Asty'anax. 

br&tus  (Ppordg,  a mortal),  as  Cleom'brotus. 

chares  (xapis,  favor),  as  Democh'ares. 

chorus,  chSre  (xopfc,  dance,  choir),  as  Stesich'orus,  Terpsich'ore. 

cles  (k\cu,  to  celebrate),  as  Meg'acles,  Men'ecles,  Per'icles,  Soph'ocles,  Bath'ycies. 

c8la,  cdlce  ( colo , to  cultivate,  to  inhabit),  as  Agric'ola. 

crates  ( Kparog , strength),  as  Hippoc'rates. 

critus  (Kp'ir6g,  from  Kpivio,  to  separate,  judge,  choose^,  as  Democritus. 
ddmas  (Sdpdw,  to  subdue),  as  Alcid'amas.  This  termination  must  not  be  confounded 
with  ddmus. 

dicus,  dice  (Sixy,  justice),  as  Prod'icus,  Euryd'ice. 

ddcus,ddce  (Sexnyai,  to  receive),  as  Laod'ocus,  Cymod'oce. 

ddtus,  data  (dordg,  given),  as  Herod'otus,  Theod'ota. 

g8na  ( gigno , root  gen-,  to  produce),  as  Phoebig'ena.  Except  Comage'na. 

gSncs  ( yevog , birth,  race),  as  Diog'enes. 

gdnus,  gone  ( yovog , offspring),  as  Antig'onus,  Antig'one. 


(1726) 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  GREEK  AND  LATIN  PROPER  NAMES. 


1727 


lycus  ( \vko f,  wolf?  or  obsol.  Xvkti,  light?),  as  Autol'ycus. 
lytus  (\vros,  loosed,  freed),  as  Hippol'ytus. 

? nachus,  mache  (ydxy,  battle),  as  Lysim'achus,  Androm'ache. 

magus  (supposed  to  mean  town),  in  names  of  Celtic  origin,  as  Rotom'agus. 

•midon  (pclco v,  ruler,  guardian),  as  Laom'edon. 

mines  (pcnos,  spirit,  strength ; Sansc.  manas,  mind),  as  Eu'menes,  Artam'cnes. 
nSmus,  nSme  (i /6yos,  law,  vopof,  pasture),  as  Eu'nomus,  Euryn'ome. 
nous,  nBe  (vdoy,  vov f,  mind),  as  Antin'ous,  Philon'oe. 

Schus  (i^m,  to  hold),  as  Anti'ochus.  Including  duchus  (rV.yd,, receiving),  as  Xellud'- 
ochus  ; and  lochus  (\6xog , band  of  soldiers),  as  Archil'ochus 
onymus  (tivopa,  name),  as  Hieron'ymus. 
pater,  pator  (narfip,  father),  as  Antip'ater,  Eu'pator. 
phdgns,  plural  phagi  (<pixyc Tv,  to  eat),  as  Lotoph'agi. 
phases  (ipalnoj,  to  show,  shine),  as  Aristoph'anes. 
plulus,  pliila  (<pt\os,  friendly,  loving),  as  Theoph'ilus,  Pam'phila. 
phon,  as  Xen'oplion. 
pliSrus  ( </>op6s , bearing),  as  Niceph'orus. 
phron  (<ppriv,  mind),  as  Al'ciphron. 
pSdes  (Trodtj,  feet),  as  Antip'odes. 


pollmus,  ptollmus  (tt6 hepos,  war),  as  Eupol'emus,  Neoptol'emus. 

pHlis  (TtdAij,  city),  as  Decap'olis. 

pylus,pyle  (-rtiXy,  gate),  as  Euryp'ylus,  Hypsip'yle. 

stlilncs  (aQivoy,  strength),  as  Demos'thenes. 

stratus,  strata  (arpards,  army),  as  Philos'tratus,  Nicos'trata. 

tiles  (reAo s,  end,  revenue),  as  Praxit'eles. 

thins  (Ocds,  God),  as  Timo'theus. 

than,  as  Mar'athon. 

thous,  tlioe  (9o6s,  quick),  as  Alcath'ous,  Hippoth'oe. 
vlri  ( vlri , men),  as  Trium'viri. 

xlnus,  xlna  ({eras,  stranger,  guest),  as  Aristox'enus,  Polyx'ena. 

2.  The  penult  is  short  in  patronymics  in  ides,  as  Priam'ides,  from  Priamus.  Ex- 
cept, however,  those  which  are  formed  by  contraction,  to  which  class  belong  all 
derived  from  nouns  ending  in  the  monosyllabic  cits  (tvs)  and  clcs  ; e.  g.  Mri'dcs  (for 
JUre'ides),  from  Atreus  ; Androcli'  des,  from  A ml  rode  s . Except  also  Amphiarai'des, 
Amycli'des,  Beli'des  (sing.),  and  Lycurgi' des. 

The  rule  above  given  relates  to  the  singular  number.  The  plural  termination  ides 
(in  feminine  patronymics)  is  always  short-,  as  Hesper'ides,  daughters  of  Hesperus. 


AA. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Abaa,  Nausicaa. 

BA. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Ababa,  Desudaba,  Alaba,  Allaba,  Aballaba,  Cillaba, 
Adeba,  Abnoba,  Onoba,  Arnoba,  Ausoba,  Hecuba,  Geldu- 
ba,  Corduba,  Voluba,  Rutuba. 

ACA,  ECA,  ICA,  OCA,  UCA,  YCA. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Cleonica,  Thessalonica,  Veronica,  Marica,  Arabrica, 
Conimbrica,  Abobrica,  Arcobrica,  Merobrica,  Centobrica, 
Nasica,  Ustica,  Noctiluca,  Donuca. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Ithaca.  Andriaca,  Malaca,  Tabraca,  Mazaca,  Seneca, 
Cyrenaica,  Belgica,  Georgica,  Italica,  Maltilica,  Bellica, 
Laconica,  Marmarica,  Anderica,  America,  Africa,  Ar- 
borica,  Aremorica,  Armorica,  Norica,  Tetrica,  Asturica, 
Illyrica,  Esica,  Corsica,  Athatica,  Battica,  Ceretica, 
Anaitica,  Celtica,  Salmantica,  Cyrrhestica,  Utica,  En- 
gravica,  Oboca,  Amadoca,  Mutyca. 

DA. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Abdeda,  Hecameda,  Diomeda,  Atrida. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Aada,  Adada,  Synnada,  Bagrada,  Idubeda,  Androm- 
eda, Ceneda,  Agneda,  Voneda,  Candida,  Egida,  Ami- 
da  (?),  Anderida,  Florida,  Pisida. 

BEA,  CEA,  DEA. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Rhobea,  Colacea,  Gylacea,  Pharmacea,  Anacea,  Pana- 
cea, Sphecea,  Boadicea,  Laodicea,  Alicea,  Stratonicea, 
Ericea,  Lancea,  Ladocea,  Cymodocea,  Dorcea,  Lyrcea, 
Polydeucea,  Lebadea,  Medea,  Dioinedea,  Alidea,  Brasi- 
dea,  Budea. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Pliarnacea,  Ardea. 

GEA,  II EA,  IEA. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Rhagea,  Ligoa,  Euelgea,  Argea,  Ilurgea,  Augea, 
Jlygea,  Solygea,  Protrygea,  Trachea,  Tarichea,  Raphea, 
Traphea,  Alphea,  Amphea,  Scarphea,  Ainathea,  Ari- 
mathea,  Ariarathea,  Xenopithea,  Amalthea,  Antliea, 
CEanthea,  Panthea,  Plothea,  Carthea,  Erythea,  Pediea, 
Ilygiea,  Asclepiea,  Batiea. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Tegea,  AJthea,  Pasithea,  Dexithea,  Leucothea. 

LEA. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Philocalea,  Datdalea,  Podalea,  Phigalea,  Cecryphalea, 
.‘Ethalea,  yEgialea,  Anchialea,  Palea,  Psyttalea,  Hera- 
clea,  Amphiclea,  Cratesiclea,  Anticlea,  Theoclea,  Agath- 
oclea,  Dioplea  (a  festival),  Timoclea,  Xenoclea,  Andro- 
clea,  Proclea,  Aristoclea,  Euclea,  Polvclea,  Euryclea, 
Decelea,  Agelea,  Telea,  Nicotelea,  Zelea,  Achillea, 
Basilea,  Penthesilea,  Stesilea,  Alarcellea,  Nacolea, 
Crocolea,  Molea,  Pimplea,  Myrlea. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Alea,  Malea  (?),  Doclca  or  Dioclea  (a  town),  Elea. 


MEA,  NEA,  OEA. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Asbamea,  Alcidamea,  Philodamea,  Apaniea,  Ilyainca, 
Cadmea,  Nemea  (?)  (games),  Elimea,  Diomea,  Bunomca, 
Idumea,  Epiphanea,  Cranea,  Geranea,  yEnea,  Protogenea, 
Rhenea,  Proinenea,  Erenea,  Arachnea,  Mantinea,  Bobo- 
nea,  Cauconea,  Cydonea,  AJgonea,  Hermionea,  yEtionea, 
Salonea,  Lamponea,  Charonea,  Maronea,  Chteronea, 
Gronea,  Coronea,  Cherronea,  Cernea,  Macrynea,  Cery- 
nea,  Oxynea,  Antinoea. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Demea,  Nemea  (city),  Castanea,  Aminea,  Ficulnea, 
Albunea,  Boea. 

PEA,  REA. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Ilyapea,  A3pea,  Melampea,  Hyampea,  Deiopea,  Cassi- 
opea,  Pelopea,  Panopea,  Asteropea,  Thespea,  Area, 
Barea  (a  town),  Parea,  CtEsarea,  Neoctesarea,  Dioctesa- 
rea,  Hierocatsarea,  Combrea,  Diacrea,  Cassandrca,  Alex- 
andrea,  Lacerea,  Gerea,  Cytherea,  Hyperea,'  Meterea, 
Lycorea,  Limnorea,  Parorea,  Latorea. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Clupea  or  Clypea,  Barea  (a  man),  Abarbarea,  Chatrea, 
Laurea,  Thyrea. 

SEA,  TEA,  XEA,  YEA,  ZEA. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Amasea,  Thesea,  Isea,  Ipsea,  Hypsea,  Persea,  Corsea, 
Odyssea,  Musea,  Batea,  Galatea,  Elatea,  Cratea,  Calli- 
cratea,  Hypsicratea,  Hippocratea,  Astycratea,  Etea,  Oplii- 
tea,  Politca,  Tritea,  Antea,  Atlantea,  Cymotea,  Cryptea, 
Myrtea  (city),  Sebastea,  Adrastea,  Callistea,  Lyxea, 
Pityea,  Lycozea. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Rosea,  Myrtea  (a  name  of  Venus),  Butea,  Abazea. 

GA. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Arabriga,  Aobriga,  Lacobriga,  Arcohriga,  Medobriga, 
Segobriga,  Cceliobriga,  Juliohriga,  Flaviobriga,  Miro- 
briga,  Catobriga,  Nertobriga,  Augustobriga. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Abaga,  Bibaga,  Ampsaga  (?),  Aganzaga,  Noega. 

HA. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Malaeha,  Pyrrhicha,  Adatha,  Agatha,  Badenatha, 
Abaratha,  Monumetha. 

AIA. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Menelaia. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Achaia,  Panchaia,  Aglaia,  Maia. 

BIA. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Eusebia  (a  city). 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Arabia,  Trebia,  Confrebia,  Eusebia  (a  woman),  Albia, 
Balbia,  Olbia,  Corymbia,  Zenobia,  Cornubia. 

CIA. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Pharmacia,  Lancia  (a  fountain),  Selcucia  (Angl. 
Seleu'cia). 


Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Nicacia,  Dacia,  Salacia,  Thaumacia,  Connacia,  Atn- 
bracia,  Thracia,  Samothracia,  Artacia,  Accia,  Galla  cia, 
Grtecia,  Voadicia,  Vindelicia,  Cilicia,  Libyphcenicia, 
Aricia,  Lancia  (a  town),  Francia,  Provincia,  Cappadocia, 
Porcia,  Ascia,  Iscia,  Thuscia,  Boruscia,  Tucia,  Lycia. 

DIA. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Badia  (?),  Lebadia,  Gymnopa'dia,  Cyropaedia,  I phi- 
media,  Laomedia,  Nicomedia  (Angl.  JVicojnc'dia ),  I’roto- 
media,  Bendidia,  Peridia,  Brasidia,  Pandia,  Rliodia 
(a  nymph). 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Arcadia,  Leucadia,  Media,  Eporedia,  Corsedia,  Suedia, 
Numidia,  Canidia,  Iapidia,  Pisidia,  India,  Burgundia, 
Ebodia,  Rhodia  (a  town),  C’lodia,  yErodia,  Longobardia, 
Cardia,  Verticordia,  Concordia,  Discordia,  Herefordia, 
Claudia,  Lydia. 

EIA. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Celeia,  Aquileia,  Pompeia,  Tarpeia,  Cartcia. 

GIA. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Elegia,  Langia,  Argia,  Eugia,  Ilygia,  Solygia. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Sphagia,  Lagia,  Norvegia,  Cantabrigia,  Eningia.  Fin- 
ningia,  Lotharingia,  Turingia,  Sergia,  Orgia,  Pelasgia, 
Fugia,  Rugia,  Ogygia,  Iapygia,  Phrygia,  Ortygia,  Zygia. 

IIIA. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Heniochia,  Antiochia,  Erchia,  Spercliia,  Elettchia, 
Raphia,  Araphia,  Philadelphia  (Angl.  Pliiladel'pliin), 
Scarphia,  Agathia,  Aspalathia,  Seisachthia,  Xenopithia, 
Anthia,  CEanthia,  Erythia. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Valachia,  Lysimachia,  Centauromachia,  Inachia,  Am- 
philochia,  Munychia,  Apostrophia,  Sophia,  Acrypliia, 
Emathia,  yEmathia,  Alethia,  Hyacinthia,  Carinthia, 
Cynthia,  Tiryntliia,  Parthia,  Scythia,  Pythia. 

LIA. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Ocalia,  Philocalia.  Podalia,  Bucephalia,  Thalia,  yEgi- 
alia,  Anchialia,  Attalia,  Psyttalia,  Stratoclia,  Aristoclia, 
Euclia,  Decelia,  Agelia,  Lysimelia,  Telia,  Zelia,  Basilia, 
Nacolia,  Molia,  Anemolia,  Cymopolia,  Tauropolia. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

CEbalia,  Fomacalia,  Lupercalia,  Acidalia,  Vandalia, 
Megalia,  Rohigalia,  Fugalia,  CTlchalia,  Westphalia, 
AUthalia,  Alalia,  Vulcanalia,  Paganalia,  Bacchanalia, 
Terminalia,  Fontinalia,  Vertumnalia,  Portumnalia,  Ago- 
nalia,  Angeronalia,  Saturnalia,  Faunalia,  Portunalia, 
Opalia,  Liberalia,  Feralia,  Floralia,  Lemuralia,  Salia, 
Pharsalia,  Thessalia,  yEtalia,  Italia,  Compitalia,  Car- 
mentalia,  Laurentalia,  Castalia,  AUlia,  Ccelia,  Belia, 
Celia,  Helia,  Cornelia,  Clmlia,  Aspelia,  Cerelia,  Aurelia, 
Velia,  Anglia,  Cterilia,  Sicilia,  yF.gilia,  Cingilia,  Palilia, 
yEmilia,  Venilia,  Parilia,  Absilia,  Hersilia,  Massilia, 
Atilia,  Petilia,  Antilia,  Guintilia,  Hostilia,  Cutilia, 
Aquilia,  Servilia,  Elaphebolia,  Ascolia,  I’adolia,  yEolia, 
Folia,  Natolia,  Anatolia,  Altolia,  Nauplia,  Daulia,  Mo- 
dullia,  Figulia,  Julia,  Apulia,  Gtctulia,  Getulia,  Triphy* 
lia,  Pamphylia. 


1728 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  GREEK  AND  LATIN  PROPER  NAMES. 


MIA. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Echedamia,  Deidamia,  Laodamia,  Iodamia,  Philo- 
damia,  Hippodamia,  Laudamia,  Astydamia,  Apainia, 
Academia  (?),  Iphidcmia,  Trinemia. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Archidamia  (?),  Lamia,  Hydramia,  Mesopotamia, 
Archidemia,  Eudemia,  Isthmia,  Holmia,  Posthumia. 

NIA. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Eurygania,  Epiphania  (a  city).  Crania,  /Enia  (in  Mace- 
donia), Iphigenia,  Amphigenia,  Diogenia,  Tritogenia, 
Protogenia,  Temenia,  Eumenia  (?),  Laginia  (?),  Anti- 
gonia  (?),  Hermionia,  Agnonia,  Chsronia,  Coronia, 
Cerynia. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Albania,  Sicania,  Hyrcania,  Lucania,  Dania,  Codania, 
Dardania,  Epiphania  (a  woman),  Mania,  Carinania, 
Germania,  Acarnania,  Campania,  llispania,  Pomerania, 
Afrania,  Urania,  Bassania,  Actania,  Edetania,  Laletania, 
Occitania,  Mauritania,  Lusitania,  Titania,  Sexitania, 
Alentania,  Contestania,  Mevania,  Lithuania,  Transil- 
vania,  Azania,  A3nia  (in  JEtolia),  Narnia,  Acttenia,  Ab- 
erdenia,  Ischenia,  Tyrrhenia,  Parthenia,  Lasthenia  (?), 
Menia,  Aclueinenia,  Armenia,  Pamia,  Cebrenia,  Senia, 
Arnagnia,  Signia,  Albinia,  Lacinia,  Dinia,  Sardinia, 
Fulginia,  Virginia,  Bechinia,  Machlinia,  Ciminia,  El- 
eusinia,  Tinia,  Lavinia,  Mervinia,  Lamnia,  Licymnia, 
Polyhymnia,  Alemannia,  Britannia,  Fescennia,  Aonia, 
Lycarnia,  Charnia,  Catalonia,  Laconia,  Glasconia, 
Adonia,  Macedonia,  Caledonia,  Mygdonia,  Asidonia, 
Posidonia,  Abbendonia,  Herdonia,  Laudonia,  Cydonia, 
M amnia,  Pieonia,  Pelagonia,  Paphlagonia,  Aragonia, 
Sithonia,  Ionia,  Agrionia,  Avalonia,  Aquilonia,  Apol- 
lonia,Colonia,  Polonia,  Populonia,  Vetulonia,  Babylonia, 
Acmcnia,  Ahnonia,  Htemonia,  Tremonia,  Ammonia, 
Harmonia,  Codanonia,  Sinonia,  Pannonia,  Bononia, 
Lamponia  (?),  Poinponia,  Cronia,  Feronia,  Sophronia, 
Petronia,  Anyronia,  Duronia,  Turonia,  Ciesonia,  Au- 
sonia,  Latonia,  Tritonia,  Boltonia,  Ultonia,  Hantonia, 
Vintonia,  Bistonia,  Plutonia,  Favonia,  Sclavonia,  Li- 
vonia, Arvonia,  Saxonia,  Exonia,  Sicyonia,  Narnia, 
Sarnia,  Dorcbernia,  Hibernia,  Cliternia,  Vigornia, 
Liburnia,  Calphurnia,  Saturnia,  Pornia,  Daunia,  Ce- 
raunia,  Acroceraunia,  Junia,  Clunia,  Neptunia,  Ercynia, 
Bithynia,  Macrynia. 

OIA. 


Latoi'a. 


Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 


PIA. 


Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Lampia,  Pelopia,  Carpia,  Thespia. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Apia,  Salopia,  Menapia,  Messapia,  Olympia,  Ellopia, 
Dolopia,  (Enopia,  Cecropia,  Mopsopia,  Appia,  Lappia, 
Oppia,  Luppia,  Antverpia. 


Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Asia,  Seplasia,  Aspasia,  Therasia,  Agirasia,  Austrasia, 
Anastasia,  A3sia,  Ciesia,  Mtesia,  VEdesia,  Magnesia, 
Mcesia,  Merpesia,  Ocresia,  Euphratesia,  Artesia,  Suesia, 
Ilortensia,  Chenobosia,  Lcucosia,  Pandosia,  Theodosia, 
Arachosia,  Orthosia,  Rosia,  Sosia,  Lipsia,  Nupsia, 
Persia,  Nursia,  Tolassia,  Cephissia,  Russia,  Blandusia, 
Clusia,  Ampelusia,  Anthemusia,  Acherusia,  Perusia, 
Bysia,  Mysia,  Dionysia. 

TIA. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Batia,  Elatia,  Hippocratia,  Astycratia,  Dinogetia, 
Lampetia  (a  city),  Tritia,  Antia,  Atlantia,  Pseudomantia, 
Aperantia,  Amaxantia,  Heplucstia  (a  festival),  Callistia. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Sabatia,  Ambatia,  Latia,  Calatia,  Galatia,  Collatia, 
Dalmatia,  Sarmatia,  Egnatia,  Alsatia,  Actia,  Rhajtia, 
Ansetia,  Vicetia,  Peucetia,  Pometia,  Anetia,  Lampetia 
(a  woman),  Clampetia,  Lucretia,  Cyretia,  Setia,  Lutetia, 
Helvetia,  Phiditia,  Angitia,  Sulpitia,  Baltia,  Bantia, 
Brigantia,  Murgantia,  Almantia,  Numantia,  Constantia, 
Placentia,  Picentia,  Lucentia,  Fidentia,  Digentia,  Mor- 
gentia,  Valentia,  Pollentia,  Polentia,  Terentia,  Florentia, 
Laurentia,  Consentia,  Potentia,  Faventia,  Confluentia, 
Liquentia,  Druentia,  Quintia,  Pontia,  Acherontia,  Ali- 
sontia,  Moguntia,  Scotia,  Bcestia,  Scaptia,  Martia,  Ter- 
tia,  Sebastia  (?),  Bubastia,  Hepluestia  (a  city),  Bestia, 
Modestia,  Segestia,  Orestia,  Charistia,  Ostia,  Acutia, 
Minutia,  Cossutia,  Tutia,  Clytia,  Narytia. 

VIA. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Candavia,  Blavia,  Flavia,  Menavia,  Scandinavia, 
Aspavia,  Moravia,  Octavia,  Cendevia,  Menevia,  Suevia, 
I.ivia,  Trivia,  Urbesalvia,  Sylvia,  Moscovia,  Segovia, 
Gergovia,  Nassovia,  Cluvia. 

XIA. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Brixia,  Cinxia. 

YIA. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Idyia,*  Thyia,*  A3thyia,*  Uithyia,*  Orithyia,*  Min- 
yia,  Harpy  ia,*  Pityia. 

ZIA. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Sabazia,  Alyzia. 

ALA. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Ahala,  Messala. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Abala,  Gabala,  Castabala,  Onobala,  Triocala,  Crocala, 
Abdala,  Datdala,  Bucephala,  Astypliala,  Mtenala,  Avala. 

ELA. 


RIA. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Daria,  Cleocharia,  Samaria  (Angl.  Sama'ria),  Neandria, 
Cassandria,  Alexandria  (Angl.  Alezan' dria) , Laceria, 
Hyperia,  Coria,  Anemoria,  Contoporia,  Pontoporia, 
Paroria,  Tauria,  Cinyria. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Aria  (?),  Baria,  Fabaria,  Columbaria,  Barbaria,  Caria, 
Ficaria,  Calcaria,  Sagaria,  Megaria,  Hungaria,  Pharia, 
Salaria,  Hilaria,  Allaria,  Mallaria,  Sigillaria,  Anguil- 
laria,  Palmaria,  Planaria,  Enaria,  Mienaria,  Gallinaria, 
Asinaria,  Carbonaria,  Colubraria,  Agraria,  Pandataria, 
Cotaria,  Nivaria,  Antiquaria,  Cervaria,  Calabria,  Can- 
tabria, Cambria,  Sicambria,  Fimbria,  Mesembria,  Um- 
bria, Selyrnbria,  Abobria,  Amagetobria,  Trinacria, 
Teucria,  Molycria,  Adria,  Hadria,  Geldria,  Andria, 
Scamandria,  Anandria,  Aeria,  Faberia,  Iberia,  Celti- 
beria,  Luceria,  Neuceria,  zEgeria,  /Etlieria,  Eleutheria, 
Pieria,  Aleria,  Valeria,  Ameria,  Numeria,  Neria,  Cas- 
peria,  Cesperia,  Hesperia,  Seria,  Fahrateria,  Asteria,  An- 
thesteria,  Faveria,  Iria,  Liria,  Equiria,  Daphnephoria, 
Oschophoria,  Thesmophoria,  Anthesphoria,  Chilmoria, 
Eupatoria,  Anactoria,  Victoria,  Pra-toria,  Arria,  Atria, 
Eretria,  Conventria,  Bodotria,  CEnotria,  Cestria,  Cices- 
tria,  Circestria,  Thalestria,  Istria,  Austria,  Industria, 
Uria,  Calauria  (?),  Isauria,  Curia,  Duria,  Manduria, 
Furia,  Liguria,  Remuria,  Etruria,  Hetruria,  Turia,  Apa- 
turia,  Beturia,  Asturia,  Syria,  Ccelesyria,  Ccelosyria, 
Leucosyria,  Assyria. 

SIA. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Amasia,  Isia,  Corsia. 


Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Arbela  (in  Persia),  Adela,  Suadela,  Mundela,  Phil- 
omela. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Arbela  (in  Sicily),  Acela,  Suagela. 

OLA. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Publicola,  Anienicola,  Junonicola,  Neptitnicola,  Agric- 
ola, Baticola,  Leucola,  JE ola,  Abrostola,  Scaevola. 

ULA: 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Pasibula,  Cleobula,  Adula. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Abula,  Trebula,  Albula,  Carbula,  Callicula,  Saticula, 
Acidula,  A3gula,  Caligula,  Longula,  Ortopula,  Merula, 
Caspcrula,  Asula,  A3sula,  Fa;sula,  Scaptesula,  Scap- 
tensula,  Insula,  Vitula,  Vistula. 

YLA. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Ibyla,  Massyla. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Acyl  a. 

AMA,  EMA,  IMA,  OMA,  UMA,  YMA. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Cynossema,  Aroma  (?),  Narracustoma. 


Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Pandama,  Abdcrama,  Asama,  Uxaina,  Acema,  Ob- 
rima,  Perrima,  Certima,  Boreostoma,  Decuma,  Didynia, 
Ilierosolyma. 

ANA. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Albana,  Pandana,  Trajana,  Marciana,  Diana,  Sogdi- 
ana,  Drangiana,  Margiana,  Aponiana,  Pomponiana, 
Trojana,  Copiana,  Mariana,  Drusiana,  Susiana,  Statiana, 
Glottiana,  Viana,  Alana,  Crococalana,  Eblana,  Aillana, 
Amboglana,  Vindolana,  Ouerculana,  Ouerquetulana, 
Amana,  Almana,  Comana,  Mumana,  Barpana,  Clarana, 
Adrana  (?),  Messana,  Accitana,  Astigitana,  Zeugitana, 
Meduana,  Malvana,  Cluana,  Novana,  Equana. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Abana,  Fricana,  Concana,  Adana,  Sagana,  Achana, 
Leuphana,  Drepana,  Barpana,  Ecbatana,  Catana,  Se- 
quana,  Cyana,  Tyana. 


ENA. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Labena,  Characena,  Medena,  Fidena,  Aufidena,  Age- 
ena,  Comagena,  Dolomena,  Capena,  Csesena,  Porsena  (?), 
Messena,  Atena,  Artena. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Phcebigena,  Aciligena,  Ignigena,  Junonigena,  Opigena, 
Nysigena,  Baetigena,  Trojugena,  Aigosthena,  Alena, 
Helena,  Polyxena,  Tlieoxena. 

INA. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Arabina,  Cloacina,  Tarracina,  Cluacina,  Caecina, 
Ricina,  Runcina,  Cercina,  Liyhna,  Erycina,  Acradina, 
Achradina,  /Egina,  Bachina,  Messalina,  Mechlina,  Cati- 
lina,  Tellina,  Callina,  Medullina,  Cleobulina,  Tutulina, 
Camilla,  Cenina,  Antonina,  Heroina,  Cisalpina,  Trans- 
alpina,  Agrippina,  Abarina,  Carina,  Larina,  Camarina, 
Sabrina,  Phalacrina,  Acerina,  Lerina,  Camerina,  Terina, 
Jamphorina,  Caprina,  Myrina,  Abusina,  Elusina,  Atina, 
Metina,  Adrumetina,  Libitina,  Maritina,  Libentina, 
Ferentina,  Aventina,  Aruntina,  Potina,  Palaistina,  Fla- 
vina,  Levina. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Fascellina,  Apina,  Proserpina,  Asina,  Casina,  Felsina, 
Sarsina,  Catina,  Mutina. 


ONA. 


Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Abona,  Uxacona,  Libisocona,  Usocona,  Saucona,  Do- 
dona,  Scardopa,  Adeona,  Aufona,  Salona,  Bellona,  Du- 
ellona,  AEmona,  Cremona,  Artemona,  Salmona,  Homona, 
Pomona,  Flanona,  ASnona,  Hippona,  Narona,  Aserona, 
Angerona,  Verona,  Matrona,  zEsona,  I.atona,  Antona, 
Dertona,  Ortona,  Cortona,  Alvona. 


Axona. 


Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 


UNA. 


Ituna  (?). 


Accent  the  Penultimate. 
OA. 


Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Aloa,  Minoa. 

Accent  the  -Antepenultimate. 

Anchoa. 

IPA,  OPA,  IJPA. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Europa,  Catadupa. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Argyripa. 

ARA. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Phalara  (?) 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Abara,  Acara,  Imacara,  Accara,  Cadara,  Gadara, 
Megara,  Machara,  Imachara,  Cinara,  Cynara,  Lipara, 
Lupara,  Isara,  Patara,  Mazara. 


CRA,  DRA. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Lepteacra,  Cliaradra  (?),  Clepsydra. 

ERA. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Abdera,  Andera,  Aliphera,  Cythera  (the  island  Ccrigo, 
near  Crete). 


* In  the  words  marked  with  an  asterisk,  yi  corresponds  to  the  Greek  diphthong  vt,  I prefer,  I-dwy'a.  Walker  erroneously  pronounces  Ilithyia  and  Orithyia  as  words  of 
and  forms  but  ono  syllable.  Thus  Idyia  may  be  pronounced  I-dy'ya,  or,  as  some  | five  syllables. 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  GREEK  AND  LATIN  PROPER  NAMES.  1729 


Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Libera,  Glycera,  Iadera,  Cythera  (a  city  of  Cyprus), 
Hiera,  Cremera,  Cassera. 

GRA. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Tanagra  (?),  Beregra. 

IIRA. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Libethra. 

IRA. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

D'iira,  Thel'iira,  Stagira,  A3gira,  Meganira,  Ianira, 
Deianira,  Antiamra,  Metanira,  Thyatira. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Cybira. 

ORA. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Pandora,  Aberdora,  Aurora,  Vindesora,  Cotyora. 
Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Ebora. 

.TRA. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Cleopatra. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Excetra,  Leucopetra,  Triquetra. 

URA. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Cabura,  Ebura,  A3bura,  Balbura,  Subura,  Pandura, 
Haiti ura,  Asura,  Isura,  Cynosura,  Lactura. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Lesura,  Astura. 

YRA. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Ancyra,  Cercyra,  Corcyra,  Lagyra,  Palmyra,  Cosyra. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Glaphyra,  Philyra,  Cibyra,  Anticyra,  Tentyra. 

ASA. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Abasa  (?),  Banasa,  Dianasa,  llarpasa. 

ESA,  ISA,  OSA. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Octogesa.  Alesa,  Halesa  (?),  Alpesa,  Berresa,  Mentesa, 
Amphisa,  Elisa,  Tolosa,  A3rosa,  Dertosa. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Nemesa. 

USA,  YSA. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Pharmacusa,  Pithecusa,  Nartecusa,  Phoenicusa,  Cela- 
dusa,  Padusa,  Lopadusa,  Medusa,  Eleusa,  Creusa,  La- 
gusa,  Elapliusa,  Agathusa,  Marathusa,  yEthusa,  I’liae- 
thusa,  Arethusa,  Ophiusa,  Cordilusa,  Drymusa,  Era- 
nusa,  Iclmusa,  Colptisa,  Aprusa,  Cissusa,  Scotusa, 
Dryusa,  Donysa. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Elusa. 

ATA. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Braccata,  Rhadata,  Tifata,  Tiphata,  Crotoniata,  Alata, 
Amata,  Acrnata,  Comata,  Napata,  Demarata,  Quadrata, 
Orata,  Congavata. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Sarmata,  Chffirestrata,  Samosata,  Armosata,  Artaxata. 

ETA,  ITA,  OTA,  UTA. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 
yEeta,  Caieta.  Moneta,  Demareta,  Myrteta,  Areopagita, 
Abderita,  Artemita,  Stagirita,  U/.ita,  Plithiota,  Abrota, 
Epirota,  Contributa,  Cicuta,  Aluta,  Matuta. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Ilerbita,  Melita,  Darnocrita,  Emerita. 

AVA,  EVA,  IVA. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Clepidava,  Abragava,  Calleva,  Geneva,  Atteva, 
Luteva,  Galliva. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Batava,  Areva. 


UA. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Accua,  Addua,  Iledua,  Heggua,  Arinua,  Capua,  Februa, 
Achrua,  Palatua,  Flatua,  Mantua. 

YA. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Libya,  Xerolibya,  Carya,  Marsya. 

AZA,  EZA,  OZA. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Abaraza,  Mieza,  Baragoza. 

AE.  , 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Nausicae,  Pasiphae. 

ByE,  CJE. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

IlieroniciE,  Marie®. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Colub®,  Vaginiac®,  Carmoc®,  Oxydrac®,  Gallic®, 
Coric®,  Antic®. 

ADA3. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

yEnead®,  Bacchiai®,  Scipiad®,  Battiad®,  Thestiad®. 

IDA3,  UDA3. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Proclid®,  Basilid®,  Orestid®,  Ebud®,  /Ebud®. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Labdacid®,  Seleucid®,  Adyrmachid®,  Branchid®,  Pyr- 
riiid®,  Romulid®,  Numid®,  Dardanid®,  Borystlienid®, 
Ausonid®,  Cecropid®,  Gangarid®,  Marmarid®,  Tyn- 
darid®,  Druid®. 

E2E,  FIE,  GA3,  HIE. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Diomede®,  Eche®,  Plate®,  Grate®,  Allif®. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Encliele®,  Cyane®,  Ceuclire®,  Capre®,  Callif®, 
Lapith®. 

\1E. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Harpyi®  (3  syl.). 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Bai®,  Grai®,  Stabi®,  Cilici®,  Cerci®,  Besidi®,  Rudi®, 
Taphi®,  Versali®,  Ficeli®,  Cloeli®,  Cutili®,  Esquili®, 
Exquili®,  Forrni®,  Volcani®,  Arani®,  Armani®,  Bri- 
tanni®,  Boconi®,  Chelidoni®,  Pioni®,  Gemoni®,  Xyni®, 
Ellopi®,  Uerpi®,  Caspi®,  Cuniculari®,  Canari®,  Pur- 
imrari®,  Chabri®,  Feri®,  Labori®,  Enipori®,  Caucasi®, 
Vespasia',  Corasi®,  Prasi®,  Ithacesi®,  Gyinnesi®, 
Etesi®,  Grati®,  Veneti®,  Pigunti®,  Selinunti®,  Sesti®, 
Cotti®,  Landavi®. 

L M,  MM. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Pial®,  Agagamal®,  Apsil®,  Apenninicol®,  A3quicol®, 
Apiol®,  Epipol®,  Bolbul®,  Ancul®,  Fulful®,  Fesul®, 
Carsul®,  Latul®,  Thermopyl®,  Acrocom®,  Achom®, 
Solym®. 

AISLE,  ENA3. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

African®,  Clodian®,  Valentinian®,  Marian®,  Valen- 
tian®,  Sextian®,  Cuman®,  Adiaben®,  Mycen®,  Fregen®, 
Soplien®,  Athen®,  Hermathen®,  Mityleu®,  Achmen®, 
Camcen®. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Apenninigen®,  Faunigen®,  Ophiogen®,  Acesamen®, 
Clazomen®,  Conven®. 

IN  A3,  ON/E,  un/e,  zo,e. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Salin®,  Calamin®,  Agrippin®,  Carin®,  Taurin®, 
Philistin®,  Cleon®,  Vennon®,  Oon®,  Vacun®,  Andro- 
gun®,  Abzoffi. 

IP^E,  UP  A3. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Centurip®,  Rutup®. 

A1LE,  ERA:,  UBRyE,  YTI1RA3,  ORA3,  ATRA3,  ITRA3 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Adiabar®,  Andar®,  Budor®,  Alachor®,  Coatr®. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Ulubr®.  Eleuther®,  Bliter®,  Erythr®,  Pylagor®, 
Velitr®  (?). 


ASyE,  ES.E,  usyE. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Syracus®.  Pithecus®,  I’ityus®. 

Accent  Antepenultimate. 

Pagas®,  Aces®. 

ATyE,  ET.E. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Mmat®,  Abrincat®,  Abeat®,  Lubeat®,  Docleat®, 
Pheneat®,  Acapeat®,  Magat®,  Olciniat®,  Crotoniata1, 
Spartiat®,  Arelat®,  Hylat®,  Arnat®,  Abrinat®,  Fortu- 
nat®,  Asampat®,  Cybirat®,  Vasat®,  Circet®,  Denselet®, 
Cculet®.  A3symnet®,  Agapet®,  Aret®,  Diaparet®. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Galat®,  Iaxamat®,  Dalmat®,  Sauromat®,  Exomat®, 
Sarmata:,  Thyrsaget®,  Massaget®,  Apliet®,  Deinet®. 

ITA3,  OTA3,  UTA3,  YTA3; 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Ascit®,  Abradit®,  Acliit®,  Aboniteichit®,  Accabacoti- 
chit®,  Arsagalit®,  Avalit®,  Phaselit®,  Brullit®,  llie- 
rapolit®,  Antoniopolit®,  Adrianapolit®,  Metropolit®, 
Dionysopolit®,  Adulit®,  Elamit®,  Bomit®,  Tomita:, 
Scenit®,  Pionit®,  Agravonit®,  Agonit®,  Sybarit®,  Da- 
rit®,  Opharit®,  Dassarit®,  Nigrit®,  Orit®,  Alorit®, 
Tentyrit®,  Galeot®,  Liinniot®,  Hesti®ot®,  Ampreut®, 
Alut®. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Troglodyt®. 

I VyE,  OVA3,  UyE,  YA3. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Durobriv®,  Elgov{e,  Durobrov®. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Mortu®,  Halicy®,  Phlegy®,  Bithy®,  Ornithy®,  Mily®, 
Miny®. 

OBE. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Deiphobe,  Niobe. 

ACE,  ECE,  ICE,  OCE,  YCE. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Plicenice,  Berenice,  Aglaonice,  Stratonice,  and  others 
in  nice. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Candace,  Phylnce,  Canace,  Mirace,  Artace,  Allebece, 
Alopece,  Laodice,  Demodice,  Agnodice,  Eurydice,  and 
others  in  dice,  Pyrrhice,  llelice,  Gallice,  Illice,  Sarmat- 
ice,  Erectice,  Getice,  Cymodoce,  Agoce,  Harpaiyce, 
Eryce. 

EDE. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Agamede,  Diomede,  Perimede. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Alcimede. 

NEE,  AGE. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Cyanee,  Lalage. 

ACHE,  ICHE,  YCHE. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Ischomache,  Andromache,  and  others  in  mache,  Cana- 
clie,  Doliche,  Eutyche. 

PIIE,  THE. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Anaphe,  Psamathe. 

IE. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Gargaphie,  Uranic,  Meminie,  Asterie,  Hyrie,  Parrha- 
sie,  Clytie. 

ALE,  ELE,  ILE,  OLE,  ULE,  YLE. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Perimele,  Neobule,  Eubule,  Cherdule,  Eriphyle, 
Clithonophyle. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Acale,  Uecale,  Mycale,  Megale,  Omphale,  yEthale, 
yEgiale,  Anchiale,  Myrtale,  Hyale,  Euryale,  Cybcle, 
Nephele,  Alele,  Semelfl,  Pcecile,  Affile,  CEmphile,  Iole, 
Omole,  Homole,  Phidyle,  Strongyle,  Deipyle,  Eurypyle. 

AME,  IME,  OME,  UME,  YME. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Apame,  Ithome,  Idume,  yEsyme. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Inarime,  Amphinome,  Laonome,  Ilylonome,  Euryno- 
me,  and  others  in  titrate,  Didyrne. 


217 


1730 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  GREEK  AND  LATIN  PROPER  NAMES. 


ANE. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Mandane  (?),  .Fane,  Anthane,  Acliriane,  Anane, 
Acrabatane,  Eutane,  Rosalie. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Taprobane,  Drepane,  Pitane,  Cyane. 

ENE. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Acabene,  Bubacene,  Damascene,  Chalcidene,  Cisthene, 
Priene,  Poroselene,  Pallene,  Tellene,  Cyllcne,  Pylene, 
Mitylene,  zEmene,  Laonomene,  Isniene,  Dindymene, 
Osrhoene,Troene,  Arene,  Autocrene,  Iliiipocrene,  Pircne, 
Cyrene,  Pyrene,  Capissene,  Atropatene,  Corduene, 
Partliyene,  Syene. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Alcistliene,  Helene,  Dexamene,  Dynamene,  Nyctime- 
ne,  Idomene,  Melpomene,  Anadyomene,  Arineue. 


INE. 


Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Sabine,  Carcine,  Tracliine,  Alcanthine,  Oceanine, 
Neptunine,  Larine,  Neriue,  Irine,  Barsine,  zEetiue, 
Bolbitine,  Adrastine. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Asine. 

ONE,  YNE. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Methone,  Ithone,  Dione,  Porphyrione,  Acrisione, 
Alone,  Halone,  Corone,  Toronej  Thyone,  Bizone, 
Delphyne. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Mycone,  Erigone,  Persephone,  Tisiphone,  Deione, 
Pleione,  Cliione,  Ilione,  Hermione,  Herione,  Commone, 
Mnemosyne,  Sopiirosyne,  Euphrosyne. 


OE  (in  two  syllables). 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Callirrhoe,  Alcathoe,  Alcithoe,  Ampliitlioe,  Nausithoe, 
Laothoe,  Leucothoe,  Cymothoe,  Hippothoe,  Alyxothoe, 
and  others  in  t/ioe,  Plioloc,  fEtioe,  Alcinoe,  Sinoe,  Ar- 
sinoe,  Lysinoe,  Antinoe,  Lenconoe,  Theonoe,  Pliilonoe, 
Plnemonoe,  Timonoe,  Autonoe,  Polynoe,  and  others  in 
noe,  Ampliiroe,  Ocyroe,  Beroe,  Meroe,  Peroe,  Abzoe. 


APE,  OPE. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Sinope. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Iotape,  Rhodope,  Chalciope,  Candiope,  zEthiope, 
Calliope,  Liriope,  Cassiope,  Alope,  Agalope,  Penelope, 
Parthenope,  Aerope,  Merope,  Dryope. 

ARE,  IRE,  ORE,  YRE. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Becare,  Tamare,  -I'-nare,  Lymire,  Terpsichore,  Zephy- 
re,  Apyre. 

ESE. 


Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Melese,  Temese. 

ATE,  ETE,  ITE,  OTE,  YTE,  TYE. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Ate,  Condate,  Reate,  Teate,  Arelate,  Admete,  Arete  (?), 
Aphrodite,  Amphitrite,  Atabyrite,  I’ercote. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Hecate,  Automate,  Taygete,  Nepete,  Anaxarete,  IJip- 
polyte,  Pactye. 

AVE,  EVE. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Agave. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Nineve. 


LAI,  NAI  (in  two  syllables). 
Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Acholai. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Danai. 

BI. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 
Acibi,  Abnobi,  Atubi. 


ACI. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Segontiaci,  Mattiaci,  Amaci,  vEnaci,  Rauraci  (?), 
Bellovaci. 

ICI,  OCI,  UCI. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Albici,  Labici,  Acedici,  Palici,  Marici,  Mediomatrici(?), 
Raurici,  Lavici,  Arevici,  Aruci. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Callaici,  Vendelici,  Acadcmici,  Arecomici,  Hernici, 
Cynici,  Stoici,  Opici,  Nassici,  Aduatici,  Atuatici,  Peri- 
patetici,  Celtici,  Avantici,  Xystici,  Triboci,  Amadoci, 
Bibroci. 

ODI,  YDI. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Borgodi,  Abydi. 

El  (in  two  syllables). 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Elei,  Epei,  Philippei,  Pythagorei,  Epicurei. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Lapidei,  Candei,  Agandei,  Amathei,  Enganei,  CEnei, 
Mandarei,  Hyperborei,  Pratei. 

GI. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Decempagi,  Novempagi. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Acridophagi,  Agriophagi,  Chelonophagi,  Androphagi, 
Anthropophagi,  Lotophagi,  Struthophagi,  Ichthyophagi, 
and  others  in  pluigi,  Artigi,  Alostigi. 

CHI,  THI. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Heniochi,  Ainiochi,  Ostrogothi. 

II. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Epii. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Abii,  Gabii,  and  all  Latin  words  of  this  termination. 

ALI,  ELI,  I LI,  OLI,  ULI,  YLI. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Gtetuli,  Mastesyli,  Massyli. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Abali,  Vanilali,  Acephali,  Cynocephali,  Macroceph- 
ali,  Attali,  Alontegeceli,  Garoceli,  Monosceli,  Igilgili, 
/Equicoli,  Carseoli,  Puteoli,  Corioli,  Ozoli,  Atabuli, 
Grtuculi,  l’edictili,  Siculi,  Puticuli,  Anculi,  Barduli, 
Varduli,  Ttirduli,  Foruli,.  Bastuli,  Rntuli,  Dactyli. 

AMI,  EMI. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Apisami,  Ciiaridemi. 

OMI,  UMI. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Cephalotomi,  Astomi,  Medioxumi. 

ANI. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Albani,  Cerbani,  Alcani,  Sicani,  Tttsicani,  &c.,  and 
all  words  of  this  termination,  except  Choani  and  Se- 
quani,  or  such  as  are  derived  from  words  terminating  in 
anus,  witli  the  penultimate  short;  which  see. 

ENI. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Agabeni,  Adiabeni,  Saraceni,  Iceni,  Laodiceni,  Cyzi- 
ceni,  LTceni,  Chaldeni,  Abydeni,  Comageni,  Igeni, 
(iuingeni,  Ceplieni,  Tyrrheni,  Rutheni,  Labieni,  Allieni, 
Cileni,  Cicimcni,  Alapeni,  Hypopeni,  Tibareni,  Agareni, 
Rufreni,  Caraseni,  Volseni,  Bateni,  Cordueni. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Origeni,  Apartheni,  Antixeni. 

INI. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Gabini,  Sabini,  Dulgibini,  Basterbini,  Peucini,  Marru- 
cini,  Lactucini,  Otadini,  Bidini,  Udini,  Caudini,  Budini, 
Rhegini,  Triocalini,  Triumpilini,  Magellini,  Entellini, 
Canini,  Menanini,  Anaguini,  Amiternini,  Saturnini, 
Centuripini,  l’aropini,  Irpini,  Hirpini,  Tibarini,  Carini. 
Cetarini,  Citarini,  Illiberini,  Acherini,  Elorini,  Assorini, 
Feltrini,  Sutrini,  Eburini,  Tigurini,  Cacyrini,  Agyrini, 
Halesini,  Otesini,  Clusini,  Arusini,  Abyssini,  Reatini, 


Latini,  Calatini,  Collatini,  Calactini,  Ectini,  /Egetini, 
Ergetini,  Jetini,  Aietini,  Spoletini,  Net  ini,  Neretini, 
Setini,  Bantini,  Murgantini,  Pallantini,  Amantini,  Nu- 
mantini,  Eidentini,  Salentini,  Colentini,  Carentini, 
Verentini,  Florentini,  Consentini,  Potentini,  Faventini, 
Leontini,  Acherontini,  Saguntini,  Ilaluntini,  AJgyplini, 
Mamertini,  Tricastini,  Vestini,  Faustini,  Abrettini, 
Enguini,  Inguiui,  Lanuvini. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Gemini,  Memini,  Morini,  Torini. 

ONI,  UNI,  YNI. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Edoni,  Aloni,  Nemaioni,  Geloni,  Aquiloni,  Abroni, 
Gorduni,  Mariandyni,  Magyni,  Mogyni,  Mosyni. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Epigoni,  Teutoni. 

UPI. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Catadupi. 

ARI,  ERI,  IRI,  ORI,  URI,  YRI. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Babari,  Chomari,  Agactari,  Iberi,  Celtiberi,  Doberi, 
Digeri,  Algeri,  Drugeri  (?),  Palemeri,  Monomeri,  Dios- 
curi, Baniuri,  Psesuri,  Agacturi,  Zimyri. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Abari,  Tochari,  Acestari,  Cavari,  Calabri,  Cantabri, 
Eleutheri,  Crustumeri,  Tenchteri  (?),  Bructeri,  Suelteri, 
Treveri,  Veragri  (?),  Treviri,  Decemviri,  and  others  in 
viri,  Epliori,  Pastophori,  Hertnunduri  (?). 

US1. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Ilermandusi,  Condrusi,  Merusi. 

ATI,  ETI,  OTI,  UTI. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Abodati,  Capellati,  Ceroti,  Thesproti,  Carnuti. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Athanati,  Heneti,  Veneti. 

AVI,  EVI,  1VI,  UZI,  YZI. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Andecavi,  Chamavi,  Batavi  (?),  Pictavi,  Suevi,  Argivi, 
Acliivi,  Abruzi,  Megabyzi. 

,UI. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

jEdui,  Hedui,  Veromandui,  Marobodui,  Inui,  Essui, 
Abrincatui. 

IBAL,  UBAL,  NAL,  (JUIL. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Pomonal. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Annibal,  Hannibal,  Asdrubal,  Ilnsdrubal,  Tanaquil. 

AM,  IM,  ABUM,  UBUM. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Adulam,  Aduram. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Abarim,  Genabum  (?),  Ctecubuin. 

ACUM,  ICUM,  OCUM. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Bagacnm,  Arenacum  (?),  Cornacnm,  Tornacum,  Ba- 
racum,  Camaracum,  Eboracum  (?),  Labicum,  Trivicum, 
Nordovicum,  Longovicum,  Verovicum,  Norvicum,  Brnn- 
divicum. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Laureacum,  Abodiacum,  Tolpiacum,  Bedriacnm,  Ges- 
soriacum,  Magontiacnm,  Mattiacum,  Argentomacum, 
Olenacnm,  Bremetonacum,  Lampsacum,  Nemetacum, 
Bellovacum  (?),  Agedicum,  Agendicum  (?),  Glyconicum, 
Canopicum,  Noricum,  Massicum,  Adriaticum,  Creticum, 
Balticum,  Aventicum,  Maveoticum,  Sebennyticum, 
Agelocum. 

EDUM,  IDUM. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Manduessedum,  Algidum. 

EUM. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Midacum,  Cotiaeum,  Amphiaraeum,  Cotyaeum,  Phce- 
beum,  Scylaceum,  Anaceum,  Lyceum,  Erechtheum, 
Tittheum,  Erytheum,  Grytheum,  Gordietun,  Polieum, 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  GREEK  AND  LATIN  PROPER  NAMES. 


1731 


Olympieum,  Heracleum,  Solleum,  Mausoleum,  Hedy- 
leuin,  Coryleuin,  Docimeum,  Syleum,  Paneum,  Craneum, 
Prytaneum,  Teneum,  Aphneuin,  Pliineuni,  Gryneum, 
Oplnyneum,  Serapeum,  Agrippeum,  Gambreum,  Moly- 
ereum,  Serreum,  Oilysseum,  Museum,  Nyseum,  Rhce- 
teum,  Zmteum,  Pallanteum,  Psycliomanteum,  Gcron- 
teum,  Oresteum,  Pliyteum,  and  other  Greek  namesending 
in  cioy. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Herculeum,  Rataneunr,  Corineum,  Aquineum. 

AGUM,  IGUM,  OGUM. 


ARUM. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Agarum,  Belgarum,  Nympharum,  Convenarum,  Ro- 
sarum,  Adulitarum,  Celtarum. 

ABRUM,  UBRUM. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Velabrum,  Vernodubrum. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Artabrum. 


APHON,  EPIION,  IPHON,  OPIION. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Chaerephon,  Ctesiphon,  Antiplton,  Aglaoplion,  Colo- 
phon, Demoplion,  Xenophon. 

THON. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Agathon,  Acroathon,  Marathon,  Phaiithon,  Phleg- 
ethon,  Pyriphlegethon,  Arethon,  Acrithon. 

ION. 


Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Nivomagum,  Noviomaguin,  Adrobiguin,  Dariorigum, 
Allobrogum. 

IUM. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Anacium,  Bcndidium,  Herodium,  J.ogium,  Bacchium, 
Pandochium,  Ptochium,  Mnemium,  Nosocomium,  Mem- 
nonium,  Charonium,  Grynium,  Epium,  Dioscurium,  and 
other  Greek  names  ending  in  ci ov. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Albium,  Eugubiuin,  Abrucium,  and  other  Latin  words 
of  this  termination. 

ALUM,  ELUM,  ILUM,  OLUM,  ULUM. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Anchialum,  Acelum,  Oeeluin,  Corbilum,  Clusiolum, 
Oraculum,  Janiculum,  Corniculum,  Hetriculum,  U- 
triculum,  Aseulum,  Tusculum,  Angulum,  Cingulum, 
Apulum,  Trossulum,  Batuium. 

MUM. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Amstelodamum,Amstelrodamum,  Novocomum,  Cado- 
mum. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Lygdamum,  Cisamum,  Boiemum,  Antrimum,  Aux- 
imum,  Bergomum,  Mentonomum. 

ANUM. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Albanum,  Halicanum,  Arcanum,  zEanum,  Teanum, 
Trifanum,  Stabeanum,  Antbianum,  Pompeianum,  Tul- 
lianum,  Formianum,  Cosmianum,  Boianum,  Appianum, 
Bovianum,  Mediolanum,  Anianum,  Aquisgranum,  Tri- 
gisanum,  Nuditanum,  Ucalitanum,  Usalilanum,  Acole- 
tanum,  Acharitanum,  Abziritanum,  Argentanum,  Horta- 
num,  Anxanutn. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Apuscidanum,  Hebromanum,  Itanum. 

ENUM. 

Accent  the  Penu’timate. 

Picenum,  Calenutn,  Durolenum,  Misenum,  Volsenuin, 
Darvenum. 


ERUM. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 
Caucoliberum,  Tuberum. 

AFRUM,  ATI1RUM. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Venafrum. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Barathrum. 

IRUM. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Muzirum. 

ORUM. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Cermorum. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 
Durocortorum,  Ducortorum,  Dorostorum. 

ETRUM. 

Accent  either  the  Penultimate  or  Antepenultimate. 
Celetrum. 

URUM. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Alaburum,  Ascurunt,  Lugdurum,  Marcodurum,  Lac- 
todurum,  Octodurum,  Divodurum,  and  others  in  durum, 
Silurum. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Tigurum,  Saturum. 

ISUM,  OSUM. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Alisum,  Amisum,  Janosum. 

ATUM,  ETUM,  ITUM,  OTUM,  UTUM. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Atrebatum,  Calatum,  Argentoratum,  Mutristratum, 
Elocetum,Qufircetum,  Caletum,  Spoletuin,  Vallisolctum, 
Toletum,  Ulmetum,  Adrumetum,  Tunetum,  Eretuin, 
Accitum,  Durolitum,  Corstopitum,  Abrituin,  Augusto- 
ritum,  Naucrotitum,  Complutum. 


Olenum. 


Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 
INUM. 


Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Urbinum,  Sidicinum,  Ticinum,  Pucinum,  Tridinum, 
Londinum,  Aginum,  Casilinum,  Crustuminum,  Apenni- 
num,  Sepinum,  Arpinum,  Aruspinum,  Sarinum,  Lu- 
crinum,  Ocrinum,  Camerinttm,  Lahorinum,  Petrinum, 
Taurinum,  Casinum,  Nemosinum,  Cassinum,  Atinnm, 
Batinum,  Ambiatinum,  Petinum,  Altinum,  Salentinum, 
Tolentinum,  Ferentinum,  Laurentinum,  Abrotinum, 
Inguinum,  Aquinum,  Nequinum. 


ONUM. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Cabillonuin,  Garianonum,  liuronum,  Cataractonum. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Cicorium,  Vindonum,  Britonum. 

UNUM,  YNUM. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Lugdunum,  Marigdunum,  Moridunutn,  Arcaldunum, 
Segodunum,  Rigodunum,  Sorbiodunum,  Noviodunum, 
Melodunum,Camelodunum,Axelodunum,UxeIlodumun, 
Branodunum,  Carodunum,  Ctesarndunum,  Tarodunum, 
Tbeodorodunum,  Ehurodunum,  Nernantodunum,  and 
others  in  dunum,  Belunum,  Antematunum,  Andoma- 
tunum,  Mariandynum. 

OUM,  OPUM,  YPUM. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Myrtoum,  Europum. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Pausilypum. 


Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Sabbatum,  Neritum. 

AVU.VI,  IVUM,  YUM. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Gandavum,  Symbrivum. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Coccyum,  Engyum. 

MIN,  AON,  ICON. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Helicaon,  Lycaon,  Machaon,  Dolichaon,  Typhaon, 
Amithaon,  Alcmaon,  Hermaon,  Didymaon,  Hyperaon, 
Hicetaon.  Aretaon,  and  others  in  aon. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Salamin,  Rubicon,  Helicon. 

ADON,  EDON,  IDON,  ODON,  YDON. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

CaLcedon,  Chalcedon,  Carchedon,  Anthedon,  Asplc- 
don,  Sarpedon,  Thennodon,  Abydon. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Celadon,  Alcimedon,  Amphimedon,  Laornedon,  Hip- 
pomedon,  Oromedon,  Autoincdon,  Armedon,  Euryme- 
don,  and  others  in  medon,  Calydon,  Amydon,  Corydon. 

EON,  EGON. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Phiceon,  Achilleon,  Boreon,  Nyseon. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Pantheon  (?),  Aleon,  Deileon,  Pitholeon,  Demoleon, 
Timoleon,  Anacreon,  Timocreon,  Aristocreon,  Ucalegon. 


Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Pandion,  Sandion,  CEdipodion,  Eion,  Arrachion, 
Echion,  lEchion,  Alphion,  Ampliion,  Opliion,  Matliion, 
zEthion,  Methion,  Dolion,  Molion,  Nomion,  Onion, 
Carnion,  Dolopion,  Arion,  Carion,  Acrion,  ZErion,  Hy- 
perion (Angl.  Hype' non),  Orion,  Borion,  Asion,  Motion, 
Axion,  Ixion,  Thelxion. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Albion,  Phocion,  Cephaloedion,  A3gion,  Brigion,  Bry- 
gion,  Adobogion,  Moschion,  Emathion,  Amethion,  An- 
thion,  Erothion,  Pythion,  Deucalion,  Da-dalion,  Sigalion, 
Calathion,  Ethalion,  Ereuthalion,  Pygmalion,  Cemelion, 
Pelion,  Ptelion,  Ilion,  Bryllion,  Bucolion,  Endymion, 
Milanion,  Athenion,  Boion,  Apion,  CEnopion,  Dropion, 
Appion,  Noscopion,  Aselelarion,  Oarion,  Chimerion, 
Asterion,  Dorion,  Euphorion,  Porphyrion,  Thyrion, 
Iasion,  Esion  (?),  Dionysion,  Hippocration,  Stration, 
Action,  Aiition,  Eetion,  Pallantion,  Dotion,  Theodotion, 
Erotion,  Sotion,  Hephiestion,  Pliilistion,  Polytion,  Or- 
nytion,  Eurytion. 

LON,  MON,  NON,  OON,  PON,  RON,  PHRON. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Adcmon,  Philemon,  Hieromnemon,  Criumetopon, 
Caberon,  Dioscuron. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Ascalon,  Abylon,  Babylon,  Telamon,  zEgemon,  Pol- 
emon,  Ardemon,  Artemon,  Abarimon  (?),  Oromenon, 
Alcamenon,  Tauromenon,  Deicoon,  Democoon,  LaocoHn, 
Hippocoon,  Demophoon,  Hippotlioon,  Acaron,  Accaron, 
Paparon,  Passaron,  Acheron,  Apteron,  Daiphron,  Al- 
ciphron,  Chcrsipliron,  Lycophron,  Euthyphron. 

SON,  TON,  YON,  ZON. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Iason,  Theogiton,  Aristogiton,  Polygiton,  Aduliton, 
Deltoton,  Acazon,  Amazon  (Angl.  Am'aton),  Olizon, 
Amyzon. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Themison,  Abaton,  Aciton,  Sicyon,  Cercyon,  Crem- 
myon,  Cromyon,  Gcryon,  Alcetryon,  Amphitryon,  Am- 
phictyon. 

ABO,  ACO,  EDO,  IDO. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Cupido. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Arabo,  Tarraco,  Macedo. 

BEO,  LEO,  TEO. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Labeo,  Aculeo,  Buteo. 

AGO,  IGO,  UGO. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Carthago,  Origo,  Verrugo. 

CHO,  PHO,  TIIO. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Stilicho,  Clitipho,  Agatho. 

BIO,  CIO,  DIO,  GIO,  LIO,  MIO,  NIO,  RIO,  SIO, 

TIO,  VIO,  XIO. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Arabio,  Corbio,  Navilubio,  Senecio,  Diomedio,  Regio, 
Phrygio,  Bambalio,  Ballio,  Caballio,  Ansellio,  Pollio, 
Sirmio,  Formio,  Phormio,  Anio,  Parmenio,  Avenio, 
Glabrio,  Acrio,  Curio,  Syllaturio,  Vario,  Occasio,  Au- 
rasio,  Segusio,  Verclusio,  Natio,  Ultio,  Derventio,  Ve- 
sontio,  Divio,  Oblivio,  Petovio,  Alexio. 

CLO,  ILO,  ULO,  UMO. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Chariclo  (?),  Corbilo,  Corbulo,  Epulo,  Battulo,  Cas- 
tulo,  Anumo,  Lucumo. 

ANO,  ENO,  INO. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Theano,  Adramitteno. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Barcino,  Ruscino,  Frusino. 


I 


1732 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  GREEK  AND  LATIN  PROPER  NAMES. 


APO,  IPO. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Sisapo,  Olyssipo. 

ARO,  ERO. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Bessaro,  Civaro,  Tubero,  Cicero,  Hiero,  Acimero, 
Cessero,  Vadavero. 

ASO,  ISO. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Carcaso,  Agaso,  Turiaso,  Aliso,  Natiso. 

ATO,  ETO,  ITO,  YO. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Enyo. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Erato,  Derceto,  Siccilissito,  Capito,  Amphitryo. 

BER,  FER,  GER,  TER,  VER. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Meleager,  Elaver  (?). 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Calaber,  Mulciber,  Noctifer,  Tanager,  Antipater,  Mars- 
pater,  Diespiter,  Marspiter,  Jupiter. 

AOR,  NOR,  POR,  TOR. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Chrysaor,  Alcanor,  Nicanor,  Bianor,  Timanor,  Eu- 
phranor,  and  others  in  anor , Alcenor,  Agenor,  Agapenor, 
Elpenor,  Rhetenor,  Antenor,  Anaxerior,  and  others  in 
euor , Nicator,  Vindemiator,  Phobetor,  Aphetor. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Marcipor,  Lucipor,  Numitor. 

BAS,  DAS,  EAS,  GAS,  PHAS. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Alebas,  Augeas  (Ictus'  of  Elis),  Alneas  (the  Trojan  hero), 
Oreas  (an  Oread),  Syinplegas. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Dotadas,  Cercidas,  Lucidas,  Timachidas,  Charmidas. 
Alcidamidas,  Leonidas,  Aristonidas,  Mnasippidas,  Pe- 
lopidas,  Thearidas,  Diagoridas,Diphoridas,  Antipatridas, 
Abantidas,  Crauxidas,  Ardeas,  Augeas  the  poet) , Eleas, 
Alneas  (in  Time.,  Xen.,  N.  77),  Cineas,  Cyneas,  Boreas, 
Broteas,  Acragas,  Periphas,  Acyphas. 

IAS. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Hermias. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Caecias,  Nicias,  Cephalcedias,  Phidias,  Ilerodias, 
Cydias,  Ephyreias,  Minyeias,  Pelasgias,  Antibacchias, 
Acrolochias,  Archias,  Adarchias,  Ophias,  Arcathias, 
Agathias  (?),  Pythias,  Pleias,  Pelias,  I lias,  Damias,  So- 
icmias,  Arsanias,  Pausanias,  Olympias,  Appias,  Agrip- 
pias,  Chabrias,  Tiberias,  Terias,  Lycorias,  Pelorias, 
Demetrias,  Dioscurias,  Agasias,  Pliasias,  Acesias,  Age- 
sias,  Ilegesias,  Tiresias,  Ctesias,  Cephisias,  Pausias, 
Prusias,  Lysias,  Tysias,  Amelias,  Bitias,  Critias,  Abantias, 
Thoantias,  Phaethontias,  Plicestias,  Thestias,  Sestias, 
Livias,  Artaxias,  Loxias. 

LAS,  MAS,  NAS. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Amiclas,  Amyclas,  Acilas.  Adulas,  Asylas,  Maecenas, 
Maecenas,  or  Mecoenas,  Fidenas,  Arpinas,  Larinas, 
Atinas,  Adunas. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Agelas,  Apilas,  Arcesilas,  Acylas,  Dorylas,  Acainas, 
Alcidamas,  Iphidamas,  Chersidamas,  Praxidamas,  The- 
odamas,  Cleodamas,  Thiodamas,  Tlierodamas,  Astyd- 
amas,  and  otliers  in  damas,  Athainas,  Garamas,  Dicomas, 
Sarsinas,  Sassinas,  Pitinas. 

OAS,  PAS,  RAS,  SAS,  TAS,  YAS. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Bagoas,  Canopas,  Epitheras,  Aboras,  Chaboras,  Abra- 
datas  (?),  letas,  Philetas,  Dainnetas,  Acritas,  Eurotas, 
Archytas. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Teleboas,  Chrysorrhoas,  Agriopas,  Triopas,  Zona- 
ras  (?),  Gyaras,  Chrysoceras,  Mazeras,  Orthagoras, 
Pythagoras,  Diagoras,  Pylagoras,  Demagoras,  Timagoras, 
Herinagoras,  Athenagoras,  Xenagoras,  Hippagoras,  Ste- 
sagoras,  Tisagoras,  Telestagoras,  Protagoras,  Evagoras, 
Anaxagoras,  Praxagoras,  and  others  in  asoras,  Ligoras, 
Athyras,  Thamyras,  Cinyras,  Atyras,  Apesas,  Pietas, 
Felicitas,  Liheralitas,  Lentulitas,  Agnitas,  Opportunitas, 
Claritas,  Veritas,  Faustitas,  Civitas,  Plilegyas,  Milyas, 
Marsyas. 


BES. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Arabes,  Chalybes,  Annenochalybes. 

CE3. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Samothraces,  Phnenices,  Libyphcenices,  Olympionices, 
Plistonices,  Polynices,  Ordovices,  Lemovices,  Eburo- 
vices. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Arbaces(?),  Axiaces,  Pharnaces,  Myraces,  Arsaces(?), 
Astaces,  Derbices  (?),  Ardices,  Eleutherocilices,  Cap- 
padoces,  Eudoces,  Bubryces  (?),  Mazyces. 

ADES. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Demades. 


AGES,  EGES,  JGES,  OGES,  YGES. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Theages  (?),  Tectosages,  Astyages,  Leleges,  Nitiobri- 
ges  (?),  Durotriges,  Caturiges,  Allobroges,  Antobroges, 
OgyMes>  Cataphryges,  lazyges. 

ATHES,  ETHES,  YTHES,  IES 
Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Ariarathes,  Alethcs,  Onythes. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Aries. 

ALES. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Novendiales,  Geniales,  Compitales,  Arvales. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Carales. 


Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Icades,  Olcades,  Arcades,  Orcades,  Carneades,  Gor- 
gades,  Stipchades,  Licliades,  Stropllades,  Laiades,  Na- 
iades, Alcibiades,  Pleiades,  Branchiades,  Deliades, 
Heliades,  Peliades,  Oiliades,  Naupliades,  Juliades,  Mern- 
miades,  Cliniades,  Xeniades,  Hunniades,  Heliconiades, 
Acrisioniades,  Telamoniades,  Limoniades,  Asclepiades, 
Asopiades,  Crotopiades,  Appiades,  Thespiades,  Tliaria- 
des,  Otriades,  Cyriades,  Scyriades,  Anchisiades,  Dosia- 
des,  Lysiades,  Nysiades,  Dionysiades,  Mencptiades, 
Miltiades,  Abantiades,  Dryantiades,  Atlantiades,  Laom- 
edontiades,  Phaethontiades,  Lacrtiades,  Ilephiestiades, 
Thestiades,  Battiades,  Cyclades,  Pylades,  Nomades, 
Mtenades,  Echinades,  Cispades,  Chnerades,  Sporades,. 
Perisades,  Ilippotades,  Sotades,  Hyades,  Thyades,  Dry- 
ades,  Ilamadryades,  Othryades. 

EDES. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Democedes,  Agamedes,  Palamedes,  Archimedes,  Ni- 
comedes,  Dioinedes,  Lycosnedes,  Cleomedes,  Ganymedes, 
Tlirasyinedes,  and  otliers  in  modes. 

IDES. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Alcides,  Lyncidcs,  Tydides,  TEgides,  Lycurgides, 
Promethidcs,  Crethides,  Nicartliides,  Heraclides,  Tele- 
cli<les,  Epiclides,  Anticlides,  Androclides,  Meneclides, 
CEclides,  Ctesiclides,  Xenoclides,  Chariclides,  Patro- 
clides,  Aristoclides,  Euclides,  Euryclides,  Belides  (sin- 
gular),  Basilides,  Nelides,  Pelides,  Antigenides,  CEnides, 
Larides,  Hyperides,  Atrides,  Thesides,  Dryantides, 
Orestides  (?),  Aristides. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Epich'aides,  Danaides,  Lcsbides,  Labdacides,  TEacides, 
Hylacides,  Phylacides,  PJiaracides,  Mynnecides,  Phce- 
nicides,  Antalcides,  Andocides,  Ampycides,  Thucydides, 
Lelegeides,  Tyrrheides,  Pirnpleides,  Clymeneides,  Mi- 
neides,  Scyreides,  Minyeides,  Lagides,  Harpagides, 
Ogygides,  Inachides:  Lysimachides,  Agatharchides,  Ti- 
marchides,  Leontychides,  Leotychides,  Leutychides, 
Sisyphides,  Erecthides,  Scythides,  CEbalides,  ^Ethalides, 
Tantalides,  Castalides,  Mystalides,  Phytalides,  Belides 
(plural),  Sicelides,  Epimelides,  Cypselides,  Anaxilides, 
/Eolides,  Eubulidcs,  ^Eschylides,  Phocylides,  Priamides, 
Potamides,  /Esimides,  Tolmides,  Charmides,  Dardani- 
des,  Oceanides,  Amanides,  Titanides,  Olenides,  Achre- 
menides,  Achernenides,  Epimenidcs,  Parmenides,  Is- 
menides,  Eumenides,  Sithnifles,  Apollinides,  Prumnides, 
Aonides,  Dodonides,  Mygdalonides,  Calydonides,  Mrp- 
onides,  CEdipodionides,  Deioriides,  Chionides,  Echioni- 
des,  Spercliionides,  Ophionides,  Japetionides,  Ixionides, 
Mimallonides,  Philonides,  Apollonides,  Acmonides, 
yEmonides,  Polypemonides,  Simonides,  Harmonides, 
Memnonides,  Cronides,  Myronides,  TEsonides,  Aris- 
tonides,  Praxonides,  Liburnides,  Sunides,  Teleboides, 
Panthoides,  Acheloides,  Pronopides,  Lapides,  Callipides, 
Euripides,  Driopides,  QSnopides,  Cecropides,  Leucippi- 
des,  Pliilippides,  Argyraspides,  Clearides,  Tienarides, 
Hebrides,  Timandrides,  Anaxandrides,  Epicerides,  Pieri- 
des,  Hesperides,  Cassiterides,  Anterides,  Peristerides, 
Libethrides,  Dioscorides,  Protagorides,  Methorides,  Ante- 
norides,  Actorides,  Diactorides,  Polyctorides,  Hegetori- 
des,  Onetorides,  Antorides,  Acestorides,  Thestorides, 
Aristorides,  Electrides,  GSnotrides,  Smindyrides,  Philyri- 
des,  Pegasides,  Iasides,  Tinbrasides,  Clesides,  Dionysides, 
Cratides,  Proptetides,  Prcetides,  Oceanitides,  ASantides, 
Dracontides,  Absyrtides,  Acestides,  Epytides. 

ODES,  UDES,  YDES. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

TEgilodes,  Acmodes,  Nebrodes,  Herodes,  Orodes, 
Pyrodes,  Ha^budes,  Harudes,  Lacydes,  Pherecydes, 
Epicydes,  Androcydes,  and  others  in  cydes. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Sciapodcs,  CEdipodes,  Antipodes,  Ilippopodes,  Himan- 
topodes,  and  others  in  podes. 


ACLES,  ECLES,  ICLES,  OCLES,  YCLES. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Megacles,  Menecles,  Daicles,  Mnasicles,  Iphicles  (?), 
Xanthicles,  Charicles,  Thericles,  Pericles,  Agasicles, 
Pasicles,  Plirasicles,  Cfesicles,  Sosicles,  Nausicles,  Xan- 
ticles,  Nicocles,  Empedocles,  Theocles,  Neocles,  Ete- 
ocles,  Sophocles,  Pythocles,  Diodes,  Philocles,  Dam- 
ocles, Democles,  Phanocles,  Xenocles,  Hierocles,  An- 
drocles,  Mandrocles,Patrocles(?),  Metrocles,  Lamprocles, 
Cephisocles,  Nestocles,  Themistocles,  Bathycles,  Eu- 
thycles,  and  others  in  cles . 

ELES,  ILES,  OLES,  ULES. 

Accent  the  Antep>enultimate. 

Ararauceles,  Iledymeles,  Pasiteles,  Praxiteles,  Py- 
rogoteles,  Demoteles,  Aristoteles,  Gundiles,  Absiles, 
Novensiles,  Pisatiles,  Taxiles,  Azoles.  Autololes,  Her- 
cules. 

AMES,  OMES. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Arsames. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate . 

Priames,  Datames,  Abrocomes. 

ANES. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Jordanes  (?),  Agrianes,  Athamanes,  Alamanes,  Brach- 
manes,  Acarnanes,  ^Egipanes,  Tigranes,  Titanes,  Ari- 
obarzanes,  and  other  Persian  names  in  zanes. 

Accent  the  Antepenultunate. 

Diaphanes,  Epiphanes,  Periphanes,  Praxiphanes, 
Dexiphanes,  Lexiphanes,  Antiplianes,  Nicophanes, 
Theophanes,  Diopiianes,  Apollophanes,  Xenophanes, 
Aristophanes,  and  others  in  pkanes,  Pliarasmanes, 
Actisanes  (?),  Prytanes. 

ENES. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Timagenes,  Metagenes,  Sosigenes,  Epigenes,  Origenes, 
Mclesigenes,  Antigenes,  Theogenes,  Diogenes,  Hermoge- 
nes,  Rhetogenes,Tliemistogenes,  Xanthenes,Agasthenes, 
Lastlienes,  Clisthenes,  Callisthenes,  Perislhenes,  Cra- 
tisthenes,  Antisthenes,  Barbosthenes,  Leosthenes,  De- 
mosthenes, Dinosthenes,  Androsthenes,  Sosthenes,  Era- 
tosthenes, Borysthenes,  Alcatnenes,  Theramencs,  Ti- 
samenes,  Deditamenes,  Spitarnenes,  Pylaemenes,  Al- 
themenes,  Achasmenes,  Philopcemenes,  Daimenes,  Nau- 
simenes,  Antimenes,  Anaximenes,  Cleomenes,  Hip- 
pomenes,  Heromenes,  Aristomenes,  Eumenes,  Numenes, 
Polymenes. 

INES. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Telchines,  Acesines. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Aborigines,  Aeschines,  Asines. 

ONES. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Calucones,  Agones,  Iones,  Bigerriones,  Ilelleviones, 
Volones,  Nasamones,  Ambrones,  Verones,  Centrones, 
Eburones,  Grisones,  Suessones,  Anticatones,  Statones, 
Vectones,  Vettones,  Acitavones,  Axones  (people),  A2x- 
ones,  Halizones. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Lycaones,  Chaones,  Frisiabones,  Cicones,  Vernicones, 
Francones,  Vascones,  Mysomacedones,  Rhedones,  Es- 
sedones,  Myrmidones,  Pocones,  Paphlagones,  Aspagones, 
Lingones,  Laestrygones,  Ijesttygones,  Vaugiones,  Nu- 
ithones  (?),  Sithones,  Baliones,  Hermiones,  Merioncs, 
Suiones,  Mimallones,  Senones(?),  Memnones,  Pannones, 
Ausones,  Pictones,  Teutones,  Ingtevones  (?),  Istaevo- 
nes  (?),  Axones  ( tablets ),  Geryones,  Amazones. 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  GREEK  AND  LATIN  PROPER  NAMES. 


1733 


OES. 

Accent  the  Penultimate . 

Heroes. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate . 

Cliosroes. 

APES,  OPES. 

Accent  the  Penultimate . 

Cynapes,  Cyclopes. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate . 

Panticapes,  Crassopes,  Esubopes,  AEthiopes,  Hellopes, 
Dolopes,  Panopes,  Steropes,  Dryopes. 

ARES,  ERES,  IRES,  ORES,  URES 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Cabares,  Baleares,  Apollinares,  Saltuares,  Ableres, 
Byzeres,  Bechires,  Diores,  Azores. 


Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Leochares,  Demochares,  A bis  ares,  Cavares,  Insubres, 
Luceres,  Pieres,  Astabores,  Musagores,  Centores,  Silures, 
Lemures. 

ISES. 


Anchises. 


Accent  the  Penultimate. 
OCES,  YSES. 


Cambyses. 


Accent  the  Penultimate. 
ATES. 


Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Phraates,  Caracates,  Adunicates,  Nisicates,  Leucatcs, 
Teridates,  Mithridates,  Attidiates,  Osqui  dates,  Oxydates, 
Ardeates,  Eleates,  Bercorates,  Caninefates,  ASgates, 
Achates,  Niphates,  Deciates,  Attaliates,  Mevaniates, 
Quariates,  Asseriates,  Euburiates,  Antiates,  Sontiates, 
Sotiatcs,  Spartiates,  Celelates,  Hispellates,  Stellates, 
Suillates,  Albulates,  Auximates,  Flanates,  Edenates, 
Fidenates,  Sutfenates,  Fregenates,  Penates,  Capenates, 
Coesenates,  Misenates,  Padinates,  Fulginates,  Merinates, 
Alatrinates,  yEsinates,  Agesinates,  Asisinates,  Sas- 
si nates,  Sessinates,  Frusinatcs,  Atinates,  Altinates, 
Tollentinates,  Ferentinates,  Interamnates,  Chelonates, 
Casmonates,  Arnates,Tifernates,Infernates,  Privernates, 
Oroates,  Euphrates,  Orates,  Vasates,  Cocosates,  Tolo- 
sates,  Antuates,  Nantuates,  Sadyates,  Caryates. 


Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Atrebates  (?),  Spitliobates,  Ichnobates,  Eurvbates, 
Antipbates,  Zalates,  Saurornates,  Menecrates,  Pherec- 
rates,  Iphicrates,  Callicrates,  Epicrates.  Pasicrates, 
Stasicrates,  Sosicrates,  Hypsicrates,  Nicocrates,  Ilaloc- 
rates,  Uamocrates,  Democrates,  Cheremocrates,  Ti- 
mocrates,  Hermocrates,  Stenocrates,  Xenocrates,  Hip- 
pocrates,  Harpocrates,  Socrates,  Isocrates,  Cepliisocrates, 
Naucrates,  Eucrates,  Eutliycrates,  Polycrates,  and 
others  in  crates. 


ETES,  ITES,  OTES,  UTES,  YTES,  YES,  ZES. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Acetes,  Ericetes,  AEetes,  Indigetes  (a  people ),  Caletes, 
Ilergetes,  Philocletes,  ASgletes,  Neinef.es,  Coinetes,  Ul- 
manetes,  Consuanetes,  Gymnetes,  yEsymnetes,  Nan- 
netes,  Serretes,  Curetes,  Odites,  Belgites,  Margites, 
Memphites,  Ancalites,  Ambialites,  Avalites,  Curiosolites, 
Polites,  Apollopolites,  Ilermopolites,  Latopolites,  Abu- 
lites,  Stylites,  Borysthenites,  Temenites,  Syenites, 
Carcinites,  Samnites,  Deiopites,  Garites,  Centrites, 
Thersites,  Narcissites,  Asphaltites,  Hydraotes,  Herac- 
leotes,  Bceotes,  Helotes,  Bootes,  Thootes,  Anagnutes, 
Arimazes. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Dercetes,  Mreragetes,  Massagetes,  Indigetes  (gods), 
Evergetes,  Auchetes,  Eusipetes,  Charites,  Cerites,  Praes- 
tites,  Andramytes,  Dariaves,  Ardyes,  Machlyes,  Blem- 
myes.  # 

AIS. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Acliais,  Archelais,  Homolais,  Ptolemais,  Elymais. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Thebais,  Pliocais,  Calais,  Aglais,  Tanais,  Cratais, 
Colaxais. 

BIS,  CIS,  DIS. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Berenicis,  Lycomedis,  Cephalcedis. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Acabis,  Carabis,  Setabis,  Nisibis,  Cleobis,  Tucrobis, 
Tisobis,  Ucubis-,  Curubis,  Salmacis,  Acinacis,  Brovona- 
cis,  Athracis,  Agnicis,  Carambucis,  Cadmeidis. 


EIS  (in  two  syllables),  ETIIIS,  ATHIS. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Medeis,  Spercheis,  Pittheis,  Crytheis,  Nepheleis,  Ele- 
leis,  Achilleis,  Pimpleis,  Cadmeis,  A3neis,  Schceneis, 
Peneis,  Acrisoneis,  Triopeis,  Patereis,  Nereis  (?),  Cen- 
ehreis,  Theseis,  Briseis,  Perseis,  Messeis,  Chryseis, 
Nycteis,  Scbethis,  Epimcthis. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate 

Thymiatliis. 

ALIS,  ELIS,  ILIS,  OLIS,  TJLIS,  YLIS. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Andabalis,  Cercalis,  Regalis,  Stymphalis,  Dialis, 
Latialis,  Septimontialis,  Martialis,  Manalis,  Juvenalis, 
Ouirinalis,  Fontinalis,  Junonalis,  Avernalis,  Vacunalis, 
Abrupalis,  Floralis,  Gluietalis,  Eumelis,  Phaselis  Eu- 
pilis,  Quinctilis,  Cimolis,  Cinolis,  Adulis. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

CEbalis,  Hannibalis,  Acacalis,  Fornicalis,  Androcalis, 
Lupercalis,  Vahalis,  Isclialis,  Caralis,  Thessalis,  Italis, 
Facelis,  Sicelis,  Fascelis,  Vindelis,  Nephelis,  Indibilis, 
Bilbilis,  Leucretilis,  Myrtilis,  AEolis,  Argolis,  Decapolis, 
Neapolis,  and  all  words  ending  in  polls,  Herculis, 
Thestylis. 

AMIS,  EMIS. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Calamis,  Salamis,  Semiramis,  Thyainis,  Artemis. 

ANIS,  ENIS,  INIS,  ONIS,  YNIS. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. . 

Mandanis,  Titanis,  Bacenis,  Mycenis,  Philenis,  Cyl- 
lenis,  Ismenis,  Cebrenis,  Adonis,  Edonis,  Aedonis, 
Thedonis,  Dodonis,  Calydonis,  Agonis,  Alingonis,  Co- 
lonis,  Corbulonis,  Cremonis,  Salmonis,  Junonis,  Cice- 
ronis,  Scironis,  Coronis,  Phoronis,  Tritonis,  Pliorcynis, 
Gortynis. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate . 

Sicanis,  Anticanis,  Andanis,  Hypanis,  Taranis,  Pryt- 
anis,  Pceinenis,  Eumenis,  Lvcaonis,  Asconis,  Sidonis  (?), 
Mieonis,  P adonis,  Silhonis,  Memnonis,Pannonis,Britonis, 
Geryonis. 

OIS  (in  two  syllables). 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Minois,  Ilerois,  Latois. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Simois,  Pyrois. 

APIS,  OPIS. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

lapis,  Serapis,  Isapis,  Asopis. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Acapis,  Colapis,  Menapis,  Cecropis,  Meropis. 

ARIS,  ACRIS,  ERIS,  IGRIS,  IRIS,  ITRIS,  ORIS, 

URIS,  YRIS. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Balearis,  Apollinaris,  Nonacris  (?),  Cytheris,  Trieris, 
Osiris,  Petosiris,  Busiris,  Lycoris,  Peloris,  Calaguris, 
Gracchuris,  Hippuris. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Abaris,  Fabaris,  Sybaris,  Icaris,  Andaris,  Tyndaris, 
Sagaris,  Angaris,  Calaris,  Phalaris,  Elaris,  Ttenaris, 
Liparis,  Araris,  Biasaris,  Caesaris,  Abisaris,  Achisaris, 
Bassaris,  Melaris,  Autaris,  Trinacris,  Illiberis,  Tiberis, 
Zioberis,  Tyberis,  Nepheris,  Pieris,  Auseris,  Pasitigris, 
Aciris,  Coboris,  Acoris,  Sicoris,  Neoris,  Antipatris, 
Absitris,  Pacyris,  Ogyris,  Porphyris,  Amyris,  Tliamyris, 
Thomyris,  Tomyris. 

ASIS,  ESIS,  ISIS. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Amasis,  Magnesis,  Tuesis. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Bubasis,  Pegftsis,  Parrhasis,  Paniasis,  Acamasis, 
Engonasis,  Graicostasis,  Panyasis,  Lacliesis,  Atliesis, 
Thamesis,  Nemesis,  Tibisis. 

OSIS,  USIS. 

Accent  the  Penultbnate. 

Diamastigosis,  Enosis,  Eleusis. 

ATIS,  ETIS,  ITIS,  OTIS,  YTIS. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Tegeatis,  Caryatis,  Miletis,  Limenetis,  Curetis,  Acer- 
vitis,  Chalcitis,  Memphitis,  Sophitis,  Arbelitis,  Fasce- 
litis,  Dascylitis,  Comitis,  A^anitis,  Cananitis,  Circinitis, 
Chaonitis,  Trachonitis,  Chalonitis,  Sybaritis,  Daritis, 


Calenderitis,  Zephyritis,  Amphaxitis,  Rhacotis,  Nes- 
tireotis,  McTotis,  Tracheotis,  Mareotis,  Phthiotis,  Sanda- 
liotis,  Elimiotis,  Iscariotis,  Casiotis,  Phi  lot  is,  Nilotis. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Atergatis,  Calatis,  Sarmatis,  Anatis,  Naucratis,  Der- 
cetis,  Eurytis. 

OVIS. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Vejovis,  Dijovis. 

ICOS,  EDOS,  ODOS,  YDOS. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Abydos. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Oricos,  Tenedos,  Macedos,  Agriodos. 

EOS. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Spercheos,  Achilleos. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Androgeos,  Egaleos,  ^Egaleos,  Hegaleos. 

YGOS,  ICIIOS,  OCIIOS,  OPIIOS. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Callipygos,  Melarnpygos,  Neontichos,  Macrontichos. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

ASgiochos,  Oresitrophos. 

ATIIOS,  ETHOS,  ITHOS,  IOS. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Sebethos. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Sciathos,  Eritlios,  Ilios,  Ombrios,  Topasios. 

LOS,  MOS,  NOS,  POS. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Stymphalos,  Pachynos,  Etheonos,  Eteonos,  Hep- 
taphonos. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Ha*galos,  Ailgialos,  Ampelos,  iEgilos,  Ilexapylos, 
Sipylos,  Hecatompylos,  Potamos,  AZgospotamos,  Olenos, 
Orchomenos,  Anapauomenos,  Epidicazomenos,  Heau- 
tontimorumenos,  Atropos. 

ROS,  SOS,  TOS,  ZOS. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Meleagros,  Ilecatonchiros,  ^Egimuros,  Nisyros,  Pity- 
onesos,  Hieronesos,  Cephesos,  Sebetos,  Miletos,  Poly- 
timetos,  Aretos,  Buthrotos,  Topazos. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Sygaros,  Ailgoceros,  Anteros,  Myiagros,  Absoros,  Amy- 
ros,  Pegasos,  Ialysos,  Abatos,  Neritos,  Acytos. 

IPS,  OPS. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

A3gilips,  ASthiops. 

LAUS,  MAUS,  NAUS,  RAUS  (in  two  syllables). 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Archelaus,  Menelaus,  Agesilaus,  Protesilaus,  Nicolaus, 
Iolaus,  Hermolaus,  Critolaus,  Aristolaus,  Dorylaus, 
Amphiaraus. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Talaus,  Aglaus,  Iinaus  (?),  Emmaus,  CEnomaus, 
Danaus,  Cranaus. 

BUS. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Agabus,  Alabus,  Arabus,  Metabus,  Setabus,  Erebus, 
Deiphobus,  Polybus. 

ACUS. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Abdacus,  Labdacus,  Rhyndacus,  Abacus,  Ithacus. 

IACUS * 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Ialciacus,  Phidiacus,  Alabandiacus,  Rhodiacus,  Cal- 
chiacus,  Corinthiacus,  Deliacus,  Peliacus,  Iliacus, 
Niliacus,  Titaniacus,  Armeniacus,  Messeniacus,  Sala- 
miniacus,  Lemniacus,  Ioniacus,  Sammoniacus,  Trito- 
niacus,  Gortyniacus,  Olympiacus,  Caspiacus,  Mesem- 
briacus,  Adriaens,  Iberiacus,  Cytheriacus,  Siriacus- 
Gessoriacus,  Cytoriacus,  Syriacus,  Pliasiacus,  Megale, 


-iacus.  — All  words  of  this  termination  have  the  accent  on  the  i,  pronounced  like  the  noun  eye.  — Walker. 


1734 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  GREEK  AND  LATIN  PROPER  NAMES. 


siacus,  Etesiacus,  Isiacus,  Gnosiacus,  Cnossiacus,  Pau- 
siacus,  Amathusiacus,  Pelusiacus,  Prusiacus,  Actiacus, 
Divitiacus,  Byzantiacus,  Thermodontiacus,  Propontia- 
cus,  Ilellespontiacus,  Sestiacus. 

LACUS,  NACUS,  OACUS,  RACUS,  SACUS,  TAGUS. 

Accent  the  Penultimate . 

Benacus. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate . 

Ablacus,  Medoacus,  Amaracus,  Assaracus,  /Esacus, 
Lampsacus,  Caractacus,  Spartacus,  Hyrtacus,  Pittacus. 

ICUS. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Caicus,  Ceramicus,  Numicus,  Hcllanicus  (?),  Demoni- 
cus,  Granicus,  Andronicus,  Stratonicus,  Callistonicus, 
Aristonicus,  Alaricus,  Albericus,  Fridericus,  Rodericus, 
Rudericus,  Romericus,  Henricus,  Hunnericus,  Victorious, 
Amatricus,  Henricus,  Theodoricus,  Ludovicus,  Greno- 
vicus,  Varvicus. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Thebaicus,  Phocaicus,  Chald'aicus,  Bardaicus,  Juda- 
icus,  Ach'aicus,  Lechaicus,  Panchaicus,  Tlierm'aicus, 
N'aicus,  Panathenaicus,  CyrenAicus,  Arabicus,  Dacicus, 
Samothracicus,  Turcicus,  Arcadicus,  Sotadicus,  Threcid- 
icus,  Chalcidicus,  Alabandicus,  Judicus,  Clondicus,  Cor- 
nificus,  Belgicus,  Allobrogicus,  Georgicus,  Colcliicus, 
Delpliicus,  Sapphicus,  Partliicus,  Scythic.us,  Pythicus, 
Stymphalicus,  Pharsalicus,  Thessalicus,  Italicus,  At- 
talicus,  Gallicus,  Sabellicus,  Tarbellicus,  Argolicus, 
Getulicus,  Camicus,  Academicus,  Gnecanicus,  Cocani- 
cus,  Tuscanicus,  iEanicus,  Glanicus,  Atellanicus, 
Amanicus,  Romanicus,  Germanicus,  Hispanictis,  Aqui- 
tanicus,  Sequanicus,  Poenicus,  Alemannicus,  Britanni- 
cus.  Laconicus,  Leuconicus,  Adonicus,  Macedonicus, 
Sardonicus,  Ionicus,  Hermionicus,  Babylonicus,  Samoni- 
cus,  Pannonicus,  Hieronicus,  Platonicus,  Santonicus, 
Sophronicus,  Teutonicus,  Amazonicus,  Hernicus,  Li- 
burnicus,  Euboicus,  Troicus,  Stoicus,  Olympicus,  yEthi- 
opicus,  Pindaricus,  Balearicus,  Marmaricus,  Bassaricus, 
Cimbricus,  Andricus,  Ibericus,  Trieterictis,  Trevericus, 
Africus,  Doricus,  Pythagoricus,  Leuctricus,  Istricus, 
Isauricus,  Centauricus,  Bituricus,  Illyricus,  Syricus, 
Pagasicus,  Moesicus,  Marsicus,  Persicus,  Corsicus,  Mas- 
sicus,  Issicus,  Sabbaticus,  Mithridaticus,  Tegeaticus, 
Syriaticus,  Asiaticus,  Dalmaticus,  Sarmaticus,  Ciby- 
raticus,  Rha?ticus,  Geticus,  Gangeticus,  .Egineticus, 
Creticus,  Memphiticus,  Sybariticus,  Abderiticus,  Celti- 
cus,  Atl anti cus,  Garamanticus,  Ponticus,  Scoticus, 
i\I(coticus,  Bceoticus.  Heracleoticus,  Mareoticus,  Phthi- 
oticus,  Niloticus,  Epiroticus,  Syrticus,  Atticus,  Aly- 
atticus,  Halyatticus,  Mediastuticus. 

OCUS,  YCUS. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Besbicus,  Laodocus,  Amadocus,  Ibycus,  Libycus, 
Autolycus,  Amycus,  Glanycus,  Inycus  (?),  Corycus. 

AbUS,  EDUS,  IDUS,  ODUS,  YDUS. 

Accmt  the  Penultimate. 

Congedus  (?),  Alfredus,  Aluredus,  Emodus,  Androdus, 
Abydus. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate . 

Adadus,  Enceladus,  Aradus,  Antaradus,  Aufidus, 
Algid  us,  Lepidus,  Hesiodus,  Commodus,  Monodus, 
Polydus. 

EUS  (evs),  in  one  syllable.* 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Epigeus,  Epimet heus,  Prometheus,  Agyieus  (3  syl.), 
Oileus,  Eubuleus,  Myceneus,  Celeneus,  Palleneus,  Pyrc- 
neus,  Adoneus  (or  Ado'neus),  Aidoneus,  Eteoneus, 
Coloneus,  Salmoneus,  Cononeus,  Coroneus,  Phoroneus 
(«.),  Thyoneus,  Typhoeus  (//.),  Aloeus,  Enipeus,  Sino- 
peus,  Epopeus,  Opopeus,  Caphareus  ( n .),  Caphereus  («.), 
Plialereus  (or  Phale'reus),  Alathreus,  Aclioreus,  Lyco- 
reus,  Enyeus. 


Orpheus  (a.),  Alatheus,  Prometheus  (a.),  Erechtheus  (a.), 
Pentheus  (a.),  Eurystheus  (a.),  Pittheus  (a.),  Maleus  (a.), 
Heracleus  ( a .),  Sophocleus  (a.),  Eieus  (a.),  Neleus  (a.), 
Apelleus  (a.),  Achilleus  (a.),  Cadmeus  (a),  Capaneus 
(«.),  Adoneus  (a.),  Echeneus,  CEneus  (a.),  Peneus,  Phi- 
neus  (a.),  Carneus,  Orneus  ( a Centaur ),  Bioneus  (a.), 
Acrisioneus  (a.),  Phoroneus  ( a .),  Clytoneus,  Epeus, 
Philippeus,  Aganippeus  (a.),  Aristippeus  (a.),  Pelopeus 
(a.),  Areus  (a.),  Dareus,  Mcgareus  (a.),  Caphareus  (a.), 
Cychreus  (a.),  Atreus  (a.),  Perseus  (a.),  Rhceteus  (a.), 
Laomedonteus  (a.),  Oronteus  (a.),  Thyesteus  (a.), 
Phryxeus  (a.). 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Caduceus,  Mnesitheus,  Dositheus,  Pantheus,  Philothe- 
us,  Timotheus,  .Enotheus,  Brotheus,  Dorotheus,  Pytheus, 
Tantaleus  (a.),  Eieus  («.),  Celeus,  Demoleus,  Cyaneus, 
Diceneus,  Plieneus,  Apollineus  (a.),  Gorgoneus  (a.), 
Typhoeus  (a.),  Tyndareus,  Argenteus. 

AGUS,  EGUS,  IGUS,  OGUS. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Uragus,  Cetliegus,  Robigus,  Rubigus. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Egophagus,  Osphagus,  Neomagus,  Noviomagus,  Ceds- 
aromagus,  Sitomagus,  Rotomagus,  and  others  in  magus, 
Areopagus,  Harpagus,  Arviragus,  Astrologus. 

ACHUS,  OCIIUS,  UCHUS,  YCHUS. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Daduchus,  Ophiuchus. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Telemachus,  Daimachus,  Deimachus,  Alcimachus, 
Callimachus,  Lysimachus,  Antimachus,  Symmachus, 
Andromachus,  Clitomachus,  Aristomaclius,  Eury- 
maclius,  and  others  in  maclius , Inachus,  Iamblichus, 
Xenodochus,  Deiochus,  Antiochus,  Deliochus,  Archilo- 
chus, Mnesilochus,  Thersilochus,  Orsilochus,  Antilo- 
chus,  Naulochus,  Eurylochus,  Agerochus,  Polyochus, 
Monychus,  Abronyclius. 


APIIUS,  EPHUS,  IPIITJS,  OPHUS,  YPHUS. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Josephus,  Seriphus. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Ascalaphus,  Epaphus,  Palajpaphus,  Anthropographus, 
Telephus,  Absephus,  Agastrophus,  Epistrophus,  Sisy- 
phus. 

ATI1US,  ETHUS,  ITHUS. 


Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Simethus. 


Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 
Archagathus,  Amathus,  Lapathus,  Carpathus, 
citlius. 


AIUS. 


My- 


Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Caius,  L'aius,  Graius. 


ABIUS,  IBIUS,  OBIUS,  UBIUS,  YBIUS. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Fabius,  Arabius,  Brnbius,  Vibius,  Albius,  Macrobius, 
Androbius,  Tobius,  Virbius,  Lesbius,  Eubius,  Danubius, 
Marrhubius,  Talthybius,  Polybius. 


CIUS. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Acacius,  Ambracius,  Thracius,  Samothracius,  Lamp- 
sacius,  Arsacius,  Byzacius,  Accius,  Siccius,  Decius, 
Thrciicius,  Cornificius,  Cilicius,  Numicius,  Apicius, 
Sulpicius,  Fabricius,  Oricius,  Cincius,  Mincius,  Marcius, 
Circius,  Roscius,  Albucius,  Lucius,  Lycius  (?),  Bebrycius. 

DIUS 


Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Clialcideus,  Polieus,  Dorieus,  Idrieus,  Hidrieus,  Hyri- 
eus,  iEgialeus,  Oicleus,  Eleleus,  Cerameus,  Salganeus, 
Mechaneus,  Mel  a ne  us,  Capaneus  («.),  Tyaneus,  Idome- 
neus,  Mantincus,  Bioneus  (/?.),  Eioneus,  Deioneus, 
Ophioneus,  Ilioneus,  Alcyoneus,  Halcyoneus,  Otliryo- 
neus,  Eniopeus,  Panopeus,  Macareus,  Megareus  (n.), 
Aphareus,  Briareus  (or  Bria'reus),  Bassareus,  Patareus, 
Gyareus,  Chrysaoreus,  Elatreus,  Meliteus,  Phanoteus. 

EUS  (in  two  syllables). 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Menoeceus  ( adjective ),  Lynceus  ( a .),  Phorceus  (a.), 
Archideus,  ^Egeus  (a.),  Argeus,  Baccheus,  Ceplieus  (a.), 


Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Icadius,  Arcadius,  Leucadius,  Palladius,  Tenedius, 
Albidius,  Didius,  Thucydidius,  Fidius,  Aufidius,  yEgidi- 
us,  Nigidius,  Obsidius,  Gratidius,  Brutidius,  Helvidius, 
Ovidius,  Rhodius,  Clodius,  Harmodius,  Gordius  Clau- 
dius Rudius,  Lydius. 

EIUS. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Daneius,  Cocceius,  Lyrceius,  Lelegeius,  Sigeius, 
Baccheius,  Cepheius,  Cretheius,  Pittheius,  Saleius, 
Semeleius,  Neleius,  Stheneleius,  Proculeius,  Septimu- 
leius,  Canuleius,  Venuleius,  Apuleius,  Egnatuleius, 
Sipyleius,  Priameius,  Cadmeius,  Tyaneius,  iEneius, 
Clymeneius,  CEneius,  Autoneius,  Lampeius,  Rhodopeius, 


Dolopeius,  Priapeiue,  Pompcius,  Tarpeius,  Cynareius, 
Cythereius,  Nereius,  Satureius,  Vultureius,  Cinyreius, 
Nyseius,  Teius,  llecateius,  Elateius,  Rhmtcius,  Atteius, 
Minyeius. 

GIUS. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Valgius,  Belgius,  Sergius. 

CHIUS,  PIIIUS,  THIUS. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Bacchius  (author),  Sperchius,  Amphius,  Basilius 
(river). 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Inachius,  Bacchius  (in  Horace ),  Dulichius,  Telechius, 
Munychius,  Hesychius,  Tychius,  Cinyphius,  Alpliius, 
Adelphius,  Sisyphius,  Symiethius,  Acithius,  Melanthius, 
Erymanthius,  Corinthius,  Zerynthius,  Tirynthius. 

ALIUS,  DELIUS,  ELIUS,  ILIUS,  ULIUS,  YLIUS. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

CEbalius,  Idalius,  Acidalius,  Stymphalius,  Mcenalius, 
Opalius,  Thessalius,  Castalius,  Publius,  ASlius,  Cajlius, 
Laelius,  Delius,  Melius,  Cornelius,  Ccelius,  Clcelius, 
Aurelius,  Nyctelius,  Praxitelius,  Abilius,  Babilius,  Car- 
bilius,  Orbilius,  Acilius,  Ciecilius,  Lucilius,  ^Edilius, 
Virgilius,  ^Emilius,  Manilius,  Pompilius,  Turpilius, 
Atilius,  Basilius  (man),  Cantilius,  Q,uintilius,  Hostilius, 
Attilius,  Rutilius,  Duillius,  Sterquilius,  Carvilius,  Ser- 
vilius,  Callius,  Trebellius,  Cascellius,  Gellius,  Arellius, 
Vitellius,  Tullius,  Manlius,  Nauplius,  Daulius,  Julius, 
Amulius,  Pamphilius,  Pylius. 

MIUS. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Samius,  Ogmius,  Isthmius,  Decimius,  Septimius, 
Memmius,  Mummius,  Nomius,  Bromius,  Latmius, 
Posthumius. 

ANIUS,  ENIUS,  INIUS,  ENNIUS. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Anius,  Libanius,  Canius,  Sicanius,  Vulcanius,  As 
canius,  Dardanius,  Clanius,  Manius,  Afranius,  Granins, 
Mcenius,  Genius,  Borysthenius,  Lenius,  Valenius,  Cyl- 
lenius,  Olenius,  Menius,  AchiEmenius,  Armenius,  Is- 
menius,  Sirenius,  Messenius,  Dossenius,  Polyxenius, 
Trcezenius,  Gabinius,  Albinius,  Licinius,  Sicinius,  Vir- 
ginius,  Trachinius,  Minius,  Salaminius,  Flaminius, 
Arminius,  Herminius,  Caninius,  Asinius,  Eleusinius, 
Vatinius,  Flavinius,  Tarquinius,  Cilnius,  Tolumnius, 
Annius,  Fannius,  Ennius. 

ONIUS,  UNIUS,  YNIUS,  OIUS. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Aonius,  Lycaonius,  Chaonius,  Machaonius,  Amytha- 
onius,  Trebonius,  Heliconius,  Stiliconius,  Asconius, 
Macedonius,  Chalcedonius,  Caledonius,  Sidonius.  Man- 
donius,  Dodonius,  Cydonius,  Calydonius,  Masonius, 
Pasonius,  Agonius,  Gorgonius,  Liestrygonius,  Trophoni- 
us,  Sophonius,  Marathonius,  Sithonjus,  Ericthonius, 
Aphthonius,  Arganthonius,  Tithonius,  Ionius,  Eclii- 
onius,  Ixionius,  Salonius,  Milonius,  Apollonius,  Baby- 
lonius,  AEmonius,  Lacedeemonius,  Hiemonius,  PalEcmo- 
nius,  Ammonius,  Strymonius,  Nonius,  Memnonius,  Aga- 
ineninonius,  Crannonius,  Vennonius,  Junonius,  Pom- 
ponius,  Acronius,  Soplironius,  Scironius,  Sempronius, 
yEsonius,  Ausonius,  Latonius,  Suetonius,  Antonins, 
Bistonius,  Plutonius,  Favonius,  Aniazonius,  Calphur- 
nius,  Saturnius,  Daunius,  Junius,  Neptunius,  Gortynius, 
Typhoius,  Aclieloius,  Minoius,  Troius. 

APIUS,  OPIUS,  IPIUS. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Agapius,  yEsculapius,  iEsapius,  Messapius,  Grampius, 
Procopius,  CEnopius,  Cecropius,  Eutropius,  ^Esopius, 
Mopsopius,  Gippius,  Puppius,Caspius,Tliespius,  Cispius. 

ARIUS,  ERIUS,  IRIUS,  ORIUS,  URIUS,  YRIUS. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Darius. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Arius  (?),  Icarius,  Ligarius,  Sangarius,  Corinthiarius, 
Lari  us,  Marius,  ^Enarius,  Tamarius,  Asinarius,  Isina- 
rius,  Varius,  Januarius,  Aquarius,  Februarius,  Atuarius, 
Imbrius,  Adrius,  Evandrius,  Laberius,  Biberius,  Tibe- 
rius, Celtiberius,  Vinderius,  Acherius,  Valerius,  Nume- 
rius,  Hesperius,  Agrius,  CEagrius,  Cenchrius,  Rabirius, 
Podalirius,  Sirius,  Bosphorius,Elorius,  Florius,  Actorius, 
Anactorius,  Sertorius,  Caprkis,  Cyprius,  Arrius,  Virrius, 
Feretrius,  Q^notrius,  Adgandestrius,  Caystrius,  Epi- 
daurius,  Curius,  Mercurius,  Durius,  Furius,  Palfurius, 


* As  almost  all  the  words  of  this  termination  are  mispronounced  by  Walker  and 
others,  it  should  further  be  observed  that  eus  in  the  following  names  must  be  pro- 
nounced as  one  syllable : — Achilleus  (?*.),  Acrrcpheus,  ^Egeus  (n.),  Agreus,  Alyzeus, 
Amarynceus,  Amoebeus,  Andreus,  Antheus,  Areus  (/?.),  Atreus  (n.),  Azeus,  Briseus, 
Caencus,  Catreus,  Ceplieus  (//.),  Chloreus,  Cisseus,  Copreus,  Creteus,  Cretheus,  Cy- 
chreus  (n.),  Doreens,  Dromeus,  Dysponteus,  Erechtheus  (n.),  Eurystheus  (//..),  Gry- 
neus  (».),  Ilalicarnasseus,  Iierieeus,  Hippeus,  Ily leus,  Hypseus,  Imbreus,  Laliran- 


deus,  Latreus,  Lynceus  (n.),  Machsereus,  Mecisteus,  Melantheus,  Melisseus,  Menes- 
tlieus,  or  Mnestheus,  Mencpceus  (n.),  Morpheus,  Neleus  (n.),  Nereus  (n.),  Nileus, 
Nireus,  Nycteus,  Nyseus,  Odysseus,  CEneus  (/».),  Orestheus,  Orneus  (a  man),  Or- 
pheus («.),  Otreus,  Panteus,  Peleus,  Pereus,  Pentheus  («.),  Perseus  (71.),  Phegeus,  Phi- 
neus  Ct7 .),  Phoceus  (n.),  Phyleus,  Phylleus  («.),  Piraeeus,  Pittheus  (71.),  Pnigeus,  Pro- 
teus, Rhipheus,  or  Ripheus,  RhcEteus  (n.),  Schceiieusx  Smintheus,  Syleus,  Tereus, 
Toxeus,  Tydcus,  Tyrrlieus,  Zagreus. 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  GREEK  AND  LATIN  PROPER  NAMES. 


1735 


Tiiurius,  Mamurius,  Purius,  Masurius,  Spurius,  Veturi- 
us,  Asturias,  Atabyrius,  Scyrius,  Porphyrius,  Assyrius, 
Tyrius. 

ASIUS,  ESIUS,  ISIUS,  OSIUS,  USIIJS,  YSIUS. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate . 

Asius,  Casius,  Thasius,  Iasius,  Esius,  Acesius,  Aca- 
cesius,  Coracesius,  Arcesius,  Mendesius,  Chesius,  Ephe- 
sius,  Milesius,  Theumesius,  Teumesius,  Enesius,  Mag- 
nesius,  Proconnesius,  Chersonesius,  Lyrnesius,  Marpe- 
sius,  Melitesius,  Amisius,  Arternisius,  Simoisius,  Cha- 
risius,  Acrisius,  Ilortensius,  Syracosius,  Theodosius, 
Gnosius,  Sosius,  Mopsius,  Cassius,  Thalassius,  Lyrncs- 
sius,  Cressius,  Tartessius,  Syracusius,  Fusius,  Agusius, 
Amathusius,  Ophiusius,  Ariusius,  Volusius,  Selinusius, 
Acherusius,  Maurusius,  Lysius,  Elysius,  Dionysius, 
Odrysius,  Amplirysius,  Othrysius. 

ATIUS,  ETIUS,  ITIUS,  OTIUS,  UT^US,  VIUS, 
XIUS,  ZIUS. 

Accent  the  Penultimate . 

Xenophontius. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate . 

Trebatius,  Catius,  Volcatius,  Achatius,  Latius,  Css- 
enatius,  Egnatius,  Gratius,  Iloratius,  Tatius,  Luctatius, 
Statius,  Actius,  Vectius,  Giuinctius,  Aetius,  Panaetius, 
Praetius,  Cetius,  Vegetius,  Metius,  Mencctius,  Lucretius, 
Ilelvetius,  Saturnalitius,  Floralitius,  Compitalitius,  Do- 
niitius,  Beritius,  Neritius,  Crassitius,  Titius,  Politius, 
Abundantius,  Pajantius,  Taulantius,  Acamantius,  Tcu- 
thrantius,  Lactantius,  Hyantius,  Byzantius,  Terentius, 
Cluentius,  Maxentius,  Mezentius,  Uuintius,  Acontius, 
Vocontrus,  Laomedontius,  Leontius,  Pontius,  Helle- 
spontius,  Acherontius,  Bacuntius,  Opuntius,  Aruntius, 
Masotius,  Thesprotius,  Scaptius,  iEgyptius,  Martins, 
Laertius,  Propertius,  Mirtius,  Mavortius,  Tiburtius, 
Curtius,  Thestius,  Themistius,  Canistius,  Sallustius, 
Crustius,  Carystius,  Hymettius,  Bruttius,  Abutius,  Ebu- 
tius,  iEbutius,  Albutius,  Acutius,  Locutius,  Stercutius, 
Mutius,  Minutius,  Praetutius,  Clytius,  Bavius,  Flavius, 
Navius,  Evius,  JYltevius,  Nanvius,  Ambivius,  Livius, 
JNIilvius,  Fulvius,  Sylvius,  Novius,  Servius,  Vesvius, 
Pacuvius,  Vitruvius,  Vesuvius,  Axius,  Naxius,  Alexius, 
Ixius,  Sabazius. 

ALUS,  CLUS,  ELUS,  ILUS,  OLUS,  ULUS,  YLUS. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Stymphalus,  Sardanapalus,  Patroclus,  Orbelus,  Pasi- 
melus,  Cleomelus,  Philomelus,  Eumelus,  Polymelus, 
Phasaelus,  Pliaselus,  Cimolus,  Timolus,  Mausolus,  Pac- 
tolus,  /Elolus,  Praxibulus,  Cleobulus,  Critobulus,  Acon- 
tobulus,  Aristobulus,  Eubulus,  Thrasybulus,  and  others 
ending  in  bulus , Gtetulus,  Getulus,  Massylus. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Abalus,  TIeliogabalus  (?),  Corbalus,  Bubalus,  Cocalus, 
Daedalus,  Idalus,  Megalus,  Trachalus,  Cephalus,  Cyno- 
cephalus,  Bucephalus,  Anchialus,  Maenalus,  Hippalus, 
Harpalus,  Bupalus,  Hypalus,  Thessalus,  Italus,  Tanta- 
lus, Crotalus,  Ortalus,  Attalus,  Euryalus,  Doryclus  (?), 
Stiphelus,  Sthenelus,  Eutrapelus,  Cypselus,  Babilus, 
Diphilus,  Antiphilus,  Pamphilus,  Theophilus,  Damoph- 
ilus,  and  others  ending  in  philus , Troilus,  Zoilus,  Clioer- 
ilus,  Cyrsilus,  Myrtilus,  Androclus  (?),  Abolus,  Egob- 
olus,  Naubolus,  iEquicolus,  iEolus,  Laureolus,  Anchem- 
olus,  Atabulus,  Bibulus,  Bibaculus,  Caeculus,  Grasc- 
ulus,  Siculus,  Saticulus,  Equiculus,  Paterculus,  Acis- 
culus,Regulus,  Romulus,  Venulus,  Apulus,  Salisubsulus, 
Vesulus,Catulus,Opitulus,  Lentulus,Rutulus,  Bargylus, 
iEschylus,  Deiphylus,  Demylus,  Deipylus,  Sipylus, 
Empylus,  Cratylus,  Astylus. 

AMUS,  EMUS,  IMUS,  OMUS,  UMUS. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Teledamus,  Alcidamus,  Archidanms,  Iphidamus,  Am- 
phidamus,  Agesidamus,  Mnesidamus,  Anaxidarnus, 
Zeuxidamus,Nicodamus,Theodamus,Cleodamus,Philo- 
damus,  Xenodamus,  Callideinus,  Charidemus,  Philode- 
inus,  PhanodemuS*,  Clitodemus,  Aristodemus,  and  others 
in  demos , Polyphemus,  Theotimus,  Diotimus,  Hermo- 
timus,  Aristotimus,  Ithomus. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Lygdamus,  Hippodamus,  Cogamus,  Pergamus,  Oreha- 
mus,  Priam  us. Cinnamus,Ceramus,Pyramus,  Anthemus, 
Telemus,  Tlepolemus,  Theopolemus,  Eupoleinus,  Trip- 
tolemus,  Neoptolemus,  Pluedimus,  Abdalonimus,  Zos- 
imus,  Maximus,  Antidomus,  Amphinomus,  Nicodromus, 
Didymus,  Dindymus,  Helymus,  Solymus,  Cleonymus, 
Abdalonymus  Hieronymus,  Euonymus. 

ANUS. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Artabanus,  Thebanus,  Albanus,  Verbanus,  Labicanus, 
Gallicanus,  Africanus,  Sicanus,  Vaticanus,  Vulcanus, 
Hyrcanus,  Lucanus,  Oxycanus,  Transpadanus,  Fun- 
danus,  Codanus,  Eanus,  Garganus,  Trajanus,  Fabianus, 
Accianus,  Marcianus,  Priscianus,  Roscianus,  Lucianus, 
Seleucianus,  Herodianus,  Claudianus,  Sejanus,  iElianus, 
Lucilianus,  Virgilianus,  Petilianus,  Quintilianus,  Ca- 
tullianus,  Tertullianus,  Julianus,  Ammianus,  Mem  mi - 


anus,  Formianus,  Diogenianus,  Papinianus,  Valentini- 
anus,  Justinianus,  Trophonianus,  Othonianus,  Pompo- 
nianus,Maronianus,  Apronianus,  Thyonianus,  Trojanus, 
Ulpianus,  .Esopianus,  Apianus,  Oppianus,  Marianus, 
Adrianus,  Hadrianus,  Tiberianus,  Valerianus,  Papiri- 
anus,  Vespasianus,  Hortensianus,  Theodosianus,  Bassi- 
anus,  Pelusianus,  Diocletianus,  Domitianus,  Antianus, 
Terentianus,  Cluintianus,  Sestianus,  Augustianus,  Sal- 
lustianus,  Sextianus,  Flavianus,  Bovianus,  Pacuvianus, 
Alanus,  Silanus,  Fregellanus,  Atellanus,  Regillanus, 
Lucullanus,  Sullanus,  Syllanus,  Carseolanus,  Puteo- 
lanus,  Coriolanus,  Ocriculanus,  /Esculanus,Tusculanus, 
Amanus,  Lemanus,  Summanus,  Romanus,  Rhenanus, 
Amenanus,  Cinnanus,  Campanus,  Hispanus,  Sacranus, 
Venafranus,  Claranus,  Ulubranus,  Adranus,  Seranus, 
Lateranus,  Coranus,  Soranus,  Serranus,  Suburranus, 
Gauranus,  Suburanus,  Ancyranus,  Cosanus,  Sinuessa- 
nus,  Syracusanus,  Laletanus,  Tunetanus,  Abretanus, 
Cretanus,  Setabitanus,  Gaditanus,  Tingitanus,  Carali- 
tanus,  Neapolitans,  Antipolitanus,  Tomitanus,  Sybari- 
tanus,  Liparitanus,  Abderitanus,  Tritanus,  Lusitanus, 
Titanus  ( giant ),  Pantanus,  Nomentanus,  Beneventanus, 
Montanus,  Spartanus,  Pa'stanus,  Adelstanus,  Tutanus, 
Sylvanus,  Albinovanus,  Mantuanus. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Libanus,  Clibanus,  Antilibanus,  Sicanus,  Apidanus, 
Eridanus,  Rhodanus,  Dardanus,  Oceanus,  Drachanus, 
Longimanus,  Caranus  (?),  Cceranus,  Titanus  (river), 
Sequanus. 

ENUS. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Characenus,  Lampsacenus,  Astacenus,  Picenus,  Dam- 
ascenus,  Sutfenus,  Alfenus,  Alphenus,  Tyrrhenus,  Ga- 
bienus,  Labienus,  Avidienus,  Pupienus,  Avienus,  Cluvi- 
enus,  Calenus,  Galenas,  Silenus,  Pergamenus,  Ismenus, 
Thrasymenus,  Trasymenus,  Diopcenus,  Capenus,  Fibre- 
nus,  Serenus,  Palmyrenus,  Amasenus,  Tibisenus,  Mise- 
nus,  Evenus,  Byzenus. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Ambenus,  Helenus,  Olenus,  Tissamenus,  Dexamenus, 
Alexamenus,  Diadumenus,  Clymenus,  Periclymenus, 
Axenus,  Callixenus,»Philoxenus,  Timoxenus,  Aristoxe- 
nus,  and  others  ending  in  xenus. 

INUS,  YNUS. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Gabinus,  Sabinus,  Albinus,  Aricinus,  Ticinus  (river), 
Mancinus,  Coscinus,  Fuscinus,  Marrucinus,  Erycinus, 
Acadinus,  Caudinus,  Rutinus,  Rheginus,  Erginus,  Opit- 
erginus,  Auginus,  Hyginus,  Pachinus,  Echinus, .Delphi- 
nus,  Pothinus,  Velinus,  Stergilinus,  Esquilinus,  ^Esqui- 
linus,  Caballinus,  Marcellinus,  Tigellinus,  Sibyllinus, 
Agyllinus,  Solinus,  Capitolinus,  Maximinus,  Rumi- 
nus  (?),  Crastuminus,  Anagninus,  Signinus,  Theoninus, 
Saloninus,  Antoninus,  Amiterninus,  Saturninus,  Pria- 
pinus,  Salapinus,  Lepinus,  Alpinus,  Arpinus,  Hirpinus, 
Crispinus,  Rutupinus,Lagarinus,Charinus,  Diocharinus, 
Nonacrinus,  Fibrinus,  Lucrinus,  Leandrinus,  Alexandri- 
nus,  Iberinus,  Tiberinus,  Transtiberinus,  Amerinus, 
Quirinus,  Censorinus,  Assorinus,Favorinus,  Phavorinus, 
Taurinus,  Tigurinus,  Thurinus,  Senuirinus,  Cyrinus, 
Myrinus,  Gelasinus,  Exasinus,  Acesinus,  Halesinus, 
Telesinus,  Nepesinus,  Brundisinus,  Nursinus,  Narcissi- 
nus,  Libyssinus,  Clusinus,  Venusinus,  Perusinus,  Susi- 
nus,  Ardeatinus,  Reatinus,  Latinus,  Collatinus,  Cratinus, 
Soractinus,  Aretinus,  Setinus,  Bantinus,  Murgantinus, 
Phalantinus,  Numantinus,  Tridentinus,  Ufentinus,  Mur- 
gentinus,  Salentinus,  Pollentinus,  Polentinus,  Tarenti- 
nus,  Terentinus,  Surrentinus,  Laurentinus,  Aventinus, 
Truentinus,  Leontinus,  Pontinus,  Metapontinus,  Sagun- 
tinus,  Martinus,  Mamertinus,  Tiburtinus,  Pal.Tstinus, 
Pramestinus,  Atestinus,  Vestinus,  Augustinus,  Justinus, 
Lavinus,  Patavinus,  Alcuinus,  Elvinus,  Corvinus.  Lanu- 
vinus,  Vesuvinus,  Euxinus,  Acindynus  (?),  Pachynus. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Phainus,  Acinus,  Sicinus,  Ticinus  (a  man),  Alcinus, 
Carcinus,  Fucinus,  Geminus,  Morinus,  Myrrhinus,  Ter- 
minus, Earinus,  Asinus,  Myrsinus. 

ONUS,  UNUS,  YNUS. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Erigonus  (river),  Drahonus,  Onochonus,  Ithonus, 
Tithonus,  Myronus,  Neptunus,  Portunus,  Mutunus, 
Tutunus,  Bithynus. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Exagonus,  Ilexagonus,  Telegonus,  Epigonus,  Erig- 
onus (painter),  Antigonus,  Laogonus,  Chrysogonus, 
Tisiphonus,  Nebrophonus,  Aponus,  Carantonus,  San- 
tonus,  Aristonus,  Dercynus. 

OUS. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Aoiis,  Sardoiis,  Eoiis,  Geloiis,  Acheloiis,  Inoiis,  Mi- 
noiis,  Latoiis,  Naupactoiis,  Arctoiis,  Myrtous. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Hydrocho'iis,  AlcathoUs,  PirithoUs,  NausithoUs,  Pan- 
thoiis,  and  others  ending  in  tkous,  Alcinous,  Iphinoiis, 
Alphinoiis,  Antinoiis,  Hipponolis,  Arsinoiis,  Lysinoiis, 
and  others  ending  in  nous. 


APUS,  EPUS,  IPUS,  OPUS. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Priapus,  Anapus,  iEsapus,  Messapus,  ^Esepus,  Euri- 
pus,  Lycopus,  Melanopus,  Canopus,  Inopus,  Paropus, 
Oropus,  Europus,  Asopus,  ^Esopus,  Crotopus. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Sarapus,  Astapus,  CEdipus,  Aeropus. 

ARUS,  ERUS,  IRUS,  ORUS,  URUS,  YRUS. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

iEsarus  (?),  Iberus,  Doberus,  Homerus,  Severus,  Mele- 
agrus,  Anigrus,  Cynajgirus,  Cainirus,  Epirus,  Echedorus, 
Artemidorus,Isidorus,Theodorus,Pythodorus,  Diodorus, 
Tryphiodorus,  Heliodorus,  Asclei)iodorus,  Cas.siodorus, 
Apollodorus,  Demodorus,  Hermodorus,  Athenodorus, 
Xenodorus,  Metrodorus,  Polydorus,  Dionysodorus,  and 
others  ending  in  dorus,  Alorus,  Elorus,  Helorus,  Pelorus, 
Assorus,  Cytorus,  Epicurus,  Palinurus,  Arcturus. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Abarus  (?),  Imbarus,  Ilypobarus,  Icarus,  Pandarus, 
Pindarus,  Tyndarus,  Tearus,  Farfarus,  Agarus,  Abgarus, 
Gargarus,  Cantharus,  Oliarus,  Uliarus,  Silarus,  Cyllarus, 
Tamarus,  Cimarus,  Absimarus,  Comarus,  Vindomarus, 
Tomarus  (?),  Ismarus,  Ocinarus,  Pinarus,  Cinnarus, 
Absarus  (?),  Bassarus,  Dejotarus,  Tartarus,  Eleazarus, 
Artabrus,  Balacrus,  Cliaradrus,  Cerberus,  Bellerus,  Mer- 
inerus,  Ternierus,  Hesperus,  Craterus,  Icterus,  Noverus, 
CEagrus(?),  Deborus,  Pacorus,  Stesichorus,  Gorgophorus, 
Telesphorus,  Bosphorus,  Phosphorus,  Egimorus,  Hepta- 
porus,  Bosporus,  Euporus,  Anxurus,  Glaphyrus,  Deip- 
yrus,  Zopyrus,  Leucosyrus,  Satyrus,  Tityrus. 

ASUS,  ESUS,  ISUS,  OSUS,  USUS,  YSUS. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Parnasus,  Galesus,  Halesus,  Termesus,  Teumesus, 
Alopeconnesus,  Proconnesus,  Arconnesus,  Elaplionesus, 
Demonesus,  Cherronesus,  Chersonesus,  Arctonnesus, 
Myonnesus,  Halonesus,  Cephalonesus,  Peloponnesus, 
Cromyonesus,  Lyrnesus,  and  others  ending  in  nesus , 
Marpesus,Titaresus,Paradisus,  Alisus,Amisus,Crinisus, 
Amnisus,  Berosus,  Agrosus,  Ambrysus,  Amphrysus. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate . 

Oribasus,  Bubasus,  Caucasus,  Pedasus,  Agasus,  Peg- 
asus, Iasus,  Damasus,  Tamasus,  Hippasus,  Harpasus, 
Imbrasus,  Cerasus,  Doryasus,  Vogesus,  Vologesus,  Eph- 
esus, Volesus,  Ebusus,  Genusus. 

ATUS,  ETUS,  ITUS,  OTUS,  UTUS,  YTUS. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Basticatus,  Ambigatus,  Viriatus,  Pilatus,  Catugnatus, 
Cincinnatus,  Odenatus,  Leonatus,  Aratus,  Pytharatus, 
Demaratus,  Acratus,  Ceratus,  Sceleratus,  Dentatus,  Tor- 
quatus,  Februatus,  Achetus,  Polycletus,  Miletus,  Ad- 
metus,  Tremetus,  Diognetus,  Dyscinetus,  Agapetus, 
Aretus,  Hermaphroditus,  Epaphroditus,  Heraclitus,  Mu- 
nitus,  Agapitus,  Cerritus,  Bituitus,  Polygnotus,  Azotus, 
Acutus,  Stercutus,  Cornutus,  Cocytus,  Sebennytus, 
Berytus  (?). 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Deodatus,Palcephatus,  Elatus,  Inatus,  Aceratus,  Nicer- 
atus,  Echestratus,  Amestratus,  Menestratus,  Amphis- 
tratus,  Callistratus,  Damasistratus,  Erasistratus,  Age- 
sistratus,  Hegesistratus,  Pisistratus,  Sosistratus,  Lysis- 
tratus,  Nicostratus,  Cleostratus,  Damostratus,  Demos- 
tratus,  Sostratus,  Philostratus,  Dinostratus,  Herostratus, 
Eratostratus,  Polystratus,  and  others  in  stratus,  Acrot- 
atus,  Taygetus,  Alca?netus,  Pythtenetus,  DemiEnetus, 
Timaenetus,  Eptenetus,  Pantametus,  Exrenetus,  and 
others  in  cenctus,  Capetus,  Iapetus,  Tacitus,  Iphitus, 
Onomacritus,  Agoracritus,  Onesicritus,  Cleocritus,  Da- 
mocritus,  Democritus,  Aristocritus,  and  others  in  critus , 
Antidotus,  Theodotus,  Xenodotus,  Herodotus,  Cephi- 
sodotus,  and  others  in  dotus,  Libanotus,  Leuconotus, 
Euronotus,  Agesiinbrotus,  Stesimbrotus,  Theombrotus, 
Cleombrotus,  and  others  in  brotus,  Hippolytus,  Anytus, 
Epytus,  Eurytus. 

AVUS,  EVUS,  IVUS,  UUS,  YUS,  ZUS. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Agavus,  Timavus,  Saravus,  Batavus  (?),  Versevus, 
Gradivus,  Argivus,  Trapezus. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Inuus,  Fatuus,  Tityus. 

DAX,  LAX,  NAX,  RIX,  DOX,  ROX. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Ambrodax,  Demonax,  Hipponax. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Arctopliylax,  Hegesianax,  Hermesianax,  Lysianax, 
Astyanax,  and  others  in  anar,  Hierax,  Caetobrix,  Epored- 
orix,  Deudorix,  Ambiorix,  Dumnorix,  Adiatorix,  Orget 
orix,  Biturix,  Cappadox,  Allobrox. 


PRONUNCIATION 

O F 

SCRIPTURE  PROPER  NAMES. 


PREF 

The  following  Initial  Vocabulary  contains  all  the  proper 
names  which  occur  in  the  common  English  version  of  the  Bible, 
including  the  Apocrypha.  It  embraces  also  a few  Hebrew  or 
Aramaean  words  which  are  not  proper  names,  but,  being  found  ifi 
the  English  Bible,  seem  to  demand  notice  in  a pronouncing  dic- 
tionary, as  Talitha,  Ephphatha,  Sabachthani.  In  preparing  the 
Vocabulary,  great  pains  has  been  taken  to  secure  completeness  and 
accuracy.  The  Old  Testament  proper  names  have  been  derived 
chiefly  from  “ The  Englishman’s  Hebrew  and  Chaldee  Concordance,” 
London,  1843,  and  the  Bev.  Alfred  Jones’s  “ Proper  Names  of  the 
Old  Testament  Scriptures,  Expounded  and  Illustrated,”  London, 
1856  ; the  names  contained  in  the  Apocrypha  have  been  gathered 
by  a careful  examination  of  the  books  themselves  ; and,  for  the 
New  Testament,  the  “ Englishman’s  Greek  Concordance  ” has  been 
used.  In  every  case  of  doubt  respecting  the  orthography  of  a 
name,  recourse  has  been  had  to  the  passages  of  Scripture  in  which 
it  occurs  ; and,  in  many  instances,  all  these  passages  have  been 
examined  in  more  than  one  copy.  In  this  examination,  the  fol- 
lowing editions  of  the  Bible  have  been  chiefly  used : 1.  Exact 
Reprint  of  the  First  Edition  (1611),  Oxford,  1833,  4to. ; 2.  Pearl 
reference  octavo,  London,  printed  by  Eyre  and  Spottiswoode,  1845  ; 
3.  Crown  quarto  with  references,  Oxford,  1850. 

The  importance  of  this  thorough  revision  is  shown  by  the  fact, 
that  of  the  3950  words,  more  or  less,  contained  in  Walker’s  Vocab- 
ulary, about  500  have  been  rejected,  in  the  present  work,  as  having 
no  title  to  a place  in  a collection  of  Scripture  Proper  Names  ; while, 
on  the  other  hand,  about  746  have  been  added,  as  occurring  in 
Scripture,  though  not  given  by  Walker.  Of  those  rejected,  some 
are  not  proper  names,  but  are  words  found  in  common  English 
dictionaries,  as  anathema,  beryl,  brigandine,  calamus,  centurion, 
chalcedony,  cubit,  didraclim,  ephod,  gier-eagle,  habergeon,  hyena, 
lignaloes,  ligure,  manna,  onycha,  onyx,  ospray,  ossifrage,  phylac- 
teries, ruby,  sapphire,  sardine,  sardius,  sardonyx,  scribes,  sycamine, 
synagogue,  tetrarch,  and  others  of  a similar  character  ; — some  do 
not  occur  in  Scripture,  as  Abgarus,  Apocalypse,  Archestratus, 
Azymites,  Cairites  (?),  Xagus,  Xeneas,  Xerolybe,  Xerophagia, 
Xystus ; — many  have  found  their  way  into  the  Vocabulary,  indi- 
rectly, from  the  Latin  Vulgate,  as  Abesan  for  lbzan,  Achab  for  Ahab, 
Achimelech  for  Ahirnelech,  &c. ; — but  a still  larger  portion  are 
mere  misprints,  like  Abacue  for  Abacuc,  Abisliahar  for  Aliishahar, 
Achaichus  for  Achaicus,  Aliitophel  for  Ahitliophel,  Agnoth-tabor 
for  Aznoth-tabor , &c. 

The  Vocabulary  of  “ Scripture  Proper  Names  ” which  is  appended 
to  Taylor’s  edition  of  Calmet,  and  has  been  copied  in  some  English 
dictionaries,  contains  most  of  the  errors  above  enumerated,  and 
many  others  of  a similar  kind.  We  find  there  such  proper  names 
as  agate,  almug,  amethyst,  apostle,  carbuncle,  cassia,  chamelion 
[sic],  chrysolite,  chrysoprasus,  drachma,  galbanum,  jacinth,  jasper, 
quaternion,  sackbut,  stacte,  tache,  &c. ; — such  Scripture  proper 
218 


ACE. 

names  as  Adonis,  Astarte,  Cambyses,  Rust icus  ; — and  such  mis- 
prints as  Elhaynan  for  Elhanan,  Emanuel  for  Emmanuel,  Euasibus 
for  Enasibus,  Goliah  for  Goliath,  Lybia  for  Libya,  Syntiche  for 
Syntyche,  Telahim  for  Telaim,  &c. 

In  the  present  Vocabulary,  with  the  exception  of  Adonai,  Eloliim, 
and  four  or  five  words  derived  by  Walker  directly  or  indirectly  from 
the  Latin  Vulgate,  Josephus,  or  Milton,  and  retained  here  for 
special  reasons,  as  Achitophel  (see  Dryden),  Ada,  Asmoneans, 
Asochis,  and  Asmadai,  no  word  has  been  intentionally  admitted 
which  is  not  to  be  found  in  some  good  edition  of  the  common 
English  Bible. 

The  Terminational  Vocabulary,  which  in  Walker  made  no 
approximation  to  completeness,  has  been  compared  throughout 
with  the  Initial  Vocabulary,  and  brought  into  entire  correspondence 
with  it.  In  this  Vocabulary,  a note  of  interrogation  is  placed  after 
certain  names  of  which  Walker’s  accentuation  may  be  regarded  as 
questionable,  though  allowed  to  stand  first  in  the  Initial  Vocab- 
ulary. If  Walker  had  undertaken  to  give  a complete  Termina- 
tional Vocabulary,  a regard  for  consistency  might  have  led  him  to 
pronounce  some  words  differently. 

With  respect  to  pronunciation,  Walker  has  been  followed,  except 
in  a few  instances,  in  most  of  which  he  is  inconsistent  with  himself, 
or  has  gone  counter  to  his  acknowledged  principles  ; as  in  the 
words  Arabattine,  Ar etas,  ■ Beer -lahairoi  (compare  Lahairoi),  Baal 
Hamon,  Baal  Hanan,  Chushan  Bishathaim,  Cuthah,  Dessau, 
Eleuzai,  Elioenai,  Elmodam,  Eshtdulites,  Gortyna,  Jairus,  Jeshaiah 
(compare  Jesaiah),  Melea,  Nereus,  Sardeus,  Siloah,  Siloam,  Siloe, 
Tubieni,  and  Urbane.  The  pronunciation  of  Oliver,  in  his  Scripture 
Lexicon  (2d  ed.,  1787),  Perry  (10th  English  ed.,  and  occasionally 
the  9th),  Smart,  Carr,  and  Taylor  in  his  edition  of  Calmet’s  Dic- 
tionary of  the  Bible  (2d  ed.,  London,  1832),  has  also  been  compared, 
and  all  deviations  from  Walker  noted  which  were  deemed  worthy 
of  attention.  It  would  answer  no  good  purpose  to  exhibit  without 
remark  such  oversights  on  the  part  of  these  orthoepists  (or  their 
printers)  as  A-cha-i'a,  A-cha-i! cus,  Ga-i'us,  Sad-du'cees,  &c.  in 
Oliver;  — Andron'icus,  Aquil'a,  Ad che-laus,  Aristob'ulus,  Dio- 
trdphes,  Eu'bulus,  Laodic'ea,  Procho'rus,  &c.  in  Perry;  — and 
Antipa'ter,  Antipa'tris,  Cenchrda,  Bosithdus,  Ependtus,  Patro'bas, 
&c.  in  Taylor.  On  the  other  hand,  in  a considerable  number  of 
cases,  the  pronunciation  given  by  one  or  more  of  these  authorities 
is  doubtless  to  be  preferred  to  that  of  Walker.  But  his  pronun- 
ciation, on  the  whole,  has  received  the  sanction  of  the  best  usage 
in  this  country  and  in  England  ; and  the  task  of  critically  reexam- 
ining his  decisions  has  not  been  undertaken  in  the  present  work. 

The  Greek  and  Latin  proper  names  which  occur  in  the  New 
Testament  and  in  the  Apocrypha  are  pronounced  according  to  the 
same  principles  as  other  Greek  and  Latin  proper  names. 

( 1737  ) 


1738 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  SCRIPTURE  PROPER  NAMES. 


The  true  pronunciation  of  the  Hebrew  language  is  lost.  We 
have,  indeed,  the  traditional  pronunciation  of  the  Jews,  as  indi- 
cated by  the  Masoretic  vowel-points  and  accents.  But  even  if  this 
were  unquestionably  correct,  it  is  so  contrary  to  the  analogy  of  our 
own  language,  that  no  one  would  think  of  adopting  it  in  the 
pronunciation  of  the  Hebrew  names  which  occur  in  the  English 
Bible.  In  a great  majority  of  words  of  two  syllables,  as,  for 
example,  Amos,  David,  it  would  require  us  to  place  the  accent  on 
the  last.  In  words  of  more  than  two  syllables,  the  Jewish  accent, 
and  the  quantity  of  the  vowels,  may  be  entitled  to  some  regard. 
But  other  more  important  considerations  in  determining  the  pro- 
nunciation of  Hebrew  proper  names  are  the  mode  in  which  they 


are  represented  in  the  Greek  of  the  Septuagint,  the  usage  of  the 
poets  ancient  and  modern,  English  analogy,  established  custom, 
and  euphony.  It  is  evident  that  in  balancing  these  considerations, 
and  applying  them  to  particular  cases,  there  will  be  much  room  for 
diversity  of  opinion.  Walker  regards  the  Septuagint  version  as 
“ our  chief  guide,”  though  this  must  often  fail  us. 

The  preceding  remarks  apply  principally  to  the  accent.  In 
respect  to  the  sound  of  the  vowels,  and  the  division  of  words  into 
syllables,  the  proper  names  which  are  derived  from  the  Hebrew 
generally  follow  the  same  rules  that  are  observed  iu  the  pronun- 
ciation of  Greek  and  Latin  proper  names. 


RULES  OF  PRONUNCIATION. 


1.  One  of  the  principal  differences  between  the  pronunciation  of 
the  Hebrew  proper  names  and  that  of  the  Greek  and  Latin,  relates 
to  the  sound  of  the  letter  g,  which,  in  Greek  and  Latin  names,  is 
soft  before  c,  i,  and  y ; as,  Gellius,  Gippius,  Gy  as ; but  in  Hebrew 
names  it  is  hard;  as,  Gerizim,  Gideon-,  except  Bethphage,  which, 
by  passing  through  the  Greek  of  the  New  Testament,  has  become 
conformed  to  the  rule  relating  to  words  from  the  Greek. 

2.  The  digraph  cli,  in  Hebrew  names,  is  sounded  hard,  like  Jc; 
as,  Chebar,  Enoch ; but  the  words  Rachel,  Cherubim,  also  Cherub 
(an  angel),  are  Anglicized  in  their  pronunciation,  the  ch  being 
sounded  like  ch  in  cheer  -,  but  Cherub,  a city,  is  pronounced  Ke'rub. 

3.  Every  final  i,  forming  a distinct  syllable,  though  unaccented, 
is  pronounced  with  its  long  sound ; as,  A'l,  Arts' a-i. 

4.  The  two  vowels  ai  are  sometimes  pronounced  in  one  syllable ; 
as,  Mod de-cai ; and  sometimes  in  two  ; as,  Ilag'ga-i. 

5.  The  two  vowels  ia,  when  preceded  by  a vowel,  are  sometimes 


pronounced  in  one  syllable,  and  sometimes  in  two.  When  pro- 
nounced in  one  syllable,  the  i is  sounded  like  y consonant ; as, 
Benaiah  (Be-na'yah),  Isaiah  (I-sa'yah).  When  pronounced  in  two 
syllables,  the  accent  is  on  the  i -,  as,  Ad-a-i'ah. 

6.  The  diph thong  ei  is  pronounced,  according  to  Walker,  like  ee, 
Ceilan  (Sedan).  When  ei  is  followed  by  a vowel,  the  i is  usually 
sounded  like  y consonant ; as,  Iphideiah  (If-e-de'yah),  Sameius 
(Sa-me'yus). 

7.  Gentile  names  ending  in  ene,  ine,  and  ite,  with  their  plurals, 
being  Anglicized,  are  pronounced  like  English  formatives ; as, 
Nazarene',  Philis'tine,  Gad'ites,  Am' monite,  Ish'maelites ; except 
Magdale'ne.  Words  of  this  class  ending  in  ite  have  the  accent  on 
the  same  syllable  as  their  primitives. 

8.  The  consonants  c,  s,  and  t,  before  ia  and  iu,  preceded  by  the 
accent,  in  a number  of  Scripture  names,  take  the  sound  of  sh ; as, 
Cappadocia,  Asia,  Galatia,  Tertius.  See  Pronunciation  of  Greek 
and  Latin  Proper  Names,  Rule  1. 


PRONUNCIATION 


O F 

SCRIPTURE  PROPER  NAMES. 


INITIAL  VOCABULARY. 


The  following  vocabulary  exhibits  the  pronunciation  of  Walker,  together  with 
numerous  deviations  from  him  by  the  following  orthoepists,  namely,  Oliver , Perry , 
Smart , Carr , and  Taylor  (the  editor  of  Calinet’s  Dictionary  of  the  Bible).  Except 
in  the  few  cases  in  which  Walker  is  expressly  cited,  his  pronunciation  stands  first;. 


The  abbreviation  C.  stands  for  Carr,  O.  for  Oliver , P.  for  Perry , Sm.  for  Smart, 
T.  for  Taylor , and  W.  for  Walker. 

The  figures  appended  to  certain  words  refer  to  the  Rules  of  Pronunciation,  on  the 
preceding  page. 


A'<t-lar 

Ai'ron  (ar'^w) 
Ai'ron-ites 
Ab'9-cuc 
A-bad'dpn 
Ab-a-dl'?is 
A-bag'thri 
Ab'9-119 
A-ba'na,  P. 
Ab'9-rim 
A-ba'rjm,  P. 
Ab'a-ron 
Ab'ba 
Ab'da 
Ab'de-el 
Ab'di  ‘ 

Ab-dl'as 

Ab'di-el 

Ab'don 

A-bed'ne-go 

A'bel 

A'bel  Betb-ma'9-chlh 
A'bel  Beth-ma-a' 
clifih,  P. 

A'bel  Ma'jni 
A'bel  Me-i)5'lah 
A'bel  Mlz'ra-'.m 
A'bel  Mjz-ra'jni,  P. 
A'bel  Shlt'tjm 
*A'bez 

A'bl 

A-bl'a 

A-bl'gli 

A-bj-al'bon 

A-bl'a-saph 

A-bi'ri-thar 

A'bib 

A-bl'da 

A-bi'dah 

Ab'i-dan 

A-bl'dan,  P. 

A'bi-el 
Ab'i-el,  T. 

_ A-bi'el,  P.* 

A-bj-e'zer 

A-bi-ez'rlte 

Ab'i-gail 

Ab-i-ha'jl 

A-bl'hu 

A-bl'hud 

A-bl'jah 
A-bl'jriin 
Ab  i-le'ne 
A-blm'a-el 
A-bim'e-iech 
A-bin^-d&b 
Ab'i-ner 
A-bin'9-ftm 
A-bl'r^in 
A-bi'r9n 
Ab-i-se'I 
Ab'j-shag 
A-bl'sll&g,  P. 
A-bish'a-I 
A-bl'sha-I,  P. 
Ab-j-sha'I,  O.  C.  T. 


A-bish'a-Iom 
A-bl'sha-lom,  P. 
Ab-i-sha'lom,  C.  T. 
A-bisii'u-a 
A-bl'sliu-a,  P. 
Ab-j-shu'9 , O.  C.  T. 
Ab'j-shiir 
A-bl'shur,  P. 
Ab'j-sum 
Ah'j-tal 
A-bl'tal,  P. 

Ab'j-tiib 

A-bl'ud 

Ab'ner 

A 'brain 

A' bra-ham 

Ab'sfi-lom 

Ab'sa-lon 

A-bu'bus 

Ac'a-tan 

Ac'c^d 

Ac'ca-ron 

Ac'ciio 

Ac'cos 

Ac'cSz 

A-cel'da-ma 

A cha'i-9  ( q-kd'ya ) 

A-cha'i-cus 

A'^han 

A'ghar 

A'chaz 

A^li'bor 

A-chj-ach'a-rus 

A-chl'^s 

A'ciijm 

A'cln-br 

A'chjsh 

Agh'j-tob 

A-chit'o-phel,  Vulgate. 
Ach'me-tha 
"Ach-me'thri,  P.  T. 
A'chbr 
Acli'sa 
Ach'sah 
Ach'shaph 
Ach'zib 

A^'j-piia  ( 'as'e-fa ) 
A^'j-tho 
A-cu'a 
A'cub 

A 'da,  Vulg. 

Ad 'a -dal i 
A-da'dah,  O.  P. 
A'dali 
Ad-9-1'911 
Ad-9-11'9 
Ad '9m 
Ad'a-mah 
A-da'mah,  P. 
Ad'a-ml 
A-da'ml,  P. 

A'dar 
Ad'9-sa 
Ad'be-el 
Ad'beel,  P. 

Ad-be'el,  T. 


Ad'dan 
Ad'dar 
Ad'di 
Ad'do 
Ad'don 
Ad'dus 
A'der 
Ad'i-dsi 
A'di-el 
Ad'i-el,  T. 

_ A-dl'el,  P. 

A'djn 

Ad'i-na 

A-dl'na,  O.  P.  T. 
Ad'j-n5 
A-di'no,  O.  P. 
Ad'j-nus 

A-dl'nus,  O. 
Ad-i-tha'jm 
Ad'ia-i 

Ad-la'T,  P.  T. 
Ad'inah 
Ad'ni9-tli9 
Ad'ng. 

Ad'n^h 
Ad'o-nai 
Ad-o-nl'as 
A-don-j-be'zek 
A-don'i-can 
Ad-o-nI'jah 
A-don'i-jah,  P. 
A-don'j-kam 
A-do-nl'kam,  T. 
Ad-on-l'ram 
A-don-i-ze'dek 
A-do'ra 
Ad-o-ra'jm 
A-do'ram 

A-dram'me-lech,  and 
A-dram'e-lech 
Ad-ra-myt'tj-um 
A'dri-a 
A'dri-el 
A-du'el 
‘ Ad'u-el,  C. 
A-dul'l^m 
A-dul'lam-Ite 
A-dum'mjm 
A-e-dl'as 
AE-ne'as,  Virgil. 
iE'ne-as,  Acte. 

^E'non 

A "'9-119 

Ag'a-bus 

A'gag 

A'gag-Ite 

A'gar 

Ag-a-rene§' 
Ag'a-rene?,  C. 
Ag'e-e 
A'^ee,  P. 

Ag-ge'us 

A-grip'pa 

A'gur 

A'liab 

A-har'ah 


A-hir'hel 

A-has'a-I 

A-ha-sa'I,  O.  P. 
A-has'b^-I 
A-has-u-e'rus 
A-ha'va 
A'haz 
A-ha-zI'^h 
Ah'ban 
A'her 
A'hl 
A-hl'^h 
A-hl'^m 
A-hl'an 
A-hi-e'zer 
A-hi'hud 
A-hl'jah 
A-hl'kam 
A-hl'lud 
A-hiin'9-az 
A-hl'man 
A-hTm'e-legh 
A-hl'moth 
A-hTn'9-dab 
A-hIn'9-am 
A-hI'5 
A-hl'r^ 

A-hi'ram 
A-hl'ram-Ites 
A-hTs'a-mach 
A-hish'a-lTdr 
A-hl'sha-har,  P. 

A hi-sha'h^r,  O.T.C. 
A-hl'shar 
A-hIth'9-phel 
A-hl'tub 

Ah'lab 
Ali'lai 
Ah-la'T,  P. 

A-ii5'ah 

A-ho'iilte 

A-hS'l^h 

A-ho'lj-ab 

A-hol'i-bah 

A-li9-lib'a-mah 

A-ho-li-ba'm^h,  P.T. 
A-iiu'ma-i 
A-liu-ma'I,  O. 
A-hu'zrim 
A-hiiz'zath 
A'l 

A-I'ah,  or  A'jrih 

A-I'ath 

A-I'j? 

Aij'9-lon  (dd'ja-lo  11) 
A-l'j^-lon,  P. 
Aij'e-leth  Sha'h^r 
A'jn 
A-I'rus 
Aj'a-lon 
A'kan 
Ak'kub 
Ak-r^  brit-tl'ne 
A-krab'bj'm 
Al'fi-meth 
A-l&in'me-legh 


Al'a-moth 
A-la'moth,  O. 
Al'ci-mus 
Al'e-1119 
A-le'ineth 
Al'e-metli,  P.  T. 
Al-e^-an'der 
Al-e^-an'drj-a  f 

Al-e^-an-drl'a,  0.  C. 
Al-ex-an'dri-aus 
A-li'ah 
A-lI'an 
Al'i-an,  T. 

Al'lom 

AFI911 

Al'bn  Bach'uth 
Al-m5'dad 
Al'm9-dad,  P. 
Al'nmn 

Al'm9n  Dib-la-tha'jm 

Al'na-than 

A'loth 

Al'ph? 

Al-phie'us,  or  -plie'us 
Al-ta-ne'us 
Al-tas'chjth 
A'lush 
Al'v^h 
Al'van 
A'mad 
A-mad'a-tha 
A-mad'a-thus 
A'mal 
Am'a-lek 
Am'fi-lek-Ites  7 
_ A-mal'e-kltes,  P.  C. 
a 'mam 
A'man 
Am'a-na 
A-ma'na,  P.  T. 
Am-9-ri'ah 
Am-a  rl'as 

A-ma'sa,  or  Am'a-sa  \ 
Ain'a-sa,  O. 
A-mii'sa,  P.Sm.C.T. 
A-m&s'a-l 

Am-a-sa'I,  O.  P.  T. 
A-mash'a-I 

Am-9-sha'I,  O.  P.  T. 
Am-a-sl'ah 
Am-a-the'js 
Am'a-this 
Am-a-zT'ah 
A-med'a-tha 
A'men'  ^ 

A'ml 

A-min'a-dab 
A-inTt'tai 
A-mit't^-T,  P. 
A-mTz'a-bad 
Arn'mah 
Am-med'9-tha 
Am'ml 
Am-mid'i-01 
Am'mj-el 
Am-ml'el,  P. 


Am-mi'hud 
Am'mi-hud,  O.  T. 
Am-mln'a-dub 
Am-min'a-dib 
Ain-ini-shad'da-I 
Am-miz'9-bad 
Ain'mon 
Am'umn-Ite 
Am'ni9-ni-tess 
Ain'11911 
A '1119k 
A' 1119  n 
Am'9-rlte 
A'm9s 
A'moz 

Am-phlp'9-lis 

Am'plj-as 

Am'ram 

Am'r^m-ites 

Ain'ra-phel 

Am-ra'phel,  O.  P. 
Am'zl 
A'nab 
An'9-el 
A'nali 

An-fi-ha'rath 
An-^-I'^h 
A'nak 
An'9-k!in§ 
A-nam'me-lech 
An'fi-mim 
A-na'mjm,  P. 
a' nan 
A-na'nl 
An-9-nl'ah 
An-a-nI'as 
A-nan'i-el 
An-a-ni'el,  O. 

A'natli 

An'a-thoth 

An'drew 

An-dr9-nT'cus 

A'nem,  or  A'nen 

A'ner 

An'e-thoth-Tte  7 
A-neth'o-thlte,  O.  P. 
T. 

An'e-toth-Ite 
A'nj-ain 
_ A-nl'am,  T. 

A'niin 
An'na 
An'na-as 
An'nas 
An-nu'us 
An'nu-us,  C. 

A'n9S 

An'ti-chrlst 
An-ti-lib'a-nus 
An-ti-9-chl'9 
An'ti-oq/i 
An-tj-d'chj-an^ 
An-tl'9-chis 
An-tl'9-chiis 
An'tj-pas 
An-tip'9-ter 


An-tTp'9-tris 
An-to'ni-a 
An-t9-thi'jah 
An-toth'i-jah,  P. 
An't9th-Ite 
A'nub 
A'nus 
A-pa'me 
A-pel'le’s 
A-phar'sagh-Ites 
A-phar's^th-chltes 
A-phar'sItes"1’ 

A'pliek 
A-phe'k^h 
Aph'e-kah,  P. 
A-plier'e-mgi 
A-pher'r^ 

A-phl'rih 

A'phjk 

Aph'rah 

Aph'se^ 

Ap-9l-lo'nj-a 

Ap-91-lo'nj-us 

Ap-ol-loph'9-ne§ 

A-pol'bs 

A-pol'ly-011 

A-pdl'yQii 

Ap'pa-ini 

Ap-pa'im,  P.  T. 
Ap'phj-a  (af'fc-q) 
Ap'phus  ( af'fus ) 

Ap'pj-I  Fo'rum 
Aq'uj-l^ 

Ar 
A'ra 
A' 19b 

Ar'ab,  P.  Sm. 
Ar'9-bah 

Ar-9-bat-tha'ne  (- bath ■ 
Ihd'ne) 

Ar-a-bat-tl'ne  || 
Ar-a-bat'ti-ne,  C.  O. 
Sm.  T.  W. 
A-ra'bj-9 
A-ra'bj-an 

A'rSd 
Ar'a  dus 
A'rah 
A 'ram 

A'ram-I-tess 
A'r^m-Na-ha-ra'iin 
A'ram-Zo'byh 
A'ran 
Ar'9-rat 
Ar'9-rath 
A-ra'the§ 

A -rail'll  9 h 

Ar-a-u'ii9h,  P. 

Ar'b9,  or  Ar'bflh 
Ar'b9th-Itc 
Ar-bat'tjs 
Ar-bc'19,  in  Syria. 
Ar'blte 
Ar-bo'n9i 
Ar-che-ia'us 
Ar'che-vltes 


* AbVel.  — This  is  the  common  pronunciation  of  the  word  as  a Christian  name, 
f Alexan'dria.  — See  the  note  on  this  word  in  the  Vocabulary  of  Greek  and  Latin 
Proper  Name?. 

| Ama'sa , or  Am'asa.  — 111  most  of  the  editions  of  Walker’s  Key,  this  word  is 
placed  in  the  Initial  Vocabulary  with  the  accent  on  the  penultimate,  Ama'sa ; but  in 
the  Tcrminational  Vocabulary , in  the  different  editions,  it  has  the  accent  on  the  ante- 
penultimate, Am'asa.  The  latter  is  the  pronunciation  which,  at  least  in  this  country, 
is  usually  given  to  the  word  as  a Christian  name. 


§ Amen.  — The  only  simple  word  in  the  language  which  has  necessarily  two  suc- 
cessive accents.  — Walker.  See  Amen  in  the  Dictionary. 

||  Arabatti'nc.  — The  accentuation  of  tliis  word  on  the  antepenultimate  by  Walker 
and  other  orthoepists  is  contrary  to  all  analogy.  The  penultimate  vowel  in  Greek 
derivatives  of  this  class  ending  in  awe,  ene,  and  inc,  is  always  long.  The  marginal 
reading  of  modern  editions  of  the  English  Bible,  in  1 Macc.  v.  3,  Akrabattinc,  gives 
the  name  in  a more  correct  form. 


C1739) 


1740 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  SCRIPTURE  PROPER  NAMES. 


Ar'clil 

Ar-chip'pus 

Arcli'Ites 

Arc-tu'rus 

Ard 

A r'dith 

Ard'Ites 

Ar'don 

A-re'll 

A-re'lites 

Ar-e-op'?-*ite 

Ar-e-op'a-gus 

Ar'e-tas,  O.  P.  * 
A-re'tjs,  C.  Sm.  T. 
IV. 

A-r5'us 

A-ri-?-ra'th5s 

Ar'gdb 

A-rld'a-I 

A-rld'fi-that 

A-rl'eli 

A'ri-el 

t'ri:Stlln;',,or'th5'? 

A-fis'?-l 

Ar-is-tir'cUus 

Ar-js-to-bQ'bjs 

Ark'Ites 

Ar-ma-Sgd'don 

Ar-me'iii-x 

Ar-mo'n: 

Ar'na 
Ar'nan 
Ar'non 
A 'rod 
Ar'o-dl 

A ro'dl,  O.  P.  T. 

A 'rod -Ites 
Ar'o-er 

A-ro'er,  P.  T. 
Ar'o-er-Ite,  or 
_ A-ro'er-lte  7 
A'rom 

Ar'pid,  or  Ar'phad 

Ar-phax'jd 

Ar'sa-ce^ 

Ar'sa  relli 
Ar-taj-erx'cj 
Ar'temas 
Ar'u-botii 
A-ru'mjh 
Ar'u-iu'Ah  P. 

Ar'vall 

Arvjd-Ites 

Ar'za 

A's? 

As-a-dl'?s 
As'si-el 
As'?-liel 
A-sa'hel,  O.  P. 

As-;t  lli'all 

As-?-I'9h 
As'a-nsi 
A'sjpU 
A-sar'a-ol 
A-sar'c-el 
As'j-reel,  P. 
As-?-re'el,  O.  T. 
As-a-re'ljli 
As-baz'a-reth 
As'c?-lon 
A-se'as 
A seb-e-bl'? 

As-e-bl'V 
As'e-nath 
A'ser 
A-s5'rer 
Asha-bl'ah 
A'shaii 
Asli'he-a 
Ash-btj'a,  P. 

Asii'bel 
Ash'bel  Ites 
Ash'che-naz 
Ash'dod 
Ash'dod -Ites 
Ash'doth-Itc.s 
Ash'dQth  I’l^gah 
Ash'er 
Ash'er-Ites 
Ash'i-ina 
Ash'ke-ion 
Ash'ke-naz 
Ash'nah 
Ash'pe-naz 
Ash'rj-el 
Ash'ta-roth 
Ash'te-mdh 
Ash'te-rath-Ite  7 
Ash-ter'^th-Ite,  P.  T. 


Ash't9-retli 
Ash'ur 
Ash'ur-ltes 
Ash'vath 
A'sj-?  (a 'ske-a) 
AS-l-bI'?S 
A'sj-el 
A -si 'el,  P. 

Asi-pha 
As'ke-lon 
As'ma-dai,  Milton. 
As'm;i-veth 
As-mo-de'us 
As-ni9-ne'?n§,  Jose- 

As'nrdi 

As-nap'per 

A-so'chjs,  Josephus. 

a' sqm 

As'pa-th  ?i 

As'nhar 

Asqihar'a-sus 

As'rlel 

As'rj-el-ites  7 

As-sa-bl'as 

As-sal'i-moth 

As-sa-nl'?s 

As-sa-re'inoth 

As'shur 

As-shu'rim 

As'sird5''n? 

As'sos 

As-sy-e'rus 

As'sur 

As  syr'i-an 
As't?-roth 
As'tath 
As-ty'a-|S? 

A-sup'pjm 
A-syii'crj-tus 
A'tad 
At  a-rah 
A -Ur  ga-tis 
At'a-vdth 
At'?  rotli-A'dar 
At'a-roth-Ad'  ilar 
A'ter 

At-e-re-zl'?s 
A'thach 
Ath-a-I'ah 
Ath-a-II'ali 
Ath-a  rl'as 
A-the'nj-anj 
Ath-e-nd'bi-us 
Ath'ens 
Ath'lai 
Ath-la'I,  P. 

At'i-pll? 

At'rotli 
At'tai 
At'ta-I,  P. 

At  ta  li'a 
At'ta-lus 
At-th.ir'?-t5s 
Au'gi-? 

Au-gus'tiis 
An  ra'nus 
Au-tC-'as 
Au’te-as,  C. 

A'va 

Av  ? ran 

Av'?-ron 

A'ven 

A'vim 

A'vjm? 

A'vltes 

A'vjth 

Az'j-el 

Az-gt-e'lus 

A'z?h 

a'z?I 

Az-a-ll'?h 

Az-?-nI'ah 

A-za'phi-on 

Az'a-r? 

A-zar'?  el 
A-za're-el 
Az'a-rlel,  O.  P . 
Az-a-re'el,  T. 
Az-?-rl'ah 
Az-a-rl'as 
A'zaz 

A-za'zel,  .Milton ; also 
Leo.  xvi.  9,  marg. 
Az-?-zI'?h 
Az-baz'a-reth 
Az'bulc 
A-ze'kah 
A'zel 


A'zem 

Az-e  pliu'ritli 
A-ze'tris 
Az'gad 
A-zI? 

A-zI'e-S 
A'zi-el 
A-zI'el,  P. 
A-zl'za 
Az'in;i-vutli 
Az-ma'veth,  P. 
Az'n^n 
Az'notli  Ta'bor 
A'zor 
A-zo'tus 
Az'ri-el 
Az'ri-kam 
Az-rl'k?m,  T. 
A-zu'brili 
_ Az'u-bah,  P . 
A'zur 
Az'u-ran 
Az'z?h 
Az'zan 
Az'zur 


B. 


Ra'al,  or  Bel 
Bi'a-lih 
B?-a'lah,  P. 
Ba'al-ath 
Ba-a'l^th,  P. 
Ba'al-atii  BO'er 
Ba'al  Be'rjth 
Ba'^-le 
Ba'al  Gad 
Ba'al  Ha'mpn,  P.\ 
Ba'?l  Ham'911,  C.  O. 
Sm.  W. 

Ba'al  Ha'n^n,  P. t 
Ba'al  Han'an,  C.  O. 
Sm.  IV. 

Ba'al  Ha'z9r 
Ba'al  ller'inon 
Ba'?l-I 
Ba-a'll,  P. 

Ba'ril-Tm 
B^-a'lim,  P. 

Ba'9-lis 
Ba'ftl  Me'911 
Ba'al  Pe'9r 
Ba'al  Per'9-zim 

Ba'al  Pe-ra'zim,  P. 
Ba'al  Sliai'i-slia 
Ba'?l  Sha-ll'sha, 

O.  P. 

Ba'al  Ta'mar 
Ba'al  Ze'biib 
Ba'^l  Ze'pii9n 
Ba'9-na 
Ba'a-nih 

B^-a'ngh,  P.  T. 
Ba-a-nl'^s 
Ba'a-r? 

Ba-a'ra,  P.  T. 
Ba'^-sli^ 

Ba-a'sha,  P.  T. 
Ba-^-se'i^ll,  or 
Ba-a-sl'ali 
Ba-a-seT'ah,  T. 

Ba'bel 

Ba'bi 

Bab'y-bn 

Bab  y lo'ni-ans 

Bab-y-lo'nish 

Ba'c^ 

Bac'chi-de§ 

Bac'clius 
Ba-cG'nor  • 

B^c-chu'rus 

Bac  IP  rites 

Bacli'uth  Al'lou 

Bargo 

B^-go'as 

Bag'9-T 

Ba-ha'rum-Ite 

Ba-liu'mus 

Ba-hu'rjm 

Ba'jitli 

Bak-bak'kar 

Bak'buk 

Bak-buk-7'ah 

Ba'laam  (ba'lam) 

Ba'lac 

Bal'a-dan 

Ba'lah 

Ba'lak 

Bal'fi-m5 


Ba-l&s'$-mu9 

Bal-nu'us 

Bal-tlia'sgir 

Ba'mah 

Ba'ni9th 

Ba'invth  Ba'al 

Ban 

Ban-9-l'fis 
Ba  nl 
Ba'njd 
B?m-na'i^ 

Ban'nus 
Brin'u-as 
Ba-rab'bas 
Bar'9-chel 
Ba-ra'chel,  P. 
Bar-9-chl'ah 
Bar-a-clil'33 
Ba'ralf 
Bar-liu  'mites 
Bir'liu  -mites,  P. 
Ba-rl'ali 
Bar-je'sus 
Bar-jo'n^i 
Bilr'kos 
Bar'n^-b^s 
Ba-r5'dis 
Bar's? -has 
Biir'ta-cus 
Bar-tiiol'9-mew 
Bar  tj-mce'us,  or  -me'us 
Ba'rucli 
Bar-zel'a-I 
Bar-zIl'la-I 
Bas'a-loth 
Bas'ca-ma 
Ba'sli?n,  or  Bas'san 
Ba'sh?n  Ila'v9th  Ja'jr 
Bash'e-math 
Ba-slie'm?tli,  P. 
Bas'i-lls 
Bas'ijth 
Bas'math 
Bas'sa 
Bas'ta-I 
B?th-rab'bim 
Batli'slie-ba 

Bath-she'b?,  P.  T. 
Bath'sliu-a 
Bath-sliu'?,  P. 
Batli-zach-fi-rl'?s 
Bav'?  I ~ 

Ba-va'I,  P. 

Ba'v?i,  O. 

Baz'lith 

Baz'luth 

Be-a-ll'ah 

Be'a-loth 

Be-a'l9th,  P.  T. 
Be'an 
Beb'a-I 

Be-ba'I,  P. 

Be'clier 
Be-J  dio'rytli 
Bech'o-ratli,  P. 
Bec'ti-leth 
Be'dad 
Bed-?-I'?h 
Be'dan 
Be-de'iah 
B£d-e-I'?h,  P. 
Be-el-I'?-d? 

Be-el's?-rus 
Br-  el-teth'mus 
Be-el'ze-bub 
’Beel'ze-bul),  P. 

Be'er 

Be-c'r? 

Be-e'rah,  or  Be'rali 
Be-er-e'lim 
Be-er'c-lim,  T. 
Be-f'ri 

Bg-er-la-hai'roT,  O.  T. 
Be-er-la-ha'i-roi,  IV. 
C Sm. 

Be-e'roth 
Be'e-rSth,  P. 
Be-e'roth  Ites 
Be  er'she-ba 
Beer'siie-bai,  O.  P 
Be-er-she'ba,  T. 
Be-esh'te-rah 
Be'he-mSth 
Be-he'nmth,  P. 
Be-liein'9tli,  O. 
Be'k?h 
Bel 

Bc'la,  or  Be'lali 
Be'la  Ites 
Bel'e-mus 
Be'lj-al 


Bel'm?-im 

Bel'men 

Bel-slikz'zar 

Bel-te-shaz'z?r 

Ben 

Be-na'iah  ( be-na'ija ) 
Ben-a-I'?h,  P. 
Ben-am'mi 
Ben-eb'e-rak 
Ben-e-ja'?-kan 
Ben'ha-dad 
Ben-ha'dad,  P.  T. 
Ben-ha'il 
Ben-ha'nan 
Ben'j-nu 
Ben-I'nu,  O.  T. 
Ben'ja-inln 
Ben'ja-mlte 
Be'no 
Be-no'nl 
Ben-nu'I 
Ben'u-I,  C. 
Ben-z5'lieth 
Be'9n 
Be'or 
Be'ra 

Ber'a-chah 
Be-ra'chah,  P.  T. 
Ber-a-chl'ah 
Ber-a-f'ali 

Be're-a,  1 Macc.  ix.  4. 
Be-re'a,  or  Be-ro3'a,2 
Macc.  xiii.  4,  Acts. 
Ber-e-chl'ah 
Be'red^ 

Be'rl 
Be-rl'ah 
Be-rl'ltes 
Be'rltes 
Be'rjth 
Ber-nl'ce 
Ber'nice,  P. 
Be-ro'd?eh  Bal'?-dan 
Ber'o-dach  Bal'?- 
dan,  P: 

Be'roth 
Ber'o-thai 
Be-r5'tha-T,  P. 
Be-ro'th?i,  O.  T. 
Be-ro'thah 
Be'r9th-Ite 
Ber-re'tho 
Ber-ze'lus 
B6's?i 

Bes-9-de'iah 
Bes-9-deI'ah,  T. 
Be-so-de-I'?h,  P. 
Be'sor 
Be'tah 
Bet'?-ne 
Be'ten 
Beth-ab'a-r? 
Beth'a-nath 
Beth-a'nath,  P. 
Beth'?-noth 
Beth-a'n9th,  P. 
Beth'?-ny 
Beth-ar'?-bah 
Beth'a-ram 
Beth-a'r?m,  O.  P. 
Beth  ar'bel 
Beth-a'ven 
Beth-az'ma-veth 
Beth-az-ma'veth,  P. 
Beth-ba-al-nie'9n 
Beth-ba'rah 
Beth'ba-rah,  P. 
Beth-bar'ah,  T. 
Beth'ba-sl 
Beth-bir'e-I 
Beth'car 
Beth-da'g9n 
Beth-dlh-l?-tha'jm 
Beth-e'den 
Beth'el 
Betli'el-Ite 
Beth-e'mck 
Be'ther 
Be-tlie^'d? 

Beth-e'zel 
Beth-ga'der 
Beth-ga'inul 
Beth-hac'^e-rem 
Beth-lia^ran 
Beth-hog'iah 
Beth-ha'r?!! 
Beth-jesh'i-moth,  or 
Beth-jes'i-motll 
Beth-leb'a-oth 
Beth'le-hem 
Beth'le-hem  Eph'ra  tah 


Beth'le-hem-Ite 
Beth'le-hem  J u'dah 
Beth-lo'iimn 
Beth-ma'?-ehah 

Beth-ma-a'chali,  P. 
Beth-milr'c^-both 
Beth-me'911 
Beth-nlm'rah 
Beth-o'r9n 
Beth-pa'let 
Beth-paz'zez 
Beth-pe'9r 
Beth'plia-^e  J 
Beth'phage,  P. 
Beth-pha'^e,  T. 
Beth'phe-let 
Beth-phe'let,  P.  T. 
Beth'ra  -pha  ' 
Beth-ra'pha,  P. 
Beth're-hob 

Beth-re'hob,  O.  P.  T. 
Beth-sa'i-da 

Beth-sai'da,  P.  T. 
Beth'sa-mos 
Beth's?n 
Beth'sh?n 
Beth-she'an 
Beth'she-mesh 
Beth-she'mesh,  T. 
Beth'shem-Ite 
Beth-shTt'tah 
Beth-su'r? 

Beth  top'pu-ah 
Be-thu'el 
Beth'u-el,  C. 

Be'thul 
Beth  u-ll'9 
Beth'zur 
Be-to'lj-us 

Bet-9-mas'them,  and 
Bet-9-mes'tham 
Bet'9-nlm 
Be-to'nim,  P. 
Be-Q'lah 
Beu'l?h,  P.  T. 

Be'zai 
Be-zal'e-el 
Bez'ri-lbel,  P. 
Bez-^-le'el,  T. 
Be'zek 
Be'zer 
Be'zeth 
Bl'?-tas 
Blch'rl 
Bitl'kar 
Big'tlia 
Blg'than 
BTg'tha-na 
Blg'va-I 

Big-va'I,  O.  P.  T. 
Bll'dad 
Bll'e-am 
Bi-le'am,  P. 

Bll'gah 

Bil'gflt-I 

Bil-ga'I,  O.  P.  T. 
Bll'ha,  or  Bll'li?h 
Bil'han 
Bll'shan 
Blin'hal 
Bln'e-9 
Bl-ne'a,  P. 

Bin'nu-I 
Bin-nu'I,  O.  P. 
Bir'sli? 

Bir'za-vith 
Bjr-za'vith,  P.  T. 
Blsh'l.i  in 
Bi-thl'ah 
Bitli'ron 
Bj-tliyn'i-a 
Biz-jotli'jah 
Biz'tha 
Blas'tus 
Bo-a-ncr'^e? 

Bo'?z,  or  B5'5z 
Boc'c?s 
Boch'e-ru 
B9 -^he'ru,  P. 

Bo'chim 

Bo'fian 

Bo'rith 

Bos'c?th 

Bo's9r 

Bo^'p-ra 

Bos 'rah 

Bo'zez 

BSz'kath 

Boz'rah 

Buk'kl 

Buk-kl'ah 


Bui 

Bu'iiah 
Bun' ill 
Buz 
Bu'zl 
Buz'Ite 


c. 


Cab'bon 

Ca'bul 

Cad'dis 

Ca'de:) 

Ca'des  Bar'ne 
Ca'desh 
Cad'mi-el 
Cae'sar 

CffiS-j-re'?  (c?s-) 
Cies-a-re'?  Phj-lTp'pI 
Ca'ia-phas  ( ka'ya-fds ) 
Ca-l'?-phas,  O. 

Cain 
Ca-I'n?n 
Cai'nan,  P.  T. 
Ca'lah 

Cal-a-mol'?-lus 
Cal 'col 
C?l-de'? 

Cal-de'an? 

C?l-dee§' 

Cal'dees,  O.  P. 
Ca'leb 

Ca'leb  Eph'ra-tali 

Cal'i-tas 

Cal-ils'the-nG? 

Cal'neh 
Cal'no  " 

Cal'phI 

Cal'va-ry 

Ca'nwn 

Ca'na 

Ca'naan  ( ka'nan ) $ 
Ca'na-an,  O. 
Ca'naan-Ites 
Can'aan  Ites,  P.  C. 
Ca'na-an-Ites,  O. 
Ca'naan-I-tess 
Ca'naan-I-tjsli 
Can'da-ce 
Can-da'ce,  T.  P. 
(10th  ed.) 

Can'd?ce,  P.(9thed.) 
Can'neh 
Ca-per'na-um 
Caph-ar-sal'a-ma 
Ca-phen'a-tliri 
Ca-phl'r? 

Caph'tho-rlin 
Caph'tor  . 

Caph't9-rTm 
Caph't9-rim? 
Cap-pa-d5'cj-a  8 
Cara-ba'§j-on 
Car'cas 
Car'ciia-mis 
Car'che-mish 
C?l-che'mish,  P. 
Ca-rG'?h 
Ca'ri? 

Car-ma'nj-an§ 

Car'ine 
Car'mel 
Car'mel-Ite 
Car'mel-It-ess 
Car' ml 
Car'mltes 
Car'na-1111 
Car'nion 
Car-piia-sal'a-111? 
C&r'pus 
Car-she'na 
Ca-slph'i-a 
Cas-i-phl'a,  T. 
Ca-sj-phl'?,  P. 
Cas'leu 
Cas'hi-hini 
Cas-lu'hjm,  O.  P.  T. 
Cas'plmn,  or  Cas'phor 
Cas'pis 
Cas't9r 
Ca-thu'^ 

Ce'dron 
Cei'l?n  ( sc'lan ) 
Cel-o-syr'i-? 

Cen'chre-a 

Cen-Be-be'us 

Ce'phjs 

Ce'ras 

Ce'^ar,  or  C.T'^yr 


* Ar'etas.  — This  word  should  certainly  be  accented  on  the  first  syllable.  The 
Greek  is  ’A /, eras,  in  the  New  Testament  (2  Cor.  xi.  32),  in  the  Apocrypha  (2  Macc. 
v.  8),  and  in  Strabo  (Lib.  xvi.  c.  4,  $24). 

f Ba'al  Jin' won , Ba'al  Ila'nan.  — In  Hamon  Gog , llanan , and  Bcn-hanan,  Walker 
gives  the  a of  the  accented  syllable  the  long  sound. 

I Bcthphagc.  — “This  word  is  generally  pronounced,  by  the  illiterate,  in  two 


syllables,  and  without  the  second  h , as  if  written  BctWpagcM  — Walker. 

$ Canaan.  — “This  word  is  not  unfrequently  pronounced  in  three  syllables,  with 
the  accent  on  the  second.  But  Milton,  who,  in  ins  Paradise  Lost , has  introduced 
this  word  six  times,  has  constantly  made  it  two  syllables,  with  the  accent  on  the 
first.  This  is  perfectly  agreeable  to  the  syllabication  and  accentuation  of  Isaac  and 
Balaam , which  arc  always  heard  in  two  syllables.”  — Walker. 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  SCRIPTURE  PROPER  NAMES. 


1741 


Ces-?-re'fi 

Ces-?-r5'j  Plli-llp'pl 
Ceiab 
fiha'bris 
fiha'di  as 
fihai're  as 
fihal'col 
fihjl-de'? 
filial  dE'an 
filial-dees' 
fihal'deef,  P. 
filu'naan,  or  Ca'lliian 
fihailfian-Ite,  or 
Ca'naan-Ite 
£han-nu-ne'us 
fihar-3-ath'j-lar 
fihar'a-ca 

fihar'j-siilm,  nr  -slm 
fi  har'che-mish 
fihar'cus 
£ha're-a 
fillArims 
£ liar  ’rail 
jBhas'e-ba 
£ lie  bar 

£hed-or-la'o-mer 
filled -or  la-o'mer, 

P.  T. 
filiE'lal 
£llel'ci-as  8 
fihol'li-ans 
fihul'luh 
J01iel'Ius 
fihe'lod 
fille'lub 
fihe-lu'hai 
fiheiii'a-nnnj 
fihe'mosh 
fihe-na'a-nah  * 
jEhe-naa'iijh,  P. 

£ hen'a-nl 
jElien-a-nl'ah 
fihe'phjr  ilg-Sm'mo- 
nai 

fihe-phl'rjh 

fille'rfin 

fihe're-as 

fiher'eth-Iins 

filier'eth-Ites 

fille'rjth,  or  filie'rjsll 

fihe'rub,  city. 

fihus'a-lon 

fihe'sed 

fihe'sd 

fihe-sul'loth 

fihe-thl'jm 

fihet-tl'im 

fihe'zjb 

fihl'don 

fihll'e-ab 

filii-ll'on 

filill'!  on,  P ■ T. 
filiTPinad 
fihlm'ham 
filiin'ne-reth,  or 
CIn'ne-reth 
Chln'ne-reth,  T. 
fihln'ne-roth,  or 
CIn'ne-roth 
filll'os 
fihls'leu 

fihis  le'u,  P. 
filils'lon 
fihlsioth  Ta'bbr 
fihll'tim 
Chlt'tim,  T. 
jG  ln'u  n 
fililo'e 

fihS'ba,  or  fillob'j-I 

filio-ra'shan 

fihj-ra'zm 

fillos  a inS'us 

fi  hg-ze'ha 

Christ 

filirist'ian 

fillub 

filluil 

£ li  1'za 

fihu'shan  Rlsh-a-tha'- 
ini,  P. 

fiiiush'an  RTsli-a- 
tlia'im,  O.  W'.  T. 
C.  Sin.  SeeCtishan. 
fihu'sl 
C|-II"cj-?8 
Cluiie-reth,  or  -rotli 
CIr'a-ma 
CIs 
Cl'sji 
CIt'jm? 

Clau'da 

Cllu'di? 

Cllu'djus 
Clem'ent 
Cle  opa'tra 
Clc'o-phas 


O. 


Cle'o  [ills 
Cle-o'p;  _ 

Clo'e 

Clo'pas 

Cnl  di.is  ( nt'dus ) 
Cii'l-o-sjr'i-j  (sc/) 

Co'la 

Col  iio'zeh 
Co'li-us  ’ 

Co-los'se 

Cy-l6s'si-an§  ( kq-lSsh'e - 
am) 

Co-nI'?ll 

C6u-9-nl'?h 

Co'os 

Cor'be 

Co  re 

Corinth 

Co-rln't  lij-ang 

Co-rin'thus 

Oor-neij-us 

C6s 

Co'sam 

Cou'tha 

Coz 

Coz'bl 

Cri'tS? 

Cres'cenij 

Crete 

CrGtes 

Cre'ti-ains  ( kre'she-am ) 

Crls'pus 

Cush 

Cu'sllan 

Cu'shrin  RIsh-a-tliahin 
Cusil'jn  Rlsh-a-tha'- 
1111,  T.  Sec  Cliu- 
sllall., 

Cu'sln 

Cutli,  or  Cu'thah,  O.P. 

Catll'jll,  W.  Sin. 
Cy'?-ni6n 
Cyp'ri-an? 

Cy'prus 

C r'a-inti,  or  Clr'j-ina 

C -re'ne 

Cj-re'ni-an 

Cy-re'nj-is 

Cy'rus 


D. 


Dab'a-reh 

Dab'ha-sheth 

Dab'e-ratli 

Ila'brj-a 

Da-co'bl 

Dad-de'us 

Da'gon 

Dai'san 

Dal-a-I'ah 

Dal-ma'ti-y  8 

Dal -iiiy-nu'thj 

DSl'phon 

Dam'a-rls 

Dalil-a  -scene.;' 

Dj-mas'cus 

Dm 

Dail'i  el 

Dan'Ites 

Dan-ja'an 

Danilall 

Dipli'ne 

Da'ra 

Dar'ila 

Da'ri-an 

Da-ri'iis 

Dlir'kon 

Da'than 

Datli'e-ma 

Di'vid 

De'bjr 

Deb'o-ra 

Deb'o-rall 

De-c.ip'o-lIs 

DG'dan 

Ded'a-nTm 

De-da'njm,  P.  T. 
Delia' vires 

De'lia-vltos,  P.  T. 
DE'lcar 
Del-a-i'ah 
Del'i-lah 
De-ll'lali,  P. 

De'lus 
lie 'in  as 
De-me'trj-us 
Dem'o-plion 
Det'be 
Des'sa-u  * 

Des'sau,  O.  Sm.  ff 
De-u'el 
Deu'el,  P. 

De'u-el,  C. 


Deu  ter  on'o  my 
Dl-a'ria,  or  Dl  iin'j 
Dib'la  tin 

Dib-la'jm,  P.  T. 
DTb'latli 
Dib-la-tlla'jm 
Dl'bon 
Dl'bon  Gad 
Dill'll 
Dld'y-mus 
Dlk'lah 
Dll'e-an 
Dl-le'an,  P. 
Di'le-ail,  O.  Sm.  T. 
Dlm'nah 
Dl'inoil 
Di-mo'iijU 
Dl'nah 
Ill'lla-Ites 
Dln'lia-b.ili 
Djn-lia'bah,  P.  T. 
Dl-o-ny  "sj-us  8 
Dl-os-cy-rTn'tlli-us 
Dl-ot're-phef 
Di'slian 
Di'shon 
Diz'a  llab 
Do'cus 
Dod'a-I 

Do-da'i,  P.  T. 

Dod'  ri-nlm 
Do-da'njm,  P.  T. 
Do.l'a-Viili 

Do-da'vah,  P.  T. 
Dd'iio 
Do'eg 
Dopli'kah 
Dor 
Do'ra 
Dor'cjs 
Do-rv  m'e-nes 
Do-sitli'e-us 
Do'tlia-Tlll,  or  Do'tlian 
Do-tha'jm,  T. 
Drn-sil'la 
Du' mall 
Dii'ra 


E. 

E'bed 

K -bell'me-lecll 
E'bed -melecll,  7 
Eb-en-S'zer 
E'ber 

E-bl'a-sapIl 

^-bro'iifili 

E-ca'nus 

JJc-bat'a-na,  or  -lie 

Jc-cle-fi-as'te? 

Jc-cIS-jj-as'ti-cus 

is'dar 


E'*vpt 

l-ifp'tmn 

F.'liud 

F.'ker 

Ek're-hel 

Ek'ron 

Ek'ron  Itcs 

E'la 

El'a-dali 
5-la'dah,  P.  T. 
E'lali 
E'lain 
K'lam-Ites 
El'a-silh 

E-la'sall,  0.  P.  T. 
E'latli 
El-beth'el 
El'ci-a  8' 

El'da-vih 

F.l-da'ali,  P.  T. 
El'dail 
E'lc-ad 


P le'a  sail 

_ E le  a'sall, O. P.T.C. 
E-le-a'zar 
K-1?-?  -zu'rus 
El-e-lo'lie  T^'ra-el 
el'o  liG,  T. 
E-le'lp-he,  P. 

E'lepli 

®-leu'tlie-rus 

5-leu'z?-l 

El-eu-za'I,  C.  O.  Sm. 
W.  Sec  Eluzai. 
pl-lia'iijn 
f.'ll 
E-li'sb 

5- ll'a-d? 

E-lI's-dali 

E-lI'ri-das 

1 l-ll'j-dun 
ll'ah 

6- li'ah-bj 
E-II'a-klm 
5-lI'?-li 

5-h'ani 
5-lI-?-o-nI';is 
E-li'fis 
l-li'a  sapli 
5-lI'a-sliib 
E-lI'a  sib 
1 i-lT'a-sis 

1 l-ll'j-tlia,  or  -thill 

IvlI'dad 

E'li-el 

E-li-e'na-I 

F.-li-e'zer 


E-lI'ha-ba 

El-i-l 


O. 


E-IS'ad,  P. 
5-ie-a'leh 


K . . 

E-le'a-sa 


i-i-hg-u'na-I 
El-i-ho'repii 
E-lI'lm 
E 1 1 'jail 
El'i-ka 

E-ll'ka,  P.  T. 
ii'lim 

E-lIm'e-lech 
E-li-o-S'n?-!,  P. 
E-Ii-ce'na-I,  C. 
t.  IV. 

E-li-6'nas 
El'i-plial 
E-ll'phal,  P. 
P-iTpli'gi-lat 
E-lIpll'j-lell 
f.-llpll'g  let 

EE-il'phaz,  P. 

E-llpli'e-lGli 

E-li|)h'e-let 

P-li^?i-betli 

El  i-siE'us,  or  -se'us 

E-lI'sha 

E-lT'sliali 

E-lish'^-nn,  or  -liilili 
E-l  ish'a-phat 
E-lish'e-lia 
El-i-shu'a 

E-II'sliu-a,  P . 
E-lish'u-?,  C. 
E-lTs'i-mus 
K-li'u 
E-lI'ud 
E-liz'a-plian 
El-i-ze'us 
E-ll'zur 
El'ka-nah 

El-ka'nah,  P.  T. 
El'ko-shlte 
El'ld-sir 
El-la'sftr,  T. 

F.l -ino'dam,  0.  P.  T.\ 
El'llloilam,  C.Sm.  IV. 
El'iia-ain 
F.l-na'ain,  P. 
El'na-tlian 

El-na'tlian,  P.  T. 
El'o-lilm 
E-io'i 
E'ISn 

E'lon  Betli'lia-nan 
E'lon  P.etli  lia'naii, 
P. 

E'lon-Ites 

E'lotll 

£l'p?-al 

El-pa'al,  P.  T. 

El'pa  let 

El-pa'let,  P.  T. 
El-pa'rgn 
El'te  kelt 
El-te'keli,  P.  T. 
El'te-kon 
El-te'kgn,  P. 

El'to -lad 

Ei-to'lad,  O.  P.  T 
K'liil 
? lu'za  i 
El-u  zii'I,  O. 


El-y-ma'is 
El'y-mas 
p-ly'mas,  P. 
El-y-iile'ijns 
El'zg-bad 
El-za'bad,  P. 
El'zg-plian 

El-zi'phaii , P.  T. 
Eui-man'u  cl 
Kilning 
Emilia  us 

Em'mer 

Eminbr 

K'liam 

F.'nan 

E-nas'i-bus 

Eii'dijr 

E'ne  as,  or  /E'ne-as 
E-ne'as,  P.  /■/ 
En-eg-la'iin 

En  eg'la-Iili,  O.  P. 
Ene-nies'sgr 
E-nSiii-us 
En-gad'dl 
En-gan'njm 
En'ge-dl 
En-ged'J,  0. 
En-ge'dT,  P.  T. 
F.n-liad'dali 
En-liak'ko  re 
En-hak'kore,  P. 
Pu-ha'zor 
Jn-inlsh'pat 
F.'nocll  (c'nr/O 
E'lion,  or  lE'uon 
Kilos 
K'nosli 
En-rlin'mgn 
En-ro'gel 
En'she  mesh 

Eli  -sheinesh,  O.  P. 
T. 

En-tap'pu  ah 

ElVa-phras 

E-papliro-di'tus 

E pen'e-tus 

E'pliah 

E'pliai 

K'plia-I,  P. 

F.'plier 

F-plies-dammjni 
E plie's-i-?!^  (e-fe’-Jie 

Epli°e-sfis 

Epli'lal 

Epli'pha-tha 

E'plira-iin 

E'phra  ini-Ite 

E'phra-in 

Epli'ra-tali 

E phia'tah,  P. 
Eph'rath 
£pli'r?th-Ite 
E' pi  iron 
Kp-i-cu-re'an^ 
E-piph'a-ne^ 

Er 

E'ran 

E'ran-ites 

p-ras'tus 

K’recll 

Kii* 

F.' rites 

E-?aias  (c-za'ijas) 
E-sar-luid'don 
14' sail 
K'?5y 

Es-dra-e  lon,  or 
Es'dras 
E-s-dre  loll 
Es'e-bon 
E-sE'bri-as 
Es-e-brI'gs,  O. 
F.'sek 
Eshba-al 

F.sli-ha'jl,  P.  T. 
Esh'han 
Esh'col 
K'slie-an 
Esli'e-an,  O.  T. 
E-slle'an,  P. 

K'sliek 

Esh'ka-lon  lies  7 
Esh'ta-ol 
Esh'ta-ul-Ites  7 
Esli'tau-lltes,  0 
Sm.  T.  IV. 

Esh  teni'o-a 
' Esli-te-mo'?,  P. 
Esli'te-nioh 
Esh'ton 
Es'li  ’ 

E-so'rj 
Es'ril 
F.s'rom 
Est'ha-iSl 


• -lom 


Es'tlier  ( is’ter ) 

K'tani 

F.'thjm 

K'tllall 

Etli'a-nTin 

Etli'ba-al 

Eth  ba'al,  P.  7’. 
F.'ther 
K-tlii  o'pi-a 
K-thj-a'pj  ?n 
Etliina 
Etli'nan 
Etli'ni 
Eu-bu'lus 
Eu-cr'ge-te^ 

Euiiie-iieif 
Eu'na-tan 
Eu -nl'ce 

Eu'nice,  Jones. 
EQ-o'di-as 
Eu'pj-tbr 
Eu-plira'te? 
Eu-pol'e-tnus 
Eu  roc'iy  doll 
Eu'ty-clius 
Eve 
F.'vl 

E'vil  Me-ro'dach 

F.'vd  Mer’o  (lacli,  P. 
Ex'o-dus 
K'zar 
Ez'ba-I 
Ez-ba'I,  P. 

Ez  bon 

Ez  e clil'as 

Ez  e-cl'as 

Ez-e-lcl’as 

E-z6'ki-el 

E'zel 

F.'zem 

F.'zer 

fizerl'as 

E-z.I'as 

E'zi  on  Ga'ber,  or 
F.'zi-on-ge'ber 
Ez'i-gti,  P. 
fiz'nlte 
Ez'ra 
Ez'ra-lilte 
Ez'rl 
Ez'ril 

Ez'ron,  or  Hez'rgn 


l.  P. 


F. 


Fe'Iix 

Fes'tus 

Eor-tu-iia'tus 


Gr» 


Ga'al 
Ga'asli 
GS'ba 
Gab'a  el 
Gab'a-tha 
Gab'bai  ' 

Gab'ba-th? 

Gali'de? 

Ga'bri-as 

Ga'bri-el 

Gnd 

G;id'a-ra 
Gad-a  rene^' 
Gad'a-reiie^,  C.  P. 
Gad'de? 

Glid'd! 

Gad'di-el 
Gad-dl'el,  P. 

Gaiil 
Gad'Ites 
Ga'liam 
Oa  'liar 

Gains  (g-2'l /».-) 

Gal'a-ad 

Ga'lal 

Ga-la'tj-?  8 

Ga-la'ti-ans  8 

Gal'e-ed 

Gal'ga-la 

Gal  i-lte'?n,  or  -lc'an 

Gal'i-lce 

Gal'iim 

Gal'Ii-o 

Giim'a-el 

Ga-ma'lj-el 

Gnmiiia-dliiif 

Ga'mul 

Giir 

Ga'reb 

Gari-zTm 

GUr'mlte 


Gashinu 

Ga't?m 

Gatli 

Gath  He'plicr 
Gath  Riminou 
Ga'za 
Grt-za'ra 
Gi'zathltes 
Ga'zer 
Ga-zE'rj 
Ga'zez 
Gaz'ites 
Ga'zltes,  P. 

Gaz'zam 
jGe'ba 
fie'lial 
fie  her 
jGCiiini 
fied  a-ll'jh 
fied'dur 
jGed'e-on 
jGc'der 
tie  de'rah 
jSed'e  rah,  P. 
Ged'e-ratli  Ite  7 
fie -de'ratli  lte,0.  T. 
tie  der'atli  Ite,  P. 
fied'e  rite 
fie  de'roth 
fied'e-roth,  P. 
fied  e rotli-aim 
fiC'dor  ’ 
fie-lia'zl 

fie-lien'na,  Milton. 
figl'i  lotll 

fie  li  loth,  P. 
fie-inal'll 
fiem  ti-ii'ah 
fie-nes'a-reth 
Ge-nes'a-reth,  P. 
Ereil'e-sls' 
fie-ne'zar 
ficn-ne'sar 
fien-nes'a-rSt 
fien-ne'us 
yen'tile’ 
fie-nu1  hath 
fieil'u-hatll,  T. 
(/en'u-bath,  P. 
fie'on 
fie'ra 
fie'rah 
fie'rar 

fier  ge-sElief' 
ficr'Se  sites 
fier'i-zlm 
fie-rlz'im,  O.  P. 
tier  rliGiii-aii^ 
fier'shoin,  or  -shon 
ficr'shon-Ite 
fier'son 
fie'sem 
fie'sham 
fie'shcm 
fie'shur 
fiesh'u-li 
fiesli'u-rltes 
fieth-sem'a-ne 
fiE'ther 
fie-u'el 
fieu'el,  P. 
fie'u-'el,  C. 
fie'  zer 
fiez'rites 
fil'ali 
fiih'har 
filbiie-thott 
fiih'e-a 
fiib'c-ah 
jGIb'e-ath 
filb'c-ath-Ite 
fiib'c-oii 
fiib'e  on-Ite 
filh'lltes 
fiid-dal'tl 
fild'del 
fird'e-on 
fild-e-o'nl 
fil'dom 
fil'hoti 
fi  Il'a-lai 

fii  IS'la-I,  P. 
fill  a-la'I,  O.  T. 
fill'lin-a 

fiil-ho'a,  O.  P.  T. 
fi  Il'e-ad 
fiil'e-ad-itc 
fill'll 
fil'loh 
fil'lo-nlte 
film'zo 
filiiath 
filniie-tho 
fijn-iiE'tlio,  P. 
fiiniie-thon 
fiin-iic'thon,  P. 


* Des'sa-u.  — The  Greek  is  Ataaaov.  2.  Macc.  xiv.  16. 


t Elmo’ dam.  — The  Greek  is  ’EX/icuJa/i.  Luke  iii.  28. 


1742 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  SCRIPTURE  PROPER  NAMES. 


jGir'ga-shlte 

J&ir'gg-site 

jGTs'pa 

j&it't?h  He'pher 
j6rit't?-Im 

jGit-ta'im,  P.  T. 
jGlt'tlte 
jGTt'tjth 
^Jl'zo-nlte 
jGiz' rites 
Gnl'dus  ( nVdus ) 
Go'&tli 
Gob 
Gog 
Go'l^n 
Gol'go-tha 
Go-ll'«^th 
Gd'mer 

Go-m5r'rah,  or  -rha 
Gor'£j-as 

Gor-ty'na,  C.  O.  Sin. 

Gor'ty-n?,  IV. 
Gb'slien 
Goth-o-ll'as 
Go-thon'j-el 
Gd'zan 
Gra'ba 
Gre'ci-a  8 
Gre'cj-an  8 
Greece 
Greek 
Greek'jsh 
Gud'go-d:Ah 
Gud-gd'dah,  P. 
Gu'nl 
Gu'nltes 
Giir 

Gur-ba'al 


H. 

Ha-a-hash'ta-rl 
Jla-ain'ino-nai 
H?-ba'iah  ( ha-ba'yah ) 
Ha-ba-I'stti,  P. 
IIab'?k-kuk 

Ha-bak'kuk,  O. 
Hab-a-zj-nl'?h 
Hab'ba-cuc 
Ha'bor 
Hach-a-ll'?h 
Hach'i-lah 
Hach'ino-nl 
tf?ch-ino'nI,  T. 
H&cli'mo-nlte 
Ha'dad  * 

Had-ad-e'zer 
Ha'dad  Rlm'uion 
Ha'dar 
Had-ar-e'zer 
Had'?-shah 

Ha -da's  hall,  P.  T. 
H?-d&s'sah 
Ha-dat't?h 
Ha'did 
Had'ia-I 
Ha-do' ram 
Ha'drach 
Ila'g&b 

H&g'?-ba,  or  -ball 

Ha'gar 

lla-gar-ene^' 

H a'gar-ite 

Hag'ga-I 

Hag'ge-rl 

Ilag'gi 

Hag-gl'ah 

Hag'gltes 

Hdg'gjth 

Ila'gj-? 

Ila'I 

H&k'k?-tSn 

Ilak'koz 

Ha-ku'pha 

H&k'u-pha,  P. 
Ila'lali 
Ha'ldk 
Ha'll 

Hal-i-car-nas'sus 
HSl'hul 
Hal-lo'esh,  or 
Hal-ld'hesh 
Ham 
Ha'man 

Ila'inath,  or  He'math 

Ha'niatli-Ite 

Ha'matli  Zo'bah 

HSm'j-t&l 

Ham-mah-le'koth 

Ham'math 

Ham-nied'a-th? 

Ham'me-lecli 

Ham-mol'e^keth 


IlXm'm^n 
Hiin'ni9th  Dor 
Ham'9-nah 

Ha-m6'n?h,  O.  T. 
Ila'mon  Gog 
Ha'mor 
Ha'moth 

Ha-mu'el  * 

Ham'u-el,  P.  C. 
Ha'inul 
Ha'mul-Ites 
Ha-inu't?l 
H&m'u-tal,  P. 
Ha-nam'e-el 
H&n'?-meel,  P. 
Ha'nan 
H?-nan'e-el 
Han'?-neel,  P. 
Han'?-nl 

H?-na'nI,  P.  T. 
Han-a-ni'ali 
Ha/ne? 

Han'i-el 
Ha-nI'el,  P. 
H&n'nah 
Han'n?-thbn 
H&n'nj-el 
Ha' 119c  li 
Ha'^gh-Ites 
Ha'nun 

Haph-?-ra'im,  or 
Haph-ra'im 
Ha'ra 
Har'a-dah 
Ha'ran 
Ila'r?-rlte 
H?r-bo'n? 

Har-b5'nah 
Ha'reph 
Ha'reth 
Har-iia-l'ah 
Ha-ra'iah,  O. 

Ha  r' lias 
Har'hur 
Ila'rjm 
Ha'rjph 
Har'ne-pher 
Har-ne'pher,  P.  T. 
Ha'md 
Ha'r9d-Ite 
Har'o-eh 
H?-rb'eh,  P. 
Ha'ro-rlte 
Har'9-sheth 
Har'sh? 

Ila'rum 
Ha-ru'maph 
Har'u-m&ph,  P. 
Ha-ru'phlte 
H£r'u-phlte,  P. 
Ha'ruz 
Has-a-dl'ali 
Has-e-nu'ah 
H?-sen'u-iih,  C. 
Hash  a-bi'ah 
Ha-shab'n?h 
Hash-ab-nl'ah 
IIash-bad'?-n? 
Ha'shem 
Hash-mo'nah 
Hash'mo-nah,  P. 
Ha'shub 
Ha-shu'b?h 
Ha'shum 
H?-shu'pha 
Has'rah 
Has-se-na'ah 
Has'shub 
Ha-su'ph? 

Ha'ta^h 

Ha'tiiath 

Ha-tl'pha 

Ilat'j-pha,  P.  T. 
Hat'i-ta 

Ha-tl'ta,  O. 
Hat-ta'a-v'ah 
Hat'tj-con 
Hat'tjl 
Hat'tush 
Hlu'ran 
Hav'j-llh 
Ila-virah,  P. 
I1a'V9th  Ja'ir 
Ilaz'a-el 
Ha-za'el,  P. 
Ha-za'iall  ( hq-zd'yah ) 
Ha-za-I'ah,*  P. 
Ha'zar  Ad'dar 
Ha'zar  K'nan 
Ha'zar  Gad'dah 
Ha'zar  Hat'tj-con 
Ha'zar  Ma'veth 
Ha'zar  Shu'al 
Ha'zar  Su'saih 
Ha'zar  Su'sim 


H$z'9-z5n  Ta'm^r 
Ha'zel  l^l-po'nl 
Ii^-ze'rjm 

H&z'e-rTm,  P. 
IIa-ze'r9th 

Haz'e-roth,  P. 

If az'e-zon  Ta'niar 
lla'zi-el 
14-zl'el,  P. 

Ha'zo 
Ha'zor 
Haz'u-ball 
H^z'zu-rlin 
He'ber 
He'ber-Ites 
Ile'brew  (-brft) 
He'brew-ess 
Ile'bmn 
Ile'br9n-Ites 
Heg'^-I 
He-ga'I,  T. 

HS'ge 

He'lah 

He'lam 

Hel'bah 

Hel'bon 

Hel-chl'^h 

Hel'^a-I 

Hel-da'I,  P. 

He'leb 
He'led 
He'lek 
IIe'lek-Ite9 
He'lem 
He'leph 
He'l^z 
He'll 
Ile-ll'as 
He-li-9-d5'rus 
Hel'ka-I 
Hel-ka'I,  P. 

Hel'kath 

Hel'kath  Haz'zu-rTm 

Ilel-kl'fis 

He 'Ion 

He'niam 

He'man 

He'math,  or  Ha'math 
Hem'dan 
Hen 
He'na 
Ilen'a-dad 
He-na'dad,  P. 
He'n9ch 
He'pher 
HG'pher-Ites 
Heph'zj-bah 
Her'cu-le^ 

He're§ 

Ile'resh 

Her'mas 

Her'me§ 

Her-mo^'e-ne§ 

Her'mon 

Her'mon-Ites 

Her'9d 

He-ro'dj-^n^ 

He-ro'dj-as 

He-ro'dj-on 

He'sed 

Hesh'bon 

Hesh'mon 

Hes'ron,  or  Hez'i’on 

Hes'ron-Ites 

Heth 

HethHon 

Hez'e-kl 

Hez-e-kl'ah 

He'zjr 

He'zj-on 

Hez'j-on,  O.  P. 
Hez'ra-I 
Hez'rb 
Hez'ron 
Hez'ron-Ites 
Hid'da-I 
Hjd-da'I,  P.  ' 
HTd'de-kel 
Hl'el  ' 

HT-e-rap'o-lTs 

Hl-Gr'e-el 

Hi-er'e-moth 

Hl-er-i-e'lus 

Hi-er'inas 

Hl-e-ron'y-mus 

Hl-e-ru'sa-lem 

Vtig-t’i'iQnfliig-ga'  yQn) 

Hi'len 

Hil-kl'ah 

Hll'lel 

Hln'n9m 

Hi 'rail 

Hl'r^m 

Hjr-ca'nus 

Hjz-kl'ah 


Hiz-kl'jah 

Hit'tTte 

Hl'vlte 

Ho'ba,  or  IlS'b^h 

Ho'bab 

H9-ba'i?h 

llod 

Hod-a-I'ah 

HSd-fi-vI'^ll 

Ho'desh 

119-de'vah 

H9-dI'ah 

119-dI'jah 

Hog'lgih 

Ho'ham 

Hol^-fer'ne^ 

Ho'1911 

Ho'mam,  or  He'mam 

Hoph'nl 

Hoph'ra 

Hor 

Hbr-ha-gTd'g^d 

115'ram 

Ilo'reb 

Hu'rem 

H5'rl 

Ho'rjm§ 

Ho'rlte 
Hbr'mah 
IIor-9-na'jm 
Hor'o-nlte 
HS'ro-nlte,  P. 

Ho'sa,  or  Ho'srth 
Il9-se'a  ( ItQ-ze'q ) 
Hosh-fi-I'ah 
Hosh'a-ma 
Ho-sha'm?,  P. 
119-she'a 
Ho'thrim 
II 5 'than 
Hb'thjr 

Ilu'kok,  and  Huk'k9k 
IIul 

Hul'dah 
II  uni 'tall 
Ilu'pham 
Hu'pham-Ites 
Hup'pah 
Hup'piin 
Hur 
HQ'rai 
Hu'ra-T,  P. 

Hu 'ram 
Hu'rl 
Hu'shah 
Ilu'shai 

Hu'sha-I,  P. 
Hu'sham 
Ilu'shath-Ite 
Hu'shjm 
Huz 
Ilu'zoth 
Huz'z^ib 
Ily-das'pe§ 

Ily-me-nte'iis,  or  -ne'us 


I. 

Ib'har 
Ib'le-am 
Ib-le'?im,  P. 

Ib-ne'iah 

Ib-nel'ah,  T. 
Ib-ne-l'^h,  P. 
Ib-nI'jah 
Tb'rl 
Tb'ziin 
Ich'a-bod 
"l-cha'b9d,  P. 

I- co'ni-um 
id'a-lah 

w I-da'l?ih,  P.  T. 

Id'bash 

id 'do 

Td'u-el 

Id-u-mai'?.  or  -me'a 
I-du-me'a,  P. 
Id-u-niie'an^,o?’-nie'an^ 
I' gal 

Ig-da-ll'ah 

Ig'e-al 

_ I-ge'(il,  O.  P.  T. 

I'jm 

Ij-e-ab'a-rTin 

I'jSn 

ik'kesh 

T'lai 

I-la'I,  P. 

II- lyr'i-cum 
fm'la,  or  Im'lali 
im'inah 
Im-man'u-el 
Tni'mer 


Tm'na,  or  Im'n^li 
Im'r^li 
Tm'rl 
In'dj-9 
Tn'di-?n 
Iph-e-de'i?h 
Ipii-e-del'ah,  T. 
I|)li-e-de-I'ah,  P. 

Ir 
I'ra 
I' rid 
I'rSm 
I'ri 

I-rl'jah 
ir'na-hash 
_ Ir-na'hish,  P.  T. 
I'r9n 
Ir'pe-el 
tr'peel,  P. 

Ir-pe'el,  T. 
Ir7she'mesh 
Ir'she-mesh,  O.  P. 
l'ru 

I'^aac  ( Vzqk ) 

I-sa'iah  ( l-zu'yqh ) 
Is'cah 
Is-cSir'i-9t 
Ts'da-el 
ish'bah 
Ish'bak 
Isli'bl  Be'nob 
lsh'b9-sheth 
Ish-bo'sheth,  T. 

I 'sill 
I-shi'ah 
i-shl'jah 
Ish'm^ 

Tsh'niri-el 
ish'ma-el-Ites 
Ish-ma-i'ah 
Ish-ma'iah,  T. 
Ish'me-el-Ites 
Ish'ine-rai 
ish-me-ra'I,  P. 
I'slmd 
Ish'pan 
ish'tob 
ish'u-Uh 
Ish'u-ai 
ish'u-I 
is-mVghl'fih 
Is'm^-el 
Ts-ma-l'ah 
is'pah 
i^'ra-el 
i§'ra-el-Ite 
l^'ra-el-I-tish 
Ts'sa-char 
Is-siiuah 
is-tal-cu'rus 
Ts'u-'ih 
is'u-I 
is'u-Ttes 
I-tal'ian 
It'a-ly 

Tth'a-I,  or  Tt'ta-I 
I-tlia'I,  P. 
Ith'a-inar 
I-tha'mar,  P. 
Itli'i-el 
I-tlil'el,  P. 
Ith'mah 
Tth'nan 
ith'ra 
Tth'ran 
ith're-am 
Ith'rlte 
Tt'tah  Ka'zin 
It'ta-I 
^ It-ta'l,  P. 

Tt-u-nu'a,  or  -l’e'? 

T'vah 

Iz'e-hir 

lz'e-h?r-ltes  7 

iz'har 

iz'har-Ites 

Iz-ra-hl'ah 

lz'r?-hlte 

1 z' re-el 

tz'rl 


J. 

Ja'a-kan 
Jaa'kan,  P. 
Ja-5k'o-bah 
Jaa-ko'bah,  P. 
Ja-a'la,  or  -lab 
Jaa'la,  P. 
Ja-a'lam 
Jaa'lam,  P. 
Ja'a-nai 
Ja-a-na'I,  P. 


J?-a'n?i,  C.  T. 
J?-sir-e-or'e-gim 
Ja'?-saii 

J?-a's2lu,  T. 

Jaa's3LU,  P. 

Ja-a'sj-el 
J?-az-?-nl'ah 
Jaa-z?-nl'ah,  P. 
Ja-a'zer 
Jaa'zer,  P. 

Ja-?-zI'ah 
Ja-a'zj-el 
Ja'bal 
Jab'i)9k 
Ja'besll 
Ja'bez 
Ja'bin 
Jab'ne-el 
Jab'lleel,  O.  P. 
Jab'neh 
Ja'ghan 
Ja'chin 
Ja'chjn-Ites 
Ja'c9b 
J?-cu'bus 
Ja'da 
Ja-da'u 
Jad-du'a 
Ja'don 
Ja'el 
Ja'gur 
Jail  ' 

Ja-hal'e-lel 

Ja'hath 

Ja'liaz 

Ja-ha'z? 

Ja-ha'zah 
Ja-ha-zl'ah 
Ja-ha'zi-el 
Ja-ha-zl'el,  P. 
Ja-haz'j-el,  O.  T. 
Jah'da-I 
Jah-da'l,  P.  T. 
Jah'di-el 
Jah-dl'el,  P. 

Jali'dS 
Jah'le-el 
Jah'leel,  O. 

Jah'leel,  P. 
Jah'le-el-ltes  7 
Jah'ma-I 
J?h-ma'I,  P.  T. 
Jah'zah 
Jah'z?h,  P. 

Jiih'ze-el 
Jali'zeel,  P. 
Jiih'ze-el-ltes 
Jih'ze-rilh 
Jah-ze'r?h,  P. 
JaJi'zj-el 
Jah-zl'el,  P. 

Ja'jr 

Ja'j-rlte 

Ja'j-rus,  and  J?-I'rus  * 
Ja'i-rus,  Sm.  T.  W. 
Jai'rus,  P. 

Ja-I'rus,  C.  O.  Trol- 
lope. 

Ja'k?n 

Ja'keh 

Ja'kjm 

Ja'l?n 

Jam'bre§ 

Jam'brl 

Jame§ 

Ja'min 

Ja'injn-Itcs 

J5m'iech 

Jam -nr  a 

Jam'nltes 

Jan'na 

Jan'ne? 

J?-no'ah 

Ja-n5'hah 

Ja'num 

Ja'plieth 

Ja-phl'a 

Japh'let 

Japh'lo-tl 

Japh-le'ti,  P.  T. 
Ja'ph5 
Ja'rali 
Ja'reb 
Ja'red 
Jar-e-sl'ah 
Jar'lia 
Ja'rib 
Jar'j-moth 
Jar'inuth 
Ja-ro'ah 
Jis'a-el 
Ja'slien 
Ja'sher 
Ja-sho'be-Sm 
Ja-sho-be'?m,  P. 


J?-shob'e-Sm,  O. 
J5sh'ub 
Ja'shub,  P.  T. 
J&sh'u-bl  Le'hem 
Jash'ub-Ites 
Ja'sj-el 
J?-sI'el,  P. 
jis'j-el,  O. 

Ja's9n 
Ja-su'bus 
Ja't?l 
J£th'iij-el 
Jat'tir 
Ja'v?n 
Ja'z?r 
Ja'zer 
Ja'zi-el 
Ja'zjz 
Je'a-rTm 
Je-a'rjm,  P. 
Je-at'e-rai 
Je-a-te-ra'I,  P. 
Je-ber-e-clil'gih 
Je'bus 
Je-bu'sl 
Jeb'u-sl,  P. 
Jeb'u-slte 
Jec-a-ml'ah 
Jech-o-ll'ah 
Jejh-o-nl'as 
Jec-9-lI'ah 
Jcc-o-nl'ah 
Jec-9-nl'as 
Je-da'iah 
Jed-a-I'ah,  P. 
Jed'du 
Je-de'iah 
Je-de'us 
Je-dl'a-el 
Jed'i-dah 
Je-dl'dah,  O. 
Jed-i-dl'ah 
Je'di-el 

Jed'j-el,  O.  T. 
Jed'u-thun 
Je-du'thun,  T. 
Je-e'll 
Je-e'lus 
Je-e'zer 
Je-e'zer-Ites 
Je'gar  Sa-ha-du'tll? 
Je-ha'le-el 
Je-hal'e-el,  O. 
Je-ha'leei,  P. 
Je-hal'e-lel 
Je-ha-le'le-el 

Je-hal'e-leel,  P.  T. 
Jeh-de'i?ii 
Jeh-del'ah,  T. 
Jeh-de-I'ah,  P. 
Je-hez'e-kel 
Je-he-ze'kel,  P. 
Je-hl'ah 
Je-hl'el 
Je-hl'e-ll 
Je-lij-e'Ii,  P. 
Je-hiz-ki'ah 
Je-ho'a-dah 
Je-ho-ad'dan 
Je-ho'a-haz 
Je-hd'ash 
Je-ho'iia-nan 

Je-li9-ha'nan,  T. 
Je-ho-han'an,  O. 
Je-hoT'a-cliTn 
Je-hbl'a-da 
Je-hoT'a-kTm 
Je-hbi'a-rlb 
Je-hon'a-dab 
Je-hon'a-than 
Je-hb'rain 
Je-ho-sh5b'e-Sth 

Je-hosh'a-plkit 

Je-hosh'e-ba 

Je-hosh'u-a 

Je-iio'vaii 
Je-h5'vah  Jl'reh 
Je-ho'vah  NTs'sI 
Je-ho'vgih  Sha'lom 
Je-ho'vah  Shain'inah 
Je-ho'vah  TsTd'ke-nu 
Je-hoza-bfid 
Je-hoz'a-dak 
Je'liu 

Je-liiib'bah 

Je'hu-cal 

Je-hu'c?l,  O.  P.  T. 
Je'hud 
Je-hu'dl 
Je-hu-dl'jah 
Je'hush 
Je-I'el 
Je-kab'ze-el 
Jck-a-nie'am 
Jek-a-mT'ah 


* Ja'i-rus,  and  Ja-i'rus.  — In  the  Apocrypha  (Esth.  xi.  2)  the  Greek  is  ’latpog,  1 is  ’lanpos,  and,  according  to  Walker’s  rules  for  pronunciation,  the  penultimate  must 
and  the  word  may  be  accented  on  the  first  syllable  ; but  in  the  New  Testament  it  | receive  the  accent. 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  SCRIPTURE  PROPER  NAMES. 


Je-ku'thj-el 

Jem'j-ma 

Je-nii'm^,  O.  P.  T. 
Jem'nrt-911 
Je-mu'el 
Jem'u-el,  C.  T. 
Jeph'thah,  or  -til® 
Je-phuii'ne,  or  -neh 
Je'rah 

Je-rah'me-el 
Jer'ah-meel,  P. 
Jer-fdl-me'el,  T. 

J e-rah 'me-e  1-i  tes  8 
Jlr'e-chus 
Je'recf 
Jer'e-mai 
Jer-e-inl'^li,  or 
Jer-e-ml'^s 
Jer'e-nioth 
Jer'e-my 
Je-rl'ah 
Jer'i-bai 
Jer'j-£ho 
Je'ri-el 

Je-ri'el,  P.  T. 
Jer'j-el,  O. 

Je-rl'jiih 

Jer'i-moth 

Je'ri-oth 

Jer'j-oth,  O.  P.  T. 
Jer-9-bd'am 
Jer'9-hain 
Je-rb'ham,  P.  T. 
Je-rub'ba-al 
Je-rub-ba'al,  P.  T. 
Je-rub'e-sheth,  or 
Je-rub'be-sheth 
Je-rub-be'sheth,  P. 
Je-ryb-esh'eth,  T. 
Jer'u-el 
Je-r’u'el,  P . T. 
Je-ru'sa-lein 
Je-ru'sli?i,  or 
Je-ru'shah 
Je-sa'iah 
Jes-a-I'ah,  P. 
Je-sha'iah 

Jesh-fi-I'ah,  O.  P. 
Sm.  TV. 

Jesh'a-nah 
Je-sha'nah,  P.  T. 
Jesh-ar'e-lah 
Jesh-a re'lall,  P. 
Je-sheb'e-&b 
Je'sher 
Jesh'j-inon 
Je-shish'3-1 
Jesh-j-sha'I,  O.  P. 
Jesh-9-iia-I'ah 
Jesh'u-a,  or  -all 
Jesh'u-run 
Je-sl'ah 
Je-sim'i-el 
Jes'se 
Jes'su-e 
Je'su 
Jes'u-I 
Jes'u-Ites 
Jes'u-ruii 
Je'sus 
Je'ther 
Je'theth 
Jeth'lah 
Je'thro  • 

Je'tur 
Je'u-el 
Jea'el,  P. 

Je'ush 
Je'uz 
Jew 
Jew'ess 
Jew'j’sh 
Jew'ry 
Jez-a-nI'ah 
Jez'e-bel 
Je-ze'lus 
Je'zer 
Je'zer-Ites 
Je-zl'ah 
Je'zi-el 
Je-zl'el,  P. 

Jez-ll'ali 
Jez'o-ar 
Je-zo'ar,  P. 
Jez-ra-hl'ah 
Jez're  el 
Jez'reel,  P. 
Jez're-el-Ite  8 
Jez're-el-lt-ess 
Jlb'sam 
Jid'laph 
Jlm'nah 
Jlm'nltes 
Jiph'tah 
Jiph'thah-el 
Jo'ab 
J5'9-£haz 
J5'^-ghiin 
Jo'9-clm 


Jo-a-da'nus 

Jo'ah 

Jo'a-haz 

Jo-a'liaz,  P.  T. 
Jo'a-klm 
J9-a'nan 
Jo-an'iiiri 
Jo-an'n^n 
Jo'a-rlb 
Jo'asli 
Jo'3-tllain 
Jd-9-zab'dus 
J5b 
Jo'bSb 
Joch'e-bed 
Jb'da 
Jb'ed 
Jo'el 
Jo-e'lah 
Jp-e'zer 
Jog'be-hah 
Jog'll 
Jb'ha 
Jo-lia'nan 

Jo-han 'an,  O.  P. 
Jo-han'ne^ 

John  (j6n ) 

JoT'a-d^ 

Jo-I'a-da,  P.  Sm. 
Joi'a-klm 
Jo-l'a-kim,  P.  Sm. 
Joi'a-rTb 

Jo-l'a-rTb,  P.  Sm. 
Jok'de-iun 
Jok-de'^111,  P.  T. 
Jo'kjni 
J6k'me-am 
Jok-ine'am,  P.  T. 
Jok'ne-am 
Jok-ne'?im,  P. 
Jok'shan 
Jok'tan 
Jok'tiie-el 
Jok'thGel,  P.  T. 
Jo'na 
Jon'a-dab 
Jb'nah 
Jo'nan 
Jb'nas 
Jon'^-tli?1! 

Jon'9-thas 

Jb'nath  E'lem  Re-clio'- 
kjin 

Jop'pri,  or  Jop'pe 
Jo'ra-I 
Jo-ra'I,  P. 

Jo'rah 

Jb'rain 

Jor'dan 

J or'  i -has 

Jor'j-bus 

Jo'rjin 

Jbr'kQ-am 

Jor-ko'anl^  P.  T. 

Jos'a-bad 

Jos'a-phat 

Jos-9-phI'as 

Jb'se 

Jos'e-dec 

Jos'e-de^h 

Joseph 

Jo-se'phus 

J5'se§ 

Josh'a-bad 
Jo'shrih 
Jbsh'a-phat 
Josli  ? vl'ali 
Josh-bek'^-sllah 
Josh'u -a 
Jo-sl'ah 
Jo-sl'as 
Jos-i-bl'ali 
Jos-i-phl'ah 
Jot'bah 
Jot'b^th 
Jot'b?-thah 
Jot-ba'thah,  P. 
Jo'tham 
Joz'a-bad 
Joz'a-char 
Jo  za'char,  P. 
Joz'a-dak 
Ju'bal 
Ju'cal 
Ju'da 
Ju'da-T§m 
Ju-d;e'a,  or  Ju-de'a 
Ju'dah 
Ju'das 
Jude 
Jii  ditli 
Ju'el 
Ju'li-a 
Ju'lj-us 
Ju'nj-^ 

J u'pj  -ter 
Ju-shab'he-sed 
Jus'tus 
Jut'tgih 


K. 

Kab'ze-el 

Ka'de§ 

Ka'desh,  or  Ca'dcsh 
Ka'desh  Bar'ne-fi 
Ka'desh  Bar-ne'9, 
O.  P. 

Kad'inj-el 
Kad'nign-Ites 
Kal'la-I 
Kal-la'I,  P . 

Ka'iirih 

Ka-re'cih 

Kar'ka-^ 

Kar'kor 
Kar'n^-im 
Kar-na'im,  P.  T. 
Kar'tah 
Kar'tan 
Kat'tatli 
Ke'dar 
Ked'e-mah 
Ke-de'niah,  P. 
Ked'e-moth 

Ke-de'moth,  P. 
Ke'desh 
Ke-hel'a-thah 
Ke-he-la'thah,  P. 
Kei'lah 
Kel'lah,  T. 
Ke-la'irih 
Ke-la-l'gih,  P. 
Kel'i-ta 
Ke-li'ta,  P. 
Ke-mu'el 
Kein'u-el,  C.  T. 
Ke'nan 
Ke'nath 
Ke'niz 
Ken'ez-Ite 
Ken'Ites 
Ke'nites,  P.  T. 
Ken'jz-zites 
Ker-en-hap'puch 
Ke'ri-oth 
Ke-rl'oth,  P. 

Ke'ros 

Ke-tu'rgJi 

Ke-zi'a 

Ke'zjz 

Kib'ioth  Hat-ta'a-vah 
Kib'roth  Ilat-taa'- 
vah,  P. 

Kib'zgi-im 

Kib-za'im,  P.  T. 
Kid'ron 
Kl'ilr9n,  P. 

Kl'llrlll 

ICir 

Kir-har'a-seth 
Kir-har'e-seth 
Kir'ha-resh 
Kir-lia'resh,  P.  T. 
Kir'he-res’(-resh,  TV.) 

Kjr-he'resh,  O.  P. 
Kir'j-5tli,  or  Kir'j^th 
Kir-j-^-tha'ini 
KIr-i-Sth-j-a'ri-us 
Kir'i-oth 
Kir'jath  A'lin 
Kir'jath  Ar'ba 
Kir'jatli  A'rhn 
Kir'jath  Ba'al 
Kir'jath  Hu'z9th 
Kir'jath  Je'a-rlm 
Kir'jatli  SKn'nah 
Kir'jath  Se'pher 
Kish 
Kisli'i 
Kish'i-on 

Kl'shon,  or  Kl'son 

Kith'hsh 

Kit'r9ii 

Kl'tr9n,  P, 

KTt'tim 

Ko'a 

Ko'hath 

Ko'hath-Ites 

Kol-a-I'^h 

K5'r?h 

Ko'rah-Ites 

Kb'rath-Ites 

Kb're 

Kbr'hlte 

Kor'hltes 

Koz 

Kush-a'iah 
Ku-sha-l'^h,  P. 


L. 

La'a-dah 
Laa'dah,  P. 


La'31-dan 

L?i-a'd9n,  T. 
Laa'd^n,  P, 

La'brin 

Lab'?-na 

L^-ba'n?,  T, 
Lac-e-de-nio'nj-^n^ 
La'ciijsh 
La-cu'nus 
J^a'd^n 
La'el 
La'iigd 
L^-hai'roi 

La  ha'i-rb'i,  P. 
Lah'mgm 
Lah'nil 
La'jsli 
La'kum 
La'mech 
La-od-i-ce'a 
La-od-j-ce'9113 
Lap'i-doth 
La-se'? 

La'sha 
La-sha'r9ii 
Lash'a-ron,  P. 
Las'the-ne§ 

Lat'in 

Laz'a-rus 

Le'?ii 

Le-an'n9th 

Leb'^-nah 

Leb'9-11911 

Leb'a-oth 

Le-ba'9th,  P.  T. 
Leb-bie'us,  or 
Leb-be'us 
Le-b5'ii9.h 
Le'cali 
Le'h^-bim 
Le-ha'bjm,  P.  T. 
Le'hl 
Lem'u-el 
Le'shein 
Let'tus 
Le-tu'shi'm 
Le-uin'iiiim 
Le'vl 

Le-vl'a-th?n 

Le'vjs 

Le'vlte 

Le-vlt'i-cal 

Le-vit'j-cus 

Lib'a-nus 

Lib'er-tines 

Lib'nah 

Lib'nl 

Lib'nltes 

Lib'y-9 

Llb'y-ans 

Lik'hl 

Ll'nus 

Lo-ain'ml 

L5d 

Lod'e-bar 

Lo-de'bar,  P.  T. 
Lo'is 

Lo  Ru'ha-mah 

Lo  Ru-ha'mah,  0.  P. 
T. 

Lot 
Lb 't  911 

Loth-a-su'bus 

Lb'z9n 

Lu'bim 

Lu'bim? 

Lu'c^s 

Lu'cj-fer 

Lu'cj-us  8 

Lud 

Jiu'dim 

Lu'lijth 

Luke 

Luz 

Lyc-a-o'nj-a 
Ly"ci-^  8 
Lj'd'da 
Lyd'i-a 
Lyd'j-an^ 

Ly-sa'nj-as 
Ly"sj-as  ( lish'e-as ) 8 
Ly-sim'a-chus 
Lys'tr^i 


M. 

Ma'^-chlh,  or  -ctth 
Ma-a'chsdi,  P.  T. 
Ma-Scli'a-thlte 
Ma-^d'rti 

Ma-a-da'I,  0.  P. 
Ma-a-dl'^h 
Ma-a'I 

M^-al'eh  A-crab'bim 
Ma'a-nl 
INIa'a-rath  " 
Ma-^-se'iah 


Ma-^-sel'^h,  T. 
Mfi-as-9-I'^h,  O.  P. 
Ma-as'i-ai 
Ma-^-sI'^s 
Ma'^th 
Ma'^z 
Ma-^-zi'^h 
Mab'da-I 
Mac'a-lon 

Mac-ca-bae'us,  or  -be'us 

Mac'ca-bee^ 

Ma^-e-do'nj-g. 

Ma^-e-do'nj-gn 

Mach'ba-nai 

Atacli-ba'nfii,  T. 
Wa^h-ba-na'I,  P, 
MaclUbe-niili 
M^ch-be'nalf,  T. 
Ma'chl 
Ma'chjr 
Ma'chir-Ites 
Magh'mas 
Mach-na-de'bai 
Macli-na  de-ba'I,  P. 
Mach^pe'lah 
Magh'pe -lah,  P. 
Ma'cr9n 
Mad'a-I 
Ma-da'I,  P. 
Mai-dl'a-buii 
Ma-dl'ah 
Ma'd|-an 
Mad -man 'nail 
Mad'men 
M^d-ine'nah 
Ma'd9n 
Ma-e'lus 
Mag'bjsh 
M&g'da-la 
Mag-da-le'ne 
Mag'da-lene,  P. 
Mag'dj-el 
Ma'geci 
Ma-^id'db 
Ma'gog 

Ma'g9r  Mis'sa-lnb 
Mag'pi-ash 
Mag-pi'ash,  P. 
Ma'lia-lah 

Ma-ha'lah,  P.  T. 
Ma-ha-la'le-el 
Ma-hal'a-le2l,  P.  T. 
Ma'ha-latii 

Ma'ha-lath  Le-an'n9th 
Ma'ha-lath  Mas'^hjl 
Ma-ha'le-el 
Ma'ha-ll  ’ 

Ma-ha-na'|m 
Ma'li a-n eh  Dan 
Ma-ha'neliDin,0  T. 
Ma-har'a-I 

iVIa-lia-ra'I,  O.  P. 

M a' hath 
Ma'ha-vlte 
Ma-ha'zi-oth 
Ma'her-shal'al-hash'- 
baz 

Ma-her'sha  lal-hash'- 
baz,  P. 

Mah'lah 
Mall'll 
Mah'lites 
Mali 'Ion 
Ma'liol 
Mai-an'e-as 
Ma'kaz 
Ma'ked 
Mak-he'loth 
Mak'he-loth,  P. 
Mak-ke'dah 
Mak'ke-diih,  P. 
Mak'tesh 
Mal'a-ghI 
Mal'a-^hy 
Mal'gham 
Mal-chl'ah 
Mai 'chi- el 
Mal-glil'el,  P. 
MSl'chi-el-ltes  8 
Mal-ghl'jah 
Mal-chl'ram 
Mal-chi-shu'? 

Mal-ghisli'u-?,  P. 
Mal'^hus 
Ma-le'le-el 
Mal'los 
Mal'lo-thI 
Mai-lo'thI,  P. 
Mal'luch 

Ma-ma'ias  (mq-md'yas) 

Mam'm9n 

Mam-nj-t^-nai'inus 

Mam 're 

Ma-mu'chus 

Man'9-en 

Ma-na'en,  P.  T. 
Man'a-hath 
Ma-na'h^th,  P. 
Mfi-na'heth-Ites 


Man-as-se'gs 

M^-nas'seh 

M^-nas'se§ 

Ma-nas'sltes 

Ma'neh 

Ma'ni 

Man'li-us 

M^-no'ali 

Mii  11 '9 -all,  Milton. 
l\Ia'9Ch 
Ma'911 
Ma'9n-Ites 
Ma'ra 
Ma'rali 
Mar'^-Iah 
Mar-a-nath'a 
Mar-an-a'th?,  P.  T. 
Mar'cus 
Mar-d9-che'us 
Ma-re'sha,  or  -shall 
Mar'e-shah,  P.  T. 
Mark 
Mar'j-sa 

Ma  rl's?,  O.  T. 
Mar'j-motii 
Mar'm9th 
Ma'r9th 
Mai'se-na 
Mar -se' 11  a,  T. 

Mars’  Hill 
Mar'tha 
Ma'ry  ' 

Mas'a-loth 
Mas'chil 
Maslt  ’ 

Ma'shal 
Ma-sl'as 
Mas'man 
Mas'pha 
Mas  're-kali 
Mls'sa 
Mas'sah 
Mas-si'as 
Math-a-nl'fls 
Ma-thu's^-la 
Mat-tha-nl'as 
Ma'tred 
Ma'trl 
Mat'tfin 
MSt'ta-nah 
Mat-ta-nl'ah 
Mat'ta-tha 
Mat'ta-thah 
Mat-ta-thl'as 
Mat-te-na'I 
Mat'than 
Mat'that 
Mat-tile 'las 
Mat'thew  ( mdtli'thu ) 
Mat-thi'as 
Mat-ti-thl'ah 
Maz-i-ti'as 
Maz'za-roth 
Maz-za'roth,  O.  C. 
Me'iih 
Me-a'nl 
Me-a'r^h 
Me-bun'nai 
Me^h'e-rath-ltc 
Med'a-b? 

Me'dad 

Me'dan 

Med'e-ba 

Mede 

Me'di-a 

Me'dj-.an 

Me-e'da 

Me-gld'do,  or  -doll 

Me-het'a-beel 

Me-het'a-bel 

Me-lil'da 

Me'hjr 

Mc-ho'lah 

Me-hol'ath-Ite 

Mc-hu'ja  el 

Mc-hu'inaii 

Me-hu'nim 

Me-hu'nirn§ 

Me-jar'k9n 

Mbk'9-nah 

Me-ko'n^h,  P.  T. 
Mel-a-tl'^h 
Mel'clil 
Mel-ghl'ali 
Mel-chl'as 
Mel'ghj-el 
Mel-chi^'e-dec 
Mel-chiz'e-dek 
Mel-chj-shu'a 

Mel-chlsh'u-a,  P. 
Me'le-J 
Mel'e-?,  O. 

Me-l€'a,  C.  P.  Sm. 

T.  W. 

MC'legh 

Alel'j-cu 

Mel'i-t? 

Mel'ziir 

Mem'mj-us 


1743 


Mem'phjs 

Me-mu'c?in 

Men'ri-hem 

Me-na'hem,  0.  P. 
Me'njn 
Me'ne 
Men-e-la'us 
Me-nes'theus 
Me-on'e-nlm 
Me-9-ne'njm,  P. 
Me-on'9-thai 
Meph'^-ath 
Me-pha'ath,  P.  T. 
Me-phib'o-sheth 
Me'r^b 
Mer-a-l'rih 

Mc-ra'wth  ( mc-rd’yQtli ) 

Me'r^n 

Mer'51-rl 

Me-ra'rl,  O.  P.  T. 
Mcr'a  rites 
Mer-^-tlia'jm 
Mer-cu'rj-us 
Me'red 
Mer'e-moth 
Me'red 
Mer'j-bah 
Mer'j-bah  Ka'desh 
Me-rlb'ha-al 

Mer-jb-bd'al,  P.  T. 
Me-ro'dagh 
Mer'9-dagh,  P. 
Me-ro'dfi^t  Bal'a-d&n 
Me'r9in 
Me-ron'o-thlte 
Me'roz 
Me'rutli 
Me'segh 
Me'sh^ 

Me'shagh 
Me'sliech 
Me-sliGl-e-ml'^h 
Me-shez'a-beel 
Me-shez'j-bel 
Me-shil'le-mitli 
Me-shil'le-mbth 
Me-sho'bab 
M e-shu  1'iam 
Me-shiil'le-nieth 
Mes'9-ba-ite 
Me-so'l)9-Tte,  O.  P. 
Mes-9-ba'Ite,  T. 
Mes-9-p9-ta'nii-a 
Mes-sl'^h 
Mes-sl'as 
Me-te'rus 
Me'theg  Ani'niali 
Meth'o-ar 
Me-thu'sa-el 
Me-thu'se-ldh 
Me-u'njm 
Mez'a-hab 
Me-za'hab,  P. 
Ml'a-min 
Mib'h^r 
Mib'sam 
Mlb'zar 
Ml 'call 

Ml-ca'irih  (-yah) 
Ml-ca-I'^h,  P. 
Mi'clia 
Ml'cha-el 
Michael,  P. 
Ml'^liah 

Ml-cha'irth  (ml -ha.' yah) 
Ml-ch^-i'ah,  P. 
Ml'chal 
Ml-chefos 
Mich'mas 
Mlgh'mrish 
Mich'me-thlh 
Mich'rl 
Mlch'tam 
Mid'din 
Mid'i-911 
MTd'i-?n-Ite 
Mid'i-an-1-tjsh 
Mlg'dri-lel 

Mig-da'lel,  P. 
Mlg'dal  Gad 
Mig'dol 
Mlg'r9n 
Mlj'a-min 
Mj-ja'rnin,  P. 
Mik'bth 
Mik-ne'igh 
Mjk-nel'ah,  T. 
Mik-ne-i'ah,  P. 
Mil-a-la'T 
Mi-la'4-I,  P. 

Mil'c?h 
Mil'c9in 
Ml-le'tum 
Ml-le'tus 
Mil'lo  ' 

Mj-nl'a-inTn 

MTn'nl 

Min'njth 

Miph'kad 


1744 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  SCRIPTURE  PROPER  NAMES 


Mir'i-jin 

Mir'ma 

Mis'a-e! 

Mls'gjb 
Mish'a-el 
Ml'sha-el,  O.  P. 
Ml-sha'el,  T. 
Ml'sh?l 
Ml'sliam 
Ml'she-?1 
Ml-she'?l,  T. 
MTsh'ina 
Mish-nian'nah 
Mlsh'ra-Ites 
MIs'par 
Mls'pe-reth 
Mjs-pG'reth,  T. 
MIs're-photh-ma'jm 
Mis'sa-bib 
Mlth'c?li 
Mlth'nlte 
MTth're-dath 
Mlth-ri-da'tes 
Mlt-y-ie'ne 
Mi'zjr 
MIz'pjli 
Mlz'peli 
Miz'ra-im 

Miz-ra'im,  P.  T. 
Mlz'zall 

Mna'son  (na'sqn) 
Mo'ab  ’ 

Mo'iib-ite 
Mo'jb-I-tess 
Mo'ab-T-ti*sh 
Md-a-dl'aih 
Moch'mur 
Mo'din 
Mo'eth 
Mol'a-dah 
Mo-la'dith,  P. 
Ms'lech 
Mo'll 
Mo'Iid 
Mo'loch 
Mom'Bjs 
Mo-o-si'as 
Mo'ras-tllite 
Mor'ile-cai 
Mo'reli 

Mor'esh-eth  Gath 
Mo-ri'^h 
Mo-se'ra 
Mo-se'nth 

$&>,. 

Mo-sol'la-inon 

Mo'za 

Mo'zall 

T&t 

Mu'shltes 
Muth-lab'ben 
Myn'dus 
M)'r?  ’ 

My"?j-a  8 


N. 


Na'am 
Na'a-muh 
Na-a'm9h,  P. 
Na'a-man 
Na-a'insin,  P. 
N-a'a-ma-thite  7 
Na-a'mj-tlilte,  P. 
Na'a-mites  * 
Na'a-riih 
Naa'rall,  P. 
NaVrai 
Na-a-ra'I,  P, 
Na'si-ran 
Naa'ran,  P. 
Na'a-rath 
Na-a'rath,  P. 
Wj-ish'on 
Naa'shon,  P. 
Na-as'son 
Na'^-tlius 
Na'bfil 
Nab-a-rT'as 
Nab-a  tlle'an^ 
Na'balli-Ites 
Na'botll 

Nab-u  -c  119-don  'o  sor 

Na'chon 

Na'chSr 

Na'ddb 

Na-dab'a-tha 

NadllPlj-el 
Na-lia-il'el,  P. 
Na'ha-lat 
Na-hal'lal 
Na'lia-lol 

Nii-ha'lol,  P. 
Na'liam 


Nj-hXm'a-nl 
Na-lla-ma'll!,  P. 
Nii-har'a-I 
Na-hii-ra'I,  0.  P. 
Na-ba-ra'im 
Na'h9-ri  ' 

Na'hash 

Na'hath 

Nali'bi 

Na'hor 

Nali'shpn 

Na'hum 

Na'i-dus 

Na'in 

Na'ioth  ( na'vQth ) • 
N?-I'oth,  P. 

N9-ne'? 

Na'o-ml 

Na-o'mi,  P.  T. 
Na'pllish 
Naph'i-sl 
Naph't?-ll 
NSph'thar 
Napll'tu-blm 
Nar-cls'sus 
Nas'bas 
Na'shon 
Na'sith 
Na'sSr 
Na'thtm 
Na-than'?-el 
Nath-a-nI'as 
Na'than  Me'leeh 
Na'um 
Na've 
Nkz-a-rene' 

N5z'9-reth 

N&z'a-rlte 

Ne'?h 

Ne-ap'p-lis 

NS-j-rl'ah 
Neb'a-I 
Ne-ba'i,  T. 
Ne-lia'ioth  (ne-ba'yotli) 
Ne-ba'jotl.  ' 
Neb'a-joth,  P. 
Ne-bal'lat 
NG'bat 
Ne'bo 

Neb-u-chad-nez'zar 
Neb-ii-chjd-reztejr 
Neb-u-slias'biin 


Neb  u zar'ii-diiil 
Neb-u-zj-ra'  ‘ 


Nl-cop'9-lls 

Nl'ger 

Nlni'rah 

Nlm'rim 

Nlm'rod 

Ntm'slil 

Nln'e-ve 

Nin'e-veh 

Nin'e-vites 

Nl'san 

Nls'roch 

No,  or*No  A'rri9n 

No-a-dl'ah 

No'sdi,  or  No'e 

Nob 

No'brdi 

Nod 

No'dab 

No'e-ba 

Nd'ga,  or  No'gali 
Nd'hali 
Nom'^-des 
Non 

Nopli  (71  Sf) 

No'phah 

Nu-me'nj-us 

Nun,  the  father  of 


Nym'ph?s 


o. 


.'d?tn,  P. 

Ne'chS 

Ne-c5'dan 

Nad-?-bI'ali 

Ne-e-ml'as 

Ne|'|-noth 

Nc-hel'a-mlte 

NG-he-mT'ah 

Ne-hc-niT'as 

Ne'hi-loth' 

Ne'lium 
Ne-hush'ta 
Ne-bush'tan 
NG'j-el 
Ne-I'el,  P. 

Ne'keb 
Ne-ka'da 
Nek'o-d?,  P. 
Ne-inu'el 
Ne-mQ'el-Ites 
NE'pheg 
Ne'plll 
Ne'phjs 
Ne'plijsh 
Ne-plilsli'e-slin 
NC-pll'tlla-il 
Nepli'tba-ITm 
Nepli'to-Ub 
Neph-to'ah,  T. 
Ne-piiu'sim 
Ner 
Ne'reus 

Ne're-us,  O.  T.  IP. 
Sm. 

Ne-re'us,  P. 

Ner'Ral 

Ner'R?l  Sha-rE'zer 

NC'ri 

Ne-rl'ah 

Ne  rl'js 

Ne'ro 

Ne-than'e-el 
Neth'j-nEel,  P. 
Neth-a-nl'^h 
Neth'i-nlms 
Ne-to'phah 
Ne-toph'9-tlil 
Ne-toph'a-thite 
No-zT'ah 
NS'zib 
Nlb'haz 
Nib'shan 
Nl-ca'nor 
Nlc-o-de'mus 
NTc-9-la'i-lans 
Nlc'y-las 


Ob-a-dl'ah 
O-bj-di'jh,  P.  T. 
O'bal 
Ob-dt'j 
O'bed 

o'lied  E'd9m 

O'beth 

o'bil 

O'bofli 

O'ciii-el 

WP" 

Oc'r?n 

O'ded 

O-dol'lam 

rtd-on-ar'ku? 

Pviiad 

o'liel 

fil'a-mus 

Ol'i-vSt 

Gl-o-fer'nea 

O-lym'pas 

0-lym'pi-u3 

flni-a-e'rus 

O'mar 

O-me'g? 

O-meg'a,  C. 
O'nie-ga,  O.  Sm.  T. 
Om'rl 


g?», 


O'lian 

O-nes'i-mus 

6n-e-sTph'o-rus 

O-ni'9-re? 

Onl'as 

O'no 

O'llUS 

O'pliel 

o'pliir 

Opli'nl 

Oph'rah 

o' rob 

O'ren,  or  O'ran 

O-rl'on 

6r'nan 

ttr'pab 

Or-tlw-sl'as 

0-§a'i?s  (Q-za'yq$) 

6$'% 

85^ 

O-she'?,  O.  P. 
Otli'nl 
Oth'nj-el 
Otli-9-nl'as 
Ox 

o'zem 

O-zi'as 

o'zj-e! 

Oz.'ni 
Oz'nltes 
O zo'rj 


P. 


Pa'a-rai 
Pa-ca-tj-a'nfi  8 
Pa'dan 
Pil'd  an  A' ram 
Pa'don 


Pa'gi-el 

Pa-gl'el,  0.  C. 
Pi'Ji-el,  T. 

Pa'li9tii  'Mo'?b 

Pa'l 

Pa'ljl 

Pal-es-tl'nii 

PaPes-tlne 

Pal'lu 

PaPlu-Ites  7 
Pal'ti 
Pal'ti-el 
Pai-ti'el,  P.  T. 
P&Ptite 
Pam-i.liyPj-3 
Pan'n?g 
Pa'pll9S 
Par'j-dlse 
Pi'rali 
Pa' ran 
Pir'bar 
Par-masli'tj 
Par'me-nas 
Par'nacli 
Pa'rosli 

Par-shan'da-tlia 

Par-shan-da'tlia,  P. 
Par'tllj-9113 
Par'u-Sh 
Py-ru'ali,  P. 
Par-va'jm 
Piir'Vri-im,  C. 

Pjs-dam'mjm 
Pa-se'ah 
Pash'ur 
Pa'shur,  P. 

Pat'a-r? 

Pa-the'us 
Path'ros 
Pa'thros,  P.  T. 
Patli-ru'sjm 
Pat'mos 
Pat'ro-bas 
Pa-tro'clus 

PpL,  p. 

Paul 

Pau'lilS 

Ped'a-liel 

Pe-da'bel,  0.  P. 
Ped'jh-ziir 
Pe-dah'zur,  o.  T. 
Pe-dah'zur,  P. 
Pe-da'ijb 
J’e-da-I'yh,  0.  P. 
Pe'kali 
Pek-abl'ah 
Pe'k9d 
Pe!-a-i'ah 
Pel-jt-ll'ah 
Pel-a-tl'ali 
Pe'leg 
Pe'let 
Pe'leth 
PS'letli-Ites 
Pe-li'as 
Pel'o-nTte 
Pe-nI'el 
Pe-uTu'nah 
Pen-tap'9-Hs 
Pe-nu'el 
P6'9r 
Per'9-zim 
Pe-ra'zim.  P. 
Pu'resh 
PG'rez 

Pe'rez  tfz'za,  or 
llz'zjh 
Piir'g? 

Per'ga-mos 
Pe-rl'da 
Per'iz-zltes 
Per'ine-nas,  or 
Par'me-nas 
Per-sep'o-lls 
Pbr'seus 
Per'si-a  8 
Per'si-an  8 
Per'sjs 
Pe-ru'd? 

Pe'ter 

Peth-a-hl'ah 
Pe'thor 
Pe-tbu'el 
Pe-uPtliai 
Pe-ul-tha'I,  P. 
Plla'atll  Mo'ab 
Pliac'a-reth 
Pliai'sur 

Phal-da'ius  ( fql-du 

PllaTs'^s 
Pha'lec,  or 
Pha'leg 
PhSl'lu  ’ 

Pbal'ti 
PhSl'ti-el 
Phai-tl'el,  P. 


Phj-nu'el 
Pbar'9-clm 
Piia'raoh  (fa'rd) 

Plia'rj-oli,  0. 
Piia'raoh  llopli'ra 
Piia'raoh  Ne'choll 
Phar-a-tho'nl 
Pha'res 
Pha'rez 
Pha'rez-Ites 
Pha-rl'ra 
Phar'j-see 
I’ha'rosh 
Phar'par 
Phar'zltes 
Plla'se-kh 

Pha-se'ah,  0.  P.  T. 
Pha-se'hs 
Plias'i-ron 
Phas'sa-ron 
Phe'be 
Phe-nl'ce 

Phe'njce,  P. 

Phe- ni"ci-y  8 

Pher'e-sites 

Pher'e-zlte 

Phib'e-seth 

Phl'cliol 

Phll-a-del-phl'a 

PhV-adiVphi-a 

Phi-lar'che?  ' ' 

Phl-lG'mon 

Phl-le'tus 

Phil'ip  ’ 

Ph  -lip'pl 
Ph  -llp'pi-an? 

Ph  -1  is'ti-9 

Ph  -lls'tim 

Ph  -lis'tiiie 

Ph  lol'o-gus 

Phll-o-me'tor 

Pliln'e-as 

Phin'e-es 

Pbin'e-lias 

Plil'son 

Phle'gQil 

Pho'ros 

Phud 

Phu'rah 

Phu'rim 

Phut 

Pliu'vah 

Phy-*el'lus 

Phy'son 

Plb’e-seth,  or. 

Pl-be'seth 
Pi-ha  111 'loth 
Pl'late 
Pil'dash 
Pll'e-ha 
Pi-lG'?er 
Pil-ne'ser 
PTl'tai 

Pjl-ta'I,  P. 

Pi'iion 
Pl'ra 
Pl'ram 
Pir'a-thon 
Pll'  a thnll-Ite  7 


Q. 


CluSLr'tus 

Quin'tus  Mem'mj-us 


ri-sid'i-a 
Pi'son 
Pis'pah 
Pl'tlwm 
Pl'thyn 
PIS'ia-dE? 

PleT'9-de?,  T. 
Poch'e-reth 
Pol'lux 

Pon'tj-us  Pl'lfite  8 
Pon'tus 
Por'a-tha 
Po-ra'tha,  P. 
Por'ci-us  8 
Pos-j-do'ni-us 
Pot'i-phyr 
Po-tTph'e-rih 
Pbt-j-phe'rall,  T. 
PrTs'c? 

Pris-cTl'la 
Proch'o-rus 
Ptol'-e-ma'is  (to/-) 
1’tol'e-mGS  ( tSI- ) 
Ptol-e  inG'us  (to/-) 
Pu'a,  or  Pu'jh 
Pub'li-us 
Pu'den? 

Pu'hTtes 

Pul 

Pii'nltes 

Pu'non 

Piir,  or  Pu'ritn 
Put 

Pu-te'Q-lI 
PO'ti-el 
Pu-tl'el,  P. 


R. 


Ra'a-mSh 
Raa'in^h,  P. 
Ra-j-mi'jh 
Ra-am'sea 
Rab'bah 
Rab'bath 
Rab'lil 
Rab'bjth 
Rab-bo'nX 
Rab'mag 
Rab'sa-ce^ 
Rab'sa-rTs 
Rab'sha-keh 

ar®11’ 

Ra'chal 

Ra'chel 

Rad'da-I 

Rad-da'I,  P. 
Ra'gau 
Ra'gG? 

Ra-gu'el 

Ra'hab 

Ra'ham  ^ 

Ra'hel 

Ra'kem 

Rak'katJi 

Rak'k9n 

Ram 

Ra'tna,  or 
Ra'mah 
Ra'inatli. 
Ra-m^tli-a'jm 
Ram'a-tliein 
Ra'math-Ite 
Ra'inatli  Le'lil 
Ra'math  MTz'peh 


Re'u 
Red,  P. 

Reu'ben 
Reu'ben-Ites 
Re-u'el 
Reu'el,  P. 

Reu'niah 

RG'zeph 

Rezi'? 

RG'zjn 
Re'z9ii 
Rhe^j-um 
RhG'sa 
Rlio'da 
Rhodes 
Rhbd'n-cus 
Rho'dus 
Rl'bai 
Ri-lia'i,  P. 

Rib'lfih 
RTm'm9n 
RTin'nmn  Pa'rez 
Rin'nah 
Ri'phith 
Ris'sah 
Rith'myh 
Riz'pali 
Rob'o-am 
Ro-bo'am,  P. 
R9-5G'ljm 
Roh'gal, 

Ro'j-nius 
Ro  inam-ti-e'zer 
Ro'man 
Rome 

Rome,  P.  IV.  T. 
Rosh 
Rd'fus 
Ru'ha-mah 

Ru-lia'mjh,  O.  P.  T. 
Ru'mah 
Ruth  ' 


{9-mes'eS,  O. 

Ram'e-se^,  P.  T. 

Ita  1111'yh 
Ra'nmth 

Ra'moth  XJIl'e-ad 
Ra'plia 
Ra'pha-el 
Ra'phael,  C. 
Raph'a-im 
Ra'pha-im,  O. 
Ra'pli9n 
Ra'phu 

Ras'sef,  or  Ras'sjs 
Rath'u-muS 

Ra-thu'mus,  0. 
Ra'zis 

RG-a-I'a,  or  -all 
Re-a'iah,  T. 

RG'lia 

Re-bec'ca 

Re-bek'ah 

RS'chab 

RG'chab-Ites  7 

Re'chah 

Re-el-a'iah 

Re-61'i-us 

RGG-sa'ias 

RG'Sem 

Re-geni'me-leeh 

RG-ha-bl'aii 

Re'llob 

Re  -llo-bo'am 

Re-hob'o-am,  0. 
Re-ho'both 
RG'ho-both,  T. 
RG'hu,  or  RG'u 
RG'lium 
Re'I  ‘ 

Re'kem 
Rem- a-li'all 
Re'meth 
Rem'myn 

RGm'man  Meth'9-ar 
Rem'mon  Me-tho'ar, 
P.  T. 

Rem'phan 

Re'pha-cl 

Re-pha'el,  P. 
Re'phab 
Reph-a-I'ah 
Re-pha'iah,  T. 
Repii'a-iin 

Re-pha'im,  P.  T. 
Repii'a-7ni3 
Reph'j-dim 
Re-phi'dim,  P. 
Re-phid'jm,  T. 
Re'sen 
Re'siieph 


s. 


Pa-bach-tha'nl 

Sab'a-oth 

Sa-ba'oth,  P.  Sm.  T. 
Sa'liat 

Sab-a-tG'us,  or  -as 

Sab'a-tus 

Sab'iian 

Sab-ba-the'us 

Sab  be'us 

Sab'dI,  or  Zab'dl 

Sa-be'an? 

Sa'bi,  or  Sa'hj-5 
Sab'ta,  or  Sali'tah 
Sab'te-clla 
Sab'te-chah 
Sa'car  * 

Sad-a-mi'as 

Sa'das 

Sad  de'us 

Sad'duc 

Sad'du-ceGs 

Sa'doc 

Sa-ha-du'tha 

Sa'I? 

Sa'lah 

Sal'a  1111s 

Sal-9-sad'a-I 

Sj-la'thi-el 

Sal'cjh,  or  Sal'chah 

Sa'lem 

Sa'lim 

Sal'ia-I 

Sal'lu 

Sal'lum,  or  Shal'lum 

Sal-lu'mus 

Sal'ma,  or  Sal'mah 

Sal-111911  a'sjr 

Sal'mon 

Sal  1110'iie 

Sa'lom 

Sji-lo'me 

Sa'b.i 

Sa'lum 

Sam'a-cl 

Sa-ma'ias 

Sam-a  rl'a 

Sq-ma'ri-q 

Sj-ma'ri-a,  P.  T. 

Sa-ma-rl'a,  O. 
Sa-mar'i-tan 
Sam'a-tus 
Sa-me'ius 
Sam'gar  Ne'bo 
Sa/ml 
Sa'mis 
Sam'i?h 
Sam'mus 
Sa'n^s 

Sam  o-tlira'cj-a  8 
Samp's^-ine^ 

Sam's9n 

Sam'u-el 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  SCRIPTURE  PROPER  NAMES. 


1745 


Sin-?-b£s's?r 

San-?-bas's?-rus 

San'?-s!b 

S?n-bal'l?t 

S?n-san'n?h 

Saph 

Sa'ph?t 

Sapli-a-tl'as 

Sa'pheth 

Saph'jr 

S?p-phl'r?  ( saf-fVra ) 
Sa'r?,  or  Sa'rai 
Sa'ra-I,  P. 
Sar-?-bI'?s 
Sa'rah 

Sar-?-I'?,  or  -fill 

Sa-ra/ias 

Sar'a-niel 

Sa'rapli 

Sar-ched'9-nus 

S?r-de'us,  O. 

Sar'de-us,  C.  Sm.  FV. 
Siir'dis 
Sar'dltes 
Sa're-a 
S?-rep't? 

Sir'gon 

Sa'rid 

Sa'r9n 

Sa-ro'thl,  or  -tlije 
Sar-se'^hjm 
Sar'se-chlin,  P. 
Sa'rugh 
Sa'tan 

S&tli-ra-bu-za'nes 

Saul 

Sav'?-ran 
Sa'vj-as 
S?-vI'?s,  O. 

Sce'v?  ( se'va ) 

Scyth'i-an 

Scy-thop'o-lls 

Scyth-9-pol'j-t?ns 

Se'b? 

Se'bat 
Sec'^-cih 
Se-ca'cah,  P.  T. 
Secii-e-nl'?s 
Se'£hu 
Se-cun'dus 
Sed-e-cl'as 
Se'gub 
Se'ir 
Se'i-rath 

Se-I'r?th,  P. 

Se'I? 

Se'l?h 

Se'Ia  Ham'mah-le'k9th 
Se'led 

Sel-e-ml'?,  or  -ml'?s 
Sel-eu-c!'? 

Se-leu'ci-a  8 

Se-leu'cus 

Sern 

Sem-?-chl'?h 
Sem-?-I'?h 
Sem'e-I 
Se-mel'li-us 
Sen'?-ah 
Se-na'?h,  P.  T. 
Se'rieh 
Se'njr 

Sen-n?-che'r!b,C.  O.  FV. 
Sen-nigh' e -rib,  P.  T. 
Sm. 

Sen'u-ah 
Se-nu'?h,  P. 

Se-5'rjm 
Se'ph?r 
Seph'?-rad 
Seph-ar-va'im 
Se-phar-va'im,  P. 
Se'ph?r-v!tes 
Se-phe'l? 

Se'r?h 

Ser-?-l'?h 

Se'red 

Ser'gj-us 

Se'r9ii 

Se'rug 

Se'sjs 

Ses'thel 

Seth 

Se'thur 

Sha-?l-&b'bjn 

Sh?-il'bjin 


Sha-al'bp-nlte 
Slia'aph 
Sha-?-ra'jm 
Sh?-ash'gaz 
Shab-beth'a-I 
Sh&b-be-tha'l,  O. 

Sliach'j-? 

Sh?-chl'?,  P.  T. 
Shad'd?-! 

Sha'dr?ch 
Sha'^e  ‘ 
Sha-li?-ra'jm 
Sh?-haz'j-mah,  or 
-math 

Sha-h?-zl'm?h,  or 
-m?th,  O.  P. 
Sha'lem 
Sha'lim 
Shal'j-sh? 

Slia-ll'slia,  P. 
Shal'le-cheth 
Slml-lG'gheth,  P. 
Shal'lum 
Shal'lun 
Slial'm?-! 

Shal'inai,  O.  T. 
Shal'man 
Shal-m?-ne'§er 
Slia'm? 

Sliam-a-rl'ah 

Sha'ined 

Sha'mer 

Sham'g?r 

Sham'huth 

Sha'mjr 

Sh&m'in? 

Sham'niah 
Sllam'm?-! 
Shain'in9tli 
Sh?m-mu'?,  or 
Sh?m-mu'?h 
Sham-she-ra'I 
Sha'ph?m 
Slia'phau 
Sha'phat 
Sha'pher 
Shar'a-I 

Sha-ra'l,  P.  T. 
Shar'a-Iin 
Sh?-ra'im,  P.  T. 
Sha'rar 
Sh?-re'zer 
Shi'mn 
Sh&'mn-Ite 
Slia-ru'hen 

Sh&r'u-lien,  P. 
-Shash'a-I 

Slia-sha'l,  P. 
Sha'shak 
Sha'ul 
Shaul,  P. 
Sha'ul-Ites 
Sha'veh 
Shav'sh? 

She'al 
She-al'tj-el 
She-a-rl'ah 
She-?r-ja'shub 
Slie'ba,  or  Slle'b?h 
She'bam 
Sheb-a-nI'ah 
Sheb'a-riin 
She-ba'rim,  P. 
She'lier 
Sheb'n? 

Sheb'u-el 
She-bu'el,  O.  P. 
Shecii-?-nl'?h 
Shexhem 
She'chem-Ites 
She(f'e-ur 
She-ha-ri'?h 
She'l?h 
She'lan-Ites 
Shel-e-ml'ah 
She'leph 
She'lesh 
Shel'9-ml 
She-16'ml,  P.  T. 
Sliel'9-mith 
She-lo'mjth,  O.  P. 
Shel'o-motii 

She-l5'iri9th,  O.  P. 
She-lu'mi-el 
Shem 
She'm? 


Shem'?-ah 
Slie-ma'ah,  P. 
Shem-a-l'ah 
Shem-a-rl'ah 
Shem'e-ber 
Slie-me'ber,  P.  T. 
She'mer 

She-ml'da,  or  -d?h 

She-ml'da-Ites 

Shem'i-nitli 

She-mIr'?-motli 

She-inu'el 

Shell 

She-na'zar 
She'nir 
She'piiam 
Sheph-?-t!'?h 
She'phl 
She'pho 
She-phu'phan 
Slie'rah 
Sher-e-bl,?h 
She'resh 
She-re'zer 
She'shach 
She'sliai 
She -sha'I,  P. 
She'shan 
Shesh-baz'zar 
Slieth 
She'thar 

She'thar  Boz'n?-! 

Slie'va 

Slilb,l)9-leth 

Shib'mah 

Slil'cr9?i 

Sliic'r9n,  P. 
Shjg-ga'ign  ( sliig-ga 
VQn) 

Shi-5!'9-noth 

Shl'11911 

Slil'hdr 

SliT'hbr  Llb'nath 
Shil'hl 
Shil'liim 
Shil'Iem 
Shil'lem-Ites 
Shj-lo'ali 
Sill' loll,  or  SIlI'lo 
Shi -lo'nT 
Sh|-l5'nlte 
Shl'lon-Ite,  P. 
Shil'shah 
Sliiin'e-a 
ShTin'e-ah 
Shim'e-gLm 
Shim'e-ath 
Sh!m'e-?th-Ites  7 
Shiin'e-I 
SliTm'e-911 
Shim'hl 
Shl'ml 
Shlm'ltes 
Shim'ma 
Shl'iri9n 
Shim 'rath 
Shim'rl 
Shim'rjth 
Shim'mn,  or  -r9m 
Sh!m'r9ii-ites 
Shlm'r9n  Me'i^n 
Shim'shai 
SJiIm'sh?-!,  P. 
Shl'nab 
Sln'n^r 
Shl'911 
Shl'ph! 

Shlph'mlte 
Shiph'rah 
Sh!ph't?n 
Shl'sha 
Shl'shak 
Shit'ra-I 
Shi-tra'I,  P. 
Shit'tah 
Shit'tim 
Shl'z? 

Sho'a,  or  Sho'?h 
Sho'bab 
Sho'bagh 
Shd'ba-I 
Sh9-ba'I,  P.  T. 
Slio'b?l 
Sho'bek 
Slio'bi 

ShS'gho,  or  Sho'ghoh 


Sh5'co 
Shs'ham 
Sho'rner 
Sho'ph’ach 
Sfio'ph?n 
Sho-shan'nim 
S)i9-shan'nim  E'duth 
Shu'a 
Shu'ah 
Shu'al 
Shu'b?-el 
Shu-ba'el,  P. 
Shu'ham 
Shu'h?m-Ites 
Shu'hlte 
Shu'lam-ite 
Shu'math-Ites 
ShQ'nam-Ite 
ShQ'nem 
ShQ'ul 
Shu'nltes 
Shu'pham 
Sha'pham-ite 
Shup'pim 
ShUr 
Shu'shan 
Shu'shan  E'dutJi 
Shu'tlial-hltes 
Shu'the-l'ah 
Sl'a 
Sl'a-ha 

Sl'b?,  or  Se'ba 
Sib'be-gliai,  or  -cai 
Sib-be-cha'l,  P. 
Sib,b9-leth 
Sib'mah 
Sib'ra-Tm 
Sjb-ra'jm,  P.  T. 
Sl'chem 

S!''cy-on  (-she-) 

Sid 'dun 
Sl'de 
Sl'don 
Sl-do'ni-?n 
Si-^;l'9-n6th 
Si|-i-o'n9th,  P. 
Si'hon 
Sl'hbr 
Sl'las 
SiFl? 

Sj-lo'?h,*  O.  P.  Trol- 
lope. 

SU'o-ah,  C.Sm.T.FV. 
Sj-lo'am  * O.  P.  Trol- 
lope. 

SU'9-am,  C.  Sm.  FV. 
Sj-lo'e,*  O. 

SU'9-e,  C.  Sm.  FV. 
Sil-va'nus 
Sl-m?l-cu'e 
Slm'e-9n 
S!m'e-9n-Ites  7 
SUm9n 
Sim'r! 

Sin 

Sl'n? 

Sl'n?i 
Sln'?-i,  O. 

Si 'n?-I,  P. 

Sl'njm 
Sin'Ite 
Si '911 

Slph'moth 
Sip'pai 
Sip'p?-!,  P. 

Sl'r?ch 
Si'r?n 
SIr'i-911 
Si-sam'?-I 
S!s-?-ma'I,  O.  P. 
Sis'e-r? 

Si-sin'ne§ 

Sit'n?h 

Sl'v?n 

Smyr'n? 

So 

SS'clio,  or  So'^hoh 

So'coh 

S5'dl 

Sod'om 

Sod'9-m? 

Sod'9m-Ites 

Sod^-ml-tish 

Sol'9-m9n 

Sop'?-ter 

Soph'e-reth 


S9-phe'reth,  O.  T. 
Sopii-9-ni'?s 
So'rek 
S9-sIp'?-ter 
Sos'tlie-ne^ 
Sos'tra-tus 
S5't?-i 
S^-taM,  P 
Spain 
Spar't? 

Sta'chys  (sta’kis) 

Steph'?-nas 

Ste'phen  ( ste'vn ) 

Sto'jcs 

Su'?li 

Su'b? 

Su'b?-I 
Su'chath-Ites 
Suc^C9th 
Suc'coth  Be'noth 
Sud 

Su'di-as 

Suk'kj-im^ 

SUr 

Su's? 

Su's?n-5hltes 

Su-^an'n? 

Su'sl 

Sy'char 

Sy'fhem 

Sy'^hem-Ite 

Sy-e'lus 

Sy-e'ne 

Syn'ty-che 

Syr'?-cuse 

Syr'j? 

Syr'i-ac 

Syr'i-?n 

Syr'i-on,  or  STr'j-011 
Sy-r9-phe-ni"ci-?n  8 


T. 

Ta'a-nach 

T?-a'n?ch,  P.  T. 
Ta^-nath'Shl'loh 
Tab'?-oth 
T^b'ba-oth 
T?b-ba'9th,  P. 
Tab'b?th 
Ta'be-al 

T?-be'?l,  Po  T. 
Ta'be-el 
Ta'bael,  P. 
T?-bel'lj-us 
Tab'e-rah 
T?-be'r?li,  T. 
Tdb'j-th? 

Ta'bor 

Tab'ri-mon 

Tach'mo-nlte 

Tad'mdr 

Ta'han 

Ta'h?n-Ites 

Ta-hap'?-nes 

Ta'hath 

Tah'p?n-he| 

Tah'pe-nes 

Ta  IU  1*0  _ o 

Tali' tjm  Uod'shl 
Tal'i-th?  Cu'm! 
Tal'm?i 
Tal-ma'I,  P. 
Tal'ni9n 
Tal's?s 
Ta'm?h 
Ta'm?r 
Tam 'muz 
Ta'n?ch 
Tan'iiu-meth 

T?n-hu'meth,  T. 
Ta'nis 
Ta'pimth 
Taph'ne§ 

Ta'pli9n 
Tap'pu-ah 
Tap-pu'ah,  O. 
Ta'r?h 
Tar'?-lah 
T?-ra'l?h,  O.  P. 
Ta're-? 

T?-re'?,  P. 
Tar'pel-Ites 
Tar'slns 


Tar'shish 
Tar'sus 
Tiir'tak 
Tar't?n 
Tat'na-I 
Tat'nai,  T. 

Te'bali 

Tel)-?-ll'?h 

Te'beth 

M’c-haph'ne-he^ 

Te-hln'nah 

TG'kel 

Te-ko'?,  or  Te-k5'?h 

Te-ko'Ite 

TGl'a-blb 

To-la'bib,  O.  P.  T. 
Te'lali 
Tel'?-Im 
Tc-la'im,  P.  T. 
Te-las's?r 
TG'lem 
Tel-h?-re'sh? 
Tel-har's? 

Tel'me-1? 

Tel'me-lah 
Tel-ine'l?h,  P.  T. 
Te'm? 

Te'man 
Tem'?-nl 
Te-ma'nl,  P. 
Te'm?-nl,  O.  Sm. 
Te'm?n-Ite 
Tem'?n-Ite,  P. 
Tem'e-nl 
Te-me'nl,  P. 
Te'me-nl,  O.  Sm. 
Te'r?h  ’ 

Ter'?-ph!m 
Te'resh 
Ter'ti-us  8 
Ter-tul'lus 
Te't? 

Th?d-dte'us,  or 
Thad-de'us  f 
Tha'hash 
Tha'mah 
Tha'mar 
Tham'na-tha 
Tha'ra 
Tliar'r? 

Thar'silish 
Thar'sus 
Thas'sl 
The'bez 
The-c5'e 
The-la's?r 
The-ler's?s 
The'm?n 
The-oc'?-nus 
The-od'o-tus 
The-oph'i-lus 
M’hG'ras 
Ther'me-leth 
Thes-s?-l5'nj-?n§ 
Thes-sa-lo-nI'c?,  O.  C. 
Sm'.  T.  FV. 
Thes-s?-lon'i-c?,  P. 
Theu'das 
Thim'n?-thah 
This'be 

Thom'?s  (tSin'as) 
Thom '9-1 
Thra'cj  ? 8 
Tlir?-se'?s 
Thum'mim 
Thy-?-tI'r? 

Tl-be'rj-?s 

Tl-be'ri-us 

Tib'hath 

Tib'ni 

Tl'dal 

Tlg'i?th  Pi-le'ser 
Ti'gris 
Tlk'v?h 
Tlk'v?th 

Tll'gath  Pil-ne'^er 
Tl'l9n 

Tl-mee'us,  or  -me 'us 
Tlm'n? 

Tim 'nali 

Tlm'n?th 

Tlm'n?-thah 

Tim'nath  Ile're§ 

Tlm'n?th  Se'r?h 

Tlm'nlte 

Tl'in9n 


Tj-mo'the-us 
'Tim'Q-t/iy 
Tiph's?li 
Tl'ras 
Ti'rath-Ites 
Tir' ha-kah 
Tjr-ha'k?li,  Pn  T. 
Ti'r'h?-n’ah 
Tir-ha'n?h,  P.  T. 
Tlr'i-? 

Tir'sh?-th? 

Tir'z?h 

Tish'bite 

Tl't?n§ 

Tl'tus 

Ti'zlte 

T5'ah 

Tob 

Tol>- Ad  -o-nl'j?li 

T9-bI'?h 

T9-bI'?s 

To'bje 

T5'bi-el 

To-bl'jah 

To'bjt  ' 

TS'ciien 
To-gar'm?h 
To'hu 
To'I " 

To'l? 

To'l?d 

To'I?-Ites 

Tol'ba-nes 

To'phel 

To' pi  let,  or  To'plieth 
To'u 

Trach-o-nl'tjs 

Trlp'9-lls 

Tr5'as 

Tro-*yPlj-uni 

Troph'i-mus 

Try-phe'n? 

Try'plmn 

Try-pho's? 

Tu'b?l 
Tu'bal  Ca'in 

Tu'b?l  Cain,  P.  T. 
M'u-bi-e'n! 

Tych'i-cus 

Ty-ran'nus 

Tyre 

Tyr'j-?ns 

Ty'rus 


U. 

tj'c?l 
U'ei 
t)'l?-I 
_ Il-la'I,  P. 

U'lam 

tJl'i? 

tJm'm?li 

tJn'nl 

C -pliar 'sin 

U'pliaz 

Ur 

Ur' bane,  properly  Ur'- 

..  *1?11 1 

Ur'ba-ne,  Sm.  T.  FV. 
_ I'r-ba'ne,  O.  P. 

U'rl 
U-rI'?h 
U-rl'?s 
U'ri-el 
_ U-ri'el,  P. 

U-rl'jah 

U'rim 

U't? 

U'tha-I 
U-tha'I,  P. 
tj'thl 
Uz 

U'z?-I 

U'z?l 

tiz'z? 

tJz'z?h 

yz'zen  She'r?li 
Uz'z!  # 

ljz-zl'? 

Vz-zl'?ll 

Vz-zl'el 

tjz'zj-el,  Milton . 
Vz-zi'el-Ites 


* Silo'ah , Silo' am , Silo'e.  — Walker,  in  his  note  on  the  name  Siloa , admits  that 
“ this  word,  according  to  the  present  general  rule  of  pronouncing  these  words,  ought 
to  have  the  accent  on  the  second  syllable,  as  it  is  Gnecized  by  Awa ; ” but  he  defers 
to  the  authority  of  Milton,  who  accents  it  on  the  antepenultima  But  Sliiloah , which 
is  merely  a variation  of  the  same  word,  is  accented  by  Walker  and  all  other  orthoepists 
on  the  second  syllable,  in  accordance  with  its  accent  in  Hebrew,  and  the  analogy  of 
Maooah , Tckoali , Zanoah.  The  more  common  form  Siloam  is  SiAcua/i  in  the  Greek  of 
the  New  Testament  and  of  Josephus.  Such  being  the  case,  the  fact  that  Milton  in 
a single  passage  (Par.  Lost , i.  11)  accents  Siloa  on  the  first  syllable  does  not  seem  to 
justify  us  in  deserting  a general  rule.  If  the  usage  of  the  poets  is  appealed  to,  the 
familiar  hymn  of  Bishop  Hcber  may  be  cited  : “ By  cool  Silo'am's  shady  rill,”  &c. 

219 


t Thadde'us.  — All  the  orthoepists  agree  in  accenting  this  word  on  the  penulti- 
mate ; but  when  it  is  used  as  a Christian  name,  the  accent,  in  this  country  at  least, 
is  usually  placed  on  the  first  syllable. 

J Urban.  — “ So  it  ought  to  be  printed  in  our  modern  Bibles,  not  ‘ Urbane,’  which 
is  now  deceptive,  though  it  was  not  so  according  to  the  orthography  of  1611;  it  sug- 
gests a trisyllable,  and  the  termination  of  a female  name.  It  is  O vp(3av6u  in  the 
original.”  (Rom.  xvi.  9.)  — Trencii,  On  the  Authorized  Version , &c.  p.  60,  note, 
Ainer.  edition. 

The  word  is  spelt  Urban  in  the  translations  of  WicklifFe,  Tyndale,  and  Cranmer. 
The  Genevan  version  and  the  Roman  Catholic  translation  retain  the  Latin  form, 
Urbanus. 


1746 


Y. 

V^-jez'^-th? 

Va-je-za'Lhri,  P. 
V^-nl'^ih 
V&sh'nl 
VSsh'tl 
Veph'sl 


X. 

X&n'thj-cus 


Z. 

Za-9-na'jm 

Za'a-nan 

Za-^-n&n'nim 

Za'9-vS.n 

Za'b^d 

Zab-a-dse'an§,  or 
Zab-$-de'$m§ 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  SCRIPTURE  PROPER  NAMES. 


Z&b-3-da'i?s  (- yas ) 

Z^-no'fih 

Ze-bo'im 

Ze ' phon 

Zich'rl  (z Ik'rl) 

Zith'rl 

Z&h'b^i 

Zaph'n^th-pa-^-nS'^h 

Ze-boi'im 

Zeph'911-Ites 

Zld'djm 

Ziz 

Zab-ba'Ij  P. 

Za'pl^n 

Ze-bu'd^h 

Zer 

Zjd-kl'jak 

Zi'z? 

Zab'bud 

Za'r?i 

Zeb'u-d^h,  P, 

Ze'rjh 

Zl'd9n,  or  Sl'd9n 

Zl'zgh 

Zgib-de'us 

Zar'9-c5§ 

Ze'bul 

Zer-j-hl'jh 

Zj-do'nj-^ns 

Zd'?n 

Zab'dI 

Za'rah 

Zeb'u-bjn-Ite 

Zer 

Zif 

Zd'sr 

Zab'di-el 

Z&r-^-I'^s 

Zeb'u-lun 

Ze'red 

Zi'k* 

Zd'ha,  or  Zb'b^h 

Za'bud 

Za're-4h 

Zeb'u-lun-Ite 

Zer'e-dj 

Zik'l&g 

Z9-be'bali 

Zab'u-lpn 

Z?T-re'?h,  P.  T, 

Zech-a-rl'^h 

Ze’-re'da,  P. 

Zil'lah 

Zo'kar 

Zac'cri-I 

Za're-^th-ltes  7 

Ze'cl&d 

Ze-red'a-thah 

Zil'pah 

Zo'he-letk 

Zac-ca'I,  P. 

Za'red 

Zed-e-chl'?is 

Zer'e-rath 

Zll'thai 

Z9-he'leth,  P. 

Z^c-ghfe'us,  or 

Zar'e-phath 

Zed-e-kl'^h 

Ze-re'rjth,  P.  T. 

Zil-tka'I,  P. 

Zo'lieth 

Z^c-ghe'ys 

Zar' e-tan 

Zeeb 

Ze'resh 

Zim'rn^h 

Zo'phrih 

Zac'cur 

Za'reth  Sha'h^ir 

Ze'eb,  P.  Sm.  T. 

Ze'reth 

Zim'ram,  or 

Zo'pkai 

Zach-^-rl'rih,  or 

Zar'liltes 

Ze'l^h 

Ze'rl 

Zlm'ran 

Zo'phar 

Zach-^i-ri'^3 

Ziir'tri-nah 

Ze'lek 

Ze'riir 

Zim'rl 

Zo'phim 

Zach'a-ry 

Zar-ta'n^h,  P.  T, 

Ze-lo'phe-k&d 

Ze-ru'ah 

Zin 

Zo'rali 

Za'cher 

Zar'th^n 

Ze-l5'te§ 

Ze-rub'hfi-bel 

Zl'na 

Zo'rath-ltes 

Za'aok 

Zath'jp-e 

Zel'zgk 

Ze-rub-ha'bel,  P. 

Zl'9n,  or  Sl'911 

Zo're-ak 

Z5/ham 

Zat'thu  * 

Zem-a-ra'im 

Zer-u-l'jh 

Zi'9r 

Z9-re'?h,  P.  T 

Za'jr 

ZHhii'T  v 

Zem'a-rlte 

Ze'thani 

Ziph 

Zo'rltes 

Za'4ph 

Zat'tu 

Ze-ml'r^ 

Ze'than 

Zl'ph^h 

Z9-rob'9-bel 

Zil'm9n 

Za'v?in 

Ze'n^n 

Ze'thar 

Ziph'jm? 

Zu'?ir 

Z^l-mb'n^h 

Za'z^ 

Ze'nas 

Zi'a 

Ziph'i-9n 

Ziiph 

Zal-mun'ngi 

Ze^-?-dI'^h 

Zeph-a-ni'^h 

Zl'b? 

Ziph'ltes 

ZUr 

Zam'bis 

Ze'bah 

Ze'pk^tk 

Zib'e-911 

Zi'phron 

Zu'rj-el 

Zam'bri 

Ze-ba'im 

Zeph'a-thah 

ZIb'i'-? 

Zipk'i^n,  P.  T. 

Zu-rl'el,  P. 

Za'moth 

Zeb'e-dee 

Ze-pka'tkak,  P. 

ZIb'i-ah 

Zip'por 

Zu-ri-shsid'd^-I 

Z^m-zum'mjm^ 

Ze-bl'n^i 

Ze'phl,  or  Ze'pko 

Zj-bl'jh,  T. 

Zjp-po'r^k 

Zu'zjm^ 

PRONUNCIATION 


OF 

SCRIPTURE  PROPER  NAMES. 


TERMINATIONAL  VOCABULARY. 


AA,  ABA,  EBA,  AHBA. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Chozeba. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Karkaa,  Medaba,  Agaba,  Hagaba,  Elihaba,  Medeba, 
Bathsheba,  Elislieba,  Jehoslieba,  Beerslieba,  Noeba, 
Chaseba,  Elialiba. 

ACA,  ICA,  ADA,  EDA,  IDA,  ODA,  UDA. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Thessalonica,  Meeda,  Abida,  Meliida,  Shemida,  Pe- 
rida,  Nekoda,  Peruda. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Characa,  Eliada,  Beeliada,  Jehoiada,  Joiada,  Beth- 
saida,  Adida. 


EA,  EGA,  AHA,  ECHA,  EHA,  APHA,  IPIIA,  UPHA. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Laodicea,  Caldea,  Chaldea,  Judea,  Hoshea,  Arima- 
thea,  Idumea,  Nanea,  Caesarea,  Berea  (2  Mace.  xiii.  4, 
Acts),  Iturea,  Lasea,  Osea,  Hosea,  Omega(?),Hatiplia(?), 
Hashupha,  Hakuplia,  Hasupha. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Ashbea,  Gibea,  Oshea  (?),  Melea,  Shimea,  Binea, 
Kadesh-Barnea,  Charea,  Sarea,  Tarea,  Berea  (1  Macc. 
ix.  4),  Tahrea,  Cenchrea,  Siaha,  Sabtecha,  Pilelia,  Beth- 
rapha,  Aciplia,  Asipha,  Atiplia. 

ASHA,  ESHA,  ISHA,  USHA. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Maresha,  Elisha,  Jerusha. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Baasha,  Shalisha. 

ATHA,  ETHA,  ITHA,  OTHA,  UTHA. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Maranatha,  Sahadutha,  Jegar-Saliadutha. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Nadabatha,Gabatha,Gabbatha,  Amadatha,  Amedatha, 
Ainmedatha,  Hammedatha,  Aridatha,  Parshandatha, 
Ephphatha,  Tirshatha,  Eliatha,  Admatha,  Caphenatha, 
Thamnatha,  Aspatha,  Poratha,  Mattatha,  Vajezatlia, 
Achmetha,  Tabitha,  Talitha,  Golgotha. 

IA  (pronounced  in  one  syllable). 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Bannaia  (pron.  banna'ya). 

(Pronounced  in  two  syllables.) 

Reaia,  Saraia,  Abia,  Asebebia,  Asebia,  Seleucia  (Angl. 
Seleu'cia),  Obdia,  Antiochia,  Japhia,  Philadelphia  (Angl. 
Philadel'phia),  Adalia,  Attalia,  Bethulia,  Selemia,  Jam- 
nia,  Samaria  (Angl.  Sama'ria),  Azia,  Kezia,  Rezia, 
Uzzia. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Ach’iia,  El'aia,  Arabia,  Zibia,  Thracia,  Samothracia, 
Grecia,  Cilicia,  Phenicia,  Cappadocia,  Lycia,  Media, 
Pisidia,  India,  Claudia,  Lydia,  Hagia,  Augia,  Phrygia, 
Shachia,  Casiphia,  Apphia,  Julia,  Pamphylia,  Mesopo- 
tamia, Armenia,  Lycaonia,  Macedonia,  Apollonia,  An- 
tonia, Junia,  Bithynia,  Ethiopia,  Caria,  Dabria,  Adria, 
Alexandria,  Tiria,  Syria,  Celosyria,  Coelosyria,  Assyria, 
Asia,  Persia,  Mysia,  Galatia,  Dalmatia,  Philistia. 


Aija. 

Elika. 


IJA,  IKA. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 
Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 


ALA,  ELA,  ILA,  AMA,  EMA,  IMA,  OMA. 
Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Jaala,  Arbela,  Sephela. 


Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Magdala,  Galgala,  Mathusala,  Telmela,  Aquila,  Bas- 
cama,  Aceldama,  Elisliatna,  Iloshama,  Carphasalama, 
Capharsalama,  Cirama,  Cyrama,  Dathema,  Alema, 
Apherema,  Ashima,  Jemima  (?),  Sodoma. 

ANA,  ENA,  INA,  ONA,  YNA. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Diana,  Pacatiana,  Tryphena,  Carshena,  Zebina,  Pal- 
estina,  Ilarbona,  Barjona,  Gortyna. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Baana,  Abana,  Labana,  Hashbadana,  Bigthana,  Am- 
ana,  Asana,'  Ecbatana,  Marsena,  Ocina,  Adina. 

OA. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Tekoa. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Gilboa  (?),  Eshtemoa  (?). 

ARA,  ERA,  IRA,  ORA,  TRA,  URA. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Gazara,  Beera,  Mosera,  Ahira,  Caphira,  Sapphira, 
Zemira,  Pharira,  Thyatira,  Adora,  Esora,  Ozora,  Cleo- 
patra, Betlisura. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Baara,  Bethabara,  Gadara,  Patara,  Azara,  Sisera, 
Debora,  Bosora. 

ASA,  ISA,  OSA,  ITA. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Tryphosa. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Adasa,  Eleasa,  Amasa  (?),  Marisa,  Kelita,  Melita, 
Hatita. 

UA,  AVA,  YA,  AZA,  IZA. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Acua,  Jaddua,  Cathua,  Malchisliua,  Elishua,  Sham- 
mua,  Ahava,  Jahaza,  Aziza. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Jeshua,  Bathshua,  Abishua,  Jehosliua,  Joshua,  Libya. 

AB,  IB,  OB,  UB. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Eliab,  Meshobab,  Sennacherib  (?),  Ishbi-Benob,  Baal- 
Zebub,  Shearjashub,  Ahitub. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Abinadab,  Ahinadab,  Aminadab,  Amminadab,  Je- 
honadab,  Jonadab,  Jeshebeab,  Chileab,  Mezahab,  Diza- 
hab,  Aholiab,  Telabib,  Missabib,  Magor-Missabib,  Am- 
minadib,  Eliashib,  Jehoiarib,  Joiarib,  Joarib,  Eliasib, 
Sanasib,  Bethrehob,  Achitob,  Beelzebub,  Abitub. 

AC,  EC,  UC. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Syriac,  Melchisedec,  Josedec,  Abacuc,  Habbacuc. 

AD,  ED,  OD,  UD. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Elidad,  Alnrodad,  Abihud,  Ahihud,  Ammihud,  Abiud, 
Eliud,  Ahilud. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

GalaJd,  Joshabad,  Josabad,  Amizabad,  Ammizabad, 
Elzabad,  Jehozabad,  Jozabad,  Benhadad,  Henadad, 
Elead,  Gilead,  Zelophehad,  Eltolad,  Sepliarad,  Jochebed, 
Galeed,  Jushabesed,  Ichabod. 

CE,  &c.,  to  SE,  UE,  VE. 

Accent  the  Last  Syllable. 

Nazarene  (3  syl.). 


Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Phenice,  Bernice,  Eunice,  Osee  (2  syl.),  Elelohe,  Tobie 
(2  syl.),  Sarothie  (3  syl.),  Apatite,  Salome,  Urbane  (2 
syl.),  properly  Urban,  Arabatthane,  Magdalene,  Abilene, 
Mitylene,  Cyrene,  Syene,  Philistine  (3  syl.),  Akrabattine, 
Salmone,  Thecoe,  Siloe,  Colosse,  Simalcue. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Candace,  Zebedee,  Agee  (3  syl.),  Galilee,  Ptolemee, 
Pharisee,  Bethphage,  Syntyche,  Sabie,  Bailie,  Getli- 
semane,  Ecbatane,  Betane,  Palestine,  Zathoe,  Enhak- 
kore,  Paradise,  Syracuse,  Jessue,  Niueve. 

ITE,  in  one  syllable.  (Compare  ITES.) 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Levite,  and  all  other  dissyllables  of  this  termination, 
Ahohite,  Tekoite,  Shilonite  (?),  Haruphite  (?). 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Moabite,  Harodite,  Agagite,  Areopagite,  Ezrahite, 
Izrahite,  Girgasliite,  Elkoshite,  Arbathite,  Maachathite, 
Netophathite,  Hushathite,  Hamathite,Ramathite,  Ephra- 
tliite,  Meronothite,  Berothite,  Antothite,  Bethelite,  Car- 
melite, Shuphamite,  Benjamite,  Nehelamite,  Adullamite, 
Shulamite,  Shunamite,  Sychemite,  Bethshemite,  Ba- 
harumite,  Canaanite  or  Chanaanite  (3  syl.),  Temanite, 
Shaiilbomte,  Gershonite,  Pelonite,  Gilonite,  Hachmonite, 
Tachmonite,  Ammonite,  Sliaronite,  Horonite,Gizonite, 
Hagarite,Zemarite,  Hararite,  Nazarite,  Gederite,  Jairite, 
Amorite,  H arorite,  Girgasite,  Jebusite,  Mahavite,  Kene- 
zite,  Pherezite. 

Accent  the  Preantepenultimate.  - 

Mesobaite,  Gileadite,  Gibeathite,  Naamathite,  Gedera- 
thite,  Ashterathite,  Anethothite,  Anetothite,  Israelite, 
Jezreelite,  Bethlehemite,  Ephraimite,  Midianite,  Gibeon- 
ite,  Pirathonite,  Zebulonite,  Zebulunite,  Aroerite  (?). 

AG,  OG. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Abishag,  Hainon-Gog. 

AAH  to  THAH. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

HassenaUh,  Aram-Zobah,  Zobebah,  Ilashubah,  Aztt- 
bah,  Makkedah,  Abidah,  Shemitlah,  Zebudah,  Zaph- 
nath-Pa'ineah,  Careah,  Kareah,  Paseah,  Janoliah,  Ne- 
tophah,  Telharesliah,  Mareshah,  Elishah,  Jerushah, 
Berotliah. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Eldaah  (?),  Shemaah  (?),  Senaali  (?),  Hagabah,  Din- 
habah,  Arabah,  Betharabah,  Aholibah,  Meribah,  Ileph- 
zibah,  JaUkobah,  Hazubah,  Ma'acah,  Secacah,  Laadah, 
Adadah,  Eliadah,  Eladah,  Moladah,  Jehoadah,  Ilaradah, 
Jedidah,  Gudgodah,  Gibeah,  Shimeah,  Zarealt,  Zoreah, 
Phaseah  (?),  Maachab,  Bethma'achah,  Abel-BethmaU- 
cltah,  Berachah,  Sabtechah,  Jogbehah,  Hadashah,  Joslt- 
bekashah,  Jotbathah,  Zeredathah,  Zephathah,  Elia- 
thah,  Kehelathah,  Thimnathali,  Timnathah,  Matta- 
tliah,  Michinethah. 

AIAH,  EIAH. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

(ai  and  ei  pronounced  in  one  syllable.) 

Habaiah  (pron.  haba'ya ),  Hobaiah,  Micaiali,  Jedaiah, 
Pedaiah,  Michaiah,  Jeshaiah,  Kushaiah,  Keelaiah, 
Kelaiah,  Benaiah,  Isaiah,  Hazaiah,  Bedeiah  (pron. 
Bede' ya),  Iphedeiah,  Jedeiali,  Jehdeiah,  Besodeiah,  Ib- 
neiali,  Mikneiah,  Baaseiah,  Ma'aseiah. 

(ai  pronounced  in  two  syllables.) 

Aiah,  Adaiah,  Bedaiah,  Hodaiah,  Reaiah,  Jeshohaiah, 
Rephaiah,  Harhaiah,  Hoshaiah,  Athaiah,  Dalaiah,  De- 
laiah,  Pelaiah,  Kolaiah,  Semaiah,  Shemaiah,  Ishmaiah, 
Ismaiah,  Anaiah,  Saraiali,  Beraiah,  Meraiah,  Seraiab, 
Zeraiah,  Asaiah. 

IAH. 

Accent  the  Penultimate- 

Abiah,  Nedabiah,  Rehabiah.  Ashabiah,  Hashabiah, 
Sherebiah,  Josibiah,  Tobiah,  Maadiah,  Zebadiah,  Oba- 

(1747) 


1748 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  SCRIPTURE  PROPER  NAMES. 


diah,  Madiah,  Moadiah,  Noadiah,  Hasadiah,  Jedidiah, 
Hodiah,  Haggiah,  Ahiali,  Pethaliiah,  Pekahiah,  Zera- 
hiah,  Jezraiiiah,  Izrahiah,  Asahiah,  Jehiah,  Semachiah, 
Ismachiah,  Barachiah,  Berachiah,  Berechiah,  Jebere- 
chiah,  Malchiah,  ilelclii all,  Melchiah,  Aphiah,  Josiphiah, 
Ishiah,  Isshiah,  Bithiah,  Mattithiah,  Zedekiah,  Heze- 
kiah,  Bukkiah,  Hilkiah,  Bakbukiah,  Hizkiah,  Jehizkiah, 
Aliali,  Tebaliah,  Gedaliah,  Igdaliah,  Bealiah,  Athaliah, 
Ilachaliah,  Pelaliah,  Remaliah,  Azaliah,  Eliah,  Jecho- 
liali,  Jecoliah,  Jezliah,  Raamiah,  Jecamiah,  Jekamiah, 
Ramiah,  Nehemiah,  Slielemiali,  Meshelemiah,  Jeremiah, 
Shebaniah,  Shechaniah,  Zeplianiah,  Nethaniah,  Ana- 
niah,  Hananiah,  Mattaniali,  Chenaniah,  Vaniah,  Aza- 
niah,  Jaazaniah,  Jezaniah,  Hashabniah,  Ilabaziniali, 
Coniah,  Jeconiah,  Cononiah,  Bariah,  Sheariah,  Neariali, 
Zachariah,  Zecliariah,  Shehariah,  Amariah,  Shamariah, 
Gemariah,  Shemariah,  Azariah,  Beriah,  Jeriah,  Neriali, 
Moriah,  Uriah,  Baas  i ah,  Amasiah,  Jesiali,  Jaresiah, 
Josiali,  Messiah,  Shephatiah,  Melatiah,  Peiatiah,  Zcru- 
iah,  Hodaviali,  Joshaviah,  Jaaziah,  Maaziali,  Ahaziah, 
Jahaziah,  Amaziah,  Azaziah,  Jeziah,  Neziah,  Uzziali. 


Zibiah. 


Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

JAH. 


Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Abijah,  Tobijah,  Ilodijali,  Jehudijah,  Ahijah,  Mal- 
chijah,  Ishijah,  Antothijah,  Zidkijah,  Hizkijah,  Elijah, 
I!>nijali,Adonijah,Tob-Adonijah,  Jerijah,  Irijah,Urijah. 


pliurith,  Rehoboth,  Ncbaioth  (3  syl.),  Naioth  (2  syl.), 
Meraioth(3syl.),  Ncbajoth,  Hainmahlekoth,  Makheloth, 
Assaremoth,  Ahimoth,  Gederoth,  Beeroth,  Moseroth, 
Hazeroth,  Piliahiroth,  Allon-Bachuth. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Mephaath,  Mithredath,  Jehoshabeath,  Gibeath,  Shim- 
eatli,  Manaliath,  Zarephath,  Kiriath,  Ballath,  Mahal ath, 
Bashemath,Shahazimath,Ta&nath,Bethanath,  Asenath, 
Maarath,  Naarath,  Ararath,  Daberath,  Zererath,  Seirath, 
Elisabeth,  Shallecheth,  Dabbasheth,  Jerubbesheth,  Je- 
rubesheth,  Moresheth,  Ishbosheth,  Mephibosheth,  Har- 
osheth,  Hammoleketh,  Zoheleth,  Tliermeleth,  Bec- 
tileth,  Shibboleth,  Sibboleth,  Alaineth,  Meshullemeth, 
Tanhuineth,  Phacareth,  Genesareth,  Arsareth,  Asbaza- 
reth,  Azbazareth,  Nazareth,  Pochereth,  Sophereth, 
Chinnereth,  Cinnereth,  Mispereth,  Ashtoreth,  Kirhara- 
seth,  Phibeseth,  Pibeseth  (?),  Kirhareseth,  Asinaveth, 
Azmaveth,  Beth-azmavetli.  Mesliillemith,  Shelomith, 
Sheminith,  Birzavith,  Sabaoth,  Tabaoth,  Tabbaoth, 
Lebaoth,  Beth-lebaoth,  Beth-marcaboth,  Aruboth,  Lapi- 
doth,  Anathoth,  Jerioth,  Kerioth,  Kirioth,  Mahazioth, 
Bealoth,  Basaloth,  Masaloth,  Neliiloth,  Geliloth,  Ala- 
moth,  Shemiramoth,  Kedemoth,  Behemoth,  Meshille- 
moth,  Hieremoth,  Jeremoth,  Meremoth,  Beth-jeshimoth, 
Assalimoth,  Jarimoth,  Marimoth,  Jerimoth,  Shelomoth, 
Bethanoth,  Neginoth,  Shigionoth,  Sigionoth,  Ataroth, 
Ashtaroth,  Astaroth,  Mazzaroth,  Chinheroth,  Cinneroth. 


AI  (in  one  syllable). 


KAH  to  ZAH. 


Accent  the  Penultimate . 


Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Rebekah,  Aphekah,  Azekah,  Jallah,  Joelah,  Mach- 
pelali,  Asarelah,  Aholah,  Meholah,  Abel-Meholah, 
Beulah,  Arumah,  Madmenah,  Lebonah,  Harbonah, 
Hashmonah,  Dimonah,  Zalmonah,  Ebronah,  Araunah 
(3  syl.),  Alioah,  Tekoah,  Shiloah,  Siloah,  Janoah,  Ma- 
noah,  Zanoah,  Jaroah,  Bethbarah,  Mearah,  Aharah, 
Gederah,  Beerah,  Uzzen-Sherah,  Chephirah,  Zipporah, 
Keturah,  Malchishuah,  Shammuah,  Uassenuah,  Zeruah, 
Hodevah,  Jehovah,  Jaliazah. 


Gabbai,  Zabbai,  Machnadebai,  Ribai,  Chelubai,  Mail- 
dai,  Zophai,  Sheshai,  Shimshai,  Hushai,  Zilthai,  Peul- 
t-hai,  Ahlai,  Atlilai,  Ilai,  Talmai,  Sinai,  Arbonai,  Sippai, 
Sarai,  Besai,  Cisai,  Piltai,  Attai,  Amittai,  Bezai. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Jeribai,  Sibbecai,  Mordecai,  Asmadai,  Sibbechai, 
Meonotluii,  Berotliai,  Ma&siai,  Gilalai,  Jeremai,  Jaanai, 
Machbanai,  Adonai,  Haammonai,  Chcphar-Haammonai, 
Naarai,  Paarai,  Ishmerai,  Jeaterai,  Ishuai. 


Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Masrekah,  Tirhakah,  Baalah,  Idalah,  Mahalah,  Mar- 
alah,  Taralah,  Shuthelah,  Telmelah,  Jesharelah,  Me- 
thuselah,Hachilah,  Delilah,  Havilah,  Na.imah,  Raamah, 
Aholibamah,  Adamah,  Elishamah,  Ruhamah,  Lo-Ru- 
hamah,  Kedemah,  Shahazimah,  Balnah,  Chenaanah, 
Lebanah,  Tirhanah,  Jeshanah,  Elkanah,  Zartanah, 
Mattanali,  Machbenali,  Mekonah,  Hamonali,  Nephtoah. 
Nairah,  Atarah,  Taberah,  Potipherah,  Beeshtcrah, 
Jahzerah,  Deborah,  Eleasah,  Elasah,  Ephratah,  Jesli- 
uah,  Isliuah,  Senuah,  Tappuah,  Beth-tappuah,  En-tap- 
puali,  Paruah,  Isuah,  Hattaavah,  Dodavah. 

ACH,  ECH,  OCH. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Berodach,  Merodach,  Evil-Merodach. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Ahisamach,  Ta'Anach,  Josedech,  Adramelech,  Ebed- 
melech,  Abimelech,  Ahimelech,  Elimclcch,  Ilammelcch, 
Alammelech,  Anammelech,  Adrammelech,  Regem-me- 
lech,  Ariocli,  Antioch. 

IEI1  to  ZEH,  AOH,  MOH. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Arieh,  Elealeh,  Jehovah-Jireh,  Colhozeh,  Pharaoh 
(pron./a'ro). 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Rabshakeh,  Eltekeh,  Eliphaleh,  Elipheleh,  Mahaneh, 
Ilaroeh,  Dabareh,  Nineveh,  Ashtcmoh,  Eshtemoh. 

APH,  EPH,  ASH,  ESII,  ISH. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Ilarumaph,  Elihoreph,  Jehoash,  Hallobesh,  Irshe- 
mcsh  (?),  Halloesh,  Babylonish. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Abiasaph,  Ebiasaph,  Eliasaph,  Irnahash,  Magpiash, 
Bethshemesh;  Ensliemesh,  Kirharesh,  Carchemish, 
Charchemish. 

Accent  the  Preantcpemiltimate. 

Moabitish,  Sodomitish,  Canaanitish. 

Accent  the  Fifth  Syllable  from  the  end. 

Israelitish,  Midianitish. 

ATH,  ETH,  ITH,  OTH,  UTH. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Genubath,  Ainth,  Goliath,  Anaharath,  Bechorath, 
Benzolieth,  Aleineth,  Hazar-Maveth,  Baiil-Berith,  Aze- 


AI  (in  two  syllables). 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Ai,  Maai,  Milalai,  Mattenai,  Shamsherai. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Behai,  Nebai,  Shobai,  Ahasbai,  Subai,  Ezbai,  Zaccai, 
Madai,  Salasadai,  Mabdai,  Shaddai,  Ammishaddai, 
Zurishaddai,  Raddai,  Hiddai,  Jahdai,  Aridai,  Heldai, 
Dodai,  Hegai,  llaggai,  Bilgai,  Shashai,  Amashai, 
Abishai,  Jeshishai,  Shabbethai,  Ithai,  Uthai,  Helkai, 
Adlai,  Hadlai,  Barzelai,  Ivallai,  Sallai,  Barzillai,  Ulai, 
Sisarnai,  Jahmai,  Shalmai,  Shammai,  Aliumai,  Elienai, 
Elihoenai,  Elioenai,  Tatnai,  Sliethar-boznai,  Maharai, 
Naharai,  Sharai,  Jorai,  Shitrai,  Hezrai,  Ahasai,  Am- 
asai,  Arisai,  Sotai,  Bastai,  Ittai,  Bavai,  Bigvai,  Uzai, 
Eleuzai,  Eluzai. 

BI  to  ZI. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Dacobi,  Jelmdi,  Abisei,  Sarothi,  Jeeli,  Areli,  Talitha- 
cumi,  Meani,  Sabachthani,  Anani,  Tubieni,  Rabboni, 
Gideoni,  Pharathoni,  Shiloni,  Armoni,  Benoni,  Hazcl- 
Elponi,  Eloi,  Lahai-roi  (3  syl.),  Beer-lahai-roi,  Beeri, 
Jebusi,  Zathui,  Be4Jiui,  Geliazi. 

Accent  the  Antepeyiultimate. 

Jashubi,  Engedi,  Arodi,  Semei,  Aziei,  Shimei,  Edrei, 
Bethbirei,  Malachi,  Netopliathi,  Mallothi,  Appii,  Hezeki, 
Baali,  Mahali,  Nephthali,  Eliali,  Naphtali,  Jehieli, 
Puteoli,  Adami,  Naomi  (?),  Sholomi,  Ma'ani,  Nahamani, 
Temani,  Hanani  (?),  Chenani,  Temeni,  Hachmoni, 
Bagoi,  Ammidioi  (4  syl.),  Thomoi,  Nahari,  Merari, 
Haahashtari,  Haggeri,  Geshuri,  Bethbasi,  Naphisi,  Japli- 
leti,  Jesui,  Ishui,  Binnui  (?),  Isui. 

AK,  EK,  UK. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Bethemek,  Adonizedek,  Adonibezek. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Jehozadak,  Jozadak,  Beneberak,  Melchizedck,  Am- 
alek,  Habakkuk. 

AAL,  CAL,  EAL,  PHAL,  IAL,  LAL,  ITAL,  UTAL. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Kirjath-Baa.1,  Gurbaal,  Hamutal. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Meribbaal,  Jerubba'al,  Eshba-il,  Ethba’Al,  Elpadl,  Le- 
vitical,  Jchucal,  Tabeal,  Igeal,  Misheal,  Eliphal,  Belial, 
Nahalal,  Abital,  Hamital. 


AEL,  ABEL,  EBEL. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Gabael,  Shubael,  Isdael,  Michael,  Raphael,  Rephael, 
Mishael,  Jediael,  Mehujael,  Gamael,  Samael,  Abiinael, 
Islunael,  Ismael,  Anael,  Nathanael,  Asarael,  Azarael, 
Israel,  Asael,  Jasael,  Misael,  Methusael,  Azael,  Hazael, 
Zerubbabel,  Zorobbabel,  Mehetabel,  Ekrebel,  Jezebel. 

EEL  to  ETHEL. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Enrogel,  El-Bethel. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Tabeel,  Mehetabeel  (4  syl.),  Meshezabeel  (4  syl.),  Ad- 
beel,Abdeel,  Joktheel,  Mahaleel,  Jehaleel,  Mahalaleel, 
Bezaleel,  Jehaleleel,  Maleleel,  Jallleel,  Hanameel,  Je- 
rahmeel,  Netlianeel,  Hananeel,  Jabneel,  Irpeel,  Asareel, 
Azareel,  Hiereel,  Jezreel,  Izreel,  Kabzeel,  Jekabzeel, 
Jahzeel,  Pedahel,  Jiphthahel,  Asaliel,  Barachel,  Am- 
rahel,  Achitopliel,  Ahithophel. 

IEL,  KEL,  LEL,  MEL. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Jeiel,  Jehiel,  Peniel,  Uzziel. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Abiel  (?),  Tobiel,  Adiel,  Abdiel,  Zabdiel,  Gaddiel, 
Jediel,  Magdiel,  Jahdiel,  Neiel  (?),  Pagiel,  Malchiel, 
Melchiel,  Ocliiel,  Salathiel,  Ithiel,  Jekuthiel,  Ezekiel, 
Nahaliel,  Gamaliel,  Eliel,  Cadmiel,  Kadmiel,  Jesimiel, 
Ammiel,  Shelumiel,  Daniel,  Haniel,  Ananiel,  Jathniel, 
Othniel,  Hanniel,  Gothoniel,  Ariel,  Gabriel,  Adriel,  Je- 
riel,  Ashriel,  Asriel,  Uriel,  Zuriel,  Azriel,  Asiel,  Jalisiel, 
Jasiel,  Shealtiel,  Phaltiel,  Paltiel,  Putiel,  Aziei,  Jaaziel, 
Haziel,  Jahaziel,  Jaziel,  Jeziel,  Jahziel,  Oziel,  Hiddekel, 
Jeliezekel,  Migdalel,  Jahalelel,  Jelialelel,  Saramel. 

UEL,  AZEL,  EZEL. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Aduel,  Deuel,  Geuel,  Reuel,  Raguel,  Bethuel,  Pethuel, 
Ham ue l,  Shemuel,  Jemuel,  Kemuel,  Nemuel,  Phannel, 
Penuel,  Azazel,  Bethezel,; 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Shebuel,  Iduel,  Jeuel  (?),  Samuel,  Lemuel,  Emman- 
uel, Immanuel,  Jeruel. 

AIL  (in  two  syllables). 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Abih'dil,  Benh'ail. 

AIL  (in  one  syllable). 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Abigail. 

OL,  UL. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Bethgamul. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Esthaol,  Eshtaol,  Nahalol. 

A AM  to  LAM. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Balaam  (2  syl.),  Elmodam,  Jekameam,  Aliiam,  Eliam, 
Abijam,  Anikam,  Jail  am. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Elnain,  Jashobeam,  Jokdeam,  Ibleam,  Bileam,  Shim- 
eam,  Jokmeam,  Jokneam,  Ithream,  Abraham,  Joatham, 
Jeroham,  Aniam,  Miriam,  Adonikam,  Azrikam. 

OAM. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Rehoboam,  Jeroboam,  Si  loam. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Roboam,  Jorkoam,  Abinoam,  Ahinoam. 

ARAM,  IRAM,  ORAM,  UZAM. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Padan-Aram,  Abiram,  Aliiram,  Malchiram,Adoniram, 
Adoram,  Hadoram,  Jehoram,  Aliuzam. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Betharam  (?). 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  SCRIPTURE  PROPER  NAMES. 


1749 


AHEM,  EHEM,  THEM,  ALEM,  EREM. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Menahem,  Bethlehem,  Ramatliem,  llierusaleni,  Je- 
rusalem, Beth-Haccerein. 

AIM  (always  in  two  syllables). 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Zebaim,  Chushan-  or  Cushan-Rishathaim,  Kiriathaim 
or  Kirjatliaim,  Diblathaim,  Betli-Diblathaim,  Ramath- 
aim,Merathaim,  Adithaim,  Gederothaim,  En-Eglaiin  (?), 
Misrephoth-Maim,  Abel-Maim,  Zaanaim,  Mahanaim, 
Horonaim,  Shaaraim,  Shaharaim,  Naharaim,  Aram- 
Naharaim,  Hapharaiin,  Haphraim,  Zamaraim,  Adoraim, 
Sepharvaiin,  Parvaim. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Raphaim,  Rephaim,  Dothaim,  Diblaim,  Telaim,  Eg- 
laim,  Behnaim,  Carnaim  or  Karnaim,  Appaim,  Shar- 
aiin,  Ephraim,  Sibraim,  Mizraim,  Abel-Mizraim,  Git- 
taim,  Kibzaim. 

BIM  to  ZIM. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Sarsechim,  Letushim,  Chetliiim,  Chettiim,  Zeboiim, 
Jonath-Elein-Rechokim,  Rogelim,  Beer-Elim,  Meunim, 
Mehunim,  Zebiiim,  Kirjath-Arim,  Hazerim,  Seorim, 
Bahurim,  Asshurim,  Nephusim,  Pathrusim. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Lehabim,  Joacim,  Pharacim,  Rephidim,  Jaire-oregim, 
Joachim,  Teraphiin,  Oharas  him,  Elohim,  Casluhim, 
Naphtithim,  Eliakim,  Jehoiakim,  Joiakim,  Joakim, 
Baalim,  Nephthalim,  Anamim,  Dedanim,  Dodanim, 
Ethanim,  Meonenim,  Betonim,  Abarim,  Ije-Abarim, 
Shebarim,  Jeariin,  Kirjath-Jearim,  Caphthoriin,  Caph- 
torim,  Hazzurim,  Helkath-Hazzurim,  Nephishesim, 
Perazim,  Bail-Perazim,  Garizim,  Gerizim. 

DOM  to  TUM. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Obed-Edom,  Esdraelom,  Miletum. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Abishalom,  Absalom,  Judaism,  Capernaum,  Illyricunt, 
Rhegium,  Trogyllium,  Iconium,  Adramyttium,  Abisum. 

AAN  to  VAN.  (Compare  ANS.) 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Canaan  or  Chanaan  (2  syl.),  Danjaan,  Memucan,  Ne- 
codan,  Chaldean,  Bethshean,  Shephuphan,  Chorashan, 
Ahian,  Alian,  Italian  (3  syl.),  Egyptian  (3  syl.),  Chris- 
tian (2  syl.),  Ahiman,  Melmman,  Elhanan,  Benhanan, 
Johanan,  Joanan,  Caiuan,  Bethharan,  Elparan. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Jemna&n,  Adonican,  La'adan,  Baladan,  Berodach- 
Baladan,  Merodach-Baladan,  Nebuzaradan,  Abidan, 
Eshean,  Dilean,  Elizaphan,  Elzaphan,  Leviathan,  Al- 
natlian,  Elnathan,  Jehonathan,  Jonathan,  Arabian,  Gre- 
cian, Syrophenician,  Madian,  Median,  Midian,  Indian, 
Phrygian,  Scythian,  Cyrenian,  Macedonian,  Sidonian, 
Ethiopian,  Darian,  Syrian,  Assyrian,  Persian,  Jaakan, 
Bene-Jaakan,  Nadman,  Zaanan,  Elon-Bethhanan  (?), 
Jehohanan  (?),  Naaran,  Avaran,  Savaran,  Azuran, 
Acatau,  Hakkatan,  Eunatan,  Zaretan,  Samaritan,  Za- 
avan. 

AEN  to  VEN,  and  AIN  to  ZIN. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Betheden,  Sharuhen,  Bethaven,  Chorazin. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Manaen,  Ephriin,  Jehoiacliin,  Miamin,  Miniamin, 
Mijamin,  Benjamin. 

BON  to  YON,  and  BUN  to  RUN. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Beth  meon,  Bail-meon,  Beth  baal-meon,  Beth-dagon. 
Baal-zephon,  Naishon,  Higgaion  (3  syl.),  Shiggaion 
(3  syl.),  Chilion,  Orion,  Esdraelon,  Esdrelon,  BaTl  lia- 
mon,  Philemon,  Bcthlomon,  Aaron  (2  syl.),  Lasharon, 
Abiron,  Beth-lioron,  Bethoron. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Esebon,  Hatticon,  Euroclydon,  Gibeon,  Zibeon,  Gede- 
on,  Gideon,  Shimeon,  Simeon,  Demophon,  Hannathon, 
Pirathon,  Gibbethon,  Ginnethon,  Ilerodion,  Azaphion, 
Ziphion,  Rishion,  Camion,  Sirion,  Syrion,  Carabasion, 
Hezion,  Eltekon,  Macalon,  Ascalon,  Ajalon,  Aijalon, 
Absalon,  Chesalon,  Asbkelon,  Askelon,  Zabulon,  Baby- 
lon, Mosollamon,  Cyamon,  Jeshimon,  Tabrimon,  Solo- 
mon, Lebanon,  Abaron,  Accaron,  Phassaron,  Avaron, 
Phasiron,  Sicyon,  Apollyon,  Hazazon,  Hazezon,  Ma- 
dialtun,  Eliadun,  Jeduthun,  Zebulun,  Jeshurun,  Jesurun. 


EGO,  ICHO,  ETHO,  1THO,  HIO,  LIO,  AMO,  1NO. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Berretho,  Aitio. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Abednego,  Jericho,  Ginnetho,  Acitho,  Gallio,  Balamo, 
Adino. 

AR,  ER,  IR,  OR,  UR. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Ahishar,  Baal-Tamar,  Balthasar,  Thelasar,  Sltal- 
manasar,  Gennesar,  Eleazar,  Shenazar,  Genezar,  Ezion- 
Gaber,  Ezion-Geber,  Bethgader,  Aserer,  Pileser,  Tiglath- 
Pileser,  Shalmaneser,  l’ilneser,  Ja’azer,  Hadadezer, 
Jeezer,  Abiezer,  Ahiezer,  Eliezer,  Romamtiezer,  Eben- 
ezer,  Joezer,  Hadarezer,  Sharezer,  Slierezer,  Havoth- 
Jair,  Aznoth-Tabor,  ■ Beth-peor,  Baal-peor,  Nicanor, 
Bacenor,  Philoinetor,  Enhazor,  Elizur. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Lodebar,  Ahishahar,  Issachar,  Jozachar,  Izehar,  Pot- 
iphar,  Abiathar,  Aalar,  Charaatlialar,  Ithamar,  Methoar, 
Jezoar,  Ellasar,  Sliemeber,  Lucifer,  Ilarnepher,  Chedor- 
laoiner,  Abiner,  Aroer,  Sosipater,  Antipater,  Sopater, 
Jupiter,  Achior,  Nabuchodonosor,  Eupator,  Shedeur, 
Abishur,  Pedahzur  (?). 

AAS  to  UAS. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Micheas,  Phaleas,  Aseas,  Thraseas,  Oseas,  Manasseas, 
Sabateas,  Auteas,  Zabadaias  (4  syl.),  Mamaias  (3  syl.), 
Samaias  (3  syl.),  Banaias,  Saraias  (3  syl.),  Zaraias, 
Esaias  (3  syl.),  Reesaias  (3  syl.),  Osaias  (3  syl.),  Sar- 
abias,  Assabias,  Asibias,  Tobias,  Sedecias,  Ezecias, 
Abadias,  Asadias,  Abdias,  Eddias,  Aedias,  Acliias,  Bar- 
achias,  Zedechias,  Ezecliias,  Melchias,  Josaphias,  Mat- 
tatllias,  Matthias,  Ezekias,  Helkias,  Elias,  Helias, 
Pelias,  Gotholias,  Sadamias,  Neemias,  Nehemias,  Sele- 
mias,  Jeremias,  Baanias,  Mathanias,  Nathanias,  Mat- 
thanias,  Ananias,  Assanias,  Sechenias,Onias,  Eliaonias, 
Jeconias,  Adonias,  Jechonias,  Sophonias,  Othonias, 
Nabarias,  Zacharias,  Bethzacharias,  Atharias,  Amarias, 
Azarias,  Nerias,  Ezerias,  Urias,  Maasias,  Masias,  Ortlio- 
sias,  Josias,  Moosias,  Massias,  Messias,  Saphatias, 
Mazitias,  Ezias,  Aterezias,  Ozias,  Matthelas  Elionas, 
Bagoas,  Azetas. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Anna'as,  Barnabas,  Barsabas,  Joribas,  Patrobas,  Elia- 
das,  Maianeas,  Eneas,  yEneas,  Phineas,  Choreas,  Che- 
reas,  Phinehas,  Caiaphas  (3  syl.),  Cleophas,  Jonathas, 
Chaloias,  Chadias,  Ilerodias,  Euodias,  Sttdias,  Gorgias, 
Amplias,  Lysani'as,  Gabrias,  Esebrias,  Tiberias,  Lysias, 
Savias, Nicolas,  Artemas, Elymas,  Stephanas,  Parmenas, 
Permenas,  Anti  pas,  Cleopas,  Epapliras,  Biatas,  Aretas, 
Calitas,  Banuas. 

CES  to  TES. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Arathes,  Ariarathes,  Sathrabuzanes,  Rameses  (?), 
Mithridates,  Euphrates. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Zaraces,  Rabsaces,  Arsaces,  Pleiades  (3  syl.),  Nomades, 
Bacchides,  Maccabees,  Sadducees,  Phinees,  Astyages, 
Tehaphnehes,  Tahpanhes,  Diotrephes,  Hercules,  Samp- 
sames,  Tolbanes,  Eanes,  Epiphanes,  Apollophanes,  Ta- 
hapanes,  Hermogenes,  Lasthenes,  Callisthenes,  Sosthe- 
nes,  Eumenes,  Dorymenes,  Tahpenes,  Kirlieres,  Oniares, 
Attliarates,  Euergetes. 

ENES  and  INES  (in  one  syllable). 

Accent  the  Last  Syllable. 

Damascenes,  Gadarenes,  Agarenes,  Hagarenes,  Gerge- 
senes. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Philistines. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Libertines. 

ITES.  (Compare  ITE.) 

Pronounced  in  one  syllable. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Gadites,  and  all  dissyllables,  Beriites,  Arelites,  Balm- 
mites,  Apharsites,  Dehavites. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Shemidaites,  Belaites,  Tolaites,  Dinaites,  Mishraites, 
Rechabites,  Jaslmbites,  Arvadites,  Asbdodites,  Arodites, 
Korahites,  Apharsachites, A pharsathchites,  Susanchites, 
Hanochites,  Shuthalhites,  Nabathites,  Zareathites,  Su- 
chathites,  Kohathites,  Shumathites,  Tirathites,  Kora- 


thites,  Zorathites,  Gazathites,  Manahethites,  Pelethites, 
Cherethites,  Ashdothites,  Bedrothites,  Helekites,  Ash- 
belites,  Uzzielites,  Tarpelites,  Neinuelites,  Shaulites, 
Hamulites,  Na&mites,  Huphamites,  Shuhamites,  Elam- 
ites, Aliirainites,  Ainramites,  Shechemites,  Shillemites, 
Edomites,  Canaanites,  Tahanites,  Shelanites,  Eranites, 
Reubenites,  Jacliinites,  Jaminites,  Sodomites,  Zeph- 
onites,  Elonites,  Kadmonites,  Hermonites,  Aaronites, 
Hebronites,  Ekronites,  Hesronites,  Iiezronites,  llagar- 
ites,  Izharites,  Merarites,  Ileberites,  Hepherites,  Asher- 
ites,  Jeezerites,  Jezerites,  Machirites,  Ashurites,  Geslt- 
urites,  Gergesites,  Pheresites,  Palluites,  Jesuites,  Isuites, 
Archevjtes,  Ninevites,  Sepharvites,  Pharozites,  Ken- 
izzites,  Perizzites. 

Accent  the  Preantepenultimate. 

Amalekites,  Ishmaelites,  Jahleelites,  Jerahmeelites, 
Jahzeelites,  Malchielites,  Azrielites,  Esht'Aulites,  Sim- 
eonites,  Eshkalonites,  Izcharites. 

OTES. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Zelotes. 


IS. 


Accent  the  Penultimate. 

I’tolemais,  ElymSis,  Barodis,  Ainatheis,  Asochis, 
Phaselis,  Traclionitis. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Antiochis,  Amathis,  Baitlis,  Basilis,  Decapolis,  Neap- 
olis,  llierapolis,  1’entapolis,  Persepolis,  Ampbipolis,Trip- 
olis,  .Nicopolis,  Scythopolis,  Carchamis,  Salamis,  Dam- 
aris,  Rabsaris,  Antipatris,  Eliasis,  Genesis,  Atargatis. 

IMS. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Zamzummims,  Mehunims. 

Accent  the  Antepemiltimate. 

Rephaims,  Gammadims,  Cherethims,  Sukkiims,  Ana- 
kiins,  Nethinims,  Chemarims,  Caphtorims. 

ANS.  (Compare  AN.) 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Sabeans,Laodiceans,  Zabadeans,  Assideans,  Caldeans, 
Nabatheans,  Galileans,  Idumeans,  Elymeans,  Asmo- 
neans,  Epicureans. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Arabians,  Herodians,  Lydians,  Antiochians.  Corin- 
thians, Parthians,  Chellians,  Carmanians,  Gerrhcnians, 
Athenians,  Zidonians,  Tliessalonians,  Babylonians, 
Lacedemonians,  Philippians,  Alexandrians,  Cyprians, 
Tyrians,  Ephesians,  C'olossians,  Galatians,  Cretians, 
Nicolaitans,  Scythopolitans,  Libyans. 

MOS,  ESS,  AUS,  BUS,  CUS,  DUS. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Archel&us,  MenelAus,  Abubus,  Jacubus,  Lothasubus. 
Jasubus,  Andronicus,  Seleucus. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Pergamos,  Bethsamos,  Hebrewess,  Enimaus,  Agabus, 
Joribus,  Enasibus,  Bartacus,  Ach'aicus,  Tychicus,  Xan- 
tliicus,  Leviticus,  Ecclesiasticus,  Rhodocus,  Aradus, 
Naidus,  Exodus. 

Accent  the  First  Syllable. 

Moabitess,  Jezreelitess,  Carinelitess,  Aramitess,  Oti- 
naanitess,  Ammonitess. 

EUS  (in  one  syllable). 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Menestheus,  Nereus,  Perseus. 

EUS  (in  two  syllables). 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Maccabeus,  Sabbeus,  Lebbeus,  Cendebeus,  Zabdeus, 
Daddeus,  Thaddeus,  Saddens,  Jedeus,  Asmodeus,  Sar- 
deus,  Aggeus,  Zaccheus,  Mardocheus,  Alpheus,  Sabba- 
tlieus,  Patheus,  Chosameus,  Ptoleineus,  Timeus,  Barti- 
nieus,  Altaneus,  Hymeneus,  Genneus,  Channuneus, 
Areus,  Eliseus,  Sabateus,  Elizeus. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Dositheus,  Timotheus. 

GUS,  CIIUS,  PHUS,  THUS. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Josephus,  Mamuchus. 


1750 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  SCRIPTURE  PROPER  NAMES. 


Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Areopagus,  Philologus,  Lysimachus,  Jerechus,  Anti- 
ochus  Eutychus,  Naathus,  Ainaciathus. 

IUS. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Phaldaius  (3  syl.),  Gaius  (2  syl.),  Sameius  (3  syl.), 
Darius. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Atlienobius,  Porcius,  Lucius,  Claudius,  Sergius,  Dios- 
corinthius,  Publius,  Reclius,  Cornelius,  Tabellius,  Se- 
mellius,  Manlius,  Colins,  Bctolius,  Julius,  Memmius, 
Numenius,  Enenius,  Cyrenius,  Posidonius,  Apollonius, 
Olympius,  Kiriathiarius,  Tiberius,  Demetrius,  Mercu- 
rius,  Dionysius,  Pontius,  Tertius. 

LUS  to  UUS. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Patroclus,  Maelus,  Azaelus,  Ocidelus,  Jeelus,  Hieri- 
elus,  Syelus,  Jezelus,  Berzelus,  Aristobulus,  Eubulus, 


Nicodemus,  Mamnitanaimus,  Bahumus,  Sallumus,  Eca- 
nus,  Hircanus,  Joadanus,  Auranus,  Silvanus,  Lacunus, 
Omaerus,  Meterus,  Ahasuerus,  Assuerus,  Airus,  Ja- 
irus  (in  the  JV.  Heliodorus,  Istalcurus,  Bacchurus, 
Arcturus,  Eleazurus,  Bar-jesus,  Fortunatus,  Philetus, 
Miletus,  Epapliroditus,  Azotus,  Balnuus,  Annuus. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Calamolalus,  Attains,  Theophilus,  Olamus,  Balasa- 
mus,  Belenms,  Eupoletnus,  Alcimus,  Trophimus,  Ro- 
imus,  Onesimus,  Elisimus,  Rathumus  (?),  Didymus, 
Hieronymus,  Libanus,  Antilibanus,  Theocanus,  Adinus, 
Sarchedonus,  Achiacharus,  Beelsarus,  Sanabassarus, 
Lazarus,  Eleutherus,  Jairus  (in  the  Jipocr.),  Prochorus, 
Onesiphorus,  Aspharasus,  Ephesus,  Sabatus,  Sainatus, 
Sostratus,  Epenetus,  Asyncritus,  Theodotus. 

AT,  ET,  OT,  1ST. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Bethpalet. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Elishaphat,  Jehoshaphat,  Joshaphat,  Josaphat,  Eli- 


phalat,  Ararat,  Eliphalet,  Elpalet,  Bethphelet,  Eliphelet, 
Gennesaret,  Olivet,  Iscariot,  Antichrist. 

AU  to  ERU,  EW,  and  HY  to  RY. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Jadiu,  Ragau  (2  syl.),  Casleu  (2  syl.),  Chisleu  (2  syl.), 
Abiliu,  Elihu,  Eliu. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Jaasau,  Dessau,  Melicu,  Jehovah-Tsidkenu,  Beninu, 
Bocheru,  Bartholomew,  Malachy,  Italy,  Jeremy,  Deu- 
teronomy, Bethany,  Zachary,  Calvary. 

AAZ  to  PHAZ. 

Accent  the  Penultimate. 

Maher-shalal-hashbaz,  Shaashgaz. 

Accent  the  Antepenultimate. 

Ahimaaz,  Jehoahaz,  Joahaz,  Joachaz,  Eliphaz,  Ash- 
kenaz, Asbpenaz. 


PRONUNCIATION 


O P 

MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


REMARKS. 


The  pronunciation  of  geographical  names  is  a very  difficult 
branch  of  orthoepy.  These  names  pertain  to  all  parts  of  the  globe ; 
their  vernacular  or  native  pronunciation  is  regulated  or  affected  by 
every  variety  of  language ; and  it  would  be  impossible  to  repre- 
sent, in  all  cases,  the  native  pronunciation  by  any  combination  of 
English  letters. 

There  are  a great  many  names,  respecting  the  pronunciation  of 
which  it  is  difficult  to  determine  how  far  the  English  analogy  should 
be  allowed  to  prevail  over  the  analogy  of  the  languages  to  which 
the  words  respectively  belong.  If  we  look  for  authorities  for  the 
pronunciation  of  these  names,  we  find  comparatively  few  ; and  most 
of  such  authorities  as  exist  embrace  but  a small  part  of  the  words 
of  this  class ; and  there  is  also  much  disagreement  among  orthoe- 
pists  with  respect  to  the  pronunciation  of  such  of  these  names  as 
they  undertake  to  pronounce. 

With  regard  to  the  geographical  names  which  pertain  to  all  the 
countries  in  which  the  English  language  is  spoken,  including  the 
British  empire  in  Europe,  the  United  States,  and  the  British  prov- 
inces generally,  their  pronunciation  is,  of  course,  conformed,  for  the 
most  part,  to  the  analogy  of  the  English  language.  In  addition  to 
these,  all  the  geographical  names  which  belong  to  other  parts  of  the 
globe,  but  which  have  become  Anglicized  by  having  changed  their 
native  form  and  assumed  an  English  orthography,  are  also  con- 
formed to  the  general  principles  of  English  pronunciation.  The 
most  common  geographical  names,  such  as  those  which  relate 
to  the  great  divisions  of  the  globe,  the  names  of  the  countries, 
kingdoms,  states,  principal  cities,  &c.,  are  differently  written,  as 
well  as  differently  pronounced,  in  different  languages.  The  fol- 
lowing table  exhibits  a few  examples  of  this  diversity,  by  way  of 
illustration : — 


English. 

French. 

German. 

Spanish. 

Italian. 

Asia, 

Asie, 

Asien, 

Asia, 

Asia. 

Africa, 

Afrique, 

Afrika, 

Africa, 

Africa. 

Europe, 

Europe, 

Europa, 

Europa, 

Europa. 

America, 

Amerique, 

Amerika, 

America, 

America. 

England, 

Angleterre, 

England, 

Inglaterra, 

Inghilterra. 

Spain, 

Espagne, 

Spanien, 

Espaiia, 

Spagna. 

Italy, 

Italie, 

Italien, 

Italia, 

Italia. 

Germany, 

Allemagne, 

Deutschland, 

Alemania, 

Germania. 

Austria, 

Autriche, 

Oesterreich, 

Austria, 

Austria. 

Sweden, 

Suede, 

Schweden, 

Suecia, 

Svezia. 

London, 

Londres, 

London, 

Londres, 

Londra. 

Leghorn, 

Livourne, 

Livorno, 

Liorna, 

Livorno. 

There  can  be  no  doubt  but  that  geographical  names,  which 
assume  such  different  forms  in  different  languages,  should  be  pro- 
nounced differently  by  the  inhabitants  of  different  countries,  and  in 
accordance  with  the  analogies  of  their  respective  languages.  All 
the  common  geographical  names,  such  as  are  familiar  to  all  intel- 
ligent persons,  have  become  more  or  less  Anglicized,  and  their 
pronunciation  is  more  or  less  conformed  to  the  English  analogy. 
Many  of  these  words  may  be  considered  as  perfectly  Anglicized, 
and  they  are  accordingly  pronounced  as  common  English  words  ; 


but  there  are  many  that  are  only  partially  Anglicized,  and  with 
regard  to  such  it  is  often  difficult  to  determine  how  far,  in  pro- 
nouncing them,  the  English  analogy  should  be  allowed  to  prevail 
over  that  of  the  language  to  which  the  words  properly  belong. 

Some  foreign  geographical  names  are  introduced  into  the  English 
language  without  changing  their  orthography;  but  their  pronun- 
ciation is,  nevertheless,  conformed  to  the  English  analogy.  The 
word  Paris,  for  example,  an  Englishman  or  an  Anglo-American,  in 
speaking  his  own  language,  would  pronounce,  in  conformity  to  it, 
Par' is ; though,  if  he  were  speaking  French,  he  would  pronounce  it 
poire,  in  conformity  with  the  French  language. 

With  respect  to  the  class  of  words  which  are  partially  Anglicized, 
there  is  a great  diversity  in  the  manner  of  pronouncing  them. 
Some  respectable  speakers  incline  to  pronounce  them,  for  the  most 
part,  according  to  the  English  analogy,  while  others  aspire  to 
pronounce  them  as  they  are  pronounced  in  the  several  languages 
to  which  they  appertain ; and  there  are  many  cases  in  which  it  is 
difficult  to  determine  which  is  to  be  the  more  approved,  the  English 
or  the  foreign  method.  A person  conversant  with  foreign  lan- 
guages will  be  likely  to  pronounce  such  words  in  the  foreign 
manner ; while  a mere  English  scholar  may  be  naturally  expected, 
and  may  be  permitted,  to  incline  more  strongly  to  the  English 
mode.  It  may  be  often  desirable  to  know  what  the  native  mode 
of  pronouncing  such  words  is,  though  it  may  not  be  advisable,  in 
common  use,  to  adopt  it. 

Proper  names  are  more  subject  to  a corrupt  pronunciation,  or 
one  which  is  not  conformed  to  the  orthography,  than  common 
names.  A considerable  number  of  the  geographical  names  per- 
taining to  England  are  pronounced  very  differently  from  what  their 
orthography  indicates  ; as,  for  example,  Chertsey  and  Cirencester, 
commonly  pronounced  dies' se  and  sis'e-ter.  Americans  are  some- 
what less  inclined  to  deviate  from  orthography,  in  the  pronunciation 
of  some  words,  than  the  English  are.  Berwick  and  Warwick,  for 
example,  which  are  pronounced  in  England  berJik  and  wodik,  are 
very  often  pronounced,  in  the  United  States,  as  they  are  spelt. 

The  following  Vocabulary  was  originally  prepared  as  an  appendage 
to  the  Comprehensive  Dictionary,  and  was  annexed  to  that  work  in 
1835.  In  preparing  it,  use  was  made  of  a great  variety  of  sources 
of  information,  one  of  the  most  considerable  of  which  was  Earn- 
shaw’s  “ Concise  Gazetteer,  exhibiting  the  Pronunciation  of  the 
Names.”  It  has  since  been  considerably  enlarged  and  improved, 
by  further  inquiry,  and  by  the  examination  of  various  new  author- 
ities, particularly  Mr.  Baldwin’s  “ Universal  Pronouncing  Gazetteer,” 
a work  first  published  in  1845,  Lippincott’s  “ Pronouncing  Gazetteer 
of  the  World,”  published  in  1855,  and  Muller’s  “ Worterbuch  der 
auslandischer  Eigennamen,”  third  edition,  1849.  Still,  this  Vocab- 
ulary, in  its  present  state,  is  very  imperfect.  The  pronunciation 
affixed  to  many  of  the  words  may  be  objected  to.- as  not  the  most 
proper.  A person  much  versed  in  foreign  languages  will  be  likely 
to  think  that  the  pronunciation  generally  has  been  too  much  Angli- 
cized ; while  a mere  English  scholar  will  think  it  is  not  sufficiently 
so ; and  both  may,  doubtless,  make  out  a plausible  case  in  favor  of 
their  respective  views.  But,  defective  as  it  is,  it  is  hoped  that  it 
will  not  be  found  a useless  appendage  to  a pronouncing  dictionary. 

(1751) 

' 

- 

V " 


1752 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  SEVERAL  EUROPEAN  LANGUAGES. 


The  following  rules,  respecting  the  pronunciation  of  certain  letters  in 
the  principal  modern  languages  of  Continental  Europe,  may  be  of  some 
use  in  relation  to  the  pronunciation  of  names  pertaining  to  the  several 
countries  where  these  languages  are  spoken,  and  which  are  not  included 
in  the  present  vocabulary.  Yet  it  may  be  advisable  for  a mere  English 
scholar  to  make  but  a partial  application  of  them  in  practice. 

VOWELS. 

A.  — The  vowel  a,  in  situations  in  which  the  analogy  of  the  English 
language  would  naturally  give  it  the  sound  of  long  a,  has,  in  most  of  the 
languages  of  the  Continent  of  Europe,  what  is  called  the  Italian  sound, 
that  is,  the  sound  of  a in  far  and  farther.  In  other  situations,  its  sound 
approaches  nearly  to  its  short  English  sound,  as  in  man,  fat. 

E.  — In  these  languages,  the  sound  of  the  vowel  c,  at  the  end  of  an  ac- 
cented syllable,  is  generally  the  same  as  that  of  the  English  long  a in  fate, 
name.  In  other  situations,  it  has  the  sound  of  the  English  short  e,  as  in 
met,  men,  or  of  e in  there,  where. 

I. — The  long  sound  of  i,  in  these  languages,  is  the  same  as  in  the  Eng- 
•lish  word  marine,  being  the  same  as  the  English  long  sound  of  e in  mete, 
seen.  The  short  sound  is  the  same  as  its  English  short  sound,  as  in  pin. 

O.  — The  vowel  o has  the  same  sounds  that  it  has  in  English  in  the  words 
note,  not,  and  nor. 

U.  — The  vowel  u,  in  most  of  these  languages,  has  the  same  sound  that 
it  has  in  English  in  the  word  rule,  being  the  same  as  oo  in  fool,  moon,  and, 
when  short,  it  has  the  sound  of  u in  bull,  or  of  oo  in  good.  The  sound  of  u 
in  the  French  language,  and  also  in  the  Dutch,  has  no  equivalent  sound  in 
English  ; and  it  can  be  learned  only  by  oral  instruction.  It  may  be  regard- 
ed as  intermediate  between  the  sound  of  long  e and  oo,  partaking  of  both. 

Y. — The  vowel  y has,  in  most  of  these  languages,  the  same  sound  as  i, 
that  is,  of  long  e,  as  in  me  ; but  in  the  Dutch  language  (in  which  it  is  now 
written  if),  it  has  the  sound  of  the  English  long  i,  as  in  pine.  In  Danish 
and  Swedish,  it  is  like  the  French  and  Dutch  u. 

Diphthongs. 

AE  or  A.  — The  sound  of  the  diphthong  ae,  in  Dutch,  is  like  the  English 
sound  of  a in  far-,  in  German,  the  sound  of  ae  or  a is  like  that  of  the  Eng- 
lish long  a,  as  in  fate. 

AI.  — The  sound  of  the  diphthong  ai,  in  French,  is  like  that  of  the  Eng- 
lish long  a,  as  in  fate ; in  the  other  languages,  like  that  of  the  English 
long  i,  as  in  pine. 

AU  and  EAU.  — The  diphthong  an,  and  the  triphthong  eau,  in  French, 
have  the  sound  of  the  English  long  o,  as  ir.  note  ; as  Chaumont  (sho-mong'), 
Beauvais  (bo-va').  In  German,  Dutch,  Danish,  Italian,  Spanish,  and  Por- 
tuguese, the  diphthong  an  has  nearly  the  English  sound  of  ow  in  now  ; as, 
Austerlitz  (bus'ter-llts).  The  German  diphthong  ciu,  or  aeu,  has  a sound 
like  that  of  the  English  diphthong  oi  in  toil ; as,  Stiludlin  (stolt'lin). 

El  and  EY.  — The  diphthong  ei,  in  French,  sounds  like  the  English  long 
a in  fate.  In  German,  the  diphthongs  ei  and  eg  have  a sound  similar  to 
the  English  sound  of  long  i,  as  in  pine ; as,  Ilei' del-berg. 

E U.  — The  French  diphthong  eu  has  a sound  similar  to  tjie  English  sound 
of  c in  her,  or  u in  fur.  The  German  diphthong  cu  has  a sound  similar  to 
that  of  the  English  diphthong  oi  in  toil',  as,  Neustadt  (noi'stat). 

IE.  — The  diphthong  ie,  in  French,  German,  Dutch,  &c.,  has  the  sound 
of  the  English  long  e,  as  in  mete  ; as,  Wie'land. 

OE  or  O.  — The  sound  of  the  German,  Danish,  and  Swedish  diphthong 
oe  or  o resembles  that  of  the  French  eu.  It  has  no  equivalent  sound  in 
English,  and  is  not  easily  explained.  It  may  be  conceived  as  intermediate 
between  the  long  English  sounds  of  a and  o,  and  resulting  from  an  attempt 
to  utter  them  simultaneously.  It  may  be  approximately  represented  in 
English  by  eh,  as  in  the  name  of  Goethe  or  Gothe  (pronounced  geh'ta). 

OO.  — The  diphthong  oo,  in  German,  Dutch,  and  Danish,  has  the  sound 
of  oo  in  the  English  word  door,  or  of  o in  note. 

OU.  — The  French  diphthong  ou  has  the  sound  of  the  English  oo  in  tool ; 
as,  Tou-lcruse'  (to-loz'). 

UE  or  V. — The  sound  of  the  German,  Dutch,  and  Danish  diphthong 
ue  or  U,  is  like  that  of  the  French  u. 

CONSONANTS. 

The  sounds  of  most  of  the  consonants,  in  the  Continental  languages, 
are  the  same  as  in  English.  Some  of  the  principal  exceptions  are  the  fol- 
lowing : — 

B.  — The  sound  of  b,  in  German,  at  the  end  of  a syllable,  is  like  that  of 
the  English  p\  — in  Spanish,  between  two  vowels,  similar  to  v. 


C.  — The  sound  of  c,  in  German,  before  e,  i,  and  y,  is  like  that  of  ts  in 
English  ; — in  Italian,  before  e and  i,  like  that  of  ch  in  the  English  word 
chill ; in  Spanish,  before  e and  i,  like  that  of  th  in  thin. 

I).  — The  sound  of  d,  in  German  and  Dutch,  at  the  end  of  a syllable,  is 
like  that  of  t in  English; — in  Danish  and  Spanish,  between  two  vowels  or 
at  the  end  of  a syllable,  like  that  of  th  in  this. 

G.  — The  sound  of  g,  in  French,  before  e,  i,  and  y,  is  like  that  of  zh  in 
English,  or  of  s in  pleasure  ; — in  Spanish,  before  e and  i,  the  same  as  the 
Spanish,;';  — in  Italian,  before  e and  i,  like  that  of  g in  the  English  word 
gem,  or  j in  jet  \ — in  Dutch,  its  sound  is  that  of  a strongly  aspirated  h ; — 
in  German,  at  the  beginning  of  words,  it  is  hard,  like  g in  get ; at  the  end 
of  a syllable,  or  between  vowels,  it  has  a peculiar  sound  intermediate  be- 
tween those  of  consonant  y and  of  g in  get ; following  n,  it  combines  with 
it  in  a nasal  sound,  as  in  English,  — and  in  words  ending  in  ngen , it  is 
thrown  back  on  the  penultimate  syllable  ; as,  Hech'ing-en. 

H.  — This  letter  is  mute  in  French,  Spanish,  and  Italian; — in  Portu- 
guese, tvhen  it  follows  l or  n,  it  takes  the  sound  of  consonant  y,  or  serves 
as  a sign  that  the  l has  a liquid  sound;  as,  Minho  (men'yo). 

J.  — The  sound  of  j,  in  French  and  Portuguese,  is  like  that  of  zh  in  Eng- 
lish ; — in  Spanish,  it  is  like  that  of  h strongly  aspirated  ; — in  Italian,  and 
also  in  Hungarian  when  not  preceded  by  d,  g,  or  t,  it  is  like  the  long  English 
e in  me  ; — in  the  remaining  languages,  it  is  like  that  of  consonant  y. 

M.  — This  letter,  in  French,  when  preceded  by  a vowel,  and  followed  by 
any  other  consonant  except  m,  serves  to  mark  the  vowel  as  nasal.  It  is 
represented,  in  English,  by  ng. 

N.  — The  letter  n,  in  French,  when  preceded  by  a vowel,  and  followed  by 
any  other  consonant  except  n,  also  serves  as  a sign  that  the  preceding 
vowel  is  nasal ; — in  Spanish,  h has  a liquid  sound,  like  that  of  n in  the 
English  word  name,  blended  with  the  sound  of  consonant  y. 

V.  — The  sound  of  v in  German,  is  the  same  as  that  of  f in  English. 

IF.  — The  sound  of  w,  in  the  German  and  Dutch  languages,  is  similar 
to  that  of  v in  English. 

X. — The  sound  of  x,  in  Spanish,  is  like  that  of  h strongly  aspirated, 
being  the  same  as  that  of  the  Spanish;,  and  also  of  g before  e and  i ; — in 
Portuguese,  it  is  like  sh  in  the  English  word  shall. 

Z.  — The  sound  of  z in  German,  and  most  generally  in  Italian,  is  like 
that  of  ts  in  English ; — in  Spanish,  like  th  in  the  English  word  thin  ; — zz 
in  Italian,  like  ts. 

Digraphs. 

CH.  — The  sound  of  the  digraph  ch,  in  French  and  Portuguese,  is  the 
same  as  the  English  sh,  or  of  ch  in  chaise ; — in  Spanish,  the  same  as  ch  in 
the  English  word  chill ; — in  Italian  (as  in  words  from  the  ancient  lan- 
guages, Hebrew,  Greek,  and  Latin),  like  that  of  A.  — In  German  and  Dutch, 
it  has  a hard,  guttural  sound,  not  easily  represented  in  English,  but  resem- 
bling that  of  h strongly  aspirated.  It  is  represented  in  this  Vocabulary,  as 
it  is  in  others,  by  the  letter  k. 

GL. — This  digraph,  in  Italian,  blends  the  sounds  of  l and  consonant  y. 

GN.  — This  digraph,  in  French  and  Italian,  sounds  like  the  Spanish  n,  or 
like  the  letters  ni  in  the  English  word  onion. 

EL.  — The  sound  of  ll,  in  Spanish,  is  like  that  of  gl  in  Italian,  or  that  of 
the  letters  III  in  the  English  word  million. 

SC.  — This  digraph,  in  Italian,  before  e and  i,  is  sounded  like  sh  in  the 
English  word  shell. 

SCII.  — The  sound  of  sch,  in  German,  is  the  same  as  that  of  sh  in  the 
English  word  shell-,—  in  Italian,  before  e and  i,  and  also  in  Dutch,  like 
that  of  sk  in  the  English  word  skill. 

ACCENT. 

In  the  French  language,  there  is  no  recognized  accented  syllable,  every 
vowel  (the  mute  or  obscure  e only  excepted)  receiving  a full  and  distinct 
utterance;  but  in  English  representations  of  the  pronunciation  of  French 
words,  the  last  syllable  is  generally  marked  as  having  an  accent.  The 
same  is  true  of  Hungarian  words.  In  the  Dutch,  German,  Danish,  and 
Swedish  languages,  the  principal  accent,  falls  upon  the  radical  syllable  of  a 
word,  and,  in  general,  will  naturally  be  given  correctly  by  an  English  read- 
er. Italian  words,  and  words  ending  in  a vowel  in  Spanish  and  Portuguese, 
are  generally  accented  on  the  penultimate  syllable ; but  there  are  numer- 
ous exceptions,  especially  in  Italian.  Spanish  and  Portuguese  words  end- 
ing in  a consonant  are  mostly  accented  on  the  last  syllable.  The  seat  of 
the  accent  in  Polish  words  is  always  the  penultimate  syllable.  Russian 
words  are  almost  always  accented  on  the  last  syllable  ; but  in  our  pronun- 
ciation of  them,  they  are  often  conformed  to  the  analogy  of  English  words. 


PRONUNCIATION 


o F 

MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


The  abbreviations  B.,  Br.,  E.,  El .,  M.,  P .,  Sm.,  T.,  and  Wr0,  stand  respectively  for  the  names  of  Beeton , Bryce , Eamshaw , JEMis,  Muller , Pierer , Smart,  Thomas 

(associate  editor  of  Lippincott’s  Gazetteer  of  the  World),  and  Wright . 


Aa  (A) 

Al'ghen  (A'ken) 

A&l'borg  (al'borg) 

Aar  (Ar) 

AAr'gau  (Ar'gou) 

Aar'huus 

Alth  (at) 

Ab'^-cb 
Ab-a  kAn' 

Ab-a-kansk' 

Ab-an-cay'  (Ab-^n-kl') 
A-bA'no,  Br.  E.  P.  T. 

A'ba-no,  M. 

A-bas'cj-a  (a-bash'e-9) 
Abbe-vllle',  (Fr.) 
Ab'be-vllle,  (S.  C.) 
Ab-er-broth'ock 
Ab-er-broth'wick  (-jk) 
Ab-er-deen' 
Ab-er-ga-ven'ny, 

( vulg . ab-er-gen'e) 
Ab-er-netli'y 
Ab-er-yst'wjth 
Ab'jng-don 
A'bb,  or  A'b5 
Abomey  (Ab-9-ma'),  P • T. 

A-bo'mey  (-ma),  M. 
Ab-oo-shehr'  (-shir') 
Ab-ou-kir' 

Ab-ou-sir' 

Ab-ou-tigc' 

Ab-ran'tes 
A-brol'hos  (-yos) 

Abruzzo  (a-brut'sd) 

Ab-se'cpm 

Ab-u-tige' 

Ab-ys-sln'i-a 

A-ca'dj-9 

Ac-a-pul'co 

Ac-co-mac' 

A-cheen' 

Agh'ill 

Ach-mim' 

Ac-on-c'd/gua  (-gvv'a) 

Acqs  (aks) 

Ac'quj  (Ak'kwe) 

Ac'rri 

Acre  (a'ker,  or  a'ker) 
A-diir' 

A-da'lj-a,  or  A-dA'lj-a 
Ad'a-na,  B.  Wr. 

A-dA'na,  E.  P.  T. 

Ad'da 

A-del',  or  A 'del 
A'den,  or  A'den 
Ad'i-^e,  or  Ad'i^o 
Ad-i-ron'dack 
Ad'ler-berg 
A-dour' 

A-do'wAh,  M.  P.  P.Cyc. 

Ado-wAli,  E. 

Ad-ra-mi'tj 

A'drj-9 

A-drj-an-o'ple 

A-drj-at'ic 

A5-£e'gn 

JE-fc I'na,  or  ./Eg'j-na 
AZr'dc  (a'ro-e) 
Af-ghan-js-tan' 

Af-j-oum' 

Af-r?t-g6'la 

Af'ri-cst 

Ag'a-de§ 

Agde  (agd) 

Agen  (a-zhAng') 
Ag'5er-huiu 
Agh'rjrn  (Awg'rim) 
Ag'jn-court,  (or  ad'jjn-kor) 
Agnadello  (an-y?t-dbi'l5) 
Agnone  (an-y5'na) 

A-gos't?i 
A'gr?,  or  A'gr^ 

220 


A'gram 

A-gua-dil'la  (a-gw  9-del 'yA) 
A'guA  Nue'vA  (A'gwA  nwa'- 
va) 

A'gu?is  CAl-j-en'tes 
A-guay'5  (a-gwl'5) 
A-gul'has  (-y?s) 

A-han'ta 

An-med-a-bad' 

Ah-med-nug'gur 

Ah-wAs' 

Alch'stAdt  (Ik'stAt) 

Ai'gle 

Aigues  Mortes  (ag-mort') 
Ain  (ang) 

Aln-tab' 

Aisne  (an) 

Aix  (aks,  or  as) 
Aix-la-Cha-pelle'  (aks-la- 
sha-pel'),  B.  Bra  T.Wr. 
Aix-la-Cha-pelle'  (AS-I9- 
sha-pel'),  E.  M.  Sm. 
Ajaccio  (9-yat'clio) 

A-jan' 

A-jas-a-luck' 

Aj-meer' 

Ak'a-ba 

Ak-bar-a-bAd' 

Ak-er-man' 

Ak-his-sAr' 

Ak-mim' 

Ak-shehr'  (9k-shir') 

Al-a-ba'm^i 

A-lach'u-9 

Al-a-du'li-st 

Al-a-g5'as 

A-lais'  (a-la') 

Al-9-me'da  (-ma'-) 

Al'a-md 

Al'a-rnos 

A'land 

A-lap-a-h5L' 

Al'a-qua 

Al-9-shehr'  (-shir') 
A-las'ka 

Ala-ta-ma-ha'  (il-4-m?- 
Mw') 

Al'ba 

Albacete  (al-b?-tha'ta) 
Al-ba'ni-9,  or  Al-ba-111'9 
Al-ba'no 
Al'b^-ny 

Albegna  (al-ban'yA) 
Al-be-marie' 

Al-bu-fe'ra  (-fa'-) 
Al-bu-quer'que  (al-bu-ker'- 
k9),  B.  E.  T.  Wr. 
Al'bu-querque  (al'bo- 
kerk),  Sm. 

Al-ca-li' 

Al'c?-mo 

Alcaniz  (ll-k^n-yeth') 

Al-can'ta-ri 

Al-ca-ri'a 

Al'ces-ter,  (or  iwl'ster) 
Alc-mier' 

Al-co'n? 

Al-c5'y 

Al-dan' 

Al'der-ney 

A-len'con,  (or  il-in-song') 
AlentejA  (al-eng-ta'zh5) 
A-lep'p5 
Al-e-ri'a,  T. 

A-le'rj-a  (-la'-),  M.  P. 
Al-es-sin'drj-^ 

A-leu'tifin 

Al-ex-^n-dret'tai 

Al-ex-in'drj-^ 

Al-gar've 

Al-^e'rj-a 

Al-ge-zi'r?is 


Al-^i5r§' 

Al'gp-a,  or  Al-gd'? 
Al-go'ma 

Al-ha'ma,  (or  a-ld/mi) 
Al-j-cant' 

Al-j-can'te 

Al-i-ca'bi 

Al-j-cu'di 

Alk-miar' 

Al-la-ha-bid' 

Al'lah-slielir  (-shir)  ' 
Al'le 

Al'le-gha-ny 
Allier  (il-e-a') 

Al'lo-9  _ ' 

Al'lo-way 

Al-ma-den' 

Al-min'sa 

Al-me'i-di  (^il-ma'e-di) 
Al-me-ri'^ 

Al-mj-rin'te 

Al-mo'rih 

Almunecar  (al-inun-y^- 
kar') 

Alnwick  (in'njk) 

Al-pe'119 

Alps 

Al-sace' 

Al-tal' 

Al-ta-ma-ha' 

Al-t^-mi'ri 

Al-ta-mu'ra 

Al'ten-burg 

Al'ton 

Al'to-nA 

Al'tbrf 

Alt'zey  (alt'sl) 

A-lu'ti 
Al-va-rA'dd 
Am'a-^er 
A-mil'fj 
Am -a- pa' la 

Am-9-rin'te 

Am-a-ra-pu'ra 

A-nVi'se-ri 

A-ma'si-i 

Am-9-tique' 

A-max'i-chi 

Am'9-zon 

Am-^-zo'nj-a 

Am'berg 

Am-bert'  (ing-birO 
Am'ble-slde 

Amboise  (ang-bwiz',  or 
im-boiz') 

Am'boy,  or  Am-boy' 
Am-bby'n^ 

Am'briz 

A-med-9-bad' 

Am-ed-na'gur 

Am'e-land 

A-me'lj-a 

A-mer'i-csi 

A'mer§-fort 

Am'er-sham 

Am-iii'ra 

Am'herst  (-erst) 

Am'i-6n^,  (or  am-e-Ang') 
A-mite' 

Amlwch  (am'lok) 

Am-mo-noo'suc 

Am-os-k5ag' 

A-moo' 

A-mour'  (9-mor') 
Am'phj-la,  E.  P.  P.Cyc. 

Am-phi'lA,  B.  T. 
Am-ret-sir' 

Am'ster-dim 

An-a-dir' 

Anahuac  (an-a-wiik') 
A'nim,  or  A-nam' 
An'9-pa,  or  A-nA'pa 


An-9-to'li-^ 

An-a-tol'i-c5 
An'cgs-ter  (Ang'-) 

An-co'ni 

An-da-lu'§j-^ 

An-da-man' 

Andelys,  Les  (laz  angd-le'] 
An-de-rab' 

An'der-nagh 

An'de§ 

An-dor'r^ 

An'do-ver 
An-dros-cog'gjn 
An-du'jar  (an-du'har) 
An-dux'^ir  (^n-du'h^r) 
An-e-ga'da 

An-g^i-ri',  or  An-ga'ra 
An-|e-li'na 
Ang-er-mann-lind' 
Ang'er-minn-lAnd 
(ong'-),  M.  T. 

An'ger$,  (or  ing'zha) 

An'gie-sey  (ing'gl-se) 

An-g5'la 

An-g5'ra 

An-gps-tu'ri 

Angouleme  (Ang- go-lam') 
An'gr? 

An-guil'l^  (-gwll'-) 

An'gus  (ang'gus) 

An'hilt 

An'holt 

An-j-bA' 

An'jou,  (or  Ang-zho') 
An'klam  (Ang'k4m) 
An-ko'ber 
An'n^-berg 
An-nAgh'  (^in-nA') 
An-n?i-m66'k^ 

An-nap'9-lis 
Ann  A-run'del 
An'ne-cy,  (or  An'se') 
An-n9-bon' 

An-n9-nay' 

Ans'pagh 

An-ta'lo 

An-te-que'rA  (-ka'ra) 
Antibes  (ang-teb') 
An-ti-cos'ti 
An-tie'tam 
An-ti'guA  (-gA) 

An-tille§'  (911-telz') 
An-til'le§,  B.  Wr. 
An'ti-och 

An-tj-9“qui'^  (-ke'a) 

An-tip'a-ros 

An-ti-sa'nA 

^n-ti-va'ri,  M.  P.  P.Cyc » 
An-ti'vA-ri,  T. 

Ant'werp 

An-zi'c5 

Anzin  (Ang-zAng') 
An-zu-an' 

A-os't^ 

A-pa'che 

Ap'en-nlne§ 

Ap-pa-lach'ee 

Ap-pa-lach-i-c5'lfi 

Ap-pen-zell' 

Ap-p9-mat't9X 

A-pu're  (a-pu'ra),  Br.  P.T. 

A-pu-re'  (A-pu-ra'),  M. 
A-pu'ri-mac,  Br.  E.  P.  Wr. 

A-pu-ri'mAc,  M. 

A'qui  (a'kwe) 

Aq'uj-la  (Ak'we-la) 
Aquileia  ^Ak-we-la'yA) 
Aquin  (A-ltAng') 

A-qui'nb 

A-ra'bi-^ 

A'r^d,  (or  9r-od') 

Ar'51-fAt 


Ar'a-gon 

Ar-a-guy' 

A-raiehe',  fil 
Ar'^l,  or  A-ral' 

Ar-an-juez'  (-hweth'),  Br. 

A-ran'juez  (-hweth),  M. 
A-ran's^s 
Ar'9-rat 

Ar'^s,  or  A-ras' 

A-rau'  (a-rou') 
Ar-au-ca'nj-a 
Ar'be 
Ar-bioath' 

Arch-an'^el 
Arch-j-pel'9-ga 
Ar-co'lA 
Ar-cot',  T. 

Ar'cot,  Wr. 

Ar'de-bil 

Ar-d^che'  (ar-dash') 
Ar-de-lan' 

Ardennes  (ar-den',  or  ar'- 
den) 

A r 'drill 
Ar-e-ci'vo 
Ar'em-berg 
Ar'en^-berg 
Ar-e-qui'pA  (-ke'pA) 

A-rez'z 5 (^-ret'sb) 
Ar-gen-tan'  (Ar-zhan-tAng') 
Ar-gen-tA'ro 

Argenteuil  (Ar-zhAn-tul') 
Argenti^re  (Ar-zhAn'te-ir') 
Ar'gen-tlne 
Ar'gbs 

Ar-gos't9-li,  B.  Br.  E.  P . 
T.  P.Cyc . 

Ar-g9S-to'li?  M. 

Ar-£yle',  or  Ar'gyle 
Ar'gy-ro  Cas'tro 
A-ri'cA 

Ariege  (A're-azh') 

A-rin'hos  (-yds') 

A-rls'pe 

Ar-kan'sas,  (formerly  Ar'- 
kan-saw) 

Ar-ki'ko 
Ark'low 
Arl'berg 
Arle§,  (or  Arl) 

Ar-magh'  (ar-ma'),  E.  T. 

Ar'm?igh  (-ma),  Sm.  Wr. 
Armagnac  (Ar-man-yak') 
Ar-me'nj-a 

Armentieres(ar-mAn'te-ir') 

Arn'helm 

Arns'berg 

Arn'stAdt  (Arn'stAt) 

Ar'9-e,  or  A-roe' 

A-ro6s't66k 
Ar-pi'n5 
Arques  (Ark) 

Ar-ra-cAn' 

Ar'ran 

Ar'r^s 

Arriege  (A-re-azh'^ 
Ar'ris-berg 
Artois  (Ar-twA') 

Ar'un-del,  (Eng.) 
A-rQn'del,  (U.  S.) 

As-chaf  fen-burg 
Ascli-ers-ie'ben  (Ash-erz- 
la'ben) 

As'c9-lj 

As-cut'ney 

Ash-an-tee',  or  A-shan'tee 
Ash-mu-neln' 

Ash'9-ver 
Ash-t^-bu'la 
Ash'ue-lot  (-we-) 

A'si-?  (a'she-9) 

As-pern' 


As-phal-ti'te§ 
As-pr9-pot'a-m5 
As-sAm',  or  As'sam 
As-saye'  (as-sa',  or  9S-S1') 
As'sen 

As-sln'ni-bbln 

As-si'sj 

As-sou-An' 

As-sump'ti9n  (^is-sum'shun) 
As-ter-^-bAd' 

As'ti 

As-tor'ga 

As-to'rj-a 

As-tra-chan' 

As-td'rl-as 

At-a-ca'ma,  B.  P.  T.  P.Cyc. 

A-tft-c^-ina',  Br. 

At-au-ai'  (At-ou-I') 

At'ba-ra 

At-bA'rA,  P.  T. 
Atch-fi-f^-lay'^L 
At-cheen' 

At-fe'  (at-fa') 

Ath-a-pes'cow 

Ath'en^ 

Ath  lone' 

Ath'91,  or  A'thol 
Atli'93 

A-thy',  or  Ath'y 

A-ti'n9 

At'lfis 

At-65-1',  or  A-too'i 

A-trA'to 

A'tri 

At'ta-la,  or  At-ta'lfi 
Attigny  (at-ten'ye) 

At-tock' 

At-u-I',  or  A-tu'j 
Aube  (ob) 

Aubenas  (5b-nAs'),  M. 
Aubenas  (ob-na',  or  5'be- 
nAs'),  T. 

Aubigny  (o-ben'ye) 

Au' bum 

Aubusson  (5-bus-song') 
Audi  (osh) 

Auchinlech  (Af'flek),  P.Cyc. 

Auch'in-lech  (ok'-),  T. 
Aude^(bd) 

Au'er-bAch  (ou'er-bAk) 
Au'er-stAdt  (ou'er-stAt) 
Au'ge-lA 

AUg^'biirg,  (or  ougs'burg) 
Au-gus'ta 

Au-gus't9-vo,  P.  Cyc. 

Au-gus-to'vo  (ou-gus-t5'- 
vo),  M.  P.  T. 

Aunis  (o-nes',  or  5'ne) 
Au'rjch  (ou'rjk) 

Auriitac  (o-rel'yak) 
Au-rung-a-bAd' 

Aus'ter-litz,  (or  ous'ter-lits) 
Aus-tral-a'sj-^i  (-she-9) 
Aus-tra'lj-^ 

Aus'tri-9 

Au-tAu'g? 

Au-tun'  (o-tun') 

Auvergne  (o-virn') 

Aux  Cayes  (o-kaz) 

Auxerre  (o-sir') 

Aux-onne',  (or  o-son') 

a'v?,  or  a'vA 

Av'a-lon 

A-vAts'chA 

A-ve'j-rb  (?-va'e-ro) 

Av-cl-li'no 

A-vel'lA 

Avouches  (9-vAnsh') 
A-ver'n5 
A-ver'sA 
Avesnes  (9-van') 

Aveyron  (A-va-r5ng') 

( 1753 ) 


1754 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Avezzano  (a-vet-sa'nb) 

Avignon  (av-eii-yong') 

Av'j-ld 

Av-lo'nd 

A-vb'ca 

A'vgn 

Av-oy-elle§' 

Avranches  (av-ransh') 
Ax-um',  or  Ax'um 
Ay-^-cu'chb 

Ay-a-mon'te  (I-9-mon'ta) 

■Ayle«s'bu-ry 

Ayr  (Ar) 

Ayr'shire 
A-zer-bj-jan',  or 
Az-er-bal'jan 
Az'of,  or  Az'opli 
A-zore§',  or  A-zo're§ 


B. 

Ba-ba',  Cape 

Bacchiglione  (bak-kel-yo'- 
11a) 

Bach-i-an' 

Ba-dag'ry 

Bad-a-jos'  (bad-a-libs') 
Bad'a-jos,  Sm. 
Bdd-ak-sh5n' 

Ba'den,  or  Bad'en 
Ba-den-wel'ler 
Baeza  (ba-a'tha) 

Bag-dad',  or  Bag'dad 
Bagnara  (ban-ya'r?) 
Bagneres  (bdn-yir') 
Bagnols  (bdn-yol') 
Bagnarea  (ban-ya-ra'a) 
Ba-ha'm?i,  E.  T. 

Ba-ha'ma,  B.  Wr. 
Ba-liar' 

Bah-i'a  (bd-e'$) 

Ba-hi'reli 

Bdh'ling-en 

Bah-rain',  or  Ball-rein' 

Bahr-el-Ab'i-ad 

Bahr-el-Az'rek 

Bal'kal 

Bal'reuth  (bi'rut) 
Bal'reuth,  T. 

Bal-rout',  or  Bai-rout' 

Baja  (bd'ya) 

Bakh'te-gan 
Bii'ku.  or  B^-ku' 
Bal-a-ghaut' 

Bal-a-kld'vd 
B'i'  la-ruc' 

Bal-a-sore' 

Bal'a-ton 

Bal'bec,  or  BSl-bec' 

Bale  (bal),  or  Bd'^el 

Bal-e-ar'ic 

Bal-fu-rosh' 

Ba-lize' 

Bdlk 

Bal-kan' 

Bal-li-na' 

Bal-lj-n^-sloe' 

Bdlls't9n-spd 
Bal-ino-ral',  B. 

Bal-mb'r^l,  T. 
Bal-ly-shan'non 
Bal'tic 
Bal'ti-mbre 
Bdlt'jn-glass 
B^m-bar'rd 
BSin'berg 
Bani-bouk' 

Bam-j-an' 

Bam-ma-koo' 

B^-nat' 

Bln'cd  (bdng'kd) 

Ban-cal'la-ry 

Ban-cout' 

Banff  (bamf) 

Ban-ga-lore'  (bdng-) 

Ban'gor  (bang'gor) 

Ban-kok' 

Bdn'nacks 
Ban'nock-burn 
BS.n-t5.rn',  or  Bdn'tam 
Bapaume  (ba-pbm'j 
Bar'a-bd 
Bar-a-c5'^ 

B?-raiche' 

Bar-a-ta'rj-a 

B^r-ba'doe^ 

Bdr'ba-ry 
Bar-bu'dd 
Bdr-ce-lo'na 
Ba-reil'ly  (b^-ra'le) 

Ba'rj 
Ba-ri'td 
Bar-le  due' 

Barnaul  (bdr-noul') 

Bdr'ne-gSt 

Bdrn^'ley 

B^i-roach'  (b?-roch') 


B?-ro'dd 

Bar'9-metz  (-mets) 
Bdr-quj-sj-me'to  (-111a'-) 
Barraux  (bar-rb') 

Bar're 

Barreges  (bdr-razh') 

Ba'$el,  or  Bale  (bal) 
Bas-inan' 

Basques (bask) 

Bas'rah 

B?ts-sa'nb 

Basse  Terre  (bds-tdr') 
Bas's9-ra,  or  Bas-so'ra 
BSs-tan' 

B^s-ti'^ 

Bastogne  (bds-ton') 

Ba-ta'vi-9 

Bath 

Bat-js-can' 

Baton  Rouge  (bd-tn-rozh') 
Battaglia  (bat-tal'yd) 
Bat-ti-ca-lo'?i 
Bausset  (bo'sa) 

Bautzen  (bout'sen) 

Baux  (bo) 

Ba-va'rj-a 

Bay-a-zid'  (bl-fi-zed') 
Bayeux  (ba-yu') 

Ba-yonne' 

Bay'ou  (bl'o) 

Bay'reuth  (bl'rot) 

Baz-tan' 

Bea'mjn-ster 
Bearn  (ba-arn') 

Beaucaire  (bo-kdr') 
Beau'fort  (S.  C.) 

Beau'fort  (bo'fort)  (Af.) 
Beau'ley  (bo'le) 
Beau-ma'rjs  (bo-) 

Beaune  (bon) 

Beauvais  (bo-va') 

Bec'cle^  (bek'klz) 
Bed-nbre' 

Bed-ou-in§' 

Bed-9-ween' 

Beer'ing,  or  Behr'jng 
Befort  (ba-for') 

Beira  (ba'e-rd) 

Bel 'rout,  ( or  ba'rot) 

Beitli 

Beja  (ba-zhd') 

Be-ja-pour' 

Be-led'-el-Je-rid' 

Be-lem'  (or  ba-leng') 
Bel-fdst',  or  Bel'fdst 
Belfort  (bel-for') 

Bel'gi-um 

Belgrade' 

Belle-f9n-taino' 

Belle-fonte' 

Belle-Isle,  or  Bellisle 
(belli') 

Belle-mbnte' 

Belle'vllle 

Bel-ljn-zo'nd 

Bel-lu'no 

Be-loo-chjs-tdn' 

Be'lur-tag 

Bel-vj-dere' 

Belvoir  (be'vur) 

Be-nd'res 

Ben-cbo'len 

Bend-e-mir' 

Ben-e-ven'to 

Ben-gdl' 

Ben-gd'zj 

Ben-gue'id  (ben-ga'la) 
Be-nin',  B.  E.  T. 

Ben'in,  Wr. 

Ben-|-suef' 

Ben-Lb' ni9nd 
Ben-Ne'vjs 
Ben'njng-t9n 
Be-nowin' 

Ben-sa'lem 

Ben^'helm 

Bentevoglio  (ben-te-vol'yo) 
Ben'thelm  (ben'tlin) 
Be-rar' 

Be-rat' 

Ber-be'rd,  or  Ber'be-rd 
Ber-bice',  or  Ber'bjce 
Ber-e-zi'nd 
Ber-e-zof' 

Ber'ga-mo 

Berg'en 

Berg'en-huus 

Ber|'en-op-Z6om' 

Ber-ham-pbre' 

Berk'shire 
Ber-lin',  or  Ber'lin 
Ber-mu'da^ 

Ber'nard 

Ber-na-dotte' 

Berne 

Ber'ri-en 

Ber-tie' 

Ber'wjck,  (or  ber'rjk) 
Besan^on  (ba-zdng'song') 


Bes-sa-ra'bi-^ 

Be-thab'a-r9 

Bbth'le-hem 

Beve'l^ind,  or  Bev'e-l^nd 
Bev-e-ren' 

Bev'er-ly 
Bewd'ley 
Bexar  (ba-liar') 

Beyra  (ba'e-rd) 

Bey'root,  (or  ba'rot) 

Beziers  (bez-ydr'),  E. 

Beziers  (ba-ze-a'),  M.  T. 
Bhat-gbng'  (bat-) 
BliUrt-pbre'  (hurt  ) 
Bj-al'ys-tok,  B.  Br.  Wr. 
Bi-ri-lys'tok,  E. 
Bi-al-ys-tok',  P.  T. 
Bid-as-so'51 
Biel'e-feld  (-felt) 
Biel'g9-rod,  E. 

Bi-bl-g9-rod',  P.  T. 
Bj-enne' 

Bil-ba'b 

Bjl-bo'g 

Bil-e-dul'^e-rid 

Bil'ler-ic-a 

Bjn-ga'zj 

Bing'en 

Blng'liani-t9n 

Bi'o-bi-b 

Bir'ket-el-Ke-roun' 

Bir'ket-el-Mar-j-out' 

Bir'mdh 

Bir'ming-ham 

Bls'cfiy 

Bjs-nfi-gar' 

Bis-sa'go§ 

Bis'ti-neau  (bls'te-no) 

Blank'en-burg 

Blech'jng-ley 

Bled'soe 

Blel'berg 

Blen'helm,  .or  Blbn'liejm 
Blois  (blwd,  or  bloi) 

Bo'ber 

Bocage  (bo-kazh') 
Bo'den-see' 

Boeuf  (buf) 

Boeuf-Bay'ou  (buf-) 

Boglio  (bol'yo) 

Bog-li-pbre' 

Bo-g9~ta' 

B9-he'mj-^ 

Bbh'mer-wdld 
Bois-le-Duc  (bwa-le-duk') 
Bok-ha'rd 
Bol-bec' 

Bo'li 

Bo-li'vJir,  M. 

Bol'i-vdr,  B.  T.  Wr. 
B9-lIv'j-? 

Bologna  (b9-lon'ya) 

Bol-se'nd  (bol-sa'nd) 

Bol's9-ver 

Bol't9n 

Bol-za'no 

Bo'm^r-sund 

B6111 -bay' 

Bo-niir' 

Bo-na-ven-tu'rd 
Bo'niy  Vls't? 

Bon-dou' 

B9-ness' 

Bon-i-fd'ci5  (-cho) 

B9-nin' 

Boom  (bom) 

Boo-tan' 

Bb-pdul' 

Bor-deaux'  (bor-db') 

Borgne  (born) 

Bor'ne-b 

Bbrn'liblm 

Bor-nbu' 

Bor-9-di'nb 

Bosli-u-dn'^^ 

Bos'na-Se-ral' 

Bos'na-Se-ra'jb 

Bo§'nj-a 

Bos'pli9-rus,  or  Bos'po-rus 
Bos't9n 

Bb^'worth  (boz'wiirth) 

Bot'e-toiirt 

Both'ni-^ 

Bot'zen  (-sen) 
Bou^hes'-dii-Rhbne' 
(bosh'-) 

Bouillon  (bol-ybng') 
Bou-je'idh  (bo-ja'ya) 
Boulogne  (bo-ion') 

B6ur'h9n 

Bourbonnes-les-Bains  (bor- 
bbn'-la-bdng') 
Bourdeaux  (bbr-do') 

Bourg  (borg) 

Bourg  (bor),  T. 

Bourges  (borzh) 

Bou'ro 

Bbu-ton' 

Bovines  (bo-ven') 


Bow'doin  (bb'dn) 

B9-ya'cd 

Bozzolo  (bot's9-lo) 

Bra'bdnt,  or  Br^-bant' 

Bra'ga 

Bra-gan'zfi 

Bra'lij-lbvv 

Brdh'ma-pob'trd 

Bran'den-bUrg 

Bran'dy-wlne 

Brauns'berg  (broutis'berg) 

Bra-zil' 

Br^-zo'rj-^i 

Brazes 

Brazza  (brdt'sd) 
Bread-al'b^ne 
Breath'it 
Brech'jn,  E.  T. 

Bre'chjn,  Wr. 

Brec'911 

Bre'da,  or  Bre-da' 
Breg'entz  (-ents) 

Brel'^agh 

Bre-neau'  (bre-no') 

Bres'ci^  (bresh'a) 

Bres'lau,  (or  bres'lou) 
Bretagne  (bre-tan') 
Bre'tgn,  (or  bret'9n) 
Breton  (brlt'9n),  T. 
Brian^on  (bre-dng'sbng') 
Bri-Sre' 

Brld^e'wa-ter 
Bridlington  (biir'ljng-t9n) 
Brieg  (breg) 

Briel 

Bri-enne' 

Bri-entz'  (-ents') 

Bri-eux'  (bre-u') 

Brlgh'ton  (brl'tn) 

Brin'di-si 

Bri-oude' 

Bris'agh 

Bris'gau  (bris'gou) 

Brls'tol 

Brit'ain  (brit'tn) 

Brj-tan'iij-a 

Brlt'ta-ny 

Brlx'ham 

Bro'dy 

Brock  (bruk) 

Broin'berg 
Brbm'ley 
Brbmp't9n 
Brbn'd9-lo 
Brook'ilne  (bruk'-) 
Brook'lyn  (bruk'-) 

Brough  (bruf) 

Bruch'sal 

Bru'ge§ 

Bruhl(brul) 

Brunn 

Brunswick 

Brus'sel§ 

Brzesc  (zesk),  E. 

Brzesc  (bzhests),  T. 
Buch'911 
Bu^chan'an 
Bu-clia-rest' 

Bu-cha'rj-a 
Bu'da  or  Bu'dd 
Bud' wels 

Bue-ndire'  (bwa-ndr') 

Buen  Ay're  (bwen-I'ra) 
Bue-nfi-ven-tu'ra  (bwa-) 
Buenos  Ayres  (bwa'ii9S-I'- 
res,  or  bo'n9S-Ar'ez) 
Buffalo 
Bug 

Bullth  (bllth) 

Bu-ja-lan'ce 

Buk-ha'ri-a 

Bu'ldgh 

Bu'la-md 

Bu-la'md,  T. 

Bul-ga'ri-51 

Bulkh 

Bun'c9mbe  (bung'kum) 
Bun-del-cund' 

Bun'der  A-bas's| 

Buntz'lau,  (or  bunts'lou) 

Burd-wan',  or  Burd'w^n 

Burg 

Bur'gos 

BUr'gun-dy 

Bur' ham-pour' 

Biir'ljng-t9n 
Bur-ram-poo'ter 
Bur'sd,  or  Biir'sd 
Bur's^held  (bur'shTt) 
Bur'ton  (biir'tn) 

Bury  Hier'e) 

Bu-sd'eo 
Bu -shi  re' 

Butte  (but) 

But'ter-mbre 
Bu-trjn-tb',  E. 

Bu-trln'to,  P.  T. 
By-ra'ghur,  E. 

By-r^-ghur',  T. 


c. 

Ca-b5r'r?is 

Cdb'ell 

Ca-ben'dd 

Ca-bre'rd  (k^-bra'rd) 
Ca-bul',  or  Ca-boul' 
C^-bu-ljs-tan' 

Caceres  (kd'tha-res) 
Cac-hd'o,  or  Cacli'ao 
Cachoeira  (kd-sli9-a'e-rd) 
Ca-con'gb  (k?i-kbng'gb) 
Ca'dlz 

Ca-do're  (-ra) 

Cad'r9n 

Ca'en,  (or  kang) 

Caer-le'9n 
Cder-mdr'then 
Cder-nar'v9n 
Cder-phll'ly,  B.  E. 
Caer-phll'ly,  (or  kar- 
fith'le),  T. 

Caf-fra'rj-a 
Caf'fre.^  (kaf'ferz) 
Caf-j-rjs-tan' 

Cagliari  (kal'yd-re) 
Ca-hdw'bfi 
Cd'liir,  (or  kdr) 

Ca-ho'ki-^t 

C?-hbo§' 

Cahors  (ka-lior',  or  kd-br') 
Cal'cos  (kl'kos) 
Cairn-gorm',  T. 

Cdirn-gorm',  E. 

Cal'ro  (Egypt) 

Cai'ro  (U.  S.) 

Cal-a-bdr' 

Ca-la'bri-a,  or  Ca-la'bri-a 

Cal-^-hor'ra 

Cal'ajs  (kal'js) 

Cal-^-md'td 

Cal-^-mj-d'ne§ 

Cal-a-ta-yud' 

Cal-^-tra'vd 

Cal-?i-ve'ra§  (-va'-) 

\Cal'c^-sieu  (kdl'ka-sho) 

'Cal-cut't^i 

Cal'der 

Cal-e-do'ni-a 

Cal'en-berg 

Cal-iibun' 

Cal'i-cut 
Cal-i-for'ni-a 
Cal-id'o,  (or  kal-yd'b) 
Cal-la-pob'yd 
Cal'mar 

Caine  (kdn,  or  kdwn) 
Cal-ta-^j-rb'ne 
Cal-t^i-ni-set'td 
Cal'u-met 

Cgtl-vd'dos,  B.  E.  P.Cyc. 
Cal-vd-dos',  (or  kal-va'- 
dos),  T.  5 Cdl-va-dos', 
M.  P. 

C&l'vert 

C^-man'che 

Ca-mar'go 

Cam-a-ro'nes 

Cam-ba-hee' 

Cam-bay' 

Cam-bo'di-9 

Cam-bo^e' 

Cam'bray,  or  C5m-bray' 
Cam'brj-9 
Cam' bridge 
Cam'den 

Cd-min'lid  (ka-meii'ya) 
Campagna  (k^m-pan'yd) 
Camp'bell  (kam'el) 
Cam-peach'y 
Cani'po  Bas'so 
Can'a-da 
Can-?i-j9-har'ie 
Can-an-dai'gu?  (-gwa) 
Can-a-nore' 

C?i-iia'rd,  or  CSn'a-rd 
Ca-na'rje§ 

Can-a-sdu'ga 

Can-a-sto'ta 

Ca-nav'e-ral 

Can-da-hdr' 

Can-deish',  (or  kan-dash') 

Can'di-?t 

Ca-ne'^ 

Can-|s-te'o 
Ca-non'i-cut 
Cannes (kdn) 

Can-nou'chee 
Can'tal,  or  Can-tdl' 
Can'ter-bu-ry  (-ber-e) 
Can-ton'  (China),  E.  Wr. 

Can't9ii,  B.  T. 

Can 'ton  ('ll.  S.) 

Can -tyre' 

Cape  Breton,  or  Bre-ton' 
Cape  ^rir'ar-deau  (jlr'^r-do) 


Cape  Hal'ti-en 

Cape'town 

Cap-j-ta-nd'td 

Cd'po  d’ls'tri-gi 

Ca'pri 

Cap'u-^ 

Ca-rdc'cas 
Cdr'g-nian,  E. 

Cd-rd-man'  (-inong'),  T. 
Car-?-ma'ni-a 
Car-c^-sbnne' 

Cdr'de-nas 
Car'd  iff 
Car'di-g5n 
Car-do'nd 
Cdr-i-d'cb 

Car-ib-be'an,  B.  Br.  T. 

Ca-rlb'be-f»n,  Wr. 
Car-ib-bee' 

C^-rln'thi-gi 
Cdr-llsle'  (kdr-lil') 
Car'l9-\vltz 
Cdrl^'bad 

Carl^-crb'nd,orCdrl?-cro'nd 
Cdrls'ruhe  (kdrlz'ro) 
Cdrl'stadt  (-stat) 
Carmagnola  (kdr-m^n-yb'- 
la) 

Car-mo'n^ 

Car-nat'ic 

Car-ndul' 

Cdr-ni-o'ld 

Car-9-lI'n£ 

Cd-r9-ni' 

C?r-pa'thi-^n 
Cdr-pen-td'ri-51 
Cdr-pen-lras',  (or  kdr- 
pang'trds) 

Car-pen-tras'  (kdr-pang- 
tra'),  M.  P. 

Car-ra'ra 

Car-rick-fer'gus 

Car'mll 

Car'r9n 

Carshalton  (ka-shaw'tn,  or 
kas-hor'tn) 

Car-ta'go 

Car-t9-|e'na 

Car'ter-et 

Cdr-tha-^e'nd 

Car-u-pa'no 

Ca-sac',  or  Ca'sgc 

Ca-§al' 

C?i-sd'le  (-la) 

Cas-a-na'nd 
Cas'bjn,  or  Cas-bin' 
Cas^h'au  (kash'ou) 
C^i-ser'ta 
Ca-shan' 

Cash'ell 

Cash'gdr,  or  Cash- gar' 
Cash-mere',  or  Cash'mere 
C5s'pi-an 
Cas'sel 
C^s-si'na 
Cas-sj-qui-a'ri 
Cas-tel-nau'da-ry'  (kas-tel- 
no'da-re') 

C^s-tel'  Ve-tra'no  (va-) 
Castiglione  (kas-tel-yo'na) 
Cas-tile' 

Castillon  (kas-tel-yong') 
C^s-tlne' 

Cds'tle-bar'  (kds'sl-bdr') 
CSs'tle-t9n  (kds'sl-t9n) 
Castres  (kds'tr) 

Cas'tr9  £io-van'ni 

Cat-a-bam'bd 

Cat-a-hou'la 

Cat-a-lo'ni-51 

C^-ta'ni-a,  or  C^-ta'ni-fi 

Cd-tan-za'rb 

C?-tdw'ba 

CaLau  Cambresis  (ka-tb' 
kdm-bre-ze') 

Cath-a-ri'nen-stadt  (-stat) 
Ca-thay' 

Cat-man'doo,  E.  Wr. 

Cat-man-dob',  T. 
Ca-tor'ce,  (or  k?i-tbr'tlia) 
CSts'kili 
Cat-ta-rdu'gus 
Cat-ta'ro,  or  Cdt'ta-rb 
Cdu-bul' 

Cdu'cd,  (or  kou'ka) 
Cau'c^-sus 

Caugh-na-wd'ga  (kaw-) 
Caune (kon) 

Cdu' ver-y 

Ca'va 

Cav'a-ld 

Ca'v'an 

Ca'ver-y 

Cavvn-pbre' 

Cax-a-rnar'cd 
Caxias  (ka-slle'as) 

Caxoeira  (ka-sli9-a'e-rd) 
Cay'cos  (kl'kos) 

Cay  enne'  (kl-en') 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


1755 


Cay-man',  or  Cay'mjn 

Cj-yQ'ga 

Ca-yuse' 

Caz-e-no'vj -a 
Ce-a-ra'  (sa-) 

Ce-bu' 

Cee'il,  B. 

Ce'cii,  T. 

Cef'a-lu 

Ce-la'no 

Cgl'e-b5? 

Cel'le 

Cen'is,  ( or  se-ne') 

Ce-nis'  (se-nfis'),  M. 
Cepii-a-16'nj-st,  or  Ceph-j- 
lo-ni'a 
Ce-ram' 

Cerignola  (ser-jn-yo'la),  E. 
Cerignola  (ciia-ren-yo'- 
la),  7\ 

Cer7j-g5,  or  Ce-ri'go 
Cer-ve'r’d  (ser-va'rii) 
Cer'vi-a  (cher've-i) 
Cer'vin,  (or  ser-vang7) 
Ce-se'na  (cha-sa'na) 
Ceu'ta,  (or  sa'u-ta) 
Cevennes  (sa-ven7) 
Cey-ldn7,  or  Cey'lon 
Cha-c£7d 
Cha'co 
Ch<t-gaing7 
Cha'gre  (sha'gur) 

Cha'gres 

Cha-leur7 

Chalons  (slla-loiig7) 
yham'ber-ry 
Cham7ber§-burg 
Oham-blee7 

Chamouni  (sha'mo-ne',  or 
sha-nio'ne) 

Champagne  (sham-pan'ya) 

iham-paign'  (-pan') 
ham-plain' 
han'de-leur7 
han-der-na-gore7 
han-til'ly  (shan-tel'ye) 
ha-pA'lA 
ChAp'el-Hill 
Char7c?is 

Charente  (sha-rangt7) 

Char'i-ton 

Char'kov 

Charente  Inferieure  (shl- 
rangt'-ang-fa-re-ur7) 
yharle'mont,  E. 

ChArle'mont,  T. ; yh&r7- 
le-mont,  Wr. 

Charleroi  (sharl-rwa7,  or 
shar-le-rbi7) 

Charleston 

Charle'ville 

£har'le-voix7  (shar'le- 
vwa7,  or  shar'le-vbi7) 
Qhar'lottes-ville 
Chari 7 ton 
Chartres  (shir'tr) 
Ch^-ryb'dis 
Qha-tau'que 

Chateaubriant  (sh’A-to'bre- 
ang7) 

Chateaudun  (shd-t5-dun7) 
ChsLteau-Gonthier  (shd-to- 
gdn'te-a) 

Chateauguay  (sha-t5-ga7) 
Chateauroux  (sha-to-rd7) 
Chatellerault  (sha-tel-rd7) 
Chat'ham 
Chat-la-hoo'chee 
Chat-too'ga 
Chaudi&re  (sho-de-dr7) 
Chaumont(sh5-mong7)(Fr.) 
Chaumont  (sh5-m5')  (U.S.) 
Chazy  (sha-ze7) 

Clie-buc'to 

yhe-buc'to,  T. 

Chel'j-cut 

ChelmSford  (chemz'ford) 
ChelmSford, B.E.El.  Wr. 
Chel'sea 

Chel'ten-ham,  (or  chelt7- 
n^m) 

Chem'nitz  (-nits) 

ghe-mung7 

Che-n&n'gd 

Chen-y&ng7 

Che-pdch'et 

Chep'stbw 

Cher  (shir) 

Che-rds'cd 
Che-r&w7 
Cher'boiirg 
Cher-9-kee§7 
Cher 7 so 

jClier'spn,  B.  E. 

Cher-son7,  T. 
Cher-so-nese7 
Chertsey  (ches'se),  Sm.  T. 

Chert'sey,  B.  E.  Wr. 
Ches'^-peake 


Cheshire 

Che-sun'cook 

Chet-i-mdch7e§ 

Chev'i-Qt,  (or  chiv7e-9t) 

Chi-a'nd 

Chi-a'pa 

Chi-d7ri 

Chi-a7v?t-ri,  JYI.  T.  P.Cxjc . 

Chi-fi-va'ri,  B.  E.  P. 
Chi-a-ven'na 
Chj-ck'gb  (she-kaw'gd) 
Chich'es-ter 
Chick-^-hom'j-ny 
Chick-a-mag'g? 
Chick'a-pee 
Chick7a-saw$ 

Chicot  (slie'ko) 

J0  111 'em -see 
Chi-enne7 
Chieti  (ke-a'te) 

Chig-nec't5 
Chj-hud'hua  (-wa'wa) 
Chihuahua  (che-gwa7- 
gw'd),  JYI. 

Chi-kai'lis 
Chi'lj,  or  Chil'i 
Chil-lj-co'the,  or  Chil-li- 
coth'e 

Chi-lo-e7  (che-fy-a7) 
Chi-lo'e  (-a),  JYI. 
Chim-b9-ra'z5 
Chl'na 

ChTn-chil'l^,  (or  -chel'yd) 
Chin  in'dj-a,  (or  In'je-9) 
Chin'su-ra 
Chin-su'rd,  M.  P.  T. 
yhin-y&ng7 
fd  hi 7 os 

Chip'pen-hSm,  (or  chip7- 
nam) 

Chip'pe-way 

Chi-pus-c5'a 

Chi-qui'tos  (che-ke'tos) 

CliiSwick  (chiz'ik) 

Chit-?i-gong7 

Chit'ten-den 

Chlt-t6re7 

Chi-vas'so 

Choc'taw 

Choc'zjm,  (or  ko'chim) 
Cholmondely  (chum'le) 
Cli9-lu'la 

J0h5-r?i-sdn7,  or  J01i9-ras7- 
s^n 

Cli9-wan7 
Chrls-tj-a'na 
jeiiris-tj-a'in-a 
J0hrIs7ti?n-sand 
Chrls'tian-stddt  (-st'at) 
Chru'dim 
Chu-la-ho'md 
Chum'bul,  B.  M.  P. 

Chum-bul7,  T. 
Chum'leigh  (chum'le) 
Chup'rdh,  or  Chup'rdh 
Chu-qui-sa'ca  (chu-ke-sa7- 
kd) 

Chur  (kor) 

Cic-a-c5le7 

Ci-en-fue'gos  (se-en-fvva7- 
gos) 

Cim-ar-r5n7 
Cin-^-l57a 
Cin-cin-na'tj 
Cinque  Ports  (sink-) 
Cin'tra 

Cjr-c'ai'S  (Northern) 
Cjr-cas'sj-a  (sir-kdsh'e-a) 
Ci'ren-ces-ter,  (or  sis'e-ter) 
Cirencester  (sis'js-ter), 
Br.  EL 

Cirk'nitz  (-nits) 
Cit-ta-del'la  (chit-) 
Ci-u-did7  Re-'al7  (-ra-al7) 
Ciudad  R9d-ri'go  (the-u- 


e'gS) 

Civita  Vec'chj  -a  (che've- 
td-veK'ke-a) 
Cldc-mdn'nari 
Cl'd'gen-furth  (-furt) 
Clai'b9rne 

Clame-cy7  (klam-se7) 
Clap'ham 

Cldr'e-mont,  or  ClAre'mont 
Clau'§en-burg  (klou7-) 
Claustiial  (klous'tal) 
Cler-mont7,  T. 

Cler'mont,  B.  Wr. 
Clermont-Ferrand  (kl&r- 
mong-fer-rang7) 
Cleve'lynd 
Cleve^,  E.  T. 

Cleves  (klavz),  B.  Wr. 
Clith7e-r5e 
Clog'her,  (or  kl5'her) 
Clon-a-kil'ty 
Clon-mell7 
Clyde 
Co-9-h5'ma 


Co-ft-hui'la  (-we'la) 
C5-an7go  (-ang7-) 

Cob'be 

C9-bi'ja  (-ha) 

Cob'lentz  (-lents) 

C5'burg 

Coch-fi-bam'b^ 

Co'chjn  Chl'na 
Codogno  (k9-ddn7y5) 
C9-do7rus 
Coev'or-den 

Coeymans  (kwe'm^nz) 

Cognac  (kon-yak7) 

Cohahuila  (ko-^-we'la) 

C9-hoeS 

C9-im-ba-to6r7 

C9-im'bra 

Coire  (kwdr) 

Col'berg 

Col'ches-ter 

Cole-raine7 

C9-li'ma 

C9l-mar7 

Coin  (koun) 

Colnbrook  (koun'btiik),  E. 

Colnbrook(kon7bruk),£Z. 
Cologna  (k9-lon'ya) 

Cologne  (k9-l5n') 

C9-lom7bi-a 

C9-lom7bo 

Col79n-say,  B.  Br.  T. 

C9-lori*say,  E.  Wr. 
Col-9-rd7d5 
C9-lum'bi-a 
C9-lum-bi-an'a 
C9-lum'b5 
C9-mac7 
C9-man7che^ 

C9-mar7g5 
Co-may-a7gu*a 
Com'ber-inere 
Comines  (kp-men7) 

Cd'md 

Com79-rin 

C9-morn7 

Com79-r5 

Compi^gne  (kom-pe-an7) 
Com-p9S-tel'la 
C9n-can7,  B.  E.  Wr. 

Con'can  (kong'k^n),  T. 
C9n-cep'ti9n 
Con'c9rd  (kong7-) 
C9n-cor7dj-9 
Conde  (kon'da) 

C9-ne'cuh 

Con'e-mdugh  (-maw) 

Con-es-to'ga 

C9-ne'sus 

Con-ga-ree7  (kong-) 
Con'gle-t9n  (kong'gl-t9n) 
Con'go  (kong'go) 
Con'naught,  or  Con-naught7 
Con-e-C9-cheague7 
C9n-nect'i-cut  (-net7-) 
Con'stance 
Con-stan-ti'na 
Con-stan-ti-no'ple 
Cooch  Ba-har7 
Coo-m^s-sie7, or  Coo-mas'sie 
C9-0S7 

Coo-saw  -hatch'ie 

Co-pen-ha'gen 

C9-pi7ah 

Co-pi-a'po,  or  C5-p|-a-p57 
C9-pim'es-caw 
Coqu'et  (kok'et) 

C9-quim7bo  (-kem7-) 
Cor-a-chie7 
Cor7  bach 
Cor-beau7  (-b57) 

Cor-beil7  (kor-bal7) 
C9r-dil'le-r9§,  (or  kor-del- 
ya'rsis) 

Cor7d9-v'a 

C9-re7^ 

C9r-fu7,  or  Cor'fu 
Cor'inth 

Cor-9-man'del,  B.  E.  T.  Wr. 

C5-r9-man-del7,  M. 
C9-ro'ne 

Corr^ze  (kor-raz7) 

Cor-ri-en'tes 

Cor'sj-c? 

Corte  (kor'ta) 

C9r-t5'na 

C9-run'na 

Cor'y-d9n 

C9-sen'zd 

C9-shoc't9n 

Coslin  (kos'ljn,  or  k9S-len7) 
Cosne  (kon) 

Cos'sficks,  or  C9S-sacks7 

C9S-seir7 

Cos-sim-ba-zar7 

Cos't?  Ri'ci 

C5-ta-gay'a 

C3te  d’Or  (kot-dor7) 

Cotes  du  Nord  (kot'-du- 
nor7) 


Cotignola  (k5-ten-yo7la) 

Cb-t9-pax7j 

Cott'bus 

Cou-lan7 

Cour'land 

Cour-tray7 

Coutances  (ko-t&ns7) 

Cov'en-try 

Cov'ing-t9n 

Cowe§  (kouz) 

Cow-e7t?i 
Cra'cow 
Crecy  (kres'e) 

Cre'feld  (kra'felti 

Crem'nitz  (-nits) 

Cre-mo'na 

Creu^e 

Crev'elt 

Cri-me7^ 

Crit'ten-den 
Cro-a'tj-?  (kr9-a'she-9) 
Crom'ar-ty,  or  Cr9-mdr7ty 
Cron'stadt  (-stat) 

Csdba  (cha'ba) 

Csdba  (chob'bo),  JYI.  T. 
Csongr&d  (chon-grdd7) 
Cu'ba 

Cu-ba'gu'i  (-gwa) 

Cu-ban7 
Cud-d^-lore7 
Cud-da'pah,  E. 

Cud'd^-pah,  T.  Wr. 
Cuenca  (kwen'sd),  E.  M. 

Cuen'cd  (kwen'cd),  T. 
Cui-a'ba  (kvve-a'bd),  E. 

Cu-id'bd  (-yd7-),  T. 
Culhuacan  (kol-wa-kdn7) 
Cu-li-a-can' 

Cul-lo'den 

Culm 

Cul'pep-er 

Ciil-rbss7,  (or  ko'ros) 

Cu-ma-nd7 

Cu-ma'ni-a 

Cum'ber-l^nd 

Cum-m^-zee7 

Cu'par  (ko'par) 

Cu-ra-^oa7  (-so7) 

Cu-r?i-ray7 

Cur-dis-tan7 

Cu'risch-e  HafP  (ku'rish-e- 
hdf7)' 

Cur'rj-tuck 

Cur-zo'ld 

Ciistrin  (ku-strin7,  or  kiis7 
trjn) 

Cut-tack7 
Cux-ha'ven 
Cu-yd'bd,  T. 

Cu-yd-bd7,  JYI. 
Cuy-a-ho'ga  (kl-fi-hS'ga) 
Cuz'co 
Cyc'la-de^ 

Czaslau  (chds'lou),  T. 

Czaslau  (zas-lou'),  Wr. 
Czernovvitz  (cher'n9-vits) 
Czirknicz  (tserk'nits) 


D. 


Da-c57tdh 

Dag-hes-tan7 

Dahl 

Dah79-mey  (-ma) 

Dal-a-gb'a 

Dd-le-cdr'li-9 

Dal-iiou'Se 

Dal-keith7 

Dalle§ 

D^l-ma'ti-^  (dal-ma7she-?i) 
Dal'ton 

Dam-a-rjs-cot'ta 

Da-mds'cus 

Dam-i-et'ta 

Dan'aw 

Dan'bu-ry  (ddn'ber-e) 
Dan-ne-mo'ra 
Dant'zic  (-sjk) 

Dan'ube 

Dar-d?-nelleS 

Dar-four7 

Da'rj-en 

Darm'stddt  (-st&t) 

Ddrt/mouth 

Dar'war 

Dauphin4  (do-fe-na7) 

Ddu'phj-ny 

Da'vjess 

Debreczin  (de-bret'sjn) 
De-brec7z|n,  Wr. 
De-bret'zin  (-sjn) 

De-ca'tur 

Dec'cpni,  or  Dec-c&n7 

De-cize7 

Del-a-g57?i 

Del'a-wdre 

Delft 


Delfzyl 
Del-gd'dd 
Dbl'hi  (del'le) 

Del'lil  (U.  S'.) 

Del-vi7n5 

Dbm-e-ra'rd 

Dem-be'gi 

De-mo'nd 

De'm9-nd  (da7-),  JYI. 
Den'bjgh  (den'be) 
Den'de-rdh 
Den-der-mond7 
Den'mdrk 
De-peys'ter 
Dept7t9rd  (det'furd) 
Der-bend7 

Der'by,  B.  E.  El.  Sm. 

Der'by,  (orddr'be),  Wr. 
Derne 
Der'ne,  T. 

De-Ruy'ter 

Des-9-gud-de'ro  (-gwa-da7-) 

Des-c6n-9-ci7dd 

Des-e-'a7da 

De§-e-ret7 

De-siia7 

Des  Moines  (de-moin7) 

Des-p9-bld'do 

Des'sau,  (or  des'sou) 

Det'mold 

De-troit7 

Dbt'ting-en 

Deutz  (doits) 

Deux-Ponts  (du-ponts7,  or 
du-pong7) 

De-ven'ter,  E.  Wr. 

Dev'en-ter,  T. 

De-vi'zef 

Dev79n 

Dev79ii-p5rt 

Dha-wdl-a-ghi'ri  (dfi-wal- 
a-ge're) 

Dj-ar-be-kir7 
Die'men’^  Land 
Diep'holz  (-halts) 

Di-eppe7 

Diest 

Dietz  (dets) 

Digne (den) 

Di'jon7  (de'zhong7) 
Dil'ljng-en 
Din-a^e-pSre7 
Di-ndn7  (de-ndng7) 

Di-ndnt7 

Din-wid'die 

Di'u,  or  Di-u7 

Dix-an7 

Dix-mude7 

Djol'i-ba 

Dnie'per  (ne'per) 

Dnies'ter  (nes'ter) 

Do-ab7 

Dof-re-fi-eld7 

Dole 

Dol-gel'ly,  (or  dol-|eth7le) 
Dol-lart7 

Dom-i-ni'ca,  or  D9-min'j-C9 

Dom-j-nique7  (Fr.) 

Don-Sg-ha-dee7 

Don7ald-S9n 

Donc'fis-ter 

Don'e-gdl 

Don7g9-ld  (dong7-) 

Don'n^-ghue 

Don-nal' 

Doo-shak7 
Dor'ches-ter 
Dordogne  (dor-dan7) 
Dordrecht  (dor'drekt) 
Dor'iioch 

Dor- pat7,  or  Dor'p^t 
Dort 

Dou'ay  (do'a) 

Doubs  (dob,  or  do) 

Doub§,  T. 

Doug74s 


Dou'ro  (do'rb) 

Dov-re-t]-eld7 
Dow-le-t^-bad7 
Down-pdt'rick 
Draguignan(drd-|en-ydng7) 
Drdve,  or  Drave 
Drenthe  (drent,  or  dren'te) 
DreSden,  or  Dres'den 
Dreux  (dru) 

Drill 

Dri'nb 

Drogh'e-d^  (drog7-) 
Dro7li9-bicz  (-bich),  P.  T. 

Dr9-ha'bjcz  (-bjch),  JYL 
Droit'wich  (droit'jch) 
Dr9Tmore7,  Br.  E. 

Dra'mbre,  T.  Wr. 
Dron'thelm  (dron'tim) 
Dru'se^,  E.  Wr. 

Dru7§e$,  T. 

Du-aneSburg 

Dub'lin 

Dub'nd 


Du-buque7  (-bok7) 

Duero  (du-a7r5) 

Du'js-burg 

Duiveland  (doi've-lant) 

Dulcigno  (dul-chen'yo) 

Dulwich  (dul'ij) 

Dum-biir'ton 

Dum-blane7 

Dum-frieS 

Dun-bar' 

Dun-dalk7  (dun-diwk7) 

Dun-das7 

Dun-dee7 

Dun-ferm'line,  (or  dun-fer7- 
lin) 

Dun-gan7ii9n 

Dun-gar'van 

Diin-ge-ness7 

Dun-keld7 

Dun-kirk7 

Dun-60117 

Dun-sin'nane,  Sm, 
Dun-sjn-nane7,  T.  Shak . 
Dumvicii  (dun'jj) 

Du'pljn 

Duquesne  (du-kan7) 
Du-r&nce7 
Du-ran'go  (-rang7-) 
Du-raz'zo,  (or  du-rat'so) 
Dur'h^im  (dur'^m) 

Dur'llch 

Dus'sel-dorf 

Dut'ljng-en 

Du-val7 

Dw^-ra'ci 

Dwi'n^,  or  Dwi7n& 

Dyle 


E. 


Eas'tipn 

E'bro 

5b-sam'l>ul,  or  Eb-sjm-bul' 
Ecc-loo' 

Ecc-loo',  T. 

Ech'ter-nScli 

(or  a'the-lia) 
Eckiniilil  (ek'mul) 
Ec-ua-dor'  (ek-wj-dor'} 
Ed'dy-styne 
E'den-ton 
Ed'fu 

Edge'combe  (ej'kum) 

Edge'field 

E-dl'nj 

Edinburgh  (ed'jn-bur-ro,  or 
ed'in-biirg) 

Ed'js-to 
Ed'\vard§-vllle 
Ef'fing  -liam 
Eg'er 

E-gi'na,  or  El'i-na 
Eg'ri-po,  or  E-grl'po  (a-) 
E'gypl 

Eh-ren-brelt'steln 

Ejcli'stadt  (ik'stat) 

El'ien-burg 

Elm'beck 

Ei'me-o 

Ei'^e-nSch 

Els'ie-bSn 

5-kate-r5'nen-burg 

ii-kat-e-rS'no-grad 

5-kat-e-ri'np-sIav 

El  A-rai^he' 

Elbe  (elb) 

El'ber-feld 
El-beuF,  or  El-b(KuP 
El'bjng 

El'ciie  (el'cha) 

£1  Dp-ra'db 
El-e-phan'tj 
El-e-pban-tJ'na 
?-leu'the-ri 
El'Iin  ' 

E-lis'a-betll-grad' 

Jl-lore' 

jl-mi'n'i 

jjil-ml’r? 

5-lo’ri 

El-spnore',  or  El-sj-neur' 

El'vjs 

El'vvang-en 

Emb'den 

Em'brun,  (or  am-brun') 
Em'mer-Tjh 
5-na're 
f:  n-ga  dine' 

Engllien  (an-|e'5ng) 
England  (ing'gljnd) 
En-j-sei' 

Enk-hui'zcn  (enk-hin'zen) 
En-njg-cBr'thy 
En-njs-kll'len 
En'tre-Dou'ro-e-MSn'ho 
(en'tra-do'ro-a-men'yo) 
En'tre-Ri'os  (en'tra-re'os) 


1756 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


E-per'j-es 

Ep-er-nay' 

£p'j-nal 

Jp-rAk'lj-fi 

Er'bach 

Er'furt 

Er'jcht 

E'rie  (e're) 

E'rin,  or  £r'jn 
£r-i-van' 

Er'lang-en 
Er'lau  (er'lou) 

Er-m  e-nek' 

Er'ze-rum,  or  Erz-ro6m' 

Erz-ge-b7r'ge 

£s-cdin'bj-? 

Es-cu-rj-Al',  T. 

£s-cu'rj-<d,  E.  Wr . 

£s'ne 

E-sd'pus 

Esquimaux  (es'ke-mo) 
Es-se-qui'bd  (-ke'-) 
£ss'ling-en 
£s'te 

fs-tiid'nj-3 
s-tre-m^-du'rA 
£s'tre-moz' 

£s'zek  (es'sek) 

£tampes  (a-tAinp') 
£t'9-wAh,  or  £t'o-wee,  or 
High'-Tow-er 
£t§ch  (etsh) 

Eu  (yu) 

Eupen  (oi'pen) 

Eu-phra'te^ 

Eure  (yur) 

Eu'rope 
Eu'taw 
Eutin  (01-ten') 

Eux'ine 

Evesham 

Evesiiarn  (es'li^tm),  Wr . 
£v'9-ril,  Br.  E.  T. 

, E-vd'rA  (a-),  P.  Wr. 
Evreux  (ev-ru') 

£x'e-ter 

Ey'^-let 

Ey'der 

Ey'lau,  (or  l'lou) 


F. 

Fa-en'z*i 

EAh'lun 

Fal-oura' 

FAir'fleld 

Fa-lai^e' 

Fa  1 'kirk,  or  FAl-kYrk' 
Falkland  (flhvk'lyind) 

Fa  1' mouth 
FA'lun 

Fa'nb,  or  Fa-no' 

Fa'rb 

FA'roe,  or  Fa'rp-e 
Far-sjs-tAn' 

Fau  quier'  (faw-ker') 

Fav'ersh-am 

Fay-Al' 

Fay-ette' 

Fay'ette-vllle 

Fay-oum' 

Fee 'gee 
Fth-ra-bad' 

Fel-^n-i'che 
Fe  lA-nlche',  (fa-),  T. 
Fe-li-cj-A'nA 
Fern 'em 

Fe-o-dd'$i-ft  (-db'zhe-?) 
Fer-mA'nagh  (fer-mA'n?) 
Fer-moy' 

Fer'ney,  (or  fer-na') 

Fer-ra'rA 

Fer'ro 

Fer'rol,  or  Fer-rol' 

Fev'ersh-fim 

Fez-zan' 

Flch-tel-ge-bir'ge 
Fi-es'o-le  (-la) 

Figeac  (fizh'ak') 
Figueras  (fe-ga'rris) 

Fi'ji 

Fln-is-terre' 

Finland 
Fismes  (fern) 

Fiume  (fe-u'ma) 
FlAn'ders 

Fleche,  La  (1A  flesh) 

Flen^'borg 

Flor'ence 

Flo'res 

Flor'i-da 

Flush'jng 

Foggia  (ftjd'jA) 

Foglia  (fol'ya) 

Foix  (fw'A) 

Foligno  i f9-len'y5' 
Fon'di 


Fontainebleau(fon-tan-bld') 
Fon-t^-ra'bj-a 
Fontenay-le-Compte  (font- 
na'-le-kongt') 
Fon-te-noy' 

Fontevrault  (fon-tev-ro') 

Foo'ta  Jal'lo 

For'li,  or  F9r-li' 

Fbr'men-te'rA  (-ta'-) 

F9r-mo'sa 

For'res 

For-syth' 

For-te-ven-tu'rA 

Forth 

F9S-sA'no 

Foth'er-in-gay 

Fou'di 

Fougeres  (fd-zhAr') 
Fou'lah^ 

Fo  itrc  he 
Fow'ey,  E. 

Fowey  (foi),  T.  Wr. 
Foy'er*  (fl'erz) 

France 

Franc  he  Comte  (frdnsh 
kong'ta) 

Francois  (frAn'swA) 
Fran-co'ni-^ 

Fran'e-ker 
Frank'en’-steln' 
Frank'en-thdl  (-tal) 
Fraiik'fort 
Fras-cA'ti 

Frau'en-burg  (frou'-) 

Frau'stadt  (frou'stat) 

Fred'er-jcks-burg 

Fred'er-icks-hall 

Fred'er-ick-t9n 

Frel'berg 

Frel'burg 

Freising 

Frel'^ing-en 

Frel'stAdt(-stAt) 

Frejus  (fra-zhus') 

Frey'burg 
Frey'stadt  (-stat) 

Fri'biirg 

Fried'land 

Fris^he'hatf 

Friesland 

Fri'o 

Fri-u'Ii,  or  Fri'u-li 
Frbd^'ham 
Fron-te'rA  (-ta'-) 

Frontignac  (Iron-ten-yak') 
Fuer-tA-ven-tu'rA 
Ful'dA  ‘ 

Fulfil 

Funch'al,  or  Fun-^hAl' 
Fu'nen 
Funf-kirch'en 
Fumes  (furii) 
Fur-ruck-a-bad' 

Fiirtli  (flirt) 

Fyz-st-bad' 


Gr. 

Ga-dA'mjs 
GA'e-tA  (gA-a'tA) 

Gafsfi 

Gaillac  (gdl-yAk') 

Gaillon  (g&l-yong') 
Giir'Ioch 
Ga-lap'a-go§,  or 
Gal-li-pa'go§ 

Gal-fi-siiielij' 

Ga-latz'  (-late') 

Gri-le'n? 

Ga-lT"cj-?i 
Gal-1  Ip'o-lj 
Gal'lj-pb-lls' 

Gal'lo-vvay 
Gal'ves-ton 
Gal' way 
Gam'bi-? 

Ganges  (gbngzh)  (Fr.) 
Gan'^e«i  rlndia.) 

Gan -jam' 

Giird  (gir) 

Gard'iner  (gard'ner) 
Gar-don' 

Garfagnana  (gar-f?m-ya'na) 
Gar-ga'n5 

Garigliano  (gar-el-yi'no) 
Ga-ronne' 

Gar'rbvv^ 

Gas-C9n-ade' 

GSs'c9-ny 
Gaspe  (gas'pe) 

^re-au'ga 
jGeel,  (or  gal) 
jGefle  (Sef'fl) 

Gel'der^ 

Gen-e-see' 

Gen-e-se'o 

^re-ng'v^i 


^len'e-vieve 

Genevois  (zhen-e-vwa') 

^ren'9-a 

^eor'^i-a 

Gera  (ga'ra) 

(^rer'ma-ny 

jGe-rb'na,  (or  ha-ro'na) 
Gers  (zhAr) 

Gex  (zhex) 
jGey'ser^ 

Gha-da'mis 
Ghauts  (gawts) 

Glieel  (gel,  or  gal) 

Ghent,  (or  gong) 

^Jher-gong' 

jGhi-lan' 

^lib-ral't^r 
jGies'sen  (ges'sen) 

Gijon  (lie-lion') 
jGi'la,  (or  lle'l?) 

^i-16'15 

ir'ge 

ir-gen'ti 

Gironde  (zhe-rond') 
^ri'zeli,  or  jGi'zeli 
Gla-mor'g^n 
Gla'rus 

Glas'gow,  or  Glasgow 
Glauchau  (glou'kou)’ 
Gle-nelg' 

Glo'gau  (glo'gou) 

Glo-gaw' 

Glom'men 

Glbuces'ter  (glbs'ter) 
Gluckstadt  (gluk'stat) 
Gmiind  (gmunt) 

Gnesen  (gna'zen) 

Gnes'119  (nes'na) 
G9-dav'e-ry 
Goes  (hos) 

G9-jam' 

Gol-con'd^ 

Gold'berg 

G5-lj-ad' 

Gom-broon' 

G9-me'ra  (-ma'-) 
G9-naIve§' 

Go- nave' 

Gon'd^r 

Gon-za'les 

Gooch'land 

Goom'ty 

G9-ree' 

Gorlitz  (giir'ljts) 

Gortz  (giirts) 

Gos'ber-t9n 
Gb'tlia,  (or  go'ta) 

Gotli'inud 

Got' ten-burg 

Gottengen  (get'ing-en) 

Gott'land 

Gou'da 

Gour  (gor) 

Go-yAz' 

Goz'zo  (got'sb) 

Gra'cj-as  a Di'os 
Gra-ci-o'sa 
Gra-dis'ka 
Gram-mont' 

Gram'pi-rin  (Mts  ) 
Gr^-na'da 
Gran'ger 
Grant' ham 
Gran'ville  (U.  S.) 
Gran-vllle'  (Fr.) 

Grasse 

Gratiot  (grash'e-bt) 

Gratz  (grets) 

Graudenz  (grofi'dents) 

Gravelines  (grav'len') 

Grave§'end 

Greece 

Greenland 

Green'law,  or  Green'lAw 
Gree'nock 

Green'wich  (gren'ij) 
Green'wich  (grln'jj),  El. 
T.  Wr. 

Grelfs-wAl'de 
Gre-na'da 
Gren-a'da,  T. 

Gren-o'ble 

Gret'na  Green' 

GrTn'del-vvald 

Gri'§on§,  (or  gre-zoiig') 

Gron'jng-en 

Gross-war'dein 

Grb'ton  (Eng.) 

Grot'on  (grot'tn)  (U.  S.) 
Griinberg  (grun'berg) 
Gruyeres  (gru-yir') 
Gua-da-la'vj-ar,  E.  M. 

Gua-da-la-vi'Ar,  P.  Wr. 
Gua-da-lax-a'ra,  (or  gwA- 

d^-la-ha'ra) 

Gua  da-lu'pe,  or  Gui-dsi- 
lupe'  (gkw-) 

Gua-dal-quiv'ir,  or  GuA- 
d^l-quj-vir' 


GuA-de-16upe'(gAw-de-16p') 
Gua-di-a'na 
GuA-mAn'ga 
Gua-n^-ha'nj 
GuA-na're  (-ra) 
Gua-na-jua'to,  or  GuA-n^- 
xua'to  (-liwA'to) 
GuAn'cA  Ve-li'cA 
GuAr'dA  (givar'dA) 
Guar-daf-ui'  (gAr-d^f-We') 
Guas-tal'lA 
Gua-ti-mA'lA,  or 
Gua-te-ma'lA 

Guax-a'ca,  (or  gwa-hA'ka) 
Guay-a'mA 

Guay-a-quil'  (gwI-9-kel') 
Guay'mas 
Guaz-a-cual'co 
Gu'ben 

Guebres  (ge'berz) 

Guel'der-land 

Guel'der§ 

Guelph  (gwelf) 

Gueret  (ga-ra') 

Guernsey 

Guer-re'rb  (ger-ra'rb) 
Gui-a'na  (ge-a'na) 
Guic'o-war  (gwik'-) 
Gui-enne'  (ge-en') 
Guihl'ford  (gil 'ford) 
Guil'ford  (gil'ford) 

Guin'ea  (gin'e) 

Gui'nes  (gwe'nes)  (Cuba) 
Guines  (gen)  (Fr.) 
Guingamp  (gang-gang') 
Gui-pus'c9-a  (ge-) 
GuT§'boi-9Ugh  (giz'-) 

Gui§e  (gez) 

Gum-bln'nen 
Gund-wA'nah 
Guntz'burg  (gunts'burg) 
Gur-wal',  or  Gur'wAl 
Gustrow  (gus'tro) 

Guy-A'na  (ge-) 
Guy-fin-dotte'  (gl-) 
Gii-zel-hls's^r 
Gu'ze-rat' 

GwA'lj-br 

Gwjn-nett' 

£yu'la  (ju'lA) 


H. 

Hab'er-sham 
Had'djng-ton 
Ilad'leigh  (had'le) 
Had-ra-maiit' 
llaer'lem  (har'lem) 

Hague  (hag) 

Haguenau  (Ag-n5') 
llal-nan' 

Hainault  (lia'nb,  or  lil'- 
noult) 

Ila-jy-p6or' 

Hal'ber-stadt  (-stat) 

Hale§-5w'en 

Hal'i-fax 

Hal'le 

Hal'leln 

Hallo  well  (hol'lo-el) 
Ham-9-daii' 

Ha'mAh 

Ham'biirg 

Ha'meln 

Ham'jl-ton 

JIam'9-aze 

HAmp'shjre 

HA' nau  (iia'iiou) 

HAng-tcheou' 

Han'9-ver 
Har'd  j -man 
Har-fleur' 

Har'lem 
Har'lj’ng-en 
Har'per’§  Fer'ry 
Har'ris-biirg 
HAr'row-gate 
Hart' ford 

Har'tle-pool  (har'tl-p61) 

Hartz,  or  Harz  (harts) 

Har'wich  (har'ij) 

Ha§'le-mere  (-zl-) 

Ha§'ling-den 

Has'selt 

Hast'jng^ 

Hat'te-ras 
Haute  (libt) 

H9- van 'nail,  or  H^-vAn'fi 

Hav'ant 

HAv'el 

Hav'er-f9id-west' 
Hav'er-hlll  (-!l)  (Eng.) 
Ha'ver-hill  (-71)  (U.  S.) 
HAvre  (liA'vr) 
HAvre-ue-Grace  (hAv'vr-de- 
gras') 

H^L-wal'j  (li9-wl'9) 


Haw'ick,  or  HA'wjck 
Hay'tj 

Haze'brouck  (Az'bruk) 
Heb'ri-de§ 

He^h'jng-en 

Hec'l?i 

Iled-jaz' 

Hel'del-berg 

Hell'bronn 

Hel'g9-land 

JIel'i-g9-land 

Hel'ies-pont 

Ilelmstadt  (helm'stAt) 

Hel-mund' 

Hel'sing-for^ 

Hel-vel'lyn 

Hel'voet-sluys,  (or  -slols) 

Hen-lo'pen 

IIen-rI'c5 

Her-a-cle'a 

He-rat',  or  He'rat 

Herault  (lia-ro',  or  lia'ro) 

Her'e-f9rd 

Her'kj-mer 

Her'in^in-stadt  (her'm?n- 

stat) 

Hernosand  (her'no-sAnd) 
Herrn'liut 

Hertford  (har'ford)  (Eng.) 
Ilert'ford  (U.  S.) 
Her-ze-go-vi'na 
Hesse  Cas'sel 
Hesse  Darm'stadt  (-stat) 
Hesse  Hom'biirg 
Heuseden  (hois'den) 
lleyts'bu-ry  (hats'-) 

Ilieres  (iie-Ar') 

Hlgh'lands 

lllld-burg-haii'sen  (hilt- 
burg-hou'zen) 
Hil'des-helm 
HTl'lah 
Hill§'bor-ough 
Him-a-lay'a,  or  Hjm-mA'- 
leh 

Hjn-doo'  Klioosh 
II!n-d9S-tan' 

Iltrs^h'berg 
His-pan-j-6'la 
IH-was'see  (hl-wos'e) 
Hb-ang-ho',  E. 

Il9-ang'h5,  T. 
Ilo'bar-ton,  or  Hob'9r-t9n 
HQ-bb'ken 
Hogh'helm 
H9-deI'da 
Hof'wyl 
Hogue (hog) 

Ho-hen-lln'den 
Ho'hen-lo'he 
Ho-hen-zol'lern  (h5-en- 
tsol'lern) 

Ilo-kj-en' 

II 51  'land 
Holmes  (liomz) 

Hol'steln 
Hbl'ston 
Hol'y-iiead 
Ho'ly  oke,  or 
Hol'yoke 
Hol'y-well 
119-nan',  or  Hb'nan 
Il9n-du'ras 
Hon'fleur 
Hon'i-ton 
Hon-o-lu'lu 
Iloog'e-veen 
Hoogh'ly  (hog'le) 

Hoorn 

Hbrs'ham 

Hot'ten-tots 

Ilough'am  (liuf'am) 

Hough'ton  (lio'ton) 

Houn^'lbw 

II6u-quang' 

Ilou-sa-tbn'jc 

Hous'sA 

Hous't9n 

Hous'ton,  El. 

Hu-9-heI'ne 

HuA-sa-cuai'co 

H uA-sa-cual ' c5  ( gwa-),  T. 
IIuAs'cS,  (or  was'ko) 
Hud'der^-fiold 
Ilud'son 

Hue  (liu-a',  or  hwa) 
Huel'va,  (or  wel'vA) 
Hues'kA,  (or  wes'kA) 
Hull-qujl-e'mu  (hwil-kwjl- 
a'mu) 

Hull 

Hulme  (horn) 

Hum'ber 

Hun'ga-ry  (hung'ga-re) 

Huns'let 

Hiird'wAr 

Hu'ron 

Huy  (hoi) 

Hveen  (ven,  or  van) 


Ily'der-ft-bSd' 
Hy'dra,  (or  he'dra) 
Ily-dr^-bAd' 

Hythe 


I. 

I-bAr'rA 

Ib'er-ville 

Ib-r^-i'lA 

Ice'land 

I'c9lm-klll  (-om-) 
id'ri-A 

I- gle'sj-As  (-gla'-) 

Ig'lau  (lg'lou) 
i-gu^-la'dA  (-gwa-) 
il'ches-ter 
Il'fr^-combe  (-kum) 
il'lia  Gran'de  (el'y?i) 
Il'kes-t9n 

Illimani  (el-ye-nVA'ne) 
H-h-nbis',  (or  il-le-noi') 

II- lyr'i-a 
Tl'mjn-ster 
Tlz  (llts) 

Im-e-rI"ti-9  (-rish'e-9) 

im'9-la 

ln'di-fi,  (or  Tn'je-a) 
In-dj-an'?  fln-je-An'9) 
In-dian-ap'9-lls 
In'die^,  (or  In'jjz) 

In-d5re' 

In-dour' 

Indre  (ang'dr) 

In'dus 

ing'ham 

.In'g9l-stadt  (Ing'gol-stat) 
Ink-er-man' 

Inns'pruck 

in-ve-ra'ry 

in-ver-keith'jng 

Tn-ver-logh'y 

In-ver-ness' 

Tn-ve-ru'ry 

I-d'iift 

i-o'nj-an 

1'9-wa 

Ips'w|ch,  (or  Ip'sij) 
I-qui'que  (e-ke'ka) 

I-rak'  Ad'je-mi 
|-rak'  Ar'^i-bj 
Ire'dell 
I re '1 911  d 
Ir-koutsk' 

ir-9-qubis',  (or  ir-9-kwbi') 

ir-r^-wad'dy 

Ir'tys^li 

fr'vjne 

is'ciij-^ 

is^Ti'jm 

J-se'5  (e-sa'5) 

I'sis 

S'?er  (e'zer) 

IsAre  (e-zAr') 
i'§er-lbhn  (e'zer-lon') 

Islii  (I'lgi) 

Is-lam-a-bad' 

Islay  (I'la) 

Islington 
Is-ma-ir,  or  is'mail 
ls'mid 
Is-mid',  T. 
i's9-la 
ls-p9-han' 
is-sa-que'na 
Issoire  (Is-swAr') 
ls-sou-dun' 
is'trj-fi 
It'a-iy 

lt-9-pi-cu-ru' 

It-a-wain'b?i 

ith'a-cfi 

I-vi'^A,  or  Iv'j-^A 
Iv-re'^  (-ra'-) 
i'vry 


J. 

Jaca  (ha'kA) 

Jac-mel'  (zhak-mel') 
Jacque-mel'  (zhak-mel') 
Jaen  (hA-en') 

Jaf'fa,  (or  yAf'fA) 
Jaf-na-pa-tam' 

JA'gu’A  (liA'gwA) 
Jal'lolfs,  or  J^l-loffs' 
Jal-oo^n' 

J^-loun' 

J?-mai'ca 

Ja-nei'ro  (ja-na'ro),  E. 

J^-nei'ro,  Wr. 

Ja'ni-nA  (yA'ne-nA) 
J^-la'pa  (lia-la'pa) 
J^-lis'cb  (h^-lis'ko) 
J^-pAn' 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


1757 


Ja-pu'ra  (hd-pu'rd),  P.  T. 

Ja-pu-rd'  (ha-pu-rd'),  M. 
Jaque-mel' 

Jdr-nac'  (zhdr-ndk') 
Jar'9-slav  (yar'9-slav) 
Jas'sy  (yas'se) 

Jassy  (yash'she),  M. 
Jaszbereny  (yas-be-ra'ne) 
Jauer  (you'er) 

Jd'va,  or  Ja' v? 

Jed'burgh,  (or  jed'bur-ra) 
Jed'dS,  (or  yed'do) 
Jel-a-la-bad' 

Je'na,  (or  ya'na) 

Jerez  (ha-re til') 

Jersey 
Je-ru'sa-lem 
Jesi  (ya'se) 

Jes'sS,  (or  yes'sS) 
Jes-si.«l-meer' 

Jey-pSre' 

Jid'da 

Ji-jS'na  (he-hS'na) 
Jo-an'ni-na,  Wr „ 
Jo-an-ni'na,  E. 
Join'ville,  (or  zhwang-vel') 
Jol'i-bii 
Jon'kio-ping 
Jor'dan 

Jo-rui'lo  (hp-rul'yb) 
Jbud-pSre' 

Joux  (zhb) 

Ju'fiii  Fer-nan'dez 
Jug'ger-nauth  (-naut) 
Jujuy  (hu-hwe') 

‘Juiicrs  (zhu'le-a) 

Jul'hn-uer 

Jum'na 

Jungfrau  (yung'frou) 

Ju-nj-at'a 

Ju'rii 

Jut'land 


K. 

Kaar'ta 

Kair-wdn' 

Kai-sa-ri'eh 

Kdl-a-ma-zoo' 

Kal'js^h 

Kal'mar 

Ka-lu'ga 

Kain'i  nice 

Kd-min'ietz  (-yets) 

Kam-tchat'ka 

Ka-na'wh?  (ka-naw'wa) 

Kan-da-lldr' 

Kan-ka'kee 
Kansas,  or  Kdn'zas 
Kara' 

Ka-ra'his-sir' 
Ka-ra-liis's?r,  M. 
Ka-r^-m'a'nj-a 
Kar'a-su 
Ka-ra'su,  T. 

Karls'burg 
Kaschau  (kash'ou) 
Kas-chau'  (-chou'),  T. 
Kash-gdr' 

Kash-mire' 

Kas-kas'ki-a 
Ka-tah'djn 
Ka'tnne,  or  Kat'nne 
Ka  trine',  Wre 
Kazan' 

Kelil  (kal) 

Keighley  (keth'le) 
Ke-lat' 

Kemp'ten 

Ke-na'wha  (ke-naw'wa) 

Ken'eh 

Ken-ne-bec' 

Ken-ne-bunk' 

Ken-tuck'y 
Ke'Sgli  (ke'S) 

Ke'9-kuK 

Kergue'len’i  Land 
Ker-man' 

Ker-man-shavv' 

Ker-shavv' 

Kesh's 

Keswick,  (or  kez'jk) 

Kets'ke-met 

Khd-mil' 

Kha-ra§m' 

Khar-kof' 

Khdr-tbbm' 

Kher'son,  or  Ker-son' 

Klii'va 

Kha-kdnd' 

Khb-ras-san' 

Khu-zjs-tdn' 

Ki-akh't^ 

Ki-an-ku' 

Kick-a-poo' 
Kid'der-min-ster 
Ki-ef',  or  Ki-ev' 


Kiel 

Kil-ddre' 

Kil  ken'ny,  E.  T. 

Kil'ken-ny,  Wr. 
Kil-la'la,  E. 

Kll-la-la',  T. 

Kjl-la'loe,  E. 

Kll-la-loe',  M.  Wr. 
Kil-lar'ney 
Kjl-mar'n9ck 
Kjl-mbre' 

Kin-car'djne 

King-Ki-Ta'o 

Kin-ross' 

K jn-sale' 

Kin-tore' 

Kin-tyre' 

Ki'9-way 

Kjr-kdl'dy 

Kirkcudbright  (kirk-ko'- 
bre) 

Kirk' wall 

Kir-man-shah' 

Kir-rie-muir' 

Kis-ki-min'e-tas 

Kit-tan'ning 

Kit-ta-tTn'ny 

Ki-u'si-u 

Ki-u-t'd'jdh 

Klz'jl  Ir'mak 

Kla'|en-furth  (-furt) 

Klat'tau  (-tou) 

Klau'sen-burg  (klou'-) 

Knis'te-neau  (nis'te-nS) 

Knox'vllle 

Kb-lin' 

Kol-y-van' 

KSngs'berg 

Kb'in-eh 

Kbn'ig^-berg,  or  Koen'jg.^- 
berg 

Kbos-kbbs'ke 

Kbo-ta-nai' 

Kb-ras-san' 

Kor-da-fan'  • 

Kos-ci-us'ko 
Kos-trS'md,  T. 

Kos-tro-md',  M. 

Kou-ban' 

Koursk 

Kow'nS  (kov'nS) 
Kras-no-ydrsk' 

Krem'nitz  (-nits) 
Kreuznach  (kroits'ndk) 
Krish'na 
Kur-djs-tan' 

Ku-rile§',  or  Ku'rile§ 
Kur-ree-chane' 

Kursk 

Ku-tal'yeh 

Kut-tSre' 


L. 

Laa'land 

Ldb-ra-dor' 

Lac'ca-divef,  E.  T.  Wr. 

Ldc'ca-dive§,  Br. 
Lach-a-wdx'en 
LaChine' 

Jiacli'sd 

Lack-a-wdn'na 

La-dakh' 

La-do'ga 

La'd9-g;i,  M.  P. 
La-drbne§' 

La-fay-ette' 

La-Foiir^he' 

La'gb  Maggiore  (m^-jb'ra) 
Ld-Gran^e' 

La  Guay'ra 

La-gu'nd 

La-Hogue' 

La-hbre' 

La-hou'  (la-ho') 

La  Man'cha 
La-mdr' 

La  Marche 

Lam-b?i-ye'quo  (-ya'ka) 

Lam'beth 

La-me'gb  (-ma'-) 

Lam'mer-muir 

La-Moille' 

Ldm'sa-ki 

La-nai' 

Lanark,  or  Lfi-nark' 

Lanc'fis-ter 

Ldn-ce-rb'ta 

Lan-ci-a'nb  (lan-che-d'nb) 
Lan-dkfF' 

Lan-dau',  (or  iSn-dou') 
Lan-der-neau'  (-no') 
Landes  (langd) 

Lan'dre-cy 
Land^'berg 
Landiycm-na,  or 
Land§-cio'na 


Ldnd^i'hut 

Ldn-geac'  (ldn-zhak') 
Lang'e-land 
Lang-en-sal'za  (-ts?) 
Lang'lmlin  (lang'um) 
Lang'land 
Lan'gres  (lang'gr) 
Ldn-gue-doc'  (lang-ge-dok') 
L^-ni'ca 

Laon  (lang),  M.  P. 

Laon  (ld-bng'),  T. 

La' os 

La  Paz,  (or  la  path) 
La-peer' 

Lap'land 

La  Pla'ta 

La-rache'  (la-rash') 
La-re'do  (l^-ra'db) 

L?i-ris'sa 

Lar-js-tan' 

Ldr'nj-ka 
La-Sal  le' 

Ldt-^-cun'gd 

Ldt-a-ki'a 

Lat-ta-ko6' 

L an 'ban  (lbh'bdn) 
LSLu'der-dale 
Lau'eii-bUrg,  (or  lou'en- 
burg) 

Launce't9n  (lans'tun) 
Launceton  (lan's9n),  Wr. 
Lau-§anne'  (Ib-zan') 
Lauterbourg  (lo-ter-bbr') 
Lau'ter-brunn  (lou'-) 

La- vac 'c? 

Ld-val' 

Ld-vaur'  (ld-vbr') 

La-vo'ro 
Lay 'bach 
Leam'jng-t9n 
Leb' 9-11911 
Lebrija  (la-bre'ha) 

Lec'ce  (let'cha) 

Legh 

Lec-toure' 

Leed§ 

Lee'ward  (le'w^rd,  or  lu'- 
iird) 

Leg-horn',  or  Leg'hbrn 
Legnano  (len-ya'nb) 
Le'hlgh  (le'hi) 

Le'j  (la'e) 

Leicester  (les'ter) 

Leigh  (le) 

Leigh'lin  (lek'lin),  E. 

Leigh'ljn  (le'ljn),  T. 
Leigh't9n  (le'tun) 
Lel'ning-en 
Lein'ster,  or  Lein'ster 
LeTp'sic 
Lel-ri'a 
Leith  (letli) 

Lelt'nie-rltz  (-rits) 
Leit'riin,  or  Lei'trim 
Lelx'lip,  E. 

Leixlip  (las'ljp),  Br.  T. 
Lem'berg 
Le'na,  or  Le-nd' 

Le-nap'e 
Len'a-wee 
Len'nj-Len-nap'pe 
Le-noir'  (ie-nor') 

Len-ti'nd 
Le-9-gane'  (la-) 
Leom'jn-ster  (U.  S.) 
Leominster  (lem'ster) 
(Eng.) 

Le-on',  or  Le'9n 

Le-9-ni'di 

Le-9n-tl'nj 

Le-b'pold-stadt  (-stdt) 
Le-pan'to, or  Le'p9ii-t5(la'-) 
Le  Puy  (le-pwe') 

Ler'j-ci,  (or  ler'e-che) 
Ler'j-da 

Ler'wick  (ler'ik) 

Le-Su'eur 

Les'i-nd 

Les  Martigues  (la-mar-teg') 
Leuch'ten-burg  (lblk'-) 
Leuk  (loik) 

Leut'm^-ritz  (loit'ma-rits) 
Leutschau  (loit'shbu) 
Le-vant' 

Lev'en,  or  Le'ven 
Le-war'den,  or  Leeu'w^r- 
den 
Lew'es 
Lew'is-hdm 
Lew'ish-am,  T.  Wr. 

Lex'  jng-t9n 

Leyden  (ll'dn,  or  la'dn) 

Ley'land 

Ll-be'rj-a 

Li-bburne' 

Lich'field 
Lich'te-nau  (-noG) 
Lich'ten-fel$ 

Ligh'ten-steln 


Lie^e,  (or  le-azh') 
Lieg'nitz  (-nits) 

Li-erre' 

Lille,  or  Lisle  (lei) 

LS'ma,  or  Ll'ni^ 

Lim'bUrg 
Lim'er-ick 
Li  m 'mat 

Lim  oges'  (lim-bzh') 
Li-mou-§in'  (le-mo-zang') 
Li-moux'  (le-mo') 

Li-nd'res 

Lin'c9ln  (ling'kun) 
Lin'ddu,  (or  lin'dou) 
Ling'en 
Lin'kio-ping 
Lin-litii'gbw 
Lintz  (lints) 

Lip'9-ri 

Lip'pe-Det'mold 

Li§'l)9n 

Li-§i-eux'  (le-ze-u') 
Li§-mbre' 

Li  tch' field 
Lith-u-a'nj-9 
Lit'jz 
Lit-t9-ra'le 

Li-va'di-a,  or  Liv-a-di'a 
Liv'er-pool 
Li-v6'nj-9 
Ljus'ne  (lyos'na) 

Llan-daff' 

Lla-nel'ly,  (or  lan-eth'le) 
Llan-gol'len,  (or  lan-goth'- 
len) 

Llan'id-loes  (lan'jd-les) 
Lla'nos  (lya'nos) 

Llanrvvst  (lan-rdst') 
Llerena  (lya-ra'na) 
L9-an'do 

L9~an'go  (l9-ang'gb) 
L9-cdr'no 
L95h-a'ber 
Loches  (losli) 

L05I1  Lev'en 
Loch  Lo'm9iid 
Loch-ma'ben 
Loch'y 

Lo^bve  (lo-dav') 

Lo'di  (lb'de) 

L9-fb'den 

Logrono  (b-grbn'yb) 

Loire  (lwdr) 

Loiret  (lwd-ra') 

Loja  (lo'hd) 

Lo'ker-en 

Lom'bar-dy 

L9in-bok' 

Lo'in9nd 
L6n'd9n 
Lon-don-der'ry 
Lons-ie-Saulnier  (long-le- 
so-ne-a') 

Lob-chbo' 

L9-rain'  (Ohio) 

L9-ret'to 

L’Orient  (Ib-re-ang') 
Lor-raine'  (Fr.) 

Lbs  An'^e-les 
Lost-with'iel 
Lot,  (or  lb) 

Lo'thi-an 
Lou 'don 
Lou'doun 

Lough'bbr-ough  (luf'biir-o) 
Lough  Erne  (lok'ern') 
Lough  Neagh  (lok'ne',  or 
lok'ne'a) 

Lough  Neagh  (lok'na'), 
M.  T. 

Lough-rea'  (lok-ra') 
Lou-i'?9 
Lou'js-burg 
Lou-is-ade' 

Lou-is-j-a'na 
Lou'is-ville,  (or  16'e-vil) 
Lou-vain' 

Louviers  (lo've-a) 

Lou' vo 
Low 'ell 
Lowestoft 
Lowositz  (lb'v9-sits) 

Lozbre  (lo-zir') 

Lu-beck',  or  Lu'beck 
Lub'lin 

Lu-ca'y?,  (or  lu-kl'9) 
Luc'ca,  or  Luc'ca 
Lu-ce'na  (lu-tha'nd) 
Lii-ce'rd  rlu-cha'ra) 
Lu-cerne' 

J-<uck-nbw',  or  Luck'now 
Lu-^on',  (or  lu-sbng') 
Lu-da-mdr' 

Lud'ibw 
Lud' wjg^-burg 
Lfid'wigs-lust 
Lu-ga'no 
Lund 

Lu'n^-JiUrg 


Lu-nel' 

Lu'nen-biirg 

Lu'ne-ville' 

Lu-pd'td 

Lu-sa'tj-a  (lu-sa'she-9) 
Lut'zen  (-sen) 
Lux'em-biirg 
Lux'9r,  or  Lux'9r 
Lu-zerne' 

Lu-zon' 

Ly-com'ing 
Lyme  Re'^js 
L>m'fi-brd 
I^yncli'liUrg 
Lynn  Re'^js 
Lyonnais  (ie-9n-na') 
Ly'9ii§  (li'9iiz) 


M. 

Maas 

Maas'luys,  (or  mds'lois) 
Ma-cd'5,  (or  m^-kou') 
Mac-a-pa' 

M^-cas'sar 

Mac'cle^-field  (-klz-) 
Ma^-e-db'ni-9 
Mac-e-rd'td  (mach-) 
Mg-chi'as 
M^-ghyn'leth,  E. 
Machynileth  (in^-hunt'- 
leth),  T.  Wr. 
Mac-ken'zje 
Mack-j-ndw' 

Mac-lean' 

Ma-comb'  (-kom') 

Ma'C9ii  (Ga.) 

Macon  (ind-kong')  (Fr.) 

Ma -cou' pjn 
Ma-cro6m' 

Mac-quar'rie  (-kwor'-) 
Mad-a-gas'car 
Mad-a-was'ca 
Mad-da-lb'ni 
Ma-dei'ra,  (or  ma-da'rd) 
Ma-de'r^  (-da'~) 

Mad'i-S9n 

Ma-dras' 

Ma-drid',  or  Mdd'nd 

Ma-du'ra 

Mael 'strom 

Mael'strom,  T. 
Mael'sti'9m,  Sm.  Wr. 
Mae^e  (maz) 

Maes'tright  (mes'trikt) 
Mag-a-dox'9 

Mag-da-le'na,  (or  -la'na) 
Mag'de-biirg 

Ma-^el'lan,  or  Mag-el-l&n' 
Ma|-e-rbe' 

Mfi^-lio're  (m^-jo'ra) 

Ma-^in-d^-nd'o 

Mag-ni'§9 

Magny  (man 'ye) 

Ma-ha-nud'dy 

M^-lion',  or  M^-hon' 

Ma-hb'ning 

Mall-rat' ta 

Ma'i-da 

Mal-lnd-pore' 

Main,  or  Main 

Ma'i-na 

Maine 

Ma-jor'ca 

Ma-ko'que-ta  (-ke-) 
Mal-a-bar' 

Ma-ldc'c^ 

Mal'a-ga 

Ma-lai'sj-a  (ma-la'she-9) 
Malar  (ma'larj 
Malaren  (ma'l^r-en) 
Ma-lay' 

Ma-la'yfi 

Mal'den 

Mal  dives',  or  Mal'dlve^ 
Ma-lem'b? 

Malheur  (ma-lbr') 

M alines  (md-Ien') 

Mal-li-col'lo 

Mal'me-dy 

Malme^'bu-ry  (mamz'-) 
Malmo  (mdl'mb) 

Malplaquet  (mal-pldk'a) 

MaFstrom 

Mal'ta 

Mdl'ton 

Mai  va-si'a,  or  Mal-va'si-9 
Mal'vern,  E. 

Mal'vern,  Wr. 

Mal'vern  (mdw'vern),  T. 
Mai 'wall 
Ma-mar'9-neck 
Ma-naar' 

Man-a-yunk' 

Mdnche 

Man'ches-ter 

Man-da'ra 


Man-da-vee' 

Man-din'gb  (-ding'-) 
Ma'ne 

Man-fre-do'nj-a 

Man-ga-lore'  (inang-) 

Man-iiat'tan 

Man' helm 

Ma-nil'la 

Ma-nis'sa 

Man-i-tbu-wbc' 

Mdnn'harts-berg 

Man-re'sd  nnan-ra'sd) 

Mans,  Le  (lc-mang') 

Man-sou'ra 

Man-tchbo'ri-a 

Man't9-vd 

Man'tu-a 

Man-za-na'res,  (or  mdn- 
tha-nd'res) 
Man-za-nil'lb  (-yo) 
Mar-a-cay'bb  (-ki'bb) 
Mar-am-bay'a 
Mar'a-mec 
Mar-an-ham' 

Marafion  (mar'a-non,  or 
mar-an-yon') 

Ma-ra'vi 

Mar-bel'ia  (mar-bel'ya) 
Mar-ble-head' 

Mar' burg 
Marche 

Mar-che'nd  (cha'-) 
Mar-din' 

Ma-ren'go 

Mdr-ga-ri'td 

Mdr'gate 

Mar-i-a'na 

Mdr-ie-Ga-lante' 

Ma-ri-el' 

Ma-ri'en-bdd 
Ma-ri'en-biirg 
Ma-ri-en-wer'der 
Ma-ri-en-zell'  (-tsel') 
Ma-ri-et'ta 

Marigliano  (mar-el-yd'no) 
Ma-rin' 

Ma'rj-an,  or  Mar' j -an 
Ma-rit'za  (-sa) 
Marl'b6r-9Ugh 
Mar'ma-ra 

Mdr-o-ni',  or  Ma-ro'ni 
Ma-ros^h'  (-rosli') 

Ma-ross' 

Mar-que'sa^  (mar-ka'saz) 
Mar-sa'la 

Marseilles  (mdr-salz') 
Mar-ta-ban' 

Mar-ti-ni'co 

Mar-ti-iiique' 

Mar-war' 

Ma'ry-land 

Ma'ry-le-bone,  (or  mar'e- 
ban) 

Masafuero  (mds-a-fwa'ro) 
Mas'ca-li,  M. 

Mas-cd'li,  T.  P. 

Mas'cat 

Mds'ham  (mds'am) 

Mas-ke'gan 

Mas'sa 

Mas-sa-chu'setts 

Mas'sa-wah 

Mas'y-ah 

Ma-su-lj-pa-tam' 

Mat-a-mb'ras 

Ma-tan'zas 

Mat-a-pan' 

Mat-tdp'a-ny 

Mat-a-ri'a 

Mat-a-rb' 

Ma-te'ra  (-ta'-) 

Mats'mai 

Mdt'u-rd,  or  Ma-tu'rd 

Mauch  Chunk 

Mauch'line 

Mail'i 

Mau-mee' 

Mau-re-pds'  (mo-re-pa') 
Mau-ri"ti-us  (-rish'e-us) 
JVlay-d'ca 
May-a-gua'nd 
Mayence  fma-yans') 
May-enne' 

Mayne  (man,  or  min) 
May-no6th' 

May'o  (Ireland) 

May's  (Mexico) 

May^'villo 

Ma-zan-de-ran' 

Mdz-at-ldn' 

M az-za'  ra  ( m at-sdr  ra) 

Me-a'cS 

Meaux  (mS) 

Mec'ca 
Mech'ljn 
Me-chS-a-cdn' 
Meck'len-nUrg 
M e-con' 

Mec-rdn' 


1758 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Me-di'n?,  or  Me-dl'119  (Ar.) 
Me-dl'n?,  (Ohio) 
Med-j-ter-ra'n^-^n 
Me  e-rut' 

Me-hal'let-el-Ke-bir'  (ma- 
hal'let-el-ka-bir') 
Mc-her'rjn 
Meig§  (megz) 

Mel-kong' 

Mel'ning-en 
Mels'sen  (ml'sen) 
Me-jer'dah 
Mek-j-nez' 

Melazzo  (ma-lat'so) 

Melbourne 

Me-lin'd^ 

Mel-ro^e' 

Mel'ton-Mow'brfiy 

Me-lun' 

Mein'el 
Mem'injng-en 
Mem-phre-ma'gbg 
Me-nai',  or  Men'al 
Me-nal'n^ 

Me-nan' 

Menard' 

Mendana  (men-daii'ya) 
Mende  (inangd) 
Men-do-ci'n5 

Men-do'za,  (or  men-db'tha) 
Me-nin'  (me-nang') 
Men-noin'o-nie 
Mentz  (ments) 

Me-nuf ' 

Men-za'leli 

Meq'ui-nez  (mek'e-nez) 
Mer-din' 

Mer-gui'  (merge') 

Mer'i-da 

Mer-i-m^hi' 

Mer'i-o-netli 
Mer-men-tau'  (-to') 

Mer'o-e 

Mer'rj-mack 

Mer'se-burg 

Mer'§ey 

Mer'thyr  Tyd'vjl 

Mes'chid 

Mesh'ed 

Mes-o-lon'gi 

Mes-si'na 

Mes-u-ra'do 

Mes-u-ra'tii 

Met'e-lin 

Metz  (mets,  or  mas) 
Meurthe  (inurt) 

Meu^e  (muz) 

Mex'i-co 

MeziGres  (mez-y&r') 

Mi-l'co 
Ml  am'i 
Mi-a' va 
Mi^h'j-gan 

Ml^h-il-i-mack'j-nac,  (or 
mak-e-nAw') 
Mich-il-i-m£ck'j-nac 
(-naw),  T. 
Mi-chb-a-can' 

Mid'del-biirg 

Mld'dle-bor-ough  (-bur'ro) 
Mld'dle-bu-ry  (-ber-e) 
Mld'dle-town 
Mil'an,  Br . E.  T. 

Mj-lan',  JVr. 

Mi-laz'zo  (me-lat'sb) 

Milhau  (inG-lo') 
Mll'ledge-vllle 
Mi'lo’ 

MIl-wAu'kie 

Mi'nas-Ge-rii'es  f-zha-) 

Mln'cio  (min'clio) 

Mln-da-na'o 

Min'den 

Min-db'ro 

Min-gre'lj-ai 

Min'hb,  (or  men'yo) 

Mln-ne-so'ta 

Mln-ne-tar'ee 

Mifio  (men'yo) 

Mj-nor'ca 
Mlq-ue-lon'  (-e-) 
Mlr-a-mj-cki' 

Mi-ran'd9-li 
Mi-re-court'  (-kor') 

Mirepoix  (mGr-pwi') 
Mis'i-trA 

Miskolcz  (mish-kblts') 
Mis-sis'que  (mjs-sls'ke) 
Mis-sjs-slp'pj 
Mis-so-lon'gh| 

Mjs-sou'rj  (mis-so're) 
Mis-tras' 

Mit'tau  (mit'toQ) 

Mo-bile' 

Mo-ca-rin'g^  (-ring'-) 
Mb'chft 

Mo'de-na,  or  Mod'e-nl 
Mod'}- cl 
Mog-9-dbre' 


Mohacs  (mb-h'Ach') 

Mo'h&wk 

Mo-he'g?m 

Mo-hi-lev',  or  Mo-hi'lev 
Moissac  (mwa-slk') 
Mol'dau  (-dou) 

Mol-da'vj-a 

Mol-fet'ti 

Mo-lise',  or  M9-li'se  (-sa) 
Mb-to-kal' 

M9-luc'ca 

Mom-bas' 

Mom-ba'zgt 

Mom'flot 

Mom 'pox,  (or  mbm-po') 
Mon'a-cb 
M9-nad'n9ck 
Mon'9-ghan  (-gan) 
Mon-as-tir' 

Mon-cha-bbb' 

Morr-de'go  (-da'go) 
Mondonedo  (inon-d9n-ya'- 
db) 

Mon-d9-vi' 

M9-nein-b9-si'a 

Mon'fa-lout 

Mon-fer-ra'to 

Mon-ghir'  (niun-gGr') 

M9n-g6'lj-9 

Mon-i-teau'  (-to') 

Mon'mouth 

Mon-o-m9-ta'pa 

M9-non-ga-he'l?i 

Mo-n9n-ga'li-$ 

M9-nop'9-li 

Mon-re-a'le  (mon-ra-a'la) 

M9n-ro'vi-a 

Mons  (nidngs) 

Montagnana  (mon-t^in- 
yl'na) 

Mon'ta-gue 

Montargis  (mong-tar-zhe') 
Montauban  (niong-to-bang') 
Montb5liard  (mbng-ba-le- 
dr') 

Mont  Blanc,  (or  mong 
blang) 

Montbrison  (mbng-bre- 
zong') 

Mont-calm'  (-klm') 
Mont-de-Marsan  (mbng-de- 
mlr-slng') 
Mon'te-chi-a'ro 
Mon-tG'go 
Mon-teitli' 

Montelimart  (mbng-tel'- 
e-nnir') 

Mon-te-lo'vez  (-ves) 
Mon-te-ne'gro  (-na'-) 
Mon-te-reau'  (-r5') 
M5n-te-rey'  (-ra') 

Mon'te  Vld'e-5,  (or  mon'te- 
ve-da'5) 

Mont-fer-rat' 

Mont-gom'cr-y 
Mon-ti-cel'io 
Montilla  (mon-tel'yl) 
M5nt-martre'  ( mong-mlrtr') 
Mont-mp-ren'cy 
Mont-pel'ier  (-yer) 
Mont-pel'lj-er,  (or  mong- 
pel'e-a) 

Mont-re-a'le  (mont-ra-l'la) 
Mon-tro§e' 

Mont-ser-rat'  \ 

Moor-shed-9-bad' 

Mo6se-liIl'l9ck 

M9-quel'um-ne 

M9-rad-^-bad' 

M9-rl'vl 

M9-ra'vj-? 

Mor'ay  (mur're) 

Mbr-bj-hln' 

M9-re'a 

M9-re'nl  (uw-ra'uil) 

Mor-glr'ten 

M9r-la'chj-^ 

Morlaix  (mor-la7) 

M9-roc'c5 

M9-r5n' 

Mor-tagne'  (mbr-tan') 

Mor-ta'rl 

Mbrte-mlr' 

Mos'chb 
Mos 'cow 
M9-§elle' 

Mos-qui'td  (nms-ke'td) 
Mo'sul 

Mo-ri'm,  T.  Wr. 

Mo'ta-la,  M.  P. 

Mo-VSl'W 

Mo-tril' 

Moulins  (mo-lang') 
Moul-tan' 

Moiil'trie 
Mount  De-^ert' 

Moiir-zouk' 

Mby-9-men'sing 

Mo-z^m-bique' 


Muhl  (mol) 

Muh'len-biirg 

Muhlhousen  (mul-hou'zen) 
Mulilheim  (niol-hlm') 

Mu  hr  (mor) 

Mul'de 

Miilhausen  (mul-hou'zen) 
Mul-ljn-gar' 

Mu'nich 

Mun'ster 

Mur'cj-a  (mur'she-?) 

Mur'free§-b6r-9iigh 

Mur'rum-bid-^ee 

Mur-vj-e'dro(mur-ve-a'dr5) 

Mus-cat' 

Mus-c^-tlne' 

Mus-co'gee 

Mus'c9-vy 

Mus-kin'gum  (-king'-) 
Mus'sel-biirgh  (-burg,  or 
-bur-9) 

Mut'tra 
Mut'tr?i,  T. 

Myc'9-ni 

Myc'9-nos 

My-sbre' 

Myt'j-le 


N. 

Na'as,  E.  JVr . 

Naas,  T. 

Na-ba-jd'l  (-ho'a) 
Nac-9g-do'che§ 
Nacogdoches  (nak-9-dd'- 
chiz),  T. 

Nag-poor' 

Na-hant' 

Na-ma'qu7is 
Na'mur,  or  Nl-mur' 

Niin'cv 

Nan-ga-sa'ki 

Nan-kin' 

Nan'se-mond 

Nantes  (nlnts,  or  nlngt) 

Nan'tj-cbke 

Nan-tuck'et 

Nant'wjchVnant'jch) 

Na'ple§  (na'plz) 

Nap'lous 

Nap'9-lj 

Nar-bonne' 

Nar-ina'dl 

Na'r9-vl,  or  N^-ro'vl 

Na^e'by 

Na-sho'b^ 

Nash'u-? 

Nash'vlile 

Nas'slu,  (or  nls'soQ) 
Na'tal,  or  Na-tal' 

Natch'ez 

Natch-i-toch'§f,  (or  nak'e- 
tosh) 

Nfi-to'li-^ 

Nat-tore' 

Nau'ga-tuck 

Naum'bUrg,  (or  noQm'burg) 

Nlup'lj-a 

Nlv'^n 

Nav'^-rin 

Nav-a  ri 'nb 

Na-virre' 

Nav-j-dad' 

Nlx-i'a,  T. 

Nax-j-1',  J\I. 

Nlz'a-reth 

Neagh,  (na,  or  ne'?) 

Ne-bras'k^ 

Nedj'ed 

Ne-em-bu-cu' 

Neg-a-pa-tam' 

Neg' r9 -polite 
Neil-gher'ry 
Nels'se  (nl'se) 

Nejin  (na-zhen') 

Nel-lore' 

Nemours  (ne-mbr') 

Nenagli  (ne-na') 

Ne-paul' 

Nep'js-sing 

Nerac  (na-rak') 

Ner-bud'dah 

Nert's^lilnsk 

Nes'c9-pec 

Neth'er-land? 

Ne-thou'  (ne-to') 

Neu'burg,  (or  noi'burg) 
Neuchltel  (nu-shri-tel') 
Neufchatel  (nuf-sha-tel') 
Neuilly-sur-Seine  (nul-ye'- 
sur-san') 

Neusatz  (noi'slts) 

NeQse  (nus) 

Neu'sbhl,  (or  noi'zbl) 
Neu'stadt,  (or  noi'stlt) 
Neu'wied,  (or  nol'wet) 
Ne'v^,  (or  na-vl') 


Ne-vl'dl 

Nevers  (ne-vlr') 

Nev'er-sink 

Newark 

New'bem 

New'bu-ry 

New'bu-ry-port 

New-cis'tle,  or  New'cls-tle 

New  5-£lib't9 

New'found-land,  T.  JVr. 

New-fbund'lrind,  Br.  E. 
New  Gre-nl'dl 
New  Hampshire 
Ne\v  Ha'ven 
New  Jersey 
New'mlr-ket 
New  Or'le-^n^ 

New 'port 
New  York' 

New  Zea'land 
Ngami  (’n-gl'me),  T. 

Nga'mi(nga5  in  sing),^r. 
Nl-ag'a-ra 
Nic-a-ra'gul  (-gwa) 

Nice  (nes) 

Nic-9-blr' 

Nic-9-let'  (-la') 

Ni-cop'9-li 
Ni-co'si-a,  Br.  E.  P 
Ni-C9-si'?i,  M.  T. 
Nic-9-te'rl  (-ta'-),  P.  T.  JVr. 

Ni-co'te-ra  (-ta-),  M. 
Nie'men 
Nieu'port 
Nievre  (ne-a'vr) 

Ni'^er 

Nijni  (nlzh'ne) 

Nik-9-lal'ef 

Nll-cund' 

Nini'e-guen  (-gen) 
Nim-we'gen  (-wa'-) 

Ni'ort  (ne'or) 

Ni'pli9n,  or  Nl'plpm 

Nip'js-sing 

Nish-a-pbur' 

Nismes,  or  Nlmes  (nGmz, 
or  nem) 

Nis-sj-bin' 

Nitch-e-guon'  (-gvvon') 
Ni-velles'  (ne-vel') 
N9-ce'ra  (n9-cha'rl) 
Noirmoutier  (nwar-mb'- 
te-a) 

Nord-hau'sen  (nbrt-hou'- 
zen) 

Nordkoping  (nort'ko-plng) 
Nordlingen  (nbrt'ijng-en 
or  nurt'ljng-en) 
Nor'f9lk,  (or  nor'f9k) 
Nbr'man-ay 
Nor'ridge-wock 
Nbrth-amii't9n 
Nbr-thum'ber-l^nd 
Nor' way 

Nor'wich  (nor'rjj) 

Not' ting-ham 
N9-vi'r& 

Nb'va  Sco'tj-a  (sko'she-a) 
No'v^  Zem'bia 
Nov-g9-rod',  or  N0V-9- 
g9-rbd' 

Nox'u-bGe 
Noyon  (nw^-yong') 

Nu'bj-a 

Nu-e'ce§  (nu-a'ses) 
Nue-vi'tas  (nwa-) 
Nu-k^-ki'vil 
Nu'rem-bGrg 
Nykoping  (ne-ko'pjng) 


o. 

Oahu  (wl'ho) 

Oajaca  (wa-hd'kl) 
Oak'h^in 
O-beid'  (9-bad') 

O'ber-lin 
O' by 

Ocana  (9-kln'yl) 
Oc-C9-quln' 

O-ce-an'9  (o-she-ln'?) 
O-ce-a'nj-a  (o-she-a'ne-9) 
O-ce-an'i-ca  (o-she-an'e-k?) 
(5c-e-o'l^ 

O'chjl 

Ock-io-ko'nee 

Oc-mul'gee 

O-cb'nee 

O'cra-cbke 

6c-t9-ra'ra 

O'den-see 

O'der 

O-des'sa 

6-dey-pore' 

oe'den-burg 

oe'land  fo'l^nd) 

Oels  (els) 


oe're-brb 
oe'sel  (o'sel) 

Oet'tjng-en 
5f'fen-ba^h 
Og'den§-burg 
0-|eG'chee 
O'gle-thbrpe  (-gl-) 

Oglio  (ol'yo) 

O-hi'o 
Oise  (wlz) 

O-kri-nag'^r 

5k-hotsk' 

Ok-tlb'be-hl 

Ol'den-burg 

O-le-an' 

Oleggio  (9-led'jb) 

O-le-o'na 

Oleron  (o-la-rbng') 

O-lin'd^ 

6l-i-ven'zl 
Olmiitz  (ol'muts) 
5l'9-netz,  or  O-lo'netz 
(-nets) 

O-lot' 

6111-a-ha' 

O-man' 

O-mb'^ 

Om-pom-p9-no6'suc 
Onate  (on-ya'ta) 

O-ne'g? 

Oneglia  (9-nal'yl) 

O-nel'da 

6n-9n-dk'g9 

On-ta'rj-b 

Oo-jeln' 

Oo-na-las'ka 

Obr'fl 

Oo-rbo-meG'a 

Obs-tri-nau'lee 

Oos'ter-hbut 

Op-e-16u's?s 

O-por'to 

Qp'peln 

Op'pen-lielm 

O-ran',  or  0'i»rin 

Or'ange 

Orebro  (or'e-bro) 

Or'e-gon 
O'rel,  or  O-rel' 

O-rel-la'ni,  (or  o-rel-yl'nl) 

O'ren-biirg 

O-ren'se  (-sa) 

6-ri-hue'll  (b-re-wa'1‘1) 

O-rj-no'cb 

O-ris'ka-ny 

O-ris-ta'nb 

6r-i-zl'ba 

Ork'ney§ 

Orleannais,  or  Orleannois 
(or-la-an-na') 

Or'le-rins 

Or-lbf' 

Or'niuz 

O-ron'te? 

6r-9-pe's9  (-pa'-) 

Or's9-va 
Or'te-gal 
Orthez  (or-ta') 

O-ru'ba 

0-ru'ro 

6r-vj-e'to  (or-ve-a'tb) 
O-sac'c^ 

O-sage' 

6s-ce-o'l?i 

Osh'kosh 

Osh-mbo-nayn'  • 
Os'i-nio 

OsnabrUck  (o§'na-bruk) 

5§'na-biirg 

Os-sa-baw' 

Os'sj-pGe 

<3s's9-la 

0s's9-ry 

Os-su'nl 

Os-tend' 

6s'ti-aks 

Os-tra'sj-a  (-she-9) 

6s-we-gatcli'ie 

Os-wG'go 

6?'wes-try 

Ot-a-ba'lo 

O'ta-heTte,  or  O-ta-hel'te 
Ot-cha'k9V,  or  5t-ch?-kbv' 
6-tran'tb,  or  O'tran-to 
Ot-se'go 

6t-t9-ja'no  (ot-t^-yl'nb) 
5t'ta-wl 
Ot'ter-biirn 
Oua^h-i-ta'  (wosh-) 
oude  (od) 

oude'nlrde,  (or  bb-de-nlr'- 
da) 

ou' fa  (b'fl) 

Ouis-con'sjn  (wis-kon'sjn) 
Oun'dle  (un'al) 
ou'r^l,  or  ou-rll' 
ou-ralsk' 
ou-ri'que  (-ka) 
our'fa  (or'fl) 


dur'gl  (or'gl) 

our-mi'ah 

Ourthe  (ort) 

ou^e  (oz,  or  ouz) 

6u-tchang-fbu'(6-chging-fb') 

ouz-beks' 

0'ver-t9ii 

O-ver-vs'sel 

O-vj-e'do  (b-ve-a'do) 

O-vo'cl 

O-was'cb 

O-wG'go 

0-why'hee 

Ox'f9rd 

O-y^-poc' 

O-zlrk' 


P. 

P?-chu'cl 

Pac'9-let 

P^-dang' 

Pad'er-born 

Pad'9-va 

Pad'u-a 

Paglia  (pll'ya) 

Pais'ley 
P^-lat'j-nate 
Pal'3-tine,  or  Pal'51-tlne 
Pal-9- wan' 

Pal-em  bang' 

Pa-len'ci-9  (p?-len'she-l) 
Pa-len'que  (-ka) 

Pa-ler'mb 

Pal'es-tlne 

Pal-es-tri'na 

Pal-haii-pbor' 

Pal-j-caud-^her'ry 

Pal'ij-ser 

Pal-mi'r?ts 

Pal-my'r^ 

Pa' lo  Al'to 

Pa'l9S 

Pam'li-cb 

Pam-pe-lu'nl 

Pam-plb'na 

Pan-a-ma' 

P^-nay'  (p?i-nl') 

P^-no'la 

Pan-sco'vl  (-cho'va) 

Pa-nu'co 

Pa'9-ll 

Pap'u-a 

Pa-ra' 

Par-9-guay',  or  Par-fi-guay' 
Par-9-i'ba 
Par-9-mar'j-bb 
Pa-r^-ma-ri'bb,  M.  P.Jf'r. 
Par-9-mat't9 
Par-a-na' 

Pl-ra-na-gua' 

Par-a-na-i'ba 

Par-a-ti' 

Pa-rec'chi-1 

Par'ga 

Pa'ri-a 

Pa-ri'ml 

Par-j-na' 

Par'is 
Plr' rna 
Par-me-§an' 

Par-nas'sus 

Par-9-pam-i-san'  (Mts.) 
Par-ral' 

Pas-ca-gbu'l^ 

Pas-cua'rb 

Pas-de-Calais  (pa'-de-ka- 
la') 

Pas-qu9-tank' 

Pas-sa'jc 

Pas-sa-1119-qubd'dy 

Pas-sa-rbo-wan' 

Passau  (pas'sou) 

Pas-sy'  fpfis-se') 
Pat-a-gb'ni-9 
Pa-taps'co 
Pa-tay' 

Pat'e-ra 

Pat'mos 

Pat'na 

Pa-tras' 

Pat'ter-S9n 
Pa-tuck'et 
Pan  (po)’ 

Pa-vi'a 

Paw'ca-tuck 

Paw-tuck'et 

Pays  de  Vaud  (pa'e-dewb') 

Pay'ta 

Pe-dee' 

Pee'ble§  (pe'blz) 

Pe-gu' 

PeT'hb.  (or  pa'hb) 

Pei'pus,  (or  pa'e-pus) 
Pe-klng',  or  Pe-kTn' 
PG'king,  or  Pe'kjn,  JVr. 
Pe-leSv' 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


1759 


Pem'bj-ni 
Pem'broke  (-bruk) 
Pem-j-ge-was'set  (pem-e- 
je-vvos'set) 

Pen  all  el  (pen-ya-fe-el') 
Penning' 

Pen-den'nis 

Penn-syl-va'nj-9 

Pe-nob'scot 

Pbn'rjth,  (or  pe'rjth) 

Pen-ryn',  or  Pen'ryn 

Pen-S9-co'l9 

Pen-zance' 

Pe-o'rj-9 

Per-di'do 

Per-e-slavl' 

Per'gQ-l^i 

Perigord  (per'e-gor') 
Peiigueux  fper'e-gu') 
Per-ni'gui 
Per-n^m-bu'co 
Per'nau  (per'nou) 

Pe-ro'te  (pa-ro'ta) 

Perpignan  (per-pen-ying') 
Per-quim'911? 

Per'si-9  (per'she-9) 

Pe-ru' 

Pe-ru'gj-9 
Pe'sa-ro  (pa'-) 

Pes-chj-e'ra  (-a/-) 
Pe-sfii'wur 
Pistil  (pest) 

Pe-tchee-lee' 

Pe'ter-bor-ough 

Pe'ter^-burg 

Pe-ter-war'dein 

Pe-tro-Z9-vodsk' 

Pet-s^ho'ri,  M.  P.  Wr. 

Pet's^ho-ra,  T. 

Pbzenas  (pa-za-nis',  or  pa- 
za-ni') 

Phil-^-del'phj-a 

Phi-lip'pine§ 

Phll-ip-pop'o-li 
Pi-9-cen'zi  (pe-9-chent'si) 
Pi-i've  (-va) 

Pic'9r-dy 

Pi-chin'chi 

Pi'co 

Pic-tou'  (pik-to') 

Pied'mont 
Pi-en'zi  (pe-ent'si) 
Pi-e't9-li  (-a'-) 

Pignerol  (pln-y^-roP) 
Pignerolo  (pin-yfi-rd'lo) 
Pil-co-mi'yb 
Pll'lau  (pll'lou) 

Pin-e-rb'lo 
Pi-om-bi'no 
Piq'ua  (pik'w^) 
Pir'm^-sens 
Pi'fi 

Pis-cat'a-qua 
Pis-cit'9-quis 
Pis-to'ji  (pis-tb'yi) 
Pit'caith-ly 
Pi'te-i 
Pitts'biirg 
Pl9-cen'cj-9 
Placer  (pii-ther') 

Pla-cer',  T. 

Plaque-mine'  (plak-men') 

Pli't9,  Li 

Platte 

Plau'en  (plou'en) 

Pleis'se  (pli'se) 

Plln-lim'mon 

Plock,  (or  plotsk) 

Plombibres  (plom-be-ir') 

Plym'outh 

Pb-C9-hbn't9S 

Pb-co-moke' 

Pod-gor'zi 

Pod-li'chj-i 

Po-dS'lj-^ 

Point  Cou-pee' 

Poitiers  (poi-terz',  or  pwi'- 
te-a) 

Pbi-tou',  (or  pwi-to') 

Po'land 

Pol-ti'vi 

Pol-y-ne'si-9  (-ne'she-9) 

Pom-e-ra'nj-9 

Pom-pe'i-I,  (or  pom-pa'ye) 

Ppn-di-cher'ry 

Pont-^hV-tfain' 

Pontefract  (pom'fret) 
Pon-te-ve'dri  (-va'-) 
Pon'ti-ic 
Pon't9-toc 

Pon-tre'nrm-li  (-tra'-) 

Pbo'nih 

Po-pa-yin' 

Po-per-ing'en 
Pop-9-ca'ta-petl 
Pbrt'-au-Prince'  (-0-) 
Por'tj-ci,  (or  pbr'te-(&e) 
Portland 
Port  M^-lion' 


Por'to  Pray 'a 

Por'to- Prin'ci-pe 

Pbr'to  Ri'co 

Ports'mouth 

Port'u-g^i 

Po'§en 

Po-sj-lip'pb 

Pp-ten'zi  (p9-tent'si) 

Pp^to'mac 

Po-t9-si',  M.  P.Cyc. 

Po-to'sj,  Br.  E.  P. 
Pots'dam 
P6t-t9-wit'9-mje§ 
P9Ugh-keep'sie  (p9-kep'se) 
Poulin 
Pow-li9t-tin' 

Pb-yang' 

Poz-zu-o'lo  (pbt-su-5'lb) 
Prague  (prag) 
Prai-rje-du-Chtcn' 

Preble  (preb'bl) 

Preg'el 

Prenz'low  (prents'lou) 
Pres'burg 

Presque  Isle  (presk-el') 
Pre§t'bu-ry  (prez'ber-e) 
Pres'teigne  (-ten),  E.  Wr . 

Pres-teigne'  (-tan'),  T. 
Pres-t9n-pan§' 

Prev'e-si 
Prieg'nitz  (-nits) 
Prin-cj-pi'tb  (-che-) 

Prip'et 

Pri-vis' 

Prb'ci-di  (prb'che-di) 
Provence  (pro v- vans') 
Prov'i-dence 

Prussia  (prush'9,  or  pru'- 
sha) 

Pruth  (prut) 

Przemysl  (zhem'jzl) 

Pskov  (skoQ_ 

Puebla  (pwa'bli,  or  pu-a'- 

bia) 

Pu-er'to  Ri'co 
Puglia  (pul'yi) 

Pu-lis'kj 

Pun-der-poor' 

Pun-jib',  or  Pun-jaub' 
Pfin'tas  A-re'n^s  (-ra'-) 
Puy-de-Dome  (pwe'-de- 
dom') 

Pwllheli  (pol-hel'e) 
Pyr'e-nee| 

Pyr'mont 


Q. 

Cluatrc  Bras  (kd'tr-bra') 
due-bee' 
dued'lin-biirg 
duel'piert 

due-ra'tj-ro  (ka-ri'tj-ro) 
duesnoy  (ken-wil'),  M. 

duesnoy  (kes-nwa'),  P. 
duiberon  (ke-brong') 

(lull  e ina'iie  (kll-) 
dut-lj-i'no  (kwe-) 
duil-i-min'cy 
dujl-lo't?,  (or  kel-yo'ta) 
dui'lp-a  (ke'-),  Br.  T.  Wr. 

dui-lo'a  (ke-),  E.  M. 
duimper  (kaiii-pAr') 
duIn'e-bAug 
duir'j-nal 
dui'to  (ke'to) 


R. 

Raab  (rib) 

R9-bit' 

Ra-cine' 

Rac-9-ni'^j 
Rad '9 -mi 
Ra-gu'si 
Rah'way 
Rai'^jn 

Ri-j9-mun'dry 
Raj-poo-ti'ni 
Ra'leigh  (riw'le) 

Rail? 

Rambouillet  (rim-bol-ya') 
Ram-il-lie§' 

Ram'le-ih 

Ram-poor' 

Ramsgate 

Ran-ci'gui 

Ran-goon' 

Ra-pides'  (-ped;) 
Rap-p9-hin'n9ck 
Rar'j-tin 
Ras'tadt  (-stit) 
Rath-keale' 

Rat'i-bor 

Rat'js-bon 


Ra-ven'n?i 
Rav'en^-berg 
Rav'en-stein 
Read'ing 
Re-ca-ni'ti  (ra-) 

Re-cl'fe  (ra-se'fa) 

Red'ruth 
Re'gen  (ra'-) 

Re'|en§-burg  (ra'-) 

Reggio  (red'jb) 

Re-lio'b9tli 
Rei'^hen-au  (-ou) 
Rel'chen-bach 
Rei'chen-berg 
Relcli'stadt  (-stit) 

Relegate 

Rei-ki-a'vjk,  Br. 

ReI'kj-9-vik,  T. 

Reim? 

Re-i-n5'si  (ra-) 

Renaix  (re-na') 

Ren'frevv  (-fru) 

Rennes  (ren) 

Rens'se-laer 
Requena  (ra-kan'yi) 
Re-si'ci 
Re-si'na  (ra-) 

Re'us  (ra'us)  (Sp.) 

Reus,  (or  rois)  (Ger.) 
Reut'ljng-en  (roXt'-) 

Rev'el 

Re-vil'li  (-vel'yi) 

Rhe  (ra) 

Rhea  (ra) 

Rheim§  (remz,  or  remz,  or 
rangz) 

Rheln'thil  (rln'til) 

Rhine  (rin) 

Rhbde  isl'and  (rod-i'knd) 
Rhbde?  (roclz) 

Rhodez  (rb-da'),  T. 

Rhodez  (rb-das'),  M.  P. 
Rhone  (ron) 

Ri-9-zan' 

Ric-C9-ree§' 

Ri^he'Iieu,  (or  resh'e-lu) 
Rich'm9iid 
Rideau  (re-do') 
Rie'§en-ge-bir§'e 
Ri-e'ti  (re-a'te) 

Ri'ga,  or  Ri'g9 
Rlg'9-let 
Rlm'i-ni 
Ri-9-bim'bi 
Ri'o  Bri'vo 
Ri'o  Cbl-9-ra'db 
Ri'o  del  Norte,  or  Ri'b  del 
Nor'te  (-ta) 

Ri'b  Dul'ce  (-sa) 

Ri'b  Grande,  or  Ri'b  Gran'- 
de  (-da) 

Rio  Janeiro  (re'o-j^-na'rb, 
or  ri'o-ja-ne'ro) 

Ri-bm'  (re-ong') 

Ri'b  Sal-a-dil'lo  (-yb) 

Ri'b  S^-li'do 
Ri'b  Ti'gre 
Ri'b  Ver'de 
Ri'pen 
Rip'pn 

Ris-tp-gou^he' 
Rive-de-Gier  (rev'de- 
zhe-a') 

Rive§,  (or  rev) 

Riv'9-li 
Roane  (ron) 

R9-inne' 

Ro-an-bke' 

Roch'dale 

Ro^he'tbrt,  (or  rbsh'for) 
Rochefoucault  (rbsh'fo-kb') 
R9-chelle' 

Rocn'es-ter 

Rodez  (ro-da').  See  Rhodez. 
Roer 

Roer-mon'de 

Ro'ga-§en 

Ro-hjl-cund' 

Romagna  (r9-man'ya) 
R9-ma'nj-a,  or  Rb-ma-ni'i 
Romans  (ro-mang') 

Rome,  (formerly  rom) 

Rom 'ford 

Rb-m9-ran-tin'(-rang-tang') 

Ron-ces-val'les 

Ros'bigh 

Ros-com'ni9n 

Ros-crea' 

Ro-§et'ta 

R9S-si'no 

Ros'tock 

Ro'then-burg  (rb'ten-burg) 
Roth'er-ham 
Roth'er-hithe,  ( vulgarly 
red'rif) 

Rothe-say',  E. 

Rothesay  (rot'se),  El. 
Rot'ter-dim 
Roubaix  (ro-ba') 


Rou'en,  (or  ro-ing') 
Roulers  (ro-lir') 
Roussillon  (ro-sil'ybng') 
Ro-ve-re'do  (rb-ve-ra'do) 
Rovigno  (r9-ven'yb) 
R9-vi'go 
Row -an' 

Rox'bUrg,  (or  rbx'ber-e) 
Rox'bu-ry  (rox'ber-e) 
Ru'd9l-stadt  (-stit) 

Rugen  (ru'gen) 
Ru-n»e'li-9,  or  Ru-me-li'^ 
Rup-pin' 

Russia  (rush'a,  or  ru'sh^) 

Rust'sehuck 

Ruth'er-ford 

Ru-ther-glen',  (or  rug'len) 

Riit'land 

Ry-blnsk' 

Ry§'wjck 


s. 

S'iade  (sad) 

Saal  (sal) 

Saa'le 

Sial'feld  (-felt) 

Saarbriick  (sar'bruk) 

Siar-lou'is 

S’aatz  (sits) 

Sa'bi-a 

Sa-bi'n^ 

Sa-bine' 

Sa-ble-stin' 

Sack-a-too' 

Si'co 

Sacs,  or  Sauks 
Sag-a-dri-hoc' 

Sag-ha-li'en,or  S^-ghi'li-en 
Sag'i-nivv 
Sague'nay  (sig'na) 
Sah'a-ra,  or  S^-hi'r^ 
Sah-run-pore' 

Said  (sid) 

Sai'da 

Sa'ide 

Sai-gon' 

St.  Al'bgm^,  (or  -iw'bunz) 
St.  a 'mind  (sint-) 

St.  A^'^ph 
St.  Au-gus-tine' 

St.  Aus'tle 
St.  Ber'nard 
St.  Brieux  (sang-bre-u') 

St.  J0hris't9-pher’s 

St.  C14ir§'ville 

St.  Cloud,  (or  sang'klo') 

St.  Col'umb 

St.  Croix  (-kroix,  or  -krw'a) 
St.  Cyr  (sang'ser') 

St.  Den'is,  (or  sang-de-ne') 
St.  Dlz'j-er  (sing-diz'e-a) 
St.  D9-min'go  (-ming'-) 
Saintes  (sangt) 

St.  Etienne  (et-e-en') 

St.  Eu-sta'ti-9  (-she-a) 

St.  Fe-li'pe  (-fa-le'pa) 

St.  Flour 

St.  Francois  (sing-fring- 
swi')  (W.  I.) 

St.  Francois  (sant-fran'sjs) 
(Mo.) 

St.  Gall 

St.  f-ren-e-vieve' 

St.  Qer'm^in,  (or  sing-zher- 
mang') 

St.  gior'^io  (-jor'jo) 

St.  Gi9-v^n,Hi 

St.  Got'h^rd 

St.  He-le'na 

St.  Hel'i-er 

St.  Hu'bert 

St.  il-de-fon'so 

St.  Ja'go,  (or  -yi'go) 

St.  Jean,  (or  sang-zhing') 

St.  Liw'rence 

St.  Lou'js,  (or  -lo'e) 

St.  Lu'ci-a,  (or  -lu-se') 

St.  Mi' lo 

St.  Mi'gh^-el,  (or  mi'kel) 
St.  Mig'uel  (-mig'wel,  or 
-me-gel') 

St.  Neots  (-nots,  or  nouts) 
St.  Neots  (sent-nets'),  T. 
St.  o'mer,  [or -o- mir') 
Saintonge  (sang'tonzh') 

St.  Pierre,  (or  sing-pe-ir') 
St.  Polton  (sant  pol't9n) 

St.  Cluen'tin,  (orsing-kan- 
ting') 

St.  Sal-va-dor' 

St.  Se-bis'ti^n  (-se-bist'- 
yVn) 

St.  Ser-van'  (-ving') 

St.  Sev'er,  (or  sang-se-vir') 
St.  Sev-er-i'nfi 
St.  Tam'm^-ny 


St.  Thom'as  (-tbm'-) 

St.  Vin'cent 

St.  Yrieix  (-e're-a) 

Sik'k^-ri 

Sa-li'do 

Sal-9-man'c9 

Sal-9-ni9-nie' 

Sa'lem 

Sa-ler'no 

Sal' ford,  (or  siw'ford) 
Sal'f9rd,  M.  Wr. 

Sa-li'na  (Italy) 

Sa-li'na  (U.  S.) 

Sa-line',  or  Sa-line' 
Salis'bu-ry  (silz'ber-9) 

Sal  lee' 

S^l-lil'lo  (-yo) 

Silm 
S^-lo'ni 
Sal-9-ni'ci 
Sal'9p,  or  Sa'kp 
S?il-sette' 

Sa-lu'di 

Sa-luz'zo  (sa-lut'so) 
Sal-v?i-dbr' 

Sal-win' 

Sal  z'  biirg 

Silz'we-del  (silts'wa-del) 
Sa-ma'ni,  E.  JW.  P. 

Sa-mft-na/,  T. 

Sg-mar' 

Sim-9-ring' 

Sam-ar-cind' 

Sam'bre  (sam'br) 
Sam-9-ii'tj-9  (-gisli'e-9) 
Sa'mos 
Sam-9-thra'ki 
Sain-oy-edes' 

S^m-soon' 

Sa'ni,  M.  P. 

Sa-ni',  T. 

Sin  Au-gus-tine' 

San  Blis 
Sand 'bach 
San  Di-e'go  (-a'-) 
San-d9-mir',  Br.  P.  T. 

San-do'mir,  M. 
San-dus'ky 

Sand'wich,  (or  sand'wij) 

San  Fran-cis'co 

S^n-ga'i 

Sin'ga-mon 

Sin-i-lac' 

San  Joaquin  (hb-9-ken') 
San  Jose  (-hb-sa') 

San  Ju'an,  (or  -hb-an') 

San  M^-ri'no 
Sanquhar  (san-kwar'),  E. 

Sanquhar  (sink'ker),  T. 
S^n-san'djng 
San't^  Cruz  (-krus) 

San't^  Fe  (-fe,  or  fk'.) 
Sin'ta  Ma-rl'a 
Sin't^  Mau'ra  (-mou'-) 
San'ta  Mar'tli^ 

S^n-tin'der 
San'ta-rem 
San'ta  Rb-s^-lik 
San-tee' 

Sin-ti-i'go 

San-til-la'n'i  (sin-tjl-ya'ni) 

San-t9-ri'ni 

Saone  (son) 

Sap'tin 

Sar'9-bat 

Sar-a-gbs's^ 

Sar-a-nac' 

Sar-a-tof' 

Sir-9-tb'ga 

Sar-9-wak' 

Sar-9-wan' 

Sa-ray-9-cu' 

Sir-din'j-a 

Si- lee',  or  Si-rP 

Sa'ros 

Sarre 

Sirtlie  (sirt) 
Sas-kft-shiw'jn,  or 
S^is-kitch's-wbn 
Sas'sa-ri 
Sat-9-dbb' 

S^-ti'lj-a,  E. 

Sa-tfi-li'i,  J[f. 

Sa-ta'rah 

Sau-gur' 

Sault  (so)  St.  Ma'ry 
Saumur  (so-mur') 
Sa-van'nih 
Sive,  or  Save 
Save- nay' 

Savigliano  (siv-el-yU'no) 
Savigny  (s^-ven'ye) 
Siv'9-lax 
Sa-vo'ni 

Sa-voy',  or  Sav'oy 

Saxe-Al'ten-burg 

Sixe-Wel(mar 

Sax'9-ny 

Sayn  (sin) 


Sci-fell' 

Scan-de-rbbn' 
Scan-dj-na'vj-9 
Scir'bor-9Ugh  (-biir-r9) 
Scar'pfin-tb 

S^haff-hau'sen  (-hou'-) 
S^hatt'-el-Ar'ab 
S^hau'en-burg  (slioh'-) 
Scheldt,  or  Scheldt  (skelt, 
or  shelt) 

S^hel-es-tidt'  (shel-es-tit') 

Sghel'ijng 

S^hem'nitz 

Sclie-nec'ta-dy 

Sghie-dam' 

S<jhj-riz',  or  S^hi'r^z 
Sgli9-har'ie 

Schon brunn  (sheii'brun) 

S^hb'nen 

Schbo'dic 

Sghbol'ey’s  (Mt.) 

Schou'wen 

S^hum'li 

Schuy'ler  (ski'ler) 

Schuyl'kill  (skul'kil) 

S^hwi'bach 

S^hwirt'zen-bUrg 

S^hwarz'bUrg  (shwarts'-) 

Schwarz'wild  (shwarts'-) 

S^hweld'nltz  (shwit'nits) 

S^hwein'furt 

S^hweitz  (sliwits) 

S^liwer'jn,  or  S^hwe-rin' 

Scigliano  (shjl-yi'no) 

S^il'ly 

S^Inde 

S^i'o,  (or  she'o) 

S^I-b'to 

S^it'u-ate 

S^k-vo'nj-^ 

Scot'land 

Scu't^-ri,  Br.  T.  Wr. 

Scu-ti'rj,  E.  M.  P. 

S^yl'l  9 
Se-i'ri 
Se-ba'gb 
Se-bas't9-pol,  or 
Seb-9S-to'p9l 
Se-beii'j-cb 
Sec'ghj-i 
Se-cuii-der-9-bad/ 

Se-dan' 

Se^-es-tan' 

Segni  (san'ye) 

Se'go 

Se-gor'be 

Se-gb'vi-9 

Seine  (sail,  or  sen) 

Seis-tan' 

Se-lef'keh 

Sel-en-ginsk' 

Se-nien'dri-9 

Sem-i-gal'ii-9 

Sem'j-nble§ 

Sem'lin,  E. 

Seni-lin',  T.  P. 

Sein'pigh 
Sen'e-C9 
Sen'e-gQil 
Sen-e-gam'bi-9 
Senlis  (sang-les',  or  sing- 
16') 

Sen-miAr' 

Sens  (sang) 

Sens  (slings),  M. 
Ser-fim-pare' 

Ser'es 

Sereth  (sa-ret') 

Ser-i-na'gur,  E.  P. 

Ser-i-n^-gur',  T. 
Se-rlng-j-pa-tam' 
Ser-plian'to 
SSr'vi-j 
Se'si-a  (sa'-) 

Set'ledje 

Se-tu'bal 

Se-vas'to-pol,  Br.  E.  P.  Wr. 
P.Cyc. 

Sev-9S-to'p9l,  T. 
Se-vis-t9-pol'  (sa-),  M. 
Sev'ern 
Se-vier' 

Sev'jlle,  or  Se-ville' 

Sevre  (savr) 

Sevres  (savr) 

Se-wis-tin' 

Sey-^iielle^'  (sa-shelz') 
Seyne  (san) 

Shih-9-bid' 

Slii'mo 
Shan  g-hai' 

Shan'nQn 
Shat'-ul-Ar'9b 
Shawangunk  (shong'guin) 
Shaw 'nee-town 
She-bby'g9n 
Sheer-ness' 

Sheffield 

Shen-9n-do'ih 


1760 


Sher-shell' 

S 111 -9- was 'see  f-wos'-) 
Shj-raz',  or  Shi'raz 
Slijr-van' 

Sho-sli6'nee§ 

Shrews'hu-ry  (shruz'ber-e) 
S hum 'la 

Sl-am',  or  Sl'ym 

Si-be'rj-9 

Si^'i-ly 

Si-cul-ia'nd  (-ya'no) 

Sieg'berg 

Sie'gen 

Sj-eli'119 

Sj-er'na  Le-o'ne 

Sj-er'ry  Mo-re'na  (-ra'-) 

Sj-er'ry  Ne-va'da 

Sig'm^-riiig-en 

Sj-guen'zy 

Si-kokf',  or  Sjt-kokf' 

Sj-le'si-9 

Sil-liet' 

Si-lis'tri-9 

Slm-birsk' 

Slm'cde 
Sim-fe-ro'p9l 
Sim-fe-ro-pdl'  (-fa-),  M. 
Slm'plon,  (or  s&ng'plong') 
Sln-cy-pore' 

Slnde 

Sin-gan' 

Sln-gy-pdr.e'  (sing-) 
Sinigaglia  (sln-e-gal'ya) 
Sin'ob 
Sin'9-pe,  T. 

Si-no'pe,  Br.E.P.  P.Cyc , 
Sioux  (se-o',  or  so) 
Sir-hind' 

Slr-j-na'gur.  See  Seri- 
nagur. 

Si-sal' 

Sis-to'va 

Si-fit' 

Si-vas' 

Si- wall' 

Skag'er  Rack 

Sken-e-at'e-les 

Skib-be-reen' 

Sl9-vo'm-9 

Sles'wick 

Slieb-blddm' 

Sll'go 

Sluys  (slos,  or  slois) 

Smal'cal-den 

Sm9-lensk' 

Smyr'na 

Snee-hat'tyn 

Snow'd9n 

Sndw'hlll 

Soane 

Soc-9-nus'cd 
S9-co'tra,  or  Soc'9-tra 
S9-fa'la 

Sbf'9-la,  Milton. 

Soignies  (sblng'nes,  or 
swan-ye') 

Soissons  (swas'song') 

So'lent 

S9-leure' 

Sol-fa-ti'rl 
Sol-fe-ri'no 
Som'er-set 
Sdm'er§  (Isles) 

Somme 

Sdm-nauth'  (-n&wt') 
Sdn'der-hau'^en  (-liou'-) 
S9-no'ra 
Sod-loo' 

S9-plii'gt 

S9-ra'ta 

S9-relle',  or  Sor'el 

Sd'ri-a 

S9-ro'rfi 

S9r-ren'to,  E.  P.  T.  Wr. 

Sor'ren-to,  M. 

Sou-dan' 

Sdu-ra-bay'9 

South-amp' tyn,  (or  suth- 
hamp'tyn) 

Southwark  (suth'yrk) 
Sou-zel' 

Spa,  or  Spa 

Spain 

Spait'la 

Spa-la'tro,  Br.  E.  P.  T.  Wr. 

Spi'la-tro,  M. 

Span'dau  (spin'dou) 

Spey  (spa) 

Spey'er 

Spezia  (sped'ze-a) 

Spezzia  (spet'se-a) 

Spire 

Spltz-berg'en 
Splugen  (splu'gen) 

Sp9-le'to  (sp9-la'to) 
Spor'y-de^ 

Squam 

Squjl-la'ce  (skvvil-la'cha) 
Sta'broek  (sta'brok) 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Sta-gi'r?i 

Staine^ 

Stal  j-me'ne  (-ma'na) 
Stam-bou  1' 

Stain -py-li'y 
Stan-9  -voi' 

Star'gard  (-gart) 

Stat'en  is'land  (st&t'tn- 
X'l$nd) 

Staub'bagh,  (or  staub'bak) 
Staun't9n 

Sty-van'ger  (-v&ng'-) 
Stav'er-eri 
Steen'berg-en 
Stein 

Stel'len-bosgh  (-bosk) 
Stet-tin',  or  Stet'tin 
Steu'ben,  or  Steu-ben' 
Steu'ben-ville 
Stey'er 

Stey'njng  (sta'-) 

Stir'ljng  ‘ 

Stock'hdlm 

Stone'ha-ven 

St5n'ing-t9n 

Stour 

Stour'brldge 
Stra-bane',  E. 

Stry-bane',  Br.  T.  Wr. 
Stral'sund 

Stran'ra-er,  or  Stryn-raer' 
Str&s'burg 
Strath-a'ven 
Strau'bjng  (strou'bing) 
Strel'itz  (-its) 

Strlv'9-li,  Br.  E.  M.  P. 

Stri-v'a'li,  T. 

Strom't)9-li 

Stuhl  Wel'^en-burg 

Stiir'min-ster 

Stutt'gard 

Styr'j  9 

Sua'bi-9  (swa'be-9) 

Sua'kem 

Sub'lettes 

Su-der-ma'nj-9 

Su-de'tes 

Su'ez 

Suff9lk,  (or  suf'fok) 
Su-gul-mes's^ 

Suir  (sliur) 

Sui'ra  (swe'ra) 

Su'li 

Sul-rnd'nii 

Su-ina'tr? 

Sum-bd'wa 

Su-rat' 

Sur-j-n&m' 

Su'sa 

Su-sam' 

Sus-que-haii'n^i 
Suth'er-lynd 
Sut'ledge 
Su-wa'nee 
Sve'a-borg  (sva'-) 

Swaff  li^m,  (or  swof^m) 

Swin'sea 

Swe'den 

Swinemiinde  (swe-n^- 
mun'da) 

Switz'er-land  (swits'-) 

Syd'ney 

Sy-e'ne 

Syr'9-cuse 

Syr'i-9 

Sziir-v'as'  (zar-) 

Szeg-e-din'  (zeg-) 


T. 

T^-bdr'ci 

Tab-a-ree'ha 

Ta-bas'co 

Ta'bor 

T^-briz',  or  T^-brSez' 

Ta-ca'mes 

Tiic-a-ri'gu'i 

Ta-cSz'ze,  (or  t^-kit'sa) 

T^-con'net 

T^i-cd'ny 

Tac-u-bay'9 

Tad'cas-ter 

Tad-ou-s&c' 

Ta-fal'la,  (or  t^-fal'yU) 
Taf'i-let 

Tag'an-rock,  or  Tag'rm-rog 
Ta-gaz'ze 

Tagliamento  (tal-y^-mcn'- 
td) 

Ta'gus 

Ta-hl'ti 

Tal-wan' 

Tal-a-ve'r?  (-va'-) 

Tal'b9t 
Tal-ca-huA'na 
Taliaferro  (tol'e-ver) 
Tdl-l^-de'ga 


TSl-lfi-hSs'seo 

Tdt-la-hatch'ie 

Tal-la-poo's^ 

Tfim-bi'qua  (t^m-Slw'kw^) 

Tain-a-ra'ca 

Tam'9-tave 

Tam-aii-li'p^s 

T^m-bo'r'A 

Tam'bov,  or  T^m-bof' 

T^-mi^e' 

Tam-pi'co 

Tg-nan-a-ri'voo 

Ta-na-na-rj-voo',  T. 
Ta-na'r5,  Br.  E.  T. 

Ta'n^-ro,  M.  P. 

Ta'ney 

TSn-^ier' 

Tan-jdre' 

Tan-nas'se-rlm 

Tan-ne-s«ir' 

Ta-9r-mi'nd. 

Ta'os 

Ta-pa'j5s  (-yos) 

Tap-pa-han'nock 

Tap-tee' 

Tar-a-kal' 

TSr '911 -to 
Ta-rare' 

Ta-ras-cdli'  (-kong') 
Tar-9-zd'nU  (-tho'-) 
Tar-bag-tal' 

T'arbes  (tarb) 

Ta-ri'fa 

T9-ri'j9  (t9-re'li9) 
Tar'119-pdl,  E.  P.  Wr. 

T9r-no'p9l,  Br.  M.  T. 
Tar'p9r-ley 
Tar-ra-gd'nl 
Tar'sus,  or  Tar-sus' 
Tar't9-ry 
Tar'u-dant 
Tash-kend' 

Tash-kund' 

T9§-ma'ni-a 
Tas-si-su'd9n,  E P. 

Tas-si-su-don',  T. 
Tau'ber  (tou'-) 

Tau'de-ny 
Taun'ton 
Taun't9n,  T. 

Tau'rj-da 
Tiu'rjs 
Tav'ast-huus 
Tav'9St-land 
T9-vi'ra 
Tav'is-tock 
Tay  -a'b9S 
Taze'well 
Telia'  ny 
Tcher'11  j-gof 
Tcher-ni'g9f,  M. 
Tcliud^'koe 
Tci-nan' 

Tcit'cj-car  Ho'tun 

Te-a'kj 

Te^he  (tesh) 

Teern-bdo' 

Tef'lis 

Te-hi'ma 

Te-lie-ran',  or  Teh-r^un' 
Te-hua-can'  (ta-wa-kan') 
Te-huan'te-pec 
Teign  (tin,  or  tan) 
Teign'mouth  (tln'muth,  or 
tan'muth) 

Te-ju'cd  (te-hu'eo) 

Tel'de  (-da) 

Tel-in-ga'na 

Tel-ii-clier'ry 

Tel'lj-co 

Tem-es-var' 

Tern -pie-more' 
Te-nas'se-rim 
Ten'e-rlffe 
Ten-nes-see' 

Ten'ter-den 

Tep-e-a'ca 

Te-pic' 

Te-poz-C9-lu'l9 
Te-quen-d9-rna',  or 
Teq-uen-da'ma 
Ter'9-md 

Ter-ce'j-ra  (ter-sa'e-rl) 
Ter-ce'rl  (-sa'ra) 

Te-rek' 

Tdr-g9-vls'ta 

Ter'mi-n'i 

Ter'm9-li 

Ter-nate',  or  Ter'nate 
Ter'ni 

Ter-ra-c!'n9,  (or  ter-r9- 
che'na) 

Ter'ra  del  Fue'go  (-fwa'go) 
Ter'ra  di  La-vo'ro 
Ter-ra-no'va 
Terre  Bonne  (tir-bon') 
7’erre  Haute  (tir-hdt',  or 
. ter'e-hot) 

Tes^h'en  (tesh'en) 


Tes-sin',  or  Tes'sin 
Tet-u-an' 

Tev-e-ro'ne 
Tev'i-9t,  (or  tlv'i-9t) 
Tewks'bu-ry  (tuks'ber-e) 
Tex '9s 
Teyn  (tin) 

Tez-cu'cd,  (or  tes-ku'ko) 
Thame  (tain) 

Thames  (temz) 

Than'et 

The-a'kj 

The'b9-Id 

Thebe§ 

Thelss  (tls) 

Theresienstadt  (ta-ra'ze- 
en-stat') 

Thiagur  (te-a'gur),  E. 

Thi-9-gur'  (te-),  T. 
Thibet  (te-bet',  or  tib'et) 
Thibodeauxville  (tib-9-dd'- 
Vll) 

Thiel  (tel) 

Tliielt  (telt) 

Thiers  (te-ir') 

Thionville  (te-ong-vel') 
Thi'va  (te'va) 

Tho'len  (to'len) 

Tha'ni9r  (to'mgr) 
Thom'9S-t9n  (tom'-) 

Thorn,  (or  torn) 

Thun  (tun) 

Thurgau  (tur'gou) 
Thur-go'vi-9 
Thu-rIn'^i-9 
Thiirles 

Tib'bo,  or  Tlb-boo' 

Tl'ber 

Ti-bet',  or  Tib'et 
Tlch'vin 

Ti-ci'no,  (or  te-che'no) 

Tl-con'de-rd'ga 

Ti-dore' 

Tiel  (tel) 

Ti-en-tsln' 

Tif'ljs 

Ti'gre  (te'gra) 

Tl'gris 

Ti-la'pa 

Til-19-td'ba 

Til'sit 

Tim-buc'tdd,  or 
Tlm-buc-tdo' 

Tl'inor,  Br  E.  Wr. 

Ti-mdr',  M.  T. 
Tim-9r-ldut' 

Tj-mor'laut  (-lout),  T. 
Tim-pa-nd'gds 
Tln'i-an 
Tln-ne-vel'ly 
Tl-o'g9 

Ti-dugh-ni-o'g9  (te-o-) 

71lp'e-ra 

Tlp-pe-ca-nde' 

Tip-pe-ra'ry 

Tir-ee' 

Tirle-mont'  (or  terl-mdng') 

Tisli-e-mln'gd  (-mlng'-) 

Tlt-j-c'a'ca 

Tlt'te-rie 

Tlv'er-t9n 

Tlv'9-h 

Tlal-pan' 

Tlam'9th 

Tlas-cal'la 

Tlem-san' 

T9-ba'go 

T9-bol' 

T9-bolsk' 

T9-bo'so 

Td-C9n-tin§' 

T9-cat' 

T9-cay'a 
T9-cu'yo 
T5d'mor-den 
Toplitz  (tep'lits) 

T9-kay' 

T9-le'do,  (or  t9-la'do) 

Td-len-ti'no 

T9-lo'sa 

T9-lu'ca 

Tom-beck'bee 

Tom-blg'bee 

Tom-buc'tod 

Tong-a-ta'bdo 

Ton-kin' 

Tonneins  (ton'nang') 
Ton-nerre' 

Tog-ne-wdn't9 
Ton'njng-en 
Ton-quin'  (ton-ken') 
Tddm-bud'dra 
Topayos  (t9-pl'yds) 

T9 -pe 'kali 
Tops'ham 
Tor-bay',  E.  Wr. 

Tor 'bay,  M.  T. 

Tor'gau,  (or  tor'gou) 
T9-ri'no 


Tor'mes 
Tdr'n  e-9 
T9-rdn'to 
Tor^n-tal 
Tdr'9-pez 

Toropez  (ta-rd'pets),  M. 
Torquay  (tor-ke') 

Tor' res  Ve'dr9s  (-va'-) 
Torriglia  (t9r-rel'ya) 
Tor-ris-dai' 

Tor-shok' 

T9T-to'la,  Br.  E.  T.  P.Cyc. 

Tor't9-la,  M.  P.  Wr. 
T9r-td'n'l 
T9r-to'sa 
T9r-tu'g9 

T9-ta'na 

Tot-ness',  or  Tot'ness 
Toul  (tol) 

Tdu-lon'  (to-ldng') 
Tou-ldu^e'  (td-loz') 
Touraine  (to-ran') 
Tdur-n9-ghaUt'  (-gawt') 
Tour-nay' 

Tours  (tor,  or  torz) 
Towcester  (tous'ter) 
Traf-91  gar',  or 
Tra-fal'g9r 
Traj-an-dp'9-li 
Tr9-lee' 

Tr9-mdre' 

Tr'a'ni 

Tran-q  ue-bar' 
Tran-syl-va'ni-9 
Trap'a-nj 
Trav-an-core' 

Trav'is 

Traz-os-mon'tes 

Treb-i-§dnd' 

Tred'e-gar 

Trel's9m 

Trem'e-cdn 

Trem'i-ti 

Tre-mont' 

Treve§,  (or  trav) 

Tre-vi'^i  (tra-) 

Treviglio  (tra-vel'yo) 
Tre-vi'^o  (tra-) 

Tri'c9-la 

Trich-i-ndp'9-ly 

Trj-este' 

TrInc-9-m9-lee' 

Trln-j-dad' 

TrIn-9-ma-lee' 

Trlp'9-li 

Trlp'9-Hs 

TrIp-9-liz'z9  (tr!p-9-lit's9) 
Trois  Rividr  (trwa'-re- 
ve-ir') 

Trdl-ha.‘t'ta 
Trond'hjem  (-yem) 
Trop'pau  (trop'pou) 
Tros'95hs 
Trow'bridge 
Troyes  (trwa) 

Tru'ro 

Trujillo,  or  Truxillo  (tru- 
hel'yo) 

Ts^her-kask' 

Tsj-am'pa 

Tu'9m 
Tu'9-rick 
Tu-at',  (or  twat) 

Tu-bac' 

Tiibingen  (tu'bing-en) 
Tu-cu -man' 

Tu-de'la  (tu-da'la) 
Tu-g9-ldd' 

Tu'la 

Tu-li're 

Tu'le 

Tul-la-mdre' 

Tulle 

Tum'bez  (-bes) 

Tun-gu-ra'gua 

Tun'gu-se§ 

Tun-gu'se§  (tung-),  T. 
Tu'ni-ca 
Tu'nis 

Tuol'um-ne  (twol'-) 
Turcoing  (tur-kwang') 
TUr-C9-ma'ni-9 
Tur'C9-man§ 

Tu'rin,  or  Tu-rln' 
Tur-kes-tan' 

Tur'key 

Turn-hout' 

Tu-ron' 

Tur-slleez' 

Tu-ru-ghansk' 

Tus-ca-loo'sa 

Tus'c9-ny 

Tus-C9-ravv'9S 

Tus-ca-ro'ra 

Tuxt'la 

Tuy  (twe) 

Tver  (ver) 

Twee'dale 

Tyne'moyth 


Tyr'nau  (ter'nou) 
Tyr'yl,  or  Ty-rol' 
Ty-rdne' 

Tyr'rel 


u. 

(I -be' da  (-ba'-) 
tl-cay-a'le  (-la) 
tJ'dj-ne  (-na) 

Udvarhely  (od-vyr-hal') 
Uist  (wist) 

Ui'ten-hage 

U'kraine,  (or  o-kran') 

C'le-9-bdrg 

XJ-lie-te'9 

Ulm  (ulm,  or  ulm) 

tJl§'w3L-ter 

tJm'by-gog 

t)'nie-9 

pm  -m  e-ry-poo'ra 

■Ump'qua 

Un-der-wal'den 

U-nit'ed  States 

tln'strut 

tin-ter-w&l'den 

t)-P9-lu' 

tTp'syl,  or  Vp-sa'la 
tlp-sal-la'ta 
tJ'ral,  (or  o-ral') 

U'ral,  Br.  E.  T. 
tl-ralsk' 

TJr-ba'ny 

T)r-bi'no 

^r'fa 

U'rj 

fJr-mi'a 

Ur'se-ren 

D-ru-guay'  (-gwa'),  Wr. 

t)-ru-guay'  (-gwl'),  Br.  T 
tl-ru-mi'ah 
t'$e- dom 

tJsh'ant,  (or  ush-ang') 

ts'tj-ug 

U'tah 

U't&h,  or  U'tah,  T. 
C'ta-was 
U'ti-ca 
U'treght 
t)-tre'ra  (-tra'-) 

V t-tox'e-ter,  (or  ux'e-ter) 
Uwchlan  (yuk'lyn) 
tJx-mal' 
t)z-becks' 

Uzes  (o-zas') 
tJz'nagh  (ots'nak) 


Y. 

Val'gats 
Valais  (va-la') 

Val'dai,  or  Val'dal 
Valdepenas  (val-de-pan'- 
y?s) 

Val-div'i-a 
Valence  (val-ans') 
Va-len'ci-9  (vy-len'she-a) 
Va-len-cj-a'na 
Valenciennes  (val-an-se- 
en') 

Va-leii'ti-9  (-she-9) 
Val-l9-d9-lid' 

Vallejo  (vyl-ya'ho) 

Val-bm-bro'sa 

Valois  (val-wa') 

Val-p9-ral'so 

Val'te-line 

Val-tel-li'na 

Van-cdu'ver 

Vyn-da'li-y 

Van  Die'men’§  Land 

Van-i-ko'ro 

Vannes  (van) 

Vy-ri'nys 

Vas-ar-he'ly,  (or  va'sliar- 
hal') 

Vas-il-j-pot'a-mo 
VSs's9l-bdr-9Ugh  (-bur-r9) 
Vas-sy'  (-se') 

Vau-clu§e'  (vd-kluz') 

Vaud  (vo) 

Vau-dreuil'  (vo-drdl') 
Vaux-hall',  or  Vaux'hall 
Veglia  (vel'ya) 

Ve-lay' 

Vd'lez,  (or  va'leth) 
Ve-li'no 

Vel-le'tri  (vel-la'tre) 
Vel-ldre' 

Venaissin  (ven-as-sangn 
Ve-nan'go  (-nang'-) 

Vendee  (van-da') 

Venddme  (van-doin') 
Ven-e-zue'la,  (or  -zvva'-) 
Ven'jce 


Ven-lod7,  or  Ven-loo7 
Ve7r?i  <Jruz7,  (or  va'ra- 
krus7) 

Ve'rj  Paz7 
Ve-rsi/gu'A 

Ver-cel'lj  (ver-chel'le) 

Ver-dun7 

Ver-genne§7 

Verinejo  (ver-ina'hd) 

Ver-inll'ign 

Ver-mont7 

Ve-rd'ni 

Ver-saille§7 

Ver-setz7  (-sets7) 

Verviers  (ver7ve-a) 
Ve-§6ul7  (ve-zol7) 
Ve-su'vf-us* 

Ve-vay7 

Vj-a'nii 

Vj-SL§7ma 

Vj-at'ka. 

Vi'borg 

Vj-cen'za,  (or  ve-chen7z'a) 
Vich  rvek) 

Vlcks'burg 

Vj-din7 

Vj-en'na 

Vi-enne7 

Vi-£e-va7nd  (-ja-),  Br.  E. 
P.  IVr. 

Vi-ge7va-n5  (-ja7-),  M.  T. 
Vi'go 
Vj-laine' 

Vil-lach' 

Vll'laTFrSn'ci 
Vll'la  Re-41'  (-ra-) 

Vll'la  Ri'cil 
Vllle-fran^he' 

Vllle-neuve' 

Vil-lette' 

Vil-voor'den 

Vjn-cennef' 

Vlnd'hya  (vlnd'ya) 
VintirriigUa(vin-te-mel'y'i) 
Vi'que  (ve'ka) 

Vlre  (ver) 

Vjr-gtn'j-Fi 

Vi-se'u  (ve-sa'd),  E.M.Wr 
Vi'se-U  (-sa-),  P.  T. 
VIs'tu-lfi 
Vi-tepsk' 

Vi-ter'bo 
Vitre  (vetr) 

Vj-tim' 

Vjt-to'rj-a 
Viviers  (vlv'e-a) 
Vlz-a-gap-ii-tam' 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES.  1761 


Vlad-i-inir7 

Vo7gei§-berg 

Vogtiera  (V9-ga7ra) 

Voiron  (vwdt-rdng7) 

Vol'ga 

Vol-hyn7j-gt 

V9-log'di 

Vol-tur'no 

V9r-arl7berg 

Vor79-netz  (-nets) 

Vosges  (vozli) 

Vu'k9-var 

Vu-ox7en 


w. 

W4ag  (wag) 

Waal  (w4l) 

Wa'bash 
Wl'day 
Wad'y 
Wa'grjm 
Walt'zen  (-sen) 
Wal-ah'mutte 
Wal'che-ren 
Wal'deck  ’ 

W&l-den'sef 

Wal'dq-bor-yugh  (-bur-rp) 
Wale§ 

Wal-la'clii-a 
wai'ia-Tvai'i? 
Wal'len-stadt  (-stilt) 
Wai'ljng-ford 
Wil'pole 

wai's?n 

Walt'luym  (Eng.) 
Wai'tliam  (U.  S.) 
Wal'ton 
Wan-chow' 

Wandsworth  (wonz'- 
wiirth) 

Wan-gk'ra 

WSn-lpck-head' 

Wa-pel'lo 
Wap-sj-pln'e-con 
War'a-deln  (wor'-) 
War'js-dln  (wor'-) 
Wkr'ley 
War'min-ster 
War'ren  (wor'ren) 
W&r'siw 

War'wjch,  (or  wor'ik) 
Wash'ing-tijn  (wosh'jng- 
ton) 

Wash-j-ta'  (wosh-9-taw') 

221 


Wash'te-nlw  (wosh'-) 

Wa-tlu'gj 

Wa-ter-ee' 

Wa'ter-ford 
Wa'ter-lod 
Wa'ter-vllle 
Wa-ter-vli6t' 
Wat'ling-street  (wot'-) 
Wau-ke'gan 
Wau'ke-slia 
Wavertree  (w4'tre) 

Wav  re  ( wa'vr) 

Weald 

Wear 

Wear'mouth 
Wednes'bu-ry  (wenz'- 
ber-e) 

Wednesiield  (wene'feld) 

Welch'sel-burg 

Wei'inar 

Wein'helm 

Wels'sen-bourg 

Wels'sen-fels 

Wel'ljnid 

Wemyss  (wemz) 

Wen'do-ver 

Wen'ner 

Weo'bley  (wo'ble) 

Wer-ni-ge-ro'de 

Wert'helm 

We'fel 

We'^er 

Wes'ter-as 

Wes'ter-w&ld 

West'man-land 

West-meath' 

West'mjn-ster 

West'more-ISnd 

West-plia'Ij-a 

Wet-te-ra'vi-a 

Wexio  (wek'sho) 

Wey  (wa) 

Wey'er 

Wey'mouth  (wa'muth) 

Wh&l'ley 

Whld'ah 

Whlte-ha'ven 

WIck'low 

Wid'jn 

Wie-lTcz'ka  (we-llch'ka) 

Wie'sel-burg 

Wie'^en 

WIg'?in 

Wilkes'bar-re 

Wil-lam'mette 

Wll'ming-tbn 

Wll'nj 


Wln'ander-mEre,  or  Wln'- 
der-mere 
Wln'cliel-sea 
Wln'clies-ter 
Windsor  (wln'zor) 
Wln-ne-ba'go 
Win'nj-peg 

Winnipiseogee  (wln-e-pe- 
saw'ke) 

Wis-ba'deh,  or  Wis'ba-den 

Wi|'beach  (wlz'bjch) 

Wis-cas'set 

WiS-con'sjn 

Wls'mar 

Wissembourg  (vCs-sang- 
bor') 

Wit'gen-steln 
With' jm 
WIt'ten-berg 
Wiveliscombe  (wlv'vlz- 
kum,  or  wils'kpra) 
Wo-fi-hoo' 

Wo'burn 

Wolfenbiittel  (wol'ffn- 
but'tel) 

Wol'ga 

Woll'steln 

Wol-ver-hamp'ton  (wul-) 
Wol'ver-ley  (wul'-) 
Woolwich  (wul'ij) 
Woon-sock'et 
Wootonjwut'tn) 
Worcester  (wus'ter) 
Worstead  (wors'ted) 
Wotton-under-Edge  (wo- 
tn-un'drij) 

Wor'thing  (wiir'-) 

Wrtg'by  (rSg'be) 
Wrex'ham  (rex'am) 
Wiirtemberg  (wiir'tfm- 
berg) 

Wurzburg  (wurts'biirg) 
Wy-an-dot' 

Wy'bbrg 

Wy'combe  (wi'konri),  E. 

Wyc'ombe(wlk'um),  Wr. 
Wymondham  (wlnd'jm) 
Wy-o'mlng 
Wy'o-ming,  Campbell. 
Wythe 


X. 

Xa-ld'pa  (ha-la/pa) 
Xauxa  (hou'hl) 


Xe'nj-?  (ze7-) 

Xenii  (ha-nel7) 
Xeres  (lia-res7) 
Xj-co'co  (ze-ko'ko) 
Xi'ino  (ze'mo) 
XTn-gu7  (shin-gu7) 
Xi-xb'na.  (he-ho'na) 
Xo7?  (silo7?) 
Xb-chi-inll'co  (lio-) 
Xu l 7 1!  (zul'li) 
Xuxuy  (hu-hwe7) 


Y. 

Yak'e-m’a 

Ya-koutsk7 

YSLl-^-bu'sh^i 

Ya-mas'k? 

Yain-pa-rii'es 

Yang-tcheoii7 

Yang'tse-ki-ang7 

Yd7n|-ni 

Ya-9-tclieou7 

Yil-qu!7  (ya-ke7),  T. 

Y-a7qui  (-ke),  M.  P. 
Yar-kund7 
Yiir'mouth 
Yar79-slaf 
Yar'ri-bb. 

Yar'row 

Y?-zo67 

Yed'db 

Ye-kat-e-rl'nen-burg 
Ye-kat-e-ri7n9-grad 
Ye-kat-e-rl7n9-slav 
Yein'en,  or  Ye'men 
Yen-j-ka'le  (-la) 

Yen-j-sei7,  (or  yen-e-sa7e) 
Yen-i-seisk',  (or  yen-e-sa7- 
jsk) 

Yed'vil 

Yeth79lm  (yeth79m) 

Yeyd  (yad) 

Yezd 

Yonne 

York 

Youghall  (yo'awl,  or  yawl) 
Youghiogeny  (yok-e-ga7ne) 
Ypres  (e7pr) 

Yp-sj-l&n7tj 
Ys'sel  (is7sel) 

Ys'tedt  (Ts'tat) 

Yth'an  (lth'fin) 

Yu-c^-tan7 

Yun-nan7 


Yu-ru'pl 
Yuz-gat7 
Yv-er-dun7 
Yvetot  (ev-t57) 


z. 

Zaab  (z4b) 

Zaan-d4m' 

Zii'a-ra,  or  Za-a'rl 
Zbc-9-lu'lh 
ZSc-?-te'cjs  (-ta'-) 
Za-grSb' 

Za-lre' 

Zam-beze',  (or  z5in-ba'za) 
Za-mo'rii  (tba-nio'rii) 
Zalll-pil'l'i 
Zan-gue-bar' 

Zan'te 

Zan-zi-bhr' 

Zea'land 

Ze-bid' 

Ze-bu' 

Zeg'e-din 
Zei'li  (Zi'la) 

Zei-tun'  (za-tun') 

Zeltz  (tslts) 

Zel'le  (tsel'la) 

Zerbst  (tserpst) 

Zl'H 

Zie-gen-hayn'  (tse-) 
Zjm-ba'o 

Zirk'nltz  (tsirk'nlts) 
Zittau  (tslt'tou) 

Zlock'zow 
Zna'ytn,  or  Znaym 
Zoll'ver-eln 
Zou-w&n' 

Zuf-fer-a-bSd' 

Zug  (tsug) 

Zu'lj-a  (su'-) 

Zul'lj-^hau  (tsul'e-kou) 
Zul'pigh  (tsul'plk) 

Zuni  (zun'ye) 

Zu'rich 
Zut'phen 
Zuy'der  Zee' 

Zuy-der  Zee',  Sm. 
Zweibriicken  (tswl'bruk- 
ken) 

Zwel'len-dam 
Zwlck'au  (tswik'od) 

Zwoll  (tswol) 

Zwor'nik 

Zyt'y-mierj 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  THE  NAMES 


O F 


DISTINGUISHED  MEN 


This  list  contains  only  such  names  of  distinguished  men  of  modern  times  as  are  of 
difficult  or  uncertain  pronunciation.  Only  a small  number  of  English  or  Ameri- 
can names  is  here  given. 

The  same  difficulties  that  relate  to  the  pronunciation  of  geographical  names,  attend 
also  that  of  the  names  of  men  of  different  countries;  and  the  same  general  prin- 
ciples are  to  be  applied  to  the  pronunciation  of  both  classes  of  names. 


OF  MODERN  TIMES. 


The  names  of  some  distinguished  foreigners  are  Anglicized  in  their  pronunciation, 
differing  much  from  that  given  to  them  in  their  native  country. 

See  Remarks  on  the  Pronunciation  of  several  European  Languages,  prefixed  to  the 
Pronunciation  of  Geographical  Names. 

The  abbreviations  B.,  El.,  M.,  P.,  and  Wr.  represent  the  names  of  Beeton,  Ellis, 
Muller,  Pierer,  and  Wright,  respectively. 


A-bi'ti 

Ab-bas'j-deS 

Ab-dal'iih 

Ab-djl-me'ljk  (-ma'-) 
Xb-dul'  Me-jid' 

Ab'e -lard 
A-ben-ce-rajfre' 
Ab'er-crom-bje 
Ab'er-neth-y,  or 
Xb-er-ne'thy 
Ab'in-ger 

Ab-iin-court'  (-kor') 
A'bi-Be'ker  (ba'-) 
A-bul'fe-di 
Achard  (a-shir') 

A-chTl'li 

A-dAir' 

Ad'an-son,  (or  A-dang-song') 
Ad'e-ldng 

Agassiz  (Ag'A-se,  or  fi-gSs'- 
sjz) 

Aguesseau  ('A-ies-so') 
Ainsworth  (-Wurth) 

Air'y 

Ak'bar,  or  Ak-bir' 
A'ken-slde 
A 'la- Vi 
Al-bA'nj 

Al-be-r5'nj  (-ba-) 

Al'bo-jn 

Al-bu-quer'que  (-ka),  or 
Al'bu-querque  (-kerk) 
Al-ci’A'tj  (-chi'-) 

Al'cu-in,  (or  al'ktvjn) 

Al-cill'nus  (-ktvl'-j 

Al-de-gre'ver  (-gra'-) 

Al-di'nj 

Al'drjch 

Al-dro-van'dus 

Al'dus  Ma-nu'ti-us  (-she-) 

A-le-min'  (-la-) 

Alembert  (a-ling-bir') 
Al-fj-e'ri  (-a'-) 

Al-gar'dj 
Al-ga-rot'ti 
A'lj  Pa-cjbil' 

A-li-ghj-e'rj  (-ge-a'-) 
Al'leyn  (Al'ljn) 

Al-lo'rj 

All'stjn 

Al-me'i-da  (-ma'-),  or  Al- 
mei'da 
Alt'dor-fer 
Al'u-red,  or  A-lu'red 
Al-va-rA'do  (-tho) 

Alvarez  (al'v^-res)  (Port.) 

Alvarez  (iil'va-rath)  (Sp.) 

Am-a-de'us 

A-mil'a-rlc 

Am'jl-rlc 

Am-a-ral' 

A-mi'rj 
A-mi’to 
Xm'berg-er 
Amboise  (Ang-bWAz') 
Ameilhon  (A-mal-yong') 
Amelot  (am-lo')  de  la 
Hous-saye' 

Am-e-rl'cus  Ves-pu'cj-iis 
Amiot  fa-me-o') 
Am-ina-nA'tj 
A -mon-tons'  (-tong') 

Airr'o  ry  (or  em'o-re) 

Am  [lore  (Ang-per') 
Am'u-rath 
Amyot  (a-me-o') 


An'cil-lon,  (or  iing-sel- 
yong') 

Andre  (an'dur) 

Xn'dre,  B.  Wr. 
An-dri-eux'  (-eh') 
Xn-ge'lj-co  (-ja'-) 
An-ge-lo'ni 

An-gul'sciij-li  (-sho-la) 
A-ni-el'ld 

Anquetil  (ing-ke-tel')  du 
Per-ron' 
An-tom-miir'chj 
An-ville' 

An'iva-rj 

Ap-pen-dr'nj 

Ap-pj-il'nj 

A'ra-go 

A'ram 

Araujo  (a-rou'zho) 
Ar'bo-gast 
Ar-bo'rj-o 
Ar'buth-not 

Arcedekne  (arch'de-kn) 
Ar'jhen-halz  (-holts) 

Ar$on  (ar-s5ng') 

Ar-e-tl'no 
Ar'ge-lan'der  (-ga-) 

Argens  (ar-zhing') 
Ar-gen'sj-li  (ar-heii'so-li) 
Ar-gen-so'la  (ar-hen-so'- 
la)i  M. 

Xr-i-os'to 

Sr'nauld,  (or  ar-no') 

Arriaza  (iir-re-i'thi) 

Ar'te-veld 

Ar-ti'gas 

Ar'un-del 

Xs'jhjm 

Aslf'burn-h,jm 

Ash'bur-tijn 

Ash'niole 

Xs'kew 

As-sj-rot'ti 

Xs-se-ma'nj 

At-a-hual'pl 

Ath'el-stan 

At'ter-bu-ry  (-ber-e) 

Attiret  (at-te-ra') 

Auber  (o-ber') 

Auhigne  (o-ben'ya) 

Au'brey 

Aubusson  (5-bu-song') 
Auch-mu'ty 
Auilebert  (od-ber') 

Audouin  (5-do-allg') 

Audran  (o-drang') 
Au'du-bon 
Au'er-bach  (ou'-) 
Au'fen-berg  (ou'-) 

Auger  (o-zha') 

Augereau  (ozli-ro') 

Augusti  (ou-gus'te) 

Auzout  (o-zo') 
AU-rung-zebe' 

A-ver'ro-e? 

Xv-er-ro'es,  B.  Wr. 
Av-|-cen'tia' 

A'vj-la  y (S)  Zuniga  (thun- 
ye'gl) 

Ay-a'ia 

Ay'e-shah,  Wr. 

Ay-e'shah,  B. 

Ayscough  (as'kof) 

Ay'toun  (a'tun) 

Azara  (il-th'4'rl) 

Azuni  (at-s3'ne) 


B. 

Baa'der 
Bar-bed  f' 

Baccio  (bat'cho-)  del'll 
Por'ta 

Bagli,  or  B.icll 
Baclie 

Baciocchi  (ba-cho'ke) 
BJg'|e-|en 
Bagliono  (bal-yo'na) 
Baglioni  (bal-yo'ne) 

Baglivi  (bal-ye'vej 
Bahr  (b4r) 

Bail'lie 

Bail'ly,  (or  bal-ye') 

Bal'bj 

Baj'a-zet 

Bal-bo'j 

Bal'd; 

Bal-di'nj 

Bal'dung 

Bale-<;hou' 

Ba'len 
Bal  lour' 

Bal'guy,  or  Bal'guy  (-|e) 
Ba'lj-ol,  or  Bal'j-<?1 
Ballou' 

Bal'zac 

Ban-del'Io 

Ban-dj-nel'lj 

Ba-rante' 

Baratier  (bl-rl-te-a') 
Bar-ba-ros'ssi 
Bar'bauld,  (or  bar-bo') 
Bar-be-ri'nj  (-ba-) 
Bar-bey-rac'  (-ba-) 

Bar-bou' 

Bar'bour 

B?-ret'tj 

Bargagli  (bar-gal'ye) 
Bar'hjm  (bar'am) 

Bir'jng 

Bir'me-clde 

Bar'ne-veldt  (bir'ne-Velt) 
Baroccio  (bj-rot'cho) 
Ba-ra'ni-us 
Bar-ras' 

Bar'ros 

Barrot  (blr-ro') 

Bart  (bar) 

Bar'tas,  Sieur  du 
Barth  (bart) 

Barthelemy  (bar-ta'le-me, 
or  b'4r-tal-me') 

Barthez,  or  Barthes  (biir- 
tas') 

Bir-tho-li'ne  (bir-to-le'na) 
' Bar'to-li 

Bartolozzi  (bar-tp-lot'se) 
Barts^h  (blrtsh) 

Baling 

BSs'ker-vTlle 

Basnage  (bi-nizh') 

Bas'san-tin 

Bls'sin-toun 

Bas-som-pi-erre' 

Bathori  (bl'to-re) 

Bith'urst 

BatthySnyi  (bat-te-'4n'ye) 
Ba-to'ni 

Batteux  (bat-teh') 

Bau'er  (bou'er) 


Bauhin  (bo-ang') 

Baume  (bo-ma') 
Baum'gar-ten  (boum'gar- 
ten) 

Baur  (hour) 

Bay'jrd 

Bay-a-zid' 

Bay'er 

Bazh-e-nov' 

Beat'tie 

Beauchamp  (bo-shang') 
(Fr.) 

Beauchamp  (be'chrim) 
(Eng.) 

Beau'clerc  (bo'-) 

Beau'fort  (bo'-) 
Beauliarnais  (b5-har'na,  or 
boar-na ') 

Beaumarchais  (bo-mar'- 
sha') 

Beau'mont  (b5'mont) 

Beausobre  (bo-sd'br) 

Beauvais  (bo-va') 

Bec-c?-fu'mj 

Bec-c?-ri'l 

Be^h'steln 

Becque-vel' 

Bede 

Be-dell' 

Bed'doe^ 

Bed-mlr' 

Beet-h5'ven  (-vn) 

Beli'^m  (ba'fim) 

Beh'em  (ba'em) 

Bell 'men,  (or  bem'en) 

Belin  (ben) 

Belines  (banz) 

Behr'jng 

Bel-j-dor' 

Bel'knap  (-nap) 

Bel'la-my 
Bel-lar'ini'n 
Bel'len-den 
Bel-li'nj 
Bellot  (bel-lo') 

Be'l5e 

Be-lon'  (be-l5ng') 

Bel'sham 

Bel-zo'nj 

Ben-a-vi'des  (-tbes) 

Ben'b5\v 

Beng'el 

Ben'ger  (beng'gur) 
Benserade  (b'dng-sa-riid') 
Ben'tham 

Bentivoglio(ben-te-v5l'y5) 

Ben-yows'ky 

Beranger  (ba-rSng'zha,  or 
ba-rang-zha') 
Berch'told 
Ber'en-^er 
Ber'e$-f<?rd 
Berg' ha  us  (-hous) 
Berkeley,  ( formerly  b'ark'- 

le)' 

Berk'en-hout 
Ber'lich-jng-en 
Berlioz  (ber-ie-o') 
Ber-na-dotte' 

Bernier  (ber-ne-a') 
Ber-ni'ni 

Bernoulli  (ber-nol-ye') 
Berryer  (ber-re-a') 

Berthier  (ber-te-a') 
Ber-tholdt'  (-tolt') 
Ber-thol-let'  (-t9l-la') 


Ber-vlc' 

Ber-ze'lj-us 
Bes-sa'rj-on 
Bessi^res  (bes-se-er') 
Beth'am 
Be-tliune' 

Bit  tj-nel'li 
Be\v'{ck 
Bezout  (be-zo') 

Bi-fin-chi'ni 
Biard  (be-ar') 

Bichat  (be-shl') 

Bi-e'la  (-a'-) 

Bil'der-dyk 
Billaiit  (bel-y5') 

Blll'roth  (-rot) 

Biot  (be-o') 

Bi-var' 

Bizari  (bet'sa-re) 
Blain-ville'  (blang-vel') 
Blanc  (bldng) 

Bleek  (blak) 

Bligh  (bll) 

Bliz'ard 

Bloch 

Bloe'wiirt  (-virt) 

Blom'field 
Blount  (blunt) 

Blucher  (bluk'er) 

Blu'men-bach 

Boag 

Bob-rov' 

Boccaccio  (bok-kat'ch5) 
Boc-cil-li'nj 
Boc-ca-ne'ra  (-na'-) 

Boc -^iie-ri'ni  ( ka-) 

Bochart  (b5-shar') 

Bo'de  (-da) 

Bo'ece 

Boeckh  (belik) 

Boer'haave 
Boerne  (ber'na) 
Bog-d?i-no'vitch 
Bs'he-mond 

Bohm  (behm),  orBohme, 
(beh'ma) 

Boi'el-dieu 
Boileau  (boi'15) 

Boisrobert  (bwi-ro-ber') 
Boisseree  (l)was-ra') 
Bois-so-nade'  (bvvas-) 
Boissy  d’Anglas  (bwas-se'- 
dang-gias') 

BoTste,  (or  luvast) 

Bojardo  (bb-e-ar'db) 

Boleyn  (bul'en) 
Bolingbroke  (bul'jng-bruk) 
BQ-li'v^r,  or  Bol'i-var 
Bol-lan'dus 

Bo'n  a -parte,  (formerly  b5- 
na-par'ta) 

Bonet,  or  Bonnet  (b5-na') 

Bon-fa'dj-5 

Bonheur  (bo-niir') 

Bonnet  (bon-na') 
Bon-ni-vard'  (-var') 
B9-n5'mi 

B5-non-ci'nj  (-che'-) 
Bonpland  (bong-plang') 
Bon'stet-ten 
Bor-db'ne  (-na) 

Bor-ghe'§e  (-ga'za) 

Bor'^ia 

Borgognone  (bor-g9n-y5'na) 
Bor'lase 

Bor-r9-me'o  (-ma'-) 


Bbr-ro-mi'nj 
B9S  caw'en 

Bos'caw-en  (-k9-),  TV. 
Bos'c9-vTcli 
B5'§i-o 

Bos(piet  (bos-ka') 

Bos-su' 

Bossuet  (bos-swa') 

Bossut  (bos-su') 

Both 'well 
Bot-ta'rj 

Bottiger  (beh'te-ger) 
Bou-char-don'  (-dong') 
Boucher  (bo-sha')  (Fr.) 
Bou'cher  (Eng.) 

Bou'di-not 
Bou-flers'  ( tier') 
Bou-gain-ville' 

Bouguer  (bo-ga') 
Bou-liours'  ( or') 
Boulainvilliers  (bo-lang- 
vil-ya') 

Boul'ton 

Bour'bon 

Bour'^hier 

B6ur-da-loue' 

Bour'don 

Bour-gebls',  (or  bor'jwa) 
Bour-going'  (-gwang') 
Bourignon  (bu-ren-y5ng') 
Bourmont  (bor-mong') 
Bourne  (born) 

Bour-rj-enne' 

Bou'ter-wek  (-vek) 

Bbu'vier 

Bow'ditch 

Bow'dojn  (bo'dn) 

Bow'er-bank 

Bowleg 

Bow'ring 

Bovv'yer 

Boy'dell 

Bozzaris  (bot'sa-ris,  or  bq- 
zar'js) 

Braccio  da  Mon-1o'ne(brat'- 
cho-da-mon-to'na) 
Brad'war-dTne 
Bra'he,  (or  bra),  Ty'clib 
Braiie  (bra),  B.  J\L 
Bra'mah 
Bra-man'te  (-ta) 

Brantome  (brang-tom') 
Bre'dow  (bra'-) 

Brels-lak' 

Bre'mer 
Bret's^hnel-der 
Breu'ghel  (-^el) 

Bris-son'  (bres-song') 
Brissot  (bres'sb) 

Brizio  (bret'se-o) 

Broc'chj 
B rod 'c-rip 
Brb'die 

Broglie  (brol-ye') 

Brom'ley 

Brbnsted  (brehn'sted) 
Brong-nj-art'  (-'ir') 

Bronte  (brbn'ta) 

Brotier  (bro-te-a') 
Brougham  (bro'^m,  or 
brom) 

Broussais  (brus-sa') 
Brouvv'er 
Bruck'er 
Brueis  (bru-a') 

Brd'ge^ 


1764  PRONUNCIATION  OF  THE  NAMES  OF  DISTINGUISHED  MEN  OF  MODERN  TIMES. 


Bru-mby',  (or  bru-mw'a') 
Brulliot  (brul-yo') 

Brun  (brung) 

Brunei* 

Bru-neb 
Bru-nel-les'chj 
Brunet  (bru-na') 

Bruyere  (bro-yer') 

Bruyn  (broln) 

Buell 
Buchan 
By -clian 'riu 
Bullion,  (or  boffong) 
Bugeaud  (bu-zho') 

Buh'le  (-la) 

Bul-ga'rjn 
Bullant  (bul-lang') 

Bul'ler 

Bui  Hard  (bul-yir') 
Bublo-kyr 
Biilow  (bu'lb) 

Bul'wer 

Bun'sen 

Buo-na-fe'de  (-fa'da) 
Buo-ne-vbl'te 

Burckhardt  (burk'hirt,  or 
bork'hirt) 

Bur-dett' 

Biir'ger  (bur'ger) 

Burghley  (bur'le) 

Bur  - goyne' 

Burigny  (bo-ren-ye') 
Bur-la-mic'chj 
Bur-la-mi-qui'  (-ke') 
Bur'leigh  (-le) 

Biirne§ 

Bur-nduf 

Busching  (bu'shing) 

Bussy  d’Amboise  (bus-se'- 
dang-bwaz') 

Butt'mann,  (or  but'min) 
Bux'torf,  (or  buk'stbrf) 
Bynk'er-slioek 
By'ryn 


c. 

Ci-byl-le'r5  (-la'-) 
Ci-bi-nis' 

Cabet  (ka-ba') 

Ci-bo^he' 

Ci-bre'ri  (-bra'-) 

Caccia  (kat'chi) 
Ci-dou-dil' 

Ca;dinon  (sed'mon,  or 
kad'mon) 

Cagliari  (kil'y?-re) 
Cagliostro  (kal-yos'tro) 
Cagnola  (kan-yd'li) 
Cagnoli  (kan-yo'le) 

Caillet  (kai-ya') 

Cailliaud  (kil-yo') 

Cai'us,  (or  kez) 

Cal'a-my 

Cal-de-r6n'  de  li  Bir'ci 
Cibder-wood  (-vvud) 
Cal-e-pi'no 

Cal-houn',  (or  ky-hon') 
Ci-lj-di'si 

Cal-koen'  vin  Beek  (-bak) 
Cilbcytt 

Call'cytt,  B.  fVr. 

Callet  (kal-la') 

Callot  (kal-lo') 

Cal'met 

Cy-ld-gj-e'ri  (-a'-) 
Ca-Iy-mir'de  (-da) 
Cam-bj-i'so 
Cam'e-ryn 
Cam'o-en^ 

Cam  pin'  (king-ping') 
Campbell  (kam'el,  or 
kam'bel) 
Cam-po-mi'nes 
Camuccini  (ka-mu-che'ne) 
Camus  (ki-mu') 

Cancellieri  (kan-chel- 
e-a're) 

Cin-dolle' 

Ca-no'nj-ci 

Ca-n5'vi 

Canrobert  (king-ro-ber') 

Cin-ty-ri'nj 

Can'te-mir 

Cyn-to'nj 

Cin-tu' 

Cy-nute',  or  Can'ute 
Cape-figue' 

Cap'ell 

Ca'pet,  or  Cip'et 
Caracci  (ka-rit'che) 
Caraglio  (ky-ril'yo) 
Caravaggio  (kir-y-vid'jo) 
Cir'dan 

Carduccio  (kir-dut'cho) 
Ca-re\V,  or  Ca'rew  (-rti) 
Carlen  (kir-lan') 


Car  lisle'  (-111') 
Car'lo-man 
Car-1>  le' 

Cir-magn-S'l'i  (-myn-yd'-) 

Cir'ml-chacl 

Carnot  (kar-nb') 

Carpaccio  (kir-pit'chd) 

Cir-pi'nj 

Cir-reb 


Car'ter-et 
Ca'sys 
Cases  (kiz) 

Cy-sau'byn,  (or  ka-sy-bbng') 

Cas'i-mir 

Cys-si'ni 

Castagno  (kys-tin'yb) 
Castanos  (kys-tan'yos) 
Castiglione  (kis-tel-yo'na) 
Castilho  (kys-tebyo) 
Cis-tle-reagh'  (k&s-sl-ra') 
Castren  (kas-tran') 
Castruccio  (kys-trut'cho) 
Cauchy  (ko-she') 
Caulaincourt  (ko-lyng-k6r') 
Cavaignac  (kav-en-yak') 
Cy-val-i-e'rj  (-a'-) 
Ca-vyl-ii'nj 

Cav'en-dlsh,  (or  kan'djsli) 
Cay-lus' 

Cean-Bermudez  (tha-an'- 
ber-mu'theth) 

Cec'jl' 

Cellini  (chel-le'ne) 
Cebsj-us  (sel'she-us) 
Cent-llv're  (sent-llv'ver) 
Cer-van'te§-Si-a-ve'dri 
(-va') 

Cesari  (cha'sa-rS) 

Cesarotti  (cha-za-rot'te) 
Cespedes  (thes-pa'thes) 
Chal'mer^ 

Chal'o-ner 

Cham-bray' 

Oha-mTs'so 
Cham-pobli-yn 
Cliangarnier  (shing-gir- 
ne-a') 

Chin 'trey 
Chy-pone' 

Chappe 

Chap-tab 

Char'djn,  (or  shir-dang') 
Charlemagne  (shar'le-man) 
Charlevoix  (snar'le-vbl,  or 
shirl-vwi') 


Chasles  (shil) 

Chasse  (shys-sa') 

Chastelet  (sha-te-la') 
Chateaubriand  (shi-td- 
bre-ang') 

Chat'hym 
Chaudet  (slio-da') 
Chauveau-Lagarde  (sho- 
vo'-la-gard') 
Chem'nltz  (-nits) 

Chenier  (sha-ne-a') 
J0he-ru-bi'nj  (ka-) 
Che^'el-den 
Chev'e-rus 
Che-vreul' 

Cheyne  (chan) 

Chll'de-bert 
Chil'der-ic 
Chil'per-ic 
Chisholm  (chTzm) 
jChodz'ko 

Choiseul  (shvva-zul') 
Cholmondely  (chum'le) 
jChris-tl'na,  or  Chrjs-ti'ny 
Cliund 

Cliur-ru'ca  y (e)  E-ldr'z4 
(a-lor'thi) 

Cignani  (chen-yi'ne) 
Cignaroli  (chen-yy-ro'le) 
Ci'go-li  (clie'-) 

Ci-my-bu'e  (che-ma-bo'a) 
Ci-ma-ro'si  (che-) 
Ci-prj-i'nj  rche-) 

Clairaut  (kla-r5') 

Clai-r5n' 


Cliude,  (or  klbd) 

Cliude  Lor-raine' 

Clausel  (kl5-zel') 

Clavigero  rkla-ve'ha-rd) 
Cla-vl'jo  (-n5)y  re)  Fa-jir'- 
d5  (fa-har'do) 

Clemencin  (cla-men-theii') 
Clootz  (klots) 

Clo-tilde' 

Clo'vjs 

Clovve«i 

Cochin  (ko-shang') 
Coch'r?ne 
Cockburn  (ko'byrn) 

Co-el'ld  (ko-el'yo) 

Ccelir  de  Ll'on 
Cake,  (or  kuk) 

Colbert  (kol-ber') 
Cale'rjdge 


Coligny  (ky-len'ye,  or  ko- 
len-ye') 

Col'jn 

Col'le  (kol'la) 

Collot  d’llerbois  (kyl-15'- 
der-bwi') 

Cal'man 

Colquhoun  (ko-lion') 
Combe  (kom) 

Comines  (ky-inen') 

Comte  (kongt) 

Conde  (kon'da) 

Condillac  (kong-del-yak') 
Condorcet  (kong-dor-sa') 
Con'greve  (kong'-) 
Con'rad-in 

Constant  (kong-stang')  de 
Re-becque' 

Con-ta-ri'ni 

Con'y-beire 

Co-per'nj-cus 

Coque-rel' 

Cor'day,  or  Cyr-day' 
Cy-rel'li 

Co-ren'zi-5  (-tse-) 
Ca-ri-y-la'no 
Cormenin  (korm-nang') 
Cor-na'ro 

Corneille  (kor-nal') 
Corn-wal'ljs  (-wol'-) 
Correggio  (kyr-red'jd) 
Cortes  (kor-tes'),  or  Cor'tez 
Cyr-to'na  * 

Cottin  (kot-tang') 

Coulomb  (ko-long') 
C6u'rj-er,  (or  ko-re-a') 
Cousin  (kd-zang') 

Cous-tou' 

Cov'er-dale 
Cow'per,  (or  ko'per) 

Coy 'pel,  (or  kwa-peb) 
Coysevox  (k\vaz-v5') 
Cra'nach 

Crash'aw,  or  Cra'shaw 
Crayer  (krii-ya') 

Crebillon  (kra-bel-yong') 
Cre'dj  (kra'de) 

Creuzer  rkrblt'ser) 

Crevier  (Kra-ve-a') 
Cn^h'ton,  (or  krl'ton) 
Cro'ker 

Crom'well,  ror  krum'wel) 
Cru'$j-us  (-zlie-) 

Cs5-ko-nai'  (cho-) 
Cu-ja'cj-us  (-slie-us) 
Cubpep-per 
Cu-ne'go  (-na'-) 

Cuvier  (kQ-ve-a') 

Cuyp,  (or  kolp) 

Czacki  (zak'c,  or  chats'ke) 
Czar-to-rys'kj  (zar-) 
Czuczor  (zuk-zor',  or 
tsut-sor') 


D. 

Dacier  (da-se-a') 

Dag'y-bert 
Dy-guerre'  (da-ger') 

Dahl  (dal) 

Daille  (dal-ya') 

Dal-gilr'nb 

Dyl-h&u'sie 

Dal'rym-ple 

Dal'ton 

Dil-zell',  (or  de-eb) 
Da'mj-en§,  (or  di-me-ang') 
Dam'pier 

Dancourt  (ding-kor') 
Dan'dy-lb 
Diin'neck-er 
Dan-tan'  (ding-ting') 
Dan'te 

Dan'ton,  (or  ding-tong') 
D’Ar-blay' 

Di'rem-berg 
Dash'kov 
Daub  (doup) 

Daubenton  (do-bing-tong') 
Daubeny  (dob'ne) 
D’Aubigne  (do-ben'ya) 
Daudin  (db-dang') 

Daun  (doun) 

Dav'e-nant 

Di-vid' 

Di'vj-li 

Davoust  (di-vo') 

Davout  (di-vo') 

De  Cin-dolle' 

De-ca'tur 

Dechiles  (de-shib) 

Deffand  (def-fing') 

De  li  Bee  he  (-bash) 
Delacroix  (de-la-krwi') 
Delambre  (de-lim'br) 

De -li-rbclie' 

Delavigrie  (dy-ly-ven') 


Del'fi-cd 

De-lille' 

Delisle  (de-leb) 

De-lolme' 

De-lorme' 

De-luc' 

Dbm-j-dbv' 

Demoivre  (de-mvvi'vr) 
Demoustier  (de-mos-te-a') 
De-ni'na  (da-) 

Denon  (da-nong') 
Deparcieux  (da-pir-se-eh') 
Der'liam  (der'ym) 
Der-zha'vjn 

Desaguliers  (da-zy-gu-le-a') 
Desaix  de  Voygoux  (de-za'- 
de-vwa-go') 

Descartes  (da-kirt') 
Dcshoulieres  (da-zo-le-er') 
Desmoulins  (da-nio-lang') 
Desnoyers  (da-nwi-ya') 
Des-sa-li lies'  (-len') 
Destouches  (da-tosh') 
Dev'e-reux  (-ro) 

De  Wette  (da-vet'ta) 
D’Ewe§  (duz) 

Diderot  (ded-r5') 

Didot  (de-do') 

Di-drbn'  (-drbng') 

Die'bitsch 

Die'fen-ba^h 

Die'trjyh 

Diez  (dots) 

Di-o-da'ti 

Di^-ra-e'ij,  (or  diz-ra'le) 
Do-brow'sky 
Doderlein  (deh'der-lln) 
Dolci  (dbl'clie) 

Do-lo-mj-eu' 

Domat  (do-mi') 

Doumat  (do-ini') 
Dy-men-i-^hi'no 
Dbp-pel-may'er 
Do'rj-a 

Doring  (deh'rjng) 

Dorigny  (dy-ren'ye) 

Douce 

Doug'las 

Doiiw 

Drevet  (dre-va') 

Drouet  d’Erlon  (dro-a'-der- 
long') 

Drouyn  de  Lhuys  (dro- 
ang'-de-lwes') 

Dubois  (du-bwi') 

Dubos  (du  bo') 

Du  Cange 

Duccio  di  Buoninsegna 
(d  u t'cho-de-bwo-nin- 
san'yi) 

Du  Ch&tel  (-shi-teb) 
Duchesne  (du-shan') 
Du-cis' 

Duclos  (du-kl5') 

Dudevant  (dud-vang') 
Dufaure  (du-f5r') 

Dufresnoy  (du-fra'nwi) 

Du  Guesclin  (-ga-kling') 
Du  Hilde  (-ild) 

Du  Hi-mel'  (-i-meb) 
Dumas  (du-mi') 

Dumont  (du-m5ng') 
Du-mou-rj-ez'  (-a') 
Dun'glj-syn  (dung'-) 
Duperre  (du-per-ra') 
Duperrey  (du-per-ra') 
Dupin  (du-pang') 

Dupleix  (du-pla') 
Du-pon'ceau  (-so) 

Dupont  (du-pbng') 

Dupuis  (du-pwe') 
Dupuytren  (du-pwe-tring') 
Du-rin' 

Du -rand' 

Diirer  (du'rer) 
Du-Som-me-rird'  (-rir') 
Dus-sek' 

Dutens  (du-ting') 
Dutrochet  (du-tro-sha') 
Duvernoy  (du-ver-nwi') 
Dyclie,  (or  dich) 


E. 

fiad'mer 
Ear'lom 
E'bel  (a'-) 

E'bel-ing  (a'-) 

Ec'cles  (ek'klz) 

Ech'ard 

Ed'el-Inck 

J^d-ri'si 

Eeck'hout  (ak'~) 

£|'e-de 

£^'er-ton 

E'gin-hirdt  (a'gjn-hirt) 
Eh'ren-berg  (a'-) 


El^h'hbrn 

Elie  do  Beaumont  (a-le'- 
de-by-mong') 
fille^'mere 
El'mes 
Els'h’ei-mer 
£l'ze-vjr 
£nck'e  (-a) 

Eng'el 

Enghien  (ing-ge-4ng') 

Eon  de  Beaumont  (a-ong'- 
de-by-mong') 

£-ras'mus 

Ercilla  (er-thel'yi)  y (e) 
Zuniga  (thu-ne'gi) 
E-rlcs'son 
Erscli  (ersh) 

Ers'kjne 
Esijh'en-berg 
fis^h'en-may-er 
Es-par-te'ro  (-ta'-) 
Es-pryn-ce'da  (-tha'thi) 
£s-taing' 

Es'te 

Eth'el-bald 

Eth'el-bert 

Eth'el-red 

Eth'el-wulf 

Eu'ler 

£v'er-dlng-en 
Ewald  (a'valt) 

Ew'yrt 

Eyck 

E. 

Fab-brb'nj 

Fi'bre  (-br)  d’£g-lyn-tine' 

Fy-bret'tj 

Fab-rj-i'nb 

Fa-briz'i-5  (-brets'-) 

Fabrot  (fi-bro') 
a'by-an 

acciolati  (fit-cho-li'te) 
Fahr'en-helt  (far'en-hlt) 
Fiir'bajrn 

Falconer  (faw'kn-er) 
Falconet  (fal-ko-na') 
Fal-i-e'ri  (-a'-) 

Faneuil  (lun'jl) 

Far'a-day 

Fir'ey 

Fa-ri'i  e ^a)  Sou'si 
Fi-rj-ni'tj 

Far-nese',  (or  fyr-na'za) 
Fir'quliyr  (-kwar) 

Fat 'i -mi 

Faucher  (fo-slia') 

Faust,  (or  foust) 

Fed-i-ri'ci  (-clie) 

Feitli  (fit) 

Fej6r  (fa-yer') 

Fe-li-bi-en'  (-ang') 

Fenelon  (len'e-lyn) 
Fer-du'sj 
Fermat  (fer-nia') 

Fer-ra'ri 

Fer-re'j-ri  (-ra'-) 

Fer-re'ras  (-ra'-) 

Fes^li  (fash) 

Fe'ti  (fa'te) 

Feuerbach  (Joi'er-bik) 
Figh'te  (-ta) 

Fj-ci'nd  (-clie'-) 

Fj-e'so-le  (fe-a'so-la) 
Fj-lan-^j-e'ri  (-a'-) 
Fll-j-pe'pj  (-pa'-) 

Fjn-gib,  (or  fing'gyl) 

Fi-o-rll'lo 

Fjr-du'sj 

Fi-ren-zu-6'li  (-tsu-) 
Flsyh'er 

Fltz  John  (fits-jon'j  vul- 
garly flj'jn) 

Flechier  (fla-she-a') 

Fleu'ry 

Florez  (flb'reth) 

Flo-rj-in'  (-ing') 

Flow 'tow 
Fliigel  (flu'jSel) 

Foix  (foi,  or  fwi) 

Folard  (fy-lir') 

Fo'ley 

Folkes  (foks) 

Fon-blanque'  (-blank') 
Fon-taine' 

Fon-ti'ni 

Fontanes  (long-tin') 
Fon-te-nelle' 

For'bes  (Scot.) 

Forbe§  (Eng.) 

Forbin  (for-bang') 
Fbr-cel-li'nj  (-chel-) 
For-syth' 

For'tes-cue 
For-tj-guer'ri  . 

For-toub 

Fo^'broke  (-bruk) 


Fos'ca-ri 

Fos-ca-rl'nj 

Fys-chi'nj 

Fos'cy-15 

Fys-sa'ti 

Fos-sym-brb'nj 

FouchG  (fo-slia') 

Fou'lis 

Fouquier-Tinville  (fo-ke- 
a'-ting-veb) 

Fourcroy  (for-krwa') 
Fou'rj-er 

Fourmont  (for-mong') 
Fri-cys-to'ro 

Frin'cj-y,  (or  frin'the-i) 
Franzen  (frin-zan') 
Fraun'lio-fer  (froun'-) 
Freblj-grith  (-grit) 
Frelns'helm 
Fre-mont' 

FrGret  (fra-ra') 

Freron  (fra-rong') 

Fresnel  (fra-neb) 

Frey 

Fries 

Frlsch'lin  (frlsh'lin) 

Fri'^j 

Frltz'sche  (frlts'sha) 

Fro'bjsii-er 

Frd'j-li 

Frbls'sirt 

Froude 

Fiiger  (fu'ger) 

Ful'tyn 
Fu'se-lj  • 


Gr. 

Gaert'ner 

Gi'gern 

Gaif 

Gaillard  (gil-yir') 
Gain^'bor-oiigh  (-bur-ro) 
Gal-a-nl'n5 
Gal-j-a'ni 

Galignani  (gal-en-yi'ne) 

Gal-i-le'5 

Gall' 

Gal-liu-det' 

Galt 

Gal-vi'nj 

Gi'mi 

Gar^ao  (gar-soung') 
Gir-cj-las'sb  (the-)  de  (da) 
li  Ve'gi  (va'~) 
Gamier  (gir-ne-a') 
Gar-y-fa'lo 
Gas'coigne  (-koin) 

GSs'se  (-sa) 

Gys-sen'dj 
Gat'a  ker 
Gat'te-rer 
Gaubil  (g5-beb) 

Gauss  (gous) 

Gi-var-ni' 

Gavazzi  (gy-vit'se) 

Gav'es-tyn 

Gay-in-gos' 

Gay-Lus-sac' 

£ed 

jGed'des 

^reddes  (jedz),  El, 
Ge-di'ke  (ga-de'ka) 
jGee 

Geefs  (gafs) 

Gel'jer,  (or  yl'yer' 

^ell  ' 
jGeblert 
em-j-ni-i'nj 
e-net',  (or  zhe-na') 
(^Gn'gis  Khan  (jeng'gjs- 
kan') 

Genlis  (zhing'le,  or  zhing- 
le') 

e-ny-ve'§i  (ja-no-va'ze) 
ensonne  (zhing-son-na') 
Gerando  (je-ran'do) 

Gerard  (zha-rir') 

Gerbert  (zher-ber') 

Gerbier  (zher-be-a')  d’Ou- 
villy  (do-vei-ye') 
jGer'ry 

jGer'syn,  (or  zher-sbng') 

jGe-se'nj-iis 

jGes'ner 

Ghl-ber'tj  (ge-) 

Ghir-lan-di'j-o 

^rian-no'ne  (-na) 

^riar-di'ni 
jGie'^e-ler  (-za-) 
jG IP  ford 
jGil'das 
jGil-fll'lan 
£ill 

jGil'lje^ 

jGill'ray 

jGil'pjn 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  THE  NAMES  OF  DISTINGUISHED  MEN  OF  MODERN  TIMES.  1765 


Gil  (zliel)  Vi-cen'te  (-ta) 
Ginguene  (zh&ng-ge-na') 
Gio-ber'ti 
Gio-con'dd 
£i9f-fre'do  (-fra'-) 

Gioja  (jo'e-a) 

Gmr-dil'nb 

^rior-^io'ne  (-na)  di  CSs-tel- 
fran'co 
Giot'to 
Qib'vj-o 

Girardin  (zhe-r^r-dSlng') 
Girardon  (zhe-r^r-dong') 
Giraud  (zlie-ro') 
Girodet-Trioson  (zhS-rp- 
da'-tre-9-zong') 

^riu'li-o  RQ-ma'nd 
Glau'ber,  (or  glou'ber) 
Gleig 
G lei  in 

Glen'dow-er 

Glov'er 

Gluck 

Gmelin  (gma'lin) 
Gnu'§en-au  (-ou) 
Gp-dbl'phjn 
G5-du-nov' 

G5e§,  (or  hos) 

Goethe  (geh'ta) 

Go'g9l 

Goguet  (go-ga') 

G9l-do'ni 
Golt'zj-us  (-se-) 

Gon'go-ri  y (e)  Ar-go'te(-ta) 
G9n-za'g£L 

Gpn-zi'lo  de  (da)  Cor'dp-va 
Gorgei  (gur'ga-e) 

Gor'ge§ 

Gorres  (giir'res) 
Gort-s<jha-kofi7 
Gosselin  (g5s-l£ng') 

Gough  (gof) 

Gour-gaud'  (-g5') 

Goujon  (go-zhong') 

Gow'er,  or  Gow'er 
Goyen  (gb'ln) 

Gozzi  (got'se) 

Gozzoli  (gbt's9-le) 

GrSL'be  (-ba) 

Graeme  (gram) 

Grgi'vi-iis 

Grainger 

Grammont  (gram-mbng') 

Grander 

Graun  (groun) 

Gravelot  (griv-lo') 

Gra-vi'nl 

Greave§ 

Grets^h 

Green'ough  (gren'o) 
Gre-go'ri-5 
Gresh'am 
Gresset  (gres-sa') 

Gretry  (gra-tre') 

Grev'jle 

Gri-lw-ye'dov  (-ya'-) 

Grie^'bach 

Gri-mal'3j 

Gri'sj 

Grb'cyn 

Gr9-no'vi-us 

Grosvenor  (grov'n9r) 

Grd'tj-us  (-she-) 

Grouchy  (grd-she') 

Gru'ter 

Gua-ri'nj 

Gui-tj-mo'zjn 

Gub'bj-5 

Gudin  (go-d&ng') 

Guelph  (gwelf) 

Guercino  (gwer-che'no) 
Guericke  (ga're-ka) 

Gubrin  (ga-rang') 
Guicciardini  (gwlt-chfir- 
de'ne) 

Gui'db  Re'ni  (ra'-) 

Guignes  (gen) 

Gius'cgrd,  (or  ges-klr') 
Guizot  (ge-zo') 

Gul-dl'nus 

Gunst 

Gunther  (gun'ter) 

Gu'ten-berg 

Gutti'rje 

Guy'9n,  (or  gwe-yong') 
Guyot  (ge-o'J 
Guyton  (gwe-t5ng')  de 
Mor-veau  (-vo') 


H. 

Ilachette  (a-shet') 
Ha'fiz,  or  Ha'fiz 
Hii'ge-dbrn  (-ga-) 
Ha' gen -bach 
Haghe  (hag) 
Hahn'e-mann 


Hak'luyt 
Hal'j-bur-ton 
Halket  (hak'et) 

Han'del 

Har-di-c^-nute' 

Har'djnge  (-djng) 
Hardouin  (iir-d6-&ng') 
Ha-roun'  al  Ras^h'jd 
Hart'soe-ker 
Ila'se  (-za) 

Has'se  (-sa) 

Haupt  (houpt) 

Hauler  (hou'zer) 
Hautefeuille  (hot'ful) 

Haiiy  (a-we') 

Have'tock 

Hay'dn 

Hay'nau  (-nou) 

Hearne 
Heb'er-den 
Heem,  (or  ham) 
Ileem§'kerk 
Iiee're  (ha'ra) 

Hee'ren  (ha'ren) 

He'gel  (ha'gei) 

Hel'berg 
Ilel'ne  ("-na) 

Hel'necK-en 
Hein 'rich 
Heln'se7-sa) 

Heln'sj-us  (-she-) 
Hel-ve'ti-us  (-she-) 
Hem'an§ 

Hem'ster-huys.  (or  -hois') 
Henault  (a-no') 

Hen'gjst  (lieng'-) 

Herbelot  (er-blb') 

Her'der,  (or  her'der) 
Herrera  (er-ra'ra) 

Her's^hel 
Herzog  (her'tsbg) 
Heu'mann  (hoi'-) 
Heu'§ing-er  (hoi'-) 
He-ve'li-us 
Hey'ljn  (ha'-) 

Hey'ne  (-na) 

Hoche  (osh) 

Hod'y 

Ho'fer 

Hoe'ven 

H5' garth 

Hoh'en-loh-e  (-a) 

H5h'en-stauf-en  (-stouf-) 

Hojeda  (9-ha'tha) 

Hoi 'bacli 
Hol'beln 
Hol'berg 

HSl'brook  (-bruk) 

Hol'croft 
IIol'jn§-hed 
Holmes  (homz) 

Holty  (hehl'te) 

Hooft,  (or  hbft) 
Hoog'e-veen 
Hook'er  (huk'-) 

Hot-tjng-er 

Houbigarit  (o-be-gang') 
Ilou'  bra-ken 
H6u'd9n,  (or  ho-dong') 
Hous'ton,  (or  lius't9n) 
Hbve'den 
Howard 
Hbw'^rd,  Sm. 

How 'ell 
How'itt 
Hu-er'ta  (u-) 

Huet  (u-a') 

Ilu'fe-land  (-fa-lant) 

Hu'gb 

Hulme  (horn) 

Humbert  (ung-ber') 
Hum'bbldt  (hum'bblt,  or 
hum 'bolt) 

Hum'inel 

Hus'kjs-son 

Huss 

Hut'ten 

Huy'ghen^ 

Huy 'sum 

Hy'der  A'li,  or  Hy'der  Al'j 


I. 

xb'ra-hTm  Pa-chi' 

1'de-ler 

ih're  (-ra) 

Inch'bald 
In'ge-minn  (-ga-) 
Ing'cn-liousz  (-hous) 
In-gbj-ra'mi 
In'glis  (Ing'glis) 
Ingres  (Sng'gr) 
Jn-gul'plius 
Ire'tpn 

I-??-bey'  (-ba') 
I-tur'bj-de  (-tha) 


J. 

Jj-co'bj  (y?-),  P. 

Ji'co-bi  (ya'-),  P.Cyc. 
Jacquard  (jak-kard',  or 
zhak-kir') 

Jahn  (yin) 

Ja'mie-son,  TVr. 

Jam'ie-spn,  El. 

Janin  (zhi-nang') 

Jasmin  (zhjs-mang') 
Ja-ya-dG'va 

Jean  Paul,  ( or  zliing  pdul) 
Jellachich  (yel'la-kik) 
Joanes  (lio-a'nes) 

Johannot  (zho-a-116')  (Fr.) 
Jp-mel'lj  (yo-) 

Jo-mj-ni'  (zho-) 

Jordaens  (yor'diins) 

Josika  (yo-slie-ka') 
Jos'qujn  (-kjn) 

Joubert  (z)io-ber') 

Jouffroy  (zlio-frol',  or  zho- 
frwi') 

Jourdan  (zhor-ding') 
Jouvency  (zho-vang-se') 
Jouvenet  (zliov-na') 

Jouy  (zho-e') 

Jovellanos  (ho-vel-ya'nos) 
Jow'ett 

Jungmann  (yung'miin) 
Junot.  (zhu-no') 

Ju-ri-eu'  (zhu-re-eh') 
Jus-sj-eu'  (zhus-se-eh') 


K. 

Kampfer  (kemp'fer) 

Kant,  or  Kant 

Kan'te-mir 

Kj-ram'sjq 

Ka-ram-sin',  M. 
Ka-to-na' 

Kauftnann  (kciuf'man) 
Kaul'ba^h  (koul'-) 

Kaunitz  (kou'nits) 
Ka-zTnc'zy,  for  ka-zjnt-se') 
Keble  (keb'bl) 

Keightley  (klt'le) 

Keightley  (ket'le),  El.M. 
Ki-en'  Lung 
Kir'cher,  or  Ivir'jher 
Kis-fa-iu'dy 
Klap'rotii  (.rot) 

Kleber  (kla-ber') 

Klen'ze  (-tsa) 

Kneller  (nel'ler) 

Knol'ler,  for  nol'ler) 
Knowle?  (nolz) 

Koch 

Kofil'rausch  (-rbush) 
Kolliker  (kehl'lik-er) 
Ko-rj-y'  (-S') 

Korner  (kiir'ner) 
Kos-cj-us'ko 
Kossuth  (kos-shot') 
Kot'ze-bue  (-se-) 
Kou-tou'scff 
Kra'nach 

Kra-slck'i,  (or  kra-sits'kc) 
Krause  (krou'za) 

Kreutzer  (kroTt'ser) 
Kriidener  (kru'de-ner) 
Kruger  (kru'|er) 

Kru-j-lov' 

Krum'mach-er 

Kugelgen*(kd'|el-|en) 

Kug'ler 

Kiihnbl  (ke-nehl') 

Kus'ter 

Kuyp,  for  kolp) 


L. 

L'lbbe 

La-borde' 

LSb-ou-^here' 

1A  Bruy  ere  (-bro-yer') 

La.  Caiile 

Lacepede  (1‘4-sa-ped') 
Lach'm'lnn 

L’^Con-da-mine'  (-kong-) 
Lad'js-lgs,  or  Lad-js-la'us 
Lvien-nec' 

Li-ff»y-ette' 

Li-fltte' 

La  F9ii-taine' 

Lagny  (liln-ye') 
L:a-gr';inge' 

La  Hiirpe  (-irp') 

Ld-hlre'  (-er') 

Laing  (lang) 


Lai-resse' 

La  Keux 
La-lande' 

Lally  (litl-le')  Tol-len-dal' 
(-lang-) 

Ld-marck' 

Li-m^r-tine' 

Ll-men-nais'  (-na') 

Li' mi 

Lamorici6re(la-m9-re-se-er'^ 
La  Motte'-Fouque  (-lo-ka') 
La-mou-r6ux'  (-ro') 

Lang'e  (-a) 

Lanne^,  (or  lan) 

Lantier  (lang-te-a') 

Lan'zj  (-tse) 

La  Perouse  (-pa-roz') 
La-place' 

Larcher  (lar-sha') 

Larrey  (lar-ra') 

Las'ca-rls 
Las  ca'sas 
Las  Cases  (-kaz') 

La'tham 

Latreille  (la-tral') 

L^-va'ter 
Lau'd9n  (loft'-) 

La.voisier  (la-vwa-ze-a') 
Lay'grd 

Le-brun'  (-brung') 

Le  Clerc  (Ie-kler') 

Le'dru  Rol'ljn,  (or  la-dru'- 
r9l-lang') 

Lefebvre  (le-fev'vr) 

Lefort  (le-for') 

Legare  (le-gre') 

Le-gen'dre  (le-gen'dur,  or 
le-zhang'dr) 

Legrand  (le-grang') 
Lelb'nitz  (-njts) 

Leigh't9n  (la'-) 

Lelewel  (la-la'vel) 
Le-mblne',  (or  le-mwan') 
Lem-priere',  (or  lem-pre- 
er') 

L’Enclos  (lang-klo') 
L’Enfant  (lang-fang') 
Lep'sj-us 

Le-rbi',  (or  le-rwa') 

Leroux  (le-ro') 

Le  Sage  (-sazh) 
L’£s-pi-nasse' 

L’^s-tfangc' 

Le  Sueur  (-swiir) 

Leu'vven-hoek 

Le'ver 

Le-ver'rj-er,  (or  le-ver- 
re-a') 

Levizac  (la-ve-zak') 

Lew'es 

L’Hopital  (lo-pe-tal') 
Li'be-ri  (-ba-) 
Lich'ten-steln 
Lich'ten-berg 
Llcht'wer  (-ver) 

Lid'dell 
Lie'bjg 
Lim'borch 
Lln'a-cre  (-kur) 

Lin'g?ird  (ling'-) 

Ljn-nce'us 

Lin-nell' 

Liszt  (list) 

Llorente  (lyo-ren'ta) 

Loir  (lvvar) 

Lok'man 
Lom-9-n5's9V 
Lon'gbj  (-|e) 
Lbn-go-mon-ta'nus 
Lo'pe  (-pa)  de  (da)  Ve'gi 
(va'-) 

Lou'don  (Am.) 

Lou'don  (Eng.) 

Lough  (luf) 

Lou'is  Plnl'ippe,  for  lo-e'- 
fe-lop') 

Lotitherbourg  (lo-ter-bor') 
Louvois  (lo-vwa') 

Lotv'er 
Low  th 
Lo-yB'la 

Lil'bien-iet'ski  (-yet'-) 
Liicke  (lu'ka) 

Lu-i'ni 

Lully  (lul-lc') 

Liitzow  (lut'so) 

Ly'ell 

Ly'spnj 

M. 

Maas,  or  Maes 
Mabillon  (nTa-bel-yoiig') 
Mablv  (ma-ble') 

Ma-biise' 

Ma-cart'ney 

Mri-criu'lay 

Mac-beth' 


Ma-cli^e' 

Mac-clure' 

Mac-ciil'bgh 
Mac  Don'9Ugh  (-don'9) 
Ma-ce'do  (-sa'-) 
Mac-gll'liv-ray 
Mach'j-3-vel,  or 
Afacii-i-a-vel'lj 
Mac-diar'mjd 
M?ic-kay',  or  Mfic-kay' 
Mac-ken'z|e 
Mac  Il-vaine' 

Mack*' in-tosh 
Mack'ijn 

Mac-knight  (mak-nlt') 
Mac-lau'rjn 
Macleod  (mak-loud') 
Mac-lln' 

Mac-li§e' 

Mac-nab' 

Mac-nGill' 

Ma  comb'  (-kom') 
Mac-pher's9n 
Mac-rea'dy 
Mad'9X 

Madoz  (ma-th5th') 

Maf-fe'i  (-fa'-) 

Ma-gel'lan 

Magendie  (ma-zhang-de') 

Mah'mud 

Ma'li9m-et 

Ma-h5n',  or  Ma-hon' 

Ma'i 

Ma-i-a'no 

Mal'kov 

Mailath  (ml-lat') 
Mal-mon'i-de§ 

Main'te-uon  (-nong) 
Mainwaring  (man'ner-Ing) 
Mais'tre  (mas'tr) 
Mait-tiire' 

Majoribanks  (ma'j9r- 
bangks,  or  marcli'- 
bangks) 

Ma-kri'zj 

Mala-tes'ta 

Mal'C9hn  (-k9m) 

Malc-zew'skj 

Mal'e-branche 

Malesherbes  (mal-zerb'; 

Mai  herb  (mal-erb') 

Mal'j-bran 

Ma-lone' 

Mal-pi'gln  (-2?) 

Mal'te  (-ta)  Brun 
Mai 'thus 
Ma'mun 

Man-fre'dj  ^-fra'-) 

]\Iangles  (mang'glz) 
Mantegna  (man-tan'ya) 
Man'tell 
Man-tu-a'no 
Ma'nu-el 

Ma-nu'tj-us  (-she-) 
Manuzio  (m^-not'se-b) 
M^n-zo'nj 

Marat  (mil'n,  or  ma-ra') 
M^-rat'ti 

Mar-cel'lo,  (or  mar-chel'15) 
M^r-ga-ri-to'ne  (-na) 
Mar-hel'ne-ke  -na-ka) 
Ma-ri-a'na 
Ma-rj-otte' 

Marivaux  (ma-re-v5') 
Mar'lowe 

Marmont  (mar-m5ng') 
Mar-m9n-tel' 

Ma-r9-chet'ti 
Marot  (ma-ro') 

Marrast  (ma-ra' 

Mar'ry-^t 

Mars 

Marsigli  (mdr-sel'ye 
Mar-tel' 

Mar'tj-neau  (-no) 

Mar-ti'nez  (-netli)  de  la 
R5'sa 

Masaccio  (ma-sat'ch5) 
Ma-sa-ni-el'lo 
Mascagni  (mas-kan'ye) 
Mas-che-r5'ni  (-ka-) 
Masclef  (mas-kla') 

Maseres  (m^-zer') 

Mas'li^m 
Mas'ke-lyne 
Mas-sa-sblt',  or 
Mas-sas's9-It 
Mas-se'na  (-sa'-) 
Mas'sjl-lon,  (or  mas-sel- 
ybng') 

Mas'sjn-ger 
Mas-s5n'  (-sbng') 

Math'er,  or  Math'er 
Mat'sys,  or  Mat'sys  (-sis) 
Mat'thjs-son  (-te-) 

Mat'u -rln 

Ma'ty 

Maun'der 

Maupertuis  (m5-pbr-t\ve') 


Maurepas  (m5r-pa') 
Mau-ro'lj-co  (mou-) 

Maury  (mp-re'),  (Fr.) 
Mau'ry  (Eng.) 

May'er 

Maz'a-rin 

Ma-zep'pa 

Maz-zi'ni,  (or  mat-se'ne) 
Maz-Z9-li'nj,  (or  mat-S9- 
le'ne) 

Maz-zu-6'lj,  (or  mat-su-5'le) 
Mechain  (ma-shang') 
Meck'en-en 

Med'j-cj,  (or  med'e-che) 
Me'he-met  (ma'-)  X'lj,  or 
Me'he-met  (ma'-)  Al'j 
Mel'b9m 
Melss'ner 

Meissonier  (ma-s5-ne-a') 
Me-lanc'tlnm,  or 
Me-langh'tl^n 
Melendez  (ma-len'deth) 
Val-des' 

Me'lj  (ina'-) 

Me'na  (111a'-) 

Menage  (ma-nUzh') 
Men'dels-sohn' 

Men-do'zi 
Men's^hi-kotf 
Menzies  (mlng'iz) 

Mercier  (mer-se-a') 

Mer'i-an 

Mer'j-vale 

Me§'mer 

Met-as-tvi'sj-o 

Met'ter-nlch 

Metz  ’(mas)  (Fr.) 

Metz  (mets)  (Ger.) 

Met'zu  (-su) 

Meu'len  (mol'-) 

MeUr'si-us  (-she-) 

Mey'er 

Meyerbeer  (inl'er-bar) 
Mey'rick 

Mezerai  (maz-ra') 
Mez-Z9-fifn't|,  (or  met-S9- 
fan'te) 

Mj-a.ll' 

Mj-az'zj,  (or  me-at'se) 
Mj-chai'l9-wltz  (-wits) 
Mi-'clia-e'ljs  (-a'-) 

Michaud  (mc-slio') 
Michaux  (me-sho') 
INIichelet  (mesh-la') 
Mi-chel-oz'zj,  (or  me-kel- 
^t'se) 

Mjc-kie'wjcs,  (or  mjtsk- 
ya'vitsl^ 

Mj-el' 

Migliara  ^mel-yii'ra) 
Mignard  (nien-yar') 

Mignet  (men-ya') 

Mi-li'zj-A  (-tse-)^ 

Millin  (mil-lang') 
Mll'lin-gen 
Milnes  (mHz) 
Mll'9-rad'9-w!tz  (-wits) 
Minie  (mln-e-a') 

Mjn-zS'nj  (-tso'-) 

Mirabaud  (ine-ra-bo') 
Mirabeau  (me-ra-bo') 
Mi-ran'du-lU. 

Mir-bel'  * 

Mlt's^her-lTch 
Mit'ter-may-er 
M9ch-nac'kj,  (or  m9k- 
nats'ke) 

M9-ham'med 
Mohler  (meh'ler) 

Molr 

Moitte  (m  wit) 

Mbl'bech 
Mole  (mo-la') 

Moliere  (mb-le-er') 

M9-li'na 

Mol'y-ncux,  (or  mol'e-no) 

A^n-bbd'do 

Mongault  (m6ng-go') 

Monge  (mdnzh) 

Monnoyer  (mo-nwSUya') 
Mon-roe' 

Monstrelet  (mbngs-tre-la') 
Mon't?i-gue 
Montaigne  (mon-tan') 
Montalembert  (mong-tal- 
^m-ber') 

M9nt-calrn'  (-kdin') 
M9nt-ea'gle 
Mon-te-cu'cu-li  (-ta-) 
Mon'tes-pan 
Mon'tes-quieu  (-ku,  or 
m5ng-tes-ke-eh') 
Montfaucon  (mbng-fQ- 
kong') 

Mont-gbl'fi-cr,  (or  mong- 
g9l-fe-a7) 
M9nt-g6m'cr-y 
Montholon  t m6ng-t9-l5ng') 
Mont-1119-ren'cy 


1766  PRONUNCIATION  OF  THE  NAMES  OF  DISTINGUISHED  MEN  OF  MODERN  TIMES. 


Mon-tor'so-li 
Montpensier  (mbng-ping 
sea') 

Montrose' 

Mon-tu'cl'i 
Moore  (mor) 

Moore,  Wr. 

Mo-ra'les 

Mo-ri-tin' 

Mor-cel'li,  (or  mor-chel'le) 

Mor'drtunt 

Mo-reau'  (-rb') 

M<?-rell' 

Mo-re  l'li 
Mo-re'rj  (-ra'-) 

Mo'ri-es 

Morin  (mb-rang') 

Mo-ro'nj 
Mo-ro-si'nj 
Mbr'ton  (mor'tn) 

Mor-veau'  (-vo') 
Mo's^he-les  (-slia-) 
Mb's^he-rbs^li  (-ska-) 
Mo'ijer 
Mos'helm 

Motlie-Ie-Vayer  (mot'-le- 
vi-ya') 

Motteux  (mot-tu') 
Moul'trie,  (or  mo'tre) 
Mounier  (mo-ne-a') 
Mo'zart,  or  Mo-zirt' 

Mu'die 
Mul-cas'ter 
Mul'der 
Mu-li-na'ri 
MUller  (mll'ler) 

Mul-rGa'dy 
Mun-chau'sen 
Munchhausen  (munch'- 
hou-zen) 

MUnscher  (inun'sher) 
Munster  (mun'ster) 
Mu-rad' 

Mu-rat',  (or  mu-ri') 

Mu  ra-to'ri  . 

Mu-ra-vj-ev' 

Mur'chi-son 
Muret  (mu-ra') 

Mu-ril'lb,  (or  mu-rel'yb) 
Musschenbroek  (mus'sen- 
bruk) 

Mus'ta-pha 

Mu-su'rus 

Muziano  (mut-se-i'nb) 
My'tens 


N. 

Ni'dtr  Shah 
Nan-teuil' 

Na'pj-er 

Naruszewicz  (ni-ru-sha'- 
vjck) 

Narvaez  (nir-vi'eth) 
Ni'sir  J$d-din' 

Na'smyth 
Naude  (no-da') 

Nairn' ton 

Ni-v^r-re'te  (-ra'ta) 
Ne-an'der 

NGck'er,  (or  na-kSr') 

Neer,  or  Neer 
Ne'ri  (na're) 

Nes'sel-rode,  or 
Nes-sel-ro'de  (-da) 
Netsch'er  (netsh'-) 
Neu'beck,  (or  nol'bek) 
Neu'hoff,  (or  nol'lioff) 
Neu'kirgh,  (or  noI'kGrk) 
Neu'konim,  (or  nbi'kom) 
Ney  (na) 

Ni-can'der 

Niceron  (ne-sa-rbng') 

Njc-coTa 

Nl-CQ-lU'i 

Ni'co-lay 

Ni-c5le' 

NiG'buhr 

Niemcewicz  (nG-em-tsa'- 
vich) 

Nie'mey-er 
Niepce  (ne-eps') 
Nieu'wen-tyt,  (or  ne'ven- 
tlt) 

Nieuw'I^nd,  (or  nGv'lint) 
Nitkard  (ne-tir') 

Noailles  (no-il') 

Nodicr  (nb-de-a') 

Noehden  (neh'den) 
N51'le-ken^ 

Nollet  (nol-la') 

Noodt  (not,  or  nbt) 

Nos-tra-da'mus 

Nbur-ed-din' 

No-vi'lis 

Nov-j-kov' 


Nunez  (nun'yeth) 
Nu-way'rj 


O. 

O'ber-Jin 
O’Con'nell 
CEc-o-lam-pa'di-us 
Oelilenschliger  (eh-len- 
shla'ger) 

Oersted  (Ur'sted) 
Oet'ting-er  (blit'-) 

Oggione  (od-jo'na) 
O'gle-thorpe  (-gl-) 
Ohlmuller  (ehl-mul'ler) 
Ojeda  (o-ha'tha) 

O-la'us 

Ol'bers 

Old'cSs-tle  (-k&s-sl) 
Old-mlx'on 
Ol'dys 
O-le-a/ri-us 

0-1  j-vi'rez,  (or  o-le-vi'reth) 
Ol'j-vet,  (or  o-le-va') 
Olivier  (o-le-ve-a') 
O’Mea'r^ 

6nk'e-los 
5n§'low 
Oort,  (or  ort) 

O'pie 

O'pjtz  (-pits) 

Orcagna  (or-kan'yd) 
Orellana  (o-rel-yi'ni) 
Or-fi'la 
6r-lay' 

Or-lov',  or  Or-lofF 
Or-say' 

Or-si'nj 
Or-te'lj-us 
Ossian  (osli'an) 

Os'sQ-lj 

Ossuna  fas-sun'yi) 
O-sti'de  (-da) 
o'ster-vild 
Oth'm^n 

Oudinot  (o-de-nb') 
Ought'rea  (out'-) 
ou^e'ley 
O'ver-weg 

O-vj-e'do  (-a'tho)  y (e)  Val- 
des' 

Ow'en 

Ox'en-stiern 

Ox'en-stiGr'ni,  (o  -sher'ni) 
Oz?-nim',  (or  -ning') 
O-zell' 

O-ze-rov' 


P. 

Pic-chi-a-rot'to 
Pa-cfle'co,  (or  p?-sha'kb) 
Pacio  (pi'cllo) 

Pacioli  (pa-cho'le) 

Pa-dll'l?,  (or  p^-thel'yi) 

Pi-du-a-nl'ni 

Pi'ez  (-eth) 

Pagan  (pi-gang') 

P^-gi'nj 

Pag-a-ni'nj 

Pag'et 

Pag'|i 

Pi-i-s|-el'l5 

Paix'han^ 

Pajou  (pi-zho') 

Pa-lack'y,  (or  p?-lits'ke) 
Pal'a-fox 

P^-len'ci-^  (pa-len'she-?, or 
pa-len'the-i) 
Pal-es-tri'ni 
Pal'grave 
Pal-la'dj-o 

Pal-la-vi-cl'no,  (or  -che'nb) 

Pil-ma-rb'lj 

Pilm'blid 

Palmerston  (pim'er-st9n) 
Pi-lo-mi'no  y (e)  Ve-las'c5 
P^-ni'nj,  or  Pan-ni'nj 
Pan-mure' 

Pan-vt'nj-o 

Pi'9-lt 

Pi-pi-neau'  (-nb') 

Pdr-a-cel'sus 

Par-a-di'§i 

Par'doe 

Pare  (pi-ra') 

Pa-re'des  (-ra'thes) 

Pareja  (pa-ra'hi) 
Parent-Duchitelet  (pi- 
r'ang'-dd-sliit-la') 
Pa-ri'ni 
Pir-ml-^ii'nb 
Par'nell 

Parny  (pir-ne') 

Pa-ru'ti 


Pas'c^l 

Pas-ke'vjch  (-ka'-) 
Pasquier  (pis-ke-a') 
Pas'se-ri  ( sa-)_ 

Pas-se-ro'ni  (-sa-) 
Passignano  (pas-sen-ya'nb) 
Pas-sj-9-ne'j  (-na'-) 

Pis 'sow 
Pa-tel' 

Paton  (pi-tong') 

Pau'lus,  (or  pou'lus) 

Pauvv  (pouv) 

Pearce,  or  Pearce 
Pear's9n,  or  Pear'son 
Pecquet  (pek-ka') 

Pei-resc'  (pa-) 

Pelissier  (pa-lis-se-a') 
Pellerin  (pel-rang') 
Pel'lj-co 

Pel-lis-son'  (-sbng')-Fonta- 
nier  (fong-ti-ne-a') 
Pep'jn,  (or  plp'in) 

Pe'pus^h  (pa'push) 

Pep'ys,  (or  peps) 

Percier  (per-se-a') 

Pereira  (pe-ra'ri) 

Perez  (pa'reth) 

Per-go-le'§i  ( la'-) 
Per-i-zo'ni-us 
Peron  (pa-rbng') 

Perouse  (pa-roz') 

Perrault  (per-ro') 

Perrot  (per-ro') 

Per'thcs  (-tes) 

Per-u-^i'nb 
Peruzzi  (pa-rut'se) 

Pesce  (pa'sha) 

Pesne  (pan) 

Pestalozzi  (pes-tfi-lot'se) 
Petau  (pto) 

Petit  (pte) 

Petitot  (pte-tb') 

Pe-trov' 

Pbt'tj-grew  (-gru) 

Pey'er 

PfePfel,  (or  tePfel) 
Pfelf'fer,  (or  fl'fer) 

Phier  ’ 

Phar'a-mond 
Phav-o-ri'nus 
Phil'j-dor 
Pi-^z-zet'ti 
Piazzi  (pe-it'se) 

Picard  (pe-kir') 

Picart  (pe-kir') 

Piccini  (pet-che'ne) 

Pic-C9-lom'i-ni 

Piche-gru' 

Pich'ler 

Pi'co 

Pierce,  or  Pierce 
Pi-er-ma-ri'ni 
Pi-g9-fet'ti 
Pi-gille' 

Plgh'|-us  (pT^'-) 

Pignotti  (pen-yot'te) 

Plle§,  (or  pel) 

Pilon  (pe-long') 

Pll'pay 

Pinciano  (pCn-the-i'no) 
(Sp.) 

Pin-de-mon'te  (pen-da- 
mon'ta) 

Pj-ne'di  (-na'tfvi) 

Pi-nel'lj 

Pingre  (pang-gra') 

Pin-tel'li 
Pin-tu-ric'ghj-5 
Pj -bm'bo 

Pi-oz'zj,  (or  pe-ot'se) 
Pi-ra-ne'§i  (-na'-) 

Piron  (pb-rbng') 

Pi-^i'no 

Plt'cairne 

Pj-tis'cus 

Pi-zar'ro 

Planche  (plan-sha') 

Plan-ta|'e-net 

Plan'tjn,  (or  pling-ting') 

Pli'ti-ni 

Plit'bff 

Pli-ton' 

Pley'el 

Ploos,  (or  plbs) 

Plow'den 

Po-ca-hon't^s 

Po-cocke' 

Poilly  (pwil-ye') 

Poisson  (pwis-song') 
Pb-le-voy' 

Po'lj' 

Polignac  (po-len-yak') 
P9-li-tj-a'nus  (-she-a'nus) 
Politz  (peh'ljts) 

Poliziano  (po-lits-e-i'no) 
Polk,  (or  pok) 

Pollajuolo  (pbl-la-yu-o'lo) 

Po'lb 

Pom-bil' 


Pom'pa-dour 
P9m-pe'j  (-pa'-j 
Ponce  de  Leon  (pon'tha- 
da-la-on') 
Pb-nj-a-tbw'skj 
Pon'son-by  (pun'sQn-be) 
P9n-top'pi-dan 
P9n-tbr'mo 
Ponz  (ponth) 

Por-de-no'ne  (por-da-no'na) 
Por'te-us 

Pos'tie-thwayt  (pos-sl-) 
P9-tem'kin 

Po-tem-kin',  P.Cyc. 
Pothier  (po-te-a') 
Pot'tin-ger 
Poussi n ( pos-sing') 
Pow'ell,  or  Pow'ell 
Pow-iiat-tan' 

Povv'nall 

Pozzo  (pot'so)  di  Bor'go 
Pradier  (pri-de-a') 

Pradt  (prat) 

Pradt  (pri),  P. 

Praed 

Prideaux  (prid'o) 
Priess'nitz  (-njts) 
Primaticcio  (pre-ma-tet'- 
chb) 

Prin'sep 

Procaccini  (pro-kat-che'ne) 
Prony  (pr9-ne') 
Psal-ma-na'zar  (sal-) 
Puf'fen-dorf 
Puget  (pu-zlia') 

Pughe  (pu) 

Pu'^in 

Pulci  (pul'che) 

Pul-gar' 

Pul 'ley  n 
Pul'szki  (-ske) 

Pulte'ney 

Pur'bigii 

Pu'§ey 

Push'kjn 

Py'n^-ker 


Q.ui'drj-0 
Q.uaglio  (kwil'yo) 

Qual'ni 

dua-ren'ghj  (~%e) 

Quirle§  (kwirlz) 
Quatrembre  (ki-tr-mer') 
Clue-ri'ni  (kwa-) 

Q.uevcdo  (ka-va'tho)  y (e) 
Villegas  (vel-ya'gris) 
Quinault  fke-nb') 
Q.uin-ti'ni  (ken-) 


E. 

Rabelais  (rib'la) 

Ri'ben-er 

R^-cine' 

Rac-zyn'ski,  (or  ri-chen'- 
ske) 

Ri'dem-ack-er 
Ri-detz'ky  (-dets'-) 
Rae'burn 
Rif-fsi'-gl'le  (-la) 

Rif'tle^  (raf'flz) 

Rii-i-mon'di 
Rale,  or  Rasle  (ril) 
Ri'leigh  (-le) 

Ram-az-zi'nj,  (or  ri-mat- 
se'ne) 

Rameau  (ri-mo') 
Ri-men'glij  (-ge) 

Ra-mi'ro 

Ram-ni9-hun'  Roy 
Ram'^ay 
Ri-mu'^i-o 
Rin'g9-ne  (-11a) 

Rin'ke  (-ka) 

Ran-zi'ni,  (or  rin-tsi'ne) 

Ri-oul'-R9-^hette' 

Raph'g-el 

Rap'jn,  (or  ri-pang') 

Rasle,  or  Rasies  (ril) 
Ras-pail' 

Ras'tall 
Ras'tell 
Rauch  (rtKik) 

Rau'mer  (rou'-) 

Rau'pich  (rou'-) 

Ravaillac  (ri-vil-yik') 
Ray-nil' 

Razzi  (rit'se) 

Reaumur  (ra-9-inur',  or  ro'- 
mur) 

Rebollcdo  (ra-b9l-ya'tho) 
Re-cordc' 

Rede§'dale 


Re'dj  (ra'de) 

Red-schid'  Pfi-^hi' 
Re-^i-b-m9n-ta'nus 
Regnard  (ran-yir') 
Regnault  (ra-110') 

Relgh'i 

Relch'hirdt  (-liirt) 
Rel-ma'rus 
Rel-ne'§i-us  (-zhe-us) 
Reln'hold  (-holt) 

Rcls'ke  (-ka) 

Re'land,  (or  ra'lint) 
Rem'brindt  (-brint) 
Remusat  (la-mu-si') 
Renaudot  (re-nb-do') 

Rene  (ra'na) 

Ren'nell 

Renouard  (ra-no-ir') 

Retz  (rats,  or  ras) 

Retzs^h  (retsh) 

Reuclilin  (roik'ljn) 

Rey  (ra) 

Reyn'old^ 

Rha'ze?  (ra'zez) 
Rhe-na'nus  (re-) 

Rhet'|-cus  (ret'-) 
Rhbd-9-man'nus  (rod-) 
Ri-bil'ti 
Ribault  (re-bo') 

Ri-bei'ro  (-ba'~) 

Ri-be'ri  (-ba'-) 

Ri-cir'do 
Ricci  (rbt'che) 

Ricciarelli  (rbt-cha-rel'le) 
Riccio  (ret'cho) 

Riccioli  (ret-chb'le) 
Ri^he'lieu,  (or  resh'e-lu) 
RTch'ter 
Ri-dol'*f» 

Rie'ding-er 

Rie'mer 

Ries 

Rigaud  (re-gb') 

Ri-ghi'nj  (-ge'-) 

Rin-con' 

Rip-per'di 
Rizi  (re'the) 

Rizzio  (ret'se-o) 

Rb-ber-vil' 

Rb-bes-pi-erre' 

Ro-b9r-tel'lo 

Rb(jhe 

Rb-^ham-beau'  (-bo') 
Rochefoucauld  (rbsh-fo-ko') 
Roche-Jacquelin  (-zliak- 
lang')_ 

Ro-e'lis  (-a'-) 

Ro^'et 

Rohan  (ro-ing') 

Rohault  (rb-o') 

Rohr  (rer) 

Ro'land,  (or  rb-ling') 

Rolle 

Rol'ljn,  (or  rol  lang') 
Romagnosi  (rb-min-yo'se) 
Ro-maine' 

Ro-ma-nel'lj 

Rb-man-zov' 

Rbm'bouts 
Romer  (reh'mer) 

Rom'il-ly 

Rondelet  (rongd-la') 

Rong'e  (-a) 

Ronsard  (rong-sir') 

Roos,  or  Roos 

Ro'si 

Ro'sis 

Ros-com'm9ii 
Ro'§e  (-za) 

Ro-^el'lj 

Ro-?el-li'nj 

Ro'^en 

RoscnmUller  (ro-zen-mil'- 
ler) 

R9S-mi'nj 

Ros'si 

Ros-si'nj 

Ros-top-s^hin' 

Roths'chlld,  (or  rbs'chlld) 
Rot'ten-hi'mer 
Rou-bill-iac'  (-yak') 
Rous-seau'  (-so') 

Rout'ledge 

Row'an 

Rowe 

Row'ley,  or  Row'ley 
Rox'bUrgh  (roks'burg,  or 
roks'bur-r9) 

Royer-Collard  (rwi-ya'- 
kol-lir') 

Ru-il'dus 
Ruault  (ru-o') 

Ru'ben? 

Ru-bi'nj 

Rud'dj-m^n 

Ru'ding 

Ru'gen-dis  (-hen-) 
Ruhn'ken 
Rulsch,  (or  rolsk) 


Riickert  (ruk'ert) 
Ru'mbhr 
Run'cj-m^n 
Ru'ne-berg 

Run'jeet  Singh  (-sing) 
Ruth'er-f9rd 
Ruth'er-fbrth 
Ruys'broek  (rols'-) 
Ruysch,  (or  rolsk) 
Ruys^diel,  (or  rois'dil) 
Ruy'ter,  (or  rdl'ter) 
Ruy'ter,  Sm. 

Ry  s' brick 


s. 

Siad-ed-deen' 

Sia'dj 

Si-^-ve'dri  (-va'-) 

Sabatier  (si-ba-te-a') 

Si-ba-ti'nj 

Sac-chet'ti 

Sic'ghi 

S^c-chi'ni 

Sa-cliev'er-ell 

Sachs 

Sight'le-ven  (-la-) 

Sacy  (si-se') 

Sad'leir 

Si-do-le'to  (-la'-) 

Saint  A maud  (sang-tir-nb') 
Saint  Cyr  (sang-ser') 

Saint  Evremond  (sang-tav- 
vr-mong') 

Saint  Hilaire  (sang-te-lir') 
Saintine  (sang-ten') 

St.  John  (sant-jon';  in  Eng. 

sen'j9n,  or  sln'jon) 
Saint-Just  (sang-zhust') 

St.  Le^'er,  (or  sll'lin-jer) 
Saint  Mir§,  (or  sang-mars') 
Saint  Pierre  (sang-pe-er') 
Saint  Sl'ni9n,  (or  sang-se- 
inong') 

Sal'a-dTn 
Si'lill-ed-deen' 
Si-ler-nj-ti'ni 
Sile§,  (or  sil) 

Si-lj-e'rj  (-a'-) 

Sa-lih'-ben  Bih'leh 
Si-li'nas 

Salisbury  ^solz'ber-e) 

Sal  ina'^j-us  (-zhe-us) 
Sal-vin-dy'  (-de') 
Sal-vi't9r  Ro'ji 
Sal-verte' 

Sil-vi-i'ni 
Sil-vi-i'tj 
Sirn'9-set 
Si-ni-don'  (-dong') 
Sin'chez  (-cheth) 
S^nc-to'rj-us 
Sand, (or  sang) 

San'de-man 

Sin-d9-vil' 

Sin'drirt 

Sin-gal'lo 

Sin-mj-che'li  (-ka'-) 

S a n n az aro  (sin-nid  -za'  ro) 
Sanson  (sing-song') 
Sin-S9-vi'no 
Sanz  (sintli) 

Sartiges  (sir-tezh') 
Saumaise  (so-maz') 

Siu'rjn,  (or  sb-rang') 
Siu'ma-rez,  or  Saus'm?t-rez 
Saussure  (sos-sur') 
Sauvages  (so-vizlT) 
Sauveur  (so-vUr') 

Si-vi-ry'  (-rG') 

Savigny  (s?-ven'ye) 

Sav'jle 

Si-V9-na-ro'li 

Scal'j-^er 

Scamozzi  (ski-mot'se) 

Scan'der-beg 

Sc^r-lit'ti 

Scarron  (skir-rbng') 

S^hiaf 

S^hi'dow  (slia'do) 

S^hi'fa-rlk 

Sghilck'en 

S^ha'myl 

S^hirn'hbrst 

S^hitz  (shits) 

S^heele  (sha'la) 

Schee'mi-kers  (ska'-) 

Schef'fer 

Scheld 

Schei'dj-us 

S^hel'ner 

Schel'ler 

S^hel'Iing 

S^heuf'fe-lln  (shoif  fa-lTn) 
Scheutz  (shoTts) 
Schi-a-vo'ne  (-na) 
Schi-i-V9-net'ti 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  THE  NAMES  OF  DISTINGUISHED  MEN  OF  MODERN  TIMES.  1767 


Schi-dS'nj 

Schill 

Schll'ler 

Schiin'mel-pen-nink 

Schln'kel 

S^hle'ge'I  (slila'-) 

S^hlel'den 

S^hlel'er-ma-cher 

S^hleus'ner  (shims'-) 

S^hlos'ser 

S^Jilozer  (shleht'ser) 
Schmidt  (shmit) 
S^hnel'der 
Schnorr 
Schoell  (shel) 

Schoettgen  (sheht'gen) 
Schole'field,  (or  sko'feld) 
Scholz  (sholts) 

Schomaiin  (slieh'm'An) 
S^hom'berg 
Schom'burgk 
Schon  (sliehn) 

S^hbnbein  (shehn'bln) 
S^hbn'gau-er  (shon'gou-er) 
Schonlein  (shehn'lln) 
Schoo'ten 

Scho'peii-hau-er  (-hou-) 

SchS'rel 

Schott  (shot) 

Scliouw  (slio'u) 

Schre-ve'lj-us 

S^hu'bert 

S^hul'tens 

Schul'tjng 

Schulz  (shults) 

S^hul'ze  (shul'tsa) 

S^hu'mA-cher 

Schuy'ler" 

Schwab,  (or  shvap) 
S^hwan'tnA-ler  (-tA-) 
S^hwArz  (slnvArts,  or 
shvarts) 

S^hwArz'en-berg 

(shwarts'-, or  shvarts'-) 
Schwerin  (shva'rjn) 

ScinA  (she-nA') 

S^l-op'pi-us 

Sco'po-li 

Scbre^'by 

Scribe 

Scud'a-more 

Scuderi  (sku-da-re') 

Se'bA  (sa'-) 

Se-bas-tj-a'ni  (sa-) 
Seck'en-dorf 
Sedaine  (sa-dan') 

Seetzen  (sat'sen) 

Segneri  (san'ya-re) 

Segni  (san'ye) 

Seguier  (sa  |e-a') 

Segur  (sa-gur') 

Sel'juk 

Senac  (sa-nAk') 

Se-nan' 

§e'ne-fel-der  (za'na-) 
Se-pul've-dA  (sa-pul'va- 
tha) 

Ser'gell 

Ser'lj-5 

Ser-van-db'nj 

Ser-ve'tus 

Ses-ti'nj 

Sevigne  (sa-ven'ya) 

Sew'ard 

Seyffarth  (slffart) 

Sey'mour 
Sfor'zA  (-tsA) 

’Sgravesande  (sgrA-va- 
zan'da) 

Sha'fe-j  (-fo-) 

ShAfte^'bu-ry 

ShAh-.Vljin 

ShAh-je'han 

ShAh-ze'mAun 

Shak-hov'sky 

ShA-moul' 

Shan 'fa-rail 

Sher'ard 

Sher'i-d?n 

She-rif -ed-deen'  (slla-) 
Slnsh-kov' 

Sicard  (se-kar') 

Slck'jng-en 

Sid'mouth 

Sie'bbld 

Sie'Jen 

Sieyes  (se-es'),  Surenne. 

Siey6s  (se-a'yes),  M. 
STg'js-mund 

Signorelli  (sen-y9-rel'le) 
Si-go'nj-o 
Slg'otir-ney 
Sjl-v€s'tre  (-tr) 

Sln'dj-A 

Sln'gie-ton  (slng'gl-ton) 
Si'rj 

Sirmond  (ser-mong') 
Sjs-mon'di 
Sjogren  (sheli'gren) 


Skrzynecki  (skshe-nets'ke) 
Slel'dan 

SlIng'e-lAndt  (sllng-a-lant) 
Smyth,  or  Smyth 
Sni-9-deck'j,  (or  sne-9- 
dets'kej 

Snor'rj  Stu'rul-son 

Snor'ro  Stur'le-spn 

Soane 

So-bj-es'kj 

So-cl'nus 

S9-lan'der 

S9-la'ri-5 

Sol'j-man 

So-li'man,  M. 

S5-li-me'na  -ma'-) 

S5-lis' 

Soin'erg 

Som'ner 

S9n-ni'nj 

Soth'e-by  (sutft'e-be) 
Sou-bi§e' 

Soufflot  (suf-flb') 

Soule  (Eng.) 

Soule  (so  la')  (Fr.) 

Soulie  (so-le-a') 

Sou-louque'  (-lok') 

Soult  (solt) 

South'C9tt 
South'ern 
South'ey 
South'ey,  JVr. 

Sou-vestre'  (so-ves'tr) 

So\v'er-by 

Sou'za 

S9-yu'tj 

Spa'da 

SpAen'donk 

Spagnoletti  (spln-y9-let'te) 
SpAl'djng 

Spal-lan-zA'nj,  (or  spAl- 
lan-tsA'nej 
SpAn'helm 
Spe-rAns'kj 
Spie'^el 
Spl-ge'li-us 
SpTnd'ler 
• Spi-nel'l  j 
Spi'n9-lA  # 

Spj-no'zA  * 

Spon-ti'nj 

SprAng'er 

Spreng'el 

Spru'ner 

Spurzheim  (spurts'hlm,  or 
spUrz'jm) 

Squarcione  (skwar-cho'na) 
Stael  (stAl) 

St?ig-ne'lj-us 
Stan'hope  (stan'up) 
Stan-is-la'us 
StAn-zi-6'nj  (-tse-) 

StA'pel 

StAr'hem-berg 
Sta'szic  (-sjk) 

StAud'lin  (stoi'-) 

StAun't9n 
Stay'ner 
Steen,  (or  Stan) 

Steen'wyk,  (or  stan'vlk) 
Ste-fa'nj  (sta-) 

Ste'fa-n5  (sta'-) 

Stel'belt 

Stein 

Ste'no  (sta'-) 

Steph'a-nus 
Stieg'ljtz  (-lits) 

Stier 

Sti'fel 

StI-fe  I|-us 

Sti'gl-may-er 

Stol'berg 

Stoq'ue-ler 

Stor'ace 

Stot'hard 

Stow'ell 

StrA'dA 

Stra-da'nus 

Stra-del'lA 

StrA'ti-cb 

Strauss  (strofis) 

Stroz'zj  (strot'se) 
Stru'en-§ee'  (-za') 

Stru've  (-va) 

Stu'er-bout 

Stuke'ley 

Sturm 

Sturz  (sturts) 

Stuy've-sant 

Sft-a'rez 

Su-bley-ras'  (-bla-) 

Suchet  (su-slia') 

Sue 

Sii'eur 

Sul'ly,  (or  siil-ye') 

Sul'zer  (-tser) 

Su-wir'row 

Swam'mer-dAm 

Sw&n'e-velt 


Swe'den-borg 

Swreyn'helm 

Swlth'in 

Syl-bur'^i-us 

Sy-rop'u-lus 

Sze-cheii'y|  (sa-) 


T. 

Ta'bsi-li 

Ta-ber-nac-mgin-ta'nus 

Til 'hot 

Tal'fourd 

Tal-i-?-c5'tj-us  (-slie-us) 

Taliaferro  (tol'e-ver) 

Tallard  (tgl-lair')  ' 

Tal'ley-rand 

Tallien  (tal-le-ang') 

Tam-bu-rt'nj 

Tam'er-lane 

Tan'cred  (tang'kred) 

Ta'ney 

Tkn'iia-hTll 

Tan-sll'lo 

Tartaglia  (tar-tal'ya) 

Tar-tl'nj 

Tas'sS 

Tas-so'nj 

Taub'mann  (tiiup'-) 
Tauch'nitz  (touk'nits) 
Tauter  (tou'-) 

Tau'^an  (tou'-) 

Tavernier  (ta-ver-ne.a') 
Te-bjl-de'o  (ta-bal-da'o) 
Tegner  (teng-ner') 
Teignmouth  (tln'muth,  or 
tan'muth) 

Teissier  (tk-se-a') 

Tel'e-minn 

Tel'lez  (-les),  (Port.) 

Tellez  (tel'yeth)  (Span.) 

Temanza  (ta-min'tsi) 

Te-ne-r'i'ni  (ta-na-) 

Ten'ne-minn  (-na-) 

Ten'ier^  (-yerz) 

Ten'ter-den 

Ten-to'rj 

Teresa  (ta-ra'za) 

Ternaux  (ter-no') 
Ter-r^s-son'  (-song') 

Te'iji  (ta'ze) 

Tes-sin' 

Tettelin  (tet-lang') 

Texeira  (ta-sha'e-ri) 
Texera  (ta-sha'ri) 

Thairup  (to'rup) 

Than'ler  (tou'-) 

The'den  (ta'den) 

Tliel'le  (ti'la) 

Thenard  (ta-nir') 
The-o-b^ld,  (or  tib'b^ld) 
The-o  tp-co'pu-lj  (ta-) 
Thes'j-ger 
Thevenot  (tav-no') 
Thibaudeau  (te  bo-de') 
Thibaut  (te-bo'i 
Thi'e-len  (te'a-lSn) 
Thie'ne-niinn  (tS'nS-) 
Thierry  (te-er'e,  or  te-a- 
re') 

Thiers  (te-er') 

Thiersch  (tersh) 

Thiess  (tes) 

Thilo  (te'lo) 

Tllion  (te-dng')  de  li 
Chainne  (shorn) 
Tho'luck  ( to'lQk) 

Thomas  (to-m'4')  (Fr.) 

Tho  ina'jj-us  (-zhe-us) 
Thomond  (to-mong') 
Thore^'by 
Tho'rjld  (to'rjlt) 
Thor'ke-Hn  (tor’ka-Ien) 
Thor'laks-son  (tor'l?ks-son) 
Thor' tvald -sen,  (or  tor'- 
vald-zen) 

Thou  (to) 

Thouars  (to-ar') 

Thouret  (to-ra') 
Throc'mor-ton 
Thu-a'nus 
Thul'den  (tul'den) 
Thiimmel  (tum'mel) 
Thunberg  (tun'berg) 
Thur'neys-ser  (tur'-) 
Ti-a-ri'nj 
Ti  Ini  ile’o  (-da'-) 

Ti-bal'di 

Tlck'ell,  (or  tTk'kl) 
Ti-coz'zi,  (or  te-kot'se) 
Ti'de-man  ( da  ) 

Tieck 

Tie'de-mUnn  (-da-) 

Tied' je 

Ti-e'p9-Io  (-a'-) 

Tighe  (ti) 


Tillemont  (tel-mong') 
Tll'loch 
TJl'lot-spn 
Tt-mo-te'o  (-ta'-) 

Tl'mur 
Tln-to-ret'to 
Tlp'poo  Sa'jb,  or  Tip'poo 
Sail) 

Ti-ra-bos'chj 
Tis9h'beln 
Tissot  (tes-so') 

TJ 'ti 

Ti''ti?n  (tlsh'?n) 

TIt'sIngh  (tjt'sing) 
To-al'do 
Tocque'vllle 
Todleben  (tdt'la-ben) 
To'land 
Tol-e-ta'nus 
Tollemache  (tal'mash) 
To-lo-me'j  f-ma'-) 
Tom-ma-§e'o  (-za'-) 
Tpm-mi'^i 
Tor'den-skj-old 
Tp-rel'li 

Toreno  (to-ran'yo) 
Tp-rl'nus 
Tor'por-Iey 
Tor' re  (-ra) 

Tor-rj-cel'lj,  (or  tor-re- 
chel'le) 

Tor-rj-^ia'iio 
Tpr-rl'jos  (-hos) 
Toulongeon  (to-10ng- 
zhong') 

Tdup 

Tour 

Tournefort  (torn-for') 
Tourne-mine' 

Tour-neiir' 

Tour-rette' 

Toussaint  (tos-sang')  L6u- 
ver-ture' 

Town^'hend 

Trad'es-cjmt 

Trav'er^ 

Tra-ver-sa'rj 
Trem-beck'j 
Tren-tow'skj 
Tre-vi'^j  (tra-) 

Tre-vj-^i'nj  (tra-) 

Tre-vl'sj  (tra  ) 

Trev'?r 

Tri'bo-lo 

Tri-cou'pi,  or  TrI-ku'pis 
Trie'wald  (-valt) 
TrTn-ca-vSl'lj-us 
Trjs-si'no 

Tris  tan'  da  Cun'ha  (-ya) 
Trithen  (tre'ten) 

Trlv'et 

Tri-val'zj-o  ( tse-) 

Tronchin  (trong-shang') 

Troughton  (trou't9n) 

Trow'bridge 

Tschirn'hau-sen  (-hBu-) 

Ts^hu'di 

Tu-renne' 

Turgot  (tur-go') 

Tur-ne'bus 

Turpin  (tur-pang')deCrisse 
(kres-sa') 
Tiir-sel-ll'nus 
Tu'tj-io 
Tych'sar 
Tyn'dale 
Tyr-con'nel 
Tyrwhitt  (ter'jt) 
Tzschir'ner  (tsher'-) 


IT. 


t)-ber'tj 

Uccello  (ut-chel'lo) 
Pf'fen  bach 
Uggione  (ud-jo'na) 
fT-ghel'li  (-gel'-) 
C-go-li'no 
Ph'iand  (-lant) 
flhl'e-mann 
C'kert 
V-lad'js-las 
Pl'fj-las,  or  f l'phj-lris 
tlll'mann 
Ulloa  (dl-yS'a) 

Ulrici  (ul'ri-t-se) 

Cm'breit 

Png'er 

flr-bi'no 

TIrfe  (ur-fa') 

tirqu'hart  (Urb'^rt) 

Urquiza  (ur-ke'tha) 

Ursins  (ur-sang') 

t)r-ville' 

flr-vd'rpv 

Os-te'rj  (-ta'-) 


Y. 


V^-ca'rj-us 
Vacherot  (vash-rb') 
Va'gA 
Vahl 

Vaillant  (val-yAng') 
V^al-bue'na  (bwa'-) 
VAlck'en-aer 
Val-des' 


Valentin  (vA-lAng-tAng') 
V?-le'sj-us  (-zhe-) 
VAl'le  (-la) 

Valliere  (val'le-er) 
VAl-ljs-ne'rj  (-11a'-) 
VA-lis-nj-e'ri  (-a'-) 
Valmont  (vAl-mong') 
Valois  (val-wA')* 
Val-sal'vA 
Van  Ach'en 
Van'brugh  (-bru) 
Van-cou'ver 
Van  DA'le  (-la) 
Van-damme' 

Van-del'lj 
Van'der  Hey'den 
Van'der  Meer,  (or  mer) 
Vln'der-meu'len,  (or 
-mbi'len) 
VAn-dAr-m6nde' 


VAn'der-vel'de  (-da) 
Van'der  VVey'de  (vl'da) 
Van-dyck' 

Van  Hel'ni9nt 
Van  Hoeck 


V^-ni'nj 

Van-loo',  (or  vAn-15') 

Van-man'der 

Vdn'nj 

Van  dost,  (or  vAn-5st) 

VAn-ndc'chi 

Vannuccf  (vAn-nut'che) 

Van  Schaack  (-skoik) 

VAn-sb'mer 

VAr'clij 

V^-rG'ni-us 

VAr'gas 

Varignon  (vA-ren-y5ng') 

Var-il-las' 

Varn'liA-gen 
VA-r9-tA'rj 
VA-sA'ri 
Va-tA'ble  (-bl) 

Va'ter,  (or  fA'ter) 

V^t-tel' 

Vattier  (vAt-te-a') 

Vauban  (vo-bAng') 
Vaucanson  (vo-kAng-s5ng') 
Vaucher  (vo-slia') 
Vaugelas  (vozh-lA') 
Vaughan  (vawn1) 
Vauquelin  (vok-lang') 
Vauvilliers  (vo-vel-ya') 
Vec'chj 
Vec'clij-A 

Vecellio  (va-chel'le-5) 
Ve'ga  (va'~) 

Veit,  (or  fit) 

Ve-laz'quez  (-kez,  or  va- 
lAth'kath) 

Velly  (vel-le') 

Veneziano  (va-na-tse-A'no) 
Ve-nj-e'rb  (va-ne-a'rb) 
Ve-nus'ti  (va-) 

Ve-re'l|-us 
Vergniaud  (vern-yo') 
Vermigli  (ver-mel'ye) 
Vernet  (ver-nii') 

Ver'rj 
Ver'rj-o 
Ver-roc'chi'-o 
Ver'ste-gan 
Vertot  (ver-to') 

Ver'u-lam 

Ve-sa'li-us 

Vespucci  (ves-put'clie) 

Vet-to'ri 

Vi  cen'te  (-ta) 

Vici  (ve'che) 

Vi'co 


Vicq-d’Azyr  (vek-di-zer' 
Vi-docq' 

Vien  (ve-ang') 

Vl-e'ta 

Vignola  (ven-yo'la) 
Vignoles  (veil  yol') 

Vigny  (ven  ye') 

Vlg'or^ 

Vl'gor?,  JVr. 

Vil-lA'ni 

Villanueva  (vel-ya-mva'vA) 
Villaret  (vel-lA-ra') 

Vi  liars  (vel-lAr') 

Villegas  (vel-ya'gas) 
Villeliardouin  (vei-Ar-do- 
ang') 

Villeinain  (vel-mang') 


Vllle'neiive 
Villers  (vel-ler') 

V 1 1 ' 1 ier§  (vil'ycrz) 
Villoison  (vel-wa-zong') 
Vinci  (ven'che) 

Vl'ner 

Vinet  (ve-na') 

Vi-ot't, 

Vi-rey'  (-ra') 

Visch'er  (vlsk'er)  (Dut.) 

Vis^h'er  (flsh'e’r)  (Ger.) 

Vjs-cbn'tj 

Vi 'sin 

Vj-tel'15 

Vj-trln'ga 

Vit-to-ri'nb 

Vlv'a-res 

Vi-va-ri'ni 

Vi'ves 

Vi-vj-a'ni 

Vlad'i-mir 

Voet 

Vo'gel,  (or  fo'gel) 
Voisenon  (vwAz-nbng' 
Vol-ture' 

V9-la'nus 

Vol'kov 

Vol-pA'to 

V9l-tAire' 

Von  Vi'sjn 
Vbrosmarty  (veh-rehs 
march') 

Voss,  (or  fos) 

Vos'si-us  (vosh'e-us) 
Vouet  (vo-a') 

Voyer  (vwA-ya') 

Vries 


w. 

WAa'gen,  (or  v'a'gen) 
Wacli'ler,  (or  vak'-) 
WAchs'inuth  (-mut,  or 
"vaks'inut) 

WAch'ter,  (or  vAk') 
Wacl'djng  (wod'-) 

Wael,  (or  vAl) 
WA'5en-?eIl,  (or  vA'-) 
Wa-liAb' 

WAhl,  (or  val) 

Wailly  (val-ye') 
Wal-a-frI'dus 
Wal-iia-frl'dus 
Walch,  (or  valk) 
Wal'deck,  (or  val'deck) 
Wal'de-grave 
WAl'cI  e-mar 
Wa-le\v'sk| 

Walk'er  (wawk'er) 
Wal'l^ce  (wol'-) 
Wal'len-stein  (wol'-) 
Wal'ler 
Wal'lich 

Wal-lin',  (or  val-len') 
Wal'lis  (w  ol'-) 

Walmes'ley  (vvawmz'-) 
Wal'pole 
Wal'sing-ham 
Walt'her,  (or  vAlt'cr) 
WAl'ton 

Wan'ley  (won'-) 
Wans'ie-ben,  (or  vAn^'la- 
ben) 

Waj'beck 
War'hur-ton 
War'gen-tin,  (or  var'-) 
Warliain  (wor'am) 

WAr'ing 
Warne'f9rd 
WAr'ner 
War'ren  (vvor'-) 

W&r'ton 

Wash'ing-ton  (w'osh'-) 

W ate  let  (vAt-la') 
Wa'ter-land 
Wat's9n  (w'ot'-) 

Watt  (wot) 

Wc'ber,  (or  va'ber) 
VVee'njnx,  (or  va'njnks) 
Weid'ler,  (or  vid'ler) 
Weln'bren-ner,  (or  vln'-) 
Weiss,  (or  vis) 

Wels'se,  (or  vls'sa) 
Wellesley 
Wemyss  (vvCmz) 
Wen-ces-la'us 
Wer'^e-land,  (or  ver'fa- 

larit) 

Wer'ner,  (or  ver'ner) 
Wes-se'lus 

Wbs'sel-Ing,  (or  ves'sa- 
lTiig) 

WestTtU 

Wes'ter-gaard  (-gord) 
West'ina-cott 
Wcy'er,  (or  vl'er) 

Whal'ley  (whoi'Ie) 


1768  PRONUNCIATION  OF  THE  NAMES  OF  DISTINGUISHED  MEN  OF  MODERN  TIMES. 


WMr'tpn 
Whate'ly 
Whevvell  (hii'el) 
Whlt'fi-ker 

White' fieid  (hvvlt'feld) 
Wlgh'inann,  ( or  vlk'inan) 
Wiquefort  (vek-for') 
Wie'beck-jng,  (or  ve'-) 
Wie'land,  (or  ve'l&nt) 
Wie'§el-gren,  (or  ve'-) 
Wll'ber-force 
Wilkes 

Wll'liert,  (or  vll'lart) 
Wll'den-ow,  (or  vil'-) 
Wll'lj-brod 
Wll'lough-by  (-I9-) 
Wll'lugh-by  (-V) 
Wlnck'el-mSinn,  (or  vlnk'- 
el-min) 

Wi'ner,  (or  ve'ner) 


Wlth'er,  or  Wlth'er^ 
Wlth'er-lng-ton 
Wit'j-klml,Wlt'te-king,  or 
Wit'tj-chind 
Wltt'gen~steln,  (or  vlt'-) 
Wdd'rovv 

Wohl'ge-muth  (-mut,  or 
vdl'ga-mut) 

Wol'cott  (wul'-) 

Wolfe  (vvulf) 

Wolff,  (or  volf) 

Wol'l^istyn  (vvul'-) 
Wol'l$s-ton  (vvul'-),  TVr. 
Woll'st9iie-crift  (wul'-) 
Wol'^ey  (vvul'ze) 

Wool'iett  (wGl'-) 
Wool'st9ne  (vvul'-) 
Wordsworth  (vviirdz'- 
wiirth) 

Wd-rd'njcs 


W9-r5n'zow  (-zov) 

Wouv'ver-nian 

Wrangel  (vrang'el) 

Wrax'all  (raks'^1) 

Wrede  (vra'da) 

Wrl'othes-ley  (rl'-) 

Wul'stan 

Wych'er-ley 

Wy'n?ints 

Wyn'toun 

Wyt'ten-ba£h 


X. 

Xavier  (z&v'e-ur) 

Ximenez  (he-ma'nes,  or 
zlm'e-nez) 

Xylander  (zl-lan'der) 


Y. 

Yal'den 

Y&r'rell 

Yeate’5 

Ybu^tt 

Yp-sj-lan'tj 

Yriarte  (e-re-ar'ta) 

Ysabeau  (e-za-bo') 


Zacagni  (dza-kiin'ye) 
Z5£b,  (or  tsik) 

Ziicli-a-ri'ae  (tsak-) 
Zitcht'le-vfn  (tsikt'la-ven) 


Zahn  (tsin) 

Za-lus'kj 
Zi-mO'ri  (tlri-) 
Zi-mo-ys'kj 

Zim  pi-e'rj  (dzim-pe-a're) 
Zan'cJlj  (dzan'-) 

Zb-not'tj  (dzi-) 

Zarate  (tiia'ra-ta) 

Zilr-li'no  (dziir-) 

Zeller  (tsel'ler) 

Ze-lot'tj  (dza-) 

Zel'ter  (tseli-) 

Zeuss  (tsols) 

Zhu-kov'sky 
Zieg'ler  (tseg'-) 

Ziethen  (tse'ten) 
Zlm'mer-in&nn 
Zln-ga-rel'lj  (dzen-) 
Zin'zen-dorf 
Zo'b?l  (tso'-) 


Zo-e'g?  (-a'-) 

Zof'fj-ny 
Zol'lj-ko'fer 
Zorilla  (tliy-rel'ya) 

Zofich 

Zoust 

Zschokke  (chok'ka) 
Zu-cj-rel'lj  (dzu-) 
Zuc'ca-ro  (dzuk'-; 

Zuc'chj  (dzuk'-) 
Zumalacarregui  (thu-mb'- 
l?-kar'ra-|e) 

Zum'mo  (dzuin'-) 

Zumpt  (tsumpt) 

Zuniga  (tliun-ye'ga) 

Zunz  (tsunts) 

Zur-bA-ritn'  (tlifir-) 

Zu-ri'ti  (thu-) 

Zwin'gle  (zwlng'gl),  or 
ZvvIng'Ij,  or  ZwTng'lj-us 


ABBREVIATIONS 


USED  IN 


WRITING  AND  PRINTING. 


A Afternoon.  — Answer.  — Acre.  — Adjec- 

tive. — a,  or  aa.  Ana,  of  each  the  same 
quantity. 

A.  (In  commerce.)  Accepted.  — a.,  or  @.  at  or  to. 

AAA.  ( Amalgama .)  Amalgamation. 

A.  A.  P.  S.  . American  Association  for  the  Promotion 
of  Science. 

A.  A.  S.  ( Academia  Americana  Socius.)  Fellow  of  the 
American  Academy. 

A.  A.  S.  S.  ( Academia!  Antiquarians  Societatis  Socius .) 

Member  of  the  American  Antiquarian 
Society. 

A.  B.  ( Artium  Baccalaureus.)  Bachelor  of  Arts. 

Abbr Abbreviated. 

A.  B.  C.  F.  M.  American  Board  of  Commissioners  for 
Foreign  Missions. 

Abl Ablative. 

Abp Archbishop. 

Abr Abridged. 

A.  B.  S.  . . . American  Bible  Society. 

A.  C.  ( Ante  Christum.)  Before  Christ. 

A.  C Arch-Chancellor. 

Acc Accusative. 

Acct Account. 

A.  C.  S.  . . . American  Colonization  Society. 

A.  D.  ( Anno  Domini.)  In  the  Year  of  our  Lord. 

A.  I) Archduke. 

Ad.,  or  Adv.  Adverb. 

Adj Adjective. 

Adjt Adjutant. 

Adjt.  Gen..  . Adjutant-General. 

Ad.  lib  ( Ad  libitum.)  At  pleasure. 

Adm.,  or  Adml.  Admiral.  — Admiralty. 

Adm.  Co.  . . Admiralty  Court. 

Admr Administrator. 

Admx Administratrix. 

Adv.  {Ad  valorem.)  At  the  value.  — Advent. — Advo- 
cate. 

JEt.,  or  IE.  (JEtatis.)  Of  age,  aged. 

A.  &,  F.  B.  S.  American  and  Foreign  Bible  Society. 

A.  F.,  or  A.  fir.  Firkin  of  Ale. 

Af. Africa. 

Ag.  {Argentum.)  Silver. 

Agric Agriculture. 

Agt Agent. 

A.  II.  ( Anno  Hegirs.)  In  the  Year  of  the  Hegira. 

A.  H.  M.  S.  . American  Home  Missionary  Society. 

Al.,  or  Ala.  . Alabama. 

Aid Alderman. 

Alex Alexander. 

Alt Altitude. 

A.  M.  {Artium  Magistcr.)  Master  of  Arts. 

A.  M.  {Ante  Meridiem.)  Before  noon. 

A.  M.  {Anno  Mundi.)  In  the  Year  of  the  World. 

A.  M.  M.  ( Amalgama .)  Amalgamation. 

Am.,  or  Amer.  American. 

Am Amos. 

Amb Ambassador. 

Amt Amount. 

An.  {Anno.)  In  the  Year. 

An.,  or  Ans.  Answer. 

Ana.  {Medicine.)  In  like  quantity. 

Anat Anatomy. 

Anc Anciently. 

Ang.  Sax.  . . Anglo-Saxon. 

Anon Anonymous. 

Ant.,  or  Antiq.*  Antiquities. 

A.  O.  S.  S.  {Americans  Orientalis  Societatis  Socius.) 

Member  of  the  American  Oriental  So- 
ciety. 

Ap,  Apr.,  or  Apl.  April. 

Ap Apostle. 

A.  P.  G.  ...  Professor  of  Astronomy  in  Gresham  Col- 
lege. 

Apo Apogee. 

Apoc Apocalypse. 

A.  R.  {Anna  Regina.)  Queen  Anne. 

A.  R.  {Anno  Regni.)  In  the  Year  of  the  Reign. 

Ar.,  or  Arab.  Arabic. 

Arch Architecture. 

Arith Arithmetic. 

Ark Arkansas. 

Arm Armoric.  — Armenian. 

Arr Arrived. 

Arrs Arrivals. 

A.  R.  S.  S.  (Antiquariorum  Regis  Societatis  Socius.) 

Fellow  of  the.  Royal  Society  of  Anti- 
quaries. 

222 


Art Article. 

As Arsenic. 

A.  S.  A.  S.  . Member  of  the  American  Statistical  As- 
sociation. 

A.  S.,  or  A.  Sax.  Anglo-Saxon. 

1 A.  S.  S.  U.  . American  Sunday  School  Union. 

! Astrol Astrology. 

I Astron.  . . . Astronomy. 

I A.  T Arch-Treasurer. 

, A.  T.  S.  . . . American  Tract  Society.  — American 
Temperance  Society. 

Att.,  or  Atty.  Attorney. 

Atty.  Gen.  . . Attorney-General. 

Au.  (Aunes.)  French  Ells. — •( Aurum .)  Gold. 

A.  TJ.  A. . . . American  Unitarian  Association. 

A.  U.  C.  {Anno  Urbis  Condits.)  In  the  Year  from  the 
Building  of  the  City  [Rome]. 

Aug August. 

Aust Austria,  Austrian. 

Av Average.  — Avenue 

Avoir Avoirdupois. 


B. 

B.  (Basso.)  . Bass,  in  Music. 

B.,  or  Bk.  . . Book.  — b.  Born. 

B Boron. 

B.  A Bachelor  of  Arts.  — British  America. 

Ba Barium. 

Bal Balance. 

Bar Barrel.  — Barleycorn. 

Bart.,  or  Bt.  . Baronet. 

Bbl Barrel. 

B.  C Before  Christ. 

B.  C.  L.  ...  Bachelor  of  Civil  Law. 

B.  D Bachelor  of  Divinity. 

Bd.  .....  Bound. 

Bds Bound  in  boards. 

Belg Belgic. 

Benj Benjamin. 

Berks Berkshire. 

B.  F.,  or  B.  fir.  Firkin  of  Beer. 

Bi Bismuth. 

Bib Bible  ; Biblical. 

Bk Bank.  — Book. 

B.  L.  (Baccalaureus  Lcgum.)  Bachelor  of  Laws. 

Bl Barrel. 

B.  M British  Museum. 

B.  M.  (Baccalaureus  Medicins.)  Bachelor  of  Medicine. 

Bot Botany. 

Bp Bishop. 

B.  R.  (Banco  Regis  or  Rcgins.)  King’s  or  Q,ueen’s 
Bench. 

Br.,  or  Bro.  . Brother. 

Br Bromine. 

Bret Breton. 

Brig Brigade  ; Brigadier. 

Brig.  Gen.  . . Brigadier-General. 

Brit Britain,  British. 

Bu.,  or  Bush.  Bushel. 

Bucks Buckinghamshire. 

B.  V.  ( Beata  Virgo.)  Blessed  Virgin. 

B.  V.  (Bene  Vale.)  Farewell. 


c. 

C Carbon. 

C.  (Centum.)  A hundred.  — Cent.  — Centime.  — Con- 
gress. 

C.,  or  Cap.  (Caput.)  Chapter. 

Ca Calcium. 

Cal California. 

Cal.  (Calends.)  Calends. 

Cant Canticles. 

Cap Capital.  — Caps.  Capitals. 

Capt Captain. 

Car Carpentry.  — Carat. 

C.  A.  S.  ( Connect icuttensis  Academis  Socius.)  Fellow 
of  the  Connecticut  Academy. 

Cash Cashier. 

Cath Catholic.  — Catherine. 

C.  B Companion  of  the  Bath. 

C.  B Cape  Breton. 

Cb Coiumbium. 


C.  C Caius  College. — County  Commissioner. 

— County  Court. 

C.  C.  (Compte  Courant.)  Account  Current. 


c.  c.  c. 

C.  C.  P. 
Cd.  . . 

C.  E.  . . 

Ce.  . . . 
Celt.  . . 
Cent,  or  Ct 


Corpus  Christi  College. 

Court  of  Common  Pleas. 
Cadmium. 

Civil  Engineer.  — Canada  East. 
Cerium. 

Celtic. 

(Centum.)  A hundred. 


Cf.  (Confer.)  Compare. 

C.  II Court-House. 

Ch.,  or  C.  . . Church. 

Ch.  Ch.,  or  Ch.  C.  Christ  Church. 

Clial.,  or  Ch.  Chaldron. 

Chal Chaldee,  Chaldaic. 

Chanc.  . . . Chancellor. 

Chap.,  or  Ch.  Chapter. 

Chas Charles. 

Cliem Chemistry. 

Chron Chronicles.  — Chronology. 

Cit Citizen.  — Citation. 

C.  J Chief  Justice. 

Cl Clerk.  — Clergyman.  — Chlorine. 

Clk Clerk. 

Co Cobalt.  — Company.  — County. 

Cochl.,  or  Coch.  ( Cochleare .)  A spoonful. 

Col Colonel.  — Colossians. 

Col Colloquial. 

Coll College. — Collector. 

Com Commissioner.  — Commodore.  — Com- 

merce. — Committee.  — Commentary. 

Comp Compare.  — Comparative.  — Compound. 

Com.  Ver.  . . Common  Version. 

Con.  (Contra.)  Against,  or  in  opposition. 

Conch Conchology. 

Con.  Cr.,  or  C.  C.  Contra  Credit: 

Cong.,  or  C.  . Congress. 

Conj Conjunction. 

Conn.,  or  Ct.  Connecticut. 

Cons.,  or  Const.  Constable. 

Cop Coptic. 

Cor Corinthians. 

Corn Cornish. 

Cor.  Sec.  . . Corresponding  Secretary. 

Cos Cosine. 

C.  P Common  Pleas.  — Court  of  Probate. 

C.  P.  S.  (Custos  Privati  Sigilli.)  Keeper  of  the  Privy 
Seal. 

C.  R.  (Custos  Rotulorum.)  Keeper  of  the  Rolls. 

C.  R.  (Carolus  Rex.)  King  Charles. 

Cr Credit.  — Creditor.  — Chromium. 

Crim.  Con.  . Criminal  Conversation,  or  Adultery. 

C.  R.  P.  (Calendaj-ium  Rotulorum  Patcntium.)  Calendar 
oftlie  Patent  Rolls. 

Crystal.  . . . Crystallography. 

C.  S.  (Custos  Sigilli.)  Keeper  of  the  Seal.  — Court  of 
Sessions. 

Ct Connecticut.  — Count. — Court. 

Ct Cent. — Cts.  Cents. 

Cu.  (Cuprum.)  Copper. 

Cnr Current,  or  This  month. 

C.  W Canada  West. 

Cwt.  (Centum  and  weight.)  Hundred-weight. 

Cyc Cyclopaedia. 


D. 

D.,  or  d.  (Denarius.)  Penny,  or  Pence. 

D.,  or  d.  . . . Day.  — Died.  — Dime. 

D Dutch. 

D.,  or  Deg.  . Degree. 

Dan Daniel.  — Danish. 

Dat Dative. 

D.  C District  of  Columbia.  — (Da  Capo.)  Again. 

D.  C.  L.  . . . Doctor  of  Civil  Law. 

D.  D.  ( Divinitatis  Doctor.)  Doctor  of  Divinity. 

Dea Deacon. 

Dec December.  — Declination. 

Deg Degree,  or  Degrees. 

Del Delaware.  — Delegate. 

Del.  (Delineavit.)  He  drew  it ; — placed  on  a copper- 
plate with  the  name  of  the  draftsman. 

Den Denmark. 

Dep.,  or  Dept.  Department. 

Dep Deputy. 


(1769) 


1770 


ABBREVIATIONS  USED  IN  WRITING  AND  PRINTING, 


Dept Deponent. 

Deriv Derivative. 

Dent Deuteronomy. 

D.  F Defender  of  the  Faith.  — Dean  of  the 

Faculty. 

Dft.,  or  Deft.  Defendant. 

D.  G.  ( Dei  Gratid.)  By  the  Grace  of  God. 

Di Didymium. 

Diam Diameter. 

Diet Dictator.  — Dictionary. 

Dim Diminutive. 

Dis.,  Disc.,  or  Disct.  Discount. 

Diss Dissertation. 

Dist.  .....  District. 

Dist.  Atty. . . District  Attorney. 

Div Divided.  — Division. 

D.  M Doctor  of  Music. 

Db.  {Ditto.)  . The  same  ; as  aforesaid. 

Bols.,  or  $.  . Dollars. 

Doz Dozen. 

D.  P Doctor  of  Philosophy. 

Dpt Deponent. 

Dr Doctor.  — Debtor.  — Dram. 

D.  T.  {Doctor  Theologiw.)  Doctor  of  Divinity. 

Dut Dutch. 

D.  V.  {Deo  Volente.)  God  willing. 


Dwt.  {Denarius  and  weight.)  Pennyweight. 

E. 


E Erbium.  — East.  — Earl.  — Eagle. 

Ecc.,  or  Eccles.  Ecclesiastical. 

Eccl Ecclesiastes.  — Ecclesiastical. 

Eccl.  Hist..  . Ecclesiastical  History. 

Ecclus Ecclesiasticus. 

Ed Edition.  — Editor. 

Edra Edmund. 

Eds Editors. 

Edw Edward. 

E.  E Errors  excepted.  — English  Ells. 

E.  FI Ells  Flemish. 

E.  Fr Ells  French. 

E.  G.,  e.  g.  {Exempli  Gratid..)  For  example. 

E.  I East  Indies,  or  East  India. 

E.  I.  C.  ...  East  India  Company. 

Elec Electricity. 

Eliz Elizabeth. 

E.  Lon.  . . . East  Longitude. 

Emp Emperor.  — Empress. 

Ency.,  or  Encyc.  Encyclopedia. 

E.  N.  E.  . . . East-north  east. 

Eng England,  English. 

Ent Entomology. 

Env.  Ext.  . . Envoy  Extraordinary. 

Ep Epistle. 

Eph Ephesians.  — Ephraim. 

E.  S Ells  Scotch. 

Esd Esdras. 

E.  S.  E.  ...  East-south-east. 

Esq.,  or  Esqr.  Esquire. 

Esth Esther. 

E.  T English  Translation. 


Et  al.  {Et  alii.)  And  others. 

Et  al.  {Et  alibi.)  And  elsewhere. 

Etc.,  or  Sec.  {Et  ccetera.)  And  others  ; and  so  forth. 
Et  seq.  {Et  sequentia.)  And  what  follows. 

r.i,  ♦ 1 ^ 


Erh Etliiopic. 

Ex Example.  — Exodus. 

Exc Excellency.  — Exception. 

Exch Exchequer. 

Exod Exodus. 

Exon.  {Exonia.)  Exeter. 

Exr Executor. 

Ez.,  or  Ezr.  . Ezra. 

Ezek Ezekiel, 


F. 


F Fluorine. 

F.,  or  f.  . . . Franc.  — Florin.  — Feminine. 

Falir Fahrenheit. 

Far Farthing.  — Farriery. 

F.  A.  S.  . . . Fellow  of  the  Society  of  Arts. 


F.  D.  {Fidei  Defensor , or  Defcnsatrix.)  Defender  of  the 
Faith. 

F.  E.,  or  FI.  E.  Flemish  Ells. 

Fe.  {Ferrum.)  Iron. 


Feb February. 

Fern Feminine. 

F.  E.  S.  ...  Fellow  of  the  Entomological  Society. 

F.  G.  S.  ...  Fellow  of  the  Geological  Society. 

F.  H.  S.  . . . Fellow  of  the  Horticultural  Society. 

Fig Figure.  — Figurative. 

Fin Finland. 

Finn Finnish. 

Fir Firkin. 

FI.,  Flor.,  or  Fa.  Florida. 

FI Flemish. 

FI.,  or  fl.  . . Flourished. — Florin. 

FI.  E Flemish  Ell. 

F.  L.  S.  ...  Fellow  of  the  Linntean  Society. 

Fo.,  or  Fol.  . Folio. 

For Foreign. 

Fort Forrification. 

Fr France.  — French.  — Francis. 


F.  R.  A.  S.  . Fellow  of  the  Royal  Astronomical  So- 
ciety. 

Fr.  E French  Ells. 

Fred Frederic. 

Freq Frequentative. 

F.  It.  G.  S.  . Fellow  of  the  Royal  Geographical  Society. 

Fri Friday. 

F.  R.  S.  . . . Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society. 

Frs Friesic,  Frisian. 

F.  R.  S.  E.  . Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society,  Edinburgh. 
F.  R.  S.  L.  . Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Literature. 
F.  S.  A.  . . . Fellow  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries.— 
Fellow  of  the  Society  of  Arts. 

F.  S.  A.  E.  . Fellow  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries, 
Edinburgh. 

Ft Foot,  or  Feet.  — Fort. 

Fth Fathom. 

Fur Furlong. 

Fut Future. 

F.  Z.  S.  ...  Fellow  of  the  Zoological  Society. 


G. 

G Glucinum. 

Ga.,  or  Geo.  . Georgia. 

Gael Gaelic. 

Gal Galatians.  — Gallon. 

G.  B Great  Britain. 

G.  C.  B.  . . . Grand  Cross  of  the  Bath. 

G.  C.  H.  . . . Grand  Cross  of  Hanover. 

Gen General.  — Genesis.  — Genitive 

Gent.  ....  Gentleman. 

Gent.  Mag.  . Gentleman’s  Magazine. 

Geo George. — Georgia. 

Geog Geography. 

Geol Geology. 

Geom Geometry. 

Ger German.  — Germany. 

Goth.,  or  Go.  Gothic. 

Gov Governor. 

Gov.  Gen.  . . Governor-General. 

G.  R.  {Georgius  Rex.)  King  George. 

Gram Grammar. 

Gtt.  ( Gutta , Guttoe.)  Drop,  drops. 

Guin Guinea,  guineas. 


II. 

H Hydrogen. 

II.,  li.,  or  hr.  Hour. 

Ilab Habakkuk. 

Hag Haggai. 

Hants Hampshire. 

H.  B.  C.  . . . Hudson’s  Bay  Company. 

II.  B.  M. . . . His,  or  Her,  Britannic  Majesty. 

Hdkf.  ....  Handkerchief. 

II.  E.,  or  h.  e.  ( Hoc , or  hie , est.)  That,  or  this,  is. 

Heb Hebrews.  — Hebrew. 

II.  E.  I.  C.  . Honorable  East  India  Company. 

Her Heraldry. 

Herp Herpetology. 

llf.  bd Half-bound. 

ll g.  {Hydrargyrum.)  Mercury. 

I Ihd Hogshead. 

H.  H.  S.  . . . Fellow  of  the  Historical  Society. 

Mil Hilary. 

Ilin Hindoo.  — Ilindostan.  — Hindostanee. 

Hist History. 

II.  J.  S.  {Hie  jar.et  sepultus.)  Here  lies  buried. 

H.  M His,  or  Her,  Majesty. 

II.  M.  P.  {Hoc  monumentumposuit.)  Erected  this  mon- 
ument. 

II.  M.  S.  . . . Ills,  or  Her,  Majesty’s  Ship,  or  Service. 

Hon Honorable. 

Hon’d Honored. 

Hort Horticulture. 

Hos Hosea. 

H.  P Half-pay. 

II.  R House  of  Representatives. 

H.  R.  E.  . . . Holy  Roman  Empire. 

H.  R.  H.  . . . His,  or  Her,  Royal  Highness. 

II.  R.  I.  II.  {Hie  resquiescit  in  pace.)  Here  rests  in  peace. 
II.  S.  {Hie  situs.)  Here  lies. 

Hum.,  or  Humb.  Humble. 

Hun Hungary,  Hungarian. 

Hund Hundred. 

Ilyd Hydrostatics. 


I. 


I Iodine. 

I.,  or  Isl.  . . Island. 

Ia Indiana. 

Ib.,  or  Ibid.  {Ibidem.)  In  the  same  place. 

Icel Iceland,  Icelandic. 

Ich Ichthyology. 

Id.  {Idem.)  . The  same. 

I.  e.,  or  i.  e.  {Id  rst.)  That  is. 


I.  II.  S.  {Jesus  Ilominum  Salvator.)  Jesus  the  Saviour 


of  Men. 

IlK Illinois. 

Imp Imperial.  — Imperative.  — Imperfect. 

In Inch,  inches. 


In.,  Ia.,  or  Ind.  Indiana. 

Inc.,  or  Incur.  Incorporated. 
Incog.  {Incognito.)  Unknown. 


Iud. India.  — Indian.  — Indiana. 

Indie Indicative. 

Ind.  Ter.  . . Indian  Territory. 

Jnfin Infinitive. 


In  lim.  {In  limine.)  At  the  outset. 

In  loc.  {In  loco.)  In  the  place. 

I.  N.  It.  I.  {Jesus  Nazarenus,  Rex  Judworum.)  Jesus  of 


Nazareth,  King  of  the  Jews. 

Inst Instant,  or  Of  the  present  month. 

Int Interest. 

Interj Interjection. 

In  trans.  {In  transitu.)  On  the  passage, 
lo Iowa. 

I.  O.  O.  F.  . Independent  Order  of  Odd  Fellows. 

Ipecac Ipecacuanha. 

Ir Ireland.  — Irish.  — Iridium. 

Isa Isaiah. 

I.  T Indian  Territory. 

It Italy. — 'Italian.  — Italic. 

Itin Itinerary. 


J. 

J Judge. 

J.  A.  \ . . . . Judge  Advocate. 

Ja.,  or  Jas.  . James. 

Jac Jacob. 

Jam Jamaica. 

Jan January. 

J.  C.  D.  ...  Doctor  of  Civil  Law. 

J.  D.  {Jurum  Doctor.)  Doctor  of  Laws. 

Jer Jeremiah. 

J.  H.  S.  {Jesus  Hominum  Salvator.)  Jesus  the  Saviour 
of  Men. 

Jno John. 

Jo Joel. 

Jon Jonah. 

Jona Jonathan. 

Jos Joseph. 

Josh Joshua. 

Jour Journal. 

J.  P Justice  of  the  Peace. 

J.  Prob.  . . . Judge  of  Probate. 

J.  R.  {Jacobus  Rex.)  King  James. 

Jr.,  or  Jun.  . Junior. 

J.  U.  D.  {Juris  utriusque  Doctor.)  Doctor  of  both  LawS  ; 

i.  e.  the  Canon  and  the  Civil  Law. 

Jud Judith. 

Judg Judges. 

Jul July.  — Julius. 

Jill.  Per.  . . . Julian  Period. 

Jun June. — Junius. 

Jus.  P Justice  of  the  Peace. 

Just.,  or  Jus.  Justice. 


K. 


K King. — ( Kalium .)  Potassium. 

K.  A Knight  ot  St.  Andrew,  in  Russia. 

K.  A.  N.  . . . Knight  of  Alexander  Newski,  in  Russia. 

Kan Kansas. 

K.  B Knight  of  the  Bath. 

K.  B King’s  Bench. 

K.  B.  A.  . . . Knight  of  St.  Bento  d’Avis,  in  Portugal. 

K.  B.  E.  . . . Knight  of  the  Black  Eagle,  in  Russia. 

K.  C King’s  Council. 

K.  C Knight  of  the  Crescent,  in  Turkey. 

K.  C.  B.  . . . Knight  Commander  of  the  Bath. 

K.  C.  H.  . . . Knight  Commander  of  Hanover. 

K.  C.  S.  ...  Knight  of  Charles  JII.,  in  Spain. 

K.  E Knight  of  the  Elephant,  in  Denmark. 

Ken.,  or  Ky.  Kentucky. 

K.  F Knight  of  Ferdinand,  in  Spain. 

K.  F.  M.  . . . Knight  of  St.  Ferdinand  and  Merit,  in 
Sicily. 

K.  G Knight  of  the  Garter. 

K.  G.  C.  . . . Knight  of  the  Grand  Cross. 

K.  G.  C.  B.  . Knight  of  the  Grand  Cross  of  the  Bath. 

K.  G.  F.  . . . Knight  of  the  Golden  Fleece,  in  Spain. 

K.  G.  H.  . . . Knight  of  the  Guelph  of  Hanover. 

K.  G.  V.  . . . Knight  of  Gustavus  Vasa,  in  Sweden. 

K.  II Knight  of  Hanover. 

Kil Kilderkin. 

Kingd Kingdom. 

K.  J Knight  of  St.  Joachim. 

K.  L Knight  of  Leopold  of  Austria. 

K.  L.  H.  . . . Knight  of  the  Legion  of  Honor. 

Km Kingdom. 

K.  M Knight  of  Malta. 

K.  M.  II.  . . Knight  of  Merit,  in  Holstein. 

K.  M.  J.  . . . Knight  of  Maximilian  Joseph,  in  Bavaria. 
K.  M.  T.  . . Knight  of  St.  Maria  Theresa,  in  Austria. 
K.  N.  S.  . . . Knight  of  Royal  North  Star,  in  Sweden. 
Knt.,  Ivt.,  or  K.  Knight. 

K.  P Knight  of  St.  Patrick. 

K.  R.  E.  . . . Knight  of  Red  Eagle,  in  Prussia. 

K.  S Knight  of  the  Sword,  in  Sweden. 

K.  S.  A.  . . . Knight  of  St.  Anne,  in  Russia. 

K.  S.  E.  ...  Knight  of  St.  Esprit,  in  France. 

I\.  S.  F.  ...  Knight  of  St.  Ferorando  of  Spain. 

K.  S.  F.  N.  '.  Knight  of  St.  Ferdinand,  in  Naples. 

K.  S.  G.  . . . Knight  of  St.  Georee,  in  Russia. 


ABBREVIATIONS  USED  IN  WRITING  AND  PRINTING. 


1771 


K.  S.  H.  ...  Knight  of  St.  Hubert,  in  Bavaria. 

K.  S.  J.  ...  Knight  of  St.  Januarius,  of  Naples. 

K.  S.  L.  ...  Knight  of  the  Sun  and  Lion,  in  Persia. 

K.  S.  M.  & S.  G.  Knight  of  St.  Michael  and  St.  George, 
of  the  Ionian  Islands. 

K.  S.  P.  ...  Knight  of  St.  Stanislaus,  in  Poland. 

K.  S.  S.  ...  Knight  of  the  Sword,  in  Sweden. — 
Knight  of  Southern  Star  of  the  Brazils. 

K.  S.  W.  . . Knight  of  St.  Waldemir,  in  Russia. 

K.T Knight  of  the  Thistle. 

Kt Knight. 

K.  T.  S.  . . . Knight  of  the  Tower  and  Sword,  in  Por- 
tugal. 

K.  W Knight  of  William,  in  the  Netherlands. 

K.  W.  E.  . . Knight  of  the  White  Eagle,  in  Poland. 

Ky Kentucky. 


L. 

L Lord.  — Lady.  — Latin.  — Lithium. 

L.,  or  Lil).  (Liber.)  Book. 

L.,  Lib.,  lb.,  or  ft.  (Libra.)  Pound  in  weight. 

L.,  1. , or  £.  . Pound  sterling. 

La Lanthanum. 

La.,  or  Lou.  . Louisiana. 

Ladp Ladyship. 

Lam Lamentations. 

Lat Latitude.  — Latin. 

Lb.,  or  ft.  . . Pound  in  weight. 

L.  C Lord  Chancellor.  — Lower  Canada. 

L.  C.,  or  1.  c.  f Loco  citato.)  In  the  place  cited. 

L.  C.  J.  ...  Lord  Chief  Justice. 

L.  D Lady  Day. 

Ld.,  or  L.  . . Lord. 

Ldp.,  or  Lp.  . Lordship. 

Lea League. 

Leg.,  or  Legis.  Legislature. 

Lev Leviticus. 

L.  I Long  Island. 

Li.  or  L.  . . . Lithium. 

Lib Librarian.* 

Lib.,  or  L.  (Liber.)  Book.' 

Lieut.,  or  Lt.  Lieutenant. 

Lieut.  Col.  . Lieutenant-Colonel. 

Lieut.  Gen.  . Lieutenant-General., 

Lieut.  Gov.  . Lieutenant-Governor. 

Lit Literature.  — Literary. 

Lit.,  or  lit.  . Literally. 

Liv.,  or  liv.  . Livre. 

LL.  B.  (Legum  Baccalaureus.)  Bachelor  of  Laws. 
LL.  D.  (Leg am  Doctor.)  Doctor  of  Laws. 

Lon.,  or  Long.  Longitude. 

Lond London. 

Lou.,  or  La.  . Louisiana. 

Low  L.  ...  Low  Latin. 

L.  S.  (Locus  Sigilli.)  Place  of  the  Seal. 

L.  S Left  side. 

L.  S.  D.,  or  1.  s.  d.  Pounds,  shillings,  pence. 

Lt Lieutenant. 

Lv Livres. 


M. 

M Marquis.  — Masculine.  — Monsieur,  Sir, 

or  Mister.  — Morning.  — Month.  — Min- 
ute.— Mile.  — Married. 

M.  (Mille.)  . A thousand. 

M.  (Mcredies.)  Meridian,  Mid-day,  or  Noon. 

M.  (Manipulus.)  A handful. 

M.,  Mon.,  or  Mond.  Monday. 

M.  A Master  of  Arts  — Military  Academy. 

Ma.,  or  Minn.  Minnesota. 

Mac.,  or  Macc.  Maccabees. 

Mad.,  or  Madm.  Madam. 

Mag Magazine. 

Maj Major. 

Maj.  Gen.  . . Major-General. 

Mai Malachi. 

Man Manege,  or  Horsemanship. 

Mar March. 

March Marchioness. 

Marg.  Trans.  Marginal  Translation. 

Marq Marquis. 

Mas.,  or  Masc.  Masculine. 

Mass.,  or  Ms.  Massachusetts. 

Math Mathematics.  — Mathematicians. 

Matt Matthew. 

M.  B.  (Medicina;  Baccalaureus.)  Bachelor  of  Medicine. 
M.  B.  (Musics  Baccalaureus.)  Bachelor  of  Music. 

M.  C Member  of  Congress.  — Master  Com- 

mandant. 

M.  D.  (Medicina;  Doctor.)  Doctor  of  Medicine. 

Md Maryland. 

Me Maine. 

M.  E Methodist  Episcopal. 

Meas Measure. 

Mech Mechanics. 

Med Medicine. 

Mem.  (Memento.)  Remember. 

Mem Memorandum. 

Messrs.,  or  MM.  (Messieurs.)  Gentlemen  j Sirs. 

Met Metaphysics. 

Meteor.  . . . Meteorology. 

Meth Methodist. 

Mex Mexico,  or  Mexican. 


Mg Magnesium. 

M.  Goth.  . . . Mmso-Gothic. 

M.  H.  S.  ...  Massachusetts  Historical  Society. — Mem- 
ber of  the  Jlistorical  Society. 

Mic Micah. 

Mich Michigan.  — Michaelmas. 

Mid Midshipman. 

Mil Military. 

Min Mineralogy. 

Min.,  or  min.  Minute,  minutes. 

Minn Minnesota. 

Min.  Plen.  . . Minister  Plenipotentiary. 

Miss.,  or  Mi.  Mississippi. 

Mile Mademoiselle. 

MM Messieurs  j Gentlemen. 

Mine Madame. 

M.  M.  S.  . . . Moravian  Missionary  Society. 

M.  M.  S.  S.  (Massachusettensis  Medicinal  Societatis  So- 
cius.)  Member  of  the  Massachusetts 
Medical  Society. 

Mn Manganese. 

Mo Missouri.  — Month.  — Molybdenum. 

Mod Modern. 

Mon.,  or  Mond.  Monday. 

Mons Monsieur,  or  Sir. 

M.  P Member  of  Parliament.  — Member  of  Po- 

lice. 

M.  P.  C.  ...  Member  of  Parliament  in  Canada. 

Mr Mister,  or  Master. 

M.  R.  A.  S.  . Member  of  the  Royal  Asiatic  Society. 

M.  R.  C.  S.  . Member  of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons. 
M.  R.  T.  ...  Member  of  the  Royal  Institution. 

M.  R.  I.  A.  . Member  of  the  Royal  Irish  Academy. 

Mrs Mistress  (pron.  Missis). 

M.  R.  S.  L.  . Member  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Literature. 
M.  S.  (Memorice  Sacrum.)  Sacred  to  the  Memory. 

MS Manuscript. 

MSS Manuscripts. 

Mt Mount,  or  Mountain. 

Mus Music.  — Museum. 

Mus.  D.  . . . Doctor  of  Music. 

M.  W.  S.  . . Member  of  the  Wernerian  Society. 

Myth Mythology. 


N. 


N North.  — Note.  — Number.  — Nail.  — Ni- 

trogen. 

N.,  or  n.  . . . Noun.  — Name. 

N.  A North  America,  North  American. 

Na.  (JVatrium.)  Sodium. 

Nall Nahum. 

Nat National.  — Natural. 

Nath Nathaniel,  or  Nathanael. 

Naut Nautical. 

N.  B.  (Nuta  bene.)  Mark  well  ; take  notice. 

N.  B New  Brunswick.  — North  Britain. 

N.  C North  Carolina.  — New  Church. 

N.  E New  England.  — North-east. 

Neb Nebraska. 

Nell Nehemiah. 


Nem.  con.  (Neminc  contradicente.)  No  one  contradict- 
ing ; unanimously. 

Nem.  diss.  (Ncmine  dissentientc.)  No  one  dissenting  j 
unanimously. 

Neth Netherlands. 

Neut Neuter. 

N.  F Newfoundland. 

New  Test.,  or  N.  T.  New  Testament. 

N.  H New  Hampshire. 

N.  H.  H.  S.  . New  Hampshire  Historical  Society. 

Ni Nickel. 

N.  J New  Jersey. 

N.  Lat.,  or  N.  L.  North  Latitude. 

N.  M New  Mexico. 

N.  N.  E.  . . . North-north-east. 

N.  N.  W.  . . North-north-west. 

No.  (Numero.)  Number. 

No Norium. 

N.  O New  Orleans. 

Nom Nominative. 

Non  pros.  (Non  prosequitur.)  He  does  not  prosecute. 

Norm Norman. 

Norm.  Fr.  . . Norman  French. 

Norw Norway  ; Norwegian. 

Nos Numbers. 

Nov November. 

N.  P Notary  Public.  — New  Providence. 

N.  P.  D.  ...  North  Polar  Distance. 

N.  S New  Style  (after  1752). 

N.  S Nova  Scotia. 

N.  T New  Testament. 

N.  u Name  unknown. 

Num.,  or  Numb.  Numbers. 

N.  V.  M.  . . . Nativity  of  the  Virgin  Mary. 

N.  W North-west. 

N.  W.  T.  . . North  west  Territory. 

N.  Y New  York. 

N.  Y.  H.  S.  . New  York  Historical  Society. 

N.  Zeal.  . . . New  Zealand. 


o. 

O Ohio.  — Oxygen. 

Ob.  (Obiit.)  He,  or  she,  died. 


Obad Obadiah. 

Obj Objection.  — Objective. 

Obs Observation.  — Observatory.  — Obsolete. 

Obt Obedient. 

Oct October. 

O.  F Odd  Fellows. 

Olym Olympiad.  * 

Old  Test.,  or  O.  T.  Old  Testament. 

Opt Optics. 

Or Oregon. 

Ord Ordinary. 

Ornith.  . . . Ornithology. 

O.  S Old  Style  (before  1752.) 

Os Osmium. 

O.  T Old  Testament. 

Oxon.  (Oxonia.)  Oxford. 

Oz.,  or  oz.  . . Ounce,  or  ounces. 


P. 

P.,  or  p.  . . . Page.  — Participle. — Phosphorus. — Pole. 
— Pint.  — Pipe. 

P.  (Pugillus.)  A pugil  ; as  much  as  can  be  taken  be- 
tween the  thumb  and  two  forefingers. 
Pa.,  or  Penn.  Pennsylvania. 

P.  a.,  or  p.  a.  Participial  adjective. 

Pal Paleontology. 

Pari Parliament. 

Part.,  or  p.  . Participle. 

Payt Payment. 

Pb.  (Plumbum.)  Lead. 

P.  C.  (Patres  Conscripti.)  Conscript  Fathers. 

P.  C Privy  Councillor. 

Pd Paid.  — Palladium. 

P.  E Protestant  Episcopal. 

Pe Pelopium. 

P.  E.  I Prince  Edward’s  Island. 

Penn Pennsylvania. 

Pent Pentacost. 

Per Persia  ; Persian. 

I\,  p.,  or  Iff.  (Per.)  By  the. 

Per  an.  (Per  annum.)  By  the  Year. 

Per  cent.,  or  Per  ct.  (Per  centum.)  By  the  Hundred. 

Perf. Perfect. 

Peri Perigee. 

Persp Perspective. 

Pet Peter. 

Pliar Pharmacy. 

Ph.  D.,  or  P.  D.  (Philosophiee  Doctor.)  Doctor  of  Phi- 
losophy. 

Phil Philip.  — Philippians.  — Philosophy.  — 

Philosopher.  — Philosophical. 

Pliila Philadelphia. 

Philem.  . . . Philemon. 

Pliilom.  (Philomathcs.)  Lover  of  Learning. 

Philomath.  (Philomathematicus.)  A Lover  of  Mathe- 
matics. 

Phren Phrenology. 

P.  H.  S.  . . . Pennsylvania  Historical  Society. 

Phys Physics.  — Physiology. 

Pinx.,  or  pxt.  (Pinxit.)  He,  or  she,  painted  it. 

Pk Peck. 

PI Place.  — Plate. 

PI.,  or  Plur.  . Plural. 

Plff. Plaintiff. 

Plup.,  or  Plupf.  Pluperfect. 

P.  M.  (Post  Meridiem.)  Afternoon. 

P.  M Postmaster.  — Passed  Midshipman. 

P.  M.  G.  . . . Postmaster-General.  — Professor  of  Mu- 
sic in  Gresham  College. 

P.  O Post-Office. 

Pop Population. 

Port Portugal  ; Portuguese. 

Pos Possessive. 

Pot Pottle. 

Pp Past  participle. 

Pp.,  or  pp.  . . Participles.  — Pages. 

P.  P.  C.  (Pour  prendre  conge.)  To  take  leave. 

P.  R Porto  Rico. 

Pr Preposition.  — (Per.)  By,  or  by  the. 

P.  R.  A.  . . : President  of  the  Royal  Academy. 

Prep.,  or  Pr.  . Preposition. 

Pres Present.  — President. 

Pret Preterite. 

Priv Privative. 

Prob Problem. 

Prof. Professor. 

Pron.,  or  pr.  . Pronounced.  — Pronoun. 

Pron.  a.  . . . Pronominal  adjective. 

Prop Proposition. 

Pros Prosody. 

Plot Protestant. 

Pro  tern.  (Pro  tempore.)  For  the  time. 

Prov Proverbs.  — Provost.  — Province. 

Prox.  (Proximo.)  Next,  or  Of  the  next  Month. 

P.  R.  S.  . . . President  of  the  Royal  Society. 

Prus Prussia  ; Prussian. 

P.  S Privy  Seal.  — (Post  Scriptum.)  Postscript. 

Ps Psalm,  or  Psalms. 

Pt Platinum.  — Part.  — Payment. 

P.  t Post-town. 

P.  Th.  G.  . . Professor  of  Theology  in  Gresham  College. 

Pub Published. — Publisher. 

Pub.  Doc.  . . Public  Document. 

Pun Puncheon. 

P.  v Post  village. 

Pwt Pennyweight. 


1772  ABBREVIATIONS  USED  IN  WRITING  AND  PRINTING. 


Q. 

Q.,  or  Qu.  . . Question.  — Queen. 

Q.,  or  q.  ( Quadrans .)  Fartliing. 

Q.  B Queen’s  Bench. 

Q.  C Queen’s  Council. 

Q.  D.,  or  q.  d.  (Quasi  dicat.)  As  if  ho  should  say. 

Q.  E.  (Quod  est.)  Which  is. 

Q.  E.  D.  (Quod  erat  demonstrandum.)  Which  was  to 
be  demonstrated. 

Q.  E.  F.  (Quod  erat  faciendum.)  Which  was  to  be 
done. 

Q.  E.  I.  (Quod  erat  inveniendum.)  Which  was  to  be 
discovered. 

Q.  L.,  or  q.  1.  ( Quantum  libet.)  * As  much  as  you  please. 
Qm.  (Quomodo.)  By  what  means. 

Q.  P.,  or  q.  pi.  (Quantum  placet .)  As  much  as  you 


please. 

Qr.,  or  qrs.  . Quarter,  or  Quarters.  — Farthings. 

Q.  S Quarter  Section. 

Q.  S.,  or  q.  s.  (Quantum  sufficit.)  A sufficient  quan- 
tity. 

Qt.,  or  qt.  . . Quart.  — Quantity. 

Qu.,  Qy.,  or  q.  (Qiucre.)  Query. 

Ques Question. 


Q.  V.,  or  q.  v.  ( Quod  vide.)  Which  see. 

Q.  V.,  or  q.  v.  (Quantum  vis.)  As  much  as  you  please. 

R. 


R Rhodium.  — (Rex.)  King.  — (Regina.) 

Queen.  — (Recipe.)  Take. 

R.,  or  r.  . . . Rood.  — Rod. — Rises.  — River. 

R.  A Royal  Academy.  — Royal  Academician. 

— Royal  Artillery.  — Royal  Arch.  — 
Rear  Admiral.  — Russian  America. — 
Right  Ascension. 

Rad Radical. 

R.  E Royal  Engineers. 

Rec Recipe. 

Reed Received. 

Recpt Receipt. 

Rec.  Sec. . . . Recording  Secretary. 

Rect Rector. 

Ref. Reformed.  — Reformer.  — Reference. 

Ref.  Ch.  . . . Reformed  Church. 

Reg.  Prof.  . . Regius  Professor. 

Regr.,  or  Reg.  Register.  — Registrar. 

Regt Regiment. 

Rel.  Pron.  . . Relative  Pronoun. 

Rein Remark,  Remarks. 

Rep Representative. — Reporter. 

Rep.,  or  Repub.  Republic. 

Rev Reverend.  — Revelation.  — Review. 

Rhet Rhetoric. 

R.  I Rhode  Island. 

Richd Richard. 

R.  I.  H.  S.  . . Rhode  Island  Historical  Society. 

R.  M Royal  Marines. 

R.  M.  S.  . . . Royal  Mail  Steamer. 

R.  N Royal  Navy. 

R.  N.  O.  (Riddare  of  Nnrdstjerne.)  Knight  of  tile  Order 
of  the  Polar  Star. 

Ro.  (Recto.)  Right-hand  Page. 

Robt Robert. 

Rom Romans. 

Rom.  Cath.  . Roman  Catholic. 

It.  R.  i . . . . Railroad. 

R.  S Right  Side. 


R.  S.  S.  (Regia  Societatis  Socius.)  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society. 

R.  S.  V.  P.  ( Rcpondez , s’il  vous  plait.)  Answer,  if  you 
please. 

Rt.  Hon.  . . . Right  Honorable. 

Rt.  Rev.  . . . Right  Reverend. 

Rt.  Wpful. . . Right  Worshipful. 

Ru Rutheriuin. 

Rus Russia  ; Russian. 

R.  W Right  YVorthy. 


s. 

S South.  — Shilling.  — Second.  — Sign.  — 

Sets.  — Sunday.  — Sulphur.  — Scribe. 

S.,  or  St.  . . . Saint. 

S.  A South  America. 

S.  A.,  or  s.  a.  (Secundum  Artcm.)  According  to  Art. 

Sam Samuel. — Samaritan. 

Sans.,  or  Sansc.  Sanscrit. 

S.  A.  S.  (Societatis  A ntiquariorum  Socius.)  Fellow  of  the 
Society  of  Antiquaries. 

Sat Saturday. 

Sax Saxon.  — Saxony. 

Sb.  (Stibium.)  Antimony. 

S.  C South  Carolina. 

S.  C.  (Senatiis  Consultum.)  A Decree  of  the  Senate. 
Sc.,  or  Sculp.  ( Sculpsit .)  He,  or  she,  engraved  it. 

S.  caps.  . . . Small  capitals. 

Sell.,  or  Schr.  Schooner.  — (Scholium.)  A note. 

Scil.,  or  Sc.  (Scilicet.)  To  wit. 

S.  C.  L.  ...  Student  of  the  Civil  Law. 

Sclav Sclavonic. 

Scot Scotland,  Scotch,  or  Scottish. 


Scr Scruple. 

Sculp Sculpture. 

Sculp.  (Sculpsit.)  He,  or  she,  engraved  it. 

S.  E South-east. 

Se Selenium. 

Sec Secretary.  — Section.  — Second. 

Sec.  Leg.  . . Secretary  of  Legation. 

Sect., Section. 

Sen Senior. — Senate.  — Senator. 

Sep.,  or  Sept.  September. 

Sept Septuagint. 

Serg.,  or  Serj.  Sergeant,  or  Serjeant. 

Servt Servant. 

Sh.,  or  S.  . . Shilling. 

Shak Shakespeare. 

S.  H.  S.  (Societatis  Historian  Socius.)  Fellow  of  the 
Historical  Society. 

Si Silicium. 

Sing Singular. 

S.  J.  C.  ...  Supreme  Judicial  Court. 

Sid Sailed. 

S.  Lat.,  or  S.  L.  South  Latitude. 

Slav Slavonic. 

S.  L Solicitor  at  Law. 

S.N.  (Secundum  Naturayn.)  According  to  Nature. 

Sn.  (Stajinum.)  Tin. 

Sol Solomon.  — Solution. 

S.  of  Sol. . . . Song  of  Solomon. 

Sol.  Gen. . . . Solicitor-General. 

Sp Spain  ; Spanish. 

S.  P.  (Sine  prole.)  Without  issue. 

S.  P.  A.  S.  (Societatis  Philosophic a Americana  Socius.) 

Member  of  the  American  Philosophical 
Society. 

S.  P.  G.  ...  Society  for  the  Propagation  of  the  Gospel. 
S.  P.  Q.  R.  (Senatus  Pupulusque  Romanus.)  The  Sen- 
ate and  the  Roman  People. 

Sq.,  or  Sqr.  . Square. 

Sq.  ft Square  feet. 

Sq.  in Square  inches. 

Sq.  m Square  mile. 

Sq.  r Square  roods. 

Sq.  yd Square  yards. 

Sr Sir.  — Strontium. 

S.  R.  1.  (Sacrum  Romanum  Imperium.)  Holy  Roman 
Empire. 

S.  R.  S.  (Societatis  Regia  Socius.)  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society. 

SS.,  or  S.  (Semis.)  Half. 

SS.,  or  ss.  (Scilicet.)  To  wit ; namely. 

S.  S Saint  Simplicius  ; — the  mark  on  the 

collar  of  the  Chief  Justice  of  England. 
— Sunday  School. 

S.  S.  E.  ...  South-south-east. 

S.  S.  W.  . . . South-south-west. 

St Saint.  — Street.  — Stone.  — Strait. 

S.  T.  D.  (Sacra  Theologia  Doctor.)  Doctor  of  Divinity. 
Ster.,  or  Stg.  Sterling. 

S.  T.  P.  (Sacra  Theologia  Professor.)  Professor,  or 


Doctor,  of  Divinity. 

Subj Subjunctive. 

Subst Substantive. 

Su.  Goth.  . . Suio-Gothic,  or  Norse. 


Sun.,  or  Sund.  Sunday. 

Sup.,  or  Supp.  Supplement. 

Sup.,  or  Super.  Superior.  — Superfine. 
Sup.,  or  Superl.  Superlative. 


Supt Superintendent. 

Surg Surgeon.  — Surgery. 

Surg.  Gen.  . . Surgeon-General. 

Surv Surveyor. 

Surv.  Gen.  . . Surveyor-General. 

S.  W South-west. 

Sw Sweden  ; Swedish. 

Switz Switzerland. 

Syn.  . . . • . Synonyme. 

Syr Syria;  Syriac. 


T. 


T.,  or  t.  ...  Town,  or  Township. 

Ta Tantalum. 

Tb Terbium. 

T.  E Topographical  Engineers. 

Te Tellurium. 

Tenn Tennessee. 

Term Termination. 

Tex Texas. 

Text.  Rec.  (Textus  Reccptus.)  Received  Text. 

Th Thorium.  • 

Theo Theodore. 

Tlieol Theology. 

Tlieoph.  . . . Theophilus. 

Tlieor Theorem. 

Thess Thessalonians. 

Tlios Thomas. 

Thurs Thursday. 

Ti Titanium. 

Tier Tierce. 

Tim Timothy. 

Tit Titus. 

T.  O Turn  over. 

Tr Translator.  — Translation.  — Treasurer. 

— Trustee. 

Trans Translation;  Translator;  Translated. 

Trin Trinity. 


Tues.,  or  Tu.  Tuesday. 


Turk p Turkey  ; Turkish. 

Typ Typographer. 


u. 


U Uranium. 

U.  C Upper  Canada. 

U.  E.  I.  C.  . . United  East  India  Company. 

U.  J.  C.  (U triusque  Juris  Doctor.)  Doctor  of  both  Laws. 

U.  K United  Kingdom. 

Ult.  (Ultimo.)  Last,  or  Of  the  last  Month. 

Univ University. 

(J.  S.,  or  u.  s.  ( Ut,  or  uti , supra.)  As  above. 

U.  S United  States. 

U.  S.  A.  . . . United  States  Army.  — United  States  of 
America. 

U.  S.  M.  . . . United  States  Mail.  — United  States  Ma- 
rine. 

U.  S.  N.  . . . United  States  Navy. 

U.  S.  S.  ...  United  States  Ship. 

U.  T Utah  Territory. 


y. 

V Vanadium.  — Verb. 

V.,  Vi.,  or  Vid.  (Vide.)  See. 

V.,  or  vs.  (Versus.)  Against. 

V.,  or  Ver.  . Verse. 

Va Virginia. 

V.  A.,  or  v.  a.  Verb  Active. 

V.  C Vice-Chancellor. 

V.  D.  M.  (Vcrbi  Dei  Minister.)  Minister  of  God’s  Word. 

Ven •.  Venerable. 

V.  G.,  or  v.  g.  ( Vcrbi  gratia.)  For  example. 

Vis.,  or  V.  . . Viscount. 

Viz.  (Videlicet.)  To  wit ; namely. 

V.  N.,  or  v.  n.  Verb  Neuter. 

Vo.  (Verso.)  Left-hand  Page. 

Vol Volume.  — Vols.  Volumes. 

V.  P.,  or  Vice-I’res.  Vice-President. 

V.  R.  (Victoria  Regina.)  Queen  Victoria. 

Vs.,  or  V.  (Versus.)  Against. 

V.t.,  orv.tr.  Verb  transitive.  • 


Vt Vermont. 

Vul Vulgate. 

Vulg Vulgar;  vulgarly. 

w. 

W Welsh.  — West.  — ( Wolfram.)  Tungsten. 

W.,  or  Wed.  Wednesday. 

W.,  or  Wk.  . Week. 

YVhf. Wharf. 

W.  I West  India  ; West  Indies. 

Wis.,  or  Wise.  Wisconsin. 

W.  Lon.  . . . West  Longitude. 

YVm William. 

W.  M.  S.  . . Wesleyan  Missionary  Society. 

YV.  N.  W.  . . YVest-north-west. 

Wp.  .....  Worship. 

Wpful Worshipful. 

YV.  S Writer  to  the  Signet. 

YV.  S.  W.  . . West-sou th-west. 

W.  T Washington  Territory. 

Wt YVcight. 


X. 

Xmas.,  or  Xm.  Christmas. 
Xn.,  or  Xtian.  Christian. 
Xnty.,  or  Xty.  Christianity. 
Xper.,  or  Xr.  Christopher. 


Xt Christ. 


Y. 

Y Yttrium. 

Y.,  or  Yr.  . . Year. 

Y.  B.,  or  Yr.  B.  Year-Book. 

Yd Yard. — Yds.  Yards. 

Ye The. 

Ym Them. 

Yn Then. 

Y. Your. 

Yrs Yours. 

Y» This. 

Yt That. 


z. 

Z.,  or  Zr.  . . Zirconium. 

Zccli Zechariali. 

Zeph Zephaniah. 

Zn Zinc. 

Zool Zoology. 


SIGNS 

USED  IN  WRITING  AND  PRINTING 


ASTRONOMICAL. 


BOTANICAL. 


THE  LARGER  PLANETS,  &c. 


),  or 

© The  Sun. 

© 

Moon  in  its  last  quart; 

9 

Mercury. 

$ 

Mars. 

? 

Venus. 

% 

Jupiter. 

©,  or  $ The  Earth. 

h 

Saturn. 

New  Moon. 

Ijl,  or  <S 

Uranus. 

Moon  in  its  first  quarter. 

Neptune. 

),  or 

© Full  Moon. 

* 

A fixed  Star. 

THE 

ASTEROIDS. 

© 

Ceres. 

@ 

Massilia. 

© 

Lattitia. 

© 

Pallas. 

© 

Lutetia. 

© 

Harmonia. 

© 

Juno. 

@ 

Calliope. 

© 

Daphne. 

® 

Vesta. 

Thalia. 

© 

Isis. 

© 

Astraja. 

© 

Themis. 

. ® 

Ari  adne. 

© 

Hebe. 

@ 

Phocfea. 

© 

Nysa. 

© 

Iris. 

Proserpina. 

© 

Eugenia. 

© 

Flora. 

© 

Euterpe. 

Ilestia. 

© 

Metis. 

© 

Bellona. 

© 

Aglaia. 

© 

Hygeia. 

© 

Amphitrite. 

© 

Doris. 

© 

Parthenope. 

© 

Urania. 

© 

Pales. 

@ 

Victoria,  or  Clio. 

© 

Euphrosyne. 

© 

Virginia. 

© 

Egeria. 

© 

Pomona. 

© 

Nemausa. 

© 

Irene. 

® 

Polyhymnia. 

© 

Europa. 

© 

Eunomia. 

Circe. 

© 

Calypso. 

© 

Psyche. 

© 

Leucothea. 

© 

Alexandra. 

© 

Thetis. 

© 

Atalanta. 

© 

Pandora. 

© 

Melpomene. 

© 

Fides. 

©* 

Melete. 

© 

Fortuna. 

© 

Leda. 

© 

Mnemosyne. 

/JQf*  Many  of  the 

asteroids 

were  formerly  designated  by  emblematic  : 

similar  to  those  which  are  used  for  the  larger  planets.  The  mode  of  repre- 
senting them  by  a circle  enclosing  the  number  indicating  the  order  of  their 
discovery,  is  the  one  generally  adopted  at  the  present  day.  The  first  four 
asteroids,  however,  are  still  occasionally  designated  by  the  following  char- 
acters : — 


?, 


Ceres. 

Pallas. 


2 , or  f Juno, 
gr,  or  Q Vesta. 


THE  ZODIAC. 


Spring 

signs. 

Summer 

signs. 


' T -Aries,  the  Rani. 

\ Taurus,  the  Bull. 

- □ Gemini,  the  Twins. 
' O Cancer , the  Crab. 

I £1  Leo,  the  Lion. 

..  UK  Virgo , the  Virgin. 


Autumn 

signs. 

Winter 

signs. 


' ^ Libra,  the  Balance. 

[ Scorpio,  the  Scorpion. 

_ $ Sagittarius,  the  Archer. 
Vf  Capricflnms,  the  Goat. 

' ^ Aquarius,  the  Waterman. 
_ X.  Pisces,  the  Fishes. 


ASPECTS,  NODES,  &c 

c5  Conjunction,  i.  e.  in  the  same  degree. 

£ Opposition,  180  degrees. 

Sextile,  60  degrees. 

□ Qnartile,  90  degrees. 


A Trine,  120  degrees. 

Q Dragon’s  Head,  or  Ascending  Noth 
• £3  Dragon’s  Tail,  or  Descending  Nod< 


* An  asterisk  prefixed  to  a name  indicates  that  there  is  a good  description  at  the 
reference  given  to  the  work. 

f A dagger,  in  such  cases,  implies  some  doubt  or  uncertainty. 

1 An  exclamation  point  denotes  that  an  authentic  specimen  has  been  seen,  from 
the  author  named. 

P A mark  of  interrogation  indicates  doubt  as  to  the  correctness  of  genus,  species, 
&c.,  according  as  it  is  placed  after  the  name  of  the  one  or  the  other. 


0,  O)  or  ® 

d,  ©G)>  or© 

"If,  or  A 
>2 . or  5 

5 

6 


Annual. 

Biennial. 

Perennial. 

Shrub. 

Hermaphrodite. 

Male. 


9 Female. 

£ — $ Monoecious,  or  the  malo  and 
female  on  one  plant. 

$ : 5 Dioecious,  or  the  malo  and  fe- 
male on  different  plants. 

00,  or  <x  Indefinite  in  number. 


CHEMICAL. 


In  organic  chemistry,  a line  drawn  over  one  of  the  letters  representing  the  ele- 
mentary bodies,  denotes  the  substance  to  be  an  acid  ; thus  M represents 
malic  acid. 

+ A cross  drawn  over  a letter  denotes  the  substance  represented  by  the  letter  to 
be  an  alkaloid;  thus  Qu  represents  quinine. 

■'  Dots  over  a letter  denote  oxygen,  the  number  of  dots  indicating  the  number  of 
equivalents;  thus  S denotes  one  equivalent  of  sulphur  and  three  equivalents 
of  oxygen,  forming  sulphuric  acid. 

” Commas  are  sometimes  used  to  denote  sulphur,  the  number  of  commas  indi- 
cating the  number  of  equivalents  ; thus,  Fe  denotes  one  equivalent  of  iron 
and  two  equivalents  of  sulphur,  forming  bisulphide  of  iron. 

$3“  In  chemical  formula1,  every  elementary  substance  is  represented  by 
an  abbreviation,  or  symbol,  consisting  of  the  first  letter  or  letters  of  its  Latin 
name:  as,  O for  oxygen,  H for  hydrogen,  Fe  for  iron  (L .ferrum).  These 
symbols  will  be  found  in  the  preceding  table  of  “ Abbreviations  used  in 
Writing  and  Printing.”  When  used  singly,  these  symbols  always  repre- 
sent one  equivalent  of  the  body  which  they  indicate.  A compound  body, 
composed  of  single  equivalents,  is  represented  by  writing  the  two  symbols 
side  by  side  ; thus,  IIO  indicates  one  equivalent  of  water.  If  more  than 
one  equivalent  of  a body  has  to  be  expressed,  it  is  signified  either  by  prefix- 
ing the  number,  as  2 H,  two  equivalents  of  hydrogen,  or,  as  is  more  usual, 
by  writing  a small  figure  to  the  right  of  the  letter  below  the  line,  as  II a : 
IlO,,  would  indicate  peroxide  of  hydrogen  ; C02,  carbonic  acid.  Secondary 
compounds,  such  as  salts,  are  expressed  in  an  analogous  way,  the  base  be- 
ing always  placed  first,  Ca  O -(-  CO.,  representing  one  equivalent  of  carbon- 
ate of  lime.  Frequently  a comma  is  placed  between  the  two  compounds 
instead  of  the  algebraic  sign  -(-.  Where  it  is  necessary  to  indicate  more 
than  one  equivalent  of  a compound,  the  whole  formula  of  that  compound  is 
included  within  parentheses,  and  preceded  by  the  indicating  number.  Thus, 
three  equivalents  of  carbonate  of  lime  would  be  written  3 (Ca  O,  CO.,). 
The  figure  prefixed  multiplies  nothing  beyond  the  symbols  included  within 
the  parentheses.  Frequently  the  employment  of  parentheses  is  neglected, 
and  then  the  figures  multiply  all  the  symbols  included  between  them  and 
the  next  comma  or  sign  of  addition. 


(1773) 


1774 


SIGNS  USED  IN  WRITING  AND  PRINTING. 


COMMERCIAL. 

A 1,  The  designation  of  a first-class  vessel,  the  letter  denoting  the  character  of  the 
hull  for  build  and  sea-worthiness,  and  the  figure  that  she  is  well  found  in 
rigging,  gear,  &c. 

£ (Latin  libra.)  A pound  sterling, 
lb  (Latin  libra.)  A pound  weight. 

$ Dollars. 

/KtP  Various  explanations  have  been  given  of  the  origin  of  this  mark. 
One  is,  that  it  is  an  imitation  of  the  scroll  and  pillars  on  Spanish  coins  ; 
another,  that  it  is  a modification  of  the  figure  8,  denoting  a “piece  of 
eight  ” (eight  reals),  a Spanish  coin  of  the  value  of  a dollar. 

Shillings ; as  ^ = 4s.  6d. 

At  or  to  ; as,  Wood  (a)  $4  per  cord  ; Oats  47  fa)  48  c.  per  bushel. 

Per  ; as,  Rice  4c.  Ip  lb. 

Per  cent. ; as,  Commission  at  2)4  % = 3.38. 
a/c  Account ; as,  S.  Brown  in  % with  L.  A.  Roberts. 


GRAMMATICAL. 


MARKS  OR  POINTS  USED  IN  WRITING  AND  PRINTING. 


» Comma. 

Quotation. 

The  Long,  or  Macron. 

; Semicolon. 

[] 

Brackets,  or  'Crotchets. 

IS 

The  Short,  or  Breve. 

; Colon. 

Index. 

Diaeresis. 

• Period. 

A 

Caret. 

5 

Cedilla. 

} Interrogation. 

| Exclamation. 

( ) Parenthesis. 

1 

* * * 

Brace. 

Ellipsis. 

* 

t 

+ 

+ 

Asterisk. 

Dagger,  or  Obelisk. 
Double  Dagger. 

— Dash. 

/ 

Acute  Accent. 

§ 

Section. 

* Apostrophe. 

\ 

Grave  Accent. 

II 

Parallels. 

- Hyphen. 

A 

Circumflex  Accent. 

Paragraph. 

MATHEMATICAL. 


ARABIC  NOTATION. 


0.  Naught,  or  zero. 

11.  Eleven. 

40.  Forty. 

1.  One. 

12.  Twelve. 

50.  Fifty. 

2.  Two. 

13.  Thirteen. 

60.  Sixty. 

3.  Three. 

14.  Fourteen. 

70.  Seventy. 

4.  Four. 

15.  Fifteen. 

80.  Eighty. 

5.  Five. 

16.  Sixteen. 

90.  Ninety. 

6.  Six. 

17.  Seventeen. 

100.  One  hundred. 

7.  Seven. 

18.  Eighteen. 

200.  Two  hundred. 

8.  Eight. 

19.  Nineteen. 

500.  Five  hundred. 

9.  Nine. 

20.  Twenty. 

1000.  One  thousand. 

10.  Ten. 

30.  Thirty. 

2000.  Two  thousand. 

ROMAN  NOTATION. 

I.  One. 

XIV.  Fourteen. 

LXXX.  Eighty. 

II.  Two. 

XV.  Fifteen. 

XC.  Ninety. 

III.  Three. 

XVI.  Sixteen. 

C.  One  hundred. 

IV.  Four. 

XVII.  Seventeen. 

CC.  Two  hundred. 

V.  Five. 

XVIII.  Eighteen. 

CCC.  Three  hundred. 

VI.  Six. 

XIX.  Nineteen. 

CCCC.  Four  hundred. 

VII.  Seven. 

XX.  Twenty. 

D.  Five  hundred. 

VIII.  Eight. 

XXL  Twenty-one. 

DC.  Six  hundred. 

IX.  Nine. 

XXX.  Thirty. 

DCC.  Seven  hundred. 

X.  Ten. 

XL.  Forty. 

DCCC.  Eight  hundred. 

XL  Eleven. 

L.  Fifty. 

DCCCC.  Nine  hundred. 

XII.  Twelve. 

LX.  Sixty. 

M.  One  thousand. 

XIII.  Thirteen. 

LXX.  Seventy. 

MM.  Two  thousand. 

+ plus, or  more,  denotes  that  the  quantity  before  which  it  is  placed  is  to  be  added; 
as,  a -(-  4 ; 3 4-  4. 

— minus,  or  less,  denotes  that  the  quantity  before  which  it  is  placed  is  to  be  sub- 
tracted ; as,  a — J;3 — 2. 

X into,  denotes,  when  placed  between  two  quantities,  that  they  are  to  be  multi- 
plied together ; as,  a x b ; 3x6. 

Multiplication  may  also  be  indicated  by  placing  a point  between  the 


factors;  as,  a.b\ 2.4.8.  When  the  quantities  to  be  multiplied  to- 
gether are  represented  by  letters,  the  sign  may  be  altogether  omitted  ; as, 
abc  ; xy. 

or  : divided  by,  denotes,  when  placed  between  two  quantities,  that  the  one  on  the 
left  is  to  be  divided  by  the  one  on  the  right ; as,  a -e-  b ; 8-^4;  a : b. 

Division  is  also  indicated  by  making  the  dividend  the  numerator 
and  the  divisor  the  denominator  of  a fraction,  — the  quantities  taking  the 
place  of  the  dots  ; as,  ? ; -|.  It  is  also  indicated  thus,  a | b. 

^ plus,  or  minus  ; as,  a i b ; ^/o2=  ± a. 

~ denotes  the  difference  between  two  quantities,  without  implying  which  is  to  be 
subtracted  from  the  other  ; as,  a~6. 

— : denotes  the  difference  or  excess. 

OC  denotes  that  one  quantity  varies  as  another;  as,  a o c |,  « varies  as  i. 

radical  sign,  denotes,  when  no  number  is  written  over  the  sign,  that  the  square 
root  is  to  be  taken  ; as,  +ya  ; 


f&r*  The  degree  of  the  root  is  indicated  by  a number  written  over  the 
sign  N/,  which  is  called  the  index  of  the  root ; as,  x/a,  the  cube  or  third 
root  of  a,  8cc.  The  symbol  is  a modification  of  the  letter  r,  which  stood 
for  radix , or  root.  The  root  of  a quantity  is  also  indicated  by  a fractional 
exponent ; as,  as,  the  square  root  of  a ; a t,  the  fourth  root  of  a,  &c. 


vinculum , \ 
| , brackets,  I 
parenthesis,  j 
bar,  J 


indicate  that  the  quantities  enclosed,  or  separated  from  other 
quantities,  by  them,  are  to  be  considered  together,  or  as 
one  quantity  ; as,  (a  -f  b)  x ; z — y Xb  m, 


2 denotes  that  the  sum  is  to  be  taken. 


jQgF*  The  symbol  2 is  used  in  algebra  to  denote  that  the  sum  of  several 
quantities  of  the  same  nature  as  that  to  which  the  symbol  is  prefixed  is 
to  be  taken  ; but  in  the  Calculus  it  is  commonly  used  to  denote  the  sum 
of  the  finite  differences  of  a function. 


A F,  (f>,  functional  symbols.  A functional  symbol  denotes  that  two  or  more  quan- 

J tities  vary  together  in  accordance  with  some  mathematical  law ; as , y =/(z), 

denoting  that  y is  a function  of  x,  or  that  there  is  a general  relation  of 
dependency  of  value  between  y and  x . 

The  symbols  used  to  denote  functions  are  generally  the  letter/, 
with  accents  if  necessary,  F,  and  0,  \p,  ir,  8c c. 

= sign  of  equality,  denotes  that  the  two  quantities  between  which  it  is  placed  are 
equal ; as,  a-\-b  = x — y ',  8-f-4  = 5-j-7. 

> sign  of  inequality,  denotes  that  the  quantity  placed  at  the  opening  is  greater 
than  the  one  at  the  vertex,  and  is  read  gre  an ; as,  a >■  b,  i.  e. 

a greater  than  b. 

sign  of  inequality , denotes  that  the  quantity  at  the  v is  Iqss  than  the  one  at 
the  opening,  and  is  read  less  than  ; as.  r ;T.  e.  b less  than  a. 

Q-  greater  than  ; as,  a C b,  i.  e.  a greater  th: 
j less  than',  as,  a b,  i.  e.  a less  than  b.  . 

11  geometrical  proportion  ; as , — a:  b :c:  d. 

: : : : signs  used  in  proportion  ; as,  3 : 5 : : 6 : 10,  which  is  read,  3 is  to  5 as  6 is  to 
10  ; a : b : : c : d. 

hence;  consequently;  therefore. 

• because. 

£ denotes  an  angle;  as,  /_  A,  or  / B A C ; which  is  read,  the  angle  A,  or  the 
angle  B A C. 

A denotes  a triangle  ; as,  A B C D,  which  is  read,  the  triangle  BCD. 

|_  denotes  a right  angle  ; as,  L or  L A B C. 

□ denotes  a square  ; as,  □ A B C D. 

I — i denotes  a rectangle  ; as,  □ A B C D. 

Q denotes  a circle,  or  360°. 

equivalent  to,  denotes  equivalency  ; as,  A B :0=  B D X B C ; i.  e.  a square 
equivalent  to  a rectangle* 


II 

-L 


/ 


denotes  parallelism.  , 

denotes  a perpendicular. 

denotes  that  an  integration  is  to  be  performed  ; as ,fdx. 

j(!S“Tliis  symbol  is  a modification  of  the  letter  s,  which  originally 
stood  for  the  word  summa,4>'t  sum. 


fm 

Si 

d,  i. 


denotes  that  several  successive  integrations  are  to  be  performed,  m denoting  the 
number  of  integrations. 

denotes  a definite  integral  taken  from  the  value  a of  the  variable  to  the  value  b 
of  the  variable. 

D,  A,  L,  are  symbols  variously  used  by  different  mathematicians  to  denote 
differences,  differentials,  derivatives,  or  variations, 
denotes  the  ratio  of  the  circumference  of  a circle  to  its  diameter,  which  is 
3.14159265. . . . &c. : — also  the  circumference  of  a circle  whose  diameter  is 
unity:  — also  the  semicircumfS'ence  of  a circlo  whose  radius  is  unity. 
When  radius  = 1,  n =s  18(P. 


SIGNS  USED  IN  WRITING  AND  PRINTING. 


1775 


e denotes  the  base  of  the  Naperian  system  of  logarithms,  which  is  2.718281828. 

M denotes  the  modulus  of  any  system  of  logarithms. 

l; ij 1 In  the  common  system,  J\I  denotes  0.434294482. . . &c. 

CO  denotes  an  infinitely  large  quantity,  or  a quantity  greater  than  any  assignable 
quantity;  as,  A=e0. 

0 denotes  naught,  nothing,  or  zero  : — an  infinitesimal,  or  a quantity  less  than 
any  assignable  quantity  ; as,  A = o. 

g denotes  the  space  described  during  the  first  second  by  a falling  body,  which  is 
about  16  jjg  feet. 

f denotes  a residual. 

0 denotes  degrees  of  arc  ; as,  30°,  which  is  read  30  degrees. 

1 denotes  minutes  of  arc  ; as,  30°  12',  which  is  read  30  degrees,  12  minutes. 

It  denotes  seconds  of  arc ; as,  30°  12'  10",  which  is  read  30  degrees,  12  minutes, 

10  seconds. 

ltg=  The  accents  ',  ",  "',  &c.,  are  also  used,  when  several  quantities  of 
the  same  kind  are  involved  in  an  investigation,  to  designate  different  quan- 
tities by  the  same  letter  differently  accented  ; as,  a',  a",  a'",  See. 


MEDICAL. 

R,  (Recipe),  take. 

This  symbol  was  originally  the  sign  If  of  Jupiter,  and  was  placed 
at  the  top  of  a formula  to  propitiate  the  king  of  the  gods,  that  the  compound 
might  act  favorably. 

9 a scruple;  3ss,  half  a scruple;  3i,  one  scruple;  Qiss,  one  scruple  and  a 
half;  7>ij,  two  scruples,  &c. 

3 a drachm;  3ss,  half  a drachm;  3 i,  one  drachm;  3>ss>  one  drachm  and  a 
half;  3 ij,  two  drachms,  &c. 


3 

an  ounce;  Jss,  half  an  ounce; 
gij,  two  ounces,  &.C. 

gi,  one  ounce  ; 3iss,  one  ounce  and  a half: 

lb 

a pound. 

f 5 a fluid  ounce. 

in 

a minim,  or  drop. 

O,  or  0 ( Octainus ),  a pint. 

f 3 

a fluid  drachm. 

aa  (ava),  of  each. 

Y,  ory  A corruption  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  character  J>,  or  th,  found  in  the  antiquated 
abbreviations  ye,  for  the,  yt,  tot  that,  Sec. 

7ber  September.  9ber  November. 

8ber  October.  lOber  December. 


TYPOGRAPHICAL. 


Sj  dele,  expunge. 

Q turn  an  inverted  letter. 

less  space  between  words  or  letters. 

print  the  diphthong  ae  or  tie  as  a single  character;  thus,  at,  at. 
fr  more  space. 

X directs  attention  to  a bad  or  foul  type. 

I directs  attention  to  a space  or  quadrat  that  stands  up. 

....  placed  under  words  that  have  been  erased,  and  which  it  is  subsequently  de- 
cided shall  remain,  the  word  stet  (let  it  stand)  being  written  in  the  margin. 
[ begin  a new  paragraph  ; — also,  bring  a word  to  the  commencement  of  a line, 
begin  a new  paragraph. 

==  drawn  under  words  or  letters  which  are  to  be  printed  in  capitals, 
izz  drawn  under  words  or  letters  which  are  to  be  printed  in  small  capitals. 

Italics,  if  drawn  under  a word  printed  in  Roman  letters  ; Roman  letters,  if 

drawn  under  a word  printed  in  Italics. 

The  other  marks  will  be  readily  understood  without  explanation. 
The  following  abbreviations  are  also  used  in  the  correction  of  proof : — 
tl.  transpose. 

/.  c.  lower  case  ; — used  when  a letter  or  word  that  should  bo  printed  in  common 
letters  lias  been  put  in  capitals  or  small  capitals, 
wrong  fount ; — used  when  a character  is  not  of  the  proper  size  or  kind  of  type. 

<#.  c.,  or  4.  ca/i-t.  print  in  small  capitals. 

S&y.,  or  f Query  ; — used  in  any  case  of  doubt. 

ILLUSTRATION. 


hamlet’s  advice  to  the  players. 


<~/fa/eet. 


M ’ELLANEOUS. 

&,  — And.  — &c.  (Et  actcru.  a the  rest ; and  so  forth. 

USpThis  character  is  a corruption  of  the  Latin  word  <^(and),  the  let- 
ters Sand  t (8  , x),  being  written  with  a single  stroke  of  the  pen.  On 
sign-boards,  and  in  books  printed  previously  to  the  beginning  of  the  present 
century,  the  character  &.  frequently  has  this  form,  (e f , in  which  the  letters 
£,  and  sf  are  more  distinctly  seen. 

4to,  or  4°.  Quarto,  four  leaves,  or  eight  pages,  to  a sheet. 

8vo,  or  8°.  Octavo,  eight  leaves,  or  sixteen  pages,  to  a sheet. 

12mo,  or  12°.  Duodecimo,  twelve  leaves,  or  twenty-four  pages,  to  a sheet. 

16mo,  or  16u.  Sexto-decimo,  sixteen  leaves,  or  thirty-two  pages,  to  a sheet. 

18mo,  or  18°.  Octo  decimo,  eighteen  leaves,  or  thirty-six  pages,  to  a sheet. 

4®“  When  the  sheets  of  a book  are  folded  into  more  leaves  and  pages 
than  those  named  above,  tho  number  of  leaves  is  designated  by  the  proper 
Arabic  numerals  with  the  termination  mo,  or  o,  affixed ; thus,  24mo,  or 
24°,  and  48mo,  or  48°,  denote  books  in  which  the  sheets  are  folded  into 
twenty-four  and  forty-eight  leaves  respectively.  As  there  are  no  corre- 
sponding Latin  names  in  use,  such  characters  must  be  regarded  as  mere 
signs,  and  must  be  read  as  English  words. 

* Used  in  Roman  Catholic  church-books  to  divide  each  verse  of  a psalm  into 
two  parts,  showing  where  the  responses  begin. 

or  4“  Used  in  Roman  Catholic  service-books,  in  those  places  of  the  prayers  and 
benediction  where  the  priest  is  to  make  the  sign  of  the  cross.  It  is  also 
used  in  the  briefs  of  the  pope,  and  in  the  mandates  of  archbishops  and 
bishops  immediately  before  the  subscription  of  their  names. 

X A sign  by  which  persons  who  cannot  write  are  his 

accustomed  to  attest  instruments,  their  names  John  X THOMAS, 
being  added  by  those  who  can  write  ; as  — mark. 

3 A common  abbreviation  for  terminations,  in  use  in  the  middle  ages.  Being 
in  form  somewhat  like  a z,  it  came  to  be  represented  among  the  early  print- 
ers by  that  letter,  and  is  still  retained  in  the  abbreviations  oz.  for  ounce, 
and  viz.  for  videlicet. 


SS  ca/id.  Speak  the  speech,  I pray  you,  as  I pronounced  it  to  you, 
/ trippingly  on  the  tongue/but,  if  you  mouth/"  it,  as  many 
of  our  players  do,  I had  as  lief  theyt'own  crier  spoke  my 
% lines.  Nor,  donot  saw  the  air  too  much  with  your  hand, 
Cj  thus  : but  use  all  gentU ; for,  in  the  very  torent,  tempest, 
and,  as  I may  say,  whirlwind  of  your  passion,  you  must 
and  Sepet  acquire  a temperance  that  may  give  it  smoothenssn^ 

/ica£.  Sojf  it  offends  me  to  the  soul  to  hear  a periwig-pated 
robustious  fellow  tear  /to  tatters \ a paasiom, — to  very 
rf.  c.  rags,  — to  re»d-the  ears  of  the  groundlings,  who,  for  the 
' ' most  part,  are  capable  of  nothing  | but  inevitable  dumb 
show  ani  noisy/  I would  have  such  a fellow  whipped 
for  oerdoing/ermagant ; itout-Herods  Herod.  Pray  you 
avoid  it.  ^Be  not  too  tame,  niether,  but  let  your  own 
discretion  be  your  tutor ; suit  the  action  to  the  word,  with 
this  special  observance,  that  you  o’erstep  not  tlje^inodesty 
o feature  ; for  any  thing  so  overdone  is  frcpti  the  purpose 
of  playing,  whose  end,  both  at  the  fis£t  and  now,  was 
^nSis^to  hold,  as  ’twere,  the  nyp/>r  up  to yditurey/ to 
^^Tvlrtue  her  own  feature,  Sc/rn  her  own  picture,  and 
"/ry7ge  ai‘d  body  of , /the  . . time,  his  form 


X / o 

V 

IT 

/eac/ : 


/.c. /- 

SSom. 

l 

ofta/. 

ne 

/ 

£z. 

o/iS? 

X 

atet. 

<$r 

ti. 


e4*\  / 

tmaye 


Shakespeare. 


<7- 


t/ie  k/om/  to  i/ic  action, 


* * 

* 


• 

• 

• 

.ft 


. 


■ 


1 

. 


. 


* 

. 

* 

. 


A COLLECTION 


O F 


WORDS,  PHRASES,  AND  QUOTATIONS 


from  t n :: 


GREEK,  LATIN,  FRENCH,  ITALIAN,  AND  SPANISH  LANGUAGES. 


N.  B.  A considerable  number  of  such  words,  and  a few  sucli  phrases,  from  foreign 
languages,  as  are  often  met  with  in  English  books,  have  been  inserted  in  the 
general  vocabulary  of  this  Dictionary,  printed  in  Italic  letters  in  order  to  dis- 


tinguish them  from  proper  English  words  and  phrases.  A very  small  number  of 
such  foreign  words  and  phrases  as  may  be  found  in  the  general  vocabulary  of  this 
Dictionary  are  here  repeated. 


ABBREVIATIONS.  — L.  Latin  ; Gr.  Greek ; It.  Italian ; Fr.  French ; Sp.  Spanish. 


Ab  actu  ad  posse  valet  consccutio , or  illatio.  [L.]  It  is 
fair  to  argue  from  what  has  been,  to  what  may  be. 

Ab  alio  spectes , alteri  quod  feceris.  [L.]  Expect  to  be 
treated  as  you  have  treated  others. 

Ab  amicis  honesta  petamus.  [L.]  We  must  ask  what  is 
proper  from  our  friends. 

Abandon.  [Fr.]  An  abandoning  or  relinquishing  ; un- 
studied or  natural  ease  or  freedom  of  manner. 

Abandon  fait  larron.  [Fr.]  Opportunity  makes  the  thief. 

A barbe  de  fol , on  apprend  d raire.  [Fr.]  Men  leani  to 
shave  on  a fool’s  beard. 

A beau  jeu  beau  retour.  [Fr.]  One  good  turn  deserves 
another. 

A beau  se  lever  tard  qui  a : bruit  de  se  lever  matin.  [Fr.] 
He  whose  name  is  up  may  lie  abed. 

Abeunt  studia  in  mores.  [E.]  Pursuits  become  habits ; 
use  is  second  nature. 

Ab  extra.  [L.]  From  without. 

Ab  hoc  et  ab  hac.  [L.]  From  this  and  from  that ; con- 
fusedly. 

Ab  inconvenienti.  [L.]  From  the  inconvenience  of  it. 

Ab  incunabulis.  [L.]  From  the  cradle. 

Ab  initio.  [L.]  From  the  beginning. 

A bis  et  d blanc.  [Fr.]  From  brown  bread  to  white;  by 
fits  and  starts. 

Abnormis  sapiens . [L.l  Wise  without  instruction. 

A bon  chat , bon  rat.  [Fr.]  To  a good  cat,  a good  rat : 
well-matched  ; well-attacked  ; well-defended.  — Also, 
Set  a thief  to  catch  a thief. 

Abondance  de  bicn  ne  nuit  pas.  [Fr.]  Never  too  much 
of  a good  thing. 

A bon  demandeur  bon  refuseur.  [Fr.]  Inordinate  demands 
should  meet  with  sturdy  denials. 

A bun  marche.  [Fr.]  A good  bargain  ; cheap. 

Ab  origine.  [L.J  From  the  origin  or  beginning. 

A bone  majori  discit  arare  minor.  [L.]  The  young  ox 
learns  to  plough  from  the  older. 

Ab  ovo.  [L.]  From  the  egg. 

Ab  ovo  usque  ad  mala.  [L.]  From  the  egg  to  the  apples  ; 
from  beginning  to  end. 

Abreuvoir  de  mooches.  [Fr.]  A drinking-place  for  flies. 

Absence  d1  esprit.  [Fr.]  Absence  of  mind. 

Absens  hares  non  erit.  [L.]  He  who  is  at  a distance  will 
not  be  the  heir  ; out  of  sight  out  of  mind. 

Absentc  reo.  [L.]  While  the  defendant  was  absent. 

Absit.  invidia.  [L.'j  Envy  apart. 

Absque  argento  omnia  vana.  [L.]  Without  money  all  is 
in  vain. 

Absque  ullcL  conditione.  [L.]  Unconditionally. 

Abmulat  dulcibus  vitiis.  [L.]  He  abounds  in  pleasing 
faults. 

Ab  uno  discc  omnes.  [L.]  From  one  specimen,  judge  of 
all  the  rest. 

Ab  urbe  conditd.  [L.]  From  the  building  of  the  city, 
i.  e.  Rome. 

Abusus  non  tollit  usum.  [L.]  Abuse  is  no  argument 
against  proper  use. 

A capitr.  ad  calccm.  [L.]  From  head  to  heel. 

A casa  (or  ad.  area ) aperta  il  giusto  pccca.  [It.]  At  an 
open  house  (or  chest)  a righteous  man  may  sin;  — 
avoid  temptation. 

A causa  persa  parole  assai.  [It.]  When  the  cause  is  lost, 
words  are  useless. 

A c "das  ad  curiam.  [E.]  You  may  come  into  court ; — 
an  original  writ. 

Accessit.  [L.]  He  came  nearly  up  to;  — a testimonial 
to  one  second  in  merit. 

Accusarc  nemo  se  debet.  [L.]  No  ono  is  bound  to  crimi- 
nate himself. 

223 


Acerrima  prorimorum  odia.  [L.]  The  hatred  of  the  near- 
est relations  is  the  most  bitter. 

Accrta  errando.  [Sp.]  He  blunders  into  the  right. 

A chaque  saint  sa  chandelle.  [Fr.]  To  each  saint  llis 
candle. 

A comptc.  [Fr.]  On  account ; in  part  payment. 

A corps  perdu.  [Fr.J  Headlong  ; neck  or  nothing. 

A coups  de  baton.  [Fr.]  With  blows  of  a stick. 

Acquit.  [Fr.]  Receipt.  Pour  acquit.  [Fr.]  Received 
payment. 

Acribus  initiis , incurioso  fine.  [L.]  With  eager  begin- 
nings, but  negligent  ending. 

A cruce  salus.  [L.]  Salvation  is  from  the  cross. 

Acti  laborcs  jucundi.  [L.]  Past  toils  are  pleasant. 

Actionnaire.  [Fr.]  Shareholder  ; stockholder. 

Actum  est  de  republied.  [L.]  It  is  all  over  with  the 
commonwealth  or  republic. 

Actus  me  invito  factus , non  est  meus  actus.  [L.]  An  act 
done  by  me  against  my  will,  is  not  my  act. 

A cuspide  corona.  [L.]  A crown  from  the  spear;  the 
reward  of  valor,  or  of  suffering. 

Ad  Calendas  Gracas.  [L.]  At  the  Greek  Calends  ; i.  e. 
never,  as  the  Greeks  had  no  Calends. 

Ad  captandum  vulgus.  [L.]  To  catch  the  vulgar. 

Addeparum  parvo,  magnus  acervo  erit.  [L.]  Add  a lit- 
tle to  a little,  and  there  will  be  a great  heap. 

A Deo  et  rege.  [L.]  From  God  and  the  king. 

Adeo  in  teneris  consuescerc  multum  est.  [L.l  It  is  of  so 
much  importance  to  become  accustomed  at  an  early 
age. 

Ad  cundem  gradum.  [L.]  To  the  same  degree  or  rank. 

Ad  finem.  [L.]  To  the  end. 

Adhibenda  est  in  jocando  moderatio.  [L.]  Moderation 
should  be  used  in  joking  ; a joke  should  not  be  carried 
too  far. 

Ad  hominem.  [L.]  Personal  ; to  the  individual. 

Adhuc  subjudice  lis  est.  [L.]  The  dispute  is  still  pending. 

Adieu  la  voiture , adieu  la  boutique.  [Fr.]  Farewell 
coach,  farewell  shop. 

Adieu  paniers ; rendanges  sont  faites.  [Fr.]  Farewell 
baskets  ; the  vintage  is  over. 

Ad  interim.  [L.]  In  the  mean  while. 

Ad  intcmecionem.  [L.]  To  extermination. 

Ad  libitum.  [L.]  At  pleasure. 

Ad  nauseam  usque.  [L.]  To  satiety  or  disgust. 

Ad  ogni  ucccllo  suo  nido  d bello.  [It.]  To  every  bird  its 
own  nest  is  beautiful. 

Adolescentcm  verecundum  esse  decct.  [L.]  A young  man 
should  be  modest. 

Adorer  le  veau  d’or.  [Fr.]  To  worship  the  golden  calf, 
or  Mammon. 

Adpatres.  [L.]  Gathered  to  his  fathers;  dead. 

Ad  preesens  ova  eras  pnllis  sunt,  meliora.  [L.]  Eggs  to- 
day are  better  than  chickens  to-morrow  ; a bird  in  the 
hand  is  worth  two  in  the  bush. 

Ad  quod  damnum.  [L.]  To  what  damage; — a writ  to 
ascertain  what  injury  would  accrue  from  a grant. 

Ad  referendum . [L.]  For  further  consideration. 

Adscriptus  glcbce.  [L.]  Attached  to  the  soil. 

Ad  unguem.  [L.]  To  the  touch  of  the  nails;  to  a 
nicety  ; exactly  ; perfectly. 

Ad  utrumque  paratus.  [L.]  Prepared  for  either  event. 

Ad  valorem.  [L.]  According  to  the  value. 

Adversis  major , par  sccundis.  [L.]  Superior  to  adversity, 
equal  to  prosperity. 

Ad.  vivum.  [E.]  To  the  life. 

J Krrloga . [E.]  An  eclogue,  idyl,  or  bucolic. 

JEgrescit  medendo.  [ET]  The  remedy  is  worse  than  the 
disease. 


JEgri  somnia  vana.  [L.]  The  idle  dreams  of  a sick  man. 

JFgroto  dum  anima  est.  spes  est.  [L.]  So  long  as  the 
sick  man  has  life,  there  is  hope. 

JEquabiliter  et  diligenter.  [E.l  Equably  and  diligently. 

JEquam  servare  mentem.  [E.J  To  preserve  an  equable 
mind. 

JEquanimiter . [L.]  With  equanimity. 

JFqud  pauperibus prodest,  locuplctibus cequd.  [L.]  Equally 
profitable  to  the  rich  and  the  poor. 

JEquitas  sequitur  legem.  [L.]  Equity  follows  the  law  ; 
i.  e.  to  supply  its  defects,  not  to  override  it. 

JEquo  animo.  [L.]  With  equanimity. 

JEs  debitorem  leve , gravius  inimicum  facit.  [E.]  A light 
debt  makes  a debtor,  a heavy  one  an  enemy. 

JEtatis  suce.  [L.]  Of  his  or  her  age. 

Affaire  d'amour.  [Fr.]  A love  affair. 

Affaire  d'honneur.  [Fr.]  An  affair  of  honor  ; a duel. 

Affaire  du  coeur.  [Fr.]  An  affair  of  the  heart. 

Affirmatim.  [L.]  Affirmatively. 

Afflavit  Deus , ct  dissipantur.  [L.]  God  has  breathed 
upon  them,  and  they  are  dispersed. 

A fin  de.  [Fr.]  To  the  end  that. 

Age  quod  agis.  [L.]  Attend  to  what  you  are  about. 

Agnusco  vctcris  vestigia  flamtiKB.  [L.]  I recognize  traces ' 
of  my  old  flame. 

Agnus  Dei.  [L.]  Lamb  of  God;  — an  image  of  wax, 
impressed  with  the  figure  of  a lamb,  and  consecrate. 1 
by  the  pope. 

A grands  frais.  [Fr.]  At  great  expense. 

Aide  toi , et  le  del  Vaidcra.  [Fr.j  Help  yourself,  and 
Heaven  will  help  you. 

Ajustci  vos  fifties.  [Fr.]  Put  yourselves  in  accord. 

A V abandon.  [Fr.]  At  random. 

A la  bonne  heure.  [Fr.]  At  an  early  hour  ; well-timed  ; 
— an  exclamation  of  joyful  surprise. 

APabri.  [Fr.]  Under  shelter. 

A la  burla  dezadla  cuando  mas  agrada.  [Sp.]  Leave  a 
jest  when  it  pleases  you  best. 

A la  derubee.  [Fr.l  By  stealth. 

A la  Franfaise.  [Fr.l  After  the  French  manner. 

A VAnglaise.  [Fr.]  After  the  English  manner  or  fashion. 

Al  bunn  vino  non  bisognafrasca.  [It.]  Good  wine  needs, 
no  bush. 

A Venvi.  [Fr.]  Emulously  ; so  as  to  rival. 

Al  hombre  bueno  no  le  busquen  abu/engo.  [Sp.]  A good 
man’s  pedigree  is  little  hunted  up. 

Alium  quercum  excutc.  [L.]  Shake  some  other  oak. 

Alia  tentanda  via  est.  [L.]  Another  way  must  bo  tried. 

Alienb  optimum  frui  insunib.  [L.]  It  is  well  to  profit  by 
the  folly  of  others. 

Alieni  appetens , sui  profusus.  [L.]  Coveting  the  prop- 
erty of  others,  lavish  of  his  own. 

Alieni  temporis  jlorcs.  [L.]  Blossoms  of  a time  gone  by. 

A Vimproviste.  [Fr.]  On  a sudden  ; unawares. 

Aliquando  bonus  dormitat  Ilomerus.  [L.]  Even  the  good 
Homer  sometimes  nods,  or  naps. 

Alis  volat  propriis.  [L.]  He  flies  with  his  own  wings. 

Alitur  vitium  vivitque  tegendo.  [L.]  Vice  is  cherished 
and  thrives  by  concealment. 

Aliud  corde  premunt , aliud  ore  promunt.  [L.]  They 
cherish  one  thing  in  the  heart,  and  express  another 
thing  with  the  mouth. 

Alter  bride  cn  main.  [Fr.l  To  go  with  a loose  rein. 

Alma  mater.  [L.]  Kina  or  benign  mother. 

A Poutrance.  [Fr.]  To  the  very  death. 

Alta,  sedent  civilis  ruin  era  dextrex.  [L.]  The  wounds  of 
civil  war  arc  deeply  felt. 

Alter  ego.  [E.]  My  other  self. 

Alter  idem.  [E.]  Another  exactly  similar. 

0777) 


1778  A COLLECTION  OF  WORDS,  PHRASES,  AND  QUOTATIONS 


Alter  ipse  amicus.  [L.]  A friend  is  a second  self. 

Altcrum  alterius  auxilio  eget.  [L.]  The  one  needs  the 
help  of  the  other. 

A main  armce.  [Fr.]  With  force  of  arms. 

Aniantium  iriB  anioris  red integ ratio  cst.  [L.]  The  quar- 
rels of  lovers  lead  to  renewal  of  love. 

A ma  puissance.  [Fr.J  To  my  power. 

Amare  et  sapere  viz  deo  conceditur.  [L.]  To  love  and  bo 
wise  is  scarcely  granted  to  the  highest. 

Arnbiguas  in  vulgum  spargere  voces.  [L.]  To  spread 
doubtful  rumors  among  the  populace. 

A mediant  chien  court  lien.  [Fr.]  A short  chain  for  a 
snappish  cur. 

A me  de  hour.  [Fr.l  A soul  of  mud  ; a miscreant. 

A mensa  et  thoro.  [L.l  From  bed  and  board. 

A merveille.  [Fr.]  To  a wonder  ; marvellously. 

Amici  prubantur  rebus  adversis.  [L.]  Friends  arc  proved 
by  adversity. 

Amicus  certus  in  re  incertd.  cernitur.  [L.]  A real  friend 
is  discovered  or  known  in  adversity. 

Amicus  curitc.  [L.]  A friend  of  the  court. 

Amicus  humani  generis.  [L.]  A friend  of  the  human 
race ; a philanthropist. 

Amicus  Plato , amicus  Socrates , sed  magis  arnica  veritas. 
[L.l  Plato  is  my  friend,  Socrates  is  my  friend,  but 
truth  is  more  my  friend. 

Amicus  usque  ad  aras.  [L.]  A friend  even  to  the  altar, 
or  to  the  last  extremity. 

Ami  de  court.  [Fr.]  A court  friend  ; an  uncertain  friend. 

Ami  de  viourement.  [Fr.]  A friend  of  progress. 

Ami  dcs  noirs.  [Fr.]  A friend  of  the  blacks. 

Ami  jusqu'aux  autcls.  [Fr.]  A friend  even  to  the  altar. 

Amo.  [L.]  I love. 

Amor  nummi.  [L.l  Love  of  money. 

Amor p atria.  [L.J  Patriotism. 

Amoto  queeramus  seria  ludo.  [L.]  Setting  jesting  aside, 
let  us  attend  to  serious  matters. 

Amour  fait  beaucoup , mais  argent  fait  tout.  [Fr.]  Love 
is  potent,  but  money  is  omnipotent. 

Amour  propre.  [Fr.]  Self-love;  vanity. 

Anguillam  cauda  tenes.  [L.]  You  hold  an  eel  by  the 
tail. 

Anguis  in  herbd.  [L.]  A snake  in  the  grass. 

Animal  implume , bipcs.  [L.]  A biped  animal,  without 
feathers. 

Animi  cu/tus  humanitatis  cibus.  [L.]  Mental  culture  is 
the  food  of  humanity. 

Animis  opibusque  parati.  [L.]  Ready  to  stake  life  and 
property. 

Animo  et  fide.  [L.]  By  courage  and  faith. 

Animo , non  astutict.  [L.]  By  courage,  not  by  craft. 

Animum  pictura  pascit  inani.  [L.]  lie  feeds  his  mind 
with  an  empty  picture. 

Animum  rege , qui  nisi  parct , imperat.  [L.]  Govern  your 
temper,  which,  unless  it  obeys,  will  command. 

Animus.  [L.]  Mind  ; intention. 

Animus  furandi.  [L.]  The  intention  of  stealing. 

Animus  imponentis.  [L.]  The  intention  of  the  im poser. 

Animus  non  deficit  tequus.  [L.]  An  equal  mind  does 
not  fail. 

An  nescis  longas  re  gibus  esse  manus  ? [L.]  Do  you  not 
know  that  kings  have  long  hands? 

Anno  cetat.is  sum.  [L  ] In  the  year  of  his  or  her  age. 

Anno  Christi.  [L.J  In  the  year  of  Christ. 

Anno  Domini.  [L.]  In  the  year  of  our  Lord. 

Anno  mundi.  [L.]  In  the  year  of  the  world. 

Anno  urbis  conditoe.  [L.]  In  the  year  since  the  building 
of  the  city,  i.  e.  Rome. 

Annus  mirabilis.  [L.]  The  year  of  wonders. 

A nouvelles  affaires , nouveaux  conscils.  [Fr.]  New  cir- 
cumstances, new  counsels. 

Ante  lucem.  [L.l  Before  daylight. 

Ante  meridiem.  [L.]  Before  noon. 

Ante  tubam  trepidat.  [L.]  He  trembles  before  the  trum- 
pet sounds. 

Ante  victoriam  ne  canas  triumphum.  [L.]  Do  not  sing 
your  triumph  before  you  have  conquered. 

Anti.  [Gr.]  Against. 

Antiqua  homo  virtute  et  fide.  [L.]  A man  of  ancient 
virtue  and  fidelity. 

A parte  ante.  [L.l  Of  the  preceding  part. 

A pas  de  geant.  [Fr.]  With  giant  pace. 

A peindre.  [Fr.]  For  painting;  fit  to  make  a picture  of. 

Apergu.  [Fr.]  A sketch  ; abstract ; summary. 

A perte  de  vue.  [Fr.l  Beyond  one’s  view. 

Apcrto  vivere  voto.  [L.]  To  live  with  every  wish  freely 
expressed. 

A pobreza  no  hay  verguenza.  [Sp.]  Poverty  has  no 
shame. 

A posse  ad  esse.  [L.l  From  possibility  to  reality. 

Apparatus  belli.  [L.]  Materials  for  war. 

Apparent  rari  nantes  in  gurgite  vasto.  [L.]  They  ap- 
pear swimming,  here  and  there  one,  in  the  vast  deep. 

Appetitus  rationi  parent.  [L.]  Let  appetite  obey  reason. 

Appui.  [Fr.]  Point  of  support;  purchase;  prop. 

A prima  vista.  [L.]  At  first  sight. 

A propos  de  rien.  [Fr.]  Apropos  to  nothing  ; a pointless 
remark. 

Aqua  et  igne  interdictus.  [L.]  Deprived  of  fire  and  water. 

Aquila  non  capit  muscas.  [L.]  An  eagle  docs  not  catch 
flies. 

Arbiter  elegantiarvm . [L.]  A judge  in  matters  of  taste. 

Arcana  coelestia.  [L.]  Heavenly  secrets  or  mysteries. 

Arcana  imperii.  [L.]  The  mysteries  of  government  ; 
state  secrets. 

Arde.nti a verba.  [L.]  Words  that  glow  or  burn. 

A re z de  chaussee.  [Fr.]  Even  with  the  ground. 

Argent  comptant.  [Fr.]  Ready  money. 

Argent  comptant  porte  medccine.  [Fr.]  Ready  money 
brings  a remedy. 


r 

ArgiUd.  quidvis  imitaberis  udcL.  [L.]  You  can  imitate 
any  thing  with  moist  clay. 

Argumentum  ad  crumenam.  [L.]  An  argument  to  the 
purse;  — ad  hominem , to  the  man;  — ad  ignorantiam , 
to  ignorance,  or  founded  on  an  adversary’s  ignorance 
of  facts;  — ad  judicium,  to  the  judgment;  — ad  vere- 
cundiam , to  modesty  ; — argumentum  baculinum , an  ap- 
peal to  force;  club  law. 

'A piorov  pirpov,  Ariston  matron.  [Gr.J  The  medium 
is  best ; the  golden  mean. 

Arrectis  auribus.  [L.]  With  attentive  ears. 

Ars  cst  celare  artem.  [L.J  It  is  true  art  to  conceal  art. 

Ars  long  a,  vita  brevis.  [L.]  Art  is  long,  and  life  is 
short. 

Artes  honorabit.  [L.]  He  will  honor  the  arts. 

A rude  dne , rude  tinier.  [Fr.J  To  a rough  ass,  a rough 
driver. 

Asinus  ad  lyram.  [L.]  An  ass  to  a lyre  : — absurdly. 

Astra  castra , numcn  lumen.  [L.]  The  stars  my  camp,  the 
Deity  my  light. 

A tdtons.  [Fr.]  Groping. 

A teneris  annis.  [L.J  From  tender  or  earliest  years. 

A tort  et  d tracers.  [Fr.]  Without  consideration  ; at 
random. 

A toute  force.  [Fr.]  With  all  one’s  might. 

At  spes  non  fraeta.  [L.]  But  hope  is  not  yet  broken. 

Au  bon  droit.  [Fr.]  To  the  just  right. 

Au  bout  de  son  Latin.  [Fr.]  To  the  extent  of  his 
knowledge. 

Auctor  pretiosa  facit.  [L.]  The  giver  makes  the  gift 
precious. 

Aucun  chemin  de  fleurs  ne  conduit  d la  gloire.  [Fr.]  No 
flowery  road  leads  to  glory. 

Audaces  fortuna  juvat.  [L.]  Fortune  favors  the  daring. 

Audacter  et  sincere.  [L.J  Boldly  and  sincerely. 

Audaz  at  cautus.  [L.]  Bold  but  wary. 

Audendo  magnus  tegitur  tirnor.  [L.]  Great  fear  is  often 
concealed  by  a show  of  daring. 

A tide  sapere.  [L.]  Dare  to  be  wise. 

An  dcsespoir.  [Fr.]  In  despair. 

Audi  alteram  partem.  [L.]  Hear  the  other  side. 

Audire  est  opcrce  pretium.  [L.]  It  is  worth  while  to 
listen. 

Audit  vocatus  Apollo.  [L.]  Apollo  hears  when  invoked. 

Au  fait.  [Fr.]  Skilful;  expert. 

Aufond.  [Fr.]  To  the  bottom. 

Augustana  Confessio.  [L.]  The  Augsburg  Confession. 

Aujuurd',hui  roi , de.main  rien.  [Fr.]  To-day  a king,  to- 
morrow nothing. 

An  pis  aller.  [Fr.]  At  the  worst. 

Au  plaisir  de  vous  revoir.  [Fr.]  Till  I have  the  pleasure 
of  seeing  you  again. 

Aura  popular  is.  fX.l  The  popular  breeze. 

Aura  seminalis.  [L.l  The  impregnating  air. 

Aurea  mcdiocritas.  [L.J  The  golden  mean. 

Aurca  ne  credos  quacunque  nitesccrc  cernis.  [L.]  Think 
not  every  thing  that  shines  is  gold;  all  is  not  gold 
that  glitters. 

Auribus  teneo  lupum.  [L.]  I hold  a wolf  by  the  ears  ; I 
have  caught  a Tartar. 

Auri  sacra  fames.  [L.]  The  accursed  greed  or  appetite 
for  gold. 

Aurum  omnes , rictct  pictatc , colunt.  [L.]  All  worship 
gold,  piety  being  set  aside. 

Aurum  potabile.  [L.]  Potable  gold. 

Auspirium  melioris  avi.  [L.J  A pledge  of  better  times. 

Aussitot  dit , aussitotfait . [Fr.]  No  sooner  said  than  done. 

Autant  i Vhommcs , autant  d’avis.  [Fr.]  So  many  men,  so 
many  minds. 

A ut  Ciesar , aut  nullus.  [L.]  Either  Ctesar,  or  nobody. 

Aut  insanit  homo , aut  versus  facit.  [L.]  The  man  is 
either  mad,  or  he  is  making  verses. 

Aut  nunquam  tentes , aut  perfice.  [L.]  Either  never  at- 
tempt, or  accomplish. 

Autrefois  acquit.  [Fr.]  Formerly  acquitted. 

Aut.  regem  aut  fat  mini  nasci  oportuit.  [L.]  A man  ought 
to  be  born  a king  or  a fool. 

Aut  vincere  aut  mori.  [L.]  Either  to  conquer  or  to  die. 

Aux  armes.  [Fr.]  To  arms. 

A ur  ilia  humilia  firm  a consensus  facit.  [L.]  Concord  gives 
strength  to  humble  aids  ; union  gives  strength. 

An  rilium  ab  alto.  [L.]  Help  is  from  on  high. 

Aver,  permission . [Fr.J  With  permission. 

A verbis  ad  verbera.  [L.]  From  words  to  blows. 

A vieux  compt.es  nouvelles  disputes.  [Fr.]  Old  accounts 
make  new  disputes. 

A vinculo  matrimonii.  [L.]  From  the  bond  of  matrimony. 

Ari  numerantur  avorum.  lL.]  They  number  ancestors 
upon  ancestors. 

Arise  la  fin.  [Fr.]  Consider  the  end. 

Arito  viret  lionore.  [L.]  He  flourishes  with  ancestral 
honors. 

Avoir  la  langue  deliec.  [Fr.]  To  have  a loose  tongue; 
ready  elocution. 

A rostra  salute.  [Tt.]  ) 

A rotre  sante.  [FrJ  > To  your  health. 

A vuestra  salud.  [Sp.]  ' 

Aymez  loyaulU.  [Old  Fr.]  Love  loyalty. 


B. 

Bari.o  di  bocca  spesso  cuor  non  tocca.  [It.]  A kiss  of  the 
mouth  often  touches  not  the  heart. 

Banco  regis.  [L.]  On  the  king’s  bench. 

Barbie  tenus  so  pirates.  [ I-.]  Philosophers  as  far  as  beard. 
Bus  bleu.  [Fr.]  Blue-stocking;  a literary  woman. 

Basis  virtutum  constantia.  [L.]  Constancy  is  the  foun- 
dation of  the  virtues. 


Battre  la  campagne.  [Fr.]  To  beat  about  the  bush. 

Bayer  aux  corncilles.  [Fr.J  To  gape  at  the  crows. 

Bel  esprit.  [Fr.]  A brilliant  mind. 

Bella!  horrida  bella  ! [L.l  War!  horrid  war! 

Bella  matronis  detestata.  [L.]  W ars  detested  by  matrons. 

Belluni  ncc  timendum  nec  provocandum.  [L.]  War  ought 
neither  to  be  dreaded  nor  provoked. 

Bell um  intcrnccivum.  [L.l  A war  of  extermination. 

Belluni  lethale.  [L.]  A deadly  war. 

Beltd  efollia  vanno  spesso  in  compagnia.  [It.]  Beauty  and 
folly  are  frequent  companions. 

Beneficium  accipcre , libertatem  vendcrc.  [L.J  To  receive 
a benefit  is  to  sell  one’s  liberty. 

Benigno  numine.  [L.l  By  the  favor  of  Providence. 

Ben  trocato.  [It.]  Well-invented. 

Bienheureux  qui  pent  vivre  en  paix.  [Fr.]  Happy  he  who 
c «n  live  in  peace. 

Bien  vienes , si  viencs  solo.  [Sp.]  Welcome  (misfortune) 
if  you  come  alone. 

Billet  d’ amour,  or  Billet  dour.  [Fr.]  A love-letter. 

Bis.  [L.]  Twice,  or  repeated. 

Bis  dot  qui  cito  dat.  [L.]  He  gives  twice  who  gives 
quickly,  or  seasonably. 

Bis  cst  gratum  quod  opus  est,  si  vitro  offeras.  [L.]  Doubly 
grateful  is  a needed  favor,  if  proffered  spontaneously. 

Bis  peccare  in  bello  non  licet.  [L.J  To  blunder  twice  is 
not  allowed  in  war. 

Bis  pueri  senes.  [L.]  Old  men  are  twice  c.  ildren. 

Bis  vincit , qui  se  vincit  in  victorid.  [L.]  He  conquers 
twice,  who  restrains  himself  in  victory. 

Blandat  mendacia  linguae.  [L.]  Lies  of  a flattering  tongue. 

Bceotum  in  crasso  jurares  a'dre  natum.  [L.]  You  would 
swear  he  was  born  in  the  thick  air  of  Bceotia. 

Bois  tortu  fait  feu  droit.  [Fr.]  Crooked  wood  makes  a 
straight  fire. 

Bon  avocat , mauvais  voisin.  [Fr.]  A good  lawyer  is  a 
bad  neighbor. 

Bun  gre , mat  gr6.  [Fr.]  With  good  or  ill  grace  ; willing 
or  not  willing. 

Bonhomie.  [Fr.]  Good-natured  simplicity. 

Bonis  avibus.  [L.]  With  good  omens. 

Bonis  nocet , quisquis  pcpercerit  mails . [L.]  He  hurts  the 
good  who  spares  the  bad. 

Bon  jour,  bonne  oeuvre.  [Fr.]  A good  day,  a good  deed  'y 
— the  better  day,  the  better  deed. 

Bonne.  [Fr.]  A governess  ; a nurse  ; a lady’s  maid. 

Bonne  bouche.  [Fr.J  A delicate  bit ; a sweet  morsel. 

Bonne  et  belle  assez.  [Fr.]  Good  and  beautiful  enough. 

Bonne  renommee  vaut  mieux  que  ceinture  dorec.  [Fr.]  A 
good  name  is  better  than  a golden  girdle. 

Bonnes  nouvelles  adoucisscnt  le  sang.  [Fr.]  Good  news 
sweetens  the  blood. 

Boutez  en  avant.  [Fr.]  Push  forward. 

Brachium  seculare  aut  civile.  [L.]  The  civil  arm  or 
power. 

Brevet  dHnvcntion.  [Fr.]  A patent. 

Brevcte.  [Fr.l  Patented. 

Brcvi  manu.  [L.]  With  a short  hand  ; offhand. 

Brevis  esse  laboro , obscurus  fio.  [L.]  I labor  to  be  con- 
cise, and  I become  obscure. 

Brbler  la  chandellc  par  les  deux  bouts.  [Fr.]  To  burn  the 
candle  at  both  ends  ; to  squander. 

Brutuvi  fulmen.  [L.]  A harmless  thunderbolt. 

Bucn  principio,  la  mitad  es  hecha.  [Sp.]  Well  begun  is 
half  done. 

Buena  mano.  [It.]  A slight  present. 


c. 

Caco'dtkes.  [L.]  An  evil  custom;  a bad  habit; — cr.co- 
ethes  carpcnai,  a rage  for  finding  fault  or  carping  ; — 
loquendi , for  speaking  ; — scribendi,  for  writing. 

Cada  uno  tiene  su  alguazil.  [Sp.]  Every  one  has  his 
governor. 

Cadit  quccstio.  [L.]  There  is  an  end  of  the  question. 

C<cca  invidia  est.  [L.]  Envy  is  blind. 

Cte.ca  regens  vestigia  filo.  [L.]  Directing  his  blind  steps 
by  a thread. 

Circus  iter  monstrarc  vult.  [L.]  A blind  man  wishes  to 
show  the  road. 

Cert  era  desunt.  [LJ  The  remainder  is  wanting. 

Cisteris  paribus.  [L.]  Other  things  being  equal. 

Camera  lucida.  [L.]  An  instrument  for  making  the  im- 
age of  an  object  appear  on  a light  surface. 

Campus  Martins.  [L.l  A place  for  military  exercises. 

Candida  pax.  [L.]  W hite-robed  peace. 

Candida  et  constanter.  [L.]  Candidly  and  with  con- 
stancy. 

Canes  timidi  vehementius  latrant.  [L.]  Cowardly  curs 
bark  loudest. 

Cantabit  vacuus  coram  latrone  viator.  [L.J  The  penni- 
less traveller  will  sing  before  the  robber. 

Cantate  Domino.  [L.]  Sing  to  the  Lord. 

Capias  ad  respondendum.  [L.J  A writ  holding  the  de- 
fendant to  answer  to  the  suit. 

Capias  ad  satisfaciendum.  [L.J  A writ  for  taking  and 
holding  the  body  of  the  defendant  till  satisfaction  is 
given. 

Cnpitulum,  or  Caput.  [L.]  Section  ; chapter. 

Ouptatio  benevolentice.  [L.]  Bespeaking  the  favor  of  an 
audience. 

Captus  nidore  cuUnic.  [I,.]  Captivated  by  the  smell  of 
the  kitchen. 

Caret.  [L.]  It  is  wanting;  — pi.  carcnt. 

Curpe  diem.  [L.]  Improve  time;  embrace  the  oppor- 
tunity. 

Carpe  diem , quam  minimd  crc.dula  postcro.  [L.J  Enjoy 
the  present  day,  distrustful  of  to-morrow. 


Carpere  et  colligere.  [L. ] To  pluck  and  gather  together. 

Cassis  tutissima  virtus.  [L.]  Virtue  is  the  safest  shield. 

Casus  belli.  [L.J  A cause  for  war. 

Casus  feeder  is.  [L.]  The  end  of  the  league. 

Casus  inter-minis.  [L.]  One  in  the  same  case. 

Catalogue  raisonne.  [Fr.]  A catalogue  of  books  arranged 
according  to  subjects. 

Causa  lately  vis  est  not.issima,  [L.]  The  cause  is  con- 
cealed, the  effect  is  notorious. 

Causa  sine  qua  non.  [L.]  An  indispensable  condition. 

Caveat  actor.  [ L.  ] Let  the  doer  beware. 

Caveat  emptor.  [L.l  Let  the  buyer  beware. 

Cavendo  tutus.  [L.J  Safe  through  caution. 

Cave  quid  dicis,  quando,  et  cui.  [L.]  Take  heed  what 
you  say,  when,  and  to  whom. 

Cedanr.  anna  toga.  [L.]  Let  arms  yield  to  the  gown,  or 
the  military  to  the  civil  authority. 

Cede  Deo.  [L.J  Yield  to  God,  or  Providence. 

Cedite , Romani  scriptorcs , cedite , Graii.  [L.]  Yield,  ye 
Roman,  yield,  ye  Greek,  writers. 

Cc  monde  est  plein  de  fous.  [Fr.]  This  world  is  full  of 
fools. 

Ce  n'est  pas  ttre  bien-aise  que  de  rire.  [Fr.]  Laughter 
does  not  prove  a mind  at  ease. 

Ce  n1  est  que  le  premier  pas  qui  co'dte.  [Fr.]  Only  the 
first  step  costs,  or  is  difficult. 

Centum.  [L.]  A hundred. 

Cernit  omnia  Deus  vindez.  [L.]  God,  the  avenger,  sees 
all. 

Certiorari.  [L.]  To  be  made  more  certain. 

Ccrtum  pete finem.  [L.]  Aim  at  a certain  end. 

Cessante  causd , ccssat  effectus  [L.]  When  the  causo 
ceases,  the  effect  ceases. 

C'est  du  blc  en  grenier.  [Fr.]  There  is  grain  in  the 
granary. 

C'est  fait  de  lui.  [Fr.]  It  is  all  over  with  him. 

C'est  le  crime  qui  fait  la  home,  et  non  pas  P cc/iafatid.  [Fr.] 
It  is  the  crime,  not  the  scaffold,  which  constitutes  the 
shame. 

C'est  une  autre  chose.  [Fr.]  It  is  another  thing. 

C/uicun  d son  gout.  [Fr.]  Every  one  to  his  taste. 

Chacun  est  artisan  de  sa  fortune.  [Fr.]  Every  man  is  the 
architect  of  his  own  fortune. 

Chacun  tire  de  son  cote.  [Fr.]  Every  one  draws  towards 
his  own  side. 

Champs  Ely  sees.  [Fr.l  Elysian  fields  ; paradise. 

Chapeau  de  bras.  [Fr.J  A military  cocked  hat. 

Chaquc  pays  a sa  guise.  [Fr.]  Every  country  has  its 
ways,  or  customs. 

Chass e-cousin.  [Fr.]  Bad  wine  given  to  drive  away 
poor  relations. 

Chateaux  en  Espagne.  [Fr.]  Castles  in  the  air. 

Chercher  une  aiguille  dans  une  boitc  de  foiii.  [Fr.]  To 
seek  a needle  in  a load  of  hay. 

Chlre  antic.  [Fr.]  A mistress. 

Che  sard  sard.  [It.]  What  will  be,  will  be. 

Cheval  de  bataille.  [Fr.]  A war-horse;  main  depend- 
ence or  support. 

Chevalier  d'industrie.  [Fr.]  A knight  of  industry:  — 
one  who  lives  by  persevering  fraud. 

Chi  non  sa  niente,  non  dubita  di  niente.  [It.]  IIo  who 
knows  nothing,  doubts  about  nothing. 

Chi  tace  confcssa.  [It.]  He  who  is  silent  confesses. 

Chi  V ha  offeso , non  ti  perdona  mai.  [It.]  He  who  has 
injured  you  will  never  forgive  you. 

Chose  qui,  plait  est  d demi  vendue.  [Fr.]  Pleasing  waro 
is  half  sold. 

Chronique  scandaleuse.  [Fr.]  An  account  of  follies  and 
vices. 

Cid  die  Dio  vuolc , io  voglio.  [It.]  What  God  wills,  I will. 

Circuit  us  verborum.  [L.]  A round-about  expression  ; a 
rambling  story. 

Citins  venit  periculum,  cum  contemnitur.  [L.]  Danger 
comes  sooner  when  it  is  despised. 

Cito  mat  arum , citd  putridum.  [L.]  Soon  ripe,  soon  rotten. 

Clarior  e tenebris.  [L.]  More  bright  from  obscurity. 

Clarum  et  venerabile  nomen.  [L.]  An  illustrious  and 
venerable  name. 

Classes  aisces.  [Fr.]  Classes  having  a competence. 

Ceelebs  quid  again  ? [L.]  Being  a bachelor,  what  shall 
I do  ? 

Ccelitiis  mihi  vires.  [L.]  From  heaven  is  my  strength. 

Caelum , non  animum , mutant,  qui  trails  mare  currunt.  [L.] 
They  who  cross  the  sea,  change  their  sky,  not  their 
affections. 

Colubrem  in  sinu  fovere.  [L.]  To  cherish  a serpent  in 
one’s  bosom. 

Comes  jucundus  in  vict  pro  vehiculo  est.  [L.]  A pleasant 
companion  on  the  road  is  as  good  as  a coach. 

Comitas  inter  g entes.  [L.]  Comity  between  nations. 

Communde z a vos  valets.  [Fr.]  Command  only  those 
who  owe  you  obedience. 

Comme  ilfaut.  [Fr.l  As  it  should  bo. 

Com  me  je  fus.  [Fr.J  As  I was. 

Commune  bonum.  [L.]  A common  good. 

Commune  periculum  concordiam  parit.  [L.]  A common 
danger  produces  unanimity. 

Communia  proprid  dicere.  [L.]  To  express  common 
things  (i.  e.  new,  unappropriated  subjects)  with  pro- 
priety. 

Communi  consensu.  [L.J  By  common  consent. 

Compagnon  de  voyage.  [Fr.]  A travelling  companion. 

Componere  lites.  [L.]  To  settle  disputes. 

Componitur  nrbis  regis  ad  ezcmplum.  [L.]  The  world 
forms  itself  after  the  example  of  the  king. 

Compositum  jus  fasque  animi.  [L.]  Law  and  equity. 

Compos  mentis.  [L.l  Of  sound  mind. 

Compte  rendu.  [Fr.J  A report  or  account. 

Concio  ad  clerum.  [L.]  A sermon  or  address  to  the 
clergy. 


FROM  FOREIGN  LANGUAGES. 


Concordia  discors.  [L.J  Discordant  concord. 

Conditio  sine  qud  non.  [L.J  An  indispensable  condition. 

Confido  et  conquiesco.  fL.]  I confide  and  am  content. 

Conquiescat  in  pace.  [L.J  May  he  rest  in  peace. 

Consequitur  quodciinque  petit.  [L.]  He  attains  what- 
ever he  pursues. 

Consilio  et  animis.  [L.J  By  wisdom  and  courage. 

Consilio  et  prudeutict.  [L.l  By  counsel  and  prudence. 

Constantid  etvirtut.e.  [L.J  By  constancy  and  virtue. 

Consuetudo pro  lege  servatur.  [L.]  Custom  is  held  as  law. 

Conto  spesso  e amicizia  luiiga.  [It.]  A short  reckoning 
makes  long  friendship. 

Contra  bonos  mores.  [L.]  Against  good  manners  or 
morals. 

Contra  sttmulum  calcas.  [L.J  You  kick  against  a spur. 

Coiitre  fortune  bon  caiur.  [Fr.J  A good  heart  against 
fortune. 

Coram  domino  regc . [L.]  Bofore  our  lord  the  king. 

Coram  nobis.  [L.J  Before  us. 

Coram  non  judice.  [L.J  Not  before  the  proper  judge. 

Cordon  sanitaire.  [Fr.J  A line  of  guards  against  conta- 
gion or  pestilence. 

Corpus  delicti.  [L.]  The  main  offence. 

Corruptio  optimi  pcssima.  [L.]  Tlio  corruption  of  the 
best  becomes  the  worst. 

Cor  ununi , via  una.  [L.J  One  heart,  one  way. 

Cosa  fatta  capo  lia.  [It.]  A thing  which  is  dono  has  a 
head. 

Cos  ingeniorum.  [L.]  A whetstone  for  the  wits. 

Couleur  de  rose.  [Fr.l  Rose  color;  flattering  hue. 

Coup  d'essai.  [Fr.]  First  attempt. 

Coup  d'etat.  [Fr.l  A stroke  of  policy  in  state  affairs. 

Coup  de  plume.  [Fr.*]  A literary  attack  or  contest. 

Coup  de  soleil.  [Fr.]  Sun-stroke. 

Coup  de  theatre.  [Fr.]  Theatrical  effect ; clap-trap. 

Coupons.  [Fr.]  Dividend  warrants  ; papers,  or  parts 
a commercial  instrument  bearing  interest,  of  which  a 
part  is  cut  off  as  it  falls  due.  — Coupon  dctache.  [Fr.] 
A dividend-warrant  cut  off'.  — Detacher  un  coupon. 
[Fr.]  To  detach,  or  take  off*,  a coupon,  a dividend- 
warrant. 

Courage  sans  peur.  [Fr.]  Courage  without  fear. 

Coureurs  des  bois.  [Fr.]  Forest-runners;  Canadians 
employed  by  the  fur  companies. 

Cohtc  que  coiitc.  [Fr.]  Let  it  cost  what  it  may, 

Craignez  honte.  [Fr.]  Fear  shame. 

Crcdat  Judccus  Jlpclla.  [L  ] Let  Apella,  the  circrin- 
cised  Jew,  believe  it. 

Crede  quod  liabes,  et  hubes.  [L.]  Believe  that  you  liavo 
it,  and  you  have  it. 

Credo  quia  impossibile  est.  [L.]  I believe  because  it  to 
impossible. 

Credula  res  amor  est.  [L.]  Love  is  a credulous  thing 

Crescit  amor  nummi  quantum  ipsa  pccunia  crescit.  [L.J 
As  money  increases,  the  love  of  it  increases. 

Crescit  eundo.  [L.]  It  increases  in  its  course. 

Crescit  sub  pondere  virtus.  [L.]  Virtue  grows  under  an 
imposed  weight. 

Creta  an  carbone  notandum.  [L.]  Whether  to  be  marked 
with  chalk  or  charcoal  ; as  lucky  or  unlucky  days. 

Crier  famine  sur  un  tas  de  ble.  [Fr.]  To  cry  famine 
over  a heap  of  grain. 

Crimen  liesce  majeslatis.  [L.]  The  crime  of  high  treason. 

Cruci,  dum  spiro,  fido.  [L.]  While  I breathe,  I trust  in 
the  cross. 

Crux  criticorum.  [L.]  The  puzzle  of  critics  ; — medi- 
corum,  of  physicians  ; mathcmaticorum,  of  mathema- 
ticians. 

Cucullus  non  facit  monachum.  [L.]  The  cowl  does  not 
make  the  monk. 

Cuibonol  [L.]  For  whose  benefit ? 

Cui  fortuna  ipsa  ccdit.  [L.J  To  whom  fortune  herself 
yields. 

Culpam  poena  premit  comes.'  [L.]  Punishment  follo\/L 
hard  upon  crime. 

Cum  grano  salis.  [L.]  With  a grain  of  salt ; with 
some  allowance. 

Cum  licet  fugere,  ne  quaere  litem.  [L.]  Do  not  seek  a 
suit  or  quarrel,  when  you  may  avoid  it. 

Cum  privilegio.  [L.]  With  privilege  or  license. 

Cuneus  cuneum  trudit,.  [L.]  One  wedge  drives  another. 

Curm  leves  loquuntur,  ingentes  stupent.  [L.]  Light 
griefs  are  loquacious  ; great  ones  are  silent. 

Curiosaf elicit as.  [L.J  A felicitous  tact. 

Currente  calamo.  [L.J  With  a running  or  rapid  pen. 

Gustos  morum.  [L.J  The  guardian  of  morals. 

Custos  rotulorum.  [L.]  Tlio  keeper  of  the  rolls. 


D. 

Dabit  Deus  his  quoque  finem.  [L.]  God  will  also  put 
an  end  to  these. 

D'accord.  [Fr.]  Agreed  ; in  tune. 

Da  locum  melioribus.  [L.]  Give  place  to  your  betters. 

Dames  de  la  halle.  [Fr.]  Market-women. 

Damnant  quod  non  intelligunt.  [L.]  They  condemn  what 
they  do  not  understand. 

Damnati  ad  mctalla.  [L.]  Condemned  to  the  mines. 

Dans  les  petit.es  boites  les  bons  onguens.  [Fr.]  Good 
ointments  are  in  small  boxes. 

Dapes  inempt/B.  [L.]  Unbought  viands  or  dainties. 

Dare  pondus  fumo.  [L.]  To  give  weight  to  smoko. 

Data.  [L.]  Things  given  or  granted  ; premises. 

Data  fata  secutus.  [L.]  Following  his  declared  des- 
tiny. 

Date  obolum  Belisario.  [L.J  Give  a penny  to  Belisarius. 

Davus  sum,  non  (Edipus.  [L.]  I am  Davus,  not  CEdi- 
pus:  — I cannot  solve  the  question. 


1779 

Dc  aucto)  itate  mihi  zommissa.  [L  ] P»y  the  authority  in- 
trusted to  me. 

De  bonis  non.  [L.J  Of  the  goods  not  yet  administered  on. 

De  bonne  grace.  [Fr.]  Willingly  and  kindly. 

Deceptio  visits.  [L.]  Optical  illusion. 

Decirs  repetita  placebit.  [L.]  Ten  times  repeated,  it 
will  still  please. 

Decipimur  specie  recti.  [L.]  We  are  deceived  by  the  ap- 
pearance of  rectitude. 

Decuri  decus  addit  avito.  [L.]  He  adds  honor  to  he- 
reditary honors. 

Decrevi.  [L.]  I have  determined. 

De  die  in  diem.  [L.]  From  day  to  day. 

De  gustibus  non  disputandum.  [L.]  There  is  no  dis- 
puting about  tastes. 

De  haute  luttc.  [Fr.]  By  a violent  struggle. 

Dei  plena  sunt  omnia.  [L.]  All  things  are  full  of  God. 

Dejciincr  dlafourchette.  [Fr.J  A cold  breakfast. 

Dclcctando  pariterque  monendo.  [L.]  By  pleasing  while 
admonishing. 

Delcnda  est  Carthago.  [L.]  Carthage  must  be  destroyed. 

De  minimis  non  curatur.  |_L.]  No  notice  is  taken  ot 
trifles. 

De  monte  alto.  [L.]  From  a high  mountain. 

Dc  mortuis  nil  nisi  bonum.  [L.]  Concerning  the  dead 
say  only  what  is  favorable. 

De  nihilo  nihil  fit.  [L.]  From  nothing  nothing  is  made. 

Deo  adjuvanie,  non  timendum.  [L.]  God  assisting, 
nothing  is  to  be  feared. 

Deo  date.  [L.]  Give  to  God. 

Deo  duce,f err o comit ante.  [L.]  God  for  my  leader,  my 
sword  for  my  companion. 

Deo  favente.  [L.]  Providence  favoring  ; — monente , 
warning  ; — jurantc,  helping  ; — volentc,  willing. 

Deo  gratias.  [L.l  Thanks  to  God. 

Deo juv ante.  [L.J  With  God’s  help. 

Deo,  non  fortunh.  [L.l  From  God,  not  from  fortune. 

Deo  volentc.  [L.]  If  God  will. 

Depressus  eztollor.  [L.]  Having  been  depressed,  I am 
exalted. 

De  profundis.  [L.]  Out  of  the  depths. 

Deshabillcr  un  saint  pour  en  habiller  un  autre.  [Fr.]  To 
undress  one  saint  to  dress  up  another. 

Desideratum.  [L.]  A thing  desired. 

Desipcre  in  loco.  [L.]  To  play  the  fool  at  the  proper 
season. 

Desunt  ccetera.  [L.l  The  remainder  is  wanting. 

Dctur  digniori.  [L.]  Let  it  be  given  to  the  more  worthy. 

Dentil  cole , regent  serva.  [L.J  Worship  God,  preserve 
the  king. 

Deus  major  columna.  [L.J  God  is  the  greatest  support. 

Deus  nobis  hcec  otia  fecit.  [L.]  God  has  given  us  this 
easy  condition. 

Deus  vobiscum.  [L.l  God  be  with  you. 

Dextrc  tempore.  [L.]  At  a propitious  time. 

Dies  faustus,  — infaustus.  [L.]  A lucky  day,  — an  un- 
lucky day. 

Dies  irai.  [L.J  Day  of  wrath  — a famous  hymn. 

Dicu  acre  nous.  [Fr.]  God  with  us. 

Dicu  defend  le  droit.  [Fr.]  God  defends  the  right. 

Dicu  et  won  droit.  [Fr.]  God  and  my  right. 

Dicu  vous  garde.  [Fr.]  God  guard  you. 

Dignus  vindice  nodus.  [L.]  A knot  worthy  of  being 
untied  by  such  hands. 

Di  grand'  eloquenza  picciola  coscicnza.  [It.]  Great  elo- 
quence, little  conscience. 

Dii  majorum  gentium.  [L.]  The  twelve  superior  gods. 

Dii  penates.  [L.J  Household  gods. 

Diis  alitcr  visum.  [L.]  The  gods  were  plea-cd  to  order 
it  otherwise. 

Di  novello  tutto  par  bcllo.  [It.]  All  that  is  novel  seems 
fine. 

Dios  me  libre  dc  hombre  de  un  libro.  [Sp.]  God  deliver 
me  from  a man  of  one  book. 

Dirigo.  [L.]  I guide. 

Diseur  de  bon  mots.  [Fr.J  A sayer  of  good  things. 

Disjecta  membra.  [L.]  Scattered  remains. 

Disjecti  membra  poetic.  [L.]  The  limbs  of  the  disinein- 
i ered  poet. 

Disponendo  me,  non  mutando  me.  [L.]  Disposing  of  me, 
not  changing  me. 

Dit  ide  et  impera.  [L.]  Divide  and  govern. 

Dixi  et  salvavi  animam  meam.  [L.]  I have  spoken,  and 
saved  my  soul,  i.  e.  cleared  my  conscience. 

Doccndo  discimus.  [L.]  We  learn  by  teaching. 

Domus  et  placcns  uxor.  [L.]  A house  and  pleasing  wife. 

Dono  molto  aspettato  e venduto,  non  donato.  [It.]  A 
gift  long  waited  for  is  sold,  not  given. 

Dorer  la  pilule.  [Fr.]  To  gild  the  pill. 

Dos  d'ane.  [Fr.J  A shelving  ridge. 

Double  entendre.  [Fr.]  Double  meaning. 

Double  entente.  [Fr.J  Double  signification. 

Douz  yeux.  [Fr.J  Soft  glances. 

Dramatis  personal.  [L.]  Characters  of  the  drama; 
characters  represented. 

Droit  au  travail.  [Fr.]  The  right  of  living  by  labor. 

Droit  des  gens.  [Fr.]  The  law  of  nations. 

Droit  et  avant.  [Fr.J  Right  and  forward. 

D ucit  amor  p atriai.  [L.]  Patriotism  guides  me. 

Du  fort  au  faible.  [Fr.]  From  the  strong  to  the  weak. 

Dulce  et  decorum  est  pro  patria  mold.  [L.]  It  is  sweet 
and  honorable  to  die  for  one’s  country. 

Dulce  est  desipere  in  loco.  [L.]  It  is  pleasant  to  play 
the  fool  on  the  proper  occasion. 

Dulce  melos , “ Domum !"  Dulce,  “ Domum /”  [L.] 

Sweet  strain,  “ For  home  ! ” or  “ Homeward  ! ” 
“ We  are  bound  for  home.”  — From  the  song  sung  at 
Winchester  College  at  the  close  of  the  term. 

Dummodo  sit  dives,  barburus  ipso  placet.  [L.]  If  he  ho 
only  rich,  a very  barbarian  is  pleasing. 


1780 


A COLLECTION  OF  WORDS,  PHRASES,  AND  QUOTATIONS 


Dum  spiro , spero.  [L.J  While  I breathe,  I hope. 

Dum  tacent , clamant.  [L.]  While  silent,  they  cry  out. 

Dum  vitant  stulti  vitia , lu  contraria  currant.  [L.]  While 
fools  avoid  one  vice,  they  run  into  an  opposite  one. 

Dam  bivimus , vivamus.  [L.]  While  vve  live,  let  us  live. 

Duos  qui  sequitur  lepores , neat  rum  capit.  [L.]  He  who 
follows  two  hares  catches  neither. 

Durante  beneplacito.  fL. ] During  our  good  pleasure. 

Durante  vitcl.  [L.]  During  life. 

Dux  fvmina  fucti.  [L.J  A woman  was  the  leader  of 
the  deed,  or  enterprise. 


E. 

Eaa  benite  de  cour.  [Fr.]  The  holy  water  of  the  court ; 
court  promises. 

Eaa  de  Cologne.  [Fr.]  Cologne  water. 

Eaa  de  vie.  [Fr  ] Brandy. 

Eccc  homo.  [L.]  Behold  the  man. 

E contra.  [L.J  On  the  other  hand. 

E contrario.  [L.J  On  the  contrary. 

Editio  princeps.  [L  J The  first  edition. 

E flammcL  cibum  peterc.  [L.]  To  get  a livelihood  with 
extreme  difficulty. 

Egli  fa  come  la  vo’pe  dell ’ uve.  [It.]-  He  acts  like  the 
fox  with  the  grapes. 

Ego  ct  rex  meus.  [L.]  I and  my  king. 

Ego  ilium  periisse  duco , cai  periit  pudor.  [L.]  I deem 
him  lost  whose  shame  is  lost. 

Ego  spem  pretio  non  emo.  [L.]  I do  not  buy  hope  with 
money. 

Ehcu!  fugaces  labuntur  anni.  [L.]  Alas!  how  swiftly 
the  years  glide  by. 

Elapso  tempore.  [L.]  The  time  having  elapsed. 

Elephant  us  non  capit  murum.  [L.]  The  elephant  does 
not  catch  mice. 

Elere.  [Fr.]  A pupil. 

Eloignement.  [Fr.]  Estrangement. 

E ineglio  cadcr  dalle  fincstrc  che  dal  tetto.  [It.]  Better 
fall  from  the  window  than  the  roof. 

E meglio  tardi  che  mai.  [It.]  Better  late  than  never. 

Empressement.  [Fr.]  Eagerness  : haste  ; zeal. 

Emptu  dolore  docct  experientia.  [L.]  Experience  bought 
with  pain  is  instructive. 

Emuncta  naris  homo.  [L.]  A man  of  well -wiped  nose, 
or  quick  perception. 

En  cucros , or  en  cueros  vivos.  [Sp.]  Stark  naked. 

En  Dieu  est  ma  fiance.  [Fr.]  In  God  is  my  trust. 

En  Dieu.  est  tout.  [Fr.]  In  God  is  every  tiling. 

Enfans  defamille.  [Fr.J  Children  of  the  family. 

Enfans  perdas.  [Fr.]  Lost  children  ; — the  forlorn  hope. 

Enfant  gate.  [Fr.]  A spoiled  child. 

Enfant  truuve.  [Fr.]  A foundling. 

Ea fin.  [Fr.]  At  length ; at  last. 

En  flute.  [Fr.]  With  guns  on  the  upper  deck  only. 

En  foule.  [Fr.]  In  a crowd,  or  mass. 

E11  grace  affix.  [Fr.J  On  grace  depend. 

En  grand.  [Fr.J  Of  full  size. 

En  la  roseje  fie  avis.  [Fr.]  I flourish  in  the  .osl 

En  masse.  [Fr.]  In  a mass  or  body. 

En  parole  je  vis.  [Fr.]  I live  in  the  word. 

En  passant.  [Fr.J  In  passing;  by  the  way. 

En  plcin  jour.  [Fr.]  In  broad  day. 

En  revanche.  [Fr.]  In  return  ; as  a requital. 

Ease  petit  placidam  sub  libertate  quiet  cm.  [L.]  By  the 
sword  he  seeks  quiet  peace  under  liberty. 

En  route.  [Fr.]  On  the  way  or  road. 

En  suivant  la  verite.  [Fr.]  In  following  truth. 

Entre  deux  vins.  [Fr.]  Between  two  wines ; nc  ther 
drunk  nor  sober. 

Entremets.  [Fr.]  Dainties  between  the  courses  ; dishes 
between  the  roast  and  the  dessert. 

Entre  nous.  [Fr.]  Between  ourselves. 

Entresol.  [Fr.]  A low-studded  story  between  the  base- 
ment and  second  story. 

Eo  nomine.  [L.]  By  that  name. 

E pluribus  unum.  [L.]  Out  of  many,  one  ; one  of  many. 
— The  motto  of  the  United  States.  — The  allusion  is 
to  the  formation  of  one  federal  government  out  of  sev- 
eral independent  States. 

Epulis  accumbere  diviim.  [L.]  To  sit  at  the  feast  of  the 
gods,  or  the  great. 

Equanimitcr.  [L.]  With  equanimity. 

Erba  mala  presto  crcsce.  [If.]  An  ill  weed  grows  apace. 

Eripuit  calo  fill  men,  sceptrumque  tyrannis.  [L.]  He 
snatched  the  thunderbolt  from  the  clouds,  and  the 
sceptre  from  tyrants  ; — said  of  Franklin. 

Errare  humanum  est.  [L.]  To  err  is  human. 

Erubuit , salva  res  est.  [L.]  He  blushed,  all  is  safe  : — 
where  there  is  shame  there  is  virtue. 

Esp&rance  et  Dieu.  [Fr.]  Hope  and  God. 

Esprit  fort.  [Fr.]  A freethinker. 

Essayez.  [Fr.]  Try  ; attempt. 

Esse  quam  videri.  [L.]  To  be,  rather  than  to  seem. 

Est  modus  in  rebus.  [L.]  There  is  a medium  in  all 
things. 

Esto  perpetua.  [L.]  Let  it  endure  forever. 

Esto  quod  esse  vidcris.  [L.]  Be  what  you  seem  to  he. 

Est  queedam  flere  voluptas.  [L.]  There  is  a certain 
pleasure  in  tears. 

Et  catera.  [L.]  And  the  rest. 

Et  cum  spintu  tuo.  [L.]  And  with  thy  spirit. 

Et  dccus  et  pretium  recti.  [L.]  The  ornament  and  I he 
reward  of  rectitude. 

Et  hoc , or  id,  genus  omne.  [L.]  And  every  thing  of  the 
sort. 

Et  nati  vatorum  et  qui  nasccntur  ab  illis . [L.]  Both 

grandsons  and  their  posterity. 


Et  nos  quoque  tela  sparsimus.  [L.]  We  too  have  flung 
our  weapons. 

Et  sequentia.  [L.]  And  what  follows. 

Et  sic  de  similibus.  [L.]  And  so  of  the  like  : — de  ccctcris , 
of  the  rest. 

Et  tu , Brute.  [L.]  And  even  you,  Brutus. 

Et  vitam  impendere  vero.  [L.]  To  pay  even  life  for  the 
truth  ; keep  the  truth  at  the  risk  of  life. 

Eventus  slultorum  magister.  [L.]  Fools  must  be  taught 
by  the  result. 

Ex  abrupto.  [L.]  Abruptly. 

Ex  abundantid.  [L.]  Out  of  the  abundance. 

Ex  abusu  non  arguitur  ad  usum.  [L.]  No  argument  can 
be  drawn  from  the  abuse  of  a thing  against  its  use. 

Ex  cequo  et  bono.  [L.]  According  to  what  is  just  and 
right. 

Ex  animo.  [L.]  Heartily  ; sincerely. 

Ex  beneplacito.  [L.]  At  pleasure. 

Ex  cathedra.  [L.J  From  the  chair  or  pulpit;  from  high 
authority. 

Excelsior.  [L.]  Higher  ; more  elevated. 

Exceptio  probat  rcgulam.  [L.]  The  exception  proves 

the  rule. 

Exceptis  excipiendis.  [L.]  The  proper  exceptions  being 
made. 

Excerpta.  [L.]  Extracts. 

Excitari  non  hcbescerc.  [L.]  To  be  spirited,  not  inactive. 

Ex  concesso.  [L.]  From  what  has  been  admitted. 

Excudit.  [L.]  He  fashioned  or  made  it : — pi.  cxcuderunt. 

Ex  cur  id.  [L.]  Out  of  court. 

Ex  delicto.  [L.]  From  the  crime. 

Ex  dono.  [L.]  By  the  gift  of. 

Exegi  monumentum  arc  perennins.  [L.]  I have  built  a 
monument  more  durable  than  brass. 

Excmpla  sunt  odiosa.  [L.]  Examples  are  offensive. 

Exempli  gratia.  [L.J  For  example ; for  instance. 

Exeunt.  [L.]  They  go  out. 

Exeunt  omnes.  [L.]  All  go  out. 

Ex  facto  jus  oritur.  [L.]  The  law  arises  out  of  the  fact. 

Ex  fide  fortis.  [L.]  Strong  through  faith. 

Exigeant.  [Fr.]  Exacting;  requiring  too  much  attention. 

Ex  incrd  gratid.  [L.]  From  mere  favor. 

Ex  mero  motu.  [L.]  From  a mere  motion ; from  his 
own  free  will. 

Ex  necessitate  rei.  [L.l  From  the  necessity  of  the  case. 

Ex  nihil  o nihil  fit.  [L.J  Nothing  produces  nothing. 

Ex  officio.  [L.]  By  virtue  of  his  office. 

Ex  operc  operate.  [L.]  By  external  works. 

Ex  parte.  [L.]  On  one  part  or  side. 

Ex  pede  Herculcm.  [L.]  From  the  size  of  the  foot  we 
recognize  a Hercules  : — we  judge  of  the  whole  from 
the  specimen. 

Experientia  docet  stultos.  [L.]  Experience  teaches  even 
fools. 

Expcrimentum  crucis.  [ L.]  The  experiment  of  the  cross  : 
— a decisive  experiment. 

Experto  crede  Roberto.  [L.]  Believe  one  who  has  had 
experience. 

Expertus.  [L.]  An  expert,  or  an  experienced  person. 

Expertus  metuit.  [L.]  Having  experience,  he  dreads  it. 

Ex  post  facto.  [L.J  After  the  deed  is  done  ; retrospective. 

Expressis  verbis.  [L.]  In  express  terms. 

Ex  quocunque  capite.  [L.]  From  whatever  cause. 

Ex  tempore.  [L.]  Off-hand ; on  the  spur  of  the  mo- 
ment ; without  preparation  ; — extemporaneously. 

Extinctus  amabitur  idem.  [L.]  The  same  man  when 
dead  will  be  loved. 

Ex  ungue  leonem.  [L.]  The  lion  is  known  by  his  claws. 

Ex  uno  disce  omnes.  [L.J  From  one  learn  all;  from 
this  specimen  judge  of  the  whole. 


E. 

Faber  sua  fortuncc.  [L.]  The  artificer  of  his  own  for- 
tunes ; a self-made  man. 

Facies  non  omnibus  una.  [L.]  All  have  not  the  same  face. 

Facile  est  inventis  addere.  [L.]  It  is  easy  to  add  to 
things  already  invented. 

Facile  princeps.  [L.]  The  admitted  chief. 

Facilis  descensus  Averni.  [L.]  Tile  descent  into  hell  is 
easy  : — it  is  easy  to  get  into  difficulty. 

Facinus  quos  inquinat  aquat.  [L.]  Guilt  makes  equal 
those  whom  it  stains. 

Fucit,  indignatio  versus.  [L.]  Indignation  makes  me  a 
poet. 

Fagon  de  parler.  [Fr.]  A manner  of  speaking. 

Far,  totum.  [L.]  Do  every  thing  ; — a man  of  all  work. 

Fax  populi.  [L.]  The  dregs  of  the  people. 

Faire  bonne  mine.  [Fr.]  To  put  a good  face  on. 

Faire  V Homme  d? importance.  [Fr.]  To  assume  an  air  of 
importance. 

Faire  mon  devoir.  [Fr.]  To  do  my  duty. 

Faire  sans  dire.  [Fr.]  To  do,  not  say. 

Fait  accompli.  [Fr.]  A thing  already  done. 

Fallentis  semita  vita.  [L.J  The  deceitful  path  of  life. 

Fama  clamosa.  [L.]  Public  scandal. 

Fama  nihil  est  celerius.  [L.]  Nothing  travels  more 
swiftly  than  scandal. 

Fama  semper  vivat.  [L.]  May  his  fame  live  forever. 

Fare,fac.  [L.]  Speak,  do. 

Fari  qua  sentiat.  [L.]  To  speak  what  ho  thinks. 

Fas  est  et  ab  hoste  doceri.  [L.]  It  is  well  to  learn,  even 
from  an  enemy. 

Fasti  et.  nefasti  dies.  [L.]  Lucky  and  unlucky  days. 

Fata  obstant.  [L  ] The  Fates  oppose. 

Fata  viam  invenient.  [L.]  The  Fates  will  find  a way. 

Fata  volcntem  ducu-nt,  nolcntem  traliunt.  [L.]  Fate  leads 
the  willing,  and  drags  the  unwilling. 


Faux  pas.  [Fr.]  A false  step;  deviation  from  virtue: 

— an  act  of  indiscretion. 

Favcte  linguis.  [L.]  Favor  by  your  tongues  ; be  silent 
while  the  business  is  proceeding. 

Fax  mentis , incendium  gloria.  [L.]  The  burning  dcsite 
of  glory  is  the  torch  of  the  mind. 

Felices  ter  et  amplius . quos  irrupta  tenet  copula.  [ L.J 
Thrice  happy  they  whose  marriage  tie  is  unbroken. 

Felicitas  multos  habet  amicos.  [L.]  Prosperity  has  many 
friends. 

Felix  quern  faciunt  alien  a per  icula  cautum.  [L.]  Happy 
is  he  who  learns  prudence  from  the  dangers  of  others. 

Femme  de  chambre.  [Fr.]  A chamber-maid. 

Femme  de  charge.  [Fr.]  A housekeeper. 

Fendre  un  chevcu  en  quatre.  [Fr.]  To  split  a hair:  — 
a distinction  without  a difference. 

Fera  natura.  [L.J  Of  a wild  nature;  — applied  to 
wild  animals. 

Ferine  ornee.  [Fr.]  An  ornamented  farm. 

Festina  lente.  [L.J  Hasten  slowly. 

Fete  champctre.  [Fr.]  A rural  feast  celebrated  out  of 
doors. 

Feu  dujoie.  [Fr.]  A bonfire. 

Feuilleton.  [Fr.]  A small  leaf ; a supplement  to  a news- 
paper. 

Fiat  justitia,  ruat  cerium.  [L.]  Let  justice  be  done, 
though  the  heavens  should  fall. 

Fiat  lux.  [L.]  Let  light  be. 

Fide  et  amore.  [L.l  By  faith  and  love. 

Fide  etfiducid.  [L.J  By  fidelity  and  confidence. 

Fide  et  fortitudine.  [L.]  By  faith  and  fortitude 

Fidei  coticula  crux.  [L.J  The  cross  is  the  touchstone  of 
faith. 

Fidei  defensor.  [L.]  Defender  of  the  faith. 

Fidcli  certa  merces.  [L.]  To  the  faithful,  reward  is 
certain. 

Fidclis  ad  urnam.  [L.]  Faithful  unto  death. 

Fideliter.  [L.J  Faithfully. 

Fide,  non  armis.  [L.J  By  faith,  not  arms. 

Fide,  sed  cui  vide.  [L.]  Trust,  but  see  to  whom. 

Fides probata  coronal.  [L.]  Proved  faith  crowns. 

Fidcs  Punica.  [L.]  Punic  faith  : — treachery. 

Fides  sit  penes  auctorem.  [L.J  Let  the  responsibility,  or 
credibility,  rest  on  the  author. 

Fidus  Achates.  [L.J  Faithful  Achates  : — a true  friend. 

Fidus  et  audax.  [L.]  Faithful  and  daring. 

Fiel,pero  desdichado.  [Sp.]  Faithful,  but  disinherited. 

Filius  nullius.  [L.]  A son  of  nobody  ; — populi,  of  the 
people  ; — terra,  of  the  earth.  — ( Oxford,  Eng.)  a stu 
dent  of  low  birth. 

Fillc  de  chambre.  [Fr.]  A chamber  maid. 

Fille  dejoie.  [Fr.J  A prostitute. 

Fincm  respice.  [L.]  Look  to  the  end. 

Finis  coronat  opus.  [L.]  The  end  crowns  the  work. 

Firmior  quo  paratior.  [L.]  I am  stronger  by  being  well 
prepared. 

Fit  fabricando  faber.  [L.]  A workman  is  made  by 
working;  practice  makes  perfect. 

Flagrante  hello.  [LJ  While  the  war  was  raging. 

Flagrante  delicto.  [L.]  In  the  actual  commission  of  the 
crime. 

Ft  chile  ludibrium.  [L.]  A sad  mockery. 

Flectcre  si  nequeo  superos,  Acheronta  movebo.  [L  ] If  I 
cannot  influence  the  gods,  I will  move  hell. 

Flecti,  nonfrangi.  [L.]  To  be  bent,  not  broken. 

Flux  de  bouche.  [Fr.]  An  inordinate  flow  of  words. 

Facundi  caliccs,  quern  non  fecere  disertum  ? [L.]  Genial 
cups,  whom  have  they  not  made  eloquent  ? 

Fanum  habet  in  cornu.  [L.]  He  has  hay  on  his  horns  : 

— a sign  of  a dangerous  bull. 

Forsan  et  hac  olim  meminisse  juvabit.  [L.]  Perhaps  it 
will  hereafter  he  pleasant  to  remember  these  things. 

Fortem  posce  animum.  [L.]  Pray  for  a strong  mind. 

Forte  scutum  salus  ducum.  [L.]  A strong  shield  is  the 
safety  of  commanders. 

Fortes  fortuna  jurat.  [L.]  Fortune  favors  the  brave. 

Forti  ct  fidcli  nihil  difficile.  [L.]  To  the  brave  and  faith- 
ful nothing  is  difficult. 

Fortis  cadcrc , cedere  non  potest.  [L  ] The  brave  may 
fall,  but  cannot  yield. 

Fortiter  ct  recte.  [L.]  With  fortitude  and  rectitude. 

Fortiter,  fideliter,  felieiter.  [L]  Boldly,  faithfully, 
successfully. 

Fortiter geret  crucem.  [L.]  He  will  bravely  bear  the  cross. 

Fortiter  in  re.  [L.]  With  firmness  in  action. 

Fortuna  facet  fatuis.  [L.]  Fortune  favors  fools;  luck 
for  fools. 

Foy  pour  devoir.  [Old  Fr.]  Faith  for  duty. 

Frangas,  non  flcctes.  [L.J  You  may  break,  but  shall 
not  bend  me. 

Froides  mains  j chaud  amor.  [Fr.]  Cold  hands  and  a 
warm  heart. 

Front  d front.  [Fr.]  Face  to  face. 

Fronti  nulla  fides.  [L.]  There  is  no  trusting  to  appear- 
ances. 

Fruges  consumere  nati.  [L.]  Men  born  only  to  consume 
food. 

Fugit  hora.  [L.]  The  hour  flies. 

Fugit  irrcparabile  tempos.  [L.]  Irrecoverable  time 
flies  on. 

Fuimus  Trocs.  [L.]  We  were  once  Trojans. 

Fail  Ilium.  [L.J  Troy  has  been. 

Fulmcn  brutum.  [L.]  A harmless  thunderbolt. 

Functus  officio.  [L.]  Having  discharged  his  office. 

Furor  arma  minist rat.  [L.]  Rage  furnishes  weapons. 

Furor  loquendi.  [L.]  A rage  for  speaking  ; — scribcndi , 
for  writing. 

Furor, poeticus.  [L.]  Poetic  rage  or  fire. 

Fuycz  les  dangers  de  loisir.  [Fr.]  Avoid  the  dangers  of 
leisure. 


Gr. 

Gaietq  dc  ceeur.  [Fr.]  Gayety  of  heart. 

Gallicd.  [L.]  In  French. 

Garde  d cheval.  [Fr.]  A mounted  guard. 

Garde  de  corps.  [Fr.]  A body-guard. 

Garde  mobile.  [Fr.]  Guards  liable  to  general  service. 

Garde z bien.  [Fr.]  Guard  well  ; take  care. 

Gar dez  lafoi.  [Fr.]  Guard  the  faith. 

Gaudetque  viam  fecisse  mind..  [L.]  He  rejoices  to  have 
made  his  way  by  causing  ruin. 

Gaudet  tentamine  virtus.  [L.]  Virtue  rejoices  in  temp- 
tation. 

Genius  loci.  [L.]  The  genius  of  the  place. 

Gens  dc  condition.  [Fr.]  People  of  rank;  — d’cglise, 
churchmen  ; — de  guerre , the  military  ; — de  langues , 
linguists  ; — de  lettres , literati  ; — dc  pea,  the  meaner 
sort. 

Gens  de  memc  famille.  [Fr.]  Birds  of  a feather. 

Gens  togata.  [L.]  Gownsmen  ; civilians. 

Genus  irritabile  vatum.  [L.]  The  irritable  race  of  poets. 

Germanicd.  [L.J  In  German. 

Gibier  de  potence.  [Fr.]  A gallows-bird  ; scape-grace. 

Giuoco  di  mano , giucoco  di  villano.  [It.]  Practical 
jokes  belong  to  the  vulgar. 

Glcbm  ascriptus.  [L.]  A servant  belonging  to  the  soil. 

Gli  assenti  hanno  torto.  [It.]  The  absent  are  in  the- 
wrong. 

Gloria  in  excelsis.  [L.]  Glory  to  God  in  the  highest. 

Gloria  Patri.  [L.]  Glory  be  to  the  Father. 

Gloria  vana  florece  y no  grana.  [Sp.]  Vain-glory  flow- 
ers, but  yields  no  fruit. 

Gloria  virtutis  umbra.  [L.]  Glory  is  the  shadow  of 
virtue. 

Gnothi  seauton , ( Fi^fo0£  ocavrSi/.)  [Gr.]  Know  thyself. 

Goutte  d gouttc.  [Fr.]  Drop  by  drop. 

Gradu  diverso , via  una . [L.j  The  same  road  by  differ- 
ent steps. 

Gradus  ad  Parnassum.  [L.]  An  aid  to  writing  Latin 
and  Greek  poetry. 

Gratis  dedit  ore  rotundo  Musa  loqui.  [L.]  The  Muse 
granted  the  Greeks  to  speak  with  a round  mouth,  or 
in  rounded  or  well-turned  periods. 

Grande  chdre  et  beau  feu.  [Fr.]  Good  cheer  and  good 
quarters. 

Grande  parurc . [Fr.]  Full  dress. 

Gran  placer  comer  y no  escotar.  [Sp.]  A great  pleasure 
to  eat  and  not  pay  the  scot. 

Gratia  placendi.  Jl.]  The  delight  of  pleasing. 

Gratis  dictum.  [L  ] Mere  assertion. 

Graviora  quiedam  sunt  remedia  pcriculis.  [L.]  Some 
remedies  are  worse  than  the  disease. 

Gravis  ira  regum  semper.  [L.]  The  anger  of  kings  is 
always  terrible. 

Grex  venalium.  [L.]  A venal  throng. 

Grosse  tete  etpeu  desens.  [Fr.]  Great  head  and  little  wit. 

Guerra  al  cuchillo.  [Sp.l  War  to  the  knife. 

Guerre  d Voutrance.  [Fr.]  War  to  the  knife,  or  war 
of  extermination. 

Guerre  d mart.  [Fr.]  War  to  the  death. 

Gutta  carat  lapidem  non  vi,  sed  scepe  cadendo.  [L.]  The 
drop  hollows  the  stone,  not  by  force,  but  by  frequent 
falling. 


II. 

' I [abet  et  rfiusca  splenem.  [L.]  A fly  even  has  its  anger. 

Habla  poco  y bien , tenerte  han  por  alguien.  [Sp.,]  Speak 
little  and  well,  and  people  will  take  you  for  somebody. 

Ilablen  cartas , y callen  barbas.  [Sp.]  Let.  writings  speak, 
and  beards  (mouths)  be  silent. 

Iicec  gencri  incremcnta  fides.  [L.]  This  faith  will  fur- 
nish new  increase  to  our  race. 

Haze  oliin  meminisse  juvabit.  [L.]  It  will  be  pleasant  to 
remember  these  tilings  hereafter. 

Hcerct  lateri  lethalis  arundo.  [L.]  The  deadly  arrow 
sticks  in  his  side. 

JIanc  veniam  petimusque  damusque  virissim.  [L.]  In  turn 
we  both  give  and  receive  this  indulgence. 

Hannibal  ante  portas.  [L.]  The  enemy  at  the  gates. 

Hard!  comme  un  coq  sur  son  fumier.  [Fr.]  Bravo  as  a 
cock  on  his  own  dunghill. 

Haro.  [Fr.]  Hue  and  cry. 

Hand  facile  emergunt  quorum  virtutibus  obstat  res  angusta 
domi.  [L.]  They  do  not  easily  rise  in  the  world, 
whose  talents  are  depressed  by  poverty. 

Haud  ignara  mail  miseris  succurrerc  disco.  [L.]  Not  ig- 
norant of  misfortune,  I learn  to  succor  the  miserable. 

Hand  Ion gis  inter oallis.  [L.]  At  short  intervals. 

Haud  passibus  cequis.  [L.]  With  unequal  steps. 

Haut  et  bon.  [Fr.]  Lofty  and  good. 

Helluo  librorum.  [L.]  A greedy  dovourer  of  books. 

Hen!  quam  difficile  cst  crimen  non  prodere  vult.u.  JL.] 
How  difficult,  alas!  to  prevent  the  countenance  from 
betraying  guilt. 

lieu  pietas ! Heu  prisca  files ! [L.]  Alas  for  piety! 

Alas  for  our  ancient  faith. 

Hcurelca,('.vpr]Ka.)  [Gr.]  I have  found  it. 

Hiatus  maxime  defiendus.  [L.]  A chasm  or  deficiency 
much  to  be  lamented. 

Hie  et  ubiqur.  [L.J  Here  and  every  where. 

Hie  jacct.  [L.]  Here  lies  : — sepultus,  buried. 

Hie  labor , hoc  opus.  [L.]  This  is  labor,  this  is  work. 

Hie  patet  ingeniis  campus.  [L.]  Here  is  a field  open  for 
genius. 

Hinc  ilia:  lachrymal.  [L.]  Hence  these  tears. 

Hoc  age.  [L.]  Do  tliis  ; attend  to  what  you  are  doing. 


FROM  FOREIGN  LANGUAGES. 


Hoc  loco.  [L.J  In  this  place. 

Hoc  saxurn  posuit.  [L.]  He  placed  this  stone. 

Hoc  tempore.  [L.J  At  this  time. 

Ho  die  mihi , eras  tibi.  [L.J  To-day  be  mine,  to-morrow 
thine. 

Hoi  polloi , (ot  noWoi.)  [Gr.]  The  many  ; the  vulgar. 

Horn  inis  cst  err  arc.  [L.J  To  err  is  human. 

Homme  de  robe.  [Fr.J  A mail  in  civil  office. 

Homme  des  affaires.  [Fr.J  A man  <ff  business;  a finan- 
cier. 

Homme  d' esprit.  [Fr.J  A man  of  wit  or  talent. 

Homo  aticni  juris.  [L.J  One  under  the  control  of  a 
father  or  guardian. 

Homo  factus  ad  unguein.  [L.J  A man  complete,  fini  hed 
to  the  nicest  degree,  or  highly  polished. 

Homo  multarum  literarum.  [L.J  A man  of  great  learnings 

Homo  solus  aut  deus  aut  diemon.  [L.J  Man  alone  is 
either  a god  or  a devil. 

Homo  sui  juris.  [L.J  One  who  is  his  own  master. 

Homo  sum  ; humani  nihil  a me  alienum  puto.  [L.J  I am 
a man,  and  nothing  that  relates  to  man  is  foreign  to 
my  sympathies. 

Honesta  qutedam  scelera  succcssus  facit.  [L.]  Success 
makes  some  sorts  of  wickedness  appear  honorable. 

Honestum  non  est  semper  quod,  licet.  [L.J  What  is  law- 
ful is  not  always  honorable. 

Iioni  soit  qui  mat  y pense.  [Old  Fr.J  Evil  to  him  who 
evil  thinks. 

Ilonores  mutant  mores.  [L.J  Honors  change  men’s 
manners  or  characters. 

Honor  est  a Nila.  [L.J  Honor  is  from  the  Nile.  An 
anagram  on  “ Horatio  Nelson.” 

Honor  virtutis  preemium.  [L.J  Honor  is  the  reward  of 
virtue. 

Ilonos  alit  aHcs.  [L.J  Honor  cherishes  the  arts. 

Ifonos  habet  onus.  [L.J  Honors  bring  responsibility. 

Hora  e sempre.  [It.]  It  is  always  time. 

Ilora  fugit.  [L.J  The  hour  flies. 

Ilorresco  referens.  [L.J  I shudder  as  I relate. 

Hors  dc  combat.  [Fr.J  Not  in  a condition  to  fight. 

Hors  de  la  loi.  [Fr.J  In  the  condition  of  an  outlaw. 

Hors  d’a’uvrc.  I Fr.J  Something  out  of  the  course. 

Hospitium.  [L.J  An  inn  ; a place  where  travellers  arc 
entertained. 

Hostis  honori  invidia.  [L.J  An  enemy’s  envy  is  an 
honor. 

Hostis  humani  generis.  [L.J  An  enemy  to  the  human 
race. 

Hotel  des  Invalides.  [Fr.J  A hospital  in  Paris  for 
wounded  soldiers,  &c. 

Hotel  de  ville.  [Fr.J  Town-liall;  city-hall. 

Huissicr.  [Fr.J  Door-keeper;  usher. 

Humani  nihil  alienum.  [L.J  Nothing  which  relates  to 
man  is  foreign  to  me. 

Humanum  est  crrarc.  [L.]  To  err  is  human. 

Hurtar  para  dar  par  Dios.  [Sp.]  To  steal  in  order  to 
give  to  God. 

Huyendo  del  torn , cayd  cn  cl  arroyo.  [Sp.]  Flying  from 
the  bull,  lie  fell  into  tho  brook. 


I. 

Tchdien.  [German.]  I serve. 

Idem  so  nans.  [L.]  Signifying  the  same. 

Idem  relic  atquc  idem  nolle.  [L.]  To  have  the  same  likes 
and  dislikes. 

Id  genus  omne.  [L.J  All  persons  of  that  description. 

Id  usitatissimum.  [L.]  That  most  trite  or  hackneyed 
phrase. 

I frutti  proibiti  sono  i pin  dolci.  [It.]  Forbidden  fruits 
are  sweetest. 

Ignis  fatuus.  [L.]  A deceiving  light ; the  Will  o’  the 
Wisp. 

Iguorantia  legis  ncminem  cxcusat.  [L.]  Ignorance  of  the 
law  excuses  nobody. 

Ignoscitc  scepe  alteri , nunquam  tibi.  [L.]  Pardon  another 
often,  yourself  never. 

Ignoti  nulla  cupido.  [L.]  No  desire  is  felt  for  a thing 
unknown. 

Ignotmn  per  ignoti  us.  [L.]  That  which  is  unknown  by 
that  which  is  still  more  unknown. 

II  a la  mer  a boirc.  [Fr.]  He  has  to  drink  up  the  sea. 

11  est  plus  aise  d'etre  sage  pour  les  a litres,  que  pour  soi- 
mcme.  [Fr.J  It  is  easier  to  be  wise  for  others  than 
for  one’s  self. 

11  faut  attendre  le  boiteux.  [Fr.]  We  must  wait  for  the 
lame  man. 

Iliacos  intra  muros  peccatur  et  extra.  [L.]  Errors  are 
committed,  both  within  and  without  the  walls  of  Troy. 

llle  crucem  sceleris  pretium , hie  diadem  a.  [L.]  For  a 
crime  for  which  one  is  hanged,  another  is  crowned. 

11  n'a  ni  bouche  ni  eperon.  [Fr.]  He  has  neither  mouth 
nor  spur : — neither  wit  nor  courage. 

11  n'a  pas  invente  la  poudre.  [Fr.J  He  was  not  the  in- 
ventor of  gunpowder;  he  is  no  conjurer. 

11  ne  faut  jamais  defier  un  fou.  [Fr.J  Never  defy  a fool. 

11  n'est  sauce  que  d'ap petit.  [Fr.]  Hunger  is  the  best 
sauce. 

11  sabio  muda  conscio , il  nescio , no.  [Sp.]  The  wise  man 
changes  his  mind,  the  fool,  never. 

11  sangue  del  soldato  fa  grande  il  capitano.  [It.]  It  is  the 
blood  of  the  soldier  that  makes  the  general  great. 

IL  se  noyerait  dans  un  verre  d'eau.  [Fr.]  He  would 
drown  himself  in  a glass  of  water. 

11  sent  le  fagot.  [Fr.]  He  smells  of  the  fagot. 

11  rant  viicux  tacher  oublier  ses  malheurs , que  d'en  parler. 
[Fr.]  It  is  better  to  forget  one’s  misfortunes  than  to 
talk  about  them. 


1781 

Il  vino  d una  mezza  corda.  [It.]  Wine  brings  out  the 
truth. 

Il  viso  sciolto , gli  pension  stretti.  [It.]  The  countenance 
open,  the  thoughts  close. 

Imitatcfres , serrum  pec  us.  [L.J  Imitators,  a servile  herd. 

Imo  pectore.  [L.J  From  the  bottom  of  the  heart. 

Impcrium  in  iniperio.  [L.J  A state  within  a state. 

Improbe  amor , quid  non  mortalia  pcctora  cugis ! [L.] 

Remorseless  love,  to  what  do  you  not  compel  mortal 
bosoms*! 

Improbis  aliena  virtus  semper  formidolosa  cst.  [L.J  The 
virtue  of  others  is  always  a terror  to  the  wicked. 

In  csquilibrio.  [L.J  In  equilibrium. 

In  articulo  mortis.  [L.J  At  the  point  of  death. 

In  capite.  [L.J  In  chief. 

Inccdimus  per  ignes  suppositos  cineri  doloso.  [L.J  We 

• walk  over  fires  placed  beneath  deceitful  ashes. 

Incidit  in  Scyllam , qui  vult  ritarc  Charybdin.  [L.J  In 
striving  to  avoid  Charybdis,  he  falls  upon  S'cylla. 

In  calo  quies.  [L.J  There  is  rest  in  heaven. 

Incredulus  odi.  [L.J  Being  incredulous,  I cannot  en- 
dure it. 

In  curia.  [L.]  In  court. 

hide  ira.  [L.J  Hence  these  resentments. 

Indignante  inridid.  fiorebit  just  us.  [L.J  The  just  man 
will  flourish  in  spite  of  envy. 

In  dubiis.  [L.J  In  matters  of  doubt. 

In  esse.  [L.]  In  actual  being. 

Incst  dementia  forti.  [L.J  Clemency  belongs  to  the  brave. 

In  cst  sua  gratia  parvis.  [L.J  Even  little  things  have 
their  peculiar  grace. 

In  extenso.  [L.J  In  full ; at  large. 

In  extremis.  [L.J  At  the  point  of  death. 

Infandum  renovare  doloreni.  [L.J  To  revive  unpleasant 
recollections. 

In  ferrum  pro  libertatc  ruebant.  [L.J  For  freedom  they 
rushed  upon  the  sword. 

In  forma  pauperis.  [L.J  As  a poor  man. 

In  foro  conscienticB.  [L.J  Belore  the  tribunal  of  con- 
science. 

Infra  dignitatem.  [L.]  Below  one’s  dignity. 

In  future.  [L.J  In  future. 

Ingenii  largitor  venter.  [L.J  The  belly  (hunger)  is  the 
bestower  of  genius. 

Ingcnio  stilt  sine  morte  decus.  [L.J  The  ornament  or 
honors  of  genius  arc  eternal. 

Ingenium  res  adcerscc  nudare  solent , celare  secundce.  [L.] 
Adversity  is  apt  to  discover  the  genius,  prosperity  to 
conceal  it. 

Ingens  telum  necessitas.  [L.]  Necessity  is  a powerful 
weapon. 

Ingratum  si  dixeris , omnia  dicis.  [L.]  If  you  call  a mail 
ungrateful,  you  say  every  thing  against  him. 

In  hoc  signo  spes  men.  [L.  ] In  this  sign  is  my  hope. 

In  hoc  signo  vinces.  [L.J  Under  this  standard  thou  shalt 
conquer. 

Iniquissimam  pacem  justissimo  bcllo  antefero.  [L.J  I pre- 
fer the  most  unjust  peace  to  the  most  just  war. 

In  limine.  [L.J  At  the  threshold. 

In  loco  parentis.  [L.J  In  place  of  a parent. 

In  rnedias  res.  [L.J  Into  the  midst  of  affairs  or  things. 

In  medio  tutissimus  ibis.  [L.J  You  will  go  safest  in  a 
middle  course. 

In  nieinoriam.  [L.J  In  memory. 

In  nubibus.  [L.J  In  the  clouds. 

In  omnia  par atus.  [L.J  Prepared  for  all  things. 

In  omnibus  aliquid , in  teto  nihil.  [L.J  A little  in  every 
thing,  in  nothing  complete. 

Iiiopem  copia  fecit.  [L.J  Abundance  made  him  poor. 

In  partibus  infidclium.  [L.J  In  infidel  [i.  e.  not  Cath- 
olic] countries. 

In  perpetuam  rei  memoriam.  [L.J  In  perpetual  remem- 
brance of  the  thing. 

In  posse.  [L.J  In  possible  being. 

In  prasenti.  [L.]  At  the  present  time. 

In  propria  persond.  [L.J  In  person. 

In  pur  is  natural  i bus.  [L.J  Stark  naked. 

In  re.  [L.J  In  the  act : in  reality. 

In  rerum  naturd.  [L.J  In  the  nature  of  affairs. 

In  scecula  stBculorum.  [L.J  For  ages  on  ages. 

In  sail  us  omnis  furere  credit  emteros.  [L.J  Every  mad- 
man believes  all  other  persons  are  mad. 

Insculpsit.  [L.J  He  engraved  it; — pi.,  iiisculpserunt. 

In  solo  Deo  sal  us.  [L.]  In  God  alone  is  safety. 

In  statu  quo.  [L.J  In  the  former  state. 

In  statu  quo  ante  bellum.  [L.J  In  the  same  state  as  be- 
fore the  war. 

Intaminatis  fulge.t  honoribus.  [L.J  He  shines  with  un- 
stained honors. 

In  te , T) omine,  speravi.  [L.J  In  thee,  O Lord,  have  I 
put  my  trust. 

Integra  mens  augustissima  posscssio.  [L.J  A mind 
fraught  with  integrity  is  the  noblest  possession. 

Integros  haurire  fontes.  [L.J  To  drink  from  overflow- 
ing fountains. 

Inter  alia.  [L.J  Among  other  things. 

Inter  arma  silent  leges.  [L.]  Laws  are  silent  in  the 
midst  of  arms. 

Inter  canem  et  lupum.  [L.J  Between  a dog  and  a wolf; 
at  evening  twilight. 

Intcrdum  stultus  bene  loquitur.  [L.J  Sometimes  a fool 
speaks  to  the  purpose. 

Intcrdum  vulgus  rectum  videt.  [L.J  Sometimes  the  rab- 
ble discover  what  is  right. 

Inter  fontes  et  flumina  nota.  [L.J  Among  well-known 
fountains  and  rivers. 

Inter  nos.  [L.J  Between  ourselves. 

Inter pocula.  [L.J  In  his  cups. 

In  terror  cm.  [L.J  In  terror  ; by  way  of  warning. 

Inter  se.  [L.]  Among  themselves. 


1782 


A COLLECTION  OF  WORDS,  PHRASES,  AND  QUOTATIONS 


Inter  parities.  [L.]  Within  walls  ; in  private. 

Inter  spent  ct  metuni.  [L.]  Between  hope  and  fear. 

In  tutu.  [L.]  In  the  whole  ; entirely. 

In  transitu.  [L.]  In  the  passage  ; in  passing. 

Intuta  qtue  indecora . [L.J  Things  disgraceful  are  un- 
safe. 

In  un  batter  d ’ occhio.  [It.]  In  the  twinkling  of  an  eye. 

In  usuni  Delpkini.  [L.J  For  the  use  of  the  Dauphin. 

In  utramquc  fortunam  paratus.  [L.]  Prepared  lor  either 
fortune. 

In  utruque  jidelis.  [L.]  Faithful  in  both. 

In  vacuo.  [L.]  In  a vacuum. 

In  verba  magistri  jurare.  [L.]  To  adopt  an  opinion  on 
the  authority  of  another. 

In  vino  vcritas.  [L.]  There  is  truth  in  wine. 

Invita  Minervd.  [L.]  Without  capacity  or  genius. 

In  vitium  ducit  culpie  fuga.  [L.]  The  avoiding  of  one 
fault  may  lead  to  another. 

Invitum  sequitur  honos.  [L.]  Honor  follows  him  against 
his  inclination. 

Ipse  d'uit.  [L.J  He  himself  said  it;  a mere  saying  or 
assertion. 

Ipsissima  verba.  [L.]  The  very  words. 

Ipsiss intis  verbis.  [L.]  In  the  very  words. 

Ipso  facto.  [L.]  By  the  act  itself. 

Ipso  jure.  [L.]  By  the  law  itself. 

Ira  furor  brevis  est.  [L.J  Anger  is  a short  madness. 

Iras  et  verba  locant.  [L.]  They  hire  out  their  words 
and  passions  ; — applied  to  lawyers. 

Ir  pur  lana  y volver  transquilado.  [Sp.]  To  go  for  wool, 
and  come  home  shorn. 

Ita  let  scripta  est.  [L.]  Thus  the  law  is  written. 

Italic i.  [L.]  In  Italian. 

Item.  [L.J  Also. 


J. 

Jactn  est  alea.  [L.J  The  die  is  cast. 

J'ai  bonne  cause.  [Fr.]  I have  a good  cause. 

Jamais  beau,  purler  iParrachcra  la  langue.  [Fr.]  Fair 
words  will  never  pluck  out  the  tongue. 

Jamais  bon  coureur  ne  fit  pris.  [Fr.]  An  old  bird  is 
never  caught  with  chair. 

Januis  clausis.  [L.]  With  closed  doors. 

Je  maintiendrai  le  droit.  [Fr.]  I will  maintain  the  right. 
Je  me  fie  en  Dicu.  [Fr.]  I put  my  trust  in  God. 

Je  ne  chcrche  qu’un.  [Fr.]  I seek  but  one. 

Je  ne  sais  quoi.  [Fr.]  I know  not  what. 

Jc  iPoublierai  jamais.  [Fr.]  I will  never  forget. 

Je  suis  prdt.  £Fr.]  I am  ready. 

Jen  de  main,  jeu  de  vilain.  [Fr.]  ) Practical  jokes, 

Jucgo  de  manos , juego  de  vilanos.  [Sp.]  } or  horse  - play, 
belong  only  to  the  vulgar. 

Jen  de  mots.  [Fr.]  A play  upon  words. 

Jeu  d* esprit.  [FrJ  A display  of  wit ; a witticism. 

Jen  de  theatre.  [Fr.]  A stage-trick  ; a claptrap. 

Je  vis  en  espoir.  [Fr.]  I live  in  hope. 

Jubilate  Deo.  [L.J  Be  joyful  in  the  Lord. 

Jucunda  atque  idunea  dicere  vitie.  [L.]  To  describe  what- 
ever is  pleasing  and  proper  in  life. 

Jucundi  acti  labores.  [L.]  Past  toils  are  pleasant. 

Judex  damnatur  edm  nocens  absolvitur.  [L.]  The  judge 
is  found  guilty  when  the  criminal  is  acquitted. 
Judicium  Dei.  [L.]  The  judgment  of  God. 

Judicium  parum , aut  leges  term.  [L.]  The  judgment  of 
our  peers,  or  the  laws  of  the  land. 

Juncta  juvant.  [L.]  United,  they  assist. 

Juniores  ad  labores.  [L.]  Young  men  for  labor. 

Jupiter  tonans.  [L.]  The  Thunderer,  Jove. 

Jure  divino.  [L.J  Bv  the  divine  law. 

Jure  humano.  [L.]  By  human  law. 

Juris  utriusque  doctor.  [L.]  Doctor  of  both  laws  (civil 
and  canonical). 

Jus  civile.  [L.J  The  civil  law. 

Jus  divinum.  [L.]  Divine  right. 

Jus  et  norma  loquendi.  [L.l  The  rule  and  law  of  speech. 
Jus  possessionis.  [L.]  The  right  of  possession;  — pro- 
prietatis,  of  property. 

Juste  milieu.  [Fr.]  The  golden  mean. 

Justitia  virtutum  regina.  [L.]  Justice  is  the  queen  of 
the  virtues. 

Justitice  soror  fidcs.  [L.]  Faith  is  the  sister  of  justice. 
Justum  et  tenacem  propositi  virum.  [L.]  A man  just 
and  steady  of  purpose. 

Justus,  propositi  tenax.  [L.]  A just  man,  steady  to  his 
purpose. 

Juvenile  vitium  regere  non  posse  impetum.  [L.]  It  is  the 
fault  of  youth  that  it  cannot  govern  its  own  impulses. 


L. 

La  beaut.6  sans  vertu  est  vne  fieur  sans  parfum.  [Fr.] 
Beauty  without  virtue  is  like  a flower  without  per- 
fume. 

Labito  d una  seconda  natura.  [It.]  Habit  is  second 
nature. 

Labitur,  et  labetur,  in  omne  volubilis  cpvum.  [L.]  The 
stream  flows,  and  will  continue 'to  flow,  through 
every  age. 

Lahore  ct  honore.  [L.]  By  labor  and  honor. 

Laborcm  dulce  lenimen.  [L.]  The  sweet  solace  of  our 
labors. 

Labor  ipse  voluptas.  [L.]  Labor  itself  is  a pleasure. 

Labor  omnia  viticit.  [L.]  Labor  conquers  all  things. 

La  casa  quemada , acudir  con  el  agua.  [Sp.]  To  run  with 
water  after  the  house  is  burnt  down. 

/ 


La  confiance  fournit  plus  d la  conversation  que  Vesprit. 
[Fr.]  Confidence  contributes  more  to  conversation 
than  wit. 

La  critique  est  aisee , et  Part  est  difficile.  [Fr.]  Criticism 
is  easy,  art  is  difficult. 

V ado  er site  fait  Phomnie,  et  le  bonheur  les  monstres.  [Fr.] 
Adversity  makes  men,  prosperity  monsters. 

La  fame  nun  vuol  leggi.  [It.]  Hunger  will  obey  no  laws. 

L’affaire  s’aclteminc , [Fr.]  The  business  is  going  for- 
ward. 

La  fortune  passe  partout.  [Fr.l  Fortune  passes  every 
where  : — all  suffer  vicissitudes. 

L'aigle  d’une  maison  est  un  sot  dans  unc  autre.  [Fr.] 
The  eagle  of  one  house  is  but  a fool  in  another. 

Laisser  faire.  [Fr.]  To  let  alone;  to  leave  matters  to 
their  natural  course. 

Laissez  nous  faire.  [Fr.]  Let  us  act  for  ourselves  ; leave 
this  matter  to  us  ; let  us  alone. 

La  langue  dcs  femmes  est  leur  epee,  et  elles  ne  la  laisscnt 
pas  ruullier.  [Fr.]  The  tongue  is  a woman’s  sword, 
and  she  never  suffers  it  to  rust. 

La  maladie  sans  maladie.  [Fr.]  The  no-malady  malady  ; 
hypochondria. 

La  mala  llaga  sana , la  mala  fama  mata.  [Sp.]  A bad 
wound  heals  ; a bad  name  kills. 

L'amour  et  la  fumee  ne  peuvent  se  cac.her . [Fr.]  Love 
and  smoke  cannot  conceal  themselves. 

Langage  des  halles.  [Fr.]  Language  of  the  market; 
billingsgate. 

La  povertd  e la  madre  di  tutte  leaiti.  [It.]  Poverty  is 
the  mother  of  all  arts. 

Lapsus  calami.  [L.l  A slip  of  the  pen. 

Lapsus  lingua.  [L.]  A slip  of  the  tongue. 

Lares  et  penates.  [L.]  Hous’ehold  gods  : — home. 

L’ argent.  [Fr.]  Silver;  money. 

Latent  scintillula  forsan.  [L.]  Perhaps  a little  spark 
may  yet  lie  hid. 

Latct  angitis  in  herbd.  [L.]  A snake  lies  hid  in  the 
grass. 

Lat in e dictum.  [L.]  Said  in  Latin. 

Laudari  a viro  laudato.  [L.]  To  be  praised  by  a man 
who  is  himself  praised. 

Laudator  temporis  acti.  [L.]  One  who  praises  times 
which  are  past. 

Laudibus  arguitur  vini  vinosus.  [L.]  The  drunkard  is 
discovered  by  his  praises  of  wine. 

Laudum  immensa  cupido.  [L.]  Insatiate  thirst  fo** 
plause. 

Laus  Deo.  [L.]  Praise  be  to  God. 

Laus  propria  sordet.  [L.]  Self  praise  defiles. 

La  re.ritd  d figlia  del  tempo.  [It.]  Truth  is  the  dauguter 
of  time. 

La  vertu  est  la  seule  noblesse.  [Fr.]  Virtue  is  the  only 
nobility. 

Le  bon  temps  viendra.  [Fr.]  The  good  time  will  come.. 

Lector  bene  cole.  [L.]  Gentle  reader. 

Le  dessous  des  cartes.  [Fr.]  The  under  side  of  the 
cards  ; the  secret. 

Le  diable  boiteux.  [Fr.]  The  lame  devil. 

Legatus  a latere.  [L.]  A papal  ambassador  extraor- 
dinary. 

Le  grand  monarque.  [Fr.]  The  great  monarch : — 
Louis  XIV. 

Le  grand  oeuvre.  [Fr.]  The  great  work  : — the  philos- 
opher’s stone. 

Le  jeu  est  lefils  de  V avarice,  et  le  pdre  du  desespoir.  [Fr.] 
Gaming  is  the  child  of  avarice,  and  the  father  of 
despair. 

Le  monde  est  le  Here  des  femmes.  [Fr.]  The  world  is 
the  book  of  women. 

L’empire  des  lettres.  [Fr.]  The  republic  of  letters. 

Leoni  esurienti  ex  ore  exsculpcre  pm  dam.  [L.]  To  tear 
the  prey  from  the  mouth  of  a hungry  lion. 

Le  point  dujour v- Fr.]  Daybreak. 

Le  renard  prcc/ie  aux  jtoules.  [Fr.]  The  fox  preaches  to 
the  hens. 

Le  roi  ct  Petal.  [Fr.]  The  king  and  the  state. 

Le  roi  le  veut.  [FrJ  The  king  wills  it. 

Le  roi  s’aviscra.  [Fr.]  The  king  will  consider. 

Les  absens  out  toujours  tort.  [Fr.]  The  absent  are  al- 
ways in  the  wrong. 

Les  affaires  font  les  liommes.  [Fr.]  Business  makes  men. 

Le  s avoir  faire.  [Fr.]  The  knowing  how  to  act;  — 
vivre , live. 

Les  eaux  sont  basses.  [Fr.]  The  waters  are  low;  re- 
sources are  exhausted. 

Les  extremes  sc  touch  cut.  [Fr.]  Extremes  meet. 

Les  fous  font  des  festins , ct  les  sages  les  mangent.  [Fr.] 
Fools  make  feasts,  and  wise  men  eat  them. 

Les  fous  font  les  modes , et  les  sages  les  sui.vc.7it.  [Fr.] 
Fools  make  fashions,  and  wise  men  follow  them. 

Les  larmcs  aux  yeux.  [Fr.]  With  tears  in  his  eyes. 

Les  murailles  out  dcs  oreilles.  [Fr.]  Walls  have  cars. 

Les  plus  court.es  folies  sont.  les  mcilleurcs.  [Fr.]  The 
shortest  follies  are  the  best. 

Les  plus  sages  ne  le  sont  pas  toujours.  [Fr.]  The  wisest 
are  not  always  wise. 

Lettre  de  marque.  [Fr.]  A letter  of  inarque  or  reprisal. 

Lett.res  de  cachet.  [Fr.]  Sealed  letters  of  the  king,  con- 
taining private  orders. 

Leve  fit  quod  bend  fertur  onus.  [L.]  The  burden  that  is 
well  borne  becomes  light. 

Le  vrai  n’est  pas  toujours  vraisemble.  [Fr.]  That  which 
is  true  does  not  always  seem  probable:  — truth  is 
stranger  than  fiction. 

Lex.  loci.  [L.]  The  law  of  the  place;  — term , of  the 
land. 

Lex  non  scripta.  [L.]  The  unwritten  law  ; the  common 
law. 

Lex  scripta.  [L.]  The  written  or  statute  law. 


Lex  talionis •.  [L.]  The  law  of  retaliation. 

L’hummc  propose,  et  Dieu  dispose.  [Fr.]  Man  proposes, 
and  God  disposes. 

L’hypocrisie  est  un  hommage  que  le  vice  rend  a la  vertu 
[Fr.]  Hypocrisy  is  a homage  that  vice  pays  to  virtue. 
Libertas  cl  natale  solum.  [L.J  Liberty  and  my  native 
soil. 

Libertas  sub  rege  pio.  [L.]  Liberty  under  a pious  king. 
Libretto.  [It.]  A little  book  ; a pamphlet. 

Liccntia  v a turn.  [L.]  Poetical  license. 

Lima;  labor,  ct  mora.  [L.]  The  labor  of  the  file,  and  delay. 
LHnconnu.  [Fr.]  The  unknown. 

L'incruyablc.  [Fr.]  The  incredible. 

Lingua  mali  pars  pessima  servi.  [L.]  The  tongue  is  the 
worst  part  of  a bad  servant. 

Lis  litem  general.  [L.]  Strife  begets  strife. 

Lis  sub  judice.  [L.J  A case  not  yet  decided. 

Litem  Lite  resolvcre . [L.]  To  settle  one  quarrel  by 

another. 

Lite  pendente.  [L.]  During  the  trial. 

Litcra  scripta  manet.  [L.]  The  written  letter  remains. 
Litterateur.  [Fr.l  A literary  man. 

Loci  communes.  [L.]  Commonplaces  ; topics. 

Loco  citato.  [L.J  In  the  place  before  cited. 

Locum  tenens.  [L.]  A substitute  ; a proxy. 

Locus  criminis.  [L.]  The  place  of  the  crime. 

Locus  in  quo.  [L.l  The  place  in  which. 

Locus  penitentiie.  [L.l  Place  for  repentance. 

Locus  sigilli.  [L.]  The  place  of  the  seal. 

Longa  est  injuria,  longce  ambages.  [L.]  The  injury  is 
great,  and  its  story  long. 

Lunge  aberrat  scopo.  [L.  J He  is  wide  of  the  mark 
Longo  intervallo.  [L.J  With  a long  interval. 

Longum  est  ita  per  precepta,  breve  ct  effteax  per  erempla . 
[L  ] Instruction  by  precept  is  long;  by  example, 
short  and  effectual. 

Loyal  en  tout.  [Fr.]  Loyal  in  every  thing 
Loyal  je  serai  durant  ma  vie.  [Fr.]  Loyal  will  I be 
during  my  life. 

Loyaute  nP  oblige.  [Fr.]  Loyalty  binds  me. 

Loyaute  iPa  honte.  [Fr.]  Loyalty  has  no  shame. 
Lucidus  ordo.  [L.]  A lucid  arrangement. 

Lucri  bones  odor  ex  qualibut  re.  [L.]  The  smell  of  gain 
is  good,  whencesoever  it  proceeds. 

Lupus  in  f alula.  [L.]  .The  wolf  in  the  fable. 

Lupus  pilum  vxutat,  von  inentem.  [L.]  The  w olf  changes 
his  coat,  not  his  disposition. 

Lusus  natum.  [L.]  A freak  of  nature;  a monster. 


M. 

Made  virtute.  [L.]  Go  on  increasing  in  virtue. 

Magistratus  indicat  virum.  [L.]  Magistracy  shows  the 

man. 

Mugna  civitas,  magna  solitudo.  [L.]  A great  city  is  a 
great  solitude. 

Magna  est  vcritas,  ct  pmvalcbit.  [L.]  Truth  is  power- 
ful, and  will  prevail. 

Magna  cst  vis  consuetudinis.  [L.]  Great  is  the  power  of 
habit. 

Magnanimiter  crucem  sustine.  [L.]  Bear  the  cross  with 
magnanimity. 

Magna  servitus  est  magna  fortuna.  [L.]  A great  fortune 
is  a great  slavery. 

Magna  inter  opes  i'nops.  [L.]  Poor  in  the  midst  of  great 
wealth. 

Magnce  spes  altera  Romce.  [L.]  The  second  man  of  the 
state. 

Magni  nominis  umbra.  [L.]  The  shadow  of  a great 
name. 

Magnum  bonum.  [L.]  A great  good. 

Magnum  cstvectigal  parsimonia.  [L.]  Economy  is  itself 
a great  income. 

Magnum  opus.  [L.J  A great  work. 

Magnus  JIp oil o . [L.]  Great  Apollo:  — a great  oracle 
or  authority. 

Maintien  le  droit.  [Fr.]  Maintain  the  right. 

Maison  de  campagnc . [Fr.]  A country-seat. 

Maison  de  ville.  [Fr.]  A town-house. 

Maitre  dcs  liautcs  enures.  [Fr.]  A hangman;  — dcs 
basses  cruvres,  a nightman  ; — (Phbtcl,  a steward. 

Maladie  du  pays.  [Fr.]  Homesickness. 

Mai  d propos.'  [Fr.]  Out  of  place  ; unseasonable. 

Maleclicus  a malcfico  von  differt,  nisi  occasione.  [L.]  An 
evil-speaker  differs  not  from  an  evil-doer,  except  in 
opportunity. 

Male  parta , male  dilabuntur.  [L.]  Things  ill  got  are  ill 
spent. 

Malheur  ne  vient  jamais  seul.  [Fr.]  Misfortunes  never 
come  single. 

Mali  principii  malus  finis.  [L.]  Bad  beginnings  have 
bad  endings. 

Malis  avibus.  [L.]  Without  bad  omens. 

Main  mom  quani  feedan.  [Fr.]  I would  rather  die  than 
he  debased. 

Manet,  alta  mente  repostum.  [L.]  It  remains  deeply  fixed 
in  the  mind. 

Manger  son  bled  en  vert.  [Fr.]  To  eat  one’s  grain  be- 
fore it  is  ripe. 

Mania  a potu.  [L.]  Madness  from  drink ; delirium 
tremens. 

Manibus  pedibusque  [L.]  With  hands  and  feet. 

Manu  forti.  [L.]  With  a strong  hand. 

Manuproprio.  [L.]  With  one’s  own  hand. 

Manus  luce  inimica  tyrannis.  [L.]  This  hand  is  hostile 
to  tyrants. 

Manus  justa  nardus.  [L.]  The  just  hand  is  as  precious 
ointment. 


FROM  FOREIGN  LANGUAGES. 


1783 


J\Iars  gravior  sub  pace  latet.  [L.]  Under  the  show  of 
peace,  a more  severe  war  is  hid. 

Mas  cura  la  dicta  que  la  lanccta.  [Sp.]  Diet  cures  more 
than  the  lancet. 

Mas  vale  saber  que  haber.  [Sp.]  Better  be  wise  than  rich. 

Materiam  superabat  opus.  [L.]  The  workmanship  sur- 
passed the  material. 

J\ fauvais  gout.  [Fr.]  Bad  taste. 

Mauvaise  honte.  [Fr.]  Extreme  bashfulness. 

Maximus  in  minimis.  [L.]  Very  great  in  very  little  things. 

Medecinc  crpectantc.  [FrJ  Trusting  to  time  for  a remedy. 

Mcdiocria  firma.  [L.J  The  middle  station  is  safest. 

Medio  tutissimus  ibis.  [L.]  The  middle  course  will  be 
the  safest. 

Medium  tenuere  beat.i.  [L.]  They  are  fortunate  who 
have  kept  the  middle  course. 

Mega  biblion,  mega  kakon , — M iya  @i/3 \i>v9  peya  kokov. 
[Gr.]  A great  book  is  a great  evil. 

Memento  mori.  [L.]  Be  mindful  of  death. 

Memor  etfidclis.  [L.l  Mindful  and  faithful. 

Memorid.  in  aster  na.  [L.]  In  eternal  remembrance. 

Memoriter.  [L.]  By  rote. 

Mens  agitat  molem.  [L.]  Mind  moves  the  mass. 

Mens  divinior.  [L.]  The  inspired  mind  of  the  poet. 

Mens  sana  in  corpore  sano.  [L.]  A sound  mind  in  a 
sound  body. 

Mens  sibi  couszia  recti.  [L.]  A mind  conscious  of  rec- 
titude. 

Mctuenda  corolla  draconis.  [L.]  Fear  the  dragon’s  crest. 

Meum  ct  tuum.  [L.l  Mine  and  thine  : — property. 

Mezzo  termine.  [It.j  A middle  course. 

Mild  cura  futuri.  [L.]  My  care  is  for  the  future. 

Minutice.  [L.]  Trities  ; minute  points  or  circumstances. 

Mirabile  dictu.  [L.l  Wonderful  to  relate. 

Mirabile  visit.  [X.J  Wonderful  to  see. 

Miseris  succurrere  disco.  [L.]  I learn  to  succor  the 
wretched. 

Mobile  perpetuum.  [L.]  Perpetual  motion. 

Mado  et  forma.  [L.]  In  manner  and  form. 

Modus  operandi.  [L.]  The  mode  of  operation. 

Mollia  tempova  fandi.  [L.]  The  favorable  moments  for 
speaking. 

Monstrum.  digito  monstratum.  [L.]  What  is  pointed 
out  as  strange. 

Monstrum  horrendum. , informe,  ingens , cui  lumen  adernp - 
turn.  [L.]  A monster  horrible,  misshapen,  huge,  and 
deprived  of  his  eye. 

Monumentum  are  perennius.  [L.]  A monument  more 
enduring  than  brass. 

More  majorum.  [L.]  After  the  manner  of  our  ancestors. 

Motduguet.  [Fr.l  A watchword. 

Mo  to  propria.  [L.J  Of  his  own  accord. 

Mots  d’ usage.  [Fr.]  Phrases  in  common  use. 

Moveo  et  propitior.  [L.]  I rise  and  am  appeased. 

Malta  g emeus.  [L.]  Groaning  deeply. 

Multum  in  parvo.  [L.]  Much  in  a little  space. 

Manus  Apolline  dig num.  [L.J  A gift  worthy  of  Apollo. 

Murus  aencus  conscientia  sana.  [L.]  A sound  conscience 
is  a brazen  wall. 

Mutare  oel  tiniere  spemo.  [L.]  I scorn  to  change  or  fear. 

Mutatis  mutandis.  [L.]  The  necessary  change  being 
made. 

Mutato  nomine , de  te  fabula  narratur.  [L.]  The  name 
being  changed,  the  fable  applies  to  you. 

Mutual  est  pictura  poema.  [L.]  A picture  is  a poem 
without  words. 


N. 

Natale  solum.  [L.]  Natal  soil. 

Natura  lo  fece , c poi  ruppe  la  stampa.  [It.]  Nature 
made  him,  and  then  broke  the  mould. 

Naturam  expellas  furcd,tamen  usque  rccurret.  [L.]  You 
may  drive  out  nature  with  violence,  yet  she  will 
again  return. 

JVex  cupias , nec  metuas.  [L.]  Neither  desire  nor  fear. 

Nec  deus  intersit,  nisi  dignus  vindice  nodus.  [L.l  Let 
not  a god  be  introduced,  unless  there  is  a difficulty 
worthy  of  such  intervention. 

Nc  cede  malis.  [L.]  Yield  not  to  misfortunes. 

Necessitas  non  tuibet  legem.  [L.]  Necessity  has  no  law. 

Necios  y porfiados  Jiacen  ricos  d fas  letrados.  [Sp.]  Fools 
and  obstinate  people  make  lawyers  rich. 

Nec  mora,  nec  requies.  [L.J  There  is  neither  delay  nor 
repose. 

Nec  pluribus  impar.  [L.]  Not  an  unequal  match  for 
numbers.  v 

Nec  prcce,  nec  pretio.  [L.]  Neither  by  entreaty  nor  bribe. 

Nec  qucercre,  nec  spcmcre  honorem.  [L.]  Neither  to 
seek  nor  to  despise  honors. 

Nnc  scire  fas  est  omnia.  [L.]  It  is  not  permitted  to 
know  all  things. 

Nn-temcr&,ncctimid£.  [L.]  Neither  rashly  nor  timidly. 

Nefusti  dies.  [L.]  Unlucky  days. 

Ne  frond  crede.  [L.]  Trust  not  the  face,  or  first  ap- 
pearances. 

Nc  Jupiter  quidem  omnibus  placet.  [L.]  Not  Jupiter  him- 
self can  please  every  body. 

Nemo  bis  punitur  pro  codem  delicto.  [L.]  (Laic.)  No 
man  can  be  twice  punished  for  the  same  offence. 

Nrmo  me  impune  laccssit.  [L.]  No  one  annoys  me  with 
impunity. 

Nemo  mortalium  omnibus  horis  sapit.  [L.]  No  man  is 
wise  at  all  times. 

Nemo  repente  fuit  turpissimus.  [L.]  No  one  ever  be- 
came in  an  instant  utterly  vicious. 

Ne  plus  ultra.  [L.]  The  utmost  limit : — perfection. 


Ne  pour  la  digestion.  [Fr.]  Born  merely  to  eat  and 
drink. 

Ne  puero  gladium.  [L.]  Trust  not  a sword  to  the  h ;nds 
of  a boy. 

Neque  semper  arcum  tend'd  Apollo.  [L.]  Apollo  does 
not  always  bend  his  bow. 

Ne  quid  detriment!  respublica  capiat.  [L.]  That  the  re- 
public receive  no  injury. 

Ne  quid  nimis.  [L.]  Do  not  take  too  much  of  any  thing  : 
— avoid  extremes. 

Nescio  quid  curtce  semper  abest  rei.  [L.]  Something  is 
always  wanting  to  our  scanty  fortune. 

Nc  sutor  ultra  crepidam.  [L.]  Let  not  the  shoemaker 
go  beyond  his  last. 

Ne  tentes,  aut  perfee.  [L.]  Attempt  not,  or  accomplish. 

Ne  vile  fano.  [L.]  Let  nothing  vile  come  into  the 
temple. 

Ne  vile  veils.  [L.]  Desire  nothing  base. 

Ni  jirmes  carta  que  no  leas,  ni  bebes  agua  que  no  veas. 
[Sp.]  Sign  no  paper  without  reading  it,  and  drink  no 
water  without  looking  into  it. 

Nihil  tetigit  quod  non  ornavit.  [L.]  He  touched  nothing 
without  embellishing  it. 

Nil  actum  reputans,  dum  quid  superesset  agendum.  [L.] 
Thinking  nothing  done,  while  any  thing  was  left  to 
be  done. 

Nil  admirari.  [L.]  To  be  astonished  at  nothing. 

Nil  conscire  sibi,  nulld  pallesccre  culpa.  [L.]  To  be  con- 
scious of  no  crime,  and  to  turn  pale  at  no  accusation. 

Nil  desperandum.  [L.]  Never  despair. 

Nil  dictu  feedum  visuque  licec  limina  tangat , intra  quee  puer 
est.  [L.]  Let  nothing  offensive  to  eye  or  ear  be  seen 
or  heard  under  a roof  where  a boy  resides. 

Nil  fuit  unquam  tarn  dispar  sibi.  [L.]  Nothing  was  ever 
so  unlike  itself. 

Nil  nisi  cruce.  [L.]  No  dependence  but  on  the  cross. 

Nil  sine  magno  vita  labore  dedit  mortalibus.  [L.]  In  this 
life  nothing  is  given  to  men  without  great  labor. 

Nimium  nc  crede  colori.  [L.]  Trust  not  too  much  to 
color,  or  appearance. 

N’importe.  [Fr.l  It  matters  not. 

Nisi  Dominns,  frustra.  [L.]  Unless  the  Lord  be  with 
you,  all  your  efforts  are  vain. 

Nitor  in  adversum.  [L.]  I strive  against  it. 

Nobilitas  sola  est  atqae  unica  virtus.  [L.]  Virtue  is  the 
true  and  only  nobility. 

Nolens  volcns.  [L.]  Willing  or  unwilling. 

Noli  equi  dentes  inspicere  donati.  [L.]  Look  not  a gift 
horse  in  the  mouth. 

Noli  me  tangere.  [L.J  Touch  me  not. 

Nolo  episcopari.  [L.l  I wish  not  to  be  made  bishop. 

Norn  de  guerre.  [Fr.J  A war  name  ; — an  assumed  trav- 
elling title. 

Nom  de  plume.  [Fr.l  An  assumed  name  of  a writer. 

Nomen  ct  omen.  [L.J  A name  significant  of  the  thing. 

Nomina  stultorum  parietibus  hcerent.  [L.]  Fools’  names 
are  written  on  walls. 

Non  assumpsit.  [L.]  (Laic.)  He  did  not  assume;  — a 
plea  in  personal  actions. 

Non  compos  mentis.  [L.]  Not  of  sound  mind  ; imbecile. 

Non  constat.  [L.J  It  does  not  appear. 

Non  cui  vis  homini  contingit  ndire  Corinthum.  [L.]  Every 
man  cannot  go  to  Corinth. 

Non  datur  tertium.  [L.]  There  is  not  a third  one. 

Nun  deficiente  crumend.  [L.]  Not  with  an  empty  purse  ; 
if  the  money  holds  out. 

Non  est  inventus.  [L.]  He  has  not  been  found. 

Non  est  vivere,  sed  valere  vita.  [L.]  Life  is  not  mere 
existence,  but  the  enjoyment  of  health. 

Non  generant  aquilce  columbas.  [L.]  Eagles  do  not  pro- 
duce doves. 

Non  infe.riora  secutus.  [L.]  Not  having  followed  mean 
pursuits. 

Non  libet.  [L.]  It  does  not  please  me. 

Non  mi  ricordo.  [It.]  I do  not  remember. 

Non  inulta , sed  multum.  [L.J  Not  many  things,  but 
much. 

Non  nobis  solum.  [L.]  Not  to  us  alone. 

Non  nostrum  est  tantas  componere  lites.  [L.]  It  is  not 
for  us  to  adjust  such  grave  disputes. 

Nonobstant  clameur  de  haro.  [Fr.]  Notwithstanding  the 
hue  and  cry. 

Non  omne  licitum  honcstum.  [L.]  A thing  may  be  law- 
ful, and  yet  not  honorable. 

Non  omnia  possumus  omnes.  [L.]  We  cannot  all  of  us 
do  every  thing. 

Non  quis , sed  quid.  [L.]  Not  the  person,  but  the  deed, 
is  to  be  judged. 

Non  quo,  sed  quomodo.  [L.]  Not  by  whom,  but  how. 

Non  sequitur.  [L.]  It  does  not  follow  : — an  umv  air  lut- 
ed conclusion. 

Non  sibi,  sed  patrice.  [L.]  Not  for  himself,  but  for  his 
country. 

Non  sum  qualis  cram.  [L.]  I am  not  now  what  I once 
was. 

Non  tali  auxilio,  nec  defensoribus  istis,  tern  pus  eget.  [L.] 
The  occasion  does  not  require  such  aid,  or  such  de- 
fenders. 

Nonumque  prematur  in  annum.  [L.]  Let  your  piece  be 
kept  nine  years. 

Non  vi,  sed  scepe  cadcndo.  [L.]  Not  by  force,  but  by 
frequent  dropping. 

Nosce  tcipsum.  [L.j  Know  thyself. 

Noscitur  ex  sociis.  [L.]  He  is  known  by  his  com- 
panions. 

N'oubliez  pas.  [Fr.]  Forget  not. 

Noils  avons  tons  assez  de  force  pour  supporter  les  maux 
d’autrui.  [Fr.]  We  have  all  of  us  strength  enough 
to  bear  the  woes  of  others. 


Nous  verrons.  [Fr.]  We  shall  see. 

Nouvellelte.  [Fr.]  A tale;  a short  novel. 

Novus  homo.  [L.]  A new  man.  — PL,  novi  homines , 
new  men. 

Nudis  verbis.  [L.]  In  plain  words. 

Nugce  canoras.  [L.]  Melodious  trifles. 

Nulla  dies  sine  lined.  [L.]  No  day  without  something 
performed. 

Nulli us  addictus  jurare  in  verba  magistri.  [ L.]  Not  bei n g 
bound  to  swear  to  the  dogmas  of  any  master. 

Nullius  Jilius.  [L.]  A son  of  nobody. 

Nullum  nurnen  abest,  si  sit  prudentia.  [L.]  If  prudence 
is  present,  no  protecting  divinity  is  wanting. 

Nunc  aut  nunquam.  [L.]  Now  or  never. 

Nunquam  aliud  natura,  aliud  sapientia  dicit.  [L.]  Nature 
and  sound  philosophy  are  never  at  variance. 

Nunquam  non  paratus . [L.J  Never  unprepared. 

Nusquam  tutajides.  [L.J  Our  faith  is  nowhere  safe. 


o. 

Obiter  dictum.  [L.]  A thing  said  by  the  way. 

Obra  de  comun , obra  de  ningun.  [Sp.]  What  is  every 
body’s  work,  or  business,  is  nobody’s. 

Obscurum  per  obscurius.  [L.]  Explaining  what  is  ob- 
scure by  something  more  obscure. 

Obscquium  amicos,  veritas  odium  parit.  [L.]  Obsequious- 
ness procures  friends,  truth  hatred. 

Obstupvi,  steteruntque  comcc.  [L.]  I was  amazed,  and 
my  hair  stood  on  end. 

Occurrent  nubes.  [L.]  Clouds  will  intervene. 

O curas  horn inum ! O quantum  est  in  rebus  inane.  [L.] 
O the  vain  cares  of  men  ! how  unsatisfying  their  en- 
joyments ! 

Oderint  dam  metuant.  [L.]  Let  them  hate,  provided 
they  fear. 

Odi  profanum  rulgus  et  arcen.  [L.]  I loathe  and  repel 
the  profane  vulgar. 

Odium  in  longum  jacens.  [L.l  An  old  grudge. 

Odium  theolo gicum . [L.]  The  hatred  of  theologians. 

CEil  de  beeuf.  [Fr.]  Bull’s  eye. 

Officina  gentium.  [L.]  The  workshop  of  nations. 

O fortunatos  nimium,  sua  si  bona  ndrint , agricolas.  [L.J 
Thrice  happy  the  farmers,  did  they  but  know  their 
own  blessings ! 

Ogni  medaglia  ha  il  suo  rovescio.  [It.]  Every  medal  has 
its  reverse. 

Ohc ! jam  satis.  [L.]  O ! there  is  now  enough. 

Oleum  et  operam perdidi.  [L.l  I have  lost  my  labor. 

Olim  meminisse  juvabit.  [L.J  The  future  recollection 
will  be  pleasant. 

Ollu  podrida.  [Sp.]  A heterogeneous  mixture. 

Omne  bonum  desuper.  [L.J  All  good  is  from  above. 

Omne  ignotum  pro  magnifeo.  [L.]  Every  thing  un- 
known is  held  to  be  magnificent. 

Omnem  moverc  lapidem.  [L.J  To  leave  no  stone  unturned. 

Omne  solum  forti  patria.  [L.]  To  a brave  man  every 
soil  is  his  country. 

Omne  trinum  perfcctum.  [L.]  All  good  tilings  are  three- 
fold. 

Omne  tulit  punctum,  qui  miscuit  utile  dttlci.  [L.]  He  has 
gained  every  suffrage  who  has  combined  the  useful 
with  the  agreeable. 

Omnia  ad  Dei  gloriam.  [L.]  All  things  for  the  glory  of 
God. 

Omnia  bona  bonis.  [L.]  All  things  arc  good  to  good 
men. 

Omnia  mutantnr , nos  et  mutamur  in  illis.  [L.]  All  things 
change,  and  we  change  with  them. 

Omnia  vincit  amor , et  nos  cedamus  amori.  [L.]  Love 
conquers  all  things,  and  let  us  yield  to  love. 

Omnia  vincit  labor.  [L.]  Labor  overcomes  all  obstacles. 

Omnibus  hoc  vitium  est.  [L.]  This  vice  is  common 
to  all. 

Omnibus  invideas,  Zoilc ; nemo  tibi.  [L.J  You  may 
envy  every  body,  Zoilus  ; no  one  envies  you. 

Omnis  amans  amens.  [L.]  Every  lover  is  deranged. 

On  tombe  da  cote  ox l Von  pcnche.  [Fr.J  One  falls  to  the 
side  towards  which  one  leans. 

Onus  probandi.  [L.l  Tile  burden  of  proof. 

Operas  pretium  est.  [L.l  It  is  worth  while. 

Opera  illius  mca  sunt.  [L.J  His  works  are  mine. 

Opinionum  commcnta  delct  dies,  natural  judicia  confirmat. 
[L.]  Time  obliterates  speculative  opinions,  but  con- 
firms the  judgments  of  nature. 

Opprobrium  mcdicorum.  [L.]  The. reproach  of  the  phy- 
sicians. 

Opus  operatum.  [L.]  A mere  outward  work. 

Ora  e sempre.  [It.l  Now  and  always* 

Ora  et  labora.  [L.j  Pray  and  labor. 

Ora  pro  nobis.  [L.]  Pray  for  us. 

Orator  fit,  po'eta  noscitur . [L.]  An  orator  may  be  made 
by  education,  a poet  is  born  a poet. 

Ore  rotundo.  [L.]  With  a full,  round  voico. 

Origo  mall.  [L.]  The  origin  of  the  evil. 

O,  si  sic  omnia!  [L.]  O that  he  had  always  sp&ken  or 
acted  thus ! 

Os  rotundum.  [L.]  Around  mouth;  — a flowing  and 
eloquent  delivery. 

O tempora , O mores ! [L.]  O the  times  and  the  manners  ! 

Otia  dant  vitia.  [L.]  Idleness  leads  to  vice. 

Otiosa  sedulitas.  [L.]  Idle  industry  ; laborious  trifling. 

Otium  cum  dignitate.  [L.l  Leisure  with  dignity. 

Otium  sine  dignitate.  [L.J  Leisure  without  dignity. 

Otium  sine  Uteris  mors  est.  [L.]  Leisure  without  liter- 
ature is  death. 

Oublicr  ne  puis.  [Fr.]  I cannot  forget. 


1784 


A COLLECTION  OF  WORDS,  PHRASES,  AND  QUOTATIONS 


Oil  la  chdvre  est  attaches , il  fa  at  qui  rile  brotitc.  [Fr.J 
Whore  t lie  goat  is  tied,  there  it  must  browse. 

Ouvragc  dc  longue  halcine.  [Fr.J  A long-winded  busi- 
ness. 

Oucriers.  [Fr.J  Artisans  ; workmen. 


P. 

Pabulum  Acherontis.  [L.J  Food  for  Acheron,  or  the 
grave. 

Pacta  conventa.  [L.J  Conditions  agreed  upon. 

Pallida  mors . [L.J  Pale  death. 

Palmam  qui  meruit , ferat.  [L.J  Let  him  who  has  won 
it  bear  the  palm. 

Palma  non  sine  pulvcrc.  [L.J  The  palm  is  not  gained 
without  effort. 

Parcere  subjectis , et  debellarc  superbos.  [L.J  To  spare 
the  humble,  and  subdue  the  proud. 

Parent  nonfert.  [L.l  He  will  not  endure  an  equal. 

Par  excellence.  [Fr.J  By  way  of  eminence. 

Pari  passu.  [L.J  With  equal  pace. 

Parlez  du  loup , et  vous  verrez  sa  queue.  [Fr.J  Speak  of 
the  wolf,  and  you  will  see  his  tail. 

Par  negotiis,  neque  supra.  [L.J  Neither  above  nor  be- 
low his  business. 

Par  nobile  fratrum.  [L.J  A noble  pair  of  brothers:  — 
two  just  alike. 

Par  pari  refero.  [L.J  I return  like  for  like. 

Par  signe  de  mepris.  [Fr.J  As  a token  of  contempt. 

Parta  tucri.  [L.J  To  defend  what  has  been  obtained. 

Particeps  criminis . [L.J  An  accomplice  in  the  crime. 

Parturiunt  montes , nascetur  ridiculus  mus.  [L.J  The 
mountain  is  in  labor,  and  a ridiculous  mouse  will  be 
brought  forth. 

Parra  componere  magnis.  [L.J  To  compare  small  things 
with  great. 

Parvum  parva  decent.  [L.J  Little  things  befit  a little 
man. 

Pas  d pas  on  va  bicn  loin.  [Fr.J  Step  by  step  one  goes 
very  far. 

Passe-partout.  [Fr.J  A master-key. 

Paterfamilias.  [L.J  The  father  of  a family. 

Pater  patriie.  [L.J  The  father  of  his  country. 

Patience  pusse  science.  [Fr.J  Patience  surpasses  knowl- 
edge. 

Patria  earn , carior  libertas.  [L.J  My  country  is  dear, 
but  liberty  is  dearer. 

Patrice  pietatis  imago.  [L.J  An  image  of  paternal  ten- 
derness. 

Patriis  oirtutibus.  [L.J  By  hereditary  virtue. 

Pcdir  peras  al  olmo.  [Sp.J  To  seek  pears  of  the  elm. 

Peine  forte  et  dure.  [Fr.J  Harsh  and  severe  punishment. 

Penchant.  [Fr.J  Inclination;  — propensity. 

Pendente  lite.  [L.J  While  the  suit  is  pending. 

Per  aagusta  ad  augusta.  [L.J  Through  trials  to  triumph. 

Per  annum.  [L.J  By  the  year  ; yearly. 

Per  aspera  ad  astra.  [L.J  Through  suffering  to  renown. 

Per  capita.  [L.J  By  the  head  ; singly. 

Per  centum.  [L.J  By  the  hundred. 

Percontatorem  fugito,  nam  garrulus  idem  est.  [L.J  Shun 
an  inquisitive  person,  for  he  is  also  a tattler. 

P&rc  de  famille.  [Fr.J  The  father  of  a family. 

Per  fas  et  nefas.  [L.J  Through  right  and  wrong. 

Periculosje  plenum  opus  alece.  [L.J  A work  full  of  haz- 
ard and  danger. 

Periculum  in  morct.  [L.J  There  is  danger  in  delay. 

Per  mare , per  terras.  [L.l  Through  sea  and  land. 

Pcrmitte  dints  ccetera.  [L.J  Leave  the  rest  to  the  gods. 

Per  saltum.  [L.J  By  a leap:  — by  fits  and  starts. 

Per  se.  [L.J  By  itself ; for  its  own  sake. 

Per  varios  casus,  per  tut  discrimina  rerum.  [L.J  Through 
various  accidents,  and  through  so  many  dangerous 
vicissitudes. 

Petitio  principii.  [L.J  A begging  of  the  question. 

Pea  de  bien , peu  de  soin.  [Fr.J  Little  property,  little 
care. 

Peu  de  gens  savent  etre  vieuz.  [Fr.J  Few  persons  know 
how  to  be  old. 

Philosophia  stemma  von  inspirit.  [L.J  Philosophy  does 
not  look  into  genealogies. 

Pictra  mos  a nan  fa  musco.  [It.J  A rolling  stone 
gathers  no  moss. 

Pis  aider.  [Fr.J  The  worst  or  last  shift ; a make  shift. 

Plus  aloes  quam  mcllis  hahet.  [L.J  He  has  more  gall 
than  honey. 

PlutOt  mourir  qUc  changer.  [Fr.J  To  die  rather  than 
to  change. 

Poca  barba , poca  vergvenza.  [Sp.J  Little  beard,  little 
.shame. 

Pncodpoco.  [Pp.J  Little  by  little  ; — softly. 

Porta  nascitur , non  ft.  [L.J  A poet  is  born,  not  made 
by  education. 

Point  d'appui.  [Fr.J  Point  of  support;  — a rallying 
point. 

Point  d'argent , point  de  Suisse.  [Fr.J  No  money,  no 
Swiss. 

Pondere,  non  vuruero.  [L.J  By  weight,  not  by  number. 

Pons  asinorum.  [L.J  The  bridge  of  asses. 

Posswt  quia  posse mdentur.  [L.J  They  are  able  because 
they  think  they  are  so. 

Post  cineres  gloria  venit.  [L.J  Fame  comes  too  late  to 
our  ashes. 

Post  nubila  jubila.  [L.l  After  sorrow,  joy. 

Post  nubila  Phobus.  ( L.l  After  clouds,  a clear  sun. 

Post  obi  turn.  [L.J  After  death. 

Post  tut  nanfragia  port  us.  [L.J  After  so  many  ship 
wrecks,  there  is  a harbor. 

Pourfaire  visitc.  [Fr.J  To  pay  a visit ; — a visiting  card.  I 


Pour  passer  le.  temps.  [Fr.J  To  while  away  the  time. 

Pour  prendre  conge.  [Fr.J  To  take  leave. 

Prcemonitus,  preemunitus.  [L.J  Forewarned,  forearmed. 

Prendre  la  lune  avec  les  dentes.  [Fr.J  To  take  the  moon 
by  the  teeth  ; — to  aim  at  impossibilities. 

Primce  vice.  [L.J  The  first  passages;  — the  intestinal 
canal. 

Prima  facie.  [L.J  On  the  first  face  or  view. 

Primus  inter  pares.  [L.l  The  first  among  equals. 

Principiis  obsta.  [L.J  Resist  the  first  beginnings. 

Prior  tempore , prior  jure.  [L.J  First  come,  first  served. 

Prius  quam  incipias , consulto ; ct  ubi  consulueris  mature, 
facto  opus  est.  [L.J  Advise  well  before  you  begin  ; and 
when  you  have  well  considered,  act  with  decision. 

Pro  avis  ct  focis.  [L.J  For  our  altars  and  our  hearths  ; 
— for  religious  and  civil  liberty. 

Probatum  est.  [L.J  It  is  tried  and  proved. 

Probitas  laudatur  ct  alget.  [L.J  Honesty  is  praised  and 
starves. 

Pro  bono  publico.  [L.J  For  the  public  good. 

Pro  confesso.  [L.J  As  if  conceded. 

Procul  a Jure,  procul  a fulminc.  [L.J  Far  away,  one  is 
out  of  danger. 

Procul , O procul  estc,  profani!  [L.J  Far,  far  hence, 
retire,  ye  profane  ! 

Pro  Deo  ct  ccrlcsid.  [L.J  For  God  and  the  church. 

Pro  et  con.  [L.J  For  and  against. 

Profanum  vulgus.  [L.J  The  profane  vulgar. 

Proforma.  [L.J  For  form’s  sake. 

Pro  liac  vice.  [L.J  For  this  time. 

Proh  pudor.  [L.J  O,  for  shame  ! 

Projet  de  loi.  [Fr.J  A legislative  bill  or  draft. 

Propaganda,  or  Congrcgatio  dc  Propaganda  Fide.  [L.J 
'Phe  Roman  Catholic  “Society  for  Propagating  the 
Faith.” 

Proprium  est  humani  generis  odisse  quern  hrscris . [L.J  It 
is  the  nature  of  man  to  hate  one  whom  lie  has  injured. 

Pro  rata.  [L.J  In  proportion. 

Pro  rege  ct  putrid.  [L.J  For  my  king  and  country. 

Pro  rege,  lege,  et  grcgc.  [L.J  For  the  king,  the  law, 
and  the  people. 

Pro  re  vatd.  [L.J  For  a special  purpose. 

Pro  salute  animic.  [L.J  For  the  health  of  the  soul. 

Pro  tanto.  [L.J  For  so  much  ; — as  far  as  it  goes. 

Pro  tempore.  [LJ  For  the  time  ; temporarily. 

Puiiira  Jules,  [L.J  Punic  or  Carthaginian  faith ; — 
treachery. 


Q. 

Qua  fuerant  vitia,  mores  sunt.  [L.J  What  were  once 
vices,  are  now  the  manners  of  the  day. 

Quic  nocent  docent.  [L.J  We  learn  by  what  we  suffer. 

Qmerenda  pecuiiia  primiim,  virtus  post  nummos.  [L.J 
Money  is  first  to  he  sought ; virtue  after  dollars. 

Qualis  ab  inccpto.  [L.J  The  same  as  at  the  beginning. 

Qualis  rex,  talis  grex.  [L.J  Like  king,  like  people. 

Qualis  vita,  finis  ita.  [L.J  As  is  the  life,  so  is  its  end. 

Quamdiu  se  bene,  gesserit.  [L.J  As  long  as  lie  shall 
conduct  himself  properly  ; — during  good  behavior. 

Quand  les  rices  nous  quittent,  nous  nous  flattens  que  e'est 
nous  qui  les  quittons . [Fr.J  When  vices  quit  us,  we 
flatter  ourselves  that  we  quit  them. 

Quand  on  emprunte,  on  ne  choisit  pas.  [Fr.J  When  one 
borrows,  one  cannot  choose. 

Quand  on  voit  la  chose , on  croit.  [Fr.J  What  we  see,  we 
believe. 

Quandoque  bonus  dormitat  Ilomcrus.  [L.J  Sometimes 
even  the  good  Homer  nods. 

Quan do  ullum  inveniemus  parem?  [L.J  When  shall  we 
look  upon  his  like  again  ? 

Quanti  est  sapc.rc ! [L.l  How  valuable  is  wisdom  ! 

Quantum  est  in  rebus  inane  humanis l [L.J  How  much 
folly  there  is  in  the  affairs  of  men  ! 

Quantum  libet.  [L.J  As  much  as  you  please. 

Quantum  mutatus  ab  illo ! [L.J  How  much  changed 
from  what  he  once  was  ! 

Quantum  sufficit.  [L.J  Enough. 

Qui  capit , iilefacit.  [L.J  He  who  takes  it,  makes  it. 

Quicquid principles,  esto  brevis.  [L.J  Whatever  precepts 
you  give,  be  short. 

Quid  de  quoque  riro,  et  cui  dicas,  sa’pe  caret  a.  [L.J  Be 
very  careful  what  you  speak  of  any  one,  and  to  whom. 

Quid  non  mortalia  pcctora  cogis , auri  sacra  fames  ? [L.J 
Accursed  thirst  for  gold  ! to  what  dost  thou  not  com- 
pel human  hearts? 

Qui  dome  tut,  domic  deux  fois.  [Fr.J  He  who  gives 
quickly,  gives  twice. 

Quid  nunc  ? [L.J  What  now  ? what  news  ? 

Quid  pro  quo.  [L.J  One  thing  for  another  ; — an  equiv- 
alent. 

Quid  rides  ? [L.J  Why  do  you  laugh? 

Quid  Romm  faciam  ? mentire  nescio.  [L.J  What  should 
I do  in  Rome?  I cannot  lie. 

Quid  times  1 Ciesarern  vehis.  [L.J  What  do  you  fear? 
You  carry  Caesar. 

Quien  lien  tienda , que  atienda.  [Sp.J  If  one  has  a shop, 
let  him  tend  it. 

Qui.  facit  per  ahum,  fac'd  per  se.  [I-.]  He  who  does  a 
thing  by  the  agency  of  another,  does  it  himself. 

Qui  inridet  minor  est.  [L.J  He  who  envies  is  inferior. 

Qui  nimium  probat,  nihil  probat.  [L.J  He  who  proves 
too  much,  proves  nothing. 

Qui  perd  pdr.hc.  [Fr.J  Losers  are  always  in  the  wrong. 

Quis  custodict  ipsos  custodesl  [L.J  Who  shall  keep  the 
keepers. 

Qui  se  fait,  brehis,  le  loup  le.  mange.  [Fr.J  Whoever 
makes  himself  a sheep,,  is  devoured  by  the  wolf. 


Quis  fallerc  possit  amantem  ? [L.J  Who  can  deceive  a 
lover? 

Quis  talia  fando  tempcrct  a lachrymis.  [L.J  Who,  in  ro- 
lating  such  things,  can  refrain  from  tears. 

Quis  tulerit  Gracchus  dc  seditione  que  rentes  1 [L.J  Who 
\yould  endure  the  Gracchi  complaining  of  sedition. 

Qui  tacet  consentit.  [L.J  He  who  is  silent  consents. 

Qui  timidi  rogat,  ducct  negarc.  [L.J  He  who  asks  tim- 
idly, teaches  a denial. 

Qui  transtulit , sustinct.  [L.J  He  who  brought  us  over, 
still  sustains  us. 

Qui  uti  scit , ei  bona.  [L.J  He  should  have  wealth  who 
knows  how  to  use  it. 

Qui  vice  ? [Fr.J  “ Who  goes  there  ? ” On  the  alert. 

Quo  animo.  [L.J  With  what  intention. 

Quocunque  nomine.  [L.l  Under  whatever  name. 

Quod  avertat  Deus.  [L.J  Which  may  God  avert. 

Quod  bene  notandum.  [L.J  Which  is  to  be  particularly 
noticed. 

Quod  bonum,  felizjfaustumque  [L.J  May  the  event  be 

fortunate. 

Quod  Deus  bene  vertat.  [L.J  May  God  direct  it  to  a 
good  end. 

Quod  erat  demonstrandum.  [L.J  Which  was  to  be  de- 
monstrated ; — faciendum , done. 

Quod  hoc  sibi  vultl  [L.J  What  does  this  mean  ? 

Quod  ignotum  pro  magnifico  est.  [L.J  That  which  is 
unknown  is  thought  to  be  great. 

Quod  non  opus  est , asse  carum  est.  [L.J  What  is  not 
wanted  is  dear  at  a penny. 

Quod,  semper,  quod  ubique , quod  ab  omnibus.  [L.J  What 
always,  what  every  where,  what  by  all  has  been  held 
to  be  true. 

Qud  Fata  vocant.  [L.J  Whither  the  Fates  call. 

Quo  pax  ct  gloria  (lucunt.  [L.J  Where  peace  and  glory 
lead. 

Quorum  pars  magnafui.  [L.J  In  which  I bore  a con- 
spicuous part ; in  which  I largely  participated. 

Qt/os  Deus  vult  perdere,  prius  dementat.  [L.J  Those 
whom  God  would  destroy,  he  first  makes  mad. 

Quot  homines,  tot  sententice.  [L.J  Many  men,  many 
minds. 


R. 

Raison  d'etat.  [Fr.J  A reason  of  state. 

Rara  avis  in  terris,  vigroque  siniillima  cygno.  [L-]  A 
rare  bird  on  the  earth,  and  very  like  a black  swan. 

Rari  nantes  in  gurgitc  vasto.  [L.J  Swimming,  here  and 
there,  in  the  wide  waters. 

Ratione  soli.  [L.J  In  respect  of  the  soil. 

Recte  et  suaviter.  [L.J  Justly  and  mildly. 

Rectus  in  curid.  [L.J  Upright  in  the  court ; with  clean 
hands. 

Rcdeunt  Satumia  regna.  [L.J  The  Saturnian  reign  re- 
turns. 

Rcductio  ad absurdum.  [L.J  A reduction  to  an  absurdity. 

Regium  donum.  [L.J  Royal  gift;  — an  annual  grant  of 
public  money,  in  aid  of  the  maintenance  of  the  Pres- 
byterian clergy  in  Ireland. 

Re  infecta.  [L.J  The  business  being  unfinished. 

Relata  refero.  [L.J  “ 1 tell  the  tale  as  it  was  told 
to  me.” 

Rcligio  loci.  [L.J  The  spirit  of  the  place. 

Rem  acu  tetigisti.  [L.J  You  have  hit  the  nail  on  tllo 
head. 

Rcmis  velisque.  [L.J  With  oars  and  sails;  using  every 
possible  endeavor. 

Renasccntur.  [L.l  They  will  be  born  to  another  life. 

Renovate  animus.  [L.J  Renew  your  courage. 

Rentes.  [Fr.J  Funds  bearing  interest ; stocks. 

Re  opitiuandum  non  verbis.  [L.J  We  must  assist  by 
deeds,  not  in  words. 

Repentd  dives  nemo  factus  est  bonus.  [L.j  No  good  man 
ever  became  rich  on  a sudden. 

Rdpondre  en  Nurmand.  [Fr.J  To  give  an  indirect  or 
evasive  answer. 

Rcquicscat  in  pace.  [L.l  May  he  rest  in  peace. 

Res  angusta  domi.  [L.J  Narrow  circumstances. 

Res  est  sacra,  miser.  [L.J  A person  in  affliction  is  a 
sacred  thing. 

Rcspice ftnem.  [L.l  Look  to  tlxe  end. 

Rcspubiica.  [L.l  The  republic  ; the  commonwealth. 

Rcsurgam.  [L.J  I shall  rise  again. 

Retinens  vestigia  faime.  [L.J  Keeping  in  the  steps  of  an 
honorable  ancestry. 

Rerenons  d vos  moutons.  [Fr.J  Let  us  return  to  our 
sheep,  or  to  the  matter  in  hand. 

Ridentem.  dicere  verum,  quid  vetat ? [L.J  What  Jiinders 
one,  though  laughing,  from  speaking  the  truth. 

Ridcre  in  stomacho.  [L.J  To  laugh  inwardly  ; to  laugh 
in  one’s  sleeve. 

Ride  si  sapv *.  [L.J  Laugh  if  you  are  wise. 

Rich  n'est  beau  que  le  vrai.  [Fr.J  Nothing  is  beautiful 
hut  truth. 

Rira  bien,  qui  rira  le  dernier.  [Fr.J  He  laughs  best  who 
laughs  last. 

Rirc  sous  cape.  [Fr.J  To  laugh  in  one’s  sleeve. 

Risum  tencatis,  amici ? [L.J  Friends,  can  you  refrain 
from  laughing  ? 

Rixatar  de  land  caprind.  [L.J  A quarreller  about  goat’s 
wool,  — about  a mere  trifle. 

Runt,  cerium.  [L.J  Let  the  heavens  fall. 

Radis  indigestaque  moles.  [L.J  A rude  and  undigested 
mass. 

Ruit  mole  sud.  [L.J  It  falls  to  ruin  by  its  own  weight. 

Ruse  contre  ruse.  [Fr.J  Trick  against  trick  ; a counter- 
plot. 


FROM  FOREIGN  LANGUAGES. 


1785 


Ruse  dc  guerre.  [Fr.j  A stratagem  of  war. 

Rus  in  urbe.  [L.J  The  country  in  the  city. 

Rusticus  erpectat  duni  defiant  amnis . [L.]  Til©  rustic 
waits  until  the  river  all  runs  by. 


s. 

Scepe  stylum  vertas.  [L.]  You  must  often  invert  your 
style  (instrument  for  writing)  ; i.  e.  to  erase. 

Sal  jitticum.  [L.]  Attic  salt ; wit. 

Salus  populi  supremo,  est  lex.  [L.]  The  welfare  of  the 
people  is  the  supreme  law. 

Salvo  jure.  [L.l  Without  detriment  to  the  right. 

Salvo  pudore.  [L.]  Without  offence  to  modesty. 

S’amuser  d la  moutarde.  [Fr.J  To  trifle  away  one’s  time. 

Sanctum  sanctorum.  [L.l  The  holy  of  holies. 

Sans  c&remonie.  [Fr.j  Without  ceremony. 

Sans  peur  et  sans  reproche . [Fr.j  Without  fear  and 
without  reproach. 

Sans  rime  et  sans  raison.  [Fr.j  Without  rhyme  or 
reason. 

Sans  tache.  [Fr.]  Without  spot. 

Sapere  aude.  [L.J  Dare  to  be  wise. 

Sartor  resartus.  [L.J  The  cobbler  mended. 

Sat  cito , si  sat  bene.  [L.J  It  must  be  done  soon,  if  done 
well. 

Satis  dotata , si  bene  morata.  [L.J  Well  enough  dow- 
ered, if  well  principled. 

Satis  eloquentice , sapientice  parum.  [L.J  Plenty  of  elo- 
quence, but  little  wisdom. 

Satis  supcrque.  [L.J  Enough,  and  more  than  enough. 

Satis  verborum.  [L.J  Enough  of  words. 

Sat  pulchra , si  sat  bona.  [L.J  Fair  enough,  if  good 
enough ; handsome  is  who  handsome  does. 

Sauve  quipeut.  [Fr.]  Let  him  save  himself  who  can. 

Savior-vivre.  [Fr.j  Good  breeding,  or  behavior. 

Savoir-faire.  [Fr.j  Tact;  skill;  industry. 

Scinditur  incertuni  studio  in  contraria  vulgus.  [L.J  The 
uncertain  multitude  is  divided  into  opposite  opinions. 

Scribendi  rectd  sapere  est  et  principium  et  foils.  [L.J  The 
first  principle  and  source  of  all  good  writing  is  to 
think  justly. 

Scribimus  indocti  doctique po'emata  passim.  [L.J  Learned 
and  unlearned,  we  are  all  scribbling  verses. 

Secundum  artem.  [L.J  According  to  art ; regularly. 

Sed  fugit  inter  ea,  fugit  irreparabile  tempus.  [L.J  But 
time  flies  meanwhile,  never  to  be  recalled. 

Sed  hcec  hactcnus.  [L.J  So  much  for  this. 

Sed  post  est  Occasio  calva.  [L.J  But  Opportunity  is  bald 
behind  : — seize  Time  by  the  forelock. 

Semel  abbas , semper  abbas.  [L.J  Once  an  abbot,  always 
an  abbot. 

Semel  et  simul.  [L.J  Once  and  altogether. 

Semel  insanivimus  omnes.  [L.J  We  have  all,  at  some 
time,  been  mad. 

Semper  avarus  eget.  [L.J  The  avaricious  man  is  always 
in  want. 

Semper  fidclis.  [L.J  Always  faithful. 

Semper  paratus.  [L.J  Always  prepared. 

Semper  timidum  seel  us.  [L.J  Guilt  is  always  cowardly. 

Semper  vivit  in  armis.  [L.J  He  ever  lives  in  arms. 

Sempre  il  mal  non  vienc  per  nuocere.  [It.]  Misfortune 
does  not  always  come  to  injure. 

Scnatfis-consultum.  [L.]  A decree  of  the  senate. 

Senex,  bis  puer.  [L.J  Once  a man,  twice  a boy. 

Se  non  & vero , i ben  trovato.  [It.]  If  it  is  not  true,  it  is 
well  feigned. 

Separatio  a mensd  et  thoro.  [L.]  (Law.)  Separation  from 
bed  and  board. 

Sequiturque  patrem  haud  passibus  cequis.  [L.]  He  fol- 
lows his  father,  but  not  with  equal  steps. 

Serb  venientibus  ossa.  [L.]  The  last  comers  shall  have 
the  bones. 

Serus  in  calum  redeas.  [L.]  Late  may  you  return  to 
heaven. 

Servare  modum.  [L.]  To  keep  within  bounds. 

Servus  servorum  Dei.  [L.]  Servant  of  the  servants  of 
God. 

Sesquipedalia  verba.  [L.l  Words  a foot  and  a half  long. 

Sic  euntfata  hominum.  [L.]  So  goes  it  in  the  world. 

Sic  itur  ad  astra.  [L.]  Such  is  the  way  to  the  stars,  or 
to  immortality. 

Sic  passim.  [L.]  So  every  where. 

Sic  semper  tyrannis.  [L.J  Thus  always  with  tyrants. 

Sic  transit  gloria  mundi.  [L.]  Thus  the  glory  of  the 
world  passes  away. 

Sicut  patribusy  sit  Deus  nobis.  [L.]  Let  God  be  with  us, 
as  he  was  with  our  fathers. 

Sic  voloy  sic  jubeo  ; stat  pro  ratione  voluntas.  [L.]  Thus 
I will,  thus  I order;  let  my  will  stand  for  a reason. 

Sic  vos  non  vobis.  [L.]  Thus  you  toil,  but  not  for  your- 
selves. 

Si  Deus  nobiscum,  quis  contra  nos  ? [L.]  If  God  be  with 
us,  who  shall  stand  against  us  ? 

Silc,  et  philosophus  esto.  [L.]  Be  silent,  and  pass  for  a 
philosopher. 

Silent  leges  inter  arma.  [L.]  In  war,  laws  are  silent,  or 
disregarded. 

Si  mens  non  Icevafuisset.  [L.]  If  the  mind  had  not  been 
perverted. 

Similia  similibus  curantur.  [L.]  Like  is  cured  by  like.  — 
[The  principle  of  homoeopathy.] 

Similis  simili  gaudet.  [L.]  Like  is  pleased  with  like. 

Si  monumentum  requiris , circumspice.  [L.]  If  you  seek 
his  monument,  look  around  you. 

Simplex  munditiis.  TL.]  Of  simple  elegance. 

Sine  curd.  [L.]  Without  care ; — invidid , envy ; — odio, 
hatred. 

224 


Sine  ird  et  studio.  [L.]  Without  anger  or  favor. 

Sine  qua  non.  [L.J  Without  which,  not ; an  indispen- 
sable condition. 

Singuli  de  nobis  anni  pradantur  euiitcs.  [L.]  Each  pass- 
ing year  robs  us  of  something. 

Si  parva  licet  componerc  magnis.  [L.]  If  small  things 
may  be  compared  with  great. 

Si  quieres  ver  cuanto  vale  un  ducadoy  buscadlo  prestado. 
[Sp.]  Would  you  like  to  know  how  much  a ducat  is 
worth,  try  to  borrow  one. 

Si  sit  prudentia.  [L.]  If  there  be  but  prudence. 

SistCy  viator.  [L.J  Stop,  traveller. 

Sit  tibi  terra  levis.  [L.j  Light  lie  the  earth  on  thee,  or 
on  thy  remains. 

Sit  venia  ver  bo,  [L.]  Excuse  the  expression. 

Si  vis  me  fierc , dolcndum  est.  primum  ipsi  tibi.  [L.]  If  you 
wish  me  to  weep,  you  must  yourself  first  shea  tears. 

Sola  nobilitas  virtus.  [L.]  Virtue  is  the  only  true  no- 
bility. 

Soli  Deo  gloria.  [LJ  To  God  alone  be  glory. 

Solitudincm  faciunt,  pacem  appellant.  [L.]  They  make  a 
desert  of  a country,  and  call  it  peace. 

Solvuntur  tabulce.  [L.]  (Law.)  The  bills  are  dismissed  : 
— the  defendant  is  acquitted. 

Sors  tua  mortalisy  non  est  mortale  quod  optas.  [L.]  Thy 
lot  is  mortal ; that  which  thou  desirest  belongs  not  to 
mortals. 

Sous  to  us  les  rapports.  [Fr.]  In  all  respects. 

Spargcre  voces  in  vulgum  ambiguas.  [L.]  To  dissemi- 
nate ambiguous  rumors  among  the  common  people. 

Spectasy  ot  tu  spectaberc . [L.]  You  see,  and  you  shall 
be  seen. 

Spectemur  agendo.  [L.l  Let  us  be  tried  by  our  actions. 

Spern  pretio  non  cmo.  pL.]  I do  not  buy  hope  at  a fixed 
price. 

Spcrate , miseri ; cavetCy  felices.  [L.]  Let  the  wretched 
hope,  and  the  prosperous  be  on  their  guard. 

Spero  meliora.  [L.]  I hope  for  better  things. 

Spcs  sibi  quisque.  [L.]  Let  every  man’s  hope  be  in 
himself. 

Splcndidc  mendax.  [L.]  Nobly  false  ; untrue  for  a noble 
object. 

Spolia  opima.  [L.]  The  richest  booty. 

Sponte  sucly  sine  lege , fidem  rectumquc  colebant.  [L.]  Of 
their  own  accord,  without  law,  they  cherished  fidelity 
and  rectitude. 

Spretw  injuria  fomnee.  [L.]  The  insult  to  her  slighted 
beauty. 

Stans pede  in  uno.  [L.]  Standing  on  one  leg. 

Stat  magni  nominis  umbra.  [L.]  He  stands  the  shadow 
of  a mighty  name. 

Stat  pro  ratione  voluntas.  [L.]  My  will  stands  in  the 
place  of  a reason. 

Statu  quo  ante  bellum.  [L.]  The  state  in  which  things 
were  before  the  war. 

Status  quo.  [L.]  The  state  in  which. 

Stavo  bene , ma,  per  star  meglio,  sto  qui.  [It,]  I was 
well,  — I wished  to  be  better,  — and  I am  here:  — an 
epitaph. 

Stemmata  quid  faciunt  ? [L.]  Of  what  value  are  pedi- 
grees ? 

Stcrnitur  alieno  vulnere.  [L.]  He  is  slain  by  a blow 
aimed  at  another. 

Stct.  [L.]  Let  it  stand. 

Stratum  super  stratum.  [L.l  One  layer  upon  another. 

Studio  fallente  labor em.  [L.]  With  a zeal  which  be- 
guiles labor. 

Studium  immune  loquendi.  [L.]  The  insatiable  desire  of 
talking. 

Sua  cuique  voluptas.  [L.]  Every  one  has  his  own 
pleasure. 

Suaviter  in  modo , fortiter  in  re.  [L.]  Gentle  in  manner, 
forcible  in  execution. 

Sub  colore  juris.  [L.]  Under  color  of  law. 

Sub  hoc  signo  vinces.  [L.]  Under  this  standard  thou 
shalt  conquer.  . 

Sub  judice  iis  est.  [L.]  The  cause  is  yet  before  the 
judge. 

Sublatd  causdy  tollitur  effectus.  [L.]  The  cause  being  re- 
moved, the  effect  ceases. 

Sub  pratextu  juris.  [L.l  Under  the  pretext  of  justice. 

Sub  quocunquc  titulo.  [L.]  Under  whatever  title. 

Sub  roset.  [L.]  Under  the  rose ; privately. 

Sufre  por  saber , y trabaja  por  tener.  [Sp.]  Suffer  in 
order  to  know,  and  toil  in  order  to  have. 

Suggestio  falsi.  [L.l  The  suggestion  of  a falsehood. 

Sui  generis.  [L.j  Of  a peculiar  kind. 

Summum  jus,  summa  injuria.  [L.]  The  rigor  of  the  law 
may  be  the  greatest  wrong. 

Sum  quod  eris ; fui  quod  es.  [L.]  I am  what  you  will 
be  ; I was  what  you  are. 

Sunt  lachrymal  rerum.  [L.J  There  are  tears  for  misery. 

Suo  Marie.  [L.l  By  his  own  prowess. 

Suo  sibi  gladio  nunc  jugulo.  [L.]  I cut  his  throat  with 
his  own  sword. 

Suppressio  veri.  [L.]  The  suppression  of  the  truth. 

Surgit  amari  aliquid.  [L.]  Something  bitter  rises. 

Suum  cuique.  [L.l  Let  every  one  have  his  own. 

Suus  cuique  mos.  LL.]  Every  one  has  his  peculiar  habit. 


T. 

Tdche  sans  tache.  [Fr.]  A work  without  blemish. 
Taciturn  vivit  sub  pectore  vulnus.  [L.J  The  secret  wound 
rankles  in  the  breast. 

Tcedium  vita.  [L.]  Weariness  of  life. 

Tam  Marte  quant  Minervd.  [L.J  As  much  by  courage 
as  by  genius. 


Tam  Marti  quam  Mercurio.  [L.]  As  fit  for  war  as  for 
business. 

Tandem  Jit  surculus  arbor.  [L.]  The  shoot  at  length 
becomes  a tree. 

Tangcre  vulnus.  [L.]  To  touch  a sore  place. 

Tantane  animis  calcstibus  iral  [L.]  Can  such  wrath 
dwell  in  heavenly  minds  ? 

Taut  mieux.  [Fr.]  So  much  the  better;— -pis,  the 
worse. 

Tanto  buony  che  val  niente . [It.]  So  good,  that  he  is 
good  for  nothing. 

Tantum  vidit.  Virgilium.  [L.J  He  merely  saw  Virgil,  or 
the  great  man. 

Tel  est  notre plaisir.  [Fr.l  Such  is  our  pleasure. 

Tel  maltrCy  tel  valet.  [Fr.j  Like  master,  like  man. 

Telum  imbellc,  sine  ictu.  [L.]  A feeble  weapon,  thrown 
without  effect. 

Tcmpora  mutantur,  et  nos  mutamur  in  iUis.  [L.]  Times 
change,  and  we  change  with  them. 

Tempori  parendum.  [L.]  We  must  yield  to  the  times. 

Tempus  edax  rerum.  [L.]  Time  that  devours  all  things. 

Tempus  fugit.  [L.]  Time  flies. 

Tempus  omnia  rcvelat.  [L.]  Time  discloses  all  things. 

Tenax  propositi.  [L.J  Tenacious  of  his  purpose. 

Tentanda  via  est.  [L.J  A way  must  be  tried. 

Teres  atque  rotundus.  [L  J Smooth  and  round  in  him- 
self. 

Terra  firma.  [L.]  Solid  land  ; the  continent. 

Terra  incognita.  [L.]  An  unknown  land. 

Tertium  quid.  [L.]  A third  something. 

Tcrtius  c ccelo  cecidit  Cato . [L.]  A third  Cato  has 

dropped  from  the  clouds. 

Tibi  serisy  tibi  metis.  [L.]  You  sow  for  yourself,  ybu 
reap  for  yourself. 

Tiens  tafoy.  [Old  Fr.]  Keep  thy  faith. 

Timeo  Danaos  et  dona  ferentes.  [L.]  I fear  the  Greeks, 
even  when  bringing  gifts. 

Tirer  d boulet  rouge.  [Fr.]  To  shoot  with  a red  bullet. 

To  kalon,  to  na\6v.  [Gr.]  The  beautiful ; the  chief 
good. 

To  prepon , to  nptirov.  [Gr.J  The  becoming ; the  proper. 

Tot  hominesy  tot  sententia.  [L.]  So  many  men,  so  many 
minds. 

Totidem  verbis.  [L.]  In  so  many  words. 

Toties  quoties.  [L.]  As  often  as. 

Totis  viribus.  [L.l  With  all  his  might. 

Toto  calo.  [L.]  By  the  whole  heavens. 

Totus  mundus  agit  histrionem.  [L.]  Every  body  is  an 
actor  : — all  the  world’s  a stage. 

Totus,  teres,  atque  rotundus.  [L.]  Every  way  round  and 
smooth. 

Toujours  prit.  [Fr.]  Always  ready; — propice , pro- 
pitious. 

Toumer  cosaque.  [Fr.]  To  turn  the  coat. 

Tousfrais  faits.  [Fr.]  All  expenses  paid. 

Tout  au  contraire.  [Fr.]  Just  the  contrary. 

Tout  comme  chez  nous.  "[Fr.]  Just  as  it  is  at  home. 

Tout  ensemble.  [Fr.]  The  whole  taken  together. 

Tout  le  monde  est  sage  apris  coup . [Fr.]  Every  body  is 
wise  after  the  event. 

Tr  actant  fabriliafabri.  [L.]  Mechanics  use  mechanics’ 
tools. 

Trahit  sua  qucmquc  voluptas.  [L.]  Every  one  is  at- 
tracted by  his  peculiar  pleasure. 

Transeat  in  exemplum.  [L*]  May  it  become  an  example. 

Tria  juncta  in  uno.  [L.J  Three  joined  in  one. 

Trojafuit.  [L.]  Troy  was  — [is  no  more.] 

TroSy  Tyriusve,  mihi  nullo  discrimine  agcUir.  [L.]  The 
Trojan  and  Tyrian  shall  be  treated  by  me  without 
distinction. 

Truditur  dies  die.  [L.]  One  day  is  pressed  onward  by 
another. 

Tu  ne  cede  malis . [L.]  Do  not  yield  to  evils. 

Tuum  est . [L.]  It  is  thine  own. 


u. 

Uberrima fides.  [L.]  A superabundant  faith. 

Ubi  bene , ubi  patria.  [L.]  Where  it  is  well  with  me, 
there  is  my  country. 

Ubi  jus  incertum , ibi  jus  nullum.  [L.]  (Law.)  Where 
the  law  is  uncertain,  there  is  no  law. 

Ubi  lapsus ? Quid  feci 1 [L.]  Where  have  I fallen? 
What  have  I done  ? 

Ubi  libertas,  ibi  patria.  [L.]  Where  liberty  is,  there  is 
my  country. 

Ubi  mely  ibi  apes.  [L.]  Where  the  honey  is,  there  are 
the  bees. 

Ubique  patriam  reminisci.  [L.]  Every  where  to  remem- 
ber our  country. 

Ultima  Thule.  [L.J  Remotest  Thule  ; — the  extremity 
of  the  earth  as  known  to  the  ancient  Romans  ; an 
island  in  the  extreme  north  of  Europe. 

Unci  voce.  [L.]  With  one  voice. 

Un  bienfait  n’est  jamais  perdu.  [Fr.]  A kindness  is 
never  lost. 

Un  Dieuy  un  roi.  [Fr.]  One  God,  one  king. 

Unguibus  etrostro.  [LJ  With  talons  and  beak  ; — tooth 
and  nail. 

Unguis  in  ulcere.  [L.l  A claw,  or  nail,  in  the  sore. 

Un  homme  cossu.  [Fr.]  A rich,  substantial  man. 

Uni  cequus  virtuti , atque  ejus  amicis.  [L.]  Friendly  only 
to  virtue,  and  to  her  friends. 

Unica  virtus  necessaria.  [L.]  Virtue  is  the  only  thing 
necessary. 

Unje  servirai.  [Fr.]  One  I will  serve. 

Uno  avulsoy  non  deficit  alter.  [L.]  When  one  is  plucked 
away,  another  will  not  be  wanting. 


A COLLECTION  OF  WORDS,  PHRASES,  AND  QUOTATIONS. 


1786  , 


Un  roy , une  foy , une  loy.  [Old  Fr.]  One  king,  one 
faith,  one  law. 

Un  sot  d triple  etage.  [Fr.]  A most  egregious  fool. 

Un  sot  trouve  toujours  un  plus  sot  qui  Vadmire.  [Fr.]  A 
fool  always  finds  a greater  fool  who  admires  him. 

Un  tiens  vaut  mieux  que  deux  tu  l’auras.  [Fr.]  One 
take  it  is  worth  more  than  two  thou  shalt  have  it. 

Usque  ad  aras.  [L.]  To  the  very  altars ; to  the  last  ex- 
tremity. 

Usque  ad  nauseam.  [L.l  So  as  to  disgust. 

Usus  loquendi.  [L.]  Usage  in  speaking. 

Ut  ameris , amabilis  esto.  [L.]  That  you  may  be  loved, 
be  deserving  of  love. 

Ut  apes  geumetriam.  [L.l  As  bees  practise  geometry. 

Utcunque  placuerit  Deo.  [L.J  As  it  shall  have  pleased 
God. 

Utile  dulci.  [L.]  - The  useful  with  the  agreeable. 

Utinam  noster  esset.  [L.]  Would  that  he  were  ours,  or 
on  our  side. 

Ut  irffra.  [L.]  As  stated  or  cited  below. 

Uti  possidetis.  [L.J  As  you  possess : — let  each  party 
keep  what  is  in  his  possession. 

Utpignus  amidtice.  [L.]  As  a token  of  friendship. 

Ut  quimuSy  quando  ut  volumus  non  licet.  [L.]  When 
we  cannot  do  as  we  wish,  we  must  do  as  we  can. 

Ut  quocunque  paratus.  [L.]  Prepared  for  every  event, 
or  on  every  side. 

Utrum  horum  mavis  accipe.  [L.]  Take  which  you  like. 

Ut  sementem  feceris , ita  et  metes.  [L.]  As  you  have  sown, 
even  so  shall  you  reap. 

'Ut  supra.  [L.]  As  above  stated,  or  cited. 


Y. 

Vacuus  cantat  coram  latrone  viator.  [L.l  The  traveller 
who  has  an  empty  purse  sings  before  the  highwayman. 

Vade  in  pace.  [L.l  Go  in  peace. 

Vce  victis.  [L.J  Woe  to  the  vanquished. 

Valeat  quantum  valere  potest.  [L.]  Let  it  pass  for  what 
it  is  worth. 

Valet  anchora  virtus.  [L.]  Virtue  is  an  anchor. 

Valet  de  chambre.  [Fr.j  A valet ; a body  servant. 

Valete  et  plaudite.  [L.J  Farewell  and  applaud. 

Varies  lectiones.  [L.l  Various  readings. 

Variorum  notes.  [L.J  The  notes  of  various  editors. 

Varium  et  mutabile  semper  femina.  [L.]  Woman,  ever 
a changeful  and  capricious  thing. 

Velis  et  remis.  [L.]  With  sails  and  oars. 

Veluti  in  speculum.  [L.]  Even  as  in  a looking-glass. 

Venalis  populus , venalis  curia  patrum.  [L.]  The  people 
are  venal,  and  the  senate  is  equally  venal. 

Vendidit  hie  auro  patriam.  [L.]  This  man  sold  his 
country  for  gold. 

Venemum  in  auro  bibitur.  [L.]  Poison  is  drunk  from  a 
golden  vessel. 

Venia  necessitati  datur . [L.]  Indulgence  or  pardon  is 
granted  to  necessity. 

Venienti  occurrite  morbo.  [L.]  Meet  the  disease  at  its 
approach. 

Veniunt  a dote  sagittal.  [L.]  The  arrows,  or  incitements 
to  love,  come  from  the  dower. 

Veniy  vidi,  vici.  [L.l  I came,  I saw,  I conquered. 

Venlis  secundis.  [L.J  With  favorable  winds. 

Venire  affamt  n’a  point  d'oreilles.  [Fr.]  A hungry  belly 
has  no  ears. 

Vera  incessu  patuit  dea.  [L.J  The  goddess  was  known 
by  her  walk. 


Vera  pro  gratis.  [L.]  Things  true  rather  than  agreeable. 

Verbatim  et  literatim.  [L.]  Word  for  word,  and  letter 
for  letter. 

Verbum  sat  sapienti.  [L.]  A word  to  the  wise  is  suf- 
ficient. 

Veritas  odium  parit.  [L.]  Truth  begets  hatred. 

Veritas  pnevalebit.  [LJ  Truth  will  prevail. 

Veritas  vincit.  [L.]  Truth  conquers. 

Vcritatis  simplex  oratio  cst.  [L.]  The  language  of  truth 
is  simple. 

V6rit6  sans  peur.  [Fr.]  Truth  without  fear. 

Ver  non  semper  viret.  [L.]  The  season  of  spring  does 
not  always  flourish. 

Vestigia  nulla  retrorsum.  [L.]  No  traces  backward ; 
no  returning  footsteps. 

Vetera  extollimus,  recentium  incur iosi.  [L.l  We  extol 
what  is  ancient,  and  neglect  what  is  modern. 

Vexata  qu&stio.  [L.]  A question  much  disputed. 

Via  media.  [L.J  A middle  way  or  course. 

Via  militaris.  [L.]  A military  way. 

Via  tritayVia  tuta.  [L.]  The  beaten  path  is  the  safe  path. 

Victoria  concordib  crescit.  [L.]  Victory  increases  by 
concord. 

Vjideo  meliora  proboque , deteriora  sequor.  [L.]  I see  and 
approve  the  better  things,  I foliow  the  worse. 

Vide  ut  supra.  [L.]  See  the  preceding. 

Viejo  amador,  inviemo  con  Jlor.  [Sp.]  An  amorous  old 
man  is  like  a winter  flower. 

Vi  et  armis.  [L.]  By  force  of  arms  ; by  violence. 

Vigilantibus.  [L.]  To  the  watchful. 

VigilantibuSy  non  dormientibus,  servit  lex.  [L.]  The  law 
protects  those  who  watch,  not  the  negligent  against 
their  own  carelessness. 

Vigilate  et  orate.  [L.l  Watch  and  pray. 

Vigueur  de  dessus.  [Fr.l  Strength  is  from  above. 

Vincit  amor  patrics.  [L.]  The  love  of  our  country  pre- 
vails. 

Vincit  omnia  veritas.  [L.l  Truth  conquers  all  things. 

Vincit,  qui  sc  vincit.  [L.J  He  conquers  who  conquers 
himself. 

Vinculum,  matrimonii.  [L.]  Bond  of  matrimony. 

Vires  acquirit  eundo.  [L.]  It  acquires  strength  as  it 
goes,  or  going. 

Virescit  vulnere  virtus.  [L.]  Virtue  flourishes  from  a 
wound. 

Virgilium  vidi  tantum.  [L.]  I merely  saw  Virgil. 

Viri  infelicis  procul  amici.  [L.]  Friends  are  far  from  a 
man  who  is  unfortunate. 

Vir  sapit  qui  pauca  loquitur.  [L.]  He  is  a wise  man 
who  says  but  little. 

Virtus  ariete  fortior.  [L.]  Virtue  is  stronger  than  a 
battering-ram. 

Virtus  in  actione  consist.it.  [L.]  Virtue  consists  in  action. 

Virtus  in  arduis.  [L.]  Virtue  or  valor  in  difficulties. 

Virtus  incendit  vires.  [L.]  Virtue  rouses  strength. 

Virtus  laudatur  et  alget.  [L.]  Virtue  is  praised  and 
freezes. 

Virtus  millia  scuta.  [L.]  Virtue  is  a thousand  shields. 

Virtus  requiei  nescia  sordidee.  [L.]  Valor  which  knows 
not  mean  repose. 

Virtus  semper  viridis.  [L.]  Virtue  is  always  flourishing. 

Virtus  sola  nobilitat.  [L.]  Virtue  alone  ennobles. 

Virtus  sub  cruce  crescity  ad  cethcra  tendens.  [L.]  Virtue 
grows  under  the  cross,  and  tending  to  heaven. 

Virtus  vincit  invidiam.  [L.J  Virtue  overcomes  envy. 

Virtute  ctfide.  [L.]  By  virtue  and  faith  ; — labwe,  toil ; 
— numiney  heaven  ; — operb,  industry. 

Virtutey  non  astutib.  [L.]  By  virtue,  not  by  craft. 

Virtutey  non  verbis.  [L.]  By  virtue,  not  by  words. 


Virtute  officii.  [L.l  By  virtue  of  his  office. 

Virtute  quies.  [L.J  Content  in  virtue. 

Virtute  securus.  [L.]  Safe  through  virtue. 

Virtuti  nihil  obstat  et  amnis.  [L.J  Nothing  can  resist 
valor  and  arms. 

Virtutiy  non  armis,  Jido.  [L.]  I trust  to  virtue,  not  to 
arms. 

Virtutis  amorc.  [L.]  Through  the  love  of  virtue. 

Virtutis  avorum  premium.  [L.J  The  reward  of  the  vir- 
tue of  ancestors. 

Virtutis  fortuna  comes.  [L.]  Fortune  is  the  companion 
of  virtue,  or  valoi. 

Vis  con  sere  atrix  natural.  [L.]  The  preserving  power 
of  nature. 

Viser  d deux  buts.  [Fr.]  To  aim  at  two  marks. 

Vis  medicatriz  nature.  [L.]  The  healing  power  of  na- 
ture. 

Vis  nnita  fortior.  [L.]  United  force  is  the  stronger. 

Vita  brevis,  ars  longa.  [L.]  Life  is  short,  and  art  is 
long. 

Vita  postscenia  celant.  [L.]  They  conceal  that  part  of 
life  which  is  passed  behind  the  scenes. 

Vita  via  virtus.  [L.]  Virtue  is  the  way  of  life. 

Vitam  impendere  vero.  [L.]  To  stake  one’s  life  for  the 
truth. 

Vita  sine  Uteris  mors  est.  [L.]  Life  without  literature 
is  death. 

Vitiis  nemo  sine  nascitur.  [L.]  No  man  is  born  without 
his  faults. 

Vie  at  respublica.  [L.l  Long  live  the  republic ; — regin a , 
the  queen ; — rex,  the  king. 

Vivtt  voce.  [L.]  By  the  living  voice  ; by  oral  testimony. 

Vive  la  bagatelle.  [Fr.]  Success  to  trifles. 

Vive  la  republique.  [Fr.]  Long  live  the  republic. 

Vive  le  roi.  [Fr.]  Long  live  the  king. 

Vivere  sat  vincere.  [L.]  To  conquer  is  to  live  enough. 

Vive,  vale.  [L.]  Live,  and  be  well:  — pi.,  Vivite,  et 
valete. 

Vivida  vis  animi.  [L.]  The  active  force  of  the  mind. 

Vivit  post  funera  virtus.  [L.]  Virtue  survives  the  grave. 

Vivre  ce  n’est  pas  respirer,  e’est  agir.  [Fr.]  To  live  is 
not  merely  to  breathe,  but  to  act. 

Viz  ea  nostra  voco.  [L.]  I can  scarcely  call  these  things 
our  own. 

Voild  une  autre  chose.  [Fr.]  That  is  quite  another  thing. 

Voir  le  dessous  des  cartes.  [Fr.]  To  see  the  under  side 
of  the  cards  : — to  be  in  the  secret. 

Volo,  non  valeo.  [L.]  I am  willing,  but  not  able. 

Voltigeur.  [Fr.l  A light  horseman. 

Vota  vita  mea.  [L.]  My  life  is  devoted. 

Vous  y perdret  vos  pas.  [Fr.]  You  will  there  lose  your 
steps,  or  labor. 

Vox-  et  praterea  nihil.  [L.]  Voice  and  nothing  more ; 
sound  without  sense. 

Vox  faucibus  luesit.  [L.]  The  voice,  or  words,  stuck  in 
the  throat. 

Vox  populi,  vox  Dei.  [L.]  The  voice  of  the  people  is  the 
voice  of  God. 

Vulgd.  [L.]  Commonly. 

Vulnus  immedicabile.  [L.]  An  incurable  wound. 

Vultus  est  index  animi.  [L.]  The  countenance  is  the 
index  of  the  mind. 


Zonam  perdidit.  [L.]  He  has  lost  his  purse. 
Zonam  solvere.  [L.]  To  unloose  the  virgin  zone. 


Whole  Number  op  Pages,  1854. 


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